title: British folk rock

abstract: British folk rock is a form of folk rock which developed in the United Kingdom from the mid 1960s, and was at its most significant in the 1970s. Though the merging of folk and rock music came from several sources, it is widely regarded that the success of "The House of the Rising Sun" by British band the Animals in 1964 was a catalyst, prompting Bob Dylan to "go electric", in which, like the Animals, he brought folk and rock music together, from which other musicians followed. In the same year, the Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, most noticeably on their Beatles for Sale album. The Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the American band the Byrds, who released their recording of Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" in April 1965, setting off the mid-1960s American folk rock movement. A number of British groups, usually those associated with the British folk revival, moved into folk rock in the mid-1960s, including the Strawbs, Pentangle, and Fairport Convention. British folk rock was taken up and developed in the surrounding Celtic cultures of Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man, to produce Celtic rock and its derivatives, and has been influential in countries with close cultural connections to Britain. It gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in steep decline in popularity, but survived and revived in significance, partly merging with the rock music and folk music cultures from which it originated. Some commentators have found a distinction in some British folk rock, where the musicians are playing traditional folk music with electric instruments rather than merging rock and folk music, and they distinguish this form of playing by calling it "electric folk".

text:
# British folk rock

**British folk rock** is a form of folk rock which developed in the United Kingdom from the mid 1960s, and was at its most significant in the 1970s. Though the merging of folk and rock music came from several sources, it is widely regarded that the success of "The House of the Rising Sun" by British band the Animals in 1964 was a catalyst, prompting Bob Dylan to "go electric", in which, like the Animals, he brought folk and rock music together, from which other musicians followed. In the same year, the Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, most noticeably on their *Beatles for Sale* album. The Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the American band the Byrds, who released their recording of Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" in April 1965, setting off the mid-1960s American folk rock movement. A number of British groups, usually those associated with the British folk revival, moved into folk rock in the mid-1960s, including the Strawbs, Pentangle, and Fairport Convention.

British folk rock was taken up and developed in the surrounding Celtic cultures of Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man, to produce Celtic rock and its derivatives, and has been influential in countries with close cultural connections to Britain. It gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in steep decline in popularity, but survived and revived in significance, partly merging with the rock music and folk music cultures from which it originated. Some commentators have found a distinction in some British folk rock, where the musicians are playing traditional folk music with electric instruments rather than merging rock and folk music, and they distinguish this form of playing by calling it "electric folk".

## History

### Origins

Though the merging of folk and rock music came from several sources, it is widely regarded that the success of "The House of the Rising Sun" by British band the Animals in 1964 was a catalyst, prompting Bob Dylan to go electric. In the same year, the Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, most noticeably on the song "I'm a Loser" from their *Beatles for Sale* album. The Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band the Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds' recording of Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U.S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles' late 1965 album, *Rubber Soul*, contained a number of songs influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as "Nowhere Man" and "If I Needed Someone". During this period, a number of electric bands began to play rock versions of folk songs and folk musicians used electric musical instruments to play their own songs, including Dylan at the Newport Folk Festival in the summer of 1965.

Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. The skiffle movement, to which many English musicians, including the Beatles, owed their origins as performers, meant that they were already familiar with American folk music As they emulated the guitar and drum based format that had crystallised as the norm for rock music, these groups often turned to American folk and folk rock as the focus of their sound and inspiration. Among these groups from 1967 were Fairport Convention, who had enjoyed some modest mainstream success with three albums of material that was largely American in origin or style, before a radical change of direction in 1969 with their album *Liege & Lief*, which came out of the encounter between American inspired folk rock and the products of the English folk revival.

The first English folk music revival had seen a huge effort to record and archive traditional English music by figures such as Cecil Sharp and Vaughan Williams in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The second revival in the period after the Second World War, built on this work and followed a similar movement in America, to which it was connected by individuals like Alan Lomax, who had fled to England in the era of McCarthyism. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, but, led by such figures as Ewan MacColl and A. L. Lloyd from the early 1950s, it also attempted to produce a distinctively English music that was an alternative to the American dominance of popular culture, which was, as they saw it, displacing the traditional music of an increasingly urbanised and industrialised working class. Most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past. In many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. By the mid-1960s there were probably over 300 folk clubs in Britain, providing an important circuit for acts that performed traditional songs and tunes acoustically, where they could sustain a living by playing to a small but committed audience. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a wide variety of traditional songs and tunes.

A number of groups who were part of the folk revival experimented with electrification in the mid-1960s. These included the unrecorded efforts of Sweeney's Men from Ireland, the jazz folk group Pentangle, who moved from purely acoustic instrumentation to introducing electric guitar on their later albums, Eclection, who released one album in 1968, and the Strawbs who developed from a bluegrass band into a "progressive Byrds" band by 1967. However, none provided a sustained or much emulated effort in this direction. Also products of the folk club circuit were Sandy Denny who joined Fairport Convention as a singer in 1968 and Dave Swarbrick, a fiddle player and session musician who reacted positively to the electric music he encountered while working with Fairport in 1969. The result was an extended interpretation of the song "A Sailor's Life", which was released on their album *Unhalfbricking*. This encounter sparked the interest of Ashley Hutchings who began research in the English Folk Dance and Song Society's library; the result was the band's seminal *Liege & Lief* (1969) which combined traditional songs and tunes with some written by members of the band in a similar style, all played on a combination of electric instruments including Swarbrick's amplified fiddle, setting the template for British folk rock.

### Heyday 1969–76

The rapid expansion of British folk rock that followed in the wake of *Liege & Lief* in the 1970s came mainly from three sources. First were existing folk performers who now 'electrified', including Mr. Fox, formed around the acoustic duo Bob and Carole Pegg, and Pentangle, who having previously recorded largely without electrification, produced a fourth album of entirely traditional material, *Cruel Sister*, in 1970, performed very much in the British folk rock mould. Similarly, Swarbrick's former playing partner, Martin Carthy, joined Steeleye Span in 1971 to the astonishment of many in the folk music world. Five Hand Reel, a band formed out of the remnants of Spencer's Feat, proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing four albums with Topic/RCA records, they were popular in Europe, where they gave most of their performances. Unlike the 'English' genre of folk tunes prevalent in the other popular bands, Five Hand Reel performed Scots and Irish songs and won *Melody Maker*'s "Folk Album of the Year" in 1975.

Second were groupings created directly by the members or former members of Fairport Convention, which can be seen as the nexus from which a family of organisations or performers emerged. Sandy Denny's short-lived group Fotheringay was one of these and Steeleye Span was another, the latter formed as a traditionally focussed, but essentially electric outfit, by Ashley Hutchings after his departure from Fairport in late 1969. He left Steeleye Span after three albums and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, which broke up in 2002. The Albion Band in turn spawned one of the most musically talented British folk rock groups of the 1980s Home Service, whose third album *Alright Jack* (1985) is often seen as representing another artistic highpoint for the genre.

A much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing folk rock bands. Most often the model seems to have been Steeleye Span, as it was for the Cambridge group Spriguns of Tolgus, the Northumbrian band Hedgehog Pie and the Oyster Band, who started as the unpromising Fiddler's Dram in 1978. Fiddler's Dram were often dismissed as "one hit wonders" for their single "Day Trip to Bangor", which peaked at no 3 in the UK and for their clear status as "Steeleye Span soundalikes". What was remarkable is that they proved to have a singer-songwriter of genuine talent in Cathy Lesurf, and after she had left for the Albion Band in 1980 the remaining members regrouped as the Oyster Band (latterly Oysterband), an increasingly heavy and politically aware folk rock unit who produced some of the best work in the genre in the 1980s and 1990s, merging into the developing folk punk and independent scenes.

### Decline and survival 1977–85

For a time electric folk threatened to break through to the mainstream, peaking in the early-to-mid-1970s when Steeleye Span had a Christmas Top 20 hit single ("Gaudete") in 1973 and another Top 5 hit in 1975 ("All Around My Hat"). The album of the same name was their most commercially successful, reaching no. 5 in the UK album chart in the same year. By comparison Fairport Convention released few singles and made very little impact on the British charts, although their albums sold well in the early 1970s. *Liege & Lief* reached no. 17 in 1969 and a later album, *Angel Delight* made the Top 10 in 1971. Most of their career, from that point until they initially disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales.

The same was generally true of other electric folk outfits. The late 1970s and early 1980s were a time to either abandon the genre or fight a losing struggle for survival. The reason is often said to be the rise of punk rock, which reached a peak in 1977. It changed the ethos of popular music, overturning certainties about musicianship and songwriting and had no greater target than the old fashioned folk musicians of the preceding generation. All popular music trends have a generational problem as their audiences grow and might not be replaced, but for folk rock the discontinuity was very acute. One result was a further hybridisation with the development of folk punk among younger acts in the later 1970s, some of which, like the Pogues and The Levellers, achieved some mainstream success. The early 1980s were the nadir of electric folk, when, in contrast to the mid-1970s only the Albion Band (with the associated Home Service) and the Oysterband remained as major exponents of the genre and this was perhaps their least productive period, although in part, at least, this was due to lack of major record company interest in the genre. Folk-rock has never been a major revenue earner for record companies, even in its 1970s heyday. As a consequence of this lack of interest the three Home Service albums released between 1984 and 1986 came out on three different independent labels (Jigsaw, Coda and Making Waves), which further dented their commercial prospects.

### Resurgence 1985–present

In the later 1980s, things began to look much more positive for the genre. Despite formally disbanding in 1979, Fairport Convention staged what were initially called "reunion" concerts annually from 1980, which eventually evolved into the Cropredy Festival ("Fairport's Cropredy Convention") which remains (in 2022) a mainstay of the U.K. summer festival calendar and regularly attracts up to 20,000 attendees, by no means all of whom are Fairport Convention fans. When the band reformed in 1985 they were able to embark on increasingly lengthy and successful tours and produce a series of highly regarded albums. The reason for this recording revival was partly because they abandoned the mainstream record business, instead focusing on growing their own audience and producing records independently on their own labels (Woodworm and Matty Grooves), ironically a development which the punk and post-punk era had helped to accelerate.

The Albion Band survived initially by becoming involved in theatre productions and, from 1993, by downsizing to a smaller acoustic outfit that could play the still extensive network of folk clubs and other smaller venues. This move was also significant in indicating the way in which electric folk personnel had become assimilated into the folk revival. Almost all the members of Fairport Convention have toured the folk club circuit solo or in smaller units and the line up at Cropredy includes as many acoustic acts as electric.

In 1980, Steeleye Span's *Sails of Silver* took a decisive move away from traditional songs. It was a commercial failure and their last album for six years as they became a part-time touring band. However, in 1986 they produced *Back in Line* and since then, despite several line-up changes, they have continued to perform and have recorded eight more albums.

Some bands like Stone Angel and Jack the Lad, who had disbanded in the 1970s, had reformed and resumed a recording or touring career.

### Timeline

### Impact on English rock music

Hard rock and progressive rock bands such as Led Zeppelin and Jethro Tull incorporated elements of folk music in their music, though they are not considered part of the folk rock movement. Led Zeppelin had shared a stage with Fairport Convention at the Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music in 1970. Robert Plant and Jimmy Page's interest in the genre was first evident in the recording of "Gallows Pole" a traditional ballad on *Led Zeppelin III* (1970), which stands out among their usual output of blues orientated rock. At this time they also wrote the ballad "Poor Tom" which would surface on *Coda* (1982). It is more subtly manifested in their most famous album *Led Zeppelin IV* (1971), which contained elements of both American folk rock and English electric folk on 'Stairway to Heaven' and most obviously on 'The Battle of Evermore', on which Sandy Denny had the distinction of being the only person ever to be invited to do guest vocals on a Led Zeppelin album. These influences would also appear on later albums, but reduced as the band returned to a hard rock sound from *Presence* (1976) onwards.

As Led Zeppelin moved away from electric folk, another long term survivor of the British blues movement, Jethro Tull, began to move towards it. Ian Anderson had produced Steeleye Span's album *Now We Are Six* in 1974 and first demonstrated a clear interest in more traditional sounds on *Minstrel in the Gallery* (1975), but it was in 1977 with the release of *Songs from the Wood* (1977) that Anderson took the band into electric folk territory. All the songs on the album focused on rural life and, in addition to the normal electronic instruments and flute of the band, used mandolin, lute and a pipe organ. Two tracks, 'Hunting Girl' and particularly 'Velvet Green' followed the form of erotic folk ballads, much suited to Anderson's song writing interests. Two more albums followed in a similar vein: *Heavy Horses* (1978) and *Stormwatch* (1979) to form a loose folk rock trilogy, before Anderson moved into more electronic territory at the beginning of the 1980s. Ironically it was at this point that Dave Pegg of Fairport Convention would be the first of several members of that band to join Jethro Tull.

### Electric and progressive folk

Progressive folk developed in Britain in the mid-1960s partly as an attempt to elevate the artistic quality of the folk genre, but also as a response to diverse influences, often combining acoustic folk instruments with jazz, blues and world music. As a result, it was already established in Britain, albeit a difficult to define and varied subgenre, before the advent of electric folk at the end of the 1960s. It can be seen as including performers such as Donovan, the Incredible String Band, Pentangle, Strawbs, Nick Drake, Roy Harper, John Martyn and the original Tyrannosaurus Rex. Some of this, particularly the Incredible String Band, has been seen as developing into the further subgenre of psych or psychedelic folk.

The advent of electric folk had profound effects on this developing strand of the folk genre. First, many existing acts, having avoided the American model of folk rock electrification from about 1965 now adopted it, most obviously Pentangle, Strawbs and acoustic duo Tyrannosaurus Rex which became the electric combo T-Rex. It also pushed progressive folk towards more traditional material. Acoustic performers Dando Shaft and Amazing Blondel, both beginning about this time, are examples of this trend.

Examples of bands that remained firmly on the border between progressive folk and progressive rock are the short lived Comus and, more successfully, Renaissance, who combined folk and rock with elements of classical music.

While progressive folk as a genre continued into the late 1960s, it was overshadowed by electric folk and progressive rock, arguably, later to emerge in a new form.

## Derivatives

### Medieval folk rock

From about 1970 a number of performers inspired by electric folk, particularly in England, Germany and Brittany, adopted medieval and renaissance music as a basis for their music, in contrast to the early modern and 19th century ballada that dominated the output of Fairport Convention. This followed the trend explored by Steeleye Span, and exemplified by their 1972 album *Below the Salt*. Acts in this area included Gryphon, Gentle Giant and Third Ear Band. In Germany Ougenweide, originally formed in 1970 as an acoustic folk group, opted to draw exclusively on High German medieval music when they electrified, setting the agenda for future German electric folk. In Brittany, as part of the Celtic rock movement, medieval music was focused on by bands like Ripaille from 1977 and Saga de Ragnar Lodbrock from 1979. However, by the end of the 1970s almost all of these performers had either disbanded or moved, like Gentle Giant and Gryphon, into the developing area of progressive rock. One remaining but notable exponent of medieval folk rock is Ritchie Blackmore with Blackmore's Night.

### Celtic rock

Initially Celtic rock replicated electric folk, but naturally replaced the element of English traditional music with its own folk music. It was rapidly evident in all areas of the Celtic nations and regions surrounding England, as Ireland, Scotland, Isle of Man, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany all saw the adoption and adaptation of the electric folk model. Through at least the first half of the 1970s, as Celtic rock held close to folk roots, with its repertoire drawing heavily on traditional Celtic fiddle and harp tunes and even traditional vocal styles, but making use of rock band levels of amplification and percussion it can be considered part of the electric folk movement. However, as it developed into new derivatives and hybrids, including Celtic punk, Celtic metal, and other sorts of Celtic fusion, the initial electric folk pattern began to dissipate.

### Folk punk

In the mid-1980s a new rebirth of English folk began, this time fusing folk forms with energy and political aggression derived from punk rock. Leaders included The Men They Couldn't Hang, Oysterband, Billy Bragg and The Pogues. Folk dance music also became popular in the 1980s, with the English Country Blues Band and Tiger Moth. The decade later saw the use of reggae with English folk music by the band Edward II & the Red Hot Polkas, especially on their seminal *Let's Polkasteady* from 1987.

### Folk metal

In a process strikingly similar to the origins of electric folk in the 1960s, the English thrash metal band Skyclad added violins from a session musician on several tracks for their 1990 début album *The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth*. When this was well received they adopted a full-time fiddle player and moved towards a signature folk and jig style leading them to be credited as the pioneers of folk metal. This directly inspired the Dublin-based band Cruachan to use traditional Irish music in creating the Celtic metal subgenre. Attempts have been made elsewhere to replicate this process with examples ranging from the Middle Eastern folk music of Orphaned Land, the Baltic folk music of Skyforger and the Scandinavian folk music of Korpiklaani. In Germany this trend is more closely associated with the neo-medieval music known as medieval metal.

## Festivals

Fairport's Cropredy Convention (previously *Cropredy Festival*) has been held every year since 1980 near Cropredy, a village five miles north of Banbury, Oxfordshire and attracts up to 20,000 fans. It remains one of the key events in the UK folk festival calendar.

After holding a successful open-air concert at Kentwell Hall, Suffolk in 2005, Steeleye Span decided to hold their own annual festival, known as Spanfest.

Other, more traditional, folk festivals (Shrewsbury, Towersey, Cambridge and Sidmouth, to name but four) now routinely host performances by exponents of the folk-rock genre.

## Electric folk

When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as 'electric folk' they were making a distinction with the already existing 'folk rock'. Folk rock was (to them) what they had already been producing: American or American style singer-songwriter material played on rock instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan and the Byrds from 1965. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous (in this case English) songs and tunes. This is not to say that all the proponents of electric folk totally abandoned American material, or that it would not be represented in their own compositions, but their work would be characterised by the use of traditional English songs and tunes and the creation of new songs in that style, using the format and instruments of a rock band with the occasional addition of more traditional instruments.

The result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from traditional music and rock music. These have been defined as including:

**Traditional music**:

* Lyrics
* Tunes (including ornamentation)
* The drone (cf. bagpipes), but usually on a guitar or bass
* Use of some acoustic instruments
* Use of traditional rhythms; for example, an eight-beat rhythm of 3+3+2 with the stress on the first, fourth, and seventh beats, as in Led Zeppelin's "The Battle of Evermore", while not unusual precludes the standard rock backbeat.
* Blending of multiple songs in the traditional music style: often a short instrumental piece is inserted as an instrumental in a longer lyrical piece (i.e. a piece with vocals), both in traditional music and Electric folk

**Rock music**:

* Rhythm (specifically the backbeat)
* The hook
* Ostinati (plural of ostinato), a melodic and/or rhythmic figure that is persistently repeated throughout a piece or a section of a piece
* Use of some electric instrument
* The tempo of some songs may be altered well beyond the traditional boundaries
* Key changes may be added

Not all of these features are found in every song. For example, electric folk groups, while *predominantly* using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes, occasionally write their own (much as traditional musicians do).

## InfoBox


title: California Assembly Bill 1066 (2016)

abstract: California's Assembly Bill 1066, Phase-In Overtime for Agricultural Workers Act of 2016, was authored by Assemblymember Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher and was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on September 12, 2016. This bill allows farmworkers in California to qualify for overtime pay after working 8 hours in a single day or 40 hours in a workweek. Prior to the passage of AB 1066, farmworkers were only eligible for overtime pay after working 10 hours.

text:
# California Assembly Bill 1066 (2016)

**California's Assembly Bill 1066**, Phase-In Overtime for Agricultural Workers Act of 2016, was authored by Assemblymember Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher and was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on September 12, 2016. This bill allows farmworkers in California to qualify for overtime pay after working 8 hours in a single day or 40 hours in a workweek. Prior to the passage of AB 1066, farmworkers were only eligible for overtime pay after working 10 hours.

## Background

In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The FLSA set the minimum baseline requirements for labor laws in the United States in regards to minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor standards. The standards were meant to encompass employees in the private sector as well as in the Federal, State, and local governments. Agricultural workers were exempted from the overtime provisions of the FLSA, but each individual state was left with the discretion to exceed the requirements established by the FLSA.

In 1941 the California Legislature voted to exempted all agricultural employees from the statutory requirements of overtime, therefore codifying the exclusion of agricultural workers from the overtime protections of the FLSA. When the 8-hour day was codified in 1999, the statutory exemption for agricultural workers remained in place. Therefore, agricultural workers did not receive overtime pay until working over 10 hours in a single day and more than six days during a workweek.

## The State of California Law Prior to the Passage of AB 1066

California Labor Code §510 defines a full work day as 8 hours and a full work week as 40 hours a week. With some exceptions overtime compensation is required for any work in excess of 8 hours in one workday and any work in excess of 40 hours per work week. However, Labor Code §554 exempts any person employed in an agricultural occupation for the provisions laid out in Labor Code §510. Labor Code §516 establishes the Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) to adopt or amend working condition orders with respect to break periods, meal periods, and days of rest for any workers in the State consistent with the health and welfare of those workers.

Under Wage Order 14 of the Industrial Welfare Commission employees working in an agricultural occupation are entitled to overtime compensation for any work in excess of 10 hours in one workday or more than 6 days in any workday, and the first 8 hours of the 7th days much be paid at 1 1/2 times the employee's regular rate. Additionally, all hours worked over 8 on the 7th day of work must be paid at double the employee’s regular rate of pay.

## Comparison by Occupation of Overtime Provisions Prior to AB 1066

Pay Overtime Equal to 1 1/2 times regular pay:

* For most occupations, all hours over 8 hours in one day or 40 in one week.
* For farmworkers, all hours over 10 in one day and 60 in one week.

## Assembly Floor Debate

Joint Rule 54(c) Controversy :

During the Floor Debate for AB 1066 Assemblymember Wagner raised a point of order claiming that Assemblymember Gonzalez had violated Joint Rule 54(c). Assemblymember Wagner claimed that in accordance with Joint Rule 54(c), a member may not bring up a bill that is substantially similar to a bill that was brought up earlier that same session. Assemblymember Wagner claimed that AB 1066 was virtually identical to AB 2757 and therefore violated Joint Rule 54(c). However, Speaker Pro Tempore Mullin ruled against the point of order stating that Joint Rule 54(c)"states that no Member may author a bill that has substantially the same effect as a bill that he or she previously introduced during that Session; the argument does not apply to the bill before the Body when compared to the introduced version of the original bill, Assembly Bill No. 2757." Assemblymember Wagner appealed the decision of the chair, and a vote was conducted to see if the decision of the chair should be overturned. By a vote of 49-26, the Assembly ruled to sustain the decision of the chair, therefore, defeating Assemblymember Wagner's appeal.

## Assembly Floor Vote

### First Assembly Floor Vote: August 29, 2016

#### Ayes: 44 Noes: 32 NVR: 4

**Ayes**: Alejo, Arambula, Atkins, Bloom, Bonilla, Bonta, Brown, Burke, Calderon, Campos, Chau, Chiu, Chu, Dababneh, Daly, Cristina Garcia, Eduardo Garcia, Gatto, Gipson, Gomez, Gonzalez, Gordon, Roger Hernández, Holden, Jones-Sawyer, Linder, Lopez, Low, McCarty, Medina, Mullin, Nazarian, O'Donnell, Quirk, Ridley-Thomas, Rodriguez, Salas, Santiago, Mark Stone, Thurmond, Ting, Weber, Williams, Rendon

**Noes**: Achadjian, Travis Allen, Baker, Bigelow, Brough, Chang, Chávez, Cooley, Cooper, Dahle, Dodd, Frazier, Beth Gaines, Gallagher, Gray, Grove, Hadley, Harper, Jones, Kim, Lackey, Maienschein, Mathis, Mayes, Melendez, Obernolte, Olsen, Patterson, Steinorth, Wagner, Waldron, Wilk

**No Votes Recorded**: Eggman, Irwin, Levine, Wood

### Second Assembly Floor Vote (Concurrence): June 6, 2016

#### Ayes: 54 Noes: 25 NVR: 1

**Ayes**: Alejo, Bloom, Bonilla, Bonta, Brown, Burke, Calderon, Campos, Chau, Chiu, Chu, Cooley, Cooper, Dababneh, Daly, Dodd, Eggman, Frazier, Cristina Garcia, Eduardo Garcia, Gatto, Gipson, Gomez, Gonzalez, Gordon, Gray, Roger Hernández, Holden, Irwin, Jones-Sawyer, Levine, Linder, Lopez, Low, McCarty, Medina, Mullin, Nazarian, O'Donnell, Perea, Quirk, Rendon, Ridley-Thomas, Rodriguez, Salas, Santiago, Mark Stone, Thurmond, Ting, Waldron, Weber, Williams, Wood, Atkins

**Noes**: Achadjian, Travis Allen, Baker, Bigelow, Brough, Chang, Dahle, Beth Gaines, Gallagher, Grove, Hadley, Harper, Jones, Kim, Lackey, Maienschein, Mathis, Mayes, Melendez, Obernolte, Olsen, Patterson, Steinorth, Wagner, Wilk

**No Votes Recorded**: Chávez

## Senate Floor Vote

### Ayes: 21 Noes: 14 NVR: 4

**Ayes**: Allen, Beall, Block, De León, Hall, Hancock, Hernandez, Hertzberg, Hill, Hueso, Jackson, Lara, Leno, Liu, Mendoza, Mitchell, Monning, Pan, Pavley, Wieckowski, Wolk

**Noes**: Anderson, Bates, Berryhill, Cannella, Fuller, Gaines, Glazer, Huff, Moorlach, Morrell, Nguyen, Nielsen, Stone, Vidak

**No Votes Recorded**: Galgiani, Leyva, McGuire, Roth

## How AB 1066 Changed California Law

AB 1066, the Phase-In Overtime for Agricultural Workers Act of 2016, will eliminate the current exemption for agricultural workers from California's overtime requirements over four years. The bill implements a four-year phase in for overtime compensation for agricultural workers. AB 1066 will decrease the current 10-hour overtime requirement for agricultural workers by 30 minutes over a span of four years, until eventually leading agricultural workers to receive overtime pay after working over than 8 hours in a single day and 40 hours in a workweek. The bill would provide employers who employ 25 or fewer employees an additional 3 years to comply with the phasing in of these overtime requirements. Specifically, AB 1066 amended §554 of the California Labor Code and added Chapter 6 (beginning with §857) to the California Labor Code. The additional language to the Labor Code instructs the Department of Industrial Relations to update Wage Order 14-2001 to be consistent with the aforementioned provisions of overtime wage compensation for agricultural workers.

## Arguments in Support

Supporters of AB 1066 argue that the California agriculture industry is well-developed and wealthy, and continues to benefit from an unfair exclusionary overtime subsidy at the expense of agricultural workers. In 2014, the California Department of Food and Agriculture found that the state’s over 76,000 farms had combined revenue of approximately $54 billion, while agricultural workers farmworkers earn an annual average salary of $14,000 and roughly 30% of farmworkers live in households that are below the poverty line. According to the United Farm Workers(UFW), the sponsors of the bill, the initial exclusion of farmworkers from the wage protections and maximum hour requirements set out in the Fair Labor Standards Act is part of our "country's shameful legacy that initially targeted African Americans who were farmworkers in the 1930s.

**Supporters of the Bill:**

* United Farm Workers
* California State Treasurer John Chiang
* Alameda Labor Council
* Alliance San Diego
* American Civil Liberties Union of California
* American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees Amigos de los Rios
* Asian Americans Advancing Justice-California
* Audubon California
* Azul
* California Catholic Conference
* California Coastal Protection Network
* California Employment Lawyers Association
* California Environmental Justice Alliance
* California Immigrant Policy Center
* California Labor Federation
* California League of Conservation Voters
* California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation
* California Teachers Association
* Center for Biological Diversity
* Center for Environmental Health
* Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment
* Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
* Coastal Environmental Rights Foundation
* Committees for Land, Air, Water and Species
* Consumer Attorneys of California
* Courage Campaign
* Dolores Huerta Foundation
* Don Saylor, Yolo County Supervisor
* Endangered Habitats League
* Environment California
* Environmental Center of San Diego
* Equality California
* Farmworker Justice
* Food Empowerment Project
* Kern, Inyo, and Mono Counties Central Labor Council
* La Cooperativa Campesina de California
* Latino Coalition for a Healthy California
* League of United Latin American Citizens - California Chapter
* Mayor Eric Garcetti, City of Los Angeles
* Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund
* National Association of Social Workers - California Chapter
* Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism
* Sacramento Central Labor Council
* Service Employees International Union
* United Food & Commercial Workers Union - Western States Council
* Western Center on Law and Poverty

## Arguments in Opposition

Opponents of AB 1066 claim that the bill will reduce the annual take home pay for most agricultural workers. Opponents claim that rather than pay overtime, farmer owners will limit the hours of farmworkers and hire more farmworkers to compensate for the difference. Farmers in California must compete with farmers in other states and countries that have lower wage costs. California is already at a competitive disadvantage as it is one of the only states that currently provides overtime pay at all for agricultural workers.

**Opponents of the Bill:**

* Agricultural Council of California
* Alhambra Chamber of Commerce
* Almond Hullers & Processors
* Association of California Egg Farmers
* California Agricultural Aircraft Association
* California Association of Nurseries & Garden Centers
* California Association of Wheat Growers
* California Association of Winegrape Growers
* California Blueberry Association
* California Cattleman's Association
* California Chamber of Commerce
* California Citrus Mutual
* California Cotton Ginners Association
* California Cotton Growers Association
* California Dairies, Inc.
* California Farm Bureau Federation
* California Fresh Fruit Association
* California League of Food Processors
* California Manufacturers & Technology Association
* California Pear Growers Association
* California Seed Association
* California State Floral Association
* California Tomato Growers Association
* California Trucking Association
* Family Winemakers of California
* Far West Equipment Dealers Association Gilroy Chamber of Commerce
* Agricultural Aircraft Association Association of Nurseries & Garden Centers Association of Wheat Growers
* Association of Winegrape Growers Blueberry Association
* Cattlemen’s Association
* Chamber of Commerce
* Citrus Mutual
* CottonGinners Association
* Cotton Growers Association
* Dairies, Inc.
* Farm Bureau Federation
* Fresh Fruit Association
* League of Food Processors
* Manufacturers & Technology Association Pear Growers Association
* Seed Association
* State Floral Association
* Tomato Growers Association
* Trucking Association
* Lodi Chamber of Commerce
* Milk Producers Council
* National Federation of Independent Business Nisei Farmers League
* Western Agricultural Processors Association Western Growers Association
* Western Plant Health Association
* Western United Dairymen
* Wine Institute

## Prior Legislation

*** SB 1211 (Florez) of 2010**

SB 1211 passed the Senate Labor and Industrial Relations Committee, the Senate Floor, the Assembly Labor and Employment Committee, and the Assembly Floor, but was vetoed by Governor Schwarzenegger. In his veto message Governor Schwarzenegger explained his rationale for refusing to sign the bill by stating, "Unfortunately, this measure, while well-intended, will not improve the lives of California's agricultural workers and instead will result in additional burdens on California businesses, increased unemployment, and lower wages. In order to remain competitive against other states that do not have such wage requirements, businesses will simply avoid paying overtime."

*** AB 1313 (Allen) of 2012**

AB 1313 attempted to extend the 8-hour daily overtime rule to agricultural workers, but failed to pass concurrence on the Assembly Floor. The final vote was 35-33 with 12 Assemblymembers abstaining from voting.

*** AB 2757 (Gonzalez) of 2016**

AB 2757 was identical to AB 1066, but died on the Assembly Floor by a vote of 38-35 with 7 Assemblymembers abstaining from voting. The language of AB 2757 was amended into AB 1066 with the addition of coauthors and a clarification that any provisions of the existing Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order for Agricultural Workers that provide protections and benefits beyond the scope of this bill should be left intact.

1. AB 1066 Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
2. AB 1066 Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
3. AB 1066 Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
4. AB 1066 Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
5. AB 1066 Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
6. AB 1066 Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
7. California Assembly Journal, 2015-2016 Regular Session, 244th Session Day
8. AB 1066 Bill Votes https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVotesClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
9. AB 1066 Bill Votes https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVotesClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
10. AB 1066 Bill Votes https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVotesClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
11. 2016 Cal. Legis. Serv. Ch. 313 (A.B. 1066) (WEST); AGRICULTURAL LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT—HOURS OF LABOR—WORKING CONDITIONS
12. West's Annotated California Codes; § 864. Wage Order 14-2001; updating; continuation of provisions
13. AB 1066 Assembly Floor Analysis 8/23/16
14. Senate Floor Analysis https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
15. AB 1066 Assembly Floor Analysis https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
16. AB 1066 Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
17. SB 1211 Senate Floor Analyses https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=200920100SB1121
18. AB 1313 Bill Votes https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVotesClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201120120AB1313
19. Senate Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations Report https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066
20. AB 2757 Bill Votes https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill\_id=201520160AB1066

## InfoBox

| California Assembly Bill 1066 (2016) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| California State Legislature | |
| Full name | Assembly Bill 1066 |
| Introduced | February 26, 2016 |
| Assembly voted | June 2, 2016; August 29, 2016 |
| Senate voted | August 22, 2016 |
| Signed into law | September 12, 2016 |
| Sponsor(s) | United Farm Workers |
| Governor | Jerry Brown |
| Status: Current legislation | |


title: Priapodes

abstract: Priapodes is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Priapodes

***Priapodes*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Priapodes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Priapodes*** |
|


title: Tazeen Qayyum

abstract: Tazeen Qayyum is a Pakistani-born Canadian conceptual artist working in a variety of media including miniature painting, drawing, sculpture, performance, and video. Her work explores issues of identity, immigration, socio-political conflict, and her Muslim identity.

text:
# Tazeen Qayyum

**Tazeen Qayyum** is a Pakistani-born Canadian conceptual artist working in a variety of media including miniature painting, drawing, sculpture, performance, and video. Her work explores issues of identity, immigration, socio-political conflict, and her Muslim identity.

## Biography

Born in Karachi, Pakistan, in 1973, Tazeen Qayyum studied miniature painting at the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, graduating in 1996 with a BFA.

As a response to the 9/11 attacks, Qayyum began using the cockroach as a metaphor to connote the loss of life in the subsequent wars connected to the attacks, as well as fear and misunderstanding of other cultures. While the cockroach first appeared as part of her miniature painting practice, it would evolve into sculpture and installation work including *A Holding Pattern*, a multi-media piece that was installed at Toronto's Pearson International Airport in 2013.

Qayyum's more recent circular text pieces are performative based and originate from her work with installations of the repeated forms of cockroaches. Recurring singular phrases written in the Urdu (the artist's mother tongue) are drawn from the centre of the paper or canvas, concentrically moving out. These performances have been as long as twenty-four hours in duration. These drawing performances often result in joint pain.

Along with her artistic practice, Qayyum has offered workshops in miniature painting. She co-founded Offset Portfolio Centre in 1997, a gallery and resource centre for artists in Pakistan.

## Exhibitions

### Solo exhibitions

Qayyum's work has been shown internationally in solo exhibitions including *Miniature Paintings*, Gallery Jutner, AIR Program, Vienna, Austria (2000), *The Human Dichotomy*, Aicon Contemporary (2008), *A Holding Pattern* at Toronto's Pearson International Airport (2013), *(IN) Surge (NT)* at the Canvas Gallery, Karachi (2015), *Tazeen Qayyum: Descent* at Canvas Gallery, Karachi (2018), and *Sakoon* at Zalucky Contemporary, Totonto (2022).

### Group exhibitions

Qayyum's work has been shown in numerous group exhibitions. These include: *Elusive Realities: recent works by Tazeen Qayyum and Sumaira Tazeen,* Chawkandi Gallery, Karachi, Pakistan (2008) *Art* *in Review: Farida Batool, Adeela Suleman and Tazeen Qayyum*, Aicon Gallery (2009), *Veiled: Andrew McPhail, Grace Ndiritu, Tazeen Qayyum*, Textile Museum, Toronto (2012), and *Beyond Measure: Domesticating Distance*, The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa, 2015 among others.

## Performances

Qayyum's drawing based performances include *Unvoiced* held at the 1st Karachi Biennale, Pakistan in 2017, and 'We do not know who we are where we go’, which was part of the *Mixer Project* at The Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto (2016). She has also directed performance work including *Double Date* in 2007 produced by SAVAC (South Asian Visual Arts Collective) at Lennox Contemporary Gallery, Toronto and AKA Gallery, Saskatoon, and *A Feast in Exile* held in 2009 and produced by VASL Artist's Collective.

## Personal life

Qayyum is married to digital media artist Faisal Anwar and lives in Oakville, Ontario.

## Bibliography

* Mitra, Srimoyee (2015). *Border Cultures*. Art Gallery of Windsor and Black Dog Publishing (Windsor, ON; London, UK). ISBN 978-1-910433-44-7
* Siddiqui, Ambereen (2015). *Beyond Measure: Domesticating Distance*. The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, (Oshawa, ON). ISBN 978-1-926589-88-6
* Akhter, Asim (2009). ‘Artificial Paradise,’ *Discretion is Advised*. Gandhara-art, (Karachi, Pakistan).
* Sivanesan, Haema (2008). 'Stories for the Moment.' *Urban Myths & Modern Fables*. Doris McCarthy Gallery (Toronto, ON), SAVAC (Toronto, ON). ISBN 9780772754073
* Hashmi, Salima and Dalmia, Yashodhara (2007). *Memory, Metaphor, Mutations, Contemporary Art of India and Pakistan*. Oxford University Press (New Delhi, India). ISBN 0195673476
* Hashmi, Salima (2006). ‘Spinning Stories, The Art of Pakistani Women Miniaturists,' *A Thousand and One Days: Pakistani Women Artists*. Honolulu Academy Of Art (Honolulu, Hawaii). ISBN 978-0937426739
* Malik, Murtaza (2003). *Unveiling the Visible: Lives and Works of Women Artists of Pakistan*. Actionaid (Pakistan). ISBN 978-9693513615

## InfoBox

| Tazeen Qayyum | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1973 (age 5051)<br>Karachi, Pakistan |
| Alma mater | National College of Arts |
| Occupation | Conceptual artist |
| Spouse | Faisal Anwar |


title: Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania

abstract: Casimir VI was a member of the House of Griffin who ruled as Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Cammin.

text:
# Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania

**Casimir VI** (also known as Casimir IX; 22 March 1557  10 May 1605) was a member of the House of Griffin who ruled as Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Cammin.

## Life

Casimir was born in Wolgast. He was the tenth child of Duke Philip I of Pomerania-Wolgast and his wife Maria of Saxony. Philip I died in 1560; he was survived by five of his sons. Apart from Casimir VI, they were John Frederick (born: 1542), Bogislaw XIII (born: 1544), Ernest Louis (born: 1545), Barnim X (born: 1549). Initially, the Lord High Stewart Ulrich von Schwerin, acted as regent. He was supported by an eleven-member regency council.

On 25 July 1569, the elder brothers wrote the Treaty of Jasenitz, dividing Pomerania among themselves. For Casimir, it was planned that he would later become the Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Cammin. In 1574, John Frederick renounced that position, and Casimir took over the diocese, aged just 17 years. In 1578, he undertook a Grand Tour to Italy and the Netherlands.

As Bishop of Cammin Casimir had many disputes with the city of Kolberg, the capital of the prince-bishopric. He left the business of government mostly to his advisers, including Joachim Damnitz. His areas of interest were fishing, banquet and tours.

In 1602, Casimir renounced the administration of Cammin Prince-Bishopric and took over the rule in the appanage duchy of Pomerania-Rügenwalde from his older brother Barnim X, who in turn took over the duchy of Pomerania-Stettin after John Frederick had died. Later, he added the district of Bütow. When Barnim X died in September 1603, it was Casimir's turn to rule Pomerania-Stettin, but he was seriously ill and did not take up government. In 1604, he renounced his ascension.

In May 1605, Casimir was suffering from smallpox and was bedridden for several days. He died on 10 May 1605, between 20:00 and 21:00 at his Neuhausen Palace near Rügenwalde. On 18 June 1605 his body was brought to Stettin and buried there on 20 June in the Ducal Castle Church.

He remained unmarried.

## Numeral

The counting of the rulers of the House of Griffins has always been complicated. From time immemorial there exists an imbalance, which causes some confusion. The modern numbering counts only the members of the House of Griffins who have reached adulthood and reigned. Under that system, the subject of this article is Casimir VI. If one also takes into account family members who never reigned, which was common in the older literature, he would be Casimir IX.

## References and sources

* Martin Wehrmann, *Genealogie des pommerschen Herzogshauses*, Stettin: Leon Sauniers Buchhandlung, 1937, p. 124.
* Martin Wehrmann, *Geschichte von Pommern*, second edition, Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes, 1921, vol. 2, (reprint: Augsburg: 1992, ISBN 3-89350-112-6)

## Footnotes

1. Kehrberg, A. (1724). *Augustini Kehrberges, Erleuterter Historisch-Chronologischer Abriß, der Stadt Königsberg in der Neu-Marck* (in German). Berlin: Gedicke. p. 177.
2. Martin Wehrmann, *Genealogie des pommerschen Herzogshauses*, Stettin: Leon Sauniers Buchhandlung, 1937, p. 15.

## InfoBox

| Casimir VI | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Administrator of Cammin prince-bishopric | |
| Administration | 1574–1602 |
| Predecessor | John Frederick |
| Successor | Francis |
|  | |
| Born | (1557-03-22)22 March 1557
Wolgast |
| Died | 10 May 1605(1605-05-10) (aged 48)
Neuhausen Palace, near Rügenwalde |
| Burial | 20 June 1605
Szczecin |
| House | House of Griffin |
| Father | Philip I |
| Mother | Mary of Saxony |
| Religion | Lutheran |


title: Kummayak Rural Municipality

abstract: Kummayak is a rural municipality in Panchthar district. Kummayak is formed by the merging of Yasok, Rani Gaun, Syangrumba and Mangjabung village development committees. Kummayak covers 129.30 km⁲ area with 16118 total population.

text:
# Kummayak Rural Municipality

**Kummayak** (Nepali: कुम्मायक गाउपालिका ;) is a rural municipality in Panchthar district. Kummayak is formed by the merging of Yasok, Rani Gaun, Syangrumba and Mangjabung village development committees. Kummayak covers 129.30 km2 area with 16118 total population.

## InfoBox

| Kummayak कुम्मायकKummayak Panchthar | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural Municipality of Panchthar | |
| KummayakLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 27°03′N 87°38′E / 27.05°N 87.63°E / 27.05; 87.63 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Mechi Zone |
| District | Panchthar District |
| Headquarters | Yasok |
| Government | |
| Chairperson | Mr. Jaya Bahadur Chemjong (NCP) |
| Vice-chairperson | Mrs. Sita Acharya (NCP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 129.30 km2 (49.92 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)2068 BS | |
| Total | 16,118 |
| Density | 120/km2 (320/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |
| Postal code | 57408 |
| Area code | 024 |
| Website | official website |


title: Evalea stocki

abstract: Evalea stocki is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Evalea stocki

***Evalea stocki*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Evalea stocki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Evalea* |
| Species: | ***E. stocki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Evalea stocki***<br>Jong & Coomans, 1988 | |
|


title: Canal Uchusuma

abstract: Canal Uchusuma is a canal in Chile.

text:
# Canal Uchusuma

**Canal Uchusuma** is a canal in Chile.

## Geography

The canal begins at the northeastern foot of Cerro Huancune on the Uchusuma River, a principal tributary of the Mauri River; the diversion occurs at the locality *Ancochaullanta* at 4,460 metres (14,630 ft) elevation. The path of the canal takes it southeastward through Peruvian territory until the Peru-Chile border at Laguna Blanca. It continues through Chilean territory from Laguna Blanca along the Arica–La Paz railway southwestward between the mountains Tacora and Caracarani, close to the Canal Mauri. It turns around Tacora's southern flank to its western side while following a low-altitude moraine, crosses the Rio Azufre westward and then the border between Chile and Peru. In Peru it continues southwestward and ends between the mountains of Cerro Huaylillas and Cerro Chulluncane into the Rio Yungane. It does so by crossing the mountains through the Huaylillas Norte tunnel. The Rio Yungane subsequently joins the Quebrada Vilavilani. The Quebrada Vilavilani descends the Andes in southwestward direction, where it has several different names, and ends close to the city of Tacna into the Caplina River.

## History

This canal was constructed in 1820. There were numerous projects to expand the canal system to more water sources in the Mauri, and the Canal Mauri was constructed in 1954. According to a report in 1977, the Canal Uchusuma is still used when the other canal is under maintenance.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Canal Uchusuma | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of the general region, with the canal shown in the centre | |
| Country | Peru, Chile |
| Geography | |
| Direction | Southwest |
| Start point | Uchusuma River |
| End point | Rio Yungane |
| Beginning coordinates | 17°34′00″S 69°43′48″W / 17.56667°S 69.73000°W / -17.56667; -69.73000 |
| Ending coordinates | 17°46′04″S 69°50′33″W / 17.76778°S 69.84250°W / -17.76778; -69.84250 |
|  | |


title: USS Butternut

abstract: USS Butternut (AN-9/YN-4/ANL-9/YAG-60) was laid down as a yard net tender on 11 March 1941 at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard; launched on 10 May 1941; and placed in service at the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 3 September 1941. After fitting out at Puget Sound the ship began service with the Inshore Patrol, 13th Naval District, early in October. She tended antisubmarine nets and performed minesweeping tasks until May 1942. On 13 May 1942, USS Butternut was placed in commission at Seattle, Washington.

text:
# USS Butternut

**USS *Butternut* (AN-9/YN-4/ANL-9/YAG-60)** was laid down as a yard net tender on 11 March 1941 at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard; launched on 10 May 1941; and placed in service at the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 3 September 1941.

After fitting out at Puget Sound the ship began service with the Inshore Patrol, 13th Naval District, early in October. She tended antisubmarine nets and performed minesweeping tasks until May 1942. On 13 May 1942, USS *Butternut* was placed in commission at Seattle, Washington .

## World War II Pacific Theater operations

The ship departed Seattle, Washington, on 17 May for a brief visit to San Francisco, California, until 1 June when she got underway for the southwestern Pacific. After escorting SS *Elbridge Gerry* across the ocean, *Butternut* arrived in Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 27 June. For 18 months, she tended nets in the southwestern Pacific, first at New Caledonia, later in the New Hebrides, and then in the Solomons. Her active service was interrupted only by two repair periods – August and September 1943 at Port Chalmers, New Zealand, and November 1943 to February 1944 at Pearl Harbor.

During her overhaul at Pearl Harbor, she was reclassified a net laying ship and was redesignated **AN-9**. In January 1945, the ship steamed from the Solomons via Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, to Leyte in the Philippines. She spent the ensuing two years engaged in net and other district craft operations in the waters adjacent to the islands of Leyte and Samar.

## Post-War net laying assignments

USS *Butternut* departed Leyte Gulf in convoy on 24 February 1947 and shaped a course for the Marianas. She arrived at Guam on 9 March and began three years of service in the Trust Territories of the Pacific Ocean Islands. Based at Apra Harbor on Guam, she carried passengers and cargo among the islands as well as laying and tending nets at various islands. The ship also performed several assignments off Iwo Jima laying mooring buoys and assisting in the recovery, repair and replacement of submarine lines. the ship departed Guam on 19 June 1950 for repairs at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. The net laying ship completed repairs and put to sea on 15 September. Steaming via Guam and Iwo Jima, she arrived in Sasebo, Japan, on 28 October. The ship conducted operations at Sasebo and Yokosuka, Japan, until 7 July 1951 when she set sail for Guam to resume her former duties in the Trust Territories.

On 12 December 1951, USS *Butternut* arrived in Pearl Harbor for regular overhaul. She completed repairs almost eight months later, putting to sea for the west coast of the United States. The net laying ship reached San Francisco, California, on 15 August 1952 but moved south to San Diego, California, soon thereafter. Assigned to the 11th Naval District, USS *Butternut* spent a little more than five years operating in and around San Diego tending nets and buoys as well as serving as a training platform for students at the Naval Net School, Tiburon, California, and for members of the U.S. Naval Reserve.

## Pacific missile test support

In 1957, however, her mission changed significantly with the de-emphasis of nets in harbor defense in favor of more sophisticated techniques. On 14 December 1957, the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS), China Lake, California, assumed operational control of USS *Butternut*. Administrative control remained with the commandant, 11th Naval District.

For the next seven years, the ship provided support services for the Polaris missile test and development program. In addition to serving as a monitoring platform for the scientists and engineers engaged in the program, USS *Butternut* towed hardware and support craft to and from the San Clemente Island test site, conducted surveys of the ocean bottom at the site, carried missiles to the site, and performed a myriad of other support services. In 1964, the U.S. Navy concluded its Polaris missile tests at San Clemente Island and closed the facility there. China Lake, however, retained operational control over *Butternut* for the purpose of testing the Mark 46 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) torpedo and its first modification. That duty, punctuated by repair periods, occupied her until the summer of 1969.

## Decommissioning

Found to be excess to the needs of the U.S. Navy late in June 1969, USS *Butternut* was decommissioned at San Diego, California, on 18 July 1969, and her name was struck from the navy list that same day.

## Post-decommissioning activity

Almost immediately, however, she was reinstated on the list of service craft as YAG-60 for service on the Pacific Missile Range. That assignment lasted for about two years until June 1971. On 1 July 1971, her service craft designation was struck from the navy list. Early in 1972, she became a salvage training hulk for Service Squadron (ServRon) 5 at Maui in the Hawaiian Islands. She was so employed until June 1977 at which time she was destroyed as a target.

## Awards

USS *Butternut* received one battle star for World War II service.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Butternut* (AN-9) in 1965 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Butternut* (YAG-60) |
| Builder | Lake Washington Shipyard, Houghton, Washington |
| Laid down | 11 March 1941, as YN-4 (Yard Net Tender) |
| Launched | 10 May 1941 |
| Commissioned | 13 May 1942 |
| Decommissioned | 18 July 1969 |
| Reclassified | * AN-9 (Net Laying Ship), January 1944 * ANL-9 (Net Laying Ship), 1 January 1969 * YAG-60, 1969 |
| Stricken | 18 July 1969 |
| Honours and<br>awards | 1 battle star (World War II) |
| Fate | Destroyed as a target, June 1977 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Aloe-class net laying ship |
| Displacement | * 500 long tons (508 t) light * 760 long tons (772 t) full load |
| Length | 151 ft 8 in (46.23 m) |
| Beam | 30 ft 6 in (9.30 m) |
| Draft | 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) |
| Propulsion | Diesel engine, single shaft |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Complement | 40 |
| Armament |  |


title: Cumulus humilis cloud

abstract: Cumulus humilis are cumuliform clouds with little vertical extent, common in the summer, that are often referred to as "fair weather cumulus". If they develop into cumulus mediocris or cumulus congestus, thunderstorms could form later in the day. They generally form at lower altitudes, but in hot countries or over mountainous terrain these clouds can occur at an altitude of up to 6,000 m (20,000 ft). They show no significant vertical development, indicating that the temperature in the atmosphere above them either drops off very slowly or not at all with altitude; that is, the environmental lapse rate is small or negative. Cumulus humilis clouds often have little variance in their depths due to their constrained vertical development. Cumulus humilis may be accompanied by other cloud types. Air below the cloud base can be quite turbulent due to the thermals that formed the clouds, giving occupants of light aircraft an uncomfortable ride. To avoid turbulence where such clouds are present, pilots may climb above the cloud tops. However, glider pilots actively seek out the rising air to gain altitude. These clouds may later metamorphose into cumulus mediocris and eventually cumulus congestus clouds when convection is intense enough, though the presence of these types of clouds usually indicates fair weather.

text:
# Cumulus humilis cloud

**Cumulus humilis** are cumuliform clouds with little vertical extent, common in the summer, that are often referred to as "fair weather cumulus". If they develop into cumulus mediocris or cumulus congestus, thunderstorms could form later in the day.

They generally form at lower altitudes (500–3000 m (1,500–10,000 ft)), but in hot countries or over mountainous terrain these clouds can occur at an altitude of up to 6,000 m (20,000 ft). They show no significant vertical development, indicating that the temperature in the atmosphere above them either drops off very slowly or not at all with altitude; that is, the environmental lapse rate is small or negative. Cumulus humilis clouds often have little variance in their depths due to their constrained vertical development. Cumulus humilis may be accompanied by other cloud types.

Air below the cloud base can be quite turbulent due to the thermals that formed the clouds, giving occupants of light aircraft an uncomfortable ride. To avoid turbulence where such clouds are present, pilots may climb above the cloud tops. However, glider pilots actively seek out the rising air to gain altitude.

These clouds may later metamorphose into cumulus mediocris and eventually cumulus congestus clouds when convection is intense enough, though the presence of these types of clouds usually indicates fair weather.

## Forecasting

Morning cumulus humilis clouds are signs of an unstable atmosphere. Larger clouds or possibly thunderstorms could form throughout the day to cause bad or severe weather in the afternoon or evening. Cumulus humilis clouds are not rain clouds but could precede a storm.

Cumulus humilis are sometimes seen beneath cirrostratus clouds, which block some of the heat from the sun and thus create an inversion, causing any cumuliform clouds to flatten and become cumulus humilis. In this case, a warm front could be approaching and rain is possible for the next 12 to 24 hours.

When cumulus humilis appear in a clear sky, they are an indicator of pleasant weather for the next several hours.

## Formation

Cumulus humilis clouds are formed by rising warm air or thermals with ascending air currents of 2–5 m/s (7–17 ft/s). These clouds are usually very small convective clouds and usually form after a thermal reaches the condensation level. They can develop into cumulus mediocris clouds but most often dissipate a few minutes after formation.

## InfoBox

| Cumulus humilis clouds | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Abbreviation | Cu hum |
| Symbol |  |
| Genus | Cumulus (*heap*) |
| Species | humilis (*humble*) |
| Variety | * Radiatuse |
| Altitude | 200-2000 m<br>(656–7,000 ft) |
| Classification | Family C (Low-level) |
| Appearance | Low-altitude, flattened, wider than it is tall, fluffy heaps of clouds with cotton-like appearance. |
| Precipitation | Uncommon Rain, Snow or Snow pellets |


title: SWM (motorcycles)

abstract: SV.VM was an Italian motorcycle manufacturer founded in 1971 by Piero Sironi and Fausto Vergani. Based in Milan, SWM manufactured Observed Trials, Enduro, Motocross and off-road motorcycles in the 1970s and 1980s. They started with small capacity Sachs engined enduro bikes and began making Rotax engined trials bikes in 1977. The other main manufacturers at this time included Fantic Motor, Bultaco and Montesa. Making the announcement during EICMA 2014 show in Milan, SWM are back on the market by introducing six street and off-road bikes with engine size between 300 and 650cc.

text:
# SWM (motorcycles)

**SV.VM** (**Sironi Vergani Vimercate Milano**) was an Italian motorcycle manufacturer founded in 1971 by Piero Sironi and Fausto Vergani. Based in Milan, SWM manufactured Observed Trials, Enduro, Motocross and off-road motorcycles in the 1970s and 1980s. They started with small capacity Sachs engined enduro bikes and began making Rotax engined trials bikes in 1977. The other main manufacturers at this time included Fantic Motor, Bultaco and Montesa.

Making the announcement during EICMA 2014 show in Milan, SWM are back on the market by introducing six street and off-road bikes with engine size between 300 and 650cc.

## History

### Trials Bikes

**SWM** started making Rotax TL125 and TL320 trials bikes in 1977. Rotax built a special trials version of their rotary valve motor, with development input from Sammy Miller and Charles Coutard. Acerbis made the plastic mouldings, and suspension was by Marzocchi. These first trials machines were red and white.

In 1979 yellow and black models appeared, and in 1980 these were fitted with Girling Gas shocks and Betor forks. Gilles Burgat won the 1981 Trials world championship on an SWM.

In 1982 a 240 model was produced with a blue frame, acknowledging Pernod's trials sponsorship.

In 1983 all bikes got alloy swing arms, and the TL350 Jumbo was introduced. This was a new reed valve motor and frame wearing the same yellow and blue colours.

In 1984 the 125 and 320 were put in the new frame, but then production ceased.

### Enduro Bikes

SWM RSGS and SWM TF1 in capacities 125, 175, 250, 280, 350, 370, 440, 506

Joan Riudalbá, riding an SWM TF1 of 125 cc was Enduro Spanish Champion in 1980.

When SWM went into liquidation Armstrong of Bolton, England bought the rights to the SWM XN Tornado, a Rotax engined enduro machine of 350cc or 506 cc. With CCM, Armstrong developed and marketed a military version, the Armstrong MT500, which was so successful Harley-Davidson bought the manufacturing rights in 1986, and further developed the bike as the MT350E.

## SWM today

SWM went in liquidation in 1984 and production ceased. There are still people out there riding SWMs in classic and twinshock trials in the UK. Rotax engines spares are still readily available, with many of the other spares that went out of production, like the Acerbis plastics, are being produced and distributed by specialist companies such as MotoSWM in the UK and MidWest SWM in the U.S.

### 2014 Resurrection

Engineer Ampelio Macchi, formerly with Cagiva, Aprilia and Husqvarna Motorcycles, is driving the resurgence of the SWM brand with six new models displayed at EICMA 2014. Funding for the company has come from China via the entity Shineray Group. SWM will keep manufacturing in Italy at Biandronno near Varese, in the old factory of Husqvarna (when the brand belonged to the Cagiva Group, now MV Agusta), sold in 2014 by Husqvarna's then owner, the BMW Group. Apparently, some of SWM's engines will be the old Husqvarna engines developed with Cagiva. Current Husqvarnas use KTM engines, following the acquisition by Pierer Mobility AG.

## Sources

## InfoBox

SWM
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Motorcycle manufacturing |
| Founded | 1971 (1971) in Milan |
| Founder | Pietro Sironi, Fausto Vergani |
| Headquarters | Biandronno, Varese, Italy |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Motorcycle |
| Website | swm-motorcycles.it |


title: Savenaca Draunidalo

abstract: Savenaca Uluibau Draunidalo, known sometimes by his chiefly title of Ratu, was a Fijian politician, who served in the Cabinet from 2001 to 2006, when a military coup ended his ministerial career. He died in a fishing accident on 22 December 2007, when his outboard boat capsized and hit him when he was en route to Naroi to celebrate the 21st birthday of his youngest daughter, Bulou Gavidi Draunidalo. Draunidalo was from the chiefly family of Naroi, Moala, in the Lau Islands. Draunidalo was a career soldier who rose to the rank of colonel and founded the largest battalion in the Fiji Army, the Third Infantry Regiment (3FIR). He was awarded the Military Cross by Her Majesty the Queen in recognition of his services with the Fiji Infantry Regiment serving in Lebanon as part of the United Nations Peace Keeping Force United Nations Peace Keeping Missions in the Middle East and in Bougainville. Draunidalo also served in the civil service, holding such posts as Deputy Permanent Secretary of Home Affairs and Commissioner Eastern. In the election held in September 2001, Draunidalo, won the Lau Taveuni Rotuma Open Constituency. Though elected as an independent candidate, he was appointed to the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL)-dominated Cabinet as Minister for Works and Energy. In the parliamentary election held on 6–13 May, he retained his seat with a large majority, and was subsequently appointed Minister for Public Enterprises. Draunidalo was the first husband of the late Adi Kuini Speed, a paramount chief and Deputy Prime Minister in the Chaudhry government of 1999–2000. They had two children: Tupou Draunidalo, a lawyer and Vice President of the Fiji Law Society, and Captain Isireli Draunidalo, a Commissioned Officer of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces. Draunidalo subsequently married Salesia Mataitoga, with whom he had two daughters - Adi Illeyah and Bulou Gavidi, who were both educated at New Zealand universities.

text:
# Savenaca Draunidalo

**Savenaca Uluibau Draunidalo** (1950 – 22 December 2007), known sometimes by his chiefly title of *Ratu,* was a Fijian politician, who served in the Cabinet from 2001 to 2006, when a military coup ended his ministerial career. He died in a fishing accident on 22 December 2007, when his outboard boat capsized and hit him when he was en route to Naroi to celebrate the 21st birthday of his youngest daughter, Bulou Gavidi Draunidalo. Draunidalo was from the chiefly family of Naroi, Moala, in the Lau Islands.

Draunidalo was a career soldier who rose to the rank of colonel and founded the largest battalion in the Fiji Army, the Third Infantry Regiment (3FIR).  He was awarded the Military Cross by Her Majesty the Queen in recognition of his services with the Fiji Infantry Regiment serving in Lebanon as part of the United Nations Peace Keeping Force United Nations Peace Keeping Missions in the Middle East and in Bougainville.

Draunidalo also served in the civil service, holding such posts as Deputy Permanent Secretary of Home Affairs and Commissioner Eastern.  In the election held in September 2001, Draunidalo, won the Lau Taveuni Rotuma Open Constituency. Though elected as an independent candidate, he was appointed to the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL)-dominated Cabinet as Minister for Works and Energy. In the parliamentary election held on 6–13 May, he retained his seat with a large majority, and was subsequently appointed Minister for Public Enterprises.

Draunidalo was the first husband of the late Adi Kuini Speed, a paramount chief (who held the title of Tui Noikoro) and Deputy Prime Minister in the Chaudhry government of 1999–2000. They had two children: Tupou Draunidalo, a lawyer and Vice President of the Fiji Law Society, and Captain Isireli Draunidalo, a Commissioned Officer of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces. Draunidalo subsequently married **Salesia Mataitoga,** with whom he had two daughters - **Adi Illeyah** and **Bulou Gavidi**, who were both educated at New Zealand universities.


title: David Hernandez (baseball)

abstract: David Jose Hernandez is an American professional baseball relief pitcher for the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Philadelphia Phillies, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Cincinnati Reds. He attended Cosumnes River College.

text:
# David Hernandez (baseball)

**David Jose Hernandez** (born May 13, 1985) is an American professional baseball relief pitcher for the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Philadelphia Phillies, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Cincinnati Reds. He attended Cosumnes River College.

## Professional career

### Baltimore Orioles

Hernandez, who is of Mexican-American descent, was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the 16th round (483rd overall pick) of the 2005 MLB draft. Hernandez made his MLB debut against the Detroit Tigers on May 28, 2009. He went 523 innings. He gave up five hits, allowed four walks, and one earned run while striking out three. He'd remain in the Baltimore rotation for the remainder of the season, starting 19 games and finishing with a record of 4–10 with a 5.42 ERA. In 101+13 innings, he struck out 68. The following season he split time between the rotation and the bullpen for the O's, finishing 8–8 in 41 games, 8 of them starts. In 79+13 innings, he struck out 72.

### Arizona Diamondbacks

On December 6, 2010, he was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks (along with Kam Mickolio) for Mark Reynolds and a player to be named later (John Hester). In his first season in Arizona, Hernandez served as a closer for a time in the season, recording 11 saves. In a career high 74 games, he had 77 strikeouts in 69+13 innings. He excelled the following season, posting an ERA of 2.50 with 98 strikeouts in 68+13 innings. In 2013, he had a high ERA (4.48) despite posting 66 strikeouts in 62+13 innings.

Hernandez missed the 2014 season after undergoing Tommy John surgery.

He came back in 2015, posting an ERA of 4.28 in 40 games.

### Philadelphia Phillies

On December 9, 2015, Hernandez signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. In his season with Philadelphia, he appeared in 70 games and posted a 3.84 ERA in 72+23 innings.

### San Francisco Giants

On February 14, 2017, Hernandez signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants.

### Atlanta Braves

On March 26, 2017, the Atlanta Braves signed Hernandez to a minor league contract.

### Los Angeles Angels

On April 24, 2017, the Braves traded Hernandez to the Los Angeles Angels in exchange for a player to be named later or cash considerations. He appeared in 38 games for the Angels and pitched 36.1 innings, had 37 strikeouts, and finished with a 2.23 ERA before being traded to the Diamondbacks on July 31.

### Arizona Diamondbacks (second stint)

On July 31, 2017, Hernandez was traded to the Diamondbacks for Luis Madero. He was 2–1 with a 4.82 ERA.

### Cincinnati Reds

On January 30, 2018, Hernandez signed a two-year contract with the Cincinnati Reds. In his first season in Cincinnati, Hernandez appeared in 57 games, registering an ERA of 2.53 in 64 innings. The following season did not go so well for Hernandez as he struggled throughout the season before being designated for assignment on August 10, 2019. He was 2–5 with an ERA of 8.02 in 47 games. On August 10, 2019, the Reds released Hernandez.

### New York Yankees

On August 15, 2019, Hernandez signed a minor league deal with the New York Yankees. He was released on September 4, 2019.

### Cleveland Indians

On January 3, 2020, Hernandez signed a minor league deal the Washington Nationals. He was released by the organization on March 14.

On July 3, 2020, Hernandez signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians. Hernandez did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He was released by the organization on September 20.

### Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos

On February 8, 2024, after three years of inactivity, Hernandez signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League.

## International career

Hernandez attempted to join Team Mexico in the 2013 World Baseball Classic, but was not able to put together the proper documentation in time. After an injury to Chris Perez, Hernandez was asked to join Team USA.

## Scouting report

Hernandez throws a 95 mph fastball, a 78 mph slider, and an 84 mph changeup. He is known for his high strikeout rate, which improved at every level in the minors, from 9.54 K/9 in Single–A to 12.46 K/9 in Triple–A. In the minor leagues he was a flyball pitcher – 45% of balls in play were flyballs, with only 38% of them staying on the ground.

## InfoBox

| David Hernandez | |
| --- | --- |
| Hernandez with the Phillies in 2016 | |
| Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1985-05-13) May 13, 1985
Sacramento, California, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 28, 2009, for the Baltimore Orioles | |
| MLB statistics
(through 2019 season) | |
| Win–loss record | 38–47 |
| Earned run average | 4.12 |
| Strikeouts | 664 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Shag Sheard

abstract: Alfred Scotchard "Shag" Sheard was an American football player and coach.

text:
# Shag Sheard

**Alfred Scotchard "Shag" Sheard** (November 17, 1898 – November 11, 1980) was an American football player and coach.

## Early years

Sheard was born in 1898 in Canton, New York. He attended Canton High School and St. Lawrence University, also located in Canton. He played college football for the St. Lawrence Saints football team in 1919 and 1920. As a freshman in 1919, he established himself as the team's star quarterback with his long runs (including a 60-yard touchdown run against the University of Rochester), dashes around the ends, forward passes, long punts, and tackling. As a sophomore in 1920, he moved to the left halfback position where he continued to excel as a triple-threat man. Sheard's college career ended after his sophomore season when a University of Rochester coach recognized Sheard playing professional football for the 1922 Frankford Yellow Jackets.

## Professional football

In October 1921, Sheard reportedly joined the Rochester Jeffersons of the National Football League (NFL), but no statistical information is recorded regarding his role on the 1921 team. According to available records, Sheard played three seasons from 1923 to 1925 at left halfback and quarterback for Jeffersons. He appeared in 18 NFL games, all of them as a starter. He continued to be a versatile contributor. In 1924, the *Rochester Democrat and Chronicle* reported: "Sheard ran back punts as only Sheard can, and had his teammates on the receiving end of several of his passes handled the ball cleanly."

The Jeffersons disbanded after the 1925 season. In 1926, Sheard joined the Rochester Oxfords football team as both player and coach. He was the Oxfords' coach and "triple threat" star from 1926 to 1931.

In 1932, he left the Oxfords and became coach of the rival Rochester Russers. He continued as coach of the Russers in 1933. After leading the Oxfords to multiple Western New York football championships, he did the same for the Russers.

## Later years

Sheard later served as the head football coach at his alma mater, St. Lawrence, for one season, in 1942.

## InfoBox

Shag Sheard
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1898-11-17)November 17, 1898
Canton, New York, U.S. |
| Died: | November 11, 1980(1980-11-11) (aged 81)
Canton, New York, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 177 lb (80 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Canton (NY) |
| College: | St. Lawrence |
| Position: | Halfback, quarterback |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Kuldeep Singh (music director)

abstract: Kuldeep Singh is a music director for Hindi theatre and Hindi films, most known for composing ghazals such as Tumko Dekha To Ye Khayal Aaya Saath Saath (1982) and Itni Shakti Hame Dena Daata (Ankush). He has been actively involved in giving music for theatre and is involved with IPTA. He has composed for popular acts like Aakhiri Shama, Kaifi Aur Main, Girija Ke Sapne which are regularly featured in Mumbai and other parts of the country.

text:
# Kuldeep Singh (music director)

**Kuldeep Singh** (also spelled Kuldip Singh) is a music director for Hindi theatre and Hindi films, most known for composing ghazals such as *Tumko Dekha To Ye Khayal Aaya* *Saath Saath* (1982) and *Itni Shakti Hame Dena Daata* (*Ankush*).

He has been actively involved in giving music for theatre and is involved with IPTA. He has composed for popular acts like Aakhiri Shama, Kaifi Aur Main, Girija Ke Sapne which are regularly featured in Mumbai and other parts of the country.

## Early life

Kuldeep Singh is father of young Ghazal maestro Jasvinder Singh.

## Discography

### Music director

## Awards


title: Canal Vie

abstract: Canal Vie is a Canadian French language specialty channel owned by Bell Media. Canal Vie airs lifestyle and entertainment programs aimed at women in the form of talk shows, documentaries, reality TV series, and films. Programs focus on a variety of topics including home improvement, cooking, health, parenting, and relationships.

text:
# Canal Vie

**Canal Vie** is a Canadian French language specialty channel owned by Bell Media. Canal Vie airs lifestyle and entertainment programs aimed at women in the form of talk shows, documentaries, reality TV series, and films. Programs focus on a variety of topics including home improvement, cooking, health, parenting, and relationships.

## History

In September 1996, Radiomutuel inc. was granted approval for a television broadcasting licence by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) for *Le Canal Vie*, described as "a national French-language specialty service that is dedicated to information and entertainment programs focused on three very specific subjects: lifestyle (human relations, social and interpersonal), health (physical and mental), and outdoor activities for families or individuals."

The channel launched on September 8, 1997 as Canal Vie.

In June 1999, Astral announced its intentions to purchase Radiomutuel, which was approved by the CRTC on January 12, 2000. The transaction closed shortly thereafter.

On March 4, 2013, the Competition Bureau approved the takeover of Astral Media by Bell Media. Bell filed a new application for the proposed takeover with the CRTC on March 6, 2013; the CRTC approved the merger on June 27, 2013, and closed on July 5, 2013. As a result, Bell divested various sister channels to Canal Vie to other companies.

Gusto replaced music channel M3 on September 1, 2016, and has since became a sister channel to Canal Vie.

## Canal Vie HD

On October 30, 2006, Astral Media launched Canal Vie HD, a HD simulcast of Canal Vie's standard definition feed. It is available on Shaw Direct, Optik TV, and Bell Satellite TV.

## International distribution

## Logos

## InfoBox

Canal Vie
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Canada |
| Broadcast area | National |
| Headquarters | Montreal, Quebec |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | French |
| Picture format | 480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Radiomutuel (1997-2000)
Astral Media (2000-2013)
Bell Media (2013-present) |
| Sister channels | Noovo
CTV Life Channel
Canal D
 |
| History | |
| Launched | September 8, 1997 |
| Links | |
| Website | Canal Vie (in French) |


title: USS Butte (AE-27)

abstract: The second USS Butte (AE-27) was a Kilauea-class ammunition ship in the United States Navy. She was laid down 21 July 1966 by General Dynamics Quincy Shipbuilding Division at Quincy, Massachusetts, and was christened and launched 9 August 1967. She was commissioned on 14 December 1968 in the Boston Naval Shipyard and assigned to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, originally homeported in Norfolk, Virginia.

text:
# USS Butte (AE-27)

The second **USS *Butte* (AE-27)** was a *Kilauea*-class ammunition ship in the United States Navy. She was laid down 21 July 1966 by General Dynamics Quincy Shipbuilding Division at Quincy, Massachusetts, and was christened and launched 9 August 1967. She was commissioned on 14 December 1968 in the Boston Naval Shipyard and assigned to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, originally homeported in Norfolk, Virginia.

## Service history

During the crisis in Jordan in 1970, *Butte* was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for her peacekeeping role in that operation.

From December 1972 to July 1973 she operated in the Tonkin Gulf and was awarded the Vietnam Service Medal with one battle star.

Shortly after getting underway from Norfolk on 3 September 1974, *Butte* suffered a major fire in the main switchboard, disrupting all ship support electrical supply. She was towed back to the naval base for repairs which included replacing the switchboard.

In July 1978, *Butte*'s homeport was temporarily shifted to Brooklyn, New York, where she underwent a major overhaul. In June 1979, her homeport then became Naval Weapons Station Earle, New Jersey. *Butte* was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal for a 1981 Indian Ocean deployment which also took her to the Mediterranean. A 1983 deployment took *Butte* to the shores of Beirut, Lebanon, where she was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for her support of U.S. Embassies overseas, including those in Beirut, Lebanon, and Tunis, Tunisia. During a 1984-85 Mediterranean deployment, she was rated as best ship in Service Squadron Two and, in May 1985, was awarded the Battle Efficiency "E" in Engineering, Damage Control, Command Control and Communications, Navigation/Deck Seamanship and Fleet Support. *Butte* underwent another major overhaul in Mobile, Alabama, from August 1985 to May 1986. *Butte* was a big part of Operation Goldenrod during a 1987 Mediterranean deployment when she helped with the arrest of two Lebanese terrorists in international waters off the coast of Lebanon.

*Butte* was in Brooklyn, NY for a short Phased Maintenance refitting yard period from April 1990 to September 1990 while Operation: Desert Shield was conducted. During the Brooklyn yard period, the ship was outfitted to accommodate its new female crew members. The shipyard allegedly did substandard repair work on the ship, and went bankrupt while the ship was in dry dock. The U.S. Navy sent the *Butte* to the shipyards at Naval Station Philadelphia for inspection of work already done by the Brooklyn yard and to finish the repair work. That was from late 1990 til January 1991 and the beginning of the Gulf War. The Butte was still in Earle when the War ended. The *Butte* would later spend a month off the coast of Cuba near Guantanamo Bay for pre-deployment Damage Control and firefighting training. The Butte did in fact, deploy to the Mediterranean in support of continuing operations in the Persian Gulf and Kuwait, and the crew received the Southwest Asia Service ribbon.

## Final deployment

In September 1995, *Butte* began her last deployment as part of the USS *America* battlegroup. She spent October 1995 operating in the Adriatic Sea, supporting air strikes in Bosnia as part of Operation Deliberate Force. The ship also visited Cannes, France, as the U.S. Navy's representative to the annual Admiral de Grasse birthday celebration. In mid-November, *Butte* headed south through the Suez Canal into the Red Sea. The ship delivered turkeys and other supplies for holiday meals to United States embassies in Jordan, Eritrea, Yemen and Djibouti. Upon departure from the Persian Gulf, *Butte* returned to the Adriatic, supporting the NATO Peace Implementation Forces in Operation Joint Endeavor. Between operations in the Adriatic in January and February, she spent her time completing ammunition exchanges and "rollback" among the ammunition facilities in the Mediterranean. On her way home across the Atlantic in February 1996, *Butte* and *America* conducted the last underway replenishment operation for *America* prior to her decommission. *Butte* was scheduled to return to port on 24 February 1996, however, offsetting winds around Sandy Hook, kept her from entering port until 3 days later.

## Decommissioning

She was decommissioned on 3 June 1996 and placed in service with the Military Sealift Command, where she became USNS *Butte* (T-AE-27). Like five of the six other ships of her class, she was overhauled upon the transfer: accommodations were improved, the main armament was taken out and she was outfitted for reduced civilian crewing. On 24 May 2004, she was put out of service by the MSC, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register and transferred to the NAVSEA Inactive Ships Maintenance Facility in Philadelphia awaiting her disposal. On 3 July 2006, the *ex USS Butte* was sunk as a target off the east coast of the United States using Harpoon missiles, a Mark 48 torpedo fired from the USS *San Juan* and EOD explosives. Coincidentally, the previous USS *Butte* was also sunk deliberately in 1948 after use as a target ship in Operation Crossroads.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Butte* |
| Namesake | Butte, Montana |
| Ordered | 30 March 1965 |
| Laid down | 21 July 1966 |
| Launched | 9 August 1967 |
| Commissioned | 14 December 1968 |
| Decommissioned | 3 June 1996 |
| In service | Transferred to the MSC |
| Out of service | 24 May 2004 |
| Stricken | 24 May 2004 |
| Homeport |  |
| Motto | *"We keep the guns loaded"* |
| Fate | Sunk as a target 3 July 2006 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Kilauea*-class ammunition ship |
| Displacement | * Light: 10,524 tons * Full load: 20,068 tons |
| Length | 564 ft (172 m) |
| Beam | 81 ft (25 m) |
| Draught | 30 ft (9.1 m) |
| Propulsion | * 3 × boilers * steam turbines * single shaft * 22,000 shp |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h) |
| Complement | * As AE-27: 28 officers, 388 enlisted * as T-AE-27: 125-133 civilian crew, 7-24 military |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 2 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters |


title: Cymothoe caenis

abstract: Cymothoe caenis, the common glider, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland. It is a migratory species. The larvae feed on Rawsonia usambarensis, Rawsonia lucida, Caloncoba gilgiana, Caloncoba glauca, Oncoba spinosa, Oncoba welwitschii, Lindackeria and Uapaca species.

text:
# Cymothoe caenis

***Cymothoe caenis***, the **common glider**, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland. It is a migratory species.

The larvae feed on *Rawsonia usambarensis*, *Rawsonia lucida*, *Caloncoba gilgiana*, *Caloncoba glauca*, *Oncoba spinosa*, *Oncoba welwitschii*, *Lindackeria* and *Uapaca* species.

## InfoBox

| *Cymothoe caenis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male, Mbalmayo, Cameroon | |
|  | |
| Female, Kibale National Park, Uganda | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Cymothoe* |
| Species: | ***C. caenis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cymothoe caenis***
(Drury, \[1773\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Papilio caenis* Drury, 1773 * *Harma adelina* Hewitson, 1869 * *Cymothoe adelina* * *Harma corsandra* Druce, 1874 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *conformis* Aurivillius, 1898 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *dumensis* Strand, 1910 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *bakossensis* Strand, 1912 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *luteostriata* Strand, 1914 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *diffusa* Schultze, 1916 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *obscura* Schultze, 1920 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *variegata* Schultze, 1920 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *lutea* Schultze, 1920 * *Cymothoe caenis* f. *rubida* Holland, 1920 * *Cymothoe caenis* f. *crassa* Overlaet, 1942 * *Cymothoe caenis* f. *maynei* Overlaet, 1942 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *uniformis* Overlaet, 1952 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *styx* Overlaet, 1952 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *schultzei* Overlaet, 1952 * *Cymothoe caenis* ab. *ferruginea* Dufrane, 1953 | |


title: Saeed bin Hamoud bin Saeed al Maawali

abstract: Saeed bin Hamoud bin Saeed al Maawali is the Omani Minister of Transport, Communications and Information Technology. He was appointed as minister on 18 August 2020.

text:
# Saeed bin Hamoud bin Saeed al Maawali

**Saeed bin Hamoud bin Saeed al Maawali** is the Omani Minister of Transport, Communications and Information Technology. He was appointed as minister on 18 August 2020.

## Education

Al Mawali holds a bachelor in engineering from Imperial College in London.

## Career

Al Mawali has worked for Petroleum Development Oman, Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Sohar Aluminium, and Oman Oil Company.

From 2014 until 2018, Al Mawali was Executive Manager of the Oman Tank Terminal Company.

In 2018, he was appointed chief executive officer of the Oman Drydock Company.

Since 18 August 2020, Al Mawali has been Minister of Minister of Transport, Communications and Information Technology.

1. "Here is the list of new ministers of Oman". *Times of Oman*. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
2. "Said bin Hamoud Al Maawali - The Business Year". *thebusinessyear.com*. 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
3. "Oman Drydock appoints new chief executive officer". *Times of Oman*. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
4. "New Shipyards CEO at Oman Drydock Company". *MarineLink*. 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
5. "Said Bin Homoud Al Mawali, Oman Drydock Co SAOC: Profile and Biography". *Bloomberg.com*. Retrieved 2023-09-29.

## InfoBox

| Saeed bin Hamoud bin Saeed al Maawali | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Transport, Communications and Information Technology | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>18 August 2020 | |
| President | Haitham bin Tariq |
| Prime Minister | Haitham bin Tariq |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Alma mater | Imperial College London () |
|  | |


title: Calymne relicta

abstract: Calymne relicta is a species of sea urchins of the Family Calymnidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Calymne relicta was first scientifically described in 1877 by Thomson.

text:
# Calymne relicta

***Calymne relicta*** is a species of sea urchins of the Family Calymnidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Calymne relicta was first scientifically described in 1877 by Thomson.

## InfoBox

| Calymne relicta | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Holasteroida |
| Family: | Calymnidae |
| Genus: | ***Calymne*** |
| Species: | ***C. relicta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calymne relicta***<br>(Thomson, 1877) | |
|