title: City Centre North (Liverpool ward)

abstract: City Centre North ward is an electoral district of Liverpool City Council within the Liverpool Riverside and Liverpool Walton constituencies. The ward was created for the elections held on 4 May 2023 following a 2022 review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, which created the ward to be represented by two councillors. The ward covers most of the western half of the former Central ward with small sections of the former Everton and Riverside wards. The ward includes Liverpool city centre, including St George's Hall and Liverpool Town Hall. The ward boundaries follow Leeds Street, Bath Street, the Strand, Liver Street, Hanover Street, Lime Street and Byrom Way.

text:
# City Centre North (Liverpool ward)

**City Centre North ward** is an electoral district of Liverpool City Council within the Liverpool Riverside and Liverpool Walton constituencies.

The ward was created for the elections held on 4 May 2023 following a 2022 review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, which created the ward to be represented by two councillors. The ward covers most of the western half of the former Central ward with small sections of the former Everton and Riverside wards.

The ward includes Liverpool city centre, including St George's Hall and Liverpool Town Hall. The ward boundaries follow Leeds Street, Bath Street, the Strand, Liver Street, Hanover Street, Lime Street and Byrom Way.

## Councillors

| Election | Councillor | | Councillor | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 |  | Christine Banks (Lab) |  | Nick Small (Lab) |

indicates seat up for re-election after boundary changes.

indicates seat up for re-election.

indicates change in affiliation.

indicates seat up for re-election after casual vacancy.

## Election Results

### Elections of the 2020s

4th May 2023 \- 3 seats
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Christine Banks§** | **466** | **30.05** |  |
|  | **Labour** | **Nick Small§** | **373** | **24.05** |  |
|  | Green | Sally Newey | 264 | 17.02 |  |
|  | Liverpool Community Independents | Maria Toolan§ | 247 | 15.93 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Karl Robert White | 115 | 7.41 |  |
|  | Independent | Brian Phillips | 60 | 3.87 |  |
|  | Independent | Jacob McNally | 26 | 1.68 |  |
| Majority | | | 202 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 4,690 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Rejected ballots | | | 7 |  |  |
| Total ballots | | |  |  |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |

§Christine Banks, Nick Small and Maria Toolan were re-standing councillors for the former Central ward.

## InfoBox

| City Centre North | |
| --- | --- |
| City Centre North ward within Liverpool | |
| Population | 4,690 (2023 electorate) |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Councillors |  |
|


title: 733d Bombardment Squadron

abstract: The 733d Bombardment Squadron is a former United States Army Air Forces unit. It was assigned to the 453d Bombardment Group and last stationed at Fort Dix Army Air Base, New Jersey, where it was inactivated on 12 September 1945. The squadron was first activated in May 1943. After training in the United States with the Consolidated B-24 Liberator, the squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations, participating in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Following V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States for conversion as a very heavy bomber unit, but inactivated instead.

text:
# 733d Bombardment Squadron

The **733d Bombardment Squadron** is a former United States Army Air Forces unit. It was assigned to the 453d Bombardment Group and last stationed at Fort Dix Army Air Base, New Jersey, where it was inactivated on 12 September 1945. The squadron was first activated in May 1943. After training in the United States with the Consolidated B-24 Liberator, the squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations, participating in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Following V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States for conversion as a very heavy bomber unit, but inactivated instead.

## History

### Training in the United States

The **733d Bombardment Squadron** was activated at Wendover Field, Utah as one of the four squadrons of the 453d Bombardment Group. It moved to Pocatello Army Air Field, Idaho, where it was brought up to strength and trained with Consolidated B-24 Liberators, completing its training at March Field, California in December and departing for the European Theater of Operations, with the ground echelon departing on 2 December.

### Combat in the European Theater

The ground echelon arrived at the squadron's combat station, RAF Old Buckenham on 23 December 1943, where the squadron was fully established with the arrival of the air echelon by January 1944. The 733rd flew its first mission against an airfield at Tours on 4 February 1944. The squadron participated primarily in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Toward the end of February, the squadron participated in Big Week, Eighth Air Force's concentrated attack on the German aircraft manufacturing industry. Other targets in Germany included a rail viaduct at Altenbeken, a fuel storage facility at Dulmen, oil refineries at Gelsenkirchen, an ordnance depot at Glinde, an aircraft assembly plant at Gotha, a rail center at Hamm, a chemical factory at Leverkusen, a commercial canal at Minden, an airfield at Neumunster and marshalling yards at Paderborn.

In addition to its strategic missions, the squadron also engaged in air support and interdiction missions. It bombed V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites, airfields and coastal defense guns to prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. On D-Day, it struck coastal fortifications between Le Havre and Cherbourg Harbour and enemy positions inland from the landing area. It made attacks on enemy troops to support Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo in July 1944. It bombed German lines of communication during the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945.

On two occasions, the squadron carried out airlift missions. In September 1944, it flew rations, gasoline and blankets to advancing troops in France. During Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine near Wesel, it dropped medical supplies, food and ammunition to troops at the bridgehead. The squadron flew its last mission on 12 April 1945, and was withdrawn from combat to prepare for possible redeployment to the Pacific.

The squadron's personnel departed Old Buckenham for the port of embarkation on 9 May 1945, apparently leaving their aircraft behind. The squadron assembled at New Castle Army Air Base, Delaware, in late May, but soon moved to Fort Dix Army Air Base, New Jersey. Initial plans were to convert the unit to a very heavy bomber squadron, but the Japanese surrender changed those plans and the unit was inactivated on 12 September.

## Lineage

* Constituted as the **733d Bombardment Squadron** (Heavy) on 14 May 1943

Activated on 1 June 1943 Redesignated **733d Bombardment Squadron**, Heavy c. 20 August 1943 Inactivated on 12 September 1945

### Assignments

* 453d Bombardment Group, 1 June 1943 – 12 September 1945

### Stations

* Wendover Field, Utah, 1 June 1943
* Pocatello Army Air Field, Idaho, 29 July 1943
* March Field, California, c. 29 September–2 December 1943
* RAF Old Buckenham (AAF-114), England, 23 December 1943 – 9 May 1945
* New Castle Army Air Base, Delaware, 25 May 1945
* Fort Dix Army Air Base, New Jersey, 18 June 1945 – 12 September 1945

### Aircraft

* Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945

### Awards and campaigns

| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Air Offensive, Europe | 29 December 1943 – 5 June 1944 |  |
|  | Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 |  |
|  | Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 |  |
|  | Rhineland | 5 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 |  |
|  | Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 |  |
|  | Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 |  |
|

### Notes

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). *Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II* (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
* Freeman, Roger A. (1970). *The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force)*. London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
* Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) \[1961\]. *Air Force Combat Units of World War II* (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
* Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) \[1969\]. *Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II* (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
* Watkins, Robert (2008). *Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II*. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.

## InfoBox

| 733d Bombardment Squadron | |
| --- | --- |
| Consolidated B-24 Liberators of the 453d Bombardment Group on a mission over Magdeburg | |
| Active | 1943-1945 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Role | heavy bomber |
| Engagements | European Theater of World War II |
| Insignia | |
| World War II fuselage code | **F8** |


title: The White EP (Vib Gyor EP)

abstract: The "White EP" is a promo EP from the Leeds band Vib Gyor. It was first sold on their UK tour with American band Transfer and was released through their My Space page and official web-site on 13 November 2007. It is the follow-up to their The Secret EP. It was recorded in Rockfield studios in South Wales and produced by Ken Thomas.

text:
# The White EP (Vib Gyor EP)

The "**White EP**" is a promo EP from the Leeds band Vib Gyor. It was first sold on their UK tour with American band Transfer and was released through their My Space page and official web-site on 13 November 2007. It is the follow-up to their The Secret EP. It was recorded in Rockfield studios in South Wales and produced by Ken Thomas.

## Track listing

1. Rhombus Suit 3:46
2. How Long Have I Lost 5:11
3. Silence 4:40
4. Ghosts 5:53

## InfoBox

| White EP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Vib Gyor | |
| Released | 13 November 2007 |
| Recorded | 2007 |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 19:30 |
| Label | Promo Release. |
| Producer | Ken Thomas |
| Vib Gyor chronology | |
| *The Secret EP*
(2007) ***White EP***
(2007) | |


title: Stephen O. Saxe

abstract: Stephen O. Saxe was an American graphic designer and historian of printing. The son of Leonard Spier Saxe, a relative and attorney for Ira Gershwin, and his wife Helen, he studied at Harvard College and Yale Drama School before becoming a theatre and television set designer and then a book designer and artist for Harcourt Brace. His wife was Patricia Singleton Saxe. A historian and writer on the history of printing, he was a co-founder of the American Printing History Association. After his death, his printing history collection was donated by his estate to the Rochester Institute of Technology and his theatre collection to Yale Drama School.

text:
# Stephen O. Saxe

**Stephen O. Saxe** (1930 – April 28, 2019, in White Plains) was an American graphic designer and historian of printing.

The son of Leonard Spier Saxe, a relative and attorney for Ira Gershwin, and his wife Helen, he studied at Harvard College and Yale Drama School before becoming a theatre and television set designer and then a book designer and artist for Harcourt Brace. His wife was Patricia Singleton Saxe.

A historian and writer on the history of printing, he was a co-founder of the American Printing History Association. After his death, his printing history collection was donated by his estate to the Rochester Institute of Technology and his theatre collection to Yale Drama School.


title: 1973 Sugar Bowl

abstract: The 1973 Sugar Bowl, part of the 1973 bowl game season, took place on December 31, 1973, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The top-ranked Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) met the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish; both teams were undefeated. Underdog Notre Dame won 24–23; the game received a 25.3 Nielsen rating, making it one of the highest-rated college football games in history.

text:
# 1973 Sugar Bowl

The **1973 Sugar Bowl**, part of the 1973 bowl game season, took place on December 31, 1973, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The top-ranked Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) met the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish; both teams were undefeated.

Underdog Notre Dame won 24–23; the game received a 25.3 Nielsen rating, making it one of the highest-rated college football games in history.

## Teams

### Alabama

Alabama completed the 1973 regular season with an 11–0 record, as conference champions and as national champions as determined by the final UPI coaches poll, released in early December. Following their victory over Auburn, university officials announced they accepted an invitation to play in the Sugar Bowl. The appearance marked the sixth for Alabama in the Sugar Bowl, their 27th overall bowl game appearance and their first all-time meeting against Notre Dame.

### Notre Dame

Notre Dame finished the regular season with a 10–0 record. Following their victory over Miami, university officials announced they accepted an invitation to play in the Sugar Bowl. The appearance marked the first for Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl, and their fifth overall bowl game appearance.

## Game summary

With a cold rain falling, Notre Dame opened the scoring with a Wayne Bullock 6-yard touchdown run, and after a missed extra point took an early 6–0 lead. In the second quarter, Alabama took the lead on a 6-yard Randy Billingsley touchdown run, only to see the Irish go up 14–7 on the following play. The ensuing kickoff was returned 93-yards for a touchdown by Al Hunter. The Tide cut the lead to 14–10 late in the quarter on a 39-yard Bill Davis field goal.

In the third quarter, the teams traded touchdowns with Alabama scoring first on a 5-yard Wilbur Jackson touchdown run and Notre Dame on a 12-yard Eric Penick touchdown run to make the score 21–17 entering the final period. After quarterback Richard Todd made a 25-yard touchdown reception from Mike Stock on a trick play, Davis missed the extra point to only put Alabama up 23–21. The Irish responded with a 19-yard field goal by Bob Thomas to take the lead 24–23 with 4:26 remaining in the game.

Late in the fourth quarter, Alabama pinned Notre Dame back deep in Irish territory with a punt, hoping to get the ball back within easy range of a game-winning field goal. During the punt, the Alabama punter was run into and Notre Dame was flagged with a 15-yard roughing the kicker personal foul. In 1973, a personal foul wasn't an automatic first down in college football, so since it occurred on a 4th and 20, accepting the penalty would have given Alabama a fourth and 5 on their own 45 yard line, only down one with mere minutes remaining. Coach Bear Bryant, knowing even a safety would win the game, decided to decline the penalty and try to stop Notre Dame who had to start on their own 1 yard line. Bryant's strategy seemed ready to pay off when his defense stymied Notre Dame on two plays and forced 3rd and 10 on their 1-yard line. However, on third and long Irish QB Tom Clements connected with backup TE Robin Weber on a long pass that gave the Irish a first down and allowed them to run out the clock. With their victory, the Associated Press awarded the Irish the national championship in ranking them first in their final poll.

Alabama and Notre Dame would play for the national championship again in 2012, where the Crimson Tide exacted revenge on the Fighting Irish in a blowout victory to repeat as national champions.

### Scoring summary

| Scoring summary |
| --- |
| Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score  Plays Yards TOP Notre Dame Alabama  1 3:19  6 plays, 64 yards 2:32 Notre Dame Wayne Bullock 6-yard touchdown run, Bob Thomas kick no good 6 0  2 7:30  7 plays, 52 yards 2:40 Alabama Randy Billingsley 6-yard touchdown run, Bill Davis kick good 6 7  2 7:17  None None Notre Dame Al Hunter 93-yard kickoff return for a touchdown, 2-point pass good 14 7  2 0:39  7 plays, 69 yards 2:40 Alabama 39-yard field goal by Bill Davis 14 10  3 11:02  11 plays, 93 yards 3:57 Alabama Wilbur Jackson 5-yard touchdown run, Bill Davis kick good 14 17  3 2:30  1 play, 12 yards 0:07 Notre Dame Eric Penick 12-yard touchdown run, Bob Thomas kick good 21 17  4 9:33  5 plays, 39 yards 2:14 Alabama Richard Todd 25-yard touchdown reception from Mike Stock, Bill Davis kick no good 21 23  4 4:26  11 plays, 79 yards 5:13 Notre Dame 19-yard field goal by Bob Thomas 24 23  "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 24 23 |

## InfoBox

| 1973 Sugar Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
| 40th edition
National Championship Game | |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Notre Dame** 6 8 7 3 24  **Alabama** 0 10 7 6 23 | |
| Date | December 31, 1973 |
| Season | 1973 |
| Stadium | Tulane Stadium |
| Location | New Orleans, Louisiana |
| MVP | Tom Clements, Notre Dame QB |
| Favorite | Alabama by 6½ points |
| Referee | Gene Calhoun (Big Ten)
(split crew: Big Ten, SEC) |
| Attendance | 85,161 |
| United States TV coverage | |
| Network | ABC |
| Announcers | Chris Schenkel, Bud Wilkinson, and Howard Cosell |
| Nielsen ratings | 25.3 |
|


title: Speed, Victoria

abstract:
Speed is a town in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 143 km from Mildura, Victoria and about 410 km from Melbourne. Speed was named after William, Harold and Gordon Speed, who settled in the district in 1903. Settlement by the Speed brothers coincided with the opening of the railway line and the opening up of the Mallee lands for farm selection. The Speed township was surveyed in 1910. The population at the 2016 census was 78. Speed is the venue of the Mallee Machinery Field Days, first held in 1979. It is run over two days in August and has over 8,000 people attend. It is run by the Lions Club of Speed which has about 25 members. The event relies on volunteers from the district and has raised a great deal of money to go towards many different local, state and national charities and organisations.
Speed Post Office opened on 1 October 1910. Speed was once notable for the roadsigns on the highway each side of the town reading "WELCOME TO SPEED" but these have been replaced with council signs "Welcome to Speed – Where Time Ticks Faster." These signs also advertise the dates of the Speed Lions Club Machinery Field Days. Golfers play at the course of the Speed Golf Club. Speed State School opened in 1913. It has since closed and has been sold into private ownership. Speed East State School opened in October 1922 and closed in 1944, with the building being removed to Robinvale. In January 2011, the residents of Speed started a safety campaign to get the name of the town to be renamed "SpeedKills" to raise awareness of the dangers of speeding. By mid-February 2011 the Facebook campaign had exceeded the designated 32,000 "likes" required to rename the town "SpeedKills". The outcome was to rename the town for one month.

text:
# Speed, Victoria

**Speed** is a town in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 143 km from Mildura, Victoria and about 410 km from Melbourne. Speed was named after William, Harold and Gordon Speed, who settled in the district in 1903. Settlement by the Speed brothers coincided with the opening of the railway line and the opening up of the Mallee lands for farm selection. The Speed township was surveyed in 1910.

The population at the 2016 census was 78.

Speed is the venue of the Mallee Machinery Field Days, first held in 1979. It is run over two days in August and has over 8,000 people attend. It is run by the Lions Club of Speed which has about 25 members. The event relies on volunteers from the district and has raised a great deal of money to go towards many different local, state and national charities and organisations. Speed Post Office opened on 1 October 1910.

Speed was once notable for the roadsigns on the highway each side of the town reading "WELCOME TO SPEED" but these have been replaced with council signs "Welcome to Speed – Where Time Ticks Faster." These signs also advertise the dates of the Speed Lions Club Machinery Field Days.

Golfers play at the course of the Speed Golf Club.

Speed State School (No. 3861) opened in 1913. It has since closed and has been sold into private ownership. Speed East State School (No. 4129) opened in October 1922 and closed in 1944, with the building being removed to Robinvale.

In January 2011, the residents of Speed started a safety campaign to get the name of the town to be renamed "SpeedKills" to raise awareness of the dangers of speeding. By mid-February 2011 the Facebook campaign had exceeded the designated 32,000 "likes" required to rename the town "SpeedKills". The outcome was to rename the town for one month.

Media related to Speed, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Speed
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Entering Speed from the north via the Sunraysia Highway, 2018. Note the sign reads "Welcome to Speed. Please slow down" | |
| Speed | |
| Coordinates | 35°24′0″S 142°26′20″E / 35.40000°S 142.43889°E / -35.40000; 142.43889 |
| Population | 78 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 3488 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Yarriambiack |
| State electorate(s) | Mildura |
| Federal division(s) | Mallee |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  23.6 °C
74 °F 9.6 °C
49 °F 333.8 mm
13.1 in | |


title: El Privilegio de Amar

abstract: El privilegio de amar is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carla Estrada for Televisa. It aired on Canal de las Estrellas from July 27, 1998 to February 26, 1999. El privilegio de amar is a remake of the 1985 Venezuelan telenovela Cristal. El privilegio de amar is the highest-rated television program in Mexico to date; it registered an average of 34.8 percent of TV audience. The telenovela received the TVyNovelas Award for Best Telenovela in 1999. The telenovela tells the story of Luciana, a fashion designer who begins searching for the daughter she abandoned years earlier, unaware that the girl is none other than Cristina, a model in Luciana's fashion house who has fallen in love with her stepson. It stars Adela Noriega, Helena Rojo, Andrés García, Enrique Rocha, René Strickler, Cynthia Klitbo, Nuria Bages and César Évora.

text:
# El Privilegio de Amar

***El privilegio de amar*** (Literal English translation: *The Privilege to Love*, International English title: *The Right to Love*) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carla Estrada for Televisa. It aired on Canal de las Estrellas from July 27, 1998 to February 26, 1999. *El privilegio de amar* is a remake of the 1985 Venezuelan telenovela *Cristal*. *El privilegio de amar* is the highest-rated television program in Mexico to date; it registered an average of 34.8 percent of TV audience. The telenovela received the TVyNovelas Award for Best Telenovela in 1999.

The telenovela tells the story of Luciana, a fashion designer who begins searching for the daughter she abandoned years earlier, unaware that the girl is none other than Cristina, a model in Luciana's fashion house who has fallen in love with her stepson.

It stars Adela Noriega, Helena Rojo, Andrés García, Enrique Rocha, René Strickler, Cynthia Klitbo, Nuria Bages and César Évora.

## Plot

The young seminarian Juan de la Cruz (Andrés Gutiérrez) arrives for a visit at the home of his mother, Ana Joaquina (Diana Bracho), a religious fanatic who has always imposed her will upon her son and pushed him to serve God. Working in Ana Joaquina's house is the young Luciana (Edith Márquez), a naive and dreamy girl who falls in love with Juan de la Cruz.

One night, carried away by youthful passion, they tenderly and innocently give in to their desires. Upon discovering that Luciana is pregnant, Ana Joaquina demands to know the identity of the child's father; when Luciana admits that it is Juan de la Cruz, Ana Joaquina fires Luciana, leaving her destitute.

After giving birth to a daughter, Luciana leaves her baby on the doorstep of a wealthy house with the hope that the little girl will be raised there, but she is instead taken to an orphanage. In order to survive, Luciana becomes involved with many undesirable men, including Pedro Trujillo (Pedro Weber "Chatanuga"), a terrible man who beats and abuses her.

Twenty years later, Cristina (Adela Noriega), Luciana's daughter, has grown up happily in the orphanage, although she has always been curious to know who her mother was; meanwhile, Luciana (Helena Rojo) is the owner of a popular fashion house and the wife of the well-known actor Andrés Duval (Andrés García), with whom she has two children, Lizbeth (Adriana Nieto) and Víctor Manuel (René Strickler).

Lizbeth, who is Luciana and Andrés' daughter, is whimsical and spoiled because she is accustomed to always having what she wants, while Víctor Manuel, who is Andrés' son from his first marriage, is like a son to Luciana and works at her fashion house.

Her happy and caring family makes Luciana begin searching for the daughter she abandoned many years ago; however, her family knows nothing about Cristina because Luciana has never revealed a single detail about her past out of fear of her husband's reaction. Cristina, upon leaving the orphanage, rents a small apartment along with Lorenza (Sabine Moussier) and Maclovia (Isadora González).

Lorenza is a beautiful young woman, provocative and very self-confident, whereas Maclovia is reserved, timid and intelligent. Lorenza meets Andrés and they become lovers as Andrés comes to desire the passion and love that Luciana never gave him; meanwhile, thanks to Lorenza, Cristina obtains a job as a model in Luciana's fashion house.

Cristina and Víctor Manuel fall in love and begin to date, but when Luciana learns about their relationship, she fires Cristina and tries to convince her son that he should marry Tamara (Cynthia Klitbo), who traps him with the lie that she is expecting a baby of his when, in fact, that baby is from Nicolás Obregón (Enrique Rocha), a friend of Andrés.

Cristina finds out that she is pregnant by Víctor Manuel but decides to remain silent out of respect for the family that he has formed. At this point, Alonso (Toño Mauri) comes into Cristina's life, offering her a name for her daughter and love for her; however, Cristina cannot reciprocate his feelings because she does not love him.

Over time, Cristina begins to fight for her daughter and becomes a very successful woman. The status that she little by little gains as a model unites her again with Víctor Manuel who, living a hellish life with Tamara, plans to leave her in order to be happy with Cristina and thus be able to enjoy together *The Right to Love*.

## Cast

### Main

### Also main

### Recurring and guest stars

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | 17th TVyNovelas Awards | Best Telenovela | Carla Estrada | Won |
| | | Best Actress | Helena Rojo | Won |
| | | Best Actor | Andrés García | Won |
| | | Best Antagonist Actress | Cynthia Klitbo | Won |
| | | Best Antagonist Actor | Enrique Rocha | Won |
| | | Best Leading Actress | Marga López | Won |
| | | Best Supporting Actor | César Évora | Won |
| | | Best Young Lead Actress | Adela Noriega | Won |
| | | Best Young Lead Actor | René Strickler | Nominated |
| | | Best Revelation | Sabine Moussier | Won |
| | | Best Musical Theme | "El privilegio de amar"
by Mijares and Lucero | Won |
| | | Best Musical Theme Composer | Jorge Avendaño | Won |
| | | Best Direction | Miguel Córcega
Mónica Miguel | Won |
| | Bravo Awards | Best Telenovela | Carla Estrada | Won |
| | Best Antagonist Actress | Cynthia Klitbo | Won |
| | Best Female Revelation | Sabine Moussier | Won |
| | Califa de Oro Awards | Outstanding Production | Carla Estrada | Won |
| | Outstanding Performance | Adela Noriega | Won |
| | Andrés García | Won |
| | Enrique Rocha | Won |
| | Helena Rojo | Won |
| | Maty Huitrón | Won |
| | Mauricio Herrera | Won |
| | Ramón Abascal | Won |
| | René Strickler | Won |
| | Sabine Moussier | Won |
| | Toño Mauri | Won |
| | Best Adaptation | Liliana Abud | Won |
| 2003 | Latin ACE Awards | Best Telenovela | *El privilegio de amar* | Won |
| | | Best Actress | Adela Noriega | Won |
| | | Best Supporting Actress | Cynthia Klitbo | Won |
| | | Most Outstanding Character Actress | Marga López | Won |
| | | Most Outstanding Character Actor | Enrique Rocha | Won |

## InfoBox

| *El Privilegio de Amar* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Telenovela |
| Created by | Liliana Abud |
| Based on | *Cristal*
by Delia Fiallo |
| Written by |  |
| Directed by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Theme music composer | Jorge Avendaño |
| Opening theme | "El privilegio de amar"
by Mijares & Lucero |
| Country of origin | Mexico |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of episodes | 155 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Carla Estrada |
| Producer | Arturo Lorca |
| Production locations |  |
| Cinematography | * Alejandro Frutos * Jesús Acuña Lee |
| Editors | * Juan Franco * Luis Horacio Valdés |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 41-44 minutes |
| Production company | Televisa |
| Original release | |
| Network | Canal de las Estrellas |
| Release | July 27, 1998 (1998-07-27)
February 26, 1999 (1999-02-26) |
| Related | |
| *Triunfo del amor* | |


title: Rhiwbach quarry

abstract: Rhiwbach quarry was a slate quarry located to the east of Blaenau Ffestiniog in North Wales. The quarry was a remote site; it was nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) to north-east of Duffws, the Festiniog Railway's terminus in Blaenau Ffestiniog. It was the connected to the Ffestiniog Railway by the Rhiwbach Tramway. Commercial operation began around 1812, and it finally closed in 1952. It was the last Welsh slate quarry where workers lived in barracks on the site. 'Rhiwbach' is Welsh for 'Little Hill'.

text:
# Rhiwbach quarry

**Rhiwbach quarry** (also known as **Rhiw-bach quarry**) was a slate quarry located to the east of Blaenau Ffestiniog in North Wales. The quarry was a remote site; it was nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) to north-east of Duffws, the Festiniog Railway's terminus in Blaenau Ffestiniog. It was the connected to the Ffestiniog Railway by the Rhiwbach Tramway. Commercial operation began around 1812, and it finally closed in 1952. It was the last Welsh slate quarry where workers lived in barracks on the site. 'Rhiwbach' is Welsh for 'Little Hill'.

## History

The land on which it was located was owned by Lord Newborough, and small scale working of the site by local people needing roofing materials was carried out in the eighteenth century.

More organised working of the site began in 1812, by two men from Penmachno and Ysbyty Ifan, which gradually developed into a five-man partnership. The quarry was sold to Robert Owen Mousdale of Bryndyffryn, Llanrwst in 1849, and two men worked it for him. The quarry was located in the parish of Penmachno, and the finished slates were exported by boat down the Conwy River. In order to get the slates to the river, they used an old trackway, previously used by drovers taking their cattle to markets in England. The trackway reverted to being a footpath after the Rhiwbach tramway reached the quarry.

In 1852, the **Rhiw Bach Slate Quarries Company** was set up in Manchester, with Charles Edward Cawley as its civil engineer, but by 1855 the company working the quarry was the **Cambrian Slate Quarrying Company**.

In 1853, the **Manchester & Ffestiniog Slate & Slab Co Ltd** was created, to buy out the quarry for £28,000 (equivalent to £3,305,102 in 2023). This was followed in 1858 by the incorporation of the **Festiniog Slate Quarry Co Ltd**, with a capital of £100,000 (equivalent to £12,711,931 in 2023), which consisted of several directors from a similarly named company which was set up in 1853, to buy out the Penmachno quarry, a little to the north, and construct a tramway to it from Blaenau Ffestiniog. In 1860, agreement was reached with the Ffestiniog Railway on rates for the carriage of Rhiwbach slates, and the construction of an Extension Railway, on which the Ffestiniog would supply the rolling stock for a period of 21 years. The extension, known as the Rhiwbach Tramway, was financed by the quarry, but built by the Ffestiniog Railway. It was largely completed in 1861, as two quarries began using it in early 1862, but it was not fully completed until 1863. In the meantime, Rhiwbach built a wharf at Porthmadog in 1861, and carriage of their slates on the Ffestiniog Railway was first recorded in 1863, when 3,964 tons were transported. During the 1860s, the main mill had a large roof supported by columns made of slate waste, and in a departure from established practice in the slate industry, Rhiwbach used corrugated iron sheets to fill in the spaces between the columns, becoming the first user of this new material in that context.

The original company was wound up in 1877, and re-constituted as the **Festiniog Slate Company Limited**. Operation was sporadic until the company was liquidated in 1891. However, work continued at the quarry, under the direction of H Humphries, who traded as "*Rhiw Bach Quarry Owners*". By 1896 there were 95 employees recorded at the site, of which 29 worked underground. Humphries continued to work the quarry until 1913, when his company was wound up and the quarry closed. Some slate was exported via the Ffestiniog Railway in 1918, despite the fact that the quarry was officially closed, and the First World War legislation concerning labour still applied. In the following year the **Festiniog Slate Quarries Company Limited** was incorporated to work the quarry, and in 1928, the enterprise was sold to the Maenofferen quarry. Parts of the tramway were relaid, and they continued to operate the quarry until 1952.

By the 1920s, workers had become increasingly reluctant to walk the distances required to reach the quarry. A lorry was purchased, and fitted with rudimentary seats made from planks of wood. It reduced the distance that the men had to walk, rather than eliminating it, as the climb from the Cwm Machno quarry to Rhiwbach was too steep for the lorry to negotiate. The lorry therefore stopped at Cwm Machno, and the workers still had to walk the final uphill section.

In 1952, the quarry closed for the final time. The tramway was lifted from the Rhiwbach quarry to the junction with the tramway from Cwt y Bugail quarry, which continued to use the tramway for several more years.

## Geography

The quarry lay approximately 3+12 miles (5.6 km) east of Bethania, the eastern part of Blaenau Ffestiniog, and approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) south-east of Cwm Penmachno. It was located at the head of the Cwm Machno, to east of the watershed between the Afon Machno, a tributary of the Afon Conwy, and the Afon Teigl, a tribritury of the Afon Dwyryd.

## Geology

There are five main veins of Ordovician slate which pass through Blaenau Ffestiniog, longitudinally (from east to west). From north to south, these veins are called: the North Vein, the Back Vein, the Narrow Vein, the Main (or Old) Vein, and the South (or New) Vein. As they head eastwards, the lower three thin out and disappear, so that by the time Cwt y Bugail quarry is reached, only the North Vein and Back Vein are left. Immediately to the east of the Cwt y Bugail main adit, the strata are cut by the Dolwyddelan fault. The same two veins re-appear at Rhiwbach, 0.6 miles (1 km) further to the south east, at a considerably lower altitude. These same veins are also worked by the Penmachno quarry immediately north of Rhiwbach.

## Description

There were two sets of workings in the Rhiwbach quary: The 'old' workings, which are located on the North Vein, are just to the south on the exit incline, and the 'new' workings on the Back Vein, a little further to the south.

With the opening of the Rhiwbach Tramway in 1853, the quarry was extended underground, and was eventually worked on eight floors. Major development in the 1860s included the installation of a single-cylinder steam engine and two Cornish boilers, which provided the steam. The equipment was manufactured by the Haigh Foundry of Wigan, and the engine, known as "Injan Fawr" (the big engine) was connected to several inclines, including the main exit incline which rose up from the site to the Rhiwbach Tramway. Unlike most quarries in the area, this was a powered incline, because the loaded wagons had to ascend it, whereas at most local quarries, the weight of the loaded wagon descending the main incline was sufficient to raise the empty wagons back up to the quarry. The engine house was built by the contractor Owain Gethin Jones, who was based locally in Penmachno, and the arrangement of using one engine to power several includes was unique in the Welsh slate industry. At some point, this engine also powered the main mill, as well as a rope-hauled vertical shaft with a cage, although this had been abandoned by 1888. A second engine, "Injan Fach" (the little engine), later powered the main mill, situated near the bottom of the exit tramway, and a smaller mill to the south-east also had its own engine. New underground workings were started in 1899, to the east of the main mill, and the incline to raise the slate was again powered by the Injan Fawr.

The peak output of the quarry was in 1869, when nearly 8,000 tons of finished slates were produced, although this had reduced to below 4,000 tons within a few years. A steam engine powered the mill, and also powered the incline up to the tramway and other inclines to raise rock from the workings. A 600-yard (550 m) adit was cut in the 1890s, which provided natural drainage for much of the underground workings. The quarry manager, Henry Humphries, investigated the use of wire saws around 1900. They had been used in an Italian marble quarry at Carrera since 1898, and in the Pyrenees, had been used in the Labassere slate quarry. Three steel wires were formed into a loop, with sand and water used as the cutting agent. Despite Humphries' enthusiasm, the trials were unsuccessful, because the materials used were not sufficiently robust. Rhiwbach was the first slate quarry in Britain to try them, and although further trials were carried out at Oakeley Quarry in 1901/02, it would be another 60 years before they were used for cutting slate, first at Llecwedd and then at Penrhyn, Maenofferen and Aberllefenni. From 1902, the steam engine also drove an air compressor, which enabled compressed air rock drills to be used. The manager enquired about other methods of modernisation in 1906, consulting pamphlets on electric rock-drilling machinery published in Cleveland, and one called *La Puleggia Penetrante*, published in Rome, the title of which means 'the penetrating pulley'.

By 1935, the annual output had dropped to 1,000 tons, and steam power was replaced by electricity. There were problems with obtaining men prepared to work the quarry, and it closed in 1952. At the time there were two men still living in barracks on the site, the last to do so in the Welsh slate industry.

### Internal Community

As the only connection to the outside world was initially a rough track, a community developed within the quarry site. Houses were built, to which were added a shop and a meeting room, which was used as a school and a chapel. The company also provided some barracks for men who travelled to the quarry and lodged there during the week. There were barracks with two or three bedrooms, but whereas some larger concerns such as the Dinorwic quarry provided such accommodation free of charge, the men at Rhiwbach had to pay rent of between 2s 4d and 5s 8d (12p and 28p) per month. Such provision was condemned by a doctor's report on the state of mines in Merionethshire published in 1895, which stated that most barracks were overcrowded, dirty, and lacked sanitary arrangements, but whether the barracks at Rhiwbach fitted this general pattern is unknown. The manager's house was unusual, as it was sited close to the workers' houses and to the workings. Two rows of lavatories were also provided for use by the villagers. Some idea of what the housing looked like can be gained from a painting of the site, created by an unknown artist. It shows that the "Barracks Mawr" consisted of two-storey buildings, and that there were workshops in the centre of the hamlet, while the schoolroom was constructed of corrugated iron.

## Transport

Because of its remote location, transport was a problem for the quarry in its early years. As it is situated in the Cwm Machno (Machno Valley), the obvious route for exporting its products was northwards down the Cwm Machno and Dyffryn Conwy to Trefriw quay. From there, slates could be loaded into river boats for onward transfer to Conwy, or directly into sea-going vessels. Although it was downhill, it was not ideal, as it involved around 14 miles (23 km) by cart to Trefriw, and then a further 10 miles (16 km) on the river. A shorter route to the south was possible, carting the slates to the Afon Dwyryd at Maentwrog, a journey of about 7 miles (11 km), and a further 8 miles (13 km) by boat to Ynyscyngar. However, from the quarry, there was a climb of 250 feet (76 m) in order to cross the watershed. Consequently, most product used the northern route to begin with, but from the 1830s, the southern route via Maentwrog was used.

In 1862, the Rhiwbach Tramway was built, which connected the quarry to the Festiniog Railway at Blaenau Festiniog. This in turn gave the Rhiwbach quarry a rail link to Portmadoc, a major port on Cardigan Bay. The quarry used the Rhiwbach Tramway for the rest of its life, until closure in 1952.

### Locomotives

| Name | Type | Builder | Date | Works number | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0-4-0PM | Baguley | 1919 | 731 | Supplied secondhand by Baguley in 1924, having originally worked at Bicester Aerodrome. |
|  | 4wPM | Rhiwbach quarry |  |  | Moved to Maenofferen quarry |
|  | 4wPM | Rhiwbach quarry |  |  | Out of use by 1963 |

## Bibliography

* Boyd, James I.C. (1975a). *The Festiniog Railway (Volume 1)*. Oakwood Press.
* Boyd, James I.C. (1975b). *The Festiniog Railway (Volume 2)*. Oakwood Press.
* Bradley, V J; Hindley, P, eds. (1968). *Industrial and Independent Locomotives and Railways of North Wales*. Birmingham Locomotive Club.
* Gwyn, David (2015). *Welsh Slate - Archaeology and History of an Industry*. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. ISBN 978-1-871184-51-8.
* Lewis, M.J.T. (2003). *Blaen y Cwm and Cwt y Bugail Slate Quarries*. Adit Publications. ISBN 978-0-9522979-3-2.
* Lewis, Michael; Denton, John (1974). *Rhosydd Slate Quarry*. The Cottage Press (no isbn).
* Lindsay, Jean (1974). *A History of the North Wales Slate Industry*. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-6265-5.
* Richards, Alun John (1999). *The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales*. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. ISBN 978-0-86381-552-2.

### References

Media related to Rhiwbach quarry at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Rhiwbach
| The ruins of the engine house and mill at Rhiwbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Rhiwbach quarryLocation in Conwy | |
| Location | near Cwm Penmachno |
| County | Conwy County Borough |
| Country | Wales, UK |
| Coordinates | 52°59′52″N 3°52′48″W / 52.9977°N 3.8799°W / 52.9977; -3.8799<br>grid reference SH739461 |
| Production | |
| Products | Slate |
| Type | Quarry |
| History | |
| Opened | 1812 (1812) |
| Closed | 1952 (1952) |


title: Charles de Sévigné

abstract: Charles de Sévigné (1648–1713) was a French aristocrat and soldier. He was the son of French literary icon Madame de Sévigné.

text:
# Charles de Sévigné

**Charles de Sévigné** (16481713) was a French aristocrat and soldier. He was the son of French literary icon Madame de Sévigné.

## Life

Charles was born at the family's Château des Rochers-Sévigné (now a part of Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine) in Brittany on March 12, 1648. He was the second child of Henri de Sévigné and his young wife, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal. Their other child, Françoise-Marguerite de Sévigné (the future Madame de Grignan), was born two years prior in Paris.

In 1651, Henri was killed in a duel over his mistress, Madame de Gondran. Now a widow, Madame de Sévigné took her children back to Paris where they came to live with her uncle, l'abbé de Coulanges, in the Marais district.

Nothing is known of Charles's education. Since his letters show him to be erudite, it is assumed that Madame de Sévigné provided him with the best tutors available. No mention of Charles can be found in anyone's correspondence until he was well into his twenties. In his mother's letters to her daughter and others, Charles was characterized as an intellectual, a spendthrift and a hedonist. He was also regarded to be sweet-natured, warm, and likeable — very much like his mother, Madame de Sévigné. Oddly enough, he never appeared to resent his mother's obvious preference for his sister.

In 1669, Charles volunteered for an expedition to Crete against the Ottoman Turks. The following year, his mother bought him the commission of *guidon* (a kind of sub-cornet) in the Gendarmes Dauphin, in which regiment he served for some years. He fought well and with distinction, but was not an enthusiastic soldier.

He was constantly and often unfortunately in love. He followed his father into the arms of Ninon de l'Enclos, and he was Racine's rival with Mademoiselle de Champmeslé. He confided many graphic details of his misalliances in letters to his mother.

Charles was married in February 1684 to Jeanne Marguerite de Mauron, daughter of a counsellor in the Parlement of Brittany. In the arrangements for this marriage, Madame de Sévigné practically divided all her fortune between her children, and she reserved only part of the life interest.

In 1703, Charles gave up his post of King's Lieutenant in Brittany. Accompanied by his wife, he took up residence in Paris at the Faubourg Saint-Jacques. His final years were spent in a seminarian's cell at Saint-Magloire Seminary, a community of the devout. He died on 26 March 1713 at the age of 65.

Charles and Jeanne Marguerite had no children. He bequeathed his entire estate to his niece Pauline de Simiane.

## Bibliography

* Madame de Sévigné. *Correspondance*. Texte établi, présenté et annoté par Roger Duchêne. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. 1973-78. 3 vol..
* Frances Mossiker. *Madame de Sevigne: a life and letters*. New York: Knopf. 1983. ISBN 0-394-41472-1.

## InfoBox

| Charles de Sévigné | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 12 March 1648
Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine, France |
| Died | 26 March 1713(1713-03-26) (aged 65)
Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Spouse | Jeanne Marguerite de Mauron |
| Parent(s) | Henri de Sévigné
Marie de Rabutin-Chantal |


title: Russell Terrier

abstract: The Russell Terrier is a predominantly white working terrier with an instinct to hunt prey underground. The breed was derived from Jack Russell's working terrier strains that were used in the 19th century for fox hunting. Russell's fox working strains were much smaller than the Show Fox Terrier and remained working terriers. The size of the Russell Terrier combined with a small flexible, spannable chest makes it an ideal size to work efficiently underground. Their unique rectangular body shape with the body being of slightly longer length than the leg makes them distinctly different from the Parson Russell Terrier and the Jack Russell Terrier of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America (JRTCA). The Russell Terrier originated in England, but the country of development was Australia.

text:
# Russell Terrier

The **Russell Terrier** is a predominantly white working terrier with an instinct to hunt prey underground. The breed was derived from Jack Russell's working terrier strains that were used in the 19th century for fox hunting. Russell's fox working strains were much smaller than the Show Fox Terrier and remained working terriers. The size of the Russell Terrier (10" to 12") combined with a small flexible, spannable chest makes it an ideal size to work efficiently underground. Their unique rectangular body shape with the body being of slightly longer length than the leg makes them distinctly different from the Parson Russell Terrier and the Jack Russell Terrier of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America (JRTCA).

The Russell Terrier originated in England, but the country of development was Australia.

## History

The name *Jack Russell Terrier* was never used to describe a breed of dog. Rather, it became a common name for any predominantly-white earth-working terrier after the death of the clergyman Jack Russell. The only requisite was color, the instinct combined with the will to employ earth-work, and the size to work efficiently underground. Still today, the name is widely used for working terriers of the Parsons Reverend's style. It was in the country of development, Australia, that this 10-12 inch dog was first standardized by Kennel Club recognition with the official name "Jack Russell Terrier" applied to the breed. This ultimately led to recognition of the breed by FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) countries, including Ireland and most recently, the US. Unfortunately, due to the previous use of the name in the US and England, the name Jack Russell Terrier is conflicting. In the US, a terrier conforming to the Australian/FCI standard is simply called a Russell Terrier.

The Russell Terrier is a very popular companion breed in the US. The breed is a working breed, not a companion breed. They are bred by dedicated fanciers to preserve their working functional conformation and the instinct to employ their original purpose as earth terriers. This makes them an excellent performance breed participating in a variety of events: natural hunting which includes earthwork, agility, rally, obedience, tracking, go-to-ground, and conformation, etc. They are also therapy and service dogs.

### Breed development in England and Australia

In the early 1970s, the Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain was formed, and this body instituted a very primitive form of registration. Soon, Jack Russell Terrier Clubs were being formed worldwide, including Australia. The Jack Russell Terrier Club of Australia was formed in 1972. This national organization set up a particularly comprehensive registration system, along with a formal breed standard. This club also initiated discussions with their KC regarding the possibility of the breed being accepted for registration as a pure breed.

### The Russell Terrier in the US

The Russell Terrier, also known as the FCI type Jack Russell Terrier, is a recognized Kennel Club breed and is maintained separately from the AKC Parson Russell Terrier and the UKC Parson Russell Terrier. In 2001, the United Kennel Club accepted the application from the English Jack Russell Terrier Club to give dogs in their registry the official "FS" designation. UKC officially recognized the breed as the Russell Terrier because the name Jack Russell Terrier was already in use for the longer legged dog in 2001. The UKC breed standard was changed in 2005 from the original standard of 2001. In 2009 the UKC changed the name to Jack Russell to go back to their original standard and align themselves with the rest of the world. The American Kennel Club AKC accepted the breed into the FSS Program on December 8, 2004 based on the FCI Jack Russell standard also submitted by the EJRTC, aka the American Russell Terrier Club. The American Rare Breed Association recognized the "Russell Terrier" in 2003, with the old UKC standard originally written by the UKC. This standard was based on the same standard written by Australia and used also in Ireland. The original ARBA standard was then changed by the NRTFC to a new standard in November 2008, than again on January 1, 2010. The AKC parent club for the Russell Terrier changed the FCI breed standard in 2010 and introduced their own standard which is now different from the rest of the world and FCI. The NRTFC was the first and is the only organization in the world and history of the breed to recognize only the smooth coated dog.

However, after 15 years of maintaining the Russell Terrier in the US and longer internationally as a distinctly separate breed, due to the rectangular appearance unique only to the Jack Russell/Russell Terrier, they can no longer be considered variations.

## Health

An inherited form of ataxia has been recognised within the group of Russell terriers (Jack Russell Terrier, Parson Russell Terrier, and Russell Terrier) for more than 50 years. Myokymia and seizures are often seen alongside the condition. A 2014 study identified the KCNJ10 gene as being responsible for the spinocerebellar ataxia accompanied by myokymia and/or seizures in the breed. This condition also affects the closely related Parson Russell Terrier and Jack Russell Terrier.

* Burns, Patrick. "American Working Terriers". 2005. ISBN 1-4116-6082-X
* Lucas M.C., Jocelyn M. "Hunt and Working Terriers" First published 1931. Reprinted in 1979 by Tideline Books

Media related to Jack Russell Terrier at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Russell Terrier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other names | F.C.I. Jack Russell Terrier |
| Origin | England |
| Traits  Colour  white and brown | |
| Kennel club standards  Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard | |
| Notes | **Country of Development**: Australia. The U.K.C. and A.K.C. Russell Terrier was accepted into both kennel clubs based on the F.C.I. Jack Russell Terrier standard. |
| Dog (domestic dog) | |


title: Clan Gardyne

abstract: Clan Gardyne is a lowland Scottish clan from Angus

text:
# Clan Gardyne

**Clan Gardyne** is a lowland Scottish clan from Angus

## History

### Origins of the clan

The surname is frequently spelt Gardyne and according to the historian George Fraser Black, a family *long of that Ilk* hailed from the barony of Gardyne in the parish of Kirkden in the county of Angus. They built a strong tower, Gardyne Castle, which was extended in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

### 16th century clan conflicts

The Clan Gardyne feuded with the nearby Clan Guthrie in the 16th century. The Guthries' Guthrie Castle was only a few miles away. In 1578 Patrick Gardyne of that Ilk was killed by William Guthrie and in the feud that followed both clans appear to have suffered heavy casualties. There are two accounts of how the feud started: According to the Gardynes, Patrick Gardyne and his kinsman Robert were killed on Carbundow Moor in 1578 and their deaths were avenged by Thomas Gairden who killed Alexander Guthrie in Inverpeffer in 1587. However, according to the Guthries, Alexander Guthrie was murdered by his cousin, Thomas Gairden, and his death was avenged by his nephew, William Guthrie who killed Patrick Gardyne. The result of the feud was ultimately a victory for the more powerful Clan Guthrie. David Gardyne, the tenth Laird then sold the castle and much of the lands, acquiring the estate of Lawton.

### 17th century and Thirty Years' War

David Gardyne, the tenth Laird married Janet Lindsay, daughter of Sir David Lindsay, Lord Edzell in 1602. The male line of this family died out and is now represented by Bruce-Gardyne of Middleton.

The arms of a black boar's head on a silver shield are borne by the Gardyne of Troup branch of the clan, who are descended from the Gardynes of Banchory. The first Laird of Troup was sent by Charles I of England to assist Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Thirty Years' War where he saw distinguished service and remained in the Swedish court until 1654. When he returned to Scotland he purchased the lands of Troup in Banffshire which remain with this family today.

## Castles

* Gardyne Castle in Angus mostly dates from the fifteenth century but with older work. It was originally held by the Gardynes until it passed to the Lyles of Dysart in 1682.
* Banchory in Aberdeenshire is the site of a castle that was replaced by a mansion and was held by the Gardynes of Banchory.
* Castle of Troup, near Rosehearty, Aberdeenshire was originally held by the Clan Comyn, then by the Troups and probably the clan Keith, but passed to the Gardynes in 1654.
* Delgatie Castle which is near Turriff, Aberdeenshire passed to the Gardynes of Troup in 1762 and is now open to the public all year.
* Pitsligo Castle, near Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire is a large castle that was briefly held by the Gardynes.

## InfoBox

| Clan Gardyne | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | Cruciata Cruce Junguntur (Troubles are connected with the cross) |
|  | |
| Clan Gardyne no longer has a chief, and is an armigerous clan | |
| Historic seat | Gardyne Castle |
| Clan branches  Gardyne of that Ilk (historic chiefs)
Gardyne of Banchory
Gardyne of Troup | |
| Rival clans  Clan Guthrie | |


title: Software-defined data center

abstract:
Software-defined data center is a marketing term that extends virtualization concepts such as abstraction, pooling, and automation to all data center resources and services to achieve IT as a service (ITaaS).
In a software-defined data center, "all elements of the infrastructure — networking, storage, CPU and security – are virtualized and delivered as a service." SDDC support can be claimed by a wide variety of approaches. Critics see the software-defined data center as a marketing tool and "software-defined hype," noting this variability. In 2013, analysts were divided into three different groups, those who think it is "just another software-defined hype", those who think most of the components are already available and those who see a potential future market. There was no unified agreement about the direction of SDDC. For some areas like the software-defined networking a market value of about US$3.7 billion by 2016 was expected, compared to US$360 million in 2013. IDC estimates that the software-defined storage market is poised to expand faster than any other storage market.

text:
# Software-defined data center

**Software-defined data center** (**SDDC**; also: virtual data center, VDC) is a marketing term that extends virtualization concepts such as abstraction, pooling, and automation to all data center resources and services to achieve IT as a service (ITaaS). In a software-defined data center, "all elements of the infrastructure — networking, storage, CPU and security – are virtualized and delivered as a service."

SDDC support can be claimed by a wide variety of approaches. Critics see the software-defined data center as a marketing tool and "software-defined hype," noting this variability.

In 2013, analysts were divided into three different groups, those who think it is "just another software-defined hype", those who think most of the components are already available and those who see a potential future market. There was no unified agreement about the direction of SDDC. For some areas like the software-defined networking a market value of about US$3.7 billion by 2016 was expected, compared to US$360 million in 2013. (software-defined networking was expected to reach US$18.5 billion in 2022) IDC estimates that the software-defined storage market is poised to expand faster than any other storage market.

## Description and core components

The software-defined data center encompasses a variety of concepts and data-center infrastructure components, with each component potentially provisioned, operated, and managed through an application programming interface (API). Core architectural components that comprise the software-defined data center include the following:

A software-defined data center differs from a private cloud, since a private cloud only has to offer virtual-machine self-service, beneath which it could use traditional provisioning and management. Instead, SDDC concepts imagine a data center that can encompass private, public, and hybrid clouds.

## Origins and development

Data centers traditionally lacked the capacity to accommodate total virtualization. By 2013, companies began laying the foundation for software-defined data centers with virtualization. Ben Cherian of Midokura considered Amazon Web Services as a catalyst for the move toward software-defined data centers because it "convinced the world that the data center could be abstracted into much smaller units and could be treated as disposable pieces of technology, which in turn could be priced as a utility."

## Potential impact

In 2013, the software-defined data center term was promoted as a paradigm shift. According to Steve Herrod, the promise of the software-defined data center was that companies would no longer need to rely on specialized hardware or hire consultants to install and program hardware in its specialized language. Rather, IT would define applications and all of the resources they require—including compute, storage, networking, security, and availability—and group all of the required components to create a “logical application.”

Commonly cited benefits of software-defined data centers include improved efficiency from extending virtualization throughout the data center; increased agility from provisioning applications quickly; improved control over application availability and security through policy-based governance; and the flexibility to run new and existing applications in multiple platforms and clouds.

In addition, a software-defined data center implementation could reduce a company's energy usage by enabling servers and other data center hardware to run at decreased power levels or be turned off. Some believe that software-defined data centers improve security by giving organizations more control over their hosted data and security levels, compared to security provided by hosted-cloud providers.

The software-defined data center was marketed to drive down prices for data center hardware and challenge traditional hardware vendors to develop new ways to differentiate their products through software and services.

## Challenges

The concepts of software-defined in general, and software-defined data centers in particular, have been dismissed by some as “nonsense,” “marketecture,” and “software-defined hype.” Some critics believe that only a minority of companies with “completely homogeneous IT systems’” already in place, such as Yahoo! and Google, can transition to software-defined data centers.

According to some observers, software-defined data centers won’t necessarily eliminate challenges that relate to handling the differences between development and production environments; managing a mix of legacy and new applications; or delivering service-level agreements (SLAs).

Software-defined networking was seen as essential to the software-defined data center, but it is also considered to be the “least mature technology” required to enable the software-defined data center. However, several companies, including Arista Networks, Cisco, Microsoft and VMware, market products to enable virtual networks that are provisioned, extended, and moved across existing physical networks.

Several competing network virtualization standards already existed by 2012. Neutron, the networking component of the open-source software OpenStack project, provides an application-level abstraction of network resources and includes an interface for configuring virtual switches.

The software-defined data center approach will force IT organizations to adapt. Software-defined environments require rethinking many IT processes—including automation, metering, and billing—and executing service delivery, service activation, and service assurance. A widespread transition to the SDDC could take years.


title: Druck (TV series)

abstract: Druck is a German teen drama streaming television series, based on the Norwegian TV series Skam, created by Julie Andem. It premiered with its first full episode on March 23, 2018 on Funk and YouTube. Employing the same distribution method and overall storylines as the original Norwegian production, Druck is shown in real-time through short clips on a nearly daily basis on YouTube, supplemented with screenshots of messages between the characters over WhatsApp or Telegram and compiled clips into full episodes on Friday. Real social media accounts created for the fictional characters on Instagram allow viewers greater insight into the show beyond its clips. The first of these short clips was released on March 19, 2018. On December 24, 2019 a fifth season was announced to premier summer 2020. On April 12, 2020 it was announced, that season 5 will focus on Nora Machwitz, while also introducing a new generation. On August 10, 2020 a teaser was released, announcing that season 5 would start on September 20, 2020. On September 1, 2020, Lukas von Horbatschewsky announced that a sixth season is in pre-production. On December 13, 2020, the first clip of season 6 dropped and revealed the new main, Fatou Jallow. On August 18, 2021, Druck released a teaser on instagram announcing season 7 to premier in autumn 2021. On August 31, 2021, Druck revealed on Telegram that this season would center around Isi Inci. On September 26, 2021, it was announced that the new season will start on October 24, 2021 with its first clip. On January 13, 2022, the official Instagram of the show revealed that the eighth season would begin airing in Spring 2022. On February 17, the Druck Instagram account revealed that the season would feature Mailin as its lead and on March 28, it was revealed that the season would start on April 24, 2022. The show was nominated for the 55. Grimme-Preis 2019 and the 56. Grimme-Preis 2020, both times in the category Kids & Teens.

text:
# Druck (TV series)

**Druck** (English: ***Pressure***) is a German teen drama streaming television series, based on the Norwegian TV series Skam, created by Julie Andem. It premiered with its first full episode on March 23, 2018 on Funk and YouTube.

Employing the same distribution method and overall storylines as the original Norwegian production, *Druck* is shown in real-time through short clips on a nearly daily basis on YouTube, supplemented with screenshots of messages between the characters over WhatsApp or Telegram and compiled clips into full episodes on Friday. Real social media accounts created for the fictional characters on Instagram allow viewers greater insight into the show beyond its clips. The first of these short clips was released on March 19, 2018. On December 24, 2019 a fifth season was announced to premier summer 2020. On April 12, 2020 it was announced, that season 5 will focus on Nora Machwitz, while also introducing a new generation. On August 10, 2020 a teaser was released, announcing that season 5 would start on September 20, 2020. On September 1, 2020, Lukas von Horbatschewsky announced that a sixth season is in pre-production. On December 13, 2020, the first clip of season 6 dropped and revealed the new main, Fatou Jallow. On August 18, 2021, Druck released a teaser on instagram announcing season 7 to premier in autumn 2021. On August 31, 2021, Druck revealed on Telegram that this season would center around Isi Inci. On September 26, 2021, it was announced that the new season will start on October 24, 2021 with its first clip. On January 13, 2022, the official Instagram of the show revealed that the eighth season would begin airing in Spring 2022. On February 17, the Druck Instagram account revealed that the season would feature Mailin as its lead and on March 28, it was revealed that the season would start on April 24, 2022.

The show was nominated for the 55. Grimme-Preis 2019 and the 56. Grimme-Preis 2020, both times in the category *Kids & Teens*.

## Premise and plot

*Druck* follows a group of friends in their teen life in Berlin and deals with daily and current events, like friendship, love and the search for their own identity. Every season centers on a new character.

The first season centers on Hanna and started with the first clip on March 19, 2018. After having "stolen" her best friend's boyfriend, Hanna suddenly loses all her friends and her former crew ostracizes and nags her. Her relationship with her boyfriend Jonas suffers from this. Hanna finally finds a new group of friends who help her get a grip on her life.

The second season centers on Mia, a close friend of Hanna. Mia is a feminist and dislikes the arrogant Alexander Hardenberg, who exerts a bad influence on her friend Kiki. After Mia asks Alex to end his relationship with Kiki, she gets to know another side of Alex and slowly develops feelings for him, which in turn threatens her friendship with Kiki. The first clip for the second season was released on December 17, 2018.

The third season centers on Matteo and his relationships, both with the boys and girls in the group. While the upperclassman prepare for their final exams and graduation, Matteo struggles with the pressure from his friends to be intimate with the girl he is dating while hiding that he is actually gay. He is also grappling with mental health and family dynamics that create an increasing reliance on substances to cope with them. While he stresses about school and girls, he experiences the rise and fall of his developing romance with the mysterious new boy in school, who has his own secret. The first clip of season three was released on March 9, 2019.

The fourth season centers on Amira and the expectations put upon her by faith, family, and friends. While she prepares to find independence abroad she also wants to be true to her beliefs and to herself. There is a lot of pressure on her from the communities she belongs to, which her younger brother is also experiencing. While she helps those around her with their own difficulties, she finds a conflict between her commitment to her religion and the feelings that grow between her and Mohammed, who is not Muslim. She begins to isolate herself from the other girls, and must find a balance between all the parts of her life. The first clip of season four was released on June 8, 2019.

The fifth season centers on Nora, one of Kiki's two sisters. After breaking up with Constantin, all her former friends reject her. Her mom is an alcoholic and she has to face everything on her own, as Kiki moves to another city with Carlos, and Zoe, her other sister, avoids staying home with their mother as much as possible. She finds some new friends and a new love interest while she deals with her own mental health. COVID-19 is also one of the themes of this season. The first clip of season five was released on September 20, 2020.

The sixth season centers on Fatou, member of Nora's new group of friends. The first clip of season six was released on December 13, 2020. Fatou starts a relationship with her crush Kieu My, while facing problems at school. She discovers she has dyscalculia and because of bad marks, she might not be able to graduate. Meanwhile, her friends' group is collapsing due to some arguments. For example, Ava and Mailin fight over the theme of social justice. Although only some COVID-19 restrictions are shown on screen, the season was filmed before the new lockdown, therefore it does not reflect the real German Coronavirus situation between December and February.

The seventh season centers on Isi. The first clip of season seven was released on October 24, 2021. Having grown distant from their former clique, Ismail rekindles their friendship with childhood friend Sascha and befriends newcomer to school Lou, which will bring them closer to Constantin once more, as he also appears to be interested in Lou. The series also explores how Isi handles their non-binary identity with their loving yet absent parents and brother Umut, who is reacting increasingly negatively to his sibling’s androgynous expression.

The eighth season centers on Mailin. The first clip of the season was released on April 24, 2022.

## Characters

The following are characters in *Druck*, and their counterparts from the original Norwegian series:

### Central characters

| Actor | Character | Based on | Instagram | First Generation | | | | Second Generation | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Lilly Charlotte Dreesen | Hanna Jung | Eva Kviig Mohn | ha.nnanananana | Central | Main | Recurring | Main |  | | | |
| Milena Tscharntke | Mia Amalie Winter | Noora Amalie Sætre | mia\_hollycaulfield | Main | Central | Recurring | Main |  | | | |
| Michelangelo Fortuzzi | Matteo Florenzi | Isak Valtersen | matteohno | Main | Recurring | Central | Recurring |  | | | |
| Tua El-Fawwal | Amira Thalia Mahmood | Sana Bakkoush | amira.da.queen | Main | | | Central |  | | | |
| Mina-Giselle Rüffer | Nora Machwitz |  | norangensaft |  | | | | Central | Main | Recurring | Main |
| Sira-Anna Faal | Fatou Jallow |  | chibifatou |  | | | | Main | Central | Recurring | Main |
| Eren M. Güvercin | Isi Inci |  | isi.downtoearth |  | | | | Recurring | | Central | Recurring |
| Frida Stittrich | Mailin Richter |  | \__mai\_lin\__ |  | | | | Main | | Recurring | Central |
|

### Main characters

| Actor | Character | Based on | Instagram | First Generation | | | | Second Generation | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Leanora Zoë Voss | Kiki Machwitz | Vilde Hellerud Lien | kikirekiii | Main | | Recurring | Main | Recurring |  | | |
| Jobel Mokonzi | Sam M'Pele | Christina "Chris" Berg | sampagner | Main | | Recurring | |  | | | |
| Anselm Bresgott | Jonas Augustin | Jonas Noah Vasquez | jon\_astronaut | Main | | | Recurring |  | | | |
| Chris Veres | Alexander Hardenberg | William Magnusson | alex.hardenberg | Recurring | Main | Guest | Recurring |  | | | |
| Louis Daniel | Carlos Schmidt | Magnus Fossbakken | car\_lospolloshermanos | Guest | Recurring | Main |  | style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"| Recurring | |  | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, #2C2C2C); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | | | | |
| | | | | | | Elias |
| Arda Göerkem | Abdi Ates | Mahdi Disi | kebab.di | Guest | | Main | Recurring |  | | | |
| Florian Appelius | Hans Brecht | Eskild Tryggvasson | super.sch\_hans |  | Main | | Guest |  | | | |
| Lukas von Horbatschewsky | David Schreibner | Even Bech Næsheim | da\_vid.gif |  | Guest | Main | Recurring |  | | Guest |  |
| Hassan Kello | Mohammed Razzouk | Yousef Acar | mo\_zouk |  | | | Main |  | | | |
| Madeleine Wagenitz | Zoe Machwitz |  | zoe.keinwitz |  | | | Guest | Main | Recurring | Main | Recurring |
| Aicha Lopes | Ava Celeste Pereira |  | its.your\_girl\_ava |  | | | | Main | | Recurring | Main |
| Zethphan Smith-Gneist | Josh Zimmermann |  | dieser\_josh |  | | | | Main | Guest | Recurring | |
| Nhung Hong | Kieu My Vu |  | q.meeee |  | | | | Recurring | Main | | Recurring |
| Quang Anh Le | Finn Nguyen |  | nguyen.finn |  | | | | Recurring | | Main | |
| Casper von Bülow | Constantin Ostendorf |  | consti.ost |  | | | | Recurring | | Main | Recurring |
| Paul Ahrens | Sascha Belin |  | holzwurm138 |  | | | | | | Main | Recurring |
| Paula Goos | Louise "Lou" Schäfer |  | currywurst\_und\_aut0s |  | | | | | | Main | Recurring |
|

### Recurring and guest characters

| Actor | Character | Based on | Instagram | First Generation | | | | Second Generation | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Luise Emilie Tschersich | Sara Adamczyk | Sara Nørstelien | sara.czyk | Guest |  | style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"| Recurring | | Guest |  | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, #2C2C2C); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | | | | |
| | | | | Emma W. Larzen | |
| Juliane Schütze | Leonie Richter | Ingrid Theis Gaupseth | leonie.rchtr | Recurring | Guest | Recurring | Guest |  | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, #2C2C2C); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Sonja |
| Pablo Grant | Samuel Fischer | Christoffer Schistad | sam\_el.fischer | Recurring | Guest |  | | | | | |
| Ada Philine Stappenbeck | Linn Shira | Linn Larsen Hansen | linn.sensuppe |  | Recurring | |  | | | | |
| Malte Thomsen | Björn Quisling | Nikolai Magnusson | bjoern.quisling |  | Recurring |  | | | | | |
| Naomi Achternbusch | Laura Schreibner | Sonja |  |  | | Recurring |  | | | | |
| Samy Abdel Fattah | Omar Mahmood | Elias Bakkoush | phara\_omar |  | | | Recurring |  | | | |
| Hussein Eliraqui | | Essam Mahmood | er.sie.essam |  | | | Recurring |  | | | |
| Rana Farahani | Nadia Mansour | Jamilla Bikarim | nad.ya.amar |  | | | Recurring |  | | | |
| Carl Bagnar | Stefan Wiese |  |  |  | | | Recurring |  | | | |
| Tijan Marei | Victoria |  |  |  | | | Recurring |  | | | |
| Elena Ployphailin Siepe | Yara Aimsakul |  | yara.cita |  | | | | Recurring | Guest | Recurring | |
| Adama Cefalu | Ilai Jallow |  |  |  | | | | | Recurring |  | |
| Mety Kalan | Umut Inci |  |  |  | | | | | | Recurring |  |
| Christoph Moreno | Ben |  |  |  | | | | | | | Recurring |
|

### Central cast

#### First Generation

* Lilly Charlotte Dreesen as Hanna Jung (born 2001), the central character of the first season. When the series begins, Hanna is dating Jonas, who also used to date Leonie, Hanna's former best friend. Because of this, Hanna has lost her friend group, and is almost completely dependent on Jonas, who she struggles to trust. As the first season continues, she finds a new group of friends in Mia, Amira, Kiki, and Sam, and decides to break up with Jonas to focus on herself for a while. She dates Stefan in the fourth season, but later breaks up with him as she still has unresolved feelings for Jonas.

* Milena Tscharntke as Mia Winter (born October 3, 2000), the protagonist of the second season. Hanna's new best friend, and a recent transplant to Berlin from Spain. She is passionate about social justice and feminist causes. Mia struggles with her relationship with her parents, who still live in Spain, and remain indifferent to their daughter's life and interests. While in Berlin, Mia lives with roommates Hans, Linn, and Matteo. Throughout the series, Mia has a turbulent romantic relationship with Alexander Hardenberg, a popular boy who also had a relationship with her friend, Kiki. They break up for good in the fourth season, and Mia begins to pursue Victoria.

* Michelangelo Fortuzzi as Matteo Florenzi (born 2001), the central character of season 3. Matteo is Jonas' best friend, and struggles with depression. His mother also struggles with mental illness, and as a result, he moves in with Mia, Hans and Linn when the third season begins. Matteo also struggles with being gay, something that becomes more complicated by his growing feelings for David, a transgender boy and a new student at school. With the support and love of his roommates and his friends, Matteo comes out publicly and becomes a happier, more positive person.

* Tua al Fawwal as Amira Thalia Mahmood (born 2000), the protagonist of season 4. After graduating high school, Amira struggles with impending adulthood, as well as maintaining a balance between her "two worlds," one where she is a typical German teenager, and the other where she carries the responsibilities and duties of a young Muslim woman in her community. This is further complicated when Amira begins to fall in love with her brother's best friend, Mohammed, a refugee who identifies as a non-Muslim.

#### Second Generation

* Mina-Giselle Rüffer as Nora Machwitz (born September 11, 2003), the central character of the fifth season. She is Kiki and Zoe's younger sister, and a gifted artist. When her season begins, she is still living with her mother, who struggles with alcoholism. As the season progresses and their mother goes to rehab, Nora begins to struggle with her own mental health. She is eventually diagnosed with dissociative disorder, and moves in with Ava and Zoe into Kiki's old apartment to focus on herself and her recovery. She also begins dating Josh Zimmermann, who is supportive of Nora's mental health journey.

* Sira-Anna Faal as Fatou Jallow (born June 17, 2004), the protagonist of the sixth season. In the fifth season, Fatou is portrayed as fairly laid-back and easygoing, but the sixth season reveals her struggles in school, particularly with math and numbers. She is eventually tested and diagnosed with dyscalculia. She also struggles with her feelings for Kieu My Vu, a popular girl at school, who stood by while Constantin and Isi bullied Fatou's best friend, Ava in the past.

* Eren M. Güvercin as Isi Inci (born 2003), the central character of season 7. Isi is Constantin's best friend, but begins to struggle with how his friend's actions make him and others feel. Isi also struggles with her gender identity throughout season 7, eventually affirming her non-binary identity, and their usage of any pronoun. They also apologize to Ava for their past behavior, and begin a romantic relationship with Sascha, a childhood friend.

* Frida Stittrich as Mailin Richter (born 2003), the protagonist of season 8. Mailin lives primarily with her mother and stepfather, and has a vested interest in feminism and environmental causes from her grandmother, who used to be active in political spaces. Mailin struggles with her growing feelings for Finn, who used to date Zoe, and also becomes a target for revenge porn after sharing an intimate photo with classmate Ben.

## Episodes

The episodes listed here corresponds to the appearance on funk.net and YouTube.

### Series overview

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired | Network |
|  | 10 | | March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19) | June 8, 2018 (2018-06-08) | ZDFneo
funk |
|  | 10 | | December 17, 2018 (2018-12-17) | | March 1, 2019 (2019-03-01) |
|  | 10 | | March 9, 2019 (2019-03-09) | | May 17, 2019 (2019-05-17) |
|  | 10 | | June 8, 2019 (2019-06-08) | | September 22, 2019 (2019-09-22) |
|  | 10 | | September 20, 2020 (2020-09-20) | | November 27, 2020 (2020-11-27) |
|  | 10 | | December 13, 2020 (2020-12-13) | | February 20, 2021 (2021-02-20) |
|  | 10 | | October 24, 2021 (2021-10-24) | | December 31, 2021 (2021-12-31) |
|  | 10 | | April 24, 2022 (2022-04-24) | | July 1, 2022 (2022-07-01) |

### Season 1

The first season contains ten episodes and centers on Hanna Jung and her relationship with Jonas.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Liebe ist alles (Love is everything)" | 18 min | 24 March 2018 (2018-03-24) |
| 2 | 2 | "Wir alle zusammen (All of us together)" | 14 min | 30 March 2018 (2018-03-30) |
| 3 | 3 | "Freunde (Friends)" | 13 min | 6 April 2018 (2018-04-06) |
| 4 | 4 | "Die Party ist vorbei (The party is over)" | 11 min | 20 April 2018 (2018-04-20) |
| 5 | 5 | "Vorfreude (Anticipation)" | 18 min | 29 April 2018 (2018-04-29) |
| 6 | 6 | "Fick dich! (Fuck you!)" | 18 min | 4 May 2018 (2018-05-04) |
| 7 | 7 | "Einmal Schlampe, immer Schlampe! (Once a slut, always a slut!)" | 23 min | 18 May 2018 (2018-05-18) |
| 8 | 8 | "Blutige Drohung (Bloody Threat)" | 25 min | 25 May 2018 (2018-05-25) |
| 9 | 9 | "Abstürze (Crashes)" | 19 min | 1 June 2018 (2018-06-01) |
| 10 | 10 | "Partyhelden (Hero-Party)" | 30 min | 8 June 2018 (2018-06-08) |

### Season 2

The second season contains ten episodes and centers on Mia Winter and her relationship with Alex.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 | 1 | "Jungs sind scheiße! (Boys Suck!)" | 22 min | 21 December 2018 (2018-12-21) |
| 12 | 2 | "Brüste, Fatshaming & Kakao (Breasts, Fatshaming & Cocoa)" | 27 min | 28 December 2018 (2018-12-28) |
| 13 | 3 | "Mach mit ihr Schluss!!! (Break up with her!!!)" | 23 min | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) |
| 14 | 4 | "Die schönste Frau der Welt (The prettiest Woman on Earth)" | 33 min | 11 January 2019 (2019-01-11) |
| 15 | 5 | "Der Abi Chaker Clan (The Abi Chaker Clan)" | 28 min | 25 January 2019 (2019-01-25) |
| 16 | 6 | "Perfectly Wrong" | 22 min | 1 February 2019 (2019-02-01) |
| 17 | 7 | "Panikherz (Panic Heart)" | 30 min | 8 February 2019 (2019-02-08) |
| 18 | 8 | "Ghost Girl" | 18 min | 15 February 2019 (2019-02-15) |
| 19 | 9 | "Keine Angst! #MeToo (No fear! #metoo)" | 34 min | 22 February 2019 (2019-02-22) |
| 20 | 10 | "Liebst du mich? (Do you love me?)" | 30 min | 1 March 2019 (2019-03-01) |

### Season 3

The third season contains ten episodes and centers on Matteo Florenzi and his relationship with David.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 | 1 | "Einfach abhauen! (Just running away!)" | 21 min | 15 March 2019 (2019-03-15) |
| 22 | 2 | "Joints & Sandwiches" | 23 min | 22 March 2019 (2019-03-22) |
| 23 | 3 | "Neon-Schmetterlinge (Neon butterflies)" | 20 min | 29 March 2019 (2019-03-29) |
| 24 | 4 | "Unter Wasser (Under Water)" | 21 min | 5 April 2019 (2019-04-05) |
| 25 | 5 | "Ich bin nicht schwul (I'm not gay)" | 20 min | 12 April 2019 (2019-04-12) |
| 26 | 6 | "Das Wichtigste im Leben (The most important thing in life)" | 25 min | 19 April 2019 (2019-04-19) |
| 27 | 7 | "Zusammen oder allein? (Together or alone?)" | 26 min | 26 April 2019 (2019-04-26) |
| 28 | 8 | "Outing" | 21 min | 3 May 2019 (2019-05-03) |
| 29 | 9 | "Liebe (Love)" | 22 min | 10 May 2019 (2019-05-10) |
| 30 | 10 | "Unsere Zeit ist jetzt (Our time is now)" | 23 min | 17 May 2019 (2019-05-17) |

### Season 4

The fourth season contains ten episodes and centers on Amira Thalia Mahmood. The first episode links this with the last season and the last two episodes center around Mia and Hanna and bring their story to a conclusion.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 31 | 1 | "Der Abiball! (Prom!)" | 20 min | 14 June 2019 (2019-06-14) |
| 32 | 2 | "Die Frau mit dem kalten Blick (The woman with the cold gaze)" | 17 min | 26 July 2019 (2019-07-26) |
| 33 | 3 | "Herzklopfen (Racing Heart)" | 22 min | 2 August 2019 (2019-08-02) |
| 34 | 4 | "Das erste Date (The first Date)" | 29 min | 9 August 2019 (2019-08-09) |
| 35 | 5 | "Gebrochene Herzen (Broken Hearts)" | 24 min | 16 August 2019 (2019-08-16) |
| 36 | 6 | "Eskalation (Escalation)" | 25 min | 23 August 2019 (2019-08-23) |
| 37 | 7 | "Du bist so wie du bist (You are who you are)" | 22 min | 30 August 2019 (2019-08-30) |
| 38 | 8 | "Verliebt (In love)" | 30 min | 6 September 2019 (2019-09-06) |
| 39 | 9 | "Hör auf dein Herz! (Follow your heart!)" | 33 min | 13 September 2019 (2019-09-13) |
| 40 | 10 | "Alles ist Liebe (Everything is love)" | 35 min | 22 September 2019 (2019-09-22) |

### Season 5

The fifth season contains ten episodes and centers on Nora Machwitz, younger sister of Kiki Machwitz, while also introducing a new generation.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 41 | 1 | "Alles neu! (Everything new!)" | 27 min | 25 September 2020 (2020-09-25) |
| 42 | 2 | "Angriff (Attack)" | 21 min | 2 October 2020 (2020-10-02) |
| 43 | 3 | "Stalker" | 27 min | 9 October 2020 (2020-10-09) |
| 44 | 4 | "Kalte Küsse (Cold kisses)" | 28 min | 16 October 2020 (2020-10-16) |
| 45 | 5 | "Ende und Anfang (End and Beginning)" | 32 min | 23 October 2020 (2020-10-23) |
| 46 | 6 | "Unterdruck (Underpressure)" | 24 min | 30 October 2020 (2020-10-30) |
| 47 | 7 | "Ich fühle nichts (I don't feel anything)" | 21 min | 6 November 2020 (2020-11-06) |
| 48 | 8 | "Absturz (Crash)" | 27 min | 13 November 2020 (2020-11-13) |
| 49 | 9 | "Du bist nicht allein (You are not alone)" | 34 min | 20 November 2020 (2020-11-20) |
| 50 | 10 | "Fühlen (Feel)" | 40 min | 27 November 2020 (2020-11-27) |

### Season 6

The sixth season contains ten episodes and centers on Fatou Jallow.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 51 | 1 | "Neue Galaxien (New Galaxies)" | 20 min | 18 December 2020 (2020-12-18) |
| 52 | 2 | "Gay Silence" | 23 min | 25 December 2020 (2020-12-25) |
| 53 | 3 | "Supernova" | 26 min | 1 January 2021 (2021-01-01) |
| 54 | 4 | "Du bist fake (You are fake)" | 19 min | 8 January 2021 (2021-01-08) |
| 55 | 5 | "Ich bin nicht gut genug (I'm not good enough)" | 22 min | 15 January 2021 (2021-01-15) |
| 56 | 6 | "Schwerelos (Weightless)" | 28 min | 22 January 2021 (2021-01-22) |
| 57 | 7 | "Einfach vergessen (Just forgot)" | 24 min | 29 January 2021 (2021-01-29) |
| 58 | 8 | "Lichtjahre entfernt (Lightyears away)" | 21 min | 5 February 2021 (2021-02-05) |
| 59 | 9 | "Der Antrag (The Proposal)" | 26 min | 12 February 2021 (2021-02-12) |
| 60 | 10 | "Bis in die Unendlichkeit? (Until eternity?)" | 28 min | 20 February 2021 (2021-02-20) |

### Season 7

The seventh season contains ten episodes. It centers on the character of Isi Inci.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 61 | 1 | "Alles ist verzaubert (Everything is enchanted)" | 21 min | 29 October 2021 (2021-10-29) |
| 62 | 2 | "Friendzone?" | 24 min | 5 November 2021 (2021-11-05) |
| 63 | 3 | "Fühlst du es? (Can you feel it?)" | 23 min | 12 November 2021 (2021-11-12) |
| 64 | 4 | "Too much!" | 20 min | 19 November 2021 (2021-11-19) |
| 65 | 5 | "Wir sind anders (We are different)" | 21 min | 26 November 2021 (2021-11-26) |
| 66 | 6 | "Nur ein Kuss (Just a kiss)" | 17 min | 3 December 2021 (2021-12-03) |
| 67 | 7 | "Wer willst du sein? (Who do you wanna be?)" | 22 min | 10 December 2021 (2021-12-10) |
| 68 | 8 | "Love is Pain" | 19 min | 17 December 2021 (2021-12-17) |
| 69 | 9 | "Mehr als Freundschaft (More than friendship)" | 24 min | 24 December 2021 (2021-12-24) |
| 70 | 10 | "BE YOURSELF!" | 28 min | 31 December 2021 (2021-12-31) |

### Season 8

The eighth season contains ten episodes and centers around the character of Mailin Richter. This season also concludes the stories of the "second generation" of characters introduced in season five.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Duration | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 71 | 1 | "Kein kitschiger Scheiß (No kitschy shit)" | 20 min | 29 April 2022 (2022-04-29) |
| 72 | 2 | "Hirn gegen Herz (Brain vs heart)" | 24 min | 6 May 2022 (2022-05-06) |
| 73 | 3 | "Der erste Kuss (The first kiss)" | 21 min | 13 May 2022 (2022-05-13) |
| 74 | 4 | "On Fire" | 21 min | 20 May 2022 (2022-05-20) |
| 75 | 5 | "So wie du bist (The way you are)" | 20 min | 27 May 2022 (2022-05-27) |
| 76 | 6 | "Chaos" | 15 min | 3 June 2022 (2022-06-03) |
| 77 | 7 | "Zeit zurückdrehen (Turning back time)" | 25 min | 10 June 2022 (2022-06-10) |
| 78 | 8 | "Nichts ist wie es war (Nothing is as it was)" | 20 min | 17 June 2022 (2022-06-17) |
| 79 | 9 | "Total verletzt (Totally hurt)" | 25 min | 24 June 2022 (2022-06-24) |
| 80 | 10 | "Für immer (Forever)" | 31 min | 1 July 2022 (2022-07-01) |

## InfoBox

| *Druck* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Teen drama |
| Based on | *Skam*
by Julie Andem |
| Starring | Lilly Dreesen
Milena Tscharntke
Michelangelo Fortuzzi
Tua El-Fawwal
Mina-Giselle Rüffer
Sira-Anna Faal
Eren M. Güvercin
Frida Stittrich |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Original language | German |
| No. of seasons | 8 |
| No. of episodes | 80 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Lasse Scharpen
Jan Kromschröder |
| Producers | Eva Kaesgen
Edgar Derzian
Nikolaas Meinshausen
Julia Zechiel
Felix Schwegler |
| Production location | Berlin |
| Running time | 11–40 minutes |
| Production company | Bantry Bay Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | ZDF
Funk |
| Release | March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)
present (present) |


title: Stephen G. Bourne House

abstract: Stephen G. Bourne House, also known as Bourne-Hale House, is a historic home located at Fries, Grayson County, Virginia. It was built about 1829, and is a two-story, rectangular, weatherboarded log structure on a fieldstone foundation. It features a one-story, three-bay porch with square wood columns and two brick chimneys on the east end and one on the west end. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

text:
# Stephen G. Bourne House

**Stephen G. Bourne House**, also known as **Bourne-Hale House**, is a historic home located at Fries, Grayson County, Virginia. It was built about 1829, and is a two-story, rectangular, weatherboarded log structure on a fieldstone foundation. It features a one-story, three-bay porch with square wood columns and two brick chimneys on the east end and one on the west end.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stephen G. Bourne House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 6707 Spring Valley Rd., Fries, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 36°44′10″N 81°04′54″W / 36.73611°N 81.08167°W / 36.73611; -81.08167 |
| Area | 98.1 acres (39.7 ha) |
| Built | 1829 (1829) |
| Built by | Bourne, Stephen Gray |
| Architectural style | Log House |
| NRHP reference No. | 04000483 |
| VLR No. | 038-0018 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 26, 2004 |
| Designated VLR | March 17, 2004 |