title: Silliman National Writers Workshop

abstract: The Silliman University National Writers Workshop (SUNWW) is an annual creative writing workshop that was established in 1962 by the late Edilberto K. Tiempo and National Artist for Literature Edith L. Tiempo of Silliman University. The SUNWW is the longest-running creative writing workshop in Asia. It is commonly regarded as the most prestigious one in the entire region, having been able to produce many of the most influential and renowned names in Philippine literature. Practically all Filipino writers of any importance have joined the Silliman Writers Workshop at one time or another, either as fellows, lecturers, or panelists. Being a pioneer, the Silliman Writers Workshop occupies a premier position in the history of creative writing in the Philippines. With the workshop's integrity and tradition over the years, it has become a rite of passage for the country's finest writers.

text:
# Silliman National Writers Workshop

The **Silliman University National Writers Workshop** (SUNWW) is an annual creative writing workshop that was established in 1962 by the late Edilberto K. Tiempo and National Artist for Literature Edith L. Tiempo of Silliman University.

The SUNWW is the longest-running creative writing workshop in Asia. It is commonly regarded as the most prestigious one in the entire region, having been able to produce many of the most influential and renowned names in Philippine literature.

Practically all Filipino writers of any importance have joined the Silliman Writers Workshop at one time or another, either as fellows, lecturers, or panelists. Being a pioneer, the Silliman Writers Workshop occupies a premier position in the history of creative writing in the Philippines.

With the workshop's integrity and tradition over the years, it has become a rite of passage for the country's finest writers.

## History

The Silliman University National Writers Workshop in Dumaguete is the oldest creative writing program in Asia. In 2009, Dr. Edith Tiempo was named Director Emeritus of the National Writers Workshop.

Apart from Silliman University, over the years the Workshop has received support from the Ford Foundation, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the CAP Family of Companies, the Creative Writing Foundation, the Dumaguete Literary Arts (DuLA) Group, and various cultural institutes based in the United States and Europe.

Last 2010 marked a milestone in the development of Philippine literature and the writing craft, as the Silliman University National Writers Workshop, headed by its first director-in-residence, Dr. Rowena Tiempo-Torrevillas, and the visionary Dr. Ben S. Malayang III, University President, first invited a writer beyond the Philippines to sit in as a guest panelist for a week to enrich the workshop by infusing Asian consciousness. The first international guest writer was Hong Kong's Xu Xi. For 2011, it is Singapore's Kirpal Singh. For 2012, it is Nathan Aw Ming Kun from the Singapore Management University (SMU).

Also in 2010, Silliman University welcomed the panelists, writing fellows, workshop alumni, and guests to the Writers Village at Camp Lookout, Valencia.

Due to decreases in budgetary allocations, the Silliman National Writers Workshop (for some time) disassociated itself from Silliman University, and started to get its funding from the National Commission of Culture and Arts (NCCA). Its name was changed to the Dumaguete National Writers Workshop. In 2008, however, the organization of the workshop returned to Silliman University's English Department, with additional support from the NCCA, as well as local businesses from Dumaguete and other literature and art enthusiasts. Eventually, the workshop was rechristened with the name *Silliman University National Writers Workshop*.

In 2012, the SUNWW was given the Tanging Parangal in the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining by the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the highest distinction given by CCP in recognition of an individual or an organization's contributions to Philippine arts and culture.

## Legacy

National Artist for Literature Cirilo Bautista described the legacy of the SUNWW, "It is an understatement to say that it \[SUNWW\] has a significant influence on the growth of our literature. The number of applicants increases each year, and the works of writers who have passed through it continue to enrich our arts and letters.

The SUNWW has trained several generations of writers, many of whom are now influencing the shape, direction, and development of Philippine literature. Many of the SUNWW alumni have won prestigious literary prizes such as the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, the Nick Joaquin Literary Awards, and the Philippines Free Press Literary Contest, among others.

## Fellowship

The SUNWW draws numerous applicants from the entire country to compete for the fellowship. Fellowships are offered to emerging Filipino writers in various genres namely fiction, poetry, creative nonfiction, and drama.

The first screening panel, composed of several members of the Creative Writing Foundation, selects the writing fellows for the summer based on the manuscripts submitted by the applicants. These selected manuscripts are forwarded to the director of the workshop, who does the final screening and facilitates the deliberation before approving the final lineup of writing fellows.

The writing fellowship covers board and lodging for the full 22 days of the duration of the entire workshop. The SUNWW is held for three weeks every summer in the Mary Rose Lamb Sobrepeña Writers Village, Dumaguete.

## Application

The applicant must submit the following requirements:

Original manuscripts consisting of at least 3-5 short stories, or, 3-5 essays, or 3-5 one-act plays, or 7-10 poems (stories, plays, and poems in English are preferred); a cover letter addressed to the director; a notarized certification of originality of works a recommendation letter from a renowned writer or literature professor; two 2x2 pictures; and a brief biodata or resume.

It is mandated that all submissions of manuscripts are done anonymously. Names of the author or aliases must not appear on any of the manuscripts to preserve the rigorous standards of the workshop's screening processes.


title: Libby Hathorn

abstract: Elizabeth Helen Hathorn is an Australian writer for children, and a poet who works with schools, institutions and communities. She has received many awards for her books, some of which have been translated into several languages. In 2001 she was awarded a Centenary Medal for her contribution to children's theatre. In 2014 she was awarded the Alice Award for her contribution to Australian literature. In 2017 she won the Asher Peace Prize and in 2022 the ABIA Pixie O'Harris Award for excellence and dedication to children's literature.

text:
# Libby Hathorn

**Elizabeth Helen Hathorn** (born 1943) is an Australian writer for children, and a poet who works with schools, institutions and communities. She has received many awards for her books, some of which have been translated into several languages. In 2001 she was awarded a Centenary Medal for her contribution to children's theatre. In 2014 she was awarded the Alice Award for her contribution to Australian literature. In 2017 she won the Asher Peace Prize and in 2022 the ABIA Pixie O'Harris Award for excellence and dedication to children's literature.

## Early life

Hathorn was born in Newcastle, New South Wales. She attended Balmain Teacher's College (soon part of the New South Wales Institute of Technology) and worked as a teacher and librarian from 1965 to 1981. She has attained a Master of Arts, Macquarie University.

## Career

Hathorn's stories have been translated into several languages and adapted for stage and screen. Her work has won honours in Australia as well as in the United States, United Kingdom and the Netherlands. She was awarded a Centenary Medal in 2001 "for service to Australian society in writing for theatre for young people", and the Alice Award from the NSW Society of Women Writers in 2014. The latter is a national award for a woman writer "who for her written work has made a distinguished and long term contribution to Australian literature".

Hallmark Hall of Fame has made a movie of Hathorn's best-selling young adult novel, *Thunderwith*, re-titled *The Echo of Thunder*. It starred Judy Davis, who was nominated for an Emmy Award in the US for her performance as Gladwyn. In 2004 her children's picture storybook, *Sky Sash So Blue*, published in the United States, was performed as an opera in Birmingham, Alabama. Previously, *Grandma's Shoes* was performed as an opera by Opera Australia and Theatre of Image. Libby was awarded an AWGIE for the libretto based on this picture storybook, in 2001. Her CDROM series *Weirdstop* won the Australian Interactive Media Industry Awards (AIMIA), 2004 as Best Children's Product; and in 2005 the New South Wales Society of Women Writers' Bi-annual Award for Older Readers. *Wonderstop* won the Energy Australia National Trust Heritage Award (Education) 2007. Concerned about child homelessness, Hathorn wrote *Way Home* with illustrations by Greg Rogers which won the Kate Greenaway Award in the UK and a Parent's Choice in the USA. It was later produced as a play by Barking Gecko in WA. Recent children's picture books include 'No Never; a cautionary tale' written with daughter Lisa Hathorn, a CBCA Book of the Year, Younger Readers, 2021; Miss Franklin (Hachette) Winner, SWW Biennial Children's Book Award, 2019; *Outside* (Little Hare) A CBCA Notable Book 2014, being developed as a children's opera with Australian composer Elena Katz Chernin; and *A Soldier, A Dog and a Boy* illustrated by Phil Lesnie, (Hachette) a CBCA Notable Book 2017 and Asher Award winner 2017.

Hathorn has lectured part-time in Master of Arts, Creative Writing at Sydney University and is a frequent speaker at conferences and festivals. As an Australia Day Ambassador, she has travelled to country towns each year where she talks about the importance of Australian literature. Her novels include, 'Thunderwith (Hachette, first published Heinemann, 1989);'Rift',(Hodder, 1998) (*Letters to a Princess*, (ABC books, 2007); historical novel, *Georgiana: Woman of Flowers* (Hachette Livre); a play based on her picture storybook, *The Tram to Bondi Beach* (Currency Press, 2008); and *Fire Song* (ABC/HarperCollins, 2009) which was highly commended in the inaugural Prime Minister's Literary Awards. Her Anzac novel *Eventual Poppy Day* (HarperCollins, 2015) short-listed for the Society of Women Writers Biennial Awards, 2016.

Poetry is an abiding passion for her, and many of her works are either written in poetry or inspired by poetry. She has devised and worked on an arts project entitled "*100 Views*" in several schools, both in Australia and internationally celebrating community through poetry and a festival; Power Poetry with the Powerhouse Museum; and video conferencing poetry workshops with the NSW State Library. In 2010 she compiled *The ABC Book of Australian Poetry: A Treasury for Young People* with artwork by Cassandra Allen (ABC/HarperCollins)and in 2013 she published *Women's Work: A Collection of Contemporary Women's Poetry* (Pax Press). Some of her recent picture books *A Baby for Loving*, illustrated by Tamsin Ainslie, and *Outside*, illus. Ritva Voularis (Hardie Grant/Egmont, Little Hare, 2014); and Butterfly, we're expecting you illustrated by Lisa Stewart (Hachette, 2017) are written in verse. During 2016 she worked with the NSW State Library who produced an Australian Poetry Series she scripted and directed on the lives of CJ Dennis, Henry Lawson and Dorothea Mackellar, to be launched 2018. In 2021 she produced an animation about a hearing impaired child 'What Rosie Hears' (Pax Productions and Mental Image, 2021.)

*No! Never!* won the Children's Book of the Year Award: Early Childhood in 2021.

## Bibliography

**Picture Storybooks**

* Mother Earth (2023) illus Christina Booth
* Best Cat, The Est Cat (2021) illus Rosie Handley
* A Tram to Bondi Beach (2021) 40th Anniversary Edition illus Jule Vivas
* No Never! A Cautionary Tale (2020) Co-author Lisa Hathorn
* Our Baby (2019) illus Tamsin Ainslie
* Miss Franklin (2019) illus Phil Lesnie
* Butterfly we're expecting you (2017) illus Lisa Stewart
* A Soldier, a Dog and a Boy (2016) illus Phil Lesnie
* Incredibilia (2016) illus Gaye Chapman
* Outside (2014) illus Ritva Voutila
* A Baby for Loving (2014) illus Tamsin Ainslie
* *Sangita's Singing* (2012) illus. Bandana Tulachan
* *A Boy Like Me* (2012) illus. Bruce Whatley
* *I Love You Book* (2011) illus. Heath McKenzie
* *Zahara's Rose* (2009) illus. Doris Unger
* *The Great Big Animal Ask* (2004) illus. Anna Pignataro
* *Over the Moon* (2003) illus. Caroline Magerl
* *The Wishing Cupboard* (2002) illus. Libby Stanley
* *The River* (2001) illus. Stanley Wong
* *The Gift* (2000) illus. Greg Rogers
* *Grandma's Shoes* (1994) illus. Elivia & (2000) illus. Caroline Magerl
* *Magical Ride* (1999) illus. Gary Fleming
* *Sky Sash So Blue* (1999) illus. Benny Andrews
* *The Wonder Thing* (1995) illus. Peter Gouldthorpe
* *Way Home* (1994) illus. Greg Rogers
* *Stuntumble Monday* (1989) illus. Melissa Webb
* *The Garden of the World* (1989) illus. Tricia Oktober
* *Freya's Fantastic Surprise* (1988) illus. Sharon Thompson
* *The Tram to Bondi Beach* (1981) illus. Julie Vivas
* *Lachlan's Walks* (1980) illus. Sandra Laroche
* *Stephen's Tree* (1979) illus. Sandra Laroche

**Junior Novels**

* *Caravan Kids* (2006)
* *Okra and Acacia: The Story of the Wattle Pattern Plate* (2002)
* *The Extraordinary Magics of Emma McDade* (1989)
* *Love Me Tender* (1992)
* *The Lenski Kids and Dracula* (1992)
* *What a Star!* (1994)
* *Looking Out for Sampson* (1987)
* *So Who Needs Lotto* (1991)
* *Jezza Sez* (1990)
* *Paolo's Secret* (1985)
* *All About Anna* (1980)
* *A Face in the Water* (2000)
* *Friends and Secrets* (1985)

**Young Adult Novels**

* Eventual Poppy Day, 2015
* *Fire Song* (2009)
* *Georgiana: Woman of Flowers* (2008)
* *Letters to a Princess* (2007)
* *Volcano Boy* (2001)
* *The Painter* (2000)
* *Ghoststop, Book 1: Double Sorrow* (1999)
* *Ghoststop, Book 2: Twice the Ring of Fire* (1999)
* *Ghoststop, Book 3: For Love to Conquer All* (1999)
* *The Spirited Boy* (1998)
* *Rift* (1998)
* *Chrysalis* (1997)
* *The Climb* (1996)
* *Feral Kid* (1994)
* *Valley Under the Rock* (1993)
* *The Blue Dress* (1991)
* *Thunderwith* (1989)
* *Who?* (1992)
* *Dear Venny, Dear Saffron* (1999)

**Poetry**

* Coastal Poetry, From Yarra Bay to Watson's Bay, (2023) co-author Elizabeth Cummings
* *Women's Work* (2013)

*The ABC Book of Australian Poetry: A Treasury for Young People*(2010)

* *Vietnam Reflections* (2010) illus. Leon Coward
* *Heard Singing* (1998)
* *Talks with My Skateboard* (1995) illus. Matt Mawson

**Digital Media**

* What Rosie Hears (2021) Hathorn Pax Productions and Mental Image Animation. Illus Bethany Macdonald, Music Elena Kats-Chernin
* *Wonderstop: The Adventures of Bodge and Widge* (2005)
* *Coolstop* (2004)
* *Weirdstop* (2003)
* *The Wishing Cupboard* (1997)

**Film**

* 100 Views Kathmandu *Mitraata Foundation: Film maker Tesring Rhita Sherpa Nepal (2020)*
* Film Libby Hathorn's Poets of Australia -Henry Lawson: Dorothea Mackellar: CJ Dennis. State Library, NSW (2017) Film maker
* *The Echo of Thunder* (1998)
* *Looking Out for Sampson* (ABC 1990 archives) short movie

**Theatre and Opera**

* Incredibilia (2024) Director Kim Carpenter; State Library NSW and Riverside Theatre, Parramatta
* *Way Home* Barking Gecko Theatre Company, WA
* *Songs with My Skateboard* (1996) comp. Stephen Lalor, NSW Performing Arts Unit
* *Grandma's Shoes* (2000) comp. Graeme Koehne, Opera Australia and Theatre of Image
* *Sky Sash So Blue* (2004, 2005) comp. Phillip Ratliffe, Alabama USA
* *Tram to Bondi Beach* (2006) Randwick Town Hall, Sydney
* *Georgiana: Woman of Flowers* (2009) Parade Theatre

**As Collator**

* *The ABC Book of Australian Poetry* (2010)


abstract: South Korea participated at the 2015 Summer Universiade in Gwangju, South Korea.

text:
# South Korea at the 2015 Summer Universiade

**South Korea** participated at the 2015 Summer Universiade in Gwangju, South Korea.

## Medal summary

### Medal by sports

| Medals by sport | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport |  |  |  | Total |
| Archery | 8 | 4 | 2 | **14** |
| Badminton | 6 | 1 | 2 | **9** |
| Baseball | 0 | 0 | 1 | **1** |
| Gymnastics | 3 | 3 | 1 | **7** |
| Diving | 0 | 6 | 3 | **9** |
| Fencing | 2 | 2 | 4 | **8** |
| Football | 0 | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| Golf | 2 | 0 | 1 | **3** |
| Handball | 0 | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| Judo | 8 | 5 | 2 | **15** |
| Shooting | 6 | 3 | 4 | **13** |
| Swimming | 0 | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| Table tennis | 1 | 0 | 5 | **6** |
| Taekwondo | 8 | 4 | 3 | **15** |
| Tennis | 3 | 1 | 1 | **5** |
| Total | 47 | 32 | 29 | 108 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| South Korea at the
2015 Summer Universiade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | KOR |
| NOC | Korean Olympic Committee |
| Website | http://www.sports.or.kr/ |
| in Gwangju, South Korea
3 – 14 July 2015 | |
| Competitors | 379 in 20 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 1st | Gold 47 Silver 32 Bronze 29 Total 108 |
| Summer Universiade appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Finn Graff

abstract: Finn Graff is a Norwegian illustrator. He was born in Wangerooge, Germany as a son of aviator Heinz Friedrich Wöhlecke (1909–1944) and translator Margit-Ruth Graff (1914–2000). He was an older brother of Jens Graff. He moved to Norway in 1946, but had lost his father to the war, and lived at the orphanage Christiania Opfostringshus from 1949 to 1954. He did however take higher education, at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry from 1959 to 1963. In 1960, he was hired as an illustrator and political cartoonist in the newspaper Morgenposten. From 1963 to 1988 he worked in Arbeiderbladet and from 1988 in Dagbladet. He has also illustrated several book covers. He is represented in the National Gallery of Norway. He won the Editorial Cartoon of the Year award in 2000 and 2005. He was decorated as Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 2007.

text:
# Finn Graff

**Finn Graff** (born 25 December 1938) is a Norwegian illustrator.

He was born in Wangerooge, Germany as a son of aviator Heinz Friedrich Wöhlecke (1909–1944) and translator Margit-Ruth Graff (1914–2000). He was an older brother of Jens Graff. He moved to Norway in 1946, but had lost his father to the war, and lived at the orphanage Christiania Opfostringshus from 1949 to 1954. He did however take higher education, at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry from 1959 to 1963. In 1960, he was hired as an illustrator and political cartoonist in the newspaper *Morgenposten*. From 1963 to 1988 he worked in *Arbeiderbladet* and from 1988 in *Dagbladet*. He has also illustrated several book covers. He is represented in the National Gallery of Norway. He won the *Editorial Cartoon of the Year* award in 2000 and 2005. He was decorated as Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 2007.


title: Tmesisternus subaureus

abstract: Tmesisternus subaureus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1984.

text:
# Tmesisternus subaureus

***Tmesisternus subaureus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1984.

## InfoBox

| *Tmesisternus subaureus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Tmesisternus* |
| Species: | ***T. subaureus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tmesisternus subaureus***<br>Gressitt, 1984 | |
|


title: Doug Funderburk

abstract: Doug Funderburk is a Republican former member of the Missouri House of Representatives. He represented part of St. Charles County, in the 12th and 103rd districts, from 2007 to 2015.

text:
# Doug Funderburk

**Doug Funderburk** (born May 17, 1956) is a Republican former member of the Missouri House of Representatives. He represented part of St. Charles County, in the 12th and 103rd districts, from 2007 to 2015.

## Early life and career

Doug Funderburk was born 1956 in Cameroon and received a degree in Instrumentation and Process Controls Technology from Ranken Technical College. He has worked for Boeing since 1982 and has been a member of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local #1 for 25 years. He is an active leader in the Boy Scouts of America, has a wife, two children, and attends the Church of the Rock.

## Political career

Doug Funderburk was elected to the St. Charles County Council in 1996 and served on the council until 2006. He spent seven years in the leadership of that body, including four years as chairman. In 2006, Funderburk was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives. He was then reelected in both 2008 and 2010. He served on the board of the Missouri Association of Counties. As a state representative he was one of only 39 state legislators to sign a 'no new taxes' pledge.

### Committee assignments

* **Joint Legislative Committee on Court Automation**
* **Elementary and Secondary Education**
* **Utilities** (chairman)
* **Economic Development**
* **Special Standing Committee on Emerging Issues in Health Care**

## Electoral history

2012 General Election for Missouri's 103rd District House of Representatives
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Doug Funderburk | 15,754 | 99.5 |  |
|  | Write-In | Kyle Schlereth | 76 | 0.5 |  |

2010 General Election for Missouri's 12th District House of Representatives
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Doug Funderburk | 9,800 | 67.4 |  |
|  | Democratic | Richard Trueba | 4,744 | 32.6 |  |

2008 General Election for Missouri's 12th District House of Representatives
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Doug Funderburk | 12,838 | 60.2 |  |
|  | Democratic | Richard Lesh | 8,493 | 39.8 |  |

2006 General Election for Missouri's 12th District House of Representatives
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Doug Funderburk | 9,122 | 57.7 |  |
|  | Democratic | Sandra Lesh | 6,674 | 42.3 |  |

## InfoBox

| Doug Funderburk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the 103rd district | |
| **In office**
2013–2015 | |
| Preceded by | Self |
| Succeeded by | John Wiemann |
| Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the 12th district | |
| **In office**
2007–2013 | |
| Preceded by | Sherman Parker |
| Succeeded by | Self |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1956-05-17) May 17, 1956 |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Denise |
| Children | Brandon
Logan |
| Residence | St. Peters, Missouri |
| Alma mater | Ranken Technical College |
| Occupation | politician |
|  | |


title: Chopped and Scrooged

abstract: Chopped and Scrooged is a Christmas themed hip hop mixtape by musician Sufjan Stevens. The mixtape was released on December 11, 2012. The mixtape was released for free.

text:
# Chopped and Scrooged

***Chopped and Scrooged*** is a Christmas themed hip hop mixtape by musician Sufjan Stevens. The mixtape was released on December 11, 2012. The mixtape was released for free.

## Track listing

*Chopped and Scrooged* track listing
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Child with the Star on His Head" | Heems | 4:14 |
| 2. | "Dream Catcher" | The Pro Letarians | 4:43 |
| 3. | "Cool Like Jack" | Mr. Kinetik and Tony Styxx | 3:02 |
| 4. | "Black Christmas" | Charles (Book & Record) | 3:51 |
| 5. | "Ding-a-ling-a-ring-a-ling" | Busdriver | 4:02 |
| 6. | "Xmas In The Room" | Nicky da B | 4:02 |
| 7. | "Implants & Yankee Candles" | Kitty | 3:13 |
| 8. | "Blue Baktun" | Electric iLL | 3:46 |
| 9. | "Xmas Woes" | David "Moose" Adamson and Oreo Jones | 2:41 |
| Total length: | | | 33:34 |

## InfoBox

| Chopped and Scrooged | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mixtape by Sufjan Stevens | |
| Released | December 11, 2012 (2012-12-11) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 33:34 |
| Label | Asthmatic Kitty |
| Sufjan Stevens chronology | |
| *Silver & Gold*
(2012) ***Chopped and Scrooged***
(2012) *Carrie & Lowell*
(2015) | |


title: Simon Wain-Hobson

abstract: Simon Wain-Hobson is a British/French microbiologist, professor of molecular retrovirology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, director of the French National HPV Reference Laboratory, and board chairman of the Foundation for Vaccine Research in Washington, D.C.

text:
# Simon Wain-Hobson

**Simon Wain-Hobson** OBE (born 25 May 1953) is a British/French microbiologist, professor of molecular retrovirology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, director of the French National HPV Reference Laboratory, and board chairman of the Foundation for Vaccine Research in Washington, D.C.

## Career

Wain-Hobson obtained a PhD in biochemistry from the University of Oxford in 1977, served as a post-doctoral fellow at the Weizmann Institute of Science from 1977 to 1980, and thereafter moved to the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Wain-Hobson and his research group at the Pasteur Institute were the first to publish the sequence of HIV, which was also the first full sequence of a primate lentivirus. Wain-Hobson is holder of licensed patents on HIV genomes and diagnostics.

Wain-Hobson's most recent work involves the role of APOBEC3 in cancer and other human diseases. Wain-Hobson is a co-founder of Invectys Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of immunotherapy approaches to the treatment of cancer.

Wain-Hobson won the André Lwoff prize in 1996 and Athena prize from the French Academy of Sciences in 2007 and is Officier de la Légion d’Honneur.

Wain-Hobson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to virology.


title: 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines

abstract: 2nd Battalion 5th Marines is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps consisting of approximately 800 marines and sailors. They are based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and fall under the command of the 5th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division. The battalion has seen combat in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Gulf War and has deployed many times in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the War on Terror. 2/5 is the most highly decorated battalion in the Marine Corps, and their motto, "Retreat, Hell!", comes from the French trenches of World War I, when a Marine officer named Lloyd W. Williams was advised by a French officer to retreat and replied, "Retreat? Hell, we just got here!"

text:
# 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines

**2nd Battalion 5th Marines** (2/5 or "Two Five") is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps consisting of approximately 800 marines and sailors. They are based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and fall under the command of the 5th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division. The battalion has seen combat in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Gulf War and has deployed many times in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the War on Terror.

2/5 is the most highly decorated battalion in the Marine Corps, and their motto, "Retreat, Hell!", comes from the French trenches of World War I, when a Marine officer named Lloyd W. Williams was advised by a French officer to retreat and replied, "Retreat? Hell, we just got here!"

## Subordinate units

## History

### Early history

2d Battalion 5th Marines was formed on July 1, 1914, and immediately sailed to the Caribbean to quell political turmoil in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. In June 1917, as part of the United States' entry into World War I, the battalion sailed for France with the rest of the 5th Marine Regiment and the American Expeditionary Force. At the time the battalion was composed of four companies; the 18th, 43rd, 51st and 55th. They fought during the Battle of Belleau Wood, Soissons, and the Meuse-Argonne campaign and were twice awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm. To this day, members of the battalion wear the French Fourragère representing this award. Following the armistice of 1918, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines was assigned to occupation duties in Germany until their return to Quantico, Virginia, in August 1919.

### Interwar years

Beginning in 1920, the battalion began guarding US Mail trains throughout the United States. In 1927, the battalion was sent to Nicaragua to fight bandits and to supervise the 1928 Nicaraguan national elections.

### World War II

In 1941, the battalion joined the newly formed 1st Marine Division at New River, North Carolina, but later relocated to the west coast of the United States. During World War II the battalion fought in the Battle of Guadalcanal, Battle of Cape Gloucester, Battle of Peleliu, and the Battle of Okinawa. Following the Japanese surrender, the battalion was assigned to occupation duty in Northern China until 1947, at which time they returned to the United States.

### Korean War

Immediately following the 1950 North Korean invasion of South Korea, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines sailed from Camp Pendleton, California, to defend the Pusan Perimeter as a part of the famous "Fire Brigade". The battalion also participated in the landing at Inchon, the liberation of Seoul, the Chosin Reservoir Campaign, and the defense of the East, Central, and Western Fronts before the war was over. From July 1953 to February 1955, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines assisted in the defense of the Korean Demilitarized Zone, after which they again returned to Camp Pendleton.

### Vietnam War

In April 1966, the battalion deployed to the Republic of Vietnam and served there until 1971. During this time, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines participated in combat operations at Huế, Quế Sơn, Phu Bai, Đông Hà and Phú Lộc. Immediately after their return to Camp Pendleton in 1971, the battalion joined Operation New Arrivals, the relocation of Southeast Asian refugees to the United States.

### 1980s and 1990s

For the next fifteen years, the battalion deployed regularly as part of the Marine Corps' Unit Deployment Program. In December 1990, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines sailed for the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield / Desert Storm. They were staged in Saudi Arabia and participated in the liberation of Kuwait. During the return transit to the United States, the battalion was diverted to Bangladesh where it provided humanitarian relief as part of Operation Sea Angel.

In 1994, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines deployed as the ground combat element of the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit and participated in Operation Distant Runner, the Non-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) of Rwanda and Operation Restore Hope and Operation Quick Draw in Somalia. In 1999, the battalion began regular deployments to Okinawa for service as the Battalion Landing Team for the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit. The battalion also participated in several operations in East Timor.

### War on Terror

On February 2, 2003, 2/5 left MCB Camp Pendleton for Kuwait where they staged prior to the beginning of the war in Iraq. On March 20, 2003, at approximately 2:30 am local time 2/5, as an element of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, commenced operations in Iraq with the start of the Battle of Al Faw. For this operation they were attached with Royal Marines from the 3 Commando Brigade crossing into Iraq the first night of the invasion. The initial objective was to secure to Rumalia Oilfields. Upon completing the seizure of this objective, 2/5 attacked north and got as far as Samarra before the end of the initial combat phase of the Iraq War. They then conducted security and stabilization operations (SASO) in Samawah, Iraq. Relieved by the 1st bn of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps (who were soon augmented by Japanese forces acting in a strictly non-combat role), 2/5 returned to Camp Pendelton in August.

In September 2004 2/5 returned to Iraq where it was stationed in Ramadi, a hotbed of insurgent activity 30 miles (48 km) west of Fallujah and 60 miles (97 km) west of Baghdad. During this deployment 2/5 lost 15 Marines killed in action, 10 from Weapons Company. Elements from 2/5 began returning to Camp Pendleton on Easter, 2005.

From December 2005 to July 2006, 2/5 was deployed to Okinawa as part of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit. They participated in several humanitarian operations on Jolo Island and landslide recovery in Southern Leyte in the Philippines.

In March 2007, 2/5 was deployed to Iraq for the third time, stationed again in Ramadi. While deployed to Ramadi, Golf Company was unexpectedly tasked with operations in the city of Karmah.

In April 2008, 2/5 deployed as a Battalion Landing Team as part of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit. BLT 2/5 made stops in Singapore, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Jordan, and Australia.

In September 2009, 2/5 deployed as a Battalion Landing Team (BLT) as part of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU). BLT 2/5 relieved their sister battalion BLT 3rd battalion 5th Marines. The MEU deployed for its fall patrol in a small deck ARG configuration aboard the USS *Denver*, USS *Tortuga* and USS *Harpers Ferry*. The MEU had started its Certification Exercise (CERTEX) when it was redirected to the scene of several natural disasters in the Republic of the Philippines and Indonesia. With the relief effort complete, the MEU transitioned to PHIBLEX and conducted bilateral training with the Philippine Armed Forces. Additionally, the Japanese Self Defense Force (JSDF) and Co. G, BLT 2/5 conducted Exercise Forest Light 2010 at Sekiyama, Japan. The two nations conducted live fire ranges including mortars, Combat Marksmanship Program (CMP), machinegun ranges and helicopter-borne operations. 2/5 returned to Camp Pendleton in April 2010.

In January 2011, 2/5 was again designated as a Battalion Landing Team (BLT) as part of the 31st MEU. 2/5 relieved BLT 1/7. 2/5 conducted bilateral training with the Thai Marines, and Cambodian Self Defense Forces. Following a brief port visit in Malaysia a devastating earthquake and subsequent tsunami struck northern Japan in vicinity of the city of Sendai. 2/5 was immediately recalled and directed to support Operation Tomodachi, the American Humanitarian and Disaster relief (HADR) efforts following the natural disaster. Most notably Golf Co 2/5 conducted operations ashore on Oshima Island, a small island off of the western coast of Japan in the Miyagi Prefecture. They were tasked with facilitating the reopening of Uranohama Port, the main life line to the Japanese mainland. BLT 2/5 was relieved by BLT 2/7 and returned to Camp Pendleton in June 2011.

In February 2012, 2/5 deployed for the first time to Helmand province, Afghanistan, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. 2/5 was a part of Regimental Combat Team 6 (RCT-6) and served as the ground combat element of Regional Command Southwest. The Marines serving with the battalion worked in partnership with the Afghan National Security Forces, helping the Afghan army and police provide security services to the Afghan people and smothering insurgent activity. The battalion was assigned to cover Now Zad and Musa Qala districts in northern Helmand province, and all cities and villages that lied in between. During the deployment, the battalion executed a 17-day operation in a village that was a Taliban stronghold between Now Zad and Musa Qala, dubbed Operation Branding Iron. Tragically during the deployment, the battalion lost four Marines to combat action: Sgt. Wade Wilson, who was awarded the Silver Star, Cpl. Anthony Servin, Cpl. Alex Martinez, and Lance Cpl. Joshua Witsman. The battalion returned to Camp Pendleton in September 2012.

### National Geographic Channel Documentary

During **Operation Branding Iron**, camera crews from the National Geographic Channel were imbedded with 2/5, documenting the battalion's actions during that operation, which they conducted while other USMC units were in the process of withdrawing from the theater of operations. The film, entitled *Battleground Afghanistan*, is a 5 episode documentary that chronicled the role of Golf company, 2nd battalion, 5th Marines. The five episodes chronicle the company's actions preparing for and conducting Operation Branding Iron, the subsequent events, daily life in camp, their preparations to go home at the end of their deployment, and finally their return to the US. The documentary includes one-on-one on camera interviews with Golf company's commander, Capt. Ben Middendorf, as well as numerous other Marines in Golf company. (Capt. Middendorf was awarded that year's, 2012, prestigious LtCol William G. Leftwich, Jr. Trophy for Outstanding Leadership for his actions while deployed with Golf Co., 2d Battalion, Fifth Marine Regiment, in the Helmand province of Afghanistan. This award if given to the “best captain” in the Marine Corps to have participated in infantry combat. ) During their 17-day operation shown in the documentary, and during their last short mission right at the end of the documentary before they prepare to head home, Golf company did not lose a single Marine. As of 2014, the entire documentary is available for streaming on Netflix.

## Medal of Honor recipients

### World War II

### Korean War

### Vietnam War

* Captain James A. Graham, a member of Company F, 2/5, was killed in action in Vietnam during Operation Union II. For his heroic actions on June 2, 1967, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.
* On July 4, 1967, PFC Melvin E. Newlin single-handedly broke up and disorganized an entire enemy assault force. In the course of his actions, he was mortally wounded. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions.
* Staff Sergeant Allan J. Kellogg, platoon sergeant for Company G, 2/5, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on March 11, 1970, in Quang Nam province, Republic of Vietnam.

## Notable former members

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.

## InfoBox

| 2nd Battalion 5th Marines | |
| --- | --- |
| 2/5's insignia | |
| Active | July 1, 1914 – August 13, 1919
May 17, 1921 – January 5, 1929
February 14, 1929 – April 12, 1930
September 1, 1934 – present |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Type | Infantry battalion |
| Role | Conducts expeditionary, combined-arms, and mechanized operations in order to support theater engagement plans and contingency operations |
| Size | 1,200 |
| Part of | 5th Marine Regiment
1st Marine Division |
| Garrison/HQ | Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton |
| Nickname(s) | The Bloodline |
| Motto(s) | "Retreat, Hell" |
| Engagements | **World War I** **World War II**
**Korean War**
**Vietnam War**
**Nicaraguan Revolution**
**Operation Desert Storm**
**War on Terror** |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Lt.Col Clinton K. Hall |
| Notable
commanders | William J. Whaling
Harold E. Rosecrans
Gordon D. Gayle
Lewis W. Walt
Ernie Cheatham |


title: Christophiella

abstract: Christophiella is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Christophiella

***Christophiella*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Christophiella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Larentiinae |
| Genus: | ***Christophiella*** |
|


title: The Serpent Prince

abstract: The Serpent Prince or The Snake Prince is a Hungarian folk tale collected by Hungarian-American scholar Linda Dégh, featuring the marriage between a human maiden and a husband in serpent guise. The tale is related to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom or The Search for the Lost Husband: a human maiden marries an animal that is a prince in disguise, breaks a taboo and loses him, and she has to seek him out. The story shares motifs with other tales of the region, like Serbian Again, The Snake Bridegroom, and Romanian Trandafiru and The Enchanted Pig: the heroine must search for her husband under a curse not to bear their child until he touches her again. According to Hungarian scholars, the snake appears as the form of the enchanted husband in most of the Hungarian variants.

text:
# The Serpent Prince

**The Serpent Prince** or **The Snake Prince** (Hungarian: *Kégyókirályfi* or *Kígyókirályfi*) is a Hungarian folk tale collected by Hungarian-American scholar Linda Dégh, featuring the marriage between a human maiden and a husband in serpent guise.

The tale is related to the international cycle of the *Animal as Bridegroom* or *The Search for the Lost Husband*: a human maiden marries an animal that is a prince in disguise, breaks a taboo and loses him, and she has to seek him out. The story shares motifs with other tales of the region, like Serbian *Again, The Snake Bridegroom*, and Romanian *Trandafiru* and *The Enchanted Pig*: the heroine must search for her husband under a curse not to bear their child until he touches her again. According to Hungarian scholars, the snake appears as the form of the enchanted husband in most of the Hungarian variants.

## Sources

Dégh collected the tale in the 1950s from Hungarian teller Zsuzsanna Pálkó (Józscfné Palkó), from Kaskadi.

## Summary

Pálkó's narration begins thus: a king complains to his wife that she has not born him any child. The queen questions why God has not given her children, and asks for a snake son, so that they may finally have offspring. Just as she says it, a snake son appears. The king declares they must hide the animal from prying eyes, so that no one may know they have a snake son.

They hide the animal son in a room and he grows up there. Years later, when he has grown very large, he begins to whistle so loud it shakes the castle. His mother pays him a visit to question what is the reason for the whistling. He explains he has come of age and desires a mate, and suggests the princess of a neighbouring kingdom shall be the perfect candidate.

So his mother summons the princess and she comes to the castle to find out more about her prospective husband. The queen leads the princess into the prince's quarters. When she sees the giant snake, she screams and faints. The queen sprinkles some water on her, who comes to, and explains the prince *is* the snake, albeit a harmless one. The princess refuses to marry the snake prince and tries to escape the room, whose windows are barred with iron. The queen and the king lock her up with the snake prince and leave them be.

This situation goes for a week: the princess tries to think of a way out, but everywhere she looks the windows and the doors are barred. She does not even touch her food, choosing to wither away slowly than marrying the snake. Despite his bride's grievances, the snake prince tries to convince the girl he means no harm to her. He then begins to crawl into their bridal bed, to the princess's horror. For two nights, she tries to sneak away from him, somewhat successfully.

The third night, after a quick rest, she wakes up to a handsome man beside her. She wakes the man up and question his presence there: he tells her he *is* the snake, but wears a snakeskin at night "because he has too", since it is his "cloak". The princess feels more at ease and they live as husband and wife, she becoming pregnant some time later.

Despite the revelation, the prince does not show his parents his human form, which annoys the princess. She visits a sorceress nearby and tells her her situation. The sorceress advises her to take the snakeskin and burn it in the stove.

That night, when the snake prince is asleep, the princess wakes up, takes the snakeskin off of him. She creeps into the kitchen, lights up the stove and tosses the skin in. She returns to her chambers to an awakened prince, who asks her about the smell of burning. She lies that it is only some tufts of her hair burning, but he knows she is lying. The prince then explains that he was to wear the cloak for one more month, and curses her not to bear their children until he embraces her again; and that a ring on her finger shall stay there until he puts his finger on her. He then gives her a dry hazel-rod she must water with her tears until it bears fruit, and a grain of wheat she must plant and with the harvest bake a bread; then she can go after him. Then he vanishes.

The princess tells her parents-in-law that the snake prince has disappeared, and goes to water the dry hazel-rod and the grain of wheat. After a long time, she takes the rod and the bread and starts a journey. In a forest, she sees a light in the distance - an old woman (the mother of the Moon)'s house, where she takes shelter for the night. Her son comes home and is inquired about the whereabouts of the Serpent Prince. The old woman directs the princess to her aunt, and gives her a gold bobbin.

The situation repeats twice in the next two houses (of the Sun and of the Winds), and she gains a golden reel and a golden spool and ball of thread; only on the third house she finally learns where her husband is: the Hurricane Wind tells her he went to his castle and he can take her there.

The princess arrives at the castle and wanders about with the gold bobbin. A maidservant appears and guides the girl to the queen, who is interested in the golden item and wishes to buy it. The princess offers it in exchange for a night in the king's chambers. She enters the chambers and begs her husband to awake and see her. She fails and weeps bitterly until dawn, when the queen expels her from the room. The second night goes much the same.

On the third day, the king's valet tells him that a woman has come to his chambers and wept at his bedside, but he could not respond. The king surmises he was drugged with a sleeping potion, and asks his valet to pour any drink he receives out in the bath. The princess sells her the golden thread, hoping she can wake him up. She enters the room and begs her husband to wake up and touch her breast. He does and she gives birth to their children: two golden-haired boys.

The queen enters the room, intending to expel the woman, but the king orders the guards to seize her and lock her up in a cell. The king summons his advisers, who counsel him that a wedded woman is better that an unwed one. He stays with the princess and his two sons, and punishes the queen.

## Analysis

### Tale type

The tale is classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 425A, "The Animal (Monster) as Bridegroom". In this tale type, the princess burns the husband's animal skin and she must seek him out, even paying a visit to the Sun, the Moon and the Wind and gaining their help. In tale type ATU 425A, the heroine journeys far and wide to encounter her husband, and finds him at the mercy of a second spouse. The supernatural husband, now human, is put to sleep by the magic potion of the second spouse, so that the heroine has no chance of rescuing him.

Others of this type include The Black Bull of Norroway, The Brown Bear of Norway, The Daughter of the Skies, East of the Sun and West of the Moon, The Tale of the Hoodie, The Sprig of Rosemary, and White-Bear-King-Valemon.

Similarly, the Hungarian Folktale Catalogue (MNK) indexes it as type AaTh 425A, *Ámor és Psükhé* ("Amor and Psyche"): the heroine marries an animal husband that is human underneath the animal skin, burns the animal skin, and loses him; to get him back, she travels to the houses of the Mother of the Sun, the Mother of the Moon and the Mother of the Wind, and gains objects she uses to bribe the false bride for a night with her husband.

### Motifs

#### The heroine's helpers

According to Hans-Jörg Uther, the main feature of tale type ATU 425A is "bribing the false bride for three nights with the husband". In fact, when he developed his revision of Aarne-Thompson's system, Uther remarked that an "essential" trait of the tale type ATU 425A was the "wife's quest and gifts" and "nights bought".

In a study published posthumously, Romanian folklorist Petru Caraman noted that, in Romanian and in some South Slavic variants, instead of meeting the Sun, the Moon and the Wind on the way to her husband, the heroine finds incarnations of the days of the week, like Holy Wednesday and Holy Friday. They function the same as the elements and gift the heroine with golden objects. Also, according to Hungarian scholar Ágnes Kovács, the heroine's helpers are three old ladies: the mother of the Sun, the mother of the Moon and the Mother of the Wind in Hungarian variants, and Holy Friday, Holy Saturday and Holy Sunday in Romania.

#### The heroine's pregnancy

In Balkanic variants of the tale type, the supernatural husband curses his wife not to give birth to their child for a long period of time until she finds him again. In addition, according to Lithuanian professor Bronislava Kerbelyte, similar tales from Hungary, Romania and Moldova contain the motif of the supernatural husband wrapping iron hoops around the heroine's belly so she cannot give birth to their child until he lays a hand on her again.

In this regard, Hungarian scholar Ákos Dömötör, in the 1988 revised edition of the Hungarian Folktale Catalogue, separated this motif under a *second* typing indexed as AaTh 425L, *Abroncs a Testen* ("Rings on Body"): the husband places iron rings around the heroine's body so she is unable to give birth until he touches her again. Despite its own typing, Dömötör remarked that it is "identical" to type AaTh 425A (see above).

### Interpretations

Linda Dégh also saw a sexual component in the character of the snake bridegroom in the Hungarian variants. In the same vein, researcher Donald Ward observed an erotic element "in almost every variant" of the tale type: the defloration of a virgin by a phallic-shaped monster.

Dégh also remarked that these tales refer to a patriarchal peasant order: the preference for a male firstborn; the arranged marriage for women; the double marriage of the male character.

## Variants

According to Hungarian scholarship, ethnographer Janos Berze Nágy dubbed type AaTh 425A in Hungary as *Kígyóvőlegény* ("The Serpent Bridegroom"), due to the serpent appearing in 12 of 26 variants available in his lifetime. Similarly, according to Hungarian folklorist Ágnes Kovács, most of the Hungarian variants about an animal bridegroom involve the serpent prince (tale type AaTh 425A).

Dégh stated that she analysed some 40 Hungarian variants of type ATU 425A and concluded that the "Hungarian ethnic redaction" of the type "always" featured the snake as the supernatural husband. In a later study, Dégh claimed that the Hungarian ethnic redaction was "remarkably consistent": the snake is the animal bridegroom "in all cases", barring a few variants wherein the supernatural bridegroom is a pig or a dog.

Dégh located the first recorded variant in Hungary in 1822.

### Tales with snake husband

#### The Snakeprince (Gaal)

In a Hungarian tale published by author Gyorgy Gaal with the title *Der Schlangenprinz* ("The Snakeprince"), a childless royal couple wish to have a son. One day, the queen sights a snake youngling and utters aloud she wishes to have a son, even if he is a snake. Thus, one snake is born to them. A sorcerer divines that the snake prince can remove his skin after his marriage, and every night after, but he must be careful not to lose it. Some time later, a princess is sent to marry the snake. He becomes a human at night, and the princess takes his snakeskin to burn it. For this betrayal, the snake prince curses his wife not to give birth to their child until he meets him again and ask for his forgiveness, the same moment the metal shoes will fall off her feet. The snake prince departs to an island and meets the local queen, who marries him. Back to the princess, she takes a long journey, passing by the houses of the Moon, the Sun and the Wind. At the house of the Moon, the mother of the Moon gives her a golden spindle; at the house of the Sun, the mother of the Sun gives her a golden "motollát", and lastly the mother of the Wind, at his house, gives the princess a golden hen with chicks. The Wind knows about her husband's location and takes her there. After the arrives on the island, the princess takes out the golden objects to draw the attention of the local queen, and trades the items for a night in the snake prince's chambers, each item for each night. For the first two nights, the princess cannot wake her husband. On the morning of the third day, a loyal servant warns the prince a girl goes to his room at night and cries over him, so he avoids drinking the wine that is offered him the third night. On the third night, the princess begs for the snake prince to touch her belly, he wakes up and touches her, allowing her to give birth to their child.

#### The Serpent-Prince (Gaal)

In a tale published by György Gaal with the title *A kigyó-királyfi* ("The Serpent-Prince"), a childless royal couple longs to have a child of their own. One day, an old woman brings a bouquet of flowers that the queen smells. She becomes pregnant and gives birth to a snake. They decide to keep it alive instead of killing it. Years later, the snake whistles from a tree. The king wonders why, but the old woman explains the snake wants to be married. The royal couple finds him a princess that he soon kills. They find later him a poor peasant girl from that town whom he marries and treats kindly. The girl notices her husband takes off the snakeskin at night and becomes a handsome prince. The queen mother learns of this through her daughter-in-law, steals the snakeskin and burns it in the oven. The snake prince wakes up, realizes the situation and curses his wife not to give birth until he puts his hand on her. He vanishes to the Fairy Realm and marries the Fairy Queen. Meanwhile, his human wife decides to go after him. She passes by the King of the Winds, the Castle of Moon and the Castle of the Day, and gains a golden spindle, a golden spinning wheel and a third golden instrument. She reaches the palace of the Fairy Queen and trades the golden objects for three nights with her husband. The human wife begs for her husband to let her give birth to their golden-haired child.

#### The Snakeskin

In Hungarian variant *A kigyóbör* (*Die Schlangenhaut* or "The Snakeskin"), collected by László Merényi and translated by Elisabeth Rona-Sklárek, a poor woman prays to God for a son, even if it is a half-man, half-snake child. Thus she bears a son as she described. Eighteen years pass, the snake son grows and talks to his mother that he want to marry the local king's daughter, she who is famed for her beauty. His mother goes to the king to tell him of her son's proposal, and the king wants as a wedding gift a basket of gem-made flowers and golden apples. The poor mother returns to her poor hut and tells her son about it. The son asks his mother to wait outside, takes off his snakeskin and shakes it seven times: magical servants appear to get the requested items. The mother delivers the basket to the princess and her father asks for a golden bridge to be built overnight between both their houses - which is also accomplished. That night, the princess dreams of a handsome man on her bed, and, when she wakes up, she finds a strand of golden hair and a golden scale on her bed. The king consents to their marriage, but they have to wait three days. The snake son uses this time to summon his magical servants to prepare the couple's castle, a wedding retinue for his bride, a magnificent bride's dress and a splendid carriage. After they marry, the snake husband takes off his skin, becomes a man and tells his human bride his secret: he truly is a human man underneath the snakeskin. Some time later, the princess is pregnant and tells her mother his secret, and the queen convinces her to burn the snakeskin. She follows through with the instructions and tosses the snakeskin into the oven. As the snakeskin burns, the magical servants also burn with it, and sing a lament before disappearing. The snake husband notices the loss of the snakeskin and curses his wife not to give birth until he embraces her again. In return, she curses him that three drops of her spilled blood, staining his white shirt, will not be washed save by her own hands. The husbands then vanishes in a puff of smoke. Seven years, seven monts, seven days pass, and the princess goes on a quest for her husband: she passes by the houses of the Mother of the Moon, the Mother of the Sun, the Mother of the Wind, and gains two goldfishes, a golden cup and two golden spindles, and lastly a golden yarn. The princess takes a ride on the back of the Wind and goes to the palace of the false bride. The princess washes her husband's bloodied shirt in the lake. Her husband puts his hand on her breast and she gives birth to their children: a pair of golden-haired twins, a boy and a girl, one with the sun, the other with a star on the front.

#### A small snake from the mud

Hungarian linguist Antal Hoger collected the tale *A sárig kicsi kígyó* ("A small snake from the mud"), a poor couple does not have any children. One morning, the wife tells her husband about a dream she had: in her dream, an old man says they have to stand outside the house and get the first animal that passes by them as their son. The man stays outside and takes a small snake as their son. One day, the snake tells their parents he wants a bride, and says he wants the king's daughter as his wife. The snake's father goes to the king and make a bid for his daughter. The king agrees, but orders three tasks before he allows the marriage: first, he wants three golden apples from the garden of Tündér Ilona (Fairy Ilona); next, to build a palace in place of their poor hut; and finally to connect both palaces with a golden bridge and a golden chain, with golden birds singing alongside it. The snake fulfills all tasks and weds the princess, who cries over her marriage with the snake. However, on the wedding night, the snake slithers to the princess's room and takes off the snakeskin, becoming a man. He explains his father cursed him to wear a snakeskin for seven years, seven months and seven days, and that the secret must stay between them. The next morning, the princess tells her mother that her snake husband is a man. The queen orders an old maidservant to hide in the couple's room at night and steal the snakeskin. The maidservant obeys the queen's orders. The prince awakens the next day and sees that the snakeskin is nowhere to be seen. He tells his wife they need to separate, ties a golden ring around her belly, and tells her to go to his kingdom, stand outside his window and shout at him for seven days and seven nights - the remaining time of his curse. The princess follows him to his father's kingdom, stays under his window and shouts for him to come take off the golden ring around her belly. The curse is lifted and the princess and prince live happily.

#### Snake Johnny

In a Hungarian tale collected by Hungarian historian Arnold Ipolyi with the title *Kígyó Jancsi* (*Snake Johnny*), a rich couple in a village is childless, and the woman makes a wish to have a son, even if he is a creeping snake. Thus, a snake is born to them. When he is fifteen years old, he climbs a tree and begins to whistle. His mother asks the reason for this, and he replies he wants to get marries, and chooses a neighbouring girl named Örzsikét. They marry and, during the wedding feast, the snake places his head on her lap, but the girl kicks him away. In retaliation, he bites her to death on the wedding night. Next, he marries Julis, the daughter of a judge. She also rebuffs him during the wedding feast and dies for her actions. The third time, the snake son asks his parents to find him the most beautiful girl in the village. They bring him a girl named Mariska, who treats him with kindness and allows him to place his head on her lap. After seven months, the snake's mother asks Mariska how she can live with a snake for a husband, but Mariska tells her that he is human underneath the snakeskin, although he wears it again in the morning. Thus, his mother suggests she steals the snakeskin and give it to her, so his mother can burn it in an oven. Their plan is carried out in the same night. The next morning, the now human snake son tries to find his snakeskin, and admonishes his wife for doing it; he pricks his hand on a pin, so that three drops of blood fall on his shirt, then embraces Mariska and places three iron rings around her body, cursing that she will only be released after he kisses her again, then vanishes. Mariska then begins a quest for him: she passes by the house of the Sun and his mother (where she gains a golden distaff) and the house of the Moon and his mother (where she gains a golden spindle and a golden rod). Lastly, she reaches the house of the mother of the Wind, and learns her husband is to be married to another princess. Mariska finally reaches the princess's castle and offers her services as a maidservant. One day, she takes out the golden objects and bribes the princess for three nights with her husband. Anticipating Mariska's plans, the princess gives a sleeping draught to Jancsi, who cannot be stirred awake. The next day, the servants are trying to wash the bloodied shirt, which Mariska offers to do. She washes the shirt and the princess shows the results to Jancsi, who wishes to see this girl. However, the princess gives him another potion for the second night. The third night, he avoids drinking the potion and talks to Mariska, his true wife, whom he embraces and marries again. As for the princess, she gains the golden spinning instruments, and the tale ends.

#### *Kígyóraj vitéz*

In a Hungarian tale collected by Gyula Istvanffy from a Palóc source with the title *Kígyóraj vitéz*, a king suffers for not having a son. One day, he and the queen stroll through the palace gardens and hear something rustling under a bush. The queen prays to God to grant them a son just like the species of anything that comes out of the bush. Suddenly, a snake slithers off from under the bush. The monarchs adopt the little snake as their son and raise him. After eighteen years, the snake, called Kígyóraj vitéz, asks his father to find him a bride. The king searches high and low for a suitable bride for the snake son, but no family agrees to a possible marriage. The snake son then tells the queen about a widow with seven daughters, and asks his mother to court one of them on his behalf. The queen meets with the widow and asks the girls which each would do if they found him in an angry state: the elder six say they would shoo him away, but the youngest say she would caress and hold him until his anger subsided. For her words, the girl is taken to be married to the snake son. Some time later, the queen asks her daughter-in-law about the snake son, and the girl reveals he takes off the snakeskin at night to become a handsome youth. The queen orders a servant to heat up the oven and to burn her son's snakeskin. It happens thus, but Kígyóraj vitéz senses the burning smell and wakes up. He then admonishes his wife for betraying him, and curses her not to bear their children until he places his arm around her again, then vanishes. The girl goes after him, and starts a long journey: after three days and three nights, she passes by the house of the Moon and his mother, but they have not seen Kígyóraj vitéz. Despite having no answers, the mother of the Moon gifts her a golden chair and a golden distaff. The girl then passes by the house of the Sun and his mother, who, despite not knowing the location of Kígyóraj vitéz, gives the girl a golden spindle. Lastly, she reaches the house of the Wind and his mother. The Wind knows Kígyóraj vitéz's location, in a castle across the sea, and promises to take her there. The mother of the wind gives her a golden "motollát" (Spinner's weasel), and the Wind carries her off over the sea. The pair flies for seven days, when they stop to rest, and the Wind advises her to break some branches of a tree, so she can throw them in the sea and create islands for the Wind to rest on. After a long journey, the girl goes to the marketplace, sits on the golden chair and draws out the golden objects. A servant of the local queen sights the golden objects and wishes to buy them for his mistress. The girl trades the golden objects for three nights with Kígyóraj vitéz, one item for each night. For the first two nights, she cannot wake her husband up, for the queen has put some sleeping powder on his drink. After two nights, the man notices his shirt is soaked with tears, and his servant named Jancsi alerts him about a strange visitor in his chambers. The last night, he avoids drinking the wine, and waits for the newcomer. The girl comes into the room and begs for him to wake up and touch her belly. Kígyóraj vitéz wakes up and touches her, allowing her to give birth to their children, a pair of male twins. The queen enters his room and finds Kígyóraj vitéz embracing his wife and sons, and explodes in anger.

#### The Prince in Snakeskin

In a Hungarian tale collected from a source in the Úz valley with the title *Kígyóhéjú királyfi* ("The Prince in Snakeskin"), a couple have no son, and suffer for this. One day, the woman goes to the forest, points to a coiled snake and wishes aloud that she could have a son, even it is a coiled snake, for the creature will be hers. Thus, a snake is born to her. As the years pass, the snake grows larger, until, one day, asks his mother to find a bride for him. The woman travels to a village beyond some mountains and meets a man with his three daughters. The woman takes the elder girl to the snake, and tells her she is marrying a snake. The bride-to-be expresses her horror. Thus, on the wedding night, the snake kills the elder sister. The same fate befalls the middle sister, who expressed her horror and disgust at marrying the animal. The youngest daughter, however, resigns to her fate as a snake's bride, and survives the night. Some time later, the snake's mother asks the girl about the snake son, and the girl reveals he takes off the snakeskin at night to become a handsome youth. The snake's mother wishes to see her son's true form, and tells her daughter-in-law to feign illness and ask to be covered with the snakeskin to regain her health, all the while keeping some hidden embers to burn the disguise. It happens thus, and the girl tricks her husband, then gives the snakeskin for his mother to burn. The now human snake son simply goes to he woods to fetch a dry hazel branch, buys ten golden wedding rings and goes back home, then places the rings on his wife's fingers, some hoops aorund her belly and a pair of shoes on her feet. He then curses her not to give birth to their child until he touches her again, the metal apparel falls from her body, but she will only be able to look for him until she eats bread made from a single wheat grain and eats a fruit from the dried hazel branch, and vanishes. The plants the grain of wheat, harvests it the next year and prepares the bread, all the while cyring over the dried branch for it to yield fruit. He starts a long journey, until she reaches the house of an old woman, who takes her in. The pregnant girl works for the old woman and gains a golden spindle, a golden thread and a golden lock reel. The girl also learns her husband is married to another woman and finds him there. She dons beggar clothes and draws out the golden objects, wihch she trads for three nights with her husband, each itme for each night. However, the snake son's second wife gives him some sleeping wine to drug him, and the girl fails to wake him, whom she calls "Snakeskin King Peter" ("Kígyóhéjú Király Péter", in the original) on the first two nights. On the morning of the third day, a servant of Peter's tells him about the events of the previous nights, and he agrees to avoid drinking the wine. His servant brings some wine for him, but lets the bottle fall to the ground. Peter's true wife trades the last golden object and goes to his room, begging him to wake up and detach the apparel from her body. He wakes up and touches her, which releases her from the rings and allows her to give birth to their son. The second wife comes in the room to scold the girl, but Peter defends her, saying she is his true wife.

#### The Snake Child

In a tale from Szék, Romania, collected by Olga Nagy and József Faragó with the title *A kígyófiú* ("The Snake Child"), an old man finds a snake and adopts it as his son. One day, the snake announces it wants to marry the princess. The old woman talks to he king, who agrees to their marriage, if the snake child fulfills some tasks: first, to build a palace overnight; second, to fill the king's castle with silver. After fulfilling the tasks, the snake marries the princess, and reveals to her his true identity: the son of the Green King. She betrays his secret and he disappears, so she begins a quest for him. The princess passes by the Sun, the Moon and the King of the Birds, and gains a gift from each. The King of the Birds also asks his subjects, the birds, for the location of the Green King's son (the princess's husband), and they do not know, save for a little woodpecker, who says it has just flown from there. The King of the Bird then orders the woodpecker to fly back and carry the princess there. The woodpecker refuses, since it was almost shot in his lands, so the King of the Birds turns the bird into a horse, and gives the princess a final piece of advice before she departs: once she arrives at her destination, she is to take out the gifts she received, and let fate do the rest. The princess follows his words, and reaches the location of the Green King, then sits on a hill by the palace.

#### Snake Prince (Székely)

In a tale titled *Kégyókirályfi* ("Snake Prince"), collected from a Székely informant named Fábián Ágostonné, a royal couple worries for not having a son. One day, the queen sees a small snake creeping near her in the garden and makes a wish to have a child, even if he is a snakeling. As if to answer the queen's prayers, the little snake coils around the queen's leg until it reaches her arm. The queen then rushes to the king and declares the little snake she found to be their son. They place him in a secret room, afraid of people finding out they adopted a snake as a prince, and he grows larger with time. One day, he begins to whistle, and the queen goes to check on the reason: he says he wants to get married. The queen asks whom he has in mind, and the snake prince says there is a beautiful princess in the neighbouring kingdom. The king sends a representative to court the neighbouring princess, who agrees to a marriage. The princess goes to the other kingdom to be introduced to her fiancée, and the royal couple lock her up in the room with the large snake. The princess screams at the sight and cries for help, but the snake does not harm her and gazes at her. After three days, the princess, exhausted, goes to sleep on the bed, when she sees a blinding light nearby: a handsome youth. The youth explains he is the snake, and the princess questions why he does not discard the snakeskin, but he answers he has to still wear it for some time. They spend the days like this: the prince remains a snake by day and removes the snake disguise at night, until one winter's day, when the queen, noticing the silence in the princess's face, talks to her. The princess tells her mother-in-law about the prince's snakeskin and asks how they can destroy it. The queen suggests the takes the snakeskin and bring it to her, so she could throw it in the oven. Their plan is carried out on that same night. Meanwhile, the snake prince, in human form, wakes up and, not finding his disguise, asks his wife where it is. The princess feigns ignorance, but the prince can sense the burning smell. He then laments that she could not wait for three weeks and three days, when his curse would have ended, but now he has to go to the land of the snakes ("kégyóországba"), to marry the daughter of their king, who cursed him in the first place for not marrying his daughter. However, the princess can find him again, after she sows wheat, harvest it and make bread with it. With this, he vanishes. The queen enters the room and finds her daughter-in-law in tears, who reveals the prince went missing and she will search for him. The princess plants the wheat and makes bread with with, then begins her quest through plains and valleys, until she reaches a dense forest, where the Moon lives with his old mother, and is given a golden distaff. Next, she travels to the house of the Sun and its old mother and gains a golden spindle. Lastly, she arrives at the house of the Wind and its mother, and the Wind agrees to carry her to her husband's location the next morning. Before she leaves, the Wind's mother gives her a "motollát" and the princess departs on the back of the Wind to the snake prince's location. They reach a palace, and the girl takes out the golden objects. From up the castle, a witch princess spots the shiny golden object and says she must have them. The first princess, the snake-prince's true wife, offers the golden objects for three nights with the now human snake prince, and the witch accepts, but douses his drink with a sleeping powder so that he falls asleep, since she wants to marry him. The princess cannot wake him up on the first two nights, due to the sleeping potion, and says she will only return for one more night, and no more. The next morning, a person invited to the prince's wedding tells him about a person that comes at night to the prince's bed and crying to him, but he does not seem to react. On the third and last night, the princess manages to wake the snake prince, who is glad to see her again, and they hatch a plan to escape the witches' castle: they will sit on a broom and utter a magical command to fly back to the snake prince's father's palace. It happens thus, and the couple return safely to their kingdom. Since it has been so long since his departure, the snake prince and his wife are welcomed with a grand party. Hungarian folklorist Ágnes Kovács suggested that the tale derived from the Székely tradition in Bukovina.

#### The Snake-Groom

In a Yugoslavian-Hungarian variant titled *A kígyó-vőlegény* ("The Snake-Groom"), a poor couple wishes for a son and a snake is born. Time passes, and the snake whistles for his mother. The woman talks to her son and he says he wishes to be married. He sets his eyes on some neighbouring girls. They invite the first girl: she enters the bedroom, sees the snake and screams; the snake coils around her neck and strangles her. The same thing happens to a second girl. When it is time for a third candidate, the girl caresses the snake and survives the ordeal. She discovers the snake is a handsome man at night and wears the snakeskin during the day. Her mother-in-law convinces the girl to burn the skin. She prepares the oven with some hot coals and throws the skin in the fire. The snake son wakes up and admonishes his wife, and curses her to not give birth and for her ring to stick to her finger until she has found him in a black castle in the north. He vanishes and she goes after him, passing by the house of three old women and gaining golden objects: the Sun and his mother (who gives her a golden spinning wheel), the Moon and his mother (who gives her a golden "viszálló" or spindle), and the Whirlwind ("forgószél", in the original) and his mother (who gives her a golden bobbin). Still in the third house, the old woman asks her son to help the girl reach the black castle up north in no time. At last she arrives at the castle of the fairy queen, where she sees launderesses trying to wash a bloodied shirt. The pregnant girl manages to do it when the other women failed, and a maidservant reports to the fairy queen about her presence. She is brought to the monarch's court room and trades the golden objects for three nights with her husband. She sits by his bedside and begs him to wake up and touch her. He does on her third attempt and at last she gives birth to their child. The next day, the fairy princess and her court disappear from the castle. The tale was originally published by István Bano in magazine *Kalangya* with the title *A kígyó-vőlegény* ("The Snake Groom"), and sourced from Zenta.

#### Snake-Blowing Prince

In a Yugoslavian-Hungarian tale titled *Kígyófújta Szép Királyfi* ("Snake-Blowing Beautiful Prince") or *Kígyófújta Királyfi* ("Snake-Blowing Prince"), a man takes some food with him and leaves the bag open in the forest, when a little snake enters the bag. The man returns home and his wife finds the little snake in the bag, and her husband wishes aloud that they could have a little snake as a son. Thus, his wife gives birth to a little snake, which they place in a hole. The snake grows largers as the months pass, and, one day, begins to whistle to his parents. His father deduces he wants to get married, but his mother questions who would want to marry a snake. Still, they find a man with two daughters that may provide their son's potential bride. The woman goes to talk to the man and asks for the eldest daughter as a bride for the snake son, whom the story calls Kígyófújta Szép János ("Snake-Blowing Beautiful Janos"). The man sends his elder daughter as the couple's son's bride, unaware he is a snake. When the girl meets the snake, she shoos him away in disgust. For this, the snake son coils and strangles her. The couple bury the first girl and send for her younger sister. The snake bids the girl to kiss him as her bridegroom, and the second girl embraces him. She survives, and he takes off his snakeskin at night, showing himself to be a handsome youth, then folds the animal disguise and places it under a pillow. His mother asks the girl about the snake son, and she tells her about his secret transformation and the snakeskin. János's mother creeps in the room, steals the snakeskin from under the pillow and burns it in an oven. The next morning, János wakes up and aks his wife about the snakeskin, but the girl feigns ignorance about it. He tells her he needed the serpentine disguise, for he could not stand to be in the country, then puts on a white shirt and begins to depart. His wife goes after him, cuts her finger and lets three drops of blood fall on his shirt, cursing it that no one but her can remove the stains, and János, in turn, curses her not to give birth until he places his hand on her again. With this, he departs. Left behind, the girl cries for her fate and for her loss, then decides to go after him. After a long journey, she reaches the house of an iron-nosed old woman, who takes her in. The old woman's son, the Whirlwind, comes in next and is asked if he saw János anywhere. The Whirlwind says he saw János on an island, where he rules with another wife. His mother orders her son to take the human girl there, and gives her a golden jug, which she is to place on a spread carpet and sell it for a night with her husband János. The Whirlwind takes the girl to the island, where she finds some launderesses trying to wash a bloodstain from a white shirt. The girl asks to try her hand at washing the piece of clothing, and removes the stain, to the other laundresses' surprise. The girl then takes out the golden jar to draw othe attention of János's second wife. The ploy works, and the girl trades the golden jug for a night in János's room. His second wife gives him a soporific drink, but he avoids drinking it, then pretends to be asleep. The girl enters his room and begs Janos, whom she calls "Kényófújta Szép János", to touch her belly. After three times, the man wakes up and touches her, allowing their child to be born, a seven-year-old golden-haired boy. After reuniting with his first wife, János falls into a dilemma: he has now two wives, so he summons nobles, barons, prince and some gypsies to give him an answer. The noblemen say János should remain with the second wife, but the gypsies suggest he stays with the first one, making an analogy between having and losing an utensil, buying a second one, then finding the first one. Thus, János remains with his first wife.

### Tales about dog husband

#### The Lazy Girl

In a tale collected from teller János Puji, in Marosszentkirály (Sâncraiu de Mureș) by ethnographer Olga Nagy (hu), titled *A rest léany* ("The Lazy Girl"), an old woman has a daughter that is so very lazy. One day, fed up with the girl's behaviour, curses that a dog shall take the girl for wife. The same night, a dog knocks on the woman's door and comes to collect the girl as his wife. The woman gives her daughter to the dog and they leave for the dog's castle. When night comes, the dog takes off the dogskin and becomes human, and wears the dogskin by day. Time passes, the girl asks the dog to visit her mother. The dog agrees, but warns him to say nothing to her mother. The girl is taken to her mother's house and tells that her husband becomes a man at night by taking off the dogskin. The woman, then, advises the girl to place some hot coals by the bed, so that her husband kicks off the dogskin and it falls on the coals. The girl goes home and follows her instructions; the dogskin begins to burn and the husband wakes up. He complains that he only had to wear the skin for another 9 days, and curses his wife not to give birth until he embraces her again. The girl returns to her mother's house and explains the situation. She commissions a pair of iron rings from a blacksmith and begins her quest. She reaches the house of the Holy Friday and takes shelter with her. Holy Friday is sorry she cannot help the girl, but gives her a golden spindle and directs her to the house of Holy Saturday. The girl next passes by the house of Holy Saturday, who also cannot help her but give her a golden bundle and directs her to the house of Holy Sunday. At last, Holy Sunday can provide further help: she gives the girl a chicken with 12 golden chicks, and tells her to go to the castle just before the end of the world; use the golden gifts to draw the attention of the empress. Following her advice, the girl takes out each of the golden gifts; the empress sends her maidservant to ask the strange girl the price for the gifts: one night with the emperor in his chambers. The girl spends two nights, but is not able to wake him, only on the third night. The girl's husband wakes and places her hand on his wife; she gives birth to twins, a golden-haired boy and a golden-haired girl, each with a golden apple on hand.

#### The Greyhound Prince and his Wife

Antal Hoger collected the tale *Az agárbőrös királyfi és felesége* ("The Greyhound Prince and his Wife"), a woman has no sons and prays to God to have one, even if it is a hound. So, she gives birth to a puppy, which grows into a hound and demands from his mother a bride. The woman questions his son's decision, and the animal tells her he knows of a king with three daughters. The woman takes the elder princess to him, but she utters she will treat him like a dog, and the hound kills her. The same happens to the middle princess. When it is the youngest's turn, she says she will treat him like a king's son, and the hound takes her as his wife. Some time later, the woman asks her daughter-in-law about the hound son, and the princess tells him he is beautiful underneath, and both conspire to burn the dogskin. One night, the princess takes the dogskin and burns it. The hound prince smells the burning, but the princess dismisses it as just burnt food. The next day, the human hound prince bedecks his wife with ten golden rings on her fingers, a silver girdle around her belly, and a pair of silk footwear. He then curses her not to take off the jewels and not to give birth to their children (a pair of golden-haired twins) until she finds him again and he places his hand on her. He vanishes. She goes after him with an iron cane. She goes to the Mother of the Moon, who gives her a golden distaff. Next, she goes to the Mother of the Sun, who gives her a golden spindle. Lastly, she pays a visit to the Mother of the Wind, who gives her a golden *matollát* and directs her to a nearby village, where her husband is. The Wind also advises her to go to the village gates and draw out the golden objects to attract the attention of her husband's second spouse. The princess follows the Wind's advice and uses the golden gifts to bribe the second spouse for three nights with her husband. She fails twice, because the human greyhound is fast asleep, due to a sleeping draught given to him. On the third time, the prince pretends to be asleep so he can listen to the woman crying in his room, and wakes up. He touches his wife and she gives birth to their golden-haired twins.

### Tales about frog husband

#### The Cursed Maiden

In a tale collected from teller Matild Horváth with the title *Az elátkozott leány* ("The Cursed Maiden"), a girl goes to fetch water for her father and goes to a well, but she is stopped by an ugly frog that demands to sleep on her bed in exchange for allowing access to the water. She goes back home with the water and lets the frog sleep on her bed, but, to her surprise, the frog takes off its skin to become a handsome youth. The next evening, while they go to sleep, the neighbours take the frogskin and burn it. The morning after, as soon as the human frog wakes up and does not see the amphibian skin, he curses the girl not to give birth to any child for seven years, until he places three fingers on her and a golden circle around her. He also tells her to find him where the herbs sing and dance, then vanishes. After seven years of a long journey, she finds God, who gives her a golden key and a golden locket. The girl then arrives at the well of her husband, which the story names Király Dávid ("King David"), and asks for a bit of water, since she has not drunk anything in seven years. She then gives the cook the golden objects to allow access to her husband, King Dávid, so he can touch her. The cook, however, receives the golden objects, but gives a plate with sleeping potion to King Dávid and he is asleep when the girl tries to wake him up. On the third time, King Dávid does not eat the food the cook prepared and touches his wife's belly, so she can give birth to their child. The cook is then punished.

**Tales about serpent husbands**:


title: Stamford, Vermont

abstract: Stamford is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 861 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Stamford, Vermont

**Stamford** is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 861 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

Stamford is located near the southwestern corner of Vermont, on the Massachusetts state line. To the south of Stamford lie the towns of Clarksburg and Florida, Massachusetts. Stamford is also bordered by the Vermont towns of Pownal to the west, Readsboro to the east, and Woodford to the north. The village of Stamford is in the southern part of town, in the valley of the North Branch of the Hoosic River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 39.5 square miles (102.3 km2), of which 39.5 square miles (102.4 km2) is land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km2), or 0.29%, is water.

Two state-maintained routes share a concurrency through Stamford: Vermont Route 8 and Vermont Route 100. They are the only state highways through town, and the concurrency has its southern terminus at the Massachusetts state line.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1790 | 272 |  |  |
| 1800 | 383 |  | 40.8% |
| 1810 | 378 |  | −1.3% |
| 1820 | 490 |  | 29.6% |
| 1830 | 563 |  | 14.9% |
| 1840 | 662 |  | 17.6% |
| 1850 | 833 |  | 25.8% |
| 1860 | 759 |  | −8.9% |
| 1870 | 633 |  | −16.6% |
| 1880 | 726 |  | 14.7% |
| 1890 | 645 |  | −11.2% |
| 1900 | 677 |  | 5.0% |
| 1910 | 510 |  | −24.7% |
| 1920 | 374 |  | −26.7% |
| 1930 | 370 |  | −1.1% |
| 1940 | 418 |  | 13.0% |
| 1950 | 514 |  | 23.0% |
| 1960 | 600 |  | 16.7% |
| 1970 | 752 |  | 25.3% |
| 1980 | 773 |  | 2.8% |
| 1990 | 773 |  | 0.0% |
| 2000 | 813 |  | 5.2% |
| 2010 | 824 |  | 1.4% |
| 2020 | 861 |  | 4.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 813 people, 313 households, and 235 families residing in the town. The population density was 20.6 people per square mile (7.9/km2). There were 387 housing units at an average density of 9.8 per square mile (3.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.52% White, 0.25% Native American, 0.37% Asian, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.

There were 313 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $48,988, and the median income for a family was $49,345. Males had a median income of $39,196 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,575. About 2.4% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 11.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

Media related to Stamford, Vermont at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Stamford, Vermont | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Stamford, Vermont | |
| Stamford, VermontLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 42°46′12″N 73°4′48″W / 42.77000°N 73.08000°W / 42.77000; -73.08000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Vermont |
| County | Bennington |
| Area | |
| Total | 39.6 sq mi (102.6 km2) |
| Land | 39.5 sq mi (102.3 km2) |
| Water | 0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,804 ft (550 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 861 |
| Density | 22/sq mi (8.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 05352 |
| Area code | 802 |
| FIPS code | 50-69775 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1462215 |
| Website | stamfordvt.org |


title: Faust (comics)

abstract: Faust is the lead superhero character and title of a collective series of comic books by Tim Vigil (art) and playwright David Quinn (stories), released by American publishers Northstar Publishing, Avatar Press, and principally by Vigil and Quinn's own Rebel Studios. Alongside contemporaries Watchmen, The Crow, and The Dark Knight Returns, Faust was credited with popularizing the "deconstructed superheroes" genre and the notion that "comics aren't just for kids." One of the bestselling independent comics of the era, Faust issue 1 sold over 100,000 copies with later issues averaging 50,000 sales per issue, most of which sold through several printings and editions. The series features strong graphic violence and sexual situations. The main series is known as Faust: Love of The Damned and debuted in 1988, with new issues published irregularly, roughly once a year, or sometimes every two years. David Quinn completed a script in 1996. The gap between issues grew wider with time. Issue 13 was published in 2005. It then took seven years for the authors to deliver the two last issues, 14 and 15, which concluded the story 25 years after the first episode. In 2000, Lionsgate Films released the Brian Yuzna produced feature film adaptation Faust: Love of the Damned and in July 2021, it was announced Sony Pictures Television would adapt the comic as an animated series.

text:
# Faust (comics)

**Faust** is the lead superhero character and title of a collective series of comic books by Tim Vigil (art) and playwright David Quinn (stories), released by American publishers Northstar Publishing, Avatar Press, and principally by Vigil and Quinn's own **Rebel Studios**.

Alongside contemporaries *Watchmen*, *The Crow*, and *The Dark Knight Returns*, Faust was credited with popularizing the "deconstructed superheroes" genre and the notion that "comics aren't just for kids." One of the bestselling independent comics of the era, *Faust* issue 1 sold over 100,000 copies with later issues averaging 50,000 sales per issue, most of which sold through several printings and editions.

The series features strong graphic violence and sexual situations. The main series is known as *Faust: Love of The Damned* and debuted in 1988, with new issues published irregularly, roughly once a year, or sometimes every two years. David Quinn completed a script in 1996 (when writing the proposal to sell the film). The gap between issues grew wider with time. Issue 13 was published in 2005. It then took seven years for the authors to deliver the two last issues, 14 and 15, which concluded the story 25 years after the first episode.

In 2000, Lionsgate Films released the Brian Yuzna produced feature film adaptation *Faust: Love of the Damned* and in July 2021, it was announced Sony Pictures Television would adapt the comic as an animated series.

## Plot

In New York City, Beef and Hapi, two hitmen who work for a mysterious Mephistophelian crime boss known as "M", kill a drug dealer and his girlfriend. This violence is detailed in the newspaper articles of Ron Balfour, a journalist who meets Doctor Jade DeCamp in a cafe. Jade has been fired from Bellevue Hospital and is furious over the accidental death of her patient and secret lover, John Jaspers. After Jade leaves the cafe, she and Balfour are assaulted by a gang of street punks. A horn-masked figure, Faust, then appears, laughing and singing while he slaughters the street punks with a pair of retractable forearm talons. Jade realizes in horror that Faust is John Jaspers.

Jaspers later wonders if he has spilled too much blood, or not enough. He, apparently hallucinating, sees demons everywhere. One night from his Brooklyn Heights mansion, M calls a radio station and requests to play the song "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" repeatedly, saying it should be dedicated "From M to the new kid in town", Faust. Later, it is shown that M played a role in Jaspers' Bellevue treatment. M's criminal colleagues want him to unleash his secret "Project Assassin", to eliminate Faust, unaware that Faust is M's prized killer. Jaspers then regains his lost memories of being an assassin for M, as well as the rebellion that led to his supposed "death".

## Publications

### Anthology appearances

* *Raw Media Mags* #1 (published by Rebel Studios in 1991; includes "2020: Giant Step", a then-futuristic Faust tale)
* *Threshold* #7 (published by Avatar Press in 1998; includes *Faust/777: The Wrath* prelude)
* *Threshold* #24 (published by Avatar Press c.2000; includes *Faust: Singha's Talons* prelude)

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Faust | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of *Faust* 1 (December 1988), art by Tim Vigil | |
| Character information | |
| First appearance | *Faust* #1 (1988) |
| Created by | David Quinn
Tim Vigil |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Johnny Faust
Jonathan "John" Jaspers
Johnny Jaspers |
| Species | Human |
| Abilities | * Peak human physical condition * Expert hand-to-hand combatant * Retractable forearm talons |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Northstar Publishing
Rebel Studios
Avatar Press |
| Schedule | Varied |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Title(s)**  *Faust: Love of the Damned*
*Faust/777: The Wrath*
*Faust: Book of M*
*Faust: Singha's Talons*
*Faust: Claire's Lust* | |
| Formats | Original material for the series has been published as a set of ongoing series. |
| Genre |  |
| Publication date | December 1988  2012 |
| Number of issues | 15 |
| Creative team | |
| Writer(s) | David Quinn |
| Artist(s) | Tim Vigil |
| Penciller(s) | Tim Vigil |
| Inker(s) | Tim Vigil |


title: Sinard

abstract: Sinard is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

text:
# Sinard

**Sinard** (French pronunciation: \[sinaʁ\]) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 294 |  |
| 1975 | 256 | −1.96% |
| 1982 | 281 | +1.34% |
| 1990 | 494 | +7.31% |
| 1999 | 579 | +1.78% |
| 2009 | 634 | +0.91% |
| 2014 | 646 | +0.38% |
| 2020 | 711 | +1.61% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Sinard | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Sinard in 1906 | |
| Location of Sinard | |
| SinardSinard | |
| Coordinates: 44°56′47″N 5°39′26″E / 44.9464°N 5.6572°E / 44.9464; 5.6572 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Isère |
| Arrondissement | Grenoble |
| Canton | Matheysine-Trièves |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Roux |
| Area**1** | 10 km2 (4 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 714 |
| Density | 71/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 38492 /38650 |
| Elevation | 485–1,005 m (1,591–3,297 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Bolberry

abstract: Bolberry is a hamlet on the south coast of Devon, England. The village is mentioned in Domesday Book in 1066 and 1086, which shows the land was of little value at the time. Along with Bolberry Down it falls within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Bolberry Farmhouse dates from the 16th century, while Bolberry House Farm was built in the mid 19th century.

text:
# Bolberry

**Bolberry** is a hamlet on the south coast of Devon, England.

The village is mentioned in Domesday Book in 1066 and 1086, which shows the land was of little value at the time.

Along with Bolberry Down it falls within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Bolberry Farmhouse dates from the 16th century, while Bolberry House Farm was built in the mid 19th century.

Media related to Bolberry at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Bolberry | |
| --- | --- |
| The road into Bolberry | |
| BolberryLocation within Devon | |
| OS grid reference | SX6939 |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
|