title: Sharaabi

abstract: Sharaabi is a 1984 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film produced and directed by Prakash Mehra. This was Mehra's sixth film with Amitabh Bachchan. Sharaabi stars Bachchan and Jaya Prada, with Pran, Om Prakash and Ranjeet. The music was composed by Bappi Lahiri. It became a super hit at the box office. The film, which was loosely inspired by the 1981 movie Arthur, was remade in Kannada in 1985 as Nee Thanda Kanike.

text:
# Sharaabi

***Sharaabi*** (transl.Drunkard) is a 1984 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film produced and directed by Prakash Mehra. This was Mehra's sixth film with Amitabh Bachchan.

Sharaabi stars Bachchan and Jaya Prada, with Pran, Om Prakash and Ranjeet. The music was composed by Bappi Lahiri. It became a super hit at the box office.

The film, which was loosely inspired by the 1981 movie *Arthur,* was remade in Kannada in 1985 as *Nee Thanda Kanike*.

## Plot

Vicky Kapoor is the only son of billionaire industrialist Ammarnath Kapoor who is growing his business and has no time for his son. Munshi Phoolchand friend of Amarnath is a care taker and in lieu of affection for Vicky. Being ignored by his dad regularly, Vicky is inclined towards becoming alcoholic since his childhood days.

Amarnath blames Munshi for Vicky becoming an alcoholic, but Munshi confronts Amarnath by saying that Vicky's mom died bestowing Vicky to him as Amarnath did not even care to visit his dying wife, and his ignorance has made Vicky an alcoholic. As Munshi is about to leave his job, Vicky swears him to stop. Vicky being nice and polite, he sees an orphan kid Anwar, whose mother died recently and kind of adopts him entrusting the school principal and Munshi to take care of his schooling and bringing him up. Now in adulthood. Anwar becomes a police inspector and is still unaware of his secret angel who has helped him to grow into a successful man. Vicky is now a famous alcoholic but very good at heart and helps random poor and ill children. He helps Abdul, a butcher, and provides medical aid for his kid.

He meets Meena, a professional dancer, a daughter of a poor blind man and falls in love with her. Her agent Natwar is greedy in gaining Vicky's money and harasses her and her blind father but doing petty theft of the gifts given by Vicky to her. When Amarnath tries to arrange Vicky's marriage he disagrees and Amarnath insults him by stating that poor girl won't marry him. Vicky insults his father in front of all his business and political contacts.

Vicky is framed for being with other girl by Natwar, which makes Amarnath angry and disowns Vicky from his property and money, on which he agrees and Munshi also tags along. Natwar also kidnaps Meena. Anwar realises that Vicky was his secret angel and invites Vicky and Munshi to stay at his home to which Vicky rejects at first but finally visits his home and sees Meena who was rescued by Anwar. Vicky entrusts Anwar that Meena should stay at Anwar's house till he is financially strong. They spend the night sleeping on the footpath. Next morning when Munshi leaves Vicky to find work so that he can earn money and feed both of them, but he gets involved in an accident and dies. Vicky quits alcohol and meets his father during a meeting and asks him to join him in last rights of Munshi Phoolchand, to which Amarnath denies and angry Vicky leaves by declaring him as an orphan as his rightful father Munshi is dead and his biological father is not concerned in anything apart from work.

One of Amarnath's business partners Govardhandas always wanted his daughter to marry Vicky but is always insulted by Vicky in the past, so Govardhandas meets Natwar and pays him money to separate Vicky and Meena.

Abdul, who was helped by Vicky earlier, finds that his son is missing. Natwar meets him and says that kidnappers have kidnapped his son and has demanded that Abdul kills Meena. Abdul shows the kidnappers the dead body of Meena and they return his son back to him.

Vicky hears the death of Meena and fights with Natwar, where he blames that Abdul was the one who has killed Meena upon Govardhandas' orders.

Meanwhile, Amarnath realizes his mistakes and starts missing Vicky. Desperate to see Vicky, Amarnath starts drinking and his business partner along with Govardhandas takes advantage by taking Amarnath's property under their name and planning to kill Amarnath.

Vicky learns about this and confronts Govardhandas and his henchmen to a fight. Vicky is shot by Natwar on his arm but is rescued by Anwar who then arrests Natwar and Govardhandas. Vicky is helped by all his poor people whom he has helped in the past and nabs the remaining goons. Abdul brings Meena to injured Vicky and Amarnath, stating that Vicky has helped his son in past so he would not kill Vicky's love. Amarnath accepts his mistakes and welcomes Meena in his family.

In the end, Vicky opens a housing complex for the poor and homeless and names it Munshi Phoolchand Nagar.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music of this album is composed by Bappi Lahiri who won the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. The song "Jahan Chaar Yaar" is inspired from Runa Laila's classic Bengali song "Bondhu Teen Din".

Kishore Kumar won his 7th Best Male Playback Singer. Kumar was only singer nominated for that year for four songs from this album: "De De Pyar De", "Inteha Ho Gayi Intezar Ki", "Log Kehte Hain" and won for the song "Manzilen Apni Jagah Hain".

### Track listing

| Song | Singer |
| --- | --- |
| "Jahan Chaar Yaar Mil Jaye, Wahi Raat Ho Gulzar" | Amitabh Bachchan, Kishore Kumar |
| "Manzilen Apni Jagah Hain" | Kishore Kumar |
| "De De Pyar De" (Male) | Kishore Kumar |
| "Mujhe Naulakha Manga De Re, O Saiyaan Deewane" | Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle |
| "Inteha Ho Gayi Intezar Ki, Aayi Na Kuch Khabar" | Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle |
| "De De Pyar De" (Female) | Asha Bhosle |
| "Log kehte Hain" | Kishore Kumar |

## Awards

32nd Filmfare Awards:

**Won**

**Nominated**

## InfoBox

| Sharaabi | |
| --- | --- |
| Movie poster | |
| Directed by | Prakash Mehra |
| Produced by | Satyendra Pal |
| Starring | Amitabh Bachchan
Jaya Prada
Pran
Om Prakash
Deepak Parashar |
| Cinematography | N. Satyen |
| Edited by | J. Adhikari |
| Music by | Bappi Lahiri |
| Distributed by | Prakash Mehra Productions |
| Release date | * 18 May 1984 (1984-05-18) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |
| Budget | 4.5 crore (equivalent to 70 crore or US$8.4 million in 2023) |
| Box office | 7.6 crore (equivalent to 119 crore or US$14 million in 2023) |


abstract: The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, colloquially known as the Xuanwumen church or Nantang to the locals, is a historic Catholic church located in the Beijing, China, Xicheng District, near the Beijing Financial Street. While the original foundation of the cathedral was in 1605, making it the oldest Catholic church in Beijing, the current building in Baroque style dates from 1904. The present Archbishop Joseph Li Shan, installed in September 2007, is one of the few Catholic bishops also recognised by the Catholic Patriotic Association. The church has been closed for repairs since 10 December 2018.

text:
# Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Beijing

| Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Beijing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 宣武門聖母無染原罪天主堂 |
| Simplified Chinese | 宣武门圣母无染原罪天主堂 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Xuānwǔmén Tiān Zhǔtáng  Wade–Giles Hsuanwumen T'ien Chutang | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 南堂 (The "South Church") |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Nántáng  Wade–Giles Nantang | |
|  | |

The **Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception** (Chinese: 圣母无染原罪堂), colloquially known as the **Xuanwumen church** (Chinese: 宣武门天主堂; pinyin: *Xuānwǔmén Tiānzhǔtáng*) or **Nantang** (Chinese: 南堂; lit. 'the South Church') to the locals, is a historic Catholic church located in the Beijing, China, Xicheng District, near the Beijing Financial Street. While the original foundation of the cathedral was in 1605, making it the oldest Catholic church in Beijing, the current building in Baroque style dates from 1904. The present Archbishop Joseph Li Shan, installed in September 2007, is one of the few Catholic bishops also recognised by the Catholic Patriotic Association.

The church has been closed for repairs since 10 December 2018.

## History

The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, as a foundation, dates back to 1605, in the 33rd year of the reign of the Wanli Emperor of the Ming dynasty. When the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrived in Beijing, the Wanli Emperor permitted him a residence slightly to the west of the site of the current cathedral, near Xuanwumen. Attached to this residence was a small chapel, in Chinese style, with only the presence of a cross atop the entrance to distinguish it as a church. This was at the time referred to as the Xuanwumen Chapel (宣武门礼拜堂).

In 1650, in the seventh year of the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, under the leadership of the German Jesuit Johann Adam Schall von Bell, work on a new church building was begun on the site of the Xuanwumen Chapel. Construction of was complete in two years, and the new church received the honour of a ceremonial gateway with the words 'Respect the Teachings of the Way of Heaven' (钦宗天道).

The Shunzhi Emperor was friendly to Schall and the church, visiting it no less than 24 times, bestowing upon it a stone stela with the words 'built by Imperial Order' (敕建) inscribed upon it.

In 1690, Beijing received its first Catholic bishop in three hundred years, the Franciscan Bernardin della Chiesa, and the church became a cathedral.

In 1703, in the 24th year of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the cathedral was enlarged and renovated, and after ten years, a European-style building was complete, the second European-style building in Beijing after the Canchikou Church. This was destroyed in 1720 by an earthquake in Beijing. A new cruciform structure was built in the baroque style, with a length of 86 metres and width of 45 metres. This was again severely damaged by an earthquake in 1730, in the eighth year of the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, who donated 1,000 taels of silver towards its repair. The repaired cathedral had larger and taller windows, resulting in a brighter and grander interior.

The cathedral was damaged by fire in 1775, the 40th year of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, who donated 10,000 taels of silver for restoration work, and also bestowed a calligraphed board in his own hand, inscribed with the characters '万有真原' on it, meaning 'The True Origin of All Things'.

In 1838, in the 14th year of the reign of the Daoguang Emperor, due to constant conflicts with the power and influence of the Catholic Church, for the sake of peace, the Qing government decreed a restriction of the activity of the Catholic Church in China. In this decree, the cathedral was confiscated by the government and remained such until the end of the Second Opium War, when the Catholic Church was again permitted to act freely. The cathedral was reopened in 1860 under the leadership of Bishop Joseph Martial Mouly.

When the Boxer Rebellion broke out in 1900, all the churches of Beijing were targets of vandalism, and on 14 June 1900, the cathedral was razed to the ground, together with most other churches of Beijing.

In 1904, the present structure, the fourth church on the site, was completed. The new construction included the coat of arms of Pope Pius X (the reigning pope at the time) on the upper middle front facade along with a symbol of the cross and a letter M at the top, representing Christ and the Virgin Mary, all of which are still visible.

On 21 December 1979, Bishop Michael Fu Tieshan was consecrated in the cathedral, the first major event in the life of the Catholic Church in China after the Cultural Revolution.

The cathedral is possibly the best known to foreigners in China, as English-language masses are celebrated there.

## Current masses

The cathedral is currently (April 2019) closed for renovation and the English Mass is being held at 14:00 (2 P.M.) in the North Church.

The Italian/Spanish mass is at 10:00 (10 A.M.) in an outbuilding of the South Cathedral.

There is a Chinese Mass at 08:30 (8:30 A.M.).

## Masses before the cathedral was closed for renovation

Masses are held in multiple languages. Weekday masses are held Monday to Saturday in Latin at 06:00, and then in Mandarin at 06:30 and 07:15. On Saturday, there is a vigil mass at 18:30 in Mandarin that is a "youth mass". On Sundays, there are mass in Latin at 06:00, and Mandarin at 07:00, 08:30, 16:00, and 18:00. There are masses in English with readings also in French at 10:30, and in Italian with Spanish readings at 12:30.

## InfoBox

| Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception | |
| --- | --- |
| The west façade | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Archdiocese of Beijing |
| Location | |
| Location | 141 Qianmen Xidajie, Xuanwumen, Beijing 100031, P.R.China. |
| Country | China |
| Shown within BeijingCathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Beijing (China) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 39°53′57″N 116°22′08″E / 39.899034°N 116.368902°E / 39.899034; 116.368902 |
| Architecture | |
| Completed | 1605 |


title: Castle Quay Shopping Centre

abstract: Castle Quay Shopping Centre is a shopping centre in the town of Banbury, North Oxfordshire, England. The shopping centre is located in the centre of Banbury by the Oxford Canal, off Castle Street. Banbury Museum and Tooley's Boatyard are also located here. Close by is Spiceball Park. The museum is accessible over a bridge and from the Castle Quay Shopping Centre. There are 5 entrances here; one at Bridge Street, two at Market Place, and two next to the Oxford Canal. Castle Quay Shopping Centre has over a hundred stores. Major shops include Boots and W H Smith. A stone plaque in the facade of the Corn Exchange in the Market Place commemorates the start, in 1974, of the Castle Centre, by Banbury Borough Council. In spring 2022, Castle Quay Waterfront was fully opened, consisting of Pizza Express, Nando's, a 7 screen branch of The Light Cinema, a bowling alley and an arcade, as well as a rock climbing facility named "Adventure Climb". Across the canal was also a modern Premier Inn hotel, and a new Lidl supermarket.

text:
# Castle Quay Shopping Centre

**Castle Quay Shopping Centre** is a shopping centre in the town of Banbury, North Oxfordshire, England.

The shopping centre is located in the centre of Banbury by the Oxford Canal, off Castle Street. Banbury Museum and Tooley's Boatyard are also located here. Close by is Spiceball Park. The museum is accessible over a bridge and from the Castle Quay Shopping Centre. There are 5 entrances here; one at Bridge Street, two at Market Place, and two next to the Oxford Canal.

Castle Quay Shopping Centre has over a hundred stores. Major shops (anchor stores) include Boots and W H Smith.

A stone plaque in the facade of the Corn Exchange in the Market Place commemorates the start, in 1974, of the Castle Centre, by Banbury Borough Council.

In spring 2022, Castle Quay Waterfront (previously named Castle Quay 2) was fully opened, consisting of Pizza Express, Nando's, a 7 screen branch of The Light Cinema, a bowling alley and an arcade, as well as a rock climbing facility named "Adventure Climb". Across the canal was also a modern Premier Inn hotel, and a new Lidl supermarket.

52°03′45″N 1°20′01″W / 52.0625°N 1.3337°W / 52.0625; -1.3337


title: Castle Quarter, Norwich

abstract: Castle Quarter, formerly known as Castle Mall and The Mall Norwich, is a shopping centre in Norwich, Norfolk, England. It opened on 23 September 1993. It is one of two shopping centres in Norwich city centre, the other being Chantry Place, a five-minute walk away.

text:
# Castle Quarter, Norwich

**Castle Quarter,** formerly known as **Castle Mall** and **The Mall Norwich**, is a shopping centre in Norwich, Norfolk, England. It opened on 23 September 1993. It is one of two shopping centres in Norwich city centre, the other being Chantry Place, a five-minute walk away.

## History

The plans for the centre go back to 1977 when Michael Inns, an architect, came up with a plan for a shopping centre in Norwich city centre. He originally planned it to be at Timber Hill, but this was rejected by the local council because of concerns that some listed buildings would be affected by it. So instead, he chose it would be located by the old cattle market by Norwich Castle. He came up with the idea that the centre would be underground and would be connected with Norwich Market and Castle Meadow. However, despite his plans, it would be thirteen years before construction began.

Because of the centre being built on historical sites, an archaeological dig was set up around the area between 1987 and 1991, and it was one of the biggest in northern Europe. Construction finally began in March 1990 and ended in 1993. The first phase would be the demolition of the former Castle Hotel, a five-star hotel that closed in 1989. Several months after the hotel was demolished, the tunnel was excavated below Castle Meadow to make the tunnel and most of the place.

The centre finally opened as Castle Mall on 23 September 1993 at a cost of £145 million. The centre included an Argos, Disney Store, Virgin Megastore, Boots (which still remains in the centre to this day) and a food court and various other shops. In 1999, an unoccupied area of the centre was redeveloped to a cinema (which is currently owned by Vue). The centre was sold to The Mall Fund in the 2000s and was renamed to The Mall Norwich.

It is considered that 2005 was the beginning of the downfall of the centre following the opening of the Chapelfield shopping centre. Several stores, including The Disney Store and H&M, moved to Chapelfield from The Mall. Things became worse as the 2008 Stock Market Crash and the Great Recession made more shops leave.

In 2012, the centre was sold yet again to InfraRed and was renamed back to Castle Mall. The centre got a new dining quarter in 2015, called the Timberhill Terrace.

In mid 2019, the centre was renamed to Castle Quarter.

## Features

Castle Quarter contains stores, Flying Tiger, Boots, Select, TK Maxx, Poundland and more. The centre also has a Vue cinema and a Super Bowl bowling alley, as well as a food court which featuring Burger King, Chopstix, Spudulike and Southern Fried Chicken. There is also the Timberhill Terrace which contains restaurants.

## InfoBox

Castle Quarter
|  | |
| --- | --- |


title: Caseolus calculus

abstract: Caseolus calculus is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.

text:
# Caseolus calculus

***Caseolus calculus*** (common name: Madeiran land snail) is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.

## Distribution and conservation status

This species lives in Europe. It is mentioned in annexes II and IV of Habitats Directive.

## InfoBox

| *Caseolus calculus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Geomitridae |
| Genus: | *Caseolus* |
| Species: | ***C. calculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Caseolus calculus***
Lowe, 1854 | |
|


title: Sharankumar Limbale

abstract: Sharankumar Limbale is a Marathi language author, poet and literary critic. He has penned more than 40 books. His best known work is his autobiography Akkarmashi published in 1984. Akkarmashi has been translated to several other Indian languages and English. The English translation has been published by the Oxford University Press with the title The Outcaste. His critical work Towards an Aesthetics of Dalit Literature (2004) is considered amongst the most important works on Dalit literature. It discusses how Dalit anubhava (experiences) should take precedence over anuman (speculation).

text:
# Sharankumar Limbale

**Sharankumar Limbale** (born June 1, 1956) is a Marathi language author, poet and literary critic. He has penned more than 40 books. His best known work is his autobiography *Akkarmashi* published in 1984. *Akkarmashi* has been translated to several other Indian languages and English. The English translation has been published by the Oxford University Press with the title *The Outcaste*.

His critical work *Towards an Aesthetics of Dalit Literature* (2004) is considered amongst the most important works on Dalit literature. It discusses how Dalit *anubhava* (experiences) should take precedence over *anuman* (speculation).

## Life

Sharankumar Limbale was born on 1 June 1956 at Hennur village of Solapur district, in Maharashtra. He completed his MA in Marathi Language from Shivaji University, Kolhapur. After completing his MA, he did his Ph.D. on "Marathi Dalit Literature and American Black Literature – A Comparative Study".

Limabale joined as an Assistant Editor in the Publications Department of Yashwantrao Chavan University of Maharashtra Open University, Nashik; later he retired as Professor and Director of this University.

## Awards and honours

## Bibliography

* **Akkarmashi** (English translation: The Outcaste), 1984 -- His autobiography which was published when he was 25 years old. It is a critically acclaimed work considered a landmark in Dalit literature.
* Udrek
* Uplya
* O
* Gavkusabaheril katha
* Jhund
* Dangal
* Dalit Aatmakatha - Ek Akalan
* Dalit Brahman
* Dalit Panther
* Dalit Premkavita (literally meaning "Dalit Love Poems")
* Dalit Brahman
* Dalit Sahitya Aani Soundarya (literally meaning "Dalit Literature and Beauty")
* Dalit Sahityache Soundaryashastra (literally meaning "The Aesthetics of Dalit Literature")
* Punha Akkarmashi
* **Pradnyasurya**-- Biography of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar

* Bahujan

## Notes and references

Interview with Jaydeep Sarangi, JSL, 2012/13 (Autumn), JNU, New Delhi.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-06-01) June 1, 1956 |
| Occupation | Writer, poet, literary critic |
| Language | Marathi |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Genre | Dalit literature |
| Notable works | *Akkarmashi (1984)* Towards an Aesthetics of Dalit Literature (2004) |
| Notable awards | Saraswati Samman |
| Spouse | Kusum |


title: Henri Aalto

abstract: Henri Aalto is a Finnish former professional footballer who last played as a defender for Finnish Veikkausliiga club Honka. He began his senior club career playing for Honka and made his league debut at age 19 in 2008. He helped Honka win two successive League Cup titles and the Finnish Cup.

text:
# Henri Aalto

**Henri Aalto** (born 20 April 1989) is a Finnish former professional footballer who last played as a defender for Finnish Veikkausliiga club Honka. He began his senior club career playing for Honka and made his league debut at age 19 in 2008. He helped Honka win two successive League Cup titles and the Finnish Cup.

## Club career

### Honka

Aalto was born in Espoo, Finland, raised in Honka's youth ranks, he made his first team debut on 27 April 2008, at the age of 19, in a match against MYPA. He represented Honka for eight seasons in 140 league matches in which he scored 8 goals.

### SJK

On 15 March 2015, it was announced that Aalto had signed a contract with SJK. Aalto made his league debut for the club on 19 April 2015, playing all ninety minutes of a 1–0 home victory over RoPS. He spent the 2015 and 2016 Veikkausliiga seasons with the club.

### VfB Oldenburg

In the winter of 2017 Aalto signed a contract with VfB Oldenburg, in the German Regionalliga. Aalto made his competitive debut for the club on 5 February 2017 in a 3–3 draw in the league with Lupo Martini. He scored his first league goal for the club exactly two weeks after he made his debut, with it coming in the 34th minute of a 2–1 league defeat to Weiche Flensburg. He would go on to make 32 league appearances for the club, scoring 1 goal.

### Return to Honka

In July 2018 it was announced that Aalto would return to Honka.

On 19 October 2023, it was announced that Aalton would retire after the end of the 2023 season. He won several honours during his time with the club.

## International career

Aalto has capped 14 matches for various Finland youth teams. He made his debut for the Finland U21 in a match against Estonia U21 on Esport Arena on 11 February 2009 when he replaced Jussi Heikkinen for the second period of the match.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 18 May 2019*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cups | | Europe | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Honka | 2008 | Veikkausliiga | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| | 2009 | Veikkausliiga | 13 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
| | 2010 | Veikkausliiga | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 1 |
| | 2011 | Veikkausliiga | 26 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 35 | 2 |
| | 2012 | Veikkausliiga | 30 | 4 | 11 | 0 |  | | 41 | 4 |
| | 2013 | Veikkausliiga | 25 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 32 | 2 |
| | 2014 | Veikkausliiga | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 36 | 0 |
| | Total | | 140 | 8 | 31 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 184 | 9 |
| GrIFK (loan) | 2008 | Ykkönen | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 10 | 0 |
| SJK | 2015 | Veikkausliiga | 21 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
| | 2016 | Veikkausliiga | 23 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 29 | 0 |
| | Total | | 44 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 52 | 0 |
| SJK Akatemia | 2015 | Kakkonen | 1 | 0 |  | |  | | 1 | 0 |
| Oldenburg | 2016–17 | Regionalliga Nord | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | | 12 | 1 |
| | 2017–18 | Regionalliga Nord | 20 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 22 | 0 |
| | Total | | 32 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 2 |
| Honka | 2018 | Veikkausliiga | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 12 | 0 |
| | 2019 | Veikkausliiga | 23 | 2 | 7 | 0 |  | | 30 | 0 |
| | 2020 | Veikkausliiga | 14 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| | 2021 | Veikkausliiga | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| | 2022 | Veikkausliiga | 21 | 1 | 7 | 1 |  | | 28 | 2 |
| | 2023 | Veikkausliiga | 16 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| | Total | | 109 | 3 | 24 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 138 | 4 |
| Career total | | | 336 | 12 | 77 | 2 | 21 | 0 | 434 | 14 |

## Honours and achievements

**Honka**

**SJK**

**Individual**

1. "FC Honka". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
2. "Honkaan palannut Henri Aalto haaveilee mestaruudesta Espoossa – "Se olisi upea päätös kansalliselle uralle"" (in Finnish). YLE. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
3. "Veikkausliiga Hall of Fame" (in Finnish). Veikkausliiga. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
4. "SJK ja puolustaja Henri Aalto sopimukseen" (in Finnish). SJK. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
5. "SJK vs. RoPS – 19 April 2015 – Soccerway". *int.soccerway.com*. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
6. "Henri Aalto siirtyy Saksaan" (in Finnish). YLE. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
7. "VfB Oldenburg vs. Lupo-Martini – 5 February 2017 – Soccerway". *int.soccerway.com*. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
8. "VfB Oldenburg vs. Weiche Flensburg – 19 February 2017 – Soccerway". *int.soccerway.com*. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
9. "Honkaan palannut Henri Aalto haaveilee mestaruudesta Espoossa – "Se olisi upea päätös kansalliselle uralle"" (in Finnish). YLE. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
10. Honka-kapteeni Henri Aalto päättää komean uransa - "Tunnen syvää kiitollisuutta", Veikkausliiga, 19 October 2023
11. "U21: Suomi kaatoi Viron" \[U21: Finland wins Estonia\] (in Finnish). Football Association of Finland. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
12. "Henri Aalto". Soccerway. Retrieved 15 June 2019.

Henri Aalto at Soccerway.com

## InfoBox

Henri Aalto
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-04-20) 20 April 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Espoo, Finland | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | HooGee | | |
| 2001–2007 | Honka | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2014 | Honka | 143 | (8) |
| 2008 | GrIFK (loan) | 10 | (0) |
| 2008–2011 | Pallohonka | 22 | (8) |
| 2015–2017 | SJK | 44 | (0) |
| 2017–2018 | VfB Oldenburg | 32 | (1) |
| 2018–2023 | Honka | 109 | (3) |
| Total |  | **360** | **(20)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2008 | Finland U19 | 5 | (0) |
| 2008 | Finland U20 | 1 | (0) |
| 2009 | Finland U21 | 8 | (0) |
| Medal record      Honka  Finnish Cup 2008  Veikkausliiga 2008  Veikkausliiga 2009  Finnish League Cup 2010  Finnish League Cup 2011  Finnish Cup 2012  Veikkausliiga 2013  SJK  Veikkausliiga 2015  Finnish League Cup 2016  Finnish Cup 2016  Veikkausliiga 2016  Finnish Cup 2017 | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 3 April 2023 | | | |


title: Castle of Park

abstract: The Castle of Park is a 16th-century L-plan tower house near Glenluce, in the historic county of Wigtownshire in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It is a category A listed building.

text:
# Castle of Park

The **Castle of Park** is a 16th-century L-plan tower house near Glenluce, in the historic county of Wigtownshire in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It is a category A listed building.

## History

The castle was begun in 1590 for Thomas Hay, the son of one of the Commendators of Glenluce Abbey, and his wife Jonet MakDouel. It was completed by 1599.

The building was extended in the 18th century, and was used by the Hay family until Sir John Dalrymple-Hay sold the Park estate in 1875; it was then left uninhabited.

The Cunningham family acquired Castle of Park in 1830. They later abandoned Castle of Park in favour of Dunragit House, using Castle of Park to house farm labourers.

It is reported that Castle of Park is haunted by the ghost of a monk who was murdered by walling him up in one of the rooms. A green lady who became pregnant whilst working at the castle has also been seen through the years.

A program of restoration was carried out in the 1950s and 1960s by the Ministry of Public Building and Works, including removal of the 18th-century wings. In the 1980s, additional work was done by the Landmark Trust. The building is now maintained using income from its use as holiday accommodation.

At various times the building has also been known as "Park Hay", "The Park O' Luce", "Park Castle", "Park House" and "House of Park". The antiquarian Richard Pococke visited in 1760, and described, "The Park, Sir Thomas Hay's, a castle most beautifully situated on a ridge which is at the foot of hill, having towards the river a steep hanging ground covered with wood, and a more gentle descent southwards to the meadows on the bay adorned with trees".

## Description

The building is divided into four floors. The lowest floor consists of three barrel vaulted rooms used as kitchens and store-rooms; above this is the main hall measuring some 22 feet (6.7 m) by 17 feet (5.2 m). The third and fourth floors are divided into smaller rooms. The southward projection contains a large spiral staircase, from which a further spiral stair leads to the roof and to a small room above the main stair.

Although imposing, the building is not defensible. Unlike earlier examples such as Drum Castle, the walls are hollowed out with additional staircases and, to quote the 1898 description, "commodious closets".

## InfoBox

| Castle of Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location within Dumfries and Galloway | |
| General information | |
| Type | Tower house |
| Town or city | Glenluce |
| Country | Scotland |
| Coordinates | 54°52′34″N 4°49′32″W / 54.8760°N 4.8255°W / 54.8760; -4.8255 |
| Construction started | 1590 |
| Completed | Before 1599 |


title: Castle of Pedraja

abstract: 43°27′17″N 3°55′46″W The Castle of Pedraja, the Castle of Liencres or Castle of Hercules was a castle-type fortification located on La Picota mountain, overlooking the town of Liencres (Cantabria). It was probably founded by Garcilaso I de la Vega at the end of the 13th century or beginning of the 14th century, as part of the defense of the lordship of La Vega, owned by the House de La Vega. The first clear document that proves its existence is from 1403, when it became the administrative and judicial center of the Vega family, although there is another from 1338 that seems to refer to it. It is considered the largest fortification in the eastern part of the Asturias de Santillana. The castle disappeared at some point in the 19th century. The last known record of it is the citation of Father Sota in 1861, who, upon seeing the ruins, considered that it had been burned and abandoned, probably during the lawsuits that took place in Cantabria during the Modern Age. In reality, it must have been a fairly fortified tower, incorrectly called a castle, like other medieval defensive structures in Cantabria. Its architecture, according to archaeological remains, was a transition between Romanesque and Gothic. It had a moat 5 m wide and 2 m high, which protected a more or less square enclosure of 36 meters on each side, whose entrance was protected by a rectangular tower. Today the ruins of the tower and the remains of a fence and the moat are preserved. For this reason, it has been protected as an archaeological site since 2004.

text:
# Castle of Pedraja

43°27′17″N 3°55′46″W / 43.45472°N 3.92944°W / 43.45472; -3.92944

The **Castle of Pedraja**, the **Castle of Liencres** or **Castle of Hercules** was a castle-type fortification located on *La Picota* mountain (also called, at the time, Castle Mountain), overlooking the town of Liencres (Cantabria). It was probably founded by Garcilaso I de la Vega at the end of the 13th century or beginning of the 14th century, as part of the defense of the lordship of La Vega, owned by the House de La Vega. The first clear document that proves its existence is from 1403, when it became the administrative and judicial center of the Vega family, although there is another from 1338 that seems to refer to it. It is considered the largest fortification in the eastern part of the Asturias de Santillana. The castle disappeared at some point in the 19th century. The last known record of it is the citation of Father Sota in 1861, who, upon seeing the ruins, considered that it had been burned and abandoned, probably during the lawsuits that took place in Cantabria during the Modern Age. In reality, it must have been a fairly fortified tower, incorrectly called a castle, like other medieval defensive structures in Cantabria.

Its architecture, according to archaeological remains, was a transition between Romanesque and Gothic. It had a moat 5 m wide and 2 m high, which protected a more or less square enclosure of 36 meters on each side, whose entrance was protected by a rectangular tower. Today the ruins of the tower and the remains of a fence and the moat are preserved. For this reason, it has been protected as an archaeological site since 2004.

## InfoBox

| Castle of Pedraja | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Archaeological site and castle |
| Classification | Asset of cultural interest |
| Town or city | Pielagos |
| Country | Spain |


title: She's 19 and Ready

abstract: She's 19 and Ready is a 1979 German sex comedy film.

text:
# She's 19 and Ready

***She's 19 and Ready*** (also known as ***Sunnyboy und Sugarbaby***) is a 1979 German sex comedy film.

## Plot

The story centers on a rather uninhibited young woman named Eva (Sabine Wollin) and her two boyfriends - Stefan (Ekkehardt Belle) and Claus (Claus Obalski). Eva needs to decide which of the two is to be her "steady". While pondering that question, Eva inherits some overseas properties from a rich uncle. The three of them embark on a world tour to exotic places, meeting up with Eva's cousin Britta (Gina Janssen) along the way. At the film's conclusion, Eva's "choice" is to keep *both* young men as beaus.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The film's music soundtrack contained original songs by Gerhard Heinz and also includes the contemporary European hits, "You're the Greatest Lover" by Luv' over the opening credits, "Dschinghis Khan" in a dance club performed by the band themselves and "Slip Away Susie" by Bernie Paul in a music video style sequence during a guest appearance by Bernie himself.

## Airplay

The film received a good deal of airplay in the early 1980s on HBO and other cable TV pay channels which sought R-rated programming not available on regular TV.

## InfoBox

| She's 19 and Ready | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Franz Josef Gottlieb |
| Written by | Henry Kwan |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Franz Xaver Lederle |
| Edited by | Gisela Haller |
| Music by | Gerhard Heinz |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Neue Constantin Film |
| Release date | * 20 April 1979 (1979-04-20) |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Country | West Germany |
| Language | German |


abstract: "She's Actin' Single" is a song written by Wayne Carson, and recorded by American country music singer Gary Stewart. It was released in March 1975 as the third and final single from the album Out of Hand. The song was Stewart's third top ten hit on the country chart and his only song to hit number one. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of nine weeks within the top 40.

text:
# She's Actin' Single (I'm Drinkin' Doubles)

"**She's Actin' Single (I'm Drinkin' Doubles)**" is a song written by Wayne Carson, and recorded by American country music singer Gary Stewart. It was released in March 1975 as the third and final single from the album *Out of Hand*. The song was Stewart's third top ten hit on the country chart and his only song to hit number one. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of nine weeks within the top 40.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1975) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 4 |

## Cover versions

## InfoBox

| "She's Actin' Single (I'm Drinkin' Doubles)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Gary Stewart | |
| from the album  *Out of Hand* | |
| B-side | "Williamson County" |
| Released | March 1975 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:46 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Wayne Carson |
| Producer(s) | Roy Dea |
| Gary Stewart singles chronology | |
| "Out of Hand"
(1974) "**She's Actin' Single (I'm Drinkin' Doubles)**"
(1975) "You're Not the Woman You Used to Be"
(1975) | |


title: Casselberry Art House

abstract: The Casselberry Art House is an art gallery and classroom facility located in Casselberry, Florida. Adjacent to Lake Concord Park, the Art House is a 2500 square foot facility that offers monthly art exhibitions, daily art classes and educational programs, workshops, artist lectures and demonstrations, and musical performances for all ages. The City of Casselberry acquired the building that would become the Art House in 2000. Formerly a mid-century private residence fallen into a dilapidated state, local artists, community sponsors, and the city renovated the building and the Art House opened up as an experimental art gallery to the public in 2003. Along with quarterly art exhibits in Casselberry City Hall, and the sculpture garden in Lake Concord Park, the Art House is cited by Casselberry city leaders as integral to Casselberry’s recent makeover as a municipality friendly to the arts. The Art House serves as center to the City's annual iLLuminart sculpture event, which features temporary illuminated light installations around the Art House and Lake Concord Park. The Orlando Sentinel and Orlando Weekly named the Art House one of the 101 things to love about Central Florida, and one of the best ways to experience Orlando's vibrant arts scene, respectively. Artist Marla E, 2016 Seminole County Artist of the Year, debuted “The Urban Plaster Experience” at the Art House while an instructor. The Art House is also home to the Florida Sculptors Guild and the Central Florida Artist’s Way, which is based on the book The Artist's Way by Julia Cameron.

text:
# Casselberry Art House

The **Casselberry Art House** is an art gallery and classroom facility located in Casselberry, Florida. Adjacent to Lake Concord Park, the Art House is a 2500 square foot facility that offers monthly art exhibitions, daily art classes and educational programs, workshops, artist lectures and demonstrations, and musical performances for all ages.

The City of Casselberry acquired the building that would become the Art House in 2000. Formerly a mid-century private residence fallen into a dilapidated state, local artists, community sponsors, and the city renovated the building and the Art House opened up as an experimental art gallery to the public in 2003.

Along with quarterly art exhibits in Casselberry City Hall, and the sculpture garden in Lake Concord Park, the Art House is cited by Casselberry city leaders as integral to Casselberry’s recent makeover as a municipality friendly to the arts. The Art House serves as center to the City's annual iLLuminart sculpture event, which features temporary illuminated light installations around the Art House and Lake Concord Park.

The Orlando Sentinel and Orlando Weekly named the Art House one of the 101 things to love about Central Florida, and one of the best ways to experience Orlando's vibrant arts scene, respectively. Artist Marla E, 2016 Seminole County Artist of the Year, debuted “The Urban Plaster Experience” at the Art House while an instructor.

The Art House is also home to the Florida Sculptors Guild and the Central Florida Artist’s Way, which is based on the book The Artist's Way by Julia Cameron.

28°40′19″N 81°20′8″W / 28.67194°N 81.33556°W / 28.67194; -81.33556


title: Catholic Church in Tonga

abstract: The Catholic Church in Tonga is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the leadership of its local bishop in communion with the Bishop of Rome. It is estimated that approximately 16% of the population of the Pacific island Kingdom are Catholic, being 15,767 in 2004.ⁱ Bishop Soane Patita Paini Mafi succeeded as Bishop of Tonga in 2008.

text:
# Catholic Church in Tonga

The **Catholic Church in Tonga** is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the leadership of its local bishop in communion with the Bishop of Rome. It is estimated that approximately 16% of the population of the Pacific island Kingdom are Catholic, being 15,767 in 2004. Bishop Soane Patita Paini Mafi succeeded as Bishop of Tonga in 2008.

## History

Prior to the arrival of European sailors and missionaries, the islands of Tonga practised an animistic Polynesian religion. Responsibility for Oceania was given by the Catholic Church to the Society of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in 1825; but the territory was judged to be too large, and the western portion was formed into a vicariate Apostolic and given to the Society of Mary in 1836, with Mgr Jean Baptiste Pompallier (1807–1871) appointed vicar Apostolic of Western Oceania. In 1842, the vicariate Apostolic of Central Oceania was created comprising New Caledonia, Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji. A later subdivision, reduced the vicariate to include only Tonga, the Wallis Islands, Futuna, and Niué. In 1937 the Vicariate Apostolic of Tonga Islands was created and in 1957 it became the Vicariate Apostolic of Tonga Islands and Niue and in 1966 the region became the Diocese of Tonga.

The conversion to Christianity of King George Tupou I, who was the political architect of modern Tonga, had a great influence on the religious life of the Polynesian nation. Of note, the last of the Tu'i Tonga line of Tongan Kings was Catholic. This is cited as being the reason that Lapaha in Mu'a, the former capital of the Tu'i Tongan Empire, is Catholic in contrast to neighbouring Tatakamotonga, which is predominantly Methodist. Tonga sent a delegation of young people for the first time to World Youth Day 2008 when it was held in Sydney, Australia.

There is no official state religion in Tonga, but around 63% of Tongans are Christian, including around 48% Protestant and 15% Catholic. There is also 18% American Mormon sect. The constitution declared Sabbath a holy day and the law restricts activities on Sundays. The Catholic Church in Tonga has accepted and included Tongan culture.

As in other countries, the Catholic Church runs schooling and social services in Tonga. On 4 January 2015, Pope Francis announced his intention to appoint the present Bishop of Tonga Soane Patita Paini Mafi as a cardinal at a Papal consistory to be held on 14 February 2015.


title: Sheen Kaaf Nizam

abstract: Sheen Kaaf Nizam, born in the year 1945 or 1946 in Jodhpur, India, is an Urdu poet and literary scholar. His birth name is Shiv Kishan Bissa. Sheen Kaaf Nizam is his pen name. He has edited many volumes of poets in Devanagari including Deewan-e-Ghalib and Deewan-e-Mir.

text:
# Sheen Kaaf Nizam

**Sheen Kaaf Nizam**, born in the year 1945 or 1946 in Jodhpur, India, is an Urdu poet and literary scholar. His birth name is Shiv Kishan Bissa. Sheen Kaaf Nizam is his pen name. He has edited many volumes of poets in Devanagari including *Deewan-e-Ghalib* and *Deewan-e-Mir*.

## Literary career

Nizam has published a number of poetry collections. Listed down are his books.

* *Lamhon kee Saleeb*
* *Dasht mein Dariya*
* *Naad*
* *Saya Koi Lamba Na Tha*
* *Bayazein Kho Gayi Hai*
* *Gumshuda Dair ki Gunjti Ghantiyan*
* *Rasta Yeh Kahin Nahin Jaata*
* ”orr Bhi hai naam raaste ka “
* ”saayon Ke saaye me”

Nizam's poetry collection *Gumshuda Dair ki Gunjti Ghantiyan* won the 2010 Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu.

Nizam compiled an appraisal of the life and works of fellow Rajasthani Urdu poet Makhmoor Saeedi titled *Bheed mein akelaa* was published by the Rajasthan Urdu Akademi in 2007.

He has edited a book on renowned research scholar “allama kalidas Gupta riza” titled “Ghalibiyat or gupta riza” He has also edited and introduced Morden Urdu poet “meera Ji “ with selection of his poems in Nagri. A selection of Famous Pakistani Urdu poet “munir niyazi” has also been published in Nagri by him.

## Criticism

* ”lafz dar lafz”
* ”mani dar mani”
* ”tazkira massir shoara e Jodhpur”

## InfoBox

| Shiv Kishan Bissa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Shiv Kishan Bissa
1946
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India |
| Pen name | Sheen Kaaf Nizam |
| Occupation | Poet, Critic |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Notable works | *Gumshuda Dair ki Gunjti Ghantiyan* |
| Notable awards | Mahmood shirani award by Rajasthan Urdu academy Jaipur (1999-2000) Bhasha Bharati award maysore (2001)
Bhegum Akhtar ghazal award Delhi (2006)
Rastriya Iqbal samaan (2006-2007)
Sahitya Akademi (2010)
Jnvu Gaurav Ratna (2015)
Aacharya vidhyaniwas Mishra smriti samaan Banaras (2016)
Sankriti Saurabh samaan Kolkata (2018)
Gangadhar National Award (2021)
Rajasthan ratn award (2022) |


title: Catherine Lépront

abstract: Catherine Lépront was a French novelist, playwright, short story writer and essayist.

text:
# Catherine Lépront

**Catherine Lépront** (June 1951, Le Creusot – 19 August 2012) was a French novelist, playwright, short story writer and essayist.

## Biography

Catherine Lépront was born into a family of doctors and musicians. First of all a liberal nurse (an experience which she described in her narrative *Des gens du monde*), she was a playwright and literary advisor for the Éditions Gallimard. Her novels intertwine intimate and family history and political history. The memory of the Second World War, the Indochina War, the Algerian War, the colonial tragedies and those of the totalitarian world haunt her characters on which she looks with empathy and tender irony. All her work is marked by a profound criticism of bourgeois hypocrisy, arbitrary power and obtuse conformity. She excels at reproducing oral speech, while deepening the subtleties of inner reflections, intrigues with acute psychological tensions, and creating a poetic and lyrical climate that reminds of Virginia Woolf and some Russian writers. Music, painting, and artistic creation in general played a decisive role here.

Her second husband was the Germanic philosopher Marc de Launay.

## Works

* 1983: *Le Tour du domaine*, Paris, Gallimard, 182 p. ISBN 2-07-026739-3
* 1983: *"Charente-Maritime" ou Les Succès d'un enfant du pays*, with Maryannick Togni, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 123 p. ISBN 2-07-060178-1
* 1984: *Une Rumeur* , Gallimard, 196 p. ISBN 2-07-070214-6
* 1986: *Le Retour de Julie Farnèse*, Gallimard, 230 p. ISBN 2-07-070476-9
* 1987: *Partie de chasse au bord de la mer*, Gallimard, 171 p. ISBN 2-07-070864-0
* 1988: *Clara Schumann : la vie à quatre mains*, Éditions Robert Laffont, coll. "Elle était une fois", 283 p. ISBN 2-221-05474-1
* 1989: *La Veuve Lucas s'est assise*, Gallimard, 179 p. ISBN 2-07-071561-2
* 1990: *Le Passeur de Loire*, Gallimard, coll. "L'Un et l'autre", 183 p. ISBN 2-07-071940-5
* 1991: *Trois gardiennes*, Gallimard, 166 p. ISBN 2-07-072318-6

\- Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle 1992 \- Prix Louis-Guilloux 2004


title: Catherine M. Green

abstract: Catherine Mary Green is an English biologist who is an Associate Professor in Chromosome Dynamics at the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics at the University of Oxford. Her research considers chromosome stability during the replication of DNA. During the COVID-19 pandemic Green was part of the Oxford team who developed the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.

text:
# Catherine M. Green

**Catherine Mary Green** OBE is an English biologist who is an Associate Professor in Chromosome Dynamics at the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics at the University of Oxford. Her research considers chromosome stability during the replication of DNA. During the COVID-19 pandemic Green was part of the Oxford team who developed the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.

## Early life and education

Green grew up in Gravesend and attended Gravesend Grammar School for Girls. She was an undergraduate at Churchill College, Cambridge, where she has said that her love of science was solidified. After completing part II of the Natural Sciences Tripos and herewith obtaining a BA degree from Cambridge, Green was awarded an Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK) scholarship for her doctoral research. Green studied damaged DNA in yeast at the Clare Hall laboratories. After earning her PhD degree from the University College London in 2000, Green moved to the Curie Institute, where she studied DNA damage in human cells as a Marie Curie Fellow. Upon returning to the United Kingdom Green was appointed to the University of Sussex, where she studied DNA damage due to sunlight exposure.

## Research and career

Green was made a Cancer Research UK Research Fellow in the Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge in 2008. She held a Kaye Research Fellowship at Christ's College, Cambridge. Her research considered the mechanisms of genome replication at the genetic and epigenetic levels. During this replication process the mutations that are responsible for cancer can occur, or be fixed. Understanding the process that underpins this replication, and how cells control this replication, allows Green to better understand the development of cancer.

In 2012 Green moved to the University of Oxford, where she joined the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics. Here Green expanded her work in genomics to encompass the genetic and epigenetic stability of DNA. Green was made Monsanto Senior Research Fellow at Exeter College, Oxford in 2017. She leads the core facility in Chromosome Dynamics at the Wellcome Centre.

During the COVID-19 pandemic Green was part of the Jenner Institute team who developed a coronavirus disease vaccine. The Jenner Institute vaccination platform had been prepared for the MERS and SARS outbreaks, and so was ready to respond quickly to the emerging disease. Green worked with Sarah Gilbert on the production of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. The team started research in January 2020, and managed to identify a chimpanzee adenovirus vector (ChAdOx) that generated a strong immune response to SARS-CoV-2. They used the SARS-CoV-2 genome that had beens sequenced by researchers in Wuhan. The adenovirus cannot replicate, so does not cause further infection, and instead acts as a vector to transfer the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The spike protein, an external protein that enables the virus to enter cells, is responsible for the immune system response. In early April the team were awarded £22 million of funding from the Government of the United Kingdom to run human trials. The vaccine underwent clinical trials in Oxford in April 2020, which were successful. On 30 December 2020, the vaccine was approved for use in the UK. More than 3 billion doses of the vaccine were supplied to countries worldwide.

In 2021, Green and Sarah Gilbert published *Vaxxers: the inside story of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine and the race against the virus*.

## Selected publications

Green has an h-index of 51 according to Google Scholar. Her publications include:

* Bienko, Marzena; Green, Catherine M.; Crosetto, Nicola; Rudolf, Fabian; Zapart, Grzegorz; Coull, Barry; Kannouche, Patricia; Wider, Gerhard; Peter, Matthias; Lehmann, Alan R.; Hofmann, Kay (16 December 2005). "Ubiquitin-Binding Domains in Y-Family Polymerases Regulate Translesion Synthesis". *Science*. **310** (5755): 1821–1824. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1821B. doi:10.1126/science.1120615. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16357261. S2CID 10666348.
* Lehmann, Alan R.; Niimi, Atsuko; Ogi, Tomoo; Brown, Stephanie; Sabbioneda, Simone; Wing, Jonathan F.; Kannouche, Patricia L.; Green, Catherine M. (1 July 2007). "Translesion synthesis: Y-family polymerases and the polymerase switch". *DNA Repair*. Replication Fork Repair Processes. **6** (7): 891–899. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.02.003. ISSN 1568-7864. PMID 17363342.
* Gilbert, Christopher S; Green, Catherine M; Lowndes, Noel F (1 July 2001). "Budding Yeast Rad9 Is an ATP-Dependent Rad53 Activating Machine". *Molecular Cell*. **8** (1): 129–136. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00267-2. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 11511366.
* Gilbert, Sarah; Green, Catherine (2021). *Vaxxers: the inside story of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine and the race against the virus*. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9781529369854.

## InfoBox

| Catherine GreenOBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Education | Gravesend Grammar School for Girls |
| Alma mater | Churchill College, Cambridge (BA)
Imperial Cancer Research Fund (PhD) |
| Known for | Biochemistry
Genome sequencing |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Sussex
Curie Institute
University of Oxford |
| Thesis | *The Rad24 checkpoint protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae : a complex problem.* |
| Doctoral advisor | Noel F. Lowndes |
|  | |


title: Shefi Yishai

abstract: Shefi Yishai is an Israeli composer and musical director for theater. Yishai has released two solo albums: "Love and Hate" and is touring with the music on the albums. He worked on albums by David Broza and Yehuda Poliker as a session musician and producer and has performed with other musicians.

text:
# Shefi Yishai

**Shefi Yishai** is an Israeli composer and musical director for theater.

Yishai has released two solo albums: "Love and Hate" and is touring with the music on the albums. He worked on albums by David Broza and Yehuda Poliker as a session musician and producer and has performed with other musicians.

## Works

### Albums

* 1986: "Under the Closet", based on poems for children by Anda Amir Pinkerfeld, composed by Yishai and performed by Yehudit Tamir, Moti Dichne, Ya'akov Banai and Yishai.
* First solo album, *Love and Hate,* released in 1991; Yishai composed music for a selection of poems by Israeli poets.
* Second solo album, "A Man Would Not Talk About It", released in 2010

### Music for theater

* Sanjer, Closer, Cruel and Tender - Habima Theater.
* Bracha - Beer Sheva Theater.
* The Last Striptease, Night Play - Tsavta Theater.
* Schneider & Schuster - Basel Theater (Switzerland)
* The Concert, The Rise and Fall of Little Voice, Headlines News - Beit Lesin Theater
* Revieue Lanoar / The Israeli Children theater
* Nice Tony, Killer Joe, Blue Remembered Hills, Sky, Some Voices, Little Malcolm and his struggle against the eunuchs, Glengarry Glen Ross, Crime - The Han Theater
* Brighton Beach Memoires - Haifa Theater
* God, Crocodiles, Marriage Play, Moon of Alabama, Kol Nidrei - Herzliya Theater.
* Perfect Days, The Last Summer - Beer Sheba Theater.
* Victims of Duty - Hazira Theater.
* Love and Anger - Herzliya Theater.
* The last hour of Kol - Tmuna Theater.

## InfoBox

| Shefi Yishai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1954-12-23) December 23, 1954<br>Jerusalem |
| Occupation | singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 1986–2010 |


abstract: Shefford is a former provincial electoral district in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. As of its final election, it included the cities of Granby and Waterloo. It was created for the 1867 election. Its final election was in 2008. It disappeared in the 2012 election. The western half became Granby, while most of the eastern portion joined Brome-Missisquoi.

text:
# Shefford (provincial electoral district)

**Shefford** is a former provincial electoral district in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. As of its final election, it included the cities of Granby and Waterloo.

It was created for the 1867 election (and existed prior to that in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada). Its final election was in 2008. It disappeared in the 2012 election. The western half became Granby, while most of the eastern portion joined Brome-Missisquoi.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly / National Assembly

## Election results

2008 Quebec general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Action démocratique | François Bonnardel | 11,271 | 34.63 |  |
|  | Liberal | Jean-Claude Tremblay | 11,201 | 34.42 |  |
|  | Parti Québécois | Jean-François Arseneault | 8,019 | 24.64 |  |
|  | Québec solidaire | Ginette Moreau | 1,085 | 3.33 |  |
|  | Green | Martin Giard | 789 | 2.42 |  |
|  | Independent | Lucie Piédalue | 181 | 0.56 |  |

Information Election results Maps

45°22′N 72°38′W / 45.37°N 72.63°W / 45.37; -72.63

## InfoBox

Shefford
| Quebec electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | National Assembly of Quebec |
| District created | 1867 |
| District abolished | 2011 |
| First contested | 1867 |
| Last contested | 2008 |
| Demographics | |
| Electors (2008) | 56,143 |
| Area (km²) | 292.68 |
| Census division(s) | La Haute-Yamaska (part) |
| Census subdivision(s) | Granby, Shefford, Warden, Waterloo |


title: Sharrow Mills

abstract: Sharrow Mills are a collection of industrial buildings in Sheffield, England, which have been used for the production of snuff by the firm of Wilsons of Sharrow since the mid 18th century. The mills stands on the Porter Brook in the Sharrow Vale area of the city, just off Ecclesall Road.

text:
# Sharrow Mills

**Sharrow Mills** are a collection of industrial buildings in Sheffield, England, which have been used for the production of snuff by the firm of Wilsons of Sharrow since the mid 18th century. The mills stands on the Porter Brook in the Sharrow Vale area of the city, just off Ecclesall Road.

## History

### Early history

It is thought that a cutlers wheel, owned by the Duke of Norfolk existed on the site in 1581, with the tenant being Thomas Greenwood. Norfolk rental records mention "the wheel at Sharrow head" in paperwork dating from 1588-9. The wheel was certainly in full operation by 1604 when the tenants were the Bamforth family, John Bamforth paid the rent until 1654 and succeeding members of his family continued as tenants until 1718, during this time the site was also known as Bamforth Wheel and Sharrow Moor Wheel. John Hale, who was a relative of the Bamforths, became tenant in 1719 and he was followed by a number of occupants including John Hall in 1731, before Thomas Wilson started renting the mill in 1737.

### The Wilsons

Thomas Wilson was a manufacturer of blade shears who was a notable individual within Sheffield industry who had been Master Cutler in 1731. He was succeeded by his son Joseph in the mid 1740s. Joseph Wilson was a highly successful entrepreneur who broadened the business, introducing the production of Sheffield plate through his acquaintance with Thomas Boulsover as well as saw making. He also had an interest and some knowledge in snuff making, this may have been brought on by the manufacture of snuff boxes from Sheffield plate, and at some time in the 1740s the manufacture of snuff began at the mill along with the other activities. In February 1757 a series of extensions and alterations were undertaken by Joseph Wilson, even though he was still only the tenant. He paid the Duke of Norfolk to widen and improve the leats, giving the mill a unique tail goit system which crossed under the meandering Porter Brook in a culvert.

On 20 January 1763 a fire destroyed large areas of the mill and a national collection was organised to compensate Joseph Wilson because his business was so important to tax revenue. The building was reconstructed as a purpose built snuff mill with drawings from 1764 showing the mill much larger than previously with no sign of the cutlers wheel. The brick built managers house was added at this time. In 1774 the building was rated as a snuff mill only. By 1794 the mill had a 21-foot fall of water with Joseph, Thomas and William Wilson named as the tenants of Sharrow Moor snuff mill *“heretofore a cutlers grinding wheel”*. Steam power was introduced in 1797 with a sketch plan of 1803 showing a chimney for the steam engine. In 1798 the Wilsons purchased the mill outright from the Duke of Norfolk’s estate. Detailed valuation records from the first half of the 19th century itemise an overshot water wheel developing 10.25 HP, steam engine, drying house, warehouses and packing rooms.

### The mill today

Today the mill is still capable of producing snuff by water power although electricity is often used to drive the machinery. A new snuff mill was built in 1880 to complement the existing one and this is arranged around a courtyard with various other 19th century buildings, including the counting house, warehouse and stable block. The mill dam is fed through a culvert from a weir on the Porter Brook. The water wheel is 19 feet in diameter and four foot 10 inches wide, the wheel powers the snuff grinding mills through a vertical main shaft which are situated two floors above.

## Listed building status

There are seven listed structures within the Sharrow Mills complex, the original 1763 snuff mill is listed as Grade II\*. Grade II listed structures include the 1880 snuff mill, two bridges, stables, workshops and the dam walls of the mill pond.

53°22′07″N 1°29′34″W / 53.368518°N 1.492869°W / 53.368518; -1.492869


title: Cecil Lyster

abstract: Cecil Rupert Chaworth Lyster CBE was a British physician, electrotherapist and radiologist. Lyster was the son of Alfred Chaworth Lyster and his wife Elizabeth. He began his career as resident medical officer at Charing Cross Hospital in London and then served as resident obstetrical officer from 1881 to 1882. Following travels in the United States and Europe, he was appointed medical superintendent of the Bolingbroke Hospital in 1885. Specialising in electro-therapeutics and radiology, he became medical officer-in-charge of the Electrical Department of Middlesex Hospital in 1902, while still continuing to work as a doctor at the Bolingbroke Hospital. He held these positions until his death. Lyster was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in January 1920 for his work in the First World War. He married Edith Thompson in 1903; they had no children. Lyster died from cancer caused by exposure to x-rays during his research, the day before his CBE was gazetted. The gazette was later ante-dated to two days before his death. His name is included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected in Hamburg, Germany, in 1936.

text:
# Cecil Lyster

**Cecil Rupert Chaworth Lyster** CBE (14 December 1859  26 January 1920) was a British physician, electrotherapist and radiologist.

Lyster was the son of Alfred Chaworth Lyster and his wife Elizabeth (née Kennett). He began his career as resident medical officer at Charing Cross Hospital in London and then served as resident obstetrical officer from 1881 to 1882. Following travels in the United States and Europe, he was appointed medical superintendent of the Bolingbroke Hospital in 1885. Specialising in electro-therapeutics and radiology, he became medical officer-in-charge of the Electrical Department of Middlesex Hospital in 1902, while still continuing to work as a doctor at the Bolingbroke Hospital. He held these positions until his death.

Lyster was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in January 1920 for his work in the First World War. He married Edith Thompson (died 1919) in 1903; they had no children. Lyster died from cancer caused by exposure to x-rays during his research, the day before his CBE was gazetted. The gazette was later ante-dated to two days before his death.

His name is included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected in Hamburg, Germany, in 1936.

## Footnotes


title: Causal consistency

abstract:
Causal consistency is one of the major memory consistency models. In concurrent programming, where concurrent processes are accessing a shared memory, a consistency model restricts which accesses are legal. This is useful for defining correct data structures in distributed shared memory or distributed transactions. Causal Consistency is “Available under Partition”, meaning that a process can read and write the memory even while there is no functioning network connection between processes; it is an asynchronous model. Contrast to strong consistency models, such as sequential consistency or linearizability, which cannot be both safe and live under partition, and are slow to respond because they require synchronisation. Causal consistency was proposed in 1990s as a weaker consistency model for shared memory models. Causal consistency is closely related to the concept of Causal Broadcast in communication protocols. In these models, a distributed execution is represented as a partial order, based on Lamport's happened-before concept of potential causality. Causal consistency is a useful consistency model because it matches programmers' intuitions about time, is more available than strong consistency models, yet provides more useful guarantees than eventual consistency. For instance, in distributed databases, causal consistency supports the ordering of operations, in contrast to eventual consistency. Also, causal consistency helps with the development of abstract data types such as queues or counters. Since time and ordering are so fundamental to our intuition, it is hard
to reason about a system that does not enforce causal consistency.
However, many distributed databases lack this guarantee, even ones that
provide serialisability.
Spanner does guarantee causal consistency, but it also forces strong consistency, thus eschewing availability under partition.
More available databases that ensure causal consistency include MongoDB
and AntidoteDB.

text:
# Causal consistency

**Causal consistency** is one of the major memory consistency models. In concurrent programming, where concurrent processes are accessing a shared memory, a consistency model restricts which accesses are legal. This is useful for defining correct data structures in distributed shared memory or distributed transactions.

Causal Consistency is “Available under Partition”, meaning that a process can read and write the memory (memory is Available) even while there is no functioning network connection (network is Partitioned) between processes; it is an asynchronous model. Contrast to strong consistency models, such as sequential consistency or linearizability, which cannot be both safe and live under partition, and are slow to respond because they require synchronisation.

Causal consistency was proposed in 1990s as a weaker consistency model for shared memory models. Causal consistency is closely related to the concept of Causal Broadcast in communication protocols. In these models, a distributed execution is represented as a partial order, based on Lamport's happened-before concept of potential causality.

Causal consistency is a useful consistency model because it matches programmers' intuitions about time, is more available than strong consistency models, yet provides more useful guarantees than eventual consistency. For instance, in distributed databases, causal consistency supports the ordering of operations, in contrast to eventual consistency. Also, causal consistency helps with the development of abstract data types such as queues or counters.

Since time and ordering are so fundamental to our intuition, it is hard to reason about a system that does not enforce causal consistency. However, many distributed databases lack this guarantee, even ones that provide serialisability. Spanner does guarantee causal consistency, but it also forces strong consistency, thus eschewing availability under partition. More available databases that ensure causal consistency include MongoDB and AntidoteDB.

## Definition

Causal consistency captures the potential causal relationships between operations, and guarantees that all processes observe causally-related operations in a common order. In other words, all processes in the system agree on the order of the causally-related operations. They may disagree on the order of operations that are causally unrelated.

Let us define the following relation. If some process performs a write operation A, and some (the same or another) process that observed A then performs a write operation B, then it is possible that A is the cause of B; we say that A “potentially causes” or “causally precedes” B. Causal Consistency guarantees that if A causally-precedes B, then every process in the system observes A before observing B. Conversely, two write operations C and D are said concurrent, or causally independent, if neither causally precedes the other. In this case, a process may observe either C before D, or D before C. The Causal Precedence relation in shared memory is related to the happened-before relation in message-based communication.

Thus, a system provides causal consistency if this following condition holds: write operations that are related by potential causality are seen by each process of the system in their causal precedence order. Different processes may observe concurrent writes in different orders.

The Causal Consistency model is weaker than sequential consistency, which ensures that all processes observe all write operations in common order, whether causally related or not. However, causal consistency is stronger than PRAM consistency, which requires only the write operations that are done by a single process to be observed in common order by each other process. It follows that when a system is sequentially consistent, it is also causally consistent. Additionally, causal consistency implies PRAM consistency, but not vice versa.

## Example

Here is an example of causal consistency.

Causal relations are respected in the following event sequence:

| P1 : | W(x)1 |  | W(x)3 |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| P2 : | R(x)1 | W(x)2 |  |  |  |
| P3 : | R(x)1 |  |  | R(x)3 | R(x)2 |
| P4 : | R(x)1 |  |  | R(x)2 | R(x)3 |

Process P2 observes and reads the earlier write W(x)1 that is done by process P1. Therefore, the two writes W(x)1 and W(x)2 are causally related. Under causal consistency, every process observes W(x)1 first, before observing W(x)2. Notice that the two write operations W(x)2 and W(x)3, with no intervening read operations, are concurrent, and processes P3 and P4 observe (read) them in different orders.

## Session Guarantees

The causal consistency model can be refined into four **session guarantees**. They can be summarised as follows:

* **Read Your Writes**: If a process performs a write, the same process later observes the result of its write.

* **Monotonic Reads**: the set of writes observed (read) by a process is guaranteed to be monotonically non-decreasing.

* **Writes Follow Reads**: if some process performs a read followed by a write, and another process observes the result of the write, then it can also observe the read (unless it has been overwritten).

* **Monotonic Writes**: If some process performs a write, followed some time later by another write, other processes will observe them in the same order.

Transactional session guarantees for serialisability and snapshot isolation are presented by Daudjee and Salem.

## Implementation

The system is abstracted as a set of communicating processes. When a process writes into the shared memory, the implementation sends this event to the other processes (via shared memory or as a message). Because of concurrency and failures, a process might receive events in any order. The implementation *delivers* an event, i.e., makes it visible to the process, only if all the events that causally precede it have themselves been delivered. This requires the implementation to maintain *meta-data* that represents the causal relationships between memory accesses.

In brief, the implementation includes the following steps: (1) Maintain *causal context* meta-data at every process to summarise what updates causally precede the current state. (2) When a process updates memory, tag the update event with the causal context of that process, to summarise what updates causally precede this update. (3) A process that has *received* some update event may *deliver* it only if the event's tag causally precedes the causal context of the receiving process. (As a side effect of delivery, add the new event to the causal context of the receiving process.) Otherwise, the update was received too early, and must remain buffered until event matches the context. In the meantime, the implementation either passively waits to receive the missing events, or actively fetches them from their source.

This approach enables availability under partition.

There are two common representations for the causal context meta-data. One is to maintain an explicit dependency graph of the causal dependence relation. Because such a graph can grow arbitrarily large, an event is often tagged with only its immediate predecessors; determining its transitive predecessors requires a distributed graph traversal. The other is to maintain a vector clock, with one entry per process (or group of processes), counting the number of events generated by the process or group. This representation has a fixed size, and the ordering of events can be inferred by a simple comparison of the vectors.

To precisely determine which events are dependent and which are concurrent in a fully peer-to-peer system, the size of the metadata is at least proportional to the number of active writers. However, a precise determination of concurrency is generally overkill. Causal consistency requires only that causally-dependent events be delivered in order; it does not matter if two concurrent events end up being ordered. Therefore, the size can be decreased arbitrarily by using safe approximation techniques. In the limit, a single scalar (a Lamport clock) suffices, at the cost of removing any concurrency. The size of metadata can also be decreased by restricting the communication topology; for instance, in a star, tree or linear topology, a single scalar suffices.

The search for efficient implementations of causal consistency is a very active research area.


title: Cavolinia inflexa

abstract: Cavolinia inflexa is a species of small pteropod.

text:
# Cavolinia inflexa

**Cavolinia inflexa** is a species of small pteropod.

## Introduction

*Cavolinia inflexa* are members of the thecosome pteropod genus that dwell in the epipelagic zone feeding on arctic snow and smaller microorganisms. While it is known that *Cavolinia inflexa* are filters feeders, their reproductive tendencies and behaviors are not well studied. They can be used as a proxy for assuming climatic conditions for a particular period and have been a focus of ocean acidification impact studies.

## Morphology and Physiology

Like other thecosome pteropods, *Cavolinia inflexa* form an aggronite shell to surround their body. As a result, they have been found to be highly sensitive to ocean acidification and the constantly changing water column’s chemical composition. *Cavolinia inflexa* are found to be between 2-8 millimeters in length, and have a length to width ratio between 0.51 and 0.81. Additionally, they have a straight shell, their posterior tip bent upwards, and a bilaterally symmetrical structure.

## Behavior

*Cavolinia inflexa* move throughout depths in response to where the largest concentration of food is, as it reacts to the vertical migration patterns expressed by zooplankton. However, they are mostly found floating in the epipelagic zone of the ocean. Their vertical migration is also in response to a diurnal cycle. They feed by ingesting their captured prey that has been snared by their mucus feedings webs. After 1-3 minutes they can completely consume and digest their snared prey.

## Life Cycle and Reproduction

Information on the reproduction of *Cavolinia inflexa* is scant, but there has been research conducted on the reproduction of similar pteropod species. The pteropod *Limacina retroversa* has a reproductive cycle occurring twice a year. The first occurring at the start of spring and the second nearing the end of summer. In order to survive and reproduce, the two distinct generations employ different life history strategies. Offspring born during the spring reproductive cycle develop more rapidly so they can mature in time for the summer mating season while offspring born during the summer withstand the physiological challenges of the cold winter to then reproduce the following spring. It takes at least 3 months of development for *Limacina retroversa* to produce viable egg clutches.

## Ecology and Distribution

*Cavolinia inflexa* are a common thecosome pteropod found worldwide in warm waters between 55° N to 45° S. They are filter feeders as is typical among Pteropoda. Their diet consists of marine snow–organic matter that is suspended in the water column.

*Cavolinia inflexa* were initially believed to be multiple subspecies, but later studies show that the species does not exhibit enough regional variation to have categorical subspecies. *Cavolinia inflexa* live in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, but there is not significant geographical variation.

Climate change may pose a threat to *Cavolinia inflexa* as ocean acidification has been shown to impact larval development. In particular, ocean acidification prevents the formation of their shells, leaving the organism vulnerable to predation. One study found a significant decrease in shell density among *Cavolinia inflexa* between 1910 and 2012.

## InfoBox

| *Cavolinia inflexa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| *Clade*: | Euopisthobranchia |
| Order: | Pteropoda |
| Family: | Cavoliniidae |
| Genus: | *Cavolinia* |
| Species: | ***C. inflexa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cavolinia inflexa***<br>(Lesueur, 1813) | |
|


title: Cavolinia (gastropod)

abstract:
Cavolinia is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Cavoliniidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species:
  - Cavolina pycna Jung, 1971
  - Cavolina regulae Jung, 1971
  - Cavolinia baniensis A.W.Janssen, 2007
  - Cavolinia bituminata
  - Cavolinia cookei Simonelli, 1895
  - Cavolinia floridana
  - Cavolinia gatti A.W.Janssen, 2012
  - Cavolinia gibboides Rampal, 2002
  - Cavolinia gibbosa
  - Cavolinia globosa Nomen Nudum
  - Cavolinia globulosa Gray, 1850
  - Cavolinia grandis
  - Cavolinia gypsorum
  - Cavolinia inflexa
  - Cavolinia labiata
  - Cavolinia landaui A.W.Janssen, 2004
  - Cavolinia longicostata Rampal, 2002
  - Cavolinia longirostratus
  - Cavolinia marginata
  - Cavolinia mexicana
  - Cavolinia microbesitas A.W.Janssen, 2012
  - Cavolinia moluccana
  - Cavolinia occidentalis
  - Cavolinia pachysoma Rampal, 2002
  - Cavolinia perparvula A.W.Janssen, 2007
  - Cavolinia quadridentata
  - Cavolinia rewaensis Ladd, 1934
  - Cavolinia shibatai A.W.Janssen, 2007
  - Cavolinia toumeyi
  - Cavolinia triaspis Woodring, 1970
  - Cavolinia tridentata
  - Cavolinia tridentata
  - Cavolinia uncinata
  - Cavolinia uncinata
  - Cavolinia ventricosa
  - Cavolinia xenica Woodring, 1970
  - Cavolinia zamboninii Checchia-Rispoli, 1921

text:
# Cavolinia (gastropod)

***Cavolinia*** is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Cavoliniidae.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Cavolinia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cavolinia tridentata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| *Clade*: | Euopisthobranchia |
| Order: | Pteropoda |
| Family: | Cavoliniidae |
| Subfamily: | Cavoliniinae |
| Genus: | *Cavolinia*<br>Abildgaard, 1791 |
|


title: Cecil Benjamin

abstract: Cecil R. Benjamin is an American political activist and executive, who served as the Chair of the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands.

text:
# Cecil Benjamin

**Cecil R. Benjamin** is an American political activist and executive, who served as the Chair of the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands.

## Career

Benjamin was previously a teacher and served as the President of the St. Croix Federation of Teachers and the International and National Vice-president of the American Federation of Teachers.

Benjamin has also served as the commissioner of the Virgin Islands Department of Labor.

In 2016, Benjamin served as a super delegate from the U.S. Virgin Islands at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He supported Hillary Clinton in this position.

Benjamin served as the Chair of the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands. Benjamin was the U.S. Virgin Island's representative and nominated Joe Biden for the party's nomination. In his video message, Benjamin stated “greetings from the Virgin Islands of the United States, where a young Alexander Hamilton was raised. Vacation home of our nominee, with turquoise waters, white sand beaches and friendly people, we cast our 13 votes for Joseph R. Biden, who will achieve full voting rights in Congress and our right to vote for president.”

## InfoBox

| Cecil Benjamin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chair of the Virgin Islands Democratic Party | |
| **In office**
August 4, 2018  August 1, 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Donna Christian-Christensen |
| Succeeded by | Glen J. Smith |
| **In office**
April 2005  August 6, 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Jimmy O'Bryan |
| Succeeded by | Donna Christian-Christensen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Guyana |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Interamerican University of Puerto Rico (BS)
University of Pennsylvania
Temple University (MEd) |
|  | |


title: Cecilia Bitz

abstract: Cecilia M. Bitz is an American climatologist known for her research on sea ice and high-latitude climate change. She is a professor and chair in the Atmospheric Sciences Department, as well as the director of the Program on Climate Change at the University of Washington. She was featured on NPR's All Things Considered segment to speak about factors that lead to sea ice loss in 2007, and testified before the United States Senate committee of Energy and Natural Resources on arctic opportunities in 2015.

text:
# Cecilia Bitz

**Cecilia M. Bitz** is an American climatologist known for her research on sea ice and high-latitude climate change. She is a professor and chair in the Atmospheric Sciences Department, as well as the director of the Program on Climate Change at the University of Washington. She was featured on NPR's *All Things Considered* segment to speak about factors that lead to sea ice loss in 2007, and testified before the United States Senate committee of Energy and Natural Resources on arctic opportunities in 2015.

## Early life and education

Cecilia Bitz was born in Portland, Oregon on March 4, 1966. While she initially had an interest in physics, she discovered her passion for sea ice after reading a book on climate change, "Our Changing Atmosphere," by John Firor. In 1988, she received her bachelor's degree in Engineering Physics from Oregon State University, and her master's degree in Physics from the University of Washington in 1990. She completed her doctoral work in Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington in 1997, where she worked with David S. Battisti to complete her dissertation on Natural Variability in the Arctic Climate using climate models.

## Career and research

Since receiving her PhD, Cecilia Bitz has conducted research on sea ice mostly through climate modeling and has contributed to over 100 refereed publications. She began teaching at the University of Washington in 2005, where she still teaches in the Atmospheric Sciences Department today.

In 2013–14, she was a Fulbright Senior Scholar to New Zealand. In 2006, she co-published research that predicted abrupt and massive ice loss in the Arctic in the summer of 2007. She has introduced new methods for modeling sea ice as well as explained why Arctic sea ice thins rapidly with greenhouse warming. She currently co-leads the Sea Ice Prediction Network, which forecasts Arctic sea ice for shipping, military, and Arctic indigenous peoples.

## Awards and honors

## Publications

Cecilia Bitz has contributed to over 100 refereed publications. Some of her most influential works include:

* Holland, Marika M.; Bitz, Cecilia M.; Tremblay, Bruno (2006-12-12). "Future abrupt reductions in the summer Arctic sea ice". *Geophysical Research Letters*. **33** (23): L23503. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3323503H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.650.1778. doi:10.1029/2006gl028024. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 14187034.
* Bitz, C. M.; Gent, P. R.; Woodgate, R. A.; Holland, M. M.; Lindsay, R. (2006). "The Influence of Sea Ice on Ocean Heat Uptake in Response to Increasing CO2". *Journal of Climate*. **19** (11): 2437–2450. Bibcode:2006JCli...19.2437B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.6504. doi:10.1175/jcli3756.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 15251569.
* Bitz, C. M.; Roe, G. H. (2004). "A Mechanism for the High Rate of Sea-Ice Thinning in the Arctic Ocean". *Journal of Climate*. **17** (18): 3622–3631. Bibcode:2004JCli...17.3623B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.488.5335. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017\<3623:amfthr\>2.0.co;2. S2CID 1980186.
* Holland, M. M.; Bitz, C. M. (2003-09-01). "Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models". *Climate Dynamics*. **21** (3–4): 221–232. Bibcode:2003ClDy...21..221H. doi:10.1007/s00382-003-0332-6. ISSN 0930-7575. S2CID 17003665.
* Collins, William D.; Bitz, Cecilia M.; Blackmon, Maurice L.; Bonan, Gordon B.; Bretherton, Christopher S.; Carton, James A.; Chang, Ping; Doney, Scott C.; Hack, James J. (2006). "The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3)". *Journal of Climate*. **19** (11): 2122–2143. Bibcode:2006JCli...19.2122C. doi:10.1175/jcli3761.1. hdl:1912/4176. S2CID 15157242.

## InfoBox

| Cecilia M. Bitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | March 4, 1966 |
| Alma mater | Oregon State University (BA) University of Washington (MA)
University of Washington (PhD) |
| Occupation | Professor at the University of Washington |
| Awards | American Geophysical Union Fellow American Meteorological Society Fellow
Rosenstiel Award in Atmospheric Science and Oceanography |


title: Cecilia Berkovic

abstract: Cecilia Berkovic is a Toronto-based mixed media artist, sculptor and graphic designer. Berkovic received her MFA from the Milton Avery Graduate School of the Arts at Bard College in New York, and has held residencies at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Alberta, Canada, and at the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. She has been a member of the artist collective Instant Coffee since 2001 and a member of the board of directors at Gallery TPW since 2005. She has also taught at Ryerson University. As part of Mercer Union's international project Advertising By Artists, Berkovic's work was published in The Wire, They Shoot Homos Don't They?, Cabinet, and Border Crossings. Recent work includes poster projects for Nuit Blanche and AIDS Action Now! in Toronto.

text:
# Cecilia Berkovic

**Cecilia Berkovic** is a Toronto-based mixed media artist, sculptor and graphic designer.

Berkovic received her MFA from the Milton Avery Graduate School of the Arts at Bard College in New York, and has held residencies at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Alberta, Canada, and at the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. She has been a member of the artist collective Instant Coffee since 2001 and a member of the board of directors at Gallery TPW since 2005. She has also taught at Ryerson University. As part of Mercer Union's international project Advertising By Artists, Berkovic's work was published in *The Wire*, *They Shoot Homos Don't They?*, *Cabinet*, and *Border Crossings*. Recent work includes poster projects for Nuit Blanche and AIDS Action Now! in Toronto.

## Exhibitions

* Post No Bills, July 8 to July 31, 1999, BUS Gallery, Toronto
* First Comes Love, October 9 to November 10, 2002, Hartnett Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
* Mellow Drama, January 9 to February 1, 2004, Katharine Mulherin Contemporary Art Projects, Toronto
* National Geographer & Stoner Chicks, September 6 to 29, 2007, Katharine Mulherin Contemporary Art Projects, Toronto
* Advertising by Artists, February 2007 to April 2008, Art Metropole, Toronto
* That's So Gay: The New Queer, June, 2011, Toronto
* No Tears, 2012, Toronto
* We Can't Compete, January 23 to March 6, 2014, University of Lethbridge Art Gallery
* Taking a Part, 20 June to 26 July 2014, Mercer Union, Toronto

1. "EVENT: "First Comes Love," an installation by artists Cecilia Berkovic and Katharine Mulherin". *University of Rochester*. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
2. "Gallery TPW: Board of Directors". *Gallery TPW*. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
3. *School of Image Arts 2013-2014*. Ryerson University. 2013. p. 65.
4. "Art Metropole / ADVERTISING BY ARTISTS CECILIA BERKOVIC - STEPHEN ELLWOOD - NESTOR KRUGER - YOKO ONO".
5. "Mercer Union | Taking \[a\] part".


title: Caychax

abstract: Caychax is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

text:
# Caychax

**Caychax** is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 35 |  |
| 1975 | 22 | −6.42% |
| 1982 | 28 | +3.51% |
| 1990 | 19 | −4.73% |
| 1999 | 18 | −0.60% |
| 2007 | 11 | −5.97% |
| 2012 | 13 | +3.40% |
| 2017 | 14 | +1.49% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Caychax | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Caychax | |
| CaychaxCaychax | |
| Coordinates: 42°47′37″N 1°43′11″E / 42.7936°N 1.7197°E / 42.7936; 1.7197 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Ariège |
| Arrondissement | Foix |
| Canton | Haute-Ariège |
| Intercommunality | Haute-Ariège |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Pierre Doumeng |
| Area**1** | 5.66 km2 (2.19 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 14 |
| Density | 2.5/km2 (6.4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 09088 /09250 |
| Elevation | 718–2,113 m (2,356–6,932 ft)
(avg. 840 m or 2,760 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |