title: Christian vegetarianism

abstract: Christian vegetarianism is the practice of keeping to a vegetarian lifestyle for reasons connected to or derived from the Christian faith. The three primary reasons are spiritual, nutritional, and ethical. The ethical reasons may include a concern for God's creation, a concern for animal rights and welfare, or both. Likewise, Christian veganism is not using any animal products for reasons connected to or derived from the Christian faith. Pescatarianism was widespread in the early Church, among both the clergy and laity. Among the early Judeo-Christian Gnostics the Ebionites held that John the Baptist, James the Just and Jesus were vegetarians. Some religious orders of various Christian Churches practice pescetarianism, including the Benedictines, Franciscans, Trappists, Carthusians and Cistercians. Various Church leaders have recommended vegetarianism, including John Wesley, William and Catherine Booth, William Cowherd from the Bible Christian Church and Ellen G. White from the Seventh-day Adventists. Cowherd, who founded the Bible Christian Church in 1809, helped to establish the world's first Vegetarian Society in 1847. Organizations such as the Christian Vegetarian Association (CVA) work to promote the concept. Additionally, many Christians may choose to practice vegetarianism or veganism as their Lenten sacrifice during the period of Lent. Prior to the 6th century, Lent was normatively observed through keeping the Black Fast for forty days, with the allowance of one vegetarian meal with water after sunset.

text:
# Christian vegetarianism

**Christian vegetarianism** is the practice of keeping to a vegetarian lifestyle for reasons connected to or derived from the Christian faith. The three primary reasons are spiritual, nutritional, and ethical. The ethical reasons may include a concern for God's creation, a concern for animal rights and welfare, or both. Likewise, **Christian veganism** is not using any animal products for reasons connected to or derived from the Christian faith. Pescatarianism was widespread in the early Church, among both the clergy and laity. Among the early Judeo-Christian Gnostics the Ebionites held that John the Baptist, James the Just and Jesus were vegetarians.

Some religious orders of various Christian Churches practice pescetarianism, including the Benedictines, Franciscans, Trappists, Carthusians and Cistercians. Various Church leaders have recommended vegetarianism, including John Wesley (founder of the Methodist Church), William and Catherine Booth (founders of The Salvation Army), William Cowherd from the Bible Christian Church and Ellen G. White from the Seventh-day Adventists. Cowherd, who founded the Bible Christian Church in 1809, helped to establish the world's first Vegetarian Society in 1847. Organizations such as the Christian Vegetarian Association (CVA) work to promote the concept.

Additionally, many Christians may choose to practice vegetarianism or veganism as their Lenten sacrifice during the period of Lent. Prior to the 6th century, Lent was normatively observed through keeping the Black Fast for forty days, with the allowance of one vegetarian meal with water after sunset.

## Biblical support

Christian vegetarianism has not been a common dietary choice throughout Church history. Some have argued, however, that "there is a long-standing tradition of vegetarianism in Christian history." The two most prominent forms are a spirituality-based vegetarianism (where vegetarianism is adopted as an ascetic practice, or as a way of opposing the sin of gluttony, in the hope it will draw the person to God) and an ethically based vegetarianism (where it is adopted for ethical reasons; for example, those to do with the treatment of non-human animals).

Christian ethical vegetarianism (or veganism) usually carries with it a commitment to the normative claim that (at least some) Christians *should be* vegetarians. For this reason, Christian ethical vegetarians often give a scriptural justification for their position. While there are biblical passages which provide support for ethical vegetarianism, there are also passages which seem to imply that eating animals is morally permissible.

### Old Testament

One of the most important passages for Christian vegetarians is the creation narrative in the Book of Genesis. After creating humans, God addresses them in chapter 1, verses 1:29–30 as follows:

> God said, "See, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food. And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food". And it was so.

In this passage, God prescribes a plant-based diet not just for humans, but for all land-based non-human animals. Christian vegetarians and vegans point out that it was this creation—where all creatures ate plants—that God then declared "very good" in verse 31. Moreover, that God's initial creation was a vegan creation suggests that this is how God intended all his creatures to live. This idea—that God intended for all his creatures to eat plants—is sometimes further supported by noting that the vision of the Peaceable Kingdom found in the Book of Isaiah 11:6–9 suggests that, one day, God will restore the creation to such a state of universal vegetarianism:

> The wolf shall live with the lamb, the leopard shall lie down with the kid, the calf and the lion and the fatling together, and a little child shall lead them. The cow and the bear shall graze, their young shall lie down together; and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. The nursing child shall play over the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put its hand on the adder’s den. They will not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain; for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.

Some Christian vegetarians have suggested that this eschatological view provides reasons to adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet here and now. Moreover, the point has often been made that the *dominion* which humans are given over the non-human animals in Genesis 1:26–28 must be understood in light of Genesis 1:29–30 which decrees a plant-based diet for all creatures. Genesis 1:26–28 has, it is acknowledged by Christian vegetarians, often been used to justify the eating of animals. But this is a mistake, they suggest. Once it is recognized that humans are given dominion over creation, and that in the very next verse humans are prescribed a plant-based diet, it will become apparent that *dominion* should be understood in terms of *stewardship* or *servant-hood*: humans are called to rule creation in the sense of caring for it and seeking its flourishing, just as a good Sovereign would seek the flourishing of his or her realm. In a survey of the scholarly literature on the relevant Hebrew terms, Carol J. Adams lists *governing*, *ruling*, *shepherding*, *caring-for*, *nurturing*, and *leading about* as potential ways of understanding *dominion*, and notes that the common characteristic of these concepts "is their benignity".

The opening chapters of Genesis are, of course, only the beginning of the biblical story. And just as there are passages which can be cited in support of a Christian vegetarianism or veganism, so there are passages which suggest that eating animals is morally permissible. The most problematic passages for Christian vegetarians are those which include an explicit permission to eat animals. Genesis 9:3–4 is the first such example. In this verse, God tells Noah and his family that animals will now be their food, although they are not to eat animal flesh which contains blood.\[Genesis 9:3–4\] However, the context of the passage remains contentious to the morality of eating Animals. *“I will never again curse the ground because of humankind, for the inclination of the human heart is evil from youth; nor will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done."* Indicating that God has deemed Humanity 'evil from youth' and perhaps within the context of this understanding, says he will not smite them for doing evil, potentially such as eating meat. Similarly *"The fear and dread of you shall rest on every animal of the earth, and on every bird of the air, on everything that creeps on the ground, and on all the fish of the sea; into your hand they are delivered."* seems to emphasise the immorality and evil of the act. This new situation – that of humans eating animals – is then taken largely for granted in much of the biblical narrative. Leviticus 11 records God giving the Israelites rules about what types of meat may be eaten, which implies that certain meats were acceptable. During the Exodus out of Egypt, God commanded that all of the Israelites to slaughter a lamb and eat it, and instituted the Passover as a lasting tradition to remember God's saving them.\[Exodus 12:24\]

Some Jewish and Christian vegetarians have attempted to minimize the importance of these passages. It has been suggested, for example, that God's permitting Noah and his family to eat meat was only ever intended as a temporary permission, and was given because all the plants had been destroyed as a result of the flood. Others interpret the permission given to Noah and his family in Genesis 9:3–4, not as a free pass to kill animals for food because "no matter what you do you can never remove all the blood from the flesh of a slaughtered animal", but as an invitation to scavenge for and eat dead animals if any are found. These approaches are put under pressure, however, with the sheer number of passages which appear to presuppose the legitimacy of eating animals, and the normalcy with which meat eating is treated.

Another approach to these texts is to suggest that God reluctantly permitted the eating of animals due to human sinfulness. In other words, God permitted humans to eat non-human animals as a concession to the Fallen state of humanity. Richard Young raises the possibility that both the introduction of animals into the human diet, and the use of animals in religious sacrifices, were concessions to a Fallen humanity that were used to deal with humanity where it was at. This approach allows the Christian vegetarian or vegan to take the entire biblical witness seriously, while also holding that God's preference is for a peace and shalom throughout creation. Other passages of relevance to the practice of vegetarianism include Numbers 11, where the Israelites tired of manna, a food of which "The Rabbis of the Talmud held that \[…\] had whatever taste and flavor the eater desired at the time of eating" and which probably was not an animal product. Manna was given to the Israelites by God, but they complained about it and wanted meat instead.\[Numbers 11:4–10\] They were condemned for this, although God relented and gave them meat, which then made them ill.\[Numbers 11:32–34\] Because of their lust, the place where the incident happened became known as *Kibroth Hattaavah*.

A donkey temporarily given the ability to speak showed Balaam more than signs of sentience.\[Numbers 22:21–33\] Some people believe that the Book of Daniel also specifically promotes veganism as empowering. Daniel specifically refuses the king's "meat" (*paṯbaḡ*, Strong's #5698) and instead requests vegetables (*zērōʿîm*, Strong's #2235).\[Daniel 1:8–16\] However, current common theology argues that in this instance Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah are rejecting food that is considered to be unholy by their faith (eating food that had been sacrificed to pagan gods), and not meat *per se*, despite that "at the end of ten days their countenances appeared fairer and fatter in flesh than all the children which did eat the portion of the king's meat".\[Daniel 1:15\]

Philo says that the Essenes, "being more scrupulous than any in the worship of God … do not sacrifice animals …, but hold it right to dedicate their own hearts as a worthy offering". They maintained that the sacrifices "polluted" the Temple. The Christian Vegetarian Association of the UK claims that the word "meat" is not used in any one instance in the authorized version of either the Old or New Testament as relating only to animal food (e.g. "flesh"). The CVA states that when the first English translations of the Bible were created, the word for "meat" meant food in general. When any particular kind of food was designated, it was referred to as meal, flour or grain.

According to the CVS, examples of New Testament words that were translated as "meat" include: broma ("that which is eaten"/usage: 16 times ); brosimos ("eatable"/usage: 1 time); brosis ("act of eating; that which is eaten, food; food of the souls"/usage: 7 times); prosphagion ("anything eaten with bread; spoken of fish boiled or broiled"/usage: 1 time); sitometron ("a measured portion of grain or food"/usage: 1 time); trapeza ("a table on which food is placed, an eating place"/usage: 1 time); trophe ("food, nourishment"/usage: 13 times); phago ("to eat, to take food, eat a meal, devour, consume"/usage: 3 times).

### New Testament

#### The case for Christian vegetarianism

Christian vegetarians and vegans often appeal to the ethic that Jesus embodied, and called people to emulate, in making their case for a distinctively Christian vegetarianism. To begin with, Jesus inaugurated the Kingdom of God, but his Kingdom didn't involve the exercise of power as humans tend to think of it. As Andrew Linzey argues, Christ's power is "the power to serve". Human beings are called to have the same mind that was found in Jesus Christ, i.e., the mind to exercise power in service.\[Philippians 2:5–9\] And by considering Jesus's life, it is possible to get an idea of what that service means. Sarah Withrow King writes that Jesus "loved the unlovable. In first-century Palestine, the unlovable were women, children, sick people, poor people, Roman soldiers, zealots, lepers, the blind, the outcast", and so on. But today, the unlovable should include those non-human animals who are farmed for food in systems which preclude their flourishing and result in their (often painful) deaths.

Christian vegetarians also stress the importance Jesus laid on *peace* and *inclusion*. These and other aspects of Jesus's attitudes towards others are used to extract ethical principles which, according to Christian vegetarians and vegans, lead one to a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. Sarah Withrow King summarizes the point like this:

> Aware of the suffering and pain experienced by animals raised and killed for food, with a knowledge of the immense waste of natural resources and subsequent impact on both our fellow humans and the rest of creation, and acknowledging that flesh is not a dietary necessity for the vast majority of Western humans, why would we continue to participate in a system that dishonors God’s creation and perpetuates violence on a truly phenomenal scale?

#### Difficult passages

##### Luke 24 – Jesus's eating of a fish

Jesus's eating of fish\[Luke 24\] and telling his disciples where to catch fish, before cooking it for them to eat,\[John 21\] is a common subject in Christian ethical vegetarian and vegan writings. The original version does not mention fish at all and only bread. The Bible does not explicitly state that Jesus ate any meat, and Webb cites the fact that no lamb is mentioned at the Last Supper as evidence that he did not. According to Clough and King, the fact that Jesus ate fish and possibly other meat only shows that, in some circumstances, it is sometimes permissible to eat some meats but that practices in the modern, industrialized farming system (such as the mass killing of day-old male chicks from laying hens) make the consumption of meat produced in such farms morally problematic.

Andy Alexis-Baker has appealed to biblical scholarship to argue that biblical passages often need nuanced interpretation, and to guard against a wooden literalism. For example, he cites the work of Gerald O'Collins, SJ, who suggests that differences between the way Luke describes this appearance in Luke 24:41–43 and in Acts 1, and a tension between Luke 24:41–43 and 1 Corinthians 6, preclude us from reading this verse literally. Vujicic explains this passage by appealing to a so-called *synoptic principle*.

##### Acts 10 – Peter's vision

In the tenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, there is an account of a vision given to the Apostle Peter. In this vision, Peter is shown a large sheet being lowered from heaven by its four corners. The sheet is said to contain animals of all kinds, and Peter then hears a voice (which he interprets as a command from God) saying, "Get up, Peter; kill and eat".\[Acts 10:13\] Peter refuses, and the voice says: "What God has made clean, you must not call profane."Acts 10:13\]

Christian vegetarians and vegans argue that this passage is not about which animals one may or may not eat but it is about who the Gospel is for. According to Laura Hobgood-Oster, "The vision, it seems, is not about eating animals; rather it is about extending hospitality to all humans. While animals in sacred texts are often real animals and should be considered as such, in this particular case it seems that in Peter’s vision animals symbolized human categories that exclude other humans from community."

Sarah Withrow King writes that God uses this vision to remind Peter that he is to "remove barriers of fellowship and to reconcile with those from whom we have been separated in order to further the reign of God on earth.... the vision is one of radical inclusion." John Vujicic agrees with King, observing that, after receiving the vision, Peter did not eat anything. Vujicic writes, "In the sheet were also so called CLEAN animals. Peter could have at least selected some sheep or cattle and killed but he didn’t." According to Vujicic, the reason Peter didn't simply take up and eat a *clean* animal was because Peter was in fact a vegetarian. Peter is reported as describing himself as a vegetarian in the apocryphal Pseudo-Clementine Homilies.

##### Mark 7 – Jesus declares all foods clean

Most Christians maintain that Jesus's teaching in Mark 7\[Mark 7:5–21\] demonstrates that Christians can eat whatever they want, that dietary choices are a matter of "Christian liberty", and that therefore vegetarianism or veganism could never be obligatory for Christians. Christian vegetarians and vegans counter that the point of Jesus's teaching in Mark 7 is that his followers should concern themselves with the status of their heart which "informs our relationship with God, with each other, and the world".

## Early Christianity

### New Testament

Vegetarianism appears to have been a point of contention within some early Christian circles, notably in Rome. Within the Bible's New Testament, the Apostle Paul states that people of "weak faith" "eat only vegetables",\[Romans 14:1–4\] although he also warns both meat-eaters and vegetarians to "stop passing judgment on one another" when it comes to food in verse 13 and "\[It is\] good neither to eat flesh" in verse 21. Paul also said, "The Spirit clearly says that in later times some will abandon the faith and follow deceiving spirits and things taught by demons. Such teachings come through hypocritical liars, whose consciences have been seared as with a hot iron. They \[…\] order \[…\] to abstain from certain foods".\[1Timothy 4:1–3\] According to the Christian Vegetarian Association, Paul was not referring to vegetarianism, which they say was not an issue in those times, but to the practice of not eating meat from the meat market because of fear that (like the above issue involving Daniel) it was sacrificed to an idol.\[1Corinthians 10:19–29\] "Wherefore, if meat \[*brōma*, Strong's #1033, 'anything used as food'\] make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend."1Corinthians 8:13

### Patristic evidence

In the fourth century some Jewish Christian groups maintained that Jesus was himself a vegetarian. Epiphanius quotes the Gospel of the Ebionites where Jesus has a confrontation with the high priest. Jesus chastises the leadership saying, "I am come to end the sacrifices and feasts of blood; and if ye cease not offering and eating of flesh and blood, the wrath of God shall not cease from you; even as it came to your fathers in the wilderness, who lusted for flesh, and did sate to their content, and were filled with rottenness, and the plague consumed them."

According to Lightfoot, "the Christianized Essennes \[…\] condemned the slaughter of victims on grounds very different from those alleged in the Epistle of Hebrews, not because they have been superseded by the Atonement, but because they are in their very nature repulsive to God; not because they have ceased to be right, but because they never were right from the beginning".

Other early Christian historical documents observe that many influential Christians during the formative centuries of Christianity were vegetarian, though certainly not all. The *Clementine homilies*, a second-century work purportedly based on the teachings of the Apostle Peter, states, "The unnatural eating of flesh meats is as polluting as the heathen worship of devils, with its sacrifices and its impure feasts, through participation in it a man becomes a fellow eater with devils." While the Didascalia does not itself endorse vegetarianism, it records a group of individuals who believe they "should not eat flesh, and said that a man must not eat anything that has a soul in it."

Although early Christian vegetarianism appears to have been downplayed in favor of more "modern" Christian culture, the practice of vegetarianism appears to have been very widespread in early Christianity, both in the leadership and among the laity. Origen's work *Contra Celsum* quotes Celsus commenting vegetarian practices among Christians he had contact with. Although not vegetarian himself and vehemently against the idea that Christians must be vegetarians, Augustine nevertheless wrote that those Christians who "abstain both from flesh and from wine" are "without number".

## Churches and movements

### Historical developments

Followers of the Gnostic sect known as Catharism practiced pescatarianism as early as the Middle Ages. The Bible Christian Church founded by Reverend William Cowherd in 1809 followed a vegetarian diet. Cowherd was one of the philosophical forerunners of the Vegetarian Society. Cowherd encouraged members to abstain from eating of meat as a form of temperance. Cowherd emphasized that vegetarianism was good for health, whilst eating meat was unnatural and likely to cause aggression. Later he is reputed to have said "If God had meant us to eat meat, then it would have come to us in edible form \[as is the ripened fruit\]."

The Seventh-day Adventists present a health message that recommends vegetarianism and expects abstinence from pork, shellfish and other foods proscribed as "unclean" in Leviticus. A number of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, including Joseph Bates and Ellen White adopted a vegetarian diet during the nineteenth century, and Ellen White reportedly received visions regarding the health benefits of a vegetarian diet. More recently, members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in California have been involved in research into longevity due to their healthy lifestyle, which includes maintaining a vegetarian diet. This research has been included within a *National Geographic* article. Another denomination with common origin, the Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement recommends vegetarianism as a part of fellowship, with many of its members being practicing vegans as well. Typically, however, these sabbatarian pro-vegetarian Christian fellowships do not "require vegetarianism as a test of fellowship."

The Word of Wisdom is a dietary law given to adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement (also known as Mormonism), which states that "flesh also of beasts and of fowls of the air... are to be used sparingly," and that "it is pleasing unto \[God\] that they should not be used, only in times of winter, or of cold, or famine". Unlike injunctions against tobacco and alcohol, compliance with this part of the Doctrine and Covenants has never been made mandatory by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the largest Latter Day Saint denomination. Many LDS Church leaders have expressed their views on the subject of meat, but since Joseph F. Smith became church president in 1901, emphasis on refraining from meat has largely been dropped. An official church publication states, "\[m\]odern methods of refrigeration now make it possible to preserve meat in any season". As recently as 2012, official church spokesperson Michael Otterson stated "the church has also encouraged limiting meat consumption in favor of grains, fruits and vegetables." Of note is that the LDS Church owns and operates Deseret Ranches in central Florida, which is one of the largest cow-calf operations in the United States.

Some members of the Religious Society of Friends (also known as Quakers) practice vegetarianism or veganism as a reflection of the Peace Testimony, extending non-violence towards animals. Historically, the early vegetarian movement had many Quaker promoters. Some Ranter groups – non-conformist Christian groups that existed in seventeenth-century England – were vegetarian.

Roman Catholic monastic orders such as the Carthusians and Cistercians follow a pescatarian diet. Carmelites and others following the Rule of St. Albert also maintain a vegetarian diet, although the old and sick are permitted to eat meat according to this rule of life.

Christian anarchists, such as Leo Tolstoy, Ammon Hennacy, and Théodore Monod, extend the Christian principles of compassion and nonviolence through following a vegetarian diet.

### Contemporary movements

The Christian Vegetarian Association (CVA) is an international, non-denominational Christian vegetarian organization that promotes responsible stewardship of God's creation through plant-based eating. The CVA produced the 2006 film *Honoring God’s Creation*.

Sarx is a UK-based organization which aims to "empower Christians to champion the cause of animals and live peacefully with all God’s creatures". Sarx publishes interviews with Christian vegans and vegetarians on its website, and provides people to speak at Churches in the UK on topics such as Christianity and veganism, animal welfare and faith, creation and animals.

CreatureKind is an organization which exists "to encourage Christians to recognize faith-based reasons for caring about the well-being of fellow animal creatures used for food, and to take practical action in response". It was founded by David Clough, Professor of Theological Ethics at the University of Chester, and is directed by Clough and Sarah Withrow King, an American author and deputy directory of the Sider Center at Eastern University. CreatureKind produces a course for churches to do which facilitates church groups to think through how Christians should respond to and treat animals.

Creation Care Church is a virtual Christian church community, founded in 2021, that teaches a Bible-based approach to caring for the earth and all its inhabitants, including living a compassionate vegan lifestyle that shows mercy to all of God’s creatures.

Catholic Concern for Animals (CCA) is a charity which calls Catholics "to cherish and care for all of \[God's\] creation". CCA has for "many years" promoted a vegetarian/vegan diet as a way of caring for creation, in particular animals.

The group Evangelicals for Social Action have suggested that a vegan diet is a way of demonstrating Christian love and compassion to farmed animals, and argue in particular that this is what a consistently pro-life ethic looks like.

Christian Vegetarians and Vegans UK is an organization seeking to promote a vegetarian/vegan lifestyle in the Church in the UK.

## Partial fasting and temporary abstinence

### Eastern Christianity

During Lent some Christian communities, such as Orthodox Christians in the Middle East, undertake partial fasting eating only one light meal per day. For strict Greek Orthodox Christians and Copts, all meals during this 40-day period are prepared without animal products and are essentially vegan. Unlike veganism, however, abstaining from animal products during Lent is intended to be only temporary and not a permanent way of life.

Eastern Orthodox laity traditionally abstains from animal products on Wednesdays (because, according to Christian tradition, Judas betrayed Jesus on the Wednesday prior to the Crucifixion of Jesus) and Fridays (because Jesus is thought to have been crucified on the subsequent Friday), as well as during the four major fasting periods of the year: Great Lent, the Apostles' Fast, the Dormition Fast and the Nativity Fast. Catholic laity traditionally abstain from animal flesh on Fridays and through the Lenten season leading up to Easter (sometimes being required to do so by law, see fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church), some also, as a matter of private piety, observe Wednesday abstinence. *Fish* is not considered proper meat in any case (see pescetarianism, though the Eastern Orthodox allow fish only on days on which the fasting is lessened but meat still not allowed). For these practices, "animal rights" are no motivation and positive environmental or individual health effects only a surplus benefit; the actual reason is to practice mortification and some marginal asceticism.

Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic monastics abstain from meat year-round, and many abstain from dairy and seafood as well. Through obedience to the Orthodox Church and its ascetic practices, the Orthodox Christian seeks to rid himself or herself of the *passions*, or the disposition to sin.

### Western Christianity

In Western Christianity, fasting is observed during the forty-day season of Lent by many communicants of the Catholic Church, Lutheran Churches, Anglican Communion, Methodist Churches and the Western Orthodox Churches to commemorate the fast observed by Christ during his temptation in the desert. While some Western Christians fast during the entire season of Lent, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are emphasized by Western certain Christian denominations as especially important days of fasting within the Lenten season. In many Western Christian Churches, including those of the Catholic, Methodist and Baptist traditions, certain congregations have committed to undertaking the Daniel Fast during the whole season of Lent, in which believers practice abstinence from meat, lacticinia and alcohol for the entire forty days of the liturgical season.

According to Canon Law, Roman Catholics are required to abstain from meat (defined as all animal flesh and organs, excluding water animals) on Ash Wednesday and all Fridays of Lent including Good Friday. Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also fast days for Catholics ages 18 to 60, in which one main meal and two half-meals are eaten, with no snacking. Canon Law also obliges Catholics to abstain from meat on the Fridays of the year outside of Lent (excluding certain holy days) unless, with the permission of the local conference of bishops, another penitential act is substituted. Exceptions are allowed for health and necessity like manual labor and not causing offense when being a guest. The restrictions on eating meat on these days is solely as an act of penance and not because of a religious objection to eating meat. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has made substitution of a different penitential or charitable act an option for ordinary Fridays in their territory. After previous abolition, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales restored the meatless ordinary Friday requirement for their territory effective September, 2011. A popular misconception is that Pope Gregory I (who ruled from 590 to 604, and who is also a canonized saint) declared that rabbits were not meat. This is apparently a corruption of a manuscript in which Saint Gregory of Tours described one person (who was also ill and might not have been Catholic) eating a rabbit fetus during Lent. The rules are widely ignored; a 2016 survey found that only 62% of U.S. Catholics said they avoid meat on Fridays during Lent.

*A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent* delineates the following Lutheran fasting guidelines:

1. Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat.
2. Refrain from eating meat (bloody foods) on all Fridays in Lent, substituting fish for example.
3. Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season. Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter.
4. Consider not eating before receiving Communion in Lent.
5. Abstain from or limit a favorite activity (television, movies, etc.) for the entire season, and spend more time in prayer, Bible study, and reading devotional material.

It is the practice of many Lutherans to abstain from alcohol and meat on the Fridays of Lent; a Black Fast has been historically kept by Lutherans on Good Friday.

In Anglicanism, the Book of Common Prayer prescribes certain days as days for fasting and abstinence from meat, "consisting of the 40 days of Lent, the ember days, the three Rogation days (the Monday to Wednesday following the Sunday after Ascension Day, which is also known as Holy Thursday), and all Fridays in the year (except Christmas, if it falls on a Friday)":

> **A Table of the Vigils, Fasts, and Days of Abstinence, to be Observed in the Year.**
>
> The eves (vigils) before: The Nativity of our Lord. The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin. Easter Day. Ascension Day. Pentecost. St. Matthias. St. John Baptist. St. Peter. St. James. St. Bartholomew. St. Matthew. St. Simon and St. Jude. St. Andrew. St. Thomas. All Saints' Day. Note: if any of these Feast-Days fall upon a Monday, then the Vigil or Fast-Day shall be kept upon the Saturday, and not upon the Sunday next before it. Days of Fasting, or Abstinence. I. The Forty Days of Lent. II. The Ember Days at the Four Seasons, being the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the First Sunday in Lent, the Feast of Pentecost, September 14, and December 13. III. The Three Rogation Days, being the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, before Holy Thursday, or the Ascension of our Lord. IV. All the Fridays in the Year, except Christmas Day.

Methodism's principal liturgical book The Sunday Service of the Methodists (put together by John Wesley), as well as The Directions Given to Band Societies (25 December 1744), mandate fasting and abstinence from meat on all Fridays of the year (except Christmas Day, if it falls on a Friday).

## Further reading


title: Beth Brinkmann

abstract: Beth S. Brinkmann is an American lawyer who served as Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the United States Department of Justice, heading up the appellate staff in the DOJ's Civil Division during the administration of President Barack Obama. She also served as Assistant to the Solicitor General of the United States from 1993 through 2001. Brinkmann has argued 25 cases before the United States Supreme Court both in that role and in her later role as a partner in the Washington, D.C. office of the firm Morrison & Foerster. Currently, Brinkmann is a partner at the Covington & Burling law firm in Washington, D.C.

text:
# Beth Brinkmann

**Beth S. Brinkmann** (born September 24, 1958) is an American lawyer who served as Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the United States Department of Justice, heading up the appellate staff in the DOJ's Civil Division during the administration of President Barack Obama. She also served as Assistant to the Solicitor General of the United States from 1993 through 2001. Brinkmann has argued 25 cases before the United States Supreme Court both in that role and in her later role as a partner in the Washington, D.C. office of the firm Morrison & Foerster. Currently, Brinkmann is a partner at the Covington & Burling law firm in Washington, D.C.

## Early professional career

Brinkmann graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1980 with a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and earned her J.D. degree from Yale Law School in 1985. She served as a law clerk to Judge Phyllis A. Kravitch of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. Brinkmann then served as a law clerk to Justice Harry Blackmun of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1986 to 1987. Brinkmann then worked for four years as an associate with the small San Francisco litigation firm of Turner & Brorby, after which she served as an assistant federal public defender from 1991 through 1993 in Washington, D.C.

## Work in the Solicitor General's office

Brinkmann became assistant to the U.S. Solicitor General in December 1993. She argued her first case before the Supreme Court on March 23, 1994. Brinkmann was the tenth woman hired as an assistant to the Solicitor General, with five more women hired during her eight years in that office. She is one of 726 women who have argued before the Supreme Court, from the first in 1880 through 2016.

## Private practice

After leaving the Solicitor General's office, Brinkmann joined Morrison & Foerster in early 2002. As a partner at Morrison & Foerster and the chair of the firm's Appellate Practice Group, Brinkmann continued to argue cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. "Every time you go up there, it is amazing, and an honor and privilege being there. You also feel very patriotic—at least I do," Brinkmann told the National Journal in 2002. In a November 20, 2007 article in the Chicago Daily Law Bulletin, Brinkmann told the paper that she had argued 22 cases before the Supreme Court in her career. Eighteen of those times were as a staff lawyer in the Solicitor General's office, Brinkmann told *ABA Journal* in an article that ran in the magazine's March 2005 issue.

## Work in the Obama administration

On April 3, 2009, Brinkmann was tapped to join the United States Department of Justice as the Deputy Assistant Attorney General heading up the Appellate staff in the DOJ's Civil Division. After Obama left office, Brinkmann joined the law firm of Covington & Burling.

## Possible future federal judicial service

In the March 12, 2008, issue of The New Republic, writer Jeffrey Rosen floated Brinkmann's name as a future federal appeals-court judge or Supreme Court justice, likening her to Chief Justice John Roberts by suggesting her as a possible "Democratic female John Roberts". Rosen also characterized Brinkmann as "moderate, pragmatic and pro-business".

## Theater

Playing the role of attorney for Electra, in June 2019 in Washington, D.C. Brinkmann participated in the Shakespeare Theatre Company's Oresteia mock trial, based on the Orestia trilogy by the ancient Greek tragedian Aeschylus.

## InfoBox

| Beth Brinkmann | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1958-09-24) September 24, 1958
Toledo, Ohio, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | University of California,
Berkeley (BA)
Yale University (JD) |
|  | |


title: Venna River

abstract: The Venna River rises in Mahabaleshwar, and is a tributary of the Krishna River in Satara district of western Maharashtra, India. It rises near Mahableshwar, a famous hill station in the Western Ghats. The river meets the Krishna River and this confluence takes place at Sangam Mahuli which is located in eastern part of Satara city. The River Krishna is one of the three largest rivers in southern India.

text:
# Venna River

The **Venna River** rises in Mahabaleshwar, and is a tributary of the Krishna River in Satara district of western Maharashtra, India. It rises near Mahableshwar, a famous hill station in the Western Ghats. The river meets the Krishna River and this confluence takes place at Sangam Mahuli which is located in eastern part of Satara city. The River Krishna is one of the three largest rivers in southern India.

17°18′N 74°10′E / 17.300°N 74.167°E / 17.300; 74.167

Other four rivers originating from Mahabaleshwar (Panchganga):

## InfoBox

| Venna | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Venna Lake, Mahabaleshwar |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Near Satara, Krishna River |
| Length | 130 km (81 mi) |


title: Rawiczów

abstract: Rawiczów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Kawęczyn, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Nowy Kawęczyn, 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Skierniewice, and 53 km (33 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Rawiczów

**Rawiczów** \[raˈvit͡ʂuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Kawęczyn, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Nowy Kawęczyn, 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Skierniewice, and 53 km (33 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Rawiczów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rawiczów | |
| Coordinates: 51°55′N 20°12′E / 51.917°N 20.200°E / 51.917; 20.200 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Skierniewice |
| Gmina | Nowy Kawęczyn |


title: Charles Maurin

abstract: Charles Maurin was a French painter and engraver in a variety of styles.

text:
# Charles Maurin

**Charles Maurin** (1 April 1856 – 22 July 1914) was a French painter and engraver in a variety of styles.

## Life and career

Maurin was born in Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes). He was awarded the Prix Crozatier in 1875, and used the funds to go to Paris to study art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts under Jules Lefebvre from 1876 to 1879. He also studied at the Académie Julian, where he eventually taught. He exhibited at the Salon of French artists and became a member of the Society of French Artists in 1883. He was a friend and mentor of the painter Félix Vallotton.

## Art

Maurin received the support of Vollard and was a friend of Toulouse-Lautrecwho had his first individual exhibition with him in 1893and also of many other artists, including François-Rupert Carabin and the entertainer Aristide Bruant. A notable symbolist work of his is *Maternity*, a study of motherhood. Inspired by Japanese artists, he revolutionized the technique of etching, and also produced woodcuts. In 1891 he patented a method of color printing. He contributed to *La Revue Blanche*, directed by Félix Fénéon, and *Les Temps nouveaux*, published by Jean Grave.

In 1893 Maurin produced a commemorative woodcut of the anarchist Ravachol, depicting him in front of the guillotine against a rising sun and a field of grain. The art historian Howard G. Lay has commented on the piece's "*japoniste* perspective" and "robust linearity", its "schematization of form" and "stylistic overtures to artless sincerity", which he argues lend the picture an "iconic bearing" and its subject a "saintly stature". It was later featured on the cover of the early 1900s bomb-making handbook *La Salute è in voi*.

Charles Maurin died on 22 July 1914 in Grasse, southeast France.

Media related to Charles Maurin at Wikimedia Commons


title: Dey Street station

abstract: The Dey Street station was the original southern terminus of the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, the first elevated railway in New York City and the United States. The West Side and Yonkers was a cable railway rather than a conventional railway; its cars were pulled by a drum on a single track.

text:
# Dey Street station

The **Dey Street station** was the original southern terminus of the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, the first elevated railway in New York City and the United States.

The West Side and Yonkers was a cable railway rather than a conventional railway; its cars were pulled by a drum on a single track.

## History

Having a railway to relieve congestion in New York City had been proposed at various times since 1825, but Charles T. Harvey received a patent for an elevated cable railway in 1867, and the line opened in 1868.

Although early plans called for the construction of its trackage over Broadway, local opposition led to its construction over Greenwich Street instead.

The cable railway proved a failure, and the Railway's assets were sold off at an auction on November 15, 1870. It was retooled to become a conventional railway powered by steam locomotives in April 1871, eventually becoming the Ninth Avenue Elevated.


title: Serrulina serrulata

abstract: Serrulina serrulata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium.

text:
# Serrulina serrulata

***Serrulina serrulata*** is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium.

## Subspecies

Subspecies within this species include:

* *Serrulina serrulata serrulata* (L. Pfeiffer 1847)
* *Serrulina serrulata amanica* (Naegele 1906)

## Distribution

### *Serrulina serrulata amanica* (Naegele 1906)

### *Serrulina serrulata serrulata* (L. Pfeiffer 1847)

## InfoBox

| *Serrulina serrulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Clausiliidae |
| Genus: | *Serrulina* |
| Species: | ***S. serrulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Serrulina serrulata***<br>Pfeiffer, L., 1847 | |
|


title: Shiloh Field Community Garden

abstract: Shiloh Field Community Garden is a community garden in Denton, Texas that grows produce for local food pantries and charities. At 14.5 acres, it is considered the largest community garden in the United States by the American Community Garden Association. The garden was founded in 2009 by Gene Gumfory (1939–2020). The land is owned by the Denton Bible Church, but operations are funded through donations. In the first five years of operation, the garden harvested over 100,000 pounds of produce. In 2019, the garden donated 23,000 pounds of fruits and vegetables. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the garden saw an increase in demand, and the Friends of Shiloh Garden organized ways to optimize output. As a result, in the year 2020 alone, the garden donated over 40,000 pounds of produce to local food banks and nonprofits.

text:
# Shiloh Field Community Garden

**Shiloh Field Community Garden** is a community garden in Denton, Texas that grows produce for local food pantries and charities. At 14.5 acres, it is considered the largest community garden in the United States by the American Community Garden Association.

The garden was founded in 2009 by Gene Gumfory (1939–2020). The land is owned by the Denton Bible Church, but operations are funded through donations. In the first five years of operation, the garden harvested over 100,000 pounds of produce.

In 2019, the garden donated 23,000 pounds of fruits and vegetables. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the garden saw an increase in demand, and the Friends of Shiloh Garden organized ways to optimize output. As a result, in the year 2020 alone, the garden donated over 40,000 pounds of produce to local food banks and nonprofits.

## Further reading

* Medina, Melanie (September–October 2019). "Feeding the Multitude". *Denton County Magazine*. pp. 66–72. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

## InfoBox

| Shiloh Field Community Garden | |
| --- | --- |
| Raised beds at Shiloh Field Community Garden, 2021 | |
|  | |
| Type | Community garden |
| Location | Denton, Texas |
| Coordinates | 33°13′50″N 97°06′22″W / 33.230461°N 97.106235°W / 33.230461; -97.106235 |
| Area | 14.5 acres |
| Created | 2009 |
| Founder | Gene Gumfory |
| Owned by | Denton Bible Church |
| Operated by | Friends of Shiloh Garden |
| Website | https://www.shilohfield.com/ |


title: South Capitol station

abstract: South Capitol is a station on the New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter rail line, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico at 1301 Alta Vista, between St. Francis Drive and Cerrillos Road, near the South Capitol Governmental Complex. It opened to service on December 17, 2008. The station has free parking, with over 200 spaces. Santa Fe Trails routes 2 and 4 serve the stop. The NMDOT Park and Ride Blue, Red and Orange routes connect the station to Los Alamos, Espanola, and Las Vegas, and a local shuttle transfers passengers to various destinations in Santa Fe. The North Central RTD also serves this station, providing services north toward Española and Taos and south toward Eldorado and Edgewood. Each of the Rail Runner stations contains an icon to express each community's identity. The icon representing this station is the Zia sun symbol.

text:
# South Capitol station

**South Capitol** is a station on the New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter rail line, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico at 1301 Alta Vista, between St. Francis Drive and Cerrillos Road, near the South Capitol Governmental Complex. It opened to service on December 17, 2008.

The station has free parking, with over 200 spaces. Santa Fe Trails routes 2 and 4 serve the stop. The NMDOT Park and Ride Blue, Red and Orange routes connect the station to Los Alamos, Espanola, and Las Vegas, and a local shuttle transfers passengers to various destinations in Santa Fe. The North Central RTD also serves this station, providing services north toward Española and Taos and south toward Eldorado and Edgewood.

Each of the Rail Runner stations contains an icon to express each community's identity. The icon representing this station is the Zia sun symbol.

## InfoBox

| South Capitol
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rail Runner Express commuter rail station | |
| South Capitol Rail Runner station | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1301 Alta Vista, Santa Fe, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 35°40′23″N 105°57′26″W / 35.67306°N 105.95722°W / 35.67306; -105.95722 |
| Line(s) | Rail Runner Express NMDOT Park and Ride

North Central RTD |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | 200+ spaces |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | Zone F |
| History | |
| Opened | December 17, 2008 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station New Mexico Rail Runner Express Following station  Zia Roadtoward Belen  Rail Runner Express  Santa Fe DepotTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Betty Lou Varnum

abstract: Betty Lou Varnum was an American television personality, best known as host of the long-running children's show, The Magic Window.

text:
# Betty Lou Varnum

**Betty Lou Varnum** (née **McVay**; May 3, 1931 – August 2021) was an American television personality, best known as host of the long-running children's show, *The Magic Window*.

## Early years

Varnum was born in Chicago. Her parents, Glen and Louise McVay, moved to the small town of Platteville, Wisconsin later that same year. Her father was a popular local optometrist and sportsman and her mother was a housewife. The family lived in Platteville during WWII as McVay completed public school. After the war, McVay moved to Madison and attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology with a minor in English literature. After graduation, McVay returned to her hometown, Platteville, and obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in teaching. She took a job teaching literature and speech at the high school in Port Washington, Wisconsin.

## Career

An acquaintance of McVay's who attended the University of Wisconsin, Platteville and worked at WOI-TV in Ames, Iowa suggested her as a host for a television show. In late 1954, after being contacted by WOI-TV managers, McVay left her teaching job and went to work in television. At that time, WOI-TV was owned and operated by Iowa State University and had just signed on the air on February 21, 1950. It was the first commercial television station in the United States to be owned by a major college. Although she had never been in a television studio before and had only been on the job for two days, McVay took over as host of *The Magic Window*, which would become America's longest-running local children's program.

*The Magic Window* ran continuously from 1951 through 1994. *Betty Lou and the House with the Magic Window*, as the show was later titled, was a children's show aimed at kindergarten and preschoolers that took place in the Magic Forest. McVay and her special friends, Gregory Lion (a perpetually four-year-old lion), Catrina Crocodile (a witch who had changed herself into a beautiful crocodile), and Dusty the Unicorn (more formally known as Stardust Glimmer, who was 3000 years old – young for a unicorn), would chat with visitors, teach a clever craft, and watch wholesome cartoons such as *Felix the Cat* and *Tales of the Riverbank*, a Canadian live-action short about Hammy the Hamster, Roderick the Rat, and friends. Although targeted at young children, *The Magic Window* would become a favorite of children of all ages as generations grew up with Betty Lou.

Varnum made only one appearance as an actress. She played Mrs. Vernam on an episode of *The Rifleman* that aired October 16, 1961; it was Season 4 Episode 3.

Varnum worked on other projects at WOI-TV and became the motive force behind many significant public affairs and entertainment shows. Among the first in her field, she hosted a local talk show, *Dimension 5*, which ran on Tuesday evenings starting at 10:30 PM and ending when all of the viewers' questions were answered and the panel members had expressed their views – often causing the show to run into the early hours of the morning. *Dimension 5* addressed the controversial topics of the day with shows featuring Medal of Honor-winners, Nobel Prize-winners, the American Indian Movement, women's rights, gay and lesbian rights, and many others. Varnum also produced and hosted the award-winning *Status 6*, which focused on the struggles of the handicapped in Iowa, for which she received the McCall's Golden Mike Award for Women in Radio and Television in 1965. In the mid-1970s, she conceived and hosted *Stringers Newscast*, a show that featured film shorts and animations produced by the viewing public.

Varnum also hosted the yearly Iowa State Fair and VEISHEA parades.

Varnum retired in 1994 when WOI-TV was purchased by a commercial company. During her 40-year career, Varnum received endless recognition and awards for her pioneering work in the television industry and as a woman in the early days of local broadcasting.

## Personal life and death

In 1959, McVay married James (Red) Varnum, also an employee at WOI-TV. Red worked as a backstage designer, producer, director and writer and appeared in a number of shows including *The Red Dash* and *Gravesend Manor*. It was rumored that Red was the voice of one of the puppets in *The Magic Window*, but neither Betty Lou nor Red ever confirmed this.

Betty Lou Varnum died in August 2021.

## InfoBox

| Betty Lou Varnum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Betty Lou McVay
(1931-05-03)May 3, 1931
Chicago, Illinois |
| Died | (2021-08-04)August 4, 2021 |
| Occupation(s) | Television Personality, Producer, Director, Writer |
| Spouse | James (Red) Varnum |
| Children | 3 |


title: Veppanthattai taluk

abstract: Veppanthattai is a taluk of Perambalur district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Veppanthattai.

text:
# Veppanthattai taluk

**Veppanthattai** is a taluk of Perambalur district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Veppanthattai.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Veppanthattai had a population of 148,700 with 73,598 males and 75,102 females. There were 1020 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 65.36. Child population in the age group below 6 was 7,906 Males and 7,266 Females.


title: Skadeskutt

abstract: Skadeskutt (Wounded) is a Norwegian drama film from 1951 directed by Edith Carlmar. The lead roles are played by Carsten Winger, Eva Bergh, Sigrun Otto, and Einar Vaage.

text:
# Skadeskutt

***Skadeskutt*** (Wounded) is a Norwegian drama film from 1951 directed by Edith Carlmar. The lead roles are played by Carsten Winger, Eva Bergh, Sigrun Otto, and Einar Vaage.

## Plot

The architect Einar Wang (Carsten Winger) has been married to his adoring wife Else (Eva Bergh) for some years. The marriage has been happy, but one thing has cast a shadow over their life together: they have not had a child. Eventually, they decide to have a child. However, it turns out that it is not so simple. Shadows from Einar's past lie in wait. When he was quite young, he had an affair with a young girl, whom he sincerely loved. The girl became pregnant, and they agreed to have an abortion. Then she died because of the procedure. This has tormented Einar all these years, and at times he has felt like a murderer. He is eventually driven into a severe depression. Then one day the depression turns into mental illness, and he is admitted to a psychiatric hospital.

## Cast

* Eva Bergh as Else Wang
* Sverre Andersen as a barkeeper
* Nona Bækken as Mrs. Aasen, a patient
* Brita Bigum as Liv, a nurse
* Otto Carlmar as the director of A/S Boligbygg
* Veronica Foyn Christensen as Inger, a nurse
* Svend von Düring as Sandberg, a patient
* Daggen Dybberg as Wang's secretary
* Oscar Egede-Nissen as the assistant doctor on the 6th ward
* Kåre Hegseth as Enger, a doctor
* Egil Hjorth-Jenssen as Andersen, a patient
* Gunnar Hjorth-Jenssen as Falk, an architect
* Levor Lie as Nordlie, an engineer
* Lilly Larson-Lund as a gynecologist
* Sigrun Otto as Else's mother
* Arne Riis as Holst, an engineer
* Astri Rogstad as Aud, a nurse
* Agathe Running as "the nanny," a patient
* Gunnar Simenstad as Rolf Lunde, a doctor
* Alfhild Stormoen as Wang's aunt
* Anders Sundby as the chief physician on the 6th ward
* N. Tinholt as Karlsen, a nurse
* Einar Vaage as the hospital director
* Klara Wang as the head nurse
* Ragnvald Wingar as an alcoholic
* Carsten Winger as Einar Wang, an architect
* Tore Winger as a worker
* Ingrid Øvre Wiik as Miss Brun, a patient (credited as Ingrid Øvre)
* Edith Carlmar as a patient (not credited)

## InfoBox

| Skadeskutt | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Edith Carlmar |
| Written by | Otto Carlmar
Victor Borg |
| Produced by | Otto Carlmar |
| Starring | Carsten Winger
Eva Bergh
Sigrun Otto
Einar Vaage |
| Cinematography | Per Jonson |
| Edited by | Olav Engebretsen |
| Music by | Sverre Arvid Bergh |
| Distributed by | Carlmar Film |
| Release date | * August 27, 1951 (1951-08-27) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | Norway |
| Language | Norwegian |


title: Devon colic

abstract: Devon colic was a condition that affected people in the English county of Devon during parts of the 17th and 18th centuries, before it was discovered to be lead poisoning. The first written account of the colic comes from 1655. Symptoms began with severe abdominal pains and the condition was occasionally fatal. Cider is a traditional drink of Devonians, and the connection between the colic and cider drinking had been observed for many years. The condition was commonly attributed to the acidity of the beverage. William Musgrave's publication De arthritide symptomatica included the first scientific description of "Devonshire colic" – it was later referred to by John Huxham and Sir George Baker. However, the precise cause was not discovered until the 1760s when Dr George Baker put forward the hypothesis that poisoning from lead in cider was to blame. He observed that the symptoms of the colic were similar to those of lead poisoning. He pointed out that lead was used in the cider making process both as a component of the cider presses and in the form of lead shot which was used to clean them. He also conducted chemical tests to demonstrate the presence of lead in Devon apple juice. The publication of his results met with some hostile reaction from cider manufacturers, keen to defend their product. Once Baker's conclusions became accepted and the elimination of lead from the cider presses was undertaken, the colic declined. By 1818, Baker's son reported that it was "hardly known to exist" in Devon.

text:
# Devon colic

**Devon colic** was a condition that affected people in the English county of Devon during parts of the 17th and 18th centuries, before it was discovered to be lead poisoning.

The first written account of the colic comes from 1655. Symptoms began with severe abdominal pains and the condition was occasionally fatal. Cider is a traditional drink of Devonians, and the connection between the colic and cider drinking had been observed for many years. The condition was commonly attributed to the acidity of the beverage.

William Musgrave's publication *De arthritide symptomatica* (2nd edn, 1715) included the first scientific description of "Devonshire colic" – it was later referred to by John Huxham and Sir George Baker.

However, the precise cause was not discovered until the 1760s when Dr George Baker put forward the hypothesis that poisoning from lead in cider was to blame. He observed that the symptoms of the colic were similar to those of lead poisoning. He pointed out that lead was used in the cider making process both as a component of the cider presses and in the form of lead shot which was used to clean them. He also conducted chemical tests to demonstrate the presence of lead in Devon apple juice.

The publication of his results met with some hostile reaction from cider manufacturers, keen to defend their product. Once Baker's conclusions became accepted and the elimination of lead from the cider presses was undertaken, the colic declined. By 1818, Baker's son reported that it was "hardly known to exist" in Devon.

## Poitou colic

An illness with identical symptoms was described from Poitou in western France in a work of 1616 by François Citois. It was known in English sources as **Poitou colic**. It was likewise demonstrated to be a form of lead poisoning in a 1757 publication by Théodore Tronchin of Geneva.


title: The Sweet Smell of Psychosis

abstract: The Sweet Smell of Psychosis is English writer Will Self's first published novella. It was printed by Bloomsbury Books in 1996 and features illustrations by Martin Rowson. Richard Hermes is a London journalist who lives a life of drudging days and cocaine fuelled nights. He falls in with a local media personality called Bell and his crew which includes the delightful and attractive Ursula. Ursula is also a media type writing a good sex column. As Richard attempts to get closer and closer to her, he finds himself consuming more and more until finally psychosis begins to break in.

text:
# The Sweet Smell of Psychosis

***The Sweet Smell of Psychosis*** is English writer Will Self's first published novella. It was printed by Bloomsbury Books in 1996 and features illustrations by Martin Rowson.

Richard Hermes is a London journalist who lives a life of drudging days and cocaine fuelled nights. He falls in with a local media personality called Bell and his crew which includes the delightful and attractive Ursula. Ursula is also a media type writing a good sex column. As Richard attempts to get closer and closer to her, he finds himself consuming more and more until finally psychosis begins to break in.

## Plot

## Reception

In reviewing the book Katherine Guckenberger concludes:

> "Self's message is clear: life is ugly and ironic, and the sooner one figures this out, the sooner one can not overcome it but accept it."

Brian Budzynski writing for the Center for Book Culture observed:

> "Self’s satirical indictment of urban literary culture is defined within his prose by Richard’s voice, "brusque to the point of rank rudeness". With an air of contempt and "expensively studied disregard", Self’s characters endeavor to persevere within the "knots of desperation" that they have created. One can’t help but think that Self implicates himself as a fellow "hack"; his language perfectly reflects a subculture that is as mysterious as it is dangerous and intriguing."

1. http://weeklywire.com/ww/11-08-99/boston\_books\_1.html Boston Phoenix Review
2. http://www.centerforbookculture.org/review/bookreviews/00\_1/sweetsmell.html Center for Book culture Archived 25 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

The Sweet Smell of Psychosis
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Will Self |
| Illustrator | Martin Rowson |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Bloomsbury Publishing |
| Publication date | 15 May 1997 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 92 pp |
| ISBN | 978-0-7475-3154-8 |
| OCLC | 59651939 |


title: Serruelles

abstract: Serruelles is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

text:
# Serruelles

**Serruelles** (French pronunciation: \[sɛʁɥɛl\]) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

## Geography

A very small farming and forestry village situated about13 miles (21 km) south of Bourges, at the junction of the D940 with the D130 road.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 45 |  |
| 1968 | 57 | +26.7% |
| 1975 | 45 | −21.1% |
| 1982 | 52 | +15.6% |
| 1990 | 61 | +17.3% |
| 1999 | 58 | −4.9% |
| 2008 | 53 | −8.6% |

## Sights

* The church of St. Ursin, dating from the eleventh century.
* The seventeenth-century manorhouse of Lambussey.

## InfoBox

| Serruelles | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Serruelles | |
| SerruellesSerruelles | |
| Coordinates: 46°53′00″N 2°22′19″E / 46.8833°N 2.3719°E / 46.8833; 2.3719 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Cher |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Amand-Montrond |
| Canton | Trouy |
| Intercommunality | CC Arnon Boischaut Cher |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Monique Aubailly |
| Area**1** | 7.51 km2 (2.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 67 |
| Density | 8.9/km2 (23/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 18250 /18190 |
| Elevation | 159–179 m (522–587 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Shiloh Godson

abstract: Shiloh Godson is a Nigerian born film score composer, music composer, recording engineer and sound designer. His work has been used in films and he has been nominated for an Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Award for Best Sound Editing. Godson has gained recognition for his work on various films, including  Blackmail, Badamasi, Blindspots and Out of Breath. He frequently works with other collaborators through the company that he founded, Hush Sounds Productions.

text:
# Shiloh Godson

**Shiloh Godson** (born 14 March 1993) is a Nigerian born film score composer, music composer, recording engineer and sound designer. His work has been used in films and he has been nominated for an Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Award for Best Sound Editing.

Godson has gained recognition for his work on various films, including *Blackmail*, *Badamasi*, *Blindspots* and *Out of Breath*.

He frequently works with other collaborators through the company that he founded, Hush Sounds Productions.

## Personal life

Godson was born in Kano State, Nigeria. He is of the Igbo ethnic group of Southeastern Nigeria. He has a Biochemistry degree from the University of Calabar, and a degree from Berklee College of Music.

## Awards and nominations

In 2023, Godson was nominated for an Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards (AMVCA) for Best Sound Editor in *Blackmail*, and the film was nominated for the Best Feature Film category at the 2021 British Urban Film Festival (BUFF) and won an African movie academy award.

His work on *Badamasi* was nominated for two Africa Movie Academy Awards.

His work on *Money Miss Road* (2022) got nominated in 2022 for four Africa Movie Academy Awards, including National Film & Video Censors Board (NFVCB) Award for Best Nigerian Film and Michael Anyiam Osigwe Award for Best Film by an African-born Director Living Abroad.

## Filmography

* *Badamasi* (2021)
* *The Oratory* (2021)
* *Date Night* (2022)
* *Johnny Jackson's Story* (2022)
* *Money Miss Road* (2022)
* *Bigger fish* (2023)
* *Black Mall* (2023)
* *Blindspots* (2024)
* *Max and Sadie* (2024)
* *Troublous Weekend* (2024)
* *Everyday with you* (2024)
* *Out of Breath* (2024)

## InfoBox

| Shiloh Godson | |
| --- | --- |
| Godson in 2023 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Shiloh Kelechi Godson |
| Born | (1993-03-14) 14 March 1993<br>Kano (city), Nigeria |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2019–present |
| Labels | Hush Sounds |


abstract: South Korea competed at the 1980 Summer Paralympics in Arnhem, Netherlands.

text:
# South Korea at the 1980 Summer Paralympics

**South Korea** competed at the **1980 Summer Paralympics** in Arnhem, Netherlands.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Kim Yoon-Bae | Archery | Men's advanced metric round paraplegic |
| Gold | Choi Dong-Sik | Table tennis | Men's singles 3 |
| Silver | Choi Tae-Am | Table tennis | Men's singles 2 |
| Silver | Uh Jong-Hoe
Kim Si-Un | Table tennis | Men's teams 1C |
| Bronze | Kim So-Boo
Choi Dong-Sik | Table tennis | Men's teams 4 |

## Archery

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank |
| Kim Yoon-Bae | Men's Advanced metric round paraplegic | 884 |  |
| Chang Ki-Ki | Men's Double FITA round paraplegic | 2164 | 14 |

## Dartchery

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| South Korea | Men's Pairs open | Great Britain (GBR)
**Won** | Finland (FIN)
**Won** | Norway (NOR)
**Lose** | United States (USA)
**Lose** | 4 |

## Table tennis

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result |
| Kim Si-Un | Men's Singles 1C | bye | E. Broos (NED)
**W** 2–0 | Daniel Jeannin (FRA)
**L** 0–2 |  |  |
| Uh Young-Ho | Men's Singles 1C | bye | Aldo Licciardi (ITA)
**W** 2–1 | G. Bunderud (SWE)
**L** 0–2 |  |  |
| Choi Tae-Am | Men's Singles 2 | bye | See Yang Choi (HKG)
**W** 2–1 | Fritz Altendorfer (AUT)
**W** 2–0 | K. Kuijala (FIN)
**W** 2–0 | Franz Mandl (AUT)
**L** 0–2 |
| Nam Kwi-Teak | Men's Singles 2 | Carlo Jannucci (ITA)
**W** 2–0 | G. Nilsson (SWE)
**L** 0–2 |  |  |  |
| Choi Dong-Sik | Men's Singles 3 | bye | Andre Hennaert (FRA)
**W** 2–0 | H. Gentner (FRG)
**W** 2–0 | Michael Cunningham (IRL)
**W** 2–0 | Engelbert Rangger (AUT)
**W** 2–0 |
| Yang Un-Seung | Men's Singles 3 | B. Edbrom (SWE)
**W** 2–0 | Heinz Simon (FRG)
**W** 2–1 | Engelbert Rangger (AUT)
**Lose** |  |  |
| Kim So-Boo | Men's Singles 4 | bye | P. Glaese (FRG)
**W** 2–0 | Michael Dempsey (USA)
**L** 0–2 |  |  |
| Uh Young-Ho
Kim Si-Un | Men's Teams 1C | n/a | | bye | Aldo Licciardi /
Paolo D'Agostini (ITA)
**W** 3–1 | G. Laner /
B. Boerstler (FRG)
**L** 0–3 |
| Choi Tae-Am
Nam Kwi-Teak | Men's Teams 2 | n/a | bye | Manfred Emmel /
R. Loercher (FRG)
**L** 1–3 |  |  |
| Kim So-Boo
Choi Dong-Sik | Men's Teams 4 | n/a | bye | Franz Nietlispach /
Wolfgang Henklotz (SUI)
**W** 3–2 | Michael Dempsey /
Gary Kerr / T. Kaus (USA)
**L** 2–3 | K. Lerner /
Martin Huegenich (FRG)
**W** 3–0 |

## InfoBox

| South Korea at the
1980 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | KOR |
| NPC | Korean Paralympic Committee |
| Website | www.kosad.or.kr (in Korean) |
| in Arnhem | |
| Medals
Ranked 26th | Gold 2 Silver 2 Bronze 1 Total 5 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Beyond the Deepwoods

abstract: Beyond the Deepwoods is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 1998. It is the first volume of The Edge Chronicles and of the Twig Saga trilogy.

text:
# Beyond the Deepwoods

***Beyond the Deepwoods*** is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 1998. It is the first volume of *The Edge Chronicles* and of the *Twig Saga* trilogy.

## Plot

Raised by woodtrolls in the Deepwoods all his life, Twig believes he is one of them, yet strongly suspects there is something different about him, as he does not fit in with them; in particular, he feels a longing to live as a sky pirate. He sets off to find his true kind when he learns from his adoptive woodtroll mother that he is not a woodtroll after all, but was found abandoned in the woods and taken in by them. His adoptive mother tells him to travel to their cousin's house to mull things over, but during Twig's journey through the Deepwoods, he ends up unintentionally straying from the path. This is an act no woodtroll ever commits, for the woodtrolls' greatest fear is getting lost, and this fear is not without reason. The forest is populated with both fierce natural predators and evil demons, the most dangerous being the Gloamglozer. Twig soon stumbles upon a slaughterer who is being attacked by a hover worm. Twig kills the hover worm and the grateful slaughterer invites him to spend the night in his village.

The next morning, Twig is woken by a slaughterer who tells him that he has outstayed his welcome, and is expected to leave immediately, which he does. Twig has a run-in with a skullpelt, a predator which hunts people who fall under the illusions of the Deepwoods' lullabee trees, but is saved by a caterbird which has just hatched from its cocoon. As all caterbirds share telepathic dreams whilst in the womb, and the oakelf sage of Twig's woodtroll village lived in a caterbird cocoon, this caterbird knows all about Twig. The caterbird tells Twig his destiny lies "beyond the Deepwoods" and flies off, promising to return when he is in danger. That night, Twig is almost eaten by a bloodoak, a man-eating tree, but escapes and ends up in a gyle goblin colony, where he is almost fed to the goblins by their leader, the Grossmother. After a gyle goblin guides him to safety, Twig meets an injured banderbear, one of the forest's dominant predators. The banderbear is sick because of a rotten tooth, which Twig pulls out. Soon, Twig and the banderbear become great friends, but one day the banderbear is killed by a swarm of wig-wigs, ferocious predators which act like piranhas. Later, Twig almost drowns in a swamp, but is rescued by a flathead goblin who vanishes before Twig can thank him. Twig meets a young girl who takes him as a "pet" in the underground society of the termagant trogs. Twig spends a few months with the trog girl, but eventually she undergoes the termagant trogs' maturation ceremony by drinking sap from a bloodoak root, turning her into a monstrous brute like the other adult female trogs. However, a lone trog male saves Twig, much to his surprise, and directs him to the exit.

Twig finally meets some sky pirates, whose ship has crashed due to the flight-rock which powers the ship falling out of the sky when it was struck by lightning, and helps them repair it. When their captain Cloud Wolf, whose real name is Quintinius Verginix, tells a story about his past, Twig realizes that Quintinius is his true father, and wants to join his crew. To Twig's horror, though, the next morning he awakens alone, abandoned by his father again. Distraught, Twig realizes the pirates' campfire has started a forest fire. Twig runs for his life and ends up in the Edgelands on the outskirts of the Deepwoods, where he meets the Gloamglozer face to face. The Gloamglozer tempts Twig into living a life as a Gloamglozer himself, having failed to fit in anywhere else, and reveals that he had been influencing Twig's journey all along in the guise of a slaughterer, gyle goblin, male trog and flathead goblin. However, when Twig agrees, the Gloamglozer instead throws him off the side of the Edge. The caterbird returns and rescues Twig before dropping him onto the deck of Quintinius Verginix's ship. Finally reunited with his true father, who apologizes for leaving him and promises to always protect him, Twig and the sky pirates set sail.

## Publication history

Chris Riddell says that "...the books I loved as a child always had intriguing maps in the front of them... But I always wanted to know what lay beyond the edges of the map – where the heffalumps were, over the Northern Mountains or across the sea to the West. So I drew a world that was, literally, on the Edge, and asked Paul to imagine what happened there." Paul Stewart decided to set the first book in an area of the map called the Deepwoods. He was heavily inspired by Grimm's fairy tales, by natural history, and by Riddell's artwork.

## Critical reception

*Beyond the Deepwoods* was received warmly by critics, who praised its originality, creative language, and artwork. PublishersWeekly said, "The narrative will cast a spell over readers from the beginning with its utterly odd, off-kilter sense of logic and a vocabulary that is equal parts Dr. Seuss and Lewis Carroll"; Kirkus Reviews said, "Good fun, though the supporting cast tends to overshadow the plot."

## Sources

* Paul Stewart (1998) *Beyond the Deepwoods*

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Beyond the Deepwoods
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Paul Stewart, Chris Riddell |
| Illustrator | Chris Riddell |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Children's, Fantasy |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | 1 October 1998 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 224 |
| ISBN | 0-385-40967-2 |
| OCLC | 42274574 |
| Preceded by | *The Clash of the Sky Galleons* |
| Followed by | *Stormchaser* |


title: Sir Charles Cave, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Charles Daniel Cave, 1st Baronet, was a British baronet and banker.

text:
# Sir Charles Cave, 1st Baronet

**Sir Charles Daniel Cave, 1st Baronet**, DL, JP (17 September 1832  29 October 1922) was a British baronet and banker.

## Background

Cave was the third son of Daniel Cave and his wife Frances, daughter of Henry Locock. His older brother was the lawyer, writer and politician Stephen Cave. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1855 and a Master of Arts two years later. Cave was also the great nephew of Thomas Daniel of Bristol through his grandmother Anne Cave nee Daniel (1763-1851) who was Thomas's older sister by one year.

## Career

Cave was appointed High Sheriff of Bristol in 1863 and High Sheriff of Devon in 1898. He served as Justice of the Peace for Devonshire and Gloucestershire representing both counties also as Deputy Lieutenant. Cave was first director of the Union Bank of London and after a merger of the Union of London and Smith's Bank Ltd. On 21 July 1896, he was created a baronet, of Cleve Hill, in the parish of Mangotsfield, in the County of Gloucester, of Sidbury Manor, in the parish of Sidbury, in the County of Devon, and of Stoneleigh House, in the parish of Clifton, in the City and County of Bristol.

## Family

On 1 September 1859, he married Edith Harriet Symonds, daughter of John Addington Symonds and had by her five children, one daughter and four sons. She died in 1912. Cave survived her until 1922 and was buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. His oldest having predeceased him in 1901, Cave was succeeded in the baronetcy by his second son Charles. He was the grandson of Stephen Cave the slave owner.


title: Sioux Falls Canaries

abstract: The Sioux Falls Canaries are a professional baseball team based in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. The Canaries are members of the North Division of the American Association of Professional Baseball, an official Partner League of Major League Baseball. Since the 1993 season, the Canaries have played their home games at Sioux Falls Stadium, commonly known as The Birdcage. From 2010 to 2012, the team was called the Sioux Falls Fighting Pheasants.

text:
# Sioux Falls Canaries

The **Sioux Falls Canaries** are a professional baseball team based in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. The Canaries are members of the North Division of the American Association of Professional Baseball, an official Partner League of Major League Baseball. Since the 1993 season, the Canaries have played their home games at Sioux Falls Stadium, commonly known as The Birdcage. From 2010 to 2012, the team was called the **Sioux Falls Fighting Pheasants**.

## History

### Early Sioux Falls teams

Professional baseball in Sioux Falls dates back at least to 1902, when the original Canaries joined the Iowa–South Dakota League. That team and its league lasted just two seasons. Another team, known variously as the Soos as well as the Canaries, was a member of the Dakota League from 1920 to 1923, then moved to the short-lived Tri-State League in 1924.

The longest-lived Canaries prior to the current team were founded in 1933 as part of the Nebraska State League. They joined the Western League in 1939, then joined the original Northern League when the Western League folded after the 1941 season. The Canaries played in the Northern League in 1942 and again from 1946 to 1953. The Sioux Falls Packers played in the collegiate summer Basin League from 1964 to 1965. Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Don Sutton played for the Sioux Falls Packers in 1964.

The city was without a Northern League franchise until 1966. Then, the Sioux Falls Packers began play and spent six seasons in the circuit until the league ceased operations following the 1971 campaign.

### Current team

A handful of independent baseball pioneers revived the Northern League in 1993. Sioux Falls competed in a six-team league, joining the St. Paul Saints, Rochester Aces, Thunder Bay Whiskey Jacks, Sioux City Explorers, and Duluth–Superior Dukes.

On the field, the Canaries enjoyed their greatest successes in 1994 and 1996. Former major leaguer Pedro Guerrero batted .329 with eight home runs and 47 RBIs for the 1994 Canaries, as the team posted a 47–33 record. Sioux Falls was narrowly beat out by Sioux City in the first half of the season while the "Birds" finished four games out of first in the second half. Chris Powell batted a league-best .357, while Jamie Ybarra paced all league hurlers with 10 wins and 109 strikeouts.

In 1996, the Canaries overcame a 20–22 first half to the season and posted a 24–18 mark over the second half of the campaign. Even then, the team finished three games back of the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks.

New ownership took over the club in 1998 and a steady diet of improvements have followed, including a new manager and new logo.

The Canaries posted a 55–35 record in 2001 and gained the team's first playoff berth since the league re-emerged in 1993. On July 11, 2001, the Canaries won the first-half title in the South Division on the final day of the half. Sioux Falls won 21–7 win over Duluth-Superior in the game that secured its first pennant and its first playoff appearance.

Team owners and city officials hosted a ceremonial groundbreaking in November 1999, kicking off a US$5.6 million renovation to Sioux Falls Stadium. The new Birdcage drew national attention on June 2, 2001, as *USA Today* writer Mel Antonen wrote a feature story on the retrofit. The project drew praise for the integration of an existing facility with more modern elements. Sioux Falls Stadium now features nine luxury suites, a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) home clubhouse, a group barbecue area, and a video wall/scoreboard that features live and recorded video clips as well as animated pieces.

On September 29, 2005, the Canaries left the Northern League, along with the Lincoln Saltdogs, the Sioux City Explorers and the St. Paul Saints to form the American Association for the 2006 season.

Sioux Falls struggled early on in the new league, but everything came together for the Canaries in 2008. They posted their best regular-season record ever at 60–36, and won the first-half North Division championship with a 31–17 mark. The Canaries opened the 2008 playoffs by sweeping rival Sioux City in three games, then took on Grand Prairie for the American Association championship. Sioux Falls took the best-of-five series three games to one, earning the clinching win in dramatic fashion on a walk-off single in the bottom of the 12th inning.

On March 25, 2013, Sioux Falls Sports LLC, the ownership group of the Sioux Falls Pheasants and Sioux Falls Stampede, announced they had changed the name of the franchise from the Sioux Falls Fighting Pheasants back to the original name, "Sioux Falls Canaries." The club unveiled the team logos for the Canaries, designed by Fresh Produce of Sioux Falls.

On March 12, 2021, Brian Slipka, small business leader, and Anthony Albanese (Twan), co-founder of Duke Cannon Supply Co., purchased the Canaries through True North Sports LLC.

On May 6, 2021, Sioux Falls Canaries owners Brian Slipka and Anthony Albanese launched the Canaries Community Fund, an initiative of the True North Family Foundation, to support charitable organizations and causes in South Dakota.

The Canaries Community Fund focuses on the True North Family Foundation’s three pillars — education, community engagement, and character-building among youth.

The Canaries award scholarships to children to cover participation fees in extracurriculars, provide baseball tickets to youth, families, and charitable organizations, and are active in the Sioux Falls community.

## Roster

| **Active roster** | | | | **Coaches/Other** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pitchers**

* 22 Tanner Brown * 24 Dylan Chalmers * 32 Jose Cruz * 9 Ty Culbreth * 23 Matthew Dunaway * 34 Charlie Hasty * 13 Christian Johnson * 6 Neil Lang * 17 Seth Miller * 27 Brady Stover * 8 Zach Veen * 10 Ryan Zimmerman

 |  | **Catchers**

* 35 Shamoy Christopher ‡ * 29 Scott Combs * 12 Spencer Sarringar  **Infielders**

* 5 Trevor Achenbach * 3 Jordan Barth * 2 Ernny Ordoñez * 36 Josh Rehwaldt * 21 Liam Spence  **Outfielders**

* 16 Hunter Clanin * 20 Mike Hart * 11 Jabari Henry * 15 Drew Mount * 1 Wyatt Ulrich * -- Aaron Whitefield |  | **Manager**

* 38 Mike Meyer  **Coaches**

* Ryan Christopher (clubhouse manager) * 9 Ty Culbreth (pitching) * Megan Feerick (trainer)  Disabled list
‡ Inactive list
§ Suspended list

Roster updated August 9, 2024
Transactions |

## Notable alumni

### Retired numbers

| Player | Number | Position(s) | Date retired |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beau Torbert | 7 | OF: 2008–2009 (SFC)
OF: 2010 (SFP) | July 8, 2013 |
| Trevor Lawhorn | 14 | IF: 2007 (SFC)
IF: 2009 (SFC)
IF: 2010–2012 (SFP) | July 31, 2020 |
| Ben Moore | 25 | P: 2008–2009 (SFC)
P: 2010–2011 (SFP)
P: 2013–2014 (SFC)
Coach: 2017–2019 (SFC) | July 14, 2018 |
| Pat Mahomes | 28 | P: 2007–2009 (SFC) | June 28, 2019 |
|

* aabfan.com – yearly league standings & awards (American Association)
* nlfan.com – yearly league standings & awards (Northern League)

## InfoBox

| Sioux Falls Canaries | |
| --- | --- |
| Team logo Cap insignia | |
| Information | |
| League | American Association of Professional Baseball (2006–present) (West Division) |
| Location | Sioux Falls, South Dakota |
| Ballpark | Sioux Falls Stadium |
| Founded | 1993 |
| Nickname(s) | The Birds |
| League championships | 1  * 2008 |
| Former name(s) | * Sioux Falls Canaries (1993–2010, 2013–present) * Sioux Falls Pheasants (2010–2012) |
| Former league(s) |  |
| Colors | Blue, yellow, black, white
 |
| Retired numbers | 7 (Beau Torbert)
14 (Trevor Lawhorn)
25 (Ben Moore)
28 (Pat Mahomes) |
| Ownership | True North Sports LLC |
| Manager | Mike Meyer |
| General Manager | Duell Higbe |
| President | Brian Jamros |
| Media | KWSN 1230 AM
*Sioux Falls Argus Leader* |
| Website | www.sfcanaries.com |


abstract: Devon and East Plymouth was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Devon in England, with the exception of the city of Plymouth. It was created in 1994 to replace the majority of Devon and a small part of Cornwall and Plymouth. Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Exeter, Plymouth Sutton, South Hams, Teignbridge, Tiverton, Torbay and Torridge and West Devon. The seat became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

text:
# Devon and East Plymouth (European Parliament constituency)

**Devon and East Plymouth** was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Devon in England, with the exception of the city of Plymouth. It was created in 1994 to replace the majority of Devon and a small part of Cornwall and Plymouth.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Exeter, Plymouth Sutton, South Hams, Teignbridge, Tiverton, Torbay and Torridge and West Devon.

The seat became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

## Members of the European Parliament

| Elected | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | Giles Chichester |  | Conservative |

## Results

Only one election was held in the seat, in 1994. When nominations closed, it was revealed that Richard Huggett was a candidate with the description "Literal Democrat", a name very similar to that of the Liberal Democrats. The latter launched legal action in the High Court of Justice alleging that the Returning Officer had wrongly accepted a nomination which was designed to confuse voters. The Judge ruled that the nomination had to stand. Huggett won more than 10,000 votes, while Liberal Democrat candidate Adrian Sanders finished only 700 votes behind the winner. This prompted a change in the law, banning potentially confusing party descriptions.

European Parliament election, 1994: Devon and East Plymouth
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Giles Chichester** | **74,953** | **31.7** |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Adrian Sanders | 74,253 | 31.4 |  |
|  | Labour | Linda Gilroy | 47,596 | 20.1 |  |
|  | Liberal | David Morrish | 14,621 | 6.2 |  |
|  | Green | Paul A. Edwards | 11,172 | 4.7 |  |
|  | Literal Democrat | Richard Huggett | 10,203 | 4.3 |  |
|  | Independent | John A. Everard | 2,629 | 1.1 |  |
|  | Natural Law | Andrew J. Pringle | 908 | 0.4 |  |
| Majority | | | 700 | 0.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 236,335 | 45.1 |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Devon and East Plymouth | |
| --- | --- |
| European Parliament constituency | |
| European Parliament logo | |
| Member state | United Kingdom |
| Created | 1994 |
| Dissolved | 1999 |
| MEPs | 1 |
| Sources | |
|  | |


title: The Sweet Sins of Sexy Susan

abstract: The Sweet Sins of Sexy Susan is a 1967 Austrian costume drama-sex comedy film directed by Franz Antel.

text:
# The Sweet Sins of Sexy Susan

***The Sweet Sins of Sexy Susan*** (Austrian release: *Susanne, die Wirtin von der Lahn*, West German release: *Die Wirtin von der Lahn*) is a 1967 Austrian costume drama-sex comedy film directed by Franz Antel.

## Background

Kurt Nachmann and Franz Antel created the lead character Susanne Delberg, a courtesan-actress, later madame and eventual social climber during and after the Napoleonic Wars, with inspiration from *Wirtinnenvers*, a well-known profane commercium song about the exploits of an innkeeper woman from the Lahn.

## Plot

In the Kingdom of Westphalia, a drunken innkeeper woman (Ljuba Welitsch), just before her death, bequeaths her inn to Susanne Delberg (Teri Tordai as Terry Torday). As a result, her rival Goppelmann (Oskar Sima), who would have been first in line to inherit the inn, gets nothing. Goppelmann recruits the local Studentenverbindung to discredit Susanne's establishment. The tide turns when Susanne manages to seduce the student leader Anselmo (Mike Marshall) but through him, she finds herself in a conspiracy against the governor Dulce (Jacques Herlin) and the marching Grande Armée also involving her friend Ferdinand (Harald Leipnitz).

## Cast

## *Frau Wirtin* series

Although the heroine ostensibly dies at the end of the film, the commercial success of *The Sweet Sins of Sexy Susan* triggered the *Frau Wirtin* (or *Sexy Susan*) series of five films on later adventures of Susanne Delberg, all of them featuring Teri Tordai in the title role.

The first two films (*Sexy Susan Sins Again* (Frau Wirtin hat auch einen Grafen, 1968) and *House of Pleasure* (Frau Wirtin hat auch eine Nichte, 1969)) narrate Susanne's adventures involving Napoleon Bonaparte. The following two films (*Sexy Susan Knows How...!* (Frau Wirtin bläst auch gern Trompete, 1970) and *The Hostess Exceeds All Bounds* (Frau Wirtin treibt es jetzt noch toller, 1970)) are about Susanne's exploits in Hungary where she settles after Napoleon is deposed in 1814. The last film (*The Countess Died of Laughter* (Frau Wirtins tolle Töchterlein, 1973)), produced three years after the previous one was conceived as a closing chapter of Susanne's life and diverts from the earlier films of the series in several aspects, also incorporating a great deal of archive footage from earlier films.

Kurt Nachmann, the screenwriter for the series wrote and directed a film with a similar theme in 1970: *Josefine Mutzenbacher* based on the novel *Josephine Mutzenbacher – The Life Story of a Viennese Whore, as Told by Herself*.

## InfoBox

| The Sweet Sins of Sexy Susan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Franz Antel |
| Written by | Kurt Nachmann |
| Produced by | Carl Szokoll
Kurt Kodal |
| Starring | Teri Tordai
Harald Leipnitz |
| Cinematography | Siegfried Hold |
| Music by | Gianni Ferrio |
| Distributed by | Variety Distribution |
| Release dates | * 1967 (1967) (Austria) * 16 January 1968 (1968-01-16) (West Germany) |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Countries | Austria, Germany |
| Language | German |


title: Setareki Tawake

abstract: Setareki "Seta" Tawake Naivaluwaqa is a retired Fijian rugby union player, who was capped for Fiji on 31 occasions. He played as Openside flanker or Number 8. He played in two Rugby World Cups. He was also a soldier Tawake played both 7's and 15's. He studied at Nasinu Secondary School and he represented them in both 7's and 15's rugby. He made his international debut in 15's against Samoa on 20 June 1992 in Suva. He represented the Fiji sevens starting in 1996, until helping them to win the 1998 Hong Kong sevens. He was also part of the Fiji team to the 1998 Commonwealth Games where he was part of the silver winning team. He later played represented Suva in the Digicel Cup but missed three seasons while on peacekeeping duties in the Middle East. He also played his rugby in Japan. He missed most of the 2000-01 international seasons to play for his club in Brisbane, where he was based from 1996. He re-joined to the Test side for the RWC qualifiers in June 2002 and went to the 2003 Rugby World Cup but didn't play any game.

text:
# Setareki Tawake

**Setareki "Seta" Tawake Naivaluwaqa** (born 1 March 1969 in Kavala, Kadavu) is a retired Fijian rugby union player, who was capped for Fiji on 31 occasions. He played as Openside flanker or Number 8. He played in two Rugby World Cups. He was also a soldier

Tawake played both 7's and 15's. He studied at Nasinu Secondary School and he represented them in both 7's and 15's rugby. He made his international debut in 15's against Samoa on 20 June 1992 in Suva.

He represented the Fiji sevens starting in 1996, until helping them to win the 1998 Hong Kong sevens. He was also part of the Fiji team to the 1998 Commonwealth Games where he was part of the silver winning team. He later played represented Suva in the Digicel Cup but missed three seasons while on peacekeeping duties in the Middle East. He also played his rugby in Japan. He missed most of the 2000-01 international seasons to play for his club in Brisbane, where he was based from 1996. He re-joined to the Test side for the RWC qualifiers in June 2002 and went to the 2003 Rugby World Cup but didn't play any game.

## After rugby

His memorable experience was when he played five Tests in a row during the 1999 World Cup where he played all his games for the full 80 minutes. He later coached the Akita Northern Bullets

## InfoBox

Setareki Tawake
| Birth name | Setareki Tawake Naivaluwaqa |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1969-03-01) 1 March 1969 |
| Place of birth | Kavala, Kadavu Fiji |
| Height | 192 cm (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 232 lb (105 kg; 16 st 8 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Openside flanker, Number 8  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1994-2004  Suva  40  ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1992–2003 Fiji  31  (5) | |
| Medal record      Men's rugby sevens  Representing  Fiji  Commonwealth Games  1998 Kuala Lumpur  Team competition | |