title: Robert Lambert Baynes

abstract: Admiral Sir Robert Lambert Baynes was a British Royal Navy admiral who as Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station prevented the 1859 Pig War from escalating to a major conflict between the United States and the United Kingdom. Baynes joined the Royal Navy in 1810 and served in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. He took part in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 during the Greek War of Independence. He was promoted to captain in 1828 and commanded the vessels HMS Andromache and HMS Bellerophon and served as one of the senior officers in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War. In 1857, he was made Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station.

text:
# Robert Lambert Baynes

Admiral **Sir Robert Lambert Baynes** KCB (4 September 1796 – 7 September 1869) was a British Royal Navy admiral who as Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station prevented the 1859 Pig War from escalating to a major conflict between the United States and the United Kingdom. Baynes joined the Royal Navy in 1810 and served in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. He took part in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 during the Greek War of Independence. He was promoted to captain in 1828 and commanded the vessels HMS *Andromache* and HMS *Bellerophon* and served as one of the senior officers in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War. In 1857, he was made Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station.

## Early career

Baynes was born to Commander Thomas Baynes of the British Royal Navy and Edith Denman in Millbrook, Hampshire. Baynes followed his father and joined the Royal Navy on 19 April 1810 at the age of 14 and was assigned to HMS *Blake* during the Napoleonic Wars. The ship patrolled off the coast of Catalonia where Baynes served as a midshipman until 1813. From 1813 to 1818, Baynes served in a succession of vessels; HMS *Duncan*, HMS *Royal Sovereign*, HMS *Tonnant* (flagship of Rear Admiral Alexander Cochrane) and HMS *Seahorse* in which Baynes took part in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. This was followed by stints aboard HMS *Cyrus* and HMS *Conqueror*, flagship of Rear Admiral Robert Plampin.

On 8 April 1818, Baynes was promoted to lieutenant and on 12 April 1819, was assigned to HMS *Vigo*. On 2 December 1822 he was assigned shore duty at St Helena before joining HMS *Briton* and HMS *Tartarus* on the South American station. On 6 October 1826, he was assigned to HMS *Asia*. On 8 July 1827, he was made the commanding officer of the sloop HMS *Alacrity* on the Mediterranean Station, but returned to *Asia* as second captain, which was the flagship of Vice Admiral Edward Codrington.

Baynes was aboard *Asia*, the British flagship during the Battle of Navarino on 20 October 1827 during the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire. A joint British-French-Russian fleet attacked a larger, joint Ottoman-Egyptian fleet in Navarino Bay. *Asia* led the line of battle and the steady fire by the British-French-Russian fleet led to their victory. Baynes distinguished himself during the battle and was promoted to captain on 8 July 1828. He was also made a companion of the Bath, a knight in the Greek Order of the Redeemer and received two other honours.

As a post-captain, Baynes was not given a command immediately was only assigned to command the 26-gun HMS *Andromache* on the Cape Station beginning 2 February 1838. He remained aboard the ship until March 1843, after which he was placed on half-pay. On 8 July 1846, he married Frances Denman, the daughter of Lord Denman, Lord Chief Justice. Baynes was reactivated and from 23 September 1847 to 7 November 1850, he commanded HMS *Bellerophon* a troopship that was assigned first to the Western Station, then the Mediterranean. Baynes was promoted to rear admiral on 7 February 1855 and he was the third in command in the Baltic Sea during the final year of the Crimean War in 1855.

## Pacific Station and final years

He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station in on 8 July 1857, with his flag aboard HMS *Ganges*. Baynes arrived as the gold rush in the British Pacific Northwest was happening and the Royal Navy was expected to enforce the laws enacted by the Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas. While Baynes was away at Callao, Peru, the San Juan border dispute erupted. On 27 July 1859, United States troops under the command of Brigadier-General William Selby Harney landed on San Juan Island off the Colony of Vancouver Island at the behest of 22 American settlers who claimed to be threatened. The settlers had killed a pig that belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company, and feared British punishment. San Juan Island was British territory, and though the British Ambassador to the United States Lord Lyons initially sought to conquer an American-held island that the British also laid claim to, he ordered Baynes to assist but not to escalate the issue. Douglas also sought military intervention, who demanded the landing of Royal Marines on the island. Baynes refused and his patient handling of the situation led to joint-occupation of the island until a formal decision could be made. In 1872, the British recognized American sovereignty over the island.

After the gold rush and the San Juan dispute, Baynes sought to transfer the headquarters of the Pacific Station to the North Pacific. Esquimalt was Baynes' suggestion in 1859, to which the Admiralty agreed in 1862. On 18 April 1860 he was made a knight commander of the Bath. He remained Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station until 1861. He returned to the United Kingdom and never held command again, though he was promoted to vice-admiral of the blue on 5 August 1861. He was made vice admiral of the red in 1863 and admiral in 1865.

Baynes Sound in British Columbia is named for him, and the town of Ganges on Saltspring Island and the waters offshore, Ganges Harbour, are named for his flagship, *Ganges*. He died in Upper Norwood on 7 September 1869, and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery.

## Citations

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Sir Robert Baynes | |
| --- | --- |
| Rear Admiral Robert Lambert Baynes, 1850s, unknown artist | |
| Born | 4 September 1796
Millbrook, Hampshire, England |
| Died | September 7, 1869(1869-09-07) (aged 73)
Upper Norwood, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Andromache*
HMS *Bellerophon*

Pacific Station |
| Battles/wars | Greek War of Independence
Crimean War
Pig war |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath |


title: Robert Boyd (paediatrician)

abstract: Sir Robert David Hugh Boyd FRCP, FFPH, FRCPCH, FMedSci is a British paediatrician and head of research and Development for Greater Manchester NHS. From 1989 to 1993 he was Dean of the Medical School and Professor of Paediatrics at the University of Manchester. From 1993 to 1996 he was Chair of the Manchester Health authority. He was Principal of St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, 1996–2003, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of London from 2000 to 2003. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 2004. He is the son of James Dixon Boyd.

text:
# Robert Boyd (paediatrician)

**Sir Robert David Hugh Boyd** FRCP, FFPH, FRCPCH, FMedSci (born 14 May 1938) is a British paediatrician and head of research and Development for Greater Manchester NHS. From 1989 to 1993 he was Dean of the Medical School and Professor of Paediatrics at the University of Manchester. From 1993 to 1996 he was Chair of the Manchester Health authority. He was Principal of St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, 1996–2003, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of London from 2000 to 2003. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 2004. He is the son of James Dixon Boyd.

## Publications

* *Placental Transfer-Methods and Interpretations* (co-ed., 1981),
* *Perinatal Medicine* (co-ed., 1983),
* *Paediatric Problems in General Practice* (jtly, 1989, 3rd ed. 1997),
* *Placenta* (ed., 1989–95)

## InfoBox

| SirRobert BoydFRCP, FFPH, FRCPCH, FMedSci | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert David Hugh Boyd<br>(1938-05-14) 14 May 1938 |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Paediatrician |
| Parent | James Dixon Boyd |


title: Robert Boyd (university principal)

abstract: Robert Boyd of Trochrig (1578–1627) was a Scottish theological writer, teacher and poet. He studied at the University of Edinburgh and after attending lectures by Robert Rollock, prosecuted his studies in France, and became a minister in the French Church. All accounts represent him as a most accomplished scholar. A friend said of him, with perhaps some exaggeration, that he was more eloquent in French than in his native tongue; and Livingstone tells us that he spoke Latin with perfect fluency, but that he had heard him say, if he had his choice, he would rather express himself in Greek than in any other language. The Church of Boyd's adoption, which had given Andrew Melville a chair in one university, and Sharp a chair in another, was not slow to do honour to their brilliant countryman. He was made a professor in the protestant Academy of Saumur; and there for some years he taught theology. He was persuaded, however, in 1614 to come home and accept the Principalship of the Glasgow University. Though he was far from extreme in his Presbyterianism, he was found to be less tractable than the king and his advisers expected, and was obliged to resign his office. But he was long enough in Glasgow to leave the impress of himself on some of the young men destined to distinction in the Church in after years. He was Principal of the University of Glasgow from 1615 to 1621 and the University of Edinburgh from 1622 to 1623. He was expelled from these positions due to his opposition to the 1618 Five Articles of Perth and died in Edinburgh on 15 January 1627.

text:
# Robert Boyd (university principal)

**Robert Boyd of Trochrig** (1578–1627) was a Scottish theological writer, teacher and poet. He studied at the University of Edinburgh and after attending lectures by Robert Rollock, prosecuted his studies in France, and became a minister in the French Church. All accounts represent him as a most accomplished scholar. A friend said of him, with perhaps some exaggeration, that he was more eloquent in French than in his native tongue; and Livingstone tells us that he spoke Latin with perfect fluency, but that he had heard him say, if he had his choice, he would rather express himself in Greek than in any other language. The Church of Boyd's adoption, which had given Andrew Melville a chair in one university, and Sharp a chair in another, was not slow to do honour to their brilliant countryman. He was made a professor in the protestant Academy of Saumur; and there for some years he taught theology. He was persuaded, however, in 1614 to come home and accept the Principalship of the Glasgow University. Though he was far from extreme in his Presbyterianism, he was found to be less tractable than the king and his advisers expected, and was obliged to resign his office. But he was long enough in Glasgow to leave the impress of himself on some of the young men destined to distinction in the Church in after years.

He was Principal of the University of Glasgow from 1615 to 1621 and the University of Edinburgh from 1622 to 1623. He was expelled from these positions due to his opposition to the 1618 Five Articles of Perth and died in Edinburgh on 15 January 1627.

## Personal life

Robert Boyd was the eldest son of Margaret Chalmers and James Boyd of Trochrig, Archbishop of Glasgow and Chancellor of the University of Glasgow from 1572-1581. He was a great-grandson of Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd and connected to the Cassilis family, later the Marquesses of Ailsa.

When Robert was three, his father died and Margaret took him and his brother Thomas to live on an estate in Ayrshire, variously spelled Trochrig, Trochridge, and Trochorege. The two sons, Robert and Thomas, received their early education at Ayr Grammar School. From there Robert proceeded to Edinburgh University and graduated M.A. in 1595. During his time in Edinburgh his elder brother Thomas died, leaving him heir to the family estate.

In 1591 Margaret and her family were kidnapped by Hew Kennedy of Girvanmains and imprisoned for a while in Dalquharran Castle. Robert studied theology at the University of Edinburgh, where he was taught by the Presbyterian Robert Rollock and graduated in 1594.

He went to France and taught at Tours. He later became Professor of Philosophy (Arts) at Montauban, 1599-1604 and subsequently minister at Verteuil, 1604-6. He was translated to Saumur in 1606 becoming Professor of Divinity there in 1608.

He married at Saumur, May 1611, Anna, daughter of Sir Patrick Maliverne of Viniola, knight and they had children — Robert; John of Trochrig; Anne; Margaret and Janet. Only 2 children survived, John and Lucretia; after his death in 1627, she married George Sibbald, a long-time friend. She died sometime before 14 December 1654.

King James VI saw to it that he was appointed Principal of Glasgow University and he took up the post in January 1615. He was elected to Greyfriars' Parish, Edinburgh, 18 October 1622, with the Principalship of Edinburgh University in conjunction. He was demitted in 1623. He moved to Paisley and was admitted on 1 January 1626. He demitted in August that year, having been assaulted.

He retired to Trochrig, and died in Edinburgh (where he had gone for medical advice) of a malignant growth in the throat, 5 January 1627.

## Career

The Reformation in Scotland created a national Church of Scotland or kirk that was Calvinist in doctrine and Presbyterian in structure. Many Scots studied or taught in French Huguenot universities and in May 1597, Boyd did the same; he spent most of the next three years in Bordeaux and Thouars, until he was offered the position of Professor of Philosophy at the university of Montauban in 1600.

He still wanted to preach and in 1604 became minister for the Reformed Church in Verteuil-sur-Charente; however, his scholastic reputation was such he was persuaded in 1605 to accept a position as Professor of Philosophy at the Academy of Saumur, then Professor of Divinity in 1608. Saumur was the centre of Amyraldism, a distinctive form of Calvinism taught by Moses Amyraut but inspired by John Cameron (1580–1625), a Scot from Glasgow.

This was a period of intense conflict over religion; the 1562-1598 French Wars of Religion caused around three million deaths from war and disease, surpassed only by those of the 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War, one of the most destructive conflicts in recorded history, with an estimated eight million, mostly inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire. In Britain, similar arguments over religious practices would ultimately lead to the 1638-1652 Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

James VI, the son of Mary Queen of Scots was brought up in Stirling under the tutelage of George Buchanan. Like most Scots, James was a Calvinist but he favoured rule by bishops or Episcopalian governance as a means of control; when he also became King of England in 1603, creating a unified Church of Scotland and England was the first step towards a centralised, Unionist state. However, the Church of England was very different from the kirk in both governance and doctrine and even Scottish bishops viewed many English practices as essentially Catholic.

Despite his father being an archbishop, Boyd was opposed to any form of Episcopalianism; in 1610, he visited Scotland and in a letter dated 12 July to a colleague in France, wrote that James' decision *to establish the Episcopall hierarchy throu all his countreys (sic)* would *...force in Popery, Atheisime, ignorance and impiety.* Although friends and relatives urged him to return to Scotland, Boyd decided to remain in France but in 1614, James asked him to become Principal at the University of Glasgow and he felt obliged to accept.

Shortly after his arrival in Glasgow, religious tensions were raised by the public execution on 10 March 1615 of the Jesuit convert, John Ogilvie. Ogilvie, who was ostensibly tried for treachery, was of particular concern since he came from an upper class, Calvinist Scots family and studied at the Protestant University of Helmstedt before his conversion.

His execution fed into the debate over James' proposed reforms or the Five Articles of Perth, which reflected long-standing divisions over the Scottish Reformation. The article which caused the greatest objection was kneeling during the Eucharist, which some viewed as idolatry. Even those who did not argued Olgivie's case showed the danger of conversion to Catholicism, even for the educated devout.

In 1618, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland reluctantly approved the Articles but Boyd was one of those who opposed them and they were widely resented. In March 1620, John Fergushill and 48 other ministers were summoned to appear before the Scottish High Commission, an ecclesiastical court of bishops and sympathetic ministers established to enforce the Articles. The accused were found guilty but all denied the authority of the Court to discipline them; Fergushill was a long-standing family connection whom Boyd had mentored since 1604 and he wrote a letter to the Court on his behalf, urging clemency.

This made Boyd an obvious target and in 1621, he was forced to resign from Glasgow University; in October 1622, he was offered the position of Principal at Edinburgh University and Minister at Greyfriars Kirk. Both appointments were blocked by James; Edinburgh was the most important outlet in Scotland for public information and the kirk there was under huge pressure to appoint only ministers willing to conform.

At the time of the previous minister's resignation, the Earl of Abercorn was absent from Paisley, and for some time Mr. Boyd, though strongly urged thereto by Lord Ross of Hawkhead and others, hesitated to allow himself to be appointed minister of the town. He was related to the Abercorns, and some years previously had been a frequent visitor at the Place of Paisley, but was far from sure as to how his acceptance of the appointment would be taken by the Earl and his mother, Marion Boyd, the Dowager Countess, who had recently become a Catholic. Her son Claud Hamilton, with some others, broke into Boyd's house, throwing his books and household contents into the street. Later, when Boyd was leaving, "the rascally women of the town not only upbraided Mr. Robert with opprobrious speeches, and shouted and hoyed him, but likewise cast stones and dirt at him." The Privy Council had these outrages before them, but nothing was done except to exact a pledge from the Abercorn family to offer no further hindrance to the minister. There were calls to summon several of the women before Presbytery but nothing came of it. Shaken by this and suffering from ill-health, Boyd retired once more to Trochrig; he died in January 1627 while visiting Edinburgh.

## Works

Boyd's major work was an elaborate 'Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians', not published until 1652 and described as a theological thesaurus. His Latin poem *Hecatombe ad Christum Salvatorem* was included by Sir John Scot of Scotstarvet in his *Delicias Poetarum Scotorum*, reprinted at Edinburgh by Robert Sibbald, nephew of Dr. George Sibbald, who later married his widow Ann.

Walker says that Boyd's great work is his Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians. He says that as a work it is of stupendous size and stupendous learning. There is more in it than in the four quarto tomes of Turretin. Its apparatus criticus is something enormous. The Greek and Latin Fathers; the writers of the dark ages; the Protestant and Romish theologians of his own time; Justin and Irenaeus; Tertullian and Cyprian; Clement and Origen; Augustine and Jerome; Gregory Nyssen and Gregory Nazianzen; Anselm, and Bonaventure, and Bernard; Calvin and Rollock; Bellarmine and Pighius, — are all at hand to render aid or to receive replies. In one sense, Boyd on the Ephesians is a commentary, that is to say, the author discusses the meaning of every verse and clause, and does so well. But much more properly it might be called a theological thesaurus. You have a separate discussion of almost every important theological topic. The Trinity, the Incarnation, Original Sin, Baptism, Arianism, Ubiquitarianism, the Nature and Extent of Redemption, are all fully handled. There is a treatise on Predestination which alone would make a considerable volume. One can only regret that a selection of these separate essays or discussions was not published, rather than the huge indiscriminate mass, which has led to the calamitous result of a great divine being buried under his own erudition.

Reid's Works of Robert Boyd of Trochrigg:

* I. Roberti Bodii a Trochoregia Scoti, SS. Theologiae in Academiis Salmuriana, Glascuana, et Edinburgena Professoris eximii, in Epistolam Pauli Apostoli ad Ephesios Praelectiones supra CC. . . . Opus Posthumum. . . . Londini : impensis Societatis Stationariorum 1652. \[Dedication by Boyd's son to the Reformed Pastors and Professors of France and Scotland : Life by A. Rivet : Letter to the reader, by Robert Baillie. 1245 pp folio\],
* 2. Roberti Bodii a Trochoregia Hecatombe Christiana. \[In Johnston's Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum, 12mo. 2 vols. 1637, vol. ii. 209-219. A hundred Latin verses in praise of Christ our Saviour.\]
* 3. Monita de filii sui primogeniti institutione, ex Authoris M.S. autographis per R(obertum) S(ibbaldum), M.D., edita, Edin., 8vo. 1701. \[A short paper on the education of his eldest son, edited by Dr. Sibbald.\] Reprinted in Wodrow (Life of Boyd, App. xvii. Maitland Club). Wodrow gives a list of unprinted MSS. (Life of Boyd, p. 256, 257.) These include the Philotheca a fragment of autobiography in Latin verse.
* Hecatombe ad Christum Servatorem (Edinburgh, 1627., 1825) ;
* A Spirituall Hymne, or the Sacrifice of a Sinner, to be offered upon the Altar of a Humbled Heart to Christ our Redeemer, Inverted in English Sapphicks, from the Latin of that Revered, Religious, and Learned Divine, Mr Robert Boyd \[by Sir William Mure, younger of Rowallan\] (Edinburgh, 1628) ;
* In Epistolam Pauli Apostoli ad Ephesios Praelectiones (London, 1652 ; Geneva, 1661) ; Monita de filii sui primogenita institutione (Edinburgh, 1701);
* Ode, "D. Georgio Sibbaldo, M.D." (Del.Poetar. Scot., A., 209);
* "Verses to King James " (Muse's Welcome) ;
* Extracts from Obituary (Bannatyne Miscell., i).
* He left in MSS., Sermons, 3 vols. ; Apodyterium ;
* Sermons in French, several vols. ;
* Philotheca.

## Bibliography

Reid's Bibliography for the Life of Boyd

* 1. Wodrow's Lives II. Wodrow Society.
* 2. Dictionary of National Biog. sub voce.
* 3. Munimenta Almae Univ. Glasguensis.
* 4. Delitiae Poet. Scot, (for Boyd's poem Ad Christum Servatorem Hecatombe). (See also Wodrow, Life of Boyd, Appendix.)
* 5. Scott's Fasti, sub Paisley.
* 6. Records of University of Edinburgh.
* 7. A. Rivet's Life of Boyd, prefixed to Boyd on Ephesians.
* 8. M'Ure's Glasgow.
* 9. Row's History.
* 10. Wodrow's Lives of Blair and Livingstone.
* 11. Baillie's Letters and Journals.
* 12. Dr. Milroy (of Moneydie) — Lee Lecture, 1891.
* 13. Dempster, Hist. Eccl. Gentis Scotorum, Bannat. Club, 1829.

Scott's bibliography:

* Glasg. Reg. (Marr.) ;
* Glasg. Tests. ;
* Wodrow Biog., ii. ;
* Baillie's Lett., iii., 226;
* Inq. Ret. Ayr, 99, 345, Gen., 3973;
* Robertson's Ayr, iii., 307;
* P. C. Reg., i., 309, 421, 422;
* Rivet's Life of Boyd ;
* Dict. Nat. Biog. ;
* Reid's Divinity

### Sources

## InfoBox

| The Reverend
Robert Boyd | |
| --- | --- |
| Robert Boyd, Principal of the University of Glasgow, 1615-1621 and Principal of the University of Edinburgh, 1622-1623 | |
| Church | Church of Scotland |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1604 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | ca 1578
Glasgow, Scotland |
| Died | 15 January 1627(1627-01-15) (aged 48–49)
Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |


title: Bibasis gomata

abstract: Bibasis gomata, commonly known as the pale green awlet, is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Northeast India, the Western Ghats and parts of Southeast Asia. The butterfly was reassigned to genus Burara by Vane-Wright and de Jong (2003) and is considered by them to be Burara gomata.

text:
# Bibasis gomata

***Bibasis gomata***, commonly known as the **pale green awlet**, is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Northeast India, the Western Ghats and parts of Southeast Asia. The butterfly was reassigned to genus *Burara* by Vane-Wright and de Jong (2003) and is considered by them to be *Burara gomata*.

## Range

The pale green awlet ranges from India, Myanmar, the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and the Indonesian archipelago. In India, the butterfly is found in South India up to North Kanara, and along the Himalayas from Sikkim to Assam and eastwards to Myanmar.

The type locality is Darjeeling in the north of West Bengal.

## Status

This species is rare in South India but not rare in the Himalayas.

## Description

The butterfly has a wingspan of 50 to 55 mm.

Edward Yerbury Watson (1891) gives a detailed description:

> **Male**. Upperside pale vinaceous brown; both wings with pale brownish yellow streaks longitudinally between the veins. Abdomen blackish brown with yellowish bands. Cilia yellowish. Underside dark brown, with the veins and longitudinal streaks between them greyish green, the brown showing only along each side of the veins; posterior margin of forewing broadly pale vinaceous; exterior margin of both wings defined by a brown line. Third joint of palpi and edge of sides brown, the rest yellow. Thorax, legs and abdomen beneath orange yellow.
>
> **Female**. Expanse 2.3 inches. Upperside very dark glossy bronzygreen, shading off into glossy indigo-blue at the apex and outer margin. Underside with the markings and ground-colour darker than in Sikkim males; forewing with a pale green spot in the second median interspace, with a larger one in the interspace below it, in the male these spots are merged in a large patch of the ochreous ground-colour from the inner margin. The green markings everywhere more restricted and of a darker shade than in the male.
>
> Watson

## Habits

This butterfly is crepuscular.

## Host plants

The larva has been recorded on *Heptapleurum venulosum*, *Heptapleurum wallichianum*, *Embelia ribes* var. *ribes*, *Heptapleurum luridum*, *Heptapleurum heptaphyllum*, *Trevesia sundaica*, and *Horsfieldia* species.

## Cited references

### Print

### Online

## InfoBox

| Pale green awlet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Bibasis* |
| Species: | ***B. gomata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bibasis gomata***
(Moore, 1865) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ismene gomata* Moore, 1865
*Burara gomata* Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003 | |


title: Bibasis (dance)

abstract: The Bibasis was a common dance at ancient Sparta, which was much practised both by men and women.

text:
# Bibasis (dance)

The **Bibasis** (Greek: βίβασις) was a common dance at ancient Sparta, which was much practised both by men and women.

## History

The Bibasis, a dance of men and women, was of the gymnastic kind. The dance consisted in springing rapidly from the ground, and striking the feet behind; a feat of which the Spartan woman Lampito, in the *Lysistrata* of Aristophanes, prides herself. She derives her strength and her beauty essentially from this exercise.

> γυμνάδδομαι γὰρ καὶ ποτὶ πυγὰν ἅλλομαι.
> *Αn' I can loup an' fling an' kick my hurdies.*

The dance consisted in kicking one's own buttocks, to music, as rapidly as possible. The number of successful strokes was counted, and the most skilful received prizes in competitions. We are told by a verse from an epigram, which has been preserved by Pollux, that a Laconian girl had won by dancing the Bibasis a thousand times, which was more than had ever been done before.

> χήλι' ἅδε ποκὰ βίβαντι, πλεῖστα δὴ τᾶν πήποκα.
> *This girl once jumped a thousand times, the most ever.*

1. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
2. Smith 1890, p. 594.
3. Müller 1830, iv. 6, § 8.
4. Ar. *Lys.* 82.
5. Reisch 1896, p. 391.
6. Rogers 1946, p. 13.
7. Lawler 1964, p. 121.
8. Poll. iv. 102.

## Sources


title: Bibasis aquilina

abstract: Bibasis aquilina is a Palearctic butterfly in the family Hesperiidae and the subfamily Coeliadinae. It is found in China, Amur and Japan. The larva feeds on Kalopanax septemlobus.

text:
# Bibasis aquilina

***Bibasis aquilina*** is a Palearctic butterfly in the family Hesperiidae and the subfamily Coeliadinae. It is found in China, Amur and Japan.

The larva feeds on *Kalopanax septemlobus*.

## Subspecies

* *B. a. aquilina*
* *B. a. chrysaeglia* (Butler, \[1882\]) (Japan)
* *B. a. siola* Evans, 1934 (China)

## InfoBox

| *Bibasis aquilina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Bibasis* |
| Species: | ***B. aquilina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bibasis aquilina***<br>(Speyer, 1879) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ismene aquilina* Speyer, 1879 * *Proteides chrysaeglia* Butler, \[1882\] * *Ismene jankowskii* Oberthür, 1880 | |


title: Biddy Dolan

abstract: Leon Mark "Biddy" Dolan was a Major League Baseball first baseman. He played in 32 games in 1914 for the Indianapolis Hoosiers.

text:
# Biddy Dolan

**Leon Mark** **"Biddy"** **Dolan** (July 9, 1881 – July 15, 1950) was a Major League Baseball first baseman. He played in 32 games in 1914 for the Indianapolis Hoosiers.

## InfoBox

| Biddy Dolan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **First baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1881-07-09)July 9, 1881
Onalaska, Wisconsin, U.S. | |
| **Died:** July 15, 1950(1950-07-15) (aged 69)
Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 16, 1914, for the Indianapolis Hoosiers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 8, 1914, for the Indianapolis Hoosiers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .223 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 15 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Bilashi

abstract:
Bilashi is a historical village located in Sangli district, Maharashtra in India. This village is situated on the bank of River Warna. It is well known place for its structure of square shape. The Village has a canal to the north whereas a river River Warna in south. It is well connected with road to Taluka Shirala (17 km) in east side, to the west is Ratnagiri, Kolhapur, or Karad. The Chandoli National Park and Chandoli Dam are approx. 35 km from here. Flag Hoisting at Bilashi, 1930
Satara, Maharashtra "The Revolt of Bilashi" or the Zenda (Flag) Satyagraha took place in the Bilashi village of the Satara district of Maharashtra. In defiance of British rule, the people of Bilashi raised the tricolour national flag on July 18, 1930. The villagers of Bilashi were uncooperative with British authorities, and boycotted the grazing fields because they were discontent with the auction sales of grass from reserved forest areas.To demonstrate their dissatisfaction, they hoisted a tricolour flag atop the village's Mahadeo Temple on July 18, 1930. When the police arrived at the flag-hoisting location, they were forced to leave because hundreds of men and women were protecting the national flag. Among the women defending the flag, Raju Kadam rose to prominence. The police returned to the Mahadeo Temple on September 6, 1930. However, this time it attacked the people protecting the flag with such ferocity that even the colonial officers were astonished. The police eventually were able to pull down the flagstaff and desecrate the flag. In the ensuing violence, two boys, Sitaram Chambhar and Dhondi Kumbhar, were also killed by gunfire. The flag hoisting at Bilashi ended tragically, but its repercussions echoed even within the walls of the British parliament.

text:
# Bilashi

**Bilashi** is a historical village located in Sangli district, Maharashtra in India. This village is situated on the bank of River Warna.

It is well known place for its structure of square shape. The Village has a canal to the north whereas a river River Warna in south. It is well connected with road to Taluka Shirala (17 km) in east side, to the west is Ratnagiri (approx. 92 km), Kolhapur (approx. 55 km), or Karad (via Shedgewadi).

The Chandoli National Park and Chandoli Dam are approx. 35 km from here.

Flag Hoisting at Bilashi, 1930 Satara, Maharashtra

"The Revolt of Bilashi" or the Zenda (Flag) Satyagraha took place in the Bilashi village of the Satara district of Maharashtra. In defiance of British rule, the people of Bilashi raised the tricolour national flag on July 18, 1930.

The villagers of Bilashi were uncooperative with British authorities, and boycotted the grazing fields because they were discontent with the auction sales of grass from reserved forest areas.To demonstrate their dissatisfaction, they hoisted a tricolour flag atop the village's Mahadeo Temple on July 18, 1930. When the police arrived at the flag-hoisting location, they were forced to leave because hundreds of men and women were protecting the national flag. Among the women defending the flag, Raju Kadam rose to prominence. The police returned to the Mahadeo Temple on September 6, 1930. However, this time it attacked the people protecting the flag with such ferocity that even the colonial officers were astonished. The police eventually were able to pull down the flagstaff and desecrate the flag. In the ensuing violence, two boys, Sitaram Chambhar and Dhondi Kumbhar, were also killed by gunfire.

The flag hoisting at Bilashi ended tragically, but its repercussions echoed even within the walls of the British parliament.

## InfoBox

| Bilashi | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Nickname: Charan bilashi | |
| BilashiLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaBilashiBilashi (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°59′00″N 74°02′00″E / 16.98333°N 74.03333°E / 16.98333; 74.03333 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Sangli |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | MH-10 |
| Nearest city | Karad |


title: Bilasipara College

abstract: Bilasipara College, Old name -"N.N College" Bilasipara in Dhubri district of Assam, was established in 1960 with the objective of imparting higher education to the young people of the rural and economically backward western Assam. It is the second oldest college in Dhubri district. It is now under Deficit Grant-in-Aid system of the government of Assam. At present 16 departments are operating with a staff strength of only 77. It is affiliated to Gauhati University, Guwahati and recognized by University Grants Commission under 2f and 12B. The NAAC accredited the college with a B grade in 2014.

text:
# Bilasipara College

**Bilasipara College**, Old name -"N.N College" Bilasipara in Dhubri district of Assam, was established in 1960 with the objective of imparting higher education to the young people of the rural and economically backward western Assam. It is the second oldest college in Dhubri district. It is now under Deficit Grant-in-Aid system of the government of Assam. At present 16 departments are operating with a staff strength of only 77. It is affiliated to Gauhati University, Guwahati and recognized by University Grants Commission under 2f and 12B. The NAAC accredited the college with a B grade in 2014.

## Campus

The "Lt.Nipendra Narayn Choudhuri college "(Bilasipara College ) campus area is 13.4 acres (54,000 m2), out of which the college buildings occupy only 1.25 acres (5,100 m2) of land. The remaining land is being developed. There are newly Girls hostel facilities. A few basic facilities in the field of games and sports are available. There is a yoga center and a temporary canteen on the college premises.

Lt. Nipendra Narayn Choudhuri ...

## Management

The college is governed by the governing body constituted under Assam non-government college management rule 2000 as amended in 2001 with the principal as its *ex-officio* secretary. The principal with the cooperation of the vice principal/heads of department/teachers manages the academic and administrative affairs of the college. All the faculty appointments are made strictly according to Assam government rules and UGC guidelines. The students are enrolled on the basis of merit. Currently around 900 students are in undergraduate courses. The college maintains good number of teaching days; in 20032004 it was 179.

## Departments

### Arts

### Science

## Library

The college library possesses 11,482 books with some rare valuable collections and has a well-furnished reading room. The working hours of the library are from 10 am to 4 pm IST. There is no central computer facility in the college, but in the library, there are some computer facilities.

26°13′31″N 90°13′58″E / 26.2253°N 90.2327°E / 26.2253; 90.2327

## InfoBox

Bilasipara College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Government Institution |
| Established | 1960 (1960) |
| Principal | Mrs. Anushila Chakravarty, I/C |
| Administrative staff | 77 |
| Location | Bilasipara, Assam, India |
| Campus | Zamindar Lt. "Nipendra Narayn Choudhuri" Campus, Bilasipara town |
| Affiliations | Gauhati University |
| Website | bilasiparacollege.in |


title: Bilasipara East Assembly constituency

abstract: Bilasipara East Assembly constituency is one of the 126 constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly in India. Bilasipara East forms a part of the Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency.

text:
# Bilasipara East Assembly constituency

**Bilasipara East Assembly constituency** is one of the 126 constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly in India. Bilasipara East forms a part of the Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency.

## Town Details

Following are details on Bilasipara East Assembly constituency-

* Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Dhubri district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Dhubri Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency.
* Assembly Categorisation: Rural
* Literacy Level: 80.47%.
* Eligible Electors as per 2021 General Elections: 2,17,630 Eligible Electors. Male Electors:1,09,571 . Female Electors: 1,08,059.
* Geographic Co-Ordinates: 26°17'29.4"N 90°19'44.0"E.
* Total Area Covered: 493 square kilometres.
* Area Includes: Bilasipara town committee and Bilasipara thana \[excluding Sapatgram town committee ard the villages specified in items (9) and (10) of the Appendix\] in Dhubri sub-division, of Dhubri district of Assam:.
* Inter State Border : Dhubri.
* Number Of Polling Stations: Year 2011-217,Year 2016-235,Year 2021-27.

## Members of Legislative Assembly

Following is the list of past members representing Bilasipara East Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature.

| Election | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | Samsul Huda |  | All India United Democratic Front |
|

## Election results

### 2021

| Candidate name | Party | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Samsul Huda | AIUDF | 116,068 |
| Ashok Kumar Singhi | BJP | 66,768 |
| Kanulal Das | AJP | 3,375 |
| Mominur Islam | IND | 2,891 |
| Moshlem Uddin Choudhury | IND | 1,657 |
| Abdul Monnaf Pramanik | JD(U) | 908 |
| Jitendra Nath Adhikary | IND | 634 |
| Abdul Jabbar | IND | 483 |
| Moznur Rahman | IND | 478 |
| Prodip Chandra Roy | RPI | 403 |
| Moynul Hoque | IND | 371 |

### 2016

2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election: Bilasipara East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Ashok Kumar Singhi** | **59,206** | **35.29** | **+33.42** |
|  | INC | Amrit Badsha | 54,110 | 32.26 | +19.06 |
|  | AIUDF | Moshlemuddin Choudhury | 43,213 | 25.76 | −10.91 |
|  | Independent | Anwar Hussain | 4,941 | 2.94 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Siddique Hussein | 1,047 | 0.62 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Amarendra Nath | 749 | 0.44 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Martial Russel | 733 | 0.43 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Nishil Kumar Ray | 720 | 0.42 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Tridippati Singha | 700 | 0.41 | *N/A* |
|  | SP | Amzad Hussein | 500 | 0.29 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Ashwin Mahanta | 406 | 0.24 | *N/A* |
|  | RPI(A) | Mominur Ali Sheikh | 340 | 0.20 | *N/A* |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 1,073 | 0.63 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 5,096 | 3.03 | −15.06 |
| Turnout | | | 1,67,728 | 90.66 | +7.83 |
| Registered electors | | | 1,84,994 |  |  |
|  | BJP **gain** from AIUDF | | Swing |  |  |

### 2011

2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election: Bilasipara East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AIUDF | Gul Akhtara Begum | 49,519 | 36.67 |  |
|  | AGP | Prasanta Barua | 25,094 | 18.58 |  |
|  | BPF | Uma Rani Basumatary | 23,326 | 17.27 |  |
|  | INC | Bharati Baruah | 17,830 | 13.20 |  |
|  | Independent | Wasim Raja | 7,613 | 5.64 |  |
|  | Independent | Abdul Hamid | 3,904 | 2.89 |  |
|  | BJP | Purandar Nath | 2,529 | 1.87 |  |
|  | AITC | Moinul Hoque | 1,889 | 1.40 |  |
|  | Independent | Moniruzzaman | 1,707 | 1.26 |  |
|  | CPI | Bipin Barman | 970 | 0.72 |  |
|  | Lok Bharti | Mohendra Chandra Roy | 648 | 0.48 |  |
| Majority | | | 24,425 | 18.09 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,35,029 | 82.83 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 1,63,007 |  |  |
|  | AIUDF **gain** from AGP | | Swing |  |  |

26°14′N 90°15′E / 26.24°N 90.25°E / 26.24; 90.25

## InfoBox

| Bilasipara East | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 27 for the Assam Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Northeast India |
| State | Assam |
| Division | Lower Assam |
| District | Dhubri |
| LS constituency | Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency |
| Established | 1978 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 15th Assam Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Samsul Huda** | |
| Party | AIUDF |
| Alliance | None |
| Elected year | 2021 |


title: Bilaminar embryonic disc

abstract: The bilaminar embryonic disc, bilaminar blastoderm or embryonic disc is the distinct two-layered structure of cells formed in an embryo. In the development of the human embryo this takes place by day eight. It is formed when the inner cell mass, also known as the embryoblast, forms a bilaminar disc of two layers, an upper layer called the epiblast and a lower layer called the hypoblast, which will eventually form into fetus. These two layers of cells are stretched between two fluid-filled cavities at either end: the primitive yolk sac and the amniotic sac. The epiblast is adjacent to the trophoblast and made of columnar epithelial cells; the hypoblast is closest to the blastocoel and made of cuboidal cells. As the two layers become evident, a basement membrane forms between the layers. This distinction of layers of the bilaminar disc defines the primitive dorso ventral axis and polarity in embryogenesis. The epiblast migrates away from the trophoblast downwards, forming the amniotic cavity in between, the lining of which is formed from amnioblasts developed from the epiblast. The hypoblast is pushed down and forms the yolk sac lining. Some hypoblast cells migrate along the inner cytotrophoblast lining of the blastocoel, secreting an extracellular matrix along the way. These hypoblast cells and extracellular matrix are called Heuser's membrane, and they cover the blastocoel to form the yolk sac. Cells of the hypoblast migrate along the outer edges of this reticulum and form the extraembryonic mesoderm; this disrupts the extraembryonic reticulum. Soon pockets form in the reticulum, which ultimately coalesce to form the chorionic cavity.

text:
# Bilaminar embryonic disc

The **bilaminar embryonic disc**, **bilaminar blastoderm** or **embryonic disc** is the distinct two-layered structure of cells formed in an embryo. In the development of the human embryo this takes place by day eight. It is formed when the inner cell mass, also known as the embryoblast, forms a bilaminar disc of two layers, an upper layer called the epiblast (primitive ectoderm) and a lower layer called the hypoblast (primitive endoderm), which will eventually form into fetus. These two layers of cells are stretched between two fluid-filled cavities at either end: the primitive yolk sac and the amniotic sac.

The epiblast is adjacent to the trophoblast and made of columnar epithelial cells; the hypoblast is closest to the blastocoel (blastocystic cavity) and made of cuboidal cells. As the two layers become evident, a basement membrane forms between the layers. This distinction of layers of the bilaminar disc defines the primitive dorso ventral axis and polarity in embryogenesis.

The epiblast migrates away from the trophoblast downwards, forming the amniotic cavity in between, the lining of which is formed from amnioblasts developed from the epiblast. The hypoblast is pushed down and forms the yolk sac (exocoelomic cavity) lining. Some hypoblast cells migrate along the inner cytotrophoblast lining of the blastocoel, secreting an extracellular matrix along the way. These hypoblast cells and extracellular matrix are called Heuser's membrane (or the exocoelomic membrane), and they cover the blastocoel to form the yolk sac (or exocoelomic cavity). Cells of the hypoblast migrate along the outer edges of this reticulum and form the extraembryonic mesoderm; this disrupts the extraembryonic reticulum. Soon pockets form in the reticulum, which ultimately coalesce to form the chorionic cavity (extraembryonic coelom).

## Initial formation

The one-celled zygote, a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes at the start of embryonic development, undergoes cleavage by mitosis as it travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. As the zygote undergoes cell division to form two, then four, then eight and then 16 cells (typically by day four after fertilization), it becomes a ball of cells called a morula. During these cellular divisions, the zygote remains the same size, but the number of cells increase. The morula enters the uterus after three or four days—during which a cavity, called the blastocoel, is formed to produce the blastocyst. Once the blastocyst is formed, it undergoes implantation into the endometrium. During implantation the blastocyst, which contains the inner cell mass, undergoes cellular differentiation into the two layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc. One of which is the epiblast, also known as the primitive ectoderm. The epiblast is the outer layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc and consists of columnar cells. The hypoblast, also known as the primitive endoderm, is the inner layer, closest to the endometrium, which consists of cuboidal cells. The epiblast will develop into the 'embryo proper', and the hypoblast into the outer layer of fetal membranes (extraembryonic membranes). The blastocyst serves as a source of nutrients for the growing cells by diffusion from the surrounding fluid.

## Amniotic sac formation

Beginning on day eight, the amniotic sac is the first new cavity to form during the second week of development. Fluid collects between the epiblast and the hypoblast, which splits the epiblast into two portions. The layer at the embryonic pole grows around the amniotic sac, creating a barrier from the cytotrophoblast. This becomes known as the amnion, which is one of the four fetal membranes and the cells it comprises are referred to as amnioblasts. Although the amniotic sac is initially smaller than the blastocyst it becomes larger by week eight until the entire embryo is encompassed by the amnion.

## Yolk sac and gestational sac formation

The process of the formation of the gestational sac (chorionic cavity or extraembryonic coelom) and the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle) is still debated. The main theory states that formation of the membranes of the yolk sac begins with an increase in production of hypoblast cells, followed by different patterns of migration. On day eight, the first portion of hypoblast cells begin their migration and make what is known as the primary yolk sac, or Heuser's membrane (exocoelomic membrane). By day 12, the primary yolk sac has been disestablished by a new batch of migrating hypoblast cells that now contribute to the definitive yolk sac.

While the primary yolk sac is forming, extraembryonic mesoderm migrate into the blastocyst cavity and fill it with loosely packed cells. When the extraembryonic mesoderm is separated into two portions, a new gap arises called the gestational sac. This new cavity is responsible for detaching the embryo and, its amnion and yolk sac, from the far wall of the blastocyst, which is now named the chorion. When the extraembryonic mesoderm splits into two layers, the amnion, yolk sac and chorion also become double-layered. The amnion and chorion are composed of extraembryonic ectoderm and mesoderm, whereas the yolk sac is composed of extraembryonic endoderm and mesoderm. By day 13, the connecting stalk, a dense portion of extraembryonic mesoderm, restrains the embryonic disc in the gestational sac.

### Yolk sac during development

Like the amnion, the yolk sac is a fetal membrane that surrounds a cavity. Formation of the definitive yolk sac occurs after the extraembryonic mesoderm splits, and it becomes a double layered structure with hypoblast-derived endoderm on the inside and mesoderm surrounding the outside. The definitive yolk sac contributes greatly to the embryo during the fourth week of development, and executes critical functions for the embryo. One of which being the formation of blood, or hematopoiesis. Also, primordial germ cells are first found in the wall of the yolk sac before primordial germ cell migration. After the fourth week of development, the growing embryonic disc becomes much larger than the yolk sac and eventually involutes before birth. Uncommonly, the yolk sac may persist as the vitelline duct and cause a congenital out pouching of the digestive tract called Meckel's diverticulum.

## Epiblast cells during gastrulation

In the third week, gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak. Gastrulation occurs when pluripotent stem cells differentiate into the three germ cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. During gastrulation, cells of the epiblast migrate towards the primitive streak, enter it, and then move apart from it through a process called ingression.

### Definitive endoderm development

On day 16, epiblast cells that are next to the primitive streak experience epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation as they ingress through the primitive streak. The first wave of epiblast cells takes over the hypoblast, which slowly becomes replaced by new cells that eventually constitute the definitive endoderm. The definitive endoderm is what makes the lining of the gut and other associated gut structures.

### Intraembryonic mesoderm development

Also beginning on day 16, some of the ingressing epiblast cells make their way into the area between the epiblast and the newly forming definitive endoderm. This layer of cells becomes known as intraembryonic mesoderm. After the cells have moved bilaterally from the primitive streak and matured, four divisions of intraembryonic mesoderm are made: cardiogenic mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm.

### Ectoderm development

After the definitive endoderm and intraembryonic mesoderm formations are complete, the remaining epiblast cells do not ingress through the primitive streak; rather they remain on the outside and form the ectoderm. It is not long until the ectoderm becomes the neural plate and surface ectoderm. Due to the fact that an embryo develops cranial to caudal, the formation of ectoderm does not happen at the same rate during development. The more inferior portion of the primitive streak will still have epiblast cells ingressing to make intraembryonic mesoderm, while the more superior portion has already stopped ingressing. However, eventually gastrulation finishes and the three germ layers are complete.

## InfoBox

| Bilaminar embryonic disc | |
| --- | --- |
| Section through the embryo. (Bilaminar disc is labeled as embryonic disk.) | |
| Embryonic disc at implantation site with epiblast expanded to form the amniotic cavity | |
| Details | |
| Days | 13 |
| Precursor | Inner cell mass |
| Gives rise to | Human embryo |
| Identifiers | |
| TE | embryonic disc\_by\_E6.0.1.1.3.0.1 E6.0.1.1.3.0.1 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Robert Lockhart Hobson

abstract: Robert Lockhart Hobson CB was a British civil servant and antiquarian. He was keeper of the Department of Ceramics and Ethnography at the British Museum and an authority on Far Eastern ceramics. He was noted for his cataloguing which The Times described as establishing firm facts for what had previously been "surmise and unproved tradition" and he was highly influential through his writing in the elevation of Chinese ceramics from craft works to the status of objects of fine art. He was president of the Oriental Ceramic Society from 1939 to 1942.

text:
# Robert Lockhart Hobson

**Robert Lockhart Hobson** CB (26 July 1872 – 5 June 1941) was a British civil servant and antiquarian. He was keeper of the Department of Ceramics and Ethnography at the British Museum and an authority on Far Eastern ceramics. He was noted for his cataloguing which *The Times* described as establishing firm facts for what had previously been "surmise and unproved tradition" and he was highly influential through his writing in the elevation of Chinese ceramics from craft works to the status of objects of fine art. He was president of the Oriental Ceramic Society from 1939 to 1942.

## Early life

Robert Hobson was born at Lambeg, County Antrim, Ireland, in 1872, the son of Reverend Canon William Thomas Hobson of the Isle of Man and Eliza Ann Dalglish. He had a brother, William Dalglish Hobson, born in 1886. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead, and received his advanced education at Jesus College, University of Cambridge, from where he graduated with a first-class degree in classics in 1893.

## Marriage

In 1900, Hobson married the Honourable Daisy Denison, daughter of Rear-Admiral Hon. Albert Denison and granddaughter of Albert Denison, 1st Baron Londesborough. In 1938, Daisy was granted the rank of a Baron's daughter which would have been hers had her father survived to succeed as Lord Londesborough. She died in 1967.

## Career

Hobson worked as a school teacher for four years before joining the British Museum in 1897. He served as a lieutenant in the Civil Service Rifles, part of the London Regiment, from 1914 to 1919. In 1921 he was made keeper of the Department of Ceramics and Ethnography which was formed for him. He gave evidence to the Royal Commission on National Museums and Galleries. He was appointed a member of the Order of the Bath in 1931. In 1934 he was made keeper of Oriental Antiquities and Ethnography, a position he held until his retirement in 1938 at which time he was presented with the gift of a portrait by Francis Dodd RA.

He was closely associated with the China exhibitions at Burlington House in 1909–1910, 1915–16, and 1935–1936 the last of which was visited by over 401,000 people.

He was one of the founding members of the Oriental Ceramic Society, and after his retirement, chairman (or president) from 1939 to 1942 in succession to George Eumorfopoulos. His successor was Sir Alan Barlow.

## Writing

Hobson completed two standard catalogues of the English pottery and porcelain in the British Museum. The catalogue of pottery was the first to include a section on medieval pottery of which the British Museum was a leader in establishing a reference collection. He wrote the entry on ceramics for the 1911 edition of the *Encyclopædia Britannica* and the entry on the Orientalist Stephen Wootton Bushell for the *Dictionary of National Biography* (1912).

He later turned his attention to far eastern ceramics and became a noted scholar of Qing dynasty works. He was one of the first to explicitly date the earliest blue and white porcelain to the Song dynasty when most scholars still placed it in the Ming period, indicating his awareness of the latest archaeological excavations. His *The wares of the Ming Dynasty* (1923) was described by John Alexander Pope as an early attempt at an "overall objective classification of Ming wares" and a "kind of landmark" as a more critical approach began to enter the field of Chinese ceramics and he was highly influential through his writing in the elevation of Chinese ceramics from craft works to the status of objects of fine art.

He compiled a catalogue of the pottery and porcelain in the George Eumorfopoulos collection which was published in six volumes from 1925 to 1928.

## Death and legacy

Hobson died at his home in Horsham on 5 June 1941. He was survived by his wife Daisy to whom probate was granted on an estate of £7,171 net. He received obituaries in the *Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society*, *The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs*, and *The Times*.

## Selected publications

* *Catalogue of the collection of English pottery in the Department of British and Mediæval Antiquities and Ethnography of the British Museum.* London, British Museum, 1903.
* *Catalogue of the collection of English porcelain in the Department of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography of the British Museum.* British Museum, London, 1905.
* *Porcelain, oriental, continental and British: A book of handy reference for collectors.* Constable, London, 1906. (2nd 1908)
* *Handbook of marks on pottery and porcelain.* Macmillan, London, 1909. Revised editions 1912, 1919. (With William Burton (1863–1941))
* *Worcester porcelain: A description of the ware from the wall period to the present day &c.* Bernard Quaritch, London, 1910.
* *Catalogue of porcelain, furniture and other works of art in the collection of Lady Wantage &c.* W.H. Fairbairns, Enfield, 1912. (With Oliver Brackett)
* *Chinese pottery and porcelain. An account of the potter's art in China from primitive times to the present day*. Two volumes. Cassell and Co., London, 1915. Volume I, Volume II.
* *Catalogue of the Frank Lloyd Collection of Worcester porcelain of the wall period*. British Museum, London, 1923.
* *The wares of the Ming Dynasty*. Ernest Benn, London, 1923.
* *The art of the Chinese potter.* Ernest Benn, London, 1923. (With A.L. Hetherington)
* *The later ceramic wares of China: Being the blue and white, famille verte, famille rose, monochromes, etc., of the K'ang Hsi, Yung Cheng, Ch'ien Lung and other periods of the Ch'ing Dynasty.* Ernest Benn, London, 1925.
* *The George Eumorfopoulos collection: Catalogue of the Chinese, Corean and Persian pottery and porcelain*. Six volumes. Ernest Benn, London, 1925–28.
* *Chinese porcelain & Wedgwood pottery, with other works of ceramic art &c.* B.T. Batsford, London, 1928. (A record of the collection in the Lady Lever Art Gallery. Vol. 2.)
* *Catalogue of the Leonard Gow Collection of Chinese porcelain*. George W. Jones, London, 1931. (Limited to 300 copies)
* *Chinese ceramics in private collections*. Halton & Truscott Smith, 1931. (With Bernard Rackham & William King)

## Further reading

* Obituary by Bernard Rackham in *Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society for 1940/1*, pp. 11–13.
* Obituary in *The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs*, 79, No. 460 (July 1941), p. 30.
* Wilson, D.M. *The British Museum. A history*. London, 2002. p. 200, n. 25.

Media related to Robert Lockhart Hobson at Wikimedia Commons


title: Robert Loewy

abstract: Robert Gustav Loewy is an aerospace engineer who has been influential in the development of rotary-wing vertical take-off and landing aircraft. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the class of 1947 with a Bachelor of Aeronautical Engineering degree. He earned an M.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. From 1948 to 1962, Dr. Loewy worked in industry for the Glenn L. Martin Company; Piasecki Helicopter Corporation; Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory; and Vertol Aircraft, which later became a division of the Boeing Company. Between September 1965 and 1966, he was chief scientist for the United States Air Force. As a faculty member at the University of Rochester, Loewy was professor of mechanical and aerospace sciences, director of the Space Science Center and finally dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences. In 1974 he moved to RPI where he became provost and professor of aeronautical engineering and mechanics. From 1973 to 1977 he was chairman of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board. In 1978, Loewy became a Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute professor, which is a senior teaching and research position in the School of Engineering. He later founded the Rotorcraft Technology Center at RPI and served as its director. He joined Georgia Tech in 1993 and became William R. T. Oakes honorary professor and chair of the School of Aerospace Engineering. He was awarded the Daniel Guggenheim Medal for aeronautical engineering in 2006. In 1971, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the engineering of rotary-wing, vertical take-off and landing aircraft. He was also awarded with the Spirit of St. Louis Medal. He was inducted into RPI's Alumni Hall of Fame in 2009.

text:
# Robert Loewy

**Robert Gustav Loewy** (born February 12, 1926) is an aerospace engineer who has been influential in the development of rotary-wing vertical take-off and landing aircraft. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

He graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the class of 1947 with a Bachelor of Aeronautical Engineering degree. He earned an M.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. From 1948 to 1962, Dr. Loewy worked in industry for the Glenn L. Martin Company; Piasecki Helicopter Corporation; Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory; and Vertol Aircraft, which later became a division of the Boeing Company. Between September 1965 and 1966, he was chief scientist for the United States Air Force.

As a faculty member at the University of Rochester, Loewy was professor of mechanical and aerospace sciences, director of the Space Science Center and finally dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences. In 1974 he moved to RPI where he became provost and professor of aeronautical engineering and mechanics. From 1973 to 1977 he was chairman of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board.

In 1978, Loewy became a Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute professor, which is a senior teaching and research position in the School of Engineering. He later founded the Rotorcraft Technology Center at RPI and served as its director.

He joined Georgia Tech in 1993 and became William R. T. Oakes honorary professor and chair of the School of Aerospace Engineering. He was awarded the Daniel Guggenheim Medal for aeronautical engineering in 2006. In 1971, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the engineering of rotary-wing, vertical take-off and landing aircraft. He was also awarded with the Spirit of St. Louis Medal. He was inducted into RPI's Alumni Hall of Fame in 2009.


title: Robert Pritzker

abstract: Robert Alan Pritzker was an American businessman and member of the wealthy Pritzker family.

text:
# Robert Pritzker

**Robert Alan Pritzker** (June 30, 1926 – October 27, 2011) was an American businessman and member of the wealthy Pritzker family.

## Biography

Pritzker was born to a Jewish family, the Pritzker family, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Fanny (née Doppelt) and A.N. Pritzker. He has two brothers: Donald Pritzker and Jay Pritzker. Robert Pritzker received a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1946 and an honorary doctorate in 1984. He taught night courses at IIT and began serving on the board of trustees in 1962, and served as a University Regent until the time of his death. He also taught evening classes at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business (now the Booth School of Business) in the late 1970s and through the 1980s. His class consisted of cases developed from actual business take-overs he was involved with, and students had to recommend whether or not to purchase the companies under study. Pritzker started The Marmon Group, an international association of autonomous manufacturing and service companies. Marmon's assets constitute half of the Pritzker family fortune. Robert's success can be partially attributed to his unique business structure, in which employees are trusted to make more key decisions, independent of the central office, than in other typical manufacturing settings. This independence allows for more creativity, and increases speed and productivity.  Concurrently, Pritzker spent a year as Chairman of the National Association of Manufacturers.

In 2002, Bob Pritzker retired from his position of President of The Marmon Group and assumed the role of President of Colson Associates, Inc., a holding company of caster, plastics moldling, hardware and medical companies, including Acumed, OsteoMed, and Precision Edge Surgical Products Company, among others.

## Personal life

Pritzker was married three times:

* His first wife was Audrey Gilbert, whom he divorced in 1979. In 1981, she married again to Albert B. Ratner, the co-chairman of Cleveland-based real estate developer Forest City Enterprises. Pritzker and Gilbert had three children:
* In 1980, he married Australian Irene Dryburgh, whom he met while she worked at a Hyatt hotel in Australia. Prior to their divorce in 1989, they had two children:
    + Matthew Pritzker (b. 1982) – is a real-estate entrepreneur, the head of the Matthew Pritzker Company, former owner of Chicago-based HomeMade Pizza Company, and State Street Pictures.
    + Liesel Pritzker Simmons (b. 1984) – a child actress who starred in *A Little Princess* and played the U.S. President's daughter in the film Air Force One. She co-founded with her mother the IDP Foundation, dedicated to *"developing innovative, scalable and replicable programs through sustainable initiatives that move away from aid based models and lead to greater progress in the achievement of Education for All for the most deprived."*
* His third wife, whom he married in 1994, was Sao Mayari Sargent, the daughter of the Austrian author Inge Sargent (née Eberhard), and her first husband Sao Kya Seng, last Saopha of Hsipaw State in Shan State, Burma.

Robert Pritzker preferred to fly coach despite having access to a family-owned corporate jet: "*If I ask my managers to go coach how can I go first class? That's leadership.*"

Pritzker received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1983.

Pritzker's nephew and namesake, J. B., was elected Governor of Illinois in 2018.

## InfoBox

| Robert Pritzker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert Alan Pritzker
(1926-06-30)June 30, 1926
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | October 27, 2011(2011-10-27) (aged 85) |
| Alma mater | Illinois Institute of Technology |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Spouses | *   Audrey Gilbert  (m. 1979, divorced) *   Irene Dryburgh  (m. 1980; div. 1989) *   Sao Mayari Sargent (m. 1994) |
| Children |  |
| Parent | Abram Nicholas Pritzker (father) |
| Relatives | Pritzker family |


title: Bifunctionality

abstract: In chemistry, bifunctionality or difunctionality is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule. A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol (−OH), amide (−CONH2), aldehyde (−CHO), nitrile (−CN) or carboxylic acid (−COOH). Many bifunctional species are used to produce complex materials. They participate in condensation polymerization like polyester and polyamide. Polyfunctional species have more than two functional groups. Most biological compounds are polyfunctional.

text:
# Bifunctionality

In chemistry, **bifunctionality** or **difunctionality** is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule. A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol (−OH), amide (−CONH2), aldehyde (−CHO), nitrile (−CN) or carboxylic acid (−COOH). Many bifunctional species are used to produce complex materials. They participate in condensation polymerization like polyester and polyamide.

**Polyfunctional** species have more than two functional groups. Most biological compounds are polyfunctional.

## Further reading


title: Robert Porterfield

abstract: Robert Huffard Porterfield was an American actor and theatre director who was known for founding the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia. The theatre was founded in 1933 during the Great Depression. In 1941, it was designated as the State Theatre of Virginia, but with the bombing of Pearl Harbor and America entering World War II, the grant promised by the Commonwealth of Virginia's legislature was put off. Young men either enlisted or were drafted into the U.S. military, and the theatre went dark from 1942 to 1945. Porterfield, too, was drafted. He returned to Abingdon in 1946 to reopen the theatre. As promised in 1941, the legislature came through with a $10,000 grant. Porterfield served as artistic director of the year-round repertory theatre until his death in 1971. His most prominent, credited film role was in the 1941 film Sergeant York in which he portrayed Zeb Andrews, a local rival of the title character played by Gary Cooper.

text:
# Robert Porterfield

**Robert Huffard Porterfield** (December 21, 1905 – October 28, 1971) was an American actor and theatre director who was known for founding the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia.

The theatre was founded in 1933 during the Great Depression. In 1941, it was designated as the State Theatre of Virginia, but with the bombing of Pearl Harbor and America entering World War II, the grant promised by the Commonwealth of Virginia's legislature was put off. Young men either enlisted or were drafted into the U.S. military, and the theatre went dark from 1942 to 1945. Porterfield, too, was drafted. He returned to Abingdon in 1946 to reopen the theatre. As promised in 1941, the legislature came through with a $10,000 grant.

Porterfield served as artistic director of the year-round repertory theatre until his death in 1971. His most prominent, credited film role was in the 1941 film *Sergeant York* in which he portrayed Zeb Andrews, a local rival of the title character played by Gary Cooper.

## Family history

Robert Porterfield was born in Austinville, in Wythe County, Virginia, the fifth generation of Porterfields born in the United States. His great-great-great-grandfather arrived in the American colonies from Scotland in about 1760, probably through the port of Philadelphia. Like many immigrants of Scots, Irish, Scots-Irish, or German descent, he traveled from Pennsylvania down the Wilderness Road into the lush and fertile Shenandoah Valley. Finding that most of the best land was already staked out and occupied, he pushed on until finding some "unclaimed" real estate in Southwest Virginia, what is now called Glade Spring.

## Early life and education

Born December 21, 1905, near Austinville, Virginia, Robert was the third of six sons of Daisy (Huffard) and William Breckenridge Porterfield.

In 1909, Robert's father accepted a position as overseer of some 20,000 acres (81 km2) of land and moved the family to Saltville, Virginia. The family's new home was a large farmhouse about a mile south of the town. Robert and his brothers shared in all the work of the farm. At the age of seven, Robert staged his first play for cousins, with extended family as players and audience, in the family's two-story barn.

The Porterfields were quite prosperous by the standards of the day. They were the first family to have a dial telephone, thanks to his father's being elected as Mayor of Saltville, 1920–24 and 1926–29. They also installed central heating in their house.

His mother taught Robert to read before he started school, but his formal education began in a one-room schoolhouse with a pot-bellied wood stove; about four grades were gathered together. He learned much of Shakespeare by his teacher's practice of having "Shakespeare quotation" bees. He would go home afterward and pore over his family's volumes of Shakespeare, culling new lines for the next bee. At the age of ten, Robert announced to his father his intention of becoming an actor. His father was very much against the idea.

As a youngster Robert learned to fish for trout, rock bass and gig giant bullfrogs from the North Fork of the Holston River. He also learned how to shoot guns, along with hunting and trapping. His favorite was raccoon hunting.

The first great sorrow of his life happened when he was twelve years old. He had fallen in love with a girl named Mary. One spring Sunday morning, he was supposed to meet her for Sunday school but she never came. He learned later that day that she had died in her sleep the night before. The brokenhearted Porterfield ran away for a while; when he returned home, he found his mother waiting up for him with hot milk toast. Mary's family gave the boy a gold heart locket which she had worn. Robert kept that locket close to him for the remainder of his life.

He joined the school debating society for the chance to perform in front of audiences. He became the spark plug that instigated class plays at Saltville High School.

He almost married a girl named Helen, who was a few years older than Robert and lived in nearby Marion. At the last minute, he turned the car around and drove her back home.

After graduating from Saltville High School, Robert enrolled at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia. He stayed for two years, performed with the college acting company, the Jongleurs, and became a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. Every year, the Hampden-Sydney College theater department awards one senior The Robert Porterfield Prize in Theatre who was "recognizing the great contribution to the community through the medium of theatre at Hampden-Sydney College" in his honor. While waiting for a reply to his application to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, he took a train to Petersburg. While there, he worked as a soda jerk at the Lum's Drugstore.

Not hearing from the academy, he decided to give up on schooling and go on to New York City, the center of national theatre culture. He wrote his father to tell him he was dropping out of college and heading to New York. He spent the next few months working six days a week, saving as much money he could for his move. Although he was finally accepted to the academy, his father wrote telling him he had to return to college or come home.

Porterfield continued to work as a soda jerk until he became ill and was advised by a Petersburg doctor to return home to convalesce. He rejoined his family at their new farm of "Twin Oaks", located on the outskirts of Glade Spring. His father's doctor examined him, saying he was strong as an ox. With his father's reluctant consent, Porterfield boarded a train to New York City.

## At the academy

In the fall of 1926, Porterfield arrived at New York's Pennsylvania Station and went to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Upon arrival, he was taken to the president's office, where he was asked to give a two-minute audition in front of a committee of faculty members. When he finished, the faculty members told him that "not one of us were able to understand a word you said. If you want to become an actor, you have to lose that southern accent and quickly."

Living in a small apartment above a speakeasy on 85th Street and Riverside Drive, Porterfield studied for two years at the academy, immersing himself in what he described as "a necessary stage in my development as an actor."

## Barter Theatre

After his father's death, Porterfield inherited "Twin Oaks", and he returned to Glade Spring in western Virginia. But his interest in theatre continued. During the Great Depression, in 1933 he created the Barter Theatre as a repertory company in nearby Abingdon, Virginia. He allowed residents to barter food for theatre admission during the lean years, which gave rise to what became the formal name.

In establishing and running the repertory company, Porterfield gave opportunities to many young actors early in their careers, including Gregory Peck, Ernest Borgnine, Patricia Neal, Ned Beatty, Hume Cronyn, Gary Collins, and Larry Linville. His theatre participated in the Equity Membership Candidate Program (EMC) for the Actors' Equity Association. Actors and stage managers-in-training could get credit for their work in such theatres toward eventual membership in Equity.

While most of his work was in theatre, Porterfield also had occasional minor roles in films, from 1937 to 1958. (See "Filmography" section below.)

## Marriage and family

Porterfield married Helen Fritz on May 12, 1934. She died on New Year's Day 1949, having struggled most of her life with alcoholism, from which her father also suffered. It was considered the cause of her death. She did not learn until 1941 that her father had died of alcoholism. Robert and Helen did not have children.

Porterfield married again on October 6, 1964, to Mary Dudley. In 1968, the two adopted a five-year-old boy, whom they named Jay Payne Porterfield. Robert nicknamed him "Jay Bird". They were married until Robert's death on October 28, 1971, in Abingdon. She continued to live as a widow at the Porterfield home of "Twin Oaks".

## Quotes

"If you like us, talk about us. And if you don't, just keep your mouth shut."- Porterfield said this at the end of his introductory speech before each performance."

"He gave me my start in the business, and every time I see my Oscar, I remember him fondly". – Ernest Borgnine on Robert Porterfield.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1937 | *They Won't Forget* | Jimmy Harrison (Dissenting Juror) | Uncredited |
| 1941 | *Sergeant York* | Zeb Andrews |  |
| 1946 | *The Yearling* | Mate | Uncredited |
| 1958 | *Thunder Road* | Preacher | Uncredited, (final film role) |

## Awards

* In 1948, he won the Regional Theatre Tony Award for his "Contribution to Development of Regional Theatre".
* That year, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters by his alma mater Hampden-Sydney College for his contributions to theatre.
* In 1957, he was named "First Citizen of Abingdon" and also presented with the "Actors' Fund Award of Merit".
* In 1963, he was given the "Thomas Jefferson Award" for public relations on behalf of Virginia.
* In 1967, the "Suzanne Davis Memorial Award" for contributions to theatre in the South was awarded to him, as was the "Special Service Award" from the Virginia State Chamber of Commerce.
* Porterfield Hall at Radford University is named after him.


title: Robert Post (law professor)

abstract: Robert Charles Post is an American legal scholar who is currently a professor of law at Yale Law School, where he served as the Dean of Yale Law School from 2009 to 2017.

text:
# Robert Post (law professor)

**Robert Charles Post** (born October 17, 1947) is an American legal scholar who is currently a professor of law at Yale Law School, where he served as the Dean of Yale Law School from 2009 to 2017.

## Biography

Post received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University in 1969 and earned his Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1977. While at Yale, he served as an editor of the *Yale Law Journal*.

After law school, Post was a law clerk for D.C. Circuit Judge David L. Bazelon and Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. Post subsequently earned a Ph.D. in History of American Civilization from Harvard University, worked briefly in private practice, and started his career in law teaching at Berkeley Law in 1983. Post moved from Berkeley to Yale in 2003 and succeeded Harold Koh as Dean when Koh was appointed to serve as Legal Adviser to the U.S. State Department. Post has been quoted in the *New York Times* on the composition of the Supreme Court. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2011.

Post's academic interests include constitutional law, First Amendment, legal history, and affirmative action. His *Citizens Divided* (2014) looks at the constitutional aspects of electoral finance.

## InfoBox

| Robert Post | |
| --- | --- |
| Post in 2012 | |
|  | |
| 16th Dean of Yale Law School | |
| **In office**
2009–2017 | |
| Preceded by | Harold Hongju Koh |
| Succeeded by | Heather K. Gerken |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Charles Post
(1947-10-17) October 17, 1947
New York City, U.S. |
| Education | Harvard University (BA, PhD)
Yale University (JD) |
|  | |


title: Robert Pullar

abstract: Sir Robert Pullar was a Scottish Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Robert Pullar

**Sir Robert Pullar** FRSE (18 February 1828 – 9 September 1912) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom.

## Life

Pullar was born at Burt's Close in Perth on 18 February 1828, the eldest of nine children of John Pullar (1803-1878), a dyer, and his wife Mary Walker. His father founded the firm Pullars of Perth and was also at one point Provost of Perth. In the summer of 1828 the family moved to 36 Mill street in Perth. This was as a reaction to complaints regarding noxious smells while they were working at Burt's Close, Mill Street being further out of town. He was educated in Perth at Stewart's Academy in Atholl Street, Greig's Academy in Stormont Street, and at Perth Academy, also doing continuation classes in French and German.

He was apprenticed under his father in 1841, a junior partner in 1848 and ultimately senior partner in the local family firm of Pullars Dyeworks. In 1857 the firm formed a relationship with the inventor William Perkin to be the first manufacturer to successfully introduce purple aniline dye. The firm also branched into dry cleaning, a technique he learned from Germany, establishing a plant in Tulloch in 1882. He was known as an extensive and generous donor to local charities and other local causes and a benevolent employer, although in the last year of his life there was a major strike in the firm when he refused to discuss wage rises. He was a J.P. for the County of Perth. He travelled widely in Russia, Scandinavia, America and the Middle East.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1880. His proposers were Sir James Falshaw, William Lauder Lindsay, John Duns and James Sime. At this time he lived at 6 St Leonards Bank in Perth and ran the North British Dyeworks on Kinnoull Street. He was knighted by Queen Victoria in the 1895 Birthday Honours.

Although his family were originally Baptists he seemed to favour the Free Church and in 1900 joined the newly created United Free Church of Scotland worshipping at St Leonards Church on Marshall Place facing the South Inch.

In 1905 he received an honorary doctorate (LLD) from St Andrew's University.

He was elected unopposed at a by-election on 12 February 1907 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Perth. In his politics he was a radical Liberal and supported free trade and Irish home rule. He stood down in January 1910. At the time of his election, he was six days short of his 79th birthday, making his possibly the oldest parliamentary debut of an MP in the 20th century. He rarely spoke in debates and was criticized by local trade unions for failing to support measures to help the unemployed.

In 1911 he received Freedom of the City of Perth.

He died at home, "Tayside" on Isla Road, of a seizure on 9 September 1912 aged 84. He was buried with his wife at Wellshill Cemetery, Perth, close to his parents. The grave nears at the southern end of the terraced step midway across the southern east–west path.

## Family

He was older brother to Laurence Pullar, James Pullar and Edmund Pullar, and uncle to Frederick Pullar.

In 1859 he married Helen Mary Daniell (18291904), daughter of Charles Daniell of Wantage, Berkshire, England, by whom he had two sons, Rufus Daniell Pullar (18611917) and Albert Evans Pullar (18651945). Rufus and his family are buried alongside his parents.

## Artistic recognition

His portrait was painted by John Everett Millais.


title: Robert Campbell (poker player)

abstract: Robert Campbell is an Australian poker player from Melbourne. In 2019, he won two bracelets at the World Series of Poker on his way to earning the WSOP Player of the Year Award. Campbell was formerly a professional esports player and was the top-ranked Pokémon player in the world. He also worked as a standup comedian. He's currently CEO of the Dota 2 gaming team Neon Esports. His first WSOP cash came from a final table appearance in a Mixed Event at the 2013 WSOP Asia Pacific in his hometown. In 2015, he finished second in a $1,500 H.O.R.S.E. event at the WSOP. He had four prior final tables at the WSOP before 2019. At the 2019 WSOP, Campbell won his first bracelet in the $1,500 Limit 2-7 Lowball Triple Draw event, defeating three-time bracelet winner David Bach heads-up and earning $144,000. He added his second bracelet in the $10,000 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo event, becoming the first player with multiple bracelets in 2019. With 3,418.78 points, Campbell took the lead in the POY race into the WSOP Europe. He added another four cashes in Rozvadov, including a final table appearance in the €25,500 Platinum High Roller event. Daniel Negreanu, however, passed him in the standings to win the award for the third time. But afterward it was discovered that Negreanu was given credit for a cash in an event where he did not finish in the money, and when points for that event were taken away Campbell was 44 points ahead of runner-up Shaun Deeb. Campbell finished the 2019 WSOP with two bracelets, five final tables, 13 cashes and more than $750,000 in earnings. His total live winnings exceed $1,360,000, with his 27 WSOP cashes accounting for $1,232,000 of those earnings.

text:
# Robert Campbell (poker player)

**Robert Campbell** is an Australian poker player from Melbourne. In 2019, he won two bracelets at the World Series of Poker on his way to earning the WSOP Player of the Year Award.

Campbell was formerly a professional esports player and was the top-ranked Pokémon player in the world. He also worked as a standup comedian. He's currently CEO of the Dota 2 gaming team Neon Esports. His first WSOP cash came from a final table appearance in a Mixed Event at the 2013 WSOP Asia Pacific in his hometown. In 2015, he finished second in a $1,500 H.O.R.S.E. event at the WSOP. He had four prior final tables at the WSOP before 2019.

At the 2019 WSOP, Campbell won his first bracelet in the $1,500 Limit 2-7 Lowball Triple Draw event, defeating three-time bracelet winner David Bach heads-up and earning $144,000. He added his second bracelet in the $10,000 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo event, becoming the first player with multiple bracelets in 2019.

With 3,418.78 points, Campbell took the lead in the POY race into the WSOP Europe. He added another four cashes in Rozvadov, including a final table appearance in the €25,500 Platinum High Roller event. Daniel Negreanu, however, passed him in the standings to win the award for the third time. But afterward it was discovered that Negreanu was given credit for a cash in an event where he did not finish in the money, and when points for that event were taken away Campbell was 44 points ahead of runner-up Shaun Deeb.

Campbell finished the 2019 WSOP with two bracelets, five final tables, 13 cashes and more than $750,000 in earnings. His total live winnings exceed $1,360,000, with his 27 WSOP cashes accounting for $1,232,000 of those earnings.

## World Series of Poker bracelets

| Year | Tournament | Prize (US$) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | $1,500 Limit 2-7 Lowball Triple Draw | $144,027 |
| 2019 | $10,000 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo 8 or Better | $385,763 |

## InfoBox

| Robert Campbell | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | SonicJaxx |
| Residence | Melbourne, Australia |
| World Series of Poker | |
| Bracelet(s) | 2 |
| Money finish(es) | 27 |
| Highest ITM<br>Main Event finish | 435th, 2016 |
|


title: Bill Aitken (writer)

abstract: William McKay Aitken is a British-born Indian travel writer and mountain lover from Scotland. He is the author of a number of books about India, its mountains, rivers and its steam trains.

text:
# Bill Aitken (writer)

**William McKay Aitken** is a British-born Indian travel writer and mountain lover from Scotland. He is the author of a number of books about India, its mountains, rivers and its steam trains.

## Life and career

Born in Tullibody in Clackmannanshire, Scotland in 1934, Aitken attended Handsworth Grammar School in Birmingham, and completed his M.A in comparative religion at the University of Leeds. In 1959, he hitchhiked overland to India and taught for a year at Hindi HighSchool in Calcutta. From 1960 to 1972, he lived in Himalayan ashrams at Kausani and Mirtola. In 1972, he became a naturalized Indian citizen. With their Guru's blessings he joined Prithwi Bir Kaur, the dowager Maharani of the erstwhile Sikh Princely state of Jind as companion. Based in Delhi and Mussoorie, Aitken travelled widely in India, covering the religious landscape in a dozen travel books. Bill Aitken's writings are characterized by a free-wheeling description of his travels, interspersed with intimate details of the land and its people, and their religious beliefs. He has been President of the Friends of the National Rail Museum in New Delhi and hon. Librarian of the Himalayan Club.

Since the 1970s, he has lived in the hill station of Mussoorie in the Lower Western Himalaya. The surrounding region, especially the Garhwal Hills, has provided much of the material for his writings. With the passing of Prithwi Bir Kaur in 2010, he was appointed a trustee of the Maharani Prithwi Jind Memorial Trust till 2014.

## Works

* *Seven Sacred Rivers*, 1992 (Penguin Books India), ISBN 0-14-015473-6
* *Divining the Deccan - A Motorbike to the Heart of India*, (Oxford, 1999), ISBN 0-19-564-7114
* *Footloose in the Himalaya*, (Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003), ISBN 81-7824-052-1
* *The Nanda Devi Affair*, 1994 (Penguin Books India), ISBN 0-14-024045-4
* *Touching Upon the Himalaya: Excursions and Enquiries*, 2004 (Indus Books, New Delhi, 2004), ISBN 81-7387-169-8
* *Exploring Indian Railways*, (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1994), ISBN 0-19-563109-9
* *Branch Line to Eternity*, 2001 (Penguin Books India), ISBN 0-14-100537-8
* *Sri Sathya Sai Baba - A Life*,2004 (Viking/Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd.), ISBN 0-670-05807-6
* *Literary Trails* (1996), HarperCollins (ISBN 81-7223-240-3)
* *Riding the Ranges - Travels on my Motorcycle* (1997), Penguin Books India, (ISBN 0-14-026804-9)
* *Mountain Delight*, English Book Depot, Dehradun, (1994) (ISBN 81-85567-16-6)
* *Tavels By a Lesser Line*, HarperCollins, (1993) (ISBN 81-7223-086-9)
* *Zanskar*, 1999, Rupa Classic India, (ISBN 81-7167-199-3)
* *1000 Himalayan Quiz*, 1995, Rupa (ISBN 81-7167-290-6)

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Bill Aitken | |
| --- | --- |
| Bill Aitken at his Mussoorie home, 2012 | |
| Born | 1934<br>Tullibody, Scotland |
| Occupation | Traveller, writer |
| Nationality | * British (1934–1972) * Indian (1972–present) |
| Period | 1975–present |


title: Bill Aker Baseball Complex

abstract: The Bill Aker Baseball Complex is a baseball venue located on the campus of Northern Kentucky University in Highland Heights, Kentucky, United States. It is the home field of the Northern Kentucky Norse baseball team, a member of the NCAA Division I Horizon League. The complex is named for Bill Aker, who was the head coach of Northern Kentucky baseball from 1971 to 2000. It has a capacity of 500 spectators.

text:
# Bill Aker Baseball Complex

The **Bill Aker Baseball Complex** is a baseball venue located on the campus of Northern Kentucky University in Highland Heights, Kentucky, United States. It is the home field of the Northern Kentucky Norse baseball team, a member of the NCAA Division I Horizon League. The complex is named for Bill Aker, who was the head coach of Northern Kentucky baseball from 1971 to 2000. It has a capacity of 500 spectators.

## History

Prior to 2001, the venue was known as **Friendship Field**. In 2001, it was renamed the **Bill Aker Baseball Complex at Friendship Field**, in honor of former Northern Kentucky head coach Bill Aker. Aker had led the program from its 1971 inception to the end of the 2000 season and had an 807–572–1 overall record.

From 2006 to 2008, the Norse played home games at what was then named Champion Window Field in nearby Florence.

The facility underwent 500,000 renovations in spring 2013, immediately prior to Northern Kentucky's first season in Division I. The infield grass was replaced with artificial turf. A new outfield fence, foul poles, and drainage system were also added. Prior to the 2017 home opener the outfield, warning track and bullpens were also resurfaced with artificial turf, making the entire playing surface synthetic.

## InfoBox

Bill Aker Baseball Complex
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Bill Aker (Brian Burkhart) Baseball Complex at Friendship Field |
| Former names | Friendship Field |
| Location | Johns Hill Road and Kenton Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky, USA |
| Coordinates | 39°01′43″N 84°27′55″W / 39.028748°N 84.465385°W / 39.028748; -84.465385 |
| Owner | Northern Kentucky University |
| Operator | Northern Kentucky University |
| Capacity | 500 |
| Field size | **Left field:** 330 feet (100 m)
**Left center field:** 365 feet (111 m)
**Center field:** 395 feet (120 m)
**Right center field:** 365 feet (111 m)
**Right field:** 330 feet (100 m) |
| Surface | Artificial turf |
| Scoreboard | Electronic |
| Construction | |
| Renovated | 2013 |
| Tenants | |
| Northern Kentucky Norse baseball (NCAA Division I Horizon) ?–2005, 2009–present | |