title: Eustache Charles d'Aoust

abstract: Eustache Charles Joseph d'Aoust was a general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars. He started his military career in the Old Regime army, served on the staffs of three of the early army commanders, and later fought in the War of the Pyrenees against the Kingdom of Spain. On three separate occasions, he commanded the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, but he shared the fate of two previous commanders when he was arrested and guillotined by the Committee of Public Safety.

text:
# Eustache Charles d'Aoust

**Eustache Charles Joseph d'Aoust** (27 February 1763, Douai  2 July 1794, Paris) was a general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars.

He started his military career in the Old Regime army, served on the staffs of three of the early army commanders, and later fought in the War of the Pyrenees against the Kingdom of Spain. On three separate occasions, he commanded the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, but he shared the fate of two previous commanders when he was arrested and guillotined by the Committee of Public Safety.

## Early career

The son of Eustache Jean-Marie D'Aoust, who later became a member of the National Convention, Eustache Charles d'Aoust began his military career as a second lieutenant supernumerary without pay in the *Royal* Regiment of Infantry on 21 April 1778 at the age of 15. He became *sous-lieutenant* on 14 April 1782, second lieutenant on 23 April 1786, and first lieutenant on 16 August 1789. D'Aoust was appointed aide-de-camp to Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau on 26 May 1790. He became captain and adjutant to Marshal Nicolas Luckner on 21 May 1792. He became aide-de-camp to General Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de Biron on 13 July 1792, and received a promotion to colonel on 7 October.

## Eastern Pyrenees

D'Aoust was provisionally appointed general of brigade in the *Army of the Eastern Pyrenees* on 2 June 1793. He was provisionally appointed general of division by representatives Joseph Fabre and Reymond Gaston on 7 August and assumed command of the camp near Perpignan. This was a difficult time to be a general in the eastern Pyrenees. The Spanish army captured the Fort de Bellegarde, a major fortress, when the siege ended on 24 June. Previous commander Claude Souchon de Chameron was in prison and Louis-Charles de Flers joined him when he was arrested on 6 August. Both Souchon and de Flers were guillotined in 1794 during the Reign of Terror. To make matters worse, the Spanish commander Captain General Antonio Ricardos was a capable opponent.

Believing that Ricardos' Spanish army was unstoppable, Hilarion Paul de Puget-Barbantane moved his headquarters well to the rear on 4 September 1793, putting d'Aoust in charge of Perpignan. On 11 September, Barbantane fled to Toulouse, leaving the *Army of the Eastern Pyrenees* without a commander. The army briefly separated into three independent divisions and d'Aoust took command of the 1st Division. On 17 September, d'Aoust won a significant victory at the Battle of Peyrestortes. He led his troops in an attack on Juan de Courten's 6,000 Spanish soldiers at the Camp of Vernet. Other French troops under Jacques Gilles Henri Goguet attacked Peyrestortes hill, where Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, Marquis de las Amarilas deployed his division. After heavy fighting that lasted into the night, the French inflicted a major defeat on their opponents. Spanish killed, wounded, and captured numbered at least 1,702, and 26 cannon were captured. More importantly, the Spanish never seriously threatened Perpignan again.

On 18 August, d'Aoust became subordinated to Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert, the new army commander. A few days after the French defeat at the Battle of Truillas on 22 September, Dagobert was arrested and d'Aoust became the army commander. On 3 October, d'Aoust with 16,000 men engaged Ricardos and 15,000 Spanish troops at Le Boulou on the Tech River. The Spanish won the battle, inflicting losses of 400 killed and 800 wounded on their enemies while suffering only 300 casualties. During and after the battle, 1,500 French soldiers deserted. Between 11 October and 21 November, Louis Marie Turreau became the new army commander and d'Aoust went back to command the 1st Division. D'Aoust temporarily led the army again from 22 to 27 November until the inept but politically influential François Amédée Doppet took command from 28 November to 20 December.

On 7 December, d'Aoust advanced with 10,000 troops to surprise the enemy camp at Villelongue-dels-Monts. Ricardos with 3,000 Spanish and 5,000 Portuguese soldiers, repulsed the French attack. The French counted 340 killed and wounded, and 312 missing. In addition, 26 cannons, 2 colours, and 2,000 muskets were captured by the Allies. The Allies reported only 56 casualties.

## Execution

Although he again assumed temporary army command on 21 December, he was recalled to Paris the next day. On 2 January 1794, Representatives Jacques Cassanyès and Gaston confirmed him as army commander. But his fate was sealed when he was arrested by order of Representatives Édouard Milhaud and Pierre Soubrany on 10 January 1794. He was also denounced by his jealous rivals, Turreau and Doppet. Accused of malice and disability, d'Aoust was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court. He was guillotined in Paris on 2 July 1794 at the age of 31 years.

## Footnotes

### Printed materials

* Smith, Digby. *The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.* London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-276-9
* Six, Georges. *Dictionnaire des généraux de la Révolution et de l'Empire*.

## InfoBox

| Eustache Charles Joseph d'Aoust | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1763-02-27)27 February 1763
Douai, France |
| Died | 2 July 1794(1794-07-02) (aged 31)
Paris, France |
| Allegiance | France |
| Rank | General of Division |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Stevie McCrorie

abstract: Stevie McCrorie is a Scottish singer-songwriter. He is best known as a firefighter who won the fourth series of the BBC television singing competition The Voice UK in 2015, where he auditioned with Kodaline's "All I Want", with all four coaches turning their chairs for him. His debut single, "Lost Stars", was released the day following his win, peaking at number one on the Scottish Singles Chart and number six on the UK Singles Chart. After winning The Voice, he performed at T in The Park in 2015. In January 2016, McCrorie released his second album, Big World which reached number four on the Scottish Albums Chart and number thirty-five on the UK Albums Chart. McCrorie and his record label parted company soon thereafter and McCrorie resumed his former career as a firefighter whilst still touring and releasing music as an independent artist. As of 2019, McCrorie is the most successful artist to emerge victorious from The Voice UK. His winners single, "Lost Stars" is currently the highest charting and best-selling single in the United Kingdom from a The Voice UK winner, charting at number six on the UK Singles Chart and selling 62,000 copies.

text:
# Stevie McCrorie

**Stevie McCrorie** (born 23 March 1985) is a Scottish singer-songwriter. He is best known as a firefighter who won the fourth series of the BBC television singing competition *The Voice UK* in 2015, where he auditioned with Kodaline's "All I Want", with all four coaches turning their chairs for him. His debut single, "Lost Stars", was released the day following his win, peaking at number one on the Scottish Singles Chart and number six on the UK Singles Chart. After winning *The Voice*, he performed at T in The Park in 2015.

In January 2016, McCrorie released his second album, *Big World* which reached number four on the Scottish Albums Chart and number thirty-five on the UK Albums Chart. McCrorie and his record label parted company soon thereafter and McCrorie resumed his former career as a firefighter whilst still touring and releasing music as an independent artist.

As of 2019, McCrorie is the most successful artist to emerge victorious from *The Voice UK*. His winners single, "Lost Stars" is currently the highest charting and best-selling single in the United Kingdom from a *The Voice UK* winner, charting at number six on the UK Singles Chart and selling 62,000 copies.

## Background

Stevie McCrorie was born in Stirling and spent his formative years in Denny, Falkirk. He attended St Modan's High School, Stirling.

McCrorie started his singing and recording career with the band 'Scruffy Kid' which led to gaining second place in the Scottish Schools battle of the bands. He was then in bands such as 'Feelings Pass', 'The Goodnight Story', 'CITY' and 'Voom Club' before refining the band name to Stevie and the Moon, releasing the double A-side single, "Wolves and Rainbows" and later releasing *These Old Traditions* in 2010. Stevie and the Moon disbanded a day after one final show at Falkirks 20 Rocks on 16 June 2013. Before the final show, McCrorie enjoyed success playing T in the Park festival 2010, Wickerman festival, BBC introducing and Radio 1 live lounge performances and interviews with BBC Radio 1's Jo Whiley.

When entering *The Voice UK* in 2015 he was a firefighter of the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service.

## Career

### 2015–16: *The Voice UK and Big World*

In 2015, McCrorie auditioned for the fourth series of *The Voice UK* performing Kodaline's "All I Want", with all four coaches turning for him. He eventually chose to join Ricky Wilson's team. During the battle rounds, he battled Tim Arnold singing Imagine Dragons' "Demons", and McCrorie won the Battle. During the Knockout Rounds, McCrorie performed U2's "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For". McCrorie was then through to the live shows. During the first live show, he performed Cyndi Lauper's "All Through the Night". McCrorie received the Team Ricky "fast pass" and was saved. The other Team Ricky artists were Emmanuel Nwamadi, who advanced to the next live show via the public vote and Autumn Sharif, who did not advance to the second live show. During the second live show, McCrorie performed Leona Lewis' "Bleeding Love" and advanced to the Live Final along with teammate Nwamadi. During the live final, he performed "I'll Stand By You", "Get Back", "All I Want" and the winner's single "Lost Stars". On 4 April 2015 on the live show, it was announced that McCrorie was the winner of The Voice UK 2015. He had beaten the only other remaining contestant, opera singer Lucy O'Byrne. He was nicknamed "The Hero" during the competition.

|
|  |
Performances
| Performed | Song | Original artist | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Blind audition | "All I Want" | Kodaline | Joined Team Ricky |
| Battle round | "Demons" (against Tim Arnold) | Imagine Dragons | Winner |
| Knockout round | "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" | U2 | Through to live shows |
| Week 1 | "All Through the Night" | Cyndi Lauper | Saved (fast pass) |
| Week 2 | "Bleeding Love" | Leona Lewis | Advanced |
| | "Stay with Me" (with Ricky Wilson and Emmanuel Nwamadi) | Faces | |
| Live Final | "I'll Stand By You" | The Pretenders | Winner |
| | "Get Back" (with Ricky Wilson) | The Beatles and Billy Preston | |
| | "All I Want" | Kodaline | |
| | "Lost Stars" | Adam Levine | |

On 5 April 2015, the day after he won the show, McCrorie released his winner's single, a cover of "Lost Stars", written by Gregg Alexander, Danielle Brisebois, Nick Lashley and Nck Southwood, via digital download. The song reached number 1 in his native Scotland and six in the UK.

His second single, "My Heart Never Lies" was released in November 2015 along with an accompanying music video. It reached number 51 on the Scottish Singles Chart.

His first album since winning The Voice UK, *Big World*, was released on 8 January 2016. The album reached number four in Scotland number 35 on the UK Albums Chart. To promote the album, he made an appearance on *The Voice* in 2016 on the first live shows, and performed "My Heart Never Lies". Following the performance, *Big World* re-entered the Scottish Albums Chart at number 15 and UK Albums Chart at number 70, while *My Heart Never Lies* re-entered at a new peak of 45 on the Scottish Singles Chart.

### 2016–present: *Independent Artist*

In April 2016, McCrorie and music PR company APB parted ways and he returned to his former career as a firefighter. In August 2016, McCrorie announced via Facebook that his contract with Decca Records had expired.

McCrorie revealed to *Radio Times* in April 2017 that he is still pursuing a career in music as an independent artist and continues to write songs and perform live. In December 2017, McCrorie released a 3-track EP independently and an accompanying music video for the song "I Am Alive", which subsequently entered the official Scottish charts at number 69.

On 27 December 2019, McCrorie released an extended play, *Days Like These*, via his own independent record label. The extended play featured five songs, including versions of "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" by U2 and "Dreams" by Fleetwood Mac.

## Personal life

McCrorie is married to Amy Laverty McCrorie and they have two daughters, Bibi and Sunny. He has three siblings, Michael, Paul and sister Nadia.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | SCO
 | UK
Indie
 |
| *These Old Traditions* | * Released: 4 April 2010 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, CD |  |  | 48 |
| *Big World* | * Released: 8 January 2016 * Label: Decca Records * Formats: Digital download, CD | 35 | 4 |  |
| *Days Like These* | * Released: 27 December 2019 * Label: Stevie McCrorie * Formats: Digital download, CD |  |  |  |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | SCO
 | IRE
 | |
| 2010 | "Wolves / Rainbows" |  |  |  | *Non-album singles* |
| 2011 | "Light" |  |  | |  |
| 2015 | "Lost Stars" | 6 | 1 | | 87 |
| | "My Heart Never Lies" |  | 45 |  | *Big World* |
| 2017 | "I Am Alive" |  | 69 |  | Non-album singles |
| 2018 | "All I Want" |  | 35 | |  |
| "—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Stevie McCrorie | |
| --- | --- |
| McCrorie at T in the Park 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1985-03-23) 23 March 1985
Stirling, Scotland |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter * firefighter |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar |
| Years active | * 2010–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | steviemccrorie.com |


title: Expeditie Robinson 2003

abstract: Expeditie Robinson: 2003 is the fourth season of the Dutch/Belgian version of the reality television series Expeditie Robinson, or Survivor as it is referred to in some countries. This season began airing on September 13, 2003 and concluded on December 6, 2003.

text:
# Expeditie Robinson 2003

***Expeditie Robinson: 2003*** is the fourth season of the Dutch/Belgian version of the reality television series *Expeditie Robinson*, or *Survivor* as it is referred to in some countries. This season began airing on September 13, 2003 and concluded on December 6, 2003.

## Season summary

The major twist this season was that the team tribes were divided mostly by gender, with the Timo tribe (South Team) initially comprising seven men and one woman, while the Pantai tribe (North Team) comprising seven women and one man. As the only member of their gender on their respective tribes, Björn Lemeire and Fatima Aboulouafa were made leaders of their tribes and given immunity at their tribe's first respective Tribal Council.

A shocking discovery was made in episode 4 when Fatima was forced to leave the competition as it had been discovered that she was four months pregnant. In the same episode, a tribe swap occurred, in which Giovani Oosters and Judge Chambliss switched tribes with Jutta Borms and Karen Vanautgaerden. Another twist occurred in episode 7 when, following the merge and Karen's subsequent elimination, she was told that instead of being eliminated, she would compete in duels at "Devils Island" with the next contestant to be voted out. The loser of each duel would be eliminated, and the winner of the final duel would re-enter the game at the final three. In another format change, the final five contestants in the merged tribe competed in a challenge, eliminating the two losers. A second challenge occurred at the final three. The winner of the final duel on Devil's Island, Ilona van der Laan, would go on to lose the final challenge.

Ultimately, it was Jutta Borms from Belgium who won the season over Judge Chambliss from the Netherlands to become the Sole Survivor. The jury vote resulted in a 4-4 tie, which was eventually broken by a public jury vote in which the public voted in favor of making Jutta the winner, with 66% of the vote.

## Finishing order

| Contestant | Original
Tribe | Episode 4
Tribe | Merged
Tribe | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Simon Monbaliu**
19, Ghent, Belgium | Timo |  |  | 1st Voted Out
Day 4 |
| **Marlieke Muilwijk**
19, Sassenheim, Netherlands | Pantai |  |  | 2nd Voted Out
Day 8 |
| **Esther Poel**
33, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Pantai |  |  | 3rd Voted Out
Day 12 |
| **Fatima Aboulouafa**
33, Heerlen, Netherlands | Timo | Timo |  | Evacuated
Day 16 |
| **Eva Willems**
25, Brasschaat, Belgium | Pantai | Pantai |  | 4th Voted Out
Day 20 |
| **Eric Sloten**
43, Groningen, Netherlands | Timo | Timo |  | Quit
Day 21 |
| **Karen Vanautgaerden**
28, Leuven, Belgium | Pantai | Timo | Kelapa | 6th Voted Out
1st Jury Member
Day 27
Lost Duel
Day 31 |
| **Geert Van Speybroek**
39, Bohan sur Semois, Belgium | Timo | Timo | | 7th Voted Out
2nd Jury Member
Day 30
Lost Duel
Day 35 |
| **Björn Lemeire**
34, Gistel, Belgium | Pantai | Pantai | | 8th Voted Out
3rd Jury Member
Day 34
Lost Duel
Day 39 |
| **Ryan van Esch**
37, Uden, Netherlands | Timo | Timo | | 9th Voted Out
4th Jury Member
Day 38
Lost Duel
Day 46 |
| **Franca-Maria Reichmann**
41, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Pantai | Pantai | | 10th Voted Out
5th Jury Member
Day 41
Lost Duel
Day 42 |
| Ilona van der Laan
Returned to game | Pantai | Pantai | | 11th Voted Out
Day 45
Won Duel
Day 46 |
| **Robin Ibens**
28, Leuven, Belgium | Timo | Timo | | Lost Challenge
6th Jury Member
Day 46 |
| **Giovani Oosters**
27, Hasselt, Belgium | Timo | Pantai | | Lost Challenge
7th Jury Member
Day 46 |
| **Ilona van der Laan**
22, Bloemendaal, Netherlands | Pantai | Pantai | | Lost Challenge
8th Jury Member
Day 47 |
| **Judge Chambliss**
30, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Timo | Pantai | | Runner-Up
Day 49 |
| **Jutta Borms**
30, Waasmunster, Belgium | Pantai | Timo | | Sole Survivor
Day 49 |

## Future Appearances

Björn Lemeire, Ryan van Esch and Ilona van der Laan returned to compete in *Expeditie Robinson: Battle of the Titans* which van Esch won.

## Voting history

|  | | Original Tribes | | | Mixed Tribes | | | | | Merged Tribe | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Episode #: | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | 5 | 6 | | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | | Reunion | |
| Eliminated: | | Simon
5/8 votes | Marlieke
6/8 votes | Esther
2/7 votes | Fatima
No vote | ~~Eric~~
4/6 votes | Eva
3/6 votes | Eric
No vote | ~~Robin~~
2/5 votes | Karen
6/11 votes | Geert
7/9 vote | Björn
4/8 votes | Ryan
4/7 votes | Franca-Maria
4/7 votes | Ilona
3/5 votes | Robin
Giovani
No vote | Ilona
No vote | Judge
4/9 votes | Jutta
5/9 votes |
| Voter | | Vote | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Jutta |  | Marlieke | Eva |  | Eric |  |  | Karen | Karen | Geert | Björn | Judge | Judge | Judge |  |  | Jury Vote | |
|  | Judge | Simon |  |  |  |  | Eva |  |  | Karen | Geert | Ryan | Ryan | Franca-Maria | Ilona |  |  | |
|  | Ilona |  | Marlieke | Franca-Maria |  |  | Judge |  |  | Björn | Björn | Björn | Judge | Judge | Judge | In Devils Island |  | Judge |  |
|  | Giovani | Simon |  |  |  |  | Eva |  |  | Karen | Geert | Ryan | Ryan | Franca-Maria | Ilona |  |  | Judge |  |
|  | Robin | Simon |  |  |  | Eric |  |  | Ryan | Jutta | Geert | Ryan | Ryan | Franca-Maria
Franca-Maria | Ilona |  |  | Judge |  |
|  | Franca-Maria |  | Marlieke | Jutta |  |  | Judge |  |  | Björn | Geert | Björn | Ryan | Judge |  | | |  | Jutta |
|  | Ryan | Simon |  |  |  | Eric |  |  | Robin | Karen | Geert | Björn | Judge |  | | | |  | Jutta |
|  | Björn |  | Esther | Esther |  |  | Eva |  |  | Karen | Geert | Ryan |  | | | | |  | Jutta |
|  | Geert | Ryan |  |  |  | Ryan |  |  | Robin | Karen | Judge |  | | | | | |  | Jutta |
|  | Karin |  | Marlieke | Esther |  | Eric |  |  | Jutta | Björn |  | | | | | | | Judge |  |
|  | Eric | Ryan |  |  |  | Jutta |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Eva |  | Marlieke | Ilona |  |  | Judge |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Fatima | Simon |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Esther |  | Marlieke | Karen |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Marlieke |  | Jutta |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Simon | Ryan |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

**^1** Due to Fatima's evacuation in episode 4, no one was eliminated at the fourth tribal council. However, as Eric received the most votes at tribal council he was given a penalty vote at his tribes next tribal council.

**^2** At the fifth tribal council both Eva and Judge received three votes. As the leader of the tribe, Björn was asked to cast the deciding vote.

**^3** Due to Eric's voluntary exit in episode 6, no one was eliminated at the sixth tribal council. However, as Robin received the most votes at tribal council he was given a penalty vote at the next tribal council.

**^4** At the ninth tribal council both Björn and Ryan received four votes. Because Björn had received more votes since the merge he was eliminated.

**^5** In episode 11, the contestants competed in a reward challenge in which the winner would be allowed a second vote to cast at tribal council. Robin won the challenge.

**^6** As there was initially a tie at the final tribal council, the public was given the right to cast the deciding vote through the results of a poll.

## InfoBox

| *Expeditie Robinson 2003* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 4 | |
|  | |
| Presented by | Ernst-Paul Hasselbach |
| No. of days | 47 |
| No. of castaways | 16 |
| Winner | Jutta Borms |
| Runner-up | Judge Chambliss |
| Location | Kelepa, Indonesia |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Release | |
| Original network | RTL5
VT4 |
| Original release | September 13 (2003-09-13)
December 6, 2003 (2003-12-06) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Evelyn Cameron

abstract: Evelyn Cameron was a photographer and diarist of the American West, who documented her life as a pioneer near Terry, Montana from the late 1890s onward. She is best known for her photography chronicling the early life of settlers in Eastern Montana, depicting cowboys, sheepherders, weddings, river crossings, freight wagons, ranch work, badlands, eagles, coyotes and wolves.

text:
# Evelyn Cameron

**Evelyn Cameron** (August 26, 1868 – December 26, 1928) was a photographer and diarist of the American West, who documented her life as a pioneer near Terry, Montana from the late 1890s onward. She is best known for her photography chronicling the early life of settlers in Eastern Montana, depicting cowboys, sheepherders, weddings, river crossings, freight wagons, ranch work, badlands, eagles, coyotes and wolves.

## Early life and education

Evelyn Jephson Flower was born to a wealthy merchant family at Furzedown Park, south of London, England. She was the eighth child of her father's second marriage, with three surviving older brothers and one older sister. Her father, Phillip William Flower's position as a merchant in the East India Company secured his family's comfort in the upper echelons of British society.

Evelyn received the traditional education given to young women of the upper class, and could speak Italian, German, and French. She and her sister, Hilda, were educated at their home by a French governess, and their mother's work as a composer ensured them a thorough musical education.

However, Evelyn was noted for preferring outdoor activities, such as horseback riding and hunting to traditional domestic activities, even before her move to the wilds of Montana.

## Marriage and Moving West

Ewen Somerled Cameron was a family friend of the Flowers, and a hunting companion of Evelyn's oldest brother, Percy Flower. Over a decade Evelyn's senior, he was a Scotsman inhabiting the Orkney Islands, dedicated to ornithology, hunting and equestrian pursuits. Cameron was also married to the American opera singer Julia A. Wheelock (Guilia Vlada) in January 1881. The annulment of their marriage - by the Court of Session in Edinburgh - was not finalized until October 17, 1889, a month into his and Evelyn's expedition to Montana.

Ewen and Evelyn began their first journey to Montana in 1889, arriving across the Atlantic Ocean in New York City in September, shortly after Evelyn's twenty-first birthday, on which she inherited a generous trust from her deceased father's will and became financially independent from her family, who disapproved of her venture to America with a married man.

Following the earlier direction of Evelyn's brother Percy, who had hunted west of Miles City before the expansion of the railroad into Eastern Montana, the couple hunted along the Yellowstone River from November 1, 1889 to August 1, 1890, which Evelyn later recalls as her honeymoon.

After traveling back to Britain to collect their belongings, the Camerons finally migrated to Montana in September 1891, along with Evelyn's brother Alec, and set up their first ranching venture. Over the years the Camerons would move to three different ranches in the area around Terry, Montana, trying their hands at raising polo ponies and cattle ranching. Their homesteading would be interrupted by Ewen Cameron's ill health and a year-long trip back to Britain from the summer of 1900 to 1901.

## Career

Evelyn was introduced to photography by a boarder at their ranch house, and in July 1894, Ewen purchased their first camera. The boarder, an Irishman named Mr. Adams educated Evelyn on the basics of glass-plate photography and after his departure was replaced by a Briton known as Mr Colley. Mr Colley added to Evelyn's knowledge of photography and was a partner in her experiments to improve her work, by practicing different shutter times and processing methods. Evelyn was soon frequently requested at public gatherings and life events, to photograph weddings, family portraits and, by her husband, wildlife.

Evelyn's work often accompanied her husband's observations of the local fauna of the region. Some articles that included her work are "The Mule Deer in Montana" in the British periodical *Land and Water**,* as well as "Nesting of the Golden Eagle in Montana" from *The Auk**,* an ornithological journal. Evelyn was not credited in either of these publications. However, in a 1905 article she wrote for *The Breeder's Gazette* in Chicago, titled "Sheep in Montana", which included her photography of surrounding sheep ranches, she was listed as the author and photographer.

Cameron garnered national acclaim for the area through the work of former Time-Life Books editor, Donna Lucey. In the late 1970s, Lucey discovered thousands of Cameron's prints and negatives, along with diaries and letters covering thirty-six years of frontier life, stashed away in the basement of Cameron's best friend's home. After intensive study of the photos and documents Lucey wrote a biography, *Photographing Montana 1894-1928: The Life and Work of Evelyn Cameron*, which reproduces more than 170 Cameron images.

The bulk of the photographs are now housed at the Montana Historical Society in Helena, Montana. Prints and artifacts are also displayed at the Evelyn Cameron museum in Terry, Montana. Many of the diaries and photographs have been made available online through collaboration with the Montana Memory Project.

Cameron is the subject of the PBS documentary, *Evelyn Cameron: Pictures From A Worthy Life*.

## Bibliography

* Lucey, Donna M. (1990). *Photographing Montana, 1894-1928: The Life and Work of Evelyn Cameron*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0394540360.
* Milne, Lorna (2017). *Evelyn Cameron: Photographer on the Western Prairie*. Missoula Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0878426751.
* Roberts, Anne; Wordsworth, Christine (2014). "Divas, Divorce, and Disclosure: Hidden Narratives in the Diaries of Evelyn Cameron". *Montana: The Magazine of Western History.*

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Cameron | |
| --- | --- |
| Evelyn Cameron, seen standing upright on a horse. | |
| Born | Evelyn Jephson Flower
(1868-08-26)August 26, 1868
Furze Down Park, near Streatham, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | December 26, 1928(1928-12-26) (aged 60)
Terry, Montana, United States |
| Occupation(s) | photographer, rancher, farmer |
| Spouse | Ewen Somerled Cameron |


title: Evelyn Carow

abstract: Evelyn Carow is a German film editor. Working for state-owned production company DEFA, she was closely involved in the production of many films that are now considered classics of East German cinema.

text:
# Evelyn Carow

**Evelyn Carow** (born 17 December 1931) is a German film editor. Working for state-owned production company DEFA, she was closely involved in the production of many films that are now considered classics of East German cinema.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Carow | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1931-12-17) 17 December 1931
Berlin, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Film editor |
| Notable work | Tatort Berlin (1958),
I Was Nineteen (1968),
Solo Sunny (1980) |
| Spouse | Heiner Carow |


title: Exodus (2015 film)

abstract: Exodus is a 2015 Georgian short drama film directed by Vakhtang Jajanidze. It was screened in the Tbilisi International Film Festival, where it won Jury special prize.

text:
# Exodus (2015 film)

***Exodus*** is a 2015 Georgian short drama film directed by Vakhtang Jajanidze. It was screened in the Tbilisi International Film Festival, where it won Jury special prize.

## Plot

## Cast

* Tatiana Bitsadze
* Lili Bitsadze

## Festival awards /selection

* Tbilisi Film Festival, Georgia, 2015 – Special Jury Prize
* Maine International Film Festival, USA, 2016
* Filmfest Dresden: International Short Film Festival, Germany, 2017

## InfoBox

| Exodus | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Vakhtang Jajanidze |
| Written by | Vakhtang Jajanidze |
| Produced by | Lasha Khalvashi |
| Cinematography | Sandro Visotski |
| Distributed by | Studio Artizm |
| Release date | * 22 November 2015 (2015-11-22) (Tbilisi) |
| Running time | 15 minutes |
| Country | Georgia |
| Language | Georgian |


title: Everest Vietnam

abstract: Everest 2008 - Vietnam Spirit To The World is a reality show in co-operation between Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) and Lasta company to bring the very first Vietnamese people to Mt. Everest with the message "Vietnam Spirit To The World".

text:
# Everest Vietnam

***Everest 2008 - Vietnam Spirit To The World*** (EVN - Vietnamese: ***Chinh phục Everest - Tinh thần Việt Nam hòa cùng thế giới***) is a reality show in co-operation between Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) and Lasta company to bring the very first Vietnamese people to Mt. Everest with the message "Vietnam Spirit To The World".

## Premise

Everest is a legendary mountain that everybody wants to discover, and further, to conquer. EVN 2008 is the event to bring Vietnamese to conquer "the roof of the world" as well as a chance for Vietnam to tell the world that Vietnamese people are ready to subjugate high mounts, bring Vietnam Spirit to the global sea.

It will be the first reality show in the world about mountain climbing and Mt. Everest which will be broadcast daily on HTV channel.

Viewers can expect to join in the venturous journey of Climbers, to see effort of each of them overcoming series of physically, mentally and teamwork spirit demanding challenges.

Besides, the show also includes interesting information of mysterious landscapes, distinctive cultures and local lives along the journey.

This is a great chance to introduce a Vietnam that is full of subduing desires, ultimate wills to get over difficulties. Climbers do not seek their personal glories but the whole country's.

## Journey

### Training Stage: From the top of Vietnam to the top of the World

***Stage 1***

After choosing 20 contestants throughout Vietnam, contestants take part in the qualifying round with physical, mental and teamwork spirit tests at Fansipan peak.

* Fansipan: After the training course, 12 contestants will be eliminated based on the appraisals of coaches, doctors and experts.
* 8 remaining ones fly directly to Hong Kong to get clothes and devices for the climbing journey.

***Stage 2***

* 8 contestants have the first climbing course at Mount Kinabalu, second highest peak in Southeast Asia, for 7 days
* After the first conquering, 2 more contestants will go home.

***Stage 3***

* Training at Kilimanjaro, Tanzania for about 15 days.
* In the end of this training course, one more contestant will have to say goodbye to the show.

***Stage 4***

* Island Peak: for 21 days.
* After the third subjugation, the fourth one will be eliminated, just only 4 contestants remaining after Stage 3.

***Stage 5***

* Training in Vietnam for 2 months.
* 4 Climbers join in stamina training courses because the weather at Himalaya is so severe and big storms obstructing climbing in the winter.

### Conquering Stage: Conquering Everest

· Time: April – June, 2008

· Present images of the journey to Nepal starting the conquering the highest mountain in the World

· June, 2008: Climbers get back to home, the journey ends in Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| *Everest Vietnam* | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | Vietnam |
| Original release | |
| Network | HTV, sponsor Number One, THP |


title: F. A. Davis

abstract: Frank Allston Davis was a publishing executive who founded the F. A. Davis Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After moving to the Tampa Bay Area, he introduced electricity to St. Petersburg, Florida, and founded the city of Pinellas Park.

text:
# F. A. Davis

**Frank Allston Davis** (September 8, 1850  January 2, 1917) was a publishing executive who founded the F. A. Davis Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After moving to the Tampa Bay Area, he introduced electricity to St. Petersburg, Florida, and founded the city of Pinellas Park.

## Early life

Davis was born in Duxbury, Vermont, and, as a child, worked as a groundskeeper and attended school. His mother died in 1861, after which he lived with Samuel Cook Turner. He worked as a lawnmower salesman in Asbury Park, New Jersey, during the summer of 1870. By 1872, he earned $30 per month as a teacher.

Davis relocated to Philadelphia and worked as an agent for several publishing firms. He married Lizzie Fritz and their son, Alonzo, was born in 1873. In 1879, he was working as an agent for the largest medical publisher in the world, William Wood and Company when he formed his own publishing company, F. A. Davis Company. Similar to William Wood, Davis's company specialized in publishing medical material including medical studies. Davis's first wife died in the 1880s.

## Florida

On April 29, 1885, Davis attended an American Medical Association meeting which included a study about the benefits of the Pinellas peninsula. Davis eventually published the study and, in 1889, he travelled to Tarpon Springs, Florida. He felt improvement in his muscular rheumatism and advertised for Florida in one of his medical journals. In Tarpon Springs he met Jacob Disston, the brother of Florida land baron Hamilton Disston. Davis and Disston combined to bring electricity to Tarpon Springs in 1895. In the same year, Davis married Elizabeth Irene Craven.

Electricity had little impact on Tarpon Springs, so Davis received an electricity franchise from St. Petersburg on February 2, 1897, and moved his plant there. St. Petersburg's first wood-powered electrical service was initiated on August 5, 1897. On February 4, 1902, Davis was granted a trolley franchise by St. Petersburg. He paid for trolley construction with funding from Jacob Disston and others, and by purchasing and re-selling the city's phone system. Trolley construction began on May 30, 1904, and operation began four months later. In 1905, he expanded the trolley system to Disston City. Through his publishing company, Davis promoted the area with *Florida* magazine in 1905 and two books in 1906. Continuing to expand his influence in St. Petersburg, Davis tore down the Brantley Pier and built the Electric Pier in 1906. He paid $80,000 for a 500-passenger steamboat named *Favorite* which first arrived on October 17, 1906, and was a popular attraction at the Electric Pier.

Davis's progress – and St. Petersburg's in general – was hampered when Tampa tycoon Henry B. Plant purchased the city's lifeline, the Orange Belt Railroad, in 1906. Davis was dealt another blow by the banking panic of 1907. Two years later, he shifted control of much of his St. Petersburg holdings to his occasional rival, H. Walter Fuller. After a conflict over St. Petersburg waterfront area, Davis purchased 12,800 acres (52 km2) of Hamilton Disston's land around 1911 and established the city of Pinellas Park. Davis, his son, and P. J. McDevitt advertised the new city, drawing people from Pennsylvania and Ohio. McDevitt became the city's first mayor. Davis sold a free lot in Pinellas Park for every ten-acre farm purchased, resulting in 111 farm sales from 1910 to 1912. Lack of drainage in Pinellas Park caused problems in August 1915, when 15 inches (380 mm) of rain fell.

Davis died in Philadelphia from heart failure, reportedly due to World War I and concern over his estate. Jacob Disston closed out Davis's remaining holdings in Florida while his wife, Elizabeth, remained involved with F. A. Davis Company until her death in 1964.

* Hartzell, Scott Taylor (2006). "Frank Allston Davis: He Lit Up the Town". *Remembering St. Petersburg, Florida: Sunshine City Stories*. The History Press. pp. 51–55. ISBN 1-59629-120-6.

## Further reading


title: F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company

abstract: F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company was a Manhattan brewing company.

text:
# F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company

**F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company** was a Manhattan brewing company.

## History

It was founded in 1842 by brothers Frederick Schaefer (1817-1897) and Maximilian Karl Emil Schaefer (1819–1904), natives of Wetzlar, Prussia, Germany.

Frederick emigrated to the U.S. in 1838, followed by Maximilian in 1839. Maximilian brought the recipe for lager beer with him. After working for them, they saved up enough money to acquire the Sebastion Somers Brewing Company. How this was managed, and what brewing experience the pair brought from Germany, is unclear. What they did bring was a recipe for lager beer, reputedly brewing one of the first such light, crisp, cold brewed and cold aged beers in America in 1848, which they later claimed was the first in the United States, although John Wagner of Philadelphia preceded him in 1840.

In time the operation proved highly successful, rising into the number six slot among American brewers by 1871.

Max's son Rudolph Jay Schaefer took over as president until his death in 1923.

The firm had a large brewery complex on Park Avenue in New York City and caves for lagering its beer along the East River. In the early 20th century it sold the valuable plant real estate and opened a new brewery in Brooklyn. In 1949, the company was affected by the 1949 New York City brewery strike.

By the 1950s and again in the 1970s Schaefer was the number five beer in America.

As it grew it purchased several regional breweries, including in Albany, New York, Cleveland, Ohio, and Baltimore, Maryland. A $106 million public stock offering was held in 1968, with the **F.& M. Schaefer Corporation** emerging as a holding company for its production subsidiary, the **Schaefer Brewing Company**. Pursuing greater efficiency, it built a large, high-output plant in Allentown, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley, which opened in 1972 and resulted in closure of the company's remaining satellite breweries. In 1974 it was expanded from its original 1,100,000 barrels-per-year capacity to 2,500,000 and then, in 1975, it expanded again to 5,000,000 barrels plus.

In 1981 Schaefer was acquired by Stroh Brewing Company which, in turn, was acquired by Pabst Brewing Company in 1999.

## Legacy

Schaefer continues today as a virtual beer produced as a Pabst label. The company's preservation society, Team Schaefer, is centered in Long Beach, California. The F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company is not related to *Engels and Schaefer Brewing Company* of Cedarburg, Wisconsin.

Schaefer's former Lehigh Valley brewing facility was later sold to Diageo North America, Inc. and used for the production of Smirnoff Ice malt beverages. In 2008, the Boston Beer Company, best known for its Samuel Adams brand, purchased the brewery from Diageo.

## Sponsorships

The company sponsored the Schaefer Music Festival at Wollman Skating Rink in New York City's Central Park from 1968 to 1976, hosting some of the biggest names in popular music.

Schaefer was the primary advertiser on the Ebbets Field scoreboard, home of the Brooklyn Dodgers. The "H" or "E" in "Schaefer" would light up to signify the scorer's decision as to whether a ball in play was a hit or an error.

From its opening in 1971 until 1983, Schaefer owned the naming rights to Schaefer Stadium, the then-home of the New England Patriots of the NFL, in one of the earliest examples of such rights granted to a company that did not own that stadium. The name was changed to Sullivan Stadium when Schaefer did not renew its contract in 1983; the stadium would be renamed Foxboro Stadium in 1990, retaining that name until its 2002 closure.

The company also sponsored a long-running television program of quality first-run motion pictures, titled "Award Theatre" (also known as "Schaefer Award Theatre"). The series presented such movies with only four commercial interruptions. In New York City, the program ran several times a year on WCBS-TV through the late 50s and early 60s.

## InfoBox

Schaefer Brewing Company
| Location | Milwaukee, WI <br>*formerly New York, NY* |
| --- | --- |
| Opened | 1842 |
| Owned by | Pabst Brewing Company |
| Website | www.schaefer-beer.com |
| Active beers | |
| Name Type  Schaefer Beer American-style lager  Schaefer Light Light beer | |


title: Expressive aphasia

abstract: Expressive aphasia is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language, although comprehension generally remains intact. A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful speech. Speech generally includes important content words but leaves out function words that have more grammatical significance than physical meaning, such as prepositions and articles. This is known as "telegraphic speech". The person's intended message may still be understood, but their sentence will not be grammatically correct. In very severe forms of expressive aphasia, a person may only speak using single word utterances. Typically, comprehension is mildly to moderately impaired in expressive aphasia due to difficulty understanding complex grammar. It is caused by acquired damage to the frontal regions of the brain, such as Broca's area. Expressive aphasia contrasts with receptive aphasia, in which patients are able to speak in grammatical sentences that lack semantic significance and generally also have trouble with comprehension. Expressive aphasia differs from dysarthria, which is typified by a patient's inability to properly move the muscles of the tongue and mouth to produce speech. Expressive aphasia also differs from apraxia of speech, which is a motor disorder characterized by an inability to create and sequence motor plans for conscious speech.

text:
# Expressive aphasia

**Expressive aphasia** (also known as **Broca's aphasia**) is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact. A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful speech. Speech generally includes important content words but leaves out function words that have more grammatical significance than physical meaning, such as prepositions and articles. This is known as "telegraphic speech". The person's intended message may still be understood, but their sentence will not be grammatically correct. In very severe forms of expressive aphasia, a person may only speak using single word utterances. Typically, comprehension is mildly to moderately impaired in expressive aphasia due to difficulty understanding complex grammar.

It is caused by acquired damage to the frontal regions of the brain, such as Broca's area. Expressive aphasia contrasts with receptive aphasia, in which patients are able to speak in grammatical sentences that lack semantic significance and generally also have trouble with comprehension. Expressive aphasia differs from dysarthria, which is typified by a patient's inability to properly move the muscles of the tongue and mouth to produce speech. Expressive aphasia also differs from apraxia of speech, which is a motor disorder characterized by an inability to create and sequence motor plans for conscious speech.

## Signs and symptoms

Broca's (expressive) aphasia is a type of non-fluent aphasia in which an individual's speech is halting and effortful. Misarticulations or distortions of consonants and vowels, namely phonetic dissolution, are common. Individuals with expressive aphasia may only produce single words, or words in groups of two or three. Long pauses between words are common and multi-syllabic words may be produced one syllable at a time with pauses between each syllable. The prosody of a person with Broca's aphasia is compromised by shortened length of utterances and the presence of self-repairs and disfluencies. Intonation and stress patterns are also deficient.

For example, in the following passage, a patient with Broca's aphasia is trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery:

> Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.

The speech of a person with expressive aphasia contains mostly content words such as nouns, verbs, and some adjectives. However, function words like conjunctions, articles, and prepositions are rarely used except for "and" which is prevalent in the speech of most patients with aphasia. The omission of function words makes the person's speech agrammatic. A communication partner of a person with aphasia may say that the person's speech sounds telegraphic due to poor sentence construction and disjointed words. For example, a person with expressive aphasia might say "Smart... university... smart... good... good..."

Self-monitoring is typically well preserved in patients with Broca's aphasia. They are usually aware of their communication deficits, and are more prone to depression and outbursts from frustration than are patients with other forms of aphasia.

In general, word comprehension is preserved, allowing patients to have functional receptive language skills. Individuals with Broca's aphasia understand most of the everyday conversation around them, but higher-level deficits in receptive language can occur. Because comprehension is substantially impaired for more complex sentences, it is better to use simple language when speaking with an individual with expressive aphasia. This is exemplified by the difficulty to understand phrases or sentences with unusual structure. A typical patient with Broca's aphasia will misinterpret "the man is bitten by the dog" by switching the subject and object to "the dog is bitten by the man."

Typically, people with expressive aphasia can understand speech and read better than they can produce speech and write. The person's writing will resemble their speech and will be effortful, lacking cohesion, and containing mostly content words. Letters will likely be formed clumsily and distorted and some may even be omitted. Although listening and reading are generally intact, subtle deficits in both reading and listening comprehension are almost always present during assessment of aphasia.

Because Broca's area is anterior to the primary motor cortex, which is responsible for movement of the face, hands, and arms, a lesion affecting Broca's areas may also result in hemiparesis (weakness of both limbs on the same side of the body) or hemiplegia (paralysis of both limbs on the same side of the body). The brain is wired contralaterally, which means the limbs on right side of the body are controlled by the left hemisphere and vice versa. Therefore, when Broca's area or surrounding areas in the left hemisphere are damaged, hemiplegia or hemiparesis often occurs on the right side of the body in individuals with Broca's aphasia.

Severity of expressive aphasia varies among patients. Some people may only have mild deficits and detecting problems with their language may be difficult. In the most extreme cases, patients may be able to produce only a single word. Even in such cases, over-learned and rote-learned speech patterns may be retained– for instance, some patients can count from one to ten, but cannot produce the same numbers in novel conversation.

### Manual language and aphasia

In deaf patients who use manual language (such as American Sign Language), damage to the left hemisphere of the brain leads to disruptions in their signing ability. Paraphasic errors similar to spoken language have been observed; whereas in spoken language a phonemic substitution would occur (e.g. "tagle" instead of "table"), in ASL case studies errors in movement, hand position, and morphology have been noted. Agrammatism, or the lack of grammatical morphemes in sentence production, has also been observed in lifelong users of ASL who have left hemisphere damage. The lack of syntactic accuracy shows that the errors in signing are not due to damage to the motor cortex, but rather area manifestation of the damage to the language-producing area of the brain. Similar symptoms have been seen in a patient with left hemisphere damage whose first language was British Sign Language, further showing that damage to the left hemisphere primarily hinders linguistic ability, not motor ability. In contrast, patients who have damage to non-linguistic areas on the left hemisphere have been shown to be fluent in signing, but are unable to comprehend written language.

### Overlap with receptive aphasia

In addition to difficulty expressing oneself, individuals with expressive aphasia are also noted to commonly have trouble with comprehension in certain linguistic areas. This agrammatism overlaps with receptive aphasia, but can be seen in patients who have expressive aphasia without being diagnosed as having receptive aphasia. The most well-noted of these are object-relative clauses, object Wh- questions, and topicalized structures (placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence). These three concepts all share phrasal movement, which can cause words to lose their thematic roles when they change order in the sentence. This is often not an issue for people without agrammatic aphasias, but many people with aphasia rely heavily on word order to understand roles that words play within the sentence.

## Causes

### More common

### Less common

#### Common causes

The most common cause of expressive aphasia is stroke. A stroke is caused by hypoperfusion (lack of oxygen) to an area of the brain, which is commonly caused by thrombosis or embolism. Some form of aphasia occurs in 34 to 38% of stroke patients. Expressive aphasia occurs in approximately 12% of new cases of aphasia caused by stroke.

In most cases, expressive aphasia is caused by a stroke in Broca's area or the surrounding vicinity. Broca's area is in the lower part of the premotor cortex in the language dominant hemisphere and is responsible for planning motor speech movements. However, cases of expressive aphasia have been seen in patients with strokes in other areas of the brain. Patients with classic symptoms of expressive aphasia in general have more acute brain lesions, whereas patients with larger, widespread lesions exhibit a variety of symptoms that may be classified as global aphasia or left unclassified.

Expressive aphasia can also be caused by trauma to the brain, tumor, cerebral hemorrhage and by extradural abscess.

Understanding lateralization of brain function is important for understanding which areas of the brain cause expressive aphasia when damaged. In the past, it has been believed that the area for language production differs between left and right-handed individuals. If this were true, damage to the homologous region of Broca's area in the right hemisphere should cause aphasia in a left-handed individual. More recent studies have shown that even left-handed individuals typically have language functions only in the left hemisphere. However, left-handed individuals are more likely to have a dominance of language in the right hemisphere.

#### Uncommon causes

Less common causes of expressive aphasia include primary autoimmune phenomenon and autoimmune phenomenon that are secondary to cancer (as a paraneoplastic syndrome) have been listed as the primary hypothesis for several cases of aphasia, especially when presenting with other psychiatric disturbances and focal neurological deficits. Many case reports exist describing paraneoplastic aphasia, and the reports that are specific tend to describe expressive aphasia. Although most cases attempt to exclude micro-metastasis, it is likely that some cases of paraneoplastic aphasia are actually extremely small metastasis to the vocal motor regions.

Neurodegenerative disorders may present with aphasia. Alzheimer's disease may present with either fluent aphasia or expressive aphasia. There are case reports of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with expressive aphasia.

## Diagnosis

Expressive aphasia is classified as non-fluent aphasia, as opposed to fluent aphasia. Diagnosis is done on a case-by-case basis, as lesions often affect the surrounding cortex and deficits are highly variable among patients with aphasia.

A physician is typically the first person to recognize aphasia in a patient who is being treated for damage to the brain. Routine processes for determining the presence and location of lesion in the brain include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans. The physician will complete a brief assessment of the patient's ability to understand and produce language. For further diagnostic testing, the physician will refer the patient to a speech-language pathologist, who will complete a comprehensive evaluation.

In order to diagnose a patient with Broca's aphasia, there are certain commonly used tests and procedures. The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) classifies individuals based on their scores on the subtests; spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, and naming. The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) can inform users what specific type of aphasia they may have, infer the location of lesion, and assess current language abilities. The Porch Index of Communication Ability (PICA) can predict potential recovery outcomes of the patients with aphasia. Quality of life measurement is also an important assessment tool. Tests such as the Assessment for Living with Aphasia (ALA) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) allow for therapists to target skills that are important and meaningful for the individual.

In addition to formal assessments, patient and family interviews are valid and important sources of information. The patient's previous hobbies, interests, personality, and occupation are all factors that will not only impact therapy but may motivate them throughout the recovery process. Patient interviews and observations allow professionals to learn the priorities of the patient and family and determine what the patient hopes to regain in therapy. Observations of the patient may also be beneficial to determine where to begin treatment. The current behaviors and interactions of the patient will provide the therapist with more insight about the client and their individual needs. Other information about the patient can be retrieved from medical records, patient referrals from physicians, and the nursing staff.

In non-speaking patients who use manual languages, diagnosis is often based on interviews from the patient's acquaintances, noting the differences in sign production pre- and post-damage to the brain. Many of these patients will also begin to rely on non-linguistic gestures to communicate, rather than signing since their language production is hindered.

## Treatment

Currently, there is no standard treatment for expressive aphasia. Most aphasia treatment is individualized based on a patient's condition and needs as assessed by a speech language pathologist. Patients go through a period of spontaneous recovery following brain injury in which they regain a great deal of language function.

In the months following injury or stroke, most patients receive traditional treatment for a few hours per day. Among other exercises, patients practice the repetition of words and phrases. Mechanisms are also taught in traditional treatment to compensate for lost language function such as drawing and using phrases that are easier to pronounce.

Emphasis is placed on establishing a basis for communication with family and caregivers in everyday life. Treatment is individualized based on the patient's own priorities, along with the family's input.

A patient may have the option of individual or group treatment. Although less common, group treatment has been shown to have advantageous outcomes. Some types of group treatments include family counseling, maintenance groups, support groups and treatment groups.

### Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) refers to a set of tools and strategies that support or replace verbal communication for individuals with communication disorders, such as Broca's aphasia or other conditions that affect speech and language abilities. AAC is designed to enhance communication and may be used as a temporary or permanent solution, depending on the individual's needs. Here are some key aspects of AAC:

1. Communication Aids:
    * Low-Tech AAC: This includes simple, non-electronic communication aids such as communication boards, picture books, or communication charts. Users can point to or select symbols or pictures to convey their messages
    * High-Tech AAC: Involves electronic devices such as speech-generating devices (SGDs) or tablet-based communication apps. These devices use synthesized speech or recorded messages to facilitate communication. Users can select words, phrases, or symbols on a screen to express themselves.
2. Symbols and Representations:
    * Symbols used in AAC can vary and may include pictures, icons, words, or a combination of these. Symbols are chosen based on the individual's cognitive and language abilities.
3. Types of AAC Systems:
    * Unaided AAC: Relies on the user's body to convey messages without external tools, such as using gestures, facial expressions, or sign language.
    * Aided AAC: Involves external tools or devices, such as communication boards, speech-generating devices, or computer-based systems.
4. Vocabulary and Language Systems:
    * Core Vocabulary: Focuses on essential words that are frequently used across various contexts. Core vocabulary systems aim to provide users with a versatile set of words to express a wide range of messages.
    * Fringe Vocabulary: Includes specific words related to an individual's unique needs, interests, or daily activities. Fringe vocabulary supplements core vocabulary to make communication more personalized.
5. Customization and Individualization:
    * AAC systems are highly customizable to meet the unique needs of each user. Therapists work with individuals and their families to tailor the system to the user's abilities, preferences, and communication goals.
6. Training and Support:
    * Users of AAC systems, as well as their caregivers and support networks, receive training to effectively use the communication tools. Training may involve learning how to navigate electronic devices, program personalized messages, or understand the meaning of symbols.
7. Integration with Therapy:
    * AAC is often integrated into speech and language therapy sessions. Therapists use AAC tools to facilitate communication practice and help individuals with communication disorders improve their language skills.
8. Social and Emotional Aspects:
    * AAC not only addresses the functional aspects of communication but also considers the social and emotional dimensions. It plays a crucial role in helping individuals with communication disorders participate more fully in social interactions and express their thoughts and feelings.

AAC is a dynamic and evolving field, and advancements in technology continue to enhance the range and effectiveness of communication tools available for individuals with speech and language challenges. The selection of AAC strategies depends on factors such as the individual's abilities, preferences, and the specific nature of their communication disorder.

### Melodic intonation therapy

Melodic intonation therapy was inspired by the observation that individuals with non-fluent aphasia sometimes can sing words or phrases that they normally cannot speak. "Melodic Intonation Therapy was begun as an attempt to use the intact melodic/prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere in those with aphasia to help cue retrieval words and expressive language." It is believed that this is because singing capabilities are stored in the right hemisphere of the brain, which is likely to remain unaffected after a stroke in the left hemisphere. However, recent evidence demonstrates that the capability of individuals with aphasia to sing entire pieces of text may actually result from rhythmic features and the familiarity with the lyrics.

The goal of Melodic Intonation Therapy is to utilize singing to access the language-capable regions in the right hemisphere and use these regions to compensate for lost function in the left hemisphere. The natural musical component of speech was used to engage the patients' ability to produce phrases. A clinical study revealed that singing and rhythmic speech may be similarly effective in the treatment of non-fluent aphasia and apraxia of speech. Moreover, evidence from randomized controlled trials is still needed to confirm that Melodic Intonation Therapy is suitable to improve propositional utterances and speech intelligibility in individuals with (chronic) non-fluent aphasia and apraxia of speech.

Melodic Intonation Therapy appears to work particularly well in patients who have had a unilateral, left hemisphere stroke, show poor articulation, are non-fluent or have severely restricted speech output, have moderately preserved auditory comprehension, and show good motivation. MIT therapy on average lasts for 1.5 hours per day for five days per week. At the lowest level of therapy, simple words and phrases (such as "water" and "I love you") are broken down into a series of high- and low-pitch syllables. With increased treatment, longer phrases are taught and less support is provided by the therapist. Patients are taught to say phrases using the natural melodic component of speaking and continuous voicing is emphasized. The patient is also instructed to use the left hand to tap the syllables of the phrase while the phrases are spoken. Tapping is assumed to trigger the rhythmic component of speaking to utilize the right hemisphere.

FMRI studies have shown that Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) uses both sides of the brain to recover lost function, as opposed to traditional therapies that utilize only the left hemisphere. In MIT, individuals with small lesions in the left hemisphere seem to recover by activation of the left hemisphere perilesional cortex. Meanwhile, individuals with larger left-hemisphere lesions show a recruitment of the use of language-capable regions in the right hemisphere. The interpretation of these results is still a matter of debate. For example, it remains unclear whether changes in neural activity in the right hemisphere result from singing or from the intensive use of common phrases, such as "thank you", "how are you?" or "I am fine." This type of phrases falls into the category of formulaic language and is known to be supported by neural networks of the intact right hemisphere.

A pilot study reported positive results when comparing the efficacy of a modified form of MIT to no treatment in people with nonfluent aphasia with damage to their left-brain. A randomized controlled trial was conducted and the study reported benefits of utilizing modified MIT treatment early in the recovery phase for people with nonfluent aphasia.

Melodic Intonation Therapy is used by music therapists, board-certified professionals that use music as a therapeutic tool to effect certain non-musical outcomes in their patients. Speech language pathologists can also use this therapy for individuals who have had a left hemisphere stroke and non-fluent aphasias such as Broca's or even apraxia of speech.

### Constraint-induced therapy

Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) is based on similar principles as constraint-induced movement therapy developed by Dr. Edward Taub at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Constraint-induced movement therapy is based on the idea that a person with an impairment (physical or communicative) develops a "learned nonuse" by compensating for the lost function with other means such as using an unaffected limb by a paralyzed individual or drawing by a patient with aphasia. In constraint-induced movement therapy, the alternative limb is constrained with a glove or sling and the patient is forced to use the affected limb. In constraint-induced aphasia therapy the interaction is guided by communicative need in a language game context, picture cards, barriers making it impossible to see other players' cards, and other materials, so that patients are encouraged ("constrained") to use the remaining verbal abilities to succeed in the communication game.

Two important principles of constraint-induced aphasia therapy are that treatment is very intense, with sessions lasting for up to 6 hours over the course of 10 days and that language is used in a communication context in which it is closely linked to (nonverbal) actions. These principles are motivated by neuroscience insights about learning at the level of nerve cells (synaptic plasticity) and the coupling between cortical systems for language and action in the human brain. Constraint-induced therapy contrasts sharply with traditional therapy by the strong belief that mechanisms to compensate for lost language function, such as gesturing or writing, should not be used unless absolutely necessary, even in everyday life.

It is believed that CIAT works by the mechanism of increased neuroplasticity. By constraining an individual to use only speech, it is believed that the brain is more likely to reestablish old neural pathways and recruit new neural pathways to compensate for lost function.

The strongest results of CIAT have been seen in patients with chronic aphasia (lasting over 6 months). Studies of CIAT have confirmed that further improvement is possible even after a patient has reached a "plateau" period of recovery. It has also been proven that the benefits of CIAT are retained long term. However, improvements only seem to be made while a patient is undergoing intense therapy. Recent work has investigated combining constraint-induced aphasia therapy with drug treatment, which led to an amplification of therapy benefits.

### Medication

In addition to active speech therapy, pharmaceuticals have also been considered as a useful treatment for expressive aphasia. This area of study is relatively new and much research continues to be conducted.

The following drugs have been suggested for use in treating aphasia and their efficacy has been studied in control studies.

The most effect has been shown by piracetam and amphetamine, which may increase cerebral plasticity and result in an increased capability to improve language function. It has been seen that piracetam is most effective when treatment is begun immediately following stroke. When used in chronic cases it has been much less efficient.

Bromocriptine has been shown by some studies to increase verbal fluency and word retrieval with therapy than with just therapy alone. Furthermore, its use seems to be restricted to non-fluent aphasia.

Donepezil has shown a potential for helping chronic aphasia.

No study has established irrefutable evidence that any drug is an effective treatment for aphasia therapy. Furthermore, no study has shown any drug to be specific for language recovery. Comparison between the recovery of language function and other motor function using any drug has shown that improvement is due to a global increase plasticity of neural networks.

### Transcranial magnetic stimulation

In transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetic fields are used to create electrical currents in specified cortical regions. The procedure is a painless and noninvasive method of stimulating the cortex. TMS works by suppressing the inhibition process in certain areas of the brain. By suppressing the inhibition of neurons by external factors, the targeted area of the brain may be reactivated and thereby recruited to compensate for lost function. Research has shown that patients can demonstrate increased object naming ability with regular transcranial magnetic stimulation than patients not receiving TMS. Furthermore, research suggests this improvement is sustained upon the completion of TMS therapy. However, some patients fail to show any significant improvement from TMS which indicates the need for further research of this treatment.

### Treatment of underlying forms

Described as the linguistic approach to the treatment of expressive aphasia, treatment begins by emphasizing and educating patients on the thematic roles of words within sentences. Sentences that are usually problematic will be reworded into active-voiced, declarative phrasings of their non-canonical counterparts. The simpler sentence phrasings are then transformed into variations that are more difficult to interpret. For example, many individuals who have expressive aphasia struggle with Wh- sentences. "What" and "who" questions are problematic sentences that this treatment method attempts to improve, and they are also two interrogative particles that are strongly related to each other because they reorder arguments from the declarative counterparts. For instance, therapists have used sentences like, "Who is the boy helping?" and "What is the boy fixing?" because both verbs are transitive- they require two arguments in the form of a subject and a direct object, but not necessarily an indirect object. In addition, certain question particles are linked together based on how the reworded sentence is formed. Training "who" sentences increased the generalizations of non-trained "who" sentences as well as untrained "what" sentences, and vice versa. Likewise, "where" and "when" question types are very closely linked. "What" and "who" questions alter placement of arguments, and "where" and "when" sentences move adjunct phrases. Training is in the style of: "The man parked the car in the driveway. What did the man park in the driveway?" Sentence training goes on in this manner for more domains, such as clefts and sentence voice.

Results: Patients' use of sentence types used in the TUF treatment will improve, subjects will generalize sentences of similar category to those used for treatment in TUF, and results are applied to real-world conversations with others. Generalization of sentence types used can be improved when the treatment progresses in the order of more complex sentences to more elementary sentences. Treatment has been shown to affect on-line (real-time) processing of trained sentences and these results can be tracked using fMRI mappings. Training of Wh- sentences has led improvements in three main areas of discourse for aphasics: increased average length of utterances, higher proportions of grammatical sentences, and larger ratios of numbers of verbs to nouns produced. Patients also showed improvements in verb argument structure productions and assigned thematic roles to words in utterances with more accuracy. In terms of on-line sentence processing, patients having undergone this treatment discriminate between anomalous and non-anomalous sentences with more accuracy than control groups and are closer to levels of normalcy than patients not having participated in this treatment.

### Mechanisms of recovery

Mechanisms for recovery differ from patient to patient. Some mechanisms for recovery occur spontaneously after damage to the brain, whereas others are caused by the effects of language therapy. FMRI studies have shown that recovery can be partially attributed to the activation of tissue around the damaged area and the recruitment of new neurons in these areas to compensate for the lost function. Recovery may also be caused in very acute lesions by a return of blood flow and function to damaged tissue that has not died around an injured area. It has been stated by some researchers that the recruitment and recovery of neurons in the left hemisphere opposed to the recruitment of similar neurons in the right hemisphere is superior for long-term recovery and continued rehabilitation. It is thought that, because the right hemisphere is not intended for full language function, using the right hemisphere as a mechanism of recovery is effectively a "dead-end" and can lead only to partial recovery.

There is evidence to support that, among all types of therapies, one of the most important factors and best predictors for a successful outcome is the intensity of the therapy. By comparing the length and intensity of various methods of therapies, it was proven that intensity is a better predictor of recovery than the method of therapy used.

## Prognosis

In most individuals with expressive aphasia, the majority of recovery is seen within the first year following a stroke or injury. The majority of this improvement is seen in the first four weeks in therapy following a stroke and slows thereafter. However, this timeline will vary depending upon the type of stroke experienced by the patient. Patients who experienced an ischemic stroke may recover in the days and weeks following the stroke, and then experience a plateau and gradual slowing of recovery. On the contrary, patients who experienced a hemorrhagic stroke experience a slower recovery in the first 4–8 weeks, followed by a faster recovery which eventually stabilizes.

Numerous factors impact the recovery process and outcomes. Site and extent of lesion greatly impacts recovery. Other factors that may affect prognosis are age, education, gender, and motivation. Occupation, handedness, personality, and emotional state may also be associated with recovery outcomes.

Studies have also found that prognosis of expressive aphasia correlates strongly with the initial severity of impairment. However, it has been seen that continued recovery is possible years after a stroke with effective treatment. Timing and intensity of treatment is another factor that impacts outcomes. Research suggests that even in later stages of recovery, intervention is effective at improving function, as well as, preventing loss of function.

Unlike receptive aphasia, patients with expressive aphasia are aware of their errors in language production. This may further motivate a person with expressive aphasia to progress in treatment, which would affect treatment outcomes. On the other hand, awareness of impairment may lead to higher levels of frustration, depression, anxiety, or social withdrawal, which have been proven to negatively affect a person's chance of recovery.

## History

Expressive aphasia was first identified by the French neurologist Paul Broca. By examining the brains of deceased individuals having acquired expressive aphasia in life, he concluded that language ability is localized in the ventroposterior region of the frontal lobe. One of the most important aspects of Paul Broca's discovery was the observation that the loss of proper speech in expressive aphasia is due to the brain's loss of ability to produce language, as opposed to the mouth's loss of ability to produce words.

The discoveries of Paul Broca were made during the same period of time as the German Neurologist Carl Wernicke, who was also studying brains of aphasiacs post-mortem and identified the region now known as Wernicke's area. Discoveries of both men contributed to the concept of localization, which states that specific brain functions are all localized to a specific area of the brain. While both men made significant contributions to the field of aphasia, it was Carl Wernicke who realized the difference between patients with aphasia that could not produce language and those that could not comprehend language (the essential difference between expressive and receptive aphasia).

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Expressive aphasia | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Broca's aphasia, non-fluent aphasia, agrammatic aphasia |
|  | |
| Broca and Wernicke are two areas involved in language formation | |
| Specialty | Neurology, Psychiatry |


title: F.A.M.E. Tour (Chris Brown)

abstract: The F.A.M.E. Tour was a concert tour by American recording artist Chris Brown to support his fourth studio album, F.A.M.E. (2011). The tour began in Australia during April 2011. Brown headlined 32 concerts in North America, which began in September 2011 and ended in November 2011.

text:
# F.A.M.E. Tour (Chris Brown)

The **F.A.M.E. Tour** was a concert tour by American recording artist Chris Brown to support his fourth studio album, *F.A.M.E.* (2011). The tour began in Australia during April 2011. Brown headlined 32 concerts in North America, which began in September 2011 and ended in November 2011.

## Background

On January 19, 2011, it was announced that Brown would embark on his "F.A.M.E. Tour" in Australia in April 2011. Presented by Jive Live, managing director Daniel Pritchard said, "Australia will be the first country in the world to be able to see the new Chris Brown show. His incredible stage performances have earned him a reputation as one of this generation's most electrifying male performers." Tickets for the shows were available on February 4 at Ticketek. The North American tour dates were announced on August 10, 2011. When speaking of the tour, Brown said, "this tour will allow me to paint a picture musically ... I want to bring a lot of energy and excitement to all the fans. It's going to be a great show."

## Opening acts

## Critical reception

Briony Skinner from *Brisbane Times* wrote that Brown "certainly put on a memorable show", and added that he "delivered on the most spectacular aspect of his live performance and what many fans go to see – the dancing." Adriana Urquia from MTV Australia wrote that Brown's vocal ability was "impressive" during the performances of his "heartfelt ballads". She also added that, "Overall ... Brown had the crowd amped up and moving, jumping on cue, waving their arms and singing his tracks word for word."

## Setlist

1. "Say It With Me"
2. "I Can Transform Ya"
3. "Wall to Wall"
4. "Run It!"
5. "Yo (Excuse Me Miss)"
6. "Body 2 Body"
7. "Wet the Bed"
8. "Take You Down"
9. "No Bullshit"
10. "She Ain't You"
11. "Oh My Love"
12. "Deuces"
13. "Look at Me Now"
14. "With You"
15. "All Back"
16. "No Air"
17. "Yeah 3x"
18. "Forever"

Encore 1.
2. "Beautiful People"

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Oceania** | | | |
| April 20, 2011 | Adelaide | Australia | Adelaide Entertainment Centre |
| April 23, 2011 | Melbourne | | Rod Laver Arena |
| April 26, 2011 | Sydney | | Acer Arena |
| April 29, 2011 | Brisbane | | Brisbane Entertainment Centre |
| **North America** | | | |
| September 12, 2011 | Toronto | Canada | Molson Canadian Amphitheatre |
| September 14, 2011 | Darien | United States | Darien Lake Performing Arts Center |
| September 16, 2011 | Holmdel | | PNC Bank Arts Center |
| September 17, 2011 | Washington, D.C. | | Verizon Center |
| September 18, 2011 | Detroit | | Joe Louis Arena |
| September 21, 2011 | Cincinnati | | Riverbend Music Center |
| September 23, 2011 | Tinley Park | | First Midwest Bank Amphitheatre |
| September 24, 2011 | Maryland Heights | | Verizon Wireless Amphitheater St. Louis |
| September 25, 2011 | Noblesville | | Verizon Wireless Music Center |
| September 28, 2011 | Baltimore | | 1st Mariner Arena |
| September 30, 2011 | Uniondale | | Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum |
| October 1, 2011 | Raleigh | | Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion |
| October 2, 2011 | Atlanta | | Aaron's Amphitheatre at Lakewood |
| October 5, 2011 | Miami | | American Airlines Arena |
| October 7, 2011 | Tampa | | 1-800-ASK-GARY Amphitheatre |
| October 8, 2011 | Charlotte | | Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre |
| October 9, 2011 | Virginia Beach | | Farm Bureau Live at Virginia Beach |
| October 12, 2011 | Oklahoma City | | Chesapeake Energy Arena |
| October 14, 2011 | Dallas | | Gexa Energy Pavilion |
| October 15, 2011 | New Orleans | | New Orleans Arena |
| October 16, 2011 | The Woodlands | | Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion |
| October 18, 2011 | Phoenix | | Ashley Furniture HomeStore Pavilion |
| October 20, 2011 | Los Angeles | | Staples Center |
| October 22, 2011 | Concord | | Sleep Train Pavilion |
| October 23, 2011 | Wheatland | | Sleep Train Amphitheatre |
| October 26, 2011 | Memphis | | FedExForum |
| October 28, 2011 | Philadelphia | | Wells Fargo Center |
| October 29, 2011 | Pittsburgh | | Consol Energy Center |
| October 30, 2011 | Uncasville | | Mohegan Sun Arena |
| November 1, 2011 | Cleveland | | Wolstein Center |
| November 4, 2011 | Phoenix | | Ashley Furniture HomeStore Pavilion |
| November 5, 2011 | Irvine | | Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre |
| November 6, 2011 | Chula Vista | | Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre |
| **Middle East** | | | |
| December 9, 2011 | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | Dubai Festival City Concert Arena |

### Canceled dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue | Reason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 3, 2011 | Perth | Australia | Burswood Dome | Illness |
| November 2, 2011 | Moline | United States | iWireless Center | Scheduling conflict |

## InfoBox

F.A.M.E. Tour
| Tour by Chris Brown | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster for the tour | |
| Associated album | *F.A.M.E.* |
| Start date | April 20, 2011 |
| End date | December 9, 2011 |
| Legs | 3 |
| No. of shows | * 4 in Oceania * 32 in North America * 1 in Middle East * 37 total |
| Chris Brown concert chronology | |


title: Eye in the sky (camera)

abstract: The eye in the sky is a term given to casino and other commercial security closed circuit cameras. In casinos, they are positioned to monitor seats, tables, hallways, restaurants, and even elevators closely. The functional component is known as a pan–tilt–zoom camera, or a PTZ, an industry standard term.

text:
# Eye in the sky (camera)

The **eye in the sky** is a term given to casino and other commercial security closed circuit cameras. In casinos, they are positioned to monitor seats, tables, hallways, restaurants, and even elevators closely. The functional component is known as a pan–tilt–zoom camera, or a PTZ, an industry standard term.

## Overview

The PTZ camera is covered by a semi-transparent plastic globe which makes it nearly impossible to see which direction the camera is facing from a distance. Retail stores often install empty globes, giving the appearance of additional cameras. The camera is mounted on a series of interconnected gears and levers, which usually allow two axes of rotation. This rotation can either be controlled manually by an operator using remote control, or it can be automated using motion sensing technology. In most commercial and civilian applications, both control methods are used simultaneously to allow automated surveillance of general movement while allowing a manual over-ride mode to view specific subjects more closely.

## Application

These cameras often help casino officials judge whether the person is card counting or past posting. In case a crime or a cheat is detected after the fact, the casino employees can review the recorded tapes and find the culprit. The casino cameras are adjusted to focus on certain suspicious players by security workers in a separate casino room with banks of security monitors.

These types of cameras are also found in retail stores as well to monitor customers and employees, such as Walmart or Target. They can also fool robbers into thinking that there is a camera watching them and that they are being monitored by CCTV.


title: Eye in the Sky (novel)

abstract: Eye in the Sky is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, originally published in 1957. After an accident at the Belmont Bevatron, eight people are forced into several different alternate universes. These ersatz universes are later revealed to be solipsistic manifestations of each individual's innermost fears and prejudices, bringing the story in line with Dick's penchant for subjective realities. As well as his future discussions of theology and fears about McCarthy-era authoritarianism, the novel skewers several human foibles. The title refers to the eye of God, who appears as a character in the universe of religious fundamentalist Arthur Sylvester.

text:
# Eye in the Sky (novel)

***Eye in the Sky*** is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, originally published in 1957.

After an accident at the Belmont Bevatron, eight people are forced into several different alternate universes. These ersatz universes are later revealed to be solipsistic manifestations of each individual's innermost fears and prejudices, bringing the story in line with Dick's penchant for subjective realities. As well as his future discussions of theology and fears about McCarthy-era authoritarianism, the novel skewers several human foibles.

The title refers to the eye of God, who appears as a character in the universe of religious fundamentalist Arthur Sylvester.

## Plot summary

While on a visit to the (fictional) Belmont Bevatron in the 1957 novel's near-future year of 1959, eight people become stuck in a series of subtly and not-so-subtly unreal worlds. The instigating incident is a malfunction of the particle accelerator, which places all of the injured parties in states of total or partial unconsciousness.

Jack Hamilton, the central protagonist, is dismissed from his job at the California Maintenance Labs due to McCarthy-era paranoia about his wife Marsha's left-wing political sympathies; this dismissal is instigated by security chief Charlie McFeyffe. Bill Laws, an African-American possessing a PhD in Physics, is employed as a lowly tour guide for the Bevatron. Arthur Sylvester is an elderly political conservative and believer in an obsolete geocentric cosmology, derived from a schismatic Bábí offshoot. Joan Reiss is a pathologically paranoid woman, and Edith Pritchet is a maternal but censorious elderly woman. Her son David, along with Charlie McFeyffe, complete the eight-member tour group.

After the Bevatron fails, all eight members of the tour group are injured by a collapsing walkway and high levels of radiation. They awake to a world where miracles, prayer, and curses are common-day occurrences. Hamilton and Charles McFeyffe travel to heaven and glimpse a gargantuan eye of God. They discover that they are inside the mind of Arthur Sylvester and knock him unconscious, hoping that doing so will return them to reality. Instead, they continue to a different universe. The next universe is a caricature of Victorian morality in which Edith Pritchett has abolished everything which she considers unpleasant, and the third universe reveals the paranoid delusions of Joan Reiss.

Finally, the group arrives in a Marxist caricature of contemporary US society. The characters discover that Marsha Hamilton did not create this world. Instead, Charles McFeyffe is revealed as a Communist who is using his position as chief security officer to further the ideals of the Communist Party.

After McFeyffe is knocked unconscious, the group believes they have returned to the real world. Jack Hamilton and Bill Laws form a small business that seeks advances in stereophonic technology. The disclosure of McFeyffe's Marxist-Leninist allegiances is dismissed as unproveable. The novel ends ambiguously, as it is unclear if the group has returned to reality or is still living in someone else's universe. But if so, whoever it is seems to be a hands-off deity, content to let people live as they please and cultivate their own gardens.

## Reception

Anthony Boucher lauded the novel as "nicely calculated and adroitly revealed," saying that he had "never seen \[its\] theme handled with greater technical dexterity or given more psychological meaning."

Episode 20 of the science fiction anime *Ergo Proxy*, titled "Sacred Eye of the Void/Goodbye, Vincent", is based on *Eye in the Sky*. In this episode the protagonist awakens to find himself stuck inside someone's subconscious, presumably one of the main characters, and he must wade through realities within realities while figuring out how to escape—and alongside confirm that he is more than just an imaginative figment of the brain he is trapped in.

## Sources

* Nati, Maurizio. “Paura del diverso: Fobie d'oltreoceano in *Occhio nel cielo*”, in De Angelis & Rossi (eds.), *Trasmigrazioni: I mondi di Philip K. Dick*, Firenze, Le Monnier, 2006, pp. 131–41.

## InfoBox

Eye in the Sky
| Cover of first edition (paperback) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Philip K. Dick |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Ace Books |
| Publication date | 1957 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 255 |


title: FC Baník Ostrava (women)

abstract: FC Baník Ostrava is a Czech women's football team from Ostrava, representing FC Baník Ostrava in the Czech Women's Second League. It was founded in 2010. During their first season, the club played its home matches at Stadion v Ludgeřovicích in Ludgeřovice, however in 2011 the club moved to the pitch of non-league side Odra Petřkovice.

text:
# FC Baník Ostrava (women)

**FC Baník Ostrava** is a Czech women's football team from Ostrava, representing FC Baník Ostrava in the Czech Women's Second League. It was founded in 2010.

During their first season, the club played its home matches at Stadion v Ludgeřovicích in Ludgeřovice, however in 2011 the club moved to the pitch of non-league side Odra Petřkovice.

## Current squad

*As of 22 May 2023*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  CZE Karolína Škrabalová  2 MF  CZE Jana Blahová  3 DF  CZE Kateřina Gaurová  4 DF  CZE Viktorie Bílková  5 MF  CZE Nela Zomberová  6 FW  CZE Denisa Břenková  7 MF  CZE Kateřina Furiková  8 DF  CZE Klára Pavlíčková  9 MF  CZE Veronika Regecová  10 FW  CZE Kateřina Vojtková *(captain)* | No. Pos. Nation Player  11 DF  CZE Lucie Kotalová  13 MF  CZE Kateřina Fojtíková  14 MF  CZE Karolina Hegrová  16 MF  CZE Karolína Krupníková  17 FW  CZE Klára Waltrová  18 FW  CZE Kateřina Lachká  19 MF  CZE Vanesa Pagáčová  22 MF  CZE Ludmila Vaculová  23 DF  CZE Tereza Molková  30 GK  CZE Anežka Zelenková  MF  CZE Eliška Janíková |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Baník Ostrava
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | FC Baník Ostrava |
| Nickname(s) | Baňky |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Ground | Radvanice |
| Manager | Witold Zajac |
| League | First League |
| 2023–24 | 8th (Relegated) |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |