title: Cuckoo (TV series)

abstract: Cuckoo is a British sitcom that began airing on BBC Three on 25 September 2012, repeating on BBC One, and in 2016 began airing worldwide on Netflix. Written by Robin French and Kieron Quirke, Cuckoo stars Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner, Andie MacDowell, Greg Davies, Tamla Kari, Esther Smith, Tyger Drew-Honey, Helen Baxendale, Matt Lacey and Kenneth Collard. The series launch became BBC Three's most-watched comedy launch, beating the record set by Bad Education, which debuted the previous month. Greg Davies was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Male Performance in a Comedy Programme. At the British Comedy Awards, Cuckoo was nominated for Best New Comedy Programme and Greg Davies was nominated for Best TV Comedy Actor.

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# Cuckoo (TV series)

***Cuckoo*** is a British sitcom that began airing on BBC Three on 25 September 2012, repeating on BBC One, and in 2016 began airing worldwide on Netflix.

Written by Robin French and Kieron Quirke, *Cuckoo* stars Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner, Andie MacDowell, Greg Davies, Tamla Kari, Esther Smith, Tyger Drew-Honey, Helen Baxendale, Matt Lacey and Kenneth Collard. The series launch became BBC Three's most-watched comedy launch, beating the record set by *Bad Education*, which debuted the previous month. Greg Davies was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Male Performance in a Comedy Programme. At the British Comedy Awards, *Cuckoo* was nominated for Best New Comedy Programme and Greg Davies was nominated for Best TV Comedy Actor.

## Production

Following the success of series one, the BBC ordered a second series, but it looked uncertain due to Samberg's busy schedule. In February 2014, it was announced that Samberg would not return for the second series, with Taylor Lautner replacing him as Cuckoo's long-lost lovechild Dale. The second series began on 7 August 2014. On 4 April 2016, *Cuckoo* was commissioned for two more series. Series 4 wrapped up production on 18 March 2018, confirmed by Lautner via social media. It was released on 2 August 2018.

A pilot for America's NBC television network was under consideration in May 2015.

The show is filmed in the town of Amersham (including the historic 'old town' area), and the adjoining village of Chesham Bois in Buckinghamshire. Some of the outside scenes are also filmed in and around Chesham, Chartridge, Farnham, and Thame, Oxfordshire.

## Plot

### Series 1

*Cuckoo* is set in Lichfield, Staffordshire, (external scenes are mostly filmed in Farnham, Surrey, Slough, Berkshire, and Amersham, Buckinghamshire, all approximately 100 miles south of Lichfield), home to the Thompson family. When Ken (Davies) and Lorna (Baxendale) collect their daughter Rachel (Kari) from the airport, they learn that she has returned from her gap year before medical school having married Dale "Cuckoo" Ashbrick (Samberg), an eccentric American hippie with an exuberantly loving attitude who does not have a job and loves to take drugs.

### Series 2

Two years have passed and Cuckoo has gone missing in a climbing accident in the Himalayas, Dylan (Drew-Honey) is planning to attend university, and Rachel (now played by Esther Smith) is moving in with new boyfriend Ben (Lacey). Dale (Lautner), a bearded young American arrives, claiming to be Cuckoo's son and searching for his father whom he has never met. Taking pity, Ken and Lorna ask him to stay.

### Series 3

Six months after Dale's dramatic departure at the end of the Christmas special of Series 2, Rachel is still heartbroken and missing Dale, but she has managed to salvage a certain friendship with her jilted former fiancé Ben (Lacey). Just as life looks like it is about to return to normal in the Thompson household, a transformed Dale returns to shake things up all over again after having spent some time working for a Chinese 'businessman' in Shanghai. Meanwhile, Ken and Lorna are preparing for the birth of their unplanned new baby, and their son Dylan (Drew-Honey) is getting ready to leave for university. In the first episode, Lorna gives birth to their baby son Sidney.

### Series 4

Dale and Steve work towards opening a bar called 'All Steve's Pals'. Rachel gets offered a job in Sierra Leone.

Series 4 was released, in full, online on BBC Three on 2 August 2018 with the opening episode titled "Lawyer of the Year".

### Series 5

Series 5 introduces a new character, Ivy (Andie MacDowell), who comes to the UK from America with a slightly sinister plan. Dale (Taylor Lautner) does not appear in Series 5. His absence is not explained, with Rachel just telling Sid that "Dale is gone". After meeting a strange lady in a pub, Ken decides to run for Lichfield MP.

Series 5 was released in full, online on BBC Three on 4 January 2019 with the opening episode titled “Ivy Arrives”.

## Cast and characters

Key   = Main cast (actor receives "Starring" credit that series)    = Recurring cast (actor appears in two or more episodes that series)   = Guest (actor who has appeared in another series of *Cuckoo* but only made 1 appearance in this series)

| Character | Actor | Series | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Series 1 | Series 2 | Series 3 | Series 4 | Series 5 |
| Dale Ashbrick Sr. / Cuckoo | Andy Samberg | Main | Guest |  | | |
| Kenneth "Ken" Thompson | Greg Davies | Main | | | | |
| Lorna Thompson | Helen Baxendale | Main | | | | |
| Dylan Thompson | Tyger Drew-Honey | Main | | | | |
| Rachel Thompson | Tamla Kari | Main |  | | | |
| | Esther Smith |  | Main | | | |
| Steve Chance | Kenneth Collard | Recurring | | | Main | |
| Connie Chance | Selina Griffiths | Recurring | |  | Guest |  |
| Zoe Chance | Holly Earl | Recurring | | |  | |
| Tony Edwards | Philip Jackson | Recurring |  | | | |
| Nina Morgan | Juliet Cowan | Guest | Recurring | Guest | Recurring | |
| Dale Ashbrick Jr. | Taylor Lautner |  | Main | | |  |
| Ben | Matt Lacey |  | Main | |  | Main |
| Jane Defreitas | Jacqueline Boatswain |  | Guest | | Recurring |  |
| Pepe | Sevan Stephan |  | Recurring |  | | |
| Charles | David Calder |  | Recurring |  | | |
| Sidney "Sid" Thompson | Unknown |  | | Recurring |  | |
| | Emilie & Maisie Davison |  | | Recurring | |  |
| | Scott & Zach Durnford |  | | | Recurring |  |
| | Adriano Broccu |  | | | | Recurring |
| Jess | Emma Pierson |  | | Recurring |  | |
| Ling | Alice Hewkin |  | | Recurring |  | |
| Mr. Xi | Logan Wong |  | | Recurring |  | |
| Adrian Minds | Peter Landi |  | | Guest | Recurring |  |
| Noel Monkwell | Colin Hoult |  | | | Recurring |  |
| Ivy Mittelfart | Andie MacDowell |  | | | | Main |
| Tash | Lily Frazer |  | | | | Main |

***Notes:***

* Only named characters appear in the table above.
* Only characters that have appeared in more than two episodes in a single series appear in the table above.

## Episodes

| Series | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 6 | | 25 September 2012 (2012-09-25) | 30 October 2012 (2012-10-30) |
|  | 7 | | 7 August 2014 (2014-08-07) | 24 December 2014 (2014-12-24) |
|  | 7 | | 16 February 2016 (2016-02-16) | 28 March 2016 (2016-03-28) |
|  | 6 | | 2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) | |
|  | 7 | | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | |

### Series 1 (2012)

| No.
overall | No. in
series | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | UK viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "The Homecoming" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 25 September 2012 (2012-09-25) | TBA | 1.28 |
| Middle-class, fortysomething atheist married couple - history-loving solicitor Ken and estate agent Lorna - greet their daughter Rachel at the airport. She has returned from her gap year in Thailand. They are puzzled at her being accompanied by lazy, eccentric American Dale - who calls himself Cuckoo - and that the pair married on a Thai beach. At their bungalow in Lichfield, Rachel is disappointed by her younger brother Dylan's indifference to her marriage. Ken takes a strong disliking to Cuckoo, and gives him 10,000 to leave permanently. Cuckoo spends the money on a small van which he intends to use to sell jacket potatoes from, and returns to the house. Ken is horrified, but pretends to Lorna and Rachel that he gave Cuckoo the money to start a business. | | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Family Meeting" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 2 October 2012 (2012-10-02) | TBA | 0.85 |
| Ken is annoyed at Cuckoo being naked in the house, so he tells Cuckoo to wear clothes, with the exception of when he is in the bathroom or in his and Rachel's bedroom.
At Rachel's coming home party, Ken's best friend Steve is horrified to see photos of his 16-year-old daughter, Zoe, on Ken's digital camera. Ken explains that Dylan - who is attracted to her - took them. | | | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Ken on E" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 9 October 2012 (2012-10-09) | TBA | 0.72 |
| Ken is preparing for an interview with Nina to become a Liberal Democrat councillor. His chances are jeopardised by Dylan and Nina's 16-year-old son Neil fighting at school and Ken vomiting over her.
Lorna's best friend Connie - who is married to Steve - and her son Zeb want Rachel to be with him, despite Rachel being married and not attracted to him.
Ken mistakes Dylan's MDMA pills for painkillers. This makes Ken act out of character, becoming extroverted, taking a great liking to Cuckoo and attending a teenage party. | | | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Grandfather's Cat" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 16 October 2012 (2012-10-16) | TBA | 0.88 |
| The family visit Lorna's father, Tony, on his birthday in Sheffield. His neighbour's cat, Floxie, who visits him frequently, is there. Cuckoo declares that Floxie is the reincarnation of Lorna's mother Debra, who died recently. Tony agrees, and calls the cat Debra, deciding not to spend the day with Ken at the football. Ken accidentally shoots Floxie dead with Tony's Korean War rifle and puts the body in Tony's holdall. Ken tells Dylan what he did. The family go to a local pub, where Dylan distracts them whilst Ken dumps the holdall with Floxie in it in an overfilled bin. The holdall later falls out. Floxie's owner Anne thinks Floxie has died, until she visits, showing on her tablet computer that Floxie's microchip indicates that Floxie is nearby. Tony's friend Len brings the holdall to Tony. Ken and Cuckoo grab it and tear it apart whilst each are struggling to take it. Floxie's body falls to the ground. Ken admits what he did and the family go home. | | | | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "Connie Sings" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 23 October 2012 (2012-10-23) | TBA | 0.87 |
| Cuckoo encourages Connie to pursue her previously abandoned dream of becoming a professional singer. Her attempts to sing in the Thompson house are dreadful, greatly annoying Ken. Steve is annoyed that Connie is devoting a lot of her time to singing, as he was pleased when she stopped singing in their house years ago.
Ken and Lorna are astounded when they find out that every time Steve and Connie have sex together, Steve pretends to be Ken. | | | | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "The Wedding" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 30 October 2012 (2012-10-30) | TBA | 0.80 |
| Rachel and Cuckoo discover that they are not actually married, due to their wedding not being a legal ceremony. Cuckoo is told that he is working illegally and is threatened with deportation. The couple decide to marry as soon as they can. Cuckoo asks Ken to be his best man, which he refuses. Dylan thinks that Cuckoo will ask him, but Cuckoo recruits Steve to the role. Steve resents Cuckoo for contributing to breaking up his marriage to Connie, but is intending to use his position to get rid of Cuckoo. Steve drives Cuckoo, Ken and Dylan to Liverpool in Cuckoo's potato van. In Liverpool, they go to strip clubs. Steve hires an attractive young woman to seduce Cuckoo, so that he can take photographs and show Rachel that he cheated on her. However, she instead takes Dylan's virginity. Steve arranges for Cuckoo to be locked into a shipping container and sent to Asia. Ken objects; he and Steve physically fight. Cuckoo escapes from the container, and he drives Ken home, leaving Steve behind and forgetting about Dylan. Ken tells Cuckoo about Steve's plan to get rid of Cuckoo. Dylan arrives home seconds after Ken and Cuckoo do. The wedding goes ahead, and Ken accepts Cuckoo as his son-in-law. | | | | | | | |

### Series 2 (2014)

| No.
overall | No. in
series | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | UK viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 1 | "A New Beginning" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 7 August 2014 (2014-08-07) | TBA | 0.75 |
| Cuckoo is killed falling whilst 'rescuing' mountain goats in the Lower Himalayan Range in Nepal, oblivious to the fact that they were not in any difficulty.
Dylan is at sixth form college and is delighted to be accepted to take media studies at the University of Roehampton.
Lorna and Rachel witness a car hitting a 21-year-old man, Dale, who has an American accent, is naive and has no road sense. Rachel is attracted to him and he tells the women that he is from Uttarakhand, India. Arriving home, Lorna and Rachel's car hits the same man. They bring him into the house and Lorna invites him to stay, which Ken is displeased by. Dale says that he is looking for his father, Cuckoo; they tell Dale what happened to Cuckoo. Dale calls Rachel mom, which she dislikes as she is only a year older than him. He tells them that he is from an ashram and that his mother is serving a life sentence for drug smuggling. Ken and Lorna realise that the ashram is a cult. Dale believes that aliens will collect him and other members of the ashram, and that everyone else will be killed. He finds out the next day that the leader, Vashradi, was arrested and the group disbanded. Dale accepts that it was a cult who lied to him and he agrees to live with the Thompsons.
Ken's colleague Ben has been Rachel's boyfriend for almost a year; Ben wants to buy a house with Rachel.
Ken is persuaded by Lorna to undergo a vasectomy. Steve decides to perform the procedure, and whilst talking about it, Steve tells Ken that he has moved back in with Connie and her lover, Pepe. Ken decides against the vasectomy, but tells Lorna and Dylan that he had the operation. | | | | | | | |
| 8 | 2 | "Potato Party" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 14 August 2014 (2014-08-14) | TBA | N/A |
| Dale does not know what to do with his new life in Lichfield. Ken is trying to prevent him from joining another cult, concerned at him finding Hare Krishnas and Jehovah's Witnesses appealing.
Ben wants Rachel and himself to get a 25-year mortgage. She is unsure and finds him boring, especially in comparison to Cuckoo.
Ken is attending a university reunion. At Zoe's suggestion, Dylan is determined to throw a party in the house whilst Ken is away, after Zoe tells Dylan that she will have sex with him at it. Lorna agrees to let Dylan have a party. She tells Rachel and Ben to supervise and Dale to provide jacket potatoes from the van whilst she goes Stratford with Connie. During the journey, Connie tells Lorna of her disappointment at Steve's refusal to join in when she has sex with Pepe. Lorna tells Connie about Dylan and Connie's daughter Zoe planning to have sex together at the party, thinking that Connie will be pleased like she is. Connie is horrified and drives Lorna back to the house to try to stop them, wrongly insisting to Lorna that Zoe is a virgin. Some of the girls at the party are attracted to Dale and invite him into the house, where he dances with Rachel whilst Ben is asleep. Connie interrupts Dylan and Zoe whilst they are in the bath together and were intending to have sex. The party goers vomit due to food poisoning from the sauce which Dale put on the jacket potatoes - it was two years old and had been made by Cuckoo. | | | | | | | |
| 9 | 3 | "Tribunal" | Ben Taylor | Ben Edwards, Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 21 August 2014 (2014-08-21) | TBA | 0.71 |
| Ben tells Rachel that Dale is attracted to her and that she should set Dale up with her attractive friend Natalie. They are quickly attracted to each other and kiss. Dale later tells Rachel that Natalie offered him sex and that he declined due to his belief that Natalie is not 'the One'.
Steve finds out that Ken is pretending to Lorna that he performed a vasectomy on him. Steve is brought to a tribunal for medical malpractice, for leaving a pair of cuff links in a patient during an operation. Steve blackmails Ken into representing him, saying that he will tell Lorna that the vasectomy did not take place if he does not. Ken and Ben see from Steve's file that he has had two warnings - one for parking in a disabled space and the other for kissing a patient who was in a coma. Ken plans to claim that Steve's wrongdoing is the result of him being overworked. Lorna tells Ken that she has been smoking hashish regularly since Cuckoo went missing. They smoke it together, and when they are in the car, they are stopped by police when she has a small block of it in her pocket. She hands it to him and he eats it, to prevent the policeman finding it. During the hearing, the effects of the hash make Ken unable to properly represent Steve; Ken walks into a glass door, injuring himself. Their colleague Charles takes over. Steve is suspended for a month on full pay. Ben tells Ken that Steve told him about him lying about having had a vasectomy. Ken phones to request an appointment to have the operation. | | | | | | | |
| 10 | 4 | "Funeral" | Ben Taylor | Jon Foster & James Lamont | 28 August 2014 (2014-08-28) | TBA | N/A |
| Ken and Dale go to a bookshop where Ken buys a first edition of an Edmund Burke book for 1000. Terminally ill Shamus Rafferty, who was Ken's History lecturer at university, tells Ken that he wanted to buy it, so Ken reluctantly lends it to him. Shamus dies and Ken goes to the funeral with Lorna, Dylan and Dale, pretending to have been close to him in order to retrieve the book. At the funeral, Ken takes the book, but is caught by his niece. Dale is mistaken for Shamus' lover, until his real lover says who he is. Dylan persuades Shamus' great-niece to kiss him, and later to give him a handjob \- which the guests see. | | | | | | | |
| 11 | 5 | "Ken at Work" | Ben Taylor | Jon Foster, James Lamont, Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 4 September 2014 (2014-09-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Ken and his colleague Jane are competing for the position of senior partner, which is being vacated by Charles due to his retirement. In response to Rachel saying that Ben is dull, the couple have sex in the stationery cupboard \- unaware that there are CCTV cameras in the room. They narrowly avoid being seen by Jane when she steals a large quantity of supplies from the room. Ken is unaware of Rachel and Ben having had sex in the room and sends the CCTV footage in an email to Charles in order to prove that Jane stole and therefore to make Charles choose Ken as his successor. Ken finds out about the sex session, so he goes to the office with Ben and Dale to take Charles' laptop to prevent him from seeing the footage. Ken walks in on Charles in his office and assumes him to be masturbating to the footage. Ken asks him to delete the email, which he does. When Ken makes a speech after Charles announces him as his successor, the staff laugh. Ken thinks that Charles showed them the footage. Jane tells them that they do not know about CCTV footage, and that they are laughing about the sexual tweets he and Lorna sent each other, wrongly believing them to be privately sent. Charles informs everyone that he was not masturbating. He was mopping up his urine with toilet roll as he has Parkinson's disease, which causes him incontinence, and is one of the reasons for his retirement.
Rachel introduces Dale to the Internet and they enjoy sending each other instant messages via computer.
Dylan wins first prize in a poetry competition. However, Connie, who is in the audience to see Zoe read her poem, points out that his 'poem' is the Friends theme tune I'll Be There for You by The Rembrandts. Dylan therefore loses his prize. | | | | | | | |
| 12 | 6 | "Neighbourhood Watch" | Ben Taylor | Ben Edwards | 11 September 2014 (2014-09-11) | TBA | N/A |
| Lorna hears what she assumes to be burglars and tells Ken to confront them. Dale goes outside. The van is in the drive, slightly damaged. Dylan, who stayed overnight in the shed after crashing the van in the drive, sneaks into his bedroom via the window. At Lorna's suggestion, she, Ken, Dylan and Dale attend a neighbourhood watch meeting headed by Steve. Steve demonstrates martial arts techniques, but is easily defeated by Dale, who fights at a very advanced level. Nina's BMW car is stolen from the street outside the house. Ben takes Rachel to a show home which is very similar to the new house which he wants them to buy together on a mortgage. He likes it a lot, but she thinks it is bland and she walks off. The group search for the BMW, and when Ken sees it, they follow it at high speed to outside Nina's house. Dale finds Rachel and saves her from being hit by the BMW. As the driver exits the vehicle, Ken and Steve tackle him. He is Zeb, who had told Nina in a text message that he was borrowing it. Lorna and Connie arrive; Zeb informs them all that Dylan crashed the van. Terry confronts Ken, whose punch aimed at him instead knocks Nina to the ground. Police arrive, handcuff him, but then release him because Nina is not pressing charges. At home, Rachel kisses Dale as he is in bed and climbs on top of him. | | | | | | | |
| 13 | 7 | "Christmas Special" | Ben Taylor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 24 December 2014 (2014-12-24) | TBA | N/A |
| Lorna and Connie are Christmas shopping when Lorna faints. A midwife who is nearby asks Lorna if she is pregnant. Nina visits Ken at work and tells him that she is organising a Christmas play, and wants him to play Father Christmas. Rachel is puzzled and shocked when she finds a giant topiary of a bird, made by Dale, in the house. She tells Ben that it a present to him from her. Lorna takes pregnancy tests, which are all positive. Rachel tells him that they cannot have a relationship and that they need to keep secret the fact that they had sex. Dylan tells his parents that he is performing in the show because Zoe told him that she will only want him if does so. Dale tells Dylan that he had intercourse for the first time and that he thinks he is in love with her, but does not state who his lover is. Ken is annoyed at Lorna inviting Connie and Steve to the Thompsons' Birmingham balti restaurant dinner on 23 December. Ben finds the used pregnancy tests and assumes that Rachel is pregnant and he tells Ken that he intends to propose to her during that dinner; Dale overhears Ben. Lorna visits a GP, Dr King, who informs her that she is two months pregnant. She tells Dr King that cannot be true, because her husband had a vasectomy four months ago. The dinner is also attended by Zoe and Pepe. In the restaurant's kitchen, Dale tells Rachel to choose between him and Ben; she tells him that she chooses Ben. Steve tells Connie that he demands to move back into the master bedroom with Connie and that Pepe can live in the spare room. Steve orders the hottest phall; he is wheeled away on a stretcher with a severe burning sensation. Ben persuades Ken to play Santa in the play. After leaving the restaurant, Pepe tells Dale that he is moving to Solihull. Connie, Steve (who is performing) and Lorna arrive for the play. Ben is performing in the play as an elf. As the play is about to start, Ken receives a note from Dale telling him that he is leaving. Ken goes to Lichfield City railway station in his Santa suit; Dale tells him that he had sex with Rachel. Ken decides to stop Ben proposing, because she does not love Ben. Ben proposes during the performance; she accepts, but then withdraws it when Ken arrives and advises her against it. Rachel is puzzled by Ken saying that she is pregnant, and Lorna tells him that it is her who is pregnant. Ken tells Lorna that he had the vasectomy two months later than he claimed. Dylan sings "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing". At home, the family have Christmas dinner. Rachel is upset at seeing Dale drive off in the van. | | | | | | | |

### Series 3 (2016)

| No.
overall | No. in
series | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | UK viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 | 1 | "Birth" | Paul Murphy | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 16 February 2016 (2016-02-16) | TBA | N/A |
| Dale returns from Shanghai, where he has spent the seven months since he left at Christmas. Ben is horrified at Dale's return. Rachel assumes that he has returned for her, but he tells her that he is in love with Ling. She is the daughter of Mr Xi, his boss in Shanghai; he forced Dale to leave Shanghai because of his disapproval of his and Ling's relationship. Ken and Lorna are pleased to have Dale back; Lorna invites him to stay as long as he wants to and says he can move into Dylan's room, which he does.
Lorna and Ben want Ken to take paternity leave, so six months of it is granted to him, without notice, despite him not wanting it. Lorna, Ken, Rachel, Ben and Dale go to the hospital, where Lorna gives birth to their son. Jess, an acquaintance of Ken and Lorna's, gives birth in the same hospital at the same time. Ken becomes lost in the hospital and is mistaken by a midwife for being the father of Jess' baby. Consequently he is not present at his son's birth, but arrives at Lorna's bedside shortly afterwards. Ken and Lorna name their baby Sid. | | | | | | | |
| 15 | 2 | "The Application" | Paul Murphy | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 22 February 2016 (2016-02-22) | TBA | N/A |
| Ben tells Rachel that she should become the manager of the office where she, he and Ken work when the position is vacated by Cathy, who is retiring. He tells Rachel that it is a natural progression from her office assistant position there. He says that she wants a more interesting job than managing that boring office. Rachel wants to apply for a job with human rights charity Pegasus Alliance, which is run by Nina. Ken's attempt to convince Nina to accept the application fails because it was submitted online seconds past the deadline. Ken and Rachel are horrified to discover that Dale has kidnapped Nina and is holding her in the garage in order to force her to hire Rachel. Dale says that it was the way that Mr Xi conducted business, and reveals that Mr Xi was the leader of a gang of triads. Ken, Rachel and Ben pretend that Ken has also been kidnapped whilst Dale, Ben and Rachel wear masks and pretend to kidnappers to continue the charade. When Ben tries to phone the police, Rachel and Dale gag him and tie him to a chair in the house. Nina tells Ken that she rejected Rachel's application because she is not good enough rather than because her application was late; Rachel and Dale overhear her. Nina realises that they are in the Thompson's garage, then Lorna walks in. Rachel tells Nina that she kidnapped her to prove herself good enough for the job; Nina accepts Rachel to the position. Ken hires Dale to be Sid's nanny for £50 per week. Rachel realises that Ben is still tied up. | | | | | | | |
| 16 | 3 | "Mums Group" | Paul Murphy | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 29 February 2016 (2016-02-29) | TBA | N/A |
| Jess invites Ken and Dale to join a Mums' Group. Ken and Dale join and enjoy it. Lorna sees Jess there and becomes more convinced that Jess she is attracted to Ken. He does not think so, and Jess tells him that she is happily married. Ken tells Lorna that due to a mix up he was with Jess at the hospital when Sid was born, which Lorna is angry with Ken about. Jess invites Ken and Dale to her house. When they arrive, Ken finds out that none of the rest of the group are there and is horrified when Jess gets him alone, tells him that her partner Marc does not exist, takes her clothes off and tries to seduce him. He rejects Jess and goes home, where he realises that he has brought back Jess' baby, Eliza, instead of Sid. Ken and Dale attempt to swap back babies with Jess without Lorna finding out. A mistake in doing so means that although the babies are swapped, Ken has to tell Lorna about the events of that day.
Rachel uses a dating app to have a one-night stand at the house with a young man, Freddy. | | | | | | | |
| 17 | 4 | "Life of Dale" | Paul Murphy | Ben Edwards | 7 March 2016 (2016-03-07) | TBA | N/A |
| It is Ken's birthday: he, Lorna, Rachel, Dale and Steve play Trivial Pursuit. Teamed with Ken, Dale decides to tell the story of his time in Shanghai in order to reveal how he knows the answer to a question which Steve has asked Ken. Dale talks about how he met Mr Xi, members of his gang and Ling. Dale is unaware that he was recruited to deliver drugs, falsely assuming that the white powder was washing powder. Lorna forgets it is Ken's birthday until the day; her present to him is attending a lecture by Simon Schama. Dale's present to Ken is a cake and alcohol. | | | | | | | |
| 18 | 5 | "University Challenged" | Paul Murphy | Ben Edwards | 14 March 2016 (2016-03-14) | TBA | N/A |
| Dylan has a brief conversation with Zoe over webcam, expecting to enjoy masturbating to her nude. Instead she tells him that she does not want him any more because she has found a better, new lover at university. Dylan decides to leave university after only three weeks there - having not attended any lectures - because he hates it. Ken is horrified, as he does not want Dylan to come home. He and Dale head there to try to pressure him to stay. Ken tries to have the tuition fees of £9,000 refunded, but that request is refused by the university supervisor. Dale enjoys his visit. Ken and Dylan cheer up when they attend a party which an attractive girl student, Charlie, invites them to. The party is ended by the supervisor. Ken leads Dylan, Dale and another student, Nathan, to lift the supervisor's electric car onto an island in a lake. They do so, and kill a duck in the process. The supervisor sees them and expels Dylan.
Rachel finds the engagement ring which Ben was going to give her and tells her that he keeps it in the hope that she decides that she wants him again. Rachel drops it and Sid swallows it. The three visit Dr King, who tries to persuade Rachel to marry Ben. | | | | | | | |
| 19 | 6 | "Sid's Big Day" | Paul Murphy | Jon Foster, James Lamont, Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 21 March 2016 (2016-03-21) | TBA | N/A |
| At the Thompson's, Sid's naming ceremony is taking place. Lorna sends an invitation to Ken's mother, Belinda. Ken is angry with Lorna for doing that as he hates Belinda and has not seen her for five years. Belinda drives from Spain in a 1976 Triumph Stag, a classic car which she inherited from Ken's father, Alan. Lorna hears Belinda on the phone to a 'consultant' who is actually a horoscope reader and mistakenly assumes that Belinda has terminal cancer \- so she should go on a drive with his mother. Ken crashes her car, which he believes should be his. Rachel helps organise the ceremony, which Dale leads. Dylan has an argument with Zoe, who is at the ceremony with her new boyfriend, Max. Lorna tells Ken that Belinda is dying, before she reveals that she is not. Belinda also reveals that Alan was not his real father and that she was pregnant when she met him. Ken is shocked by this, and by Dale circumcising Sid.
Rachel finds a letter from Ling to Dale - but withholds the letter from him because he is starting to become attracted to Rachel again, which is what Rachel wants. | | | | | | | |
| 20 | 7 | "The Holiday" | Paul Murphy | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 28 March 2016 (2016-03-28) | TBA | N/A |
| Ken drives the family to Cumbria, he and Lorna having told Rachel, Dylan and Dale that it is a holiday. Dylan is not happy about going to Cumbria, but soon after arriving, he desperately tries to impress Lauren, whom he meets in a pub. Dylan tells Dale that Rachel is still attracted to Dale. Ken and Lorna reveal that the only reason they came to Cumbria is that Ken's biological father lived there. They are told by the pub's barman that Ken's real father, Big Jack, died last year - and later tells Ken and Lorna about Jack's adventurous life. At home, Steve confronts Ben, who tells Steve that he was asked by Ken to water the plants whilst the family are away. Steve tells Ben that he is there as part of neighbourhood watch. Ben answers the door to Mr Xi and Ling, who are looking for Dale. Mr Xi says that he now agrees to Ling marrying Dale. Dale and Rachel have sex. She unsuccessfully tries to stop him seeing a text from Ben stating that Ling is on her way to Cumbria. Rachel admits that she hid a letter that arrived for him. Dale is angry at her for withholding the letter. Ben drives Steve, Mr Xi and Ling to Cumbria. During the journey, Ling and Ben bond. When Mr Xi and Ling arrive, Dale reveals that he loves Rachel - and Ling accepts. Mr Xi gives Steve a gun. Mr Xi does not accept Dale's refusal to marry Ling, and forces Dale to leave with him and Ling. Once they leave, Ben reveals he loves Ling and that she likes him. Ken drives Lorna, Rachel, Ben and Steve to try to stop them - as Dylan spends time with Lauren. Steve shoots their car, causing it to crash into a tree. Ben admits his feelings for Ling - and Mr Xi reluctantly agrees. The three leave in a helicopter to Shanghai. | | | | | | | |

### Series 4 (2018)

| No.
overall | No. in
series | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | UK viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 | 1 | "Lawyer of the Year" | Paul Murphy | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) | TBA | N/A |
| Dylan has a low-paid job in phone sales, which Ken is disappointed with.
Ken is pleased to be nominated for Lichfield Lawyer of the Year; the ceremony - which also includes other categories - is run by Pegasus Alliance. Ken is disappointed when Jane tells him that she is also nominated. He is horrified at the photo of him which is on display in the office, in which he is clearly drunk and holding a can of lager. He believes that Jane will win. Lorna asks Nina to make sure that Ken wins. Dale is delighted that he and Rachel are in love with each other. He asks Ken for permission to propose to Rachel. Ken has no objection to him proposing, but advises him to find employment first. Dale has few skills which employers seek and when he goes to the job centre, he is advised to work on himself. He reads American self-help books. He is one of two living statues at the ceremony. During his break there, he tries to find work from the attendees, but collapses and has to leave. Jane wins the award.
Steve plans to open a bar called All Steve's Pals. He unsuccessfully tries to involve Ken and Lorna in it. Dale spends all of his savings buying 49% of Steve's bar, which Rachel is angry about, telling him that he should have spent the money on a deposit for a house. | | | | | | | |
| 22 | 2 | "The Licence" | Paul Murphy | Paul Doolan | 2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) | TBA | N/A |
| Ken is suspended from work for a month for unprofessional behaviour, damage to the reputation of the firm and using the awards ceremony to insult his colleagues. He tries to prevent Lorna from finding out.
Dale starts the business partnership with Steve on the cocktail bar/beach bar. Rachel tries to persuade him to pull out and is disappointed that the premises that Steve and Dale have bought is in bad condition and in a bad part of the city. Their application for an alcohol licence is rejected by Frank, who says that he will accept it if he is bribed to do so.
Lorna pressures Ken to go along with her pretending to Frances that Sid is transgender to gain a place for him in her nursery. The couple put him in a dress and hold a birthday party for him at home. When Sid says that he was made to wear the dress, Frances is angry at their deception. Lorna decides to send flowers with a card apologising.
Mix-ups result in the flowers being sent to Frank and dog faeces to Frances. | | | | | | | |
| 23 | 3 | "Ken's New Friend" | Paul Murphy | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) | TBA | N/A |
| Ken is angry with their next-door neighbours playing loud music at night and phones the police to report it. Ken and Lorna visit them and meet Lloyd, whose 45th birthday party is being held with his young Australian partner Maggie and her friends. The police arrive and arrest Maggie for drug possession. The two men become friends. Lloyd tells Ken that Maggie received a police caution and that he feels sure that it was Steve who called the police. Ken tells Lloyd that he has been suspended from work, which Dale overhears. Lloyd is devastated when Maggie is arrested and deported for being an illegal immigrant. Lloyd tries to kill Steve on Steve's front lawn; Dale stops him. Ken admits that he called the police. Dale tells Lorna that Ken has been suspended; Lorna is angry with Ken and tells him not to come home tonight. Ken accidentally sets fire to Lloyd's Vespa. Steve tells Ken that he still has him. | | | | | | | |
| 24 | 4 | "Trapped" | Paul Murphy | Robin French, Kieron Quirke, Paul McKenna, Jon Foster & James Lamont | 2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) | TBA | N/A |
| Ken is trapped in Steve's bar when a plasterboard wall is installed without a door in it. Steve pretends to try to have him released whilst keeping him there, tricking him into believing that Lorna has a new lover and that she wants Ken to move in with Steve permanently. Ken breaks through the wall and goes home, followed by Steve. Lorna is delighted that Dylan has a new girlfriend - until she finds out that it is Connie. Lorna is angry when Dylan asks Lorna to break up with her on his behalf. Connie tells Lorna that very soon after her engagement to Pepe, he was conscripted into the Israeli Army. Lorna refuses Dylan's request and he breaks up with Connie himself. She angrily leaves and bumps into Ken, whom she hates and deliberately knees in the groin. She then sees Steve and they passionately reunite.
Rachel's period is a fortnight late and she tells Lorna about her suspected pregnancy. Dale overhears and is overjoyed. Rachel takes a pregnancy test, which the couple see is negative. She is delighted at the result; he is disappointed. | | | | | | | |
| 25 | 5 | "Walkabout" | Paul Murphy | James Lamont & Jon Foster | 2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) | TBA | N/A |
| Rachel asks Dale for space, which Dale misunderstands and takes literally, stranding her alone in the Pennines without supplies. Her mobile phone has no signal and she does not know where she is. She asks a middle-aged woman, Debbie, who walks past to guide her. She tells Rachel that she will walk with her to the A515. Rachel's phone gains a signal, and she takes a call from Nina, who offers her a job in Sierra Leone. It soon switches itself off due to running out of power. Ken is horrified when Dale tells him about leaving Rachel in the Pennines and Ken drives Dale to find her. He finds out her location from Dylan, who tracked her phone when it was briefly connected. Ken and Dylan find Rachel. Ken leaves a message on his workplace's answering machine to explain the situation regarding Rachel. However, due to the poor signal, his message cuts out several times, making it seem like he is being hostile to them. | | | | | | | |
| 26 | 6 | "Opening Night" | Paul Murphy | Joe Parham & Paul Doolan | 2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) | TBA | N/A |
| It is All Steve's Pals' opening night - and Rachel considers whether to accept Nina's offer of a six month position in Sierra Leone. Ken has been sacked and intends to regain his job by taking his former colleagues to dinner. Soon after they arrive at the restaurant, Steve takes them to the bar's opening night. Ken arrives at the restaurant alone, where he receives a phone call from Lorna telling his that his colleagues are at the bar. Ken arrives at the bar, which is very successful. All colleagues apart from Jane are keen for him to return, but Lorna tells them that Ken does not want to work with them again and is starting his own law firm. Steve sets the bar on fire, which he tells Ken was deliberate in order to make a large claim on the bar's insurance policy. Rachel tells Dale about moving to Sierra Leone, and he decides to move with her. | | | | | | | |

### Series 5 (2019)

| No.
overall | No. in
series | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | UK viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27 | 1 | "Ivy Arrives" | Ben Gregor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Rachel has moved back home without Dale after completing her placement in Sierra Leone. Ken now runs his own law firm.
Ken is surprised to learn that he has an older, paternal, American half-sister Ivy - and that she is going to visit him. At first he has little interest in meeting her. However, when they find out that she is very rich, he and the rest of the family become eager to meet her. He is disappointed that her only interest in him is to pay him in advance for his corpse. All the family dislike Ivy due to her arrogant, patronising way of speaking to them. He accepts the deal, but it falls through when Ivy's husband Ron is arrested for fraud and the couple's assets are seized. She asks Ken to stay at his place, but he refuses - so she stays across the road from them at Steve's. | | | | | | | |
| 28 | 2 | "Ivy Nanny" | Ben Gregor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Ben returns from China, having fallen out with Ling's Triad father, whom he worked for. Ben has a new girlfriend, Tash, whom Rachel meets.
Sid has a nanny, Angela. She leaves after Ken walks in on her whilst he is naked and grabs her buttocks, having mistaken her from behind for Lorna. Ken tries to encourage Angela back - which she responds to by making a failed attempt to initiate an affair with him. Despite hating Ivy, he recruits her as Sid's new nanny. Ivy falsely claims to Lorna that Angela left because Sid kicked her. Ken wants Sid to go to a private school, which Lorna and Rachel disapprove of. Lorna changes her mind due to believing that Sid kicked Angela, thinking that it will be a suitable environment for him. Angela's husband, Goran, sends threatening text messages to Ken. Goran comes to the Thompsons' house and physically attacks Ken, during which Ken accidentally knocks him out. Shortly after Lorna comes home, Goran gets up and leaves. | | | | | | | |
| 29 | 3 | "Weed Farm" | Ben Gregor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Ivy sees Dylan selling drugs to a youth. He takes her to an unoccupied country house that his estate agency is selling where he is growing a small amount of cannabis. She greatly expands his operation into a cannabis farm. Ken pretends to be David Steel, a client of Lorna's estate agency in order for the two of them to spend time alone together in empty houses and have sex whilst Ken pretends to be Steel. Rachel sees Steve looking into the Thompsons' house and he tells her that he thinks that Ivy and Dylan are having an incestuous affair. Steve and Rachel follow Ivy and Dylan to the country house, where Ken and Lorna arrive soon after and have sex. Ivy is horrified when Dylan naively invites drug dealers to the country house to try to do a deal with them. Dylan is disgusted when he sees on a CCTV camera his parents having sex in the house. Ben and Tash arrive. Two dealers break in - wearing balaclavas and carrying crowbars. Steve walks in and is followed by Rachel, Ben and Tash. Steve thinks that Ken is also having an affair with Ivy. The dealer demand to take over the drug farm. Lorna's colleague Amanda arrives, showing a Muslim family the house. | | | | | | | |
| 30 | 4 | "Macbeth" | Ben Gregor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Steve joins Ken in the pub, where a strange woman tells Ken that he will be the Liberal Democrat candidate for Lichfield. Steve tells Ken that his name before he changed it by deed poll was Graham, and that he intends to marry Ivy. When the current local MP resigns, Ken wants to be the LD candidate for the by-election it causes. However, Nina chooses Yusra Duncan. Dylan goes for a job interview at Yusra's garden centre. Yusra rejects Dylan for the job, but the two have sex together whilst dressed as teddy bears, at her suggestion. Ivy hires Ben to divorce Ron. She receives a letter from UK immigration telling her that her visa has expired and she has to leave the UK within 90 days. She decides to marry a British citizen to stay in the country. Rachel and Tash become friends and animal rights activists. They chain themselves to the gates of the mansion of Gordon Andrews - an 86-year-old multimillionaire owner of a poultry business who needs a wheelchair and an oxygen tank \- whilst he is hosting a fundraiser for the LD. The girls' plan is ineffective because the gates they chained themselves to are at the side, so the main entrance is still used. They cannot unchain themselves, because Tash swallowed the key. Whilst there, they kiss. Ivy tries to seduce Gordon; he proposes to her. Ken and Lorna go the fundraiser, where he plans to use a video of Dylan and Yusra having sex to blackmail Nina and Yusra into letting him be the LD candidate instead, but backs out of his plan. Yusra resigns in reaction to finding out about the sex tape; Ken becomes the LD candidate instead. As the tape is accidentally played to the attendees on a large screen, Gordon appears to suffer a heart attack. | | | | | | | |
| 31 | 5 | "Divorce Party" | Ben Gregor | Robin French, Kieron Quirke, Jon Foster & James Lamont | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Ivy's divorce was finalised yesterday, so Steve throws a divorce party for her at his house. Lorna thinks Ivy is controlling Ken. She hates the bright suit that Ivy encouraged him to buy. At the party, Lorna cuts the suit up with Steve's sword. Ivy uses the sword to chop an effigy of Ron, then she stamps on it.
At the Thompsons' house, Rachel and Tash tell Ben that they kissed. He is pleased, and says that lesbianism does not count as infidelity. Later, when the girls are alone, they kiss passionately. | | | | | | | |
| 32 | 6 | "Two Engagements and a Funeral" | Ben Gregor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Ivy has a misunderstanding with her vet which results in him euthanising her dog. Ivy continues her plan to marry a British citizen. She tells Steve that she wants to enter a marriage of convenience with him. Steve is attracted to her and immediately agrees to marry her, thinking he can turn it into a conventional marriage, even though she tells him that he cannot. Steve holds a funeral for the dog and tells Ivy that he has had its head frozen. Ken and Lorna have dinner with Lorna's ex to try to gain funds for Ken's by-election campaign. A mix-up results in Steve having part of the Thompsons' dinner frozen and the Thompsons serving Ivy's dog's head at dinner, horrifying their guest.
Tash wants to reveal to everyone that she enjoyed her kiss with Rachel and wants them to become an out lesbian couple. Rachel is unsure of her sexual orientation and does not want to tell anyone about their kiss. Frustrated, Tash decides to accept Ben's proposal and marry him to get back at Rachel. | | | | | | | |
| 33 | 7 | "Election" | Ben Gregor | Robin French & Kieron Quirke | 4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) | TBA | N/A |
| Ivy is leading Ken's by-election campaign, but his chances at winning are reduced significantly when a tape of him and Ivy swearing whilst talking about a child who annoyed them is released. Ron returns, making her choose either him or her family. She chooses Ken - but Ron abducts her in a small private plane. Steve stows away onboard the plane, then Ivy uses a fire extinguisher to knock out Ron and the pilot, then lands the plane. Ken is falsely credited by the media with helping to prevent Ivy being kidnapped, which significantly improves his public image. The election is about to be announced. | | | | | | | |

Netflix premiered series 1 and 2 for streaming audiences on 7 March 2016. Series 3 was subsequently added on 16 February 2017. Series 4 was subsequently added on 14 December 2018. Series 5 was subsequently added on 19 April 2019. All five series were removed from Netflix in April 2023.

## DVD release

Region 2
| Title | Release date |
| --- | --- |
| *Cuckoo: Complete Series 1* | 1 September 2014 |
| *Cuckoo: Complete Series 1 & 2* | 4 January 2016 |
| *Cuckoo: Complete Series 2* | 14 March 2016 |
| *Cuckoo: Complete Series 3* | 20 June 2016 |
| *Cuckoo: Complete Series 4* | 11 March 2019 |
| *Cuckoo: Complete Series 1-3* | 17 April 2019 |
| *Cuckoo: Complete Series 5* | 8 April 2019 |

## Soundtracks

Series 1

In the episode "Family Meeting", family and friends are dancing to "Second Hand News" by Fleetwood Mac.

In the episode "Ken on E", Cuckoo sits reading a book whilst listening to "Shake Break Bounce" by The Chemical Brothers. In the same episode, various songs by Dexys Midnight Runners are featured. Also "Bonkers" by Dizzee Rascal.

The song playing over the last scene and credits of the episode "The Wedding", is "Ho Hey" by The Lumineers. On Netflix it is "Stay Right Here" by Huckvale.

Series 2

In the episode "Potato Party", "Everyone Nose (All the Girls Standing in the Line for the Bathroom)" by N.E.R.D and "Mishto" by Gogol Bordello are featured during the party.

Rachel is listening to "Silver Lining" by First Aid Kit in the episode "Tribunal".

Series 3

The final episode, "The Holiday", ends with Rusted Root singing "Send Me on My Way". On Netflix this song is replaced due to BBC licensing agreements.

Series 4

In "Lawyer of the Year", "Think I'm in Love" by Eddie Money play's during the opening dance number.

In "Opening Night", "Don't You (Forget About Me)" by Simple Minds plays in All Steve's Pals while Lorna tells Dale about Rachel's plans to move to Sierra Leone. The final scene has "Modern Love" by David Bowie playing. Dale mixes cocktails to WOR by Django Django.

In "Trapped", a section from "The Number One Song in Heaven" by Sparks when Dale reveals to Rachel that he found out about her “pregnancy”.

Lorna and Connie listen to "Insane in the Brain" by Cypress Hill after Lorna tells Connie that Ken cheated on her with an air hostess.

## U.S. version

In May 2015, NBC announced a US pilot of *Cuckoo*, starring Michael Chiklis, Cheryl Hines, and Flula Borg, was to be produced. UK writers Robin French and Kieron Quirke, who created the BBC series, wrote the adaptation with *The Simpsons* veteran Tim Long. The project was not picked up as a series.

1. "Cuckoo to return for two new series". *Chortle*. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
2. Lautner, Taylor (19 March 2018). "That's a wrap! I'll miss you my London fam. Love you all ❤ #cuckoo". *Instagram*. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
3. Littleton, Cynthia (20 March 2015). "Michael Chiklis, Cheryl Hines Join NBC Comedy Pilot 'Cuckoo'". *Variety*. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
4. Harris, Gerard (16 February 2016). "Cuckoo Series 3 air date, cast and series details confirmed". *Tuppence*. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
5. Munn, Patrick (25 July 2018). "BBC Three Sets Premiere Date For 'Cuckoo' Season 4". *TVWise*. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
6. Travers, Ben (1 March 2016). "7 New Netflix Shows to Binge Watch in March 2016 (And the Best Episodes of Each)". *IndieWire*. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
7. "Shows A-Z - cuckoo on netflix". *The Futon Critic*. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
8. Moore, Kasey (20 March 2023). "'Cuckoo' Seasons 1-5 Leaving Netflix in April 2023". *What's on Netflix*. Retrieved 21 March 2023.

## InfoBox

| *Cuckoo* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Robin French
Kieron Quirke |
| Written by | Robin French
Kieron Quirke |
| Directed by | Ben Taylor (Series 1–2)
Paul Murphy (Series 3–4)
Ben Gregor (Series 5) |
| Starring | Andy Samberg
Greg Davies
Helen Baxendale
Tamla Kari
Tyger Drew-Honey
Taylor Lautner
Andie MacDowell
Esther Smith
Matt Lacey
Kenneth Collard |
| Composer | Oli Julian |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| No. of series | 5 |
| No. of episodes | 33 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Dan Hine |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Production company | Roughcut Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC Three |
| Release | 25 September 2012 (2012-09-25)
4 January 2019 (2019-01-04) |


title: Script (Unicode)

abstract: In Unicode, a script is a collection of letters and other written signs used to represent textual information in one or more writing systems. Some scripts support one and only one writing system and language, for example, Armenian. Other scripts support many different writing systems; for example, the Latin script supports English, French, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Latin itself, and several other languages. Some languages make use of multiple alternate writing systems and thus also use several scripts; for example, in Turkish, the Arabic script was used before the 20th century but transitioned to Latin in the early part of the 20th century. More or less complementary to scripts are symbols and Unicode control characters. The unified diacritical characters and unified punctuation characters frequently have the "common" or "inherited" script property. However, the individual scripts often have their own punctuation and diacritics, so that many scripts include not only letters but also diacritic and other marks, punctuation, numerals and even their own idiosyncratic symbols and space characters. Unicode 16.0 defines 168 separate scripts, including 99 modern scripts and 69 ancient or historic scripts. More scripts are in the process for encoding or have been tentatively allocated for encoding in roadmaps.

text:
# Script (Unicode)

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | ழ் |
|  | ع | ש | Д | A |

In Unicode, a **script** is a collection of letters and other written signs used to represent textual information in one or more writing systems. Some scripts support one and only one writing system and language, for example, Armenian. Other scripts support many different writing systems; for example, the Latin script supports English, French, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Latin itself, and several other languages. Some languages make use of multiple alternate writing systems and thus also use several scripts; for example, in Turkish, the Arabic script was used before the 20th century but transitioned to Latin in the early part of the 20th century. More or less complementary to scripts are symbols and Unicode control characters.

The unified diacritical characters and unified punctuation characters frequently have the "common" or "inherited" script property. However, the individual scripts often have their own punctuation and diacritics, so that many scripts include not only letters but also diacritic and other marks, punctuation, numerals and even their own idiosyncratic symbols and space characters.

Unicode 16.0 defines 168 separate scripts, including 99 modern scripts and 69 ancient or historic scripts. More scripts are in the process for encoding or have been tentatively allocated for encoding in roadmaps.

## Definition and classification

When multiple languages make use of the same script, there are frequently some differences, particularly in diacritics and other marks. For example, Swedish and English both use the Latin script. However, Swedish includes the character  (sometimes called a Swedish *O*), while English has no such character. Nor does English make use of the diacritic *combining ring above* for any character. In general, the languages sharing the same scripts share many of the same characters. Despite these peripheral differences in the Swedish and English writing systems, they are said to use the same Latin script. Thus, the Unicode abstraction of scripts is a basic organizing technique. The differences among different alphabets or writing systems remain and are supported through Unicode’s flexible scripts, combining marks and collation algorithms.

### Script versus writing system

*Writing system* is sometimes treated as a synonym for "script". However, it also can be used as the specific concrete writing system supported by a script. For example, the Vietnamese writing system is supported by the Latin script. A writing system may also cover more than one script; for example, the Japanese writing system makes use of the Han, Hiragana and Katakana scripts.

Most writing systems can be broadly divided into several categories: **logographic**, **syllabic**, **alphabetic** (or **segmental**), **abugida**, **abjad** and **featural**; however, all features of any of these may be found in any given writing system in varying proportions, often making it difficult to purely categorize a system. The term *complex system* is sometimes used to describe those where the admixture makes classification problematic.

Unicode supports all of these types of writing systems through its numerous scripts. Unicode also adds further properties to characters to help differentiate the various characters and the ways they behave within Unicode text-processing algorithms.

### Special script property values

In addition to explicit or specific script properties, Unicode uses three special values:

CommonUnicode can assign a character in the UCS to a single script only. However, many characters—those that are not part of a formal natural-language writing system or are unified across many writing systems—may be used in more than one script (for example, currency signs, symbols, numerals and punctuation marks). In these cases Unicode defines them as belonging to the "common" script (ISO 15924 code "Zyyy"). InheritedMany diacritics and non-spacing combining characters may be applied to characters from more than one script. In these cases Unicode assigns them to the "inherited" script (ISO 15924 code Zinh), which means that they have the same script class as the base character with which they combine, and so in different contexts they may be treated as belonging to different scripts. For example, U+0308  ̈  COMBINING DIAERESIS may combine either with U+0065 e LATIN SMALL LETTER E to create a Latin *ë* or with U+0435 е CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE for the Cyrillic *ё*. In the former case, it inherits the Latin script of the base character, whereas in the latter case, it inherits the Cyrillic script of the base character. UnknownThe value of "unknown" script (ISO 15924 code Zzzz) is given to unassigned, private-use, noncharacter, and surrogate code points.

## Character categories within scripts

Unicode provides a general category property for each character. So in addition to belonging to a script every character also has a general category. Typically scripts include letter characters including: uppercase letters, lowercase letter and modifier letters. Some characters are considered titlecase letters for a few precomposed ligatures such as ǲ (U+01F2). Such titlecase ligatures are all in the Latin and Greek scripts and are all compatibility characters, and therefore Unicode discourages their use by authors. It is unlikely that new titlecase letters will be added in the future.

Most writing systems do not differentiate between uppercase and lowercase letters. For those scripts all letters are categorized as "other letter" or "modifier letter". Ideographs such as Unihan ideographs are also categorized as "other letters". A few scripts do differentiate between uppercase and lowercase however: Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Armenian, Georgian, and Deseret. Even for these scripts there are some letters that are neither uppercase nor lowercase.

Scripts can also contain any other general category character such as **marks** (diacritic and otherwise), **numbers** (numerals), **punctuation**, **separators** (word separators such as spaces), **symbols** and non-graphical **format** characters. These are included in a particular script when they are unique to that script. Other such characters are generally unified and included in the punctuation or diacritic blocks. However, the bulk of characters in any script (other than the common and inherited scripts) are letters.

## List of encoded scripts

As of version 16.0, Unicode defines 168 scripts (called "Alias" or "Property value alias") based on the ISO 15924 list. In addition, Unicode assigns the name "Common" to ISO 15924's `Zyyy` code for undetermined scripts, "Inherited" to ISO 15924's `Zinh` code for inherited scripts, and "Unknown" to ISO 15924's `Zzzz` code for uncoded scripts. There are script codes defined by ISO 15924 but are not used in Unicode, including `Zsym` (Symbols) and `Zmth` (Mathematical notation).

|  | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ISO 15924 | | | | Script in Unicode | | | | |
| Code | ISO number | ISO formal name | Directionality | Unicode Alias | Version | Characters | Notes | Description |
| Adlm | 166 | Adlam | right-to-left script | Adlam | 9.0 | 88 |  | Ch 19.9 |
| Afak | 439 | Afaka | varies | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Aghb | 239 | Caucasian Albanian | left-to-right | Caucasian Albanian | 7.0 | 53 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.11 |
| Ahom | 338 | Ahom, Tai Ahom | left-to-right | Ahom | 8.0 | 65 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.16 |
| Arab | 160 | Arabic | right-to-left script | Arabic | 1.0 | 1,373 |  | Ch 9.2 |
| Aran | 161 | Arabic (Nastaliq variant) | mixed | ZZ Typographic variant of Arabic (see § Arab) | | | |  |
| Armi | 124 | Imperial Aramaic | right-to-left script | Imperial Aramaic | 5.2 | 31 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.4 |
| Armn | 230 | Armenian | left-to-right | Armenian | 1.0 | 96 |  | Ch 7.6 |
| Avst | 134 | Avestan | right-to-left script | Avestan | 5.2 | 61 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.7 |
| Bali | 360 | Balinese | left-to-right | Balinese | 5.0 | 127 |  | Ch 17.3 |
| Bamu | 435 | Bamum | left-to-right | Bamum | 5.2 | 657 |  | Ch 19.6 |
| Bass | 259 | Bassa Vah | left-to-right | Bassa Vah | 7.0 | 36 | Ancient/historic | Ch 19.7 |
| Batk | 365 | Batak | left-to-right | Batak | 6.0 | 56 |  | Ch 17.6 |
| Beng | 325 | Bengali (Bangla) | left-to-right | Bengali | 1.0 | 96 |  | Ch 12.2 |
| Bhks | 334 | Bhaiksuki | left-to-right | Bhaiksuki | 9.0 | 97 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.3 |
| Blis | 550 | Blissymbols | varies | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Bopo | 285 | Bopomofo | left-to-right, right-to-left script | Bopomofo | 1.0 | 77 |  | Ch 18.3 |
| Brah | 300 | Brahmi | left-to-right | Brahmi | 6.0 | 115 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.1 |
| Brai | 570 | Braille | left-to-right | Braille | 3.0 | 256 |  | Ch 21.1 |
| Bugi | 367 | Buginese | left-to-right | Buginese | 4.1 | 30 |  | Ch 17.2 |
| Buhd | 372 | Buhid | left-to-right | Buhid | 3.2 | 20 |  | Ch 17.1 |
| Cakm | 349 | Chakma | left-to-right | Chakma | 6.1 | 71 |  | Ch 13.11 |
| Cans | 440 | Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics | left-to-right | Canadian Aboriginal | 3.0 | 726 |  | Ch 20.2 |
| Cari | 201 | Carian | left-to-right, right-to-left script | Carian | 5.1 | 49 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.5 |
| Cham | 358 | Cham | left-to-right | Cham | 5.1 | 83 |  | Ch 16.10 |
| Cher | 445 | Cherokee | left-to-right | Cherokee | 3.0 | 172 |  | Ch 20.1 |
| Chis | 298 | Chisoi | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is mature | | | |  |
| Chrs | 109 | Chorasmian | right-to-left script, top-to-bottom | Chorasmian | 13.0 | 28 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.8 |
| Cirt | 291 | Cirth | varies | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Copt | 204 | Coptic | left-to-right | Coptic | 1.0 | 137 | Ancient/historic, disunified from Greek in 4.1 | Ch 7.3 |
| Cpmn | 402 | Cypro-Minoan | left-to-right | Cypro Minoan | 14.0 | 99 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.4 |
| Cprt | 403 | Cypriot syllabary | right-to-left script | Cypriot | 4.0 | 55 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.3 |
| Cyrl | 220 | Cyrillic | left-to-right | Cyrillic | 1.0 | 508 | Includes typographic variant Old Church Slavonic (see § Cyrs) | Ch 7.4 |
| Cyrs | 221 | Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant) | varies | ZZ Typographic variant of Cyrillic (see § Cyrl); Ancient/historic | | | |  |
| Deva | 315 | Devanagari (Nagari) | left-to-right | Devanagari | 1.0 | 164 |  | Ch 12.1 |
| Diak | 342 | Dives Akuru | left-to-right | Dives Akuru | 13.0 | 72 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.15 |
| Dogr | 328 | Dogra | left-to-right | Dogra | 11.0 | 60 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.18 |
| Dsrt | 250 | Deseret (Mormon) | left-to-right | Deseret | 3.1 | 80 |  | Ch 20.4 |
| Dupl | 755 | Duployan shorthand, Duployan stenography | left-to-right | Duployan | 7.0 | 143 |  | Ch 21.6 |
| Egyd | 070 | Egyptian demotic | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Egyh | 060 | Egyptian hieratic | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Egyp | 050 | Egyptian hieroglyphs | right-to-left script, left-to-right | Egyptian Hieroglyphs | 5.2 | 5,105 | Ancient/historic | Ch 11.4 |
| Elba | 226 | Elbasan | left-to-right | Elbasan | 7.0 | 40 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.10 |
| Elym | 128 | Elymaic | right-to-left script | Elymaic | 12.0 | 23 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.9 |
| Ethi | 430 | Ethiopic (Geʻez) | left-to-right | Ethiopic | 3.0 | 523 |  | Ch 19.1 |
| Gara | 164 | Garay | right-to-left | Garay | 16.0 | 69 |  |  |
| Geok | 241 | Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri) | left-to-right | Georgian |  |  | Unicode groups Khutsori, Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri into 'Georgian' (see § Geok). Similarly, Mkhedruli and Mtavruli are 'Georgian' (see § Geor) | Ch 7.7 |
| Geor | 240 | Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli) | left-to-right | Georgian | 1.0 | 173 | In Unicode this also includes Nuskhuri (Geok) | Ch 7.7 |
| Glag | 225 | Glagolitic | left-to-right | Glagolitic | 4.1 | 134 | Ancient/historic | Ch 7.5 |
| Gong | 312 | Gunjala Gondi | left-to-right | Gunjala Gondi | 11.0 | 63 |  | Ch 13.15 |
| Gonm | 313 | Masaram Gondi | left-to-right | Masaram Gondi | 10.0 | 75 |  | Ch 13.14 |
| Goth | 206 | Gothic | left-to-right | Gothic | 3.1 | 27 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.9 |
| Gran | 343 | Grantha | left-to-right | Grantha | 7.0 | 85 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.14 |
| Grek | 200 | Greek | left-to-right | Greek | 1.0 | 518 | Directionality sometimes as boustrophedon | Ch 7.2 |
| Gujr | 320 | Gujarati | left-to-right | Gujarati | 1.0 | 91 |  | Ch 12.4 |
| Gukh | 397 | Gurung Khema | left-to-right | Gurung Khema | 16.0 | 58 |  |  |
| Guru | 310 | Gurmukhi | left-to-right | Gurmukhi | 1.0 | 80 |  | Ch 12.3 |
| Hanb | 503 | Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo) | mixed | ZZ See § Hani, § Bopo | | | |  |
| Hang | 286 | Hangul (Hangŭl, Hangeul) | left-to-right, vertical right-to-left | Hangul | 1.0 | 11,739 | Hangul syllables relocated in 2.0 | Ch 18.6 |
| Hani | 500 | Han (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja) | top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left (historically) | Han | 1.0 | 99,030 |  | Ch 18.1 |
| Hano | 371 | Hanunoo (Hanunóo) | left-to-right, bottom-to-top | Hanunoo | 3.2 | 21 |  | Ch 17.1 |
| Hans | 501 | Han (Simplified variant) | varies | ZZ Subset of Han (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja) (see § Hani) | | | |  |
| Hant | 502 | Han (Traditional variant) | varies | ZZ Subset of § Hani | | | |  |
| Hatr | 127 | Hatran | right-to-left script | Hatran | 8.0 | 26 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.12 |
| Hebr | 125 | Hebrew | right-to-left script | Hebrew | 1.0 | 134 |  | Ch 9.1 |
| Hira | 410 | Hiragana | vertical right-to-left, left-to-right | Hiragana | 1.0 | 381 |  | Ch 18.4 |
| Hluw | 080 | Anatolian Hieroglyphs (Luwian Hieroglyphs, Hittite Hieroglyphs) | left-to-right | Anatolian Hieroglyphs | 8.0 | 583 | Ancient/historic | Ch 11.6 |
| Hmng | 450 | Pahawh Hmong | left-to-right | Pahawh Hmong | 7.0 | 127 |  | Ch 16.11 |
| Hmnp | 451 | Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong | left-to-right | Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong | 12.0 | 71 |  | Ch 16.12 |
| Hrkt | 412 | Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana) | vertical right-to-left, left-to-right | Katakana or Hiragana |  |  | See § Hira, § Kana | Ch 18.4 |
| Hung | 176 | Old Hungarian (Hungarian Runic) | right-to-left script | Old Hungarian | 8.0 | 108 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.8 |
| Inds | 610 | Indus (Harappan) | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Ital | 210 | Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.) | right-to-left script, left-to-right | Old Italic | 3.1 | 39 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.6 |
| Jamo | 284 | Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul) | varies | ZZ Subset of § Hang | | | |  |
| Java | 361 | Javanese | left-to-right | Javanese | 5.2 | 90 |  | Ch 17.4 |
| Jpan | 413 | Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana) | varies | ZZ See § Hani, § Hira and § Kana | | | |  |
| Jurc | 510 | Jurchen | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Kali | 357 | Kayah Li | left-to-right | Kayah Li | 5.1 | 47 |  | Ch 16.9 |
| Kana | 411 | Katakana | vertical right-to-left, left-to-right | Katakana | 1.0 | 321 |  | Ch 18.4 |
| Kawi | 368 | Kawi | left-to-right | Kawi | 15.0 | 87 | Ancient/historic | Ch 17.9 |
| Khar | 305 | Kharoshthi | right-to-left script | Kharoshthi | 4.1 | 68 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.2 |
| Khmr | 355 | Khmer | left-to-right | Khmer | 3.0 | 146 |  | Ch 16.4 |
| Khoj | 322 | Khojki | left-to-right | Khojki | 7.0 | 65 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.7 |
| Kitl | 505 | Khitan large script | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Kits | 288 | Khitan small script | vertical right-to-left | Khitan Small Script | 13.0 | 472 | Ancient/historic | Ch 18.12 |
| Knda | 345 | Kannada | left-to-right | Kannada | 1.0 | 91 |  | Ch 12.8 |
| Kore | 287 | Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) | left-to-right | ZZ See § Hani, § Hang | | | |  |
| Kpel | 436 | Kpelle | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Krai | 396 | Kirat Rai | left-to-right | Kirat Rai | 16.0 | 58 |  |  |
| Kthi | 317 | Kaithi | left-to-right | Kaithi | 5.2 | 68 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.2 |
| Lana | 351 | Tai Tham (Lanna) | left-to-right | Tai Tham | 5.2 | 127 |  | Ch 16.7 |
| Laoo | 356 | Lao | left-to-right | Lao | 1.0 | 83 |  | Ch 16.2 |
| Latf | 217 | Latin (Fraktur variant) | varies | ZZ Typographic variant of Latin (see § Latn) | | | |  |
| Latg | 216 | Latin (Gaelic variant) | left-to-right | ZZ Typographic variant of Latin (see § Latn) | | | |  |
| Latn | 215 | Latin | left-to-right | Latin | 1.0 | 1,487 | See also: Latin script in Unicode | Ch 7.1 |
| Leke | 364 | Leke | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Lepc | 335 | Lepcha (Róng) | left-to-right | Lepcha | 5.1 | 74 |  | Ch 13.12 |
| Limb | 336 | Limbu | left-to-right | Limbu | 4.0 | 68 |  | Ch 13.6 |
| Lina | 400 | Linear A | left-to-right | Linear A | 7.0 | 341 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.1 |
| Linb | 401 | Linear B | left-to-right | Linear B | 4.0 | 211 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.2 |
| Lisu | 399 | Lisu (Fraser) | left-to-right | Lisu | 5.2 | 49 |  | Ch 18.9 |
| Loma | 437 | Loma | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Lyci | 202 | Lycian | left-to-right | Lycian | 5.1 | 29 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.5 |
| Lydi | 116 | Lydian | right-to-left script | Lydian | 5.1 | 27 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.5 |
| Mahj | 314 | Mahajani | left-to-right | Mahajani | 7.0 | 39 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.6 |
| Maka | 366 | Makasar | left-to-right | Makasar | 11.0 | 25 | Ancient/historic | Ch 17.8 |
| Mand | 140 | Mandaic, Mandaean | right-to-left script | Mandaic | 6.0 | 29 |  | Ch 9.5 |
| Mani | 139 | Manichaean | right-to-left script | Manichaean | 7.0 | 51 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.5 |
| Marc | 332 | Marchen | left-to-right | Marchen | 9.0 | 68 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.5 |
| Maya | 090 | Mayan hieroglyphs | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Medf | 265 | Medefaidrin (Oberi Okaime, Oberi Ɔkaimɛ) | left-to-right | Medefaidrin | 11.0 | 91 |  | Ch 19.10 |
| Mend | 438 | Mende Kikakui | right-to-left script | Mende Kikakui | 7.0 | 213 |  | Ch 19.8 |
| Merc | 101 | Meroitic Cursive | right-to-left script | Meroitic Cursive | 6.1 | 90 | Ancient/historic | Ch 11.5 |
| Mero | 100 | Meroitic Hieroglyphs | right-to-left script | Meroitic Hieroglyphs | 6.1 | 32 | Ancient/historic | Ch 11.5 |
| Mlym | 347 | Malayalam | left-to-right | Malayalam | 1.0 | 118 |  | Ch 12.9 |
| Modi | 324 | Modi, Moḍī | left-to-right | Modi | 7.0 | 79 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.12 |
| Mong | 145 | Mongolian | vertical left-to-right, left-to-right | Mongolian | 3.0 | 168 | Mong includes Clear and Manchu scripts | Ch 13.5 |
| Moon | 218 | Moon (Moon code, Moon script, Moon type) | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Mroo | 264 | Mro, Mru | left-to-right | Mro | 7.0 | 43 |  | Ch 13.8 |
| Mtei | 337 | Meitei Mayek (Meithei, Meetei) | left-to-right | Meetei Mayek | 5.2 | 79 |  | Ch 13.7 |
| Mult | 323 | Multani | left-to-right | Multani | 8.0 | 38 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.10 |
| Mymr | 350 | Myanmar (Burmese) | left-to-right | Myanmar | 3.0 | 243 |  | Ch 16.3 |
| Nagm | 295 | Nag Mundari | left-to-right | Nag Mundari | 15.0 | 42 |  |  |
| Nand | 311 | Nandinagari | left-to-right | Nandinagari | 12.0 | 65 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.13 |
| Narb | 106 | Old North Arabian (Ancient North Arabian) | right-to-left script | Old North Arabian | 7.0 | 32 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.1 |
| Nbat | 159 | Nabataean | right-to-left script | Nabataean | 7.0 | 40 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.10 |
| Newa | 333 | Newa, Newar, Newari, Nepāla lipi | left-to-right | Newa | 9.0 | 97 |  | Ch 13.3 |
| Nkdb | 085 | Naxi Dongba (na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹, Nakhi Tomba) | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Nkgb | 420 | Naxi Geba (na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹, 'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw, Nakhi Geba) | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Nkoo | 165 | N’Ko | right-to-left script | NKo | 5.0 | 62 |  | Ch 19.4 |
| Nshu | 499 | Nüshu | vertical right-to-left | Nushu | 10.0 | 397 |  | Ch 18.8 |
| Ogam | 212 | Ogham | bottom-to-top, left-to-right | Ogham | 3.0 | 29 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.14 |
| Olck | 261 | Ol Chiki (Ol Cemet’, Ol, Santali) | left-to-right | Ol Chiki | 5.1 | 48 |  | Ch 13.10 |
| Onao | 296 | Ol Onal | left-to-right | Ol Onal | 16.0 | 44 |  |  |
| Orkh | 175 | Old Turkic, Orkhon Runic | right-to-left script | Old Turkic | 5.2 | 73 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.8 |
| Orya | 327 | Oriya (Odia) | left-to-right | Oriya | 1.0 | 91 |  | Ch 12.5 |
| Osge | 219 | Osage | left-to-right | Osage | 9.0 | 72 |  | Ch 20.3 |
| Osma | 260 | Osmanya | left-to-right | Osmanya | 4.0 | 40 |  | Ch 19.2 |
| Ougr | 143 | Old Uyghur | mixed | Old Uyghur | 14.0 | 26 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.11 |
| Palm | 126 | Palmyrene | right-to-left script | Palmyrene | 7.0 | 32 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.11 |
| Pauc | 263 | Pau Cin Hau | left-to-right | Pau Cin Hau | 7.0 | 57 |  | Ch 16.13 |
| Pcun | 015 | Proto-Cuneiform | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Pelm | 016 | Proto-Elamite | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Perm | 227 | Old Permic | left-to-right | Old Permic | 7.0 | 43 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.13 |
| Phag | 331 | Phags-pa | vertical left-to-right | Phags-pa | 5.0 | 56 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.4 |
| Phli | 131 | Inscriptional Pahlavi | right-to-left script | Inscriptional Pahlavi | 5.2 | 27 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.6 |
| Phlp | 132 | Psalter Pahlavi | right-to-left script | Psalter Pahlavi | 7.0 | 29 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.6 |
| Phlv | 133 | Book Pahlavi | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Phnx | 115 | Phoenician | right-to-left script | Phoenician | 5.0 | 29 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.3 |
| Piqd | 293 | Klingon (KLI pIqaD) | left-to-right | ZZ Rejected for inclusion in Unicode | | | |  |
| Plrd | 282 | Miao (Pollard) | left-to-right | Miao | 6.1 | 149 |  | Ch 18.10 |
| Prti | 130 | Inscriptional Parthian | right-to-left script | Inscriptional Parthian | 5.2 | 30 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.6 |
| Psin | 103 | Proto-Sinaitic | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Qaaa-Qabx | 900-949 | Reserved for private use (range) |  | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Ranj | 303 | Ranjana | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Rjng | 363 | Rejang (Redjang, Kaganga) | left-to-right | Rejang | 5.1 | 37 |  | Ch 17.5 |
| Rohg | 167 | Hanifi Rohingya | right-to-left script | Hanifi Rohingya | 11.0 | 50 |  | Ch 16.14 |
| Roro | 620 | Rongorongo | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Runr | 211 | Runic | left-to-right, boustrophedon | Runic | 3.0 | 86 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.7 |
| Samr | 123 | Samaritan | right-to-left script, top-to-bottom | Samaritan | 5.2 | 61 |  | Ch 9.4 |
| Sara | 292 | Sarati | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Sarb | 105 | Old South Arabian | right-to-left script | Old South Arabian | 5.2 | 32 | Ancient/historic | Ch 10.2 |
| Saur | 344 | Saurashtra | left-to-right | Saurashtra | 5.1 | 82 |  | Ch 13.13 |
| Sgnw | 095 | SignWriting | vertical left-to-right | SignWriting | 8.0 | 672 |  | Ch 21.7 |
| Shaw | 281 | Shavian (Shaw) | left-to-right | Shavian | 4.0 | 48 |  | Ch 8.15 |
| Shrd | 319 | Sharada, Śāradā | left-to-right | Sharada | 6.1 | 96 |  | Ch 15.3 |
| Shui | 530 | Shuishu | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Sidd | 302 | Siddham, Siddhaṃ, Siddhamātṛkā | left-to-right | Siddham | 7.0 | 92 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.5 |
| Sidt | 180 | Sidetic | right-to-left | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is mature | | | |  |
| Sind | 318 | Khudawadi, Sindhi | left-to-right | Khudawadi | 7.0 | 69 |  | Ch 15.9 |
| Sinh | 348 | Sinhala | left-to-right | Sinhala | 3.0 | 111 |  | Ch 13.2 |
| Sogd | 141 | Sogdian | horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, top-to-bottom | Sogdian | 11.0 | 42 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.10 |
| Sogo | 142 | Old Sogdian | right-to-left script | Old Sogdian | 11.0 | 40 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.9 |
| Sora | 398 | Sora Sompeng | left-to-right | Sora Sompeng | 6.1 | 35 |  | Ch 15.17 |
| Soyo | 329 | Soyombo | left-to-right | Soyombo | 10.0 | 83 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.7 |
| Sund | 362 | Sundanese | left-to-right | Sundanese | 5.1 | 72 |  | Ch 17.7 |
| Sunu | 274 | Sunuwar | left-to-right | Sunuwar | 16.0 | 44 |  |  |
| Sylo | 316 | Syloti Nagri | left-to-right | Syloti Nagri | 4.1 | 45 | Ancient/historic | Ch 15.1 |
| Syrc | 135 | Syriac | right-to-left script | Syriac | 3.0 | 88 | Includes typographic variants Estrangelo (see § Syre), Western (§ Syrj), and Eastern (§ Syrn) | Ch 9.3 |
| Syre | 138 | Syriac (Estrangelo variant) | mixed | ZZ Typographic variant of Syriac (see § Syrc) | | | |  |
| Syrj | 137 | Syriac (Western variant) | mixed | ZZ Typographic variant of Syriac (see § Syrc) | | | |  |
| Syrn | 136 | Syriac (Eastern variant) | mixed | ZZ Typographic variant of Syriac (see § Syrc) | | | |  |
| Tagb | 373 | Tagbanwa | left-to-right | Tagbanwa | 3.2 | 18 |  | Ch 17.1 |
| Takr | 321 | Takri, Ṭākrī, Ṭāṅkrī | left-to-right | Takri | 6.1 | 68 |  | Ch 15.4 |
| Tale | 353 | Tai Le | left-to-right | Tai Le | 4.0 | 35 |  | Ch 16.5 |
| Talu | 354 | New Tai Lue | left-to-right | New Tai Lue | 4.1 | 83 |  | Ch 16.6 |
| Taml | 346 | Tamil | left-to-right | Tamil | 1.0 | 123 |  | Ch 12.6 |
| Tang | 520 | Tangut | vertical right-to-left, left-to-right | Tangut | 9.0 | 6,914 | Ancient/historic | Ch 18.11 |
| Tavt | 359 | Tai Viet | left-to-right | Tai Viet | 5.2 | 72 |  | Ch 16.8 |
| Tayo | 380 | Tai Yo | top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is mature | | | |  |
| Telu | 340 | Telugu | left-to-right | Telugu | 1.0 | 100 |  | Ch 12.7 |
| Teng | 290 | Tengwar | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Tfng | 120 | Tifinagh (Berber) | left-to-right, right-to-left script, top-to-bottom, bottom-to-top | Tifinagh | 4.1 | 59 |  | Ch 19.3 |
| Tglg | 370 | Tagalog (Baybayin, Alibata) | left-to-right | Tagalog | 3.2 | 23 |  | Ch 17.1 |
| Thaa | 170 | Thaana | right-to-left script | Thaana | 3.0 | 50 |  | Ch 13.1 |
| Thai | 352 | Thai | left-to-right | Thai | 1.0 | 86 |  | Ch 16.1 |
| Tibt | 330 | Tibetan | left-to-right | Tibetan | 2.0 | 207 | Added in 1.0, removed in 1.1 and reintroduced in 2.0 | Ch 13.4 |
| Tirh | 326 | Tirhuta | left-to-right | Tirhuta | 7.0 | 82 |  | Ch 15.11 |
| Tnsa | 275 | Tangsa | left-to-right | Tangsa | 14.0 | 89 |  | Ch 13.18 |
| Todr | 229 | Todhri | right-to-left | Todhri | 16.0 | 52 | Ancient/historic |  |
| Tols | 299 | Tolong Siki | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is mature | | | |  |
| Toto | 294 | Toto | left-to-right | Toto | 14.0 | 31 |  | Ch 13.17 |
| Tutg | 341 | Tulu-Tigalari | left-to-right | Tulu Tigalari | 16.0 | 80 |  |  |
| Ugar | 040 | Ugaritic | left-to-right | Ugaritic | 4.0 | 31 | Ancient/historic | Ch 11.2 |
| Vaii | 470 | Vai | left-to-right | Vai | 5.1 | 300 |  | Ch 19.5 |
| Visp | 280 | Visible Speech | left-to-right | ZZ Not in Unicode | | | |  |
| Vith | 228 | Vithkuqi | left-to-right | Vithkuqi | 14.0 | 70 | Ancient/historic | Ch 8.12 |
| Wara | 262 | Warang Citi (Varang Kshiti) | left-to-right | Warang Citi | 7.0 | 84 |  | Ch 13.9 |
| Wcho | 283 | Wancho | left-to-right | Wancho | 12.0 | 59 |  | Ch 13.16 |
| Wole | 480 | Woleai | mixed | ZZ Not in Unicode, proposal is explored | | | |  |
| Xpeo | 030 | Old Persian | left-to-right | Old Persian | 4.1 | 50 | Ancient/historic | Ch 11.3 |
| Xsux | 020 | Cuneiform, Sumero-Akkadian | left-to-right | Cuneiform | 5.0 | 1,234 | Ancient/historic | Ch 11.1 |
| Yezi | 192 | Yezidi | right-to-left script | Yezidi | 13.0 | 47 | Ancient/historic | Ch 9.6 |
| Yiii | 460 | Yi | left-to-right | Yi | 3.0 | 1,220 |  | Ch 18.7 |
| Zanb | 339 | Zanabazar Square (Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg, Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig, Horizontal Square Script) | left-to-right | Zanabazar Square | 10.0 | 72 | Ancient/historic | Ch 14.6 |
| Zinh | 994 | Code for inherited script |  | Inherited |  | 657 |  |  |
| Zmth | 995 | Mathematical notation |  | ZZ Not a 'script' in Unicode | | | |  |
| Zsym | 996 | Symbols |  | ZZ Not a 'script' in Unicode | | | |  |
| Zsye | 993 | Symbols (emoji variant) |  | ZZ Not a 'script' in Unicode | | | |  |
| Zxxx | 997 | Code for unwritten documents |  | ZZ Not a 'script' in Unicode | | | |  |
| Zyyy | 998 | Code for undetermined script |  | Common |  | 9,053 |  |  |
| Zzzz | 999 | Code for uncoded script |  | Unknown |  | 959,049 | In Unicode: *All other code points* |  |
| **Notes** 1. ISO 15924 publications As of 12 September 2023 2. ISO 15924 Normative text file As of 12 September 2023 3. ISO 15924 Changes (including Aliases for Unicode; as of 12 September 2023) 4. Unicode version 16.0 5. Unicode charts 6. Unicode uses the "Property Value Alias" (Alias) as the script-name. These Alias names are part of Unicode and are published informatively next to ISO 15924. An alias script name may be used in a character name: `Palm`, Palmyrene  U+10860 𐡠 PALMYRENE LETTER ALEPH. 7. In Unicode, the Phoenician script is intended for the representation of text in Paleo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals, Ammonite, Moabite, and Punic. | | | | | | | |
| **References** | | | | | | | |

## Missing scripts in Unicode

The project Missing Scripts—with contributors from the Mainz University of Applied Sciences, the L’Atelier national de recherche typographique (ANRT) in Nancy, and the University of California, Berkeley—has compiled a list of 131 scripts that have not yet been encoded in *The Unicode Standard*, out of a total of 294 recognized scripts according to the current state of research.

1. "Glossary". *unicode.org*.
2. "Unicode Character Database: Scripts". *unicode.org*.
3. "Chapter 14: Additional Ancient and Historic Scripts". *The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0* (PDF). Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. September 2022. ISBN 978-1-936213-32-0.
4. https://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/ Roadmaps to Unicode
5. "UAX #24: Unicode Script Property". *www.unicode.org*.
6. "The World's Writing Systems". *www.worldswritingsystems.org*. Retrieved 2024-10-04.


abstract: The fifth Herrera government was a regional government of Castile and León led by President Juan Vicente Herrera. It was formed in July 2015 after the regional election and ended in July 2019 following the regional election.

text:
# Fifth government of Juan Vicente Herrera

The **fifth Herrera government** was a regional government of Castile and León led by President Juan Vicente Herrera. It was formed in July 2015 after the regional election and ended in July 2019 following the regional election.

## Government

| Name | Portrait | Party | | Office | Took office | Left office | Refs. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Juan Vicente Herrera |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | President | 3 July 2015 | 11 July 2019 |  |
| Rosa Valdeón |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Vice President | 8 July 2015 | 11 September 2016 |  |
| | | | | Minister of Employment | 8 July 2015 | 11 September 2016 |  |
| | | | | Government Spokesperson | 8 July 2015 | 11 September 2016 |  |
| J. A. de Santiago-Juárez |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Vice President | 13 September 2016 | 13 June 2019 |  |
| | | | | Minister of the Presidency | 8 July 2015 | 13 June 2019 |  |
| | | | | Government Spokesperson | 21 March 2019 | 13 June 2019 |  |
| Josefa García |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Vice President (acting) | 13 June 2019 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| | | | | Minister of Culture and Tourism | 8 July 2015 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| | | | | Minister of the Presidency (acting) | 13 June 2019 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| Pilar del Olmo |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Minister of Economy and Finance | 8 July 2015 | 13 June 2019 |  |
| Carlos Fernández |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Minister of Employment | 13 September 2016 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| | | | | Minister of Family and Equal Opportunities (acting) | 21 March 2019 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| | | | | Minister of Economy and Finance (acting) | 13 June 2019 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| Alicia García |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Minister of Family and Equal Opportunities | 8 July 2015 | 21 March 2019 |  |
| Milagros Marcos |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Minister of Agriculture and Livestock | 8 July 2015 | 21 March 2019 |  |
| | | | | Government Spokesperson | 13 September 2016 | 21 March 2019 |  |
| Fernando Rey |  |  | Independent | Minister of Education | 8 July 2015 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| Antonio María Sáez |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Minister of Health | 8 July 2015 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| J. C. Suárez-Quiñones |  |  | People's Party
of Castile and León | Minister of Development and the Environment | 13 July 2015 | 16 July 2019 |  |
| | | | | Minister of Agriculture and Livestock (acting) | 21 March 2019 | 16 July 2019 |  |

## InfoBox

| Fifth Herrera government | |
| --- | --- |
|
Government of Castile and León | |
| The government in July 2015 | |
| Date formed | 8 July 2015 (2015-07-08) |
| Date dissolved | 16 July 2019 (2019-07-16) |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Felipe VI |
| Head of government | Juan Vicente Herrera |
| Deputy head of government |  |
| No. of ministers | * 10 (2015–19) * 8 (2019) * 6 (2019) |
| Ministers removed | 5 |
| Total no. of members | 11 |
| Member party | * People's Party |
| Status in legislature | Minority government 42 / 84(50%) |
| Opposition party | Socialist Party |
| Opposition leader | Luis Tudanca |
| History | |
| Election | 24 May 2015 |
| Outgoing election | 26 May 2019 |
| Legislature term | 9th Cortes (2015–19) |
| Predecessor | Herrera IV |
| Successor | Fernández |


title: David E. Goldman

abstract: David E. Goldman was a scientist famous for the Goldman equation which he derived for his doctorate degree in 1943 at Columbia University working with Kenneth Cole. In the 1950s, while employed by the United States Navy, he was part of the CHABA team, which looked at the human effects of high-intensity noise. He became an early proponent of protection against loud noise and vibration. His son Dr. James Eliot Goldman is a scientist and neuropathologist.

text:
# David E. Goldman

**David E. Goldman** (David Eliot Goldman, 1910–1998) was a scientist famous for the Goldman equation which he derived for his doctorate degree in 1943 at Columbia University working with Kenneth Cole.

In the 1950s, while employed by the United States Navy, he was part of the CHABA (Committee on hearing and bioacoustics) team, which looked at the human effects of high-intensity noise. He became an early proponent of protection against loud noise and vibration. His son Dr. James Eliot Goldman is a scientist and neuropathologist.

1. Von Gierke HE (1999). "David E. Goldman ● 1910–1998". *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*. **106** (3): 1225. Bibcode:1999ASAJ..106.1225V. doi:10.1121/1.428239.
2. Goldman DE (September 1943). "Potential, Impedance, and Rectification in Membranes". *The Journal of General Physiology*. **27** (1): 37–60. doi:10.1085/jgp.27.1.37. PMC 2142582. PMID 19873371.
3. Goldman DE (April 1961). "The Biological Effects of Vibration". *Defense Technical Information Center*. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
4. "James E. Goldman, M.D., Ph.D." *sklad.cumc.columbia.edu*. Retrieved 2017-02-22.


title: Pincong

abstract: Pincong is a Chinese-language internet forum and Q&A website primarily used to discuss politics and adjacent topics. Its users are mainly overseas Chinese people and Chinese netizens who have circumvented the Great Firewall. The "old Pincong" was founded in 2017, but closed down on 30 October, 2018. A new team launched "new Pincong" shortly after.

text:
# Pincong

| Pincong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 品蔥 |
| Simplified Chinese | 品葱 |
| Literal meaning | Tasting of onion |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin pǐn cōng  Bopomofo ㄆㄧㄣˇ ㄘㄨㄥ  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping ban2 cung1 | |
|  | |

**Pincong** (Chinese: 品蔥) is a Chinese-language internet forum and Q&A website primarily used to discuss politics and adjacent topics. Its users are mainly overseas Chinese people and Chinese netizens who have circumvented the Great Firewall.

The "old Pincong" was founded in 2017, but closed down on 30 October, 2018. A new team launched "new Pincong" shortly after.

## Background

The literal translation of Pincong (Chinese: 品蔥) means "tasting of onion". Users of this forum are called "Pincongers" (品蔥人).

While the website does not explicitly market itself as a political forum, the site's users primarily hold discussions on political issues. Pincong's server is located in United States, and as a result, the site is currently blocked by the Great Firewall of Mainland China.

## Features

The website's interface is written in Simplified Chinese.

### Registration

To protect users' safety, the server does not record IP addresses nor does the site require an email address or phone number for registration.

### Posting

Pincong allows its users to schedule send forum posts and replies in the event that users wish to delay the posting of their content to a later time and date.

### Web access

The default search engine throughout the website is DuckDuckGo. Pincong users self-report safer experiences accessing the Pincong mobile site using Apple's iOS than the Android operating system found on most smartphones.

Other features of Pincong include open source website architecture, transparent background data, and anonymous private messaging.

### Administration

Pincong users may be promoted to an administrator status through a voting process conducted by experienced users. As users contribute to discussions within the website, they may accumulate points of approval or disapproval in the form of a reputation system found on similar sites such as Reddit's Karma mechanic.

Upon the accumulation of enough points, users with enough reputation are granted "foreground" admin permissions such as banning users who violate sitewide rules, or expanding and hiding posts. Users with particularly high reputation may be granted extended administrator privileges such as proposals to change sitewide rules, but only fellow administrators may vote on these proposals' adoption.

## Content

A majority of its users are from China, but communities of users from Hong Kong, Taiwan and other countries/regions exist. Pincong's Mainland China users must access the site with a Virtual Private Network (VPN) as the domain is blocked under the country's Great Firewall ban of numerous foreign websites. As a result, Mainland Chinese users openly share technical experiences regarding internet censorship circumvention.

According to *Quartz*, Pincong users mostly identify as politically liberal. Some of its users come from Douban.

## Influence

* August 7, 2019, during Hong Kong protests against China extradition, a Hong Kong protester posted an article in Pincong titled *A letter for Mainland fellows from Hong Kong protesters*
* November 13, 2019, many users from Mainland China uploaded their student photo IDs or diploma, partially covered by a piece of paper to anonymously support Hong Kong protests. One wrote "Freedom will not perish, but the CCP will meet its demise."
* November 30, 2019, a Pincong user published "Geng Shuang Emulator" on GitHub, a webapp that emulates the clichéd speech of then-Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang. It randomly rearranges Geng Shuang's speeches, with keywords replaced to produce a new speech. That attracted some attention of political activists from Hong Kong and Taiwan. The emulator was removed on December 30.
* January 12, 2020, another Pincong user published "Hua Chunying Emulator".
* April 16, 2020, *Nature* journal in its article *China is tightening its grip on coronavirus research*, cited a Q&A thread from Pincong, *How should one consider the fact that China requires filing and approval of all domestic Covid-19 papers?* (Chinese:《如何看待國內規定與新冠肺炎有關的學術論文需審核備案》).

## Reviews

## InfoBox

Pincong (2018)
| Type of site | Q & A
Political Internet forum |
| --- | --- |
| Available in | Chinese |
| URL | pincong.rocks |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | November 2018 (2018-11) |
| Current status | Operating |


title: Joyce Pelgrim

abstract: Joyce Pelgrim was an English stationer and printer.

text:
# Joyce Pelgrim

**Joyce Pelgrim** (fl.1504–c.1526) was an English stationer and printer.

## Life

Very little is known about his early life. Most of the details about his life are known from the works of Edward Gordon Duff, who also wrote the article about him in the Dictionary of National Biography.

## Career

Pelgrim was known not only for printing books but also as an astute bookseller, active in St. Paul's Churchyard between 1506 and 1510. He received patronage from William Bretton, a wealthy English merchant.

He collaborated with Henry Jacobi and Wolfgang Hopyl.

## Bibliography

Pelgrim's notable books include:

* *Ortus Vocabulorum*.

It was printed for him in Paris, in 1504.


title: First Battle of Homs

abstract: The first Battle of Homs was fought in Homs, Syria, on December 10, 1260, between the Ilkhanids and the Muslim alliance of Syria. After the Mamluk victory over the Ilkhanids at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260, the whole of Syria, including Aleppo, fell into Mamluk hands. Furious at the defeat of Ain Jalut, Hulagu dispatched another army under Baidar, one of the Kitbuqa generals and a survivor of Ain Jalut. On November, 1260, the Mongol forces managed to recapture Aleppo. Alerted of this, the Ayyubid ruler of Homs, Al-Ashraf Musa, formed a coalition with the Emir of Hama, Al-Mansur, and the Mamluk Emirs of Aleppo. The Mongol forces encountered the Muslims at Homs, near the tomb of the Arab commander, Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Mongol army consisted of 6,000 men, while the Muslim army had only 1,400 men. The Mongols formed eight formations with a force of 1,000 men at front, while the rest arranged behind it. The Muslims were divided into three groups: the center led by Al-Ashraf, the right under Al-Mansur, and the left under the Emirs of Aleppo. Little is known about the battle, although Muslim sources state that fog and heat strained the Mongols. In the end, the Muslim coalition emerged victorious in the battle, and the Bedouin leader, Zamil bin Ali, attacked the Mongols from the rear, contributing to the Mongol defeat. The majority of the Mongols were killed or captured. The victory at Homs increased the confidence of the Muslims against the Mongols, which some Mamluk chronicles considered a more important victory than Ain Jalut. The Ayyubid presence in Syria soon came to an end after this battle.

text:
# First Battle of Homs

34°43′23″N 36°42′52″E / 34.723185°N 36.714462°E / 34.723185; 36.714462

The first **Battle of Homs** was fought in Homs, Syria, on December 10, 1260, between the Ilkhanids and the Muslim alliance of Syria.

After the Mamluk victory over the Ilkhanids at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260, the whole of Syria, including Aleppo, fell into Mamluk hands. Furious at the defeat of Ain Jalut, Hulagu dispatched another army under Baidar, one of the Kitbuqa generals and a survivor of Ain Jalut. On November, 1260, the Mongol forces managed to recapture Aleppo. Alerted of this, the Ayyubid ruler of Homs, Al-Ashraf Musa, formed a coalition with the Emir of Hama, Al-Mansur, and the Mamluk Emirs of Aleppo.

The Mongol forces encountered the Muslims at Homs, near the tomb of the Arab commander, Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Mongol army consisted of 6,000 men, while the Muslim army had only 1,400 men. The Mongols formed eight formations with a force of 1,000 men at front, while the rest arranged behind it. The Muslims were divided into three groups: the center led by Al-Ashraf, the right under Al-Mansur, and the left under the Emirs of Aleppo.

Little is known about the battle, although Muslim sources state that fog and heat strained the Mongols. In the end, the Muslim coalition emerged victorious in the battle, and the Bedouin leader, Zamil bin Ali, attacked the Mongols from the rear, contributing to the Mongol defeat. The majority of the Mongols were killed or captured.

The victory at Homs increased the confidence of the Muslims against the Mongols, which some Mamluk chronicles considered a more important victory than Ain Jalut. The Ayyubid presence in Syria soon came to an end after this battle.

## Bibliography

* Spencer C. Tucker (2019), Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century.
* Kenneth M. Setton (1969), A History of the Crusades, Vol. II.
* David Abulafia (1995), The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, C.1198-c.1300.

## InfoBox

| 1st Battle of Homs | |
| --- | --- |
|
Hulagu and his wife Dokuz Kathun | |
| Date 10 December 1260  Location Homs  Result  Ayyubid-Mamluk Victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire | Mamluk Egypt
Ayyubid emirate of Homs |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Baidur | Al-Ashraf Musa
Al-Mansur |
| Strength | |
| 6,000 men | ~1,400 men |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Heavy | Unknown |