title: 2016 Ollie's Bargain Outlet 200

abstract: The 2016 Ollie's Bargain Outlet 200 was the tenth stock car race of the 2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series season, and the 35th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, May 14, 2016, in Dover, Delaware at Dover International Speedway, a 1 mile (1.6 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack. The race took the scheduled 120 laps to complete, with the first 80 laps being split into two 40-lap heats of 20 cars. Erik Jones, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would take the lead early, and dominate most of the race for his fourth career NASCAR Xfinity Series win, and his second of the season. To fill out the podium, Bubba Wallace, driving for Roush Fenway Racing, and Alex Bowman, driving for JR Motorsports, would finish second and third, respectively.

text:
# 2016 Ollie's Bargain Outlet 200

The **2016 Ollie's Bargain Outlet 200** was the tenth stock car race of the 2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series season, and the 35th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, May 14, 2016, in Dover, Delaware at Dover International Speedway, a 1 mile (1.6 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack. The race took the scheduled 120 laps to complete, with the first 80 laps being split into two 40-lap heats of 20 cars. Erik Jones, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would take the lead early, and dominate most of the race for his fourth career NASCAR Xfinity Series win, and his second of the season. To fill out the podium, Bubba Wallace, driving for Roush Fenway Racing, and Alex Bowman, driving for JR Motorsports, would finish second and third, respectively.

## Background

**Dover International Speedway** is a race track in Dover, Delaware, United States. The track has hosted at least one NASCAR Cup Series race each year since 1969, including two per year since 1971. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosted USAC and the Indy Racing League. The track features one layout, a 1 mile (1.6 km) concrete oval, with 24° banking in the turns and 9° banking on the straights. The speedway is owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports.

The track, nicknamed "The Monster Mile", was built in 1969 by Melvin Joseph of Melvin L. Joseph Construction Company, Inc., with an asphalt surface, but was replaced with concrete in 1995. Six years later in 2001, the track's capacity increased to 135,000 seats, giving the track the largest seating capacity of any sports venue in the mid-Atlantic region. In 2002, the name changed to Dover International Speedway from Dover Downs International Speedway after Dover Downs Gaming and Entertainment split, making Dover Motorsports. From 2007 to 2009, the speedway worked on an improvement project called "The Monster Makeover", which expanded facilities at the track and beautified the track. Depending on configuration, the track's capacity is at 95,500 seats. Its grand total maximum capacity was at 135,000 spectators.

### Dash 4 Cash format and eligibility

In 2016, NASCAR would announce changes to its Dash 4 Cash format. The format would now include heat races to determine qualifiers. Each driver would qualify for heats in knockout qualifying, with odd-position drivers driving in heat No. 1, and even-position drivers competing in heat No. 2. The top two finishers of each heat would compete for the Dash 4 Cash in the main race after the heats.

### Entry list

* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.
* **(i)** denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

| # | Driver | Team | Make | Sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Garrett Smithley **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | Heroes Haven |
| 01 | Ryan Preece **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | Meding's Seafood, IronSource |
| 1 | Elliott Sadler | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | OneMain Financial |
| 2 | Paul Menard **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | Richmond Water Heaters, Menards |
| 3 | Ty Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | Rheem |
| 4 | Ross Chastain | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | Delaware Department of Transportation |
| 6 | Bubba Wallace | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | LoudMouth Exhaust |
| 07 | Ray Black Jr. **(R)** | SS-Green Light Racing | Chevrolet | Scuba Life |
| 7 | Justin Allgaier | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | TaxSlayer |
| 10 | Matt DiBenedetto **(i)** | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | TriStar Motorsports |
| 11 | Blake Koch | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | LeafFilter Gutter Protection |
| 13 | Timmy Hill **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Dodge | Chris Kyle Foundation |
| 14 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | TriStar Motorsports |
| 15 | Travis Kvapil **(i)** | Rick Ware Racing | Ford | Keen Parts, CorvetteParts.net |
| 16 | Ryan Reed | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | Lilly Diabetes, American Diabetes Association |
| 18 | Matt Tifft **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | Oberto Beef Jerky |
| 19 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | Arris |
| 20 | Erik Jones **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | Reser's Fine Foods |
| 22 | Joey Logano **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | Fleetwood, REV Group |
| 24 | Drew Herring | JGL Racing | Toyota | JGL Young Guns |
| 25 | Ryan Ellis | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet | Lilly Trucking, CarportEmpire.com |
| 28 | Dakoda Armstrong | JGL Racing | Toyota | JGL Racing |
| 33 | Brandon Jones **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | Chevrolet Military Discount |
| 39 | Ryan Sieg | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | Crabby J Spice |
| 40 | Carl Long | MBM Motorsports | Toyota | Chris Kyle Foundation |
| 42 | Justin Marks | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | Katerra |
| 43 | Jeb Burton | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford | Rocky Ridge Custom Trucks |
| 44 | J. J. Yeley | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | Zachry |
| 48 | Brennan Poole **(R)** | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | DC Solar |
| 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet | RepairableVehicles.com |
| 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | DB Sales |
| 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa |
| 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet | Speedway Cafe, Acredale Vending |
| 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge | Truckers Final Mile |
| 78 | B. J. McLeod **(R)** | B. J. McLeod Motorsports | Ford | B. J. McLeod Motorsports |
| 88 | Alex Bowman | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | Advance Auto Parts |
| 89 | Morgan Shepherd | Shepherd Racing Ventures | Chevrolet | Shepherd Racing Ventures |
| 90 | Mario Gosselin | DGM Racing | Chevrolet | Victoriaville RV Center |
| 93 | Josh Reaume | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | RSS Racing |
| 97 | Alex Guenette | Obaika Racing | Chevrolet | Vroom! Brands |
| Official entry list | | | | |

## Practice

### First practice

The first practice session was held on Friday, May 13, at 10:00 am EST. The session would last for 55 minutes. Erik Jones, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would set the fastest time in the session, with a time of 22.699 and an average speed of 158.597 mph (255.237 km/h).

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time | Speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 20 | Erik Jones **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 22.699 | 158.597 |
| 2 | 3 | Ty Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 22.709 | 158.527 |
| 3 | 19 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 22.748 | 158.256 |
| Full first practice results | | | | | | |

### Final practice

The final practice session was held on Friday, May 13, at 12:30 pm EST. The session was scheduled to last for 1 hour and 25 minutes, but due to inclement weather, the session would end early. Daniel Suárez, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would set the fastest time in the session, with a time of 22.969, and an average speed of 156.733 mph (252.237 km/h).

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time | Speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 19 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 22.969 | 156.733 |
| 2 | 20 | Erik Jones **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 22.988 | 156.603 |
| 3 | 18 | Matt Tifft **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 23.087 | 155.932 |
| Full final practice results | | | | | | |

## Heat qualifying

Qualifying for the two preliminary heat races was held on Saturday, May 14, at 10:45 am EST. Since Dover International Speedway is under 2 miles (3.2 km) in length, the qualifying system was a multi-car system that included three rounds. The first round was 15 minutes, where every driver would be able to set a lap within the 15 minutes. Then, the second round would consist of the fastest 24 cars in Round 1, and drivers would have 10 minutes to set a lap. Round 3 consisted of the fastest 12 drivers from Round 2, and the drivers would have 5 minutes to set a time. Whoever was fastest in Round 3 would win the pole.

Erik Jones, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would win the pole for heat No. 1, with a lap of 22.915, and an average speed of 157.102 mph (252.831 km/h) in the third round. Meanwhile, Daniel Suárez, also driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would win the pole for heat No. 2, with a lap of 22.943, and an average speed of 156.911 mph (252.524 km/h) in the third round.

No drivers would fail to qualify.

### Full qualifying results

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time (R1) | Speed (R1) | Time (R2) | Speed (R2) | Time (R3) | Speed (R3) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 20 | Erik Jones **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 23.430 | 153.649 | **23.018** | **156.399** | **22.915** | **157.102** |
| 2 | 19 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | **22.814** | **157.798** | 23.113 | 155.757 | 22.943 | 156.911 |
| 3 | 7 | Justin Allgaier | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.473 | 153.368 | 23.218 | 155.052 | 23.102 | 155.831 |
| 4 | 1 | Elliott Sadler | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.139 | 155.581 | 23.236 | 154.932 | 23.110 | 155.777 |
| 5 | 88 | Alex Bowman | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.341 | 154.235 | 23.336 | 154.268 | 23.187 | 155.259 |
| 6 | 3 | Ty Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 23.237 | 154.925 | 23.329 | 154.314 | 23.200 | 155.172 |
| 7 | 2 | Paul Menard **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 23.395 | 153.879 | 23.256 | 154.799 | 23.205 | 155.139 |
| 8 | 18 | Matt Tifft **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 23.144 | 155.548 | 23.255 | 154.805 | 23.260 | 154.772 |
| 9 | 48 | Brennan Poole **(R)** | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 23.686 | 151.989 | 23.332 | 154.268 | 23.309 | 154.447 |
| 10 | 39 | Ryan Sieg | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 23.315 | 154.407 | 23.326 | 154.334 | 23.319 | 154.381 |
| 11 | 22 | Joey Logano **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | 23.407 | 153.800 | 23.201 | 155.166 | 23.347 | 154.195 |
| 12 | 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 23.534 | 152.970 | 23.432 | 153.636 | 23.522 | 153.048 |
| Eliminated in Round 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 13 | 6 | Bubba Wallace | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 23.336 | 154.268 | 23.452 | 153.505 |  |  |
| 14 | 33 | Brandon Jones **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 23.651 | 152.213 | 23.497 | 153.211 |  |  |
| 15 | 16 | Ryan Reed | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 23.660 | 152.156 | 23.503 | 153.172 |  |  |
| 16 | 42 | Justin Marks | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 23.652 | 152.207 | 23.555 | 152.834 |  |  |
| 17 | 44 | J. J. Yeley | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 23.792 | 151.311 | 23.631 | 152.342 |  |  |
| 18 | 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet | 23.491 | 153.250 | 23.658 | 152.168 |  |  |
| 19 | 24 | Drew Herring | JGL Racing | Toyota | 23.358 | 154.123 | 23.676 | 152.053 |  |  |
| 20 | 4 | Ross Chastain | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.395 | 154.879 | 23.696 | 151.924 |  |  |
| 21 | 11 | Blake Koch | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 23.857 | 150.899 | 23.743 | 151.624 |  |  |
| 22 | 07 | Ray Black Jr. **(R)** | SS-Green Light Racing | Chevrolet | 23.679 | 152.033 | 23.937 | 150.395 |  |  |
| 23 | 01 | Ryan Preece **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.858 | 150.893 | 23.969 | 150.194 |  |  |
| 24 | 28 | Dakoda Armstrong | JGL Racing | Toyota | 23.878 | 150.766 | 24.084 | 149.477 |  |  |
| Eliminated in Round 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 25 | 10 | Matt DiBenedetto **(i)** | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 23.917 | 150.521 |  |  |  |  |
| 26 | 43 | Jeb Burton | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford | 23.930 | 150.439 |  |  |  |  |
| 27 | 14 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 24.146 | 149.093 |  |  |  |  |
| 28 | 78 | B. J. McLeod **(R)** | B. J. McLeod Motorsports | Ford | 24.253 | 148.435 |  |  |  |  |
| 29 | 90 | Mario Gosselin | DGM Racing | Chevrolet | 24.254 | 148.429 |  |  |  |  |
| 30 | 25 | Ryan Ellis | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet | 24.281 | 148.264 |  |  |  |  |
| 31 | 0 | Garrett Smithley **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 24.428 | 147.372 |  |  |  |  |
| 32 | 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | 24.469 | 147.125 |  |  |  |  |
| 33 | 13 | Timmy Hill **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Dodge | 24.485 | 147.029 |  |  |  |  |
| 34 | 40 | Carl Long | MBM Motorsports | Toyota | 24.699 | 145.755 |  |  |  |  |
| 35 | 97 | Alex Guenette | Obaika Racing | Chevrolet | 24.703 | 145.731 |  |  |  |  |
| 36 | 89 | Morgan Shepherd | Shepherd Racing Ventures | Chevrolet | 24.716 | 145.655 |  |  |  |  |
| 37 | 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge | 24.801 | 145.155 |  |  |  |  |
| 38 | 93 | Josh Reaume | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 25.454 | 141.432 |  |  |  |  |
| 39 | 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet | 25.724 | 139.947 |  |  |  |  |
| 40 | 15 | Travis Kvapil **(i)** | Rick Ware Racing | Ford |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Official qualifying results | | | | | | | | | | |
| Heat #1 lineup | | | | | | | | | | |
| Heat #2 lineup | | | | | | | | | | |

## Heat No. 1 results

Heat No. 1 was held on Saturday, May 14, at 2:00 pm EST. The race took the scheduled 40 laps to complete. Justin Allgaier, driving for JR Motorsports, would pass Erik Jones in the final nine laps to win the heat and the overall pole. Jones would complete the two drivers in the heat eligible for the Dash 4 Cash.

| Fin | St | # | Driver | Team | Make | Laps | Led | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | 7 | Justin Allgaier | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 40 | 30 | Running |
| 2 | 1 | 20 | Erik Jones **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 40 | 10 | Running |
| 3 | 3 | 88 | Alex Bowman | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 4 | 6 | 22 | Joey Logano **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 5 | 4 | 2 | Paul Menard **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 6 | 7 | 6 | Bubba Wallace | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 7 | 5 | 48 | Brennan Poole **(R)** | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 8 | 8 | 16 | Ryan Reed | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 9 | 9 | 44 | J. J. Yeley | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 10 | 11 | 11 | Blake Koch | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 11 | 10 | 24 | Drew Herring | JGL Racing | Toyota | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 12 | 14 | 14 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 39 | 0 | Running |
| 13 | 15 | 90 | Mario Gosselin | DGM Racing | Chevrolet | 39 | 0 | Running |
| 14 | 16 | 0 | Garrett Smithley **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 39 | 0 | Running |
| 15 | 18 | 97 | Alex Guenette | Obaika Racing | Chevrolet | 38 | 0 | Running |
| 16 | 12 | 01 | Ryan Preece **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 29 | 0 | Running |
| 17 | 17 | 13 | Timmy Hill **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Dodge | 25 | 0 | Running |
| 18 | 20 | 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet | 22 | 0 | Running |
| 19 | 13 | 10 | Matt DiBenedetto **(i)** | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 19 | 0 | Vibration |
| 20 | 19 | 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge | 6 | 0 | Engine |
| Official Heat #1 results | | | | | | | | |

## Heat No. 2 results

Heat No. 2 was held on Saturday, May 14, at approximately 2:50 pm EST. The race took the scheduled 40 laps to complete. Ty Dillon, driving for Richard Childress Racing, would hold off Daniel Suárez in a six lap shootout to win the outside pole. Suárez would complete the two drivers in the heat eligible for the Dash 4 Cash.

| Fin | St | # | Driver | Team | Make | Laps | Led | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | 3 | Ty Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 6 | Running |
| 2 | 1 | 19 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 40 | 34 | Running |
| 3 | 5 | 39 | Ryan Sieg | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 4 | 4 | 18 | Matt Tifft **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 5 | 7 | 33 | Brandon Jones **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 6 | 6 | 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 7 | 13 | 43 | Jeb Burton | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 8 | 10 | 4 | Ross Chastain | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 9 | 9 | 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 10 | 11 | 07 | Ray Black Jr. **(R)** | SS-Green Light Racing | Chevrolet | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 11 | 12 | 28 | Dakoda Armstrong | JGL Racing | Toyota | 40 | 0 | Running |
| 12 | 20 | 15 | Travis Kvapil **(i)** | Rick Ware Racing | Ford | 39 | 0 | Running |
| 13 | 15 | 25 | Ryan Ellis | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet | 39 | 0 | Running |
| 14 | 16 | 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | 39 | 0 | Running |
| 15 | 14 | 78 | B. J. McLeod **(R)** | B. J. McLeod Motorsports | Ford | 39 | 0 | Running |
| 16 | 2 | 1 | Elliott Sadler | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 37 | 0 | Running |
| 17 | 8 | 42 | Justin Marks | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 26 | 0 | Accident |
| 18 | 17 | 40 | Carl Long | MBM Motorsports | Toyota | 11 | 0 | Vibration |
| 19 | 18 | 89 | Morgan Shepherd | Shepherd Racing Ventures | Chevrolet | 9 | 0 | Rear Gear |
| 20 | 19 | 93 | Josh Reaume | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 4 | 0 | Brakes |
| Official Heat #2 results | | | | | | | | |

## Main race lineup

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 | Justin Allgaier | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet |
| 2 | 3 | Ty Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet |
| 3 | 20 | Erik Jones **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota |
| 4 | 19 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota |
| 5 | 88 | Alex Bowman | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet |
| 6 | 39 | Ryan Sieg | RSS Racing | Chevrolet |
| 7 | 22 | Joey Logano **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford |
| 8 | 18 | Matt Tifft **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota |
| 9 | 2 | Paul Menard **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet |
| 10 | 33 | Brandon Jones **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet |
| 11 | 6 | Bubba Wallace | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford |
| 12 | 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet |
| 13 | 48 | Brennan Poole **(R)** | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet |
| 14 | 43 | Jeb Burton | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford |
| 15 | 16 | Ryan Reed | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford |
| 16 | 4 | Ross Chastain | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet |
| 17 | 44 | J. J. Yeley | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota |
| 18 | 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet |
| 19 | 11 | Blake Koch | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet |
| 20 | 07 | Ray Black Jr. **(R)** | SS-Green Light Racing | Chevrolet |
| 21 | 24 | Drew Herring | JGL Racing | Toyota |
| 22 | 28 | Dakoda Armstrong | JGL Racing | Toyota |
| 23 | 14 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota |
| 24 | 15 | Travis Kvapil **(i)** | Rick Ware Racing | Ford |
| 25 | 90 | Mario Gosselin | DGM Racing | Chevrolet |
| 26 | 25 | Ryan Ellis | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet |
| 27 | 0 | Garrett Smithley **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet |
| 28 | 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet |
| 29 | 97 | Alex Guenette | Obaika Racing | Chevrolet |
| 30 | 78 | B. J. McLeod **(R)** | B. J. McLeod Motorsports | Ford |
| 31 | 01 | Ryan Preece **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet |
| 32 | 1 | Elliott Sadler | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet |
| 33 | 13 | Timmy Hill **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Dodge |
| 34 | 42 | Justin Marks | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet |
| 35 | 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet |
| 36 | 40 | Carl Long | MBM Motorsports | Toyota |
| 37 | 10 | Matt DiBenedetto **(i)** | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota |
| 38 | 89 | Morgan Shepherd | Shepherd Racing Ventures | Chevrolet |
| 39 | 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge |
| 40 | 93 | Josh Reaume | RSS Racing | Chevrolet |
| Official main race lineup | | | | |

## Main race results

| Fin | St | # | Driver | Team | Make | Laps | Led | Status | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | 20 | Erik Jones **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 120 | 76 | Running | 45 |
| 2 | 11 | 6 | Bubba Wallace | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 120 | 0 | Running | 39 |
| 3 | 5 | 88 | Alex Bowman | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 120 | 33 | Running | 39 |
| 4 | 1 | 7 | Justin Allgaier | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 120 | 0 | Running | 37 |
| 5 | 2 | 3 | Ty Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 120 | 11 | Running | 37 |
| 6 | 32 | 1 | Elliott Sadler | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 120 | 0 | Running | 35 |
| 7 | 7 | 22 | Joey Logano **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | 120 | 0 | Running | 0 |
| 8 | 8 | 18 | Matt Tifft **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 120 | 0 | Running | 0 |
| 9 | 4 | 19 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 120 | 0 | Running | 32 |
| 10 | 13 | 48 | Brennan Poole **(R)** | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 120 | 0 | Running | 31 |
| 11 | 17 | 44 | J. J. Yeley | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 120 | 0 | Running | 30 |
| 12 | 19 | 11 | Blake Koch | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 120 | 0 | Running | 29 |
| 13 | 14 | 43 | Jeb Burton | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford | 119 | 0 | Running | 28 |
| 14 | 21 | 24 | Drew Herring | JGL Racing | Toyota | 119 | 0 | Running | 27 |
| 15 | 12 | 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 119 | 0 | Running | 26 |
| 16 | 6 | 39 | Ryan Sieg | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 118 | 0 | Running | 25 |
| 17 | 20 | 07 | Ray Black Jr. **(R)** | SS-Green Light Racing | Chevrolet | 117 | 0 | Running | 24 |
| 18 | 15 | 16 | Ryan Reed | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 117 | 0 | Running | 23 |
| 19 | 30 | 78 | B. J. McLeod **(R)** | B. J. McLeod Motorsports | Ford | 117 | 0 | Running | 22 |
| 20 | 16 | 4 | Ross Chastain | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 117 | 0 | Running | 21 |
| 21 | 22 | 28 | Dakoda Armstrong | JGL Racing | Toyota | 117 | 0 | Running | 20 |
| 22 | 18 | 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet | 117 | 0 | Running | 19 |
| 23 | 28 | 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | 117 | 0 | Running | 18 |
| 24 | 27 | 0 | Garrett Smithley **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 116 | 0 | Running | 17 |
| 25 | 10 | 33 | Brandon Jones **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 116 | 0 | Running | 16 |
| 26 | 33 | 13 | Timmy Hill **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Dodge | 115 | 0 | Running | 0 |
| 27 | 29 | 97 | Alex Guenette | Obaika Racing | Chevrolet | 115 | 0 | Running | 14 |
| 28 | 25 | 90 | Mario Gosselin | DGM Racing | Chevrolet | 113 | 0 | Running | 13 |
| 29 | 9 | 2 | Paul Menard **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 112 | 0 | Running | 0 |
| 30 | 24 | 15 | Travis Kvapil **(i)** | Rick Ware Racing | Ford | 109 | 0 | Running | 0 |
| 31 | 26 | 25 | Ryan Ellis | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet | 87 | 0 | Running | 10 |
| 32 | 39 | 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge | 81 | 0 | Running | 9 |
| 33 | 23 | 14 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 66 | 0 | Vibration | 8 |
| 34 | 36 | 40 | Carl Long | MBM Motorsports | Toyota | 32 | 0 | Vibration | 7 |
| 35 | 35 | 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet | 28 | 0 | Running | 6 |
| 36 | 38 | 89 | Morgan Shepherd | Shepherd Racing Ventures | Chevrolet | 15 | 0 | Suspension | 5 |
| 37 | 40 | 93 | Josh Reaume | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 5 | 0 | Suspension | 4 |
| 38 | 37 | 10 | Matt DiBenedetto **(i)** | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 4 | 0 | Vibration | 0 |
| 39 | 31 | 01 | Ryan Preece **(R)** | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 1 | 0 | Vibration | 2 |
| 40 | 34 | 42 | Justin Marks | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 0 | 0 | Accident | 1 |
| Official race results | | | | | | | | | |

## Standings after the race

## InfoBox

2016 Ollie's Bargain Outlet 200
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 10 of 33 in the 2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series | | | |
| Date | May 14, 2016 | | |
| Official name | 35th Annual Ollie's Bargain Outlet 200 | | |
| Location | Dover International Speedway, Dover, Delaware | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>1 mi (1.6 km) | | |
| Distance | 120 laps, 120 mi (193 km) | | |
| Scheduled Distance | 120 laps, 120 mi (193 km) | | |
| Average speed | 122.867 mph (197.735 km/h) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Joe Gibbs Racing |
| **Grid positions set by heat results** | | | |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Erik Jones | Joe Gibbs Racing |
| Laps | 76 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 20 | Erik Jones | Joe Gibbs Racing |
| Television in the United States | | | |
| Network | FOX | | |
| Announcers | Adam Alexander, Michael Waltrip, and Brad Keselowski | | |
| Radio in the United States | | | |
| Radio | MRN | | |


title: Zulm-O-Sitam

abstract: Zulm-O-Sitam is a 1998 Indian Hindi-language action film directed by K. C. Bokadia. The film stars Dharmendra, Shatrughan Sinha, Jaya Prada, Arjun Sarja, Madhoo, Mukesh Khanna and Danny Denzongpa in the lead roles. It marked Bokadia's third collaboration with Dharmendra after Kundan (1993) and Maidan-E-Jung (1995) and fifth with Jaya, who apart from Kundan and Maidan-E-Jung, had also starred in Aaj Ka Arjun (1990), Tyagi (1992) and Insaniyat Ke Devta (1993) which were directed by Bokadia.

text:
# Zulm-O-Sitam

***Zulm-O-Sitam*** is a 1998 Indian Hindi-language action film directed by K. C. Bokadia. The film stars Dharmendra, Shatrughan Sinha, Jaya Prada, Arjun Sarja, Madhoo, Mukesh Khanna and Danny Denzongpa in the lead roles. It marked Bokadia's third collaboration with Dharmendra after *Kundan* (1993) and *Maidan-E-Jung* (1995) and fifth with Jaya, who apart from Kundan and Maidan-E-Jung, had also starred in *Aaj Ka Arjun* (1990), *Tyagi* (1992) and *Insaniyat Ke Devta* (1993) which were directed by Bokadia.

## Story

Superintendent of Police Arun is a hardworking, honest and diligent police officer in Bombay. He has been assigned to lead the detail in charge of the state's Chief Minister's protection. Things do not go as planned, and the Chief Minister is killed. The police find evidence linking Arun with this killing, and have him arrested and imprisoned. Arun loudly claims he in innocent, but if he is innocent, who actually was involved in this killing?

## Cast

## Music

1. "Aankh Lad Gayi" - Kumar Sanu, Poornima
2. "Dil Tujhe Main Dunga" - Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
3. "Kabhi To Mohabbat Kabhi To Ladaai" - Shabbir Kumar, Vijeta Pandit
4. "Main Deewana Main Mastana" - Udit Narayan
5. "Masti Masti Mere Man Mein" - Sudesh Bhosle, Poornima

## Release

The film was dubbed into Tamil as *Arjuna*.

## InfoBox

| Zulm-O-Sitam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | K. C. Bokadia |
| Written by | K. C. Bokadia |
| Produced by | R. Shankar
M. S. Senthilkumar |
| Starring | Dharmendra
Shatrughan Sinha
Jaya Prada
Arjun Sarja
Madhoo
Mukesh Khanna
Danny Denzongpa |
| Cinematography | Peter Pereira |
| Edited by | D. N. Malik
Shyam Mukherjee |
| Music by | Aadesh Shrivastava |
| Distributed by | B. M. B. Pictures |
| Release date | * 19 September 1998 (1998-09-19) |
| Running time | 130 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Sümenler, Pınarbaşı

abstract: Sümenler is a village in the Pınarbaşı District, Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Its population is 225 (2021).

text:
# Sümenler, Pınarbaşı

**Sümenler** is a village in the Pınarbaşı District, Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Its population is 225 (2021).

## Geography

It is 127 km from Kastamonu city and 31 km from Pınarbaşı town.

## Economy

The economy of the village is based on forest products, agriculture and animal husbandry.

## InfoBox

| Sümenler | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Kastamonu |
| District | Pınarbaşı |
| Population (2021) | 225 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge

abstract: Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge is located in the hamlet of Islip, New York, on the south shore of Long Island. It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex. The refuge consists of 196 acres (0.79 km⁲) bordering the Great South Bay, separated from the Atlantic Ocean only by Fire Island. Situated in a heavily developed urban area along Champlin Creek, the refuge is an oasis for many species of migratory birds and waterfowl. Approximately one half of the refuge consists of tidal marsh, which serves a vast number of waterfowl in the winter months. The refuge attracts waterbirds, white-tailed deer, red fox, and migratory songbirds and raptors. The refuge has been classified as part of the larger Great South Bay, a significant coastal habitat. Management activities include forest and grassland protection and management, wetland restoration, wildlife nesting structure maintenance, and habitat restoration.

text:
# Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge

**Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge** is located in the hamlet of Islip, New York, on the south shore of Long Island. It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex. The refuge consists of 196 acres (0.79 km2) bordering the Great South Bay, separated from the Atlantic Ocean only by Fire Island. Situated in a heavily developed urban area along Champlin Creek, the refuge is an oasis for many species of migratory birds and waterfowl.

Approximately one half of the refuge consists of tidal marsh, which serves a vast number of waterfowl in the winter months. The refuge attracts waterbirds, white-tailed deer, red fox, and migratory songbirds and raptors. The refuge has been classified as part of the larger Great South Bay, a significant coastal habitat. Management activities include forest and grassland protection and management, wetland restoration, wildlife nesting structure maintenance, and habitat restoration.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

## InfoBox

| Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| Aerial view of Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge | |
| Map of the United States | |
| Location | Suffolk County, New York, United States |
| Nearest city | Islip, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°42′37″N 73°12′40″W / 40.71027°N 73.21111°W / 40.71027; -73.21111 |
| Area | 196 acres (0.79 km2) |
| Established | 1968 |
| Governing body | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| Website | Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge |


title: QUICK scheme

abstract:
In computational fluid dynamics QUICK, which stands for Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics, is a higher-order differencing scheme that considers a three-point upstream weighted by quadratic interpolation for the cell face values.
In computational fluid dynamics there are many solution methods for solving the steady convection–diffusion equation. Some of the used methods are the central differencing scheme, upwind scheme, hybrid scheme, power law scheme and QUICK scheme. The QUICK scheme was presented by Brian P. Leonard – together with the QUICKEST scheme – in a 1979 paper. In order to find the cell face value a quadratic function passing through two bracketing or surrounding nodes and one node on the upstream side must be used. In central differencing scheme and second order upwind scheme the first order derivative is included and the second order derivative is ignored. These schemes are therefore considered second order accurate where as QUICK does take the second order derivative into account, but ignores the third order derivative hence this is considered third order accurate. This scheme is used to solve convection–diffusion equations using second order central difference for the diffusion term and for the convection term the scheme is third order accurate in space and first order accurate in time. QUICK is most appropriate for steady flow or quasi-steady highly convective elliptic flow.

text:
# QUICK scheme

In computational fluid dynamics **QUICK**, which stands for Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics, is a higher-order differencing scheme that considers a three-point upstream weighted by quadratic interpolation for the cell face values. In computational fluid dynamics there are many solution methods for solving the steady convection–diffusion equation. Some of the used methods are the central differencing scheme, upwind scheme, hybrid scheme, power law scheme and QUICK scheme.

The QUICK scheme was presented by Brian P. Leonard – together with the QUICKEST (QUICK with Estimated Streaming Terms) scheme – in a 1979 paper.

In order to find the cell face value a quadratic function passing through two bracketing or surrounding nodes and one node on the upstream side must be used. In central differencing scheme and second order upwind scheme the first order derivative is included and the second order derivative is ignored. These schemes are therefore considered second order accurate where as QUICK does take the second order derivative into account, but ignores the third order derivative hence this is considered third order accurate. This scheme is used to solve convection–diffusion equations using second order central difference for the diffusion term and for the convection term the scheme is third order accurate in space and first order accurate in time. QUICK is most appropriate for steady flow or quasi-steady highly convective elliptic flow.

## Quadratic interpolation for QUICK scheme

For the one-dimensional domain shown in the figure the Φ value at a control volume face is approximated using three-point quadratic function passing through the two bracketing or surrounding nodes and one other node on upstream side. In the figure, in order to calculate the value of the property at the face, we should have three nodes i.e. two bracketing or surrounding nodes and one upstream node.

1. Φw when *u*w \> 0 and *u*e \> 0 a quadratic fit through WW, W and P is used,
2. Φe when *u*w \> 0 and *u*e \> 0 a quadratic fit through W, P and E is used,
3. Φw when *u*w \< 0 and *u*e \< 0 values of W, P and E are used,
4. Φe when *u*w \< 0 and *u*e \< 0 values of P, E and EE are used.

Let the two bracketing nodes be *i* and *i* − 1 and upstream node *i* – 2 then for a uniform grid the value of φ at the cell face between the three nodes is given by:

$$\phi \_{face}={\frac {6}{8}\phi \_{i-1}+{\frac {3}{8}\phi \_{i}-{\frac {1}{8}\phi \_{i-2}}}}$$

## Interpretation of the property when the flow is in different directions

The steady convection and diffusion of a property 'Ƥ' in a given one-dimensional flow field with velocity 'u' and in the absence of sources is given

$$d(\rho u\phi ) \over dx}={\frac {d}{dx}\left(r{\frac {d\phi }{dx}\right).}$$

For the continuity of the flow it must also satisfy

$$d(\rho u) \over dx}=0.$$

Discretizing the above equation to a control volume around a particular node we get

$$(\rho uA\phi )\_{e}-(\rho uA\phi )\_{w}=\left(rA{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}\right)\_{e}-\left(rA{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}\right)\_{w}}}$$

Integrating this continuity equation over the control volume we get

$$\left(\rho uA\right)\_{e}-\left(\rho uA\right)\_{w}=0$$

now assuming $F=\rho u$ and $D=r/\sigma x$

The corresponding cell face values of the above variables are given by

$$F\_{w}=\left(\rho u\right)\_{w}$$

$$F\_{e}=\left(\rho u\right)\_{e}$$

$$D\_{w}={r\_{w}/{\sigma x\_{WP}}}$$

$$D\_{e}={r\_{e}/{\sigma x\_{PE}}}$$

Assuming constant area over the entire control volume we get

$$F\_{e}\phi \_{e}-F\_{w}\phi \_{w}=D\_{e}\left(\phi \_{E}-\phi \_{P}\right)-D\_{w}\left(\phi \_{P}-\phi \_{W}\right)$$

### Positive direction

When the flow is in positive direction the values of the velocities will be $u\_{w}\>0$ and $u\_{e}\>0$ ,

For "w (west face)" bracketing nodes are W and P, the upstream node is WW then,

$$\phi \_{w}={\frac {6}{8}\phi \_{W}+{\frac {3}{8}\phi \_{P}-{\frac {1}{8}\phi \_{WW}}}}$$

For "e (east face)" bracketing nodes are P and E, the upstream node is W then

$$\phi \_{e}={\frac {6}{8}\phi \_{P}+{\frac {3}{8}\phi \_{E}-{\frac {1}{8}\phi \_{W}}}}$$

Gradient of parabola is used to evaluate diffusion terms.

If *F*w \> 0 and *F*e \> 0 and if we use above equations for the convective terms and central differencing for the diffusion terms, the discretized form of the one-dimensional convection–diffusion transport equation will be written as:

$$F\_{e}\phi \_{e}-F\_{w}\phi \_{w}=D\_{e}\left(\phi \_{E}-\phi \_{P}\right)-D\_{w}\left(\phi \_{P}-\phi \_{W}\right)$$

$$F\_{e}\left({\frac {6}{8}\phi \_{p}+{\frac {3}{8}\phi \_{E}-{\frac {1}{8}\phi \_{w}\right)-F\_{W}\left({\frac {6}{8}\phi \_{w}+{\frac {3}{8}\phi \_{p}-{\frac {1}{8}\phi \_{ww}\right)=D\_{e}\left(\phi \_{E}-\phi \_{P}\right)-D\_{W}\left(\phi \_{p}-\phi \_{w}\right)}}}}}}$$

On re-arranging we get

$$\left(D\_{w}-{\frac {3}{8}F\_{w}+D\_{e}+{\frac {6}{8}F\_{e}\right)\phi \_{P}=\left(D\_{w}+{\frac {6}{8}F\_{w}+{\frac {1}{8}F\_{e}\right)\phi \_{W}+\left(D\_{e}-{\frac {3}{8}F\_{e}\right)\phi \_{E}-{\frac {1}{8}F\_{w}\phi \_{WW}}}}}}}$$

now it can be written in the standard form:

$$a\_{P}\phi \_{P}=a\_{W}\phi \_{W}+a\_{E}\phi \_{E}+a\_{WW}\phi \_{WW}$$

where:

| $a\_{W}$ | $a\_{E}$ | $a\_{WW}$ | $a\_{P}$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $D\_{w}+{\frac {6}{8}F\_{w}+{\frac {1}{8}F\_{e}}}$ | $D\_{e}-{\frac {3}{8}F\_{e}}$ | $-{\frac {1}{8}F\_{w}}$ | $a\_{W}+a\_{E}+a\_{WW}+\left(F\_{e}-F\_{w}\right)$ |

### Negative direction

When the flow is in negative direction the value of the velocities will be *u*w \< 0 and *u*e \< 0,

For west face w the bracketing nodes are W and P, upstream node is E and for the east face E the bracketing nodes are P and E, upstream node is EE

For $F\_{w}$ \< 0 and $F\_{e}$ \< 0 the flux across the west and east boundaries is given by the expressions :

$$\phi \_{w}={\frac {6}{8}\phi \_{P}+{\frac {3}{8}\phi \_{W}-{\frac {1}{8}\phi \_{E}}}}$$

$$\phi \_{e}={\frac {6}{8}\phi \_{E}+{\frac {3}{8}\phi \_{P}-{\frac {1}{8}\phi \_{EE}}}}$$

Substitution of these two formulae for the convective terms in the discretized convection-diffusion equation together with central differencing for the diffusion terms leads, after re-arrangement similar to positive direction as above, to the following coefficients.

| $a\_{W}$ | $a\_{E}$ | $a\_{EE}$ | $a\_{P}$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $D\_{w}+{\frac {3}{8}F\_{w}}$ | $D\_{e}-{\frac {6}{8}F\_{e}-{\frac {1}{8}F\_{w}}}$ | $\frac {1}{8}F\_{e}$ | $a\_{W}+a\_{E}+a\_{EE}+\left(F\_{e}-F\_{w}\right)$ |

## QUICK scheme for 1-D convection–diffusion problems

aPΦP = aWΦW \+ aEΦE \+ aWWΦWW \+ aEEΦEE

Here, aP = aW \+ aE \+ aWW \+ aEE \+ (Fe \- Fw)

other coefficients

| aW | aWW | aE | aEE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dw \+ 6/8 αw Fw \+ 1/8Fe αe +3/8 (1 – αw)Fw | −1/8 αwFw | De \- 3/8αe Fe -6/8(1–αe)Fe −1/8 (1–αw)Fw | 1/8(1 – αe)Fe |

where

αw=1 for Fw \> 0 and αe=1 for Fe \> 0 αw=0 for Fw \< 0 and αe=0 for Fe \< 0.

## Comparing the solutions of QUICK and upwind schemes

From the below graph we can see that the QUICK scheme is more accurate than the upwind scheme. In the QUICK scheme we face the problems of undershoot and overshoot due to which some errors occur. These overshoots and undershoots should be considered while interpreting solutions. False diffusion errors will be minimized with the QUICK scheme when compared with other schemes.

## Further reading

* Patankar, Suhas V. (1980), *Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow*, Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-0-89116-522-4
* Wesseling, Pieter (2001), *Principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics*, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-67853-3
* Date, Anil W. (2005), *Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics*, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85326-2


title: Delfin Ganapin Jr.

abstract: Delfin Ganapin Jr. works for the United Nations in the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Program. He holds the position Global Manager. He heads over 8,000 community projects globally. He guides these projects in over a hundred countries.

text:
# Delfin Ganapin Jr.

**Delfin Ganapin Jr.** works for the United Nations in the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Program. He holds the position Global Manager. He heads over 8,000 community projects globally. He guides these projects in over a hundred countries.

## Career

Delfin Ganapin started his career leading non-government organizations focused on environmental conservation. He was a founder of the Philippine Federation for Environmental Concern (PFEC), taking numerous risks during the period of martial law in the late 1970s and early 1980s. After his work with the PFEC he went on to work with the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) as a civil society co-chair.

* "Delfin Ganapin Jr.", SUNY-ESF.
* "IPM Partnerships Fair Speaker Bio" (PDF).


title: Shōjaku Station

abstract: .mw-parser-output.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output.infobox.navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-header,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-above,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-title,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-image,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}} Shōjaku Station is a railway station on the Hankyu Kyoto Line and is in Hankyu Shojaku, Settsu, Osaka. It serves students of the nearby Osaka Gakuin University. Only local trains stop at the station. The station adjoins a yard and a workshop of Hankyu Railway.

text:
# Shōjaku Station

**Shōjaku Station** (正雀駅, *Shōjaku eki*, station number: HK-66) is a railway station on the Hankyu Kyoto Line and is in Hankyu Shojaku, Settsu, Osaka. It serves students of the nearby Osaka Gakuin University. Only local trains stop at the station.

The station adjoins a yard and a workshop of Hankyu Railway.

## Layout

The station has 2 island platforms serving 2 tracks each, and one track connecting to Shojaku Depot and Workshop, located in the north of Line 2 served by the eastbound platform.

Local trains for Umeda and Tengachaya arrive at Line 5 during the non-rush hour to let limited express trains and semi-express trains pass Line 4.

| **2** | Kyoto Line | for Takatsuki-shi and Kyoto (Kawaramachi)
starting for Umeda in the early morning |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **3** | Kyoto Line | for Takatsuki-shi and Kyoto (Kawaramachi) |
| **4, 5** | Kyoto Line | for Umeda, Tengachaya, Kita-Senri, Kobe, and Takarazuka |

The station opened on 16 January 1928.

Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013 with this station being designated as station number HK-66.

## Stations next to Shōjaku

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hankyu Kyoto Main Line (HK-66) | | | | |
| Aikawa (HK-65) |  | Local |  | Settsu-shi (HK-67) |
| Others: Does not stop at this station | | | | |

## References

1. Hankyu Corporation (April 2001). *Hankyū Station* (in Japanese). Osaka: Hankyu Corporation. p. 93. ISBN 4-89485-051-6.
2. "「西山天王山」駅開業にあわせて、「三宮」「服部」「中山」「松尾」４駅の駅名を変更し、全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します" \["Sannomiya" "Hattori" "Nakayama" "Matsuo" along with the opening of "Nishiyama Tennozan" station. We will change the station names of 4 stations and introduce station numbering at all stations.\] (PDF). *Hankyu Corporation Online* (in Japanese). 30 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

## InfoBox

| Shōjaku Station
正雀駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| A part of station building | |
| General information | |
| Location | Hankyū Shōjaku, Settsu, Osaka
（大阪府摂津市阪急正雀）
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°46′33.81″N 135°32′46.07″E / 34.7760583°N 135.5461306°E / 34.7760583; 135.5461306 |
| Operated by | Hankyu Corporation |
| Line(s) | Kyoto Main Line |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | HK-66 |
| History | |
| Opened | 16 January 1928 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: F. G. Williams House

abstract: The F. G. Williams House is a historic house in Somerville, Massachusetts. The 20-room, 2.5-story wood-frame house was built c. 1855 for Frank G. Williams, a dealer in kitchen furnishings, and is one of the city's best examples of a center-gable Italianate house. Details include the trefoil window in the center gable, round-arch windows in the side gable ends, as well as carved brackets under the deep gables and an ornate porch and window enframement. Purchased in 1955 by John and Genevieve Daly, they completely restored the exterior, including new roof and gutters in 2015. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# F. G. Williams House

The **F. G. Williams House** is a historic house in Somerville, Massachusetts. The 20-room, 2.5-story wood-frame house was built c. 1855 for Frank G. Williams, a dealer in kitchen furnishings, and is one of the city's best examples of a center-gable Italianate house. Details include the trefoil window in the center gable, round-arch windows in the side gable ends, as well as carved brackets under the deep gables and an ornate porch and window enframement. Purchased in 1955 by John and Genevieve Daly, they completely restored the exterior, including new roof and gutters in 2015.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Media related to F. G. Williams House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| F. G. Williams House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 37 Albion Street,<br>Somerville, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°23′26.09″N 71°6′15.95″W / 42.3905806°N 71.1044306°W / 42.3905806; -71.1044306 |
| Built | 1855 |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| MPS | Somerville MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001226 |
| Added to NRHP | September 18, 1989 |


title: Carlingue

abstract: The Carlingue were French auxiliaries who worked for the Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst and Geheime Feldpolizei during the German occupation of France in the Second World War. The group, which was based at 93 rue Lauriston in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, was active between 1941 and 1944. It was initiated by Pierre Bonny (1895–1944), a former policeman. Later it was managed jointly by Henri Lafont and Pierre Loutrel, two professional criminals who had been active in the French underworld before the war.

text:
# Carlingue

The ***Carlingue*** (or **French Gestapo**) were French auxiliaries who worked for the Gestapo, *Sicherheitsdienst* and *Geheime Feldpolizei* during the German occupation of France in the Second World War.

The group, which was based at 93 rue Lauriston in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, was active between 1941 and 1944. It was initiated by Pierre Bonny (1895–1944), a former policeman. Later it was managed jointly by Henri Lafont and Pierre Loutrel, two professional criminals who had been active in the French underworld before the war.

## Name

*Carlingue* \[kaʁ.lɛ̃ɡ\] in French means the cabin (or central body of an aircraft). The unit used this as a euphemistic nickname to indicate it was an organisation with structure and strength. The group was also known externally as the Bonny-Lafont gang, after Pierre Bonny and Henri Lafont.

The Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) officially referred to the *Carlingue* as **Active Group Hesse** after the SS officer "who'd looked after its foundation". It was also known as the *Gestapo française de la rue Lauriston* or the *La Bande Bonny-Lafont*.

## History

The unit was formed in 1941 by the RSHA. Its purpose was to perform counterinsurgency operations against the *maquis* resistance forces in German-occupied and Vichy France. The *Carlingue* recruited its members from the same criminal milieu as that of its founders. Both Henri Lafont and Pierre Loutrel (alias *Pierrot le fou*, "Crazy Pete") were criminals in the Parisian underworld before the war. Another member, the former police officer Pierre Bonny, had been wanted by the French authorities for misappropriation of funds and selling influence in the Seznec and Stavisky affairs.

Many others of the *Carlingue* were from the disbanded North African Brigades. The partly criminal nature of the organisation gave it access to contacts such as informers, corrupt officials, and disreputable businesspeople such as Joseph Joanovici. Members were also active in the black market.

According to retired policeman Henri Longuechaud, "one might be scandalised by the numbers of 30,000 to 32,000 sometimes quoted \[as members of the *Carlingue*\]. In Paris, when the Germans launched a recruitment drive for 2,000 auxiliary policeman in their service, they received no fewer than 6,000 candidates." During the war, infamous French doctor and serial killer Marcel Petiot allegedly associated with Carlingue. His house was located in the same street as the Carlingue headquarters and he allegedly sometimes helped the group dispose of their victims' bodies.

During January and February 1944, the *Carlingue*, as members of the paramilitary *Légion nord-Africaine* (LNA) commanded by Alexandre Villaplane, wore German uniforms as part of *Bandenbekämpfung* operations against the French Resistance in the area around Tulle, in central France.

After the liberation of France in 1944, members of the *Carlingue* went into hiding. Many were caught, tried and condemned to death; some evaded arrest. One former *Carlingue* agent, Georges Boucheseiche, who died in Morocco in 1967, was employed by *Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage*, France's postwar external intelligence agency.

In August 2014, the government of Paris ordered the current owners of 93 rue Lauriston to restore the memorial plaque to the former headquarters of the *Carlingue*.

## Notable members

* Georges Pujol, a former resistance fighter who became a double agent for the Gestapo, arrested in August 1944 and shot.
* Henri Lafont, executed at Fort Montrouge 26 December 1944.
* Alexandre Villaplane executed at Fort Montrouge 27 December 1944.
* Clairé, executed at Fort Montrouge 27 December 1944.
* Engel, executed at Fort Montrouge 27 December 1944.
* Hare, executed at Fort Montrouge 27 December 1944.
* Louis "Eddy" Pagnon, a member of the North African Brigade, executed at Fort Montrouge on 27 December 1944.
* Pierre Bonny, sentenced to death and shot 29 December 1944.
* Charles Delval, executed in the courtyard of the Fresnes Prison in February 1945.
* Ganioles executed at Fort Montrouge 24 June 1946.
* Jourdan executed at Fort Montrouge 13 July 1946.
* Marcel Buat, sentenced to death in June 1946 and executed at Versailles 12 August 1946.
* Pierre Loutrel, died on 6 November 1946, five days after being shot in the bladder during a robbery at a Parisian jewellery store on avenue Kléber.
* Bernard Fallot, executed at Fort Montrouge on 1 October 1947.
* Maurice Bay, executed on 5 May 1950.
* Abel Danos, shot 13 March 1952.
* Raymond Monange, an officer from the North African Brigade, shot on 13 March 1952 at Fort Montrouge.
* Auguste Ricord (1911–1985) tried postwar in absentia for collaboration; served a 10-year sentence 1972–1982 in the United States for drug smuggling, but not retried for war crimes.

## Bibliography


title: Saška Sokolov

abstract: Saška Sokolov is a Serbian athlete who competed for her nation in the javelin throw at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, and 2020 Summer Paralympics.

text:
# Saška Sokolov

**Saška Sokolov** (born 15 May 1995) is a Serbian athlete who competed for her nation in the javelin throw at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, and 2020 Summer Paralympics.

## Career

Saška Sokolov was born in Pirot, Serbia, the daughter of football coach Sasha Sokolov. As a child, she began to participate in football, but as Pirot did not have a women's team, she switched to handball where she played for ŽRK Pirot. In 2013, she moved to Belgrade, where she attended the Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation. She had moved to the capital to study defectology. While there, she took up javelin throw, and became Junior European Champion within three months. She also won the gold medal in the shot put. Within a year, she had qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics with a personal best throw of 34.8 metres (114 ft).

While at the 2016 Games, she was one of the youngest competitors. Sokolov competed in the F46 class of the women's javelin throw where she finished in sixth place with a longest throw of 33.26 metres (109.1 ft). She afterwards spoke of her desire to win the event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan.

She competed at the 2018 European Championships, where she won a bronze medal.

## InfoBox

Saška Sokolov
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| National team | Serbia |
| Born | (1995-05-15) 15 May 1995<br>Pirot, FR Yugoslavia |
| Sport | |
| Country | Serbia |
| Sport | Javelin throw |
| Disability class | F46 |
| Medal record      Women's para athletics  Representing  Serbia  World Championships  2023 Paris Shot put F46  2023 Paris 200 m T47  2024 Kobe Javelin throw F46  2024 Kobe 100 m T47  2024 Kobe 200 m T47 | |


title: Uncovered (short story collection)

abstract: Uncovered is the eighth in a series of collections of short stories by Australian author Paul Jennings. It was first released in 1995.

text:
# Uncovered (short story collection)

***Uncovered*** is the eighth in a series of collections of short stories by Australian author Paul Jennings. It was first released in 1995.

## The stories

### For Ever

A deliberately humorless melancholic drama about a terminally-ill boy (Tim) who wants nothing more than to see snow. His non-verbal brother (Richard) is obsessed with toilet paper and honey and says nothing but "Aargh". Could this obsession be linked to his brother's desire?

### Too Many Rabbits

A boy whose parents own a bookshop buys a rabbit from a girl who owns a junk shop.

```
When the rabbit has babies, he keeps them hidden in a secret room but the breeding starts to get out of control. Caring for and hiding hundreds of rabbits soon becomes an impossible task. Was adapted as an episode of Driven Crazy.
```

### A Mouthful

A girl has a father who loves playing practical jokes on her friends whenever they come for a sleepover. One night, however, he ends up becoming the victim of his own joke.

### Listen Ear

When a boy looks at and accidentally hides his father's compass and then lies about it, he is forced to stay home and be babysat while the rest of his family goes to the movies. The babysitter doesn't come because her car breaks down, there is a power outage, and the boy ends up being chased by his own reflection. He then tells the reflection that he'll never lie again, and the reflection disappears. Eventually, the family comes home to check if the boy is okay. He tells them his story about the reflection but they don't believe him. They find the compass under his father's desk; the rats actually stole it. The boy then asks if his family believes it but they are suddenly unable to speak. Was adapted as an episode of Driven Crazy.

### Picked Bones

A boy receives a box from his late uncle. It bears a warning that it must be kept away from his cat – but not because the cat will damage the contents.

### Just Like Me

A 21-year-old man visits the site of his primary school, which had since been demolished for a shopping centre. When he was 12, he buried a time capsule containing a letter to his girlfriend here. He hopes that someone will uncover that time capsule, as it was supposed to be uncovered nine years from its burial.

### Ringing Wet

A girl who wets the bed, enjoys spying on her neighbour who she believes has buried his wife. When her divorced mother takes her and her brother to an amusement park, they are forced to go home early due to a prank played by her brother. Their father gives them a bet that when one of them talks, the other gets 50 dollars.

### Backward Step

A 14-year-old boy has the ability to travel through time. He decides to travel to just before his mother was killed and stop her from going on the walk that kills her.

### Pubic Hare

A boy who is the first in his class to grow pubic hair feels embarrassed about it, so he gains from an old man the ability to move objects with his mind.


title: TMEM70

abstract: Transmembrane protein 70 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM70 gene. It is a transmembrane protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane involved in the assembly of the F1 and Fo structural subunits of ATP synthase. Mutations in this gene have been associated with neonatal mitochondrial encephalo-cardiomyopathy due to ATP synthase deficiency, causing a wide variety of symptoms including 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, lactic acidosis, mitochondrial myopathy, and cardiomyopathy.

text:
# TMEM70

**Transmembrane protein 70** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *TMEM70* gene. It is a transmembrane protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane involved in the assembly of the F1 and Fo structural subunits of ATP synthase. Mutations in this gene have been associated with neonatal mitochondrial encephalo-cardiomyopathy due to ATP synthase (Complex V) deficiency, causing a wide variety of symptoms including 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, lactic acidosis, mitochondrial myopathy, and cardiomyopathy.

## Structure

The *TMEM70* gene has 4 exons and is located on the q arm of chromosome 8 in position 21.11 and spans 6,642 base pairs. The gene produces a 29 kDa protein composed of 260 amino acids. The encoded protein is a multi-pass transmembrane protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane. It contains two putative transmembrane regions and the conserved domain DUF1301.

## Function

The encoded protein is involved in the assembly of the F1 and Fo structural subunits of ATP synthase.

## Clinical significance

Mutations in the *TMEM70* gene have been associated with neonatal mitochondrial encephalocardiomyopathy due to nuclear type 2 Complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency. There are a wide variety of possible symptoms depending on the mutation, including 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, dysmorphic features, psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, growth retardation, mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly, hypoplastic kidneys, and elevated lactate levels in urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Most notably, a c.317-2A→G mutation in the splice site of intron 2 of this gene caused aberrant splicing and the loss of the TMEM70 transcript. This resulted in ATP synthase deficiency symptomized by apneoic spells, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, profound lactic acidosis, hyperammonaemia, psychomotor retardation, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, failure to thrive, and severe muscular hypotonia. Also noted in some patients were hypospadias, intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly and cryptorchidism, but most patients did not survive the neonatal period.

Another mutation (c.366A\>T) in the second exon of this gene caused an amino acid substitution (Y112X), resulting in Nuclear Type 2 Mitochondrial Complex V deficiency symptomized by lactic acidosis, psychomotor retardation, facial dysmorphism, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hypospadia.

A study of mitochondrial morphology in patients with mutations in this gene revealed disorganization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. Mitochondria were abnormal, with whorled cristae and disrupted nucleoid clusters of mtDNA. The nucleoids and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes were confined to the outer rings of the whorls.

## Interactions

The encoded protein has protein-protein interactions with RAB2A, PHC2, NDUFAF8, NDUFS5, COX6B1, ECSIT, NDUFAF4, and COA3.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| TMEM70 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TMEM70, MC5DN2, transmembrane protein 70 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 612418; MGI: 1915068; HomoloGene: 9890; GeneCards: TMEM70; OMA:TMEM70 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001040613
NM\_017866   NM\_026392
NM\_027415   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001035703
NP\_060336   NP\_080668
NP\_081691   Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 73.97 – 73.98 Mb Chr 1: 16.74 – 16.75 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Samuel Holberry

abstract: Samuel Holberry was a prominent Chartist activist.

text:
# Samuel Holberry

**Samuel Holberry** (18 November 1814 – 21 June 1842) was a prominent Chartist activist.

## Early years

Holberry was born in Gamston, Nottinghamshire, the youngest of 9 children. In 1832 he joined the British army, leaving in 1835 and moving to Sheffield, where he began working as a distiller, and married Mary Cooper (22 October 1838).

Together with other activists campaigning to extend the political rights given by the Reform Act 1832, he engaged in a number of peaceful protests. After a rebellion in Newport, Monmouthshire now known as the Newport Rising was put down in 1839, then Samuel and a group of conspirators planned a Sheffield Rising.

## Radical Chartism

The groups began to organise a militia, and supposedly "provided themselves with arms, and fixed upon a plan for taking some, and firing other parts of the town. That they had agreed to strike down every policeman and watchman that they might meet, and catch the soldiers before they could fire upon them. The barracks were to be fired, and the insurgents were to possess themselves of the Town Hall and Tontine, which they were to defend with the barricades."

The plot was exposed by the landlord of a pub in Rotherham who had infiltrated the group. Leaders were identified, and both Samuel and Mary were arrested. In contrast to many members of the group, Samuel freely admitted that he had aimed to upset the Government and was willing to die for the Charter. He was convicted of conspiracy to riot and sedition and was sentenced to four years' imprisonment. Placed in Northallerton House of Correction, he was illegally put on the treadwheel.

## Death in prison

In gaol, Samuel developed consumption and died after being transferred to York Castle. He was buried in Sheffield General Cemetery, 50,000 people attending his funeral.

## Commemoration

In the 1980s, Sheffield City Council commemorated Holberry by naming a fountain in the Peace Gardens for him. This was removed during renovations and replaced by the "Holberry Cascades".


title: Caraphlebia

abstract: Caraphlebia is an extinct genus of dragonflies, known from the Early Jurassic Mawson Formation of Antarctica. It is one of the only named fossil insects from Antarctica that have been formally described; others include two beetles, Grahamelytron crofti and Ademosynoides antarctica, both from a Jurassic deposit on Mount Flora Formation. Caraphlebia is related to the genus Liassophlebia, but the hind wing has several weak antipodals in addition to the two strong, primary ones. In 2018, Caraphlebia was confirmed to be placed in the family Selenothemistidae.

text:
# Caraphlebia

***Caraphlebia*** is an extinct genus of dragonflies, known from the Early Jurassic Mawson Formation of Antarctica. It is one of the only named fossil insects from Antarctica that have been formally described; others include two beetles, *Grahamelytron crofti* and *Ademosynoides antarctica*, both from a Jurassic deposit on Mount Flora Formation. *Caraphlebia* is related to the genus *Liassophlebia*, but the hind wing has several weak antipodals in addition to the two strong, primary ones. In 2018, *Caraphlebia* was confirmed to be placed in the family Selenothemistidae.

## InfoBox

| *Caraphlebia*
Temporal range: Toarcian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Superfamily: | Isophlebioidea |
| Family: | Selenothemistidae |
| Genus: | ***Caraphlebia***
Carpenter, 1969 |
| Species: | ***C. antarctica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Caraphlebia antarctica***
Carpenter, 1969 | |
|


title: Testimony in Jewish law

abstract: Testimony in Jewish law consists of testimony by eligible witnesses to a Beit Din (court) authorized to render decisions according to halakhah. Eligible witnesses must in almost all cases be free men who are not deaf, mentally or morally unsuitable, or too young for Bar Mitzvah; in particular, women are in most cases not eligible. The principles of testimony in halakhah have been applied to Mishpat Ivri.

text:
# Testimony in Jewish law

**Testimony in Jewish law** consists of testimony by eligible witnesses to a Beit Din (court) authorized to render decisions according to *halakhah* (Jewish law). Eligible witnesses must in almost all cases be free men who are not deaf, mentally or morally unsuitable, or too young for Bar Mitzvah; in particular, women are in most cases not eligible. The principles of testimony in halakhah have been applied to Mishpat Ivri (Hebrew jurisprudence).

## Criteria for valid testimony

A valid witness to an event in *halakhah* must have seen the event with his eyes or heard it with his ears. Generally hearsay from another person is inadmissible, except in rare cases such as confirming that a missing husband has died (see Agunah). A Beit Din may accept testimony only from a witness who speaks directly to the judges, not from a written deposition. A witness may not recant his testimony.

### Two witnesses

The Torah says (Deuteronomy 19:15): "One witness shall not arise against a man for any sin or guilt that he may commit; according to two witnesses or according to three witnesses a matter shall stand." Thus, two witnesses provide conclusive proof of reality, but one witness does not. (However, the testimony of one witness can require a defendant to swear to his innocence or else pay the debt alleged against him.)

In monetary law two witnesses may absolutely require someone to pay a debt or absolve them from that obligation. In capital cases two witnesses may testify that a person has committed a crime punishable by the death penalty in Jewish law, and the Sanhedrin may execute the person on their word; however capital punishment is no longer applied.

The testimony of two witnesses is equal in its force to the testimony of three or more witnesses. Thus if two witnesses say an event occurred, and one hundred witnesses say it did not occur, the groups of witnesses are considered to contradict one another, but no more weight is given to the larger group; other evidence is needed to reach a judgment. If one of the witnesses is disqualified, his entire group is disqualified, even if the other witnesses are themselves qualified and could present a valid testimony without his assistance. (Source: Makkot chapter 1.)

In monetary law examination of witnesses is less stringent than in capital law, and testimony is accepted even despite minor contradictions that may exist in the testimony of two separate witnesses. (If one witness says a defendant owes 100, and the other says the sum is 200, the judges accept that both witnesses agree to the existence of a 100 lien, even though only one witness testifies to each individual lien. Similarly, if one witness says a defendant owes 100 based on a loan granted on Monday, and another witness says the debt is 100 based on a loan granted on Thursday, the defendant is considered to owe 100 by the combined testimony of the two witnesses even though they disagree as to the source of the obligation.) In contrast, in capital cases the judges threaten the witnesses by warning of the consequences of perjury (source: Mishnah Sanhedrin chapter 4), and they ask many questions and will invalidate testimony even for minor inconsistencies, even if the contradiction seems substantively irrelevant to the case at hand. The purpose of these stringencies is to prevent the killing of an innocent defendant.

### Ceremonial versus evidentiary witnesses

In some instances two witnesses are required to perform a certain action, such as *kiddushin* (betrothal). If there are not two valid witnesses, the *kiddushin* does not take effect. These are ceremonial witnesses (Hebrew: *eidei kiyum*). Likewise, a shtar requires two witnesses, and in particular a *get* requires two witnesses to sign the document or see the delivery.

Witnesses in monetary cases are evidentiary: even if they do not witness a robbery, the robber is still obligated to compensate the owner for damages. Evidentiary witnesses are known in Hebrew as *eidei beirur*.

## Invalidation of a pair of witnesses

A pair of witnesses may be invalidated if:

* Two other witnesses directly contradict their testimony. (In Hebrew, this is *hakchasha*, הכחשה.)
* Two other witnesses testify that at the moment the original witnesses claim they saw the incident, those witnesses were with them and could not have witnessed an event elsewhere. The second pair of witnesses knows nothing about the substance of the matter, but rather undermines the standing of the first pair of witnesses to claim they saw the incident. This undermining is called *hazama*, הזמה. Witnesses found to have lied under this provision are punished with whatever punishment would have befallen their intended victim. Thus, if they plotted to make a victim suffer capital punishment, the witnesses themselves must suffer capital punishment.
* Blood relatives are not allowed to be witnesses or judges in the same case (Sanhedrin chapter 3 lists which blood relatives are included). This is a fundamental exclusion, without regard to the specific nature of a possible conflict of interest in a particular case.
* Any witness who is established by other witnesses as a liar or robber or other miscreant is invalid. There is a general rule that if one person among a group of witnesses is disqualified, they are all disqualified, even if the original disqualification does not question the truthfulness of the disqualified witness, and even if there remain two other witnesses (Makkot chapter 1).

### Powers of a lone witness

A lone witness cannot give testimony in capital cases. His testimony is useless unless there is a second witness to join him. In monetary cases a lone witness has limited powers. He can require a defendant to take an oath stating that the defendant is in the right, and if the defendant refuses to take the oath he must pay instead. (In most cases, it is at the defendant's discretion whether to swear but, in rare instances, the court may require the defendant to pay without the option of swearing \[Shevu'ot chapter 7\].)

In the case of a classical Agunah, a woman whose husband has disappeared and it is not known whether the husband is still alive, a single witness (even a woman or slave, normally invalid as witnesses) may testify that the husband has died, and on that basis the woman may remarry.

## Ineligible witnesses

Testimony of a deaf, mentally incompetent or young person (before Bar Mitzvah) is excluded. Testimony from women is also generally excluded. Anyone who is caught guilty of a sin which demonstrates greed, i.e. who sins in order to acquire money, is also disqualified.

Tractate Sanhedrin lists other categories of witnesses who are disqualified.

The Talmud, in the third chapter of Sanhedrin, delineates the rules governing who may provide written or oral testimony. A valid witness in a Jewish Beit Din must be an adult (see Bar Mitzvah) free man, not a woman or a slave, and not be related to any of the other witnesses or judges. The witness must be an honest person who can be trusted not to lie.

The Mishnah (Sanhedrin 24b) states: "The following people are disqualified: a gambler with dice, a lender who collects interest, a chaser of doves, and a merchant who profits from produce of Shemittah." The Talmud explains that each of these four activities falls within an expanded definition of theft because people who violate Torah laws or social norms in pursuit of money cannot be trusted to tell the truth. "Chasers of doves" are those training them for races (or to lure other people's birds away), as well as those who bet on them; it includes pigeons, and by extension the use and luring of any animals in such fashion, domesticated or otherwise.

Additionally, "one who eats in the street is comparable to a dog, and there are those who say that he is disqualified from serving as a witness." (Talmud, Kiddushin 40b)

### Reinstatement

However, anyone who has engaged in these forbidden activities may be reinstated upon undertaking a complete reversal to demonstrate especially honest conduct by renouncing a permitted activity.

> * Gamblers with dice...when are they reinstated? When they destroy their dice and completely reverse themselves, so that they do not play even for free.
> * Lenders who collect interest...when are they reinstated? When they tear up their promissory notes and completely reverse themselves, so that they do not collect interest even from a non-Jewish lender.
> * Chasers of doves...when are they reinstated? When they destroy their tools for chasing and completely reverse themselves, so that they do not chase doves even in the desert \[where there is nobody from whom to steal\].
> * Merchants who profit from produce of Shemittah...when are they reinstated? When the next Shemittah year arrives \[seven years later\] and they withdraw.
>     + Rabbi Nehemiah said: They required not only a reversal of words, but also a reversal of money. How so? A person proclaims, "I, John Doe, profited 200 Zuz from selling fruits of Shemittah, and I am now giving this money to charity." (Sanhedrin 25b)


title: Shook, Hardy & Bacon

abstract: Shook, Hardy & Bacon (SHB), L.L.P. is a U.S. law firm based in Kansas City, Missouri. In 2012, The National Law Journal ranked the firm as the 87th largest in the United States. The firm has offices in Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Boston. The firm is notable for its representation of five of the six major U.S. tobacco companies, and for its involvement in hiding the health risks of tobacco. The firm inspired the fictional firm of Smoot, Hawking in the satirical novel Thank You for Smoking. In 2023, it was announced that Bill Corrigan, a former judge, a one-time president of the Missouri Bar, and former deputy attorney general of Missouri was joining the firm as the managing partner of the firm's St. Louis office.

text:
# Shook, Hardy & Bacon

**Shook, Hardy & Bacon** (**SHB**), L.L.P. (previously **Shook, Hardy, Ottman, Mitchell and Bacon**) is a U.S. law firm based in Kansas City, Missouri. In 2012, *The National Law Journal* ranked the firm as the 87th largest in the United States. The firm has offices in Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Boston.

The firm is notable for its representation of five of the six major U.S. tobacco companies, and for its involvement in hiding the health risks of tobacco. The firm inspired the fictional firm of Smoot, Hawking in the satirical novel *Thank You for Smoking*. In 2023, it was announced that Bill Corrigan, a former judge, a one-time president of the Missouri Bar, and former deputy attorney general of Missouri was joining the firm as the managing partner of the firm's St. Louis office.

## Notable clients

SHB also has represented pharmaceutical companies, including Eli Lilly and Company, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, Guidant, and Wyeth. In 2007, Shook won a $69.5 million verdict on behalf of client Sprint Nextel, against Vonage. William H. Colby, an attorney at the firm, represented Nancy Cruzan (by way of her parents) in the right-to-die case, *Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health*, as part of Shook's *pro bono* work.

### Tobacco companies

The firm has represented five of the six major U.S. tobacco companies: American Brands, Brown & Williamson, RJR Nabisco, Philip Morris Inc. (now Altria Group) and Loews Inc.; a 1992 *New York Times* article about the firm is titled "'Tobacco' Its Middle Name, Law Firm Thrives, for Now".

In 1992, a federal judge all but accused the firm of orchestrating fraud on behalf of the tobacco industry and exerting attorney–client privilege to hide facts about tobacco's health hazards during the 1960s and 1970s.

According to Brown & Williamson whistleblower Jeffrey Wigand, SHB coached staff at the tobacco company on language that downplayed the health risks of tobacco.

In 2019, the firm launched its cannabis practice to address regulatory, employment, and litigation matters.

## InfoBox

Shook, Hardy & Bacon, L.L.P.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Crown Center<br>Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| No. of offices | 17 |
| No. of attorneys | 500+ |
| No. of employees | 1,400 |
| Major practice areas | Product liability, tort, business litigation, intellectual property, environmental and toxic tort, labor, and employment |
| Key people | Madeleine M. McDonough, Chair |
| Revenue | $353.52 M (2019) |
| Date founded | 1889 (1889) |
| Founder | Frank P. Sebree |
| Company type | Limited liability partnership |
| Website | shb.com |


title: Rasukutty

abstract: Rasukutty is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film, written and directed by K. Bhagyaraj and produced by Meena Panchu Arunachalam. The film stars Bhagyaraj and Aishwarya, with Manorama and Kalyan Kumar in supporting roles. It was released on 25 October 1992. The film was remade in Hindi as Raja Babu (1994), and in Telugu as Abbayigari Pelli.

text:
# Rasukutty

***Rasukutty*** (/rɑːsukutti/) is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film, written and directed by K. Bhagyaraj and produced by Meena Panchu Arunachalam. The film stars Bhagyaraj and Aishwarya, with Manorama and Kalyan Kumar in supporting roles. It was released on 25 October 1992. The film was remade in Hindi as *Raja Babu* (1994), and in Telugu as *Abbayigari Pelli*.

## Plot

## Cast

## Production

K. Bhagyaraj agreed to do a film for Panchu Arunachalam which eventually became *Rasukutty*. The film saw Bhagyaraj and Ilaiyaraaja reuniting after a brief misunderstanding. The film was completely shot at Mettur.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

| Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Adi Naan Pudicha" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Panchu Arunachalam | 04:55 |
| "Holi Holi" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki | | 05:35 |
| "Palayathu Ponnu" | K. S. Chithra, Sundarrajan, Saibaba | Vaali | 05:59 |
| "Vaadi En Sengamalam" | Minmini | | 04:09 |

## Release and reception

*Rasukutty* was released on 25 October 1992, Diwali day. Ayyappa Prasad of *The Indian Express* wrote the film "has a very interesting storyline with Bhagyaraj giving a very good performance". K. Vijiyan of *New Straits Times* wrote, "We see the old Bhagiaraj we used to love in *Rasukutti*". C. R. K. of *Kalki* wrote that the humorous dialogues and fast paced screenplay prove the brand of Bhagyaraj but the sudden twists towards the end were exaggerated.

## Legacy

Jagan, who portrayed a character named Sembuli, acquired the sobriquet "Sembuli Jagan" after acting in this film.

## InfoBox

| Rasukutty | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | K. Bhagyaraj |
| Written by | K. Bhagyaraj |
| Produced by | Meena Panchu Arunachalam |
| Starring | K. Bhagyaraj
Aishwarya |
| Cinematography | M. C. Sekar |
| Edited by | B. K. Mohaan |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production
company | P. A. Art Productions |
| Release date | * 25 October 1992 (1992-10-25) |
| Running time | 149 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Çobanköy, Göle

abstract: Çobanköy is a village in the Göle District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and had a population of 454 in 2021.

text:
# Çobanköy, Göle

**Çobanköy** is a village in the Göle District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and had a population of 454 in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Çobanköy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ÇobanköyLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°54′02″N 42°50′10″E / 40.90056°N 42.83611°E / 40.90056; 42.83611 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Ardahan |
| District | Göle |
| Population (2021) | 454 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Daly Waters Airfield

abstract: The Daly Waters Airfield, also RAAF Base Daly Waters, is a former commercial and sporadically-used military airfield located at Daly Waters, Northern Territory, Australia. As an airfield on Australia's earliest international routes, Daly Waters was used throughout the 1920s and 1930s as a stop over for commercial airlines operating on the domestic route to Western Australia and international carriers flying from Australia into south-east Asia via Darwin. During World War II, the airbase was used by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and the United States Army Air Force to undertake combat operations against the Japanese in New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies and the islands to Australia's north. Following the war, the airbase was used commercially again up until the 1970s when the airfield was sporadically-used by the RAAF.

text:
# Daly Waters Airfield

| Daly Waters Airfield
RAAF Base Daly Waters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Military airfield;
Defunct civil airport |
| Owner | Department of Defence |
| Operator | Royal Australian Air Force |
| Elevation AMSL | 700 ft / 213 m |
| Coordinates | 16°15′42″S 133°22′50″E / 16.26167°S 133.38056°E / -16.26167; 133.38056 |
| Map | |
| YDLWLocation in the Northern Territory | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  13/31 2,138 7,014 Asphalt | |
| Sources: Australian AIP and aerodrome chart | |

The **Daly Waters Airfield**, also **RAAF Base Daly Waters**, is a former commercial and sporadically-used military airfield located at Daly Waters, Northern Territory, Australia. As an airfield on Australia's earliest international routes, Daly Waters was used throughout the 1920s and 1930s as a stop over for commercial airlines operating on the domestic route to Western Australia and international carriers flying from Australia into south-east Asia via Darwin. During World War II, the airbase was used by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and the United States Army Air Force to undertake combat operations against the Japanese in New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies and the islands to Australia's north. Following the war, the airbase was used commercially again up until the 1970s when the airfield was sporadically-used by the RAAF.

## History

Daly Waters was a refuelling stop for early pioneering flights through Darwin and QANTAS flights to Singapore (also via Darwin). During the 1930s, the growth of international air travel meant the airport became a busy refuelling point, despite its isolation and rudimentary facilities. The airfield was served by QANTAS, Australian National Airways and Guinea Airways as well as being an important connection point for MacRobertson Miller Airlines flights to Western Australia.

### World War II

In the early months of 1942, following the outbreak of hostilities in the Pacific against the Japanese, the airfield was used a waypoint on the "Brereton Route" for operations between Australia and Java. It was a staging base for aircraft from Cloncurry, Queensland and then up to Darwin area airfields. The RAAF requisitioned the airfield and on 15 March 1942 it became *RAAF Base Daly Waters*; and operations commenced on 15 May 1942.

The 64th Bomb Squadron of the United States Army Air Forces' Fifth Air Force 43rd Bombardment Group were based at Daly Waters from 16 May 1942 until 2 August 1942, flying B-17 Flying Fortresses from the airfield. The squadron made numerous attacks on Japanese shipping in the Dutch East Indies and the Bismarck Archipelago. Other operations during this period included support for ground forces on New Guinea; attacks on airfields and installations in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Celebes, Halmahera, Yap, Palau, and the southern Philippines; and long-range raids against oil refineries on Ceram and Borneo.

### Post-war use

In late 1943, the RAAF base was wound down as the war proceeded north, and the airfield was returned to civil use. Commercial traffic continued at the airfield until 1970. Ansett Australia and TAA operated one flight a week with TAA flying south in the morning and Ansett flying north in the evening. The last TAA flight took place on 1 April 1970 with Ansett concluding its operations a week or so later. The original Qantas hangar still stands, housing exhibits of photographs and equipment from the area's aviation past. The main runway, although deteriorated, appears to still be serviceable. The airfield is used by the RAAF for joint military manoeuvres.

## Units based at Daly Waters airfield

| Unit | Aircraft | Assigned | Reassigned | Time at Daly Waters | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No. 2 Squadron RAAF | Hudsons |  |  |  |  |
| No. 12 Squadron RAAF | Wirraways |  |  |  |  |
| No. 13 Squadron RAAF | Hudson |  |  |  |  |
| No. 34 Squadron RAAF | Dragon & Ansons |  |  |  |  |
| No. 1 Repair and Salvage Unit RAAF |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fifth Air Force, United States Army Air Forces | | | | | |
| 64th Bombardment Squadron 43d Bombardment Group | B-17 Flying Fortress | 16 May 1942 | 2 August 1942 | 78 days | Dispersed from Group HQ at Sydney, New South Wales |

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| Daly Waters Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
| *RAAF Base Daly Waters* | |
| Daly Waters, Northern Territory in Australia | |
| Daly Waters AirfieldLocation in the Northern Territory | |
| Coordinates | 16°15′42″S 133°22′50″E / 16.26167°S 133.38056°E / -16.26167; 133.38056 |
| Type |  |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Department of Defence |
| Operator |  |
| Site history | |
| In use | * 1942 (1942)   1945 (1945) (military use) * 1970 (1970)   *present* (military use) |
| Battles/wars | Pacific War, World War II |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | United States Army Air Forces (1942) |


title: Carapichaima

abstract: Carapichaima is a town in central Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago. Communities and villages in Carapichaima include Orangefield, Waterloo, Brickfield, and Korea Village.

text:
# Carapichaima

**Carapichaima** is a town in central Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago. Communities and villages in Carapichaima include Orangefield, Waterloo, Brickfield, and Korea Village.

## History

Carapichaima had been a sugar producing village that expanded after the railroad opened up central Trinidad to development and population movements. Better access to transportation allowed the village to expand into a hub for transportation in central Trinidad and center for commerce for the surrounding areas and rural communities.

Carapichaima has seen major changes and growth due to a number of factors. These include the construction of new schools in the area, the establishment and expansion of business into the area and the increase in tourism into the area.

Major structural changes occurred in the past few years when the main sugar producing, state owned company, Caroni 1975 Ltd., was closed in 2003. A significant part of the rural population were employed in the sugar industry. Among some of the major problems plaguing this community is increasing crime rates and difficulty coping with the previously mentioned structural changes.

## Religion

The town is very culturally diverse hosting a very large East Indian population as well as a significant African population. The predominantly East Indian population explains the dominance of religions like Hinduism and Islam in the area. This dominance is evident by the amount of Temples and Mosques located in the area. The Dattatreya Mandir is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ganapathi Sachchidananda. Situated on the temple ground is the tallest (85 feet) Lord Hanuman statue in the Western Hemisphere completed in 2001. The statue was designed and constructed by T. Subramanian Sthapathi (Chief Architect) from Chennai. Also of significance is the temple in Waterloo, which extends into the sea. Several Mosques dot the area and a Muslim school is centrally located close to the former train station. A number of churches also exist to serve the growing Christian population in Carapichaima. Carapichaima has been a major staging point for Carnival celebrations in Central Trinidad.

## Schools

A number of schools have sprouted in the area to accommodate its rising population. One of the first was the Canadian Missionary school, the Waterloo Presbyterian School. This was originally built to educate the rural East Indians who lived and formed the workforce of the sugar plantations that encompassed the region at that time. Eventually a number of schools were established like the Waterloo Hindu School, Orange Field Hindu School, Carapichaima RC School and the Carapichaima ASJA Muslim Primary School to name a few.

10°28′N 61°27′W / 10.467°N 61.450°W / 10.467; -61.450

## InfoBox

| Carapichaima | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Carapichaima | |
| Coordinates: 10°28′N 61°27′W / 10.467°N 61.450°W / 10.467; -61.450 | |
| Country | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Region | Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 4,465 |


title: Qendër Ersekë

abstract: Qendër Ersekë is a former municipality in the Korçë County, southeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Kolonjë. The population at the 2011 census was 2,673. The municipal unit consists of the villages Starje, Bejkovë, Psar, Selenicë, Kreshovë, Gostivisht, Lëngës, Kodras, Kabash, Borovë, Taç Qëndër, Taç Poshtë, Taç Lartë, Rehovë, Gjonç and Prodan.

text:
# Qendër Ersekë

**Qendër Ersekë** is a former municipality in the Korçë County, southeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Kolonjë. The population at the 2011 census was 2,673. The municipal unit consists of the villages Starje, Bejkovë, Psar, Selenicë, Kreshovë, Gostivisht, Lëngës, Kodras, Kabash, Borovë, Taç Qëndër, Taç Poshtë, Taç Lartë, Rehovë, Gjonç and Prodan.

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). pp. 6372–6373. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
2. 2011 census results Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
3. Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Qendër Ersekë | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal unit | |
| Qendër Ersekë | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′N 20°42′E / 40.383°N 20.700°E / 40.383; 20.700 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Korçë |
| Municipality | Kolonjë |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipal unit | 2,673 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal Code | 7401 |
| Area Code | (0)872 |


title: Demonic non-determinism

text:
# Demonic non-determinism

A term which describes the execution of a non-deterministic program where all choices are made in favour of non-termination.

Wirsing, M.; Broy, M. (5 March 1981). "On the algebraic specification of nondeterministic programming languages". *Caap '81*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 112. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 162–179. doi:10.1007/3-540-10828-9\_61. ISBN 978-3-540-10828-3.

McIver, A. K.; Morgan, Carroll (6 September 2001). "Partial correctness for probabilistic demonic programs". *Theoretical Computer Science*. **266** (1): 513–541. doi:10.1016/S0304-3975(00)00208-5. ISSN 0304-3975.


title: Shook, Missouri

abstract: Shook is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Missouri, United States. The community is located on the West Fork Lost Creek arm of Lake Wappapello along Missouri Route D, approximately sixteen miles north of Poplar Bluff. The Shook post office was in operation from 1904 to 1999. The community has the name of George Shook, an early settler.

text:
# Shook, Missouri

**Shook** is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Missouri, United States. The community is located on the West Fork Lost Creek arm of Lake Wappapello along Missouri Route D, approximately sixteen miles north of Poplar Bluff.

The Shook post office was in operation from 1904 to 1999. The community has the name of George Shook, an early settler.

## InfoBox

| Shook | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| ShookLocation within the state of Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 37°02′34″N 90°18′32″W / 37.04278°N 90.30889°W / 37.04278; -90.30889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Wayne |
| Elevation | 400 ft (100 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 752136 |


title: John Warlick McDonald

abstract: John Warlick McDonald was an American diplomat. He was appointed to the rank of ambassador twice by Jimmy Carter and twice by Ronald Reagan to represent the United States at United Nations World Conferences. From 1974 to 1978, he was the deputy director general of the International Labour Organization. McDonald was born in Koblenz, Germany, while his father was stationed there with the U.S. military. He had B.A. and a J.D. degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and graduated from the National War College in 1967. After receiving his law degree, McDonald entered the U.S. Foreign Service. McDonald co-founded Global Water and later founded the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy.

text:
# John Warlick McDonald

**John Warlick McDonald** (February 18, 1922 – May 17, 2019) was an American diplomat. He was appointed to the rank of ambassador twice by Jimmy Carter and twice by Ronald Reagan to represent the United States at United Nations World Conferences. From 1974 to 1978, he was the deputy director general of the International Labour Organization.

McDonald was born in Koblenz, Germany, while his father was stationed there with the U.S. military. He had B.A. and a J.D. degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and graduated from the National War College in 1967. After receiving his law degree, McDonald entered the U.S. Foreign Service.

McDonald co-founded Global Water and later founded the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy.

## Personal life

McDonald married Barbara Stewart in 1943. They had four children, including Lynn McDonald, and six grandchildren, including Ben Wikler.

## IMTD

McDonald founded The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy (IMTD) in 1998; the concept of Multi-track Diplomacy was derived from the academic work of Dr. Louise Diamond and Ambassador McDonald. Track One Diplomacy is State to State Diplomacy. But he and Diamond held that there were several other practical types of Diplomacy which could strengthen the relationships of peoples and governments, these included business to business, religious group to religious group, academic group diplomacy, professional peace building diplomacy, activism, research, training, and philanthropy. Subsequent tracks of Diplomacy have been added to include women's groups, sports and the arts.

Throughout its 25 years, IMTD's mission embraced a wide range of peace building activities from a peace-building soccer/football tour throughout contested Kashmir, to water sharing agreements crafted by engineers between states which were technically at war, to conflict resolution training and reconciliation efforts around the world. Working tirelessly deep into his nineties, Ambassador McDonald and staff worked from their offices in Arlington, Virginia and traveled wherever their expertise was sought throughout the world.

## Awards

McDonald was a 1994 nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2009, he received the Peacemaker Award from the Association for Conflict Resolution.

McDonald received honorary degrees from Salisbury University, St. John's University, Teikyo University and Mount Mercy University.

## InfoBox

| John Warlick McDonald | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |