title: Tennessee State Route 53

abstract: State Route 53 (SR 53) is a north–south state highway that traverses six counties in Middle Tennessee. It is 113.5 miles (182.7 km) long.

text:
# Tennessee State Route 53

**State Route 53** (**SR 53**) is a north–south state highway that traverses six counties in Middle Tennessee. It is 113.5 miles (182.7 km) long.

## Route description

### Coffee County

As a primary route, **SR 53** begins at the junction with US 41/SR 2 in the Coffee County seat of Manchester. It goes northeast as a 4-lane undivided highway (as Woodbury Highway) through a business district before it intersects I-24 (Exit 110) before leaving town, narrowing to 2-lanes and continuing north into farmland. It has an intersection with SR 280 before crossing into Cannon County.

### Cannon County

SR 53 continues through farmland (as Jim Cummings Highway) and has an intersection with SR 281 before curving through a gap between two ridges to enter Woodbury (as S McCrary Street). It goes through downtown to intersect and become concurrent with US 70S/SR 1 (Main Street) as the turn east and leave downtown before SR 53 splits off and turns north again (as Gassaway Road), leaving Woodbury and crossing the East Fork of the Stones River. SR 53 continues north through the mountains and treacherous terrain of the Highland Rim, as at this it becomes narrow and curvy, before crossing into DeKalb County, just after passing through the community of Gassaway.

### DeKalb County

SR 53 continues through mountains (as Woodbury Highway) before leveling and straightening out just before entering Liberty and becoming concurrent with US 70/SR 26/SR 96 (Nashville Highway). They turn west as a 4-lane undivided highway, with SR 96 splitting off to the southwest shortly afterwards.The highway then narrows to 2-lanes as they leave Liberty and pass through hilly countryside before entering Alexandria. SR 53 then separates from US 70/SR 26 and bypasses downtown to the east (as SR 53 bypass) before leaving Alexandria (as Alexandria Highway) and continuing north to cross into Smith County.

### Smith County

SR 53 immediately enters and passes through Brush Creek before continuing north through farmland to enter New Middleton and become concurrent with SR 141, just south of its interchange with I-40 (Exit 254). They turn east (as New Middleton Highway) through New Middleton, and running parallel to I-40, before entering Gordonsville (as E Main Street). The highway is briefly signed as a secondary route from the first junction with SR 141 to the second one in Gordonsville. They then intersect with SR 264, where SR 141 continues along that route to downtown and SR 53 splits off and goes north again (as Gordonsville Highway) changes back to a primary route prior to intersecting I-40 (Exit 258) before leaving Gordonsville and continuing north through farmland to an interchange with US 70N/SR 24/SR 25 at South Carthage.

Here, SR 53 turns east to run concurrently with US 70N/SR 24 (as Cookeville Highway) while SR 25 goes north as a 4-lane divided highway into Carthage. From here all the way to the Kentucky state line, the entire remainder of the SR 53 corridor parallels the Cumberland River. They pass through farmland, crossing a bridge over the Caney Fork River and having an intersection with SR 264 until the highway reaches Chestnut Mound. SR 53 then splits off from US 70N/SR 24 and once again becomes a secondary route as it becomes narrow and curvy due to entering mountains again as it crosses into Jackson County.

### Jackson County

SR 53 continues north through hilly terrain (as Granville Highway) as a narrow and curvy road as it leaves Chestnut mound and crosses a bridge over an arm of Cordell Hull Lake/Cumberland River to enter Granville, where it passes right through downtown and meets the eastern end of SR 96. It then leaves Granville and crosses another arm of Cordell Hull Lake/Cumberland River to east and continue through hilly terrain. The highway then turns north again at an intersection with SR 290 and becomes much curvier. It continues to an intersection with SR 262, where it becomes W Hull Avenue as it enters Gainesboro. SR 53 then passes through downtown before becoming concurrent with SR 56, where it returns to being a primary highway. They travel north (as Grundy Quarles Highway) to just south of SR 56's crossing of the Cumberland River, SR 53 splits off to the east and becomes concurrent with SR 85 and SR 135 (as N Grundy Quarles Highway). SR 135 splits off a short distance later just before crossing a bridge over the Roaring River, with SR 85 splitting off shortly afterwards. SR 53 then continues further north along the banks of the Cumberland River into Clay County.

### Clay County

SR 53 continues along the banks of the Cumberland River (as Gainesboro Highway), surrounded by mountains on either side and farmland along the river banks. It then has an intersection with SR 292 before entering Celina. In Celina, it bypasses downtown to the east and intersects with SR 52.

After it passes through Celina, SR 53 goes in a northeasterly direction, over the Obey River, skirting the banks of Dale Hollow Lake until it reaches its northern terminus at the Kentucky state line. The road continues as Kentucky Route 61 upon entering Cumberland County, Kentucky.

## History

The highway in Clay County passed through the town of Willow Grove until the town's destruction in 1943 with the creation of the Dale Hollow Reservoir. Much of SR 53 between Celina and Byrdstown was flooded as a result of the impounding of the Obey River to build the Dale Hollow Dam. The highway's entry to the town is now the site of Cedar Hill Marina. Those events caused the Department of Highways to reroute Highway 53 northeastward to KY 61 at the Kentucky state line following the shore of the new lake. The remnants of the former SR 53 east of Dale Hollow Lake is now signed as Tennessee State Route 325.

The route in Smith County has been rebuilt multiple times, too. The concurrency with State Route 24 previously went from the center of South Carthage to the eastern end of Chestnut Mound, as State Route 53 followed what are now South Main Street in South Carthage and parts of Enigma Road in Enigma. Eventually, bypasses of South Carthage and Enigma were built following the current route of S.R. 53, and part of the initial route of Enigma Road was flooded by a shallow bay of Cordell Hull Reservoir. The current route from New Middleton to Alexandria via Brush Creek is also not the original route.

## Additional information of the route

SR 53 from Gainesboro to Celina, and the corridor from Celina to the Kentucky state line is considered to be parts of the Corridor J-1 and J projects, respectively, of the Appalachian Development Highway System. KY 61 north of the state line continues Corridor J into Kentucky.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Coffee | Manchester | 0.0 | 0.0 | US 41 (Murfreesboro Highway/SR 2) Murfreesboro, Monteagle | Southern terminus; SR 53 begins as a primary highway |
| | | 0.8 | 1.3 | I-24 Nashville, Chattanooga | I-24 exit 110 |
| | Pocahontas | 9.9 | 15.9 |
SR 280 west (Gnat Hill Road) Beechgrove | Eastern terminus of SR 280 |
| Cannon |  | 19.4 | 31.2 |
SR 281 east (Iconium Road) | Western terminus of SR 281 |
| | Woodbury | 23.5 | 37.8 |
US 70S west (Main Street/SR 1 west) Murfreesboro | Southern end of US 70S/SR 1 concurrency |
| | 24.2 | 38.9 |
US 70S east (Main Street/SR 1 east) McMinnville | Northern end of US 70S/SR 1 concurrency |
| |  | 25.8 | 41.5 | Bridge over the East Fork of the Stones River | |
| DeKalb | Liberty | 38.7 | 62.3 |

US 70 east / SR 96 east (Nashville Highway/SR 26 east) Dowelltown, Smithville | Southern end of US 70/SR 26/SR 96 concurrency |
| |  | 40.1 | 64.5 |
SR 96 west Auburntown, Murfreesboro | Northern end of SR 96 concurrency |
| | Alexandria | 43.9 | 70.7 |
US 70 west (Nashville Highway/SR 26 west) Watertown, Lebanon | Northern end of US 70/SR 26 concurrency |
| Smith | New Middleton | 51.6 | 83.0 |

SR 141 west (Grant Highway) to I-40 Lebanon | Southern end of SR 141 concurrency; SR 53 turns secondary |
| | Gordonsville | 56.1 | 90.3 |
SR 141 south / SR 264 (E Main Street/Hatton Wauford Parkway) Dowelltown, Smithville, Downtown | Northern end of SR 141 concurrency; SR 53 turns primary |
| | 56.5 | 90.9 | I-40 Nashville, Knoxville | I-40 exit 258 |
| | South Carthage | 60.7 | 97.7 |

US 70N west (Lebanon Highway/SR 24 west) / SR 25 west Lebanon, Downtown | Interchange; southern end of US 70N/SR 24 concurrency; eastern terminus of SR 25 |
| |  | 62.5 | 100.6 | Bridge over the Caney Fork River | |
| | Elmwood | 64.6 | 104.0 |
SR 264 south (Stonewall Road) Gordonsville | Northern terminus of SR 264 |
| | Chestnut Mound | 68.2 | 109.8 |
US 70N east (Cookeville Highway/SR 24 east) Baxter, Cookeville | Northern end of US 70N/SR 24 concurrency; SR 53 turns secondary |
| Jackson |  | 72.1 | 116.0 | Bridge over an arm of Cordell Hull Lake | |
| | Granville | 73.4 | 118.1 |
SR 96 west (Clover Street) Baxter | Eastern terminus of SR 96 |
| | 73.5 | 118.3 | DR. L.M. Freeman Memorial Bridge over an arm of Cordell Hull Lake | |
| |  | 77.8 | 125.2 |
SR 290 east (Shepardsville Highway) Cookeville | Western terminus of SR 290; provides access to Cummins Falls State Park |
| | Gainesboro | 85.5 | 137.6 |
SR 262 west (Gladdice Highway) Willette | Eastern terminus of SR 262 |
| | 86.2 | 138.7 |

SR 56 south (Grundy Quarles Highway) to I-40 Baxter | Southern end of SR 56 concurrency; SR 53 turns primary |
| | 87.4 | 140.7 |

SR 56 north / SR 85 west / SR 135 north (Grundy Quarles Highway) Red Boiling Springs | Northern end of SR 56 concurrency; southern end of SR 85/SR 135 concurrency |
| | 87.6 | 141.0 |
SR 135 south (Dodson Branch Highway) Cookeville | Northern end of SR 135 wrong-way concurrency |
| | 87.7 | 141.1 | Bridge over the Roaring River | |
| | 88.2 | 141.9 |
SR 85 east (York Highway) Hilham, Livingston | Northern end of SR 85 concurrency |
| Clay |  | 99.0 | 159.3 |
SR 292 east (Baptist Ridge Road) Hilham | Western terminus of SR 292 |
| | Celina | 104.9 | 168.8 | SR 52 (Brown Street) Red Boiling Springs, Livingston |  |
| | 106.0 | 170.6 | Bridge over the Obey River | |
| |  | 113.5 | 182.7 |
KY 61 north (Celina Road) Burkesville | Kentucky state line; northern terminus; SR 53 ends as a primary highway |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Tennessee State Route 53KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 53 | |
| --- | --- |
| SR 53; primary in red, secondary in blue | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Tennessee Department of Transportation | |
| Length | 113.5 mi (182.7 km) |
| Existed | October 1, 1923–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 41 in Manchester |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | KY 61 near Peytonsburg, KY |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| Counties | Coffee, Cannon, DeKalb, Smith, Jackson, Clay |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 52   SR 54 | |


title: Caulfield North, Victoria

abstract: Caulfield North is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Glen Eira local government area. Caulfield North recorded a population of 16,903 at the 2021 census. It is bounded by Orrong Road in the west, Glen Eira Road in the south, Dandenong Road in the north and Kambrook Road in the east. The suburb contains Caulfield Park – a park of approximately 26 hectares, bounded by Balaclava Road, Inkerman Road, Hawthorn Road, and Park Crescent. Caulfield North has a large Jewish population: 8619, representing 41.1% of its population, according to the 2016 census data. The suburb's population has a high level of educational attainment, with 45.6% having a bachelor's degree or above compared to 24.3% for Victoria and 22.0% for Australia.

text:
# Caulfield North, Victoria

**Caulfield North** is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Glen Eira local government area. Caulfield North recorded a population of 16,903 at the 2021 census.

It is bounded by Orrong Road in the west, Glen Eira Road in the south, Dandenong Road in the north and Kambrook Road in the east. The suburb contains Caulfield Park – a park of approximately 26 hectares (64.25 acres), bounded by Balaclava Road, Inkerman Road, Hawthorn Road, and Park Crescent.

Caulfield North has a large Jewish population: 8619, representing 41.1% of its population, according to the 2016 census data. The suburb's population has a high level of educational attainment, with 45.6% having a bachelor's degree or above compared to 24.3% for Victoria and 22.0% for Australia.

## History

Caulfield North was once the location of many large Victorian mansions, most of which were demolished in the early twentieth century and the large estates that they were built upon were then subdivided.

A notable survivor is Labassa, owned by the National Trust. The mansion was originally built in 1862 and extended in 1873. In 1889 further extensions and lavish refurbishment commissioned by William Alexander Robertson created the present mansion which is of national significance.

The house is sometimes used for filming of the ABC's lady detective series *Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries*, and was one of the filming locations for the 2002 film *Queen of the Damned*.

Many streets in the suburb were named in the late 1850s after Crimea War locations and people. For example; Cardigan, Canrobert, Inkerman, Alma, Raglan, Redan, and Balaclava.

The Caulfield North Post Office was opened on 26 March 1915.

## Public transport

Trams service Caulfield North extensively, with a major tram interchange at Balaclava Junction. Tram routes , 16 and 64 all service Caulfield North. Caulfield North also contains Balaclava Junction, the only extant grand union in the Southern Hemisphere, a junction where trams can go in all directions from all directions.

Trains connect the suburb to the city via the major transport interchange, Caulfield railway station at Caulfield East (via tram route 3). Trains also connect the suburb to the city through Balaclava railway station (via tram routes 3 and 16).

## Notable people

Australian television personality Graham Kennedy went to the Caulfield North State School (now Caulfield Junior College), in Balaclava Road.

* City of Caulfield – Caulfield North was previously within this former local government area.

## InfoBox

| Caulfield North
Melbourne, Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Labassa, Manor Grove | |
| Caulfield North | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 37°52′23″S 145°01′30″E / 37.873°S 145.025°E / -37.873; 145.025 |
| Population | 16,903 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 4,020/km2 (10,420/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 3161 |
| Elevation | 48 m (157 ft) |
| Area | 4.2 km2 (1.6 sq mi) |
| Location | 8 km (5 mi) from Melbourne |
| LGA(s) | City of Glen Eira |
| State electorate(s) | Caulfield |
| Federal division(s) | Macnamara |
| **Suburbs around Caulfield North:**  Prahran Armadale Malvern  St Kilda East Caulfield North Caulfield East  Elsternwick Caulfield Caulfield East | |


title: Kuwolsan

abstract: Kuwŏlsan, or Mount Kuwol, is a mountain in South Hwanghae, North Korea. The mountain takes its name from the ninth month of the lunar calendar, because it is considered particularly attractive in that month. The mountain is a major summer resort in North Korea, attracting many domestic tourists. Kuwolsan is home to the Sansong Revolutionary Site, the 9th century Woljong Temple and the stupas, as well as the 4th century Anak Tomb No. 3.

text:
# Kuwolsan

**Kuwŏlsan**, or **Mount Kuwol**, is a mountain in South Hwanghae, North Korea. The mountain takes its name from the ninth month of the lunar calendar, because it is considered particularly attractive in that month. The mountain is a major summer resort in North Korea, attracting many domestic tourists.

Kuwolsan is home to the Sansong Revolutionary Site, the 9th century Woljong Temple and the stupas, as well as the 4th century Anak Tomb No. 3.

## Environment

The highest peak of the mountain - the highest point in the short Kuwol range - is 954 m above sea level. There are several scenic routes through the mountain area. Natural attractions include rock formations, waterfalls and natural pools. Much of the mountain is covered by mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest and protected in an 18,000 ha national park. Some 1100 ha has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA).

38°30′N 125°16′E / 38.500°N 125.267°E / 38.500; 125.267

## InfoBox

| Kuwolsan | |
| --- | --- |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 구월산 |
| Hancha |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Guwolsan* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Kuwŏlsan* |


title: 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade

abstract: The 15th Cavalry Brigade was a brigade-sized formation that served alongside British Empire forces in the Sinai and Palestine campaign, during World War I. Originally called the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade it was formed from Imperial Service Troops provided by the Indian princely states of Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Mysore, and Patiala which each provided a regiment of lancers. A maximum of three regiments served in the brigade at any one time. The states of Kashmir, Idar and Kathiawar provided smaller detachments for the brigade, which was at times reinforced by other British Empire regiments and artillery batteries when on operations. In October 1914, the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was moved by sea to Egypt to become part of the Force in Egypt defending the Suez Canal. In the first three years of the war, the soldiers were involved in several small-scale battles connected to the Raid on the Suez Canal, but spent most of their time patrolling in the Sinai Desert and along the west bank of the canal. It was not until November 1917 as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force that the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was involved in the Third Battle of Gaza. The following year the brigade joined the 5th Cavalry Division when it became the 15th Cavalry Brigade and played an active role in the British victory over Turkish forces in Palestine. In total, eighty-four men from the brigade were killed in action or died of their wounds and another 123 were wounded. Several memorials were erected to commemorate the brigade in the Middle East and in India. The anniversary of the brigade's most famous victory, the Battle of Haifa, is still celebrated today by its successors in the Indian Army.

text:
# 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade

The **15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade** was a brigade-sized formation that served alongside British Empire forces in the Sinai and Palestine campaign, during World War I. Originally called the **Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade** it was formed from Imperial Service Troops provided by the Indian princely states of Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Mysore, and Patiala which each provided a regiment of lancers. A maximum of three regiments served in the brigade at any one time. The states of Kashmir, Idar and Kathiawar provided smaller detachments for the brigade, which was at times reinforced by other British Empire regiments and artillery batteries when on operations.

In October 1914, the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was moved by sea to Egypt to become part of the Force in Egypt defending the Suez Canal. In the first three years of the war, the soldiers were involved in several small-scale battles connected to the Raid on the Suez Canal, but spent most of their time patrolling in the Sinai Desert and along the west bank of the canal. It was not until November 1917 as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force that the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was involved in the Third Battle of Gaza. The following year the brigade joined the 5th Cavalry Division when it became the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade and played an active role in the British victory over Turkish forces in Palestine.

In total, eighty-four men from the brigade were killed in action or died of their wounds and another 123 were wounded. Several memorials were erected to commemorate the brigade in the Middle East and in India. The anniversary of the brigade's most famous victory, the Battle of Haifa, is still celebrated today by its successors in the Indian Army.

## Background

In 1888, the Indian Government proposed that the independent armies of the Indian Princely states provide the British Empire with troops for service on the North West Frontier and outside the Indian subcontinent. The states' forces were recognised by the Indian Government and the British Indian Army as allies, and their troops were subject to the *Indian Army Act* when serving alongside the Indian Army. When in the field, the commander of the British Forces alongside which any Imperial Service Troops were serving was recognised as the higher legal authority in accordance with the act. To eliminate supply problems, states' armies' field uniform and weapons were the same as the regular Indian Army, and the Indian Government appointed a staff of officers designated Military Advisers and Assistant Military Advisers to assist the independent states' rulers in the training and organisation of their forces. Imperial Service Troops were commanded by Indian officers. In contrast, British Indian Army units had British officers in all senior command posts; their own Indian Viceroy's commissioned officers were trained to only a troop or platoon level of command.

The Imperial Service Troops included cavalry, infantry, artillery, sappers and transport regiments or battalions, with several states contributing both men and equipment. The first states to provide troops for active service were Gwalior and Jaipur for the Chitral Expedition in 1895. Hyderabad sent troops to Burma in 1898 and to the Second Anglo-Boer War in 1902. During the 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China, part of the British relief force contingent was an Imperial Service Brigade, raised from the troops of Alwar, Bikaner and Jodhpur. Bikaner also sent troops to serve in the 1901 Somaliland Campaign. By the start of the First World War, the princely states together provided fifteen cavalry regiments, thirteen infantry battalions, seven transport units, four companies of sappers, three camel corps regiments and two batteries of mountain artillery, totalling around 22,500 men.

## Brigade organisation

In October 1914, under the command of Brigadier-General William A. Watson of the British Indian Army, the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade, of around 1,700 men, was gathered at Deolali for service in the First World War. The brigade headquarters had an establishment of seven officers and forty-seven men. Including the brigade commander there were five British officers on the brigade staff; also attached were Sir Pratap Singh the Maharaja of Idar and Captain Zorawar Singh the Commandant of the Bhavnagar Imperial Service Lancers. The Kathiawar Imperial Service Signal Troop, commanded by Captain Henry St. George Scott of the 4th Gurkha Rifles, were with brigade headquarters, with an establishment of one Indian officer and twenty-seven men of other ranks, including twelve despatch riders from Idar State. The brigade also included the 124th Indian Cavalry Field Ambulance, commanded by Captain T. O'Leary of the Indian Army Medical Corps, with an establishment of five Indian officers, one British and ten Indians of other ranks.

The fighting component of the brigade was formed from three cavalry regiments, each of five squadrons: the 1st Hyderabad Lancers commanded by Major Mahomed Azmatullah *Bahadur* with twenty-seven officers (one British) and 533 other ranks, the Mysore Lancers (including two troops of Bhavnagar Lancers and one troop of Kashmir Lancers) commanded by Regimentdar B. Chamraj Urs *Bahadur* with thirty-two officers (one British) and 487 other and the Patiala Lancers commanded by Colonel Nand Singh *Sardar Bahadur* with twenty-six officers and 528 other ranks. This formation remained the same until May 1916, when the Patiala Lancers were transferred to serve in the campaign in Mesopotamia. The brigade regained its own third regiment in May 1918 when the Jodhpur Lancers, commanded by Colonel Thakur Pratap Singh *Sardar Bahadur*, which had been serving on the Western Front in France, arrived in the theatre. The final unit assigned to the brigade was the Imperial Service Machine-Gun Squadron formed on 10 June 1918 by amalgamating the three cavalry regiment's machine-gun sections into one unit. Some sources refer to the squadron as the 15th Imperial Service Brigade Machine-Gun Squadron.

Even though the brigade was an Imperial Service unit, the cavalry regiments and brigade headquarters included attached British Indian Army Special Service Officers (SSO), but only as advisors. In 1914, the three cavalry regiments had two SSOs attached, and Colonel J. Desaraj Urs Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore State Forces accompanied the Mysore Lancers as an observer. The Jodhpur Lancers joined the brigade with seven SSOs attached. Throughout the war the establishment of British officers assigned to the cavalry regiments was gradually increased; in February 1915 there were four in each regiment, in 1917 another two were assigned and in mid-1918 a full complement of twelve British officers in each of the regiments was reached.

## Service history

### 1914

While waiting at Deolali to embark for Egypt, the brigade conducted regimental and brigade training programmes during which all ranks and animals were inspected, and those found unfit for service were returned to their regimental depots. Between 27 and 29 October the brigade moved to Bombay for embarkation; six transport ships carrying most of the brigade sailed on 1 November, while a seventh ship carrying two squadrons of Mysore Lancers remained behind with mechanical problems and finally set sail a fortnight later. The main body of the brigade arrived at Suez on 16 November, travelled by train to Ismailia two days later and started their first war-time patrols along the banks of the Sweet Water Canal. The brigade was not assigned to a higher formation at this time but were Army Troops under command of General Headquarters. The Bikaner Camel Corps, another Imperial Service unit, was attached to the brigade at Ismailia for administrative purposes, but was not operationally attached. To expand the area the brigade could patrol, squadrons were detached to El Kubri, Kantarah and the Ferry Post crossing at Ismailia. At the same time, the brigade became responsible for patrolling the length of the Suez Canal. The other British forces defending the canal were more static infantry formations, comprising the 42nd (East Lancashire), and the 10th and 11th Indian Divisions, the latter included the Imperial Service Infantry Brigade as one of its three brigades. Their Turkish opponents had around 25,000 men in the region, including the 25th Division.

### 1915

By the end of 1914, no contact had been made with any Turkish forces. In January 1915 the brigade was informed that a large Turkish force had moved into the Sinai. The out-stations were reinforced and the squadron at Kantarah was involved in a small action at Bir El Dueidar, between Kantarah and Katia which was the brigade's first involvement in combat. Towards the end of the month, several small battles occurred until the night of 2/3 February, when Turkish opponents tried to cross the canal in force. The attempt failed and on 4 February the brigade moved into the Sinai with infantry in support. About seven miles (11 km) east of Toussoum they located the Turkish forces, estimated to be between three or four brigades in strength, and captured twenty-five men and ninety camels. By 10 February the Turkish had withdrawn to the east and the canal was no longer in immediate danger, so the brigade returned to the canal and resumed their normal patrolling routine. At the end of February 1915 the Mysore and Hyderabad Lancers were ordered to return to the Sinai and destroy the water sources used by the Turkish during their advance.

The brigade's next action was on 22 March when two squadrons of Hyderabad Lancers were included in a force sent to assault a Turkish formation of 800 infantry and 200 cavalry supported by artillery, entrenched ten miles (16 km) east of El Kubri. After a short fight the Turkish withdrew; it had been intended that the Lancers would move to cut off their retreat but the soft terrain prevented them getting into position in time. On 7 April, patrols from Kantara reported a force of about 1,200 men had opened fire on them. To counter this new threat to the canal, the whole brigade was moved to Kantarah and the next day advanced into the Sinai, but failed to locate any Turkish troops and returned to Ismailia.

On 28 April a patrol from the Bikaner Camel Corps was attacked by an estimated 400 men with artillery support. In response the brigade crossed the canal that night supported by infantry and Egyptian artillery and advanced on El Hawawish, where the Turkish were believed to be located. By daybreak however their guide reported he was lost, so the brigade continued alone. Bypassing El Hawaish, they made for Bir Mahadat, arriving at midday they discovered the Turkish were withdrawing to the north. Setting off in pursuit they caught up with the Turkish rearguard, which was forced to stop and fight. For the loss of two killed and eight wounded the brigade killed twenty Turkish soldiers and captured thirteen. At 20:00 on 29 April, the pursuit was called off and the brigade returned to Ferry Post on the canal. Several times in the following months the brigade responded to reports of Turkish incursions, but nothing came of them until 23 November when a Mysore Lancers squadron located a Turkish camel force of about sixty men fifteen miles (24 km) east of Kantarah. Pursued by the Lancers, the Turkish withdrew, during which the Lancers killed seven men, captured twelve and wounded several more. Among the dead was the Bedouin leader Rizkalla Salim who had led most of the Turkish raids on the canal, and with his death the attacks ceased.

### 1916–1917

From January 1916, all patrolling east of the Suez Canal was left to the British yeomanry and the Australian Light Horse formations. The Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade concentrated on patrolling the Sweet Water Canal, the railway line between Suez and Port Said, and the Suez Canal Zone to the west of the canal, which was a restricted area for non-military personnel. On 31 March, Major-General W.A. Watson assumed command of the Nile Delta region and was replaced as brigade commander by Brigadier-General M.H. Henderson. In May 1916, the brigade was reduced to two cavalry regiments when the Patiala Lancers left for Mesopotamia. The brigade also carried out weapons and signal training, but the year ended without them being involved in any contact with the Turkish.

In February 1917, the brigade was ordered to relieve the British 6th Mounted Brigade on the east bank of the Suez canal. The Mysore Lancers moved to Gebel-Geneffe, the Hyderabad Lancers to Ayun Musa, with the brigade headquarters at El Shatt. For the next few weeks the brigade sent patrols out into the Sinai until 14 April, when they were ordered to relocate to Kantarah, where two days later Brigadier-General Cyril Rodney Harbord took over command. To help counter an expected Turkish attack in early May, the brigade was ordered to Khan Yunis in Gaza. The brigade marched the 150 miles (240 km) in nine days, arrived on 25 April and came under command of the Imperial Mounted Division. The division was the army reserve under orders to counter-attack the Turkish left flank. The expected attack never came, but instead of moving back to the canal, the brigade became lines of communication troops, based at Khan Yunis and Rafah. For the next three months, the brigade was deployed on rear area security and patrolling duties. In May 1917, the cavalry regiments received the Vickers machine-gun to replace their older Maxim Guns and all ranks were put through training courses on the Vickers and a newer version of the Lee–Enfield Rifle, which had also just been issued. In September, the cavalry regiments' pack horses started to be replaced by horse-drawn wagons and each of the regiments was issued with twelve Hotchkiss machine-guns; one per troop.

#### Third battle of Gaza

On 27 September, the brigade was once again moved to the front line and given responsibility for patrolling the area between the Desert Mounted Corps and the XXI Corps, taking under command the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment on 20 October. At the time the brigade was the only mounted formation not under the direct command of the Desert Mounted Corps, remaining Army Troops. The next British attack was the capture of Gaza in November 1917; the plan was for the infantry to capture their initial objectives, then the brigade would be released to advance along the Mediterranean coastline, turn right and attack the Turkish rear and their headquarters at Nuzzle. When the battle started, the British infantry captured all but one of their objectives, but as the brigade started to move out, a Turkish counter-attack regained their previous positions, so the brigade's advance was called off. However, by the night of 6/7 November, continued British attacks forced the Turkish to withdraw from Gaza and the brigade was ordered forward to pursue them. By 13:00 the brigade was north of Gaza when the Mysore Lancers' leading squadron located the Turkish rearguard, which included a heavy machine-gun position. At 15:00 the Hyderabad Lancers and the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment attacked Beit Hanun, while the rest of the brigade attacked Beit Lahi. As the Hyderabad Lancers approached their objective, they came under a heavy artillery bombardment. Leaving one squadron and their machine-guns behind to provide fire support, the rest of the Lancers attacked, capturing the Wadi Safieh line. The Lancers, still under artillery fire, held out until 16:30, when they were ordered to withdraw and rejoin the rest of the brigade now concentrated at Beit Lahi.

The brigade now came under command of XXI Corps and at 01:45 on 8 November was ordered to move west of Beit Hanun and link up with the Australian Mounted Division, which was advancing from the east. As they moved to the east of Beit Hanun, the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment, which was still attached to the brigade, came under heavy machine-gun and artillery fire, preventing the brigade from advancing further. The Turkish bombardment continued until 12:20, when they were observed withdrawing. The XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment and Mysore Lancers were ordered to encircle and cut off their retreat, however dug in Turkish positions at the Wadi Hesi once again halted the brigade advance. At 15:00 that day the brigade eventually made contact with the 4th Light Horse Brigade, completing the link up with the Australian Mounted Division.

The morning of 9 November was spent trying to water the horses, some of which had had no water for over twenty-four hours, so the brigade did not move after the now retreating Turkish until after 11:20. Moving at their best speed, the brigade reached the high ground east of El Medjel by 14:30, capturing two artillery guns, rifles and ammunition en route. Two troops were sent forward to locate the Turkish rearguard, which they found at 16:30 crossing the plain at El Tine. Early the next morning, patrols were again sent to locate the Turkish forces but at 07:00, the brigade was unexpectedly ordered back to Gaza. Despite the heavy fire the brigade had been subjected to, their casualties during the battle were light; only four officers and ten other ranks had been wounded, sixteen horses killed and another fifty wounded. The Turkish casualties were estimated at 100 dead; forty-nine were taken prisoner and five artillery guns were captured.

### 1918

In early January, the brigade trained and re-equipped, which included the first issue of bayonets to the Lancers. On 2 April, the Hyderabad Lancers were detached from the brigade, coming under the command of the ANZAC Mounted Division, then the Desert Mounted Corps and finally the 60th Division. The rest of the brigade moved to the Jordan Valley, arriving at Jericho on 29 April. The next day the brigade was designated the Desert Mounted Corps reserve and concentrated two miles (3.2 km) to the west of the Ghoraniyeh bridgehead over the River Jordan. On the final day of the raid on Es Salt, on 4 May, the brigade, with the New Zealand Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment attached, was ordered to cross the Jordan and form a defensive screen on the east bank to cover the withdrawal of the ANZAC Division. They remained in place until 5 May, when the ANZAC Division reached and crossed the Jordan safely at 16:00. The brigade, less some patrols, was back within the bridgehead by 18:00. In the following twelve days, the brigade patrolled to the east of the River Jordan, resulting in numerous contacts with the Turkish defenders, during which several prisoners and deserters were captured. On 11 May, the Jodhpur Lancers were assigned to the brigade and the Wellington Mounted Rifles returned to the command of their parent New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade. On 23 May, the brigade came under command of the Australian Mounted Division and moved to a position four miles (6.4 km) north of Jericho, remaining with the Australians until 4 June, when they left for Ras Dieran, becoming part of the newly raised 2nd Mounted Division. For almost a month the brigade was involved in training and staff exercises, during which time the brigade machine-gun squadron was formed. On 5 July, the brigade left for the Jordan Valley to resume their place in the front line.

On 14 July, the brigade's squadrons were involved in several small battles in the Hajlah, Henu and Abu Tellul bridgehead area, which included a charge by the Jodhpur Lancers on the Turkish positions followed by a separate charge by a squadron of Mysore Lancers on those retreating from the Jodhpur's action. Accumulatively, the day's fighting resulted in over 100 Turkish dead and seventy prisoners taken, twenty of them wounded, from the 9th and 11th Cavalry Regiments. The brigade's casualties were twenty-five dead, seven wounded and six missing. For their part in the battles the Jodhpur Lancers were mentioned in army despatches. On 24 July, the 2nd Mounted Division was renamed 5th Cavalry Division and the brigade became the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade. In early August, the brigade carried out several patrols, crossing the bridgehead and into the Jordan Valley until 4 August, the Turkish were found to have withdrawn overnight. A small Turkish force returned on 15 August but withdrew before the brigade could move up and engage them. The brigade remained in the area until the night of the 17/18 August, when they were relieved by the 10th Cavalry Brigade from the 4th Cavalry Division.

#### Haifa

The next three weeks were taken up with regimental and brigade training, until 17 September when the brigade started returning to the front line. The Hyderabad Lancers were detached from the brigade on 22 September to escort 12,000 prisoners to Kerkur, and on 23 September, B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company was attached to the brigade for the forthcoming operations. At 03:00 on 23 September, the brigade leading the 5th Cavalry Division left Afule for Haifa and Acre. The advance was unopposed until 10:00 that day when the Mysore Lancers reached the village of Beled Esh Sheikh where the leading squadron was shelled from Mount Carmel and came under small-arms fire from the region of the village. The Turkish had four artillery guns on the heights overlooking the brigade's line of approach and another six to the east of Haifa, supported by machine-gun posts and infantry to the west of the main Haifa road.

The brigade deployed its forces, with one squadron from the Mysore Lancers supported by two machine-guns to capture Mount Carmel. A second Mysore squadron would cover the main road while the remainder of the regiment with two machine-guns would advance along the Acre railway line. The Jodhpur Lancers would deploy in the open and wait further orders, while brigade headquarters and the remainder of the machine-gun squadron and the artillery battery would be to the north of Beled Esh Sheikh. When in position, the Jodhpur Lancers—supported by covering fire from the artillery—and the Mysore Lancers would charge the guns. At 11:45 the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry caught up with the brigade and one squadron was detached to support the Mysore Lancers on Mount Carmel. The attack was scheduled to start at 14:00 but before that, the artillery battery and reconnaissance patrols sent out to look for the Turkish positions kept up suppressing fire on them, to which the Turkish responded with counter-battery fire. The attack commenced on time; the Jodhpur Lancers advanced in squadron columns in the face of heavy Turkish rifle and machine-gun fire.

The Lancers charged towards the railway line, but the terrain forced them to move to their left into a wadi, which was impassable and forced the Lancers even further left. The leading squadron crossed the railway line, captured the machine-gun positions and cleared the way for the remainder of the regiment to charge into the town. At the same time the regiment's second squadron had moved right, capturing three artillery guns and two machine-guns, while the two remaining squadrons charged through the town virtually unopposed, facing only sporadic rifle fire. As they reached the other side of the town they were soon joined by the two other squadrons which had made their way around the outskirts, capturing another two artillery guns en route. Elsewhere, one of the Mysore Lancers squadrons that had been giving covering fire came under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire from the mouth of the River Nahr el Mukutta. The squadron mounted and charged the Turkish positions, capturing two artillery guns, two machine-guns and 110 prisoners. With the town secure the Mysore squadron on Mount Carmel charged a Turkish position at Karmelheim, capturing a 6-inch naval gun, two mountain artillery guns, two machine-guns and seventy-eight prisoners. During the charge they were joined by a squadron from the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, who captured another fifty prisoners. Prisoners taken inside the town were two German officers, twenty-three Turkish officers and 664 other ranks. Two 6-inch naval guns, four 4.2-inch guns, six 77 mm guns, four 10-pound camel guns, ten machine-guns and a large quantity of ammunition were captured in Haifa. The brigade's own casualties were relatively light; one Indian officer and two other ranks were killed, and six Indian officers and twenty-eight other ranks were wounded. Sixty horses were killed and eighty-three were wounded.

#### Advance to Homs

The brigade rested for the next two days and was rejoined by the Hyderabad Lancers on 25 September. At 05:00 the next day they resumed the advance, arriving at Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) at 11:00 on 27 September. After watering the horses the brigade advanced again, reaching Kasr Atra at 22:30, where they halted for the night. They were to start again early the next day, but had to wait as the Australian Mounted Division to their right had been stopped by the Turkish forces and at 11:00 the brigade resumed their advance. Because of the delay, they did not reach El Kuneitra until midnight on 28/29 September. The next day the brigade was designated as the Desert Mounted Corps reserve, responsible for guarding their own and the Australian Mounted Division's transport columns. During the day, the two divisions were held up for fourteen hours by a small, well-placed Turkish detachment. On 30 September the brigade was ordered to head for Kiswe to round up Turkish stragglers from the Ottoman Fourth Army. By 09:30 on 1 October, the brigade was two miles (3.2 km) to the north of Kiswe but were then ordered to move to a new position two miles (3.2 km) east of Damascus, where they were to be the division reserve, while the 14th Cavalry Brigade was made responsible for the capture of Kiswe.

The next day, 2 October, was the day that British Empire forces officially entered Damascus. This was marked by a short period of rest for the British forces and the brigade advance did not resume until 05:30 on 5 October. Their first objective was Khan Meizelun then Moallaka which they reached unopposed on 6 October. The next day Lieutenant-Colonel Hyla Holden, a SSO with the Jodhpur Lancers, became the first Allied officer to enter Beirut, the Arab Revolt forces commanded by Sherif Hussein bin Ali arrived that same afternoon and assumed control of the local government. The brigade continued their advance capturing several villages in the following days. Tell Esh Sherif on 11 October, Baalbek on 13 October, Lebwe on 14 October, El Kaa on 15 October, Kusseir on 16 October and Homs was reached at midday 17 October.

#### Haritan

At Homs, the brigade rested for two days and on 19 October headed for Er Rastan, with orders to repair a bridge over the River Orontes, which had been destroyed by retreating Turkish forces. The next day, assisted by No. 5 Field Squadron Royal Engineers, was spent repairing the bridge, after which the brigade advanced, reaching Hama on 21 October. The brigade had expected to rest there for several days but were ordered to continue the advance to Aleppo. The brigade was preceded by seven light armoured cars, but the remainder of the division was following a day behind. On 24 October the armoured cars' advance was stopped by Turkish defences near Khan Tuman. The Turkish held a strong defensive line on a ridge line to the south and west of Aleppo. The brigade was ordered to occupy a position on the Aleppo-Alexandretta road and to clear Turkish trenches on the ridge to the west of Aleppo, but when they reached the ridge line on 26 October, the position had been evacuated. Intelligence from locals suggested that a force of 1,000 men with two small artillery guns were heading north out of Aleppo, so the brigade set off in pursuit. At 11:00, the leading two Jodhpur Lancers squadrons and a machine-gun section reached a position overlooking Haritan to the north of Aleppo when they came under Turkish small arms fire. Harbord ordered an immediate brigade attack; the Mysore Lancers would move around to the east of the ridge and charge the village, followed by the other two Jodhpur Lancer squadrons while the remainder of the brigade machine-gun squadron would move onto the ridge to provide covering fire, with the two other Jodhpur squadrons. The armoured cars of No. 12 Light Armoured Motor Battery arrived at 11:30 and were ordered along the main road to support the attack.

As the attack started, the leading armoured car developed a fault and returned to their start position, due to a misunderstanding, the rest of the battery followed them, taking them out of the attack. The Mysore Lancers had also started their advance but moved further east to get into a position to charge after discovering the Turkish line was longer than expected, taking them out of range of their supporting machine-guns. At 12:00 the Lancers charged the Turkish position, killing fifty men and capturing twenty, but without any fire support from their machine-gun squadron they were unable to penetrate the Turkish defences and were forced to withdraw to the rear, dismount and keep the Turkish position under observation. The extent of the Turkish position had not been fully appreciated, and was now estimated to be held by a force of 3,000 infantry, 400 cavalry, up to twelve artillery guns and between thirty and forty machine-guns. One group of Turkish soldiers started towards the Mysore Lancers position, but halted about 800 yards (730 m) short and started to dig new defensive trenches. Unable to progress against the larger force, the brigade kept the position under observation and at 21:00, the Turkish were seen to be withdrawing and had completely evacuated their positions by midnight. At 23:15 the 14th Cavalry Brigade arrived, setting up their own observation lines, until daylight when they took over the 15th Brigade's positions. In the day's battle, Turkish casualties were estimated to be around 100 men, while the brigade lost four British officers, including Holden attached to the Jodhpur Lancers, one Indian officer and sixteen other ranks. Twelve officers, six of them British, and forty-four other ranks were wounded, and three other ranks were reported missing.

That night, the Turkish forces withdrew twenty miles (32 km) to Deir el Jemel to the north-west of Aleppo. The 5th Cavalry Division was not strong enough by itself to continue the advance and halted, waiting for the Australian Mounted Division to catch up with them. On 27 October, the day after their unsuccessful charge, the brigade became the division reserve and was ordered back to Aleppo. Events now overtook them; at noon on 31 October, after the Armistice of Mudros had been agreed the previous day, the war with the Ottoman Empire ended.

## Disbandment

After the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and the brigade was broken up by January 1920. Although they did not suffer the same casualties associated with the Western Front in France, its units did not escape without loss. The Mysore Lancers had twenty-three men killed in action, one man died as a result of his wounds, another two were reported missing believed killed, three wounded men were taken prisoner and released at the end of the war, and forty-nine men were wounded. The Hyderabad Lancers had twelve men killed in action, four died as a result of their wounds, seven were reported missing believed killed and forty-three were wounded. The casualties for the Jodhpur Lancers, while serving with the brigade, were seventeen men killed in action, five died as a result of their wounds, five missing believed killed, two were taken prisoner and thirty-one were wounded. The casualties for the Patiala Lancers were not recorded in the brigade history, but the Commonwealth War Graves Commission records that while attached to the brigade from 1914 to May 1916 they had seven dead. For their service, several men of the brigade were given orders or were decorated; the brigade received six Distinguished Service Orders, three Order of the Nile, one Order of the British Empire, six Order of British India, fourteen Military Crosses, two Military Medals, forty-nine Indian Distinguished Service Medals, twelve Indian Order of Merits and sixty-six were mentioned in despatches.

### Memorials

The main memorial to the brigade is the Teen Murti (three soldiers) memorial in New Delhi, a stone and bronze sculpture inscribed with the names of those members of the brigade killed in action. The three statues represent soldiers from the Indian States of Hyderabad, Mysore and Jodhpur. A memorial on the site of the fighting at Haritan is inscribed with the date of the battle, the units involved and details of the casualties. The Port Tewfik Memorial was erected at the Suez Canal to commemorate the 4,000 Indian officers and soldiers killed during the Sinai and Palestine campaign who have no known grave. The brigade's capture of Haifa on 23 September is remembered by the present Indian Army as *Haifa Day*, and the Mysore and Jodhpur Lancers part in its capture was recognised by the British government, which awarded them the battle honour Megiddo.

The British army commander Edmund Allenby in his despatches also commented on the contribution of the men in the brigade:

> "I take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation of the valuable services and high soldierly qualities of the following contingents of Indian Imperial Service Troops which, through the generosity of their respective Ruling Chiefs, were placed at my disposal: — Hyderabad Lancers, Jodhpur Lancers, Kathiawar Signal Troop, Mysore Lancers."

## Formation

### Commanders

* Brigadier-General William Arthur Watson (October 1914 – 31 March 1916)
* Brigadier-General M. H. Henderson (31 March 1916 – 16 April 1917)
* Brigadier-General Cyril Rodney Harbord (16 April 1917 – 1920)

### Units assigned

* 1st Hyderabad Lancers (October 1914 – 1918)
* Mysore Lancers (October 1914 – 1918)
* Patiala Lancers (October 1914 – May 1916)
* Jodhpur Lancers (From 11 May 1918)
* 124th Indian Cavalry Field Ambulance (October 1914 – 1918)
* 15th Kathiawar Signal Troop (October 1914 – 1918)
* 15th Imperial Service Machine Gun Squadron (From 10 June 1918)

### Units attached

Footnotes Citations  1. Jaipur 1967, pp. XV–XVI
2. Jaipur 1967, p. XVII
3. Raugh 2004, p. 171
4. Duckers 2008, p. 33
5. HMSO 1920, pp. 2–3
6. Gudmundsson 2005, pp. 52–53
7. "No. 27813". *The London Gazette*. 4 July 1905. p. 4636.
8. Sharma 1996, p. 22
9. HMSO 1920, p. 18
10. HMSO 1920, p. 4
11. Roy 2011, p. 213
12. HMSO 1910, p. 21
13. Sumner 2008, p. 10
14. Roy 2011, p. 151
15. HMSO 1920, pp. 2–4
16. HMSO 1920, p. 6
17. HMSO 1920, p. 3
18. Preston 1921, p. 8
19. Carver 2004, p. 8
20. "No. 31476". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 25 July 1919. p. 9538.
21. Fewster, Basarin, Basarin 2003, pp. xi–xii
22. "No. 29632". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 20 June 1916. p. 6166.
23. HMSO 1920, p. 7
24. HMSO 1920, p. 8
25. HMSO 1920, p. 9
26. HMSO 1920, pp. 10–11
27. "Imperial Mounted Division War Diary" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
28. HMSO 1920, p. 13
29. HMSO 1920, p. 14
30. HMSO 1920, pp. 14–15
31. HMSO 1920, p. 16
32. Preston 1921, p. 52
33. HMSO 1920, p. 17
34. HMSO 1920, p. 19
35. "Australian Mounted Division War Diary" (PDF). Australian War Museum. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
36. HMSO 1920, pp. 20–21
37. HMSO 1920, pp. 22–23
38. "No. 30994". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 5 November 1918. p. 13109.
39. Preston 1920, p. 154
40. HMSO 1920, p. 24
41. HMSO 1920, p. 25
42. Preston 1921, p. 232
43. Preston 1921, p. 234
44. HMSO 1920, p. 26
45. HMSO 1920, pp. 26–27
46. Preston 1921, pp. 234–236
47. HMSO 1920, p. 28
48. Preston 1921, p. 273
49. HMSO 1920, pp. 28–29
50. Preston 1921, p. 288
51. Preston 1921, p. 291
52. HMSO 1920, p. 30
53. Preston 1921, p. 292
54. Preston 1921, p. 293
55. HMSO 1920, p. 31
56. "Hyla Napier Holden". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
57. "No. 31087". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 27 December 1918. p. 15188.
58. Perry 1993, p. 28
59. HMSO 1920, pp. 32–33
60. HMSO 1920, pp. 34–35
61. HMSO 1920, pp. 36–37
62. "Find War Dead (**note** screen needs completing with regiment name and war)". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
63. HMSO 1920, pp. 38–43
64. "Teen Murti". University Scholars Programme Project. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
65. Punja 1990, p. 118
66. HMSO 1920, p. 37
67. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Heliopolis (Port Tewfik) Memorial". Retrieved 18 November 2012.
68. Eyadat, Fadi (24 September 2010). "On 'Haifa Day,' India salutes WWI troops". *Haaretz*. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
69. "Spectacular 61st Cavalry parade marks Raising Day in Jaipur". *The Hindu*. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
70. "No. 31498". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 11 August 1919. p. 10194.
71. "Indian Cavalry in Palestine". *Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)*. House of Commons. 21 May 1919. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
72. General Edmund Allenby (4 February 1922). "Supplement to the London Gazette, 4 February 1920" (PDF). *London Gazette*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
Bibliography

## InfoBox

| 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| Memorial to the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade, at Teen Murti Haifa Chowk in New Delhi. | |
| Active | October 1914 – January 1920 |
| Country | British India |
| Allegiance | British Crown<br>Indian States rulers |
| Branch | Imperial Service Troops |
| Type | Cavalry |
| Size | Brigade (~ 1,700 men) |
| Part of | Egyptian Expeditionary Force<br>Imperial Mounted Division<br>XXI Corps<br>Australian Mounted Division<br>Desert Mounted Corps<br>2nd Mounted (later 5th Cavalry Division) |
| Engagements | **World War I** |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | William A. Watson<br>Cyril R. Harbord |
| Insignia | |
| Abbreviation | ISCB |


title: Cardiff Harbour Authority

abstract: Cardiff Harbour Authority (CHA) is the managing authority for Cardiff Bay under the Cardiff Bay Barrage Act 1993, and was established on 1 April 2000. It took over responsibility from Cardiff Bay Development Corporation and is responsible for the inland bay, Cardiff Bay Barrage, the outer harbour and the rivers Taff and Ely. The harbour authority is part of the City of Cardiff Council and is the statutory navigation authority for Cardiff Bay. The authority is funded by the Welsh Government.

text:
# Cardiff Harbour Authority

**Cardiff Harbour Authority** (CHA) is the managing authority for Cardiff Bay under the Cardiff Bay Barrage Act 1993, and was established on 1 April 2000. It took over responsibility from Cardiff Bay Development Corporation and is responsible for the inland bay, Cardiff Bay Barrage, the outer harbour and the rivers Taff and Ely. The harbour authority is part of the City of Cardiff Council and is the statutory navigation authority for Cardiff Bay.

The authority is funded by the Welsh Government.

## Responsibilities

CHA's responsibility includes the inland waters of Cardiff Bay (including the Mount Stuart Graving Docks), the River Taff up to Blackweir, the River Ely up to Wiggins Teape weir, the outer harbour and Cardiff Bay Barrage. CHA was also given responsibility for the land areas of Roald Dahl Plass and the Channel Graving Dock.

The Authority assumed this responsibility from Cardiff Bay Development Corporation upon its dissolution on 31 March 2000.

They are also responsible for a number of facilities around Cardiff Bay:

Cardiff Harbour Authority today has a number of statutory duties, including traffic control, security, navigational safety (including buoys, beacons, bridge lights and channel surveys), conservation (including dredging, maintaining river banks and the wetland wildlife reserve), encouraging both commercial and leisure uses of the bay, and protecting its environment. The CHA is responsible for the operation of the three sea locks, the five sluices that maintain the water level in the bay and the fish pass that allows migratory Salmon and Sea Trout to return to the rivers to spawn.

## Offices

The authorities main offices are based in Queen Alexandra House, alongside the Cardiff Docks sea lock, however the barrage is managed from the Barrage Control Building which overlooks the 3 sea locks and outer harbour and the Harbour Master is based in the Environment Building at the north end of the barrage.

## Vessels

CHA operates a number of patrol, workboat, survey and general duty vessels in order to comply with its statutory duties. The authority took delivery of a new general duties boat in 2014, built by Northumberland-based shipbuilder Alnmaritec.

## Emergency Services

CHA works closely with a number of emergency services. South Wales Police regularly store a Ribcraft 9m RIB on-site, South Wales Fire and Rescue Service have a 5.3m rescue boat moored on the barrage and there is a Memorandum of understanding between CHA, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, HM Coastguard, RNLI, SW Fire and Rescue, the Welsh Ambulance Service and Bristow Helicopters Search and Rescue in regards to search and rescue operations within the bay.

## InfoBox

Cardiff Harbour Authority
| Awdurdod Harbwr Caerdydd | |
| --- | --- |
| The official logo of Cardiff Harbour Authority | |
|
Aerial view of Cardiff Bay | |
| Authority overview | |
| Formed | 1 April 2000 (2000-04-01) |
| Preceding Authority |  |
| Jurisdiction | Inland waters and outer harbour of Cardiff Bay |
| Headquarters | Queen Alexandra House, Cargo Road, Cardiff
51°27′11″N 3°09′40″W / 51.453181°N 3.161161°W / 51.453181; -3.161161 |
| Annual budget | £7.5m |
| Key document | * Cardiff Bay Barrage Act 1993 |
| Website | cardiffharbour.com |


title: Escholzmatt-Marbach

abstract: Escholzmatt-Marbach is a municipality in the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Escholzmatt and Marbach merged to form the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach.

text:
# Escholzmatt-Marbach

**Escholzmatt-Marbach** is a municipality in the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Escholzmatt and Marbach merged to form the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach.

## History

Escholzmatt is first mentioned in 1160 as *Askolvismatte*. In 1240 it was mentioned as *Askoltispach* and *Asholtismate*, in 1275 it was mentioned as *Aeschelsmat*. Marbach is first mentioned in 1306 as *Marpach*.

## Geography

The former municipalities that now make up Escholzmatt-Marbach have a total combined area of 106.4 km2 (41.08 sq mi).

Escholzmatt had an area of 61.3 km2 (23.7 sq mi). Of this area, 50% is used for agricultural purposes, while 44.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The former municipality is located on the watershed between the Grosse and Kleine Emme rivers. The lowest elevation in the municipality is 753 m (2,470 ft) while the highest is 2,090 m (6,860 ft) on the Schrattenfluh by Hengst. It consists of the village of Escholzmatt and the hamlets of Lehn, Feldmoos, Wiggen, and Dürrenbach.

Marbach had an area of 45.1 km2 (17.4 sq mi). Of this area, 45.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 47.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The former municipality is located in the southwest corner of the Canton.

## Demographics

The total population of Escholzmatt-Marbach (as of December 2020) is 4,349.

## Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Weather

Escholzmatt has an average of 153 days of rain per year and on average receives 1,424 mm (56.1 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Escholzmatt receives an average of 172 mm (6.8 in) of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 15.1 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 15.5, but with only 150 mm (5.9 in) of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 85 mm (3.3 in) of precipitation over 15.1 days.

Marbach has an average of 162.3 days of rain per year and on average receives 1,760 mm (69 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Marbach receives an average of 218 mm (8.6 in) of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 16.4 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 16.9, but with only 179 mm (7.0 in) of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 112 mm (4.4 in) of precipitation over 16.4 days.

## InfoBox

| Escholzmatt-Marbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Escholzmatt village | |
|  | |
| Location of Escholzmatt-Marbach | |
| Escholzmatt-MarbachEscholzmatt-Marbach | |
| Coordinates: 46°55′N 7°56′E / 46.917°N 7.933°E / 46.917; 7.933 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Lucerne |
| District | Entlebuch |
| Area | |
| Total | 106.4 km2 (41.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 852 m (2,795 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 4,341 |
| Density | 41/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 6182 |
| SFOS number | 1010 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-LU |
| Surrounded by | Flühli, Romoos, Schüpfheim, Trub (BE) |
| Website | www.escholzmatt.ch
Profile (in German), SFSO statistics |


title: Syngenoherpiidae

abstract: Syngenoherpiidae is a family of solenogaster, a shell-less worm-like mollusk. This family comprises the sole genus Syngenoherpia.

text:
# Syngenoherpiidae

**Syngenoherpiidae** is a family of solenogaster, a shell-less worm-like mollusk.

This family comprises the sole genus *Syngenoherpia*.

* Salvini-Plawen L v. (1978). Antarktische und subantarktische Solenogastres (eine Monographie: 1898-1974). Zoologica (Stuttgart) 128: 1-305.

## InfoBox

| Syngenoherpiidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Solenogastres |
| Family: | Syngenoherpiidae<br>Salvini-Plawen, 1978 |
|


title: Saint Mark Parish, Dominica

abstract: Saint Mark is one of Dominica's ten administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. Luke and St. Patrick. With an area of 9.9 km² (3.8 mi²), it is the second smallest in the island. It had a population of 1,834 people at the Population Census of 2011. The main settlements in the parish are Soufrière and Scotts Head. Another village in the parish is Galion.

text:
# Saint Mark Parish, Dominica

**Saint Mark** is one of Dominica's ten administrative parishes (Dominica is in the Lesser Antilles). It is bordered by St. Luke (to the north) and St. Patrick (to the east). With an area of 9.9 km² (3.8 mi²), it is the second smallest in the island. It had a population of 1,834 people at the Population Census of 2011.

The main settlements in the parish are Soufrière and Scotts Head (near which the only tombolo in the West Indies can be found). Another village in the parish is Galion.

## InfoBox

| Saint Mark | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish | |
| Church in Soufrière | |
|  | |
| Country | Dominica |
| Capital | Soufrière |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.4 km2 (4.0 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,834 |
| Density | 180/km2 (460/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 |
| ISO 3166-2 | DM-08 |


abstract: The schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) list toxic substances and their precursors which can be used for the production of chemical weapons, the use of which is permitted by State Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention only to a limited extent under the supervision of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). State Parties are required to provide the OPCW with an annual summary of the production and use in their territory of substances listed in these Schedules, in accordance with the Convention.

text:
# Schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention

The **schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention** (CWC) list toxic substances and their precursors which can be used for the production of chemical weapons, the use of which is permitted by State Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention only to a limited extent under the supervision of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). State Parties are required to provide the OPCW with an annual summary of the production and use in their territory of substances listed in these Schedules, in accordance with the Convention.

## Background

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) provides for a worldwide prohibition of the development, production, proliferation and use of chemical weapons, prohibition of their stockpiling, and destruction of existing chemical weapons that a Member State has in its possession or has abandoned elsewhere. The Annex on Chemicals to the CWC lists toxic substances that can be used to make chemical weapons and are under supervision by the OPCW.

## The lists

The *Annex on Chemicals* contains three lists of substances whose use is prohibited or restricted under the Convention. Part A of the Annex contains guidelines for inclusion in the lists; Part B contains the lists themselves. The lists are compiled according to decreasing probability that the substance is intended for military use. The Lists themselves are divided into part A with toxic substances that can be used directly as chemical weapons and part B containing their precursors (chemicals with which those substances can be made). The Lists are subject to the following criteria, among others:

* Schedule 1 contains substances most clearly related to a chemical weapon. They have been specially developed for or have already been used as chemical weapons and there is *a high risk* that these substances or their precursors will be used for that purpose. These chemicals have little or no use for peaceful purposes in commercial or industrial activities. Examples are VX, sarin, mustard gas and the biological toxins ricin and saxitoxin.

Schedule 1 substances shall not be produced, acquired, retained or used at all by State Parties outside their territories, except in limited quantities for research, medical or protection purposes. * Schedule 2 contains substances that pose *a significant risk* for use as a chemical weapon, or as a precursor of a substance from List 1 or List 2, part A. These substances also have a limited use in not large quantities for other purposes than a chemical weapon. In large quantities, there is a good chance that they are intended for use as a chemical weapon. Examples are amiton and BZ.

* Schedule 3 contains substances that pose *a risk* for use as a chemical weapon or as a precursor thereof. However, these substances are also used in large quantities for purposes other than for a chemical weapon (dual-use). Examples are phosgene and hydrogen cyanide.

## Annual declarations

The State Parties to the Convention are required to provide the monitoring Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) annually with an overview of the production of substances covered by the Convention. Any (intended) production of Schedule 1 chemicals or transfers thereof to other Contracting States must be declared. Schedules 2 and 3 chemicals produced on their territory must also be reported in the annual statement insofar as the quantity thereof has exceeded a certain threshold value. With a few exceptions, only annually produced quantities above 100 kg of List 2 substances from Part A or 1000 kg of a precursor from Part B must be reported to the OPCW by the Contracting States. A limit of 1 kg applies to the substance BZ in List 2. For substances in List 3, a threshold value of 30 tonnes applies.


title: Pseudobaris nigrina

abstract: Pseudobaris nigrina is a species of flower weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pseudobaris nigrina

***Pseudobaris nigrina*** is a species of flower weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudobaris nigrina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudobaris* |
| Species: | ***P. nigrina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudobaris nigrina***<br>(Say, 1831) | |
|


title: Debra L. Shapiro

abstract: Debra Lynn Shapiro is an American scholar in organizational behavior. She is the Clarice Smith Professor of Management at the University of Maryland, College Park, having formally served as the Willard Graham Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

text:
# Debra L. Shapiro

**Debra Lynn Shapiro** is an American scholar in organizational behavior. She is the Clarice Smith Professor of Management at the University of Maryland, College Park, having formally served as the Willard Graham Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

## Early life and education

Shapiro completed her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Maryland, College Park before enrolling at Northwestern University for her Master's degree from Kellogg School of Management and PhD.

## Career

Upon completing her PhD, Shapiro accepted an assistant professor position at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). In this role, she led UNC's business school and PhD programs. She served as their Willard Graham Distinguished Professor from 2000 until 2003 when she left UNC for her alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park.

In 2006, while working as an associate editor of the *Academy of Management Journal,* Shapiro was appointed the Clarice Smith Professor of Management and Organization. Two years later, she replaced Lawrence A. Gordon as the director of the Smith School's doctoral program start July 1, 2008. Her achievements in these two roles helped earn her an election to president of the Academy of Management from 2015 to 2016. At the start of her presidency, Shapiro was the runner-up for the 2014 best paper award in the *Academy of Management Learning and Education* for her article "Scholarly Impact: A Pluralist Conceptualization." In the same year, she was also the co-recipient of an Interdisciplinary and Engaged Research Seed Grant from the ADVANCE Program for Inclusion Excellence for her co-led project, *Gender in the Boardroom and Corporate Crime: An Empirical Study.*

In 2018, Shapiro was listed among the top 100 most influential authors in organizational behavior, human resource management, strategy and general management as cited in textbooks from the journal Academy of Management Learning and Education. Later, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Shapiro was recognised as being in the top 2% of the most-cited scholars and scientists worldwide.

## InfoBox

| Debra L. Shapiro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | BA, psychology, 1982, University of Maryland, College Park
MS, Organization Behavior, 1983, Kellogg School of Management
PhD, Organization Behavior, 1986, Northwestern University |
| Thesis | *Deceptive communication in bargaining context: does hedging enhance the bluffer's chance of gaining trust, pardon, and integrative agreements?* (1986) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Maryland, College Park
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
|  | |


title: Caulfield Sisters

abstract: The Caulfield Sisters (2000–present) are a critically praised independent band based in Brooklyn, New York, noted at times for their sonic similarity to Throwing Muses or Galaxie 500. They have appeared at the annual CMJ music festival in New York, were featured in the New York art magazine Esopus and in an April 2005 live performance on Seattle independent radio station KEXP, and have performed with bands such as Interpol.

text:
# Caulfield Sisters

The **Caulfield Sisters** (2000present) are a critically praised independent band based in Brooklyn, New York, noted at times for their sonic similarity to Throwing Muses or Galaxie 500. They have appeared at the annual CMJ music festival in New York, were featured in the New York art magazine *Esopus* and in an April 2005 live performance on Seattle independent radio station KEXP, and have performed with bands such as Interpol.

## History

### Founding

Lead singer, accordionist and guitar player Cindy Wheeler founded the Caulfield Sisters with bass player and backup vocalist Mary Catherine Guidera following the break-up of their former band Pee Shy in 1998. Wheeler and Guidera also briefly led a three-person band called 3 Wheeler immediately after Pee Shy broke up, and recorded a Mercury-financed demo recording under that name in 1998–99. The duo soon added Aaron Kant as drummer; Kristin Mueller took his place in 2004.

Name

The Caulfield Sisters take their name from Phoebe Caulfield, the sister of Holden Caulfield in J. D. Salinger's novel *The Catcher in the Rye*. As Wheeler explained in one radio interview: "After Pee Shy split, Mary and I took a little time off and then we missed playing together really badly. She was living up in Connecticut at the time, and I used to travel up there on the weekends to write songs with her. The whole vibe up there is very sort of *Catcher in the Rye*, very New England, melancholy, dreary, and it sort of lent itself to the songwriting we were doing." On the Sisters' website, they elaborate: "The Caulfield Sisters are the musical metaphor of Phoebe, little sister of Salinger’s anti-hero Holden Caulfield; Holden’s Phoebe, the little sister as savior, a glimmer of hope in a blue coat, a sonic swirl, a beautiful blur that keeps whirling past you on the Merry-go-round."

Wheeler said her high school in Tennessee had banned Salinger's novel from its library because of its strong language; she had to get written permission from her parents before the librarian was allowed to give her a copy. Guidera, who chose the band's name, has said she had become "obsessed" with the book after reading it as an adult.

### Releases

While Pee Shy had released two albums on Mercury Records, Wheeler has since referred to her experience with the major label as "Mercury poisoning," and the Sisters have recorded and released their music independently. The Connecticut-based label American Laundromat Records distributed a Caulfield Sisters EP in 2004 and released a split 7-inch in December 2006 with the French musician Julie Peel.

In November 2006, American Laundromat Records released one of 3 Wheeler's songs, "The First Bridge of Summer," as a bonus track to the Caulfield Sisters' EP *Say It With Fire* on the online music service iTunes. A year later, the label issued an iTunes-only release of all the 3 Wheeler songs in a five-song EP called *The Deal Breaker Demos*.

Meanwhile, the Sisters entered an extended hiatus in July 2005, when Guidera gave birth to a daughter, Eleanor Louise; during that period, Wheeler has performed in the bands Look It and The Forest For the Trees and in a side project called Musical Typing, all of them with Mercury Rev flutist Suzanne Thorpe. The Caulfield Sisters returned to live performing with a show on September 8, 2007, at Don Hill's in Manhattan.

In addition to her musical endeavors, Wheeler is a co-owner of the vintage clothing store Beacon's Closet, which has locations in Williamsburg and Park Slope in Brooklyn. Mueller is a drummer for several other New York City bands, most notably Gloria Deluxe, and released a solo album, *Ports of Call*, in 2006.

## Members

Current * Cindy Wheeler (guitar, accordion, lead vocals)
* Mary Catherine Guidera (bass, vocals)
* Kristin Mueller (drums, 2004–present)

Past * Aaron Kant (drums, 2001–03)

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles

* 2005: "Judy" - *Esopus* compilation CD
* 2005: "Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want" - cover of The Smiths on compilation *High School Reunion* (ALR)
* 2006: "Some Candy Talking" - cover of Jesus and Mary Chain on limited edition 7" blue vinyl split (ALR)
* 2011: "Two Songs From Mohawk" (ALR)

## InfoBox

| The Caulfield Sisters | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Alternative
Indie rock
Shoegaze |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Labels | American Laundromat |
|  | |
| Members | Cindy Wheeler
Mary Catherine Guidera
Kristin Mueller |
|  | |
| Past members | Aaron Kant |


title: 1772 in Denmark

abstract: Events from the year 1772 in Denmark.

text:
# 1772 in Denmark

Events from the year **1772 in Denmark**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### Undated

* Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark is designated as regent of Denmark.
* Masquerades, horse races and foreign line dancers are prohibited.
* The military language for use in writing and commands is changed from German to Danish.

## Births

## Deaths

* A Royal Affair, 2012 film inspired by the events leading up to Struensee's death.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1772<br>List of years in Denmark |


title: Cardiff Grange Harlequins A.F.C.

abstract: Cardiff Grange Harlequins are a Welsh football team originating in Grangetown, Cardiff. The team's first choice strip is red shirts, black shorts and red socks. Their second strip is gold and black shirts, black shorts and black socks. They used to play their football at Cardiff Athletics Stadium in Leckwith. The Quins were formed in 1935, and progressed in the 1990s from 'parks' football into the Welsh League, via the FAW Pyramid system. The club won the Welsh League Challenge Cup in 1995. In the 2005–06 season, they played in the Welsh Premier League. However, a lack of finances and fan support led to the departure of key players, leaving the club to rely on youth and reserve players. The 'Quins' remained rooted to the bottom of the table, and never looked able to avoid relegation. A second relegation followed in 2006–07, and the club's prospects of returning to the Premier in the short term looked slim. With the demolition of the old Cardiff Athletics Stadium in 2007 Grange Quins lost their home ground. Because a replacement was not due to be completed until late 2009 the Quins had nowhere to play and, in any case, were considering withdrawing from the Welsh League because of the far higher costs of playing at the new Cardiff International Sports Stadium. The club had a long-standing rivalry with fellow Cardiff side Cardiff Corinthians which dated back to the 1980s, when both clubs were fierce cross-city rivals and took part in some mouth-watering fixtures. Both clubs have rarely been in the same division, but the rivalry resumed in 2014–15 with the Corinthians relegation to Division 3. In 2014–15 the Cardiff Grange Harlequins resigned from the Welsh League towards the end of the season and their record was expunged. The team continued to play in the Cardiff & District League for a season, though with none of the players that played in the Welsh League, using the park facilities at Pontcanna Fields as their home ground. The club folded shortly afterwards. The club was reformed in 2020 as Grangetown Harlequins, playing in the Cardiff & District League Division Three for the 2021–22 season, but withdrew mid-season. The club continues as a junior club.

text:
# Cardiff Grange Harlequins A.F.C.

**Cardiff Grange Harlequins** (known as the 'Quins') are a Welsh football team originating in Grangetown, Cardiff. The team's first choice strip is red shirts, black shorts and red socks. Their second strip is gold and black shirts, black shorts and black socks. They used to play their football at Cardiff Athletics Stadium in Leckwith.

The Quins were formed in 1935, and progressed in the 1990s from 'parks' football into the Welsh League, via the FAW Pyramid system. The club won the Welsh League Challenge Cup in 1995.

In the 2005–06 season, they played in the Welsh Premier League. However, a lack of finances and fan support led to the departure of key players, leaving the club to rely on youth and reserve players. The 'Quins' remained rooted to the bottom of the table, and never looked able to avoid relegation. A second relegation followed in 2006–07, and the club's prospects of returning to the Premier in the short term looked slim.

With the demolition of the old Cardiff Athletics Stadium in 2007 Grange Quins lost their home ground. Because a replacement was not due to be completed until late 2009 the Quins had nowhere to play and, in any case, were considering withdrawing from the Welsh League because of the far higher costs of playing at the new Cardiff International Sports Stadium.

The club had a long-standing rivalry with fellow Cardiff side Cardiff Corinthians which dated back to the 1980s, when both clubs were fierce cross-city rivals and took part in some mouth-watering fixtures. Both clubs have rarely been in the same division, but the rivalry resumed in 2014–15 with the Corinthians relegation to Division 3.

In 2014–15 the Cardiff Grange Harlequins resigned from the Welsh League towards the end of the season and their record was expunged.

The team continued to play in the Cardiff & District League for a season, though with none of the players that played in the Welsh League, using the park facilities at Pontcanna Fields as their home ground. The club folded shortly afterwards. The club was reformed in 2020 as *Grangetown Harlequins*, playing in the Cardiff & District League Division Three for the 2021–22 season, but withdrew mid-season. The club continues as a junior club.

## Honours

## Team names

* 1935–1999: Grange Harlequins
* 1999–2002: Porto Grange Harlequins
* 2002–2005: Grange Harlequins
* 2005–2006: Cardiff Grange Harlequins
* 2006–2009: Grange Harlequins
* 2009–2010: Cardiff Bay Harlequins
* 2010–2015: Cardiff Grange Harlequins
* 2020–date: Grangetown Harlequins

## InfoBox

Cardiff Grange Harlequins
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Cardiff Grange Harlequins Association Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | The Quins |
| Founded | 1935 (1935) (as Grange Harlequins) |
| Dissolved | 2015 (reformed 2020 as Grangetown Harlequins) |
| 2021–22 | Cardiff & District League Three, (resigned from league) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ultraman (disambiguation)

abstract: Ultraman or Ultra Series is a collective name for all media featuring the Ultraman character. Ultraman may also refer to:

text:
# Ultraman (disambiguation)

***Ultraman*** or *Ultra Series* is a collective name for all media featuring the Ultraman character.

**Ultraman** may also refer to:

## Film and television

### Anime

## Comics

* Ultraman (DC Comics), any one of several DC Comics supervillainous counterparts of Superman
* *Ultraman* (manga), a 2010s spin-off sequel manga of the 1960s TV series
* Ultra-Man, a Golden Age of comic books superhero from All-American Publications

## Other uses


title: Symphony No. 61 (Haydn)

abstract: The Symphony No. 61 in D major, Hoboken I/61, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. The autograph has survived and is dated 1776.

text:
# Symphony No. 61 (Haydn)

The **Symphony No. 61** in D major, Hoboken I/61, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. The autograph has survived and is dated 1776.

## Movements

The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, timpani and strings. There are four movements:

1. Vivace
2. Adagio, **3**
**4** in A major
3. Menuetto & Trio: Allegretto, **3**
**4**
4. Finale: Prestissimo

The opening movement is colorfully orchestrated. Particularly notable is the second theme which starts with pulsating oboes and bassoon before the flute enters with a falling motif. The expositional coda also features a pulsating accompaniment against a chromatic rise in the strings.

Daniel Heartz has noted the "hunt"-like character of the final movement, and Haydn's greater mastery of rondo form compared to earlier symphonies.


title: Bryan Dutton

abstract: Major-General Bryan Hawkins Dutton, CB, CBE is a former British Army officer who served the last Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong, from 1994 to 1997. He was subsequently Director-General of the Leonard Cheshire Foundation from 1998 to 2008; during that period the charity changed its name to Leonard Cheshire Disability.

text:
# Bryan Dutton

Major-General **Bryan Hawkins Dutton**, CB, CBE (born 1 March 1943) is a former British Army officer who served the last Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong, from 1994 to 1997.

He was subsequently Director-General of the Leonard Cheshire Foundation from 1998 to 2008; during that period the charity changed its name to Leonard Cheshire Disability.

## Early life

The son of Ralph Dutton, by his marriage to Honor Morris, Dutton was educated at Lord Weymouth's Grammar School and Sandhurst.

## Military career

Dutton was commissioned into the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment in 1963. He served in British Guiana, Libya, Belize, and Germany, as well as postings to Northern Ireland and as an Instructor at the School of Infantry from 1969 to 1971. From 1976 to 1978 he was a member of the Commander-in-Chief's Mission to Soviet Forces in Germany (BRIXMIS), then for a year was a company commander in the 1st Battalion the Devonshire and Dorsets. In 1979 he was mentioned in despatches for his service in Ireland and in 1990 was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his work there.

He served on the Planning Staff in the Northern Ireland Office from 1979 to 1981, was an Instructor at the Staff College during 1981–1982, and spent two years as Military Assistant to the Adjutant-General (1982–1984) before commanding the 1st Battalion the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment from 1984 to 1987. After some months on the Operations Staff at UK Land Forces, in 1987 he took up the command of the 39th Infantry Brigade for two years. he was Director of Public Relations (Army), from 1990 to 1992, Director of Infantry, 1992 to 1994.

In 1994 Dutton became the last Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong before the colony became a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.

### Honorary appointments

He was Colonel Commandant, Prince of Wales' Division, from 1996 to 1999, and Colonel of the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment from 1998 to 2002.

## Civilian life

In 1972 Dutton married Angela Margaret Wilson, and they had one son and one daughter.

In retirement he was Director-General of the Leonard Cheshire Disability care charity from 1998 (when it was called the Leonard Cheshire Foundation) to 2008, and simultaneously Chairman of the Voluntary Organisations Disability Group from 2004 to 2008. He has served as a Governor of the Hayes Dashwood Foundation since 1999 and as Chairman of the Association for Research into Stammering in Childhood since 2009.

## InfoBox

| Bryan Hawkins Dutton | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Bryan Hawkins Dutton |
| Born | (1943-03-01) 1 March 1943 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1963–1997 |
| Rank | Major-General |
| Unit | Devonshire and Dorset Regiment |
| Commands | 39th Infantry Brigade<br>Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong |
| Battles/wars | Operation Banner |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath Commander of the Order of the British Empire |
| Other work | Director-General of Leonard Cheshire Disability |


title: Schwarza (Ilm)

abstract: Schwarza is a river of Thuringia, Germany. It joins the Ilm in Tannroda.

text:
# Schwarza (Ilm)

**Schwarza** is a river of Thuringia, Germany. It joins the Ilm in Tannroda.

## InfoBox

| Schwarza | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| States | Thuringia |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Ilm |
| coordinates | 50°51′39″N 11°14′50″E / 50.86083°N 11.24722°E / 50.86083; 11.24722 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | IlmSaaleElbeNorth Sea |


title: Protoreaster

abstract: Protoreaster is a genus of sea stars in the family Oreasteridae from the Indo-Pacific. They are sometimes seen in the marine aquarium trade.

text:
# Protoreaster

***Protoreaster*** is a genus of sea stars in the family Oreasteridae from the Indo-Pacific. They are sometimes seen in the marine aquarium trade.

## Species

The following species are in the genus:

| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Protoreaster linckii* (Blainville, 1830) | Red-knobbed starfish | Indian Ocean |
|  | *Protoreaster nodosus* (Linnaeus, 1758) | Chocolate chip sea star | Indian Ocean and western Pacific ocean |
|  | *Protoreaster nodulosus* (Perrier, 1875) | Knobbly seastar | North Western Australia |
|

## Bibliography

* Ducarme, Frédéric (2022). "How to assess the absence of a species? A revision of the geographical range of the horned sea star, Protoreaster nodosus (Echinodermata; Asteroidea)". *Frontiers of Biogeography*. **14** (3). doi:10.21425/F5FBG56187.

## InfoBox

| *Protoreaster* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Protoreaster linckii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Asteroidea |
| Order: | Valvatida |
| Family: | Oreasteridae |
| Genus: | *Protoreaster*<br>Döderlein, 1916 |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Terror Trap

abstract: Terror Trap, is a 2010 American horror film. It was written and directed by Dan Garcia. Filming took place in Louisiana. The film stars David James Elliott, Michael Madsen and Jeff Fahey. Movie tagline is "Once you check in, there's no escape...". The film is similar to the 2008 film, Vacancy which also features a couple being terrorized by a motel's owner and his employees while being recorded.

text:
# Terror Trap

***Terror Trap*** (stylized in some countries as ***Vacancy 3***), is a 2010 American horror film. It was written and directed by Dan Garcia. Filming took place in Louisiana. The film stars David James Elliott, Michael Madsen and Jeff Fahey. Movie tagline is "Once you check in, there's no escape...". The film is similar to the 2008 film, *Vacancy* which also features a couple being terrorized by a motel's owner and his employees while being recorded.

## Plot

When married couple Don and his wife, Nancy, who face relationship problems and constantly argue, go on a "vacation" to a casino, a car accident takes place. Looking for help, they call the town's sheriff, who suggests they go to a certain motel and he will have the car towed the next day. At the motel, they find blood in their apartment, and a girl being savagely killed next door. The two must fight for their lives against the motel's workers and men dressed in unusual masks, but can they survive a night alone against dangerous men all by themselves with no real weapons or any other means of support?

The film ends with Don killing everyone and barely rescuing Nancy from the "sheriff", who is later killed by the actual owner of the motel, who was behind it all. The man survives, and walks off, while Nancy and Don escaped earlier. At a funeral for Sydney, the girl who was killed earlier in the film, while a worker for the man assures Sydney's mom that if she needs somewhere to stay, he owns a motel not too far away. The man overhears and questions the other man, but walks away. However, pressing a button, the other man's car explodes. A last image of Don and Nancy walking off together in a field of weeds near the street.

## Cast

* David James Elliott as Don, an ex-marine who has a website for clothes and materials. He is married to Nancy.
* Heather Marie Marsden as Nancy, the wife of Don. At the beginning of the film, the two have relationship issues, with Nancy constantly telling Don to go "fuck" himself. However, they rekindle their relationship at the film's ending.
* Michael Madsen as Carter, the "owner" of the motel.
* Jeff Fahey as Sheriff Cleveland, who is part of the massacre. He is killed.
* Andrew Sensenig as Jonas Ruggins
* Lacey Minchew as Sydney
* Matt Triplett as Killer #1
* Mark De Alessandro as Killer #2
* Danny Cosmo as Killer #3
* Jack Radosta as Killer #4
* Chris J. Fanguy as Killer #5
* Mike Mayhall as Killer #6
* Bill Martin Williams as Preacher
* Wayne Douglas Morgan as Police Officer
* Jerry Lee Leighton as Truck Man
* Steve Petit as Fireman
* Judy Henderson as Sydney's Mother

## Release

Terror Trap was released direct to video on October 10, 2010. When the film was announced horror movie websites Bloody Disgusting and Dread Central criticized the film's plot. Brad Miska described it as a ripoff of *Vacancy*, and Foywonder of Dread Central stated that "so much of it appears to be brazenly mimicking *Vacancy* to the point you cannot believe The Asylum didn’t produce it."

## Reception

Dread Central gave *Terror Trap* a rating of 2 out of 5 blades, writing that "The best to be said for *Terror Trap* is that I didn’t mind it. Not exactly a ringing endorsement, I realize. Elliot’s constant embarrassment, the wife’s needlessly angry outbursts, and Fahey’s madman hamminess kept me occupied more so than the snuff filmmaking at this death trap motel." The film also received reviews from Flickering Myth and HorrorNews.net, the latter of which recommended the film for the performances of Madsen and Fahey.

## InfoBox

| Terror Trap | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Dan Garcia |
| Written by | Dan Garcia |
| Produced by | Matt Keith
Karlas Powell
Michael Thompson |
| Starring | David James Elliott
Michael Madsen
Jeff Fahey
Heather Marie Marsden |
| Cinematography | John Lands |
| Edited by | Ryan Dufrene
Noah Berlow |
| Music by | Ryan Dufrene
Andrew Markus |
| Production
company | American World Pictures |
| Distributed by | Dan Garcia Productions
DMG Holdings
Most Wanted Films |
| Release date | * October 10, 2010 (2010-10-10) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $2 million USD |