title: Ennore

abstract: Ennore, also spelt Eṇṇūr, is a neighbourhood in Chennai, India. Ennore is situated on a peninsula and is bounded by the Korttalaiyar River, Ennore Creek and the Bay of Bengal. The creek separates south Ennore from the north Ennore which covers major portions of North Chennai Thermal Power Station and Ennore Port. The neighbourhood is served by Ennore railway station. Over the years Ennore has become the hub of a range of industrial projects, mainly thermal power stations, fertilizer factories, industrial ports and coal yards.

text:
# Ennore

**Ennore**, also spelt *Eṇṇūr*, is a neighbourhood in Chennai, India. Ennore is situated on a peninsula and is bounded by the Korttalaiyar River, Ennore Creek and the Bay of Bengal. The creek separates south Ennore from the north Ennore which covers major portions of North Chennai Thermal Power Station and Ennore Port. The neighbourhood is served by Ennore railway station. Over the years Ennore has become the hub of a range of industrial projects, mainly thermal power stations, fertilizer factories, industrial ports and coal yards.

## History

The neighbourhood is part of the AvadiAmbatturSembiumTiruvottriyur–Ennore "auto belt" in the city's industrial north and west regions that developed when the automobile industry developed in Madras, in the early post-World War II years. Ennore was one of the "five 'new villages' " that were annexed with the then new British town of Madras in 1708.

## Administration

Administratively Ennore is divided into South and North regions. The mostly residential south region is governed by Greater Chennai Corporation as ward 1 in zone 1. The south region is a part of Kathivakkam revenue village in Tiruvottiyur taluk of Chennai district. The completely industrialized north region is governed by Athipattu village panchayat in Minjur revenue block. The north region is administered by Ennore revenue village in Ponneri taluk of Tiruvallur district. The north region is completely occupied by North Chennai Thermal Power Station and Ennore Port.

## Ennore Creek

Ennore Creek is a backwater located in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu. The Ennore Creek is bound on the north by the Pulicat Lake and to the south by the Manali marshlands. The Arani River enters the creek's northern edge below Lake Pulicat. To the south, Kosasthalaiyar River and the surplus course of the Puzhal Lake enter the creek. The estuary at Mugatwarakuppam drains all of these waters into the Bay of Bengal. Six revenue villages, namely Kathivakkam, Ennore, Puzhudhivakkam, Athipattu Pudunagar, Kattupalli and Kalanji are located around the Creek.

### Environmental and Economic Significance

Ennore Creek, along with the Buckingham Canal and the rest of the Pulicat water system has vast importance for the environment and for the local fisher folk. Ennore Creek nurtures a healthy aquatic ecosystem which was once famous for its rich biodiversity. This creek is part of a lagoon ecosystem that plays a vital role in balancing the coastal ecosystem in the area. The ecologically sensitive ecosystem was home to large swamps of mangroves that not only ensured a sustainable regeneration of fish resources, but also help mitigate flooding in times of strong rainfall, high tides and cyclones. Kuppam and Sivanpadaiveethi Kuppam rely wholly and perennially on the river and creek.

For decades, this creek sustained the livelihoods of the residents in the surrounding villages and has been demarcated as CRZ I (ecologically sensitive area in the coastal zone management plan by the Tamil Nadu State Coastal Zone Management Authority). Undertaking any reclamation, bunding, construction or altering the natural courses of such water bodies is illegal under the CRZ Notification 2011, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

## Threats and Issues

Despite being protected under such regulations, the unplanned industrial development of this area over the last few decades have had devastating effects on the whole ecosystem, resulting in loss of ecology and livelihoods of the fishing communities. The creek is encroached by industries in several locations, which led to a reduction of the water covered area. Already 1090 acres of the total 8000 acres of the Creek are encroached. Of the area that is still water covered the depth of the water is reduced by fly ash from the North Chennai Thermal Power Station. In some areas the ash has reduced the depth of the creek from 14 feet below sea level to 2 to 4 feet. This reduces the creek's ability to carry water, which is crucial, especially in times of flooding.

### Flooding

In December 2015, areas like Kuruvimedu, Athipattu, Athipattu Pudunagar, Ernavur, Manali New Town etc. were badly affected by floodwaters that did not recede as expected. The drastic reduction in the wetland area, and the depth of what remained has reduced the Creek's ability to evacuate floodwaters from Kosasthalaiyar, Puzhal surplus, Buckingham Canal and the Araniyar.

### Storm Surges

In December 2016, Cyclone Vardah made landfall in Pulicat, in the Ennore region. The resultant storm surge of more than 1 metre above the astronomic tide had reportedly inundated low-lying areas in the region. Normally, the Creek is the first shock absorber to deter the storm surge. But with its water carrying capacity vastly reduced, the Creek's ability to absorb storm shocks has also declined. As the encroachment continues, storm surges will send seawater deep into the hinterland through the rivers, streams and channels and inundate areas that have never before experienced flooding due to tidal surges.

### Salinity Intrusion

The AK-basin, or the area between Araniyar and Kosasthalaiyar, has an important place in Chennai's water security map. The groundwater rich basin has six well-fields – Minjur, Panjeti, Thamaraipakkam, Poondi, Kannagiper and Floodplains—that yields up to 100 mld water for Chennai during stressed times. The AK-basin is also witnessing aggressive salinity intrusion due to a number of factors. To combat it, the state has invested money and fresh water in constructing injection wells and tidal regulators. The Creek maintains a salinity gradient, and prevents seawater from entering too deep into the hinterland through the rivers, streams and channels. However, as the waterspread and Creek depth decline, tidal influence will begin to be felt further inland. The Ennore Creek's western edges – which are the areas that have been and are currently being encroached – are salt marshes and abandoned salt pans. Both are wetlands as defined under the National Wetland Rules, and have been demarcated as such by the Government of Tamil Nadu under the Rules. By storing rainwater or lower salinity water, especially in the weeks and months after monsoons, the Ennore Creek's western edges already help offer some defence against salinity intrusion. Currently the salt pans and salt marshes are being converted to industrial establishments by altering the contours.

### Economically impact on the residents

The fishing villages located in and around Ennore have for many years depended on the Creek as a source of livelihood and sustenance. Owing to the excessive industrial takeover in the region for many years now the number of fish in the creek declined significantly due to the leakage of toxic waste water from factories and the dumping of toxic fly ash. A study by the Aquaculture Foundation of India and three institutions including Anna University, found high concentrations of heavy metals in the water and marine organisms in and around Ennore creek due to pollution from industries and domestic sources. This study found high levels of heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and chromium. Species such as flathead grey mullet, a widely eaten fish had levels that hovered close to dangerous limits. Over the years, several commercially valuable fish – including tiger prawn, mud crab, striped crab, sand whiting, silver biddy, cat fish, mackerel, grey eel catfish, croaker and white prawn – have disappeared from the creek. In some areas the depth of the river has become so low, that is it impossible for a small fishing boat to move on it. Fishermen have lost their primary source of income and their lives been reduced to poverty.

### Air pollution and health problems of residents

Many of the industries in Ennore pollute the air, especially the Thermal Power Plants. Data from the Central Pollution Control Board and from independent bodies show that the air quality is clearly worse than the limits and can only be prescribed as "unhealthy" or "very unhealthy". For PM 2.5 (Particulate Matter or dust less than 2.5 micrometers in size) the air pollution is up to 3.7 times higher than standards prescribed by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Data from the CPCB for the region shows that from 01.06.2017 to 22.06.2017 the level of PM 2.5 was 88 μg/m3, which is clearly higher than the prescribed standard (60 μg/m3). PM 2.5 can lead to asthma, lung cancer and even heart attacks. Many residents in Ennore suffer from health problems. Old residents tell that those problems were absent decades ago and started with the industrialisation of the area. Public health specialists confirm that air pollution in Ennore can affect the health of the residents negatively.

## Industries and Developmental Projects

Over the years Ennore has become the hub of a range of industrial projects, mainly thermal power stations, fertilizer factories, industrial ports and coal yards. Many of them let their untreated wastewater flow into the Ennore Creek; others amount to the air pollution in Ennore. The Ennore Creek is surrounded by multiple industrial projects namely-

* North

1. North Chennai Thermal Power Station (NCTPS) 3×210 MW; 2x 600 MW
2. Kamaraj Port Limited (KPL; formerly known as Ennore Port)
3. L&T Ship Building Yard

* West

1. Chettinad International Coal Terminal
2. NTECL's Vallur Thermal Power Station 3×500 MW
3. HPCL – Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

* South

1. Ennore Thermal Power Plant (Oldest operational power plant in the region) 2 x 60 MW ; 3 x 110 MW
2. Coromandel Fertilizer
3. Kothari Fertilizer
4. Ashok Leyland
5. Hinduja Foundries
6. EID Parry

* Within a 5 km radius:

1. Manali Industrial Area
2. Madras Fertilizers Limited

* New proposals for thermal power projects in the region include:

1. 800 MW NCTPS Stage III, on the green belt of the current NCTPS, Ennore
2. 1600 MW Ennore SEZ, on the ash pond of NCTPS
3. 1200 MW North Chennai Power Company, at Katupalli
4. 1030 MW Chennai Power Generation Ltd, Katupalli and Kalanji village

## Ennore Oil Spill

The 2017 Ennore oil spill was an oil spill that occurred outside the Kamarajar Port in Ernavoor, Tamil Nadu, India, on 28 January 2017. The spill occurred when the outbound empty LPG tanker M. T. BW Maple collided with the inbound fully loaded oil tanker M.T. Dawn Kanchipuram around 04:00 local time. In total around 196 tonnes of bunker fuel oil spilled into the sea. The coastline from Ennore southwards until Pondicherry (a stretch of 180 km) was in different severity affected by the spill, with the shore of Ennore most severely hit. There were reports of dead fish and dead olive ridley turtle along the coast on different beaches in Chennai and around. The impact of the spill has directly affected the local fishing community as there was a sharp fall in fish sale due to the existing notion amongst public that fishes are contaminated with oil and not fit to consume. Workers had to clean the oil on the shore without adequate protection which lead to skin irritation, throat irritation and breathing problems.

## Schools

Ennore has got good number of Government schools. Government High School, Kathivakkam Elementary School. The Leading Private schools are Sri SSM Group of Schools, Parthasarathy Matriculation School, St. Joseph Matriculation School, V.O.C. Matriculation School, Child park school and Annamalai Matriculation Schools.

## Transportation

Metropolitan Transport Corporation runs passenger buses to Ennore from other major parts of Chennai city.

Route number 4, 4M (Minjur-Ennore- Broadway),56F is available frequently from Broadway Bus Terminus (Parrys), 56, 56A from Vallalar Nagar (Mint), 159E, 121C from CMBT, 1C, 1D from Thiruvanmiyur, 28B from Egmore Railway Station. 4C from Chennai central, 157E from redhills.

## Films and Music

Ennore has been featured in many of the Tamil and other language movies. The climax fight in the popular Tamil movie "Kaaka Kaaka" was filmed in a place called Sandbar in Ennore. Environmental activist Nityanand Jayaraman produced the ‘Chennai Poromboke Paadal’, featuring T.M. Krishna, as part of a campaign to raise awareness about the encroachment on Chennai's Ennore Creek.

## InfoBox

| Ennore Kathivakkam | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
|  | |
| EnnoreLocation in Chennai, IndiaEnnoreEnnore (Tamil Nadu)EnnoreEnnore (India) | |
| Coordinates: 13°13′03″N 80°19′18″E / 13.2175°N 80.32155°E / 13.2175; 80.32155 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Chennai & Tiruvallur districts |
| Taluk | Tiruvottiyur & Ponneri taluks |
| Local body | Ward 1 of Greater Chennai Corporation & Athipattu village panchayat |
| Metro | Chennai |
| Other neighbourhoods | Periya Kuppam, Kathivakkam |
| Government | |
| Body | CMDA |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 600057 & 600120 |
| Vehicle registration | TN-18 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | north Chennai |
| Planning agency | CMDA |


title: Eois percisa

abstract: Eois percisa is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Peru. The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are pale yellow, with lilac-grey wavy cross-lines parallel to the oblique outer margin. In the basal half of the wing these lines are thickened and confluent, obscuring the ground-colour except on the costa. The hindwings are similar to the forewings, but the basal third is grey and contains a large black cell-spot and a pale yellow band beyond it, which is visible on the forewings also.

text:
# Eois percisa

***Eois percisa*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Peru.

The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are pale yellow, with lilac-grey wavy cross-lines parallel to the oblique outer margin. In the basal half of the wing (including the central fascia) these lines are thickened and confluent, obscuring the ground-colour except on the costa. The hindwings are similar to the forewings, but the basal third is grey and contains a large black cell-spot and a pale yellow band beyond it, which is visible (but less prominent) on the forewings also.

## InfoBox

| *Eois percisa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eois* |
| Species: | ***E. percisa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eois percisa***<br>(Warren, 1907) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cambogia percisa* Warren, 1907 | |


title: Eois paraviolascens

abstract: Eois paraviolascens is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Eois paraviolascens

***Eois paraviolascens*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Eois paraviolascens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eois* |
| Species: | ***E. paraviolascens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eois paraviolascens***<br>(Dognin, 1900) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amaurinia paraviolascens* Dognin, 1900 | |


title: Entity (2012 film)

abstract: Entity is a 2012 British supernatural thriller film written and directed by Steve Stone. The film had its world premiere on 25 October 2012, at the Bram Stoker International Film Festival. It stars Dervla Kirwan, Charlotte Riley, and Branko Tomovic and centers upon a British reality show film crew that encounters a dark entity.

text:
# Entity (2012 film)

***Entity*** is a 2012 British supernatural thriller film written and directed by Steve Stone. The film had its world premiere on 25 October 2012, at the Bram Stoker International Film Festival. It stars Dervla Kirwan, Charlotte Riley, and Branko Tomovic and centers upon a British reality show film crew that encounters a dark entity.

## Plot

In 2010, a film crew for the British television show *Darkest Secrets* enter a remote Siberian forest known for the unexplained deaths of thirty-four unidentified people in 1998. The crew includes Kate Hansen, the host; Matt Hurst, the camera man; and David Hamilton, a tech. Ruth Peacock, a psychic, and Yuri Levkov, a Russian author, join them. After searching the woods for the site of the massacre, Ruth suddenly makes contact with several ghosts, who speak to her in Russian. In a vision, Ruth sees Russian military figures execute prisoners and is overwhelmed by the experience. Ruth tells them that they must go further east toward what Yuri says is an abandoned facility. On the way, Ruth sees more visions of Russian soldiers murdering helpless prisoners, this time at the facility, and she urges them onward.

When they enter the facility, they hear distant, echoing screams. Ruth suggests that they turn back, but Kate convinces her to continue. Inside the facility, they discover cages and cells. Ruth once again hears Russian voices, and Yuri translates them as a warning to leave. When Ruth enters one of the rooms, visions of torture overwhelm her, and she says that the victims were psychics like her. An entity harasses them in a hallway, and Ruth tells them to remain calm, as it feeds off of their reactions. In one of the cells, Ruth detects a powerful psychic force, and she attempts to make contact with it; Yuri translates for her. Ruth identifies the presence as Mischka, a dead prisoner who was tortured by the soldiers. When Mischka turns hostile, they flee the cell and realize that David has gone missing.

The group retreats to a control room, where they examine their footage. In it, they see fleeting images of both Mischka and David. Matt insists that they find David, but Ruth is exhausted and needs to rest. Before she falls asleep, Ruth says that Yuri has been here before. Yuri admits that he knew of the facility and its history of brutal military experiments on psychics, but he needed to know if Ruth was capable of finding it. When Kate hears David's voice, she and Matt go off to find him, and Yuri watches over Ruth as she sleeps. Mischka kills David in front of Matt and Kate, and they flee back to the control room. There, Yuri has taken Ruth hostage and demanded that she help him free the spirit of his lost girlfriend, whom he believes to have been killed here.

As they go deeper into the facility, Mischka becomes increasingly hostile despite Ruth's attempts to communicate with him. Yuri sees the ghost of his girlfriend, but when he approaches her, Mischka savagely beats and kills him. Ruth orders Matt and Kate to leave the facility, and she tries once again to make contact with Mischka. As they're about to leave, Kate turns back to help Ruth, and Matt reluctantly follows. They find Ruth on the floor in Mischka's cell. Ruth weakly explains that she has helped Mischka to cross over, and the facility is now safe. Relieved, Kate and Matt split up to recover their equipment. After she sees suspicious footage of Ruth's battle with Mischka, Kate becomes concerned for Matt, only to find him dead. Ruth, possessed by Mischka, kills Kate. Kate then realizes that she and the rest of the crew are now doomed to forever wander through the facility with the rest of the ghosts.

## Cast

## Production

Shooting took place in Selby, North Yorkshire, England. Tomovic's character was originally a 50-year-old British professor, but the character was rewritten to be an Eastern European to better fit Tomovic. Hill shot most of the POV footage himself. Tomovic was cast after writer-director Stone saw him in *Whitechapel*.

## Reception

HorrorNews.net praised various elements of *Entity* but stated "Had ENTITY come a lot earlier in the cycle it would have stood out a lot more; it remains a superior example of its type but it simply doesn’t have anything new to offer." *Starburst* magazine gave a mixed review, saying that the film "is not without its charms" but that ultimately the pacing was slow and the ending predictable. Nia Edwards-Behi of Brutal As Hell called it "truly refreshing" and "a technically brilliant feat of independent filmmaking".

### Awards

## InfoBox

| Entity | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Steve Stone |
| Written by | Steve Stone |
| Produced by | * Steve Stone * Rob Speranza |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Alex Veitch |
| Edited by | Kevin Tams |
| Music by | Dave S. Walker |
| Production<br>companies | * Nexus DNA * EM Media |
| Distributed by | * Fangoria Films * Darclight Films |
| Release date | * 25 October 2012 (2012-10-25) (Bram Stoker International Film Festival) |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Eric Lambin

abstract: Eric Lambin is a Belgian geographer. He is a professor at the Université catholique de Louvain and Stanford University. From 1999 to 2005, he was Chair of the Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) project. In July 2019, Lambin received the 2019 Blue Planet Prize for a research project which cross-referenced satellite data with the socioeconomic class of the areas it came from. The intent of the research was to find and highlight the impact of economic globalization on local ecosystems and their residents, and found that reforestation in one area of the world corresponded to an increased timber industry in others.

text:
# Eric Lambin

**Eric Lambin** (born 23 September 1962) is a Belgian geographer. He is a professor at the Université catholique de Louvain and Stanford University.

From 1999 to 2005, he was Chair of the Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) project (a joint initiative of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP)).

In July 2019, Lambin received the 2019 Blue Planet Prize for a research project which cross-referenced satellite data with the socioeconomic class of the areas it came from. The intent of the research was to find and highlight the impact of economic globalization on local ecosystems and their residents, and found that reforestation in one area of the world corresponded to an increased timber industry in others.

## Publications

In addition to numerous scientific articles, he has published books intended for a wider audience:

* *La Terre sur un fil*, éditions Le Pommier, 2004 ISBN 9782746501980 \- rééd. 2010 ISBN 9782746504738
    + *The Middle Path*, English translation, University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226468532
* *Une écologie du bonheur*, éditions Le Pommier, 2009 ISBN 9782746503816
* co-author, with Christophe André, Ilios Kotsou, Caroline Lesire and others *Psychologie positive, le bonheur dans tous ses états*, éditions Jouvence ISBN 9782883538566
* *Le consommateur planétaire*, éditions Le Pommier, 2015 ISBN 9782746507333


title: Enoka Lucas

abstract: Enoka Lucas is a former American football center who last played for the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League (UFL). He was signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Oregon after graduating from Kamehameha Schools. Lucas was also with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tennessee Titans and Arizona Cardinals.

text:
# Enoka Lucas

**Enoka Lucas** (born April 29, 1984) is a former American football center who last played for the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League (UFL). He was signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Oregon after graduating from Kamehameha Schools.

Lucas was also with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tennessee Titans and Arizona Cardinals.

## Professional career

### Florida Tuskers

Lucas was signed by the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League on September 3, 2009. He was a part-time starter at center in 2009 before taking over the center job full-time in 2010 for Florida. He resigned with the Virginia Destroyers (formerly the Florida Tuskers) on June 21, 2011, for his third UFL season.

## InfoBox

Enoka Lucas
| No. 58 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Center |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1984-04-29) April 29, 1984<br>Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 299 lb (136 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Oregon |
| Undrafted: | 2007 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Erbessa prouti

abstract: Erbessa prouti is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Hering in 1925. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Erbessa prouti

***Erbessa prouti*** is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Hering in 1925. It is found in Brazil.

* Miller, James S. (2009). "Generic revision of the Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 1: Dioptini". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **321** (2): 1–676. hdl:2246/5978.

## InfoBox

| *Erbessa prouti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Genus: | *Erbessa* |
| Species: | ***E. prouti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erbessa prouti***<br>(Hering, 1925) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Myonia prouti* Hering, 1925 | |


title: Episinus

abstract: Episinus is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1809. They can grow up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long.

text:
# Episinus

***Episinus*** is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1809.

They can grow up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long.

## Species

As of September 2022 it contains forty-seven species and one subspecies, found worldwide:

**Formerly included:**

* *E. bicorniger* (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. bicornis* (Thorell, 1881) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. bicruciatus* (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. bifrons* (Thorell, 1895) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. caudifer* Dönitz & Strand, 1906 (Transferred to *Moneta*)
* *E. coercerveus* Roberts, 1978 (Transferred to *Moneta*)
* *E. conifer* (Urquhart, 1886) (Transferred to *Moneta*)
* *E. erythrophthalmus* (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. gratiosus* Bryant, 1940 (Transferred to *Neopisinus*)
* *E. longipes* Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to *Neopisinus*)
* *E. luteolimbatus* (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. malachinus* (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. marginatus* (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. minusculus* Gertsch, 1936 (Transferred to *Chrosiothes*)
* *E. mirabilis* (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to *Moneta*)
* *E. modestus* (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. nebulosus* (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. ocreatus* (Simon, 1909) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. paiki* Seo, 1985 (Transferred to *Moneta*)
* *E. pictus* (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. recifensis* Levi, 1964 (Transferred to *Neopisinus*)
* *E. salobrensis* (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. spinigeroides* Zhu & Song, 1992 (Transferred to *Moneta*)
* *E. tanikawai* Yoshida, 1991 (Transferred to *Moneta*)
* *E. taprobanicus* (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to *Janula*)
* *E. yoshimurai* Yoshida, 1983 (Transferred to *Moneta*)

**Nomen dubium**

* *E. americanus* Nicolet, 1849

## InfoBox

| *Episinus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Episinus angulatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiidae |
| Genus: | *Episinus*
Walckenaer, 1809 |
|
| Type species | |
| *E. truncatus*
Latreille, 1809 | |
| Species | |
| 47, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Epilepia melanosparsalis

abstract: Epilepia melanosparsalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Epilepia. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1922 and is known from South Africa and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Epilepia melanosparsalis

***Epilepia melanosparsalis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Epilepia*. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1922 and is known from South Africa and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Epilepia melanosparsalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Epilepia* |
| Species: | ***E. melanosparsalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epilepia melanosparsalis***<br>(Janse, 1922) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Macalla melanosparsalis* Janse, 1922 * *Macalla confusa* Janse, 1922 | |


title: Epilepia melapastalis

abstract: Epilepia melapastalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Epilepia. It was described by George Hampson in 1906, and it is known from Réunion, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Epilepia melapastalis

***Epilepia melapastalis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Epilepia*. It was described by George Hampson in 1906, and it is known from Réunion, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Epilepia melapastalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Epilepia* |
| Species: | ***E. melapastalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epilepia melapastalis***<br>Hampson, 1906 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Salma melapastalis* (Hampson, 1906) | |


abstract: Queensland's Environmental Protection Agency was for some time a separate department of the Queensland Government, and, following 2009 state elections, became a part of the Government's larger Department of Environment and Science. This part of the Department of Environment and Resource Management's role is to manage climate change and protect the environment on behalf of the Queensland Government. To achieve this the section aims to provide Conservation and Environmental Services: including a Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to manage the Queensland's protected area estate; plus Environmental Services to assist manage development, business, and industry. It aims to promote Sustainable futures: including planning for climate change; encouraging environmental sustainability, supporting environmental innovation, and developing strategies and policies to achieve an environmentally sustainable future; and achieve organisational performance and capability: including building a "robust" scientific base to government policy and decision making, and valuing people and accumulating knowledge within the organisation.

text:
# Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)

Queensland's **Environmental Protection Agency** (abbreviated to **EPA**) was for some time a separate department of the Queensland Government, and, following 2009 state elections, became a part of the Government's larger Department of Environment and Science.

This part of the Department of Environment and Resource Management's role is to manage climate change and protect the environment on behalf of the Queensland Government.

To achieve this the section aims to provide Conservation and Environmental Services: including a Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to manage the Queensland's protected area estate; plus Environmental Services to assist manage development, business, and industry. It aims to promote Sustainable futures: including planning for climate change; encouraging environmental sustainability, supporting environmental innovation, and developing strategies and policies to achieve an environmentally sustainable future; and achieve organisational performance and capability: including building a "robust" scientific base to government policy and decision making, and valuing people and accumulating knowledge within the organisation.


title: Equiaxed crystal

abstract: Equiaxed crystals are crystals that have axes of approximately the same length. Equiaxed grains can in some cases be an indication for recrystallization. Equiaxed crystals can be achieved by heat treatment, namely annealing and normalizing.

text:
# Equiaxed crystal

**Equiaxed crystals** are crystals that have axes of approximately the same length.

Equiaxed grains can in some cases be an indication for recrystallization.

Equiaxed crystals can be achieved by heat treatment, namely annealing and normalizing.

1. According to Mabuchi, Yamada et al. in "The grain size dependence of strength in the extruded AZ91 M alloy", in "Magnesium Alloys and their Applications", edited by K.U. Kainer (2000), ISBN 3-527-30282-4


title: Edented Sulawesi rat

abstract: Paucidentomys is a genus of rodents of a type commonly known as shrew-rats which was discovered in 2012 in a remote rainforest on the Indonesian island, Sulawesi. The genus is monotypic, consisting of the species Paucidentomys vermidax, or the edented Sulawesi rat. The Latin name may also be translated to its other common name "few-toothed worm-eating rat", referring to the fact that they have only two teeth and may live exclusively on a diet of earthworms.

text:
# Edented Sulawesi rat

***Paucidentomys*** is a genus of rodents of a type commonly known as shrew-rats which was discovered in 2012 in a remote rainforest on the Indonesian island, Sulawesi. The genus is monotypic, consisting of the species ***Paucidentomys vermidax***, or the **edented Sulawesi rat**. The Latin name may also be translated to its other common name "**few-toothed worm-eating rat**", referring to the fact that they have only two teeth and may live exclusively on a diet of earthworms.

## Description

*Paucidentomys vermidax* is larger than *Melasmothrix naso*, *Sommeromys macrorhinos* and *Tateomys macrocercus*, similar in size to *Tateomys rhinogradoides*, smaller than *Rhynchomys soricoides* and substantially smaller than species of *Echiothrix*. The face is more elongate than that of any other Sulawesi shrew-rat, but similar in this regard to *Rhynchomys*. It has a very long rostrum (relative to other Sulawesi shrew-rats), small eyes, large ears, a soft pelage and a long, thick, hairy and dorsoventrally bicoloured tail.

### Unique dentition

*Paucidentomys vermidax* is the only known rodent with no molars, which is an adaptation to its diet which may be exclusively earthworms (it appears to be a specialist vermivore based on the stomach contents of one individual). Moreover, rather than gnawing incisors, this animal has bicuspid upper incisors, which is also unique among the more than 2,200 species of rodents. The upper incisors are short with an anterior cusp and slightly inferior posterior cusp; these cusps are connected by a sharp, concave cutting edge at the lateral margin of the tooth. The pterygoid plate is absent. The dentary is long and delicate, lacking significant muscle attachment points. The lower incisors are unicuspid, procumbent, sharp and delicate. Its dental formula is 1.0.0.01.0.0.0.

## Distribution

*Paucidentomys vermidax* is known from Mount Gandangdewata and Mount Latimojong in Sulawesi, Indonesia.

## Etymology

The generic name combines the Latin *paucus* (few) with *dentis* (tooth) and the Greek *mys* (mouse) in reference to the lack of molars. The epithet is a hybrid of *vermi* (worm) and *edax* (devourer), in reference to the animal's diet.

## InfoBox

| Edented Sulawesi rat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| On an Indonesian stamp | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Tribe: | Rattini |
| Genus: | *Paucidentomys*
Esselstyn, Achmadi & Rowe, 2012 |
| Species: | ***P. vermidax*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paucidentomys vermidax***
Esselstyn, Achmadi & Rowe, 2012 | |
|
|  | |
| Specimen collections from Sulawesi, Indonesia | |


abstract: The Ursuline Nuns of the Immaculate Conception are a Roman Catholic apostolic congregation of pontifical right, based in Louisville, Kentucky.

text:
# Ursuline Nuns of the Immaculate Conception

The **Ursuline Nuns of the Immaculate Conception** (**Ursuline Sisters of Louisville**) are a Roman Catholic apostolic congregation of pontifical right, based in Louisville, Kentucky.

## History

Bishop Martin John Spalding of the Diocese of Louisville sent Father Leander Streber, OFM, pastor of St. Martin of Tours Church in Louisville, to Bavaria to seek sisters to teach the German children in the diocese. The congregation was founded in 1858 in Louisville, Kentucky by Mother Salesia Reitmeier, and two others sisters, all Ursulines, from Straubing, Bavaria. The following year they established the Ursuline Academy boarding school. By 1880, Ursuline Academy was taking day students, while boarders attended Sacred Heart Academy. (With decreased enrollment, Ursuline Academy was phased out in 1972.)

In 1874, the Ursulines took charge of Immaculate Conception School in Columbia, Illinois.

The motherhouse, which had been at the old Ursuline Academy of the Immaculate Conception on East Chestnut Street, moved to Lexington Road in 1877. The Ursuline Chapel of the Immaculate Conception was dedicated on Dec. 8, 1917. Although the sisters' work is primarily in education, in October 1918, fifteen went to nearby Camp Zachary Taylor to serve as nurses during the influenza epidemic. The Ursuline campus served as a refuge for people displaced by the Ohio River flood of 1937.

Sacred Heart Junior College and Normal School opened in 1921. In 1938, it became a four-year college, Ursuline College, which later merged with Bellarmine College in 1968.

The Ursuline campus includes Sacred Heart Academy (a high school for girls), Sacred Heart Model School (an elementary and middle school for boys and girls), Sacred Heart School for the Arts, Sacred Heart Preschool, and the Motherhouse Chapel. The campus serves about 1,800 students and underwent significant upgrades and modernization in 2016.

The congregation numbers more than 120 members; there are more than 15 houses in United States and Peru (2010).


title: Erythrodiplax minuscula

abstract: Erythrodiplax minuscula, the little blue dragonlet, is a species of skimmer in the dragonfly family Libellulidae. It is found in North America. The IUCN conservation status of Erythrodiplax minuscula is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

text:
# Erythrodiplax minuscula

***Erythrodiplax minuscula***, the **little blue dragonlet**, is a species of skimmer in the dragonfly family Libellulidae. It is found in North America.

The IUCN conservation status of *Erythrodiplax minuscula* is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

## Further reading

* Kalkman, V. J. (2013). *Studies on phylogeny and biogeography of damselflies (Odonata) with emphasis on the Argiolestidae* (PhD). Leiden University. hdl:1887/22953.

## InfoBox

| *Erythrodiplax minuscula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Genus: | *Erythrodiplax* |
| Species: | ***E. minuscula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erythrodiplax minuscula***
(Rambur, 1842) | |
|


title: Ryszard Rotkiewicz

abstract: Ryszard Rotkiewicz is Polish politician and local activist. He was the mayor of Szczecin from 1984 to 1990, and the deputy voivode of the Szczecin Voivodeship from 1981 to 1984.

text:
# Ryszard Rotkiewicz

**Ryszard Rotkiewicz** (born 17 May 1938) is Polish politician and local activist. He was the mayor of Szczecin from 1984 to 1990, and the deputy voivode of the Szczecin Voivodeship from 1981 to 1984.

## Biography

Ryszard Rotkiewicz was born on 17 May 1938, in Ivyanyets, Second Polish Republic (now part of Belarus). His parents were Stanisław and Regina Rotkiewicz.

He has graduated from the Szczecin University of Technology, with the diploma in the mechanical engineering. From 1966 to 1990, he was a member of the Polish United Workers' Party. From 1964 to 1975 he worked in the Szczecin Steel Mill, and from 1976, he was the director of the Fabryka Mechanizmów Samochodowych Polmo (*Polmo Car Machinery Factory*).

From January to December 1981, Rotkiewicz was the secretary of the Szczecin Voivodeship Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party, based in Szczecin. From 1981 to 1984, he was the deputy voivode of the Szczecin Voivodeship.

From 1 April 1984 to 27 May 1990, he was the mayor of Szczecin. Following the 1990 local elections, he was the acting mayor until 18 June 1990, when the new mayor, Jan Czesław Bielecki, was appointed by the city council.

During the 2002 local elections, he unsuccessfully run for the office of the member of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship Sejmik, from the mandate of the Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union.

## InfoBox

| Ryszard Rotkiewicz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Szczecin | |
| **In office**
1 April 1984  18 June 1990 | |
| Preceded by | Jan Stopyra |
| Succeeded by | Jan Czesław Bielecki |
| Deputy voivode of the Szczecin Voivodeship | |
| **In office**
1981–1984 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1938-05-17) May 17, 1938
Ivyanyets, Second Polish Republic (now part of Belarus) |
| Political party |  |
| Alma mater | Szczecin University of Technology |
|  | |


title: Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang

abstract: Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang is a Chinese classic herbal formula. In Japanese kampo, it is known as "Hochū-ekki-tō". It is commonly made into Chinese patent medicine.

text:
# Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang

**Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang** (simplified Chinese: 补中益气汤; traditional Chinese: 補中益氣湯; pinyin: *bǔ zhōng yì qì wán*) is a Chinese classic herbal formula. In Japanese kampo, it is known as "Hochū-ekki-tō" (補中益気湯 ほちゅうえっきとう) (it is also known as Kampo #41). It is commonly made into Chinese patent medicine.

## Variations

The formula was created by Lǐ Dōng-yuán (李东垣; 李東垣). It was published in "Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach" (脾胃论; 脾胃論; *Pí Wèi Lùn*) in 1249.

There are many variations of the formula proportions. Each maker of Chinese patent medicine changes the proportions of the herbs slightly. The proportions are standardized in the Japanese kampo formula, however. Some herbs may be changed also. For example, rén shēn (ginseng root) may be replaced with dǎng shēn ("poor man's ginseng").

The formula was also changed slightly when it was borrowed as a Japanese kampo formula. Some Chinese species of herbs were replaced with herbs found in Japan. For example, bái zhú (*Atractylodes macrocephala*) was replaced with cāng zhú (*Atractylodes lancea*).

## Chinese classic herbal formula

| Name | Common Name | Pinyin | Chinese () | Chinese () | Katakana | Kanji | Genus species |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Astragali Radix | astragalus root | huáng qí | 黃耆 | 黄芪 | オウギ | 黄耆 | Astragalus membranaceus |
| Atractylodis Rhizoma | white atractylodes rhizome | bái zhú | 白朮 | 白术 | ビャクジュツ | 白朮 | Atractylodes macrocephala |
| Panacis Ginseng Radix | ginseng root | rén shēn | 人參 | 人参 | ニンジン | 人参 | Panax ginseng |
| Angelicae Radix | Chinese angelica root | dāng guī | 當歸 | 当归 | トウキ | 当帰 | Angelica Sinensis |
| Bupleuri Radix | bupleurum root | chái hú | 柴胡 | 柴胡 | サイコ | 柴胡 | Bupleurum chinense |
| Zizyphi Fructus | jujube fruit, Chinese date | dà zǎo | 大棗 | 大枣 | タイソウ | 大棗 | Ziziphus zizyphus |
| Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium | aged mandarin orange peel | chén pí | 陳皮 | 陈皮 | チンピ | 陳皮 | Citrus reticulata |
| Glycyrrhizae Radix | Chinese liquorice root | gān cǎo | 甘草 | 甘草 | カンゾウ | 甘草 | Glycyrrhiza uralensis |
| Cimicifugae Rhizoma | bugbane rhizome, cohosh rhizome | shēng má | 升麻 | 升麻 | ショウマ | 升麻 | Cimicifuga foetida |
| Zingiberis Rhizoma | fresh ginger rhizome | shēng jiāng | 生薑 | 生姜 | ショウキョウ | 生姜 | Zingiber officinale |

## Japanese kampo formula

| Name | Common name | Pinyin | Chinese () | Chinese () | Katakana | Kanji | Genus species | Grams | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Astragali Radix | astragalus root | huáng qí | 黃蓍 | 黄芪 | オウギ | 黄耆 | Astragalus membranaceus | 4.0 | 17% |
| Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma | atractylodes rhizome | cāng zhú | 蒼朮 | 苍术 | ソウジュツ | 蒼朮 | Atractylodes lancea | 4.0 | 17% |
| Panacis Ginseng Radix | ginseng root | rén shēn | 人參 | 人参 | ニンジン | 人参 | Panax ginseng | 4.0 | 17% |
| Angelicae Radix | Chinese angelica root | dāng guī | 當歸 | 当归 | トウキ | 当帰 | Angelica acutiloba | 3.0 | 13% |
| Bupleuri Radix | bupleurum root | chái hú | 柴胡 | 柴胡 | サイコ | 柴胡 | Bupleurum falcatum | 2.0 | 8% |
| Zizyphi Fructus | jujube seed, Chinese date seed | dà zǎo | 大棗 | 大枣 | タイソウ | 大棗 | Ziziphus zizyphus | 2.0 | 8% |
| Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium | aged mandarin orange peel | chén pí | 陳皮 | 陈皮 | チンピ | 陳皮 | Citrus reticulata | 2.0 | 8% |
| Glycyrrhizae Radix | Chinese liquorice root | gān cǎo | 甘草 | 甘草 | カンゾウ | 甘草 | Glycyrrhiza uralensis | 1.5 | 6% |
| Cimicifugae Rhizoma | bugbane rhizome, cohosh rhizome | shēng má | 升麻 | 升麻 | ショウマ | 升麻 | Cimicifuga simplex | 1.0 | 4% |
| Zingiberis Rhizoma | fresh ginger rhizome | shēng jiāng | 生薑 | 生姜 | ショウキョウ | 生姜 | Zingiber officinale | 0.5 | 2% |


title: Organizational patterns

abstract:
Organizational patterns are inspired in large part by the principles of the software pattern community, that in turn takes it cues from Christopher Alexander's work on patterns of the built world. Organizational patterns also have roots in Kroeber's classic anthropological texts on the patterns that underlie culture and society. They in turn have provided inspiration for the Agile software development movement,
and for the creation of parts of Scrum and of Extreme Programming in particular.

text:
# Organizational patterns

**Organizational patterns** are inspired in large part by the principles of the software pattern community, that in turn takes it cues from Christopher Alexander's work on patterns of the built world. Organizational patterns also have roots in Kroeber's classic anthropological texts on the patterns that underlie culture and society. They in turn have provided inspiration for the Agile software development movement, and for the creation of parts of Scrum and of Extreme Programming in particular.

## History

An early explicit citation to patterns of social structure can be found in the anthropological literature.

> Patterns are those arrangements or systems of internal relationship which give to any culture its coherence or plan, and keep it from being a mere accumulation of random bits. They are therefore of primary importance.

Kroeber speaks of *universal patterns* that describe some overall scheme common to all human culture; of *systemic patterns* are broad but normative forms relating to beliefs, behaviors, signs, and economics; and *total culture patterns* that are local. Kroeber notes that systemic patterns can pass from culture to culture:

> A second kind of pattern consists of a system or complex of cultural material that has proved its utility as a system and therefore tends to cohere and persist as a unit; it is modifiable only with difficulty as to its underlying plan. Any one such systemic pattern is limited primarily to one aspect of culture, such as subsistence, religion, or economics; but it is not limited areally, or to one particular culture; it can be diffused cross-culturally, from one people to another. . . . What distinguishes these systemic patterns of culture—or well-patterned systems, as they might also be called—is a specific interrelation of their component parts, a nexus that holds them together strongly, and tends to preserve the basic plan... As a result of the persistence of these systemic patterns, their significance becomes most evident on a historical view.

The pattern aspect of Kroeber's view fits very well the systems-thinking pattern view of Christopher Alexander in the field of architecture. Alexander's books became an inspiration for the software world, and in particular for the object-oriented programming world, in about 1993. Organizational patterns in the sense they are recognized in the software community today first made an appearance at the original Hillside Group workshop that would lead to the pattern community and its PLoP conferences.

The Hillside Group sent out a call for pattern papers and, in 1994, held the first pattern conference at Allerton Park in central Illinois in the United States. The second conference, also at Allerton, would follow a year later. These first two PLoP conferences witnessed a handful of organizational patterns:

* The RaPPEL pattern language (1995) by Bruce Whitenack that described organizational structures suitable to requirements acquisition;
* The Caterpillar's Fate pattern language (1995) by Norm Kerth that described organizational structures supporting evolution from analysis to design;
* A work by James Coplien (1995) describing several years of organizational research at Bell Laboratories;
* Episodes, a pattern language by Ward Cunningham (1996) describing key points of what today we would call Agile software development;
* A pattern language by Neil Harrison (1996) on the formation and function of teams.

A flurry of associated publications and follow-up articles followed quickly thereafter, including an extemporization of the organizational patterns approach in the Bell Labs Technical Journal, an invited piece in ASE, a CACM article by Alistair Cockburn and, shortly thereafter, a pattern-laden book by Alistair, as well as chapters by Benualdi and Janoff in the *Patterns Handbook.* It was also about this time that Michael A. Beedle et al. published patterns that described explicit extensions to existing organizational patterns, for application in projects using a then five-year-old software development framework called Scrum. A few more articles, such as the one by Brash et al. also started to appear.

Little more happened on the organizational patterns front until the publication of the book by Berczuk et al. on configuration management patterns; this was a break-off effort from the effort originally centered at Bell Labs.

In the meantime, Jim Coplien and Neil Harrison had been collecting organizational patterns and combining them into a collection of four pattern languages. Most of these patterns were based on the original research from Bell Laboratories, which studied over 120 organizations over the period of a decade. These empirical studies were based on subject role-play in software development organizations, reminiscent of the sociodramas of Moreno's original social network approach. However, the pattern language also had substantial input from other sources and in particular the works by Cockburn, Berczuk, and Cunningham. This collection was published as *Organizational Patterns of Agile Software Development* in 2004.

One of the most recent organizational pattern articles comes from an early pattern contributor and advocate, the object design pioneer Grady Booch.

## Principles of discovery and use

Like other patterns, organizational patterns aren't created or invented: they are discovered (or "mined") from empirical observation. The early work on organizational patterns at Bell Laboratories focused on extracting patterns from social network analysis. That research used empirical role-playing techniques to gather information about the structure of relationships in the subject organization. These structures were analyzed for recurring patterns across organization and their contribution to achieving organizational goals. The recurring successful structures were written up in pattern form to describe their tradeoffs and detailed design decisions (forces), the context in which they apply, along with a generic description of the solution.

Patterns provide an incremental path to organizational improvement. The pattern style of building something (in this case, an organization) is:

1. Find the weakest part of your organization
2. Find a pattern that is likely to strengthen it
3. Apply the pattern
4. Measure the improvement or degradation
5. If the pattern improved things, go to step 1 and find the next improvement; otherwise, undo the pattern and try an alternative.

As with Alexander-style patterns of software architecture, organizational patterns can be organized into pattern languages: collections of patterns that build on each other.

A pattern language can suggest the patterns to be applied for a known set of working patterns that are present.

## Organizational patterns, agile, and other work

The history of Agile software development and of organizational patterns have been entwined since the beginning. Kent Beck was the shepherd (interactive pattern reviewer) of the Coplien paper for the 1995 PLoP, and he mentions the influence of this work on extreme programming in a 2003 publication. The idea of daily Scrum meetings in fact came from a draft of an article for Dr. Dobb's Journal that described the organizational patterns research on the Borland QPW project. Beedle's early work with Sutherland brought the pattern perspective more solidly into the history of Scrum. More recently, the Scrum community has taken up newfound interest in organizational patterns and there is joint research going forward between the two communities. In this vein, the first ScrumPLoP conference took place in Sweden in May, 2010, sanctioned by both the Scrum Alliance and the Hillside Group.

1. Alexander, Christopher. A Pattern Language. Oxford University Press, ©1979.
2. Kroeber, Alfred L. Anthropology: Culture, Patterns, and Process. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1948.
3. Kroeber, Alfred L. Anthropology: Culture, Patterns, and Process. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1948, p. 119
4. Kroeber, Alfred L. Anthropology: Culture, Patterns, and Process. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1948, pp. 120 - 121.
5. Coplien, James. The Culture of Patterns. In Branislav Lazarevic, ed., Computer Science and Information Systems Journal 1, 2, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, November 15, 2004, pp. 1-26.
6. Whitenack, Bruce. RAPPeL: a requirements-analysis-process pattern language for object-oriented development. In James Coplien and Doug Schmidt, eds., Pattern Languages of Program Design. Addison-Wesley, 1995, pp. 259 - 291.
7. Kerth, Norm. Caterpillar's Fate: a pattern language for the transformation from analysis to design. In James Coplien and Doug Schmidt, eds., Pattern Languages of Program Design. Addison-Wesley, 1995, pp. 293 - 320.
8. Coplien, James. Organizational Patterns. In James Coplien and Doug Schmidt, eds., Pattern Languages of Program Design. Addison-Wesley, 1995, pp. 183 - 237.
9. Cunningham, Ward. Episodes: a pattern language of competitive development. In Vlissides et al., eds., Pattern Languages of Program Design - 2. Addison-Wesley, 1996, pp. 371 - 388.
10. Harrison, Neil. Organizational Patterns for Teams. In Vlissides et al., eds., Pattern Languages of Program Design - 2. Addison-Wesley, 1996, pp. 345 - 352.
11. Harrison, Neil B. and James O. Coplien. Patterns of productive software organizations. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1(1):138-145, Summer (September) 1996.
12. Cain, Brendan G., James O. Coplien, and Neil B. Harrison. Social Patterns in Productive Software Organizations. In John T. McGregor, editor, Annals of Software Engineering, 259-286. Baltzer Science Publishers, Amsterdam, December 1996.
13. Cockburn, Alistair. The interaction of social issues and software architecture. CACM 39(10), October 1996.
14. Cockburn, Alistair. Surviving Object-Oriented Projects. Addison-Wesley, 1997.
15. Genualdi, Patricia. Improving software development with process and organizational patterns. In Linda Rising, ed. The Patterns Handbook. Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 121 - 129.
16. Janoff, Norm. Organizational patterns at AG communication systems. In Linda Rising, ed. The Patterns Handbook. Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 131 - 138.
17. Michael A. Beedle, Martine Devos, Yonat Sharon, Ken Schwaber, and Jeff Sutherland. SCRUM: An extension pattern language for hyperproductive software development. Washington University Technical Report TR #WUCS-98-25, 1998.
18. Brash, Danny, et al. Evaluating organizational patterns for supporting business knowledge management. Proceedings of the 2000 information resources management association international conference on Challenges of information technology management in the 21st century. IGI Publishing, May 2000.
19. Berczuk, Steve, Brad Appleton and Kyle Brown. Software Configuration Management Patterns: Effective Teamwork, Practical Integration. Addison-Wesley, 2003.
20. Moreno, J. L. Who shall survive?: foundations of sociometry, group psychotherapy and sociodrama. Washington, D.C.: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co., 1934.
21. Coplien, James and Neil Harrison. Patterns of Agile Software Development. Addison-Wesley, ©2004.
22. Booch, Grady. Architectural Organizational Patterns. IEEE Software 25(3), May 2008, pp. 18 - 19.
23. Fraser, Steven, Kent Beck, Bill Caputo, Tim Mackinnon, James Newkirk and Charlie Pool. "Test Driven Development (TDD)." In M. Marchesi and G. Succi, eds., XP 2003, LNCS 2675, pp. 459 — 462, 2003. © Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, 2003.
24. Coplien, James O., and Jon Erickson. Examining the Software Development Process. Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools, 19(11):88-95, October 1994.
25. Sutherland, Jeff. Origins of Scrum. Web page , accessed 22 September 2008. July 5, 2007.
26. Sutherland, Jeff. Scrum and Organizational Patterns. Web page , accessed 14 June 2013. May 20, 2013.


title: Pyrausta bilineaterminalis

abstract: Pyrausta bilineaterminalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Koen V. N. Maes in 2009. It is found in South Africa.

text:
# Pyrausta bilineaterminalis

***Pyrausta bilineaterminalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Koen V. N. Maes in 2009. It is found in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta bilineaterminalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. bilineaterminalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta bilineaterminalis***<br>Maes, 2009 | |
|


title: Defensive War

abstract: The Defensive War was a strategy and phase in the Arauco War between Spain and independent Mapuches. The idea of the Defensive War was conceived by Jesuit father Luis de Valdivia who sought to diminish hostilities, establish a clear frontier and increase missionary work among the Mapuches. Luis de Valdivia believed the Mapuches could be voluntarily converted to Christianity only if there was peace. The Defensive War became Spain’s official policy in 1612 when King Philip III decreed it after reading a letter from Valdivia. By the time the Defensive War was established, war between Spain and the Mapuches had been going on for 70 years. Philip III obtained indulgences from Pope Paul V for those who helped pacify Araucanía by non-violent means. To carry out his missionary work Luis de Valdivia recruited eight Jesuits and two coadjutors in Spain to travel to Chile. The Mapuche toqui Anganamón killed three Jesuit missionaries on December 14, 1612 after he learned the Spanish were protecting his two fugitive wives and two of his daughters. The Spanish did so due to the opposition of the Catholic Church to polygamy. The Defensive War remained Spain’s official policy until 1626. In the book Guerra de Chile, published in 1647, the Defensive War was heavily criticized by maestre de campo and corregidor of Concepción Santiago de Tesillo. De Tesillo claim the Defensive War gave the Mapuche a much needed respite to replenish their forces that should have been denied.

text:
# Defensive War

The **Defensive War** (Spanish: *Guerra defensiva*) was a strategy and phase in the Arauco War between Spain and independent Mapuches. The idea of the Defensive War was conceived by Jesuit father Luis de Valdivia who sought to diminish hostilities, establish a clear frontier and increase missionary work among the Mapuches. Luis de Valdivia believed the Mapuches could be voluntarily converted to Christianity only if there was peace.

The Defensive War became Spain’s official policy in 1612 when King Philip III decreed it after reading a letter from Valdivia. By the time the Defensive War was established, war between Spain and the Mapuches had been going on for 70 years. Philip III obtained indulgences from Pope Paul V for those who helped pacify Araucanía by non-violent means. To carry out his missionary work Luis de Valdivia recruited eight Jesuits and two coadjutors in Spain to travel to Chile. The Mapuche toqui Anganamón killed three Jesuit missionaries on December 14, 1612 after he learned the Spanish were protecting his two fugitive wives and two of his daughters. The Spanish did so due to the opposition of the Catholic Church to polygamy. The Defensive War remained Spain’s official policy until 1626.

In the book *Guerra de Chile*, published in 1647, the Defensive War was heavily criticized by maestre de campo and corregidor of Concepción Santiago de Tesillo. De Tesillo claim the Defensive War gave the Mapuche a much needed respite to replenish their forces that should have been denied.

Bibliography


abstract: Viktor Kotelnikov was a Don-class submarine tender of the Soviet Navy.

text:
# Soviet submarine tender Viktor Kotelnikov

***Viktor Kotelnikov*** was a Don-class submarine tender of the Soviet Navy.

## Development and design

The project of the submarine tenders was developed in the central design bureau "Baltsudoproekt" under the leadership of the chief designer V. I. Mogilevich. The main observer from the Navy was Captain 1st Rank G.V. Zemlyanichenko. The construction of the lead ship was completed in Nikolaev at the Black Sea shipyard in 1958. In total, seven tenders of project 310 were built for the Soviet Navy in 1958-1963.

*Don*-class submarine tenders had a total displacement of 7150 tons and 5030 tons while they're empty. Main dimensions: maximum length - 140 m, width - 17.67 m, draft - 5.6 m. Two-shaft diesel-electric main power plant with a capacity of 4000 hp. with. provided the ship with a full speed of 16 knots. The cruising range reached 3000 nautical miles (at a speed of 12.5 knots), autonomy - 40 days. The crew consisted of 350 people, including 28 officers.

They could serve four submarines of Project 611 or Project 613. The equipment of the floating base was capable of providing navigational and emergency repair of the hull, mechanisms and weapons and storage of 42 533-mm torpedoes in a special room. A 100-ton crane was housed at the bow of the ship.

The defensive armaments of the ships consisted of four single-barreled 100-mm artillery mounts B-34USMA and four 57-mm twin installations ZIF-31 with the Ryf control radar, the sonar station was not provided. After modernization, on two ships, instead of two aft 100-mm installations, a take-off and landing pad was equipped for basing one Ka-25 helicopter. On the last floating base of the series, the Osa-M air defense missile system was installed.

## Construction and career

The ship was built at Black Sea Shipyard in Mykolaiv and was launched on 26 April 1957 and commissioned into the Northern Fleet on 30 September 1958.

She was later transferred to the Black Sea Fleet on 26 July 1992.

She was decommissioned on 5 July 1994 and later in 1996, towed to India for scrap.

### Pennant numbers

| Date | Pennant number |
| --- | --- |
| 1973 | 990 |
| 1975 | 701 |
| 1977 | 981 |
| 1979 | 998 |
| 1981 | 871 |
|  | 873 |
| 1984 | 874 |
| 1990 | 942 |
| 1990 | 868 |

## InfoBox

| A Don-class submarine tender of Soviet Navy in 1967 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Russia | |
| Name | * *Viktor Kotelnikov* * (Виктор Котельников) |
| Namesake | Viktor Kotelnikov, last commander of *K-22* |
| Builder | Black Sea Shipyard |
| Yard number | 615 |
| Laid down | 19 July 1956 |
| Launched | 25 June 1957 |
| Commissioned | 11 December 1959 |
| Decommissioned | 5 July 1994 |
| Identification | *See Pennant numbers* |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1996 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Don-class submarine tender |
| Displacement | * 2,316 tonnes (2,279 long tons) standard * 3,066 tonnes (3,018 long tons) full load |
| Length | 140 m (460 ft) |
| Beam | 17.7 m (58 ft) |
| Draught | 6.4 m (21 ft) |
| Propulsion | 4 × diesel engines, 8,000 hp (6,000 kW) |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Range | 21,000 km (11,000 nmi; 13,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 300-450 |
| Sensors and
processing systems | * Hawk Screech * Slim Net * Rys-1 |
| Electronic warfare
& decoys | * 2 × Watch dog ECM systems * Vee cone communication system |
| Armament | * 4 × single 100 mm (4 in) guns * 4 × dual 57 mm (2.2 in) guns |


title: Spanish frigate Hermione

abstract: The Spanish ship Hermione was a 26-gun frigate of the Spanish Navy, draughted by a British designer at Cadiz. Opinions differ on the age and provenance of this ship. Some claim it to have been the Hermione bought in 1730. Others believe it to have been the Hermione constructed in the Arsenal de la Carraca, Cadiz in 1752.

text:
# Spanish frigate Hermione

The Spanish ship ***Hermione*** was a 26-gun frigate of the Spanish Navy, draughted by a British designer at Cadiz. Opinions differ on the age and provenance of this ship. Some claim it to have been the *Hermione* bought in 1730. Others believe it to have been the *Hermione* constructed in the Arsenal de la Carraca, Cadiz in 1752.

## Notable incidents

The ship fired several broadsides into the privateer *Antigallican* when held at Cadiz in 1756 at the beginning of the Seven Years' War, at that time armed with 32 nine-pounders.

*Hermione* engaged Captain Herbert Sawyer's frigate, the 28-gun HMS *Active*, and the 18-gun sloop-of-war *Favourite* under Captain Philemon Pownoll, off the coast of Spain near the port of Cadiz in the action of 31 May 1762. The British captured *Hermione*, with the capture being notable for the size and value of the bounty seized and the subsequent prize money awarded, possibly the largest ever in a single haul.

William Cole, on a visit to his friend Horace Walpole, noted the suicide of Walpole's neighbour, Isaac Fernandez Nunez, in the summerhouse of Cross Deep House, following Nunez's ruin as insurer of *Hermione*.

*Hermione* features in a picture by Richard Wright, dated November 1762, depicting the capture and dedicated to the victorious captains by the artist.

## InfoBox

| The British warships *Favourite* and *Active* capturing *Hermione* by Richard Wright | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Spain | |
| Name | *Hermione* |
| Homeport | Cadiz |
| Captured | 31 May 1762 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | 26-gun frigate |
| Armament | 26 × 9-pounder guns |


title: Chu Ishikawa

abstract: Chu Ishikawa was a Japanese composer and musician, best known for creating the soundtracks of many films by Shinya Tsukamoto and Takashi Miike. He also founded industrial music groups Der Eisenrost and Zeitlich Vergelter.

text:
# Chu Ishikawa

**Chu Ishikawa** (石川忠, *Ishikawa Chū*, 6 February 1966 – 21 December 2017) was a Japanese composer and musician, best known for creating the soundtracks of many films by Shinya Tsukamoto and Takashi Miike. He also founded industrial music groups Der Eisenrost and Zeitlich Vergelter.

## Soundtracks

## InfoBox

| Chu Ishikawa石川忠 | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Ishikawa Chū |
| Born | February 6, 1966 |
| Origin | Japan |
| Died | (aged 51) |
| Genres | Industrial music |
| Occupation | Film score composer |
| Formerly of | Der EisenrostZeitlich Vergelter |
|  | |
| Website | Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived January 27, 2012) |


title: South Congress Transit Center

abstract: South Congress Transit Center is a Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus station in Austin, Texas. It is located off of Radam Lane on the south side of Ben White Boulevard, just west of South Congress Avenue in the SoCo area of Austin, Texas. The station features a park and ride lot and is served by several local bus routes as well as CapMetro Rapid Route 801. As part of a future phase of Project Connect, a CapMetro Rail light rail station is expected to be built at the facility.

text:
# South Congress Transit Center

**South Congress Transit Center** is a Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus station in Austin, Texas. It is located off of Radam Lane on the south side of Ben White Boulevard, just west of South Congress Avenue in the SoCo area of Austin, Texas. The station features a park and ride lot and is served by several local bus routes as well as CapMetro Rapid Route 801. As part of a future phase of Project Connect, a CapMetro Rail light rail station is expected to be built at the facility.

## InfoBox

| South Congress
Transit Center | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 301 W. Ben White Blvd
Austin, Texas 78704 |
| Coordinates | 30°13′24″N 97°45′59″W / 30.2233°N 97.7664°W / 30.2233; -97.7664 |
| Owned by | CapMetro |
| Connections | CapMetro Bus 1, 310, 315
CapMetro Rapid 801 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | 61 spaces |
| Accessible | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: South Core, Toronto

abstract: South Core is a neighbourhood located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The South Core occupies the eastern portions of the Railway Lands. The remodeling and restoration of Union Station and the construction of a new wave of business and condominium towers is central to this area's forecast growth. Forecasters expect the downtown population to grow 80 per cent to 130,000 by 2031. With the financial district just to the north and the new high-rise South Core on the other side, Union is right at the centre. Love Park (Toronto) is a new two-acres park in the area formerly site of York-Bay ramps that were removed to make room for the park.

text:
# South Core, Toronto

**South Core** is a neighbourhood located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The South Core occupies the eastern portions of the Railway Lands. The remodeling and restoration of Union Station and the construction of a new wave of business and condominium towers is central to this area's forecast growth.

> Forecasters expect the downtown population to grow 80 per cent to 130,000 by 2031. With the financial district just to the north and the new high-rise South Core on the other side, Union is right at the centre.

Love Park (Toronto) is a new two-acres park in the area formerly site of York-Bay ramps that were removed to make room for the park.

## History

The South Core was once part Toronto Harbour and now lies on land fill done from the 1850s to 1920s to accommodate railway lines. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the Gardiner Expressway was erected, cutting off much of the city from the Toronto waterfront as rings of highways were built around many North American cities as was the trend at the time.

In previous decades, much of the land was unusable due to its designation as rail lands. Today, that stigma is gone as multiple business and condominium towers have risen and more continue to be built. The name South Core derives from *south* of the downtown (or financial) *core* of the city.

## Location

The district is bounded on its western side by Lower Simcoe Street, its eastern side by Lower Jarvis Street, its northern side by the railway tracks and southern side by Lake Ontario. Union Station lies within the district as well.

The area is a re-imagining of portions of the Railway Lands and is connected to the city through the extensive PATH network of underground walkways connecting Union Station, Scotiabank Arena and other notable landmarks.

> But in the past few years, something remarkable and unexpected has happened. The barrier effect, once considered permanent, has faded away. Development has jumped over the railway tracks to create a teeming new district becoming known as the South Core. Office and condominium towers are nudging right up to the Gardiner, clustering both north and south of Fred Gardiner’s elevated behemoth.

## Amenities and notable buildings

In October 2013, Delta Hotels announced a new flagship hotel central to South Core.

Maple Leaf Square, a multi-use complex and public square next to Scotiabank Arena, sometimes plays host to live broadcasts of sporting events on the video screen facing Bremner Boulevard. Real Sports Bar & Grill, one of North America's largest sports bars, is located inside Maple Leaf Square.

The Telus Tower, PwC Tower and CIBC Square are prominent office towers in the district.

Harbour Plaza is a new condominium project being built at York Street and was supposed to have Target Canada as the major tenant, but Target has pulled out of the Canadian market, leaving the space without a tenant.

Sugar Wharf is a mixed use development under construction.

Other notable buildings in the area include:

## Travel and transit

The PATH network connects to the Toronto Waterfront Trail through 85 Harbour Street (also known as Waterpark Place III)

Union Station is one of the busiest commuter hubs in Canada and sees tens of thousands of commuters pass through every day.

The Metrolinx Union Pearson Express provides transportation between Toronto Pearson airport and Union Station by rail.

Union Station Bus Terminal is also located within the South Core and provides transit connections from the area to the rest of the Greater Toronto Area.

## InfoBox

| South Core Soco | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| View of South Core looking east from Bremner Boulevard and Lower Simcoe Street | |
| South CoreLocation in Toronto | |
| Coordinates: 43°38′38″N 79°22′46″W / 43.64389°N 79.37944°W / 43.64389; -79.37944 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| City | Toronto |


title: Chumbe Marine Park

abstract: The Chumbe Marine Park, officially recognized officially as Chumbe Reef Sanctuary is a privately managed marine park on Chumbe Island, Zanzibar since 1994. It is successful as an ecotourism project. The objective of this sanctuary is to preserve and develop the rich biodiversity of the coral. Set up after controversial debate over a period of 3 years between the private developer of the park, the government and the local fishermen, the sanctuary has received funds from European Union, Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit and many other donors including the initial developer. The sanctuary offers a terrestrial Nature Trail and an “Eco-lodge” for accommodation as well as an education centre. In particular, among the many awards it has received, the important ones are the “UNEP Global 500 Award for Environmental Achievement” and the British Airways Tourism for Tomorrow Southern Regional and Global Awards. It is one of the most beautiful and diverse shallow reefs in the region. It is home to 90% of hard coral in East Africa with over 400 fish species, and is also an important feeding ground for green turtles and hawksbill. The Coral Reef Sanctuary is vital for biodiversity conservation as well as for fisheries in the region.

text:
# Chumbe Marine Park

The **Chumbe Marine Park**, officially recognized officially as **Chumbe Reef Sanctuary** (*Hifadhi Bahari Akiba ya Kisiwa cha Chumbe*, in Swahili) is a privately managed marine park on Chumbe Island, Zanzibar since 1994. It is successful as an ecotourism project. The objective of this sanctuary is to preserve and develop the rich biodiversity of the coral. Set up after controversial debate over a period of 3 years between the private developer of the park, the government and the local fishermen, the sanctuary has received funds from European Union, Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (the German aid agency) and many other donors including the initial developer.

The sanctuary offers a terrestrial Nature Trail and an “Eco-lodge” for accommodation as well as an education centre. In particular, among the many awards it has received, the important ones are the “UNEP Global 500 Award for Environmental Achievement” and the British Airways Tourism for Tomorrow Southern Regional and Global Awards. It is one of the most beautiful and diverse shallow reefs in the region. It is home to 90% of hard coral in East Africa with over 400 fish species, and is also an important feeding ground for green turtles and hawksbill. The Coral Reef Sanctuary is vital for biodiversity conservation as well as for fisheries in the region.

## InfoBox

| Chumbe Marine Park | |
| --- | --- |
| (CMP) | |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Chumbe Island | |
|  | |
| Location | Tanzania,
Mjini Magharibi Region,
Mjini District |
| Nearest city | Zanzibar City |
| Coordinates | 06°16′39″S 39°10′59″E / 6.27750°S 39.18306°E / -6.27750; 39.18306 |
| Area | km² |
| Established | 1994 |
| Governing body | Privately run but licensed under Marine Parks & Reserves Authority (Tanzania) |
| Website | Chumbe Island Marine Park |


title: Speculum Britanniae

abstract: Speculum Britanniae, published in London from 1593, was a projected, but unfinished, chorography of Britain by John Norden (1548—1625). It was intended to take the form of a series of county maps, accompanied by place-by-place written descriptions. Norden was primarily a surveyor and cartographer, and the written descriptions always had a subsidiary role, being much slighter than other early county histories. Nevertheless, they were based on direct observation, and Norden recorded much topographical and antiquarian detail of interest, including the heraldry of tombs, and archaeological sites. The first instalment, Speculum Britanniae: the First Parte: an Historicall, & Chorographicall Discription of Middlesex, was published in 1593. The second, Speculi Britaniae Pars: the Description of Hartfordshire, appeared in 1598. In 1595 Norden wrote a "Chorographical Description" of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Wight, Guernsey and Jersey, as a presentation manuscript for Queen Elizabeth, but it remained unpublished. In 1596 he published an explanation and justification of the overall project as Speculum Britanniae: a Preparative to this Work. In 1604, he presented to James I a more expansive description and set of nine maps of Cornwall. A description of Northamptonshire reached print in 1720; and one of Essex was eventually published in 1840. The idea of a work that was a "mirror" of a land or even of a region of thought had given rise to an extensive medieval "mirror literature".

text:
# Speculum Britanniae

***Speculum Britanniae*** ("Mirror of Britain"), published in London from 1593, was a projected, but unfinished, chorography of Britain by John Norden (1548—1625). It was intended to take the form of a series of county maps, accompanied by place-by-place written descriptions. Norden was primarily a surveyor and cartographer, and the written descriptions always had a subsidiary role, being much slighter than other early county histories. Nevertheless, they were based on direct observation, and Norden recorded much topographical and antiquarian detail of interest, including the heraldry of tombs, and archaeological sites.

The first instalment, *Speculum Britanniae: the First Parte: an Historicall, & Chorographicall Discription of Middlesex*, was published in 1593. The second, *Speculi Britaniae Pars: the Description of Hartfordshire*, appeared in 1598. In 1595 Norden wrote a "Chorographical Description" of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Wight, Guernsey and Jersey, as a presentation manuscript for Queen Elizabeth (now British Library Add. MS 21853), but it remained unpublished. (He did, however, publish maps alone of Surrey, Hampshire, Sussex and probably Kent.) In 1596 he published an explanation and justification of the overall project as *Speculum Britanniae: a Preparative to this Work*. In 1604, he presented to James I a more expansive description and set of nine maps of Cornwall (later published in 1728). A description of Northamptonshire (which he had surveyed in the 1590s, and is known to have completed in 1610) reached print in 1720; and one of Essex (related to, but distinct from, that in the "Chorographical Description") was eventually published in 1840.

The idea of a work that was a "mirror" of a land or even of a region of thought had given rise to an extensive medieval "mirror literature".


title: Speculoscopy

abstract: Speculoscopy is a procedure in which a special blue-white light (Speculite) is used to examine the cervix for cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions. Acetic acid is applied to the cervix, it is let sit for 60 seconds, then the cervix is examined with 4-6x magnification. The light is generated by a chemiluminescent light stick, which is attached to the inner side of the upper blade of the vaginal speculum by an adhesive strip. The test can be used to complement a pap smear in screening of cervical cancer. A negative speculoscopy, along with a negative pap smear provides greater assurance of absence of disease. It was developed in 1988. It was FDA approved as an add-on to Pap smear screening in 1995. At this time there is no CPT/HCPCS code for this and most medical insurance companies do not cover this procedure. Light strip provides light for 15–20 minutes.

text:
# Speculoscopy

**Speculoscopy** is a procedure in which a special blue-white light (Speculite) is used to examine the cervix for cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions.

Acetic acid is applied to the cervix, it is let sit for 60 seconds, then the cervix is examined with 4-6x magnification. The light is generated by a chemiluminescent light stick, which is attached to the inner side of the upper blade of the vaginal speculum by an adhesive strip. The test can be used to complement a pap smear in screening of cervical cancer. A negative speculoscopy, along with a negative pap smear provides greater assurance of absence of disease.

It was developed in 1988. It was FDA approved as an add-on to Pap smear screening in 1995.

At this time there is no CPT/HCPCS code for this and most medical insurance companies do not cover this procedure.

Light strip provides light for 15–20 minutes.

## InfoBox

| Speculoscopy | |
| --- | --- |


title: Space Games

abstract: The Space Games is a freefly skydiving competition event created by 'Father of ' FreeFly' Olav Zipser. In the early days of freeflying, Zipser wanted to get the best freeflyers at the time together to research, develop, and document the performance evolution of human freeflight / freeflying. Human flight races, air games and competitions with an open-class and a pro-class were devised, and the first of its kind and first Space Games was held at Skydive America Palm Beach, Pahokee, Florida in 1997. A total of 16 Space Games events were organised between 1997 and 2006, with cash prizes totalling as much as US$35 000 per event awarded to the winners of different categories. The Space Games consists of human flight air races and competitions, and incorporates double elimination one-on-one races, open rounds, competition rounds, the FreeFly Indie 500, the FreeFly Atmosphere Dolphin Challenge, Fastest, Slowest and Furthest competitions, Freestyle, Sky Surf, and 3way and 4way FreeFly Challenges.

text:
# Space Games

The **Space Games** is a freefly skydiving competition event created by 'Father of 'FreeFly' Olav Zipser.

In the early days of freeflying, Zipser wanted to get the best freeflyers at the time together to research, develop, and document the performance evolution of human freeflight / freeflying.

Human flight races, air games and competitions with an open-class and a pro-class were devised, and the first of its kind and first Space Games was held at Skydive America Palm Beach, Pahokee, Florida in 1997.

A total of 16 Space Games events were organised between 1997 and 2006, with cash prizes totalling as much as US$35 000 per event awarded to the winners of different categories.

The Space Games consists of human flight air races and competitions, and incorporates double elimination one-on-one races, open rounds, competition rounds, the FreeFly Indie 500, the FreeFly Atmosphere Dolphin Challenge, Fastest, Slowest and Furthest competitions, Freestyle, Sky Surf, and 3way and 4way FreeFly Challenges.

## History

The Space Games came about as a result of the Atmosphere Dolphin FreeFly License Program ran through Olav ZIpser's First School of Modern SkyFlying. Zipser used a constant speed and direction measuring device (space balls) around which high speed precision freefly athletes could train and be tested to fly to the same standard. This provided the testing ground for the research and development of freeflying, and opened up the possibility for a number of human flight air games and competitions.

The 1st Space Games was held at Skydive America Palm Beach, Pahokee, Florida in 1997.

The most recent and 16th Space Games was held at Skydive Sport Center Tortuga, Arezzo, Italy in 2006.


title: Spaßguerilla

abstract:
The Spaßguerilla or Spaßgerilja was a grouping within the student protest movement of the 1960s in Germany that agitated for social change, in particular for a more libertarian, less authoritarian, and less materialistic society, using tactics characterized by disrespectful humour and provocative and disruptive actions of a minimally violent nature. Events organized by the groups included actions such as attacking politicians or the police with custard pies. One of the main proponents was Fritz Teufel, sometimes referred to as the political clown of the Extra-parliamentary Opposition. The lack of respect for traditional, "bourgeois," "repressive" forms of authority and ritual, countered by irony and humour, was typified by Fritz Teufel's reply when told to stand for the judge at a trial: "If it helps the search for the truth".
The tactics of the Spaßguerilla were characterized by civil disobedience, symbolic violence, provocation of authority, using actions of the "authoritarian" state, such as trials, as opportunities for "unmasking" outdated traditions. These tactics and attitudes were in contrast to the more serious, revolutionary rhetoric and actions of other groups centred on the SDS and figures like Rudi Dutschke. While Dutschke spoke of a "Stadtguerilla", Teufel spoke of a "Spaßguerilla". It was Wolfgang Lefèvre who said that every event or demonstration should be planned so as to be fun for the participants. The forms of provocative and disruptive protest invented by the Spaßguerilla were later adopted by the peace movement of the 1980s and later by youth protest movements in the reunified Germany. Similar forms of disruption have also been adopted by hacktivists.

text:
# Spaßguerilla

The **Spaßguerilla** or **Spaßgerilja** (fun guerrilla) was a grouping within the student protest movement of the 1960s in Germany that agitated for social change, in particular for a more libertarian, less authoritarian, and less materialistic society, using tactics characterized by disrespectful humour and provocative and disruptive actions of a minimally violent nature. Events organized by the groups included actions such as attacking politicians or the police with custard pies.

One of the main proponents was Fritz Teufel, sometimes referred to as the political clown of the Extra-parliamentary Opposition (*Außerparlamentarische Opposition*). The lack of respect for traditional, "bourgeois," "repressive" forms of authority and ritual, countered by irony and humour, was typified by Fritz Teufel's reply when told to stand for the judge at a trial: "If it helps the search for the truth" (*Wenn's der Wahrheitsfindung dient*).

The tactics of the Spaßguerilla were characterized by civil disobedience, symbolic (rather than real) violence, provocation of authority, using actions of the "authoritarian" state, such as trials, as opportunities for "unmasking" outdated traditions. These tactics and attitudes were in contrast to the more serious, revolutionary rhetoric and actions of other groups centred on the SDS and figures like Rudi Dutschke. While Dutschke spoke of a "Stadtguerilla" (urban guerrilla), Teufel spoke of a "Spaßguerilla" (fun guerrilla).

It was Wolfgang Lefèvre who said that every event or demonstration should be planned so as to be fun for the participants.

The forms of provocative and disruptive protest invented by the Spaßguerilla were later adopted by the peace movement of the 1980s and later by youth protest movements in the reunified Germany. Similar forms of disruption have also been adopted by hacktivists.

## Spelling

Fritz Teufel used the word "Spaßgerilja". Though the normal German spelling is *Spaßguerilla*, Teufel's spelling became known as the "teuflische Schreibweise" (a pun meaning either "Teufelian" spelling or "diabolical spelling"; *Teufel* in German means devil). This spelling is retained by some, including academics (see references).


title: Space Age 1.0

abstract: Space Age 1.0 is a compilation album by Tiësto and the first in the Space Age releases.

text:
# Space Age 1.0

***Space Age 1.0*** is a compilation album by Tiësto and the first in the *Space Age* releases.

## Track listing

Disc 1
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bamboo Lounge - *Clone*" | 5:27 |
| 2. | "Jan Driver - *Filter*" | 3:06 |
| 3. | "DJ Slug - *Forerunner* (Part 1)" | 4:51 |
| 4. | "Canyon - *Twighlight*" | 4:23 |
| 5. | "Blue Rock - *The Bell EP (The Rock)*" | 4:09 |
| 6. | "TNT Pres. Casa Royale - *We All Need Love* (Continuous Cool Mix)" | 5:18 |
| 7. | "Little Big Man - *Moving Mars*" | 4:29 |
| 8. | "Mikerobenics - *Witchride*" | 5:39 |
| 9. | "16C+ - *Guarantee*" | 5:15 |
| 10. | "Wild Bunch \- *Groovelounge*" | 4:48 |
| 11. | "Tiësto, Montana & Storm - *Gimme Some Sugar*" | 5:01 |
| 12. | "Lex - *Rack 19*" | 3:25 |
| 13. | "Marco Bailey - *Sweetbox* (Silver & Kash Numba Remix)" | 4:47 |
| 14. | "S.H.A.R.P. 2 - *Perception 4*" | 4:20 |
| 15. | "Drumfire \- *Flying Squirrel Problem*" | 5:28 |
| 16. | "Superspy - *Sumo V2*" | 3:20 |

## Credits

* Artwork By Design and Concept By - Arny Bink
* DJ Mix Compiled By - Tiësto
* Mastered By - Barney Broomer

## InfoBox

| Space Age 1.0 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Tiësto | |
| Released | February 22, 1998 |
| Recorded | 1998 |
| Genre | Electronic, techno |
| Length | 73:46 |
| Label | Black Hole |
| Producer | Tiësto |
| Tiësto chronology | |
| *Global Clubbing: Netherlands*
(1998) ***Space Age 1.0***
(1998) *Magik Two: Story of the Fall*
(1998) | |


title: Space Age 2.0

abstract: Space Age 2.0 is a compilation album by DJ Tiësto and DJ Montana. It is the second release in the Space Age series.

text:
# Space Age 2.0

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Space Age 2.0*** is a compilation album by DJ Tiësto and **DJ Montana**. It is the second release in the *Space Age* series.

## Track listing

Disc 1
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Space Shuffle - *Chaos*" | 5:28 |
| 2. | "Antonio Montana - *La Movida* (Part 1)" | 4:05 |
| 3. | "Pablo Gargano - *Mornington Crescent*" | 3:22 |
| 4. | "Wild Bunch \- *Return of Groove Lounge*" | 4:22 |
| 5. | "Control Freaks \- *Subspace Interference* (Jan Drivers' Stompin' Mix)" | 2:50 |
| 6. | "R.S.P. - *Funkanoid* (Huntemann Remix)" | 2:49 |
| 7. | "A3 \- *Imperial Forces*" | 4:27 |
| 8. | "Kobayashi - *Release* (Dub Mix)" | 6:09 |
| 9. | "Fluid Inc. - *Unit 2*" | 3:16 |
| 10. | "Transa - *Behind The Sun*" | 4:53 |
| 11. | "Canyon - *Purple Phaze*" | 3:48 |
| 12. | "Gouryella \- *Gorella*" | 4:51 |
| 13. | "Arrakis - *The Spice* (Silent Breed Mix)" | 4:39 |
| 14. | "Mario Piu & Mauro Picotto \- *Spectra* (Mas Mix)" | 5:12 |
| 15. | "Tiësto, Montana & Storm - *Bleckentrommel*" | 3:55 |
| 16. | "Aquaplex - *Celebrating People*" | 5:53 |

## InfoBox

| Space Age 2.0 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by DJ Tiësto & DJ Montana | |
| Released | March 7, 1999 (Netherlands) |
| Recorded | 1998 |
| Genre | Electronic, trance, hard trance, tech house |
| Length | 69:59 |
| Label | Black Hole |
| Producer | Tijs Verwest
Ahmet Buyukkafali |
| DJ Tiësto & DJ Montana chronology | |
| *Magik Three: Far from Earth*
(1998) ***Space Age 2.0***
(1999) *Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI*
(1999) | |


title: Space Age 4 Eva

abstract: Space Age 4 Eva is the fifth studio album by American hip hop duo 8Ball & MJG. The album released on November 21, 2000, by JCOR Entertainment and Interscope Records. The music video for the album's first single "Pimp Hard" marked the directorial debut of photographer Anthony Mandler.

text:
# Space Age 4 Eva

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *HipHopDX* |  |
| *RapReviews* | 8.5/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Space Age 4 Eva*** is the fifth studio album by American hip hop duo 8Ball & MJG. The album released on November 21, 2000, by JCOR Entertainment and Interscope Records. The music video for the album's first single "Pimp Hard" marked the directorial debut of photographer Anthony Mandler.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | MJG | 3:44 |
| 2. | "I Know U" | Corey "Blackstract" Woodard | 4:50 |
| 3. | "Thingz" (featuring Tiny of Xscape and Jazze Pha) | Jazze Pha | 5:01 |
| 4. | "Collard Greens" | MJG | 3:43 |
| 5. | "Pimp Shit" (featuring Thorough of South Circle) | Woodard | 4:02 |
| 6. | "Buck Bounce" (featuring DJ Quik) | DJ Quik | 4:36 |
| 7. | "Space Age 4 Eva" (featuring Peachee P) | MJG | 4:32 |
| 8. | "Pimp Hard" | Jazze Pha | 5:05 |
| 9. | "Boom Boom" (featuring Swizz Beatz) | Swizz Beatz | 5:06 |
| 10. | "Alwayz" | MJG | 4:23 |
| 11. | "At Tha Club" | Jazze Pha | 5:06 |
| 12. | "Jankie" | DJ Quik | 4:23 |
| 13. | "It's All Real" (featuring Billy Cook) | Woodard | 4:51 |
| 14. | "Thank God" | Swizz Beatz | 4:40 |

## Charts

| Chart (2000) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 39 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 9 |

## InfoBox

| Space Age 4 Eva | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by 8Ball & MJG | |
| Released | November 21, 2000 |
| Recorded | 1999–2000 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 60:04 |
| Label | JCOR Entertainment, Interscope |
| Producer | Corey "Blacstract" Woodard, MJG, Swizz Beatz, Jazze Pha, DJ Quik |
| 8Ball & MJG chronology | |
| *Memphis Under World*
(2000) ***Space Age 4 Eva***
(2000) *Living Legends*
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Space Age 4 Eva* | |
| 1. "Pimp Hard"
Released: 2000 2. "Buck Bounce"
Released: 2001 | |
|  | |