title: Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase

abstract:
Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase, also known as glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (GARS), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - ATP + 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine + glycine ⇌ ADP + phosphate + N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide which is the second step in purine biosynthesis.
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine, and glycine, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming generic carbon-nitrogen bonds. In bacteria, GARS is a monofunctional enzyme. The purD genes often contain PurD RNA motif in their 5' UTR. In yeast, GARS is part of a bifunctional enzyme in conjunction with phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase (AIRS). In higher eukaryotes, including humans, GARS is part of a trifunctional enzyme in conjunction with AIRS and with phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (GART), forming GARS-AIRS-GART.

text:
# Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase

| Phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, N domain | |
| --- | --- |
| glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (gar-syn) from e. coli. | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | GARS\_N |
| Pfam | PF02844 |
| InterPro | IPR020562 |
| PROSITE | PDOC00164 |
| SCOP2 | 1gso / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, ATP-grasp (A) domain | |
| --- | --- |
| glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (gar-syn) from e. coli. | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | GARS\_A |
| Pfam | PF01071 |
| Pfam clan | CL0179 |
| InterPro | IPR020561 |
| PROSITE | PDOC00164 |
| SCOP2 | 1gso / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, C domain | |
| --- | --- |
| crystal structure of phosphoribosylamine--glycine ligase (tm1250) from thermotoga maritima at 2.30 a resolution | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | GARS\_C |
| Pfam | PF02843 |
| InterPro | IPR020560 |
| PROSITE | PDOC00164 |
| SCOP2 | 1gso / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

**Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase**, also known as **glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase** (**GARS**), (EC 6.3.4.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine + glycine $\rightleftharpoons $ ADP + phosphate + N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide

which is the second step in purine biosynthesis. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine, and glycine, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide.

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming generic carbon-nitrogen bonds.

In bacteria, GARS is a monofunctional enzyme (encoded by the purD gene). The purD genes often contain PurD RNA motif in their 5' UTR. In yeast, GARS is part of a bifunctional enzyme (encoded by the ADE5/7 gene) in conjunction with phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase (AIRS). In higher eukaryotes, including humans, GARS is part of a trifunctional enzyme in conjunction with AIRS and with phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (GART), forming GARS-AIRS-GART.

## Nomenclature

The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include:

* phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase
* glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase
* phosphoribosylglycineamide synthetase
* glycineamide ribonucleotide synthetase
* 2-amino-N-ribosylacetamide 5'-phosphate kinosynthase
* 5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase
* GAR synthetase

## Mechanism

GARS operates via an ordered, sequential mechanism. 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine (PRA) binds first, then ATP, and finally glycine. Phosphate is released first, followed by ADP and GAR. The oxygen in the ribose ring of PRA is important in substrate binding, likely due to favorable energetics from hydrogen bonding and the ring conformation it confers. In addition, the phosphate group of GAR has been implicated in GARS substrate recognition. The reaction starts with the oxygen of glycine acting as a nucleophile to attack the γ-phosphorus of ATP. Then, the nitrogen of PRA attacks the carbonyl carbon in the intermediate, and phosphate leaves, forming GAR.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1GSO, 1VKZ, and 2QK4. The overall structure of the enzyme, based on crystallization from *E. coli*, consists of 16 alpha helices which connect to 20 beta strands by turns and loops. There are four main domains: N, A, B, and C. Each domain has a central beta sheet with an alpha helix on at least one side. The N, A, and C domains are clustered together, while the B domain is slightly separated from the others and connected to them by two hinge regions. The active site is between the NAC group and the B domain. The A and B domains appear to facilitate ATP binding, while the N and C domains confer substrate specificity. The N domain is very similar to that of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. Although the orientation of the B domains varies, the structure of GARS is very similar across organisms. Furthermore, the gene has been sequenced in many organisms, and *E. coli* shows between 41 and 52% identity with the GARS sequences of *B. subtilis*, *S. cerevisiae*, *D. melanogaster*, and *D. pseudobscura*. Human GARS-AIRS-GART has been shown to be most similar to that of mice, chimpanzees, and cows. Among the amino acids that are identical in *B. subtilis*, *S. cerevisiae*, *D. melanogaster*, and *D. pseudobscura*, almost a third are glycine and proline, which suggests that they play an important role in proper folding of the protein. In addition to similar structure across species, GARS as a whole has a very similar structure to D-alanine:D-alanine ligase, biotin carboxylase, and glutathione synthetase. All of these enzymes have an ATP binding domain classified as ATP-grasp domains.

## Disease relevance

In humans, the gene that codes for GARS-AIRS-GART is on chromosome 21, and individuals with Down Syndrome have higher purine levels, which has been correlated with mental retardation. Thus, studies have been conducted to investigate its involvement in Down Syndrome. It has been found that GARS is expressed for longer in individuals with Down Syndrome than in unaffected individuals. In unaffected individuals, GARS is highly expressed in the cerebellum before birth but is barely expressed by three weeks after birth. In individuals with Down Syndrome, GARS expression continues until at least seven weeks after birth. This suggests that GARS may be a main contributor to the development of Down Syndrome. However, so far no mutations to GARS have been identified that could change its function and cause Down Syndrome related mental retardation.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR020560 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR020562 This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR020561

## InfoBox

| Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase | |
| --- | --- |
| phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase monomer (fragment), Human | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 6.3.4.13 |
| CAS no. | 9032-01-3 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Bill Crawley

abstract: William B. Crawley, Jr. is a Distinguished Professor of History and a historian at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He is the director of the Great Lives program and teaches the course Great Lives: Biographical Approaches to History and Culture. His primary teaching fields are recent American history and history of the American South.

text:
# Bill Crawley

**William B. Crawley, Jr.** is a Distinguished Professor of History and a historian at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He is the director of the Great Lives program and teaches the course *Great Lives: Biographical Approaches to History and Culture.* His primary teaching fields are recent American history and history of the American South.

## Biography

Crawley earned a B.A. in history from Hampden-Sydney college. As well as an M.A and a Ph.D. from the University of Virginia. Afterwards, in 1970, he went on to become a professor at the University of Mary Washington for 40 years. While there, he earned several awards for distinguished teaching and skill in administrative positions. He would come to serve as the Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History at the university. In 1994 he received the Grellet C. Simpson Award for outstanding teaching. By 2005, the graduating seniors chose him for the Mary W. Pinschmidt Award as the professor who had the greatest impact on students’ lives.

## Bibliography

* 1978: *Bill Tuck: A Political Life in Harry Byrd's Virginia*
* 2008: *Centennial History of The University of Mary Washington*

## InfoBox

| William B. Crawley, Jr | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Hampden-Sydney College, University of Virginia |
| Occupation | Professor at the University of Mary Washington |
| Known for | Distinguished professor of the Great Lives program |
| Notable work | Harry Byrd's Virginia and Centennial History of the University of Mary Washington |


title: Eino Rastas

abstract: Eino Rastas was a Finnish long-distance runner. Rastas was a three-time Finnish champion and competed in the Summer Olympics in 1920, 1924 and 1928; in 1920 and 1924 he was part of Finland's gold medal winning cross-country teams, though his results did not count for the team total in either case.

text:
# Eino Rastas

**Eino Rastas** (17 July 1894 – 7 January 1965) was a Finnish long-distance runner. Rastas was a three-time Finnish champion and competed in the Summer Olympics in 1920, 1924 and 1928; in 1920 and 1924 he was part of Finland's gold medal winning cross-country teams, though his results did not count for the team total in either case.

## Career

Rastas won his first medals at the Finnish national championships in 1917, winning gold in the 10,000 metres and silver at 5000 metres. At the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp he represented Finland in the cross-country race, placing 18th; the race doubled as a team event, which Finland won, but only the results of the best three finishers (Paavo Nurmi, Heikki Liimatainen and Teodor Koskenniemi) counted for the team result.

At the 1924 Olympics in Paris Rastas represented Finland in both the 5000 m and the cross-country race, the latter again doubling as a team competition. The 5000 m was held first; Rastas won his heat and placed 11th in the final. The conditions for the cross-country race were extremely hot and demanding, and the majority of runners failed to finish; this included Rastas, who dropped out shortly after the halfway point. Two other Finns (Väinö Sipilä and Eero Berg) also dropped out, but Finland still won the team race again.

Rastas made a third and final Olympic appearance in 1928, this time in the marathon; he placed fourteenth. In total, Rastas won 10 medals at the Finnish championships, including three gold medals; in addition to his 10,000 m gold from 1917, he won both the 5000 m and 10,000 m in 1922.

Rastas worked as a senior conductor at the Finnish railways.

## InfoBox

Eino Rastas
| Rastas at the 1928 Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 17 July 1894
Valkeala, Finland |
| Died | 7 January 1965 (aged 69)
Kuusankoski, Finland |
| Height | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 57 kg (126 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | 5000 m, 10,000 m, marathon |
| Club | Valkealan Roima
Selänpään Jäykät |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) | 5000 m – 15:00.6 (1926)
10,000 m – 31:42.7 (1923)
Marathon – 2:40:40 (1928) |


title: Bowed dulcimer

abstract: The bowed dulcimer is a musical instrument. Designed in the style of the Appalachian dulcimer, it is either a standard instrument played with a violin bow, or a purpose-built dulcimer designed around bow playing. The purpose-designed instrument is described as resembling a hybrid between a dulcimer and a cello or viola da gamba. Bowing as a technique of playing the standard dulcimer has some historical roots; L. Allen Smith feature several examples in his historical survey A Catalogue of Pre-Revival Appalachian Dulcimers (1983). The more modern purpose-built version of the instrument was developed by Kenneth Bloom of Pilot Mountain, North Carolina in the late 1990s.

text:
# Bowed dulcimer

The **bowed dulcimer** is a musical instrument. Designed in the style of the Appalachian dulcimer (a fretted string instrument of the zither family, typically with three or four strings), it is either a standard instrument played with a violin bow, or a purpose-built dulcimer designed around bow playing. The purpose-designed instrument is described as resembling a hybrid between a dulcimer and a cello or viola da gamba.

Bowing as a technique of playing the standard dulcimer has some historical roots; L. Allen Smith feature several examples in his historical survey *A Catalogue of Pre-Revival Appalachian Dulcimers* (1983).

The more modern purpose-built version of the instrument was developed by Kenneth Bloom of Pilot Mountain, North Carolina in the late 1990s.

## Further reading


title: Conogethes tharsalea

abstract: Conogethes tharsalea is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1887. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland and the Northern Territory. The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults are pale yellow, with a pattern of black spots the wings.

text:
# Conogethes tharsalea

***Conogethes tharsalea*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1887. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland and the Northern Territory.

The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults are pale yellow, with a pattern of black spots the wings.

## InfoBox

| *Conogethes tharsalea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Conogethes* |
| Species: | ***C. tharsalea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conogethes tharsalea***<br>(Meyrick, 1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Notarcha tharsalea* Meyrick, 1887 | |


title: John Roberts (footballer, born 1881)

abstract: John Thomas Roberts was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# John Roberts (footballer, born 1881)

**John Thomas Roberts** (8 February 1881 – 10 January 1956) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| John Roberts | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | John Thomas Roberts | | |
| Date of birth | (1881-02-08)8 February 1881 | | |
| Place of birth | Haddon, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 10 January 1956(1956-01-10) (aged 74) | | |
| Place of death | Melbourne, Victoria | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1908 | South Melbourne | 2 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1908. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Cheruthoni

abstract: Cheruthoni is a town on the banks of Cheruthoni River, a major tributary of the Periyar River, the second longest river in Kerala state, in southwestern India. The area is known by Cheruthoni Dam, which is a part of Idukki reservoir, which provide hydroelectric power to the region.

text:
# Cheruthoni

**Cheruthoni** is a town on the banks of Cheruthoni River, a major tributary of the Periyar River, the second longest river in Kerala state, in southwestern India. The area is known by Cheruthoni Dam, which is a part of Idukki reservoir, which provide hydroelectric power to the region.

## Location

The town is adjacent to the famous Idukki Arch Dam and the Cheruthoni dam. These dams, along with the Kulamavu Dam, form the Idukki Reservoir. Cheruthoni is part of Vazhathope Panchayat, in the Idukki District. Villages adjacent to Cheruthoni are Vazhathope, Thadiyampadu, Karimban, Manjappara, Maniyarankudi, Bhoomiyamkulam, Peppara, Manjikkavala and Painavu.

## Origin

The origins of this place can be traced back to 1940s, following a famine the government allowed farmers to migrate to unoccupied arable lands in the mountains, where they cleared the land for agriculture. Later, this region was identified as an ideal spot for a hydroelectric project. The Hindustan Construction Company was contracted to build the dams on behalf of the Kerala State Electricity Board.

## 2018 Floods

## InfoBox

| Cheruthoni | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
|  | |
| CheruthoniLocation in Kerala, IndiaCheruthoniCheruthoni (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°46′25″N 77°2′07″E / 9.77361°N 77.03528°E / 9.77361; 77.03528 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Idukki |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayath |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 685602 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-06 |
| Nearest city | Kattappana, Thopramkudy |


title: Synanthedon platyuriformis

abstract: Synanthedon platyuriformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from South Africa.

text:
# Synanthedon platyuriformis

***Synanthedon platyuriformis*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Synanthedon platyuriformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Synanthedon* |
| Species: | ***S. platyuriformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synanthedon platyuriformis***<br>(Walker, 1856) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aegeria platyuriformis* Walker, 1856 | |


title: Edward P. Moxey

abstract: Edward Preston Moxey Jr. was an American accountant, and the first Professor of Accounting at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania. He is known for his early works on cost-keeping in factories, which describe the elementary principles of cost accounting.

text:
# Edward P. Moxey

**Edward Preston Moxey Jr.** (October 2, 1881  April 6, 1943 ) was an American accountant, and the first Professor of Accounting at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania. He is known for his early works on cost-keeping in factories, which describe the elementary principles of cost accounting.

## Biography

Born in Philadelphia to Edward P. and Mary Ann, Moxey was named after his father. He was a banker, broker, businessman and accountant, had founded the Edward P. Moxey accountancy firm, and had published the 1881 book, entitled "Fluctuations of the New York stock market, 1870–1880." Moxey obtained his BS in economics in 1904, his MA in 1906, and his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania in 1909. Subsequently, he obtained his Certified Public Accountants license in 1913 for the state of Pennsylvania.

After his graduation Moxey joined the accountancy firm Edward P. Moxey & Co, where he became a partner in 1911. After his father's death in 1915, he took over the prestigious accounting firm. The firm would eventually merge into Coopers & Lybrand in 1962. Moxey had started at the University of Pennsylvania as an Assistant Instructor in 1904, became an instructor in 1907, Assistant Professor in 1910, and Full Professor in 1915. At the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce he was the first to be appointed Professor of Accounting, and the first chairman of its Accounting department.

Moxey was co-founder of the National Association of Cost Accountants, board member and co-founder of its Philadelphia chapter and its president in 1929–31.

Moxey's son, Edward P. Moxey, III, graduated from Wharton in 1930 and followed his father's and grandfather's footsteps and became a third generation CPA. He worked for Philco-Ford Corporation, later Ford Aerospace, and taught at Temple University.

## Work

### Accounting at the Wharton School

Moxey had joined the Wharton School faculty in the early 1900s. A 1904 article in the *Bulletin* of the American Institute of Banking reports, that under Moxey Jr., a class in bookkeeping was organized for those without previous experience. The class completed the first set of books in the elementary work, and at the beginning of the second half would take up first year accounting, to be prepared to take advanced accounting in the second year.

The teaching in accounting had been organized within the Wharton School since its initiation. Joseph Wharton had agreed upon this in its initial plan, which had stated that "one professor or instructor of accounting or bookkeeping \[should\] teach the simplest and most practical forms of bookkeeping for housekeepers, for private individuals, for commercial and banking firms, for manufacturing establishments, and for banks; also, the modes of keeping accounts by executors, trustees, and assignees, by the officials of towns and cities, as well as by the several departments of a State or National Government; also, the routine of business between a bank and a customer."

In his second year at the Wharton School (1905–06) Moxey taught three regular accounting courses, entitled "Elementary Accounting", "Accounting Systems", and "C.P.A. Problems."

### *Accounting Systems* (1911)

In 1911 Moxey's first book *Accounting Systems* was published by the Alexander Hamilton Institute. This work was part of a twelve-volume series on *Modem Business*, and was written for a particular clientele. The series is designed for home study, partly as the basis for correspondence work, but more generally used as a comprehensive treatment of business organization and methods for persons studying by themselves without personal intercourse with an instructor.

In a 1912 review by Henry Rand Hatfield in *Journal of Political Economy*, Hatfield explained, that "for such it would seem an almost indispensable feature that there be furnished a convenient, yet fairly comprehensive, list of collateral references. Even in the college classroom, where text can readily be amplified by suggestions or criticisms of the instructor, the use of collateral references is well-nigh universal. Much more important is it that the isolated student should be encouraged to compare other, perhaps conflicting, views. Furthermore, the interested student constantly desires to branch out and make a more intensive study of some topic, touched upon in a general treatise but in such a work necessarily given but scant attention."

In the 1912 review Hatfield further explained, that the subject matter of the volumes is in general very well presented. Moxey, in the volume on accounting systems, presents in some considerable detail general systems of accounts adapted respectively to the needs of building and loan associations, life and fire insurance companies, department stores, gas companies, railroads, street railways, and municipalities. To these are added chapters on bank accounting by Howard Jefferson, on brewery accounting by Otto A. Grundmann, and on accounts of executors and administrators by Harold D. Greeley. Hatfield commented, that "if any criticism is to be made it might be that somewhat too much attention is given to details of forms, and too little emphasis is laid on the particular features which logically require differently ordered accounting systems."

And furthermore Hatfield (1912) noted, that "it seems almost gratuitous to print forms of a customer's check, a bank draft, and a deposit ticket. The purchase of supplies is not particularly different in a department store from that in a gas company, or a street railway, so there is some repetition in describing the handling of purchases in each of these institutions. Voucher payments and pay-rolls are not referred to in the discussion of department stores, but are described in connection with gas companies as if particularly connected with the latter industry. The chapter on municipal accounts is the least satisfactory; that on department stores is particularly clear and interesting."

### *Principles of Factory Cost Keeping* (1913)

In the preface of the 1913 "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping", Moxey started to explain, that the literature in which an activity finds its expression depends upon the interest in, and the development of, that activity. It was according to Moxey therefore not surprising to find that there was comparatively little literature on accounting in his days. Charles Waldo Haskins had said:

> "The literature of accounting is virtually in its infancy, awaiting the fostering care of cultured authorship."

Haskins' statement was particularly applicable to the subject of cost accounting. Although many valuable articles had been written on different phases of this subject, and while excellent books on costs had appeared from time to time, it was a notable fact that such articles and such books have been either of a highly technical character, or otherwise treating of special systems of costs as actually installed and used by certain manufacturing plants.

As a result of this, according to Moxey, in his day there existed in many minds the idea that the principles of cost accounting were more or less mysterious and vague, and that the subject is one for the expert, only to be understood after years of study and experience. This idea is due largely to the lack of a clear and simple presentation of the principles upon which cost accounting rests; and it is to supply this need that the present book has been prepared.

Moxey admitted that the use of diagrams in illustrating the principles of cost accounting is not new. They were used quite successfully in the early 1880s by Emile Garcke and John Manger Fells in their book "Factory Accounts"; but the idea had been further developed by Moxey, and had been made applicable to conditions of his day.

Moxey ended his preface by stating that "the book offered to those interested along cost accounting lines, with the hope that it may help to a clearer understanding of the true aims of this important branch of accounting science."

### The purpose of cost keeping

Moxey (1913) explained that there are two reasons which warrant the keeping of cost records and which justify the consequent expense involved.

1) Cost keeping furnishes the manufacturer with accurate and reliable information concerning the costs incurred in production, enabling him to fix prices and bid intelligently against others in the same field. 2) Through his cost accounting department the manufacturer is enabled to detect, locate, and eliminate waste or leakage in materials, labor, and other expenses incident to production.

### Analysis of General Ledger

A system of accounting, according to Moxey, should go beyond the elementary presentation of facts to furnish information sufficient and accurate enough for the requirements of modern business. Some classes of expense are not of a temporary nature. The use of certain articles in production such as machinery extends over a series of years. It is not right to charge the original cost of such purchases to profit and loss in the period in which they are made, for they will figure in the manufacture of hundreds of subsequent lots of goods. In his *Principles of Factory Cost Keeping* (1913) Moxey proposes a system, which is based on the following basic distinctions:

* *Temporary and Permanent Expenditures* : For cost accounting purposes, therefore, a first distinction considering expenditures only for the present must be made between expenditures for assets of a more permanent type generally known as fixed assets, and comprehended in the term "Plant" and those of a more or less temporary character, known as "Profit and Loss" items, or those comprehended in the general class of "Nominal Accounts."
* *Classification of Merchandising Expenditures* : Following this a more detailed classification becomes desirable. Taking a merchandising concern for the sake of illustration, we find that "Profit and Loss" expenditure is divided into two parts, the distinguishing feature being the difference between payments for that which is dealt in, classified under the heading "Merchandise", and payments for services and other items necessary to the proper conduct of the business, known as "General Expense."

A further subdivision of "General Expense" must then be made to show the items which make up its total amount. Two subheadings, known respectively as "Trading Expense" and "Administrative Expense", are usually employed. The former covers the detailed expense accounts which go to make up the cost of distributing the goods, including salesmen's salaries and expenses, rent of the store in the case of a merchandising house, costs of advertising and of the delivery service; while the latter includes those accounts which show the cost of managing the financial and business affairs of the concern, including all administrative salaries and general office expense, such as, for example, office supplies.

On the other hand, "Merchandise", being entirely too general in its character, is also subdivided. The first distinction is that made between purchases and sales. The sales may also be divided into classified sales accounts, while in the division of the purchases we find the first signs of detailed costs.

### Relation Between Cost and General Books

In factory accounting more cost books are being used corresponding to the different divisions of the factory: There are the "Stores Ledger", the "Cost Ledger", and the "Stock Ledger." The relation of these cost books to the general commercial books is shown by the diagram.

In order to understand the diagram and illustrate the operation of the books, it can be presumed that a certain sum of money is disbursed for the purchase of materials, labor, and other supplies and services connected with the production of the goods. This, in the ordinary journal form, would be represented by an entry, whereby materials, labor, and/or indirect expense are directed to cash. By this entry the accounts costing the business value are debited, and the account which has produced value, viz., cash, is credited.

Now Moxey explained, that in his days in a small business this method of accomplishing the result might be satisfactory. In a large business, however, there are numerous transactions involving these accounts which occur every business day. If these were to be separately recorded in the journal, the work required and the expense involved would be out of all proportion to the results obtained. To avoid this labor, transactions of a similar nature, when there are many of them, are brought together in one subsidiary record, and the totals only are posted to the ledger. Thus there is usually a book devoted to the detailed recording of cash receipts and payments, while the general ledger cash account is concerned merely with the totals. Likewise the "Stores Ledger" contains a number of accounts usually kept upon cards for convenience in handling, or else in loose-leaf books whose totals appear in a general ledger "Stores" account. If, then, a certain amount of money should be paid out for the purchase of stores, the cash book entry expressing such transaction.

Both the stores item and the cash item find their way to the general ledger in totals. The stores item also appears in the stores ledger in detail, being taken from the original purchase invoices. When the stores purchased, after having been received and placed in the storeroom, are requisitioned and delivered to the producing departments, there must be a credit to the Stores account for the value of the quantity delivered, etc.

### Progress of factory work as appears in the books

A special feature of the *Principles of Factory Cost Keeping* (1913) was an illustration and description of the progress of factory work as it appears in the books. It is illustrated in the accompanying diagram, which shows the operation of a factory cost system from the time payment of cash is made to begin production until the goods have been completed and are available for sale. At the bottom of the diagram Moxey noted, that the difference between the total Merchandise Orders appearing and the Debit side of the Trading Account and the Sales Invoices represents gross manufacturing profit.

Moxey further explained that the manufacturer, who has his factory cost system arranged on this general plan is in a position enabling him to adjust his selling prices so as to bring to him the largest amount of profit. He possesses a cost system organized along the same lines as his system of factory management; a system economical of operation, accurate in its results as to current operations, and one from which estimates or bids on future work can be accurately and quickly made. By a subdivision of his sales account into the different classes or grades of goods manufactured, and by carrying corresponding cost accounts, he can accurately determine the cost of producing each line of goods and the profit or loss on each grade sold.

And furthermore Moxey explained, that "the factors which enter into the manufacturing cost of any product can be grouped under the main headings of "Stores", "Direct Labor", and "Indirect Expenses." We are now in a position to take up each of these in the order given, and to show the method of determining the amount and value of each. At the same time, we shall see how to detect and prevent waste and leaks, which are important items to the manufacturer from the standpoint of profits. etc."

### Accounting for Labour, Methods of Recording Time

The third chapter of the *Principles of Factory Cost Keeping*, is dedicated to "Accounting for Labour." The chief problem in the accounting for labor, according to Moxey, is the formulation of a system which will give an accurate record of the labor time consumed in production. Hereto different methods of recording time have been developed. Initially there were two systems.

* The methods of recording time that had started in many factories relied on a *watchman* or *gatekeeper*, stationed at the entrance to the factory, kept a record of the employees as they arrived in the morning and departed at night, each workman being known to him personally. Under this system, if an employee were late, even if only as much as a minute, he was docked a half hour's time. Any labor cost less than half an hour did not figure in production costs. The gatekeeper's record was amply sufficient for payroll purposes, as well as for the determination of costs of production in the aggregate.
* Under another system of timekeeping each laborer was assigned a number. A series of brass checks, numbered to correspond to the workmen's numbers, were hung on a board at the gatekeeper's lodge or outside the watchman's office, and as the men entered in the morning each one would take his own check off its hook and drop it into a box kept for that purpose at the watchman's office. The board on which the checks were hung, being arranged on a pivot, was turned around when the beginning whistle blew so that the side containing the checks faced into the office. Any man who was late must then pass through the watchman's office before he would receive credit for having been at the plant. This scheme worked well as long as the watchman was careful not to let any man drop the check of a comrade at the time that he dropped his own.

The weakness of both these systems lay in the fact that there was no check whatever on the time the men actually spent at work. A man might register for an absent comrade, or he might record his own arrival and then take his departure from the plant by climbing over the back fence, returning by the same route at noon in order to pass out through the gate. By this means he would receive credit for having worked a full half day, when as a matter of fact he had rendered no service whatever to his employer.

In order to prevent such practices it was found necessary to employ departmental timekeepers, whose duty it was to make a tour of the plant to ascertain whether each man was at his appointed task. It was soon recognized that a knowledge of the exact time spent by each man on a piece of work handled by him was not only desirable but necessary, in order to determine accurately the labor cost of each unit of product. This was accomplished by the timekeeper getting from each workman a statement of the time spent on different pieces of work; and the results of these rough guesses were used to compile the labor cost of work in process. The employment of departmental timekeepers was an added expense to the operation of the plant.

The next development was to have the men themselves keep their record of time spent on each piece of work. The results were set forth on slips which were turned into the office, where the time as shown was posted to the accounts of the various orders to which it belonged. This, as can well be seen, was a loose system, for the reason that the workman's sense of time was frequently not well developed, and there was neither incentive nor necessity for accuracy. Since there was no definite check on the workman's movements, his record would often show that he "knocked off" at 12:30 P.M., when as a matter of fact he quit work at 12:20 P.M., and loitered around the toilet room or engaged in conversation with other workmen for the extra ten minutes which had been charged by him to the work just finished.

These difficulties have been largely overcome by the use of mechanical devices for the recording of time. One record is made of the total time on duty, which serves as the basis for the pay-roll, and a second record is kept of the time actually expended on work performed, which serves as the basis of the charges to manufacturing cost. The time on duty is obtained from a time card record, while the time on work in process appears on work tickets or job cards. The total time on duty should agree with, the total time expended on goods in process, plus any lost time. Expressed diagrammatically the relation of the time cards to the work tickets is shown in the diagram. The data from the time cards were transferred into the time book, and this data would eventually end up in the general ledger.

## Reception

The US Federal Board for Vocational Education (1919) had described Moxey's "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping" (1919) as a "clear, simple treatment of the fundamental principles of cost accounting." In those days the field of cost accounting was largely controlled by scientific management consultants and managers, but Moxey was able to establish a firm national reputation as leader in the area. Understandably, in 1924 William Duncan Gordon and Jeremiah Lockwood dedicated their *Modern Accounting Systems* to Edward P. Moxey Jr.

In his 1972 article, Adolph Matz summarized that Moxey's elementary work on cost accounting was taught at the university, and in Evening School, and was part of the State's C.P.A. examination. His work was taught over four decades, but after World War II the "new trends in teaching accounting and the move away from the practical approach led in the early 1950s to the discontinuation of the course."

Moxey is nowadays also credited for advocating the practice of including imputed interest on the total capital invested (which didn't work out), and for advocating variance accounts. According to Segelod & Carlsson (2010), Moxey "offered a means to connect cost accounting and financial accounting even in times of price changes. Variance analysis became common in the United States in the early 1920s following the rapid development of standard costing between 1910 and 1920..., while the technique of connecting cost and financial accounting was... well elaborated in Anglo-Saxon countries around 1920."

Even more, according to Segelod & Carlsson (2011), the "scientific management and the introduction of variance accounts, developed by Moxey (1913), paved the way for the rapid development of standard costing in the US between 1910 and 1920."

## Selected publications

Articles, a selection

* Moxey, Edward Preston. "Bank Defalcations-Their Causes and Cures." *Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science* 25 (1905): 32–42.
* Moxey Jr., Edward P. "Ethics of Accountancy", in: *Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.* Vol. 101, The Ethics of the Professions and of Business (May, 1922), pp. 196–202

Attribution

This article incorporates public domain material from the 1904 article by the American Institute of Banking, and the book by Edward P. Moxey Jr. *Principles of Factory Cost Keeping* (1913).


title: Photoshop contest

abstract: A Photoshop contest, or sometimes Photoshop battle, is an online game, in which a website or user of an Internet forum will post a starting image — usually a photograph — and ask others to manipulate the image using some graphics editing software, usually Adobe Photoshop, however other editors are commonly allowed, such as Corel Photo-Paint, GIMP, PaintShop Pro, Paint.NET or even Microsoft Paint. People can also use video editing software to create these images, such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Kdenlive, OpenShot, or NCH VideoPad. While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program, Adobe Systems, the publisher of Photoshop, discourages use of "Photoshop" to refer to anything other than their photo editing software, to prevent their trademark from becoming generic.

text:
# Photoshop contest

A **Photoshop contest**, or sometimes **Photoshop battle** (often abbreviated to PS Battle), is an online game, in which a website or user of an Internet forum will post a starting image — usually a photograph — and ask others to manipulate the image using some graphics editing software, usually Adobe Photoshop, however other editors are commonly allowed, such as Corel Photo-Paint, GIMP, PaintShop Pro, Paint.NET or even Microsoft Paint. People can also use video editing software to create these images, such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Kdenlive, OpenShot, or NCH VideoPad.

While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program, Adobe Systems, the publisher of Photoshop, discourages use of "Photoshop" to refer to anything other than their photo editing software, to prevent their trademark from becoming generic.

## Humor

A large part of the humor in many of these contests involves the use of internet memes.

Such contests have recently seen increasing participation on many blogs and forums. The popular internet community Reddit has a community called r/photoshopbattles devoted to the contests.

A more "underground" variety of these image manipulation jokes involves the blending of celebrity faces with nude or pornographic images commonly known as fake nudes, often combined with references to movies, music, magazines and other forms of related popular culture.

## Photoshop tennis

**Photoshop tennis** (also known as **Photoshop Pong** or **Photoshop battle** (similar in its function to a "DJ battle" or "rap battle" in hip hop music) is a game played through sequential alternating (photoshopping) of an image. Photoshop tennis originated in graphics-related internet forums in the late-1990s/early-2000s, and shares an earlier history with online image games such as SITO's "PANIC" (started January, 1994). The game was made popular by art director Jim Coudal in 2001 as "Photoshop Tennis". The matches on coudal.com were later renamed **Layer Tennis** after enabling the use of other software, and continued through four seasons of competition.

Each match tennis is generally played with two competing players. The players pick a starting image, or one is "served" by a player, then another player makes some sort of alteration to the image in any chosen image editor (matches are not exclusive to Adobe Photoshop). They then send the altered image to the other player or players, usually via e-mail or by posting the image to a Photoshop tennis forum, who then edits that image and sends it back to the first player. This process goes back and forth until a predetermined number of rounds have elapsed, or the players otherwise wish to end the game. When the final round is over, there may be an independent judge who determines who has played the best shots, and declares that person the winner, or players may play without a clear winner. Sometimes extra rules can be enforced, such as sticking to one particular software package, or keeping to a particular theme.

## Pictures

1. SITO Panic and Photoshop Tennis
2. Schreve, Jenn (2001-09-27). "Anyone for Photoshop Tennis?". Wired News. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
3. Coudal Partners' Layer Tennis


title: Bill Crebbin

abstract: William Cottier Crebbin was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in both the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Bill Crebbin

**William Cottier Crebbin** (8 March 1869 – 9 December 1924) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in both the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and the Victorian Football League (VFL).

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| Mr. W.C. Crebbin, *Melbourne Punch*. | |

## Family

The son of Thomas Cottier Crebbin (1829-1911), and Ellen Crebbin (1844-1922), née McLean, William Cottier Crebbin was born at Ballarat East, Victoria on 8 March 1869.

He married Margaret Elizabeth Maude White (1873-1958) in June 1895.

## Football

"I never saw anyone so ticklish as Bill Crebbin, the Essendon centre man. He would jump out of his skin if you touched him in the ribs. One day, on the old East Melbourne ground, Bill was waiting just outside the pack when \[former North Melbourne footballer\] Joe Shaw, the umpire, was about to bounce the ball. One of his own side tickled Crebbin. He jumped forward, more than a yard, head down, and butted the umpire, knocking him over. Crebbin apologised profusely, but it took a lot of explanation to mollify Shaw."  R.W.E. Wilmot, 9 September 1939.

## Death

He died at Cremorne, New South Wales on 9 December 1924.

## Football card

In 2018 an Australian rules football card featuring Essendon player Bill Crebbin published by the American Tobacco Company in 1894 sold for $10,110 on EBay in Australia.

## InfoBox

| Bill Crebbin | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | William Cottier Crebbin | | |
| Date of birth | (1869-03-08)8 March 1869 | | |
| Place of birth | Ballarat East, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 9 December 1924(1924-12-09) (aged 55) | | |
| Place of death | Cremorne, New South Wales | | |
| Original team(s) | Ballarat | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1891–96 | Essendon (VFA) | 54 (6) |
| 1900 | Essendon | 01 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1900. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
| VFA Premierships 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894
 | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Elachista similis

abstract: Elachista similis is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sugisima in 2005. It is found in Japan. The length of the forewings is 3.2–3.7 mm for males and 3.4–4 mm for females. The larvae feed on Carex foliosissima, Carex insaniae, Carex morrowii, Carex nakiri and Luzula plumosa. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Elachista similis

***Elachista similis*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sugisima in 2005. It is found in Japan (Hokkaidô, Honsyû, Kyûsyû).

The length of the forewings is 3.2–3.7 mm for males and 3.4–4 mm for females.

The larvae feed on *Carex foliosissima*, *Carex insaniae*, *Carex morrowii*, *Carex nakiri* and *Luzula plumosa*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## Etymology

The species name refers to the resemblance to *Elachista gleichenella* and is derived from Latin *similis*.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista similis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. similis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista similis***<br>Sugisima, 2005 | |
|


title: Russian Roulette (Red Velvet song)

abstract: "Russian Roulette" is a song by South Korean girl group Red Velvet for their third extended play of the same name. Written by Jo Yoon-kyung and produced by Albi Albertsson, Belle Humble and Markus Lindell, it is primarily an 8-bit influenced synth-pop and dance-pop song which lyrically compares the process of winning someone's heart to a game of Russian roulette. The song was released as the lead single on September 7, 2016, by SM Entertainment along with an accompanying cartoon-themed music video which saw the group mimicking cartoon tricks to pull a prank and harm each other as the video progressed. "Russian Roulette" received generally favorable reviews from critics upon its release, both domestically and internationally for its brightness and being "devilishly satisfying". The music video also received attention for its semi-inspiration by The Simpsons' fictional animated television series, Itchy & Scratchy that masks violent and almost lethal pranks the members pulled on each other in a bright, bubbly and seemingly fun-filled video. Dazed Digital placed it at number six on their 20 Best K-pop Tracks of the Year and it won Best Music Video at the 2016 Melon Music Awards. The song also attained commercial success, peaking at number two on both Billboard's World Digital Songs chart and South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart, which, at the time, were the group's highest rankings on both charts. It was among the group's best selling singles in their native country, being their second single to achieve more than 2,500,000 downloads as of May 2019.

text:
# Russian Roulette (Red Velvet song)

"**Russian Roulette**" (Korean: 러시안 룰렛; RR: *Reosian rullet*) is a song by South Korean girl group Red Velvet for their third extended play of the same name. Written by Jo Yoon-kyung and produced by Albi Albertsson, Belle Humble and Markus Lindell, it is primarily an 8-bit influenced synth-pop and dance-pop song which lyrically compares the process of winning someone's heart to a game of Russian roulette. The song was released as the lead single on September 7, 2016, by SM Entertainment along with an accompanying cartoon-themed music video which saw the group mimicking cartoon tricks to pull a prank and harm each other as the video progressed.

"Russian Roulette" received generally favorable reviews from critics upon its release, both domestically and internationally for its brightness and being "devilishly satisfying". The music video also received attention for its semi-inspiration by *The Simpsons'* fictional animated television series, *Itchy & Scratchy* that masks violent and almost lethal pranks the members pulled on each other in a bright, bubbly and seemingly fun-filled video. *Dazed Digital* placed it at number six on their 20 Best K-pop Tracks of the Year and it won Best Music Video at the 2016 Melon Music Awards.

The song also attained commercial success, peaking at number two on both *Billboard's* World Digital Songs chart and South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart, which, at the time, were the group's highest rankings on both charts. It was among the group's best selling singles in their native country, being their second single to achieve more than 2,500,000 downloads as of May 2019.

## Background and release

After the release of the group's second extended play *The Velvet* in March 2016, various news sites in South Korea reported in May that Red Velvet will have a summer comeback. Despite this, the album was postponed multiple times, causing the group members great stress before their label S.M. Entertainment finally announced its release in later September. The group released the first teaser on September 1, and then released several individual teasers of the group presented as collages on their official Instagram account throughout the week. The extended play, along with the music video for "Russian Roulette" was eventually released on September 7.

Following the song's release, the group revealed that they had heard the song when they were still trainees (which indicated the song was written long before their debut), unaware that they will one day record and release it. It was later revealed that "Russian Roulette", the 2017 single "Rookie" and the 2019 single "Zimzalabim" were potential lead single choices at the time for the girl group, but eventually it was chosen to be released first by the label.

## Composition

"Russian Roulette" was composed and produced by Albi Albertsson, Belle Humble and Markus Lindell, with Korean lyrics adaptation by songwriter Jo Yoon-kyung. Bradley Stern of *PopCrush* characterized it as a perky, retro-sounding electro-pop tune. It is considered as the group's first single that is a mixture between their "Red" and "Velvet" style, composed in the key of E-flat major with a tempo of 130 beats per minute. The song's lyrics compares the challenge of winning someone's affection to a game of Russian roulette.

Originally recorded in Korean for the group's third extended play in September 2016, Red Velvet also recorded the song in Japanese for the group's debut Japanese release on July 4, 2018, with Japanese lyrics adaptation from songwriter Kami Kaoru.

## Promotion and music video

### Promotion

An hour before the single's release, Red Velvet held a special countdown through the Naver app *V Live*, where they discussed the album and its tracks. The group began promoting the song on music shows on September 8, performing both "Russian Roulette" and the album track "Lucky Girl" live for the first time on *M! Countdown*. Throughout the week, they performed both songs on other music programs such as *Music Bank*, *Inkigayo* and *The Show*, where they won their first music show trophy for the song on September 13, eventually achieved a total of six music trophies.

### Music video

A music video of the song directed by Shin Hee-won was premiered on the official YouTube channel of S.M. Entertainment on September 7, 2016, to coincide with the album's release. It was choreographed by Ryu Sohee and Los Angeles-based choreographer Kyle Hanagami who did the choreography of the group's second single "Be Natural" (2014) and their fourth single "Ice Cream Cake" (2015).

With its bright, sports-themed and colorful setting, the music video gained attention for its violent content hidden beneath a fun and playful song. While dressed in cute outfits, the members sing about a romantic relationship that they compare to a game of Russian roulette as they try to inflict harm on each other. Each member appear in various scenes dropping tennis balls, pianos, refrigerators, and lockers on the other girls, or even feeding the rest colored nuts and bolts instead of cereal. The video featured clips of *Itchy & Scratchy*, which is a fictional cartoon show and running gag on the American animated sitcom *The Simpsons*. These scenes were shown right before the members reenact the characters' actions, such as when they push a member in front of an oncoming car or into an empty swimming pool. Sherly Tucci of *The Daily Dot* stated that the song's cheerful sound "juxtaposes the catastrophic and lethal pranks the girls play on each other" in the video where the members "show their dark side with stone-faced stares and subtle smirks". Bradley Stern of *PopCrush* likened the black comedy in the video to the film *Jawbreaker* and said it's "pretty genius". *The Inquisitr* said it utilized colorful visuals, entertaining video shots and plot settings, claiming that it is just as artistic as the music videos for their previous singles "Dumb Dumb" and "One of These Nights", although it "takes a slower pace than the former but quicker than the latter". "Russian Roulette" became the most viewed k-pop music video for the month of September in America and worldwide.

During their Naver *V Live* broadcast on September 6, the group revealed that some members broke large parts of the set which the staff had to rebuild as they were filming it, partly due to the nature of the scenes they shot. Member Joy also expressed her concerns about its rating due to the violent theme of some of the scenes.

The song won Best Music Video at the 2016 Melon Music Awards. On January 27, 2018, the music video for "Russian Roulette" hit 100 million views on YouTube, which makes Red Velvet the seventh K-pop girl group to reach 100 million views, as well as the third girl group from SM Entertainment to reach this milestone.

## Critical reception

Upon its release, "Russian Roulette" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Writing for *The Daily Dot*, Sherly Tucci called it a "cute and bubbly song complemented by the bright colors of the music video". She also said that the members' sugar-coated voices in conjunction with an upbeat melody "make it impossible not to bob your head to the music". In her interview with the group, Taylor Glasby of *Dazed Digital* said the music video "has a sinister combination of sweetness and threat" and remarked that "it's hard to think of anyone else that could pull off those kinds of concepts". The song was eventually included in their 20 Best K-Pop Tracks of the Year, ranking at number six and the site called it a "devilishly satisfying" track with a "memorable chorus and crazily joyous synth breakdown" that "sneaks in with robotic stuttering, doing a lot to break up the sweet but tonally deliberately narrow vocals". *Tone Glow* also put it at number nine on their 30 Best K-pop Songs of 2016 list, stating that its chipper "heart b-b-beats" and arcade noises grant the song a bright sheen.

However, Chester Chin of the Malaysian news site *The Star* felt that the single and the album was somewhat a disappointment after the "brilliant experimental vibes" of their last EP *The Velvet*, which was released in the same year. He commented that the song was "a fun and glossy dance-pop number" with "infectious hooks and bubbly rhythms" but claimed that the album's tracks "lacked the edge and quirks" of their other singles such as "Ice Cream Cake" and "Dumb Dumb".

## Commercial performance

The song achieved both domestic and international success. On the week of September 10, 2016, the song made its appearance at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart before rising to number two where it peaked the following week, tying with "Dumb Dumb" as the group's highest-charting single in South Korea at the time. Moreover, "Russian Roulette" also reached number two and number three on the Gaon Download Chart and Gaon Streaming Chart, respectively. It ended up as the 39th best-selling single on the 2016 Gaon Year-End Digital Chart. The song also appeared on the newly refunctioned *Billboard* K-Pop Hot 100 in 2017, peaking at number seventy on the chart's first week ranking. In 2018, Gaon reported that the song has had over 100 million streams. In May 2019, Gaon reported that the song has had over 2,500,000 downloads, thus became their second song to achieve such milestone following Red Flavor.

"Russian Roulette" also achieved success in the United States as it reached a peak of number two on *Billboard*'s World Digital Songs chart. As of December 2019, it is the group's third best selling single in the States, having achieved a cumulative sales of 24,000 downloads.

## Usage in media

As part of their "Red Velvet" night during the 2017 Baker's Dozen concert series, American band Phish played the song as walk-out music after the show at Madison Square Garden in New York City, NY.

Along with the 2019 single "Zimzalabim", the song made its appearance during the dance-off scene in the 2020 *Trolls World Tour*, in which the members were also part of the cast, portraying the "K-Pop gang".

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from *Russian Roulette* liner notes

## Charts

### Monthly chart

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| South Korea (Gaon Digital Chart) | 3 |

## Accolades

### Year-end awards

| Year | Organization | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Melon Music Awards | Best Music Video | Won |
| | | Dance Award (Female) | Nominated |
| | Mnet Asian Music Awards | Best Dance Performance Female Group | Nominated |
| | Song of the Year | Nominated |
| 2017 | Gaon Chart Music Awards | Song of the Month (September) | Nominated |
| | Korean Music Awards | Best Pop Song | Nominated |
| | Golden Disc Awards | Digital Single Division Main Award | Nominated |

### Music program awards

| Program | Date |
| --- | --- |
| *The Show* (SBS MTV) | September 13, 2016 |
| | September 20, 2016 |
| *M Countdown* (Mnet) | September 15, 2016 |
| | September 22, 2016 |
| *Show Champion* (MBC Music) | September 21, 2016 |
| *Inkigayo* (SBS) | September 25, 2016 |

## Sales

| Chart | Sales |
| --- | --- |
| South Korea | 2,500,000+ |
| United States | 24,000+ |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| South Korea | September 7, 2016 | Digital download, streaming | S.M. Entertainment, KT Music |
| Worldwide | | | S.M. Entertainment |

## InfoBox

| "Russian Roulette" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Red Velvet | |
| from the EP  *Russian Roulette* | |
| Released | September 7, 2016 (2016-09-07) |
| Studio | S.M. Studio, Seoul |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:31 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Albi Albertsson * Belle Humble * Markus Lindell |
| Red Velvet singles chronology | |
| "One of These Nights"
(2016) "**Russian Roulette**"
(2016) "Rookie"
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Russian Roulette" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Conogryllus

abstract: Conogryllus is a monotypic genus of African crickets in the tribe Gryllini.

text:
# Conogryllus

***Conogryllus*** is a monotypic genus of African crickets in the tribe Gryllini.

## Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species found in the Congo Basin:

* ***Conogryllus testaceus*** (Chopard, 1934)

## InfoBox

| *Conogryllus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Gryllidae |
| Subfamily: | Gryllinae |
| Tribe: | Gryllini |
| Genus: | *Conogryllus*
Gorochov, 2001 |
| Species: | ***C. testaceus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conogryllus testaceus***
(Chopard, 1934) | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| See text | |


title: John Roberts (footballer, born 1885)

abstract: John Roberts was a professional association footballer, who played in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers, and in the Southern Football League for Bristol Rovers. Primarily playing as an inside left, Roberts scored fourteen goals in 24 league appearances for The Wanderers, having joined them from Bloxwich Strollers in 1906. He only remained in Wolverhampton for a single season, during which he was their top goalscorer, before being signed for Bristol Rovers in May 1907. He was again his club's top scorer in 1907–08, again scoring fourteen goals. In total he made 82 appearances in the Southern League, scoring 28 times, before leaving to join Wrexham in 1910.

text:
# John Roberts (footballer, born 1885)

**John Roberts** (born 1885) was a professional association footballer, who played in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers, and in the Southern Football League for Bristol Rovers.

Primarily playing as an inside left, Roberts scored fourteen goals in 24 league appearances for *The Wanderers*, having joined them from Bloxwich Strollers in 1906. He only remained in Wolverhampton for a single season, during which he was their top goalscorer, before being signed for Bristol Rovers in May 1907. He was again his club's top scorer in 1907–08, again scoring fourteen goals.

In total he made 82 appearances in the Southern League, scoring 28 times, before leaving to join Wrexham in 1910.

## InfoBox

John Roberts
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | John Roberts | | |
| Date of birth | 1885 | | |
| Place of birth | Walsall, England | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| ?–1906 | Bloxwich Strollers |  |  |
| 1906–1907 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | 24 | (14) |
| 1907–1910 | Bristol Rovers | 82 | (28) |
| 1910–? | Wrexham |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Cheruthuruthi

abstract: Cheruthuruthy also known as Vallathol Nagar is a small town in India near Wadakkanchery, Thrissur on the banks of the Nila (Bharathapuzha) river.

text:
# Cheruthuruthi

**Cheruthuruthy** also known as **Vallathol Nagar** is a small town in India near Wadakkanchery, Thrissur on the banks of the Nila (Bharathapuzha) river.

## Administration

Falls in Talappilly taluk (Wadakkanchery) of the revenue district of Thrissur. Thrissur is 30 km from Cheruthuruthy. It is situated on the banks of the Nila river (Bharathapuzha). It is a serene and scenic small town.

## Kalamandalam University

The striking attraction of Cheruthuruthy is the Kerala Kalamandalam. It is started in the year 1930 to teach Kerala, performance arts like Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Thullal, Koothu, Folk Dances, Panchavadyam and Drama. Recently, it has been recognized as a Deemed University by the Government of India. Many persons trained here have achieved national and international acclaim. It follows the residential schooling system and caste is not at all a criterion for admission.

## Poet Vallathol

Mahakavi Vallathol Narayana Menon played a primary role in setting up the Kalamandalam. His Samadhi is in the old Kalamandalam campus. For those who want to have a glimpse at his contributions to the cultural world, a visit to the Vallathol Museum at Cheruthuruthy is a must. Another thing Kalamandalam can boast about is the ‘Koothambalam’, i.e., the special hall for performing the ritual and classical dances like koothu and koodiyattam. Since the old times, Koothambalams are considered very sacred and were built only in temple premises. Kalamandalam is the only exemption where the ‘Koothamabalam’ is not in the temple premises.

## Temples

Kozhimamparambu Bhagavathy temple, Nedumpura Kulasekharanellur Shiva Temple, Nedumpura Chirakkulangara temple, Kaipanchery Narasimhamoorthy temple, Pangavu Siva temple, St. Thomas Church and JumaMosque are some other attractions in Cheruthuruthy. Another place to visit in Cheruthuruthy is the Palace of Kochi Maharaja which has recently been converted into a 3-star Ayurvedic Heritage Resort named The River Retreat. The Palace of ‘Kavalapara Mooppil Nair’ is located 8 km from Cheruthuruthy. Another worth watching pilgrimage place in Cheruthuruthy is the Shiva temple, a fitting example of Kerala’s traditional architecture. Kozhimamparambu pooram is one of the highest crowded pooram in Thrissur. The Pooram festival is conducted during early summer(Feb/March) every year. Seven teams, each from neighboring village temples Panjal, Pudussery, Nedumpura, Cheruthuruthy, Pallikkal, Thazhapra-Vettikkattiri and Attoor participate in Kozhimamparambu Pooram

## Education

The Govt. of India's Panchakarma ayurveda research centre, Jyothi engineering college and PNNM medical college ais situated in Cheruthuruthy. The best time to visit Cheruthuruthy is in December, for a chance to watch a week-long dance festival organized by Kalamandalam. Thrissur, Vallathol Nagar (Cheruthuruthy), and Wadakkanchery Railway Stations and Shoranur Railway Junction are very near to Cheruthuruthy.

## Major Landmarks

* Kerala Kalamandalam
* PNNM Ayurvedic Medical College
* Cherthuruthy Jummah mosque
* Government Higher Secondary School
* Jyothi Engineering College
* Pangavu Shiva Temple
* Kozhimamparambu Temple
* Nedumpura Siva Temple
* Kochin Bridge
* Vallathole Museum
* Nedumpura MVM LP School
* Nila (Bharathapuzha) River
* Nilanjali Auditorium Cheruthuruthy

## InfoBox

| Cheruthuruthy | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Vallathol Nagar | |
| Coordinates: 10°44′33″N 76°16′18″E / 10.7426200°N 76.271680°E / 10.7426200; 76.271680 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Thrissur |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | KL-48 |
| Nearest city | Thrissur |


abstract: Russian River State Marine Recreational Management Area (SMRMA) and Russian River State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) are two adjoining marine protected areas in the Russian River estuary area in Sonoma County, California, on the north-central coast of the state. The combined area of these marine protected areas is 1.21 square miles (3.1 km⁲), with 0.35 square miles (0.91 km⁲) in the SMRMA and 0.86 square miles (2.2 km⁲) in the SMCA. In the Russian River SMRMA, the taking of all living marine resources except recreational hunting of waterfowl is prohibited, unless otherwise restricted by hunting regulations. In the Russian River SMCA, the taking of all living marine resources is prohibited, except the recreational and commercial trapping of Dungeness crab and the taking of Hypomesus pretiosus by hand-held dip nets or beach nets.

text:
# Russian River State Marine Reserve and Russian River State Marine Conservation Area

**Russian River State Marine Recreational Management Area** (**SMRMA**) and **Russian River State Marine Conservation Area** (**SMCA**) are two adjoining marine protected areas in the Russian River estuary area in Sonoma County, California, on the north-central coast of the state. The combined area of these marine protected areas is 1.21 square miles (3.1 km2), with 0.35 square miles (0.91 km2) in the SMRMA and 0.86 square miles (2.2 km2) in the SMCA.

In the Russian River SMRMA, the taking of all living marine resources except recreational hunting of waterfowl is prohibited, unless otherwise restricted by hunting regulations. In the Russian River SMCA, the taking of all living marine resources is prohibited, except the recreational and commercial trapping of Dungeness crab and the taking of *Hypomesus pretiosus* (surf smelt) by hand-held dip nets or beach nets.

## History

The areas are two of the 22 marine protected areas adopted by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in August 2009, during the second phase of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. The MLPAI is a collaborative public process to create a statewide network of protected areas along California's coastline.

The north central coast's new marine protected areas were designed by local divers, fishermen, conservationists and scientists who comprised the North Central Coast Regional Stakeholder Group. Their job was to design a network of protected areas that would preserve sensitive sea life and habitats while enhancing recreation, study and education opportunities.

The north central coast marine protected areas took effect May 1, 2010.

## Geography and natural features

Russian River SMRMA and Russian River SMCA are two adjoining marine protected areas that protect the Russian River Estuary in Sonoma County on California's north central coast. The Russian River flows through Goat Rock Beach within Sonoma Coast State Beach into the Pacific Ocean. The estuary is closed seasonally by a sandbar.

Russian River SMRMA includes the waters below the mean high tide line eastward of the mouth of the Russian River Estuary defined as a line connecting the following two points:

and westward of the Highway 1 Bridge.

Russian River SMCA bounded by the mean high tide line, the mouth of the Russian River estuary as defined in subsection 632(b)(14)(A), and straight lines connecting the following points in the order listed:

1. 38°27.38′N 123°8.58′W / 38.45633°N 123.14300°W / 38.45633; -123.14300 (SMCA corner #1)
2. 38°26.38′N 123°8.58′W / 38.43967°N 123.14300°W / 38.43967; -123.14300 (SMCA corner #2) and
3. 38°26.38′N 123°7.7′W / 38.43967°N 123.1283°W / 38.43967; -123.1283 (SMCA corner #3).

## Habitat and wildlife

The Russian River Estuary is an important nursery for crab and salmon and has diverse estuarine habitats such as eelgrass beds and mudflats. The seasonal sandbar provides an important harbor seal haul out and hosts various seabird colonies. The Russian River SMR and SMCA protect steelhead and Russian River chinook and coho salmon, which aggregate at the mouth of the estuary during seasonal sandbar closures.

## Recreation and nearby attractions

Sonoma Coast State Beach is a series of beaches that extends 13 miles (21 km) from Bodega Bay to the Russian River. There are more than a dozen access points to Sonoma Coast State Beach along State Highway 1, and the Sonoma Coast Trail connects many of the secret beaches hidden by rocky coves and tall bluffs. Beachcombing, fishing and picnicking are common activities. During spring, flowers like blue lupine and Indian paintbrush are common. Sonoma Coast State Park has four campgrounds that include developed and primitive sites.

Russian River SMRMA prohibits the take of all living marine resources, except recreational hunting of waterfowl, unless otherwise restricted by hunting regulations. Russian River SMCA prohibits take of all living marine resources, except recreational and commercial take of Dungeness crab by trap and take of surf smelt by hand-held dip nets or beach nets. However, California's marine protected areas encourage recreational and educational uses of the ocean. Activities such as kayaking, diving, snorkeling, and swimming are allowed unless otherwise restricted.

## Scientific monitoring

As specified by the Marine Life Protection Act, select marine protected areas along California's central coast are being monitored by scientists to track their effectiveness and learn more about ocean health. Similar studies in marine protected areas located off of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands have already detected gradual improvements in fish size and number.

## InfoBox

| Russian River State Marine Reserve and Russian River State Marine Conservation Area | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Sonoma County, California, United States |


title: Rudi Šeligo

abstract: Rudi Šeligo was a Slovenian writer, playwright, essayist and politician. Together with Lojze Kovačič and Drago Jančar, he is considered one of the foremost Slovenian modernist writers of the post-World War II period.

text:
# Rudi Šeligo

**Rudi Šeligo** (14 May 1935 – 22 January 2004) was a Slovenian writer, playwright, essayist and politician. Together with Lojze Kovačič and Drago Jančar, he is considered one of the foremost Slovenian modernist writers of the post-World War II period.

## Life

Šeligo was born in a Slovene family in Sušak, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now part of the city of Rijeka, Croatia. In 1939, he moved with his family to the industrial town of Jesenice in north-western Slovenia. After finishing high school, he worked as an industrial worker in the local iron mill for few years. He then moved to the small town of Tolmin, where he finished a teacher's academy. In 1956, he moved to Ljubljana, where he enrolled in the University of Ljubljana, studying philosophy and sociology. In Ljubljana, Šeligo became involved with a group of young and intellectuals known as the Critical generation. He published several short stories in the alternative literary journal Revija 57. He became friends with the dissident intellectual Jože Pučnik, and witnessed his arrest in 1958.

In 1962, he became a lecturer at the School for Sociology and Working Management in Kranj, and continued publishing his works, mostly in the alternative journal *Perspektive*. When the journal was forced to close down by the Communist regime, Šeligo entered a "creative strike", refusing to publish any of his works for two years. In the late 1960s, he started collaborating the renowned literary theorists and philosopher Dušan Pirjevec Ahac.

In the 1987, Šeligo was elected as president of the Slovene Writers' Association. In a period of social and political ferment, Šeligo used his position to transform the association in an open platform of public debate, promoting the values of pluralism and democracy. In 1989, he was among the founding members of the Slovenian Democratic Union. In the first free elections in Slovenia in 1990, he was elected to the Slovenian Parliament. Between 1990 and 1994, he also presided the Advisiory Board of the Slovenian Radio and Television Broadcast. In 1994, he joined the Slovenian Social Democratic Party. Between June and November 2000, he served as Minister for Culture in the short lived centre-right government of Andrej Bajuk. During this short period, he compiled the so-called "National Program for Culture", an integrative document on the aims of cultural policy in Slovenia, which became the basis for the cultural policies of all later Slovenian governments. In 2001, he became a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

He died in Ljubljana and was buried in the Žale cemetery.

## Work

In the 1950s, Šeligo was among those who brought radical avantgardist innovations to the Slovenian literature. His short novel "The Triptych of Agata Schwarzkobler" (*Triptih Agate Schwarzkobler*), published in 1968, is considered the first example of reism in Slovene literature. His early novels were under the influence of the French Nouveau roman, and were characterized by thick descriptions and anti-psychologic attitude.

## InfoBox

| Rudi Šeligo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1935-05-14)14 May 1935
Sušak, Rijeka, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now in Croatia) |
| Died | 22 January 2004(2004-01-22) (aged 68)
Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| Occupation | * Writer * playwright * essayist * politician |
| Literary movement | Modernism, avant-garde, magical realism, existentialism |


title: Rudiano

abstract: Rudiano is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

text:
# Rudiano

**Rudiano** (Brescian: *Rudià*) is a *comune* in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

## InfoBox

| Rudiano *Rudià* | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Rudiano | |
| Location of Rudiano | |
| RudianoLocation of Rudiano in ItalyRudianoRudiano (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°29′N 9°53′E / 45.483°N 9.883°E / 45.483; 9.883 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Brescia (BS) |
| *Frazioni* | Calcio (BG), Chiari, Pumenengo (BG), Roccafranca, Urago d'Oglio |
| Area | |
| Total | 9 km2 (3 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 117 m (384 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,917 |
| Density | 660/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Rudianesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 25030 |
| Dialing code | 030 |
| ISTAT code | 017167 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Bottoms Up (Brantley Gilbert song)

abstract: "Bottoms Up" is a song recorded by American country rock singer Brantley Gilbert. It is the first single from his third studio album Just as I Am, and was released on December 16, 2013. The song was written by Gilbert, Justin Weaver and Brett James. A remix featuring Atlanta-based rapper T.I., was included on the reissue of Just as I Am.

text:
# Bottoms Up (Brantley Gilbert song)

"**Bottoms Up**" is a song recorded by American country rock singer Brantley Gilbert. It is the first single from his third studio album *Just as I Am*, and was released on December 16, 2013. The song was written by Gilbert, Justin Weaver and Brett James. A remix featuring Atlanta-based rapper T.I., was included on the reissue of *Just as I Am*.

## Content

The song is a mid-tempo song with country rock influences. The song has the male narrator addressing his lover and offering to party with her by telling her, "tonight it's bottoms up."

## Reception

### Critical

Giving it 4 out of 5 stars, Markos Papadatos of *Digital Journal* wrote that "With this new song, he has shown maturity as both a vocalist and songwriter…'Bottoms Up' seems like a fun track for him to play at his live shows that will surely get the crowd excited." Matt Bjorke of *Roughstock* rated it 3.5 out of 5, saying that "If you like the sound of the stuff from Luke Bryan, Florida Georgia Line and Thomas Rhett, you’ll certainly enjoy 'Bottoms Up.' If you wanted the more ‘edgy’ rockin’ side to Brantley, this one certainly isn’t gonna be your kind of song. It’s certainly no 'Hell on Wheels' or 'Kick It in the Sticks' but it’s also not far removed vocally from 'More Than Miles.'"

### Commercial

Released on December 16, 2013, the song premiered at the No. 1 spot at Country Digital Songs with 63,000 downloads sold. The song reached a million in sales in the U.S. by April 2014, and became the first million-selling song by Brantley Gilbert. The song was certified Platinum by RIAA on May 1, 2014. The song has sold 1,762,000 copies in the U.S. as of June 2015.

## Music video

Shane Drake directed the music video. In it, Gilbert is dressed in 1930s apparel and surrounded by flappers while smuggling illegal moonshine.

## Charts and certifications

## InfoBox

| "Bottoms Up" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Brantley Gilbert | |
| from the album  *Just as I Am* | |
| Released | December 16, 2013 (2013-12-16) |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | Country rock |
| Length | 3:42 |
| Label | Valory |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Dann Huff |
| Brantley Gilbert singles chronology | |
| "More Than Miles"
(2012) "**Bottoms Up**"
(2013) "Small Town Throwdown"
(2014) | |


title: Russula variispora

abstract: Russula variispora is a fungus in the family, Russulaceae, found in eucalypt forests in New South Wales. It was first described in 2007 by Teresa Lebel and Jennifer Tonkin.

text:
# Russula variispora

***Russula variispora*** is a fungus in the family, Russulaceae, found in eucalypt forests in New South Wales.

It was first described in 2007 by Teresa Lebel and Jennifer Tonkin.

## InfoBox

| *Russula variispora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Russulaceae |
| Genus: | *Russula* |
| Species: | ***R. variispora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Russula variispora***<br>T.Lebel | |
|


title: Rupčine

abstract: Rupčine is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of

text:
# Rupčine

**Rupčine** (Serbian Cyrillic: Рупчине) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of

## Location

Rupčine is actually the southwesternmost part of the Žarkovo neighborhood, bordered by Bele Vode to the north, Cerak Vinogradi (that is, *Ibarska Magistrala* road) to the east, and the *Vodovodska Street* and Makiš to the west. On the south, Rupčine borders with the open fields of *Stari Lanci* and *Novi Lanci*, which stretch all the way to Železnik.

## Characteristics

Quite contrary to its eastern bordering neighborhood, Cerak Vinogradi, Rupčine is not built according to urban plans and is highly unattractive in either urban, visual or sense of communal order. Atop of all that, it has quite unattractive name too (rupčine, Serbian for *big holes*).

Neighborhood had an estimated 7,000 inhabitants in March 2022.

## Sub-neighborhoods

**Makiške Terase**

By the 2020s, some parts of the neighborhood acquired more favorable names. Northern half, directly descending from Bele Vode, was named Makiške Terase ("Makiš Terraces"). It starts at the Momčila Čedića Street, where the sign with the new name of the neighborhood was placed. Border with the southern half of Rupčine is the Časlava Veljića Street, where a new, local post office "Makiške Terase" was opened in March 2022.

Sometimes, the name is used for the entire Rupčine neighborhood.

**Savska Terasa**

Southern section of Rupčine, in the direction of Železnik, became known as Savska Terasa ("Sava Terrace"). The foundations for the new The Church of Synaxis of the Saint John the Baptist, in the Đure Gavele Street, were consecrated on 16 April 2017 by the Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Irinej. The lot was donated by the local resident Mrs. Borika Nikolić. Church was designed by architect Ljubica Bošnjak, and was to be completed by the end of 2023. It was finished and consecrated by the Patriarch Porfirije on 8 October 2023.

44°44′35″N 20°23′47″E / 44.74306°N 20.39639°E / 44.74306; 20.39639

## InfoBox

| Rupčine Рупчине | |
| --- | --- |
| urban neighborhood | |
| RupčineLocation within Belgrade | |
| Coordinates: 44°44′35″N 20°23′47″E / 44.74306°N 20.39639°E / 44.74306; 20.39639 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | City of Belgrade |
| Municipality | Čukarica |
| Local community | Žarkovo (part of) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 7,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| ZIP code | 11031 |


title: Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood

abstract: Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood, is a British author of some forty books on Islam and other subjects.

text:
# Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood

**Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood,** (born **Rosalyn Rushbrook** in 1942, later **Rosalyn Kendrick**) is a British author of some forty books on Islam and other subjects.

## Biography

Maqsood was born in London in 1942. She graduated from the University of Hull in 1963 with an honours degree in Christian Theology, and gained a DipEd in 1964. Maqsood was a convert to Islam from Christianity in 1986. She taught religious studies in the United Kingdom for more than thirty years. Prior to her retirement in 1996, she had been head of religious education at a Hull secondary school.

She has written more than forty books on religious topics. Under her first married name Rosalyn Kendrick, she wrote several books about aspects of Christian theology. From 1992, she published a large body of writing to introduce Islam to English speaking people. Her book for children, *Islamic Mosques* (2005), includes information about mosques and how to pronounce Islamic terms. *Need to Know?: Islam* (2008) was considered a contemporary "*Tablīgh*" by *Insights*.

## Bibliography

| Title | Year | Publisher | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Does God Have a Body? and Other Questions* | 1977 | SCM Press, London | as Rosalyn Kendrick |
| *Jesus of Nazareth: Plays for the Classroom* | 1979 | Edward Arnold, London | as Rosalyn Kendrick |
| *Setting the Foundations: A Guide to the Study of the Life and Teaching of Jesus Christ as Presented in the First Three Gospels* | 1983 | Hulton Educational, Amersham | as Rosalyn Kendrick |
| *The Trouble with God: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion* | 1983 | H.E. Walter, Worthing, West Sussex |  |
| *In the Steps of Jesus: Insights Into the Life and World of Christ* | 1985 | Hulton Educational, Amersham | as Rosalyn Kendrick |
| *Examining Religions: Moral Issues in Six Religions*, ed. W. Owen Cole | 1991 | Heinemann, Oxford | as Rosalyn Kendrick |
| *The Separated Ones: Jesus, the Pharisees, and Islam* | 1991 | SCM Press, London |  |
| *Where Did I Go Wrong?* | 1992 | St. Paul Publications | as Rosalyn Rushbrook |
| *Sacred Texts: The Qur'an* | 1993 | Heinemann, Oxford |  |
| *Petra: A Traveller's Guide* | 1994 | Garnet Press, Reading |  |
| *For Heaven's Sake* | 1994 | Ta-Ha Publications, London |  |
| *Thinking about God* | 1994 | American Trust Publications, Plainfield, Indiana |  |
| *Living with Teenagers: A Guide for Muslim Parents* | 1995 | Ta-Ha Publications, London |  |
| *The Story at I'd* | 1995 | Heinemann Educational, Oxford |  |
| *Life Beyond Death: Christian Response to Bereavement* | 1995 | Canterbury Press, Norwich | as Rosalyn Kendrick |
| *The Muslim Marriage Guide* | 1995 | Quilliam Press, London |  |
| *Islam: A Dictionary* | 1996 |  |  |
| *The Beautiful Commands of Allah* | 1997 | Goodword Books, New Delhi |  |
| *Bride of the Nile* | 1998 | Wolfhound Press | YA fiction |
| *The Muslim Prayer Encyclopaedia: A Complete Guide to Prayers as Taught by the Prophet Muhammad* | 1998 | Goodword Books, New Delhi |  |
| *After Death, Life: Thoughts to Alleviate the Grief of All Muslims Facing Death and Bereavement* | 1998 | Goodword Books, New Delhi |  |
| *Living Islam: Treading the Path of the Ideal* | 1998 | Goodword Books, New Delhi |  |
| *A Basic Dictionary of Islam* | 1998 | Goodword Books, New Delhi |  |
| *The Beautiful Promises of Allah* | 1998 | Goodword Books, New Delhi |  |
| *The Beloved Prophet* | 1999 | Able Publishing, Knebworth |  |
| *The Problem of Evil* | 2000 | Adam Publishers, Delhi |  |
| *The Sign of the Gnat* | 2000 | Adam Publishers, Delhi |  |
| *The Mysteries of Jesus: A Muslim Study of the Origins and Doctrines of the Christian Church* | 2000 | Sakina Books, Oxford |  |
| *GCSE Islam - the Do-it-Yourself Guide* | 2001 | Goodword Books, New Delhi; IPCI, Birmingham |  |
| *What Every Christian Should Know about Islam* | 2002 | Islamic Foundation, Leicester |  |
| *Islamic Mosques* | 2005 | Raintree, Oxford |  |
| *Teach Yourself Islam* | 1994; 3rd ed. 2006 | Hodder and Stoughton, London |  |
| *Islam - An Introduction: Teach Yourself* | 2010 |  |  |
| *Islam Made Simple: Flash* | 2011 |  |  |
| *Islam (Collins Need to Know?)* | 2012 | HarperCollins, London |  |


title: Rudlin Torah Academy

abstract: Rudlin Torah Academy, founded as the Richmond Hebrew Day School, is a coeducational Jewish private day school located in Richmond, Virginia, serving students from kindergarten to eighth grade. The school is a member of the Virginia Association of Independent Schools. It has round about 100 students studying there each year.

text:
# Rudlin Torah Academy

**Rudlin Torah Academy**, founded as the **Richmond Hebrew Day School**, is a coeducational Jewish private day school located in Richmond, Virginia, serving students from kindergarten to eighth grade. The school is a member of the Virginia Association of Independent Schools.

It has round about 100 students studying there each year.

## History

In September 1966, the Richmond Hebrew Day School was opened at the Jewish Academy of Richmond, making it the first Jewish school in the area. The school was independent of the academy and had its own board of directors. The first intake of students saw seven first graders and three kindergarten students attend.

In September 1969, the school moved from the Jewish Academy and began teaching classes at a local Jewish community center. In January 1974, the school moved into a new $275,000 building.

In 1979, the school was renamed the Joseph and Fannie Rudlin Torah Academy following a financial endowment from the couple.

37°33′52″N 77°29′13″W / 37.564389°N 77.486885°W / 37.564389; -77.486885


title: Rumex palustris

abstract: Rumex palustris, or marsh dock, is a plant species of the genus Rumex, found in Europe. The species is a dicot belonging to the family Polygonaceae. The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" which indicates its common habitat.

text:
# Rumex palustris

***Rumex palustris***, or **marsh dock**, is a plant species of the genus *Rumex*, found in Europe. The species is a dicot belonging to the family Polygonaceae. The species epithet *palustris* is Latin for "of the marsh" which indicates its common habitat.

## Description

*Rumex palustris* is an herb that can be perennial, biennial, or annual. The stem is upwardly inclined and bears sparse hairy protuberances. The stem is less than one meter tall. The branch attachment is alternate. The basal leaves are lanceolate; they are broader in the middle and taper to a pointed end. The cauline leaves are also lanceolate. The inflorescence consists of whorls with reddish-brown flowers. The root is wider at the middle and tapers towards the end.

This species' diploid number is 60.

## Taxonomy

The species name was first mentioned by Leonard Plukenet, based on a collection made by Isaac Rand. The authority of the accepted description, *Rumex palustris*, was James Edward Smith, in Fl. Brit. volume 1, on page 394 in 1800.

### Subspecies

* *Rumex palustris uliginosus*
* *Rumex palustris maritimus*

## Habitat and distribution

*Rumex palustris* can be found in wetlands such as moist meadows, marshes, lake shores and the shallow edges of streams. It is native to Europe and is concentrated in the Southeastern and Middle parts of the continent. The species was also introduced to America; it now grows in California and New Jersey.

## Uses

*Rumex palustris* is used as a model organism for research. Most studies involve flood-resistance in *Rumex palustris* due to its unique mechanism to elongate in an effort to outgrow submergence. When flooded, *Rumex palustris* is able to elongate its petioles in order to emerge from the surface of the water. This mechanism is a beneficial adaptation for *Rumex palustris* to survive its wetland habitat and is being studied for research on plant stress resistance.

## InfoBox

| *Rumex palustris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | *Rumex* |
| Species: | ***R. palustris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rumex palustris***<br>Sm. | |
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title: Rumex maritimus

abstract: Rumex maritimus, commonly called golden dock, bristle dock, or seashore dock, is an annual plant species of the genus Rumex. Rumex D maritimus grows in Argentina, Burma, Canada, China, and the United States. It is native to Canada and most of the 48 states. The life span of Rumex maritimus is rarely biennial in moist environments. This herb belongs to the family Polygonaceae.

text:
# Rumex maritimus

***Rumex maritimus***, commonly called **golden dock**, **bristle dock**, or **seashore dock**, is an annual plant species of the genus *Rumex*. *Rumex D maritimus* grows in Argentina, Burma, Canada, China, and the United States. It is native to Canada and most of the 48 states. The life span of *Rumex maritimus* is rarely biennial in moist environments. This herb belongs to the family Polygonaceae.

## Description

*Rumex maritimus* is composed of golden yellow or green/yellow inflorescences on its leaves and stem. The plant ranges to be 15 cm to 75 cm high from the base of the plant. The stems of the plant grows upward or laying close to the ground with pedicels as long as 3 to 8 cm. The leaves are wedged shaped, commonly narrow on both ends, but are rarely broadly wedded shaped. Its leaves range from 7 cm wide and 1.5 cm in height to 25 cm wide and 4 cm in height long containing blades that are lanceolate or lanceolate-linear. The flower of *Rumex maritimus* produces 15 to 30 triangular or rhombic triangular flowers ranging from 2.5 mm wide and .75 mm tall and 3mm wide to 1.2 mm tall.

## Distribution and habitat

*Rumex maritimus* is very rare in Ireland but has been recorded from County Cork, Ireland, from about 1870. In Britain it is noted as local. According to the U.S. federal government the Connecticut 'seaside dock' is in special concern for endangerment and in New York 'golden dock' is endangered. Also according to the U.S. federal government *Rumex* is classified as a noxious weed. *Rumex maritimus* frequently grow in areas that flood with water. Shoots that are elongated are grown during mid summer or summer, while shoots that are not elongated reproduce during its flooding season because the water transports its seeds.

## Uses

Most organs in *Rumex maritimus* are used for medical purposes. The seeds are used as sex stimulants, aphrodisiac. The leaves are used to cure external burns and ringworm. The roots of *Rumex maritimus* are used to cure skin diseases. *Rumex maritimus* is used for foods; for example, seeds are ground into powder and are used for porridge. The leaves are cooked as a vegetable.

## InfoBox

| *Rumex maritimus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | *Rumex* |
| Species: | ***R. maritimus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rumex maritimus***<br>L. | |
|