title: EuroBasket Women 2019 squads

text:
# EuroBasket Women 2019 squads

This article displays the rosters for the teams competing at the EuroBasket Women 2019. Each team had to submit 12 players.

## Group A

### Great Britain

A 17-player squad was announced on 18 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 19 June 2019.

| Great Britain women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  4 Georgia Jones 29 – (1990-04-03)3 April 1990 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Manchester Mystics   PG 6 Stef Collins 36 – (1982-12-30)30 December 1982 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Rhondda Rebels   7 Rachael Vanderwal 36 – (1983-06-27)27 June 1983 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) Gernika KESB   SF 8 Chantelle Handy 32 – (1987-06-16)16 June 1987 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Arka Gdynia   9 Hannah Shaw 28 – (1990-09-22)22 September 1990 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) AD Cortegada   11 Mollie Campbell 24 – (1995-02-28)28 February 1995 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) Leicester Riders   SG 13 Johannah Leedham 31 – (1987-12-05)5 December 1987 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) CCC Polkowice   14 Janice Monakana 23 – (1995-08-06)6 August 1995 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) Sevenoaks Suns   15 Temi Fagbenle 26 – (1992-09-08)8 September 1992 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) CCC Polkowice   25 Cheridene Green 23 – (1995-09-19)19 September 1995 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) Tennessee Lady Volunteers   41 Eilidh Simpson 26 – (1992-09-11)11 September 1992 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) CSL Dijon   SG 44 Karlie Samuelson 24 – (1995-05-10)10 May 1995 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) BC Castors Braine | Head coach Assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Latvia

A 16-player squad was announced on 16 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 22 June 2019.

| Latvia women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  SF 4 Paula Strautmane 22 – (1997-03-23)23 March 1997 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Quinnipiac Bobcats   6 Laura Ikstena 29 – (1990-05-27)27 May 1990 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) MKK Siedlce   PG 7 Elīna Dikaioulaku 30 – (1989-04-24)24 April 1989 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Ślęza Wrocław   PF 10 Karlīne Pilābere 28 – (1990-11-16)16 November 1990 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) TTT Riga   13 Aija Brumermane 32 – (1986-10-17)17 October 1986 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) TTT Riga   14 Luīze Šepte 19 – (1999-10-08)8 October 1999 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) South Florida Bulls   SG 15 Ieva Pulvere 28 – (1990-07-22)22 July 1990 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) TTT Riga   PG 16 Ilze Jākobsone 25 – (1994-04-19)19 April 1994 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) USC Freiburg   22 Zenta Meļņika 27 – (1991-09-06)6 September 1991 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) Lupe San Martino   PF 28 Kristīne Vītola 28 – (1991-06-02)2 June 1991 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) TTT Riga   SF 35 Kate Krēsliņa 23 – (1996-04-14)14 April 1996 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) TTT Riga   PF 45 Digna Strautmane 20 – (1998-09-18)18 September 1998 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Syracuse Orange | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Spain

The squad was announced on 17 June 2019.

| Spain women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| }   Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  3 Andrea Vilaró 26 – (1993-05-09)9 May 1993 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) Cadí La Seu   PF 4 Laura Nicholls 30 – (1989-02-26)26 February 1989 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Nadezhda Orenburg   PG 5 Cristina Ouviña 28 – (1990-09-18)18 September 1990 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Tango Bourges Basket   6 Sílvia Domínguez 32 – (1987-01-31)31 January 1987 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) Perfumerías Avenida   PG 9 Laia Palau 39 – (1979-09-10)10 September 1979 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Spar CityLift Girona   PG 10 Marta Xargay 28 – (1990-12-20)20 December 1990 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Dynamo Kursk   PF 13 Tamara Abalde 30 – (1989-02-09)9 February 1989 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) Valencia Basket   PG 15 Anna Cruz 32 – (1986-10-27)27 October 1986 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Dynamo Kursk   17 María Pina 31 – (1987-08-08)8 August 1987 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) Valencia Basket   SF 18 Queralt Casas 26 – (1992-11-18)18 November 1992 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Sopron Basket   24 Laura Gil 27 – (1992-04-24)24 April 1992 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Perfumerías Avenida   45 Astou Ndour 24 – (1994-08-23)23 August 1994 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) Chicago Sky | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Ukraine

A 19-player squad was announced on 5 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 24 June 2019.

| Ukraine women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  SF 5 Viktoriya Kondus 22 – (1997-03-11)11 March 1997 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Kyiv-Basket   SG 7 Vladyslava Voloshyna 1,819 – (200-03-06)6 March 200 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)    SG 8 Vita Horobets 23 – (1996-04-06)6 April 1996 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) BC Namur-Capitale   SF 9 Alexandra Radulović 33 – (1986-04-04)4 April 1986 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)    PF 11 Miriam Uro-Nile 24 – (1994-10-21)21 October 1994 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) Energa Toruń   12 Olga Yatskovets 21 – (1997-10-16)16 October 1997 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) MBK Ružomberok   PF 13 Olesia Malashenko 28 – (1991-02-21)21 February 1991 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) BC Castors Braine   PF 19 Taisiia Udodenko 30 – (1989-05-07)7 May 1989 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Ślęza Wrocław   SF 23 Alina Iagupova 27 – (1992-02-09)9 February 1992 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) Çukurova Basketbol   31 Anna Olkhovyk 32 – (1987-06-18)18 June 1987 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)    SF 32 Liudmyla Naumenko 25 – (1993-06-30)30 June 1993 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Çukurova Basketbol   PG 88 Arina Bilotserkivska 29 – (1989-12-03)3 December 1989 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Ostrów Wielkopolski | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

## Group B

### Czech Republic

A 17-player squad was announced on 6 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 19 June 2019.

| Czech Republic women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  SG 0 Renáta Březinová 29 – (1990-01-06)6 January 1990 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Energa Toruń   3 Kamila Štěpánová 30 – (1988-12-03)3 December 1988 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) Bretagne Basket   SG 5 Romana Hejdová 31 – (1988-05-09)9 May 1988 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Basket Landes   SF 6 Karolína Elhotová 27 – (1992-01-07)7 January 1992 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) USK Praha   SG 8 Veronika Voráčková 20 – (1999-06-21)21 June 1999 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) USK Praha   PG 9 Lenka Bartáková 28 – (1991-05-17)17 May 1991 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) KP Brno   SF 10 Beáta Adamcová 26 – (1993-01-13)13 January 1993 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) BK Žabiny Brno   SF 11 Kateřina Elhotová 29 – (1989-10-14)14 October 1989 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) USK Praha   PG 12 Tereza Vyoralová 25 – (1994-01-16)16 January 1994 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) USK Praha   PF 14 Tereza Krakovičová 31 – (1987-07-10)10 July 1987 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Basketball Nymburk   SG 15 Renata Pudláková 27 – (1992-03-18)18 March 1992 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Rutronik Stars Keltern   PF 18 Klára Vojtíková 25 – (1994-06-16)16 June 1994 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) BC Hradec Králové | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### France

The squad was announced on 16 June 2019.

| France women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  PG 0 Olivia Époupa 25 – (1994-04-30)30 April 1994 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in) Beşiktaş   SG 3 Ornella Bankole 21 – (1997-09-17)17 September 1997 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) Basket Lattes   PG 4 Marine Fauthoux 18 – (2001-01-23)23 January 2001 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) Tarbes GB   PF 5 Endéné Miyem 31 – (1988-05-15)15 May 1988 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Basket Lattes   PF 6 Alexia Chartereau 20 – (1998-09-05)5 September 1998 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Bourges   7 Sandrine Gruda 32 – (1987-06-25)25 June 1987 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) PF Schio   SF 11 Valériane Ayayi 25 – (1994-04-29)29 April 1994 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) USK Praha   12 Iliana Rupert 17 – (2001-07-12)12 July 2001 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) Bourges   SG 14 Bria Hartley 26 – (1992-09-30)30 September 1992 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) Fenerbahçe   SG 17 Marine Johannès 24 – (1995-01-21)21 January 1995 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Bourges   21 Marième Badiane 24 – (1994-11-24)24 November 1994 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) ASVEL   88 Sara Chevaugeon 26 – (1993-02-12)12 February 1993 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Flammes Carolo | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Montenegro

A 21-player squad was announced on 3 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 24 June 2019.

| Montenegro women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  5 Jovana Pašić 27 – (1992-05-12)12 May 1992 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) ACS Sepsi SIC   SG 6 Jelena Vučetić 25 – (1993-09-14)14 September 1993 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica   7 Nataša Popović 37 – (1982-04-14)14 April 1982 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) SIG Basket   SG 8 Dragana Živković 18 – (2001-01-23)23 January 2001 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica   PG 9 Snežana Aleksić 30 – (1989-01-14)14 January 1989 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) BC Beroe   PG 11 Božica Mujović 23 – (1996-01-07)7 January 1996 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) CB Al-Qázeres   12 Milena Jakšić 20 – (1998-12-27)27 December 1998 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica   PF 13 Bojana Kovačević 22 – (1996-10-16)16 October 1996 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) CBF Sant Adrià   14 Milica Jovanović 29 – (1989-08-14)14 August 1989 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) CBF Sant Adrià   19 Violeta Lazarević 22 – (1997-06-13)13 June 1997 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica   PF 23 Irena Matović 31 – (1988-05-23)23 May 1988 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) CDB Clarinos   25 Glory Johnson 28 – (1990-07-27)27 July 1990 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) Hatay BB | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Sweden

The squad was announced on 16 June 2019.

| Sweden women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  PF 1 Farhiya Abdi 27 – (1992-05-31)31 May 1992 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Galatasaray   5 Kalis Loyd 30 – (1989-04-05)5 April 1989 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) Flammes Carolo   SG 6 Frida Eldebrink 31 – (1988-01-04)4 January 1988 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) KSC Szekszárd   PG 7 Klara Lundquist 19 – (1999-08-28)28 August 1999 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Telge Basket   8 Ellen Nyström 25 – (1993-09-15)15 September 1993 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) IDK Gipuzkoa   9 Elin Eldebrink 31 – (1988-01-04)4 January 1988 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) CB Avenida   10 Danielle Hamilton-Carter 29 – (1990-01-23)23 January 1990 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) Ceglédi EKK   PF 11 Regan Magarity 23 – (1996-04-30)30 April 1996 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Hatay BB   13 Binta Drammeh 27 – (1992-05-21)21 May 1992 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) Le Mura Lucca   14 Louice Halvarsson 30 – (1989-01-15)15 January 1989 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) Wetterbygden Sparks   15 Josefin Vesterberg 25 – (1993-11-02)2 November 1993 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Umeå BBK   PF 17 Amanda Zahui B. 25 – (1993-09-08)8 September 1993 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) New York Liberty | Head coach Assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

## Group C

### Hungary

A 18-player squad was announced on 25 April 2019. The final squad was revealed on 23 June 2019.

| Hungary women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club  SG 1 Petra Pusztai 20 – (1999-04-27)27 April 1999 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Diósgyőri VTK   2 Virág Kiss 21 – (1998-04-12)12 April 1998 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) KSC Szekszárd   SF 4 Debora Dubei 22 – (1997-01-04)4 January 1997 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) Uniqa Sopron   SF 5 Krisztina Raksányi 27 – (1991-09-26)26 September 1991 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) UNI Győr   9 Ágnes Studer 20 – (1998-09-10)10 September 1998 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) KSC Szekszárd   SF 10 Zsófia Varga 30 – (1989-01-15)15 January 1989 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) UNI Győr   11 Dóra Horti 32 – (1987-04-25)25 April 1987 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) ZTE Kosárlabda   SG 18 Réka Lelik 20 – (1999-04-14)14 April 1999 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) NKE-Csata   PG 22 Yvonne Turner 31 – (1987-10-13)13 October 1987 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Uniqa Sopron   PG 23 Bernadett Horváth 22 – (1996-08-27)27 August 1996 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) NKE-Csata   44 Bernadett Határ 24 – (1994-08-24)24 August 1994 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) Uniqa Sopron   PF 51 Dorina Zele 27 – (1992-02-13)13 February 1992 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Diósgyőri VTK | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Italy

A 17-player squad was announced on 15 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 24 June 2019.

| Italy women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  PG 0 Caterina Dotto 26 – (1993-03-17)17 March 1993 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) GS San Martino   PG 3 Nicole Romeo 29 – (1989-08-29)29 August 1989 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in) Virtus Eirene Ragusa   7 Giorgia Sottana 30 – (1988-12-15)15 December 1988 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Fenerbahçe   SF 9 Cecilia Zandalasini 23 – (1996-03-16)16 March 1996 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Fenerbahçe   PG 10 Francesca Dotto 26 – (1993-03-17)17 March 1993 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) PF Schio   SF 13 Valeria De Pretto 27 – (1991-11-16)16 November 1991 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Reyer Venezia   14 Martina Crippa 30 – (1989-03-31)31 March 1989 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) PF Schio   19 Lorela Cubaj 20 – (1999-01-08)8 January 1999 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets   20 Elisa Ercoli 23 – (1995-12-26)26 December 1995 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Geas Basket   PG 23 Sabrina Cinili 30 – (1989-04-22)22 April 1989 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) Virtus Eirene Ragusa   33 Olbis Futo Andrè 20 – (1998-12-25)25 December 1998 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) PF Schio   41 Elisa Penna 23 – (1995-11-13)13 November 1995 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) Wake Forest Demon Deacons | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Slovenia

The squad was announced on 17 June 2019.

| Slovenia women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| }   Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  PG 2 Aleksandra Krošelj 20 – (1999-02-25)25 February 1999 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) ŽKK Celje   SG 3 Teja Oblak 28 – (1990-12-20)20 December 1990 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) USK Praha   6 Annamaria Prezelj 21 – (1997-07-30)30 July 1997 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Gorzów Wielkopolski   PF 7 Maruša Seničar 22 – (1997-05-05)5 May 1997 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) ŽKK Celje   8 Teja Goršič 19 – (1999-07-07)7 July 1999 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) BAM Propad   PG 9 Nika Barič 26 – (1992-09-02)2 September 1992 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) UMMC Ekaterinburg   10 Tina Jakovina 26 – (1992-08-11)11 August 1992 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) TSV 1880 Wasserburg   SG 11 Eva Rupnik 26 – (1992-10-18)18 October 1992 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) Eintracht Braunschweig   12 Eva Lisec 24 – (1995-06-17)17 June 1995 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) PF Schio   PG 13 Zala Friškovec 19 – (1999-10-10)10 October 1999 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) ŽKK Celje   30 Shante Evans 27 – (1991-07-08)8 July 1991 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Artego Bydgoszcz   PF 88 Merisa Dautović 19 – (1999-12-22)22 December 1999 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) ŽKD Maribor | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Turkey

A 21-player squad was announced on 9 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 25 June 2019.

| Turkey women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club  PG 0 Asena Yalçın 28 – (1991-04-04)4 April 1991 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in) Mersin BSB   PG 1 Pelin Bilgiç 24 – (1994-07-15)15 July 1994 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Çukurova Basketbol   SG 3 Ayşe Cora 26 – (1993-03-03)3 March 1993 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Fenerbahçe   PG 4 Olcay Çakır 25 – (1993-07-13)13 July 1993 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) Botaş SK   SF 7 Cansu Köksal 25 – (1994-04-28)28 April 1994 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Hatay BB   SF 9 Bahar Çağlar 30 – (1988-09-28)28 September 1988 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Beşiktaş   PG 10 Işıl Alben 33 – (1986-02-22)22 February 1986 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Galatasaray   PF 12 Tuğçe Canıtez 28 – (1990-11-10)10 November 1990 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Fenerbahçe   PF 15 Tilbe Şenyürek 24 – (1995-04-26)26 April 1995 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) Fenerbahçe   24 İnci Güçlü 20 – (1999-02-26)26 February 1999 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) Galatasaray   33 Esra Ural Topuz 27 – (1991-08-18)18 August 1991 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) Fenerbahçe   41 Kiah Stokes 26 – (1993-03-30)30 March 1993 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Fenerbahçe | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

## Group D

### Belarus

A 16-player squad was announced on 11 May 2019.

| Belarus women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  PG 5 Aliaksandra Tarasava 31 – (1988-06-23)23 June 1988 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) TKH Basketball   6 Katsiaryna Snytsina 33 – (1985-09-02)2 September 1985 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Hatay BB   SF 7 Yuliya Rytsikava 32 – (1986-09-08)8 September 1986 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Gorzów Wielkopolski   SG 8 Tatsiana Likhtarovich 31 – (1988-03-29)29 March 1988 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Sokol Králové   PG 9 Volha Ziuzkova 36 – (1983-06-14)14 June 1983 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) Horizont Minsk   PF 10 Anastasiya Verameyenka 31 – (1987-07-10)10 July 1987 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) Fenerbahçe   SF 12 Aryna Masko 20 – (1999-02-01)1 February 1999 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Olimpia Grodno   PF 13 Maryia Papova 25 – (1994-06-13)13 June 1994 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Arka Gdynia   PF 18 Hanna Brych 22 – (1997-03-08)8 March 1997 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) Dynamo Moscow   PG 20 Alex Bentley 28 – (1990-10-27)27 October 1990 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Elitzur Holon   21 Viktoryia Hasper 31 – (1988-01-09)9 January 1988 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) BC Tsmoki-Minsk   SF 23 Yanina Inkina 21 – (1997-10-16)16 October 1997 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) Little Rock Trojans | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Belgium

The squad was announced on 17 June 2019.

| Belgium women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  SG 5 Kim Mestdagh 29 – (1990-03-12)12 March 1990 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) Çukurova Basketbol   SF 6 Antonia Delaere 24 – (1994-08-01)1 August 1994 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Castors Braine   9 Marjorie Carpréaux 31 – (1987-09-17)17 September 1987 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) Mechelen   PF 11 Emma Meesseman 26 – (1993-05-13)13 May 1993 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) UMMC Ekaterinburg   12 Ann Wauters 38 – (1980-10-12)12 October 1980 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)    13 Kyara Linskens 22 – (1996-11-13)13 November 1996 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) Gorzów Wielkopolski   22 Hanne Mestdagh 26 – (1993-04-19)19 April 1993 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Namur-Capitale   23 Serena-Lynn Geldof 22 – (1997-03-02)2 March 1997 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) Namur-Capitale   32 Heleen Nauwelaers 23 – (1996-03-14)14 March 1996 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) CB Bembibre   PG 35 Julie Vanloo 26 – (1993-02-10)10 February 1993 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) PEAC-Pécs   PF 42 Jana Raman 28 – (1991-02-15)15 February 1991 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) CB Benimaclet   PG 55 Julie Allemand 22 – (1996-07-07)7 July 1996 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) ASVEL | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Russia

The final squad was announced on 24 June 2019.

| Russia women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  SF 4 Raisa Musina 21 – (1998-03-31)31 March 1998 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) UMMC Ekaterinburg   SF 5 Evgeniya Belyakova 33 – (1986-06-27)27 June 1986 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) UMMC Ekaterinburg   7 Maria Vadeeva 20 – (1998-07-16)16 July 1998 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) UMMC Ekaterinburg   PG 8 Ekaterina Fedorenkova 25 – (1993-08-12)12 August 1993 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Nadezhda Orenburg   SF 10 Anastasia Shilova 28 – (1991-01-10)10 January 1991 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) Nadezhda Orenburg   PF 11 Anastasia Logunova 28 – (1990-07-20)20 July 1990 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) MBA Moscow   15 Natalia Vieru 29 – (1989-07-25)25 July 1989 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) UMMC Ekaterinburg   PG 17 Elena Beglova 31 – (1987-09-01)1 September 1987 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) UMMC Ekaterinburg   SG 18 Anna Leshkovtseva 32 – (1987-04-27)27 April 1987 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) MBA Moscow   SF 23 Iuliia Gladkova 25 – (1994-01-17)17 January 1994 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) CB Bembibre   PF 32 Zhosselina Maiga 23 – (1996-04-30)30 April 1996 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) Nadezhda Orenburg   PG 99 Kseniia Levchenko 23 – (1996-03-29)29 March 1996 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) WBC Enisey | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |

### Serbia

A 19-player squad was announced on 15 May 2019.

| Serbia women's national basketball team roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr.  PG 3 Maja Miljković 31 – (1988-04-11)11 April 1988 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) BC Castors Braine   SF 5 Sonja Petrović 30 – (1989-02-18)18 February 1989 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) Dynamo Kursk   SG 6 Saša Čađo 29 – (1989-07-13)13 July 1989 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Mersin BSB   SG 8 Nevena Jovanović 28 – (1990-06-30)30 June 1990 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) Budapest   PF 9 Jelena Brooks 30 – (1989-04-28)28 April 1989 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Uniqa Sopron   10 Dajana Butulija 33 – (1986-02-23)23 February 1986 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Lublin   PF 11 Aleksandra Crvendakić 23 – (1996-03-17)17 March 1996 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Uniqa Sopron   13 Nikolina Milić 25 – (1994-04-12)12 April 1994 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) Gernika   14 Dragana Stanković 24 – (1995-01-18)18 January 1995 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) Bydgoszcz   PG 20 Aleksandra Stanaćev 24 – (1994-09-25)25 September 1994 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) CD Zamarat   SG 23 Ana Dabović 29 – (1989-08-18)18 August 1989 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) Tango Bourges Basket   PF 24 Maja Škorić 29 – (1989-10-11)11 October 1989 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) Miskolc | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Legend* **Club** – describes last
club before the tournament * **Age** – describes age
on 27 June 2019 |


title: Campamento Albanta

abstract: Campamento Albanta is a Spanish supernatural thriller streaming television series, starring Kimberley Tell, Pol Monen and Eva Llorach, among others. It was released in 2020 on Atresplayer Premium.

text:
# Campamento Albanta

***Campamento Albanta*** is a Spanish supernatural thriller streaming television series, starring Kimberley Tell, Pol Monen and Eva Llorach, among others. It was released in 2020 on Atresplayer Premium.

## Premise

The fiction, a medley of mystery, supernatural thriller, horror and science fiction, is set in a rehabilitation camp for young adults in the middle of the forest. The plot follows Olivia, who feigns a depression to enter the camp and thus discover the reasons for her brother's suicide soon after returning from a stay at the camp.

## Cast

* Kimberley Tell as Olivia, who feigns a depression to enter the camp.
* Pol Monen as Abel, suffers from a tendency to frustration.
* Lucía Martín as Carolina, incapable of taking anything seriously.
* Eva Llorach as Idalia, the founder of the camp.
* Pep Llopis as Dídac, camp instructor, Idalia's son.
* Javier Ruesga as Audrey, a non-binary character, who may know better than the rest of internees what is actually happening at the camp.
* Jorge Clemente as Marcos, the youngest intern at the camp.

## Production and release

Produced by Lucky Road, the writing team was formed by Nico Frasquet and Amanda Encinas whereas Alfredo López directed the 6 episodes, featuring a running time of around 25 minutes. The series was shot in the northern hemisphere Summer of 2019 in Peguerinos, Province of Ávila.

While nominally presented under the Flooxer brand, Atresmedia rather programmed an original release on Atresplayer Premium on a two episodes per week basis, premiering on 26 July 2020 on the latter platform.

| Series | Episodes | | Originally aired | | | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired | Network ||
| 1 | 6 | | 26 July 2020 (2020-07-26) | 9 August 2020 (2020-08-09) | ATRESplayer Premium |  |

| No. | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "La montaña mágica" | 26 July 2020 (2020-07-26) |
| 2 | "Una mirada a la oscuridad" | 26 July 2020 (2020-07-26) |
| 3 | "La metamorfosis" | 2 August 2020 (2020-08-02) |
| 4 | "Los paraísos artificiales" | 2 August 2020 (2020-08-02) |
| 5 | "Confesiones de una" | 9 August 2020 (2020-08-09) |
| 6 | "El fin de la eternidad" | 9 August 2020 (2020-08-09) |

## InfoBox

| *Campamento Albanta* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre |  |
| Screenplay by | * Nico Frasquet * Amanda Encinas |
| Directed by | Alfredo López |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | Spain |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 25 min (approx.) |
| Production company | Lucky Road |
| Original release | |
| Network | Atresplayer Premium |
| Release | 26 July (2020-07-26) <br>9 August 2020 (2020-08-09) |


title: UGS Corp.

abstract: UGS was a computer software company headquartered in Plano, Texas, specializing in 3D & 2D Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) software. Its operations were amalgamated into the Siemens Digital Industries Software business unit of Siemens Industry Automation division, when Siemens completed the US$3.5 billion acquisition of UGS on May 7, 2007. UGS' flagship products were NX, a CAD/CAM/CAE commercial software suite, and Teamcenter, an integrated set of PLM and collaboration (cPD) tools. The company's portfolio also contained NX I-deas, NX Nastran, Solid Edge, Imageware, Tecnomatix, Jack, SDK, Femap, D-Cubed, JT, PLM Vis, PLM XML, and Parasolid.

text:
# UGS Corp.

**UGS** was a computer software company headquartered in Plano, Texas, specializing in 3D & 2D Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) software. Its operations were amalgamated into the Siemens Digital Industries Software business unit of Siemens Industry Automation division, when Siemens completed the US$3.5 billion acquisition of UGS on May 7, 2007.

UGS' flagship products were NX, a CAD/CAM/CAE commercial software suite, and Teamcenter, an integrated set of PLM and collaboration (cPD) tools. The company's portfolio also contained NX I-deas, NX Nastran, Solid Edge, Imageware, Tecnomatix, Jack, SDK, Femap, D-Cubed, JT, PLM Vis, PLM XML, and Parasolid.

## History

### Inception as United Computing: 1963 to 1975

The first commercial product developed by UGS was called UNIAPT. Released in 1969 by a software company then called United Computing, UNIAPT was one of the world's first end-user CAM products. United Computing was founded in 1963 above a hair salon in Torrance, California, and went on to purchase the Automated Drafting and Machining (ADAM) software code from MGS in 1973. The code became a foundation for a product called UNI-GRAPHICS, later sold commercially as Unigraphics in 1975.

### As a McDonnell Douglas company: 1976 to 1991

In 1976, United Computing was acquired by the Aerospace company McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing), who created new CAD/CAM divisions, naming one the Unigraphics Group. Finally, in 1980, Unigraphics was released, marking the group's first true 3D modeling hardware and software offering.

Already home to McDonnell Douglas, the Unigraphics Group grew in St. Louis, Missouri, which became the new headquarters.

### EDS: 1991 to 2004

In 1991, the McDonnell Douglas Systems Integration groups, including Unigraphics, were acquired by EDS (then a part of General Motors Corp., later part of HP Enterprise Services and now DXC Technology). EDS branded the acquired business as EDS Unigraphics. Eventually, in 1997 EDS set up its Unigraphics division as a wholly owned subsidiary called Unigraphics Solutions. EDS took Unigraphics Solutions public while continuing to own majority controlling shares in Unigraphics. During this time, Unigraphics acquired a few companies itself including Engineering Animation, Inc., the former Ames, Iowa-based visualization company.

In 1999 the company acquired *Applicon*, a long term player in the EDA field.

In 2001, the company was renamed to UGS. EDS repurchased all outstanding stock and acquired SDRC \- a former competitor of Unigraphics - and merged both into a single Line of Business (LOB) named EDS PLM Solutions.

### UGS Corporation: 2004 to 2007

In 2004 EDS sold off its EDS PLM Solutions business to the private equity group of Bain Capital, Silver Lake Partners, and Warburg Pincus. The company resumed operating under the UGS name following the private equity sale.

In 2005, UGS purchased Tecnomatix Technologies Ltd.

### Acquisition by Siemens: 2007

On January 24, 2007, the German electronics giant Siemens AG announced the acquisition of UGS for US$3.5 billion; and after completion of the deal, UGS became part of Siemens Automation & Drives group as the UGS PLM Software division before being renamed to Siemens Digital Industries Software.

## InfoBox

UGS Corporation
|
|  |
|
| Industry | Aerospace/Defense
Automotive and Transportation
Electronics and telecommunications
Fabrication and assembly |
| Founded | 1963, Torrance, California |
| Defunct | 2007 |
| Fate | Purchased and integrated into Siemens Industry Automation division of Siemens AG |
| Successor | Siemens Digital Industries Software |
| Headquarters | Plano, Texas |
| Key people | Tony Affuso, Chuck Grindstaff, John Graham, David Shirk |
| Products | PLM software and services — Teamcenter, NX, Tecnomatix, UGS Velocity Series |
| Number of employees | 7300 (February 2007) |
| Parent | McDonnell Douglas
(1976 - 1991)
EDS
(1991 - 2004)
UGS Corp.
(2004 - 2007)
Siemens AG
(2007 - present) |


title: Cryptogemma polystephanus

abstract: Cryptogemma polystephanus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

text:
# Cryptogemma polystephanus

***Cryptogemma polystephanus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 25 mm.

(Original description) The shell of moderate size contains six or more whorls. The protoconch is eroded. The shell is white, with a cream-colored periostracum. The spiral sculpture consists numerous fine, subequal, flattish threads with narrower interspaces, which cover the whole shell. To these are added a thickened ridge which borders the anterior margin of the suture, and on the spire a peripheral nodose keel, which is less marked on the body whorl, where it forms the shoulder.oO the penultimate whorl there are twenty of these nodules. Other axial sculpture is furnished by line, short, sharp elevated wrinkles which cross retractively the ridge adjacent to the suture, like the "gathers" of a skirt, and become obsolete on the fasciole. There are twenty-eight of these wrinkles on the margin of the penultimate whorl. The space above the shoulder is distinctly excavated, especially on the spire. Theis suture distinct and, on the earlier whorls, almost Channelled. The aperture is ovate. The anal fasciole is comprised in the nodose shoulder, not reaching the suture. The outer lip is arcuately produced forward The columella show a thin, smooth layer of enamel, obliquely attenuated distally, somewhat twisted. The siphonal canal is wide and shallow.

## Distribution

This marine species was found off San Cristobal Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, South Pacific Ocean at a depth of 1159 m.

* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.

## InfoBox

| *Cryptogemma polystephanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Cryptogemma polystephanus* (holotype at the Smithsonian Institution) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Turridae |
| Genus: | *Cryptogemma* |
| Species: | ***C. polystephanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptogemma polystephanus***<br>(Dall, 1908) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pleurotomella (Pleurotomella) polystephanus* Dall, 1908 | |


title: Sabillasville, Maryland

abstract: Sabillasville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 354. The Victor Cullen School Power House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 and the Victor Cullen Center, Old Administration Building was listed in 1990.

text:
# Sabillasville, Maryland

**Sabillasville** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 354.

The Victor Cullen School Power House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 and the Victor Cullen Center, Old Administration Building was listed in 1990.

## History

The first European settlers to arrive in the vicinity of Sabillasville were Swiss immigrants in the late-1750s. Among the earliest settlers was Peter Zollinger (or Zullinger), who owned the land on which the present-day village is located. In 1813, the village was laid out by Andrew Smith and named Sabillasville in honor of Savilla Zollinger (wife of Peter). In 1872, the Western Maryland Railroad reached Sabillasville on its line leading from Baltimore to Hagerstown and the surrounding area soon developed into a summer resort called Pen Mar (a portmanteau of Pennsylvania and Maryland).

## Geography

The town is located in the northwest corner of Frederick County at an elevation of 1,100 feet (340 m) above sea level, in the Harbaugh Valley, between South Mountain to the northwest and Wertenbaker Hill to the southeast. Route 550 passes through the town, leading northwest 2 miles (3 km) to Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, and southeast 7 miles (11 km) to Thurmont.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Sabillasville CDP has an area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 470 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## InfoBox

| Sabillasville, Maryland | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| MD 550 through Sabillasville | |
| SabillasvilleLocation in MarylandSabillasvilleSabillasville (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°41′58″N 77°27′26″W / 39.69944°N 77.45722°W / 39.69944; -77.45722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| County | Frederick |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.67 sq mi (4.33 km2) |
| Land | 1.67 sq mi (4.33 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,122 ft (342 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 470 |
| Density | 280.93/sq mi (108.49/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 21780 |
| Area code(s) | 301, 240 |
| FIPS code | 24-69200 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2629805 |


title: Sarah B. Cochran

abstract: Sarah B. Cochran was an active philanthropist and a director on multiple corporate boards in western Pennsylvania during the height of the area's coal wealth in the early 20th century. At one time, she was one of the wealthiest women on the East Coast. She was the first female trustee of Allegheny College and financed construction of Linden Hall and the Philip G. Cochran Memorial United Methodist Church, both on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Sarah B. Cochran

**Sarah B. Cochran** (née Moore, 1857–1936) was an active philanthropist and a director on multiple corporate boards in western Pennsylvania during the height of the area's coal wealth in the early 20th century. At one time, she was one of the wealthiest women on the East Coast. She was the first female trustee of Allegheny College and financed construction of Linden Hall and the Philip G. Cochran Memorial United Methodist Church, both on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Personal life

Sarah Boyd Moore was born on April 22, 1857, in Lower Tyrone Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania to James F. Moore and Sarah B. Herbert Moore, farmers. Sarah grew up in a log house in Fayette County, Pennsylvania and became a housekeeper in the home of James Cochran, who was credited as the first to sell Connellsville coke commercially. He had recently created his own fortune in coal and coke production and was the owner of the largest number of coke ovens in America. On September 25, 1879, Sarah married James' oldest son, Philip Galley Cochran, who was being groomed to lead the family business. On September 21, 1880, Sarah gave birth to their only child, James Philip Cochran.

Sarah's father-in-law, James Cochran, died in 1894, and Sarah's husband died in 1899. Her son, James Philip Cochran, was the expected representative of the family's estate but died on March 5, 1901 while preparing for his business career as a student at the University of Pennsylvania.

As a widow, Sarah spent time traveling abroad. The length of her travels is unclear, but by 1905 she was back in the U.S. at least part of the time, as newspapers record her chaperoning or hosting parties. She was inspired to build her new home, Linden Hall at Saint James Park, by buildings she saw while in St. James's Park in London. The mansion was built between 1911 and 1913, and included three signed Tiffany windows. When the sixty Italian stonecutters who executed the mansion's stonework wanted to stay in the U.S., Sarah sponsored them for American citizenship.

Sarah was a semi-invalid for the last fifteen years of her life, after fracturing her hip and arm in an accident at Linden Hall. When Sarah died in 1936, a memorial service themed “The Ministry of Woman” was held at the Philip G. Cochran Memorial United Methodist Church. The service featured ministers speaking about female Biblical figures and about Sarah's life.

## Career

Philip G. Cochran was recognized as being one of the most extensive coal and coke operators in Pennsylvania, with large interests in Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia. His death left Sarah to assume many of the business responsibilities and board service roles he had undertaken since his father's death in 1894. Among these were president of the Brown & Cochran Coke Company, Washington Coal & Coke Company, Juniata Coke Company, Dawson Bridge Company, and First National Bank of Dawson.

Under Sarah's leadership, the business grew threefold. At the time of her death on October 27, 1936, Sarah's obituary suggested that she was a founder and stockholder of Cochran Coal & Coke Company of Morgantown, West Virginia; and the First National Bank of Perryopolis. In 1977, the Evening Standard in Uniontown stated that she was “at one time the nation's only coal queen.”

## Public Work and Philanthropy

Sarah actively supported education and religious institutions. In 1905 she donated $50,000 to Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania for the construction of a men's dormitory named Cochran Hall, which was dedicated in 1908. Known as the “Lady-Elect of Allegheny,” she became the College's first female trustee, serving from 1908 until her death in 1936. She was a member of the board of directors of American University at Washington, D.C. and donated to Otterbein College, Washington & Jefferson College, and West Virginia University. In 1921, the Bethany College Bulletin recorded her contribution for the Sarah B. Cochran Chair of Philosophy at that college.

In 1900 Sarah dedicated a Methodist church in Dawson to the memory of her late husband. This church was later razed when she presented its congregation with plans for a new, Gothic-style stone church. Named the Philip G. Cochran Memorial United Methodist Church, it was officially dedicated on November 20, 1927.

In addition to supporting education and religious institutions, Sarah supported women's suffrage by hosting a suffrage tea featuring Anna Howard Shaw at Linden Hall in 1915. The tea drew 600 male and female guests with proceeds supporting the Fayette County Woman Suffrage Party.

## Footnotes


title: Pony Express Museum

abstract: The Pony Express Museum is a transport museum in Saint Joseph, Missouri, documenting the history of the Pony Express, the first fast mail line across the North American continent from the Missouri River to the Pacific coast. The museum is housed in a surviving portion of the Pike's Peak Stables, from which westward-bound Pony Express riders set out on their journey. The Pony Express Museum is one of the most historically educational museums in the country in respect to the legendary mail service that ran from April, 3, 1860 to October 26, 1861. Between exhibits, a 7-part diorama, maps, an archeological dig and artifacts, the museum has entertained and educated visitors from all over the world. The museum just celebrated the 150th anniversary (Sesquicentennial) of the Pony Express on April 1–3, 2010 which drew over 10,000 people. The museum is located at 914 Penn Street, St. Joseph, Missouri. In 2011, the museum produced a live action documentary titled Days of the Pony Express produced by Jim Conlon with Scout Films. The film was given a favorable review by Wild West Magazine.

text:
# Pony Express Museum

The **Pony Express Museum** is a transport museum in Saint Joseph, Missouri, documenting the history of the Pony Express, the first fast mail line across the North American continent from the Missouri River to the Pacific coast. The museum is housed in a surviving portion of the **Pike's Peak Stables**, from which westward-bound Pony Express riders set out on their journey.

The Pony Express Museum is one of the most historically educational museums in the country in respect to the legendary mail service that ran from April, 3, 1860 to October 26, 1861. Between exhibits, a 7-part diorama, maps, an archeological dig and artifacts, the museum has entertained and educated visitors from all over the world. The museum just celebrated the 150th anniversary (Sesquicentennial) of the Pony Express on April 1–3, 2010 which drew over 10,000 people. The museum is located at 914 Penn Street, St. Joseph, Missouri. In 2011, the museum produced a live action documentary titled *Days of the Pony Express* produced by Jim Conlon with Scout Films. The film was given a favorable review by Wild West Magazine.

## Stables

The **Pony Express Stables**, also known as **Pike's Peak Stables**, is a historic stable building located at St. Joseph, Missouri. It is a one-story building, originally built as a wood-frame structure in 1858. Its exterior walls were rebuilt in brick in 1888, whether keeping the original structure intact and/or reused some of its posts and beams. The building marked the eastern terminus of the Pony Express. It is now the home of the museum.

The building, originally Pike's Peak Stable, was built for care of horses of the local freight and stagecoach company. It was bought in 1860 by the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company to be used for the Pony Express. In the first Pony Express run on April 3, 1860, William (Billie) Richardson left from here to go the Patee House to pick up a waiting mochilla, then headed west.

The building was restored in 1950 by the Goetz Foundation and the Pony Express National Memorial museum was then established. The building is 58.33 by 55.25 feet (17.78 m × 16.84 m) in plan. Its front (north) and side walls are coursed brick, two bricks thick. As of 1970, the rear wall is wood frame on a brick foundation, covered by asbestos board.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Media related to Pony Express Stables and Museum, St. Joseph, Missouri at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pony Express Stables | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The historic stables at the Pony Express National Museum | |
|  | |
| Location | 914 Penn Street, St. Joseph, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 39°45′21.96″N 94°50′57.02″W / 39.7561000°N 94.8491722°W / 39.7561000; -94.8491722 |
| Area | 9.9 acres (4.0 ha) |
| Built | 1858, 1888 |
| Built by | Holladay, Benjamin |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000322 |
| Added to NRHP | April 3, 1970 |


title: Tanganyika Concessions

abstract:
Tanganyika Concessions Limited was a British mining and railway company founded by the Scottish engineer and entrepreneur Robert Williams in 1899.
The purpose was to exploit minerals in Northern Rhodesia and in the Congo Free State.
Partly-owned subsidiaries included the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (UMHK), which undertook mining in the Katanga portion of the copperbelt, and the Benguela railway, which provided a rail link across Angola to the Atlantic Ocean. Belgian banks eventually took over control of the company.
The Angolan railway concession was returned to the state of Angola in 2001.

text:
# Tanganyika Concessions

**Tanganyika Concessions Limited** (TCL or Tanks) was a British mining and railway company founded by the Scottish engineer and entrepreneur Robert Williams in 1899. The purpose was to exploit minerals in Northern Rhodesia and in the Congo Free State. Partly-owned subsidiaries included the *Union Minière du Haut-Katanga* (UMHK), which undertook mining in the Katanga portion of the copperbelt, and the Benguela railway, which provided a rail link across Angola to the Atlantic Ocean. Belgian banks eventually took over control of the company. The Angolan railway concession was returned to the state of Angola in 2001.

## Foundation and concessions

Tanganyika Concessions Ltd. was created on 20 January 1899 by Robert Williams, an associate of Cecil Rhodes. Originally all the shareholders were British. Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, was one of the shareholders. The purpose was to exploit minerals in Northern Rhodesia and in the Congo Free State. Williams intended to secure a mining concession that the British South Africa Company had granted on 26 May 1898. It covered more than 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2) north of the Zambezi river with exclusive rights for prospecting and locating 1,000 claims. The Zambesia Exploring Company Limited (ZE) acquired the majority of the shares, and ZE and TCL were run as one company. Tanganyika Concessions share prices were very unstable in the early years. During one period of a few days the price went from 214 to 13 pounds per share and then crashed.

In 1900 the *Compagnie du Katanga* and the Congo Free State created the *Comité Spécial du Katanga* (CSK) to manage all the territory in Katanga, with profits shared between the *Compagnie du Katanga* (1/3) and the Free State (2/3). On 8 December 1900 the Comité Spécial du Katanga granted TCL exclusive prospecting rights for five years in an area of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2) of Katanga adjoining Rhodesia, and an annual subsidy of £10,000. TCL was authorized to exploit the mines that were found with CSK for 30 years. The term was eventually extended to 89 years. The CSK reserved the rights to 60% of the profits from any mines that might be opened.

## Early explorations

Williams sent an exploratory team which set out for the Congo-Zambesi watershed on 5 April 1899. There were five Europeans and 35 Africans led by the geologist George Grey (1868–1911), younger brother of Sir Edward Grey. About´10 miles (16 km) south of the border they found the workings of the ancient Kansanshi copper mine, and on 6 September 1899 staked claims there for TCL. Grey returned to Bulawayo to cable his findings to Williams on 24 November 1899, and indicated that the bulk of the ore seemed to be in Katanga. He described the copper deposits as "scandalously rich". Williams tried unsuccessfully to interest King Leopold II of Belgium in full-scale exploitation of the copper belt. Leopold was starting to earn high returns from rubber and ivory exports, and resented British criticism of his brutal treatment of the local people, so held back.

After TCL had gained the CSK concession, on 15 April 1901 a larger second expedition set out to Kansanshi. Another expedition left for Katanga via Abercorn (Mbala), and set up camp at the Kambove mine. Between June and October 1902 prospectors staked 50 claims in Katanga. There were many ancient copper workings, which were located by the simple method of asking local people where they could find copper.

## Later history

The CSK created the *Compagnie de Chemin de fer du Katanga* (CFK) in 1902. It had a capital of 1,000,000 francs. The Congo Free State held 2,400 shares and Robert Williams held 1,600 shares. Théodore Heyvaert was president and Robert Williams was vice-president. The CFK was to build links to the region where the city of Elisabethville (Lubumbashi) would be founded. One line would connect to the Rhodesian railways at Sakania, while another would connect to the port of Bukama on the Lualaba River.

In early 1903 Williams discussed building a railway from Lobito on the Atlantic coast of Angola to the copper mines with the contractors Pauling & Co., but the costs proved excessive. Instead, the Rhodesian railway was extended north from Bulawayo via the Wankie (Hwange) coal fields and Victoria Falls, reaching Kalomo in 1905 and Broken Hill (Kabwe) in 1906. The TCL concession in Katanga expired on 28 October 1906 and the *Union Minière du Haut-Katanga* (UMHK) was formed to exploit the deposits. The *Compagnie du Chemin de fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga* was founded on 31 October 1906 to build and operate a line linking Bukama to Port Francqui (Ilebo) on the Kasai River, from where minerals could be shipped to the Atlantic via Léopoldville (Kinshasa). Robert Williams took only a minimal direct stake, while the UMHK had almost 10%, and the state became the main shareholder.

The Société Générale de Belgique and the associated Banque d'Outremer purchased a minority share in TCL in 1923. In 1946 the French Government transferred 1,667,961 Ordinary shares of 10s. each in Tanganyika Concessions Ltd to the Bank of England, which the Bank agreed to sell to an Anglo-Belgian group. These were about 19% of the voting power of all shareholders. As of 1946 TCL held 20% of the voting power in *Union Minière du Haut-Katanga* and 90% of the voting power in the Benguela Railway.

In 1950 the company headquarters were moved to Salisbury, Rhodesia (Harare, Zimbabwe). As of 1978 the headquarters were in Nassau, Bahamas, and shareholders included the Oppenheimer Group, the Rockefeller Group and other American interests. In 1981 *Société Générale de Belgique* acquired a controlling interest in TCL, which still owned 90% of the Benguela Railway.

## Subsidiaries

### Partial list

The structure of the TCL group was complex and fluid, Subsidiaries included:

* *Union Minière du Haut Katanga*
* Benguela Railway Company
* Benguela Estates Ltd
* Rhodesia-Katanga Company Ltd
* Kentan Gold Areas Ltd
* Geita Gold Mining Company Ltd
* Nile Congo Divide Syndicate Ltd
* Zambesia Exploring Company Ltd.

### *Union Minière du Haut-Katanga*

TCL was a partner with the *Société Générale de Belgique*, a Belgian investment holding, in the *Union Minière du Haut-Katanga* (UMHK), which exploited copper deposits in Katanga Province. The UMHK was founded in 1906 to develop mines in Katanga. It was also to participate in building a railway to carry material and equipment to the mines and to take away the extracted minerals. The *Société Générale* participated in setting up the UMHK under the direction of Jean Jadot.

The UMHK was the result of a compromise between the Free State and the Compagnie de Katanga as owners of the mineral deposit (through the CSK), the TCL who had found the mines, and the TCL and *Société Générale de Belgique* who would fund their exploitation. UMHK was founded as a joint venture between the Compagnie du Katanga, the CSK and TCL. The Compagnie du Katanga was in turn a subsidiary of the Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (CCCI), which was controlled by the Société Générale de Belgique.

UMHK became the third largest copper producer in the world, the largest cobalt and radium producer and one of the largest producers of germanium. Ownership was complicated and often changed. The *Société Générale* effectively controlled the UMHK from its inception to 1960. As of 1946 TCL held 20% of the voting power in the UMHK. The president of TCL sat on the UMHK board, as did one TCL administrator. In 1960, just before independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the dissolution of the CSK, ownership was:

| Shareholder | Shares | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| General public | 53.99% | 36.12% |
| CSKꜛ | 25.41% | 35.73% |
| TCL | 14.47% | 20.21% |
| Société Générale | 4.64% | 6.94% |
| Cie du Katanga | 1.49% | 1.00% |
| ꜛCSK was owned 23 by the state and 13 by the Cie du Katanga. | | |

In December 1966 President Mobutu Sese Seko announced that a new company (later named *Société Génerale Congolaise de Minerais* (Gécamines) would take over from UMHK as of 2 January 1967. The new company have headquarters in Lubumbashi and would be owned 55% by the state. 15% would be offered to TCL and 30% would be offered to the public. TCL declined to participate, and eventually Gécamines became 100% state-owned.

### Benguela railway

Williams became involved in building the Benguela railway, which was to carry minerals from the copper belt to the Atlantic port of Lobito near Benguela. The *Caminhos de Ferro de Benguela* (CFB) was incorporated in Portugal in 1902, with a 99-year concession to build and operate the 1,345 kilometres (836 mi) railway. Its main purpose was to carry minerals for export. It ran from Lobito to Texeira de Sousa (Luau), then crossed the Luao River into the Belgian Congo at Dilolo. Construction lasted from 1903 to August 1928. It took another 22 months to complete the 324 miles (521 km) line from Dilolo to Tenke, where it connected with the Katanga network. The line was officially opened on 1 July 1931.

The Benguela railway was less successful than had been hoped, and most of the minerals were carried east by the *Chemin de Fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga* (BCK) and the Rhodesian railway to Beira, Mozambique. In 1975 the Benguela railway was closed in the unrest that followed independence. During the subsequent Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) the railway remained closed and the tracks, bridges and rolling stock were destroyed. The railway concession expired in 2001 and ownership passed to the Angolan government.

### Benguela Estates

The Benguela Estates Company and the Zambezi Exploring Company, subsidiaries of TCL, controlled the largest agricultural enterprise in Angola. By 1933 they held 475,678 acres (192,500 ha) in the highlands, worth £214,000. The Benguela railway wanted to expand wheat production in the Ovimbundu region for export to the world market, and in 1932 made a considerable investment in developing more suitable strains of wheat for the government to distribute to Ovimbundu producers.

### Rhodesia-Katanga Company

TCL made an agreement in 1908 with the government of the Belgian Congo to build a railway from Broken Hill to the Katanga Border. The Rhodesia-Katanga Junction Railway & Mineral Company was formed for this purpose, and also took over the Kansanshi mine and TCL's other copperbelt holdings. The company became the Rhodesia-Katanga Company in 1929.

### Kentan Gold Areas

TCL learned that gold prospectors were having success in the area near Mgusu, southwest of Lake Victoria, and in 1934 formed Kentan Gold Area Limited to develop these finds. It did so through its subsidiaries Saragura Development Company Limited and Geita Gold Mining Company Limited. The Saragura Development Company explored holdings in the Saragura area of the Mwana District in Tanganyika in the 1930s. Saragura Development transferred the Geita Mine to the Geita Gold Mining Company. In 1958 Tanganyika Holdings Ltd. was providing office space and secretarial services to other companies in the group, had a large portfolio of investments including a sizable stake in Kentan, and was conducting an exploration program with companies that were not part of the group. On 7 October 1958 Kentan Gold Area and Zambesia Exploring announced that they were discussing amalgamation.

### Geita Gold Mining Company

The Geita Gold Mining Company was set up to operate the Geita Gold Mine in Tanganyika, which was transferred to it from the Sagura Development Company, a subsidiary of Kentan Gold Areas. Production began in 1936. A 1937 report said it hoped to soon start crushing 500 tons per day, and could well become the largest gold producer in East Africa. The company had built a road from the mine to Lake Victoria, where it had built a jetty. It had built housing, medical facilities, set up a private wireless station and subsidized a weekly air service. Gold milling began in Geita in December 1938.

In the early 1950s Geita employed about 2,000 men and produced more than half of the gold mined in Tanganyika, although this was much less than the peak production before World War II (1939–1945). Geita struggled with financial problems until it closed in 1965, and seems to have been a net liability to TCL. The mine produced over 1 million ounces of gold between 1936 and 1966. As of 2021 it was owned and operated by AngloGold Ashanti.

### Nile Congo Divide Syndicate

The Nile Congo Divide Syndicate prospected for gold and tin in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Uganda. The syndicate explored the Hofrat en Nafas Copper Mine in southern Darfur between 1918 and 1922, sinking shafts and boreholes, but eventually abandoned the effort. When the Kilo-Moto gold mines opened in the northeast Congo in 1920 the Nile Congo Divide Syndicate was among the prospecting companies that rushed to the region. They failed to find worthwhile gold deposits, but did find low-grade copper in the Manya area of West Madi County, Uganda.

### Zambesia Exploring Company

Robert Williams and Cecil Rhodes founded the Zambesia Exploring Company (ZEC) in 1891 to explore and extract mineral deposits in Southern Rhodesia. The ZEC followed the guidance of Rhodes, and did nothing without his approval. In 1895 it was reported that the Zambasia Exploring Company had placed a large number of shares in United Rhodesia Goldfields in Paris. The ZEC was a subsidiary of TCL in 1922. The ZEC and TCL recruited thousands of workers from the northeast of Northern Rhodesia to work for the UMHK between 1917 and 1922.

## Citations

1. Radmann 1978, p. 27.
2. Wilson 2016, PT149.
3. Tanks Group Archive.
4. Särkkä 2016, p. 12.
5. Särkkä 2016, pp. 12–13.
6. Särkkä 2016, p. 13.
7. The Game of Speculation 1903, p. 97.
8. BCK - KDL.
9. Särkkä 2016, p. 18.
10. Comité spécial du Katanga. CSK.
11. Särkkä 2016, p. 17.
12. Särkkä 2016, p. 19.
13. Särkkä 2016, p. 24.
14. Särkkä 2016, p. 33.
15. Särkkä 2016, pp. 33–34.
16. Särkkä 2016, p. 35.
17. Clarence-Smith 1985, p. 131.
18. Cripps 1950.
19. Hanlon 1986, p. 168.
20. Abbeloos 2008, p. 115.
21. Oliver, & Sanderson 1975, p. 342.
22. CCCI Africa Museum.
23. Kovar 1967.
24. Radmann 1978, pp. 27–28.
25. Radmann 1978, p. 28.
26. Radmann 1978, p. 36.
27. Radmann 1978, p. 37.
28. Radmann 1978, p. 38.
29. Ball 2015.
30. Noble 1989.
31. Heywood 1987, p. 363.
32. Schilderman 2017, p. 23.
33. Bryceson et al. 2013, p. 83.
34. GB Colonial Office 1937, p. 132.
35. Annual Review 1959, p. 305.
36. Geita Mine ... Mindat.
37. Roberts 1986, p. 560.
38. Roberts 1986, p. 561.
39. Paul Charles Cuthbert Cayley NMRS.
40. US Bureau of Mines 1961, p. 12.
41. Billions lost ... Daily Monitor.
42. Dietz 2020, p. 106.
43. Mining Market 1895, p. 337.
44. Higginson 1989, p. 238.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Tanganyika Concessions Limited
|
|  |
| Trade name | TCL, Tanks |
| Company type | Mining and railway |
| Industry | mining
financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding |
| Founded | 1899 (1899) |
| Founder | Robert Williams |
| Headquarters | London , United Kingdom |
| Area served | Congo Free State, Belgian Congo / Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Parent | Zambesia Exploring |


abstract: The 2013–14 Texas State Bobcats men's basketball team represented Texas State University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bobcats, led by first year head coach Danny Kaspar, played their home games at Strahan Coliseum and were first year members of the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 8–23, 4–14 in Sun Belt play to finish in last place. They failed to qualify for the Sun Belt tournament.

text:
# 2013–14 Texas State Bobcats men's basketball team

2013–14 Sun Belt Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Georgia State | 17 |  | 1 |  | .944 |  |  | 25 |  | 9 |  | .735 |
| WKU | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 21 |  | 11 |  | .656 |
| Louisiana–Lafayette | 11 |  | 7 |  | .611 |  |  | 23 |  | 12 |  | .657 |
| Arkansas State | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 19 |  | 13 |  | .594 |
| Arkansas–Little Rock | 9 |  | 9 |  | .500 |  |  | 15 |  | 17 |  | .469 |
| Texas–Arlington | 9 |  | 9 |  | .500 |  |  | 15 |  | 17 |  | .469 |
| Louisiana–Monroe | 7 |  | 11 |  | .389 |  |  | 10 |  | 17 |  | .370 |
| Troy | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 11 |  | 20 |  | .355 |
| South Alabama | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 11 |  | 20 |  | .355 |
| Texas State | 4 |  | 14 |  | .222 |  |  | 8 |  | 23 |  | .258 |
|  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2014 Sun Belt Conference tournament winner
 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2013–14 Texas State Bobcats men's basketball team** represented Texas State University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bobcats, led by first year head coach Danny Kaspar, played their home games at Strahan Coliseum and were first year members of the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 8–23, 4–14 in Sun Belt play to finish in last place. They failed to qualify for the Sun Belt tournament.

## Roster

| Number | Name | Position | Height | Weight | Year | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kavin Gilder-Tilbury | Forward | 6–7 | 210 | Freshman | Houston, Texas |
| 2 | Jeremiah Moore | Guard | 6–4 | 188 | Junior | Plano, Texas |
| 3 | Reid Koenen | Forward | 6–7 | 200 | Senior | Racine, Wisconsin |
| 4 | Ray Dorsey | Guard | 6–3 | 170 | Sophomore | Lewisville, Texas |
| 5 | Corey Stern | Forward | 6–7 | 220 | Senior | Seattle |
| 10 | Wesley Davis | Guard | 6–3 | 185 | Junior | Arlington, Texas |
| 14 | Amari Bryant | Guard | 6–2 | 175 | Freshman | Pembroke Pines, Florida |
| 15 | Tre Daniels | Guard | 5-9 | 170 | Freshmen | Round Rock, Texas |
| 21 | Emani Gant | Forward | 6–8 | 225 | Sophomore | Los Angeles |
| 22 | Victor Bermedez | Guard | 6–4 | 170 | Junior | North Las Vegas, Nevada |
| 23 | Naiel Smith | Guard | 6–5 | 192 | Freshman | Brooklyn, New York |
| 25 | Joel Wright | Forward | 6–7 | 225 | Senior | Brooklyn, New York |
| 31 | Gordon Ball | Forward | 6–8 | 240 | Senior | Houston, Texas |
| 32 | Kendell Ramlal | Forward | 6–7 | 217 | Freshman | Houston, Texas |
|

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Opponent | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Exhibition | | | | | | | | |
| 11/04/2013*
7:00 pm | Sul Ross State | **W** 81–53 |
 | Strahan Coliseum (2,061)
San Marcos, Texas |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| 11/09/2013*
8:00 pm, ESPN3 | Houston | **L** 70–76 | 0–1
 | Hofheinz Pavilion (3,123)
Houston, Texas |
| 11/12/2013*
7:00 pm | Stephen F. Austin | **L** 57–64 | 0–2
 | Strahan Coliseum (2,372)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 11/16/2013*
3:00 pm | at Oral Roberts | **L** 65–82 | 0–3
 | Mabee Center (3,905)
Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| 11/20/2013*
7:00 pm, ESPN3 | at SMU | **L** 49–70 | 0–4
 | Curtis Culwell Center (3,509)
Garland, Texas |
| 11/25/2013*
7:00 pm | South Dakota | **L** 56–57 | 0–5
 | Strahan Coliseum (2,114)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 11/29/2013*
4:00 pm | vs. Tulane
*Cure UCD Classic by Plan BC3* | **W** 70–52 | 1–5
 | Puerto Vallarta International Convention Center (100)
Puerto Vallarta, MX |
| 11/30/2013*
4:00 pm | vs. Northern Kentucky
*Cure UCD Classic by Plan BC3* | **W** 70–61 | 2–5
 | Puerto Vallarta International Convention Center (100)
Puerto Vallarta, MX |
| 12/01/2013*
4:00 pm | vs. Southeast Missouri State
*Cure UCD Classic by Plan BC3* | **L** 74–82 | 2–6
 | Puerto Vallarta International Convention Center (125)
Puerto Vallarta, MX |
| 12/04/2013*
7:00 pm | Cedarville | **W** 79–58 | 3–6
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,807)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 12/14/2013*
7:00 pm, LONG | at Texas | **L** 53–85 | 3–7
 | Frank Erwin Center (9,534)
Austin, Texas |
| 12/19/2013*
8:00 pm, P12N | at Utah | **L** 50–69 | 3–8
 | Jon M. Huntsman Center (7,857)
Salt Lake City, Utah |
| 12/21/2013*
4:30 pm | Texas–Tyler | **W** 73–54 | 4–8
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,077)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 12/30/2013*
7:00 pm | LIU Brooklyn | **L** 64–73 | 4–9
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,585)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 01/02/2014
7:30 pm | Arkansas–Little Rock | **L** 59–63 | 4–10 (0–1)
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,595)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 01/04/2014
4:30 pm | Arkansas State | **L** 69–74 | 4–11 (0–2)
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,606)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 01/11/2014
4:00 pm | at Louisiana–Monroe | **W** 61–36 | 5–11 (1–2)
 | Fant–Ewing Coliseum (1,106)
Monroe, Louisiana |
| 01/13/2014
7:00 pm | at Louisiana–Lafayette | **L** 58–81 | 5–12 (1–3)
 | Cajundome (2,039)
Lafayette, Louisiana |
| 01/18/2014
4:30 pm | Texas–Arlington | **L** 48–56 | 5–13 (1–4)
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,871)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 01/23/2014
7:00 pm | at Arkansas–Little Rock | **L** 64–69 | 5–14 (1–5)
 | Jack Stephens Center (3,038)
Little Rock, Arkansas |
| 01/25/2014
4:30 pm, KNVA | Troy | **W** 73–65 | 6–14 (2–5)
 | Strahan Coliseum (2,059)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 02/01/2014
7:00 pm, ESPN3 | at WKU | **L** 64–68 | 6–15 (2–6)
 | E. A. Diddle Arena (5,514)
Bowling Green, Kentucky |
| 02/06/2014
7:00 pm, KBVO | Louisiana–Monroe | **W** 65–57 | 7–15 (3–6)
 | Strahan Coliseum (N/A)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 02/08/2014
4:30 pm, KNVA | Louisiana–Lafayette | **L** 66–67 | 7–16 (3–7)
 | Strahan Coliseum (2,963)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 02/15/2014
7:30 pm | at Texas–Arlington | **L** 62–69 | 7–17 (3–8)
 | College Park Center (2,663)
Arlington, Texas |
| 02/17/2014
7:30 pm | at Georgia State
*Postponed from 2/13* | **L** 41–68 | 7–18 (3–9)
 | GSU Sports Arena (1,759)
Atlanta, Georgia |
| 02/20/2014
7:00 pm, KBVO | South Alabama | **W** 67–66 OT | 8–18 (4–9)
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,709)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 02/22/2014
7:00 pm | at Arkansas State | **L** 68–73 | 8–19 (4–10)
 | Convocation Center (2,651)
Jonesboro, Arkansas |
| 02/27/2014
7:00 pm, KBVO | WKU | **L** 50–51 | 8–20 (4–11)
 | Strahan Coliseum (1,849)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 03/01/2014
4:30 pm, KNVA | Georgia State | **L** 55–66 | 8–21 (4–12)
 | Strahan Coliseum (2,002)
San Marcos, Texas |
| 03/06/2014
7:00 pm | at South Alabama | **L** 53–63 | 8–22 (4–13)
 | Mitchell Center (1,546)
Mobile, Alabama |
| 03/08/2014
7:30 pm | at Troy | **L** 50–72 | 8–23 (4–14)
 | Trojan Arena (1,849)
Troy, Alabama |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Central Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 2013–14 Texas State Bobcats men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Sun Belt Conference |
| Record | 8–23 (4–14 Sun Belt) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | Strahan Coliseum |
|


title: Seven Falls

abstract: The Broadmoor Seven Falls is a series of seven cascading waterfalls of South Cheyenne Creek in South Cheyenne Cañon, Colorado Springs, Colorado. It has been a privately-owned tourist attraction since it was opened in the early 1880s. There is no parking at Seven Falls. Round trip shuttle service is provided from the Norris Penrose Event Center. Trails from the top of the falls lead to Midnight Falls, near the headwaters of South Cheyenne Creek, and Inspiration Point.

text:
# Seven Falls

**The Broadmoor Seven Falls** is a series of seven cascading waterfalls of South Cheyenne Creek in South Cheyenne Cañon, Colorado Springs, Colorado. It has been a privately-owned tourist attraction since it was opened in the early 1880s. There is no parking at Seven Falls. Round trip shuttle service is provided from the Norris Penrose Event Center. Trails from the top of the falls lead to Midnight Falls, near the headwaters of South Cheyenne Creek, and Inspiration Point.

## Geography

Seven Falls is located in Colorado Springs along the Front Range. It is in a natural box canyon in South Cheyenne Cañon. The entrance to the canyon is about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) southwest of downtown Colorado Springs on Cheyenne Boulevard. The South Cheyenne Cañon road to Seven Falls has been called "The Grandest Mile of Scenery" in Colorado.

The falls are located in a 1,000-foot (300 m) granite canyon. Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Juniper, and Blue Spruce are found in the Seven Falls park.

## Overview

### The falls

The sum of the height of the seven falls is 181 feet (55 m) and there are a total of 224 steps on the staircase from the base of the falls to the peak. There is a wheel-chair-accessible elevator that goes up to the Eagle's Nest observation platform with views of the falls.

The falls are named in alphabetical order (not top to bottom): Bridal Veil, Feather, Hill, Hull, Ramona, Shorty, and Weimer. Susan Joy Paul, author of *Hiking Waterfalls in Colorado*, describes it as "seven leaps of plunge, cascade, punchbowl, fan, and horsetail spray."

Seven Falls is Colorado’s only waterfall that is included in the National Geographic list of international waterfalls. Local wildlife includes hummingbirds, the Water Ouzel or American Dipper songbird that swims, and Brook and Rainbow Trout.

### Trails

There are two hiking trails that begin at the top of Seven Falls. They are open from May through October until 7 p.m. The Inspiration Point trail is a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) winding trail to Inspiration Point and takes about one hour round trip. There are views of the city of Colorado Springs and the plains. This was a favored spot of Helen Hunt Jackson's that inspired her poetry. She was originally buried at the point.

A shorter trail is about a half-hour hike to Midnight Falls, near the South Cheyenne Creek headwaters. The trails begin at 6,800 feet (2,100 m) in elevation and end at about 7,200 feet (2,200 m) in elevation. No vehicle parking is available at the falls. Bicycle parking is available at the entrance.

### Rock formations

Just inside the entrance to the Seven Falls property is the Pillars of Hercules, which are 900 feet (270 m) high from the floor of the canyon. Across from the Pillars of Hercules is the George Washington profile. At this point, the canyon walls are just 41 feet (12 m) apart.

## History

### Late 19th century

Nathaniel Colby homesteaded 160 acres (0.25 sq mi; 0.65 km2) in South Cheyenne Canyon, including Seven Falls in December 1872. He sold the land rights nine months later for $1,000 (equivalent to $23,000 in 2023) to the Colorado Springs Land Company. In 1882, fearing logging operations would ruin the scenic area, naturalist James Hull purchased the property. The trail to Inspiration Point was launched in 1883. By 1885, he owned 400 acres (0.63 sq mi; 1.6 km2) in the canyon. Hull built a stairway to the top of the falls and built a road through the canyon. Customers came by horses, burros, and carriages, and paid a toll to enter Seven Falls.

### 20th century

After Hull's death in 1890, his sons owned the property, which was assessed by the county at $80,000 (equivalent to $2,500,000 in 2023) and estimated to be worth more than $200,000 (equivalent to $6,200,000 in 2023) by the local *Gazette*.

The property, now 1,400 acres (2.2 sq mi; 5.7 km2) was bought for $250,000 (equivalent to $6,600,000 in 2023) by Callidore Dwight Weimer in 1905. Weimer, a successful mine owner and developer born in Ohio, had become a permanent resident of Colorado Springs in 1903. Melvin Weimer, and his wife Frances, co-managed the Seven Falls business. Frances was a longtime supporter of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center and manager of several family businesses in New Mexico and Colorado. It was sold to Al Hill, a Colorado College student and an oilman from Texas, in 1946. To extend business hours into the nighttime, Hill added lights in the canyon in 1947. The Hill family built the Eagle's Nest Observation platform, and cut 170 feet (52 m) into the side of the mountain for an elevator, which was updated in 1992. For Christmas in 1947, the canyon was opened at night for free to the people of Colorado Springs, allowing a charity to collect donations, an event that became an annual tradition.

The Seven Falls park was wiped out after a flood in 1965.

In December 2002, a dynamic Martin Architectural lighting system was installed which bathed the cascades in color. Seven Falls is still known as the only fully lit canyon in the world.

The area sustained a significant flood in September 2013, which forced Seven Falls to close until restoration was complete in 2015.

The cost has increased over the years. In 2023 the admission price was USD$18 for adults, USD$12 for age 2 to 12.

### The Broadmoor

Five days of heavy rains in mid-September 2013 caused similar damage to a significant flood in 1965. The worst-hit area of the city, the southwest side of Colorado Springs, received up to 12 inches (300 mm) of water. The large amount of water flowing over the falls resulted in five falls rather than seven. The Seven Falls park had downed trees, standing water, mud, and a damaged road. The park was closed and the incoming streets were blocked. In April 2014, it was announced that The Broadmoor had purchased Seven Falls, with plans to reopen the park in 2015. The property had been owned by the A.G. Hill family for 68 years.

The Broadmoor re-opened Seven Falls on August 13, 2015. The site now features remote parking at the hotel, with a shuttle bus to the canyon, freeing up vehicle congestion and parking issues that had been a problem in the past. The Broadmoor simultaneously opened Restaurant 1858, a fine dining establishment at the foot of the Falls.

| External media | |
| --- | --- |
| Images | |
| Inspiration Point Trail, Colorado, On Walkabout | |
| Video | |
| Seven Falls: Cascades of Discovery, Youtube | |
| Falls with Colored Lights, Youtube | |
| Flooded Front Gate area, Youtube | |

## InfoBox

| Seven Falls | |
| --- | --- |
| Seven Falls | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 38°46′44″N 104°52′48″W / 38.77889°N 104.88000°W / 38.77889; -104.88000 |
| Total height | 181 feet (55 m) |
| Number of drops | 224 |


title: 12th New Brunswick general election

abstract:
12th New Brunswick general election may refer to:
  - 1837 New Brunswick general election, the 12th general election to take place in the Colony of New Brunswick, for the 12th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
  - 1908 New Brunswick general election, the 32nd overall general election for New Brunswick, for the 32nd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, but considered the 12th general election for the Canadian province of New Brunswick

text:
# 12th New Brunswick general election

| General elections in New Brunswick |
| --- |
| 9th 10th 11th **12th** 13th 14th 15th |

**12th New Brunswick general election** may refer to:

* 1837 New Brunswick general election, the 12th general election to take place in the Colony of New Brunswick, for the 12th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
* 1908 New Brunswick general election, the 32nd overall general election for New Brunswick, for the 32nd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, but considered the 12th general election for the Canadian province of New Brunswick


title: Schistocerca nitens

abstract: Schistocerca nitens is a species of grasshopper known by several names, including vagrant grasshopper and gray bird grasshopper. It is a close relative of the desert locust, which is in the same genus. This grasshopper is native to southern North America including Mexico and the south-western United States from California to Texas. Vagrants are occasionally found in Colorado, Utah, and Oklahoma, where the winters are too cold for them to survive, otherwise. It is also present in parts of Central and South America. It lives in many habitats including desert, woodland, and lower elevation mountainous areas. This species is known as a pest on ornamental plants and many types of crop plants.

text:
# Schistocerca nitens

***Schistocerca nitens*** is a species of grasshopper known by several names, including **vagrant grasshopper** and **gray bird grasshopper**. It is a close relative of the desert locust, which is in the same genus. This grasshopper is native to southern North America including Mexico and the south-western United States from California to Texas. Vagrants are occasionally found in Colorado, Utah, and Oklahoma, where the winters are too cold for them to survive, otherwise. It is also present in parts of Central and South America. It lives in many habitats including desert, woodland, and lower elevation mountainous areas. This species is known as a pest on ornamental plants and many types of crop plants.

## Description

Adult females are 60–70 millimetres (2.4–2.8 in) while the smaller males are 40–50 millimetres (1.6–2.0 in). They are mottled in coloration, with colors including grays, browns, and yellows. A stripe runs from their head to their thorax.

## Life cycle

The grasshopper becomes sexually mature at 3 to 4 months of age. Any stage of its life cycle can be seen at any time of the year, but the adult is less active during the winter and fall. Mating usually occurs on warm nights in summer, and often around bright lights.

## Hawaiian population

It is a troublesome invasive species in Hawaii. A particularly destructive swarming event occurred on the Hawaiian island of Nihoa in 2004, wiping out some 90% of the vegetation on the island. Despite reaching high population densities, this particular species does not swarm as locusts, which is a distinct behavior accompanied by a gregarious phase change. Rather, the grasshoppers reached swarm proportions despite in solitary form, as a result of being an invasive species in an extremely favorable environment. It was probably introduced to Hawaii several decades ago and then spread through the archipelago by flying; it has the ability to fly at least 300 miles across ocean.

## InfoBox

| *Schistocerca nitens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Cyrtacanthacridinae |
| Tribe: | Cyrtacanthacridini |
| Genus: | *Schistocerca* |
| Species: | ***S. nitens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schistocerca nitens***
Thunberg, 1815 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| Synonymy * *Gryllus columbinus* Thunberg 1824 * *Gryllus nitens Thunberg* 1815 * *Schistocerca australis* * *Schistocerca impleta* (Walker) * *Schistocerca vaga* | |


title: Cryptogemma praesignis

abstract: Cryptogemma praesignis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

text:
# Cryptogemma praesignis

***Cryptogemma praesignis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 42 mm, its diameter 15 mm.

(Original description by E.A. Smith) The prominent row of tubercles around the middle of the whorls, the keel beneath the suture, and the broad sinus in the outer lip are the principal features of this species. The apex of the spire being broken away makes it impossible to state with certainty the exact number of whorls, but they would probably amount to eleven or twelve. The entire surface exhibits fine flexuous lines of growth.

(Original description by W.H. Dall) The solid shell contains six or more whorls (all the specimens are decollate). It is white, with an ashy pale-brown epidermis. The aperture measures less than half the length of the shell. The suture is distinct, not channeled The anal notch is rather anterior, about as deep as wide, separated from the suture behind by a somewhat excavated area. The spiral sculpture consists of, in front of the suture, a plain, strong thread, in front of that three or four anteriorly diminishing threads. The anal fasciole, contrary to the ordinary rule, projects, showing two small distinct adjacent threads, which overrun and somewhat undulate numerous short abrupt peripheral wavelets. In front of the fasciole three strong alternate with three feeble revolving threads, and still in front of these six or eight small threads occupy the base. The siphonal part is decorticated. The transverse sculpture is composed of the peripheral wavelets before alluded to, which are rather close set and about 21 in number, on the penultimate whorl. There is no other transverse sculpture except lines of growth, which are not very prominent. The aperture is narrow, with a relatively wide siphonal canal. The columella is solid, slender, and somewhat twisted. The body is not callous, and has no subsutural callosity. The interior of the aperture is not lirate.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Hawaii and Sri Lanka

* Okutani T. (1964). Report on the archibenthal and abyssal gastropod Mollusca collected from Sagami Bay and adjacent waters by the R.V. Soyo-Maru during the years 1955–1963. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, section 2. 15: 371–447, 7 pls.
* Kantor, Yu.I. & Sysoev, A.S. (1991a) Sexual dimorphism in the apertural notch of a new species of Gemmula (Gastropoda: Turridae). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 57, 205–209.

## InfoBox

| *Cryptogemma praesignis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell and protoconch of *Cryptogemma praesignis* (holotype of *Pleurotoma (Drillia) microscelida* at the Smithsonian Institution) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Turridae |
| Genus: | *Cryptogemma* |
| Species: | ***C. praesignis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptogemma praesignis***<br>(E.A. Smith, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Drillia microscelida* W.H. Dall, 1895 * *Gemmula (Ptychosyrinx) lordhoweensis* Kantor & Sysoev, 1991 * *Gemmula bisinuata* (Martens, 1901) * *Gemmula microscelida* (Dall, 1895) * *Gemmula praesignis* (E. A. Smith, 1895) * *Gemmula rotatilis* (Martens, 1902) * *Pleurotoma (Drillia) microscelida* Dall, 1895 * *Pleurotoma (Gemmula) rotatilis* von Martens, 1902 * *Pleurotoma (Subulata) bisinuata* von Martens, 1901 * *Pleurotoma (Surcula) lobata* G. B. Sowerby III, 1903 * *Pleurotoma praesignis* E. A. Smith, 1895 (original combination) * *Ptychosyrinx bisinuata* (Martens, 1901) * *Ptychosyrinx bisinuata japonica* Okutani, 1964 * *Ptychosyrinx lobata* (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) * *Turris lobata* (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) | |


abstract: The British Christmas Tree Growers Association is the trade association for those who grow specialist Christmas Trees in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Membership is open to those who intend to grow or are growing trees for the Christmas market. Associate membership is available for those who provide goods and services to the Christmas Tree sector. Members of the BCTGA cultivate trees specially for the Christmas festivities.

text:
# British Christmas Tree Growers Association

**The British Christmas Tree Growers Association** is the trade association for those who grow specialist Christmas Trees in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Membership is open to those who intend to grow or are growing trees for the Christmas market. Associate membership is available for those who provide goods and services to the Christmas Tree sector.

Members of the BCTGA cultivate trees specially for the Christmas festivities.

## Annual Competition

The BCTGA holds an annual competition to find the best grower from their membership. Entries to the competition are divided into four categories; Pine, Fir, Spruce and Wreath. All trees must be between 1.8m and 2.2m in height. Each entrant is allowed up to two entries in any given category and the judges look for foliage, shape and marketability.

The competition awards a prize for 'Grower of the Year' and the winner is afforded the honour of providing their tree to be the Downing Street Christmas tree that year. The winner of the best wreath category also provides a wreath to be hung on the famous black door.


title: Sarah Azariahu

abstract: Sara Azaryahu or Sarah Azariahu; Sarah Azaryahu; Sarah Meirov; Sarah Ozrakovski was a Latvian-born Zionist, elected political official, and feminist educator in pre-state Israel.

text:
# Sarah Azariahu

**Sara Azaryahu** or **Sarah Azariahu; Sarah Azaryahu; Sarah Meirov; Sarah Ozrakovski** (17 July 1873 – 22 October 1962) was a Latvian-born Zionist, elected political official, and feminist educator in pre-state Israel.

## Early life

Azariahu was born in 1873 in Daugavpils (also known as Dvinsky and Dinaburg) which was then part of Russia and is today part of Latvia. Her parents were Bluma (born Eisenstein) and Shmaryahu Meirov. Her grandfather was the Chief Rabbi of the city, the noted rabbi Aharon Shaul Zelig Gurion-Meirov. She learnt Russian, German and French. She was taught Hebrew, the first prophets and about Judaism with a private teacher as the public schools would require violating the Sabbath, and she attended a gymnasium.

At this time, the Russian Enlightenment was spreading through the Jewish youth of Russia. Through this, Azariahu became familiar with revolutionary Russian literature, making contact with the Bund movement and spreading Russian language among Jewish Yeshiva students. Ultimately, her attachment to Zionism and Zionist ideology kept her away from fully subscribing to the Bund movement. In her writings, she noted that she was greatly influenced by Ahad Ha'am, Yehuda Leib Pinsker, Moshe Leib Lilienblum, and others. Following a wave of Pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 1880s, her attachment to Zionism grew stronger.

## Studies

In 1893 at the age of 20, Azariahu had to quit school to care for her younger sister for three years. In 1899 she became qualified to teach, and a year later decided to fulfill her dream to study at university. At this time it was becoming possible for women to study in Saint Petersburg, even if they were Jewish, if they had a resident's permit. Azariahu decided to lodge with friends in the city and to attend one of the new girl's medical schools. As she was nearing the end of her studies, due to putting her friends at risk and rising antisemitism she decided to leave school. This pushed her to move to Warsaw as it had a larger Jewish community. There, she worked as a substitute teacher at a Jewish school of Y. Ravitz.

## Zionist work

### Daughters of Zion

In the early 1890s, Azariahu began to get more connected to Zionists in Dinaburg, but did not find a common ground with the movement's businessmen in the city. In 1892, with a friend, she began to add women to the national movement, founding the "Daughters of Zion" Union. The group was engaged in studying Israel's history and culture, providing news about what was happening in Israel and spreading Hebrew language.

When Theodor Herzl founded the Zionist movement, Azariahu was impressed by, her perception of, his progressive attitude towards women. In her memoir, Azariahu notes that she had been troubled by two major issues: the inferior status of the Jewish people, and the inferior status of women. She believed that the solution for both of these problems could be found in Israel.

### First visit to Israel

In 1897, Azariahu took her first visit to Israel, then Ottoman Palestine, with her sister who was sick from Malaria. She stayed there for two months. There, she was surprised to find a flourishing society in the Jewish colonies, noting:

> "Well, there really is a Jewish settlement in Israel and not just in letters. And there are living and existing Jewish workers sitting in their vineyards and gardens ... The first meeting with the reality of the Jewish village shook every fiber of my soul ... and standing by the open window in the stillness of the Israeli night, I devoted myself entirely to the experience of the first contact with the buds of the new Jewish life on the land of our ancestors."

There, Azariahu began to focus on the importance of women's economic independence. In her book, she noted that financial independence is essential for women to improve their situation for themselves, their families, and to advance in public life.

### Fifth Zionist Conference

In 1901, she married Yosef Ozerkowsky (later Azariahu) and they both went to Switzerland where they studied education. The couple participated in the fifth Zionist conference held in Basel as delegates. There, she advocated that the Zionist movement would operate on a broad scale and adopt popular and democratic foundations, especially in the fields of education and culture. Azariahu took part in the debates on the new statute for the Zionist Organization, and the establishment of a fund to start buying land in Israel. After the congress, due to financial troubles, the couple returned Goleta, Russia to teach at a Hebrew school for girls.

### Immigration to Israel

In 1905, Yosef moved to Rehovot, Israel teaching in the settlement. Azariahu waited to finish out the school year in Russia and in 1906, with their eldest son Yaakov (then four years old), joined him. In preparing to leave she was stopped by Russian law stating that a married woman is not allowed to leave without her husband's official consent. Yosef, already in Israel, was refused by the Russian consul to sign the approval documents. Following the Russian Revolution of 1905, severe riots broke out in Southern Russia and Goleta where they were living. Despite the danger, Azariahu went to Kherson, and from there to Odesa to speed up the immigration process. After several weeks, they were able to sail to Israel.

She saw her immigration to Israel as a revolutionary act writing in her memoir:

> "Here under these skies I was born and also grew up ... However, now my heart and soul are subject to another "revolution" ... I am going to join a small group of passionate and brave revolutionaries, who are already sitting and working in our ancient homeland, and like them I am now burning behind me all the bridges that once connected me to this country."

The couple taught at a school for girls in Jaffa, where men and women earned equal pay. Azariahu taught mathematics and geography, traditionally seen as a masculine role.

In 1909, through the land lottery, they were one of 66 founding families that would become the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Their house was at 14 Aham Ha'am Street, until 1943 when it was sold to pay off debts.

## The fight for women's rights

### Women's suffrage in Haifa

During World War I, the family moved to Haifa. Azariahu was a teacher and Yosef was the Director of the Reali School (the permanent director Arthur Biram was drafted into the army). Again Azariahu waited to finish the school year in Jaffa, joining her husband about a year later in the summer of 1915.

Once in Haifa, Azariahu joined the right for women's right to vote for the city community committee. She declared:

> "We, the women of the last immigration which has been going on for over 30 years, did not come here as 'pleasant' creatures, but as daughters of the people who wanted to fulfill the national duty that fate has imposed on this generation. We are ready and willing to do any hard and arduous work and we do not hesitate. Of all the sacrifices that the cruel conditions of our lives here will demand from us ... in this house, for the restoration of which we came to Israel, freedom and equality will prevail for all its citizens and residents, for men and women alike. As loyal partners in the duties that we strive to fulfill with all our hearts and minds, we women demand our share equal to that of the man also has rights. We demand the right to vote actively and passively for all the elected institutions of the settlement."

Azariahu and the women's suffrage movement faced harsh criticism. She noted:

> "The attitude of rejection and disdain towards the Jewish woman who immigrated to Israel out of a sincere aspiration to give all her strength to the building of the renewed homeland fell on me like a blow. Feelings of rebellion against the deprivation of women's rights that filled my heart since the days of my youth ... reawakened in my soul in the face of the threat to discriminate against women in our country; It is these feelings that drive me to revolt and act against any reduction in the civil and political rights of women in the Land of Israel."

Ultimately, the women of Haifa obtained the right to vote.

### Union of Hebrew Women for Equal Rights in Eretz Israel

In 1919 the family moved to Jerusalem. There, Azariahu ran the girls' school and Yosef was appointed Supervisor of all schools in Jerusalem. There, Azariahu was one of the founders and leaders of the Union of Hebrew Women for Equal Rights in Eretz Israel. She then began to fight for women's right to vote for the settlement's elected assembly, particularly against the ultra-orthodox community attempting to exclude women from civil and political life.

In what Azariahu described as a "unique ploy without precedent in women's movements in other countries," the women's union established an independent campaign ticket to contest the elections for the elected assembly.

The union stressed that their goal was not only the right to vote, but overall equality of rights. In 1920, the Union joined the International Alliance of Women, an international alliance of women's unions, headquartered in London and including 53 other countries.

### Assembly of Representatives

On the one-year anniversary of the union, Azariahu was elected to the first committee, managing daily activities of the organization with Rosa Welt-Straus, Miriam Nofach, Penia Matman-Cohen, and Hasia Feinsud Suknik. Azariahu was elected Secretary of the organization and was a leading figure for the Union on the national stage.

Elections were held in the settlement on April 19, 1920, following a strong campaign by the union. Seven women were elected to the first elected assembly, including Azariahu. She was chosen to sit in the honorary secretariat of the first session of the assembly but, as her presence as a woman bothered the ultra-Orthodox representatives, all honorary secretaries were asked to leave the stage. In the following assemblies, she ran on the Women for Equal Rights ticket.

In 1925, Azariahu participated in the second session of the Assembly of Representatives, and was a member of the National Committee dedicated to implementing the decisions of the Assembly of Representatives. In this role, she devoted time to the fight against discrimination against women in family matters including inheritance and guardianship. On her election she noted:

> "I remember very well the elation that filled my whole being when I crossed the threshold of the hall where the second assembly of elected representatives was convened. With a light heart, I took my place among the delegates, as an equal among equals and from an inner feeling that in the future no one within these walls will have the pleasure of casting an improper and reprehensible right to my participation in this institution. In my soul, the sharpness of the recognition that one of the stormy and urgent episodes in the war of the Hebrew woman for her equal rights has ended. The woman rightfully occupied her place in the highest institution of the settlement and under conditions equal to those of the man. This big and important chapter has been completed."

In conjunction and following her work in the Assembly of Representatives, she continued to fight for rights for women. For a decade she worked in the Union's legal offices, defending rights of married women and their children in cases of family conflict. She also served as a "lawyer for women" which included representing women in Rabbinical Court. She worked to establish secular courts in Israel because she opposed the fact that only men had rights in Rabbinical Courts.

### Child marriage and bigamy

Azariahu fought against child marriage, something she was exposed to as an educator many times. Through the Union, she worked to enact a law establishing a minimum age for marriage. She frequently spoke about this issue on the Assembly of Representatives, particularly in light of the frequency of this practice in the Yemenite Jewish community.

In 1930 she served as a judge of the Hebrew Peace Court.

## Family

The family lifestyle of Sarah and Yosef Azarihu was based on equality, their youngest son Arnan Azariahu said that family relations were based on respect and equality, both between the couple and between the parents and the children.

In 1926 the family returned to live in Tel Aviv and she retired from teaching. She traveled frequently to committee meetings in Jerusalem and took part in all four sessions of the Assembly of Representatives until the establishment of the state.

In 1954 she moved to Kibbutz Afikim with her daughter Tahia, who was one of its founders. She was the mother of four: Yaakov Ezriahu (1901), Tahia Gilboa (1907), Gideon Ezriahu (1912–1914) and Arnan (Sini) Ezriahu (1917), a veteran of the Palmach and a member of the Labor movement.

## Death and legacy

Azariahu died in Afikim in 1962. She is buried in the Trumpeldor Cemetery in the writers and public figures section next to her husband.

In 2018 Jerusalem's city council's naming committee decided to name a street in their city after Sarah Azariahu.

## InfoBox

| Sarah Azariahu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 17 July 1873
Daugavpils |
| Died | 22 October 1962 (aged 89)
Afikim |
| Nationality | Israeli (born in what is now Latvia) |
| Occupation | teacher |
| Spouse | Yosef Ozerkowsky (later Azaryahu) |