title: Bustin' Loose (song)

abstract: "Bustin' Loose" is a hit song for Chuck Brown & the Soul Searchers. Released from the album of the same name, it spent four weeks at the top of the R&B singles chart in early 1979 and peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.

text:
# Bustin' Loose (song)

"**Bustin' Loose (Part 1)**" is a hit song for Chuck Brown & the Soul Searchers. Released from the album of the same name, it spent four weeks at the top of the R&B singles chart in early 1979 and peaked at number 34 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 singles chart.

## InfoBox

| "Bustin' Loose" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Chuck Brown & the Soul Searchers | |
| from the album  *Bustin' Loose* | |
| A-side | "Bustin' Loose Part I" |
| B-side | "Bustin' Loose Part II" |
| Released | 1979 (1979) |
| Studio | Sigma Sound, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Genre | Go-go |
| Label | Source Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Charles Brown |
| Producer(s) | James Purdie |
| Chuck Brown & the Soul Searchers singles chronology | |
| "If It Ain't Funky"
(1978) "**Bustin' Loose**"
(1979) "Never Gonna Give You Up"
(1979) | |


title: Ernst Barkmann

abstract: Ernst Barkmann was a German tank commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He is known for the actions undertaken at “Barkmann’s Corner", in which his unit halted a U.S. Army armoured advance in Normandy on 27 July 1944, for which he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

text:
# Ernst Barkmann

**Ernst Barkmann** (25 August 1919 – 27 June 2009) was a German tank commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He is known for the actions undertaken at “Barkmann’s Corner", in which his unit halted a U.S. Army armoured advance in Normandy on 27 July 1944, for which he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

## SS career

Barkmann joined the Nazi Party on 1 September 1938 and served in the Reich Labour Service from November 1938 to March 1939. After this he joined the SS on 1 April 1939, and served during the occupation of Poland. He was posted for a time as an instructor of SS volunteers in the Netherlands. In winter 1942/43 he was posted to the SS Division Das Reich on the Eastern Front, with which he took part in the Third Battle of Kharkov.

In February 1944, *Das Reich* was ordered to France to form a part of the 5th Panzer Army, the armoured reserve for the expected Allied invasion. Following Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of June 1944, the division reached the front in early July and fought against the American forces near Saint-Lô. Barkmann was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Barkmann participated in the Ardennes Offensive in December 1944 and the fighting on the Eastern Front in the spring of 1945.

Barkmann and his crew were credited with the destruction of at least 82 Soviet, British and US tanks, 136 miscellaneous armoured fighting vehicles and 43 anti-tank guns, but Barkmann's reputed actions in Normandy were challenged by the military historian Steven Zaloga, who asserts that he analysed the Allied war records, and was unable to locate the losses claimed by Barkmann. He attributed the narrative of Barkmann's Corner to the "propaganda efforts of the Waffen-SS".

## Awards and decorations

* Mattson, Gregory L. (2002). *SS-Das Reich: The History of the Second SS Division, 1944–45*. Amber Books. ISBN 0-7603-1255-9.
* Miller, Michael (2015). *Knight's Cross Holders of the SS and German Police 1940-45*. England: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-909982-74-1.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Wegmann, Günter (2004). *Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil VIIIa: Panzertruppe Band 1: A–E* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part VIIIa: Panzer Force Volume 1: A–E*\] (in German). Bissendorf, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2322-1.
* Zaloga, Steven (2015). *Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II*. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-1437-2.

## InfoBox

| Ernst Barkmann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 25 August 1919<br>Kisdorf |
| Died | 27 June 2009(2009-06-27) (aged 89) |
| Allegiance | Germany |
| Service/branch | Waffen-SS |
| Years of service | 1936–45 |
| Rank | Oberscharführer |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Stephen Rademaker

abstract: Stephen Geoffrey Rademaker is an attorney, lobbyist, and former Bush administration government official. He was chief counsel to the United States House Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives, and an Assistant Secretary of State from 2002 through 2006.

text:
# Stephen Rademaker

**Stephen Geoffrey Rademaker** (born 1959) is an attorney, lobbyist, and former Bush administration government official. He was chief counsel to the United States House Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives, and an Assistant Secretary of State from 2002 through 2006.

## Education

Rademaker attended the University of Virginia where he received a B.A. (1981) in Foreign Affairs, a J.D. (1984), and an M.A. in Foreign Affairs (1985). He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society, and president of the Student Council during his time at the university.

## Career

Rademaker was an associate at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Covington & Burling 1984 to 1986, and in 1986 a law clerk to James L. Buckley of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

From 1986 to 1987, he served as counsel to the Vice Chairman of the U.S. International Trade Commission. From 1987 to 1989, Stephen served as a Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs.

From 1989 to 1992, Rademaker held a joint appointment as Associate Counsel to the President in the Office of Counsel to the President and as Deputy Legal Adviser to the National Security Council. From 1992 to 1993, Stephen served as General Counsel of the Peace Corps. For most of the following decade, he held positions on the staff of the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives, including Minority Chief Counsel (1993–1995), Chief Counsel (1995–2001), and Deputy Staff Director and Chief Counsel (2001–2002). He returned briefly to the Peace Corps in 2000–2001 as the Bush-Cheney Transition's Director of Transition for the Peace Corps.

In 2002, he was Chief Counsel to the Select Committee on Homeland Security of the U.S. House of Representatives, where he was responsible for drafting the legislation that created the Department of Homeland Security. Later that year, he was confirmed by the United States Senate as the Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation, serving until May 2006.

After leaving the public sector, Rademaker joined Barbour, Griffith, and Rogers in January 2007. In February 2011, Rademaker left the firm and joined the Podesta Group. In 2020 Covington & Burling listed him as senior of counsel.

## Personal life

Rademaker is married to Danielle Pletka, the vice president for foreign and defense policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute. Rademaker has four children.

## InfoBox

| Stephen Rademaker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation | |
| **In office**
September 13, 2005  May 20, 2006 | |
| President | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | *Position established* |
| Succeeded by | Francis C. Record |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Stephen Geoffrey Rademaker
1959 |
| Spouse | Danielle Pletka |
| Alma mater | University of Virginia (BA, JD, MA) |
|  | |


title: Elguja Gvazava

abstract: Elguja "Gia" Gvazava is a Georgian politician. Being a native of Georgia's autonomous republic of Abkhazia and a member of the local legislature since 1991, Gvazava was forced, along with most of the region's Georgian population, to flee the secessionist victory in Abkhazia in 1993. From March 20, 2009, to April 8, 2019, he served a chairman of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia, based in exile in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi.

text:
# Elguja Gvazava

**Elguja "Gia" Gvazava** (Georgian: ელგუჯა \[გია\] გვაზავა) (born February 22, 1952) is a Georgian politician. Being a native of Georgia's autonomous republic of Abkhazia and a member of the local legislature since 1991, Gvazava was forced, along with most of the region's Georgian population, to flee the secessionist victory in Abkhazia in 1993. From March 20, 2009, to April 8, 2019, he served a chairman of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia, based in exile in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi.

## Career

Born in Ochamchire, Abkhaz ASSR, Georgian SSR, Gvazava graduated from the Sukhumi Pedagogical Institute with a degree in biology in 1974 and continued his postgraduate training at the Institute of Medical Genetics in Moscow from 1976 to 1981. In 1982, he acquired a position of docent at the Sukhumi State University and, in 1991, he was elected to the Supreme Council of Abkhazia, a local legislature. Gvazava retained both his academic and legislative positions when the Georgian factions of both university and the Supreme Council were forced to relocate to Tbilisi in the aftermath of the 1992—93 war in Abkhazia. In 1995, he was further elected Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia-in-exile. Simultaneously, from 1992 to 2004, he was a member of the Parliament of Georgia. On March 20, 2009, he became a chairman of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia. He was re-elected on April 7, 2014 On April 8, 2019, he was succeeded by Jemal Gamakharia.


title: Eleusine indica

abstract: Eleusine indica, the Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, or crowfootgrass, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a small annual grass distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees latitude. It is an invasive species in some areas. Eleusine indica is closely related to Eleusine coracana (finger millet or African finger millet), and the diploid E. indica is likely an ancestor of the allotetraploid E. coracana. Seeds of E. indica are edible and are sometimes used as a famine food, but yields are low. It is an important weed of cultivated crops, lawns, and golf courses. It thrives in disturbed areas with compacted soils in full sun. Both tillage and herbicides are used in its control. This low-growing grass is capable of setting seed even when closely mown. Some populations have evolved resistance to certain herbicides, including glyphosate. Eleusine indica performs C4 photosynthesis and therefore can grow in hot climates and in the hotter months of the temperate zone. Its seeds germinate later in spring than most other temperate zone weeds, such as crabgrasses. Though usually considered an annual, it may survive for more than a year in climates not subject to frost.

text:
# Eleusine indica

***Eleusine indica***, the **Indian goosegrass**, **yard-grass**, **goosegrass**, **wiregrass**, or **crowfootgrass**, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a small annual grass distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees latitude. It is an invasive species in some areas.

*Eleusine indica* is closely related to *Eleusine coracana* (finger millet or African finger millet), and the diploid *E. indica* is likely an ancestor of the allotetraploid *E. coracana*.

Seeds of *E. indica* are edible and are sometimes used as a famine food, but yields are low. It is an important weed of cultivated crops, lawns, and golf courses. It thrives in disturbed areas with compacted soils in full sun. Both tillage and herbicides are used in its control. This low-growing grass is capable of setting seed even when closely mown. Some populations have evolved resistance to certain herbicides, including glyphosate.

*Eleusine indica* performs C4 photosynthesis and therefore can grow in hot climates and in the hotter months of the temperate zone. Its seeds germinate later in spring than most other temperate zone weeds, such as crabgrasses. Though usually considered an annual, it may survive for more than a year in climates not subject to frost.

## InfoBox

| *Eleusine indica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | *Eleusine* |
| Species: | ***E. indica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eleusine indica***
(L.) Gaertn. | |
|


abstract: The Electoral district of Pastoral District of Maneroo was an electorate of the New South Wales Legislative Council at a time when some of its members were elected and the balance were appointed by the Governor. It was a new electorate created in 1851 by the expansion of the Legislative Council to 54, 18 to be appointed and 36 elected. The district covered the Maneroo region now known as Monaro in the south east of New South Wales. To its north was the Electoral district of Counties of Murray and St Vincent. Polling was to occur in the towns of Goulburn, Eden, Cooma and Bombala. In 1856 the unicameral Legislative Council was abolished and replaced with an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council. The district was represented by the Legislative Assembly electorate of Maneroo.

text:
# Electoral district of Pastoral District of Maneroo

The **Electoral district of Pastoral District of Maneroo** was an electorate of the New South Wales Legislative Council at a time when some of its members were elected and the balance were appointed by the Governor. It was a new electorate created in 1851 by the expansion of the Legislative Council to 54, 18 to be appointed and 36 elected. The district covered the Maneroo region now known as Monaro in the south east of New South Wales. To its north was the Electoral district of Counties of Murray and St Vincent. Polling was to occur in the towns of Goulburn, Eden, Cooma and Bombala.

In 1856 the unicameral Legislative Council was abolished and replaced with an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council. The district was represented by the Legislative Assembly electorate of Maneroo.

## Members

| Member | Term |
| --- | --- |
| Arthur Jeffreys | Sep 1851 – Feb 1854 |
| Daniel Egan | Apr 1854 – Feb 1856 |
|

## Election results

### 1851

1851 New South Wales colonial election, 25 September:
Pastoral District of Maneroo
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arthur Jeffreys | | unopposed |  |

### 1854

Arthur Jeffreys resigned in February 1854.

Pastoral District of Maneroo by-election
19 April 1854
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Daniel Egan | | show of hands |  |
| Charles Kemp | |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Pastoral District of Maneroo<br>New South WalesLegislative Council | |
| --- | --- |
| State | New South Wales |
| Created | 1851 |
| Abolished | 1856 |
| Namesake | Maneroo region |


title: Townshend Stith Brandegee

abstract: Townshend Stith Brandegee was an American botanist. He was an authority on the flora of Baja California and the Channel Islands of California.

text:
# Townshend Stith Brandegee

**Townshend Stith Brandegee** (February 16, 1843 – April 7, 1925) was an American botanist. He was an authority on the flora of Baja California and the Channel Islands of California.

## Early life

Brandegee was born on February 16, 1843, in Berlin, Connecticut. From 1862 to 1864 he served in the Connecticut Artillery and later decided to become an engineer. He got his degree in engineering from Sheffield Scientific School but then pursued botany after he participated at some classes with Daniel Cady Eaton in Yale University.

When he graduated from there, he became a county surveyor and city engineer at Canon City, Colorado where in free time he also collected certain species of plants. He was accustomed with John H. Redfield and Asa Gray the later of which suggested him to join Ferdinand V. Hayden's expedition to southwest Colorado and Utah where he will use his surveyor skills as well as botanical. He was hired as a railroad surveyor in both Arkansas and New Mexico and continued with plant collecting. Later on, he was hired at the Northern Transcontinental Survey and created a map of Adirondack region. On his journey he visited Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands on one of which he collected wood for Charles Sprague Sargent.

## Work, marriage and publications

Soon after it, he moved to San Francisco where he became a member California Academy of Sciences and continued studying plants there and in Baja California, Mexico. Besides being a member of the CAS he was also a member of Botanical Society of America, National Geographical Society, Sigma Xi and a fellow at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. From 1889 to 1906 he wrote a 12-volume work called *Plantae Mexicanae Purpusianae* which was published in collaboration with Carl A. Purpus. He married a fellow botanist, Katharine Layne Curran in San Diego in 1889. In 1906, he moved to Berkeley, California where he died on April 7, 1925.

## Further reading

* Carter, Nancy Carol (2011). "The Brandegees: Leading Botanists in San Diego" (PDF). *Journal of San Diego History*. **14** (4): 191–216. Republished ("somewhat abridged") in *Eden* **14**(4): 1–9.

The standard author abbreviation Brandegee is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## InfoBox

| Townshend Stith Brandegee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | February 16, 1843
Berlin, Connecticut |
| Died | April 7, 1925(1925-04-07) (aged 82) |
| Alma mater | Sheffield Scientific School |
| Spouse(s) | Katharine Layne Curran (born Mary Katharine Layne; m. 1889-1920, her death) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Botany |
| Institutions | Botanical Society of America
California Academy of Sciences
National Geographical Society
Sigma Xi |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | Brandegee |
|  | |


title: Townshend State Park

abstract: Townshend State Park is a state park in Townshend, Vermont. Embedded within Townshend State Forest, the park provides a camping facility and hiking trails for accessing Bald Mountain. The park's facilities were developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s, and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places for their well-preserved state.

text:
# Townshend State Park

**Townshend State Park** is a state park in Townshend, Vermont. Embedded within Townshend State Forest, the park provides a camping facility and hiking trails for accessing Bald Mountain. The park's facilities were developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s, and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places for their well-preserved state.

## Description

Townshend State Park is located in central Windham County, embedded within Townshend State Forest in southern Townshend. The park entrance is located on State Forest Road east of the Scott Covered Bridge, on the south side of the West River. The park is 41 acres (17 ha) in size, and is set on the north slope of Bald Mountain whose peak is at an elevation of 1,680 feet (510 m). The principal feature of the park is its campground, which provides 30 sites in a combination of tent sites, leantos, and minimally improved bare campsites. The campground has three spurs emanating from a central area, where the ranger contact station is located. The station is a pair of stone buildings connected by a gable-roofed open shelter. The building on the left houses the ranger office, while that on the right ranger housing quarters. Other CCC-built elements of the park include eight tent platforms, and a storage building originally used as a comfort facility, as well as fireplaces, a water fountain, and a concrete water tank.

Land for the park and the surrounding state forest was purchased by the state in 1912. Originally 700 acres (280 ha), the forest is now over 1,000 acres (400 ha) in size. A fire tower (since removed) was built on Bald Mountain in 1924, and a picnic area was built by the state later in the 1920s. Most of the facilities seen in the park today were built by the CCC between 1933 and 1938, with only modest alterations, replacements of some features, and the loss of a few of the original tent platforms.

Activities at the park include picnicking, hiking, camping and fishing.

## InfoBox

| Townshend State Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | State park |
| Location | 2755 State Forest Rd.<br>Townshend, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 43°02′27″N 72°41′33″W / 43.0409°N 72.6924°W / 43.0409; -72.6924 |
| Area | 41 acres (17 ha) |
| Created | 1912 |
| Operated by | Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation |
| Open | Memorial Day weekend - Labor Day weekend |
| Website | https://vtstateparks.com/townshend.html |
|  | |
| Townshend State Park | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Built by | Civilian Conservation Corps |
| MPS | Historic Park Landscapes in National and State Parks MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 02000030 |
| Added to NRHP | February 14, 2002 |
|  | |


title: Eliakim ben Meshullam

abstract: Eliakim ben Meshullam Halevi was a German rabbi, Talmudist and payyeṭan. He studied at the yeshivot in Mainz and Worms, having Rashi as a fellow student. Eliakim himself founded a Talmudical school in Speyer. He wrote a commentary on all the tractates of the Talmud except Berakot and Niddah, which was used by scholars as late as the fourteenth century. At present there exists only the commentary on Yoma, in manuscript. Ritual decisions by Eliakim are mentioned by Rashi. He was the composer of a piyyuṭ, to be read when a circumcision takes place in the synagogue on a Saturday.

text:
# Eliakim ben Meshullam

**Eliakim ben Meshullam Halevi** (born about 1030; died at the end of the eleventh century in Speyer, Rhenish Bavaria) was a German rabbi, Talmudist and *payyeṭan*.

He studied at the *yeshivot* in Mainz and Worms, having Rashi as a fellow student. Eliakim himself founded a Talmudical school in Speyer.

He wrote a commentary on all the tractates of the *Talmud* except *Berakot* and *Niddah* (see Solomon Luria, Responsa, No. 29, and Asher ben Jehiel, Responsa, Rule 1, § 8), which was used by scholars as late as the fourteenth century. At present there exists only the commentary on *Yoma,* in manuscript (Codex Munich, No. 216).

Ritual decisions by Eliakim are mentioned by Rashi ("Pardes," 42a, 44c, 48a). He was the composer of a *piyyuṭ,* to be read when a circumcision takes place in the synagogue on a Saturday.

* Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, i. 28
* Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, No. 221
* Leser Landshuth, 'Ammude ha-'Abodah, p. 24
* Berliner, in Monatsschrift, 1868, p. 182
* Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. vi. 364
* Epstein, in the *Steinschneider Festschrift*, pp. 125 et seq.
* idem, *Jüdische Alterthümer in Worms und Speyer*, pp. 4, 27.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)


title: Trametes gibbosa

abstract: Trametes gibbosa, commonly known as the lumpy bracket, is a polypore mushroom that causes white rot. It is found on beech stumps and the dead wood of other hardwood species. Fruit bodies are 8–15 cm in diameter and semicircular in shape. The upper surface is usually gray or white, but may be greenish in older specimens due to algal growth. Elongated pores are located on the under-surface. The fruiting bodies are frequently attacked by boring beetle larvae.

text:
# Trametes gibbosa

| Trametes gibbosaMycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Pores** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **offset** |
|  | Hymenium is **decurrent** |
|  | Lacks a stipe |
|  | Spore print is **white** to **cream** |
|  | Ecology is **saprotrophic** |
|  | Edibility is **inedible** |

***Trametes gibbosa***, commonly known as the **lumpy bracket**, is a polypore mushroom that causes white rot. It is found on beech stumps and the dead wood of other hardwood species. Fruit bodies are 8–15 cm in diameter and semicircular in shape. The upper surface is usually gray or white, but may be greenish in older specimens due to algal growth. Elongated pores are located on the under-surface. The fruiting bodies are frequently attacked by boring beetle larvae.

## Description

*Trametes gibbosa* grows as a shelf mushroom and can can reach sizes of up to 20 cm wide. As the common name suggests, the upper surface is lumpy/uneven and velvety. Sometimes magnification may be needed to see the hairs. This upper surface is white/creamy when young, but often develops greyer tints as well as green from algae settling into the hairs. The pore surface is of similar white and cream colors, also developing grayer tints in age. There are about 1–3 pores per mm that are elongated and can sometimes look maze-like or even gill-like in atypical specimens.

The flesh is woody and has no distinct taste.

The spore print, which may be hard to obtain, is white. "Spores 4-5.5 x 2-2.5 μm, elliptic-cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, hyphal system trimitic, clamp connections present"

*T. gibbosa* is saprobic on dead hardwoods and is known from Eurasia and North American pacific north-west and east of the great plains.

This fungus grows year round.

### Distinguishing features

The hairy and lumpy cap, the elongated pores, and the shelf-like growth are all important features that help narrow down the identification to *T. gibbosa*.

### Similar species

The genus *Trametes* can be separated from other polypores by the hairy caps, the fan to kidney shape, and their relative thinness. Some *Trametes* (espeicially the Turkey Tail, *Trametes versicolor*) can look similar to certain *Stereums,* but a specimen of *Stereum* will never have pores on the undersurface, instead they are smooth underneath.

*Trametes aesculi* is quite similar, but the pores are more variably circular or maze-like rather than mostly elongated. Additionally *T. aesculi* loses its tomentose upper surface on maturity and becomes smooth. Confusion between the two species can be settled under a microscope: the spores of *T. aesculi* has bigger spores, 5–7 μm in length.

*Trametes elegans* is similar but is not found in North America or Europe.

Whitish or grey specimens of *Trametes lactinea* can seem similar, but will have round or angular pores, rather than elongated.

## InfoBox

| *Trametes gibbosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Polyporaceae |
| Genus: | *Trametes* |
| Species: | ***T. gibbosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trametes gibbosa***
(Pers.) Fr. (1836) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Agarico-suber scalptum*
Paulet 1793
*Bulliardia virescens*
Lázaro Ibiza 1916
*Daedalea gibbosa*
(Pers.) Pers. 1801
*Daedalea virescens*
(Lázaro Ibiza) Sacc. & Trotter 1925
*Lenzites gibbosa*
(Pers.) Hemmi 1939
*Merulius gibbosus*
Pers. 1795
*Polyporus gibbosus*
(Pers.) P. Kumm. 1871
*Polystictus kalchbrenneri*
(Fr.) Cooke 1886
*Pseudotrametes gibbosa*
(Pers.) Bondartsev & Singer 1944
*Pseudotrametes gibbosa*
forma *tenuis*  (Pilát) anon. ined.
*Trametes crenulata*
Berk. 1854
*Trametes gibbosa* var. *tenuis*
(Pilát) anon. ined.
*Trametes gibbosa* forma *tenuis*  Pilát 1940
*Trametes kalchbrenneri*
Fr. 1868
*Trametes nigrescens*
Lázaro Ibiza 1916 | |


title: Trametes pubescens

abstract:
Trametes pubescens is a small, thin species of polypore, or bracket fungus. It has a cream-colored, finely velvety cap surface. Unlike most other turkey tail-like species of Trametes, the cap surface lacks strongly contrasting zones of color. Trametes pubescens is an annual, saprobic fungus, a decomposer of the deadwood of hardwoods, growing in clusters on logs, stumps and downed branches.
It is a purported plant pathogen, infecting peach and nectarine trees. It is inedible. The genome of T. pubescens has been published in 2017 by Zoraide Granchi and coworkers from the OPTIBIOCAT project. The genome contains 39.7 million bases. The consortium estimates that there are 14,451 different genes, which is quite average among saprobic wood-rotting species. The sequencing has been performed in Leiden, The Netherlands.

text:
# Trametes pubescens

***Trametes pubescens*** is a small, thin species of polypore, or bracket fungus. It has a cream-colored, finely velvety cap surface. Unlike most other turkey tail-like species of *Trametes*, the cap surface lacks strongly contrasting zones of color.

*Trametes pubescens* is an annual, saprobic fungus, a decomposer of the deadwood of hardwoods, growing in clusters on logs, stumps and downed branches. (It is rarely reported on conifer wood.) It is a purported plant pathogen, infecting peach and nectarine trees. It is inedible.

The genome of *T. pubescens* has been published in 2017 by Zoraide Granchi and coworkers from the OPTIBIOCAT project. The genome contains 39.7 million bases. The consortium estimates that there are 14,451 different genes, which is quite average among saprobic wood-rotting species. The sequencing has been performed in Leiden, The Netherlands.

## InfoBox

| *Trametes pubescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Polyporaceae |
| Genus: | *Trametes* |
| Species: | ***T. pubescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trametes pubescens***<br>(Schumach.) Pilát (1939) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trametes velutina* (P. Karst.) G. Cunn. (1965) | |


title: Elisabeth Rethberg

abstract: Elisabeth Rethberg was a German operatic spinto soprano singer who was active from the period of the First World War through the early 1940s. After Richard Strauss assigned the role of the Empress in his Die Frau ohne Schatten to her at the Dresden Opera in 1919, she went on to perform as Verdi's Aida at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and La Scala in Milan, among others. She returned to Dresden often, including to appear in title role of Die ägyptische Helena in the world premiere.

text:
# Elisabeth Rethberg

**Elisabeth Rethberg** (née Lisbeth Sättler; 22 September 1894  6 June 1976) was a German operatic spinto soprano singer who was active from the period of the First World War through the early 1940s. After Richard Strauss assigned the role of the Empress in his *Die Frau ohne Schatten* to her at the Dresden Opera in 1919, she went on to perform as Verdi's Aida at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and La Scala in Milan, among others. She returned to Dresden often, including to appear in title role of *Die ägyptische Helena* in the world premiere.

## Life and career

### Early years

**Lisbeth Sättler** was born in Schwarzenberg. Her father was a teacher, and supplied her first musical education. She studied piano and voice at the Dresden Royal Conservatory from age 16 with Otto Watrin. She made her operatic debut in Dresden opposite Richard Tauber on 16 June 1915, as Arsena in the operetta *Der Zigeunerbaron* by Johann Strauss. In 1916 she performed leading roles such as the Countess Mozart's *Figaro*, Eva in Wagner's *Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg*. In 1919, Richard Strauss entrusted her to perform the role of the Empress in his *Die Frau ohne Schatten*, she was so successful that he wanted to engage her at the Vienna State Opera. She was then recognised internationally, and appeared at major operas houses in Europe.

## Metropolitan Opera

Rethberg sang with the Dresden Opera until 1922, when she made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera (Met) as Verdi's Aida. She moved to the US and remained with the Metropolitan Opera for 20 seasons, singing 30 roles. She studied further with Estelle Liebling in New York City. Her four Met opening nights (Wagner's *Die Walküre*, Mozarts *Figaro* and two times *Aida*) tie her with Licia Albanese as the soprano awarded the most Met opening nights. She also was engaged by London's Royal Opera House, where she sang in 1925 and from 1934–1939.

### Other international performances

She appeared at the Salzburg Festival in Austria, to audiences at La Scala in Milan, where she performed again as Aida, conducted by Toscanini, and elsewhere in Europe.

Rethberg often returned to Dresden. In 1928, she created the title role in Strauss's *Die ägyptische Helena*, conducted by Fritz Busch. During the latter half of the 1930s, Rethberg's voice lost some of its luster, which some attribute to her frequent singing of Aida and other heavier roles. She retired from the stage in 1942.

### Personal life

Rethberg was first married to Ernst Albert Dormann. In 1956, she married the Russian-born Met comprimario singer George Cehanovsky.

Rethberg died in Yorktown Heights at age 81

## Recordings

Rethberg made recordings of arias and ensemble pieces in Germany and the United States between 1921 and the outbreak of the Second World War. Many of these are available on LP and CD transfers.\*

The most notable records of her art include live Metropolitan Opera recordings of her role in the complete operas, including *Marriage of Figaro*, Verdi's *Simon Boccanegra* and *Otello*, and Wagner's *Lohengrin*. Concerning her lieder discography, she was included in the 1930s Hugo Wolf Society recording project (e.g. "Müh'voll komm' ich und beladen").

Rethberg had a distinctive lyrical but focused voice felt to be at once extremely feminine and penetrating. She is heard in live recordings later in her career of *Lohengrin* opposite Lauritz Melchior, *Otello* opposite Giovanni Martinelli and Lawrence Tibbett, and *Simon Boccanegra*, again with Martinelli and Tibbett. Only a few measures exist of her Leonora in Verdi's *Il trovatore* opposite Martinelli and Richard Bonelli. While no full recordings exist of her most famous role, Aida, she recorded many extracts from it in the studio. A combination of live performances and studio recordings remain of her rendition of Amelia from Verdi's *Un Ballo in Maschera*, that possibly best illustrate the combined lyric and dramatic potential of her voice.

## InfoBox

| Elisabeth Rethberg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Lisbeth Sättler
(1894-09-22)22 September 1894
Schwarzenberg, Germany |
| Died | 6 June 1976(1976-06-06) (aged 81)
Yorktown Heights, New York, US |
| Occupation | operatic spinto soprano |
| Organizations |  |


abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the electoral district of Maylands in Western Australian state elections from the district's creation in 1948 until the present.

text:
# Electoral results for the district of Maylands

This is a list of **electoral results for the electoral district of Maylands** in Western Australian state elections from the district's creation in 1948 until the present.

## Members for Maylands

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | John Scaddan | Nationalist | 1930–1933 |
|  | Robert Clothier | Labor | 1933–1936 |
|  | Harry Shearn | Ind. Nationalist | 1936–1951 |
|  | Edward Oldfield | Liberal | 1951–1956 |
|  | Merv Toms | Labor | 1956–1962 |
|  | Edward Oldfield | Labor | 1962–1965 |
|  | Bob Marshall | Liberal | 1965–1968 |
|  | John Harman | Labor | 1968–1986 |
|  | Peter Dowding | Labor | 1986–1990 |
|  | Judy Edwards | Labor | 1990–2008 |
|  | Lisa Baker | Labor | 2008–present |

## Election results

### Elections in the 2020s

2021 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 15,303 | 62.0 | +12.2 |
|  | Greens | Emma Pringle | 3,985 | 16.1 | −1.0 |
|  | Liberal | Justin Iemma | 3,848 | 15.6 | −11.8 |
|  | No Mandatory Vaccination | Carmel Addink | 528 | 2.1 | +2.1 |
|  | Christians | Gaye Burnett | 449 | 1.8 | −0.2 |
|  | One Nation | Maria Andreeva | 339 | 1.4 | +1.4 |
|  | WAxit | Peter Baker | 226 | 0.9 | −0.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,678 | 96.4 | +1.3 |
| Informal votes | | | 918 | 3.6 | −1.3 |
| Turnout | | | 25,596 | 86.1 | +0.2 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 19,566 | 79.3 | +11.5 |
|  | Liberal | Justin Iemma | 5,103 | 20.7 | −11.5 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +11.5 |  |

### Elections in the 2010s

2017 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 11,378 | 49.8 | +7.8 |
|  | Liberal | Amanda Madden | 6,255 | 27.4 | −15.8 |
|  | Greens | Caroline Perks | 3,920 | 17.1 | +4.8 |
|  | Matheson for WA | Greg Smith | 539 | 2.4 | +2.4 |
|  | Christians | Matt Kleyn | 453 | 2.0 | −0.6 |
|  | Micro Business | Benny Fensome | 316 | 1.4 | +1.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 22,861 | 95.1 | +1.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,171 | 4.9 | −1.6 |
| Turnout | | | 24,032 | 86.8 | +0.6 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 15,509 | 67.9 | +15.2 |
|  | Liberal | Amanda Madden | 7,345 | 32.1 | −15.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +15.2 |  |

2013 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Sylvan Albert | 8,893 | 42.8 | +8.7 |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 8,796 | 42.3 | –1.2 |
|  | Greens | Dee O'Neill | 2,554 | 12.3 | –6.6 |
|  | Christians | Paul Madden | 533 | 2.6 | –0.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,776 | 93.5 | −0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,445 | 6.5 | +0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 22,221 | 88.8 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 11,020 | 53.1 | –5.7 |
|  | Liberal | Sylvan Albert | 9,751 | 46.9 | +5.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | –5.7 |  |

### Elections in the 2000s

2008 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 8,065 | 43.7 | -10.8 |
|  | Liberal | Ainslie Gatt | 6,270 | 33.9 | +7.4 |
|  | Greens | Hsien Harper | 3,524 | 19.1 | +7.2 |
|  | Christian Democrats | Dunstan Hartley | 614 | 3.3 | -0.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 18,473 | 93.7 | −0.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,241 | 6.3 | +0.6 |
| Turnout | | | 19,714 | 84.7 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Lisa Baker | 10,899 | 59.0 | -8.4 |
|  | Liberal | Ainslie Gatt | 7,572 | 41.0 | +8.4 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -8.4 |  |

2005 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 12,668 | 53.88 | +3.27 |
|  | Liberal | Roslyn Webb | 6,464 | 27.49 | –0.42 |
|  | Greens | James Rayner | 2,646 | 11.25 | +2.83 |
|  | Christian Democrats | Dunstan Hartley | 921 | 3.92 | +3.92 |
|  | Family First | Judy Joyce | 812 | 3.45 | +3.45 |
| Total formal votes | | | 23,511 | 94.02 | –0.23 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,496 | 5.98 | +0.23 |
| Turnout | | | 25,007 | 89.60 | +0.20 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 15,626 | 66.52 | +2.04 |
|  | Liberal | Roslyn Webb | 7,863 | 33.48 | –2.04 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +2.04 |  |

2001 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 10,549 | 50.6 | +3.6 |
|  | Liberal | Bev Brennan | 5,818 | 27.9 | -9.4 |
|  | Greens | Corinne Glenn | 1,755 | 8.4 | -0.6 |
|  | One Nation | Bill Goulthorp | 1,209 | 5.8 | +5.8 |
|  | Democrats | Michael Phillips-Ryder | 813 | 3.9 | -2.8 |
|  | Independent | Troy Ellis | 441 | 2.1 | +2.1 |
|  |  | Neil Gray | 259 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,844 | 94.3 | −0.3 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,271 | 5.7 | +0.3 |
| Turnout | | | 22,115 | 89.4 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 13,391 | 64.5 | +7.4 |
|  | Liberal | Bev Brennan | 7,378 | 35.5 | -7.4 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +7.4 |  |

### Elections in the 1990s

1996 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 9,516 | 47.0 | +0.6 |
|  | Liberal | Bev Brennan | 7,564 | 37.3 | -3.1 |
|  | Greens | Colin Speed | 1,822 | 9.0 | +3.2 |
|  | Democrats | Pat Lim | 1,361 | 6.7 | +3.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,263 | 94.6 | −0.9 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,162 | 5.4 | +0.9 |
| Turnout | | | 21,425 | 89.2 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 11,549 | 57.1 | +3.1 |
|  | Liberal | Bev Brennan | 8,678 | 42.9 | -3.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.1 |  |

1993 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 9,605 | 50.0 | -6.1 |
|  | Liberal | Gary Lilleyman | 7,097 | 36.9 | +3.7 |
|  | Greens | Robert Paton | 1,230 | 6.4 | +6.4 |
|  | Democrats | Rosslyn Tilbury | 708 | 3.7 | +3.7 |
|  | Independent | Noel Sharp | 575 | 3.0 | +2.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 19,215 | 95.3 | +4.5 |
| Informal votes | | | 957 | 4.7 | −4.5 |
| Turnout | | | 20,172 | 93.1 | +2.5 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 11,061 | 57.6 | -2.5 |
|  | Liberal | Gary Lilleyman | 8,154 | 42.4 | +2.5 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.5 |  |

1990 Maylands state by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 8,083 | 44.8 | -11.8 |
|  | Liberal | Deanne Koppman | 6,586 | 36.5 | +3.3 |
|  | Greens | Bevan Carter | 1,763 | 9.8 | +9.8 |
|  | Democrats | Robert Whitehead | 584 | 3.2 | +3.2 |
|  | Grey Power | Josh Sacino | 366 | 2.0 | -2.4 |
|  | Independent | Avon Lovell | 292 | 1.6 | +1.6 |
|  | Independent | Roger Broinowski | 109 | 0.6 | +0.6 |
|  | Independent | Barry Lloyd | 87 | 0.5 | +0.5 |
|  | Independent | Jurgen Marter | 61 | 0.3 | +0.3 |
|  | Independent | Paul Augustson | 46 | 0.3 | +0.3 |
|  | Independent | Noel Sharp | 36 | 0.2 | +0.2 |
|  | Independent | Arthur Galletly | 12 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 18,025 | 96.0 | +5.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 759 | 4.0 | −5.2 |
| Turnout | | | 18,784 | 80.8 | −9.8 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Judy Edwards | 10,017 | 55.6 | -4.5 |
|  | Liberal | Deanne Koppman | 8,008 | 44.4 | +4.5 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -4.5 |  |

### Elections in the 1980s

1989 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Peter Dowding | 10,575 | 56.1 | -6.2 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Blaxell | 6,255 | 33.2 | +1.2 |
|  | Grey Power | John Redmond | 825 | 4.4 | +4.4 |
|  | Independent | Norman Heslington | 593 | 3.2 | +3.2 |
|  | Family Movement | Brian Peachey | 404 | 2.1 | +2.1 |
|  | Independent | Noel Sharp | 195 | 1.0 | +1.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 18,847 | 90.8 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,901 | 9.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 20,748 | 90.6 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Peter Dowding | 11,335 | 60.1 | -5.1 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Blaxell | 7,512 | 39.9 | +5.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -5.1 |  |

1986 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Peter Dowding | 9,393 | 59.8 | -5.1 |
|  | Liberal | Michael MacAulay | 4,728 | 30.1 | -5.0 |
|  | Independent | David MacLiver | 855 | 5.4 | +5.4 |
|  | Democrats | Peter Hayes | 474 | 3.0 | +3.0 |
|  | Independent | Clive Turner | 141 | 0.9 | +0.9 |
|  | Independent | Michael Pal | 127 | 0.8 | +0.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 15,718 | 96.1 | −1.0 |
| Informal votes | | | 634 | 3.9 | +1.0 |
| Turnout | | | 16,352 | 91.4 | +4.6 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Peter Dowding | 10,547 | 67.1 | +2.2 |
|  | Liberal | Michael MacAulay | 5,171 | 32.9 | -2.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +2.2 |  |

1983 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 9,169 | 64.9 |  |
|  | Liberal | Wouterina Klein | 4,952 | 35.1 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,121 | 97.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 420 | 2.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 14,541 | 86.8 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

1980 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 8,454 | 60.2 | +5.6 |
|  | Liberal | John Urquhart | 5,583 | 39.8 | -5.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,037 | 95.6 | −0.7 |
| Informal votes | | | 650 | 4.4 | +0.7 |
| Turnout | | | 14,687 | 86.5 | −3.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.6 |  |

### Elections in the 1970s

1977 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 8,150 | 54.6 |  |
|  | Liberal | Brian Dillon | 6,777 | 45.4 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,927 | 96.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 569 | 3.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 15,496 | 90.2 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

1974 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 8,530 | 61.1 |  |
|  | Liberal | Pauline Iles | 4,494 | 32.2 |  |
|  | National Alliance | Edward Barlow | 949 | 6.8 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 13,973 | 95.0 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 730 | 5.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 14,703 | 89.0 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 8,672 | 62.1 |  |
|  | Liberal | Pauline Iles | 5,301 | 37.9 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

1971 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 6,687 | 58.4 | +7.4 |
|  | Liberal | Ross Trobe | 3,952 | 34.5 | -7.5 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Francis Pownall | 819 | 7.1 | +2.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 11,458 | 96.6 | −1.0 |
| Informal votes | | | 404 | 3.4 | +1.0 |
| Turnout | | | 11,862 | 90.4 | −1.1 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 6,810 | 59.4 | +6.4 |
|  | Liberal | Ross Trobe | 4,648 | 40.6 | -6.4 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.4 |  |

### Elections in the 1960s

1968 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 5,459 | 51.0 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Bob Marshall | 4,491 | 42.0 |  |
|  | Democratic Labor | Francis Pownall | 472 | 4.4 |  |
|  | Independent | Cornelis de Bruin | 276 | 2.6 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 10,698 | 97.6 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 264 | 2.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 10,962 | 91.5 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | John Harman | 5,668 | 53.0 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Bob Marshall | 5,030 | 47.0 |  |
|  | Labor **gain** from Liberal and Country | | **Swing** |  |  |

1965 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal and Country | Bob Marshall | 4,849 | 48.6 | +4.9 |
|  | Labor | Edward Oldfield | 4,631 | 46.4 | -4.1 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Francis Pownall | 498 | 5.0 | -0.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 9,978 | 97.5 | −1.0 |
| Informal votes | | | 254 | 2.5 | +1.0 |
| Turnout | | | 10,232 | 93.3 | −0.3 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal and Country | Bob Marshall | 5,246 | 52.6 | +4.0 |
|  | Labor | Edward Oldfield | 4,732 | 47.4 | -4.0 |
|  | Liberal and Country **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | +4.0 |  |

1962 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Edward Oldfield | 5,109 | 50.5 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | John Watts | 4,419 | 43.7 |  |
|  | Democratic Labor | Gerard Lyons | 594 | 5.9 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 10,122 | 98.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 150 | 1.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 10,272 | 93.6 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Edward Oldfield |  | 51.4 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | John Watts |  | 48.6 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

### Elections in the 1950s

1959 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Merv Toms | 5,299 | 58.2 | +1.8 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Walter Bonnett | 3,802 | 41.8 | +18.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 9,296 | 97.9 | +0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 195 | 2.1 | −0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 9,296 | 93.5 | +0.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -0.3 |  |

1956 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Merv Toms | 4,989 | 56.4 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Ellen Lulham | 2,050 | 23.2 |  |
|  | Independent Liberal | Herbert R. Robinson | 1,803 | 20.4 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 8,842 | 97.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 206 | 2.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 9,048 | 93.4 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Merv Toms |  | 58.5 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Ellen Lulham |  | 41.5 |  |
|  | Labor **gain** from Liberal and Country | | **Swing** |  |  |

* Two party preferred vote was estimated.

1953 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Owen Hanlon | 3,920 | 46.3 | +4.6 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Edward Oldfield | 3,586 | 42.4 | +3.0 |
|  | Independent | Samuel Spence | 959 | 11.3 | -6.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 8,465 | 97.9 | +0.4 |
| Informal votes | | | 181 | 2.1 | −0.4 |
| Turnout | | | 8,646 | 94.5 | +3.9 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal and Country | Edward Oldfield | 4,292 | 50.7 | -2.3 |
|  | Labor | Owen Hanlon | 4,173 | 49.3 | +2.3 |
|  | Liberal and Country **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.3 |  |

1951 Maylands state by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Robert Hartley | 3,316 | 41.7 | +2.8 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Edward Oldfield | 3,180 | 39.4 | +39.4 |
|  | Independent | Samuel Spence | 1,427 | 17.7 | +17.7 |
|  | Independent Socialist | Kevin Healy | 96 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 8,064 | 97.5 | −0.9 |
| Informal votes | | | 205 | 2.5 | +0.9 |
| Turnout | | | 8,269 | 90.6 | −1.7 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal and Country | Edward Oldfield | 4,278 | 53.0 | +53.0 |
|  | Labor | Robert Hartley | 3,786 | 47.0 | +8.1 |
|  | Liberal and Country **gain** from Independent | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

1950 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Independent | Harry Shearn | 5,060 | 61.1 |  |
|  | Labor | John Gaffney | 3,225 | 38.9 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 8,285 | 98.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 134 | 1.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 8,419 | 92.3 |  |
|  | Independent **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

### Elections in the 1940s

1947 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Independent Liberal | Harry Shearn | unopposed |  |  |
|  | Independent Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

1943 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ind. Nationalist | Harry Shearn | 4,342 | 55.0 | -9.2 |
|  | Labor | Roderick Hough | 2,178 | 27.6 | -8.2 |
|  | Communist | Clarence Boyd | 713 | 9.0 | +9.0 |
|  | Independent | John Walton | 346 | 4.4 | +4.4 |
|  | Independent | Jessie Reid | 314 | 4.0 | +4.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 7,893 | 97.0 | −1.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 245 | 3.0 | +1.6 |
| Turnout | | | 8,138 | 88.8 | −2.9 |
|  | Ind. Nationalist **hold** | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

* Preferences were not distributed.

### Elections in the 1930s

1939 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ind. Nationalist | Harry Shearn | 4,966 | 64.2 | +35.2 |
|  | Labor | Robert Hartley | 2,764 | 35.8 | -3.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 7,730 | 98.6 | −0.5 |
| Informal votes | | | 112 | 1.4 | +0.5 |
| Turnout | | | 7,842 | 91.7 | +17.6 |
|  | Ind. Nationalist **hold** | | **Swing** | +8.1 |  |

1936 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Robert Clothier | 2,214 | 39.4 | -3.4 |
|  | Ind. Nationalist | Harry Shearn | 1,630 | 29.0 | +29.0 |
|  | Nationalist | Tom Hartrey | 921 | 16.4 | +16.4 |
|  | Nationalist | Arthur Daley | 861 | 15.3 | +15.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 5,626 | 99.1 | +1.0 |
| Informal votes | | | 52 | 0.9 | −1.0 |
| Turnout | | | 5,678 | 74.1 | −17.1 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Ind. Nationalist | Harry Shearn | 3,158 | 56.1 | +56.1 |
|  | Labor | Robert Clothier | 2,468 | 43.9 | -11.2 |
|  | Ind. Nationalist **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

1933 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Robert Clothier | 2,721 | 42.8 | +1.1 |
|  | Nationalist | John Scaddan | 1,652 | 26.0 | -5.7 |
|  | Nationalist | Arthur Daley | 1,203 | 18.9 | -5.0 |
|  | Nationalist | Charles Plunkett | 675 | 10.6 | +10.6 |
|  | Independent | Frederick Swaine | 106 | 1.7 | +1.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 6,357 | 98.1 | −0.8 |
| Informal votes | | | 123 | 1.9 | +0.8 |
| Turnout | | | 6,480 | 91.2 | +11.9 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Robert Clothier | 3,505 | 55.1 | +9.4 |
|  | Nationalist | John Scaddan | 2,852 | 44.9 | -9.4 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Nationalist | | **Swing** | +9.4 |  |

1930 Western Australian state election: Maylands
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Ernest Barker | 2,211 | 41.7 |  |
|  | Nationalist | John Scaddan | 1,681 | 31.7 |  |
|  | Nationalist | Arthur Daley | 1,269 | 23.9 |  |
|  | Nationalist | Peter Wedd | 144 | 2.7 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 5,305 | 98.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 60 | 1.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 5,365 | 79.3 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Nationalist | John Scaddan | 2,879 | 54.3 |  |
|  | Labor | Ernest Barker | 2,426 | 45.7 |  |
|  | Nationalist **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |


abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the electoral district of Maryborough in Victorian state elections.

text:
# Electoral results for the district of Maryborough (Victoria)

This is a list of **electoral results for the electoral district of Maryborough** in Victorian state elections.

## Members for Maryborough

| First incarnation 1859–1877, two members | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Member 1 | Term | Member 2 | Term |
| Richard D. Ireland | Oct 1859    – Dec 1860 | Michael Prendergast | Oct 1859 – Jul  1861 |
| Nathaniel Levi | Jan 1861 – Dec 1865 | Richard Davies Ireland | Aug 1861\[c\] |
| | | George S. Evans | Oct 1861 – Aug 1864 |
| | | James Mason | Nov 1864 – Dec 1865 |
| Robert Bowman | Feb 1866   – Mar 1870 | James McKean | Feb 1866 – Jan 1871 |
| Duncan Gillies | Mar 1870   – Apr 1877 | William Fraser | Apr 1871 – Apr 1877 |

\[c\] Davies won both Maryborough and Villiers and Heytesbury at the August 1861 general elections, he resigned from Maryborough.

| Second incarnation 1889–1927, one member | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Member | | Party | Term |
|  | Alfred Outtrim | Unaligned | 1889–1902 |
|  | Frederick Field | Unaligned | 1902–1904 |
|  | Alfred Outtrim | Labor | 1904–1916 |
|  | | National Labor | 1916–1917 |
|  | | Nationalist | 1917–1920 |
|  | George Frost | Labor | 1920–1927 |

## Election results

### Elections in the 1920s

1924 Victorian state election: Maryborough
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | George Frost | 3,207 | 68.3 | +12.3 |
|  | Independent Liberal | Thomas Richards | 1,488 | 31.7 | +31.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 4,695 | 99.4 | −0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 31 | 0.6 | +0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 4,726 | 74.3 | −2.0 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

1921 Victorian state election: Maryborough
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | George Frost | 2,837 | 56.0 | +7.4 |
|  | Nationalist | James Holland | 2,229 | 44.0 | +9.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 5,066 | 99.6 | +5.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 20 | 0.4 | −5.6 |
| Turnout | | | 5,086 | 76.3 | +2.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.4 |  |

1920 Victorian state election: Maryborough
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | George Frost | 2,319 | 48.6 | +7.8 |
|  | Nationalist | Alfred Outtrim | 1,649 | 34.5 | -5.4 |
|  | Victorian Farmers | Robert Laidlaw | 806 | 16.9 | +16.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 4,774 | 94.0 | −4.0 |
| Informal votes | | | 305 | 6.0 | +4.0 |
| Turnout | | | 5,079 | 73.6 | +6.4 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | George Frost | 2,466 | 51.6 | +8.2 |
|  | Nationalist | Alfred Outtrim | 2,308 | 48.4 | -8.2 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Nationalist | | **Swing** | +8.2 |  |

### Elections in the 1910s

1917 Victorian state election: Maryborough
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Thomas Jude | 1,929 | 40.8 | -21.8 |
|  | National Labor | Alfred Outtrim | 1,886 | 39.9 | +39.9 |
|  | Nationalist | Robert Laidlaw | 908 | 19.2 | -18.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 4,723 | 98.0 | −0.3 |
| Informal votes | | | 99 | 2.0 | +0.3 |
| Turnout | | | 4,822 | 67.2 | +7.0 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | National Labor | Alfred Outtrim | 2,672 | 56.6 | +56.6 |
|  | Labor | Thomas Jude | 2,051 | 43.4 | -19.2 |
|  | National Labor **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

1914 Victorian state election: Maryborough
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Alfred Outtrim | 2,930 | 62.6 | +6.7 |
|  | Liberal | James Holland | 1,748 | 37.4 | -6.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 4,678 | 98.3 | −0.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 83 | 1.7 | +0.6 |
| Turnout | | | 4,761 | 60.2 | −13.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.7 |  |

1911 Victorian state election: Maryborough
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Alfred Outtrim | 3,245 | 55.9 | N/A |
|  | Liberal | James Bennett | 2,562 | 44.1 | +44.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 5,807 | 98.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 63 | 1.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 5,870 | 73.9 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | N/A |  |


abstract: Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR), also known as percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI), is the replacement of the pulmonary valve via catheterization through a vein. It is a significantly less invasive procedure in comparison to open heart surgery and is commonly used to treat conditions such as pulmonary atresia.

text:
# Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement

**Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement** (**TPVR**), also known as **percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation** (**PPVI**), is the replacement of the pulmonary valve via catheterization through a vein. It is a significantly less invasive procedure in comparison to open heart surgery and is commonly used to treat conditions such as pulmonary atresia.

## Uses

TPVR can be used to repair congenital defects in the pulmonary valve or right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction, such as pulmonary atresia, Tetralogy of Fallot, or persistent truncus arteriosus. TPVR can also be used to replace dysfunctional artificial heart valves.

For those experiencing symptoms, TPVR is indicated when the right ventricular systolic pressure is above 60 mmHg and/or when there is moderate to severe pulmonary regurgitation. For those not experiencing any symptoms, TPVR is indicated if there is severe right ventricular outflow tract narrowing and/or severe pulmonary insufficiency, with decreased exercise capacity, progressive right ventricular dilation, progressive right ventricular dysfunction, progressive tricuspid valve regurgitation, right ventricular systolic pressure above 80 mmHg, or cardiac fibrillation.

For dysfunctional artificial conduits, TPVR immediately resolves pulmonary regurgitation and normalizes the right ventricular outflow tract gradient, and is associated with significant improvements in symptoms and improvements in long-term ventricular function.

## Contraindications

Active infection, central vein occlusion, coronary occlusion, and need for other surgeries such as for arrhythmia are contraindications for TPVR.

If coronary compression (which impairs coronary blood flow) is observed with balloon dilation in the right ventricular outflow tract, TPVR is also contraindicated. This test is performed to prevent potentially fatal complications, for which approximately 5% of candidates are at risk.

TPVR is not recommended for tracts that are less than 16 mm or more than 29 mm in diameter.

## Complications

There is a low incidence of major complications, which is likely due to pre-procedural assessments preventing individuals with unfavourable anatomy from undergoing the procedure.

The most common complication is fracture of the stent frame. This is seen in up to 30% of cases. The majority of stent fractures are diagnosed by routine imaging and are not clinically relevant. Stent fractures leading to obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is the most common reason for repeat intervention and can be treated with valve-in-valve procedures (placing a new valve inside the failed valve). More severe fractures may require surgery. Risk factors for stent fractures include younger age, smaller tract diameter, and position of the valve directly below the sternum.

Tears or ruptures of the right ventricular outflow tract may occur during the procedure, especially if the tract is already heavily calcified. This is reported to occur in up to 9% of procedures. Most cases are manageable by using a covered stent and do not lead to severe bleeding.

Infective endocarditis occurs at a rate of about 1%-3%. Most cases do not directly impact the implanted valve, and most cases can be treated with antibiotics. However, infective endocarditis can also cause valve explantation or sepsis, which can lead to death.

Rare complications that may require urgent surgery include valve migration, valve embolization, pulmonary artery occlusion, pulmonary artery rupture, or coronary artery compression impeding blood flow.

Death is rare, and is usually attributable to other comorbidities rather than from the implantation procedure itself.

## Procedure

### Pre-procedural assessment

Several tests are performed before the procedure to assess whether the procedure is suitable for the individual and to record their anatomy in preparation for the procedure. Ventricular function and size are assessed with an echocardiogram. The right ventricle and the anatomy of the outflow tract, including any anatomical variations, are also assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of the outflow tract defect or pulmonary regurgitation is assessed with Doppler ultrasonography.

### Operation

TPVR is a percutaneous procedure, meaning the device is brought into the body through the skin and into a vein. Patients are put under general anesthesia. The heart is typically reached by passing through the femoral vein, jugular vein, or subclavian vein. A balloon dilation test is performed first, to confirm that coronary compression will not occur and the procedure can continue. Stent fractures can be prevented by using pre-stenting, using a bare metal stent before TPVR. After the valve is implanted, balloon dilation is used to create the diameter of the valve. At the end of the procedure, pressure is applied to the area to encourage hemostasis (stop bleeding).

### Recovery

Patients undergoing TPVR are typically ambulatory within 6 hours of finishing the procedure and can be discharged home within 24 hours. As cardiopulmonary bypass is not required, a stay in the intensive care unit and an extended hospital stay are generally not needed.

## History

TPVR was developed as a less invasive alternative to other treatment options requiring open heart surgery, such as patch augmentation, replacing the native valve with an artificial heart valve, or using a valved conduit. These surgeries typically require repeat surgeries to repair issues including pulmonary regurgitation, valve narrowing, kinking of the conduit, or calcification, leading to significant morbidity.

The first TPVR was performed in 2000. This device was further developed into the Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve by Medtronic. The Melody device received approval from Health Canada in 2006 and from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2010. A similar device, the Edwards Sapien pulmonic transcatheter heart valve, produced by Edwards Lifesciences, first received FDA approval in 2015.

The comparatively lower risks of TPVR and reduced need for reintervention compared to traditional surgical treatments has led to a paradigm shift favouring earlier treatment for right ventricular outflow tract defects, which were previously postponed due to the risks of traditional surgery.

## InfoBox

| Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | TPVR, percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) |
| Specialty | Interventional cardiology |
| Uses | Congenital defects of the right ventricular outflow tract, failing artificial valves |
| Complications | Stent fracture, infective endocarditis |
| Other options | Open heart surgery |
| Outcomes | 92%-98% successful implantation |


title: Trace monoid

abstract: In computer science, a trace is an equivalence class of strings, wherein certain letters in the string are allowed to commute, but others are not. Traces generalize the concept of strings by relaxing the requirement for all the letters to have a definite order, instead allowing for indefinite orderings in which certain reshufflings could take place. In an opposite way, traces generalize the concept of sets with multiplicities by allowing for specifying some incomplete ordering of the letters rather than requiring complete equivalence under all reorderings. The trace monoid or free partially commutative monoid is a monoid of traces. Traces were introduced by Pierre Cartier and Dominique Foata in 1969 to give a combinatorial proof of MacMahon's master theorem. Traces are used in theories of concurrent computation, where commuting letters stand for portions of a job that can execute independently of one another, while non-commuting letters stand for locks, synchronization points or thread joins. The trace monoid is constructed from the free monoid as follows. First, sets of commuting letters are given by an independency relation. These induce an equivalence relation of equivalent strings; the elements of the equivalence classes are the traces. The equivalence relation then partitions the elements of the free monoid into a set of equivalence classes; the result is still a monoid; it is a quotient monoid now called the trace monoid. The trace monoid is universal, in that all dependency-homomorphic monoids are in fact isomorphic. Trace monoids are commonly used to model concurrent computation, forming the foundation for process calculi. They are the object of study in trace theory. The utility of trace monoids comes from the fact that they are isomorphic to the monoid of dependency graphs; thus allowing algebraic techniques to be applied to graphs, and vice versa. They are also isomorphic to history monoids, which model the history of computation of individual processes in the context of all scheduled processes on one or more computers.

text:
# Trace monoid

In computer science, a **trace** is an equivalence class of strings, wherein certain letters in the string are allowed to commute, but others are not. Traces generalize the concept of strings by relaxing the requirement for all the letters to have a definite order, instead allowing for indefinite orderings in which certain reshufflings could take place. In an opposite way, traces generalize the concept of sets with multiplicities by allowing for specifying some incomplete ordering of the letters rather than requiring complete equivalence under all reorderings. The **trace monoid** or **free partially commutative monoid** is a monoid of traces.

Traces were introduced by Pierre Cartier and Dominique Foata in 1969 to give a combinatorial proof of MacMahon's master theorem. Traces are used in theories of concurrent computation, where commuting letters stand for portions of a job that can execute independently of one another, while non-commuting letters stand for locks, synchronization points or thread joins.

The trace monoid is constructed from the free monoid (the set of all strings of finite length) as follows. First, sets of commuting letters are given by an independency relation. These induce an equivalence relation of equivalent strings; the elements of the equivalence classes are the traces. The equivalence relation then partitions the elements of the free monoid into a set of equivalence classes; the result is still a monoid; it is a quotient monoid now called the *trace monoid*. The trace monoid is universal, in that all dependency-homomorphic (see below) monoids are in fact isomorphic.

Trace monoids are commonly used to model concurrent computation, forming the foundation for process calculi. They are the object of study in trace theory. The utility of trace monoids comes from the fact that they are isomorphic to the monoid of dependency graphs; thus allowing algebraic techniques to be applied to graphs, and vice versa. They are also isomorphic to history monoids, which model the history of computation of individual processes in the context of all scheduled processes on one or more computers.

## Trace

Let $\Sigma ^{\*}$ denote the free monoid on a set of generators $\Sigma $, that is, the set of all strings written in the alphabet $\Sigma $. The asterisk is a standard notation for the Kleene star. An independency relation $I$ on the alphabet $\Sigma $ then induces a symmetric binary relation $\sim $ on the set of strings $\Sigma ^{\*}$: two strings $u,v$ are related, $u\sim v,$ if and only if there exist $x,y\in \Sigma ^{\*}$, and a pair $(a,b)\in I$ such that $u=xaby$ and $v=xbay$. Here, $u,v,x$ and $y$ are understood to be strings (elements of $\Sigma ^{\*}$), while $a$ and $b$ are letters (elements of $\Sigma $).

The **trace** is defined as the reflexive transitive closure of $\sim $. The trace is thus an equivalence relation on $\Sigma ^{\*}$ and is denoted by $\equiv \_{D}$, where $D$ is the dependency relation corresponding to $I.$ $D=(\Sigma \times \Sigma )\setminus I$ and $I=(\Sigma \times \Sigma )\setminus D.$ Different independencies or dependencies will give different equivalence relations.

The transitive closure implies that $u\equiv \_{D}v$ if and only if there exists a sequence of strings $(w\_{0},w\_{1},\cdots ,w\_{n})$ such that $u\sim w\_{0},$ $v\sim w\_{n},$ and $w\_{i}\sim w\_{i+1}$ for all $0\leq i\<n$. The trace is stable under the monoid operation on $\Sigma ^{\*}$, i.e., concatenation, and $\equiv \_{D}$ is therefore a congruence relation on $\Sigma ^{\*}.$

The trace monoid, commonly denoted as $\mathbb {M} (D)$, is defined as the quotient monoid

$$\mathbb {M} (D)=\Sigma ^{\*}/\equiv \_{D}.$$

The homomorphism

$$\phi \_{D}:\Sigma ^{\*}\to \mathbb {M} (D)$$

is commonly referred to as the natural homomorphism or **canonical homomorphism**. That the terms *natural* or *canonical* are deserved follows from the fact that this morphism embodies a universal property, as discussed in a later section.

One will also find the trace monoid denoted as $M(\Sigma ,I)$ where $I$ is the independency relation. One can also find the commutation relation used instead of the independency relation; it differs from the independency relation by also including all the diagonal elements of $\textstyle \Sigma \times \Sigma $ since letters "commute with themselves" in a free monoid of strings of those letters.

## Examples

Consider the alphabet $\Sigma =\\{a,b,c\\}$. A possible dependency relation is

$$\begin{matrix}D&=&\\{a,b\\}\times \\{a,b\\}\quad \cup \quad \\{a,c\\}\times \\{a,c\\}\\\&=&\\{a,b\\}^{2}\cup \\{a,c\\}^{2}\\\&=&\\{(a,b),(b,a),(a,c),(c,a),(a,a),(b,b),(c,c)\\}.\end{matrix}$$

The corresponding independency is

$$I\_{D}=\\{(b,c)\\,,\\,(c,b)\\}.$$

Therefore, the letters $b,c$ commute. Thus, for example, a trace equivalence class for the string $abababbca$ would be

$$\[abababbca\]\_{D}=\\{abababbca\\,,\\;abababcba\\,,\\;ababacbba\\}$$

and the equivalence class $\[abababbca\]\_{D}$ would be an element of the trace monoid.

## Properties

The **cancellation property** states that equivalence is maintained under right cancellation. That is, if $w\equiv v$, then $(w\div a)\equiv (v\div a)$. Here, the notation $w\div a$ denotes right cancellation, the removal of the first occurrence of the letter *a* from the string *w*, starting from the right-hand side. Equivalence is also maintained by left-cancellation. Several corollaries follow:

* Embedding: $w\equiv v$ if and only if $xwy\equiv xvy$ for strings *x* and *y*. Thus, the trace monoid is a syntactic monoid.
* Independence: if $ua\equiv vb$ and $a\neq b$, then *a* is independent of *b*. That is, $(a,b)\in I\_{D}$. Furthermore, there exists a string *w* such that $u\equiv wb$ and $v\equiv wa$.
* Projection rule: equivalence is maintained under string projection, so that if $w\equiv v$, then $\pi \_{\Sigma }(w)\equiv \pi \_{\Sigma }(v)$.

A strong form of Levi's lemma holds for traces. Specifically, if $uv\equiv xy$ for strings *u*, *v*, *x*, *y*, then there exist strings $z\_{1},z\_{2},z\_{3}$ and $z\_{4}$ such that $(w\_{2},w\_{3})\in I\_{D}$ for all letters $w\_{2}\in \Sigma $ and $w\_{3}\in \Sigma $ such that $w\_{2}$ occurs in $z\_{2}$ and $w\_{3}$ occurs in $z\_{3}$, and

$$u\equiv z\_{1}z\_{2},\qquad v\equiv z\_{3}z\_{4},$$

$x\equiv z\_{1}z\_{3},\qquad y\equiv z\_{2}z\_{4}.$

## Universal property

A **dependency morphism** (with respect to a dependency *D*) is a morphism

$$\psi :\Sigma ^{\*}\to M$$

to some monoid *M*, such that the "usual" trace properties hold, namely:

1. $\psi (w)=\psi (\varepsilon )$ implies that $w=\varepsilon $ 2. $(a,b)\in I\_{D}$ implies that $\psi (ab)=\psi (ba)$ 3. $\psi (ua)=\psi (v)$ implies that $\psi (u)=\psi (v\div a)$ 4. $\psi (ua)=\psi (vb)$ and $a\neq b$ imply that $(a,b)\in I\_{D}$

Dependency morphisms are universal, in the sense that for a given, fixed dependency *D*, if $\psi :\Sigma ^{\*}\to M$ is a dependency morphism to a monoid *M*, then *M* is isomorphic to the trace monoid $\mathbb {M} (D)$. In particular, the natural homomorphism is a dependency morphism.

## Normal forms

There are two well-known normal forms for words in trace monoids. One is the *lexicographic* normal form, due to Anatolij V. Anisimov and Donald Knuth, and the other is the *Foata* normal form due to Pierre Cartier and Dominique Foata who studied the trace monoid for its combinatorics in the 1960s.

Unicode's Normalization Form Canonical Decomposition (NFD) is an example of a lexicographic normal form - the ordering is to sort consecutive characters with non-zero canonical combining class by that class.

## Trace languages

Just as a formal language can be regarded as a subset of $\Sigma ^{\*}$, the set of all possible strings, so a trace language is defined as a subset of $\mathbb {M} (D)$ all possible traces.

Alternatively, but equivalently, a language $L\subseteq \Sigma ^{\*}$ is a trace language, or is said to be **consistent** with dependency *D* if

$$L=\[L\]\_{D}$$

where

$$\[L\]\_{D}=\bigcup \_{w\in L}\[w\]\_{D}$$

is the trace closure of a set of strings.

**General references**

* Diekert, Volker; Métivier, Yves (1997), "Partial Commutation and Traces", in Rozenberg, G.; Salomaa, A. (eds.), *Handbook of Formal Languages Vol. 3; Beyond Words*, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 457–534, ISBN 3-540-60649-1
* Lothaire, M. (2011), *Algebraic combinatorics on words*, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications, vol. 90, With preface by Jean Berstel and Dominique Perrin (Reprint of the 2002 hardback ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-18071-9, Zbl 1221.68183
* Antoni Mazurkiewicz, "Introduction to Trace Theory", pp 3–41, in *The Book of Traces*, V. Diekert, G. Rozenberg, eds. (1995) World Scientific, Singapore ISBN 981-02-2058-8
* Volker Diekert, *Combinatorics on traces*, LNCS 454, Springer, 1990, ISBN 3-540-53031-2, pp. 9–29
* Sándor, Jozsef; Crstici, Borislav (2004), *Handbook of number theory II*, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp. 32–36, ISBN 1-4020-2546-7, Zbl 1079.11001

**Seminal publications**

* Pierre Cartier and Dominique Foata, *Problèmes combinatoires de commutation et réarrangements*, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 85, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969, Free 2006 reprint with new appendixes
* Antoni Mazurkiewicz, *Concurrent program schemes and their interpretations*, DAIMI Report PB 78, Aarhus University, 1977


title: Trace metal detection test

abstract: The trace metal detection test or technique was developed during the Vietnam War in the 1960s to identify individuals who may have been carrying firearms against their skin. A 0.2% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in isopropanol is sprayed on the skin. After several minutes, the skin is illuminated with shortwave ultraviolet (UV) light, revealing a pattern and type of metal based on trace amounts of metal transferred to the skin, which are invisible under normal lighting. The technique was later adopted by police in the United States to help determine if a person had carried a firearm. In a California crime, an automatic handgun carried in the waistband of a criminal reportedly produced an impression of the weapon's serial number. The presence and persistence of a detectable residue depend primarily on the amount of perspiration, length of contact, and time since exposure. A few minutes of exposure can leave detectable residue, and the result can remain for up to forty-eight hours. Preservation of the results is achieved with black-and-white and color photography. The use of a shortwave ultraviolet filter over the camera flash can be employed to record the results, although a steady source of UV is preferred. In either case, a darkened area is needed for screening purposes. Another reagent, 0.5 percent 2-nitroso-1-naphthol in acetone, eliminates the need for a UV light but is limited to a four-hour window compared to the forty-eight hours for 8-hydroxyquinoline.

text:
# Trace metal detection test

The **trace metal detection test** or technique was developed during the Vietnam War in the 1960s to identify individuals who may have been carrying firearms against their skin. A 0.2% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in isopropanol is sprayed on the skin. After several minutes, the skin is illuminated with shortwave ultraviolet (UV) light, revealing a pattern and type of metal based on trace amounts of metal transferred to the skin, which are invisible under normal lighting. The technique was later adopted by police in the United States to help determine if a person had carried a firearm. In a California crime, an automatic handgun carried in the waistband of a criminal reportedly produced an impression of the weapon's serial number. The presence and persistence of a detectable residue depend primarily on the amount of perspiration, length of contact, and time since exposure. A few minutes of exposure can leave detectable residue, and the result can remain for up to forty-eight hours.

Preservation of the results is achieved with black-and-white and color photography. The use of a shortwave ultraviolet filter over the camera flash can be employed to record the results, although a steady source of UV is preferred. In either case, a darkened area is needed for screening purposes. Another reagent, 0.5 percent 2-nitroso-1-naphthol in acetone, eliminates the need for a UV light but is limited to a four-hour window compared to the forty-eight hours for 8-hydroxyquinoline.


title: Elephant and Other Stories

abstract: Elephant and Other Stories (1988) is the last collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver. They were the final seven stories Carver wrote before his death, and only appeared as a separate book in Great Britain. The book was published by Collins Harvill in London on August 4, 1988, two days after Carver's death. In the United States, these seven stories were published as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New and Selected Stories (1988).

text:
# Elephant and Other Stories

***Elephant and Other Stories*** (1988) is the last collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver. They were the final seven stories Carver wrote before his death, and only appeared as a separate book in Great Britain. The book was published by Collins Harvill in London on August 4, 1988, two days after Carver's death.

In the United States, these seven stories were published as a section of *Where I'm Calling From: New and Selected Stories* (1988).

## Stories

The collection contains the following stories:

### Boxes

The narrator and Jill find each other after failed marriages. Soon after they set up a household, their comfortable life is disrupted by the arrival of the narrator's seventy-year-old mother. She is constantly on the move, going from one place to another, hoping to find a good life, but is always disappointed by what she encounters. When she moves to her son's community, she dislikes everything about it. No sooner does she move into her quarters then she packs her possessions into boxes (the story's title) in preparation to return to California. A half year passes before she finally departs. During this time, Jill's easy going response to the mother's disruptive presence keeps the narrator and Jill's relationship on even keel. When the mother finally heads back to California in her packed car, both she and her son realize that they are not likely to see each other again.

### Whoever Was Using This Bed

A 3:00 am phone call wakes the narrator and his wife, Iris, from a deep sleep. When the narrator answers the phone, a woman's voice asks to speak to "Bud." The narrator tells the woman she has a wrong number and hangs up. But she persistently calls back, forcing him to take the phone off the hook. Once back in bed, Iris starts chain smoking and engages the narrator in conversation. The narrator desperately wants to go back to sleep, but he gets caught up in Iris's ruminations. He begins chain smoking as well. Iris talks about the dream the phone call interrupted. She doesn't remember the details, but she recalls that the dream did not include the narrator, which upsets him. As the night moves on, the narrator is very much aware of the passage of time, and hopes to be able to catch some sleep before daybreak, when he needs to get up to go to work. But he is engaged in the chat with his wife. Ultimately, the conversation focuses on whether one partner will "pull the plug" on the other if either were mortally incapacitated. Iris wants the narrator to pull the plug, but after some thought, the narrator asks Iris to let the doctors do what they can do. Don't pull the plug. At daybreak, the narrator gets up and goes to work. Throughout the day he reflects on his conversation with Iris and on his fatigue. That night, the phone rings and the familiar woman's voice asks for "Bud." While the narrator is holding the phone, Iris pulls the plug—and disconnects the phone.

### Intimacy

The narrator has achieved a measure of public recognition as a writer. While on the road, he drops by his ex-wife's house unannounced. It has been four years since they last met. When she sees him, she launches into a non-stop soliloquy, enumerating her hurts and anger at his betrayal. Through her onslaught, it is clear that she cared dearly for him and the lost life they built together. After her diatribe dies down, the narrator drops to his knees before her, holding the hem of her dress. She becomes self-conscious, then worries that her new husband will return home and find them together. She indicates that the reason he visited her was to gain new material for his stories. She asks him to leave. He departs.

In the middle of the night, the narrator reflects on his relations with three women: his current wife, Vicky; his ex-wife, Molly; and the neighbor with whom he is having a sexual affair, Amanda. He looks out his window and sees the lights on at Amanda's house and wonders what she is doing. After Amanda's husband Oliver discovered her affair with the narrator, he left the house, giving Amanda an ultimatum to move out within a week. Vicky also knows of the affair and is now snubbing him. It is not clear how their relationship will end or what kind of a future relationship he will have with Amanda. He reflects on his treatment of his ex-wife, Molly. She loved him unconditionally. When he left her for Vicky, she had a breakdown and was sent to a mental institution. The narrator had trouble dealing with Molly's breakdown—while attending a drinking party at an artist friend's house (Alfredo), he began to shake uncontrollably. The friend said he would fix him a menudo, a Mexican soup made of tripe, sausage, onions, tomatoes, chili powder, and other ingredients. The menudo would calm him down. But the narrator fell asleep before the menudo was ready and as a consequence he never sampled it. As the narrator reflects on his life with the three women, dawn arrives. Looking outside, he sees leaves scattered on his lawn. He dresses, grabs a rake and rakes and bags the leaves on his lawn. Then he begins raking a neighbor's lawn, and the story ends.

### Elephant

A man who has recently lost his job asks the narrator, his brother, for money, assuring him that he will pay him back. The narrator's mother regularly borrows money from the narrator too, and so the narrator tells his brother to pay the money to his mother, as that month's loan to her from him. However, the brother does not pay back all the money, and thus the narrator must nonetheless pay his mother for the month. He expresses frustration at this, but he continues to work hard and loan his mother money, thinking that his brother will not ask again given that he has not paid back the original money. His daughter says she needs money to get a job to help her kids, and he thus begins giving her money each month. He also gives money monthly to his ex-wife. His son asks him for money too, but the financial demands become high, and so he says he can no longer give as much. His son then tells him that he will engage in criminal activity to get money if he doesn't send it to him, so he continues to do so, but must live a much more restrained life himself, as well as needing loans to have enough for all the family members he must help. Eventually, he sends all his relatives a letter saying that he will change his name, quit his job and go to live in Australia, and no longer be burdened by them; they respond in various ways- his son threatens to commit suicide, his mother says she will go back into work at the age of seventy-five, his daughter says she will get a job but needs more money to start up, and his ex-wife doesn't respond. He abandons the idea. He then gets a call from his brother asking for more money and assuring him once again that he will pay him back, but he does not, and he gives various excuses for this. The narrator then has two dreams, the first in which he recalls climbing up on his dad's shoulders and pretending that he is an elephant; the second in which he is with his ex-wife and children happily, before he recalls threatening to kill his son years before. He realizes how ridiculous his promise to go to Australia appeared to his relatives. He walks along a road and feels more contented with his life as he does so; a colleague of his, George, then offers to take him to work, which he accepts, and he reveals he didn't pay for his car. He then drives very quickly, and the narrator finds this thrilling.

### Blackbird Pie

A man recalls receiving a letter from his wife years ago in which she explains her reasons for leaving him, and he repeatedly insists that it is not in her handwriting. He has a great memory, but says he accidentally threw the letter away years ago, so he writes part of it out from what he remembers. He recalls her unusual behaviour at their dinner before reading the letter. He then, after reading part of it, reads extracts and stray sentences from the rest of the letter in a mix, and notices that she has left the house. He meets her outside with a horse, a deputy and a rancher named Frank, and the parting occurs without any real problems emerging, although he sees tears in his wife's eyes. He remembers a black-and-white photograph of her when she was three months pregnant as she leaves, states that he believes she will return to him, and then repeats that the letter was not in her handwriting.

### Errand

Anton Chekhov is with his friend the publisher Aleksey Suvorin at a restaurant when blood comes out of his mouth. He is visited in bed after the incident by his sister and by Leo Tolstoy, with whom he discusses the soul. He is diagnosed with tuberculosis. He goes to Berlin to meet the physician Karl Ewald Hasse, but leaves in anger when he is told his case is hopeless. He tells his mother and sister that he will soon recover, knowing this to be false. He becomes delirious one night and his wife calls a doctor called Schwöhrer. He is about to call others, but Chekhov tells him that it is pointless, so instead he orders three glasses of champagne from the hotel. They each have one, and Chekhov says that it is a long time since he has had champagne, before he dies. His wife asks to be alone with him before news spreads, and Schwöhrer agrees to prevent anyone knowing temporarily and leave them. The young man who brought the champagne then returns and brings a vase of roses. She pays him to bring a distinguished mortician, but act naturally, as if engaged on a simple errand. He picks up the vase to take with him, and then uses his other hand to pick up the champagne cork on the floor.

## Reception

Adam Begley of the *London Review of Books* assessed *Elephant* as "seven exquisitely crafted stories; all of them provide eloquent testimony to the authority of his prose."

## InfoBox

Elephant and Other Stories
| First edition (publ. Collins Harvill) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Raymond Carver |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Short stories |
| Publisher | Collins Harvill |
| Publication date | August 1988 |
| Publication place | England |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 124 |
| ISBN | 9780002710404 |
| OCLC | 17585618 |


title: Elise Herz

abstract: Elise Herz, née von Lämel (1788–1868) was a Prague-born Austrian philanthropist. There she was made an honorary member of the Jewish community. Her father was the merchant Simon von Lämel. Her home in Prague was an intellectual center; however, upon her husband's death in 1850, she moved to Vienna. Herz founded a children's asylum in Jerusalem, mainly for Jewish children, but a few Christian and Muslim children were accepted as well. Ludwig August Frankl was commissioned to organize it. This entry from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia about a "children's asylum" refers to the school she founded in her father's memory in the Zikhron Moshe neighbourhood of the city, better known as the Simon von Lämel School or simply Lämel School.

text:
# Elise Herz

**Elise Herz**, née **von Lämel** (1788–1868) was a Prague-born Austrian philanthropist. There she was made an honorary member of the Jewish community. Her father was the merchant Simon von Lämel. Her home in Prague was an intellectual center; however, upon her husband's death in 1850, she moved to Vienna.

Herz founded a children's asylum in Jerusalem, mainly for Jewish children, but a few Christian and Muslim children were accepted as well. Ludwig August Frankl was commissioned to organize it. This entry from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia about a "children's asylum" refers to the school she founded in her father's memory in the Zikhron Moshe neighbourhood of the city, better known as the Simon von Lämel School or simply Lämel School.


title: Transition band

abstract: The transition band, also called the skirt, is a range of frequencies that allows a transition between a passband and a stopband of a signal processing filter. The transition band is defined by a passband and a stopband cutoff frequency or corner frequency. This is the area between where a filter "turns the corner" and where it "hits the bottom". An example of this can be taken from a low-pass filter, commonly used in audio systems to allow the bass signal to pass through to a subwoofer, and cut out all unwanted frequencies above a defined point. If the cutoff point for such a filter is defined as 200 Hz, then in a perfect system, all frequencies above 200 Hz will be stopped and all frequencies below 200 Hz will be allowed to pass through. The transition band can be implemented to allow for a smooth fall off to avoid introducing audible peaks in amplitude. If the transition band of the example 200 Hz filter is 20 Hz, then the signal should start attenuating at 180 Hz, and finally blocked at 200 Hz. The curve that the transition band follows depends on the engineering of the filter, including component reaction time and the choice of values for the components that comprise the filter according to mathematical formula. The transition band is usually apparent in any filter system, even if it is unwanted. This can be of general importance when calculating the values required for filters used in the control of signal transmission systems, to ensure that the entire bandwidth of the desired signal is allowed to pass. The transition bandwidth of a filter largely depends on the order of the filter. For a higher order filter, the transition bandwidth is narrower than for a lower order filter. This is due to the fact that roll-off is higher for a filter of higher order.

text:
# Transition band

The **transition band**, also called the **skirt**, is a range of frequencies that allows a transition between a passband and a stopband of a signal processing filter. The transition band is defined by a passband and a stopband cutoff frequency or corner frequency.

This is the area between where a filter "turns the corner" and where it "hits the bottom".

An example of this can be taken from a low-pass filter, commonly used in audio systems to allow the bass signal to pass through to a subwoofer, and cut out all unwanted frequencies above a defined point. If the cutoff point for such a filter is defined as 200 Hz, then in a perfect system, all frequencies above 200 Hz will be stopped and all frequencies below 200 Hz will be allowed to pass through.

The transition band can be implemented to allow for a smooth fall off to avoid introducing audible peaks in amplitude. If the transition band of the example 200 Hz filter is 20 Hz, then the signal should start attenuating at 180 Hz, and finally blocked at 200 Hz. The curve that the transition band follows depends on the engineering of the filter, including component reaction time and the choice of values for the components that comprise the filter according to mathematical formula.

The transition band is usually apparent in any filter system, even if it is unwanted. This can be of general importance when calculating the values required for filters used in the control of signal transmission systems, to ensure that the entire bandwidth of the desired signal is allowed to pass.

The transition bandwidth of a filter largely depends on the order of the filter. For a higher order filter, the transition bandwidth is narrower than for a lower order filter. This is due to the fact that roll-off is higher for a filter of higher order.


title: Eleutherodactylus cubanus

abstract:
Eleutherodactylus cubanus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae found in Cuba.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Eleutherodactylus cubanus

***Eleutherodactylus cubanus*** is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae found in Cuba. Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Eleutherodactylus cubanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Eleutherodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Eleutherodactylus* |
| Species: | ***E. cubanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eleutherodactylus cubanus***
Barbour & Shreve, 1937 | |
|