# Results breakdown of the 1983 Spanish local elections (Navarre)

This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in Navarre on 8 May 1983. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.

## Overall

Councillor share for parties securing \>1.0% of councillors up for election.

PSOE (14.50%)  UPN (4.61%)  AP–PDP–UL (4.22%)  EAJ/PNV (3.54%)  HB (3.32%)  Other (69.81%)

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 municipal election results in Navarre
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Councillors | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 75,803 | 29.53 | +14.06 | 258 | +107 |
|  | Navarrese People's Union (UPN)1 | 33,185 | 12.93 | +7.29 | 82 | +69 |
|  | Popular Unity (HB)2 | 20,787 | 8.10 | –0.84 | 59 | +37 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL) | 20,589 | 8.02 | *New* | 75 | +75 |
|  | Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 13,499 | 5.26 | +2.76 | 63 | +52 |
|  | Carlist Party (PC) | 3,840 | 1.50 | –0.03 | 11 | +8 |
|  | Basque Country Left (EE) | 3,473 | 1.35 | +0.82 | 1 | ±0 |
|  | Neighborhood Labor (Auzolan)3 | 2,892 | 1.13 | –0.44 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Baztanese Union (UB/BE) | 2,532 | 0.99 | –0.14 | 8 | –5 |
|  | Independent Group of Estella (AIE) | 2,308 | 0.90 | –0.07 | 7 | ±0 |
|  | San Sebastián Independent Group (GISS) | 1,500 | 0.58 | –0.01 | 7 | +1 |
|  | Tafallese People's Alliance (APT) | 1,434 | 0.56 | *New* | 4 | +4 |
|  | Left Assembly of the Ribera (AIR) | 856 | 0.33 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 755 | 0.29 | –1.81 | 2 | –12 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 388 | 0.15 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Others | 72,500 | 28.25 |  | 1,205 | –491 |
| Blank ballots | | 316 | 0.12 | +0.12 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 256,657 |  | | 1,779 | –153 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 256,657 | 99.90 | +2.99 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 248 | 0.10 | –2.99 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 256,905 | 68.86 | –2.11 | |
| Abstentions | | 116,179 | 31.14 | +2.11 | |
| Registered voters | | 373,084 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** * 1 Navarrese People's Union results are compared to the combined totals of Navarrese People's Union and Independent Tudelan Group in the 1979 elections. * 2 Popular Unity results are compared to the combined totals of Popular Unity, Popular Unity Candidacy and People's Electoral Group in the 1979 elections. * 3 Neighborhood Labor results are compared to Left Navarrese Assembly totals in the 1979 elections. | | | | | | |

| Popular vote   PSOE  29.53%  UPN  12.93%  HB  8.10%  AP–PDP–UL  8.02%  PNV  5.26%  PC  1.50%  EE  1.35%  Auzolan  1.13%  Others  32.06%  Blank ballots  0.12% |
| --- |

## City control

The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in **bold**). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

| Municipality | Population | Previous control | | New control | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Burlada | 14,519 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Estella | 12,230 |  | Independent Group of Estella (AIE) |  | Independent Group of Estella (AIE) |
| **Pamplona** | 177,906 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Tafalla | 9,957 |  | People's Electoral Group (APE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Tudela | 24,953 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |

## Municipalities

### Burlada

*Population: 14,519*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Burlada election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 2,932 | 50.82 | +30.11 | **9** | +5 |
|  | Navarrese People's Union (UPN) | 1,546 | 26.80 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | Popular Unity (HB) | 940 | 16.29 | *New* | **3** | +3 |
|  | Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 351 | 6.08 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –36.60 | 0 | –6 |
|  | Independents (INDEP) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –29.59 | 0 | –5 |
|  | Navarrese Left Union (UNAI) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –7.38 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –5.72 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 5,769 |  | | 17 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 5,769 | 100.00 | +3.40 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –3.40 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 5,769 | 59.75 | –3.32 | |
| Abstentions | | 3,886 | 40.25 | +3.32 | |
| Registered voters | | 9,655 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Estella

*Population: 12,230*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Estella election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Independent Group of Estella (AIE) | 2,308 | 38.64 | –0.68 | **7** | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,683 | 28.18 | +18.61 | **5** | +4 |
|  | Popular Unity (HB)1 | 955 | 15.99 | –21.66 | **3** | –4 |
|  | Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 620 | 10.38 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | Carlist Party (PC) | 407 | 6.81 | –3.46 | **1** | –1 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 5,973 |  | | 17 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 5,973 | 100.00 | +1.54 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.54 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 5,973 | 66.18 | –7.05 | |
| Abstentions | | 3,053 | 33.82 | +7.05 | |
| Registered voters | | 9,026 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** * 1 Popular Unity results are compared to Popular Unity Candidacy totals in the 1979 election. | | | | | | |

### Pamplona

*Population: 177,906*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Pamplona election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 30,503 | 35.73 | +18.57 | **11** | +6 |
|  | Navarrese People's Union (UPN) | 19,061 | 22.33 | +7.23 | **7** | +2 |
|  | Popular Unity (HB) | 12,138 | 14.22 | –8.67 | **4** | –3 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL) | 11,484 | 13.45 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 5,223 | 6.12 | –0.06 | **1** | –1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Neighborhood Labor (Auzolan)1 | 2,892 | 3.39 | –1.60 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Basque Country Left (EE) | 2,667 | 3.12 | +1.61 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Carlist Party (PC) | 1,399 | 1.64 | –1.84 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –23.93 | 0 | –8 |
|  | Navarrese Left Union (UNAI) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –2.92 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 85,367 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 85,367 | 100.00 | +1.37 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.37 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 85,367 | 66.29 | –0.02 | |
| Abstentions | | 43,405 | 33.71 | +0.02 | |
| Registered voters | | 128,772 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Tafalla

*Population: 9,957*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Tafalla election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 1,935 | 36.82 | +12.34 | **5** | +2 |
|  | Tafallese People's Alliance (APT) | 1,434 | 27.28 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | Popular Unity (HB)1 | 914 | 17.39 | –13.71 | **2** | –2 |
|  | Carlist Party (PC) | 357 | 6.79 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 341 | 6.49 | –0.60 | **1** | ±0 |
|  | Basque Country Left (EE) | 275 | 5.23 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –37.33 | 0 | –5 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 5,256 |  | | 13 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 5,256 | 100.00 | +1.10 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.10 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 5,256 | 70.24 | –5.19 | |
| Abstentions | | 2,227 | 29.76 | +5.19 | |
| Registered voters | | 7,483 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** * 1 Popular Unity results are compared to People's Electoral Group totals in the 1979 election. | | | | | | |

### Tudela

*Population: 24,953*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Tudela election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 6,419 | 48.63 | +19.18 | **12** | +5 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL) | 2,539 | 19.23 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | Navarrese People's Union (UPN)1 | 1,796 | 13.61 | –0.89 | **3** | ±0 |
|  | Left Assembly of the Ribera (AIR) | 856 | 6.48 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | Carlist Party (PC) | 705 | 5.34 | +1.62 | **1** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Popular Unity (HB) | 429 | 3.25 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) | 270 | 2.05 | –3.89 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Basque Country Left (EE) | 187 | 1.42 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –25.83 | 0 | –6 |
|  | Navarrese Left Union (UNAI) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –12.46 | 0 | –3 |
|  | Party of Labour of Spain (PTE) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –8.11 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 13,201 |  | | 21 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 13,201 | 100.00 | +1.77 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.77 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 13,201 | 72.18 | +0.38 | |
| Abstentions | | 5,087 | 27.82 | –0.38 | |
| Registered voters | | 18,288 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |


title: Queer pornography

abstract: Queer pornography depicts performers with various gender identities and sexual orientations interacting and exploring genres of desire and pleasure in unique ways. These conveyed interactions distinctively seek to challenge the conventional modes of portraying and experiencing sexually explicit content. Scholar Ingrid Ryberg additionally includes two main objectives of queer pornography in her definition as "interrogating and troubling gender and sexual categories and aiming at sexual arousal." Queer porn works to have authentic representations with respect to the sexual orientations, gender identities and desires of the performers in it. It differs from heterosexual, gay, or lesbian pornography, because queer porn will often be a partnering of performers outside traditional pornographic categories. Gay porn falls into a similar situation as heterosexual porn by putting an emphasis on androcentric imagery of pleasure, as scholar Richard Dyer argues, and often glorifies the homonormative, masculine body-type and behavior. To appear as inclusive, gay porn will exotify differences. Performers' bodies in queer pornography are key to providing a difference between it and other categories of pornography. For example, a DVD may have one scene which shows a transgender lesbian with a cisgender femme-identified queer woman, while the next scene may showcase two transgender queer-identified men. The genre of queer pornography as defined above is relatively recent and has been popularized and distributed by adult film companies such as Pink and White Productions, Trouble Films, Real Queer Productions among others. While porn is not limited to adult cinema and can exist in the context of a variety of media such as queer written pornography, the currently produced queer porn is mostly in the form of video. Some prominent queer producers include Shine Louise Houston, Chelsea Poe, and April Flores who attempt to challenge the filming methods within the porn industry. Typically within the Porn Industry, the producer and director have the majority of control over how each scene will be performed, who is showcased in each set, and creating a differential of performers’ salaries based on their popularity. Queer pornography counters these practices by actively engaging performers in the creations of scenes allowing them to form more organically as a collaboration with a more horizontal access of control rather than a hierarchically vertical system. Queer porn similarly celebrates ejaculation but with some signification differences to conventional porn. Unlike in the mainstream industry, the performer does not have a financial bonus for providing such a "money shot." Directors only encourage performers to perform an orgasm if/when the actors feel like it. Since the money shot in conventional porn relies of visibility for the camera, it necessarily centers on showing external ejaculation of the penis as the ultimate climax. This reflects attention back to the male centered gaze and a representative instance of phallic power and pleasure. Queer porn attempts to broaden such a delineation of phallic centered climax and the pornographic production.

text:
# Queer pornography

**Queer pornography** depicts performers with various gender identities and sexual orientations interacting and exploring genres of desire and pleasure in unique ways. These conveyed interactions distinctively seek to challenge the conventional modes of portraying and experiencing sexually explicit content. Scholar Ingrid Ryberg additionally includes two main objectives of queer pornography in her definition as "interrogating and troubling gender and sexual categories and aiming at sexual arousal."

Queer porn works to have authentic representations with respect to the sexual orientations, gender identities and desires of the performers in it. It differs from heterosexual, gay, or lesbian pornography, because queer porn will often be a partnering of performers outside traditional pornographic categories. Gay porn falls into a similar situation as heterosexual porn by putting an emphasis on androcentric imagery of pleasure, as scholar Richard Dyer argues, and often glorifies the homonormative, masculine body-type and behavior. To appear as inclusive, gay porn will exotify differences. Performers' bodies in queer pornography are key to providing a difference between it and other categories of pornography. For example, a DVD may have one scene which shows a transgender lesbian with a cisgender femme-identified queer woman, while the next scene may showcase two transgender queer-identified men.

The genre of queer pornography as defined above is relatively recent and has been popularized and distributed by adult film companies such as Pink and White Productions, Trouble Films, Real Queer Productions among others. While porn is not limited to adult cinema and can exist in the context of a variety of media such as queer written pornography, the currently produced queer porn is mostly in the form of video.

Some prominent queer producers include Shine Louise Houston, Chelsea Poe, and April Flores who attempt to challenge the filming methods within the porn industry. Typically within the Porn Industry, the producer and director have the majority of control over how each scene will be performed, who is showcased in each set, and creating a differential of performers’ salaries based on their popularity. Queer pornography counters these practices by actively engaging performers in the creations of scenes allowing them to form more organically as a collaboration with a more horizontal access of control rather than a hierarchically vertical system.

Queer porn similarly celebrates ejaculation but with some signification differences to conventional porn. Unlike in the mainstream industry, the performer does not have a financial bonus for providing such a "money shot." Directors only encourage performers to perform an orgasm if/when the actors feel like it. Since the money shot in conventional porn relies of visibility for the camera, it necessarily centers on showing external ejaculation of the penis as the ultimate climax. This reflects attention back to the male centered gaze and a representative instance of phallic power and pleasure. Queer porn attempts to broaden such a delineation of phallic centered climax and the pornographic production.

## Discourses on queer pornography

Queer pornography has been attracting academic attention since the 2000s. A challenge within queer pornography is that some labeled queer porn may depict scenarios that could be part of any heterosexual mainstream pornographic film. This follows academic Niels van Doorn's concept of the “pornoscript,” eroticizing heterosexual difference and focusing on the male subject position. For example, a scene from Real Queer Productions's *Fluid* depicts a threesome with elements of submissions and dominance, rough vaginal and anal penetration, and external male ejaculation. The film's adherence to the pornographic conventions is predictable and serialized. However, further inspection into queer porn that appears like heteronormative pornography reveals particular parody of serial strategy to expose gender construction within most conventional pornography. This process creates a queer version of the model of "subversive repetition" theorized by academic Judith Butler. Drawing particular attention to such a facet through imitation permits its productive act of deconstruction. Thus, queer pornography can disassemble the pornographic norm by mimicking it.

Additionally, queer pornography clearly reveals the imitative process of gender identification when introducing the figure of the transgender man. Compared to trans women depicted across other types of pornography, trans men appear significantly in feminist and queer pornography.

Films of queer pornography make "deviant" sexualities more visible by simultaneously starting a process of their normalization. So, in order to avoid creating a new kind of norm, queer pornography constantly works along the edge of the gender system. For example, when strap-on dildos made their appearance in queer pornography leaving viewers guessing whether they were faced with a "real" penis or a dildo, they soon became a common sight. While these strap-on dildos originally offered new ways of thinking about gender and sexuality, their ubiquitous use risked losing their subversive power.

As scholar Sarah Schaschek writes, “If heterosexual pornography accentuates clearly defined identity categories such as class, age, ethnicity, sexuality, or gender, queer films tend to reveal the high degree of stylization behind these identities”.

## Productions

## Artists

## Further reading

* Coleman, L., & Held, J. M. (Eds.). (2016). *The Philosophy of Pornography: Contemporary Perspectives* (Reprint edition). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
* Jacobs, Katrien (2007). "Academic Cult Erotica: Fluid Beings or a Cubicle of Our Own?". *Cinema Journal*. **46** (4): 126–129. doi:10.1353/cj.2007.0037. S2CID 144564473.
* David, Joel (2006). "Queer Shuttling: Korea-Manila-New York". *GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies*. **12** (4): 614–617. doi:10.1215/10642684-12-4-614. S2CID 143787153.
* Ingraham, N. (2013). Queering pornography through qualitative methods. *International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches*, *7*(2), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.5172/mra.2013.7.2.218
* Lee, J. (Ed.). (2015). *Coming Out Like a Porn Star: Essays on Pornography, Protection, and Privacy*. Berkeley, CA: ThreeL Media.
* Seise, Cherie (April 2010). "Fucking Utopia: Queer Porn and Queer Liberation" (PDF). *Sprinkle: A Journal of Sexual Diversity Studies*. **3**: 19–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
* Mason-Grant, J. (2004). *Pornography Embodied: From Speech to Sexual Practice*. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
* Morris, P., & Paasonen, S. (2014). Risk and Utopia: A Dialogue on Pornography. *GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies*, *20*(3), 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-2422656
* Rodriguez, J. M. (2011). Queer Sociality and Other Sexual Fantasies. *GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies*, *17*(2–3), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-1163427
* Ziv, A. (2015). *Explicit Utopias: Rewriting the Sexual in Women’s Pornography* (Reprint edition). SUNY Press.


title: 1983 Montserratian general election

text:
# 1983 Montserratian general election

General elections were held in Montserrat in February 1983. The result was a victory for the People's Liberation Movement (PLM), which won five of the seven seats in the Legislative Council. PLM leader John Osborne remained Chief Minister.

## Campaign

A total of 22 candidates contested the elections; the PLM and the Progressive Democratic Party both nominated seven, the United National Front nominated four, with the other four candidates running as independents, three of which contested the Northern constituency.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | People's Liberation Movement | 2,517 | 55.03 | 5 | –2 |
|  | Progressive Democratic Party | 1,587 | 34.70 | 2 | +2 |
|  | United National Front | 251 | 5.49 | 0 | New |
|  | Independents | 219 | 4.79 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 4,574 | 100.00 | 7 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 4,574 | 98.62 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 64 | 1.38 |  | |
| Total votes | | 4,638 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 6,213 | 74.65 |  | |
| Source: Emmanuel | | | | | |

### Elected MPs

| Constituency | Elected MP | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Central | E Dyer | Progressive Democratic Party |
| Eastern | N Tuitt | People's Liberation Movement |
| North-Western | John Osborne | People's Liberation Movement |
| Northern | J B Chalmers | People's Liberation Movement |
| Plymouth | F Margetson | People's Liberation Movement |
| Southern | Percival Austin Bramble | Progressive Democratic Party |
| Windward | David Brandt | People's Liberation Movement |


title: Chang Po-ling

abstract: Chang Po-ling was a Chinese educator who, with Yan Xiu, founded Nankai University and the Nankai system of schools.

text:
# Chang Po-ling

| Chang Po-ling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 張伯苓 |
| Simplified Chinese | 张伯苓 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhāng Bólíng  Wade–Giles Chang Po-ling | |
|  | |

**Chang Po-ling** (Chinese: 張伯苓; pinyin: *Zhang Boling*; April 5, 1876 – February 23, 1951) was a Chinese educator who, with Yan Xiu, founded Nankai University and the Nankai system of schools.

## Biography

Chang Po-ling was born in Tianjin in 1876 during the last years of the Qing Dynasty. His younger brother was P.C. Chang, a philosopher and diplomat. He graduated from the Beiyang Naval Academy in 1894. He was a cadet officer in the Beiyang Fleet, but he abandoned his training after the fleet was destroyed during the First Sino-Japanese War. He attended and graduated from Saint John's University in Shanghai.

After several years of teaching, Chang Po-ling organized funding for a private college preparatory school, Nankai High School, in Tianjin in 1904. In 1917 he briefly studied at Teachers College, Columbia University in the United States, where he was influenced by the American educator and reformer John Dewey. Afterwards, he expanded his school into a full university, Nankai University, in 1919. Under Chang's leadership, Nankai continued to expand for the next few years and became one of the most prestigious universities in China.

In 1935, during an opening ceremony in Nankai University, Chang famously posed 3 questions which would later be known as the "Three Patriotic Questions 爱国三问", the reciting of which remains a university tradition during ceremonies.

> 你是中国人吗？
> 你爱中国吗？
> 你愿意中国好吗？
> Are you Chinese?
> Do you love China?
> Do you wish for China to prosper?

He was noted for his emphasis on athletics, which he believed would rid China of its image as the 'Sick man of Asia' in the early 1900s, quoting that 'only a good sportsman can be a good teacher'. He established a number of annual national athletic meets and the forerunner to the modern Chinese Olympic Committee. He established several smaller institutions, including a girls middle school (1923), experimental primary school (1928), institute of economics (1927), and of chemistry (1932).

During the 1930s, Chang Po-ling anticipated the possibility of war with Japan and made preparations to evacuate Nankai University and Nankai High School from Tianjin to the Chinese interior. As part of these preparations, he founded the Chongqing Nankai Middle School in 1936. When the Second Sino-Japanese War began on July 7, 1937, Chang Po-ling evacuated the entire Nankai system of schools to Changsha, Hunan.

As the Japanese military advanced towards the Chinese interior, Chang Po-ling organized a second evacuation to Kunming, Yunnan in 1938.

In 1941, Zhang Boyu joined the Kuomintang and introduced the people as Jiang Zhongzheng.

In Kunming, Nankai University joined with Peking University and Tsinghua University to form the National Southwestern Associated University, which continued to educate the top students in China until the war ended in 1945. Afterwards, Nankai University returned to Tianjin.

June 4, 1946，Columbia University presented Chang Po-ling with the degree of Doctor Emeritus at its 192nd Commencement.

On January 29, 1947, the president of the University of California wrote to Chang Po-ling, proposing to award him the degree of honorary doctor of law. On August 28, the UNESCO China Commission was established, with Chang Po-ling as a member.

In June 1948, Jiang Zhongzheng nominated Chang Po-ling as the president of the Examination Yuan，The Control Yuan voted to agree，In July 1948, Chang Po-ling took office in Nanjing. Due to the regulations of the then Ministry of Education (Taiwan), the president of a state university could not hold a part-time job at the same time，But Chang Po-ling is unwilling to leave the cause of his life. To retain the position of the principal, In September 1948, Tianjin Mayor Du Jian will hired Chang Po-ling as a national Nankai University honorary principal, and Franklin Ho as the agent principal，and informed Chiang Kai-shek. On October 20, the executive officially released an order of Chang Po-ling resigned, and Franklin Ho was as New principal of Nankai, and did not transfer Chang Po-ling to his honorary principal. Franklin Ho wrote to the Ministry of Education (Taiwan), but not responded. At the end of the same year, Chang Po-ling left the Nanjing Examinations Institute on the pretext that she was weak and needed rest, and went back to live in Chongqing.

In 1949, when the regime was changing in mainland China, both Kuomintang and the Communist Party were trying to win over Chang Po-ling because of his high social prestige. The Kuomintang hopes that Zhang Boyu leaves the mainland, goes to Taiwan or the United States, and promises to agree with any conditions, But Zhang Boling refused with the words "I don't want to leave Nankai School, leave my motherland".

After Chang Po-ling refused Chiang Kai-shek's invitation to Taiwan and stayed in mainland China, he began to get a cold shoulder politically. Because of the protection of Zhou Enlai, Chang Po-ling was not liquidated and tried like other former military and political officials. In November, the Chinese People's Liberation Army moved into Chongqing, and the regime in Chongqing changed. In December, Chang Po-ling verified property, donated the private Chongqing Nankai Middle School, Primary School, and Kindergarten to the Chongqing Military Control Committee, and the Nankai University in Tianjin and other south series of schools also returned to the state.

In the summer of 1950, Chang Po-ling hopes to return to Tianjin to Nankai University to live, specially solicited the Opinions of the Party Branch of Nankai University, but have not received any reply.

On September 15, Chang Po-ling left for Tianjin. Zhou Enlai gave him a farewell dinner at the West Flower Hall in Zhongnanhai the day before his departure. Zhou said: "When I am in Europe, some people persuade the old gentleman, don't help Zhou Enlai, he participated in the Communist Party, but he said, Everyone has their own choice. He is the officer of the Qing Dynasty, can say this, I am very grateful. "Zhou Enlai learned that Chang Po-ling is returned to Tianjin, it may be stressed by the Tianjin authorities, and immediately said that the letter will inform Tianjin Municipal Government.

After returning to Tianjin, Chang Po-ling's family has first lived in Nanhai Road and Ningjia Building. While on Nanhai Road, he was monitored by the Tianjin police, who were not removed until Zhou Enlai's letter arrived.

### Family

Chang Po-ling's grandfather Chang Qian (张虔) was a student at the Imperial College (Beijing). He developed mental issues after failing multiple times to graduate and died at 38. Chang Po-ling's father Chang Yungae (张云藻) (courtesy name Jiuan 久庵) was an only child. He failed the imperial exam when he was young, but had a passion for music and mounted archery. Under a famous musician hired by his family, he was able to master different kinds of instrument. He was particularly talented at playing the lute, which earned him the nickname "Lute Chang" among people in Tianjin. Unfortunately, Chang's father's family wealth declined and he resorted to teaching at several private schools to support himself. When Chang's father was young, he married a woman surnamed Wu (胡). Wu died and Chang's father married another woman surnamed Yeung (杨). When Chang's father was 43, Chang was born.

Chang's brother Peng Chun Chang (张彭春) (courtesy name Zhongshu 仲述) was a representative for the Republic of China at the United Nations and had taught at Nankai University, Tsinghua University and Columbia University in the City of New York.

In 1895, Chang Po-ling married a woman surnamed Ang (安) from Yixingfu (宜兴埠), but she died of pulmonary tuberculosis five days after the wedding. The next year, Chang married Wang Shuzhen (王淑贞), who was usually referred to as Mrs. Wang. The two had seven sons and one daughter, but only four sons survived to adulthood. Four of his sons died during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the remaining three were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Chang once said, "Though the universities I set up are privately owned, they are not profit-seeking organizations. Passing on one's values is more important than passing on one's wealth." This became the guiding principle for the Chang family.

Chang Po-ling's eldest son Chang Xilu (张希陆) (birth name Chang Xilu 张锡禄) (Note both names have similar pronunciation in Chinese, hence the same Romanized name) was born in 1901 and was a mathematician. During the Cultural Revolution, he was persecuted and suffered tremendous mental and physical harm, leading to him being bed-ridden near the end of his life. He died in 1988. Chang's second son Chang Xiyang (张锡羊) was born in 1907. He was a businessman and also died of persecution during the Cultural Revolution. Chang's third son Chang Xizuo (张锡祚) was born in 1908. He was an accountant and suffered the same fate as his older brothers during the Cultural Revolution, dying in 1976. Chang's fourth son Chang Xihu (张锡祜) was born in 1913. He was an athlete. He died serving his country in 1937 when the bomber he was piloting crashed in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province while on its way to bomb the Japanese cruiser *Izumo**.*

Chang's oldest grandson Chang Yuanlong (张元龙) was born in 1948 to his third son Chang Xizuo (张锡祚). Chang Yuanlong (张元龙) once served as a member of the 11th and 12th National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Vice-president of All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, Vice-president of the National People's Committee in Tianjin, and President of All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce in Tianjin. Chang Po-ling's granddaughter Chang Yuanzhen (张媛贞) once served in the National People's Committee, the Revolutionary Central Committee and the Revolutionary Jiangsu Committee. She also once served as the Vice-secretary of Jiangsu Province's Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and as a professor in the School of Life Sciences in Nanjing University. Chang Yuanzhen (张媛贞) died of an illness in Nanjing on January 8, 2020.

## Death and remembrance

### Death and obituary

On February 14, 1951 (January 9 in the Chinese Lunar Calendar), Lu Muzhai's (卢木斋) son Lu Kaiyuan (卢开源) visited Chang Po-ling and informed him that Beijing was planning to appoint him as Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Elated about his appointment, Chang personally walked Lu off his residence. At that time, it was freezing. The same night, Chang suffered a stroke, dying on February 23 at 75 years of age. When Chang was on the verge of dying, President of the Student Union of Nankai University Yan Ziheng (閻子亨) suggested writing Chang's obituary on his behalf. Recommended by everyone for the job was Huang Yusheng (黄钰生). After the draft was completed, it was edited by Zhang Qingchang (張清常), Professor of Chinese at Nankai University. Quoted below is a translation of Chang's obituary:

> In the year 1897, I was indignant at the humiliation of my country by Imperial Powers. Inspired by Yan Xiu (嚴修), I dedicated myself to education. For over 50 years, my dedication never flinched, but much remains to be done to promote moral values and patriotism as well as nurture talents in science and medicine. My students and I have been working to achieve those goals, encouraging each other in the process. Now under the leadership of the People's Government, my students will continue my work. The education institutions I dedicated my life to – Nankai University, Nankai High School and Chongqing Nankai Secondary School – will actively seek to reform themselves and develop rapidly. Today's People's Government has brought an unprecedented level of corruption-free, good governance to China. Its development of the manufacturing industry and pursuit of a friendly relationship with the Soviet Union suggest the People's Government is far-sighted and competent. My dear students, please do your utmost, be united, serve your people and your country, and support the People's Government in building a strong, prosperous new China. Our country has a bright future, a future I am looking forward to. My dear students, please strive towards that goal.

### Official memorial service in mainland China

On February 24, 1951, Zhou Enlai (周恩来) went to Tianjin to attend a military meeting by the 20th Corps of the People's Volunteer Army. Once he arrived in Tianjin, he went to Chang's home to send his condolences and to deliver wreaths to pay his respects for Chang. On the ribbon, he wrote "Teacher Chang, may your teachings be passed down forever! Your student Zhou Enlai (周恩来) is here to pay his respects." On February 26, the Tianjin Daily posted a brief article that began with the title "Former President of Nankai University. Chang Po-ling Dies of Illness, His Obituary Stating that his Students should Continue to Support the People's Government". During the decades after his passing, Chang was virtually unmentioned by mainland Chinese newspapers. After Chang's death, Zhou Enlai (周恩来), an alumnus of Nankai University and the then Premier of the People's Republic of China, personally sent his condolences to Chang's family. Commenting on Chang, Zhou said during the memorial service, "A person should be judged based on the historical background and situation in his time, and we should not judge a person from the past by today's standards. President Chang was progressive and patriotic when he was alive, and his commitment to education has benefited the people. The People's Government was very concerned about him when he was sick and hoped that he would recover soon. Unfortunately, he passed away suddenly." Due to the political environment at the time of Chang's passing, most people were afraid of the political repercussions and remained silent throughout the memorial service.

### Official memorial service in Taiwan

At that time, Taiwan also showed condolences for Chang's death. Another version of Chang's written obituary was circuiting on the island, but it was proven to have been falsified by Chang's eldest son, Chang Xilu (张希陆). On February 27, 1951, after learning of Chang's death, Chiang Chung-cheng (蔣中正) wrote in his memoir that words could not describe how sad he was about it. On March 31 the same year, organizations such as the Nankai University Taiwanese Student Association and the Chinese Kuomintang Reform Commission held a grand memorial service. Chiang Chung-cheng (蔣中正) presided over the ceremony and wrote the elegiac couplet "守正不屈，多士所宗" (Back translation: A man of uncompromising values, values people should follow). Attending the ceremony were Chang's close friends including Wang Chonghui (王寵惠), Chen Cheng (陳誠), Wang Shijie (王世杰), Zhang Lisheng (張厲生) and Zhang Jia (章嘉).

### Unofficial memorial services in mainland China

Unlike Taiwan, which held a grand memorial service for Chang, Tianjin Nankai Girls' High School held a small one in its hall. There was not a sad vibe in it, and few attended the event. Because the event was not advertised to the wider public, very few knew of it. The small memorial service began with Nankai University Professor Situ Yuelan (司徒月兰) playing the piano. Alumni and Yan Ziheng (阎子亨), the organizer of the memorial service, read aloud Chang's obituary. A memorial speech was given by Huang Yusheng (黄钰生), and Yu Chuanjian (喻传鉴), Li Zhuchen (李烛尘), Vice President of Chinese Academy of Sciences Tao Menghe (陶孟和) and Yang Shixian (杨石先) also took turns to give their speeches to remember Chang. A year later, Yu Chuanjian (喻传鉴) presided over another memorial service for Chang in Chongqing, but attendance was also low.

### Burial Site

As Chang wished to be buried on the campus of Nankai University, some attendees started discussing this issue after the small memorial service held by Tianjin Nankai Girls' High School. The Communist Party Committee of Nankai University suggested that Chang should not be buried there, justifying this with the lack of a close relationship between students of Nankai University and Chang around the time of his death and also with the students' belief that the university belonged to the Chinese people, not Chang alone. Because of that suggestion, Chang was buried instead in Tianjin Wujiakiln District Permanent Cemetery. Later, because the same site was rezoned, his grave was moved to Tianjin Eastern Suburb Yeung Family Cemetery. In 1962, Chang's wife died, and the two were buried in Tianjin Beicang First Public Cemetery. In 1975, the two's bodies were cremated, and their ashes were placed in the Beijing home of their eldest son Chang Xilu (张希陆). In 1979, an interment of ashes ceremony was held in Tianjin Water Park Martyrs Cemetery, after which Chang's ashes were placed there. Later, his ashes were moved to Beicang Martyrs Cemetery. Finally, the government again commended Chang for his contributions, and on October 16, 1989, Chang's and his wife's ashes were interred under Chang's bronze statue in the yard of Nankai University.

### Annual memorial services

After China reformed and opened up, the political situation stabilized and discussions of Chang became less of a taboo in mainland China. The loss of political sensitivity around the topic led to increasingly more public remembrance of Chang and studies of his life. Studies of his life became increasingly popular, and has become one of the hot topics in research in modern education. Currently, Nankai University holds an annual memorial service for Chang on the eve of Ching Ming Festival.

## Evaluation

After Chang Po-ling died, The two sides of the strait are very different from his evaluation because he was serviced by the government of the Republic of China. In Taiwan, Nankai alumni who moved to Taiwan with the government of the Republic of China commemorated Chang Po-ling's achievements in running the school with commemorative anthologies, memorials, biographies, and monographs, and held commemorative activities birthday every ten years of Chang Po-ling；In mainland China, Chang Po-ling 's name was once taboo before the country's reform and opening up. With the continuous political movement in mainland China, the criticism of Chang Po-ling from various departments of Nankai University has become increasingly vocal. Moreover, teachers in Nankai University were asked to express their opinions one by one, The "discordant voice" of the old staff in Nankai who had worked with Chang Po-ling，against criticism at Chang Po-ling was also drowned. In 1960, the History of Nankai University, which was published by Nankai University, totally denied Chang Po-ling. Until the 1980s, after the reform and opening up, the Chinese mainland officials reappraised and affirmed Chang Po-ling, and the evaluation of Zhang Boling on both sides of the Taiwan Straits tended to be consistent:Zhang Bo is not only the banner of Nankai but also a very unique success in the field of modern education in China.

### Removing Zhangboling

In the early 1950s, private Tianjin Nankai Middle School, private Tianjin Nankai Girls' High School, and private Chongqing Nankai Middle School were all taken over by the government and renamed as Tianjin No. 15 High School, Tianjin No. 7 Girls' High School and Chongqing No. 3 High School respectively.The number sequence of the school name replaced the original "Nankai" school name. There is no trace of Chang Po-ling in a series of schools in Nankai. The school song of Nankai, the school color of blue lotus and purple, the school motto, and Chang Po-ling once became the symbol of "old Nankai", which was deliberately diluted. Chang Po-ling is no longer mentioned in the history of Nankai School. Only Yan Xiu founded Nankai School.

In 1952, through the adjusted Nankai University, Nankai University held a meeting，It violates Chang Po-ling's plan to build a comprehensive university with four disciplines of liberal arts, science, engineering, and business，It has shrunk into liberal art and science university with only 9 departments of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, philosophy, Chinese, history, foreign languages, and economics.

During the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guard took the cemetery of Chang Po-ling, smashed the tombstone. Descendants sorted out the bones and cremate them, left the ashes in a closet at home."My grandparents died and had no place to be buried since then," laments Chang Po-ling, granddaughter of Chang Po-ling, a former member of the CPPCC Standing Committee.

### Memorial statues and buildings

Nankai University, Tianjin Nankai Middle School, Chongqing Nankai Middle School, National Southwest Associated University site and other campuses have set up statues of Chang Po-ling to commemorate. Nankai University and Nankai Middle School both have buildings named by Chang Po-ling. In 1999, Po-ling Building was built on the campus of Nankai University. Tianjin Nankai Middle School was renamed its Po-ling Building, which was built in 1906, East Building.

In October 2004, three bronze statues of Yan Xiu, Chang Po-ling, and Zhou Enlai were built in the Xiangyu Park in front of Nankai Middle School in Tianjin.

On October 16, 2013, two bronze statues of Yan Xiu and Chang Po-ling were completed in the campus of Nankai Middle School in Tianjin, which were donated by alumni.

In addition, MingDao University in Taiwan named its administrative center Po-ling Building because Chang Po-ling was regarded as an exemplar of educators who were committed to lifelong dedication.

### Literature

In August 2005, the TV series " Chang Po-ling" broadcast in China CCTV. In 2017, the historical and humanistic documentary "There was a School named Nankai" was broadcast on CCTV and Tianjin TV successively.

## Further reading

* Fairbank, John King. *The Great Chinese Revolution: 1800–1985*. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Chang Po-ling<br>張伯苓 | |
| --- | --- |
| Autochrome portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1929 | |
|  | |
| President of the Examination Yuan | |
| **In office**<br>July 10, 1948  November 25, 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Tai Chi-t'ao |
| Succeeded by | Niou Yung-chien (acting) |
| President of Nankai University | |
| **In office**<br>1919–1948 | |
| Preceded by | *position created* |
| Succeeded by | Franklin Ho |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1876-04-05)April 5, 1876<br>Tianjin, Qing Dynasty |
| Died | February 23, 1951(1951-02-23) (aged 74)<br>Tianjin, People's Republic of China |
| Nationality | Republic of China |
| Political party | Kuomintang (1941–1949) |
| Alma mater | Beiyang Naval College<br>Saint John's University, Shanghai |
|  | |


title: R518 (South Africa)

abstract: The R518 is a Regional Route in South Africa that connects Lephalale with Zebediela via Mokopane.

text:
# R518 (South Africa)

The **R518** is a Regional Route in South Africa that connects Lephalale with Zebediela via Mokopane.

## Route

Its western terminus is an intersection with the R510 at Lephalale (Ellisras). It goes east for 69 kilometres to meet the southern terminus of the R561 at the village of Marken and turn southwards.

The R518 continues south, then south-east (partially as the Kloof Pass), for 103 kilometres to meet the N11 national route at Masehlaneng and enter the town of Mokopane. The R518 and the N11 become one road south-east into the city centre, bypassing Sekgakgapeng. In the city centre of Mokopane, the R518 and the N11 meet the R101 and all three routes are co-signed on the road southwards (Thabo Mbeki Drive).

At the 2nd junction afterwards, by Mokopane Mall, the R518 leaves Thabo Mbeki Drive (which remains designated as the R101 & N11) and becomes its own road south-east. After 6 kilometres, it crosses the N1 national route and continues south-east, then east, for 35 kilometres to reach the town of Zebediela. In Zebediela's eastern suburbs, the R518 meets the R519 and they are one road southwards for 2.5 kilometres before the R518 becomes its own road eastwards.

The R518 continues to enter the township of Lebowakgomo, where it meets with the R579 before continuing eastwards. Just east of Lebowakgomo, the R518 reaches its end at a junction with the R37 (Orrie Baragwanath Pass).

## Incidents

### 2024 Mmamatlakala bus crash

On 28 March 2024, a passenger bus heading from Molepolole, Botswana to Moria crashed approximately 5 kilometres west of the village of Mmamatlakala on the section of the R518 between Marken and Mokopane (Kloof Pass). It fell off the Mmamatlakala Bridge.

## InfoBox

| Regional route R518 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 253 km (157 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | R510 in Lephalale |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | R37 near Lebowakgomo |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R517   R519 | |


title: Shannon Falcone

abstract: Shannon Falcone is a sailor who has competed in multiple America's Cups and Volvo Ocean Races. Born in England in 1981, Falcone moved to Antigua with his family at the age of 3. He originally sailed Stars with his father, Olympian Carlo Falcone, and they competed at the 1998, 1999 and 2000 Star World Championships. Falcone sailed with Mascalzone Latino at the 2003 Louis Vuitton Cup and Luna Rossa Challenge at the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup. He then joined Oracle Racing in 2008. Falcone sailed on Il Mostro during the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race and on Mar Mostro during the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race. He sailed on Oracle Team USA 17 during the 2013 America's Cup, where he sailed in all 19 races, before re-joining Luna Rossa.

text:
# Shannon Falcone

**Shannon Falcone** is a sailor who has competed in multiple America's Cups and Volvo Ocean Races.

Born in England in 1981, Falcone moved to Antigua with his family at the age of 3.

He originally sailed Stars with his father, Olympian Carlo Falcone, and they competed at the 1998, 1999 and 2000 Star World Championships.

Falcone sailed with Mascalzone Latino at the 2003 Louis Vuitton Cup and Luna Rossa Challenge at the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup. He then joined Oracle Racing in 2008.

Falcone sailed on *Il Mostro* during the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race and on *Mar Mostro* during the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race.

He sailed on *Oracle Team USA 17* during the 2013 America's Cup, where he sailed in all 19 races, before re-joining Luna Rossa.


title: Drowning (Mario song)

abstract: "Drowning" is a song recorded by American recording artist Mario for his fifth studio album Dancing Shadows and was released alongside its music video on July 20, 2018, through his own label New Citizen and Empire Distribution as the album's lead single. The song was written and produced by Mario, xSDTRK and Daecolm Holland, with additional songwriting credits from Milton Adams II and Jake Gosling. Lyrically, the song is about a man being torn between two women. The song garnered favorable reviews from most critics, with praise towards its production and Mario's vocal delivery

text:
# Drowning (Mario song)

"**Drowning**" is a song recorded by American recording artist Mario for his fifth studio album *Dancing Shadows* and was released alongside its music video on July 20, 2018, through his own label New Citizen and Empire Distribution as the album's lead single. The song was written and produced by Mario, xSDTRK and Daecolm Holland, with additional songwriting credits from Milton Adams II and Jake Gosling. Lyrically, the song is about a man being torn between two women.

The song garnered favorable reviews from most critics, with praise towards its production and Mario's vocal delivery

## Background and release

Mario spoke with the FunX radio station during the Oh My! Music Festival in June 2018, he revealed that he would release the lead single off the album.

## Critical reception

Singersroom said the song, "showcases Mario’s vocal growth and eargasmic falsetto that takes hold and doesn’t let go over a simmering and stark production". The Musical Hype gave the song three and a half stars out of five.

## Music video

The music video premiered along with the song on July 20, 2018.

## Live performances

Mario performed "Drowning" during the live televised segment of *The Wendy Williams Show* in October 2018.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Drowning" | 3:38 |

Digital download – Dance Remix
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Drowning (Nitti Gritti & Shndō Remix)" | 2:50 |

## Credits and personnel

Credits were adapted from Tidal.

* Mario – songwriting, production
* Daecolm – songwriting, production
* xSDTRK – songwriting, production
* Jake Gosling – songwriting
* Milton Adams II – songwriting

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Drowning"
| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Adult R&B Songs (*Billboard*) | 28 |

## Release history

Release history and formats for "Drowning"
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | July 20, 2018 | Digital download |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "Drowning" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mario | |
| from the album  *Dancing Shadows* | |
| Released | July 20, 2018 (2018-07-20) |
| Studio | FRQNCY Studios
(London, England) |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 3:38 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Daecolm * Mario * xSDTRK |
| Mario singles chronology | |
| "Pain Is the New Pleasure"
(2017) "**Drowning**"
(2018) "Dancing Shadows"
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Drowning" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: The Twelve Months (fairy tale)

abstract: "The Twelve Months" is a Czech fairy tale, which was first mentioned by a Czech writer, scholar, physician, lexicographer, canon of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague and a master of the University of Prague in the 14th century - mistr Klaret/Bartoloměj z Chlumce, who mentions the fairy tale as a preaching exemplum. It was later collected by one of the most famous Czech writers - Božena Němcová.

text:
# The Twelve Months (fairy tale)

"**The Twelve Months**" is a Czech fairy tale, which was first mentioned by a Czech writer, scholar, physician, lexicographer, canon of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague and a master of the University of Prague in the 14th century - mistr Klaret/Bartoloměj z Chlumce, who mentions the fairy tale as a preaching exemplum.

It was later collected by one of the most famous Czech writers - Božena Němcová.

## Synopsis

A young and beautiful girl (called Maruška in some variations) is sent into the cold forest in the winter to perform impossible tasks by her evil stepmother. She must get spring violets, summer strawberries and fall apples in midwinter as presents to give her stepsister for her birthday. The girl ventures out into the blizzard cold and eventually meets the 12 personified months by a warm fire in the woods. When she approaches and asks politely if she can warm her hands at their fire, they ask why she is here, and when she tells them about her step-family and what she is looking for, the spirits help her. The child spirit of March creates the violets, youthful June the strawberries, and grown September the apples, at the direction of the elderly January. The stepmother and sister takes their items, without a word of thanks. When the evil stepsister comes to search for the twelve months herself in the snow, hoping for gifts of her own, the spirits disappear, taking their fire, and leaving the stepsister cold and hungry, searching for eternity. The same fate lay in store for the wicked stepmother. She too let greed run away with her and to this day she still searches in an unfriendly forest for the path back to her home. The kind sister remained in her house, and lived happily ever after.

## Analysis

### Tale type

The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 480, "The Kind and Unkind Girls". According to scholar Warren Roberts, tale type ATU 480 with the Twelve Months form a cycle of tales that appear in Southeastern Europe, namely, Italy, Greece, Russia, Poland, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria.

### Motifs

The characters of the personified Twelve Months appear in tale types ATU 510A, "Cinderella", and type ATU 480, "The Spinning-Woman by the Spring" (also known as "The Kind and the Unkind Girls").

## Legacy

The fairy tale was later adapted as a theater play by a Russian writer, Samuil Marshak in 1943, and subsequently in the Soviet cinematography. There's also a Czech film adaptation from 2012.

The Russian adaptations of the Slovak folk fairy tale are often mistaken for the original, they often vary from the original, mainly by adding new characters (like the young girl of the Russian nobility, a Russian soldier, etc.)

Some adaptations originated from other adaptations, e.g. the Japanese Twelve Months (1980 film).

### List of adaptations

## Further reading

* Gentile, J. S. (2017). "Meeting with Great January: an archetypal interpretation of the Slovak fairytale "The Twelve Months"". *Text and Performance Quarterly*. **37** (2): 129–137. doi:10.1080/10462937.2017.1349304.


title: The Twelve Spies

abstract: The Twelve Spies, as recorded in the Book of Numbers, were a group of Israelite chieftains, one from each of the Twelve Tribes, who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days as a future home for the Israelite people, during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt. The account is found in Numbers 13:1–33, and is repeated with some differences in Deuteronomy 1:22–40. God had promised Abraham that there would be a Promised Land for the nations to come out of his son, Isaac. The land of Canaan that the spies were to explore was the same Promised Land. Moses asked for an assessment of the geographic features of the land, the strength and numbers of the population, the agricultural potential and actual performance of the land, civic organization, and forestry conditions. He also asked them to be positive in their outlook and to return with samples of local produce. When ten of the twelve spies showed little faith in the negative reports they gave about the land, they were slandering what they believed God had promised them. They did not believe that God could help them, and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land. As a result, the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years, until almost the entire generation of men had died. Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed. They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering.

text:
# The Twelve Spies

**The Twelve Spies**, as recorded in the Book of Numbers, were a group of Israelite chieftains, one from each of the Twelve Tribes, who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days as a future home for the Israelite people, during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt. The account is found in Numbers 13:1–33, and is repeated with some differences in Deuteronomy 1:22–40.

God had promised Abraham that there would be a Promised Land for the nations to come out of his son, Isaac. The land of Canaan that the spies were to explore was the same Promised Land. Moses asked for an assessment of the geographic features of the land, the strength and numbers of the population, the agricultural potential and actual performance of the land, civic organization (whether their cities were like camps or strongholds), and forestry conditions. He also asked them to be positive in their outlook and to return with samples of local produce.

When ten of the twelve spies showed little faith in the negative reports they gave about the land, they were slandering what they believed God had promised them. They did not believe that God could help them, and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land. As a result, the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years, until almost the entire generation of men had died. Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed. They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering.

## About the spies

God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to conquer the land with its indigenous Canaanite nations. Moses instructed the spies to report back on the agriculture and lay of the land. However, during their tour, the spies saw fortified cities and resident giants, which frightened them and led them to believe that the Israelites would not be able to conquer the land as God had promised. Ten of the spies decided to bring back an unbalanced report, emphasizing the difficulty of the task before them.

> They gave Moses this account, "We went into the land to which you sent us, and it does flow with milk and honey! Here is its fruit. But the people who live there are very powerful, and the cities are fortified and very large. We even saw descendants of Anak there."
>
> Numbers, 13:27-28

Two of the spies — Joshua and Caleb — did not go along with the majority and tried to convince the Israelites that they could conquer the land:

> Then Caleb silenced the people before Moses and said, "We should go up and take possession of the land, for we can certainly do it."
>
> Numbers, 13:30

However, the Israelite community believed the majority's conclusions. All of the spies, except Joshua and Caleb, were struck down with a plague and died.

Joshua was at first a fierce warrior. He was chosen as the representative from his tribe, Ephraim, to explore the land of Canaan, and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered. After the incident with the 12 spies, Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period, and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God. Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it. Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God.

Caleb was from the tribe of Judah. He was also chosen to explore the land of Canaan, and he was (along with Joshua) the other man who said that the God of Israel could help the Israelite people to victory against the Canaanites. God promised Caleb and Joshua that they would receive the land which they had explored for themselves and their descendants. Caleb was also told that he would live to go into the Promised Land.

The names of the twelve spies were:

1. Shammua, son of Zaccur, from the tribe of Reuben
2. Shaphat, son of Hori, from the tribe of Simeon
3. Caleb, son of Jephunneh, from the tribe of Judah
4. Igal, son of Joseph, from the tribe of Issachar
5. Hoshea (Joshua), son of Nun, from the tribe of Ephraim
6. Palti, son of Raphu, from the tribe of Benjamin
7. Gaddiel, son of Sodi, from the tribe of Zebulun
8. Gaddi, son of Susi, from the tribe of Manasseh
9. Ammiel, son of Gemalli, from the tribe of Dan
10. Sethur, son of Michael, from the tribe of Asher
11. Nahbi, son of Vophsi, from the tribe of Naphtali
12. Geuel, son of Maki, from the tribe of Gad

## Consequences

The Israelites' belief of the false report amounted to the acceptance of lashon hara (lit." "evil tongue" / "slander" in Hebrew) against the Land of Israel.

> But the men who had gone up with him said, "We can't attack those people; they are stronger than we are." And they spread a bad report about the land they had explored. They said, "The land we explored devours those living in it. All the people we saw there were of great size. We saw the Nephilim there (the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim). We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes, and we looked the same to them."
>
> Numbers, 13:31-33

This was considered a grave sin by God. Corresponding to the 40 days that the spies toured the land, God decreed that the Israelites would wander in the wilderness for 40 years as a result of their unwillingness to take the land. Moreover, the entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert, save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land.

For 40 years, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness, eating quail and manna. They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land. As victories were won, the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe, and they lived peacefully with each other. God brought victories where needed, and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled.

## Tisha B'Av

According to Rabbinic tradition (as seen in the Mishnah Taanit 4:6), the sin of the spies produced the annual fast day of Tisha B'Av. When the Israelites accepted the false report, they wept over the false belief that God was setting them up for defeat. The night that the people cried was the ninth of Av, which became a day of weeping and misfortune for all time.

Rashi, commenting on Numbers 13:25, notes that the journey was shortened by God, as God foresaw their downfall and subsequent proportionate punishment (1 day equaling 1 year).

## Further reading


title: Dream Again (Lili Añel album)

abstract: Dream Again is American singer-songwriter Lili Añel's third studio recording. Released in 2007, this marks the first time Lili is credited as co-producer along with Cooke Harvey. The CD received a favorable review in JazzTimes, catching the attention of ESC Records out of Germany. Seven of the tracks were compiled, along with eight tracks from her 2001 album Hi-Octane Coffee, and pressed onto a new album entitled Life or Death. It was released throughout Europe and Japan. This resulted in her first international album on a European record label.

text:
# Dream Again (Lili Añel album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| JazzTimes | (not rated) |
| A.D. Amorosi | (not rated) |

***Dream Again*** is American singer-songwriter Lili Añel's third studio recording. Released in 2007, this marks the first time Lili is credited as co-producer along with Cooke Harvey. The CD received a favorable review in JazzTimes, catching the attention of ESC Records out of Germany. Seven of the tracks were compiled, along with eight tracks from her 2001 album *Hi-Octane Coffee*, and pressed onto a new album entitled *Life or Death*. It was released throughout Europe and Japan. This resulted in her first international album on a European record label .

## Track listing

1. "Try Again" – 3:17
2. "Over You" – 3:47
3. "Between Me" – 4:58
4. "Dream Again" – 5:53
5. "Down To Zero" – 3:57
6. "I'm Sorry" – 3:30
7. "Temporary Amnesia" – 2:50
8. "If" – 5:13
9. "I Pretend" – 3:21
10. "Nothing In Common" – 3:30
11. "It's You Again" – 2:44
12. "If God Had A Wallet" – 3:48
13. "Life Or Death" – 4:24
14. "Land On My Feet" – 3:48

All compositions by Lili Añel except "Down to Zero" by Joan Armatrading.

## Personnel

Musicians * Lili Anel – vocals, guitars
* Cooke Harvey – electric & upright bass, keyboards
* Dave Bozenhard – guitars
* John DiGiovanni – drums, percussion
* String arrangements and textures by Cook Harvey

Engineers * Cooke Harvey
* Mastered by Marc Moss at Target Studios – Newark, DE

## InfoBox

| Dream Again | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lili Añel | |
| Released | January 13, 2007 |
| Recorded | October 2006 through November 2006 at Quarry Hill Studios, Landenberg, PA |
| Genre | Jazz, pop, rock |
| Length | 45:20 |
| Label | Wall-I Records (Self-released) |
| Producer | Lili Anel and Cooke Harvey |


title: The Way to Cook

abstract: The Way to Cook is a series of six instructional videos about cooking produced in 1985 and a companion cookbook published in 1989, both featuring the television personality and cooking teacher Julia Child. The video series was produced with and marketed by the WGBH Educational Foundation in Boston, producers of Child's previous television series The French Chef, but was shot at Child's home in Santa Barbara, California. The book was published by Alfred A. Knopf, the firm that published almost all of Child's work from the beginning to the end of her career.

text:
# The Way to Cook

The Way To Cook
| Author | Julia Child |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Culinary arts |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Alfred A. Knopf |
| Publication date | 1989 (hardcover) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | book |
| Pages | 511 |
| ISBN | 0-394-53264-3 (hardcover) |
| OCLC | 18813917 |
| Dewey Decimal | 641.5 19 |
| LC Class | TX651 .C53 1989 |
| Preceded by | *Julia Child & More Company* |
| Followed by | *Cooking with Master Chefs* |

| *The Way to Cook* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Non-fiction, instructional video |
| Created by | Julia Child |
| Written by | Julia Child |
| Directed by | Russell Morash |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Running time | 6 hours |
| Production company | Knopf |
| Original release | |
| Release | 1985 (1985) |

***The Way to Cook*** is a series of six instructional videos about cooking produced in 1985 and a companion cookbook published in 1989, both featuring the television personality and cooking teacher Julia Child.

The video series was produced with and marketed by the WGBH Educational Foundation in Boston, producers of Child's previous television series *The French Chef*, but was shot at Child's home in Santa Barbara, California. The book was published by Alfred A. Knopf, the firm that published almost all of Child's work from the beginning to the end of her career.

## Format

The book *The Way To Cook* differs from her previous book *Mastering the Art of French Cooking* in numerous ways. While *Mastering* was a collaboration that co-authors Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle had gotten underway before Child's involvement, *The Way To Cook* was a solo work written entirely by Child during the late 1980s. Another difference was that *The Way To Cook* did not focus entirely on French cuisine, on which her reputation had been built, but added a substantial number of recipes for traditional American dishes, especially those of New England, where Child's mother had come from and where Child had spent much of her life. In this, the book reflected the diversification of the cooking repertoire on Child's television show, *Julia Child & Company,* that had taken place since its premiere in 1978.

The book provided a focus on "master recipes"—that is, recipes that illustrate broad principles in cooking—with other recipes provided as variations on those same themes. The book also made use of improved cookware designs and of new technology such as the food processor, of which Child was a major proponent.

## Home video releases

The videos were originally available only as a set of six videotapes. In December 2009, they were re-released as a set of two DVDs.

## InfoBox

| The Way to Cook | |
| --- | --- |
| 1993 *The Way to Cook* hardcover (Knopf) | |
| Created by | Julia Child |
| Print publications | |
| Book(s) | *The Way To Cook* |
| Films and television | |
| Direct-to-video | *The Way To Cook* |
| Miscellaneous | |
| Date | 1989 |
| Subject | Culinary arts |


title: The Tripp

abstract: The Tripp, known earlier as The Just Us and later Livingston's Journey, was a Canadian rock band, based in Toronto from the mid-1960s, featuring Neil Merryweather and Stan Endersby.

text:
# The Tripp

**The Tripp**, known earlier as **The Just Us** and later **Livingston's Journey**, was a Canadian rock band, based in Toronto from the mid-1960s, featuring Neil Merryweather and Stan Endersby.

## History

Keyboard player Ed Roth, drummer Bob Ablack, lead guitarist Bill Ross and Brian Hughes started out playing rock instrumentals in a suburban Toronto band the XLs, which became Gary & The Reflections with the addition of singer Gary Muir in 1964.

In early 1965, singer Bob Neilson replaced Muir and the group changed its name to The Ookpiks, after a native-designed stuffed toy owl called Ookpik that was being promoted by the Canadian government. As another Ookpiks group already existed, they briefly became The Sikusis after another stuffed toy, but were unable to get permission from the Canadian government to use the name without compensation and settled on The Just Us. Through all of this they recorded a lone single on the Quality record label, which failed to sell – possibly due in part to confusion caused by name changes.

Hughes, Ross and new drummer Al Morrison soon left to join David Clayton-Thomas's backup band, The Bossmen. Roth and Neilson (later known as Neil Merryweather) brought in bassist Wayne Davis and guitarist Stan Endersby (born 17 July 1947, Lachine Quebec), formerly of C.J. Feeney and the Spellbinders. and convinced Bob Ablack to return on drums. They also recruited a new singer, former Mynah Birds singer Jimmy Livingston. Richard Bell was subsequently hired away from Richie Knight and the Midknights as second keyboardist.

The Just Us recorded an album's worth of material at Arc Sound in early 1966, but this was never released. Throughout this period, they played at various local clubs, including the Gogue Inn and the Hawk's Nest as well as in the city's high schools.

### The Just Us becomes The Tripp

In June 1966, Davis left to play with Bobby Kris & The Imperials and Lillie took over as bassist. Around this time, an American duo with the same name released a couple of singles on Colpix and appeared on the charts and the group was forced to find a new name. They settled on The Group Therapy for one show (opening for The Byrds at Varsity Stadium in Toronto on 22 June), but another local group surfaced with a prior claim to this name. Shortly after a show at the El Patio on 10 September 1966, the band took on another new moniker, The Tripp.

One of the band's first shows was at the Gogue Inn in Toronto on 16 September with Luke & The Apostles and others. The group released no recordings as The Tripp, but did appear on the first episode of CBC Television’s *Sunday Show* and performed regularly on the Toronto club scene, at the Flick, the El Patio and Boris’ in Toronto's Yorkville district. Bell left soon after to join Ronnie Hawkins and the Hawks.

In 1966 The Tripp performed at Maple Leaf Gardens with other local bands, and took part in the Toronto Sound-a-gogo show.

Lillie left in May 1967 to play with Ricky James Matthews in The Mynah Byrds and then formed a new band with Bruce Cockburn, The Flying Circus. Dennis Pendrith from Simon Caine & The Catch replaced him and later that month the band changed name again to Livingston's Tripp and then Livingston's Journey.

## Members

* Ed Roth (born 16 February 1947, Toronto)
* Bob Ablack
* Bill Ross (born in Bel Air, California)
* Brian Hughes
* Bob Neilson (born Robert Neilson Lillie, 27 December 1945, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)
* Al Morrison
* Wayne Davis (born 28 April 1946, Toronto)
* Jimmy Livingston (born 28 February 1938)
* Stan Endersby
* Richard Bell
* Dennis Pendrith

## Recordings

### The Just Us

"I Don't Love You" / "I Can Tell" (Quality 1738) 1965 – single

## InfoBox

| The Tripp | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Rock |
| Years active | 1966 (1966)–1977 (1977) |
|  | |
| Past members |  |


title: The Triplets (band)

abstract:
The Triplets are a pop rock band that crossed over musical boundaries from the U.S through Latin America. Composed of the triplets Diana, Sylvia, and Vicky Villegas of an American mother and a Mexican father, the group recorded in both English and Spanish. They first gained recognition after winning the MTV Basement Tapes Contest in 1986 for the song "Boys", and were awarded a contract with Elektra Records and released their first EP "Break the Silence" They scored a hit single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1991 with "You Don't Have to Go Home Tonight" as well as on the Adult Contemporary Chart with "Sunrise". They released a VHS tape in 1991 as well. Subsequent hits followed on the Billboard Latin charts.
On September 9, 2015 the band announced they were reuniting and releasing a new CD entitled "Independence Road." The album was released in September 2016 with Sylvia and Vicky performing and Diana writing songs. Musical awards and nominations included a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Performance (1993), American Music Nomination for best new group, (1991), a New York Music Award for best new group (1991) and the Desy Award for best new Latin group (1991).

text:
# The Triplets (band)

**The Triplets** are a pop rock band that crossed over musical boundaries from the U.S through Latin America. Composed of the triplets Diana, Sylvia, and Vicky Villegas (all born April 18th, 1965) of an American mother and a Mexican father, the group recorded in both English and Spanish. They first gained recognition after winning the MTV Basement Tapes Contest in 1986 for the song "Boys", and were awarded a contract with Elektra Records and released their first EP "Break the Silence"

They scored a hit single on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 chart in 1991 with "You Don't Have to Go Home Tonight" as well as on the Adult Contemporary Chart with "Sunrise". They released a VHS tape in 1991 as well. Subsequent hits followed on the Billboard Latin charts. On September 9, 2015 the band announced they were reuniting and releasing a new CD entitled "Independence Road." The album was released in September 2016 with Sylvia and Vicky performing and Diana writing songs.

Musical awards and nominations included a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Performance (1993), American Music Nomination for best new group, (1991), a New York Music Award for best new group (1991) and the Desy Award for best new Latin group (1991).

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US
AC
 | US
Latin
 | AUS
 |
| "Boys" | 1986 |  |  |  |  |
| | "Translate" |  |  |  |  |
| "You Don't Have to Go Home Tonight" | 1991 | 14 |  |  | 45 |
| | "Sunrise" |  | 16 |  |  |
| | "Light a Candle" |  |  |  |  |
| | "Sombras y Silencios" |  |  |  |  |
| "Algo Mas Que Amor (I've Been Waiting for You)" | 1993 |  |  | 2 |  |
| "Mi Mundo Entero (Everything I Own)" | 1994 |  |  | 27 |  |
| | "Las Llaves de Mi Corazon" |  |  | 14 |  |
| "Independence Road" | 2016 |  |  |  |  |

Official website

## InfoBox

| The Triplets | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Labels | Elektra Records, independent |
|  | |
| Members | * Diana Villegas * Sylvia Villegas * Vicky Villegas |
|  | |
| Website | www.thetripletsband.com |


title: The Triplets bridges

abstract: Three consecutive Extradosed bridges are part of a north beltway of La Paz in Bolivia. The project was funded by CAF through a credit to the Municipality in 2006. In 2007, the Municipal Government of La Paz awarded the design and construction of The Triplets Bridge Project to the JV “Consorcio Asociación Accidental Progreso”. As part of this contract, PEDELTA carried out the conceptual and final detailed design. There was a preliminary design that defined three three-span cable-stayed bridges with central spans between 90 and 110 metres and two cable-stay planes, similar to another existing in the city: the Bridge of the Americas. After a study of alternatives, where the bridge should have a cable supported deck in order to fulfill the technical specifications of the contract, it was proposed to modify the structural type to improve the visual impact on the landscape of La Paz. Therefore, it was proposed an extradosed bridge type, which reduces the height of the pylon, and a single plane of stays to allow a more transparent view

text:
# The Triplets bridges

Three consecutive Extradosed bridges are part of a north beltway of La Paz in Bolivia.

The project was funded by CAF (Corporación Andina de Fomento) through a credit to the Municipality in 2006. In 2007, the Municipal Government of La Paz awarded the design and construction of The Triplets Bridge Project to the JV “Consorcio Asociación Accidental Progreso”. As part of this contract, PEDELTA carried out the conceptual and final detailed design.

There was a preliminary design that defined three three-span cable-stayed bridges with central spans between 90 and 110 metres (300 and 360 ft) and two cable-stay planes, similar to another existing in the city: the Bridge of the Americas. After a study of alternatives, where the bridge should have a cable supported deck in order to fulfill the technical specifications of the contract, it was proposed to modify the structural type to improve the visual impact on the landscape of La Paz. Therefore, it was proposed an extradosed bridge type, which reduces the height of the pylon, and a single plane of stays to allow a more transparent view

## Description

The Triplets have similar structural pattern and basic idea, but the dimensions are different. All bridges are extradosed with a three-span deck and single central plane of stays.

The bridge deck is 14.8 metres (49 ft) wide and carries four vehicular lanes, two lateral sidewalks 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) wide, and a central median of 1 metre (3.3 ft) where stays anchor, protected on each side by a rigid concrete barriers.

The deck is connected monolithically with the two piers, forming a portal frame, and rests on neoprene bearings at the abutments. The deck is a single-cell box 14 metres (46 ft) wide, whose depth varies between 3.5 and 2.1 metres (11.5 and 6.9 ft) between the piers and central areas or near abutments. The piers, with a single shaft in their full height, are made of reinforced concrete. Some of the piers reach 40 m in height. The pylon coincides with the pier axis under the box girder. Pylon is 15 metres (49 ft) high and has rectangular cross-section linearly variable.

The geometric main features of the bridges are as follows:

* Kantutani Bridge: the bridge has three spans of 52.75 + 113.5 + 67.25 metres (173.1 + 372.4 + 220.6 ft)
* Choqueyapu Bridge: the bridge has three spans of 52.5 + 92.5 + 46.5 metres (172 + 303 + 153 ft)
* Orkojahuira Bridge: the bridge has three spans of 50.3 + 103 + 65.5 metres (165 + 338 + 215 ft)

The total cost of the structure was approximately US$18.3 million.

The project was awarded with the Eugene C. Figg, Jr. Medal for Signature Bridges at the International Bridge Conference (Pittsburgh, June 2012), at a city that also has 3 very similar bridges -- Three Sisters (Pittsburgh).

## Construction

The bridge construction began in November 2007 and was completed in mid-2010 to coincide with the commemoration of the Bicentennial of Independence.

## InfoBox

| The Triplets Bridges | |
| --- | --- |
| Bridge view | |
| Coordinates | 16°30′59″S 68°07′06″W / 16.516272°S 68.118217°W / -16.516272; -68.118217 (The Triplets Bridges) |
| Carries | Motor vehicles |
| Crosses | Choqueyapu River and its ravines |
| Locale | La Paz, Bolivia |
| Official name | Independencia, Libertad, Union |
| Maintained by | Envigado Municipality |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Extradosed bridge |
| Material | Concrete |
| Total length | Overall length 644 m (2,113 ft) |
| Width | 14.8 m (49 ft) |
| Longest span | 113.5 m (372 ft) |
| No. of spans | 3 |
| History | |
| Designer | Pedelta Structural Engineers |
| Engineering design by | Juan A. Sobrino and Javier Jordán |
| Opened | November 2010 (2010-11) |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: The Visualise Tour

abstract: The Visualise Tour is the debut concert tour by Australian singer-songwriter Delta Goodrem, in support of her first two studio albums, Innocent Eyes (2003) and Mistaken Identity (2004). During the success of her debut album Innocent Eyes, Goodrem was unable to tour due to her cancer diagnosis in July 2003. Following a period of recovery and the release of her second studio album Mistaken Identity, she began preparing her debut tour. During July 2005, Goodrem performed a total of ten shows to an audience of 80,000 people and became the first Australian artist to headline a show at Sydney SuperDome. Canadian singer, Kyle Riabko, served as support act for the tour and Goodrem's partner at the time, Brian McFadden, joined her for their duet "Almost Here". The tour was released on DVD in November 2005, titled The Visualise Tour: Live in Concert.

text:
# The Visualise Tour

**The Visualise Tour** is the debut concert tour by Australian singer-songwriter Delta Goodrem, in support of her first two studio albums, *Innocent Eyes* (2003) and *Mistaken Identity* (2004). During the success of her debut album *Innocent Eyes*, Goodrem was unable to tour due to her cancer diagnosis in July 2003. Following a period of recovery and the release of her second studio album *Mistaken Identity*, she began preparing her debut tour.

During July 2005, Goodrem performed a total of ten shows to an audience of 80,000 people and became the first Australian artist to headline a show at Sydney SuperDome. Canadian singer, Kyle Riabko, served as support act for the tour and Goodrem's partner at the time, Brian McFadden, joined her for their duet "Almost Here".

The tour was released on DVD in November 2005, titled *The Visualise Tour: Live in Concert*.

## Set list

1. "Butterfly"
2. "Mistaken Identity"
3. "Lost Without You"
4. "A Little Too Late"
5. "Not Me, Not I"
6. "Will You Fall for Me"
7. "The Analyst"
8. "Throw It Away" (interlude)
9. "Predictable"
10. "Longer"
11. "Electric Storm"
12. "Born to Try"
13. "Last Night on Earth"
14. "Fragile"
15. "Almost Here" (with Brian McFadden)
16. "Flying Without Wings" (with Brian McFadden)**\[A\]**
17. "Miscommunication" (interlude)
18. "I Feel the Earth Move"
19. "I Don't Care"
20. "Are You Gonna Be My Girl"
21. "A Year Ago Today" (interlude)
22. "Extraordinary Day"
23. "Be Strong"
24. "Out of the Blue"
25. "Innocent Eyes"

**Notes:**

* A Performed at select shows only.

## Tour dates

List of concerts
| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 3 July 2005 | Newcastle | Australia | Newcastle Entertainment Centre |
| 8 July 2005 | Perth | | Burswood Dome |
| 10 July 2005 | Adelaide | | Adelaide Entertainment Centre |
| 13 July 2005 | Melbourne | | Rod Laver Arena |
| 16 July 2005 | | |
| 18 July 2005 | Brisbane | | Brisbane Entertainment Centre |
| 21 July 2005 | Canberra | | AIS Arena |
| 23 July 2005 | Sydney | | Sydney SuperDome |
| 24 July 2005 | | |
| 27 July 2005 | Hobart | | Derwent Entertainment Centre |

## *The Visualise Tour: Live in Concert*

| The Visualise Tour: Live in Concert | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by Delta Goodrem | |
| Released | 13 November 2005 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 150 mins |
| Label | Sony BMG
(#82876727009) |
| Director | Dennis Murphy |
| Producer | Richard Sanford |
| Delta Goodrem chronology | |
| *Delta*
(2003) ***The Visualise Tour: Live in Concert***
(2005) *Believe Again: Australian Tour 2009*
(2009) | |

Goodrem's shows at Sydney Superdome were filmed for the DVD release, titled ***The Visualise Tour: Live in Concert***. Released through Sony BMG on November 13, 2005, it debuted at number 1 on the Australian music DVD charts and was certified four times platinum.

### Special features

* Tour documentary
* Concert videos:

1. "The Analyst"
2. "Here I Am" (montage)
3. "A Year Ago Today" (extended montage)

### Charts

#### Weekly charts

| Chart (2005) | Peak
positions |
| --- | --- |
| Australian ARIA DVD Chart | 1 |

#### Year-end charts

| Year (2005) | Peak
positions |
| --- | --- |
| Australian ARIA DVD Chart | 14 |
| Year (2006) | Peak
positions |
| Australian ARIA DVD Chart | 46 |
|

### Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 4× Platinum | 60,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Personnel

Adapted from the tour programme credits.

* Tour producer, promoter – Paul Dainty
* Tour directors – Andy Mackrill, Luke Hede
* Tour manager – Peter McCrindle
* Musical director – Richard Sanford
* Choreographers – Shannon Holtzapffel, Simon Lind (Project Moda)
* Keyboard, guitar and backing vocals – Richard Sanford
* Bass – Michael Di Francesco
* Drums and percussion – Alex Carapetis
* Keyboards and backing vocals – Scott Aplin
* Guitar and backing vocals – Andrew Keppie
* Backing vocalists – Natasha Stuart, Conchita Wilden, Asli Ozdogan
* Dancers – Richard O'Brien, Simon Lind, Troy Phillips, Shannon Holtzapffel
* Fairy princesses – Chelsea Windon, Jenna Schijf

## InfoBox

The Visualise Tour
| Tour by Delta Goodrem | |
| --- | --- |
| Associated album | *Innocent Eyes*
*Mistaken Identity* |
| Start date | 3 July 2005 |
| End date | 27 July 2005 |
| Legs | 1 |
| No. of shows | 10 |
| Delta Goodrem concert chronology | |


abstract: DREAM is an AIDS therapy program promoted by the Christian Community of Sant'Egidio. The Community of Sant'Egidio, based in Rome, was formerly involved in the peace talks in Mozambique, facilitating the eleven rounds of negotiations in Rome that helped to end the Mozambican Civil War. The Community has worked closely with both the Mozambican Ministry of Health and the United States' PEPFAR in order to implement the DREAM program. The DREAM program is designed to give access to free ARV treatment with generic HAART drugs to the poor in Africa on a large scale: So far, 5,000 people are receiving ARV treatment, especially in Mozambique, but the program is being built up also in other countries, including Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eswatini, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. Despite being free, the program aims at excellence in treatment, providing the best existent range of drugs (HAART) and regular blood testing according to European standards. It is linked with a nutrition program as well as guidance and sanitary education by volunteers, which encourages new patients to comply and come to the appointments. The compliance rate is very high. The annual cost per person and year of the program is $800.

text:
# Drug Resource Enhancement against Aids and Malnutrition

**DREAM** (short for "Drug Resources Enhancement against Aids and Malnutrition", formerly "Drug Resource Enhancement against AIDS in Mozambique") is an AIDS therapy program promoted by the Christian Community of Sant'Egidio. The Community of Sant'Egidio, based in Rome, was formerly involved in the peace talks in Mozambique, facilitating the eleven rounds of negotiations in Rome that helped to end the Mozambican Civil War. The Community has worked closely with both the Mozambican Ministry of Health and the United States' PEPFAR in order to implement the DREAM program. The DREAM program is designed to give access to free ARV treatment with generic HAART drugs to the poor in Africa on a large scale: So far, 5,000 people are receiving ARV treatment, especially in Mozambique, but the program is being built up also in other countries, including Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eswatini, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. Despite being free, the program aims at excellence in treatment, providing the best existent range of drugs (HAART) and regular blood testing according to European standards. It is linked with a nutrition program as well as guidance and sanitary education by volunteers (other HIV patients taking part in the program), which encourages new patients to comply and come to the appointments. The compliance rate is very high (94 percent). The annual cost per person and year of the program is $800.


title: Drepanotylus

abstract: Drepanotylus is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Å. Holm in 1945.

text:
# Drepanotylus

***Drepanotylus*** is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Å. Holm in 1945.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains five species:

## InfoBox

| *Drepanotylus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Linyphiidae |
| Genus: | *Drepanotylus*
Holm, 1945 |
|
| Type species | |
| *D. uncatus*
(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) | |
| Species | |
| 5, see text | |


title: The Uncanny (bar)

abstract: The Uncanny is a bar in Portland, Oregon. Established in 2023, it was named one of the best new bars in the U.S. by Esquire in 2024.

text:
# The Uncanny (bar)

**The Uncanny** is a bar in Portland, Oregon. Established in 2023, it was named one of the best new bars in the U.S. by *Esquire* in 2024.

## Description

The Uncanny is a bar on Mississippi Avenue, in the North Portland part of the Boise neighborhood. It has a patio, and the interior has red neon lighting and black banquettes.

Among drinks are the Vieux Carré (coconut Scotch whisky and tepache sherry) the Sazerac (Träkál, a Patagonian spirit, and chanterelle), and the Devil in Disguise, which has sotol, fernet, and rum.

## History

The Uncanny opened in 2023, in the space that previously housed Psychic Bar and, earlier, Muddy's Coffeehouse.

For Halloween, The Uncanny has hosted a pop-up menu called "The House of Unholy". Among drinks on the special menu were the Machete Incident (espresso-infused rum, coconut cream, and Campari-soaked strawberry), the Rest in Pieces (cocoa butter-infused rum, peanut butter batter, and chocolate whip), and the non-alcoholic Treatz, which had hibiscus, Sour Patch Kids, pineapple, orgeat, and Pop Rocks.

The bar hosted vegan food residencies in 2024.

## Reception

*Portland Monthly* has described The Uncanny as "a cocktail bar fit for a David Lynch set".

## InfoBox

| The Uncanny | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 2023 (2023) |
| Street address | 3560 North Mississippi Avenue |
| City | Portland |
| County | Multnomah |
| State | Oregon |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 97227 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°32′55″N 122°40′31″W / 45.5487°N 122.6753°W / 45.5487; -122.6753 |
| Website | theuncannypdx.com |


title: The Webb Pierce Story

abstract: The Webb Pierce Story is a double album of the greatest hits of Webb Pierce. It was released in 1964 on the Decca label. It reached No. 13 on the Billboard country albums chart. The tracks are mostly re-recorded versions in stereo.

text:
# The Webb Pierce Story

***The Webb Pierce Story*** is a double album of the greatest hits of Webb Pierce. It was released in 1964 on the Decca label (DL 4482). It reached No. 13 on the Billboard country albums chart. The tracks are mostly re-recorded versions in stereo.

## Track listing

**Side A**

1. "In the Jailhouse Now" (Jimmie Rodgers) \[2:07\]
2. "Wondering" (Joe Werner) \[3:00\]
3. "I'm Walking The Dog" (Cliff Grimsley, Tex Grimsley) \[1:57\]
4. "Slowly" (Tommy Hill, Webb Pierce) \[2:16\]
5. "More and More" (Merle Kilgore) \[2:10\]
6. "There Stands the Glass" (Autry Greisham, Mary Jean Shutz, Russ Hull) \[2:41\]

**Side B**

1. "Honky Tong Song" (Buck Peddy, Mel Tillis) \[2:02\]
2. "Back Street Affair" (Billy Wallace) \[2:47\]
3. "Love Love Love" (Ted Jarrett) \[2:02\]
4. "Missing You" (Dale E. Noe, Red Sovine) \[2:12\]
5. "If You Were Me (And I Were You)" (Frank Miller, Webb Pierce) \[2:32\]
6. "Falling Back To You" (Bill Phillips, Webb Pierce) \[2:30

**Side C**

1. "I Ain't Never" (Mel Tillis, Webb Pierce) \[1:55\]
2. "Is It Wrong" (Warner McPherson) \[2:10\]
3. "I'm Tired" (A.R. Peddy, Mel Tillis, Ray Price) \[2:00\]
4. "Walking The Streets" (Gene Evans, Jimmy Fields, Jimmy Littlejohn) \[2:45\]
5. "No Love Have I" (Mel Tillis) \[2:27\]
6. "Don't Do It, Darlin" (Webb Pierce) \[3:14\]

**Side D**

1. "Tupelo County Jail" (Mel Tillis, Webb Pierce) \[1:53\]
2. "You're Not Mine Any More" (Teddy Wilburn, Webb Pierce) \[2:14\]
3. "Alla My Love" (Harold Donny, Jimmy Gateley) \[2:27\]
4. "That's Me Without You" (J.D. Miller) \[1:55\]
5. "I Don't Care" (Cindy Walker, Webb Pierce) \[2:08\]
6. "It's My Way" (Wayne Walker, Webb Pierce) \[2:27\]

## InfoBox

| The Webb Pierce Story | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Webb Pierce | |
| Released | 1964 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Decca |
| Webb Pierce chronology | |
| *Bow Thy Head*
(1963) ***The Webb Pierce Story***
(1964) *Sands of Gold*
(1964) | |


abstract: The Very Best of The Commodores is the seventh compilation album by American funk/soul band Commodores, released in 1995 on Motown Records. The album charted at No. 26 on the UK Pop Albums chart and at No. 39 on the New Zealand Pop Albums chart. The album has been certified Silver in the UK by the BPI.

text:
# The Very Best of The Commodores (1995 album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Very Best of The Commodores*** is the seventh compilation album by American funk/soul band Commodores, released in 1995 on Motown Records. The album charted at No. 26 on the UK Pop Albums chart and at No. 39 on the New Zealand Pop Albums chart. The album has been certified Silver in the UK by the BPI.

## Track listing

1. Easy (Lionel Richie) from the album *Commodores* 1977 – 4:22
2. Three Times A Lady (Lionel Richie) from the album *Natural High* 1978 – 3:38
3. Nightshift (Walter Orange, Dennis Lambert, Franne Golde) from the album Nightshift 1985 – 4:24
4. Brick House (Shirley Hanna-King, Lionel Richie, Milan Williams, Walter Orange, Ronald La Pread, Thomas McClary, William King) from the album Commodores – 3:35
5. Machine Gun (Milan Williams) from the album Machine Gun 1974 – 2:42
6. Zoom (Lionel Richie, Ronald LaPread) from the album Commodores – 4:22
7. Old-Fashion Love (Milan Williams) from the album *Heroes 1980 – 3:25*
8. Sail On (Lionel Richie) from the album *Midnight Magic 1979 – 3:58*
9. Lady (You Bring Me Up) (Harold Hudson, William King, Shirley Hanna-King) from the album *In the Pocket 1981 – 4:04*
10. Oh No (Lionel Richie) from the album *In the Pocket* – 3:03
11. Too Hot Ta Trot (William King, Ronald LaPread, Thomas McClary, Walter Orange, Lionel Richie, Milan Williams) from the album *Commodores Live! 1977 – 3:33*
12. The Zoo (The Human Zoo) (Gloria Jones, Pam Sawyer) from the album Machine Gun – 3:08
13. Still (Lionel Richie) from the album *Midnight Magic* – 3:46
14. Sweet Love (Lionel Richie) from the album *Movin' On 1975 – 3:29*
15. Janet (Bobby Caldwell, Franne Golde, Paul Fox) from the album Nightshift – 3:43
16. Flying High (Lionel Richie, Thomas McClary) from the album *Natural High* – 3:55
17. Only You (Milan Williams) from the album *Commodores 13 1983 – 4:29*
18. Animal Instinct (Martin Page) from the album Nightshift – 4:06
19. Just To Be Close To You (Lionel Richie) from the album *Hot on the Tracks 1976* – 3:23
20. Wonderland (Milan Williams) from the album *Midnight Magic* – 3:48

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Very Best Of The Commodores | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Commodores | |
| Released | May 1995 (1995-05) |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Motown |
| Producer |  |
| Commodores chronology | |
| *No Tricks*
(1993) ***The Very Best Of The Commodores***
(1995) *20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Commodores*
(1999) | |