title: Single-carrier FDMA

abstract: Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is a frequency-division multiple access scheme. Originally known as Carrier Interferometry, it is also called linearly precoded OFDMA (LP-OFDMA). Like other multiple access schemes, it deals with the assignment of multiple users to a shared communication resource. SC-FDMA can be interpreted as a linearly precoded OFDMA scheme, in the sense that it has an additional DFT processing step preceding the conventional OFDMA processing. SC-FDMA has drawn great attention as an attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink communications where lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) greatly benefits the mobile terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency and reduced cost of the power amplifier. This is where SC-FDMA gets its name from: it's an OFDM signal that mimics the characteristics of a single-carrier QAM signal. It has been adopted as the uplink multiple access scheme in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). The performance of SC-FDMA in relation to OFDMA has been the subject of various studies. Although the performance gap is small, SC-FDMA's advantage of low PAPR makes it desirable for uplink wireless transmission in mobile communication systems, where transmitter power efficiency is of paramount importance.

text:
# Single-carrier FDMA

**Single-carrier FDMA** (**SC-FDMA**) is a frequency-division multiple access scheme. Originally known as Carrier Interferometry, it is also called **linearly precoded OFDMA** (**LP-OFDMA**). Like other multiple access schemes (TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDMA), it deals with the assignment of multiple users to a shared communication resource. SC-FDMA can be interpreted as a linearly precoded OFDMA scheme, in the sense that it has an additional DFT processing step preceding the conventional OFDMA processing.

SC-FDMA has drawn great attention as an attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink communications where lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) greatly benefits the mobile terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency and reduced cost of the power amplifier. This is where SC-FDMA gets its name from: it's an OFDM signal that mimics the characteristics of a single-carrier QAM signal. It has been adopted as the uplink multiple access scheme in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA).

The performance of SC-FDMA in relation to OFDMA has been the subject of various studies. Although the performance gap is small, SC-FDMA's advantage of low PAPR makes it desirable for uplink wireless transmission in mobile communication systems, where transmitter power efficiency is of paramount importance.

## Transmitter and receiver structure

The transmission processing of SC-FDMA is very similar to that of OFDMA. For each user, the sequence of bits transmitted is mapped to a complex constellation of symbols (BPSK, QPSK, or M-QAM). Then different transmitters (users) are assigned different Fourier coefficients. This assignment is carried out in the mapping and demapping blocks. The receiver side includes one demapping block, one IDFT block, and one detection block for each user signal to be received. Just like in OFDM, guard intervals (called cyclic prefixes) with cyclic repetition are introduced between blocks of symbols in view to efficiently eliminate inter-symbol interference from time spreading (caused by multi-path propagation) among the blocks.

In SC-FDMA, multiple access among users is made possible by assigning different users different sets of non-overlapping Fourier coefficients (sub-carriers). This is achieved at the transmitter by inserting (prior to IDFT) silent Fourier coefficients (at positions assigned to other users), and removing them on the receiver side after the DFT.

The distinguishing feature of SC-FDMA is that it leads to a single-carrier transmit signal, in contrast to OFDMA which is a multi-carrier transmission scheme. Subcarrier mapping can be classified into two types: localized mapping and distributed mapping. In localized mapping, the DFT outputs are mapped to a subset of consecutive subcarriers, thereby confining them to only a fraction of the system bandwidth. In distributed mapping, the DFT outputs of the input data are assigned to subcarriers over the entire bandwidth non-continuously, resulting in zero amplitude for the remaining subcarriers. A special case of distributed SC-FDMA is called interleaved SC-FDMA (IFDMA), where the occupied subcarriers are equally spaced over the entire bandwidth.

Owing to its inherent single carrier structure, a prominent advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM and OFDMA is that its transmit signal has a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), resulting in relaxed design parameters in the transmit path of a subscriber unit. Intuitively, the reason lies in the fact that where OFDM transmit symbols directly modulate multiple sub-carriers, SC-FDMA transmit symbols are first processed by an N-point DFT block.

In OFDM, as well as SC-FDMA, equalization is achieved on the receiver side, after the DFT calculation, by multiplying each Fourier coefficient by a complex number. Thus, frequency-selective fading and phase distortion can be easily counteracted. The advantage is that frequency domain equalization using FFTs requires less computation than conventional time-domain equalization, which require multi-tap FIR or IIR-filters. Less computations result in less compounded round-off error, which can be viewed as numerical noise.

A related concept is the combination of a single carrier transmission with the single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) scheme. The single carrier transmission, unlike SC-FDMA and OFDM, employs no IDFT or DFT at the transmitter, but introduces the cyclic prefix to transform the linear channel convolution into a circular one. After removing the cyclic prefix at the receiver, a DFT is applied to arrive in the frequency domain, where a simple single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) scheme can be employed, followed by the IDFT operation.

## Useful properties

1. Low PAPR (crest factor)
2. Low sensitivity to carrier frequency offset
3. Less sensitive to non-linear distortion and hence, it allows the use of low-cost power amplifiers
4. Greater robustness against spectral nulls

1. "SC-FDMA vs. OFDM Modulation - MATLAB & Simulink". *www.mathworks.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
2. Myung, Hyung; Lim, Junsung; Goodman, David (2006). "Single carrier FDMA for uplink wireless transmission" (PDF). *IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine*. **1** (3): 30–38. doi:10.1109/MVT.2006.307304. S2CID 12743526.
3. Ekstrom, H.; Furuskar, A.; Karlsson, J.; Meyer, M.; Parkvall, S.; Torsner, J.; Wahlqvist, M. (2006). "Technical solutions for the 3G long-term evolution". *IEEE Communications Magazine*. **44** (3): 38–45. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2006.1607864. S2CID 1168131.
4. "Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved UTRA". *3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)*.
5. Nisar, Muhammad Danish; Nottensteiner, Hans; Hindelang, Thomas (2007). "On Performance Limits of DFT Spread OFDM Systems". *2007 16th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit* (PDF). pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/ISTMWC.2007.4299159. ISBN 978-1-4244-1662-2. S2CID 6077115.
6. Priyanto, Basuki E.; Codina, Humbert; Rene, Sergi; Sorensen, Troels B.; Mogensen, Preben (2007). "Initial Performance Evaluation of DFT-Spread OFDM Based SC-FDMA for UTRA LTE Uplink". *2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC2007-Spring*. pp. 3175–3179. doi:10.1109/VETECS.2007.650. ISBN 978-1-4244-0266-3. S2CID 206836778.
7. Benvenuto, N.; Tomasin, S. (2002). "On the comparison between OFDM and single carrier modulation with a DFE using a frequency-domain feedforward filter". *IEEE Transactions on Communications*. **50** (6): 947–955. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2002.1010614.
8. "SC-FDMA Single Carrier FDMA in LTE" (PDF). *Ixia*.
9. Myung, Hyung; Lim, Junsung; Goodman, David (2006). "Peak-To-Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with Pulse Shaping". *2006 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications*. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/PIMRC.2006.254407. ISBN 1-4244-0329-4. S2CID 7457641.
10. Falconer, D.; Ariyavisitakul, S.L.; Benyamin-Seeyar, A.; Eidson, B. (2002). "Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems". *IEEE Communications Magazine*. **40** (4): 58–66. doi:10.1109/35.995852.


title: Champsocephalus esox

abstract: Champsocephalus esox, the pike icefish or northern icefish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes.

text:
# Champsocephalus esox

***Champsocephalus esox***, the **pike icefish** or **northern icefish**, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes.

## Taxonomy

*Champsocephalus esox* was first formally described in 1861 as *Chaenichthys esox* by the German-born British ichthyologist Albert Günther with the type locality given as Port Famine in Chile. In 1862 the American ichthyologist Theodore Nicholas Gill placed it in the new monotypic genus *Champsocephalus*. The *specific name* *esox* means “pike”, Günther did not explain why but it may be because of the resemblance to the Northern pike (*Esox lucius*).

## Description

*Champsocephalus esox* has a whitish body, dark brown caudal fins, and dark brown bars (sometimes forming irregular dark blotches connected with yellowish regions) with no scales except on its lateral line.

## Distribution and habitat

*Champsocephalus esox* is found at depths of 50–250 m (160–820 ft) in the oceans off Patagonia, the Falklands and rarely South Georgia. It is the only species of crocodile icefish found north of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, with only 3 specimens reported south of the CCAMLR area

## Biology

*Champsocephalus esox* is a demersal species that reaches 35 cm (14 in) in length and mainly feeds on fishes and krill. A South Georgian study in 1981 collected a specimen with stomach contents of 90% krill (*Euphasia superba*) and 10% fish.

## Fisheries

*Champsocephalus esox* is of minor importance to commercial fisheries, with catches in 2008 amounting to a total of 90 tonnes. The fish are trawled from January to March, but none are caught in the winter.

## Conservation

*Champsocephalus esox* stocks have declined by 80% along the coast of Chile since the 1980s while the state of the stock in Argentina is unclear as there has been little attempt to survey this population. The IUCN conservatively estimate the population to have suffered an overall decline of 30% over the three most recent generation lengths, i.e. 12-18 years. This species is threatened by climate change leading to warmer water temperatures, mortality as a result of bycatch by artisanal fishers and by invasive salmonids. The IUCN is listed as Vulnerable and state that additional survey work is required to monitor and understand population status wherever it occurs and that research on its life history and its response to warming waters should be undertaken.

## InfoBox

| *Champsocephalus esox* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Channichthyidae |
| Genus: | *Champsocephalus* |
| Species: | ***C. esox*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Champsocephalus esox***
(Günther, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Chaenichthys esox* Günther, 1861 | |


title: Sinoševići

abstract: Sinoševići is a village in the municipality of Gornji Milanovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 200 people.

text:
# Sinoševići

**Sinoševići** is a village in the municipality of Gornji Milanovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 200 people.

44°03′24″N 20°22′37″E / 44.05667°N 20.37694°E / 44.05667; 20.37694

## InfoBox

| Sinoševići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sinoševići | |
| Coordinates: 44°03′24″N 20°22′37″E / 44.05667°N 20.37694°E / 44.05667; 20.37694 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Moravica District |
| Municipality | Gornji Milanovac |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 200 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Charger-class destroyer

abstract: The three Charger-class destroyers were all ordered by the British Admiralty on 12 October 1893 and on completion in early 1896 they served with the Royal Navy until 1911. As part of the 1893–1894 Naval Estimates, the British Admiralty placed orders for 36 torpedo-boat destroyers, all to be capable of 27 knots, the "27-knotters", as a follow-on to the six prototype "26-knotters" ordered in the previous 1892–1893 Estimates. As was typical for torpedo craft at the time, the Admiralty left detailed design to the builders, laying down only broad requirements. Charger, Dasher and Hasty were built by Yarrow Shipbuilders to their builders' design at a contract price of £108,600, or £36,200 each, It was originally intended that they would be armed with one 12-pounder quick-firing gun forward and three 6-pounder guns, mounted on the broadside and aft, and three 18-inch torpedo tubes, one fixed in a bow mount and two on a revolving mount abaft the two funnels; however the fixed bow tube fitted in the preceding '26-knotter' type had subsequently been found to throw up too much spray and was removed, and in October 1893 it was agreed that the bow tube should be omitted, giving "a clean sharp stem with no projections" and instead two extra 6-pounder guns were installed en echelon amidships. These three ships - and the similar three Ardent Class destroyers - were the first TBDs to omit this fixed bow tube. They carried a complement of 2 officers and 48 ratings. These three ships did not quite meet the speed requirement of 27 knots for which they were designed. In three-hour trials they averaged the following power (ihp) and speed: Their original two locomotive boilers were very troublesome and in their first few years of service the three ships were out of commission most of the time, but these were replaced by four new water-tube boilers in 1899/1900 at Earle's Shipbuilding yard at Kingston upon Hull. This replaced the original closely-spaced twin funnels by three widely-spaced funnels, like the majority of the other destroyers of the 1893-1894 Programme, and the ships continued to provide good service - all serving in Home waters until 1911. They were then decommissioned and all three were sold in 1912 to be scrapped.

text:
# Charger-class destroyer

The three ***Charger*-class destroyers** were all ordered by the British Admiralty on 12 October 1893 and on completion in early 1896 they served with the Royal Navy until 1911.

As part of the 1893–1894 Naval Estimates, the British Admiralty placed orders for 36 torpedo-boat destroyers, all to be capable of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph), the "27-knotters", as a follow-on to the six prototype "26-knotters" ordered in the previous 1892–1893 Estimates. As was typical for torpedo craft at the time, the Admiralty left detailed design to the builders, laying down only broad requirements.

*Charger*, *Dasher* and *Hasty* were built by Yarrow Shipbuilders to their builders' design at a contract price of £108,600, or £36,200 each, It was originally intended that they would be armed with one 12-pounder quick-firing gun forward and three 6-pounder guns, mounted on the broadside and aft, and three 18-inch torpedo tubes, one fixed in a bow mount and two on a revolving mount abaft the two funnels; however the fixed bow tube fitted in the preceding '26-knotter' type had subsequently been found to throw up too much spray and was removed, and in October 1893 it was agreed that the bow tube should be omitted, giving "a clean sharp stem with no projections" and instead two extra 6-pounder guns were installed *en echelon* amidships. These three ships - and the similar three *Ardent* Class destroyers (ordered from Thornycroft in the same week) - were the first TBDs to omit this fixed bow tube. They carried a complement of 2 officers and 48 ratings (comprising 20 deck department and 28 engine room compartment).

These three ships did not quite meet the speed requirement of 27 knots for which they were designed. In three-hour trials they averaged the following power (ihp) and speed:

| Name | Trials ihp | Trials speed
(knots) | R.P.M. | Displacement
(tons) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Charger* | 3,177 | 25.82 | 364.6 | 229 |
| *Dasher* | 3,216 | 26.2 | 361.5 | 233 |
| *Hasty* | 2,960 | 26.084 | 361.7 | 233 |

Their original two locomotive boilers were very troublesome and in their first few years of service the three ships were out of commission most of the time, but these were replaced by four new water-tube boilers (from Thornycroft) in 1899/1900 at Earle's Shipbuilding yard at Kingston upon Hull. This replaced the original closely-spaced twin funnels by three widely-spaced funnels (with the middle funnel twice the size of the others, as it served two boilers), like the majority of the other destroyers of the 1893-1894 Programme, and the ships continued to provide good service - all serving in Home waters until 1911. They were then decommissioned and all three were sold in 1912 to be scrapped.

## Vessels in class

| Name | Builder | Yard
Number | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Charger* | Yarrow Shipbuilders | 991 | November 1893 | 15 September 1894 | January 1896 | Sold 14 May 1912 |
| *Dasher* | Yarrow Shipbuilders | 992 | December 1893 | 28 November 1894 | March 1896 | Sold 14 May 1912 |
| *Hasty* | Yarrow Shipbuilders | 993 | December 1893 | 16 June 1894 | May 1896 | Sold 9 July 1912 |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| HMS *Dasher* | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Charger* class |
| Builders | Yarrow Shipbuilders, Cubitt Town |
| Operators | Royal Navy |
| Preceded by | *Ardent* class |
| Succeeded by | *Hardy* class |
| Built | 1894–1895 |
| In commission | 1894–1912 |
| Completed | 3 |
| Retired | 3 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Torpedo boat destroyer |
| Displacement | 255 long tons (259 t) light; 295 long tons (300 t) full load |
| Length | 195 ft (59 m) overall; 190 ft 8 in (58.12 m) between perpendiculars |
| Beam | 18.5 ft (5.6 m) |
| Draught | 7.25 ft (2.2 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) |
| Complement | 50 (later raised to 53) |
| Armament |  |


abstract: Chandrapura is a community development block that forms an administrative division in the Bermo subdivision of the Bokaro district, Jharkhand state, India.

text:
# Chandrapura (community development block)

**Chandrapura** is a community development block that forms an administrative division in the Bermo subdivision of the Bokaro district, Jharkhand state, India.

## Overview

Bokaro district, a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, has undulating surface with the altitude varying between 200 and 282 m. Topographically, the entire area is divided into three parts – the Bokaro uplands in the west, the Bokaro-Chas uplands in the middle and Barakar basin in the east. The general slope of the region is from the west to the east. The main rivers are the Damodar, Garga, Parga, Konar and Gobei. The district, covered with hills and forests, is a mining-industrial area. With the construction of the gigantic Bokaro Steel Plant in the nineteen sixties, it has become the focal point of this district.

## Maoist activities

Jharkhand is one of the states affected by Maoist activities. As of 2012, Bokaro was one of the 14 highly affected districts in the state.As of 2016, Bokaro was identified as one of the 13 focus areas by the state police to check Maoist activities.

## Geography

Chandrapura is located at 23°44′44″N 86°7′8″E / 23.74556°N 86.11889°E / 23.74556; 86.11889.

Chandrapura CD block is bounded by Nawadih CD block on the north, Topchanchi and Baghmara CD blocks, in Dhanbad district, on the east, Chas and Jaridih CD blocks on the south and Petrawar and Bermo CD blocks on the west.

Chandrapura CD block has an area of 135.12 km2. It has 23 gram panchayats, 30 villages and 7 census towns. Chandrapura and Dugda police stations are located in this CD block. Headquarters of this CD block is at Chandrapura.

The Damodar passes through this block. Chandrapura Thermal Power Station stands on the southern bank of the Damodar.

## Demographics

### Population

According to the 2011 Census of India, Chandrapura CD block had a total population of 132,162, of which 48,776 were rural and 83,386 were urban. There were 68,881 (52%) males and 63,281 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 18,110. Scheduled Castes numbered 14,917 (11.29%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 11,260 (8.52%).

Chandrapura CD block has several census towns (2011 population figure in brackets): Telo (14,274), Narra (5,390), Chandrapura (27,425), Termi (5,111), Bursera (4,070), Sijua (4,376) and Dugda (27,740).

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Chandrapura CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Bandio (4,401), Taranga (4,497), Taranari Madhubani (5,890) and Kurumba (4,890).

### Literacy

As of 2011 census the total number of literate persons in Chandrapura CD block was 86,011 (75.41% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 50,940 (85.85% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 35,071 (64.10% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 21.75%.

As of 2011 census, literacy in Bokaro district was 73.48% , Literacy in Jharkhand was 66.41% in 2011. Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.

See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in CD Blocks of
Bokaro district |
| --- |
| Bermo subdivision |
| Nawadih – 62.55% |
| Chandrapura – 75.41% |
| Bermo – 79.04% |
| Gomia – 65.40% |
| Petarwar – 62.33% |
| Kasmar – 65.33% |
| Jaridih – 68.94% |
| Chas subdivision |
| Chas – 77.14% |
| Chandankiyari – 63.65% |
| Source: 2011 Census: CD Block Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

### Language

Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.

In the 2001 census, the three most populous mother tongues (spoken language/ medium of communication between a mother and her children) in Bokaro district were (with percentage of total population in brackets): Khortha (41.08%), Hindi (17.05%) and Santali (10.78%). In the 2011 census, scheduled tribes constituted 12.40% of the total population of the district. The five most populous mother tongues were (with percentage of ST population in brackets): Santali (70.12%), Munda (17.05%), Oraon (5.90%), Karmali (4.23%) and Mahli (3.23%).

## Economy

### Livelihood

**Livelihood
in Chandrapura CD block**

Cultivators (14.34%)  Agricultural labourers (10.07%)  Household industries (2.10%)  Other Workers (73.49%)

In Chandrapura CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 5,480 and formed 14.34%, agricultural labourers numbered 3,851 and formed 10.07%, household industry workers numbered 804 and formed 2.10% and other workers numbered 28,089 and formed 73.49%. Total workers numbered 38,224 and formed 28.92% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 93,918 and formed 71.08% of the population.

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

### Infrastructure

There are 20 inhabited villages in Chandrapura CD block. In 2011, 18 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 20 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 20 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 3 villages had post offices, 3 villages had sub post offices, 1 village had telephone (land line) and 10 villages had mobile phone coverage. 20 villages had pucca (hard top) village roads, no village had bus service (public/ private), no village had autos/ modified autos, and 10 villages had tractors. 1 village had a bank branch, no village had agricultural credit society, no village had cinema/ video hall, no village had public library and public reading room. 12 villages had public distribution system, 5 villages had weekly haat (market) and 15 villages had assembly polling stations.

### Power and coal

The 890 MW Chandrapura Thermal Power Station of Damodar Valley Corporation at Chandrapura was placed in commercial operation progressively between October 1964 and July 2011.

Dugda Coal Washery of Bharat Coking Coal Limited at Dugda has two units: Dugda I with annual capacity of 1 million tonnes per year washes non-coking coal, Dugda II with annual capacity of 2 million tonnes per year washes coking coal.

### Agriculture

The average annual rainfall in Bokaro district is 1291.2 mm. The soil is generally laterite and sandy. 39.21% of the total area is under agriculture. It is generally a single monsoon-dependent crop. 9.90% of the cultivable land is under horticulture. Rice and maize are the main crops. Bajara, wheat, pulses and vegetables are also grown.

### Backward Regions Grant Fund

Bokaro district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.

## Education

In 2011, amongst the 20 inhabited villages in Chandrapura CD block, 2 villages had no primary school, 12 villages had one primary school and 6 villages had more than one primary school. 13 villages had at least one primary school and one middle school. 4 villages had at least one middle school and one secondary school. Chandrapura CD block had 2 senior secondary schools and 1 degree college.

RPS College, Chandrapura, established in 1986, is affiliated to Vinoba Bhave University. It offers courses in arts, science and commerce.

## Healthcare

In 2011, amongst the 20 inhabited villages in Chandrapura CD block, 7 villages had primary health sub-centres, 3 villages had medicine shops and 7 villages had no medical facilities.

## InfoBox

| Chandrapura | |
| --- | --- |
| Community development block | |
| ChandrapuraLocation in Jharkhand, IndiaChandrapuraChandrapura (India) | |
| Coordinates: 23°44′44″N 86°7′8″E / 23.74556°N 86.11889°E / 23.74556; 86.11889 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Jharkhand |
| District | Bokaro |
| Government | |
| Type | Representative democracy |
| Area | |
| Total | 135.12 km2 (52.17 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 132,162 |
| Density | 980/km2 (2,500/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, Urdu |
| Literacy (2011) | |
| Total literates | 86,011 (75.41%) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | JH-09 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Giridih |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Bermo |
| Website | bokaro.nic.in |
| CD Block | |


title: Charles-Léonce Brossé

abstract: Charles-Léonce Brossé (1871–1945), also known as Bsor or Bzor, was a French painter; engraver and lithographer. He is most well known for his poster "Meeting d'Aviation Nice," promoting an early "aviation meeting" or air show held in Nice, France, April 10–25, 1910. The poster depicts a pilot scattering roses from his airplane flying high over the Nice coast. Notice the shape of the left wing is mirrored in the shape of the water above and below the right wing. The lettering at the top is in a distinct Art Nouveau style and surrounds a crowned red eagle, representing the arms of Nice, with exaggerated wings extending far beyond the shield and resembling the wings of an airplane. The poster has been credited with contributing to "Nice’s glamorous image." It has been reprinted numerous times and also has been reproduced on coffee mugs and other objects. Brossé also designed bookplates, including one in 1912 for the alpinist Spitalieri.

text:
# Charles-Léonce Brossé

**Charles-Léonce Brossé** (1871–1945), also known as **Bsor** or **Bzor**, was a French painter; engraver and lithographer.

He is most well known for his poster "Meeting d'Aviation Nice," promoting an early "aviation meeting" or air show held in Nice, France, April 10–25, 1910. The poster depicts a pilot scattering roses from his airplane flying high over the Nice coast. Notice the shape of the left wing is mirrored in the shape of the water above and below the right wing. The lettering at the top is in a distinct Art Nouveau style and surrounds a crowned red eagle, representing the arms of Nice, with exaggerated wings extending far beyond the shield and resembling the wings of an airplane. The poster has been credited with contributing to "Nice’s glamorous image." It has been reprinted numerous times and also has been reproduced on coffee mugs and other objects.

Brossé also designed bookplates, including one in 1912 for the alpinist Spitalieri.


title: Chappell (crater)

abstract: Chappell is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, in the northern hemisphere just to the north of the crater Debye. It is in a heavily bombarded section of the surface, and much of its outer rim is overlain by smaller craters. The northern rim in particular has been almost completely disintegrated, while small craters also overlie the rim to the northwest and southeast. What remains of the rim forms a rounded, somewhat irregular edge to the crater depression. In contrast, the interior floor is not notably marked by impacts, except for a few tiny craterlets. The interior surface is more level and featureless compared to the rugged terrain surrounding it. Near the floor's midpoint is a low, rounded central ridge.

text:
# Chappell (crater)

**Chappell** is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, in the northern hemisphere just to the north of the crater Debye. It is in a heavily bombarded section of the surface, and much of its outer rim is overlain by smaller craters. The northern rim in particular has been almost completely disintegrated, while small craters also overlie the rim to the northwest and southeast. What remains of the rim forms a rounded, somewhat irregular edge to the crater depression.

In contrast, the interior floor is not notably marked by impacts, except for a few tiny craterlets. The interior surface is more level and featureless compared to the rugged terrain surrounding it. Near the floor's midpoint is a low, rounded central ridge.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Chappell.

| Chappell | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| E | 55.8° N | 171.5° W | 59 km |
| T | 54.8° N | 178.9° E | 28 km |

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Chappell
| Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image<br>(streak is blemish on original) | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 54°42′N 177°00′W / 54.7°N 177.0°W / 54.7; -177.0 |
| Diameter | 80 km |
| Depth | *Unknown* |
| Colongitude | 179° at sunrise |
| Eponym | James F. Chappell |


title: Charholi Budruk

abstract: Charholi Budruk, Pune is a planned neighbourhood in the city of Pune, India. Near in the suburbs of Lohegoan, Dhanori, Viman Nagar, Moshi and Dighi, the locality is a progressive residential area that attracts the newer population of the city. Charholi lies on the southern bank of the Indrayani river. The village was an old marketplace and has a long history. The suburb has evolved into a major metropolitan corridor for techies in Pimpri Chinchwad, Pune. The infrastructure in terms of roads, internet and housing is very good.

text:
# Charholi Budruk

**Charholi Budruk, Pune** is a planned neighbourhood in the city of Pune, India. Near in the suburbs of Lohegoan, Dhanori, Viman Nagar, Moshi and Dighi, the locality is a progressive residential area that attracts the newer population of the city. Charholi lies on the southern bank of the Indrayani river. The village was an old marketplace and has a long history. The suburb has evolved into a major metropolitan corridor for techies in Pimpri Chinchwad, Pune. The infrastructure in terms of roads, internet and housing is very good.

## InfoBox

| Charholi Budruk | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| Charholi BudrukLocation in India | |
| Coordinates: 18°39′21″N 73°53′37″E / 18.655866°N 73.893685°E / 18.655866; 73.893685 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipal Corporation |
| Body | PCMC, Pune |
| Population | |
| Total | 39,600 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi, English & Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 412105 |
| Vehicle registration | MH 14, MH 12 |


title: Simplicial presheaf

abstract: In mathematics, more specifically in homotopy theory, a simplicial presheaf is a presheaf on a site taking values in simplicial sets. Equivalently, a simplicial presheaf is a simplicial object in the category of presheaves on a site. The notion was introduced by A. Joyal in the 1970s. Similarly, a simplicial sheaf on a site is a simplicial object in the category of sheaves on the site. Example: Consider the étale site of a scheme S. Each U in the site represents the presheaf Hom . Thus, a simplicial scheme, a simplicial object in the site, represents a simplicial presheaf. Example: Let G be a presheaf of groupoids. Then taking nerves section-wise, one obtains a simplicial presheaf B G. For example, one might set B GL = lim →  B G L n. These types of examples appear in K-theory. If f : X → Y is a local weak equivalence of simplicial presheaves, then the induced map Z f : Z X → Z Y is also a local weak equivalence.

text:
# Simplicial presheaf

In mathematics, more specifically in homotopy theory, a **simplicial presheaf** is a presheaf on a site (e.g., the category of topological spaces) taking values in simplicial sets (i.e., a contravariant functor from the site to the category of simplicial sets). Equivalently, a simplicial presheaf is a simplicial object in the category of presheaves on a site. The notion was introduced by A. Joyal in the 1970s. Similarly, a **simplicial sheaf** on a site is a simplicial object in the category of sheaves on the site.

Example: Consider the étale site of a scheme *S*. Each *U* in the site represents the presheaf $\operatorname {Hom} (-,U)$. Thus, a **simplicial scheme**, a simplicial object in the site, represents a simplicial presheaf (in fact, often a simplicial sheaf).

Example: Let *G* be a presheaf of groupoids. Then taking nerves section-wise, one obtains a simplicial presheaf $BG$. For example, one might set $B\operatorname {GL} =\varinjlim B\operatorname {GL\_{n} }$. These types of examples appear in K-theory.

If $f:X\to Y$ is a local weak equivalence of simplicial presheaves, then the induced map $\mathbb {Z} f:\mathbb {Z} X\to \mathbb {Z} Y$ is also a local weak equivalence.

## Homotopy sheaves of a simplicial presheaf

Let *F* be a simplicial presheaf on a site. The **homotopy sheaves** $\pi \_{\*}F$ of *F* is defined as follows. For any $f:X\to Y$ in the site and a 0-simplex *s* in *F*(*X*), set $(\pi \_{0}^{\text{pr}F)(X)=\pi \_{0}(F(X))}$ and $(\pi \_{i}^{\text{pr}(F,s))(f)=\pi \_{i}(F(Y),f^{\*}(s))}$. We then set $\pi \_{i}F$ to be the sheaf associated with the pre-sheaf $\pi \_{i}^{\text{pr}F}$.

## Model structures

The category of simplicial presheaves on a site admits many different model structures.

Some of them are obtained by viewing simplicial presheaves as functors

$$S^{op}\to \Delta ^{op}Sets$$

The category of such functors is endowed with (at least) three model structures, namely the projective, the Reedy, and the injective model structure. The weak equivalences / fibrations in the first are maps

$$\mathcal {F}\to {\mathcal {G}}$$

such that

$$\mathcal {F}(U)\to {\mathcal {G}(U)}$$

is a weak equivalence / fibration of simplicial sets, for all *U* in the site *S*. The injective model structure is similar, but with weak equivalences and cofibrations instead.

## Stack

A simplicial presheaf *F* on a site is called a stack if, for any *X* and any hypercovering *H**X*, the canonical map

$$F(X)\to \operatorname {holim} F(H\_{n})$$

is a weak equivalence as simplicial sets, where the right is the homotopy limit of

$\[n\]=\\{0,1,\dots ,n\\}\mapsto F(H\_{n})$.

Any sheaf *F* on the site can be considered as a stack by viewing $F(X)$ as a constant simplicial set; this way, the category of sheaves on the site is included as a subcategory to the homotopy category of simplicial presheaves on the site. The inclusion functor has a left adjoint and that is exactly $F\mapsto \pi \_{0}F$.

If *A* is a sheaf of abelian group (on the same site), then we define $K(A,1)$ by doing classifying space construction levelwise (the notion comes from the obstruction theory) and set $K(A,i)=K(K(A,i-1),1)$. One can show (by induction): for any *X* in the site,

$$\operatorname {H} ^{i}(X;A)=\[X,K(A,i)\]$$

where the left denotes a sheaf cohomology and the right the homotopy class of maps.

## Further reading


title: Charles Abbott Miner

abstract: Charles Abbott Miner was an American industrialist and politician. He was affiliated with the Republican Party and served three terms (1875–1880) in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a state legislator from Wilkes-Barre.

text:
# Charles Abbott Miner

**Charles Abbott Miner** (August 30, 1830 – July 25, 1903) was an American industrialist and politician. He was affiliated with the Republican Party and served three terms (1875–1880) in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a state legislator from Wilkes-Barre.

## Biography

Charles Abbott Miner was born in Plains Township, Pennsylvania on August 30, 1830.

He married Eliza Ross Atherton on January 19, 1853, and they had six children.

He died at his home in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania on July 25, 1903.

## InfoBox

| Charles Abbott Miner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1875–1880 | |
| Constituency | Wilkes-Barre |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1830-08-30)August 30, 1830
Plains Township, Pennsylvania |
| Died | July 25, 1903(1903-07-25) (aged 72)
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Eliza Ross Atherton (m. 1853) |
| Children | 6 |
| Occupation | Industrialist, politician |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Sir Atwell Lake, 9th Baronet

abstract: Commodore Sir Atwell Henry Lake, 9th Baronet, was a senior officer in the Royal Navy and the second Chief of Naval Staff of the Royal New Zealand Navy, serving from June 1942 to July 1945. Lake was born in 1891. His parents were Admiral Atwell Peregrine Macleod Lake (1842–1915) and Constance Mary Turner. Sir Henry Atwell Lake was his grandfather. On 30 June 1927, he was promoted from lieutenant commander to commander. On 31 December 1932, he was promoted from commander to captain. He was appointed a Commander of the Legion of Merit, a military award of the United States Armed Forces, and was granted unrestricted permission by the King to wear this award in 1946. In the 1945 New Year Honours, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).

text:
# Sir Atwell Lake, 9th Baronet

Commodore **Sir Atwell Henry Lake, 9th Baronet**, CB, OBE (13 February 1891 – 27 November 1972) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy and the second Chief of Naval Staff of the Royal New Zealand Navy, serving from June 1942 to July 1945.

Lake was born in 1891. His parents were Admiral Atwell Peregrine Macleod Lake (1842–1915) and Constance Mary Turner. Sir Henry Atwell Lake was his grandfather.

On 30 June 1927, he was promoted from lieutenant commander to commander. On 31 December 1932, he was promoted from commander to captain. He was appointed a Commander of the Legion of Merit, a military award of the United States Armed Forces, and was granted unrestricted permission by the King to wear this award in 1946. In the 1945 New Year Honours, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).

## InfoBox

| Sir Atwell Lake, 9th Baronet | |
| --- | --- |
| Lake in 1944 | |
| Born | (1891-02-13)13 February 1891
Greenwich, London |
| Died | 27 November 1972(1972-11-27) (aged 81)
Rudgwick, West Sussex |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1904–1945 |
| Rank | Commodore |
| Commands | Chief of the New Zealand Naval Staff (1942–45)
HMS *Caledonia* (1937–39)
HMS *Milford* (1935–36) |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Officer of the Order of the British Empire
Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States) |
| Other work | Admiral Atwell Lake (father) |


title: Simplocariini

abstract: Simplocariini is a tribe of pill beetles in the family Byrrhidae. There are about 9 genera and more than 40 described species in Simplocariini.

text:
# Simplocariini

**Simplocariini** is a tribe of pill beetles in the family Byrrhidae. There are about 9 genera and more than 40 described species in Simplocariini.

## Genera

These nine genera belong to the tribe Simplocariini:

## InfoBox

| Simplocariini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Simplocaria metallica* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Byrrhidae |
| Subfamily: | Byrrhinae |
| Tribe: | Simplocariini<br>Mulsant & Rey, 1869 |
|


title: Charles Burton Barber

abstract: Charles Burton Barber (1845–1894) was a British painter who attained great success with his paintings of children and their pets. Barber was born in Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, and studied from the age of 18 at the Royal Academy, London - receiving a silver medal for drawing in 1864, and first exhibiting there in 1866. During his lifetime Barber was regarded as one of Britain's finest animal painters and received commissions from Queen Victoria to do paintings of her with grandchildren and dogs, and also the Prince of Wales and his pets. A number of his portraits are in the Royal Collection. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1866 to 1893. In 1883 he was elected a member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters. Barber became a very popular sporting and animal painter, specialising particularly in sentimental portraits of dogs, often with children. His work ranged from photographically realistic to quick sketches. Although some have regarded his work as overly sentimental, his work remains popular, largely because of his competent painting. Barber received his final commission in 1894 to paint Queen Victoria, with her grandchildren, in her pony-carriage. He died in London soon afterwards. His place as foremost painter of children and pets was taken by Arthur Elsley. Many of Barber's paintings were made into prints, usually in the medium of photogravure. He exhibited at the Royal Institute of Oil Painters, Walker Art Gallery and Manchester Art Gallery. Much of his art is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery in Port Sunlight.

text:
# Charles Burton Barber

**Charles Burton Barber** (18451894) was a British painter who attained great success with his paintings of children and their pets.

Barber was born in Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, and studied from the age of 18 at the Royal Academy, London - receiving a silver medal for drawing in 1864, and first exhibiting there in 1866.

During his lifetime Barber was regarded as one of Britain's finest animal painters and received commissions from Queen Victoria to do paintings of her with grandchildren and dogs, and also the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) and his pets. A number of his portraits are in the Royal Collection. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1866 to 1893. In 1883 he was elected a member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters.

Barber became a very popular sporting and animal painter, specialising particularly in sentimental portraits of dogs, often with children. His work ranged from photographically realistic to quick sketches. Although some have regarded his work as overly sentimental, his work remains popular, largely because of his competent painting.

Barber received his final commission in 1894 to paint Queen Victoria, with her grandchildren, in her pony-carriage. He died in London soon afterwards. His place as foremost painter of children and pets was taken by Arthur Elsley.

Many of Barber's paintings were made into prints, usually in the medium of photogravure. He exhibited at the Royal Institute of Oil Painters, Walker Art Gallery and Manchester Art Gallery. Much of his art is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery in Port Sunlight.

## Further reading

* Furniss, Harry. *The Works of Charles Burton Barber* (London: Cassell, 1896)

## InfoBox

| Charles Burton Barber | |
| --- | --- |
| Charles Burton Barber, 1880 | |
| Born | 1845
Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England |
| Died | 1894
London, England |
| Nationality | English |
| Alma mater | Royal Academy |
| Known for | Portraits of children and animals |
| Notable work | *Queen Victoria with John Brown*
*Off To School*
*Suspense* |
| Style | Realism |
|  | |
| Elected | Royal Institute of Oil Painters, 1883 |
|  | |


title: Sir Charles Clifford, 4th Baronet

abstract:
Sir Charles Cavendish Clifford, 4th Baronet
was an English barrister and Liberal Party politician. He was a member of parliament (MP) for over 20 years, representing seats on the Isle of Wight, and served as private secretary to the Liberal statesman Viscount Palmerston.

text:
# Sir Charles Clifford, 4th Baronet

**Sir Charles Cavendish Clifford, 4th Baronet** (7 January 1821 – 22 November 1895) was an English barrister and Liberal Party politician. He was a member of parliament (MP) for over 20 years, representing seats on the Isle of Wight, and served as private secretary to the Liberal statesman Viscount Palmerston.

## Family and early life

Clifford was the third son of Admiral Sir Augustus Clifford, 1st Baronet and his wife Elizabeth Frances, the second daughter of the Whig parliamentarian Lord John Townshend. He was educated at Charterhouse School and at Christ Church, Oxford where he graduated in 1843 with a 4th-class Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in classics. He became a Fellow of All Souls in 1845 and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1846.

He lived at Westfield House, Ryde, on the Isle of Wight. He succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1893, but the title became extinct on his death in 1895.

## Political career

Clifford was elected at the 1857 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Isle of Wight, and re-elected in 1859, but did stand again at the 1865 general election. He was returned to the House of Commons at a by-election in November 1870 for the borough of Newport, and held that seat until the borough was disenfranchised at the 1885 general election.

He was private secretary for many years to the Liberal statesman Viscount Palmerston, who served as Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary and Prime Minister.

He also held several local ceremonial appointments: he was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Hampshire in 1847, and as a Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers in January 1860, but had resigned the latter commission by February 1863.

## Works

Clifford was the author of translations of Aristophanes' *Ranae* and of the Aeschylus's *Prometheus Vinctus*.


title: Sir Charles Cameron, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Charles Cameron, 1st Baronet,, was a Scottish doctor, newspaper editor and Liberal politician. Cameron was born in Dublin, the son of John Cameron, newspaper proprietor of Glasgow and Dublin. He was educated at Madras College, St Andrews, and at Trinity College, Dublin. He also studied at medical schools in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, but never practised medicine. He became editor of the North British Daily Mail in 1864, and was managing proprietor of the paper from 1873. At the 1874 general election, Cameron was elected as one of the three Members of Parliament (MPs) for Glasgow. The constituency was broken up under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and he was elected at the 1885 general election as the MP for the new Glasgow College constituency. He held the seat until his defeat at the 1895 general election. Cameron was created baronet Cameron of Balclutha, Renfrew, on 7 August 1893 for his journalistic and parliamentary services. He was subsequently elected as MP for Glasgow Bridgeton at a by-election in February 1897, and held the seat until he stood down at the 1900 general election. He was appointed CB in the 1899 New Year Honours. Cameron was an active member of the House of Commons. He was responsible for the Inebriates Acts, secured various reforms in the Scottish Liquor Laws and was a member of the Royal Commission on the Liquor Licensing Laws in 1895. He was also behind laws conferring the municipal franchise on women, and acts abolishing imprisonment for debt in Scotland and was a member of the Departmental Committee on Habitual Offenders (Scotland) in 1894. His resolution led to the adoption of sixpenny telegrams and he was on the Committee on Transit of Cattle Coastwise in 1893. He wrote a number of pamphlets on medical, social, and political subjects. He served as president of the Cremation Society of Great Britain, as did his son and successor to the baronetcy. Cameron lived at Glenridge, Virginia Water, where he enjoyed motoring, riding, and travel. He died at the age of 82. Cameron married firstly Frances Caroline Macaulay in 1869. Their son John succeeded to the baronetcy. Frances died in 1899, and he married secondly Blanche Perman.

text:
# Sir Charles Cameron, 1st Baronet

**Sir Charles Cameron, 1st Baronet**, CB (18 December 1841 – 2 October 1924), was a Scottish doctor, newspaper editor and Liberal politician.

Cameron was born in Dublin, the son of John Cameron, newspaper proprietor of Glasgow and Dublin. He was educated at Madras College, St Andrews, and at Trinity College, Dublin. He also studied at medical schools in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, but never practised medicine. He became editor of the *North British Daily Mail* (later incorporated into the *Daily Record*) in 1864, and was managing proprietor of the paper from 1873.

At the 1874 general election, Cameron was elected as one of the three Members of Parliament (MPs) for Glasgow. The constituency was broken up under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and he was elected at the 1885 general election as the MP for the new Glasgow College constituency. He held the seat until his defeat at the 1895 general election. Cameron was created baronet Cameron of Balclutha, Renfrew, on 7 August 1893 for his journalistic and parliamentary services. He was subsequently elected as MP for Glasgow Bridgeton at a by-election in February 1897, and held the seat until he stood down at the 1900 general election. He was appointed CB in the 1899 New Year Honours.

Cameron was an active member of the House of Commons. He was responsible for the Inebriates Acts, secured various reforms in the Scottish Liquor Laws and was a member of the Royal Commission on the Liquor Licensing Laws in 1895. He was also behind laws conferring the municipal franchise on women, and acts abolishing imprisonment for debt in Scotland and was a member of the Departmental Committee on Habitual Offenders (Scotland) in 1894. His resolution led to the adoption of sixpenny telegrams and he was on the Committee on Transit of Cattle Coastwise in 1893. He wrote a number of pamphlets on medical, social, and political subjects.

He served as president of the Cremation Society of Great Britain, as did his son and successor to the baronetcy.

Cameron lived at Glenridge, Virginia Water, where he enjoyed motoring, riding, and travel. He died at the age of 82.

Cameron married firstly Frances Caroline Macaulay in 1869. Their son John succeeded to the baronetcy. Frances died in 1899, and he married secondly Blanche Perman.

## Legacy

The Cameron Memorial Fountain, in Glasgow's Sauchiehall Street, is dedicated to him.


title: Reelin' and Rockin'

abstract: "Reelin' and Rockin'" is a song written and recorded by Chuck Berry. It was originally recorded in 1957 and released as the B-side of "Sweet Little Sixteen".

text:
# Reelin' and Rockin'

"**Reelin' and Rockin'**" is a song written and recorded by Chuck Berry. It was originally recorded in 1957 and released as the B-side of "Sweet Little Sixteen".

## Recording

The song was recorded on December 29-30, 1957 in Chicago, Illinois.

The session was produced by the Chess brothers, Leonard and Phil.

The song was released as Chess single number 1683.

A live version of the song was released in late 1972, peaking at number 27 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 in early 1973. It reached number 21 in Canada and number 18 in the UK.

## Charts

| Chart (1972-73) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Top Singles (*RPM*) | 21 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 18 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 27 |
| US *Cash Box* Top 100 | 30 |

## Dave Clark Five cover

| "Reelin' and Rockin'" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Dave Clark Five | |
| from the album  *Weekend in London* | |
| B-side | "I'm Thinking" (US)
"Little Bitty Pretty One" (UK) |
| Released | 2 April 1965 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label | Columbia/EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | Chuck Berry |
| The Dave Clark Five singles chronology | |
| "Come Home"
(1965) "**Reelin' and Rockin'**"
(1965) "I Like It Like That"
(1965) | |

The Dave Clark Five covered "Reelin' and Rockin'" in early 1965. The single peaked at number 24 in the UK, number 23 in the US, and number 12 in Australia. Their rendition became the first and overall highest-charting version of the song. *Cash Box* described it as "a rollicking terpsichorean-themed contagious rocker."

### Charts

| Chart (1965) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia KMR | 12 |
| Sweden | 7 |
| UK (OCC) | 24 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 23 |
| US *Cash Box* Top 100 | 15 |

## Other cover versions

"Reelin' and Rockin'" was also covered by Gerry and the Pacemakers, the Rolling Stones, George Thorogood, Conway Twitty, Alex Harvey, and many others.

* In the Philippines, the song was also used as a same title and was formerly broadcasts on IBC 13 from 1989 to 1990.

## InfoBox

| "Reelin' and Rockin'" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Chuck Berry | |
| from the album  *The London Chuck Berry Sessions* | |
| B-side | "Let's Boogie" (US) |
| Released | November 1972 (1972-11) |
| Recorded | February 3, 1972 at the Lanchester Arts Festival in Coventry, England |
| Studio | Chess (Chicago) |
| Genre | Rock and roll |
| Length | 4:26 |
| Label | Chess 2136 |
| Songwriter(s) | Chuck Berry |
| Producer(s) | Esmond Edwards |
| Chuck Berry singles chronology | |
| "My Ding-a-Ling"
(1972) "**Reelin' and Rockin'**"
(1972) "Bio"
(1973) | |


title: The Computer Edition of Scrabble

abstract: The Computer Edition of Scrabble, also known as Computer Scrabble is a computer version of the board game Scrabble, licensed from J. W. Spear & Sons and released by Little Genius for the Apple II in 1982. It was subsequently released for most home computers of the time.

text:
# The Computer Edition of Scrabble

***The Computer Edition of Scrabble***, also known as ***Computer Scrabble*** is a computer version of the board game *Scrabble*, licensed from J. W. Spear & Sons and released by Little Genius for the Apple II in 1982. It was subsequently released for most home computers of the time.

## Gameplay

*The Computer Edition of Scrabble* is a game which features on-screen versions of the game board, tiles, and game pieces. The game uses a clock for which the user can define the time limit for turns, in which the player must place a word before the time runs out. The game also has options for lightning-timing and tournament-timing to be used instead. The player can view the rack of available letters at the bottom of the screen and type a word composed of these letters, and if the game accepts the word then the player uses the cursor on the game board to position the word on-screen and score the move. The player may also pass a turn, request a hint for one playable word, and see the values of the tiles at any time by using a pull-down menu.

## Development

*Computer Scrabble* was initially developed by Peter Turcan at the University of Reading on an ICL mainframe as part of his PhD research into word structures and then ported to the 48K disc-based Apple II via an Intertec Superbrain.

Little Genius licensed the game to Psion who developed a version for the 48K ZX Spectrum which was marketed by Sinclair Research in 1983. Unlike the Apple version which accessed a 9,100 word dictionary from disc, Psion used a Huffman compression algorithm to store a 12,000 word dictionary within the tape-based ZX Spectrum's 48K memory.

In 1984, Little Genius formed an associate company, Leisure Genius, which developed and published versions for the Commodore 64 and BBC Micro. Leisure Genius was bought by Virgin Games in 1986 and continued to sell the original versions while also releasing ports for newer machines.

## Reception

In 1988, *Dragon* gave the Macintosh version of the game 3 out of 5 stars. *Macworld* reviewed the Macintosh version of *Computer Scrabble*, praising its faithfulness to the original board game, and challenging AI opponent. They also praise *Scrabble's* graphics, stating that the "game board is well designed, with premium-word and -letter squares that are easy to distinguish." *Macworld* criticizes its incompatibility with older keyboards, stating that "pressing any key on the bottom row produces the letter to its left", and a glitch where the game refuses any valid words entered, requiring the game to be rebooted.

M. Evan Brooks reviewed the computer editions of *Risk*, *Monopoly*, *Scrabble*, and *Clue* for *Computer Gaming World*, and stated that "In this reviewer's opinion, *Scrabble* is the weakest product (given cumbersome play and graphics), while *Risk* and *Clue: Master Detective* are the strongest."

## InfoBox

| The Computer Edition of Scrabble | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Peter Turcan
Psion
Leisure Genius |
| Publisher(s) | Little Genius, Sinclair Research, Leisure Genius, Virgin Games |
| Platform(s) | Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Amstrad PCW, Atari ST, BBC Micro, Apple II, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, Mac, MSX, Sinclair QL, Einstein, Thomson MO5/MO6, Thomson TO7/TO8/TO9, ZX Spectrum |
| Release | * EU: 9 September 1982 (Apple II) |
| Genre(s) | Strategy |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Robust redhorse

abstract: The robust redhorse is a redhorse-type fish that lives in the freshwater streams of the eastern United States. It was previously called the smallfin redhorse.

text:
# Robust redhorse

The **robust redhorse** (***Moxostoma robustum***) is a redhorse-type fish that lives in the freshwater streams of the eastern United States. It was previously called the **smallfin redhorse**.

## Taxonomy

Using a 6-pound (2.7 kg) specimen from the Yadkin River of North Carolina, naturalist Edward Drinker Cope first described the robust redhorse as *Ptychostomus robustus* in 1870. The original specimen was lost or destroyed, and by the late 19th century, all mention of the robust redhorse had ceased. It was thought to be extinct until several unidentified fish specimens were collected from the Savannah River and Pee Dee River in 1980 and 1985. In August 1991, biologists with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources officially rediscovered the species when five specimens of the fish were collected in the Oconee River, and identified as robust redhorse.

## Description

*M. robustum* is a large, fairly long-living animal compared to other members of its family; the fish can weigh up to 17 pounds (7.7 kg) and live for up to 27 years, although it averages 25 inches (64 cm) in length and 9 pounds (4.1 kg) in weight. *M. robustum'*s body is thick, or "robust", its fins are rose-colored, and it has a fleshy lower lip.

## Distribution and habitat

*M. robustum* is found in the eastern United States from the Cape Fear River drainage in North Carolina's Peedee River drainage, south to the Oconee River system, part of Georgia's Altamaha River drainage. They live in both rocky and silty pools or less turbulent areas of small and medium rivers, and are also found in reservoirs and other water impoundments.

## InfoBox

| Robust redhorse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Catostomidae |
| Genus: | *Moxostoma* |
| Species: | ***M. robustum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Moxostoma robustum***
(Cope, 1870) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ptychostomus robustus* Cope, 1870 * *Scartomyzon robustus* (Cope, 1870) | |


title: Raetia

abstract: Raetia or Rhaetia was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people. It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii, on the east with Noricum, on the north with Vindelicia, on the south-west with Transalpine Gaul and on the south with Venetia et Histria, a region of Roman Italy. It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland, southern Germany, Vorarlberg and the greater part of Tyrol in Austria, and part of northern Lombardy in Italy. The region of Vindelicia was annexed to the province at a later date than the others. The northern border of Raetia during the reigns of emperors Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube. Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166 km north of the Danube. Raetia was connected to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass, by the Via Claudia Augusta. The capital of the province was Augusta Vindelicorum, present-day Augsburg in southern Germany.

text:
# Raetia

**Raetia** or **Rhaetia** (/ˈrʃ(i)ə/ *REE-sh(ee-)ə*, Latin: \[ˈrae̯.ti.a\]) was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people. It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii, on the east with Noricum, on the north with Vindelicia, on the south-west with Transalpine Gaul and on the south with Venetia et Histria, a region of Roman Italy.

It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance), southern Germany (Bavaria and most of Baden-Württemberg), Vorarlberg and the greater part of Tyrol in Austria, and part of northern Lombardy in Italy. The region of Vindelicia (today eastern Württemberg and western Bavaria) was annexed to the province at a later date than the others. The northern border of Raetia during the reigns of emperors Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube. Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166 km north of the Danube. Raetia was connected to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass, by the Via Claudia Augusta.

The capital of the province was Augusta Vindelicorum, present-day Augsburg in southern Germany.

## History

Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians, who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly that they were of Etruscan origin (a belief that was favored by Niebuhr and Mommsen). A tradition reported by Justin and Pliny the Elder affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from an eponymous leader Raetus. Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, Celtic tribes were already in possession of much of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (es. Euganei) were settled among them.

The Raetians are first mentioned (but only incidentally) by Polybius, and little is heard of them till after the end of the Republic. There is little doubt, however, that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 BC by Tiberius and Drusus.

At first Raetia formed a distinct province, but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it; hence, Tacitus (*Germania*, 41) could speak of *Augusta Vindelicorum* (Augsburg) as "a colony of the province of Raetia". The whole province (including Vindelicia) was at first under a military prefect, then under a procurator; it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and militia for protection until the 2nd century AD.

During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, Raetia was governed by the commander of the Legio III *Italica*, which was based in Castra Regina (Regensburg) by 179 AD. Under Diocletian, Raetia formed part of the diocese of the *vicarius Italiae*, and was subdivided into *Raetia prima*, with a *praeses* at Curia Raetorum (Chur) and *Raetia secunda*, with a *praeses* at Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the former corresponding to the old Raetia, the latter to Vindelicia. The boundary between them is not clearly defined, but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the *lacus Brigantinus* (Lake Constance) to the *Oenus* (River Inn).

During the last years of the Western Roman Empire, the land was in a desolate condition, but its occupation by the Ostrogoths in the time of Theodoric the Great, who placed it under a *dux*, to some extent revived its prosperity. Much of *Raetia prima* remained as a separate political unit, Raetia Curiensis, for several centuries, until it was attached to the Duchy of Swabia in AD 917.

## Economy

The land was very mountainous, and the inhabitants, when not engaged in predatory expeditions, chiefly supported themselves by breeding cattle and cutting timber, little attention being paid to agriculture. Some of the valleys, however, were rich and fertile, and produced wine, which was considered equal to any in Italia. Augustus preferred Raetian wine to any other. Considerable trade in pitch, honey, wax, and cheese occurred.

## Geography

The chief towns of Raetia (excluding Vindelicia) were Tridentum (Trento) and Curia (Coire or Chur). It was traversed by two great lines of Roman roads: the Via Claudia Augusta leading from Verona and Tridentum across the Reschen Pass to the Fern Pass and thence to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the other from Brigantium (Bregenz) on Lake Constance by Chur and Chiavenna to Como and Milan.

The Rätikon mountain range derives its name from Raetia.

### Important cities

## Further reading

* A. Baruffi, *Spirit of Rhaetia: The Call of the Holy Mountains* (LiteraryJoint, Philadelphia, PA, 2020), ISBN 978-1-716-30027-1
* PC von Planta, *Das alte Rätien* (Berlin, 1872)
* T Mommsen in *Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum*, iii. p. 706
* Joachim Marquardt, *Römische Staatsverwaltung*, 1. (2nd ed., 1881) p. 288
* Ludwig Steub, *Ueber die Urbewohner Rätiens und ihren Zusammenhang mit den Etruskern* (Munich, 1843)
* Julius Jung, *Römer und Romanen in den Donauländern* (Innsbruck, 1877)
* Smith's *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography* (1873)
* T Mommsen, *The Roman Provinces* (English translation, 1886), i. pp. 16, 161, 196
* Mary B Peaks, *The General Civil and Military Administration of Noricum and Raetia* (Chicago, 1907).

* Bagnall, R., J. Drinkwater, A. Esmonde-Cleary, W. Harris, R. Knapp, S. Mitchell, S. Parker, C. Wells, J. Wilkes, R. Talbert, M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (18 January 2018). "Places: 991348 (Raetia)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

47°21′36″N 8°33′36″E / 47.3600°N 8.5600°E / 47.3600; 8.5600

## InfoBox

| RaetiaProvincia Raetia | |
| --- | --- |
| Province of the Roman Empire | |
| 15 BC–476 AD | |
| <br> | |
| Capital | Augusta Vindelicorum |
|  | |
| Historical era | Antiquity |
|  | |
| Established | 15 BC |
| Ostrogothic conquest | 476 AD |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of |  |


title: Resistance (miniseries)

abstract: Resistance is a 2019 television miniseries written by Colin Teevan for Irish broadcaster RTÉ, dramatising the events surrounding the Irish War of Independence. Set during the time of Bloody Sunday in 1920, it is a sequel to the 2016 mini-series, Rebellion, which was set during the 1916 Easter Rising.

text:
# Resistance (miniseries)

***Resistance*** (released as ***Rebellion* Season 2** on Netflix) is a 2019 television miniseries written by Colin Teevan for Irish broadcaster RTÉ, dramatising the events surrounding the Irish War of Independence.

Set during the time of Bloody Sunday in 1920, it is a sequel to the 2016 mini-series, *Rebellion*, which was set during the 1916 Easter Rising.

## Production

Filming began in October 2016.

## Cast

### Characters returning from *Rebellion*

### New characters

## Episode list

| No. | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Episode 1" | 6 January 2019 (2019-01-06) |
| 2 | "Episode 2" | 13 January 2019 (2019-01-13) |
| 3 | "Episode 3" | 20 January 2019 (2019-01-20) |
| 4 | "Episode 4" | 27 January 2019 (2019-01-27) |
| 5 | "Episode 5" | 3 February 2019 (2019-02-03) |

## Reception

The first episode was criticised for departure from historical fact; Teevan had already resigned himself to such, he admitted in an interview with *The Irish Times*.

*The Irish Catholic* criticised what they called the "nasty nuns" subplot; in the historical event that the adoption storyline was based on, Josephine Marchment Brown, a widow working in Victoria Barracks in Cork, lost custody of her son to her in-laws who took the boy to Wales. The IRA kidnapped the boy back for her in return for her passing information to them. Foreign adoptions from mother-and-baby homes, of the kind depicted in *Resistance*, did not begin until the 1940s.

Chris Wasser of the *Irish Independent* awarded the first episode three stars, saying "What we have here is a reasonably capable and competent drama that, though rough around the edges, suggests we may be in for a stronger and tighter run than last time. \[…\] It isn’t nearly as vital or as thrilling as it needs to be, and Catherine Morshead’s flat direction doesn’t help. But there is something here."

Website IrishCentral was more positive, saying "The first episode of *Resistance* is deliciously plotted with loyalty, betrayal, irony, but most of all, the bravery of ordinary Dubliners taking on the greatest intelligence service in the world and, as history tells us, eventually winning. *Resistance* is not to be missed."

## InfoBox

| *Resistance* | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Also known as | Rebellion *Season 2* |
| Genre | Historical fiction
Spy fiction |
| Created by | Colin Teevan |
| Written by | Colin Teevan |
| Directed by | Catherine Morshead |
| Starring | Brian Gleeson
Aoife Duffin
Simone Kirby
Natasha O'Keeffe
Gavin Drea |
| Composer | Vince Pope |
| Country of origin | Ireland |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 5 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Catherine Magee
Catherine Dunne |
| Cinematography | David Marsh |
| Editor | Justin Krish |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 52 minutes per episode |
| Production companies | Zodiak Media Ireland
Touchpaper TV
RTÉ |
| Original release | |
| Network | RTÉ One |
| Release | 6 January (2019-01-06)
3 February 2019 (2019-02-03) |
| Related | |
| *Rebellion* | |


title: Solnica

abstract: Solnica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 43 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. The village was founded in 1600 by the Olęder settlers in the area of Wielkie Żuławy Malborskie. Until 1772 Laakendorf was part of the Kingdom of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 resulted in the creation of a new province in 1773, called West Prussia, in which Laakendorf was located. The village was situated in the district (Kreis) of Marienburg until the establishment of the Free City of Danzig in 1920. Later came under the control of Nazi Germany during World War II until February 1945, when it was occupied by Soviet forces and returned to Poland.

text:
# Solnica

**Solnica** \[sɔlˈnit͡sa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 43 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The village was founded in 1600 by the Olęder settlers in the area of Wielkie Żuławy Malborskie.

Until 1772 Laakendorf was part of the Kingdom of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 resulted in the creation of a new province in 1773, called West Prussia, in which Laakendorf was located. The village was situated in the district (Kreis) of Marienburg until the establishment of the Free City of Danzig in 1920. Later came under the control of Nazi Germany during World War II until February 1945, when it was occupied by Soviet forces and returned to Poland.

## InfoBox

| Solnica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Solnica | |
| Coordinates: 54°11′19″N 19°12′34″E / 54.18861°N 19.20944°E / 54.18861; 19.20944 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Nowy Dwór Gdański |
| Gmina | Nowy Dwór Gdański |
| Population | 260 |


title: Benjamin Stolberg

abstract: Benjamin Stolberg (1891–1951) was an American journalist and labor activist.

text:
# Benjamin Stolberg

**Benjamin Stolberg** (18911951) was an American journalist and labor activist.

## Career

Stolberg worked as associate editor of *The Bookman*, as well as a columnist for leading US newspapers, such as *The New York Times* and the *New York Herald Tribune'*.

Stolberg was a member of the American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky and served on the Dewey Commission investigating the Moscow Trials.

## Libel Suit

Stolberg wrote for the *Saturday Evening Post* – and from 1939 to 1945 he and its publisher, the Curtis Publishing, defended themselves from a libel suit brought against them by Jerome Davis for the September 2, 1939, article "Communist Wreckers in American Labor." Stolberg had called Davis a "Communist and Stalinist." Davis brought on ACLU co-founder Arthur Garfield Hays as his lawyer. Stolberg hired Louis Waldman, an "Old Guard" Socialist and anti-communist labor lawyer. The case went before the New York Supreme Court, with Justice John F. Carew presiding.

On December 4, 1939, Davis brought a $150,000 libel suit in Manhattan against Curtis Publishing and Stolberg. The trial included testimony from American Federation of Labor president William Green, former YMCA president Sherwood Eddy, Reverend Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick and Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise of the American Jewish Congress, former CPUSA head Earl Browder, former *Saturday Evening Post* editor William W. Stout and American Federation of Teachers vice president John D. Connors, AFL vice president Matthew Woll, *American Mercury* editor Eugene Lyons, and Georgetown University president Dr. Edmund A. Walsh. Davis' attorney Hays added $100,000 to the suit. On June 9, 1943, a New York Supreme Court discharged the jury for failing to reach a verdict, and Justice Carew ordered the jury not discuss their deliberations. On June 14, 1943, New York Supreme Court Justice Louis A. Valente denied a second motion for immediate retrial and set October 1, 1943, as date to assign retrial action. Finally, on January 18, 1945, Davis settled with Curtis Publishing and Stolberg in court for $11,000 of his $250,000 libel suit before Supreme Court Justice Ferdinand Pecora.

## Legacy

Benjamin Stolberg's papers are housed at Columbia University in New York City.

## Works

Stolberg wrote histories of the labor movement, including:

* *The Economic Consequences of the New Deal* (1935)
* *Preliminary Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials* (1937)
* *The Story of the CIO* (1938)
* *Tailor's Progress: The Story of a Famous Union and the Men Who Made It* (a history of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union) (1944)
    + *Ṿi azoy Sṭolbergs bukh "Teylors progres" zeṭ oys in di oygn fun a ḳloḳmakher* (Yiddish translation) (1944)

## External sources


title: Peter Bos

abstract: Petrus Andreas Maria (Peter) Bos is a Dutch film, stage and television actor best known for his role in the 1982 children's television series De Zevensprong in which he played the leading part as the teacher Frans van der Steg. He is also known from the children's film Knokken voor twee which was released in the same year.

text:
# Peter Bos

**Petrus Andreas Maria (Peter) Bos** (born 20 June 1950, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch film, stage and television actor best known for his role in the 1982 children's television series *De Zevensprong* in which he played the leading part as the teacher Frans van der Steg. He is also known from the children's film *Knokken voor twee* (directed by Karst van der Meulen) which was released in the same year.

## Filmography

### Television

* *De zevensprong* (13 episodes, 1982) as Frans van der Steg
* *Zondag weet je alles* (1985) as Andre
* *De wandelaar* (1989) as Simon Veldman
* *Uit de school geklapt* (1992) as Joop de Wit

### Film

* *Knokken voor twee* (1982) as Walter (English title: *Three is a Crowd*)
* *Man in de war* (1984) as Henk Berkhout
* *Mama is boos!* (1986) as Albert Koning K.P.R.
* *De finales* (1990) as Vader van Abe
* *Romeo* (1990) as Kennis op bezoek
* *De bunker* (1992) as Dekker
* *Het schaduwrijk* (1993) as Paul Curzon

## InfoBox

| Peter Bos | |
| --- | --- |
| Peter Bos in De Zevensprong | |
| Born | (1950-06-20) 20 June 1950<br>Amsterdam |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Other names | Peter Noland |


abstract: Do It Yourself is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the "What a Waste" 7" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's Voulez-Vous. Do It Yourself sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album.

text:
# Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Smash Hits* | 9/10 |
| *The Village Voice* | B |

***Do It Yourself*** is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the "What a Waste" 7" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's *Voulez-Vous*. *Do It Yourself* sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album (after its predecessor *New Boots and Panties!!*).

## Background and recording

Like *New Boots and Panties!!* before it, much of *Do It Yourself* was written at Dury's home, no longer a flat near the Oval cricket ground, but now a rented home in Rolvenden, Kent. Even though he declined point blank his management's attempts to get him to dust off and re-record old Kilburn & the High Roads songs like "England's Glory" Dury did resurrect one old song, "Sink My Boats", the very first song he and Chaz Jankel wrote together. In fact, a number of other songs pre-date the rehearsal and songwriting sessions for *Do It Yourself*; the instrumentals for "Quiet", "This Is What We Find" and "Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy" were all arranged by Blockheads members while they were still in their band Loving Awareness.

The recording session at Dury's house that also produced "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" was used to demo some of the new songs. These demos, later released on Edsel Records' 2-CD re-issue of the album, were for "This Is What We Find", "Inbetweenies", "Quiet" and "Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy", along with the first version of "Duff 'Em Up and Do 'Em Over (Boogie Woogie)", a song that would remain unreleased but would eventually become the song "Oh Mr. Peanut" on the next album, *Laughter*.

*Do It Yourself* was recorded in the Workhouse Studios on the Old Kent Road, the same place where *New Boots and Panties!!* had been recorded two years earlier, under the production of Jankel and Latham, though Latham's credit was as 'recording engineer'.

In keeping with Dury's policy of not including singles on albums, "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" was omitted, and no singles were released from the album either (his next British single would be "Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3"). Most retrospective interviews with band and management bemoan this. and nearly all suggest the opening track "Inbetweenies" as the ideal choice of single; "Inbetweenies" was released in Europe, backed with "Dance of the Screamers". The lack of singles on the album did not greatly affect its chart performance.

## Packaging

*Do It Yourself* was released on 18 May 1979 with an unusually large publicity drive; in addition to widespread print advertising in the music press, Stiff Records released the album with at least 34 known alternative sleeves, each one featuring a different Crown Wallpaper design. Each sleeve has the Crown catalogue number for the particular wallpaper design in the bottom left hand corner. Crown also wallpapered all of the sets for the Blockheads' subsequent promotional tour. The numerous sleeves greatly helped sales, and there were reports of 'completist' fans travelling to different towns and even importing more sleeves that were only released abroad. In addition, Stiff commissioned a wide variety of promotional merchandise, with various badges, combs, watches, paint brushes, paints pots, bags, clocks and wallpaper distributed.

The sleeve and all the promotional material were the creations of graphic designer Barney Bubbles, who also created the Blockheads' 'clockface' logo. A number of the promotional items designed by Bubbles can be seen in the booklet for Ian Dury & the Blockheads' final album *Ten More Turnips from the Tip*.

## Re-issues

The album was reissued by Edsel Records as part of an Ian Dury 2-disc re-issue series. Previously it had been reissued by Demon Records, once without bonus tracks, then again by Repertoire with "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick", "There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards", "Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3", "Common As Muck", "I Want To Be Straight", "That's Not All" (the A and B sides of the three singles released around the time of *Do It Yourself* and the 12" extended mix of "Reasons To Be Cheerful" as bonus tracks. Edsel changed the bonus tracks, removing "I Want To Be Straight" and its B-side "That's Not All" and replacing them with "What A Waste". This is, in fact, a more fitting set of bonus tracks, as "I Want To Be Straight" was released nearly a year after *Do It Yourself* and features a different Blockheads line-up (including Dr. Feelgood's Wilko Johnson), the same line-up that plays on the album *Laughter* (Edsel's re-issue of *Laughter* includes both tracks), whereas "What A Waste" was played by the original Blockheads line-up that plays on *Do It Yourself*.

Edsel's current re-issue also features a bonus disc that includes the demos recorded at Dury's house in Kent and 10 tracks recorded on the Stiff's Live Stiff's tour in 1977. These songs are different from the three included on the LP of the tour released the previous year.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Ian Dury; all music is composed by Chaz Jankel except where indicated

Side 1
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Inbetweenies" |  | 5:18 |
| 2. | "Quiet" | John Turnbull, Mick Gallagher, Norman Watt-Roy, Charley Charles | 3:31 |
| 3. | "Don't Ask Me" |  | 3:17 |
| 4. | "Sink My Boats" |  | 4:12 |
| 5. | "Waiting For Your Taxi" |  | 2:52 |

Side 2
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "This Is What We Find" | Gallagher | 4:10 |
| 7. | "Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy-Totsy" | Turnbull | 2:10 |
| 8. | "Mischief" | Watt-Roy, Gallagher | 3:33 |
| 9. | "Dance of the Screamers" |  | 6:40 |
| 10. | "Lullaby for Francis/Frances" |  | 5:02 |

* Track 10 is listed on the cover and original side 2 label with "i" above the rest of the title and "e" below it. Some reissues of the album (like the 2CD Edsel release) print it as "Franci/es" on the back cover.

### Bonus tracks (1996 Repertoire release)

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" (Non-album single, 1978) |  | 3:42 |
| 12. | "There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards" (B-side of "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick") | Russell Hardy | 3:01 |
| 13. | "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3" (Non-album single, 1979) | Jankel, Davey Payne | 4:44 |
| 14. | "Common as Muck" (B-side of "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3") |  | 3:58 |
| 15. | "I Want to Be Straight" (Non-album single, 1980) | Gallagher | 3:17 |
| 16. | "That's Not All" (B-side of "I Want to Be Straight") | Payne | 2:47 |
| 17. | "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3" (12" version) | Jankel, Payne | 6:40 |

### Bonus tracks (2004 2-CD Edsel release)

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "What a Waste" (Non-album single, 1978) | Rod Melvin | 3:26 |
| 12. | "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" |  | 4:05 |
| 13. | "There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards" | Hardy | 3:01 |
| 14. | "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3" | Payne, Jankel | 4:44 |
| 15. | "Common as Muck" |  | 3:58 |
| 16. | "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3" (12" version) | Payne, Jankel | 6:40 |

### Bonus disc (2004 2-CD Edsel release)

Demos
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "This Is What We Find" | Gallagher | 4:48 |
| 2. | "Boogie Woogie" (aka "Duff 'Em Up") | Gallagher | 4:02 |
| 3. | "Quiet" | Turnbull, Gallagher, Watt-Roy, Charles | 3:50 |
| 4. | "Inbetweenies" (backing track) |  | 5:25 |
| 5. | "Babies Kept Quiet" (aka "Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy") | Turnbull | 2:54 |
| 6. | "Blow" (instrumental) | Jankel, Turnbull, Gallagher, Watt-Roy, Payne, Charles | 5:21 |

From the "Stiff’s Live Stiffs" tour, 1977
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7. | "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll" (live) |  | 5:29 |
| 8. | "I'm Partial to Your Abracadabra" (live) |  | 3:06 |
| 9. | "Wake Up And Make Love With Me" (live) |  | 4:31 |
| 10. | "Clevor Trever" (live) |  | 5:20 |
| 11. | "Sweet Gene Vincent" (live) |  | 4:25 |
| 12. | "Billericay Dickie" (live) | Steve Nugent | 3:41 |
| 13. | "My Old Man" (live) | Nugent | 3:46 |
| 14. | "If I Was with a Woman" (live) |  | 4:07 |
| 15. | "Blockheads" (live) |  | 4:02 |
| 16. | "Plaistow Patricia" (live) | Nugent | 4:10 |
| 17. | "Blackmail Man" (live) | Nugent | 4:04 |

## Personnel

Ian Dury & the Blockheads Technical Additional musician * Wilko Johnson – guitar on "I Want to Be Straight" and "That's Not All"

## Sources

* *Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll: The Life of Ian Dury* by Richard Balls, first published 2000, Omnibus Press
* *Ian Dury & the Blockheads: Song By Song* by Jim Drury, first published 2003, Sanctuary Publishing
* *Reasons To Be Cheerful* 2-Disc compilation first released 1996, Repertoire Records

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Do It Yourself | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads | |
| Released | 18 May 1979 |
| Recorded | 1978 |
| Studio | The Workhouse, Old Kent Road, London |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 40:48 |
| Label | Stiff (UK & US), Epic (US) |
| Producer |  |
| Ian Dury & the Blockheads chronology | |
| *New Boots and Panties!! (Ian Dury)*
(1977) ***Do It Yourself***
(1979) *Laughter*
(1980) | |


# Diving at the 2023 Pan American Games – Qualification

The following is the qualification system and qualified countries for the diving at the 2023 Pan American Games competition in Santiago, Chile.

## Qualification system

A total of up to 80 divers (40 per gender) will qualify to compete. A nation may enter a maximum of 10 divers (if entering teams in synchronized diving) or 6 athletes (if not entering teams in synchronized diving), with the exception of the winners of the 2021 Junior Pan American Games, provided that these athletes participate only in the event in which they qualified in Cali. The host nation (Chile) automatically qualified a full team of 10 athletes (five per gender). The top 18 men and women in individual events in the 2022 and 2023 FINA World Championships will secure spots for their NOCs. In addition, at each of the CONSANAT Championships (Zone 1) and the PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships (Zone 2), divers from federations competing in such events may earn a quota position for their NOCs provided that the total number of divers from such Zones do not exceed 24 divers on all boards (including those who are ranked in FINA from such competing federations but excluding any divers from CHI). Zone 3 and 4 divers do not have separate qualifiers within their zones. National championships or trials events in Zones 3 and 4 may be used to name divers to already qualified positions.

| Zone | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Host** | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| **Zone 1** | 10 | 10 | 20\* |
| **Zone 2** | 10 | 10 | 20\* |
| **Zone 3** | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| **Zone 4** | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| Total athletes | 37 | 37 | 74 |

* minimum of 20 and up to 24 divers, each federation within Zone 1 limited to a maximum of 10 divers;
* minimum of 20 and up to 24 divers, each federation within Zone 2 limited to a maximum of 10 divers;

## Qualification timeline

| Event | Date | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | November 25 – December 5, 2021 | Cali, Colombia |
| 2022 World Aquatics Championships | June 26 – July 3, 2022 | Budapest, Hungary |
| 2022 South American Games | October 2–5, 2022 | Asuncion, Paraguay |
| PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships | 18–26 February 2023 | León, Guanajuato |
| FINA Grand Prix Equivalent TBC -CAN/USA | May 2023 | TBD |
| 2023 World Aquatics Championships | July 14–30, 2023 | Fukuoka, Japan |

## Qualification summary

| Nation | Synchronized diving | | | | Individual diving | | | | | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Men's
3 m | Men's
10 m | Women's
3 m | Women's
10m | Men's
1 m | Men's
3 m | Men's
10 m | Women's
1 m | Women's
3 m | Women's
10 m | Quotas | Athletes |
| Brazil |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 9 |
| Canada |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 9 |
| Chile |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  | 2 | 2 |
| Colombia |  |  |  |  | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 10 |
| Cuba |  |  |  |  | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 10 |
| Dominican Republic |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 | 1 |  |  | 1 | 5 | 5 |
| Jamaica |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  | 2 | 2 |
| Mexico |  |  |  |  | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 14 |
| Peru |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |  | 1 |  | 3 | 3 |
| Puerto Rico |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| United States |  |  |  |  | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 17 | 11 |
| Venezuela |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | 2 | 2 |
| Total: 12 NOCs | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 101 | 80 |

## Individual diving

### Men's 1 m springboard

For the individual events, one diver can only gain a single quota place per event for their NOC.

| Competition | Places | Qualified divers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | ~~2~~ 1 | Chile (Donata Neglia) |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | 1 | Mexico (Osmar Olvera Ibarra) |
| FINA World Championships | 6 | Colombia (Sebastián Morales)
United States (Jordan Rzepka)
Jamaica (Yona Knight-Wisdom)
Dominican Republic (Jonathan Ruvalcaba)
United States (Tyler Downs)
Mexico (Kevin Muñoz) |
| 2022 South American Games | ~~3~~ 2 | Colombia (Luis Uribe)
Brazil (Rafael Fogaça) |
| PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships | ~~3~~ 5 | Mexico (Yolotl Martinez)
Canada (Cédric Fofana)
Dominican Republic (Jonathan Ruvalcaba)
Brazil (Frandiel Gomez)\*
Cuba (Laydel Dominguez)\* |
| 2023 World Aquatics Championships | TBD |  |
| Total | 15 |  |

### Men's 3 m springboard

For the individual events, one diver can only gain a single quota place per event for their NOC.

| Competition | Places | Qualified divers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | ~~2~~ 1 | Chile (Diego Carquin) |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | 1 | United States (Quentin Henninger) |
| FINA World Championships | 5 | Colombia (Luis Uribe)
Brazil (Rafael Fogaça)
Jamaica (Yona Knight-Wisdom)
Cuba (Carlos Escalona)
Colombia (Sebastián Morales) |
| 2022 South American Games | ~~3~~ 2 | Peru (Ricardo Liranzo)
Venezuela (Jesus Gonzalez)\* |
| PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships | 3 | Dominican Republic (Jonathan Ruvalcaba)
Mexico (Kevin Muñoz)
Cuba (Laydel Dominguez) |
| 2023 World Aquatics Championships | TBD |  |
| Total | 12 |  |

### Men's 10 m platform

For the individual events, one diver can only gain a single quota place per event for their NOC.

| Competition | Places | Qualified divers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | ~~2~~ 0 |  |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | 1 | Mexico (Randal Willars) |
| FINA World Championships | 7 | Canada (Nathan Zsombor-Murray)
Canada (Rylan Wiens)
United States (Josh Hedberg)
United States (Zachary Cooper)
Brazil (Isaac Souza)
Cuba (Carlos Ramos)
Cuba (Luis Cañabate) |
| 2022 South American Games | 3 | Colombia (Sebastián Villa)
Peru (Ricardo Liranzo)
Colombia (Alejandro Solarte) |
| PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships | 3 | Mexico (Diego Balleza)
Dominican Republic (Jonathan Ruvalcaba)
Mexico (Yolotl Martinez)\* |
| 2023 World Aquatics Championships | TBD |  |
| Total | 14 |  |

### Women's 1 m springboard

For the individual events, one diver can only gain a single quota place per event for their NOC.

| Competition | Places | Qualified divers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | ~~2~~ 0 |  |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | 1 | Cuba (Anisley García) |
| FINA World Championships | 4 | United States (Sarah Bacon)
Canada (Mia Vallée)
Canada (Margo Erlam)
United States (Brooke Schultz) |
| 2022 South American Games | 3 | Brazil (Anna Lucia Dos Santos)
Brazil (Luana Lira)
Colombia (Diana Pineda) |
| PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships | 3 | Mexico (Paola Pineda)
Mexico (Arantxa Chávez)
Cuba (Prisis Ruiz) |
| 2023 World Aquatics Championships | TBD |  |
| Total | 11 |  |

### Women's 3 m springboard

For the individual events, one diver can only gain a single quota place per event for their NOC.

| Competition | Places | Qualified divers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | ~~2~~ 0 |  |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | 1 | Mexico (Frida Zuñiga Guzman) |
| FINA World Championships | 5 | Canada (Mia Vallée)
United States (Sarah Bacon)
United States (Kristen Hayden)
Brazil (Luana Lira)
Mexico (Arantxa Chávez) |
| 2022 South American Games | ~~3~~ 3\* | Colombia (Viviana Uribe)
Colombia (Diana Zapata)
Peru (Ana Ricci)\* |
| PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships | ~~3~~ 5 | Canada (Pamela Ware)
Mexico (Carolina Mendoza)
Cuba (Anisley García)
Venezuela (Elizabeth Pérez)\*
Cuba (Prisis Ruiz)\* |
| 2023 World Aquatics Championships | TBD |  |
| Total | 14 |  |

### Women's 10 m platform

For the individual events, one diver can only gain a single quota place per event for their NOC.

| Competition | Places | Qualified divers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | ~~2~~ 0 |  |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | 1 | Mexico (Alejandra Estudillo) |
| FINA World Championships | 7 | Brazil (Ingrid Oliveira)
Canada (Caeli McKay)
United States (Daryn Wright)
Puerto Rico (Maycey Vieta)
United States (Maggie Merriman)
Mexico (Viviana Del Ángel)
Cuba (Anisley García) |
| 2022 South American Games | 3 | Colombia (Viviana Uribe)
Brazil (Andressa De Lima)
Colombia (Mariana Osorio) |
| PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships | ~~3~~ 3\* | Canada (Éloïse Bélanger)
Mexico (Abril Navarro)
Dominican Republic (Victoria Garza)\* |
| 2023 World Aquatics Championships | TBD |  |
| Total | 14 |  |