title: Estonia–Spain relations

abstract: Estonia–Spain relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these two countries. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe, European Union, NATO and the United Nations.

text:
# Estonia–Spain relations

**Estonia–Spain relations** are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these two countries. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe, European Union, NATO and the United Nations.

## History

International relations between Spain and Estonia began in 1921, when Spain recognized the independence of the Republic of Estonia.

Despite Spanish neutrality in World War II, some Spanish nationals were among the prisoners of a subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp, operated by the Germans in Aseri in occupied Estonia.

On 24 August 1991, Spain once again recognized Estonia's independence from Soviet Union. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September of the same year. On 3 December 1992 Spain established an Honorary Consular Office in Tallinn under the Spanish embassy of Helsinki, it was not until 2004 when it opened its own embassy in the capital Estonia. The first ambassador of Spain in Estonia was Miguel Bauzá y More, who held the position until 11 January 2008 when he was replaced by Eduardo Ibáñez López-Dóriga. For its part Estonia opened an embassy in Madrid in 1997, between 2000 and 2007 the ambassador was Andres Tomasberg, since 2007 the position is held by Andres Rundu. Currently, the relations between the two countries are framed within the scope of the European Union.

## Economic relations

Exchanges between Estonia and Spain have maintained an upward pace with a positive balance in favor of Spain which, in 2007, sold products to Estonia for a total of 120 million euro s while importing for a total of 54 million . The main imports from Estonia are composed of fuel and mineral oils, wood, charcoal, manufacturing sy steel and iron from smelting waste. While Spain's main exports are made up of automobiles, tractor is, ceramic products and edible fruits.

On the other hand, the investments between both countries have reached a more even level, since although in 2006 Estonia only invested 6,100 euros in Spain the following year it did so for a value of 1,984,420 euros. In contrast, Spain in 2006 invested 1,022,170 euros while in 2007, it was reduced to 283,230.

At the end of 2008, the Estonian Hispanic Chamber of Commerce was established with headquarters in Tallinn.

## Diaspora

In 2007, the number of Spaniards residing in Estonia stood at 54 people, while the number of non-resident Spaniards was 55.

## Tourism

The number of Spanish tourists traveling to Estonia has been increasing every year, in 2006 were 15,150 who spent the night at least one night in the country. However, most tourists visiting Estonia do so through cruise ships or from Helsinki on a round trip on the same day, so it is estimated that the number of Spanish visitors is much higher.

Estonia is present at the tourism fairs in Barcelona, EIBTM (since 2004) and Madrid, FITUR (since 2005). In addition, the airline Estonian Air has since 2006 a regular line between Tallinn and Barcelona.

## Cultural relations

Since 1996, Spanish studies can be taken at Tartu University. The University of Tallinn introduced this possibility in 2001 and since 2003 this university has an examination center of the Instituto Cervantes.

## Agreements

Estonia and Spain have signed the following agreements: in 1997 the Agreement on international road transport; in 1998 the Agreement for the Protection of Investments; in 1999 the Protocol of cooperation between the Ministries of Defense; in 2000 the Agreement on the reciprocal abolition of visas, the Agreement for the readmission of persons and the Agreement for the extradition of criminals; in 2005 the Agreement to avoid double taxation; and in 2007 the Agreement for the protection of classified information and the Agreement for cooperation in culture and education.

## Resident diplomatic missions

* Estonia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in Tallinn.

## InfoBox

Estonian-Spanish relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
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Estonia |
Spain |
|  | |


title: Eskiakören, Emirdağ

abstract: Eskiakören is a village in the Emirdağ District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 78 (2021).

text:
# Eskiakören, Emirdağ

**Eskiakören** is a village in the Emirdağ District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 78 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Eskiakören | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| EskiakörenLocation in TurkeyEskiakörenEskiakören (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 39°10′N 31°20′E / 39.167°N 31.333°E / 39.167; 31.333 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Afyonkarahisar |
| District | Emirdağ |
| Population (2021) | 78 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Eskialibey, Bayat

abstract: Eskialibey is a village in the Bayat District of Çorum Province in Turkey. Its population is 438 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

text:
# Eskialibey, Bayat

**Eskialibey** is a village in the Bayat District of Çorum Province in Turkey. Its population is 438 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*).

## InfoBox

| Eskialibey | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| EskialibeyLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°32′05″N 34°08′54″E / 40.53472°N 34.14833°E / 40.53472; 34.14833 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çorum |
| District | Bayat |
| Population (2022) | 438 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Etheric plane

abstract: The etheric plane is a term introduced into Theosophy by Charles Webster Leadbeater and Annie Besant to represent the subtle part of the lower plane of existence. It represents the fourth [higher] subplane of the physical plane, the lower three being the states of solid, liquid, and gaseous matter. The idea was later used by authors such as Alice Bailey, Rudolf Steiner, Walter John Kilner and others. The term aether was adopted from ancient Greek philosophy and science into Victorian physics and utilised by Madame Blavatsky to correspond to akasha, the fifth element (quintessence) of Hindu metaphysics. The Greek word aither derives from an Indo-European root aith-. Blavatsky also related the idea to the Hindu Prana principle, the vital, life-sustaining force of living beings, present in all natural processes of the universe. Prana was first expounded in the Upanishads, where it is part of the worldly, physical realm, sustaining the body and the mind. Blavatsky also tended to use the word "astral" indiscriminately for these supposed subtle physical phenomena. The esoteric concepts of Adi, the Buddhic plane, the causal plane, and the monadic plane are also related to that of the etheric plane. Leadbeater and Besant conceived that the etheric plane constituted four higher subplanes of the physical plane. According to the Theosophist Geoffrey A. Farthing, Leadbeater used the term, because of its resonance in the physical sciences, to describe his clairvoyant investigations of subatomic physics.

text:
# Etheric plane

| Planes of existence
Gross and subtle bodies |
| --- |
| Theosophy | |
| Full list 1. Spiritual/Divine/Logoic/Mahaparanirvanic plane/Adi

Divine Spirit/Word; First Logos/Theon/Pranava/Parabrahman. paramatman
2. Spiritual/Monadic/Paranirvanic plane/Anupapaduka

Holy Spirit/Word; Second Logos/Monad; Nirguna Brahman. oversoul/monad/jivatman
3. Spiritual/Pneuma/Nirvanic/Atmic plane

Holy Spirit/Word; Third Logos/Pneuma; Saguna Brahman. individual spirit/pneuma/atman
4. Spiritual/Soul/Causal/Intuitional/Noetic/Buddhic plane

soul/nous/buddhi/causal body
5 Mental/Manasic/Causal/Intellectual plane

mind/manas/phren: mental and causal and higher mental bodies, projection/out-of-body experience (OBE)
6. Astral/Emotional plane

ghost/thymos/kama/emotional/astral body, projection/OBE
7. Material-Ethereal plane

material/soma/sthula and life/ethereal/phasma/linga/vital bodies/shariras, aura/prana, projection/OBE
 |
|  |
| **Rosicrucian** | |
| The 7 Worlds and the 7 Cosmic Planes
The Seven-fold constitution of Man
The Ten-fold constitution of Man
 |
| **Thelema** | |
| Body of light | Great Work |
| **Hermeticism** | |
| Hermeticism | Cosmogony |
| **Surat Shabda Yoga** | |
| Cosmology |
| **Jainism** | |
| Jain cosmology |
| **Sufism** | |
| Sufi cosmology |
| **Hinduism** | |
| Lokas/Talas - Tattvas, Kosas, Upadhis |
| **Buddhism** | |
| Buddhist cosmology |
| **Gnosticism** | |
| Aeons, Archons |
| **Kabbalah** | |
| Atziluth \> Beri'ah \> Yetzirah \> Assiah
Sephirot |
| **Fourth Way** | |
| Ray of Creation
 |
|  | |
|  |

The **etheric plane** (see also *etheric body*) is a term introduced into Theosophy by Charles Webster Leadbeater and Annie Besant to represent the subtle part of the lower plane of existence. It represents the fourth \[higher\] subplane of the physical plane (a hyperplane), the lower three being the states of solid, liquid, and gaseous matter. The idea was later used by authors such as Alice Bailey, Rudolf Steiner, Walter John Kilner and others.

The term **aether** (also written as "ether") was adopted from ancient Greek philosophy and science into Victorian physics (see Luminiferous aether) and utilised by Madame Blavatsky to correspond to akasha, the fifth element (quintessence) of Hindu metaphysics.

The Greek word *aither* derives from an Indo-European root *aith*\- ("burn, shine"). Blavatsky also related the idea to the Hindu *Prana* principle, the vital, life-sustaining force of living beings, present in all natural processes of the universe. Prana was first expounded in the Upanishads, where it is part of the worldly, physical realm, sustaining the body and the mind. Blavatsky also tended to use the word "astral" indiscriminately for these supposed subtle physical phenomena. The esoteric concepts of Adi, the Buddhic plane, the causal plane, and the monadic plane are also related to that of the etheric plane.

Leadbeater and Besant (both belonging to the Adyar School of Theosophy) conceived that the etheric plane constituted four higher subplanes of the physical plane. According to the Theosophist Geoffrey A. Farthing, Leadbeater used the term, because of its resonance in the physical sciences, to describe his clairvoyant investigations of subatomic physics.

## Christian Rosicrucians

Similarly, according to the Rosicrucian writings of American occultist and mystic Max Heindel there is – in addition to the solids, liquids, and gases which compose the *Chemical Region* of the Physical World – a finer grade of matter called ether that permeates the atomic structure of the earth and its atmosphere. It is disposed in four grades of density and is considered to be a kind of physical matter (the blue haze seen in mountain canyons is said to be in fact ether of the kind known to occult investigators as *chemical ether*). Associated there is also a type of spiritual sight, that man will eventually develop, called *etheric vision*. Ether is reported to be of four kinds, or grades of density in our planet Earth; their names (from the lowest or most dense to the highest or most subtle one) and their relation to the human being, from the point of view of these Esoteric Christian teachings, is as following:

* the "Chemical Ether": both positive and negative in manifestation and it is related to the assimilation and excretion processes;
* the "Life Ether": has also a positive and negative pole and it is related to the forces of propagation;
* the "Light Ether": the positive pole is related to forces which generate blood heat in the higher species of animal and in the human being and the negative is related to the forces which operate through the senses (passive functions of sight, hearing, feeling, tasting, and smelling);
* the "Reflective Ether": the medium through which thought makes an impression upon the human brain and this ether contains pictures which work as reflections of the Memory of Nature found at the World of Thought.

### Esoteric

### Physics

### Fiction


title: Ethyl isopropyl ketone

abstract: Ethyl isopropyl ketone (2-methyl-pentan-3-one) is an aliphatic ketone with used as a reagent in organic chemistry and as a solvent. Its fully fluorinated analog is known as Novec 1230 and is used in gaseous fire suppression.

text:
# Ethyl isopropyl ketone

**Ethyl isopropyl ketone** (**2-methyl-pentan-3-one**) is an aliphatic ketone with used as a reagent in organic chemistry and as a solvent.

Its fully fluorinated analog is known as Novec 1230 and is used in gaseous fire suppression.

1. "2-Methyl-3-pentanone". Sigma-Aldrich.
2. "Ethyl isopropyl ketone (HMDB0005846)". Human Metabolome Database.

## InfoBox

Ethyl isopropyl ketone
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-Methylpentan-3-one | |
| Other names Ethyl isopropyl ketone | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.445 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H12O/c1-4-6(7)5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3 YKey: HYTRYEXINDDXJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C6H12O/c1-4-6(7)5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3Key: HYTRYEXINDDXJK-UHFFFAOYAO | |
| SMILES * CC(C)C(=O)CC * O=C(CC)C(C)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H12O |
| Molar mass | 100.161 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 0.811 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | \< 25 °C (77 °F; 298 K) |
| Boiling point | 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K) |
| Solubility in water | 15.5 mg/mL |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Ethyl lactate

abstract: Ethyl lactate, also known as lactic acid ethyl ester, is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CO2CH2CH3. It is the ethyl ester of lactic acid. A colorless liquid, it is a chiral ester. Being naturally derived, it is readily available as a single enantiomer. It is commonly used as a solvent. This compound is considered biodegradable and can be used as a water-rinsible degreaser. Ethyl lactate is found naturally in small quantities in a wide variety of foods including wine, chicken, and various fruits. The odor of ethyl lactate when dilute is mild, buttery, creamy, with hints of fruit and coconut.

text:
# Ethyl lactate

**Ethyl lactate**, also known as lactic acid ethyl ester, is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CO2CH2CH3. It is the ethyl ester of lactic acid. A colorless liquid, it is a chiral ester. Being naturally derived, it is readily available as a single enantiomer. It is commonly used as a solvent. This compound is considered biodegradable and can be used as a water-rinsible degreaser. Ethyl lactate is found naturally in small quantities in a wide variety of foods including wine, chicken, and various fruits. The odor of ethyl lactate when dilute is mild, buttery, creamy, with hints of fruit and coconut.

## Production

Ethyl lactate is produced from biological sources, and can be either the levo (*S*) form or dextro (*R*) form, depending on the organism that is the source of the lactic acid. Most biologically sourced ethyl lactate is ethyl (−)-L-lactate (ethyl (*S*)-lactate). Ethyl lactate is also produced industrially from petrochemical stocks, and this ethyl lactate consists of the racemic mixture of levo and dextro forms.

## Applications

Because both enantiomers are found in nature, and because ethyl lactate is easily biodegradable, it is considered to be a "green solvent." Ethyl lactate and its aqueous solutions are used as sustainable media for organic synthesis. Due to its relatively low toxicity, ethyl lactate is used commonly in pharmaceutical preparations, food additives, and fragrances. Ethyl lactate is also used as solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, and cellulose ethers.

## Further reading

* Jacqueline S. Bennett; Kaitlyn L. Charles; Matthew R. Miner; Caitlin F. Heuberger; Elijah J. Spina; Michael F. Bartels; Taylor Foreman (2009). "Ethyl lactate as a tunable solvent for the synthesis of aryl aldimines". *Green Chem*. **11** (2): 166–168. doi:10.1039/b817379f.

## InfoBox

Ethyl lactate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate | |
| Other names Ethyl lactate; Lactic acid ethyl ester; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid ethyl ester; Actylol; Acytol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.002.363 |
| EC Number | * 202-598-0 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| RTECS number | * OD5075000 |
| UNII |  |
| UN number | 1192 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C5H10O3/c1-3-8-5(7)4(2)6/h4,6H,3H2,1-2H3 YKey: LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C5H10O3/c1-3-8-5(7)4(2)6/h4,6H,3H2,1-2H3Key: LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYAV | |
| SMILES * CCOC(=O)C(C)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C5H10O3 |
| Molar mass | 118.132 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Density | 1.03 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | −26 °C (−15 °F; 247 K) |
| Boiling point | 151 to 155 °C (304 to 311 °F; 424 to 428 K) |
| Solubility in water | Miscible |
| Solubility in ethanol
and most alcohols | Miscible |
| Chiral rotation (\[α\]D) | −11.3° |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -72.6·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Structure | |
| Dipole moment | 3.46 |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H226, H318, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501 |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Flash point | 58 °C (136 °F; 331 K) |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | Lactic acid, Methyl lactate |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Ettington

abstract: Ettington is a village and civil parish about 5.5 miles (9 km) south-east of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 1,171. The present village is on the A422 main road linking Stratford and Banbury. The A429 main road linking Warwick and Cirencester used to run through the village, and now uses a bypass just west of it. The Fosse Way Roman road crosses the A422 0.6 miles (1 km) east of the village.

text:
# Ettington

**Ettington** is a village and civil parish about 5.5 miles (9 km) south-east of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 1,171. The present village is on the A422 main road linking Stratford and Banbury. The A429 main road linking Warwick and Cirencester used to run through the village, and now uses a bypass just west of it. The Fosse Way Roman road (B4455 road) crosses the A422 0.6 miles (1 km) east of the village.

## Toponym

The toponym "Ettington" is derived from the Old English words *ea* for water and *don* for ascending ground or meadow. The name has evolved through several forms including *Eatenden* and *Eatington*. The latter is still used sometimes by locals. There used to be a Lower and Upper Ettington. Lower Ettington was beside the River Stour but was demolished in the 18th century. The present village is what used to be called Upper Ettington, and is on higher ground about 1+14 miles (2 km) to the northeast.

## Manors

The Domesday Book of 1086 records two manors. Lower Ettington was an estate of 17 hides whose Norman overlord was Henry de Ferrers. Ferrers' tenant was one Saswalo, whose grandson Sewallis moved to Shirley and took "Shirley" as his surname. The Shirley family has been a major landowner in Ettington ever since. Its present manor house, now known as Ettington Park Hotel, was probably built in the 17th century and extended in the 18th century. In 1824 it was remodelled to designs by the architects Thomas Rickman and Henry Hutchinson. In 1858–62 it was remodelled again to Gothic Revival designs by John Prichard and JP Seddon. It is a Grade I listed building and is now a hotel operated by Hand Picked Hotels. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer used it as a location in the 1963 horror film *The Haunting*.

Upper Ettington was an estate of three hides, held by one Turchil of Warwick. Upper Ettington's present manor house is in the village and is 17th century. In the parish 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Upper Ettington was the manor and village of Thornton. Its manor house was built in the 16th century, altered in 1658 and is a Grade II\* listed building. The village is now deserted and its site is a scheduled monument. Parliament passed an Inclosure Acts for Ettington in 1795 and its award was made in July 1797. Evelyn Shirley had Lower Ettington village demolished and the medieval preaching cross removed to clear his deer park for landscaping. Its water mill was demolished in 1798.

## Churches

### Church of England

Ettington has had three successive parish churches on different sites: the first at Lower Ettington and the second and third at Upper Ettington. In the Middle Ages there was also a chantry chapel at Upper Ettington. The original parish church of the Holy Trinity was in Lower Ettington. It is a 12th-century Norman building with later additions. Early in the 13th century Henry Shirley had an altar to St Nicholas erected in the church. As a result, the church is also known as St Nicholas'. A north aisle with a three-bay arcade was added in the 14th century. The windows on the south side of the nave were replaced in the 17th century. In the 16th-century Dissolution of the Monasteries the chantry at Upper Ettington was dissolved. Its chapel was converted into three almshouses, which were still in use in 1730. The building is now a thatched cottage, Rose Cottage.

In 1794 a parish vestry meeting decided to replace the ancient church in Lower Ettington with a new one in Upper Ettington, which had become the centre of population even before Evelyn Shirley had the old village demolished. In 1795 Parliament passed an act authorising this and in 1798 the new church of St Thomas of Canterbury was consecrated. The 12th-century church was abandoned, but in 1823 its south transept was restored as a mortuary chapel for the Shirleys. The rest of the original church, including its broad and distinctive tower, survives as a roofless ruin. It is a scheduled monument and a Grade I listed building. Its poor state means that it's on Historic England's Heritage at Risk Register . St Thomas' parish church was reputed to be the ugliest in Warwickshire.

A new Gothic Revival church to replace it was begun in 1902 and completed in 1903. The 18th-century church was demolished in 1913, except for the tower and west wall of the nave, which survive as a mortuary chapel. The tower of the present Holy Trinity parish church has a ring of four bells. Edward Newcombe, who had bell foundries at Leicester and Bedford, cast the treble and second bell for the original parish church in 1595. Richard I Purdue, who had bellfoundries in Somerset at Glastonbury and Berwick, cast the third bell in 1624. John Briant of Hertford cast the tenor bell in 1803, five years after St Thomas' church was built. Holy Trinity parish is part of the Stourdene Benefice, which includes also the parishes of Alderminster, Butlers Marston, Halford, Newbold on Stour and Pillerton Hersey.

### Society of Friends

The Society of Friends had members in Ettington by 1664 and their founder George Fox preached at Lambcote farm in the parish in 1678. The Friends' burial ground was established in 1681. The meeting house was completed in 1684 and is a Grade II\* listed building.

### Chapels

A Congregational chapel was built in 1804 and enlarged in 1846. It is now a private house. A Methodist chapel was built in 1836 and was still being used for worship in 1949.

## Economic and social history

The composer and organist Dr William Croft (1678–1727) was born in Ettington and baptised in the 13th-century parish church. The East and West Junction Railway from Fenny Compton to Stratford-upon-Avon was built through the area and opened on 1 July 1873. Ettington railway station was at Thornton, 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the village. Under *The Reshaping of British Railways* the station was closed in 1963 followed by the line in 1965.

## Amenities

Ettington has one pub, the Chequers. The parish has a Church of England primary school. There is a village shop and post office. Ettington Rovers is an amateur football club that plays in the Leamington Spa and District Sunday League.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Ettington | |
| --- | --- |
| Remains of 13th-century parish church | |
| EttingtonLocation within Warwickshire | |
| Population | 1,171 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SP2648 |
| Civil parish | * Ettington |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Stratford-upon-Avon |
| Postcode district | CV37 |
| Dialling code | 01789 |
|  | |
| Police | Warwickshire |
| Fire | Warwickshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Ettington Parish Community Website |
|


title: Ettinghausen, Germany

abstract: Ettinghausen is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

text:
# Ettinghausen, Germany

**Ettinghausen** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a community belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde* – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography

The community lies in the Westerwald between Montabaur and Hachenburg. The community belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Wallmerod, a kind of collective municipality.

## History

In 1367, Ettinghausen had its first recorded mention, as *Ittincusen*.

## Politics

The municipal council is made up of 8 council members who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 7 June 2009.

## Economy and infrastructure

Running right through the community is *Bundesstraße* 255 linking Montabaur and Herborn. The nearest Autobahn interchange is *Montabaur* on the A 3 (CologneFrankfurt), some 10 km away. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.

## InfoBox

| Ettinghausen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Ettinghausen within Westerwaldkreis district | |
| Ettinghausen Ettinghausen | |
| Coordinates: 50°31′02″N 7°52′24″E / 50.51722°N 7.87333°E / 50.51722; 7.87333 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Westerwaldkreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Wallmerod |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Dieter Püsch |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.38 km2 (0.92 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 401 m (1,316 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 334 |
| Density | 140/km2 (360/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56244 |
| Dialling codes | 06435 |
| Vehicle registration | WW |
| Website | www.wallmerod.de |


title: Eti Soda

abstract: The Eti Soda Inc. is a chemical industry company in Ankara Province, Turkey, producing natural soda ash and baking soda from trona. It was founded in 1998, and the production started in 2009. The company's main shareholder is Ciner Group.

text:
# Eti Soda

The **Eti Soda Inc.** is a chemical industry company in Ankara Province, Turkey, producing natural soda ash and baking soda from trona. It was founded in 1998, and the production started in 2009. The company's main shareholder is Ciner Group.

## Background

Trona ore deposits were discovered at Beypazarı, around 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Ankara, during drilling operations for coal exploration in 1979. Exploration works for trona ore reserve continued until 1985. According to world's leading consulting firms, mining of the trona ore at Bypazarı was not feasible with known methods. The state-owned mining company Eti Maden and the privately held Ciner Holding jointly took a risk and developed solution mining method for extraction of trona ore. The method, which was new in the world, has been then patented. In 1998, the Eti Soda Inc. was established in Ankara. The building of the soda production and cogeneration plants were completed between 2007 and 2009.

The production of soda ash started with an official inauguration ceremony, which took place in presence of Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Hilmi Güler in March 2009.

The Eti Soda Inc. is jointly owned in majority by Ciner Holding with 74% and by Eti Maden with 26%.

## Plant and production

Trona ore is extracted by solution mining method. Hot water is injected into the trona ore deposit underground through bore holes drilled, which dissolves trona ore. The trona solution is pumped up and is processed to soda products as soda ash (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3). The soda ash is mainly used in the glass production. Products of Eti Soda are exported all over the world, especially to European countries. From 2009 to 2013, the value of soda ash exports to 53 countries reached US$1 billion.

The annual production capacity of the Eti Soda facilities is one million tons of soda ash and 100,000 tons of baking soda. In 2010, already in its first year of the operation, the company fulfilled its production capacity. For comparison the 2022 production for the whole country was estimate at 4 to 5 million tonnes.

## Environmental impact

There is a 20 MW cogeneration coal-fired power station. Climate Trace estimated a 3570 million tonne source of greenhouse gas from soda ash in Turkey in 2022, but had low confidence in its estimate and had not been able to identify the company. ETI Soda aims to reduce its total scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions by almost 30% from 2021 to 480 million tonnes a year by 2028.

## InfoBox

Eti Soda Inc.
| Native name | Eti Soda A.Ş. |
| --- | --- |
| Company type | Private company |
| Industry | Chemicals |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Headquarters | Beypazarı, Ankara Province, Turkey |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products |  |
| Owner |  |


title: Eugene M. Wescott

abstract: Eugene Michael "Gene" Wescott was an American scientist, artist, and traditional dancer. He was born in Hampton, Iowa, and moved to North Hollywood, California at the age of 10, where he later attended North Hollywood High School and Valley Junior College. He graduated from UCLA and moved to Alaska in 1958, attending the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he obtained his PhD in 1960.

text:
# Eugene M. Wescott

**Eugene Michael "Gene" Wescott** (February 15, 1932 – February 23, 2014) was an American scientist, artist, and traditional dancer. He was born in Hampton, Iowa, and moved to North Hollywood, California at the age of 10, where he later attended North Hollywood High School and Valley Junior College. He graduated from UCLA and moved to Alaska in 1958, attending the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he obtained his PhD in 1960.

## Scientific career

Wescott worked at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks from 1958 to 2009, through two International Polar Years. He was appointed Professor Emeritus of Geophysics, and had an extensive background of research in solid earth geophysics and space physics. He was involved directly in auroral and magnetospheric electric field studies and plasma physics experiments using barium and calcium plasma rocket injections at Poker Flat Research Range. He and Drs. David Sentman and Daniel Osborne proved the existence of red sprites and blue jets, upper-atmospheric electrical phenomena.

## Personal and artistic life

Wescott was an avid mountain climber, and together with Charles Deehr, Jon Gardey, and Finley Kennel made the first ascent of Mt. Redoubt in August 1959. He also was among the first teams to climb Old Snowy, Black Cap, Aurora and Meteor peaks in the Alaska Range. He also made the first winter ascent of Institute Peak in 1960.


title: Ettringen, Mayen-Koblenz

abstract: Ettringen is a municipality in the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany. The nearby abandoned stone quarry Ettringer Lay serves as a popular climbing area of the German Alpine Club (DAV) with more than 790 routes set in the basalt walls.

text:
# Ettringen, Mayen-Koblenz

**Ettringen** is a municipality in the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.

The nearby abandoned stone quarry Ettringer Lay serves as a popular climbing area of the German Alpine Club (DAV) with more than 790 routes set in the basalt walls.

Basalt walls of the Ettringer Lay

## InfoBox

| Ettringen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Ettringen seen from the southeast | |
|  | |
| Location of Ettringen within Mayen-Koblenz district | |
| Ettringen Ettringen | |
| Coordinates: 50°21′32″N 7°13′17″E / 50.35889°N 7.22139°E / 50.35889; 7.22139 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Mayen-Koblenz |
| Municipal assoc. | Vordereifel |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Werner Spitzley (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.16 km2 (3.54 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 2,816 |
| Density | 310/km2 (800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56729 |
| Dialling codes | 02651 |
| Vehicle registration | MYK |
| Website | www.ettringen-eifel.de |


title: Ettringite

abstract: Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral with formula: Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O. It is a colorless to yellow mineral crystallizing in the trigonal system. The prismatic crystals are typically colorless, turning white on partial dehydration. It is part of the ettringite-group which includes other sulfates such as thaumasite and bentorite.

text:
# Ettringite

**Ettringite** is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral with formula: Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O. It is a colorless to yellow mineral crystallizing in the trigonal system. The prismatic crystals are typically colorless, turning white on partial dehydration. It is part of the ettringite-group which includes other sulfates such as thaumasite and bentorite.

## Discovery and occurrence

Ettringite was first described in 1874 by J. Lehmann, for an occurrence near the Ettringer Bellerberg Volcano, Ettringen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. It occurs within metamorphically altered limestone adjacent to igneous intrusive rocks or within xenoliths. It also occurs as weathering crusts on larnite in the Hatrurim Formation of Israel. It occurs associated with portlandite, afwillite and hydrocalumite at Scawt Hill, Ireland and with afwillite, hydrocalumite, mayenite and gypsum in the Hatrurim Formation. It has also been reported from the Zeilberg quarry, Maroldsweisach, Bavaria; at Boisséjour, near Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne, France; the N’Chwaning mine, Kuruman district, Cape Province, South Africa; in the US, occurrences were found in spurrite-merwinite-gehlenite skarn at the 910 level of the Commercial quarry, Crestmore, Riverside County, California and in the Lucky Cuss mine, Tombstone, Arizona.

Ettringite is also sometimes referred in the ancient French literature as Candelot salt, or Candlot salt.

## Occurrence in cement

In concrete chemistry, ettringite is a hexacalcium aluminate trisulfate hydrate, of general formula when noted as oxides:

6CaO·Al2O3·3SO3·32H2O

or

3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O.

Ettringite is formed in the hydrated Portland cement system as a result of the reaction of tricalcium aluminate (C
3A) with calcium sulfate, both present in Portland cement.

C3A + 3 CaSO4 → ettringite

The addition of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) to clinker during the grinding operation to obtain the crushed powder of Portland cement is essential to avoid the flash setting of concrete during its early hydration. Indeed, the tricalcium aluminate (C
3A) is the most reactive phase of the four main mineral phases present in Portland cement (C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF). C3A hydration is very exothermic and also occurs very fast in the fresh concrete mix as the temperature quickly increases with the progress of the hydration reaction. The effect of gypsum addition is to promote the formation of a thin impervious film of ettringite at the surface of the C
3A grains, passivating their surface, and so slowing down their hydration. The addition of gypsum to Portland cement is needed to control the concrete setting.

Ettringite, the most prominent representative of AFt phases or (Al2O3 − Fe2O3 − tri), can also be synthesized in aqueous solution by reacting stoichiometric amounts of calcium oxide, aluminium oxide, and sulfate.

In the cement system, the presence of ettringite depends on the ratio of calcium sulfate to tri-calcium aluminate (C3A); when this ratio is low, ettringite forms during early hydration and then converts to the calcium aluminate monosulfate (AFm phases or (Al2O3 − Fe2O3 − mono)). When the ratio is intermediate, only a portion of the ettringite converts to AFm and both can coexist, while ettringite is unlikely to convert to AFm at high ratios.

The following standard abbreviations are used to designate the different oxide phases in the cement chemist notation (CCN):

### AFt and AFm phases

* AFt: abbreviation for "alumina, ferric oxide, tri-substituted" or (Al2O3 − Fe2O3 − tri). It represents a group of calcium aluminate hydrates. AFt has the general formula \[Ca
3(Al,Fe)(OH)
6•12H
2O\]
2•X
3•nH
2O where X represents a doubly charged anion or, sometimes, two singly charged anions. Ettringite is the most common and prominent member of the AFt group (X in this case denoting sulfate), and often simply called Alumina Ferrite tri-sulfate (AFt).
* AFm: abbreviation for "alumina, ferric oxide, mono-substituted" or (Al2O3 − Fe2O3 − mono). It represents another group of calcium aluminate hydrates with general formula \[Ca
2(Al,Fe)(OH)
6\]
2•X•nH
2O where X represents a singly charged anion or 'half' a doubly charged anion. X may be one of many anions. The most important anions involved in Portland cement hydration are hydroxyl (OH), sulfate (SO2−4), and carbonate (CO2−3).

## Structure

The mineral ettringite has a structure that runs parallel to the *c* axis – the needle axis – in the middle of these two lie the sulfate ions and H2O molecules, the space group is P31c. Ettringite crystal system is trigonal, crystals are elongated and in a needle like shape, occurrence of disorder or twining is common, which affects the intercolumn material. The first X-ray diffraction crystallographic study was done by Bannister, Hey and Bernal (1936), which found that the crystal unit cell is of a hexagonal form with *a* = 11.26 and *c* = 21.48 with space group P6
3/mmc and *Z* = 2, where Z is a number of formula units per unit cell. From observations on dehydration and chemical formulas there were suggestions of the structure being composed of Ca2+
and Al(OH)3−
6, were between them lie SO2−
4 ions and H2O molecules. Further X-ray studies ensued; namely Wellin (1956) which determined the crystal structure of thaumasite, and Besjak and Jelenic (1966) which gave confirmation of the structure nature of ettringite.

An ettringite sample extracted from Scawt Hill was analysed by C. E. Tilley, the crystal was 1.1 × 0.8 × 0.5 mm, with specific gravity of 1.772±0.002, possessed five prism faces of the form *m*{1010} and a small face *a*{1120}, with no pyramidal or basal faces. Upon X-ray diffraction a Laue diagram along the *c*-axis revealed a hexagonal axis with vertical planes of symmetry, this study showed that the structure has a hexagonal and not a rhombohedral lattice. Further studies conducted on synthetic ettringite by use of X-ray and powder diffraction confirmed earlier assumptions and analyses.

Upon analyzing the structure of both ettringite and thaumasite, it was deduced that both minerals have hexagonal structures, but different space groups.

Ettringite crystals have a P31c with a = 11.224 Å, c = 21,108 Å, while thaumasite crystals fall into space group P63 with a=11.04 Å, c=10.39 Å While these two minerals form a solid solution, the difference in space groups lead to discontinuities in unit cell parameters Differences between structures of ettringite and thaumasite arise from the columns of cations and anions Ettringite cation columns are composed of Ca3\[Al(OH)6·12H2O\]3+, which run parallel to the *c* axis, and the other columns of sulfate anions and water molecules in channels parallel to these columns In contrast, thaumasite containing a hexacoordinated silicon complex of Si(OH)2–
6 (a rare octahedral configuration for Si) consists of a cylindrical column of Ca3\[Si(OH)6·12H2O\]4+ in the *c* axis, with sulfate and carbonate anions in channels between these columns which contain water molecules as well.

## Further research

Ongoing research on ettringite and cement phase minerals is performed to find new ways to immobilize toxic anions (e.g., borate, selenate and arsenate) and heavy metals to avoid their dispersion in soils and the environment; this can be achieved by using the proper cement phases whose crystal lattice can accommodate these elements. For example, copper immobilization at high pH can be achieved through the formation of C-S-H/C-A-H and ettringite. The crystal structure of ettringite Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O can incorporate a variety of divalent ions: Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, which can substitute for Ca2+.

## InfoBox

| Ettringite | |
| --- | --- |
| Ettringite, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa | |
| General | |
| Category | Sulfate minerals |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O |
| IMA symbol | Ett |
| Strunz classification | 7.DG.15 |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Crystal class | Ditrigonal pyramidal (3m)
H-M symbol: (3m) |
| Space group | *P*31c |
| Unit cell | a = 11.23, c = 21.44 \[Å\]; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Colorless, pale yellow, milky white |
| Crystal habit | Acicular growth, striated prismatic crystals; fibrous to cottonlike |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {1010} |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2–2.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to opaque |
| Specific gravity | 1.77 |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (−) |
| Refractive index | nω = 1.491, nε = 1.470 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.021 |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | Non-fluorescent |
| Solubility | Partially soluble in water |
| Alters to | Partially dehydration on atmospheric exposure, becomes opaque |
| References |  |


title: Ettumanoor

abstract: Ettumanoor is a municipality in the Kottayam district of Kerala, India. It is located 10 km (6.2 mi) north of the district headquarters in Kottayam and about 129 km (80.2 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. As per the 2011 Indian census, Ettumanoor has a population of 26,993 people, and a population density of 1,687/km⁲ (4,370/sq mi).

text:
# Ettumanoor

**Ettumanoor** (\[e:tuma:nu:r\]) is a municipality in the Kottayam district of Kerala, India. It is located 10 km (6.2 mi) north of the district headquarters in Kottayam and about 129 km (80.2 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. As per the 2011 Indian census, Ettumanoor has a population of 26,993 people, and a population density of 1,687/km2 (4,370/sq mi).

## Etymology

The name of the place had its mythological origin from the word 'man oor' in Malayalam, which means the place of deer as 'maan' means deer and 'oor' means place. Another version is that the name originated from the 'Ettu Mana Ooru', ie, 'The Land of Eight Namboothiri Manas' or 'Ashta Grihas'. These Eight Manas (Brahmin families) are the original Ooralans of great Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple. It is also believed that at this place (ooru) Lord Siva appeared in Eight (Ettu) different forms (maanam) and hence the name Ettumanoor.

Ettumanoor is a historical place as myths have said that the Pandavas and the sage Vyasa had established the famous Ettumanoor Mahadeva temple here.

## Transportation

The town has two bus stands. A KSRTC station master office with bus station and a well built private bus stand. All Deluxe, Express and interstate buses stop here. Direct buses are available to all places including Bangalore, Mangalore, Theni, Cumbum, Velankanni, Palani, Madurai, Tuticorin, Kanyakumari, Salem and Coimbatore. The bus stands are close and a big market is sandwiched between the bus stands, this has made Ettumanoor a convenient shopping place. Two state highways are crossing each other in the town and another two are starting from the town. This makes the town an important changing point for the commuters. Recent development in the nearby areas / start up of new institutions in the neighbour hood and easiness in conveyance has made the town the dearest location for migration. This has led to an increase in the population and change in demography.

## Economy

Industrial Estate under the government of Kerala and Government of India Production center are major industrial centres in Ettumanoor. It is the only industrial estate in Kerala under the Ministry of Labor, Govt. of India. Rolling shutters, Bakery items, Rubber products, wood products etc. are main products.

Ettumanoor was the main centre of building material trade since the 1950s in central Travancore. N T Paul and company was established in 1946 in Ettumanoor. Nearby areas of the town like cheruvandoor, koodalloor and kothanallor are known for production of vegetables. Places in the east and south like kattachira and kandanchira are known for pottery and bricks. During first half of last century Ettumaoor was known for trading and some people like Hassan Rawther known as a trader.

There is one big fish market opening daily from early morning of 4.00 AM behind Private Bus Stand stand of Ettumanoor town under the control of Ettumanoor Municipal Corporation. There is another big vegetable market functions at Peroor Junction of Ettumanoor. One Supplyco Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation store also functions at Peroor Junction which offers consumable goods to public at subsidized prices. There are number of Marriage halls like Sree Shylam, Nandavanam and Thomson Kaylas, functioning in Ettumanoor for arranging marriage functions. A newly constructed multiplex cinema theatre by United Global Media a.k.a. UGM Entertainments is located at Court Junction. The theatre is rated to have 4K projector system on one screen with seating capacity of @70, and another 2 screens with 2K projector system, which all of these are Dolby Atmos certified.

## Education

The Mahatma Gandhi University which was established on 2 October 1983 is situated in Athirampuzha 6.7 km southwest of the town. An industrial training institute called ITI, a Government Boys' H.S., Girls' model High School and a Teachers Training School and lower primary school are the government educational institutions and SFS Public School and Junior College, Shree Vidyadhiraja Higher Secondary School, Ebenezer International Residential School are the privately run ones. Town U.P.S School is Pvt. Aided and Established in 1918 is the oldest one. Mangalam College of Engineering and Ettumanoorappan College, Ettumanoor. There is more than dozen of colleges and professional institutions in Ettumanoor constituency. Ettumanoor is the headquarters of Kerala Chuvar Chithra Kala Kendram (Govt. of Kerala).

## Hospitals

Government Medical College, Kottayam is located 6 km far away from Ettumanoor Town. Direct private and public buses are available from Ettumanoor to Kottayam Medical college. A Kerala Government well run general hospital is available at Ettumanoor nearby old Panchayth office for general treatments with free of cost.

Two private hospitals named Caritas Hospital and Matha Hospital are located within a 3 km radius from central junction towards Kottayam. Mitera hospital provides mother and child specific care, which is located at Thellakom.

## Politics

Ettumanoor assembly constituency is part of Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency).

The major political parties present in Ettumanoor are Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Communist Party of India, Kerala Congress and Bharathiya Janatha Party. Presently the Ettumanoor Municipality is ruled by the Indian National Congress

## Mahadeva Temple

The ancient Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple here has brought glory and fame to the place. Myths have it that the Pandavas and the sage Vyasa had worshipped at this temple. The name of the place had its origin from the word 'manoor', which means the home of deer.

The present temple building, with its gopuram and the fortress around it, was reconstructed in 717 ME (1542 AD). There are Dravidian mural paintings on the walls inside and outside of the main entrance. The fresco of Pradosha Nritham (Dance of Shiva) is one of the finest Wall painting in India. There is a golden flag staff inside the temple. On the top of it is the idol of a bull surrounded by small bells and metal leaves of the banyan tree. The temple roofs are covered with copper sheets and it has 14 ornamental tops. Bhagavati, Sastha, Ganapathy and Yakshi are installed here as subordinate deities. It is believed that the great philosopher, Sankaracharya wrote the 'Soundaraya Lahari' staying in the temple.

### Festivals

The famous Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple hosts the arattu festival celebrated on a grand scale on the Thiruvathira day in February–March every year. Lot of people come to this temple on the 8th and 10th day of the festival when seven and half elephants (in Malayalam: ezharaponnaana) made of gold (nearly 13 kg) will be held in public view. This statue was donated to the temple by a travancore maharaja. The temple, the wealthiest Devaswom in Kerala, has many valuable possessions.

The Thulabharam is one of the important rituals of this temple. People make offerings to God for favours received. On balance, the child or man for whom offerings were promised to God, is weighed against offerings ranging from gold to fruits. Ettumanoor is an important pilgrim Centre of Hindus.

The history of origin of *Ettumaanoorappan* is from Kattampakk, a small village in Kottayam district.

Etumanoor was a temple town; so the great sage vyasa came to the temple as a mahamuni.

## Ettumanur railway station

Ettumanoor railway station was the hub for steel supply for Idukki dams during its construction. Express trains like Venad Express and Parasuram express stop at the railway station. During festivals at Ettumanur temple, express trains like Vanchinad Express have special stops here.

## Radio Mangalam 91.2 FM

Radio Mangalam 91.2 FM, managed by Mangalam College of Engineering, has been a vibrant community radio station since 2016, offering diverse programming that caters to its local audience. The station features three live shows daily. From 8 AM to 10 AM, Mangalam Wishes starts the day with lively greetings and messages from listeners, creating a positive and engaging morning atmosphere. Mangalam Vani, airing from 1 PM to 2 PM, focuses on discussions, interviews, and topics of community interest, fostering dialogue and awareness. In the evening, from 7:30 PM to 8:30 PM, Crazy Time brings entertainment and fun to the airwaves, ending the day on a lighthearted note. These programs highlight Radio Mangalam's commitment to community engagement and local content.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Ettumanoor | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| North entrance to the temple | |
| EttumanoorLocation in Kerala, IndiaEttumanoorEttumanoor (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°40′N 76°34′E / 9.67°N 76.57°E / 9.67; 76.57 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kottayam |
| Area | |
| Total | 16 km2 (6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 26,993 |
| Density | 1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 686631 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-05 |
| Nearest city | Kottayam |
| Literacy | Nearly 100% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Kottayam |


title: Eucalyptus dolorosa

abstract: Eucalyptus dolorosa, commonly known as the Mount Misery mallee or Dandaragan mallee, is a species of eucalypt that is endemic to Western Australia. It is a mallee with a short skirt of rough flaky bark at the base of the trunk, smooth pale greyish brown above, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped to spherical fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus dolorosa

***Eucalyptus dolorosa***, commonly known as the **Mount Misery mallee** or **Dandaragan mallee**, is a species of eucalypt that is endemic to Western Australia. It is a mallee with a short skirt of rough flaky bark at the base of the trunk, smooth pale greyish brown above, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped to spherical fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus dolorosa* typically grows to a height of 1.5–5 m (4 ft 11 in – 16 ft 5 in) and forms a lignotuber. The bark on the lower 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) of the trunk is rough flaky and grey to yellowish brown, smooth, pale grey-brown above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves arranged alternately, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, 65–115 mm (2.6–4.5 in) long, 25–40 mm (0.98–1.57 in) wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are glossy green, arranged alternately, lance-shaped to curved 75–102 mm (3.0–4.0 in) long and 14–23 mm (0.55–0.91 in) wide with a pointed apex and a base tapering to a petiole 9–20 mm (0.35–0.79 in) long. The flower buds are arranged on the ends of branchlets on a branching peduncle 4–15 mm (0.16–0.59 in) long, the individual buds on a pedicel 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) long and 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide with a conical operculum. It blooms between February and March producing yellow flowers. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped to more or less spherical capsule 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and 11–14 mm (0.43–0.55 in) wide with a descending disc and four or five valves at rim level. The brown pyramidal seeds within are 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long.

## Taxonomy

*Eucalyptus dolorosa* was first formally described by the botanists Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper in 1993 in the journal *Nuytsia*. The specific epithet is taken from the Latin word *dolorosus* meaning "painful" or "sad", in reference to the only locality where the species is found.

The species is part of the *Eucalyptus* subgenus series *Diversiformae*, a group of mallees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in this series include *E. erectifolia*, *E. platydisca*, *E. diversifolia*, *E. todtiana*, *E. lateritica*, *E. pachyloma* and *E. buprestium*.

## Distribution and habitat

Mount Misery mallee is found on a hillside in a small area of the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia around Dandaragan where it grows in lateritic soils.

The plant is part of a mallee heath community over low scrub, situated between large ironstone boulders. Other species found in the scrub include *Eucalyptus arachnaea*, *E. gittinsii*, *E. pluricaulis*, *E. abdita*, *Hakea lissocarpha*, *H. obliqua*, *H. undulata*, *Calothamnus quadrifidus*, *Melaleuca radula*, *Acacia pulchella* and *Eremaea asterocarpa*.

## Conservation status

This species is listed as endangered by the *Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999* and as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). A total of 25 individual plants in eight population groups remain in a small remnant of natural bush on a private property on the summit and slopes of Mount Misery, a lateritic hill east of Cataby in Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| Mount Misery mallee | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (EPBC Act) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. dolorosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus dolorosa***
Brooker & Hopper | |
|


title: Eucalyptus diversicolor

abstract: Eucalyptus diversicolor, commonly known as karri, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tall tree with smooth light grey to cream-coloured, often mottled bark, lance-shaped adult leaves and barrel-shaped fruit. Found in higher rainfall areas, karri is commercially important for its timber.

text:
# Eucalyptus diversicolor

***Eucalyptus diversicolor***, commonly known as **karri**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tall tree with smooth light grey to cream-coloured, often mottled bark, lance-shaped adult leaves and barrel-shaped fruit. Found in higher rainfall areas, karri is commercially important for its timber.

## Description

*Eucalyptus diversicolor* is the tallest tree that grows in Western Australia. It is a tall forest tree that typically grows to a height of 10–60 m (33–197 ft) but can reach as high as 90 m (300 ft), making it the tallest tree in Western Australia and one of the tallest in the world. As of February 2019, the tallest known living karri is just over 80 m (260 ft) tall. A tree south of Pemberton, known as 'The Tyrant' is 69 m (226 ft) tall and 11.5 m (38 ft) in girth and contains approximately 220 m3 (7,800 cu ft) of wood in its trunk and is thought to be the largest karri by wood volume. A *Eucalyptus diversicolor* of 72.9 m (239 ft) height and of 5.71 m (18.7 ft) girth in Coimbra, Portugal, is the tallest reliably measured tree in Europe.

Karri are an evergreen tree and typically have a heavy, widespread crown. The tree's trunk tend to be long and straight with a diameter of 150 to 300 cm (59 to 118 in) making up about two thirds of the length of the tree.

The trees root can reach depths of up to 50 m (160 ft).

Karri do not form a lignotuber but do form epicormic buds located under the bark along the length of the stem. Trees are able to resprout from the buds after fire or other damage.

The bark on the trunk and branches is smooth, grey to cream-coloured or pale orange, often mottled and is shed in larger plates, short ribbons or small polygonal flakes. The bark sheds each year with the new white bark contrasting with the orange to yellow new bark contrasts against the recently exposed white bark. The bark becomes increasingly granulated with age. The bark is rich in tannins.

The stems and branchlets are round in cross section, the branchlets have no oil glands in the pith.

The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, broadly egg-shaped to almost round, paler on the lower surface, 50–155 mm (2.0–6.1 in) long, 25–100 mm (0.98–3.94 in) wide and petiolate. The leaves tend to be more spreading than pendulous. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy dark green on the upper surface, paler below, lance-shaped, 70–135 mm (2.8–5.3 in) long and 15–37 mm (0.59–1.46 in) wide on a flattened or channelled petiole 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long. The leaves are penniveined, where the veins arise pinnately, in a feather like arrangement, from a single primary vein. The leaves are densely reticulated where the network of veins within the leaf is packed closely together. The prominent vein near the margin of the leaf is very close to the margin and runs almost parallel with it. The yellow oil glands within the leaves are situated in centre of the smallest unreticulated areas. The fine lateral nerves spread at a wide angle from the midrib.

The unbranched inflorescences are situated in the axils in small clusters on a common stalk. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on a rounded peduncle 12–30 mm (0.47–1.18 in) long, each bud on a pedicel 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long. The buds are oval, 11–16 mm (0.43–0.63 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide at maturity with a conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in January, April, May, August and December, and the flowers are white. The flowers have narrow cylindrical calyx tubes that slowly taper to the base into the pedicel. The many stamen form a continuous ring and has inflected white coloured filaments. The anthers at the end of the filaments have an oblong shape and open into a parallel longitudinal slits.

The fruit is a woody barrel-shaped capsule 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) wide on a pedicel 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long with three valves at or below rim level.

The seeds found within the fruits have a flattened ovoid shape, are grey in colour with a length of 1.2 to 3 mm (0.047 to 0.118 in). The seeds are pointed at one end with a smooth back and a scar from where it was once attached to the placenta on the underside.

*E. diversicolor* is relatively fast growing, particularly compared to other Eucalypts, and can grow 2 m (6 ft 7 in) each year for the first five years of its life. It reaches maturity after 10 to 15 years.

The species has a haploid chromosome number of 12.

## Taxonomy

*Eucalyptus diversicolor* was first formally described in 1863 by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in his book *Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae*. The type specimen was collected in 1860 by the botanist Augustus Frederick Oldfield near Wilson Inlet, the location given, in Latin, is *In Australiae regionibus depressioribus quam Maxime austro occidentalibus, ubi Blue Gum-tree vocatur*.

The holotype is held at Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, syntypes are held at Cambridge University Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

The botanical name *diversicolor* is taken from the Latin word *diversus* meaning to turn apart and color or "separate colours" and refers to the difference between the top of the leaf and its underside. The common name is derived from the Noongar name for the tree *karri* pronounces *ka-ree*.

Karri is a part of the *Symphyomyrtus* subgenus, all of which have two opercula on the buds and have four rows of ovules. It is not closely related to any other members of the subgenus and is the sole species in the section *Inclusae*. The defining feature of this section is having inflexed stamens, flattened ovoid seed shape, enclosed valves of the fruit and the lack of pith glands in the branchlets. Although it has no closely related species it has some affinity with tall Eucalypts found the wet forests of eastern Australian including *E. saligna* and *E. grandis* all of which have discolorous adult leaves and seeds with a flattened-ovoid shape.

## Distribution and habitat

The climate over the range of the tree is mildly temperate with small variations in humidity and temperature with frosts only occurring on rare occasions. Karri occurs only within the High Rainfall Zone of the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia which receives 900 to 1,300 millimetres (35.4 to 51.2 in) of rain per year, mostly in winter. It mostly occurs within the Warren biogeographic region, but there are some outlying populations including the Porongorup Ranges, Mount Manypeaks, Torbay, Rocky Gully all along the south coast and Karridale and Forest Grove to the north west and the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge to the south of Margaret River to the west of the main belt.

The heart of the karri forest is found near Nannup and Manjimup through to Denmark.

The total area covered by karri forest is less than 200,000 hectares (494,211 acres) which is about one fifth of its virgin growth. The nearest tall tree forests are some 3,000 kilometres (1,864 mi) to the east in Tasmania and Victoria.

Karri has been introduced to parts of Africa including; Kenya, Tanzania and the Canary Islands.

The species is considered invasive in South Africa where it is a problem in the Western Cape region and is locally known a *karie*. It commonly invades clearings, fynbos, water courses and road sides often out competing local species and is spread easily by seed dispersal.

## Ecology

Karri is regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees include; *Corymbia calophylla* (Marri), *Eucalyptus gomphocephala* (Tuart), *Eucalyptus jacksonii* (Red Tingle), *Eucalyptus marginata* (Jarrah) and *Eucalyptus patens* (Yarri).

Some karri specimens are thought to reach an age of up to 300 years. The soil in which the species grows is often poor, and the tree tends to flower after fire to take advantage of the nutrients released by the combustion of forest litter. The soil is classified as karri loam. Though low in some minor nutrients it is admired for its depth and pasture-growing properties. The depth of the soil is several metres and thought to be created primarily from the bark shed by the tree, which collects at the trunk base to a depth upwards of six metres in mature trees. The karri supports an extensive ecosystem which is connected to the granite outcrops of the lower south-west and the many subsequent creeks and rivers created from runoff. Karri generally dominate in the deep valleys between granite outcrops surrounding the creeks and rivers.

A dense understorey is found in karri forest areas which retains moisture over the hot summers. Associated trees and shrubs found in the understorey include the peppermint (*Agonis flexuosa*), karri sheoak (*Allocasuarina decussata*), karri wattle (*Acacia pentadenia*) and karri oak (*Chorilaena quercifolia*). A diverse assemblage of flowers and smaller plants – around 2,000 plant taxa – make up the mosaic of habitats within the karri forests.

The tree has a complex floral cycle and it takes four to five years from the production of flowers to the seeds being released. The production of seed is dependent on a multitude of variables including tree density, availability of pollinators, soil moisture, genetics, nutrients and fire.

### Pollinators

Most Eucalypts achieve pollination through insects and birds rather than wind. Insects are far less active through the colder winter months so bird pollination is thought to be more important. The trees are often visited by nectar feeding birds, particularly Purple-crowned lorikeets. The lorikeets have a wide range and are quite active during winter and are thought to be dominant pollinators and able to cross pollinate over larger distances. Karri is a source of pollen for honeybees (*Apis mellifera*). The pollen has a protein content of 23.4% and provides sufficient amino acids for the nutrition of *A. mellifera*. The content of some of the amino acids are; 3.84% proline, 2.07% glutamic acid, 1.72% lysine, 1.22% cystine, 1.91% aspartic acid, 1.50% leucine, 1.11% alanine and 1.11% valine.

## Uses

The wood has a green density of around 1,200 kilograms per cubic metre (75 lb/cu ft) with an air-dried density of about 900 kilograms per cubic metre (56 lb/cu ft). The heartwood of Karri is a red colour and closely resembles Jarrah heartwood. Bushmen used to tell the two timbers apart by burning a splint of wood, Karri would leave a white ash and Jarrah would leave a grey to black coloured ash. Timber from Karri is suitable for construction work. It is a little more dense than Jarrah but is much stronger. Karri wood is not as termite resistant as that of Jarrah. The tree has been logged since the settlement of Western Australia with logging towns appearing throughout the range of the tree and producing hardwood timbers, mostly for construction purposes, for the first 150 years since settlement. The first Karri timber to be felled for export was at the isolated population around Leeuwin, which became known as Karridale. The virtues of the wood were promoted in the 1920s by the state conservator of forests, Charles Lane-Poole, who noted the colonists' preference for other timber as its vulnerability to white ants made it a poor choice for fence posts and railway sleepers. The timber found uses in the state for wagon spokes and wooden pipes, and in England it was found suitable for scantlings by the national railway and telegraph arms by the postal services and was listed among Lloyds shipbuilding timbers as possessing great strength over large lengths.

Fire lookouts were established in the forests using the tallest Karri trees, giving the foresters a commanding view of the landscape. The idea of using karri trees in this way was first suggested in 1937 by a young forester, Don Stewart, who later became Conservator of Forests. The first of these was built on a large marri (*Corymbia calophylla*) at Alco, near Nannup. Eight lookouts were established in the forests between 1937 and 1952. Spotter planes are now used and some of the trees are now used as tourist attractions.

Karri wood is a beautiful mahogany colour, lighter in colour than jarrah. It is used extensively in the building industry, particularly in roofs for the length and knot-free quality of the boards. The wood is also used for flooring, furniture, cabinetry and plywood. The heartwood is golden to reddish brown, often with an orange or purple cast, and tends to darken with age. It has an interlocked grain with a uniform medium-coarse texture. It has the reputation of being termite-prone, although it is nowhere near as susceptible to these insects as pine. It is durable against rot. It is also an excellent furniture wood.

Some of the main streets of early Sydney were paved with blocks of Karri but have been long since covered by asphalt. The wood was also sent to London for the same purpose.

Karri honey is widely sought after for its clarity, light color and delicate flavor. In 1952 it was estimated that 25% of honey produced in Western Australia was produced in Karri forests. Tourism to this area is also supported by the Karri. Main honey flows occur every four to five years with even larger flows every fifteen years or so.

The species is commercially available and sold in seed form. It germinates readily and prefers a protected sunny position, but is known to be both drought- and frost-sensitive. Although too large for most suburban gardens they are suitable in plantations. Seeds will germinate in three to four weeks and have germination rates of 84%.

## Further reading

* Boland, D. J., *et al.* (1984). *Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged)*, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 0-643-05423-5.

## InfoBox

| Karri | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Near Boranup | |
| Conservation status | |
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Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. diversicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus diversicolor***
F.Muell. | |
|


title: Eta Leonis

abstract: Eta Leonis is a third-magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Leo, about 1,270 light years away.

text:
# Eta Leonis

**Eta Leonis** (η Leo, η Leonis) is a third-magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Leo, about 1,270 light years away.

## Properties

Eta Leonis is a blue supergiant with the stellar classification A0Ib. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. Though its apparent magnitude is 3.5, making it a relatively dim star to the naked eye, it is nearly 20,000 times more luminous than the Sun, with an absolute magnitude of -5.60. The Hipparcos astrometric data has estimated the distance of Eta Leonis to be roughly 390 parsecs from Earth, or 1,270 light years away. It is believed to be in a blue loop phase.

Eta Leonis is apparently a multiple star system, but the number of components and their separation is uncertain.

## InfoBox

Eta Leonis
| Location of η Leo (circled) | |
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| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Leo |
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| Right ascension | 10h 07m 19.95186s |
| Declination | 16° 45 45.592 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 3.486 |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | Blue supergiant (blue loop) |
| Spectral type | A0 Ib |
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| U−B color index | −0.206 |
| B−V color index | −0.026 |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 1.40 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −2.80 mas/yr
Dec.: −1.82 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 2.57 ± 0.16 mas |
| **Distance** | 1,270 ± 80 ly
(390 ± 20 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −5.54 |
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| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 10 |
| **Radius** | 47 |
| **Luminosity** | 19,000 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 2.00 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 9,600 |
| **Metallicity** | −0.04 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 2 km/s |
| **Age** | 25 Myr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| η Leo, 30 Leonis, HR 3975, BD+17°2171, HD 87737, FK5 379, HIP 49583, SAO 98955, GC 13899 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Eucalyptus fraseri

abstract: Eucalyptus fraseri, commonly known as Balladonia gum, is a species of tree or mallet that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth white to greyish bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and cup-shaped, conical or hemispherical fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus fraseri

***Eucalyptus fraseri***, commonly known as **Balladonia gum**, is a species of tree or mallet that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth white to greyish bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and cup-shaped, conical or hemispherical fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus fraseri* is a tree or mallet that typically grows to a height of 5–20 m (16–66 ft) but does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth white to greyish bark that is shed in ribbons, sometimes with rough, dark bark near the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull bluish to glaucous, petiolate leaves that are egg-shaped, 75–105 mm (3.0–4.1 in) long and 35–65 mm (1.4–2.6 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same glossy green on both sides when mature, lance-shaped or curved, 90–170 mm (3.5–6.7 in) long and 13–35 mm (0.51–1.38 in) wide on a petiole 15–33 mm (0.59–1.30 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven or nine on a thick, unbranched peduncle 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to 3 mm (0.12 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long and 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) wide with a conical operculum that is often striated. Flowering occurs between January and March or April and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped, conical or hemispherical capsule 7–11 mm (0.28–0.43 in) long and 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) wide with the valves near rim level.

## Taxonomy and naming

Balladonia gum was first formally in 1972 by Ian Brooker in the journal *Nuytsia* and was given the name *Eucalyptus conglobata* subsp. *fraseri*. Brooker collected the type specimen near Balladonia. In 1976, Brooker raised the subspecies to species status as *Eucalyptus fraseri*. The specific epithet (*fraseri*) honours Sir Malcolm Fraser, Surveyor General of Western Australia from 1872 to 1883.

In 2001, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

* *Eucalyptus fraseri* (Brooker) Brooker subsp. *fraseri* has smooth bark throughout;
* *Eucalyptus fraseri* subsp. *melanobasis* L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill has a stocking of thick, hard black bark on the lower 1.5–4 m (4 ft 11 in – 13 ft 1 in) of the trunk.

## Distribution and Habitat

*Eucalyptus fraseri* grows in open shrubland on open plains, low dunes and hilly areas between Norseman, Scaddan and Balladonia growing in calcareous loam or sandy soils over limestone. Subspecies *melanobasis* has a distribution restricted to the upper parts of the Fraser Range.

## Conservation status

Subspecies *fraseri* is classified as "not threatened" but subspecies *melanobasis* is classified as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.

## InfoBox

| Balladonia gum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus fraseri* growing near Balladonia | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. fraseri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus fraseri***<br>(Brooker) Brooker | |
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| Synonyms | |
| *Eucalyptus conglobata* subsp. *fraseri* Brooker | |


title: Eucalyptus fruticosa

abstract: Eucalyptus fruticosa is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk, sometimes also on the larger branches, smooth pale brownish bark above, linear to narrow elliptical adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white to cream-coloured flowers and barrel-shaped to shortened spherical fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus fruticosa

***Eucalyptus fruticosa*** is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk, sometimes also on the larger branches, smooth pale brownish bark above, linear to narrow elliptical adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white to cream-coloured flowers and barrel-shaped to shortened spherical fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus fruticosa* is a sprawling mallee or a shrub that typically grows to a height of 1.5–5 m (4 ft 11 in – 16 ft 5 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk, sometimes extending to the larger branches, smooth pale brown bark shedding in ribbons above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have heart-shaped to elliptic leaves 12–60 mm (0.47–2.36 in) long, 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) wide and glaucous at first. Adult leaves are linear or narrow lance-shaped to narrow elliptical, the same glossy green on both sides, 30–80 mm (1.2–3.1 in) long and 7–17 mm (0.28–0.67 in) wide on a petiole up to 13 mm (0.51 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long. Mature buds are oval to spindle-shaped, 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) wide with a conical to beaked operculum. Flowering occurs between January and May and the flowers are white to cream-coloured. The fruit is a woody barrel-shaped to shortened spherical capsule 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide with the valves near rim level.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus fruticosa* was first formally described in 1979 by Ian Brooker in the journal *Brunonia* from a specimen he collected 103 mi (166 km) south of Exmouth. The specific epithet (*fruticosa*) is derived from a Latin word meaning "shrubby", referring to the habit of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

This mallee grows in red sandy soils on sand plains, sand dunes and calcareous hills in open shrubland along the coast of Western Australia from south of Exmouth Gulf to south of Shark Bay.

## Conservation status

This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| *Eucalyptus fruticosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus fruticosa* near Learmonth | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. fruticosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus fruticosa***<br>Brooker | |
|


title: Eugene Guth

abstract: Eugene Guth was a Hungarian-American physicist who made contributions to polymer physics and to nuclear and solid state physics. He was awarded a Ph.D. in theoretical physics by the University of Vienna in 1928. He was a postdoctoral research associate with Wolfgang Pauli at the Austrian–German Science Foundation, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich and University of Leipzig, with Werner Heisenberg from 1930 to 1931. He was professor at the University of Vienna (1932–1937) and the University of Notre Dame 1937-1955. He was at Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 1955 to 1971.

text:
# Eugene Guth

**Eugene Guth** (August 21, 1905  July 5, 1990) was a Hungarian-American physicist who made contributions to polymer physics and to nuclear and solid state physics. He was awarded a Ph.D. in theoretical physics by the University of Vienna in 1928. He was a postdoctoral research associate with Wolfgang Pauli at the Austrian–German Science Foundation, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich and University of Leipzig, with Werner Heisenberg from 1930 to 1931. He was professor at the University of Vienna (1932–1937) and the University of Notre Dame 1937-1955. He was at Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 1955 to 1971.

## Discoveries

He is noted for several pioneering discoveries that advanced the field of polymer physics, which was recognised by the award of the Bingham Medal for rheology in 1965. These included the treatment of the flexible, randomly kinked molecule in Brownian motion of polymers; the explanation of the entropic origin of the elastic force; and the Kinetic Theory of Rubber Elasticity.

Aside from establishing the first polymer physics laboratory at an academic institution in America, Dr. Guth had an international reputation in physics and polymer science. In 1976, he delivered the first plenary lecture on "Birth and Rise of Polymer Science - Myth and Truth," before the International Symposium on Applied Polymer Science. Two years later, he received the University of Vienna's Distinguished Alumnus Award, and in 1979, he was awarded the Honor Cross of Science and Arts by President Rudolf Kirchschläger of the Republic of Austria. He remained interested in science throughout his entire life. His last article was published posthumously in 1991 in the *Journal of Polymer Science Part B*.

## Legacy

A book, co-edited by his long-time friend and colleague Professor J. E. (Jim) Mark of the University of Cincinnati, was intended to celebrate Eugene Guth's 85th birthday, but subsequently was published as a memorial. The book is entitled "Elastomeric Polymer Networks", Prentice Hall Publishers, 1992, ISBN 0-13-249483-3. The oval picture to the right is found in the inside preface to that collected papers volume.

## InfoBox

| Eugene Guth | |
| --- | --- |
| Eugene Guth | |
| Born | (1905-08-21)August 21, 1905
Budapest, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | July 5, 1990(1990-07-05) (aged 84)
Oak Ridge, Tennessee |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Doctoral advisor | Hans Thirring |
|  | |


title: Eugene H. Merrill (politician)

abstract: Eugene Hyde Merrill served as a commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1952-1953 at the end of the Truman administration. Merrill was from Utah and was a Latter-day Saint. Merrill was born in Salt Lake City. From 1928-1930 he served a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in North Carolina. He studied Mining Engineering at the University of Utah where he earned his B.S. degree in 1932. In 1935 Merrill was appointed the chief engineer of the Public Service Commission of Utah. He served in that position until 1941. In 1939-1940 Merrill served as president of the National Conference of Public Utilities. In 1941 Merrill was appointed an administrator of the War Production Board. From 1945-1950 Merrill served as a manager of the German Communications Agency which operated in US occupied Germany. He then served as an administrator of the United States Department of Commerce until his appointment as a commissioner of the FCC. From 1953-1961 Merrill worked as a consultant for NATO. He was then Deputy Assistant Secretary of the United States Army from 1961-1966.

text:
# Eugene H. Merrill (politician)

**Eugene Hyde Merrill** (June 25, 1908  January 4, 1973) served as a commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1952-1953 at the end of the Truman administration. Merrill was from Utah and was a Latter-day Saint.

Merrill was born in Salt Lake City. From 1928-1930 he served a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in North Carolina. He studied Mining Engineering at the University of Utah where he earned his B.S. degree in 1932.

In 1935 Merrill was appointed the chief engineer of the Public Service Commission of Utah. He served in that position until 1941. In 1939-1940 Merrill served as president of the National Conference of Public Utilities. In 1941 Merrill was appointed an administrator of the War Production Board.

From 1945-1950 Merrill served as a manager of the German Communications Agency which operated in US occupied Germany. He then served as an administrator of the United States Department of Commerce until his appointment as a commissioner of the FCC. From 1953-1961 Merrill worked as a consultant for NATO. He was then Deputy Assistant Secretary of the United States Army from 1961-1966.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Eugene Hyde Merrill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission | |
| **In office**
October 6, 1952 - April 15, 1953 | |
| President | Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | June 25, 1908
Salt Lake City, Utah U.S.A. |
| Died | January 4, 1973 |
| Education | University of Utah |
| Occupation | Deputy Assistant Secretary / consultant / commissioner chief engineer administrator / manager |
|  | |


title: Eudonia lindbergalis

abstract: Eudonia lindbergalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Viette in 1958. It is found in Cape Verde.

text:
# Eudonia lindbergalis

***Eudonia lindbergalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Viette in 1958. It is found in Cape Verde.

## InfoBox

| *Eudonia lindbergalis* | |
| --- | --- |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Eudonia* |
| Species: | ***E. lindbergalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudonia lindbergalis***<br>Viette, 1958 | |
|


title: Eucerceris provancheri

abstract: Eucerceris provancheri is a species of wasp in the family Philanthidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Eucerceris provancheri

***Eucerceris provancheri*** is a species of wasp in the family Philanthidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## InfoBox

| *Eucerceris provancheri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Philanthidae |
| Tribe: | Cercerini |
| Genus: | *Eucerceris* |
| Species: | ***E. provancheri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucerceris provancheri***<br>(Dalla Torre, 1890) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerceris provancheri*  Dalla Torre, 1890 | |


title: Euptera kinugnana

abstract: Euptera kinugnana is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and on Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests. Adults feed on flowers as well as fermented fruit. They are on wing from August to December and from April to May. The larvae feed on Bequaertiodendron natalense.

text:
# Euptera kinugnana

***Euptera kinugnana*** is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and on Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.

Adults feed on flowers as well as fermented fruit. They are on wing from August to December and from April to May.

The larvae feed on *Bequaertiodendron natalense*.

## Subspecies

* *Euptera kinugnana kinugnana* (Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique)
* *Euptera kinugnana insularis* Collins, 1995 (Madagascar)

## InfoBox

| *Euptera kinugnana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Euptera* |
| Species: | ***E. kinugnana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euptera kinugnana***<br>(Grose-Smith, 1889) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euryphene kinugnana* Grose-Smith, 1889 * *Euptera pluto kinugnana* * *Pseudacraea uhelda* Mabille, 1890 * *Euptera pluto kinugnana* f. *rufa* Joicey and Talbot, 1921 * *Euptera pluto kinugnana* f. *mckayi* Gifford, 1965 | |


title: Utsubo Dam

abstract: Utsubo Dam is a gravity dam located in Gifu Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 1052.5 km⁲. The dam impounds about 53 ha of land when full and can store 4524 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1952 and completed in 1953.

text:
# Utsubo Dam

**Utsubo Dam** is a gravity dam located in Gifu Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 1052.5 km2. The dam impounds about 53 ha of land when full and can store 4524 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1952 and completed in 1953.

## InfoBox

| Utsubo Dam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Utsubo Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Gifu Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°20′22″N 137°9′59″E / 36.33944°N 137.16639°E / 36.33944; 137.16639 |
| Construction began | 1952 |
| Opening date | 1953 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 25.5m |
| Length | 155.7m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 4524 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 1052.5 sq. km |
| Surface area | 53 hectares |


title: Prodavnica tajni

abstract: Prodavnica tajni is the fourth studio album from Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Bajaga i Instruktori, released in 1988. The album was polled in 1998 as the 79th on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav rock and pop albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike.

text:
# Prodavnica tajni

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Ritam* |  |
| Muzika.hr (2010 reissue review) |  |

***Prodavnica tajni*** (trans. *The Shop of Secrets*) is the fourth studio album from Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Bajaga i Instruktori, released in 1988.

The album was polled in 1998 as the 79th on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav rock and pop albums in the book *YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike* (*YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music*).

## Background and recording

In 2008, the band's frontman Momčilo Bajagić stated that he worked on the songs during his vacation in Thailand, during the band's Soviet Union tour, and in Belgrade. *Prodavnica tajni* was recorded in Radio Novi Sad studios, because, as Bajagić stated, the pressure of journalists was too big in Bajaga i Instruktori homecity Belgrade.

The album was named after Dino Buzzati book *La boutique del mistero*. Bajagić stated that he liked the book, but that the songs had no connection with it.

*Prodavnica tajni* marked a slight stylistic change in the band's sound: the songs were simpler, without brass instruments, frequent on the band's previous releases, based on acoustic guitars and keyboards, and the songs "Plavi safir", "Vesela pesma", "Život je nekad siv, nekad žut" and "Ruski voz" featured folk music elements.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Gore-dole" ("Up-Down") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Plavi safir" ("Blue Sapphire") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić | 4:40 |
| 3. | "Verujem - Ne verujem" ("I Believe - I don't Believe") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić | 3:20 |
| 4. | "Godine prolaze" ("Years Are Passing By") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić | 3:43 |
| 5. | "Ruski voz" ("Russian Train") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić, Ž. Milenković | 4:09 |
| 6. | "Vesela pesma" ("Merry Song") | Ž. Milenković | Ž. Milenković | 3:33 |
| 7. | "Tišina" ("Silence") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić | 4:50 |
| 8. | "Život je nekad siv, nekad žut" ("Life Is Sometimes Grey and Sometimes Yellow") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić, Ž. Milenković | 3:49 |
| 9. | "Od kada tebe volim" ("Since I've Been in Love With You") | M. Bajagić | M. Bajagić | 3:58 |

## Personnel

* Momčilo Bajagić \- vocals, guitar, acoustic guitar, arranged by
* Žika Milenković \- vocals, arranged by
* Miroslav Cvetković - bass guitar, backing vocals, arranged by
* Saša Lokner \- keyboards, backing vocals, arranged by
* Nenad Stamatović - guitar, backing vocals
* Vladimir Golubović - drums, backing vocals, arranged by

### Additional personnel

* Branko Mačić - jazz guitar
* Davor Rodik - guitar
* Vlada Negovanović \- guitar
* Bata Božanić - bass guitar
* Saša Dragić - backing vocals, executive producer
* Saša Habić \- producer, arranged by
* Jan Šaš - recorded by
* Ivica Vlatković - recorded by (tracks: 2, 8)
* Miša Đurić - technician

## Reception and legacy

The album was well received by the fans, with virtually every song on the album becoming a hit. It was sold in more than 700,000 copies.

The album was polled in 1998 as the 79th on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav rock and pop albums in the book *YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike* (*YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music*).

Serbian critic Dimitrije Vojnov named *Prodavnica tajni* one of ten most important albums in the history of former Yugoslav rock, stating however, that with *Prodavnica tajni* "the most charming band in Yugoslavia went in a gloomy direction, and despite the fact that the band delivered some of their best songs, like 'Otkada tebe volim', on the album, it was obvious that they are going towards kafana \[...\] stopping by at ethnic music, again, not in their urban and charming way, but following the Oriental sound which is popular in kafanas. From this point, which initially was not seen as alarming, as *Prodavnica tajni* was a legitimate pop product, Bajaga's energy seemed to dry up. It was like 'Ruski voz' woke up something inside him and the audience, something after which nothing would be the same again".

In 2008, Bajagić himself stated that he considers *Prodavnica tajni* one of three best Bajaga i Instruktori albums, and that he would make no changes if he recorded the album today.

## Cover versions

* Serbian punk rock band Trula Koalicija recorded a cover of "Tišina", with altered lyrics and entitled "Alkoholičarka", on their 1992 album *Plakao sam kad je pala Sekuritatea*.
* Serbian eurodance group Tap 011 recovered a mashup of "Plavi safir" and "Muzika na struju" ("Electric Music"), the latter from Bajaga i Instruktori 1993 album *Muzika na struju*, releasing it, under the title "Muzika na safir" ("Sapphire Music") on their 1996 album *Gaće* (*Underpants*).
* Polish rock vocalist Maciej Maleńczuk covered the *Verujem ne verujem* song from the album alongside Warsaw-based recording act Yugopolis 2, as *Ostatnia nocka*.

## InfoBox

| Prodavnica tajni | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bajaga i Instruktori | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Recorded | Studio M, Studio 1 Radio Novi Sad, Novi Sad
Autumn 1988 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | PGP-RTB |
| Producer | Saša Habić |
| Bajaga i Instruktori chronology | |
| *Jahači magle*
(1986) ***Prodavnica tajni***
(1988) *Neka svemir čuje nemir*
(1989) | |


title: Emil Poklitar

abstract: Emil Poklitar is a retired German football striker. While playing for SC Dynamo Berlin, he defected to West Berlin after a friendly match against Boldklubben af 1893 at Idrætsparken in Copenhagen on 13 August 1961.

text:
# Emil Poklitar

**Emil Poklitar** (born 14 June 1939) is a retired German football striker.

While playing for SC Dynamo Berlin, he defected to West Berlin after a friendly match against Boldklubben af 1893 at Idrætsparken in Copenhagen on 13 August 1961.

## InfoBox

Emil Poklitar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1939-06-14) 14 June 1939 | | |
| Place of birth | Tatanir, Romania. | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1958–1959 | BSG Rotation Babelsberg |  |  |
| 1960–1961 | SC Dynamo Berlin |  |  |
| 1961–1962 | Tennis Borussia Berlin |  |  |
| 1962–1964 | Freiburger FC |  |  |
| 1964–1969 | 1. FC Saarbrücken |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1980 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | | |
| 1981 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Coilhouse

abstract: Coilhouse was an American digital and print magazine, and corresponding blog. It was founded in 2007 by Nadya Lev, Meredith Yayanos, and Zoetica Ebb., and carries the tagline, "A Love Letter to Alternative Culture." Regular contributors to Coilhouse included Ross Rosenberg, David Forbes, Angeliska Polacheck, and Jeffrey Wengrofsky. The print and online editions of Coilhouse ended publication in 2012.

text:
# Coilhouse

***Coilhouse*** was an American digital and print magazine, and corresponding blog. It was founded in 2007 by Nadya Lev, Meredith Yayanos, and Zoetica Ebb., and carries the tagline, "A Love Letter to Alternative Culture." Regular contributors to *Coilhouse* included Ross Rosenberg, David Forbes, Angeliska Polacheck, and Jeffrey Wengrofsky.

The print and online editions of *Coilhouse* ended publication in 2012.

## InfoBox

*Coilhouse*
| *Coilhouse* founders Nadya Lev, Meredith Yayanos at the Coilhouse Black and White and Red All Over Ball, 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Meredith Yayanos, Nadya Lev, Zoetica Ebb |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Publisher | Nadya Lev |
| Founded | 2007 |
| Final issue | 2012 |
| Country | USA |
| Language | English |
| Website | coilhouse.net |
| ISSN | 2151-416X |