title: Shorties Watchin' Shorties

abstract: Shorties Watchin' Shorties is an American adult animated comedy television series that aired on Comedy Central from April 28 to December 16, 2004. The show is made up of various short animated clips with audio from comedians' stand up routines. It also features two "shorties," a pair of babies voiced by Nick DiPaolo and Patrice O'Neal who watch and comment upon the routines on TV. For many of the episodes, the babies only stayed in the house, but in later episodes, they were shown walking around the city. The show featured comedians such as Dane Cook, Bill Burr, Brian Regan, Brian Posehn, Chris Hardwick, Mitch Hedberg, Mike Birbiglia, Jim Gaffigan and Lewis Black. The animation was scripted and produced at World Famous Pictures and Augenblick Studios. The show was not renewed but full episodes are available on DVD. Clips from the show were posted on the Comedy Central website as well as on Hulu and Netflix. 14 episodes were produced and 13 aired.

text:
# Shorties Watchin' Shorties

***Shorties Watchin' Shorties*** is an American adult animated comedy television series that aired on Comedy Central from April 28 to December 16, 2004. The show is made up of various short animated clips with audio from comedians' stand up routines. It also features two "shorties," a pair of babies voiced by Nick DiPaolo and Patrice O'Neal who watch and comment upon the routines on TV. For many of the episodes, the babies only stayed in the house, but in later episodes, they were shown walking around the city.

The show featured comedians such as Dane Cook, Bill Burr, Brian Regan, Brian Posehn, Chris Hardwick, Mitch Hedberg, Mike Birbiglia, Jim Gaffigan and Lewis Black.

The animation was scripted and produced at World Famous Pictures and Augenblick Studios. The show was not renewed but full episodes are available on DVD. Clips from the show were posted on the Comedy Central website as well as on Hulu and Netflix. 14 episodes were produced and 13 aired.

## Plot

The series is set around in Baby Nick's house. Where when Baby Nick's mom is away, his babysitter is there to watch him along with his best friend who always hangout in his house, Baby Patrice. There they get bored and started to watch animated clips about real-life living people from the routine. Whether it's Dane Cook or Lewis Black.

## Characters

### Main characters

* **Baby Nick** (voiced by Nick DiPaolo) - He is one of the two main characters in the series. He is the best friend of Baby Patrice who likes to watch and comment upon the routines on TV.
* **Baby Patrice** (voiced by Patrice O'Neal) - He is one of the two main characters in the series. He is the best friend of Baby Nick who also likes to watch and comment upon the routines on TV too.

### Recurring characters

* **Babysitter** (voiced by Christine Walters) - She is the babysitter to the shorties. She always watches them at home while Baby Nick's mom is away.
* **Baby Nick's Mom** (voiced by Christine Walters) - She is the mother of Baby Nick. She always leaves for work while calling the babysitter to watch her son and her son's best friend while she's away.

### Guest stars

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Cook, Ross, Corbett, Vega" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | April 28, 2004 (2004-04-28) | 101 |
| Dane Cook gets into the logistics of infidelity, Jeff Ross talks about his elderly relatives and Jonathan Corbett finds the bizarre in marathon running. *Guest stars:* Dane Cook as himself, Jeff Ross as himself, Jonathan Corbett as himself and Joey Vega as himself. | | | | |
| 2 | "Burr, Gaffigan, Yannetty, Birbiglia" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | May 5, 2004 (2004-05-05) | 102 |
| Bill Burr questions guys who kill their wives, Jim Gaffigan shares thoughts on his appearance and Joe Yannetty gives his audience a lesson in California living. *Guest stars:* Bill Burr as himself, Jim Gaffigan as himself, Joe Yannetty as himself, Mike Birbiglia as himself, and Jeremy Hotz as himself. | | | | |
| 3 | "Goldthwait, Fitzsimmons, Swardson, Belzer" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | May 12, 2004 (2004-05-12) | 103 |
| Bobcat Goldthwait takes on a man harassing a polar bear, Greg Fitzsimmons predicts the future of cloning and Nick Swardson ponders Jane Goodall's career choice. *Guest stars:* Bobcat Goldthwait as himself, Greg Fitzsimmons as himself, Nick Swardson as himself and Richard Belzer as himself. | | | | |
| 4 | "Mohr, Ferrara, Behrendt, Mastrangelo" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | May 19, 2004 (2004-05-19) | 104 |
| Jay Mohr explains why satin sheets aren't made for men, Adam Ferrara feels that Jewish people must have the most faith and Greg Behrendt loves Halloween. *Guest stars:* Jay Mohr as himself, Adam Ferrara as himself and Greg Behrendt as himself. | | | | |
| 5 | "DiPaolo, Barker, Kreischer, Giraldo" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | May 26, 2004 (2004-05-26) | 105 |
| Nick DiPaolo isn't exactly having a love affair with the homeless and Arj Barker learned everything about Ireland from soap commercials. *Guest stars:* Nick DiPaolo as himself, Arj Barker as himself, Bert Kreischer as himself and Greg Giraldo as himself. | | | | |
| 6 | "Oswalt, Posehn, Finnegan, Madigan" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | June 2, 2004 (2004-06-02) | 106 |
| Patton Oswalt gets excited for the apocalypse, Brian Posehn shares what makes a good moviegoing experience and Christian Finnegan loves dogs' honesty. *Guest stars:* Patton Oswalt as himself, Brian Posehn as himself, Christian Finnegan as himself and Kathleen Madigan as herself. | | | | |
| 7 | "Francisco, Byrne, Collins, Kennedy" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | September 8, 2004 (2004-09-08) | 107 |
| Pablo Francisco found a reason to actually like movie previews and Ed Byrne ponders America's obsession with teeth. *Guest stars:* Pablo Francisco as himself, Ed Byrne as himself, Bobby Collins as himself and Dwayne Kennedy as himself. | | | | |
| 8 | "Oswalt, Hedberg, Caliendo, Morris" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | September 15, 2004 (2004-09-15) | 108 |
| Patton Oswalt gives his point of view on today's war reporters, Mitch Hedberg finds refuge in Subway sandwich shops and Frank Caliendo loves President Bush. *Guest stars:* Patton Oswalt as himself, Mitch Hedberg as himself and Frank Caliendo as himself. | | | | |
| 9 | "Gossling, Burr, Perkins, Yard" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | October 28, 2004 (2004-10-28) | 109 |
| Eddie Gossling enjoyed being a military child, Bill Burr doesn't have much affection for actors and Dwayne Perkins finds ways to fix the dating scene. *Guest stars:* Eddie Gossling as himself, Bill Burr as himself and Dwayne Perkins as himself. | | | | |
| 10 | "Cook, Leary, Regan, Kightlinger" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | November 4, 2004 (2004-11-04) | 110 |
| Denis Leary hates flying, Brian Regan divulges some childhood experiences and Laura Kightlinger sees the Bush era as the best political climate for drinking. *Guest stars:* Dane Cook as himself, Denis Leary as himself, Brian Regan as himself and Laura Kightlinger as herself. | | | | |
| 11 | "Mohr, Henley, Hedberg, Yard" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | November 4, 2004 (2004-11-04) | 111 |
| Vic Henley explains why George W. Bush should embrace his image and Mitch Hedberg says America's Forest Service should rethink using Smokey Bear as a mascot. *Guest stars:* Jay Mohr as himself, Vic Henley as himself and Mitch Hedberg as himself. | | | | |
| 12 | "Cross, Donohue, Corbett, Oschack" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | November 11, 2004 (2004-11-11) | 112 |
| David Cross decides what he wants done with his dead body, Becky Donohue reflects on her grandmother's stroke and Jonathan Corbett celebrates drinking. *Guest stars:* David Cross as himself, Becky Donohue as herself and Jonathan Corbett as himself. | | | | |
| 13 | "Black, Yannetty, Alexandro, Smith" | Jim Serpico, Eric Brown and Tom Sellitti | December 16, 2004 (2004-12-16) | 113 |
| Lewis Black notices candy corn becomes an issue every Halloween and Ted Alexandro doesn't quite fit in with the big guys at the gym. *Guest stars:* Lewis Black as himself, Joe Yannetty as himself and Ted Alexandro as himself.
---  *Note:* This episode is the series finale. | | | | |

## Further reading

1. "Shorties Watchin' Shorties". Comedy Central. Archived from the original on March 2, 2015.

## InfoBox

| *Shorties Watchin' Shorties* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Created by | Jim Serpico
Eric Brown
Tom Sellitti |
| Starring | Nick DiPaolo
Patrice O'Neal |
| Country of origin | United States |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producer | * William Perkins |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Production companies | Apostle
World Famous Pictures Animation
Augenblick Studios
Comedy Partners |
| Original release | |
| Network | Comedy Central |
| Release | April 28 (2004-04-28)
December 16, 2004 (2004-12-16) |


title: The Maisonettes

abstract: The Maisonettes were an English pop band formed by Laurence "Lol" Mason with Mark Tibenham and drummer Nick Parry, best known for their hit single "Heartache Avenue".

text:
# The Maisonettes

**The Maisonettes** were an English pop band formed by Laurence "Lol" Mason (formerly of City Boy) with Mark Tibenham and drummer Nick Parry, best known for their hit single "Heartache Avenue".

## History

The group's debut single, "Heartache Avenue", reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart in early 1983, reached number 6 on the Irish Singles Chart, topped the UK Independent Chart, and later peaked at number 12 on the Canadian chart and number 97 in Australia. The band's demo was picked up by David Virr, who released "Heartache Avenue" on his own Ready Steady Go! label. The single had been recorded with session backing singers, but to promote the single, they recruited models Denise Ward and Elaine Williams, although these two were later replaced by Carla Mendonça and Elisa Backer (née Richards).

The follow-up single, "Where I Stand", peaked at number 28 on the UK Independent Chart.

In 1984 their album, *Maisonettes for Sale*, was released in Canada, including "Heartache Avenue" and ten other songs. With no further hits, the group soon disbanded.

In 2004, *Heartache Avenue: The Very Best of the Maisonettes* was released in the UK by Cherry Red records, containing two unreleased tracks, the original "Heartache Avenue" and a remix, and fifteen other songs.

On 31 July 2019, Laurence "Lol" Edward Mason died at the age of 69 in his home in Harborne from a heart attack, after complications following a kidney transplant.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Maisonettes for Sale* (Ready Steady Go!, 1983)

Compilations * *Heartache Avenue: The Very Best of the Maisonettes* (Cherry Red, 2004)

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | UK Indie
 | AUS
 | |
| 1982 | "Heartache Avenue" | 7 |  | 97 |  |
| 1983 | "Where I Stand" | 80 | 28 |  |  |
| | "Addicted" |  |  |  |  |
| | "This Affair" / "Say It Again" (double A-side) |  |  |  |  |
| | "Lifeboat" |  |  |  |  |
| | "Hot Club" |  |  |  |  |
| 1984 | "Two Can Have a Party" |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| The Maisonettes | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Birmingham, England |
| Genres | Synthpop, psychedelic pop |
| Years active | 1982–1984 |
|  | |
| Past members |  |


abstract: The Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association (COMSA) is a student body that works to promote awareness of Osteopathic Medicine in Canada both among the general population and the future physicians of Canada. They are affiliated with the Canadian Osteopathic Association.

text:
# Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association

The **Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association** (**COMSA**) is a student body that works to promote awareness of Osteopathic Medicine in Canada both among the general population and the future physicians of Canada. They are affiliated with the Canadian Osteopathic Association.

## History

Founded in 2011, COMSA has worked to increase awareness of the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree throughout Canada. The organization has helped hundreds of students through the process of becoming an osteopathic physician and has drastically grown in size every single year. Since 2012, COMSA started to host webinars and seminars at various universities across Canada to increase awareness of the DO medical degree. Additionally, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine (MSU-COM) launched a Canadian initiative to recruit 20-25 Canadian applicants each year to help spread awareness of the DO degree, leading to more than doubling of Canadian applicants and matriculates to Osteopathic medical schools (AACOM data). In 2015, under the leadership of Sevan Evren and Pranay Chander, COMSA conducted a study to determine the priorities and challenges faced by Canadian DO students and ways in which the profession can be expanded in Canada. Over the years COMSA has lobbied the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) and Health Canada to support the interests of osteopathic physicians in Canada. Within recent years, COMSA has established pre-osteopathic medicine societies in Canada at The University of Guelph and Western University. COMSA also continues to lobby provincial regulatory bodies for unrestricted licensure and title protection of physicians with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree from the US.

## Mission

The Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association (COMSA) is dedicated to growing and spreading awareness of Osteopathic Medicine throughout Canada. Goals of the organization range from health care policy advocacy, to title protection rights, to assisting applicants strengthen their applications.

## Executives

### Past Presidents

2015- Pranay Chander (MSU-COM) and Sevan Evren (LMU-DCOM)

2014- Nick Church (UNE-COM) and Iain Jeffrey (TouroNY-COM)

2013- Dennis Fiddler (NSU-COM)

### President

### Vice president

### Director of Social Media

### Secretary

### Director of Canadian Residencies

### Director of US Residencies

### Director of Pre-DO Societies

## InfoBox

Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association (COMSA)
| Abbreviation | COMSA |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 2011 |
| Location | * Canada |
| Website | www.studentdo.ca |


title: Secure Network Programming

abstract: Secure Network Programming (SNP) is a prototype of the first Secure Sockets Layer, designed and built in 1993 by the Networking Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin, led by Simon S. Lam. This work was published in the 1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference. For this project, the authors won the 2004 ACM Software System Award. Simon S. Lam was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) for "inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993." This work began in 1991 as a theoretical investigation by the Networking Research Laboratory on the formal meaning of a protocol layer satisfying an upper interface specification as a service provider and a lower interface specification as a service consumer. A case study of adding a security layer between the application and network layers was presented. The Networking Research Laboratory received a grant from the National Security Agency in June 1991 to investigate how to apply their theory of modules and interfaces to security verification. At that time, there were three well-known authentication systems built or being developed. All of these systems suffered from a common drawback; namely, they did not export a clean and easy-to-use interface that could be readily used by Internet applications. For example, it would take a tremendous amount of effort to "kerberize" an existing distributed application. Toward the goal of "secure network programming for the masses", the inventors of SNP conceived secure sockets as a high-level abstraction suitable for securing Internet applications. In 1993, they designed and built a prototype of SNP. Designed as an application sublayer on top of sockets, SNP provides a user interface closely resembling sockets. This resemblance was by design so that security could be retrofitted into existing socket programs with only minor modifications. Also, with such a sublayer carefully designed and its implementation thoroughly debugged, it can be easily used by any Internet application that uses sockets for end-to-end communications. This is a natural idea in hindsight but, in 1993, it was novel and a major departure from mainstream network security research at that time. SNP's secure sockets support both stream and datagram semantics with security guarantees. Many of the ideas and design choices in SNP can be found in subsequent secure sockets layers, including: placing authenticated communication endpoints in the application layer, use of public-key cryptography for authentication, a handshake protocol for establishing session state including a shared secret, use of symmetric-key cryptography for data confidentiality, and managing contexts and credentials in the secure sockets layer. The paper presented on June 8, 1994 at the USENIX Summer Technical Conference includes the system design together with performance measurement results from the prototype implementation to clearly demonstrate the practicality of a secure sockets layer. SNP pioneered secure sockets for Internet applications in general, independently and concurrently with the design and development of the HTTP protocol for the world-wide web which was still in its infancy in 1993. Subsequent secure socket layers, implemented several years later using the architecture and key ideas first presented in SNP, enabled secure e-commerce between browsers and servers. Today, many other Internet applications use HTTPS, which consists of HTTP running over a secure sockets layer.

text:
# Secure Network Programming

**Secure Network Programming** (SNP) is a prototype of the first Secure Sockets Layer, designed and built in 1993 by the Networking Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin, led by Simon S. Lam. This work was published in the 1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference. For this project, the authors won the 2004 ACM Software System Award.

Simon S. Lam was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) for "inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993."

This work began in 1991 as a theoretical investigation by the Networking Research Laboratory on the formal meaning of a protocol layer satisfying an upper interface specification as a service provider and a lower interface specification as a service consumer. A case study of adding a security layer between the application and network layers was presented.

The Networking Research Laboratory received a grant from the National Security Agency in June 1991 to investigate how to apply their theory of modules and interfaces to security verification. At that time, there were three well-known authentication systems built (MIT's Kerberos) or being developed (DEC's SPX and IBM's KryptoKnight). All of these systems suffered from a common drawback; namely, they did not export a clean and easy-to-use interface that could be readily used by Internet applications. For example, it would take a tremendous amount of effort to "kerberize" an existing distributed application.

Toward the goal of "secure network programming for the masses", the inventors of SNP conceived secure sockets as a high-level abstraction suitable for securing Internet applications. In 1993, they designed and built a prototype of SNP. Designed as an application sublayer on top of sockets, SNP provides a user interface closely resembling sockets. This resemblance was by design so that security could be retrofitted into existing socket programs with only minor modifications. Also, with such a sublayer carefully designed and its implementation thoroughly debugged, it can be easily used by any Internet application that uses sockets for end-to-end communications. This is a natural idea in hindsight but, in 1993, it was novel and a major departure from mainstream network security research at that time.

SNP's secure sockets support both stream and datagram semantics with security guarantees (i.e., data origin authenticity, data destination authenticity, data integrity, and data confidentiality). Many of the ideas and design choices in SNP can be found in subsequent secure sockets layers, including: placing authenticated communication endpoints in the application layer, use of public-key cryptography for authentication, a handshake protocol for establishing session state including a shared secret, use of symmetric-key cryptography for data confidentiality, and managing contexts and credentials in the secure sockets layer.

The paper presented on June 8, 1994 at the USENIX Summer Technical Conference includes the system design together with performance measurement results from the prototype implementation to clearly demonstrate the practicality of a secure sockets layer.

SNP pioneered secure sockets for Internet applications in general, independently and concurrently with the design and development of the HTTP protocol for the world-wide web which was still in its infancy in 1993. Subsequent secure socket layers (SSL by Netscape and TLS by IETF), implemented several years later using the architecture and key ideas first presented in SNP, enabled secure e-commerce between browsers and servers. Today, many other Internet applications (including email) use HTTPS, which consists of HTTP running over a secure sockets layer.

*As of 2023-05-10, this article is derived in whole or in part from* Networking Research Laboratory*. The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at "A brief history of the first secure sockets layer"*


title: Valley Grove School District

abstract: The Valley Grove School District is a rural public school district in Venango County, Pennsylvania, serving the boroughs of Sugarcreek and Cooperstown, as well as Jackson Township. Valley Grove School District encompasses approximately 63 square miles. According to 2001 local census data, it serves a resident population of 6,708. In 2009, the per capita income was $16,297, while the median family income was $37,177 a year. The district operates two schools: Valley Grove Elementary School and Rocky Grove Junior/Senior High School.

text:
# Valley Grove School District

The **Valley Grove School District** is a rural public school district in Venango County, Pennsylvania, serving the boroughs of Sugarcreek and Cooperstown, as well as Jackson Township. Valley Grove School District encompasses approximately 63 square miles. According to 2001 local census data, it serves a resident population of 6,708. In 2009, the per capita income was $16,297, while the median family income was $37,177 a year.

The district operates two schools: Valley Grove Elementary School and Rocky Grove Junior/Senior High School.

## InfoBox

| Valley Grove School District | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
| 429 Wiley Ave Franklin, Pennsylvania, 16323<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.vgsd.org |


title: Sleeping preacher

abstract: A sleeping preacher, also called trance-preacher, is a Christian, most often Protestant person who preaches, prophesies or addresses a public audience while "sleeping," that is, in a state of trance.

text:
# Sleeping preacher

A **sleeping preacher**, also called **trance-preacher**, is a Christian, most often Protestant person who preaches, prophesies or addresses a public audience while "sleeping," that is, in a state of trance.

## History

The first reports of sporadic trance preachers, often children, are from the 16th and 17th century in Germany. Immediately after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, a resistance movement broke out among the persecuted French Protestants of the Cevennes in Southern France. This movement, in which trance preaching was relatively widespread, is known as the "prophet movement", the "French Prophets" or eventually as the "Camisards". It spread to England in 1706 and to Germany and Switzerland in 1711 where its adherents took the name *Wahre Insprierte*, that is, 'True Inspirationalists'.

Amish sleeping preacher Noah Troyer lived three miles north of Kalona in Washington County, Iowa, which immediately adjoins Iowa County, where the Amana Colonies are situated, at the time the principal American establishment of the religious community of the Inspirationalists, also known as the Community of True Inspiration, who had brought trance preaching to North America.

An article of the *Herald of Truth* reported on 15 May 1882 that Noah Troyer had preached together with John D. Kauffman (1847–1913), who was also an Amish "sleeping preacher", both in an "unconscious state", Kauffman after Troyer, each for about two hours.

## Today

The Kauffman Amish Mennonites, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches or Tampico Amish Mennonite Churches, are the only existing church that goes back to a sleeping preacher, namely John D. Kauffman. They are a Plain, car-driving branch of the Amish Mennonites that, in contrast to other Amish Mennonites, have largely retained the Pennsylvania German language and other traditions from the late 1800s.

In 2017, the Kauffman Amish Mennonites had some 2,000 baptized members and lived mainly in Missouri and Arkansas.

## Examples

## Literature


title: Cecilia Barriga

abstract: Cecilia Barriga is a Chilean-Spanish film director. Her 1991 film Meeting Two Queens was shown at Montreal Women's Film and Video Festival and New York International Festival of Gay and Lesbian Film. She directed her first feature film Time's Up! in New York City. It premiered at the Donostia-San Sebastián Film Festival in 2000 as part of Zabaltegi.

text:
# Cecilia Barriga

**Cecilia Barriga** (born 1957) is a Chilean-Spanish film director. Her 1991 film *Meeting Two Queens* was shown at Montreal Women's Film and Video Festival and New York International Festival of Gay and Lesbian Film. She directed her first feature film *Time's Up!* in New York City. It premiered at the Donostia-San Sebastián Film Festival in 2000 as part of Zabaltegi.

## Education

She left home at 19 to study sound and image at the Complutense University of Madrid. In 1983 she began her career in cinema, and in 1984 completed her university degree. In 1994, she moved to New York to further her studies in screenwriting and video art at Columbia University.

## Meeting Two Queens (1991)

*Meeting Two Queens* or *Encuentro entre dos Reinas* is Barriga's attempt at re-editing and cutting various scenes from films featuring Hollywood stars Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich in order to create a space for lesbian identity politics and identity formation. It offers an alternative viewing of these famous Hollywood stars which effectively re-envisions them as icons of the burgeoning gay and lesbian movement of the early 1990s. *Meeting Two Queens* engages feminist politics due to it being a fan-made film for fans of Garbo and Dietrich - stars who are significant in film history, lesbian subculture, and feminist criticism. Barriga's film also assists in validating one's sexual identity with Hollywood role models, which is both empowering and liberating for the formation of gay identity and solidarity.

Mary Desjardins writes in Film Quarterly that, "Film scholars have placed these works within the avant-garde because their construction through appropriation and juxtaposition of fragments from a variety of films supposedly offers a commentary on the meaning process of all films." The critic B. Ruby Rich in *New Queer Cinema: The Director’s Cut* comments that Barriga's *Meeting Two Queens*, "re-edits Dietrich and Garbo movies to construct a dream narrative: get the girls together, help them meet, let them get it on".(Encuentro entre dos Reinas, 1991) In *The Girls in the Back Room: Looking at the Lesbian Bar*, Kelly Hankin notes that *Meeting Two Queens*, "skillfully juxtaposes spare parts from a range of classical Hollywood films to depict a romance between Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich".

## Filmography (director)

* *Im Fluss* (2008)
* *El camino de Moises* (2005)
* *Ni locas, ni terroristas* (2005)
* *Atrapados en el paraíso* (2001)
* *Time's Up!* (2001)
* *Encuentro entre dos Reinas* (1991)

## InfoBox

| Cecilia Barriga | |
| --- | --- |
| Barriga in 2015 filming the 7N Spanish national march | |
| Born | 1957 (age 6667)
Concepción, Chile |
| Alma mater | Complutense University of Madrid
Columbia University |
| Occupation(s) | Filmmaker, director |


title: Bañado de los Pantanos

abstract: Bañado de los Pantanos is a municipality and village in the Arauco Department of La Rioja Province in northwestern Argentina.

text:
# Bañado de los Pantanos

**Bañado de los Pantanos** is a municipality and village in the Arauco Department of La Rioja Province in northwestern Argentina.

28°15′S 66°50′W / 28.250°S 66.833°W / -28.250; -66.833

## InfoBox

| Bañado de los Pantanos | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and village | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | La Rioja Province |
| Department | Arauco |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (ART) |


title: Shyamsundar

abstract: Shyamsundar is a village in Raina I CD block in Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the state of West Bengal, India.

text:
# Shyamsundar

**Shyamsundar** is a village in Raina I CD block in Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## History

Earlier, the village was called ‘Ahar Belma’ and the village was renamed after the deity was established there by Bisalakhya Bose.

## Geography

8km
5miles Damodar River Dwarakeswar River Sat DeulH RasulpurR MasagramR MaheshbatiR GotanR UkhridR SagraiR ShyamsundarR PaharhatiR KhandaghoshR MadhabdihiR RainaR JamalpurR SeharabazarCT  AlipurCT  MemariM**Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district**
M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre.
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

Shyamsundar is located at 23°06′16.8″N 87°51′59.0″E / 23.104667°N 87.866389°E / 23.104667; 87.866389.

It is 18 km from Bardhaman.

### Urbanisation

95.54% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 4.46% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district. The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

### CD block HQ

The headquarters of Raina I CD block are located at Shyamsundar.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India Shyamsundar had a total population of 4,903, of which 2,469 (50%) were males and 2,434 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 446. The total number of literates in Shyamsundar was 3,707 (83.17% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

There is Shymsundar railway station on the Bankura-Masagram line. As of 3 November 2021, MEMU services are available between Bankura and Masagram.

## Education

In 1947, at the time of independence there were only three colleges in Bardhaman district – at Bardhaman, Kalna and Asansol. Shyamsundar College was established in 1948. Syamsundar College was founded by Raibahadur Bisalaksha Bose, a social worker of Shyamsundar. Amongst those who helped in establishing the college were: Abdus Sattar, Kalipada Mukherjee, Prafulla Chandra Sen and Jadabendra Nath Panja. Subjects taught in the college include: physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany, zoology, microbiology, Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, geography, political science, education, philosophy, economics and commerce.

Shyamsundar Ramlal Adarsha Vidyalaya, a boys only high school, and Adarsha Balika Vidyalaya, a girls only high school, are affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Shymsundar Ramlal Adarsha Vidyalaya, a coeducational institution, is affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education.

## Healthcare

There is a primary health centre at Shyamsundar (with 10 beds).

## InfoBox

| Shyamsundar | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ShyamsundarLocation in West Bengal, IndiaShyamsundarShyamsundar (India) | |
| Coordinates: 23°06′16.8″N 87°51′59.0″E / 23.104667°N 87.866389°E / 23.104667; 87.866389 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Purba Bardhaman |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 4,903 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 713424 (Shyamsundar) |
| Telephone/STD code | 03451 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Bardhaman Purba |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Raina |
| Website | purbabardhaman.gov.in |


abstract: In the United States, discrimination based on hair texture is a form of social injustice that has been predominantly experienced by African Americans and predates the founding of the country. In the 21st century, multiple states and local governments have passed laws that prohibit such discrimination. California was the first state to do so in 2019 with the CROWN Act. As of June 2023, twenty-three states have passed similar legislation, but there is no equivalent law at the federal level. A federal CROWN act was proposed in 2020, and was passed by the House of Representatives but not the Senate. Another bill was introduced in the House of Representatives in 2021; it was approved by the House in 2022, and awaits consideration in the Senate.

text:
# Discrimination based on hair texture in the United States

In the United States, discrimination based on hair texture is a form of social injustice that has been predominantly experienced by African Americans and predates the founding of the country.

In the 21st century, multiple states and local governments have passed laws that prohibit such discrimination. California was the first state to do so in 2019 with the CROWN (Create a Respectful and Open Workplace for Natural Hair) Act (SB 188). As of June 2023, twenty-three states have passed similar legislation, but there is no equivalent law at the federal level. A federal CROWN act was proposed in 2020, and was passed by the House of Representatives but not the Senate. Another bill was introduced in the House of Representatives in 2021; it was approved by the House in 2022, and awaits consideration in the Senate.

## Illinois

In May 2024, the Illinois Legislature passed an extensive bill to explicitly protect and extend hairstyle protections within childcare, juvenile detention facilities, youth in care and/or within foster and adopted families - the first US state to do so broadly. The Governor of Illinois is yet to either sign or veto the bill.

## History

In the late 18th century, free Africans in New Orleans were able to buy their freedom from slavery, resulting in an increase of interracial marriage in Louisiana. In response, Charles III of Spain demanded Louisiana colonial governor Esteban Rodríguez Miró to "'establish public order and proper standards of morality,' with specific reference to a "large class" of "mulattos" and particularly "mulatto" women.'" Louisiana women of African descent wore hairstyles that incorporated feathers and jewels, which caught the attention of white men. To comply with Charles III's demand, Miró issued an edict that required Creole women to wear a tignon to conceal their hair.

By the late 1800s, African American women were straightening their hair to meet a Eurocentric vision of society with the use of hot combs and other products improved by Madam C. J. Walker. However, the black pride movement of the 1960s and 1970s made the afro a popular hairstyle among African Americans and considered a symbol of resistance. In 1964, the U.S. federal government passed the Civil Rights Act, which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, but it was left to interpretation by the courts as to what this constituted. In 1970, Beverly Jenkins was denied a promotion in the Blue Cross by her white supervisor due to her afro. In 1976, the federal court case *Jenkins v. Blue Cross Mutual Hospital Insurance* determined that afros were protected by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, the case did not extend protections against hair discrimination.

In the 2010s, natural hairstyles saw an increase in popularity in response to celebrities such as Viola Davis, Lupita Nyong'o, Ava DuVernay, and Stacey Abrams wearing natural hair. However, the popularity also resulted in increased attention to dress codes and hair regulations as African American workers and students across the U.S. were subjected to punishment due to their hair. Because of awareness to the issue, California passed the Crown Act in July 2019, becoming the first U.S. state to prohibit discrimination against workers and students based on their natural hair. California's passage of the bill has led many other states to consider similar bills banning hair discrimination and a bill proposed at the federal level by U.S. representative Cedric Richmond and U.S. senator Cory Booker.

In September 2020, U.S. representative Ilhan Omar announced the passage of the Crown Act in the House of Representatives, which would prohibit racialized hair discrimination nationally if enacted.

## Legislation

As of July 2024, 25/50 U.S. states have prohibited discrimination based on hair texture.

| State | Date enacted | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| California | July 3, 2019 | Passed the Crown Act |
| New York | July 12, 2019 | Passed an amendment to the New York Human Rights Law |
| New Jersey | December 19, 2019 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Virginia | March 3, 2020 | Passed the Virginia Human Rights Act |
| Colorado | March 6, 2020 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Washington | March 19, 2020 | Passed an amendment to the Washington State Law Against Discrimination |
| Maryland | May 8, 2020 | Passed without governor's signature |
| Connecticut | March 4, 2021 | Passed the Crown Act |
| New Mexico | April 5, 2021 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Delaware | April 13, 2021 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Nebraska | May 5, 2021 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Nevada | June 4, 2021 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Oregon | June 11, 2021 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Illinois | August 13, 2021 | Passed Simmons Law |
| Maine | May 3, 2022 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Tennessee | May 27, 2022 | Passed the Crown Act; only applies to workplace discrimination |
| Louisiana | June 21, 2022 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Massachusetts | July 26, 2022 | Passed the Crown Act |
| Alaska | September 8, 2022 | Passed "An Act relating to dress codes and natural hairstyles"; only applies to educational discrimination in schools. |
| Minnesota | February 1, 2023 | Passed the CROWN Act |
| Arkansas | April 10, 2023 | Passed the CROWN Act; only applies to educational discrimination in public schools and state-supported higher education institutions. |
| Texas | May 29, 2023 | Passed the CROWN Act |
| Michigan | June 15, 2023 | Passed the CROWN Act, amending the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act |
| Vermont | July 1, 2024 | Legislation implemented and signed by the Governor, to ban hair style discrimination |
| New Hampshire | September 1, 2024 | Legislation implemented and signed by the Governor, to ban hair style discrimination |

### New Hampshire

In May 2024, by an unanimous voice vote within both houses of the New Hampshire General Court (Legislature) passed a bill prohibiting discrimination based upon hairstyle - the 25th/50 US state to do so. The Governor of New Hampshire signed the bill into law in July 2024 and goes into legal effect on September 1, 2024.

### Pending similar hair bills

In addition, similar legislation has been introduced in Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, and Wisconsin. An executive order prohibiting discrimination by Arizona state agencies and contractors was signed by Governor Katie Hobbs on March 17, 2023.


title: Camp Upton

abstract: Camp Upton was a port of embarkation of the United States Army during World War I. During World War II, it was used as an Army induction center, an internment camp for enemy aliens, and a hospital. It was located in Yaphank, New York, in Suffolk County on Long Island, on the present-day location of Brookhaven National Laboratory.

text:
# Camp Upton

40°52′24″N 72°52′19″W / 40.873346°N 72.872057°W / 40.873346; -72.872057

**Camp Upton** was a port of embarkation of the United States Army during World War I. During World War II, it was used as an Army induction center, an internment camp for enemy aliens, and a hospital. It was located in Yaphank, New York, in Suffolk County on Long Island, on the present-day location of Brookhaven National Laboratory.

## History

### World War I

Camp Upton, with a capacity of 18,000 troops, was one of three transient embarkation camps directly under control of the New York Port of Embarkation during World War I. The camp was named after Emory Upton, a Union general of the Civil War. The camp was created in 1917 to house troops as they awaited ships for deployment overseas. From Camp Mills the units traveled by trains of the Long Island Rail Road to board ferryboats for the overseas piers in Brooklyn or Hoboken when scheduled for embarkation aboard troop ships.

The 152nd Depot Brigade was the garrison unit that received new recruits and prepared them for service overseas, and then out processed demobilizing soldiers at the end of the war. Irving Berlin, the composer, and Alvin York, the most decorated soldier of the American army in World War I, were processed at Camp Upton. The 77th Division was first organized there. During part of the war, the 82nd Division was quartered there.

At the end of World War I, the camp was used to demobilize and inactivate units. Some of the units demobilized at the camp were: the 327th Infantry Regiment, the 325th Infantry Regiment, the 27th Infantry Division's 53rd Brigade (105th, 106th Infantry Regiments and the 105th Machine Gun Battalion), and the 101st Signal Battalion.

In May 1919, Camp Upton became the site of the Recruit Educational Center, an Army program that enrolled foreign-born, non-English speaking, and illiterate soldiers. Most of the Recruit Educational Center's inductees were immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. In practice, the program aimed to "Americanize" these immigrants through instruction in the English language, military protocol, U.S. history, geography, citizenship, and political economy. Soldiers who graduated from the Recruit Educational Center at Camp Upton were eligible for a three-year term of military service, after which they could be naturalized as American citizens.

In 1921, the federal government sold the buildings and equipment but kept the land. In 1925 the site was designated as Upton National Forest, but was rescinded in 1927. Many of the structures from the camp were transported to form the first large scale settlement at Cherry Grove, New York on Fire Island.

### World War II

Camp Upton was used as an Army induction center in the mobilization of 1940 that preceded the American entry into World War II. Later it was an internment site holding German, Italian and Japanese citizens who were in New York City or on merchant vessels at the time war broke out. On March 16, 1943, the internees were transferred to Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. In September 1944, Camp Upton became a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital.

### Brookhaven National Laboratory

In 1946, after the camp was closed, the federal government chose the site to build a nuclear research facility that would retain America's preeminence in that field. The former Camp Upton was renamed Brookhaven National Laboratory and was operated by AUI, a consortium of universities, for the United States Atomic Energy Commission.

Irving Berlin, while stationed at Camp Upton, wrote a musical, *Yip, Yip, Yaphank*, which included the memorable song "Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning." The musical was turned into a 1943 movie *This Is The Army* which starred Ronald Reagan.


title: Landergin Mesa

abstract: Landergin Mesa, near Vega, Texas, is an archeological site, preserving some of the most significant Texas Panhandle culture ruins. Landergin Mesa is a large site with many isolated structures, it is important because of the unique artifacts dating to the Antelope Creek Phase. There are well preserved examples of Borger Cordmarked ceramic vessels from the period. The site also exhibits unique architecture indicative of the Antelope Creek Phase. Landergin Mesa is a mesa in Oldham County, Texas, in the watershed of the Canadian River. The mesa, relatively modest in scale, rising about 180 feet (55 m) above the valley floor, and has relatively steep sides, features which would have provided a highly defensible position with views across the surrounding countryside. The top layer of the mesa is a thick sandstone, with a sheer drop around much of the mesa's circumference. The mesa's usable surface is covered by a large building remnant with many chambers. An area outside the structure is littered with evidence of domestic occupation, including manos and pottery remains. The site has regularly been subjected to archaeological vandalism by pothunters. The areas in the valley below the mesa, and other nearby landforms, also exhibit evidence of prehistoric human habitation. Radiocarbon dating places the period of occupation around 1300 CE.

text:
# Landergin Mesa

**Landergin Mesa**, near Vega, Texas, is an archeological site, preserving some of the most significant Texas Panhandle culture ruins. Landergin Mesa is a large site with many isolated structures, it is important because of the unique artifacts dating to the Antelope Creek Phase. There are well preserved examples of Borger Cordmarked ceramic vessels from the period. The site also exhibits unique architecture indicative of the Antelope Creek Phase.

Landergin Mesa is a mesa in Oldham County, Texas, in the watershed of the Canadian River. The mesa, relatively modest in scale, rising about 180 feet (55 m) above the valley floor, and has relatively steep sides, features which would have provided a highly defensible position with views across the surrounding countryside. The top layer of the mesa is a thick sandstone, with a sheer drop around much of the mesa's circumference. The mesa's usable surface is covered by a large building remnant with many chambers. An area outside the structure is littered with evidence of domestic occupation, including manos and pottery remains. The site has regularly been subjected to archaeological vandalism by pothunters. The areas in the valley below the mesa, and other nearby landforms, also exhibit evidence of prehistoric human habitation. Radiocarbon dating places the period of occupation around 1300 CE.

## Additional source

Meier, Holly A. (Fall 2007). "TAS Donors Fund Research—Antelope Creek Phase Ceramics" (PDF). *Texas Archeology*. **51** (4). Texas Archeological Society: 17–18. Retrieved September 22, 2017.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Landergin Mesa | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Location | Address restricted |
| Nearest city | Vega, Texas |
| Built | 1300 (1300) |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000821 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | July 19, 1964 |


title: Death Valley Academy

abstract: Death Valley Academy, also known as Death Valley High Academy, is a public high school located in the town of Shoshone in Inyo County, California. It is part of the Death Valley Unified School District. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, most recently in April 2013. The school mascot is the Scorpions. In the 2012–2013 school year the academy had 16 students in grades 7-12, down from 38 in 2010. A typical graduating class may consist of three seniors. It is supported under California's "Necessary Small Schools" funding program, being the only high school in the 6,000-square-mile (16,000 km⁲) school district. It is managed by a full-time teacher-principal and a half-time superintendent. The school does not meet California's minimum enrollment standards, but the Inyo County Board of Education has committed to keep it open at least through 2016. The district provides transportation to school for students in remote areas; this can involve a 120-mile (190 km) bus ride each day. The school previously existed as Death Valley High School from 1957 to 1990. From 1990 to 1997 students in the area traveled to high schools in Nevada. In 1997 the school district decided to reopen the high school campus as Death Valley Academy, consisting of a 2-year middle school program and a 4-year high school program. There is also a continuation school on the campus, Shoshone Continuation High School, to allow flexible and non-traditional education for students who are at risk of not graduating at the usual pace.

text:
# Death Valley Academy

**Death Valley Academy**, also known as **Death Valley High Academy,** is a public high school located in the town of Shoshone in Inyo County, California. It is part of the Death Valley Unified School District. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, most recently in April 2013. The school mascot is the Scorpions.

In the 2012–2013 school year the academy had 16 students in grades 7-12, down from 38 in 2010. A typical graduating class may consist of three seniors. It is supported under California's "Necessary Small Schools" funding program, being the only high school in the 6,000-square-mile (16,000 km2) school district. It is managed by a full-time teacher-principal and a half-time superintendent.

The school does not meet California's minimum enrollment standards, but the Inyo County Board of Education has committed to keep it open at least through 2016. The district provides transportation to school for students in remote areas; this can involve a 120-mile (190 km) bus ride each day.

The school previously existed as Death Valley High School from 1957 to 1990. From 1990 to 1997 students in the area traveled to high schools in Nevada. In 1997 the school district decided to reopen the high school campus as Death Valley Academy, consisting of a 2-year middle school program and a 4-year high school program.

There is also a continuation school on the campus, Shoshone Continuation High School, to allow flexible and non-traditional education for students who are at risk of not graduating at the usual pace.

1. "WASC Accreditation Visit Highly Successful". *Report of Visiting Committee, Western Association of Schools and Colleges*. Death Valley Unified School District. April 25, 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
2. "School Days in the 'Land of Fire'". *NewsBank*. December 25, 1990. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
3. "All DVUSD Schools to Remain Open". *Death Valley Unified School District*. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
4. Watanabe, Teresa (January 19, 2012). "Death Valley students face loss of lifeline". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
5. "High School Planned for Death Valley Area". *Los Angeles Times*. November 13, 1955. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
6. "Death Valley Academy". *Death Valley Unified School District*. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
7. "Shoshone Continuation High School". *Death Valley Unified School District*. Retrieved 24 May 2013.

35°58′44″N 116°16′22″W / 35.9789°N 116.2728°W / 35.9789; -116.2728


title: Skylark DuQuesne

abstract: Skylark DuQuesne is a science fiction novel by American writer E. E. Smith, the final novel in his Skylark series. Written as Smith's last novel in 1965 and published shortly before his death, it expands on the characterizations of the earlier novels with some discrepancies. Marc DuQuesne, the major villain of the three previous novels, is shown to have matured, reformed, and been offered a chance at what amounts to a pardon for his prior crimes against the heroes. The book ends with Dick Seaton and DuQuesne teaming up to perpetrate a galaxy-wide genocide against the Chlorans, causing all their suns to go nova. This act is condoned with the argument that otherwise the Chlorans would have eventually broken out of their galaxy and taken over the entire universe; Seaton compares the Chlorans to a cancer which must be destroyed "to the last cell". The Chlorans themselves, though depicted earlier in the book as extremely cruel, were not bent on exterminating humans but only enslaving and exploiting them. Skylark DuQuesne was first serialized in IF Worlds of Science Fiction beginning in June 1965 before being published in 1966 by Pyramid Books. The novel was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1966.

text:
# Skylark DuQuesne

***Skylark DuQuesne*** is a science fiction novel by American writer E. E. Smith, the final novel in his *Skylark* series. Written as Smith's last novel in 1965 and published shortly before his death, it expands on the characterizations of the earlier novels (written 1919 - about 1938) with some discrepancies (some of which may relate to unwritten background developments). Marc DuQuesne, the major villain of the three previous novels, is shown to have matured, reformed, and been offered a chance at what amounts to a pardon for his prior crimes against the heroes.

The book ends with Dick Seaton and DuQuesne teaming up to perpetrate a galaxy-wide genocide against the Chlorans, causing all their suns to go nova. This act is condoned with the argument that otherwise the Chlorans would have eventually broken out of their galaxy and taken over the entire universe; Seaton compares the Chlorans to a cancer which must be destroyed "to the last cell". The Chlorans themselves, though depicted earlier in the book as extremely cruel, were not bent on exterminating humans but only enslaving and exploiting them.

*Skylark DuQuesne* was first serialized in *IF Worlds of Science Fiction* beginning in June 1965 before being published in 1966 by Pyramid Books. The novel was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1966.

## Sources

* Tuck, Donald H. (1978). *The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy*. Chicago: Advent. p. 398. ISBN 0-911682-22-8.

## InfoBox

Skylark DuQuesne
| Cover of first paperback edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | E. E. Smith |
| Cover artist | Jack Gaughan |
| Language | English |
| Series | Skylark |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Pyramid Books |
| Publication date | 1966 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 238 |
| Preceded by | *Skylark of Valeron* |


title: Caydee Denney

abstract: Caydee Christine Denney is an American former competitive pair skater. With John Coughlin, she is the 2012 Four Continents silver medalist and 2012 U.S. national champion. With former partner Jeremy Barrett, Denney is the 2010 U.S. national champion. During the pairs short program at the 2010 Olympics, Denney and Barrett became the first team to land a throw triple Lutz jump at any Winter Olympic competition.

text:
# Caydee Denney

**Caydee Christine Denney** (born June 22, 1993) is an American former competitive pair skater. With John Coughlin, she is the 2012 Four Continents silver medalist and 2012 U.S. national champion. With former partner Jeremy Barrett, Denney is the 2010 U.S. national champion. During the pairs short program at the 2010 Olympics, Denney and Barrett became the first team to land a throw triple Lutz jump at any Winter Olympic competition.

## Personal life

Caydee Denney was born in Ocala, Florida. She is the elder sister of American pair skater Haven Denney. Their parents, DeeDee and Bryan Denney, both competed in artistic roller skating.

## Career

Denney also competed as a single skater until 2009.

### Partnership with Barrett

Denney and Barrett first began skating together in 2006, but the partnership did not last. They teamed up again in 2008 and began competing in the 2008–09 season. Based on their good performance during the summer non-qualifying competitions, Denney and Barrett were assigned to the 2008 Nebelhorn Trophy, where they placed 4th. They won the 2009 Eastern Sectionals to qualify for the national championships.

Denney/Barrett won the silver medal at the 2009 U.S. Nationals. They placed sixth at the 2009 Four Continents. The following season they won the U.S. national title and the right to compete at the Olympics, where they finished 13th. During the pairs short program at the 2010 Olympics, they became the first team to land a throw triple Lutz jump at any Winter Olympic competition. They placed 7th at the 2010 World Championships.

At the 2011 U.S. Nationals, they won the bronze medal and were assigned to compete at Four Continents, however they were forced to withdraw; Denney accidentally sliced Barrett's calf on his right leg while practicing side-by-side jumps.

Denney and Barrett ended their partnership in February 2011.

### Partnership with Coughlin

#### 2011–2012 season

On May 17, 2011, Denney announced that she had teamed up with John Coughlin. They train under coach Dalilah Sappenfield at the Broadmoor Skating Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Denney having relocated from Wesley Chapel, Florida after splitting from her previous partner. Denney and Coughlin have a height difference of 14 inches (36 cm). They made their competitive debut at the Liberty Summer competition in July 2011, winning the short program. At the Nebelhorn Trophy they won the bronze medal. They were assigned to the 2011 Skate America and 2011 NHK Trophy, where they placed fourth and fifth respectively.

Denney/Coughlin went on to win the 2012 US Championships and were assigned to Four Continents and Worlds. They won the silver medal at the 2012 Four Continents and then placed eighth at 2012 Worlds.

#### 2012–2013 season

Denney/Coughlin made their season debut at the 2012 Nebelhorn Trophy, winning the silver medal. They won bronze medals at both of their Grand Prix assignments, the 2012 Skate America and the 2012 Rostelecom Cup. On December 4, 2012, Coughlin underwent surgery to repair a torn labrum in his left hip. As a result, the pair missed the 2013 U.S. Championships but they submitted a petition to be considered for the U.S. team to the 2013 World Championships. They were named in the U.S. team to the event but decided not to compete. Coughlin was off the ice for about nine weeks.

#### 2013–2014 season

Denney/Coughlin won silver at the 2013 U.S. Classic, placed fourth at the 2013 Skate America, and won bronze at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard. They took the bronze medal at the 2014 U.S. Championships, finishing behind champions Marissa Castelli / Simon Shnapir and silver medalists Felicia Zhang / Nathan Bartholomay, whose total score was greater by 0.29 of a point. Denney/Coughlin did not receive one of the two American spots in the pairs' event at the 2014 Winter Olympics but were assigned to the 2014 World Championships. They withdrew due to Denney's right ankle injury, sustained in practice on March 19. Denney was expected to return to training after eight to twelve weeks. In June 2014, the pair stated they would not compete in the 2014–15 season.

## Programs

### With Coughlin

| Season | Short program | Free skating | Exhibition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013–2014
 |  |  |  |
| 2012–2013
 | |  | * Summertime Fantasy
(from American Idol) |
| 2011–2012
 |  |  |  |

### With Barrett

| Season | Short program | Free skating | Exhibition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010–2011
 |  |  |  |
| 2009–2010
 |  |  |  |
| 2008–2009
 |  |  |  |

## Competitive highlights

### Pairs career with Coughlin

| **International** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 2011–12 | 2012–13 | 2013–14 |
| World Champ. | 8th | WD | WD |
| Four Continents Champ. | 2nd |  |  |
| GP NHK Trophy | 5th |  |  |
| GP Rostelecom Cup |  | 3rd |  |
| GP Skate America | 4th | 3rd | 4th |
| GP Trophée Éric Bompard |  |  | 3rd |
| Nebelhorn Trophy | 3rd | 2nd |  |
| U.S. Classic |  |  | 2nd |
| **National** | | | |
| U.S. Championships | 1st | WD | 3rd |
| **Team events** | | | |
| World Team Trophy | 2nd T
(4th P) |  |  |
| WD = Withdrew
T = Team result; P = Personal result;
Medals awarded for team result only. | | | |

### Pairs career with Barrett

| **International** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 2008–09 | 2009–10 | 2010–11 |
| Winter Olympics |  | 13th |  |
| World Championships | 9th | 7th |  |
| Four Continents Champ. | 6th |  |  |
| GP NHK Trophy |  | 4th | 5th |
| GP Skate America |  |  | 4th |
| GP Skate Canada |  | 5th |  |
| Nebelhorn Trophy | 4th |  |  |
| **National** | | | |
| U.S. Championships | 2nd | 1st | 3rd |
| Eastern Sectionals | 1st |  |  |
| **Team event** | | | |
| World Team Trophy | 1st T
(4th P) |  |  |
| T = Team result; P = Personal result;
Medals awarded for team result only. | | | |

### Singles career

| Event | 2004–05 | 2005–06 | 2006–07 | 2007–08 | 2008–09 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eastern Sectionals |  |  |  |  | 6th J. |
| Midwestern Sectionals |  |  |  | 6th N. |  |
| South Atlantic Regionals |  |  |  |  | 2nd |
| Southwestern Regionals | 16th N. | 11th N. | 7th N. | 1st N. |  |
| Levels: N. = Novice; J. = Junior | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Caydee Denney | |
| --- | --- |
| Denney and Coughlin in 2011 | |
| Full name | Caydee Christine Denney |
| Born | (1993-06-22) June 22, 1993
Ocala, Florida, U.S. |
| Height | 1.54 m (5 ft 12 in) |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | United States |
| Partner | John Coughlin |
| Coach | Dalilah Sappenfield |
| Skating club | Broadmoor SC |
| Began skating | 2001 |
| Retired | July 29, 2015 |
| Medal record      Representing  United States  Figure skating: Pairs  Four Continents Championships  2012 Colorado Springs Pairs  World Team Trophy  2009 Tokyo Team  2012 Tokyo Team | |


title: John Rawlinson (cricketer, born 1959)

abstract: John Lawrence Rawlinson is an English artist and former first-class cricketer. Rawlinson was born at Edgware in August 1959. He was educated at Eton College, before going up to University College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1979 and 1980, making nine appearances. He scored 112 runs in his nine matches, at an average of 8.00 and a high score of 19. After graduating from Oxford, he completed a postgraduate degree at the University of Bristol. He has held a number of jobs after completing his studies, including as a banker and a teacher, before training to become an artist at the Cheltenham School of Fine Art. His brother Harry and son Hugo have both played first-class cricket.

text:
# John Rawlinson (cricketer, born 1959)

**John Lawrence Rawlinson** (born 4 August 1959) is an English artist and former first-class cricketer.

Rawlinson was born at Edgware in August 1959. He was educated at Eton College, before going up to University College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1979 and 1980, making nine appearances. He scored 112 runs in his nine matches, at an average of 8.00 and a high score of 19.

After graduating from Oxford, he completed a postgraduate degree at the University of Bristol. He has held a number of jobs after completing his studies, including as a banker and a teacher, before training to become an artist at the Cheltenham School of Fine Art. His brother Harry and son Hugo have both played first-class cricket.

## InfoBox

John Rawlinson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | John Lawrence Rawlinson |
| Born | (1959-08-04) 4 August 1959
Edgware, London, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Relations | Hugo Rawlinson (son)
Harry Rawlinson (brother) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19791980 | Oxford University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 9  Runs scored 112  Batting average 8.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 19  Catches/stumpings 5/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 17 April 2020 | |


title: Centre Place, Melbourne

abstract: Centre Place is a laneway and pedestrian precinct in Melbourne, Australia. It runs north from Flinders Lane to Collins Street, between Elizabeth Street and Swanston Street. The laneway is famous for its vibrant bars, cafes, restaurants and boutiques. It also features some of Melbourne's most well-known examples of street art and graffiti and the precinct has been used in tourism campaigns for the city.

text:
# Centre Place, Melbourne

**Centre Place** is a laneway and pedestrian precinct in Melbourne, Australia. It runs north from Flinders Lane to Collins Street, between Elizabeth Street and Swanston Street.

The laneway is famous for its vibrant bars, cafes, restaurants and boutiques. It also features some of Melbourne's most well-known examples of street art and graffiti and the precinct has been used in tourism campaigns for the city.

## Location

Located within the original Hoddle Grid on which Melbourne's streets were designed, Centre Place has become an important thoroughfare for pedestrians. From Flinders Street station it is common to travel through the underground Campbell Arcade to Degraves Street, and then via Centre Place to the Centreway Arcade to reach Collins Street. This forms a partially undercover route through art spaces, cafés, shops and iconic laneways.

The lane hooks sharply left midway to Collins Street, making the road undesirable for vehicles, hence its status and use as a pedestrian precinct. The laneway is overlooked by numerous residences and their balconies.

## History

Originally called Cummings Alley, the street wound around warehouses in the 1890s and the western portion was lined with urinals. By 1915 Cummings Alley had been joined to Collins Street via Centreway Arcade and was renamed Centre Court.

Centre Place became one of the 'first generation of revitalised laneways' in the 1980s. Council and State Governments at this time recognised the importance of preserving and revitalising the laneways of Melbourne. They worked to attract new boutique shops and cafés with street exposure.

The revitalised lane subsequently became popular with shoppers. Nearby retailers and businesses have also embraced the precinct, with the office and retail building at 271 Collins Street cutting an access point through to Centre Place in their building, highlighting its importance and desirability.

Australian Roads portal

Media related to Centre Place, Melbourne at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Centre Place<br>Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Centre Place in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Centre Place | |
| Coordinates |  |
| General information | |
| Type | Street |
| Location | Melbourne |
| Length | 50 m (200 ft) |
| Tourist routes | City of Melbourne Walks: Arcades & Lanes, The Cosmopolitan |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | Collins Street |
| South end | Flinders Lane |
| Location(s) | |
| LGA(s) | City of Melbourne |


title: Schoenionta javanicola

abstract: Schoenionta javanicola is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1954.

text:
# Schoenionta javanicola

***Schoenionta javanicola*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1954.

## InfoBox

| *Schoenionta javanicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Schoenionta* |
| Species: | ***S. javanicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schoenionta javanicola***<br>Breuning, 1954 | |
|


title: Chawk Masjid

abstract: The Chawk Mosque is a mosque in the city of Murshidabad, India. It was founded in 1767 AD by Munny Begum, wife of Nawab Mir Zafar. Earlier in this place Nawab Murshid Quli Khan had built the "Chahel Sutan", which was the city's forty pillared audience hall. The mosque still recalls the stories of the ruling days of the Nawabs and still holds on its glory of the past.

text:
# Chawk Masjid

24°11′07″N 88°16′16″E / 24.185296°N 88.27107°E / 24.185296; 88.27107

The **Chawk Mosque** (also Chawk Masjid) is a mosque in the city of Murshidabad, India. It was founded in 1767 AD by Munny Begum, wife of Nawab Mir Zafar. Earlier in this place Nawab Murshid Quli Khan had built the "*Chahel Sutan*", which was the city's forty pillared audience hall. The mosque still recalls the stories of the ruling days of the Nawabs and still holds on its glory of the past.

## Construction

The Masjid was founded by Munny Begum, the wife of Nawab Mir Zafar in 1767 AD under the supervision of Shaikh Khalilallah . Earlier on this venue Nawab Murshid Quli Khan built the "*Chahel Sutan*", which was the city's forty pillared audience hall. The mosque still recalls the stories of the ruling days of the Nawabs and still holds on its glory of the past. The mosque is located in the Nizamat Fort Area near the Hazarduari Palace and its other nearby buildings.

This mosque was of great importance in the Nawabi era as Munny Begum was a favourite of Robert Clive and Warren Hastings in terms of her lavish distribution. She in turn received several gifts; one was a palanquin which could accommodate 30 people from Rani Bhavani. Munny Begum had her allowances separately assigned. Thus, she was a *Gaddinashin Begum*. There have been several other Begums who have been a *Gaddinashin Begum*, like Babbu Begum another wife of Nawab Mir Zafar, she was on a receipt of 8000 per month while Munny Begum received  12000. There have been more such *Gaddinashin Begums*. Munny Begum had done several acts of munificence to the East India Company and their servants. On her death a salute was fired by the Government corresponding to the number of years of her age as she was always viewed with cordial regard and has a distinguished consideration to the Government of the East India Company.

So, the mosque was of utmost importance then under the rule of the Nawabs.

## Etymology

The Masjid (mosque) has been named so as it has a *Chawk* still surrounding it. Chawk means a shopping place often square in shape. So Chawk- means *shopping place or a market* and Masjid- means *mosque*. Thus, the total sums up to *a mosque in a market*. This market is the principal market of the city of Murshidabad.

## Features

This mosque has a majestic and grand appearance. It is a five domed mosque and has two *chau-chala-end-vaults* at the two corners at the side of the mosque. The exterior and the interior of the mosque both are decorated with motifs, panels and so on; this mosque has been ornamented with such arched shaped niches in stucco and vegetal motifs lavishly. Five gates passing through arched gateways lead in front of this grand mosque. There are several shops around so this place is known as the *"Chawk"* (shopping place or market, square in shape). This market is the principal market of the city of Murshidabad.

## Festivals

Earlier this mosque usually used to remain closed throughout the year. But nowadays, daily 5-time prayers are led by the Imam of the Masjid and a large number of people attend the daily obligatory prayers. For prominent occasions like Eid al-Adha, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Ghadir the mosque is decorated and whitewashed to welcome the people of the town. Earlier a single gun was fired from the Hazarduari Palace and several other guns were fired from several other places - one was fired from here - to proclaim the different intervals of the hours for the meals and prayers during the great fast of Ramzan.

## Map

A map of the full *Nizamat Fort Campus* (excluding *Wasef Manzil*, *Dakshin Darwaza* or the South Gate of the campus, Nawab Bahadur's Institution and the South Zurud Mosque) showing the *Nizamat Imambara* in yellow and other buildings surrounding it, like the *Madina Mosque*, the *Hazarduari Palace*, *Chawk Masjid*, *Bacchawali Tope*, the clock tower, Shia Complex and the *Zurud Mosque* (North).

## InfoBox

| Chawk Masjid | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | mosque |
| Architectural style | Islamic Architecture |
| Town or city | Murshidabad |
| Country | India |
| Coordinates | 24°11′07″N 88°16′16″E / 24.185296°N 88.27107°E / 24.185296; 88.27107 |
| Construction started | 1767 AD |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Shaikh Khalilallah |
| Website | |
| Chawk Masjid's website | |


title: Cayce, South Carolina

abstract: Cayce is a city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, along the Congaree River. The population was 12,528 at the 2010 census and rose to 13,789 in the 2020 United States Census, and it is the third-most populated municipality in Lexington County. The city is primarily in Lexington County, with additional, predominantly rural land to the east in Richland County. Cayce is part of the Columbia Metropolitan Statistical Area and is within South Carolina's Midlands region.

text:
# Cayce, South Carolina

**Cayce** (/ˈksi/ *KAY-see*) is a city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, along the Congaree River. The population was 12,528 at the 2010 census and rose to 13,789 in the 2020 United States Census, and it is the third-most populated municipality in Lexington County. The city is primarily in Lexington County, with additional, predominantly rural land to the east in Richland County. Cayce is part of the Columbia Metropolitan Statistical Area and is within South Carolina's Midlands region.

## History

What was to become Cayce was home to Native Americans for at least 12,000 years. This includes what are now known as the Manning Archeological Site, the SAM Site, and the Taylor Site.

Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto reached the area in 1540, encountering a large Native village at Congaree Creek, where Cayce now stands. Near the end of the 17th century, the explorer John Lawson visited and documented his trip. In 1718, during the colonial period, the English built the first permanent fort, the first structure built in the Midlands. A second fort was built on the river in 1748. These were referred to as Congaree Fort #1 and Congaree Fort #2 and became part of the Congarees Site in 1974.

The Guignard Brick Works were established on the west bank of the Congaree in 1803 and remained active for nearly two centuries.

The town includes the area that was once Granby, at one time the county seat and a flourishing community before it was abandoned by the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century.

The town was incorporated in 1914 and named for local businessman William J. Cayce.

In December 2007, the city council voted to annex a 3,100-acre (13 km2) floodplain in Richland County. Prior to this annexation, Cayce was entirely situated within Lexington County. The city planned to develop the annexed area, but after significant evaluations the city abandoned the project after determining that development was not suitable in the flood-prone area, leaving Cayce with a sizeable piece of sparely-populated land.

## Geography

Cayce is in eastern Lexington County and western Richland County, with the traditional center of town on the west side of the Congaree River at 33°58'29" north, 81°3'6" west. The Congaree divides the city from the state capital, Columbia, to the northeast. Cayce is also bordered by the city of West Columbia to the north, the town of Springdale to the northwest, and the town of Pine Ridge to the southwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 17.6 square miles (45.5 km2), of which 16.8 square miles (43.5 km2) are land and 0.77 square miles (2.0 km2), or 4.38%, are water.

## Attractions

Cayce has several hiking trails throughout the city. All of its public attractions, with the exception of the Cayce Historical Museum, are free of charge.

* The **Cayce Riverwalk**, sometimes referred to as the Cayce/West Columbia River walk, is a paved, 12-mile (19 km) hiking and biking trail along the Congaree River. The Riverwalk has four segments with several access points and provides historical markers along the pathway. The park sometimes floods when the Congaree River exceeds flood stage.
* The **12,000-year-old park** is built upon land that the city states has not changed much in the past 12,000 years.
* The **Timmerman Trail** is a 3.5-mile (5.6 km) hiking and biking trail through the woods. The trail is maintained by SCANA and is located near the company's headquarters. The trail is named after the pro-segregationist former governor of South Carolina, George Bell Timmerman Jr.
* The **Congaree Creek Heritage Preserve** has a 2.7-mile (4.3 km) hiking trail through the woods along Congaree Creek.
* **Cayce Historical Museum**, located at the city's municipal complex, includes Native American, colonial, Revolutionary War and Civil War artifacts.
* The **Guignard Brick Works** were established by the Guignard family in 1801. The complex, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, includes four brick beehive kilns, a historic brick office, and remnants of other industrial features of the brick works.

## Economy

Cayce is the home of Dominion Energy South Carolina, a subsidiary company of Dominion Energy, which purchased SCANA following the nukegate scandal. Prior to this acquisition, SCANA was headquartered in Cayce. Dominion Energy employs over 17,000 people in 15 states, providing energy to nearly 7 million customers.

## Transportation

### Public transportation

#### Bus system

Public transportation in Cayce is provided by the **COMET**, or officially the Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA). The bus system has several routes in Cayce and is the main public transit system for the greater Columbia area.

#### Columbia Metropolitan Airport

The Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA:**CAE**) serves as the main airport system for the greater Columbia area, and is just west of the Cayce city limits. In 2018, the airport served 1,197,603 passengers with 12,324 flights. The airport is the regional hub for UPS Airlines, transporting 136.7 million pounds of freight/mail in 2018. The airport was originally named "Lexington County Airport" and during World War II trained pilots for B-25 Mitchell crews.

#### Highways, roadways, and railways

* I-26 \- Interstate 26 passes through the western side of Cayce and connects the Columbia area to the other two major population centers of South Carolina: the Greenville-Spartanburg area to the northwest and the Charleston area to the southeast.
* I-77 \- Interstate 77 has its southern terminus in Cayce at I-26 and ends in Cleveland, Ohio. It is frequently used by travelers on the east coast of the United States heading to or from Florida.
* US-321 \- U.S. Route 321 passes through the western and northern sides of Cayce. It leads east across the Congaree River into downtown Columbia, then continues north toward Gastonia, North Carolina, while to the south it leads to the Savannah, Georgia, area.
* SC-2 \- South Carolina Highway 2 passes through the center of Cayce on State Street and Frink Street.
* The Columbia Subdivision, a railroad line owned by CSX Transportation, passes through Cayce; it was the site of a deadly train collision in February 2018.

## Education

Public schools
| Type | School | Enrollment | Within
city limits |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Elementary | Cayce Elementary School | 1,058 | Yes |
| Middle | Cyril B. Busbee Creative Arts Academy | 418 | Yes |
| Middle | R. H. Fulmer Middle School | 684 | Yes |
| High | Airport High School | 1,348 | Yes |
| High | Brookland-Cayce High School | 964 | Yes |
| College | Midlands Technical College, Airport campus | 15,000 | No |

The Cayce-West Columbia branch of the Lexington County Public Library serves the cities of Cayce and West Columbia.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 746 |  |  |
| 1930 | 1,267 |  | 69.8% |
| 1940 | 1,476 |  | 16.5% |
| 1950 | 3,294 |  | 123.2% |
| 1960 | 8,517 |  | 158.6% |
| 1970 | 9,967 |  | 17.0% |
| 1980 | 11,701 |  | 17.4% |
| 1990 | 11,163 |  | −4.6% |
| 2000 | 12,150 |  | 8.8% |
| 2010 | 12,528 |  | 3.1% |
| 2020 | 13,781 |  | 10.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Cayce racial composition
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 8,664 | 62.87% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 3,062 | 22.22% |
| Native American | 34 | 0.25% |
| Asian | 502 | 3.64% |
| Pacific Islander | 1 | 0.01% |
| Other/Mixed | 627 | 4.55% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 891 | 6.47% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 13,781 people, 6,017 households, and 2,794 families residing in the city.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 12,150 people in the city, organized into 5,133 households and 3,079 families. The population density was 1,114.6 inhabitants per square mile (430.3/km2). There were 5,517 housing units at an average density of 506.1 per square mile (195.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.55% White, 22.50% African American, 1.08% Asian, 0.26% Native American, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 1.28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,133 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 14.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,850, and the median income for a family was $43,560. Males had a median income of $30,317 versus $24,408 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,745. 17.0% of the population and 9.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 20.0% of those under the age of 18 and 8.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cayce, South Carolina
3. "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
4. "Cayce, SC Zip Codes". ZipMap. 2020. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
6. "Cayce". *Dictionary.com Unabridged* (Online). n.d. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
7. "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Cayce city, South Carolina". *data.census.gov*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
8. "Cayce City Quick Facts". *census.gov*. U.S. Government. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
9. "Quick Facts: Cayce, South Carolina". *United States Census Bureau*. April 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
10. "Cayce Municipal Limits Map" (PDF). *Caycesc.gov*. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
11. ""Cradle of the Midlands": A Comprehensive History". City of Cayce. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
12. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
13. "Congarees Site" (PDF). *National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form*. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
14. Holliday, Claudette (August 29, 2008). *Remembering Lexington, South Carolina: Good Stewards in a New Land*. Arcadia Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-62584-881-9. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
15. "Cayce Council OKs Vista Farms Annexation". *Post and Courier*. January 2, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
16. "Cayce East project canceled". *The State*. October 2, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
17. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
18. "Springdale Zoning Map" (PDF). *Town of Springdale*. 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
19. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
20. "Cayce Riverwalk". *Cayce Time for Life*. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
21. "Cayce-West Columbia Riverwalk". *South Carolina Trails*. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
22. "12,000 Year History Park". *Cayce Tour for Life*. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
23. "Congaree Creek Heritage Preserve". *South Carolina Trails*. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
24. "Our Company". *Dominion Energy*.
25. FAA Airport Form 5010 for CAE PDF, effective 2007-12-20
26. "Report Cards". *South Carolina Department of Education*. 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
27. "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report" (PDF). Lexington County Government. 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
28. "Locations". Lexington County Public Library. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
29. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
30. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved December 13, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Cayce, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| City Hall | |
|  | |
| Motto(s): "A new kind of city"
"Time of Life" | |
| CayceLocation in South CarolinaCayceLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 33°57′48″N 81°4′0″W / 33.96333°N 81.06667°W / 33.96333; -81.06667 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| Counties | Lexington; Richland |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Elise Partin |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.74 sq mi (45.95 km2) |
| Land | 16.88 sq mi (43.72 km2) |
| Water | 0.86 sq mi (2.23 km2) |
| Elevation | 233 ft (71 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 13,781 |
| Density | 816.36/sq mi (315.21/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 29033, 29169, 29170, 29171, 29172 |
| Area code(s) | 803, 839 |
| FIPS code | 45-12655 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1247197 |
| Website | cityofcayce-sc.gov |


title: Reşit Galip

abstract: Mustafa Reşit Galip was a Turkish politician in the early years of the Turkish Republic. By profession, he was a medical doctor.

text:
# Reşit Galip

**Mustafa Reşit Galip** (1893 – 5 March 1934) was a Turkish politician in the early years of the Turkish Republic. By profession, he was a medical doctor.

## Early years

He was born in the Sanjak of Rhodes (now an island of Greece, then a part of the Ottoman Empire) in 1883. His father was Galip, a judge and his mother was Münevver. He completed his elementary education in Rhodes. According to his granddaughter Feyhan Oran, when Rhodes was occupied by Italy he escaped to İzmir where he finished his highschool education. Then, he travelled to Istanbul to study medicine. During the Balkan War and the First World War he voluntarily served in the fronts. In 1917 he graduated from the medicine school of Istanbul University. Although he briefly served as an assistant in the faculty, he later on moved to Tavşanlı (a town in West Anatolia) to participate in the Turkish War of Independence. Towards the end of the war, he was appointed as the official doctor in Mersin. In 1925 he was elected as an MP from Aydın Province.

## In politics

He was always interested in politics. In İzmir and Istanbul he published bulletins and in Mersin he wrote in a local newspaper as the chief editor. While serving as an MP, he was elected a member of the Independence Tribunals. In 1930s he served as the charter member of two associations which were supported by Kemal Atatürk, the founder of Turkish Republic; Turkish Language Association and Turkish Historical Society. He later on became the president of Turkish Language Association. During his speech at the First Turkish History Congress in 1932, he claimed that the Sumerians, the Ancient Egyptians or the Ancient Greeks where originally of Turkish origin. One of the dubious evidences he presented for this claim was that the Egyptian Amun priests were of Turkish race due their brachycephalic skull. Between 19 September 1932 and 13 July 1933 he served as the Minister of National Education. (*see* 7th government of Turkey)

During his brief service period he initiated university reforms and planned Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, an important museum in Ankara. He is also known as the creator of daily student oath.

## Death

While serving in the wars he had contracted tuberculosis. On 5 March 1934, he died in Ankara. He was laid to rest in Cebeci Asri Cemetery. He was survived by his wife and three children.

## Legacy

A street in Ankara and one in Nazilli in Aydın Province are named after Reşit Galip. A primary schools one in Zeytinburnu, Istanbul and one in Çankaya, Ankara are also named after him.

## InfoBox

| Reşit Galip | |
| --- | --- |
| Reşit Galip in 1931 | |
|  | |
| Ministry of National Education | |
| **In office**
19 September 1932  13 July 1933 | |
| Prime Minister | İsmet İnönü |
| Preceded by | Esat Sagay |
| Succeeded by | Hikmet Bayur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1893
Sanjak of Rhodes, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 5 March 1934(1934-03-05) (aged 40–41)
Ankara, Turkey |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Political party | Republican People's Party |
| Education | Medicine |
| Alma mater | Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University |
| Occupation | Politician, civil servant |
|  | |


title: University at Buffalo Libraries

abstract: The University at Buffalo Libraries is the university library system of the University at Buffalo. The library's collections includes some 3.8 million print volumes, as well as media, and special collections. The Libraries subscribe to some 350 research databases and 10,000 electronic journals. Notable collections include the George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection, the James Joyce Collection, the Love Canal Collections, and the Robert Graves Collection.

text:
# University at Buffalo Libraries

The **University at Buffalo Libraries** is the university library system of the University at Buffalo. The library's collections includes some 3.8 million print volumes, as well as media, and special collections. The Libraries subscribe to some 350 research databases and 10,000 electronic journals.

Notable collections include the George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection, the James Joyce Collection, the Love Canal Collections, and the Robert Graves Collection.

## Libraries

### Oscar A. Silverman Library

In 2016, the Silverman Library's $7.2 million renovation was completed. A 2013 student survey about the library highlighted the need for more access to food, natural light, security, and power or USB ports for laptops, phones, and other electronic devices used by students. Over 200,000 books were removed to the Libraries Annex, other libraries on campus, or weeded to make room for group study rooms, study carrels, classrooms, a café, soundproof rooms, and over 1,000 power outlets. The library was closed for two years while renovations took place.

## History

In 1922, Ruth Bartholomew was appointed as the first University Librarian. The library was originally located in Foster Hall but was moved to larger quarters in the second floor of Hayes Hall.

In 1929, Thomas B. Lockwood (1873–1947) donated $500,000 to the University of Buffalo for the construction of a library building. In the spring of 1935, the library was moved to the newly constructed Lockwood Memorial Library building. Designed by noted Buffalo architect E.B. Green and built in classic Georgian architectural style, the building was an elegant, four-story structure located at the heart of the South Campus. In addition to providing funds for the building, Lockwood also donated his personal collection of rare books.

On April 19, 1979, the new Lockwood Memorial Library was officially opened. Designed for the new campus in Amherst, the Lockwood Memorial Library name was to be placed on the new library in recognition of the original endowment established by Mr. Lockwood. The original Lockwood Memorial Library, renamed Charles D. Abbott Hall / Health Sciences Library, was renovated and enlarged in 1983–1985.

On June 16th, 2023, the library system announced that it received $10 million in funding towards building a James Joyce museum.

43°00′05″N 78°47′22″W / 43.001376°N 78.789423°W / 43.001376; -78.789423

## InfoBox

| University at Buffalo Libraries | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Buffalo, New York |
| Branches | 9 |
| Collection | |
| Size | 4 Million Volumes |
| Other information | |
| Director | Evviva Weinraub Lajoie |
| Website | library.buffalo.edu |


title: Centre Party (Tasmania)

abstract: The Centre Party, previously the Country Party, was a minor Australian political party in the state of Tasmania. Initially formed in 1962 as a new Tasmanian branch of the Country Party of Australia after decades of inactivity in the state, it at first enjoyed no electoral success. In the run up to the 1969 election the party was joined by Kevin Lyons, a former Liberal turned independent member of the Assembly for Braddon, who renamed it the Centre Party and retained his seat at the election, securing the balance of power and serving as Deputy Premier in a coalition government until 1972. Upon the coalition's collapse the Centre Party faded away before being dissolved in 1975. The party first contested the 1964 state election, winning 9,280 votes (5.26%) but no seats. Kevin Lyons, the son of the late Prime Minister Joseph Lyons, was originally a member of the Liberal Party. In 1966, a dispute arose over preselection and Lyons resigned from the Liberals on 7 September. Lyons remained in the House of Assembly as an independent, until the 1969 election when he joined the party and renamed it as the Centre Party. Although the party's vote slipped to 8,160 (4.31%), Lyons was re-elected to the House of Assembly as the party's only MHA, after substantial numbers of preferences were transferred to him from Liberal voters in the electorate of Braddon. Labor and the Liberals both won 17 seats in the House, resulting in a hung parliament, with the Centre Party's one seat giving Lyons the balance of power. In negotiations with Liberal leader Angus Bethune, Lyons agreed to form a coalition with the Liberals, and became Bethune's Deputy Premier. The Liberal-Centre coalition lasted until 1972, with Lyons resigning as Deputy Premier after a dispute with Bethune, effectively dissolving the party and the coalition. The resulting instability triggered the 1972 election, which the Centre Party did not contest. The party's last contests came in the federal elections of 1974 and 1975 but had no success. The party disappeared that year.

text:
# Centre Party (Tasmania)

The **Centre Party**, previously the **Country Party**, was a minor Australian political party in the state of Tasmania. Initially formed in 1962 as a new Tasmanian branch of the Country Party of Australia after decades of inactivity in the state, it at first enjoyed no electoral success. In the run up to the 1969 election the party was joined by Kevin Lyons, a former Liberal turned independent member of the Assembly for Braddon, who renamed it the **Centre Party** and retained his seat at the election, securing the balance of power and serving as Deputy Premier in a coalition government until 1972. Upon the coalition's collapse the Centre Party faded away before being dissolved in 1975.

The party first contested the 1964 state election, winning 9,280 votes (5.26%) but no seats. Kevin Lyons, the son of the late Prime Minister Joseph Lyons, was originally a member of the Liberal Party. In 1966, a dispute arose over preselection and Lyons resigned from the Liberals on 7 September. Lyons remained in the House of Assembly as an independent, until the 1969 election when he joined the party and renamed it as the Centre Party. Although the party's vote slipped to 8,160 (4.31%), Lyons was re-elected to the House of Assembly as the party's only MHA, after substantial numbers of preferences were transferred to him from Liberal voters in the electorate of Braddon. Labor and the Liberals both won 17 seats in the House, resulting in a hung parliament, with the Centre Party's one seat giving Lyons the balance of power. In negotiations with Liberal leader Angus Bethune, Lyons agreed to form a coalition with the Liberals, and became Bethune's Deputy Premier. The Liberal-Centre coalition lasted until 1972, with Lyons resigning as Deputy Premier after a dispute with Bethune, effectively dissolving the party and the coalition. The resulting instability triggered the 1972 election, which the Centre Party did not contest.

The party's last contests came in the federal elections of 1974 and 1975 (by now as the National Country Party) but had no success. The party disappeared that year.