title: Rudolf Trenkel

abstract: Rudolf Trenkel was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II. As a flying ace, he was credited with 138 victories and was a recipient of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

text:
# Rudolf Trenkel

**Rudolf Trenkel** (17 January 1918 – 26 April 2001) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II. As a flying ace, he was credited with 138 victories and was a recipient of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

## Career

Trenkel served in *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) during the Battle of Britain. From February to June 1942, he was assigned to *Jagdgeschwader* 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) only to be transferred back to JG 52 where he was assigned to 2. *Staffel* (2nd squadron). On 1 November 1943, Trenkel made a forced landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (*Werknummer* 140167—factory number) 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) north of Dzhankoi following combat with Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack and Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter aircraft. In 1944, he was forced to bail out five times within ten days. On 14 July 1944, Trenkel was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 83rd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.

### Squadron leader

On 15 August 1944, Trenkel was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of the recreated 2. *Staffel* of JG 52. The original 2. *Staffel* under the command of *Oberleutnant* Paul-Heinrich Dähne had been withdrawn from the Eastern Front and transferred west to fight in Defense of the Reich in early June 1944. There the *Staffel* was subordinated to III. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing) and later became the 12. *Staffel* of JG 11. Trenkel formed the new 2. *Staffel* of JG 52 at Kraków from 15 to 26 August.

On 16 October 1944, JG 52 lost six aircraft in combat with the French *Armée de l'Air* Normandie-Niemen fighter regiment serving on the Eastern Front. One of the pilots shot down was Trenkel who survived by bailing out.

Trenkel and other soldiers of JG 52 surrendered to the 90th US Infantry Division near Písek on 8 May 1945 and became a prisoner of war (POW). The soldiers were initially interned at a POW camp at Strakonice where on 14 May, Trenkel married his fiancé Ida Sehnal who was among the civilian refuges. The wedding ceremony was held by *Oberst* Hermann Graf. The witnesses to the wedding were *Major* Adolf Borchers and *Hauptmann* Erich Hartmann. On 15 May, Trenkel and most of the JG 52 personnel were handed over by the American forces to the Soviet Union.

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Trenkel was credited with 138 aerial victories. Spick also lists Trenkel with 138 aerial victories claimed in over 500 combat missions, all but one on the Eastern Front. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 138 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 131 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and one Western Allies four-engined bomber.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = *Planquadrat*), for example "PQ 59191". The Luftwaffe grid map (*Jägermeldenetz*) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

| Chronicle of aerial victories | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Trenkel an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.    This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Trenkel did not receive credit.   This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. | | | | | | | | | |
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| – 7. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 77 –
Eastern Front — March 1942 | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 26 March 1942 | 15:02 | I-153 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Stab* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — June 1942 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 June 1942 | 12:37 | I-16 |  | 3 | 22 June 1942 | 11:58 | Yak-1 |  |
| – 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
19 May 1942 – 3 February 1943 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | 29 June 1942 | 18:15 | MiG-3 |  | 21 | 2 November 1942 | 10:32 | R-5 | PQ 59191 |
| 5 | 1 July 1942 | 14:23 | MiG-3 |  | 22 | 2 November 1942 | 10:33? | R-5 | PQ 59191 |
| 6 | 12 July 1942 | 10:50 | LaGG-3 |  | 23 | 30 November 1942 | 07:15 | U-2 | PQ 01242 |
|  | 4 August 1942 |  | LaGG-3 |  | 24 | 11 December 1942 | 11:10 | R-5 | PQ 01563 |
|  | 8 August 1942 |  | Pe-2 |  | 25♠ | 17 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
|  | 12 August 1942 |  | Yak-1 |  | 26♠ | 17 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
| 7 | 27 August 1942 | 14:23 | LaGG-3 | PQ 46332
west of Dzhankoi | 27♠ | 17 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
| 8 | 2 September 1942 | 08:30 | LaGG-3 | PQ 46253 | 28♠ | 17 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
| 9 | 2 September 1942 | 13:00 | LaGG-3 | 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Karmanovo | 29♠ | 17 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
| 10 | 10 September 1942 | 12:13 | Il-2 | PQ 47763
north of Taganaja | 30♠ | 17 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
| 11 | 2 October 1942 | 11:44 | Il-2 | PQ 49294
40 km (25 mi) east of Stalingrad | 31 | 21 December 1942 | 13:40 | Il-2 | PQ 01571 |
| 12 | 9 October 1942 | 12:50 | Il-2 | PQ 49124
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Stalingrad | 32 | 21 December 1942 | 13:42 | Il-2 | PQ 01583 |
| 13 | 9 October 1942 | 12:55 | Il-2 | PQ 49122
vicinity of Grebenka | 33 | 21 December 1942 | 13:43 | Il-2 | 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Kasinko |
| 14 | 11 October 1942 | 06:27 | Il-2 | PQ 49122
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Gumrak | 34 | 21 December 1942 | 13:44 | Il-2 | 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Kasinko |
| 15 | 26 October 1942 | 14:04 | Il-2 | PQ 49361
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stalingrad | 35 | 27 December 1942 | 06:58 | Pe-2 | PQ 01754 |
| 16 | 26 October 1942 | 14:09 | Il-2 | PQ 49362
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stalingrad | 36 | 29 December 1942 | 09:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 00314 |
| 17 | 26 October 1942 | 14:11 | Il-2 | PQ 49382
25 km (16 mi) south of Bassargino | 37 | 29 December 1942 | 12:18 | La-5 | PQ 01411 |
| 18 | 27 October 1942 | 08:35 | Il-2 | PQ 49124
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Stalingrad | 38 | 26 January 1943 | 12:30 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 72234 |
| 19 | 27 October 1942 | 16:21 | La-5 | PQ 49412
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Stalingrad | 39 | 29 January 1943 | 09:15 | Il-2 | PQ 73752 |
| 20 | 29 October 1942 | 11:28 | LaGG-3 | PQ 49282
20–30 km (12–19 mi) east of Stalingrad | 40 | 29 January 1943 | 09:17 | Il-2 | PQ 73733 |
| – 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943 | | | | | | | | | |
| 41 | 26 March 1943 | 15:25 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 81742
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Urazovo | 70 | 30 May 1943 | 15:35 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 85141, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Krymskaja
east of Krymsk |
| 42 | 27 March 1943 | 16:02 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 62721 | 71 | 31 May 1943 | 08:12 | Spitfire | PQ 34 Ost 86744
vicinity of Trojzkaja |
| 43 | 28 March 1943 | 10:20 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 71851
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Valuyki | 72 | 31 May 1943 | 11:09 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 75232, north of Krymskaja
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Krasnyi Lyman |
| 44 | 9 April 1943 | 08:55 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 86574
northwest of Sslaeanskaja | 73 | 2 June 1943 | 04:43 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 85112, north of Krymskaja
north of Mertschanskaja |
| 45 | 11 April 1943 | 12:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 86782
north of Mingrelskaya | 74 | 2 June 1943 | 13:27 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 85112, north of Krymskaja
north of Mertschanskaja |
| 46♠ | 16 April 1943 | 07:31? | LaGG-3 | vicinity of Cholmskaja | 75 | 2 June 1943 | 13:28 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 85121
vicinity of Sswobodnyj |
| 47♠ | 16 April 1943 | 10:50 | LaGG-3 | east of Krymskaja
southeast of Tscherkassowski | 76 | 2 June 1943 | 17:52 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 75234, 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Krymskaja
vicinity of Krymsk |
| 48♠ | 16 April 1943 | 10:54? | LaGG-3 | east of Krymskaja | 77 | 13 October 1943 | 10:15 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 58152, 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Zaporizhia
northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 49♠ | 16 April 1943 | 11:00 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 8519, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Achtyrskaja | 78 | 13 October 1943 | 10:17 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58153, 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Zaporizhia
northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 50♠ | 16 April 1943 | 11:46 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 76762
vicinity of Bolschoj Rasnokol | 79 | 13 October 1943 | 10:18 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 58154, 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Zaporizhia
northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 51 | 17 April 1943 | 11:10 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 7546
southeast of Novorossiysk | 80 | 14 October 1943 | 05:19 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58152, northeast of Zaporizhia
northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 52 | 26 April 1943 | 14:01 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 85722
vicinity of Sswobodnyj | 81 | 14 October 1943 | 11:50 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 58192
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Zaporizhia |
| 53 | 26 April 1943 | 14:04 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 85761
vicinity of Nowenjkij | 82 | 15 October 1943 | 05:55 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 58153, east of Zaporizhia
northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 54 | 29 April 1943 | 10:02 | Pe-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61394
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Bely Kolodez | 83 | 15 October 1943 | 10:35 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 58131
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 55 | 7 May 1943 | 04:22 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 71714
vicinity of Bely Kolodez | 84 | 15 October 1943 | 13:58 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 58351
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Zaporizhia |
| 56 | 7 May 1943 | 18:19 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61723, vicinity of Bely Kolodez
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Zolochev | 85 | 22 October 1943 | 06:34 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58534
vicinity of Wassilijewka |
| 57 | 7 May 1943 | 18:21 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 60131, vicinity of Bely Kolodez
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Kharkov | 86 | 22 October 1943 | 06:36 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58563
Kalinowka |
| 58 | 7 May 1943 | 18:24 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 60212, 20 km (12 mi) north of Chuhuiv
25 km (16 mi) east of Kharkov | 87 | 22 October 1943 | 14:55 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58361
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Zaporizhia |
| 59 | 9 May 1943 | 06:25 | MiG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 98872
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Azov | 88♠ | 23 October 1943 | 12:05 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 59744
30 km (19 mi) north of Zaporizhia |
| 60 | 9 May 1943 | 12:30 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 98731
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Azov | 89♠ | 23 October 1943 | 12:07 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 59743
30 km (19 mi) north of Zaporizhia |
| 61 | 11 May 1943 | 18:05 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 61495
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Belgorod | 90♠ | 23 October 1943 | 14:02 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 59753
35 km (22 mi) north-northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 62 | 23 May 1943 | 04:50 | MBR-2 | PQ 34 Ost 85594
Black Sea, south of Gelendzhik | 91♠ | 23 October 1943 | 15:21 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 59751, 35 km (22 mi) north-northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 63 | 24 May 1943 | 16:52 | Boston | PQ 34 Ost 86822
east of Woronowskaja | 92♠ | 23 October 1943 | 15:24 | Il-2 | PQ 59754
35 km (22 mi) north-northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 64 | 26 May 1943 | 05:11 | Boston | PQ 34 Ost 85123, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Abinskaja
east of Mertschanskaja | 93 | 24 October 1943 | 15:20 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 57152
3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Melitopol |
| 65 | 26 May 1943 | 05:16 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 85172, 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Abinskaja
southwest of Abinsk | 94 | 27 October 1943 | 06:10 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 57773
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Fedorowka |
| 66 | 26 May 1943 | 09:42 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 85144
vicinity of Abinsk | 95 | 27 October 1943 | 06:15 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 57744
20 km (12 mi) west of Melitopol |
| 67 | 30 May 1943 | 15:28 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 75262, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Krymskaja
south of Krymsk | 96 | 28 October 1943 | 08:05 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 4733210 km (6.2 mi) west of Ivanovka |
| 68 | 30 May 1943 | 15:30 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 76892, east of Kijewskoje
Sea of Azov, 30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Mariupol | 97 | 28 October 1943 | 10:58 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 47328
northeast of Agaiman |
| 69 | 30 May 1943 | 15:31 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75234, 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Krymskaja
vicinity of Krymsk | 98 | 1 November 1943 | 10:15 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66731
east of Elitgen |
| – I. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — July 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 99 | 13 July 1944 | 17:35 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 51711
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Brody | 107 | 18 July 1944 | 20:05 | Yak-7 | PQ 25 Ost 42851
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Kobryn |
| 100 | 14 July 1944 | 05:35 | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 51524
30 km (19 mi) south of Lutsk | 108♠ | 19 July 1944 | 13:40 | Yak-7 | PQ 25 Ost 42573
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Liuboml |
| 101 | 14 July 1944 | 17:55 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 50189
25 km (16 mi) east of Zolochiv | 109♠ | 19 July 1944 | 16:44 | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 32699
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Chełm |
| 102 | 15 July 1944 | 15:14 | Yak-7 | PQ 25 Ost 51548
30 km (19 mi) north of Brody | 110♠ | 19 July 1944 | 16:49 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 42713
vicinity of Liuboml |
| 103 | 15 July 1944 | 16:58 | Yak-7 | PQ 25 Ost 41414
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Włodzimierz | 111♠ | 19 July 1944 | 19:48 | Yak-7 | PQ 25 Ost 42777
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Włodzimierz |
| 104 | 15 July 1944 | 17:05 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 41447
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Włodzimierz | 112♠ | 19 July 1944 | 19:50 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 42767
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Liuboml |
| 105 | 16 July 1944 | 17:45 | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 51575
20 km (12 mi) north of Brody | 113 | 21 July 1944 | 15:42? | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 40432
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Lviv |
| 106 | 17 July 1944 | 18:05 | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 41796
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Busk |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — September 1944 – April 1945 | | | | | | | | | |
| 114 | 12 September 1944 | 16:10 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 10361
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Jasło | 127♠ | 15 October 1944 | 14:11 | Boston | PQ 25 Ost 13347
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Pristina |
| 115 | 12 September 1944 | 16:12 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 10391
20 km (12 mi) south of Jasło | 128 | 16 October 1944 | 10:45 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 13154
30 km (19 mi) south of Pristina |
| 116 | 13 September 1944 | 11:35? | B-17 | PQ 15 Ost 90452
35 km (22 mi) southwest of Kraków | 129 | 16 October 1944 | 13:05 | Il-2 m.H.? | PQ 25 Ost 13126
20 km (12 mi) east-northeast of Trepca |
| 117 | 21 September 1944 | 15:32 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 10696
35 km (22 mi) south-southwest of Sanok | 130 | 17 October 1944 | 08:00 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 25444
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Turnu Severin |
| 118 | 21 September 1944 | 17:54 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 10665
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Sanok | 131 | 27 October 1944 | 15:10 | Yak-3 | PQ 25 Ost 25583
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Majdanpek |
| 119 | 22 September 1944 | 11:30 | Yak-4 | PQ 25 Ost 10835 | 132 | 27 October 1944 | 15:13 | Yak-3 | PQ 25 Ost 25581 |
| 120 | 22 September 1944 | 11:33 | Yak-4 | PQ 25 Ost 10862
45 km (28 mi) southwest of Sanok | 133 | 16 February 1945 | 10:45 | Il-2 |  |
| 121 | 14 October 1944 | 14:41 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 13143
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Trepca | 134 | 19 February 1945 | 15:10 | Pe-2 |  |
| 122♠ | 15 October 1944 | 08:15 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 13345
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Pristina | 135 | 19 February 1945 | 15:15 | Pe-2 |  |
| 123♠ | 15 October 1944 | 08:17 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 13348
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Pristina | 136 | 20 February 1945 | 13:05 | Yak-9 |  |
| 124♠ | 15 October 1944 | 10:21 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 13344
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Pristina | 137 | 25 February 1945 | 16:05 | Yak-9 |  |
| 125♠ | 15 October 1944 | 10:24 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 13342
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Pristina | 138 | 11 March 1945 |  | Yak-9 |  |
| 126♠ | 15 October 1944 | 10:26 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25 Ost 13376
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Pristina |  |  |  |  |  |

### Awards

### Citations

1. Prien et al. 2012, p. 299.
2. Page 2020, p. 92.
3. Obermaier 1989, p. 244.
4. Schreier 1990, pp. 135, 144, 187.
5. Bergström 2008, p. 85.
6. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, pp. 259–260.
7. Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
8. Spick 1996, p. 229.
9. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1335–1338.
10. *Planquadrat*.
11. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1335.
12. Prien et al. 2006, p. 390.
13. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1335–1336.
14. Prien et al. 2006, p. 430.
15. Prien et al. 2006, p. 437.
16. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1336.
17. Prien et al. 2006, p. 438.
18. Prien et al. 2006, p. 433.
19. Prien et al. 2006, p. 434.
20. Prien et al. 2006, p. 435.
21. Prien et al. 2006, p. 436.
22. Prien et al. 2006, p. 439.
23. Prien et al. 2012, p. 282.
24. Prien et al. 2012, p. 284.
25. Prien et al. 2012, p. 283.
26. Prien et al. 2012, p. 285.
27. Prien et al. 2012, p. 291.
28. Prien et al. 2012, p. 292.
29. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1337.
30. Prien et al. 2022, p. 76.
31. Prien et al. 2022, p. 77.
32. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1337–1338.
33. Prien et al. 2022, p. 79.
34. Prien et al. 2022, p. 80.
35. Prien et al. 2022, p. 81.
36. Barbas 2006, p. 423.
37. Dixon 2023, p. 30.
38. Patzwall 2008, p. 206.
39. Obermaier 1989, p. 217.
40. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 479.
41. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 52.
42. Scherzer 2007, p. 750.

### Bibliography

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* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Balke, Ulf; Bock, Winfried (2022). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 15/II—Einsatz im Osten—1.1. bis 31.12.1944* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 15/II—Action in the East—1 January to 31 December 1944*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-28-4.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Schreier, Hans (1990). *JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs* \[*JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II*\] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.
* Spick, Mike (1996). *Luftwaffe Fighter Aces*. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
* Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). *The German War Machine in World War II*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.

## InfoBox

| Rudolf Trenkel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1918-01-17)17 January 1918
Neudorf |
| Died | 26 April 2001(2001-04-26) (aged 83)
Vienna |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe |
| Rank | *Hauptmann* (captain) |
| Commands | 2./JG 52 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Royal in the Afternoon

abstract: "Royal in the Afternoon" is a song by Australian band, The Whitlams. It was released in February 2003 as the third single from their fifth studio album, Torch the Moon. It received moderate success, peaking at number 66 in Australia in February 2003.. The song on Sunrise on 1 August 2008 to promote their latest release Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You.

text:
# Royal in the Afternoon

"**Royal in the Afternoon**" is a song by Australian band, The Whitlams. It was released in February 2003 as the third single from their fifth studio album, *Torch the Moon*. It received moderate success, peaking at number 66 in Australia in February 2003..

The song on *Sunrise* on 1 August 2008 to promote their latest release *Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You*.

## Reception

*The Guardian* described the song as, "A blokey rock song about leaving behind the life of a hellraiser for domestic bliss. Freedman sounds as if he is having fun as 'the mad king of it all', while Jak Housden provides the bouncy guitar." *The Sydney Morning Herald* agreed the song was "bouncy" and said it was "sure to be a live singalong favourite".

## Track listing

1. "Royal in the Afternoon" – 2:58
2. "Buy Now, Pay Later" (live) – 4:55
3. "Met My Match" (live) – 4:34
4. "No Aphrodisiac" (live) – 6:01
5. "I Make Hamburgers" (live) – 3:55

## Charts

Chart performance for "Royal in the Afternoon"
| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 66 |

## InfoBox

| "Royal in the Afternoon" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by The Whitlams | |
| from the album  *Torch the Moon* | |
| Released | February 2003 |
| Recorded | 2002 |
| Genre | Piano rock |
| Length | 2:58 |
| Label | Black Yak / Phantom |
| Songwriter(s) | Tim Freedman |
| The Whitlams singles chronology | |
| "Best Work"
(2002) "**Royal in the Afternoon**"
(2003) "Don't Believe Anymore"
(2003) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Petruk

abstract: Petruk is a character in traditional Javanese puppetry, or wayang. He is one of the Punokawan, four comedic figures common in the medium.

text:
# Petruk

**Petruk** is a character in traditional Javanese puppetry, or *wayang*. He is one of the *Punokawan*, four comedic figures common in the medium.

## Depiction

Petruk is one of the four *Punokawan*, together with Semar (the leader/father figure), Bagong, and Gareng; Petruk acts as the middle child. They are portrayed living together as a harmonious family. The Punokawan, often referred to as clowns in English, provide comic relief in the stories they are in, but also serve to speak to the audience and convey ideas of the *dhalang* (puppeteer), including social criticism.

Petruk is depicted as having lengthy limbs and a long nose; his nose is generally considered his most distinctive feature. In *wayang* performances the *dhalang* generally provides a "warrior's voice" for Petruk, as opposed to the nasal voice used for his brothers. He is married to Dewi Ambarawati, whom he won the right to marry after defeating four other suitors in a vicious battle. Together they have a son, Lengkungkusuma.

## Literary appearances

Petruk and the *punokawan*, who are not present in the original Indian versions of the Mahabharata, are thought to have been an original Javanese creation. The *Batara Ismaya Krama* details Petruk's origin as follows. He was originally a noble *raksasa* known as Bambang Pecruk Panyukilan. He was humorous yet quick to fight, enjoyed joking but a furious warrior. One day, he departed his home to test his strength. Meeting Bambang Sukakadi, he challenged the latter to fight. The two fought for an extended period of time, until ultimately their entire bodies were covered in bruises and both had lost their once-handsome appearances. The fight was only stopped after Bagong and Smarasanta came together with Semar; Semar ordered the fighting men to stop and join him as his students. Afterwards Bambang Pecruk Panyukilan became Petruk, whereas Bambang Sukakadi became Gareng.

During the Dutch colonial period, a *wayang* story entitled *Petruk Dadi Ratu* (*Petruk Becomes King*) arose as a veiled criticism of the Dutch colonial powers. In this story, Petruk (in the guise of Prabu Welgeduwelbeh) overthrows his brother Gareng to become king of Trancanggribig; he is ultimately overthrown by Bagong, until the kingdom is surrendered to the Pandawa. Other contemporary stories exist as well. In *Petruk Ilang Petele* (*Petruk Loses His Axe*), Petruk loses his axe, whereas in *Ambangun Candi Saptaharga* a woman named Dewi Mustakaweni steals a sacred relic known as Kalimasada, after which Petruk steals it back.

Petruk and the Punokawan can also be found in modern Indonesian literature. In Nano Riantiarno's *Semar Gugat* (1995), for instance, Petruk appears as a son of Semar who abandons him after the latter loses his powers. Allusions to the character can be found in cartoons.

## Works cited

* Anderson, Benedict (1978). "Cartoons and Monuments: The Evolution of Political Communication under the New Order". In Karl D Jackson; Lucian W Pye (eds.). *Political Power and Communications in Indonesia*. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03303-0.
* Hermawan, Deny (2013). *Semar dan Kentut Kesayangannya* \[*Semar and His Beloved Flatulence*\] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Diva Press.
* Kresna, Ardian (2012). *Punakawan: Simbol Kerendahan Hati Orang Jawa* \[*The Punakawan: Symbol of the Humility of Javanese People*\] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Narasi.
* Sudibyoprono, Rio; Suwandono; Dhanisworo; Mujiyono (1991). *Ensiklopedi Wayang Purwa* \[*Encyclopedia of Wayang Purwa*\]. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. ISBN 978-979-407-341-4.
* Tejo, H Sujiwo (26 November 1995). "Angin Litsus dari Semar" \[Whirlwind from Semar\]. *Kompas* (in Indonesian).


title: Psary Witowskie

abstract: Psary Witowskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wolbórz, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

text:
# Psary Witowskie

**Psary Witowskie** \[ˈpsarɨ viˈtɔfskʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wolbórz, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Psary Witowskie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Psary Witowskie | |
| Coordinates: 51°29′48″N 19°46′53″E / 51.49667°N 19.78139°E / 51.49667; 19.78139 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Piotrków |
| Gmina | Wolbórz |


title: Robert Malcolm Rucker

abstract: Robert Malcolm Rucker was a southern, impressionistic artist born in New Orleans, Louisiana. At the age of sixteen he opened his first art gallery in the French Quarter section of New Orleans.

text:
# Robert Malcolm Rucker

**Robert Malcolm Rucker** (March 28, 1932 – March 7, 2001) was a southern, impressionistic artist born in New Orleans, Louisiana. At the age of sixteen he opened his first art gallery in the French Quarter section of New Orleans.

## Background

Having been born the son of Edward Augustus Rucker, a noted Louisiana steamboat captain, many of Rucker's works focus on the southern countryside of the Mississippi Delta. Following a long day of swimming in the Mississippi River, Rucker developed a severe case of poliomyelitis at the age of seventeen. As a result of his illness, the Louisiana Department of Education funded Rucker's education at the John McCrady School of Fine Arts located on Bourbon Street in New Orleans. Later following his graduation, Rucker worked briefly as a medical school illustrator for Tulane University School of Medicine.

## Later life

Rucker is known as one of Louisiana's most renowned artists. He is known to have generated thousands of paintings during his lifetime. He is the father to three daughters Lynn, Yvonne, and Janet. In 1997 Rucker was named a "Louisiana Legend" by the Louisiana Public Broadcasting. On March 7, 2001, Rucker died of a heart attack.

## Further reading

* Bragg, Jean, Vicki Stanwycks, and Susan Saward. Down by the Levee. New Orleans: Jean Bragg Gallery, 2004. Print.
* "LPB Web." LPB. Web. 13 Feb. 2011.


title: Oberstabsarzt

abstract: Oberstabsarzt is a military rank in German speaking armed force. It describes a medical staff officer surgeon or medical staff officer dentist comparable to major or lieutenant commander NATO-Rangcode OF3 in anglophone armed forces.

text:
# Oberstabsarzt

**Oberstabsarzt** (short: OStArzt or OSA) is a military rank in German speaking armed force. It describes a medical staff officer surgeon or medical staff officer dentist comparable to major (de: Major) or lieutenant commander (de: Korvettenkapitän) NATO-Rangcode OF3 in anglophone armed forces.

| **Oberstabsarzt** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Rank insignia | German medical service ranks |
| Introduction |  |
| Rank group | Commissioned officers |
| Heer / Luftwaffe | \*Oberstabsarzt
\*Oberstabsapotheker
\*Oberstabsveterinär
 |
| Marine | \*Oberstabsarzt
\*Oberstabsapotheker
\*Oberstabsveterinär |
| short (in lists) | \*OStArzt (OSA)
\*OStApotheker (OSAP)
\*OStVeterinär (OSV) |
| NATO
equivalent | OF-3 |
|

## Germany

### Bundeswehr

In the Joint Medical Service of the German Bundeswehr **Oberstabsarzt**, **Oberstabsapotheker**, and **Oberstabsveterinär** comparable in NATO to the OF-3 ranks *Major*, and to *Korvettenkapitän*.

#### Address

The manner of formal addressing of military surgeons/dentists with the rank *Oberstabsarzt* is "Herr/Frau Oberstabsarzt", with the rank *Oberstabsapotheker*, "Herr/Frau Oberstabsapotheker", and veterinaries with the rank *Oberstabsveterinär* "Herr/Frau Oberstabsveterinär". Although the grammatically female form of *Arzt* is *Ärztin*, the military does not have separate gendered ranks, so the correct form of address for a female physician is "Frau Oberstabsarzt".

#### Rank insignias

On the shoulder straps (Heer, Luftwaffe) there is one silver star in silver oak leaves and the career insignia (de: Laufbahnabzeichen) as symbol of the medical standing, or course of studies. The piping on shoulder straps shows the Waffenfarbe (en: corps- or troop-function colour), corresponding to the appropriate military service, branch, or special force. The corps colour of the "Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service" is dark blue.

In the Marines, the career insignia is in the middle of both sleeves, 3 cm above the cuff strips, and on the shoulder straps between strips and button.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

|  | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| junior Rank
Stabsarzt |
German medical officer rank
**Oberstabsarzt** | senior Rank
Oberfeldarzt
Flottillenarzt |
| --- | --- | --- |
|

### Wehrmacht

Rank insigniaCollar patchesShoulder strap with Rod of Asclepius

*Oberstabsarzt* of the German Wehrmacht was comparable to the Major / Korvettenkapitän (OF-3), as well as to the Sturmbannführer and Major of the Waffen-SS.

In line to the so-called Reichsbesoldungsordnung (en: Reich's salary order), appendixes to the Salary law of the German Empire (de: Besoldungsgesetz des Deutschen Reiches) of 1927 (changes 1937 – 1940), the comparative ranks were as follows: C 6

* Major (Heer and Luftwaffe)
* Korvettenkapitän (Kriegsmarine)
* Oberstabsarzt (medical service of the Wehrmacht)
* Marineoberstabsarzt, introduced June 26, 1935 (medical service of the Kriegsmarine)
* Oberstabsveterinär (veterinarian service of the Wehrmacht)

During wartime, regular assignments of *Oberstabsarzt* were commander of a medical company, or chief of a, field-, evacuation-, or war hospital (de. Feldlazarett / Kreislazarett). However, a field hospital could be managed by an *Oberfeldarzt* (OF4) as well. An *Oberstabsarzt* was assisted by first lieutenants (Dr.), second lieutenants (Dr.), and help surgeons (de: Ober-, Assistenz-, and Hilfsärzte).

The *corps colour* of the military Health Service Support (HSS) in German armed forces was traditional  dark blue*dark blue*, and of the veterinarian service  carmine red. This tradition was continued by the medical service corps in Heer and Luftwaffe of the Reichswehr and Wehrmacht. However, the *corps colour* of the *Waffen-SS* and *Kriegsmarine* HSS was  cornflower blue.

| Ranks Wehrmacht until 1945 | | | |
Ranks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Medical service | en translation | Equivalent Heer | en equivalent | |
| Generaloberstabsarzt | Senior Staff-Surgeon General | General der Waffengattung | three star rank | OF-8 |
| Generalstabsarzt | Staff-Surgeon General | Generalleutnant | two star rank | OF-7 |
| Generalarzt | Surgeon General | Generalmajor | one star rank | OF-6 |
| Oberstarzt | Colonel (Dr.) | Oberst | Colonel | OF-5 |
| Oberfeldarzt | Lieutenant colonel (Dr.) | Oberstleutnant | Lieutenant colonel | OF-4 |
| **Oberstabsarzt** | Major (Dr.) | Major | | OF-3 |
| Stabsarzt | Captain (Dr.) | Hauptmann | Captain (army) | OF-2 |
| Oberarzt | First lieutenant (Dr.) | Oberleutnant | First lieutenant | OF-1a |
| Assistenzarzt | Second lieutenant (Dr.) | Leutnant | Second lieutenant | OF-1b |
| Unterarzt | Sergeant 1st Class (Dr.) | Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel | Officer Aspirant | OR-7 |
| Feldunterarzt (since 1940) | | | | |

#### Kriegsmarine

Rank designations of the Kriegsmarine as to Match 30, 1934, are contained in the table below.

| Ranks Kriegsmarine (medical service) | | | |
Ranks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Medical service | en translation | Equivalent Kriegsmarine | en equivalent | |
| Admiraloberstabsarzt | Surgeon general | Admiral (Germany) | three star rank | OF-8 |
| Admiralstabsarzt | Rear admiral upper half (Dr.) | Vizeadmiral | two star rank | OF-7 |
| Admiralarzt | Rear admiral lower half (Dr.) | Konteradmiral | one star rank | OF-6 |
| Flottenarzt | Captain naval (Dr.) | Kapitän zur See | Captain (naval) | OF-5 |
| Geschwaderarzt | Commander (Dr.) | Fregattenkapitän | Commander | OF-4 |
| **Marineoberstabsarzt** | Lieutenant commander (Dr.) | Korvettenkapitän | Lieutenant commander | OF-3 |
| Marinestabsarzt | Lieutenant naval (Dr.) | Kapitänleutnant | Lieutenant (naval) | OF-2 |
| Marineoberarzt | Lieutenant junior grade (Dr.) | Oberleutnant zur See | Lieutenant (junior grade) | OF-1a |
| Marineassistenzarzt | Ensign (Dr.) | Leutnant zur See | Ensign | OF-1b |

## Austria-Hungary

In the Austria-Hungarian Common Army (de: Gemeinsame Armee or k.u.k. Armee) there was the OF3-rank *Stabsarzt* (en: Staff surgeon) until 1918, equivalent to the OF3-rank *Oberstabsarzt* in Germany. That particular rank was comparable to the *Major* OF3-rank as well.

| Ranks k.u.k. Army until 1918 | | | |
Ranks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Medical service | en | Equivalent Heer | en | |
| Generalstabsarzt | Staff-Surgeon General | Generalmajor | Major general | OF-6 |
| Oberstabsarzt I. Klasse | Colonel (Dr. 1st class) | Oberst | Colonel | OF-5 |
| Oberstabsarzt II. Klasse | Lieutenant colonel (Dr. 2nd class) | Oberstleutnant | Lieutenant colonel | OF-4 |
| **Stabsarzt** | Major (Dr.) | Major | | OF-3 |
| Regimentsarzt I. Klasse | Captain (Dr. 1st class) | Hauptmann | Captain | OF-2 |
| Regimentsarzt II. Klasse | Captain (Dr. 2nd class) | | | |
| Oberarzt | First lieutenant (Dr.) | Oberleutnant | First lieutenant | OF-1 |
| Assistenzarzt | Second lieutenant (Dr.) | Leutnant | Second lieutenant | |

1. "Ärztin aus Doberlug-Kirchhain im Bundeswehreinsatz in Kundus". *Lausitzer Rundschau*. 30 October 2003.
2. Hegmann, Gerhard (March 8, 2019). "Wird "Frau Hauptmann" zur "Hauptmännin" oder "Hauptfrau"?". *Die Welt*. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
3. Besoldungsgesetz vom 16. Dezember 1927 (RGBl. I …, C Soldaten S. 391), changes 1937 to 1940
4. “War and victory 1870-71”, culture history, published by Julius von Pflugk-Harttung. (Original title: Krieg und Sieg 1870-71, Kulturgeschichte, Herausgeber Julius von Pflugk-Harttung.)
5. F. Altrichter: “The reserve officer”, fourteenth checked addition, Berlin 1941, pages 158-159. (Original title: F. Altrichter: „Der Reserveoffizier“, vierzehnte durchgesehene Auflage, Berlin 1941, Seiten 158-159.)
6. The abbreviation "OR" stands for *"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"*


title: DXIC-AM

abstract: DXIC RMN Iligan is a radio station owned and operated by the Radio Mindanao Network. The station's studio is located at the 4/F, Mejia Bldg., Roxas cor. Aguinaldo St., Iligan, while its transmitter is located at Brgy. Bayug, Iligan. Established as the second RMN station after DXCC in Cagayan de Oro, DXIC is the pioneer and lone AM station in the city.

text:
# DXIC-AM

**DXIC** (711 AM) **RMN Iligan** is a radio station owned and operated by the Radio Mindanao Network. The station's studio is located at the 4/F, Mejia Bldg., Roxas cor. Aguinaldo St., Iligan, while its transmitter is located at Brgy. Bayug, Iligan. Established as the second RMN station after DXCC in Cagayan de Oro, DXIC is the pioneer and lone AM station in the city.

## InfoBox

RMN Iligan (DXIC)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Lanao del Norte and surrounding areas |
| Frequency | 711 kHz |
| Branding | DXIC RMN Iligan 711 |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Cebuano, Filipino |
| Format | News, Public Affairs, Talk, Drama |
| Network | Radyo Mo Nationwide |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | RMN Networks |
| Sister stations | 102.3 iFM |
| History | |
| First air date | 1953 |
| Call sign meaning | **I**ligan **C**ity |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | NTC |
| Class | C, D & E |
| Power | 10,000 watts |
| Links | |
| Website | RMN Iligan |


title: Cheiridopsis

abstract: Cheiridopsis is a genus that consists of 100 species of flowering succulent perennial plants, native to semi-arid regions in the far west of Namibia and South Africa.

text:
# Cheiridopsis

***Cheiridopsis*** is a genus that consists of 100 species of flowering succulent perennial plants, native to semi-arid regions in the far west of Namibia and South Africa.

## Description

Most species are clump-forming, a few are shrubby. The leaves are opposite and triangular in section, rarely flattened, the surface more or less velvety, which makes them easy to distinguish from species of the allied genus *Argyroderma*. Daisy-like flowers open during the day in summer, are borne singly and usually have yellow, rarely purple or red, petals.

The name comes from the Greek *"cheiris"*, meaning "sleeve". Each succeeding pair of leaves differs from the previous one in form, size, and relative unity of the leaves. Those most united wither in the resting period and form a papery sheath covering the succeeding pair of leaves during dormancy in dry, hot summer.

## Distribution

The genus occurs in the far west of South Africa and Namibia. Here it occurs from the Western Cape Province northwards through the Namaqualand, into Namibia.

## Cultivation

The species are mostly adapted to a very arid, winter-rainfall climate. The tender species *C. peculiaris* requires cultivation under glass in temperate regions.

## Species

| *Cheiridopsis acuminata*
*Cheiridopsis alata*
*Cheiridopsis amabilis*
*Cheiridopsis aspera*
*Cheiridopsis aurea*
*Cheiridopsis bifida*
*Cheiridopsis brownii*
*Cheiridopsis bruynsii*
*Cheiridopsis candidissima*
*Cheiridopsis carinata*
*Cheiridopsis caroli*
*Cheiridopsis caroli-schmidtii*
*Cheiridopsis cigarettifera*
*Cheiridopsis cuminata*
*Cheiridopsis delphinoides*
*Cheiridopsis denticulata*
*Cheiridopsis derenbergiana*
*Cheiridopsis dilatata*
*Cheiridopsis excavata*
*Cheiridopsis gamoepensis*
*Cheiridopsis glomerata*
*Cheiridopsis herrei*
*Cheiridopsis imitans*
*Cheiridopsis marlothii*
*Cheiridopsis meyeri*
*Cheiridopsis minima*
 | *Cheiridopsis minor*
*Cheiridopsis namaquensis*
*Cheiridopsis nelii*
*Cheiridopsis pearsonii*
*Cheiridopsis peculiaris*
*Cheiridopsis pillansii*
*Cheiridopsis pilosula*
*Cheiridopsis ponderosa*
*Cheiridopsis pulverulenta*
*Cheiridopsis purpurata*
*Cheiridopsis purpurea*
*Cheiridopsis robusta*
*Cheiridopsis rostrata*
*Cheiridopsis rudis*
*Cheiridopsis schlechteri*
*Cheiridopsis speciosa*
*Cheiridopsis subaequalis*
*Cheiridopsis truncata*
*Cheiridopsis turbinata*
*Cheiridopsis umbrosa*
*Cheiridopsis umdausensis*
*Cheiridopsis vanbredai*
*Cheiridopsis vanzijlii*
*Cheiridopsis velox*
*Cheiridopsis verrucosa*
 |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| *Cheiridopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cheiridopsis denticulata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Aizoaceae |
| Subfamily: | Ruschioideae |
| Tribe: | Ruschieae |
| Genus: | *Cheiridopsis*
N.E.Br., 1925 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton

abstract: Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttleton, from Munslow in Shropshire, was a Chief Justice of North Wales. He was descended from the judge and legal scholar, Thomas de Littleton. His father, also Edward, had been Chief Justice of North Wales before him.

text:
# Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton

**Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttleton** (also **Littelton**; 1589  27 August 1645), from Munslow in Shropshire, was a Chief Justice of North Wales. He was descended from the judge and legal scholar, Thomas de Littleton. His father, also Edward, had been Chief Justice of North Wales before him.

## Education and career

He was educated at Oxford before becoming a lawyer. In 1614 he became an MP for Bishop's Castle, Shropshire in the Addled Parliament. In 1625 he was again returned to Parliament for Leominster and Caernarfon borough. In 1628 he was chairman of the *Committee of Grievances* upon whose report the Petition of Right was based.

As a member of the party opposed to the arbitrary measures of Charles I, Littleton had shown more moderation than some of his colleagues, and in 1634, three years after he had been chosen Recorder of London, the king attached him to his own side by appointing him Solicitor General. In the famous case about ship money, Sir Edward argued against John Hampden. In 1640, he was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.

## The Great Seal

In 1641, when the previous keeper, John Finch, fled into exile, Littleton was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. He was raised to the Peerage as Baron Lyttelton of Munslow.

As the Lord Keeper Littleton had begun to display a certain amount of indifference to the royal cause. In January 1642, he refused to put the Great Seal to the proclamation for the arrest of five members and he also incurred the displeasure of Charles by voting for the Militia ordinance. However, he assured his friend Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of Clarendon, that he had only taken this step to allay the suspicions of the parliamentary party who contemplated depriving him of the seal, and he undertook to send this to the King. He fulfilled his promise, and in May 1642, he himself joined Charles at York, but it was some time before he regained the favour of the king and the custody of the seal.

## Death

Littleton died at Oxford on 27 August 1645; he left no sons and his barony became extinct. His only daughter, Anne, married her cousin, Sir Thomas Littleton, 2nd Baronet. Their son, Sir Thomas Littleton (c. 1647–1710), was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1698 to 1700, and Treasurer of the Navy from 1700 to 1710.

* Christopher W. Brooks, 'Littleton, Edward, Baron Littleton (1589–1645)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Littleton, Edward, Baron". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 793.

## Further reading

Media related to Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttleton of Mounslow at Wikimedia Commons


title: Connecticut Yankee Council

abstract: The Connecticut Yankee Council of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford, Connecticut. It is council #072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut, including Fairfield, New Haven, and parts of Hartford counties. The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council (#074) and Fairfield County Council (#068).Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council.

text:
# Connecticut Yankee Council

The **Connecticut Yankee Council** of the Boy Scouts of America is located in Milford, Connecticut. It is council #072 and serves 37 towns and cities in Connecticut, including Fairfield, New Haven, and parts of Hartford counties. The present council was formed in 1998 by the merger of Quinnipiac Council (#074) and Fairfield County Council (#068).Owaneco Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge that serves this council.

## History

In 1998, the council was formed by the merger of Quinnipiac Council and Fairfield County Council.

## Organization

Connecticut Yankee Council is divided into the following districts:

## Camps

Connecticut Yankee Council operates four camps: Camp Sequassen in New Hartford, Hoyt Scout Reservation in Redding, Camp Pomperaug in Union, and Wah Wah Taysee in North Haven.

### Camp Sequassen

Camp Sequassen is located in New Hartford, Connecticut. It is a Boy Scout camp operated by the Connecticut Yankee Council and is mainly used for summer camp. During the summer, it becomes a Scouts BSA resident camp for over 2,000 youth from across New England. The camp was moved to this new site in 1927 with the purchase of 125 acres. Today the camp consists of over 600 acres of forest and over 2500' of shoreline on West Hill Pond. Troops from around Connecticut and neighboring states stay at Camp Sequassen for a week. While staying there, Scouts are able to work on rank requirements and take merit badge classes while being instructed by well-trained staff members.

One of these places is the Trading Post. This is a small Scouting store operated by Sequassen staff. It is well known for the slushies and candy sold there, but also offers other merchandise such as Sequassen frisbees, shirts, hats, belts, walking sticks, joke books, cookbooks, songbooks, knives, playing cards, bumper stickers, mugs, water bottles, carabiners, and patches as well as official socks. At the waterfront, Scouts can go swimming or take boats such as canoes, kayaks, sailboats, and rowboats out into West Hill Pond. Also, Platt Field, located in North Sequassen, is where Scouts can participate in rifle shooting, and archery (including trap, clout and regular). Very close to Platt Field, shotgun shooting is available for older Scouts near Scout Craft. There is also a handicrafts center near the waterfront where woodcarving, photography and metalwork are possible. At the Nature Center called "Eco" (located on the right side of Cohen Lodge), Scouts can enjoy creative, fun, and educational programs such as catching insects at the "Bug Wall," testing their knowledge in "Eco Jeopardy", and going on an astronomy hike up to Platt Field. Scouts can also play exciting games such as gaga ball, ultimate frisbee, volleyball, lawn games, and disc golf in the nearby Clark Field. At the end of the week all Scouts can participate in the camp-wide "Land and Sea Games."

No one is allowed to cross over West Hill Road to get from one half of the camp to the other. Instead, all Scouts, staff and adult leaders use the Godfrey-Morris tunnel that goes under West Hill Road.

### John Sherman Hoyt Scout Reservation and Training Center

John Sherman Hoyt Scout Reservation and Training Center is located in Redding, Connecticut. The reservation was donated to the Alfred W. Dater Council by Alice B. Sanford in 1966. The 174 acres (0.70 km2) of wooded property is located in a rural area of Connecticut on the western end of the Connecticut Yankee Council. The camp consists of 173 acres. When the Hoyt training center is mentioned in the presence of Connecticut Yankee Council members, it is often repeated by members of the audience who reply, "HOYT!"

The reservation is named after John Sherman Hoyt of Darien, Connecticut. Hoyt was a wealthy industrialist and dedicated Scouter. Hoyt was involved with the Scouting movement since 1910 as one of its founders and later served as National Council Vice President for Finance, a member of the National Council Executive Board and Advisory Board. Hoyt donated 18 acres (73,000 m2) of land in 1947 to the Alfred W. Dater Council, which became the Five Mile River Camp. The first building built at the new camp was a training cabin, which was dedicated to Major General Arthur Carter.

The reservation has been operated by three different councils. Alfred W. Dater Council merged to form Fairfield County Council in 1972 and merged again in 1998 to form the present Connecticut Yankee Council.

### Camp Pomperaug

This is a Scout camp located in Union, Connecticut. The CT Burn Foundation uses the facility as a summer camp for children with severe burns. This camp has had a long history, first, as Boy Scout camp located on Lake Zoar as part of the Housatonic River system.

### Wah Wah Taysee

Wah Wah Taysee is located partly in North Haven and partly in Hamden. The land was donated to the Quinnipiac Council in 1971 by the late Ned Greist. According to the attorney who drafted the deed, Mr. Greist chose the name 'Wah Wah Taysee' for the campsite, which he said was the name of the firefly in the poem Hiawatha. The property is situated near the base of Sleeping Giant, a.k.a. Mt. Carmel. Mr. Greist's family was one of several families instrumental in earlier successful efforts to save the area from aggressive quarrying, and devoting it to what is now the Sleeping Giant Park. Mr. Greist was an avid hiker and an active volunteer in the Scout movement. He was also the President of the Sleeping Giant Park Association for several years. Camp Wah Wah Taysee was bought by from the Boys Scouts of CT by the North Haven Land Trust.

## Order of the Arrow

| Owaneco Lodge | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1998 |
|  | |

**Owaneco Lodge** is the Order of the Arrow (OA) lodge for the Connecticut Yankee Council. The Order of the Arrow is Scouting's National Honor Society. The lodge's name comes from a chief’s name of the Mohegan Tribe and its totem is Owaneco.

The council was formed in 1998 by the merger of the Quinnipiac Council, which hosted the Arcoon Lodge; and the Fairfield County Council, which hosted the Tankiteke Lodge. In 1998 it was announced that Arcoon and Tankiteke would merge to form a new lodge in 1999. A steering committee was set up to discuss the merger between the two lodges, and five meetings were held between February and September 1998 to discuss and finalize the name, structure, committee responsibilities, and bylaws of the new lodge.

At the first meeting of the new lodge on October 4, 1998, the members approved the lodge name, number, and bylaws, and elected the first group of lodge officers. During the lodge’s first year, the executive committee worked to mold the new lodge program. Several changes were made to combine the traditions of Tankiteke and Arcoon and adapt a new lodge program. In 1998 the Ockenuck Chapter renamed itself to the Arcoon Chapter.

During 1999, Owaneco lodge achieved honor lodge status for the first time in its short history. Owaneco repeated this achievement in 2007. The 2003 Section NE-2A Conclave was held at Camp Sequassen and hosted by Owaneco Lodge. The Quinnipiac Dancers, which started out as the Wulihan Chapter Dance Team in the Arcoon Lodge, celebrated their 40th anniversary in 2014. The dance team has garnered dozens of awards.

Owaneco Lodge actively practices the OA principles of Cheerful Service. For many years, the lodge is engaged in collecting soda can tabs for donation to the Masonic Tabs for Tots program, which uses the tabs to raise funds for the Shriner Hospitals for Crippled Children and Burn Victims. In 2011, Owaneco donated close to 100 pounds of tabs to the Connecticut Masonic Scouters Association.

## InfoBox

| Connecticut Yankee Council | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Owner | Boy Scouts of America |
| Headquarters | Milford, Connecticut |
| Country | United States |
| Founded | 1998 |
|  | |
| **Website**
www.ctyankee.org | |
|


title: Connecticut Yankees (soccer)

abstract: The Connecticut Yankees were a soccer team based in Hartford, Connecticut, and played their home matches at Dillon Stadium. They played in the American Soccer League for seven seasons, from 1972 to 1978, when they folded. The team was established in 1972 as the Northeast United. They changed their name to the Connecticut Wildcats in 1973, and adopted the name Connecticut Yankees after the 1974 season. During their run they advanced to the playoffs once, in 1977, and were knocked out in the first round.

text:
# Connecticut Yankees (soccer)

The **Connecticut Yankees** were a soccer team based in Hartford, Connecticut, and played their home matches at Dillon Stadium. They played in the American Soccer League for seven seasons, from 1972 to 1978, when they folded.

The team was established in 1972 as the **Northeast United**. They changed their name to the **Connecticut Wildcats** in 1973, and adopted the name Connecticut Yankees after the 1974 season. During their run they advanced to the playoffs once, in 1977, and were knocked out in the first round.

## Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Reg. Season | Playoffs | U.S. Open Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Nor'East United** | | | | | |
| 1972 | 2 | ASL | 3rd, Northern | *Did not qualify* | *Did not enter* |
| **Connecticut Wildcats** | | | | | |
| 1973 | 2 | ASL | 2nd, Northeast | *Did not qualify* | *Did not enter* |
| 1974 | 2 | ASL | 4th, East | *Did not qualify* | *Did not enter* |
| **Connecticut Yankees** | | | | | |
| 1975 | 2 | ASL | 3rd, North | *Did not qualify* | *Did not enter* |
| 1976 | 2 | ASL | 5th, East | *Did not qualify* | *Did not enter* |
| 1977 | 2 | ASL | 4th, East | 1st Round | *Did not enter* |
| 1978 | 2 | ASL | 6th, Eastern | *Did not qualify* | *Did not enter* |

## Honors

**Rookie of the Year**

## Coaches

*

## InfoBox

| Full name | Connecticut Yankees |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Yankees |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Dissolved | 1978 |
| Stadium | Dillon Stadium<br>Hartford, Connecticut |
| League | American Soccer League |


title: Obanliku language

abstract: Obanliku is a Bendi language of Nigeria. There are five dialects or varieties: Bisu, Busi, Bishiri, Basang and Bebi. In a 2011 survey, it was found that the Bisu, Busi, Bishiri and Bebi dialects share above 75% lexical similarity and are mutually intelligible, but the southwestern Basang dialect had less than 75%, causing some difficulty for speakers of the other dialects. Basang speakers could understand the other dialects, however. Additionally, all Obanliku speakers have some understanding of the neighbouring Bete-Bendi language, mainly through learning it at the market; the Obanliku and Bete-Bendi languages also had an average of 70% lexical similarity.

text:
# Obanliku language

**Obanliku** (Banliku, Abanliku) is a Bendi language of Nigeria. There are five dialects or varieties: Bisu, Busi, Bishiri, Basang and Bebi.

In a 2011 survey, it was found that the Bisu, Busi, Bishiri and Bebi dialects share above 75% lexical similarity and are mutually intelligible, but the southwestern Basang dialect had less than 75%, causing some difficulty for speakers of the other dialects. Basang speakers could understand the other dialects, however. Additionally, all Obanliku speakers have some understanding of the neighbouring Bete-Bendi language, mainly through learning it at the market; the Obanliku and Bete-Bendi languages also had an average of 70% lexical similarity.

## InfoBox

| Obanliku | |
| --- | --- |
| Banliku | |
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Native speakers | (65,000 cited 1989) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Dialects | * Basang * Bebi * Bishiri * Bisu * Busi |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `bzy` |
| *Glottolog* | `oban1244` |


title: Oberaula

abstract: Oberaula is a municipality in the Schwalm-Eder district in Hesse, Germany.

text:
# Oberaula

**Oberaula** is a municipality in the Schwalm-Eder district in Hesse, Germany.

## Geography

### Location

Oberaula lies in the Knüllgebirge, a low mountain range, in the Aula river valley and its neighbouring valleys.

The nearest towns are Bad Hersfeld (about 20 km to the east), Schwalmstadt (about 25 km to the west), and Homberg (about 27 km to the north).

### Constituent communities

The community consists of the six centres of Hausen, Friedigerode, Ibra, Oberaula (administrative seat), Olberode and Wahlshausen.

## History

Oberaula had its first mention in 856 as *Ovilaha* (roughly "the place in a moist river floodplain" or "the place at the owl water"). The constituent community of Hausen was first mentioned in 1160. Quite early on, the Fulda Abbey had a castle with a moat in Hausen, upon whose remains the Barons of Dörnberg built their Renaissance stately home in 1674.

### Amalgamations

As part of municipal reforms, the two communities of Oberaula and Hausen merged on 1 April 1972. On 1 January 1974 came the formation of the Greater Community of Oberaula with the amalgamation of the other above-named communities with Oberaula.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 23 members. As of the last municipal elections held on 26 March 2006, the seats are apportioned thus:

| SPD | : 11 seats |
| --- | --- |
| CDU | : 12 seats |
|

The community executive consists of 7 members. Four of these seats are held by the CDU and three by the SPD.

The mayor Klaus Wagner (CDU) was elected in 2009, and re-elected in 2016.

### Coat of arms

Oberaula's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: Azure an owl argent armed gules flanked by six mullets of six of the second and standing on a mount of three Or surmounted by a three-leafed oak sprig vert.

The blue background has its roots in a traditional story that mentions a blue flag. The owl stands for Oberaula and the six stars for the six constituent communities. The stars were chosen as the Counts of Ziegenhain, who held sway in the area for centuries, bore the star in their arms. The three-knolled hill – called a *Dreiberg* in German heraldry – stands for the Knüllgebirge in which the community lies, and the oak sprig refers to the community's membership in the former Kurhessen-Waldeck Tourist Association.

### Municipal partnerships

## Culture and sightseeing

### Buildings

## Economy and infrastructure

### Transport

Oberaula lies on Federal Highway (*Bundesstraße*) B 454 (KirchhainNiederaula).

The community belongs to the North Hesse Transport Network.

Through the railway stations at Bad Hersfeld and Treysa, the community is connected to the railway network. The former *Knüllwaldbahn* railway between Bad Hersfeld and Treysa is out of service.

## Personalities

### Sons and daughters of the community

## Sundry

Oberaula shares its name with nearby Niederaula (*Ober* = "upper"; *Nieder* = "lower") in the neighbouring Hersfeld-Rotenburg district.

## InfoBox

| Oberaula | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Oberaula within Schwalm-Eder-Kreis district | |
| Oberaula Oberaula | |
| Coordinates: 50°51′N 09°28′E / 50.850°N 9.467°E / 50.850; 9.467 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Hesse |
| Admin. region | Kassel |
| District | Schwalm-Eder-Kreis |
| Subdivisions | 6 Ortsteile |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202127) | Klaus Wagner (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 43.95 km2 (16.97 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 590 m (1,940 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 280 m (920 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,289 |
| Density | 75/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 36280 |
| Dialling codes | 06628 |
| Vehicle registration | HR |
| Website | www.oberaula.de |


abstract: The Congregational Church of West Stockbridge is an historic Congregational church building at 45 Main Street in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Completed in 1882 for a congregation founded in 1774, it is the town's best example of Stick style architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, and continues in use by the original congregation.

text:
# Congregational Church of West Stockbridge

The **Congregational Church of West Stockbridge** is an historic Congregational church building at 45 Main Street in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Completed in 1882 for a congregation founded in 1774, it is the town's best example of Stick style architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, and continues in use by the original congregation.

## Architecture and history

The Congregational Church of West Stockbridge is located in the village of West Center, on the east side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 102) at its junction with Old Barrington Road. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gable-roofed cruciform plan. A single-stage belfry rises above one of the wings, capped by a pyramidal roof. The gable ends and tower have applied woodwork characteristic of the Stick style, and there are fields of decorative shingles beneath the stained glass windows that adorn the larger gable ends.

The town's early Congregationalists were its first settlers, and both the town and congregation were organized in 1774. The Congregationalists met in private homes until 1789, when the town's meeting house was complete enough for use. This building was used by the town for civic purposes, and was shared with a local Baptist congregation until 1793. By the 1830s, the present town center had outstripped the village of West Center in importance, but a new congregation was organized in 1833 to serve the latter area. Its first building, constructed in 1843, was destroyed by fire in 1881. This church its second, was dedicated in February 1882, and was built by local contractor B. H. Hatch of Great Barrington. It was built in the then-fashionable Stick style, to a design by Pittsfield architect Charles T. Rathbun.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Congregational Church of West Stockbridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Congregational Church of West Stockbridge | |
|  | |
| Location | 45 Main St., West Stockbridge, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°19′57″N 73°22′1″W / 42.33250°N 73.36694°W / 42.33250; -73.36694 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1882 (1882) |
| Built by | B. H. Hatch |
| Architect | Charles T. Rathbun |
| Architectural style | Stick/Eastlake |
| NRHP reference No. | 96000899 |
| Added to NRHP | July 30, 1996 |


abstract: The Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a trade union centre in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded in 1905. ICTUR reports that "the SSSBiH is preoccupied primarily with the consequences of privatization and the high rate of unemployment and problems such as wage arrears." The SSSBiH is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

text:
# Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The **Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina** is a trade union centre in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded in 1905. ICTUR reports that "the SSSBiH is preoccupied primarily with the consequences of privatization and the high rate of unemployment and problems such as wage arrears."

The SSSBiH is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

* ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). *Trade Unions of the World* (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.

## InfoBox

SSSBiH
| Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| --- | --- |
| Savez Samostalnih Sindikata Bosne i Hercegovine | |
| Founded | 1905 |
| Headquarters | Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Location |  |
| Members | 200,000 - 270,000 |
| Key people | * Selvedin Šatorović, president (President of Independent Trade Union of Primary Schools Education of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) * Mirnes Isaković, vice-president (President of the Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Board of Zenica-Doboj Canton) * Bajro Melez, vice-president (President of the Union of Metal Workes of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
| Affiliations | ITUC |
| Website | http://sssbih.com.ba/index.htm |


title: OMRE OE-01

abstract: The OMRE OE-1 was an experimental high performance sailplane designed and built in Hungary during 1950–1951.

text:
# OMRE OE-01

The **OMRE OE-1** (a.k.a. Rubik **R-20**) was an experimental high performance sailplane designed and built in Hungary during 1950–1951.

## Design and development

During design work for the Rubik R-22 Június-18 and the need for a high performance glider for competition and record breaking was realised. Requirements included a minimum sinking speed of only slightly over 0,5 m/s, a best glide ratio of 32 to 35 with a low curvature polar curve to give good performance at higher speeds.

The wing design evolved into a high aspect ratio of 23:1, a modest wing loading of 20 kg/m2 and light alloy stressed skin structure, giving a smooth surface and the prospect of laminar flow.

Initial design work was carried out at OMRE – *Országos Magyar Repülö Egyesület* (National Hungarian Flying Association) but this organisation was taken over by MRSz (Hungarian Aeronautical Association) during 1951, resulting in the loss of experienced designers and constructors. The Dunakeszi workshops of the MRSz were not capable of producing the light alloy structure of the OE-1, as designed, so an all wooden wing was built using traditional methods.

The OE-1 was a cantilever mid-wing monoplane built entirely of wood with plywood skinning on structural parts and aircraft fabric covering on control surfaces. Features included a fixed main-wheel, V-tail and tail parachute for approach control.

Flight tests of the OE-1 began on 14 May 1951, demonstrating good performance at moderate speeds and good handling characteristics. The design goal of good performance at high speeds was not realised due to the poor surface finish and deformation of the wings under load at high speed. Laminar flow was not achieved which resulted in much higher drag, particularly at high speeds. During the take over the more design staff were dispersed and not available to continue development of the OE-1.

Despite good handling qualities the OE-1 was not liked by pilots due to the unusually high flexibility of the wing and its mid set position which resulted in the wing tips being close to the ground. The OE-1 was also not certified for aerobatics, spin and cloud flying which limited its usefulness and appeal. The sole OE-1 was scrapped in the late 1950s.

The cantilever, mid set, wooden wing of the OE-1 consisted of three parts: the 9 m (30 ft) span 90 cm (3.0 ft) chord rectangular planform centre section and two tapered outer panels 4.5 m (14.8 ft) span and rounded wing-tips. Three position plain flaps were fitted to the trailing edges of the centre section with a chord of 24 cm (9 in) and set positions of −0.5, +8 and +80 degrees. Ailerons occupied the entire trailing edges of the outer panels. A shallow gull form was due to reduced dihedral on the outer panels.

The airfoil section chosen was derived from the NACA 23012 by Márton Pap, with the thickness of the section modified to achieve the desired pressure distribution. Maximum thickness was moved back to 45% chord to achieve laminar flow, checked in the wind tunnel of the Technical University of Budapest.

The fuselage of the OE-1 was designed with minimal cross sectional area, transitioning from circular at the nose to ovoid at the cockpit back to circular for the tapered tail-boom. The pilots seat was located at the bottom skin and control rods routed through channels either side of the cockpit.

The landing gear comprised a main-wheel aft of the centre of gravity with nose and tail-skids sprung with rubber. A spring-loaded 1.1 m (3.6 ft) diameter parachute was fitted in the tail cone which could be deployed and retracted by the pilot as required.

V-tail surfaces were carried at the end of the tail-boom at an angle of 114° to each other with push rods operating the large horn balanced ruddervators for yaw control as well as pitch.

## Specifications (OMRE OE-1)

*Data from* The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 7.25 m (23 ft 9 in)
* **Wingspan:** 18 m (59 ft 1 in)
* **Wing area:** 13.95 m2 (150.2 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 23.3
* **Empty weight:** 215 kg (474 lb) equipped
* **Max takeoff weight:** 315 kg (694 lb)

**Performance**

* **Stall speed:** 62 km/h (39 mph, 33 kn)
* **Never exceed speed:** 220 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
* **Aerotow speed:** 125 km/h (67.5 kn; 77.7 mph)
* **Winch launch speed:** 100 km/h (54.0 kn; 62.1 mph)
* **g limits:** +4
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 32.3 at 80 km/h (43.2 kn; 49.7 mph)
* **Rate of sink:** 0.65 m/s (128 ft/min) at 75 km/h (40.5 kn; 46.6 mph)
* **Wing loading:** 22.5 kg/m2 (4.6 lb/sq ft)

* Shenstone, B.S.; K.G. Wilkinson; Peter Brooks (1958). *The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs dans Le Monde* (in English, French, and German) (1st ed.). Zurich: Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol a Voile (OSTIV) and Schweizer Aero-Revue. pp. 124–128.
* Simons, Martin (2006). *Sailplanes 1945–1965*. Königswinter: EQIP Werbung und Verlag G.m.b.H. ISBN 3-9807977-4-0.

## InfoBox

| OE-1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Glider |
| National origin | Hungary |
| Manufacturer | *MRSz Központi Repülögépjavító Üzem, Dunakeszi* (Central Aircraft Repair Plant of the MRSz, Dunakeszi) |
| First flight | 14 May 1951 |
| Number built | 1 |


abstract: Consumers United for Evidence-based Healthcare (CUE) is a coalition of health advocacy consumer groups interested in evidence-based healthcare. It was formed in 2003. CUE provides leadership to other efforts aimed at involving patients in the research process, strengthening the voice of consumers in healthcare research, which has been called for over two decades but which has not always been successfully implemented free of commercial influence. By creating opportunities for networking and learning, similar to those available to health professionals, CUE members can be empowered and have an ongoing source of information and tools about health issues of concern. This would, at least in theory, give the member groups an edge in advocacy activities. Since its establishment, CUE members have been asked to testify on national committees, contribute letters to the biomedical literature, sit on national professional society steering groups and advisory panels, and many other contributions.

text:
# Consumers United for Evidence-based Healthcare

**Consumers United for Evidence-based Healthcare** (**CUE**) is a coalition of health advocacy consumer groups interested in evidence-based healthcare. It was formed in 2003.

CUE provides leadership to other efforts aimed at involving patients in the research process, strengthening the voice of consumers in healthcare research, which has been called for over two decades but which has not always been successfully implemented free of commercial influence. By creating opportunities for networking and learning, similar to those available to health professionals, CUE members can be empowered and have an ongoing source of information and tools about health issues of concern. This would, at least in theory, give the member groups an edge in advocacy activities.

Since its establishment, CUE members have been asked to testify on national committees, contribute letters to the biomedical literature, sit on national professional society steering groups and advisory panels, and many other contributions.

## CUE member organizations

As a condition of membership, CUE members may not receive the majority of their funding from commercial sources. All CUE members agree at the time of membership application to attend an annual CUE meeting to set priorities, receive training, and collaborate with other consumer and health advocates throughout the United States. CUE membership is currently about 50 member groups; the earliest members include the National Breast Cancer Coalition, *Consumer Reports*, and the Black Women's Health Imperative, among others.

## Conferences and training

CUE has hosted three Summit conferences, in 2007, 2010, and 2017, attended by health advocacy organizations and other key stakeholder groups. CUE also holds an annual membership meeting in Washington, DC, and disseminates slidecasting from the meeting to the public. Past speakers have included:

All of CUE's training materials are available free of charge to the public. CUE has produced these materials with the input of patients, consumers, guideline developers, and health professionals. The resources available on the CUE website are as follows:

* Free Cochrane Courses
    + Understanding Evidence-based Healthcare: A Foundation for Action
    + The FDA and the Regulation of Healthcare Interventions
* CLEO - Conversations, Learning, Evidence, Opportunities
    + Curated resource library of free online media
* Consumer Involvement in Guideline Development: Why and how to participate
* Series I: Introduction to participation in advisory panels
* Series II: Case studies on consumer engagement on advisory panels
    + Self-tests accompany each video
    + Pocket cards for consumers and panel organizers summarize key points
* Series III: Scenarios exploring the interpersonal dynamics of advisory panel participation
    + Self-tests accompany each video
    + Pocket cards for consumers and panel organizers summarize key points
* Series IV: How to communicate effectively on an advisory panel
    + Pocket cards for consumers and panel organizers summarize key points

CUE also hosts social networking through Facebook groups and Twitter and contributes its views and support to international projects such as AllTrials.

## CUE Partnership Clearinghouse

In keeping with its role as a consumer-scientist partnership, CUE maintains a clearinghouse function which matches consumers with healthcare professional organizations so that the consumer voice may be incorporated into important healthcare decisions. Past partnerships have matched consumer representatives into research implementation processes such as clinical guidelines panels, grant-writing, peer review, and conference workshops.

Through the CUE Clearinghouse, health professional organizations can request consumer representatives for their research/research implementation projects and consumers can respond directly to those requests. Since 2007, CUE has fostered over 75 partnerships between consumers and policymaking organizations, including 12 in 2014 alone.

To prepare all stakeholders for a panel with meaningful consumer engagement, CUE has created a series of short videos based on real-life interactions between professionals and patients participating on advisory panels. These videos demonstrate real-life scenarios and situations that professional guideline developers and consumer advocates serving on advisory panels are likely to encounter. They focus on specific steps in the advisory panel process such as preparing for a panel as a consumer, effectively moderating the panel as a Chair, and how to ensure that diverse opinions are heard, understood, and respected during advisory panel meetings.

## InfoBox

Consumers United for Evidence-based Healthcare
|
|  |
| Formation | 2003 (2003) |
| Type | National |
| Purpose | Empowering consumers to make the best use of evidence-based healthcare |
| Headquarters | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health<br>Baltimore, Maryland |
| Official language | English |
| Website | consumersunited.org |


title: Consuming Spirits

abstract: Consuming Spirits is a 2012 American animated drama film directed by Chris Sullivan in his directorial debut. Partially autobiographical, the film was released on December 12, 2012 in New York City and employs a diverse mixture of different animation styles to tell the stories of three different characters and the anguish they face in their everyday lives.

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# Consuming Spirits

***Consuming Spirits*** is a 2012 American animated drama film directed by Chris Sullivan in his directorial debut. Partially autobiographical, the film was released on December 12, 2012 in New York City and employs a diverse mixture of different animation styles to tell the stories of three different characters and the anguish they face in their everyday lives.

## Synopsis

The movie follows the lives of three residents of the fictional town of Magguson, all of whom work at the town's newspaper, *The Daily Suggester*. While at first the interactions between the three people appear to show a superficial working relationship between them, as the movie progresses the viewer learns that there is a deeper relationship between them all and that all of them have hidden secrets.

## Cast

* Nancy Andrews as Gentian Violet (voice)
* Chris Sullivan as Victor Blue (voice)
* Judith Rafael as Mother Beatrice Elastica (voice)
* Mary Lou Zelazny as Ida Blue (voice)
* Chris Harris as Peabody Shampling (voice)
* Robert Levy as Earl Gray (voice)

## Reception

Critical reception for *Consuming Spirits* has been predominantly positive and the film holds a score of 81 on *Metacritic* (based on 12 reviews) and 89% on *Rotten Tomatoes* (based on 18 reviews). Despite this, a Swiss site reported that most of the audience left the theater during a showing at the Fantoche animated film festival in Baden, Switzerland. A reviewer for *NPR* recommended the film and called it "emotionally raw, thoroughly original".

### Awards

## InfoBox

| Consuming Spirits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Chris Sullivan |
| Written by | Chris Sullivan |
| Produced by | Chris Sullivan |
| Cinematography | Chris Sullivan |
| Edited by | Chris Sullivan |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 136 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Occidentalia

abstract: Occidentalia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. and Carl Heinrich in 1927. It contains only one species, Occidentalia comptulatalis, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alberta, Indiana, Maine, Manitoba, Minnesota, New York, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan. The wingspan is 23–26 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-July to August in one generation per year. The larvae feed on Scirpus acutus, Scirpus americanus and Scirpus validus.

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# Occidentalia

***Occidentalia*** is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. and Carl Heinrich in 1927. It contains only one species, ***Occidentalia comptulatalis***, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alberta, Indiana, Maine, Manitoba, Minnesota, New York, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan.

The wingspan is 23–26 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-July to August in one generation per year.

The larvae feed on *Scirpus acutus*, *Scirpus americanus* and *Scirpus validus*.

## InfoBox

| *Occidentalia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Haimbachiini |
| Genus: | *Occidentalia*
Dyar & Heinrich, 1927 |
| Species: | ***O. comptulatalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Occidentalia comptulatalis***
(Hulst, 1886) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crambus comptulatalis* Hulst, 1886 * *Acigona comptulatalis* | |


title: Occidentarius

abstract: Occidentarius platypogon, the combinate sea-catfish, is a species of sea catfish found in marine and brackish waters along the Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru. It is the only member of its genus. It is a very abundant fish of the continental shelf and is fished for human consumption. It grows to a length of 50 cm.

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# Occidentarius

***Occidentarius platypogon***, the **combinate sea-catfish**, is a species of sea catfish found in marine and brackish waters along the Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru. It is the only member of its genus. It is a very abundant fish of the continental shelf and is fished for human consumption. It grows to a length of 50 cm.

## InfoBox

| *Occidentarius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1. *Occidentarius platypogon*, 2. *Ariopsis guatemalensis* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Ariidae |
| Genus: | *Occidentarius*
Betancur-R. & Acero P., in Betancur-R. et al., 2007 |
| Species: | ***O. platypogon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Occidentarius platypogon***
(Günther, 1864) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Arius platypogon* Günther, 1864 * *Ariopsis platypogon* (Günther, 1864) * *Galeichthys platypogon* (Günther, 1864) * *Hexanematichthys platypogon* (Günther, 1864) * *Netuma platypogon* (Günther, 1864) * *Sciades platypogon* (Günther, 1864) * *Tachisurus platypogon* (Günther, 1864) * *Netuma mazatlana* Gilbert, 1904 | |


title: Occidental and Vanguard

abstract: Occidental and Vanguard was a weekly newspaper in San Francisco Bay Area between 1866 and 1868. Editor Zachariah Montgomery had published 25 issues of the preceding The Occidental between Oct. 29, 1864 and April 15, 1865. A year later, on April 15, 1866, he merged with the Democratic Sentinel to publish Occidental and Vanguard. J.F. Linthicum become the editor in April 1867, and the newspaper was discontinued on March 20, 1868.

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# Occidental and Vanguard

***Occidental and Vanguard*** was a weekly newspaper in San Francisco Bay Area between 1866 and 1868.

Editor Zachariah Montgomery had published 25 issues of the preceding *The Occidental* between Oct. 29, 1864 and April 15, 1865.

A year later, on April 15, 1866, he merged with the *Democratic Sentinel* to publish *Occidental and Vanguard*. J.F. Linthicum become the editor in April 1867, and the newspaper was discontinued on March 20, 1868.


title: Conservatoire de Grenoble

abstract: The Conservatoire de Grenoble, in French Conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Grenoble is a Chartered artistic institution controlled by the Ministry of Culture and Communication, represented by the Regional Directorate of cultural Affairs (DRAC). The conservatory is located at 6, Chemin de Gordes 38100 Grenoble, France. The institute offers three specialties, music, dance and drama. The building is installed close to the MC2. Since 2003, the building is labeled "Heritage of the 20th century" in Grenoble.

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# Conservatoire de Grenoble

The **Conservatoire de Grenoble**, in French **Conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Grenoble** is a Chartered artistic institution controlled by the Ministry of Culture and Communication, represented by the Regional Directorate of cultural Affairs (DRAC). The **conservatory** is located at *6, Chemin de Gordes 38100 Grenoble*, France. The institute offers three specialties, music, dance and drama.

The building is installed close to the MC2. Since 2003, the building is labeled "Heritage of the 20th century" in Grenoble.

## History

Teaching music in Grenoble dates back to 20 December 1787, when Mr. Garnier established a music school under the authority of the magistrates of the city, including Mayen, First Consul of the city. Students paid in advance the sum of 24 pounds for three months, 96 pounds for the entire year.

The year 1836 saw the creation of a vocal music classes at the *vocational school* and that of instrumental music lessons from 1883. At that time, the music companies abound in Grenoble as Orphéon founded in 1860 or Echo of the Alps, and not counting the military bands of the garrison troops. However, several projects to create a conservatory fail between 1871 and 1907. In 1907, the municipality of Charles Rivail is working to contact a dozen French cities with a questionnaire on how their music school. It was not until 1922 to see the creation of a music school in Grenoble in the premises of the post academic professional association (apps).

It's in its meeting of 23 November 1935, the City Council approved the institution's status and moved it to 11 Millet Street and made it a municipal conservatory. At the time, in the spirit of the new Municipality institution it provided the city with an organization capable of giving to the art of music and character development that can ensure a simple music school . The school moved tentatively April 21, 1939 in Hotel Majestic dependent building at 1, rue de Palanka with an installation of 20,000 francs budget, but the school closed during part of World War II.

### Directors of the Conservatory

45°10′24″N 5°44′05″E / 45.1733°N 5.7347°E / 45.1733; 5.7347


title: Octavie Coudreau

abstract: Marie Octavie Coudreau was a French explorer from Anais, Charente, and author of several books on French Guiana and northern Brazil. In 1899, the Brazilian states of Pará and Amazonas hired Coudreau to explore and chart the Amazon region. Her husband was the French explorer and geographer Henri Coudreau.

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# Octavie Coudreau

**Marie Octavie Coudreau** (*née* **Renard**; 1867–1938) was a French explorer from Anais, Charente, and author of several books on French Guiana and northern Brazil. In 1899, the Brazilian states of Pará and Amazonas hired Coudreau to explore and chart the Amazon region. Her husband was the French explorer and geographer Henri Coudreau.

## Exploration of the Amazon

At the time of the *contesté franco-brésilien* boundary dispute between colonial France and Brazil, Coudreau's husband Henri worked in the service of governors of the states of Brazil, mapping the Amazon's tributaries and identifying possible resources for farmers and foresters. On behalf of the State of Pará, Henri Coudreau was charged with exploring the Trombetas River, shortly after Octavie married him.

Their first expedition in 1899 ended tragically, as detailed in the book *Voyage au Trombetas* begun by Henri Coudreau. It describes their voyage up the Trombetas tributary of the north bank of the Amazon. He was already sick and exhausted by the years spent in what he called the "green hell". Suffering from malarial fever, he died in her arms on 10 November 1899. Aided by his traveling companions, she made a coffin from the planks of the boat and prepared a burial on a promontory overlooking Lake Tapagem.

After Henri Coudreau's death, she continued the exploration work begun by her husband for seven years. She later wrote the final chapters of the book, following the repatriation of his remains to Angoulême in France.

> "If I'm an *explorateur* \- this word can not bear to be feminine - it is not for the sake of the glory, which is far too fickle a goddess and more blind than Fortune; it is not for love of geography, I think I should greatly love geography when I do not. If I do exploration, it is to allow me to reunite the remains of my husband with those of his elderly parents; it is that Henri Coudreau should not remain forever in a well-loved foreign land; it is also to complete the work begun five years ago, useful work among all because it consists mainly to publicize the lands still ignored by the masses." (*Voyage au Cumina*, 1900)

From 1899 to 1906, she worked as an official explorer for the French government, a role not normally open to women at the time. Enduring the same levels of hardship that had eventually killed her husband, she made pioneering contributions to the knowledge of the Amazon tropical area.

She died in Sonnac.

## Published works

* *Voyage Au Trombetas: 7 Août 1899-25 Novembre 1899*, ISBN 978-1148473758
* *Voyage Au Cuminá: 20 Avril 1900-7 Septembre 1900*
* *Voyage Au Maycur, 5 Juin 1902-12 Janvier, 1903*
* *Voyage Au Rio Curua (1903)*