title: Château de Chamarande

abstract: The Château de Chamarande is a 17th-century French château in Chamarande, in the Essonne department.

text:
# Château de Chamarande

The **Château de Chamarande** is a 17th-century French château in Chamarande, in the Essonne department.

## History

The first "castle" of this name was established at Bonnes around 811 by Arteld, *missus dominicus* and brother of Einhard, Charlemagne's biographer. However, excavations on the site have shown that the place was not fortified.

A fortified château was built in the 16th century, probably for François Hurault (prévôt des marchands de Paris and personal friend of king Henry IV), who in 1563 acquired the two seigneuries which make up the present estate and took up residence here. This castle corresponds to the present buildings of the commanderie. After the death of François Hurault in 1613, the château passed to his son Jean, who expanded the estate.

However, the château suffered in the Fronde and was in a poor state by the time it was sold in 1654 to Pierre Mérault, the former fermier des gabelles who had been promoted to a noble by buying a écuyership, who was also secretary to king Louis XIV. It was Mérault who built the present castle. Its design was formerly attributed to François Mansart without corroborating documentary evidence, but is now attributed to Nicolas de l'Espine. A rectangular building surrounded by a moat forms the living quarters, flanked on either side by the service wings The entrance to the main courtyard is flanked by two pavilions, with the left one containing the chapel. The estate was at the same time "ornamented with canals, lakes and fountains". André Le Nôtre helped design the park, though the dating and nature of his help are not known for certain.

In debt, Pierre Mérault sold the estate in 1684 to Clair Gilbert d'Ornaison known as Chamarande, top "valet de chambre" to Louis XIV. The year after the sale, Louis promoted Bonnes into the "county of Charamande" by letters patent. At d'Ornaison's death in 1737, the château passed to his first cousin and heir, Louis de Talaru, marquis de Chalmazel, maître d'hôtel of queen Marie Leszczyńska. The architect Pierre Contant d'Ivry worked on the château for de Talaru, building new service quarters beyond the secondary route near the village, and to the estate added an orangery, a belvédère, an oval bosquet for "Jeu de l'oie" with a temple of love at its centre and a cascatelle. He demolished the wall of the courtyard along the moat and put an ironwork gate with two lampholders in front of the bridge. He also modernised the interior decor, creating a little salon gros near the vestibule and the grand salon d'angle.

In the 1780s, a water feature was added, with an island bordered by bald cypresses from Louisiana at its centre - it is traditionally attributed to the painter and garden designer Hubert Robert. After the French Revolution, Louis-Justin, marquis de Talaru, bought the estate under the Consulate and carried out repairs, redesigning the park 'à l'anglaise'. Mayor of Chamarande, he lived at the Château until his death in 1850.

In 1852, the estate was sold to Pierre and René Robineau, and in 1857 it became the property of Victor Fialin, comte then duc de Persigny, interior minister to Napoléon III and French ambassador to the United Kingdom. He created a luxuriously-furnished gallery on the château's ground floor, built a fortified wall round the estate, completed the transformation of the park into the "à l'anglaise" style and planted exotic trees. New service buildings were added : a farm, stables, a bergerie, a birdhouse, a kennel, a new icehouse and a winter garden. Near the new gate was placed an obelisk inspired by the *Songe de Poliphile*, which probably referred to the love-affairs of Henry II with Diane de Poitiers. In 1862 (ten years before his death), Persigny held a fête at Chamarande for the birthday of empress Eugénie.

In 1876, the château was acquired by Aristide Boucicaut, founder of *Bon Marché*, who added a Renaissance-style dining room but died only a year after purchasing the château. His widow took it with her when she remarried in 1881, to the doctor Marie-Joseph-Laurent Amodru, mayor of Chamarande until 1922 and député for Seine-et-Oise. After 1913, the waterfall had copies of the river statues from the parc de Versailles added. From 1923 to 1951, the château was central to the creation of Scouting in France (the foundation of the regional heads of the Scouts et Guides de France is always called the *Cham* in reference to Chamarande). In 1950, the first À cœur joie festival took place at Chamarande, before becoming the Festival des Choralies at Vaison-la-Romaine.

In 1957, the last private owner was Auguste Mione, president of "La Construction moderne française", before the estate was bought in 1978, by the General Council of the Essonne.

## The estate today

The parc de Chamarande covers 98 hectares.

The commanderie (i.e. les communs) has since 1999 been the main store for the Essonne department's archives. An eight-floor underground silo below the château's courtyard allows up to 32 km of shelving, of which 11 km are presently in use.

In 2001, a contemporary art centre was set up at Chamarande at the instigation of Dominique Marchès, founder of the Vassivière art centre. He was its first director, followed by Judith Quentel (2005 to present). It has a permanent collection (entitled *L'esprit des lieux*), bought with a fund of the Essonne department and including works by Lilian Bourgeat, Erik Samakh ("flûtes solaires", in the park), Miguel Egana (*Feuilles scies*, 2001, in the park), Bert Theis (giant white crosses, in the park) and Philippe Ramette. The permanent sculpture park in the estate, plays off the existing features - the icehouse houses a sound installation by Céleste Boursier-Mougenot, and the orangery presents monograph exhibitions dedicated to young artists :

In season, from May to October, the centre hosts story-telling, music, dance and film festivals as well as gardening and heritage events in the park. The park (now one of the "Jardins remarquables") also hosts an important garden show in Île-de-France, as do the châteaux at Courson and Saint-Jean-de-Beauregard.

Media related to Château de Chamarande at Wikimedia Commons

## Bibliography

* Jean-Marie Pérouse de Montclos (dir), *Guide du patrimoine Ile-de-France*, Paris, Hachette, 1992, p. 157
* Bénédicte Ramade, « Chamarande, de découvertes en surprises », *L'Œil*, Juillet-Août 2007, p. 78

1. Historic name for Chamarande
2. These bear the date of 1654.
3. act of sale 1684
4. Auditorium, farm and stables, vegetable garden with rock pool
5. Some remains survive.

48°30′46″N 2°13′15″E / 48.51278°N 2.22083°E / 48.51278; 2.22083


title: Speed of Sound (Anvil album)

abstract: Speed of Sound is the ninth studio album by Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, released in 1999.

text:
# Speed of Sound (Anvil album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal* | 8/10 |
| *Rock Hard* | 9.0/10 |

***Speed of Sound*** is the ninth studio album by Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, released in 1999.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Steve "Lips" Kudlow; all music is composed by Anvil

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Speed of Sound" | 3:43 |
| 2. | "Blood in the Playground" | 3:39 |
| 3. | "Deadbeat Dad" | 3:55 |
| 4. | "Man over Broad" | 2:35 |
| 5. | "No Evil" | 5:29 |
| 6. | "Bullshit" | 3:25 |
| 7. | "Mattress Mambo" | 5:23 |
| 8. | "Secret Agent" | 3:54 |
| 9. | "Life to Lead" | 4:05 |
| 10. | "Park That Truck" | 3:32 |

Japanese edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Kick Some Ass" | 3:08 |
| 12. | "Vengeance to Kill" | 4:13 |

## Personnel

**Anvil**

* Steve "Lips" Kudlow – vocals, lead guitar
* Ivan Hurd – lead guitar
* Glenn Gyorffy – bass
* Robb Reiner – drums

**Production**

## InfoBox

| Speed of Sound | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Anvil | |
| Released | February 1, 1999 |
| Studio | Studio Victor, Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genre | Heavy metal, speed metal |
| Length | 39:40 |
| Label | Hypnotic (Canada)
Massacre (Europe)
Avalon (Japan) |
| Producer | Anvil, Gijsbert van Frankenhuyzen |
| Anvil chronology | |
| *Absolutely No Alternative*
(1996) ***Speed of Sound***
(1999) *Anthology*
(1999) | |


title: Riley Center

abstract: The Riley Center, also known as the Grand Opera House and formally as the Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts, is a performing arts and conference center in Meridian, Mississippi. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The Grand Opera House and the adjacent Marks-Rothenberg Department store were built in 1889 by half-brothers Israel Marks and Levi Rothenberg. The opera house was a site for entertainment and theatre for decades. In addition to the extensive theater renovation, the Riley Center project redeveloped the department store as a conference facility. Together the theater and conference space make up the Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts, owned and operated by Mississippi State University-Meridian Campus.

text:
# Riley Center

The **Riley Center**, also known as the **Grand Opera House** and formally as the **Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts,** is a performing arts and conference center in Meridian, Mississippi. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

The Grand Opera House and the adjacent Marks-Rothenberg Department store were built in 1889 by half-brothers Israel Marks and Levi Rothenberg. The opera house was a site for entertainment and theatre for decades.

In addition to the extensive theater renovation, the Riley Center project redeveloped the department store as a conference facility. Together the theater and conference space make up the Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts, owned and operated by Mississippi State University-Meridian Campus.

## Original Opera House

### Construction

In the late 19th century, Israel Marks and his half-brothers Levi, Sam, and Marx Rothenberg, expanded their retail operations by opening a new wholesale and retail mercantile store and an adjoining hotel. The site chosen covered almost a half a block—five lots facing 5th Street and three lots consuming the entire length of 22nd Avenue between 5th and 6th Streets. Construction began in 1889, under the direction of C.M. Rubush, a builder from Meridian. The exterior of the building was designed by Gustavus Maurice Torgerson, architect of Meridian's original City Hall. The designs included a mansard roof, establishing the architectural style as late Victorian, Empire/Romanesque.

For an unknown reason, construction of the hotel was interrupted in process, and the brothers decided to develop a Grand Opera House instead. Factors that may have influenced the decision may have been:

* The top price for a ticket to a first-run production by a traveling company with a star, set at $1.50 (about the same price as a room in a decent hotel)
* The profit margin would be much larger for an opera house than a hotel
* Torgerson was familiar with the highly successful Grand Opera House of New Orleans, completed only a few years earlier.
* Marks spent most of the year in New York City. He would have learned about the more successful shows, and, most probably, the booking and production houses of Klaw and Erlanger, the founders of the Syndicate—the most powerful commercial force in the American theatre at the turn of the century.

Seeking quality work, the Marks-Rothenberg partnership hired J.B. McElfatrick of New York and St. Louis to design the interior of the Grand Opera House. As of 1890 McElfatrick had designed dozens of theaters in the United States, including the National Theater in Washington, D.C., and the Metropolitan Opera House of Philadelphia.

The stage, at 30 feet wide by 50 feet deep, could accommodate the largest, most lavish shows from New York. Under the 35-foot high arched proscenium an ornate painted border featured the "Lady." The image of the "Lady" eventually became the symbol of the Opera House, and in the 21st century, the Grand Opera House is often referred to affectionately as "The Lady."

### Performances

The Opera House was completed in late 1890, in time for the December 17 opening with Johann Strauss's recent operetta, *The Gypsy Baron* (1885), performed by a German-language company from New York. The same company performed Adolph Müller's romantic opera, *The King's Fool* (1891), the next night.

Unlike these European works, most plays or entertainments produced at the opera house were simple melodramas that would have been very familiar to the city's residents. But sometimes international figures performed here as part of national tours in the United States, or notable works were produced on similar tours; examples are the actress Sarah Bernhardt appearing in *La Tosca,* and a production of Henrik Ibsen's play, *Ghosts* (1881). This play about the hidden costs of sexual adventures must have created quite a stir in Southern society. The most popular form of entertainment at the opera house was the blackface minstrel show. White performers with black make-up on their faces impersonated African Americans, usually as caricatures, in a style related to vaudeville. African-American companies, such as "Black Patti," also performed here. Seating was segregated.

### Alterations and renovations

The Opera House was remodeled in 1902, reopening on September 17. The original entrance was moved to the left of the former gallery entry. Three marble steps led up to the entrance, which had a metal extension gate that could be closed when the theatre was dark. Electricity upgrades were also added in 1902.

The Opera House was remodeled again in May 1920, when it was converted in part to a movie theater, the new art form whose popularity was growing rapidly. The renovated theater opened on June 7, introducing the silver screen, which can still be seen in the backstage area of the theater. In this transition the gallery was divided into two areas, allowing a center opening for the film's projection.

### Fall of the Opera House

The demise of the Opera House began in 1923, when it was leased to Saenger Films of New Orleans, under title of the Plaza Amusement Company, at a cost of $1,000 a month for a period of 25 years. The lease was for thirty years, but in 1927, Saenger bought the larger Temple Theater and wanted to gut the opera house for use as an office building. Because Levi Rothenberg, the previous owner (and builder) of the opera house had inserted a clause into the lease specifying that the building could be used only as a theater, Plaza Amusement abandoned it and refused to pay rent. After Saenger reneged on the lease, a long court battle ensued. The Rothenbergs eventually won the case, but the Great Depression had begun by then, Saenger had declared bankruptcy, Levi Rothenberg had died, and the Grand Opera House was closed.

After the Opera House closed, the department store continued to operate under various ownerships. It was in business until 1990.

## Restoration

### Cause for Restoration

In the 1960s the opera house was covered with metal siding as a part of a modernization trend, and the building lost some of its historic character. In the 1980s, part of this siding was removed. As the community was reminded of the building's original grand appearance, people organized to restore the building. Over the next two decades, local efforts to "save the Grand Opera House" and restore the adjacent Marks-Rothenberg building garnered support.

### Funding

In 2000 The Riley Foundation made a $10 million grant for restoration, with a stipulation that Mississippi State University own and operate the center. The Riley Foundation donated another $2.1 million in 2005 for construction and technology upgrades. Other donations by local, state, and federal agencies followed, including a $4 million donation by Lauderdale County, a $3.6 million grant by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and a $3 million grant from the United States Department of Commerce, both related to urban and economic development. The project's final price tag was slightly under $25 million.

## Riley Center today

The Riley Center includes a theater which seats approximately 950 people, and a 200-seat studio theater. It also includes 30,000 sq ft (2,787 m2) of meeting space for a conference center, with a large exhibit hall, break-out rooms, and board rooms.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grand Opera House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Mississippi Landmark | |
|  | |
| Grand Opera House in 2018 | |
| The Grand Opera House's location in MississippiRiley Center (the United States) | |
| Location | Meridian, Mississippi |
| Coordinates | 32°21′50″N 88°42′0″W / 32.36389°N 88.70000°W / 32.36389; -88.70000 |
| Built | 1890 |
| Architect | Gustavus Maurice Torgerson; C.M. Rubush |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian, Empire/Romanesque |
| Visitation | ~63,000 (2007) |
| MPS | Meridian MRA (AD) |
| NRHP reference No. | 72000696 |
| USMS No. | 075-MER-0086-NR-ML |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | December 27, 1972 |
| Designated USMS | June 7, 1991 |


title: Chuncheon Baseball Stadium

abstract: Chuncheon Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Chuncheon, South Korea. It is former used mostly for baseball games and is the 2nd home stadium of Sammi Superstars, Chungbo Pintos.

text:
# Chuncheon Baseball Stadium

| Chuncheon Baseball Stadium | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 의암야구장 |
| Hanja | 衣岩野球場 |
| Revised Romanization | *Uiam yagujang* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Ŭiam yagujang* |

**Chuncheon Baseball Stadium** is a baseball stadium in Chuncheon, South Korea. It is former used mostly for baseball games and is the 2nd home stadium of Sammi Superstars, Chungbo Pintos.

## InfoBox

Chuncheon Baseball Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Songam-dong, Chuncheon, South Korea |
| Coordinates | 37°51′12″N 127°41′24″E / 37.85329°N 127.68995°E / 37.85329; 127.68995 |
| Owner | Chuncheon |
| Capacity | 10,000 |
| Field size | Left Field - 95 m
Center Field - 120 m
Right Field - 95 m |
| Surface | Grass |
| Opened | 2004 |
| Tenants | |
| Sammi Superstars (KBO) (1982-1985), Chungbo Pintos (KBO) (1985-1987) | |


title: Spei Satelles

abstract: Spei Satelles is the first Vatican satellite, it consists of a 3U cubesat and was launched in 2023 by a Falcon 9 from Vandenberg Space Force Base on a rideshare mission. The satellite was created by the Politecnico di Torino and promoted by the Dicastery for Communication of the Holy See with coordination from the Italian space agency (ASI). The mission logo was created by the students and teachers of the IUSVE Salesian University Institute in Venice.

text:
# Spei Satelles

**Spei Satelles** (or **SpeiSat)** is the first Vatican satellite, it consists of a 3U cubesat and was launched in 2023 by a Falcon 9 from Vandenberg Space Force Base on a rideshare mission.

The satellite was created by the Politecnico di Torino and promoted by the Dicastery for Communication of the Holy See with coordination from the Italian space agency (ASI).

The mission logo was created by the students and teachers of the IUSVE Salesian University Institute in Venice.

## Payloads

SpeiSat hosts 2 on-board computers, a battery, small magnets to stabilize the satellite and 2 UHF transmitters in order to broadcast messages from Pope Francis on a 437.5 MHz frequency.

The satellite also contains a nanobook created by the National Research Council (CNR) with the Holy Father's book in his shell and a file containing messages and images of the 2020 Statio Orbis written in binary due to the small dimensions.

## InfoBox

Spei Satelles (SpeiSat)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Operator | Agenzia Spaziale Italiana |
| COSPAR ID | 2023-084-BT |
| SATCAT no. | 56991 |
| Website | https://www.speisatelles.org/en |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Manufacturer | Politecnico di Torino |
| Payload mass | 3Kg |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | June 12, 2023, 21:35:00 (2023-06-12UTC21:35) UTC |
| Rocket | Falcon 9 Block 5 |
| Launch site | SLC-4E Vandenberg SFB |
| Deployed from | ION-SCV 011 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Regime | SSO |
| Eccentricity | 0.0469 |
| Periapsis altitude | 470 |
| Apoapsis altitude | 481 |
| Inclination | 97.5° |
| Period | 7 days |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Benjamin, Texas

abstract: Benjamin is a city in and the county seat of Knox County, Texas, United States. Its population was 196 at the 2020 census, making it the least-populated county seat in Texas.

text:
# Benjamin, Texas

**Benjamin** is a city in and the county seat of Knox County, Texas, United States. Its population was 196 at the 2020 census, making it the least-populated county seat in Texas.

## History

The community was founded in 1884 by Hilory G. Bedford, president and controlling stockholder in the Wichita and Brazos Stock Company. He named it Benjamin after his son, who had been killed by lightning. To attract additional settlers, Bedford gave his stockholders a 50-acre tract of land and set aside 40 more acres for a town square. Benjamin was designed as the Knox County seat when it was organized in 1886; a school also opened in that year. A jail built in 1887 still stands as a private residence, and the old bank stands next to the sheriff's office. Benjamin was incorporated in 1928, and the population was 485 in the 1930 census. Two structures in the community, a courthouse (1938) and school building (1942), were constructed with Works Projects Administration labor. That courthouse replaced the previous stone structure built in 1888. The number of inhabitants reached a high of 599 in 1940, but that figure slowly decreased during the latter half of the 20th century.

## Geography

Benjamin is situated at the junction of U.S. Highway 82 and State Highway 6 in central Knox County, roughly 90 miles north of Abilene, approximately 160 miles west of Fort Worth, and 85 miles southwest of Wichita Falls.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 sq mi (2.6 km2), all land.

### Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Benjamin has a semiarid climate, *BSk* on climate maps.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 485 |  |  |
| 1940 | 599 |  | 23.5% |
| 1950 | 530 |  | −11.5% |
| 1960 | 338 |  | −36.2% |
| 1970 | 308 |  | −8.9% |
| 1980 | 257 |  | −16.6% |
| 1990 | 225 |  | −12.5% |
| 2000 | 264 |  | 17.3% |
| 2010 | 258 |  | −2.3% |
| 2020 | 196 |  | −24.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

**Benjamin racial composition**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (NH) | 154 | 78.57% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 6 | 3.06% |
| Asian (NH) | 1 | 0.51% |
| Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) | 4 | 2.04% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 31 | 15.82% |
| **Total** | **196** |  |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 196 people, 78 households, and 45 families residing in the city.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, 264 people, 97 households, and 64 families resided in the city. The population density was 254.5 people/sq mi (98.0/km2). The 119 housing units averaged 114.7/sq mi (44.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.77% White, 3.03% African American, 1.89% Asian, 4.92% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 11.36% of the population.

Of the 97 households, 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were not families; 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the city, the age distribution was 33.3% under 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,023, and for a family was $38,125. Males had a median income of $29,750 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,138. About 14.5% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.7% of those 65 or over.

## Arts and culture

The Knox County Museum, located in the county courthouse, features a barbed wire exhibit and numerous other frontier artifacts. The Knox County Veterans Memorial, located at the corner of U.S. Highway 82 and State Highway 6, honors all Knox County veterans from the Spanish–American War through current conflicts.

Benjamin's Moorhouse Park, dedicated by the state highway department in 1965, and an area know the *Narrows* located four miles east of the city are also popular tourist attractions.

## Notable person

Texas photographer Wyman Meinzer lives in Benjamin.

## Education

The city of Benjamin is served by the Benjamin Independent School District and home to the Benjamin High School Mustangs.

1. Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

## InfoBox

| Benjamin, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Knox County Courthouse in Benjamin | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 33°35′0″N 99°47′36″W / 33.58333°N 99.79333°W / 33.58333; -99.79333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Knox |
| Incorporated (city) | 1928 |
| Government | |
| Type | Council-manager |
| Misty Weiser | Manager |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.05 sq mi (2.72 km2) |
| Land | 1.05 sq mi (2.72 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,476 ft (450 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 196 |
| Density | 190/sq mi (72/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 79505 |
| Area code | 940 |
| FIPS code | 48-07636 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1351877 |


title: Cigaritis brunnea

abstract: Cigaritis brunnea, the little bar, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Uganda, western Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu), Zambia and north-western and south-eastern Zimbabwe.

text:
# Cigaritis brunnea

***Cigaritis brunnea***, the **little bar**, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Uganda, western Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu), Zambia and north-western and south-eastern Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Cigaritis brunnea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Cigaritis* |
| Species: | ***C. brunnea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cigaritis brunnea***<br>(Jackson, 1966) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spindasis brunnea* Jackson, 1966 | |


title: Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs

abstract: Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs was a German conductor, music scholar, and publicist on music.

text:
# Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs

**Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs** (21 September 1965 – 21 November 2023) was a German conductor, music scholar (specialising in Bruckner), and publicist on music.

## Early career

Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs made his early conducting debut in 1984 with the orchestra of the Youth Music School in Hameln, where he received his early musical education in 1972 (Flute, Theory, Aural Training, Piano). In the same year, he founded the *Youth String Orchestra of Hameln*, which performed with him numerous works of the string- and chamber orchestra repertoire until 1992. From 1986 to 1989 he studied conducting privately with the noted Italian composer and conductor Nicola Samale (Rome), and from 1989 to 1994 concert conducting (Hans-Joachim Kauffmann), voice (Hidenori Komatsu) and flute (Susanne Meier) at the Conservatory of Arts, Bremen. He also attended to rehearsals and projects of numerous well-known conductors and performed himself with several choirs and orchestras. His concert examination in 1994 included compositions by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Jean Sibelius and Frank Martin as well as the first Bremen performance of Ralph Vaughan WilliamsSymphony No. 5, recorded and broadcast by Radio Bremen. In 1996 he finished a Postgraduate Diploma in Musicology at the University of Adelaide for which he was granted a full scholarship of the DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst). Since then, he had developed a career as a freelance concert conductor, editor, scholar and publicist on music. Cohrs finished his PhD in Musicology (University of Hamburg) in 2009.

## Conductor

Ben Cohrs made his international conducting debut in November 2000 in the Moscow Bolshoi Hall, when he introduced historically informed performing practice to the Russian National Orchestra. In March 2001 he participated in the farewell concert of the famous Philharmonia Hungarica, which was closed by the German Government and the Orchestral Union for political reasons. He appeared with orchestras such as the Royal Flanders Philharmonic (September 2001, Sumida Triphony Hall, Tokyo), Sarajevo Symphony Orchestra, and the Janacek Philharmonic; with the latter he gave the Austrian premiere of Bruckner’s completed Ninth Symphony in Gmunden. In September 2013 he conducted the first performance of his new completion of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart´s Requiem in D minor in Germany (Bremen and Dortmund).

## Scholar and publicist on music

From 1996, Cohrs had contributed to international music magazines, presented pre-concert-talks as well as his own radio programmes (Radio Bremen, SWR, WDR, ORF), wrote programme notes, booklet notes, reports on musicological conferences and was a successful editor of music. From 1995 to 2012 he was a co-editor of the *Bruckner-Gesamtausgabe* (Bruckner complete edition, Vienna). He was a well-known Bruckner-scholar, in particular due to his studies and editions of Bruckner's Ninth Symphony. He was also a member of the editorial team of Nicola Samale which prepared the Completed Performing Version of the unfinished Finale of Bruckner's Ninth (1986–2012). He resigned from the team in 2021 after John A. Phillips had published his own revision without Cohrs' participation. For the Magazine Musik-Konzepte he compiled Vol. 120/121/122 on request of the earlier editors, Heinz-Klaus Metzger and Rainer Riehn (*Bruckners Neunte im Fegefeuer der Rezeption*, Munich 2003). He also edited new completed performing versions of Schubert’s Unfinished Symphony in b-minor, the Great Mass in C minor and the Requiem by Mozart, both based on original sources. Since 2012 he was Editor in Chief of the Anton Bruckner Edition Wien (Alexander Hermann publishing group, Vienna; distributed by Schott Music), in which all collected works by Anton Bruckner will appear in new, modern Urtext editions. As the first volume of the Anton Bruckner Urtext Gesamtausgabe (Patron: Nikolaus Harnoncourt \- until his death -; from 2019: Simon Rattle), the Symphony No. 7 in E major appeared in Summer 2015 (First Performance: 2 May 2015, Milano/La Scala; 3 May 2015, Vienna/Musikverein; Berliner Philharmoniker, Simon Rattle). In 2016 the Symphony No. 6 in A major followed (First Performance: April 2016 in Paris, London, Brussels, Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Simon Rattle), 2017 the Missa Solemnis in B flat (First Performance: 25 June 2017, Berlin/Konzerthaus, RIAS-Kammerchor, Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, Lukasz Borowicz), 2018 the Symphony No. 5 in B-flat major (First Performance: Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Daniel Harding, Stockholm/Berwaldhallen, 4 September 2018), 2018 the Requiem d minor (First Performance: 22 November 2018, Berlin/Philharmonie, RIAS-Kammerchor, Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, Lukasz Borowicz), and 2021 the Symphony No. 4 in E-flat major (Version 1878–81, including - as appendices - the earlier Scherzo and Finale discarded in 1878; First Performance: 19 to 27 September 2021 in London, Luxembourg, Frankfurt, Dortmund and Cologne, London Symphony Orchestra, Simon Rattle).

Cohrs died from a heart attack on 21 November 2023, at the age of 58.

### Editions of music

* Lili Boulanger: *Théme et Variations* for Piano(1915). First Edition. Tonger, Cologne, 2005 (ISMN-M-005-32611-3)
* Anton Bruckner: Symphony No. IX in d-minor (score and parts) New critical edition, Bruckner Complete Edition, Vienna 2000 (ISMN-M-50025-225-2)
* Anton Bruckner: Symphony No. IX, Finale (unfinished). Completed Performance Version (1986–92/rev. 1996); (with Nicola Samale, John A. Phillips, Giuseppe Mazzuca); Adelaide/Bremen 1992. Revised Edition (with Nicola Samale): 2005/rev. 2008/rev. 2012; Score : Repertoire Explorer Nr. 444 / Musikproduktion Hoeflich, Munich, 2012; Orchestral Parts: BGC Manuscript Edition, Bremen.
* Anton Bruckner: *Scherzo und Trio / Ältere Trios mit Viola-Solo.* Bruckner Complete Edition, Vienna 1998 (ISMN-M-50025-182-8)
* Anton Bruckner: Symphony No. IX, Two earlier, discarded Trios. Performance Version Doblinger, Vienna, 1998 (ISMN-M-012-18480-8).
* Frank Martin: Sonata da Chiesa for Flute and String Orchestra (1993–94; new arrangement on request of Maria Martin); First Edition, Universal-Edition, Vienna 1997 (UE 30 868).
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Great Mass in C minor, Credo & Agnus Dei, Completion from original sources. Score: Repertoire Explorer Nr. 1049, Musikproduktion Höflich, Munich, 2010; Performance Material: BGC Manuscript Edition, Bremen
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Requiem in D minor, new Completion. Score: Repertoire Explorer Nr. 1425, Musikproduktion Höflich, Munich, 2013; Performance Material: BGC Manuscript Edition, Bremen
* Erik Satie: Trois Gymnopédies, Arrangement for String Orchestra with Harp ad lib.; Score and Parts; First Edition, Doblinger, Vienna 2006 (ISMN-M-012-19299-2)
* Franz Schubert: Symphony in b minor D 759 (Unfinished), Scherzo D 759/3 (Completed Performance Edition by Nicola Samale & Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs) / Orchestral Movement D 797/1 (Presumed Finale); Score: Repertoire Explorer Nr. 884 / Musikproduktion Hoeflich, Munich, 2008; Orchestral Parts: BGC Manuscript Edition, Bremen.

### Selected writings in print

* *Das Finale der IX. Sinfonie von Anton Bruckner. Geschichte - Dokumente - Werk - Präsentation des Fragments.* (Dissertation) Wiener Bruckner Studien 3, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-900270-94-0
* *Bruckners Neunte im Fegefeuer der Rezeption.* Musik-Konzepte 120/121/122, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-88377-738-2
* *Anton Bruckner: IX. Symphonie d-moll (1. Satz–Scherzo & Trio–Adagio)*. Critical Report, Bruckner Complete Edition, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-900270-53-8

### Selected original compositions

* *L´amour perdu* (MS, 1993), Berceuse for piano op. 4 (dedicated to Ole Georg Graf). Also arranged for small orchestra (MS, 1999)
* *Trois Pastorales* (MS,1991) op. 3 for flute and clarinet (dedicated to Michael Donner)
* *Jesu, Deine Passion* EKG 67 (MS, 1987/91). Chorale prelude for organ op. 2 (in memoriam Sebastian Hedemann)
* *Komm, Herr, segne uns* (MS, 1980/4) op. 1, motet for mixed choir, flute and organ (dedicated to Daniela Scholz)


title: Cigaritis dufranei

abstract: Cigaritis dufranei is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in southern Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Cigaritis dufranei

***Cigaritis dufranei*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in southern Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Haut-Zaire and Kivu).

## InfoBox

| *Cigaritis dufranei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Cigaritis* |
| Species: | ***C. dufranei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cigaritis dufranei***<br>(Bouyer, 1991) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spindasis dufranei* Bouyer, 1991 | |


title: Charles Thornton-Duesbury

abstract: Charles Leonard Thornton-Duesbury was an Anglican bishop who served as the Bishop of Sodor and Man from 1925 until his death in 1928. Thornton-Duesbury was a native of the Isle of Man and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Ordained in 1891, his first post was as a curate at St George's-in-the-East, London. He then held incumbencies at St Mark's Barrow-in-Furness, St Peter's Islington and St Mary's Leyton and finally Holy Trinity, Marylebone.

text:
# Charles Thornton-Duesbury

**Charles Leonard Thornton-Duesbury** (3 February 1867  11 March 1928) was an Anglican bishop who served as the Bishop of Sodor and Man from 1925 until his death in 1928.

Thornton-Duesbury was a native of the Isle of Man and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Ordained in 1891, his first post was as a curate at St George's-in-the-East, London. He then held incumbencies at St Mark's Barrow-in-Furness, St Peter's Islington and St Mary's Leyton and finally (before his ordination to the episcopate) Holy Trinity, Marylebone.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Charles Leonard Thornton-Duesbury
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Sodor and Man | |
| In office | 1925–1928 (death) |
| Predecessor | Denton Thompson |
| Successor | William Stanton Jones |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1867-02-03)3 February 1867
Isle of Man |
| Died | 11 March 1928(1928-03-11) (aged 61) |
| Nationality | Manx |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Dublin |


title: Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

abstract: Benjamin "Pap" Singleton was an American activist and businessman best known for his role in establishing African American settlements in Kansas. A former slave from Tennessee who escaped to freedom in Ontario, Canada in 1846, he soon returned to the United States, settling for a period in Detroit, Michigan. He became a noted abolitionist, community leader, and spokesman for African-American civil rights. Singleton returned to Tennessee during the Union occupation in 1862, but soon concluded that blacks would never achieve economic equality in the white-dominated South. After the end of Reconstruction, Singleton organized the movement of thousands of black colonists, known as Exodusters, to found settlements in the free state of Kansas. A prominent voice for early black nationalism, he became involved in promoting and coordinating black-owned businesses in Kansas and developed an interest in the Back-to-Africa movement.

text:
# Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

**Benjamin "Pap" Singleton** (1809 – February 17, 1900) was an American activist and businessman best known for his role in establishing African American settlements in Kansas. A former slave from Tennessee who escaped to freedom in Ontario, Canada in 1846, he soon returned to the United States, settling for a period in Detroit, Michigan. He became a noted abolitionist, community leader, and spokesman for African-American civil rights.

Singleton returned to Tennessee during the Union occupation in 1862, but soon concluded that blacks would never achieve economic equality in the white-dominated South. After the end of Reconstruction, Singleton organized the movement of thousands of black colonists, known as Exodusters, to found settlements in the free state of Kansas. A prominent voice for early black nationalism, he became involved in promoting and coordinating black-owned businesses in Kansas and developed an interest in the Back-to-Africa movement.

## Early life and education

Although it is known that Benjamin Singleton was enslaved at birth in 1809 in Davidson County near Nashville, Tennessee, details of his early life remain scant. He was the son of a white father and an enslaved black mother. As a youth, he was trained as a carpenter but regretted never learning to read and write. Reportedly Singleton made several attempts to escape slavery but was unsuccessful.

In 1846, Singleton managed to escape to freedom. He made his way north along the Underground Railroad to Windsor, Ontario, and remained there a year before relocating to Detroit, Michigan. In Detroit, he lived as a scavenger and used what resources he could to help other escaped slaves find their way to freedom in Canada. Singleton lived in Detroit until after the Civil War was underway. During this time, he worked as a carpenter.

## Separatism

After the Union Army occupied Middle Tennessee in 1862, Singleton returned and took up residence in Nashville, Tennessee, believing his freedom would be protected within Union lines. He worked as a cabinetmaker and coffin maker. As freedmen were still subject to white racial violence and political problems, Singleton concluded that blacks would have no chance for equality in the South. Disgusted by political leaders who failed to deliver on promises of equality for freedmen, in 1869 Singleton joined forces with Columbus M. Johnson, a black minister in Sumner County, and began looking for ways to establish black economic independence.

In 1874, Singleton and Johnson founded the Edgefield Real Estate Association, with the goal of helping African Americans acquire land in the Nashville area. White landowners were unwilling to bargain with them and wanted too high prices for their land. Convinced that freedmen must leave the South to achieve true economic independence, in 1875 Singleton began to explore the idea of planting black colonies in the American West. His real estate organization was renamed the Edgefield Real Estate and Homestead Association. In 1876, Singleton and Johnson traveled to Kansas to scout land in Cherokee County in the southeastern corner of the state. Heartened by what he saw, Singleton returned to Nashville and began recruiting settlers for a proposed colony.

## Singleton colonies

In the summer of 1877, Singleton led approximately seventy-three black settlers to Cherokee County near the town of Baxter Springs. Once the settlers arrived, they began negotiating with the Missouri River, Fort Scott, and Gulf Railroad for land to build their proposed Singleton Colony. Their timing was late, as rich lead deposits had been discovered in the area the previous year, which led to a mining boom and caused land prices to rise too high for their funds. Without the ability to buy land, they could not create a colony in Cherokee County. Singleton began looking elsewhere.

He searched for government land which his settlers could acquire through the 1862 Homestead Act. He found some available land on what had been the former Kaw Indian Reservation near the town of Dunlap, Kansas, on the borders of Morris and Lyon counties. Dunlap was situated along the tracks of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, familiarly called the Katy Railroad, which extended into Kansas from Missouri. The land was marginal, but in the spring of 1878, Singleton's settlers left middle Tennessee for Kansas via steamboats on the Cumberland River. The following year they officially established the Dunlap Colony. More than 2400 settlers emigrated from the Nashville and Sumner County areas. Most settlers lived in dugouts during their first year on the Great Plains. They stuck it out and made the colony a success.

## Exodusters, 1879–80

By 1879 of the "Great Exodus", 50,000 freedmen known as Exodusters had migrated from the South to escape poverty and racial violence following whites' regaining political control across the former Confederacy. They migrated to Kansas, Missouri, Indiana and Illinois seeking land, better working conditions, and the chance to live in peace. Part of Topeka, Kansas, was known as "Tennessee Town" because of many migrants from that state. Most had no direct connection with Singleton's organized colony movement, but Singleton and his followers were sympathetic to their plight. Many white Kansans began to object to the arrival of so many desperately poor blacks into their state. Singleton stepped forward to defend the Exodusters' right to try to make better lives in the American West.

In 1880, Singleton was requested to appear before the United States Senate in Washington, D.C., to testify on the causes of the Great Exodus to Kansas. Singleton rebuffed the efforts of southern Senators to discredit the Exodus Movement. He testified to his own success in setting up independent black colonies and noted the terrible conditions which caused freedmen to leave the South. Singleton returned to Kansas as a nationally recognized spokesman for the Exodusters. But the migration of so many poor blacks put more of a financial burden on the Dunlap Colony than the original settlers could bear. By 1880, the Presbyterian Church had taken charitable control of the settlement; it planned to build a Freedmen's Academy in the town. Singleton had no more dealings with his colony at Dunlap.

## Final years

During 1881, Singleton was 72 years old, and most people referred to him affectionately as "old Pap". He was still a formidable figure and used his reputation to bring together blacks into an organization called the Colored United Links (CUL). The goal of the CUL, which he created in Topeka, was to combine the financial resources of all black people to build black-owned businesses, factories, and trade schools. The group held several conventions and was successful enough locally that Republican Party officials in Kansas became interested in its potential political strength. Presidential candidate James B. Weaver of the Greenback Party met with CUL leaders, to discuss fusion between the two groups. After 1881, CUL membership faltered, however, and the organization soon fell apart.

After the failure of the CUL, Singleton became convinced that blacks would never be allowed to succeed in the United States. In 1883, he briefly joined with Joseph Ware a St. Louis, Missouri, businessman, and John Williams, a black minister, in proposing that American blacks migrate to the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. That idea was not developed.

In 1885, Singleton moved to Kansas City, where he began to organize around Pan-Africanism. In 1885, he founded the United Transatlantic Society (UTS), with the goal of having all blacks relocate from the United States to Africa, where such Western-influenced colonies as Sierra Leone and Liberia had been founded by Great Britain and the United States, respectively. In this time period, Bishop Henry McNeil Turner also had his own proposed African migration movement.

The UTS lasted until 1887 but never sent anyone to Africa. In poor health, Singleton retired from his life of activism. He raised his voice one final time in 1889 to call for a portion of the newly opening Oklahoma Territory to be reserved as an all-black state.

Benjamin Singleton died on February 17, 1900, in Kansas City, Missouri. He was buried in Union Cemetery, Kansas City, Missouri on February 26, 1900.

## Family

Benjamin Singleton married and was the father of several children. Two of his children – Emily, born about 1840 in Tennessee, and Sarah, born about 1858 in Michigan – wrote letters to their father from East Nashville, Tennessee, during the mid-1880s. An undated note regarding Singleton's testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee in 1880 quoted Singleton as saying: "I have been a slave fled to Canada when my children were small and nineteen years after when I returned they were grown."

His son, Joshua W. Singleton, eventually settled in Allensworth, California, a black agricultural settlement founded in Tulare County. Joshua's grandchildren, through his married daughter Virginia Louise Williams and her husband John, were John Williams Jr., Midge Williams (1915-1952), Charles and Robert Williams.

As young adults, they started singing together in the Bay Area as the Williams Quartette. In 1928 they started touring as the Williams Four. In 1933, they had a successful tour in Shanghai, China, which was a destination for increasing numbers of European refugees, and Japan. Midge Williams also sang as a swing jazz soloist in the late 1930s and 1940s. She recorded with a group as Midge Williams and Her Jazz Jesters.

## Legacy and honors

In 2002, American scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed "Pap" Singleton as among the 100 Greatest African Americans.

## History of colonies

Singleton did not establish his Real Estate Association prior to 1874 and did not make his first scouting trip to Kansas until 1876; the Singleton Colony in Cherokee County failed almost immediately after being settled. Nicodemus, Kansas was founded independently in 1877 by black settlers from Kentucky, one year before Singleton founded his successful colony at Dunlap.

### Sources

* Athearn, Robert G. *In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879-80.* Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.
* Entz, Gary R. "Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton: Father of the Kansas Exodus", in Nina Mjagkij (ed.), *Portraits of African-American Life Since 1865*, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 2003.
* Entz, Gary R. "Image and Reality on the Kansas Prairie: 'Pap' Singleton's Cherokee County Colony." *Kansas History* 19 (summer 1996): 124–139.
* Fleming, Walter P. "'Pap' Singleton: The Moses of the Colored Exodus," *American Journal of Sociology.* 15 (July 1909): 61–82.
* Garvin, Roy. "Benjamin, or 'Pap,' Singleton and his Followers", *Journal of Negro History* 33 (January 1948): 7–23.
* Hickey, Joseph V. "'Pap' Singleton's Dunlap Colony: Relief Agencies and the Failure of a Black Settlement in Eastern Kansas", *Great Plains Quarterly* 11 (winter 1991): 23–36.
* Painter, Nell Irvin. *Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction*, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986.
* Sharp, Jim. Black Settlers on the Kaw Indian Reservation. Ag Press, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Benjamin "Pap" Singleton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1809
Davidson County, Tennessee, US |
| Died | February 17, 1900 (aged 9091)
Kansas City, Missouri, US |
| Resting place | Union Cemetery
Kansas City, Missouri |
| Movement | Abolitionist |


title: Be-Free

abstract: Be-Free Program of Bahrain Women Association - for Human Development is a program concerned with the protection of children and teenagers from abuse and neglect. As well as building their personalities, so they can take effective and positive roles in the community. It was started on 19 March 2002, with the support of the former Human Rights Commissioner Mary Robinson.

text:
# Be-Free

**Be-Free Program** of Bahrain Women Association - for Human Development is a program concerned with the protection of children and teenagers from abuse and neglect. As well as building their personalities, so they can take effective and positive roles in the community. It was started on 19 March 2002, with the support of the former Human Rights Commissioner Mary Robinson.

## Projects

### “I am a Strong, Smart, and Safe Child”

Trains children on essential protection skills in a fun and interactive way, away from fear, as studies show that more than 85% of child abuse cases could have been prevented if children knew some protection skills.

Parents are also trained on the main concepts and skills to contribute in the protection of their children.

### It's My Right to Understand My Rights

In April 2008, and in partnership with UNICEF, Be-Free started a program for Teaching child rights to children, under the name "It's my right to understand my rights". This project is based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.

### Protection of children over the Internet

In July 2008, Be-Free started a new project to protect children from the dangers of the Internet "SMART+".

### Children with disability

In February 2009, Be-Free launched a special protection program for Children with disability "I am a Strong, Smart, and Safe Child …in spite of my disability" under the patronage of the UN Special Rapporteur on Disability H.H. Sh. Hessa Al-Thani.

### “Color Your Life with Your Choices” Academic and Social Development Project

Students encounter a number of obstacles and challenges during the course of their educational journey, this project assists students and their parents in facing these challenges, and learn from them.

### “Me and the Other”

In 2011, Be-Free launched this project that aims at creating a culture in which differences between people in color, nationality, language, faith, etc. are respected, and everyone learns from them.

### Instilling Universal Knowledge

A pioneer project, launched in 2014, that assists educational institutions with its different levels in adopting innovative and creative methods to make the institutions a more desirable place for students. It increases their awareness, and moves them beyond learning to reach universal knowledge. It inspires them to transcend the limitations of self-centered life to aspire for building communities and painting their Humanistic mark on the world ...

## Awards

## Solidarity Campaigns

* Fatima, the missing child: In 2002, Fatima was 11 years old when she went missing from her father's house, after being severely physically and emotionally abused by her father and his girlfriend. Be-Free held a campaign (It was considered the biggest in the history of the Gulf Countries) to search for Fatima, and to raise the awareness of the community that, child abuse is a community issue and not a family-issue only. High authorities in Bahrain were involved in the searching campaign including the King of Bahrain H.M. Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, and the Prime Minister H.H. Shaikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa. The child was not found until now.
* Protecting children under war: In 2006 Be-Free started a 30 days campaign to raise awareness about the rights of children under war to be safe and protected, and that children should not be targets for any war.
* Protect children from abuse: This was a 40 days campaign (10 October 2008- 19 November 2008) to raise community awareness about protecting children from abuse. In this campaign mini-workshops were delivered in shopping malls, health centers, and clubs for both children and parents (each separately) .

## InfoBox

Be-Free Program
"برنامج "كن حراً
| Founded | 2002 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Location |  |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: Francisco Manuel de Zúñiga Sotomayor y Mendoza, O.S.A. (1646–1712) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1695–1712).

text:
# Francisco Manuel de Zúñiga Sotomayor y Mendoza

**Francisco Manuel de Zúñiga Sotomayor y Mendoza, O.S.A.** (1646–1712) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1695–1712).

## Biography

Francisco Manuel de Zúñiga Sotomayor y Mendoza was born in San Esteban de la Sierra, Spain, on 11 October 1646 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 21 March 1695, he was appointed by Pope Innocent XII as Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo. On 19 June 1695, he was consecrated bishop by Federico Caccia, Titular Archbishop of *Laodicea in Phrygia*, with Antonio Pascual, Bishop of Vic, and Francisco Zapata Vera y Morales, Titular Bishop of *Dara*, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo until his death on 14 December 1712.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Francisco Manuel de Zúñiga Sotomayor y Mendoza | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo |
| In office | 1695–1712 |
| Predecessor | José González Blázquez |
| Successor | José Díez Santos de San Pedro |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | Federico Caccia
by 19 June 1695 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 October 1646
San Esteban de la Sierra, Spain |
| Died | 14 December 1712 (age 66)
Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |


title: Eddie Parris

abstract: John Edward Parris was a Welsh international footballer, who played for Bradford Park Avenue, Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic, Luton Town, Bath City, Northampton Town and Cheltenham Town. He was the first black player to represent Wales in an international, and over his career between 1927 and 1948 made 268 league appearances and scored 60 goals.

text:
# Eddie Parris

**John Edward Parris** (31 January 1911 – 27 February 1971) was a Welsh international footballer, who played for Bradford Park Avenue, Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic, Luton Town, Bath City, Northampton Town and Cheltenham Town. He was the first black player to represent Wales in an international, and over his career between 1927 and 1948 made 268 league appearances and scored 60 goals.

## Life

He was born in Ivy Cottage, Pwllmeyric, Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales, to a white mother, Annie Alford (née Clarke) from Leicester, England, and a black father, John Edward Parris (known as Eddie), who had been born in Barbados but moved to England in about 1900. Eddie Snr. served in the British Army during World War One and was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal.

From 1927, aged 16, Eddie Parris played for Chepstow Town His talents were spotted by scouts for Bradford Park Avenue, at the time a leading club, and he was signed as a trialist in 1928. He made his debut in January 1929, scoring his team's only goal in a drawn FA Cup match against Hull City, and thereafter established a regular first-team place at left wing. In his career at Bradford Park Avenue, he played 142 League and Cup games and scored 39 goals.

Parris became the first Black player for Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic when he made his debut for them against Newport County on 27th August 1934. He achieved the same distinction at Luton Town on 13th March 1937, making his debut against Northampton Town. Later that year he also became the first Black player to represent Northampton Town in the Football League when he made his debut for them on 11th December 1937 (Northampton Town were playing in the Southern League when Walter Tull played for them from 1911 to 1914). Later in his career he became the first Black player for Cheltenham Town (then a Southern League side).

In December 1931 Parris made his first and only appearance for Wales against Ireland in Belfast, becoming the first black player to represent Wales in an international. Although sometimes cited as the first black player to play for any of the 'home countries', research now suggests that in fact the first was the Scotland player Andrew Watson.

In 1932 the *Daily Mail* wrote of him: 'Parris is speedy, has ball control, and is not a little football genius'. He suffered an injury in 1934, and later played for Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic (1934–37), Luton Town, Northampton Town, Bath City, Cheltenham Town and Gloucester City. His final recorded match, as player-coach at Gloucester City, was in 1948.

He also worked in a munitions factory and, from 1939, for the Gloster Aircraft Company in Brockworth. He lived at Sedbury near Chepstow, and in Gloucester, where he died in 1971.

## Significance and legacy

Historian Martin Johnes of Swansea University studied Parris in order to explore black working-class experiences in early and mid 20th century Britain. Most people of colour left few historical traces but as a professional footballer, Parris was discussed in the press. Johnes shows that newspaper often described Parris in racial terms, but any overt racism Parris faced was not recorded. Nonetheless, given the racial attitudes of the time, Parris must have faced prejudices and the frequent references to his race in match reports and the like shows that people of colour were regarded as different in British culture.

A plaque to honour Parris was installed outside his birthplace in Pwllmeyric in 2021.

* For Football League infobox stats: "Player search: Parris, JE (Eddie)". *English National Football Archive (ENFA)*. Retrieved 30 October 2023.

## InfoBox

Eddie Parris
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | John Edward Parris | | |
| Date of birth | (1911-01-31)31 January 1911 | | |
| Place of birth | Pwllmeyric, Monmouthshire, Wales | | |
| Date of death | 27 February 1971(1971-02-27) (aged 60) | | |
| Place of death | Gloucester, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10+12 in (1.79 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1927–1928 | Chepstow Town |  |  |
| 1928–1934 | Bradford (Park Avenue) | 133 | (38) |
| 1934–1937 | Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic | 103 | (23) |
| 1937 | Luton Town | 7 | (2) |
| 1937–1939 | Northampton Town | 25 | (7) |
| 1939–19?? | Cheltenham Town |  |  |
|  | Gloucester City |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1931 | Wales | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Bill Crawford (footballer)

abstract: William Alfred Crawford was an English professional footballer who played as an inside forward.

text:
# Bill Crawford (footballer)

**William Alfred Crawford** (8 May 1872 – 1955) was an English professional footballer who played as an inside forward.

## InfoBox

Bill Crawford
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | William Alfred Crawford | | |
| Date of birth | (1872-05-08)8 May 1872 | | |
| Place of birth | Darlington, England | | |
| Date of death | 1955 (aged 8283) | | |
| Position(s) | Inside forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1892–1893 | Stockton |  |  |
| 1893–1894 | Grimsby Town | 7 | (6) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Drum (American magazine)

abstract: Drum was an American gay men's culture and news magazine published monthly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, featuring homoerotic photographs as well as news, book reviews, editorials, and fiction. It was published beginning in October 1964 by the homophile activist group the Janus Society as a continuation of the group's monthly newsletter. Edited by Clark Polak, the president of the Janus Society, the magazine represented Polak's radical approach to the homophile movement by emphasizing sexual liberation when other homophile organizations were focused on assimilating with straight society.

text:
# Drum (American magazine)

***Drum*** (sometimes subtitled *Drum: Sex in Perspective*) was an American gay men's culture and news magazine published monthly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, featuring homoerotic photographs as well as news, book reviews, editorials, and fiction. It was published (usually monthly) beginning in October 1964 by the homophile activist group the Janus Society as a continuation of the group's monthly newsletter. Edited by Clark Polak, the president of the Janus Society, the magazine represented Polak's radical approach to the homophile movement by emphasizing sexual liberation when other homophile organizations were focused on assimilating with straight society.

## Title

The magazine's title was inspired by a quote from *Walden* by Henry David Thoreau that appeared in every edition: "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears the beat of a different drummer."

## Content

*Drum* was published most months between October 1964 and November 1966, but after issue number 21 the magazine was published sporadically for another 10 issues until January 1969. The magazine's exclusive coverage of gay men's issues was controversial within the Janus Society because the group focused on all LGB issues.

The magazine was the most popular homophile magazine in the country, with a circulation of 10,000 by 1966, far surpassing similar homophile magazines *ONE* and *The Ladder*. Drum's success came from its bold portrayal of gay sex and culture in erotica, fiction, and humor. The magazine maintained a clipping service to identify news coverage of gay issues from across the country which were often reprinted in *Drum*. Polak wanted to "put the 'sex' back in homosexuality", and the magazine was the first in the country to publish full frontal male nudity in 1965. However, copies of the magazine sold at newsstands never featured nudity and only subscribers received copies with a centerfold-style insert of additional pages. A *Life* magazine exposé titled "Homosexuality in America" in 1964 inspired a parody article in *Drum*, "Heterosexuality in America", written by "P. Arody" that jokingly treated heterosexuality as a deviation that exists in all walks of life across the country.

Drum began the first gay comic strip, *Harry Chess: The Man from A.U.N.T.I.E*, by A. Jay (Al Shapiro), which featured Harry Chess and his sidekick Mickey Muscle as top secret agents working for Agents Undercover Network to Investigate Evil, a spoof on comic strips from the time and *The Man from U.N.C.L.E.* The comic was discontinued in 1966 but reappeared in gay magazines *Queen’s Quarterly* and *Drummer*.

## Demise

In March 1967, Polak was arrested when his home was raided by the police and over 75,000 gay books, photos, and magazines were seized. Polak was indicted by a grand jury; however, a judge threw out the case because one of the warrants was filled out incorrectly. In February 1969, Polak was arrested for a second time for distributing obscene materials and operating a peep show at one of his adult bookstores. In April 1969, Polak was found guilty and sentenced to two years in prison, which was reduced to two months. Polak sent a letter to *Drum’s* subscribers in May explaining that the previous January issue was the magazine's last.

After two additional arrests, Polak was found guilty by two federal grand juries in 1969 and 1970. Polak moved to Los Angeles in 1970 and in 1972 pleaded no contest to the charges of mailing obscene publications and was sentenced to five years probation contingent on giving up his pornography businesses in Philadelphia. The Janus Society succeeded *Drum* with another magazine, *PACE!*, named from the same Thoreau quote. Edited and published by Richard L. Schlegel, *PACE!* covered lesbian and gay issues but only ran for two issues.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

*Drum*
| *Drum* issue number 27, October 1967 | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Clark Polak |
| Categories | News, Literature, Erotica |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Circulation | 10,000 |
| Publisher | Janus Society / Drum Publishing Co. |
| First issue | 1964 |
| Final issue | 1969 |
| Country | USA |
| Based in | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Language | English |
| ISSN | 0418-0933 |


title: Belnem

abstract: Belnem is a private community on the island of Bonaire. It is luxurious neighbourhood named after Harry Belafonte and Maurice Neme. Construction of Belnem started on 3 June 1966.

text:
# Belnem

**Belnem** is a private community on the island of Bonaire. It is luxurious neighbourhood named after Harry Belafonte and Maurice Neme. Construction of Belnem started on 3 June 1966.

## History

Harry Belafonte often visited and liked the Caribbean island of Bonaire. Belafonte together with Maurice Neme of Oranjestad, Aruba embarked on a joint venture to create a luxurious private community on Bonaire.

On 3 June 1966, the construction of the neighbourhood started which was named Belnem after Belafonte and Neme. At least 30 houses with a minimum size of 100 m2 and a road connecting the neighbourhood to the road network of Bonaire had to be constructed within a two-year time period. The neighbourhood is managed by the Bel-Nem Caribbean Development Corporation. Belafonte and Neme served as its first directors. Later, other residential neighbourhoods were built in Belnem. In 1981, Belnem came under scrutiny by the Island Council, because the land which had been sold to Belnem at a reduced price was being sold on at high prices.

## Bachelor's Beach

Bachelor's Beach is a small beach near Belnem. It can be accessed via stairs down the 10 feet (3.0 m) cliff. It is one of the most popular beaches and is located near Flamingo International Airport with planes passing over the beach.

1. "Bonaire, bevolkingscijfers per buurt". *Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek* (in Dutch). 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
2. "Belnemproject". *Amigoe via Delpher.nl* (in Dutch). 21 April 1981. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
3. "Ode aan Bonaire, een ongrijpbare liefde in de Caraïbische branding". *ThePostOnline via Knipselkrant Curacao* (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2021.
4. "Belnemproject". *Amigoe via Delpher.nl* (in Dutch). 21 April 1981. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
5. "Statuten Bel-Nem goedgekeurd". *Amigoe di Curacao via Delpher.nl* (in Dutch). 29 June 1966. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
6. "De wijken en buurten van Bonaire". *Sunwise Bonaire* (in Dutch). 4 July 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
7. "Belnem is doorn in het oog". *Amigoe via Delpher.nl* (in Dutch). 7 April 1981. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
8. "Bachelor's Beach". *Tourism Bonaire*. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
9. "Bachelor's Beach". *Bonaire Vakantieland* (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2021.

## InfoBox

| Belnem | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| BelnemLocation in Bonaire | |
| Coordinates: 12°07′29″N 68°17′18″W / 12.1247°N 68.2882°W / 12.1247; -68.2882 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Public body | Bonaire |
| Established | 1966 |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 881 |


title: Dionne Price

abstract:
Dionne L. Price was an American statistician and first African-American president of the American Statistical Association (ASA), the world's largest professional body representing statisticians. Price worked as a division director in the Office of Biostatistics of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, in the US Food and Drug Administration.
Her division provided statistical advice "used in the regulation of anti-infective, anti-viral, ophthalmology, and transplant drug products".

text:
# Dionne Price

**Dionne L. Price** (29 August 1971 – 22 February 2024) was an American statistician and first African-American president of the American Statistical Association (ASA), the world's largest professional body representing statisticians. Price worked as a division director in the Office of Biostatistics of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, in the US Food and Drug Administration. Her division provided statistical advice "used in the regulation of anti-infective, anti-viral, ophthalmology, and transplant drug products".

## Education and career

Price was African-American, and grew up in Portsmouth, Virginia; her mother was a schoolteacher. She majored in applied mathematics at Norfolk State University, earned a master's degree from the University of North Carolina, and completed her Ph.D. at Emory University in 2000. Her dissertation, *Survival Models for Heterogeneous Populations with Cure*, was supervised by Amita Manatunga, and with it she became the first African-American to earn a doctorate in biostatistics at Emory. After finishing her doctorate, she joined the Food and Drug Administration.

## Recognition

Price was the keynote speaker at StatFest 2016, a one-day conference at Howard University organized by the ASA Committee on Minorities in Statistics to encourage statistical students from underrepresented groups. She was elected as a Fellow of the ASA in 2018. She was "elected the 118th president of the American Statistical Association (ASA). She served a one-year term as president-elect beginning January 1, 2022; her term as president became effective January 1, 2023. She was elected to the 2022 class of Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Price was the first African-American president of the ASA, serving for a year from 1 January 2023."


title: The Jamies

abstract: The Jamies were an American singing group, led by siblings Tom and Serena Jameson, based in Boston. They are best known for the song "Summertime, Summertime."

text:
# The Jamies

**The Jamies** were an American singing group, led by siblings Tom and Serena Jameson, based in Boston. They are best known for the song "Summertime, Summertime."

## Career

"Summertime, Summertime," the group's 1958 single for Epic Records, reached #26 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100.

Both "Summertime" and its b-side, "Searching for You", are often described as doo-wop because of their time period and their a cappella harmonies.

Several singles followed "Summertime, Summertime" (many written by Tom Jameson), but none of these were hits. In 1962, "Summertime, Summertime" was re-released and became a hit again, this time peaking at No. 38.

The song's fame far eclipsed the band's; The Fortunes, the Doodletown Pipers, Hobby Horse, Jan and Dean, and Sha Na Na all covered the tune, and it was used in commercials for Buick, Ken-L Ration Burger Time Dog Food, Applebee's and McDonald's. It was also featured in the 1978 film *Fingers.*

Tom Jameson died from cancer on July 19, 2009, at the age of 72. Arthur Blair died at age 82 on January 8, 2020, in Fruitland, Idaho.

## Members

* Thomas Earl "Tom" Jameson (1937–2009)
* Serena Jameson (Thomas Jameson's sister, who sang alto)
* Jeannie Roy
* Arthur Blair (1937–2020)
* Sherman Feller (1918–1994) (Group manager, later became more famous as the public address announcer for the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park.) He did not co-write "Summertime, Summertime", as is commonly thought, but took co-writing credit, half of the songwriting royalties, and the publishing rights, as was common practice by managers at the time. (See external links below.) Tom Jameson was the sole writer/arranger of "Summertime, Summertime."

## Singles

* "Summertime, Summertime" b/w "Searching for You" (Epic Records, 1958 single 9281 10-inch 78rpm; 5-9281 7-inch 45rpm) - US No. 26
* "Snow Train" b/w "When the Sun Goes Down" (Epic, 1958)
* "Don't Darken My Door" b/w "Evening Star" (United Artists, 1959)
* "Summertime, Summertime" reissue (1962) - US No. 38


title: The James Young High School

abstract: The James Young High School is a secondary school in Dedridge, Livingston, West Lothian, Scotland. The school opened in 1982 and was named after James Young, who patented the process of extracting oil from coal and shale. James Young High is a coeducational state school which has over 1100 pupils. The headteacher was Christopher Horne until the 2012–2013 school year when he retired and was replaced by Catrina Hatch. In 2018 she was then replaced by the previous Depute Head teacher P Gallacher. She is assisted by her Depute Headteachers G Hope, C McTiernan and A McKeown. There are also 7 PTCs for Curriculum and 4 PTCs for Pupil Support. The school uniform consists of a white shirt with a solid purple tie for S1-S3 or a black, purple and white striped tie for S4-S6, and black trousers.

text:
# The James Young High School

**The James Young High School** is a secondary school in Dedridge, Livingston, West Lothian, Scotland. The school opened in 1982 and was named after James Young, who patented the process of extracting oil from coal and shale.

James Young High is a coeducational state school which has over 1100 pupils. The headteacher was Christopher Horne until the 2012–2013 school year when he retired and was replaced by Catrina Hatch. In 2018 she was then replaced by the previous Depute Head teacher P Gallacher. She is assisted by her Depute Headteachers G Hope, C McTiernan and A McKeown. There are also 7 PTCs for Curriculum and 4 PTCs for Pupil Support. The school uniform consists of a white shirt with a solid purple tie for S1-S3 or a black, purple and white striped tie for S4-S6, and black trousers.

## Catchment schools

The catchment primary schools are: Bankton Primary, Bellsquarry Primary, Dedridge Primary and Williamston Primary.

## Facilities

In 2009 the school benefited from a £19 million refurbishment.

## Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education (HMIE Inspection)

In 2005, HMIE undertook an inspection of the school. The inspection found that the school's pastoral care, partnership with parents and vocational guidance were all very below the standard and that the school had developed a "culture of continuous failure". It identified weaknesses in accommodation and facilities as areas in need of attention, and suggested further improvements in achievement at S1 and S2 levels.

## Notable alumni

1. "James Young High School, The". Retrieved 6 October 2012.
2. "The James Young High School".
3. "Uniform". *jyhs.org.uk*. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
4. "Welcome". *James Young High School*. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
5. "Senior Leadership Team". *jyhs.org.uk/*. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
6. "James Young School: Senior Management List" (PDF). Retrieved 30 July 2011.
7. "James Young School: Feeder Schools List". Retrieved 9 February 2011.
8. "The James Young High School Livingston Inspection" (PDF). Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. 8 March 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
9. "West Lothian wonders set to wow Scottish Cup stage". *Daily Record*. 13 May 2010.
10. "Livingston swimmer clinches hat-trick of medals at Sainsbury's UK School Games". *Daily Record*. 9 September 2010.

55°52′49″N 3°30′55″W / 55.8802°N 3.51537°W / 55.8802; -3.51537

## InfoBox

| The James Young High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Quentin Rise
Livingston, West Lothian, EH54 6NE
Scotland | |
| Information | |
| Established | 1982 |
| Local authority | The West Lothian Council |
| Headteacher | Patricia Gallagher |
| Staff | Over 100 |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Enrolment | 1120 |
| Houses | Jura, Yell, Harris |
| Colour(s) | Purple |
| Local authority | West Lothian |
| Named after | James Young (Scottish chemist) |
| Website | http://www.jyhs.org.uk/ |


title: Dinggyê County

abstract: Dinggyê County is a county of the Xigazê city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, bordering Nepal's Sankhuwasabha and Taplejung Districts to the south and India's Sikkim state to the southeast. Jin Co and Duolo Co are located in this county. It is one of the four counties that comprise the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve.

text:
# Dinggyê County

| Dinggyê County | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 定结县 |
| Traditional Chinese | 定結縣 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Dìngjié Xiàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping ding6git3 jyun2 | |
| Tibetan name | |
| Tibetan | གཏིང་སྐྱེས་རྫོང་། |
| Transcriptions  Wylie gding skyes rdzong  Tibetan Pinyin Dinggyê Zong | |
|  | |

**Dinggyê County** (Tibetan: གཏིང་སྐྱེས་རྫོང་།, Chinese: 定结县) is a county of the Xigazê city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, bordering Nepal's Sankhuwasabha and Taplejung Districts to the south and India's Sikkim state to the southeast. Jin Co and Duolo Co are located in this county.

It is one of the four counties that comprise the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve (Dinggyê, Tingri, Nyalam, and Kyirong).

## Administration divisions

Dinggyê County is divided into 3 towns and 7 townships.

| Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Towns** | | | | | | |
| Gyangkar Town | 江嘎镇 | *Jiānggā zhèn* | རྒྱལ་མཁར་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *rgyal mkhar grong rdal* |
| Zhêntang Town | 陈塘镇 | *Chéntáng zhèn* | འདྲེན་ཐང་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *'dren thang grong rdal* |
| Ri'og Town | 日屋镇 | *Rìwū zhèn* | རི་འོག་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *ri 'og grong rdal* |
| **Townships** | | | | | | |
| Qab Township | 确布乡 | *Quèbù xiāng* | ཆབ་ཤང་། | *chab shang* |
| Dinggyê Township | 定结乡 | *Dìngjié xiāng* | གདིང་སྐྱེས་ཤང་། | *gding skyes shang* |
| Dozhag Township | 多布扎乡 | *Duōbùzhā xiāng* | རྡོ་བྲག་ཤང་། | *rdo brag shang* |
| Tashi Nang Township | 扎西岗乡 | *Zhāxīgǎng xiāng* | བཀྲ་ཤིས་སྣང་ཤང་། | *bkra shis snang shang* |
| Kyungzê Township | 萨尔乡 | *Sà'ěr xiāng* | ཁྱུང་རྩེ་ཤང་། | *khyung rtse shang* |
| Sar Township | 萨尔乡 | *Qióngzī xiāng* | གཟར་ཤང་། | *gzar shang* |
| Gojag Township | 郭加乡 | *Guōjiā xiāng* | ཀོ་ལྕག་ཤང་། | *ko lcag shang* |
|

## InfoBox

| Dinggyê County གཏིང་སྐྱེས་རྫོང་། · 定结县Dinjie, Tingche, Tingkye | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| Location of Dinggyê County (red) within Xigazê City (yellow) and the Tibet Autonomous Region | |
| DinggyêLocation of the seat in the Tibet A.R.DinggyêDinggyê (China) | |
| Coordinates (Dinggyê County government): 28°21′51″N 87°45′57″E / 28.3642°N 87.7659°E / 28.3642; 87.7659 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Tibet |
| Prefecture-level city | Xigazê |
| County seat | Gyankar |
| Area | |
| Total | 5,834.55 km2 (2,252.73 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 20,362 |
| Density | 3.5/km2 (9.0/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Website | www.djx.gov.cn |


title: Dingestow Court

abstract: Dingestow Court, at Dingestow, Monmouthshire, Wales, is a Victorian country house with earlier origins and later additions. The architectural historian John Newman describes it as "one of the county's major houses" and Cadw notes its "entertaining confection of styles". The court is a Grade II* listed building.

text:
# Dingestow Court

**Dingestow Court,** at Dingestow, Monmouthshire, Wales, is a Victorian country house with earlier origins and later additions. The architectural historian John Newman describes it as "one of the county's major houses" and Cadw notes its "entertaining confection of styles". The court is a Grade II\* listed building.

## History

The court has an "unusually complicated building history". Its earliest origins are recorded by the Monmouthshire antiquarian Sir Joseph Bradney as being a manor owned by John ap James, a descendant of Sir Guyan le Grand, "a Norman adventurer who came into Wales at the conquest of Glamorgan". The James family, later Jones, constructed the precursor to the present building in the early sixteenth-century. Part of the gatehouse range of this building survives. The Joneses continued to occupy the court until the deaths in 1789 of Richard Jones, known as "Happy Dick" on account of his "liberality and geniality", and, a few years later, of the last heiress, Mary, who died "a nun at Ghent".

The estate was then bought, and the main house rebuilt by James Duberley. Bradney records that Duberley (whom he dubs Duberly) was the son of a tailor from Monmouth and "amassed a large fortune" as a supplier of clothing to the Army.

In 1801, the estate was acquired by Samuel Bosanquet of Essex. Bradney records that the Bosanquets were French Huguenots who had come to England following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and established themselves as successful bankers. In the mid-nineteenth century, Sir John Bosanquet commissioned Lewis Vulliamy to extend and restore the house. This enlargement was followed, some twenty years later, with limited further additions, although much more extensive plans, by John Prichard and John Pollard Seddon, prepared for Sir John's son, another Samuel. An east wing and interior re-modelling were undertaken, with the kitchen wing being added in 1927.

Dingestow was for a century and a half the home of *Brut y Brenhinedd* a thirteenth-century Welsh version of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, currently deposited at the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.

The court remains the private home of the Bosanquets and is not open to the public, although the grounds are occasionally opened for charitable events.

## Architecture and description

The varied building history of the court is reflected in its rather disjointed appearance and its "entertaining confection of styles (such as would have warmed the heart of Osbert Lancaster)". Despite this, John Newman still considers it one of Monmouthshire's "most important country houses". Vulliamy's south front is a near copy of that of the mansion of Franks Hall, Horton Kirby, Kent, in a Tudorbethan style. Prichard and Seddon's ambitious plans for Sir John's son, Samuel, came to little, beyond a south-west extension and the stable court. The west front includes the original sixteenth-century gatehouse.

The interior is little more co-ordinated but contains some "significant" nineteenth century rooms. These include the hall, remodelled by Richard Creed in 1888, and the drawing room/library undertaken by Vulliamy in a Jacobethan taste. The dining room is another exercise in historical revivalism, this time with a "Tudor-style" ceiling copied from one in the Queens Head, Monmouth. The house is a Grade II\* listed building.

The grounds were laid out by Edward Milner in the nineteenth century. They are a largely complete example of a nineteenth-century park. Bradney describes the pre-Milner gardens as comprising "meadows of considerable extent" which led to a large lake, and records that, during the English Civil War soldiers drained the lake, removing "fish to the value of 50 shillings". The gardens are listed at Grade II on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Dingestow Court | |
| --- | --- |
| "one of the county's major houses" | |
| Type | House |
| Location | Dingestow, Monmouthshire, Wales |
| Coordinates | 51°47′00″N 2°47′52″W / 51.7834°N 2.7978°W / 51.7834; -2.7978 |
| Built | c.1600 and 1845-6 |
| Built for | Samuel Bosanquet |
| Architect | Lewis Vulliamy, Prichard and Seddon, and others |
| Architectural style(s) | Tudorbethan |
| Governing body | Privately owned |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Dingestow Court |
| Designated | 1 May 1952 |
| Reference no. | 2061 |
|  | |
| Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales | |
| Official name | Dingestow Court |
| Designated | 1 February 2022 |
| Reference no. | PGW(Gt)1(Mon) |
| Listing | Grade II\* |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Dingestow Court in Monmouthshire | |


title: The Hills Have Eyes (disambiguation)

abstract: The Hills Have Eyes is an American horror franchise that consists of four slasher films, a graphic novel and merchandise. It may also refer to:

text:
# The Hills Have Eyes (disambiguation)

**The Hills Have Eyes** is an American horror franchise that consists of four slasher films, a graphic novel and merchandise. It may also refer to:

## In film

## In music

* "The Hills Have Eyes", the sixth track from Stratovarius' 1992 album *Twilight Time*
* "The Hills Have Eyes", the sixth track from Electric Wizard's 2000 album *Dopethrone*
* "The Hills Have Eyes", the second track from The Acacia Strain's 2010 album *Wormwood*


title: Diplostethus opacicollis

abstract: Diplostethus opacicollis is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae, found in the southwestern United States.

text:
# Diplostethus opacicollis

***Diplostethus opacicollis*** is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae, found in the southwestern United States.

## InfoBox

| *Diplostethus opacicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Diplostethus opacicollis*, Arizona | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Elateridae |
| Tribe: | Elaterini |
| Subtribe: | Elaterina |
| Genus: | *Diplostethus* |
| Species: | ***D. opacicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diplostethus opacicollis***<br>Schaeffer, 1916 | |
|