title: Cripple

abstract: A cripple is a person or animal with a physical disability, particularly one who is unable to walk because of an injury or illness. The word was recorded as early as 950 AD, and derives from the Proto-Germanic krupilaz. The German and Dutch words Krüppel and kreupel are cognates. By the 1970s, the word generally came to be regarded as pejorative when used for people with disabilities. Cripple is also a transitive verb, meaning "cause a disability or inability". The word crippling is also used as an adjective.

text:
# Cripple

A **cripple** is a person or animal with a physical disability, particularly one who is unable to walk because of an injury or illness. The word was recorded as early as 950 AD, and derives from the Proto-Germanic *krupilaz*. The German and Dutch words *Krüppel* and *kreupel* are cognates.

By the 1970s, the word generally came to be regarded as pejorative when used for people with disabilities. *Cripple* is also a transitive verb, meaning "cause a disability or inability". The word *crippling* is also used as an adjective.

## Reappropriation

In the same way that the term "queer" has been reappropriated by the gay rights movement, members of the disability rights movement have reclaimed words such as "cripple", "crip", and "gimp" to refer to themselves. The *cripple tribunal* in Dortmund on 13 December 1981 was one of the main protest actions of the autonomous German disability movement (in confrontation with the established disability assistance) against human rights abuses in nursing homes and psychiatric hospitals, as well as against deficiencies of local public transport. Analogous to the Russell Tribunal by Amnesty International, the *cripple tribunal* has denounced human rights violations of disabled people.

## Other usages

* The Crips street gang were so named when members started carrying a cane which gave the impression they were disabled.
* A cripple is a trimmer stud or joist which is shorter than full-length.
* A cripple is a goods wagon or a passenger coach which although safe to run on the railway, is not fit for use and requires a repair before it can be used in service. This could be a coal wagon with a hole in the floor (which would allow coal to fall out of the wagon), or a passenger coach with a broken window.


title: Canova Lions

abstract: The Canova Lions, located in front of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., are copies of a pair of lions sculpted by Antonio Canova in 1792 for the tomb of Pope Clement XIII in St Peter's in Rome. The originals were sculpted from marble; these were cast in bronze from molds of the originals. The pieces were installed in 1860.

text:
# Canova Lions

The ***Canova Lions***, located in front of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., are copies of a pair of lions sculpted by Antonio Canova in 1792 for the tomb of Pope Clement XIII in St Peter's in Rome. The originals were sculpted from marble; these were cast in bronze from molds of the originals. The pieces were installed in 1860.

## InfoBox

| Canova Lions | |
| --- | --- |
| One of the sculptures in 2017 | |
|  | |
| Artist | Antonio Canova |
| Year | 1792 (1792) |
| Medium | Bronze |
| Subject | Lions |
| Location | Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. |
| Coordinates | 38°53′45.2″N 77°2′22.5″W / 38.895889°N 77.039583°W / 38.895889; -77.039583 |


title: Feel the Spin

abstract: "Feel the Spin" is a 1985 song by the American vocalist Debbie Harry, featured on the soundtrack album for the film Krush Groove (1985). The song was co-written by Harry and producers John "Jellybean" Benitez and Toni C..

text:
# Feel the Spin

"**Feel the Spin**" is a 1985 song by the American vocalist Debbie Harry, featured on the soundtrack album for the film *Krush Groove* (1985). The song was co-written by Harry and producers John "Jellybean" Benitez and Toni C. (the latter of whom would go on to collaborate with Harry again on many of her solo albums).

## Release and aftermath

"Feel the Spin" was released as an extended 12" single on Warner Bros. Records / Geffen Records in the US (where it charted on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart at #5). It was also released as a single in Canada, but not in the UK (though the track would surface in 1987 as the B-side of the UK singles "Free to Fall" and "In Love with Love").

The extended dance version of "Feel the Spin" was included on both the 1988 Blondie/Debbie Harry remix compilation *Once More into the Bleach* as well as Harry's 1999 greatest hits compilation *Most of All: The Best of Deborah Harry*.

On the entry for October 24, 1985 of the *Andy Warhol Diaries*, he recalls that he:

> Cabbed to the Palladium for Debbie Harry's party ($6) for her song that Jellybean produced, "Feel the Spin". When Debbie arrived, she saw us in the balcony and came up there because she thought it was the place to \[laughs\] be, and then it was the place to be because all the photographers came after her. She looks great. Debbie actually was the first Madonna.

The "uno, dos... uno dos, tres, cuatro" counting was sampled in S'Express' single "Theme from S'Express" (1988).

## Reception

John Leland at *Spin* said, "Take away the psychic leverage afforded a beautiful blonde by a cool sense of irony, and she becomes just another lifeless nonentity. Blondie at its best offered hip mystique and a somehow sexy sexual negation. Jellybean's automatic pilot production does nothing to bail out the weak song or the weak performance."

## Track listing

* **US 12-inch single**

1. "Feel the Spin" (extended dance version) – 6:50
2. "Feel the Spin" (dub version) – 4:34

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Feel the Spin" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Debbie Harry | |
| from the album  *Krush Groove* | |
| Released | 1985 |
| Recorded | 1985 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Debbie Harry singles chronology | |
| "Rush Rush"
(1983) "**Feel the Spin**"
(1985) "French Kissin"
(1986) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
| "Feel the Spin" | |
|  | |


abstract: The First Presbyterian Church is a church and historic church building located in downtown Roseburg, Oregon, United States. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

text:
# First Presbyterian Church (Roseburg, Oregon)

The **First Presbyterian Church** is a church and historic church building located in downtown Roseburg, Oregon, United States.

The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First Presbyterian Church of Roseburg | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
| The First Presbyterian Church in 2011 | |
| Location | 823 SE Lane Avenue
Roseburg, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 43°12′25″N 123°20′45″W / 43.206919°N 123.345747°W / 43.206919; -123.345747 |
| Area | Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1909 (1909) |
| Built by | Walter Singleton |
| Architect | Bert Holmes |
| Architectural style | Late Gothic Revival |
| Part of | Roseburg Downtown Historic District (ID02000661) |
| NRHP reference No. | 88001162 |
| Added to NRHP | July 28, 1988 |


title: Velma Demerson

abstract: Velma Demerson was a Canadian woman who was imprisoned in 1939 in Ontario for being in a relationship with a Chinese immigrant, Harry Yip. She wrote the book Incorrigible in her sixties about her experiences and spent the rest of her life in campaigning for an apology and restitution for all women who had been incarcerated under the Female Refuges Act, the law that imprisoned her for being "incorrigible." It provided a reason that was formulated for police to arrest women who failed to comply with the status quo in Canadian society at the time. In her nineties, she also wrote and self-published a historical fiction book "Nazis in Canada" about the doctor who performed unusual treatments on her and other women in the Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women. Demerson won an apology and compensation from the government when she was in her eighties.

text:
# Velma Demerson

**Velma Demerson** (September 4, 1920 – May 13, 2019) was a Canadian woman who was imprisoned in 1939 in Ontario for being in a relationship with a Chinese immigrant, Harry Yip. She wrote the book *Incorrigible* in her sixties about her experiences and spent the rest of her life in campaigning for an apology and restitution for all women who had been incarcerated under the **Female Refuges Act**, the law that imprisoned her for being "incorrigible." It provided a reason that was formulated for police to arrest women who failed to comply with the status quo in Canadian society at the time. In her nineties, she also wrote and self-published a historical fiction book "Nazis in Canada" about the doctor who performed unusual treatments on her and other women in the Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women.

Demerson won an apology and compensation from the government when she was in her eighties.

## Early life

Demerson was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, to a family of Greek ancestry. After her parents divorced, she lived in Toronto in a rooming house on Church Street with her mother, who supported the family by managing the house and reading tea leaves in the parlour under the name "Madam Alice". Her father, on the other hand, remained in Saint John, where he was a successful restaurateur.

At the age of 18, Demerson met Harry Yip in a Yonge Street café, where he worked as a waiter. Eventually gaining his attention, they began dating, and she soon moved in with him. When her father found out that she was involved with a Chinese man, he took a train from Saint John to Toronto to seek the intervention of the Toronto Police.

## *Incorrigible*

Demerson, a white Canadian of European ancestry, was arrested at the home of her fiancé, Harry Yip, by two constables after they had entered the apartment with her father who stated, "That's her." Pregnant with Yip's baby, she was convicted of being "incorrigible" under the *Female Refuges Act* of 1897.

The Ontario law, which was not repealed until 1964, allowed the government to arrest and institutionalize women between the ages of 16 and 35 for such behaviour as promiscuity, pregnancy out of wedlock, public drunkenness, prostitution, or vagrancy. Demerson was incarcerated at the Mercer Reformatory for Women in Toronto for ten months for consorting with a Chinese man.

While incarcerated she gave birth to her mixed-race son, Harry Jr., who, at three months, was taken away from her until her release. She was subjected to several involuntary medical procedures by a "reformatory" doctor, a leading eugenics practitioner who was searching for evidence of physical deficiencies contributing to the moral defectives of "unmanageable women."

Upon her release from the Mercer Reformatory in 1940, she married Yip, but the marriage ended in divorce three years later. Frustrated that her son was also subject to racial taunting at school, she took him to Hong Kong to avoid bigotry and obtained work teaching English and shorthand to Chinese students. She found herself in financial distress, sent him back to Toronto, and returned herself to live with his father, who was unable to care for him and work and gave him up to foster care.

While Demerson worked as a waitress, she continued to see her son regularly, but he became attached to his foster mother, and the stability her home provided. Her husband, Harry Yip, disappeared. She could not find him to reconcile. She gave up hope of reuniting the family, she fled to Vancouver, joined political groups and became involved in the peace movement and protests during the Vietnam War. Her son became estranged from her, and later died of an asthma attack while he was swimming at the age of 26. That crushed Demerson, who had tried to maintain a relationship with him.

In Vancouver, she remarried and had a daughter and a son. After later separating from her second husband, she continued to raise the two older children as a single parent and worked as a secretary until her retirement.

## Lost Canadian

Demerson's marriage with Yip had committed an act, and she soon found stripped her of her Canadian citizenship under the *1946 Canadian Citizenship Act* according to which a woman who married a non-Canadian was deemed to have taken their husband's citizenship. However, an application for Chinese citizenship was denied by Chinese embassy officials and she remained officially stateless until 2004.

Under the terms of the Act, a woman who applied to have her citizenship returned would receive it. Demerson applied on 13 November 1948 for which she was finger-printed and given a "Declaration of Intention" to sign. That was an incorrect form signed by at least four persons. She was denied citizenship. Later, she got a birth certificate with her maiden name and acquired citizenship.

## Lawsuit

After retiring, Demerson moved back to Toronto in the late 1980s, began searching through government documents and researching her case to come to terms with what had happened to her in her youth, and wrote the book *Incorrigible* about her experience. She ultimately sought out the paralegal Harry Kopyto, who became interested in her case and conducted legal research into the *Female Refuges Act* under which she was imprisoned. Kopyto came to the conclusion that as a provincial law, it violated the Constitution of Canada by legislating in criminal law, which is exclusively a federal responsibility.

In 2002, Demerson sued the Ontario government for $11 million for the pain and suffering during her incarceration. The Ontario Superior Court refused to hear the case and cited that the Ontario government is immune to lawsuits stemming from incidents prior to 1964. Later that year, however, she settled out of court and received an apology from the Attorney-General of Ontario and financial compensation in an undisclosed amount from the provincial government.

## Later life

Demerson was one of the only inmates of the Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women who, sixty years after her incarceration at the Reformatory in 1939, received compensation from the Ontario government, at the age of 81. She was never able to find other women who had been at the Mercer Reformatory by researching the inmates from the archives, despite all of the publicity she received.

In 2002, she was awarded the J.S. Woodsworth Prize for anti-racism by the New Democratic Party of Canada. In 2018, Member of Parliament Hedy Fry apologised to her on behalf of the Canadian government for the loss of her citizenship.

She relocated back to Vancouver and later returned to Toronto to research the eugenist doctor and over several more years wrote the book "Nazis in Canada" about that doctor's life and how she was able establish an elitist position as a head doctor in the Mercer Reformatory, with government approval, where she conducted invasive painful treatments on inmates without being scrutinized, and she did her eugenic research.

Demerson returned to British Columbia in 2018, where her adult children lived, at 97, and died in a Vancouver hospital on May 13, 2019, at the age of 98.

In 2020, Demerson was featured in the Canadian documentary film *Ketchup and Soya Sauce* on how partners in mixed relationships involving first-generation Chinese immigrants and their non-Chinese partner share and navigate their cultural differences.

She was also the subject of a 2022 documentary, *Incorrigible - A film about Velma Demerson*, based upon her life and experiences.

## Published Works

* Demerson, Velma (2004). *Incorrigible*. Life Writing series. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-444-6.
* Demerson, Velma (2017). *Nazis in Canada, 1919-1939: A Satirical Novel Based on Actual Characters*. ISBN 9780995868007. (a satirical work based on her experiences in the reformatory)


title: The Mangrove

abstract: The Mangrove was a Caribbean restaurant in Notting Hill, London, England. It was founded in 1968 and run by civil rights activist Frank Crichlow, eventually closing in 1992. It is known for the trial of a group of British black activists dubbed "the Mangrove Nine", who were tried for inciting a riot at a 1970 protest against the police targeting the restaurant.

text:
# The Mangrove

**The Mangrove** was a Caribbean restaurant in Notting Hill, London, England. It was founded in 1968 and run by civil rights activist Frank Crichlow, eventually closing in 1992. It is known for the trial of a group of British black activists dubbed "the Mangrove Nine", who were tried for inciting a riot at a 1970 protest against the police targeting the restaurant.

## History

The restaurant was opened in 1968 by Trinidadian community activist and civil rights campaigner Frank Crichlow. It was located at 8 All Saints Road, Notting Hill, in West London, Like the El Rio before it – a coffee bar run by Crichlow at 127 Westbourne Park Road in the early 1960s that attracted attention in the Profumo affair – the Mangrove was a meeting place for the Black community in the area, as well as for white radicals, artists, authors, and musicians. Famous customers included Jimi Hendrix, Nina Simone, Bob Marley, C. L. R. James, Lionel Morrison, Norman Beaton, Vanessa Redgrave, Colin MacInnes, Richard Neville and Tony Gifford.

A small newspaper, *The Hustler*, was published on the premises, underlining the community aspect of the restaurant, which also served as an informal head office for the Notting Hill Carnival.

### The Mangrove Nine

In 1969 the Mangrove restaurant became the target of police attention that seemed designed to close it down. It was raided 12 times between January 1969 and July 1970, and in August that year a protest march was organised, demanding that police stop targeting the Mangrove. The protest ended in violence and the arrests of nine protesters (the "Mangrove Nine"), including Crichlow, Altheia Jones-LeCointe and Darcus Howe, on charges that included conspiracy to incite a riot. Their 1971 trial – which featured an unsuccessful demand by Howe for an all-Black jury – ended with the acquittal of all nine on the incitement charges, and five of the nine, including Crichlow and Howe, on all charges. The trial of the Mangrove Nine drew public attention to police racism, and turned the fight against it into a *cause célèbre*.

### Closure

Rapid gentrification of the restaurant's neighbourhood in the 1980s once more led to increased police pressure. The restaurant was raided twice in 1988, once by 48 police officers in riot gear, and Crichlow was charged with supplying heroin and cannabis, despite being known locally for his strong anti-drug stance. Held in custody for five weeks before being granted bail on conditions that prohibited him from going near the restaurant for a year, Crichlow alleged that the police themselves had planted the drugs. He was acquitted of all charges after the year was over, and in 1992 the Metropolitan Police paid him damages of £50,000 for false imprisonment, battery and malicious prosecution. But both his year-long absence and changes in economic conditions had caused the restaurant to fail. By 1992, it was closed, and the premises boarded up.

## Commemoration

The Little Yellow Door, a late-night cocktail bar and restaurant, now operates from the Mangrove's former address, outside which a blue plaque to honour Crichlow was unveiled on 4 December 2011 by the Nubian Jak Community Trust.

## In film

A documentary film, *The Mangrove Nine* (directed and co-produced by Franco Rosso, John La Rose co-produced and scripted it, and Horace Ové was an associate producer), was made in 1973, and includes interviews with the defendants recorded before the final verdicts.

A 2020 BBC drama *Mangrove*, part of the *Small Axe* miniseries, is directed by Bafta\- and Oscar-winning director Steve McQueen.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Mangrove | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location within Greater London | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 1968 |
| Closed | 1992 |
| Owner(s) | The Rum Kitchen |
| Previous owner(s) | Frank Crichlow |
| Food type | Caribbean |
| Street address | 8 All Saints Road, Notting Hill |
| City | Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea |
| County | Greater London |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°31′3″N 0°12′12″W / 51.51750°N 0.20333°W / 51.51750; -0.20333 |


title: Panama scandals

abstract: The Panama scandals was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to a French company's failed attempt at constructing a Panama Canal. Close to half a billion francs were lost and members of the French government had taken bribes to keep quiet about the Panama Canal Company's financial troubles in what is regarded as the largest monetary corruption scandal of the 19th century.

text:
# Panama scandals

The **Panama scandals** (also known as the **Panama Canal Scandal** or **Panama Affair**) was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to a French company's failed attempt at constructing a Panama Canal. Close to half a billion francs were lost and members of the French government had taken bribes to keep quiet about the Panama Canal Company's financial troubles in what is regarded as the largest monetary corruption scandal of the 19th century.

## Bankruptcy

On 4 February 1889, the *Tribunal Civil de la Seine* ordered the winding up of the Panama Canal Company in Paris. Work on the isthmus was stopped in the meantime, while the court-appointed liquidator arranged to maintain the existing buildings, tools and machinery. Within a few years, however, high losses were incurred due to the damp, warm climate. The French government repeatedly delayed the liquidation, because the take-over offers by various American companies seemed insufficient. An intermediate company could not be started for lack of capital. The liquidator appointed a commission of inquiry, whose 1890 report recommended continuation of the sluice canal and renewal of the 1878 contract with Colombia. The renewal was agreed in 1890 in Bogotá, to run until 1904.

The dimensions of the bankruptcy were clear by 1892. Some 800,000 French people, including 15,000 single women, had lost their investments in the stocks, bonds and founder shares of the Panama Canal Company, to the considerable sum of approximately 1.8 billion gold Francs. From the nine stock issues, the Panama Canal Company received 1.2 billion gold Francs, 960 million of which were invested in Panama, a large amount having been pocketed by financiers and politicians.

## Scandal

In 1892/1893, a large number of ministers (including Clemenceau) were accused by French nationalists of taking bribes from Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1888 to permit the stock issue, leading to a corruption trial against Lesseps and his son Charles. Meanwhile, 510 members of parliament – including six ministers – were accused of receiving bribes from the Panama Canal Company to hide the company's financial status from the public. Lesseps, his son Charles, members of the management as well as the engineer Gustave Eiffel, were at first given long jail sentences, later annulled.

In the bribery trial, the former city development minister, Bethaut, received five years imprisonment, of which he served three years. Baron Reinach – the financial adviser of the Canal Company and agent for the various bribes – committed suicide. Other defendants fled to England. On 7 December 1894, Lesseps died.

Politicians accused of involvement included Léon Bourgeois and Alfred Joseph Naquet. One hundred and four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption, and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an enquiry into the matter, completed in 1893. The investigations into the Panama affair were resumed in 1897, but the defendants were acquitted.

## Aftermath

Georges Clemenceau was defeated in the 1893 election because of his association with Cornelius Herz. Although three governments collapsed, this crisis differed from the Boulanger affair in that the Republic was never really at risk of being overthrown. However, it did raise doubts in the public eye and meant that politicians were no longer trusted. To monarchists it proved that the republic was corrupt.

Hannah Arendt argues that the affair had an immense importance in the development of French antisemitism, due to the involvement of two Jews of German origin, Baron Jacques Reinach and Cornelius Herz. Although they were not among the bribed Parliament members and not on the company's board, according to Arendt they were in charge of distributing the bribe money, Reinach among the right wing of the bourgeois parties, Herz among the anti-clerical radicals. Reinach was a secret financial advisor to the government and handled its relations with the Panama Company. Herz was Reinach's contact in the radical wing, but Herz's double-dealing blackmail ultimately drove Reinach to suicide.

However, before his death Reinach gave a list of the suborned members of Parliament to the *Libre Parole*, Edouard Drumont's antisemitic daily, in exchange for the paper covering up Reinach's own role. Overnight, the story transformed *La Libre Parole* from an obscure sheet into one of the most influential papers in the country. The list of culprits was published morning by morning in small installments, so that hundreds of politicians had to live on tenterhooks for months. The scandal showed, in Arendt's view, that the middlemen between the business sector and the state were almost exclusively Jews, thus helping to pave the road for the Dreyfus Affair.

In 1894, a second French company, the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama (New Panama Canal Company), was created to manage the assets, and potentially finish construction. The new company sought a buyer for the assets, with an asking price of US $109 million. The construction of the canal was taken over by the United States which bought out the lease, the shares and assets in the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty of November 1903, for US $40 million. Work resumed in 1904 and the canal opened 3 August 1914.

Media related to Panama scandal at Wikimedia Commons


title: Fionnuala Ní Aoláin

abstract: Fionnuala Ní Aoláin is an Irish academic lawyer specialising in human rights law. She was the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for the United Nations Human Rights Council from August 1, 2017 - November 2023.

text:
# Fionnuala Ní Aoláin

**Fionnuala Ní Aoláin** (Irish pronunciation: \[ˈfʲɪn̪ˠuəlˠə n̠ʲiː ˈiːlˠaːnʲ\]; born 1967 in Galway) is an Irish academic lawyer specialising in human rights law. She was the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for the United Nations Human Rights Council from August 1, 2017 - November 2023.

## Career

Ní Aoláin graduated from Queen's University, Belfast (LLB 1990, PhD 1998), and Columbia Law School (LLM 1996).

She was a Visiting Fellow of Harvard Law School's Human Rights Program in 1994. At Columbia University she was an Associate-in-Law at Columbia Law School from 1994 to 1996, and then a visiting professor at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University from 1996 to 2000. She was appointed associate professor of law at Hebrew University in Jerusalem from 1997 to 1999. Returning to the United States in 2001, she was a visiting fellow at Princeton University from 2001 to 2002, at University of Minnesota Law School from 2003 to 2004, then returned to Harvard Law School as visiting professor from 2012 to 2013.

Ní Aoláin was appointed by the Government of Ireland in December 2000 as a member of the Irish Human Rights Commission, the creation of which was mandated by the Good Friday Agreement. She was a consultant to the UN Women and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights's *Study on Reparations for Conflict Related Sexual Violence*, 2011–2012. She is the Chair of the Board of the Open Society Foundations International Women's Program, and was Co-Chair of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law 2014, with Oona A. Hathaway and Larry D. Johnson.

She served as chair of the Open Society Foundations International Women's Program, from 2011-2017.

She was an executive member of the American Society of International Law from 2009 to 2012, and of the Committee on the Administration of Justice (CAJ), in Northern Ireland. She is a member of the Irish Council for Civil Liberties, and was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as Special Expert on promoting gender equality in times of conflict and peace-making in 2003.

She was nominated by the Irish government in 2004 to the European Court of Human Rights, and was both the first woman and the first academic lawyer to be nominated.

She was concurrently professor of law at the University of Ulster, in Northern Ireland, where she teaches international law and international human rights law. She was the founder and associate director of the Transitional Justice Institute, with Dorsey & Whitney and as Professor of Law of the University of Minnesota Law School. She is married to Oren Gross, Irving Younger professor of law at University of Minnesota Law School.

In 2015 *Just Security* described her as concurrently serving as the Dorsey & Whitney Chair in Law at the University of Minnesota Law School and as a professor of law at the University of Ulster.

In 2017, Ní Aoláin became the Special Rapporteur for Counter Terrorism and Human Rights.

In November 2020, she intervened in the British Supreme Court case of Begum v Home Secretary, to do with Shamima Begum.

In June 2023, she released her final report on the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. The report concludes that prisoners endure "ongoing cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment" and that the detention center should be closed.

## Books

* Ní Aoláin, *The Politics of Force – Conflict Management and State Violence in Northern Ireland* (Blackstaff Press) (2000), ISBN 978-0856406683
* Ní Aoláin & Gross, Law in Times of Crisis – *Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice* (Cambridge University Press) (2006), ISBN 978-0521833516. This book was awarded the American Society of International Law's Certificate of Merit for its contribution to creative scholarship.
* Weissbrodt, Ní Aoláin, Fitzpatrick, and Newman, *International Human Rights: Law, Policy and Process* (2009) (Lexis Pub, 4th ed.) (2009), ISBN 978-1422411735
* Ní Aoláin, Weissbrodt, Rumsey & Others, *Selected International Human Rights Instruments and Bibliography for Research on International Human Rights* (LexisNexis, 4th ed.) (2009), ISBN 978-1422411742
* Ni Aoláin, Fionnuala, Hayes & Cahn, *On the Frontlines: Women, War and the Post-Conflict Process* (2011) (Oxford University Press), ISBN 9780195396652
* Ní Aoláin & Weissbrodt, *Development of International Human Rights Law* (2013), ISBN 978-1409441298 (Ashgate Publishing)
* Ni Aoláin (ed.), Gross (ed.), *Guantánamo and Beyond: Exceptional Courts and Military Commissions in Comparative Perspective*, (Cambridge University Press), (2013), ISBN 978-1107631717

## Awards and recognition

* Ní Aoláin was the recipient of 1992-1994: Lawlor Foundation Award, 1993-1994: Fulbright Scholarship, 1997-99: Teaching awards (Provost list of excellent teachers) - Hebrew University. Israel. Ranked among top 10% of all University teachers. 1996-97: Robert Schuman Scholarship (Civil Liberties Division of the European Parliament) 1998-2001: Yigal Allon (All Israeli University-wide Arard to a promising academic)
* Ní Aoláin was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy in May 2019.


title: Felix du Plessis

abstract: Felix du Plessis was a South African rugby union footballer and captain of the South Africa (Springbok) team that in 1949 beat the All Blacks thrice in succession, a feat that was not repeated by a South African side until 2009. Du Plessis's son, Morné, also captained the Springboks, the only father-son duo to have done so.

text:
# Felix du Plessis

**Felix du Plessis** (24 November 1919 – 1 May 1978) was a South African rugby union footballer and captain of the South Africa (Springbok) team that in 1949 beat the All Blacks thrice in succession, a feat that was not repeated by a South African side until 2009. Du Plessis's son, Morné, also captained the Springboks, the only father-son duo to have done so.

## Early life and career

Du Plessis was born on 24 November 1919 in Steynsburg, in the Eastern Cape. He was the nephew of Nic du Plessis, a Springbok who toured to New Zealand in 1921 and gained 5 caps over a three-year career.

As a 19-year-old Felix Du Plessis was selected for the first Northern Transvaal team ever, when that union was formed in 1938. His teammate and captain was Danie Craven. He enlisted voluntarily during World War II.

## International career

Felix made his debut on 16 July 1949 for South Africa as a lock in the first test match at Newlands Stadium, Cape Town against the touring All Blacks, led by Fred Allen. He was the first ever Wanderers player to become Springbok captain. Supported by vice-captain Cecil Moss, Du Plessis' team – which included Springbok greats Tjol Lategan, Hannes Brewis, Okey Geffin, and Hennie Muller – swept the series 3 – 0. Six weeks after the last test, Morné was born.

Despite his three successive test victories as captain, Du Plessis was left out of the team that faced the All Blacks in the 4th test at Port Elizabeth. He was replaced by Basil Kenyon, possibly because the player-coach's Border team had emerged unbeaten from two encounters with the New Zealanders, with a 9–0 win and a 6–6 draw. Unlike Du Plessis, Kenyon would only receive this one cap.

### International caps

| No. | Opposition | Result (SA 1st) | Position | Tries | Date | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | New Zealand | 15–11 | Lock |  | 16 July 1949 | Newlands Stadium, Cape Town |
| 2. | New Zealand | 12–6 | Lock |  | 13 August 1949 | Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg |
| 3. | New Zealand | 9–3 | Lock |  | 3 September 1949 | Kingsmead, Durban |
|

## Personal life

Du Plessis married Pat Smethurst, who in 1954 captained the South African women's hockey team. Their son Morné is the only Springbok captain born to parents who both captained national sports sides. The Du Plessis couple supported the more liberal opposition United Party instead of the National Party, which had come to power in 1948 and would enforce apartheid for the next 42 years.

Felix worked as a representative for South African Breweries, then relocated to Vereeniging to manage Iscor's sport and recreation department. He moved to Stilfontein, where he opened a liquor store, one of the first shops in town. Morné recalls his father as a gentle and retiring person, who only started watching his son play rugby once he was at Stellenbosch. Du Plessis died at Stilfontein in 1978 at the age of 58, having played only in the three tests against New Zealand.

## InfoBox

Felix du Plessis
| Birth name | Felix du Plessis |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 24 November 1919 |
| Place of birth | Steynsburg, South Africa |
| Date of death | 1 May 1978(1978-05-01) (aged 58) |
| Place of death | Stilfontein |
| Children | Morne du Plessis |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Wanderers, Johannesburg   ()  Old Greys, Bloemfontein   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Northern Transvaal   ()  - Transvaal   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1949 South Africa  3 | |


title: Female sexual arousal disorder

abstract: Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) is a disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent inability to attain sexual arousal or to maintain arousal until the completion of a sexual activity. The diagnosis can also refer to an inadequate lubrication-swelling response normally present during arousal and sexual activity. The condition should be distinguished from a general loss of interest in sexual activity and from other sexual dysfunctions, such as the orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity for some period of time. Although female sexual dysfunction is currently a contested diagnostic, it has become more common in recent years to use testosterone-based drugs off-label to treat FSAD. It is a subtype of female sexual dysfunction. It occurs in distress due to the inability to attain or maintain adequate vaginal lubrication.

text:
# Female sexual arousal disorder

**Female sexual arousal disorder** (**FSAD**) is a disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent inability to attain sexual arousal or to maintain arousal until the completion of a sexual activity. The diagnosis can also refer to an inadequate lubrication-swelling response normally present during arousal and sexual activity. The condition should be distinguished from a general loss of interest in sexual activity and from other sexual dysfunctions, such as the orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity for some period of time.

Although female sexual dysfunction is currently a contested diagnostic, it has become more common in recent years to use testosterone-based drugs off-label to treat FSAD. It is a subtype of female sexual dysfunction. It occurs in distress due to the inability to attain or maintain adequate vaginal lubrication.

## Types

There are three types of FSAD which have been identified: genital arousal disorder, subjective arousal disorder, and combined arousal disorder.

With genital arousal disorder, there is still a mental feeling of arousal, but it is not matched by any physical response. For example, a woman may be "turned on" by her partner, but her vagina does not produce lubrication and there is little-to-no increase in blood flow to the genitals. Subjective arousal disorder is the reverse issue, where there is a physical response to sexual circumstances, but an inability to feel mentally aroused. Combined arousal disorder combines both genital arousal disorder and subjective arousal disorder, presenting as a lack of sexual feeling altogether, both mentally and physically.

## Causes

A number of studies have explored the factors that contribute to female sexual arousal disorder and female orgasmic disorder. These factors include both psychological and physical factors.

### Individual factors

There has been little investigation of the impact of individual factors on female sexual dysfunction. Such factors include stress, levels of fatigue, gender identity, health, and other individual attributes and experiences, such as dysfunctional sexual beliefs that may affect sexual desire or response. An individual's sexual activity is disrupted by overwhelming emotional distress resulting in inability to attain sexual pleasure. Sexual dysfunction can also occur secondary to major psychiatric disorders, including depression.

### Relationship factors

A substantial body of research has explored the role of interpersonal factors in female sexual dysfunction, particularly in relation to orgasmic response. These studies have largely focused on the impact of the quality of the relationship on the sexual functioning of the partners. Some studies have evaluated the role of specific relationship variables, whereas others have examined overall relationship satisfaction. Some studies have explored events, while others have focused on attitudes as an empirical measure of relationship functioning. Subject populations have varied from distressed couples to sexually dysfunctional clients to those in satisfied relationships.

### Physical factors

Estimates of the percentage of female sexual dysfunction attributable to physical factors have ranged from 30% to 80%. The disorders most likely to result in sexual dysfunction are those that lead to problems in circulatory or neurological function. These factors have been more extensively explored in men than in women. Physical etiologies such as neurological and cardiovascular illnesses have been directly implicated in both premature and retarded ejaculation as well as in erectile disorder, but the contribution of physiological factors to female sexual dysfunction is not so clear. However, recent literature does suggest that there may be an impairment in the arousal phase among diabetic women. Given that diabetic women show a significant variability in their response to this medical disorder, it is not surprising that the disease's influence on arousal is also highly variable. In fact, the lack of a clear association between medical disorders and sexual functioning suggests that psychological factors play a significant part in the impact of these disorders on sexual functioning.

Kenneth Maravilla, Professor of Radiology and Neurological Surgery and Director of MRI Research Laboratory at the University of Washington, Seattle, presented research findings based on neuro-imaging of women's sexual function. In a small pilot study of four women with female sexual arousal disorder, Maravilla reported there was less brain activation seen in this group, including very little activation in the amygdala. These women also showed increased activation in the temporal areas, in contrast to women without sexual difficulties, who showed deactivation in similar areas. This may suggest an increased level of inhibition with an arousal stimulus in this small group of women with FSAD.

Several types of medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause sexual dysfunction and in the case of SSRI and SNRI, these dysfunctions may become permanent after the end of the treatment.

One third of post operation transgender women experience FSAD roughly consistent with menopause women. HSDD in transgender women is largely caused by a lack of testosterone especially after the gonads are removed during bottom surgery, as androgens are produced in smaller concentrations lower than ovulating women. Progesterone has shown to alleviate some symptoms of HSDD in transgender women, as well as other hormone treatments.

### Interplay of causes

Kaplan proposed that sexual dysfunction was based on intrapsychic, interpersonal, and behavioural levels. Four factors were identified that could have a role in the development of sexual dysfunction: 1) lack of correct information regarding sexual and social interaction, 2) unconscious guilt or anxiety regarding sex, 3) performance anxiety, and 4) failure to communicate between the partners.

## Diagnosis

### DSM-5

The DSM-5 lists the diagnostic criteria as including a minimum of three of the following:

1. Little interest in sex
2. Few thoughts related to sex
3. Decreased start and rejecting of sex
4. Little pleasure during sex most of the time
5. Decreased interest in sex even when exposed to erotic stimuli
6. Little genital sensations during sex most of the time

### DSM-IV

The DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994) diagnostic criteria were:

1. persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or to maintain until completion of the sexual activity, an adequate lubrication-swelling response of sexual excitement,
2. the disturbance causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty, and
3. the sexual dysfunction is not better accounted for by another Axis I disorder (except another sexual dysfunction) and is not due exclusively to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition.

Marita P. McCabe noted:

> Difficulties arise with this definition in terms of what constitutes an adequate lubrication-swelling response. There is no "gold standard" regarding the length of time it should take to become aroused or the level of arousal that should be achieved. These responses may vary from one woman to another and are dependent on a range of factors, which include her general mood when sexual stimulation commences and her partner's skill in stimulating her. There may also be differences in physiological and subjective levels of arousal, with some women reporting no feelings of sexual arousal despite evidence of vaginal vasocongestion and others reporting arousal in the absence of such evidence. The expectations and past experiences of clinicians and clients may also lead them to classify the same symptoms as female sexual arousal disorder in one woman but not in another.

### Subtypes

There are several subtypes of female sexual arousal disorders. They may indicate onset: lifelong (since birth) or acquired. They may be based on context: they may occur in all situations (generalized) or be situation-specific (situational). For example, the disorder may occur with a spouse but not with a different partner.

The length of time the disorder has existed and the extent to which it is partner- or situation-specific, as opposed to occurring in all situations, may be the result of different causative factors and may influence the treatment for the disorder. It may be due to psychological factors or a combination of factors.

## Treatment

The FDA has approved flibanserin and bremelanotide for low sexual libido in women.

## Criticism

One problem with the current definition in the DSM-IV is that subjective arousal is not included. There is often no correlation between women's subjective and physiological arousal. With this in mind, recently, FSAD has been divided up into sub-types:

* Genital Arousal Disorder
* Subjective Sexual Arousal Disorder
* Combined Genital and Subjective Arousal Disorder

The third sub-type is the most common in clinical settings.

One criticism is that "the meaningful benefits of experimental drugs for women's sexual difficulties are questionable, and the financial conflicts of interest of experts who endorse the notion of a highly prevalent medical condition are extensive."

Professor of bioethics and sociology Jennifer R. Fishman argues that the categorization of female sexual dysfunction as a treatable disease has only been made possible through the input of academic clinical researchers. Through ethnographic research, she believes she has shown how academic clinical researchers have provided the scientific research needed by pharmaceutical companies to bio-medicalize female sexual dysfunction and consequently identify a market of consumers for it. She questions the professional ethics of this exchange network between researchers and pharmaceutical companies, as the clinical research trials are funded by pharmaceutical companies and researchers are given considerable financial rewards for their work. She argues that the conferences where definition of the disease and diagnostic criteria are defined and research is presented to clinicians are also ethically ambiguous, as they are also funded by pharmaceutical companies.

Heather Hartely of Portland State University, Oregon is critical of the shift from female sexual dysfunction being framed as an arousal problem to a desire problem. In her article, "The 'Pinking' of Viagra Culture", she states that the change from hypoactive sexual desire disorder to female sexual arousal disorder is indicative of "disease mongering" tactics by the drug industry through an effort to match up a drug to some subcomponent of the DSM classification.

Additionally, Leonore Tiefer of NYU School of Medicine voiced concerns that the success of Viagra, in combination with feminist rhetoric, were being used as a means of fast-tracking public acceptance of pharmaceutical treatment of female sexual arousal disorder. The justification behind this, she says, is that "the branding of Viagra has succeeded so thoroughly in rationalizing the idea of sexual correction and enhancement through pills that it seems inevitable and *only fair* that such a product be made available for women," giving a dangerous appeal to "nonapproved drugs though off-label prescribing".

Behavioral Treatments İn Female Sexual Dysfunctions

## InfoBox

| Female sexual arousal disorder | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Candace syndrome, female sexual interest/arousal disorder |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, gynaecology |


title: Felice...Felice...

abstract: Felice...Felice... is a 1998 Dutch drama film directed by Peter Delpeut and was based on the photographs of Felice Beato. The film won the Golden Calves for Best Feature Film and Best Actor.

text:
# Felice...Felice...

***Felice...Felice...*** is a 1998 Dutch drama film directed by Peter Delpeut and was based on the photographs of Felice Beato. The film won the Golden Calves for Best Feature Film and Best Actor (Johan Leysen).

## Plot

At the end of the 19th century, a photographer returns to Japan to find out his wife has vanished.

## Cast

* Johan Leysen... Felice Beato
* Toshie Ogura ... Ume
* Rina Yasami ... O-Take
* Noriko Sasaki ... Hana
* Yoshi Oïda ... Matsukichi
* Keiko Miyamoto ... Innkeeper
* Yoshi Ota ... Ueno
* Noriko Proett ... O-Koma
* Rika Okemoto ... O-Tae
* Megumi Shimanuki ... Kimiyo
* Kumi Nakamura ... O-Kiku
* Kyomi Yui ... Model
* Peter Kho Sin Kie ... Man in rain
* Daichi Taneko ... Playing boy
* Machiko Okemoto ... Playing boy

## InfoBox

| Felice...Felice... | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Peter Delpeut |
| Written by | Peter Delpeut |
| Running time | 99 minutes |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Language | Dutch |


title: Fe (Armenian letter)

abstract: Fe is the 39th letter of the Armenian alphabet. It does not have a numerical value meaning, as it was among the original Mesropian letters.

text:
# Fe (Armenian letter)

**Fe** (majuscule Ֆ; minuscule ֆ; Armenian: **ֆէ** or **ֆե** \[fɛ\]) is the 39th letter of the Armenian alphabet. It does not have a numerical value meaning, as it was among the original Mesropian letters.

## Usage

Fe is used to represent the sound \[\].

Contrary to the first 36 letters of the Armenian alphabet, Fe and  were added to the original alphabet in the 13th century.

In the ISO 9985 standard, the letter is transliterated as "f".

## Computing codes

Character information
| Preview | Ֆ | | ֆ | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER FEH | | ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER FEH | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1366 | U+0556 | 1414 | U+0586 |
| UTF-8 | 213 150 | D5 96 | 214 134 | D6 86 |
| Numeric character reference | Ֆ | Ֆ | ֆ | ֆ |

## InfoBox

| Fe | |
| --- | --- |
| Ֆ ֆ | |
|  | |
| Usage | |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Armenian language |
| Sound values |  |
| Alphabetical position | 38th (39th in a reformed alphabet) |
| History | |
| Development | * **Ֆ ֆ** |
| Time period | 1037-present |
| Other | |
|


title: FeMoco

abstract: FeMoco (FeMo cofactor) is the primary cofactor of nitrogenase. Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen molecules N2 into ammonia (NH3) through the process known as nitrogen fixation. Because it contains iron and molybdenum, the cofactor is called FeMoco. Its stoichiometry is Fe7MoS9C.

text:
# FeMoco

**FeMoco** (**FeMo cofactor**) is the primary cofactor of nitrogenase. Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen molecules N2 into ammonia (NH3) through the process known as nitrogen fixation. Because it contains iron and molybdenum, the cofactor is called FeMoco. Its stoichiometry is Fe7MoS9C.

## Structure

The FeMo cofactor is a cluster with composition Fe7MoS9C. This cluster can be viewed as two subunits composed of one Fe4S3 (iron(III) sulfide) cluster and one MoFe3S3 cluster. The two clusters are linked by three sulfide ligands and a bridging carbon atom. The unique iron (Fe) is anchored to the protein by a cysteine. It is also bound to three sulfides, resulting in tetrahedral molecular geometry. The additional six Fe centers in the cluster are each bonded to three sulfides. These six internal Fe centers define a trigonal prismatic arrangement around a central carbide center. The molybdenum is attached to three sulfides and is anchored to the protein by the imidazole group of a histidine residue. Also bound to Mo is a bidentate homocitrate cofactor, leading to octahedral geometry. Crystallographic analysis of the MoFe protein initially revealed the geometry and chemical composition of FeMoco, later confirmed by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) studies. The Fe-S, Fe-Fe and Fe-Mo distances were determined to be 2.32, 2.64, and 2.73 Å respectively.

## Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of FeMoco is a complicated process that requires several Nif gene products, specifically those of nifS, nifQ, nifB, nifE, nifN, nifV, nifH, nifD, and nifK (expressed as the proteins NifS, NifU, etc.). FeMoco assembly is proposed to be initiated by NifS and NifU which mobilize Fe and sulfide into small Fe-S fragments. These fragments are transferred to the NifB scaffold and arranged into a Fe7MoS9C cluster before transfer to the NifEN protein (encoded by nifE and nifN) and rearranged before delivery to the MoFe protein. Several other factors participate in the biosynthesis. For example, NifV is the homocitrate synthase that supplies homocitrate to FeMoco. NifV, a protein factor, is proposed to be involved in the storage and/or mobilization of Mo. Fe protein is the electron donor for MoFe protein. These biosynthetic factors have been elucidated and characterized with the exact functions and sequence confirmed by biochemical, spectroscopic, and structural analyses.

## Identity of the core atom

The three proteins that play a direct role in the M-cluster synthesis are NifH, NifEN, and NifB. The NifB protein is responsible for the assembly of the Fe-S core of the cofactor; a process that involves stitching together two \[4Fe-4S\] clusters. NifB belongs to the SAM (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) enzyme superfamily. During the biosynthesis of the FeMo cofactor, NifB and its SAM cofactor are directly involved in the insertion of a carbon atom at the center of the Fe-S complex. An equivalent of SAM donates a methyl group, which becomes the interstitial carbide of the M-cluster. The methyl group of SAM is mobilized by radical removal of an H by a 5’-deoxyadenosine radical (5’-dA·). Presumably, a transient –CH2· radical is formed that is subsequently incorporated into the metal cluster forming a Fe6-carbide species. The interstitial carbon remains associated with the FeMo cofactor after insertion into the nitrogenase, The nature of the central atom in FeMoco as a carbon species was identified in 2011. The approach for the identification relied on a combination of 13C/15N-labeling and pulsed EPR spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallographic studies at full atomic resolution. Additionally, X-ray diffractometry was used to verify that there was a central carbon atom in the middle of the FeMo cofactor and x-ray emission spectroscopic studies showed that central atom was carbon due to the 2p→1s carbon-iron transition. The use of X-ray crystallography showed that while the FeMo cofactor is not in its catalytic form, the carbon keeps the structure rigid which helps describe the reactivity of nitrogenase.

## Electronic properties

According to the analysis by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the resting state of the FeMo cofactor has a spin state of S=3/2. Upon one-electron reduction, the cofactor becomes EPR silent. Understanding the process in which an electron is transferred in the protein adduct shows a more precise kinetic model of the FeMo cofactor. Density functional theory calculations as well as spatially resolved anomalous dispersion refinement have suggested that the formal oxidation state is MoIV-2FeII-5FeIII-C4−-H+, but the "true" oxidation states have not been confirmed experimentally.

## Substrate binding

The location of substrate attachment to the complex has yet to be elucidated. It is believed that the Fe atoms closest to the interstitial carbon participate in substrate activation, but the terminal molybdenum is also a candidate for nitrogen fixation. X-ray crystallographic studies utilizing MoFe-protein and carbon monoxide (CO), which is isoelectronic to dinitrogen, demonstrated that carbon monoxide is binding to the Fe2-Fe6-edge of FeMoco. Additional studies showed simultaneous binding of two CO-molecules to FeMoco, providing a structural basis for biological Fischer-Tropsch-type chemistry. Se-incorporation studies in combination with time-resolved X-ray crystallography evidenced major structural rearrangements in the FeMoco-structure upon substrate binding events.

## Isolation

Isolation of the FeMo cofactor from nitrogenase is done through centrifugal sedimentation of nitrogenase into the MoFe protein and the Fe protein. The FeMo cofactor is extracted by treating the MoFe protein with acids. The first extraction is done with N,N-dimethylformamide and the second by a mixture of N-methylformamide and Na2HPO4 before final sedimentation by centrifugation.


# Fencing at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's team foil

The women's team foil competition at the 2014 Asian Games in Goyang was held on 24 September at the Goyang Gymnasium.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wednesday, 24 September 2014 | 09:00 | Quarterfinals |
| | 10:30 | Semifinals |
| | 18:00 | Gold medal match |

## Seeding

The teams were seeded taking into account the results achieved by competitors representing each team in the individual event.

| Rank | Team | Fencer | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | |
| 1 | South Korea (KOR) | 1 | 3 | **4** |
| 2 | Hong Kong (HKG) | 3 | 5 | **8** |
| 3 | China (CHN) | 2 | 11 | **13** |
| 4 | Japan (JPN) | 6 | 10 | **16** |
| 5 | Singapore (SIN) | 7 | 12 | **19** |
| 6 | Macau (MAC) | 13 | 17 | **30** |
| 7 | Qatar (QAT) | 15 | 16 | **31** |

## Results

|  | Quarterfinals | | |  |  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Gold medal match | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | 1 | **South Korea** | **45** |  |  | | | | |
|  | 5 | Singapore | 29 |  |  | 4 | Japan | 29 |  | |
|  | 4 | **Japan** | **43** |  |  |  | | |  |  | 1 | **South Korea** | **32** |  |
|  | 3 | **China** | **45** |  |  | |  |  | 3 | China | 27 |  |
|  | 6 | Macau | 9 |  |  | 3 | **China** | **42** |  |  |  | | |  |
|  | 7 | Qatar | 4 |  |  | 2 | Hong Kong | 21 |  | | ||
|  | 2 | **Hong Kong** | **45** |  |  | | | | | | ||

## Final standing

| Rank | Team |
| --- | --- |
|  | South Korea (KOR)
Jeon Hee-sook
Kim Mi-na
Nam Hyun-hee
Oh Ha-na |
|  | China (CHN)
Chen Bingbing
Le Huilin
Liu Yongshi
Wang Chen |
|  | Japan (JPN)
Karin Miyawaki
Shiho Nishioka
Haruka Yanaoka |
|  | Hong Kong (HKG)
Cheng Hiu Lam
Kimberley Cheung
Lin Po Heung
Liu Yan Wai |
| 5 | Singapore (SIN)
Wang Wenying
Cheryl Wong
Nicole Wong
Liane Wong |
| 6 | Macau (MAC)
Ho Ka U
Ho Peng I
Huang Liya |
| 7 | Qatar (QAT)
Fatima Al-Mannai
Shikha Al-Mannai
Ghareeba Hammad
Lolwa Ali Hassan |

## InfoBox

| Women's team foil
at the 2014 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Goyang Gymnasium |
| Date | 24 September |
| Competitors | 26 from 7 nations |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


title: Schilcherland DAC

abstract:
Schilcherland DAC is an official wine region in Austria. It is the tenth specific winegrowing region in the DAC, and was formerly known as Weststeiermark. Blauer Wildbacher, a red wine variety, is used to make a rosé wine called Schilcher. Schilcherland DAC Klassik must be vinified dry, and must have a minimum alcohol content of 11% and a maximum alcohol content of 12%. Schilcherland DAC Klassik may have a maximum of 3 g/L residual sugar;
Schilcherland DAC with indication of single vineyard/cru site is allowed up to 4 g/L residual sugar.

text:
# Schilcherland DAC

**Schilcherland DAC** is an official wine region in Austria. It is the tenth specific winegrowing region in the DAC, and was formerly known as Weststeiermark. Blauer Wildbacher, a red wine variety, is used to make a rosé wine called Schilcher. Schilcherland DAC Klassik must be vinified dry, and must have a minimum alcohol content of 11% and a maximum alcohol content of 12%. Schilcherland DAC Klassik may have a maximum of 3 g/L residual sugar; Schilcherland DAC with indication of single vineyard/cru site is allowed up to 4 g/L residual sugar.


abstract: Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir is a Kralj-class missile boat in service with the Croatian Navy. Like its sister ship Kralj Petar Krešimir IV, Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir features a mixture of Western and Eastern equipment including a Swedish forward gun and anti-ship missiles as well as Russian-built propulsion and close-in weapon system (CIWS). Although the ship was laid down in 1993, it was not until 2001 it was launched and commissioned, still lacking complete armament. Even though they belong to the same class, Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir features slight changes compared to Kralj Petar Krešimir IV. These include an altered bridge, longer hull and digitalised control of the propulsion.

text:
# Croatian missile boat Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir (RTOP-12)

***Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir*** (pennant number RTOP-12) is a Kralj-class missile boat in service with the Croatian Navy. Like its sister ship *Kralj Petar Krešimir IV*, *Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir* features a mixture of Western and Eastern equipment including a Swedish forward gun and anti-ship missiles as well as Russian-built propulsion and close-in weapon system (CIWS).

Although the ship was laid down in 1993, it was not until 2001 it was launched and commissioned, still lacking complete armament. Even though they belong to the same class, *Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir* features slight changes compared to *Kralj Petar Krešimir IV*. These include an altered bridge, longer hull and digitalised control of the propulsion.

* Pintarić, Vesna. "Reportaža - Raketna topovnjača "Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir": Brod visokih standarda u rukama iskusnog mornara" \[Report - Missile boat "Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir": A ship of high standards in the hands of an experienced sailor\]. *Obrana*. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir* in Makarska during the Croatian Navy Day in 2008. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Croatia | |
| Operator | Croatian Navy |
| Builder | Kraljevica Shipyard, Kraljevica, Croatia |
| Laid down | 1993 |
| Launched | 2001 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Kralj-class missile boat |
| Length | 54.3  (178 ft 2 in) |
| Beam | 8.5 m (27 ft 11 in) |
| Draught | 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * Maximum: 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph) * Continuous: 32.8 knots (60.7 km/h; 37.7 mph) |
| Complement | 33 |
| Armament |  |


title: Cara Horgan

abstract: Cara Horgan is an English actress who has appeared on stage, on television, and in films.

text:
# Cara Horgan

**Cara Horgan** (born 5 October 1984) is an English actress who has appeared on stage, on television, and in films.

## Career

Horgan has appeared in several television productions including *Peep Show*, *Traitors*, *The Rotter's Club*, *Genius: Picasso* and *Jane Eyre*.

She has appeared in films including *The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas*, *The Wedding Video*, Armando Iannucci's *The Death of Stalin* and *Disobedience* alongside Rachel McAdams and Rachel Weisz.

She appeared in music videos for Years & Years' single "Desire" and the Chemical Brothers' song "I'll See You There".

In 2008, Horgan appeared in *Hedda*, a modern updated version of *Hedda Gabler*, directed by Carrie Cracknell in which she played the lead character to favourable reviews; reviewer Charles Spencer in *The Daily Telegraph* wrote that she was "especially fine as a glamorous, bob-haired Hedda, ... using sex... like a shrimping net".

In 2009 she appeared in a revival of Ferdinand Bruckner's *Krankheit der Jugend* ("*Pains of Youth*"), directed by Katie Mitchell, at the National Theatre. In 2010, she appeared in Caryl Churchill's *Far Away* at Bristol Old Vic, directed by Simon Godwin.

In 2011, she performed in *The School for Scandal* directed by Deborah Warner and written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

From 2013 to 2015 she joined Sean Holmes ten-member *Secret Theatre* company at the Lyric Hammersmith, which experimented with improvisational techniques towards drama. For some performances, a cast member's name was chosen from a hat by an audience member to be the show's protagonist; then, he or she would be "given a series of increasingly impossible acts to accomplish" which could involve such activities as complex dance routines, wrestling, singing and improvisation, according to one account. She performed with the ensemble for two years to positive reviews. In an extended interview in *Exeunt Magazine*, she described her work at *Secret Theatre* as giving her "freedom to play".

In 2015, she appeared in *The Mother* at the Ustinov Studio in Bath. In 2017 she appeared in *Cellmates* at The Hampstead Theatre directed by Edward Hall. Paul Taylor in *The Independent* wrote "Cara Horgan is delectable in a double as the Russian maid who duets with Bourke in his hammy renditions of “Danny Boy” for his captors and as the wife in a CND couple who have an inconvenient marital meltdown while helping Blake on his first night outside"

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *The Libertine* | Acting Troop |  |
| 2008 | *The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas* | Maria |  |
| 2010 | *Cowards and Monsters* | Fun\_girl73 | Short |
| 2012 | *The Wedding Video* | Roxy |  |
| 2014 | Steak Knife | Sara | Short |
| 2017 | *The Death of Stalin* | Lidiya Timashuk |  |
| 2017 | *Disobedience* | Miss. Scheinburg |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | The Rotters Club | Claire Newman | BBC |
| 2005 | Afterlife | Veronica | Guest Lead |
| 2006 | The Romantics | Mary Shelley |  |
| 2006 | Jane Eyre | Eliza Reed | BBC |
| 2007 | Fallen Angel | Joanna | ITV |
| 2007 | Peep Show | Aurora | Objective Productions |
| 2007 | Silent Witness | Anna Holland | BBC |
| 2008 | Ladies and Gentlemen | Emily | Talkback |
| 2009 | Lewis | Alice Wishart | ITV |
| 2011 | Waking The Dead | Lucy Christie | BBC |
| 2011 | Law & Order:UK | Elizabeth Lerner | Kudos |
| 2012 | A Young Doctor's Notebook | Klara | Big Talk |
| 2013 | Jo | Maria |  |
| 2013 | Common Ground | Suzi | Baby Cow Productions |
| 2016 | Midsomer Murders | Rachel Monkford | Bentley Productions |
| 2018 | Genius: Picasso | Alice B.Toklas | National Geographic |
| 2018 | West of Liberty | Johnson | 6 Episodes |
| 2019 | Traitors | Rae Savitt | 4 Episodes Guest Lead |
| 2019 | Flack | Camilla | Hat Trick Productions |
| 2021 | Alex Rider | Polly Hudson | IMDbTV |
| 2021 | Murder in Provence | Elodie Liotta | ITV/Britbox |
| 2021 | The Sandman | Zelda | Netflix |
| 2022 | Black Cake | Mildred | Hulu |
| 2023 | The Marlow Murder Club | Becks Starling | PBS/UKTV |

### Theatre

| Year | Title | Role | Director | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Hedda | Hedda | Carrie Cracknell | The Gate Theatre |
| 2009 | The House of Special Purpose | Olga | Howard Davies | Chichester Festival Theatre |
| 2009 | Pains of Youth | Irena | Katie Mitchell | The National Theatre |
| 2010 | Far Away | Joan | Simon Godwin | Bristol Old Vic |
| 2011 | The School for Scandal | Maria | Deborah Warner | The Barbican |
| 2013-2015 | Secret Theatre \- Woyzeck
\- A Streetcar Named Desire
\- Chamber Piece
\- Glitterland
\- A Series of Increasingly Impossible Acts
\- Show 6
\- A Stab in the Dark | Various | Sean Holmes | The Lyric, Hammersmith |
| 2015 | The Mother | Elodie | Laurence Boswell | Bath Ustinov |
| 2017 | Cellmates | Miranda/Zinaida | Edward Hall | The Hampstead Theatre |

## InfoBox

| Cara Horgan | |
| --- | --- |
| Horgan in 2015 | |
| Born | (1984-10-05) 5 October 1984 |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2004–present |


title: Rhizotrogus nevadensis

abstract: Rhizotrogus nevadensis is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

text:
# Rhizotrogus nevadensis

***Rhizotrogus nevadensis*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Rhizotrogus nevadensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Rhizotrogus* |
| Species: | ***R. nevadensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhizotrogus nevadensis***<br>Reitter, 1902 | |
|


title: DomainKeys Identified Mail

abstract: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) is an email authentication method designed to detect forged sender addresses in email, a technique often used in phishing and email spam. DKIM allows the receiver to check that an email that claimed to have come from a specific domain was indeed authorized by the owner of that domain. It achieves this by affixing a digital signature, linked to a domain name, to each outgoing email message. The recipient system can verify this by looking up the sender's public key published in the DNS. A valid signature also guarantees that some parts of the email have not been modified since the signature was affixed. Usually, DKIM signatures are not visible to end-users, and are affixed or verified by the infrastructure rather than the message's authors and recipients. DKIM is an Internet Standard. It is defined in RFC 6376, dated September 2011, with updates in RFC 8301 and RFC 8463.

text:
# DomainKeys Identified Mail

**DomainKeys Identified Mail** (**DKIM**) is an email authentication method designed to detect forged sender addresses in email (email spoofing), a technique often used in phishing and email spam.

DKIM allows the receiver to check that an email that claimed to have come from a specific domain was indeed authorized by the owner of that domain. It achieves this by affixing a digital signature, linked to a domain name, to each outgoing email message. The recipient system can verify this by looking up the sender's public key published in the DNS. A valid signature also guarantees that some parts of the email (possibly including attachments) have not been modified since the signature was affixed. Usually, DKIM signatures are not visible to end-users, and are affixed or verified by the infrastructure rather than the message's authors and recipients.

DKIM is an Internet Standard. It is defined in RFC 6376, dated September 2011, with updates in RFC 8301 and RFC 8463.

## Overview

The need for email validated identification arises because forged addresses and content are otherwise easily created—and widely used in spam, phishing and other email-based fraud. For example, a fraudster may send a message claiming to be from *sender@example.com*, with the goal of convincing the recipient to accept and to read the email—and it is difficult for recipients to establish whether to trust this message. System administrators also have to deal with complaints about malicious email that appears to have originated from their systems, but did not.

DKIM provides the ability to sign a message, and allows the signer (*author* organization) to communicate which email it considers legitimate. It does not directly prevent or disclose abusive behavior.

DKIM also provides a process for verifying a signed message. Verifying modules typically act on behalf of the *receiver* organization, possibly at each hop.

All of this is independent of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) routing aspects, in that it operates on the RFC 5322 message—the transported mail's header and body—not the SMTP "envelope" defined in RFC 5321. Hence, DKIM signatures survive basic relaying across multiple message transfer agents.

### Technical details

#### Signing

The signing organization can be a direct handler of the message, such as the author, mail submission agent, site, or further intermediary along the transit path, or an indirect handler such as an independent service that is providing assistance to a direct handler.

Signing modules insert one or more `DKIM-Signature:` header fields, possibly on behalf of the *author* organization or the originating service provider. The specification allows signers to choose which header fields they sign, but the `From:` field must always be signed. The resulting header field consists of a list of `tag=value` parts as in the example below:

```
DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=example.net; s=brisbane;
     c=relaxed/simple; q=dns/txt; i=foo@eng.example.net;
     t=1117574938; x=1118006938; l=200;
     h=from:to:subject:date:keywords:keywords;
     z=From:foo@eng.example.net|To:joe@example.com|
       Subject:demo=20run|Date:July=205,=202005=203:44:08=20PM=20-0700;
     bh=MTIzNDU2Nzg5MDEyMzQ1Njc4OTAxMjM0NTY3ODkwMTI=;
     b=dzdVyOfAKCdLXdJOc9G2q8LoXSlEniSbav+yuU4zGeeruD00lszZ
              VoG4ZHRNiYzR

```

where the tags used are:

* **v** (required), version
* **a** (required), signing algorithm
* **d** (required), Signing Domain Identifier (SDID)
* **s** (required), selector
* **c** (optional), canonicalization algorithm(s) for header and body
* **q** (optional), default query method
* **i** (optional), Agent or User Identifier (AUID)
* **t** (recommended), signature timestamp
* **x** (recommended), expire time
* **l** (optional), body length
* **h** (required), header fields - list of those that have been signed
* **z** (optional), header fields - copy of selected header fields and values
* **bh** (required), body hash
* **b** (required), signature of headers and body

The most relevant ones are **b** for the actual digital signature of the contents (headers and body) of the mail message, **bh** for the body hash (optionally limited to the first **l** octets of the body), **d** for the signing domain, and **s** for the selector.

An Agent or User Identifier (AUID) can optionally be included. The format is an email address with an optional local-part. The domain must be equal to, or a subdomain of, the signing domain. The semantics of the AUID are intentionally left undefined, and may be used by the signing domain to establish a more fine-grained sphere of responsibility.

Both header and body contribute to the signature. First, the message body is hashed, always from the beginning, possibly truncated to a given length **l** (which may be zero). Second, selected header fields are hashed, in the order given by **h**. Repeated field names are matched from the bottom of the header upward, which is the order in which `Received:` fields are inserted in the header. A non-existing field matches the empty string, so that adding a field with that name will break the signature. The `DKIM-Signature:` field of the signature being created, with **bh** equal to the computed body hash and **b** equal to the empty string, is implicitly added to the second hash, albeit its name must not appear in **h** — if it does, it refers to another, preexisting signature. For both hashes, text is canonicalized according to the relevant **c** algorithms. The result, after encryption with the signer's private key and encoding using Base64, is **b**.

In addition to the list of header fields listed in **h**, a list of header fields (including both field name and value) present at the time of signing may be provided in **z**. This list need not match the list of headers in **h**.

Algorithms, fields, and body length are meant to be chosen so as to assure unambiguous message identification while still allowing signatures to survive the unavoidable changes which are going to occur in transit. No end-to-end data integrity is implied.

#### Verification

A receiving SMTP server wanting to verify uses the domain name and the selector to perform a DNS lookup. For example, given the example signature above: the **d** tag gives the *author* domain to be verified against, *example.net*; the **s** tag the selector, *brisbane*. The string *\_domainkey* is a fixed part of the specification. This gives the TXT resource record to be looked up as:

`brisbane._domainkey.example.net`

Note that the selector and the domain name can be UTF-8 in internationalized email. In that case the label must be encoded according to IDNA before lookup. The data returned from the query of this record is also a list of tag-value pairs. It includes the domain's public key, along with other key usage tokens and flags (e.g. from a command line: `nslookup -q=TXT brisbane._domainkey.example.net`) as in this example:

```
"k=rsa; t=s; p=MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDDmzRmJRQxLEuyYiyMg4suA2Sy
MwR5MGHpP9diNT1hRiwUd/mZp1ro7kIDTKS8ttkI6z6eTRW9e9dDOxzSxNuXmume60Cjbu08gOyhPG3
GfWdg7QkdN6kR4V75MFlw624VY35DaXBvnlTJTgRg/EW72O1DiYVThkyCgpSYS8nmEQIDAQAB"

```

The available tags are:

* **v** (recommended), version (default `DKIM1`, must be the first tag if present)
* **h** (optional), acceptable hash algorithms (default all)
* **k** (optional), key type (default `rsa`)
* **n** (optional), human-readable administrator notes
* **p** (required), public key data (base64 encoded, or empty if the public key has been revoked)
* **s** (optional), service type (default `*`, else `email`)
* **t** (optional), toggle flags (colon-separated list, default none, may include `y` for testing DKIM without rejecting failed signature verifications, and/or `s` which is recommended for subdomain strictness as explained in the RFC)

A CNAME record can also be used to point at a different TXT record, for example when one organization sends email on behalf of another.

The receiver can use the public key (value of the **p** tag) to then validate the signature on the hash value in the header field, and check it against the hash value for the mail message (headers and body) that was received. If the two values match, this cryptographically proves that the mail was signed by the indicated domain and has not been tampered with in transit.

Signature verification failure does not force rejection of the message. Instead, the precise reasons why the authenticity of the message could not be proven should be made available to downstream and upstream processes. Methods for doing so may include sending back an FBL message, or adding an `Authentication-Results:` header field to the message as described in RFC 7001.

### Patent

DomainKeys was covered by U.S. patent 6,986,049, now expired. Yahoo! licensed its patent claims under a dual license scheme: the *DomainKeys Patent License Agreement v1.2*, or *GNU General Public License v2.0 (and no other version)*.

### Relationship to SPF and DMARC

In essence, both DKIM and SPF provide different measures of email authenticity. DMARC provides the ability for an organisation to publish a policy that specifies which mechanism (DKIM, SPF, or both) is employed when sending email from that domain; how to check the `From:` field presented to end users; how the receiver should deal with failures—and a reporting mechanism for actions performed under those policies.

## Advantages

The primary advantage of this system for e-mail recipients is in allowing the signing domain to reliably identify a stream of legitimate email, thereby allowing domain-based blacklists and whitelists to be more effective. This is also likely to make certain kinds of phishing attacks easier to detect.

There are some incentives for mail senders to sign outgoing e-mail:

* It allows a great reduction in abuse desk work for DKIM-enabled domains if e-mail receivers use the DKIM system to identify forged e-mail messages claiming to be from that domain.
* The domain owner can then focus its abuse team energies on its own users who actually are making inappropriate use of that domain.

### Use with spam filtering

DKIM is a method of labeling a message, and it does not itself filter or identify spam. However, widespread use of DKIM can prevent spammers from forging the source address of their messages, a technique they commonly employ today. If spammers are forced to show a correct source domain, other filtering techniques can work more effectively. In particular, the source domain can feed into a reputation system to better identify spam. Conversely, DKIM can make it easier to identify mail that is known not to be spam and need not be filtered. If a receiving system has a whitelist of known good sending domains, either locally maintained or from third party certifiers, it can skip the filtering on signed mail from those domains, and perhaps filter the remaining mail more aggressively.

### Anti-phishing

DKIM can be useful as an anti-phishing technology. Mailers in heavily phished domains can sign their mail to show that it is genuine. Recipients can take the absence of a valid signature on mail from those domains to be an indication that the mail is probably forged. The best way to determine the set of domains that merit this degree of scrutiny remains an open question. DKIM used to have an optional feature called ADSP that lets authors that sign all their mail self-identify, but it was demoted to historic status in November 2013. Instead, DMARC can be used for the same purpose and allows domains to self-publish which techniques (including SPF and DKIM) they employ, which makes it easier for the receiver to make an informed decision whether a certain mail is spam or not. For example, using DMARC, eBay and PayPal both publish policies that all of their mail is authenticated, and requesting that any receiving system, such as Gmail, should reject any that is not.

### Compatibility

Because it is implemented using DNS records and an added RFC 5322 header field, DKIM is compatible with the existing e-mail infrastructure. In particular, it is transparent to existing e-mail systems that lack DKIM support.

This design approach also is compatible with other, related services, such as the S/MIME and OpenPGP content-protection standards. DKIM is compatible with the DNSSEC standard and with SPF.

### Computation overhead

DKIM requires cryptographic checksums to be generated for each message sent through a mail server, which results in computational overhead not otherwise required for e-mail delivery. This additional computational overhead is a hallmark of digital postmarks, making sending bulk spam more (computationally) expensive. This facet of DKIM may look similar to hashcash, except that the receiver side verification is a negligible amount of work, while a typical hashcash algorithm would require far more work.

### Non-repudiability

DKIM's non-repudiation feature prevents senders (such as spammers) from credibly denying having sent an email. It has proven useful to news media sources such as WikiLeaks, which has been able to leverage DKIM body signatures to prove that leaked emails were genuine and not tampered with.

Many consider non-repudiation a non-wanted feature of DKIM, forced by behaviors such as those just described. Indeed, DKIM protocol provides for expiration. There is an optional **x** tag on each signature, which establishes a formal expiration time; however, verifiers can ignore it. In addition, domain owners can revoke a public key by removing its cryptographic data from the record, thereby preventing signature verification unless someone saved the public key data beforehand. DKIM key rotation is often recommended just to minimize the impact of compromised keys. However, in order to definitely disable non-repudiation, expired secret keys can be published, thereby allowing everyone to produce fake signatures, thus voiding the significance of original ones.

## Weaknesses

The RFC itself identifies a number of potential attack vectors.

DKIM signatures do not encompass the message envelope, which holds the return-path and message recipients. Since DKIM does not attempt to protect against mis-addressing, this does not affect its utility.

A number of concerns were raised and refuted in 2013 at the time of the standardization.

A concern for any cryptographic solution would be message replay abuse, which bypasses techniques that currently limit the level of abuse from larger domains. Replay can be inferred by using per-message public keys, tracking the DNS queries for those keys and filtering out the high number of queries due to e-mail being sent to large mailing lists or malicious queries by bad actors.

For a comparison of different methods also addressing this problem see e-mail authentication.

### Arbitrary forwarding

As mentioned above, authentication is not the same as abuse prevention. A malicious email user of a reputable domain can compose a bad message and have it DKIM-signed and sent from that domain to any mailbox from where they can retrieve it as a file, so as to obtain a signed copy of the message. Use of the **l** tag in signatures makes doctoring such messages even easier. The signed copy can then be forwarded to a million recipients, for example through a botnet, without control. The email provider who signed the message can block the offending user, but cannot stop the diffusion of already-signed messages. The validity of signatures in such messages can be limited by always including an expiration time tag in signatures, or by revoking a public key periodically or upon a notification of an incident. Effectiveness of the scenario can hardly be limited by filtering outgoing mail, as that implies the ability to detect if a message might potentially be useful to spammers.

### Content modification

DKIM currently features two canonicalization algorithms, simple and relaxed, neither of which is MIME-aware. Mail servers can legitimately convert to a different character set, and often document this with `X-MIME-Autoconverted:` header fields. In addition, servers in certain circumstances have to rewrite the MIME structure, thereby altering the *preamble*, the *epilogue*, and entity boundaries, any of which breaks DKIM signatures. Only plain text messages written in us-ascii, provided that MIME header fields are not signed, enjoy the robustness that end-to-end integrity requires.

The OpenDKIM Project organized a data collection involving 21 mail servers and millions of messages. 92.3% of observed signatures were successfully verified, a success rate that drops slightly (90.5%) when only mailing list traffic is considered.

#### Annotations by mailing lists

The problems might be exacerbated when filtering or relaying software makes changes to a message. Without specific precaution implemented by the sender, the footer addition operated by most mailing lists and many central antivirus solutions will break the DKIM signature. A possible mitigation is to sign only designated number of bytes of the message body. It is indicated by **l** tag in **DKIM-Signature** header. Anything added beyond the specified length of the message body is not taken into account while calculating DKIM signature. This won't work for MIME messages.

Another workaround is to whitelist known forwarders; e.g., by SPF. For yet another workaround, it was proposed that forwarders verify the signature, modify the email, and then re-sign the message with a Sender: header. However, this solution has its risk with forwarded third party signed messages received at SMTP receivers supporting the RFC 5617 ADSP protocol. Thus, in practice, the receiving server still has to whitelist known *message streams*.

The Authenticated Received Chain (ARC) is an email authentication system designed to allow an intermediate mail server like a mailing list or forwarding service to sign an email's original authentication results. This allows a receiving service to validate an email when the email's SPF and DKIM records are rendered invalid by an intermediate server's processing. ARC is defined in RFC 8617, published in July 2019, as "Experimental".

### Short key vulnerability

In October 2012, *Wired* reported that mathematician Zach Harris detected and demonstrated an email source spoofing vulnerability with short DKIM keys for the `google.com` corporate domain, as well as several other high-profile domains. He stated that authentication with 384-bit keys can be factored in as little as 24 hours "on my laptop," and 512-bit keys, in about 72 hours with cloud computing resources. Harris found that many organizations sign email with such short keys; he factored them all and notified the organizations of the vulnerability. He states that 768-bit keys could be factored with access to very large amounts of computing power, so he suggests that DKIM signing should use key lengths greater than 1,024.

*Wired* stated that Harris reported, and Google confirmed, that they began using new longer keys soon after his disclosure. According to RFC 6376 the receiving party must be able to validate signatures with keys ranging from 512 bits to 2048 bits, thus usage of keys shorter than 512 bits might be incompatible and shall be avoided. RFC 6376 also states that signers must use keys of at least 1024 bits for long-lived keys, though long-livingness is not specified there.

## History

DKIM resulted in 2004 from merging two similar efforts, "enhanced DomainKeys" from Yahoo and "Identified Internet Mail" from Cisco. This merged specification has been the basis for a series of IETF standards-track specifications and support documents which eventually resulted in STD 76, currently RFC 6376. "Identified Internet Mail" was proposed by Cisco as a signature-based mail authentication standard, while DomainKeys was designed by Yahoo to verify the DNS domain of an e-mail sender and the message integrity.

Aspects of DomainKeys, along with parts of Identified Internet Mail, were combined to create DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM). Trendsetting providers implementing DKIM include Yahoo, Gmail, AOL and FastMail. Any mail from these organizations should carry a DKIM signature.

Discussions about DKIM signatures passing through indirect mail flows, formally in the DMARC working group, took place right after the first adoptions of the new protocol wreaked havoc on regular mailing list use. However, none of the proposed DKIM changes passed. Instead, mailing list software was changed.

In 2017, another working group was launched, DKIM Crypto Update (dcrup), with the specific restriction to review signing techniques. RFC 8301 was issued in January 2018. It bans SHA-1 and updates key sizes (from 512-2048 to 1024-4096). RFC 8463 was issued in September 2018. It adds an elliptic curve algorithm to the existing RSA. The added key type, `k=ed25519` is adequately strong while featuring short public keys, more easily publishable in DNS.

### Development

The original *DomainKeys* was designed by Mark Delany of Yahoo! and enhanced through comments from many others since 2004. It is specified in Historic RFC 4870, superseded by Standards Track RFC 4871, DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures; both published in May 2007. A number of clarifications and conceptualizations were collected thereafter and specified in RFC 5672, August 2009, in the form of corrections to the existing specification. In September 2011, RFC 6376 merged and updated the latter two documents, while preserving the substance of the DKIM protocol. Public key compatibility with the earlier DomainKeys is also possible.

DKIM was initially produced by an informal industry consortium and was then submitted for enhancement and standardization by the IETF DKIM Working Group, chaired by Barry Leiba and Stephen Farrell, with Eric Allman of sendmail, Jon Callas of PGP Corporation, Mark Delany and Miles Libbey of Yahoo!, and Jim Fenton and Michael Thomas of Cisco Systems attributed as primary authors.

Source code development of one common library is led by *The OpenDKIM Project*, following the most recent protocol additions, and licensing under the New BSD License.

## Enforcement

Email providers are increasingly requiring senders to implement email authentication in order to successfully deliver mail to their users' mailboxes.

In February 2024, Google started requiring bulk senders to authenticate their emails with DKIM to successfully deliver emails to Google-hosted mailboxes.

Similarly in February 2024, Yahoo started requiring bulk senders to implement SPF and DKIM to successfully deliver emails to Yahoo users.

## Further reading

* RFC 4686 Analysis of Threats Motivating DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)
* RFC 4871 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures *Proposed Standard*
* RFC 5617 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Author Domain Signing Practices (ADSP)
* RFC 5585 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Service Overview
* RFC 5672 RFC 4871 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures—Update
* RFC 5863 DKIM Development, Deployment, and Operations
* RFC 6376 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures *Draft Standard*
* RFC 6377 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) and Mailing Lists
* RFC 8301 Cryptographic Algorithm and Key Usage Update to DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)
* RFC 8463 A New Cryptographic Signature Method for DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)