title: Engagement marketing

abstract: Engagement marketing is a marketing strategy that directly engages consumers and invites and encourages them to participate in the evolution of a brand or a brand experience. Rather than looking at consumers as passive receivers of messages, engagement marketers believe that consumers should be actively involved in the production and co-creation of marketing programs, developing a relationship with the brand. Consumer engagement is when a brand and a consumer connect. According to Brad Nierenberg, experiential marketing is the live, one-on-one interactions that allow consumers to create connections with brands. Consumers will continue to seek and demand one-on-one, shareable interaction with a brand.

text:
# Engagement marketing

**Engagement marketing** (sometimes called **experiential marketing**, **brand activation**, **on-ground marketing**, **live marketing**, **participation marketing**, **loyalty marketing**, or **special events**) is a marketing strategy that directly engages consumers and invites and encourages them to participate in the evolution of a brand or a brand experience. Rather than looking at consumers as passive receivers of messages, engagement marketers believe that consumers should be actively involved in the production and co-creation of marketing programs, developing a relationship with the brand.

Consumer engagement is when a brand and a consumer connect. According to Brad Nierenberg, experiential marketing is the live, one-on-one interactions that allow consumers to create connections with brands. Consumers will continue to seek and demand one-on-one, shareable interaction with a brand.

## Virtual extension

Experiential marketing is a growing trend which involves marketing a product or a service through custom memorable experiences that engage the customers and create emotional attachment to the product/service. Physical and interactive experiences are used to reinforce the offer of a product and make customers feel as if they are part of them. Experiences are positively related to customer's attitudes, mood, and behaviors. They also represent a means through which a company can gain competitive advantage by differentiating itself from competitors. To achieve success, an experience should be engaging, compelling, and able to touch the customer's senses and capture their loyalty.

Many aspects differentiate experiential from traditional marketing. First, experiential marketing focuses on providing sensory, emotional, cognitive, and rational values to the consumers. Second, experiential marketing aims to create synergies between meaning, perception, consumption, and brand loyalty. Furthermore, experiential marketing requires a more diverse range of research methods in order to understand consumers.

Smith has developed a six-step process to develop an effective experiential branding strategy. The first step includes carrying out a customer experience audit in order to analyze the current experience of the brand. The second step is to create a brand platform and develop a touchpoint with customers. The following step includes designing the brand experience; coordinating the brand's people, products and processes against the brand proposition. The next steps involve communicating the brand proposition internally and externally. The last step consists of monitoring performance in order to ensure that the brand is meeting its objectives.

Nowadays, experiential marketing is getting more technologically advanced and personalized. The wide spread of the Internet and the increasing competition among online retailers has led to the rise of virtual experiential marketing (VEM). VEM uses the Internet and its various channels to create an enriched and engaging experience by using visual and audio tools. VEM relies on an electronic environment that engages customers and arouses their emotional responses to create an unparalleled experience and consequently capture their loyalty. The elements which characterize virtual experiential marketing are: sense, interaction, pleasure, flow and community relationship. Furthermore, affective involvement has been identified as a key factor which affects online purchase intention. Thus, the online experience must emphasize an emotional appeal to the consumer in order to build purchase intention.

Management consultancy A.T. Kearney has developed a model to create high impact virtual customer experiences, emphasizing four basic steps:

1. Develop a compelling customer value proposition. In developing this, it is important to understand how an online experience can satisfy customer needs.
2. Create the digital customer experience framework to address all areas of interaction between customers and the business.
3. Use proven tools, the "7Cs", to support the framework. The key tools are: content, customization, customer care, communication, community, connectivity, and convenience.
4. Integrate the online and offline customer experience. In fact, companies can enhance the virtual customer experience through consistent links with the offline world.

## Engagement

Engagement measures the extent to which a consumer has a meaningful brand experience when exposed to commercial advertising, sponsorship, television contact, or other experience. In March 2006 the Advertising Research Foundation (ARF) defined Engagement as "turning on a prospect to a brand idea enhanced by the surrounding context".

According to a study by Jack Morton Worldwide, 11 out of 14 consumers reported preferring to learn about new products and services by experiencing them personally or hearing about them from an acquaintance. Meanwhile, a report by The Event Marketing Institute and Mosaic found that 74% of consumers say that engaging with branded event marketing experiences makes them more likely to buy the products being promoted.

Engagement is complex because a variety of exposure and relationship factors affect engagement, making simplified rankings misleading. Typically, engagement with a medium often differs from engagement with advertising, according to an analysis conducted by the Magazine Publishers of America.

Related to this notion is the term **program engagement**, which is the extent to which consumers recall specific content after exposure to a program and advertising. Starting in 2006 U.S. broadcast networks began guaranteeing specific levels of program engagement to large corporate advertisers.

## Multi-dimensional communication

Keith Ferrazzi wrote in 2009 that Information Age was transitioning into what he termed the Relationship Age, "in which emotion, empathy, and cooperation are critical success traits" and where "technology and human interaction are intersecting and trust, conversation, and collaboration are top of mind and top of agenda".

In 2006, researchers from market research company Gallup identified two-dimensional (two-way) communication where consumers participate, share, and interact with a brand as a creator of the engagement crucial to business and personal success.

Two-dimensional (2D) communication and engagement is where "both giver and receiver are listening to each other, interacting, learning and growing from the process".

Three-dimensional engagement ("3DE") has "not only length and width, but depth, where both giver and receiver connect to a higher power and are changed in the experience. Not just a conversation, but connection to a purpose that transforms all in the process."

## As philosophy

Greg Ippolito, creative director of the digital marketing agency IMA, wrote that the key point of differentiation between engagement marketing and other forms is that the former "is anchored by a philosophy, rather than a focus on specific marketing tools". That philosophy is that audiences should be engaged in the sales process when they want, and by which channels they prefer, through a process called “actionable empathy.”

Ippolito has argued that traditional top-down marketing results, largely, in the production and communication of white noise, whereas engagement marketing assumes a different approach:

> "Think of a salesperson who walks up to you in a store. You tell him thanks, you're okay, you're just looking. But he hovers and looms, finds ways to insert himself into your activity, and is a general annoyance. That's what typical marketing feels like: intrusive and disruptive. Engagement Marketing is the opposite. It's a salesperson who hangs back and engages you if/when you need help. Who can sense what you want to do, and help you arrive at that decision. Who will contact you directly with exclusive sales information, if—and only if—you request it.
> Engagement Marketing, done well, means connecting with audiences who want to hear from you, in relevant, meaningful, interesting ways. If you can pull that off, everything changes."
>
> Greg Ippolito (2012)

After launching IMA in 2013, Ippolito shifted his focus to momentum marketing—described as "the next evolution of engagement marketing"—which shares the same customer-centric philosophy, but places a greater emphasis on leveraging data to reach target audiences online via their most well-traveled channels:

> "\[M\]odern consumers are hard to pin down; they're constantly in motion—traversing different spaces, utilizing different media, and as always, experiencing a range of different thoughts and feelings throughout any given day ... \[The key is to\] leverage the existing *momentum* of target consumers. By doing so, we can ... guide them where we want them to go—with minimum waste and maximum efficiency."
>
> Greg Ippolito (2013)

## Early examples of successful engagement marketing campaigns

PROMO magazine has credited Gary M. Reynolds, founder of GMR Marketing, with being the pioneer in the practice of engagement marketing. It has cited Reynolds' formation of the Miller Band Network in 1979 as the seminal engagement marketing moment.

Another example of engagement marketing is seen in the marketing strategy of Jones Soda. At the company's website, regular customers are allowed to send in photos that will then be printed on bottles of the soda. These photos can be put on a small order of custom-made soda, or, if the photos are interesting enough, they can be put into production and used as labels for a whole production run. This strategy is effective at getting customers to co-create the product, and engaging customers with the brand.

It could be argued that the Macys Thanksgiving Day parade is a type of experiential marketing, as the viewer is invited to experience floats and entertainment tied to specific brands (and Macy's itself).

Another example of engagement marketing is seen in the marketing strategy of Jaihind Collection Pune for their paraplegic fashion Show.

In the 21st century, engagement marketing has taken a new turn with the advent of different technologies. The effect of smartphones, touchscreens and virtual reality has become prominent. Examples of such engagement marketing can be found online. Though technological advancement made such campaigns possible, innovative ideas remain as important as ever.

## Common offline engagement marketing tools

* Street marketing, also known as street teams
* Youth marketing, also known as entertainment marketing
* Event management, also known as event marketing
* Mobile marketing tours: often, brands will utilize custom-branded RVs, buses, and motor coaches to draw attention to their offering, serving as mobile billboards as well as mobile centers to create brand experiences on-site in retail parking lots or at larger events.
* Marketing through amenities: companies promote their brands through interactive marketing via amenities such as charging stations.
* IOT Device connected to social platforms that display the numbers of fans and personalised messages to the offline customers.
* Immersive storytelling uses immersion or immersive technology to create virtual brand worlds for consumers to engage with. Using technology such as virtual and augmented reality, CGI and 360° video content, face and gesture recognition, holographics and ultra-haptics, 3D scanning/mapping/printing, wearable and touchscreen technologies, geo-location technologies, drones, photobooths and magic eyes, brands can interact with their audiences in new and creative ways.

## Common online engagement marketing tools

* Blogs: For engagement marketing purposes, companies can share content on their own blogs and participate as a commenter or content provider on relevant external blogs. Hosting a campaign that gives prizes to external blogs readers for their participation in a contest is an example of an engagement marketing campaign aimed at external blogs.
* Social networking sites: Social networking sites (such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter) are ideal for engagement marketing because they provide a way for people to interact with brands and create a two-way dialogue between customers and companies. Most companies maintain a presence on several of these sites. Some of these platforms have also created specific types of online presences for companies. For example, Facebook introduced Fan pages in 2007. Engagement outcomes such as sharing behaviours include motivations such as enjoyment, self-efficacy, learning, personal gain, altruism, empathy, social engagement, community interest, reciprocity, and reputation as well as social response to fan page cues such as social interactive value, visual appearance and identity attractiveness of the branded object Ideally, activations such as photo booths tied the event experience back to the user's social channels.
* Webcasts: Differing from internal webcast meetings with a small, specific invitation list, engagement marketing online events are aimed at a much larger and public audience. They are typically available live or on-demand, which allows viewers to view content on their schedule. Similar to conferences, audience members can ask the speakers questions and participate in polls during live webcasts.
* Email campaigns: One of the earliest online engagement marketing tools, email marketing requires target audiences to opt-in to directly receive a marketer's emails. Companies can also encourage individuals to share their messages virally, via the forwarding of emails to colleagues, friends and family.
* Crowdsourcing: Crowdsourcing sites offer engagement marketing opportunities through their open media contests. Crowdsourcing sites like these generate brand ambassadors as an organic byproduct of the crowdsourcing process itself by encouraging users to share their submissions on various social networking sites. By first engaging fans and consumers in the act of shaping the brand identity itself, there is increased brand awareness and development of brand relationships well before launching any official media campaign.

## Bibliography

* Ahonen, T. and Moore, Alan. "Communities Dominate Brands: Business and Marketing Challenges for the 21st Century", Futuretext, 2005. ISBN 0-9544327-3-8
* Tönnies, Fredinand. "Community and Society: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft", Dover Publications (December 3, 2002). ISBN 978-0-486-42497-2


title: Enda Wyley

abstract: Enda Wyley is an Irish writer of poetry and children's literature.

text:
# Enda Wyley

**Enda Wyley** is an Irish writer of poetry and children's literature.

## Life

Enda Wyley was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin in 1966 and lives in Dublin.

She was awarded a B.Ed. by the Marino Institute of Education, Dublin and then worked for twenty years as a primary school teacher.

She obtained an M.A in creative writing from Lancaster University.

She is married to Peter Sirr who is also a poet and they have one daughter.

## Work

She writes poetry and children's literature.

She has been the Poet-at-Work in the Coombe Maternity Hospital, Dublin and Writer in Residence at the Marino Institute.

## Works

### Poetry

* *Eating Baby Jesus* (Dedalus Press, 1993)
* *Socrates in the Garden* (Dedalus Press, 1998)
* *Poems for Breakfast* (Dedalus Press, 2004)
* *To Wake to This* (Dedalus Press, 2009)
* *Borrowed Space, New and Selected Poems* (Dedalus Press, 2014)
* *The Painter on his Bike* (Dedalus Press, 2019).

### Children's literature

* *Boo and Bear* (O'Brien Press, 2003)
* *The Silver Notebook* (O'Brien Press, 2007)
* *I Won’t Go to China!* (O'Brien Press, 2009)

## Awards

1. "Celebrating our lives in poetry and emotion". *Irish Independent*. 17 April 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
2. "Enda Wyley". *Poetry Ireland*. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
3. "Enda Wyley". *Dedalus Press*. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
4. "Writer's block with Irish Poets Enda Wyley and Peter Sirr". *The Gloss*. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
5. "Enda Wyley". *Dedalus Press*. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
6. "Enda Wyley". *O'Brien Press*. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

## InfoBox

| Enda Wyley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Enda Wyley
April 17, 1966
Dún Laoghaire, Ireland |
| Occupation | Poet, Writer |
| Alma mater | Marino Institute of Education |


title: Energy in Vermont

abstract: Vermont electric power needs are served by over twenty utilities. The largest is Green Mountain Power, a subsidiary of Énergir which recently also took over Central Vermont Public Service. Together this single company represents 70% of the retail customers in Vermont. The state is a small electricity consumer compared with other states. Therefore, its electricity sector has the lowest carbon footprint in the country. As of 2010, the state had the lowest wholesale electricity costs in New England. Efficiency Vermont engages in aggressive initiatives to cut residential electricity waste, which often identifies other problems that it claims can save hundreds per household per year. Accordingly, Vermont's overall energy bills are also relatively lower than in the rest of the New England states. Vermont also has arguably the most technologically advanced transmission grid in the US, linked by 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of optical fiber cable which is available not only for smart grid applications but also for connectivity purposes for Vermont communities. The state-owned transmission utility VELCO has marketed this capacity for municipal broadband, WISP and commercial ISPs as backhaul.

text:
# Energy in Vermont

Vermont electric power needs are served by over twenty utilities. The largest is Green Mountain Power, a subsidiary of Énergir which recently also took over Central Vermont Public Service. Together this single company represents 70% of the retail customers in Vermont. The state is a small electricity consumer compared with other states. Therefore, its electricity sector has the lowest carbon footprint in the country. As of 2010, the state had the lowest wholesale electricity costs in New England. Efficiency Vermont engages in aggressive initiatives to cut residential electricity waste, which often identifies other problems (leaks, pest entry points, mold, rot) that it claims can save hundreds per household per year. Accordingly, Vermont's overall energy bills are also relatively lower than in the rest of the New England states.

Vermont also has arguably the most technologically advanced transmission grid in the US, linked by 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of optical fiber cable which is available not only for smart grid applications but also for connectivity purposes for Vermont communities. The state-owned transmission utility VELCO (Vermont Electric Power Company) has marketed this capacity for municipal broadband, WISP and commercial ISPs as backhaul.

## Vehicle fuels

Vermont, like most of the US, relies on gasoline and diesel as primary vehicle fuels. Electric vehicle charging stations are still uncommon in rural areas, and electric vehicles (whose batteries are affected by cold climates) are not in widespread use.

## Industrial and agricultural uses

Direct utilization of wind, water, sun and geothermal power by industrial plants and mills is now very uncommon in the state except for a few artisan or demonstration or museum projects. Windmills are still used for water pumping in some areas but increasingly this generates electricity to drive an on-demand pump, rather than operating only when the wind is blowing.

## Electricity

### Grid

Vermont has one of the most sophisticated smart grid implementations in the United States. In 2012 the state, VELCO and all 20 distribution utilities built (with contractor IBM) a 17-terabit-capable dark fiber optic network to all electrical substations in Vermont, at a cost of about $53 million recovered from operations savings (mostly prevention of outages). By contrast with other smart grid initiatives in Tennessee and Virginia, where universal wired fiber communication connectivity was a major goal, VELCO cited its internal "high-bandwidth, two-way communication requirements \[for\] synchophasors" and latency-sensitive protocols that respond to shifts in demand in under 50ms (one-twentieth of a second) to prevent problems.

About 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of fiber was deployed to 65 substations, reaching nearly 70 percent of Vermont's towns. This capacity was considered in setting Vermont's 10-year Telecommunications Plan that would "essentially require fiber optic broadband speeds to every Vermont home by 2024" as mandated by the National Broadband Plan (United States). Providers like ECFiber have reached many Vermont towns using public backhaul already. In 2015 the FCC ruled in favour of public and thus also ratepayer subsidies that achieve economic development goals. Accordingly, there was no regulatory barrier to deploying grid fiber for this need.

### Supply

In 2013, the total summer generating capacity of Vermont was 1,235 megawatts.

#### Imports

Since the 1980s, the state has turned to Quebec, its northern neighbor, to fulfill part of its energy needs. A first long-term supply contract has been signed between Vermont utilities and government-owned Hydro-Québec on July 25, 1984. The contract was renewed for 26 years in a deal signed in 2010.

Despite the closing of Vermont Yankee, the state continued to rely on nuclear fission power imported from Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant in NH.

#### Renewable energy

In May 2009, Vermont created the first statewide renewable energy feed-in law. In 2010, there were about 150 methane digesters in the nation, Vermont led the nation with six online.

The state has 78 hydro power dams with a combined capacity of 143 MW, about 12 percent of the state's total requirement. Vermont experts estimate that the state has the capacity to ultimately generate from 134 to 175 MW of electricity from hydro power.

### Transmission

All Vermont utilities get their power from lines run by ISO New England. Each utility pays a share of transmitting power over these lines. Vermont's share is about 4.5 percent. A unique aspect of Vermont's electric power system is the Vermont Electric Power Company (VELCO.) VELCO is a utility that's sole purpose is to maintain the state's main transmission lines which move power through the state and deliver it to the various customer-facing utilities' systems throughout the state. VELCO is owned collectively by the state's customer-facing utilities and operates the higher voltage 115 kV, 345 kV, and HVDC lines throughout the state as well as the major transmission substations. The customer facing utilities, such as Green Mountain Power, maintain lower voltage subtransmission lines (below 69 kV) which bring power from the major VELCO transmission substations to smaller distribution substations as well as the distribution lines that bring power from substations to customers.

### Demand

In 2005, the inhabitants of the state used an average of 5,883 kilowatt hours of electricity per capita. Another source says that each household consumed 7,100 kilowatt-hours annually in 2008.

Retail sales in 2013 totalled 5.5 million MWh.

### Retail industry structure

Vermont does not allow customers to shop for competitive energy suppliers. The state's sole investor owned utility, Green Mountain Power (GMP), serves about 80 percent of Vermont's customers. The remaining customers are served by two non-profit cooperative utilities and 14 municipal utilities. GMP became the state's largest power company through its merger with Central Vermont Public Service (CVPS) in 2012.

### Cost (to consumer)

While Vermont paid the lowest rates in New England for power in 2007, it was still ranked among the highest eleven states in the nation; about 16 percent higher than the national average. In 2017, retail electric rates were $.17 per kwh, in direct contrast to rates in other states such as Delaware, where retail rates were $.07-.09 per kwh. In 2009, the state had the highest energy rates for energy (including heating) in the US and the worst affordability gap nationwide.

The state's strategy to reduce costs focused on reliability, outages and maintenance, including the rollout of one of the best-connected smart grid infrastructures in the US, at a cost of $53 million, paid back entirely by such savings, starting in 2012. Increased economic activity due to reliable power and broadband was expected to further spread costs of maintenance of rural power networks across a larger tax base.

Efficiency Vermont estimates that about $300/year in savings can be achieved simply by monitoring power use effectively via passive device replacements and by monitoring enabled by home automation or by smart meters. In the above comparison, if Vermont were to deregulate the electric market and allow outside electric suppliers to bid on providing energy, such as Delaware, a family who uses 1,000 kwh per month could see a 50% reduction in their bill, or $90 per month, or $1080 per year. This far surpasses the Efficiency Vermont target. The state has been aggressive in assisting persons exposed to peak pricing to identify waste and remove it, and focused on reduction of the overall energy bill rather than on reducing rates.

## History

### James Bay

Vermont become embroiled in the controversy regarding James Bay hydroelectric developments by Hydro Quebec in the 1980s and 1990s. It was one of the customers that refused to buy imported power from Quebec until the James Bay Cree and Inuit had signed an agreement. By 2010 these issues were considered fully settled and a comprehensive agreement between Quebec and Vermont guaranteed the latter a reliable supply of hydroelectric power via the massive HQ transmission corridor.

### Vermont Yankee

The Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant was commissioned in 1972.

Vermont through the 2010s had the highest rate of nuclear-generated power in the nation, 73.7 percent. Vermont was also one of only two states with no coal-fired power plants, which nuclear proponents often cited as a reason to keep it open.

Anti-nuclear political pressure ramped up after Three Mile Island accident, Chernobyl and especially the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011.

As of 2010, most of the energy was purchased wholesale for distribution from Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant and Hydro-Québec. The costs at Vermont Yankee were about 3 to 5 cents per kilowatt hour.

In August 2013, Entergy announced that economic factors, notably the lower cost of electricity provided by competing natural gas-fired power plants, forced it to cease operations and schedule the decommissioning of the plant, which happened at the end of 2014. The plant closed eighteen years before its current operating license was set to expire on March 21, 2032.

1. Linowes, Lisa (8 December 2010). "Vermont's pending price shock". Barton, Vermont: The Barton Chronicle. p. 6.
2. "Vermont and IBM Build Fiber Network for Smart Grid".
3. Steve Zind. "VELCO Network Highlights Potential And Challenge Of Statewide Fiber-Optic Broadband".
4. "FCC Ruling on Community Broadband a 'Relief' for Supporters". Archived from the original on 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
5. "State Electric Profiles". Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
6. Bolduc, André; Hogue, Clarence; Larouche, Daniel (1989). *Hydro-Québec After 100 Years of Electricity*. Montreal: Libre-Expression. p. 318.
7. Osterlund, Peter (July 19, 1984). "New England plugs into Canadian energy". *The Christian Science Monitor*. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
8. "Governor, Premier announce preliminary Vermont-Hydro-Québec agreement" (Press release). Hydro-Québec. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
9. "Pain from Closing Vermont Yankee Lingers". *Northwest Clean Energy*.
10. Austin, Anna. "Vermont first state to pass renewable energy feed-in law". *Biomassmagazine.com*. Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
11. Dunbar, Bethany M. (10 February 2010). "Dairy farmers are making more than milk these days". *bartonchronicle.com*. Barton, Vermont: The Barton Chronicle. p. 1.
12. Baird, Joel Banner (9 August 2009). "Vermont Dam Dilemma". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 1D.
13. Gresser, Joseph (August 20, 2008). *Panel considers small hydro power potential*. The Barton Chronicle.
14. Gresser, Joseph (November 5, 2008). "VEC seeks a 9.2 percent rate hike". *The Barton Chronicle*.
15. U.S. Per Capita Electricity Use By State In 2005. "Data – Swivel". Swivel.com. Retrieved 2010-07-31.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
16. Bill Morris, What's the Greenest Place in America? Hint: It Has 8 Million People, AOL News, December 4, 2009
17. Coutts, Jim (28 June 2009). "My Turn: Vermont's energy support program is long overdue". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 7B.
18. Handelsman, Richard (December 1, 2008). *My Turn: Truths, half-truths about energy*. Burlington Free Press.
19. "Efficiency Vermont's new online energy tool for utility customers - Metering.com". *Metering.com*. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
20. "NRC: Operating Nuclear Power Reactors (by Location or Name)".
21. Hemingway, Sam (July 20, 2008). *Nukes by the numbers*. Burlington Free Press.
22. "Vermont Yankee nuclear plant shutdown complete - The Boston Globe". *BostonGlobe.com*. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
23. "NRC license renewal letter March 22, 2011" (PDF). Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 2019-08-06.

## Further reading


# English cricket team in Australia in 2013–14

The England cricket team toured Australia during the 2013–14 season from 31 October 2013 to 2 February 2014. The series included the traditional five Tests for The Ashes, and also featured five One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three T20 Internationals (T20Is).

Australia dominated all three formats on the tour, their only loss coming in the fourth ODI. As a result of the tour, England's Test coach Andy Flower was relieved of his duties with the team, while batsman Kevin Pietersen was informed that he would no longer be considered for selection by the national team.

## Squads

| Tests | | ODIs | | T20Is | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | England | Australia | England | Australia | England |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |

±Late addition

## Background

The two teams were meeting after a gap of less than six months. These back to back Ashes series were being staged after 38 years, reminiscent of the 1970s. The move was initiated keeping in mind the 2015 World Cup that Australia and New Zealand were to host. The previous edition of the Ashes was played in England in July 2013 with England emerging comfortable winners. England had won the previous three editions of the Ashes and were tipped to win this edition as well. They were looking to emulate a feat that had not been achieved since the 1890s, win four Ashes on the trot. Simply going by Australia's performances in the recent past, it was assumed that the result was a foregone conclusion. Australia's batting was clearly found wanting in the previous series and they had lost matches from seemingly comfortable situations, as was seen in Durham and Lord's. The series had was also shadowed by the controversy surrounding Stuart Broad's refusal to walk in the previous series after clearly edging Ashton Agar to Michael Clarke in the first test at Trent Bridge. He was dubbed a "smug, pommie cheat" by sections of the media and with coach Darren Lehman's unsavory comments, things were even more interesting.

## Tour matches

### First-class: Western Australia Chairman's XI v England XI

* Western Australia Chairman's XI won the toss and elected to bat

The England team arrived in Australia in late October looking to get the tour off to a good start, but the Chairman's XI were more than a match for them. Chris Lynn was loaned to Western Australia by Queensland, overlooked for their Sheffield Shield clash being played at the same time. This move paid off as Lynn made a blistering 104, only his third first-class century as each of Western Australia's top four batsmen made half-centuries. England's fast-bowling trio of Chris Tremlett, Boyd Rankin and Steven Finn struggled for line and length on the WACA wicket and Chairman's XI declared at 5/451. England began to fight back however as Michael Carberry made 78 and both Jonathan Trott and Ian Bell made centuries, the former didn't get out and made 113 and the latter retired on 115. England were eventually bowled out for 391 and half-centuries to Mitchell Marsh and Lynn meant that the game ended in a draw.

### First-class: Australia A v England XI

* England XI won the toss and elected to bat.
* No play was possible on Day 2 or 3 due to rain.

England turned things around against Australia A as the tourists piled on the runs. Australia A were luckless in the field as England's Michael Carberry and captain Alastair Cook each made 150 as England finished the first day on 318 without loss. The rain was relentless on Days 2 and 3, meaning no play was possible and the game was headed for a certain draw. Both Cook and Carberry retired ahead of Day 4, when Joe Root made 58 and Ben Cutting was the pick of the bowlers. England finally put Australia A out of their misery and declared at 7/430. Only 31 overs were bowled as Alex Doolan made 31 as another tour match went down as a draw.

### First-class: Cricket Australia Invitational XI v England XI

* England XI won the toss and elected to field.

England were dominant early on against the Invitational XI taking 5/93 in just over 30 overs. Ed Cowan provided the only resistance with 51, until the New South Wales duo of Ryan Carters and Peter Nevill fought back with 94 and 83, respectively. The partnership was broken on Day 2 and the visitors were left chasing 304. They passed the total easily as Cook, Trott, Kevin Pietersen and Root all made half-centuries, despite James Muirhead's four wickets. Aaron Finch made a half-century as his side made 261 leaving England with 148 to win and Carberry's fifty ensured that England won by seven wickets.

### Two-day: Cricket Australia Chairman's XI v England XI

* Cricket Australia Chairman's XI won the toss and elected to field.

After losing the first test at The Gabba, the England side headed to Traeger Park in Alice Springs for a two-day game against the Cricket Australia Chairman's XI. In what proved to be a rough first day for England, Gary Ballance was the only man to pass 50 as the tourists made a modest 7/212 before declaring. Steven Cazzulino and Marcus Harris both fell short of half-centuries as the Chairman's XI declared at 8/254. England batted for only 16 more overs for 1/47, of which Carberry made 37 as yet another tour match finished in a draw.

### 50-over: Prime Minister's XI v England XI

* England XI won the toss and elected to bat.

Former Australia fast bowler Brett Lee was chosen to captain the Prime Minister's XI. This was substantiated as the 37-year-old took the wicket of England captain Alastair Cook. Gary Ballance and Jos Buttler both scored fifties as England made their way to 264. The England bowlers did the rest of the work, led by Ravi Bopara. Brad Hodge and ACT batsman Michael Spaseski provided the only resistance as the Prime Ministers' XI were bundled out for just 92.

## Test series

### First Test

### Second Test

* Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
* Rain on Day 1 meant only 14.2 overs were possible before lunch; the lost overs were recovered before the end of the day.
* Ben Stokes (Eng) made his Test debut.

### Third Test

* Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
* Alastair Cook (Eng) made his 100th Test appearance.
* *Michael Clarke (Aus) made his 100th Test appearance.*

### Fourth Test

* Australia won the toss and elected to field.
* Monty Panesar (Eng), Shane Watson and Peter Siddle (both Aus) made their 50th Test appearances.
* *91,092 people attended the first day of the match, a new world record attendance for a Test match.*

### Fifth Test

### Statistics

#### Batting

**Most runs**

| Player | Matches | Runs | Average | Highest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| David Warner | 5 | **523** | 58.11 | 124 |
| Brad Haddin | 5 | **493** | 61.62 | 118 |
| Chris Rogers | 5 | **463** | 46.30 | 119 |
| Michael Clarke | 5 | **363** | 40.33 | 148 |
| Shane Watson | 5 | **345** | 38.33 | 103 |

#### Bowling

**Most wickets**

| Player | Matches | Wickets | Runs | Econ | BBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mitchell Johnson | 5 | **37** | 517 | 2.74 | 7/40 |
| Ryan Harris | 5 | **22** | 425 | 2.55 | 5/25 |
| Stuart Broad | 5 | **21** | 578 | 3.57 | 6/81 |
| Nathan Lyon | 5 | **19** | 558 | 3.16 | 5/50 |
| Peter Siddle | 5 | **16** | 386 | 2.46 | 4/57 |

## ODI series

### 1st ODI

* England won the toss and elected to bat.

England lost early wickets but Gary Ballance and Eoin Morgan both made half-centuries to steady the ship as England made 269. A 163 run-partnership between David Warner and Aaron Finch, during which the latter became the first Victorian to score an ODI hundred at the MCG, helped Australia cruise to a six-wicket win with 26 balls to spare.

### 2nd ODI

* England won the toss and elected to bat.

A remarkable match began well for the tourists. Ian Bell made a half-century, but Jos Buttler fell one short. The English continued to score frequently and Eoin Morgan blasted 106 as England reached 300. The Australians responded well, both Shaun Marsh and Glenn Maxwell scored fifties, but the Australians collapsed to 9/244 and a comeback seemed unlikely, with Australia requiring 57 runs in 6 overs with only one wicket in hand. However, James Faulkner, aided by tail-ender Clint McKay, calmly backed himself to find the required boundaries, which he did with regularity as he smashed the required 57 to carry Australia to a heart-stopping one-wicket victory with three balls to spare.

### 3rd ODI

* England won the toss and elected to bat.

Alastair Cook's side won the toss on a pitch favouring the side batting first and made a swift start, yet were slowed down due to Australia's good bowling and fielding. Eoin Morgan was the only batsman to pass 50 for the tourists, his innings cut short by a return catch by Dan Christian amid some controversy. Although no Australian batsman made a hundred, fifties to David Warner and Shaun Marsh meant Australia finished with a seven-wicket victory to take an unassailable 3–0 lead in the series.

### 4th ODI

* Australia won the toss and elected to field.

On the 91st day of the tour, England finally beat Australia for the first and only time on the tour. Cook made 44, Buttler hit 71, 55 from Bell as well as 70 from Ben Stokes helped England reach 316. Despite 108 from Aaron Finch, the Australian chase was unsuccessful as England won by 57 runs.

### 5th ODI

* Australia won the toss and elected to bat.

Australia started slowly, falling to 4/64 before a score of 56 from George Bailey helped them to 217 all out. Cook, Root and Morgan all scored well to take England close, but Ravi Bopara was unable to bring the team to victory, falling victim to an odd stumping by Matthew Wade, as the Australians won the game and the series.

### Statistics

#### Batting

**Most runs**

| Player | Matches | Runs | Average | Highest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eoin Morgan | 5 | **282** | 56.40 | 106 |
| Aaron Finch | 5 | **258** | 51.60 | 121 |
| Ian Bell | 5 | **207** | 41.40 | 68 |
| Shaun Marsh | 4 | **177** | 59.00 | 71 |
| Jos Buttler | 5 | **163** | 40.75 | 71 |

#### Bowling

**Most wickets**

| Player | Matches | Wickets | Runs | Econ | BBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| James Faulkner | 5 | **11** | 280 | 6.08 | 4/67 |
| Ben Stokes | 5 | **10** | 242 | 5.76 | 4/38 |
| Nathan Coulter-Nile | 5 | **10** | 249 | 5.08 | 3/34 |
| Tim Bresnan | 5 | **7** | 258 | 5.88 | 3/45 |
| Clint McKay | 3 | **6** | 141 | 4.86 | 3/36 |

## T20I series

### 1st T20I

A 106-run partnership set the tone for Australia's dominance as Aaron Finch made 52 and a returning Cameron White made 75. Debutant Chris Lynn smashed 33 as the Australians reached 213 from their 20 overs. England lost wickets frequently and a quick-fire 65 from Ravi Bopara wasn't enough to prevent Australia from winning the game by 13 runs.

### 2nd T20I

* England won the toss and elected to bat.

Good bowling from Josh Hazlewood and defensive fielding meant England could only reach 130, thanks in part to Jos Buttler, who top-scored with just 22. Cameron White again put on a show with 58 and Australia's captain George Bailey hit 60 to ensure the target was reached in less than 15 overs.

### 3rd T20I

* Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
* Chris Jordan (Eng) made his T20I debut.

Once again, Cameron White scored quickly and made 41 as cameos from Aaron Finch, Ben Cutting and 49 from George Bailey ensured the Australians made a big total of 195. 34 from Eoin Morgan was the only highlight for England as they slumped to just 111 giving the Australians a 3–0 series victory.

## InfoBox

| England in Australia in 2013–14 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | England | Australia |
| Dates | 31 October 2013 – 2 February 2014 | | |
| Captains | Alastair Cook (Tests and ODIs)
Stuart Broad (T20Is) | Michael Clarke (Tests and ODIs)
George Bailey (T20Is) |
| Test series | | | |
| Result | Australia won the 5-match series 5–0 | | |
| Most runs | Kevin Pietersen (294) | David Warner (523) |
| Most wickets | Stuart Broad (21) | Mitchell Johnson (37) |
| Player of the series | **Compton–Miller Medal:**
Mitchell Johnson (Aus) | | |
| One Day International series | | | |
| Results | Australia won the 5-match series 4–1 | | |
| Most runs | Eoin Morgan (282) | Aaron Finch (258) |
| Most wickets | Ben Stokes (10) | James Faulkner (11) |
| Player of the series | Aaron Finch (Aus) | | |
| Twenty20 International series | | | |
| Results | Australia won the 3-match series 3–0 | | |
| Most runs | Ravi Bopara (75) | Cameron White (174) |
| Most wickets | Stuart Broad (4) | Nathan Coulter-Nile (7) |


# English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022–23

The England cricket team toured Bangladesh in March 2023 to play three One Day International (ODI) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. The ODI series formed part of the inaugural 2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League. It was the first bilateral T20I series between the two teams, and England's first tour of Bangladesh since 2016.

Originally, the tour was scheduled to take place in September and October 2021, with the T20I matches having been used as preparation for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. However, in August 2021, the tour was postponed due to fixture congestion and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

The Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) confirmed that they were in talks with the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) to reschedule the matches before the cut-off time of the Super League. On 3 August 2021, the ECB confirmed that the tour had been re-arranged for March 2023. On 27 December 2022, both BCB and ECB confirmed the fixtures of the tour. However, later in January 2023, the tour's practice matches were cancelled by the ECB due to non-availability of several players and a busy international schedule.

England won the ODI series with 2–1 margin, ending Bangladesh's 7 years unbeaten run in ODI series at home since 2016.

Bangladesh won the first T20I match of the series, which was their first win against England and their 50th win in T20Is. They also defeated England in the rest two games to grasp the series 3–0.

## Squads

| ODIs | | T20Is | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bangladesh | England | Bangladesh | England |
|  |  |  |  |

On 16 February 2023, Tom Abell was ruled out of England's squad with a side strain. On 25 February 2023, ECB announced Will Jacks as Abell's replacement in England's ODI squad. However, on 5 March 2023, Jacks was ruled out of last ODI and the T20I series due to a left thigh injury.

On 2 March 2023, Shamim Hossain was added to Bangladesh's ODI squad.

## ODI series

### 1st ODI

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
* Will Jacks (Eng) made his ODI debut.
* World Cup Super League points: England 10, Bangladesh 0.

### 2nd ODI

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
* Shakib Al Hasan become the second Bangladeshi cricketer to play 400 international matches.
* World Cup Super League points: England 10, Bangladesh 0.

### 3rd ODI

## T20I series

### 1st T20I

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
* Towhid Hridoy (Ban) made his T20I debut.
* This was Bangladesh's first win against England in T20Is.

### 2nd T20I

### 3rd T20I

## InfoBox

| English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022–23 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | Bangladesh | England |
| Dates | 1 – 14 March 2023 | | |
| Captains | Tamim Iqbal (ODIs)
Shakib Al Hasan (T20Is) | Jos Buttler |
| One Day International series | | | |
| Results | England won the 3-match series 2–1 | | |
| Most runs | Shakib Al Hasan (141) | Jason Roy (155) |
| Most wickets | Shakib Al Hasan (6)
Taijul Islam (6) | Adil Rashid (8) |
| Player of the series | Adil Rashid (Eng) | | |
| Twenty20 International series | | | |
| Results | Bangladesh won the 3-match series 3–0 | | |
| Most runs | Najmul Hossain Shanto (144) | Jos Buttler (111) |
| Most wickets | Mehidy Hasan (4)
Taskin Ahmed (4) | Jofra Archer (4) |
| Player of the series | Najmul Hossain Shanto (Ban) | | |


title: Encentuate

abstract: Encentuate, Inc., was a privately held company that was started in Singapore in 2002, but eventually based in Redwood City, California before it was acquired by IBM in 2008. It developed an identity and access management software product focused on enterprise single sign-on and integration of strong authentication technology.

text:
# Encentuate

**Encentuate**, Inc., was a privately held company that was started in Singapore in 2002, but eventually based in Redwood City, California before it was acquired by IBM in 2008. It developed an identity and access management software product focused on enterprise single sign-on and integration of strong authentication technology.

## Company history

The company was founded in 2002 in Singapore by Singaporean entrepreneur Peng Tsin Ong, who also previously founded Interwoven and co-founded Match.com. In March 2008, IBM acquired Encentuate and added its Identity and Access Management product suite to the Tivoli Software portfolio. IBM started the IBM Security Software Laboratory in Singapore at the same time, since the Encentuate development team was mainly based in Singapore. The product was re-branded and released in September 2008 as IBM Tivoli Access Manager for Enterprise Single Sign-On version 8.0.

## Awards

In 2006, Encentuate, Inc., received the "Hot Companies -- 2006" Award from Info Security Products Guide, published by Silicon Valley Communications.

Encentuate, Inc. also won the SC Magazine Awards for three consecutive years:

* 2006: Best Single Sign-on and Best Two-Factor Solution
* 2007: Best Identity Management Solution
* 2008: Best Identity Management Solution and Best Multi- and Second-factor Solution


title: Endotricha puncticostalis

abstract: Endotricha puncticostalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Endotricha. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866, and is known from Australia, the Selayar Islands, Christmas Island, the Philippines, Sumba, Java, and Sulawesi.

text:
# Endotricha puncticostalis

***Endotricha puncticostalis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Endotricha*. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866, and is known from Australia, the Selayar Islands, Christmas Island, the Philippines, Sumba, Java, and Sulawesi.

## InfoBox

| *Endotricha puncticostalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Endotricha* |
| Species: | ***E. puncticostalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Endotricha puncticostalis***<br>(Walker, \[1866\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhisina puncticostalis* Walker, \[1866\] * *Endotricha ustalis* Snellen, 1880 * *Pyralis listeri* Butler, 1888 | |


title: Energy subsidy

abstract: Energy subsidies are measures that keep prices for customers below market levels, or for suppliers above market levels, or reduce costs for customers and suppliers. Energy subsidies may be direct cash transfers to suppliers, customers, or related bodies, as well as indirect support mechanisms, such as tax exemptions and rebates, price controls, trade restrictions, and limits on market access. During FY 2016–22, most US federal subsidies were for renewable energy producers, low-income households, and energy-efficiency improvements. During FY 2016–22, nearly half (46%) of federal energy subsidies were associated with renewable energy, and 35% were associated with energy end uses. Federal support for renewable energy of all types more than doubled, from $7.4 billion in FY 2016 to $15.6 billion in FY 2022. The International Renewable Energy Agency tracked some $634 billion in energy-sector subsidies in 2020, and found that around 70% were fossil fuel subsidies. About 20% went to renewable power generation, 6% to biofuels and just over 3% to nuclear.

text:
# Energy subsidy

**Energy subsidies** are measures that keep prices for customers below market levels, or for suppliers above market levels, or reduce costs for customers and suppliers. Energy subsidies may be direct cash transfers to suppliers, customers, or related bodies, as well as indirect support mechanisms, such as tax exemptions and rebates, price controls, trade restrictions, and limits on market access.

During FY 2016–22, most US federal subsidies were for renewable energy producers (primarily biofuels, wind, and solar), low-income households, and energy-efficiency improvements. During FY 2016–22, nearly half (46%) of federal energy subsidies were associated with renewable energy, and 35% were associated with energy end uses. Federal support for renewable energy of all types more than doubled, from $7.4 billion in FY 2016 to $15.6 billion in FY 2022.

The International Renewable Energy Agency tracked some $634 billion in energy-sector subsidies in 2020, and found that around 70% were fossil fuel subsidies. About 20% went to renewable power generation, 6% to biofuels and just over 3% to nuclear.

## Overview of all sources of energy

If governments choose to subsidize one particular source of energy more than another, that choice can impact the environment. That distinguishing factor informs the below discussion on all energy subsidies of all sources of energy in general.

Main arguments for energy subsidies are:

* Security of supply – subsidies are used to ensure adequate domestic supply by supporting indigenous fuel production in order to reduce import dependency, or supporting overseas activities of national energy companies, or to secure the electricity grid.
* Environmental and health improvement – subsidies are used to improve health by reducing air pollution, and to fulfill international climate pledges. For example the IEA says the purchase price of heat pumps should be subsidized.
* Economic benefits – subsidies in the form of reduced prices are used to stimulate particular economic sectors or segments of the population, e.g. alleviating poverty and increasing access to energy in developing countries. With regards to fossil fuel prices in particular, Ian Parry, the lead author of a 2021 IMF report said, "Some countries are reluctant to raise energy prices because they think it will harm the poor. But holding down fossil fuel prices is a highly inefficient way to help the poor, because most of the benefits accrue to wealthier households. It would be better to target resources towards helping poor and vulnerable people directly."
* Employment and social benefits – subsidies are used to maintain employment, especially in periods of economic transition. In 2021, with regards to fossil fuel prices in particular, Ipek Gençsü, at the Overseas Development Institute, said: "\[Subsidy reform\] requires support for vulnerable consumers who will be impacted by rising costs, as well for workers in industries which simply have to shut down. It also requires information campaigns, showing how the savings will be redistributed to society in the form of healthcare, education and other social services. Many people oppose subsidy reform because they see it solely as governments taking something away, and not giving back."

Main arguments against energy subsidies are:

* Some energy subsidies, such as the fossil fuel subsidies (oil, coal, and gas subsidies), counter the goal of sustainable development, as they may lead to higher consumption and waste, exacerbating the harmful effects of energy use on the environment, create a heavy burden on government finances and weaken the potential for economies to grow, undermine private and public investment in the energy sector. Also, most benefits from fossil fuel subsidies in developing countries go to the richest 20% of households.
* Impede the expansion of distribution networks and the development of more environmentally benign energy technologies, and do not always help the people that need them most.
* The study conducted by the World Bank finds that subsidies to the large commercial businesses that dominate the energy sector are not justified. However, under some circumstances it is reasonable to use subsidies to promote access to energy for the poorest households in developing countries. Energy subsidies should encourage access to the modern energy sources, not to cover operating costs of companies. The study conducted by the World Resources Institute finds that energy subsidies often go to capital intensive projects at the expense of smaller or distributed alternatives.

Types of energy subsidies are below. ("Fossil-fuel subsidies generally take two forms. Production subsidies...\[and\]...consumption subsidies."):

* Direct financial transfers – grants to suppliers; grants to customers; low-interest or preferential loans to suppliers.
* Preferential tax treatments – rebates or exemption on royalties, duties, supplier levies and tariffs; tax credit; accelerated depreciation allowances on energy supply equipment.
* Trade restrictions – quota, technical restrictions and trade embargoes.
* Energy-related services provided by government at less than full cost – direct investment in energy infrastructure; public research and development.
* Regulation of the energy sector – demand guarantees and mandated deployment rates; price controls; market-access restrictions; preferential planning consent and controls over access to resources.
* Failure to impose external costs – environmental externality costs; energy security risks and price volatility costs.
* Depletion Allowance – allows a deduction from gross income of up to ~27% for the depletion of exhaustible resources (oil, gas, minerals).

Overall, energy subsidies require coordination and integrated implementation, especially in light of globalization and increased interconnectedness of energy policies, thus their regulation at the World Trade Organization is often seen as necessary.

## Support for new technology

Early support of solar power by the United States and Germany greatly helped renewable energy commercialization to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, but may not have helped local manufacturing. Support for nuclear fusion continues, although it is not expected to be commercially viable in time to contribute to countries net zero targets. Energy storage research is also supported.

## Fossil fuel subsidies

Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies on fossil fuels. They may be tax breaks on consumption, such as a lower sales tax on natural gas for residential heating; or subsidies on production, such as tax breaks on exploration for oil. Or they may be free or cheap negative externalities; such as air pollution or climate change due to burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Some fossil fuel subsidies are via electricity generation, such as subsidies for coal-fired power stations.

Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies would reduce the health risks of air pollution, and would greatly reduce global carbon emissions thus helping to limit climate change. As of 2021, policy researchers estimate that substantially more money is spent on fossil fuel subsidies than on environmentally harmful agricultural subsidies or environmentally harmful water subsidies. The International Energy Agency says: "High fossil fuel prices hit the poor hardest, but subsidies are rarely well-targeted to protect vulnerable groups and tend to benefit better-off segments of the population."

Despite the G20 countries having pledged to phase-out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, as of 2023 they continue because of voter demand, or for energy security. Global fossil fuel consumption subsidies in 2022 have been estimated at one trillion dollars; although they vary each year depending on oil prices, they are consistently hundreds of billions of dollars.

## Bibliography

* Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020). Turkey Energy Outlook. *iicec.sabanciuniv.edu* (Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). ISBN 978-605-70031-9-5.


title: Enhanced GPS

abstract: EGPS is a technology designed for mobile phones on GSM and W-CDMA networks, to augment GPS signals to deliver faster location fixes, lower cost implementations and reduced power and processing requirements. It is being developed by CSR who has partnered with Motorola – together they intend to create an open industry forum. According to CSR, EGPS delivers a "universal positioning capability that will not only work reliably indoors and in zero GPS signal conditions, but greatly speed time to fix in poor GPS reception areas where most handsets are used." More specifically, it can "exploit data available from the cellular network to speed GPS fixes and provide complementary, fast, and reliable location sensing when GPS signals are weak or unavailable." CSR is hoping to add eGPS capabilities to handsets for less than $1 per unit. E-GPS combines CSR's "Matrix" technology with GPS – when a user initiates a location request they get a Matrix location instantly using cell tower information, accurate to within 100m. Then CSR's "Fine Time Aiding" helps the device know where to look for a GPS signal, to quickly acquire satellite information within seconds. Fine Time Aiding enables a more aggressive search and is claimed to be equivalent to 6 dB more sensitivity than can be achieved by any GPS hardware correlator in the terminal. CSR claim that this enables software-only GPS solutions to operate reliably in all environments, and that eGPS is superior to Assisted GPS. EGPS technologies are due in 2008. eGPS is much advanced than conventional GPS system provided with enhanced location search and integrated cellular connectivity.2;EGPS-English,Grammar,Puntunation,Spelling

text:
# Enhanced GPS

**EGPS** ( **EGPS**, **EGPS**, trademarked as eGPS) is a technology designed for mobile phones on GSM and W-CDMA networks, to augment GPS signals to deliver faster location fixes, lower cost implementations and reduced power and processing requirements. It is being developed by CSR who has partnered with Motorola  together they intend to create an open industry forum.

According to CSR, EGPS delivers a "universal positioning capability that will not only work reliably indoors and in zero GPS signal conditions, but greatly speed time to fix in poor GPS reception areas where most handsets are used." More specifically, it can "exploit data available from the cellular network to speed GPS fixes and provide complementary, fast, and reliable location sensing when GPS signals are weak or unavailable." CSR is hoping to add eGPS capabilities to handsets for less than $1 per unit.

E-GPS combines CSR's "Matrix" technology with GPS  when a user initiates a location request they get a Matrix location instantly using cell tower information, accurate to within 100m. Then CSR's "Fine Time Aiding" helps the device know where to look for a GPS signal, to quickly acquire satellite information within seconds. Fine Time Aiding enables a more aggressive search and is claimed to be equivalent to 6 dB more sensitivity than can be achieved by any GPS hardware correlator in the terminal.

CSR claim that this enables software-only GPS solutions to operate reliably in all environments, and that eGPS is superior to Assisted GPS. EGPS technologies are due in 2008.

eGPS is much advanced than conventional GPS system provided with enhanced location search and integrated cellular connectivity.2;EGPS-English,Grammar,Puntunation,Spelling

## Timeline

* February 2005 - The E-GPS system was first announced by developers CPS (Cambridge Positioning Systems Ltd)
* January 2007 - CPS is purchased by CSR, a manufacturer of bluetooth and wireless chips for mobile handsets
* January 2008 - CSR & Motorola announce that they intend to create an open industry forum for EGPS technologies

1. CSR announcement Feb 2005


title: Sabrina Richter

abstract: Sabrina Richter is a German former handball player and handball coach. She played and for the German national team. She retired in 2015. She represented Germany at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics, where Germany placed 11th. She participates at the 2009 World Women's Handball Championship in China. In 2021 she became the coach of her former club SG TuRa/Halden.

text:
# Sabrina Richter

**Sabrina Richter** (née Neukamp; born 10 May 1982) is a German former handball player and handball coach. She played and for the German national team. She retired in 2015.

She represented Germany at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics, where Germany placed 11th. She participates at the 2009 World Women's Handball Championship in China.

In 2021 she became the coach of her former club SG TuRa/Halden.

## InfoBox

| Sabrina Richter | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Neukamp in July 2008 in a match against Angola | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1982-05-10) 10 May 1982
Hagen, Germany | | |
| Nationality | German | | |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Playing position | Right Wing | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Retired | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| **Team** | | | |
|  | TuS 03 Hagen | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| -2001 | Hasper SV | | |
| 2001-2004 | HSG Blomberg-Lippe | | |
| 2004-2008 | Bayer Leverkusen | | |
| 2008-2012 | HSG Blomberg-Lippe | | |
| 2012-2014 | SG TuRa/Halden | | |
| 2014-2015 | Borussia Dortmund Handball | | |
| National team 1 | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2002-2015 | Germany | 147 | (347) |
| Teams managed | | | |
| 2021- | SG TuRa/Halden | | |
| 1 National team caps and goals correct
as of 5 February 2024 | | | |


title: Bolton Mountain (Vermont)

abstract: Bolton Mountain is a mountain located in Chittenden County, Vermont. Bolton is flanked to the north by Mount Mayo. Bolton Mountain stands within the watershed of Lake Champlain, which drains into Canada's Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The northeast slopes of Bolton Mountain drain into Miller Brook, thence into the Little River, the Winooski River, and into Lake Champlain. The southeast slopes of Bolton Mountain drain into Cotton Brook, thence into the Little River. The south end of Bolton drains into Joiner Brook, thence into the Winooski River. The west slopes of Bolton drain into Mill Brook, thence into the Winooski River. The northwest slopes of Bolton drain into Lee River, thence into Browns River, the Lamoille River, and into Lake Champlain. The Long Trail, a 272-mile (438-km) hiking trail running the length of Vermont, crosses the summit of Bolton Mountain.

text:
# Bolton Mountain (Vermont)

**Bolton Mountain** is a mountain located in Chittenden County, Vermont. Bolton is flanked to the north by Mount Mayo.

Bolton Mountain stands within the watershed of Lake Champlain, which drains into Canada's Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The northeast slopes of Bolton Mountain drain into Miller Brook, thence into the Little River, the Winooski River, and into Lake Champlain. The southeast slopes of Bolton Mountain drain into Cotton Brook, thence into the Little River. The south end of Bolton drains into Joiner Brook, thence into the Winooski River. The west slopes of Bolton drain into Mill Brook, thence into the Winooski River. The northwest slopes of Bolton drain into Lee River, thence into Browns River, the Lamoille River, and into Lake Champlain.

The Long Trail, a 272-mile (438-km) hiking trail running the length of Vermont, crosses the summit of Bolton Mountain.

## Climate

| Climate data for Bolton Mountain 44.4523 N, 72.8409 W, Elevation: 3,396 ft (1,035 m) (1991–2020 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 19.1
(−7.2) | 20.7
(−6.3) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 42.4
(5.8) | 56.0
(13.3) | 64.3
(17.9) | 68.2
(20.1) | 66.6
(19.2) | 60.5
(15.8) | 47.3
(8.5) | 34.5
(1.4) | 24.6
(−4.1) | 44.4
(6.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 11.2
(−11.6) | 12.9
(−10.6) | 21.0
(−6.1) | 34.1
(1.2) | 47.8
(8.8) | 57.0
(13.9) | 61.4
(16.3) | 59.8
(15.4) | 53.2
(11.8) | 40.6
(4.8) | 28.1
(−2.2) | 17.8
(−7.9) | 37.1
(2.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 3.3
(−15.9) | 5.1
(−14.9) | 13.4
(−10.3) | 25.9
(−3.4) | 39.6
(4.2) | 49.6
(9.8) | 54.7
(12.6) | 53.1
(11.7) | 45.9
(7.7) | 33.9
(1.1) | 21.8
(−5.7) | 11.1
(−11.6) | 29.8
(−1.2) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.28
(134) | 4.83
(123) | 5.47
(139) | 5.92
(150) | 6.30
(160) | 7.23
(184) | 6.77
(172) | 6.33
(161) | 6.06
(154) | 7.22
(183) | 6.04
(153) | 6.24
(158) | 73.69
(1,871) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Bolton Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3680+ ft (1122+ m)NGVD 29 |
| Prominence | 1,780 ft (540 m) |
| Coordinates | 44°26′57″N 72°50′22″W / 44.4492199°N 72.8395662°W / 44.4492199; -72.8395662 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Chittenden County, Vermont |
| Parent range | Green Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS *Bolton Mountain* |


abstract: The 1812 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on March 10, 1812. Incumbent Governor John Langdon did not run for re-election. Democratic-Republican candidate William Plumer defeated Federalist candidate and Former Governor of New Hampshire John Taylor Gilman. Since no candidate received a majority in the popular vote, Plumer was elected by the New Hampshire General Court per the state constitution.

text:
# 1812 New Hampshire gubernatorial election

The **1812 New Hampshire gubernatorial election** was held on March 10, 1812.

Incumbent Governor John Langdon did not run for re-election.

Democratic-Republican candidate William Plumer defeated Federalist candidate and Former Governor of New Hampshire John Taylor Gilman.

Since no candidate received a majority in the popular vote, Plumer was elected by the New Hampshire General Court per the state constitution.

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

1812 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Federalist | John Taylor Gilman | 15,613 | 48.82% |  |
|  | Democratic-Republican | William Plumer | 15,492 | 48.44% |  |
|  | Scattering |  | 877 | 2.74% |  |
| Majority | | | 121 | 0.38% |  |
| Turnout | | | 31,982 |  |  |

### Legislative election

As no candidate received a majority of the vote, the New Hampshire General Court was required to decide the election, both Houses in convention choosing among the top two vote-getters, Gilman and Plumer. The legislative election was held on June 4, 1812.

Legislative election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic-Republican** | **William Plumer** | **104** | **55.91%** |
|  | Federalist | John Taylor Gilman | 82 | 44.09% |
| Turnout | | | 186 |  |
|  | Democratic-Republican **hold** | | | |

1. "New-Hampshire Election". *Portland gazette and Maine advertiser*. Portland, Me. March 16, 1812. p. 3. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
2. "Governor Langdon". *Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political*. Alexandria, Va. February 20, 1812. p. 3. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
3. *Gubernatorial Elections, 1787-1997*. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc. 1998. p. 66. ISBN 1-56802-396-0.
4. Kallenbach, Joseph E.; Kallenbach, Jessamine S., eds. (1977). *American State Governors, 1776-1976*. Vol. I. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, Inc. p. 380. ISBN 0-379-00665-0.
5. *Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New-Hampshire, at their Session begun and holden at Concord, on the first Wednesday of June, 1812*. Concord: I. & W.R. Hill. 1812. p. 10.
6. Farmer, James. *The New Hampshire Annual Register and United States Calendar, 1833*. Concord: Marsh, Capen and Lyon. p. 18.
7. Carter, Hosea B., ed. (1891). "Gubernatorial Vote of New Hampshire – 1784 to 1890". *The New Hampshire Manual for the General Court 1680–1891*. Concord: Office of the Secretary of State. p. 152.
8. Coolidge, A. J.; Mansfield, J. B. (1860). *History and Description of New England. New Hampshire*. Boston: Austin J. Coolidge. p. 708.
9. "NH Governor, 1812". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
10. Glashan, Roy R. (1979). *American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978*. Westport, CT: Meckler Books. pp. 200–201. ISBN 0-930466-17-9.
11. "New Hampshire 1812 Governor, Ballot 2". *Tufts Digital Collations and Archives*. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
12. "On the 3d inst". *Portland gazette and Maine advertiser*. Portland, Me. June 15, 1812. p. 3. Retrieved December 11, 2021.

## InfoBox

1812 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **William Plumer** John Taylor Gilman   Party Democratic-Republican Federalist  Electoral vote **104** 82  Popular vote 15,492 15,613  Percentage 48.44% 48.82% | |
| ---  County results
**Plumer:**      50–60%      60–70%
**Gilman:**      50–60% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
John Langdon
Democratic-Republican **Elected Governor**
William Plumer
Democratic-Republican | |


title: Electrocutango

abstract: Electrocutango is an electrotango project founded by Sverre Indris Joner, based in Oslo, Norway. Their first album Felino is mainly original music created for TanGhost, a tango/theater performance based on Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts, directed by Per-Olav Sørensen (2004). The show was choreographed by famous Argentinian tango dancer Pablo Verón, who also acted in the performance. The music was awarded the prestigious Norwegian Edvard Award for "Best Music composed to stage/film/other art forms" in 2005. In 2006, the performance toured theaters worldwide, visiting the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, Ivan Vazov National Theatre in Bulgaria, and also theaters in Prague, Helsinki, The Faeroe Islands, Shanghai and Beijing. Electrocutango released their second CD, Adrenalina, in April 2011. The release-tour included venues in Buenos Aires like Club Catedral, Sanata Bar, Notorious and La Viruta. During their concert in Academia Nacional de tango, Sverre Indris Joner was given the honorary title "Academico Correspondiente" of the academy by the president Horacio Ferrer. During their tour to Buenos Aires Electrocutango collaborated with the French VJ Pierre Malacarnet who was making live VJ-ing and projections during their shows. A video of the song "Tango del Gringo" was filmed during the tour and is currently present on YouTube and other sites. The third album "Contrastes" is being released summer 2021 with all songs released as digital singles.

text:
# Electrocutango

**Electrocutango** is an electrotango project founded by Sverre Indris Joner, based in Oslo, Norway.

Their first album *Felino* is mainly original music created for *TanGhost*, a tango/theater performance based on Henrik Ibsen's play *Ghosts*, directed by Per-Olav Sørensen (2004). The show was choreographed by famous Argentinian tango dancer Pablo Verón, who also acted in the performance. The music was awarded the prestigious Norwegian Edvard Award for "Best Music composed to stage/film/other art forms" in 2005. In 2006, the performance toured theaters worldwide, visiting the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, Ivan Vazov National Theatre in Bulgaria, and also theaters in Prague, Helsinki, The Faeroe Islands, Shanghai and Beijing.

Electrocutango released their second CD, *Adrenalina*, in April 2011. The release-tour included venues in Buenos Aires like Club Catedral, Sanata Bar, Notorious and La Viruta. During their concert in Academia Nacional de tango, Sverre Indris Joner was given the honorary title "Academico Correspondiente" of the academy by the president Horacio Ferrer.

During their tour to Buenos Aires Electrocutango collaborated with the French VJ Pierre Malacarnet who was making live VJ-ing and projections during their shows. A video of the song "Tango del Gringo" was filmed during the tour and is currently present on YouTube and other sites.

The third album "Contrastes" is being released summer 2021 with all songs released as digital singles.

## Members

The project-members on the first CD *Felino* are

Sverre Indris Joner \- piano, composer, producer, programmer, arranger.

Odd Hannisdal \- violin.

Frode Larsen \- violin.

Steinar Haugerud \- double bass.

Per Arne Glorvigen \- bandoneón on tracks "Victoriosa" and "A Fuego Violento".

Julia Zenko \- vocals on "Renacere" and "Sin Piel".

The project-members on the second CD *Adrenalina* are:

Sverre Indris Joner \- piano, composer, producer, programmer, arranger.

Odd Hannisdal \- violin.

Mikael Augustsson \- bandoneón.

Steinar Haugerud \- double-bass.

Antonio Torner \- drums.

Julia Zenko \- vocals on "Yo soy maria".

The project-members on the third CD *Contrastes* are:

Sverre Indris Joner \- piano, composer, producer, programmer, arranger.

Odd Hannisdal \- violin.

Andreas Rokseth - bandoneón.

Steinar Haugerud \- double-bass.

Andreas Bye - drums.

Viktoria Anchissi Joner- vocals on "Penumbra".


title: Tell Taylor

abstract: Tell Taylor (aka Tellie né Tell Roberts;. Tell was born October 28, 1876 to Clarinda Jane Roberts and John Asbury Taylor, on a farm near the Village of Vanlue, Amanda Township, Hancock County, Ohio. He was an American traveling vaudeville performer, tenor vocalist, playwright, music publisher, composer, and lyricist who had written over 200 popular songs. His biggest hit was "Down by the Old Mill Stream" from 1910, one of the most commercially successful Tin Pan Alley publications of the era. The song was published by Tell Taylor, Inc., which he had co-founded in 1907. Taylor performed vaudeville theaters and founded a Chicago music publishing house bearing his name. His other notable songs include "He Sleeps Beneath the Soil of France," "I Love You Best of All," "If Dreams Come True," "Little Old Home in the Valley," "Rock Me to Sleep in the Old Rocking Chair," "Some Day," and "When the Maple Leaves Were Falling." Taylor also wrote the Broadway comedies Tiger Lillee and In New York Town.

text:
# Tell Taylor

**Tell Taylor** (aka **Tellie**  **Tell Roberts**;(October 28, 1876 – November 23, 1937). Tell was born October 28, 1876 to Clarinda Jane Roberts (1854-1930) and John Asbury Taylor (1853-1928), on a farm near the Village of Vanlue, Amanda Township, Hancock County, Ohio. He was an American traveling vaudeville performer, tenor vocalist, playwright, music publisher, composer, and lyricist who had written over 200 popular songs. His biggest hit was "Down by the Old Mill Stream" from 1910, one of the most commercially successful Tin Pan Alley publications of the era. The song was published by Tell Taylor, Inc., which he had co-founded in 1907. Taylor performed vaudeville theaters and founded a Chicago music publishing house bearing his name. His other notable songs include "He Sleeps Beneath the Soil of France," "I Love You Best of All," "If Dreams Come True," "Little Old Home in the Valley," "Rock Me to Sleep in the Old Rocking Chair," "Some Day," and "When the Maple Leaves Were Falling." Taylor also wrote the Broadway comedies *Tiger Lillee* and *In New York Town*.

## Career highlights

**Theater**

By 1892, at the age of 16, Taylor's name as a thespian began to be published in theater reviews of newspapers in and around New York, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and Missouri. Among the plays of that year featuring Taylor was *By Wits Outwitted*, written by Edward Owings Towne, where Taylor played the audacious hero (Valentine Navaro), and Florence Modena playing the pretty heroine (Fernanda). Taylor also played the part of *Bill Smith,* a farm hand, in *A Glimpse of Paradise,* by Frank S. Pixley, a one-act play that often preceded the three-act *By Wits Outwitted.*

**Music publishing and songwriting**

Before launching his Chicago publishing firm in 1907, Taylor had co-founded one of the original Tin Pan Alley publishing houses in New York City with fellow composer, Ernest R. Ball, and former New York City Mayor who then was a state senator, James J. Walker. In 1918, Earl Kelly Smith (1886–1954), who had been affiliated with Taylor's Chicago publishing house since 1908, opened a branch in New York City. In Chicago, Taylor composed songs and ran his own sheet music publishing firm from 1907 to 1922.

**Post publishing & singing**

In 1922, Taylor sold his Chicago publishing firm and purchased a farm for his parents near his boyhood home, on the outskirts of Findlay, Ohio, and spent the rest of his life there. In May, he formally assigned his catalog to Forster Music Publishers, Inc,. 216 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, However, "Down By The Old Mill Stream," his top selling composition, was not assigned until 1931.

**Death**

In the Autumn of 1937, prior to embarking on a trip to California to discuss a motion picture about his life, Taylor entered a Chicago bar and ordered a drink. Tell sat at a table, put his head down to rest and died from a heart attack at the age of 61 on November 23, 1937, in Chicago. He was buried in Van Horn Cemetery, Findlay, Ohio.

**Posthumous lawsuit over song**

In 1937, when the original copyright for "Down By The Old Mill Stream" was expiring, Earl Kelly Smith (1886–1954) filed an application to renew the copyright as co-composer. The renewal was granted. Jerry Vogel Music Company began publishing it. Forster Music, which had acquired the rights to the song from the heirs of Tell Taylor, filed suit to stop Vogel from publishing the song. In 1944, a US District Court in New York ruled in favor of Forster.

## Selected works

**G.W. Setchell Publisher (George William Setchell; 1860–1923), Boston**

* "Tommy: Tell Me True," lyrics by Taylor, music by Don Ramsay *(né* Donald Howard Lee Ramsay; 1877– ) (©1904) OCLC 18853408

**Forster Music Publisher, Inc., Chicago**

**Tell Taylor, Chicago**

Copyright renewed 1939 by Earl Kelly Smith (1886–1954), Hollywood, California * "Buckwheat Cakes," lyrics by Taylor, music by Fred Sloop, Jr. (1883–1966) (©1911) OCLC 433545183

Copyright renewed 1939 by Fred Sloop, Jr. (1883–1966), Steubenville, Ohio * "Forty Years Ago," lyrics by Dave Nowlin (pseudonym of Dave N. Robinson), music by Taylor (©1911) OCLC 498539329

Copyright renewed 1939 by Dave N. Robinson, Austin, Texas * "When the Maple Leaves Were Falling," lyrics & music by Taylor (©1913) OCLC 33308961

Copyright renewed 1941 by Jesse Thornton Taylor, Jr. (1890–1956) Findlay, Ohio

**Taylor Music Corp., Chicago**

* "When The Sun Goes Down in Rainbow Land," lyrics by Taylor, music by Fred Rose. Arrangement by Harry L. Alford. (©1919) OCLC 11288429

### Musical theater (vaudeville)

* *Tiger Lillies*
* *In New York Town* (1905)

## Marriages

On November 4, 1907, Taylor married Buda Godman *(née* Helen Julia Godman; 1888–Unknown ), the daughter of Otho and Julia Godman *(née* Conklin) of Chicago. Buda had met Taylor about two years prior when Taylor had been a dinner guest at the St. Joseph's Convent and Academy in Adrian, Michigan, where Helen had been attending school. Taylor had just started his songwriting career and was appearing with a traveling stage company in Adrian. Buda and Tell had become friends before dinner was over, but did not correspond afterward. Two years later, while attending the performance of "The Girl Question," by Howard, Adams, and Hough, at a theater in Chicago, Buda recognized Tell and sent a note to him backstage, and they became reacquainted. After spending time together lunching and dining during the following week, they met for dinner at a Chicago hotel, and sent for a judge to marry them in the hotel's parlor.

In 1910, Tell Taylor filed for divorce from Buda in Chicago. In late September of that year, the divorce was granted, with Tell accusing Buda of having "affinities" with other vaudevillains. In the divorce proceedings, Tell stated that "I married Buda when we both were drunk and I found out she was quite incapable of loyalty to anyone."

On July 8, 1913, Tell Taylor married again to Blanche Irene King (maiden; born 1887) in McLean County, Illinois. In 1921, Blanch filed for, and was granted a divorce from Tell Taylor in Chicago.

## Selected performances

**As cast member**

1. Academy of Music, New York

Opening night: August 7, 1902 Staged by John Stapleton 1. Milwaukee
2. La Salle Theater, Chicago

Opening night: August 17, 1907 Mort H. Singer *(né* Mortimer Henry Singer; 1876–1944), theater manager


title: Elaphromyia siva

abstract: Elaphromyia siva is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Elaphromyia of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Elaphromyia siva

***Elaphromyia siva*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Elaphromyia* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Elaphromyia siva* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Tephrellini |
| Genus: | *Elaphromyia* |
| Species: | ***E. siva*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaphromyia siva***<br>Frey, 1917 | |
|


title: Pulaski, Wisconsin

abstract: Pulaski is a village in Brown, Oconto, and Shawano counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 3,539 at the 2010 census. Of this, 3,321 were in Brown County, 218 in Shawano County, and none in Oconto County. The Brown and Oconto County portions of Pulaski are part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Pulaski, Wisconsin

**Pulaski** (/pəˈlæski/ *pə-LASS-kee*) is a village in Brown, Oconto, and Shawano counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 3,539 at the 2010 census. Of this, 3,321 were in Brown County, 218 in Shawano County, and none in Oconto County.

The Brown and Oconto County portions of Pulaski are part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

The village was named after the Polish Revolutionary War general Casimir Pulaski, who was responsible for creating America's first cavalry.

## Geography

Pulaski is located at 44°40′9″N 88°14′13″W / 44.66917°N 88.23694°W / 44.66917; -88.23694 (44.669220, -88.236994). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.77 square miles (7.17 km2), of which, 2.73 square miles (7.07 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water. Most of the village is located in Brown County, with only small portions extending north into Oconto County and west into Shawano County.

## Climate

| Pulaski   Climate chart (explanation)   Imperial conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  2.5     16 9       2.8     19 9       3.2     30 14       4.3     59 34       4.2     68 43       4.4     75 57       4     79 59       4.4     75 59       3.5     72 52       4.6     54 41       3.3     37 27       2.2     23 12   Average max. and min. temperatures in °F  Precipitation totals in inches |
| --- |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 436 |  |  |
| 1920 | 718 |  | 64.7% |
| 1930 | 839 |  | 16.9% |
| 1940 | 979 |  | 16.7% |
| 1950 | 1,210 |  | 23.6% |
| 1960 | 1,540 |  | 27.3% |
| 1970 | 1,717 |  | 11.5% |
| 1980 | 1,875 |  | 9.2% |
| 1990 | 2,200 |  | 17.3% |
| 2000 | 3,060 |  | 39.1% |
| 2010 | 3,539 |  | 15.7% |
| 2019 (est.) | 3,721 |  | 5.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,539 people, 1,418 households, and 934 families living in the village. The population density was 1,296.3 inhabitants per square mile (500.5/km2). There were 1,525 housing units at an average density of 558.6 per square mile (215.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.0% White, 0.3% African American, 1.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 1,418 households, of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.07.

The median age in the village was 33.6 years. 28.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 22.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,060 people, 1,185 households, and 795 families living in the village. The population density was 1,225.4 people per square mile (472.6/km2). There were 1,254 housing units at an average density of 502.2 per square mile (193.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.35% White, 0.33% African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95% of the population.

There were 1,185 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $43,017, and the median income for a family was $53,281. Males had a median income of $34,811 versus $25,101 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,711. About 5.5% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Media

## Recreation

Pulaski is host to the annual "Pulaski Polka Days", one of the largest festivals dedicated to the Polish in the United States. The festival draws polka bands from around the country. It closes with a Polka Day parade and traditional Polish Catholic Mass.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Pulaski, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nickname: Polka Capital of the World! | |
| Location of Pulaski in Brown County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 44°40′9″N 88°14′13″W / 44.66917°N 88.23694°W / 44.66917; -88.23694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| Counties | Brown, Shawano, Oconto |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.88 sq mi (7.45 km2) |
| Land | 2.84 sq mi (7.35 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.10 km2) |
| Elevation | 807 ft (246 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 3,539 |
| Estimate (2019) | 3,721 |
| Density | 1,311.13/sq mi (506.26/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 920 |
| FIPS code | 55-65675 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1581840 |
| Website | villageofpulaski.org |


abstract: The Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences was one of eight major academic divisions, or Colleges, of Purdue University. In 2010, its nursing and health sciences programs became part of the new College of Health and Human Sciences and its pharmacy program became the College of Pharmacy.

text:
# Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences

The **Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences** was one of eight major academic divisions, or *Colleges*, of Purdue University. In 2010, its nursing and health sciences programs became part of the new College of Health and Human Sciences and its pharmacy program became the College of Pharmacy.

## Departments

The College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences contained three schools including three minor academic divisions, or *Departments* and two affiliates.

### Schools

* School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
    + Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy
    + Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
    + Department of Pharmacy Practice
* School of Nursing
* School of Health Sciences

### Affiliates

* Purdue Cancer Center
* Purdue Interdepartmental NMR Facility

## History

In 1884 a two-year School of Pharmacy was founded. The School of Nursing began as a program in 1963 and was incorporated as a department into the Purdue University College of Technology in 1964. In 1979 the School of Health Sciences was formed under the newly organized Schools of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences. In 2005 this group was renamed the College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences. Five years later, the Schools of Nursing and Health Sciences became part of the new College of Health and Human Sciences, and the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences became the College of Pharmacy.

## InfoBox

Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences
| Active | 1979–2010 |
| --- | --- |
| Dean | Craig K. Svensson |
| Academic staff | 213 |
| Undergraduates | 1,893 |
| Postgraduates | 210 |
| Location | West Lafayette, IN, USA |
| Affiliations | Purdue University |
| Website | www.pnhs.purdue.edu |


title: Electricity sector in Malaysia

abstract: The electricity sector in Malaysia ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity in the country.

text:
# Electricity sector in Malaysia

The **electricity sector in Malaysia** ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity in the country.

## Regulators

Electricity in Malaysia is regulated by:

## Generation

### Installed capacity

The installed capacity in Peninsular Malaysia in 2014 was 8,636 MW.

### Power generation

Power generation in Peninsular Malaysia in 2014 came from natural gas (53.8%), coal (35.3%), hydropower (10.3%), distillates (0.6%) and MFO (0.04%).

### Power stations

## Transmission and distribution

### Transmission

### Interconnection

Power grid in Malaysia is interconnected to Singapore and Thailand.

## Load

### Peak load

The peak load in Peninsular Malaysia in 2014 was 16,901 MW.


title: El Burgo Ranero

abstract: El Burgo Ranero is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2010 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 841 inhabitants.

text:
# El Burgo Ranero

**El Burgo Ranero** (Spanish pronunciation: \[el ˈβuɾɣo raˈneɾo\]) is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2010 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 841 inhabitants.

42°25′N 5°13′W / 42.417°N 5.217°W / 42.417; -5.217

## InfoBox

| El Burgo Ranero, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| El Burgo Ranero, Spain | |
| Coordinates: 42°25′22″N 5°13′17″W / 42.42278°N 5.22139°W / 42.42278; -5.22139 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | León |
| Municipality | El Burgo Ranero |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gerásimo Vallejo Herreros (PSOE) |
| Area | |
| Total | 98.34 km2 (37.97 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 879 m (2,884 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 733 |
| Density | 7.5/km2 (19/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal Code | 24343 |
| Telephone prefix | 987 |
| Website | El Burgo Ranero |


title: Election litter

abstract: Election litter is the unlawful erection of political advertising on private residences or property owned by the local government. Often, election signs may only be displayed on private property with permission for a certain time within the election, and may not exceed a certain size. When placed on public property or public rights of way without permission, or if left on private property for too long, they are often in violation of littering laws or laws intended to prevent flyposting.

text:
# Election litter

**Election litter** is the unlawful erection of political advertising on private residences or property owned by the local government. Often, election signs may only be displayed *on private property with permission* for a certain time within the election, and may not exceed a certain size. When placed on public property or public rights of way without permission, or if left on private property for too long, they are often in violation of littering laws or laws intended to prevent flyposting.

## Banning election litter

Election litter usually is defined as placing campaign signs on public, government-owned property, or on privately owned property (including residences) without the owner's permission. It is usually banned by local government.

According to the "State Board of Elections littering notification" statute of the U.S. state of North Carolina:

> \[...\] the State Board of Elections shall notify the candidate of the provisions concerning campaign signs in G.S. 136‑32 and G.S. 14‑156, and the rules adopted by the Department of Transportation pursuant to G.S. 136‑18. (2001‑512, s. 7.)

Similarly, Chapter 23.04 of the San Jose (California) Municipal Code (adopted in August 2001) forbids the use of "election signs" on government-owned property, and only allows their use on private property with the permission of the owner of that property, and in residential areas with further restrictions. Setting up signs, and later removing them, is the responsibility of anyone who "undertakes an election campaign".

The "Litter Pollution Act" of County Kerry, Ireland, restricted the deposition of materials in public places, so as to create litter. It was enforced in cleaning up election litter in 2002. Violation of the Act is a summary offence.

### Limits on election signs

While almost all laws about election litter restrict its placement on tax-funded public property and private property without permission, there are also special time limits imposed. For example, election signs in San Jose, California, are allowed no more than 10 days after election; San Bruno, California, 14 days; Tucson, Arizona, 15 days; County Kerry (Ireland), 7 days after election.

In addition, regulation can be placed on the size of election signs. For example, Saint Paul, Minnesota, places an area limit of 16 square feet (1.5 m2). Tucson disallows the height of election signs to exceed 10 feet (3.0 m) in all districts, an area of 6 square feet (0.56 m2) in non-residential districts, and an area of 50 square feet (4.6 m2) in other districts.

## Cleanup of election litter

An excessive number of campaign signs is often considered a problem.

The elimination of election litter was supported in Makati in the Philippines. Organized by the DES (Department of Environmental Services), it was approximated that at least 95% of "leaflets, posters, streamers and billboards" were cleared, in according with an ordinance "prohibiting the defacement of walls and public spaces". In Taipei, Taiwan, the removal of election litter was ordered to give residents "a clean city".

## Litter in the courts

In 1984, the United States Supreme Court held that although political signs are protected under the First Amendment the state may enact and enforce content-neutral laws to limit their "visual assault on the citizens".

> The problem addressed by this ordinance -- the visual assault on the citizens of Los Angeles presented by an accumulation of signs posted on public property -- constitutes a significant substantive evil within the City's power to prohibit. "\[The\] city's interest in attempting to preserve \[or improve\] the quality of urban life is one that must be accorded high respect.

Later that decade the Fourth circuit court of appeal held in *Major Media of the Southeast v. City of Raleigh* 1987 that ". . . no empirical studies are necessary for reasonable people to conclude that billboards pose a traffic hazard, since by their very nature they are designed to distract drivers and their passengers from maintaining their view of the road."

Similarly the California Supreme Court held in *Metromedia v. San Diego* that ". . . as a matter of law that an ordinance which eliminates billboards designed to be viewed from streets and highways reasonably relates to traffic safety."

Some places allow election signs to be posted on public property, subject to certain restrictions. For example, in the United States, California's Department of Transportation allows "temporary political signs" in the lead up to an election, subject to certain requirements such as picking up the signs within a certain timeframe, size, and filing a statement of responsibility.

* A brochure by Litterbug.org advocating against election litter