title: Raffaele Bendandi

abstract: Raffaele Bendandi was an Italian clockmaker known for his predictions of earthquakes. Bendandi was self-taught and never published a verifiable scientific exposition of his theory.

text:
# Raffaele Bendandi

**Raffaele Bendandi** (17 October 1893 – 3 November 1979) was an Italian clockmaker known for his predictions of earthquakes. Bendandi was self-taught and never published a verifiable scientific exposition of his theory.

## Life and legacy

Bendandi was born in Faenza to a family of modest wealth. He only attended school for five years, but at the time of the solar eclipse of 30 August 1905 became interested in planetary motion in the Solar System. He worked for a watchmaker and an engraver, and also attended a technical drawing course, enabling him to make precision instruments and drawings to explore and demonstrate his theories. After the 1908 Messina earthquake, he began studying the tides, and also devised his own form of seismograph. In October 1914 he predicted in his unpublished notes that an earthquake would take place on 13 January 1915 and, after the Avezzano earthquake did occur on that day, killing 30,000 people, he devoted much of his time to studies of past earthquakes and planetary alignments, setting up his own observatory with seismographs.

After serving in the First World War, he joined the Italian Seismology Society in 1920. Over time, he developed his own theories, which he called "seismogenics", about the nature of earthquakes. He believed, unsupported by conventional scientific evidence, that they are caused by planetary alignment in the Solar System – that the Moon, Sun, and other planets have gravitational influence on the movements of the Earth's crust. He gained fame in Italy after he registered a statement with a notary predicting that an earthquake would strike on 2 January 1924. His prediction was off by two days – an earthquake occurred on 4 January 1924 in the region of Marche. Based on this prediction, the Italian newspaper *Corriere della Sera* ran a front-page story about Bendandi. In the 1920s, he published many predictions of earthquakes in various Italian and foreign newspapers, including *Il Progresso Italo-Americano*. Benito Mussolini was impressed by him, making him a Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy, but in 1928 banned him from making any further public predictions so as not to damage tourism.

In 1931 he published  *'Un Principio Fondamentale dell'universo'* . However, he never published any account of his forecasting methods. The only systematic approach to the Bendandi methodology and forecasting is being carried out by Lagorio and Ballabene, who are preparing some new dedicated software. The principles of Bendandi's predictive method were exposed during European Geosciences Union General Assembly (EGU) in Vienna on 15 April 2015.

He resumed publishing forecasts in 1950, and continued making predictions until 1977, but with a break in the late 1960s. One comparison between his forecasts and actual events states that "the accuracy of Bendandi's time forecasts proved to be remarkable". In later years, his forecasts became less specific in terms of date and location, but he reportedly forecast the quake of 6 May 1976 in Friuli which killed almost 1,000. He also claimed to have discovered a new planet between Mercury and the sun, which he named Faenza after his home town.

After his death, someone burned his papers. Remaining fragments made reference to 1996–2012 solar activity. His home in Faenza was later turned into a museum,  *'Casa Museo Raffaele Bendandi'.*

## Events of 2011

In January 2011, leaflets falsely claiming to come from the Protezione Civile, were distributed in the *comune* of Ciampino, stating that Bendandi had forecast an earthquake on 11 May 2011, and that residents should leave their homes before that day. Rumours continued to spread in particular through social networking sites, and specified that the earthquake would affect Rome. In May 2011 it was reported that people were fleeing Rome in readiness for an earthquake predicted to occur on 11 May. The existence of a prediction for that date was denied by the custodians of Bendandi's papers, while the Italian National Institute of Geology and Vulcanology (INGV) held an open day at its Rome office on the day. There was no earthquake in Rome that day. Nevertheless, some media reports drew attention to the fact that, on the same day, an earthquake hit the town of Lorca in Spain some 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) away. The INGV stated: "There is absolutely no link between Spain and Italy, geologically, or with the prediction of an earthquake in Rome."


title: Bąk, Gmina Karsin

abstract: Bąk is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Karsin, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) northeast of Karsin, 22 km (14 mi) south of Kościerzyna, and 67 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Bąk, Gmina Karsin

**Bąk** \[bɔnk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Karsin, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) northeast of Karsin, 22 km (14 mi) south of Kościerzyna, and 67 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Bąk | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Bąk | |
| Coordinates: 53°55′16″N 17°57′31″E / 53.92111°N 17.95861°E / 53.92111; 17.95861 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kościerzyna |
| Gmina | Karsin |
| Population | 213 |


title: Conus vautieri

abstract: Conus vautieri, common name Vautier's cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

text:
# Conus vautieri

***Conus vautieri***, common name **Vautier's cone**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

## Taxonomic relation

*Conus vautieri* was originally named as a subspecies of *Conus pulicarius* Hwass in Bruguière, 1792, but has been recognized as a valid species, alternative representation in the genus Puncticulis.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 27 mm and 75 mm. The spire is tuberculate. The sides of the body whorl are nearly direct. The color of the shell is white, with chestnut spots, overlaid here and there by lighter chestnut clouds.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Marquesas and New Caledonia.

## InfoBox

| *Conus vautieri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural and abapertural views of shell of *Conus vautieri* Kiener, L.C., 1845 | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. vautieri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus vautieri***<br>Kiener, 1845 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus (Puncticulis) vautieri* Kiener, 1847 · accepted, alternate representation * *Conus pulicarius vautieri* Kiener, 1845 * *Puncticulis pulicarius vautieri* Kiener, 1845 | |


title: Elvidin Krilić

abstract: Elvidin Krilić, is a Bosnian musician, accordionist, composer and educator. He was born in Sarajevo to a family that cherished Bosnian traditional folk music. As a young boy, he received his first musical inspiration from his father Mustafa Krilić, a well-known accordionist who worked with the major traditional vocalists of the ex-Yugoslav music scene from World War II on. After Elvidin Krilić completed elementary school, he entered the Secondary Music School in Sarajevo. Although Sarajevo was a center of European music activity, it did not have higher education programs for piano accordion, so Krilić studied clarinet with Professor Rajmund Likić. Although the clarinet was completely new to him, Krilić soon began to win provincial and national awards. He continued to improve his accordion skills as well, and made his first public appearances on accordion as a teen. He was an active member of the AKUD Slobodan Princip Seljo, one of the best-known cultural and artistic clubs in the former country. After completing the Secondary Music School, Krilić studied at the Sarajevo Music Academy with Professor A. Radan. At that time, the legend of sevdalinka, the late Ismet Alajbegović Šerbo, retired from the Folk Orchestra of the RTV Sarajevo. Krilić auditioned for and won the position, beginning his long professional career which eventually brought him together with many eminent soloists of traditional music. At the outbreak of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Krilić lived in Grbavica, the residential quarter of Sarajevo. When his two-year-old son was seriously injured, Krilić's family was relocated to Austria. Krilić remained in Sarajevo for the next two years to direct the Folk Orchestra of the RTVSA. He then joined his family in Austria, where he began a new career as a music teacher. He attended and graduated from the Austrian Music Conservatory, where he focused on classical accordion music. A versatile musician equally skilled in Eastern and Western musical traditions, he retains his love for the folk music of his people, appears with many traditional music stars, and actively helps young, talented musicians seeking to take their places in the music world.

text:
# Elvidin Krilić

**Elvidin Krilić** (born 30 September 1962; more commonly known as **Edo Krila**), is a Bosnian musician, accordionist, composer and educator. He was born in Sarajevo to a family that cherished Bosnian traditional folk music. As a young boy, he received his first musical inspiration from his father Mustafa Krilić, a well-known accordionist who worked with the major traditional vocalists of the ex-Yugoslav music scene from World War II on.

After Elvidin Krilić completed elementary school, he entered the Secondary Music School in Sarajevo. Although Sarajevo was a center of European music activity, it did not have higher education programs for piano accordion, so Krilić studied clarinet with Professor Rajmund Likić. Although the clarinet was completely new to him, Krilić soon began to win provincial and national awards. He continued to improve his accordion skills as well, and made his first public appearances on accordion as a teen. He was an active member of the AKUD Slobodan Princip Seljo, one of the best-known cultural and artistic clubs in the former country. After completing the Secondary Music School, Krilić studied at the Sarajevo Music Academy with Professor A. Radan.

At that time, the legend of sevdalinka, the late Ismet Alajbegović Šerbo, retired from the Folk Orchestra of the RTV Sarajevo. Krilić auditioned for and won the position, beginning his long professional career which eventually brought him together with many eminent soloists of traditional music.

At the outbreak of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Krilić lived in Grbavica, the residential quarter of Sarajevo. When his two-year-old son was seriously injured, Krilić's family was relocated to Austria. Krilić remained in Sarajevo for the next two years to direct the Folk Orchestra of the RTVSA. He then joined his family in Austria, where he began a new career as a music teacher. He attended and graduated from the Austrian Music Conservatory, where he focused on classical accordion music. A versatile musician equally skilled in Eastern and Western musical traditions, he retains his love for the folk music of his people, appears with many traditional music stars, and actively helps young, talented musicians seeking to take their places in the music world.

## InfoBox

| Elvidin Krilić | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-09-30) 30 September 1962 |
| Origin | Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Genres | folk, sevdalinka |
| Occupation | Musician |


title: Fearne Ewart

abstract: Fearne Ewart is a British former swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1956 Summer Olympics. She also represented England and won a bronze medal in the 440 yards freestyle relay at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, Canada. She won the 1955 ASA National Championship 100 metres freestyle title.

text:
# Fearne Ewart

**Fearne Ewart** (born 20 November 1936) is a British former swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

She also represented England and won a bronze medal in the 440 yards freestyle relay at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, Canada. She won the 1955 ASA National Championship 100 metres freestyle title.

## InfoBox

Fearne Ewart
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1936-11-20) 20 November 1936<br>Puttalam, British Ceylon |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Medal record      Swimming  Representing  England  British Empire & Commonwealth Games  1954 Vancouver 440 y freestyle relay | |


title: Book Industry Strategy Group

abstract: The Australian Book Industry Strategy Group (BISG) was an initiative of the Australian government to examine the impact of the digital age on the country's book publishing industry.

text:
# Book Industry Strategy Group

**The Australian Book Industry Strategy Group** (**BISG**) was an initiative of the Australian government to examine the impact of the digital age on the country's book publishing industry.

## Background

Then Minister for Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, Senator Kim Carr, established the Australian Book Industry Strategy Group in 2010. The group conducted market analysis research, took public submissions and held Stakeholder Workshops in which over 200 industry representatives participated. The BISG delivered its final report to Carr in September 2011. Following a launch at Parliament House, Canberra, the report was released to the public on 9 November 2011. It contains both recommendations to the Australian government and proposed actions for the publishing industry.

## Membership of the BISG

The BISG was chaired by writer, lawyer, and former politician Barry Jones. The group's members were:


title: Burnet County Courthouse

abstract: The Burnet County Courthouse is an historic courthouse located in Burnet, Burnet County, Texas, United States. The Moderne style building was constructed in part with Works Progress Administration funds and is the third building to serve as the Burnet County Courthouse. Lewis Milton Wirtz of Columbus designed the structure. It was completed August 1, 1937 at a cost of approximately $135,000. The first Burnet County Courthouse was a one-story frame building containing a courtroom, a jail and offices. In 1874, the courthouse, located on the southwestern corner of the present courthouse square, burned down. The second courthouse was constructed of limestone in 1875 and also housed a jail. When the 1875 courthouse fell into disrepair, the county decided to build a new courthouse. The need for a new courthouse had long been evident in Burnett County, with various county offices having to be housed outside the courthouse due to space constraints. The need for a new courthouse came to the forefront in 1934. In June of that year, a report of the Burnet County Grand Jury found that "the Tax Assessor and the Tax Collector are without a vault to protect the records of their offices," and noted that a fire could destroy valuable records. The grand jury recommended, since the two offices were set to be combined in to one in 1935, moving a men's restroom in the courthouse to accommodate the need for larger office space. In December of that year, Burnet Mayor W.C. Galloway proposed using government match-funding programs to construct a new courthouse. The last week of November, 1935, the Works Progress Administration announced that $74,000 had been allocated for the construction of a new courthouse and jail repairs in Burnett County. Because the courthouse was proposed as a Works Project Administration project, the local government of Burnet County was required to bear a portion of the costs. The county was required to come up with $74,000 to match with federal funds of $61,000. In order to raise these funds, the Burnet County Commissioners Court voted to hold an election to allow voters to decide if the county should sell bonds to come up with its portion of the funds necessary for the courthouse project. It was projected that the additional five-cent maintenance tax required to pay off the bonds would cost a property owner with $1,000 worth of property an additional fifty cents per year in taxes. The Burnett Bulletin editorialized in favor of the bonds. The bond election for voters to approve $74,000 in bonds to be matched with federal funding of $61,000 for a total of $135,000 to build the new courthouse was conducted December 21, 1935. The bond election passed by 81 votes, 401-320. 721 votes were cast. The box for the city of Burnett voted in favor of the bonds 236-30. County offices moved out of the old courthouse, and crews began tearing it down during the week of February 13, 1936. County Judge O.B. Zimmerman received the first installment check of $33,750 from the federal government for the courthouse project the week of April 2, 1936. Southern Office Furniture Company was awarded an $8,49.53 bid to outfit the courthouse with furniture and equipment in early February, 1937. The current Burnet County Courthouse is two-story and finished in polished pink granite veneer with scenes of Burnet County history and commerce etched in panels. The pink granite is the same material that was used on the Texas State Capitol. An addition designed by Willis Environmental Engineering of Marble Falls was constructed on the rear of the courthouse in 1974. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2000.

text:
# Burnet County Courthouse

The **Burnet County Courthouse** is an historic courthouse located in Burnet, Burnet County, Texas, United States. The Moderne style building was constructed in part with Works Progress Administration funds and is the third building to serve as the Burnet County Courthouse. Lewis Milton Wirtz of Columbus designed the structure. It was completed August 1, 1937 at a cost of approximately $135,000.

The first Burnet County Courthouse was a one-story frame building containing a courtroom, a jail and offices. In 1874, the courthouse, located on the southwestern corner of the present courthouse square, burned down. The second courthouse was constructed of limestone in 1875 and also housed a jail. When the 1875 courthouse fell into disrepair, the county decided to build a new courthouse.

The need for a new courthouse had long been evident in Burnett County, with various county offices having to be housed outside the courthouse due to space constraints.

The need for a new courthouse came to the forefront in 1934. In June of that year, a report of the Burnet County Grand Jury found that "the Tax Assessor and the Tax Collector are without a vault to protect the records of their offices," and noted that a fire could destroy valuable records. The grand jury recommended, since the two offices were set to be combined in to one in 1935, moving a men's restroom in the courthouse to accommodate the need for larger office space. In December of that year, Burnet Mayor W.C. Galloway proposed using government match-funding programs to construct a new courthouse.

The last week of November, 1935, the Works Progress Administration announced that $74,000 had been allocated for the construction of a new courthouse and jail repairs in Burnett County.

Because the courthouse was proposed as a Works Project Administration project, the local government of Burnet County was required to bear a portion of the costs. The county was required to come up with $74,000 to match with federal funds of $61,000. In order to raise these funds, the Burnet County Commissioners Court voted to hold an election to allow voters to decide if the county should sell bonds to come up with its portion of the funds necessary for the courthouse project. It was projected that the additional five-cent maintenance tax required to pay off the bonds would cost a property owner with $1,000 worth of property an additional fifty cents per year in taxes. The Burnett Bulletin editorialized in favor of the bonds.

The bond election for voters to approve $74,000 in bonds to be matched with federal funding of $61,000 for a total of $135,000 to build the new courthouse was conducted December 21, 1935.

The bond election passed by 81 votes, 401-320. 721 votes were cast. The box for the city of Burnett voted in favor of the bonds 236-30.

County offices moved out of the old courthouse, and crews began tearing it down during the week of February 13, 1936.

County Judge O.B. Zimmerman received the first installment check of $33,750 from the federal government for the courthouse project the week of April 2, 1936.

Southern Office Furniture Company was awarded an $8,49.53 bid to outfit the courthouse with furniture and equipment in early February, 1937.

The current Burnet County Courthouse is two-story and finished in polished pink granite veneer with scenes of Burnet County history and commerce etched in panels. The pink granite is the same material that was used on the Texas State Capitol.

An addition designed by Willis Environmental Engineering of Marble Falls was constructed on the rear of the courthouse in 1974. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2000.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Burnet County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Burnet County Courthouse in 2010. | |
| Burnet County CourthouseBurnet County Courthouse | |
| Location | 220 S. Pierce St., Burnet, Texas |
| Coordinates | 30°45′24″N 98°13′37″W / 30.75667°N 98.22694°W / 30.75667; -98.22694 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1937 (1937) |
| Architect | Milton Wirtz, et al. |
| Architectural style | Moderne |
| NRHP reference No. | 00001384 |
| Added to NRHP | November 15, 2000 |


title: DO Draconis/YY Draconis

abstract: YY Draconis and DO Draconis are separate identifiers for what is likely the same cataclysmic variable system in the northern constellation of Draco, abbreviated YY Dra and DO Dra, respectively. The DO Dra binary star system is classified as a U Geminorum variable that ranges in luminosity from an apparent visual magnitude of 10.0 down to 15.1. It is located at a distance of approximately 639 light years from the Sun.

text:
# DO Draconis/YY Draconis

**YY Draconis** and **DO Draconis** are separate identifiers for what is likely the same cataclysmic variable system in the northern constellation of Draco, abbreviated YY Dra and DO Dra, respectively. The DO Dra binary star system is classified as a U Geminorum variable that ranges in luminosity from an apparent visual magnitude of 10.0 down to 15.1. It is located at a distance of approximately 639 light years from the Sun.

## Identification

The variable YY Draconis was identified by W. Tsesevich in 1934 and determined to be an Algol type binary that ranged in brightness from apparent magnitude 12.9 to under 14.5 with a period of 4.21123 days. However, subsequent scans of photographic plates at the same coordinates have failed to identify any such variation. Hence, a positional reporting error is suspected, and no further observations of this variable were reported (as of 1983).

In 1982, the X-ray emission source PG 1148+719 (3A 1148+719) was associated with a star displaying the spectrum of a U Geminorum variable by R. F. Green and associates. In their paper, they identified this star as YY Dra, based on a positional search of the *General Catalogue of Variable Stars*. The following year, W. Wenzel found the association with YY Dra appeared erroneous but discovered a nearby eruptive variable that brightened to magnitude 10.6 then dimmed to below magnitude 14.5. He estimated a lengthy cycle time of 5 to 20 years, comparable to BZ Ursae Majoris. This cataclysmic variable was cataloged as DO Draconis.

An outburst of DO Dra was observed while in progress in 1985, which brought the system to about a magnitude brighter than minimum. In 1987, a debate arose as to whether this is the same variable as YY Dra, as the coordinates are separated by only 53″. Discussion of this identity conflict has continued as recently as 2022, and, historically, both identifiers have been used to discuss the same cataclysmic variable. A full resolution of this conflict may prove impossible since many of the original photographic plates were destroyed during World War II. The continued use of DO Dra for this variable has been encouraged since it is an unambiguous identifier.

## Properties

In 1991, M. Mateo and associates found an orbital period of 3.96 h with a semimajor axis of 1.35±0.15 *R* for this binary system. DO Dra consists of a compact white dwarf primary being orbited by a red dwarf stellar companion. The red dwarf has filled its Roche lobe and is losing mass, which is being accreted by the white dwarf. Because of the close orbit, the red dwarf is rotating rapidly and is expected to be magnetically active. However, the majority of the ionized calcium emission lines originate from irradiation of the red dwarf by soft X-rays coming from the primary.

This system was identified as a DQ Herculis variable by J. Patterson and associates in 1994 – also known as an intermediate polar. This indicates the white dwarf has a sufficiently strong magnetic field to channel the flow of gas from an orbiting accretion disk onto its magnetic poles. The shock from this accretion is producing the X-ray flux. A 1997 study based on observations with the Hubble Space Telescope found a rotation period of 529.31±0.02 s for the white dwarf. This spin rate is producing coherent pulsations that are detectable in both the visual and X-ray spectrum. The magnetic poles reach effective temperatures of 220,000 K in the accretion region, compared to 21,500 K for the remainder of the white dwarf surface.

## Further reading

* Babina, Ju. V.; et al. (June 2020), "Photometric Studies of the Intermediate Polar DO Dra in 2008 and 2019", *Astrophysics*, **63** (2): 228–242, Bibcode:2020Ap.....63..228B, doi:10.1007/s10511-020-09628-1, S2CID 254254286.
* Andronov, Ivan L.; et al. (February 2019), "DO Dra: Transient Periodic Oscillations at the Suboutburst state of the Magnetic Dwarf Nova", *The Astronomer's Telegram*, **12527**: 1, Bibcode:2019ATel12527....1A.
* Andronov, Ivan L.; et al. (November 2017), "DO Dra:Recovering to the Base Intermediate Luminosity State", *The Astronomer's Telegram*, **10982**: 1, Bibcode:2017ATel10982....1A.
* Breus, Vitalii V.; et al. (June 2017), "Rare Low State of DO Dra, the Magnetic Dwarf Nova=Outbursting Intermediate Polar", *The Astronomer's Telegram*, **10477** (10477): 1, Bibcode:2017ATel10477....1B.
* Virnina, Natalia A. (February 2011), ""Tsessevich" Project: an Attempt to Find the System YY Dra. I", *Open European Journal on Variable Stars*, **133**: 1, arXiv:1102.1271, Bibcode:2011OEJV..133....1V.
* Boyd, David (February 2005), "Detection and measurement in the V-band of the white dwarf spin period in the January 2004 outburst of DO (YY) Draconis", *Journal of the British Astronomical Association*, **115** (1): 25–28, arXiv:astro-ph/0409349, Bibcode:2005JBAA..115...25B.
* Szkody, P.; et al. (December 2004), Vrielmann, Sonja; Cropper, Mark (eds.), "FUSE Result on Magnetic CVs: VV Pup, YY Dra, LS Peg and DW UMa", *Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables, IAU Colloquium 190, Proceedings of the Conference held 8-13 December, 2002 in Cape Town, South Africa*, ASP Conference Proceedings, vol. 315, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 184, Bibcode:2004ASPC..315..184S.
* Szkody, Paula; et al. (January 2002), "X-Ray/Optical Studies of Two Outbursts of the Intermediate Polar YY (DO) Draconis", *The Astronomical Journal*, **123** (1): 413–419, Bibcode:2002AJ....123..413S, doi:10.1086/324733, S2CID 120773575.
* Yazgan, E.; Balman, Ş. (January 2002), Gänsicke, B. T.; Beuermann, K.; Reinsch, K. (eds.), "Analysis of the ASCA data of the intermediate polar YY Dra", *The Physics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects*, ASP Conference Proceedings, **261**, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 177, Bibcode:2002ASPC..261..177Y.
* Šimon, V. (August 2000), "Outburst activity of the intermediate polar DO Draconis (3A 1148+719)", *Astronomy and Astrophysics*, **360**: 627–632, Bibcode:2000A&A...360..627S.
* Norton, A. J.; et al. (July 1999), "YY Draconis and V709 Cassiopeiae: two intermediate polars with weak magnetic fields", *Astronomy and Astrophysics*, **347**: 203–211, arXiv:astro-ph/9811310, Bibcode:1999A&A...347..203N.
* Mattei, Janet A. (October 1996), "Rare Bright Outburst of 1137+72 DO Draconis (= YY Draconis)", *AAVSO Alert Notice 231*, vol. 231, p. 1, Bibcode:1996AAN...231....1M.
* Reinsch, K.; et al. (1995), Buckley, D. A. H.; Warner, B. (eds.), "ROSAT Observations of Intermediate Polars: AE AQR and YY DRA", *Cape Workshop on Magnetic cataclysmic variables, Proceedings of the Cape Workshop, held in Cape Town, 23-27 January 1995*, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 85, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP), p. 115, Bibcode:1995ASPC...85..115R.
* Szkody, P.; et al. (1994), Shafter, Allen W. (ed.), "ROSAT Observations of the Suspected DQ Her Systems YY Draconis, AH Eridani and S193", *Interacting binary stars : a symposium held in conjunction with the 105th Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Diego State University, 13-15 July 1993*, vol. 56, San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 350, Bibcode:1994ASPC...56..350S.
* Patterson, Joseph; Szkody, Paula (October 1993), "Rapid Oscillations in Cataclysmic Variables. XI. X-Ray Pulses in YY Draconis", *Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific*, **105**: 1116, Bibcode:1993PASP..105.1116P, doi:10.1086/133289, S2CID 119767669.

## InfoBox

DO Draconis/YY Draconis
|
Light curves for DO Draconis. The upper plot, adapted from Andronov *et al.*, shows the long-term variability and eruptive behaviour. The lower plot, adapted from Hill *et al.*, shows the ellipsoidal variability assuming a period of 3.96898 hours. | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| Constellation | Draco |
|
| Right ascension | 11h 43m 38.492s |
| Declination | +71° 41 20.56 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.0 to 15.1 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | \+ dM4 |
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| Variable type | U Gem |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 14.379 mas/yr
Dec.: 12.772 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 5.1049 ± 0.0278 mas |
| **Distance** | 639 ± 3 ly
(196 ± 1 pc) |
|  | |
| Orbit | |
| **Period (P)** | 3.968982 h |
| **Semi-major axis (a)** | 1.35±0.15 *R* |
| **Inclination (i)** | 41±3° |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K1)
(primary) | 87±13 km/s |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K2)
(secondary) | 184±10 km/s |
| Details | |
| Accreting white dwarf | |
| **Mass** | 0.83±0.10 |
| **Temperature** | 21,500 |
| **Rotation** | 529.31±0.02 s |
| Donor red dwarf | |
| **Mass** | 0.375±0.014 |
| **Radius** | 0.42±0.08 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 86±15 km/s |
| Other designations | |
| DO Dra or YY Dra, 3A 1148+719, PG 1140+719, AAVSO 1137+72 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Schwarzbraunes Bergschaf

abstract: The Schwarzbraunes Bergschaf is a breed of domestic sheep from the area of the Jura mountains in Switzerland. It derives from the Swiss Frutigen, Jura, Roux-des-Bagnes, Saanen and Simmental breeds. The name means "black-brown mountain sheep". It is one of the four principal sheep breeds of Switzerland. It is present also in Austria, Germany and Italy, and in those countries is known as the Juraschaf. The first official description is from 1925, the breed standard dates from 1941, and the herdbook was established in 1979. Numbers for the breed in 2008 were 14,161 in Switzerland, 822 in Austria, 580 in Italy and 19 in Germany. In Italy the Juraschaf is one of the forty-two autochthonous local sheep breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep-breeders; the name "Schwarzbraunes Bergschaf" is used in Italy for the Braunes Bergschaf, a different breed.

text:
# Schwarzbraunes Bergschaf

The **Schwarzbraunes Bergschaf** is a breed of domestic sheep from the area of the Jura mountains in Switzerland. It derives from the Swiss Frutigen, Jura, Roux-des-Bagnes, Saanen and Simmental breeds. The name means "black-brown mountain sheep". It is one of the four principal sheep breeds of Switzerland. It is present also in Austria, Germany and Italy, and in those countries is known as the **Juraschaf**.

The first official description is from 1925, the breed standard dates from 1941, and the herdbook was established in 1979. Numbers for the breed in 2008 were 14,161 in Switzerland, 822 in Austria, 580 in Italy and 19 in Germany.

In Italy the Juraschaf is one of the forty-two autochthonous local sheep breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep-breeders; the name "Schwarzbraunes Bergschaf" is used in Italy for the Braunes Bergschaf, a different breed.

## InfoBox

Schwarzbraunes Bergschaf
| Other names | * Juraschaf * Elbschaf * Pecora del Giura * Pecora giurassica * Brun-noir du pays |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | Switzerland |
| Traits | |
| Weight | * Male: 90–120 kg * Female: 65–90 kg |
| Wool color | black or brown |
| Face color | brown |
| Notes | |
| dual-purpose, meat and wool | |
|  | |


title: Ethalia nitida

abstract: Ethalia nitida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Ethalia nitida

***Ethalia nitida*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The shell of this species is thin and helicoid, with smooth and polished whorls. The inner lip is callous and indented, but the callus is not sufficiently large to cover or conceal the umbilicus. The peristome is produced into an angle, which ascends on the body whorl.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan.

* Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999) *Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan*. Elle Scientific Publications, Yao, Japan, 749 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Ethalia nitida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Ethalia* |
| Species: | ***E. nitida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ethalia nitida***<br>A. Adams, 1863 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Umbonium nitida* A. Adams, 1863 | |


title: Sana Amanat

abstract: Sana Amanat is an American comic book editor and an executive of production and development at Marvel Studios, having formerly been the Director of Content and Character Development at Marvel Comics. She has worked on comics such as Captain Marvel, Hawkeye, Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man, and Ms. Marvel. Amanat is known for co-creating Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel, the first Muslim-American superhero with a solo Marvel Comics series.

text:
# Sana Amanat

**Sana Amanat** is an American comic book editor and an executive of production and development at Marvel Studios, having formerly been the Director of Content and Character Development at Marvel Comics. She has worked on comics such as *Captain Marvel*, *Hawkeye*, *Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man,* and *Ms. Marvel*. Amanat is known for co-creating Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel, the first Muslim-American superhero with a solo Marvel Comics series.

## Early life and education

Amanat was born in New Jersey to Pakistani immigrants. Her family is Muslim. Throughout her childhood, Amanat had trouble fitting in and struggled with self-identity.

Amanat studied political science with a focus on the Middle East at Barnard College at Columbia University in 2004.

## Career

After college, Amanat worked in magazine publishing for a few years. She then worked for an indie comic book company, Virgin Comics. There, Amanat learned about graphic storytelling. Two years later, the company went out of business.

Amanat's next career move was to join Marvel Comics in 2009. According to Amanat, an executive at Marvel approached her for the job because she was different from their average employee. She said that the executive told her she had "something different to offer than the regular fanboy who has read comics since he was a kid. She has a different voice, and they need her voice in order to change Marvel." Amanat runs the annual Women of Marvel panel at Comic Con and does work to make Marvel characters more diverse. Since 2014, Amanat has also co-hosted the Women of Marvel podcast; by 2020, the podcast had released over 200 episodes.

At TEDxTeen 2014, Amanat gave a talk titled "Myths, Misfits & Masks" where she spoke on "how societal constructs and stereotype affect self-image and worth and how comic book storytelling in particular helps manage the expectations of others through a positive lens".

In 2014, she co-created Marvel's first solo series to feature a female Muslim superhero, the relaunched *Ms. Marvel* comic; the series was headlined by a new character, Kamala Khan. The conception of Khan came about during a conversation between Amanat and Marvel editor Stephen Wacker. Amanat said, "I was telling him some crazy anecdote about my childhood, growing up as a Muslim American. He found it hilarious." The pair then told G. Willow Wilson about the concept and Wilson became eager to jump aboard the project. Amanat said that the series came from a "desire to explore the Muslim-American diaspora from an authentic perspective." *Ms. Marvel Volume 1: No Normal* was the best-selling graphic novel in October 2014 and it won the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story in 2015. Several volumes of the series have been on *The New York Times* Best Seller list of paperback graphic books. As of August 2018, Ms. Marvel has sold half a million trade paperbacks, not including digital sales. *Ms. Marvel* has also sold well digitally, and has at times been Marvel's top digital seller overall.

Amanat has been the Director of Content and Character Development at Marvel Comics since February 2015. *Vox* called her the "Shonda Rhimes of Marvel comics" in 2015. Amanat was co-executive producer on the animated television film *Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors* (2018) and the subsequent animated specials in the Marvel Rising series. She was also co-executive producer on the unscripted documentary series *Marvel's Hero Project* (2019). Amanat joined Marvel Studios by mid-2019, where she is an executive of production and development. She is as an executive producer on Marvel Studios' *Ms. Marvel* (2022), a Disney+ television adaptation based on the comic series of the same name; she cameos in the third episode of the series.

## Inspiration

In her Ted Talk, Amanat stated that "the big idea behind *Ms. Marvel* \[was\] very much about minority representation, the bigger idea was about finding your authentic self". While creating the comic, she drew on her own experience as the child of Pakistani immigrants in the New Jersey suburbs in hopes that the next generation will not experience identity rejection as she did through a relatable superhero.

## Comics

* *True Believers: Thanos Rising* (2018)
* *Generations: Ms. Marvel and Ms. Marvel* (2017)
* *The Mighty Captain Marvel* (2017)
* *Hawkeye* (2016–2018)
* *All-New Hawkeye* (2015–2016)
* *Captain Marvel & The Carol Corps* (2015–present)
* *Daredevil* (2015–present)
* *Giant-Size Little Marvel: AVX* (2015–present)
* *Max Ride: First Flight* (2015–present)
* *Ms. Marvel* vol. 4 #1 – 38 (November 2015 – March 2019)
    + *Volume 5: Super Famous* (tpb, 136 pages, 2016, ISBN 0-7851-9611-0)
        - "Super Famous" (with G.Willow Wilson, Adrian Alphona and Takeshi Miyazawa, in #1–3, 2015–2016)
        - "Army of One" (with G.Willow Wilson and Nico Leon, in #4–6, 2016)
        - "The Road to War" (with G.Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #7, 2016)
        - "Civil War II" (with G.Willow Wilson, Adrian Alphona and Takeshi Miyazawa, in #8-11, 2016)
        - "The Road to War" (with G.Willow Wilson and Mirka Andolfo, in #12, 2016)
        - "Election Day" (with G.Willow Wilson and Mirka Andolfo, in #13, 2016)
        - "Damage Per Second" (with G.Willow Wilson, Takeshi Miyazawa, and Nelson Blake II, in #14-17, 2017)
        - "Meanwhile in Wakanda" (with G.Willow Wilson and Francesco Gaston, in #18, 2017)
        - "Mecca" (with G.Willow Wilson, Marco Failla, Nelson Blake II, and Valerio Schiti, in #19-22, 2017)
        - "Northeast Corridor" (with G.Willow Wilson, Diego Olortegui, and Valerio Schiti, in #23-24, 2017)
* *Ms. Marvel* vol. 3 #1–19 (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, February 2014 – October 2015)
    + *Volume 1: No Normal* (tpb, 120 pages, 2014, ISBN 0-7851-9021-X) collects:
        - "Garden State of Mind" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in All-New Marvel NOW! Point One #1.NOW, 2014)
        - "Meta Morphosis" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #1, 2014)
        - "All Mankind" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #2, 2014)
        - "Side Entrance" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #3, 2014)
        - "Past Curfew" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #4, 2014)
        - "Urban Legend" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #5, 2014)
    + *Volume 2: Generation Why* (tpb, 136 pages, 2015, ISBN 0-7851-9022-8) collects:
        - "Healing Factor" (with Jake Wyatt, in #6–7, 2014)
        - "Generation Why" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #8–11, 2014–2015)
    + *Volume 3: Crushed* (tpb, 112 pages, 2015, ISBN 0-7851-9227-1) collects:
        - "Loki in Love" (with G.Willow Wilson and Elmo Bondoc, in #12, 2015)
        - "Crushed" (with G.Willow Wilson and Takeshi Miyazawa, in #13–15, 2015)
    + *Volume 4: Last Days* (tpb, 120 pages, 2015, ISBN 0-7851-9736-2) collects:
        - "Last Days" (with G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona, in #16–19, 2015)
* *Ultimate Spider-Man Infinite Digital Comic* (2015–present)
* *All-New Hawkeye* (2015)
* *Elektra* (2014–present)
* *Rocket Raccoon* (2014–present)
* *Daredevil* (2014–2015)
* *Hawkeye* (2012–2015)

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors* | Co-executive producer | Television movie |
| 2019 | *Marvel Rising: Chasing Ghosts* | | Television special |
| | *Marvel Rising: Heart of Iron* | |
| | *Marvel Rising: Battle of the Bands* | |
| | *Marvel Rising: Operation Shuri* | |
| | *Marvel's Hero Project* | Executive producer | 20 episodes |
| | *Marvel Rising: Playing with Fire* | Co-executive producer | Television special |
| 2022 | *Ms. Marvel* | Executive producer
Actor | 6 episodes
Cameo; episode: "Destined" |
| 2025 | *Daredevil: Born Again* | Executive producer | 9 episodes; Post-production |

1. "Ms. Marvel Production Notes" (PDF). Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
2. Abad-Santos, Alex (November 19, 2015). "Meet Sana Amanat, the Shonda Rhimes of Marvel comics". *Vox*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
3. "Be The Hero: Get to Know Sana Amanat's Story". We Are Wakanda. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
4. "Sana Amanat". *See Jane*. September 20, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
5. Tahir, Sabaa (February 4, 2014). "ESSAY: Why Muslim Ms. Marvel succeeds in her debut". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
6. "Be The Hero: Get to Know Sana Amanat's Story". *Makers*. September 18, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
7. "Learn Sana Amanat's Name Now — The Future Of Marvel Might Just Be In Her Hands". *Bustle*. July 24, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
8. Cavna, Michael (June 17, 2016). "The Pakistani American Marvel editor who is trying to make comic books more diverse". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
9. Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia. "A New Kind of Superhero | Barnard College". *barnard.edu*. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
10. Vera, Ruel S. De. "The marvel behind the new Ms. Marvel". Retrieved January 3, 2018.
11. "The badass woman who created Marvel's first Muslim superhero to headline her own series". *Elle India*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
12. Thomas, Janelle Okwodu, Mickalene. "Sana Amanat Is Changing the World of Comic Books From the Inside Out". *Vogue*. Retrieved December 3, 2018.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
13. Knox, Kelly (June 24, 2014). "Listen to the Women of Marvel". *GeekDad*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
14. "Celebrating the 'Women of Marvel' Podcast". *Marvel Entertainment*. March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
15. Wickline, Dan (March 20, 2014). "Marvel Editor Sana Amanat Does TEDxTeen Talk About The Positive Power Of Storytelling". *Bleeding Cool News And Rumors*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
16. Ching, Albert (May 2, 2014). "CBR TV @ WC 2014: Sana Amanat on TED Talk, "Ms. Marvel" & More". *CBR*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
17. Gustines, George (November 5, 2013). "Marvel Comics Introducing a Muslim Girl Superhero". *The New York Times*. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
18. More, Matt (November 5, 2013). "In Marvel Comics, Ms Marvel returns as Muslim teen". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
19. "Top 100 Graphic Novels: October 2014". Diamond Comic Distributors. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
20. "2015 Hugo Award Winners Announced". The Hugo Awards. August 22, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
21. "Best Sellers\> Paperback Graphic Books". *The New York Times*. November 16, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
22. "Best Sellers\> Paperback Graphic Books". *The New York Times*. April 20, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
23. "Best Sellers\> Paperback Graphic Books". *The New York Times*. April 20, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
24. "Paperback Graphic Books – Best Sellers – July 31, 2016 – The New York Times". *The New York Times*. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
25. Johnston, Rich (August 31, 2018). "Ms. Marvel Has Sold Half a Million Trade Paperbacks". *Bleeding Cool News*. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
26. Zaheer, Mohammad (June 7, 2022). "Why Marvel has struck gold with Muslim superhero Ms Marvel". *BBC Culture*. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
27. Gustines, George Gene (April 7, 2017). "Marvel Comics May Have Slumping Sales, but Don't Blame Its Diverse Heroes". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
28. Cocca, Carolyn (2016). *Superwomen: Gender, Power, and Representation*. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 183. ISBN 978-1501316579.
29. MacDonald, Heidi (February 6, 2015). "Sana Amanat promoted to Director of Content & Character Development at Marvel". *The Beat*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
30. Francisco, Eric (June 7, 2022). "How 'Ms. Marvel' creators "convinced" Kevin Feige to ditch the MCU's worst trend". *Inverse*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
31. "Interview: Talking Heroes And The Future Of 'Marvel Rising Secret Warriors' With Sana Amanat". *ComicBook.com*. September 30, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
32. "Exclusive Interview: 'Marvel Rising' Producer Sana Amanat". *ScienceFiction.com*. November 27, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
33. "NYCC: The Marvel Hero Project brings real life heroes into the spotlight". *SYFY Official Site*. October 5, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
34. Harbet, Xandra (June 7, 2022). "Ms. Marvel Comic Co-Creator Sana Amanat On The Disney+ Series And The Changes From The Comics – Exclusive Interview". *Looper.com*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
35. Holub, Christian (June 30, 2022). "Ms. Marvel co-creator Sana Amanat discusses the Red Dagger and Kamala's trip to Karachi". *Entertainment Weekly*. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
36. "Embiggen! Ms. Marvel series coming to Disney+ drops sizzle reel with first footage". *SYFY Official Site*. December 11, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
37. Mathai, Jeremy (June 7, 2022). "Ms. Marvel Co-Creator Explains Her Involvement With The Show And Crafting A Story That Feels Specific \[Interview\]". *SlashFilm.com*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
38. Shaffi, Sarah (June 22, 2022). "Ms. Marvel gives us the big fight scene we've been craving". *The A.V. Club*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
39. "Ms. Marvel Episode 3 Clip Features a Bollywood-Style Wedding Dance". *ComicBook.com*. June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
40. "Sana Amanat". *Marvel Entertainment*. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
41. Quaintance, Zack (December 14, 2018). "THE MAGNIFICENT MS. MARVEL: Kamala Khan gets new comic, new creative team, new adjective". *The Beat*. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

## InfoBox

| Sana Amanat | |
| --- | --- |
| Amanat at the Women of Marvel panel during San Diego Comic-Con 2023. | |
| Born | New Jersey, United States |
| Nationality | * American * Pakistani |
| Area(s) | Editor, Writer, Executive producer |
| Notable works | *Ms. Marvel*, *Captain Marvel* |


title: Coral gas field

abstract: The Coral gas field is a natural gas field located offshore the Cabo Delgado Province of Mozambique. Discovered in 2012, it was developed by Eni, determining it to have initial total proven reserves of around 10 trillion ft⁳ (286 km⁳). It began production of natural gas and condensates in 2022, with a production rate of around 100 million ft⁳/day (2.9×10⁵ m⁳).

text:
# Coral gas field

The **Coral gas field** is a natural gas field located offshore the Cabo Delgado Province of Mozambique. Discovered in 2012, it was developed by Eni, determining it to have initial total proven reserves of around 10 trillion ft3 (286 km3). It began production of natural gas and condensates in 2022, with a production rate of around 100 million ft3/day (2.9×105 m3).

## InfoBox

| Coral | |
| --- | --- |
| Saipem 12000 ultra-deep water drillship | |
| Country | Mozambique |
| Region | Cabo Delgado Province |
| Location | Rovuma Basin |
| Offshore/onshore | offshore |
| Operator | Eni |
| Field history | |
| Discovery | 2012 |
| Start of development | 2017 |
| Start of production | 2022 |
| Production | |
| Current production of gas | 2.9×10~~^~~6 m3/d
100×10~~^~~6 cu ft/d 1×10~~^~~9 m3/a (35×10~~^~~9 cu ft/a) |
| Estimated gas in place | 286×10~~^~~9 m3
10×10~~^~~12 cu ft |


title: Butetown branch line

abstract: The Butetown branch line, also known as the Cardiff Bay Line, is a 1-mile-6-chain (1.7 km) commuter railway line in Cardiff, Wales from Cardiff Bay to Cardiff Queen Street. The service pattern formerly comprised a mixture of shuttle services along the branch and through trains along the Rhymney Line to Caerphilly, or the Coryton Line to Coryton, but after December 2005 was a shuttle service from Queen Street station. However, in May 2024, direct trains to Pontypridd were restored alongside shuttle services. The normal journey time is four minutes.

text:
# Butetown branch line

The **Butetown branch line**, also known as the **Cardiff Bay Line**, is a 1-mile-6-chain (1.7 km) commuter railway line in Cardiff, Wales from Cardiff Bay to Cardiff Queen Street. The service pattern formerly comprised a mixture of shuttle services along the branch and through trains along the Rhymney Line to Caerphilly, or the Coryton Line to Coryton, but after December 2005 was a shuttle service from Queen Street station. However, in May 2024, direct trains to Pontypridd were restored alongside shuttle services. The normal journey time is four minutes.

## History

Originally a portion of the Taff Vale Railway's main line to Cardiff's Bute Docks, in 1922, it was absorbed, along with the neighbouring Rhymney Railway, into the enlarged Great Western Railway. With the decline of coal traffic and the closure of the Bute Docks, it now sees only passenger services, and connects the Cardiff Bay neighbourhood to the other Valley Lines.

At privatisation in 1995, services were operated by the Cardiff Railway Company, which traded as Valley Lines. This was subsumed by the new Wales & Borders franchise in 2001, which was subsequently awarded to Arriva UK Trains in December 2003 and operated as Arriva Trains Wales. In October 2018, KeolisAmey Wales took over the franchise from Arriva Trains Wales.

The December 2005 timetable introduced a further increase in services to 4 trains per hour 18 hours a day, and even a Sunday service for the first time (further improved in June 2006 to offer the same 4 trains per hour service from 11am to 4pm). In December 2005, Arriva employed a single car Class 153 to "shuttle" along the Butetown Line, upgrading from the 2 car Class 143 'Pacers' used for the service. Since then, the service frequency has been increased even more – there are now 5 trains per hour on the line every day of the week, which equates to one train every 12 minutes.

In July 2006 the service was due to be provided by a 1950s Class 121 "Bubble car" DMU. The unit finally entered service on 17 August 2006, only to be withdrawn for repairs two days later. The unit then re-entered service on 14 September 2006.

## Passenger volume

Below are the annual estimates of station usage from the year beginning April 2002 to the year beginning April 2020.

| Station usage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Station name | 2002–03 | 2004–05 | 2005–06 | 2006–07 | 2007–08 | 2008–09 | 2009–10 | 2010–11 | 2011–12 | 2012–13 | 2013–14 | 2014–15 | 2015–16 | 2016–17 | 2017–18 | 2018–19 | 2019–20 | 2020–21 | 2021–22 | 2022–23 |
| Cardiff Queen Street | 1,841,260 | 2,072,551 | 2,126,479 | 2,231,784 | 2,486,005 | 2,559,748 | 2,437,638 | 2,411,438 | 2,488,920 | 2,495,238 | 2,462,700 | 2,523,314 | 2,643,568 | 2,850,984 | 2,912,364 | 2,919,214 | 2,694,084 | 472,914 | 1,366,108 | 1,713,720 |
| Cardiff Bay | 177,911 | 245,910 | 274,133 | 404,049 | 518,572 | 594,520 | 685,608 | 753,148 | 793,382 | 869,126 | 1,019,348 | 1,143,746 | 1,190,780 | 1,242,214 | 1,302,676 | 1,531,444 | 1,462,962 | 88,028 | 314,932 | 510,964 |
| The annual passenger usage is based on sales of tickets in stated financial years from Office of Rail and Road estimates of station usage. The statistics are for passengers arriving and departing from each station and cover twelve-month periods that start in April. Methodology may vary year on year. Usage from the periods 2019-20 and especially 2020-21 onwards have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Modernisation

On 16 July 2012, plans to electrify the line were announced by the government, as part of a £9.4bn package of investment of the railways in England and Wales. The announcement was made as an extension of the electrification of the South Wales Main Line from Cardiff to Swansea and the electrification of the south Wales Valley Lines at a total cost of £350 million. It was proposed to start between 2014 and 2019.

In June 2018 it was announced by the then new operator KeolisAmey Wales that the line would be re-integrated into Valley Lines services, with 6 trains per hour to operate from Merthyr Tydfil, Aberdare and Treherbert. A new station would be constructed at Loudoun Square and a short extension would be built taking the line closer to Cardiff Bay, opening in December 2023. The current Cardiff Bay station would close at the same time. Stadler Citylink tram-trains would replace the Class 153s. These would switch to battery power on the branch, negating the need for electrification.

In August 2022 it was announced that the existing Cardiff Bay station would now be retained (with no extension built) and it will get a second platform as well as a new signage and customer information screens. The station at Loudoun Square will now be located further north than previously planned (near Maria Street) and would also comprise two platforms, opening in spring 2024. Loudoun Square was also later renamed Butetown. Preliminary construction on both Butetown and the redevelopment of Cardiff Bay began in January 2023 with the main works to begin later in summer 2023.

## InfoBox

| Cardiff Bay Line | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Owner | Transport for Wales |
| Locale | Cardiff |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 2 |
| Service | |
| Type | Heavy Rail |
| System | National Rail |
| Operator(s) | Transport for Wales Rail |
| Rolling stock |  |
| History | |
| Opened | 1840 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 1 mile 6 chains (1.7 km) |
| Number of tracks | Single track throughout (to be redoubled) |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Route map  <br>(Click to expand) | |


title: Syed Ali (field hockey, born 1942)

abstract: Syed Mushtaq Ali was a field hockey player from India who won a gold medal with the Men's National Team at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

text:
# Syed Ali (field hockey, born 1942)

**Syed Mushtaq Ali** (10 July 1942 – 2 March 2010) was a field hockey player from India who won a gold medal with the Men's National Team at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

1. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Syed Mushtaq Ali (10 July 1942 – 2 March 2010) at 1964 Olympics, gold medal". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
2. "Obituary". *Hindustan Times*. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.
3. "Ali Sayeed (born 15 April 1938) at 1964 Olympics, gold medal". *databaseOlympics.co*. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.

## InfoBox

| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's field hockey | | |
| Representing  India | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1964 Tokyo | Team competition |


title: Samba Sambero (album)

abstract: Samba Sambero is a 2007 studio album by Anna Book.

text:
# Samba Sambero (album)

***Samba Sambero*** is a 2007 studio album by Anna Book.

## Track listing

1. "Samba Sambero"
2. "Bara för en dag"
3. "Jag har sett en främling"
4. "Ven a bailar conmigo"
5. "Ain't That Just the Way"
6. "Lycklig och redo"
7. "Kom"
8. "Sway"
9. "Dansar med kärleken"
10. "Andalucia"
11. "Natural Woman"
12. "ABC"
13. "Killsnack"
14. "Det finns en morgondag"

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 38 |

## InfoBox

| Samba Sambero | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Anna Book | |
| Released | 14 March 2007 (2007-03-14) |
| Genre | Latin pop, schlager |
| Length | 46 minutes |
| Label | Warner Music Sweden |
| Anna Book chronology | |
| *ABC*
(2006) ***Samba Sambero***
(2007) | |


title: Scott Holmquist

abstract: Scott Holmquist is a conceptual artist who produces books, archives, and multi-media installations. He is best known for his work on African immigrant drug dealers in Berlin and Northern California cannabis growers.

text:
# Scott Holmquist

**Scott Holmquist** (born in Minneapolis) is a conceptual artist who produces books, archives, and multi-media installations. He is best known for his work on African immigrant drug dealers in Berlin and Northern California cannabis growers.

## Life

Holmquist grew up in Minneapolis, where he worked summers in the building trades with his father. Besides the US, he has lived in Sweden and France, residing in Berlin, Germany, since 2011. He reads and speaks French, German, and Swedish.

He studied the socialist economics of Sweden's Löntagarfonderna (Employee funds) at the University of Gothenburg and social theory at the University of California, Berkeley. He has worked as a researcher for the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington DC.

## Work

Holmquist's work has received considerable media and institutional attention. Research on the Swedish raggare led to invitations to speak on the subject at Stockholm's Nordic Museum (Nordiska Museet). In 2013 *The Washington Post* described his work in *Peace.Love.Insurgency.* as “political yet whimsical.”

About Holmquist's 2014 solo exhibition, *The Third Wall and the Last Hero* at Berlin's Kreuzberg Museum, Lothar Müller observed in the Süddeutsche Zeitung “\[Holmquist has\] monumentalised the insurgency of cannabis growers in Northern California against the U.S. government in the form of art books, then moved across the Atlantic and immersed himself in the revolutionary spirit of Kreuzberg.”

In 2016 Artnet reported that Holmquist's petition for a “monument to be erected in a park in the district of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg in honor of African drug dealers \[…\] even gained political support” referring to the Pirate Party, then in Berlin government. Dozens of media outlets in several countries covered the intervention. In 2017 Holmquist's *Other Homelands: Origins and Migration Routes of Berlin Park Drug Dealers* supported by the Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, provoked outrage and received support across Germany.

In October 2017, CDU Berlin political leaders initiated proceedings in the district assembly to oblige the FHXB Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Museum to cancel the *Other Homelands* exhibition. These efforts were thwarted by Green and Left Party assembly members.

Holmquist's March 2019 exhibition *DEALER POSES: Photographed and Remembered* at the IG Bildende Kunst gallery,” Vienna, Austria, elaborated on the themes of how public drug dealing is represented in dozens of collages made from press photos including those used to illustrate articles on the artist's exhibitions and interventions, for instance proposing a monument to the park drug dealer.

On 27 October 2019 Holmquist organised a twenty-four hour, “Park Dealer Solidarity Sit-in” art action in Berlin's Görlitzer Park for which he erected his *LAST HERO* statue. “It's about how the reactions to park drug dealers crystallise fears, temptations, and desires, and at the same time shift the boundaries of control and solidarity,” said Holmquist.

## Influence

German culture critic Andreas Kilb used Holmquist's *Last Hero* work in his discussion of Burhan Qurbani's 2020 film adaption of Alfred Döblin's modernist classic, Berlin Alexanderplatz in the 15 July 2020, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.”

## Selected artist books and publications

• Low Tide – object index draft 2 (2014)

• BGzSReb und BuUmZoG Jahre 2090 (Laws Protecting and Promoting German Traditions of Rebellion and Squatting Zones High Income Urban Districts - Year 2090), for the exhibition Peace.Love.Insurgency. (2013)

• Hippies & Weed Portable Insurgent, “chronic freedom series,” book – sound-images broadsheet (2013)

• chronic freedom, “chronic freedom series” (2010)

Hot Cars and Cool Media: The Swedish Raggare Subculture, In: The Global Village: Dead or Alive? ed. Ray Brown and Marshall Fishwick (1999, Bowling Green State University Popular Press)

• ‘Pope in transit; dictator 'in transition,' In These Times (April 29, 1987)

• Vital Resources: An Annotated Bibliography in Community Economic Development, Community Information Exchange, National Urban Coalition and Institute for Policy Studies (1987)

## Organizations

• Co-founder of the Humboldt Area Peoples Archive, Eureka, CA.

• Founding board member of The Queer Library, Berlin, Germany

## InfoBox

| Scott Holmquist | |
| --- | --- |
| Scott Holmquist in a panel discussion at Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Salon Berlin, 2018 | |
| Born | Minneapolis, USA |
| Nationality | American, French |
| Other names | willy mal |
| Known for | research art |
| Website | scottholmquist.com |


title: Ethalia catharinae

abstract: Ethalia catharinae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Ethalia catharinae

***Ethalia catharinae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The size of the shell attains 16 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.

* "*Ethalia catharinae*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Ethalia catharinae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Ethalia* |
| Species: | ***E. catharinae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ethalia catharinae***<br>Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006 | |
|


title: Sana Akroud

abstract: Sana Akroud is a Moroccan actress, filmmaker, screenwriter and film producer.

text:
# Sana Akroud

**Sana Akroud** (born November 18, 1980) is a Moroccan actress, filmmaker, screenwriter and film producer.

## Biography

She was born on November 18, 1980, in Taroudant, a city in the Sous region of Morocco. After graduating in 1997 from the Ecole Supérieure Art Dramatique and Animation Culturelle in Rabat.

Akroud then played in cinema, notably in Terminus des anges co-signed by Hicham Lasri, Narjiss Nejjar and Mohamed Mouftakir, and released in 2009. She starred in Ismail Saidi's Ahmed Gassiaux, released the same year, and in Yousry Nasrallah's Egyptian feature film Femmes du Cairo, released in 2012. Akroud also participated in distributions for television series, such as Yassine Fennane's Okba Lik.

## Filmography

### An a director

| Year | Title | Functioned as | | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Actress | Writer | Director | |
| 2011 | The Five Seasons | No | Yes | Yes |  |
| 2013 | Les Noces du Loup | Yes | Yes | Yes | Also executive producer |
| 2015 | Khnifist R'mad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Also producer |
| 2020 | Myopia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Also producer |

### As an actress

| Year | title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Douiba | Television film |
| 2004 | Maw'id Ma'a Lmajhoul | Drama series : 30 episodes |
| 2005- 2007 | Romana and Brtal | Historical series : 26 episodes |
| 2006 | Abdou with the Almohads |  |
| 2006 | Lil Azwaj Faqat | Television film |
| 2007 | Whatever Lola Wants |  |
| 2007 | Shrikty Moushkilty | Sitcom : 30 episodes |
| 2007 | Sunset | Television film |
| 2008 | Souk Nssa | Television film |
| 2009 | Scheherazade, Tell Me a Story |  |
| 2009 | Okba Lik | Television film |
| 2010 | Terminus des anges |  |
| 2010 | Ahmed Gassiaux |  |
| 2010 | Okba Lik (the series) | Comedy Series : 30 episodes |
| 2013 | Les noces du Loup | Television film |
| 2013 | The Bait | Television film |
| 2015 | Khnifist R'mad |  |
| 2017 | Momo Ainya | Comedy romantic series : 30 episodes |
| 2019 | Al Bahja Tani | Sitcom : 30 episodes |
| 2020 | Myopia |  |
| 2020 | Little America | Episode 8 : The son |

## InfoBox

| Sana Akroud | |
| --- | --- |
| Sana Akroud (right) with Mohammed Marouazi (Left) | |
| Born | (1980-11-18) November 18, 1980
Taroudant, Morocco |
| Nationality | Moroccan |
| Education | Ecole Supérieure Art Dramatique and Animation Culturelle |
| Occupation(s) | Actor
filmmaker
screenwriter
film producer |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Spouse | Mohammed Marouazi (2012-2022) |


title: Stizocera daudini

abstract: Stizocera daudini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chalumeau and Touroult in 2005.

text:
# Stizocera daudini

***Stizocera daudini*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chalumeau and Touroult in 2005.

## InfoBox

| *Stizocera daudini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Stizocera*** |
| Species: | ***S. daudini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stizocera daudini***<br>Chalumeau & Touroult, 2005 | |
|


title: Fennville AVA

abstract: The Fennville AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Allegan County, Michigan. Entirely contained within the larger Lake Michigan Shore AVA, the Fennville AVA borders Lake Michigan on the west, the Kalamazoo River on the north, a game reserve to the east, and the Black River on the south. The soil in the Fennville area is different from surrounding areas, primarily glacial sandy soils. The area's climate is moderated by the nearby Lake Michigan, and few days in the summer growing season exceed 90 °F (32 °C). Grape growers in the area have had success with both Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca wine grapes. The hardiness zone is 6a.

text:
# Fennville AVA

The **Fennville AVA** is an American Viticultural Area located in Allegan County, Michigan. Entirely contained within the larger Lake Michigan Shore AVA, the Fennville AVA borders Lake Michigan on the west, the Kalamazoo River on the north, a game reserve to the east, and the Black River on the south. The soil in the Fennville area is different from surrounding areas, primarily glacial sandy soils. The area's climate is moderated by the nearby Lake Michigan, and few days in the summer growing season exceed 90 °F (32 °C). Grape growers in the area have had success with both *Vitis vinifera* and *Vitis labrusca* wine grapes. The hardiness zone is 6a.

42°31′41″N 86°10′19″W / 42.528°N 86.172°W / 42.528; -86.172

## InfoBox

Fennville AVA
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | American Viticultural Area |
| Year established | 1981 |
| Country | United States |
| Part of | Lake Michigan Shore AVA, Michigan |
| Climate region | Continental |
| Soil conditions | Sandy |
| Total area | 75,000 acres (30,351 ha) |
| Grapes produced | Cabernet Franc, Chardonel, Chancellor, Chambourcin, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Primitivo, Seyval, Riesling |


title: Route 0 (group)

abstract: Route 0 Route 0 was a Japanese-Korean idol girl group formed by R & C Ltd. in 2002. The group consists of Marina Takahashi and Choi Soo-young.

text:
# Route 0 (group)

**Route 0** (ルート・ヨン, *Rūto Yon*, stylized **route φ**) was a Japanese-Korean idol girl group formed by R & C Ltd. in 2002. The group consists of Marina Takahashi and Choi Soo-young.

## History

In December 2001, *Asayan* held the Japanese-Korean Ultra Idol Duo Audition, which was broadcast on TV Tokyo. Out of 15,000 applicants, Marina Takahashi was chosen as the Japanese representative, while Choi Soo-young was chosen as the Korean representative.

Route 0 released "Start" as their first single on April 26, 2002, which was used as the opening theme song to *Hamaraja*. The song was produced by Ryuichi Kawamura. They also appeared on *Oha Suta* for a 3-day television feature, as well as exclusive models for the junior fashion brand Chubbygang and the magazine *Melon*. "Waku Waku It's Love" was released on November 9, 2002, as the ending theme song to *Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ* for the month of November 2002. On July 23, 2003, Route 0 released "Painting" as their third single, which was the ending theme song to *Downtown DX*. On the same day, a video single version of "Painting" was also released. After 2003, Route 0 ended activities together. Takahashi retired from entertainment, while Soo-young would later go on to become a member of South Korean girl group Girls' Generation in 2007 and would also become an actress.

## Members

* Marina Takahashi (高橋麻里奈)
* Choi Soo-young (チェ・スヨン)

## Discography

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Sales | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | JPN | | |
| "Start" | 2002 | 62 |  | Non-album single |
| | "Waku Waku It's Love" (ワクワク It’s Love) |  |  | Non-album single |
| "Painting" | 2003 |  |  | Non-album single |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. | | | | |
|

#### Video singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Sales | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | JPN | | |
| "Painting" | 2003 |  |  | Non-album single |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. | | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Route 0 | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Tokyo, Japan |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2002-2003 |
| Labels | R & C Ltd. |
|  | |
| Past members |  |
|  | |
| Website | yoshimoto-me.co.jp/artist/route0/ |


title: Salem Zenia

abstract: Salem Zenia is a Kabyle writer. He studied in Frèha and later in Azazga High School and journalism in Ecole Universalis. He has worked as a journalist for several publications and participated in several Kabyle movements. He created Racines/Iz’uran journal in 1998 and was awarded with the honour diploma of Tamazgha association in Paris. He lives in Barcelona as a refugee.

text:
# Salem Zenia

**Salem Zenia** (born September 26, 1962 in Freha, Tizi Ouzou Province, Algeria) is a Kabyle writer.

He studied in Frèha and later in Azazga High School and journalism (distance studies) in Ecole Universalis (Liège, Belgique) .

He has worked as a journalist for several publications and participated in several Kabyle movements. He created *Racines/Iz’uran* journal in 1998 and was awarded with the honour diploma of Tamazgha association in Paris.

He lives in Barcelona as a refugee.

## Premio Ostana "Special Prize"

In June 2017, Zenia was awarded the "Special Prize" of the Premio Ostana, to be awarded by the Municipality of Ostana, Cuneo, Italy. It is an annual prize and cultural initiative organized by the Municipality of Ostana and by the Cultural Association Chambra d'Oc, dedicated to languages and to literary authors who use a "mother tongue", a present-day minority language of territorial belonging, in their works.

## Books

* 1993, *Les rêves de Yidir = Tirga n Yidir* (*Yidir's Dreams*)
* 1995, *Tafrara (The Dawn)*
* 2003, *Lyil d wefru*
* 2004, *Tifeswin (Springtime)*


title: Syria–Turkey Friendship Dam

abstract: The Friendship Dam is a dam on the Orontes River between the Syrian village of al-Alani, and the Turkish village of Ziyaret. It will cost $28.5 million and will be able to generate 16 million kilowatt-hours of electricity every year and supply water for 10,000 hectares of agricultural soil. In late June 2011 it was reported that the construction was delayed due to the uprising in Syria. A protocol which was supposed to be signed between the two countries, was not.

text:
# Syria–Turkey Friendship Dam

The **Friendship Dam** is a dam on the Orontes River between the Syrian village of al-Alani, and the Turkish village of Ziyaret. It will cost $28.5 million and will be able to generate 16 million kilowatt-hours of electricity every year and supply water for 10,000 hectares of agricultural soil. In late June 2011 it was reported that the construction was delayed due to the uprising in Syria. A protocol which was supposed to be signed between the two countries, was not.

## InfoBox

| Syria–Turkey Friendship Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Syria–Turkey Friendship Dam in Turkey | |
| Country | Syria/Turkey |
| Location | Turkey |
| Coordinates | 36°10′01″N 36°21′53″E / 36.16694°N 36.36472°E / 36.16694; 36.36472 |
| Status | Open |
| Construction began | 2011 |
| Opening date | January 2020 |
| Construction cost | US$28.5 million |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Embankment |
| Impounds | Orontes River |
| Height | 14.5 m (48 ft) |
| Length | 580 m (1,903 ft) |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 115,000,000 m3 (93,232 acre⋅ft) |


title: Samba Sow (footballer, born 1984)

abstract: Samba Almany Sow is a retired professional football striker.

text:
# Samba Sow (footballer, born 1984)

**Samba Almany Sow**  (born 14 January 1984) is a retired professional football striker.

## Career

Born in Dakar, Senegal, Sow previously played for AS Nancy-Lorraine in France's Ligue 2. He also had a spell with Akratitos in the Greek Beta Ethniki.

After a good season while playing for Thyella in the Greek third division, he was acquired by Panetolikos F.C. On 28 January 2008, in a game against Thiva F.C., he broke his tibia and fibula, which kept him out of action until the end of the 2007–08 season, when his contract expired.

## InfoBox

Samba Sow
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Samba Almany Sow | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-01-14) 14 January 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Dakar, Senegal | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Nancy | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2005 | Nancy | 3 | (0) |
| 2005 | Virton |  |  |
| 2005–2006 | Akratitos | 8 | (0) |
| 2006–2007 | Thyella | 30 | (12) |
| 2007–2009 | Panetolikos | 4 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Raon-l'Étape |  |  |
| 2010–2011 | Andrézieux |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Cannery Casino Resorts

abstract: Cannery Casino Resorts was a hotel and casino operator based in Spring Valley, Nevada. It was acquired by Boyd Gaming in 2016.

text:
# Cannery Casino Resorts

**Cannery Casino Resorts** was a hotel and casino operator based in Spring Valley, Nevada. It was acquired by Boyd Gaming in 2016.

## History

Cannery Casino Resorts was an outgrowth of Millennium Management Group, a casino management company. Millennium was founded in 1996 by two long-time gaming executives, Bill Paulos and Bill Wortman.

Millennium's first venture, in 1997, was to join a consortium competing for a license to develop a casino in Detroit, the proposed Greektown Casino Hotel. The Greektown casino opened in 2000 under Millennium's management.

Cannery Casino Resorts was created in 2001 by Millennium to develop the Cannery Casino and Hotel in North Las Vegas.

In 2002, Millennium assumed management of the casino at the JW Marriott Las Vegas under a ten-year lease agreement and rebranded it as the Rampart Casino. Meanwhile, Millennium transitioned to a consulting role at Greektown, as the casino's owners took over management.

The Cannery opened in 2003 at a cost of $105 million.

In 2005, Oaktree Capital Management agreed to buy 33 percent of Cannery Casino Resorts. With the funds injected, Wortman was able to buy out two minority partners in the Nevada Palace casino, which was placed under the Cannery umbrella.

Wortman bought a 20 percent stake in the Rockingham Park racetrack in New Hampshire in 2005, and Cannery obtained an option to buy the park outright. The company led an unsuccessful lobbying effort to legalize casinos in New Hampshire, and proposed a $450 million expansion of the park with up to 5,000 slot machines.

Oaktree funding also enabled CCR to buy The Meadows, a harness racetrack near Pittsburgh, in November 2006 from Magna Entertainment for $200 million. Oaktree's stake in the company increased to 42% as part of the deal. A temporary casino at the racetrack was opened in June 2007, and the permanent facility opened in April 2009.

In December 2007, Australian gaming company Crown Limited agreed to buy CCR for $1.75 billion. The agreement was ended in March 2009, however, with Crown instead buying a 24.5 percent stake in the company for $370 million, and paying a $50 million termination fee.

Eastside Cannery Casino and Hotel opened on the site of the Nevada Palace in August 2008.

Cannery's lease of the Rampart Casino expired in March 2012, and the casino's owner, Hotspur Resorts, decided to manage the casino itself instead of renewing the agreement.

In May 2014, Cannery agreed to sell The Meadows to Gaming and Leisure Properties for $465 million, with the proceeds going towards reducing company debt.

Boyd Gaming purchased Cannery in December 2016 for $230 million.

## Casinos

## InfoBox

Cannery Casino
|
|  |
| Founded | 2001 (2001) |
| Founder | William Wortman and William Paulos |
| Defunct | December 1, 2016 (2016-12-01) |
| Fate | Acquired by Boyd Gaming |
| Headquarters | Spring Valley, Nevada, United States |
| Key people | William Wortman and William Paulos |


title: Cordyla flaviceps

abstract: Cordyla flaviceps is a Palearctic species of 'fungus gnat' in the family Mycetophilidae. The type-locality is Copenhagen (Denmark). C. flavicepsis a mycetophage associated with Russula and Lactarius.

text:
# Cordyla flaviceps

***Cordyla flaviceps*** is a Palearctic species of 'fungus gnat' in the family Mycetophilidae. The type-locality is Copenhagen (Denmark). *C. flaviceps*is a mycetophage associated with *Russula* and *Lactarius*.

## InfoBox

| *Cordyla flaviceps* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cordyla flaviceps* North Wales | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Mycetophilidae |
| Genus: | *Cordyla* |
| Species: | ***C. flaviceps*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cordyla flaviceps***<br>Stæger, 1840 | |
|


title: Ellenic Vehicle Research Ltd.

abstract: Ellenic Vehicle Research Ltd is an automotive development company registered in Cyprus and founded by Greek engineer Dr Dimitrios Hatzikakidis. Elenica has been developing the MSCC family of vehicles, utilizing Dr. Hatzikakidis’s proposed Parametric Chassis Technology, as part of the high-end application of this technology. The particular technology proposal originated in the late 1990s, and utilized the concept of connected “suspension modules”, which, according to the company, can lead to lighter, more structurally rigid, and cheaper to produce vehicles. Seven rolling prototypes have been produced and are being tested, while complete functioning prototypes are currently being built in Switzerland and the U.K. The Modular Sports Car Concept has received significant publicity in Greek media, and was presented at the Hellenic Motor Museum in Athens, Greece, in June 2014.

text:
# Ellenic Vehicle Research Ltd.

**Ellenic Vehicle Research Ltd** (also using the **Elenica** brand name) is an automotive development company registered in Cyprus and founded by Greek engineer Dr Dimitrios Hatzikakidis. Elenica has been developing the **MSCC** (Modular Sports Car Concept) family of vehicles, utilizing Dr. Hatzikakidis’s proposed (and patented) **Parametric Chassis** Technology, as part of the high-end application of this technology.

The particular technology proposal originated in the late 1990s, and utilized the concept of connected “suspension modules”, which, according to the company, can lead to lighter, more structurally rigid, and cheaper to produce vehicles. Seven rolling prototypes have been produced and are being tested, while complete functioning prototypes are currently being built in Switzerland and the U.K. The Modular Sports Car Concept has received significant publicity in Greek media, and was presented at the Hellenic Motor Museum in Athens, Greece, in June 2014.


title: Ferguson Unit

abstract: Jim Ferguson Unit (FE) is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison for men located in unincorporated Madison County, Texas. The 4,355-acre (1,762 ha) prison is located on Farm to Market Road 247, near Midway and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Huntsville.

text:
# Ferguson Unit

**Jim Ferguson Unit**  (**FE**) is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison for men located in unincorporated Madison County, Texas. The 4,355-acre (1,762 ha) prison is located on Farm to Market Road 247, near Midway and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Huntsville.

## History

The unit was named after James E. Ferguson, a governor of Texas. In 1935, Ferguson housed White and African-American prisoners. The current Ferguson Unit opened in June 1962. Jack D. Kyle, the warden of Ferguson, supervised the construction of the current facility, which began in the fall of 1959. The facility was redesignated as a young-offenders unit, for men between the ages of 18 and 25. The first prisoners moved into the facility on March 2, 1962.

In May 1965, the prison had 1,047 prisoners, with a capacity of 1,136 prisoners. As of May 1965, the then 34-year-old Kyle was the youngest warden in the Texas Prison System.

## Demographics

In May 1965, while Ferguson was a young-offenders unit, the prison had 1,047 prisoners. About 45% were White, about 29% were Black, and about 26% were Hispanic and Latino. Almost all of the prisoners were between the ages of 17 and 21, with the exception of classroom instructors, shop instructors, and other key prisoner personnel. Prisoners came from all over the state, with various economic levels, urban and rural locations, and troubled and un-troubled upbringings represented.

Bob Johnson of the *Houston Post* said that the prisoners were "just boys — older boys, perhaps, but still boys." According to Kyle, fewer than 2% of the young male Ferguson prisoners had high school diplomas, almost 20% of the young male prisoners were illiterate, and 83% of them had received below a 9th grade education. At the time, the recidivism rate was 9.3%, compared to the state average of 27% and the national average of 50%.

## Composition

The Ferguson unit, a red brick facility, is located in a woodland. In 1965, Bob Johnson of the *Houston Post* said that Ferguson, "at first glance, looks like it might be a small agricultural college" except that the presence of barbed wire demonstrates that the facility is a prison. Johnson said that Ferguson was "a neat new prison with lots of greenery\[...\]"

In 1965,the prison, with a capacity of 1,136 prisoners, housed most of its inmates in individual cells. It had 935 individual cells, and two dormitories with 100 prisoners each.

## Notable prisoners

## InfoBox

Jim Ferguson Unit
| Location in Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | 12120 Savage Drive<br>Midway, Texas 75852 |
| Coordinates | 30°57′31″N 95°42′17″W / 30.95861°N 95.70472°W / 30.95861; -95.70472 |
| Status | Operational |
| Security class | G2-G5, Administrative Segregation, Outside Trusty, Transient |
| Capacity | Unit: 2,100 Trusty Camp: 321 |
| Opened | June 1962 |
| Managed by | TDCJ Correctional Institutions Division |
| Director | Wayne Brewer |
| Warden | Richard Gunnels |
| County | Madison County |
| Country | US |
| Website | www.tdcj.state.tx.us/unit\_directory/fe.html |


title: Burnettweldia corallina

abstract: Burnettweldia corallina, formerly Disholcaspis corallina, the coral gall wasp, is a species of hymenopteran that induces galls on blue oaks in California in North America. The wasp oviposits at the base of leaf petioles. The detachable galls start out a mottled red-orange-yellow and over time darken to a deep brown and become brittle. This gall superficially resembles the oak galls induced by Besbicus heldae and Cynips quercusechinus.

text:
# Burnettweldia corallina

***Burnettweldia corallina***, formerly ***Disholcaspis corallina***, the **coral gall wasp**, is a species of hymenopteran that induces galls on blue oaks in California in North America. The wasp oviposits at the base of leaf petioles. The detachable galls start out a mottled red-orange-yellow and over time darken to a deep brown and become brittle. This gall superficially resembles the oak galls induced by *Besbicus heldae* and *Cynips quercusechinus.*

## InfoBox

| *Burnettweldia corallina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Cynipidae |
| Genus: | *Burnettweldia* |
| Species: | ***B. corallina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Burnettweldia corallina***<br>(Bassett, 1890) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Disholcaspis corallina* | |


title: Syria–Turkey barrier

abstract: The Syria–Turkey barrier is a border wall and fence under construction along the Syria–Turkey border built in an attempt at preventing illegal crossings and smuggling from Syria into Turkey. The barrier on the Syrian border is the third longest wall in the world after the Great Wall of China and the American-Mexico border wall.

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# Syria–Turkey barrier

The **Syria–Turkey barrier** is a border wall and fence under construction along the Syria–Turkey border built in an attempt at preventing illegal crossings and smuggling from Syria into Turkey.

The barrier on the Syrian border is the third longest wall in the world after the Great Wall of China and the American-Mexico border wall.

## Background

According to Turkish officials the border wall was built in an attempt to increase border security, combat smuggling and reduce illegal border crossings due to the Syrian civil war.

## History

Ankara had launched the construction project in 2015 to increase border security.

The 828 km (515-mile) wall is being built by TOKI, Turkey's state-owned construction enterprise, and will comprise Turkey's entire border with Syria. It will be made of seven-tonne concrete blocks topped with razor wire and stand three metres (9.8 feet) high and two metres (6.6 feet) wide; it will include 120 border towers in critical locations and a security road with regular military patrols. With construction having begun in 2014, 781 km of the border wall has been completed as of December 2017. In June 2018, the wall was proclaimed to be finished with a length of 764-kilometer (475-mile) out of the 911 km Syrian-Turkish border. In 2017, The Syrian government accused Turkey of building a separation wall, referring to this barrier.

## Specifics

The physical specifics are such as :

The border security includes :

* the modular concrete walls
* security patrol routes with regular military patrols
* security towers, manned and unmanned
* passenger tracks.

Electronic devices are used, such as :

* close-up surveillance systems
* thermal cameras
* land surveillance radar
* remote-controlled weapons systems
* command-and-control centers
* line-length imaging systems
* seismic sensors
* acoustic sensors.

The advanced technology layer includes :

* wide area surveillance
* laser destructive fiber-optic detection
* surveillance radar for drone detection
* jammers
* short-distance movement-sensitive lighting systems.

The barrier was expected to include 120 border towers in critical locations.

The construction of Turkey's armored Cobra II military vehicles, which are now being used to patrol the border to Syria, has been funded by the European Union.

## Geography and size

781 km of the border wall has been completed as of December 2017, the whole 911 km is expected to be completed by Spring 2018.

## Separation barrier and incursion into Syria controversy

In 2017, the Syrian government accused Turkey of building a separation wall, referring to the barrier. Syrian Foreign Ministry officials claimed Turkish forces and border control guards brought in heavy machines and trucks into Syrian territories, particularly in the northern countryside of Hasakah province, making a dirt road and digging a trench while installing cement pillars to build a separation wall. Turkish forces were also claimed to enter the Syrian territory at a depth of 250 meters in the northern countryside of Aleppo province. The Turkish forces also repeated the move in the northwestern province of Idlib, saying that the Turkish forces captured 2.4 hectares of lands with the same aim to build the wall. Syrian regime officials have stated that any unilateral international actions without the consent of the Syrian government will be dealt with as violations to Syria's sovereignty.


title: Cantonese people in Hong Kong

abstract: Cantonese people represent the largest group in Hong Kong. The definition usually includes people whose ancestral homes are in Yue Chinese speaking regions of Guangdong province, specifically the guangfu (廣府) region, although sometimes Sze Yap people, the Hakka people or Teochew people may be included. Historic Hong Kong censuses distinguished people of Guangdong origin into Guangzhou and Macau, Sze Yap (Siyi), Chaozhou, and Hainan origins, as well as the Indigenous people of the New Territories. When the population census was first conducted in 1881, it found only 3668 people, with over 95% percent of the population being from Guangdong Province. Gregory Guldin describes a "Cantonese chauvinism" where the Cantonese are seen as superior to the other Chinese groups in Hong Kong. In the first few post-war decades, there was an economic rivalry between the Cantonese and the minority Shanghainese. Cantonese could be said to be less willing to work with the British colonizers in their business dealings, and subsequently were less preferred to become representatives to the Legislative Council.

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# Cantonese people in Hong Kong

Cantonese people represent the largest group in Hong Kong. The definition usually includes people whose ancestral homes are in Yue Chinese speaking regions of Guangdong province, specifically the *guangfu* (廣府) region, although sometimes Sze Yap people, the Hakka people or Teochew people (Chiu Chow/Teochew) may be included. Historic Hong Kong censuses distinguished people of Guangdong origin into Guangzhou and Macau, Sze Yap (Siyi), Chaozhou, and Hainan origins, as well as the Indigenous people of the New Territories.

When the population census was first conducted in 1881, it found only 3668 people, with over 95% percent of the population being from Guangdong Province.

Gregory Guldin describes a "Cantonese chauvinism" where the Cantonese are seen as superior to the other Chinese groups in Hong Kong.

In the first few post-war decades, there was an economic rivalry between the Cantonese and the minority Shanghainese. Cantonese could be said to be less willing to work with the British colonizers in their business dealings, and subsequently were less preferred to become representatives to the Legislative Council.

## Statistics

### 1961 Census data of Cantonese speakers by district

| Hong Kong Island | % | Kowloon | % | New Territories | % | Islands | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Central | 90.5 | Tsim Sha Tsui | 69.7 | Tsuen Wan | 58.6 | - | 68.6 |
| Sheung Wan | 89.5 | Yau Ma Tei | 91.8 | Tsing Yi | 56.6 |  | |
| West | 79.8 | Mong Kok | 87.2 | Ma Wan | 60.4 | |
| Mid-levels/Pok Fu Lam | 77.2 | Kowloon City | 75.1 | North | 59.1 | |
| Peak | 44.4 | Sham Shui Po | 80.2 | Sai Kung | 35.0 | |
| Wan Chai | 91.2 | Kwun Tong | 61.7 | Sha Tin | 68.9 | |
| Tai Hang | 81.3 | Wong Tai Sin | 68.0 | Tai Po | 48.8 | |
| North Point | 74.9 |  |  | Tuen Mun | 66.5 | |
| Shau Kei Wan | 86.2 |  |  | Yuen Long | 71.9 | |
| Aberdeen | 87.9 |  |  |  |  | |
| South | 72.5 |  |  |  |  | |

Average: 78.98

Standard Deviation: 14.8

Coefficient of Variation: 0.21

## Sources

* Goodstadt, Leo F. (2010), "The Shanghainese: Colonial Allies, Colonial Heirs", *Uneasy Partners: The Conflict Between Public Interest and Private Profit in Hong Kong*, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 978-988-8028-09-2
* Topley, Marjorie. Cantonese Society in Hong Kong and Singapore: Gender, Religion, Medicine and Money. Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2011.