title: Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict

text:
# Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict

Starting in the 12th century, the Margraviate, later Electorate, of Brandenburg was in conflict with the neighboring Duchy of Pomerania over frontier territories claimed by them both, and over the status of the Pomeranian duchy, which Brandenburg claimed as a fief, whereas Pomerania claimed Imperial immediacy. The conflict frequently turned into open war, and despite occasional success, none of the parties prevailed permanently until the House of Pomerania died out in 1637. Brandenburg would by then have naturally have prevailed, but this was hindered by the contemporary Swedish occupation of Pomerania, and the conflict continued between Sweden and Brandenburg-Prussia until 1815, when Prussia incorporated Swedish Pomerania into her Province of Pomerania.

## Early medieval prelude

In the 10th century, the area of the future Brandenburg and Pomerania was inhabited by West Slavic tribes, collectively known as Wends. Roughly, the tribes east of the Oder and north of the Warta (Warthe) rivers constituted the Pomeranians and the tribes west of the Oder the Luticians. The classification is uncertain for the tribes living close to the lower Oder, that is the Velunzani on the islands in the Oder estuary, the Prissani on the eastern bank of the lower Oder, and the Ukrani and Recani on the western bank of the lower Oder, which became known as the Uckermark.

The tribes west of the Oder were organized in marches of the Ottonian (Liudolfing) realm, which became the Holy Roman Empire with the coronation of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 962. The marches set up in the area of the future Brandenburg and Pomerania were the Billung March in the north, and the Saxon Eastern March in the south; the boundary was the Peene river. The Saxon Eastern March was soon partitioned, with the area of future northern Brandenburg and southwestern Pomerania re-organized in the Northern March. A rebellion of the Liuticians overthrew the margraves' rule in most of the Northern and Billung marches between 983 and 995. In the 11th century, the Liutician confederation collapsed due to internal struggles, leaving its territory vulnerable to its neighbors' campaigns, including expeditions of the margraves of the Northern March.

## House of Ascania vs House of Pomerania

Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania and first verified member of the House of Pomerania, conquered the Peene and Tollense areas west of the lower Oder from the Luticians during the 1120s. Albert (Albrecht) the Bear, invested with the March of Lusatia in 1123, was ready to succeed deceased Henry, Count of Stade as margrave of the Northern March in 1128, and was invested with the march by Holy Roman Emperor Lothair of Supplinburg in 1134, after he had already secured his succession of Pribislaw of the Hevelli in 1129. In 1128, Albert participated in the organization of the mission of Otto of Bamberg in the Lutician areas held by Wartislaw I of Pomerania, and supplied him with an escort. When in 1136 Emperor Lothair gave lands in the Peene area to Otto's bishopric of Bamberg, Albert was asked to approve first.

Focused on the Northern March, Albert renounced his post as the margrave of Lusatia in 1136, which was then fused into the March of Meißen and became the basis of the state of the House of Wettin. In 1138, Conrad III of Germany also invested Albert the Bear with the Duchy of Saxony, but Albert resigned in 1142 due to the opposition of the Saxon nobility, who had favoured and eventually installed then minor Henry the Lion as their duke.

In 1147, Albert participated in the Wendish Crusade to the Pomeranian strongholds of Demmin and Stettin, which however did not result in the acquisition of territories — the size of the Northern March actually controlled by Albert differed significantly from what Emperor Lothair had originally promised. Instead, as a result of the crusade, several Saxon nobles had established petty realms in the march, and the Pomeranians still held vast areas south of the Peene river as well as the Uckermark. Albert however succeeded Pribislaw in the Hevellian territories in 1150, and when he defeated Jaxa of Köpenick and incorporated the latter's territory into his march in 1157, the term Margraviate of Brandenburg replaced the designation Northern March. Albert upheld his claims to Western Pomerania, and campaigned in the Pomeranian-held Uckermark since 1157.

Albert the Bear's successor in Saxony, Henry the Lion, had by then established himself as one of the most powerful nobles in Germany. In pursuit of his own interests in the Wendish territories and with Danish support, Henry defeated his rebellious Obodrite subjects and their Pomeranian allies in the Battle of Verchen near the Pomeranian stronghold of Demmin in 1164. As a consequence, the Pomeranian dukes became Henry's vassals, and supported Henry in subsequent campaigns against the margraves of Brandenburg. However, Henry finally lost the struggle he was engaged in with Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa, and in 1180 was deprived of his ducal titles. The Pomeranian duke then pledged allegiance to Barbarossa in 1181, thwarting Ascanian ambitions.

Constant Danish military pressure resulted in Danish vassalage of Pomerania in 1184/85. The Ascanian margraves launched several expeditions into Danish Pomerania between 1198 and 1199, and between 1211 and 1214. Despite a temporary sack of Stettin in 1214 and more permanent territorial gains in the Finow area, they were unable to establish themselves in Pomerania, and Danish superiority even led Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor to renounce all German claims to the area in favour of Denmark in 1214. By then, the margraves restricted themselves to guard the contemporary Brandenburg-Pomeranian frontier by erecting the Oderberg fortress "*contra Sclavos*" in 1214. Only after the utter defeat of the Danish forces in the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227, was the area reclaimed by the empire. The Brandenburgian margraves then re-enforced their claims on Pomerania, and were invested with the duchy by Frederick II in 1231 in Ravenna.

In the 1230s, the Margraviate of Brandenburg was ruled in common by two brothers of the House of Ascania, John I and Otto III, while the Duchy of Pomerania was partially divided and ruled by two cousins of the House of Pomerania, Wartislaw III of Pomerania-Demmin and Barnim I of Pomerania-Stettin. Johann I of Brandenburg married a daughter of Valdemar Sejr, king of Denmark, and therewith came into possession of half of the terra Wolgast in Pomerania. He then forced Wartislaw III into the Treaty of Kremmen in 1236: Wartislaw III had to recognize Brandenburgian overlordship and succession in Pomerania-Demmin, and cede his territories south of Demmin to Brandenburg.

Also in the 1230s, Barnim I had sold the southern Uckermark between Templin and Angermünde to the margraves, and renounced his claims on the Barnim and Teltow areas. In the subsequent Treaty of Landin (Hohenlandin) in 1250, Barnim I formally accepted Brandenburgian overlordship and ceded the northern Uckermark to Brandenburg, but in turn received Johann's part of Wolgast and managed to rescind the succession clause of Kremmen. Barnim I had to make further territorial concessions when Brandenburg established her Neumark ("New March") along the Warthe (Warta) river in the second half of the 13th century, and in 1267 married Mechthild, daughter of Otto III of Brandenburg.

Barnim I had inherited Pomerania-Demmin after Wartislaw III died without issue in 1264, but the duchy was again internally divided in 1295 – this time into a northern part, Pomerania-Wolgast, and a southern part, Pomerania-Stettin. In 1302, Otto I of Pomerania-Stettin, grandson of Brandenburgian margrave Otto III, made peace with Brandenburg. Tensions with Pomerania-Wolgast eased when Waldemar became the Brandenburgian margrave in 1309, and Brandenburg pawned Schlawe-Stolp to Pomerania in the Treaty of Templin, concluded in 1317. With Waldemar's death without issue, the House of Ascania died out.

Timeline of the Ascanian-Pomeranian conflict
| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 1120s | Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania subdues Liutician areas west of the Oder, including the Peene area. |
| 1134 | Albrecht von Ballenstein ("The Bear") receives the Northern March (up to the Peene river) as a fief from Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor |
| 1147 | Wendish Crusade |
| 1157 | Margraviate of Brandenburg established, successor of the Northern March |
| 1164 | Battle of Verchen, Western Pomerania becomes fief of Henry the Lion (Duchy of Saxony) |
| 1177 | After several Danish campaigns into Pomeranian territory and protection by Henry the Lion absent, Bogislaw I, Duke of Pomerania travels to Poland in the spring to ask the Polish duke for support. Waldemar of Denmark and Henry the Lion meet and agree on a combined Danish-German expedition; Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg supports Henry with troops. Siege of Demmin, Henry's control re-established. |
| 1178-80 | Pomeranian forces participate in campaigns against the Bishopric of Magdeburg and in Brandenburgian territories as far south as Jüterbog and Lusatia. Casimir I, Duke of Pomerania is killed in battle when supporting Henry the Lion against Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg. Pomerania temporarily expands south as far as the Spree river. |
| 1181 | Emperor Frederick Barbarossa confirms Bogislaw I as duke of Pomerania. |
| 1180s-1227 | Pomerania is subject of Denmark's Brandenburgian campaigns; short-lived capture of Stettin in 1214 |
| December 1231 | Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor gives the Duchy of Pomerania as a fief to the Margraviate of Brandenburg. |
| June 1236 | Treaty of Kremmen: Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania hands over large parts of Pomerania-Demmin to Brandenburg and takes the remainder as a fief from the margraves. |
| 1250 | Treaty of Landin: Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania hands over the Uckermark to Brandenburg in return for Brandenburg's renunciation of its succession claims in Pomerania. Barnim I and Wartislaw I take the remainder of the Duchy of Pomerania as a fief from Brandenburg. |
| 1250s | Brandenburg expands eastward; Neumark established partially with gains from Pomerania |
| 1255 | War between Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania and John I, Margrave of Brandenburg |
| After 1261 | Brandenburg gains the Soldin and Zehden areas from Pomerania. |
| 1266 | Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania occupies Schlawe-Stolp. |
| March 1273 | Brandenburgian forces raid the Stettin and Pyritz areas in Central Pomerania. |
| 1269 | Brandenburg gains the Arnswalde area from Pomerania. |
| 1277 | The Brandenburgian margraves purchase the Schlawe area from Wizlaw II, Prince of Rügen; Pomeranians withdraw. |
| 1 June 1278 | Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania receives the Pomeranian-Brandenburgian frontier area between the Ihna river branches as a fief from Brandenburg in return for a promise to aid Brandenburg against the bishop of Magdeburg |
| 1280 | Brandenburg gains the Bernstein, Arnhausen and Schivelbein areas from Pomerania. |
| 1283–1284 | Warfare with Brandenburg, primarily for the towns of Stargard, Greifenhagen and Gartz (Oder) |
| 13 June 1283 | In Rostock the Pomeranian nobility allies against Brandenburg; the Pomeranian towns of Stralsund, Greifswald, Anklam and Demmin are free to conclude alliances as they wish |
| 4 July 1283 | The Pomeranian dukes ask Lübeck for support against Brandenburg. Lübeck aids the dukes, and so does the Principality of Rügen |
| 28 October 1283 | Brandenburg conquers the Stargard area; parts of the local nobility side with Brandenburg |
| 13 August 1284 | Treaty of Vierraden: Emperor Rudolf mediates a peace. Pomerania pays war reparations to Brandenburg; Brandenburg returns occupied castles to Pomerania; an arbitration panel is set up. |
| 1290 | Brandenburg renounces her claims to the secular territory of the Bishopric of Cammin |
| 5 November 1292 | Wizlaw and Jaromar, princes of Rügen, sign a treaty with Brandenburg concerning the border between Pomerelia and the Bishopric of Cammin; five knights are appointed arbitrators. |
| 1298 | Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania with Polish support attacks the Brandenburgian New March, devastating the Arnswalde and Bernstein areas. |
| 14 February 1302 | Alliance between Brandenburg and Otto I of Pomerania-Stettin; border fortifications deconstructed |
| 1306 | Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania supports Poland in her war against Brandenburg. |
| 17 July 1307 | Peter von Neuenburg of the Swenzones receives Schlawe-Stolp, Pollnow, Tuchel and Neuenburg as Brandenburgian fiefs |
| 1308 | Kammin destroyed by Brandenburgian forces |
| 9 December 1314 | Brandenburg renounces claims to the Loitz area in favour of the Principality of Rügen in return for a payment. |
| 1314 | Brandenburg, Stralsund and the Pomeranian dukes ally and fight against a Danish-led coalition. |
| 24/25 November 1317 | Treaty of Templin: Pomerania gains Schlawe-Stolp from Brandenburg. |
| 14 August 1319 | With the death of Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg, the Brandenburg branch of the House of Ascania dies out. Otto I of Pomerania-Stettin, who had fled to Waldemar from internal conflicts in Pomerania, is reconciled with Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast |

## House of Pomerania vs House of Wittelsbach

The House of Wittelsbach (also House of Bavaria) did not immediately succeed the House of Ascania as margraves of Brandenburg: Since the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor disagreed in 1314, a war ensued between the two candidates Louis of Wittelsbach and Frederick of Habsburg that lasted until 1322, when Louis prevailed in the Battle of Mühldorf. Thus, the death of Ascanian margrave Waldemar was not followed by a proper investiture of another noble with the Margraviate of Brandenburg due to the lack of an established emperor.

The closest relative of deceased Waldemar was his ten-year-old cousin Henry, who is unlikely to have had valid claims on the margraviate. Henry was the son of Waldermar's uncle Henry of Landsberg, a distant relative of both Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast and Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg from another line of the House of Ascania, who was married to a daughter of former Ascanian margrave Otto V. Wartislaw IV quickly advanced into eastern Brandenburg, took the boy into custody, had the local nobility formally declare him Henry's custodian, and acted as the de facto ruler of the margraviate.

Rudolf I on the other hand declared himself custodian of Waldemar's widow and temporarily took over her possessions in western and central Brandenburg (Havelland, Teltow and Barnim). Rudolf I's plans were thwarted when Waldemar's widow married Otto of Brunswick in late 1319. Yet, he continued his occupation of Brandenburgian territories and by 1320 controlled Havelland, Teltow, Barnim, Zauche and Lower Lusatia. Like Wartislaw IV, Rudolf I tried to take young Henry into custody, and probably managed to do so in early 1320. Henry died in the summer of 1320. In anticipation of a possible take-over of Brandenburg by a rival who then could claim Pomerania as a Brandenburgian fief, the Pomeranian dukes took their duchy as a fief from the bishops of Cammin the same year.

Meanwhile, other neighbors of Brandenburg also annexed frontier areas of the seemingly vacated margraviate – Silesia took the Görlitz area, Bohemia the Bautzen area, and Mecklenburgian forces occupied the Prignitz and advanced into the Uckermark. Pomeranian forces had also advanced into the Uckermark, halted the Mecklenburgian campaign and occupied the Prenzlau and Pasewalk areas. In addition, the Pomeranian dukes as well as Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg claimed the Lebus area.

After Louis of the House of Wittelsbach, later crowned Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, had decided the war against the House of Habsburg in his favour in September 1322, he gave the Margraviate of Brandenburg to his seven-year-old son, Louis V "the Brandenburger" in 1323. The formal investiture was issued in 1324, and included the Duchy of Pomerania as a Brandenburgian fief. Rudolf I in late 1324 withdrew from Brandenburgian areas in turn for a compensation, The House of Wittelsbach subsequently gained control over the margraviate until they were in full charge in 1343. During this process, the Pomeranians had to withdraw from the Uckermark after a series of battles throughout the late 1320s and early 1330s. In 1330, they took their duchy as a papal fief to circumvent Brandenburg's claims. In 1338, they concluded a peace with Brandenburg, who renounced her claims on overlordship but maintained the right of succession.

In 1348 the conman "Falscher Waldemar" pretended to be Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg, claiming he had been declared dead erroneously while on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Probably a strawman of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Luxembourg, and/or the Anhaltine and Saxon branches of the House of Ascania, he was invested with the margraviate between 1148 and 1150, and took on his position as a margrave with military support of Charles IV and the Ascanians. The House of Wittelsbach was expelled from most of Brandenburg and only controlled the Neumark and some adjacent areas. Together with Denmark, the Pomeranian dukes sided with the Wittelsbachs, and the alliance had already gained ground in 1350 when Charles IV re-invested the House of Wittelsbach with Brandenburg. Louis VI the Roman, margrave between 1351 and 1365, had to re-establish his rule against the opposition of the Ascanians, which he accomplished by 1355. During this process, the Brandenburg-Pomeranian border in the Uckermark was settled in 1354.

When war broke out again in the beginning of the 1370s between the Pomeranian dukes and Louis VI' successor Otto V "the lazy", Pomerania was allied to Charles IV: Following a policy of territorial expansion and economical consolidation of his Kingdom of Bohemia, Charles IV of the House of Luxembourg had already before Louis IV the Roman's death in 1365 concluded a treaty with both Louis IV and his brother, Otto V, for succession of Charles IV's son Wenzel (Wenceslaus) IV in Brandenburg. Furthermore, Otto V had laid Brandenburg's administration in Charles IV's hands for six years in 1365. In 1373, Charles IV forced Otto V to sign the Treaty of Fürstenwalde: Otto V renounced his claims to Brandenburg (since the Golden Bull of 1356 an electorate) in favour of the House of Luxembourg in return for a compensation with 300,000 gulden, paid by pawning to him parts of New Bohemia (Charles IV's designation for his gains in the Upper Palatinate).

Timeline of the Pomerania-Wittelsbach conflict
| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 1320 | Wartislaw IV acts as the custodian for minor Waldemar's cousin Henry (Heinrich) until Henry's death on 18 June. |
| 1320 | Pomeranian dukes take their duchy as a fief from the bishops of Cammin to avoid it becoming a fief of the next Brandenburgian margrave |
| 24 June 1324 | Louis IV ("the Bavarian") gives Pomerania as a fief to his son, Louis V, Duke of Bavaria ("the Brandenburger"). Louis IV was banned by the pope on 23 March. |
| 18 November 1324 | in Templin, Brandenburg allies with the Bishopric of Cammin |
| 10 August 1325 | Pope John XXII calls the Pomeranian dukes to oppose the Brandenburgian margrave with all means. |
| 5 September 1327 | Treaty of Ueckermünde: The Pomeranian dukes and the Brandenburgian margrave agree on a formal peace. The question of fiefdom is spared. Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania agrees to marry Mechthild (also Mathilda), daughter of Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria, yet the marriage never takes place. |
| 1328 | Louis IV becomes emperor on 27 January, and orders the Pomeranian dukes to take their duchy as a fief from Brandenburg. Brandenburg and Pomerania, who were negotiating in Naulin near Pyritz, terminate these negotiations when the order arrives on 24 February |
| 29 January 1330 | truce between Brandenburg and Pomerania |
| 1330 | Pomeranian dukes take their duchy as a fief from the pope John XXII to avoid it became a fief of Brandenburg |
| 12 February and 18 August 1331 | the pope orders the Pomeranian dukes to oppose the Brandenburgian margraves |
| 13 March 1331 | the Pomeranian dukes receive the Duchy of Pomerania as a papal fief |
| 1 August 1332 | Battle of Kremmer Damm: Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania defeats the Brandenburgian army |
| 28 June 1333 | Treaty of Lippehne: three-year peace between Brandenburg and Pomerania, the question of fiefdom is spared. A formal alliance is concluded on 3 December 1334. |
| 1334 | Brandenburg renounces her claims on Pomerania-Wolgast |
| 1338 | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor renounces Brandenburgian claims on Pomerania-Stettin except for the right of succession. Pomerania and Brandenburg conclude a formal peace. |
| 12 June 1348 | Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor grants the Pomeranian dukes the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen as an imperial fief, Brandenburg's claims are neglected. |
| 4 April 1354 | Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania and Louis VI the Roman partition the Uckermark: Pomerania receives the eastern parts with Schwedt, Angermünde, Gramzow and Brüssow. Pasewalk refuses to become a part of Brandenburg and pledges allegiance to the dukes of Pomerania-Wolgast. In 1359, Louis pawns Pasewalk and additional areas to Pomerania-Wolgast. |
| 1370 | alliance between the emperor and the Pomeranian dukes against Brandenburg. Imperial confirmation of the Pomeranian possessions in the Uckermark. |
| 1371 | Valdemar IV of Denmark mediates a peace between Pomerania and Brandenburg confirming the previous partition of the Uckermark. |
| 1372 | war between Brandenburg and Pomerania for the Uckermark, Bishopric of Cammin sides with Brandenburg |
| 24 August 1372 | Battle of Königsberg (Neumark): Casimir III (IV), Duke of Pomerania killed in battle. |
| October/November 1372 | peace between Pomerania and Brandenburg, Uckermark confirmed as part of Pomerania |
| 18 August 1373 | Treaty of Fürstenwalde: Otto V of the House of Wittelsbach abdicates |

## House of Luxembourg vs House of Pomerania

The Pomeranian dukes were on good terms with Charles IV, who gained the Electorate of Brandenburg for his House of Luxembourg *de facto* from 1365 to 1371, and *de jure* in 1373. Charles IV had granted the House of Pomerania their Duchy of Pomerania as an imperial fief, and border disputes were settled or suspended.

Charles IV's heirs did not continue his policy of territorial integration and economical consolidation in Brandenburg: instead, the electorate faced internal partitions and economical decay. The Pomeranian dukes discontinued the formerly good relations with the Luxembourgians and successfully campaigned in the Uckermark on their own initiative or as allies of Brandenburg's opponents, shifting the border with Brandenburg southwards beyond Prenzlau. In 1411, the Luxembourgians resigned from the electorate, and transferred their title to Frederick IV, Burgrave of Nuremberg of the House of Hohenzollern (also House of Zollern), who started his reign in Brandenburg as Frederick I.

Timeline of the Luxembourg-Pomeranian conflict
| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 1373/1374 | House of Luxembourg gains Brandenburg on 2 October 1373, stable peace with Pomerania in 1374. Pomeranian dukes hold positions in the Brandenburgian administration. |
| 1388 | ducal forces of Pomerania-Stettin invade the Uckermark |
| 1393 | ducal forces of Pomerania-Stettin invade the Uckermark |
| 25 November 1399 | Battle of Neuensund am Karrenberg: Pomerania and Mecklenburg defeat Brandenburg and acquire Brandenburg-held territory in the Uckermark, including Prenzlau |

## House of Hohenzollern vs House of Pomerania

When Frederick I of the House of Hohenzollern took over the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1411, he and his successors restricted the influence of the local nobles, towns and clergy, and followed a policy of territorial expansion. Since the eastern frontier with Pomerania, the Neumark, was pawned to the Teutonic Order state from 1402 to 1455, the western frontier (Uckermark) was in the focus of the Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict: The first major battle between the Pomeranian and Hohenzollern armies took place in 1412 at Kremmer Damm, only one year after Frederick I had taken over the electorate.

The Duchy of Pomerania was at that time internally divided into petty realms, each such Teilherzogtum was ruled by a distinct member of the House of Pomerania. The first series of wars was primarily fought between Frederick I and the dukes of Pomerania-Stettin, allied to the powerful Brandenburgian noble family von Quitzow, and resulted in some Brandenburgian gains, the expulsion of the von Quiltzows, the imperial ban of the dukes and towns of Pomerania-Stettin, and finally a temporary peace between Brandenburg and Pomerania concluded in Eberswalde in 1415. The Pomeranian dukes allied with the dukes of Mecklenburg in 1418 and renewed their attacks, but were decisively defeated by Brandenburgian forces in the streets of Angermünde in 1420 and had to hand over the Uckermark in the subsequent Treaty of Perleberg. In 1425, the anti-Brandenburgian alliance launched a more successful campaign, after which the Uckermark was divided between Brandenburg and Pomerania in a second treaty of Eberswalde in 1427.

In 1444, war about the border in the Uckermark broke out anew. After four years of fighting, Brandenburg and Pomerania in the Peace of Prenzlau (1448) settled for a division of the Uckermark that only slightly differed from the division of 1427. In 1459, Brandenburg gained a few strongholds in the Uckermark for aiding several Pomeranian dukes in an internal struggle with their relative Eric II.

With the death of Otto III of Pomerania-Stettin in 1464, a series of wars was fought for Otto III's succession, claimed by both the House of Pomerania and the House of Hohenzollern. The battlefields were the Pomerania-Stettin, Uckermark and Neumark areas, and the war was halted only for short periods by the Treaty of Soldin (1466) and Treaty of Prenzlau (1472). The Treaty of Prenzlau (1479) finally ended the war, largely confirming the terms of the previous treaties: Pomerania-Stettin remained under the rule of the House of Pomerania, who in turn became vassals of the electors of Brandenburg.

The Peace of Prenzlau was followed by a series of negotiations, which led to the conclusion of the preliminary Treaty of Pyritz in 1493, and the final Treaty of Grimnitz in 1529: The Duchy of Pomerania became an imperial immediate fief, but the members of the House of Pomerania had to receive it in the presence of Brandenburgian representatives, and Brandenburg was granted the right of succession in the Pomeranian duchy in case the House of Pomerania became extinct.

Timeline of the Hohenzollern-Pomeranian conflict
| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 11 January 1411 | House of Hohenzollern gains Brandenburg |
| 24 October 1412 | Second Battle of Kremmer Damm: Forces of Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg face forces of Otto II and Casimir VI of Pomerania-Stettin, outcome undecided |
| 19 November 1413 | alliance between Brandenburg and Pomerania-Wolgast, renewed and expanded with Mecklenburg in the summer of 1414. Brandenburg gains Strasburg and Prenzlau in the Uckermark. |
| late 1414 | Pomerania-Stettin invades Brandenburg |
| 10 May 1415 | Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg successfully sues the dukes of Pomerania-Stettin at the imperial court, resulting in an Imperial ban |
| 5 November 1415 | Magdalena, daughter of Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, promised to Wartislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania. Marriage never takes place. |
| 16 December 1415 | Treaty of Eberswalde: peace between Pomerania-Stettin and Brandenburg, questions of Uckermark and fiefdom remain unsettled |
| 21 November 1418 | Treaty of Ueckermünde: the dukes of Pomerania, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Werle and Mecklenburg-Stargard ally against the Hohenzollern of Brandenburg, Poland and Eric of Pomerania promise support. |
| spring of 1419 | allies go to war against Brandenburg, battles in the Strasburg area |
| March 1420 | Battle of Angermünde: allies defeated by Brandenburg |
| August 1420 | Treaty of Perleberg: peace treaty, Brandenburg gains the Uckermark |
| 1425 | allies go to war against Brandenburg: Brandenburgian defeat near Vierraden, Prenzlau sacked by Pomeranian forces |
| 22 May 1427 | Treaty of Eberswalde: peace treaty, Brandenburg receives Angermünde, Pomerania keeps Greifenberg, the emperor is to decide the dispute concerning the fiefdom status |
| 1440 | Brandenburg-Pomeranian alliance against Mecklenburg-Stargard in April, peace treaty on 8 May 1442. Pomerania-Wolgast does not sign the peace |
| 1444–1448 | Pomerania and Brandenburg go to war when Brandenburg demands the pursuit of an imperial order regarding territorial claims in the Uckermark. Battles primarily in the Pasewalk, Angermünde and Oderberg areas |
| 3 May 1448 | Treaty of Prenzlau: truce, Brandenburg renounces claims to Pasewalk, but retains the right of succession for the town |
| 6 September 1459 | Internal struggle in the House of Pomerania for the heritage of deceased Eric of Pomerania. Wartislaw X and Otto III of Pomerania ally with Brandenburg against Eric II, Duke of Pomerania. Brandenburg gains Pasewalk, Alttorgelow and Neutorgelow as a pawn. |
| 1464 | Otto III, Duke of Pomerania dies without issue on 10 September, leaving Pomerania-Stettin vacant. Pomerania-Wolgast and Brandenburg both claim succession in Pomerania-Stettin. Negotiations throughout 1465. |
| 21 January 1466 | Treaty of Soldin: Dukes of Pomerania-Wolgast become dukes in Pomerania-Stettin as Brandenburgian vassals. |
| 14 October 1466 | Treaty of Soldin declared void by the imperial court. |
| July 1468-May 1472 | war between Pomerania and Brandenburg |
| 30 May 1472 | Treaty of Prenzlau: Brandenburg keeps her territorial gains in the Uckermark and the Pomeranian ducal title, Pomerania-Wolgast becomes a Brandenburgian fief |
| 1477–1478 | war between Pomerania and Brandenburg. Pomeranian forces attack Brandenburgian forces in Gartz, Brandenburg withstands in 1477, but loses Gartz on 6 April 1478, and Löcknitz on 20 May 1478. Brandenburgian counter-attack launched on 3 July 1478, sack of Bahn on 24 July, devastation of the Pyritz area, storm and sack of Bernstein, Saatzig and Vierraden. |
| 28 September 1478 | Poland mediates a truce |
| 26 June 1479 | Treaty of Prenzlau: Bogislaw X, only remaining Pomeranian duke, takes the Duchy of Pomerania as a Brandenburgian fief. Brandenburg keeps her territorial gains (14 castles), Gartz stays with Pomerania. |
| 26 March 1493 | Treaty of Pyritz between Johann, Elector of Brandenburg and Bogislaw X. The members of the House of Pomerania do not need to take the duchy as a fief from Brandenburg, nor do they need to pledge allegiance to the elector, Brandenburg retains the right of succession in the duchy. |
| 15 July 1495 | Holy Roman Emperor approves of the treaty of Pyritz, but includes the Duchy of Pomerania with the Brandenburgian possessions. |
| 1500 | Bogislaw X re-negotiates the treaty of Pyritz with Johann's successor, Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg, with the result that Pomerania is a Brandenburgian fief free to serve the emperor. |
| 1518–1519 | conflict between Brandenburg and Pomerania regarding the Oder trade. |
| 28 May 1521 | Holy Roman Emperor issues a document making Pomerania an immediate imperial fief. Delivery hindered by Brandenburg. |
| 1522 | negotiations about the status of the Duchy of Pomerania in Nuremberg (spring) and Prenzlau (September), no result. |
| 23 August 1526 and 12 April 1529 | negotiations about the status of Pomerania at the Imperial Diets in Speyer initiated by George I, Duke of Pomerania, no result. |
| August 1529 | Pomeranian and Brandenburgian nobles negotiate the status of Pomerania in Gartz mediated by Erich von Braunschweig and Heinrich von Braunschweig, no result. Mediator Vivigenz von Eickstedt initiates a meeting of George I, Duke of Pomerania and Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg in Grimnitz Palace, preliminary treaty signed on 26 August. |
| 25 October 1529 | Treaty of Grimnitz: Treaty of Pyritz confirmed and amended: Duchy of Pomerania becomes an imperial fief, which the dukes of Pomerania have to receive in the presence of Brandenburgian representatives, Brandenburgian succession in Pomerania when the House of Pomerania dies out, Brandenburg retains the title of a Pomeranian duke and merges the Pomeranian coat of arms into the Brandenburgian one. |
| 23 December 1529 | Brandenburg-Pomeranian alliance concluded: mutual assistance against third parties and disobeying subjects, Brandenburg-Pomeranian arbitration court, mutual custodianship for minor members of the ruling houses, trade alliance |

## House of Hohenzollern vs House of Sweden

Seven years before the last duke of the House of Pomerania died, which would have led to Brandenburgian succession in the Duchy of Pomerania, Swedish forces had occupied Pomerania in the course of the Thirty Years' War. By the death of Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania in 1637, Sweden refused to hand over the duchy to Brandenburg. When the war ended, Sweden and Brandenburg agreed in the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the subsequent Treaty of Stettin (1653) to partition Pomerania by a divide just east of the Oder: Western Pomerania became Swedish Pomerania, while Farther Pomerania became Brandenburgian Pomerania.

Brandenburg, later Brandenburg-Prussia, gained Swedish Pomerania step by step in the following centuries: most of the Swedish strip east of the Oder in the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye that ended the Scanian War in 1679, Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene and east of the Peenestrom rivers with Stettin in the Treaty of Frederiksborg and Treaty of Stockholm that ended the Great Northern War in 1720, and the remainder with Rügen, Stralsund and Greifswald in the Congress of Vienna that ended the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. The former Swedish part was then merged with the former Brandenburgian part and to become the Prussian Province of Pomerania.

Timeline of the Hohenzollern-Sweden conflict
| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 1627 | Capitulation of Franzburg: Thirty Years' War reaches the Duchy of Pomerania |
| 1630 | Treaty of Stettin: Sweden occupies Pomerania |
| 1637 | death of Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, House of Pomerania extinct |
| 1648 | Thirty Years' War ends with the Peace of Westphalia: Brandenburg and Sweden agree to partition Pomerania |
| 1653 | Treaty of Stettin: Sweden and Brandenburg agree on a frontier between Swedish Pomerania and Brandenburgian Pomerania |
| 1659 | Brandenburg and Sweden battle each other in Swedish Pomerania during the Northern Wars |
| 1660 | Peace of Oliva |
| 1675–1678 | Scanian War: Swedish campaign into Brandenburg and defeat at Fehrbellin in 1675. Brandenburgian counteroffensive with Danish support, capture of all of Swedish Pomerania between 1675 and 8 November 1678. |
| 28 June 1679 | Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye: most of Swedish Pomerania restored to Sweden, Brandenburg gains a frontier strip east of the Oder |
| 1713–1715 | Brandenburg-Prussia and Denmark occupy Swedish Pomerania during the Great Northern War. Last Swedish defense collapses in 1715 during the Battle of Stralsund |
| 1720 | Treaty of Frederiksborg and Treaty of Stockholm: Swedish Pomerania north of the Peene and west of the Peenestrom rivers restored to Sweden, Brandenburg-Prussia gains the southern part with Stettin and pays 2,000,000 Talers |
| 1757 | Swedish invasion of Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania, Brandenburg-Prussian invasion of Swedish Pomerania during the Seven Years' War |
| 1806–1815 | Napoleonic Wars: Prussia defeated at Auerstedt in 1806, subsequent seizure of Brandenburg and Pomerania by French forces |
| 1814 | Treaty of Kiel: Sweden cedes Swedish Pomerania to Denmark |
| 1815 | Congress of Vienna: Denmark cedes Swedish Pomerania to Prussia. Province of Pomerania constituted primarily from former Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania and Swedish Pomerania |

## Sources

### References

### Bibliography

* Arnold, Benjamin (2004). *Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52148-3.
* Barber, Malcolm (2004). *The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050-1320* (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17414-7.
* Buchholz, Werner, ed. (1999). *Pommern* (in German). Siedler. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.
* Büsch, Otto (1992). *Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte Volume 2* (in German). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-008322-1.
* Buske, Norbert (1997). *Pommern* (in German). Schwerin: Helms. ISBN 3-931185-07-9.
* Fuhrmann, Horst (1986). *Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050-1200*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31980-3.
* Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995). *Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern* (in German). Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
* Inachin, Kyra (2008). *Die Geschichte Pommerns* (in German). Rostock: Hinstorff. ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2.
* Kirsch, Kerstin (2004). *Slawen und Deutsche in der Uckermark: vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Siedlungsentwicklung vom 11. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert* (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08604-8.
* Kraus, Andreas (2004). *Geschichte Bayerns: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart* (in German) (3 ed.). C.H.Beck. ISBN 3-406-51540-1.
* Krause, Gerhard; Balz, Horst Robert (1993). Müller, Gerhard (ed.). *Theologische Realenzyklopädie III* (in German). De Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-013898-0.
* Materna, Ingo; Ribbe, Wolfgang; Adamy, Kurt (1995). *Brandenburgische Geschichte* (in German). Akademie Verlag. ISBN 3-05-002508-5.
* Piskorski, Jan Maria (1999). "Der Staat der ersten Greifenherzöge (bis 1220), pp. 35–58". In Piskorski, Jan Maria (ed.). *Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten* (in German). Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich. ISBN 83-906184-8-6.
* Riis, Thomas (1995). *Studien zur Geschichte des Ostseeraumes, Band 4* (in German). Verlag Ludwig. ISBN 87-7838-615-2. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
* Robinson, I. S. (2003). *Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54590-0.
* Spindler, Max; Kraus, Andreas (1995). Kraus, Andreas (ed.). *Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte, Volume 3: Geschichte der Oberpfalz und de bayerischen Reichskreises bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhundert* (in German) (3 ed.). C.H.Beck. ISBN 3-406-39453-1.
* Zientara, Benedykt; Smolka, Stanisław; Loew, Peter Oliver (2002). *Heinrich der bärtige und seine Zeit: Politik und Gesellschaft im mittelalterlichen Schlesien* (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 3-486-56615-6.


title: Ruth Revels

abstract: Ruth Revels was an American activist and educator who became the founder and executive director of the Guilford Native American Association (GNAA). Revels graduated with an English degree in 1958 from Pembroke State College. She fought to protect and honor the university's heritage. Ruth Revels died on March 14, 2016.

text:
# Ruth Revels

**Ruth Revels** (1936 - March 14, 2016) was an American activist and educator who became the founder and executive director of the Guilford Native American Association (GNAA). Revels graduated with an English degree in 1958 from Pembroke State College. She fought to protect and honor the university's heritage. Ruth Revels died on March 14, 2016.

## Early life

Ruth Revels grew up in Robeson County, NC in the 1940s and was from the Lumbee tribe. She experienced a unique three-way segregation between white Americans, African Americans, and Indian Americans. Revels grew up in a low income household on the outskirts of Pembroke. Her family was a farm family and neither of her parents had graduated from high school. She married Lonnie Revels, who along with Revels is credited with running Ku Klux Klan members out of Roberson county in 1958.

## Education

Revels attended Pembroke State College, now University of North Carolina at Pembroke, where she graduated with an English degree in 1958. During her time there, she won the title of ‘Miss Pembroke State’ in 1956.

## Activism

After graduation Revels taught at Ragsdale High in Jamestown for 14 years, leaving the classroom in 1977. She helped create and run the Guilford Native American Association (GNAA), with the goal to empower and educate the Native American community. Through GNAA Revels spoke out against the use of American Indians as high school mascots in the early 2000s. Revels served as a member of North Carolina Commissions of Indian Affairs beginning in 2003. In 2013 the Commissions appointed her chair woman, a position Revels held until her death in 2016.

## InfoBox

| Ruth Revels | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Annie Ruth Locklear
1936
Pembroke, North Carolina |
| Died | March 14, 2016 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Teacher |


title: Ryszard Szurkowski

abstract: Ryszard Jan Szurkowski was a Polish road bicycle racer, widely regarded as a legend of the sport in Poland.

text:
# Ryszard Szurkowski

**Ryszard Jan Szurkowski** (12 January 1946 – 1 February 2021) was a Polish road bicycle racer, widely regarded as a legend of the sport in Poland.

## Career

He was a silver medalist in the team trial at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics, and also won three gold medals at the World Cycling Amateur Championships, two in 1973 (including one in the individual road race) and one in 1975. He won the Peace Race four times, in 1970, 1971, 1973 and 1975. He also came first twice in Dookoła Mazowsza, in 1977 and 1978.

His son, Norbert, died in the September 11 attacks.

In 2018, Szurkowski crashed during a bike race in Germany, suffering serious injuries, including a crushed spinal cord that left him paralyzed. After five months of therapy, he regained some of the sensation in his toes.

He died on 1 February 2021, twenty days after his 75th birthday.

## InfoBox

Ryszard Szurkowski
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Ryszard Jan Szurkowski |
| Born | (1946-01-12)12 January 1946
Świebodów, Poland |
| Died | 1 February 2021(2021-02-01) (aged 75)
Radom, Poland |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Major wins | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Medal record      Representing  Poland  Olympic Games  Men's road bicycle racing  Olympic Games  1972 Munich  Team Road Race  1976 Montreal  Team Road Race  World Cycling Amateur Championships  1973 Barcelona  Individual Road Race  1973 Barcelona  Team Road Race  1975 Mettet  Team Road Race  1974 Montreal  Individual Road Race | |


title: Brand New World (EP)

abstract: Brand New World is Noah Gundersen's first CD released under his own name. It features his sister, Abby Gundersen, singing backup vocals and playing the violin, and Michael Porter playing an additional guitar.

text:
# Brand New World (EP)

***Brand New World*** is Noah Gundersen's first CD released under his own name. It features his sister, Abby Gundersen, singing backup vocals and playing the violin, and Michael Porter playing an additional guitar.

## Track listing

1. "Brand New World" – 4:48
2. "Moss On A Rolling Stone" – 4:53
3. "Burning Fences" – 5:03
4. "The First Song" – 4:53
5. "Winter" – 6:18
6. "The Current State of Things" – 5:11

## Personnel

* Noah Gundersen – vocals/guitar
* Abby Gundersen – violin/string composition
* Michael Porter – backup guitar

## InfoBox

| Brand New World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Noah Gundersen | |
| Released | June 9, 2008 |
| Genre | Acoustic, indie folk |
| Length | 31:00 |
| Label | Independent |
| Noah Gundersen chronology | |
| ***Brand New World***
(2008) *Saints & Liars*
(2010) | |


title: Ryan Bradley (baseball)

abstract: Ryan Bradley is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He bats and throws right-handed. Bradley was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 1st round of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft, he was drafted 40th overall. He played only in 1998 with the Yankees. He had a 2–1 record in 5 games, with a 5.86 ERA. He attended Arizona State University.

text:
# Ryan Bradley (baseball)

**Ryan Bradley** (born October 26, 1975) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He bats and throws right-handed.

Bradley was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 1st round of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft, he was drafted 40th overall. He played only in 1998 with the Yankees. He had a 2–1 record in 5 games, with a 5.86 ERA.

He attended Arizona State University.

## InfoBox

| Ryan Bradley | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1975-10-26) October 26, 1975<br>Covina, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 22, 1998, for the New York Yankees | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 23, 1998, for the New York Yankees | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 2–1 |
| Earned run average | 5.68 |
| Strikeouts | 13 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Rørvig

abstract: Rørvig is a small town with a population of 1,047 in the northern part of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark.

text:
# Rørvig

**Rørvig** is a small town with a population of 1,047 (1 January 2024) in the northern part of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark.

## Geography

Rørvig is surrounded by water on three sides: to the north is the Kattegat, to the east is the channel leading into Roskilde Fjord, and to the south is the Isefjord. There is a small fishing industry there, as well as a marina for pleasure craft. The pier is excellent for crabbing (take a peg, a long piece of string and a bucket; the local fish shop usually has old fish heads for bait!). A small distance from Rørvig is a site that is the centre of Denmark. The centre of Denmark is marked with a big stone. At Rørvig harbour, a fishing boat which is a boat that was used during WW2 for dearming mines out at sea. on the boat, you get a fishing rod and worms for fishing flounder and other flat fish, occasionally you can catch a puffer.

There are several places where you can stay. A popular place to stay is Rørvig senter which is a set of summer houses you can rent. These houses usually have two bedrooms, a kitchen-livingroom-dining room, hall and two bathrooms. Each building is split into two. Recently they have built luxury houses which are bigger and more suitable for families. There is a grill in the centre which can be used by all. There are several shops in the centre of Rørvig including *meny* (a big food shop) a butcher and some clothing shops.

Rørvig is located a few kilometres from Nykøbing Sjælland.

The famous *Solvognen* chariot from the Nordic Bronze Age has been on display at a museum in Rørvig since it was found in the bogs.

## Wildlife

A popular trip is walking from Rørvig to Kattegat since there is a lot of wildlife and plant life on the way. There are many species in Rørvig since there are few cars and people. It is not uncommon to see deer and hares, this is why some people like hunting in these areas. There are also many birds but most of them are common types, like magpies, thrushes, sparrows, blue tits, great tits, blackbirds, Herring gulls, hooded gulls. Of the more rare birds are geese, grouse, and some other types of thrushes. Snails, slugs wasps and just about all other common insects are found in Rørvig.

## Ferry

The Hundested-Rørvig vehicle ferry runs regularly between Rørvig and the small town of Hundested.

## Notable people

1. BY3: Population 1. January by rural and urban areas, area and population density The Mobile Statbank from Statistics Denmark

## InfoBox

| Rørvig | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Rørvig harbour | |
| RørvigLocation in Region ZealandRørvigRørvig (Denmark) | |
| Coordinates: 55°56′35″N 11°45′05″E / 55.94306°N 11.75139°E / 55.94306; 11.75139 | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Region | Region Zealand |
| Municipality | Odsherred |
| Area | |
| Urban | 1.13 km2 (0.44 sq mi) |
| Population (2024) | |
| Urban | 1,047 |
| Urban density | 930/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | DK-4581 Rørvig |


title: S. M. Masood

abstract: S. M. Masood was a Pakistani lawyer and a founding member of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), as well as a close aide to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

text:
# S. M. Masood

**S. M. Masood** (d. 2012) was a Pakistani lawyer and a founding member of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), as well as a close aide to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

## Career

Masood began his legal practice in 1958, Masood joined the PPP shortly after its formation. He was elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Lahore in 1973 and served as the provincial law minister.

In 1977, Masood was elected as a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan and subsequently appointed as the federal law minister in Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's cabinet. During the martial law period under General Zia-ul-Haq, Masood remained affiliated with Bhutto's party and was imprisoned as a result.

During Benazir Bhutto's first term as Prime Minister, Masood was named chairman of the People's Works Programme, a PPP initiative aimed at improving conditions for the labor class.


title: Brand New Day (Kodaline song)

abstract: "Brand New Day" is a song by Dublin-based alternative rock quartet Kodaline. The song was released as a digital download on 23 August 2013, as the third single from their debut studio album In a Perfect World (2013). The song peaked at number 29 on the Irish Singles Chart and number 75 on the UK Singles Chart. Brand New Day was used as the theme tune to the crime drama TV series Lie To Me.

text:
# Brand New Day (Kodaline song)

"**Brand New Day**" is a song by Dublin-based alternative rock quartet Kodaline. The song was released as a digital download on 23 August 2013, as the third single from their debut studio album *In a Perfect World* (2013). The song peaked at number 29 on the Irish Singles Chart and number 75 on the UK Singles Chart. Brand New Day was used as the theme tune to the crime drama TV series Lie To Me.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Brand New Day" was first released onto YouTube on 7 August 2013 at a total length of three minutes and thirty-two seconds.

## Track listing

Digital download - EP
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Brand New Day" (Radio Mix) | 3:23 |
| 2. | "Gabriel" | 4:32 |
| 3. | "Brand New Day" (feat. Nina Nesbitt) (Acoustic Version) | 3:41 |
| 4. | "Perfect World" (Acoustic Version) | 2:57 |

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 29 |
| UK Singles (Official Charts Company) | 75 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ireland | 23 August 2013 | Digital download | B-Unique |
| United Kingdom | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| "Brand New Day" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Kodaline | |
| from the album  *In a Perfect World* | |
| Released | 23 August 2013 |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, folk rock |
| Length | 3:23 |
| Label | B-Unique |
| Songwriter(s) | * Steve Garrigan * Mark Prendergrast * Vincent May |
| Producer(s) | * Stephen Harris |
| Kodaline singles chronology | |
| "Love like This"
(2013) "**Brand New Day**"
(2013) "All I Want"
(2013) | |


title: Ryki, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Ryki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 37 km (23 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

text:
# Ryki, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Ryki** \[ˈrɨki\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Dwór Gdański, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 37 km (23 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

## InfoBox

| Ryki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Ryki | |
| Coordinates: 54°11′49″N 19°7′17″E / 54.19694°N 19.12139°E / 54.19694; 19.12139 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Nowy Dwór Gdański |
| Gmina | Nowy Dwór Gdański |


title: Ryck

abstract: The Ryck is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. From its source near Bartmannshagen, part of the Süderholz community northeast of Grimmen, the Ryck flows for about 28 kilometres (17 mi) to the east, reaching Greifswald shortly before its mouth. The larger part of the river outside Greifswald is also referred to as Ryckgraben. In Greifswald, the Ryck provided both the medieval Hanseatic port and natural salt evaporation ponds, as due to the low elevation, hypersaline water of the Baltic Sea is driven into the river by the wind, flooding the lower meadows on the Ryck's northern bank. In the High Middle Ages, the Ryck marked the southern border of the Principality of Rügen and the northern border of the County of Gützkow. West of Greifswald, the Ryck fed the Boltenhägener Teich, a medieval lake. The old Hanseatic port in Greifswald is now an open-air ship museum.

text:
# Ryck

The **Ryck** is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

From its source near Bartmannshagen, part of the Süderholz community northeast of Grimmen, the Ryck flows for about 28 kilometres (17 mi) to the east, reaching Greifswald shortly before its mouth. The larger part of the river outside Greifswald is also referred to as *Ryckgraben*. In Greifswald, the Ryck provided both the medieval Hanseatic port and natural salt evaporation ponds, as due to the low elevation, hypersaline water of the Baltic Sea is driven into the river by the wind, flooding the lower meadows on the Ryck's northern bank.

In the High Middle Ages, the Ryck marked the southern border of the Principality of Rügen and the northern border of the County of Gützkow. West of Greifswald, the Ryck fed the *Boltenhägener Teich*, a medieval lake.

The old Hanseatic port in Greifswald is now an open-air ship museum.

54°06′N 13°27′E / 54.100°N 13.450°E / 54.100; 13.450

## InfoBox

| Ryck | |
| --- | --- |
| Ryck river near Greifswald-Wieck | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
| Region | Western Pomerania |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Süderholz near Grimmen |
| elevation | near zero |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Baltic Sea: Bay of Greifswald at Greifswald-Wieck |
| Length | ±28 km (17 mi) |
| Basin size | 23.4 ha (58 acres) |


title: S. J. Sindu

abstract: SJ Sindu is a genderqueer Sri Lankan American novelist and short story writer. Her first novel, Marriage of a Thousand Lies, was released by Soho Press in June 2017, won the Publishing Triangle Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction, and was named an American Library Association Stonewall Honor Book. Her second novel, Blue-Skinned Gods, was released on November 17, 2021, also by Soho Press. Her second chapbook Dominant Genes, which won the 2020 Black River Chapbook Competition, was released in February 2022 by Black Lawrence Press. Her middle-grade fantasy graphic novel, Shakti, was published in 2023 by HarperCollins. Her work has been published in Brevity, The Normal School, The Los Angeles Review of Books, apt, Vinyl Poetry, PRISM International, VIDA, Black Girl Dangerous, rkvry quarterly, and elsewhere. Sindu was a 2013 Lambda Literary Fellow, holds an MA from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, and a PhD in Creative Writing from Florida State University. She currently teaches Creative Writing at Virginia Commonwealth University.

text:
# S. J. Sindu

**SJ Sindu** (born November 27, 1987) is a genderqueer Sri Lankan American novelist and short story writer. Her first novel, *Marriage of a Thousand Lies*, was released by Soho Press in June 2017, won the Publishing Triangle Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction, and was named an American Library Association Stonewall Honor Book. Her second novel, *Blue-Skinned Gods*, was released on November 17, 2021, also by Soho Press. Her second chapbook *Dominant Genes*, which won the 2020 Black River Chapbook Competition, was released in February 2022 by Black Lawrence Press. Her middle-grade fantasy graphic novel, *Shakti*, was published in 2023 by HarperCollins. Her work has been published in *Brevity*, The Normal School, *The Los Angeles Review of Books*, *apt*, *Vinyl Poetry*, PRISM International, *VIDA*, *Black Girl Dangerous*, *rkvry quarterly*, and elsewhere. Sindu was a 2013 Lambda Literary Fellow, holds an MA from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, and a PhD in Creative Writing from Florida State University. She currently teaches Creative Writing at Virginia Commonwealth University.

## Bibliography

### Novels

* *Marriage of a Thousand Lies*. New York: Soho Press, 2017, ISBN 9781616957902
* *Blue-Skinned Gods*. New York: Soho Press, Nov 02, 2021, ISBN 9781641292429

### Short Story Collections

### Graphic Novels

### Chapbooks

* *I Once Met You But You Were Dead*. Philadelphia: Split Lip Press, 2017
* *Dominant Genes*. New York: Black Lawrence Press, 2022

## Awards

## InfoBox

| SJ Sindu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Sinduja Sathiyaseelan
(1987-11-27) November 27, 1987
Trincomalee, Sri Lanka |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Spouse | Geoff Bouvier |


title: Ryvangen

abstract: Ryvangen or Ryvangskvarteret is a neighbourhood of single-family detached homes in the northern part of Østerbro, on the border with Hellerup, in Copenhagen, Denmark.

text:
# Ryvangen

**Ryvangen** or **Ryvangskvarteret** (English: The Ryvang neighbourhood) is a neighbourhood of single-family detached homes in the northern part of Østerbro, on the border with Hellerup, in Copenhagen, Denmark.

## History

The name Ryvangen translates to "The Rye Field". The portion located to the west of the north-bound railway line was ceded to the Army in 1893 and used for the construction of the Svanemøllen Barracks. The area on the east side of the railway tracks was used for the establishment of a new residential neighbourhood of single-family, detached houses in a successful attempt to keep wealthy tax-payers in the municipality. With improved infrastructure, they had increasingly been settling in either Frederiksberg or the northern suburbs. The new neighbourhood attracted a mixture of businessmen, editors, lawyers and artists.

A local plan for the area was adopted in 1995.

## Notable buildings and residents

One of Denmark's leading artists of the day, Jens Ferdinand Willumsen, built a combined home and studio to his own design at Strandagervej 28. The painter Johan Rohde lived at Norgesmindevej 16. The sculptor Anders Bundgaard's home and studio was built in 1907 to a design by Aage Langeland-Mathiesen at Svanemøllevej 11.

Ryvangen Memorial Park

55°43′30″N 12°34′11″E / 55.7251°N 12.5696°E / 55.7251; 12.5696


title: Bono, Texas

abstract: Bono is an unincorporated community in Johnson County, Texas, United States. Located on Farm to Market Road 2331 in the southwestern portion of the county, Bono is one mile west of U.S. Highway 67.

text:
# Bono, Texas

**Bono** is an unincorporated community in Johnson County, Texas, United States. Located on Farm to Market Road 2331 in the southwestern portion of the county, Bono is one mile west of U.S. Highway 67.

## History

The area was first settled in the early 1870s by two families (one of Calvin L. Jones and one of B.H. Williamson), who each donated 20 acres for a townsite. Sixteen acres were set aside for a church and school site, and the rest was free for individuals to build homes. Families were attracted to the area because of the church and school and the community, named Bono by Jones, established a post office in 1879. A tornado struck the town on May 4, 1890, destroying homes and killing several people. The population reached 75 by 1900 and continued to thrive until the Great Depression, unusual compared to other settlements that were bypassed by the railroad in the area. The settlement had a cotton gin, two stores, two churches, and a school. The 1940s saw a decline in population, as the number of area farmers decreased as the region moved on from cotton production and switched to dairy production. The post office closed during this time, although a community building and Baptist church remained in the area in 1971 and a state map noted the presence of a small cemetery in 1984.

## InfoBox

| Bono, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Bono, TexasBono, Texas | |
| Coordinates: 32°19′25.5″N 97°30′14.8″W / 32.323750°N 97.504111°W / 32.323750; -97.504111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Johnson |
| Elevation | 830 ft (253 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 76044 |
| Area codes | 817, 682 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1378030 |


title: Epilepia meyi

abstract: Epilepia meyi is a species of snout moth in the genus Epilepia. It was described by Speidel in 2007, and is known from Namibia.

text:
# Epilepia meyi

***Epilepia meyi*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Epilepia*. It was described by Speidel in 2007, and is known from Namibia.

## InfoBox

| *Epilepia meyi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Epilepia* |
| Species: | ***E. meyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epilepia meyi***<br>Speidel, 2007 | |
|


title: Cordylancistrus nephelion

abstract: Cordylancistrus nephelion is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Tuy River basin in Venezuela. It is known to inhabit areas with transparent water, moderate to strong flow, and a substrate of stone, gravel, or sand. The species reaches 12.9 cm SL.

text:
# Cordylancistrus nephelion

***Cordylancistrus nephelion*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Tuy River basin in Venezuela. It is known to inhabit areas with transparent water, moderate to strong flow, and a substrate of stone, gravel, or sand. The species reaches 12.9 cm (5.1 inches) SL.

## InfoBox

| *Cordylancistrus nephelion* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Cordylancistrus* |
| Species: | ***C. nephelion*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cordylancistrus nephelion***<br>Provenzano & Milani, 2006 | |
|


abstract: The GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences is the largest German infrastructure institute for the social sciences. It is headquartered in Mannheim, with a location in Cologne. With basic research-based services and consulting covering all levels of the scientific process, GESIS supports researchers in the social sciences. As of 2017, the president of GESIS is Christof Wolf. GESIS is part of the Leibniz Association and receives federal and state funding.

text:
# GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences

49°29′09″N 8°27′46″E / 49.4857°N 8.4629°E / 49.4857; 8.4629 The **GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences** is the largest German infrastructure institute for the social sciences. It is headquartered in Mannheim, with a location in Cologne. With basic research-based services and consulting covering all levels of the scientific process, GESIS supports researchers in the social sciences. As of 2017, the president of GESIS is Christof Wolf.

GESIS is part of the Leibniz Association and receives federal and state funding.

## History

Established in 1986 as German Social Science Infrastructure Services (*Gesellschaft Sozialwissenschaftlicher Infrastruktureinrichtungen*), GESIS originally consisted of the three independent institutes:

* Social Science Information Centre (*InformationsZentrum Sozialwissenschaften*, IZ) in Bonn,
* Central Archive for Empirical Social Research (*Zentralarchiv für Empirische Sozialforschung*, ZA) in Cologne, and
* Centre for Survey Research and Methodology (*Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen*, ZUMA) in Mannheim.

In 2007, the three GESIS institutes merged into one. In November 2008, GESIS added "Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences" to its name in order to emphasize its membership in the Leibniz Association.

In November 2011, GESIS Bonn and Cologne were merged into one location in Cologne.

## Services

The GESIS social science services available to support the work of researchers are aligned to the four phases of the research data cycle.

### Planning Studies & Collecting Data

* Survey Methods Consulting: How to Plan a Study – Consulting services to researchers throughout the course of a research project.
* Basic Knowledge – In the sense of Open Science get extensive information on all aspects of current social science research.
* Cognitive Pretesting – Optimising questions and survey instruments.
* Items & Scales – Researching and developing new items and scales for research projects.
* Sampling – Drawing of (telephone) samples and complex samples for research projects.

### Finding and accessing data

* ALLBUS (German General Social Survey / *Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage*) – GESIS collects up-to-date data on attitudes, behavior, and social structure from the German population.
* GLES (German Longitudinal Election Study) – Data from Germany's largest and most ambitious national election study for examining and analyzing the electorate is available free of charge.
* PIAAC (Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies) – GESIS is an integrated partner in the OECD study examining adult competency levels simultaneously across 24 countries via its population survey of adult skills.
* ISSP (International Social Survey Programme) – The international collaboration conducts annual conjoint surveys on social science relevant topics across 48 countries.
* EVS (European Values Study) – The empirical longitudinal survey conducted in 47 countries is aimed at providing insight into changes in human values.
* CSES (Comparative Study of Electoral Systems) – The international election study integrates data from post-election surveys from approximately 40 countries.
* GESIS Panel - The GESIS Panel offers the academic social science community a possibility to collect primary data within a probability-based omnibus access panel free of charge. The data are representative of the German speaking population aged between 18 and 70 years (at the time of recruitment) and permanently residing in Germany. Data collected within the GESIS Panel can be used by academic researchers free of charge, e.g. to conduct secondary research.

### Processing & Analyzing Data

* Survey Methods Consulting for Data Analysis – Consulting services for research projects.
* Weighting and Analysis of Complex Samples – Services for calculating design and fitting weights and handling missing values.
* Data Harmonization at all Levels - Advice, tools and thematic harmonized data from different sources.
* Metadata & Tools for Analyzing Official Data - Tools for the preparation and analysis of official microdata.
* Analyses in the Safe Rooms - Analyzing sensitive and restricted-access data on site.
* Tools for Analyzing Digital Behavioral Data - Comprehensive services and information on the collection and analysis of digital behavioral data.

### Archiving and sharing

* Archive and share data - Archiving social science data in the GESIS data archive
* Share scripts and syntax - Share scripts and syntax via SowiDataNet|datorium.
* Share measurement instruments - Share tested measurement instruments via ZIS (Open Access Repository for Measurement Instruments).
* Archive and share open access publications - Find and publish publications via Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR).
* Register data - Institutions can get DOIs for their data.

### Training

GESIS offers a wide range of events Archived 2017-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, especially training courses in social research methods, that develop participants’ applied research methods skills in depth and in breadth covering the whole survey life cycle. Since 2012 the GESIS Summer School Archived 2017-03-06 at the Wayback Machine in Survey Methodology is offered for PhD students and young researchers. The GESIS Spring Seminar on advanced methods of quantitative data analysis and the GESIS Methodenseminar on basic knowledge and skills in quantitative data analysis are taking place for over 40 and 30 years, respectively. The trainings are completed by GESIS Workshops on current research methods and survey programs.

## Research

GESIS conducts research on content and methodology focusing on survey methodology, social structure, attitudes and behaviors in modern societies, applied computer science and information science.

### GESIS Research Data Centers

The GESIS Research Data Centers carry out knowledge transfer in continuing education offers and publications based on own content research and offer data services and consulting for users.

* RDC ALLBUS
* RDC Elections
* RDC German Microdata Lab
* RDC International Survey Programmes

## GESIS Journals

GESIS publishes multiple academic journals in the area of the social sciences.

* *Historical Social Research* (*HSR*) An international scientific journal featuring empirical social research with diachronic perspectives; it can be found in the Social Sciences Citation Index.
* *methods, data, analyses* (*mda*) Articles and reports on all questions important to survey methodology with an emphasis on new methodological and/or statistical knowledge and current applications of methods in research practice.
* (Until 2020) *Social Indicators Information Service* Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine (*ISI*, *Informationsdienst Soziale Indikatoren*) Published twice yearly to inform both academic experts and the interested public about selected trends in general social change.
* *easy\_social\_sciences* Interdisciplinary transfer journal for social sciences and empirical social research.
* *Survey Methods: Insights from the Field* A peer-reviewed online journal to promote professional exchange on practical survey research issues and discussion on new and promising paths in survey research.

## Executive board and statutory bodies

GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences is a registered organization with the following statutory bodies:

* General Meeting of Members
* Board of Trustees
* President
* Scientific Advisory Board
* User Advisory Board

Prof. Dr. Christof Wolf is President of GESIS. (In June 2015, Prof. Dr. Christof Wolf acted as the interim president).

## Organization

GESIS is divided into six scientific departments; their research-based services and products cover the entire spectrum of empirical social research.

* Computational Social Science (CSS)
* Data and Research on Society (DRS)
* Data Services for the Social Sciences (DSS)
* Survey Data Curation (SDC)
* Survey Design and Methodology (SDM)
* Knowledge Technologies for the Social Sciences (WTS)

The research data centers are positioned across all the departments. In addition to access to unique data, they also provide special preparation of existing datasets, additional materials and context information as well as offering consulting based on own research.

## WikiWho

**WikiWho**, developed by Fabian Flöck and Maribel Acosta and hosted by GESIS, "parses the complete set of all historical revisions (versions) (of Wikipedia articles in different languages) in order to find out who wrote and/or removed and/or reinserted which exact text at token level at what revision". *WhoColor* and *whoVIS* are in development. Researchers developing and using *WikiWho*, also investigated the Gamergate (harassment campaign). In 2021, Fabian Flöck planned to leave GESIS and shut down WikiWho sometime in 2022, however, a Wikimedia Foundation software engineer is working to migrate the infrastructure. Wikimedia Foundation, Community Tech Team has released *Who Wrote That?*, a browser extension, for Mozilla Firefox and Chromium-based browsers. using *WikiWho*. *Contropedia* is a related "platform for the real-time analysis and visualization of such controversies in Wikipedia".


title: Samuel G. Wildman

abstract: Samuel Goodnow Wildman was an American biologist. Wildman joined the University of California, Los Angeles, as a professor of biology in 1950 and retired in 1979. Professor Wildman is best known for his leading work over several decades on "Fraction I protein" although his record of publications spanned more than 60 years in total. In 1979, the American Society of Plant Physiologists awarded him with the Charles Barnes Life Membership Award, placing him in company with notables such as Erwin Bünning.

text:
# Samuel G. Wildman

**Samuel Goodnow Wildman** (May 26, 1912 – August 16, 2004) was an American biologist. Wildman joined the University of California, Los Angeles, as a professor of biology in 1950 and retired in 1979. Professor Wildman is best known for his leading work over several decades on "Fraction I protein" (now known as RuBisCO) although his record of publications spanned more than 60 years in total. In 1979, the American Society of Plant Physiologists awarded him with the Charles Barnes Life Membership Award, placing him in company with notables such as Erwin Bünning.

## InfoBox

| Samuel G. Wildman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Samuel Gordon Wildman<br>(1912-05-26)May 26, 1912 |
| Died | August 16, 2004(2004-08-16) (aged 92) |
| Nationality | American |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Biology |
| Institutions | University of California, Los Angeles |
|  | |


title: Steal Your Love

abstract: " "Steal Your Love" is the 24th single by Japanese singer Yōko Oginome. Written by Reo Mikami and Satoshi Hirose, the single was released on March 27, 1992, by Victor Entertainment.

text:
# Steal Your Love

"**Steal Your Love**" (スティール・ユア・ラヴ, *Sutīru Yua Ravu*) is the 24th single by Japanese singer Yōko Oginome. Written by Reo Mikami and Satoshi Hirose, the single was released on March 27, 1992, by Victor Entertainment.

## Background and release

The song was used by Ginza Jewelry for their Camelia Diamond commercial.

The B-side is "Moonlight Blue", which is completely different from the similarly titled song from Oginome's 1991 album *Trust Me*.

"Steal Your Love" peaked at No. 15 on Oricon's singles chart and sold over 129,000 copies.

Oginome re-recorded the song in her 2014 cover album *Dear Pop Singer*.

## Track listing

All music is arranged by Yukio Sugai, Kōichi Kaminaga, and Ryujin Inoue.

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Steal Your Love" | Reo Mikami | Satoshi Hirose |  |
| 2. | "Moonlight Blue" | Miyuki Asano | Joey Carbone |  |
| 3. | "Steal Your Love (Original Karaoke)" ((STEAL YOUR LOVE(オリジナル・カラオケ))) |  |  |  |
| 4. | "Moonlight Blue (Original Karaoke)" ((MOONLIGHT BLUE(オリジナル・カラオケ))) |  |  |  |

## Charts

| Chart (1992) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 15 |

## InfoBox

| "Steal Your Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Yōko Oginome | |
| from the album  *Ryūkō Kashu* | |
| Language | Japanese |
| B-side | "Moonlight Blue" |
| Released | March 27, 1992 (1992-03-27) |
| Recorded | 1991 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | * Reo Mikami * Satoshi Hirose |
| Producer(s) | Keisuke Tsukimitsu |
| Yōko Oginome singles chronology | |
| "Nee"
(1991) "**Steal Your Love**"
(1992) "Coffee Rumba"
(1992) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Steal Your Love" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: BioOne

abstract: BioOne is a nonprofit publisher of scientific research. BioOne was established in 1999 in Washington, DC, as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization by five scholarly collaborators: the American Institute of Biological Sciences, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), The University of Kansas, Greater Western Library Alliance, and Allen Press. The main impetus for BioOne's creation was the common desire amongst key scholarly stakeholders for an alternative to commercial scholarly publishing. Half of the subscription fee revenue from BioOne Complete is divided between participating publishers.

text:
# BioOne

**BioOne** is a nonprofit publisher of scientific research.

BioOne was established in 1999 in Washington, DC, as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization by five scholarly collaborators: the American Institute of Biological Sciences, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), The University of Kansas, Greater Western Library Alliance, and Allen Press.

The main impetus for BioOne's creation was the common desire amongst key scholarly stakeholders for an alternative to commercial scholarly publishing.

Half of the subscription fee revenue from *BioOne Complete* is divided between participating publishers.

## InfoBox

BioOne
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Producer | BioOne (United States) |
| History | 1999 to present |
| Access | |
| Cost | Subscription |
| Coverage | |
| Disciplines | Sciences |
| Links | |
| Website | www.bioonepublishing.org |
| Title list(s) | www.bioone.org/action/showPublications?type=byAlphabet |


title: Garbage theft (disambiguation)

abstract:
Garbage theft may refer to:
  - Dumpster diving, the practice of sifting through trash to find discarded items that may be useful
  - Refund theft, a type of crime involving returning goods to a retailer in exchange for money or other goods
  - Garbage theft, the practice of sifting through people's trash on private property to profit from items that can be resold or traded for a cash refund and for the purposes of identity theft and fraud.

text:
# Garbage theft (disambiguation)

**Garbage theft** may refer to:

* Dumpster diving, the practice of sifting through trash to find discarded items that may be useful
* Refund theft, a type of crime involving returning goods to a retailer in exchange for money or other goods
* Garbage theft, the practice of sifting through people's trash on private property to profit from items that can be resold or traded for a cash refund and for the purposes of identity theft and fraud.


title: SQIFF

abstract: SQIFF is Scotland's only active dedicated LGBTQ+ film festival. Created in 2014, with a series of one off screenings, the festival launched fully in 2015 and became an annual event. The festival arose in response to the amount of queer filmmaking activity in Glasgow, but quickly established an International programme featuring submissions from around the world. It seeks to provide a platform for LGBTQ+ creativity, as well as challenging barriers to access. SQIFF's goal is to get people watching, talking about, and making more queer films. They want to screen movies that people might not otherwise get a chance to see and create inspiring and informative events across Scotland. Moreover, SQIFF want to support marginalised groups within the LGBTQ+ community by providing a networking system for queer filmmakers, as well as filmmaking workshops for audiences wanting to start on the medium. They want to challenge inequalities and barriers to accessing the arts.

text:
# SQIFF

**SQIFF (Scottish Queer International Film Festival)** is Scotland's only active dedicated LGBTQ+ film festival.

Created in 2014, with a series of one off screenings, the festival launched fully in 2015 and became an annual event. The festival arose in response to the amount of queer filmmaking activity in Glasgow, but quickly established an International programme featuring submissions from around the world. It seeks to provide a platform for LGBTQ+ creativity, as well as challenging barriers to access.

SQIFF's goal is to get people watching, talking about, and making more queer films. They want to screen movies that people might not otherwise get a chance to see and create inspiring and informative events across Scotland. Moreover, SQIFF want to support marginalised groups within the LGBTQ+ community by providing a networking system for queer filmmakers, as well as filmmaking workshops for audiences wanting to start on the medium. They want to challenge inequalities and barriers to accessing the arts.

## Festival

The first edition of SQIFF took place between 24–27 September 2015 at the Centre for Contemporary Arts, which has continued to operate as the main festival hub. Additional screenings have taken place at venues across the city. These have included: Glasgow Film Theatre, Scottish Youth Theatre, Kinning Park Complex, Glasgow School of Art, and The Space.

To connect queer audiences during the Covid-19 pandemic, SQIFF launched Sqifflex, an online platform hosting a collection of LGBTQ+ films for free, during May and June 2020.

The Festival Co-ordinator was Helen Wright, until 2021. Helen co-founded the festival with Marc David Jacobs and Asten Holmes-Elliott. A new programming team started in 2021, introducing Nat Lall and Jamie Rea as Curators, with Indigo Korres as Programme Coordinator.

## SQIFF on Tour

SQIFF has also had tours around Scotland, with the most recent being the Trans-Generational Tour from March until June 2023, bringing three screenings focused on trans joy, family, history and intergenerational communities to six venues across Scotland. The venues were Eden Court (Inverness), MacRobert Arts Centre (Stirling), Glasgow Film Theatre (Glasgow), Cornucopia Unit 4 (Hawick), Dundee Contemporary Arts (Dundee), and An Lanntair (Stornoway).

## Accessibility

SQIFF modelled a sliding scale 'pay what you can' ticket tier scheme (FREE - £10), inspired by other grassroots festivals, which has since been implemented by Scottish festivals. Closed captioning was required for all films, and the Festival has a captioning team to assist in this. Events are BSL interpreted. Venues must be wheelchair accessible. Quiet rooms were also available at some spaces. There is an access fund to help people attend.

List of LGBT film festivals

1. "Just what makes a film 'queer'?". *BBC News*. 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
2. "Creative Scotland to fund inaugural Scottish Queer International Film Festival, dates announced". *list.co.uk*. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
3. "Scottish Queer International Film Festival launches online festival Sqifflix". *list.co.uk*. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
4. "All change at Scottish Queer International Film Festival - The Skinny". *www.theskinny.co.uk*. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
5. Scotland, Screen (2021-09-01). "Scottish Queer International Film Festival announces full programme". *Screen Scotland*. Retrieved 2022-05-09.

## InfoBox

SQIFF
|
|  |
| Formation | 2014 |
| Headquarters | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Website | https://www.sqiff.org |


title: Safran Sensing Technologies Norway

abstract: Safran Sensing Technologies Norway AS is a French-owned Norwegian producer and developer of high precision and light-weight MEMS gyros and IMUs, and also offers foundry services in its wafer fab. The CEO is Valérie Redron. As of 1 October 2021, Sensonor is a fully owned and integrated subsidiary of Safran Electronics & Defense. On 21 April 2022, the company changed its name to Safran Sensing Technologies Norway AS. The Swiss company Colibrys changed their name to Safran Sensing Technologies Switzerland SA at the same time.

text:
# Safran Sensing Technologies Norway

**Safran Sensing Technologies Norway AS** (formerly Sensonor AS) is a French-owned Norwegian producer and developer of high precision and light-weight MEMS gyros and IMUs, and also offers foundry services in its wafer fab. The CEO is Valérie Redron.

As of 1 October 2021, Sensonor is a fully owned and integrated subsidiary of Safran Electronics & Defense. On 21 April 2022, the company changed its name to Safran Sensing Technologies Norway AS. The Swiss company Colibrys changed their name to Safran Sensing Technologies Switzerland SA at the same time.

## Business

The main product of Sensonor has long been MEMS manufactured pressure sensors, gyros and inertialŔ measurement systems. The company has focused on MEMS gyros since 2009, and the main product line consists of gyros (STIM2xx product line), and IMU (STIM3xx product line), which both include hermetic versions for space applications. Since 2019, Sensonor has also offered foundry services in its wafer fab.

## History

The company was first established in Horten in 1985, founded on knowledge and research from Akers Electronics.

In the 1990s Sensonor had international success with SA20, a sensor for airbag systems. It was based on a piezoresistive beam of silicon. Around 35 million sensors were sold worldwide, and the company had an estimated 60–70% of the European market for airbag sensors.

However, SA30, their next generation of the crash sensor, was delayed, and failed commercially. This led to a decrease in the revenues from 170m NOK in 1997 to 50m NOK in 1999. Thus, the early 2000s were economically difficult years for the business and stock market speculation increased the instabilities.

Eventually, Sensonor was purchased in full by the large German semiconductor company Infineon Technologies. Sensonor was owned by them from June 2003 until February 2009, under the name *Infineon Technologies SensoNor*. In this period, the company was world leading in the TPMS market. In parallel with the development of the SA30 sensor, Sensonor had also been working on a pressure sensor, named SP12. It was designed for usage in TPMS applications, i.e. monitoring of the air pressure in car tires. As with earlier products, SP12 was also based on piezoresistive elements implanted in a silicon crystal, but additionally, the silicon wafer was encapsulated between two Pyrex glass wafers. It was this technology which made the Norwegian company an interesting investment for Infineon.

Later, Sensonor developed improved versions, SP30 and SP35. These were sold to producers of TPMS-systems by Infineon. In February 2009, Infineon announced that Sensonor were to be sold to Norwegian private investors, in a move that would "benefit both SensoNor and Infineon".

In February 2012, the company filed for bankruptcy, but already in April 2012, new owners purchased the estate and reestablished the company.

The company filed positive results and growing sales every year from 2015 to 2020, except 2017.

On 1 October 2021, the company was purchased in full by Safran Electronics & Defense.

Name- and ownership history
| Years | Name | Type | Owners |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985-2003 | Sensonor ASA | Public company | Traders on Oslo Stock Exchange |
| 2003-2009 | Infineon Technologies Sensonor AS | Private company | Infineon |
| 2009-2012 | Sensonor Technologies AS | Private company | Harald Høegh and others |
| 2012-2021 | Sensonor AS | Private company | / Sensonor Holding (Thomas Bull-Larsen and others) |
| 2021- | Safran Sensing Technologies Norway AS | Private company | Safran Electronics & Defense |

## Products

Sensonor sells three-axis gyros and IMUS (devices with gyro, accelerator and/or inclinometer sensors) in a small package. The gyros belong to the STIM2xx-series, while the IMUS are in the STIM3xx-series. The original product was the STIM202/STIM210 and the STIM300. The STIM318 has improved accelerometer performance, while the STIM277H/377H products are hermetic and optimized for use in Low Earth Orbit.

## InfoBox

Safran Sensing Technologies Norway AS
| Company type | Private company |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | MEMS |
| Founded | 1985 |
| Headquarters | Horten, Norway |
| Products | Gyros, IMUs, pressure sensors |
| Revenue | 163.9 million NOK (2020) |
| Net income | 35.0 million NOK (2020) |
| Number of employees | 63 |
| Website | www.sensonor.com |