title: Brisbane Central State School

abstract: Brisbane Central State School, also known as Leichhardt Street State School, and Brisbane Practicing School, is a heritage-listed public coeducational primary school, located at 85 Rogers Street, Spring Hill, in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Designed by architect Richard George Suter and built in 1874 by Dennis & Sons with further additions through to c. 1927, it was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992, due to its historical and architectural significance. It is administered by the Department of Education, with an enrolment of 524 students and a teaching staff of 37, as of 2023. The school caters to students from Prep to Year 6, with Michael Grogan as principal.

text:
# Brisbane Central State School

**Brisbane Central State School**, also known as Leichhardt Street State School, and Brisbane Practicing School, is a heritage-listed public coeducational primary school, located at 85 Rogers Street, Spring Hill, in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Designed by architect Richard George Suter and built in 1874 by Dennis & Sons with further additions through to c.1927, it was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992, due to its historical and architectural significance. It is administered by the Department of Education, with an enrolment of 524 students and a teaching staff of 37, as of 2023. The school caters to students from Prep to Year 6, with Michael Grogan as principal.

## History

Agitation for a primary school in the Spring Hill area commenced in 1873, culminating in the establishment of three separate schools - Leichhardt Street Boys' School, Leichhardt Street Girls' School, and Leichhardt Street Infants' School (later renamed Brisbane Central State School). Opening 25 January 1875 on a large site, the schools were initially accommodated in one building built in 1874. As attendance grew, other buildings were constructed, including; a playshed (1887); a high-set, timber classroom building for the boys' school (1909); a timber classroom building for the practising school (c.1929); a brick building for the infants' school (c.1952); as well as playgrounds, extensive cuttings, retaining walls, landscaping and plantings.

The provision of state-administered education was important to the colonial governments of Australia. In 1848 the New South Wales Government established National Schools. This was continued by the Queensland Government after the colony's creation in 1859. The Education Act 1860 established the Queensland Board of General Education and began to standardise curriculum, teacher training, and facilities. The Education Act 1875 provided a number of key initiatives for primary education; it was to be free, compulsory and secular. The Department of Public Instruction was established to administer the Act. This move standardised the provision of education and, despite difficulties, colonial educators achieved a remarkable feat in bringing basic literacy to most Queensland children by 1900.

The establishment of schools was considered an essential step in the development of early Queensland communities. The formal education of Queensland children was seen as integral to the success of a town, the colony, and the nation. Land and construction labour was often donated by the local people and schools frequently became a major focus within the community as a place symbolising progress, for social interaction, and as a source of pride. Also, the development and maintenance of schools frequently involved donations and work by teachers, parents, and pupils. Because of their significant connections with the local community, schools have occasionally incorporated other socially important elements such as war memorials and halls used for community purposes. They also typically retain a significant enduring connection with former pupils, their parents, and teachers. Social events involving a wide portion of the local community have often been held at schools, utilising the buildings and grounds – such as fetes, markets, public holiday celebrations, school break-up days, fundraisers, sporting events, reunions, and dances.

As in other Australian colonies, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings. This helped to ensure consistency and economy. The standard designs were continually refined by government architects in response to changing needs and educational philosophy. Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in their approach to climate control, lighting, and ventilation. Due to the standardisation of facilities, schools across the state were developed in distinctly similar ways and became complexes of typical components. These components included: the teaching buildings, the school yard, the horse paddock that was often later configured into a sports oval, and a variety of features such as sporting facilities or play equipment, shade structures, gardens and trees.

The initial school building for the Leichhardt Street schools was a low-set, one-storey, brick structure designed by established Brisbane architect Richard George Suter. Suter was a private architect commissioned from 1865 by the Board of General Education to design school buildings. After 1868, Suter was responsible for most of the Board's buildings until 1875. As an architect in the early years of the colony, Suter was prolific despite only practicing for approximately 10 years in Queensland and had a strong influence on the establishment of Queensland architecture, being credited with introducing "outside studding" construction technique to the state.

Suter's Brisbane school buildings were of brick construction. His initial designs were simple, low-set, structures with gable roofs, and rectangular in plan. In 1873 he introduced an "improved plan" adding front and rear verandahs to provide hat rooms and additional play and classroom space beginning a distinctive design solution of "classroom and verandah" that continued through evolution until at least the 1960s.

The contract to construct the Suter building for the Leichhardt Street schools was let on 5 February 1874 to builders Dennis & Sons, with a price of 1970. The T-shaped building had three large classrooms - the long front wing held two 80 by 25 feet (24.4 by 7.6 m) classrooms, one each for the boys' and girls' schools, and projecting to the rear was one 25 by 24 feet (7.6 by 7.3 m) classroom for the infants' school. The building had a symmetrical front elevation with a projecting central room 20 by 25 feet (6.1 by 7.6 m) flanked by a small teachers' room either side and a verandah along the front and rear. Enrolments by October 1875 totalled 241 boys, 176 girls, and 250 infants. In 1887 a playshed was built at the school. This was a timber-framed, open-sided shelter with a gable roof measuring 25 by 45 feet (7.6 by 13.7 m). The Queensland education system recognised the importance of play in the school curriculum and, as well as classrooms, they provided plans for playsheds, free-standing shelters that provided covered play space and were often used for unofficial teaching space when needed. They were timber-framed structures, generally open on all sides although were sometimes partially enclosed with timber boards or corrugated galvanised iron sheets. The hipped (or less frequently, gabled) roofs were clad with timber shingles or corrugated iron and they had an earth or decomposed granite floor. Fixed timber seating ran between the perimeter posts. Playsheds were a typical addition to state schools across Queensland between c.1880s and the 1950s. They were mostly built to standard designs that ranged in size relative to student numbers. School sites were typically cleared of all vegetation and the provision of all-weather outdoor space was needed. After c.1909 school buildings were high-set, allowing students to play in the understorey and playsheds were not frequently constructed.

In 1889 a Grand Gala Tree-planting Day was held at the Leichhardt Street schools site. Prior to this, the grounds were described as barren. The provision of outdoor play space was a result of the early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school. Trees and gardens were planted as part of beautification of the school. In the 1870s, schools inspector William Boyd was critical of tropical schools and amongst his recommendations was the importance of the addition of shade trees in the playground. Landscape elements were often constructed to standard designs and were intrinsic to Queensland Government education philosophies. Educationalists believed gardening and tree planting instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land. Aesthetically designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors. More than 50 shade and ornamental trees supplied by the Department of Agriculture were planted in the Leichhardt Street school grounds by its scholars. It was seen as a great success and sparked the introduction of Queensland-wide Arbor Day celebrations the following year. Between 1889 and 1892 about 150 trees were planted in the school grounds.

From the school's opening, the Suter building was overcrowded and had other problems, including poor lighting and ventilation. From 1893 the Department of Public Works became responsible for school design and worked to greatly improve its standard designs to address the natural ventilation and lighting of classroom interiors. The department's architects experimented with different combinations of roof ventilators, ceiling and wall vents, larger windows, dormer windows and ducting. Roof ventilators became fleches which grew larger as the experimentation continued. Prior to the widespread adoption of electricity and artificial lighting, achieving an ideal or even adequate level of natural light in classrooms, without glare, was of critical importance to educators and consequently it became a primary determinant of the design concept and layout of all school buildings. From around 1909 windows were rearranged and enlarged to provide a greater amount of gentle, southern light into the room and desks were rearranged to have the light falling onto the students' left hand side. This reduced glare, and, since students were forcibly right-handed, did not throw a shadow onto the page. This often meant a complete transformation of the fenestration of existing buildings. Windows were larger and sills were lowered to let in more light generally. Smaller classrooms were preferred as they were easier to light correctly. Interiors became lighter and airier and met with immediate approval from educationalists.

Over time, the Leichhardt Street schools' Suter building was altered to improve lighting and ventilation of the interior to standard designs by the department. In c.1897 skylights were added to the roof either side of the spire to aid internal lighting of the classrooms. In c.1911 these were replaced with dormer windows, and a large arched window was added to the end (south-eastern) wall. To further improve the internal light conditions the rear verandah was removed between 1918 and 1933. The projecting infants' wing was demolished in 1933, replaced by an asphalted assembly area. Banks of casement windows were added to the rear wall to greatly increase the natural lighting and ventilation of the classrooms. This work is typical of the standard "improvements" designed by the Department of Public Works that were made to older education buildings to meet evolving education philosophies espoused by the Department of Education of over time.

Overcrowding continued at the Leichhardt Street schools and in 1909 a new high-set, timber classroom building was built to the south of the Suter building for the boys' school. This was built to a new standard design introduced in c.1909. This high-set, timber design provided better ventilation as well as further teaching space and a covered play space underneath. This was a noticeable new direction and the high-set form became a characteristic of Queensland schools. The understorey of this new building at Leichhardt Street was enclosed between June 1922 and June 1923.

By 1914 a separate building for the Infants' School had been constructed to the northeast of the Suter building.

In 1927 the Brisbane Normal School (Adelaide Street) was closed for demolition and its teachers and students were transferred to Leichhardt Street State School. The Leichhardt Street school also took over the Normal School's role of training teachers. On 4 September 1927, the three Leichhardt Street schools operating from the site (boys', girls', and infants' schools) closed and re-opened the next day under one head teacher as the Leichhardt Street State and Practising School (unofficially known as the Central Practising School). To accommodate the large increase in pupils, teachers and trainee teachers, additional buildings and toilets were constructed at the school. One of these was a classroom building for the practising school built c.1929 facing St Pauls Terrace. It stood on the highest part of the site, separated from the rest of the school by a tall, concrete retaining wall.

During the 1930s and 1940s, the school was known as the "Scholarship Factory" due to the high success rate of its pupils in the high school scholarship examinations. Many of its teachers and pupils became prominent identities, including Jack Pizzey and Sir Douglas Tooth.

The school was officially renamed the Brisbane Central State School in 1954. A fire damaged the north-western end of the Suter building in 1973.

A large, new brick infants building was constructed at the Water Street end of the site, replacing the earlier infants building. Beginning in the 1950s, school designs were altered with a goal of modernisation. Classrooms had extensive areas of windows; almost the entirety of the verandah wall and the opposite classroom wall were glazed, allowing abundant natural light and ventilation. The proliferation of stumps in the understorey was replaced with steel, timber and sometimes concrete trusses that spanned the width of the classroom and provided an unimpeded play space while minimising costs. While the majority of school buildings were built to standard plans, as in other periods, some buildings were also constructed that were individually designed. These were typically constructed in areas of stable, suburban and urban populations and were an evolution of the urban brick school buildings of the early 1900s and depression-era brick school buildings. They were generally substantial structures of brick and concrete that introduced many innovative ideas that found their way into standard plans. For example, brick was progressively used more frequently in high schools as standard. The new infants' building at Brisbane central State School was one of these non-standard designs. Designed in 1949 by the Department of Public Works, construction was completed in the financial year ending June 1952. The building included five classrooms, one kindergarten room, and an open understorey play area. It was occupied by the school until c.1966 when use of the building was given to the Department of Health. The building was then used as the Brisbane Institute of Child Guidance, which operated as a separate entity to the school. This new use was officially opened 6 April 1966. The land around the former infants' building was subdivided off and formally transferred to the Department of Health in 1991. Remedial structural work was performed on the building at this time.

The Practising School left Brisbane Central State School c.1959. Its building facing St Paul's Terrace was transferred to the Department of Health and used as the Children's Dental Hospital, operating separating from the school. Later, the dental hospital moved out and in c.2008 the building was transferred back to school use. The interior was extensively refurbished in 2010 to create a single large space for assembly.

Over time, buildings and structures were added to and removed from the school grounds to accommodate different education programs or to provide new facilities. New toilets were constructed in 2004 and the c.1929 toilets were demolished in 2012. A low-set classroom building was constructed adjacent to the rear of the Suter building in c.2008.

Enrolments at Brisbane Central State School fluctuated from over 1000 students during the 1930s to fewer than 100 during the 1980s to 220 in 2013. In 2014, the school retains the 1874 Suter building, the 1887 playshed, the 1909 former boys' school building, the c.1929 former practising school building, the c.1952 former infants' school building, playgrounds, extensive cuttings, retaining walls, landscaping and mature tree plantings.

In 2014, the school is the only remaining inner-city state school and is surrounded by a mix of early Spring Hill housing and modern structures.

## Description

Brisbane Central State School, built on terraced terrain, comprises a number of elements, including: the Suter building (1874); a play shed (1887); the former boys' school high-set, timber classroom building (1909); the former practising school building (c.1929); the former infants' school building (completed by June 1952); playgrounds; and extensive cuttings, retaining walls, landscaping and plantings.

The Suter building is a one-storey, low-set brick structure with a gabled roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It faces south-west to the main entrance into the grounds on Victoria Street, and the vista of the building from the entrance is framed by trees. It is a long and narrow building aligned south-west and north-east with a timber-framed verandah along the front. The verandah is interrupted by a central, projecting gabled classroom and either side of this is an attached pair of timber-framed and -clad teaching rooms. Surmounting the centre of the roof is a square-based spire and along the ridge are timber- framed, ventilated dormer windows. The brick walls of the building stand on Brisbane tuff footings and the timber-framed portions stand on concrete posts or brick piers. The building features highly crafted, decorative brickwork including: running corbel friezes under the eaves and gable barge boards; a variety of corbelled decorations; and lancet niches. The rear (north-eastern) wall is cement rendered, scored to mimic coursed stone and has a series of timber-framed casement windows with fanlights, sheltered by timber-framed hoods. The south-eastern gable end wall has a large bricked-in arch. The layout comprises five classrooms facing north-east and one central classroom facing south-west, all accessed from the verandah. The three southern classrooms have timber-lined walls and ceiling with timber roof framing exposed within the space. The other two rooms have suspended ceilings and a masonite sheeting partition.

The playshed is a timber-framed, open-sided shelter with a gable roof supported by timber posts with brackets. The gable ends are clad with timber weatherboards. The roof is clad with corrugated metal sheets and the ceiling is lined with timber, v-jointed boards with a ventilation gap between cladding and ceiling. It has a concrete floor and perimeter seating.

The former boys' school high-set building is very intact and stands adjacent to a tall, brick-faced retaining wall on its north-eastern side. It is a timber-framed building clad with timber weatherboards and has a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It is high-set on tall brick piers and the understorey is enclosed with timber weatherboards. A timber stair on the north-western side provides access to the upper level. The upper level has a verandah on the north-eastern and south-western sides, partially enclosed on the latter by more recent sheet material and on both sides by modern steel screens. The verandah walls are single-skin with externally exposed stud framing. Between the studs are timber-framed, horizontal-pivot windows with high sills. The gable end windows are later, steel-framed louvres with original, timber-framed hoods. The upper level comprises one large classroom, accessed from both verandahs via timber, double- leaf doors with horizontal-pivot fanlights. The well-proportioned interior has a high, coved ceiling and is lined with timber, v-jointed boards. A metal tie rod between the verandah walls at cornice height is exposed within the space.

The former practising school building stands on the easternmost corner of the site and faces St Paul's Terrace to the south-east. This is a large, timber-framed building clad with timber weatherboards and has a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It is a high-set building and its understorey is enclosed. The interior layout on both levels is not original; all partitions of the upper floor are demolished to form one large space.

The former infants' school stands on the lowest part of the site near the corner of Rogers and Water Streets, separated from the main part of the school by a tall stone-faced retaining wall. Accessed from a curving driveway from Rogers Street, the long, narrow building is a two-storey, facebrick structure with a hipped, tiled roof. The area for the former infants' school is divided into two level areas by a large concrete retaining wall and the school building sits against the wall on the lower level, accessible at grade from both sides. The principal entry is from the driveway into the upper (formerly classroom) level. This entrance is emphasised by large porthole windows, a sweeping, cantilevered concrete awning and curved steps, and a set of large, bifolding, glazed, timber-framed entrance doors. A verandah, enclosed with more-recent glazing, runs along the length of the northern side and a stair at the entry and at the western end leads down to the lower level (formerly open play space). The classrooms and the understorey are subdivided by later, lightweight partitions to form offices; although the original layout is discernible. The walls between former classrooms and the verandah have been demolished. The upper level retains south-facing, timber-framed casement windows and fanlights and sheet-and-batten ceilings.

The school grounds are terraced to form levelled playing areas and feature mature ornamental trees including: camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora), figs, hoop pines, (Araucaria cunninghamii), palms, jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia), poincianas (Poinciana regia), and eucalypts, as well as gardens and other plantings.

## Heritage listing

Brisbane Central State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Brisbane Central School, established in 1875, is significant historically for its close association with the development of Spring Hill as an early dormitory suburb of Brisbane, and as one of the oldest extant brick schools in Queensland. It is the last remaining inner-city state school in Brisbane and is important for its historical role in Queensland teacher education.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

It is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of 1870s state school design in Queensland.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

The place has an aesthetic appeal engendered principally by the early form, materials and siting of the 1870s building within grounds with mature trees and landscaping, and makes an aesthetic contribution to the historic Spring Hill townscape.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

It has a strong association for the Brisbane community with the evolution of Spring Hill as one of the city's most historic districts.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The 1874 building is an excellent example of an institutional building by Brisbane architect RG Suter, and displays a high quality of design and craftsmanship.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

## InfoBox

| Brisbane Central State School | |
| --- | --- |
| The school in 2008 | |
| Location | Rogers Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°27′32″S 153°01′39″E / 27.4589°S 153.0276°E / -27.4589; 153.0276 |
| Design period | 1870s–1890s (late 19th century) |
| Built | 1874–c.1927 |
| Architect | Richard George Suter |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Brisbane Central State School, Brisbane Central State School, Leichhardt Street (practising) School, Leichhardt Street State School for Boys, Girls, Infants |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 21 October 1992 |
| Reference no. | 600312 |
| Significant period | 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1910s, 1920s (fabric)<br>1875 ongoing (social)<br>1870s–1880s (historical) |
| Significant components | hospital, classroom/classroom block/teaching area, school/school room, play shed |
| Builders | Dennis & Sons |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Brisbane Central State School in QueenslandBrisbane Central State School (Australia) | |


title: Cabot Science Library

abstract: The Godfrey Lowell Cabot Science Library is a library at Harvard University. The library opened in 1973 as part of the Harvard Science Center and was named after Godfrey Lowell Cabot, a Harvard graduate and chemist. The library was redesigned in 2016 and reopened in 2017, with more flexible spaces and updated media resources.

text:
# Cabot Science Library

The **Godfrey Lowell Cabot Science Library** is a library at Harvard University. The library opened in 1973 as part of the Harvard Science Center and was named after Godfrey Lowell Cabot, a Harvard graduate and chemist.

The library was redesigned in 2016 and reopened in 2017, with more flexible spaces and updated media resources.

42°22′34″N 71°06′59″W / 42.3761145°N 71.116359°W / 42.3761145; -71.116359

## InfoBox

| Godfrey Lowell Cabot Science Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1973 |
| Other information | |
| Website | https://library.harvard.edu/libraries/cabot |


title: Cagnano Amiterno

abstract: Cagnano Amiterno is a comune and town in the Province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is located in the natural park known as the "Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park". It was the location of the former Latin Catholic bishopric of Amiterno. The toponym of the frazione in the comune, Sala, may suggest the area was a Lombard settlement.

text:
# Cagnano Amiterno

**Cagnano Amiterno** is a *comune* and town in the Province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central Italy.

It is located in the natural park known as the "Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park".

It was the location of the former Latin Catholic bishopric of Amiterno.

The toponym of the frazione in the comune, Sala, may suggest the area was a Lombard settlement.

## InfoBox

| Cagnano Amiterno | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Cagnano Amiterno | |
|  | |
| Location of Cagnano Amiterno | |
| Cagnano AmiternoLocation of Cagnano Amiterno in ItalyCagnano AmiternoCagnano Amiterno (Abruzzo) | |
| Coordinates: 42°27′30″N 13°13′44″E / 42.45833°N 13.22889°E / 42.45833; 13.22889 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Abruzzo |
| Province | L'Aquila (AQ) |
| *Frazioni* | Cascina, Civitella, Colle, Collicello, Corroccioni, Fiugni, Fossatillo, Sala, San Cosimo, San Giovanni, San Pelino, Termine, Torre |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Iside Di Martino |
| Area | |
| Total | 60.12 km2 (23.21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 841 m (2,759 ft) |
| Population (26 April 2024) | |
| Total | 1,106 |
| Density | 18/km2 (48/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Cagnanesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 67012 |
| Dialing code | 0862 |
| Patron saint | Sts. Cosmas and Damian |
| Saint day | September 26 |


title: Calcium perchlorate

abstract: Calcium perchlorate is classified as a metal perchlorate salt with the molecular formula Ca(ClO4)2. It is an inorganic compound that is a yellow-white crystalline solid in appearance. As a strong oxidizing agent, it reacts with reducing agents when heated to generate heat and products that may be gaseous. Calcium perchlorate has been categorized as having explosive reactivity. Ca(ClO4)2 is a common chemical on the soil of planet Mars, counting for almost 1% of the Martian dust, by weight.

text:
# Calcium perchlorate

**Calcium perchlorate** is classified as a metal perchlorate salt with the molecular formula Ca(ClO4)2. It is an inorganic compound that is a yellow-white crystalline solid in appearance. As a strong oxidizing agent, it reacts with reducing agents when heated to generate heat and products that may be gaseous (which will cause pressurization in closed containers). Calcium perchlorate has been categorized as having explosive reactivity. Ca(ClO4)2 is a common chemical on the soil of planet Mars, counting for almost 1% of the Martian dust, by weight.

## Properties

Calcium perchlorate is a strong inorganic oxidizing agent, enhancing the combustion of other substances that can potentially lead to explosion. The perchlorate ion, ClO4, has a highly symmetrical tetrahedral structure that is strongly stabilized in solution by its low electron-donating proton-accepting power and its relatively low polarizability.

### Eutectic system

Calcium perchlorate solution forms a simple eutectic system. The eutectic composition of the calcium perchlorate solution is 4.2 mol / 1000 g H2O, very similar to the composition of closely related metal cation perchlorates of strontium and barium.

## Occurrences

### Electrolyte conductance

Electrolyte conductance of Ca(ClO4)2 and double charged metal cations in the organic solvent acetonitrile has been tested. The interest in metal cation perchlorate interactions with photosensitive ligands has increased due to the development of highly specific fluorescence indicators.

## Production

Perchlorate salts are the product of a base and perchloric acid. Calcium perchlorate can be prepared through the heating of a mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium perchlorate. Ammonium carbonate forms in the gaseous state, leaving behind a calcium perchlorate solid.

## Reactions

### Water

Being very hygroscopic, calcium perchlorate is commonly seen in the presence of four water molecules, referred to as calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate Ca(ClO4)2·4H2O.

### Cyclic hydrogenphosphonates

A hybrid organic-inorganic molecule is formed using dioxazaphosphocanes, eight-membered cyclic hydrogenphosphonates and calcium. Calcium from the calcium perchlorate contributes to the structural integrity of the oligomeric molecule; the four calcium ions are bridged between four dioxazaphosphocane moieties.

## Human toxicity

Calcium perchlorate is slightly toxic to humans, by ingestion or inhalation of dust particles, or (less so) by skin contact.

## InfoBox

Calcium perchlorate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Calcium perchlorate | |
| Other names Calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate, Calcium diperchlorate, Perchloric acid calcium salt (2:1), Calcium perchlorate, hydrated | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.033.411 |
| EC Number | * 236-768-0 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/Ca.2ClHO4/c;2\*2-1(3,4)5/h;2\*(H,2,3,4,5)/q+2;;/p-2Key: ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-UHFFFAOYSA-L * InChI=1/Ca.2ClHO4/c;2\*2-1(3,4)5/h;2\*(H,2,3,4,5)/q+2;;/p-2Key: ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-NUQVWONBAO | |
| SMILES * \[Ca+2\].O=Cl(=O)(=O)\[O-\].\[O-\]Cl(=O)(=O)=O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Ca(ClO4)2 |
| Molar mass | 238.9792 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to yellow crystalline solid |
| Density | 2.651 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 270 °C (518 °F; 543 K) |
| Solubility in water | 188.7 g/100 g |
| Solubility in acetone | 61.76 g/100 g |
| Solubility in ethyl acetate | 113.5 g/100 g |
| Solubility in ethanol | 166.2 g/100 g |
| Solubility in ethyl ether | 0.26 g/100 g |
| Solubility in methanol | 237.4 g/100 g |
| Hazards | |
| **Occupational safety and health** (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | oxidiser |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H271 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P220, P221, P280, P283, P306+P360, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P501 |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) | OX |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Brisbane Broncos Women

abstract: Brisbane Broncos Women are a rugby league team, representing the city of Brisbane, Queensland. The team is part of the Brisbane Broncos club and plays in the National Rugby League Women's Premiership.

text:
# Brisbane Broncos Women

**Brisbane Broncos Women** are a rugby league team, representing the city of Brisbane, Queensland. The team is part of the Brisbane Broncos club and plays in the National Rugby League Women's Premiership.

## Seasons

| Season | Regular season | | | | | | | | Finals | Nines | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | P | W | D | L | F | A | Pts | Pos | | | |
| 2018 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 76 | 18 | 6 | 1st | Premiers |  |  |
| 2019 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 42 | 14 | 4 | 1st | Premiers |  |  |
| 2020 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 34 | 6 | 1st | Premiers | RU |  |
| 2021 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 134 | 64 | 8 | 1st | Semi-finalist |  |  |
| 2022 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 78 | 111 | 2 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 2023 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 256 | 165 | 12 | 4th | Semi-finalist |  |  |
| 2024 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 272 | 156 | 14 | 1st | Semi-finalist |  |  |

## Head-to-head records

| Opponent | First meeting | P | W | D | L | For | Agst | Win % | Share % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dragons | 9 Sep 2018 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 222 | 81 | **87.50%** | 73.27% |
| Roosters | 14 Sep 2018 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 186 | 160 | **60.00%** | 53.76% |
| Warriors | 21 Sep 2018 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 68 | 34 | **66.67%** | 66.67% |
| Knights | 6 Mar 2022 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 118 | 118 | **40.00%** | 50.00% |
| Titans | 19 Mar 2022 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 108 | 53 | **50.00%** | 67.08% |
| Eels | 27 Sep 2022 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 86 | 66 | **50.00%** | 56.58% |
| Cowboys | 5 Aug 2023 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 24 | **100.00%** | 76.47% |
| Raiders | 27 Aug 2023 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 30 | **100.00%** | 69.39% |
| Sharks | 2 Sep 2023 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 58 | **66.67%** | 47.27% |
| Tigers | 9 Sep 2023 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 32 | **100.00%** | 67.35% |
| Totals | 9 Sep 2018 | 43 | 29 | 0 | 14 | 1052 | 656 | **67.44%** | 61.59% |

Notes

* **Share %** is the percentage of points **For** over the sum of points **For** and **Against**.
* Clubs listed in the order that the Broncos Women first played them.
* Table last updated: 30 September 2024.

## Coach

In mid-November 2022 the Broncos announced the appointment of Scott Prince as head coach for the 2023 NRL Women's season.

| Coach | Season Span | M | W | D | L | For | Agst | Win % | Share % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Paul Dyer | 2018 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 110 | 30 | **100.00%** | 78.57% |
| Kelvin Wright | 20192022 | 19 | 12 | 0 | 7 | 390 | 261 | **63.16%** | 59.91% |
| Scott Prince | 20232024 | 20 | 13 | 0 | 7 | 552 | 365 | **65.00%** | 60.20% |

Table last updated: 30 September 2024.

## Current squad

Jersey numbers in the table reflect the Broncos' Semi-Final Team List.
Table last updated on 29 September 2024 (after their Semi-Final).

| J# | Player | Age | Position(s) | NRLW Seasons | | | | | | | NRLW Stats | | | | Origin | Tests | All
Stars |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | M | T | G | Pts | | | |
| 1 | Hayley Maddick | 32 | Fullback |  |  |  | 5 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 29 | 6 | 0 | 24 |  |  |  |
| 2 | Julia Robinson | 26 | Wing, Fullback | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 34 | 23 | 0 | 92 | 7 | 6 |  |
| 3 | Mele Hufanga | 29 | Centre |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | 10 | 20 | 17 | 0 | 68 |  | 1
4 |  |
| 4 | Shenae Ciesiolka | 27 | Centre, Fullback |  |  | 3 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 32 | 17 | 0 | 68 | 8 | 3 |  |
| 5 | Lauren Dam | 27 | Wing, Centre |  |  |  | 2 |  | 10 | 7 | 19 | 9 | 0 | 36 |  |  |  |
| 6 | Gayle Broughton | 28 | Five-eighth, Fullback |  |  |  |  | 7 | 8 | 8 | 23 | 7 | 0 | 28 |  |  | 1 |
| 7 | Ali Brigginshaw | 34 | Halfback, Lock | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 43 | 13 | 35 | 122 | 17 | 23 | 6 |
| 8 | Brianna Clark | 29 | Prop |  |  | 2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 26 | 2 | 10 | 28 | 1 | 5 |  |
| 9 | Jada Ferguson | 22 | Hooker, Five-eighth |  |  |  | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 26 | 3 | 0 | 12 |  |  |  |
| 10 | Annetta Nu'uausala | 29 | Prop, Second-row | 1 | 3 |  | 5 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 24 | 3 | 0 | 12 |  | 14
1 |  |
| 11 | Mariah Denman | 27 | Lock, Second-row | 3 | 4 |  |  |  | 10 | 6 | 23 | 1 | 6 | 16 |  |  |  |
| 19 | Tazmin Rapana | 29 | Second-row, Lock | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |  | 10 | 7 | 32 | 7 | 0 | 28 | 12 | 1 | 1  2 |
| 13 | Keilee Joseph | 22 | Lock, Prop |  |  |  | 6 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 32 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| 14 | Destiny Brill | 21 | Hooker |  |  |  | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 30 | 9 | 0 | 36 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
| 15 | Chelsea Lenarduzzi | 28 | Prop, Second-row | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 42 | 12 | 0 | 48 | 6 | 1 |  |
| 16 | Lavinia Gould | 41 | Hooker, Lock | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 30 | 3 | 0 | 12 |  |  | 1 |
| 17 | Tafito Lafaele | 23 | Prop, Second-row |  |  |  |  |  | 5 | 8 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 4 |  |  |  |
| 18 | Skyla Adams | 19 | Five-eighth, Centre |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |
| IJ | Romy Teitzel | 25 | Second-row |  |  | 1 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 32 | 9 | 24 | 84 | 5 |  |  |
| 20 | Jasmine Fogavini | 27 | Lock, Wing |  |  |  |  | 4 | 6 | 4 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 3 |  |
| 21 | Ashleigh Werner | 32 | Wing |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 7 | 2 | 0 | 8 |  |  |  |
| 22 | Bree Spreadborough | 26 | Wing, Centre |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |
|  | Bridget Hoy | 25 | Fullback |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |
|  | Shaylee Joseph | 18 | Second-row |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |
|  | Hannah Larsson | 21 | Second-row |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |
| IJ | Stacey Waaka | 28 | Wing |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 24 |  |  |  |

Notes:

* The following players have been signed on a Development contract for 2024:
* The following players were signed on a Development contract for last season (2023):
    + Skyla Adams
    + Bree Eales
    + Keisha-Leigh Coolwell
    + Montaya Hudson

## Club records

### Player records

Lists and tables last updated: 30 September 2024.

**Most games for the Broncos**

**Most tries for the Broncos**

**Most points for the Broncos (20+)**

| Player | 2024 Club | M | T | G | FG | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ali Brigginshaw |  | 43 | 13 | 35 | 0 | 122 |
| Julia Robinson |  | 34 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 92 |
| Mele Hufanga |  | 20 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 68 |
| Shenae Ciesiolka |  | 32 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 68 |
| Romy Teitzel |  | 20 | 4 | 24 | 0 | 64 |
| Meg Ward |  | 10 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 48 |
| Chelsea Lenarduzzi |  | 42 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 48 |
| Chelsea Baker |  | 7 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 44 |
| Lauren Brown |  | 10 | 1 | 19 | 0 | 42 |
| Lauren Dam |  | 17 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
| Tamika Upton |  | 11 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| Tarryn Aiken |  | 19 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 26 |
| Hayley Maddick |  | 29 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| Gayle Broughton |  | 16 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| Stacey Waaka |  | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| Destiny Brill |  | 18 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| Tazmin Rapana |  | 21 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20 |

**Most points in a season (16+)**

| Player | Season | M | T | G | FG | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ali Brigginshaw | 2023 | 10 | 5 | 32 | 0 | 84 |
| Romy Teitzel | **2024** | 9 | 4 | 24 | 0 | 64 |
| Mele Hufanga | 2023 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 40 |
| Chelsea Baker | 2018 | 4 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 38 |
| Lauren Brown | 2021 | 6 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 38 |
| Julia Robinson | **2024** | 10 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
| Meg Ward | 2020 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 30 |
| Lauren Dam | 2023 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| Mele Hufanga | **2024** | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| Stacey Waaka | **2024** | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| Tamika Upton | 2020 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| Julia Robinson | 2023 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| Shenae Ciesiolka | 2023 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| Shenae Ciesiolka | 2021 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| Emily Bass | 2021 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| Hagiga Mosby | 2021 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| Jaime Chapman | 2022 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| Gayle Broughton | 2023 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| Chelsea Lenarduzzi | **2024** | 10 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 |

### Margins and streaks

**Biggest winning margins**

| Margin | Score | Opponent | Venue | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 40 | 444 | Gold Coast Titans | Totally Workwear Stadium | 11 Aug 2024 |
| 34 | 384 | Parramatta Eels | Suncorp Stadium | 27 Mar 2022 |
| 34 | 4612 | St. George Illawarra Dragons | Netstrata Jubillee Stadium | 16 Sep 2023 |
| 32 | 408 | Canberra Raiders | Totally Workwear Stadium | 27 Aug 2023 |
| 30 | 4414 | Wests Tigers | Leichhardt Oval | 25 Aug 2024 |
| 30 | 4414 | St. George Illawarra Dragons | Queensland Country Bank Stadium | 21 Sep 2024 |
| 28 | 4012 | North Queensland Cowboys | Queensland Country Bank Stadium | 5 Aug 2023 |
| 26 | 304 | St. George Illawarra Dragons | Suncorp Stadium | 9 Sep 2018 |
| 26 | 3812 | North Queensland Cowboys | Totally Workwear Stadium | 1 Sep 2024 |

**Biggest losing margins**

| Margin | Score | Opponent | Venue | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20 | 828 | Sydney Roosters | Suncorp Stadium | 27 Aug 2022 |

**Most consecutive wins**

* 8  (6 October 2019  13 March 2022)
* 7  (11 August 2024  21 September 2024)

**Most consecutive losses**

* 4  (11 September 2022  27 July 2023)
* 3  (3 April 2022  27 August 2022)

## History

In 2017, the Brisbane Broncos launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural NRL Women's Premiership in 2018. On 27 March 2018, the club won a license to participate in the inaugural NRL Women's season, on the back of a strong bid which included the NRL's desire for a geographical spread. Paul Dyer was named as the coach of the women's side, but stepped down after the inaugural season to concentrate on his role as game development manager. Kelvin Wright was named his replacement in May 2019.

In June 2018, Ali Brigginshaw, Brittany Breayley, Heather Ballinger, Teuila Fotu-Moala and Caitlyn Moran were unveiled as the club's first five signings. Tain Drinkwater was also appointed the CEO of the team.

The club won the inaugural NRL Women's Premiership title by defeating the Sydney Roosters by 34–12 in the 2018 NRL Women's Premiership Grand Final.

## Players

## InfoBox

Brisbane Broncos
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
| Full name | Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club Ltd. |
| Nickname(s) | Broncos |
| Colours | Maroon
Gold |
| Founded | Team: September 2018 (September 2018)
Club: April 1988 (April 1988) |
| Website | broncos.com.au |
| Current details | |
| Ground(s) |  |
| CEO | Dave Donaghy |
| Chairman | Karl Morris |
| Coach | Scott Prince |
| Manager | Joe McDermott |
| Captain | Ali Brigginshaw |
| Competition | National Rugby League |
| 2024 season | Semi-finalist (Minor premier) |
| *Current season* | |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Records | |
| Premierships | **3** (2018, 2019, 2020) |
| Runners-up | **0** |
| Minor premierships | **5** (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2024) |
| Most capped | **43**Ali Brigginshaw |
| Highest try scorer | **23**Julia Robinson |
| Highest points scorer | **122**Ali Brigginshaw |


title: SSG 82

abstract: The Scharfschützengewehr 82 or SSG 82, literally Sharpshooter's Rifle 82, is a rifle chambered in the 5.45×39mm Soviet cartridge built in East Germany at the end of the Cold War for use by East German special police units. Very little was known about this weapon and very few examples have been imported into the west, with importer Century International Arms having imported around 600 at the turn of the century. It's known that at least 2000 SSG 82s were made. The SSG 82 actually was specifically designed for use in the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) to stop the import of police sniper rifles from non-socialist countries and military sniper rifles from socialist countries.

text:
# SSG 82

The **Scharfschützengewehr 82** or **SSG 82**, literally *Sharpshooter's Rifle 82*, is a rifle chambered in the 5.45×39mm Soviet cartridge built in East Germany at the end of the Cold War for use by East German special police units.

Very little was known about this weapon and very few examples have been imported into the west, with importer Century International Arms having imported around 600 at the turn of the century. It's known that at least 2000 SSG 82s were made.

The SSG 82 actually was specifically designed for use in the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) to stop the import of police sniper rifles from non-socialist countries and military sniper rifles from socialist countries.

## History

The development of the SSG 82 was done under the watch of Erich Mielke.

When Stasi HQ was occupied by activists, 10 SSG 82s were found and subsequently passed off to West Germany before they were passed on to gun collectors.

## Design details

The *Scharfschützengewehr 82* was technically based on the Suhler *Kleinkalibergewehr Modell 150 Standard* .22 Long Rifle (5.6 mm) caliber small bore competition rifle. This makes the SSG 82 design reminiscent of a European-style small bore competition rifle.

There were plans to have the SSG 82 include a suppressor and a night vision scope, but they were called off.

### Barreled action

The heart of the SSG 82 is a cold-hammer forged receiver and free-floating barrel with a semi-bull profile and features a target crown.

The bolt has four locking lugs and requires a 60-degree bolt rotation to cycle the gun.

The safety consist of a sliding safety actuated by rotating a small disk positioned at the right side just above the trigger. The two-stage trigger mechanism displays an adjustable trigger pull of 3 to 4  (0.7 to 0.9 lbf). The detachable 5-round box magazine is based upon center feeding for maximum reliability as well as precise positioning of the cartridge into the chamber. The magazine release is located on the bottom right behind the magazine well.

### Stock

The SSG 82 wooden stock resembles that of the Small bore Standard rifle 150 with a raised comb and a stippled pistol grip and forearm. The butt plate is adjustable for length of pull by adding or removing spacers and height.

### Sights

The rifle has no iron sights but is equipped with a 4×32 telescopic sight ("Ziel4/S" 4×32 scope, reticle 1) with mounting rails made by VEB Zeiss Jena (in the original Zeiss plant that was captured by the Soviets at the end of WWII) which is numbered to the rifle and mounted using a quick detachable Suhler claw mountbase. This was a basic model of the VEB Zeiss Jena telescopic sight line as 6×36, 6×42M, 8×56M and variable 1.5–6×39, 1.5–6×42M and 3–12×56M magnification variants were also available. The Zeiss Jena non-M telescopic sight models had elevation correction and focusing turrets and were due to the lack of a windage correction turret corrected for windage by a gunsmith during mounting, hence these sights were dedicated to a particular rifle.

## Precision

Internet sources report differing information regarding the attainable accuracy of fire, though the quality of the ammunition used is often mentioned as a very important factor in obtaining good accuracy.

Reports on the accuracy of the rifle range from one hole 5-shot groups to 100 mm (4 in) 3-shot groups and anywhere in between.

## Users

* East Germany – The SSG 82 was used by the Department XXII and Diensteinheit IX of the Ministry of State Security, the Stasi anti-terrorist service unit. Furthermore, bodyguards and forces of the Ministry of the Interior (MDI) as well as special forces of riot police were armed with this weapon. These service units possessed a high operational-tactical level of training and were intended for the prevention or combating of terrorist attacks, hostage-taking and terrorist attacks on the territory of East Germany.

## InfoBox

| Scharfschützengewehr 82 | |
| --- | --- |
| SSG 82 fiited with a 4×32 Zeiss Jena sight on display in the Waffenmuseum Suhl | |
| Type | Sniper rifle |
| Place of origin | East Germany |
| Service history | |
| Used by | See users |
| Wars | Lebanese Civil War |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1982 |
| Manufacturer | VEB Fahrzeug- und Jagdwaffenwerk "Ernst Thälmann" Suhl (FAJAS) |
| No. built | 2000 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) |
| Length | 1,080 mm (42.52 in) |
| Barrel length | 600 mm (23.62 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 5.45×39mm |
| Caliber | 5.45 mm |
| Action | Bolt-action |
| Muzzle velocity | 980 m/s (3,215 ft/s) |
| Feed system | 5-round detachable box magazine |
| Sights | 4×32 telescopic sight with German-style reticle |


title: British Club (Bangkok)

abstract: The British Club is an expatriates' social club in Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded as a British gentlemen's club in 1903, and established in its current location on Surawong Road in 1910. The club's operations were disrupted by the Second World War, after which it was re-established. Today, the club features several sporting facilities, as well as dining services and function rooms in the original clubhouse, which has been recognized as an award-winning historic building, and is one of several historic buildings in Bang Rak District.

text:
# British Club (Bangkok)

The **British Club** is an expatriates' social club in Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded as a British gentlemen's club in 1903, and established in its current location on Surawong Road in 1910. The club's operations were disrupted by the Second World War, after which it was re-established. Today, the club features several sporting facilities, as well as dining services and function rooms in the original clubhouse, which has been recognized as an award-winning historic building, and is one of several historic buildings in Bang Rak District.

## History

### Early years

The British Club was founded in 1903, when, following a dispute, a group of British members of the United Club—then the main social club for Western expatriates in Bangkok—broke away to form a new, separate club. They formed the first committee on 24 April, and the club opened on 6 July the same year.

The club originally occupied premises on the north side of Surawong Road (then known as Suriwongse), at what is now the corner of Maha Set Road, not far from Surawong's junction with Charoen Krung Road, then the commercial heart of the Bang Rak expatriate neighbourhood. It was a gentlemen's club in the style commonly found across the British Empire (which did not include Siam—as Thailand was then known—though its sphere of influence extended over the country), and admitted as its members directors and senior managers of some British companies and diplomats with the British Legation. Non-British individuals could be elected to become honorary members, and some facilities were open to ladies belonging to members' families.

The club's membership gradually grew, to about 100 members by 1908, prompting plans for relocation to a more expansive site, which was realised, further down the road on the south side, with a purpose-built clubhouse, in 1910. The land was initially rented, until 1914 when ownership was gifted to the club by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI). In 1919, the club acquired the adjacent Bangkok Lawn Tennis Club, previously owned by the Siam Electricity Company, expanding its land footprint to the present day's 8.75 rai (14,000 m2; 3.46 acres).

The club continued to grow throughout the following decades, and it became a major hub of British social life in Bangkok. Activities were mainly centred around the bar, especially at lunchtime on Saturdays. A monthly cinema club was also held. However, operations were disrupted when the Second World War reached Thailand in 1941. On 9 December, Japanese forces, following the country's declaration of war against the British Empire and its invasion of Malaya and Thailand, commandeered the club grounds and detained most of its members. The club's archival documents up until then were all destroyed.

### Re-establishment

Following the war, Victor Jacques, who had been a brigadier in the British Army and returned to Thailand representing the Special Operations Executive, called together previous club members to re-establish the club, and became the first chairman of its new formation. He was able to reclaim club ownership of the premises, which had been erroneously given to the YMCA, as its land deeds had been mortgaged to the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank and survived the war.

The latter half of the twentieth century saw the introduction of new amenities including a swimming pool, squash courts, kitchens, and a fitness centre. The club also saw its membership requirements changing, first in 1975 to accept Australians, New Zealanders and Canadians as full ("ordinary") members and allowing other nationalities to be invited as associate members, then in 1986 to allow women to become members in their own right. The club suffered from loss of members following the 1997 financial crisis, and from increased competition in the 2000s, prompting it to re-orientate its positioning, first (unsuccessfully) in 2006 as a family-friendly establishment, then in 2011 as "the social, sports and cultural centre for the English-speaking community in Bangkok". It launched an annual membership programme in 2010, which was successful in boosting its membership numbers and bolstering its finances. When the British Embassy sold its grounds on Phloen Chit Road in 2019, a war memorial, which had been erected there in 1923, was relocated to the British Club and unveiled on 29 August.

## Location and facilities

The British Club is situated off Surawong Road, with its main entrance served by Soi Si Lom 18, an alleyway branching off the parallel Si Lom Road.

The original clubhouse, which continues to serve as the main building, was built in 1910 to designs by an unknown, probably British, architect. It is a two-storey masonry building, in the Georgian style, with an arched portico entryway and stucco-decorated classical pediment marking the centre of its symmetrical façade. The building was damaged during World War II, requiring extensive repairs, and the interior has been several times renovated. The building received the ASA Architectural Conservation Award in 2006, and is listed as an unregistered ancient monument by the Fine Arts Department. It is among several historic buildings in Bang Rak District, and neighbours the neoclassical Neilson Hays Library.

The club offers sporting facilities, including swimming pools, tennis and squash courts, cricket practice nets, a fitness centre, and a multi-purpose court used for hockey, five-a-side football and indoor-rules cricket. Snooker, pool and darts are available at the indoor bars. The club also features restaurants, lounge areas, and function rooms available for business and social events. It has over 400 reciprocal clubs in 60 countries.

The British Club is closely oriented towards the British community in Thailand, and has ties with several community organizations, who are allowed regular use of the club grounds. The club was one of the original co-organizers of a charity fair, first held at the club in 1948, which was the precursor to the annual Ploenchit Fair, held at the British Embassy since 1957. With the relocation of the war memorial from the embassy in 2019, the club now also serves as the site of the embassy's annual Remembrance Day service.

## Further reading

* Hoskin, John; Allen, Sarah (2003). *The British Club Centenary 1903–2003 : A Celebration of Anglo-Thai Relations*. Bangkok: Mark Standen Pub. Co.

13°43′36″N 100°31′25″E / 13.72667°N 100.52361°E / 13.72667; 100.52361


abstract:
In 1819 the British government of India decided to mount an expedition to Ras Al Khaimah to suppress piracy in the Persian Gulf. A British memo of 1819 stated:
  - The piratical enterprises of the Joasmi [Al Qasimi] tribes and other Arab tribes in the Persian Gulf region had become so extensive and attended by so many atrocities on peaceful traders, that the Government of India at last determined that an expedition on a much larger and comprehensive scale than ever done before, should be undertaken for the destruction of the maritime force of these piratical tribes on the Gulf and that a new policy of bringing the tribes under British rule should be inaugurated. For the expedition the government engaged a number of merchant vessels to transport troops and ordnance stores. †:Register;
‡: Phipps; no mark when both agree Following the surrender of Ras Al Khaimah and Dhayah Fort, the British expeditionary force then blew up the buildings comprising the town of Ras Al Khaimah and established a garrison there of 800 sepoys and artillery, before visiting Jazirat Al Hamra, which was found to be deserted. They went on to destroy the fortifications and larger vessels of Umm Al Qawain, Ajman, Fasht, Sharjah, Abu Hail, and Dubai. Ten vessels that had taken shelter in Bahrain were also destroyed. The Royal Navy suffered no casualties during the action.

text:
# British transport vessels for the Persian Gulf campaign of 1819

In 1819 the British government of India decided to mount an expedition to Ras Al Khaimah to suppress piracy in the Persian Gulf.

A British memo of 1819 stated:

> The piratical enterprises of the Joasmi *\[Al Qasimi\]* tribes and other Arab tribes in the Persian Gulf region had become so extensive and attended by so many atrocities on peaceful traders, that the Government of India at last determined that an expedition on a much larger and comprehensive scale than ever done before, should be undertaken for the destruction of the maritime force of these piratical tribes on the Gulf and that a new policy of bringing the tribes under British rule should be inaugurated.

For the expedition the government engaged a number of merchant vessels to transport troops and ordnance stores.

| Name | Burthen (bm) | When and where built | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Angelica* | 300 | 1808† / 1818‡; Demaun | Later sold to the Portuguese‡ |
| *Ann* |  |  | See ship article |
| *Bombay Castle* | 571‡ / 580† | 1815† / 1816‡; Cochin | Still sailing out of Bombay in 1838‡ |
| *Carron* | 451† / 484‡ | 1817; Cochin | Sailing out of Bombay in 1838‡ |
| *Conde de Rio Pardo* | 430 | 1816;† Demaun | Sailing out of Bombay in 1823 under the name *King George the Fourth* |
| *Cornwall* |  |  | See ship article |
| *Diana* | 500† | 1818†; Cochin† | Wrecked June 1820 off the coast of Muscat |
| *Ernaad* | 550 / 557 / 594 | Bombay 1813 / Demaun 1814 | Timber ship built for the British East India Company (EIC), sold at public auction and sailing out of Calcutta in 1839. |
| *Faiz Remaun* |  |  |  |
| *Francis Warden* | 410† / 419‡ | 1810† Beypoor / 1803‡ Beypour | Launched as *Duncan*; sailing out of Bombay in 1837‡ |
| *Glenelg* | 810† / 867‡ | 1817 Cochin | Sailing out of Bombay 1838‡ |
| *Hannah* |  |  | See ship article |
| *Jemima* | 460‡ | 1817‡ Chittagong | Later called *Mahomed Shah*; foundered at the Sand Heads September 1822‡ |
| *Jessy* | 338 | 1814‡ Cochin |  |
| *Orient* |  |  | See ship article |
| *Orpheus* |  |  | See ship article |
| *Pascoa* |  |  | See ship article |
| *Upton Castle* | 596 | 1818 Cochin | Still sailing out of Bombay 1839 |
|

†:*Register*; ‡: Phipps; no mark when both agree

Following the surrender of Ras Al Khaimah and Dhayah Fort, the British expeditionary force then blew up the buildings comprising the town of Ras Al Khaimah and established a garrison there of 800 sepoys and artillery, before visiting Jazirat Al Hamra, which was found to be deserted. They went on to destroy the fortifications and larger vessels of Umm Al Qawain, Ajman, Fasht, Sharjah, Abu Hail, and Dubai. Ten vessels that had taken shelter in Bahrain were also destroyed. The Royal Navy suffered no casualties during the action.

## Citations

* *East-India register and directory* (1819)
* Lorimer, John (1915). *Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf*. British Government, Bombay.
* Low, Charles Rathbone (1877). *History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)*. R. Bentley and son.
* Phipps, John (1840). *A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ..*. Scott.
* Wadia, R. A. (1986) \[1957\]. *The Bombay Dockyard and the Wadia Master Builders*. Bombay.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


title: Calcium nitrate

abstract: Calcium nitrate are inorganic compounds with the formula Ca(NO3)2(H2O)x. The anhydrous compound, which is rarely encountered, absorbs moisture from the air to give the tetrahydrate. Both anhydrous and hydrated forms are colourless salts. Hydrated calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian salpeter), is mainly used as a component in fertilizers, but it has other applications. Nitrocalcite is the name for a mineral which is a hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns. A variety of related salts are known including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate.

text:
# Calcium nitrate

**Calcium nitrate** are inorganic compounds with the formula Ca(NO3)2(H2O)x. The anhydrous compound, which is rarely encountered, absorbs moisture from the air to give the tetrahydrate. Both anhydrous and hydrated forms are colourless salts. Hydrated calcium nitrate, also called *Norgessalpeter* (**Norwegian salpeter**), is mainly used as a component in fertilizers, but it has other applications. Nitrocalcite is the name for a mineral which is a hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns. A variety of related salts are known including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate.

## Production and reactivity

Norgessalpeter was synthesized at Notodden, Norway in 1905 by the Birkeland–Eyde process. Most of the world's calcium nitrate is now made in Porsgrunn. It is produced by treating limestone with nitric acid, followed by neutralization with ammonia:

CaCO3 \+ 2 HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 \+ CO2 \+ H2O

It is also an intermediate product of the Odda Process:

Ca5(PO4)3OH + 10 HNO3 → 3 H3PO4 \+ 5 Ca(NO3)2 \+ H2O

It can also be prepared from an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate, and calcium hydroxide:

2 NH4NO3 \+ Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 \+ 2 NH4OH

Like related alkaline earth metal nitrates, calcium nitrate decomposes upon heating (starting at 500 °C) to release nitrogen dioxide:

2 Ca(NO3)2 → 2 CaO + 4 NO2 \+ O2 ΔH = 369 kJ/mol

## Applications

### Use in agriculture

The fertilizer grade (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) is popular in the greenhouse and hydroponics trades; it contains ammonium nitrate and water, as the "double salt" 5Ca(NO3)2·NH4NO3·10H2O. This is called calcium ammonium nitrate and often the name calcium nitrate prill is used as it always comes in a prilled (granular) form. Formulations lacking ammonia are also known: Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (11.9-0-0 + 16.9 Ca) and the water-free 17-0-0 + 23.6 Ca. A liquid formulation (9-0-0 + 11 Ca) is also offered. An anhydrous, air-stable derivative is the urea complex Ca(NO3)2·4\[OC(NH2)2\], which has been sold as Cal-Urea.

Calcium nitrate is also used to control certain plant diseases. For example, dilute calcium nitrate (and calcium chloride) sprays are used to control bitter pit and cork spot in apple trees.

### Waste water treatment

Calcium nitrate is used in waste water pre-conditioning for odour emission prevention. The waste water pre-conditioning is based on establishing an anoxic biology in the waste water system. In the presence of nitrate, the metabolism for sulfates stops, thus preventing formation of hydrogen sulfide. Additionally, easily degradable organic matter is consumed, which otherwise can cause anaerobic conditions downstream as well as odour emissions itself. The concept is also applicable for surplus sludge treatment.

### Concrete

Calcium nitrate is used in set accelerating concrete admixtures. This use with concrete and mortar is based on two effects. The calcium ion accelerates formation of calcium hydroxide and thus precipitation and setting. This effect is used also in cold weather concreting agents as well as some combined plasticizers. The nitrate ion leads to formation of iron hydroxide, whose protective layer reduces corrosion of the concrete reinforcement.

### Latex coagulant

Calcium nitrate is a very common coagulant in latex production, especially in dipping processes. Dissolved calcium nitrate is a part of the dipping bath solution. The warm former is dipped into the coagulation liquid and a thin film of the dipping liquid remains on the former. When now dipping the former into the latex the calcium nitrate will break up the stabilization of the latex solution and the latex will coagulate on the former.

### Cold packs

The dissolution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is highly endothermic (cooling). For this reason, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is sometimes used for regenerable cold packs.

### Molten salts for heat transfer and storage

Calcium nitrate can be used as a part of molten salt mixtures. Typical are binary mixtures of calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate or ternary mixtures including also sodium nitrate. Those molten salts can be used to replace thermo oil in concentrated solar power plants for the heat transfer, but mostly those are used in heat storage.

## InfoBox

Calcium nitrate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Other names Kalksalpeter, Norgessalpeter, nitrocalcite, Norwegian salpeter, lime nitrate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.289 |
| EC Number | * 233-332-1 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| RTECS number | * EW2985000 |
| UNII |  |
| UN number | 1454 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/Ca.2NO3/c;2\*2-1(3)4/q+2;2\*-1 YKey: ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/Ca.2NO3/c;2\*2-1(3)4/q+2;2\*-1Key: ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYAF | |
| SMILES * \[Ca+2\].\[O-\]\[N+\](\[O-\])=O.\[O-\]\[N+\](\[O-\])=O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Ca(NO3)2 |
| Molar mass | 164.088 g/mol (anhydrous)
236.15 g/mol (tetrahydrate) |
| Appearance | colorless solid
hygroscopic |
| Density | 2.504 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
1.896 g/cm3 (tetrahydrate) |
| Melting point | 561 °C (1,042 °F; 834 K) (anhydrous)
42.7 °C (109 °F; 316 K) (tetrahydrate) |
| Boiling point | decomposes (anhydrous)
132 °C (270 °F; 405 K) (tetrahydrate) |
| Solubility in water | *anhydrous:*
1212 g/L (20 °C)
2710 g/L (40 °C)   ---  *tetrahydrate:*
1050 g/L (0 °C)
1290 g/L (20 °C)
3630 g/L (100 °C) |
| Solubility | soluble in ammonia
almost insoluble in nitric acid |
| Solubility in ethanol | 51.4 g/100 g (20 °C)
62.9 g/100 g (40 °C) |
| Solubility in methanol | 134 g/100 g (10 °C)
144 g/100 g (40 °C)
158 g/100 g (60 °C) |
| Solubility in acetone | 33.08 g/100g (anhydrous, 25 °C) |
| Acidity (p*K*a) | 6.0 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -45.9·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | cubic (anhydrous)
monoclinic (tetrahydrate) |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H272, H302, H315, H319 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P220, P221, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P501 |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) | OX |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| **Lethal dose** or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | 302 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | ICSC 1037 |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Calcium sulfate
Calcium chloride |
| Other cations | Magnesium nitrate
Strontium nitrate
Barium nitrate |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


abstract: Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason is a 1999 novel by Helen Fielding, a sequel to her popular Bridget Jones' Diary. It chronicles Bridget Jones's adventures after she begins to suspect that her boyfriend, Mark Darcy, is falling for a rich young solicitor who works in the same firm as him, a woman called Rebecca. The comic novel follows the characteristic ups and downs of the self-proclaimed singleton's first real relationship in several years. It also involves many misunderstandings, a few work mishaps, and an adventure in Southeast Asia involving planted drugs and Madonna songs. In 2004, a film adaptation was released. Fielding has said that the first Bridget Jones story was based on the Jane Austen novel Pride and Prejudice. There are parallels between The Edge of Reason and the Austen novel Persuasion, in which the main character is persuaded by her friends to break off her relationship with her "true love". Again, Fielding borrows a name from Austen, this time a Giles Benwick, after Captain Benwick. She also reworks several scenes in Persuasion: for example, Rebecca, Bridget's rival for Mark's affection, dives into a shallow river and hurts her foot, a mirror of the incident in Persuasion when Louisa, Anne's rival, falls on her head at Lyme. In both cases, the protagonist (Anne/Bridget) first overhears Darcy praising Rebecca/Louisa for being "resolute" - praise of the very trait that contributes to the accident. Then, when Bridget attends her goddaughter Constance's birthday party, Mark Darcy rescues her from a young male child who is determined to climb onto her back; in Persuasion, Captain Wentworth does precisely the same thing, in the same manner, for Anne. At Bridget's mother's Book Club poetry reading, Mark overhears Bridget commenting that women remain fixated on men who have forgotten them, and is moved to write her a secret note expressing his continuing regard. This, with a happier immediate outcome, also happens in Persuasion, when Wentworth overhears Anne making a similar observation about "women's constancy" to Captain Harville, and writes her a proposal which he gets to her by stealth. Later in the Fielding novel, when Giles and Rebecca become romantically involved, Fielding parodies Austen's description of Captain Benwick and Louisa having fallen in love over poetry, commenting that Giles and Rebecca "fell in love over self-help books". Much is made of Bridget's fascination with the BBC television adaptation of Pride and Prejudice and Colin Firth, the actor who played Mr. Darcy. Bridget even meets Colin Firth and interviews him for a newspaper article. As a self-referential in-joke, Colin Firth plays Mark Darcy in both Bridget Jones movies. Tracie Bennett won an Audie Award for Comedy Best Actress for her audiobook narrations of both this and its predecessor.

text:
# Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (novel)

***Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason*** is a 1999 novel by Helen Fielding, a sequel to her popular *Bridget Jones' Diary*. It chronicles Bridget Jones's adventures after she begins to suspect that her boyfriend, Mark Darcy, is falling for a rich young solicitor who works in the same firm as him, a woman called Rebecca. The comic novel follows the characteristic ups and downs of the self-proclaimed singleton's first real relationship in several years. It also involves many misunderstandings, a few work mishaps, and an adventure in Southeast Asia involving planted drugs and Madonna songs.

In 2004, a film adaptation was released.

Fielding has said that the first Bridget Jones story was based on the Jane Austen novel *Pride and Prejudice*. There are parallels between *The Edge of Reason* and the Austen novel *Persuasion*, in which the main character is persuaded by her friends to break off her relationship with her "true love". Again, Fielding borrows a name from Austen, this time a Giles Benwick, after Captain Benwick. She also reworks several scenes in *Persuasion*: for example, Rebecca, Bridget's rival for Mark's affection, dives into a shallow river and hurts her foot, a mirror of the incident in *Persuasion* when Louisa, Anne's rival, falls on her head at Lyme. In both cases, the protagonist (Anne/Bridget) first overhears Darcy praising Rebecca/Louisa for being "resolute" - praise of the very trait that contributes to the accident. Then, when Bridget attends her goddaughter Constance's birthday party, Mark Darcy rescues her from a young male child who is determined to climb onto her back; in *Persuasion*, Captain Wentworth (Anne's lost love) does precisely the same thing, in the same manner, for Anne. At Bridget's mother's Book Club poetry reading, Mark overhears Bridget commenting that women remain fixated on men who have forgotten them, and is moved to write her a secret note expressing his continuing regard (which he then fails to give to her due to a mix-up). This, with a happier immediate outcome, also happens in *Persuasion*, when Wentworth overhears Anne making a similar observation about "women's constancy" to Captain Harville, and writes her a proposal which he gets to her by stealth. Later in the Fielding novel, when Giles and Rebecca become romantically involved, Fielding parodies Austen's description of Captain Benwick and Louisa having fallen in love over poetry, commenting that Giles and Rebecca "fell in love over self-help books".

Much is made of Bridget's fascination with the BBC television adaptation of *Pride and Prejudice* and Colin Firth, the actor who played Mr. Darcy. Bridget even meets Colin Firth and interviews him for a newspaper article. As a self-referential in-joke, Colin Firth plays Mark Darcy in both Bridget Jones movies.

Tracie Bennett won an Audie Award for Comedy Best Actress for her audiobook narrations of both this and its predecessor.

## Development

Sandra Gregory stated that the scenes involving the Thai prison probably received inspiration from her incident since Helen Fielding knew the next door neighbors of her parents and presumably would have talked to them.

## Reception

Upon release, *Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason* was generally well-received among the British press. *The Guardian* gave the novel an average rating of 7.0 out of 10 based on reviews from multiple British newspapers.

## InfoBox

Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Helen Fielding |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Comedy novel, "Chick lit" |
| Publisher | Picador |
| Publication date | 1999 novel |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-670-89296-3 |
| OCLC | 43185907 |
| Dewey Decimal | 823/.914 21 |
| LC Class | PR6056.I4588 B76 2000 |
| Preceded by | *Bridget Jones's Diary* |
| Followed by | *Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy* |


title: Blue Elephant Theatre

abstract: The Blue Elephant Theatre is a 50-seat fringe theatre situated in the borough of Southwark in London. It was established in 1999 by Antonio Ribeiro. Niamh de Valera and Jo Sadler-Lovett are co-Artistic Directors of Blue Elephant Theatre, jointly programming the theatre's seasons since 2013. The theatre has an eclectic programme, promoting cross-art-form work and all forms of theatre from physical and dance theatre to new writing and classics. Its aim is to nurture new and emerging artists across the performing arts. These have included Mamoru Iriguchi, Levantes Dance Theatre, George Mann, Paul Morris. and Carlos Pons Guerra. Jasmine Cullingford preceded de Valera and Sadler-Lovett as artistic director of the theatre. In 2009 Cullingford won the Best Venue Manager award from Fringe Report and in October 2013 the Blue Elephant won the inaugural Southwark Arts Forum Performing Arts Award for work that 'exemplifies the genre'.

text:
# Blue Elephant Theatre

The **Blue Elephant Theatre** is a 50-seat fringe theatre situated in the borough of Southwark in London. It was established in 1999 by Antonio Ribeiro.

Niamh de Valera and Jo Sadler-Lovett are co-Artistic Directors of Blue Elephant Theatre, jointly programming the theatre's seasons since 2013. The theatre has an eclectic programme, promoting cross-art-form work and all forms of theatre from physical and dance theatre to new writing and classics. Its aim is to nurture new and emerging artists across the performing arts. These have included Mamoru Iriguchi (*Evening Standard Best Design Award-Winner* 2009), Levantes Dance Theatre (*Samuel Beckett Theatre Trust Award-Winner* 2009\]), George Mann (*The Stage Best Solo Performer Award-Winner* 2009), Paul Morris (*Adopt A Playwright Award-Winner* 2009). and Carlos Pons Guerra (nominated for Emerging Artist Award, National Dance Awards 2015).

Jasmine Cullingford preceded de Valera and Sadler-Lovett as artistic director of the theatre. In 2009 Cullingford won the *Best Venue Manager* award from Fringe Report and in October 2013 the Blue Elephant won the inaugural Southwark Arts Forum Performing Arts Award for work that 'exemplifies the genre'.

## Mervyn Peake

The Blue Elephant has forged a reputation for staging little-known works by Mervyn Peake. On Wednesday 4 June 2008 the theatre hosted a talk by Sebastian Peake, son of Mervyn Peake. A script by Mervyn Peake, *The Cave*, was given a rehearsed reading at the theatre by Flat Pack Productions on 21 June 2009. Following this the Blue Elephant staged the world premiere production of *The Cave* in October 2010, directed by Aaron Paterson. As part of the Mervyn Peake centenary celebrations (2011) the theatre held a rehearsed reading of Peake's play, *Noah's Ark* (26 April), a rehearsed reading – a premiere – of his play, *Mr Loftus, or A Horse of Air* (27 April) and a reading of a selection of poems by Peake (28 April). Following the success of these readings the theatre staged the Theatre Premiere of *Noah's Ark* which had previously been produced on BBC radio in the 1970s. This production was directed by Mhairi Grealis, who had also staged its rehearsed reading, and it was one of three productions shortlisted for offwestend.com's award for Best Production for Young People that year. On Friday 10 May 2013, the Blue Elephant presented a scratch work-in-progress theatre adaptation of Peake's novella *Boy in Darkness*, performed by Gareth Murphy.

## *Boy in Darkness*

Following a successful scratch performance, and a work in progress one-hour showing co-directed by Aaron Patterson, Murphy worked upon adapting a further version of Peake's novella *Boy in Darkness* into a full stage performance, which ran from 11 March to 4 April 2015. The piece adapted and performed by Gareth Murphy, in which he played the Boy, goat, hyena and lamb, as well as a central storytelling character, was at this stage in its process directed by John Walton. It was well received, achieving four stars and being described as "a physical theatre gem" by *The Stage*, while A Younger Theatre said "Physical eloquence and bold storytelling do justice to Peake's fantasy realm." The production was set to tour the UK in 2016.

## Children in Need Celebrity Choir

In 2014, BBC Children in Need approached the Blue Elephant, offering places for eleven young people from the theatre to join the celebrity choir formed by Gareth Malone to record a cover of Avicii's "Wake Me Up". The single was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, and went straight to number one in the UK singles chart when it was released on 9 November. The single achieved a combined chart sales tally of over 120,000 in the seven days following, as well as being the most physically purchased single that week.

## Reference list

1. Honour Bayes talks to Blue Elephant Theatre Manager & Programmer Jasmine Cullingford Archived October 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
2. "The Oxford Samuel Beckett Theatre Trust Award 2009". Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
3. Adopt A Playwright
4. "National Dance Awards 2015 nominations: Ice dance, flamenco and independent companies celebrated". *TheGuardian.com*. 29 October 2015.
5. Artistic Director Jasmine Cullingford
6. "Empowering creative people | inspiring possibilities". Archived from the original on 16 October 2013.
7. "Free Porn Videos - hihimag".
8. Review of *The Cave*
9. Mervyn Peake home
10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
11. "Review: Boy in Darkness, Blue Elephant Theatre". 16 March 2015.
12. "Children in Need: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir single 'Wake Me Up'". *Independent.co.uk*. 16 November 2014.

51°28′48″N 0°5′54″W / 51.48000°N 0.09833°W / 51.48000; -0.09833


title: Elachista inscia

abstract: Elachista inscia is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in South Africa.

text:
# Elachista inscia

***Elachista inscia*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista inscia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. inscia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista inscia***<br>(Meyrick, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mendesia inscia* Meyrick, 1913 | |


title: Colleen Lovett

abstract: Colleen Lovett is an American singer, composer, and arranger who, since the age of six, has flourished as a recording artist and performer in North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe in nightclubs, musical theater, and television. Before marrying bandleader Teddy Phillips, she was known as one of the Lovett Sisters, a singing duo with her sister, Charlotte Lovett, who had been married to bandleader Ray Herrera.

text:
# Colleen Lovett

**Colleen Lovett** (born November 3, 1946, in Texas) is an American singer, composer, and arranger who, since the age of six, has flourished as a recording artist and performer in North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe in nightclubs, musical theater, and television. Before marrying bandleader Teddy Phillips, she was known as one of the Lovett Sisters, a singing duo with her sister, Charlotte Lovett, who had been married to bandleader Ray Herrera.

## Formal education

Entering as a freshman in the fall of 1963, Lovett earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of North Texas and studied at the Berklee School of Music. She also studied at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, California, California State University in Northridge, and UCLA in Los Angeles.

She studied film scoring with composer Earle Hagen. She also studied film scoring and twelve-tone orchestration for several years with George Tremblay, who was well known for creating the definitive cycle, a serial technique of composition.

## Selected compositions

* "Until I Love You"
* "Freckle-Face Soldier"
* "Asleep in His Arms"
* "To Tommy With Love"
* "Wait for Me Sue"
* "Love's Melody"
* "Birds With Broken Wings"
* "Come and Taste My Kisses" ( a 12 tone composition )
* "Roadside Motel"
* "Getting Over you"
* "Hold On To Me"
* "Summer's Gone"
* "Roadside Motel"
* "Woman's Liberation Blues"
* "Monday Morning"
* "Hold On To Me"
* "Love Man"
* "Go-Go Girl"
* "Malibu and You"
* "City of the Angeles"
* "Wheels of Time"
* "When Are You Coming Home"

## Selected discography

"Colleen Lovett" **Lovett Sisters**

"Until I Lost You" "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire" * Imperial 8262 (195?) OCLC 406751844

IF-581 (matrix): "Sometime, Somewhere" IF-584 (matrix): "Behind My Back" "Little Dirty Face" "Bacon and Eggs"

**With Teddy Phillips**

* *Music You Want to Hear,* Teddy Phillips and his Orchestra; featuring Colleen Lovett, Chicago: Drum Boy Records DBLM 1002(M) (1965) OCLC 29471593
* *Five Men + Girl,* Teddy Phillips Quintet, featuring Colleen Lovett, Carlton Records STLP 12-131 (1961) OCLC 35054661
* *Tijuana Sounds,* Teddy Phillips, Colleen Lovett, and their Mexican Brass P&L 10357 (1968)

**Solo**

"Goodnight Sweetheart" "I've Baked a Cake" * Stepheny Records 1836 (1959)

"Wishin'" "Cla-Wence" ("Don't Tweat Me So Wuff") Recorded at Gold Star Studios, Hollywood

## Videography

* Teddy Phillips & Colleen Lovett

12-piece band including Dick Saunders (tenor sax, bass clarinet), Breesy Thomas (trombone), Ethmer Roten (flute), Ed Stanley (lead trumpet), Earl Morris (alto sax) Taped with live audience, Golden West Ballroom, Norwalk, California, KCOP-TV, taped the week between August 7 and 13, 1965


title: Eudonia leptalea

abstract: Eudonia leptalea is a moth in the family Crambidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand, including the Chatham Islands.

text:
# Eudonia leptalea

***Eudonia leptalea*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand, including the Chatham Islands.

## Taxonomy

This species was originally named *Scoparia leptalea* by Edward Meyrick in 1884. Meyrick gave a description of the species in 1885. John S. Dugdale assigned this species to the genus *Eudonia* in 1988. However he misspelt the specific epithet *leptalaea*.

## Description

The wingspan is 16–19 mm. The forewings are whitish-ochreous or ochreous-grey, irrorated with dark fuscous or black, and densely irrorated with whitish. The markings are variable in distinctness and may sometimes be almost obsolete. The first line is white, margined by dark posteriorly. The second line is white and margined by dark. The hindwings are whitish-grey. The postmedian line is darker and the hindmargin is suffused with darker grey. Adults have been recorded on wing from January to March.

## InfoBox

| *Eudonia leptalea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|  | |
| Male | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Eudonia* |
| Species: | ***E. leptalea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudonia leptalea***<br>(Meyrick, 1884) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scoparia leptalea* Meyrick, 1884 * *Scoparia leptophaea* Meyrick, 1902 * *Eudonia leptalaea* (Meyrick, 1884) | |


title: Erin Kenny

abstract: Erin Leigh Callin Kenny is a former Democratic politician from Nevada. Kenny earned her law degree on May 17, 2002, from William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She subsequently failed the Nevada bar exam.

text:
# Erin Kenny

**Erin Leigh Callin Kenny** (born December 21, 1960) is a former Democratic politician from Nevada.

Kenny earned her law degree on May 17, 2002, from William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She subsequently failed the Nevada bar exam.

## Political career

Kenny was elected to a single term in the Nevada Assembly in 1992, defeating Republican incumbent Brad Goetting.

Kenny was elected to the Clark County Commission in 1994. Running against Richard Moreno, she won with 50.26% if the vote. Kenny ran again in 1998 and won reelection with 52.56% of the vote against challenger Steve Harney.

On April 19, 2001, Kenny appeared before the Nevada Commission on Ethics, accused of pressuring county employees to break into the Clark County administration building to get payroll records. She was cleared of wrongdoing in a 3 to 1 decision.

Kenny was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada in 2002, but was defeated by Republican incumbent Lorraine Hunt.

Early in 2003 Kenny was implicated in Operation G-Sting, a federal corruption investigation involving a Las Vegas strip club. She agreed to plead guilty and turn state's evidence in exchange for a lighter sentence. On July 24, 2003, Kenny pleaded guilty to a "three-count criminal indictment charging her with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and wire fraud for the purpose of depriving the citizens of Nevada of her honest services as a Clark County Commissioner." The investigation ultimately resulted in the convictions of several other former elected officials, including former county commissioners Lance Malone, Dario Herrera and Mary Kincaid-Chauncey. After her guilty plea, Kenny was hired by developer Jim Rhodes as a consultant. On July 18, 2007, she was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison and fined a total of $200,000 for her taking of bribe money.

On October 16, 2007, Kenny reported to the federal prison camp in Phoenix, Arizona, as inmate no. 36965-048 to start serving her 30-month sentence on political corruption and bribery charges. Since there is no parole in the federal prison system, she needed to serve 25.5 months (2 years, 1.5 months) before her sentence expired and she was released (approximately December 2009). Kenny was later transferred back to the Las Vegas Corrections Center on June 17, 2009, where she spent the rest of her sentence until her scheduled release on December 18. She was listed as living in Las Vegas as recently as 2017.

## InfoBox

| Erin Kenny | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clark County (Nevada) Commissioner
from district "F" | |
| **In office**
1995–2003 | |
| Preceded by | Don Schlesinger |
| Succeeded by | Mark James |
| Member of the Nevada Assembly
from the 4th district | |
| **In office**
1993–1995 | |
| Preceded by | Brad Goetting |
| Succeeded by | Deanna Braunlin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-12-21) December 21, 1960
Pasadena, California |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |