title: Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz

abstract: Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz was a Dutch princess and the wife of Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach, and mother of Charles Frederick, the first Grand Duke of Baden.

text:
# Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz

**Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz** (Anna Charlotte Amalie; 23 October \[O.S. 13 October\] 1710  18 September 1777) was a Dutch princess and the wife of Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach, and mother of Charles Frederick, the first Grand Duke of Baden.

## Life

Anna Charlotte Amalia was the only daughter of Johan Willem Friso of Nassau-Dietz (after 1702 Prince of Orange) and his wife, Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She had a brother, William IV, Prince of Orange (1711-1751). She grew up in Friesland and spoke West Frisian herself. Amalia was often described as quite introvert and often melancholic.

After her marriage to Friedrich of Baden-Durlach in 1727 she moved to Durlach. During her pregnancies, Amalia tyrannized her servants, and because of the princess's many tantrums, rumors circulated at the court of Durlach that she was mentally ill. Friedrich died on 26 March 1732, shortly after the birth of their second child. As further evidence of her alleged mental illness, it was charged that she shed no tears at the sight of her husband's corpse.

Her father-in-law, Margrave Karl III Wilhelm, did not want Amalia influencing the new crown prince Karl Friedrich; though mother and son continued to live in Karlsburg Castle in Durlach, Amalia lived the rest of her life in a separate apartment in the castle, shielded from the outside world. The education of her two sons, Karl Friedrich and Wilhelm Ludwig, was taken over by her mother-in-law, Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg.

## Marriage and children

In 1727, Amalia married Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach (1703–1732). They had two sons:

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Amalia of Nassau-Dietz | |
| --- | --- |
| *Hereditary Princess of Baden-Durlach* | |
| Artist's rendition of Princess Amalia, 1734 | |
| Born | (1710-10-23)23 October 1710
Leeuwarden, Netherlands |
| Died | 18 September 1777(1777-09-18) (aged 66)
Karlsburg Castle in Durlach, Netherlands |
| Spouse | Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach  (m. 1727; died 1732) |
| Issue |  |
| House | Orange-Nassau |
| Father | Johan Willem Friso, Prince of Orange |
| Mother | Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel |


title: Pretzel Pezzullo

abstract: John "Pretzel" Pezzullo was a professional baseball player whose career spanned eight seasons, two of which were spent with the Major League Baseball (MLB) Philadelphia Phillies. Pezzullo, a pitcher, compiled an earned run average (ERA) of 6.36, allowing 61 earned runs off of 116 hits, five home runs, and 51 walks while recording 24 strikeouts over 861⁄3 innings pitched. Pezzullo also played in six seasons of minor league baseball. He made his MLB debut at the age of 24 after spending a season in the minor leagues for the New York Giants organization. Pezzullo earned the nicknamed "Pretzel" after his unusual pitching style. After retiring from baseball, Pezzullo moved to Dallas, Texas, where he died of cancer on May 16, 1990.

text:
# Pretzel Pezzullo

**John "Pretzel" Pezzullo** (December 10, 1910 – May 16, 1990) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned eight seasons, two of which were spent with the Major League Baseball (MLB) Philadelphia Phillies. Pezzullo, a pitcher, compiled an earned run average (ERA) of 6.36, allowing 61 earned runs off of 116 hits, five home runs, and 51 walks while recording 24 strikeouts over 8613 innings pitched. Pezzullo also played in six seasons of minor league baseball. He made his MLB debut at the age of 24 after spending a season in the minor leagues for the New York Giants organization. Pezzullo earned the nicknamed "Pretzel" after his unusual pitching style. After retiring from baseball, Pezzullo moved to Dallas, Texas, where he died of cancer on May 16, 1990.

## Early life

Pezzullo was born on December 10, 1910, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He had four siblings and is of Italian ancestry. Pezzullo attended school until the eighth grade, after which he went to trade school to learn cabinet and pattern making. He was officially listed as standing 5 feet 11 inches (180 cm) and weighing 180 pounds (82 kg) when he played professionally.

## Professional career

Pezzullo began his professional baseball career in 1934, when he played for the Richmond Colts, an affiliate of the New York Giants. Pezzullo finished the season fifth in the Piedmont League in wins, with 16, while finishing fourth on the Colts in games pitched, recording 27 games over the season. He was called "a good pitching prospect" by *Chicago Tribune* sports writer Arch Ward. On November 1 of that year, Pezzullo was traded as a part of a four-man deal that sent him, Blondy Ryan, Johnny Vergez, George Watkins, and cash to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Dick Bartell. For the 1935 season, Pezzullo, who pitched for the major-league Phillies, recorded a team-worst ERA of 6.40, along with a 3–5 win–loss record over 40 games pitched. He hit seven batters by a pitch, tying him for the seventh most hit batsmen in MLB. In Pezzullo's final MLB game in 1936, he walked six batters in two innings pitched.

### Minor league career

Pezzullo also played for two minor league teams during the 1936 season: the Richmond Colts and the Hazleton Mountaineers. Combined, Pezzullo went 14–10 with a 5.19 ERA. The following season he played for the Savannah Indians and the Colts; for the Indians, Pezzullo went 13–8 over 165 innings pitched. The following season, he played only for the Indians, an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. His 26 wins were best in the Sally League, while his 288 innings pitched also led all Southern League players. In a game against the Spartanburg Spartans, Pezzullo struck out 17 batters. After the season, he was sold to the double-A Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League, where, under managers Tony Lazzeri and Jack Burns, Pezzullo won 11 games and lost 12. He went 5–16 the following year, before leaving the team for the Syracuse Chiefs and the Buffalo Bisons in his final year of professional baseball in 1941.

## After baseball

After retiring from baseball, Pezzullo moved to Dallas, Texas, where he married Betty (née Tolcyk) and had one daughter, Patti Moore. In Dallas, he designed aircraft missile models and founded Gulf Industries, a Grand Prairie-based model subcontracting firm. Pezzullo died on May 16, 1990, of cancer. Funeral processions were held on May 18 at Holy Redeemer Mausoleum Chapel in DeSoto, Texas, where he was interred.

## InfoBox

| Pretzel Pezzullo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1910-12-10)December 10, 1910
Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S. | |
| **Died:** May 16, 1990(1990-05-16) (aged 79)
Dallas, Texas, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 18, 1935, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| April 15, 1936, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 3–5 |
| Earned run average | 6.36 |
| Strikeouts | 24 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Pride Radio

abstract: Pride Radio is an LGBTQ+ electronic dance music and top 40 radio network launched by Clear Channel Communications Format Lab under the direction of Michael Albl, who conceived the format, on terrestrial HD2 & HD3 stations and online via CCRD in 2006. The radio division became known as iHeartMedia on September 16, 2014. It is one of several music channels that are available through iHeartMedia's iHeartRadio app.

text:
# Pride Radio

**Pride Radio (United States)** is an LGBTQ+ electronic dance music and top 40 radio network launched by Clear Channel Communications Format Lab under the direction of Michael Albl, who conceived the format, on terrestrial HD2 & HD3 stations and online via CCRD (Clear Channel Radio Digital) in 2006. The radio division became known as iHeartMedia on September 16, 2014. It is one of several music channels that are available through iHeartMedia's iHeartRadio app.

## Network information

The online portal acts as an interactive hub, hosting a variety of user-generated content. In addition, PRIDE Radio is a 24/7 streaming channel that plays upbeat Top 40 music (including remixes) and dance music targeted to the LGBTQ+ community. The service is also carried on the HD Radio sub-channels (HD2 & HD3) of selected iHeart radio stations around the U.S. The channel and accompanying online portal provide the LGBTQ+ audience with programming that aims to be entertaining, informative, and uniting. PRIDE Radio introduced a 24/7 slate of personalities in May 2013.

## Stations

These FM stations currently carry Pride Radio on their HD2 (or HD3) digital subchannels:

## Former affiliates

## Competitors

## InfoBox

PRIDE Radio
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | United States |
| Programming | |
| Format | Top 40 / Rhythmic |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | iHeartMedia |
| History | |
| Launch date | 2006 |
| Coverage | |
| Availability | HD Radio and FM affiliates (see stations)<br>iHeartRadio |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen live (via iHeartRadio) |
| Website | prideradio.iheart.com |


title: Preet Sanghreri

abstract: Preet Sanghreri is an Indian artist, lyricist and singer associated with Punjabi music. His real name is 'Chamkaur Singh Ghuman' He is known for his songs with notable Punjabi Singers - Manmohan Waris, Kamal Heer, Nachhatar Gill, Roshan Prince, Deep Dhillon, Mannat Noor, Miss Pooja, Lakhwinder Wadali & Ravinder Grewal. He rose to fame with Ravinder Grewal's Blockbuster Song - Lovely V/s PU.

text:
# Preet Sanghreri

**Preet Sanghreri** is an Indian artist, lyricist and singer associated with Punjabi music. His real name is 'Chamkaur Singh Ghuman' He is known for his songs with notable Punjabi Singers - Manmohan Waris, Kamal Heer, Nachhatar Gill, Roshan Prince, Deep Dhillon, Mannat Noor, Miss Pooja, Lakhwinder Wadali & Ravinder Grewal. He rose to fame with Ravinder Grewal's Blockbuster Song - Lovely V/s PU.

## Career

He started his career as a writer, He has written the following books.

| S. No | Name of Book | Year | Publisher |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mere Haani | 2008 | Lokgeet Prakashan Chandigarh |
| 2 | Mere Pind di Phirni | 2009 | |
| 3 | Antim Icha | 2010 | |
| 4 | Moh Diyan Tandan | 2011 | |
| 5 | Kalman De Haal | 2013 | |
| 6 | Loh Pursh | 2016 | Ghuman Publication Sangrur |

## Discography as a Lyricist

As a Lyricist, he has given 60+ songs to Punjabi music industry till date.

| S. No | Year | Music Album/Single Track | Music Director | Singer | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2009 | Attwaad | Manmohan Waris Music Group | Manmohan Waris | Etc Punjabi |
| 2 | | Tera Moh | Tarun Rishi | G.S Peter / Renu Navneet | Goyal Music |
| 3 | 2010 | Roz Roz Di Peeni | Raju Bablu | Deep Dhillon / Jassi Jaismeen | SMI |
| 4 | | Ki Hoya Je Badnaam | Sheera Jasvir Music Group | Sheera Jasvir | Speed Records |
| 5 | 2012 | Club Vich | DNA | Kamal Heer | Plasma Moviebox Records |
| 6 | 2013 | Maa | Jatinder Jeetu | Lakhwinder Wadali | Speed Records |
| 7 | | Main Nange Pairi Nachi | Sonu Bhaghat | Miss Pooja | T-Series |
| 8 | 2014 | Lovely V/s PU | DJ Flow | Ravinder Grewal / Shipra Goyal | Tedi Pag Records |
| 9 | 2016 | Ford 3600 | Raj Yashraj | Deep Dhillon / Jassi Jaismeen | Amar Audio |
| 10 | 2017 | 3600 Return | Music Empire | | Urban Pendu Music |
| 11 | 2019 | Ja Ke Chandigarh | Sachin Ahuja | | Mad 4 Music |
| 12 | 2020 | Ranjhna | Jassi Brothers | Tanya Gill | Tudu Records |
| 13 | | Jatt Karjai | Nixon Boy | Ravinder Grewal | Tedi Pag Records |

## Discography as a Lyricist in Films

| S. No | Year | Film | Track | Music Director | Singer | Production House |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2019 | Nanka Mel | Title Track | Music Empire | Nachhatar Gill | Kar Productions |
| 2 | | | Rabb Naal | Gurmeet Singh | Roshan Prince and Mannat Noor | |

## Singing career

He debuted as a singer with Pakki Sarpanchi.

| S. No | Year | /Single Track | Music Director | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2018 | Pakki Sarpanchi | Music Empire | Mad 4 Music |
| 2 | 2019 | Mann Ki Baat | | VS Records |
| 3 | 2022 | Vaaje Aale | | Jass Records |

## Education

Preet Sanghreri holds the following degrees. Currently, he is pursuing Ph.D. in Punjabi from Punjabi University, Patiala.

| S. No | Class | Year of Passing | Institute |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | B.A | 2004 | Govt. Ranbir College, Sangrur. |
| 2 | M.A (Hindi) | 2007 | Punjabi University, Patiala. |
| 3 | PGDCA | 2007 | Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. |
| 4 | M.Sc (IT) | 2009 | |
| 5 | B.Ed | 2010 | Govt. State College, Patiala. |
| 6 | MCA | 2010 | Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. |
| 7 | M.A (Punjabi) | 2013 | Punjabi University, Patiala. |
| 8 | M.Phill | 2016 | Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh. |
| 9 | Ph.D | Pursuing | Punjabi University, Patiala. |

## InfoBox

| Preet Sanghreri | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 13 Dec 1983<br>Sanghreri |
| Origin | Sanghreri, Punjab, India |
| Occupation(s) | Lyricist, Writer, Singer |
| Years active | 2008-Present |


title: Presha

abstract: "Presha" is a song by American rappers 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne, released on October 20, 2023 as the lead single from their collaborative studio album Welcome 2 Collegrove (2023). It was produced by Bangladesh.

text:
# Presha

"**Presha**" is a song by American rappers 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne, released on October 20, 2023 as the lead single from their collaborative studio album *Welcome 2 Collegrove* (2023). It was produced by Bangladesh.

## Background

Lil Wayne confirmed the single on October 17, 2023, when he posted a 12-second video of him and 2 Chainz posing for photos as the song plays in the background, along with the captions "Pressure coming 10/20".

## Composition

The production of the song uses a trap beat containing high-pitched whistling loop and thumping bass. Described as "high-energy", the song begins with someone yelling "Yoooo! This shit is un-believ-able!" before the beat plays. 2 Chainz performs the first verse; about halfway through the song, Lil Wayne performs his verse in a fast-paced flow, with lyrics about topics such as women and guns as well as a reference to NBA player Devin Booker.

## Critical reception

Tom Breihan of *Stereogum* gave a positive review, writing "The two rappers have a blast ripping that track to pieces; Wayne's double-time verse is especially impressive." Andre Ellington of *HipHopDX* commented that 2 Chainz "takes things back to the essence of why people gravitated toward his music with playful bars that are meant to be played in rotation at celebratory events" and that Lil Wayne "takes the baton and doesn't disappoint as he uses his uncanny ability to morph his delivery to the cadence of each record that he appears on."

## Live performances

On October 20, 2023, 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne performed the song on *The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon*.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Presha"
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 32 |

## InfoBox

| "Presha" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne | |
| from the album  *Welcome 2 Collegrove* | |
| Released | October 20, 2023 |
| Genre | Trap |
| Length | 3:05 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Bangladesh |
| 2 Chainz singles chronology | |
| "Room"
(2023) "**Presha**"
(2023) "Long Story Short"
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Lil Wayne singles chronology | |
| "Brand New"
(2023) "**Presha**"
(2023) "Big Dog"
(2023) | |
|  | |


title: Prideaux Selby

abstract: Prideaux Selby was an English soldier and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in Alnwick, Northumberland, England a son of the Holy Island branch of the Selby family. He joined the 5th Foot Regiment in Ireland in 1781, and arrived in Detroit with the regiment in 1790. In 1792, he was appointed assistant secretary of Indian Affairs by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe and took up residence in Amherstburg. In 1802, he became a justice of the peace in the Western District. In 1807, he moved to York (Toronto). In 1808, he was appointed to the Executive Council of Upper Canada and appointed receiver general. In 1809, he was also appointed auditor general. In the spring of 1813, he became seriously ill and died in May of the same year. He had married in England in about 1772. His son, also Prideaux Selby was born in London and ultimately inherited family estates at Swansfield House, Alnwick and Pawston, Northumberland.

text:
# Prideaux Selby

**Prideaux Selby** (baptised 21 December 1747  9 May 1813) was an English soldier and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in Alnwick, Northumberland, England a son of the Holy Island branch of the Selby family.

He joined the 5th Foot Regiment in Ireland in 1781, and arrived in Detroit with the regiment in 1790. In 1792, he was appointed assistant secretary of Indian Affairs by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe and took up residence in Amherstburg. In 1802, he became a justice of the peace in the Western District. In 1807, he moved to York (Toronto). In 1808, he was appointed to the Executive Council of Upper Canada and appointed receiver general. In 1809, he was also appointed auditor general.

In the spring of 1813, he became seriously ill and died in May of the same year.

He had married in England in about 1772. His son, also Prideaux Selby was born in London and ultimately inherited family estates at Swansfield House, Alnwick and Pawston, Northumberland.

* *The History and Antiquities of North Durham* Rev James Raine MA (1852) p 338

## InfoBox

| Prideaux Selby | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Executive Council of Upper Canada for York | |
| **In office**
1808–1813 | |
| Auditor General of Land Patents for Upper Canada | |
| **In office**
1809–1813 | |
| Preceded by | William Hallan |
| Succeeded by | John McGill |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1747-12-21)21 December 1747
Alnwick, Northumberland, England |
| Died | 9 May 1813(1813-05-09) (aged 65)
York, Upper Canada |
| Spouse | Elizabeth m. 1772 |
| Children | Prideaux Selby Jr – son |
| Occupation | military officer, public official |
|  | |


title: Prideaux baronets

abstract: The Prideaux Baronetcy, of Netherton in the County of Devon, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 17 July 1622 for Edmund Prideaux. The third Baronet sat as member of parliament for Liskeard and St Mawes. The fourth Baronet was member of parliament for Tregony. The title became extinct on the death of the ninth Baronet in 1875. Two other members of the Prideaux family also gained distinction. Edmund Prideaux, second son of the first Baronet, was a barrister and politician. John Prideaux, second son of the sixth Baronet, was a Brigadier-General in the British Army.

text:
# Prideaux baronets

The **Prideaux Baronetcy**, of Netherton in the County of Devon, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 17 July 1622 for Edmund Prideaux. The third Baronet sat as member of parliament for Liskeard and St Mawes. The fourth Baronet was member of parliament for Tregony. The title became extinct on the death of the ninth Baronet in 1875.

Two other members of the Prideaux family also gained distinction. Edmund Prideaux (died 1659), second son of the first Baronet, was a barrister and politician. John Prideaux, second son of the sixth Baronet, was a Brigadier-General in the British Army.

## Prideaux baronets, of Netherton (1622)

## Prideaux baronets, of Forde Abbey


title: Pretzelmaker

abstract: Pretzelmaker is a chain of independently owned and operated franchised stores that specialize in hand-rolled pretzels, smoothies and cold beverages. It is a franchise brand in the portfolio of Global Franchise Group. It has more than 280 locations in the U.S. and internationally.

text:
# Pretzelmaker

**Pretzelmaker** is a chain of independently owned and operated franchised stores that specialize in hand-rolled pretzels, smoothies and cold beverages. It is a franchise brand in the portfolio of Global Franchise Group. It has more than 280 locations in the U.S. and internationally.

## History

Founder Jeffery Tripp opened the first *Pretzelmaker* store in 1991. He changed the name of the company to Pretzelmaker for nationwide franchising purposes. Charles L. Smith was the founding president of Pretzelmaker, Corporation with Bruce W. Stratford, Legal Council and CFO. J. Kelly Hansen and Stephen A. Thorpe ran the day-to-day operations as co-founders and VP of Sales and VP of Operations respectively. The brand quickly grew to more than 100 franchises sold, with 40 stores operating by 1995 when it was bought by a group of investors that helped make Pretzelmaker a mall mainstay, particularly in the West Coast. Don Cox, Marc Geman, Tony Joseph and Dale Fowler bought the company in 1995 with a small group of investors. In the next 36 months this group took the company from 11 opened stores to 288. Director of Operations Tony Joseph and his operation team were the driving force opening 7 locations a month. Mr. Joseph trained all franchisees US wide, Canada, South Korea, Thailand, Hong Kong and Singapore. In 1998 Pretzelmaker was voted the fastest growing food Franchise in the US according to Restaurant News and Entrepreneur Magazine. Dale Fowler was the Sr. Vice President of Marketing. Mr. Fowler put Pretzelmaker on the map with Media articles from the top newspapers and magazines from all over the US. Don Cox was the President until he was relieved of his duties in 1998. Marc Geman was the CEO until the company was sold in 1999.

The first Pretzel Time store opened in Trumbull, Connecticut. The company was originally incorporated as Mr. Pretzel Inc. in 1991, but quickly changed its name to Pretzel Time by the time it became a popularly franchised mall-based store in the Northeast.

In 1999, Mrs. Fields Famous Brands purchased Pretzelmaker. Later it sold the brands to NexCen in 2007 in a combined transaction total of $29.7 million. In 1996, Mrs. Fields had acquired the now-defunct Hot Sam which it merged with Pretzelmaker in 2005.

Global Franchise Group (GFG) purchased NexCen Franchise Management in 2010, and merged Pretzel Time and Pretzelmaker into one brand as Pretzelmaker. Pretzelmaker today is the second largest retailer of freshly baked, hand rolled and twisted pretzels.

On June 28, 2021, Global Franchise Group announced that it would be acquired by FAT Brands, owners of Fatburger and Johnny Rockets. The acquisition was completed on July 22.

## Products

Pretzelmaker's line of pretzels includes 10 flavors, and a variety of dipping sauces are provided. It is the innovator of the Pretzel Dog and Pretzel Bites.

## InfoBox

Pretzelmaker
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Restaurant |
| Predecessors | Pretzelmaker
Pretzel Time |
| Founded | 1991 (1991) |
| Founder | Jeffery Tripp |
| Headquarters | Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
| Number of locations | 280 (2019) |
| Area served | Canada
Guam
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
United States |
| Key people | Christopher Dull (CEO) |
| Products | Soft pretzels, smoothies, soft drinks |
| Parent | FAT Brands |
| Website | pretzelmaker.com |


title: Prideaux Lightfoot

abstract: Reginald Prideaux Lightfoot was a British Anglican priest. He was the Archdeacon of Oakham in the Church of England from 1880 to 1905.

text:
# Prideaux Lightfoot

**Reginald Prideaux Lightfoot** (26 May 1836  18 September 1906) was a British Anglican priest. He was the Archdeacon of Oakham in the Church of England from 1880 to 1905.

## Life

Lightfoot was born into an ecclesiastical family  his father, John Prideaux Lightfoot, was the Rector of Exeter College, Oxford. He was educated at Radley College and Balliol College, Oxford. He was Vicar of Wellingborough then Rector of Church of St Peter and St Paul, Uppingham from 1890 until his death. He was the Archdeacon of Oakham from 1880 to 1905, and served as Prolocutor of the Lower House of Convocation of the Province of Canterbury from February 1900.

He received the degree *Doctor of Divinity* (DD) from the University of Oxford in March 1900.

## Family

Lightfoot married in 1869 Alice Gordon Robbins, eldest daughter of George Robbins, rector of Courtenhall. Robert Henry Lightfoot was their son.


title: Priday, Metford and Company Limited

abstract: Priday, Metford and Company Limited was a family-run company that produced flour at the City Flour Mills, Gloucester, England for over a century. They were closed down in 1994 and the premises were converted to luxury apartments under the name of "Priday's Mill". The City Flour Mills was the location of the landmark case in contract law known as Hadley v. Baxendale.

text:
# Priday, Metford and Company Limited

**Priday, Metford and Company Limited** was a family-run company that produced flour at the City Flour Mills, Gloucester, England for over a century. They were closed down in 1994 and the premises were converted to luxury apartments under the name of "Priday's Mill". The City Flour Mills was the location of the landmark case in contract law known as Hadley v. Baxendale.

## Foundation of the Gloucester City Flour Mills and lawsuit

The City Flour Mills was built in 1850 by Joseph and Jonah Hadley who used the mill until 1860 when they moved their business to London. During their time, the building was the site of a landmark case in contract law referred to as Hadley v. Baxendale.

## Reynolds and Allen

Joseph Reynolds and Henry Allen (both of whom became Mayors of Gloucester) took over the mill, passing on their business in 1875 to their sons, Vincent Reynolds and John Allen, in partnership with Francis Tring Pearce.

## Priday, Metford and Company

This business ran into difficulties in 1885 largely owing to the cost of conversion from stone grinding to steel roller-milling, in accordance with contemporary trends, and to the vagaries of wheat prices.

The partners entered into a scheme of arrangement whereby Priday, Metford & Co. took over the business as a going concern.

Charles Priday (already milling at Over and at St. Owen's Mill at the Gloucester Docks), Francis Killigrew Seymour Metford, who had trained as a miller in Bristol and Francis Tring Peace formed the partnership of Priday, Metford & Co., took over the mill and pulled it into profitability. The original documents show that the partnership commenced on 25 March 1886, although the accounts opened on 15 March and the partnership deed was signed on 24 May 1886.

The business was incorporated on 19 September 1900 under the name of Priday, Metford and Company Limited.

There were nine original shareholders (see Later), Priday was elected chairman, with Pearce and Metford being appointed directors.

## The buildings

The City Flour Mills originally consisted of one mill building and an office, situated at the Gloucester Docks, close to the Victoria Dock and backing on to Commercial Road. A second building, then known as the New Wheatside but more recently as the Middle Building, was erected around 1854 and contained wheat cleaning equipment. However, in 1888, it was destroyed in a dramatic fire which was reported in the "Gloucestershire Chronicle" and "Gloucester Journal" of 7 January 1888. The fire was spectacular; flames were blown across Commercial Road and sparks reached Bearland. Firemen worked for two days to cool the ruins. Fortunately the premises were insured and they were rebuilt, with new machinery and an automatic sprinkler system. The rooftop water tank which fed this system was a landmark until its removal in 1983.

When the fire was discovered, the alarm was raised by ringing a ship's bell on the North Warehouse. Also known as the Atlas Bell, it has been used as a navigation aid at Shepperdine in the Severn estuary since the 1940s. It is now in the course of being returned by the Gloucester Civic Trust to its original place on the North Warehouse to complement the present renovation of the building by the Gloucester City Council.

Until 1921 the company also milled at St. Owen's Mill, where it produced its stoneground Digestive Wheat Meal and animal feeds until the plant was moved to the North Warehouse. The company made its Hercules brown flour at the North Warehouse which was also used to store and pack flour until the early 1960s when Priday, Metford moved these operations to the Victoria Warehouse.

The main frontage of the Mill has scarcely changed since it was built and is easily recognised in early photographs. However, there have been many alterations, including the removal of the chimney in 1921, the addition of the water tank and, in 1925, the construction of the extraction tower and gantry which carried grain from barges in the Victoria Dock until the 1970s and which still conveys flour to the Victoria Warehouse. The concrete wheat silos were constructed in 1964 and stand where once there were stables for Priday, Metford's heavy horses.

The City Flour Mills are probably the last remaining building at the Gloucester Docks which is still used for the purpose for which it was originally built.

## Milling machinery

The mill originally consisted of several sets of grinding stones and some wheat cleaning machinery but, with the movement of the industry towards roller milling and the need to maintain competitiveness, steel roller mills were installed in 1883 by Vincent Reynolds and John Allen. There have been numerous remodels of the mill since then, replacing and updating the plant. Originally, the machinery was driven by two 120 hp (90 kW) steam engines until the Mill was converted to electricity in 1921. In 1935 the transition from DC to AC current was made available. A number of articles describe the Mill between the years 1910–1937.

## Wheat and flour

The company's records show that in the 19th Century it brought wheat from France, Poland, Argentina, Chile, Australia, Russia, India and Canada bearing names such as Chirka, California, La Plata, Manitoba. By contrast, in the 1980s only English and Canadian wheat was milled.

The flour, produced in various grades, used to have names such as Leathertie, Bluetie, Extras, Whites and Imperials. A brown flour is still made under the long-standing name of Hercules.

The Company nowadays produces a range of both white and brown flours for supply to the independent baker and every effort is made to meet changes in public demand, the most recent being for additive-free products. Bran, wheat-germ and wheatfeed, which are milling by-products, also sold, the last for incorporation in animal feeds.

## Transport

From the early 19th Century the wheat was brought by railway to the Gloucester Docks or by ship to Avonsmouth and Sharpness and thence by barge to Gloucester via the River Severn and the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal.

Until the 1970s the Company used barges, some of which it owned through a subsidiary, Fox Elms Ltd. Two of these barges were lost in the River Severn, namely, the "Fox Elms" which sank in November 1949 after hitting the Severn Railway Bridge in fog and, in 1952, the "Higre" was beached at Lydney. One of these barges is reputed still to be visible at very low tides. The last vessel to be used by the company was the "Nancy H". Her final journey to collect wheat from Avonsmouth is described by John Hopper in "Cotswold Life" for November 1975. From the mid '70s the remaining three barges were kept at Victoria Dock and used to store grain until they were sold in 1983.

The wheat arriving by water was unloaded at the Victoria Dock into railway trucks and pulled horses along a siding to the Mill. In 1925 this system was replaced by a suction intake tower and gantry constructed to draw the wheat from the barge and carry it across the road to the Mill.

The flour was originally distributed in 280 lb (127 kg) sacks piled high on horse-drawn drays. Later these were replaced by motor vehicles; a steam-driven "Sentinel" and, later, by Dennis lorries, the early models having solid tyres. Railways were also used for flour delivery. The company built up a fleet of flatbed lorries and bulk tankers to adapt to the transition from rail to road transport.

Before World War I the company had its own horses which were stabled at the mill. The records show that there were normally six heavy horses which were used to pull the drays. They were brought from S. Harvey of Hartpury and tended by George Hotham, the Gloucester veterinary surgeon who practice was at Bearland. A small "Horse Book" records the names and the details of the horses kept in the years 1907–1917. These horses suffered a number of ailments. For example, Prince had to be put down when he was 17 years old because he seedy foot. Millers' horses were susceptible to a number of problems due to heavy work on hard surfaces, including bone diseases caused by feeding the horses with too much bran which, as a by-product of flour milling, was consequently cheap and readily available.

Several pictures of Priday, Metford's early transport have survived together those of bakers' carrying the company's advertisement.

## Management and staff

Priday, Metford & Co. was founded by Charles Priday, who was already milling at Over and at St. Owen's Mill in the Docks, Mr (later Col. Sir) Francis Killigrew Seymour Metford and Mr Francis Tring Pearce who had been a partner in the firm of Reynolds and Allen. Messrs Priday and Pearce retired in 1922 and in 1946 Sir Francis (knighted in 1938) retired after 60 years with the business. His knighthood was celebrated with a party at the Connaught Rooms, later the Cadena in Eastgate Street, and gifts, silver cigarette cases or workbaskets, for employees. A signed photograph was produced in 1936 to mark his jubilee of service to the company.

The mill was run by descendants of the three founders until the death of Mr John Priday (a grandson of Charles Priday) in 1980. Two of the families are still represented on the board of Directors by direct descendants of the founders, although the day-to-day management is the responsibility of full-time executives.

When the business was incorporated in 1900 the original shareholders were Charles and Florence Priday, Frances and Agnes Metford and Francis and Martha Pearce together with Henry Allen Pearce (their son) and Henry Witcomb Arkell, the mill foreman and nephew of Charles Priday.

The company has remained in the hands of the three families and shares are held by relatives of the original partners to the fourth generation in the case of the Pridays and Metfords. Other shareholders are descended from Henry Arkell. The Pearce family have been connected with the City Flour Mills since 1860 and for six generations because Henry Allen (co founder of Reynold and Allen) was the father in law of Francis Tring Pearce and his great-great granddaughter Margaret Elizabeth Cooper was appointed a director of Priday Metford and Company in 1984.

Priday, Metford & Co Ltd has been very much a "family" company particularly in that many of its employees have given extensive service, some for 50 years or more in the past. In a number of cases, several members of the same family worked at the mill and for two or three generations. The "Citizen" has, before now, carried articles on the long service of Priday Metford employees.

In 1956 inscribed watches were presented to those who had completed 25 years employment with Priday, Metford. Some of those watches are proudly used by their owners today. The company has a number of pensioners in recognition of their long service with the company, many having recollections of the mill going back to the 1920s.

## The 1986 centenary

The company has marked the year by producing calendars and ceramic mugs with special designs recording its centenary.

The Ropert Opie Collection, in conjunction with the company, presented an exhibition of the company's early records and advertising material during June and July 1986 at the Pack-Age Museum at the docks.

A dinner-dance for employees and pensioners was held at the Golden Valley Hotel in June 1986 and at the company's Annual General Meeting in July shareholders joined the Board of Directors at a Centenary Lunch at the Parliament Room in the Cathedral Close, Gloucester.

## Key dates in the history of Priday Metford and Company

1850 City Flour Mills built for Joseph & Jonah Hadley, millers. Brick building. Stonegrinding and flour-dressing machines, steam powered. Part of progress from water to steam power and change of mill sites to docksides.

1854 (Probable date). Middle building added. Two new steam engines and wheat cleaning machinery installed. Capacity doubled.

1860 J.& J. Hadley moved to City Flour Mills, London. Gloucester Mill taken over by Joseph Reynolds and Henry Allen.

1867 St. Owen's Mill started; used by Priday, Metford & Co 1888 (?) to 1921.

1875 J. Reynolds and H. Allen retired. Succeeded by sons, Vincent Reynolds and John Allen. Francis Tring Pearce also a partner.

1877 A barometer inscribed "City Flour Mills June 1887" presented to Henry Rowles.

1879 Charles Priday took over St. Owen's Mill.

1883 New 10-sack steel roller mill installed (1 sack = 280 lb = 5 bushels = 127 kg)

1885 December: Reynolds & Allen's business in difficulty. Possible causes: costof conversion of Mill, fluctuation in wheat prices, shortage of capital, additional cost of delivery Avonmouth to Gloucester, difficult canal.

1886 Partnership formed by Charles Priday, Francis Killigrew Seymour Metford and Francis Tring Pearce, under the name of Priday Metford & Co. Accounts started 15 March. Partnership commenced 25 March (deed dated 24 May). New procedures instituted and business grew quickly.

1888 4 January: Fire in Middle Building (also called New Wheatside). £9000 damage. Rebuilding included new bulk storage silos for wheat, wheat separating and cleaning systems and automatic sprinkler system with reserve water tank on top of roof: latter removed in 1983. During repairs wheat was cleaned at St. Owen's mill.

1892 National Association of British and Irish Millers (nabim) Convention held at Gloucester.

1900 19 September. Business incorporated under title of Priday, Metford and Company Limited. C. Priday first Chairman; F.T. Pearce and FKS Metford directors. 10 October: first directors' meeting. Founder shareholders: the directors, M.W. Arkell, Florence Priday, Ages Metford, Martha Pearce, Henry Allen Pearce

1904 Description of Mill - modern, clean, Digestive Wheat Meal made at St Owen's Mill. H.W. Arkell, Mill Foreman (Industrial Gloucestershire, 1904).

1907 Horse Book - records of horses kept 1907 -1916; purchase, sale, ailments.

1910 5 November: article on Priday, Metford describes mill process and buildings. Mill manager Mr Rushworth. "Gloucester Chronicle" also mentions that "Hercules" (stoneground) wheatmeal flour and barley meal was produced by the Company at North Mill. This mill was powered by electricity. Test bakery for Mills.

1921 Mill remodelled; converted from steam (2 Lancashire Beam engines) to electricity. Company ceased to make wheatmeal flour at St Owen's Mill; transferred process to North Mill.

1922 F.T. Pearce and C Priday retired. New directors H A Pearce and Arthur Kenneth Priday. New Chairman F.K.S. Metford.

1925 (probable date): Suction intake and gantry constructed to carry wheat from barges in Victoria Dock to mill.

1927 F.K.S. Metford President of NABIM for the "Strawberry Convention" at Cheddar.

1931 Death of H.A. Pearce. New director Francis Thomas Pearce.

1935 Death of F.T Pearce senior. (or possibly 1931). Mill changed from DC to AC electricity. 20 March: Fox Elms Ltd incorporated; "Turog" dumbbarge purchased. Company secretary John Forrester Raikes Bevan

1936 F.T. Pearce junior retired. New director Richard Anthony Pearce. Company celebrated F.K.S. Metford's 50 years with company, special printed card with photo.

1936 F.K.S. Metford knighted; address by board at AGM recorded; presentation, staff party and gifts.

1944 AGM minutes recorded 2 staff and 9 mill employees had been in forces; 2 killed in action.

1946 F.K.S. Metford retired. New Chairman A.K. Priday; New director, Francis Owen Metford

1947 33 Park road purchased as accommodation for employees who had no housing. First occupiers: H.Austin, O. Ellis, G. Elliott

1949 "Fox Elms" hit Severn Railway Bridge (November) and sank; T. Aldridge, master, and son survived. Potential claim for damage to bridge by Ministry of Transport mentioned in AGM minutes. Account show hire of "Morrison" 1949-51

1950 27 July "Severn Conveyor" purchased.

1952 P.O. Metford retired. New director, Lady Metford. (Probable date) "Higre" lost - hit sandbank.

1953 J.F.R. Bevan retired after 50 years as company secretary. Austen Ivor Harold Coates succeeded him. Lady Metford retired. New director, Mrs Beatrix Amy Howard Wyatt-Smith, later McNaughten.

1956 Bread subsidy withdrawn

1957 Mill modernisation. Flu epidemic caused drop in flour consumption.

1958 Death of Lady Metford.

1959 "Nancy H" motorised barge purchased.

1962 Move from North Mill, due to dock entrance enlargement to Victoria Warehouse. Bulk storage system installed—claimed to be the most modern in Europe. Entroleter milling introduced.

1963 "Severn Trader" motorship purchased by Fox Elms Ltd.

1964 New concrete grain silo completed. Flour packing moved to Victoria warehouse. 19 May: J.F.R. Bevan died "53 years secretary and loyal servant" (AGM minutes).

1965 31 March. A.K. Priday retired after 43 years as director, 29 as chairman. New Chairman R.A.Pearce; new director Charles John Priday. 24 July "Gloucester Journal" picture and article on "Five men's 263 years' service".

1966 Mrs Scott (now Mrs Meadows) (secretary) retired after 44 years' service.

1967 Death of A.K. Priday.

1968 Death of R.A. Pearce. New chairman C.J. Priday; new director Christopher David Vowles. Purchase of 5 new lorries and bulk tanker. New storage bins expected December (AGM minutes).

1969 Mill motor (installed 1935) replaced by several smaller ones. Marriage of William Ellis and Miss Joan Dutton, 72 years' service between them.

1970 Mrs Sally Oppenheim's election as MP for Gloucester recorded in AGM minutes

1971 Company entered pre-mix trade - shortage of skilled labour make it attractive to bakers. Presentation to Normal Bird after 50 years' service.

1973 Britain entered Common Market; Charman records effect not greatly felt due to existing high import levies on wheat. Most of company's wheat delivered by road. 21 July: W. Ellis 50 years' service, party and presentation of Waterford glass.

1974 Mrs Macnaugten retired. New director Steward Partic Macnaughten, her husband. 14 December: A. Coates retired after 46 and a half years' service, party at Easter 1975.

1975 Last voyage of the "Nancy H" described by J. Hooper, "Cotswold Life". Seaforth Grain Terminal, Liverpool in use. Road delivery of wheat increased.

1977 J.Reynolds & Co., Gloucester closed by Allied Mills. Priday Metford only remaining flour mill at Gloucester Docks. H. Conway-Jones attributed this to the shares having remained within the original families (Gloucestershire Historical Studies, 1981)

1980 Death of C.J. Priday. New Chairman C.D. Vowles; New director Christopher Bruton Priday. Death of S.P. Macnaughten. New director appointed from outside the family to represent the Metfords, Julian Cecil Somerville Mills. High speed roller mills installed.

1983 New Chairman J.C.S. Mills; New non-family directors Shaun Coleman Dowling, Paul Clearly (General Manager). Barges sold; water tower removed.

1984 C.D. Vowles retired. New director Mrs Margaret Elizabeth Cooper.

1985 P. Cleary appointed Managing Director

## Other accounts of Priday Metford

The flour produced by Priday Metford was renowned for its quality as the following quotation from Cotswold Life (July 1986) shows:

*"At my grandmother's funeral in Lancashire not long a go I met a distant cousin for the first time. Knowing where I lived he did not enthuse about the beauty of the Cotswolds but said, "Of course, we never come back from the south without calling at Gloucester to buy flour from Priday Metford...."* Diana Alexander

## The shareholding and founding families

The founding families were those of Charles Priday, Francis Killigrew Seymour Metford and Francis Tring Pearce. These three families controlled the company for over one hundred years and across many generations.

## The Pearce family

The Pearce family were involved in milling in the Gloucester area for over a century and for six generations, that is to say right from 1860 until Priday, Metford and Company Limited was sold onto Spillers in about 1986. The family link with milling in Gloucester goes back to 1860 (and before the inception of Priday Metford) because Director Francis Tring Pearce married Martha Allen, the daughter of Henry Allen and Mary Ann Charlotte Richardson (1845–1872) of Tewkesbury. Henry Allen had been milling in the Gloucester area since 1860 as part of Reynolds and Allen Company. Henry Allen was Mayor of Gloucester in 1872. Mary Ann Charlotte Richardson was the daughter of John Richardson (died 1846) and Elizabeth (?Isobella) Pitt (died 1846). Elizabeth (?Isobella) Pitt was the daughter (?Granddaughter) of Dr Charles Pitt (Tewkesbury Doctor).

Francis Tring Pearce (16/3/1846 - 19/5/35) was the son of Maria Tring (died 19/10/1853) and Thomas Pearce (died 13/1/1895). Thomas Pearce owned a Chemist at 134 Westgate Street, Gloucester from 1841 to 1870. Thomas Pearce was the son of Joseph Pearce (died 7/7/1847 at Birlingham, Worcestershire).

The children of FT Pearce and Martha Allen were:

* Charlotte Mary Pearce (17/7/1872 - 24/10/1948) married Hubert Cecil Booth, inventor of the powered vacuum cleaner
* Henry Allen Pearce (15/10/1873 - 12/11/1931) married Mary Yeoman Harding Vowles (1879–1960) In the 1901 census, Henry Allen Pearce is noted as a miller.
* Francis Thomas Pearce (10/5/1875 - 17/2/1964) married Rose Marianne Parmenter
* Helen Marion Louisa Pearce (18/1/1877 - 7/11/1961) married Dr John Pottinger
* Herbert Elliott Pearce (3/2/1880 - 14/3/1957) was injured with the Royal Flying Corps in the first world war and later owned the "Hobday and co" ironmonger store in Pimlico, on the corner of Moreton and Tachbrook streets. He also published two books on poetry.
* Margaret Winifred Pearce (4/1/1882 - 4/3/1932)
* Edward Oscar Pearce (12/9/1885 - 31/8/1963)awarded an Order of the British Empire (military) in 1919 whilst a Captain (acting Major) in the Royal Engineers. He is thought to have been a civil engineer and to have lived in India for a long while, retiring back to England.

The following photo shows the Pearce family who were involved in the mill in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It was probably taken at Lorraine House, Park road, Gloucester. Nearly all of those in the photo were shareholders.

## References and sources

References Sources * Conway-Jones, H. (1984). "Gloucester Docks. An Illustrated History". Alan Sutton & Gloucestershire County Library.
* Various articles and newspaper items in Gloucester City Library.
* Gloucester Record Office.


title: Princes Town (region)

abstract:
Princes Town is a region of Trinidad and Tobago. The local government body is Princes Town Regional Corporation, a Regional Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago. The region has a land area of 620 km⁲. The Princes Town Regional Corporation is headquartered in Princes Town. Electoral Districts in Princes Town Regional Corporation are:
  - Ben Lomond/Hardbargain/Williamsville
  - Corinth/Cedar Hill
  - Fifth Company
  - Hindustan/St. Marys
  - Inverness/Princes Town South
  - Lengua/Indian Walk
  - Moruga
  - New Grant/Tableland
  - Reform/Manahambre
  - St. Juliens/Princes Town North It falls within the constituencies of Naparima, Princes Town, Moruga/Tableland and San Fernando East.

text:
# Princes Town (region)

**Princes Town** is a region of Trinidad and Tobago. The local government body is Princes Town Regional Corporation, a Regional Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago. The region has a land area of 620 km2. The Princes Town Regional Corporation is headquartered in Princes Town.

Electoral Districts in Princes Town Regional Corporation are:

* Ben Lomond/Hardbargain/Williamsville
* Corinth/Cedar Hill
* Fifth Company
* Hindustan/St. Marys
* Inverness/Princes Town South
* Lengua/Indian Walk
* Moruga
* New Grant/Tableland
* Reform/Manahambre
* St. Juliens/Princes Town North

It falls within the constituencies of Naparima, Princes Town, Moruga/Tableland and San Fernando East.

10°16′N 61°22′W / 10.267°N 61.367°W / 10.267; -61.367

## InfoBox

| Princes Town PTRC | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | |
| Region of Princes Town | |
|  | |
| Motto(s): Serving with Commitment and Compassion. | |
| Location of Princes Town in Trinidad | |
| Country | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Region | South Trinidad |
| Counties | Victoria |
| Coastline | Columbus Channel |
| Founded | 13 September 1990 |
| Capital | Princes Town |
| Area | |
| Total | 620 km2 (240 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 102,375 |
| Density | 170/km2 (430/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (Atlantic Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (No daylight saving time) |
| Area code(s) | +1 (868) 650, 654, 655, 656. 832 |
| ISO 3166 code | TT-PRT |


title: Print awareness

abstract: Print awareness refers to a child's understanding of the nature and uses of print. A child's print awareness is closely associated with his or her word awareness or the ability to recognize words as distinct elements of oral and written communication. Both skills are acquired in the child's natural environment.

text:
# Print awareness

**Print awareness** refers to a child's understanding of the nature and uses of print. A child's print awareness is closely associated with his or her word awareness or the ability to recognize words as distinct elements of oral and written communication. Both skills are acquired in the child's natural environment.

## Measurement

Print awareness is a multi-faceted skill that is difficult to isolate and define. The most effective measures analyze the child's knowledge of letters, print symbols, and reading conventions. To analyze book reading conventions the child is asked to identify the front of the book, identify which page is read first (the left page or the right page). This type of evaluation produces considerable variation among preschoolers (Justice and Ezell, 2001).

## Significance

Along with phonological awareness, print awareness is a strong determinant of early reading achievement (Adams, 1990). Print awareness is included in the preliteracy skills that children entering first grade are expected to have mastered. The first-grade curriculum is designed around this assumption. Children who have low levels of print awareness are likely to fall behind.

Children who come from print-rich homes where they are constantly exposed to adult models are more likely to develop print awareness than their peers. Since print awareness emerges naturally, the influence of the home environment is significant. A number of characteristics of the home environment can be altered to enhance a child's print awareness.

## Interventions

Since print awareness has been identified as an important precursor to literacy, numerous interventions have been designed to enhance the print awareness and preliteracy skills of at-risk children. Many of them focus on storybook reading or joint-book reading. This is a common practice in print-rich homes and some simple alterations of daily routines can have a huge impact on the child's preliteracy skills.

Storybook reading can improve a child's print awareness when the parent (or other adult such as a teacher) uses a technique referred to as print referencing. Print referencing occurs when verbal or non-verbal cues are used to encourage a child's attention or interaction with print. An example of this is a parent asking the child to point to the first word on a page or to ask "Where are the words on this page?"

* Adams, M.J. (1990). *Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Justice, L.M.; Ezell, H.K. (2001). "Word and print awareness in 4-year-old children". *Child Language Teaching and Therapy*. **17** (3): 207–225. doi:10.1177/026565900101700303. S2CID 144711284.


title: Princess Cays

abstract: Princess Cays is a tourist resort at the southern end of the island of Eleuthera, Bahamas. It is owned by Carnival Corporation, which owns Princess Cruises, among others. Carnival Corporation also owns nearby Half Moon Cay. Contrary to the implication of its name, it is located on Eleuthera, rather than on separate islands. Late January 28, 2019, a fire ignited at a generator, causing damage to the resort.

text:
# Princess Cays

**Princess Cays** is a tourist resort at the southern end of the island of Eleuthera, Bahamas. It is owned by Carnival Corporation, which owns Princess Cruises, among others. Carnival Corporation also owns nearby Half Moon Cay. Contrary to the implication of its name, it is located on Eleuthera, rather than on separate islands.

Late January 28, 2019, a fire ignited at a generator, causing damage to the resort.

## Geography

Princess Cays is located approximately 50 miles (80 km) from Nassau, Bahamas.

Visitors can go swimming, canoeing, kayaking, banana boating, water skiing, snorkeling, parasailing, sailboating, or waverunning. There are also volleyball and basketball courts. Cabanas are available for daily rental. English is spoken and US currency is used.

## Climate

The island has a tropical climate, with little seasonal variation. Average daily high temperatures in winter are about 75 °F (24 °C), while daily highs in summer are in the 85–88 °F (29–31 °C). The dry season is in winter, while summer is often the wet season with daily thunderstorms.

24°38′13″N 76°10′30″W / 24.6370°N 76.1751°W / 24.6370; -76.1751

## InfoBox

| Princess Cays | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.16 km2 (0.06 sq mi) |
| Time zone | EST |
| Summer (DST) | EDT |


title: Shalhevet High School

abstract: The Jean and Jerry Friedman Shalhevet High School is a co-educational, college-preparatory, Modern Orthodox Jewish high school in Los Angeles, California.

text:
# Shalhevet High School

The **Jean and Jerry Friedman Shalhevet High School** is a co-educational, college-preparatory, Modern Orthodox Jewish high school in Los Angeles, California.

## Background information

The demographic breakdown of the 254 students enrolled in 2017-18 was approximately 98.4% white and 1.6% multiracial. The cost to attend Shalhevet is approximately $44,250, plus fees.

## Activities

Shalhevet's school newspaper is *The Boiling Point*. It has won national awards from the National Scholastic Press Association, Columbia Scholastic Press Association, and Quill & Scroll International Honorary Journalism Society. It runs on an operating budget of US$10,000, and an advertising budget of US$2,200. The paper went through a structural reboot in 2010, and since then has seen an explosion in activity. The paper can publish up to 8 issues in a school year.

## Controversy

On June 14, 2017, Shalhevet caused a break between the more traditional wing of Modern Orthodox Judaism and its progressive faction by hiring Ramie Smith as a part of its Judaic Studies department. Smith had received semikhah (ordination) from Maharat, the first Orthodox Jewish institution to provide an ordination to women. She received semikhah in 2016. Head of School Ari Segal released a statement to respond to pushback, saying "While we recognize this legitimate point of contention, at this juncture, our priority is focused squarely on the quality of our education. Ramie is a superstar, plain and simple." Incoming head of YULA Girls school Joshua Spodek protested because this hiring was a break from Orthodox tradition, and that YULA Girls should be a feeder school for women's yeshivot.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Shalhevet High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 910 South Fairfax Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90036
United States | |
| Coordinates | 34°03′33″N 118°21′46″W / 34.059220°N 118.362825°W / 34.059220; -118.362825 |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent |
| Motto | Ignite the Flame |
| Established | 1992 |
| Founder | Jerry Friedman |
| NCES School ID | BB944617 |
| Principal | Daniel Weslow |
| Head of school | David Block |
| Teaching staff | 48.8 (on an FTE basis) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 259 (2020-2021) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 5.3 |
| Color(s) | Red and Black |
| Athletics conference | Mulholland League |
| Nickname | Firehawks |
| Newspaper | *The Boiling Point* |
| Website | www.shalhevet.org |


title: The Stone Guest (Dargomyzhsky)

abstract: The Stone Guest is an opera in three acts by Alexander Dargomyzhsky from a libretto taken almost verbatim from Alexander Pushkin's 1830 play of the same name which had been written in blank verse and which forms part of his collection Little Tragedies. It was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre, Saint Petersburg, 16 February 1872. According to the composer's wishes, the last few lines of tableau 1 were composed by César Cui, and the whole was orchestrated by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Many years later, Rimsky-Korsakov revised his own orchestration of the opera, rewrote a few of Dargomyzhsky's own original passages, and added an orchestral prelude. This version, completed in 1903 and first performed in 1907 at the Bolshoi Theatre, is now considered the standard version.

text:
# The Stone Guest (Dargomyzhsky)

***The Stone Guest*** (*Каменный гость* in Cyrillic, *Kamennyj gost'*  in transliteration) is an opera in three acts by Alexander Dargomyzhsky from a libretto taken almost verbatim from Alexander Pushkin's 1830 play of the same name which had been written in blank verse and which forms part of his collection *Little Tragedies*.

It was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre, Saint Petersburg, 16 February 1872 (Old Style).

According to the composer's wishes, the last few lines of tableau 1 were composed by César Cui, and the whole was orchestrated by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Many years later, Rimsky-Korsakov revised his own orchestration of the opera, rewrote a few of Dargomyzhsky's own original passages, and added an orchestral prelude. This version, completed in 1903 and first performed in 1907 at the Bolshoi Theatre, is now considered the standard version.

## Performance History

The Austrian premiere of the opera was given in 1928 at the Salzburg Festival, in a production by students of the Leningrad Conservatoire. In 1952 it was performed in Italian, at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Festival. The United States premiere of the opera was presented in 1986, by the Chamber Opera Theater of New York at the Marymount Manhattan Theater in New York City with Ron Gentry as Don Juan, Randolf Messing as Don Carlos, Sally Stevens as Donna Anna, and Vladimir Kin conducting.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast
16 February 1872 (Old Style)
(Conductor: Eduard Nápravník) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Don Juan | tenor | Fyodor Komissarzhevsky |
| Leporello, his servant | bass | Osip Petrov |
| Donna Anna | soprano | Yuliya Platonova |
| Don Carlos | baritone | Ivan Melnikov |
| Laura | mezzo-soprano | Mariya Ilyina |
| A Monk | bass | Vladimir Sobolev |
| First Guest | tenor | Vasiliy Vasilyev (Vasilyev II) |
| Second Guest | bass | Mikhail Sariotti |
| Statue of the Commander | bass | Vladimir Sobolev |
|

## Style

As an opera, *The Stone Guest* is notable for having its text taken almost word-for-word from the literary stage work which inspired it, rather than being set to a libretto adapted from the source in order to accommodate opera audiences which would have expected to hear arias, duets, and choruses. Consequently, the resulting musical drama consists almost entirely of solos given in turn by each character, as in a spoken play.

This procedure amounted to a radical statement about the demands of spoken and musical drama and was seen by some as a devaluation of the musical genre of opera, and distinct from the literary genre of spoken drama. Tchaikovsky in particular was critical of the idea; in response to Dargomyzhky's statement that "I want sound directly to express the word. I want truth", he wrote in his private correspondence that nothing could be so "hateful and false" as the attempt to present as musical drama something that was not.

## The value of the opera

The opera was written at the time of the formation of realism in art, and *The Stone Guest* corresponded to this genre. Dargomyzhsky used the ideas of the society of The Five.

The great innovations of this opera are seen in its style. It was written without arias and ensembles (not counting two small romances sung by Laura) and it is entirely built on the "melodic recitative" of the human voice put to music. This was immediately noted by Russian musical specialists César Cui and Alexander Serov.

Opera has been greatly important in the formation of Russian musical culture which, built entirely on European music, found its place in the world's musical culture.

The innovations begun by Dargomyzhsky were continued by other composers. Firstly, they were taken up and developed by Modest Mussorgsky who called Dargomyzhsky "the teacher of musical truth". Later the principles of Dargomyzhsky's art were embodied by Mussorgsky in his operas *Boris Godunov* and *Khovanshchina*; Mussorgsky continued and strengthened this new musical tradition. Other Russians operas have also incorporated the same stylistic elements, including settings of the three remaining *Little Tragedies* of Pushkin. These are *Mozart and Salieri* by Rimsky-Korsakov (1898); *Feast in Time of Plague* by Cesar Cui (1901); and *The Miserly Knight* by Sergei Rachmaninov (1904).

The modern Russian music critic Viktor Korshikov thus summed up:

There is not the development of Russian musical culture without *The Stone Guest*. It is three operas - *Ivan Soussanine*, *Ruslan and Ludmila* and *The Stone Guest* have created Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Borodin. *Soussanine* is an opera, where the main character is the people, *Ruslan* is the mythical, deeply Russian intrigue, and *The Guest*, in which the drama dominates over the softness of the beauty of sound.

## Recordings

**Audio**

* 1946, Aleksandr Orlov (conductor), USSR Radio Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Dmitriy Tarkhov (Don Juan), Georgiy Abramov (Leporello), Nina Aleksandriyskaya (Laura), Daniil Demyanov (Don Carlos), Gugo Tits, V. Nevskiy (Guests), Natalya Rozhdestvenskaya (Doña Anna), Konstantin Polyayev (Monk), Aleksey Korolyov (Commander)
* 1959, Boris Khaikin (conductor), Moscow Radio Opera and Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Alexei Maslennikov (Don Juan), Georgi Pankov (Leporello), Irina Arkhipova (Laura), Vladimir Zakharov (Don Carlos), Galina Vishnevskaya (Doña Anna), Alexei Korolev (Monk), Gennady Troitsky (Commander), Alexei Usmanov (First Guest), Andrei Blagov (Second Guest)
* 1977, Mark Ermler (conductor), Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Vladimir Atlantov (Don Juan), Alexander Vedernikov (Leporello), Tamara Sinyavskaya (Laura), Vladimir Valaitis (Don Carlos), Vitaliy Vlasov, Vitaliy Nartov (Guests), Tamara Milashkina (Doña Anna), Lev Vernigora (Monk), Vladimir Filippov (Commander)
* 1995, Andrey Chistyakov (conductor), Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Nikolay Vasiliyev (Don Juan), Vyacheslav Pochapsky (Leporello), Tatyana Yerastova (Laura), Nikolay Reshetnyak (Don Carlos), Marina Lapina (Doña Anna), Boris Bezhko (Monk), Nikolay Nizyenko (Commander)

**Video**

**Notes**

**Further reading**


title: Tada-U

abstract: Tada-U or Tadau is a town in central Myanmar about 10 km (6.2 mi) from the provincial capital of Mandalay and is the principal town of Tada-U Township and Tada-U District. There is an air force base located in the town.

text:
# Tada-U

**Tada-U** or **Tadau** is a town in central Myanmar about 10 km (6.2 mi) from the provincial capital of Mandalay and is the principal town of Tada-U Township and Tada-U District.

There is an air force base located in the town.

## Transport

Tada U is also served by a branch line of the Myanmar Railways built in 1994. Tada Oo- Myotha Railway Line ends in Pyithayar Station (Gwaykone) south of the town.

## InfoBox

| Tada-U တံတားဦး | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Tada-ULocation in Myanmar | |
| Coordinates: 21°48′N 95°58′E / 21.800°N 95.967°E / 21.800; 95.967 | |
| Country | Myanmar |
| Region | Mandalay Division |
| District | Tada-U District |
| Townships | Tada-U Township |
| Seat | Tada-U |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |


title: Richard W. Bailey

abstract:
Richard Weld Bailey was an American linguist, scholar of the English language, and the Fred Newton Scott Collegiate Professor of English at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Bailey was born in Pontiac, Michigan to Karl and Elisabeth (Weld) Bailey. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1961, having also studied for a year at the University of Edinburgh. He received his MA and Ph.D in English from the University of Connecticut in 1965. He died in 2011 at his home in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Bailey was the author or editor or over 20 books, most treating aspects of English language history and linguistics. He also authored over one hundred articles, both scholarly and popular and nearly that many reviews of scholarly works. From 2003 to his death, he wrote a regular column titled "Talking About Words" for the University of Michigan publication Michigan Today. With Colette Moore and Marilyn Miller, Bailey published A London Provisioner's Chronicle 1550-1563 by Henry Machyn, an on-line edition of a recounting of daily life in sixteenth century London. Through his teaching and mentorship, he played an important part in advancing scholarship in the realm of language and linguistics, including chairing or serving on dozens of dissertation committees. In addition to his research and teaching at the University of Michigan, Bailey was involved for over 30 years in the governance and significant growth of the Washtenaw Community College:
  - Elected Trustee (1974–present)
  - Treasurer (1977–79), Secretary (1979–81)
  - Vice-Chair (1981–85), and Board Chair He was named an honorary faculty member in 2002 and in 2005, and his service to WCC was honored when the Richard W. Bailey Library was named for him. In 2008, Bailey co-authored an amicus brief with colleagues Dennis Baron and Jeffrey Kaplan, for the District of Columbia v. Heller Supreme Court case, providing an interpretation of the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution based on the grammars, dictionaries, and general usage common in the founders' day, and showing that those meanings are still common today.

text:
# Richard W. Bailey

**Richard Weld Bailey** (October 26, 1939 – April 2, 2011) was an American linguist, scholar of the English language, and the Fred Newton Scott Collegiate Professor of English at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

Bailey was born in Pontiac, Michigan to Karl and Elisabeth (Weld) Bailey. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1961, having also studied for a year at the University of Edinburgh. He received his MA and Ph.D in English from the University of Connecticut in 1965. He died in 2011 at his home in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Bailey was the author or editor or over 20 books, most treating aspects of English language history (in the U.S. and elsewhere) and linguistics. He also authored over one hundred articles, both scholarly and popular and nearly that many reviews of scholarly works. From 2003 to his death, he wrote a regular column titled "Talking About Words" for the University of Michigan publication *Michigan Today*. With Colette Moore and Marilyn Miller, Bailey published *A London Provisioner's Chronicle 1550-1563 by Henry Machyn,* an on-line edition of a recounting of daily life in sixteenth century London. Through his teaching and mentorship, he played an important part in advancing scholarship in the realm of language and linguistics, including chairing or serving on dozens of dissertation committees.

In addition to his research and teaching at the University of Michigan, Bailey was involved for over 30 years in the governance and significant growth of the Washtenaw Community College:

* Elected Trustee (1974–present)
* Treasurer (1977–79), Secretary (1979–81)
* Vice-Chair (1981–85), and Board Chair (1985–94, 1999–2000)

He was named an honorary faculty member in 2002 and in 2005, and his service to WCC was honored when the Richard W. Bailey Library was named for him.

In 2008, Bailey co-authored an amicus brief with colleagues Dennis Baron and Jeffrey Kaplan, for the District of Columbia v. Heller Supreme Court case, providing an interpretation of the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution based on the grammars, dictionaries, and general usage common in the founders' day, and showing that those meanings are still common today.

## Selected professional affiliations

## Awards and honors

* University of Michigan Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award, 1989
* University of Michigan Regents' Award for Distinguished Public Service, 1992
* University of Michigan Press Book Award, 1993, 1998
* University of Michigan John H. D'Arms Faculty Award for Distinguished Graduate Mentoring in the Humanities, 2001

## Selected publications

* *Speaking American: A History of English in the United States* (Oxford University Press, 2012)
* *Rogue Scholar: The Sinister Life and Celebrated Death of Edward H. Rulloff* (University of Michigan Press, 2004)
* *Images of English: A Cultural History of the English Language* (University of Michigan Press, 1991)
* *Nineteenth Century English* (University of Michigan Press, 1998)
* Associate editor, *The Oxford Companion to the English Language* (Oxford University Press, 1992) Editor, *Dictionaries: The Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America*, 1978–1990


title: Shaffer Mountain (California)

abstract: Shaffer Mountain is a mountain located in the Skedaddle Mountains of southeast Lassen County, California. It is around 7.6 km (4.7 mi) north-northeast of Litchfield, California. The mountain stands at 2,054 m (6,739 ft.) tall. Atop the mountain, there are multiple cell towers accessible via dirt road.

text:
# Shaffer Mountain (California)

**Shaffer Mountain** is a mountain located in the Skedaddle Mountains of southeast Lassen County, California. It is around 7.6 km (4.7 mi) north-northeast of Litchfield, California. The mountain stands at 2,054 m (6,739 ft.) tall.

Atop the mountain, there are multiple cell towers accessible via dirt road.

## InfoBox

| Shaffer Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Shaffer MountainLocation of Shaffer Mountain in California | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,054 m (6,739 ft) |
| Prominence | 663 m (2,175 ft) |
| Coordinates | 40°26′48.64″N 120°21′25.8″W / 40.4468444°N 120.357167°W / 40.4468444; -120.357167 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Lassen County, California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Skedaddle Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS Shaffer Mountain |


title: Port Obaldía

abstract: Puerto Obaldia is the main town of corregimiento Puerto Obaldía, one of four administrative subdivisions of Kuna Yala indigenous region of Panama, located on the border with Colombia. Puerto Obaldia is the location of "the main national police station in the region and the airport serving the border communities of Kuna Yala and an Office of Migration Department of the Ministry of Government and Justice and a consular office in Colombia. the condition of coastal border port business guarantees from both the Colombian and Panamanian side. Apart from trade, the inhabitants of Puerto Obaldia engaged in fishing and agriculture." There are no ATMs and no cell phone coverage.

text:
# Port Obaldía

**Puerto Obaldia** is the main town of *corregimiento* Puerto Obaldía, one of four administrative subdivisions of Kuna Yala indigenous region of Panama, located on the border with Colombia.

Puerto Obaldia is the location of "the main national police station in the region and the airport serving the border communities of Kuna Yala and an Office of Migration Department of the Ministry of Government and Justice and a consular office in Colombia. the condition of coastal border port business guarantees from both the Colombian and Panamanian side. Apart from trade, the inhabitants of Puerto Obaldia engaged in fishing and agriculture." There are no ATMs and no cell phone coverage.

## Accessibility

Boats are available for Capurganá, Colombia, from U.S. $10. From Puerto Obaldia Airport, there are flights every two-three days to Panama City, the booking office is closed though. Also a boat to Cartí for $100, at least in the low season very sporadically though as there's only one boat whose owner is not customer-minded.


title: Preet Vihar metro station

abstract: The Preet Vihar metro station is located in Preet Vihar on the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro.

text:
# Preet Vihar metro station

The **Preet Vihar** metro station is located in Preet Vihar on the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro.

## Station layout

| **L2** | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | **Platform 1**
**Eastbound** | Towards → Vaishali
**Next Station:** Karkarduma ***Change at the next station for** Pink Line* |
| | **Platform 2**
**Westbound** | Towards ← Dwarka Sector 21
**Next Station:** Nirman Vihar |
| | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| **L1** | Concourse | Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover |
| **G** | Street Level | Exit/Entrance |

## Facilities

ATMs are available at Preet Vihar metro station.

## Connections

## InfoBox

|
Preet Vihar | |
| --- | --- |
| Delhi Metro station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Vikas Marg, New Rajdhani Enclave, Swasthya Vihar, New Delhi, 110092 |
| Coordinates | 28°38′29.4″N 77°17′42.4″E / 28.641500°N 77.295111°E / 28.641500; 77.295111 |
| Owned by | Delhi Metro |
| Line(s) | Blue Line |
| Platforms |  |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Platform levels | 2 |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | PTVR |
| History | |
| Opened | 6 January 2010 (2010-01-06) |
| Electrified | 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| Jan 2015 | 13,691/day
424,406/ Month average |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Delhi Metro Following station  Nirman Vihartowards Dwarka Sector 21  Blue Line  Karkardumatowards Vaishali | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Presidents and Prophets

abstract: Presidents and Prophets: The Story of America's Presidents and the LDS Church is a book, spoken word album on CD, and direct-to-DVD documentary film of the same title by Michael K. Winder, a member of the Utah Board of State History. All three were published in 2007 by Covenant Communications, a division of Salt Lake City-based Deseret Book. Published during the 2008 presidential campaign candidacy of former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, they provide historical context for the relationship between the Mormons and the American Presidency. The book has 43 chapters, one for each president from George Washington to George W. Bush. Each chapter explores the relationship between a President of the United States and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Political figures, such as Utah Senator Orrin Hatch, as well as academics, such as the University of Florida's Kenneth Wald, have praised it. The documentary includes interviews with dozens of experts who share accounts about the interactions between the Mormons and presidents of the United States. Academics such as Columbia University's Richard Bushman participate, as do politicos such as U.S. Senator Bob Bennett and former Senator Jake Garn. The book's author, Mike Winder, narrates. The talk CD is a one-hour "fireside" address, also by Mike Winder, summarizing some of the more colorful anecdotes in the book.

text:
# Presidents and Prophets

***Presidents and Prophets: The Story of America's Presidents and the LDS Church*** is a book, spoken word album on CD, and direct-to-DVD documentary film of the same title by Michael K. Winder, a member of the Utah Board of State History. All three were published in 2007 by Covenant Communications, a division of Salt Lake City-based Deseret Book. Published during the 2008 presidential campaign candidacy of former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, they provide historical context for the relationship between the Mormons and the American Presidency.

The book has 43 chapters, one for each president from George Washington to George W. Bush. Each chapter explores the relationship between a President of the United States and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the LDS Church). Political figures, such as Utah Senator Orrin Hatch (a member of the LDS Church), as well as academics, such as the University of Florida's Kenneth Wald, have praised it.

The documentary includes interviews with dozens of experts who share accounts about the interactions between the Mormons and presidents of the United States. Academics such as Columbia University's Richard Bushman participate, as do politicos such as U.S. Senator Bob Bennett and former Senator Jake Garn. The book's author, Mike Winder, narrates.

The talk CD is a one-hour "fireside" address, also by Mike Winder, summarizing some of the more colorful anecdotes in the book.

## Reception

## Further reading

* Godfrey, Kenneth W. (Summer 2008). "Review of Presidents and Prophets". *Utah Historical Quarterly*. **76** (3). Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society.
* Howe, Daniel Walker (Summer 2008). "Review of Presidents and Prophets". *Journal of Mormon History*. **34** (3). Mormon History Association.

## InfoBox

*Presidents and Prophets*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Michael K. Winder |
| Language | English |
| Subject | The relationships between the Mormons and the Presidents of the United States. |
| Genre | Historical |
| Publisher | Covenant Communications |
| Publication date | September 2007 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 428 pp |
| ISBN | 1-59811-452-2 |
| OCLC | 173994728 |
| Dewey Decimal | 289.3/32 22 |
| LC Class | BX8643.P6 W56 2007 |


title: Patronaat

abstract: Patronaat is one of the 10 largest alternative pop music halls in the Netherlands and was established in 1984. It is located at the Zijlsingel in Haarlem, near the city center. In 2003 the old building was replaced with a brand new concert hall, which was being used for the first time in 2005. Between September 2003 until May 2005 a temporary location at the Oostvest functioned as Haarlem's concert hall. The new building was designed by architect Paul Diederen of the architecture firm Diederen Dirriox Architecten of Eindhoven. The building's capacity was significantly increased with a large hall for 1000 visitors, a second one for some 350 guests and a music bar for 100 people, which has live music three days in the week, free of admission. A total of 500 events is organised every year, for some 140.000 people. With a strong program and a character of its own Patronaat provides progressive pop music and meets the wishes of its catchment. Over the years artists like Willy DeVille, Solomon Burke, Tori Amos, Dick Dale, Herman Brood, Living Colour, Bo Diddley, dEUS, Zita Swoon, Gabriel Rios, Rickie Lee Jones, The Gutter Twins, Steve Lukather, José Feliciano, Babyshambles, Calexico, Michael Franti & Spearhead, but also heavy acts like Limp Bizkit, Anthrax, The Bloodhound Gang, Marillion, The Misfits, Danko Jones, Soulfly, Therapy?, New Model Army, Y&T, Neurosis, Cradle of Filth, Obituary, D.R.I., Helmet, Dimmu Borgir and Deicide, as well as large names in the electronic music world like Paul Kalkbrenner, Dave Clarke, Knife Party, Steve Aoki, Modeselektor, Jeff Mills, James Holden, DJ Hell, Orbital, Leftfield, Battles, Pendulum, Chase & Status, Nero, Camo & Krooked, Andy C, Sub Focus, Aphrodite, Ed Rush, Benga, Skream, Caspa and Rusko have found their way to the Haarlem venue.

text:
# Patronaat

**Patronaat** is one of the 10 largest alternative pop music halls in the Netherlands and was established in 1984. It is located at the Zijlsingel in Haarlem, near the city center.

In 2003 the old building was replaced with a brand new concert hall, which was being used for the first time in 2005. Between September 2003 until May 2005 a temporary location at the Oostvest functioned as Haarlem's concert hall.

The new building was designed by architect Paul Diederen of the architecture firm Diederen Dirriox Architecten of Eindhoven. The building's capacity was significantly increased with a large hall for 1000 visitors, a second one for some 350 guests and a music bar for 100 people, which has live music three days in the week, free of admission. A total of 500 events is organised every year, for some 140.000 people.

With a strong program and a character of its own Patronaat provides progressive pop music and meets the wishes of its catchment. Over the years artists like Willy DeVille, Solomon Burke, Tori Amos, Dick Dale, Herman Brood, Living Colour, Bo Diddley, dEUS, Zita Swoon, Gabriel Rios, Rickie Lee Jones, The Gutter Twins, Steve Lukather, José Feliciano, Babyshambles, Calexico, Michael Franti & Spearhead, but also heavy acts like Limp Bizkit, Anthrax, The Bloodhound Gang, Marillion, The Misfits, Danko Jones, Soulfly, Therapy?, New Model Army, Y&T, Neurosis, Cradle of Filth, Obituary, D.R.I., Helmet, Dimmu Borgir and Deicide, as well as large names in the electronic music world like Paul Kalkbrenner, Dave Clarke, Knife Party, Steve Aoki, Modeselektor, Jeff Mills, James Holden, DJ Hell, Orbital, Leftfield, Battles, Pendulum, Chase & Status, Nero, Camo & Krooked, Andy C, Sub Focus, Aphrodite, Ed Rush, Benga, Skream, Caspa and Rusko have found their way to the Haarlem venue.

52°22′59″N 4°37′43″E / 52.38306°N 4.62861°E / 52.38306; 4.62861


title: Paul Codd

abstract: Paul Codd is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Rathnure and was a member of the Wexford senior inter-county team from 1995 until 2006. He captained Wexford. He was introduced as a substitute in the dying minutes of the 1996 All-Ireland Hurling Championship final which Wexford won.

text:
# Paul Codd

**Paul Codd** (born 1 December 1976 in Rathnure, County Wexford) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Rathnure and was a member of the Wexford senior inter-county team from 1995 until 2006. He captained Wexford. He was introduced as a substitute in the dying minutes of the 1996 All-Ireland Hurling Championship final which Wexford won.

## InfoBox

Paul Codd
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Pól Mac Óda* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Born | (1976-12-01) 1 December 1976<br>Rathnure, County Wexford | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Rathnure | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Wexford titles | 5 | | |
| Inter-county(ies)\* | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1995-2006 | Wexford | 32 (5-127) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Leinster titles | 3 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| \*Inter County team apps and scores correct as of 00:20, 12 June 2022. | | | |


title: Delle Piane

abstract:
Delle Piane is a name of Genova and the Val Polcevera.
  - Delle Piane family, Italian noble family

text:
# Delle Piane

**Delle Piane** is a name of Genova and the Val Polcevera.

## Origin

A very ancient topographic name deriving from the medieval name “de Planis” deriving from the Latin form of Planum (meaning level ground, plain). Delle Piane “the dweller at the Plain” was the name for someone who lived on the plain of Genova and of the Val Polcevera; the name may derive from the place name where the family held land or from a manor house held or where they had a religious dwelling in the medieval ages.

## Heraldry

Several branches of the Delle Piane family were conferred the title of nobility of Nobile (aristocracy) and Dominus (title) in the renaissance. The name also served as feudal and noble Italian titles in other spellings in the rare forms of Conte del Piano of the Contea del Piano, Barone del Piano and Barone della Piana, the feudal castle Palazzo della Piana (meaning of the lands, landholder).

Coat of Arms: Blue, with the Fortuna goddess standing on a globe or a wheel of fortune, Coronet with 8 pearls (5 visible) of the title of nobility of Nobile (aristocracy), sometimes shortened with a “N.H.” prefix before the first name of each male descendant or “N.D.” for females.

## Variants

Dellepiane, Della Piana, Del Piano, De Pian, Delpiano, Dellipiani

## Correspondences in other languages

To the Genovese name Delle Piane and its derivatives correspond to the English name of Plain (from Plan), the French De la Plaine, and Spanish De los Llanos.

* Emidio De Felice. Dizionario dei cognomi italiani. Milano, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1978.

## Famous Delle Pianes

Several soldiers, captains, knights, generals, elders, abbots, landowners, nobles and politicians carried the name.


title: Dehimandau

abstract: Dehimandau is a Ward in Dashrath Chand Municipality in the Baitadi District of Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 2021 Nepal census it had a population of 4,362 and has an area of 12.85 Sq. km. The current elected chairman of Ward No.2 of Dashrath Chand Municipality is Surya Bahadur Bohara.

text:
# Dehimandau

**Dehimandau** is a Ward in Dashrath Chand Municipality in the Baitadi District of Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 2021 Nepal census it had a population of 4,362 and has an area of 12.85 Sq. km. The current elected chairman of Ward No.2 of Dashrath Chand Municipality is Surya Bahadur Bohara.

## InfoBox

| Dehimandau देहीमाडौंडेमान्डु | |
| --- | --- |
| Wards and electoral divisions of Nepal | |
| DehimandauLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 29°31′N 80°28′E / 29.52°N 80.46°E / 29.52; 80.46 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Sudurpashchim Province |
| District | Baitadi District |
| Municipality | Dashrathchand |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.87 km2 (4.97 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 4,362 |
| Density | 340/km2 (880/sq mi) |
| Religions | Hindu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Patrick Neighly

abstract: Patrick Neighly is a former journalist currently working in the Hollywood visual effects industry. He is better known in some quarters for writing several comic books and graphic novels, including Subatomic, which predicted both domestic spying by the NSA and an Edward Snowden-esque response to it in the aftermath of 9/11. His comic book work has been published in the US and France.

text:
# Patrick Neighly

**Patrick Neighly** is a former journalist currently working in the Hollywood visual effects industry. He is better known in some quarters for writing several comic books and graphic novels, including *Subatomic*, which predicted both domestic spying by the NSA and an Edward Snowden-esque response to it in the aftermath of 9/11. His comic book work has been published in the US and France.

## Bibliography

* *Subatomic* (with Jorge Heufemann, Mad Yak Press, 2004 ISBN 0-9717995-1-2)
* *Anarchy for the Masses* (with Kereth Cowe-Spigai, Disinformation, 2004 ISBN 0-9713942-2-9)
* *First Lady* (with Stephen R. Buell, Mad Yak Press, 2005)
* *Texarkana* (with Donny Hadiwidjaja, Mad Yak Press, 2005 ISBN 0-9717995-3-9)
* *The Supernaturalists* (with Jorge Heufeman, Mad Yak Press, 2005 ISBN 0-9717995-4-7)
* *Black-Eyed Susan issues 1-3* (with Donny Hadiwidjaja, Mad Yak Press, 2007 ISBN 0-9717995-7-1)