title: First Battle of Independence

abstract: The First Battle of Independence was a minor engagement of the American Civil War, occurring on August 11, 1862, in the city of Independence, located in Jackson County, Missouri. Its result was a Confederate victory, continuing the Southern domination of the Jackson County area for a few days while the recruiters completed their work. This battle should not be confused with the Second Battle of Independence, which was fought in 1864. That battle resulted in a Union victory.

text:
# First Battle of Independence

The **First Battle of Independence** was a minor engagement of the American Civil War, occurring on August 11, 1862, in the city of Independence, located in Jackson County, Missouri. Its result was a Confederate victory, continuing the Southern domination of the Jackson County area for a few days while the recruiters completed their work.

This battle should not be confused with the Second Battle of Independence, which was fought in 1864. That battle resulted in a Union victory.

## Background

During the summer of 1862, many Confederate and Missouri State Guard recruiters were dispatched northward from Arkansas into Missouri to replenish the depleted ranks of Trans-Mississippi forces. Among these were Captain Jo Shelby, Colonel Vard Cockrell, Colonel John T. Coffee, Upton Hays, John Charles Tracy, John T. Hughes, Gideon W. Thompson and DeWitt C. Hunter.

Various guerrillas and bushwhackers, most notably those under William Quantrill, had gathered in Missouri and assisted these recruiters as they worked in the region. For example, Upton Hays was aided by thirty men from Quantrill's command under the brutal George Todd. By August 1, Hays was camped near Lee's Summit with 150 men. Additional Confederates continued to infiltrate the area throughout the days that followed.

Union forces, meanwhile, were bivouacked in Independence, the county seat of Jackson County. These were led by Lt. Col. James T. Buel. Like many towns in that part of Missouri, Independence had a number of sympathizers from both sides residing in it.

Colonel Hughes intended to cross the Missouri River, to recruit around his hometown of Clinton County, Missouri. He and Gideon Thompson rode to Hays's camp with 75 men; 25 additional men with Quantrill soon arrived. The officers conferred. Desperate for ammunition, and needing a victory to stir their recruiting efforts, they determined to make a surprise attack against Buel before he could attack them. Cole Younger and another man conducted a successful reconnaissance of the town on the day prior to the Confederate attack.

Lt. Col. Buel for his part had sent one of his officers, a Captain Breckenridge, scouting for eleven days, but Breckenridge found nothing. Buel became aware of Hays's camp, however, and prepared to attack it. On the evening of August 10, several citizens warned Buel of an impending assault on the city; many Union residents had already fled. Buel ignored these warnings, but another of his officers, a Captain Rodewald, did not.

The Federals were positioned in three main concentrations: their camp near a rock wall, the bank serving as Buel's headquarters, and the county jail.

## Opposing forces

### Union

Lt. Col. James T. Buel

* 7th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry (cos. B & D) - Capt. James Breckenridge, Lt. James M. Vance
* 2nd Battalion Missouri State Militia Cavalry (cos. B, D, & E) - Capt. Jacob Axline, Capt. Franklin Cochran, Capt. Aaron Thomas
* 6th Regiment Missouri Enrolled Militia (1 company) - W.H. Rodewald

### Confederate

Col./Acting Brigadier John T. Hughes

* Hughes' Recruiters
* Hays' Regiment
* Quantrill's Guerrillas

## Battle

Col. John T. Hughes's Confederate force, including the partisan leader William Quantrill, attacked Independence before dawn, in two columns using different roads. They drove through the town to the Union Army camp, delivering a deadly volley to the sleeping men. Captain Breckenridge suggested surrender, but Captain Jacob Axline formed the Federal troops behind a rock wall and a nearby ditch while the Confederates rifled through their camp, looking for ammunition. The Rebels made several attacks against Axline's wall, but never succeeded in taking it. Here Colonel Hughes was killed, while Thompson and Hays were wounded.

Lt. Col. Buel attempted to hold out with part of his force in the bank building he used as his headquarters. He was forced to surrender after an adjacent building was set afire. Through a flag of truce, Buel arranged a meeting with the new Confederate commander, Col. Gideon W. Thompson, who had replaced Colonel Hughes, killed earlier. Buel surrendered, and about 150 of his men were paroled; the remainder had escaped, hidden, or been killed.

## Murders committed by George Todd

Realizing that they would be quickly overwhelmed, the Federal troops defending the jail fired a volley and fled. Confederate guerilla leader George Todd freed the prisoners at the jail, among them City Marshal James Knowles, jailed for the killing of a rowdy citizen. Todd also captured Captain Aaron Thomas of the 2nd Battalion Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Knowles had guided Thomas' force in a successful ambush of Todd's command in an earlier engagement, killing several of them. Todd and his men summarily executed Knowles and Thomas. Ironically, George Todd was later killed at the Second Battle of Independence, in 1864.

## Casualties and aftermath

The First Battle of Independence resulted in approximately 344 known Union casualties; total losses for the Confederate side are unknown.

Most of the Union command in Independence was captured, with only a few groups of men making good their escape. The Confederate victory was costly, however, resulting in the death of ten experienced officers, among them Colonel John T. Hughes, and the wounding of Colonels Hays and Thompson. The victors left town late that afternoon, but remained in the area for several days. Hays led them in a cooperative attack with other Confederate commands against a Federal force arriving at Lone Jack.

Although the Southerners had won a victory at Independence, they were unable to follow it up in any significant fashion. Confederate dominance in the Jackson County area would continue—but not for long.

Lt. Col. Buel's performance and his failure to heed warnings of impending attack by prominent citizens were widely condemned. Captain Breckenridge's inability to find any guerrillas in the preceding eleven days, together with his eagerness to surrender, were also considered disgraceful. Both men were court-martialled and the soldiers who had been captured were mustered out of service. Since the two officers had been dismissed with their men, nothing ultimately came of the court martial proceedings.

On June 3, 1864, the former Capt. Axline was murdered by guerrillas (probably of George Todd's command) while on his way home to Hickman Mills.

Independence would later become the site of a second Civil War battle, in October 1864, as part of General Sterling Price's Missouri Campaign that culminated in his defeat at the Battle of Westport.

39°05′38″N 94°25′00″W / 39.0938°N 94.4168°W / 39.0938; -94.4168

## InfoBox

| First Battle of Independence | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the
American Civil War | |
|
Independence Battlefield | |
| Date August 11, 1862 (1862-08-11)  Location Independence, Missouri  Result Confederate victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States (Union) | CSA (Confederacy) |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| James T. Buel | John T. Hughes
Gideon W. Thompson |
| Strength | |
| 344 | 700-800 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| ~344 | Unknown |


title: TC Kisting

abstract: Helarius Axasman 'TC' Kisting is a Namibian rugby union player for Dinamo București. Before moving to the Romanian Liga Națională de Rugby, he played for the Welwitschias in the Currie Cup and the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is scrum-half or fly-half.

text:
# TC Kisting

**Helarius Axasman 'TC' Kisting** (born 13 January 1994) is a Namibian rugby union player for Dinamo București. Before moving to the Romanian Liga Națională de Rugby, he played for the Welwitschias in the Currie Cup and the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is scrum-half or fly-half.

## Rugby career

Kisting made his test debut for Namibia in 2017 against Tunisia and represented the Welwitschias in the South African domestic Currie Cup and Rugby Challenge since 2017.

In 2019 he signed the Romanian CSM Știința Baia Mare, where he won the Liga Națională de Rugby in 2020 and 2021. In 2022 Kisting moved to Dinamo București.

## InfoBox

TC Kisting
| Full name | Helarius Axasman Kisting |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1994-01-13) 13 January 1994 |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 80 kg (180 lb; 12 st 8 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Scrum-half / Fly-half  **Current team** Dinamo București  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2017–2019 Welwitschias  11  (7)  2019–2021 CSM Știința Baia Mare  15  (52)  2022– Dinamo București  4  (5)  Correct as of 22 July 2018  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2017 Namibia  8  (14)  Correct as of 14 September 2019 | |


title: George Harris (cricketer, born 1904)

abstract: George Joseph Harris was an English cricketer. Harris was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Underwood, Nottinghamshire and was the older brother of famous Nottinghamshire batsman Charles Harris.

text:
# George Harris (cricketer, born 1904)

**George Joseph Harris** (22 November 1904 – 28 December 1988) was an English cricketer. Harris was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Underwood, Nottinghamshire and was the older brother of famous Nottinghamshire batsman Charles Harris.

## Cricket career

Harris represented Glamorgan in a single first-class match in 1932 against Surrey. In his only first-class innings he was dismissed for a duck by Freddie Brown. In the field he took a single catch.

Prior to his only first-class appearance, Harris had represented his birth county Nottinghamshire in a single match in the 1925 Minor Counties Championship which saw the Nottinghamshire Second XI play the Yorkshire Second XI.

## Football career

Harris played football for Mansfield town in the 1920s, where he played as a goalkeeper. In the 1925–26 season, the season in which the team came second in the Midland Counties League. Having previously played for Netherfield Rovers, Harris joined Swansea Town when he moved to Wales, later playing for Briton Ferry Athletic.

## Later life

Harris later joined the South Wales Constabulary. He died at Swansea, Glamorgan on 28 December 1988.

## InfoBox

George Harris
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | George Joseph Harris |
| Born | (1904-11-22)22 November 1904
Underwood, Nottinghamshire, England |
| Died | 28 December 1988(1988-12-28) (aged 84)
Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Relations | Charles Harris (brother) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1932 | Glamorgan |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC  Matches 1  Runs scored 0  Batting average 0.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 0  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 29 June 2010 | |


title: Scout X-2B

abstract: The Scout X-2B was an American expendable launch system which was flown during 1963. It was a four-stage rocket, based on the earlier Scout X-2, but with an Altair 2A fourth stage in place of the Altair 1A used on the X-2. It was a member of the Scout family of rockets. The Scout X-2 was an all-solid rocket, with an Algol 1D first stagea Castor 1A second stage, an Antares 2A third stage, and an Altair 2A fourth stage. It made only one flight, which was launched from Launch Complex D at Point Arguello, carrying a P-35 weather satellites, P35-5. The launch occurred on 27 September 1963, and failed to achieve orbit.

text:
# Scout X-2B

The **Scout X-2B** was an American expendable launch system which was flown during 1963. It was a four-stage rocket, based on the earlier Scout X-2, but with an Altair 2A fourth stage in place of the Altair 1A used on the X-2. It was a member of the Scout family of rockets.

The Scout X-2 was an all-solid rocket, with an Algol 1D first stagea Castor 1A second stage, an Antares 2A third stage, and an Altair 2A fourth stage. It made only one flight, which was launched from Launch Complex D at Point Arguello, carrying a P-35 weather satellites, P35-5. The launch occurred on 27 September 1963, and failed to achieve orbit.

* Wade, Mark. "Scout". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
* Krebs, Gunter. "Scout". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
* McDowell, Jonathan. "Scout". *Orbital & Suborbital Launch Database*. Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
* Heyman, Jos; Parsch, Andreas (2007-07-09). "LTV SLV-1 Scout". *Appendix 3: Space Vehicles*. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. Retrieved 2009-07-03.

## InfoBox

| Manufacturer | Vought |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Size | |
| Height | 22 metres (72 ft) |
| Diameter | 1.02 metres (3 ft 4 in) |
| Mass | 17,000 kilograms (37,000 lb) |
| Stages | Four |
| Associated rockets | |
| Family | Scout |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Retired |
| Launch sites | Point Arguello LC-D |
| Total launches | 1 |
| Failure(s) | 1 |
| UTC date of spacecraft launch | 1963-09-27 |
|  | |
| First stage – Algol 1D | |
| Powered by | 1 solid |
| Maximum thrust | 440 kilonewtons (99,000 lbf) |
| Burn time | 44 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Second stage – Castor 1A | |
| Powered by | 1 solid |
| Maximum thrust | 286 kilonewtons (64,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 247 sec |
| Burn time | 27 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Third stage – Antares 2A | |
| Powered by | 1 X-254 |
| Maximum thrust | 93 kilonewtons (21,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 293 sec |
| Burn time | 36 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Fourth stage – Altair 2A | |
| Powered by | 1 X-258 |
| Maximum thrust | 22 kilonewtons (4,900 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 266 sec |
| Burn time | 28 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
|  | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Ragnhild Femsteinevik

abstract: Ragnhild Femsteinevik is a Norwegian biathlete.

text:
# Ragnhild Femsteinevik

**Ragnhild Femsteinevik** (born 27 August 1995) is a Norwegian biathlete.

## Career

### IBU Cup and First European Championship Medals

Ragnhild Femsteinevik is a member of the Hålandsdal IL club. Her debut on the international stage occurred at the 2016 Junior World Championships in Cheile Grădiștei, Romania, where she secured the 27th position in the individual race. In the same year, she, alongside Hilde Fenne and Jori Mørkve, clinched the Norwegian championship title in the relay event. At the onset of the 2016/17 season, Femsteinevik finished fifth in the initial IBU Cup race, the sprint in Beitostølen, earning her an immediate nomination for the World Cup events in Östersund and on the Pokljuka. Following three races, some of which placed her well beyond the point-scoring range – notably the 103rd position in the sprint in Slovenia, second-to-last among the ranked athletes – Ragnhild only participated in races in the second-tier IBU Cup for the remainder of the season. After a year without international competitions, she returned to the IBU Cup in the winter of 2018/19. Achieving her inaugural podium finish with a third place in the sprint at Arber, she, along with Håvard Bogetveit, Johannes Dale, and Emilie Kalkenberg, secured another third place in the mixed relay race at Lenzerheide. Following a commendable ninth place in the individual race over 15 km at the European Championships in Minsk, Femsteinevik narrowly missed the medal positions in the single-mixed relay, as Endre Strømsheim had to complete three penalty laps after the final shooting. In the 2019/20 season, Femsteinevik refrained from participating in any international competitions; she returned to the starting line only at the 2021 European Championships but fell significantly short of the top ten in all races. However, for the remaining part of the season, she consistently achieved top-10 results in the IBU Cup, granting her the opportunity to compete in the World Cup during the last trimester. In Nové Město na Moravě, following a 47th-place finish in the sprint, she experienced her first pursuit race at the highest level.

### European Championship Title and First World Cup Victory

In December 2021, Femsteinevik celebrated her first victory in an IBU Cup race with the mass start in Sjusjøen. Following her win in the sprint in Osrblie the following January, she became part of the World Cup team in Ruhpolding and secured her first ranking points by finishing 34th in the sprint. The Norwegian had a significantly more successful performance at the European Championships, where Femsteinevik won the sprint and the mixed relay, crowning herself a double European champion. Throughout the season, she claimed another victory and two podium finishes. Despite finishing second in the overall IBU Cup standings with a 25-point gap behind Lou Jeanmonnot, she made a final appearance in the World Cup in Oslo, achieving a notable personal best of 15th place in the sprint despite two shooting misses.

For the 2022/23 winter season, Femsteinevik joined the Norwegian A-team and consistently competed in the World Cup. Her first podium finish in a relay came with Karoline Offigstad Knotten, Ida Lien, and Ingrid Landmark Tandrevold in Kontiolahti. After somewhat disappointing individual races, she finally achieved her personal best by finishing ninth in the mass start in Le Grand-Bornand in mid-December. The first relay victory followed alongside Knotten, Tandrevold, and Marte Olsbu Røiseland in Ruhpolding in mid-January 2023. Femsteinevik also participated in the World Championships in Oberhof, securing her best result with a 21st-place finish in the pursuit. At the end of the season, she ranked 34th in the overall World Cup standings. Due to a COVID-19 illness, Femsteinevik missed the first competitions of the 2023/24 winter season and exclusively competed in the IBU Cup during the first trimester, achieving only one top-10 result primarily due to shooting misses.

## Personal life

Ragnhild Femsteinevik from Hatlestrand in the municipality of Kvinnherad. Her brother, Martin Femsteinevik, is also a biathlete. Femsteinevik is known for competing in almost all races without gloves.

## Biathlon results

All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

### World Championships

| Event | Individual | Sprint | Pursuit | Mass start | Relay | Mixed relay | Single mixed relay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 Oberhof | 55th | 36th | 21st |  |  |  |  |

### World Cup

#### Relay podiums

| Season | Place | Competition | Placement |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022–23 | Kontiolahti, Finland | Relay | 3rd |
| 2022–23 | Ruhpolding, Germany | Relay | 1st |

## InfoBox

Ragnhild Femsteinevik
| Femsteinevik in 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Born | (1995-08-27) 27 August 1995<br>Hatlestrand, Norway |
| Sport | |
| Country | Norway |
| Sport | Biathlon |


title: CFCA (AM)

abstract: CFCA was the first regularly broadcasting licensed radio station in Toronto and was one of the first in Canada. Owned by the Toronto Daily Star it is notable for hosting the first live play-by-play ice hockey broadcast on February 8, 1923. The station went on the air in June 1922 and closed permanently in 1933.

text:
# CFCA (AM)

**CFCA** was the first regularly broadcasting licensed radio station in Toronto and was one of the first in Canada. Owned by the Toronto Daily Star it is notable for hosting the first live play-by-play ice hockey broadcast on February 8, 1923. The station went on the air in June 1922 and closed permanently in 1933.

## Origins on 9AH

Toronto Daily Star owner Joseph E. Atkinson had an early interest in the potential of radio as a promotional device for the newspaper. In early 1922, the Star made arrangements with the Canadian Independent Telephone Company (CITCo) to broadcast a live concert over CITCo's experimental station, **9AH**. On March 28, 1922, at 8 p.m., the Star made its first concert broadcast over 9AH at 450 metres (666 kHz) from CITCo's studio on the top floor of the General Electric factory at Wallace Avenue and Ward Street (close to Lansdowne Avenue and Bloor Street West). Performers included Luigi Romanelli's Orchestra, cellist Boris Hambourg, pianist Alberto Guerrero, and violinist Henri Czaplinski. The broadcast was announced, produced, and directed by Dr. Charles A. Culver of CITCo.

The broadcast, one of the first of live musical entertainment in Canada, was heard by the approximately 1,000 radio hobbyists in Toronto who owned crystal radio sets as well as by an audience at the Christie Street Military Hospital, where a radio receiver had been set up, and by an audience of over 1,100 gathered at the Masonic Temple who heard the transmission on a radio receiver set up on the stage. The broadcast was heard as far away as Napanee, Ontario, Georgian Bay, and upstate New York.

The success of the broadcast led the Star to commission a series of 19 concerts that were transmitted from April to mid-June 1922 over 9AH. As well, the Star, beginning April 10, 1922, broadcast a daily half-hour program at 7 p.m. on 450 metres with content varying from financial and sports bulletins, guest speakers, live music, bedtime children's stories read by a librarian, and a political bulletin telegraphed from The Star's correspondent in Ottawa.

The Star's radio service also became the first in Canada to broadcast a church service when it carried the Easter morning service conducted by Reverend W.A. Cameron at Bloor Street Baptist Church. Cameron would go on to broadcast Sunday morning sermons over the CFCA for a decade making him one of the best known preachers in Canada.

## Launch of CFCA

During this period, the Star applied for and received one among the first batch of 62 commercial radio licenses issued by the Department of Marine and Fisheries which, at the time, was responsible for radio. CFCA was licensed to broadcast on 400 metres (equivalent to 750 kHz) and began broadcasting on June 22, 1922, from studios in the *Toronto Daily Star* building at 18-20 King Street West. A steel transmitter had been installed on top of the building and a radio van was acquired which would roam Toronto parks and other public areas in order to broadcast CFCA's signal over loudspeakers in order to encourage the purchase of radio receivers. On February 8, 1923, the first live play-by-play hockey broadcast was made when *Toronto Daily Star* sports reporter Norman Albert called the third period of an Ontario Hockey Association intermediate playoff game at Arena Gardens between North Toronto and Midland The broadcast was successful and, on February 14, 1923, a professional hockey game carried on CFCA between the Toronto St. Pats and the Ottawa Senators became the first NHL game to be broadcast on radio. On February 16, 1923 (according to some sources), his colleague Foster Hewitt, called an OHA game between the Toronto Argonaut Rowing Club and the Kitchener Greenshirts which went into three periods of overtime. Hewitt would take over from Albert as CFCA's sports announcer and continue to broadcast live hockey games on CFCA from Arena Gardens as the Toronto St. Pats became the Toronto Maple Leafs on a programme that would evolve into *Hockey Night in Canada* after the team moved to Maple Leaf Gardens. Hewitt would also announce horse racing from Woodbine Racetrack, one of the first such broadcasts in the world, along with other sporting events.

In August 1922, as part of "Radio Year" at the Canadian National Exhibition, CFCA in co-operation with CITCo and its station CKCE (formerly 9AH) constructed a Radio Building to display radio equipment, as well as setting up loudspeakers over which CFCA and CKCE's special broadcasts of speech and music could be heard for 8 hours a day in order to expose the general public to radio broadcasts and encourage them to purchase radio receivers. As part of these special demonstrations, CFCA initiated regular newscasts and weather bulletins.

Notable broadcasts included live election results coverage with the Radio Car and loudspeakers in various locations around as well as outside of Toronto being used so that crowds could gather to hear the results. The first such broadcast was of the British general election of November 15, 1922 followed by the Toronto municipal elections held on January 1, 1923, and live coverage of the June 25, 1923 Ontario general election results, as well as coverage of federal election results in 1925 and 1926. Election results broadcasts including use of the Radio Car and loudspeakers in multiple locations around as well as outside of Toronto being used so that crowds could gather to hear the results. Other notable broadcasts occurred in February 1924, when CFCA was requested by Canadian Press to broadcast summaries of CP wire dispatches to provincial newspapers as telegraph and telephone wires had been downed in a storm. These broadcasts over one particular weekend also corrected erroneous rumours of the death of Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, which otherwise would not have been corrected until newspapers resumed publishing on Monday. In 1925, the station experimented with remote control broadcasting in order to broadcast the tercentenary celebration of Samuel de Champlain from Orillia by long-distance telephone, and in 1928, CFCA became one of the first North American stations to re-broadcast short wave transmissions from Europe, first - from the BBC's 2LO in London, England, and again two weeks later when it relayed a program from Australia and a speech from the Prince of Wales in London.

CFCA hired Hart House musical director Reginald Stewart, to create and lead Canada's first radio orchestra, consisting of 50 musicians, for the station's regular dance program, *Hour of Good Music*.

According to a modern Toronto Star article on the station: "A typical broadcasting day for CFCA in 1923 began at noon with a weather report. From 2:30 to 3:30 p.m. there were agricultural reports, news and music. Closing stock market figures and late-day news were aired from 5:30 to 6 p.m. From 8 to 9 every evening, there was a live concert."

In 1924, CFCA's studios moved to the top of the Procter & Gamble building at Yonge Street and St. Clair Avenue.

CNR Radio, Canada's first radio network, leased time on CFCA as a phantom radio station operating with the call letters **CNRT**, until the network disbanded in 1932. While leasing CFCA's transmitter and frequency, CNRT would broadcast from its own studio located in the King Edward Hotel.

While other stations in Toronto were given licenses in Toronto, none would begin regular broadcasts until 1925 and CKCE, owned by CITCo as the successor of 9AH, broadcast only intermittently before going off the air permanently in 1924. As a result, CFCA enjoyed several years of almost exclusive radio coverage in the city competing only with radio stations from the United States. From 1925 to 1928, however, several other stations when on the air and due to the technology of the period, had to share frequencies by broadcasting at different times of the day. Due to seniority, CFCA was able to obtain a prime time evening time slot for its broadcasts. In 1928, CFCA was given exclusive rights over 770 kHz allowing it to extend its broadcast schedule. However, the rival Conservative *Toronto Telegram* newspaper, which broadcast on CKGW, accused the pro-Liberal Party *Daily Star* of benefiting from favouritism. The resulting controversy led the Liberal government to create the Aird Commission to investigate the state of radio in Canada and recommend policy. In 1929, the Aird Commission recommended a national radio policy which would cancel all private radio licenses and instead create a state-owned monopoly that would operate a public radio network along the lines of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Atkinson and the *Star* endorsed the proposals.

## Decline

CFCA fell behind its competitors due to Atkinson's hesitance to invest in new equipment and facilities for the station, as he believed that the Aird Commission's recommendations would be implemented bringing privately owned radio stations to an end. Plans for a new state of the art studio to be constructed in the *Daily Star*′s new headquarters, which opened in 1929, never came to fruition, resulting in the station failing to keep pace with the latest technological developments. The station's transmission power remained at 100 watts while rival CKGW, which was utilized by the *Toronto Telegram* newspaper, was transmitting at 10,000 Watts by the end of the decade.

Mackenzie King's Liberal government was defeated by the Conservatives led by R.B. Bennett. When Bennett's government passed a *Broadcasting Act* in 1932, a national public broadcaster in the form of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission was created. The *Act* did not ban private radio stations, however it restricted their power to 100 Watts. CFCA ceased operations a year later, on September 1, 1933, with Atkinson declaring that the *Star* had no interest in competing with a public broadcaster. Additionally, the cost of updating CFCA's antiquated equipment had risen to $100,000 by 1933 which given the restriction on the station's transmitter power, would have appeared to be a poor investment of resources during the Great Depression.

After the closure of CFCA, the Star remained involved in radio until 1946 by providing content such as news bulletins to CRCT, the Toronto affiliate of the new Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission and continued to do so when CRCT became CBL, the flagship of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation when it succeeded the CRBC in 1937.

In 1947, the Star considered re-entering radio broadcasting by applying for an early FM radio license but did not end up pursuing the initiative.

The AM 770 frequency in Toronto is occupied by WTOR, a daytime-only border blaster station licensed to and broadcasting from Youngstown, New York (state). Under the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, CFCA (had it survived until 1941) would have been required to move up to AM 780, a frequency that is not occupied in the Toronto market.

## InfoBox

CFCA
| Defunct | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 770 kHz (AM) |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Format | Full service |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Toronto Daily Star |
| History | |
| First air date | June 22, 1922 |
| Last air date | September 1, 1933 |
| Former frequencies | 400 metres (750 kHz) |
| Call sign meaning | **C**anada's **F**inest **C**overs **A**merica |
| Technical information | |
| Power | 100 watts |


title: Council Bluffs Railway

abstract: The Council Bluffs Railway was a shortline Class III railroad that handled freight switching operations in Council Bluffs, Iowa. It operated from May 1991 until July 2006, when it was sold to the Iowa Interstate Railroad. The Council Bluffs Railway was an OmniTRAX subsidiary.

text:
# Council Bluffs Railway

The **Council Bluffs Railway** (reporting mark **CBGR**) was a shortline Class III railroad that handled freight switching operations in Council Bluffs, Iowa. It operated from May 1991 until July 2006, when it was sold to the Iowa Interstate Railroad. The Council Bluffs Railway was an OmniTRAX subsidiary.

## History

A subsidiary of OmniTRAX, the Council Bluffs Railway began operations in May 1991 when it took over the 30-mile terminal switching operations of the former Council Bluffs and Ottumwa Railway, which was a subsidiary of National Railway Systems and operated that trackage from 1989 to 1991. Prior to the Council Bluffs and Ottumwa's operation of that trackage, the track had belonged to the Iowa Southern Railroad. (The Iowa Southern once had operated a 61.5-mile former Norfolk and Western Railway (and Wabash Railroad prior to that) line between Council Bluffs, Iowa and Blanchard, Iowa, but in 1988, the Iowa Southern abandoned the line between Council Bluffs and Blanchard and scaled back its operations to just switching service in Council Bluffs.)

Like the Council Bluffs and Ottumwa Railway, the Council Bluffs Railway's headquarters were at the corner of 29th Avenue and High Street in Council Bluffs.

Although it was a subsidiary of OmniTRAX, the Council Bluffs Railway's actual parent company in the OmniTRAX family was the Great Western Railway Company of Iowa. That moniker was strictly a paper one, however.

In July 2006, the Iowa Interstate purchased the Council Bluffs Railway as a way to expand its intermodal operations and create greater capacity in its Council Bluffs terminal.


title: Rui Kumae

abstract: Rui Kumae is a Chinese Japanese model, tarento, and gravure idol. She is represented with the agency Idea and she has a business alliance with Hour Songs Creative from K-Dash.

text:
# Rui Kumae

| Rui Kumae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 熊江琉唯 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Xióngjiāng Liúwéi | |
|  | |

**Rui Kumae** (熊江 琉唯, *Kumae Rui*, born 17 April 1995, in Sichuan) is a Chinese Japanese model, *tarento*, and gravure idol.

She is represented with the agency Idea and she has a business alliance with Hour Songs Creative from K-Dash.

## Biography

She started in the modelling business from her high school days, and started full-fledged activities while entering university.

In the Wonder Festival on 8 February 2015 of 2015 Winter, she was introduced as a new member of the "Racing Mix Supporters 2015" and debuted as a race queen at the 1st Okayama International Circuit of the Super GT on 4 April. From 2 July she made regular appearances in *Jisedai Idol Hakkutsu Variety: Ninki-sha ni narou!* as a candidate for Nikkei Telegenic 2015, and was elected Nittelegenic 2015 on 10 September, and on 18 December she released the image DVD *Ryuki's Color Time*.

On 28 February 2016, she participated in the Tokyo Marathon.

On 19 March of the same year, she was elected as the Tokyo Girls Collection Official Running Team Tokyo Girls Run 5th grader, and on 25 March became a regular weather presenter on *Pon!* on Mondasy. As a member of the Tokyo Girls Run on 22 May she ran in the Karuizawa Half Marathon and finished in 2 hours and 6 minutes. She was selected as "2017 San Ai Swimsuit Image Girl" on 7 November.

## Personal life

Kumae was born in China, where she spent her early childhood. She is fluent in Chinese and also teaches the language.

## Works

### Videos

| Date | Title | Publisher |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 18 Dec 2015 | *Ryuki's Color Time* | E-Net Frontier |

## Filmography

### Television

| Dates | Title | Network | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 JulySep 2015 | *Jisedai Idol Hakkutsu Variety: Ninki-sha ni narou!* | NTV |  |
| 28 Mar 2016 | *Pon!* | | * Monday weather presenter ( 27 Mar 2017) * Entertainment reporter (Jan 2017  ) |
| 26 Mar 2017 | *Ichiya zuke* | TX | Assistant (5th) |

### Radio

| Dates | Title | Network | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16 Apr 2017 | *Ore-tachi gocha maze'!: Atsumare Yang Yang* | MBS Radio | 9th Generation Yang Yang Girl |

### Shows

| Date | Show |
| --- | --- |
| 27 Sep 2015 | Tokyo Girls Collection |
| 19 Mar 2016 | |

### Race queen

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | Racing Mix Supporters | Other members: Noa Mizutani, Tsukasa Arai, Kelal Yamamura |

### Events

| Date | Title | Location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8 Feb 2015 | Wonder Festival 2015 Winter | Makuhari Messe |
| 11 Jul 2015 | Galpara Tanabata Festival 2015 | Pasera Resorts Akiba |
| 26 Jul 2015 | Wonder Festival 2015 Summer | Makuhari Messe |
| 15 Aug 2015 | Ninki-sha ni narou! Blue | Pia31 Bayside |
| 2223 2015 | Chara Hobi 2015 C3×Hobby | Makuhari Messe |
| 5 Sep 2015 | "Jisedai Idol Hakkutsu Variety: Ninki-sha ni narou!" Special Event "Fascinating Summer Festival 2015" | Premiere Yokohama |

### Advertisements

| Title | Ref. |
| --- | --- |
| 2017 San Ai Swimsuit Image Girl |  |

## Bibliography

### Magazines

| Title | No. | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Weekly Playboy* | 21 Sep 2015 |  |
| *Weekly Young Jump* | 14 Jun 2016 |  |
| *Ray* | Sep 2016 |  |

## InfoBox

| Rui Kumae | |
| --- | --- |
| 熊江 琉唯 | |
|  | |
| Born | (1995-04-17) 17 April 1995<br>Sichuan, China |
| Other names | Kumako (くまこ、くま子) |
| Citizenship | Japan |
| Occupations | * Model * *tarento* * gravure idol |
| Years active | 2015 |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Height | 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) (2015) |
| Agency | Idea |
|  | |


title: Sana, Bhutan

abstract: Sana, Bhutan is a town in Trashigang District in eastern Bhutan.

text:
# Sana, Bhutan

**Sana, Bhutan** is a town in Trashigang District in eastern Bhutan.

1. "NGA GeoName Database". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2008-07-05.

## InfoBox

| Sana, Bhutan | |
| --- | --- |
| Sana, BhutanLocation in Bhutan | |
| Coordinates: 27°35′N 91°23′E / 27.583°N 91.383°E / 27.583; 91.383 | |
| Country | Bhutan |
| District | Trashigang District |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BTT) |


title: Philippe Henri, Comte de Grimoard

abstract:
Philippe Henri, comte de Grimoard (1753–1815) was a French soldier and military writer. He entered the royal army at the age of sixteen, and in 1775 published his Essai théorique et practique sur les batailles. Shortly afterwards Louis XVI placed him in his own military cabinet and employed him especially in connection with schemes of army reform. By the start of the Revolution he had become one of Louis's most valued counsellors, in political as well as military matters, and was marked out, though only a colonel, as the next Minister of War. In 1791 Grimoard was entrusted with the preparation of the scheme of defence for France, which proved two years later of great assistance to the Committee of Public Safety. The events of 1792 put an end to his military career, and the remainder of his life was spent in writing military books. The following works by him, besides his first essay, have retained some importance:
  - Histoire des dernières campagnes de Turenne
  - Lettres et mémoires de Turenne
  - Troupes legeres et leur emploi
  - Conquétes de Gustave-Adolphe
  - Memoires de Gustave-Adolphe
  - Correspondence of Marshal Richelieu
  - St Germain (1789)
  - cand Bernis (1790)
  - Vie et régne de Frédéric le Grand
  - Lettres et mémoires du maréchal de Saxe
  - L'Expédition de Minorque en 1756
  - Recherches sur la force de l'armée française depuis Henri IV jusqu'en 1805
  - Mémoires du maréchal de Tess
  - Lettres de Bolingbroke
  - Traité sur le service d'état-major
  - Tableau historique de la guerre de la Revolution 1792-1794. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grimoard, Philippe Henri, Comte de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 603.

text:
# Philippe Henri, Comte de Grimoard

**Philippe Henri, comte de Grimoard** (1753–1815) was a French soldier and military writer.

He entered the royal army at the age of sixteen, and in 1775 published his *Essai théorique et practique sur les batailles*. Shortly afterwards Louis XVI placed him in his own military cabinet and employed him especially in connection with schemes of army reform. By the start of the Revolution he had become one of Louis's most valued counsellors, in political as well as military matters, and was marked out, though only a colonel, as the next Minister of War.

In 1791 Grimoard was entrusted with the preparation of the scheme of defence for France, which proved two years later of great assistance to the Committee of Public Safety. The events of 1792 put an end to his military career, and the remainder of his life was spent in writing military books.

The following works by him, besides his first essay, have retained some importance:

* *Histoire des dernières campagnes de Turenne* (Paris, 1780)
* *Lettres et mémoires de Turenne* (Paris, 1780)
* *Troupes legeres et leur emploi* (Paris, 1782)
* *Conquétes de Gustave-Adolphe* (Stockholm and Neufchatel, 1782–1791)
* *Memoires de Gustave-Adolphe* (Paris, 1790)
* *Correspondence of Marshal Richelieu* (Paris, 1789)
* *St Germain* (1789)
* *cand Bernis* (1790)
* *Vie et régne de Frédéric le Grand* (London, 1788)
* *Lettres et mémoires du maréchal de Saxe* (Paris, 1794)
* *L'Expédition de Minorque en 1756* (Paris, 1798)
* *Recherches sur la force de l'armée française depuis Henri IV jusqu'en 1805* (Paris, 1806)
* *Mémoires du maréchal de Tess* (Paris, 1806)
* *Lettres de Bolingbroke* (Paris, 1808)
* *Traité sur le service d'état-major* (Paris, 1809)
* (with Servan) *Tableau historique de la guerre de la Revolution 1792-1794* (Paris, 1808).

---

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grimoard, Philippe Henri, Comte de". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 603.


title: TC Group

abstract: TC Group was a Danish multinational corporation specializing in audio related products for musicians, installers, producers, engineers, broadcasters, audio consultants and contractors. Its individual brands include Lab.gruppen, Lake, Tannoy, TC-Applied Technologies, TC Electronic and TC-Helicon. Overall, the company organizes itself around four market verticals: Musician, Install & Tour, Broadcast & Production, and Residential. TC Group was acquired by Music Tribe in 2015. TC Group's products include audio effects and amplification devices for singers, guitar players, and bass players; performance speakers and amplifiers; loudspeakers and amplifiers for installation, including ceiling speakers and column speakers; and processing and metering for broadcast and production.

text:
# TC Group

**TC Group** was a Danish multinational corporation specializing in audio related products for musicians, installers, producers, engineers, broadcasters, audio consultants and contractors. Its individual brands include Lab.gruppen, Lake, Tannoy, TC-Applied Technologies, TC Electronic and TC-Helicon. Overall, the company organizes itself around four market verticals: Musician, Install & Tour, Broadcast & Production, and Residential. TC Group was acquired by Music Tribe in 2015.

TC Group's products include audio effects and amplification devices for singers, guitar players, and bass players; performance speakers and amplifiers; loudspeakers and amplifiers for installation, including ceiling speakers and column speakers; and processing and metering for broadcast and production.

## Company history

TC Group is composed of several companies that precede its 1998 formation, most notably Tannoy (1926) and TC Electronic (1976).

### Before TC Group

Tannoy is the Scotland-based manufacturer of loudspeakers and PA (public address) systems. It was founded as the Tulsemere Manufacturing Company in London and moved to its present headquarters in Coatbridge, Scotland in the 1970s. The name Tannoy is derived from a contraction of the term "tantalum alloy," which was a metal used in the early development of the company's products. Tannoy became a household name as a result of supplying PA systems to the armed forces during World War II and to Butlins and Pontins holiday camps after the war. They subsequently became known for the high fidelity sound reproduction of their dual concentric speakers in the late 1940s. This was followed by many speakers for professional, touring and high-end residential applications.

TC Electronic is located in Aarhus, Denmark, in the district of Risskov. It was founded by brothers Kim and John Rishøj, whose engineering goal was to produce guitar pedal effects which significantly reduced unwanted signal noise. The resulting product was the Stereo Chorus, Pitch Modulator and Flanger. This became known by guitar players as "SCF". TC Electronic has since produced a variety of guitar and bass effects and has also branched out into the area of broadcast and transmission.

### Foundation

As TC Electronic moved to acquire other companies, it created an entity called TC Works. On October 10, 1998, TC Group became incorporated, beginning a process of strengthening links between itself, Tannoy, and TC Electronic as well as acquiring other audio-related companies and developing distribution deals with audio technology manufacturers.

### Acquisitions

In 2000, TC Group created a joint venture with IVL Technologies Ltd that resulted in TC-Helicon: a company devoted to the creation of audio technology focusing on singers. TC Group purchased the remaining shares from IVL in 2005 and has continued to develop this company as TC-Helicon. In 2002, TC Group acquired Tannoy and Martin Audio with the intention of developing speaker technology. A year later, Martin Audio purchased the company from TC Group, though Tannoy remains a part of TC Group to the present time.

### TC Group Today

In the remainder of the past decade, TC Group unified its business operations and organised its brands by market segments; it also created distribution networks in North America in 2009 (TC Group Americas) and China in 2010 (TC Group International), which base sales and support on vertical markets across all TC Group brands. In April 2013 at the Musikmesse/Prolight+sound in Frankfurt, TC Group announced a new branding initiative that saw its companies become more intentional in sharing their vision and values as a combined group presence while retaining their separate identities. This change has included increased collaboration between companies for product development, global sales, and support as a facet of the collective TC Group, and it has also produced a new shared logo and new web presence. The business structure and customer contact points within the individual companies were not affected as a result of this initiative.

## Historically Significant Products

Historically significant products produced by TC Group companies include the first dual concentric monitor by Tannoy in the mid-twentieth century. In contrast to speakers that have a separate woofer (low-frequency speaker) and tweeter (high-frequency speaker), Tannoy placed the tweeter behind the center of the medium or bass woofer. The first speaker to use this design was the "Concentric Dual," popularly referred to as the "Monitor Black," which made its debut in 1947. This design remained the basis for all Tannoy dual concentrics for about thirty years. Although other companies have produced dual concentric speakers since then, Tannoy was the first company to register the term "dual concentric."

Amplifier technologists at Lab.gruppen (est. 1979) introduced a proprietary intercooler, which uses thousands of copper fins to multiply the exposed heatsink surface’s rapid heat dissipation. They also developed a Regulated Switch Mode Power Supply (R.SMPS™) for high-powered amplifiers. Its implementation was made possible when Siemens introduced its first high-voltage MOSFET devices. Electric guitar innovations include the aforementioned Stereo Chorus Flanger (SCF), noted for its low signal noise, and the TC Electronic Finalizer, an audio mastering tool that combined a multiband EQ, multiband compressor, limiter and expander for digital recording.

In the 1990s, TC Electronic developed the M2000 and the M5000 - digital audio mainframes/multi-effects processors making use of trademarked software to produce analog-sounding effects. The algorithms covered Reverb (Hall, Room, Plate, Ambience, and Gated); Chorus; Flanger; Delay; Phaser; Multi Pitch Shift (up to six voices); EQ; Tremolo; Stereo Spatial Control; and Dynamics, the latter covering compression, limiting, gating and de-essing.

TC-Helicon registered its trademark for its VoiceLive technology (harmony, correction and effects which has as its focus the creation of produced sounds for live performance settings. Trademarked features include VOS™ Limiter, HybridShift™ harmony generation, FlexTime™ and HarmonyHold™ (for harmonies). They also created the concept of a mic-stand mounted speaker/monitor for singers (VoiceSolo).

### Noteworthy Current Products

Among the products currently produced by TC Group brands are Lab.gruppen's PLM (Powered Loudspeaker Management) Series amplifiers, which have seen extensive use in music performance applications such as the 2014 Ultra Music Festival Korea in Seoul, South Korea as well as in arenas and stadia such as the BC Place stadium in Vancouver, the largest use of the amplifiers to date, where the number of PLM units totals 157. The PLM 20000Q also won a TEC Award in 2012 for Outstanding Technical Achievement.

## InfoBox

TC Group
|
|  |
| Industry | Audio Electronics and Speakers |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Defunct | 2015 |
| Fate | Acquired by MusicTribe |
| Headquarters | Risskov, Denmark |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Effects processors and speakers for performance, installation & broadcast. |
| Website | tcelectronic.com |


title: Scout X-1

abstract: Scout X-1 was an American expendable launch system and sounding rocket which was flown seven times between August 1960 and October 1961. Four orbital and three suborbital launches were made, with four of the launches resulting in failures. The Scout X-1 was similar to the Scout X test vehicle which was launched in April 1960, however it had live second and fourth stages, as opposed to the battleship versions used on the Scout X. It also featured an improved first stage, using an Algol 1B instead of the earlier Algol 1A used on the Scout X. Several derivatives of the Scout X-1 were also flown. The United States Navy developed the Blue Scout, which was a three-stage sounding rocket, and the Blue Scout II which was almost identical to the Scout X-1. The Scout X-1A, a five-stage variant of the Scout X-1, was used for a single suborbital launch in March 1962. It featured an improved first stage, and a NOTS-17 upper stage.

text:
# Scout X-1

**Scout X-1** was an American expendable launch system and sounding rocket which was flown seven times between August 1960 and October 1961. Four orbital and three suborbital launches were made, with four of the launches resulting in failures.

The Scout X-1 was similar to the Scout X test vehicle which was launched in April 1960, however it had live second and fourth stages, as opposed to the battleship versions used on the Scout X. It also featured an improved first stage, using an Algol 1B instead of the earlier Algol 1A used on the Scout X.

Several derivatives of the Scout X-1 were also flown. The United States Navy developed the Blue Scout, which was a three-stage sounding rocket, and the Blue Scout II which was almost identical to the Scout X-1. The Scout X-1A, a five-stage variant of the Scout X-1, was used for a single suborbital launch in March 1962. It featured an improved first stage, and a NOTS-17 upper stage.

## Launches

Scout X-1 was flown seven times between August 1960 and October 1961 from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Facility.

The maiden flight was a suborbital test of the rocket's systems, and was conducted on 2 July 1960, with the rocket launching at 00:04 GMT. Following this, a suborbital radiation experiment was successfully launched on 4 October 1960. The first orbital launch attempt, with the S-56 satellite, was made on 4 December 1960, and ended in failure after the second stage malfunctioned.

On 16 February 1961, a Scout X-1 successfully placed Explorer 9, a reflight of the failed S-56, into Earth orbit, in the first successful orbital launch to be conducted by a Scout rocket. The next launch attempt on 30 June 1961 carried the S-55 satellite, but this did not reach orbit because the third stage failed to ignite. A reflight of S-55, Explorer 13, was launched on 25 August 1961, but reached a lower than planned orbit, and was unusable. The final flight of the Scout X-1 was made on 19 October 1961, carrying plasma and aeronomy research payloads on a suborbital trajectory. This launch was successful.

| Date | Serial | Agency | Apogee (km) | Mission Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 July 2 | ST-1 | NASA | 1380 | Suborbital test, failure |
| 1960 October 4 | ST-2 | NASA | 5600 | Radiation Probe Plasma mission |
| 1960 December 4 | ST-3 | NASA |  | S-56, failure (second stage malfunction) |
| 1961 February 16 | ST-4 | USAF | 2433 | Explorer 9 |
| 1961 June 30 | ST-5 | NASA |  | S-55, failure (third stage did not ignite) |
| 1961 August 25 | ST-6 | NASA |  | Explorer 13, partial failure |
| 1961 October 19 | ST-7 | NASA | 6855 | P-21 Plasma / aeronomy mission |

* McDowell, Jonathan. "Scout". *Orbital & Suborbital Launch Database*. Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
* Heyman, Jos; Parsch, Andreas (9 July 2007). "LTV SLV-1 Scout". *Appendix 3: Space Vehicles*. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. Retrieved 19 June 2009.

## InfoBox

Scout X-1
| Launch of Explorer 9 on a Scout X-1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Function | Expendable launch system
Sounding rocket |
| Manufacturer | Vought |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Size | |
| Height | 25 m (82 ft) |
| Diameter | 1.01 m (3 ft 4 in) |
| Mass | 16,240 kg (35,800 lb) |
| Stages | Four |
| Associated rockets | |
| Family | Scout |
| Derivative work | Scout X-1A
Blue Scout I
Blue Scout II |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Retired |
| Launch sites | Wallops LA-3 |
| Total launches | 7 |
| Success(es) | 3 |
| Failure(s) | 4 |
| First flight | 1960-07-02 |
| Last flight | 1961-10-19 |
|  | |
| First stage – Algol 1B | |
| Powered by | 1 solid |
| Maximum thrust | 471 kN (106,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 236 seconds |
| Burn time | 40 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Second stage – Castor 1A | |
| Powered by | 1 solid |
| Maximum thrust | 286 kN (64,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 247 seconds |
| Burn time | 27 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Third stage – Antares 1A | |
| Powered by | 1 X-254 |
| Maximum thrust | 60 kN (13,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 256 seconds |
| Burn time | 39 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Fourth stage – Altair 1A | |
| Powered by | 1 X-248A |
| Maximum thrust | 14 kN (3,100 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 255 seconds |
| Burn time | 40 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
|  | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Émile Maruéjouls

abstract: Émile Maruéjouls was a French politician of the Third French Republic. He was minister of commerce, industries, posts and telegraphs (1898) in the government of Henri Brisson and minister of public works (1902–1905) in the government of Émile Combes.

text:
# Émile Maruéjouls

**Émile Maruéjouls** (4 August 1835 – 22 October 1908) was a French politician of the Third French Republic. He was minister of commerce, industries, posts and telegraphs (1898) in the government of Henri Brisson and minister of public works (1902–1905) in the government of Émile Combes.

## Sources

* « Émile Maruéjouls », dans le *Dictionnaire des parlementaires français (1889-1940)*, sous la direction de Jean Jolly, PUF, 1960.


title: Sants Estació (Barcelona Metro)

abstract: Sants Estació is a station in the Barcelona Metro network in the Sants-Montjuïc district of Barcelona. It serves the Barcelona Sants railway station, Barcelona's principal main line railway station, and is named Sants Estació to distinguish it from the nearby Plaça de Sants station also named after the Sants neighbourhood. It is served by line L3 and line L5. The line L3 section of the station is situated under Numància street, between Melcior Palau and Avinguda Josep Tarradellas. It has a hall at each side of the station. To access to the railway station it is necessary to go through line 5 hall. The station is equipped with numerous elevators, and has two side platforms that are 95 metres (312 ft) in length. The line L5 section of the station was opened in 1969 with the opening of the line between Collblanc and Diagonal. The metro station is situated on the north part of the railway station, between Guitard and Enric Bargés streets. The station is complex but has an own hall on the west side which has two direct accesses to the railway station. It has two side platforms that are 94 metres (308 ft) in length. On the other side of the station there is the corridor to connect with line 3. Sants Estació is one of three stations where lines L3 and L5 connect, the others being Diagonal and Vall d'Hebron metro stations. Like both these two stations, the platforms of the two lines at Sants Estació are connected by an underground passageway. However, unlike the other two, there is also a single track connection between the two lines at Sants Estació. The line L5 station was opened in 1969 with the opening of the line between Collblanc and Diagonal, whilst the line L3 station followed in 1975 with the opening of the line from this station to Zona Universitària. A second access hall to the L3 station was added in 2004.

text:
# Sants Estació (Barcelona Metro)

**Sants Estació** is a station in the Barcelona Metro network in the Sants-Montjuïc district of Barcelona. It serves the Barcelona Sants railway station, Barcelona's principal main line railway station, and is named Sants Estació to distinguish it from the nearby Plaça de Sants station also named after the Sants neighbourhood. It is served by line L3 and line L5.

The line L3 section of the station is situated under Numància street, between Melcior Palau and Avinguda Josep Tarradellas. It has a hall at each side of the station. To access to the railway station it is necessary to go through line 5 hall. The station is equipped with numerous elevators, and has two side platforms that are 95 metres (312 ft) in length.

The line L5 section of the station was opened in 1969 with the opening of the line between Collblanc and Diagonal. The metro station is situated on the north part of the railway station, between Guitard and Enric Bargés streets. The station is complex but has an own hall on the west side which has two direct accesses to the railway station. It has two side platforms that are 94 metres (308 ft) in length. On the other side of the station there is the corridor to connect with line 3.

Sants Estació is one of three stations where lines L3 and L5 connect, the others being Diagonal and Vall d'Hebron metro stations. Like both these two stations, the platforms of the two lines at Sants Estació are connected by an underground passageway. However, unlike the other two, there is also a single track connection between the two lines at Sants Estació.

The line L5 station was opened in 1969 with the opening of the line between Collblanc and Diagonal, whilst the line L3 station followed in 1975 with the opening of the line from this station to Zona Universitària. A second access hall to the L3 station was added in 2004.

Media related to Sants Estació metrostation at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Sants Estació | |
| --- | --- |
| Barcelona Metro rapid transit station | |
| The line L5 platforms | |
| General information | |
| Location | Barcelona (Sants-Montjuïc) |
| Coordinates | 41°22′50″N 2°08′26″E / 41.380586°N 2.140598°E / 41.380586; 2.140598 |
| Operated by | Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 1 (ATM) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1969 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Metro Following station  Plaça del Centretowards Zona Universitària  L3  Tarragonatowards Trinitat Nova  Plaça de Santstowards Cornellà Centre  L5  Entençatowards Vall d'Hebron | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Sants EstacióLocation in BarcelonaSants EstacióLocation in ProvinceSants EstacióLocation in Spain Footnotes | |


title: Cosmopterix

abstract: Cosmopterix is a large genus of moth in the family Cosmopterigidae.

text:
# Cosmopterix

***Cosmopterix*** is a large genus of moth in the family Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths).

## Description

### Adult

*Cosmopterix* species are very small to small moths with a forewing length of 2.9-6.5 mm. Head smooth-scaled, rather long and narrow caused by the large and bent scales on the vertex; frons distinctly lighter than vertex, from vertex to neck tufts often a median and/or two lateral white lines; antenna three-quarters to four-fifths of the length of forewing, often slightly serrate distally, and generally with a white, often partly interrupted, anterior line and several white sections in the apical part; labial palpus cylindrical, porrect, apical segment strongly angled upwards and often reaching well above the head. Thorax with or without a median white line, tegulae often lined white inwardly. Forewing narrowly lanceolate with long and very narrowly protruding apex and usually with a very characteristic yellow or orange fascia beyond the middle, this fascia bordered by tubercular metallic fasciae or spots; basal area with a metallic fascia or spots or with three to six longitudinal lines of different length, cilia concolorous around apex, paler towards dorsum. Hindwing almost linear, less than half the width of forewing and acutely pointed, from pale yellow to dark grey, without markings, cilia concolorous without ciliary lines. The forewing can generally be divided into three parts: The basal area from base to middle of wing, followed by the broad transverse fascia and beyond this the apical area. The basal area generally with a series of longitudinal lines, often very narrow or a single and oblique, sometimes interrupted, fascia. The lines are mentioned from costa to dorsum as the costal, the subcostal, the medial, the subdorsal and the dorsal line. The transverse fascia is strikingly coloured from pale yellow to orange and in combination with the narrow wings it makes the species of Cosmopterix and Pebobs easy recognisable. The transverse fascia is always more or less edged on both sides by fasciae or spots. These fascia or spots consist of very strikingly silver or golden metallic coloured tubercular scales. Some species partly or completely lack the yellowish colour of the transverse fascia. However, the presence of the ‘fascia’ can be observed by the lining tubercular fasciae or spots. The transverse fascia can be edged by a combination of inner and outer fasciae and/or by an inner and outer (sub)costal and (sub)dorsal spots. Sometimes the (sub)costal and (sub)dorsal spots are situated inside the transverse fascia. The apical area is generally concolorous with the basal area, but occasionally the colouration differs. In the centre or on the dorsal side of the apical area is a longitudinal apical line, running from the transverse fascia to apex of forewing. This line is often interrupted or only present as one or more dots or streaks. Markings of the costal and dorsal cilia of the forewing are as follows: a white streak from outer costal spot in almost all of the species, a white streak or spot connected to the apical line is very common, and occasionally there is a white streak from outer dorsal spot. For identification of the species by the external features, mainly the markings of the head, thorax and forewing are of diagnostic importance. Wing venation with 12 veins in forewing and 7 veins in hindwing. Forewing with Sc and R1-R4 to costa; R5 directing towards the narrow tip; M1-CuA2 to termen; CuP very weak and not reaching termen; 1A+2A with basal fork, to dorsum. Hindwing Sc and Rs to costa; M1-CuA2 to termen; veins often not fully developed due to the narrow shape of the hindwing.

### Biology

The larvae are leaf miners on a large diversity of usually herbaceous plants. They have been found oligophagous or even monophagous on the following plant families: Asteraceae, Cannabaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Urticaceae. The mines are blotch mines and in several species the larvae more or less frequently change mines. Larvae of other species stay in a single mine during their complete development and leave the mine only prior to pupation or pupate inside the mine. In several species the larva constructs a silken tunnel inside the mine in which it hides when not feeding or when disturbed. In colder climates species usually have one generation where hibernation takes place in the larval stage in a cocoon in or outside the mine. Pupation takes place in spring. In warmer climates the species have more than one, sometimes overlapping, generations.

For *Cosmopterix gomezpompai* a twirling behaviour has been observed by the adult. In this case the moth runs on the upper side of a leaf and simultaneously makes very fast circling movements. As soon as it comes across something unusual on the surface, like a spot, the circling slows down and is concentrated on that spot. It appears that it is feeding mostly on the dark brown spots (most likely a part of a bird dropping) on the leaf. Probably the moth is looking for nutrition. The twirling behaviour, without the possible feeding, has also been observed with *Cosmopterix pulchrimella* in Greece. This behaviour is described for *Cosmopterix victor* and also for a species of the family Gelechiidae.

### Selected species

## Status unknown

* *Cosmopterix phengitella* (Hübner, 1811), described from Europe in *Tinea*

## Selected former species

Furthermore, *"Cosmopterix" cyanosticta* is not a cosmet moth, but belongs to the fungus moth genus *Erechthias*.

*As of this edit, this article uses content from* "The genera Cosmopterix Hübner and Pebobs Hodges in the New World with special attention to the Neotropical fauna (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae)"*, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.*

## InfoBox

| *Cosmopterix* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cosmopterigidae |
| Subfamily: | Cosmopteriginae |
| Genus: | *Cosmopterix*
Hübner, \[1825\] |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cosmopteryx lienigiella*
Zeller, in Lienig & Zeller, 1846 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cosmopteryx* Zeller, 1839 * *Lienigia* Spuler, 1910 | |


title: Enkomi (archaeological site)

abstract: Enkomi is a 2nd millennium BC archaeological site on the eastern coast of Cyprus some distance from the village of Enkomi. The site appears to currently be under disputed governance. A number of Cypro-Minoan Script inscriptions were found there including the longest known clay tablet. It has been suggested that this city was the Alashiya of the Amarna Letters and in texts from several areas of the ancient Near East. The site is known for the hundreds of rich tombs that have been excavated there and for exceptional metallurgic finds like the Ingot God and the Horned God.

text:
# Enkomi (archaeological site)

**Enkomi** (also Mallia) is a 2nd millennium BC archaeological site on the eastern coast of Cyprus some distance from the village of Enkomi. The site appears to currently be under disputed governance. A number of Cypro-Minoan Script inscriptions were found there including the longest known clay tablet. It has been suggested that this city was the Alashiya of the Amarna Letters and in texts from several areas of the ancient Near East. The site is known for the hundreds of rich tombs that have been excavated there and for exceptional metallurgic finds like the Ingot God and the Horned God.

## History

The chronology of Cyprus during the later half of the 2nd millennium BC is defined as follows:

* Late Cypriot I LC I 1650–1550 BC
* Late Cypriot IIA LC IIA 1550–1450 BC
* Late Cypriot IIB LC IIB 1450–1300 BC
* Late Cypriot IIC LC IIC 1300–1200 BC
* Late Cypriot IIIA LC IIIA 1200–1100 BC
* Late Cypriot IIIB LC IIIB 1100–1050 BC

Enkomi was settled in the Middle Bronze Age, near an inlet from the sea (now silted up). From about the 16th century BC to the 12th, it was an important trading center for copper, which was smelted at the site, with strong cultural links to Ugarit on the facing coast of Syria.

The complicated and badly disturbed stratigraphy of the site has four major phases, with many subdivisions:

* Level A, Middle Bronze, a poorly represented preliminary stratum on bedrock. Pottery and scarabs found there led the excavators to date the level to 1900 to 1700 BC. The site then had a period of abandonment leaving a sterile stratum in the archaeological record;
* Level I A, and B, at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. Dated by the excavators to have started slowly, c. 1550 BC, reached property by c. 1500 BC, and been destroyed by an earthquake c. 1400 BC. Corresponds to the Late Cypriote I and II;
* Level II A, and B, with many subdivisions, covering the elaborate expansion of the 14th and 13th centuries and ending in a mass destruction about 1220;
* Level III A, B, and C, with Mycenaean settlers, with a destructive attack, possibly related to the Sea Peoples in IIIA, culturally continuous with IIIB, ending in a destruction about 1125, and IIIC, a final, Mycenaean phase with dwindling population.

## Archaeology

Following more than a decade of widespread looting drawn by the high quality of the tomb gifts Alessandro Palma di Cesnola drew the attention of archaeologists to the site after very briefly digging there. Most of the early excavations focused on the tomb area. The settlement remains were thought to be from the Byzantine period and a substantial portion were destroyed assuming they were unimportant. A. S. Murray worked there for the British Museum in 1895–1898. A total of 100 tombs were excavated. Under then current laws 2/3 of the finds went to the British Museum and the rest to the Cyprus Museum. Publishing of the excavation results was quite thin, covering mainly only high status items. In 2003 the original excavation field notebook was published, detailing most of the individual tomb excavations. Unsuccessful trial excavations, also in the tomb area, were conducted in 1913 by the Cyprus Museum and in 1927 by R. Gunnis though the latter did discover a hoard of bronzes. In 1930 a Swedish Cyprus Expedition team led by Einar Gjerstad excavated for two months in the tomb area, uncovering 22 "productive" tombs. Human remains were found seated and supine with robes fastened by gold pins, with grave goods of gold, silver, faience, and ivory. Some had diadems on their foreheads decorated with geometric ornaments, floral motifs or figures, and gold tin over their mouths. Ceramic and bronze vessels contained food and drink offerings. It has been suggested that one pottery shard was manufactured in Canaan, specifically in Ashdod but this is not certain. As they assumed that burial and settlement areas were separated they used a pit digging technique that ended up destroying settlement remains:

> "I made the worst kind of mistake a scholar can make: I was working on a pre-conceived idea. Since burial-grounds and settlements were topographically separated, as far as was known, during the whole Bronze Age in Cyprus, there was no reason to suppose that there were other habits in Enkomi"

After Claude F. A. Schaeffer put in trial trenches in 1934 (putting in about 200 soundings and partially excavating one building he named the Maison des Bronzes, excavations were conducted between 1948 and 1973 by a joint expedition between Claude F. A. Schaeffer for the French Expedition and Porphyrios Dikaios on behalf of the Cyprus Department of Antiquities. Early work determined that the site had been protected by a Cyclopean wall constructed of stone othostat slabs up to 3.5 meters long. The wall enclosed an area of about 2.5 hectares. Cypriot excavations were conducted from 1848 until 1958 under Porphyrios Dikaios. French excavations, on behalf of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, proceeded under Claude F. A. Schaeffer until 1970 at which point the expedition was led by Oliver Pelon. Excavation ended with the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the status of excavated objects in Mission storage are currently unknown.

An extensive metallurgy industry was found at Enkomi. Numerous production facilities, raw materials, and finished products were excavated, including three copper oxhide ingots (one at the Cyprus Museum and one at Harvey Mudd College). The most notable finished good finds were the "Ingot God", a statue wearing a horned conical hat and greaves, armed with shield and spear, and standing on a miniature hide-shaped ingot, and "Horned God".

The Horned God, measuring 0.55 meters in height, was found in a pit dug in the third phase of a very large tripartite ashlar building, built in the Late Cypriot III period (early 12th century BC) over earlier structures destroyed by an earthquake, also the dating of the statue. Large numbers of oxen skulls, stag antlers, animal bones, and miniature horns of gold sheet and other gold ornaments were found in the area in which the statue had originally stood, suggesting ritual activity. This level was also destroyed.

A decorated metal cup, the "Enkomi Cup" has been controversially claimed to use niello decoration, which would make it one of the earliest uses of this technique. However, controversy has continued since the 1960s as to whether the material used actually is niello.

There are thought to have been around 2000 tombs at the site. Most of the archaeological work at Enkomi has been on the intra-settlement tombs. The 1896 British team excavated about 100 tombs, mostly already looted. The Swedish work in 1930 excavated 28 tombs. In the most recent excavations, the French team dug 37 tombs and the Cypriot team excavated 30. Of the excavated tombs, most were chamber tombs. One was a tholos tomb (Tomb 71) and four were built tombs (Tombs 1, 11, 12 and 66).

## Cypro-Minoan Script finds

In 1967 a small terracotta cylinder (#097 ENKO Arou 001) was found at Enkomi. It is dated to the Late Cypriot IIA–B period (fourteenth century BC) and is inscribed in the Cypro-Minoan 1 (CM1) variant, sometimes called Linear C. The text is the longest CM1 text found outside Syria. The cylinder holds 27 lines lines of text with 217 signs in total. The Cypro-Minoan Script is yet untranslated nor is the underlying language known with certainty.

Four Cypro-Minoan Script tablets have also been found, three in the Cyprus Museum in Nicosia and the last in the Louvre Museum. One tablet (#1885) was found in the north area of the site in "room 103 of the Late Cypriote I building called the Fortress", with only the top portion remaining. It is written in the Cypro-Minoan variant and dates to LC IB (1525–1425 BC) and contains 23 total signs, 21 on the obverse and 2 on the edge. Two other tables were found in a Late Cypriote III context, one (#1193 in two fragments) dated to LC IIIB (12th century BC) in the north area and one (#1687) dated to LC IIIA (late 13th-early 12th century BC) in the central area. One, AM 2336, is of unknown context.

Short Cypro-Minoan inscriptions were found on three terracotta vessel. fragments. The first (Inv. 1904, PI. VI a) has four signs and part of a fifth and is dated to Mycenaean III C:lb (c. 1200 BC). The second (Inv. 4025, PI. VI b) contains six signs in two lines and is also dated to Mycenaean III C:lb (c. 1200 BC). The third (Inv 1848/12 PI. Vic) contains a single character incised after baking and its dating is unclear. Another example, found in a looted tomb during the 1913 trial excavation has 7 signs and also is uncertain date. A single clay ball (AS 2226), held in the Louvre Museum, bears two signs.

## Further reading

* Antoniadou, Sophia, "The Impact of Trade on Late Cypriot Society: A Contextual Study of Imports from Enkomi", Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by Joanne Clarke, Council for British Research in the Levant (CBRL), pp. 66–78, 2005
* Courtois, J-C., "Alasia II. Les Tombes D'Enkomi le Mobilier Funeraire", Paris, 1981
* Courtois, J-C., "Alasia III. Les objets des niveaux stratifies d'Enkomi (Fouilles C.F.-A. Schaeffer 1947-1970)", Mission Archeologique dAlasia VI, Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, Memoire No. 33, Paris, 1984
* Courtois, J.-C, J. Lagarce and E. Lagarce, "Enkomi et le Bronze Recent ά Chypre", Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, 1986
* Crewe, L., "Early Enkomi. Regionalism, Trade and Society at the Beginning of the Late Bronze Age on Cyprus", (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1706), Oxford, 2007
* Ioannides, Demetrios, Vasiliki Kassianidou, and George Papasavvas, "A new approach to an old material: an examination of the metallurgical ceramic assemblage of Enkomi, Cyprus, with the use of handheld portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13, pp. 1-17, 2021
* Krzyszkowska, Olga H., "The Enkomi Warrior Head Reconsidered", The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 86, pp. 107–20, 1991
* Lagarce, Elisabeth, and Jacques Lagarce, "A Propos Du Masque A. 71. 1 d’Enkomi", Syria, Vol. 50, nos. 3/4, pp. 349–54, 1973
* Masson, Emilia, "Présence Éventuelle de La Langue Hourrite Sur Les Tablettes Chypro-Minoennes D’Enkomi", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 2, pp. 159–63, 1975
* Matthäus, Hartmut, "Kypro-minoische Schriftmarken aus Enkomi", Kadmos, Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 137-150, 1983
* Peltenburg, E. J. (1999). "From isolation to state formation in Cyprus: ca. 3500–1500 BC". In Karageorghis, Vassos; Michalides D. (eds.). *The development of the Cypriot economy from the prehistoric period to the present day*. Nikosia. pp. 17–43.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Schaeffer, Claude F. A. (1949). *Nouvelles découvertes à Enkomi (Chypre)*. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.
* Tatton-Brown, Veronica, "Sculpture and Terracottas from Enkomi in the British Museum", Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 30.1, pp. 17-25, 2000

## InfoBox

Enkomi
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of Cyprus | |
| Location | Island of Cyprus |
| Coordinates | 35°9′35″N 33°53′18″E / 35.15972°N 33.88833°E / 35.15972; 33.88833 |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1895–1898, 1930, 1934, 1958-1973 |
| Archaeologists | Alessandro Palma di Cesnola, A. S. Murray, Einar Gjerstad, Claude F. A. Schaeffer, Porphyrios Dikaios, Oliver Pelon |
| Public access | Yes |


title: Rui Kitada

abstract: Rui Kitada Rui Kitada is a Japanese professional golfer on the LPGA of Japan Tour. Kitada has won six times on the LPGA of Japan Tour between 2004 and 2010. In February 2005, she teamed with Ai Miyazato to win the inaugural Women's World Cup of Golf in South Africa.

text:
# Rui Kitada

**Rui Kitada** (北田 瑠衣, born 25 December 1981) is a Japanese professional golfer on the LPGA of Japan Tour.

Kitada has won six times on the LPGA of Japan Tour between 2004 and 2010.

In February 2005, she teamed with Ai Miyazato to win the inaugural Women's World Cup of Golf in South Africa.

## Professional wins

### LPGA of Japan Tour wins (6)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | To par | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 9 May 2004 | Nichirei Cup World Ladies Golf Tournament | 68-64-67-73=272 | −16 | 2 strokes | Yuri Fudoh |
| 2 | 15 Aug 2004 | NEC Karuizawa 72 | 69-66-67=202 | −14 | 2 strokes | Akiko Fukushima
Ai Miyazato |
| 3 | 10 Oct 2004 | Sankyo Ladies Open | 71-69=140 | −4 | 2 strokes | Kasumi Fujii
Mikiyo Nishizuka
Junko Omote
Midori Yoneyama |
| 4 | 11 Nov 2007 | Ito En Ladies Golf Tournament | 69-70-72=211 | −5 | Playoff | Hiromi Mogi
Miki Saiki |
| 5 | 31 Aug 2008 | Yonex Ladies Golf Tournament | 70-68-69=207 | −9 | 3 strokes | Erina Hara |
| 6 | 21 Mar 2010 | T-Point Ladies Golf Tournament | 69-67-72=208 | −8 | 5 strokes | Yuko Mitsuka |

### Other wins (1)

## Team appearances

**Professional**

* World Cup (representing Japan): 2005 (winners)

## InfoBox

| Rui Kitada
北田 瑠衣 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| **Born** | (1981-12-25) 25 December 1981
Fukuoka, Japan |
| **Height** | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| **Sporting nationality** | Japan |
| Career | |
| **Status** | Professional |
| **Current tour(s)** | LPGA of Japan Tour |
| **Professional wins** | 7 |
| Number of wins by tour | |
| LPGA of Japan Tour | 6 |
| Other | 1 |
| Best results in LPGA major championships
 | |
| Chevron Championship | DNP |
| Women's PGA C'ship | DNP |
| U.S. Women's Open | DNP |
| Women's British Open | CUT: 2010 |


title: Béhanzin

abstract: Gbehanzin also known as Béhanzin is considered the eleventh King of Dahomey, modern-day Republic of Benin. Upon taking the throne, he changed his name from Kondo. Following his father Glele's suicide, Béhanzin ascended the throne in January 1890 and ruled until 1894, when he was defeated by the French in the Second Franco-Dahomean War and exiled to Martinique. Béhanzin was Dahomey's last independent ruler established through traditional power structures. He led the resistance to French colonization of his kingdom, during the Dahomey Wars.

text:
# Béhanzin

**Gbehanzin** also known as **Béhanzin** (c.1845 – 10 December 1906) is considered the eleventh (if Adandozan is not counted) King of Dahomey, modern-day Republic of Benin. Upon taking the throne, he changed his name from Kondo.

Following his father Glele's suicide, Béhanzin ascended the throne in January 1890 and ruled until 1894, when he was defeated by the French in the Second Franco-Dahomean War and exiled to Martinique. Béhanzin was Dahomey's last independent ruler established through traditional power structures. He led the resistance to French colonization of his kingdom, during the Dahomey Wars.

## Biography

Béhanzin was seen by his people as intelligent and courageous. He saw that the Europeans were gradually encroaching on this section of the West African Coast, and as a result attempted a foreign policy of isolating the Europeans and rebuffing them. As prince just before the death of his father Glele, Béhanzin declined to meet French envoy Jean Bayol, claiming conflicts in his schedule due to ritual and ceremonial obligations.

### First Franco-Dahomean War

In March 1889, Dahomey attacked a village on the Ouémé whose chief was under the protection of the French. After remarking that the flag of the tricolour would protect him, the Fon commanded one of his Dahomey Amazons to behead him and wrap his head in the flag. France responded by fortifying the city of Cotonou, which had been ceded to them by a Dahomey representative in Ouidah, increasing its forces with French Senegalese and Gabonese soldiers, and arresting local Dahomey officials who had been continuing to collect customs in the port. Skirmishes also broke out with local militias. On March 4, 1890, a Dahomey army of several thousand charged the log stockade around Cotonou at approximately 5 in the morning. The French army stood fast due to superior weaponry, strategy and the advantageous position they had prepared. Eventually Béhanzin's forces were forced to withdraw. While there were few losses on the French side, the Dahomey suffered the loss of several hundred soldiers (129 within French lines).

After regrouping, Dahomey sent its forces south to attack the French-protected city of Porto-Novo ruled by King Toffa I. A force of 350 French soldiers assisted by 500 of King Toffa's soldiers intercepted Béhanzin's force of 9000 warriors in the Battle of Atchoukpa. While the local Porto-Novo soldiers were routed during the initial Dahomey charge, the French forces formed infantry squares to protect themselves and successfully repelled the Dahomey, suffering only 8 casualties to the Dahomey's 1500.

On 3 October 1890, Dahomey signed a treaty recognizing the kingdom of Porto-Novo as a French protectorate. Béhanzin was also forced to definitely cede Cotonou.

### Second Franco-Dahomean War

The peace lasted two years, but both sides continued to buy arms in preparation for another battle. In 1892, the soldiers of Abomey attacked villages near Grand Popo and Porto-Novo in an effort to reassert the older boundaries of Dahomey. King Béhanzin rejected complaints by the French, who proceeded to declare war.

The French further justified the annexation of Dahomey by characterizing the Dahomeans as savages in need of civilizing, and pointing to the human sacrifice of slaves made to the royal ancestors at the annual ceremonies known as annual customs and at a king's death, as evidence of this savagery. Dahomey was already at odds with other colonial empires for their practice of attacking and enslaving neighboring kingdoms, both for domestic slaves (including human sacrifice), and trans-atlantic trade, which came at odds with the British Empire's anti-slavery campaign during the 19th century.

The French also pointed to the existence of the women's militia that protected the king, whom the Fon referred to simply as *Minon* (or "mothers"), but the French called Amazons after the fierce women warriors of Greek mythology. These women soldiers were thought to have become common in the Fon army due to the extreme losses suffered by Dahomey during wars with neighboring kingdoms. Some official French propaganda from the period may be seen in prints depicting these so-called Amazons. One source claims that in one of the battles an Amazon killed a French officer by ripping out his throat with her sharpened teeth. Parallel accounts of the event handed down in Benin describe the Amazon as a trusted wife of Béhanzin who had sworn to avenge members of the royal family who had been executed by Béhanzin for treachery after divulging battle plans in return for bribes from French agents. The French officer she is said to have killed was allegedly the head of French military intelligence who committed the 'savage' act of corrupting family members to betray their own. The Amazon was reduced to using her teeth after her ammunition ran out at the battle's peak.

Through superior intelligence gathering, superior strategy, superior weaponry, bribery, and a campaign of psychological warfare that included cutting down most of the sacred trees in the Oueme and Zou, the French defeated Dahomey, one of the last African kingdoms to succumb to European colonization, with very few French losses. Instead of attacking Abomey directly by marching straight north from Calavi just north of Cotonou, French General Alfred Dodds attacked from Porto-Novo, moving up the Oueme valley until he was within striking distance of Abomey, via Cove and Bohicon, while the Fon continued to pattern their attacks in predictable melee combat style just before dawn, with shorter machete weapons and swords that had difficulty breaking disciplined French Bayonet lines.

Over a series of battles and guerilla warfare by the Fon attempting to slow the French march towards the Dahomey capital of Abomey, the French were victorious, sustaining only 85 casualties to the estimated 2000 to 4000 killed among the Fon. On November 5, 1892, following the loss of the royal palace, Béhanzin sent a truce mission to the French forces, but it failed. King Béhanzin, refusing to let the capital fall into enemy hands, burned and evacuated the city. He and the remnants of the Dahomey army fled north as the French entered the capital on 17 November, and installed Béhanzin's brother Agoli-agbo as the new King. After failing to rebuild his army, King Béhanzin eventually surrendered to the French on 15 January 1894. He lived out the remainder of his life in exile in Martinique and Algeria.

After his death, his remains were returned to Abomey. His throne and his sculptures of wood, copper, iron and silver are now in the Musee Quai Branly, and have been the topic of important discussions about their return to the Republic of Benin.

Béhanzin was succeeded by Agoli-agbo, his brother and one-time Army Chief of Staff, the only potential ruler with whom the French were willing to negotiate.

## Artistic representation

Each of Dahomey's kings was represented in sculpture with images that referred to the proverbs, associations, and wordplay attached to his royal name. The images that symbolize Behanzin (or Gbehanzin) include an egg held by a hand, as the words for these in the Fon language form a rebus, or pun, of the royal name. As may be seen in the large wooden statue once displayed in the royal palace at Abomey (and now in the Musee Quai Branly in Paris), the shark is a metaphor for Behanzin; as does the shark, the king guards the coast of the kingdom of Dahomey.

A captive hanging from a flagpole is a reference to a man from the Nago, or Yoruba, city of Ketou, a powerful rival state. This prisoner had boasted that he could attack the king with magic, but Behanzin hanged him from a flagpole as punishment for his rebellion. The king's most famous symbol is the smoking pipe. This is because he claimed that there wasn't a minute in his life, even when he was a baby, that he was not smoking tobacco.

## Symbols

## InfoBox

| Gbehanzin | |
| --- | --- |
| *King of Dahomey* | |
| King Béhanzin, c.1895 | |
| Reign | c.January 1890c.1894 |
| Predecessor | Glele |
| Successor | Agoli-agbo |
| Born | c.1845 |
| Died | December 10, 1906(1906-12-10) (aged 60–61)<br>Algiers, French Algeria |
| Father | Glele |


title: Phinda Private Game Reserve

abstract: Phinda Private Game Reserve, formerly known as Phinda Resource Reserve, is a 170 km⁲ (66 sq mi) private game reserve situated in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, between the Mkuze Game Reserve and the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park. Designated in 1990, Phinda is derived from a Zulu phrase "Phinda Izilwane" meaning 'return of wildlife', or more accurately 'do again'. Phinda has seven distinct ecosystems ranging from palm savannah and mountain bush to rare sand forest and dense thornveld. In 1992 the reserve joined with two neighboring land owners to create the Mun-Ya-Wana Game Reserve. Through various land expansion projects, acquisitions, and agreements with local communities, the conservancy has grown to 286 km⁲ (110 sq mi). The original idea for Phinda was developed by Kevin Leo-Smith in 1986, when his company Agri-Plan Estates was offered the core Phinda South farm then known as Zulu Nyala, for sale. A deeds and map search showed that Zulu Nyala strategically lay between the Mkuze and Lake St. Lucia Game Reserves. Kevin Leo-Smith was then joined by Trevor Coppen, a lawyer and entrepreneur from Durban and later by Andrew Montgomery, a town planner and the concept of acquiring farm land and reintroducing big game was further developed. In 1989, after several failed attempts to secure the capital required, Alan Bernstein joined the group and worked on the business plan and capital raising strategy. Alan Bernstein and Jane Edge asked Dave Varty of Londolozi to join the founding group to add his safari tourism expertise to the founders. After several false starts the required capital was raised through the Master Bond Group and the core farms, now collectively known as Phinda North, were acquired and the Phinda Resource Reserve was born in early 1990. Master Bond later ran into liquidity problems before the first lodge, then known as Phinda Nyala, was fully complete. Alan Bernstein was already busy with refinancing the business through an investment banking team from Hambros Bank in London led by Jonathan Klein. With Hambros enough capital was raised to rescue Phinda from what was a near disaster to found the Conservation Corporation Africa. The core investors included the Getty Family and various Anglo American entities and private individuals. Phinda was a subsidiary of CC Africa. CC Africa then rapidly expanded adding Ngala Lodge, the first private lodge in the Kruger National Park, as well as building Phinda Forest Lodge and adding a management contract with Londolozi before expanding into East Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana. By the late 1990s all the original founding group were no longer with the holding company and the name was changed from The Conservation Corporation Africa to &Beyond. Phinda pioneered the use of release bomas for predator reintroductions and also how to handle adult elephant that escaped with only locally available machinery and equipment that changed the way elephant were handled in capture operations. However, Phinda's legacy is proving that restocking agricultural land with wildlife managed on a sustainable basis was way more economically viable than agriculture. The land value at acquisition in early 1990 averaged R1,250/ha and today similar land in the Munyawana Game Reserve of which Phinda is a core part sells for prices in excess of R50,000/ha (2023). This represents a return well in excess of 20% per annum for over 30 years. As of May 2020, the South African company WildEarth have broadcast drives from Phinda in collaboration with &Beyond.

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# Phinda Private Game Reserve

**Phinda Private Game Reserve** (/ˈpɪndə/), formerly known as **Phinda Resource Reserve**, is a 170 km2 (66 sq mi) private game reserve situated in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, between the Mkuze Game Reserve and the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park. Designated in 1990, Phinda is derived from a Zulu phrase "Phinda Izilwane" meaning 'return of wildlife', or more accurately 'do again'.

Phinda has seven distinct ecosystems ranging from palm savannah and mountain bush to rare sand forest and dense thornveld. In 1992 the reserve joined with two neighboring land owners to create the Mun-Ya-Wana Game Reserve. Through various land expansion projects, acquisitions, and agreements with local communities, the conservancy has grown to 286 km2 (110 sq mi).

The original idea for Phinda was developed by Kevin Leo-Smith in 1986, when his company Agri-Plan Estates was offered the core Phinda South farm then known as Zulu Nyala, for sale. A deeds and map search showed that Zulu Nyala strategically lay between the Mkuze and Lake St. Lucia Game Reserves. Kevin Leo-Smith was then joined by Trevor Coppen, a lawyer and entrepreneur from Durban and later by Andrew Montgomery, a town planner and the concept of acquiring farm land and reintroducing big game was further developed. In 1989, after several failed attempts to secure the capital required, Alan Bernstein joined the group and worked on the business plan and capital raising strategy. Alan Bernstein and Jane Edge asked Dave Varty of Londolozi to join the founding group to add his safari tourism expertise to the founders.

After several false starts the required capital was raised through the Master Bond Group and the core farms, now collectively known as Phinda North, were acquired and the Phinda Resource Reserve was born in early 1990. Master Bond later ran into liquidity problems before the first lodge, then known as Phinda Nyala (now Mountain Lodge), was fully complete. Alan Bernstein was already busy with refinancing the business through an investment banking team from Hambros Bank in London led by Jonathan Klein. With Hambros enough capital was raised to rescue Phinda from what was a near disaster to found the Conservation Corporation Africa (CC Africa). The core investors included the Getty Family and various Anglo American entities and private individuals. Phinda was a subsidiary of CC Africa.

CC Africa then rapidly expanded adding Ngala Lodge, the first private lodge in the Kruger National Park, as well as building Phinda Forest Lodge and adding a management contract with Londolozi before expanding into East Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana. By the late 1990s all the original founding group were no longer with the holding company and the name was changed from The Conservation Corporation Africa to &Beyond.

Phinda pioneered the use of release bomas for predator reintroductions and also how to handle adult elephant that escaped with only locally available machinery and equipment that changed the way elephant were handled in capture operations. However, Phinda's legacy is proving that restocking agricultural land with wildlife managed on a sustainable basis was way more economically viable than agriculture. The land value at acquisition in early 1990 averaged R1,250/ha and today similar land in the Munyawana Game Reserve of which Phinda is a core part sells for prices in excess of R50,000/ha (2023). This represents a return well in excess of 20% per annum for over 30 years.

As of May 2020, the South African company WildEarth have broadcast drives from Phinda in collaboration with &Beyond.

## Fauna

Wildlife inhabiting this reserve include elephant, giraffe, zebra, lion, African wild dog, blue wildebeest, Cape buffalo, hippopotamus, southern white rhinoceros, south-central black rhinoceros, suni, spotted hyena, cheetah and leopard.

## Lodges

* Forest Lodge – sixteen stilted glass chalets . These chalets are hand built by local Zulu people to minimize impact on the rare Sand Forest. They seem to float between the forest floor and the towering torchwood trees.
* Mountain Lodge – twenty chalets and conference facilities situated at the top of a lavish bushveld world, with panoramas of the Lebombo Mountains and the Lake St. Lucia coastal plains.
* Vlei Lodge – six stilted suites of thatch, teak and glass overlook Phinda's unique wetland system at the edge of the forest.
* Rock Lodge – six chalets built into the rock face overlooking the Leopard Rock.
* Zuka Lodge – situated in the western region of Phinda are four thatched Zululand bush cottages. The cottages are set 15 metres apart and feature verandas overlooking a busy waterhole.
* Homestead – an exclusive use 4 bedroom villa.

Media related to Phinda Private Game Reserve at Wikimedia Commons

27°46′30″S 32°21′00″E / 27.775°S 32.350°E / -27.775; 32.350