title: Battle of the Tigris

abstract: The battle of the river Tigris was an engagement between the Diadochi Seleucus and the Antigonid general Nicanor, on the southern bank of the river Tigris in the year 311 BC. Nicanor was on route to recapture the city of Babylon from Seleucus, but he was defeated when Seleucus surprised him with an assault on his camp during the night, forcing Antigonus to cease hostilities with the other Diadochi, in order to concentrate his efforts on recapturing the city of Babylon himself.

text:
# Battle of the Tigris

**The battle of the river Tigris** was an engagement between the Diadochi Seleucus and the Antigonid general Nicanor, on the southern bank of the river Tigris in the year 311 BC. Nicanor was on route to recapture the city of Babylon from Seleucus, but he was defeated when Seleucus surprised him with an assault on his camp during the night, forcing Antigonus to cease hostilities with the other Diadochi, (Ptolemy, Cassander and Lysimachus) in order to concentrate his efforts on recapturing the city of Babylon himself.

## Campaign

After Demetrius’ defeat at Gaza in 312 B.C. Seleucus rushed with a few soldiers to his old satrapy of Babylon, on the way he recruited some soldiers, possibly Silver Shields at Harran, and resumed his advance to retake Babylon. Hearing of this news Nicanor, satrap of the east under Antigonus, quickly assembled an army composed of 10,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry, with a large contingent under Eaugoras, satrap of Persia, and possibly the remaining Silver Shields who Antigonus had exiled to Arachosia in 316 BC. After assembling his army he marched west, towards Seleucus who could gather no more than 3,400 soldiers, the majority of them infantry, so he decided to shadow Nicanor's movements and waited for him to cross the Tigris hiding in the marshy terrain around it.

## Battle

Nicanor crossed the river with part of his army and made camp for the night. The camp was lightly guarded because Nicanor thought Seleucus had fled, it was also separated from the main force who had yet to cross the river; seeing the opportunity Seleucus attacked him during the night, and caught Nicanor by surprise, amidst the fight, Eaugoras was killed and his Persian soldiers fled the battlefield or surrendered to Seleucus, Nicanor's army was overwhelmed, but he was able to escape. The bulk of the remaining soldiers either joined Seleucus or fled.

## Aftermath

The news of Seleucus's victory came as a surprise in the west and prompted a shake-up of political alignments, ending the peace. When Antigonus was informed of the battle he ordered his son Demetrius with 19,000 soldiers to recapture Babylonia, but Seleucus was now in a much stronger position as many of Nicanor's soldiers had joined the Seleucid ranks after the battle.

Diodorus 19.92, 100; Appian *Syriaca*. 55.

Diodorus of Sicily (*World History*, 19.90-93)

https://www.livius.org/sources/content/diodorus/the-beginning-of-the-babylonian-war/

Antigonus the One-Eyed: Greatest of the Successors by Jeff Champions

## InfoBox

| Battle of the Tigris | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Wars of the Diadochi | |
| Date 311 BC  Location south of the river Tigris, close to Babylonia  Result  Seleucid victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Seleucids | Antigonids |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Seleucus | Nicanor
Eaugoras |
| Strength | |
| 3,400 Seleucid troops
---  * 3,000 infantry * 400 cavalry | 17,000 Antigonid troops
---  * 10,000 infantry * 7,000 cavalry |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Light | Entire army killed or captured |


title: Resor

abstract:
Resor may refer to: People:
  - Helen Lansdowne Resor (1886–1964), American advertising executive with J. Walter Thompson Co.
  - Helen Resor, American ice hockey player
  - Pam Resor, the Massachusetts State Senator for the Middlesex & Worcester District from 1999 to 2008
  - Stanley B. Resor (1879–1962), led the J. Walter Thompson (JWT) advertising firm in the mid-twentieth century
  - Stanley Rogers Resor (1917–2012), American lawyer, United States military officer, and government official Places:
  - Resor Island, one of the many uninhabited Canadian arctic islands in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut Ships:
  - R.P. Resor (ship), tanker ship built on speculation in 1936 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Kearny, New Jersey

text:
# Resor

**Resor** may refer to:

**People:**

* Helen Lansdowne Resor (1886–1964), American advertising executive with J. Walter Thompson Co.
* Helen Resor (ice hockey) (born 1985), American ice hockey player
* Pam Resor (born 1940), the Massachusetts State Senator for the Middlesex & Worcester District from 1999 to 2008
* Stanley B. Resor (1879–1962), led the J. Walter Thompson (JWT) advertising firm in the mid-twentieth century
* Stanley Rogers Resor (1917–2012), American lawyer, United States military officer, and government official

**Places:**

* Resor Island, one of the many uninhabited Canadian arctic islands in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut

**Ships:**

* R.P. Resor (ship), tanker ship built on speculation in 1936 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Kearny, New Jersey


title: Bavo of Ghent

abstract: Saint Bavo of Ghent is a Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint. He exchanged a dissolute lifestyle for that of a missionary under the guidance of Saint Amand.

text:
# Bavo of Ghent

**Saint Bavo of Ghent** (also known as **Bavon**, **Allowin**, **Bavonius**, **Baaf**; AD 622–659) is a Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint. He exchanged a dissolute lifestyle for that of a missionary under the guidance of Saint Amand.

## Vita

Bavo was born near Liège, to a Frankish noble family that gave him the name **Allowin**. A wild young aristocrat of the Brabant area, he contracted a beneficial marriage, and had a daughter.

As a soldier he led an undisciplined and disorderly life. Shortly after the death of his wife, Bavo decided to reform after hearing a sermon preached by Saint Amand (c. 584 – 679) on the emptiness of material things. On returning to his house he distributed his wealth to the poor, and then received the tonsure from Amand.

For some time thereafter, Bavo joined Amand in the latter's missionary travels throughout France and Flanders. On one occasion, Bavo met a man whom he had sold into slavery years before. Wishing to atone for his earlier deed, Bavo had the man lead him by a chain to the town jail. Bavo built an abbey on his grounds and became a monk. He distributed his belongings to the poor and lived as a recluse, first in a hollow tree and later in a cell in the forest by the abbey.

His relics were housed at the abbey in Ghent (in present-day Belgium).

## Veneration

Bavo is the patron saint of Ghent, Zellik, and Lauwe in Belgium, and Haarlem in the Netherlands. His feast in the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church is October 1.

He is most often shown in Christian art as a knight with a sword and falcon. The most popular scene is the moment of his conversion, which has many stories attached to it. Because he is so often shown with a falcon, he came to be considered the patron saint of falconry. In medieval Ghent, taxes were paid on Bavo's feast day, and it is for this reason he is often shown holding a purse or money bag.

According to Rodulfus Glaber, the city of Bamberg is named after him, with Bamberg meaning "Mount of Bavo".

## Legacy

Several churches are dedicated to him, including:

Additionally, the football club VVSB is named after him.

His picture is also part of the coat of arms of the Antwerp suburb Wilrijk. Rembrandt painted a *Saint Bavo*, dated between 1662 and 1665.

## Images

* Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. *The Penguin Dictionary of Saints*. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.

## InfoBox

| Saint
Bavo | |
| --- | --- |
| *Saint Bavo with falcon and sword*, by Geertgen tot Sint Jans, late 15th century | |
| Born | Allowin
622
Hesbaye, Kingdom of the Franks |
| Died | 653
Ghent, Kingdom of the Franks |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Feast | October 1 |
| Attributes | Greaves, other military or aristocratic garb, falcon, sword |
| Patronage | Ghent, Diocese of Ghent, Haarlem, Lauwe |


abstract: Baudette Township is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 357 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Baudette Township, Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota

**Baudette Township** is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 357 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 10.6 square miles (27 km2), of which 9.5 square miles (25 km2) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2) (10.61%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 357 people, 144 households, and 105 families residing in the township. The population density was 37.5 inhabitants per square mile (14.5/km2). There were 200 housing units at an average density of 21.0/sq mi (8.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.20% White, 1.40% Native American, 0.28% Asian, and 1.12% from two or more races.

There were 144 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.6% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the township the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $31,953, and the median income for a family was $46,750. Males had a median income of $32,059 versus $33,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,915. None of the families and 2.6% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.7% of those over 64.

48°44′20″N 94°39′55″W / 48.7387845°N 94.6651760°W / 48.7387845; -94.6651760


title: Baudette, Minnesota

abstract: Baudette is a city in, and the county seat of, Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 966. Baudette is known as the Walleye Capital of the World.

text:
# Baudette, Minnesota

**Baudette** is a city in, and the county seat of, Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 966. Baudette is known as the Walleye Capital of the World.

## History

Baudette was incorporated in 1907. It was started by European Americans as a steamboat landing and lumber town with a sawmill, after the railroad was constructed through this area in 1901. It was named for Joseph Beaudette, a trapper of French-Canadian descent who had been in the area since the early 1880s. The post office at Baudette began in 1900, first called "Port Hyland", after postmaster Daniel Hyland. The name was changed to "Baudette" in 1901. Baudette had a station of the Minnesota and Manitoba Railroad, now absorbed by the Canadian National Railway.

Baudette was largely destroyed in the Baudette Fire of 1910, but was quickly rebuilt. Many of its people were saved by a train with boxcars sent across the river from Rainy River, Ontario, which pulled survivors to safety on the other side.

## Geography

The city is along the Rainy River at its confluence with the Baudette River. It lies across the river from Rainy River, Ontario, and southeast of Lake of the Woods.

Baudette and Rainy River are connected by the Baudette–Rainy River International Bridge.

Minnesota Highway 11, Minnesota Highway 72, and Minnesota Highway 172 are three of the community's main routes. Highway 11 leads northwest 36 miles (58 km) to Warroad at the southwest end of Lake of the Woods and east 68 miles (109 km) to International Falls, while Highway 72 leads south 76 miles (122 km) to Blackduck and Highway 172 leads north 12 miles (19 km) to Wheelers Point at the mouth of the Rainy River into Lake of the Woods.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.66 square miles (12.07 km2), of which 4.25 square miles (11.01 km2) are land and 0.41 square miles (1.06 km2) are water.

## Climate

Baudette has a humid continental climate (Köppen *Dfb*) with mild to warm summers along with dry and severely cold winters.

| Climate data for Baudette, Minnesota (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 50
(10) | 59
(15) | 76
(24) | 91
(33) | 96
(36) | 102
(39) | 103
(39) | 101
(38) | 95
(35) | 87
(31) | 75
(24) | 54
(12) | 103
(39) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 37.8
(3.2) | 42.8
(6.0) | 55.4
(13.0) | 73.4
(23.0) | 83.3
(28.5) | 88.4
(31.3) | 89.0
(31.7) | 88.9
(31.6) | 84.1
(28.9) | 73.5
(23.1) | 54.1
(12.3) | 40.0
(4.4) | 91.9
(33.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 16.9
(−8.4) | 23.7
(−4.6) | 37.1
(2.8) | 52.8
(11.6) | 66.2
(19.0) | 76.2
(24.6) | 80.9
(27.2) | 79.2
(26.2) | 70.1
(21.2) | 54.1
(12.3) | 36.5
(2.5) | 22.9
(−5.1) | 51.4
(10.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 5.8
(−14.6) | 11.0
(−11.7) | 25.0
(−3.9) | 40.8
(4.9) | 54.1
(12.3) | 64.6
(18.1) | 69.0
(20.6) | 67.2
(19.6) | 57.8
(14.3) | 43.9
(6.6) | 27.7
(−2.4) | 13.3
(−10.4) | 40.0
(4.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −5.3
(−20.7) | −1.8
(−18.8) | 12.9
(−10.6) | 28.8
(−1.8) | 42.0
(5.6) | 52.9
(11.6) | 57.2
(14.0) | 55.2
(12.9) | 45.6
(7.6) | 33.7
(0.9) | 18.9
(−7.3) | 3.7
(−15.7) | 28.6
(−1.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −31.9
(−35.5) | −26.5
(−32.5) | −13.6
(−25.3) | 12.3
(−10.9) | 27.5
(−2.5) | 39.0
(3.9) | 46.0
(7.8) | 42.5
(5.8) | 31.5
(−0.3) | 19.0
(−7.2) | −1.1
(−18.4) | −22.6
(−30.3) | −33.8
(−36.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −51
(−46) | −48
(−44) | −45
(−43) | −19
(−28) | −12
(−24) | 23
(−5) | 34
(1) | 28
(−2) | 17
(−8) | −8
(−22) | −29
(−34) | −45
(−43) | −51
(−46) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.52
(13) | 0.53
(13) | 0.67
(17) | 1.25
(32) | 3.17
(81) | 4.22
(107) | 3.72
(94) | 3.43
(87) | 3.61
(92) | 2.14
(54) | 0.99
(25) | 0.80
(20) | 25.05
(636) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.0 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 9.9 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 100.1 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 897 |  |  |
| 1920 | 960 |  | 7.0% |
| 1930 | 822 |  | −14.4% |
| 1940 | 1,017 |  | 23.7% |
| 1950 | 929 |  | −8.7% |
| 1960 | 1,597 |  | 71.9% |
| 1970 | 1,547 |  | −3.1% |
| 1980 | 1,170 |  | −24.4% |
| 1990 | 1,146 |  | −2.1% |
| 2000 | 1,104 |  | −3.7% |
| 2010 | 1,106 |  | 0.2% |
| 2020 | 966 |  | −12.7% |
| 2022 (est.) | 955 |  | −1.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,106 people, 489 households, and 273 families living in the city. The population density was 260.2 inhabitants per square mile (100.5/km2). There were 577 housing units at an average density of 135.8 per square mile (52.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.4% White, 0.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 489 households, of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.2% were non-families. 39.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 46.1 years. 23.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.8% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,104 people, 490 households, and 271 families living in the city. The population density was 334.1 inhabitants per square mile (129.0/km2). There were 540 housing units at an average density of 163.4 per square mile (63.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.02% White, 0.54% African American, 2.90% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 490 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.5% were non-families. 41.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 24.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,281, and the median income for a family was $43,000. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,653. About 6.5% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

Baudette was home to Rowell Laboratories, Inc., a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products, from 1935 to 1986. Rowell initially achieved success by processing and selling burbot liver oil, after it was discovered to improve the fur of foxes living in the Rowell family fox farm. Rowell's downtown location is now home to ANI Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Automotive Enviro Testing, a cold weather test facility used by Honda, Acura, and Tesla, is in Baudette.

## Media

### Radio

### Television

| Channel | Callsign | Affiliation | Branding | Subchannels | | Owner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (Virtual) | | | | Channel | Programming | |
| 9.1 | K25MW-D
(KAWE Translator) | PBS | *Lakeland PBS* | 9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6 | First Nations Experience
PBS Kids
Create
PBS Encore
Minnesota Channel | Lake of the Woods County |
| 34.1 | K14PH-D
(KVLY/KXJB Translator) | KVLY (NBC) | *KVLY 11* (34.1)
*KX4* (34.2) | 34.2 | KXJB (CBS) | Lake of the Woods County |
| 36.1 | K16KE-D
(WDAZ/KBRR Translator) | WDAZ (ABC) | *WDAZ 8* (36.1)
*KVRR* (36.2) | 36.2 | KBRR (Fox) | Lake of the Woods County |
|

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Baudette, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
|  | |
| Location of Baudette
within Lake of the Woods County and state of Minnesota | |
| Coordinates: 48°42′45″N 94°35′42″W / 48.71250°N 94.59500°W / 48.71250; -94.59500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Lake of the Woods |
| Incorporated | 1907 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Rick Rone |
| Council | Cole Nelson
Steve Theis, Jr.
Steve Johnson
Benjamin Davidson
Silas
Lawson |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.71 sq mi (12.21 km2) |
| Land | 4.23 sq mi (10.97 km2) |
| Water | 0.48 sq mi (1.24 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,089 ft (332 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 966 |
| Estimate (2022) | 955 |
| Density | 228.15/sq mi (88.09/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 56623 |
| Area code | 218 |
| FIPS code | 27-04024 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0639732 |
| Website | ci.baudette.mn.us |


title: Retha Swindell

abstract: Retha Swindell is an American retired athlete. She was the first black woman to play with the Texas Longhorns women's basketball team and was one of the UT women's basketball program's first two All-Americans. During her tenure, she scored 1,795 points and 1,759 rebounds.

text:
# Retha Swindell

**Retha Swindell** is an American retired athlete. She was the first black woman to play with the Texas Longhorns women's basketball team and was one of the UT women's basketball program's first two All-Americans. During her tenure, she scored 1,795 points and 1,759 rebounds.

## Early life

Swindell was born and raised in Texas, where she attended Center High School. During her high school career, she competed in track and basketball. In 1973, she set a national record of 37 feet, 10 inches at the University Interscholastic League Class A Girls State Track and Field meet. The following year, Swindell also won the high jump at 4-feet, 10-inches, placed first in the long jump at 16-feet, 4-inches, and also won first in the triple jump at 35-feet, 10 -inches. Beyond track, Swindell also played center in women's basketball and was named all-district for three consecutive years and all-state for two consecutive years. As a result of her athleticism, Swindell was recruited by coach Rod Page to join the Texas Longhorns women's basketball team on academic scholarships.

## Career

Following the passing of Title IX, the Texas Longhorns women's basketball transitioned from an intramural sport to a varsity sport. Upon joining the team, she changed her position from guard and had to learn how to shoot the ball. As a freshman, Swindell made it to the final cuts of the 1976 Montreal Olympic women's basketball team tryouts. As a junior, she averaged 11 points per game and hit 19 in the 1977–78 season's opener while recording 17 rebounds. She also changed her major from computer science to physical education. At the conclusion of the season, Swindell earned a place on the United States international touring team. In her senior season, Swindell averaged 9.0 points and 8.4 rebounds while also leading the team in blocked shots. As such, she was nominated team MVP for the second time in her career. Swindell concluded her collegiate career with 1,795 points and 1,759 rebounds. In June 1979, Swindell was drafted 13th overall by the Chicago Hustle of the Women's Professional Basketball League.

Upon graduating from UT, Swindell spent time with the United States Select women's basketball team and two-years in the now-defunct Women's Professional Basketball League. She spent one season with the Chicago Hustle before being traded to the Milwaukee Express who subsequently folded. As such, she joined the Dallas Diamonds as a free agent and helped them to the championship game against Nebraska. In 1986, Swindell replaced Gloria Pruitt as head coach of the girl's varsity basketball program at Robert E. Lee High School. In 2001, Swindell was recognized for her collegiate career with an induction into the University of Texas' Women's Athletics Hall of Honor.


title: Bawdrip Halt railway station

abstract: Bawdrip Halt was a railway station at Bawdrip on the Bridgwater branch of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway. Although the line had opened in 1890, station facilities at Bawdrip were not provided until 7 July 1923, after petitioning by local people. The new halt was surprisingly popular, with 2,185 passengers using it between 7 July and 29 September 1923. It consisted of a single concrete platform 140 feet long; a waiting shelter was provided during 1924. The station closed when the branch service was withdrawn on 1 December 1952.

text:
# Bawdrip Halt railway station

**Bawdrip Halt** was a railway station at Bawdrip on the Bridgwater branch of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway.

Although the line had opened in 1890, station facilities at Bawdrip were not provided until 7 July 1923, after petitioning by local people. The new halt was surprisingly popular, with 2,185 passengers using it between 7 July and 29 September 1923.

It consisted of a single concrete platform 140 feet long; a waiting shelter was provided during 1924.

The station closed when the branch service was withdrawn on 1 December 1952.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cossington
Line and station closed |  | Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway
LSWR and Midland Railways |  | Bridgwater North
Line and station closed |

## Further reading

* R.V.J. Butt (1995). *The Directory of Railway Stations*. Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-508-1.
* Mike Oakley (2002). *Somerset Railway Stations*. Dovecote Press, Wimborne. ISBN 1-904349-09-9.

51°09′11″N 2°56′33″W / 51.15306°N 2.94250°W / 51.15306; -2.94250

| Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway |
| --- |
| This diagram shows the maximum extent of the line.
All distances and timings are cumulative
from Bath Green Park railway station.  --- |
|  |
|  |

## InfoBox

| Bawdrip Halt | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Bawdrip
England |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 7 July 1923 (1923-07-07) | Station opened as *Bawdrip Halt* |
| 1 December 1952 (1952-12-01) | Station closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Bawdsey

abstract: Bawdsey is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, eastern England. It is situated on the other side of the mouth of River Deben from Felixstowe. It had an estimated population of 340 in 2007, reducing to 276 at the Census 2011. Bawdsey Manor was the location RAF Bawdsey where the United Kingdom's Air Ministry started research into the military application of radar in 1936, prior to World War II. Following the outbreak of the War in September 1939, the research was moved to Worth Matravers near Swanage in May 1940, and from there to Malvern, Worcestershire in 1942. Bawdsey had both Chain Home and Chain Home Low early warning radar stations during World War II. The World War Two defences constructed around Bawdsey Point have been documented. They included a number of pillboxes, landmines and flame fougasse installations. The beaches were protected with extensive barriers of scaffolding.

text:
# Bawdsey

**Bawdsey** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, eastern England. It is situated on the other side of the mouth of River Deben from Felixstowe. It had an estimated population of 340 in 2007, reducing to 276 at the Census 2011.

Bawdsey Manor was the location RAF Bawdsey where the United Kingdom's Air Ministry started research into the military application of radar in 1936, prior to World War II. Following the outbreak of the War in September 1939, the research was moved to Worth Matravers near Swanage in May 1940, and from there to Malvern, Worcestershire in 1942. Bawdsey had both Chain Home and Chain Home Low early warning radar stations during World War II.

The World War Two defences constructed around Bawdsey Point have been documented. They included a number of pillboxes, landmines and flame fougasse installations. The beaches were protected with extensive barriers of scaffolding.

## Ecological importance

Bawdsey is located on the northern bank of the Deben Estuary where it reaches the North Sea. It is adjacent to two Sites of Special Scientific Interest:

## InfoBox

| Bawdsey | |
| --- | --- |
| Saint Mary's Church, Bawdsey | |
| BawdseyLocation within Suffolk | |
| Population | 276 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | TM348400 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Woodbridge |
| Postcode district | IP12 |
|  | |
|


title: Bayreuth–Hollfeld railway

abstract: The Bayreuth–Hollfeld railway was a branch line in the Bavarian province of Upper Franconia. It ran from Bayreuth to Hollfeld in the northern part of Franconian Switzerland.

text:
# Bayreuth–Hollfeld railway

The **Bayreuth–Hollfeld railway** was a branch line in the Bavarian province of Upper Franconia. It ran from Bayreuth to Hollfeld in the northern part of Franconian Switzerland.

## Construction

Plans for the construction of this line went back to the 1860s. Originally an even longer railway was planned: to the west via Forchheim–Höchstadt to Rothenburg and in the east into the Fichtel Mountains. A link to Bamberg via Scheßlitz was also considered. But due to the cost of building a route in such difficult terrain only the above-mentioned line was built. Its construction took place between 1902 and 1904 and the opening ceremony was held on 9 March 1904. The journey time for the route, which was just under 33 kilometres long, was two hours. To begin with there were only three pairs of trains per day.

## Route

The exact length of the line (from the centre line of the station buildings at each end) was 32.73 km and, as the crow flies, 20.5 km. The station at Bayreuth was 343.72 m above sea level and the terminus at Hollfeld was 41.58 m higher. The smallest curve radius was 250 m and the steepest incline was 19.2 ‰.

The Bayreuth municipal department (today the BEW) had a direct rail link to the gas works southwest of the Hofgarten. This railway link branched off from the main line in the vicinity of the present-day university between the halts of Kreuzstein and Röhrensee, roughly where the bridge over the *Emil-Warburg-Weg* is situated today. From there it ran northwards, crossed the Sendelbach stream, swung westwards and reached the gas works on *Birkenstrasse* after a good 800 metres.

Although it had been planned as early as 1918, it cannot have been built until the 1950s because no railway can be seen in US Air Force air photographs taken immediately after the Second World War. Its dismantling presumably followed the closure of the coal-to-gas plant at the end of the 1960s and before the construction of the Bayreuth city ring road.

In the industrial estate on *Otto-Hahn-Strasse* between Kreuzstein Halt and Bayreuth Altstadt station several firms and sheds were connected to the railway by industrial sidings. Some were sporadically used even into the early 1990s. A timber merchant's on *Justus-Liebig-Strasse* and the curtain factory on *Leuschnerstrasse* also had rail access.

## End of the line

Like many other *Lokalbahn* lines this one was also closed as being supposedly unprofitable. The last train – a special hauled by steam locomotive 064 415-3, the last of a type once commonly used on the line – took place to a great reception from the local population on 28 September 1974. Its dismantling followed very quickly thereafter. The original plan to operate it purely as a goods line did not come to fruition. Most of the trackbed between Bayreuth and Plankenfels was converted into a cycle path.

Between Obernsees and Plankenfels the trackbed was used to upgrade and straighten the St 2186 state road. Between Mistelgau and its junction with district road BT2 SÖ from Hardt (1 km southeast of Frankenhaag) it was used to upgrade and straighten out the BT1 district road.

At the end of the 1980s when Bayreuth University underwent a major expansion, there were serious discussions about the construction of a "Universität" halt. It would have been built immediately east of the bridge over the *Emil-Warburg-Weg* and would have become an excellent link to local public transport services. It would have secured the preservation of the first 2.5 km of the line. Goods trains were still working to Bayreuth Altstadt until 1 October 1994. The city of Bayreuth bought in the 1990s the railway as far as the former Altstadt station. But no train services resulted. It was soon converted to a cycle path. Only 50 metres of railway line have been preserved in the area of the Altstadt as a quasi monument.

### Sources

* Robert Zintl (1992), *Bayreuth und die Eisenbahn* (in German), Bindlach: Gondrom, ISBN 3-8112-0780-6

## InfoBox

| Bayreuth–Hollfeld | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Line number | 5002 |
| Service | |
| Route number | ex 842 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 32.7 km (20.3 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |
| Minimum radius | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Maximum incline | 1.92 |
| Route map | |


title: Bay City, Oregon

abstract: Bay City is a city in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States. The population was 1,286 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Bay City, Oregon

**Bay City** is a city in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States. The population was 1,286 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.62 square miles (4.20 km2), of which 1.26 square miles (3.26 km2) is land and 0.36 square miles (0.93 km2) is water.

### Climate

This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F (22.0 °C). According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bay City has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated *Csb* on climate maps.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 203 |  |  |
| 1910 | 281 |  | 38.4% |
| 1920 | 511 |  | 81.9% |
| 1930 | 427 |  | −16.4% |
| 1940 | 379 |  | −11.2% |
| 1950 | 761 |  | 100.8% |
| 1960 | 996 |  | 30.9% |
| 1970 | 898 |  | −9.8% |
| 1980 | 986 |  | 9.8% |
| 1990 | 1,027 |  | 4.2% |
| 2000 | 1,149 |  | 11.9% |
| 2010 | 1,286 |  | 11.9% |
| 2020 | 1,389 |  | 8.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,286 people, 546 households, and 352 families living in the city. The population density was 1,020.6 inhabitants per square mile (394.1/km2). There were 650 housing units at an average density of 515.9 per square mile (199.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.7% White, 0.8% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.7% of the population.

There were 546 households, of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the city was 46.5 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 30.3% were from 45 to 64; and 21.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.9% male and 49.1% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,149 people, 493 households, and 336 families living in the city. The population density was 903.4 people per square mile (348.8 people/km2). There were 579 housing units at an average density of 455.2 per square mile (175.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.73% White, 0.44% African American, 1.74% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 0.87% from other races, and 2.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.13% of the population.

There were 493 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.81.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,375, and the median income for a family was $41,563. Males had a median income of $33,558 versus $21,827 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,731. About 9.1% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Arts and culture

The Bay City Arts Center is a non-profit organization that supports arts programs and events.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Bay City, Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Bay City Arts Center | |
| Nickname: The Pearl of Tillamook Bay | |
| Location in Oregon | |
| Bay CityBay CityBay City | |
| Coordinates: 45°31′17″N 123°53′08″W / 45.52139°N 123.88556°W / 45.52139; -123.88556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Tillamook |
| Incorporated | 1910 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | David McCall |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.62 sq mi (4.19 km2) |
| Land | 1.26 sq mi (3.27 km2) |
| Water | 0.35 sq mi (0.92 km2) |
| Elevation | 108 ft (33 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,389 |
| Density | 1,100.63/sq mi (424.89/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (Pacific) |
| ZIP code | 97107 |
| Area code | 503 |
| FIPS code | 41-04800 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2409797 |
| Website | www.ci.bay-city.or.us |


title: Bazheng Wan

abstract: Bazhen Wan is a brownish-black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish qi and blood". It is slightly bitter and sweet in taste. It is used when there is "deficiency of both qi and blood with sallow complexion, anorexia, lack of strength and excessive menstrual discharge". A honey solution is used as a binding agent to make the pill.

text:
# Bazheng Wan

**Bazhen Wan** (Chinese: 八珍丸) is a brownish-black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish qi and blood". It is slightly bitter and sweet in taste. It is used when there is "deficiency of both qi and blood with sallow complexion, anorexia, lack of strength and excessive menstrual discharge". A honey solution is used as a binding agent to make the pill.

## Chinese classic herbal formula

| Name | Chinese () | Grams |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Radix Codonopsis | 党参 | 100 |
|
| Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (stir-baked) | 白术 (炒) | 100 |
| Poria | 茯苓 | 100 |
| Radix Glycyrrhizae | 甘草 | 50 |
| Radix Angelicae Sinensis | 当归 | 150 |
| Radix Paeoniae Alba | 白芍 | 100 |
| Rhizoma Chuanxiong | 川芎 | 75 |
| Radix Rehmanniae Preparata | 熟地黄 | 150 |


title: Bazgoo

abstract: Bazgoo is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India. It is located in the Likir tehsil.

text:
# Bazgoo

**Bazgoo** is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India. It is located in the Likir tehsil.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Bazgoo has 172 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 70.02%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 950 | 436 | 514 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 96 | 53 | 43 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 925 | 424 | 501 |
| Literates | 598 | 283 | 315 |
| Workers (all) | 269 | 197 | 72 |
| Main workers (total) | 252 | 186 | 66 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 114 | 110 | 4 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Main workers: Other | 136 | 75 | 61 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 17 | 11 | 6 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 13 | 10 | 3 |
| Non-workers | 681 | 239 | 442 |

## InfoBox

| Bazgoo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| BazgooLocation in Ladakh, IndiaBazgooBazgoo (India) | |
| Coordinates: 34°20′43″N 77°13′57″E / 34.345349°N 77.232616°E / 34.345349; 77.232616 | |
| Country | India |
| Union Territory | Ladakh |
| District | Leh |
| Tehsil | Likir |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 950 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Census code | 851 |


title: Dillwyn Thomas

abstract: Dillwyn Thomas was a Welsh cricketer. Thomas was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast. He was born at Neath Abbey, Glamorgan. Thomas made his first-class debut for Glamorgan in 1939 against Essex, where on debut he took his only five-wicket haul in first-class cricket, claiming figures of 5/64; this five wicket haul also accounted for all of his first-class wickets. He played a further first-class match for the county, against Yorkshire in the same season at Park Avenue Cricket Ground, Bradford. Thomas died at Neath, Glamorgan on 29 August 1996.

text:
# Dillwyn Thomas

**Dillwyn Thomas** (13 February 1905 – 29 August 1996) was a Welsh cricketer. Thomas was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast. He was born at Neath Abbey, Glamorgan.

Thomas made his first-class debut for Glamorgan in 1939 against Essex, where on debut he took his only five-wicket haul in first-class cricket, claiming figures of 5/64; this five wicket haul also accounted for all of his first-class wickets. He played a further first-class match for the county, against Yorkshire in the same season at Park Avenue Cricket Ground, Bradford.

Thomas died at Neath, Glamorgan on 29 August 1996.

## InfoBox

Dillwyn Thomas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Dillwyn Thomas |
| Born | (1905-02-13)13 February 1905
Neath Abbey, Glamorgan, Wales |
| Died | 29 August 1996(1996-08-29) (aged 91)
Neath, Glamorgan, Wales |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1939 | Glamorgan |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC  Matches 2  Runs scored 14  Batting average 14.00  100s/50s /  Top score 14  Balls bowled 216  Wickets 5  Bowling average 19.80  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match   Best bowling 5/64  Catches/stumpings 1/ | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 30 June 2010 | |


title: Edgardo Maerina

abstract: Edgardo Maerina is a Filipino rower. He competed in the men's single sculls event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He later served as head coach of the Philippine national rowing team as part of the Philippine Rowing Association.

text:
# Edgardo Maerina

**Edgardo Maerina** (born 31 March 1964) is a Filipino rower. He competed in the men's single sculls event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He later served as head coach of the Philippine national rowing team as part of the Philippine Rowing Association.

## InfoBox

Edgardo Maerina
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Filipino |
| Born | (1964-03-31) 31 March 1964 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rowing |


title: Robin Kemp

abstract: Robin Andrew Kemp is an English cricketer who played in four successive University Cricket Matches for Cambridge University against Oxford University between 2005 and 2008. Robin Kemp was born on 29 September 1984 in Luton, Bedfordshire. He was educated at Bedford Modern School and St. John's College, Cambridge. He made his first-class debut in the university match played at Fenner's in the 2005 season, and maintained his place in the Cambridge side for the following three annual fixtures. His only other first-class appearance was for Cambridge UCCE against Derbyshire in 2007. Kemp is a right-arm medium-pace opening or first change bowler. His best bowling was 3–23 against Oxford in 2008. In this game his bowling was particularly economical, and he returned match figures of 27.1-11-41-4. He is a right-handed tail-end batsman with a first-class average of 3 and a highest score of 7. Kemp has also played for the Duke of Norfolk's XI, Quidnuncs, MCC and Bury St. Edmunds CC in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He is now deputy head of Moulsham High School in Chelmsford, where he also teaches history and economics.

text:
# Robin Kemp

**Robin Andrew Kemp** (born 29 September 1984) is an English cricketer who played in four successive University Cricket Matches for Cambridge University against Oxford University between 2005 and 2008.

Robin Kemp was born on 29 September 1984 in Luton, Bedfordshire. He was educated at Bedford Modern School and St. John's College, Cambridge. He made his first-class debut in the university match played at Fenner's in the 2005 season, and maintained his place in the Cambridge side for the following three annual fixtures. His only other first-class appearance was for Cambridge UCCE against Derbyshire in 2007.

Kemp is a right-arm medium-pace opening or first change bowler. His best bowling was 3–23 against Oxford in 2008. In this game his bowling was particularly economical, and he returned match figures of 27.1-11-41-4. He is a right-handed tail-end batsman with a first-class average of 3 and a highest score of 7.

Kemp has also played for the Duke of Norfolk's XI, Quidnuncs, MCC and Bury St. Edmunds CC in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League.

He is now deputy head of Moulsham High School in Chelmsford, where he also teaches history and economics.


title: Beef Or Salmon

abstract: Beef Or Salmon is a multiple Grade 1 winning National Hunt racehorse. He was trained in Ireland by Michael Hourigan and owned by B J Craig And Dan McLarnon. He was most famous for defeating three Cheltenham Gold Cup winners in Best Mate, Kicking King, and War of Attrition and also for his defeat of the 2005 Grand National winner, Hedgehunter.

text:
# Beef Or Salmon

**Beef Or Salmon** is a multiple Grade 1 winning National Hunt racehorse. He was trained in Ireland by Michael Hourigan and owned by B J Craig And Dan McLarnon. He was most famous for defeating three Cheltenham Gold Cup winners in Best Mate, Kicking King, and War of Attrition and also for his defeat of the 2005 Grand National winner, Hedgehunter.

## Background

Beef Or Salmon is a chestnut horse bred in Ireland by John Murphy. He is the only horse of any consequence sired by Cajetano, an American-bred colt who had some success as a racehorse in Switzerland. Beef Or Salmon's dam Farinella showed no racing ability, finishing unplaced on her only racecourse appearance. She was descended from The Oaks winner Keystone, making her a distant relative of Display and Ballymoss.

## Early career

Beef Or Salmon made his racecourse debut in May 2001 at Fairyhouse, where he finished third in the Goffs Land Rover Bumper. He did not race again till November 2001, where he won a National Hunt flat race at Clonmel, before finishing second at Fairyhouse. Beef Or Salmon went on to run seven more times that season, winning twice.

## 2002/03 season

He made a winning seasonal reappearance in October at Galway and following that won the Clonmel Oil Chase and the Hilly Way Chase. He followed that up with two wins at the highest level in the Lexus Chase and Irish Hennessy Chase. He then went to the Cheltenham Festival, where he contested the Cheltenham Gold Cup. Beef Or Salmon fell as Best Mate won. He ended the season with victory in April in a Flat race at the Curragh.

## 2003/04 season

He started the 2003/04 season a beaten odds on favourite as he finished third behind Edredon Bleu in the Clonmel Oil Chase. In his next two starts, he won the John Durkan Memorial Chase and the Hilly Way Chase. December 2003 saw Beef Or Salmon come up against Best Mate again, and Best Mate won with Beef Or Salmon finishing third. His next run saw him cross the shores again, and he finished fourth behind Best Mate in the Cheltenham Gold Cup. He ended the season on a winning note as he took the Punchestown Gold Cup.

## 2004/05 season

To begin the 2004/05 season, Beef Or Salmon won the JNwine.com Champion Chase. He could only finish third on his next start though, behind Kicking King in the John Durkan Memorial Chase. In his next start, he beat Best Mate in the Lexus Chase. Then he finished second behind Rule Supreme in the Irish Hennessy Chase, before being pulled up in the Cheltenham Gold Cup, which was won by Kicking King.

## 2005/06 season

Beef Or Salmon started the season with a spin on the Flat and finished ninth in the Irish Cesarewitch in October before he came to Haydock and finished second behind Kingscliff in the Betfair Chase. He then won the Lexus Chase and the Irish Hennessy Chase, beating Hedgehunter by twelve lengths in the latter race. These wins saw Beef Or Salmon start off the 4/1 favourite for the Cheltenham Gold Cup, but he finished 11th behind War Of Attrition. He then unseated his rider, Paul Carberry, in the Totesport Bowl at Aintree before finishing third in a hurdle race at Fairyhouse. In his final race of the season, Beef Or Salmon finished second behind War Of Attrition in the Punchestown Gold Cup.

## Final two seasons

His final two seasons saw Beef Or Salmon run in the top races in England and Ireland, and he recorded three wins. He won the JNwine.com Champion Chase again, and also recorded a final victory in the Irish Hennessy Chase, beating The Listener. He was retired after running in the 2008 Punchestown Gold Cup.

## Retirement

In retirement Beef Or Salmon joined the living legends at the Irish National Stud. In 2020 the tourist attraction included Beef Or Salmon, Kicking King, Hardy Eustace, Rite of Passage and Hurricane Fly.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Beef Or Salmon (IRE), chestnut gelding, 1996
| Sire
Cajetano (USA)
1986 | Run the Gantlet (USA)
1968 | Tom Rolfe | Ribot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Pocahontas |
| | First Feather | First Landing |
| | Quill |
| | Intensive (USA)
1979 | Sir Wiggle | Sadair |
| | | Wiggle |
| | Flying Legs | Palestine |
| | Alona |
| Dam
Farinella (IRE)
1988 | Salmon Leap (USA)
1980 | Northern Dancer | Nearctic |
| | | Natalma |
| | Fish-Bar | Baldric |
| | Fisherman's Wharf |
| | Boldella (GB)
1977 | Bold Lad (IRE) | Bold Ruler |
| | | Barn Pride |
| | Ardelle | Supreme Court |
| | Per Ardua (Family: 2-u) |

## InfoBox

| Beef Or Salmon | |
| --- | --- |
| Beef Or Salmon at the Irish National Stud in 2013. | |
| Sire | Cajetano |
| Grandsire | Run The Gantlet |
| Dam | Farinella |
| Damsire | Salmon Leap |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 30 April 1996 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | John Murphy |
| Owner | B J Craig, D McLarnon |
| Trainer | Michael Hourigan |
| Record | 51: 19-9-6 |
| Earnings | £985,658 |
| Major wins | |
| Clonmel Oil Chase (2002)
Hilly Way Chase (2002, 2003)
Lexus Chase (2002, 2004, 2005)
Hennessy Gold Cup (2003, 2006, 2007)
JNwine.com Champion Chase (2004, 2006)
John Durkan Memorial Chase (2003)
Punchestown Gold Cup (2004) | |


title: Ben Corday

abstract: Ben Corday (1875–1938) was an American tattoo artist and actor. He is known for being a prolific tattoo flash artist and a progenitor of modern tattooing.

text:
# Ben Corday

**Ben Corday** (1875–1938) was an American tattoo artist and actor. He is known for being a prolific tattoo flash artist and a progenitor of modern tattooing.

## Life and Impact

Ben Corday was born in 1875. While his obituary listed Singapore as his place of birth, a report of his U.S. citizenship application stated that Corday was born in Lucknow, India. A British subject, Corday began a life at sea when he ran away at the age of 14 to work on a sailing ship. Shortly thereafter, Corday joined the Royal Marine Corps and then the Scots Guards, for whom he fought in the Second Boer War in South Africa. After leaving the military, Corday relocated to the United States, where he applied for citizenship in 1912. Afterward, Corday found work as a sideshow attraction in the Sells Floto Circus. A wrestler and actor, he appeared in two silent short films directed by Hal Roach.

A man of many trades, Ben Corday was mainly known for his career in tattooing, which he practiced after immigrating to the United States. Corday lived and tattooed in several, disparate locations. He is known to have tattooed in San Francisco, New York City, Australia and Los Angeles. What is known about Corday's obscure tattooing career is primarily left to the stories passed down by his peers. His mentor, American tattooer Bert Grimm, relayed several of these to San Francisco tattooer Lyle Tuttle. In these stories, Grimm portrayed Corday as both a prolific artist and notorious alcoholic who would sell off entire sets of tattoo flash before going on a drinking binge. When his funds were depleted, Corday would produce new art work and reopen his shop. Corday eventually settled in Los Angeles, where he tattooed on Main Street. He died in his sleep at his residence on nearby Hewitt Street in February 1938.

Corday was an influential tattoo artist and flash designer whose work is considered foundational to the era of modern tattooing. The Japanese-influenced style of Corday's designs, known for fine line work and subtle shading integrated with Western elements, was shared by contemporaries like George Burchett. Corday's name is known and highly regarded among American tattooers like Bert Grimm, Sailor Jerry, and Don Ed Hardy. Ben Corday's abundant flash, much of which he sold to tattooer Percy Waters, is widely circulated and continues to influence tattoo design.

## Height

While it is certain that Ben Corday was an imposingly large man, his actual height is of some dispute. An article published during Corday's stint in New York as a doorman declares his height to be 7 foot 5 inches and his weight 315 pounds. Corday's obituary in the Los Angeles Times lists him at 6 foot 10 inches and just under 300 pounds. Corday, when filling out his application for U.S. citizenship, self-reported his height at 6 foot 8 inches.

## InfoBox

| Ben Corday | |
| --- | --- |
| Ben Corday (right) displaying an Annie Oakley backpiece on D.E. Warford (left) | |
| Born | 1875
Uncertain |
| Died | February 20th, 1938
Los Angeles, California |
| Other names | Big Ben Corday |
| Occupation(s) | Tattoo artist, Actor, Sailor, Wrestler |


title: Charlie Lovett

abstract: Charlie Lovett is an American novelist, podcast producer, children's playwright and expert on the works and life of Lewis Carroll. He has the world's largest collection of Carollean memorabilia and was twice president of the Lewis Carroll Society of North America.

text:
# Charlie Lovett

**Charlie Lovett** (born 1962 in Winston-Salem, NC) is an American novelist, podcast producer, children's playwright and expert on the works and life of Lewis Carroll. He has the world's largest collection of Carollean memorabilia and was twice president of the Lewis Carroll Society of North America.

## Life and career

Charlie Lovett was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 1962. He got a B.A. in theatre at Davidson College in 1984 and then went into the antiquarian book business and became interested in the works of Lewis Carroll. He got a Master of Fine Arts degree in writing at Vermont College of Fine Arts in 1997. In 2003 he became a member of the Grolier Club the oldest and largest club for bibliophiles in North America.

Two of his books draw on his own experience as an antiquarian bibliophile: *The Bookman’s Tale* and *First Impressions: A Novel of Old Books, Unexpected Love, and Jane Austen*. *The Bookman’s Tale* made the New York Times best seller list. In 1999 he wrote *Love, Ruth: A Son's Memoir* about his mother Ruth Cander Lovett who was the great-granddaughter of Asa Griggs Candler the founder of Coca-Cola; Maya Angelou called this book "tender and sensitive and true." More than 5000 productions of his children's plays have been performed all over the world.

He hosts the podcast "Inside the Writer’s Studio."

## Lewis Carroll

After graduation from Davidson in 1984 Charlie Lovett was captivated by the works of Lewis Carroll, especially *Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland*. He began collecting Carrollian memorabilia and did research which led him to write five books about Carroll and to serve as president of the Lewis Carroll Society of North America. He has lectured on Carroll all over the world including at Oxford University, Harvard and UCLA.

Lovett has an enormous collection of Carrollian literature, all documented in a book he wrote in 1990 with his first wife Stephanie. In 1994, he and Stephanie, who also served twice as president of Lewis Carroll Society, hosted The Second International Lewis Carroll Conference, in Winston-Salem. This resulted in a book, *Proceedings of The Second International Lewis Carroll Conference*, which he edited.

In 2015 he wrote a new introduction for Penguin Classics’s 150th anniversary edition of *Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland* and *Through the Looking-Glass*. That same year he curated *Alice Live!*, a major exhibition of Lewis Carroll and Alice memorabilia at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center.

## Foundation

In 1992 Charlie founded the Lovett Foundation which is dedicated to independent thinking in pursuit of a culturally diverse, rational and harmonious society. He and his second wife Janice are on the board.

## Selected works

Non-fiction * *Lewis Carroll Among His Books: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Private Library of Charles L. Dodgson*, ISBN 0786421053
* *Lewis Carroll and the Press*, Oak Knoll/The British Library, (1999), as "Charles Lovett", ISBN 1884718876
* *Alice on Stage*, Meckler (1990), ISBN 0313276811
* *Lewis Carroll's Alice: An Annotated Checklist of the Lovett Collection*, Meckler (1990), with Stephanie Lovett, ISBN 0887361668
* *Proceedings of the second International Lewis Carroll Conference*, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, June 9–12, 1994, ISBN 0930326105
* *Sparrow Through the Hall: A Pilgrimage Through British Christianity*, Kingham Tree (2002), ISBN 0971977496
* *Everybody's Guide to Book Collecting*, Write Brain (1993), ISBN 0963784080
* *Lewis Carroll's England*, White Stone Publishing (1998), ISBN 0904117146
* *Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass*, 150Th-Anniversary Edition (Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition) By Lewis Carroll, Illustrated by John Tenniel, Introduction by Charlie Lovett, ISBN 9780143107620
* *Love, Ruth: A Son's Memoir*, Callanwolde Guild (1999), ISBN 0967204046

Novels Children's plays * *Becoming Shakespeare*
* *The Emperor’s Birthday Suit*
* *Frogspell*
* *A Hairy Tale*
* *Hairy Tale Rock*
* *Little Miss Gingerbread*
* *Porridgegate*
* *A Super Groovy Night’s Dream*
* *Supercomics*
* *Twinderella*
* *Twinderella — The Musical*


title: Kargów

abstract: Kargów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuczępy, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Tuczępy, 16 km (10 mi) east of Busko-Zdrój, and 46 km (29 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Kargów

**Kargów** \[ˈkarɡuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuczępy, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Tuczępy, 16 km (10 mi) east of Busko-Zdrój, and 46 km (29 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Kargów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Kargów | |
| Coordinates: 50°31′N 20°55′E / 50.517°N 20.917°E / 50.517; 20.917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Busko |
| Gmina | Tuczępy |


title: Rhabdoblennius nitidus

abstract: Rhabdoblennius nitidus, the barred-chin blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean. This species reaches a length of 8.3 centimetres (3.3 in) SL.

text:
# Rhabdoblennius nitidus

***Rhabdoblennius nitidus***, the **barred-chin blenny**, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean. This species reaches a length of 8.3 centimetres (3.3 in) SL.

## InfoBox

| *Rhabdoblennius nitidus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Blenniidae |
| Genus: | *Rhabdoblennius* |
| Species: | ***R. nitidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhabdoblennius nitidus***
(Günther, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Salarias nitidus* Günther, 1861 * *Blennius nitidus* (Günther, 1861) * *Blennius ellipes* Jordan & Starks, 1906 * *Rhabdoblennius ellipes* (Jordan & Starks, 1906) | |


title: Drobočnik

abstract: Drobočnik is a settlement on the left bank of the Soča River south of Most na Soči in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

text:
# Drobočnik

**Drobočnik** (pronounced \[dɾɔˈboːtʃnik\]) is a settlement on the left bank of the Soča River south of Most na Soči in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

## InfoBox

| Drobočnik | |
| --- | --- |
| DrobočnikLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°8′23.29″N 13°44′17.32″E / 46.1398028°N 13.7381444°E / 46.1398028; 13.7381444 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Slovenian Littoral |
| Statistical region | Gorizia |
| Municipality | Tolmin |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.34 km2 (0.52 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 362.3 m (1,188.6 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 41 |
|  | |


title: The Kiss of Morning

abstract: The Kiss of Morning is the fourth solo album by Blur guitarist Graham Coxon, released on 21 October 2002 in the UK, being the first of Coxon's albums since his initial departure from Blur.

text:
# The Kiss of Morning

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 70/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *NME* | (8/10) |

***The Kiss of Morning*** is the fourth solo album by Blur guitarist Graham Coxon, released on 21 October 2002 in the UK, being the first of Coxon's albums since his initial departure from Blur.

## Background

In an interview with , Coxon explained that the title of the album stemmed from his changed outlook on life after struggling with alcoholism and becoming sober.

## Track listing

All words and music by Graham Coxon.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bitter Tears" | 5:18 |
| 2. | "Escape Song" | 2:26 |
| 3. | "Locked Doors" | 3:45 |
| 4. | "Baby, You're Out of Your Mind" | 1:56 |
| 5. | "It Ain't No Lie" | 2:55 |
| 6. | "Live Line" | 3:37 |
| 7. | "Just Be Mine" | 4:44 |
| 8. | "Do What You're Told To" | 4:34 |
| 9. | "Mountain of Regret" | 4:50 |
| 10. | "Latte" | 1:19 |
| 11. | "Walking Down the Highway" | 3:09 |
| 12. | "Song for the Sick" | 1:55 |
| 13. | "Good Times" | 5:55 |
| 14. | "All I Wanna Do Iz Listen to Yuz (Bonus track on the Japanese CD)" | 4:42 |

"All I Wanna Do Iz Listen to Yuz" was later released in the UK as a B-side to "Bittersweet Bundle of Misery" in 2004.

## Personnel

* Graham Coxon — guitars, bass, drums, vocals, harmonica, percussion, producer, sleeve painting
* Louis Vause — piano, Fender Rhodes, Hammond
* B. J. Cole — pedal steel
* Mike Pelanconi — producer, recording
* Anna Norlander — sleeve photos
* Alex Huchinson — sleeve design

## InfoBox

| The Kiss of Morning | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Graham Coxon | |
| Released | 21 October 2002 |
| Recorded | Titanic Studios, London |
| Genre | Alternative rock, psychedelic folk |
| Length | 46:23 |
| Label | Transcopic TRANSCD018 |
| Producer | Graham Coxon, Mike Pelanconi |
| Graham Coxon chronology | |
| *Crow Sit on Blood Tree*
(2001) ***The Kiss of Morning***
(2002) *Happiness in Magazines*
(2004) | |


title: South Ormsby

abstract: South Ormsby, sometimes called South Ormesby, is a village in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 1 mile (1.6 km) west from the A16 road, 7 miles (11 km) south from Louth and 7 miles north-east from Horncastle. With the nearby hamlet of Ketsby, it forms the civil parish of South Ormesby with Ketsby. The population is included in the civil parish of Brinkhill. The 15th-century church of St Leonard's is approached by a short climb up a path next to the old school house. Ormsby Hall, built by James Paine in 1752, stands in a wooded parkland complete with lake. The village has a public house, the Massingberd Arms, and a motor repair garage. The Greenwich Prime Meridian line passes through the village.

text:
# South Ormsby

**South Ormsby**, sometimes called **South Ormesby**, is a village in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 1 mile (1.6 km) west from the A16 road, 7 miles (11 km) south from Louth and 7 miles north-east from Horncastle. With the nearby hamlet of Ketsby, it forms the civil parish of South Ormesby with Ketsby. The population is included in the civil parish of Brinkhill.

The 15th-century church of St Leonard's is approached by a short climb up a path next to the old school house.

Ormsby Hall, built by James Paine in 1752, stands in a wooded parkland complete with lake.

The village has a public house, the Massingberd Arms, and a motor repair garage.

The Greenwich Prime Meridian line passes through the village.

## InfoBox

| South Ormsby | |
| --- | --- |
| St Leonard's Church, South Ormsby | |
| South OrmsbyLocation within Lincolnshire | |
| OS grid reference | TF369757 |
| London | 125 mi (201 km) |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Louth |
| Postcode district | LN11 |
|  | |
| Police | Lincolnshire |
| Fire | Lincolnshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Big Wing

abstract: The Big Wing, also known as a Balbo, was an air fighting tactic proposed during the Battle of Britain by 12 Group commander Air Vice-Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory and Acting Squadron Leader Douglas Bader. In essence, the tactic involved meeting incoming Luftwaffe bombing raids in strength with a wing-shaped formation of three to five squadrons. In the Battle, this tactic was employed by the Duxford Wing, under Bader's command. The name "Balbo" refers to Italo Balbo, an Italian air force officer and fascist political leader famous for leading large formations of aircraft on long distance flights before the war.

text:
# Big Wing

The **Big Wing**, also known as a Balbo, was an air fighting tactic proposed during the Battle of Britain by 12 Group commander Air Vice-Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory and Acting Squadron Leader Douglas Bader. In essence, the tactic involved meeting incoming Luftwaffe bombing raids in strength with a wing-shaped formation of three to five squadrons. In the Battle, this tactic was employed by the Duxford Wing, under Bader's command.

The name "Balbo" refers to Italo Balbo, an Italian air force officer and fascist political leader famous for leading large formations of aircraft on long distance flights before the war.

## History

### Background

Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park was the commanding officer of Fighter Command's No. 11 Group RAF, which covered southern England below a line from the East Anglian coast to the Isle of Wight. As such it faced most of the Luftwaffe attacks. Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, commanding officer of RAF Fighter Command, had put a huge amount of effort into developing the world's first integrated air defence system, the Dowding system, incorporating the Chain Home radar stations, Royal Observer Corps ground observation posts, telecommunications and information processing. Using the tactics devised by Sir Hugh Dowding, Park met the raids with individual squadrons, which he considered to be the most flexible and effective use of his aircraft, particularly in light of the shallow depth of penetration of British airspace by the Luftwaffe. He used hit and run tactics, with an enemy raid potentially being engaged by several squadrons in turn. The tactic had been questioned by many of Park's subordinates, who were appalled by the high losses amongst the squadrons of 11 Group. In this battle of attrition they wanted to employ larger formations to provide mutual protection and reduce casualties.

### Big Wing

Leigh-Mallory, the commander of the neighbouring No. 12 Group RAF (12 Group) to the north, was an advocate of a Big Wing policy, causing enormous friction in his relationship with Park. One of Leigh-Mallory's subordinates was the acting leader of No. 242 (Canadian) Squadron RAF (242 Squadron), Douglas Bader, who had flown in Park's Big Wings defending British forces at Dunkirk a few weeks earlier. Experience covering the French beaches against air attack had convinced Bader that large formations were essential and with Leigh-Mallory's blessing, a wing was formed at RAF Duxford (one of the closest stations to the boundary between 11 and 12 Groups) to try to prove the Big Wing theory. Supported by Duxford station commander Group Captain "Woody" Woodhall, Bader's wing theory was developed over the next few days and initially involved three squadrons; No. 242 Squadron RAF (Canadians) and No. 310 (Czech) Squadron RAF, both flying Hawker Hurricanes and No. 19 Squadron RAF (19 Squadron), based at nearby RAF Fowlmere flying Supermarine Spitfires.

On 7 September 1940, the Big Wing was scrambled operationally for the first time, to patrol North Weald but the formation arrived late. Bader acknowledged the fact that they were too slow forming up and for the flight to the patrol area the formation was too disjointed; the Big Wing claimed 11 enemy aircraft destroyed for the loss of one fighter. In September 1940, the wing was sent up several times to try to disrupt Luftwaffe raiders. The Duxford Big Wing was not an organised and rehearsed military unit, merely an ad-hoc collection of squadrons led by one of Fighter Command's less experienced squadron leaders. Between Leigh-Mallory and Bader there was neither planning on how to use a Big Wing nor an assessment of its achievements. On 9 September, the Hurricanes of No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron (302 Squadron) and the Spitfires of No. 611 Squadron RAF (611 Squadron), were allocated to the "Big Wing" and again Park requested protection of 11 Group airfields, with much the same results of 7 September.

Park had experimented with large wings (covering the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940) and insisted that they were unwieldy, difficult to manoeuvre into position and rarely in the right place when needed. The 11 Group squadrons were closer to the Luftwaffe than 12 Group and Park pointed out that there was insufficient time over Kent and Sussex for a large formation to gain altitude against the incoming raids. Bader countered by pointing out that his wing could be used as a reserve for 11 Group. Positioned well away from the Luftwaffe bases in France he could be in place at altitude when the wing was needed, providing adequate early warning was given. The best early warning possible was provided to 12 Group. Bader further delayed deployment of 12 Group fighters by insisting he lead the Big Wing; to do this he had to fly 242 Squadron to Duxford from RAF Coltishall every day. Bader wanted time to fly to Duxford, land, take-off again, then form a Big Wing; the amount of early warning required for this was wildly unrealistic.

The Duxford Big Wing comprised Hurricane and Spitfire squadrons—the Spitfires were slowed by having to fly and climb at the same speed as the slower Hurricanes. Bader did not always follow ground control instructions (GCI) and often flew into 11 Group on his own initiative. For such a large formation to succeed, it needed good planning and training; its leadership had to follow Fighter Command's battle plan but this was blatantly disregarded. If Leigh-Mallory had a vested interest in the Big Wing, then he had a responsibility to make sure that at least it was organised properly. This clash of opinions between the 11 and 12 group commanders was left unresolved by Leigh-Mallory and Dowding. Subsequent events, in which Dowding retired from his post at Fighter Command and Leigh-Mallory was promoted to command 11 Group, show that Leigh-Mallory's arguments had the sympathies of the senior officers of the RAF. These sympathies could have been due to tensions between these officers and Dowding rather than how Britain could be most effectively defended.

In *Spitfire: Portrait of a Legend*, Leo McKinstry cites sources saying that Dowding was widely criticised after the Battle in RAF reviews of his strategy for keeping the control of 11 Group and 12 Group resources separate under Park and Leigh-Mallory, instead of uniting them under one command or at least coordinating them as one group. The effect of this decision was a lack of coordination between the groups, which often meant the aircraft of 11 Group were fully committed, while those of 12 Group sat idle. A letter by Park in 1968, quoted by McKinstry, illustrates the problem.

> Throughout August and September 1940, on occasion when all my squadrons had been dispatched to engage the many German bomber forces, I called on No 10 Gp to cover some vital targets on my right with one or two squadrons. Brand always responded at once and on many occasions effectively intercepted the enemy, preventing them from bombing their target unmolested. In similar circumstances I called on No 12 Gp to cover my fighter aerodromes northeast and east of London but Leigh-Mallory failed to respond. This resulted in North Weald, Hornchurch, and Debden being accurately bombed whilst 12 Group wing was being dispatched, assembled and climbed in mass formation to the rear of my area.

According to McInstry, in another letter Park wrote at the time he said, "Frankly I was more worried at the lack of cooperation (with Leigh-Mallory), than I was about out-witting the massed German raids".

What has been described  as an "even-handed" assessment of the affair was published in the Air Ministry's Air Historical Branch history, written shortly after the battle and published in 1941,

> \[T\]he pity is that a controversy was ever allowed to develop; for far from the two Group commanders representing two contrasting methods of solving one and the same tactical problem they really represented tactics complementary to each other, each of which had a valuable part to play in the common struggle, the more so as together the most economical use of the dangerously limited forces available would have been assured.

This is the Air Ministry view, of which the most senior individuals were involved in using the Big Wing theory as the means to conspire against Dowding. Given this and the animosity towards Dowding, the Air Ministry view of the Battle of Britain cannot be said to be "even-handed". As first published by the Air Ministry there was no mention of Dowding or Park; it was withdrawn and a revised version issued in 1943 at Winston Churchill's insistence. Further evidence of this conflict can also be seen in a memo, again cited by McKinstry, which Leigh-Mallory sent to Park during the Battle, "Full explanation required why 11 Group fighters have shot down enemy fighters over 12 Gp area". This is more than a little ironic given that 12 Group was expected to reinforce the defence in 11 Group (by shooting enemy aircraft down) but instead a Big Wing was sent, often to the wrong place, causing more disruption to the well thought-out plans of 11 Group than to the Luftwaffe.

## Effectiveness

After the Battle of Britain Leigh-Mallory never really had a chance to use the Big Wing defensively again, and it quickly mutated from a defensive to an offensive formation—Bader eventually led one of these new wings on massive fighter sweeps over France. To this day there is debate over the effectiveness of the "Big Wing" as it was used during the Battle. Although Leigh-Mallory and Bader argued it was a great success, post-war analysis suggests the actual number of German aircraft shot down by the wing was probably a fraction of those claimed (the claims for the Big Wing were never credible even at the time. On 15 September 1940, the Big Wing was scrambled twice against incoming raids and claimed 52 kills, eight probables and others damaged. (German records showed that six aircraft were lost). Some senior officers like Leigh-Mallory and Sholto Douglas wanted to believe these claims so that they could use the Big Wing as a political tool against Dowding. This would seem to support the idea that, for a "Big Wing", there were "not enough enemy to go around"; the Wing had too high a concentration of aircraft in the same air space looking for targets.

It could be argued that 12 Group had more time to get fighters into position but even then it failed to do so. When 11 Group was stretched to its limits and required support, due to the delay imposed by 12 Group, 11 Group airfields were left undefended. This was due not only to time wasted in forming up the Big Wing but also due to 12 Group commanders not following 11 Group's instructions and thus arriving in the wrong place. Not only did 12 Group fail to support 11 Group, they left their own airfields undefended; a large portion of UK airspace was left undefended while Leigh-Mallory and Bader tested their Big Wing theory. The time taken to form a Big Wing also wasted fuel and combined with the limited range of the fighters, reduced time over the combat zone. When 10 Group was asked to provide cover for 11 Group in similar circumstances, it was provided and 11 Group airfields defended.

Casualties for the "Big Wing" were significantly lower than in the smaller formations—suggesting that they did indeed benefit from protection in numbers. The "Big Wing" invariably joined combat with the enemy over Northern London, where the German fighter escort was at the very limit of its range and effectiveness. Consequently, the Big Wing also made very few interceptions, and as a result lower casualties would be expected on both sides. Park's tactics (which had included the occasional use of two- and three-squadron wings) were correct for the conditions he had to fight under. The most powerful argument against the Big Wing in the Battle of Britain is that without a clear idea of a target as a raid assembled over France, it was impossible for the Big Wing to get airborne and form up in time to meet it.

Another argument against the use of the Duxford Big Wing was that it was never a serious tactical proposition. It was formed after a telephone discussion between Leigh Mallory and Bader and there was no planning, protocols for its operation or discussion (let alone agreement) within Fighter Command. Leigh-Mallory did not question Bader's claims or critically assess the Big Wing's results. For a senior commander to take the word of an inexperienced junior officer and commit to such a poorly planned experiment at a critical time is questionable. The interceptions by the Big Wing only occurred over a short period of time in September, when the Luftwaffe switched from military targets and airfields to daylight raids on London. The Luftwaffe bombers were at their most vulnerable when they were at the limit of the range of the escorting Messerschmitt Bf 109s and many German fighters had already expended their fuel in combat with 11 Group aircraft over Kent.

However, when encountered by the Luftwaffe on 15 September, the Big Wing had an immense psychological impact. Having been told that the RAF was down to its last 50 fighters by their leaders, Luftwaffe aircrew were continuously attacked on the run over Kent, only to be confronted by a further formation of 60 RAF aircraft over London, just as their escort reached the limit of their range. This led to further demoralization in the Luftwaffe. One reason for this level of surprise was that a recent large Luftwaffe fighter sweep had encountered little resistance, confirming the Luftwaffe leaders' belief that there were few RAF fighters left; in fact Park had recognised this fighter sweep as a ruse to get his fighters into the air; with no threat of bombing he had kept his fighters on the ground.

While not effective as a fighting tactic, the Big Wing, along with some blatant manipulation of statistics, worked as a political tool for those against Dowding. Dowding had clashed with Hugh Trenchard (founder of the RAF) while both were Royal Flying Corps commanders during the First World War. Trenchard was retired by the Second World War but was a Marshal of the RAF and still influential at the highest level in the RAF. He supported the theory of the "knock out blow", where air attack was fought by counter-attack with bombers, not defence by fighters and this view was shared by many senior RAF and Air Ministry personnel. Despite this RAF policy, Dowding got enough political support to build up Fighter Command into a very effective weapon, the weapon that won the Battle of Britain. In 1940 (and arguably throughout the war) Bomber Command was in no way capable of delivering a knock out blow to Germany, so the pro-bomber advocates were severely embarrassed by the success of Fighter Command. Dowding's "stuffy" personality and unwillingness to fight this political battle also contributed to his downfall. The Big Wing *débâcle* was a smokescreen manipulated by his political enemies to bring him down. It is understandable that Dowding did not fight back given the stress he had been under for the best part of a year, first to conserve Fighter Command, then to oversee the long battle of attrition against the Luftwaffe.

## Big Wing exercise

The use of a Big Wing in 11 Group was explored by Fighter Command in paper exercises run by Leigh-Mallory in January 1941. The intention was to prove the superiority of large formations using the circumstances of a real attack on the Kenley, Biggin Hill and Hornchurch sectors on 6 September 1940. Leigh-Mallory mismanaged the operation, permitting the raid to progress unhindered, resulting in Kenley and Biggin Hill airbases being "bombed" while their aircraft were still on the ground. One of Park's former controllers explained Leigh-Mallory's mistakes to him. He replied that he would do better next time and that if a large-scale raid approached he would permit it to bomb its target and intercept it in force on its return to France. The enemy, he believed, would be so badly mauled that there would be no more raids.

**Notes**

## Further reading


title: Pimenta Bueno

abstract: Pimenta Bueno is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 36,881 (2020) and its area is 6,241 km². The municipality contained the 27,860 hectares Rio Roosevelt State Forest, created in 1990 and cancelled in 2010. The city is served by Pimenta Bueno Airport.

text:
# Pimenta Bueno

**Pimenta Bueno** is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 36,881 (2020) and its area is 6,241 km².

The municipality contained the 27,860 hectares (68,800 acres) Rio Roosevelt State Forest, created in 1990 and cancelled in 2010.

The city is served by Pimenta Bueno Airport.

## InfoBox

| Pimenta Bueno | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Rondônia state | |
| Pimenta BuenoLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 11°40′21″S 61°11′37″W / 11.67250°S 61.19361°W / -11.67250; -61.19361 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | North |
| State | Rondônia |
| Area | |
| Total | 6,241 km2 (2,410 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 36,881 |
| Density | 5.9/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AMT) |


title: Pico Viejo

abstract: Pico Viejo is a volcano located on the island of Tenerife in Canary Islands, Spain. It is the second highest peak of Tenerife and the Canary Islands, with a height of 3,135 m above sea level, and a huge crater approximately 720 metres in diameter. The volcano is part of the Teide volcanic complex, which began forming about 200,000 years ago in the center of Tenerife. Its crater is one of the satellite craters around El Teide. It last erupted in 1798, and it is estimated that it ejected around 12 million m³ of lava over three months forming a black colored surface, which is different from the rest of the volcano area, which are known as the Teide noses.

text:
# Pico Viejo

**Pico Viejo** is a volcano located on the island of Tenerife in Canary Islands, Spain. It is the second highest peak of Tenerife and the Canary Islands (after the Teide), with a height of 3,135 m above sea level, and a huge crater approximately 720 metres in diameter.

The volcano is part of the Teide volcanic complex, which began forming about 200,000 years ago in the center of Tenerife. Its crater is one of the satellite craters around El Teide.

It last erupted in 1798, and it is estimated that it ejected around 12 million m³ of lava over three months forming a black colored surface, which is different from the rest of the volcano area, which are known as the Teide noses.

## Climbing routes

Pico Viejo can be climbed from several sides: from the road in the west and south-west, from the hotel Parador, and from Mount Teide.

The shortest approach from the west and south-west side is if you start from the parking Narices del Teide. From the Parador side, the route starts at the parking area.

28°15′43″N 16°40′05″W / 28.262°N 16.668°W / 28.262; -16.668


title: Pico and Sepulveda

abstract: "Pico and Sepulveda" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne, it features a Latin-style beat, and Martin used the alias "Felix Figueroa" when performing and recording the song. It was frequently played on the Dr. Demento radio show in the 1970s, serving as the show's opening theme.

text:
# Pico and Sepulveda

"**Pico and Sepulveda**" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell (Eddie Cherkose) and Jule Styne (Ambassador Records, 1947 — b/w "She of the Coffee Brown Eyes"), it features a Latin-style beat, and Martin used the alias "Felix Figueroa" when performing and recording the song. It was frequently played on the Dr. Demento radio show in the 1970s, serving as the show's opening theme.

## Background

The lyrics are primarily a recitation of the names of various streets in the Los Angeles area: Doheny, Cahuenga, La Brea, La Jolla, Sequoia, Alvarado, Santa Monica, Beverly Drive, and Vine. (Martin's alias, Figueroa, is also a Los Angeles street name.) The intersection of West Pico Boulevard and South Sepulveda Boulevard is in the Rancho Park neighborhood. The singer expresses a desire to "feel alive and settle down in my La Brea Tar Pits, where nobody's dreams come true".

The song was featured in the soundtrack of Richard Elfman's 1980 underground cult film, *Forbidden Zone*. "Pico and Sepulveda" was covered in 2002 by Lee Presson and the Nails on their album *El Bando En Fuego!*. Several amateur versions were submitted to and played on the Dr. Demento radio program by such groups as the Roto Rooter Good Time Christmas Band.

## InfoBox

| "Pico and Sepulveda" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Felix Figueroa & His Orchestra | |
| Released | 1947 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:30 |
| Songwriter(s) | Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne |


title: Piano Improvisations Vol. 1

abstract: Piano Improvisations Vol. 1 is a studio album by American jazz pianist Chick Corea, recorded over two days in April 1971 and released on ECM later that year. The session also produced Piano Improvisations Vol. 2 (1972), released the following year.

text:
# Piano Improvisations Vol. 1

***Piano Improvisations Vol. 1*** is a studio album (and first solo piano album) by American jazz pianist Chick Corea, recorded over two days in April 1971 and released on ECM later that year. The session also produced *Piano Improvisations Vol. 2* (1972), released the following year.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

Scott Yanow of AllMusic described *Piano Improvisations Vols. 1 & 2* as an accessible transition between Circle and Return to Forever, as Corea moved away from the avant-garde to communicate with a wider audience.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Chick Corea, except as noted

Side I
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Noon Song" |  | 4:00 |
| 2. | "Song for Sally" |  | 3:45 |
| 3. | "Ballad for Anna" |  | 2:25 |
| 4. | "Song of the Wind" |  | 3:10 |
| 5. | "Sometime Ago" | * Chick Corea * Neville Potter | 8:20 |
| Total length: | | | 21:40 |

Side II: Where Are You Now? – A Suite of Eight Pictures
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Picture 1" | 4:53 |
| 2. | "Picture 2" | 2:03 |
| 3. | "Picture 3" | 2:30 |
| 4. | "Picture 4" | 2:40 |
| 5. | "Picture 5" | 0:32 |
| 6. | "Picture 6" | 3:55 |
| 7. | "Picture 7" | 1:55 |
| 8. | "Picture 8" | 1:35 |
| Total length: | | 20:03 41:43 |

## Personnel

### Technical personnel

## InfoBox

| Piano Improvisations Vol. 1 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chick Corea | |
| Released | 1971 (1971) |
| Recorded | April 21–22, 1971 (1971-04-21 1971-04-22) |
| Studio | Ame Bendiksen Studio
Oslo, Norway |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 41:43 |
| Label | ECM
ECM 1014 ST |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Chick Corea chronology | |
| *A.R.C.*
(1971) ***Piano Improvisations Vol. 1***
(1971) *Sundance*
(1972) | |


title: Pierre-Alain Parot

abstract: Pierre-Alain Parot was a French stained-glass artist.

text:
# Pierre-Alain Parot

**Pierre-Alain Parot** (27 April 1950 – 6 February 2023) was a French stained-glass artist.

## Biography

Born in Dijon on 27 April 1950, Parot learned stained-glass art in the workshop of his father, Marcel Parot. After his studies at the Beaux-Arts School of Dijon, he took over his father's workshop in 1972. He spent his time on the restoration of old stained glass windows in collaboration with the likes of Gérard Garouste, Jean Ricardon, and Véronique Ellena, as well as the creation of new stained glass windows. His workshop was situated at the Château d'Aiserey, south of Dijon.

In 2016, Parot was awarded the Prix Liliane-Bettencourt pour l'intelligence de la main. In 2019, he helped to restore stained-glass windows impacted by the Notre-Dame fire.

Pierre-Alain Parot died on 6 February 2023, at the age of 72.

## Works

## InfoBox

| Pierre-Alain Parot | |
| --- | --- |
| Parot in 2014 | |
| Born | (1950-04-27)27 April 1950
Dijon, France |
| Died | 6 February 2023(2023-02-06) (aged 72)
Aiserey, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Education | Beaux-Arts School of Dijon |
| Occupation | Stained-glass artist |


title: Pilar Coll

abstract: Pilar Coll Torrente was a Spanish activist, missionary and lawyer recognized for her commitment in favor of human rights and the search for justice for thousands of detainees disappeared during the internal armed conflict in Peru. She was the first Executive Secretary of the National Coordinator of Human Rights. Pilar Coll has received several awards and prizes for her outstanding work in the defense and promotion of human rights and the constitutional order of Peru, so much so that in 1993, she was awarded with the appointment of lady of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the King Juan Carlos I and, in 2008, by the Ombudsman of Peru.

text:
# Pilar Coll

**Pilar Coll Torrente** (Fonz, Huesca, January 30, 1929 - Lima, September 15, 2012) was a Spanish activist, missionary and lawyer recognized for her commitment in favor of human rights and the search for justice for thousands of detainees disappeared during the internal armed conflict in Peru. She was the first Executive Secretary of the National Coordinator of Human Rights. Pilar Coll has received several awards and prizes for her outstanding work in the defense and promotion of human rights and the constitutional order of Peru, so much so that in 1993, she was awarded with the appointment of lady of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the King Juan Carlos I and, in 2008, by the Ombudsman of Peru.


title: Francis Cholle

abstract: Francis Cholle is a Paris-born French American writer. He now works as a management consultant. He is also the founder of The Human Company.

text:
# Francis Cholle

**Francis Cholle** is a Paris-born French American writer. He now works as a management consultant. He is also the founder of The Human Company.

## Biography

Francis grew up close to Paris, France, in Saint-Maur des Fossés. He graduated from HEC Paris. He started his career learning the craft of art book publishing and leading the turn around of Editions Hazan in Paris, France. He decided to move to New York, when he was 28. As an academic, he has taught at HEC MBA in Paris, Fashion Institute of Technology, Wharton Graduate School of Business and Columbia Business School.

In 2011, Francis published *The Intuitive Compass*, which describes his C-Suite management consulting model, called The Intuitive Compass. Previously, he wrote a book named, *L'intelligence intuitive: Pour réussir autrement*, which quickly made the Relay bookstore best-sellers' list.

In 2020, Francis wrote a book called *SQUIRCLE: A New Way to Think for a New World*. In the book, Francis discusses the human predisposition to dismiss non-rational thought processes, including intuition, emotion, feeling, inspiration, aspiration, and its cost to people and organizations. To combat this, he proposed a new method called SQUIRCLE. The book reached *USA Today* and *The Wall Street Journal'*s best-selling book lists.

## Bibliography

* *L'intelligence intuitive: Pour réussir autrement* (2007)
* *The Intuitive Compass* (2011)
* *Squircle: A New Way to Think for a New World* (2020)

## InfoBox

| Francis Cholle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Paris, France |
| Nationality | American
French |
| Alma mater | HEC Paris |
| Occupation | Author |
| Notable work | *L'intelligence intuitive: Pour réussir autrement* (2007)
*The Intuitive Compass* (2011)
*Squircle: A New Way to Think for a New World* (2020) |
| Website | www.francischolle.com |


title: Charles Thornhill

abstract: Charles Thornhill was an English cricketer who played in six matches for Cambridge University that have since been judged to have been first-class. He was born at Hemingford Grey, Huntingdonshire and died at Milestown, Castlebellingham, County Louth, Ireland. His precise date of birth is not known. Thornhill was the son of George Thornhill, a Huntingdonshire landowner who became Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire from 1837 to his death in 1852. He was educated at Eton College and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. As a cricketer, he played as a middle-order batsman, though it is not known if he was right- or left-handed. He appeared for Cambridge University in one or two matches each season from 1837 to 1840 and he made, by the standards of the time, some good scores: against the Cambridge Town Club in 1838, for instance, he top-scored with 32 out of a total of 99 in the first innings. But he was not picked for the Cambridge side in the University Match against Oxford University in any of his last three seasons, and therefore never won a Blue. Thornhill graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1841, and this converted to a Master of Arts in 1845. His post-Cambridge career is not clear: in the directory of Cambridge alumni, he is cited as formerly a captain in the 14th King's Light Dragoons, but it also states that after graduation, when that regiment was sent on a 20-year tour of duty in India, Thornhill was ordained into the Church of England as a deacon, serving as curate at Wark on Tyne in 1842 and 1843. At his death in 1881 in Ireland, he was noted in a newspaper as having been formerly the vicar of Burwell, Cambridgeshire. Several of his family were also cricketers: his brother George Thornhill played in first-class matches for Cambridge University, while another brother John appeared twice in first-class games for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC); other brothers, and George's three sons, played in minor matches.

text:
# Charles Thornhill

**Charles Thornhill** (1814 – 31 August 1881) was an English cricketer who played in six matches for Cambridge University that have since been judged to have been first-class. He was born at Hemingford Grey, Huntingdonshire and died at Milestown, Castlebellingham, County Louth, Ireland. His precise date of birth is not known.

Thornhill was the son of George Thornhill, a Huntingdonshire landowner who became Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire from 1837 to his death in 1852. He was educated at Eton College and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. As a cricketer, he played as a middle-order batsman, though it is not known if he was right- or left-handed. He appeared for Cambridge University in one or two matches each season from 1837 to 1840 and he made, by the standards of the time, some good scores: against the Cambridge Town Club in 1838, for instance, he top-scored with 32 out of a total of 99 in the first innings. But he was not picked for the Cambridge side in the University Match against Oxford University in any of his last three seasons, and therefore never won a Blue.

Thornhill graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1841, and this converted to a Master of Arts in 1845. His post-Cambridge career is not clear: in the directory of Cambridge alumni, he is cited as formerly a captain in the 14th King's Light Dragoons, but it also states that after graduation, when that regiment was sent on a 20-year tour of duty in India, Thornhill was ordained into the Church of England as a deacon, serving as curate at Wark on Tyne in 1842 and 1843. At his death in 1881 in Ireland, he was noted in a newspaper as having been formerly the vicar of Burwell, Cambridgeshire.

Several of his family were also cricketers: his brother George Thornhill played in first-class matches for Cambridge University, while another brother John appeared twice in first-class games for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC); other brothers, and George's three sons, played in minor matches.

## InfoBox

Charles Thornhill
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Charles Thornhill |
| Born | 1814
Hemingford Grey, Huntingdonshire, England |
| Died | 31 August 1881 (aged 66/67)
Castlebellingham, Ireland |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Relations | George Thornhill (brother)
John Thornhill (brother) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1837–1840 | Cambridge University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 6  Runs scored 136  Batting average 13.60  100s/50s –/–  Top score 32  Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 25 January 2023 | |