title: Eric Sidney Higgs

abstract: Eric Sidney Higgs (1908–1976) was the founder of the "Cambridge Palaeoeconomy School", which focused on the economic aspects of archaeology. His name is closely connected with a process known as "Site Catchment Analysis".

text:
# Eric Sidney Higgs

**Eric Sidney Higgs** (1908–1976) was the founder of the "Cambridge Palaeoeconomy School", which focused on the economic aspects of archaeology. His name is closely connected with a process known as "Site Catchment Analysis".

## Life on a farm

Eric Higgs attended the London School of Economics in the late 1920s, taking the BSc degree. He continued to live in London, but in the late 1930s became increasingly dissatisfied with urban life, buying a small Shropshire farm in 1939. Some aspects of his life there were recorded by the French agriculturalist René Dumont in his *Types of Rural Economy*. Dumont described the local farmers as "...typically peasant minded..." who on occasions would "...even thresh with a flail." Most had never been to a cinema or on a train. Higgs was unusual too in not having tenanted land, again according to Dumont, "...too proud a man to accept a position of social inferiority". The severe trials of making a living from a small hill farm are evident from Dumont's account. Higgs' 40 arable acres and some grazing land supported 200 sheep and 40 cattle, besides pigs and other small stock. According to Dumont, Higgs later said that "...even Rockefeller's money could not persuade me to go through it all again". Higgs once said that his proudest achievement was that he never lost a lamb.

## Becoming an archaeologist

In 1953, frustrated by the many rules that surrounded post-war food production, Higgs sold his farm, and undertook a major career change, entering Cambridge University to read the post-graduate diploma in archaeology that was then offered. Here he founded a department with new ideas under Professor Grahame Clark, who had recently excavated the site of Star Carr in Yorkshire, and had published his highly influential *Prehistoric Europe: the Economic Basis*. With his farm experience, Higgs fitted neatly into this new, ecologically minded school of thought. He worked in Libya with Charles McBurney, digging at the cave of Haua Fteah in Cyrenaica. He subsequently worked on the faunal remains back in Cambridge, assisted by the much-respected lab technician, Don Allen. This investigation became the focus of a series of influential papers on the Haua Fteah faunal sequence, specifically examining the relationship between the animal bones identified there and the environmental setting of the site.

### The faunal sequence

Traditionally, the species found and changes in their proportions had been interpreted as a reflection of changes in the environment. However, in his study of the fauna from the site of Ksar Akil in Lebanon, the palaeontologist D.A. Hooijer dismissed fluctuations in faunal percentages as no more than the "hunter's choice" and the bones as reflecting no more than the "palaeolithic menu". His main reason lay in the differences between the fauna of Ksar Akil and that of the Wadi Maghareh caves, only 200 km to the south (Garrod and Bate 1939). Higgs took marked exception to this, firmly rejecting the "menu' hypothesis. He showed that the environments at each site were wholly different. The steep mountains of the Lebanese coastal region supported the wild goats and deer found at Ksar Akil, and this contrasted sharply with the setting at Mount Carmel, where the low, steppic hinterland supported mainly gazelle, the bones of which predominated:

"There appear to be two possible interpretations to account for the fluctuations in the relative proportions of the main food animals in the cave; first, that they are due to environmental changes, or, secondly, that they are due to changes in hunting fashions".

Higgs argued that long-term trends reflected the most effective adaptation by the human groups living there, subject to the limitations of the prevailing technology, and thus the faunal remains will reflect the setting of the site. His papers remain a lucid and important exposition of climatic change within the Mediterranean basin, and the factors that underlay the hunters' decisions.

## Field explorations in Greece

Beginning in 1962, Higgs undertook field explorations in Epirus, taking with him a small team of students that included future archaeologists Charles Higham and Rhys Jones. His aim was to find evidence for settlement by Neanderthals. On the 31st July, as the team was driving south to Arta, they were stopped at road works by a red traffic light. David Calvocorressi could speak Greek and asked the road workers if there were any caves in the vicinity. One answered yes, and David asked Higgs if it would be possible to explore. Higgs said, it was lunch time and he sent Higham in one direction over the bluff and Jones and Calvocorressi in another. The latter returned half an hour later, with Jones's hat laden with Neanderthal stone tools, thus establishing for the first time a well-dated presence for the Palaeolithic era in Greece. The first site he discovered was the open-air site of Kokkinopolis in the Louros Valley, with Middle Palaeolithic artefacts eroding out of heavily dissected red sediments. These were excavated in 1963 and 1964 in collaboration with archaeologist Sotiris Dakaris, then serving as the Ephor of Antiquities. This was followed by excavations at the rock shelter of Asprochaliko, further up the Louros Valley, from 1964 to 1966 (Dakaris and Higgs 1964, Higgs 1966). Higgs' excavations at Kokkinopolis were visited by the novelist Hammond Innes, and Higgs emerges thinly disguised among the characters in Innes' novel *Levkas Man*. In 1966 and 1967 he excavated at the Kastritsa Cave, located on Lake Pamvotis near the provincial capital of Ioannina (Higgs et al. 1967, Bailey 1967). Each site was shown to have a lengthy sequence of occupation (at Asprochaliko beginning in the Middle Palaeolithic period) and extending to the end of the ice age. In his earlier studies of Mediterranean faunas, Higgs had considered an area of 40 km radius as the likely hunting territory from a site. The publications of R.B. Lee and others (Lee and DeVore 1968), in which the behaviour of living hunters had been followed in detail, showed that the majority of forays were of a much lesser extent. For farming societies, the main arable resource was usually at an even lesser distance (Chisholm 1962).

## Site Catchment Analysis

During his work at the sites in Greece with the geologist Claudio Vita-Finzi, Higgs began to think more about the nature of occupation at each site, restricted as they were by settings within a steep gorge (at Asprochaliko) or at a lakeside (Kastritsa). Higgs and Vita-Finzi developed a method to evaluate the setting of each site in a process that became known as "Site Catchment Analysis", later modified to "Site Territorial Analysis". This sought to define the limits of accessibility of land and resources around a settlement site, usually on the basis of a time-distance model measured by walking, recording the extent of the different land forms and soil types. From the first investigations in Greece, this model was then extended to Natufian sites in Israel, often mooted as the homes of early farming innovations. The "site catchment" investigations showed that these sites had a diversity of landforms and soils that were much more suited to hunting than to farming, and that true early farming sites were located elsewhere.

This model has been widely criticised within the framework of both processual archaeology and post-processual archaeology, in which the interpretation of social concerns is paramount, beyond the strict needs of subsistence. Yet such criticisms are from archaeologists with little or no direct experience of obtaining food from nature, and Higgs' deterministic views must be seen in the light of his own lengthy and hard experience of farming, where some of his pastures were at a far remove from his farmhouse, necessitating lengthy and time-wasting journeys from his home. Whatever criticisms are now made against Higgs' view of the human past, his profound legacy remains. He taught archaeologists to look outside the site to its setting, in a way that is as standard a part of methodology as is the recording of the site stratigraphy.

## Director at Cambridge and later work

Soon after his graduation from his Diploma studies, Higgs was appointed as 'Assistant Director of Research' within the Department of Archaeology at Cambridge, a post he held to retirement. In the later 1950s he worked with Charles McBurney in the excavation of upper Paleolithic caves in Britain. During one season there, Higgs had a severe heart attack which left him unwell for the rest of his life. He continued with his fieldwork in Greece and Israel, working always with a small devoted group of students, all attracted by his provocative and inspirational teaching. Through this, many of his students are now established archaeologists throughout the world. Excavation with Higgs was something of a rite of passage for the aspirant palaeolithic archaeologist. Fieldwork grants were small, and to compensate the working hours were long, with digging seven days each week, through most of the hours of daylight. Food was simple and spartan, so that the excavations took on the image of a boot camp. However, by this schooling of his students, and by his teaching, Higgs' influence has become widespread, and will remain integral to the core theory of archaeology. Charles Higham wishes it to be recorded that during the 1962 fieldwork in Greece, the food cooked by Eric Higgs's wife was excellent and the eight weeks were a superb experience.

In 1968 he was the joint winner of the Rivers Memorial Medal, presented by the Royal Anthropological Institute.

## Sources

## Further reading

* Higgs, "Some Pleistocene Faunas of the Mediterranean Coastal Areas". *Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society*, 1961, 27, 144–154.
* Higgs and Claudio Vita-Finzi, *The Climate, Environment and Industries of Stone Age Greece: Part II*. "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society", 1966, 32, 1–29..
* Higgs, Vita-Finzi, David R. Harris and A.E. Fagg, *The Climate, Environment and Industries of Stone Age Greece: Part III*. "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society", 1967, 33, 1–29..
* Vita Finzi and Higgs, *Prehistoric Economy in the Mount Carmel Area of Palestine; Site Catchment Analysis*. "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society", 1970, XXXVI, 1–37


title: Two Yanks in England

abstract: Two Yanks in England is an album by The Everly Brothers, released in 1966. Despite the album title and packaging, only half the tracks were recorded in England; six of the twelve tracks were recorded in Hollywood. The backing band on half the recordings are members of The Hollies, augmented by session players. Eight of the twelve songs featured are credited to L. Ransford, the songwriting pseudonym of The Hollies' Allan Clarke, Tony Hicks and Graham Nash. Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones are also purported to play on the record as session musicians. Also, in an interview with Nash on David Dye's World Cafe, it was claimed Reggie Dwight played on the album. Nash repeated the assertion on Desert Island Discs on 12 January 2024, but his assertion is not supported by session logs, or by any other source. Two singles were released from the album in the US; "Somebody Help Me" b/w "Hard Hard Year" in late 1966 and "Fifi the Flea" b/w "Like Every Time Before" in early 1967. Both singles failed to chart. In the UK, where "Somebody Help Me" had already been a No.1 hit for The Spencer Davis Group shortly before The Everly Brothers recorded it, just one single was released from the album: "I've Been Wrong Before" b/w "Hard Hard Year". This also failed to chart. "I've Been Wrong Before" should not be confused with the Randy Newman song of the same title recorded by both Dusty Springfield and Cilla Black the previous year, which Black had a modest hit with in the UK. The last track on Side One of Two Yanks in England, "Pretty Flamingo", was a UK No.1 hit single for Manfred Mann at the time the recording of the album began.

text:
# Two Yanks in England

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

***Two Yanks in England*** is an album by The Everly Brothers, released in 1966. Despite the album title and packaging, only half the tracks were recorded in England; six of the twelve tracks were recorded in Hollywood.

The backing band on half the recordings are members of The Hollies, augmented by session players. Eight of the twelve songs featured are credited to L. Ransford, the songwriting pseudonym of The Hollies' Allan Clarke, Tony Hicks and Graham Nash. Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones are also purported to play on the record as session musicians. Also, in an interview with Nash on David Dye's *World Cafe*, it was claimed Reggie Dwight (a.k.a. Elton John) played on the album. Nash repeated the assertion on *Desert Island Discs* on 12 January 2024, but his assertion is not supported by session logs, or by any other source.

Two singles were released from the album in the US; "Somebody Help Me" b/w "Hard Hard Year" in late 1966 and "Fifi the Flea" b/w "Like Every Time Before" in early 1967. Both singles failed to chart. In the UK, where "Somebody Help Me" had already been a No.1 hit for The Spencer Davis Group shortly before The Everly Brothers recorded it, just one single was released from the album: "I've Been Wrong Before" b/w "Hard Hard Year" (August 1966). This also failed to chart. "I've Been Wrong Before" should not be confused with the Randy Newman song of the same title recorded by both Dusty Springfield and Cilla Black the previous year, which Black had a modest hit with in the UK (No.17, May 1965). The last track on Side One of *Two Yanks in England*, "Pretty Flamingo", was a UK No.1 hit single for Manfred Mann at the time the recording of the album began (May 1966).

## Track listing

All tracks composed by L. Ransford a.k.a. Allan Clarke, Tony Hicks and Graham Nash; except where indicated

Side one 1. "Somebody Help Me" (Jackie Edwards) – 2:02
2. "So Lonely" – 2:40
3. "Kiss Your Man Goodbye" (Don Everly, Phil Everly) – 2:35
4. "Signs That Will Never Change" – 3:05
5. "Like Every Time Before" – 1:56
6. "Pretty Flamingo" (Mark Barkan) – 2:36

Side two 1. "I've Been Wrong Before" – 2:13
2. "Have You Ever Loved Somebody?" – 2:55
3. "The Collector" (Sonny Curtis, Don Everly, Phil Everly) – 2:37
4. "Don't Run and Hide" – 2:36
5. "Fifi the Flea" – 2:42
6. "Hard Hard Year" – 2:56

## The Hollies versions

The Hollies have also released own versions of their songs:

* "So Lonely" (1965, was B-side to "Look Through Any Window")
* "Signs That Will Never Change" (1967, would become B-side to "Carrie Anne.")
* "Like Every Time Before" (1968 European single b-side, 1988 *Rarities* album & "Butterfly" Bonus Track)
* "I've Been Wrong Before" (1965, *Hollies* album track, as "I've Been Wrong")
* "Have You Ever Loved Somebody?" (1967, *Evolution* album track, also released by The Searchers and Paul and Barry Ryan in 1966)
* "Don't Run and Hide" (1966, B-side to "Bus Stop")
* "Fifi the Flea" and "Hard Hard Year" (1966, *Would You Believe?* album tracks)

## Recording details

**Tracks 4, 5, 8, 10, 11 & 12**

* Recorded May 14, 1966, Decca Studio, West Hampstead, London, UK

Don & Phil Everly (vocals); Tony Hicks, Bobby Elliott, Graham Nash and Bernie Calvert (instrumentation); with Jimmy Page (guitar), John Paul Jones (bass), Andy White (drums), Arthur Greenslade (keyboards).

**Tracks 2, 3, 7 & 9**

* Recorded June 2, 1966, at United Recording Corporation, Hollywood, California, USA

Don & Phil Everly (vocals); James Burton, Glen Campbell, Al Casey, Jay Lacy, Don Lanier, Bud Coleman (guitars); Terry Slater (bass); Jim Gordon (drums); Don Randi, Billy Liebert (keyboards).

**Tracks 1 & 6**

* Recorded June 3, 1966, at United Recording Corporation, Hollywood, California, USA

Personnel same as June 2 session, but with Leslie Milton (drums) in place of Jim Gordon, and the addition of Larry Knechtel as another keyboard player. Knechtel also overdubbed some keyboard parts onto the June 2 session tracks.

## InfoBox

| Two Yanks in England | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Everly Brothers | |
| Released | July 1966 (US) |
| Recorded | 14 May – 3 June 1966 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Rock and roll |
| Length | 31:11 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer | Dick Glasser |
| The Everly Brothers chronology | |
| *In Our Image*
(1966) ***Two Yanks in England***
(1966) *The Hit Sound of the Everly Brothers*
(1967) | |
|  | |
| The Hollies chronology | |
| *Would You Believe?*
(1966) ***Two Yanks in England***
(1966) *For Certain Because*
(1966) | |
|  | |


title: Two Wrongs (bar)

abstract: Two Wrongs is a cocktail bar in Portland, Oregon.

text:
# Two Wrongs (bar)

**Two Wrongs** is a cocktail bar in Portland, Oregon.

## Description and history

Two Wrongs is a cocktail bar in northwest Portland's Pearl District. In mid 2019, restaurateur Ramzy Hattar announced plans to open the bar in the former Black Rock Coffee space. Two Wrongs was initially billed as a Moroccan bar with Spanish and Moroccan tiles as well as Moroccan lanterns. When the bar opened in November, Brooke Jackson-Glidden of *Eater Portland* wrote: "Two Wrongs has transitioned away from its original plan, now serving tricked-out hotdogs and cupcakes, piña coladas, and fun cocktails. Although the Moroccan menu and cocktail influence has been left behind, the space still retains touches of Northern Africa in its aesthetic, from the teardrop-shaped light fixtures picked up in Marrakesh to the eye-catching patterned tile throughout the bar." Two Wrongs used an outdoor dining plaza and covered tents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2021, the team behind Two Wrongs announced plans to launch Jackie's in the space which had occupied Century Bar until the bar closed during the pandemic. Jackies's opened in July 2021.

Two Wrongs is owned by David Hall. The business hired private security, as of 2021.

## Reception

In 2020, Alex Frane of *Willamette Week* opined, "Sure, the menu of mixed drinks includes some high-priced entries, and the beautiful Moroccan-inspired tiling suggests a sophisticated mixology lab. But if you're looking for a mellow place to admire the craftsmanship of your old fashioned, you're likely to be disappointed... That said, Two Wrongs still serves some damn good cocktails—especially for a nightclub."

## InfoBox

| Two Wrongs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Exterior sign, 2021 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Street address | 617 Northwest 13th Avenue |
| City | Portland |
| County | Multnomah |
| State | Oregon |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 97209 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°31′39″N 122°41′05″W / 45.5275°N 122.6847°W / 45.5275; -122.6847 |
| Website | twowrongspdx.com |


title: Two Wrongs Make a Right

abstract: Two Wrongs Make a Right is a 2017 Chinese-Hong Kong romantic comedy film written and directed by Vincent Kok, starring Vic Chou, Fiona Sit and Ronald Cheng.

text:
# Two Wrongs Make a Right

***Two Wrongs Make a Right*** is a 2017 Chinese-Hong Kong romantic comedy film written and directed by Vincent Kok, starring Vic Chou, Fiona Sit and Ronald Cheng.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Performer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tian Sheng Yi Dui 天生一對" | Wawa, Khalil Fong, Gareth Chan | Fiona Sit feat. Khalil Fong | 04:41 |

## InfoBox

| Two Wrongs Make a Right | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 天生不對 |
| Simplified Chinese | 天生不对 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Tiān shēng bù duì |
| Jyutping | tin1 saang1 bat1 deoi3 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Vincent Kok |
| Written by | Vincent Kok |
| Starring | Vic Chou
Fiona Sit
Ronald Cheng |
| Distributed by | Hengye Pictures
Sun Entertainment Culture |
| Release date | * 10 November 2017 (2017-11-10) (China) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Countries | China
Hong Kong |
| Languages | Mandarin
Cantonese |


title: U.D. Rio Maior

abstract: União Desportiva Rio Maior was a Portuguese association football club, founded in Rio Maior in 1945. It was dissolved in 2010.

text:
# U.D. Rio Maior

**União Desportiva Rio Maior** was a Portuguese association football club, founded in Rio Maior in 1945. It was dissolved in 2010.

## History

Founded on 1 September 1945 under the name of *C.F. Os Mineiros*, the club changed to *U.D. Rio Maior* in 1976 and reached the Terceira Divisão in 1978. Two seasons later, Rio Maior achieved another promotion, to the Segunda Divisão; their first season in the second division had Jesualdo Ferreira as manager.

Relegated in 1983, Rio Maior suffered another relegation in 1998, being down to the *Distritais* before returning to the Third Division in 2002 (now the fourth level), and to the Second Division three seasons later. Ahead of the 2009–10 campaign, Rio Maior's players started a strike after having unpaid wages, and later terminated their contracts with the club; Rio Maior later folded.

## InfoBox

Rio Maior
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | União Desportiva Rio Maior |
| Founded | 1945 |
| Dissolved | 2010 |
| Ground | Municipal de Rio Maior |
| Capacity | 7,000 |
| 2008–09 | Terceira Divisão Série E, **3rd** |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: U.D. Oliveirense (roller hockey)

abstract: União Desportiva Oliveirense is a roller hockey club from Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal.

text:
# U.D. Oliveirense (roller hockey)

**União Desportiva Oliveirense** is a roller hockey club from Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal.

## History

After the first steps of the section in 1969, the club officially registered in the Portuguese Federation in 1970. In 1987 ended as runners-up of the Portuguese league and achieved their first Portuguese Cup. In 1997, Oliveirense achieved their first European cup by winning the CERS Cup.

In 2010, Oliveirense would start their golden era, by winning two consecutive national cups in 2011 and 2012. The club will also end as runner-up of the CERH European League in the seasons 2015–16 and 2016–17, being defeated by Benfica and Reus Deportiu in both editions.

Oliveirense would change their luck by beating Reus Deportiu in the final of the 2017 CERH Continental Cup, thus achieving their second European title.

## Achievements

### National

1996–97, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2018–19

### International

## InfoBox

UD Oliveirense
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | União Desportiva Oliveirense |
| League | 1ª Divisão |
| Founded | 25 October 1922 |
| Home ground | Pavilhão Dr. Salvador Machado
Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal
(Capacity 5,000) |
| Website | udoliveirense.pt |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Erdle Field

abstract: Erdle Field is a baseball venue located on the grounds of the United States Air Force Academy in El Paso County, Colorado, USA, north of Colorado Springs. It is home to the Air Force Falcons college baseball team, which represents the Academy in the NCAA Division I Mountain West Conference. Opened in 1957, the venue has a capacity of 1,000 spectators. The field, located in the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains, is more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above sea level. In both 1976 and 1995, the field hosted the United States Olympic Festivals.

text:
# Erdle Field

**Erdle Field** is a baseball venue located on the grounds of the United States Air Force Academy in El Paso County, Colorado, USA, north of Colorado Springs. It is home to the Air Force Falcons college baseball team, which represents the Academy in the NCAA Division I Mountain West Conference. Opened in 1957, the venue has a capacity of 1,000 spectators. The field, located in the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains, is more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above sea level.

In both 1976 and 1995, the field hosted the United States Olympic Festivals.

## Renaming

In September 2023, Falcon Field was renamed to Erdle Field in honor of Brigadier General Philip J. Erdle.

## Renovations

In 1991, the facility underwent major renovations. The most notable was the addition of an AstroTurf infield and new drainage systems; these allowed for better field conditions following inclement weather. Also, field dimensions were altered, and the dugouts were improved. The field features a 24-foot-high fence in right field. Seating capacity was expanded as well.

In 2010, the AstroTurf infield was replaced with Sport Turf, which has since been replaced with FieldTurf.

In Summer of 2023, major renovation plans were announced for the field. There was no start or completion date given.

## InfoBox

Erdle Field
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Falcon Baseball Field |
| Location | 2168 Field House Drive, USAF Academy, CO, USA |
| Coordinates | 39°00′56″N 104°53′18″W / 39.015593°N 104.888245°W / 39.015593; -104.888245 |
| Owner | Air Force Academy |
| Operator | Air Force Academy |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| Field size | 349 ft. (LF), 393 ft. (LCF), 400 ft. (CF), 365 ft. (RCF), 316 ft. (RF) |
| Surface | FieldTurf |
| Scoreboard | Electronic |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1957 |
| Renovated | 1991 |
| Expanded | 1991 |
| Tenants | |
| Air Force Falcons baseball (MWC) (1957–present) | |


title: QSI International School of Dushanbe

abstract: QSI International School of Dushanbe is a branch of the non-profit organization Quality School International and is located in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. QSI International School of Dushanbe was founded in 2004 as a private institution and currently has approximately 150 students. QSI International School of Dushanbe teaches students from preschool to secondary school with a curriculum entirely in English. In addition to English, there are also other foreign-language classes offered in Russian, German, and French.

text:
# QSI International School of Dushanbe

**QSI International School of Dushanbe** is a branch of the non-profit organization Quality School International and is located in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. QSI International School of Dushanbe was founded in 2004 as a private institution and currently has approximately 150 students. QSI International School of Dushanbe teaches students from preschool (age 3) to secondary school (age 18) with a curriculum entirely in English. In addition to English, there are also other foreign-language classes offered in Russian (native and non-native), German, and French.

## Facilities

QSI Dushanbe was first established in 2004 at 2 Osipenko Street. The school changed its location in March 2010 since the student population grew to 39 students and the facility no longer provided the necessary space for the development of the school. The school relocated to 85 Sovetskaya Street in 2016. In the summer of 2022, the school relocated to a purpose-built facility at 3 Turakul Zehni Street. Housed in two 4-story buildings, the new facility offers 30 standard classrooms plus an Art room, a Music room, a chemistry/biology lab, a small theater, a gym, and a cafeteria that seats over 100. The building capacity is estimated at 350 students, allowing plenty of room for future growth in enrollment.

## Information Resources and Technology

In 2022, students at QSID in early elementary classes are provided iPads to use in class, with older elementary students having access to two stationary computer labs equipped with desktops plus a rolling laptop lab. The middle school use one-to-one laptops provided by the school, while students in secondary are required to have a personal device. There is also a secondary computer lab equipped with desktops and a limited number of desktops available in secondary classrooms for student use. The school currently employs one full-time and one part-time technology teacher, a full time IT Coordinator, and a part-time IT support person.

QSI Dushanbe was established in 2004. During the years of 2004–2008, 0 computers were purchased. In the fall of 2008, the computer lab was small and could only fit 6 computers. The computer lab had hard wire internet capability only (no Wifi). In the fall of 2009, the school acquired the new building and the computer lab was set up in the library as part of an information resource center. In the fall of 2010, Destiny was purchased and the school signed an online subscription. GRASP and funds from the school's budget were used to authorize legal software and to purchase 14 updated computers.

In the school year of 2010–2011, the school hired a part-time technology teacher and support. A new internet package with bigger traffic and faster speed was obtained. In April 2011, all computers were networked and a black & white and a colored printer were also purchased in this year. In 2010, the school began its implementation of a new QSI technology curriculum. In the summer, the school purchased a digital camera and a projector. In the winter of 2011, five more computers were purchased. In the fall 2012, a teacher workstation (room) was created. In December 2012, Destiny was updated by a specialist. In January 2013, the school purchased a server for Destiny and data transfer. The internet traffic and the internet speed was increased. The QSI Dushanbe is continuously upgrading their technological resources around the school. Over the last few years, QSI Dushanbe has done a lot to improve the school's technology system to ensure that the students have all the technological resources to succeed.

## Educational Program

The Elementary program of QSI Dushanbe consists of grades 1-8 and the curriculum is based on the American education system. The subjects that are taught include: Mathematics, Literature, Writing, Cultural Studies, Music, Art, Physical Education, Science, Technology, Study Skills, Russian, French, and German.

QSI Dushanbe offers a secondary program that leads to a Secondary School Diploma. The three diplomas that are offered by QSI Dushanbe are the general diploma, the academic diploma, and the academic diploma with honors. The academic diploma requires a total of 240 credits, while the academic diploma with honors requires at least two Advanced Placement (AP) classes on top of 240 credits. The general diploma requires a total of 220 credits and is available to students experiencing English language difficulties, time restraints, or other challenges that make it impractical to pursue an academic diploma. The general diploma is only available to students who are in their fourth year of secondary studies or who will turn 18 years old no later than 30 October following their graduation.

## InfoBox

| QSI International School of Dushanbe | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 3 Turakul Zehni Street
Dushanbe
Tajikistan | |
| Information | |
| Type | Private; Non-Profit |
| Established | 2004 |
| School district | Quality Schools International |
| Director | Mrs. Taizu Wold |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Enrollment | ≈150 |
| Mascot | Falcon |
| Website | dushanbe.qsi.org |


title: Eric Szwarczynski

abstract: Eric Szwarczynski is a South African-born Dutch former cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played 41 One Day Internationals for the Netherlands between 2006 and 2014.

text:
# Eric Szwarczynski

**Eric Szwarczynski** (/ʃvɑːrˈɪnski/; born 13 February 1983) is a South African-born Dutch former cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played 41 One Day Internationals for the Netherlands between 2006 and 2014.

## International career

He made his debut for the Dutch national team in an ICC Intercontinental Cup game against Scotland on 29 July 2005. He made his One Day International debut against Sri Lanka on 6 July 2006. He also represented the Netherlands A team and under-23 team.

## InfoBox

Eric Szwarczynski
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Eric Stefan Szwarczynski |
| Born | (1983-02-13) 13 February 1983<br>Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Batsman |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| ODI debut (cap 32) | 6 July 2006 v Sri Lanka |
| Last ODI | 28 January 2014 v Canada |
| ODI shirt no. | 13 |
| T20I debut (cap 10) | 2 August 2008 v Kenya |
| Last T20I | 28 November 2013 v Scotland |
| T20I shirt no. | 13 |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition ODI T20I FC LA  Matches 41 14 18 85  Runs scored 1,102 233 664 1,917  Batting average 29.78 21.18 22.89 24.89  100s/50s 0/10 0/0 0/5 2/14  Top score 98 45 93 129\*  Balls bowled   136 36  Wickets   3 0  Bowling average   32.66   5 wickets in innings   0 0  10 wickets in match   0 0  Best bowling   2/24   Catches/stumpings 7/ 5/ 8/ 21/ | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 28 January 2014 | |


title: Təzəkənd, Maxta

abstract: Təzəkənd is a village in the Sharur District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Maxta.

text:
# Təzəkənd, Maxta

**Təzəkənd** (also, **Tazakend** and **Ortlu-Tazakend**) is a village in the Sharur District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Maxta.

## InfoBox

| Təzəkənd | |
| --- | --- |
| Təzəkənd | |
| Coordinates: 39°36′N 44°55′E / 39.600°N 44.917°E / 39.600; 44.917 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Autonomous republic | Nakhchivan |
| District | Sharur |
| Municipality | Maxta |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


abstract: Qatar competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.

text:
# Qatar at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships

**Qatar** competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.

## Swimming

Qatar entered three swimmers.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Yacob Al-Khulaifi | 200 m freestyle | 1:56.57 | 60 | did not advance | | | |
| | 100 m butterfly | 56.62 | 59 | did not advance | | | |
| Firass Saidi | 50 m freestyle | 25.20 | 96 | did not advance | | | |
| | 100 m freestyle | 55.60 | 99 | did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Nada Arkaji | 50 m freestyle | 31.57 | 90 | did not advance | | | |
| | 100 m freestyle | 1:12.91 | 88 | did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Qatar at the<br>2019 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Qatar | |
| FINA code | QAT |
| National federation | Qatar Swimming Association |
| Website | www.qatarswimming.com |
| in Gwangju, South Korea | |
| Competitors | 3 in 1 sport |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |


title: Rycote House

abstract: Rycote House the manor of Rycote, Oxfordshire, England, was a Tudor country house. First built in the early 16th century, the present site was rebuilt in the 1920s. Rycote is a large house built of brick and limestone rubble arranged around three sides of a courtyard. The main wing has two storeys with attics and a 4-centre arched entrance. It is a Grade II* listed building.

text:
# Rycote House

**Rycote House** (also **Rycote Manor**) the manor of Rycote, Oxfordshire, England, was a Tudor (and later Georgian) country house. First built in the early 16th century, the present site was rebuilt in the 1920s.

Rycote is a large house built of brick and limestone rubble arranged around three sides of a courtyard. The main wing has two storeys with attics and a 4-centre arched entrance. It is a Grade II\* listed building.

## History

### Origins

Carved masonry has been found from a substantial house that stood here in the 14th century. Rycote House was a great Tudor country house that was built here early in the 16th century, probably for Sir John Heron, Treasurer of the Chamber to first Henry VII and then Henry VIII, who bought the manor of Rycote on his retirement in 1521. The exact origins of the house remain uncertain, however. Henry VIII and his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, honeymooned here in 1540. Pictures from *circa* 1674-1685 and 1714 show that the main part of the house was arranged around a courtyard. It had stepped gables, a gatehouse and polygonal corner turrets with cupolas and was surrounded by a moat. Tudor buildings were constructed on a symmetrical pattern, with a focal central part being the Great Hall. Archaeologist Julian Munby analysed the bricks as being small and slim and typically from the Tudor period; some of the bricks were recycled from rubble masonry.

### Use

According to historian Robin Bush, the palace was built between 1500 and 1530, and then sold by the original owner to pay off debts. In 1542 Rycote was bought by Sir John Williams, Master of the Jewels to Henry VIII and later created Baron Williams of Thame. Baron Williams died without a male heir, so Rycote became part of the Norreys family estates, descending to his son-in-law Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys.

Elizabeth I came to Rycote on 28 September 1592 and was presented with jewels during a country house entertainment. Charles I visited Rycote in 1625. In 1682 James Bertie, 5th Baron Norreys of Rycote, was created 1st Earl of Abingdon. He died in 1699 and a memorial to him was erected in the chapel in 1767.

### Decline

It was long believed that Rycote House burned down in 1745 and that its remains were demolished in 1807, apart from one corner turret and some outbuildings. However, in 2001 Channel 4's *Time Team* investigated Rycote Park looking for the remains of the Tudor Rycote House and established that Rycote had been rebuilt after the fire. The Bodleian Library in Oxford holds records of sales of contents and fabric from Rycote, indicating that the Tudor house was sold by lot for removal between 1779 and 1802.

In about 1920 the extensive stables were converted into the present Rycote House. Later, Rycote belonged to the Member of Parliament and prominent Rugby Union player Alfred St. George Hamersley (1848–1929). In the chapel, there is a memorial to Hamersley made by the sculptor Eric Gill.

## Bibliography

51°44′14″N 1°02′09″W / 51.7372°N 1.0359°W / 51.7372; -1.0359


title: Ryszard Rynkowski

abstract: Ryszard Rynkowski is Polish singer, composer, pianist and actor. In the years 1978—1987 accompanist of Vox music band, a solo artist since 1987. His trademark is the scratchy, smoky voice. Joe Cocker himself therefore also called him the "Polish Joe Cocker". He was awarded with the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Order of the Smile. He also is honorary citizen of Elbląg, Poland.

text:
# Ryszard Rynkowski

**Ryszard Rynkowski** (born October 9, 1951, in Elbląg) is Polish singer, composer, pianist and actor. In the years 1978—1987 accompanist of *Vox* music band, a solo artist since 1987. His trademark is the scratchy, smoky voice. Joe Cocker himself therefore also called him the "Polish Joe Cocker".

He was awarded with the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Order of the Smile. He also is honorary citizen of Elbląg, Poland.

## Biography

### Early career

As a child he learned the piano, first from an organist in his home parish and then at a state music school. He then played in various amateur bands in Elbląg. From 1967 to 1970 he studied at the gymnasium *Juliusz Słowacki* in Elbląg, where he directed the cabaret "Tak To Bywa". With this cabaret he won 2nd place at a competition of schools in northern Poland in 1968. He then studied at the Faculty of Music Education in Olsztyn.

He made his musical debut in 1972 with the group *El* at the 5th Student Cultural Festival in Olsztyn. In 1973 he moved to Warsaw and began working at the Warsaw Operetta and Theatre Targówek (later renamed *Rampa Theatre*).

From 1977 to 1978 he was the pianist of the *Gramine Blues Group*, a Polish vocal/instrumental ensemble. At the same time, he wrote the music for the play *Rapsod Polski*, which was performed in Pruszków near Warsaw by a theatre group led by Bolesław Jastrzębski accompanied by a VIP band. He was then a member of the band *Victoria Singers*, which changed its name to Vox in 1979. He wrote numerous songs for this band, including:

* *Masz w oczach dwa nieba* (3rd prize for *KFPP Opole '79*) (KFPP = National Festival of Polish Song in Opole),
* *Bananowy Song* (awarded the Bronze Lyre at the Bratislava Festival 1980),
* *Szczęśliwej drogi, już czas*.

### Solo career

After parting ways with the group Vox in 1987, he embarked on a solo career. He managed to emerge as the winner of the National Festival of Polish Songs in Opole in 1979, 1989, 1990 and 1994 respectively.

In 1993, he appeared in the title role of "Pan Twardowski" in the musical of the same name. In 2001, he was named Singer of the Year by Phonographic Academy of Poland and received the annual "Fryderyk" award as a distinction. Prize.

On 10 December 2001, Rynkowski and Joe Cocker gave a joint charity concert in Warsaw, which culminated with a duet by the two *(High Time We Went)*. In this way, Rynkowski celebrated his 50th birthday, which was celebrated in September of that year. Another joint concert took place on 5 July 2002 in Szczecin at the Pogoń Stadium. This collaboration led to, that the album *Ten typ tak ma*, released the following year in 2003, was recorded with support from some of Joe Cocker's band, including Deric Dyer, Nick Milo and Jack Bruno, and bassist Dale Davis (Tina Turner, Amy Winehouse).

In 2011 he took part in the recording of the song *Mazurski cud*, created as part of the campaign "Mazury Cud Natury" (The Wonder of Nature in Masuria) to promote the region of Masuria.

In December 2011, he appeared in the multimedia spectacle *16.12.1981* directed by Łukasz Kobiela, which took place on the 30th anniversary of the *pacification* of the Wujek Coal Mine in Katowice. This "pacification" was the bloody suppression of a strike by mine workers in Katowice.

In 2019, Ryszard Rynkowski participated as a judge in the Polish TV show "Szansa na sukces" (A Chance for Success), a Polish equivalent of the German DSDS.

## Private life

His first wife Hanna died of breast cancer in 1996. This marriage produced a daughter, Marta (born 1978). In 2006 he remarried, after the new relationship remained a secret for a long time. He met his second wife, Edyta, 22 years younger, at a "Meet and Greet" after one of his concerts. In October 2008, his second child, son Ryszard Junior, was born. On 3 April 2009, the singer's first grandson was born, Jan and in 2010 his second grandson, Ignacy.

In 2002, the Elbląg city councillors granted him honorary citizenship of the city of Elbląg.

In 2005, he supported the election campaign of the PiS party and participated in the "Spring of Poles" concert series.

On the night of 15 to 16 November 2016, he threatened his family with suicide. The reason was marital problems and a resulting nervous breakdown. However, after talking to the police for a few minutes, the singer calmed down and handed over the gun to the officers. The pistol in his hand was loaded with live ammunition.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rynkowski, like many of his fellow musicians, was basically unemployed, which in turn plunged him into a deep emotional crisis. To make matters worse, the singer had been experiencing increasing problems with mobility in his hip for some time, which made him realise that he would no longer be able to perform larger concerts or even tours. In 2011, his wife Edyta was finally able to persuade him to invest the rest of his savings in a rehabilitation centre at his home Brodnica, where people with limb and spinal injuries are helped, thus guaranteeing him and his family, also for the future, a secure income.

## Discography

| Alben  Year Title Position ZPAV  Official list of sales
  1991 *Szczęśliwej drogi już czas** Publisher: Polskie Nagrania Muza  *Una Luz en la Oscuridad** Publisher: Vede Records  1995 *Jedzie pociąg z daleka** Publisher: Agencja Artystyczna MTJ  1995 *Kolędy. Dziś nadzieja rodzi się** Publisher: Agencja Artystyczna MTJ  1998 *Jawa** Publisher: Pomaton EMI -   2000 *Dary losu** Publisher: Pomaton EMI 6.   2001 *Intymnie** Publisher: Pomaton EMI 3   2002 *Kolędy** Publisher: Pomaton EMI 30   2003 *Ten typ tak ma** Publisher: Pomaton EMI 3   2009 *Zachwyt** Publisher: Pomaton EMI 4   2011 *Ryszard Rynkowski** Publisher: EMI Music Poland 42   2012 *Razem** Publisher: EMI Music Poland -   „—“: The item was not listed. |  | Compilations  Year Title Position ZPAV  Official list of sales
  1998 *Złota kolekcja – Inny nie będę** Publisher: Pomaton EMI 13   2005 *Złota kolekcja – Śpiewająco** Publisher: Pomaton EMI  „—“ The item was not listed.   Single  Year Title Position  polish radio hit list
  2001 *Dziewczyny lubią brąz* 35 |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Musical

* *Pan Twardowski – Musical*, P 1993 Polonia Records, Polonia CD 014.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Zaduszki narodowe 2000. Sybir, ostatnie pożegnanie*
(National All Souls Day 2000. Siberia, the last farewell) |  |
| 1991 | *V.I.P.* | "Fuks", Mr. Jeremy's bat |
| 1990 | *Zabić na końcu* (Kill at the end) | singer |
| 1988 | *Alchemik* (Alchemist) | Troubadour |
| 1988 | *Alchemik Sendivius* (Alchemist Sendivius) (Miniserie) | Troubadour |

## Medals awarded

## InfoBox

| Ryszard Rynkowski | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1951-10-09) October 9, 1951
Elbląg |
| Genres | Pop |
| Instrument | Piano |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ryszard Reiff

abstract: Ryszard Reiff was a Polish politician, lawyer, publicist and resistance fighter. He was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm) during the 1968 Polish political crisis and again during the Martial law in Poland.

text:
# Ryszard Reiff

**Ryszard Reiff** (4 July 1923, Warsaw – 9 December 2007) was a Polish politician, lawyer, publicist and resistance fighter. He was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm) during the 1968 Polish political crisis and again during the Martial law in Poland.

## Biography

Born in Warsaw in 1923, Reiff studied law at the University of Warsaw. After German invasion of Poland, he took part in the Polish resistance movement in World War II. He was a member of the right-leaning Konfederacja Narodu (Confederation of the Nation) underground organization and commanded one of the first units of the Uderzeniowe Bataliony Kadrowe (Cadre Strike Battalions). Later, he became a member of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) by default as the Konfederacja Narodu merged with it, and fought against Nazi Germans near Navahrudak. As a member of Armia Krajowa, he was arrested by the Soviet NKVD, and imprisoned for two years (1944-1946).

In 1946 after the Soviet liberation, he started work as a publicist, becoming involved with the pro-communist, but also pro-Catholic faction in the Party. First, he worked in Dziś i Jutro newspaper, and from 1950 to 1953 he was a chief editor of Słowo Powszechne daily and publishing arm of the secular Catholic Polish government sponsored PAX Association, during the darkest years of Stalinism in Poland. In 1976, he became PAX deputy director, and in 1979, its full director. He adopted a position supportive of Solidarity, an independent Polish trade union. A Catholic intellectual, he was a committed critic of Polish government policies, and he once urged a coalition to be formed of leaders from Solidarity, the Polish United Workers' Party, and the Catholic Church, advocating "the establishment of a corporatist arrangement between major political actors as the only way to stabilize Poland's political situation and resolve the deepening economic crisis." From 1965 to 1969 and from 1980 to 1985 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm).

On the night of 12-13 December 1981, martial law was proclaimed in Poland. In an effort to try to make the implementation of martial law appear legal, the Polish military ordered the Polish Council of State—a collective presidency—to approve it by a formal vote. Reiff was the only member of the Council of State to vote against the measure, and he lost his position in the council the following year. In January 1982, he was removed from his leadership of PAX by several members of the organization. Some observers were reported to have concluded that this was because those members wanted to change the direction of PAX towards a pro-government stance similar to what it held in the 1950s, though one source contends that the removal was engineered by the leadership of the Polish government in an effort to re-assert its control over the group. From 1980 to 1985, he was once again a Sejm deputy.

With the coming fall of communism in Poland, from 1989 to 1991 he was a member of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee, and joined the Democratic Union party.

He was a chairman of the Association of Sybiraks (Polish exiles to Siberia). Between 1939 and 1941, and 1944 and 1953, around 1.8 million Poles were deported to the Russian region of Siberia, resulting in 500 000 deaths. Ostensibly, the deportations occurred to those who had resisted the Soviet takeover of eastern Poland in 1939, assisted the Nazis during the Second World War, and who were members of the Polish Home Army—an anti-Communist resistance group during the war. A number of human rights groups in Poland protesting against the deportations that occurred, formed the Siberian Union in 1988 with Reiff as its leader.

He died on 9 December 2007 in Warsaw.

## Footnotes


title: Bray Unknowns F.C.

abstract: Bray Unknowns Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Bray, County Wicklow. During the 1920s and 1930s the Unknowns were the dominant football club in Bray, playing in the League of Ireland for nineteen seasons from 1924–25 to 1942–43. However, in the 1950s, Bray Wanderers emerged as the town's strongest team, enjoying success in both the Leinster Senior League and the FAI Intermediate Cup. During the 1960s both clubs were in decline. In 1973, after co-existing for nearly fifty years, the two clubs effectively merged under the Wanderers name.

text:
# Bray Unknowns F.C.

**Bray Unknowns Football Club** was an Irish association football club based in Bray, County Wicklow. During the 1920s and 1930s the Unknowns were the dominant football club in Bray, playing in the League of Ireland for nineteen seasons from 1924–25 to 1942–43. However, in the 1950s, Bray Wanderers emerged as the town's strongest team, enjoying success in both the Leinster Senior League and the FAI Intermediate Cup. During the 1960s both clubs were in decline. In 1973, after co-existing for nearly fifty years, the two clubs effectively merged under the Wanderers name.

## History

### Early years

Bray Unknowns played a few seasons at the Carlisle Grounds around 1910. The club re-formed after the First World War and in 1921–22 were playing in the Leinster Senior League. Other teams in this league this season included Shamrock Rovers, Bohemians B, St James's Gate B, Pioneers, Shelbourne United, Midland Athletic, Brooklyn, Merrion, Glasnevin, CYMS and Richmond. In 1922–23 Bray Unknowns were Leinster Senior League champions and in 1923–24 they won the LFA Metropolitan Cup.

### League of Ireland

Bray Unknowns joined the League of Ireland in 1924–25, replacing Midland Athletic. Together with Fordsons, they became the second and third teams, after Athlone Town, from outside of County Dublin to join the league. During their time in the league, Bray Unknowns regularly finished in the bottom two. On 28 October 1928 Bray Unknowns lost 11–0 to Shamrock Rovers. This still remains Rovers record win. Bray Unknowns best performance in the league was a fourth-placed finish in 1936–37. They were FAI Cup semi-finalists in 1924–25, 1925–26 and 1939–40. At the end of the 1942–43 seasons Bray Unknowns failed to get re-elected.

### Bray Wanderers

In 1973–74 Bray Unknowns were playing in the Leinster Senior League and two former Republic of Ireland internationals, Mick Meagan and Amby Fogarty were recruited as co-player managers. The club management also changed the club's name to Bray Wanderers.

## League of Ireland Stats

| Stat | Opponent | Score | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Record Win** | Brideville | 7–1 | 28 November 1925 |
| **Record Defeat** | Shamrock Rovers | 0–11 | 28 October 1928 |

Source:

## Ground

Between 1924–25 and 1928–29, Bray Unknowns played their home games in Woodbrook, just over the County Dublin border. In 1929 they moved back to the Carlisle Grounds. The first League of Ireland match at the ground was a 2-2 draw between Unknowns and Dundalk during the 1929–30 season .

## Honours

## Notable former players

### Ireland internationals

The following Bray Unknowns players represented Ireland at full international level.

### Goalscorers

* Top League Scorer *(season)*: 21, Owen McNally (1930–31)
* Top League Scorer *(total)*: 44, Paddy Leeney (1937–41)

## InfoBox

Bray Unknowns
| Full name | Bray Unknowns Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Carlisle Grounds
Bray
County Wicklow |
| League | Leinster Senior League
League of Ireland |


title: Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture

abstract: The Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture is a conjecture within holography that posits a quantitative relationship between the entanglement entropy of a conformal field theory and the geometry of an associated anti-de Sitter spacetime. The formula characterizes "holographic screens" in the bulk; that is, it specifies which regions of the bulk geometry are "responsible to particular information in the dual CFT". The conjecture is named after Shinsei Ryu and Tadashi Takayanagi, who jointly published the result in 2006. As a result, the authors were awarded the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for "fundamental ideas about entropy in quantum field theory and quantum gravity", and awarded the 2024 Dirac Medal of the ICTP for "their insights on quantum entropy in quantum gravity and quantum field theories". The formula was generalized to a covariant form in 2007.

text:
# Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture

The **Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture** is a conjecture within holography that posits a quantitative relationship between the entanglement entropy of a conformal field theory and the geometry of an associated anti-de Sitter spacetime. The formula characterizes "holographic screens" in the bulk; that is, it specifies which regions of the bulk geometry are "responsible to particular information in the dual CFT". The conjecture is named after Shinsei Ryu and Tadashi Takayanagi, who jointly published the result in 2006. As a result, the authors were awarded the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for "fundamental ideas about entropy in quantum field theory and quantum gravity", and awarded the 2024 Dirac Medal of the ICTP for "their insights on quantum entropy in quantum gravity and quantum field theories". The formula was generalized to a covariant form in 2007.

## Motivation

The thermodynamics of black holes suggests certain relationships between the entropy of black holes and their geometry. Specifically, the Bekenstein–Hawking area formula conjectures that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to its surface area:

$$S\_{\text{BH}={\frac {k\_{\text{B}A}{4\ell \_{\text{P}^{2}}}}}}$$

The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy $S\_{\text{BH}}$ is a measure of the information lost to external observers due to the presence of the horizon. The horizon of the black hole acts as a "screen" distinguishing one region of the spacetime (in this case the exterior of the black hole) that is not affected by another region (in this case the interior). The Bekenstein–Hawking area law states that the area of this surface is proportional to the entropy of the information lost behind it.

The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy is a statement about the gravitational entropy of a system; however, there is another type of entropy that is important in quantum information theory, namely the entanglement (or von Neumann) entropy. This form of entropy provides a measure of how far from a pure state a given quantum state is, or, equivalently, how entangled it is. The entanglement entropy is a useful concept in many areas, such as in condensed matter physics and quantum many-body systems. Given its use, and its suggestive similarity to the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, it is desirable to have a holographic description of entanglement entropy in terms of gravity.

## Holographic preliminaries

The holographic principle states that gravitational theories in a given dimension are dual to a gauge theory in one lower dimension. The AdS/CFT correspondence is one example of such duality. Here, the field theory is defined on a fixed background and is equivalent to a quantum gravitational theory whose different states each correspond to a possible spacetime geometry. The conformal field theory is often viewed as living on the boundary of the higher dimensional space whose gravitational theory it defines. The result of such a duality is a dictionary between the two equivalent descriptions. For example, in a CFT defined on $d$ dimensional Minkowski space the vacuum state corresponds to pure AdS space, whereas the thermal state corresponds to a planar black hole. Important for the present discussion is that the thermal state of a CFT defined on the $d$ dimensional sphere corresponds to the $d+1$ dimensional Schwarzschild black hole in AdS space.

The Bekenstein–Hawking area law, while claiming that the area of the black hole horizon is proportional to the black hole's entropy, fails to provide a sufficient microscopic description of how this entropy arises. The holographic principle provides such a description by relating the black hole system to a quantum system which does admit such a microscopic description. In this case, the CFT has discrete eigenstates and the thermal state is the canonical ensemble of these states. The entropy of this ensemble can be calculated through normal means, and yields the same result as predicted by the area law. This turns out to be a special case of the Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture.

## Conjecture

Consider a spatial slice $\Sigma $ of an AdS space time on whose boundary we define the dual CFT. The Ryu–Takayanagi formula states:

where $S\_{A}$ is the entanglement entropy of the CFT in some spatial sub-region $A\subset \partial \Sigma $ with its complement $B$, and $\gamma \_{A}$ is the Ryu–Takayanagi surface in the bulk. This surface must satisfy three properties:

1. $\gamma \_{A}$ has the same boundary as $A$.
2. $\gamma \_{A}$ is homologous to A.
3. $\gamma \_{A}$ extremizes the area. If there are multiple extremal surfaces, $\gamma \_{A}$ is the one with the least area.

Because of property (3), this surface is typically called the *minimal surface* when the context is clear. Furthermore, property (1) ensures that the formula preserves certain features of entanglement entropy, such as $S\_{A}=S\_{B}$ and $S\_{1}+A\_{2}\geq S\_{1}\cup A\_{2}$. The conjecture provides an explicit geometric interpretation of the entanglement entropy of the boundary CFT, namely as the area of a surface in the bulk.

## Example

In their original paper, Ryu and Takayanagi show this result explicitly for an example in $\text{AdS}\_{3}/{\text{CFT}\_{2}}$ where an expression for the entanglement entropy is already known. For an $\text{AdS}\_{3}$ space of radius $R$, the dual CFT has a central charge given by

Furthermore, $\text{AdS}\_{3}$ has the metric

$ds^{2}=R^{2}(-\cosh {\rho ^{2}dt^{2}+d\rho ^{2}+\sinh {\rho ^{2}d\theta ^{2})}}$

in $(t,\rho ,\theta )$ (essentially a stack of hyperbolic disks). Since this metric diverges at $\rho \to \infty $, $\rho $ is restricted to $\rho \leq \rho \_{0}$. This act of imposing a maximum $\rho $ is analogous to the corresponding CFT having a UV cutoff. If $L$ is the length of the CFT system, in this case the circumference of the cylinder calculated with the appropriate metric, and $a$ is the lattice spacing, we have

$e^{\rho \_{0}\sim L/a}$.

In this case, the boundary CFT lives at coordinates $(t,\rho \_{0},\theta )=(t,\theta )$. Consider a fixed $t$ slice and take the subregion A of the boundary to be $\theta \in \[0,2\pi l/L\]$ where $l$ is the length of $A$. The minimal surface is easy to identify in this case, as it is just the geodesic through the bulk that connects $\theta =0$ and $\theta =2\pi l/L$. Remembering the lattice cutoff, the length of the geodesic can be calculated as

If it is assumed that $e^{\rho \_{0}\>\>1}$, then using the Ryu–Takayanagi formula to compute the entanglement entropy. Plugging in the length of the minimal surface calculated in () and recalling the central charge (), the entanglement entropy is given by

This agrees with the result calculated by usual means.


title: S1PR1

abstract: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 gene. S1PR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1PR1 belongs to a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5). S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and vascular maturation. In addition, S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of lymphocyte maturation, migration and trafficking.

text:
# S1PR1

**Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1** (S1P receptor 1 or S1PR1), also known as **endothelial differentiation gene 1** (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *S1PR1* gene. S1PR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1PR1 belongs to a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5). S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and vascular maturation. In addition, S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of lymphocyte maturation, migration and trafficking.

## Structure

S1PR1 like the other members of the GPCR family is composed of seven-transmembrane helices arranged in a structurally conserved bundle. Like other GPCRs, in the extracellular region S1PR1 is composed of three loops: ECL1 between helices II and III, ECL2 between helices IV and V and ECL3 between helices VI and VII. Compared to the other members of the family, S1PR1 has some specific features. The N terminus of the protein folds as a helical cap above the top of the receptor and therefore it limits the access of the ligands to the amphipathic binding pocket. This marked amphipathicity is indeed in agreement with the zwitterionic nature of S1P. In addition, helices ECL1 and ECL2 pack tightly against the N-terminal helix, further occluding the access of the ligand from the extracellular space. S1P or S1P analogs are likely to reach the binding pocket from within the cell membrane and not from the extracellular space, may be through an opening between helices I and VII. Compared to the other GPCRs, this region is more open due to a different positioning of helices I and II toward helix III. This occlusion of the ligand access space from the extracellular space could also explain the slow saturation of receptor binding in the presence of excess ligand.

## Function

Like the other members of the GPCR family, S1PR1 senses its ligand from outside the cell and activates intracellular signal pathways that at last lead to cellular responses. The signal is transduced through the association of the receptor with different G proteins, which recruits a series of systems for downstream amplification of the signal.

### Immune system

#### Immune cell trafficking

S1P and its receptors play a key role in regulating immune cell trafficking by forming gradients that guide immune cells between tissues and vascular compartments. S1PR1 is pivotal in promoting T-cell egress from lymphoid organs, while changes in S1P levels can influence immune cell migration and positioning in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues during inflammation or immune surveillance.

S1PR1, primarily located on the cell membrane of most lymphocytes, binds to the abundant ligand S1P in the bloodstream to promote lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, allowing them to travel to affected tissues. S1PR1 is responsive to the S1P gradient between the lymphoid tissues (low S1P) and the lymph (high S1P), facilitating T cell movement through the endothelial barrier. However, upon T cell activation in lymphoid organs via cytokine and T-cell receptor signaling, the protein Cluster of Differentiation 69 (CD69) is expressed and forms a complex with S1PR1. This interaction, involving CD69 transmembrane domain and the helix-4 of S1PR1, leads to S1PR1 internalization and degradation, preventing S1P binding and downstream signaling. This mechanism results in the temporary retention of lymphocytes within the lymph organs, enhancing the chances of successful lymphocyte activation, especially if the initial activation signal was weak. Upon antigen encounter or type I interferon stimulation in lymphoid organs, S1PR1 expression is decreased through CD69 interaction and downregulation of the transcription factor Kruppel‑like factor 2. Effector T cells eventually re-express S1PR1 to exit the lymph node and enter peripheral tissues. However, increased S1P levels in lymphoid tissues, due to inhibition of S1P lyase, inflammation, or synthetic S1PR1 ligands like FTY720, can block T cell egress by dissipating the S1P gradient, inducing S1PR1 internalization, and enhancing endothelial junctional contacts to close egress ports.

#### Immune cell regulation

S1PR1 activation is heavily involved in immune cell regulation and development. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 is also involved in immune-modulation and directly involved in suppression of innate immune responses from T cells. Depending on the G protein coupled with the S1PR1, diverse cellular effects are achieved: Gαi and Gαo modulate cellular survival, proliferation and motility; Gα12 and Gα13 modulate cytoskeletal remodeling and cell-shape changes and Gαq modulates several cellular effector functions. All the intracellular functions occur via the interaction with Gαi and Gαo: these two proteins recruit other proteins for downstream amplification of the signal. The main downstream effector functions of S1P-S1PR1 system are as follows:

1. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the lipid dependent protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway increases the survival of lymphocytes and other immune cells by inhibiting apoptosis.
2. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the GTPase RAC are responsible of the lymphocytes migration and their interactions with other cells or with connective-tissue surfaces. S1PR1-deficient thymocytes do not emigrate from the thymus, resulting in an increased numbers of mature thymocytes in the thymus and in medullary hyperplasia, and few S1PR1-deficient T cells can be detected in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen or non-lymphoid organs in these mouse models. The proliferation of immune cells is due to S1P-mediated signals via the GTPase RAS and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). IV) The Phospholipase C (PLC)-induced increases in intracellular calcium levels allow the secretion of cytokines and other immune mediators.

### Vasculogenesis

S1PR1 is one of the main receptors responsible for vascular growth and development, at least during embryogenesis. In vascular endothelial cells the binding of S1P to S1PR1 induces migration, proliferation, cell survival and morphogenesis into capillary-like structures. Moreover, the binding of S1P to S1PR1 is implicated in the formation of cell-cell adherens junctions, therefore inhibiting paracellular permeability of solutes and macromolecules. It was also shown in vivo that S1P synergizes with angiogenic factors such as FGF-2 and VEGF in inducing angiogenesis and vascular maturation through S1PR1. showed that S1PR1-KO mice died during development due to a defect in vascular stabilization, suggesting that this receptor is essential for vascular development. In conclusion, several evidences confirm that S1P via S1PR1 is a potent regulator of vascular growth and development, at least during embryogenesis.

## Clinical significance

### Cancer

S1PR1 is involved in the motility of cancer cells upon stimulation by S1P. The signal pathway involves RAC-CDC42 and correlates with ERK1 and ERK2 activation. The RAC-CDC42 pathway leads to cell migration, whereas the ERK pathway leads to proliferation and neovascularization demonstrated that S1PR1 is strongly induced in endothelial cells during tumor angiogenesis and a siRNA against S1PR1 was able to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth. S1PR1 is also involved in other types of cancer: fibrosarcoma cells migrate upon activation of S1PR1 by S1P via RAC1–CDC42 dependent pathway) and ovarian cancer cell invasion involves S1PR1 or S1PR3 and calcium mobilization.

### Multiple sclerosis

S1PR1 is involved in multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod, a drug which internalizes the receptor, is approved as a disease modifying agent in Multiple sclerosis. There are other Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators. Van Doorn et al. (2010) observed a strong increase in S1PR1 (and S1PR3) expression in hypertrophic astrocytes both in the active and inactive Multiple sclerosis lesions from patients compared to the unaffected patients.

## Evolution

### Paralogues for S1PR1 Gene

## Interactions

S1PR1 has been shown to interact with 5-HT1A receptor, GNAI1, and GNAI3.

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| S1PR1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | S1PR1, CD363, CHEDG1, D1S3362, ECGF1, EDG-1, EDG1, S1P1, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601974; MGI: 1096355; HomoloGene: 1071; GeneCards: S1PR1; OMA:S1PR1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001400
NM\_001320730   NM\_007901   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001307659
NP\_001391   NP\_031927   Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 101.24 – 101.24 Mb Chr 3: 115.5 – 115.51 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Boštjan Mervar

abstract: Boštjan Mervar is a Slovenian former professional cyclist. He now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Continental team Adria Mobil.

text:
# Boštjan Mervar

**Boštjan Mervar** (born 22 September 1973) is a Slovenian former professional cyclist. He now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Continental team Adria Mobil.

## Major results

1996 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 1998 1st Stage 2 Uniqa Classic 2nd GP Krka 1999 1st Grand Prix Šenčur 1st Prologue Tour of Slovenia 2000 1st Stages 1 & 3 Jadranska Magistrala 2001 1st Trofeo Città di Castelfidardo 1st GP Krka 1st Stage 2 Tour of Slovenia 2nd Road race, National Road Championships 2002 1st Raiffeisen Grand Prix 1st Poreč Trophy 3 1st Stage 1 Jadranska Magistrala 1st Stage 6 Tour of Slovenia 1st Stage 2 Tour of Austria 2nd GP Krka 3rd Giro del Lago Maggiore 3rd Poreč Trophy 5 2003 1st Poreč Trophy 2 Tour of Slovenia 1st Points classification 1st Stage 6 1st Stage 1 Jadranska Magistrala 1st Stage 3 Uniqa Classic 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 2004 2nd Trofeo Città di Castelfidardo 5th Overall Circuit des Mines 1st Stage 7 2005 1st Prologue Jadranska Magistrala 1st Stage 4 Tour of Slovenia 2006 1st GP Velka cena Palma 1st GP Kranj 1st Stage 8 Vuelta a Cuba 8th GP Hydraulika Mikolasek 10th Overall Istrian Spring Trophy

## InfoBox

Boštjan Mervar
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-09-22) 22 September 1973<br>Novo Mesto, Slovenia |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Adria Mobil |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | * Rider * Directeur sportif |
| Rider type | Sprinter |
| Professional teams | |
| 1997–2003 | KRKA–Telekom Slovenije |
| 2004 | Formaggi Pinzolo Fiavè |
| 2005–2006 | Perutnina Ptuj |
|  | |
| Managerial team | |
| 2007– | Adria Mobil |
|  | |


title: Brazilian cacao cycle

abstract: The Brazilian cacao cycle or boom was a period in Brazil's economic history in which the country remained between first and second in world cacao production. The first cacao boom occurred simultaneously with the rubber boom, which brought wealth to the Amazon region. But while Brazil was the largest and almost exclusive producer of rubber, cacao was grown in many other places around the globe and in similar quantities. While this balance lasted, the Brazilian state of Bahia was able to enjoy a period of prosperity. This balance, however, was broken by the British, who established plantations of big proportions on the Gold Coast in Africa. Over time, this production took over the world market, weakening the cacao cycle in Bahia and leading it to a strong decline. Later, government programs made production grow again, generating a second export cycle but other crises led to a new decline. In 2021, the country was the seventh-largest world producer of cacao, with around 260,000 tons annually. Themed by Jorge Amado, Adonias Filho, and many other writers, the cocoa boom created a rich and persistent tradition in regionalist cultural imagery and consolidated a place in Brazilian literature.

text:
# Brazilian cacao cycle

The **Brazilian cacao cycle or boom** was a period in Brazil's economic history in which the country remained between first and second in world cacao production.

The first cacao boom occurred simultaneously with the rubber boom, which brought wealth to the Amazon region. But while Brazil was the largest and almost exclusive producer of rubber, cacao was grown in many other places around the globe and in similar quantities. While this balance lasted, the Brazilian state of Bahia was able to enjoy a period of prosperity. This balance, however, was broken by the British, who established plantations of big proportions on the Gold Coast in Africa. Over time, this production took over the world market, weakening the cacao cycle in Bahia and leading it to a strong decline. Later, government programs made production grow again, generating a second export cycle but other crises led to a new decline. In 2021, the country was the seventh-largest world producer of cacao, with around 260,000 tons annually.

Themed by Jorge Amado, Adonias Filho, and many other writers, the cocoa boom created a rich and persistent tradition in regionalist cultural imagery and consolidated a place in Brazilian literature.

## History

### Precedents

Cacao originated in the Amazon River basin. In 1641, the Jesuit Cristóbal Acuña noted, referring to wood, cacao, tobacco, and sugar cane: "There are in this great river of the Amazons four things that, if well cultivated, will without a doubt be sufficient to enrich not only one but many kingdoms," and speaking specifically of cacao, he said that "processed, it becomes of so much benefit, that each cacao tree can yield, annually, eight reals of silver, free of any expenses. And one can see how little work is required to cultivate such plants on this river, because, without any artifice, nature alone fills them with abundant fruit."

In 1681, the Portuguese government exempted cacao exports from taxes, however, they only became dominant in the regional economy in the early 18th century. Cacao was the first activity of great economic importance in the Amazon, and its production remained high until it was supplanted by Bahia. But, at this time, it was essentially an extractive activity, harvesting cacao in the wild, rather than having an organized system of plantations. In 1655, there is the first reference of the presence of cacao in southern Bahia.

In 1746, a French colonizer living in Pará, Luiz Frederico Warneau, sent seeds of the "Forastero" variety (from the Amelonado group) to a farmer from Bahia, Antônio Dias Ribeiro, who sowed them in the municipality of Canavieiras. In 1752, the first seeds were planted in Ilhéus and there they adapted to the hot and humid climate, similar to that of its natural habitat, relying on the shade offered by the taller trees of the Atlantic Forest to survive.

Cacao was then envisioned as an alternative for creating export income at a time when sugarcane farming was in crisis, but there was still no technical know-how to foster production efficiently. The beginning of commercial cacao planting took place in the 1830s and developed throughout the 19th century, becoming a factor of economic development in a region that still lacked dynamism.

### First cycle

Bahia remained in a secondary position concerning the other producing regions until the 1890s, when it started to take the lead, producing more than 3.5 thousand tons. From this date on, Brazil gained prominence in the world market and effectively began the first great export cycle. In 1895, southern Bahia was already exporting 112,000 sacks. Being exported to the United States and Europe, it became the main product of the economic and export basis of southern Bahia.

Brazil was ranked as the world's largest producer from 1901 until the mid-1920s, during which time southern Bahia became known for its own culture, marked by land struggles, *jagunços*, and the luxury of the cacao "colonels". The prospect of wealth increased the arrival of many immigrants from other regions of Bahia and Sergipe, accentuating the settlement of the area.

At this time, the construction of luxurious public buildings began, such as the Paranaguá Palace, which houses the City Hall to this day, and the headquarters of the Ilhéus Commercial Association. Grand houses, such as that of Colonel Misael Tavares and the Berbert family, a copy of the Catete Palace in Rio de Janeiro, stand out.

In the 1920s, Ilhéus was teeming with people, luxury, and wealth. In this period, the Ilhéos Hotel was built, the first building in the countryside of the Northeast with an elevator, and the Municipal Theater, considered at the time one of the best equipped outside the capital. The wealthiest individuals were attentive to the refined customs and fashions of the Federal Capital, at the time the city of Rio de Janeiro, and also to those practiced in Europe.

In this period, the export of cacao was carried out through the port of Salvador, causing problems such as difficulty in shipping, and loss in quality and weight of the production. In 1924, the cacao growers started the construction of the port of Ilhéus with their resources, and cacao exportation started to take place in the city, bringing with it the presence of foreigners and a cultural interchange with European countries. At this time, dancers, magicians, and also adventurers came to entertain the upper class.

The wealth derived from the cacao boom propelled the elevation of the Village of Ilhéus to the category of city and ensured that it became one of the most important cities in Bahia. Ilhéus not only was the regional production distribution center but was at this time the largest cacao producer in the state, in addition to triggering the formation of several other cacao towns in the surrounding area, which contributed to the establishment of the bean in the economic scenario of Bahia and Brazil.

However, cacao production in Brazil began to weaken when the British started planting cacao on the Gold Coast in West Africa:

> It is true that Brazil continued to increase its production \[after the development of cacao on the Gold Coast\]: in approximate value, 21,000 tons in 1905, 45,000 in 1915, and 64,500 in 1925. But these increases were negligible compared to the value of the English colony's production. To give the reader an idea, already during the second republic, in 1935, Brazil produced 100,000 tons, against 260,000 on the Gold Coast. Brazil maintained its second place in world production, but a very mediocre second place, very distant.
>
> Delta Encyclopedia of Brazilian History, vol. 8 (1969), p. 1806

### Second cycle

Until the end of the 1920s, the cacao economy had no regulation or state protection. It began with the foundation in 1931 of the Cacau of Bahia Institute ("Instituto de Cacau da Bahia", ICB), starting the so-called "second cycle", which would last until 1957 when a new crisis occurred and the Executive Committee of the Cocoa Farming Plan ("Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, CEPLAC") was created.

In the context of the economic crisis of 1929, the ICB emerged with the objective of financing and promoting the commercialization of cacao. Its first decade of activity was very successful, registering an increase of more than 100% in production through the expansion of the cultivated area and attending to the main problems of cultivation: transportation, commercialization, and financing. In the early 1940s, cultivation was again consolidated.

Despite the difficulties encountered in the following decades, among them falling international prices, pests and droughts, cacao remained an important source of foreign exchange for the country. Between 1953 and 1960 alone, Bahia's exports generated around 104 million dollars, constituting the second-largest revenue on the Brazilian export agenda. However, as a byproduct of a monoculture economy, according to Franco et al., the region experienced "all the consequences of this condition: dependence on the foreign market, importation of necessities, a dominant bourgeoisie, exploitation of rural workers' labor, and marked social inequalities."

In the meantime, the ICB was entering decadence as a regulatory and development agency. Since 1941, transformed into a state autarchy, it was immersed in political disputes, suffered from a lack of resources, and lost credibility. As an aggravator, in 1957, a new crisis hit productivity and international prices. According to Franco *et al*, "the producers were impoverished, indebted, and disillusioned, thinking it was the end of the cacao cycle." The creation of CEPLAC that same year, a public research institution linked to the Ministry of Agriculture, was an emergency intervention by the federal government. At the same time, the government determined the direct involvement of Banco do Brasil's Foreign Trade Portfolio in cacao trade operations.

### Federal Intervention

The Bahia producers resisted the federal intervention and continued to see the ICB as the only legitimate representative body of the sector. In 1961, the federal government reinforced CEPLAC's commanding role by creating an exchange retention fee. From then on CEPLAC would be consolidated with an organized plan of action, a body of effective employees, and a stable financial base. In 1962, linked to CEPLAC, the Center for Cocoa Research (CEPEC) was created. In 1964, the Department of Rural Extension was created, and in 1965 the Technical School. Thus, CEPLAC assumed a leading role in scientific research, the creation of new techniques and technologies, the dissemination of knowledge, and the modernization of the production system. Producers also benefited from the creation in 1965 of the National Rural Credit System, offering a large volume of financing, negative interest rates, and flexible payment terms.

In the 1970s, the government gave new incentives for exports, and in 1976 created the Program and Guidelines for the Expansion of Cacao Cultivation (PROCACAU), aiming to revitalize 150,000 hectares of decaying plantations and create 300,000 hectares of new producing areas in other states. Between 1977 and 1979, cacao generated about US$2.4 billion. More than 400,000 tons of beans were harvested in the country in the record harvest of 1984/1985 and a foreign exchange revenue of US$1 billion was generated.

In 1989, another crisis began with the arrival of the "witch's broom" plague, endemic in the continent, a fungus that attacks the leaves of the trees and leads to a drop in production, which decreased from 400 thousand tons to 98 thousand tons in 2000, lagging behind the Amazon production. The result of the plague was the unemployment of about 200 thousand people, rural flight, degradation of natural resources, devaluation of land, indebtedness of producers, and impoverishment of the population. CEPLAC promoted strategies based on 4 types of control of the plague.Experts indicated that the low genetic variability of the trees made them vulnerable to the plague, and that cloned plants are more resistant to the witch's broom.

Other pests also appeared: the "machete disease", caused by the fungus *Ceratocystis cacaofunesta*, the bud mite, and "brown rot", caused by the fungus *Phytophthora palmivora*, which attacks the fruit. The situation of the crop became critical, worsened by the great expansion of cacao farming in Asia, facing a drop in international prices.

The recovery from the last crisis has been difficult, and the Amazon took the lead producing 53.2% of Brazilian cacao. Because of pests and other problems, in 2020, productivity per hectare in the Northeast was the lowest of all producing regions, which currently includes the Midwest and small areas in northern Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. Adding up the total production, in 2020 Brazil was the seventh largest producer in the world, with 265,000 tons, supplying mainly the domestic market, with 72,500 tons destined for export. In 2021 the Ministry of Agriculture announced a program to expand Brazilian production by 60,000 tons within four years.

## Presence in culture

The writer Jorge Amado was the main narrator of literature from the cacao area, the backdrop of the author's childhood. With his works *Cacau* (1932), *Terras do Sem-Fim* (1942), *São Jorge dos Ilhéus* (1944), and *Gabriela*, *Cravo e Canela* (1958), which focused mainly on the power struggles of the "cacao colonels" and on cacao as the source of dramas, of an entire cultural imaginary, and an unjust and violent social context, Amado was responsible for introducing the theme of the cacao cycle (boom) into Brazilian regionalist literature in prose and poetry. Jorge Medauar, Telmo Padilha, Florisvaldo Matos, Plínio Aguiar, Cyro de Mattos, Adonias Filho, and others also worked with this theme in varied approaches.

Works such as *Terras do Sem-Fim* (1943) and *Gabriela Cravo e Canela* (1958) were adapted as soap operas for television. The soap opera *Renascer* (1993) also dealt with cacao farming.

1. *Enciclopédia Delta de História do Brasil* (in Portuguese). Vol. 8. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Delta S/A. 1969. pp. 1804–1806.
2. Marinho, Pedro Lopes (2008). "O Estado e a Economia Cacaueira da Bahia" (PDF). *Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de História Econômica*. Ilhéus.
3. Brainer, Simone de Castro Pereira. (2021). "Produção de Cacau" (PDF). *Caderno Setorial ETENE*. **6** (149).
4. Simões, Maria de Lourdes Netto (2018). "Os caminhos da Literatura Sul-baiana" (PDF). *Pluralidades: Patrimônio cultural e viagem: Relendo a literatura sul-baiana*. Editus. pp. 110–124. doi:10.7476/9788574555300.0009. ISBN 9788574555300.
5. Wood, G. A. R. (1985). "History and development". In Lass, R. A; Wood, G. A. R (eds.). *Cocoa* (in Portuguese). Agawam: Blackwell Science. pp. 1–10.
6. Müller, M. W; Valle, R. R (2012). "Ecofisiologia do cultivo do cacaueiro". In Valle, R. R. (ed.). *Ciência, tecnologia e manejo do cacaueiro* (in Portuguese). Brasília: CEPLAC/CEPEC. pp. 31–66.
7. Gomes, Carlos Valério Aguiar (2018). "Ciclos econômicos do extrativismo na Amazônia na visão dos viajantes naturalistas". *Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi – Ciências Humanas*. **13** (1): 129–146. doi:10.1590/1981.81222018000100007.
8. "História genética do cacau no Brasil é descrita". *Rural Pecuaria*. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
9. Franco, Gustavo Barreto (2016). "Aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos dos municípios inseridos na Bacia do Rio Almada – BA: reflexos da crise cacaueira". *Caminhos da Geografia* (17): 60.
10. Uetanabaro, Ana Paula Trovatti; Goulart, Luciane Aparecida; Junior, Milton Ferreira da Silva; Segundo, Gesil Sampaio Amarante. *O cacau na região sul da Bahia e a perspectiva histórica de uma indicação geográfica* (in Portuguese).
11. "A saga do cacau na Bahia". *Repórter Brasil*. 1 May 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
12. Folgueira, Manoel Rodrigues (1930). *Álbum Artístico, Commercial e Industrial do Estado da Bahia*. Rio de Janeiro: Edição Folgueira.
13. "20 anos da Justiça Federal em Ilhéus" (PDF). *Tribunal Regional Federal*. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
14. "20 anos da Justiça Federal em Ilhéus" (PDF). *Tribunal Regional Federal*. Ilheus. 23 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
15. "Após três décadas de combate à vassoura de bruxa, produção de cacau no sul da BA é reinventada e estado lidera ranking no país". *G1*. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
16. "Brasil quer ampliar em 60 mil toneladas a produção de amêndoas de cacau em 4 anos". *Globo Rural*. 26 March 2021.
17. "A melhor terra do mundo para plantar cacau". *Agencia de Notícias CNI*. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

## InfoBox

Brazilian cacao cycle
| Cocoa plantation in the rural area of Santa Luzia (BA) | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | 19th and 20th centuries |
| Location | South of Bahia, Brazil |


title: Bread Street Kitchen

abstract: Bread Street Kitchen is a restaurant owned by chef Gordon Ramsay within the One New Change retail and office development in London.

text:
# Bread Street Kitchen

**Bread Street Kitchen** is a restaurant owned by chef Gordon Ramsay within the One New Change retail and office development in London.

## History

The restaurant cost £3 million, and the opening was delayed by a year and was subsequently expected to open on 26 September 2011. A week prior to that date, Gordon Ramsay posted on Twitter, "Holy Cr\*p 1 week to go! Not to sure if we are going to make it on time." It actually opened on 26 October, located near St Paul's Cathedral in London, inside the One New Change retail and office development across two floors. It is next door to one of Jamie Oliver's Barbecoa restaurants. The interior of the restaurant was fitted out by Russell Sage Studios using reclaimed materials and exposed concrete struts.

It was announced in June 2014 that Ramsay intends to replicate Bread Street Kitchen in a new restaurant in Hong Kong, due to open in the following September. On 23 June 2015 Gordon Ramsay officially opened Bread Street Kitchen in Singapore, at Marina Bay Sands. This marks his first foray into Asia. On 4 June 2015 Gordon Ramsay announced he will be opening Bread Street Kitchen in Atlantis, The Palm Dubai during the autumn of 2015.

After spending three years in Lan Kwai Fong, Bread Street Kitchen Hong Kong has moved into a prime real-estate space atop The Peak at The Peak Galleria in February 2019.

The restaurant is fitted out with an open kitchen, a raw bar and a wood-burning oven. It has a wine balcony storing 2000 bottles. Dishes on the menu include a burger made of beef short ribs, a mutton pie, as well as suckling pig.

## Reception

Food critic Jay Rayner visited the restaurant for *The Observer* in October 2011. He described it as "loud and brash", but enjoyed several dishes such as a sea bass with aubergine purée, and a veal chop which he thought could have been improved by resting it longer. But he thought that the tamarind chicken wings were overpriced and of poor quality, the burger on the menu was "overminced to a paste, destroying both flavour and texture". He felt that the restaurant might improve with time. Tracey MacLeod said that "nearly everything ... was good" in her review in *The Independent*. She liked the burger and suggested that that mutton pie was going to become the restaurant's signature dish. She found that her server wasn't as familiar with the menu as she would have liked, and that the service was very slow.

The review in Metro gave the restaurant three out of five, but said that this was based on the interior and not the food. It said that the veal chop was "weirdly truncated and misshapen, as though it had a slab shaved off to appease the bottom line" and the crab tagliolini was "cat food". However, it did praise the chicken wings and the venison with sour cherries and celeriac purée.

*Time Out* magazine gave the restaurant a rating of four out of five, however *Harden's* restaurant guide gave it a score of four (where 1 is high and five is low) for food, ambience and service and said that it was "nothing special". Tanya Gold visited the restaurant nine months after it opened for *The Spectator*, saying that the service was fast and remarked positively about the food she tried.

## InfoBox

| Bread Street Kitchen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| The location of the restaurant within Greater London | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 26 October 2011 (2011-10-26) |
| Chef | Gordon Ramsay |
| Dress code | Casual dining |
| Street address | One New Change, 10 Bread Street, London EC4M 9AJ |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°30′49″N 0°05′42″W / 51.513570°N 0.095015°W / 51.513570; -0.095015 |
| Website | www.gordonramsayrestaurants.com/bread-street-kitchen |


title: Bread Street Kitchen and Bar, Hong Kong

abstract: Bread Street Kitchen and Bar was a restaurant and bar located at Shop G02, G/F, The Peak Galleria, 118 Peak Road, Hong Kong, operated by Gordon Ramsay.

text:
# Bread Street Kitchen and Bar, Hong Kong

**Bread Street Kitchen and Bar** was a restaurant and bar located at Shop G02, G/F, The Peak Galleria, 118 Peak Road, Hong Kong, operated by Gordon Ramsay.

## Lan Kwai Fong

The restaurant was owned by Gordon Ramsay's Hong Kong partner, Dining Concepts. It first opened in the Lan Kwai Fong Hotel in Lan Kwai Fong in 2014 with Gilles Bosquet as the head chef, but the hotel closed in 2017 and was redeveloped into offices, so the restaurant relocated to The Peak Galleria.

## The Peak Galleria

The restaurant moved to its final location in February 2019 with Gareth Packham as head chef before he moved to Gordon Ramsay's new restaurant Maze Grill at Harbour City.

Its signature dishes include fish & chips, shepherd's pie, beef wellington, tamarind spiced chicken fillets, fried buffalo chicken burger, pesto and spinach flatbread, the melted chocolate fondant capped off with mint chocolate chip ice cream and sticky toffee pudding.

## Closure

Due to the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests and COVID-19 pandemic, Gordon Ramsay shuttered three of his restaurants in Hong Kong on 1 April 2020, including Bread Street Kitchen & Bar. The other restaurants closed, both in Tsim Sha Tsui, were London House and Maze Grill. He retains one restaurant in Hong Kong International Airport, Plane Food To Go, which opened in early 2019 in partnership with SSP Group.

## InfoBox

| Bread Street Kitchen | |
| --- | --- |
| Bread Street Kitchen and Bar at its former location in Lan Kwai Fong, Hong Kong. | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 18 September 2014 (2014-09-18) |
| Closed | 1 April 2020 (2020-04-01) |
| Owner(s) | Gordon Ramsay<br>Dining Concepts |
| Food type | British/European cuisine |
| Street address | Shop G02, G/F, The Peak Galleria, 118 Peak Road |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Seating capacity | 164 |
| Other locations | Dubai, London, Sanya, Singapore |
| Website | Official website |


title: Brad Hustad

abstract: Brad Hustad is a former American football fullback. He played for the Luther Norse football team from 1957 to 1959. He attended LSU for a semester before transferring to Luther College. In 1957, he gained 1,401 rushing yards, the third highest total in college football history, and became the first sophomore to lead the NCAA in rushing. As a junior, he rushed for 1,354 yards, ranking third in college football. As a senior in 1959, he tallied 1,188 rushing yards. He concluded his college career with 3,943 rushing yards. He later became a teacher and coach at Kellogg High School in Minnesota.

text:
# Brad Hustad

**Brad Hustad** is a former American football fullback. He played for the Luther Norse football team from 1957 to 1959. He attended LSU for a semester before transferring to Luther College. In 1957, he gained 1,401 rushing yards, the third highest total in college football history, and became the first sophomore to lead the NCAA in rushing. As a junior, he rushed for 1,354 yards, ranking third in college football. As a senior in 1959, he tallied 1,188 rushing yards. He concluded his college career with 3,943 rushing yards. He later became a teacher and coach at Kellogg High School in Minnesota.

## InfoBox

Brad Hustad
| Brad Hustad, 1959 | |
| --- | --- |
| Luther | |
| Position | Fullback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin |
| Weight | 190 lb (86 kg) |
| Career history | |
| College |  |


title: SAWSDL

abstract: Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema (SAWSDL) is a 2007 published technical recommendation of W3C in the context of Semantic Web framework: SAWSDL defines a set of extension attributes for the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and XML Schema definition language. Application of the attributes shall allow for description of additional semantics of WSDL components. The specification defines how semantic annotation is accomplished using references to conceptual semantic models, e.g. ontologies. Semantic annotations for WSDL and XML Schema (SAWSDL) does not specify a language for representing the semantic models. Instead it provides mechanisms by which concepts from the semantic models can be referred using annotations.

text:
# SAWSDL

**Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema** (SAWSDL) is a 2007 published technical recommendation of W3C in the context of Semantic Web framework:

SAWSDL defines a set of extension attributes for the *Web Services Description Language* (WSDL) and XML Schema definition language. Application of the attributes shall allow for description of additional semantics of WSDL components. The specification defines how semantic annotation is accomplished using references to conceptual semantic models, e.g. ontologies. Semantic annotations for WSDL and XML Schema (SAWSDL) does not specify a language for representing the semantic models. Instead it provides mechanisms by which concepts from the semantic models can be referred using annotations (citation abbreviated).