title: Bill Te Whata

abstract: Bill (Wiremu/William) Te Whata was a New Zealand Māori rugby union and rugby league representative. He also played one test for the New Zealand rugby league team in 1924 becoming Kiwi number 159.

text:
# Bill Te Whata

**Bill (Wiremu/William) Te Whata** was a New Zealand Māori rugby union and rugby league representative. He also played one test for the New Zealand rugby league team in 1924 becoming Kiwi number 159.

## Early life

Wiremu Te Whata was born in Northland, New Zealand in 1893. His father was Eru Te Whata, and mother Ripeka Ruku Te Whata (nee Kaihe). Eru died in 1907 aged 35. He had a brother, John William Te Whata. In the 1910s Wiremu (also known as William, or Bill) moved to live in Tokomaru Bay on the East Coast of the North Island.

## Playing career

### Rugby Union playing days

Bill Te Whata began playing rugby on the East Coast of the North Island. He played for the Waima Rugby Club from 1918 to 1921. On 28 August 1920 he played for ‘Waiapu County’ (situated near Ruatoria) against Hawkes Bay. After a "forward sweep" Te Whata "got over and scored" their only try in a 12–3 loss where a trumpet was blown to announce the end of the match. When they played four days later against a Hawke’s Bay Māori side their manager told the Hastings Standard that they were in fact a "country team, picked in Tokomaru, from a population of from 1000 to 1500 people" rather than the Waiapu district. They were therefore called Tokomaru for this match which was drawn 9 all after they scored a try on full-time. Te Whata had earlier scored a try following "a splendid bit of passing" among his teammates.

In 1921 Te Whata again turned out for the Tokomaru side. They played a match against the visiting Tolaga Bay side which saw a 6–6 draw with Te Whata continuing his try scoring feats notching a try for the hosts. Te Whata was then named in the East Coast side to play against Poverty Bay on 13 August at the Childers Road Reserve. East Coast was just beginning as combined rep team with players made up from Te Araroa, Tokomaru, Tolaga Bay, Tikitiki, and Ruatoria. Te Whata’s weight was listed as 13 stone. East Coast won the match 8–6 in front of a big crowd. A week later Te Whata was to gain selection for his opponent when he was picked in the Poverty Bay side to play against Hawkes Bay on 27 August. The East Coast team he had played for was not a fully fledged union and therefore the players from there were eligible to play for Poverty Bay. Poverty Bay lost the match 12 points to 3 with Te Whata scoring their only points after a scrum on the Hawke’s Bay line. The game saw considerable interest because the match was essentially a trial to see who would be picked in the combined team to play against the touring Springboks. This saw a crowd of around 2,500 in attendance though the game was generally regarded as disappointing.

Te Whata was then selected for the combined Poverty Bay & Hawke’s Bay side to play against the Springboks on 3 September at McLean Park in Napier. The Springboks won 14–8 in front of a crowd of between 7 and 8 thousand with Te Whata playing in the forwards. He was then picked in the New Zealand Māori team to play the Springboks at the same venue four days later on 7 September. The Springboks won by a solitary point 9–8 before a crowd of 6,000 spectators.

### Switch to Rugby League

In 1922 Bill Te Whata made the move to rugby league. A story is related where George Gillett, the famous All Black and New Zealand rugby league player was working as a publican in the Gisborne area at the time. He approached Joe Lockwood, his twin brother Mason, and Te Whata and asked them if they would go to Auckland "for a trial of league".

It is unclear if there was a trial but Te Whata was to play for New Zealand Māori against Auckland on 20 May at Carlaw Park as part of their build up to their Australian tour. The Māori side won by 28 points to 18 against a strong Auckland team which featured 12 current or future Kiwi internationals. Te Whata was listed as being 26 years of age at the time. He was to score a try which sealed the game which he also converted in front of 7,000 spectators. The match also saw £297 2s 6d raised at the gate. They then played an inter squad exhibition match before the departure of the team for Australia. The match was described as "more or less of a scramble" with the A team winning 44 points to 14 despite many tries not even seeing a conversion attempted and Te Whata scoring 5 tries for the winning side. Many spectators who had paid for admission asked for their money refunded and the Auckland Rugby League decided to recommend to New Zealand Council that the gate money be donated to charity. Te Whata was then officially named in the touring side alongside the likes of Huatahi Paki, George Gardiner, Sam Lowrie, George Paki, and Craddock Dufty.

In their first tour match they were destroyed by the Metropolis team at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of an enormous crowd of 35,000. At the end of the match the scoreboard read ‘Metroplis 77 New Zealand Māori 13’ while a headline read "Defence shattered like chaff before a storm". Te Whata played in the second row but went off injured just after halftime. They had a much better time of it in their next match against the New South Wales 2nd XIII, this time losing by the more respectable margin of 31 points to 14 in front of a 30,000 strong crowd with Te Whata again playing in the second row.

The side then moved to Queensland where they met the Queensland side at Davies Park in Brisbane. Te Whata played his third consecutive match in the second row and he scored a try. New Zealand Māori won 23 points to 22 after a storming comeback. They had fallen behind 5-22, and a try on full-time snatched victory in front of 7,000 spectators. The 4th tour match was against Toowoomba at Athletic Oval in Toowoomba where he was again in his customary position of the second row. The local side won 26 to 6 with Te Whata scoring a try and his line kicking being "a feature of the game". Just one day later the New Zealand Māori side played Ipswich and were defeated 20 points to 3 with several of the touring side backing up, including Te Whata. The team was coming in for a lot of criticism for its lack of team work and unusual selection policies though Te Whata was described as a "fine individual player"

He scored his third try of the tour in a 31–19 loss to Queensland in their second match with that opponent on Davies Park in Brisbane. There were 6,000 spectators at the match which saw New Zealand Māori "show improvement in combination". Te Whata’s try came in the second half which also saw Craddock Dufty ordered off for insulting the referee. The New Zealand Māori side then secured their second win of the tour when they beat Stanthorpe 6 points to 3 with Te Whata scoring New Zealand's second try. They then rounded out the tour with a 32–0 loss to the Metropolis team who had trounced them at the beginning of the tour, Te Whata again lining out in the second row, before a final match with Orange which they won 25-15 before they returned to New Zealand. He had ultimately played in at least 7 of the 9 matches.

At the end of the season Te Whata was awarded a gold medal, which was presented to him by Mr. W. Pascoe of Auckland "for the best all-round player" of the Australian tour. In the meantime he had returned to Auckland where he joined the Fire Brigade club (previously known as Grafton Athletic) in Auckland’s first grade competition. Te Whata was to play alongside his Māori teammates George Gardiner, B Pitman, and Moses Yeats in the side to play on 8 July against City Rovers.

Towards the end of the season on 20 September he was selected for the Auckland Provincial team to play the touring New South Wales side. They were beaten 21–20 on the Auckland Domain in front of 5,500.

Te Whata was then selected to play in a combined New Zealand and New South Wales team to play against the touring ‘Australian’ side (New South Wales in reality). This team became known as "Australasia" and because of an unsurprising lack of combination were thrashed in both matches they played against some of the best players in the world. They were composed of seven Auckland club players including Te Whata and six players from Australia. On the Auckland Domain before 12,000 spectators Te Whata’s Australasian team was beaten by New South Wales 65 to 27, though he did score three tries for the ‘home’ side. Te Whata’s first try came after he broke away with Nelson Bass and Johnson, the second when he broke away with Bert Avery "scoring brilliantly", and the third in the second half when the match became very loose. Both teams had a player ordered off (Wally Somers and Alf O'Connor), and lost a player through injury (Dick Vest and George Davidson) thus finishing with 11 men aside. The same two teams met on 29 September in Taumarunui however the score line was even more lopsided and the newspaper headline which said it was a "High Scoring Match" was not exaggerating. The New South Wales team winning by the incredible score of 87 to 16 in front of 2,000 spectators. Te Whata contributed 4 points as he converted 2 tries.

### Rugby Union reinstatement controversy

At the start of the 1923 season Bill Te Whata attempted to be reinstated into the rugby union ranks. He appeared before the New Zealand Rugby Union Executive to state his case on 23 May. In what was to become a somewhat infamous case that was widely reported in newspapers throughout New Zealand Te Whata admitted to receiving money to play rugby league. This was a moment that New Zealand Rugby had been waiting for years to substantiate their consistent allegations that the rugby league code in New Zealand had been paying its players. What Te Whata did not make clear until much later however was that the money he was referring to had largely come from the New South Wales Rugby League body, and not from New Zealand Rugby League. The later organisation only paying him for out of pocket expenses as was what they maintained was the case for all representative players throughout this period. Te Whata was asked if he had received money and replied "Yes, £4 10s a week, a total of £73 10s. For two months in Australia £36, and a bonus of £24 (1922), and while with the New Zealand League representatives between 9 September 1922, and 6 October 1922, the sum of £13 10s". He went on to say in his application that he realised he had "made a mistake in playing League, but I have left the League, and wish to rejoin my old club or any club". His appeal was endorsed by the East Coast Rugby Union. The NZ Rugby Union rather matter of factly refused his application with Mr. A. C. Kitto stating "he has expelled himself. We cannot admit him".

### Continuation in Rugby League

Te Whata was to try to appeal again three more times but was knocked back each time including in June of the 1924 season. They did however state that if he wished he could appeal again in 12 months time. It appears that rather than miss another year of playing when he would have been in his prime oval ball playing years he decided to return to the rugby league field.

In a story in the Gisborne Herald on 26 June it was said that he was "joining the ranks of the Benedict’s on Wednesday", and "after going to Timaru for his honeymoon, Mr Te Whata goes to Auckland, where he is to play against the English League team". It was noted in the same story that other players on the same tour had been re-instated. Te Whata said that he was disappointed and could not understand the attitude of the rugby union and said "play league again; Can you blame me?".

Rather astonishingly the match Te Whata was referring to was the first test between New Zealand and England at Carlaw Park. Considering the match was 5 weeks away and the team was a similar number of weeks away from being selected this claim was somewhat interesting. His statement did however turn out to be true.

On 4 July Te Whata had to appear before the New Zealand (rugby league) Council to explain his application to be reinstated into rugby union and the remarks he had made about receiving money to play rugby league. Te Whata said "I stated clearly on the application I sent in that I received money from the New South Wales League". He went on to sign a declaration that he had not received money from the New Zealand League, and "that he had never received any money other than out of pocket expenses while playing under the League’s jurisdiction". He then had his application approved by the council.

He joined the Athletic club after being granted a transfer by the Auckland Rugby League subject to approval by the New Zealand Council. He had played for Athletic the weekend prior on June 28 in a 14-5 win over Ellerslie. And on 5 July he scored a try in a 6–6 draw. He was on the end of a pass from his former New Zealand Māori teammate Craddock Dufty and "literally dived over and scored Athletic’s first try". He played another match against Ponsonby United before being selected in the Auckland B team to play against Hamilton. Te Whata scored 2 tries in a 28–18 win in the match played at Carlaw Park. The following weekend he scored a further try for Athletic in a 25–0 win over Richmond Rovers.

The England team then arrived in New Zealand. Te Whata was selected to play for the Auckland Provincial team to meet them in their 3rd tour match on 30 July. England won by 28–3 in front of 7,000 spectators at Carlaw Park. Te Whata played in the front row alongside Bert Avery and Hec McDonald. He was heavily involved in the match where he "distinguished himself in smothering movements by the visitors" and "working hard", he also took a long pass and passed on to Hec Brisbane who ran in for a try. The Auckland Star also noted that in "Te Whata and McDonald we had two forwards as good as the visitors".

Following this match Te Whata was chosen to play in the first test match against England. This was to be his one and only appearance in the New Zealand jersey. The test was played at Carlaw Park in front of 22,000 spectators, where unfortunately the ground was covered in mud and the players struggled in the conditions. New Zealand prevailed with an historic 16–8 victory. Te Whata was to play in his more familiar position of the second row where he was supported by Neil Mouat, and Bert Avery. He broke through with the ball at his feet and from the resulting play Ernie Herring picked the ball up and scored queuing "deafening cheers" which put New Zealand 11-3 ahead. Te Whata was then named in the squad to play in the second test won by New Zealand 13-11 but did not take the field and the same happened for the third test won by England 31–18.

Te Whata did not return to play for Athletic until midway through the 1925 season. Like he often did he returned to Tokomaru in the off season. He caught the Wainui ship to Auckland on 24 May. In 1925 Te Whata was first named to play in the round 6 match with Ponsonby United on 30 May where he was to play in the unfamiliar position of centre where he was said to have been only "fair". He scored his only try of the season in a 50–23 loss in the Roope Rooster to Ponsonby.

Te Whata missed selection for the New Zealand team to tour Australia but was picked for the Auckland B team to embark on a southern tour of the West Coast, Canterbury, and Wellington. His weight was listed at 13 stone, 10 pounds and his age 29 which would mean he was born around 1896, not the 1893 that other records show. Auckland defeated West Coast 22-15 before a 6–5 loss to Canterbury where Te Whata scored Auckland B’s only try. He then had a field day against Wellington with a 5 try performance in a 68 to 9 win at Newton Park. The Evening Post described Te Whata as "one of the sturdiest of the Auckland team" and when compared to Ben Davidson who scored 3 tries and who would soon go on to play for Wigan as being "easier to catch, but harder to stop".

When Te Whata returned to Auckland he made his debut in the full Auckland team to play in a Northern Union Challenge Cup match against South Auckland. Auckland had won the trophy off South Auckland six weeks earlier and were seeking to retain it and they did so with a comfortable 36–19 win. Then on 10 October Te Whata played for the Auckland Province team against the touring Queensland side. He was named in the reserves but took the field when the Auckland fullback Raynor was carried off on a stretcher just before halftime. At the start of the second half Te Whata surprisingly took the field in the wing three-quarter position. The match was already over from a competitive stand point as Queensland led by 28 points to 6 at halftime and they went on to win 54–14. He was beaten by Cecil Aynsley who scored a try shortly before halftime but later got revenge of a sort when "he beat Aynsley for possession, and nearing the twenty-five passed to Singe, who ran over to score".

In 1926 Te Whata again turned out for the Athletic team who had now assumed the name of Grafton Athletic. He scored a try in a 13–6 win over Devonport United on the Devonport Domain.

It seems that this was to be the last time that Bill Te Whata put on either a rugby league or a rugby union jersey. He returned to Tokomaru Bay and 7 years later in 1934 the East Coast Rugby Union was asked by the Tokomaru Bay sub-union to recommend the reinstatement of W. Te Whata with the New Zealand Rugby Football Union. The East Coast Union’s management committee gave strong support to the proposal. It was said in the Poverty Bay Herald that as the league game was not played on the East Coast he had no opportunity to play and had been "out of football for several years". The application was refused and the East Coast Rugby Union decided "after considerable discussion" to apply once again. It is unclear if he ever was reinstated but there is no link with him and the rugby game after this time though he remained active in athletics, cycling and bowls throughout the 1930s and 40s in the Poverty Bay area.

## Personal life

Bill (Wiremu) Te Whata married May Violet Te Whata (nee Hale) on 23 July 1919 however she died just 3 years later in 1922 aged 26. He then married Irene Mary Potaka on 25 June 1924. They had 4 children, Edna Passcendale Te Whata (surname Olsen after marriage), born in 1919, Douglas William Te Whata who was born on 7 April 1928, Phillip Te Whata, and Clarence Clair Te Whata.

In 1925 in the electoral roll records Te Whata's occupation was recorded as "native interpreter" and he was resident in Tokomaru Bay.

After retiring from rugby league Te Whata spent many years involved in sport such as Athletics and cycling in the Poverty Bay area as well as being on the Tokomaru Bay Public School committee. On 7 February 1945 Bill Te Whaka’s brother Johnny died as the result of an accident in Gisborne. His death notice in the Gisborne Herald stated that he was the "beloved son of Edward and Repeka Te Whata, of Hokianga" and was aged 40 years. He was driving a tractor along the river bank between Peel Street and Lowe Street when under the employ of the Gisborne Borough Council. The tractor rolled over and pinned him underneath it. He was said to have come to live on the East Coast after leaving Hokianga 23 years earlier with a party of Ngāpuhi bushfellers. His funeral took place at Poho-o-rawiri Pa, Kaiti on 10 February.

### Death

Bill Te Whata died on 19 September 1957 aged 64. He was buried at Taruheru Cemetery in Gisborne. His son Douglas William Te Whata died in 1969 aged 41. His wife Irene died in 1973 aged 67 while their daughter Edna died in 1984 aged 65.

## InfoBox

Bill Te Whata
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Wiremu (William) Te Whata |
| Born | 1893
Kohukohu, Northland, New Zealand |
| Died | 19 September 1957 (aged 6364)
Gisborne, New Zealand |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) |
| Weight | 87 kg (13 st 10 lb) |
| Rugby union | |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1918–21 Waima RC       1920–21 Tokomaru (sub union) 3 3 0 0 9  Total 3 3 0 0 9  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1921 East Coast 1 0 0 0 0  1921 Poverty Bay 1 1 0 0 3  1921 Poverty Bay/Hawke's Bay combined 1 0 0 0 0  1921 New Zealand Māori 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Rugby league | |
| Position | Second-row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1922 Fire Brigade 3 0 0 0 0  1924–26 Athletic/Grafton Athletic 16 4 0 0 12  Total 19 4 0 0 12  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1922 New Zealand Māori 9 5 1 0 17  1922–25 Auckland Province 3 0 0 0 0  1922 Australasia 2 3 2 0 13  1924–25 Auckland B 4 8 0 0 24  1924 New Zealand 1 0 0 0 0  1925 Auckland 1 0 0 0 0 | |


title: Sêrtar County

abstract: Sêrtar County or Serthar County is a county in the northwest of Sichuan Province, China, bordering Qinghai province to the north. It is one of the 18 counties under the administration of the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, covering some 9,340 square kilometres. Sêrtar, which means "golden freedom" in Tibetan, lies in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau and in the historical region of Kham. The vast majority of the population is Tibetan, followed by Han Chinese. Sêrtar comprises 17 towns and 66 villages. It is home to the Larung Gar Buddhist Institute, the largest Tibetan Buddhist institute in the world. The institute, which was founded by lama Jigme Phuntsok in 1980 and started off with just a few monks, now houses tens of thousands of monks and pilgrims from around the world, which constitute the vast majority of the Sêrtar population. Most monks spend six to 13 years completing their training. The institute, divided into two main segments and spread over just a few square kilometres, is located in a valley and around 15 kilometres from the town of Sêrtar. A permit is occasionally required for non-Chinese nationals to enter the institute. Sêrtar is remotely located and requires more than half a day's driving if travelling from Chengdu via Maerkang. It is also possible to travel from Xining, the capital of Qinghai. Sêrtar is at an altitude of around 4,100 metres above sea level. Temperatures range from 30 degrees Celsius in the summer and -25 degrees Celsius in the winter.

text:
# Sêrtar County

| Sêrtar County | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 色达县 |
| Traditional Chinese | 色達縣 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Sèdá Xiàn | |
| Tibetan name | |
| Tibetan | གསེར་ཐར་རྫོང། or གསེར་རྟ་རྫོང་། |
| Transcriptions  Wylie gser-thar rdzong *or* gser rta rdzong  Tibetan Pinyin Sêrtar Zong *or* Sêrda Zong | |
|  | |

**Sêrtar County** or **Serthar County** (Tibetan: གསེར་ཐར་རྫོང།; Chinese: 色达县) is a county in the northwest of Sichuan Province, China, bordering Qinghai province to the north. It is one of the 18 counties under the administration of the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, covering some 9,340 square kilometres. Sêrtar, which means "golden freedom" in Tibetan, lies in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau and in the historical region of Kham. The vast majority of the population is Tibetan, followed by Han Chinese.

Sêrtar comprises 17 towns and 66 villages. It is home to the Larung Gar Buddhist Institute, the largest Tibetan Buddhist institute in the world. The institute, which was founded by lama Jigme Phuntsok in 1980 and started off with just a few monks, now houses tens of thousands of monks and pilgrims from around the world, which constitute the vast majority of the Sêrtar population. Most monks spend six to 13 years completing their training. The institute, divided into two main segments and spread over just a few square kilometres, is located in a valley and around 15 kilometres from the town of Sêrtar. A permit is occasionally required for non-Chinese nationals to enter the institute.

Sêrtar is remotely located and requires more than half a day's driving if travelling from Chengdu via Maerkang. It is also possible to travel from Xining, the capital of Qinghai. Sêrtar is at an altitude of around 4,100 metres above sea level. Temperatures range from 30 degrees Celsius in the summer and -25 degrees Celsius in the winter.

## Incidents

Sêrtar is one of the places in Sichuan that witnesses occasional acts of self-immolation, usually carried out by Tibetans. For instance, in February 2012, three herders set themselves on fire, purportedly in protest. On 26 November 2012, a monk allegedly self-immolated in front of the golden horse statue in Larung Gar. The supposedly political motivation behind these acts, however, has always been disputed by the Chinese government.

As many of the houses in Larung Gar are made of wood, they present a constant fire hazard. On the evening of 10 January 2014, a fire broke out in Larung Gar, burning down more than a dozen structures and requiring 450 rescue workers to respond to the scene; however, there were no serious casualties.

## Administrative divisions

Sêrtar County is divided into 5 towns and 11 townships.

| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie | Administrative division code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Towns** | | | | | | |
| Sêrkog Town
(Seke) | 色柯镇 | *Sèkē Zhèn* | གསེར་ཁོག་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *gser khog grong rdal* | 513333100 |
| Bomda Town
(Wungda, Wengda) | 翁达镇 | *Wēngdá Zhèn* | སྦོ་མདའ་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *sbo mda' grong rdal* | 513333101 |
| Nubsur Town
(Larung, Luoruo) | 洛若镇 | *Luòruò Zhèn* | གནུབས་ཟུར་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *gnubs zur grong rdal* | 513333102 |
| Nyidoi Town
(Niduo) | 泥朵镇 | *Níduǒ Zhèn* | སྙི་སྟོད་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *snyi stod grong rdal* | 513333103 |
| Gyaxoi Town
(Jiaxue) | 甲学镇 | *Jiǎxué Zhèn* | རྒྱ་ཤོད་གྲོང་བརྡལ། | *rgya shod grong brdal* | 513333104 |
| **Townships** | | | | | | |
| Kêgor Township
(Keguo) | 克果乡 | *Kèguǒ Xiāng* | ཁེས་སྐོར་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *khes skor yul tsho* | 513333201 |
| Ragzham Township
(Razham, Ranchong) | 然充乡 | *Ránchōng Xiāng* | རགས་བཀྲམ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *rags bkram yul tsho* | 513333202 |
| Kainlêb Township
(Karlêb, Kangle) | 康勒乡 | *Kānglè Xiāng* | མཁན་ལེབ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *mkhan leb yul tsho* | 513333203 |
| Darcang Township
(Dazhang) | 大章乡 | *Dàzhāng Xiāng* | བརྡར་ཚང་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *brdar tshang yul tsho* | 513333204 |
| Dagzê Township
(Daze) | 大则乡 | *Dàzé Xiāng* | སྟག་རྩེ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *stag rtse yul tsho* | 513333205 |
| Yarlung Township
(Yalong) | 亚龙乡 | *Yàlóng Xiāng* | ཡར་ལུང་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *yar lung yul tsho* | 513333206 |
| Qogcang Township
(Tazi) | 塔子乡 | *Tǎzǐ Xiāng* | མཆོག་ཚང་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *mchog tshang yul tsho* | 513333207 |
| Nyainlung Township
(Nianlong) | 年龙乡 | *Niánlóng Xiāng* | སྙན་ལུང་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *snyan lung yul tsho* | 513333208 |
| Horxü Township
(Huoxi) | 霍西乡 | *Huòxī Xiāng* | ཧོར་ཤུལ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *hor shul yul tsho* | 513333210 |
| Xêchub Township
(Xuri) | 旭日乡 | *Xùrì Xiāng* | ཤེལ་གྲུབ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *shel grub yul tsho* | 513333211 |
| Yanggo Township
(Yangge) | 杨各乡 | *Yánggè Xiāng* | ཡང་འོ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | *yang 'o yul tsho* | 513333212 |
|

## Panoramas

## Climate

| Climate data for Sêrtar, elevation 3,894 m (12,776 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.5
(59.9) | 14.1
(57.4) | 17.4
(63.3) | 20.5
(68.9) | 22.5
(72.5) | 23.6
(74.5) | 26.2
(79.2) | 23.7
(74.7) | 22.9
(73.2) | 20.9
(69.6) | 16.7
(62.1) | 13.1
(55.6) | 26.2
(79.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.5
(34.7) | 3.5
(38.3) | 6.2
(43.2) | 9.7
(49.5) | 13.4
(56.1) | 15.9
(60.6) | 17.5
(63.5) | 17.3
(63.1) | 15.2
(59.4) | 10.2
(50.4) | 5.6
(42.1) | 2.5
(36.5) | 9.9
(49.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.9
(14.2) | −7.0
(19.4) | −3.0
(26.6) | 1.6
(34.9) | 5.6
(42.1) | 9.1
(48.4) | 10.6
(51.1) | 9.9
(49.8) | 7.3
(45.1) | 1.9
(35.4) | −4.5
(23.9) | −9.0
(15.8) | 1.1
(33.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.8
(−1.8) | −15.4
(4.3) | −10.2
(13.6) | −4.8
(23.4) | −0.5
(31.1) | 3.9
(39.0) | 5.2
(41.4) | 4.3
(39.7) | 1.9
(35.4) | −3.5
(25.7) | −11.4
(11.5) | −17.3
(0.9) | −5.6
(22.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.2
(−26.0) | −28.1
(−18.6) | −23.4
(−10.1) | −15.9
(3.4) | −9.7
(14.5) | −6.3
(20.7) | −3.3
(26.1) | −6.5
(20.3) | −8.3
(17.1) | −15.7
(3.7) | −28.9
(−20.0) | −32.0
(−25.6) | −32.2
(−26.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.1
(0.16) | 7.3
(0.29) | 18.2
(0.72) | 31.2
(1.23) | 69.8
(2.75) | 145.2
(5.72) | 139.3
(5.48) | 114.1
(4.49) | 107.1
(4.22) | 45.0
(1.77) | 7.5
(0.30) | 3.4
(0.13) | 692.2
(27.26) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.2 | 6.5 | 11.1 | 13.9 | 19.1 | 23.4 | 21.2 | 19.2 | 19.8 | 14.9 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 161.9 |
| Average snowy days | 6.7 | 9.9 | 15.1 | 17.8 | 12.6 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 15.1 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 95.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 51 | 53 | 57 | 62 | 66 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 72 | 62 | 54 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 208.2 | 179.9 | 194.7 | 203.8 | 202.7 | 177.5 | 197.8 | 197.3 | 179.5 | 180.0 | 210.0 | 221.0 | 2,352.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 65 | 57 | 52 | 52 | 47 | 42 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 52 | 67 | 71 | 54 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Sêrtar County 色达县 · གསེར་ཐར་རྫོང།Serthar, Sêrda, Seda | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
|  | |
| Location of Sêrtar County (red) within Garzê Prefecture (yellow) and Sichuan | |
| SêrtarLocation of the seat in SichuanSêrtarSêrtar (China) | |
| Coordinates: 32°16′05″N 100°19′58″E / 32.2681°N 100.3327°E / 32.2681; 100.3327 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| Autonomous prefecture | Garzê |
| County seat | Sêrkog (Seke) |
| Area | |
| Total | 9,338.98 km2 (3,605.80 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4,127 m (13,540 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 64,681 |
| Density | 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi) |
| Major nationalities | Tibetan Han Salar Hui |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 626600 |
| Area code | 0836 |
| Website | www.sdzf.gov.cn |


title: Rybno, Koło County

abstract: Rybno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przedecz, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Przedecz, 26 km (16 mi) north-east of Koło, and 137 km (85 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Rybno, Koło County

**Rybno** \[ˈrɨbnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przedecz, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Przedecz, 26 km (16 mi) north-east of Koło, and 137 km (85 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Rybno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rybno | |
| Coordinates: 52°21′N 18°55′E / 52.350°N 18.917°E / 52.350; 18.917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Koło |
| Gmina | Przedecz |


title: Chen Hao (baseball)

abstract: Chen Hao is a Chinese baseball outfielder for the Jiangsu Hopestars. He was a member of the China national baseball team competing in the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

text:
# Chen Hao (baseball)

**Chen Hao** (simplified Chinese: 陈浩; traditional Chinese: 陳浩; pinyin: *Chén Hào*; born 21 February 1990 in China) is a Chinese baseball outfielder for the Jiangsu Hopestars. He was a member of the China national baseball team competing in the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

## InfoBox

| Chen Hao | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1990-02-21) February 21, 1990<br>China | |
| **Bats:** Left**Throws:** Left | |
|  | |


title: Odessa Komer

abstract: Odessa Creekmore Komer was an American labor unionist. Born in Kemper County, Mississippi, Komer moved to Michigan with her family, while young. She left high school three years before graduation, to earn money for the family at the Ford Motor Company plant. She married in 1945 and left work to raise a family, but returned to Ford as an assembler in 1953, joining the United Auto Workers union. She devoted much of her spare time to the union, and became the first woman elected to an office in her local union. In 1964, she achieved an agreement that seniority would be taken into account when assigning jobs. In 1967, Komer began working full-time for the union, as education director of its Region 1. From 1972, she additionally served on the board of trustees of Macomb Community College. In 1974, she was elected as a vice-president of the union, replacing Olga Madar. The following year, she was made head of the union's women's department, in which role she helped set up women's councils across the country. She also led a successful Supreme Court challenge which removed bars on women of childbearing age working in areas considered to be dangerous. She was re-elected to the post until her retirement, in 1991, when she was replaced by Carolyn Forrest. Komer also served on the board of the National Organization for Women, and as a vice-president of the Coalition of Labor Union Women, and was appointed by Bill Clinton to the President's Advisory Committee for Women. In 1995, she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.

text:
# Odessa Komer

**Odessa Creekmore Komer** (June 29, 1925  July 15, 2004) was an American labor unionist.

Born in Kemper County, Mississippi, Komer moved to Michigan with her family, while young. She left high school three years before graduation, to earn money for the family at the Ford Motor Company plant. She married in 1945 and left work to raise a family, but returned to Ford as an assembler in 1953, joining the United Auto Workers union. She devoted much of her spare time to the union, and became the first woman elected to an office in her local union. In 1964, she achieved an agreement that seniority would be taken into account when assigning jobs.

In 1967, Komer began working full-time for the union, as education director of its Region 1. From 1972, she additionally served on the board of trustees of Macomb Community College. In 1974, she was elected as a vice-president of the union, replacing Olga Madar. The following year, she was made head of the union's women's department, in which role she helped set up women's councils across the country. She also led a successful Supreme Court challenge which removed bars on women of childbearing age working in areas considered to be dangerous. She was re-elected to the post until her retirement, in 1991, when she was replaced by Carolyn Forrest.

Komer also served on the board of the National Organization for Women, and as a vice-president of the Coalition of Labor Union Women, and was appointed by Bill Clinton to the President's Advisory Committee for Women. In 1995, she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.

1. Salpukas, Agis (June 7, 1974). "Woman Vice President of the Auto Union". *New York Times*.
2. "Odessa Komer". *United Auto Workers*. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
3. *Book of the Year*. Chicago: Britannica. 1976. ISBN 0852293119.
4. Love, Barbara (2006). *Feminists who changed America, 1963-1975*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.


abstract: Primera División de México (Mexican First Division) Clausura 2003 is a Mexican football tournament - one of two short tournaments that take up the entire year to determine the champion(s) of Mexican football. It began on Saturday, January 11, 2003, and ran until May 17, when the regular season ended. Celaya's franchise was bought out by the owner of Aerolineas Internacionales, Jorge Rodriguez Marie, and it was moved to Cuernavaca. Thus, creating a team that was known as Los Colibries de Morelos. Monterrey defeated Morelia to win their second championship.

text:
# Primera División de México Clausura 2003

**Primera División de México** *(Mexican First Division)* **Clausura 2003** is a Mexican football tournament - one of two short tournaments that take up the entire year to determine the champion(s) of Mexican football. It began on Saturday, January 11, 2003, and ran until May 17, when the regular season ended. Celaya's franchise was bought out by the owner of Aerolineas Internacionales, Jorge Rodriguez Marie, and it was moved to Cuernavaca. Thus, creating a team that was known as Los Colibries de Morelos. Monterrey defeated Morelia to win their second championship.

## Overview

Mexico CityAtlas
Guadalajara
UAGTolucaCuernavacaMonterrey
UANLVeracruzSan LuisMoreliaChiapasPueblaQuerétaroPachucaSantos Laguna**Greater Mexico City teams**
América
Atlante
Cruz Azul
Necaxa
UNAM class=notpageimage|Location of the Primera División Clausura 2003 teams

| Team | City | Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- |
| América | Mexico City | Azteca |
| Atlante | Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico | Neza 86 |
| Atlas | Guadalajara, Jalisco | Jalisco |
| Chiapas | Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas | Víctor Manuel Reyna |
| Cruz Azul | Mexico City | Azul |
| Cuernavaca | Cuernavaca, Morelos | Mariano Matamoros |
| Guadalajara | Guadalajara, Jalisco | Jalisco |
| Morelia | Morelia, Michoacán | Morelos |
| Monterrey | Monterrey, Nuevo León | Tecnológico |
| Necaxa | Mexico City | Azteca |
| Pachuca | Pachuca, Hidalgo | Hidalgo |
| Puebla | Puebla, Puebla | Cuauhtémoc |
| Querétaro | Querétaro, Querétaro | Corregidora |
| San Luis | San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. | Alfonso Lastras |
| Santos Laguna | Torreón, Coahuila | Corona |
| Toluca | Toluca, State of Mexico | Nemesio Díez |
| UAG | Zapopan, Jalisco | Tres de Marzo |
| UANL | San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León | Universitario |
| UNAM | Mexico City | Olímpico Universitario |
| Veracruz | Veracruz, Veracruz | Luis "Pirata" Fuente |  |

## Final standings (groups)

Group 1
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Toluca | 19 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 40 | 30 | +10 | 33 | Directly qualified to the *Liguilla (Playoffs)* |
| 2 | Atlas | 19 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 29 | 20 | +9 | | 32 |
| 3 | América | 19 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 29 | 20 | +9 | 29 |  |
| 4 | Cuernavaca | 19 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 24 | 27 | 3 | | 23 |
| 5 | Puebla | 19 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 31 | 16 | | 16 |

Source: MedioTiempo

Group 2
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Monterrey | 19 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 31 | 22 | +9 | 34 | Directly qualified to the *Liguilla (Playoffs)* |
| 2 | UANL | 19 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 25 | 22 | +3 | | 34 |
| 3 | Pachuca | 19 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 21 | 23 | 2 | 21 |  |
| 4 | UNAM | 19 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 25 | 35 | 10 | | 20 |
| 5 | UAG | 19 | 1 | 4 | 14 | 15 | 37 | 22 | | 7 |

Source: MedioTiempo

Group 3
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Morelia | 19 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 34 | 20 | +14 | 35 | Directly qualified to the *Liguilla (Playoffs)* |
| 2 | Cruz Azul | 19 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 24 | Qualified for the *Repechage* |
| 3 | Necaxa | 19 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 25 | 24 | +1 | 23 |  |
| 4 | San Luis | 19 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 25 | 38 | 13 | | 20 |
| 5 | Chiapas | 19 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 15 | 26 | 11 | | 19 |

Source: MedioTiempo

Group 4
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Atlante | 19 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 39 | 26 | +13 | 34 | Directly qualified to the *Liguilla (Playoffs)* |
| 2 | Veracruz | 19 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 23 | 18 | +5 | | 32 |
| 3 | Guadalajara | 19 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 32 | 24 | +8 | 31 | Qualified for the *Repechage* |
| 4 | Santos | 19 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 30 | 24 | +6 | 30 |  |
| 5 | Querétaro | 19 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 10 | | 17 |

Source: MedioTiempo

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Morelia | 19 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 34 | 20 | +14 | 35 | Directly qualified to the *Liguilla (Playoffs)* |
| 2 | Atlante | 19 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 39 | 26 | +13 | | 34 |
| 3 | Monterrey | 19 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 31 | 22 | +9 | | 34 |
| 4 | UANL | 19 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 25 | 22 | +3 | | 34 |
| 5 | Toluca | 19 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 40 | 30 | +10 | | 33 |
| 6 | Atlas | 19 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 29 | 20 | +9 | | 32 |
| 7 | Veracruz | 19 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 23 | 18 | +5 | | 32 |
| 8 | Guadalajara | 19 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 32 | 24 | +8 | 31 | Qualified for the *Repechage* |
| 9 | Santos Laguna | 19 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 30 | 24 | +6 | 30 |  |
| 10 | América | 19 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 29 | 20 | +9 | | 29 |
| 11 | Cruz Azul | 19 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 24 | Qualified for the *Repechage* |
| 12 | Necaxa | 19 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 25 | 24 | +1 | 23 |  |
| 13 | Cuernavaca | 19 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 24 | 27 | 3 | | 23 |
| 14 | Pachuca | 19 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 21 | 23 | 2 | | 21 |
| 15 | UNAM | 19 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 25 | 35 | 10 | | 20 |
| 16 | San Luis | 19 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 25 | 38 | 13 | | 20 |
| 17 | Chiapas | 19 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 15 | 26 | 11 | | 19 |
| 18 | Querétaro | 19 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 10 | | 17 |
| 19 | Puebla | 19 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 31 | 16 | | 16 |
| 20 | UAG | 19 | 1 | 4 | 14 | 15 | 37 | 22 | | 7 |

Source: MedioTiempo

## Results

| Home \ Away | AME | ATE | ATS | CHI | CAZ | CUE | GDL | MTY | MOR | NEC | PAC | PUE | QRO | SNL | SAN | TOL | UAG | UNL | UNM | VER |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| América |  | 1–0 | 4–4 |  | 1–3 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 |  |  |  | 0–1 |  |  | 0–1 |  |  | 0–1 | 1–1 |  |
| Atlante |  |  | 2–4 | 5–1 |  |  |  | 1–1 |  | 4–1 | 2–1 | 3–1 |  | 3–1 |  |  | 3–2 |  | 3–1 |  |
| Atlas |  |  |  | 1–0 |  | 0–0 |  |  | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 |  | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 2–0 |  |  | 3–0 |
| Chiapas | 0–1 |  |  |  |  | 0–1 |  |  | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 |  | 0–0 | 3–1 |  | 1–1 | 1–0 |  |  | 1–2 |
| Cruz Azul |  | 1–3 | 1–1 | 0–1 |  |  | 3–3 | 0–0 |  |  |  | 4–0 |  |  | 2–2 |  |  | 1–3 | 2–0 |  |
| Cuernavaca |  | 1–1 |  |  | 0–0 |  | 1–1 |  |  | 2–2 | 2–3 |  |  | 2–4 | 2–3 |  | 3–0 | 2–0 |  |  |
| Guadalajara |  | 2–3 | 1–3 | 2–0 |  |  |  | 1–1 |  |  | 3–1 | 2–1 |  |  | 1–0 |  | 3–2 |  | 1–1 |  |
| Monterrey |  |  | 2–2 | 0–1 |  | 1–0 |  |  | 4–2 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 0–0 |  | 3–1 |  |  | 3–0 |  |  | 2–1 |
| Morelia | 1–2 | 0–0 |  |  | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 |  |  |  |  |  | 2–1 |  | 4–0 | 1–1 |  | 2–0 |  | 2–1 |
| Necaxa | 0–2 |  |  |  | 4–0 |  | 2–2 |  | 3–0 |  |  |  | 1–0 |  | 0–1 | 3–0 |  | 1–2 |  | 0–0 |
| Pachuca | 2–1 |  |  |  | 0–0 |  |  |  | 0–0 | 2–0 |  |  | 3–1 | 2–2 |  | 0–1 |  | 1–1 |  | 1–1 |
| Puebla |  |  |  | 3–2 |  | 0–1 |  |  | 1–6 | 1–0 | 1–1 |  | 0–2 | 0–1 |  | 3–1 | 2–2 |  |  | 0–1 |
| Querétaro | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 |  | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 1–1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1–0 |  |  | 0–2 | 0–0 |  |
| San Luis | 0–4 |  |  |  | 2–2 |  | 0–2 |  | 2–4 | 1–0 |  |  | 1–1 |  |  | 2–3 |  | 2–0 |  | 0–3 |
| Santos Laguna |  | 1–0 | 3–0 | 1–2 |  |  |  | 1–2 |  |  | 2–0 | 1–1 |  | 2–0 |  |  | 3–1 |  | 4–1 |  |
| Toluca | 3–0 | 2–3 |  |  | 1–3 | 4–1 | 3–2 | 3–1 |  |  |  |  | 4–0 |  | 4–3 |  |  | 3–1 | 5–1 |  |
| UAG | 0–5 |  |  |  | 0–0 |  |  |  | 0–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 |  | 0–0 | 1–2 |  | 3–0 |  |  |  | 1–2 |
| UANL |  | 2–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 |  |  | 1–0 | 2–1 |  |  |  | 1–0 |  |  | 2–2 |  | 1–0 |  | 2–2 |  |
| UNAM |  |  | 2–1 | 3–1 |  | 1–3 |  | 2–3 | 0–1 | 4–4 | 1–1 | 1–0 |  | 2–2 |  |  | 2–1 |  |  |  |
| Veracruz | 0–2 | 2–2 |  |  | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–2 |  |  |  |  |  | 1–1 |  | 1–0 | 1–0 |  | 4–1 | 0–0 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on 17 May 2003. Source: RSSSF
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Top goalscorers

Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name. Only regular season goals listed.

| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | José Cardozo | Toluca | 21 |
| 2 | Sebastián González | Atlante | 16 |
| 3 | Reinaldo Navia | Morelia | 13 |
| 4 | Jared Borgetti | Santos Laguna | 11 |
| 5 | Omar Bravo | Guadalajara | 10 |
| 6 | Luis Gabriel Rey | Atlante | 9 |
| 7 | Sebastián Abreu | Cruz Azul | 8 |
| | Juan Carlos Cacho | Cruz Azul | |
| | José Alfredo Castillo | UAG | |
| | Claudinho | Cuernavaca | |
| | Alex Fernandes | Monterrey | |
| | Walter Gaitán | UANL | |
| | Vicente Sánchez | Toluca | |

Source: MedioTiempo

## Playoffs

### Preliminary round

| Cruz Azul | 4–1 | Guadalajara |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cacho  8', 85'
Corona  9'
Palencia  37' (pen.) | Report | Bravo  27' |

Estadio Azul, Mexico CityReferee: Marco Antonio Rodríguez (Mexico City)

| Guadalajara | 4–1 | Cruz Azul |
| --- | --- | --- |
| J. Sánchez  14'
Bravo  39' (pen.)
Jo. García  45'
Ja. García  60' | Report | Palencia  11' (pen.) |

Estadio Jalisco, GuadalajaraReferee: José Abramo Lira (Nuevo León)

*5–5 on aggregate. Guadalajara advanced for being the higher seeded team.*

### Bracket

|  | Quarterfinals | | | | |  |  | Semifinals | | | | |  |  | Finals | | | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Morelia** | 1 | 4 | 5 |  |  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | ||
|  | 8 | Guadalajara | 1 | 2 | 3 |  | ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 1 | **Morelia** | 0 | 2 | 2 |  | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | 7 | Veracruz | 1 | 0 | 1 |  ||
|  | 2 | | | | | | | | Atlante | 1 | 0 | 1 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | 7 | **Veracruz** | 1 | 1 | 2 |  ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 1 | Morelia | 1 | 0 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 3 | **Monterrey** | 3 | 0 | 3 |  |
|  | 3 | | | | | | | | **Monterrey** | 1 | 3 | 5 |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | 6 | Atlas | 1 | 2 | 4 | |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | 3 | **Monterrey** | 4 | 1 | 5 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 4 | UANL | 1 | 2 | 3 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | 4 | **UANL** | 2 | 2 | 4 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | 5 | Toluca | 2 | 1 | 3 |  |

### Quarterfinals

| Guadalajara | 1–1 | Morelia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mora  25' (pen.) | Report | Saavedra  7' |

Estadio Jalisco, GuadalajaraReferee: Gilberto Alcalá Pineda (Mexico City)

| Morelia | 4–2 | Guadalajara |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bautista  14'
Palacios  43'
Navia  82'
Íñiguez  90' | Report | Mora  19'
Medina  83' |

Estadio Morelos, MoreliaReferee: Marco Antonio Rodríguez (Mexico City)

*Morelia won 5–3 on aggregate.*

---

| Veracruz | 1–1 | Atlante |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gutiérrez  67' | Report | Rey  33' |

Estadio Luis "Pirata" Fuente, VeracruzReferee: Jorge Eduardo Gasso (Mexico City)

| Atlante | 0–1 | Veracruz |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Hernández  51' (pen.) |

Estadio Neza 86, Ciudad NezahualcóyotlReferee: José Abramo Lira (Nuevo León)

*Veracruz won 2–1 on aggregate.*

---

| Atlas | 1–1 | Monterrey |
| --- | --- | --- |
| J. Rodríguez  54' (pen.) | Report | I. Rodríguez  33' |

Estadio Jalisco, GuadalajaraReferee: Manuel Ernesto Glower (Mexico City)

| Monterrey | 3–2 | Atlas |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Franco  16', 35'
Huitrón  72' | Report | García  49'
Rodríguez  62' |

Estadio Tecnológico, MonterreyReferee: Armando Archundia (Estado de México)

*Monterrey won 4–3 on aggregate.*

---

| Toluca | 1–2 | UANL |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Valdéz  50' | Report | Kléber  70', 89' |

Estadio Nemesio Díez, TolucaReferee: Germán Arredondo Ramírez (Guanajuato)

| UANL | 2–2 | Toluca |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alex Mineiro  10'
Kléber  24' (pen.) | Report | Cardozo  68'
Franco  71' |

Estadio Universitario, San Nicolás de los GarzaReferee: Felipe Ramos Rizo (Mexico City)

*UANL won 4–3 on aggregate.*

### Semifinals

| Veracruz | 1–0 | Morelia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rodríguez  28' | Report |  |

Estadio Luis "Pirata" Fuente, VeracruzReferee: Felipe Ramos Rizo (Mexico City)

| Morelia | 2–0 | Veracruz |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bautista  11', 66' | Report |  |

Estadio Morelos, MoreliaReferee: Armando Archundia (Estado de México)

*Morelia won 2–1 on aggregate.*

---

| UANL | 1–4 | Monterrey |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kléber  29' | Report | Franco  39', 51'
Arellano  76'
Avilán  88' |

Estadio Universitario, San Nicolás de los GarzaReferee: Gilberto Alcalá Pineda (Mexico City)

| Monterrey | 1–2 | UANL |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alex  14' | Report | de Nigris  79'
Alex Mineiro  86' (pen.) |

Estadio Tecnológico, MonterreyReferee: Marco Antonio Rodríguez (Mexico City)

*Monterrey won 5–3 on aggregate.*

### Finals

| Monterrey | 3–1 | Morelia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Erviti  1'
Franco  46'
Castro  57' (pen.) | Report | Bautista  90+3' |

Estadio Tecnológico, MonterreyReferee: Felipe Ramos Rizo (Mexico City) First leg

| **Monterrey:**   GK **30**  Ricardo Martínez  DF **5**  Flavio Rogério  DF **4**  Pablo Rotchen  82'  DF **2**  Ismael Rodríguez  78'  DF **71**  Elliott Huitrón  86'  DF **8**  Héctor Castro  38'  MF **18**  Walter Erviti  73'  MF **7**  Luis Ernesto Pérez  6'  MF **28**  Jesús Arellano  FW **10**  Guillermo Franco  58'  90+1'  FW **9**  Alex Fernandes  71'  71'  **Substitutions:**  GK **20**  Juan de Dios Ibarra  DF **13**  Daniel Román  MF **11**  Jesús Mendoza  MF **17**  Omar Avilán   71'  MF **19**  Hashim Suárez  MF **24**  César Adame   90+1'  FW **64**  Tomás Banda  **Manager:**  Daniel Passarella |  | **Morelia:**   GK **30**  Moisés Muñoz  DF **4**  Carlos González  11'  DF **58**  Darío Franco  41'  DF **15**  Mario Ruíz   53'  DF **12**  Enrique Vizcarra   79'  MF **8**  Jorge Almirón  MF **23**  Javier Saavedra  MF **7**  Roberto Palacios  MF **28**  Carlos Adrián Morales  MF **10**  Adolfo Bautista  FW **9**  Reinaldo Navia  **Substitutions:**  GK **1**  Miguel Fuentes  DF **5**  Christian Ramírez  DF **13**  Miguel Hernández  DF **67**  Charel Hernández  MF **18**  Damián Álvarez   53'  MF **20**  Ismael Íñiguez   79'  FW **11**  Martín Gómez  **Manager:**  Rubén Omar Romano |
| --- | --- | --- |

Second leg

| Morelia | 0–0 | Monterrey |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estadio Morelos, MoreliaReferee: Marco Antonio Rodríguez (Mexico City)

*Monterrey won 3–1 on aggregate.*

| **Morelia:**   GK **30**  Moisés Muñoz  DF **4**  Carlos González  72'  DF **58**  Darío Franco  DF **15**  Mario Ruíz  26'  46'  MF **23**  Javier Saavedra  MF **8**  Jorge Almirón  11'  MF **18**  Damián Álvarez   50'  MF **7**  Roberto Palacios  MF **28**  Carlos Adrián Morales  MF **10**  Adolfo Bautista  FW **9**  Reinaldo Navia  68'  **Substitutions:**  GK **1**  Miguel Fuentes  DF **5**  Christian Ramírez  DF **12**  Enrique Vizcarra  DF **13**  Miguel Hernández  MF **20**  Ismael Íñiguez   46'  MF **85**  Hugo Magallón  FW **11**  Martín Gómez   50'  **Manager:**  Rubén Omar Romano |  | **Monterrey:**   GK **30**  Ricardo Martínez  39'  DF **5**  Flavio Rogério  DF **4**  Pablo Rotchen  DF **2**  Ismael Rodríguez  DF **8**  Héctor Castro  MF **15**  Paulo Chávez  MF **18**  Walter Erviti   64'  MF **7**  Luis Ernesto Pérez  MF **28**  Jesús Arellano   88'  FW **10**  Guillermo Franco  FW **9**  Alex Fernandes  30'  55'  **Substitutions:**  GK **20**  Juan de Dios Ibarra  DF **13**  Daniel Román  DF **71**  Tomás Banda   64'  MF **11**  Jesús Mendoza   88'  MF **17**  Omar Avilán   55'  MF **19**  Hashim Suárez  MF **24**  César Adame  **Manager:**  Daniel Passarella |
| --- | --- | --- |

| Clausura 2003 winners |
| --- |
| **Monterrey
2nd title** |

## Relegation

| Pos. | Team | Pts. | Pld. | Avg. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16. | San Luis | 44 | 38 | **1.1579** |
| 17. | UAG | 119 | 108 | **1.1019** |
| 18. | Chiapas | 116 | 108 | **1.0741** |
| 19. | Puebla | 115 | 108 | **1.0648** |
| 20. | Cuernavaca | 114 | 108 | **1.0556** |

1. "Colibríes, una historia sui géneris en Primera División" (in Spanish). Mediotiempo. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

## InfoBox

Primera División de México
| Season | 2002−03 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Monterrey (2nd title) |
| Relegated | Cuernavaca |
| Champions' Cup | Monterrey |
| Top goalscorer | José Cardozo
(21 goals) |
| Apertura 2002 Apertura 2003 | |


title: Phyl Blackler

abstract: Phyllis Blackler was a New Zealand cricketer who played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm leg break. Making her Test debut against Australia, she appeared in twelve Test matches for New Zealand between 1948 and 1966. She played domestic cricket for Canterbury and Wellington. Blackler holds the record for being the oldest women's test cricketer, being 47 years and 54 days old in her last match versus England in 1966.

text:
# Phyl Blackler

**Phyllis Blackler** (13 June 1919 – 25 May 1975) was a New Zealand cricketer who played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm leg break. Making her Test debut against Australia, she appeared in twelve Test matches for New Zealand between 1948 and 1966. She played domestic cricket for Canterbury and Wellington.

Blackler holds the record for being the oldest women's test cricketer, being 47 years and 54 days old in her last match versus England in 1966.

## InfoBox

Phyl Blackler
| Blackler in 1966 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Phyllis Blackler |
| Born | (1919-06-13)13 June 1919
Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Died | 25 May 1975(1975-05-25) (aged 55)
Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm leg break |
| Role | All-rounder |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 12) | 20 March 1948 v Australia |
| Last Test | 6 August 1966 v England |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1938/39–1957/58 | Canterbury |
| 1958/59–1959/60 | Wellington |
| 1960/61–1968/69 | Canterbury |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WTest WFC  Matches 12 92  Runs scored 371 4,469  Batting average 17.66 39.93  100s/50s 0/1 7/21  Top score 68 202  Balls bowled 1,034 9,311  Wickets 18 376  Bowling average 29.27 11.94  5 wickets in innings 0 31  10 wickets in match 0 7  Best bowling 4/22 8/24  Catches/stumpings 5/– 50/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 28 November 2021 | |


title: El Burgo de Ebro

abstract: El Burgo de Ebro is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,797 inhabitants.

text:
# El Burgo de Ebro

**El Burgo de Ebro** is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,797 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| El Burgo de Ebro | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| El Burgo de EbroEl Burgo de EbroEl Burgo de Ebro | |
| Coordinates: 41°34′N 0°44′W / 41.567°N 0.733°W / 41.567; -0.733 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Aragon |
| Province | Zaragoza |
| Area | |
| Total | 24 km2 (9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 183 m (600 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 2,432 |
| Density | 100/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Eden (Faun album)

abstract: Eden is a concept album released in 2011 by the German band Faun. It was the only album to feature member Rairda.

text:
# Eden (Faun album)

***Eden*** is a concept album released in 2011 by the German band Faun. It was the only album to feature member Rairda.

## Lyrics and Concept

The album covers many different topics such as Greek mythology, including "Hymn to Pan" about the Greek god of the same name. Other songs deal with other mythologies: The lyrics of "Arcadia" are from an ancient Finnish poem honoring the forest-god. "Lvpercalia" is about the ancient Roman festival, "Iduna" is about the Norse deity, and "Adam Lay Ybounden" and "Golden Apples" both concern the biblical narrative of the Garden of Eden.

Some songs are adaptations of older songs and melodies. "The Butterfly" is an old Irish melody, "Oyneng Yar" is a Tatar song, "Polska Från Larsson" is an old Swedish folk melody and "Ynis Avalach" is an old Celtic melody.

"Zeitgeist" stands out because it deals with the conflict between nature and modern society and not paganism directly. "The Market Song" is about the fairs and markets that have been arranged through the centuries and function as meeting places where cultures meet and ideas flow and is dedicated to the arrangers of Faerieworlds, Castlefest, Festival Mediaval, Wave-Gotik-Treffen and Mittelalterlich Spectaculum. The song incorporates elements from the traditional English song "Copshawholme Fair".

The songs are heavily elaborated in the album sleeve where every song has accompanying lyrics, notes and imagery. The graphics for the sleeve and booklet were produced by English fantasy illustrator Brian Froud. Some songs are referenced with poetry: Heinrich von Kleist in "Zeitgeist", Kenneth Grahame in "Hymn to Pan", Joseph Conrad and Ingeborg Bachmann in "Pearl", excerpts from the Edda in "Polska Från Larsson" and finally Sir Arthur Eddington and Rumi in "Golden Apples".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lupercalia" | 3:15 |
| 2. | "Zeitgeist" | 4:02 |
| 3. | "Iduna" | 3:21 |
| 4. | "The Butterfly" | 1:33 |
| 5. | "Adam Lay Ybounden" | 4:36 |
| 6. | "Hymn to Pan" | 6:56 |
| 7. | "Pearl" | 5:04 |
| 8. | "Oyneng Yar" | 5:33 |
| 9. | "Polska Fran Larsson" | 4:37 |
| 10. | "Alba" | 7:17 |
| 11. | "Ynis Avalach" | 5:08 |
| 12. | "Arcadia" | 7:16 |
| 13. | "The Market Song" | 5:50 |
| 14. | "Golden Apples" | 7:34 |

## InfoBox

| Eden | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover artwork by Brian Froud | |
| Studio album by Faun | |
| Released | 2011 |
| Genre | Celtic folk, folk rock |
| Label | Banshee |
| Faun chronology | |
| *Buch der Balladen*
(2009) ***Eden***
(2011) *Von den Elben*
(2013) | |


title: Robert Spangler (American football)

abstract: Robert F. Spangler was an American football and basketball player and coach. Following a successful played career as a quarterback at Duke University, he served as the head football coach at Atlantic Christian College—now known as Barton College—in Wilson, North Carolina from 1947 to 1948 and Catawba College in Salisbury, North Carolina from 1949 to 1952.

text:
# Robert Spangler (American football)

**Robert F. Spangler** (September 8, 1917 – March 31, 1992) was an American football and basketball player and coach. Following a successful played career as a quarterback at Duke University, he served as the head football coach at Atlantic Christian College—now known as Barton College—in Wilson, North Carolina from 1947 to 1948 and Catawba College in Salisbury, North Carolina from 1949 to 1952.

## Head coaching record

### College football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Atlantic Christian Bulldogs** *(North State Conference)* (1947–1948) | | | | | | | | |
| 1947 | Atlantic Christian | 0–8 | 0–5 | 9th |  |
| 1948 | Atlantic Christian | 2–7 | 1–6 | 8th |  |
| **Atlantic Christian:** | | 2–15 | 1–11 |  | | | | |
| **Catawba Indians** *(North State Conference)* (1949–1952) | | | | | | | | |
| 1949 | Catawba | 5–5 | 4–2 | 4th |  |
| 1950 | Catawba | 4–6 | 2–3 | 5th |  |
| 1951 | Catawba | 5–5 | 3–2 | 3rd |  |
| 1952 | Catawba | 4–5–1 | 4–1–1 | T–2nd |  |
| **Catawba:** | | 18–21–1 | 13–8–1 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 20–36–1 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Robert Spangler
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1917-09-08)September 8, 1917 |
| Died | March 31, 1992(1992-03-31) (aged 74) |
| Playing career | |
| Football | |
| 1935–1938 | Duke |
| Basketball | |
| 1936–1938 | Duke |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Quarterback (football) |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| Football | |
| 1940–1941 | Newport News Builders |
| 1946 | Newport News Builders |
| 1947–1948 | Atlantic Christian |
| 1949–1952 | Catawba |
| Basketball | |
| 1951–1952 | Catawba |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 20–36–1 (college football)<br>4–19 (college basketball) |
|  | |


title: Sê San Dam

abstract: The Sê San Dam is on the Sê San river at Ia Tơi commune, Ia H'Drai district and Ia O commune, Ia Grai district of Gia Lai province in Vietnam.

text:
# Sê San Dam

The **Sê San Dam** (**Sê San Dam 4**) is on the Sê San river at Ia Tơi commune, Ia H'Drai district and Ia O commune, Ia Grai district of Gia Lai province in Vietnam.

## Power generation

The Sê San Dam hydropower plant has 3 units with an installed capacity of 360 MW, which is the second largest hydropower plant (after Ia Ly hydroelectricity) on the Sesan river hydroelectricity system. By design, the electricity output supplied to the national grid is 1.4 billion kWh/year. However, in situation of severe drought and water shortage, it is inevitable that the power output supplied to the national power grid will be drastically reduced.

## Impacts

The Sê San Hydropower ensures electricity security for the region and nation, helping to stabilize the electricity system. This hydropower supports in generating local budget and improving local economy. With the collected budget, it is used for forest recovery, forest plantation towards sustainable development of forest.

Since its construction in 2004, Sê San Hydropower has been recently promoted tourism. From Pleiku city, about 70 km to the west, tourists will reach Ia O commune, Ia Grai district to visit the lake bed, the fishing village on the Se San hydroelectric lake, visit Mo waterfall, and then go through the cashew garden, rubber forest, etc. with the pristine natural landscape. Tourism has just been newly launched, so the service remains limited and welcomes mainly domestic tourists for river-experiencing tourism services in the Central Highlands.

13°58′06″N 107°29′42″E / 13.9684°N 107.4949°E / 13.9684; 107.4949


title: Şefaatli District

abstract: Şefaatli District is a district of the Yozgat Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Şefaatli. Its area is 882 km⁲, and its population is 14,129 (2022).

text:
# Şefaatli District

**Şefaatli District** is a district of the Yozgat Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Şefaatli. Its area is 882 km2, and its population is 14,129 (2022).

## Composition

There is one municipality in Şefaatli District:

There are 41 villages in Şefaatli District:

* Akcami
* Akçakoyunlu
* Alifakılı
* Arife
* Armağan
* Başköy
* Caferli
* Cankılı
* Çaydoğan
* Cıcıklar
* Dedeli
* Ekinciuşağı
* Gülistan
* Gülpınar
* Güzelli
* Hallaçlı
* Hamzalı
* Hüyükkışla
* İbrahimhacılı
* Kabacıoğlu
* Kabakini
* Karakaya
* Kaygılı
* Kazlıuşağı
* Kızılkoca
* Kızılyar
* Koçköy
* Küçükincirli
* Kumkuyu
* Kuzayca
* Osmanlı
* Paşaköy
* Rızvan
* Saatlı
* Saçlı
* Sarıkent
* Şerefoğlu
* Tahiroğlu
* Temlik
* Türüdüler
* Yıldızköy

## InfoBox

| Şefaatli District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Map showing Şefaatli District in Yozgat Province | |
| Şefaatli DistrictLocation in TurkeyŞefaatli DistrictŞefaatli District (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 39°30′N 34°45′E / 39.500°N 34.750°E / 39.500; 34.750 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Yozgat |
| Seat | Şefaatli |
| Government | |
| Kaymakam | Yusuf Ilıca |
| Area | 882 km2 (341 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | 14,129 |
| Density | 16/km2 (41/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Website | www.sefaatli.gov.tr |


title: Sleeman Sports Complex

abstract: The Sleeman Centre is a sporting and entertainment facility located in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Located on Old Cleveland Road in the suburb of Chandler, the Centre is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of Brisbane's CBD and is home to an aquatic Centre, velodrome, sports arena, gymnastics training hall, gymnasium, and auditorium. The centre offers a range of services to the public.

text:
# Sleeman Sports Complex

27°30′47″S 153°08′49″E / 27.513°S 153.147°E / -27.513; 153.147

**The Sleeman Centre** (also known as **Sleeman Sports Complex**) is a sporting and entertainment facility located in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Located on Old Cleveland Road in the suburb of Chandler, the Centre is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of Brisbane's CBD and is home to an aquatic Centre, velodrome, sports arena, gymnastics training hall, gymnasium, and auditorium. The centre offers a range of services to the public.

## History

The Sleeman Sports Centre, named after Brisbane Lord Mayor Frank Sleeman, is purpose-built sporting complex for the 1982 Commonwealth Games. Construction of the Centre was completed in 1982. Since then, the Centre has been host to a number of other sporting events including the 1994 World Masters Games and the 2001 Goodwill Games swimming, diving, and cycling events. The facilities were to host six sporting events as part of the failed 1992 Olympic bid.

During the 2013 Queensland floods, the site was set up as an evacuation facility.

## Facilities

### Aquatic Centre

The Brisbane Aquatic Centre (located at Chandler) consists of four main swimming pools, a 50-metre indoor Olympic pool (2m depth), a 50-metre outdoor Olympic pool (4m to 2m in depth) a 25-metre diving pool (5m depth), and a 25-metre lap pool (1m depth). The Aquatic Centre has a seating capacity of 4,300 and has diving facilities, a moveable bulkhead on the Olympic pool for short course events and a water fun park. The aquatic centre also contains a children's facility which encompasses the 25-metre lap pool, a large enclosed water slide and a children's pool.

### Anna Meares Velodrome

The Anna Meares Velodrome is a 250-metre (820 ft) indoor velodrome, named in honour of Anna Meares, that was completed in 2016. The velodrome hosted the track cycling events at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, and will host the 2032 Summer Olympics.

An older facility, called the Chandler Velodrome, still stands, and was an outdoor configuration, having a grandstand seating capacity of 3,000. The venue was suitable for cycling events, rock concerts, rallies, motocross and speedway championships. The Norm Gailey Grandstand on the western side also contained offices of AusCycling Queensland.

### Chandler Theatre

The Chandler Theatre is one of the largest in South East Queensland, with a 200 square metre stage, and a seating capacity of 1,500.

### Brisbane BMX Supercross Track

Sleeman Sports Complex is home to Australia's only Olympic Standard BMX Supercross Track.

### Water Ramp

In 2020, a water ramp facility for freestyle ski-jumping was completed. It provides a year-long training facility for Australia's elite aerial skiers. The project was a joint initiative of the Olympic Winter Institute of Australia, state and federal governments and the Australian Olympic Committee.

## Tenants and clubs

### Aquatic

* Aquatic Achievers Swim School
* Australian Diving
* Chandler Swim Shop
* Queensland Diving Association
* Queensland Swimming
* Aquatic Education
* Aqualina Synchronised Swimming
* Aussie Masters Swimming
* Brisbane Springboard Diving
* Chandler Swim Club
* Donnet Diving
* Oceanas Synchronised Swimming Club
* Queensland Underwater Hockey
* R.A.P.S. Diving – Redlands Amateur Platform & Springboard Diving Club
* CHANDLER Diving Club

### Other Sport

* LS Arena LAN party
* Australian Institute of Sport
* BMX Queensland
* Cycling Queensland Inc
* Gymnastics Queensland
* Peter de Been Jiu Jitsu
* Queensland Badminton
* Queensland Weightlifting
* Tumble Weeds Gymnastics
* Brisbane Southern Districts Junior Soccer Association Inc.
* Bayside Indoor Soccer
* Queensland Firebirds
* Chandler Badminton
* Cougars Weightlifting
* Wynnum Redlands Cycling
* Kangaroo Point Cycling
* Broncos Cycling


title: Odessa Meteor Crater

abstract: The Odessa Meteor Crater is a meteorite crater in the southwestern part of Ector County, southwest of the city of Odessa of West Texas, United States. It is accessible approximately 3 mi (5 km) south of Interstate 20 at Exit 108. This is one of three impact crater sites found in Texas, the others being the older and much larger Sierra Madera crater and the Marquez crater. The Handbook of Texas Online describes the Odessa meteor crater as the largest of several smaller craters in the immediate area that were formed by the impact of thousands of octahedrites that fell in prehistoric times. The web site of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin, identifies five craters at the Odessa site and shows a distribution map of the meteorite fragments recovered from the area. The recoveries have generally come from an area to the north and northwest of the main crater site, with only a few found to the south. They indicate that the structure of the main crater, because it was one of the earliest to be recognized and studied, is now used to name similar impact sites on a worldwide basis. Over 1500 meteorites have been recovered from the surrounding area over the years, the largest of which weighed approximately 300 lb (136 kg), but excavations in the main crater confirm that there is no meteorite mass underground and probably never has been. The site has been designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service, and a small information area and nature trail has been set up on-site for a self-guided tour. It is 550 ft (168 m) in diameter and the age is estimated to be around 63,500 years. The crater is exposed to the surface, and was originally about 100 ft (30 m) deep. Because of subsequent infilling by soil and debris, the crater is currently 15 ft (5 m) deep at its lowest point, which provides enough relief to be visible over the surrounding plains, but does not offer the dramatic relief found at the more famous Meteor Crater in Arizona. The crater itself and the museum curator, Tom Rodman, were featured in the June 1, 2013 broadcast of Bob Phillips's syndicated television series Texas Country Reporter.

text:
# Odessa Meteor Crater

The **Odessa Meteor Crater** is a meteorite crater in the southwestern part of Ector County, southwest of the city of Odessa of West Texas, United States. It is accessible approximately 3 mi (5 km) south of Interstate 20 at Exit 108 (Moss Road). This is one of three impact crater sites found in Texas, the others being the older and much larger Sierra Madera crater and the Marquez crater.

The *Handbook of Texas Online* describes the Odessa meteor crater as the largest of several smaller craters in the immediate area that were formed by the impact of thousands of octahedrites (an iron metallic type) that fell in prehistoric times.

The web site of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin (UTPB, Center for Energy and Economic Diversification), identifies five craters at the Odessa site and shows a distribution map of the meteorite fragments recovered from the area. The recoveries have generally come from an area to the north and northwest of the main crater site, with only a few found to the south. They indicate that the structure of the main crater, because it was one of the earliest to be recognized and studied, is now used to name similar impact sites on a worldwide basis. Over 1500 meteorites have been recovered from the surrounding area over the years, the largest of which weighed approximately 300 lb (136 kg), but excavations in the main crater confirm that there is no meteorite mass underground and probably never has been. The site has been designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service, and a small information area and nature trail has been set up on-site for a self-guided tour.

It is 550 ft (168 m) in diameter and the age is estimated to be around 63,500 years (Pleistocene or younger). The crater is exposed to the surface, and was originally about 100 ft (30 m) deep. Because of subsequent infilling by soil and debris, the crater is currently 15 ft (5 m) deep at its lowest point, which provides enough relief to be visible over the surrounding plains, but does not offer the dramatic relief found at the more famous Meteor Crater in Arizona.

The crater itself and the museum curator, Tom Rodman, were featured in the June 1, 2013 broadcast of Bob Phillips's syndicated television series *Texas Country Reporter*.

Media related to Odessa Meteor Crater at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Odessa Meteor Crater | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteor crater and museum | |
| Impact crater/structure | |
| Confidence | Confirmed |
| Diameter | 550 ft (168 m) |
| Depth | 100 ft (30 m) |
| Age | 63,500 years |
| Exposed | Yes |
| Drilled | Yes |
| Bolide type | Octahedrite (IAB) |
| Location | |
| Location | Ector County, West Texas |
| Coordinates | 31°45′22″N 102°28′44″W / 31.7560°N 102.4788°W / 31.7560; -102.4788 |
| Country | United States |
| Odessa Meteor CraterOdessa Meteor Crater in Texas | |


title: Phygopoda jacobi

abstract: Phygopoda jacobi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Ernst Fuchs in 1961.

text:
# Phygopoda jacobi

***Phygopoda jacobi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Ernst Fuchs in 1961.

## InfoBox

| *Phygopoda jacobi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Phygopoda* |
| Species: | ***P. jacobi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phygopoda jacobi***<br>E. Fuchs, 1961 | |
|


title: El Bulli Foundation

abstract: El Bulli Foundation, often stylized as elbullifoundation is a project of Ferran Adrià, Juli Soler and Albert Adrià that continues El Bulli's legacy subsequent to its closure as a restaurant. The Foundation's headquarters are in Barcelona, Spain, but one of the exhibit spaces is in Girona, Spain within El Bulli 1846, on the site of the restaurant.

text:
# El Bulli Foundation

**El Bulli Foundation**, often stylized as **elbullifoundation** is a project of Ferran Adrià, Juli Soler and Albert Adrià that continues El Bulli's legacy subsequent to its closure as a restaurant. The Foundation's headquarters are in Barcelona, Spain, but one of the exhibit spaces is in Girona, Spain within El Bulli 1846, on the site of the restaurant.

## LA Bulligrafía

LA Bulligrafía, sometimes spelled, LABulligrafía is an archive of the restaurant's history and significance in shaping fine dining from its beginnings as a beach bar in 1962 through its closure. When completed, the archive will consist of information available online and a physical museum sometimes referred to as "El Modelo".

La Bulligrafía is slated to open in 2021 or 2022 in a factory space outside Barcelona, in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat where the brothers were born.

## Travelling exhibits

The Foundation has also funded exhibits about the brothers' culinary legacy, including "Ferran Adria: The Invention of Food" at St. Petersburg, Florida's Dali Museum in 2016.


title: Eddie Hinson

abstract: Edward John Hinson nicknamed "Blinko" (1913–1986) was an Australian rugby league player who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He later became an Olympic wrestler and an Australian heavyweight champion.

text:
# Eddie Hinson

**Edward John Hinson** nicknamed "Blinko" (1913–1986) was an Australian rugby league player who played in the 1930s and 1940s.

He later became an Olympic wrestler and an Australian heavyweight champion.

## Background

Hinson was born in Redfern, New South Wales on 11 July 1913.

## Playing career

Hinson went on to play ten seasons with South Sydney between 1934-1945 and was known to eat six raw eggs before every game. Hinson was a lock-forward and played in two Grand Finals for Souths, in 1935 and 1939 although, the team were runners-up on both occasions. He retired aged 35 at the end of the 1945 NSWRFL season.

## Death

Hinson died on 27 August 1986, aged 73.

## InfoBox

Edward Hinson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Edward John Hinson |
| Born | (1913-07-11)11 July 1913
Rosebery, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 27 August 1986(1986-08-27) (aged 73)
Queenscliff, New South Wales, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Lock, Second-row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1934–45 South Sydney 98 17 0 0 51 | |
| Source: | |


title: Robert Spall

abstract: Robert Spall, was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Robert Spall was born in Acton, London, England on March 5, 1890. He enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in July 1915. Spall was 28 years old, and a sergeant in Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War, and was awarded the VC for his actions on 13 August 1918 near Parvillers-le-Quesnoy, France. His citation reads:For most conspicuous bravery and self-sacrifice when, during an enemy counter-attack, his platoon was isolated. Thereupon Serjt. Spall took a Lewis gun and, standing on the parapet, fired upon the advancing enemy, inflicting very severe casualties. He then came down the trench directing the men into a sap seventy-five yards from the enemy. Picking up another Lewis gun, this gallant N.C.O. again climbed the parapet, and by his fire held up the enemy. It was while holding up the enemy at this point that he was killed. Serjt. Spall deliberately gave his life in order to extricate his platoon from a most difficult situation, and it was owing to his bravery that the platoon was saved. Sergeant Spall's final resting place was lost and as such he is commemorated on the Canadian National Vimy Memorial with the over 11,000 other Canadian dead of the war killed in France but whose remains were lost or never recovered. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the PPCLI Museum at The Military Museums in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He is also commemorated in Acton, London, England with a plaque outside the house he was born at 16 Spencer Road.

text:
# Robert Spall

**Robert Spall** VC (5 March 1890  13 August 1918), was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Robert Spall was born in Acton, London, England on March 5, 1890. He enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in July 1915.

Spall was 28 years old, and a sergeant in Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War, and was awarded the VC for his actions on 13 August 1918 near Parvillers-le-Quesnoy, France.

His citation reads:

> For most conspicuous bravery and self-sacrifice when, during an enemy counter-attack, his platoon was isolated. Thereupon Serjt. Spall took a Lewis gun and, standing on the parapet, fired upon the advancing enemy, inflicting very severe casualties. He then came down the trench directing the men into a sap seventy-five yards from the enemy. Picking up another Lewis gun, this gallant N.C.O. again climbed the parapet, and by his fire held up the enemy. It was while holding up the enemy at this point that he was killed. Serjt. Spall deliberately gave his life in order to extricate his platoon from a most difficult situation, and it was owing to his bravery that the platoon was saved.
>
> The London Gazette, 26 October 1918

Sergeant Spall's final resting place was lost and as such he is commemorated on the Canadian National Vimy Memorial with the over 11,000 other Canadian dead of the war killed in France but whose remains were lost or never recovered.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the PPCLI Museum at The Military Museums in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

He is also commemorated in Acton, London, England with a plaque outside the house he was born at 16 Spencer Road.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Robert Spall | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 5 March 1890
Acton, London, England |
| Died | 13 August 1918 (aged 28)
Parvillers-le-Quesnoy, France |
| Allegiance | Canada |
| Service/branch | Canadian Expeditionary Force |
| Years of service | 1915 - 1918 |
| Rank | Sergeant |
| Unit | Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry |
| Battles/wars | First World War |
| Awards | Victoria Cross |


title: Daf-7

abstract: The DAF-7 gene encodes for the ortholog of GDF11, a ligand of TGF-beta signaling pathway, in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. When binds to the complex of type II receptor Daf-4 and type I receptor Daf-1, this receptor protein serine/threonine kinase will phosphorylation activate the Smad Protein Daf-8/14.

text:
# Daf-7

The **DAF-7** gene encodes for the ortholog of GDF11, a ligand of TGF-beta signaling pathway, in the worm *Caenorhabditis elegans*. When binds to the complex of type II receptor Daf-4 and type I receptor Daf-1, this receptor protein serine/threonine kinase will phosphorylation activate the Smad Protein Daf-8/14.

## InfoBox

| abnormal dauer formation protein 7 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Organism | Caenorhabditis elegans |
| Symbol | daf-7 |
| Entrez | 175237 |
| HomoloGene | 21183 |
| RefSeq (mRNA) | NM\_064864.5 |
| RefSeq (Prot) | NP\_497265.1 |
| UniProt | P92172 |
| Other data | |
| Chromosome | *III: 0.81 - 0.81 Mb* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |


title: Brand New Day (Ricki-Lee Coulter album)

abstract: Brand New Day is the second studio album by Australian singer and songwriter Ricki-Lee Coulter. It was released in Australia on 11 August 2007 and in Japan on 9 January 2008. Brand New Day debuted and peaked at number 37 on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The album produced Coulter's most successful single to date, the lead single "Can't Touch It", which peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum. Its subsequent singles "Love Is All Around" and "Can't Sing a Different Song" were also ARIA top-ten hits.

text:
# Brand New Day (Ricki-Lee Coulter album)

***Brand New Day*** is the second studio album by Australian singer and songwriter Ricki-Lee Coulter. It was released in Australia on 11 August 2007 and in Japan on 9 January 2008. *Brand New Day* debuted and peaked at number 37 on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The album produced Coulter's most successful single to date, the lead single "Can't Touch It", which peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum. Its subsequent singles "Love Is All Around" and "Can't Sing a Different Song" were also ARIA top-ten hits.

## Background

Coulter travelled to New York, Los Angeles and London in February and March 2007 to begin working on her second album. Singer-songwriters and producers who worked on the album include KNS Productions, David Gamson, Marc Nelkin, Vince Pizzinga, Pete Martin and Andy Love. She also worked with Australian producers Andrew De Sylva, Audius Mtawarira and Glenn Cunningham. During this time, Coulter was still a member of the girl group Young Divas. In June 2007, it was announced that Coulter left the group to concentrate both on her solo career and then-upcoming wedding to fiancé Jamie Babbington. She explained, "I really had to get back to doing what I love doing and that's my solo career." Coulter's decision to head off to London, New York and Los Angeles in February 2007 to work on the album cited as a factor in the cancellation of plans for the Young Divas to support boy band Westlife on their Australian tour.

## Singles

"Can't Touch It" was released as the album's lead single in August 2007. It debuted and peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 70,000 copies. The song spent 23 weeks in the ARIA top fifty including eight weeks in the top-ten. A digital remix extended play of the single re-titled "U Wanna Little Of This" was released on 18 May 2008 through UK record label Ministry of Sound.

Coulter covered the song "Love Is All Around" by Swedish singer Agnes Carlsson, and released it as the second single in November 2007. It debuted and peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart, becoming Coulter's fourth top-ten single. The third and final single "Can't Sing a Different Song" was released in March 2008, and peaked at number eight.

## Reception

Matthew Chisling of Allmusic awarded the album three and a half out of five stars, stating "*Brand New Day* is a strong album, and it certainly brands Coulter in an airy-pop setting, yet it's nothing new as far as Ricki-Lee goes as an artist." The album debuted and peaked at number 37 on the ARIA Albums Chart and spent only two weeks in the ARIA top fifty. It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 35,000 copies. In October 2007, it was announced that Coulter sacked her manager Karen-Lee Goody of one year, due to poor sales of the album.

## Release and promotion

*Brand New Day* was released by Shock Records in Australia on 11 August 2007 and in Japan on 9 January 2008 through Pony Canyon. Coulter promoted the album by opening for Hilary Duff on the Australian leg of her Dignity Tour in January 2008. Coulter embarked on her first headlining tour, The Brand New Day Tour, in March 2008.

| Date | City | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Australia** | | | |
| 6 March 2008 | Brisbane | South Logan Diggers |
| 7 March 2008 | Brisbane | Kedron Wavell Services |
| 8 March 2008 | Gold Coast | Seagulls Club |
| 14 March 2008 | Dapto | Dapto Leagues Club |
| 15 March 2008 | Revesby | Revesby Workers Club |
| 21 March 2008 | Penrith | Penrith Panthers |
| 22 March 2008 | Doyalson | Doyalson RSL |
| 28 March 2008 | Hornsby | Hornsby RSL |
| 29 March 2008 | Burwood | Burwood RSL |
| 30 March 2008 | Bosley Park | Club Marconi |

## Track listing

Standard edition
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Can't Sing a Different Song" |  | 3:14 |
| 2. | "Brand New Day" | * Glenn Cunningham * Paul Gray | 3:48 |
| 3. | "Melody of Life" | * Coulter * Vince Pizzinga * Janice Robinson | 4:21 |
| 4. | "Love Is All Around" | * Fredrik Thornlander * Anders Wikström | 3:26 |
| 5. | "Real Good Time" (featuring Jah Mirikle) | * Coulter * Wessley Johnson | 5:03 |
| 6. | "Can't Touch It" |  | 2:58 |
| 7. | "Take Me to a Place" |  | 4:32 |
| 8. | "Alone No More" |  | 3:44 |
| 9. | "Clouds" |  | 3:50 |
| 10. | "World Go By" | * Coulter * Dee Adam * Tim Fraser | 4:02 |
| 11. | "It's Just Life" | * Coulter * Andrew De Silva | 5:16 |
| 12. | "I Appreciate You" | * Coulter * Pizzinga * Robinson | 3:42 |

Japanese edition
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Can't Sing a Different Song" |  | 3:14 |
| 2. | "Can't Touch It" |  | 2:58 |
| 3. | "Hell No!" (Cabin Crew Remix Radio Edit) (bonus track) |  | 3:20 |
| 4. | "Melody of Life" |  | 4:21 |
| 5. | "It's Just Life" |  | 5:16 |
| 6. | "Take Me to a Place" |  | 4:32 |
| 7. | "Clouds" |  | 3:50 |
| 8. | "World Go By" |  | 4:02 |
| 9. | "Alone No More" |  | 3:44 |
| 10. | "Love Is All Around" |  | 3:26 |
| 11. | "Real Good Time" (featuring Jah Mirikle) |  | 5:03 |
| 12. | "I Appreciate You" |  | 3:42 |
| 13. | "Sunshine" (bonus track) |  | 3:02 |
| 14. | "Brand New Day" |  | 3:48 |

## Personnel

Source:

## Charts

Chart performance for *Brand New Day*
| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 37 |

## Certifications

Certifications for *Brand New Day*
| Country | Certification |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold |

## Release history

Release history and formats for *Brand New Day*
| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | 11 August 2007 | Shock Records/Public Opinion | CD, digital download | PUBLIC010 |
| Japan | 9 January 2008 | Pony Canyon | CD | PCCY-01860 |

## InfoBox

| Brand New Day | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ricki-Lee Coulter | |
| Released | 11 August 2007 (2007-08-11) |
| Recorded | 2007 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Shock |
| Producer |  |
| Ricki-Lee Coulter chronology | |
| *Ricki-Lee*
(2005) ***Brand New Day***
(2007) *Fear & Freedom*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Japanese Edition Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Brand New Day* | |
| 1. "Can't Touch It"
Released: 4 August 2007 2. "Love Is All Around"
Released: 10 November 2007 3. "Can't Sing a Different Song"
Released: 15 March 2008 | |
|  | |


title: 1631 in Belgium

abstract: Events in the year 1631 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège.

text:
# 1631 in Belgium

Events in the year **1631 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège** (predecessor states of modern Belgium).

## Incumbents

### Habsburg Netherlands

**Monarch**Philip IV, King of Spain and Duke of Brabant, of Luxembourg, etc. **Governor General**Isabella Clara Eugenia, Infanta of Spain

### Prince-Bishopric of Liège

**Prince-Bishop**Ferdinand of Bavaria

## Events

## Publications

* Antonio Álvares Suares, *Elogio funebre en cancion real a la vida i hazañas muerte i obsequias del señor Ambrosio Spinola, marques de los Balbases, cavallero de la orden del tuson de oro* (Antwerp, Plantin Press)
* Philippe Chifflet, *Histoire du prieuré nostre Dame de Bellefontaine au comté de Bourgongne* (Antwerp, Plantin Press)
* Libertus Fromondus, *Labyrinthus sive de compositione continui liber unus: philosophis, mathematicis, theologis utilis ac iucundus* (Antwerp, Plantin Press)
* Emmanuel Rodriguez de Gratia, *Rodericus fatalis tragoedia* (Leuven, Cornelis Coenesteyn)
* Jean Puget de la Serre, *Le Bréviaire des courtisans* (Brussels, François Vivien)
* Erycius Puteanus, *Diva virgo Bellifontana in Sequanis* (Antwerp, Plantin Press)
* Urban VIII, *Onsen alderheyligsten vaders ende heeren Urbani des VIII. paus, suppressie van de vermeynde vergaderinghe der Jesuiterssen* (Brussels, Jan Mommaert the Younger)
* Geeraerd vanden Brande, *Brandt in Liefde: Poemata ofte Gedichten* (Antwerp, Geeraerdt van Wolsschaten the Younger)
* Nicolaus Vernulaeus, *Les trophées d'Ambroise de Spinola, celebrez par 6 orateurs, Flamen, Frison, Imperial, Brabanceau, Espagnol, et Italien* (Leuven, Jacobus Zegers)
* Nicolaus Vernulaeus, *Tragoediae decem* (Leuven, Joannes Oliverius and Cornelius Coenesteyn)
* Johannes Wiggers, *In tertiam partem D. Thomae Aquinatis commentaria* (Leuven, Joannes Oliverius and Cornelis Coenesteyn)

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1631<br>List of years in Belgium |


title: Small-dollar donation

abstract: Small dollar donations are defined according to United States campaign finance law as contributions to a candidate's political campaign or a political action committee which are between $1 and $200. In US primary elections, the quantity of small dollar donations made to a candidate's political campaign has been used as a metric to measure popular support. Small dollar donations are also used by the dominant US parties—the Republican Party and the Democratic Party—as a benchmark to qualify primary candidates for televised debate events.

text:
# Small-dollar donation

**Small dollar donations** are defined according to United States campaign finance law as contributions to a candidate's political campaign or a political action committee which are between $1 and $200.

In US primary elections, the quantity of small dollar donations made to a candidate's political campaign has been used as a metric to measure popular support. (Higher individual donations (up to $3,300 for the 2023-2024 cycle) or corporate contributions were more common in past decades.) Small dollar donations are also used by the dominant US parties—the Republican Party and the Democratic Party—as a benchmark (along with an overall polling support minimum) to qualify primary candidates for televised debate events.


title: Efrenk River

abstract: Efrenk River is a short river in Mersin Province, Turkey. It was originally called Efrenk River. After a mosque named Müftü Mosque was built by the river in Mersin, it was popularly renamed Müftü River.

text:
# Efrenk River

**Efrenk River** (also called Suntras or Arslanlöy River in the upper reaches and Müftü River in the lower reaches) is a short river in Mersin Province, Turkey. It was originally called Efrenk River. After a mosque named Müftü Mosque was built by the river in Mersin, it was popularly renamed Müftü River.

## Geography

The headwaters are in the Toros Mountains, near the town of Arslanköy and the village of Atlılar (Sadiye). The river runs east and then south, flowing to the Mediterranean Sea within the city of Mersin at 36°47′06″N 34°37′16″E / 36.78500°N 34.62111°E / 36.78500; 34.62111. In fact the river is the borderline between the second level municipalities of Mersin; Yenişehir is to the west and Akdeniz and Toroslar are to the east of the river. There are five bridges within Mersin and one on the Çukurova motorway just north of the city.

## Hydrology

The drainage basin is only 480 square kilometres (190 sq mi) in area. But the altitudes of the headwaters are about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). Thus the river flows fast. Like the other locations of the Mediterranean Region annual precipitation is mostly in the spring and the winter. So the flow rate is highly irregular depending on the season. While the average flow rate is quite low, 303 m3/s (10700 ft3/s) had been recorded during the flood of 2001.

## Arslanköy pond

Arslanköy Pond is an artificial pond on the upper reaches of the river. The storage capacity is 1.3 hm3 (1.7·106yd3) and the total irrigation area is about 1.51 km2 (0.69 mi2).


title: Photochemical machining

abstract: Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as photochemical milling or photo etching, is a chemical milling process used to fabricate sheet metal components using a photoresist and etchants to corrosively machine away selected areas. This process emerged in the 1960s as an offshoot of the printed circuit board industry. Photo etching can produce highly complex parts with very fine detail accurately and economically. This process can offer economical alternatives to stamping, punching, laser or water jet cutting, or wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) for thin gauge precision parts. The tooling is inexpensive and quickly produced. This makes the process useful for prototyping and allows for easy changes in mass production. It maintains dimensional tolerances and does not create burrs or sharp edges. It can make a part in hours after receiving the drawing. PCM can be used on virtually any commercially available metal or alloy, of any hardness. It is limited to materials with a thickness of 0.0005 to 0.080 in. Metals include aluminium, brass, copper, inconel, manganese, nickel, silver, steel, stainless steel, zinc and titanium. Photochemical machining is a form of photo engraving, and a similar process in microfabrication is called photolithography.

text:
# Photochemical machining

**Photochemical machining** (**PCM**), also known as **photochemical milling** or **photo etching**, is a chemical milling process used to fabricate sheet metal components using a photoresist and etchants to corrosively machine away selected areas. This process emerged in the 1960s as an offshoot of the printed circuit board industry. Photo etching can produce highly complex parts with very fine detail accurately and economically.

This process can offer economical alternatives to stamping, punching, laser or water jet cutting, or wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) for thin gauge precision parts. The tooling is inexpensive and quickly produced. This makes the process useful for prototyping and allows for easy changes in mass production. It maintains dimensional tolerances and does not create burrs or sharp edges. It can make a part in hours after receiving the drawing.

PCM can be used on virtually any commercially available metal or alloy, of any hardness. It is limited to materials with a thickness of 0.0005 to 0.080 in (0.013 to 2.032 mm). Metals include aluminium, brass, copper, inconel, manganese, nickel, silver, steel, stainless steel, zinc and titanium.

Photochemical machining is a form of photo engraving, and a similar process in microfabrication is called photolithography.

## Process

The process starts by printing the shape of the part onto optically clear and dimensionally stable photographic film. The "phototool" consists of two sheets of this film showing negative images of the parts (meaning that the area that will become the parts is clear and all of the areas to be etched are black). The two sheets are optically and mechanically registered to form the top and bottom halves of the tool.

The metal sheets are cut to size, cleaned and then laminated on both sides with a UV-sensitive photoresist. The coated metal is placed between the two sheets of the phototool and a vacuum is drawn to ensure intimate contact between the phototool and the metal plate. The plate is then exposed in UV light that allows the areas of resist that are in the clear sections of the film to be hardened. After exposure, the plate is "developed", washing away the unexposed resist and leaving the areas to be etched unprotected.

The etching line is a multi-chambered machine that has driven-wheel conveyors to move the plates and arrays of spray nozzles above and below the plates. The etchant is typically an aqueous solution of acid, frequently ferric chloride, that is heated and directed under pressure to both sides of the plate. The etchant reacts with the unprotected metal essentially corroding it away fairly quickly. After neutralizing and rinsing, the remaining resist is removed and the sheet of parts is cleaned and dried.

## Applications

Thin gauge (under 0.050 in (1.3 mm)) parts in a broad range of alloys are candidates for photo etching.

Industrial applications include fine screens and meshes, apertures and masks, battery grids, fuel cell components, sensors, springs, pressure membranes, heat sinks, flexible heating elements, RF and microwave circuits and components, semiconductor leadframes, motor and transformer laminations, metal gaskets and seals, shields and retainers, electrical contacts, encoders and light choppers, EMI/RFI shields, jewelry and washers.

## Economics

Phototooling is quick and inexpensive to produce. Most phototools costs less than $350 and can be produced in two days or less. Unlike "hard" tools, such as stamping and punching dies, phototools are exposed only to light and therefore do not suffer wear. Due to the cost of hard tooling for stamping and fine blanking, significant volume is required to justify the expense. Some parts, such as semiconductor leadframes, are so complex and fragile that, despite volumes in the millions of pieces, they can only be produced by photo etching.

In PCM, the unit of labor is the sheet. Therefore, it is most economical to plan the largest sheet size possible consistent with the size and dimensional tolerances of the part. The more parts per sheet the lower the unit labor cost per part.

Material thickness affects costs as a function of the length of time to etch through. Most alloys etch at rates between 0.0005–0.001 in (0.013–0.025 mm) of depth per minute per side.

In general, steel, copper or aluminium workpieces with a thicknesses up to 0.020 in (0.51 mm), part costs will approximate $0.15–0.20 per square inch. As the geometry of the part becomes more complex, photochemical machining gains greater economic advantage over sequential processes such as CNC punching, laser or water-jet cutting, and electrical discharge machining.

### Bibliography

* Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), *Materials and Processes in Manufacturing* (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.