title: Francis J. Meehan

abstract: Francis Joseph Meehan was an American diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to several of the Eastern Bloc states during his career. His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany.

text:
# Francis J. Meehan

**Francis Joseph Meehan** (14 February 1924 – 7 May 2022) was an American diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to several of the Eastern Bloc states during his career. His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany.

## Early life

Meehan was born in the United States city of East Orange, New Jersey, to Scottish parents, who were staying in the United States for a short period. He would move to Scotland when his homesick mother returned home, growing up in the Scottish shipbuilding town of Clydebank, situated eight miles west along the River Clyde from Glasgow.

Clydebank, as a centre of shipbuilding during World War II, was a major target for the Luftwaffe, and a teenage Meehan would help with the clear up after bombing raids. He graduated in 1945 from the University of Glasgow with a Master of Arts degree in history. He was, by this time, a fluent German speaker.

His birth in the United States rendered him an American citizen, and as such he was drafted in 1945 for military service, with his postings being to Fontainebleau for training, then onto Allied-occupied Germany. His education and fluent German made him consider a career with the United States Department of State.

Meehan completed his two years of military service in 1947, and took a position as a clerk at the Consular Agency of the United States, Bremen, serving from 1947 to 1948. His next posting was as an administrative assistant at the Economic Cooperation Administration in Washington, D.C., serving from 1948 to 1951, at which point he formally joined the United States Foreign Service.

## Diplomatic career

Meehan's first posting with the Foreign Service was to the United States High Commission for Germany from 1951 to 1952, where he served as an information officer. He then moved to the Consulate General of the United States, Hamburg, serving from 1952 to 1953. He moved to Paris and was attached to the NATO mission as a political officer, serving from 1953 to 1956.

He returned to the United States and attended Harvard University, where he studied for a master's degree in Public Administration, graduating in 1957. He also undertook Russian language classes whilst in the United States. He would be appointed an intelligence specialist within the Department of State in 1957, and was posted to Moscow in 1959, serving for two years to 1961. Meehan's posting to Moscow coincided with the Francis Gary Powers U-2 incident. He was despatched by the United States Ambassador to Russia to view the wreckage when the Soviet authorities placed it on display.

He was next assigned to Berlin as their political officer, and in this role, he was present in 1962 for the exchange of prisoners between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. The exchange of prisoners saw the U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers exchanged for the Soviet spy Rudolf Abel on Glienicke Bridge. The exchange included the release of Frederic Pryor at Checkpoint Charlie, and Meehan was assigned to collect Pryor, working with the Stasi lawyer Wolfgang Vogel to handle the prisoner collection. The two men would become lifelong friends as a result of Vogel's prisoner exchange work.

Meehan spent time working at the Department of State in the United States from 1966 to 1968, initially as watch officer and then as the director of the Department of State's Operations Centre. He held the title Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State from 1967 to 1968.

His postings continued to increase in seniority, he was appointed Deputy Chief of Mission in Budapest from 1968 to 1972, moving to become the counsellor for political affairs in Bonn from 1972 to 1975. He was Deputy Chief of Mission in Vienna from 1975 to 1977 and then in Bonn from 1977 to 1979. Meehan and his wife became good friends with József Mindszenty during their posting to Hungary.

His first Ambassador level posting was in 1979, when he was appointed the United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia in a short posting which lasted from 23 March 1979 to 20 October 1980. He was then appointed United States Ambassador to Poland, serving from 2 October 1980 to 11 February 1983. His posting to Poland was particularly eventful; he was visiting Washington, D.C., on business when Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland, his return to Poland required the United States Embassy to smuggle Meehan across the now sealed border hidden in the back of a van.

Meehan then took a research position at Georgetown University, and was also a senior foreign policy officer in the Office for Management Operations at the Department of State from October 1984 to April 1985.

His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany, serving from 16 September 1985 to 30 November 1988. He was present when United States President Ronald Reagan made the famous Tear down this wall! speech. He returned to his research position at Georgetown University at the conclusion of his East Berlin posting.

He was fluent in German, Russian, French, Polish, Czech and Hungarian by the conclusion of his diplomatic career. He was deeply interested in Russia and Moscow, consequently he had hoped for the 'prize' of the United States Ambassador to Russia posting, but it was to elude him at the end of his career.

## Retirement

Meehan retired from the United States Foreign Service at the end of his appointment in 1988. He and his wife moved to Helensburgh in what was their 23rd home since their marriage. Meehan would write some briefing notes and material about the Eastern Bloc, more recently, there has been media interest about such a high-profile American diplomat living quietly in Helensburgh. BBC Scotland produced a 30-minute documentary about Meehan's career and some of his thoughts on the current political climate in both Washington DC and Moscow; this program aired on 3 April 2017.

## Personal life

Meehan married Margaret (née Kearns) in Manhattan, New York in 1949, though the couple had initially met in Clydebank, where Margaret and her family lived. The Kearns family were evacuated to Helensburgh when Clydebank was subject to the heaviest aerial bombardments during World War II. Meehan and his family would be evacuated to Dumbarton, but Frank and Margaret had the same group of friends and shared interests, which included hillwalking, and they stayed in contact.

Margaret travelled to the United States to marry her fiancée, but worked, initially, as a child minder. She easily took to her role as a hostess and her skills in organising and hosting functions were well known within the Foreign Service.

Meehan and his wife had four children; Anne, Catherine, Frances and Jim.

Margaret died on 15 March 2015, aged 92, after a lengthy illness, during which she was cared for by her husband and family. Margaret was sufficiently well known for The Scotsman to publish an obituary shortly after her death.

Meehan was awarded an honorary degree (Doctor of Laws) from the University of Glasgow in 1986.

Meehan died in Helensburgh on 7 May 2022, at the age of 98.

## InfoBox

| Francis J. Meehan | |
| --- | --- |
| Meehan in 1985 | |
|  | |
| United States Ambassador to East Germany | |
| **In office**
16 September 1985  30 November 1988 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Rozanne L. Ridgway |
| Succeeded by | Richard Clark Barkley |
| United States Ambassador to Poland | |
| **In office**
2 October 1980  11 February 1983 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | William E. Schaufele Jr. |
| Succeeded by | John R. Davis Jr. |
| United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia | |
| **In office**
23 March 1979  20 October 1980 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter |
| Preceded by | Thomas Ryan Byrne |
| Succeeded by | Jack F. Matlock Jr. |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1924-02-14)14 February 1924
East Orange, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | 7 May 2022(2022-05-07) (aged 98)
Helensburgh, Scotland |
| Alma mater | University of Glasgow
Harvard University |
|  | |


title: Charm School with Ricki Lake

abstract: Charm School with Ricki Lake is the third and final season of the VH1 reality television series Charm School. Fourteen contestants from Rock of Love Bus with Bret Michaels and Real Chance of Love must change their old ways and learn improvement through acts of charity work. Ricki Lake is the headmistress of the Charm School, and is assisted by deans Alani "La La" Vazquez and Stryker. Ebony Jones (Risky) was ultimately named Charm School Queen and was awarded the $100,000.

text:
# Charm School with Ricki Lake

***Charm School with Ricki Lake*** is the third and final season of the VH1 reality television series *Charm School*. Fourteen contestants from *Rock of Love Bus with Bret Michaels* and *Real Chance of Love* must change their old ways and learn improvement through acts of charity work. Ricki Lake is the headmistress of the Charm School, and is assisted by deans Alani "La La" Vazquez and Stryker. Ebony Jones (Risky) was ultimately named Charm School Queen and was awarded the $100,000.

## Ten Commandments

1. Thou Shalt Aspire To Be Charming
2. Thou Shalt Be a Model...Citizen
3. Thou Shalt Play Nicely With Others
4. Thou Shalt Treat Thy Body As a Temple
5. Thou Shalt Face Thy Fears
6. Thou Shalt Pull It Together
7. Thou Shalt Make Love, Not War
8. Thou Shalt Give It Thy All
9. Thou Shalt Put It To Good Use
10. Thou Shalt Be Fully Charmed

## Contestants

| Cast member | Show | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Risky** (Ebony Jones) | *Real Chance of Love* | **Winner** |
| **Marcia Alves** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 11 (2nd) |
| **Ashley Klarich** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 11 (3rd) |
| **Brittanya O'Campo** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 9 |
| **Bubbles** (Bianca Sloof) | *Real Chance of Love* | Episode 8 |
| **Bay Bay Bay** (Konanga Tyson) | *Real Chance of Love* | Episode 7 (Quit) |
| **K.O.** (Roxanne Gallegos) | *Real Chance of Love* | Episode 6 (Quit) |
| **Natasha McCollum** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 5 |
| **Brittaney Starr** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 4 |
| **Farrah Sinclair** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 3 (Quit) |
| **So Hood** (Judith Scullark) | *Real Chance of Love* | Episode 3 (Quit) |
| **Ki Ki** (Lakia Bailey) | *Real Chance of Love* | Episode 2 |
| **Gia Lynn** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 1 |
| **Beverly Palmer** | *Rock of Love Bus* | Episode 1 (DQ) |

* K.O quit in Episode 6, but it wasn't shown until Episode 7.

## Episode progress

| # | Contestants | Episodes | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 |
| 1 | *Risky* | SAFE | SAFE | SAFE | SAFE | SAFE | BTM 3 | SAFE | SAFE | SAFE | **WINNER** |
| 2 | *Marcia* | SAFE | BTM 3 | SAFE | BTM 3 | **WIN** | BTM 3 | SAFE | **WIN** | SAFE | **OUT** |
| 3 | *Ashley* | BTM 3 | BTM 3 | SAFE | BTM 3 | BTM 3 | SAFE | SAFE | BTM 2 | SAFE | **OUT** |
| 4 | *Brittanya* | SAFE | SAFE | BTM 3 | **WIN** | **WIN** | SAFE | SAFE | BTM 3 | **OUT** |  |
| 5 | *Bubbles* | SAFE | **WIN** | BTM 3 | SAFE | BTM 2 | SAFE | SAFE | **OUT** |  | |
| 6 | *Bay Bay Bay* | SAFE | **WIN** | **WIN** | SAFE | **WIN** | SAFE | **QUIT** |  | | |
| 7 | *K.O.* | SAFE | SAFE | SAFE | **WIN** | **WIN** | **QUIT*** | BACK |  | | |
| 8 | *Natasha* | SAFE | **WIN** | SAFE | **WIN** | **OUT** |  | | | | |
| 9 | *Brittaney* | BTM 3 | SAFE | BTM 3 | **OUT** |  | | | | | |
| 10 | *Farrah* | SAFE | **WIN** | **QUIT** |  | | | | | | |
| 11 | *So Hood* | SAFE | SAFE | **QUIT** |  | | | | | | |
| 12 | *Kiki* | SAFE | **OUT** |  | | | | BACK |  | | |
| 13 | *Gia* | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | |
| 14 | *Beverly* | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | |
|

Competition.   The contestant won the competition.   The contestant was on the Dean's list and was safe from expulsion.   The contestant was automatically on the Dean's list.   The contestant was safe from expulsion.   The contestant was at risk for expulsion.   The contestant was expelled.   The contestant quit the competition.   The contestant was sent to the Headmistress' Office and was immediately expelled before an elimination ceremony.   The contestant returned to the house temporarily and was a candidate to be brought back into the competition, but was not brought back. Notes * In Episode 1, Beverly physically assaulted Brittaney and thus was expelled immediately.
* In Episode 3, despite an expulsion ceremony, no one was expelled due to So Hood and Farrah quitting.
* \*In Episode 6, Bay Bay Bay told Ricki that she is willing to give up her slot for someone who needs to be there more than her. At elimination, Ricki had a choice of KO, Risky, or Marcia. She felt the decision was too hard and felt they all needed to be there; She then decided to take up Bay Bay Bay's offer to step down. However, K.O. did not want to see Bay Bay Bay leave on her behalf, so K.O. decided to give up her own Charm School pin so that Bay Bay Bay would not leave. The episode was left on a cliffhanger with elimination unfinished. It wasn't until Episode 7 that it was revealed that K.O. quit Charm School.
* In Episode 7, Bay Bay Bay decided that she wanted to give up her seat to somebody more deserving. Ricki though that was for the best and accepted Bay Bay Bay's withdrawal. However, Bay Bay Bay had to choose her own replacement. Ki Ki and KO were brought back on Bay Bay Bay's request, however she later felt that neither of them deserved to return to Charm School and rejected their return.

## List of episodes

1. Thou Shalt Aspire To Be Charming (First Aired May 11, 2009)
    * **Commandment**: Thou Shalt Aspire To Be Charming. The girls are asked to donate some of their clothes to charity.
    * **Bottom 3**: Ashley, Brittaney, Gia
    * **Expelled**: Gia
2. Can't We All Just Get Along? (First aired May 18, 2009)
    * **Commandment**: Thou Shalt Be a Model... Citizen. Tanya Acker educates the girls on global warming, poverty and overall social responsibility, and they are challenged to clean the Los Angeles River.
    * **Bottom 3**: Ashley, Ki Ki, Marcia
    * **Expelled**: Ki Ki
3. If You Can't Play Nice, Don't Play At All (First Aired May 25, 2009)
    * **Commandment**: Thou Shalt Play Nicely With Others. The contestants are challenged to care for elderly people.
    * **Bottom 3**: Brittaney, Brittanya, Bubbles
    * **Quit:** So Hood, Farrah
4. Bubble Trouble (First aired June 1, 2009)
    * **Commandment**: Thou Shalt Treat Thy Body As a Temple. Dr. Robert Shapiro explains to the girls how to treat their bodies correctly, and exposes the dangers of smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. They are challenged to help children exercise.
    * **Bottom 3**: Ashley, Brittaney, Marcia
    * **Expelled**: Brittaney
5. Fear Factors (First aired June 8, 2009)
    * **Commandment**: Thou Shalt Face Thy Fears. Dr. Allison Arnold asks the girls to reveal their fears, and thus has them participate in group activities in an attempt to liberate them from their fears. They are challenged to face their fears in a haunted hospital (They visited the Linda Vista Community Hospital in Los Angeles).
    * **Bottom 3:** Ashley, Bubbles, Natasha
    * **Expelled:** Natasha
6. Thou Shalt Put It Together (First aired June 15, 2009)
    * **Commandment:** Thou Shalt pull it together. The girls are asked about their career goals, why they want to reach these goals, and the first step to reaching them. They are challenged to build a playground for children.
    * **Bottom 3:** K.O., Marcia, Risky
    * **Withdrew:** K.O.
7. Of Two Evils, Choose the Less (First aired June 29, 2009)
    * **Commandment:** Thou Shalt Make Love, Not War. Two men from the Museum of Tolerance educate the girls on tolerance of religion, race and sexual orientation. Their challenge is to clean out the dog cages.
    * **Quit:** Bay Bay Bay
8. Ride Em Cowgirl (First aired July 6, 2009)
    * **Commandment:** Thou Shalt Give It Thy All. The girls are challenged to earn money for charity by riding a mechanical bull.
    * **Bottom 3:** Ashley, Brittanya, Bubbles
    * **Eliminated:** Bubbles
9. The Big (Not So) Easy (First aired July 13, 2009)
    * **Commandment:** Thou Shalt Put It To Good Use. The girls go to New Orleans, Louisiana and face a series of challenges, including building a playground on the basketball court, feeding the homeless, and cleaning a garage.
    * **Expelled:** Brittanya
10. The Lost Commandments (First aired July 20, 2009)
    * Hosted by La La & Stryker
11. Thou Shalt Be Fully Charmed (First aired July 27, 2009)
    * **Commandment:** Thou Shalt Be Fully Charmed. The challenge is TAG (Truth, Amends, Gratitude) with special guests including Dr. Allison Arnold, Marcia's Mother, Risky's Mother, Ashley's Boyfriend and Son.
    * **Final Three:** Ashley, Marcia, Risky
    * **Expelled:** Ashley, Marcia
    * **Winner:** Risky

## After the Show

Marcia, Farrah, and Ashley appeared on Rock of Love Girls: Where Are They Now?

Marcia and Bubbles appeared on the cancelled I Love Money 3, where they were believed to have come in last and third respectively.

Marcia and Brittanya appeared on I Love Money 4, coming in fourteenth, and sixth respectively.

## InfoBox

| *Charm School with Ricki Lake* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
| Cast of *Charm School with Ricki Lake* (from left to right):
**Top**: Marcia, Natasha, K.O., Beverly, Ki Ki, Bay Bay Bay, Risky
**Bottom**: Brittaney, Bubbles, Brittanya, Farrah, Ashley, Gia, So Hood | |
| Starring |  |
|  | |
| Presented by | Ricki Lake |
| No. of contestants | 14 |
| Winner | Ebony Jones |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 11 |
| Release | |
| Original network | VH1 |
| Original release | May 11 (2009-05-11)
July 27, 2009 (2009-07-27) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Charles Telford Erickson

abstract: Charles Telford Erickson, b. 1867 Galesburg, Illinois, d. 1966 California, was an American pastor and theologian who also worked in Albania, where he founded the first vocational school for farmers.

text:
# Charles Telford Erickson

**Charles Telford Erickson**, b. 1867 Galesburg, Illinois, d. 1966 California, was an American pastor and theologian who also worked in Albania, where he founded the first vocational school for farmers.

## Life and career

Ericksons parents were from Sweden. He made a B.A. in 1891 and an M.A. in 1893 at DePauw University and, in 1895, an S.T.B. at Boston University. He began to work as a pastor in Rangoon, Burma in 1897, but he had to return to America because of illness of his wife. He then served as pastor in Ohio, then went to complete his studies at Yale University where he received a Master's degree in 1902. After his studies he first worked as pastor of a congregation in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1908 he became director of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions at Elbasan, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. He stayed 12 years in office and then worked another 14 years independently in the now independent state of Albania. 1914 he got a D.D. from the Drury University. During the First World War, he worked as official of the Red Cross in Italy. After the war, he was chosen an honorary delegate to the Paris Peace Conference by Vatra, the Pan-Albanian Federation of America and the provisional government of Albania. He acted as a special commissioner for Albania to the United States in 1920-1921 and, from 1922 to 1923, he assisted the diplomatic staff at the American Embassy in Tirana. He proposed to Fan Noli and Ahmet Zogu the establishment of vocational schools for boys and girls, especially for farming. Herbert Hoover donated $10.000 for the building of the schools. In 1925, the schools were opened under the name *"Albanian-American Schools of Agriculture"*  in Golem, Kavajë. Erickson worked there as school principal until 1937. In 1930 the Near East Foundation took over responsibility for the administration. In 1939, when Italy occupied Albania, it relinquished the property of the schools. After the communist takeover in 1945, the schools continued to exist under the name *Ylli i kuq* (i.e. „Red Star“), in 2012 the whole school was named after its founder *Shkolla e mesme profesionale Charles Telford Erickson*  (Professional secondary school Charles Telford Erickson).

Ericksons first wife was Carrie Louise Earl, whom he married in 1895. They got five children. After she died (date is unknown), he married Alice Lee Welcher in 1936. He retired in 1937 but served as a delegate of Vatra to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945. He also served as interim pastor to congregations at Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Nantucket Island, Massachusetts; Lake Helen, Florida; and Avalon, California; and made trips to Australia and New Zealand to promote the World Council of Churches. After having lived at Capri, Corfu, Rhodes, Guernsey, Jersey and Britain, he and his wife finally settled in California where he died in 1966 in the age of 99.

## Work

## Literature

* Stone pillows : an American Christian missionary in the Moslem land of King Zog : an historic biography of C. Telford Erickson, educator and diplomat in Albania, 1908-1939 by Phyllis Braunlich
* Fusonie, Alan E. *"The Albanian-American School of Agriculture: Erickson and Hoover. Its Forgotten Benefactors 1920-1939"* Chapter IV revised, of Charles Telford Erickson: American Friend of Albania, Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of America, 1970. Box 1, Folder 2.
* New East Foundation, A Key to the Balkans. New York: 1923, 12 pp. Box 7, Folder 6
* Who's Who in America, 26th ea., s.v. "Erickson, Charles Telford"
* *Instituti Shqiptaro Amerikan i Kavajës dhe Charles Telford Ericksoni* by Iljaz Gogaj( Book )
* *Jeta e jashtëzakonshme e amerikanit Charles Telford Erickson kushtuar Shqipërisë*: biography by Mal Berisha

## InfoBox

| Charles Telford Erickson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1867
Galesburg, Illinois |
| Died | 1966 (aged 9899)
California |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Pastor, School principal |
| Years active | 1897-1966 |
| Known for | Founder of Albania's first Farming school |
| Notable work | *Charles Telford Erickson papers* |
| Awards | Order of Skanderbeg, 1931 |


title: Skotawsko

abstract: Skotawsko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Czarna Dąbrówka, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Czarna Dąbrówka, 18 km (11 mi) north of Bytów, and 73 km (45 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

text:
# Skotawsko

**Skotawsko** \[skɔˈtafskɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Czarna Dąbrówka, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Czarna Dąbrówka, 18 km (11 mi) north of Bytów, and 73 km (45 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

## InfoBox

| Skotawsko | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Skotawsko | |
| Coordinates: 54°17′42″N 17°31′16″E / 54.29500°N 17.52111°E / 54.29500; 17.52111 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Bytów |
| Gmina | Czarna Dąbrówka |


title: Charlevoix Airport

abstract: Charlevoix Airport is located 4.4 nautical miles south southwest of La Malbaie, in the Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality of Quebec, Canada.

text:
# Charlevoix Airport

**Charlevoix Airport** (IATA: **YML**, ICAO: **CYML**) is located 4.4 nautical miles (8.1 km; 5.1 mi) south southwest of La Malbaie, in the Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality of Quebec, Canada.

1. *Canada Flight Supplement*. Effective 0901 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
2. Airport Divestiture Status Report Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
3. Synoptic/Metstat Station Information Archived December 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Charlevoix Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner/Operator | RMC Charlevoix-Est |
| Location | Saint-Irénée, Quebec |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 977 ft / 298 m |
| Coordinates | 47°35′51″N 070°13′26″W / 47.59750°N 70.22389°W / 47.59750; -70.22389 |
| Website | www.charlevoixairport.com |
| Map | |
| CYML | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  15/33 4,501 1,372 Asphalt | |
| Sources: Canada Flight Supplement and Transport Canada<br>Environment Canada | |


title: Skibstrup railway halt

abstract: Skibstrup halt is a railway halt serving the settlements of Skibstrup and Ellekilde on the coast of North Zealand, Denmark. The halt is located on the Hornbæk Line from Helsingør to Gilleleje. The train services are currently operated by the railway company Lokaltog which runs frequent local train services between Helsingør station and Gilleleje station.

text:
# Skibstrup railway halt

**Skibstrup halt** is a railway halt serving the settlements of Skibstrup and Ellekilde on the coast of North Zealand, Denmark.

The halt is located on the Hornbæk Line from Helsingør to Gilleleje. The train services are currently operated by the railway company Lokaltog which runs frequent local train services between Helsingør station and Gilleleje station.

## InfoBox

| Skibstrup | |
| --- | --- |
| Railway halt | |
| Skibstrup halt in 1974 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Hyrebakken
DK-3140 Ålsgårde
Helsingør Municipality
Denmark |
| Coordinates | 56°04′42″N 12°30′47″E / 56.07833°N 12.51306°E / 56.07833; 12.51306 |
| Owned by | Hovedstadens Lokalbaner |
| Operated by | Lokaltog |
| Line(s) | Hornbæk Line |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 1 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Lokaltog Following station  Ålsgårdetowards Helsingør  Hornbæk LineLocal train  Sauntetowards Gilleleje | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  SkibstrupLocation within Denmark | |


title: Sissyneck

abstract: "Sissyneck" is a song by American musician Beck, released as the fourth single from his fifth album, Odelay (1996). For the bass line of the song, the Dust Brothers sampled "A Part of Me" by the band Country Funk. The whistling in the introduction comes from "The Moog and Me" by Dick Hyman. The organ line is from "Life" by Sly & the Family Stone. The song peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Sissyneck

"**Sissyneck**" is a song by American musician Beck, released as the fourth single from his fifth album, *Odelay* (1996). For the bass line of the song, the Dust Brothers sampled "A Part of Me" by the band *Country Funk*. The whistling in the introduction comes from "The Moog and Me" by Dick Hyman. The organ line is from "Life" by Sly & the Family Stone. The song peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Critical reception

British magazine *Music Week* rated the song three out of five, picking it as Single of the Week. They added, "Gaining converts by the day, Beck's maverick touch has now felt fully by the mainstream and this typically languid effort will reinforce his growing reputation as a very cool cat." David Sinclair from *The Times* described it as a "gloriously off-kilter combination of country-rock tune and street-hustle percussion."

## Controversy

In the early versions of this song, Beck sampled a talking Barbie doll, but Mattel did not grant permission to include the audio.

## Track listing

### Three-track single

1. "Sissyneck" – 3:55
2. "The New Pollution" (Remix by Mickey P.) – 4:08
3. "Feather in Your Cap" – 3:46
    * This version can be found on the *SubUrbia* soundtrack.

### Alternate pressing

1. "Sissyneck" (LP version) – 3:58
2. "Burro" (Mariachi Version of "Jack-Ass") – 3:11
3. "Dark and Lovely" (Remix by Dust Brothers) – 3:38
4. "Devil Got My Woman" (Skip James cover) – 4:34
5. "Brother" – 4:45

### UK 7" vinyl

1. "Sissyneck" (LP version) – 3:58
2. "Feather in Your Cap" – 3:46

### Cassette

1. "Sissyneck" (LP version) – 3:55
2. "The New Pollution" (Remix by Mickey P.) – 4:08

## Personnel

* Beck – vocals, guitars, bass, organ, congas, programming, composition
* Mike Boito – organ
* Gregory Liesz – pedal steel guitar
* The Dust Brothers – programming, composition

## InfoBox

| "Sissyneck" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Beck | |
| from the album  *Odelay* | |
| Released | June 17, 1997 |
| Length | 4:02 |
| Label | DGC |
| Songwriter(s) | Beck Hansen, John King, Michael Simpson |
| Producer(s) | Beck, Dust Brothers |
| Beck singles chronology | |
| "The New Pollution"
(1997) "**Sissyneck**"
(1997) "Jack-Ass"
(1997) | |


title: Sphingobacterium bambusae

abstract: Sphingobacterium bambusae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from soil from a bamboo plantation.

text:
# Sphingobacterium bambusae

***Sphingobacterium bambusae*** is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from soil from a bamboo plantation.

## InfoBox

| *Sphingobacterium bambusae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Sphingobacteriia |
| Order: | Sphingobacteriales |
| Family: | Sphingobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Sphingobacterium* |
| Species: | ***S. bambusae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Sphingobacterium bambusae*****<br>Duan et al. 2010 | |
|


title: Björn Schröder (curler)

abstract: Björn Schröder is a German and Swiss curler and curling coach. He is a 1992 World Men's champion, 1994 World Men's bronze medallist and a three-time Swiss men's champion.

text:
# Björn Schröder (curler)

**Björn Schröder** (born 9 August 1968) is a German and Swiss curler and curling coach.

He is a 1992 World Men's champion, 1994 World Men's bronze medallist and a three-time Swiss men's champion (1991, 1992, 1994).

## Teams

### Men's

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989–90 | Björn Schröder | Mathias Zobel | Markus Herberg | Felix Ogger | Harold Waldvogel |  | WJCC 1990 (5th) |
| 1990–91 | Markus Eggler | Frédéric Jean | Stefan Hofer | Björn Schröder |  |  | SMCC 1991
WCC 1991 (5th) |
| 1991–92 | Markus Eggler | Frédéric Jean | Stefan Hofer | Björn Schröder |  |  | SMCC 1992
WCC 1992 |
| 1993–94 | Markus Eggler | Dominic Andres | Björn Schröder | Stefan Hofer | Andreas Schwaller |  | ECC 1993 |
| | Markus Eggler | Frédéric Jean (SMCC)
Dominic Andres (WCC) | Stefan Hofer | Björn Schröder | Martin Zürrer (WCC) |  | SMCC 1994
WCC 1994 |
| 1994–95 | Hansjörg Lips | Stefan Luder | Peter Lips | Rico Simen | Björn Schröder | Michael Müller | ECC 1994 |
| | Markus Eggler | Dominic Andres | Stefan Hofe\] | Björn Schröder |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Daniel Herberg | Björn Schröder | Stephan Knoll | Patrick Hoffman | Markus Messenzehl | Keith Wendorf | ECC 1996 (4th) |

### Mixed

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Events |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | Björn Schröder (fourth) | Nicole Strausak | Christian Durtschi (skip) | Karin Durtschi | SMxCC 2015 (4th) |

## Record as a coach of national teams

| Year | Tournament, event | National team | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | 2002 European Curling Championships | Germany (women) | 7 |
| 2010 | 2010 European Curling Championships | Netherlands (men) | 10 |
| 2011 | 2011 European Curling Championships | France (men) | 8 |
| 2012 | 2012 World Men's Curling Championship | France (men) | 10 |
| 2012 | 2012 European Curling Championships | France (men) | 8 |
| 2018 | 2018 European Curling Championships | Austria (men) | 18 |
| 2019 | 2019 European Curling Championships (group C) | Austria (women) | 21 (total)
(group C) |
| 2019 | 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship | Austria (mixed doubles) | 23 |

## InfoBox

| Björn Schröder | |
| --- | --- |
| Curler | |
| Born | (1968-08-09) 9 August 1968 |
| Team | |
| Curling club | Biel-Touring CC, Biel |
| Curling career | |
| Member Association | Switzerland
Germany |
| World Championship
appearances | 3 (1991, 1992, 1994) |
| European Championship
appearances | 1 (1993) |
| Other appearances | World Junior Championships: 1 (1990) |
| Medal record      Curling  World Championships  1992 Garmisch-Partenkirchen    1994 Oberstdorf    European Championships  1994 Sundsvall    1993 Leukerbad    Swiss Men's Championship  1991 Engelberg    1992 Flims    1994 Biel/Bienne | |


title: Bernard A. Byrne

abstract: Bernard Abert Byrne was a United States Army captain who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine–American War. He later achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.

text:
# Bernard A. Byrne

**Bernard Abert Byrne** (October 19, 1853 – February 28, 1910) was a United States Army captain who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine–American War. He later achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.

## Career

Byrne was born in Newport Barracks, Kentucky, in 1853. His father was Dr. Bernard Miles Byrne, a U.S. Army surgeon. His mother was Louisa Matlack (Abert) Byrne, the daughter of Colonel John James Abert, the first chief of the U.S. Topographical Service.

Byrne joined the army in Washington, D.C. He was educated at Colombian University (later George Washington University). He married Bertha Barnitz, daughter of Albert Trorillo Siders Barnitz, an officer twice brevetted for bravery.

Byrne was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.

He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

## Service history

## Awards

### Medal of Honor citation

Rank and Organization: Captain, 6th U.S. Infantry. Place and Date: At Bobong, Negros, Philippine Islands, July 19, 1899. Entered Service At: Washington, D.C. Birth: Newport Barracks, Va. Date of Issue: July 15, 1902.

**Citation**

> Most distinguished gallantry in rallying his men on the bridge after the line had been broken and pushed back.

1. Philippine Insurrection Medal of Honor Recipients – Notable Graves, Arlington National Cemetery
2. Burial Detail: Byrne, Bernard A – ANC Explorer
* "Home of heroes". Retrieved December 14, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Bernard Abert Byrne | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1853-10-19)October 19, 1853
Newport Barracks, Kentucky, US |
| Died | February 28, 1910(1910-02-28) (aged 56)
San Francisco, California, US |
| Place of burial | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1875–1906 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Unit | 6th United States Infantry
40th United States Infantry
13th United States Infantry |
| Battles/wars | Philippine–American War |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |


title: Riga Bridge (Velikaya River)

abstract: The Riga Bridge is a railway bridge that crosses the Velikaya River at Pskov, Russia. It forms part of the branch line from Valga to Tartu of Pskov-Riga Railway.

text:
# Riga Bridge (Velikaya River)

The **Riga Bridge** (*Riia sild* in Estonian) is a railway bridge that crosses the Velikaya River at Pskov, Russia. It forms part of the branch line from Valga to Tartu of Pskov-Riga Railway.

## History

The first railway bridge across the Velikaya River was built in the 1860s in Ostrov, during the construction of the Saint Petersburg-Warsaw Railway. In Pskov, the bridge was laid on 14 September 1886, simultaneously with the construction of a temporary wooden one. The bridge pillars were built in August 1886, construction of the bridge deck took place in July 1888 and the bridge was opened in May 1889. It was designed by engineers Zhuravskiy and Kerbedz. The bridge was partially destroyed during the battle for the Liberation of Pikhva (Pskov) in May 1919 during the Russian Civil War. Estonian troops occupied the area and rebuilt the bridge in July 1919.

During the Second World War, the bridge was blown up twice. The bridge was blown up the first time on 8 July 1941 by Soviet combat engineers, led by lieutenant Semyon Baykov during the retreat of the Red Army, which slowed the advancing German forces. At the moment of the bridge's detonation, a Soviet artillery division was caught on the other side of the river, whom the combat engineers decided to let through. While the soldiers were crossing the bridge, the wire to the explosives was broken by German artillery. Seeing that the explosive had malfunctioned, lieutenant Semyon Baykov sacrificed his life to detonate the explosive using a grenade. He was later posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

In July 1944 the bridge was blown up by retreating German forces. From 26 July to 3 August 1944 the bridge was rebuilt by Soviet troops.

57°47′47″N 28°20′23″E / 57.7965°N 28.3396°E / 57.7965; 28.3396


title: Doctor Ricardo Rojas

abstract: Doctor Ricardo Rojas is a village and municipality in Chubut Province in southern Argentina.

text:
# Doctor Ricardo Rojas

**Doctor Ricardo Rojas**  is a village and municipality in Chubut Province in southern Argentina.

45°34′S 71°04′W / 45.567°S 71.067°W / -45.567; -71.067

## InfoBox

| Doctor Ricardo Rojas | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and village | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Chubut Province |
| Department | Río Senguer Department |
| Elevation | 1,831 ft (558 m) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (ART) |
| Climate | Csb |


title: Tongue diagnosis

abstract: Tongue diagnosis in Chinese Medicine is a method of diagnosing disease and disease patterns by visual inspection of the tongue and its various features. It is one of the major diagnostic methods in Chinese Medicine since the time of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic. It is considered a part of the “Inspection” method within the four methods of diagnosis. Practitioners claim that the tongue provides important clues reflecting the conditions of the internal organs. Like other diagnostic methods in Traditional Chinese Medicine, tongue diagnosis is based on the “outer reflects the inner” principle, which is that external structures often reflect the conditions of the internal structures and can give us important indications of internal disharmony.

text:
# Tongue diagnosis

**Tongue diagnosis** in Chinese Medicine is a method of diagnosing disease and disease patterns by visual inspection of the tongue and its various features. It is one of the major diagnostic methods in Chinese Medicine since the time of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic. It is considered a part of the “Inspection” method within the four methods of diagnosis. Practitioners claim that the tongue provides important clues reflecting the conditions of the internal organs. Like other diagnostic methods in Traditional Chinese Medicine, tongue diagnosis is based on the “outer reflects the inner” principle, which is that external structures often reflect the conditions of the internal structures and can give us important indications of internal disharmony.

## Topography of the Tongue

The tongue is divided into topographic regions corresponding to the Triple Burner and Zang Fu organs. By observing the various regions of the tongue, one can determine where the disease is located within the body.

One method of mapping the tongue is by dividing it into three sections to correspond to the Triple Burner. The tip of the tongue corresponds to the Upper Burner (Heart, Lungs); the middle corresponds to the Middle Burner (Stomach, Spleen), and the base of the tongue corresponds to the Lower Burner (Kidneys, Bladder, Intestines).

Another method is to map the tongue by Zang Fu organs. The tip of the tongue corresponds with the Heart, the region at the front of the tongue between the tip and the center corresponds to the Lung, the center corresponds with Stomach and Spleen, the right side corresponds to the Gallbladder, the left side corresponds to the Liver, and the base of the tongue corresponds to Kidney, Bladder, Large Intestine, and Small Intestine.

The mapping of organs to areas of the tongue in Chinese Medicine hold correlation with mapping of the reflex zones of the tongue in ancient Greek medicine.

## Aspects of the Tongue

The aspects of the tongue considered in diagnosis include:

* Tongue spirit or vitality
* Body color
* Body shape
* Tongue coating
* Tongue moisture

In addition, various features are also considered, including absence or presence of and the characteristics of movement, bristles, cracks, and teethmarks.

## Normal tongue

A normal, healthy tongue is pale red or pink with a thin white coating. The tongue should have spirit, but it should not tremble or quiver. It should have a shape which is not too swollen or flabby, with no cracks, and be slightly moist.

## Significance of the Tongue in Diagnosis

When differentiating between various patterns in clinical settings, tongue diagnosis plays a significant role. In a situation in which a patient has complex or even conflicting clinical presentations, the tongue body color nearly always reflects the true underlying condition. For example, a patient may present with various localized signs of Heat, however, the tongue may reflect an underlying condition of Cold from Yang deficiency. In this case it is important to consider the underlying condition in the treatment principle.

## Scientific evaluation

A 2008 study found that interpractitioner and intrapractitioner reliability levels were low. The features of the tongue are claimed to be tied to specific body parts, but evidence is lacking.

## Further reading


title: Egypt at the 2022 World Games

abstract: Egypt competed at the 2022 World Games held in Birmingham, United States from 7 to 17 July 2022. Athletes representing Egypt won three gold medals, two silver medals and one bronze medal. The country finished in 22nd place in the medal table. Most medals were won in karate.

text:
# Egypt at the 2022 World Games

**Egypt** competed at the **2022 World Games** held in Birmingham, United States from 7 to 17 July 2022. Athletes representing Egypt won three gold medals, two silver medals and one bronze medal. The country finished in 22nd place in the medal table. Most medals were won in karate.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Abdalla Abdelaziz | Karate | Men's kumite 75 kg | 9 July |
| Gold | Youssef Badawy | Karate | Men's kumite 84 kg | 9 July |
| Gold | Abdelrahman El-Sefy | Sumo | Men's lightweight | 9 July |
| Silver | Ahlam Youssef | Karate | Women's kumite 55 kg | 8 July |
| Silver | Abdelrahman Shahin | Cue sports | Men's snooker | 17 July |
| Bronze | Taha Tarek | Karate | Men's kumite +84 kg | 9 July |

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aerobic gymnastics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Cue sports | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Finswimming | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Karate | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| Orienteering | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Powerlifting | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Sumo | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| Wushu | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 14 | 7 | 21 |

## Aerobic gymnastics

Egypt competed in aerobic gymnastics.

## Cue sports

Egypt won one silver medal in cue sports.

## Finswimming

Egypt competed in finswimming.

## Karate

Egypt won four medals in karate.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Elimination round | | | | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| **Abdalla Abdelaziz** | Men's kumite 75 kg | Horuna (UKR)
**L** 5–6 | Azhikanov (KAZ)
**W** 5–3 | Mahauden (BEL)
**W** 12–4 | 2 **Q** | Scott (USA)
**W** 10–5 | Horuna (UKR)
**W** 6–3 |  |
| **Youssef Badawy** | Men's kumite 84 kg |  | Ech-chaabi (MAR)
**W** 5–0 | Timmermans (NED)
**W** 1–0 | 1 **Q** | Kvesić (CRO)
**W** 4–4 | Ech-chaabi (MAR)
**W** 6–6 |  |
| **Taha Tarek** | Men's kumite +84 kg | Irr (USA)
**W** 5–4 | Kvesić (CRO)
**L** 3–5 | Daniel (AUS)
**W** 4–1 | 2 **Q** | Seck (ESP)
**L** 1–1 | Talibov (UKR)
**W** 2–0 |  |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Elimination round | | | | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Aya Hesham | Women's kata | Ono (JPN)
**L** 24.28–25.46 | Lau (HKG)
**L** 24.54–24.68 | Kokumai (USA)
**L** 24.38–24.40 | 4 | Did not advance | | 6 |
| **Ahlam Youssef** | Women's kumite 55 kg | Messerschmidt (GER)
**W** 6–2 | Campbell (CAN)
**W** 9–1 | Allen (USA)
**D** 0–0 | 1 **Q** | Warling (LUX)
**W** 0–0 | Terliuga (UKR)
**L** 0–1 |  |
| Dahab Ali | Women's kumite 61 kg | Snel (NED)
**D** 2–2 | Serogina (UKR)
**W** 2–1 | Klinepeter (USA)
**W** 9–0 | 1 **Q** | Grande (PER)
**L** 3–3 | Suchánková (SVK)
**L** 1–3 | 4 |
| Menna Shaaban Okila | Women's kumite +68 kg | Keinanen (FIN)
**L** 0–1 | Jemi (TUN)
**L** 2–5 | Chatziliadou (GRE)
**L** 1–3 | 4 | Did not advance | | 7 |

## Orienteering

Egypt competed in orienteering.

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Salma Abo Khaber | Women's sprint | 27:42.00 | 36 |
| | Women's middle distance | DNF | |

## Powerlifting

Egypt competed in powerlifting.

| Athlete | Event | Exercises | | | Total weight | Total points | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Squat | Bench
press | Deadlift | | | |
| Ahmed Hassanin | Men's super heavyweight | 482.5 | 332.5 | 300.0 | 1115.0 | 95.08 | 10 |

## Sumo

Egypt won one gold medal in sumo. The sumo team was banned from competing in the remaining sumo events after "poor sportsmanship".

## Wushu

Egypt competed in wushu.

## InfoBox

| Egypt at the
2022 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | EGY |
| NOC | Egyptian Olympic Committee |
| in Birmingham, United States
7 July 2022 (2022-07-07) – 17 July 2022 (2022-07-17) | |
| Competitors | 21 (14 men and 7 women) in 8 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 22nd | Gold 3 Silver 2 Bronze 1 Total 6 |
| World Games appearances | |
|  | |


title: Eiko Goshi

abstract: Eiko Goshi Eiko Goshi is a Japanese former freestyle swimmer. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Eiko Goshi

**Eiko Goshi** (合志 えい子, *Gōshi Eiko*, born 25 April 1954) is a Japanese former freestyle swimmer. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Eiko Goshi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-04-25) 25 April 1954 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | freestyle |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing Japan  Asian Games  1970 Bangkok  400 m freestyle | |


title: Eino Kaakkolahti

abstract: Eino Vihtori Kaakkolahti was a Finnish pesäpallo player. During his 18 seasons in the Finnish championship league, he won a total of 10 medals and 6 awards, and was chosen Pesäpallo Player of the Year in 1961. In 1973 and '74, Kaakkolahti was vice chairman of Suomen Pesäpalloliitto. Eino Kaakkolahti's little brother, Matti Kaakkolahti, is a ski jumping medalist and has played pesäpallo in the Finnish series.

text:
# Eino Kaakkolahti

**Eino Vihtori Kaakkolahti** (April 25, 1929  June 25, 2014) was a Finnish pesäpallo player.

During his 18 seasons in the Finnish championship league, he won a total of 10 medals and 6 awards, and was chosen Pesäpallo Player of the Year in 1961. In 1973 and '74, Kaakkolahti was vice chairman of Suomen Pesäpalloliitto (The Finnish Pesäpallo Association, or PPL for short).

Eino Kaakkolahti's little brother, Matti Kaakkolahti, is a ski jumping medalist and has played pesäpallo in the Finnish series.

## Achievements

| Award | Years | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 4 Gold | 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958 |  |
| 3 Silver | 1949, 1952, 1954 |  |
| 3 bronze | 1950, 1951, 1961 |  |
| 15 East-West matches | 1948–1964 |  |
| Pesäpallo Player of the Year | 1950, 1951, 1961 |  |
| Pesäpallo Master of the Year (6) | 1951–1954, 1961, 1964 |  |
| Pesäpallo King | 1952 |  |

## InfoBox

| Eino Kaakkolahti | |
| --- | --- |
| Eino Kaakkolahti (man on base) in 1958 | |
| Born | (1929-04-25)April 25, 1929 |
| Died | June 25, 2014(2014-06-25) (aged 85) |
| Nationality | Finland |
| Occupation | Pesäpallo player |


title: Tony Maggs

abstract: Anthony Francis O'Connell Maggs was a racing driver from South Africa. He participated in 27 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 15 July 1961. He achieved three podiums, and scored a total of 26 championship points. He was the first South African to take part in a Formula One Grand Prix. The son of a wealthy farmer and businessman, Tony Maggs was part of Ken Tyrrell's Formula Junior, Cooper-BMC team in 1961 and shared the European Championship with Jo Siffert. He was invited into the Cooper Formula One team for 1962–1963, finishing second in the French Grand Prix both years, but was dropped at the end of 1963. Maggs then moved to Scuderia Centro Sud for 1964 and despite the fact that their BRM P57s were not current machinery achieved two points finishes out of three race starts. He also returned to Formula Two with an MRP Lola and with David Piper won the Kyalami 9 Hours race in the latter's Ferrari GTO. In 1965, Maggs raced only once in Formula One, for Reg Parnell Racing, in the South African Grand Prix at East London but continued with success in both Formula Two and sports cars. However, in a national race at Pietermaritzburg he crashed his Brabham and a young spectator standing in a restricted area was hit and killed. Maggs immediately retired from motor sport to concentrate on his business interests. Maggs died on 2 June 2009, from cancer.

text:
# Tony Maggs

**Anthony Francis O'Connell Maggs** (9 February 1937 – 2 June 2009) was a racing driver from South Africa. He participated in 27 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 15 July 1961. He achieved three podiums, and scored a total of 26 championship points. He was the first South African to take part in a Formula One Grand Prix.

The son of a wealthy farmer and businessman, Tony Maggs was part of Ken Tyrrell's Formula Junior, Cooper-BMC team in 1961 and shared the European Championship with Jo Siffert. He was invited into the Cooper Formula One team for 1962–1963, finishing second in the French Grand Prix both years, but was dropped at the end of 1963.

Maggs then moved to Scuderia Centro Sud for 1964 and despite the fact that their BRM P57s were not current machinery achieved two points finishes out of three race starts. He also returned to Formula Two with an MRP Lola and with David Piper won the Kyalami 9 Hours race in the latter's Ferrari GTO.

In 1965, Maggs raced only once in Formula One, for Reg Parnell Racing, in the South African Grand Prix at East London but continued with success in both Formula Two and sports cars. However, in a national race at Pietermaritzburg he crashed his Brabham and a young spectator standing in a restricted area was hit and killed. Maggs immediately retired from motor sport to concentrate on his business interests.

Maggs died on 2 June 2009, from cancer.

## Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | WDC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1961 | Louise Bryden-Brown | Lotus 18 | Climax Straight-4 | MON | NED | BEL | FRA | GBR
13 | GER
11 | ITA | USA |  |  | NC | 0 |
| 1962 | Cooper Car Company | Cooper T55 | Climax Straight-4 | NED
5 | MON
Ret |  |  |  | GER
9 |  |  |  |  | 7th | 13 |
| | Cooper T60 | Climax V8 | | |  |  | BEL
Ret | FRA
2 | GBR
6 |  | ITA
7 | USA
7 | RSA
3 |  |
| 1963 | Cooper Car Company | Cooper T66 | Climax V8 | MON
5 | BEL
7 | NED
Ret | FRA
2 | GBR
9 | GER
Ret | ITA
6 | USA
Ret | MEX
Ret | RSA
7 | 8th | 9 |
| 1964 | Scuderia Centro Sud | BRM P57 | BRM V8 | MON | NED
DNS | BEL
DNS | FRA | GBR
Ret | GER
6 | AUT
4 | ITA | USA | MEX | 12th | 4 |
| 1965 | Reg Parnell Racing | Lotus 25 | BRM V8 | RSA
11 | MON | BEL | FRA | GBR | NED | GER | ITA | USA | MEX | NC | 0 |

## InfoBox

Tony Maggs
| Born | (1937-02-09)9 February 1937
Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa |
| --- | --- |
| Died | 2 June 2009(2009-06-02) (aged 72)
Caledon, Western Cape, South Africa |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality | South African |
| Active years | 19611965 |
| Teams | Cooper; non-works BRM and Lotus |
| Entries | 27 (25 starts) |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Podiums | 3 |
| Career points | 26 |
| Pole positions | 0 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |
| First entry | 1961 British Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 1965 South African Grand Prix |


title: Edward Solly

abstract: Edward Solly was an English merchant living in Berlin, who amassed an unprecedented collection of Italian Trecento and Quattrocento paintings and outstanding examples of Early Netherlandish painting, at a time when those schools were still largely unappreciated. In 1821, following negotiations by his associate Benjamin Wegner, Solly sold his collection of about 3000 works to the Prussian king; 677 of them formed a core of the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. Solly acquired a second collection during his years in London after 1821. Solly is also credited for having undertaken a perilous journey to deliver the first news of Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig to the English.

text:
# Edward Solly

**Edward Solly** (25 April 1776 – 2 December 1844) was an English merchant living in Berlin, who amassed an unprecedented collection of Italian Trecento and Quattrocento paintings and outstanding examples of Early Netherlandish painting, at a time when those schools were still largely unappreciated. In 1821, following negotiations by his associate Benjamin Wegner, Solly sold his collection of about 3000 works to the Prussian king; 677 of them formed a core of the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. Solly acquired a second collection during his years in London after 1821. Solly is also credited for having undertaken a perilous journey to deliver the first news of Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig to the English.

## Life

Solly was a younger brother in an English merchant family headed by Isaac Solly that were engaged in the Baltic timber trade, with offices in the city of London. As Non-Conformists the family suffered social restrictions in the higher levels of English society. During the Napoleonic Wars the firm secured immense contracts for the supply of Prussian and Polish oak timber and ship's stores from the Baltic. Solly removed to Stockholm and then in 1813 to Berlin, overseeing the family firm's bulk purchases on the part of the European continent not covered by Napoleon's Continental System. Through his acquaintance with 'Fighting Charlie' Vane he was present at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813. Afterwards he presented a fine sword to Captain Thomas Harris inscribed with the legend *From Edward Solly To Thomas Noel Harris, In Commemoration Of Their Fellowship At The Memorable Battle Of Leipzig Of The 18th And 19th Of October 1813.* Due to his familiarity with the Northern Lowlands, Solly volunteered to carry the news of Napoleon's defeat to London. The journey took him fifteen days through enemy territory. He sailed to England across the North Sea on board a Dutch herring boat and arrived in London twenty-four hours before the official messenger.

In Berlin he married the daughter of Auguste Krüger in 1816. His great personal charm and intelligence opened the highest social circles, and as his business affairs prospered he was on good terms with ministry officials, the Prussian court, artists, connoisseurs and intellectuals.

In his travels he began to take an interest in paintings. The social turmoil of the wars and the dissolution of monasteries brought many works of art onto the market, and Solly proved a discerning buyer, concerned with the provenance and documentation of works he bought, to an extent unusual in his generation. Though he owned one of the finest interior views by Pieter de Hooch and possibly Vermeer's *Lady Standing at a Virginal* (National Gallery, London), both falling within the desirable contemporary category of "cabinet pictures", he was not drawn to the Seicento and Baroque Old Masters that formed the main other interest of contemporary collectors and connoisseurs, but rather to the early Byzantinising Italian paintings of the 13th and 14th centuries, which had been preserved largely in the churches and monasteries for which they had been commissioned. He had a judicious eye also for early Netherlandish painting: his most famous purchase in that field were the wings of the Ghent Altarpiece of Hubert and Jan van Eyck, which was sold by the cathedral canons soon after it had been returned to Ghent in 1816; Solly purchased the panels through the paintings dealer Nieuwenhuys.

Solly and the firm suffered a major setback when twenty of their merchantmen, running the Napoleonic blockade on behalf of the Allies, were captured by Danes within the Napoleonic system and taken to Copenhagen. Only after years of pressuring was any compensation effected.

Solly continued collecting nevertheless, increasingly with the idea that his paintings might be purchased by the Prussian State, to form a public collection. In 1815 Frederick William III had bought the remains of the Giustiniani collection for just such a purpose, but resisted this purchase. Solly's financial situation became straitened. Through the mediation of Benjamin Wegner, a friend and agent of Edward Solly, negotiations on a purchase of the collection by the Prussian state began in 1820, and in 1821 Solly's entire collection of some 3,000 pictures was bought for the newly founded Alte Nationalgalerie. 677 paintings were selected for display in the museum; others were hung in the Hohenzollern palaces to replace those that had been removed to the museum. Though Solly was an early admirer of early Netherlandish painting, Solly's first collection was mostly Italian, including Raphael's *Solly Madonna* (*illustration, right*). Under National Socialism, some of Solly's Italian pictures were traded for those by native German masters and, some through Duveen, found their way into the Samuel Henry Kress and Andrew W. Mellon collections; thus Fra Filippo Lippi's *Madonna of the Niche* and Duccio's *Nativity* triptych are both now in the National Gallery, Washington.

Following the successful sale that he had urged so long, in 1821 Solly moved to London, where he retired from shipping and dealt in works of art, which filled his house at 7, Curzon Street, Mayfair. His interests narrowed to the High Renaissance. He acted on occasion as advisor to John Bowes, whose collection forms the Bowes Museum. Often sensing himself in financial trouble, in eight London sales between 1825 and 1837 Solly sold paintings, drawings and engravings, according to Frits Lugt, although the records now online through the Getty Provenance Index show a total of 1306 lots in many auctions, with small paintings of the Dutch Golden Age predominating, at least numerically, in a very varied range of works.

When the cream of his collection, those paintings he had reserved for himself, were sold by order of his heirs, his daughters Sarah and Lavinia and his son Edward Solly F.R.S., at Christie's, 8 May 1847, a few were held back, or "bought in" at the sale when they failed to reach their reserve, as was one of the two works attributed to "Lionardo da Vinci" (sic). Sarah Solly donated five of the paintings to the National Gallery in 1879, including a *Portrait of Giovanni della Volta with his Wife and Children* by Lorenzo Lotto (bought in at the 1847 sale), and two Dutch Golden Age paintings.


title: Tony Stratton Smith

abstract: Tony Stratton Smith was an English rock music manager, and entrepreneur. He founded the London-based record label Charisma Records in 1969 and managed rock groups such as the Nice, Van der Graaf Generator and Genesis.

text:
# Tony Stratton Smith

**Tony Stratton Smith** (11 August 1933 – 19 March 1987) was an English rock music manager, and entrepreneur. He founded the London-based record label Charisma Records in 1969 and managed rock groups such as the Nice, Van der Graaf Generator and Genesis.

## Career

Smith was born Anthony Mills Smith, in Wolverhampton, England. He started his career as a sports journalist, mainly reporting on football for the *Daily Sketch* and the *Daily Express*. To avoid confusion with another journalist, named Tony Stevens, while working for the *Daily Sketch* in 1954 Tony Smith changed his name to Tony Stratton Smith, which some mistakenly took for a hyphenated surname. In later years, he became known as "Strat", in particular to his associates in the music business.

While at the *Daily Express* Smith was assigned to cover the Manchester United v Red Star Belgrade European Cup match in Yugoslavia in 1958. However their chief football correspondent Henry Rose pulled rank and decided to go instead. The aircraft bringing back the team, officials and press crashed in what became known as the Munich air disaster and Rose was one of the fatalities.

Later on Smith began being influenced by The Beatles, in particular their manager Brian Epstein and decided to enter the music business. One of the earliest bands he managed were the Liverpool-based The Koobas, taking over from Epstein. He subsequently took over management of The Nice in 1968 from Andrew Loog Oldham and, frustrated with the workings of Oldham's Immediate Records label, decided to form his own.

Later signings included the Bonzo Dog Band and Van der Graaf Generator. In 1969 he signed the progressive rock band Genesis onto his record and management companies, and released *Trespass* (1970), the band's second album. Genesis became the label's most commercially successful group. Smith released many records by Monty Python and helped to finance the film *Monty Python and the Holy Grail* (1975). He also recorded former Bonzo frontman Vivian Stanshall and financed Stanshall's film *Sir Henry at Rawlinson End* (1980), as well as being credited as its producer. Other important artists Smith was closely associated with include Atomic Rooster, Audience, Brand X, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, Peter Hammill, Lindisfarne, Julian Lennon, Robert John Godfrey, String Driven Thing and Rare Bird. According to Hackett, Smith missed an opportunity to sign Queen, whose demos had been brought in to Charisma. Gail Colson worked with him at Charisma, as label manager and joint managing director. She left to form her own company in the late 1970s and would manage the solo careers of Gabriel and Hammill, among others.

In the United States, Charisma Records recordings were often licensed to other labels such as ABC Records (including subsidiary labels Dunhill Records & Probe Records), Elektra Records, Buddah Records, Atlantic Records, Mercury Records and Arista Records. The label was eventually sold to Virgin Records in 1983. Virgin re-activated the Charisma name with a new logo for a short time during the late 1980s. The vast majority of the Charisma catalogue is now owned by EMI.

"Strat" as he was known to his friends was known for his sense of humour and flair for promotion. His sense of humour was often reflected in promotional materials and record label art. With an ear for unusual and creative talent he made Charisma successful, especially in its early years. Though usually known as "Charisma Records", the company also promoted itself as "The Famous Charisma Label".

## Death

Smith, who was a gay man, died of pancreatic cancer on 19 March 1987 aged 53. A memorial service was held for him at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London.

Marillion's album *Clutching at Straws* (released shortly after his death in 1987) was dedicated to him in the sleeve credits. The song "Time to Burn" by Peter Hammill (1988) is "something of a goodbye to Tony Stratton-Smith", and , the 1988 band of Keith Emerson, Carl Palmer and Robert Berry, dedicated the closing track, "On My Way Home", of their only album *To the Power of Three* (1988), to Smith. Steve Hackett dedicated the track "Concert For Munich" from his album *Momentum* to Smith.

Citations  1. Groom 2021, p. 15.
2. Aldous, Steve (2020). *The Songs of Genesis: A Complete Guide to the Studio Recordings*. McFarland. p. 313. ISBN 978-1-476-63984-0.
3. "Tony Stratton Smith". The Marquee Club (official website). Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
4. Groom 2021, p. 26.
5. "Donny Davies, The Guardian correspondent who died in the Munich air disaster". *The Guardian*. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
6. Christopulos & Smart 2005, p. 23.
7. Hanson 2002, p. 61.
8. "Steve Hackett – Tracks of My Years". BBC. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
9. Easlea, Daryl (2013). *Without Frontiers: The Life & Music of Peter Gabriel*. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-78038-315-6.
10. "The Velvet Mafia: the gay men who helped shape music in the 60s". *The Guardian*. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
11. Hanson 2002, p. 164.
12. "Sofa Sound". *Sofasound.com*. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
13. Groom 2021, p. 312.
Bibliography  * Christopulos, Jim; Smart, Phil (2005). *Van der Graaf Generator, The Book: A History of the Band Van der Graaf Generator 1967 to 1978*. Phil and Jim Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9551337-0-1.
* Hanson, Martyn (2002). *Hang on to a Dream : The Story of The Nice*. Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-43-9.
* Groom, Chris (2021). Charlesworth, Chris (ed.). *Strat!: The Charismatic Life & Times of Tony Stratton Smith*. Wymer Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912782-61-1.

## InfoBox

| Tony Stratton Smith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 11 August 1933
Wolverhampton, England |
| Died | (aged 53)
St Helier, Jersey |
| Other names | "Strat" |
| Occupation | Music manager |
| Known for | Charisma Records, The Koobas, The Nice, Van der Graaf Generator, Genesis, Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, Monty Python |


title: Tommaso Costa

abstract: Tommaso Costa (1634–1690) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. He was born in Sassuolo, and died in Reggio Emilia. He was the pupil of the painter Jean Boulanger at Modena. He painted the cupola of the church of San Vicenzo in Modena and affreschi in the pilgrimage church of Fiorano Modenese, south of Modena.

text:
# Tommaso Costa

**Tommaso Costa** (1634–1690) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. He was born in Sassuolo, and died in Reggio Emilia. He was the pupil of the painter Jean Boulanger at Modena. He painted the cupola of the church of San Vicenzo in Modena and affreschi in the pilgrimage church of Fiorano Modenese, south of Modena.

* Farquhar, Maria (1855). Ralph Nicholson Wornum (ed.). *Biographical catalogue of the principal Italian painters*. London: Woodfall & Kinder. p. 51.

## InfoBox

| Tommaso Costa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1634 |
| Died | 1690 |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Painter |
| Known for | * Cupola of the church of San Vicenzo, Modena * Affreschi in the pilgrimage church of Fiorano Modenese |


title: Einig

abstract: Einig is a municipality in the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.

text:
# Einig

**Einig** is a municipality in the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.

## InfoBox

| Einig | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Einig within Mayen-Koblenz district | |
| Einig Einig | |
| Coordinates: 50°17′01″N 7°16′42″E / 50.28361°N 7.27833°E / 50.28361; 7.27833 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Mayen-Koblenz |
| Municipal assoc. | Maifeld (Verbandsgemeinde) |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Hans Münch |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.09 km2 (1.19 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 310 m (1,020 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 147 |
| Density | 48/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56751 |
| Dialling codes | 02654 |
| Vehicle registration | MYK |


title: Einsiedeln

abstract: Einsiedeln is a municipality and district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, established in the 10th century.

text:
# Einsiedeln

**Einsiedeln** (German pronunciation: \[ˈaɪnziːdl̩n\]) is a municipality and district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, established in the 10th century.

## History

### Early history

There was no permanent settlement in the area prior to the early medieval period, but numerous artefacts left by prehistoric hunters, dated to the Mesolithic to Bronze Age were recovered.

The original "hermitage" is associated with St. Meinrad, a Benedictine monk from the family of the Counts of Hohenzollern. According to legend, Meinrad lived on the slopes of Mt. Etzel from 835 until his death in 861.

During the next eighty years Saint Meinrad's hermitage was never without one or more hermits emulating his example. One of the hermits, named Eberhard, previously Provost of Strasburg, erected a monastery and church there, of which he became first abbot. Work on the monastery is said to have begun in 934. Following a miraculous vision by Eberhard, the new church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. At the time of the foundation of the Abbey, the local hunters and small farmers of the forest, placed themselves under the authority of the noble-born Abbot. The surrounding population was known as *Waldleute* (forest people) because of the forests around the Abbey. The Abbey encouraged the *Waldleute* to settle in surrounding villages and begin farming. The settlement of Einsiedeln is first mentioned in 1073.

The alpine valleys were used to raise cattle, which became increasingly more important to the village. By 1250 the major business in the village was breeding and raising cattle. Expansion of grazing land into nearby alpine valleys led to a two century conflict with Schwyz.

### Old Swiss Confederacy

As early as 1100, the villages of Einsiedeln and Schwyz were in conflict over land near the two Mythen mountains. Over the following century, conflicts over the land led to many court battles and actual battles. In 1173 when the Habsburgs gained rights over the village of Schwyz and in 1283 when they raised the Abbey to an independent principality under the Habsburgs, this raised a local conflict into a regional one. The Habsburgs were able to quiet the conflict for a few years, until 1291 when Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden revolted against the Habsburgs. In 1314 the conflict flared up again with an attack by Schwyz into Einsiedeln. This attack triggered a series of border raids that, along with other events, in 1315 led to a Habsburg invasion and their crushing defeat at the Battle of Morgarten. It wasn't until 1350 that the conflict was resolved and the borders between Einsiedeln and Schwyz were fixed.

In 1394 the Abbey came under the protection of Schwyz and the rights of high justice went over to Schwyz. Low justice though remained with the Abbey. Einsiedeln is the birthplace of Paracelsus, a Renaissance physician and alchemist who is credited with first naming zinc.

In 1399 the *Drei Teile* ("Three Parts": a council that included the Abbey, the *Waldleute* from the surrounding villages, and Schwyz) is first mentioned. Initially the *Drei Teile* only addressed any issues that affected the free *Waldleute*. In 1564 they were able to issue a binding ordinance for all three groups. In 1657 the *Drei Teile* changed its name to the "Session". The relationship between the three parties was not always smooth. In 1764, an attempt by the Abbot to require tradesmen to only practise their trade in Einsiedeln and preventing skilled workers from settling in among the *Waldleute* led to open conflict. Schwyz supported the Abbey against the *Waldleute* and in 1766 crushed the revolt. However, the Abbey lost much of its independence and thereafter was treated more as a subject of Schwyz instead of a partner.

### Modern history

During the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, the Abbey was suppressed for about three years and the land was added to the city of Schwyz. Following the collapse of the post-invasion Helvetic Republic, in 1803 as part of the Act of Mediation Einsiedeln became a Bezirk (or District) in the Canton of Schwyz. During the Restoration starting in 1815, the Abbey's power began to grow in the Canton. A desire for reform led the Districts of March, Küssnacht and Pfäffikon to declare themselves *Kanton Schwyz äusseres Land* (Canton of Schwyz, Outer Lands) with a liberal constitution in 1832. The Abbey stood on the side of the conservative faction in the Canton, which caused tense relations between them and the surrounding villages until the creation of the Federal State in 1848.

## Geography

Einsiedeln is situated in the valley of the Alp river. It comprises six localities: Bennau, Egg, Willerzell, Euthal, Gross and Trachslau. The village of Biberbrugg is shared with the municipality of Feusisberg. Einsiedeln has a total area of 99.1 km2 (38.3 sq mi), of which nearly half (47.1%) is agricultural and only slightly less (44.5%) is forested. The rest of the land is either settled (5.5%) or non-productive (less than 2.8%).

Einsiedeln is located approximately 7.5 km (4.7 mi) from the southern end of the Lake of Zurich, and 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the artificial Sihlsee lake. It is on a plateau (ca. 880 m (2,890 ft) above sea level). The town is located at an altitude of 470 m (1,540 ft) higher than Zürich, with which it has a railway connection.

Einsiedeln is also the capital and only municipality of the District of Einsiedeln.

## Demographics

Einsiedeln has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 16,247. As of 2007, 13.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 14.8%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (92.3%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (1.9%) and Albanian being third (1.4%).

As of 2000 the gender distribution of the population was 50.4% male and 49.6% female. The age distribution, as of 2008, in Einsiedeln is; 3,211 people or 25.4% of the population is between 0 and 19. 3,628 people or 28.7% are 20 to 39, and 3,964 people or 31.4% are 40 to 64. The senior population distribution is 1,009 people or 8.0% are 65 to 74. There are 609 people or 4.8% who are 70 to 79 and 201 people or 1.59% of the population who are over 80. There is one person in Einsiedeln who is over 100 years old.

As of 2000 there are 5,093 households, of which 1,649 households (or about 32.4%) contain only a single individual. 347 or about 6.8% are large households, with at least five members.

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (18.8%), the FDP (17.7%) and the SPS (14.8%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Einsiedeln about 66% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

Einsiedeln has an unemployment rate of 1.29%. As of 2005, there were 551 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 209 businesses involved in this sector. 1,630 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 199 businesses in this sector. 3,017 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 486 businesses in this sector.

From the 2000 census, 9,834 or 77.9% are Roman Catholic, while 1,240 or 9.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are less than 5 individuals who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, there are 288 individuals (or about 2.28% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 5 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 332 (or about 2.63% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 106 individuals (or about 0.84% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 486 (or about 3.85% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 329 individuals (or about 2.61% of the population) did not answer the question.

### Historic population

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1799 | 4,958 |
| 1850 | 6,821 |
| 1880 | 8,383 |
| 1900 | 8,496 |
| 1930 | 8,053 |
| 1950 | 8,423 |
| 1960 | 8,792 |
| 1970 | 10,020 |
| 1980 | 9,529 |
| 1985 | 9,783 |
| 1990 | 10,452 |
| 2000 | 12,421 |
| 2005 | 13,365 |
| 2007 | 13,768 |
|

## Transport

Einsiedeln is the terminal station of the Wädenswil–Einsiedeln railway, which are served by Zürich S-Bahn lines S13 and S40. Both lines are operated by Südostbahn (SOB).

At the nearby Biberbrugg junction station, there are connections to the InterRegio *Voralpen Express* to Lucerne and St. Gallen. At Wädenswil junction station, there are connections to services to Zürich.

## Climate

Between 1961 and 1990 Einsiedeln had an average of 156.7 days of rain per year and on average received 1,753 mm (69.0 in) of precipitation. The wettest month was June during which time Einsiedeln received an average of 206 mm (8.1 in) of precipitation. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 15.3 days. The month with the most days of precipitation was May, with an average of 15.3, but with only 158 mm (6.2 in) of precipitation. The driest month of the year was February with an average of 108 mm (4.3 in) of precipitation over 15.3 days.

| Climate data for Einsiedeln (1991–2020) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.3
(36.1) | 3.3
(37.9) | 7.1
(44.8) | 11.2
(52.2) | 15.4
(59.7) | 19.0
(66.2) | 21.0
(69.8) | 20.6
(69.1) | 16.1
(61.0) | 12.2
(54.0) | 6.8
(44.2) | 3.1
(37.6) | 11.5
(52.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.5
(29.3) | −1.1
(30.0) | 2.6
(36.7) | 6.6
(43.9) | 10.8
(51.4) | 14.4
(57.9) | 16.2
(61.2) | 16.0
(60.8) | 11.9
(53.4) | 7.9
(46.2) | 2.9
(37.2) | −0.4
(31.3) | 7.2
(45.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.3
(22.5) | −5.3
(22.5) | −1.8
(28.8) | 1.8
(35.2) | 6.0
(42.8) | 9.7
(49.5) | 11.6
(52.9) | 11.4
(52.5) | 7.7
(45.9) | 4.1
(39.4) | −0.6
(30.9) | −4.0
(24.8) | 2.9
(37.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 99
(3.9) | 100
(3.9) | 122
(4.8) | 117
(4.6) | 176
(6.9) | 186
(7.3) | 196
(7.7) | 193
(7.6) | 144
(5.7) | 115
(4.5) | 115
(4.5) | 128
(5.0) | 1,690
(66.5) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 50
(20) | 64
(25) | 41
(16) | 20
(7.9) | 1
(0.4) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 4
(1.6) | 30
(12) | 53
(21) | 263
(104) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.1 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 12.1 | 14.5 | 14.8 | 14.3 | 13.1 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 13.3 | 152.5 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 8.7 | 8.5 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 40.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 82 | 80 | 76 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 78 | 83 | 84 | 86 | 86 | 81 |
| Source: MeteoSwiss | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Sports

Schanzen Einsiedeln is the national ski jumping venue of Switzerland.

## Tourism

The village of Einsiedeln is a popular tourist destination in central Switzerland. The Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, located within the village, is considered one of the most important Roman Catholic pilgrimage sites in Europe and is called "the most important place of pilgrimage dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Switzerland". In addition to the Abbey, Einsiedeln is also a popular destination for sports year round. The village has 3 ski areas which include lifts as well as ski jumps.

Since the Middle Ages the Graces Chapel and a statue of the Black Madonna have been the centerpiece of the pilgrimage. The statue is so famous that a copy can also be seen in the French Jura town of Pontarlier. Between 150,000 and 200,000 pilgrims visit the Graces Chapel each year.

Besides being a site for pilgrimages, Einsiedeln is a tourist destination for those interested in winter sports. The village has its own ski jump, ski lifts, ski tows and winter sports centres, which are in the nearby area of Hoch-Ybrig and Brunni. The Schwedentritt cross-country skiing trail starts next to the Einsiedeln Abbey.

The nearby reservoir, Sihlsee, is used in summer for swimming, surfing and sailing, and in the winter for ice-skating. The dam, which retains the lake, produces electricity for the trains and protects the city of Zürich further down the valley from the flood of the Sihl.

These days, fewer pilgrims come to Einsiedeln. For that reason, some of the former hotels have now closed. At the same time, the village has experienced a boom with day tourists, owing to the clear air and mountain views. Because of the high quality of life locally, the population is growing faster than is normal in Switzerland.

## Notable people

Sport * Josef Wehrli (born 1954), a Swiss former professional racing cyclist
* Marcel Fässler (born 1976), a Swiss professional racing driver.
* Andreas Küttel (born 1979), a Swiss former Ski Jumper "World Champion 2009"

## InfoBox

| Einsiedeln | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Einsiedeln town with the Benedictine Abbey | |
|  | |
| Location of Einsiedeln | |
| EinsiedelnEinsiedeln | |
| Coordinates: 47°7′N 8°44′E / 47.117°N 8.733°E / 47.117; 8.733 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Schwyz |
| District | Einsiedeln |
| Area | |
| Total | 110.40 km2 (42.63 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 882 m (2,894 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 15,867 |
| Density | 140/km2 (370/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8840 |
| SFOS number | 1301 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SZ |
| Localities | Bennau, Egg, Euthal, Gross, Trachslau, Willerzell and Biberbrugg (shared with the municipality Feusisberg) |
| Surrounded by | Alpthal, Altendorf, Feusisberg, Freienbach, Innerthal, Oberägeri (ZG), Oberiberg, Rothenthurm, Unteriberg, Vorderthal |
| Website | www.einsiedeln.ch
SFSO statistics |


abstract:
The atomic number of a material exhibits a strong and fundamental relationship with the nature of radiation interactions within that medium. There are numerous mathematical descriptions of different interaction processes that are dependent on the atomic number, Z. When dealing with composite media (i.e. a bulk material composed of more than one element), one therefore encounters the difficulty of defining Z. An effective atomic number in this context is equivalent to the atomic number but is used for compounds (e.g. water) and mixtures of different materials (such as tissue and bone). This is of most interest in terms of radiation interaction with composite materials. For bulk interaction properties, it can be useful to define an effective atomic number for a composite medium and, depending on the context, this may be done in different ways. Such methods include (i) a simple mass-weighted average, (ii) a power-law type method with some (very approximate) relationship to radiation interaction properties or (iii) methods involving calculation based on interaction cross sections. The latter is the most accurate approach (Taylor 2012), and the other more simplified approaches are often inaccurate even when used in a relative fashion for comparing materials. In many textbooks and scientific publications, the following - simplistic and often dubious - sort of method is employed. One such proposed formula for the effective atomic number, Zeff, is as follows: Z eff = f 1 × ( Z 1 ) 2.94 + f 2 × ( Z 2 ) 2.94 + f 3 × ( Z 3 ) 2.94 + ⋯ 2.94 where
  - f n is the fraction of the total number of electrons associated with each element, and
  - Z n is the atomic number of each element. An example is that of water (H2O), made up of two hydrogen atoms (Z=1) and one oxygen atom (Z=8), the total number of electrons is 1+1+8 = 10, so the fraction of electrons for the two hydrogens is (2/10) and for the one oxygen is (8/10). So the Zeff for water is: Z eff = 0.2 × 1 2.94 + 0.8 × 8 2.94 2.94 = 7.42 The effective atomic number is important for predicting how photons interact with a substance, as certain types of photon interactions depend on the atomic number. The exact formula, as well as the exponent 2.94, can depend on the energy range being used. As such, readers are reminded that this approach is of very limited applicability and may be quite misleading. This 'power law' method, while commonly employed, is of questionable appropriateness in contemporary scientific applications within the context of radiation interactions in heterogeneous media. This approach dates back to the late 1930s when photon sources were restricted to low-energy x-ray units. The exponent of 2.94 relates to an empirical formula for the photoelectric process which incorporates a ‘constant’ of 2.64 × 10−26, which is in fact not a constant but rather a function of the photon energy. A linear relationship between Z2.94 has been shown for a limited number of compounds for low-energy x-rays, but within the same publication it is shown that many compounds do not lie on the same trendline. As such, for polyenergetic photon sources (in particular, for applications such as radiotherapy), the effective atomic number varies significantly with energy. It is possible to obtain a much more accurate single-valued Zeff by weighting against the spectrum of the source. The effective atomic number for electron interactions may be calculated with a similar approach. The cross-section based approach for determining Zeff is obviously much more complicated than the simple power-law approach described above, and this is why freely-available software has been developed for such calculations.

text:
# Effective atomic number (compounds and mixtures)

The atomic number of a material exhibits a strong and fundamental relationship with the nature of radiation interactions within that medium. There are numerous mathematical descriptions of different interaction processes that are dependent on the atomic number, Z. When dealing with composite media (i.e. a bulk material composed of more than one element), one therefore encounters the difficulty of defining Z. An **effective atomic number** in this context is equivalent to the atomic number but is used for compounds (e.g. water) and mixtures of different materials (such as tissue and bone). This is of most interest in terms of radiation interaction with composite materials. For bulk interaction properties, it can be useful to define an effective atomic number for a composite medium and, depending on the context, this may be done in different ways. Such methods include (i) a simple mass-weighted average, (ii) a power-law type method with some (very approximate) relationship to radiation interaction properties or (iii) methods involving calculation based on interaction cross sections. The latter is the most accurate approach (Taylor 2012), and the other more simplified approaches are often inaccurate even when used in a relative fashion for comparing materials.

In many textbooks and scientific publications, the following - simplistic and often dubious - sort of method is employed. One such proposed formula for the effective atomic number, *Z*eff, is as follows: $Z\_{\text{eff}={\sqrt\[{2.94}\]{f\_{1}\times (Z\_{1})^{2.94}+f\_{2}\times (Z\_{2})^{2.94}+f\_{3}\times (Z\_{3})^{2.94}+\cdots }}}$ where

* $f\_{n}$ is the fraction of the total number of electrons associated with each element, and
* $Z\_{n}$ is the atomic number of each element.

An example is that of water (H2O), made up of two hydrogen atoms (Z=1) and one oxygen atom (Z=8), the total number of electrons is 1+1+8 = 10, so the fraction of electrons for the two hydrogens is (2/10) and for the one oxygen is (8/10). So the *Z*eff for water is:

$Z\_{\text{eff}={\sqrt\[{2.94}\]{0.2\times 1^{2.94}+0.8\times 8^{2.94}=7.42}}}$

The effective atomic number is important for predicting how photons interact with a substance, as certain types of photon interactions depend on the atomic number. The exact formula, as well as the exponent 2.94, can depend on the energy range being used. As such, readers are reminded that this approach is of very limited applicability and may be quite misleading.

This 'power law' method, while commonly employed, is of questionable appropriateness in contemporary scientific applications within the context of radiation interactions in heterogeneous media. This approach dates back to the late 1930s when photon sources were restricted to low-energy x-ray units. The exponent of 2.94 relates to an empirical formula for the photoelectric process which incorporates a ‘constant’ of 2.64 × 10−26, which is in fact not a constant but rather a function of the photon energy. A linear relationship between Z2.94 has been shown for a limited number of compounds for low-energy x-rays, but within the same publication it is shown that many compounds do not lie on the same trendline. As such, for polyenergetic photon sources (in particular, for applications such as radiotherapy), the effective atomic number varies significantly with energy. It is possible to obtain a much more accurate single-valued *Z*eff by weighting against the spectrum of the source. The effective atomic number for electron interactions may be calculated with a similar approach. The cross-section based approach for determining *Z*eff is obviously much more complicated than the simple power-law approach described above, and this is why freely-available software has been developed for such calculations.

* Eisberg and Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles.


title: Effective competition

abstract: Effective competition is a concept first proposed by John Maurice Clark, then under the name of "workable competition," as a "workable" alternative to the economic theory of perfect competition, as perfect competition is seldom observed in the real world. His proposal resulted in extensive debate in the economic literature over the next several decades in which George W. Stocking Sr., George Stigler, Jesse W. Markham, Joe S. Bain, and many others participated. No consensus has yet been reached over which of many potential criteria should be used to judge competition to be effective, but as an alternative to identifying specific structural criteria by which to constitute effectiveness or workability, Jesse W. Markham suggested the following definition: An industry may be judged to be workably competitive when, after the structural characteristics of its market and the dynamic forces that shaped them have been thoroughly examined, there is no clearly indicated change than can be effected through public policy measures that would result in greater social gains than social losses. Despite the lack of consensus in the literature, the concept is often used in antitrust enforcement and public policy analysis, as a method for measuring and ensuring adequate levels of competitive performance in markets which may not be ideally structured. Charles F. Phillips Jr. noted, "Workable or effective competition may result from conditions that are less exacting than those demanded for perfection."

text:
# Effective competition

**Effective competition** is a concept first proposed by John Maurice Clark, then under the name of "workable competition," as a "workable" alternative to the economic theory of perfect competition, as perfect competition is seldom observed in the real world.

His proposal resulted in extensive debate in the economic literature over the next several decades in which George W. Stocking Sr., George Stigler, Jesse W. Markham, Joe S. Bain, and many others participated. No consensus has yet been reached over which of many potential criteria should be used to judge competition to be effective, but as an alternative to identifying specific structural criteria by which to constitute effectiveness or workability, Jesse W. Markham suggested the following definition:

> An industry may be judged to be workably competitive when, after the structural characteristics of its market and the dynamic forces that shaped them have been thoroughly examined, there is no clearly indicated change than can be effected through public policy measures that would result in greater social gains than social losses.

Despite the lack of consensus in the literature, the concept is often used in antitrust enforcement and public policy analysis, as a method for measuring and ensuring adequate levels of competitive performance in markets which may not be ideally structured. Charles F. Phillips Jr. noted, "Workable or effective competition may result from conditions that are less exacting than those demanded for perfection."


title: Effective descriptive set theory

abstract: Effective descriptive set theory is the branch of descriptive set theory dealing with sets of reals having lightface definitions; that is, definitions that do not require an arbitrary real parameter. Thus effective descriptive set theory combines descriptive set theory with recursion theory.

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# Effective descriptive set theory

**Effective descriptive set theory** is the branch of descriptive set theory dealing with sets of reals having lightface definitions; that is, definitions that do not require an arbitrary real parameter (Moschovakis 1980). Thus effective descriptive set theory combines descriptive set theory with recursion theory.

## Constructions

### Effective Polish space

An **effective Polish space** is a complete separable metric space that has a computable presentation. Such spaces are studied in both effective descriptive set theory and in constructive analysis. In particular, standard examples of Polish spaces such as the real line, the Cantor set and the Baire space are all effective Polish spaces.

### Arithmetical hierarchy

The arithmetical hierarchy, arithmetic hierarchy or KleeneMostowski hierarchy classifies certain sets based on the complexity of formulas that define them. Any set that receives a classification is called "arithmetical".

More formally, the arithmetical hierarchy assigns classifications to the formulas in the language of first-order arithmetic. The classifications are denoted $\Sigma \_{n}^{0}$ and $\Pi \_{n}^{0}$ for natural numbers *n* (including 0). The Greek letters here are lightface symbols, which indicates that the formulas do not contain set parameters.

If a formula $\phi $ is logically equivalent to a formula with only bounded quantifiers then $\phi $ is assigned the classifications $\Sigma \_{0}^{0}$ and $\Pi \_{0}^{0}$.

The classifications $\Sigma \_{n}^{0}$ and $\Pi \_{n}^{0}$ are defined inductively for every natural number *n* using the following rules:

* If $\phi $ is logically equivalent to a formula of the form $\exists n\_{1}\exists n\_{2}\cdots \exists n\_{k}\psi $, where $\psi $ is $\Pi \_{n}^{0}$, then $\phi $ is assigned the classification $\Sigma \_{n+1}^{0}$.
* If $\phi $ is logically equivalent to a formula of the form $\forall n\_{1}\forall n\_{2}\cdots \forall n\_{k}\psi $, where $\psi $ is $\Sigma \_{n}^{0}$, then $\phi $ is assigned the classification $\Pi \_{n+1}^{0}$.

* Mansfield, Richard; Weitkamp, Galen (1985). *Recursive Aspects of Descriptive Set Theory*. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–38. ISBN 978-0-19-503602-2. MR 0786122.
* Moschovakis, Yiannis N. (1980). *Descriptive Set Theory*. North Holland. ISBN 0-444-70199-0. Second edition available online


title: Effective circulating volume

abstract: In hematology, effective circulating volume (ECV) is the volume of arterial blood effectively perfusing tissue. ECV is a dynamic quantity and not a measurable, distinct compartment. This concept is useful for discussion of cardiovascular and renal physiology. Though ECV normally varies with extracellular fluid (ECF), they become uncoupled in diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF) or hepatic cirrhosis. In such cases, decreased ECV may lead to volume depletion responses and edema. Decreased ECV can stimulate renin secretion or stimulate a sympathetic nervous system response or prostaglandin release.

text:
# Effective circulating volume

In hematology, **effective circulating volume** (**ECV**) is the volume of arterial blood effectively perfusing tissue. ECV is a dynamic quantity and not a measurable, distinct compartment. This concept is useful for discussion of cardiovascular and renal physiology.

Though ECV normally varies with extracellular fluid (ECF), they become uncoupled in diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF) or hepatic cirrhosis. In such cases, decreased ECV may lead to volume depletion responses and edema.

Decreased ECV can stimulate renin secretion or stimulate a sympathetic nervous system response or prostaglandin release (all of which help mediate renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate among other things).

## Sources

* John Bullock, Michael B. Wang, Joseph Boyle. *NMS Physiology*. 4th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. pp 337-339.


title: TooSquare Magazine

abstract: TooSquare Magazine was a large, underground fanzine magazine which was published in Tampa Florida between 2001 and 2002. It had a large distribution of 10,000 copies per month and was known for its in depth coverage of music, art, and underground culture. During its 2½ year run it won the Weekly Planet 'Best of the Bay' award in 2002. TooSquare Magazine also won web site of the week on April 24, 2002. TooSquare Magazine and its editor, Joseph Murphy were featured in the book about underground magazines Zine in 2011. A reference was also found to the corporate entity of TooSquare Magazine here. TooSquare featured interviews, goth models, and rockabilly style culture mixed with often bizarre articles about skinheads and conspiracy theory on Skull and Bones. The creator Joseph Murphy was interviewed by various other eZines, including Legion Studios.

text:
# TooSquare Magazine

***TooSquare Magazine*** was a large, underground fanzine magazine which was published in Tampa Florida between 2001 and 2002. It had a large distribution of 10,000 copies per month and was known for its in depth coverage of music, art, and underground culture. During its 2½ year run it won the *Weekly Planet* 'Best of the Bay' award in 2002. *TooSquare Magazine* also won web site of the week on April 24, 2002. *TooSquare Magazine* and its editor, Joseph Murphy were featured in the book about underground magazines Zine in 2011. A reference was also found to the corporate entity of *TooSquare Magazine* here.

*TooSquare* featured interviews, goth models, and rockabilly style culture mixed with often bizarre articles about skinheads and conspiracy theory on Skull and Bones.

The creator Joseph Murphy (Wurm Mud) was interviewed by various other eZines, including Legion Studios.