title: Pyrmont and Glebe railway tunnels

abstract: The Pyrmont and Glebe railway tunnels are a set of heritage-listed railway tunnels, part of the Inner West Light Rail, located in Pyrmont and Glebe, New South Wales, Australia. The tunnels are a component of the former Rozelle–Darling Harbour Goods Line. The property is owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity, a state government agency. The tunnels were added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

text:
# Pyrmont and Glebe railway tunnels

The **Pyrmont and Glebe railway tunnels** are a set of heritage-listed railway tunnels, part of the Inner West Light Rail, located in Pyrmont and Glebe, New South Wales, Australia. The tunnels are a component of the former Rozelle–Darling Harbour Goods Line. The property is owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity, a state government agency. The tunnels were added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

### Background

The Leichhardt area, including Glebe, was originally inhabited by the Wangal clan of Aboriginal people. After 1788 diseases such as smallpox and the loss of their hunting grounds caused huge reductions in their numbers and they moved further inland. Since European settlement the foreshores of Blackwattle Bay and Rozelle Bay have developed a unique maritime, industrial and residential character – a character which continues to evolve as areas which were originally residential estates, then industrial areas, are redeveloped for residential units and parklands.

The first formal grant in the Glebe area was a 162 hectares (400 acres) grant to Rev. Richard Johnson, the colony's first chaplain, in 1789. The Glebe (land allocated for the maintenance of a church minister) comprised rolling shale hills covering sandstone, with several sandstone cliff faces. The ridges were drained by several creeks including Blackwattle Creek, Orphan School Creek and Johnston Creek. Extensive swampland surrounded the creeks. On the shale ridges, heavily timbered woodlands contained several varieties of eucalypts while the swamplands and tidal mudflats had mangroves, swamp oaks (*Casuarina glauca*) and black wattles (*Callicoma serratifolia*) after which the bay is named. Blackwattle Swamp was first mentioned by surveyors in the 1790s and Blackwattle Swamp Bay in 1807. By 1840 it was called Blackwattle Bay. Boat parties collected wattles and reeds for the building of huts, and kangaroos and emus were hunted by the early settlers who called the area the Kangaroo Ground. Rozelle Bay is thought to have been named after a schooner which once moored in its waters.

Johnson's land remained largely undeveloped until 1828, when the Church and School Corporation subdivided it into 28 lots, three of which they retained for church use.

The Church sold 27 allotments in 1828 – north on the point and south around Broadway. The Church kept the middle section where the Glebe Estate is now. On the point the sea breezes attracted the wealthy who built villas. The Broadway end attracted slaughterhouses and boiling down works that used the creek draining to Blackwattle Swamp. Up until the 1970s the Glebe Estate was in the possession of the Church.

On the point the sea breezes attracted the wealthy who built villas. The Broadway end attracted slaughterhouses and boiling down works that used the creek draining to Blackwattle Swamp. Smaller working-class houses were built around these industries. Abattoirs were built there from the 1860s. When Glebe was made a municipality in 1859 there were pro and anti-municipal clashes in the streets. From 1850 Glebe was dominated by wealthier interests.

Reclaiming the swamp, Wentworth Park opened in 1882 as a cricket ground and lawn bowls club. Rugby union football was played there in the late 19th century. The dog racing started in 1932. In the early 20th century modest villas were broken up into boarding houses as they were elsewhere in the inner city areas. The wealthier moved into the suburbs which were opening up through the railways. Up until the 1950s Sydney was the location for working class employment – it was a port and industrial city. By the 1960s central Sydney was becoming a corporate city with service-based industries – capital intensive not labour intensive. A shift in demographics occurred, with younger professionals and technical and administrative people servicing the corporate city wanting to live close by. Housing was coming under threat and the heritage conservation movement was starting. The fish markets moved in in the 1970s. An influx of students came to Glebe in the 1960s and 1970s.

## Description

The heritage-listed structures include a double-lined tunnel, completed in 1922 and cuttings and track formation.

### Pyrmont railway cuttings and tunnel

The railway cutting through Pyrmont is a two-track-wide, straight-sided excavation through the ridge of the peninsula from the commencement of Jones Bay Road, where the line deviated from the wharf sidings (now removed), through the current location of the John Street Square light rail stop. Approaching the stop, the line passes through a short tunnel under Harris Street. After the stop it enters a main tunnel near John Street opposite Mount Street. These tunnels are bored through the escarpment and are brick-lined. The tunnel exits near Jones Street at Saunders Lane and the line continues in a cutting which progressively opens out on the western side before falling ground levels bring the line on to a brick viaduct near where Jones and Allen Streets intersected before the railway was built. This heritage-listed viaduct continues across Wentworth Park towards Glebe. The railway cutting is through Pyrmont sandstone.

### Glebe railway tunnel

The Glebe railway tunnel runs approximately 800 metres (2,600 ft) from Lower Avon Street, Glebe (adjacent to the metro light rail Glebe stop) to Jubilee Park. Tunnel openings at the east and west end are built of brick in an English bond pattern, with the arch formed by bricks laid in soldier course, and featuring a sandstone keystone. The tunnel supports a double track currently used by the light rail system. The tunnel is approximately 8.3 metres (27 ft) wide and 5.9 metres (19 ft) high.

## Heritage listing

The brick tunnel and cuttings are a major feature of the landscape and layout of the Pyrmont area. They are important relics of the inner city freight system that operated to the wharves, including Darling Harbour, and connected through to the southern suburbs. The tunnel and its portals are an important brick structure that reflects the industrial nature of the area. The tunnel is a fairly long double-track brick-lined structure opened in 1922. As the line has not been electrified the structure remains virtually intact.

Pyrmont and Glebe Railway Tunnels was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria: "The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as architecturally rare."

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Pyrmont and Glebe Railway Tunnels, entry number 1225 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 13 October 2018.

## InfoBox

Pyrmont and Glebe tailway tunnels
| The tunnel between Glebe and Jubilee Park, now used by the Inner West Light Rail | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Location | Metropolitan Goods railway line, Pyrmont, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°52′37″S 151°11′11″E / 33.8770°S 151.1864°E / -33.8770; 151.1864 |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 1922 |
| Owner | Transport Asset Holding Entity |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Pyrmont and Glebe Railway Tunnels; Metro Light Rail |
| Type | State heritage (complex / group) |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 1225 |
| Type | Railway Tunnel |
| Category | Transport – Rail |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sajipamuda

abstract: Sajipamuda is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka.

text:
# Sajipamuda

**Sajipamuda**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Sajipamuda had a population of 6,662 with 3,275 males and 3,387 females.

## InfoBox

| Sajipamuda | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| SajipamudaLocation in Karnataka, IndiaSajipamudaSajipamuda (India) | |
| Coordinates: 12°54′N 75°02′E / 12.9°N 75.03°E / 12.9; 75.03 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Dakshina Kannada |
| Talukas | Bantwal |
| Government | |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 6,662 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA |
| Vehicle registration | KA |
| Website | karnataka.gov.in |


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3

abstract: The third season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 29, 1998 on The WB and episode 22, the second of the two part season finale, aired on July 13, 1999. However, episode 18 "Earshot" did not air until September 21, 1999, shortly before the season 4 premiere. The show maintained its previous time slot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. "Earshot" and "Graduation Day, Part Two", were delayed in the wake of the Columbine High School massacre because of their content.

text:
# Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3

The third season of the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* premiered on September 29, 1998 on The WB and episode 22, the second of the two part season finale, aired on July 13, 1999. However, episode 18 "Earshot" did not air until September 21, 1999, shortly before the season 4 premiere. The show maintained its previous time slot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. "Earshot" and "Graduation Day, Part Two", were delayed in the wake of the Columbine High School massacre because of their content.

## Plot

After attempting to start a new life in Los Angeles, Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) returns to Sunnydale in season three, and is reunited with her friends and her mother. She is no longer a criminal suspect, but Principal Snyder, who took vindictive pleasure in expelling Buffy, refuses to reinstate her until he is told to do so by Giles. Angel (David Boreanaz) is resurrected mysteriously by the unseen Powers That Be. While Buffy is happy to have Angel back, he seems to have lost much of his sanity in Hell. Buffy helps Angel recover but, having seen Angel's demonic side, Buffy's friends distrust him until he saves them from a monster.

Rupert Giles (Anthony Stewart Head) is fired from the Watchers' Council because he has developed a "father's love" for Buffy, and towards the end of the season Buffy announces that she will also no longer work for the Council. Early in the season she is confronted with an unstable Slayer, Faith (Eliza Dushku), who was activated after Kendra's death near the end of season two.

Angel, after getting his soul back, is once again tormented by his guilt and personally by an entity called the First Evil, who takes credits of bringing Angel back for wicked intents and goads him into attempting suicide. Though Buffy is unable to prevent Angel from killing himself, the Powers That Be intervene and convince Angel that he has a greater purpose.

Although the First is still out there, the antagonist of the season is shown to be the affable Mayor Richard Wilkins III (Harry Groener), who is near completion of his plan to "ascend" to become a giant snake-like demon – having already gained immortality through a Faustian bargain with demons when he founded Sunnydale a century ago. The final step is to be a massacre of students on Sunnydale High's graduation day.

Although Faith works with Buffy at first, after accidentally killing a human, Faith becomes irrational and sides with Mayor Wilkins, whose charismatic behavior influences Faith's dark side. She helps Wilkins in his plan, and eventually she poisons Angel. The only antidote for the poison is the blood of a Slayer, so Buffy tries to grab Faith to feed her to Angel. Faith, though severely wounded, jumps from her roof onto a passing truck, out of Buffy's reach. Buffy is forced to let Angel drink from her, putting her in a brief coma. Wilkins, who had a fatherly affection for Faith, gets angry and attempts to suffocate her, but is stopped by Angel. During her time in a coma, Buffy shares a dream with Faith where they make peace.

At the climax of the season, Wilkins speaks at the graduation ceremony, as the time for his transformation has come and he finally morphs into the demon Olvikan. He eats Principal Snyder and kills several others; but Buffy and her friends have organized the graduating students to fight back against Wilkins and his vampires. (A solar eclipse allows Angel and other vampires to be out in daytime.) Buffy confronts the demon, taunting him about Faith. She lures the provoked Mayor into the library which has many explosives. The explosion destroys Wilkins in his Olvikan form, as well as the school.

Meanwhile, Angel becomes convinced that Buffy's love for him will be bad for her in the long run. After the battle with the Mayor, he leaves Sunnydale, leading to the spin-off series in Los Angeles. Cordelia also leaves Sunnydale at the end of the season in order to attempt an acting career in L.A., though later becomes a major character on the spin-off.

## Cast and characters

### Main cast

### Recurring cast

### Guest cast

## Crew

Series creator Joss Whedon served as executive producer and showrunner, and wrote and directed five episodes of the season including the season premiere and the two-part finale. David Greenwalt was promoted to executive producer, and wrote two episodes (including directing one of them) and directed another. Marti Noxon was promoted to co-producer and wrote five episodes. New additions in the third season included Jane Espenson, who served as executive story editor and wrote three episodes, including an episode originally pitched from Thania St. John (who receives story credit). Douglas Petrie joined as a story editor, later promoted to executive story editor midseason and wrote three episodes. Dan Vebber joined as a staff writer and wrote two episodes. David Fury returned and freelanced two episodes. This was the last season for Greenwalt as a writer/director on the series, as he departed to be the showrunner for the spin off series *Angel*. He would serve as consulting producer until the end of the sixth season.

Joss Whedon directed the highest number of episodes in the third season, directing five episodes. James A. Contner and James Whitmore, Jr. each directed four.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 35 | 1 | "Anne" | Joss Whedon | Joss Whedon | September 29, 1998 (1998-09-29) | 3ABB01 | 7.06 |
| Willow, Oz, Xander, and Cordelia attempt to cover Buffy's Slayer responsibilities, with mixed results. Grieving over Angel, Buffy has exiled herself to Los Angeles, working at a diner, Helen's Kitchen, under the name "Anne". Buffy meets Lily, a member of 'the Lonely Ones', a group who romanticized vampires and were saved by Buffy. After Lily's boyfriend Rickie goes missing, Buffy reluctantly agrees to help. Buffy saves an old man who walks into traffic, but he dies soon after. Buffy realizes that he is Rickie, decades older than the previous day. Lily meets the owner of a homeless shelter, who convinces her that Rickie is there. Buffy discovers that a blood bank has been providing names of homeless people to the shelter, and goes to investigate, only to be thrown, along with Lily, through a portal into a demonic factory where the missing people are slaves. When they are no longer useful, they are returned to their own world, where only a single day has passed, as time passes faster in the factory. Announcing herself as the Slayer, Buffy leads an uprising against the demons. The portal closes behind the freed slaves. Buffy allows Lily to assume her identity as "Anne", and returns to Sunnydale. | | | | | | | |
| 36 | 2 | "Dead Man's Party" | James Whitmore, Jr. | Marti Noxon | October 6, 1998 (1998-10-06) | 3ABB02 | 6.20 |
| Buffy has been cleared of Kendra's murder, but Principal Snyder refuses to allow her to return to Sunnydale High. Joyce and Buffy's friends find it difficult to welcome Buffy back to Sunnydale. Joyce brings home a Nigerian mask called Ovu Mobani (which means Evil Eye), which she hangs in her bedroom, and invites Buffy's friends over for a dinner party to celebrate her return. Buffy's friends, wishing to avoid talking to Buffy about their feelings of abandonment, invite Oz's band. Meanwhile, a dead cat and several dead people return to life. Investigating, Giles discovers that Joyce's mask carries the spirit of a demon. Racing to warn Buffy, Giles witnesses an army of the dead heading for the Summers house. Buffy overhears her mother admitting it is difficult to deal with Buffy's return. Feeling betrayed, Buffy makes plans to leave again. Joyce and Buffy's friends confront Buffy over her abandonment. The zombies arrive and attempt to claim the mask, but Buffy destroys Ovu Mobani and the zombies vanish. Giles threatens Snyder to allow Buffy to return to school. Buffy reconciles with Willow, who tells Buffy she has begun to study witchcraft. | | | | | | | |
| 37 | 3 | "Faith, Hope & Trick" | James A. Contner | David Greenwalt | October 13, 1998 (1998-10-13) | 3ABB03 | 5.46 |
| Two vampires, Mr. Trick and Kakistos, arrive in Sunnydale. Buffy is readmitted to school by a reluctant Snyder. At the Bronze, Buffy sees a young woman leaving with a vampire. Fearing for her life, she follows them, but watches the woman kill the vampire, introducing herself as the Slayer Faith. Faith's arrival causes tension, as she appears more enthusiastic about her role than Buffy, and flirts with Scott Hope, Buffy's potential love interest. Scott asks Buffy on a date. She initially accepts, but is startled after he gives her a ring similar to one Angel gave her. Giles tells Buffy that Faith's Watcher is dead. Buffy goes to warn Faith, but she already knows, having come to Sunnydale to escape from Kakistos. Kakistos leads an attack on the pair. Mr. Trick leaves the fight halfway through, while Faith and Buffy kill Kakistos. In the library later, Buffy reveals to Willow and Giles that Angel's soul was restored just before she had to kill him. Faith stays in Sunnydale. Buffy agrees to go on a date with Scott. She abandons a ring in the mansion where Angel had died. Moments after she leaves, Angel reappears. | | | | | | | |
| 38 | 4 | "Beauty and the Beasts" | James Whitmore, Jr. | Marti Noxon | October 20, 1998 (1998-10-20) | 3ABB04 | 6.20 |
| Giles reveals that a student was mauled to death overnight. Oz is a prime suspect, as a window to Oz's cage was open. Willow collects a hair sample from the victim, hoping to determine who killed him, but the test is inconclusive. That night, Buffy is attacked by a rabid Angel. She subdues him and chains him up. Buffy visits the school counselor, but finds him dead. Pete loses his temper with girlfriend Debbie over a bottle with a green liquid inside. He transforms into a monster and attacks Debbie, but relents, blaming her for angering him. Oz notes that all victims are connected to Debbie. Now suspecting Pete, Buffy and Willow approach her, but Debbie, who has been physically and psychologically abused, blames herself for Pete's anger. Pete visits Oz, transforms into a monster, and attacks. Oz is overpowered until he turns into a werewolf, turning the tables. Debbie stops Buffy from stunning Pete, who escapes. Later, Pete kills Debbie and overpowers Buffy. On the verge of killing her, Angel, who has broken free, intervenes and saves her, and reveals that he remembers her. Buffy keeps Angel's return a secret. | | | | | | | |
| 39 | 5 | "Homecoming" | David Greenwalt | David Greenwalt | November 3, 1998 (1998-11-03) | 3ABB05 | 6.53 |
| Buffy nurses Angel back to health in secret. Scott breaks up with Buffy, telling her that she seems too distracted. Buffy, angry that Cordelia did not tell her about yearbook photographs, decides to compete with Cordelia for the title of Homecoming Queen. Preparing for the dance, Willow and Xander flirt with each other and share a kiss, despite their ongoing relationships. Spies, working for Mr. Trick, overhear Buffy saying that she and Faith will ride together in a limo to the Homecoming dance. Mr. Trick sends several vampires to kill the two Slayers. In an attempt to restore their friendship, Willow arranges for Cordelia to take Faith's place in the limo. The driver takes them to a clearing with a TV, which plays a recording of Mr. Trick announcing the SlayerFest '98 hunt. Buffy and Cordelia trap one vampire, then retreat to a cabin for shelter. They manage to contact Giles and escape. At the library, Cordelia kills one vampire and scares off another. Buffy tricks two other assailants into shooting each other dead. Mr. Trick visits the Mayor, who recruits him to help control the town's youth. | | | | | | | |
| 40 | 6 | "Band Candy" | Michael Lange | Jane Espenson | November 10, 1998 (1998-11-10) | 3ABB06 | 6.35 |
| Buffy struggles to manage her time between her friends, Giles, Joyce, and Angel, eventually caught by Joyce and Giles in a lie about her evening. Snyder tasks Buffy with selling chocolate bars to raise money for the band. The chocolate proves extremely addictive, and causes the adults to act increasingly immaturely. Buffy and Willow find The Bronze packed with adults partying. Buffy, realizing that the chocolate is responsible, decides to visit the factory. On her way there, she finds Giles and Joyce kissing in the street. Buffy breaks into the factory, finding it empty apart from Ethan, who eventually reveals that he is working for Mr. Trick and a demon called Lurconis. Giles remembers that Lurconis hides in the sewers. They arrive in time to stop Mr. Trick, the Mayor, and several vampires from completing the ritual to summon Lurconis and feed him a tribute of four babies, although the Mayor escapes before being noticed. Mr. Trick also escapes, and Buffy sets Lurconis on fire. The adults soon return to normal. The Mayor reprimands Mr. Trick for allowing the demon to die. | | | | | | | |
| 41 | 7 | "Revelations" | James A. Contner | Douglas Petrie | November 17, 1998 (1998-11-17) | 3ABB07 | 6.46 |
| Gwendolyn Post arrives, claiming to be Faith's new watcher. She warns that a demon named Lagos is seeking the Glove of Myhnegon, a powerful gauntlet. While searching for the Glove of Myhnegon, Xander sees Angel and Buffy together. Angel shows Buffy the Glove of Myhnegon. Xander rushes to tell Giles of Angel's return, finding him with Gwendolyn. Giles and the others confront Buffy later, with Giles angry that Buffy concealed Angel's return. Gwendolyn visits Faith, promising to be a strict watcher and disparaging Giles's methods. Xander tells Faith that Angel is alive and has the Glove of Myhnegon and Faith decides to slay Angel. Giles tells Gwendolyn that he knows how to destroy the glove, but Gwendolyn knocks him out. Xander and Faith find Giles hurt. Faith assumes that Angel was responsible, and rushes to kill him. Gwendolyn and Faith arrive separately first. Faith defeats Angel, but Buffy stops her from killing him. Faith and Buffy fight. Gwendolyn recovers the glove and puts it on, using it to summon lightning bolt and attack the others. Buffy manages to kill Gwendolyn after Faith acts as a distraction. The group reconcile and forgive Angel, but Faith feels unable to trust anyone after Gwendolyn's betrayal. | | | | | | | |
| 42 | 8 | "Lovers Walk" | David Semel | Dan Vebber | November 24, 1998 (1998-11-24) | 3ABB08 | 6.00 |
| Buffy receives her SAT scores and ponders a future outside Sunnydale. Willow goes to a magic shop, looking for ingredients for an anti-love spell to end her and Xander's mutual attraction. Spike, who has returned to Sunnydale, kidnaps Willow and Xander and forces Willow to cast a love spell on Drusilla, who has left him. Spike visits Buffy's home and talks to Joyce. Buffy and Angel intervene and attack him, but he refuses to tell them where Willow is. They agree to cooperate with him while he seeks supplies for the spell. Fearing they are about to die, Xander and Willow kiss just as Oz and Cordelia find them. Horrified, Cordelia runs off but is impaled on rebar when some stairs collapse under her. Several vampires attack Spike, Angel, and Buffy, but they eventually repel their attackers. Spike decides to win Drusilla back without using a spell, and leaves. Xander visits Cordelia, who is recovering in hospital, but she tells him to stay away from her. Buffy tells Angel that she cannot continue seeing him unless Angel says he does not love her, which he cannot bring himself to do. | | | | | | | |
| 43 | 9 | "The Wish" | David Greenwalt | Marti Noxon | December 8, 1998 (1998-12-08) | 3ABB09 | 6.32 |
| Willow attempts to repair things with Oz, but he tells her to leave him alone. Cordelia, heartbroken over Xander, meets Anya, who tries to help her move on. Anya gives Cordelia a necklace. After Cordelia says that she wishes Buffy had never come to Sunnydale, Anya turns into a demon, then vanishes, and Cordelia is transported to an alternative reality. Soon after, Cordelia learns that Sunnydale is overrun by vampires, as The Master has taken over Sunnydale. Cordelia tries to tell Giles, but Willow and Xander, now vampires, kill her. Giles recovers her necklace, and deduces that it belongs to Anyanka and that reality can be restored if Anyanka's power center is destroyed. Buffy, who was based in Cleveland, arrives after Giles attempts to contact her. Buffy goes to the Bronze, finding Angel chained up. She agrees to let him help her, and they go to a factory where The Master has automated blood extraction. In the ensuing fight, Angel, Willow, Xander, and Buffy are killed. Giles summons Anyanka, and destroys her amulet, returning reality to the moment that Cordelia expressed her wish. Anya is perplexed at being unable to grant wishes. | | | | | | | |
| 44 | 10 | "Amends" | Joss Whedon | Joss Whedon | December 15, 1998 (1998-12-15) | 3ABB10 | 6.85 |
| Oz and Willow make amends and get back together, although Oz decides to take things slowly. Buffy, at Joyce's request, invites Faith over for Christmas, but she refuses. Angel visits Giles, asking for help about vivid dreams of his past crimes. Angel sees a vision of Jenny Calendar, and runs out, panicked. Soon after, Buffy tells Giles that she was in Angel's dream, and they begin to investigate. Angel's dreams intensify, and tell him that his pain will end if he kills Buffy. Giles suggests that the First Evil is the cause of Angel's visions. Faith visits Buffy's home after all, but Angel arrives and warns Buffy to stay away from him, leaving before he loses control. Buffy tracks down The First Evil, who tells Buffy that she cannot defeat it, and that Angel will be dead by sunrise. Buffy finds Angel, who refuses to leave the hilltop, having chosen to kill himself. However, a snowfall arrives, protecting Sunnydale from the sun, saving Angel's life. Angel and Buffy walk through the town hand-in-hand. | | | | | | | |
| 45 | 11 | "Gingerbread" | James Whitmore, Jr. | *Story by*: Thania St. John & Jane Espenson
*Teleplay by*: Jane Espenson | January 12, 1999 (1999-01-12) | 3ABB11 | 6.42 |
| Joyce joins Buffy on a night of Slaying and finds two dead children. Giles theorizes that the children were victims of an occult sacrifice. Joyce speaks out in front of the whole town against monsters, witches, and Slayers. Willow and Amy Madison, who have started a coven, soon become suspects after police search their lockers and find material related to witchcraft. Joyce forbids Buffy from seeing Willow again, and suggests that Buffy has not helped Sunnydale despite her Slaying. After Buffy leaves, the two children appear to Joyce in a vision. Realizing that the children have no parents or identity, Buffy and her friends find records of the same children dying every 50 years since 1649. Buffy and Giles rush to tell Joyce, but Joyce knocks them out on the children's instructions. Willow, Buffy, and Amy are tied to stakes at the city hall. Cordelia revives Giles while Joyce starts a fire at Buffy's feet. Amy escapes by transforming into a rat, while Cordelia and Giles arrive in time to douse the fire. Giles performs a spell that reveals the demon behind the children, and Buffy kills it. Buffy and Willow attempt, but fail, to restore Amy's human form. | | | | | | | |
| 46 | 12 | "Helpless" | James A. Contner | David Fury | January 19, 1999 (1999-01-19) | 3ABB12 | 7.00 |
| Buffy loses her Slayer strength during a fight with a vampire and is nearly killed. During a training session, Giles hypnotizes and drugs Buffy. Meanwhile, the head watcher, Quentin Travers, prepares a test for Buffy's 18th birthday, including a captive drug-addicted vampire, Kralik. Kralik escapes, turning one of Quentin's assistants, Blair, into a vampire and killing the other. Out at night, Buffy runs into Kralik and Blair. Without her powers, she is forced to run, but Giles rescues her. Giles confesses that he drugged her on the instructions of the Watchers' Council. Buffy leaves with Cordelia, furious at Giles. She returns home to find a message from Kralik, who has kidnapped Joyce. Buffy goes to find Joyce, managing to trap Blair and knock him unconscious, and evades Kralik. Buffy steals Kralik's pills and finds Joyce, but Kralik catches up to her. He swallows the pills, but dies after drinking from a glass that Buffy filled with holy water. Quentin congratulates Buffy on passing the test, but fires Giles from the Council for assisting her. Buffy allows Giles to tend her wounds, and the pair await a new watcher. | | | | | | | |
| 47 | 13 | "The Zeppo" | James Whitmore, Jr. | Dan Vebber | January 26, 1999 (1999-01-26) | 3ABB13 | 5.93 |
| Buffy, Faith, Willow, and Giles work together to defeat several demons that Giles later identifies as members of the Sisterhood of Jhe, who are intent on opening the Hellmouth. Xander, feeling increasingly insecure about his role in the group, buys a car in the hope it will make him useful, but accidentally rear-ends school bully Jack. Jack threatens Xander with a knife, but Xander covers for Jack when police arrive, gaining his respect. Jack takes Xander to the cemetery, where they resurrect Jack's dead friends. Jack, also dead, tries to initiate Xander into the group, but he flees. Driving away, Xander hits a member of the Sisterhood, saving Faith. They retreat to her motel, where Faith seduces him. After having sex, Faith kicks Xander out. Xander realizes that Jack and his friends have built a bomb. With Buffy, Giles, and the rest of his friends too busy, Xander tracks down the group himself. After outwitting them, Xander forces Jack to defuse the bomb, before Oz kills Jack. Meanwhile, Buffy, Faith, Angel, Willow, and Giles manage to close the Hellmouth and stop the Sisterhood in a largely off-screen struggle. | | | | | | | |
| 48 | 14 | "Bad Girls" | Michael Lange | Douglas Petrie | February 9, 1999 (1999-02-09) | 3ABB14 | 6.09 |
| Buffy and Faith's new Watcher, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce, tasks Buffy with finding an amulet belonging to the demon Balthazar. Joined by Faith, they defeat the vampires named El Eliminati and recover the amulet despite being outnumbered. Faith interrupts a class test to take Buffy to another vampire nest, and after a successful hunt the two go out dancing together. Angel warns Buffy and Wesley that Balthazar has returned. Buffy gives Angel the amulet for safekeeping. Buffy and Faith track down Balthazar, and break into a nearby shop to arm themselves. They are arrested, but break out of the police car, injuring the officers in the process. The following night, Faith and Buffy attack several more vampires, but Faith mistakes Deputy Mayor Allan for a vampire and kills him. Other vampires kidnap Wesley and Giles. Balthazar interrogates them. Wesley is willing to give up the amulet, but does not know Angel's name. Angel himself shows up, along with Buffy. They free Giles and Wesley and defeat the vampires and Balthazar. Balthazar warns Buffy that a greater enemy is rising. Later, the Mayor performs a ritual to make himself invincible. Buffy visits Faith, who acts unconcerned about Allan's death. | | | | | | | |
| 49 | 15 | "Consequences" | Michael Gershman | Marti Noxon | February 16, 1999 (1999-02-16) | 3ABB15 | 5.93 |
| Divers recover Allan's body in the river, where Faith had dumped it. Wesley asks Buffy and Faith to investigate his murder. Buffy confesses to Willow, who advises her to seek Giles. Faith, however, has already told Giles that Buffy killed Allan. Giles orders Buffy into his office, but tells Buffy that he knows Faith has lied. Wesley overhears their conversation and contacts the Watchers' Council. Xander offers to help, revealing that he has slept with Faith, upsetting Willow. Xander visits Faith , but she overpowers and starts to strangle him. Angel rescues Xander and chains Faith up, warning Buffy that Faith may have developed a taste for killing. Watchers led by Wesley arrive, subduing Angel and taking Faith away for judgment. Faith escapes, however. Buffy tracks down Faith, but fails to talk her down, and Buffy hits Faith in anger. They are interrupted by vampires led by Mr. Trick. Faith fights them off, and kills Mr. Trick before he can kill Buffy. Buffy expresses a hope to Giles that Faith may yet be redeemed, but Faith visits the Mayor and offers to replace Mr. Trick. | | | | | | | |
| 50 | 16 | "Doppelgangland" | Joss Whedon | Joss Whedon | February 23, 1999 (1999-02-23) | 3ABB16 | 6.50 |
| Willow continues to investigate the Mayor. Faith alerts him of the attempt, and the Mayor tells Faith that he plans to have Willow killed. Anya, desperate to regain her powers as a vengeance demon, asks Willow to help summon her amulet. The spell goes wrong, calling Willow's vampire form to Sunnydale. At the Bronze, Xander and Buffy run into Vampire Willow, and are horrified when she reveals her vampire face. Other vampires attack Vampire Willow, but she easily overpowers and recruits them. The real Willow arrives, much to her friends' relief and puzzlement. Oz and Angel watch Vampire Willow lead an attack on the Bronze. Anya offers to help Vampire Willow return to her world. Buffy leads an attempt to retake the Bronze, leaving Willow behind. Vampire Willow attacks real Willow, but Willow stuns her vampire form. Buffy decides to use real Willow as a decoy to persuade the vampires to leave the Bronze. Cordelia unwittingly frees Vampire Willow, but Wesley saves Cordelia. Anya eventually sees through the subterfuge, and Buffy and Angel fight the vampires. Working with Anya, they return Vampire Willow to her reality, where she is immediately killed. | | | | | | | |
| 51 | 17 | "Enemies" | David Grossman | Douglas Petrie | March 16, 1999 (1999-03-16) | 3ABB17 | 5.94 |
| Buffy and Faith encounter a demon, claiming to have Books of Ascension for the Mayor and offering to sell them. Faith tracks the demon down on the Mayor's orders and kills it, recovering the Books. She visits Angel, confessing to a murder and acting distressed. Faith tries to seduce Angel, but he rebuffs her. Faith and the Mayor plot to remove Angel's soul, with help from a demon. Faith returns to Angel along with the demon, and they perform a spell in an attempt to remove his soul. The spell appears successful, and after a struggle, Angel and Faith visit the Mayor. Wesley leads Cordelia and others to the Hall of Records, to research on the Mayor. They learn that the Mayor has been alive for almost a century. Angel joins Faith to find Buffy. After bringing her to Angel's mansion, they restrain her. Faith taunts Buffy, moaning about being in her shadow and revealing details about the Mayor's plans for Ascension, and that the Mayor deliberately built Sunnydale on the Hellmouth. Angel reveals that his turn was in fact a sham. Faith escapes. Shaken by their joint deception, Buffy tells Angel that she needs a break from being together for a little while. | | | | | | | |
| 52 | 18 | "Earshot" | Regis Kimble | Jane Espenson | September 21, 1999 (1999-09-21) | 3ABB18 | 5.08 |
| Buffy get infected with blood from a slain demon and soon gains the power to hear people's thoughts, with the exception of Angel's. Initially she finds the new ability useful, exploiting it to gain an advantage in class. However, her friends are uncomfortable at Buffy hearing their innermost thoughts, and the voices soon become overwhelming. Buffy overhears one student making a threat against the school before collapsing in the cafeteria. Giles takes Buffy home, while Willow organizes an investigation into the threat. Angel kills a second of the same demon, using its heart with a potion to try and cure Buffy. Willow and Oz track down a suspect, but it turns out that he has no involvement. Cordelia finds a letter from Jonathan, a boy struggling with confidence issues. Buffy tracks him to the clock tower, where he has assembled a rifle and had planned to kill himself. Buffy talks him down. Xander stumbles upon a lunch lady spiking the food with rat poison, and Buffy knocks her unconscious. Jonathan attends counseling and is suspended from school.
This episode was originally scheduled to be broadcast on April 27 but was postponed following the Columbine High School massacre on April 20, 1999. | | | | | | | |
| 53 | 19 | "Choices" | James A. Contner | David Fury | May 4, 1999 (1999-05-04) | 3ABB19 | 5.04 |
| Buffy asks Wesley to leave Sunnydale after graduation, but Wesley forbids it. Buffy offers to act proactively to stop the Mayor's plans for Ascension. Faith steals the Box of Gavrok at the docks and delivers it to the Mayor. Buffy learns of this, and plans with the others to steal and destroy the Box, over Wesley's objections. The heist is successful, although Faith kidnaps Willow. Buffy and Wesley argue over whether to trade the Box for Willow, Oz settling the matter by smashing a vessel containing the potion needed for the ritual. Willow briefly escapes, levitating a pencil to stake a vampire, and finds the Books of Ascension in the Mayor's office. She steals a few pages before being recaptured. The Mayor arrives at the school to make the exchange, which is interrupted when Snyder arrives with security guards. One of the guards opens the box, and two large beetle-like creatures come out of it, killing the guard. Buffy closes the box before any more can escape. The Mayor leaves with the box. Buffy realizes that she cannot leave Sunnydale as long as evil exists there. Willow agrees to stay to help her and to continue her witchcraft studies. | | | | | | | |
| 54 | 20 | "The Prom" | David Solomon | Marti Noxon | May 11, 1999 (1999-05-11) | 3ABB20 | 5.22 |
| Joyce visits Angel, telling him that he cannot stand in the way of Buffy's future. On patrol together, Angel breaks up with Buffy and says that he plans to leave Sunnydale after the Ascension. Xander runs into Cordelia at a clothes shop. They get into an argument, during which Cordelia reveals that her family is poor now. A monster breaks into the shop and kills a boy wearing a tuxedo. Wesley identifies the beast as a hellhound, and deduce that a malcontent student, Tucker Wells, plans to use the hellhound to ruin prom night. Buffy offers to stop Tucker so that the rest can enjoy the prom. Xander attends the prom with Anya. Cordelia thanks Xander for paying for her dress, then dances with Wesley. Buffy easily subdues Tucker, but learns that he already released three hellhounds. Buffy manages to kill all three before they interrupt the prom, then changes into her own dress. Buffy is surprised to win the prom award of Class Protector, awarded as thanks from the whole school for her work stopping monsters. Angel arrives in a tuxedo, to dance with Buffy, although he stresses that it does not change things between them. | | | | | | | |
| 55 | 21 | "Graduation Day (Part 1)" | Joss Whedon | Joss Whedon | May 18, 1999 (1999-05-18) | 3ABB21 | 5.13 |
| Faith kills Professor Worth on the Mayor's orders, causing Buffy and Giles to investigate. Anya reveals that she has previously seen an Ascension, explaining that the resulting demon will be much stronger than anything the group has faced. The Mayor interrupts the meeting, threatening the group. Giles stabs him, but the Mayor is unharmed. Buffy convinces Joyce to leave town for her own safety. Willow searches desperately for a spell to stop the Ascension, but finds nothing. Oz calms her down with a kiss, and they make love. Angel and Buffy raid Worth's office, finding some notes which they take to Wesley and Giles, who discover that Worth had found the bones of the demon Olvikan. Faith shoots Angel with an arrow laced with a toxin deadly to vampires, leaving Angel near death. The Watchers' Council refuses to help Angel, leading Buffy to quit the Council. Willow learns that a cure requiring the blood of a Slayer exists. The Mayor eats some insects from the Box of Gavrok, part of his preparation for the Ascension. Buffy finds Faith at her apartment and the two fight. Buffy stabs Faith, but she jumps off into a passing truck. | | | | | | | |
| 56 | 22 | "Graduation Day (Part 2)" | Joss Whedon | Joss Whedon | May 24, 1999 (1999-05-24) (Canada) July 13, 1999 (1999-07-13) (United States) | 3ABB22 | 6.53 |
| Buffy visits Angel and forces him to drink her blood, allowing Angel to recover. When he comes to he takes Buffy, now near death herself, to hospital. Nearby, the Mayor is informed that Faith is alive but in a coma from which she may never recover. The Mayor tries to suffocate Buffy, but Angel stops him. Buffy has a dream in which Faith tells her that even the Mayor has human weaknesses. Buffy wakes up, recovered, and organizes a plan with her friends for stopping the Mayor. Xander and Willow recruit several school students to join their plan. The graduation ceremony begins, and during his speech the Mayor's Ascension begins, and he transforms into Olvikan. The students reveal that they are all armed, and begin an attack. Olvikan kills Snyder and several other students. Buffy taunts Olvikan about Faith, drawing him away from the remaining students towards the library, where Giles detonates a bomb, destroying the demon and the school. In the aftermath, Wesley returns to England, and Angel leaves without saying goodbye to Buffy, although they share a final look at each other from a distance.
This episode sees the last appearance of Cordelia Chase, who would go on to be a series regular in the *Angel* spin-off series. | | | | | | | |

## Reception

The season is frequently regarded as the best season of the series. On Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 13 critic reviews are positive for the season and the average rating is 8.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Season three perfects the show's winning formula to create an addictive and satisfying viewing experience, episode after episode." It received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations: Outstanding Makeup for a Series for "The Zeppo" and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series for "Lovers Walk".

The season averaged 5.3 million viewers, which was its highest rated season.

## Home media

*Buffy the Vampire Slayer*: The Complete Third Season was released on DVD in region 1 on January 7, 2003 and in region 2 on October 29, 2001. The DVD includes all 22 episodes on 6 discs presented in full frame 1.33:1 aspect ratio. Special features on the DVD include four commentary tracks—"Helpless" by writer David Fury, "Bad Girls" by writer Doug Petrie, "Consequences" by director Michael Gershman and "Earshot" by writer Jane Espenson. Writers Joss Whedon, Jane Espenson, and Doug Petrie discuss the episodes "Bad Girls", "Consequences", "Enemies", "Earshot", and "Graduation Day, Part One" in interviews. Scripts for "Faith, Hope & Trick", "Band Candy", "Lovers Walk", and "The Wish" are included. Featurettes include, "Special Effects", "Wardrobe", "Weapons", which all detail the title subjects; "*Buffy* Speak", which details the language and dialogue used on the show; and "Season 3 Overview", a 20-minute featurette where cast and crew members discuss the season. Also included are cast biographies and photo galleries.

## InfoBox

| *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
| Region 1 Season 3 DVD cover | |
| Showrunner | Joss Whedon |
| Starring |  |
| No. of episodes | 22 |
| Release | |
| Original network | The WB |
| Original release | September 29, 1998 (1998-09-29)
September 21, 1999 (1999-09-21) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Salawat Yulayev (opera)

abstract: Salawat Yulayev is an opera in four acts and seven scenes by the Bashkir composer Zagir Ismagilov. The libretto was written by Bayezit Bikbay, based on stories from the life of the Bashkir national hero, Salawat Yulayev. It is the first national opera written in the Bashkir language and premiered in 1955 at the Decade of Bashkir Literature and Art in Moscow in its original four-act version. Recent performances have broken the opera into two parts, rather than following the traditional act-based format. The work was later edited and re-premiered on September 10, 2004, at the Bashkir State Opera and Ballet Theatre with only three acts. The role of Salavat Yulaev was originally sung by the first notable opera singer from the Bashkir region, Khabir Galimov. In subsequent performances, the opera singer Magafur Khismatullin sang the role.

text:
# Salawat Yulayev (opera)

***Salawat Yulayev*** (Russian: Салават Юлаев) is an opera in four acts and seven scenes by the Bashkir composer Zagir Ismagilov.

The libretto was written by Bayezit Bikbay, based on stories from the life of the Bashkir national hero, Salawat Yulayev. It is the first national opera written in the Bashkir language and premiered in 1955 at the Decade of Bashkir Literature and Art in Moscow in its original four-act version. Recent performances have broken the opera into two parts (part 1 – four scenes, part 2 – three scenes), rather than following the traditional act-based format. The work was later edited and re-premiered on September 10, 2004, at the Bashkir State Opera and Ballet Theatre with only three acts. The role of Salavat Yulaev was originally sung by the first notable opera singer from the Bashkir region, Khabir Galimov. In subsequent performances, the opera singer Magafur Khismatullin sang the role.

## Music

Ismagilov used the Bashkir folk song, "Salavat" and the Russian folk song "Не шуми, ты, мать зелёная дубравушка" (Don't make noise, mother, green oak forest) within his score.

## InfoBox

| Salavat Yulaev | |
| --- | --- |
| Opera by Zagir Garipovich Ismagilov | |
| Native title | Салават Юлаев |
| Librettist | Bayezit Bikbay |
| Language | Bashkir |
| Based on | Life of Salawat Yulayev |
| Premiere | 1955<br>Bashkir Opera and Ballet Theater |


title: Buccochromis

abstract: Buccochromis is a genus of relatively large haplochromine cichlids endemic to Lake Malawi and the upper Shire River in East Africa.

text:
# Buccochromis

***Buccochromis*** is a genus of relatively large haplochromine cichlids endemic to Lake Malawi and the upper Shire River in East Africa.

## Species

There are currently seven recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Buccochromis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Buccochromis rhoadesii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Tribe: | Haplochromini |
| Genus: | *Buccochromis*
Eccles & Trewavas, 1989 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Paratilapia nototaenia*
Boulenger, 1902 | |


title: Sakarya, Ardanuç

abstract: Sakarya is a village in the Ardanuç District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 170 (2021).

text:
# Sakarya, Ardanuç

**Sakarya** is a village in the Ardanuç District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 170 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Sakarya | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SakaryaLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°05′45″N 42°01′04″E / 41.0959°N 42.0179°E / 41.0959; 42.0179 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Artvin |
| District | Ardanuç |
| Population (2021) | 170 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Salvian

abstract: Salvian was a Christian writer of the 5th century in Roman Gaul.

text:
# Salvian

**Salvian** (or **Salvianus**) was a Christian writer of the 5th century in Roman Gaul.

## Personal life

Salvian's birthplace is uncertain, but some scholars have suggested Cologne or Trier some time between 400 and 405. He was educated at the school of Trier and seems to have been brought up as a Christian. His writings appear to show that he had made a special study of the law; and this is the more likely as he appears to have been of noble birth and could describe one of his relations as being "of no small account in her own district and not obscure in family". He was certainly a Christian when he married Palladia, the daughter of pagan parents, Hypatius and Quieta, whose displeasure he incurred by persuading his wife to retire with him to a distant monastery, which is almost certainly that founded by St Honoratus at Lerins. For seven years there was no communication between the two branches of the family, till at last, when Hypatius had become a Christian, Salvian wrote him a most touching letter in his own name, his wife's, and that of his little daughter Auspiciola, begging for the renewal of the old affection. This whole letter is a most curious illustration of Salvian's reproach against his age that the noblest man at once forfeited all esteem if he became a monk.

It was presumably at Lerins that Salvian made the acquaintance of Honoratus (died 429), Hilary of Arles (died 449), and Eucherius of Lyon (died 449). That he was a friend of the former and wrote an account of his life we learn from Hilary. To Eucherius's two sons, Salonius and Veranus, he acted as tutor in consort with Vincent of Lérins. As he succeeded Honoratus and Hilary in this office, this date cannot well be later than the year 426 or 427, when the former was called to Arles, whither he seems to have summoned Hilary before his death in 429.

## Later work

Salvian continued his friendly intercourse with both father and sons long after the latter had left his care; it was to Salonius (then a bishop) that he wrote his explanatory letter just after the publication of his treatise *Ad ecclesiam*; and to the same prelate a few years later he dedicated his great work, the *De gubernatione Dei* ("The Government of God"). If French scholars are right in assigning Hilary's *Vita Honorati* to 430, Salvian, who is there called a priest, had probably already left Lyons for Marseilles, where he is known to have spent the last years of his life (Gennadius, ap. Migne, lviii. 1099). It was probably from Marseilles that he wrote his first letter — presumably to Lerins — begging the community there to receive his kinsman, the son of a widow of Cologne, who had been reduced to poverty by the barbarian invasions. It seems a fair inference that Salvian had divested himself of all his property in favour of that society and sent his relative to Lerins for assistance (*Ep.* i., with which compare *Ad eccles.* ii. 9, 10; iii. 5). It has been conjectured that Salvian paid a visit to Carthage; but this is a mere inference based on the minute details he gives of the state of this city just before its fall to the Vandals (*De gub.* vii. viii). He seems to have been still living at Marseilles when Gennadius wrote under the papacy of Gelasius (492–496).

## Accounts of the fall of the Roman Empire

Of Salvian's writings there are still extant two treatises, entitled respectively *De gubernatione Dei* (more correctly *De praesenti judicio*) and *Ad ecclesiam*, and a series of nine letters. Several works mentioned by Gennadius, notably a poem "in morem Graecorum" on the six days of creation (*hexaemeron*), and certain homilies composed for bishops, are now lost (Genn. 67).

### *De gubernatione Dei* (*De praesenti judicio*)

The *De gubernatione* (*On the Government of God*), Salvian's greatest work, was published after the capture of Litorius at Toulouse (439), to which he plainly alludes in vii. 40, and after the Vandal conquest of Carthage in the same year (vi. 12), but before Attila's invasion (451), as Salvian speaks of the Huns, not as enemies of the empire, but as serving in the Roman armies (vii. 9). The words "proximum bellum" seem to denote a year very soon after 439.

In this work, which furnishes a valuable if prejudiced description of life in 5th century Gaul, Salvian deals with the same problem that had moved the eloquence of Augustine and Orosius: why were these miseries falling on the empire? Could it be, as the pagans said, because the age had forsaken its old gods? Or was it, as the semi-pagan creed of some Christians taught, that God did not constantly overrule the world he had created (i. 1)? With the former Salvian will not argue (iii. 1). To the latter he replies by asserting that "just as the navigating steersman never loses the helm, so does God never remove his care from the world". Hence the title of the treatise.

In books i. and ii. Salvian sets himself to prove God's constant guidance, first by the facts of Scripture history, and secondly by the enumeration of special texts declaring this truth. Having thus "laid the foundations" of his work, he declares in book iii. that the misery of the Roman world is all due to the neglect of God's commandments and the terrible sins of every class of society. It is not merely that the slaves are thieves and runaways, wine-bibbers and gluttons - the rich are worse (iv. 3). It is their harshness and greed that drive the poor to join the Bagaudae and fly for shelter to the barbarian invaders (v. 5 and 6). Everywhere the taxes are heaped upon the needy, while the rich, who have the apportioning of the impost, escape comparatively free (v. 7). The great towns are wholly given up to the abominations of the circus and the theatre, where decency is wholly set at nought, and Minerva, Mars, Neptune and the old gods are still worshipped (vi. 11; cf. vi. 2 and viii. 2).

Treves was almost destroyed by the barbarians; yet the first petition of its few surviving nobles was that the emperor would re-establish the circus games as a remedy for the ruined city (vi. 15). And this was the prayer of Christians, whose baptismal oath pledged them to renounce "the devil and his works ... the pomps and shows (*spectacula*)" of this wicked world (vi. 6). Darker still were the iniquities of Carthage, surpassing even the unconcealed licentiousness of Gaul and Spain (iv. 5); and more fearful to Salvian than all else was it to hear men swear "by Christ" that they would commit a crime (iv. 15). It would be the atheist's strongest argument if God left such a state of society unpunished (iv. 12) - especially among Christians, whose sin, since they alone had the Scriptures, was worse than that of barbarians, even if equally wicked, would be (v. 2). But, as a matter of fact, the latter had at least some shining virtues mingled with their vices, whereas the Romans were wholly corrupt (vii. 15, iv. 14).

With this iniquity of the Romans Salvian contrasts the chastity of the Vandals, the piety of the Goths, and the ruder virtues of the Franks, the Saxons, and the other tribes to whom, though heretic Arians or unbelievers, God is giving in reward the inheritance of the empire (vii. 9, II, 21). It is curious that Salvian shows no such hatred of the heterodox barbarians as was rife in Gaul seventy years later. It is difficult to credit the universal wickedness adduced by Salvian, especially in face of the contemporary testimony of Symmachus, Ausonius and Sidonius Apollinaris.

### *Ad ecclesiam*

*Ad ecclesiam* is explained by its common title, *Contra avaritiam*. It strongly commends meritorious almsgiving to the church. It is quoted more than once in the *De gubernatione*. Salvian published it under the name of Timothy, and explained his motives for so doing in a letter to his old pupil, Bishop Salonius (*Ep.* ix.).

This work is chiefly remarkable because in some places it seems to recommend parents not to bequeath anything to their children, on the plea that it is better for the children to suffer want in this world than that their parents should be damned in the next (iii. 4). Salvian is very clear on the duty of absolute self-denial in the case of sacred virgins, priests and monks (ii. 8–10).

## Editions

The *Ad ecclesiam* was first printed in Sichard's *Antidoton* (Basel, 1528); the *De gubernatione* by Brassican (Basel, 1530). The two appeared in one volume at Paris in 1575. Pithoeus added *variae lectiones* and the first seven letters (Paris, 1580); Ritterhusius made various conjectural emendations (Altorf, 1611), and Baluze many more based on manuscript authority (Paris, 1663–1669).

Numerous other editions appeared from the 16th to the 18th century, all of which are now superseded by those of Karl Felix Halm (Berlin, 1877) and F. Pauly (Vienna, 1883).

The two oldest manuscripts of the *De gubernatione* belong to the 10th century (Cod. Paris, No. 13,385) and the 13th (Brussels, 10,628); of the *Ad ecclesiam* to the 10th (Paris, 2172) and the 11th (Paris, 2785); of Epistle IX to the 9th (Paris, 2785); of Epistle VIII. to the 7th or 8th century (Paris, 95,559) and to the 9th or 10th century (Paris, 12,237, 12,236). Of the first seven epistles there is only one manuscript extant, of which one part is now at Bern (No. 219), the other at Paris (No. 3791). See *Histoire littéraire de France*, vol. ii.; Zschimmer's *Salvianus* (Halle, 1875).

Salvian's works are reprinted (after Baluze) in Migne's *Cursus patrologiae, ser. lat.* vol. liii. For bibliography, see T. G. Schoenemann's *Bibliotheca patrum* (ii. 823), and the prefaces to the editions of C. Halm (*Monum. Germ.*, 1877) and F. Pauly (Vienna, Corp. scr. eccl. Lat., 1883).

Gennadius, Hilary and Eucherius may be consulted in Migne, vols. lviii. and I. See also Samuel Dill, *Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire*, pp. 115–120.


title: Buitinga

abstract: Buitinga is a genus of African cellar spiders that was first described by B. A. Huber in 2003.

text:
# Buitinga

***Buitinga*** is a genus of African cellar spiders that was first described by B. A. Huber in 2003.

## Species

As of June 2019 it contains twenty-two species, found only in Africa:

## InfoBox

| *Buitinga* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Pholcidae |
| Genus: | *Buitinga*
Huber, 2003 |
|
| Type species | |
| *B. kadogo*
Huber, 2003 | |
| Species | |
| 22, see text | |


title: Sal Khurd

abstract: Sal Khurd is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away from branch post office Jandiala, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Nawanshahr, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 110 kilometres (68 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Sal Khurd

**Sal Khurd** is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away from branch post office Jandiala, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Nawanshahr, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 110 kilometres (68 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, Sal Khurd has a total number of 84 houses and population of 405 of which 207 include are males while 198 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Sal Khurd is 79.96% higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 56 which is 13.83% of total population of Sal Khurd, and child sex ratio is approximately 750 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.

Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 77.78% of total population in Sal Khurd. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 138 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Sal Khurd which includes 117 males and 21 females. According to census survey report 2011, 47.83% workers describe their work as main work and 52.17% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Education

The village has no school and children either travel or walk to other villages for schooling often covering 8 to 10 kilometres (5.0 to 6.2 mi). Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur, KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 21 kilometres (13 mi). The village is 91.5 kilometres (56.9 mi) away from Chandigarh University, 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Indian Institute of Technology and 31 kilometres (19 mi) away from Lovely Professional University.

*List of schools nearby*

## Transport

Banga train station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is 23 kilometres (14 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 73 kilometres (45 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 140 kilometres (87 mi) away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Sal Khurd | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sal KhurdLocation in Punjab, IndiaSal KhurdSal Khurd (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°13′34″N 75°57′26″E / 31.2262197°N 75.9572703°E / 31.2262197; 75.9572703 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 251 m (823 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 405 |
|  | Sex ratio 207/198 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144505 |
| Telephone code | 01884 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Post office | Jandiala (B.O) |
| Website | nawanshahr.nic.in |


abstract: Buffalo Mountain Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church located near Willis, Floyd County, Virginia. It was the first of the 5 "rock churches" founded by Bob Childress. It was built in 1929, and is a rock-faced frame building with a nave plan and front and rear transepts. The nave measures 33 feet wide and 80 feet long. It has a steeply-pitched gable roof covered with standing seam sheet metal. The contributing Cemetery has a continuous wall of mortared quartzitic fieldstones, matching the church exterior. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

text:
# Buffalo Mountain Presbyterian Church and Cemetery

**Buffalo Mountain Presbyterian Church and Cemetery** is a historic Presbyterian church located near Willis, Floyd County, Virginia. It was the first of the 5 "rock churches" founded by Bob Childress. It was built in 1929, and is a rock-faced frame building with a nave plan and front and rear transepts. The nave measures 33 feet wide and 80 feet long. It has a steeply-pitched gable roof covered with standing seam sheet metal. The contributing Cemetery has a continuous wall of mortared quartzitic fieldstones, matching the church exterior.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Buffalo Mountain Presbyterian Church and Cemetery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 2102 Childress Rd., near Willis, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 36°46′39″N 80°31′03″W / 36.77750°N 80.51750°W / 36.77750; -80.51750 |
| Area | 3.2 acres (1.3 ha) |
| Built | 1929 (1929) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| MPS | Reverend Robert Childress Presbyterian Churches MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 07000229 |
| VLR No. | 017-5016 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 30, 2007 |
| Designated VLR | December 6, 2006 |


title: Buffalo and Northwestern Railroad

abstract: The Buffalo and Northwestern Railroad was a railway extending from Waynoka, Oklahoma to Buffalo, Oklahoma, passing through Freedom, Oklahoma. About 52 miles in length, the line was completed in May, 1920 and sold to another railroad in June, 1920.

text:
# Buffalo and Northwestern Railroad

The **Buffalo and Northwestern Railroad** was a railway extending from Waynoka, Oklahoma to Buffalo, Oklahoma, passing through Freedom, Oklahoma. About 52 miles in length, the line was completed in May, 1920 and sold to another railroad in June, 1920.

## History

When citizens of Harper County decided to link their county seat of Buffalo with the railroads, Waynoka was an appealing destination: that locale had been founded in 1888 on the rail line of a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF), and by 1908 it had the largest railyards in Oklahoma. Accordingly, the Buffalo and Northwestern *Railway* Company was incorporated in Oklahoma on April 10, 1916. However, that company was subsequently reorganized, and in its place the Buffalo and Northwestern *Railroad* Company was incorporated in Oklahoma on July 18, 1919. Work was pursued on a line from Waynoka, passing through Woods and Woodward countries and into Harper, with the task completed in May, 1920 when the trackage reached Buffalo. The line was about 52 miles in length.

The town of Freedom was bypassed by the tracks. However, so important was the railroad that the town relocated to be on the line.

The railroad’s independent existence was short-lived. The line was purchased by the AT&SF on July 1, 1920. Much later, the AT&SF filed for abandonment of 51 miles of the line, doing so on November 15, 1982. This has left Buffalo with no rail service.

## InfoBox

Buffalo and Northwestern Railroad
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Buffalo, Oklahoma |
| Locale | Oklahoma |
| Dates of operation | 19191920 |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) |
| Length | 52 mi (84 km) |


title: Sam Bahour

abstract: Sam Bahour is an American businessman and entrepreneur.

text:
# Sam Bahour

**Sam Bahour** is an American businessman and entrepreneur.

## Early life and education

Bahour was born in Ohio in 1964, to a Palestinian father and Lebanese-American mother. He moved with his family to the West Bank in the 1990s following the signing of Oslo Accords to become involved in developing the economy of the future Palestinian state.

He graduated from Youngstown State University in 1989 with a degree in computer technology, and subsequently worked for several American software firms, before moving to the West Bank in 1995.

## Career

Since relocating to the West Bank, Bahour has been involved in numerous business development initiatives. He was part of a group of businessmen who established the Palestine Telecommunications Company. He also founded several private businesses, and was part of a plan to open a Western-style shopping center in the West Bank. In addition, he earned an MBA in a joint program between Northwestern University in Illinois and Tel Aviv University in Israel.

He has voiced support on Twitter for the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement.

On 6 April 2021, Bahour, along with American-Israeli professor Bernard Avishai, addressed J Street on the topic of the confederation model for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

## InfoBox

| Sam Bahour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1964-10-18) October 18, 1964<br>Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Youngstown State University |
| Occupation | Managing Partner of Applied Information Management (AIM) |
| Spouse | Abeer Barghouty (m. 1993) |
| Children | Areen Bahour, Nadine Bahour |
| Website | http://www.aim.ps |


title: Sallie Wagner

abstract: Sarah Roberts "Sallie" Wagner was an American anthropologist, businesswoman, activist, filmmaker, and arts patron. She was one of the founding members of the Society for American Archaeology in 1934.

text:
# Sallie Wagner

**Sarah Roberts "Sallie" Wagner** (June 7, 1913 – August 20, 2006) was an American anthropologist, businesswoman, activist, filmmaker, and arts patron. She was one of the founding members of the Society for American Archaeology in 1934.

## Early life and education

Sarah Roberts "Sallie" Wagner was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, the daughter of Dwight Wagner and Elsie Whitaker Wagner. She began amateur archaeological explorations in her youth, collecting artifacts from her family's farm and along the Ohio River. She attended boarding school in Washington, D.C., and earned a bachelor's degree in anthropology at the University of Chicago in 1936.

## Career

While she was still a student, Wagner became one of the founding members of the Society for American Archaeology. After college, she worked in Arizona at the Canyon de Chelly National Monument, with her husband. From 1938 to 1950, the couple ran the Wide Ruins Trading Post north of Chambers, Arizona. She made 16mm films documenting their lives at the trading post. They sold the post to the Navajo Tribal Government in 1950. She wrote a memoir of those years, *Wide Ruins: Memories from a Navajo Trading Post* (1997).

After 1950, Wagner was associated with the Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe. She promoted and supported the work of local and indigenous artists, including Navajo painter Beatien Yazz, composer Lucia Dlugoszewski, and dancer Erick Hawkins. She served on boards of trustees and boards of directors for many cultural and educational organizations based in Santa Fe, including the Santa Fe Preparatory School, the Historic Santa Fe Foundation, the Southwestern Association on Indian Affairs, the International Folk Art Foundation, and the School of Advanced Research. She organized the photograph files of the Museum of New Mexico and the New Mexico State Records Center. She helped establish the Santa Fe Rape Crisis and Trauma Treatment Center, St. John's College, and the Santa Fe Animal Shelter. She created a 19-acre easement called "Sallie's Hill", and donated the land to the Santa Fe Conservation Trust.

In 1990 Wagner was honored as a Guardian of Cultural Heritage by Santa Fe Living Treasures. In 1998 she gave an oral history interview to the United Indian Traders Association Oral History Project at Northern Arizona University. Also in 1998, the School for Advanced Research named a visiting scholar residence after her.

## Homes

At least two of Wagner's homes were recognized for their architectural significance. The 1951 Lippincott-Wagner home in Williams, Oregon, designed by Winfield Scott Wellington, is "considered one of the finest examples of post-World War II Contemporary architectural design in Southern Oregon"; musician Steve Miller owned in the house from 1976 to 1986, and it was registered with the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. Her Spanish pueblo-style home in Santa Fe was designed and built by aviator Katherine Stinson in 1929.

## Personal life and legacy

Wagner married archaeologist William Julian Lippincott in 1936. During World War II, Wagner lived in Berkeley, California, while her husband was serving in the United States Navy. They divorced in the 1960s. She died from cancer in 2006, aged 93 years, in Santa Fe.

The Library of Congress has a small collection of Wagner's papers, mostly involving her support for the dance company run by Erick Hawkins. The Indian Arts Research Center at the School of Advanced Research established the Sallie R. Wagner Indigenous American Fellowship in her honor in 2004; winners have included musician Robert Mirabal and Guatemalan ceramicist Carlos Chaclán.

## InfoBox

| Sallie Wagner | |
| --- | --- |
| Sallie Wagner, from a 1990 newspaper | |
| Born | Sarah Roberts Wagner
June 7, 1913
Wheeling, West Virginia |
| Died | August 20, 2006 (aged 93)
Santa Fe, New Mexico |
| Other names | Sallie Wagner Lippincott |
| Occupation(s) | Anthropologist, businesswoman, filmmaker, arts patron, writer |


title: Bukit Pinang

abstract: Bukit Pinang is a mukim in Kota Setar District, Kedah, Malaysia. It was once the seat of the Sultanate of Kedah and its annexed territories. Bukit Pinang is also the current name for the State of Kedah Legislative Assembly seat which is also located in the Parliamentary seat of Pokok Sena.

text:
# Bukit Pinang

**Bukit Pinang** is a mukim in Kota Setar District, Kedah, Malaysia. It was once the seat of the Sultanate of Kedah and its annexed territories. Bukit Pinang is also the current name for the State of Kedah Legislative Assembly seat which is also located in the Parliamentary seat of Pokok Sena.

## Name

The name Bukit Pinang was derived from the numerous betel trees (pokok pinang) which grew at the surroundings of the hill.

## History

Bukit Pinang was the capital of Kedah before it was moved to Alor Setar in the year 1735 by His Majesty Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II (1710–1778)

## Geography

Bukit Pinang spreads across 11 km2 of land and has a population of 8,616 people.

6°11′55″N 100°25′20″E / 6.19861°N 100.42222°E / 6.19861; 100.42222


title: Bukit Permai

abstract: Bukit Permai is a state constituency in Johor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Johor State Legislative Assembly. The state constituency was first contested in 1995 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Johor State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

text:
# Bukit Permai

**Bukit Permai** is a state constituency in Johor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Johor State Legislative Assembly.

The state constituency was first contested in 1995 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Johor State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

## Demographics

Ethnic breakdown of Bukit Permai's electorate as of 2022

Malay (52.67%)  Chinese (31.9%)  Indian (13.33%)  Other ethnicities (1.33%)  Sarawak Bumiputera (0.41%)  Sabah Bumiputera (0.36%)

## History

### Polling districts

According to the gazette issued on 30 March 2018, the Bukit Permai constituency has a total of 12 polling districts.

| State constituency | Polling District | Code | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bukit Permai（N50） | Murni Jaya | 163/50/01 | SK Murni Jaya |
| | Bukit Permai | 163/50/02 | SK LKTP Bukit Permai |
| | Inas | 163/50/03 | SK LKTP Inas |
| | Sedenak Utara | 163/50/04 | SK Sedenak |
| | Sedenak Selatan | 163/50/05 | SJK (C) Sedenak |
| | Ladang Fraser | 163/50/06 | Balai Raya Ladang Fraser |
| | Pekan Sengkang | 163/50/07 | SJK (C) Sengkang |
| | FELDA Taib Andak | 163/50/08 | SK Sinar Bahagia |
| | Ladang Swee Lam | 163/50/09 | SMK Bandar Putra |
| | Ladang Kelan | 163/50/10 | SJK (T) Ladang Kelan |
| | Bandar Kulai Utara | 163/50/11 | Dewan Serbaguna Taman Mewah |
| | Kampong Pertanian | 163/50/12 | SK Kampung Pertanian |

### Representation history

| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Bukit Permai | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| *Constituency created from Bandar Tenggara* | | | |
| 9th | 1995-1999 | Adam Abdul Hamid | **BN** (**UMNO**) |
| 10th | 1999-2004 | | |
| 11th | 2004-2008 | Zainal Abidin Jidin | |
| 12th | 2008-2013 | Kamaruzaman Ali | |
| 13th | 2013-2018 | Ali Mazat Salleh | |
| 14th | 2018-2020 | Tosrin Jarvanthi | **PH** (**BERSATU**) |
| | 2020-2022 | | **PN** (**BERSATU**) |
| 15th | 2022–present | Mohd Jafni Md Shukor | **BN** (**UMNO**) |

## Election results

Johor state election, 2022: Bukit Permai
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BN | Mohd Jafni Md Shukor | 10,889 | 48.36 |
|  | MUDA | Azrol Rahani | 6,134 | 27.24 | 27.24 |
|  | PN | Tosrin Jarvanthi | 5,108 | 22.69 | 22.69 |
|  | PEJUANG | Mokhtar Abdul Wahab | 385 | 1.71 | 1.71 |
| Total valid votes | | | 22,516 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 457 |
| Unreturned ballots | | | 115 |
| Turnout | | | 23,088 | 58.29 |
| Registered electors | | | 39,611 |
| Majority | | | 4,755 | 21.12 |
|  | BN **gain** from PH | | Swing | | ? |
| Source(s) | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Bukit Permai
| Johor constituency | |
| --- | --- |
| State constituency | |
| Legislature | Johor State Legislative Assembly |
| MLA |
     Mohd Jafni Md Shukor
BN |
| Constituency created | 1994 |
| First contested | 1995 |
| Last contested | 2022 |
| Demographics | |
| Population (2020) | 77,377 |
| Electors (2022) | 39,611 |
| Area (km²) | 286 |


title: Salaat (caste)

text:
# Salaat (caste)

The Salat are Hindu caste found in the state of Gujarat in India.

## History and origin

The word Salat has been derived from *Salaya* which means stone. They are a community of stone cutters. The community is concentrated in Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Mehasana districts, and they speak Gujarati. A small number of Salaat were converted to Islam and now form a distinct community of Muslim Salaat.

## Present circumstances

The two divisions are divided into a number of clans, the main ones being the Rathore, Parmar, Solanki and Bijpar, which are exogamous. Their main occupation remains the selling and manufacture of grinding stones.


title: Burnaby Eagles

abstract: The Burnaby Eagles is an Australian Rules Football team playing in the British Columbia Australian Football League, plus various tournaments held in Western Canada and North-West United States. The club fields both a Men's and a Women's team. The club was established in 2005 and is based in Burnaby, British Columbia with home matches at the Burnaby Lakes Sports Complex.

text:
# Burnaby Eagles

The **Burnaby Eagles** is an Australian Rules Football team playing in the British Columbia Australian Football League, plus various tournaments held in Western Canada and North-West United States. The club fields both a Men's and a Women's team.

The club was established in 2005 and is based in Burnaby, British Columbia with home matches at the Burnaby Lakes Sports Complex.

## 2005 to 2008 - Formative years

The Burnaby Eagles was formed in 2005 as the second club based in Vancouver, alongside the Vancouver Cougars. During these years the club played in a wider North-Western competition against teams from Alberta, Washington State and Oregon.

## 2009 to 2012 - Premiership Years

By 2010 several new clubs were formed in Vancouver starting the BC AFL Premiership competition as a 4 team competition. In 2009 the Eagles were beaten grand finalist under the guidance of Matthew Bell as coach.

In 2011 Adam Kelly was appointed coach and enjoyed a dominant first season with the Eagles only losing one game throughout the season. The Eagles won a closely contested grand final in wet and cold conditions against West Coast Saints to record their first premiership, final scores 7.7.49 to 6.5.41 a win by 8 points. High-flying centre half forward Adam Simpson capped the season by winning both the BC AFL best & fairest and the leading goal-kicker in the competition.

In 2012 the Eagles witness a high turnover of players but still managed to claw their way into the grand final after an exciting 6 point semi-final win against West Coast Saints. The grand final was a torrid affair on a hot day with Vancouver Cougars eventually prevailing in the last quarter.

## 2013 to 2019 - Canadian Development

The club started to focus on the development of Canadian players, with the club noted for the numerous Canadian representatives during this time. Canadian players were the club B&F winners for four years running, Jim Oertel (2015 & 2016), Gino Brancati (2017) and Trent Loosemore (2018) all becoming regular Canadian representatives.

On the field the club struggled for several seasons although David Kuss won the league goal-kicking in 2013. The Burnaby Eagles next appeared in a grand final during the 2016 season with Jake Wilkins the coach however went down in a close game by 10 points.

In 2019 Rory Bennett became the first Eagle in 8 years to win the BC AFL best & fairest.

## 2020 to present - Women's team and post-COVID

Women players had occasionally played in the Men's BC AFL competition. In 2018 a fully fledged Women's club Vancouver Vixens was formed as the only Women's team in Vancouver. The team would play against nearby Seattle and various tournaments. In late 2019 the Vixens team merged with Burnaby Eagles to form the only Vancouver based club with both a Women's and Men's section.

COVID interrupted both the 2020 and 2021 seasons with a tentative restart in 2022.

## Honours

* 2005 Season – NW Pacific Grand Finalists (vs Seattle)
* 2006 Season – NW Pacific Grand Finalists (vs Vancouver Cougars)
* 2006 Season – US Regional Championships Winners (combined with Vancouver Cougars)
* 2009 Season – BCAFL Grand Finalists (vs West Coast Saints)
* 2011 Season – BCAFL Premiership Winners (vs West Coast Saints)
* 2012 Season – BCAFL Grand Finalists (vs Vancouver Cougars)
* 2016 Season - BCAFL Grand Finalists (vs West Coast Saints)
* 2023 Season - Kelowna Cup Winners (Mens & Womens), AFL Canada Cup Winners (Women)

## Guernseys

The club guernsey was originally based on the West Coast Eagles strip, blue with yellow sides and wore the guernseys during the premiership season. In 2013 the guernsey followed the lead of the West Coast Eagles by switching to a vertical stripe of Blue, white and yellow.

The club wore a unique design between 2016 and 2019 consisting of left-hand side bright yellow and the right-hand side of the guernsey a lighter blue than previous variations.

The current guernsey iteration was designed in early 2020 and is worn by both the Men's and Women's teams. The guernsey contains a classic v-shape of yellow and white with lighter blue covering the rest of the guernsey.

## InfoBox

| Burnaby Australian Rules Football Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Nickname(s) | The Eagles |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Colours | Yellow   Blue |
| Competition | British Columbia Australian Rules Football League |
| Premierships | 2011 - BC AFL Premiership |
| Ground(s) | Burnaby Lakes Sports Complex |
| Other information | |
| Official website | burnabyeagles.com |


title: Bulbophyllum trifarium

abstract: Bulbophyllum trifarium is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

text:
# Bulbophyllum trifarium

***Bulbophyllum trifarium*** is a species of orchid in the genus *Bulbophyllum*.

## InfoBox

| *Bulbophyllum trifarium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Bulbophyllum* |
| Species: | ***B. trifarium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bulbophyllum trifarium***<br>Rolfe | |
|


title: Bulbophyllum trigonopus

abstract: Bulbophyllum trigonopus is a species of epiphytic orchid that is found in Borneo and from Thailand to Malaysia. It was first formally described in 1881 by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach who gave it the name Cirrhopetalum trigonopus and gave Bulbophyllum trigonopus as a synonym. The description was published in The Gardeners' Chronicle along with the first formal description of Cirrhopetalum abbreviatum. In 2017 Poh Teck Ong changed the name to Bulbophyllum trigonopus and the change has been accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families with Cirrhopetalum abbreviatum now regarded as a synonym of Bulbophyllum trigonopus.

text:
# Bulbophyllum trigonopus

***Bulbophyllum trigonopus*** is a species of epiphytic orchid that is found in Borneo and from Thailand to Malaysia. It was first formally described in 1881 by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach who gave it the name *Cirrhopetalum trigonopus* and gave *Bulbophyllum trigonopus* as a synonym. The description was published in *The Gardeners' Chronicle* along with the first formal description of *Cirrhopetalum abbreviatum*. In 2017 Poh Teck Ong changed the name to *Bulbophyllum trigonopus* and the change has been accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families with *Cirrhopetalum abbreviatum* now regarded as a synonym of *Bulbophyllum trigonopus*.

## InfoBox

| *Bulbophyllum trigonopus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Bulbophyllum* |
| Species: | ***B. trigonopus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bulbophyllum trigonopus***<br>(Rchb.f.) P.T.Ong | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List of synonyms * *Cirrhopetalum trigonopus* Rchb.f. * *Bulbophyllum trigonopus* Rchb.f. pro syn. * *Cirrhopetalum abbreviatum* Rchb.f. * *Cirrhopetalum concinnum* Hook.f. * *Phyllorkis ridleyana* (Hook.f.) Kuntze * *Bulbophyllum pulchellum* Ridl. * *Bulbophyllum pulchellum* var. *brachysepalum* Ridl. * *Bulbophyllum pulchellum* var. *purpureum* Ridl. * *Bulbophyllum asperulum* J.J.Sm. * *Bulbophyllum abbreviatum* (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. ex Seidenf. nom. illeg. * *Cirrhopetalum asperulum* (J.J.Sm.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist | |


title: Salt Lake City Bees

abstract: The Salt Lake City Bees was a primary moniker of the minor league baseball teams, based in Salt Lake City, Utah between 1911 and 1970 under various names. After minor league baseball first began in Salt Lake City in 1900, the Bees were long-time members of both the Pacific Coast League and Pioneer League. The Salt Lake Bees played their home games at Derks Field.

text:
# Salt Lake City Bees

The **Salt Lake City Bees** was a primary moniker of the minor league baseball teams, based in Salt Lake City, Utah between 1911 and 1970 under various names. After minor league baseball first began in Salt Lake City in 1900, the Bees were long-time members of both the Pacific Coast League and Pioneer League. The Salt Lake Bees played their home games at Derks Field.

## History

Salt Lake hosted two teams in the 1900 Independent Utah-Idaho Intermountain League, the **Rio Grande Rios** and **Short Line Shorts**. They were followed by the **Salt Lake City White Wings** in the 1901 Class D Inter-Mountain League, a team in the 1902 Utah State League and the **Salt Lake City Elders** (1903-1904)/**Salt Lake Fruit Pickers** (1905) of the Pacific National League. The 1909 **Salt Lake City Mormons** played in the Inter-Mountain League and the 1909 **Salt Lake City Cubs** played in the Montana State League

The direct predecessor to the Bees were the **Salt Lake City Skyscrapers** that played in the class-D Union Association from 1911–1914. The Association folded after the 1914 season. However, in 1915, the San Francisco Missions were sold to Utah businessman Bill "Hardpan" Lane who moved the team to Salt Lake City. The club was named the Bees from 1915–1925. Due to the high altitude and the dimensions of the club's Bonneville Park stadium, the Bees recorded some of the best batting records in the PCL during this period.

The club was named the Bees name from 1915–1925. However Lane moved the team to Los Angeles for the 1926 season. Originally they were known as the Hollywood Bees, but soon changed their name to the Hollywood Stars.

The Bees' baseball was still available though in the city with Salt Lake City's team in the Utah–Idaho League from 1926–1928. The team won its first title in their final 1928 season. In 1939 the third incarnation of the Bees was formed and played in the Pioneer League, winning titles in 1946 and 1953. The city returned to the Pacific Coast league from 1958–1965, winning the league title in 1959.

From 1967–1968, the city was represented by the **Salt Lake City Giants**, who again played in the Pioneer League, now a rookie-level class league. The team was affiliated with the San Francisco Giants The team played the 1969 and 1970 seasons renamed as the Bees.

After their 1969, the club returned to Triple-A status and the Pacific Coast League. In 1971 the club was renamed the **Salt Lake City Angels**, when they became the affiliate of the California Angels through the 1974 season. In their first season as the Angels, the club won the southern division of the Pacific Coast League with a 78-68 record. The team would then go on to defeat the Tacoma Twins 3 games to 1 to claim the league pennant. The team was renamed the **Salt Lake City Gulls** in 1975 but remained as the Angels' top affiliate through the 1981 season. In 1979, the team were able to sweep the Hawaii Islanders and capture their final league title.

In 1982, The Gulls switched to the Seattle Mariners organization. Following the 1984 season, the team was relocated to Calgary, Alberta, and became the Calgary Cannons in 1985.

The current minor league team in the city, the Salt Lake Buzz chose their name in part to pay homage to the Bees heritage. In November 2005, the Buzz, now the Salt Lake Stingers, changed their name to the Salt Lake Bees, reviving the name once again.

## Notable players

## Year-by-year record

| Year | League | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Salt Lake City Skyscrapers** | | | | | |
| 1911 | Union Association | 85-58 | 2nd | Cliff Blankenship |  |
| 1912 | Union Association | 77-61 | 2nd | Art Weaver |  |
| 1913 | Union Association | 75-47 | 2nd | John McCloskey |  |
| 1914 | Union Association | 52-34 | 2nd | Harry Hester | Lost Finals to Ogden Canners 4-2 |
| **Salt Lake City Bees I** | | | | | |
| 1915 | Pacific Coast League | 108-89 | 2nd | Cliff Blankenship |  |
| 1916 | Pacific Coast League | 99-96 | 3rd | Cliff Blankenship |  |
| 1917 | Pacific Coast League | 102-97 | 3rd | Bill Bernhard |  |
| 1918 | Pacific Coast League | 48-49 | 5th | Walter McCredie |  |
| 1919 | Pacific Coast League | 88-83 | 3rd | Ed Herr |  |
| 1920 | Pacific Coast League | 95-92 | 5th | Ernie Johnson |  |
| 1921 | Pacific Coast League | 73-110 | 7th | Gavvy Cravath |  |
| 1922 | Pacific Coast League | 95-106 | 4th | Duffy Lewis |  |
| 1923 | Pacific Coast League | 94-105 | 5th | Duffy Lewis |  |
| 1924 | Pacific Coast League | 101-100 | 5th | Duffy Lewis |  |
| 1925 | Pacific Coast League | 116-84 | 2nd | Oscar Vitt |  |
| **Salt Lake City Bees II** | | | | | |
| 1926 | Utah–Idaho League | 52-70 | 5th | Bud Orr / Bert Whaling / Chet Chadbourne |  |
| 1927 | Utah–Idaho League | 59-50 | 2nd | Harry O'Neill |  |
| 1928 | Utah–Idaho League | 68-49 | 1st | Bobby Coltrin | **Won League Championship** vs. Boise Senators, 4-1 |
|  |
| **Salt Lake City Bees III** | | | | | |
| 1939 | Pioneer League | 59-65 | 4th | Eddie Mulligan |  |
| 1940 | Pioneer League | 79-51 | 1st | Tony Robello | Lost first round |
| 1941 | Pioneer League | 68-60 | 3rd | Tony Robello | Lost first round |
| 1942 | Pioneer League | 55-63 | 4th | Andy Harrington |  |
|  |
| 1946 | Pioneer League | 76-40 | 1st | Joe Orengo | **League Champs** |
| 1947 | Pioneer League | 81-57 | 1st | Tommy Thompson | Lost League Finals |
| 1948 | Pioneer League | 60-65 | 5th | Tommy Thompson |  |
| 1949 | Pioneer League | 73-53 | 4th | Tommy Thompson | Lost first round |
| 1950 | Pioneer League | 55-70 | 6th | Earl Bolyard / Robert White |  |
| 1951 | Pioneer League | 84-52 | 1st | Hub Kittle | Lost first round |
| 1952 | Pioneer League | 60-71 | 6th | Hub Kittle |  |
| 1953 | Pioneer League | 69-62 | 4th | Eddie Murphy / Burt Barkelew / Charlie Gassaway | **League Champs** |
| 1954 | Pioneer League | 78-53 | 1st | Charlie Gassaway | Lost League Finals |
| 1955 | Pioneer League | 61-70 | 6th | Bobby Sturgeon / Sven Jessen |  |
| 1956 | Pioneer League | 70-62 | 2nd (tie) | Frank Lucchesi |  |
| 1957 | Pioneer League | 61-64 | 5th | Cliff Dapper |  |
| 1958 | Pacific Coast League | 77-77 | 5th | Larry Shepard |  |
| 1959 | Pacific Coast League | 85-69 | 1st | Larry Shepard | **Won Championship**
No playoffs |
| 1960 | Pacific Coast League | 80-73 | 3rd | Larry Shepard |  |
| 1961 | Pacific Coast League | 67-87 | 8th | Herman Franks/ Fred Fitzsimmons |  |
| 1962 | Pacific Coast League | 81-73 | 2nd | Bob Kennedy |  |
| 1963 | Pacific Coast League | 73-85 | 9th | El Tappe |  |
| 1964 | Pacific Coast League | 58-98 | 9th | Vedie Himsl |  |
| 1965 | Pacific Coast League | 56-91 | 10th | Stan Hack |  |
| **Salt Lake City Giants** | | | | | |
| 1967 | Pioneer League | 25-41 | 4th | Harvey Koepf |  |
| 1968 | Pioneer League | 16-45 | 5th | Ray Malgradi |  |
| **Salt Lake City Bees IV** | | | | | |
| 1969 | Pioneer League | 38-33 | 4th | Dave Garcia |  |
| 1970 | Pacific Coast League | 44-99 | 8th | Don Zimmer |  |
| **Salt Lake City Angels** | | | | | |
| 1971 | Pacific Coast League | 78-68 | 2nd | Del Rice | **Won Championship** vs. Tacoma Twins, 3-1 |
| 1972 | Pacific Coast League | 80-68 | 3rd | Les Moss |  |
| 1973 | Pacific Coast League | 79-65 | 3rd | Les Moss |  |
| 1974 | Pacific Coast League | 69-73 | 5th | Norm Sherry |  |
| **Salt Lake City Gulls** | | | | | |
| 1975 | Pacific Coast League | 80-64 | 2nd | Norm Sherry | Lost Championship vs. Hawaii Islanders, 4-2 |
| 1976 | Pacific Coast League | 90-54 | 1st | Jimy Williams | Lost Championship vs. Hawaii Islanders, 3-2 |
| 1977 | Pacific Coast League | 74-65 | 3rd | Jimy Williams |  |
| 1978 | Pacific Coast League | 72-65 | 5th | Deron Johnson | Lost Semifinals vs. Albuquerque Dukes, 3-0 |
| 1979 | Pacific Coast League | 80-68 | 2nd | Jimy Williams | Won Semifinals vs. Albuquerque Dukes, 2-0
**Won Championship** vs. Hawaii Islanders, 3-0 |
| 1980 | Pacific Coast League | 77-65 | 4th | Moose Stubing |  |
| 1981 | Pacific Coast League | 63-71 | 6th | Moose Stubing |  |
| 1982 | Pacific Coast League | 73-70 | 4th | Bobby Floyd | Lost Semifinals vs. Albuquerque Dukes, 2-0 |
| 1983 | Pacific Coast League | 67-75 | 7th | Bobby Floyd |  |
| 1984 | Pacific Coast League | 74-66 | 2nd | Bobby Floyd | Lost Semifinals vs. Edmonton Trappers, 3-2 |

## InfoBox

| Salt Lake City Bees | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Previous classes | * Class-AAA (1958–1965, 1970–1984) * Rookie-level (1967–1969) * Class-C (1916–1928, 1939–1957) * Class-AA (1915–1925) * Class-D (1911–1914) |
| Previous leagues |  |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Previous teams |  |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles | **6** (1948, 1946, 1953, 1959, 1971, 1979) |
| Team data | |
| Previous names | * Salt Lake City Gulls (1975–1984) * Salt Lake City Angels (1971–1974) * Salt Lake City Giants (1967–1968) * Salt Lake City Bees (1915–1928, 1939–1942, 1946–1965, 1969–1970) * Salt Lake City Skyscrapers (1911–1914) |
| Ballpark | Derks Field |


title: Sam Nujoma Stadium

abstract: Sam Nujoma Stadium is a football (soccer) stadium in Katutura, Windhoek, Namibia. The stadium holds 10,300 and was finished in 2005. It is named after the former Namibian president Sam Nujoma. As of 2021 the stadium is not in use due to safety concerns from "structural defects". The Confederation of African Football (CAF) has decommissioned the stadium in 2021 for it being sub-standard, and no other Namibian stadium meets CAF's requirements. As a result, international games of the Namibia national football team will have to be played abroad.

text:
# Sam Nujoma Stadium

**Sam Nujoma Stadium** (also called the **Sam Nujoma Soccer Stadium** or **SNSS**) is a football (soccer) stadium in Katutura, Windhoek, Namibia. The stadium holds 10,300 and was finished in 2005. It is named after the former Namibian president Sam Nujoma.

As of 2021 the stadium is not in use due to safety concerns from "structural defects". The Confederation of African Football (CAF) has decommissioned the stadium in 2021 for it being sub-standard, and no other Namibian stadium meets CAF's requirements. As a result, international games of the Namibia national football team will have to be played abroad.

22°30′57″S 17°03′38″E / 22.515892°S 17.060679°E / -22.515892; 17.060679


title: Bulbophyllum × cipoense

abstract: Bulbophyllum × cipoense is a natural hybrid of Bulbophyllum involutum × Bulbophyllum weddelii in the genus Bulbophyllum found in Brazil.

text:
# Bulbophyllum × cipoense

***Bulbophyllum* × *cipoense*** is a natural hybrid of *Bulbophyllum involutum* × *Bulbophyllum weddelii* in the genus *Bulbophyllum* found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Bulbophyllum × cipoense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Bulbophyllum* |
| Species: | ***B. × cipoense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bulbophyllum × cipoense***<br>Borba & Semir 1998 | |
|