title: Edgerton (neighborhood)

abstract: Edgerton is a neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Rochester, New York that sits between the Genesee River on the east and the Erie Canal bed on the west. One of the city's oldest and largest residential areas, Edgerton is among the most ethnically, linguistically, and racially diverse communities in Western New York. The neighborhood has been called "the Bermuda Triangle of Rochester" because of its "nearly invisible" status in local politics. Edgerton is currently the poorest neighborhood in Rochester, with an Unemployment Rate higher than that of the United States during the Great Depression. Edgerton has been one of the largest contributors to Rochester's physical, political, and social landscapes, especially during the neighborhood's time as the "heart of the city" in the 20th century. The home of radicals like Helen Barrett Montgomery and innovators like George Eastman, Edgerton is the birthplace of the first commercially successful flexible film and the modern vocational school. Today, the neighborhood contains the largest urban farm in Western New York, an abundance of public art and innovative architecture, and some of Rochester's most famous parks, such as Edgerton Park and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Lower Falls Park and Jones Square Park.

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# Edgerton (neighborhood)

**Edgerton** is a neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Rochester, New York that sits between the Genesee River on the east and the Erie Canal bed on the west. One of the city's oldest and largest residential areas, Edgerton is among the most ethnically, linguistically, and racially diverse communities in Western New York. The neighborhood has been called "the Bermuda Triangle of Rochester" because of its "nearly invisible" status in local politics. Edgerton is currently the poorest neighborhood in Rochester, with an Unemployment Rate higher than that of the United States during the Great Depression.

Edgerton has been one of the largest contributors to Rochester's physical, political, and social landscapes, especially during the neighborhood's time as the "heart of the city" in the 20th century. The home of radicals like Helen Barrett Montgomery and innovators like George Eastman, Edgerton is the birthplace of the first commercially successful flexible film and the modern vocational school. Today, the neighborhood contains the largest urban farm in Western New York, an abundance of public art and innovative architecture, and some of Rochester's most famous parks, such as Edgerton Park and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Lower Falls Park and Jones Square Park.

## History

### The Grandest Playground (1400–1860)

> This was known to us as Burke's Woods. . . . When we lay on the leaf-covered ground and gazed at the fleecy clouds that floated past the openings, we could easily imagine ourselves in Fairyland.
>
> Rossiter Johnson, The Grandest Playground in the World (1918)

Before the arrival of white colonizers, the Onödowáʼga built a village in what is now Edgerton. The residents erected a number of large burial mounds made of sand and clay on the site. Two trails ran north-south through the village, granting people easy access to launching sites for canoes bound for Lake Ontario.

In the late 1700s, the first white colonizers built cabins and homes near the village. Over the next five decades, these buildings evolved into a settlement known as McCrackenville, which eventually consisted of a paper mill, a flour mill, a furniture factory, a tannery, and a brewery. Rochester began to slowly creep north until it fully incorporated the industries and land of McCrackenville in the 1850s, placing what is now Edgerton in what was then the last of the City's nine wards; shortly thereafter, the northern half of the neighborhood was placed into a new Tenth Ward.

Edgerton acquired two of its most important geographic and social features during this pre-annexation era. The first was the Erie Canal, the completion of which in 1825 gave Edgerton both its western border and easy access to "The Nation's First Superhighway." The second feature was the Western House of Refuge, built on the east side of the canal in the late 1840s. This first state-run prison for children in the United States, which used a method of juvenile reform built on corporal punishment and penal labor, would become the center of the area's architectural and social landscape.

The hydropower on the neighborhood's east side, the shipping lanes of the Erie Canal on the neighborhood's west, and the open space throughout Edgerton attracted new distilleries, mills, and factories. As businesspeople in the pre-automobile era looked to live near their businesses, Edgerton quickly became filled with the city's new money elite, as the leaders of Kodak, Bausch & Lomb, Hickey Freeman, and the Chamber of commerce all came to call Edgerton home. By the time of the Gilded Age, the neighborhood had become a veritable playground for the antebellum white upper-middle class, thanks to its Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, Masonic Temple, literary societies, and a private hospital that provided high-tech (and costly) treatments.

### A Stronghold of Good Government (1860–1915)

> Who brought so many jobs to the Tenth Ward? Who brought us all the improvements? It was the people, not the politicians.
>
> Edgertonian Charles Murphy, The Democrat & Chronicle (July 1919)

By the 1860s, the geographic concentration (and relatively even distribution) of economic power in Edgerton translated into a distinct, neighborhood-based social and political culture. This was largely thanks to Rochester's highly decentralized government structure, which operated as something close to a ward republic. In Rochester, all wards were neighborhoods, and there were no neighborhoods outside of wards. Neighbors joined through drill corps, parade teams, and other ward-based social organizations to rally for and elect ward-based school commissioners, aldermen, and county supervisors. These officials were distinctly neighborhood politicians, who advocated for "the wards which had elected them, rather than for other sections or groups of the city."

In Rochester, poor wards scrapped for basic improvements to their neighborhoods, while the few built-out, "old money" wards focused on cementing their economic advantages while occasionally working to "rescue" the poor from themselves. The Ninth and Tenth wards, where young business tycoons lived next to physicians, plumbers, shoemakers, and janitors, took a middle path. Edgertonians in both wards fought hard for improvements to their own neighborhood, but did so in ways that ensured these beyond-the-basics advantages – like accessible Urban parks, extensive public transit, antimachine politics, and cutting-edge educational reforms – were distributed across the city. As a result, residents like feminist polymath Helen Barrett Montgomery, progressive preacher Clarence Augustus Barbour, and pacifist teetotaler Clinton Norman Howard became "the most active civic reformers" not just in Edgerton, but in Rochester as a whole.

The power of these "Good Government" reformers, channeled and magnified through institutions like the ward structure and the neighborhood's religious and business organizations, not only brought a "new vitality to Rochester," but "enriched the lives of a whole generation." These reformers built a new "progressive wing of the Republican party in Rochester," whose anti-machine stance influenced local, state, and national policies through politician-entrepreneurs like James Johnston, Charles S. Baker, John Van Voorhis, and Lewis Selye. It crossed the Genesee by erecting the steel arch Driving Park Bridge, brought Rochester's first streetcars to Edgerton, and expanded those rail lines into one of the best public transit systems in the city. It drew Frederick Law Olmsted in to redesign Jones Square Park while create Lower Falls Park. And it created feminist organizations like Woman's Educational and Industrial Union, "one of the most significant developments" in Rochester's labor history.

Perhaps the greatest social progress came through neighborhood's approach to the Western House of Refuge, which was relocated out of Edgerton after a state investigation found the purported "school" was a "money-making" operation that was "exceedingly repulsive" in its punishment and torture of children. The prison was replaced physically by what would be known as Edgerton Park, named for the mayor who purchased the land on which it was built. By the 1910s, the 40-acre park contained Rochester's premiere exhibition grounds, first public library, and first municipal museum. On an institutional level, the House was replaced by Vocational schools that were "the first of \[their\] kind in the country" and a local branch of the YMCA. These advances, as one resident wrote, proved Edgerton was a "stronghold of good government."

### The Heart of the City (1915–1960)

> If Edgerton was the heart of the city, Edgerton Park was the heart of the neighborhood.
>
> The Democrat & Chronicle (August 1982)

The post-war building boom on the east side of Rochester and in suburbs like Gates, Greece, and Irondequoit caused an exodus of middle- and upper-class families from the Ninth and Tenth wards. The pricier nature of these newer homes and builders' use of racially restrictive covenants meant that the suburban frontier was inaccessible to the growing Italian lower middle-class in Rochester. Unwilling or unable to enter the existing Italian neighborhoods of the city's east side, these families streamed into Edgerton, leading it to be called one of Rochester's "Italian ghettos." By the 1930s, Edgerton was almost exclusively Italian-American (with one in four residents being foreign-born, typically from Southern Italy), making the neighborhood "Rochester's claim to a Little Italy." This was largely thanks to the federal government, which built a branch of the Home Owners Loan Corporation in the neighborhood and made the Ninth and Tenth wards the centerpiece of its homeownership-subsidy program in Rochester.

Unlike their forebears who were forced to move into resource-deprived slums, newcomers in Edgerton benefited immensely from the institutional frameworks earlier Ninth and Tenth Warders had left behind. This included the Republican ward establishment, which elected the first Italian-American in Rochester's history in 1915, sent the first Italian-American to the city legislature in 1925, and made Edgerton the "foothold" for Italian-American politics. And unlike the Black and Asian immigrants who would come after them, the Italians of Edgerton were supported by a wealthy institution that poured resources and power into the neighborhood: the Roman Catholic Church. After bringing to Edgerton the first Italian Catholic church in Rochester, St. Anthony of Padua, the Holy See brought established institutions like the Holy Rosary church, rectory, school, and convent, a Carmelite monastery, a Sisters of St. Joseph convent, and a Knights of Malta temple. With these new residents and resources, Edgerton became filled with bakeries, theaters, a Christadelphian church, the headquarters of Lawyers Cooperative Publishing, Chevrolet and Ford dealerships, grocery stores, funeral homes, gas stations, auto repair shops, florists, financial institutions, and other entities that defined a thriving urban neighborhood in the 20th century – including, notably, *The Tenth Ward Courier*, a community paper that covered local historical, political, and social goings-on into the 1990s.

Edgerton thrived not only for its new residents, but for the city as a whole. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Edgerton Park's arena, library, museum, swimming pool, bandstand, sports fields, playground, and zoo were the center of entertainment and recreation for lower- and middle-class Rochesterians. The park hosted hugely popular trade shows, auto shows, art exhibitions, firework shows, animal shows, rodeos, parades, military demonstrations, annual horse shows that were called the "opening event in Rochester's social season," the massive annual Industrial Expositions, and concerts like an all-Black review led by Duke Ellington. Edgerton Park was home to the Rochester Cardinals of the International Hockey League, the Rochester Jeffersons of the National Football League, and the Rochester Royals of the National Basketball Association, who won the 1951 NBA Finals at the 4,000 seat Edgerton Park Arena. Unsurprisingly, when Rochester built its light rail system in the 1930s, seven of the nine main stops west of the Genesee River were in Edgerton.

Despite its status as a "cradle of culture" in the early-to-mid 20th century, it was during this time that Rochesterians began to develop stereotypes about the neighborhood that have persisted into the present. Just as Italian-Americans began to define the Ninth and Tenth wards, Rochesterians began to embrace what Edgertonians called "the Mafia taint" – the idea that Edgerton was wracked with "brutal crimes," "disorder," "dynamitings," "stabbings," and "extortions." By 1940, the federal government would formally label Edgerton as a "definitely declining" neighborhood, where half of all homeowners were in default on the mortgages and failed to fully take "pride of ownership." These faults of these were, as Rochester historian Blake McKelvey noted, traced less to reality than a widespread perception that Italians were inherently "passionate," "violent," and "volatile." Nevertheless, the federal government believed the neighborhood would "hold its own" into the future because of the high level investment in the area's geographic and institutional infrastructure, especially its "churches," "schools," "streets," and "transportation."

### A Neighborhood Disassembled (1960–1990)

> When people don't feel united within political boundaries, you don't develop a community or neighborhood identity.
>
> Rochesterian Sally Knorr, The Democrat & Chronicle (March 1978)

In the 1960s, Edgertonian's Italian-Americans – no longer a minority according to American racial categorization – began to embrace the phenomenon of white flight, leaving *en masse* to the nearby suburbs of Gates and Greece. Unlike the outmigrants before them, who left behind a durable, growing infrastructure, Edgertonians who moved out in the mid-20th century pulled up the ladder behind them. With white suburbanites embracing the automobile over metropolitan public transit, the city removed streetcars from Edgerton in the 1940s and the subway at the end of the 1950s. The crowds that once sustained the vast cultural infrastructure of Edgerton Park dried up, as Ninth and Tenth Warders on their own never made up the majority of attendees at the park's events. Rather than driving into the city to attend church, participate in politics, or engage in cultural activities, white Rochesterians chose to build and attend separate, racially homogenous institutions in the suburbs (such as Bishop Kearney High School) or in the easily accessible downtown core (such as the Blue Cross Arena).

In a prior era, the political infrastructure of the Ninth and Tenth wards may have allowed Edgertonians to push city officials to re-invest in the neighborhood. But in the 1960s and 1970s, Rochester chose to abandon the ward system. The basic political unit in the city changed from a walkable ward neighborhood to a larger district whose inhabitants shared little outside of a busy arterial road. Forced to share political representatives with neighbors from what were radically different wards, such as those that covered the far west side of the city near Gates and the beaches of Lake Ontario. With the rapid loss of political and social identity, the neighborhood association movement of the 1960s was primed to attempt a reconstruction of community in northwest Rochester.

In 1961, a group of neighbors in the Ninth and Tenth wards organized a "community" that they called "Lake Avenue-Edgerton." This, "one of the city's oldest neighborhood groups," was led by a "community council," whose mission was "to meddle into everybody's business insofar as it affects his neighbors and the good of the neighborhood." The council was quickly recognized by the city government and upheld as a model of the voluntary, neighborhood-based alternative to the "bulldoze\[r\]" approach of government-directed urban renewal.

What became the Edgerton Area Neighborhood Association did its best to mirror the old Republican ward officials in combating the "declining neighborhood" narrative and spurring government investment. In the Association's early days, residents effectively bound together by their old ward identities had real success, obtaining over $11 million (roughly $30 million in 2022 dollars) in local and state investment for better housing and streets. And in the late 1970s, those same neighbors launched a community-driven nonprofit called Neighborhood Housing Services to combat redlining and slumlords by educating homeowners, financing home repairs, enforcing code violations, and opening a tool library.

Soon, however, the cost of losing the ward system became clear. Seeing the successes of revitalization in Edgerton, city politicians largely unaccountable to Edgertonians chose to redirect the resources invested in the neighborhood to "more worthy" locations. Neighborhood Housing Services, an agency Edgertonians believed was theirs, followed the money and moved out. By the end of the decade. local newspapers marked the end of the Edgerton "renaissance," declaring the neighborhood "rundown and unpopular."

Unable to wield power over elected politicians, Edgertonians appealed to officials who responded even to the most disorganized of property owners: police officers. Edgerton leaders, believing their problems could "only be solved by police protection," called to focus their neighborhood association's efforts on the "eradication" of crime in Edgerton. Rather than seeing the "villains" of the neighborhood as the institutions that had abandoned them, Edgertonians came to believe the roots of their problems were unemployed people, the mentally ill, and sex workers. The Edgerton Area Neighborhood Association, lacking the political power to do much more, worked almost exclusively through partnerships with the Rochester Police Department to take a "\[c\]ivil rights be damned" approach to addressing social problems in Edgerton.

As social disinvestment continued, working class Black and Brown people came to find Edgerton's combination of low rents and beautiful parks attractive. Just as white Rochesterians used racial stereotypes to blame Ninth and Tenth Ward crime on lower class Italians, Edgerton's Italian-Americans explicitly blamed the neighborhood's woes on the "disconcerting" phenomenon of "more black families \[m\]oving onto her street." "We've seen changes of all our foreigners," one resident told a local newspaper. "Colored, Puerto Rican, German – too many of them at one time." Unsurprisingly, the Edgerton Area Neighborhood Association – which once fought against pro-segregation school board candidates – now turned to openly opposing desegregation programs as "threats" to the neighborhood. To justify their change of heart, Edgertonians began embracing revisionist history; they claimed that, when the neighborhood was "tru\[ly\] Italian," it was "without a whisper of filth and crime."

### A Colony, Isolated and Invisible (1990–present)

> Part of what brings these communities down is isolationism. . . .Returning to being neighbors is pretty much what it is all about.
>
> Karyn Herman, President of the Edgerton Area Neighborhood Association, The Democrat & Chronicle (September 2001)

By the 1990s, most white Edgertonians had left or were too old to do so. Just as their forebears had brought a diverse, international character to Edgerton in the early 1900s, the new Edgertonians did the same. Black and Latino intracity migrants were followed by a wave of Asian immigrants from Bhutan, Myanmar, and Nepal. This migration pattern made Edgerton one of the most racially and ethnically diverse neighborhoods in Western New York. And like the Italian-Americans before them, these new Edgertonians reimbued the neighborhood with vitality through distinct economic and social institutions like Black churches, Asian markets, Dominican hair salons, and soul food restaurants.

Unlike their predecessors, however, these Edgertonians arrived in a neighborhood isolated from the economic, political, and social institutions that once made Edgerton a neighborhood of community empowerment. Today, Edgerton is served by just two bus lines, a single elementary school and no middle or high school, a mass of scattered, underfunded churches, parks that are empty compared to their heyday, and a business sector populated primarily by corporate restaurants and retail outfits. Most importantly, in place of a powerful ward system that gives the area social and political cohesiveness, there is a city government that has no Edgertonian as an elected official. Edgerton's neighborhood association, unlike those of most Rochester neighborhoods, lacks enough structure to maintain a website; it continues to focus on police-based neighborhood revitalization.

The strongest institution in modern day Edgerton is not city government, religious institutions, or community organizations. Instead, it is a network of landlords who dominate a local property base that is almost exclusively residential. A 2021 study revealed that the overwhelming majority of these landlords were either slumlords or "amateurs" who "barely maintain and do not invest in their properties." The same study found that half of all rental properties in neighborhoods like Edgerton had one or more outstanding code violations, suggesting that landlords inflict extensive property degradation on the neighborhood. A 2018 study found that the majority of homes in Edgerton were purchased with cash, indicating a low rate of occupant-owned properties. In a representative subsection of the neighborhood east of Edgerton Park, at least 85% of housing units were owned by individuals or companies from outside of Rochester. Many rental properties in Edgerton are owned by out-of-state landlords, including property management companies located in places like Canada and Mexico. Residents, who call themselves "victim\[s\] of redlining," struggle to obtain homeowner's insurance because they are deemed to live in an "at risk" neighborhood.

Few of the facts about Edgerton's remarkable diversity, unique socio-political groundwork, or the roots of its problems are reported on by Rochester's local media system. If Rochesterians hear about Edgerton, it is typically through a story about a shooting, home invasion, or other crimes occurring in the neighborhood. What "positive" stories exist either focus on combatting neighborhood violence, reminiscing about the neighborhood's past, or are written by one of Rochester's few Black-owned media outlets. This silence is echoed by Rochester's government, which rarely mentions Edgerton or targets its streets for the innovative social programs that often are generated by local politicians.

A colony is, by definition, a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. In Edgerton, extractive, out-of-state landlords, corporate business establishments, and unaccountable, non-native politicians govern the neighborhood. Like many other colonies that have defined the Americas, the governing institutions are predominantly white, while the resident population is predominantly Black and Brown. But unlike many of these colonies, which were recognized as such during their existences, Edgerton is not. Indeed, Edgerton is, as one resident put it, so invisible it is called, "The Bermuda Triangle of Rochester."

## People

### Demographics

Edgerton's 3,000 homes contain just over 7,500 residents, with most living in the areas surrounding Edgerton Park. Its even mix of Black, Latino, Asian, and white populations make it one of the most racially and ethnically diverse neighborhoods in Western New York. White residents tend to live in the north of Edgerton Park and Asian residents in the southern area between Edgerton Park and Jones Square Park area, while Black residents are spread evenly across the neighborhood.

Roughly one in four Edgertonians were born outside of the United States, making it the second-most diverse Rochester neighborhood in terms of national origin. Nearly all of Edgerton's immigrants are from Asia, with a small percentage hailing from the Americas and Europe. The neighborhood has a high concentration of Bhutanese, Burmese, Nepalese, Sub-Saharan African, Pakistani, and Armenian populations. While Edgerton was once a center of Italian immigrants, it now has one of the smallest percentage of residents claiming Italian ancestry among Rochester's neighborhoods.

Edgerton is the poorest neighborhood in Rochester, with median household income of $17,200; 98% of households have annual incomes of less than $25,000. Nearly two-thirds of all Edgertonians receive SNAP benefits. Edgerton has one of the lowest educational attainment rates in Rochester, with roughly 25% resident never having graduated from high school and less than 20% having a bachelor's degree or more. Just half of Edgertonians are in the workforce; of those, roughly 25% are unemployed, with the rest working in the healthcare, manufacturing, retail, hospitality, and education sectors. Few, if any, Edgertonians work in management positions, as police officers, or as engineers.

### Notable residents

During the late 19th century, Edgerton drew a host of industrial innovators and scientists to its streets. Kodak founder George Eastman spent his 20s and 30s – his most inventive period – living on Ambrose Street and Jones Avenue; there, he would begin to experiment with photography in his mother's kitchen, invent the first commercially successful flexible film, and begin to sell the first camera designed for film – which he called a "Kodak camera." Eastman's most prominent funder, Henry A. Strong, lived just down the street. Eastman's then-landlord, E.F. Woodbury, was another neighbor and funder; his stock in Kodak would be passed to his granddaughter, Edgertonian Margaret Woodbury Strong, a "notorious eccentric" who used her Kodak wealth to purchase the toy collection that served as the foundation for the Strong National Museum of Play. Other notable Edgertonian innovators during this time included: Jeremiah Hickey, founder of Hickey Freeman clothiers; Thomas Dransfield, founder of what would become Bausch & Lomb; and Lewis Swift, the most famous astronomer of his time, who used to lay down in the middle of Ambrose Street to view the stars.

During its time as the center of Rochester's "Good Government" movement, Edgerton was home to the core group of so-called "Goo Goos," along with other social reformers. This group included Helen Barrett Montgomery, called the "best known of daughters of Rochester," who was a radical feminist, friend of Susan B. Anthony, the first woman to serve on the Rochester School Board, the first woman to ever lead a major religious denomination, and the founder of the Woman's Educational and Industrial Union. It also included progressive preacher Clarence Augustus Barbour, pacifist teetotaler Clinton Norman Howard, jurist John Franklin Kinney, and Arthur Caswell Parker, the first leader of the Rochester Museum & Science Center, served as the inaugural president of the Society for American Archaeology, and directed the Works Progress Administration-funded Indian Arts Project. Other notable Edgertonian government officials include Ronald Evangelista, an Italian-American Edgertonian who became one of the most controversial and powerful figures in Rochester as head of the local police union; Evangelista openly supported the "suspension of basic constitutional rights, police brutality, and . . . physical intimidation" during his three-decade tenure.

### Representatives

Historically, Edgerton has been a ladder for residents looking to represent the neighborhood and Rochester at the state and federal level. Edgertonians who have served in the United States House of Representatives include Charles S. Baker, John Van Voorhis, and Lewis Selye. Currently, none of the neighborhood's elected representatives live in Edgerton.

At the local level, Edgerton is part of the Northwest Council District, currently represented by Charlotte resident and Democrat Jose Peo, who is most famous for controversial rhetoric that has been called "incendiary," "racist," "lewd," and "misogynist." Edgerton is represented in the New York State Senate by Center City resident and Democrat Jeremy Cooney and in the New York State Assembly by 19th Ward resident and Democrat Demond Meeks. At the federal level, Edgertonians are represented by Joe Morelle, a Democrat who lives in the Rochester suburb of Irondequoit.

## Geography

Edgerton is dominated by three geographical features: large, highly landscaped parks that serve as "village squares"; streets filled with "Victorian houses with intricate woodwork, cupolas, square towers and unusual windows"; and landmarks like the Genesee River, which serves as the neighborhood's eastern border.

### Parks

Edgerton is home to over 50 acres of parkland spread across four distinct parks. The first, Edgerton Park, is called the "heart of the neighborhood" due to its central location and over 40 acres of amenities, including basketball courts, bocce courts, tennis courts, a football field, a soccer field, baseball diamonds, a running track, walking trails, and a spray park. Jones Square Park is an eight-acre plot of land landscaped by Frederick Law Olmsted's firm that consists of a central fountain and period-style seating area from which a network of pathways expands outwards to an outer oval pathway. Lower Falls Park, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a 10-acre meadow that "offers spectacular and close-up views of the Lower and Middle Falls" of the Genesee River. Finally, there is Tacoma Park, a 1.3 acre area known for its playground that is nestled in the northwest corner of the neighborhood.

In addition to these public parks, Edgerton is also home to two newer, semi-public parks. In the early 2000s, a group of volunteers transformed the trash-filled lot next to the Dewey Avenue post office into the Garden of Peace & Life, which features a mural titled "In the Garden" that depicts landmarks in Edgerton and neighboring Maplewood. The Gateway**,** a pocket park located at the corner of Dewey and Ravine Avenues in the northwest section of the neighborhood, is a once-vacant lot filled with trees, shrubs, perennials, boulder seats, and a lending library kiosk; established in 2013, government officials abandoned plans to take formal stewardship of the park, which now sits unmaintained. Other notable non-park green spaces include a two-acre meadow on Kay Terrace and the Old Erie Canal Bed, a seven-acre field that runs along the western edge of the neighborhood.

### Transportation

Edgerton was once a major stop on the various public transit systems serving Rochester. In the 1880s, horse-drawn buses ran through the neighborhood's southern end; by the early 1900s, trolleys were running north-south and east-west throughout the neighborhood. In 1928, the city unveiled the Edgerton Park station on Felix Street near Dewey Avenue, which allowed visitors to ride the Rochester subway to access the annual Rochester Exposition and Horse Show held at Edgerton Park. Since the closure of the subway system in the mid-1950s, the sole form of public transit in Edgerton has been bus lines operated by the Regional Transit Service. Edgerton is currently serviced by just two bus routes, supplemented by station-to-door van service in the western part of the neighborhood.

Today, the primary mode of transportation in Edgerton is privately owned passenger vehicles, which primarily traverse the four collector roads that bound the neighborhood. The street in the north, Driving Park Avenue, is named after "the most famous racetrack in the world" that once bordered the street. The western street, Dewey Avenue, is named after Battle of Manila Bay victor George Dewey. The southern street, Lyell Avenue, is named after the local highway commissioner who developed the street, Philip Lyell. The eastern street, Lake Avenue, is named for its role in connecting downtown Rochester to Lake Ontario. Of these four streets, Lake Avenue is the busiest road, seeing an average of roughly one car every three seconds on its north-south street. Local roads like Fulton Avenue, Locust Street, and Parkway serve to connect residential blocks to the main thoroughfares.

### Landmarks

Edgerton's landscape contains a significant amount of notable architecture, most of which was built in the 1900s. The Holy Rosary Church Complex, built in the Spanish eclectic style, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and currently contains an affordable housing complex and Mary's Place Refugee Outreach. After a fire consumed its century-old chapel in the 1970s, Lake Avenue Memorial Baptist Church was reconstructed as a precast concrete Modernist building to capture the "changing role of urban churches"; today, the congregation describes itself as an open and affirming, anti-racist, multiracial congregation that has a special focus on serving Edgerton's Burmese population. The Maplewood Branch YMCA, built to be "the best little 'Y' branch in the world" by famed architect Claude Bragdon, is one of the last two YMCA locations located within the city of Rochester. The neighborhood's largest building is Thomas Jefferson High School building, which occupies two-and-a-half acres and contains a transitional education school for immigrants and refugees. Edgerton's tallest building, the fourteen-story Lake Tower, is Rochester's second-largest public housing complex, featuring a community room, a lending library, and a powerful tenant association.

Unlike almost all other Rochester neighborhoods, Edgerton is home to a significant amount of agricultural land, which includes the Lexington Avenue Urban Farm. Located at the northeastern tip of the neighborhood, this two-acre section of the Old Erie Canal Bed was purchased by Foodlink, Rochester's regional food bank, in the early 2010s to create what is now the largest urban farm in Western New York. In partnership with neighborhood nonprofit Mary's Place Refugee Outreach, plots on the farm were given to dozens of local Burmese and Nepali families, each of which has a key to the gated farm. Thanks to these families and local volunteers, the farm produces over 8,000 pounds of food each year and now contains a large community garden, a hoop house, a commercial growing operation, beehives, a toy library, and a play area. In addition to the Lexington Avenue farm, Edgerton is home to Benji's Garden, a small community garden at the Charles Street Settlement House, and the George Herring Memorial Garden, a which allows residents in the northeast side of the neighborhood to grow crops in memory of a child killed on Kay Terrace.

## Institutions

Edgerton's institutional landscape is both weak and rich. It is weak in that local, state, and federal governments, along with key businesses like Wegmans and wealthy nonprofits like the Catholic Church, have largely abandoned Edgerton. The landscape is rich in that, despite this systemic disinvestment in their neighborhood, Edgertonians have built and sustained a diverse network of locally owned and directed organizations, including healthcare institutions, Black-owned businesses, and temples for Christians, Hindus, and Muslims.

### Governmental

The primary governmental unit in Edgerton is the Northwest Quadrant Neighborhood Service Center, which is located in the heart of the neighborhood at Edgerton Park. Empowered to act as "mini City Halls" by providing code enforcement and policing services, the service centers have been criticized by consultants and members of the public as being unaccountable and ineffective. Across the street from the service center is the administrative headquarters for the City of Rochester's Water Bureau, which has maintained a presence on Felix Street for over 90 years; in the late 2000s, the Water Bureau literally ground up its old facilities and used the recycled materials to create "the first municipal building in Rochester recognized for outstanding design by the U.S. Green Building Council." The neighborhood also contains the Dewey Avenue post office, which features the Garden of Peace & Life.

The most widely used government facility in Edgerton is City of Rochester's Edgerton Recreation Center (or "R-Center"), which is also located in Edgerton Park. The R-Center's interior features include a community meeting space, computer lab, weight room, game room, and kitchen. The R-Center is home to the Edgerton Model Railroad Room, which shows Rochester as it existed in all four seasons of the year 1950 and has been called "the largest and most unique model railroad display in the world." The R-Center also contains the Stardust Ballroom, the former Western House of Refuge auditorium that now serves as a rentable performance facility that can fit up to 400 people in theater-style seating.

### Nonprofit

Many of the services traditionally provided by government agencies are, in Edgerton, delivered through a network of local nonprofits such as the Charles Settlement House, a settlement movement institution founded in 1917 by the Barry family to integrate the neighborhood's Italian and German immigrants. Today, the House coordinates with a range of local agencies to provide free food along with workforce development, after-school, and senior-support programs. Mary's Place Refugee Outreach provides similar services targeted to the local refugee population, while NCS Community Development Corporation helps to build, rehabilitate, and manage affordable housing in Edgerton and other Northwest Quadrant neighborhoods. The neighborhood also contains the Volunteers of America of Upstate New York, the New York regional office of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, Edgerton Square, an independent living center for people with mental illness, and the Union Hall for United Auto Workers Local 1097, which represents workers at the nearby General Motors components plant.

Edgerton has a high concentration of religious institutions, including the above-mentioned Lake Avenue Memorial Baptist Church. Adonai Assembly of God, housed in an Episcopal church built in 1881, defines itself as a multi-cultural church that focuses on providing outreach ministries in Edgerton. Greater Harvest Church, located in a Methodist church built in 1907, is one of the largest predominantly Black churches in the Northwest Quadrant. Another notable congregation is the Pentecostal Ark of the Covenant Church of God by Faith, which is housed in the old St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church building. Newer religious nonprofits include the Bantu Islamic Center at the corner of Dewey Avenue and Locust Street and the Hindu temple Gaudiya Mission on Fulton Avenue.

### Educational

Children in Edgerton typically attend pre-kindergarten at the Volunteers of America Children's Center on Lake Avenue, which is the largest neighborhood pre-K provider in the city. Edgertonians attend elementary school in the northern part of the neighborhood, at Dr. Louis A. Cerulli School No. 34. Named in 1974 after a school board president who was the "leader of the opposition to desegregation" in the 1960s, the school now serves a population that is 90% Black and Brown. Edgertonians have not been able to attend a neighborhood-based high school since the early 2010', when the Rochester City School District closed Thomas Jefferson High School.

A number of notable non-traditional public school facilities are located in Edgerton. The most notable is the Rochester International Academy, housed in the closed Thomas Jefferson school, which provides immigrants and refugees of all ages with the social and linguistic support they need to transfer to a traditional school environment. In the mid-2010s, the National Education Policy Center named the Academy a Gold School of Opportunity, thanks to its ability to close opportunity gaps through research-based practices. The city school district also runs its special education programs out of the old Saint Anthony's School, a Catholic school that opened in the early 1900s to serve the children of Italian immigrants.

### Healthcare

Edgerton is home to the Brown Square Health Center, which opened in 1972 as part of what was called a "semi-socialist experiment" funded by the federal Office of Economic Opportunity. The Center's charter goal was to give healthcare to "the city's richest cultural mix of white, black and Spanish-speaking peoples and a mix of some of the city's lowest and most median incomes." Doctors would "provide medical attention for people who need it, whether they can pay the bills or not," while an advisory board of patients who would "partly run" the Center's programs. In 2011, after a period of financial struggles brought on by inadequate reimbursement formulas under Medicaid, the Center was taken over by Jordan Health, a fellow Federally Qualified Health Center. Today, the Center primarily serves clients on Medicaid or those who have no insurance, and is a hub for immigrant populations seeking culturally responsive healthcare.

Edgerton also contains Saratoga Pharmacy, one of Rochester's only independent pharmacies. Saratoga, which calls itself a "community pharmacy," provides a range of free services to its primarily low-income clientele, such as medication delivery and disposal, health screenings, and care coordination. Saratoga uses a combination of multilingual medication packaging and bilingual employees to provide proper services to Edgerton's linguistically diverse community. The pharmacy, founded in the 1920s, currently serves as Rochester's only minority-owned pharmacy.

## Galleries

### Landscapes

### Public art

43°10′22″N 77°37′58″W / 43.17278°N 77.63278°W / 43.17278; -77.63278

## InfoBox

| Edgerton | |
| --- | --- |
| Rochester Neighborhood | |
| (left to right, top to bottom) Jones Square Park, Lake Avenue Memorial Baptist Church, Edgerton Park, Lower Falls Park, and Greater Harvest Church | |
| Nickname(s): The Bermuda Triangle, the Ninth Ward, the Tenth Ward | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| City | Rochester |
| Quadrant | Northwest |
| Colonized | 1815 (as McCrackenville) |
| Organized | 1850 (as the Ninth Ward) |
| Recognized | 1961 (as Edgerton) |
| Named for | Hiram Edgerton |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.86 sq mi (2.2 km<sup>2</sup>) |
| Rank | 10th |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 7,369 |
| Rank | 7th |
| Density | 8,890/sq mi (3,430/km<sup>2</sup>) |
| Rank | 10th |
| Demonym | Edgertonian |
| Demographics | |
| Black | 48.4% (12th) |
| Hispanic (non-White) | 19.5% (6th) |
| White | 17.1% (27th) |
| Asian | 15.9% (1st) |
| Mixed race | 5.1% (6th) |
| Other | 0.9% (7th) |
| Economics | |
| Median income | $17,200 |
| Rank | 34th (last) |
| Time zone | Eastern Standard Time |
| ZIP Code(s) | 14608, 14613 |


title: Ed Bruyette

abstract: Edward T. Bruyette was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1901. Bruyette was born in Manawa, Wisconsin, and began his professional baseball career in 1900 in the International League. In 1901, he was acquired by the Brewers' player-manager Hugh Duffy and played in 26 major league games in August and September. He batted a minuscule.183, and his fielding percentage as an outfielder was.778. The following season, Bruyette was back in the minors with the Minneapolis Millers and Helena Senators. After his baseball career ended, he was a grading foreman in a packing plant. He died in Peshastin, Washington, at the age of 65.

text:
# Ed Bruyette

**Edward T. Bruyette** (August 31, 1874 – August 5, 1940) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1901.

Bruyette was born in Manawa, Wisconsin, and began his professional baseball career in 1900 in the International League. In 1901, he was acquired by the Brewers' player-manager Hugh Duffy and played in 26 major league games in August and September. He batted a minuscule .183, and his fielding percentage as an outfielder was .778 (8 errors in 36 chances). The following season, Bruyette was back in the minors with the Minneapolis Millers and Helena Senators. After his baseball career ended, he was a grading foreman in a packing plant. He died in Peshastin, Washington, at the age of 65.

## InfoBox

| Ed Bruyette | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1874-08-31)August 31, 1874
Manawa, Wisconsin, U.S. | |
| **Died:** August 5, 1940(1940-08-05) (aged 65)
Peshastin, Washington, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 6, 1901, for the Milwaukee Brewers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 10, 1901, for the Milwaukee Brewers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .183 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 4 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Edge-graceful labeling

abstract: In graph theory, an edge-graceful labeling is a type of graph labeling for simple, connected graphs in which no two distinct edges connect the same two distinct vertices and no edge connects a vertex to itself. Edge-graceful labelings were first introduced by Sheng-Ping Lo in his seminal paper.

text:
# Edge-graceful labeling

In graph theory, an **edge-graceful labeling** is a type of graph labeling for simple, connected graphs in which no two distinct edges connect the same two distinct vertices and no edge connects a vertex to itself.

Edge-graceful labelings were first introduced by Sheng-Ping Lo in his seminal paper.

## Definition

Given a graph G, we denote the set of its edges by *E*(*G*) and that of its vertices by *V*(*G*). Let q be the cardinality of *E*(*G*) and p be that of *V*(*G*). Once a labeling of the edges is given, a vertex of the graph is labeled by the sum of the labels of the edges incident to it, modulo p. Or, in symbols, the induced labeling on a vertex is given by

$$V(u)=\Sigma E(e)\mod |V(G)|$$

where *V*(*u*) is the resulting value for the vertex u and *E*(*e*) is the existing value of an edge e incident to u.

The problem is to find a labeling for the edges such that all the labels from 1 to q are used once and that the induced labels on the vertices run from 0 to *p* – 1. In other words, the resulting set of labels for the edges should be {1, 2, …, *q*}, each value being used once, and that for the vertices should be {0, 1, …, *p* – 1}.

A graph G is said to be edge-graceful if it admits an edge-graceful labeling.

## Examples

### Cycles

Consider the cycle with three vertices, *C*3. This is simply a triangle. One can label the edges 1, 2, and 3, and check directly that, along with the induced labeling on the vertices, this gives an edge-graceful labeling. Similar to paths, Cm is edge-graceful when m is odd and not when m is even.

### Paths

Consider a path with two vertices, *P*2. Here the only possibility is to label the only edge in the graph 1. The induced labeling on the two vertices are both 1. So *P*2 is not edge-graceful.

Appending an edge and a vertex to *P*2 gives *P*3, the path with three vertices. Denote the vertices by *v*1, *v*2, and *v*3. Label the two edges in the following way: the edge (*v*1, *v*2) is labeled 1 and (*v*2, *v*3) labeled 2. The induced labelings on *v*1, *v*2, and *v*3 are then 1, 0, and 2 respectively. This is an edge-graceful labeling and so *P*3 is edge-graceful.

Similarly, one can check that *P*4 is not edge-graceful.

In general, Pm is edge-graceful when m is odd and not edge-graceful when it is even. This follows from a necessary condition for edge-gracefulness.

## A necessary condition

Lo gave a necessary condition for a graph with q edges and p vertices to be edge-graceful:*q*(*q* \+ 1) must be congruent to *p*(*p* – 1)/2 mod *p*. In symbols:

$$q(q+1)\equiv {\frac {p(p-1)}{2}\mod p.}$$

This is referred to as **Lo's condition** in the literature. This follows from the fact that the sum of the labels of the vertices is twice the sum of the edges, modulo p. This is useful for disproving a graph is edge-graceful. For instance, one can apply this directly to the path and cycle examples given above.

## Further selected results

* The Petersen graph is not edge-graceful.
* The star graph $S\_{m}$ (a central node and *m* legs of length 1) is edge-graceful when *m* is even and not when *m* is odd.
* The friendship graph $F\_{m}$ is edge-graceful when *m* is odd and not when it is even.
* Regular trees, $T\_{m,n}$ (depth *n* with each non-leaf node emitting *m* new vertices) are edge-graceful when *m* is even for any value *n* but not edge-graceful whenever *m* is odd.
* The complete graph on *n* vertices, $K\_{n}$, is edge-graceful unless *n* is singly even, $n=2\mod 4$.
* The ladder graph is never edge-graceful.


title: Edinburgh University Settlement

abstract: The Edinburgh University Settlement (EUS) was a multi-purpose voluntary organisation established by University of Edinburgh in 1905. The Edinburgh University Settlement was part of a larger settlement movement which began in Britain with the founding of Toynbee Hall in London in 1886. EUS was liquidated in 2011 following bankruptcy.

text:
# Edinburgh University Settlement

The **Edinburgh University Settlement** (EUS) was a multi-purpose voluntary organisation established by University of Edinburgh in 1905. The Edinburgh University Settlement was part of a larger settlement movement which began in Britain with the founding of Toynbee Hall in London in 1886. EUS was liquidated in 2011 following bankruptcy.

## Foundation

The main founder of the Edinburgh settlement was Sir Richard Lodge, a history professor. In proposing the foundation of the settlement Professor Lodge acknowledged that while Edinburgh was a fair city it had some 'foul spots' in it. The first location suggested for the settlement would be in the district that lay between the Cowgate and the Cannongate in Edinburgh's old town. He suggested that if the fellows and students of the University could do anything to 'brighten the lives and bring sympathy and gladness to some of the homes in those dark spots they would be going some way to repay the debt the College owed to the city.

The basis of the settlement idea was that undergraduates, academics and researchers would be resident in 'Settlement Houses' which were situated in underprivileged communities. To 'bring graduate and undergraduate face to face with the working man to unite their energies for the common social good'. The first group of 12 students moved into High School Yards, living with a warden appointed by the academics. They lived in the settlement house free, or for cheaper rent, in return for doing community work. The aim was to live as part of the community and that there would be benefits as a result; for the community and also for those researchers and students in two way engagement.

## Funding

The EUS looked in 1905 to alumni to support this latest endeavour of their alma mater and donors for support. Settlement buildings were often bought or leased through the donations of philanthropists and wealthy donors. This activity was part of the University of Edinburgh's commitment to bridging the town and gown divide as part of its social responsibility, enlightenment and civic mission. The buildings however, were not always in a good state of repair and repeated calls were made to donors and current students for support for their upkeep.

The settlement was described by one benefactor in 1925 as 'one of the most admirable social instruments in the City of Edinburgh','since the war the students had come forwards and shown a quite remarkable degree of enthusiasm in helping to carry on the work which depended on a degree of voluntary effort'.' Garden parties, fetes and balls were regularly held to attract support and the letters page of the Scotsman newspaper included regular appeals from Grace Drysdale, EUS Warden for donations and gifts at Christmas time.

## Learning and teaching

The settlement movement believed that if men and women from universities lived for a while amongst the poorer communities of their city they could ‘*do a little to remove the inequalities of life*’. They also believed that old problems could be solved together; the university was teaching 'the understanding of difficult things in all subjects' and that the settlement represented 'a great attempt to further the science of the city' and understand its problems a little better. There was concern that university education had a tendency to produce a 'certain detachment' from the practical problems of real life. The founders believed that benefits would flow on both sides by exchange of knowledge and skills bringing into closer touch the learning and culture of the university with the 'numerical power and practical knowledge of the working people.' . Settlement work was considered to afford to students experience of "coming up against the problems and understanding their cause and consequence, which would be of the utmost value to them in their subsequent professional and personal lives"'and a valuable part of students training was to leave the lecture-room and 'get in touch with the facts of everyday life.'' There was an emphasis on practical work and making things with one's hands 'the separation of hand and brain is an evil for both'

## Student engagement

Edinburgh University students established 'Settlement Day' and then 'Settlement Week' which was later replaced by RAG week to raise money in support of the ongoing work.

## Edinburgh Settlement locations and houses

* The settlement buildings in High School Yards near the Cowgate, were purchased from the University by means of a legacy from Sophia Jex-Blake.
* The Old Fire Station, 27 East Norton Place, London Road,
* Wilkie House, 37 Guthrie Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JG
* Community Learning Centre at Regent Road,
* The Old Fire Station in Norton Road,
* Roxy Art House in Roxburgh Place
* Bristo Place Church
* 5 Holyrood Road in Edinburgh.
* Cameron House, Prestonfield, Craigmillar was given to the settlement by the city for a period of 25 years. Grace Drysdale was Warden and J.M Barrie was amongst the benefactors.

In 1993 EUS bid unsuccessfully to turn the disused Elsie Inglis Hospital into Scotland's first ‘Care Village’.

## Community activities

As well as its buildings the EUS engaged in a range of education and outreach initiatives. The EUS founded Scotland's first school of art therapy, one of the first-ever 'thrift shops', an early computer skills training initiative, adult learning courses, women's education and training and community volunteering. It also led to the creation of the Craigmillar Festival Society in the 1960s. In 1985, when Band Aid (band) released 'Feed the World' to raise money for starving people in Ethiopia, the EUS released its own record, an album called Freedom, Come All Ye. In 2000 the EUS was sued by a Barlinnie prisoner for the loss of a Christ statue, a work that 'marked his transformation from murderer to artist'.

### Thrift shops

The Warden of Cameron House, Grace Drysdale campaigned tirelessly for support for the women and children of the surrounding Craigmillar area. The city center slum clearances had moved residents to outlying areas of the city. Some people had moved unwillingly and found their new life quite different from the community of the old Edinburgh 'stairs'. In 1936 she made a film about the everyday activities of the settlement community and proposed the creation of a 'Thrift shop' based on an American idea. The shop would receive items that people did not want, and would accept anything from 'luggage to cooking utensils'.

A thrift shop committee was established in 1936, and the first shop 'Everybody's Thrift Shop' opened in April 1937 at 79a Nicholson Street, 10 years before Oxfam established their first charity shop in 1947. In 1938 the thrift shop was reported as being 'a more ambitious application of the jumble sale idea. When the shop first opened it was a great success. people queued for an hour beforehand in anticipation and policemen were on hand to ensure the stall-holders were not overwhelmed. Reports confirm that bargains: crystal, evening shawls and furniture were to be found and that one woman left delighted with 'a handsome suit once worn it was whispered, by a professor'. Women carrying bulky purchases were ushered out to make room for other shoppers.

The work of the thrift stores was not to raise money for more buildings or 'extension' but to support those living in the communities. Following the formal dissolution of the Edinburgh University Settlement organisation the work of the thrift shop continues from the community run Edinburgh Settlement Shop at 34A Haddington Place, Edinburgh, EH7 4AG.

### A Second Chance to Learn

The organisation ‘Second Chance to Learn’ was set up in 1985 by EUS to reach the parts of society that formal education was failing to reach. 2nd Chance to Learn classes were informal and community based, they aimed to enable people to attain basic skills, raise self-esteem and provide routes to certification to take the next steps into further learning and employment. In 2008 it was reported that 80 per cent of the Second Chance students had no previous qualifications, 85 per cent lived in areas of urban deprivation, 40 per cent were single parents, 25 per cent were unemployed men and 12 per cent had disabilities. It was suggested that 80 per cent of those who engaged with classes then progressed to further education.

As part of the 'Sure start Scotland' programme ‘Second Chance to Learn’ courses included childcare work supported by crèche facilities, speech and language therapy groups for parents, fathers’ groups, projects for parents with learning difficulties, an ethnic minority parenting project and a support for those experiencing post-natal depression.

### Women-only IT training

EUS also established in 1983 a computer training initiative for adults with a range of disabilities called Microbeacon.

Dr. (now Sir) John Harrison Burnett, Principal of the University commented, when launching the Microbeacon project:

*Microbeacon is a small light in a dark world of the unemployed. But for many, I hope simple training in computers will be the clear light before the dawn of new employment and a fuller, richer life. It is a joy and a privilege to be associated with the project.* Microbeacon worked in conjunction with Edinburgh Women's Training Course to provide women-only ICT courses for disadvantaged women wishing to enter the workforce or upskill. In 1994, Microbeacon moved to New Parliament House, on Regent Road.

### Art Therapy and Mental Health

EUS was instrumental in establishing Scotland's first school of art therapy. In the late 80s and early 90s patients from the former Gogarburn Hospital and the Royal Edinburgh Hospital were offered art therapy at an EUS-run centre at Wilkie House in the Cowgate. The EUS eventually engineered the first art therapy courses in Scotland with Glasgow Caledonian University and Queen Margaret University College. These courses led to the setting up of Stepping Stones, a centre off London Road.

## Closure

To mark the centenary of the Edinburgh Settlement in 2005, Edinburgh Evening News published a feature 'The Student Gift that Keeps on Giving' outlining some of the many initiatives undertaken in the course of the settlement's history. An EUS centenary exhibition was also put on display in the Drummond Room in the Edinburgh University Library, George Square, where the EUS archives are now held.

By this time the settlement was funded not only by the university but also by City of Edinburgh Council. The Council's total funding for EUS in 2010–11 was £230,034, from the children and families and health and social care budgets.

University of Edinburgh Policy and Strategy Committee minutes of 22 March 2011 report that 'Edinburgh University Settlement, a voluntary organisation providing a range of social care, educational and arts services and venues, closed on 29 October 2010 as a result of severe financial difficulties.' The charity's outgoings had exceeded its income by more than £300,000. A bankruptcy order was granted by Edinburgh Sheriff Court at the end of October. PricewaterhouseCoopers were appointed as liquidators. The Council was owed £7389 in rent arrears and so was one of the EUS' creditors. The majority of the 40 employees were made redundant with immediate effect, a small team was retained to help with the maintenance and disposal of the buildings. Efforts were made to wind up or find new sponsors for Stepping Stones, City Literacy and Numeracy Project (CLAN) and English as a second language (ESOL), Early Years Sure Start Project, Community Learning Centre Project, 'Personal Steps' formerly 'Microbeacon', the Roxy and the Forest Café.

At the time that the EUS went bankrupt the Bristo Place church building was occupied by the Forest Cafe. The Forest launched a campaign to try to buy the building, but soon relocated to a new home in Lauriston Place.


title: Edgardo Maranan

abstract: Edgardo B. Maranan was a Filipino poet, essayist, fiction writer, playwright, translator and writer of children's stories. He wrote in Filipino and in English.

text:
# Edgardo Maranan

**Edgardo B. Maranan** (November 7, 1946 – May 8, 2018) was a Filipino poet, essayist, fiction writer, playwright, translator and writer of children's stories. He wrote in Filipino and in English.

## Early life

He was born in Bauan, Batangas, Philippines in 1946. He grew up in Baguio, where he finished his high school education.

He represented the Philippines at the 1963 New York Herald Tribune World Youth Forum at the age of 16. At the age of 18, he joined Kabataang Makabayan and became a student activist He became a professor at the University of the Philippines from 1970-1972 where he taught political science and joined the underground movement when martial law was declared by Marcos.

## Career

In 1985, he was the Philippine fellow at the Iowa International Writing program. He also became the National fellow for the poetry of the University of the Philippines creative writing center in 1988. He became a panelist at the Ubud Writers Festival in Bali in 2007. And he also served as a foreign information officer of the Philippine Embassy in London.

He returned to the Philippines in the late 2006 and had been a freelance writer.

## Death and legacy

Maranan died on May 8, 2018.

## Awards

* Palanca Awards first prize winning works
    + 1978 *Ang Panahon ni Cristy* \- Full-length play
    + 1984 *Voyage: Poem* \- Poetry
    + 1989 *Pamana ng Bundok* \- Children's Short story
    + 1992 *Island and Hinterland* \- Essay
    + 2000 *Tabon and Other Poems* \- Poetry

In 2000 he was inducted into the Palanca Hall of Fame.

Edgardo B. Maranan


title: Edgardo Moltoni

abstract: Edgardo Moltoni was an Italian ornithologist who worked in the Natural History Museum at Milan. He worked at the museum collections for nearly fifty eight years and was the author of a four volume treatise on the birds of East Africa. Moltoni's warbler is named after him. Moltoni was born in Oneglia, Liguria and studied natural sciences at the University of Turin and became an assistant to the chair in zoology and vertebrate anatomy at Sassari in 1920. In 1922 he moved to the natural history museum in Milan where he took charge of the collection of birds bequeathed by Ercole Turati. He became a deputy director of the museum in 1933 taking over from Giacinto Martorelli. He made collection expeditions in Italy and also in Italian colonies in Africa. In 1943, the museum was damaged heavily in an air raid and the collections were reorganized after the war along with Bruno Parisi, the director. Moltoni succeeded as director in 1952 and retired in 1962. Moltoni was editor of the Rivista Italiana di ornitologia and published numerous papers and books including the four volume Gli uccelli dell’Africa orientale Italiana and described the genus Zavattariornis. He died of a heart attack while working at the natural history museum.

text:
# Edgardo Moltoni

**Edgardo Moltoni** (5 June 1896 — 12 January 1980) was an Italian ornithologist who worked in the Natural History Museum at Milan. He worked at the museum collections for nearly fifty eight years and was the author of a four volume treatise on the birds of East Africa. Moltoni's warbler is named after him.

Moltoni was born in Oneglia, Liguria and studied natural sciences at the University of Turin and became an assistant to the chair in zoology and vertebrate anatomy at Sassari in 1920. In 1922 he moved to the natural history museum in Milan where he took charge of the collection of birds bequeathed by Ercole Turati. He became a deputy director of the museum in 1933 taking over from Giacinto Martorelli. He made collection expeditions in Italy and also in Italian colonies in Africa. In 1943, the museum was damaged heavily in an air raid and the collections were reorganized after the war along with Bruno Parisi, the director. Moltoni succeeded as director in 1952 and retired in 1962.

Moltoni was editor of the *Rivista Italiana di ornitologia* and published numerous papers and books including the four volume *Gli uccelli dell’Africa orientale* Italiana *and described the genus* Zavattariornis. He died of a heart attack while working at the natural history museum.


title: Todd Terry

abstract: Todd Norton Terry is an American DJ, record producer and remixer in the genre of house music. His productions helped define the New York house scene in the 1990s and used extensive samples that blend the sounds of classic disco, the Chicago house sound, and elements of hip-hop. He has remixed a wide variety of artists.

text:
# Todd Terry

**Todd Norton Terry** (born April 18, 1967) is an American DJ, record producer and remixer in the genre of house music. His productions helped define the New York house scene in the 1990s and used extensive samples that blend the sounds of classic disco, the Chicago house sound, and elements of hip-hop. He has remixed a wide variety of artists.

## Musical career

Todd Terry was influential in moving house music beyond the early Chicago house sound of 1984–86. He crossed the sounds of house with hip hop breaks to create a more energized and popular sound that was able to reach commercial success outside the underground house scene. His productions extensively used samples that blend the sounds of classic disco, the Chicago house sound, and elements of hip-hop.

Terry began his career in the 1980s, DJing at parties in New York. At first, he played Italo disco and hip-hop. Later he concentrated on house music upon its mid-'80s emergence. He debuted as Masters at Work with the 12-inch "Alright Alright" (1987, Fourth Floor) and an edit from this was then included on the Chicago house vanguard compilation *Jackmaster 1* (1987, D.J. International/Westside UK).

Much of Terry's early work in the late 1980s is considered a milestone in the development of house and rave music. He was responsible for releasing two of the house era's most respected crossover remixes: "I'll House You" by the Jungle Brothers (summer 1988) and "Missing" by Everything but the Girl as a re-release in October 1995. His music was a driving force within the "acid house" scene in the UK with many tracks such as "Back to the Beat", "Can You Party", "A Day in the Life", "Weekend", "Party People", "Yeah, Buddy" and "Dreams of Santa-Anna", released under multiple aliases including the Todd Terry Project, Royal House, Black Riot, Swan Lake and Orange Lemon. In the summer of 1988 at the peak of the UK acid house movement, "Can You Party" under his Royal House moniker reached No. 14 in the UK.

Terry's notable releases during the 1990s include "Something Goin' On" and "Keep on Jumpin'", which were UK top-ten hits, with the vocals on both provided by Jocelyn Brown and Martha Wash.

Freestyle artist Shannon was the featured vocalist on the UK top 20 hit "It's Over Love" in 1997, which topped the *Billboard* Dance/Club Play Songs chart in the US, as did "Just Wanna Dance / Weekend". An album, *Ready for a New Day*, was also released in 1997, featuring "Something Goin' On", "Keep on Jumpin'" and "It's Over Love". It reached No. 84 on the UK Albums Chart.

In 1996, he remixed "Stranger in Moscow" for Michael Jackson.

In 1999, inspired by the drum & bass genre, Terry released *Resolutions* on Astralwerks Records. He also worked on the albums *One Half of a Whole Decade* and *Live & Remastered*.

Throughout his career, Terry has used several aliases including Hard House, Swan Lake, Orange Lemon, Royal House, and Black Riot. As Black Riot, "Warlock/A Day in the Life" was released as a single on the Champion label and entered the UK Singles Chart on December 3, 1988, reaching a peak position of number 68. He also recorded under the monikers CLS, Masters at Work (with Kenny "Dope" Gonzalez and "Little" Louie Vega), Dredd Stock, House of Gypsies, Limelife, Tyme Forse, and the Gypsymen (scoring a number-one *Billboard* Hot Dance/Club play hit in 1992 with "Hear the Music").

Terry co-produced the song "Shake" on P.M. Dawn's debut album *Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience*. The song ended with the repeated lyric "Everyone thank Todd Terry". He also produced "The House of Isis" from Isis' 1990 album *Rebel Soul*.

In October 2004, "Weekend" by the Todd Terry Project appeared in the video game *Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas*, playing on house music radio station SF-UR.

In 2007, Terry formed the Todd Terry All Stars, bringing Kenny Dope, DJ Sneak and Terry Hunter together to release the single "Get Down" featuring and co-written by Tara McDonald. The follow-up, "Play On", also featured McDonald and was released in 2007 on Strictly Rhythm/Defected Records and then re-released in 2009 with a remix by Eddie Thoneick.

## Record labels

InHouse Records was launched by Terry in 1999. It has been the vehicle through which Todd is able to release tracks to his fans without a filter.

Currently, Inhouse has over 500 commercially available tracks in the catalog including releases by House of Gypsies, Roland Clark, Shawnee Taylor, Kelly Sajda, Gypsymen, Black Riot, Leon Cormack, Lewis Beck, DJ E-Clyps and Todd Terry All Stars.

In 2000, Terry launched SoundDesign Records, the home to some of the harder tracks and artists he is working with, including releases from Danny Genius, Space Kadets, and Friscia and Lamboy.

In 2013, Terry released the album *Todd Terry vs. That Trap Shitt* on Tommy Boy Entertainment.

## Discography

Selected discography * *Can You Party* (Royal House) (1988)
* *To the Batmobile Let's Go* (The Todd Terry Project) (1988)
* *Come Over Here, Baby* (Royal House) (1990)
* *This Will Be Mine* (Todd Terry Presents Sax) (1991)
* *Todd Terry Project* (The Todd Terry Project) (1992)
* *Todd Terry Presents Sound Design Part II* (Sound Design) (1992)
* Jumpin' (1994)
* *A Day in the Life of Todd Terry* (1995)
* *One Half of a Whole Decade* (DJ mix) (1996)
* *Ready for a New Day* (1997)
* *Sessions Eight* (DJ mix) (1997)
* *Resolutions* (1999)
* *Culturistic* (Gypsymen, 2003)
* *Live & Remastered* (DJ mix) (2011)

## *DJ Magazine* Top 100 DJs

| Year | Position | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | 11 | New entry |  |
| 1999 | 65 | Re-entry | |
|

## InfoBox

| Todd Terry | |
| --- | --- |
| Terry in 2012 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Todd Norton Terry |
| Also known as | * T.N.T. * Black Riot * House of Gypsies * Royal House * Gypsymen * Sound Design * Tee * C.L.S. |
| Born | (1967-04-18) April 18, 1967<br>Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * DJ * record producer * remixer |
| Instruments | * Drum machine * synthesizer * electronic keyboard * sequencer |
| Years active | 1987–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | toddterry.com |


title: Todd Taylor

abstract: Todd Taylor is the Iowa State Senator from the 40th District. A Democrat, he has served in the Iowa Senate since 2019. Previously between 1995 and 2019 he had served in the Iowa House of Representatives from the 70th District. He received his BA from Graceland College and his BS from the University of Northern Iowa. As of September 2011, Taylor serves on several committees in the Iowa House - the Appropriations, Labor, and State Government committees. He also serves as ranking member of the Justice System Appropriations Subcommittee and as a member of the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy Council and of the Statewide Fire and Police Retirement Board of Trustees. Taylor was first elected in a June 27, 1995 special election, succeeding fellow Democrat Richard Running in the 54th District.

text:
# Todd Taylor

**Todd Taylor** (born May 21, 1966) is the Iowa State Senator from the 40th District. A Democrat, he has served in the Iowa Senate since 2019. Previously between 1995 and 2019 he had served in the Iowa House of Representatives from the 70th District. He received his BA from Graceland College and his BS from the University of Northern Iowa.

As of September 2011, Taylor serves on several committees in the Iowa House - the Appropriations, Labor, and State Government committees. He also serves as ranking member of the Justice System Appropriations Subcommittee and as a member of the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy Council and of the Statewide Fire and Police Retirement Board of Trustees.

Taylor was first elected in a June 27, 1995 special election, succeeding fellow Democrat Richard Running in the 54th District.

## Electoral history

*incumbent

House District 54 elections (2000  2018)

| Election | Political result | | Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iowa House of Representatives special elections, 1995**
*District 54*
**Turnout:** 4,924 |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor** | Democratic | 2,756 | 56.0 |
| | | |  | Steve Buhr | Republican | 2,068 | 42.0 |
| | | |  | Rosanne Freeburg | Independent | 94 | 1.9 |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 1996**
*District 54*
**Turnout:** 13,007 |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | 7,236 | 55.6 |
| | | |  | Steve Buhr | Republican | 5,759 | 44.3 |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 1998**
*District 54*
**Turnout:** 10,422 |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | 6,120 | 58.7 |
| | | |  | Rick Kullander | Republican | 4,292 | 41.2 |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2000**
*District 54* |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | unopposed | |

| Election | Political result | | Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2002**
*District 70*
**Turnout:** 10,766 |  | Democratic (newly redistricted) |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | 6,164 | 57.3 |
| | | |  | Charles H. Wieneke | Republican | 4,590 | 42.6 |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2004**
*District 70* |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | unopposed | |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2006**
*District 70*
**Turnout:** 10,929 |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | 7,312 | 66.9 |
| | | |  | David Gochenouer | Republican | 3,608 | 33.0 |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2008**
*District 70* |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | unopposed | |
| **Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2010**
*District 70*
**Turnout:** 10,771 |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor\*** | Democratic | 5,959 | 55.3 |
| | | |  | Jim Burke | Republican | 4,246 | 39.4 |

| Election | Political result | | Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iowa State Senate elections, 2018**
*District 35* |  | Democratic hold |  | **Todd Taylor** | Democratic | unopposed | |

## Voting record

In the 2017 legislative session, Taylor voted against a $638,000 cut to the Department of Veterans Affairs and Iowa Veterans Home.

## InfoBox

| Todd Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Iowa Senate
from the 40th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 14, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Wally Horn |
| Constituency | District 40 \- (2023-Present)
District 35 \- (2019-2023) |
| Member of the Iowa House of Representatives
from the 70th district | |
| **In office**
1995–2019 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Running |
| Succeeded by | Tracy Ehlert |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-05-21) May 21, 1966
Ames, Iowa, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Kim |
| Residence | Cedar Rapids, Iowa |
| Education | Graceland College (BA)
University of Northern Iowa (BS) |
| Website | Taylor's website |
|  | |


title: Eddie Parker (pool player)

abstract: "Fast Eddie" Parker was an American pool player, claimed by many to have been the inspiration for the character "Fast Eddie" Felson in the 1959 Walter Tevis novel The Hustler. In both the 1961 film adaptation and the 1986 sequel, Felson was played by Paul Newman. Parker started playing pool at the age of nine when his father, a school superintendent, bought a used pool table. In high school, he acquired the nickname "Fast Eddie" for his speed in football and basketball. In Kansas City, he met six-time world champion Bennie Allen, who became the teenager's mentor. Parker later said, "I never had any idea I was going to turn professional and shoot for money until I started studying with Benny Allen." He made a living from the game, but did not get rich. According to him, his biggest win was $30,000 playing three-cushion billiards sometime in the 1950s, but his backer got $18,000 of that. During his travels, in Louisville he befriended Walter Tevis, then a young man working his way through college. Parker stated, "When the [1961] movie came out, I didn't want to be associated with it. The movie would've blown my cover by the time I got to the next town." However, Tevis maintained that "Fast Eddie" and "Minnesota Fats" were fictitious, and he resented assertions that he had "created such memorable characters out of mere reportage". After his death in 1984, his widow debunked claims for years that the Fast Eddie character was based on a real person. Parker retired either in the early 1970s or in 1980. He died in 2001 at age 69 of a heart attack while attending the US Classic Billiards Eight-Ball Showdown tournament near Brownsville, Texas. He was survived by Peg, his wife of 50 years, and two children.

text:
# Eddie Parker (pool player)

**"Fast Eddie" Parker** (c. 1932, Springfield, Missouri – February 2, 2001, Brownsville, Texas) was an American pool player, claimed by many to have been the inspiration for the character "Fast Eddie" Felson in the 1959 Walter Tevis novel *The Hustler*. In both the 1961 film adaptation and the 1986 sequel, Felson was played by Paul Newman.

Parker started playing pool at the age of nine when his father, a school superintendent, bought a used pool table. In high school, he acquired the nickname "Fast Eddie" for his speed in football and basketball.

In Kansas City, he met six-time world champion Bennie Allen, who became the teenager's mentor. Parker later said, "I never had any idea I was going to turn professional and shoot for money until I started studying with Benny Allen." He made a living from the game, but did not get rich. According to him, his biggest win was $30,000 playing three-cushion billiards sometime in the 1950s, but his backer got $18,000 of that.

During his travels, in Louisville he befriended Walter Tevis, then a young man working his way through college. Parker stated, "When the \[1961\] movie came out, I didn't want to be associated with it. The movie would've blown my cover by the time I got to the next town." However, Tevis maintained that "Fast Eddie" and "Minnesota Fats" were fictitious, and he resented assertions that he had "created such memorable characters out of mere reportage". After his death in 1984, his widow debunked claims for years that the Fast Eddie character was based on a real person.

Parker retired either in the early 1970s or in 1980.

He died in 2001 at age 69 of a heart attack while attending the US Classic Billiards Eight-Ball Showdown tournament near Brownsville, Texas. He was survived by Peg, his wife of 50 years, and two children.


title: Eddie Patterson

abstract: Edward Patterson, better known as Eddie Patterson is the former manager of NIFL Premiership clubs Cliftonville and Glentoran. He was relieved of his duties as Glentoran manager on Saturday 17 October 2015. Despite winning two Irish Cups in three years, the club highlighted deteriorating league positions and performances as the main reason for his dismissal.

text:
# Eddie Patterson

**Edward Patterson** (born 22 September 1961 in Belfast), better known as **Eddie Patterson** is the former manager of NIFL Premiership clubs Cliftonville and Glentoran. He was relieved of his duties as Glentoran manager on Saturday 17 October 2015. Despite winning two Irish Cups in three years, the club highlighted deteriorating league positions and performances as the main reason for his dismissal.

## Early life

Patterson, from the Bruslee Way/Pinkerton Walk area of the New Lodge Road, was brought up in Belfast. He now lives in Glengormley. In the 1970s, he played midfield for Newington Football Club in the Down and Connor League, along with John McAuley, Gary Higgins and Paddy McCoy, all of whom were later to emulate him by playing for Irish League teams. Patterson went on to have a spell playing intermediate football for Chimney Corner under former Cliftonville boss Lawrence Stitt.

## Cliftonville

Patterson took temporary charge of The Reds on 22 July 2005, when former manager Liam Beckett walked out, and was officially confirmed as Cliftonville boss on 11 October 2006. He had been assistant manager the previous season. Patterson starred for the club during his playing days and was also a successful manager of the reserve side, Cliftonville Olympic.

### 2005/2006 Season

In his first season in charge of the Cliftonville F.C. Senior side, Patterson led his side to a fifth-place finish, an improvement on the 11th place in the previous year. The season ended in controversy, however, after a registration error involving fellow Irish League side Coleraine F.C. Had Cliftonville been awarded the extra three points due to this registration error, they would have climbed above Dungannon Swifts F.C. into fourth place and qualification for the UEFA Intertoto Cup the following season. Nevertheless, coming fifth was the club's best performance since winning the title in 1998.

The team's biggest victory that season was an 8–1 hammering of Armagh City F.C. During the January transfer window, Patterson re-signed two former players, Chris Scannell, who had been away in Australia for just over a year, and Barry Johnston, from Coleraine.

### 2006/2007 Season

In preparation for his second year in charge, Patterson signed a number of influential players. Defenders David McAlinden, the son of a Cliftonville legend, arrived from Glenavon F.C., and Barry Holland joined his brother Mark after leaving Bangor F.C. In addition, Goalkeeper John Connolly returned for his second spell at Solitude.

Patterson's second season in the job proved even more successful than the first. After the disappointment of losing the CIS Cup final 1–0 to city rivals Glentoran F.C., his side went on to win the County Antrim Shield in January 2007 by defeating Lisburn Distillery F.C. 2–1 in the final. Both goals were scored by Mark Holland. Patterson also signed Vincent Sweeney from Limavady United F.C. and Daniel Lyons on loan from Donegal Celtic F.C. However John O'Loughlin (Finn Harps F.C.) and Conor Downey (Linfield F.C.) both left the club. Patterson's side also reached the semi-final of the Irish Cup but lost a penalty shootout to Dungannon Swifts. Cliftonville finished third in the league, narrowly missing out on second place, but nevertheless qualifying for the Intertoto Cup and the Setanta Cup for the following season.

### 2007/2008 Season

Patterson wasted little time in preparing for Europe. With the first leg of the UEFA Intertoto Cup due to be played on 23 June 2007 against Latvian side Dinaburg FC, he signed Francis Murphy from Lisburn Distillery and Kieran O'Connor from Armagh City, and made Daniel Lyons permanent signing. Became the first Cliftonville manager to win a European tie.

Cliftonville's performances in the majority of the season had made them genuine title contenders, however a poor run of form towards the end of the campaign ended their hopes of winning the biggest prize in local football. The Reds ended the league campaign in third position fourteen points adrift of Champions Linfield.

### 2008/2009 Season

During the 2008/2009 campaign Cliftonville struggled in terms of their league performance but finished strongly to secure a top 6 finish. They won the County Antrim Shield and reached the Irish Cup final, 30 years since their previous victory in the competition. Alas it was not to be a victorious occasion with the Reds losing out to their near neighbours Crusaders FC, 1–0 who had waited 41 years to taste Irish Cup Success. It was a bitter pill for the Reds to swallow, not only losing but to lose to their near neighbours made the occasion heart breaking for the Red Army.

Patterson was sacked in April 2011 .

## Glentoran

Patterson returned to Irish League football after being appointed manager of East Belfast club Glentoran on 22 February 2012.

### 2011/2012

Patterson was appointed manager after the resignation of Scott Young. Glentoran finished sixth in the table later that season.

### 2012/2013

Patterson soon made changes to the squad, he sold a few players, including Leon Knight and Aidan O'Kane. Patterson then brought in new faces, one of them was Jay Magee from Glenavon. Glentoran kicked off the new season with a 3–1 win over Donegal Celtic, and finished it with a convincing 3–1 victory over his former club Cliftonville in the Irish Cup final.

## Honours

### As a manager

## InfoBox

Eddie Patterson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Edward Patterson | | |
| Date of birth | (1961-09-22) 22 September 1961 | | |
| Place of birth | Belfast, Northern Ireland | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Newington |  |  |
|  | Chimney Corner |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2005–2011 | Cliftonville | | |
| 2012–2015 | Glentoran | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Edith Berkeley

abstract: Edith Berkeley was a Canadian marine biologist who specialized in the biology of polychaetes. The Edith Berkeley Memorial Lectures were established in the University of British Columbia in her memory in 1969.

text:
# Edith Berkeley

**Edith Berkeley** (1 September 1875–25 February 1963) was a Canadian marine biologist who specialized in the biology of polychaetes. The Edith Berkeley Memorial Lectures were established in the University of British Columbia in her memory in 1969.

## Early life and education

Edith was born in Tulbagh, Cape Colony to bridge engineer Alfred Dunington and his wife Martha Treglohan. Edith studied at Wimbledon High School in London, UK and completed a pre-medical course at the University of London while attending on scholarship.

## Research and career

After earning her bachelor of medicine degree in 1897, Edith took an interest in chemistry and zoology. She worked for a Professor Weldon as well as Morris Travers in the William Ramsay Laboratory.

In 1918, she gave up a paid position as zoology assistant at Columbia University to work as a volunteer for the Pacific Biological Station at Nanaimo in British Columbia Canada. Though she was never officially on staff, her research on polychaetes brought prestige to the Station and established her as a world authority on the subject.

## Personal life

Edith met her husband, Cyril J. Bergtheil, in the chemistry lab of Morris Travers. Bergtheil changed his name to Cyril J. Berkeley, then was hired as an imperial bacteriologist in India in 1902. Edith and Cyril married on February 26, 1902 and moved to India where they lived for ten years.

Cyril left his own research to help Edith study polychaete taxonomy by 1930. The pair wrote 34 papers together, and Edith published an additional 12 in her own name. Many organisms—including two rhododendron hybrids, two polychaetes (*Lepidasthenia berkeleyae* and *Spiophanes berkeleyorum*), and a species of earthworm—have been named after them. Their daughter Alfreda Berkeley Needler (1903–1951) also became a zoologist, as did Alfreda's daughter Mary Needler Arai (1932–2017). Edith died in Nanaimo, British Columbia on February 25, 1963.

## Selected academic publications

Source:

* Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. Part 1. Syllidae to Sigalionidae. *Contributions to Canadian Biology* 1: 203-218, 1923.
* Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. Part 2. Phyllodocidae to Nereidae. *Contributions to Canadian Biology* 2: 285-293, 1924.
* On a new case of commensalism between echinoderm and annelid. *Canadian Field Naturalist* 38: 193, 1924.
* Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. Part 3. Leodicidae to Spionidae. *Contributions to Canadian Biology* 3: 405-422, 1927.
* A new genus of Chaetopteridae frorn the N.E. Pacific: With some remarks on allied genera. *Proceedings of the Zoological Society* Part 2: 441-445, 1927.
* Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. Part 4. Chaetopteridae to Maldanidae. *Contributions to Canadian Biology* 4: 305-316, 1929.
* Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. Part 5. Ammocharidae to Myzostomidae, with an appendix on some pelagic forms from the Strait of Georgia and the west coast of Vancouver Island. *Contributions to Canadian Biology* 6: 65-77, 1930.
* Swarming of *Odontosyllis phosphorea* Moore, and of other Polychaeta near Nanaimo, B.C. *Nature* 136(3452): 1029, 1935.
* Plankton of the Bermuda oceanographic expeditions, 3: Notes on Polychaeta. *Zoologica* 21: 85-87, 1936.
* Occurrence of Saccociryus in western Canada. *Nature* 137(3478) : 1075, 1936.
* Morphological characters of *Myriochele heeri* Malmgren. *Nature* 164(4162): 239, 1949.
* Swarming of the polychaete *Odontosyllis phosphorea* Moore, var. *nanaimoerzsis* Berkeley, near Nanaimo, B.C. *Nature* 191(4795): 1321, 1961.


title: Edith Bideau

abstract: Edith Mae Bideau, later Edith Bideau Normelli, was an American soprano and music educator from Kansas.

text:
# Edith Bideau

**Edith Mae Bideau** (November 6, 1888 — 1958), later **Edith Bideau Normelli**, was an American soprano and music educator from Kansas.

## Early life

Edith Mae Bideau was from Chanute, Kansas, the daughter of Georges K. Bideau and Jennie Hale Bideau. Her father was a councilman in Chanute. She earned bachelor's degrees from Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas in 1911, where she wrote the school song, "Hail! Old Baker"; and from Kansas State University in 1912. She pursued further music studies in Italy, and with Richard Hageman in New York.

## Career

Bideau taught voice and was director of the vocal department at the State Normal School in Pittsburg, Kansas from 1916 to 1919. At the beginning of World War I, she was in Italy, and there were concerns for her safety. When she returned to the United States, she gave concerts for troops stationed in Kansas. She was director of music and instructor in church music at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois in 1935. She taught voice at Iola, Kansas in 1947.

Bideau was a concert and oratorio soloist in Chicago and Pittsburgh. She made her New York debut in 1920, at Aeolian Hall. "Her voice is a soprano of very pure quality, a voice that is at its best in lyric matters," noted one reviewer. Another witness, however, reported that "she was altogether too nervous to inspire critical confidence." She toured the midwest as a performer in 1921. On Christmas Day in 1921, she sang solos at six different events in New York City. She wrote "Tone Coloring in Singing" an essay published in *Étude* magazine in 1955.

## Personal life

Edith Bideau married Swedish diplomat Carl Gustav Normelli in 1920. She was widowed when Normelli died in 1957, and she died in 1958, aged 69 years; her grave is in Kansas. Kansas legislator Edwin Bideau was her great-nephew, her brother Edwin Hale Bideau's grandson.

## InfoBox

| Edith Bideau | |
| --- | --- |
| Edith Bideau, from a 1920 publication. | |
| Born | Edith Mae Bideau
November 6, 1888
Chanute, Kansas |
| Died | 1958 (aged 6970) |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | E. B. Normelli, Edith Normelli |
| Occupation(s) | singer, music educator |
| Years active | 1912-1958 |


title: Edith Baumann (artist)

abstract: Edith Baumann is an abstract artist based in Santa Monica, California. Her paintings are minimalist and include geometric repetition and patterns, often presented in intense colors.

text:
# Edith Baumann (artist)

**Edith Baumann** is an abstract artist based in Santa Monica, California. Her paintings are minimalist and include geometric repetition and patterns, often presented in intense colors.

## Biography

Baumann was born in Ames, Iowa in 1948. She received her BFA from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1975 and an MFA from the University of Southern California in 1985. Throughout her career, Baumann has created several series of paintings, including "Bar Paintings", "Spiral Paintings", and "Randomness and Structure Paintings"\] Her most recent, are raw pigment acrylic paintings on canvas.

Baumann's work has been featured in many solo and group exhibitions, including in 2018 an exhibition at the Charlotte Jackson Fine Art Gallery in Santa Fe.

In 2014 Baumann was interviewed by Joan Quinn on “The Joan Quinn Profiles” on DoubleGTV

Baumann's work is in the public collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA).

## Exhibitions

**Solo exhibitions**

* 1985 Lindhurst Gallery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
* 1987 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA.
* 1988 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA.
* 1989 Rena Bransten Gallery, San Francisco, CA.
* 1990 Modernism, San Francisco, CA.
* 1990 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA.
* 1993 Beatrix Wilhem Gallery, Stuttgart, Germany (catalog).
* 2005 M&W Art Ltd, Hong Kong, China
* 2010 Pete and Susan Barrett Art Gallery, Santa Monica, CA.
* 2011 Modernism, San Francisco, CA.
* 2012 Katherine Cone Gallery, Culver City, CA.
* 2018 parrasch heijnen, Los Angeles, CA.
* 2020 parrasch heijnen, Los Angeles, CA.
* 2023 Franklin Parrasch Gallery, New York, NY.

**Select group exhibitions**

* 1980 Abstract Painting 1980, Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art, CA. (catalog).
* 1987 Los Angeles Artists: Modern Masters, Ruthven Gallery, Lancaster, Ohio.
* 1988 After Abstract, Art Center College, Pasadena, CA. (catalog)
* 1989 Abstract Options, University Art Museum, Univ. of CA, Santa Barbara, CA, (catalog).
* 1991 A Night of Celebration, Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, Nov.
* 1992 Intimate Universe, Michael Walls Gallery, New York, NY, September.
* 1993 The Shape of Things to Come, Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, Nov.
* 2008 About Abstraction, Chapman Univ. Guggenheim Gallery, Orange, CA. July.
* 2010 Wall to Wall, Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, June 5-Aug. 14.
* 2010 The Shape of Space, 222 Shelby St. Gallery, Santa Fe, NM, June 11-July 31.
* 2011 Marks and Movement: 5 Painters, Barrett Art Gallery, Santa Monica, CA, Oct. 22-Dec. 3 (catalog).
* 2011 Skin Freaks, Inman Gallery Annex, Houston, TX, May 20-June 25.
* 2011 What’s New, Pussycat?, The Torrance Art Museum, Torrance, CA, Jan. 22-Mar. 5
* 2012 Pink, Charlotte Jackson Fine Art, Santa Fe, NM, April 3–24.
* 2012 California Abstract Painting, 1952-2011, Woodbury University, Burbank, CA, Jan. 21-Mar. 4.
* 2013 7 Magnifici Anni, Art 1307, Napoli, Italy, Nov. 28 - April 6, 2014.

**Public collections**

Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)


title: Edmond 003 - Sparks

abstract: Edmond 003 - Sparks is a Cantopop album by Edmond Leung.

text:
# Edmond 003 - Sparks

***Edmond 003 - Sparks*** (TC: 星火) is a Cantopop album by Edmond Leung.

## Track listing

1. Mars (火星)
2. Mr.Wrong (錯先生)
3. Regular Friend (普通朋友)
4. Electro and Flint (電光火石)
5. 1999
6. Low Season (淡季)
7. Not Bad (未算差)
8. Ten Thousand and One Night (一萬零一夜)
9. I Heard That You Love Me (聽說你愛我)
10. Sparks (星火)

## Charts

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| IFPI Hong Kong Group | 1 |

## InfoBox

| Edmond 003 - Sparks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Edmond Leung | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Genre | Cantopop |
| Label | Capital Artists |
| Edmond Leung chronology | |
| *Best Friend*
(1997) ***Edmond 003 - Sparks***
(1998) *Great Fun at All Times*
(1999) | |


title: Edgewood (Cranston)

abstract: Edgewood is located in eastern Cranston, Rhode Island. It is three miles away from Providence. Edgewood is a suburban neighborhood bordering Providence's Washington Park. The area of Edgewood has several National Historic districts. One of the grandest is the Norwood Avenue Historic District. The neighborhood features broad, tree-lined streets. The area is known for its many large and beautiful Victorian homes. Edgewood is also home to Nationally recognized inns, Edgewood Manor Inn and the Charles Newhall House Inn. Edgewood Yacht Club, Rhode Island Yacht Club, Port Edgewood, and the Pawtuxet Cove Marinas are all within the borders of Edgewood, Rhode Island.

text:
# Edgewood (Cranston)

41°46′52″N 71°23′49″W / 41.781°N 71.397°W / 41.781; -71.397

**Edgewood** is located in eastern Cranston, Rhode Island. It is three miles away from Providence.

Edgewood is a suburban neighborhood bordering Providence's Washington Park. The area of Edgewood has several National Historic districts. One of the grandest is the Norwood Avenue Historic District . The neighborhood features broad, tree-lined streets. The area is known for its many large and beautiful Victorian homes. Edgewood is also home to Nationally recognized inns, Edgewood Manor Inn (The Samuel Priest House c 1905) and the Charles Newhall House Inn (c 1892). Edgewood Yacht Club, Rhode Island Yacht Club, Port Edgewood, and the Pawtuxet Cove Marinas are all within the borders of Edgewood, Rhode Island.

1. "Enjoying a Neighborly Existence in Edgewood". *Rhode Island Monthly*. March 22, 2016. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.