title: Catholic education in Australia

abstract: Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system. From 18th century foundations, the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia, after government schools. The Catholic Church has established primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia. As of 2018, one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools. There are 1,755 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 777,000 students enrolled, employing almost 100,000 staff. Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins, ethos, and purpose of each education provider. Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish, diocese, or archdiocese; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate.

text:
# Catholic education in Australia

**Catholic education in Australia** refers to the education services provided by the Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system. From 18th century foundations, the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia, after government schools. The Catholic Church has established primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia. As of 2018, one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools. There are 1,755 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 777,000 students enrolled, employing almost 100,000 staff.

Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins, ethos, and purpose of each education provider. Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish, diocese, or archdiocese; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate.

## Schools

### History

The first permanent Catholics in Australia came on the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788. One-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic and at least half of them were born in Ireland. A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic.

Just as the British were setting up the new colony, French captain Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse arrived off Botany Bay with two ships. La Pérouse was six weeks in Port Jackson, where the French, besides other things, held Catholic Masses.

Some of the Irish convicts had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were suspicious of the minority church for the first three decades of settlement. Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Anglicans. The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 – convicted for "complicity" in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. The Irish-led Castle Hill convict rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and the priests permission to celebrate Mass was revoked. Priests were not officially permitted to travel to the colony until 1820.

At first, the Church of England was the established Christian church in the colony, and during the early years of transportation all convicts were required to attend Anglican services on Sundays. This included Irish Catholics as well as Jews. Similarly, education in the new settlement was Anglican-controlled until the 1840s.

Free "charity schools" run by other denominations gradually came into existence later.

The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire, but by 1833, there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies. The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales following the *Church Act of 1836*. Drafted by the Catholic attorney-general John Plunkett, the act established legal equality for Anglicans, Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists.

John Bede Polding, a Benedictine monk, was Sydney's first bishop (and then archbishop) from 1835 to 1877. Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838. While tensions arose between the English Benedictine hierarchy and the Irish Ignatian-tradition order from the start, the sisters set about pastoral care in a women's prison and began visiting hospitals and schools and establishing employment for convict women. In 1847, two sisters transferred to Hobart and established a school. The sisters went on to establish hospitals in four of the eastern states.

At Polding's request, the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools but the Irish-English divide proved problematic and the brothers returned to Ireland. In 1857, Polding founded an Australian order of nuns in the Benedictine tradition – the Sisters of the Good Samaritan – to work in education and social work.

Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill, in the newly established colony of South Australia in 1848, the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory – Austrian Jesuits established themselves in the south and north and Irish in the east. The Australian gold rushes saw a rapid increase in the population and prosperity of the colonies. While the Austrian priests traversed the Outback on horseback to found missions and schools, the Irish priests arrived in the east in 1860 and had by 1880 established the major schools of Xavier College in Melbourne, St Aloysius' College and Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview in Sydney – which each survive to the present.

In 1872, Victoria became the first Australian colony to pass an education act providing for free, secular public education. The other colonies followed over the following two decades. With the subsequent withdrawal of state aid for church schools around 1880, the Catholic Church, unlike other Australian churches, put great energy and resources into creating a comprehensive alternative system of education. It was largely staffed by sisters, brothers and priests of religious congregations, such as the Christian Brothers (who had returned to Australia in 1868); the Sisters of Mercy (who had arrived in Perth in 1846); Marist Brothers, who came from France in 1872; the Patrician Brothers from Ireland in 1883, and the Sisters of St Joseph, founded in Australia by Mary MacKillop and Fr Julian Tenison Woods in 1867. MacKillop travelled throughout Australasia and established schools, convents and charitable institutions but came into conflict with those bishops who preferred diocesan control of the order rather than central control from Adelaide by the Josephite order. MacKillop administered the Josephites as a national order at a time when Australia was divided among individually governed colonies. She is today the most revered of Australian Catholics, canonised by Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. Catholic schools flourished in Australia and by 1900 there were 115 Christian Brothers teaching in Australia. By 1910 there were 5000 sisters from all congregations teaching in schools.

Following the Second Vatican Council of the 1960s, the church experienced huge changes but also began to suffer a decline in vocations to the religious life, leading to a priest shortage. On the other hand, Catholic education under lay leadership has expanded, and about 20% of Australian school students attend a Catholic school. In 1962, Goulburn was the focus of the fight for state aid to non-government schools. The Goulburn School Strike was called in response to a demand for installation of three extra toilets at a local Catholic primary school, St Brigid's. The local Catholic archdiocese closed down all local Catholic primary schools and sent the children to the government schools. The Catholic authorities declared that they had no money to install the extra toilets. Nearly 1,000 children turned up to be enrolled locally and the state schools were unable to accommodate them. The strike lasted only a week but generated national debate. In 1963 the prime minister, Robert Menzies, made state aid for science blocks part of his party's platform. Since the late 1960s, generous funding from state and federal governments has sustained the Catholic education system.

Australia's post-World War II multicultural immigration program has seen a diversification of the Catholic population of Australia away from its predominantly Irish roots – with Catholics arriving from nations like Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Vietnam and Sudan and changing the face of the student population undergoing Catholic education.

Allegations of sexual abuse by staff associated with Catholic education in Australia have received widespread media and community scrutiny. In 1996, the Australian Church issued a document, *Towards Healing*, which it described as seeking to "establish a compassionate and just system for dealing with complaints of abuse". Papal apologies followed from John Paul II and Benedict XVI. Outside the church, Broken Rites, a not-for-profit organisation, was formed in 1983 with the aim of researching the cover-up of sexual abuse in the Catholic Church.

As of 2018, one in five Australian pupils attend Catholic schools. As with other classes of non-government schools in Australia, Catholic schools receive funding from the Commonwealth government. Church schools range from elite, high cost schools (which generally offer extensive bursary programs for low-income pupils) to low-fee local schools. Notable schools include the Jesuit colleges of Loyola College Watsonia, St Aloysius, Loyola Senior High School, Mount Druitt and Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview in Sydney, Saint Ignatius' College, Adelaide and Xavier College in Melbourne; the Marist Brothers St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, and the Marist Brothers St Gregory's College, Campbelltown; the Society of the Sacred Heart's Rosebay Kincoppal School, the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary's Loreto Normanhurst and Loreto Kirribilli, the Sisters of Mercy's Monte Sant'Angelo Mercy College, the Christian Brothers' St Edmund's College, Canberra, Waverley College Sydney, St Kevin's College, Melbourne, St Mary MacKillop College, Canberra and Aquinas College, Perth; the list and range of Catholic primary and secondary schools in Australia is long and diverse and extends throughout metropolitan, regional and remote Australia: see Category:Catholic schools in Australia.

### Administration and funding

In Australia, the state and territory governments have the primary responsibility for funding state government schools and also provide supplementary assistance to non-government schools. However, the Australian federal government is the primary source of public funding for non-government schools (while also providing supplementary assistance to government schools). These public funds subsidise the fees paid by parents for the education of their children at Catholic schools. These provide the overall effect of reducing the numbers and therefore burden on public funding for government schools. Most non-government schools have some religious affiliation, with approximately two-thirds of their pupils enrolled in Catholic schools. In the final year of secondary schooling, pupils at both government and non-government schools sit for a government-endorsed certificate that is recognised by all Australian universities and vocational education and training institutions. Thus, Catholic schools may freely teach and encourage religious studies, values and community engagement; and must adhere to the broader requirements of Australia's secular education system.

The National Catholic Education Commission (NCEC), established by the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference through the Bishops Commission for Catholic Education, is tasked with maintaining liaison with the federal government and other key national education bodies and complements and supports the work of the state and territory Catholic education commissions. While some Catholic schools operate independently via religious institutes, the majority of Catholic schools, called *systemic schools*, operate under the canon law jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical public juridic person, such as a bishop. In practice, the bishop assigns a Catholic Education Office (CEO), Catholic Education Commission, Catholic Schools Offices, or a similar body with daily operational responsibility for the leadership, efficient operation, and management of the Catholic systemic schools which educate in parish primary and regional secondary schools in Australia. These diocesan bodies are charged with the implementation and management of the policies of the diocese and the allocation and administration of the funds provided by government and private sources to Catholic systemic schools, as well as the financial responsibilities for administration of salaries for staff members.

Many Catholic schools in Australia are connected to the Internet via Catholic Education Network (CEnet).

### Ethos

While Catholic schools must adhere to the broad requirements of Australia's secular education system, they are free to provide a "Catholic" education ethos. The Catholic Education Office of Melbourne outlines this "ethos" as follows:

> Religious education is at the centre of both the formal and informal Catholic school curriculum. Our schools are characterised by a high proportion of Catholic teachers and students, with a visible Catholic symbolic culture and active sacramental and liturgical practices. The values, ideals and challenges of the Gospel, embodied in the person of Jesus Christ, find explicit expression in the curriculum and ethos of Catholic schools, as do the teachings and traditions of the Catholic Church.

#### Catholic view of marriage

With curriculum changes flowing from possible outcomes of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, the NCEC said, without seeing what was proposed, "it is impossible to ... ensure Catholic schools can continue to teach the Catholic view of marriage".

### Alumni

Among the millions of Australians who have attended Catholic schools, many have been prominent in public life. In recent years these have included prime ministers Paul Keating, Kevin Rudd, and Tony Abbott, former governor-general Sir William Deane, former deputy prime minister Tim Fischer, the first woman elected to lead an Australian state or territory, Rosemary Follett and serving Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore. Current parliamentarians include Bill Shorten and Barnaby Joyce.

Prominent indigenous Australians include former senator Aden Ridgeway, Pat Dodson (the first Aboriginal person to become a Catholic priest in Australia), and his brother, Mick, and Kurtley Beale.

In the arts a large number of Catholic educated people have been prominent, from the father of Australian rock and roll, Johnny O'Keefe, to contemporary musicians such as Paul Kelly and Ignatius Jones. In film and television, Catholic educated Australians have included Mel Gibson, David Wenham, Julian Morrow, Antonia Kidman, Anh Do, Santo Cilauro and Tom Gleisner. Contemporary Australian writers who have attended Catholic schools include Robert Hughes, Morris West, Nick Enright, Justin Fleming and Gerard Windsor. Princess Michael of Kent, businesswomen Ita Buttrose, Gai Waterhouse and Lucy Turnbull all attended the Society of the Sacred Heart's Kincoppal School.

A former Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, Murray Gleeson, attended St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill and his successor, Robert French, attended St. Louis School, Claremont, Western Australia. As of August 2011, a nine members of the 49 member New South Wales Supreme Court were former students of the Jesuit's St Ignatius' College Riverview. Former treasurer and now Ambassador of Australia to the United States, Joe Hockey received a Catholic education.

## Universities

The Australian Catholic University opened in 1991, following the amalgamation of four Catholic tertiary institutions in eastern Australia. These institutions had their origins in the 1800s, when religious orders and institutes became involved in preparing teachers for Catholic schools and nurses for Catholic hospitals.

The University of Notre Dame Australia opened in Western Australia in December 1989 and now has over 9,000 students on three campuses in Fremantle, Sydney and Broome.

Campion College, established in 2005, is a liberal arts college located in the suburbs of Sydney.


title: Project SuperStar season 3

abstract: The third season of the Singaporean reality talent show Project SuperStar began on 18 August 2014. It was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel U and simulcast on Toggle Live. The show was hosted by Dasmond Koh, with Jeremy Chan and Shane Pow acting as managers for the contestants. Roy Li and Dawn Yip returned as judges for their third season, and they were joined by Eric Ng who appeared as a judge for the first time. Taiwanese singer Tiger Huang and former judge Lee Wei Song served as the guest judges at the grand final. On 26 October 2014, Alfred Sim the male category winner who was mentored by Dawn Yip, was declared the overall winner of the season; with female category winner Abigail Yeo, also mentored by Dawn Yip named as the overall runner-up. Justin Chua and Tan Yan Hua, both mentored by Eric Ng, were the runners-up of their respective category. Sim received a cash prize of $15,000 and a one-year management contract with Mediacorp, while Yeo was awarded a cash prize of $10,000, and Chua and Tan $2,500 each.

text:
# Project SuperStar season 3

The **third season** of the Singaporean reality talent show *Project SuperStar* began on 18 August 2014. It was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel U and simulcast on Toggle Live. The show was hosted by Dasmond Koh, with Jeremy Chan and Shane Pow acting as managers for the contestants. Roy Li and Dawn Yip returned as judges for their third season, and they were joined by Eric Ng who appeared as a judge for the first time. Taiwanese singer Tiger Huang and former judge Lee Wei Song served as the guest judges at the grand final.

On 26 October 2014, Alfred Sim the male category winner who was mentored by Dawn Yip, was declared the overall winner of the season; with female category winner Abigail Yeo, also mentored by Dawn Yip named as the overall runner-up. Justin Chua and Tan Yan Hua, both mentored by Eric Ng, were the runners-up of their respective category. Sim received a cash prize of $15,000 and a one-year management contract with Mediacorp, while Yeo was awarded a cash prize of $10,000, and Chua and Tan $2,500 each.

## Judges and hosts

The judges were revealed during the round three auditions on 5 July 2014. Billy Koh, Lee Wei Song and Anthony Png, who were the judges for the past two seasons, did not return for their third season. Roy Li and Dawn Yip were the only two judges from the previous seasons to return to the show. They were joined by Eric Ng who was announced as the third and final judge of the season. Despite not returning for his third season, Lee appeared as a guest judge during the grand final, together with Taiwanese singer Tiger Huang.

The season also saw a makeover in the hosting lineup, which was announced on 20 May 2014. Former hosts of the show Quan Yi Fong and Jeff Wang did not return for their third season as well, and were replaced by Dasmond Koh with season two quarter-finalist Jeremy Chan and Shane Pow as the co-hosts.

## Development

### Auditions

For the first time in *Project Superstar* history, the auditions were opened to the public without any restrictions on the age and nationality. For non-Singaporeans or permanent residents, applicants must hold a student pass or work permit that is valid till the end of October 2014, to ensure their stay in Singapore throughout the contest period. Besides removing the age and nationality restrictions from the competition, the show also allowed participants to audition in groups that is made up of not more than five members and the members must be of the same gender. The highlights of the auditions were aired during the premiere of the show on 18 August 2014.

#### Campus auditions

The auditions first started in the campus of three local institutions Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore Polytechnic and Temasek Polytechnic on 6, 7 and 19 May 2014 respectively. Only the students and staff of the respective institution were allowed to apply for the campus auditions. The campus auditions were hosted by radio personalities from Y.E.S. 93.3FM, with Chen Ning, Kenneth Chung and Xie Jiafa hosting at the Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore Polytechnic and Temasek Polytechnic auditions respectively. Auditionees who were successful in the campus auditions advanced to the round two auditions.

#### Round one auditions

The first round of the auditions began on 7 June 2014 and was held at Caldecott Broadcast Centre. More than 6,000 hopefuls turned up for the auditions at the Caldecott Broadcast Centre. Due to overwhelming response, the audition period for this round of the competition was extended till the following day on 8 June 2014. The second day of the round one auditions was not opened to any new applications and was strictly held for the auditionees who were unable to meet the judges on 7 June 2014 due to time constraints. Successful auditionees from round one auditions advanced to the round two auditions.

#### Round two auditions

The second round of the auditions was held on 22 June 2014 at Square 2. 100 contestants each from the male and female category made it to this stage of the competition. From the top 200 contestants who participated in this round of the auditions, the judges narrowed them down to the 80 who progress onto the third and final round of the auditions.

#### Invitations-only auditions

The show also held a special invitations-only auditions for local professional singers who were scouted by the producers of the show. The scouted contestants attended the audition on 24 June 2014 at Caldecott Broadcast Centre. Successful auditionees from this round of the competition advanced to the round three auditions.

#### Round three auditions

The third and final round of auditions was held on 5 July 2014 at UE Convention Centre. Contestants were required to prepare three different songs to perform for the judges at this stage of the competition, with each of the songs either in karaoke, a capella or piano instrumental version. Among the three songs that were prepared by a contestant, the judges would decide which song they would like to hear and the contestant would have to perform the song on the spot. The final 12 contestants who would advance to the live shows were announced at the end of auditions. Similar to *The Voice* and *The X Factor*, each of the judges chose two male and two female contestants from the final 12 to form a team of their own, and then the judges will mentor their respective contestants throughout the competition.

Summary of auditions
| Audition | Date(s) | Venue | Judges | Host(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Campus | 6 May 2014 | Ngee Ann Polytechnic | Zhu Xiaoming
Lim Shiong Chiang
Hideaki Koh | Chen Ning |
| | 7 May 2014 | Singapore Polytechnic | Hideaki Koh
Jean Toh
Zhu Xiaoming | Kenneth Chung |
| | 19 May 2014 | Temasek Polytechnic | Zhu Xiaoming
Tay Lay Tin
Tang Yuxuan | Xie Jiafa |
| Round one | 7–8 June 2014 | Caldecott Broadcast Centre | Chan Kim Teck
Canter Chia
Goh Djong Hoa
Hon Sher Ee
Hideaki Koh
Koong Chen Liang
Addy Lee
Sheffie Liang
Lim Shiong Chiang
Kelvin Soon
Peter Tan
Tang Yuxuan
Tay Lay Tin
Theresa Teng
Kerlin Teo
Jean Toh
Wong Eng Hong
Winnie Wong | Jeremy Chan
Dasmond Koh
Shane Pow |
| Round two | 22 June 2014 | Square 2 | Cavin Soh
Wong Hong Mok
Goh Djong Hoa
Wu Jiaming
Ken Tay | |
| Invite-only | 24 June 2014 | Caldecott Broadcast Centre | Wong Hong Mok
Lee Ee Wurn
Roy Li | Jeremy Chan
Dasmond Koh |
| Round three | 5 July 2014 | UE Convention Centre | Roy Li
Dawn Yip
Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan
Dasmond Koh
Shane Pow |
|

### Promotions

#### Auditions

Three recruitment teasers and one recruitment trailer were released to promote for the campus and first round auditions. The third and final recruitment teaser featured a cameo appearance by MediaCorp artiste Desmond Tan. In addition, promotional videos featuring season one and season two semi-finalists Candyce Toh and Kelvin Soon, former Fahrenheit member Wu Chun, Y.E.S. 93.3FM radio personalities Chen Ning and Kenneth Chung, Taiwanese singer-actress Phoebe Huang, singer Alex Lam and MediaCorp artiste Desmond Tan were released to provide singing and audition tips to the auditionees.

A print advertisement titled "Make Sweet Dreams Come True" were released in both English and Mandarin version to promote for the recruitment.

#### Finalists

Profile trailers which introduce the final 12 contestants were released prior to the premiere of the show. The profile trailers were presented in individual and category versions. The final 12 contestants also made appearance in various events or meet-and-greet sessions to promote the show. The details are as follows;

Summary of finalists' promotional events
| Event | Date | Venue | Host(s) | Performance details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Top 12 Meet-and-Greet | 19 July 2014 | Junction 10 | Kenneth Chung |  |
| I've Got Style 2014 | 27 July 2014 | ION Orchard | Nico Chua |  |
| NTU Fest 2014 | 16 August 2014 | The Padang | Gerald Koh
Kimberly Wang |  |
| Singapore Hit Awards 2014
(Nominations Reveal) | 5 September 2014 | JCube | Christina Lin
Xie Jiafa |  |
| Top 6 Flash Mob | 4 October 2014 | Outside
Plaza Singapura |  |  |
| Top 4 Autograph Session | 18 October 2014 | Bedok Point | Kenneth Chung |  |
| Joy Truck Picnic Party | | Dhoby Ghaut Green | Ivy Tan
Xie Jiafa |  |
|

#### *Youth Collaboration*

The *Youth Collaboration* is an online episodic series that features the finalists of the show, together with four youths who have strong interest in music and performing arts. The series brings the audience through the musical journey of the youths and how it has made a positive influence to their lives. The programme also sees the finalists collaborating with the youths by putting up street performances. The programme, hosted by Chen Ning and Kenneth Chung, is broadcast through Catch-up TV on xinmsn and Toggle Now application.

Summary of *Youth Collaboration* episodes
| Episode | Airdate | Filming date | Venue | Featured youth(s)
(featured instrument) | Featured finalists | Host(s) | Performance details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 26 August 2014 | 3 August 2014
10 August 2014 | Outside
Ngee Ann City | Shawn Ng
(Beatboxing) | Aedan Kang
Bryan Toro
Jo Wu | Chen Ning |  |
| 2 | 29 August 2014 | | | | | | |
| 3 | 4 September 2014 | 16 August 2014
29 August 2014 | | Desmond Soo
(Erhu) | Benita Cheng
Jayden Chew
See Kai Zheng | |  |
| 4 | 11 September 2014 | | | | | |
| 5 | 22 September 2014 | 13 September 2014
14 September 2014 | Outside
Plaza Singapura | Hadi
(Ukulele) | Germaine Ng
Alfred Sim
Tan Yan Hua | Kenneth Chung |  |
| 6 | | | | | | | |
| 7 | 28 September 2014 | 28 August 2014
14 September 2014 | | Kaylie Kong
(Accordion) | Justin Chua
Amanda Lee
Abigail Yeo | |  |
| 8 | 14 October 2014 | | | | | |
| 9 | 23 October 2014 | 6 September 2014 | Outside
ION Orchard | All | All | Chen Ning
Kenneth Chung |  |
||

## Finalists

Unlike the previous two seasons, the number of finalists that were chosen to advance to the live shows was reduced from the usual 24 (12 per gender) down to 12 (six per gender). In a format similar to *The X Factor* and *The Voice*, in addition to splitting the finalists into their respective gender categories, each judge chose two finalists from each category to form a coaching team of their own to mentor them. The two co-hosts of the show also selected three contestants from each category to act as their managers throughout the competition.

**Key:**

**Key:**

– Winner   – Runner-up   – Gender/Category runner-up

| Act | Age(s) | Occupation | Gender | Mentor | Coach | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Alfred Sim 沈志豪** | **32** | **Athletics coach** | **Male** | **Dawn Yip** | **Jeremy Chan** | **Winner** |
| Abigail Yeo 姚惠珊 | 18 | Student | Female | Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Runner-up |
| Justin Chua 蔡宁轩 | 20 | Student | Male | Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Category Runner-up |
| Tan Yan Hua 陈彦桦 | 22 | Student | Female | Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Category Runner-up |
| Aedan Kang 江韩文 | 29 | Technician | Male | Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Category 3rd place |
| Germaine Ng 黄歆颐 | 21 | Salesperson | Female | Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Category 3rd place |
| Amanda Lee 李慧玲 | 28 | Student | Female | Roy Li | Shane Pow | Category 4th place |
| See Kai Zheng 施凯证 | 21 | Student | Male | Roy Li | Shane Pow | Category 4th place |
| Benita Cheng 郑善文 | 21 | Freelance performer | Female | Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Category 5th place |
| Jayden Chew 周俊安 | 26 | Performer | Male | Roy Li | Shane Pow | Category 5th place |
| Bryan Toro 黄家万 | 24 | Musical instructor | Male | Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Category 6th place |
| Jo Wu 吴加欣 | 26 | Student | Female | Roy Li | Shane Pow | Category 6th place |

## Live shows

The live shows started on 25 August 2014. As with previous seasons, each week's song choices followed a particular theme. Contestants from the male category perform on the even weeks from week two to eight, while the female category contestants perform on the odd from week three to nine. The hour-and-a-half-long live shows would take place on Mondays and would split into two segments. Each contestant performs during the first hour, while guest performances and eliminations take place during the final half hour.

A new interactive viewer component was featured for this season: The method of voting via paid phone calls and text messaging which has been used for the past two seasons of the show was instead replaced by a free-of-charge online voting method via the Toggle Now application. Each contestant would be given a designated voting window during their performance on the show. During the voting window, users of the Toggle Now application would be presented with the "Yes! I vote!" (known as "Yes! I want to vote!" on week two) and "No. I forfeit!" (known as "No, I do wish to vote." on week two) buttons on screen. Every selection of the "Yes! I vote!" button by the viewers would be counted as a vote towards the respective contestant, while the selection of the "No. I forfeit!" button would not make an effect to the vote count. The voting procedure is limited to one vote per contestant per performance per device.

The results were announced based on the accumulated points from the judges and the public's votes. Each of the judges would be able to award points to a contestant after their performance on the show and the total score from the three judges would carry a weightage of 75% for the respective contestant's overall scores. The remaining 25% of the overall score would be based on the public votes received from the Toggle Now application. The contestant who receives the lowest combined score (the judges scores and the public votes) would be eliminated at the end of the show. Contrary to previous seasons of the show, the judges' points were not revealed; the ranking result of the public votes were instead shown to the viewers before the results announcement. Another notable change, the Revival round, a round where singers perform to reinstate them from the competition, did not return this season.

### Show changes for the grand final

The grand final took place on 26 October 2014, Sunday at MediaCorp Studios, with the duration of the show extended to three hours. For the first time in *Project SuperStar* history, four finalists, up from two, represented in the finale, and the finals was not held at the Singapore Indoor Stadium. The audience were still given the power to vote, but for just one contestant per category after a round of performances using a single device, thus restricting them to vote for both of the remaining contestants from each category for each round of the competition (or both the male category winner and female category winner during the overall winner decider). With the addition of two guest judges, score from each of the judges now carry a 15% weightage for the respective contestant's combined score, amounting to a 75% total. The public vote weightage remained as 25%.

### Musical guests

Each live show featured musical performances from various artists. Season two overall winner Daren Tan performed on the first live show. The second live show featured performance from local singer-songwriter and *Sing My Song* contestant Ling Kai, while season one overall runner-up Kelly Poon appeared on the third. Local a cappella group and *The Sing-Off China* runners-up MICappella appeared on the fourth live show, while season two top 16 contestant Jeremy Chan and top 6 finalist Kelvin Soon performed on the fifth and sixth respectively. The Freshman, made up of season two overall runner-up Lydia Tan and female runner-up Carrie Yeo, performed on the seventh live show. The eighth live show featured performances from *The Voice of China* season two top 12 finalist Bi Xia. The grand final would also feature performances from *The Voice of China* season three overall third-place finisher Yu Feng and top 16 finalist Li Jiage, as well as guest judge Tiger Huang.

### Results summary

**Colour key:**

|  | Contestant did not perform |
| --- | --- |
|  | Contestant was the last to be called safe (results not called on particular order) |
|  | Contestant received the lowest combined score and was eliminated |
|  | Contestant received the highest combined score |

Weekly results per contestant
| Contestant | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Week 9 | Week 11 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | | | Part 1 | | Part 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | Female | Male |
| Alfred Sim | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  |  | **1st** | **Winner** |
| Abigail Yeo |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** | **1st** |  | **Runner-up** |
| Justin Chua | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  |  | **2nd** | Eliminated (week 11) |
| Tan Yan Hua |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** | **2nd** | Eliminated (week 11) | |
| Germaine Ng |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **3rd** | Eliminated (week 9) | | |
| Aedan Kang | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **3rd** | Eliminated (week 8) | | | |
| Amanda Lee |  | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **4th** | Eliminated (week 7) | | | | |
| See Kai Zheng | **Safe** |  | **Safe** |  | **4th** | Eliminated (week 6) | | | | | |
| Benita Cheng |  | **Safe** |  | **5th** | Eliminated (week 5) | | | | | | |
| Jayden Chew | **Safe** |  | **5th** | Eliminated (week 4) | | | | | | | |
| Jo Wu |  | **6th** | Eliminated (week 3) | | | | | | | | |
| Bryan Toro | **6th** | Eliminated (week 2) | | | | | | | | | |

### Live show details

#### Week 2: Top 6 Male (25 August)

Contestants' performances on the first live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | Song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Bryan Toro | 1 | "出卖" | 6th | Eliminated |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Jayden Chew | 2 | "我的未来不是梦" | 5th | Safe |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Alfred Sim | 3 | "如果没有你" | 1st | Safe |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | See Kai Zheng | 4 | "美丽" | 4th | Last to be called safe |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Justin Chua | 5 | "同花顺" | 2nd | Safe |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Aedan Kang | 6 | "亲爱的小孩" | 3rd | Safe |

#### Week 3: Top 6 Female (1 September)

* Theme: No theme
* Musical guest: Ling Kai ("随机播放")

Contestants' performances on the second live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | Song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Jo Wu | 1 | "只怕想家" | 6th | Eliminated |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Benita Cheng | 2 | "寂寞先生" | 5th | Safe |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Abigail Yeo | 3 | "如果你也听说" | 2nd | Safe |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Tan Yan Hua | 4 | "失落沙洲" | 4th | Last to be called safe |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Amanda Lee | 5 | "第一天" | 3rd | Safe |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Germaine Ng | 6 | "分手需要练习的" | 1st | Safe |

#### Week 4: Top 5 Male (8 September)

Though it was not specifically mentioned on the show as the week's theme, each contestant performed a song as a dedication to their loved ones. Beginning this week, only a selected contestants (regardless of the overall placement) are immediately declared safe during the results, leaving the rest to have their results announced via the traditional computerized system; those contestants who were declared safe via this manner are highlighted in blue.

Contestants' performances on the third live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | Song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Aedan Kang | 1 | "袖手旁观" | 5th | Last to be called safe |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | See Kai Zheng | 2 | "天天想你" | 3rd | Last to be called safe |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Justin Chua | 3 | "时间都去哪了" | 4th | Safe |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Alfred Sim | 4 | "我愿意" | 1st | Safe |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Jayden Chew | 5 | "没离开过" | 2nd | Eliminated |

#### Week 5: Top 5 Female (15 September)

As in previous week, each contestant performed a song as a dedication to their loved ones, and during the results, only the selected artists which gone through by a computer system and declared as safe are highlighted in blue.

Contestants' performances on the fourth live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | Song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Germaine Ng | 1 | "认错" | 4th | Last to be called safe |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Tan Yan Hua | 2 | "潇洒走一回" | 3rd | Safe |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Abigail Yeo | 3 | "失恋无罪" | 1st | Safe |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Benita Cheng | 4 | "特别的爱给特别的你" | 5th | Eliminated |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Amanda Lee | 5 | "幸福的地图" | 2nd | Last to be called safe |

#### Week 6: Top 4 Male (22 September)

* Theme: Medley challenge
* Musical guest: Jeremy Chan ("海芋恋")

It was revealed by judge Roy Li on week five's live show that the contestants would be singing a medley of songs for their performances this week. The contestants started off their performances with a ballad, followed by an uptempo song. As such for the Top 5 rounds, only the selected artists which had their results revealed as safe by a computer are highlighted in blue.

Contestants' performances on the fifth live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | Song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | See Kai Zheng | 1 | "爱你的宿命" / "我爱你" | 4th | Eliminated |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Alfred Sim | 2 | "What a Wonderful World" / "热情的沙漠" | 1st | Safe |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Justin Chua | 3 | "Listen" / "无乐不作" | 3rd | Last to be called safe |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Aedan Kang | 4 | "我要快乐?" / "永远不回头" | 2nd | Safe |

#### Week 7: Top 4 Female (29 September)

Similar to the previous week, the contestants sang a medley of songs for their performances this week. The contestants started off their performances with a ballad, followed by an uptempo song. Similar to the results for the fourth consecutive week, two contestants faced results via a computerized system, with the contestant declaring safe was highlighted in blue. With the elimination of Amanda Lee, Roy Li no longer has any contestants left on his coaching team.

Contestants' performances on the sixth live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | Song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Amanda Lee | 1 | "Beautiful Love" / "Mr. Q" | 4th | Eliminated |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Germaine Ng | 2 | "爱如潮水" / "3-7-20-1" | 1st | Last to be called safe |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Abigail Yeo | 3 | "Halo" / "三天三夜" | 3rd | Safe |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Tan Yan Hua | 4 | "我爱他" / "Rolling in the Deep" | 2nd | Last to be called safe |

#### Week 8: Top 3 Male (6 October)

* Themes: Judges' choice; contestant's choice
* Musical guest: The Freshman ("眼镜蒙蒙的" / "眼镜找朋友" and "逞强")

For the first time this season, the contestants performed two songs each; one chosen by the judges (composed by either judge Roy Li or Eric Ng), and another selected on their own. The viewers were also able to cast up to two votes (one for each performance) for each contestant using a single device, as opposed to one vote per contestant per device in the previous weeks.

Contestants' performances on the seventh live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | First song | Order | Second song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Alfred Sim | 1 | "心如刀割" | 4 | "那个男人" | 2nd | Last to be called safe |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Aedan Kang | 2 | "复制人" | 5 | "你快回来" | 3rd | Eliminated |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Justin Chua | 3 | "下雪" | 6 | "虽然我愿意" | 1st | Safe |

#### Week 9: Top 3 Female (13 October)

Similar to the previous week, the contestants performed two songs each; one chosen by the judges (composed by either judge Roy Li or Eric Ng), and another selected on their own. The viewers were also able to cast up to two votes (one for each performance) for each contestant using a single device, as opposed to one vote per contestant per device in the previous weeks. For the first time in the show's history, a contestant sang her own original song instead of a cover version of a song by another recording artist.

Contestants' performances on the eighth live show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | First song | Order | Second song | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Tan Yan Hua | 1 | "第三者" | 4 | "你把我灌醉" | 3rd | Last to be called safe |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Abigail Yeo | 2 | "爱. 无力" | 5 | "如果我不是那种女生" | 2nd | Safe |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Germaine Ng | 3 | "无底洞" | 6 | "对的人" | 1st | Eliminated |

#### Week 10: Grand Final Prelude (20 October)

The top 12 finalists, together with the judges and managers, returned on this special grand final prelude episode to share about their experience on the show and how the top 4 finalists were preparing for the grand final. The episode was pre-recorded and did not feature any interactive viewer component.

A sing-off segment was included on the show for the eight eliminated finalists. Each of them performed a solo song of their choice, with the judges and the top 4 finalists deciding on the best performer from each category. The two winners of the sing-off, which were given the title "King of Sing-Off" and "Queen of Sing-Off", were awarded with an Eversoft-sponsored gift pack worth over $120 and the opportunity to perform solo during the grand final opening group performance.

Contestants' performances on the ninth pre-recorded show
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Female category | | | | | |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Amanda Lee | 1 | "绿光" | Lost sing-off |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Germaine Ng | 2 | "他不爱我" | Lost sing-off |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Jo Wu | 3 | "黑白灰" | Lost sing-off |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Benita Cheng | 4 | "相爱后动物感伤" | Queen of Sing-Off |
| Male category | | | | | |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Bryan Toro | 1 | "春泥" | Lost sing-off |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | See Kai Zheng | 2 | "落叶归根" | Lost sing-off |
| Roy Li | Shane Pow | Jayden Chew | 3 | "阳光宅男" | King of Sing-Off |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Aedan Kang | 4 | "狂想曲" | Lost sing-off |

The Marigold Peel Fresh Refreshing Award (a cash prize of $1,000 and a gift pack worth $220) was also given out during the show, with the top 12 finalists voting for the winner who possesses a personality of "sunshine", "liveliness" and "youthfulness"; the award was won by Amanda Lee.

#### Week 11: Grand Final (26 October)

Taiwanese singer Tiger Huang and former judge Lee Wei Song were brought in as the guest judges for the grand final. For the first time this season, the contestants performed with a live band, instead of a backing track. In addition, the percentages of the public votes received by the contestants for their respective round of performances were revealed on the Toggle Now application.

Part 1Category winner decider

The two remaining contestants from each category first paired up to perform a duet, then each performed a medley of songs – a ballad and an uptempo song with backup dancers. For the first round, the contestant's prefixes are either "M" (for male category) or "F" (for female category); the contestant (of the respective category) who received a higher combined total was crowned as the category winner and moved on to the overall winner decider; the other will be named as the category runner-up and is eliminated.

With the eliminations of Justin Chua and Tan Yan Hua, Eric Ng no longer have any remaining contestants on his team, thus Dawn Yip was guaranteed to be the winning coach by default.

Contestants' performances on the tenth live show – category winner decider
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | First song (duet) | Public vote % | Order | Second song | Public vote % | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Female category | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Tan Yan Hua | 1 | "至少还有你" (with Abigail Yeo) | 50% | 3 | "靠近" / "孤单芭蕾" | 50% | 1st | Runner-up |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Abigail Yeo | 2 | "至少还有你" (with Tan Yan Hua) | 50% | 4 | "天使的指纹" / "日不落" | 50% | 2nd | Winner |
| Male category | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Eric Ng | Jeremy Chan | Justin Chua | 1 | "城里的月光" (with Alfred Sim) | 51% | 3 | "代替" / "离开地球表面" | 42% | 2nd | Runner-up |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Alfred Sim | 2 | "城里的月光" (with Justin Chua) | 49% | 4 | "征服" / "北京一夜" | 58% | 1st | Winner |

Part 2Overall winner decider

The two category winners paired up to perform a duet, then each gave a solo performance of their potential winner's song. For this round, the contestant's prefixes are changed to "S", unlike other shows where it retained the "M" or "F" prefixes; the contestant who received a higher combined total (separate from the previous round's scores) was crowned as the overall winner. It was later revealed Sim received 56% of the judges' votes during the round, while Yeo garnered the remaining 44%.

Contestants' performances on the tenth live show – overall winner decider
| Coach | Manager | Contestant | Order | First song (duet) | Public vote % | Order | Second song | Public vote % | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | | | Public vote | Overall |
| Dawn Yip | Shane Pow | Abigail Yeo | 1 | "一眼瞬间" (with Alfred Sim) | 43% | 3 | "存在" | 48% | 2nd | Runner-up |
| Dawn Yip | Jeremy Chan | Alfred Sim | 2 | "一眼瞬间" (with Abigail Yeo) | 57% | 4 | "听海" | 52% | 1st | Winner |

## Contestants' appearances on earlier talent shows

* Benita Cheng and Abigail Yeo participated in the third season of *Campus SuperStar*. Cheng finished in eighth place while Yeo did not pass the first round of the auditions. Yeo then auditioned for the fourth season of the show but was later disqualified as she was about to admit into a polytechnic (the competition was only opened to students who were studying in secondary schools, junior colleges and institutes of technical education).
* Alfred Sim auditioned for the first and second season of *Project SuperStar*, but failed to advance to the live shows.
* Cheng, Justin Chua and Yeo appeared on *Power Duet* as part of the duos Dong Bei Xian, Juxtapose and Po Yin respectively. Cheng was eliminated in the quarter-final, finishing in ninth place. Chua and Yeo reached the semi-final and finished in seventh and eighth place respectively.
* Germaine Ng appeared on the seventh season of *One Million Star* as one of the top 78 contestants, but did not make it past the preliminary round.
* Jayden Chew was a contestant on Taiwanese reality television singing competition *Ming Ri Zhi Xing Super Star*.
* See Kai Zheng appeared on *Sing a Nation* as one of the members of the singing group Xplosions, but was eliminated on the third week and failed to make it as one of the final three.

## Reception

The grand final episode attracted a viewership of 591,000.

## InfoBox

| *Project SuperStar* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
|  | |
| Hosted by | Dasmond Koh
Jeremy Chan
Shane Pow |
| Judges | Roy Li
Dawn Yip
Eric Ng
Tiger Huang (grand final)
Lee Wei Song (grand final) |
| Winner | Alfred Sim |
| Winning coach | Dawn Yip |
| Runner-up | Abigail Yeo |
| Finals venue | MediaCorp Studios |
|  | |
| Release | |
| Original network | MediaCorp Channel U |
| Original release | 18 June (2014-06-18)
26 October 2014 (2014-10-26) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Terence Robbins

abstract: Terence "Terry" R. Robbins was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Swansea RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Bramley, as a second-row.

text:
# Terence Robbins

**Terence "Terry" R. Robbins** (28 July 1934 – 17 November 2015) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Swansea RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Bramley, as a second-row.

## International honours

Robbins won a cap for Wales (RL) while at Bramley in 1963 against France.

## Outside of rugby

Terry Robbins was the landlord in the Leeds public houses; Fforde Greene, Roundhay Road, Harehills, the Compton Arms, Harehills, the Kings Arms, Meanwood Road, and the Welcome Inn, Tinshill which was the home of West Park Old Boys RUFC (later named West Park Bramhope RUFC, and now named West Park Leeds RUFC ).

## Genealogical information

Terry Robbins was married to Ida (born c.1934), they had children; a son Mark Robbins.

## InfoBox

Terry Robbins
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Terence R. Robbins |
| Born | 28 July 1934
Merthyr Tydfil, Wales |
| Died | 17 November 2015 (aged 81)
Bacup, Lancashire, England |
| Playing information | |
| Rugby union | |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1957–59 Swansea RFC | |
| Rugby league | |
| Position | Second-row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  ≤1963–≥63 Bramley       Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1963 Wales 1 | |
| Source: | |


title: Júbar

abstract: Júbar is a settlement in Andalusia, Spain, located within the municipality of Nevada, in the comarca (district) of Alpujarra Granadina, in the Province of Granada. In 2022, it was inhabited by 28 people.

text:
# Júbar

**Júbar** is a settlement in Andalusia, Spain, located within the municipality of Nevada, in the comarca (district) of Alpujarra Granadina, in the Province of Granada. In 2022, it was inhabited by 28 people.

## InfoBox

| Júbar | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Júbar | |
| Coordinates: 37°00′30″N 03°02′00″W / 37.00833°N 3.03333°W / 37.00833; -3.03333 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Andalusia |
| Province | Granada |
| Comarca | Alpujarra Granadina |
| Municipality | Nevada |
| Elevation | 1,185 m (3,888 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 28 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 18494 |


title: Flums

abstract: Flums is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is close to a large shopping complex and also is the gateway to a large skiing resort called Flumserberg.

text:
# Flums

**Flums** is a municipality in the *Wahlkreis* (constituency) of Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

It is close to a large shopping complex and also is the gateway to a large skiing resort called *Flumserberg*.

## History

Flums is first mentioned in 765 as *Flumini*.

## Geography

As of 2006, Flums has an area of 75.1 km2 (29.0 sq mi), of which 51.7% is used for agricultural purposes, 32.2% forested, 3.9% settled (buildings or roads), and 12.1% non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Sarganserland *Wahlkreis*. Until 2002 it was the capital of the Sargans district. In terms of area, it is the third largest municipality in the canton. Flums covers an area from the Schils valley to the border with the Canton of Glarus, part of the Flumserberge, part of the Seez valley, and the western slope of the Alvier chain. It consists of the village sections of Flums-Dorf, Grossberg, and Kleinberg.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Trierced per fess Or, Sable and Argent.*

## Demographics

As of 31 December 2020, Flums has a population of 4,964. In 2007, about 23.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Of the foreign population as of 2000, 20 were from Germany, 126 from Italy, 688 from ex-Yugoslavia, 14 from Austria, 46 from Turkey, and 77 from other countries. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -0.3%. As of 2000, most of the population speaks German (86.9%), with Albanian being second most common (8.1%) and Italian being third (1.5%). As of 2000, of the Swiss national languages, 4,242 speak German, 9 speak French, 75 speak Italian, and 4 speak Romansh.

The age distribution in Flums is as of 2000; 691 children or 14.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old; 740 teenagers or 15.2% are between 10 and 19; 584 people or 12.0% are between 20 and 29 years old; 752 people or 15.4% are between 30 and 39; 629 people or 12.9% are between 40 and 49; 572 people or 11.7% are between 50 and 59; 395 people or 8.1% are between 60 and 69 years old; 332 people or 6.8% are between 70 and 79; 163 people or 3.3% are between 80 and 89; and 24 people or 0.5% are between 90 and 99.

In 2000 there were 493 persons (or 10.1% of the population) who were living alone in a private dwelling. There were 822 (or 16.8%) persons who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 3,099 (or 63.5%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 220 (or 4.5%) people who lived in a single parent home, while there were 60 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 29 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 18 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 141 who were either institutionalized or lived in another type of collective housing.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 52% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (21.1%), the SP (10.9%), and the FDP (8.1%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Flums about 57.1% of the population between age 25-64 have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Out of the total population in Flums, as of 2000, the highest education level completed by 1,372 people (28.1% of the population) was Primary, while 1,465 (30.0%) have completed Secondary, 298 (6.1%) have attended a Tertiary school, and 274 (5.6%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1739 | 1,864 |
| 1850 | 2,577 |
| 1900 | 3,567 |
| 1950 | 4,833 |
| 1970 | 4,474 |
| 2000 | 4,882 |
|

## Heritage sites of national significance

The Gräpplang Castle (a prehistoric hilltop settlement and a ruined medieval castle), the Chapel of St. Jakob, and the catholic Church of St. Justus are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.

## Transportation

The municipality is located on the A3 motorway.

## Economy

As of  2007, Flums had an unemployment rate of 1.04%. As of 2005, there were 339 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 152 businesses involved in this sector. 996 people were employed in the secondary sector with 65 businesses. 861 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 149 businesses. As of October 2009 the average unemployment rate was 3.9%. There were 354 businesses in the municipality of which 68 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 147 were involved in the third. As of 2000 there were 1,403 residents who worked in the municipality, while 945 residents worked outside Flums and 664 people commuted into the municipality for work.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 3,480 or 71.3% are Roman Catholic, while 380 or 7.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 individuals (or about 0.10% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith, 92 individuals (or about 1.88% of the population) who belonged to the Orthodox Church, and 30 individuals (or about 0.61% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 614 (or about 12.58% of the population) who were Islamic, 5 individuals (or about 0.10% of the population) who belonged to another church not listed on the census, 139 (or about 2.85% of the population) belonged to no church and were agnostic or atheist, and 137 individuals (or about 2.81% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Flums | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Flums | |
| FlumsFlums | |
| Coordinates: 47°5′N 9°20′E / 47.083°N 9.333°E / 47.083; 9.333 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | St. Gallen |
| District | Wahlkreis Sarganserland |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Christoph Gull (since January 2013) |
| Area | |
| Total | 75.03 km2 (28.97 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 453 m (1,486 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 4,856 |
| Density | 65/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8890 |
| SFOS number | 3292 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SG |
| Surrounded by | Engi (GL), Matt (GL), Mels, Quarten, Walenstadt, Wartau |
| Website | www.flums.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Five Aces

abstract: Five Aces is a 1999 black comedy drama film written, produced and directed by David Michael O'Neill. It stars Charlie Sheen, Christopher McDonald, Jeff Cesario, Michael McGrady, Tia Carrere, Geoffrey Lewis, and Matt Clark. The film was released direct-to-video in many countries.

text:
# Five Aces

***Five Aces*** is a 1999 black comedy drama film written, produced and directed by David Michael O'Neill. It stars Charlie Sheen, Christopher McDonald, Jeff Cesario, Michael McGrady, Tia Carrere, Geoffrey Lewis, and Matt Clark.

The film was released direct-to-video in many countries.

## Plot

Chris Martin is a bachelor about to marry his longtime girlfriend. Wanting to enjoy his last few days as a single man, Chris spends several nights hanging out with his old high school friends, the "Five Aces". Chris, Ray, Ash, Todd and Sean spend the week at a winter cabin in their hometown, drinking, swapping life stories, and chasing women. Over the course of forty-eight hours, Chris witnesses the blow-up of one his friend's marriages, runs into an old flame looking to rekindle their relationship, and starts to have second thoughts about his upcoming nuptials.

## Cast

## Reception

Writing for *Film Freak*, Walter Chaw said, "For fully half the picture's brief 95 minutes, *Five Aces* presents surprisingly realistic and sympathetic characters engaging in well-written and performed conversations...The film earns a recommendation for the rapport and general likeability of our sensitive heroes, but it comes with the warning that *Five Aces* only maintains its integrity for about an act-and-a-half before succumbing to the mawkish and the easy."

## InfoBox

| Five Aces | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | David O'Neill |
| Written by | David O'Neill
David Sherrill
Kevin Bernhardt
(uncredited) |
| Produced by | David O'Neill
Andrew Stevens |
| Starring | Charlie Sheen
Christopher McDonald |
| Narrated by | Aimée Leigh |
| Music by | Michael Muhlfriedel
John Remark |
| Production
company | Phoenician Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Revolution Studios
Morgan Creek Entertainment |
| Release dates | * October 9, 1999 (1999-10-09) (NYFF) * May 21, 2002 (2002-05-21) (DVD release) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: The men's road race at the 1967 UCI Road World Championships was the 34th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 3 September 1967 in Heerlen, the Netherlands. The race was won by Eddy Merckx of Belgium.

text:
# 1967 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race

The **men's road race** at the **1967 UCI Road World Championships** was the 34th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 3 September 1967 in Heerlen, the Netherlands. The race was won by Eddy Merckx of Belgium.

## Final classification

| **General classification (1–10)**  Rank Rider Time  Eddy Merckx (BEL) 6h 44' 42"  Jan Janssen (NED) \+ 0"  Ramón Sáez (ESP) \+ 0"  4  Gianni Motta (ITA) \+ 0"  ~~5~~  ~~Jos van der Vleuten (NED)~~ ~~\+ 0"~~  6  José Manuel Lasa (ESP) \+ 2' 05"  7  Daniel Van Ryckeghem (BEL) \+ 2' 05"  8  Michele Dancelli (ITA) \+ 2' 05"  9  Jozef Boons (BEL) \+ 2' 05"  10  Robert Hagmann (SUI) \+ 2' 05" |
| --- |

1. "1967 World Pro Road Cycling Championships". *BikeRaceInfo*. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
2. "34ème Championnat du monde sur route 1967". *Memoire du cyclisme*. Archived from the original on 3 November 2004.

## InfoBox

Men's Individual Road Race
| 1967 UCI Road World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Eddy Merckx on the podium in the rainbow jersey | |
| Race details | |
| Dates | 3 September 1967 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 265.2 km (164.8 mi) |
| Winning time | 6h 44' 42" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Eddy Merckx (BEL)  (Belgium)  Second  Jan Janssen (NED)  (Netherlands)  Third  Ramón Sáez (ESP)  (Spain) | |
|


title: Flahooley

abstract: Flahooley is a musical with a book by E. Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy, lyrics by Harburg, and music by Sammy Fain.

text:
# Flahooley

***Flahooley*** is a musical with a book by E. Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy, lyrics by Harburg, and music by Sammy Fain.

## Synopsis and background

The allegorical tale is set in fictional Capsulanti, USA, site of the headquarters for B.G. Bigelow, Incorporated, the largest toy corporation in the world. Puppet designer Sylvester has created laughing doll Flahooley and is about to unveil it as the company's big Christmas release to the board of directors. The meeting is interrupted by an Arabian delegation. Their country has run out of oil, the magic lamp upon which they rely is broken, and they hope someone can repair it so genie Abou Ben Atom, who keeps things running smoothly, will reappear and help them in their time of need. Bigelow, enamored with Princess Najla, agrees and assigns Sylvester to the project. Sylvester's hopes of success are crushed when a rival company produces their own doll at a lower price. By rubbing the lamp with Flahooley's hand, he summons the genie, hoping to become wealthy enough to marry his model Sandy, wishes for every child to have a Flahooley doll. Unfortunately the genie, unclear on the concept of capitalism, begins giving away thousands of dolls, causing warehouses to collapse and children to carry them off for free. Before long a full-fledged witch-hunt is on for him in an effort to put an end to his misguided generosity. The mob's leader Elsa Bullinger urges citizens to destroy every doll they find. This destructive behavior begins to kill Abou, until Sandy is able to save one doll and fix it again, reviving the genie. The lamp, however, has been captured by Elsa. Abou decides not to return to the lamp, but to become a real-life Santa Claus and gives his blessing to Sylvester and Sandy, urging everyone to believe in what Flahooley represents.

Harburg had successfully blended politics with fantasy in *Finian's Rainbow* four years earlier, but his bitterness at his 1950 Hollywood blacklisting, which prompted him to write *Flahooley*, permeated the project. During its evolution he conceded to some adjustments - originally the doll, instead of laughing, yelled "Dirty Red!" when turned upside down - but his convoluted plot still included too many thinly veiled references to Joseph McCarthy and his followers, and his harsh parody of the ongoing rabid anti-Communist sentiment that prompted so many witch hunts was not softened by the inclusion of a genie and singing puppets. It did not help that associate producer/director Harburg saw no need to edit writer Harburg's overstated political views.

## Production

The Broadway production was directed by Harburg and Saidy, choreographed by Helen Tamiris, and orchestrated by Ted Royal. It opened on May 14, 1951 at the Broadhurst Theatre, where it closed on June 15, 1951 after 40 performances. This was due to Seventeen taking over the Broadhurst theatre. It was announced that the show would reopen with revisions, but it never did. The cast included Jerome Courtland as Sylvester, Ernest Truex as Bigelow, Barbara Cook (in her Broadway debut) as Sandy, Irwin Corey as Abou Ben Atom, and Yma Sumac as Princess Najla, with Louis Nye, Nehemiah Persoff, and Ted Thurston in supporting roles. Bil Baird and his wife Cora played small roles in addition to creating and controlling the marionettes that performed "You Too Can Be a Puppet," the opening number that took a swipe at McCarthy's minions and set the tone for the rest of the evening, although by the time the show opened in New York, several songs and much of the more pointed satire was severely toned down or removed during the out of town tryouts.

An original cast recording was released by Capitol Records.

## Revival productions

In 1998, a production of *Flahooley* (the first in New York since its original brief run) was mounted at the Theatre At St. Clement's. Adapted and directed by Alisa Roost with choreography and directorial contributions by Al Joyal, and orchestration and musical direction by Peter Jones this 1998 revival production had some participation from the heirs of the original creative team. This allowed restoration of songs and other material, which was excised from the original production during its out of town tryouts (including the melodic and ironic indictment of the commercialization of Christmas, "Sing The Merry"). Following the original book, the doll exclaimed "Dirty Red!" instead of laughing, went to sleep when you fed it phenobarbital, woke up when you fed it benzedrine (a drug also referenced in *Finian's Rainbow*) and had the stated purpose of teaching children how to be good Americans. The principal cast of the revival production included April Allen, Mark Cortale, Christopher Budnich, Natalie Buster, Clay Hansen, Alan Semok, Cheryl Walsh, Roxy Becker, Mimi Ferraro, J. Michael Zally and Tiffany Card.

There have been two London productions by the Lost Musicals project, aka The Lost Musicals Charitable Trust 1069268. The first was in 1997 at the Barbican Centre. Ian Marshall Fisher, director, Mark Dorell, Music Director, with the cast that included Alan Cox. This was repeated in Sadler's Wells in 2012 ( Music Director and musicologist Mark Warman).

## Song list

* Mendelbaum, Ken (August 15, 1992). *Not Since Carrie: Forty Years of Broadway Musical Flops*. St. Martin's Press. pp. 327–331. ISBN 978-1466843271. Retrieved May 14, 2020.

## InfoBox

| *Flahooley* | |
| --- | --- |
| Capitol Records Album Cover for *Flahooley* | |
| Music | Sammy Fain |
| Lyrics | E. Y. Harburg |
| Book | E. Y. Harburg <br>Fred Saidy |
| Productions | 1951 Broadway 1998 Off-Off Broadway |


title: KCDX

abstract: KCDX is a radio station broadcasting from Globe, Arizona to the east of Phoenix since March 2002 with a commercial-free rock music format. The station is licensed to Florence, Arizona. The KCDX listening area is primarily the eastern half of the Phoenix metropolitan region. The KCDX signal can also be picked up in the northern suburbs of Tucson.

text:
# KCDX

**KCDX** (103.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting from Globe, Arizona to the east of Phoenix since March 2002 with a commercial-free rock music format. The station is licensed to Florence, Arizona. The KCDX listening area is primarily the eastern half of the Phoenix metropolitan region. The KCDX signal can also be picked up in the northern suburbs of Tucson.

## Format

The station format is late1960s to late1980s album rock. It is fully automated, has no DJs and does not play any commercial announcements other than its own station identification and local political ads as required by Federal Election Commission rules.

## History

KCDX was powered-on by Ted Tucker, a former hospital pharmacist and broadcast-radio engineer, who owns several radio stations in Arizona. He used the signal as a 2.7-kW personal MP3 player, broadcasting to central and eastern Arizona.

The station now has a website with a live Internet feed and a rolling playlist. The station's website has advertising.

On 08/10/2000, Tucker filed a Minor Change to a Licensed Facility Application with the FCC to move the main transmitter to a mountain NW of Oracle, AZ. while increasing power to 95 kW. Three engineering amendments were filed in 2003 and 2004. If approved, the signal upgrade would include new areas of Mesa, Apache Junction and N Tucson in the coverage area. Source: FCC Engineering ('FMQ') Database.

Tucker has remained quiet about the ultimate fate of the station, and seems to have a history of "flipping" properties, so it has been suggested that he may simply be creating value to promote its sale. The growth of KCDX's popularity induced him to duplicate the signal on the 36-kilowatt transmitter of 95.1 KFMR northwest of Phoenix in order to maintain its broadcast license while a sale of that station was pending. The KFMR simulcast lasted from October 2004 until March 2005, when KFMR's license was passed from Tucker to its new owners.

1. "Facility Technical Data for KCDX". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.
2. September 2003 article in Phoenix New Times
3. November 2004 article in Arizona Daily Star

## InfoBox

KCDX
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 103.1 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Ted Tucker * (Desert West Air Ranchers Corporation) |
| History | |
| First air date | May 24, 1993 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 16764 |
| Class | C |
| ERP | 42,000 watts |
| HAAT | 614 meters (2,014 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 32°46′44.00″N 110°57′46.00″W / 32.7788889°N 110.9627778°W / 32.7788889; -110.9627778 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | kcdx.com |


title: Florida State Road 277

abstract: State Road 277 is a north-south state and county highway in the panhandle in the U.S. state of Florida that extends from State Road 79 in Vernon to U.S. Route 90 in Hulaw west of Chipley. SR 277 runs entirely through Washington County, although one of the two county extensions runs through both Washington and Jackson Counties, Most, if not all of the road is a two-lane undivided highway. Between its termini, SR 277 intersects with no state roads other than former ones, and shares a concurrency with at least one of those county roads. A sizeable portion of the road runs in close proximity to the east side of Holmes Creek.

text:
# Florida State Road 277

**State Road 277** (**SR 277**) is a north-south state and county highway in the panhandle in the U.S. state of Florida that extends from State Road 79 (SR 79) in Vernon to U.S. Route 90 (US 90) in Hulaw west of Chipley. SR 277 runs entirely through Washington County, although one of the two county extensions runs through both Washington and Jackson Counties, Most, if not all of the road is a two-lane undivided highway. Between its termini, SR 277 intersects with no state roads other than former ones, and shares a concurrency with at least one of those county roads. A sizeable portion of the road runs in close proximity to the east side of Holmes Creek.

## Route description

State Road 277 begins at State Road 79 in Vernon, both of which were undergoing a major reconstruction project in the early 2010s that led to the relocation of the south end of SR 277 onto Court Avenue near the vicinity of Church Street. A connecting road between Court Avenue and Roche Avenue in the vicinity of Church Street brought the new section into the old one. Before SR 277 even leaves "downtown" Vernon, it serves as the western terminus of County Road 278 (Pioneer Road), on the corner of the Vernon Elementary School, and which is across from Calvary Hill Pentecostal Church. County Road 278 is a county road that leads towards Wausau, and the unfinished development known as Gilberts Mill. As with much of the Florida panhandle, the surroundings along SR 277 are primarily rural and agricultural, but is still part of the city, as evidenced by where it passes by Vernon Fire Department. On the northeastern edge of the city limits are a series of dairy farms and a dirt road named Bruner Dairy Road which runs east. After crossing a power line right-of-way, the road intersects a local paved street running northwest named Culpepper Lane, a street which leads to the Big Pine Lake Boat Launch park on Holmes Creek. Later it encounters another dirt road along the east side running toward the southwest named Owens Community Road Following a curve towards the north, the road encounters a much smaller small private dirt road and dead end street named Dottie West Road, one of two such roads named for the former country musician. The surrounding farmland ends temporarily just south of a culvert over a creek, replaced by forestland. One unnamed dirt road and dead-end street runs west of the road within this patch of forest, but farms return once again. In this area, the road serves as the northern terminus of County Road 278A (Bonnett Pond Road), and then a bridge over Hard Labor Creek. After passing by a pair of intersections of short local dirt roads close with one another, including the second Dottie West Road, the route encounters a more important intersection with the west end of CR 276A(Clayton Road), which also includes an unmarked western extension of Clayton Road that becomes a dirt road before terminating at SR 79.

Continuing north of Clayton Road, a few farm tracts remain and then forestland returns as it skirts the Holmes Creek Tract, curving more north once again, where it intersects Coon Hollow Road and later Hartzog Road, two otherwise unimportant dirt road that both lead to a local airport called Hartzog Field. After this however, the road does encounter a much more important road on the opposite side, specifically the southwest end of the County Road 280 concurrency at Douglas Ferry Road. SR 277/CR 280 curves more towards the east near the Shiloh Baptist Church. and generally remains at this trajectory as it approaches the northwest end of CR 276, a bi-county road that leads to State Road 276 in Marianna, then makes a more northerly curve towards the embankment for a bridge over Interstate 10 with no access between either of the two roads. From there, it spends its remaining mileage in a community named Hulaw, which is west of Chipley. The route encounters five different local streets, some dirt and others paved, but then gains turn lanes as it encounters the northeast end of CR 280 concurrency at Brickyard Road, which runs through southern Chipley and ends at an unmarked local road (Sewell Farms Road) east of the city. After passing the Limestone Cemetery, the road then curves straight north and the next moderate intersection is the northwest end of CR 273(South Boulevard), a *de facto* extension of State Road 273. State Road 277 terminates at U.S 90 in Hulaw, across from a former gas station along the north side of that road. However, the next intersection to the east of this terminus is one of two county extensions of CR 277 (*See below*).

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Washington County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vernon | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR 79 (Main Street) Ebro, Bonifay |  |
| | 0.427 | 0.687 |
CR 278 east (Pioneer Road) |  |
|  | 6.130 | 9.865 | Bonnett Pond Road (CR 278A south) |  |
| Brock Crossroad | 6.928 | 11.150 | CR 276A (Clayton Road) |  |
|  | 10.048 | 16.171 |
CR 280 west (Douglas Ferry Road) |  |
|  | 11.572 | 18.623 |
CR 276 east (Piney Grove Road) |  |
|  | 13.420 | 21.597 |
CR 280 east (Brickyard Road) |  |
|  | 13.963 | 22.471 |
CR 273 south (South Boulevard) |  |
|  | 14.213 | 22.874 | US 90 (SR 10) Bonifay, Chipley |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

State Road 277 has two county extensions, neither of which are suffixed or special routes. Both routes exist within Washington County, but one of them extends north into Jackson County.

### Southern County Road 277

| County Road 277 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Washington County |

**County Road 277** is a county extension of SR 277 known as Fanning Branch Road. The route begins at Holmes Valley Road which is an unmarked dirt road on both sides of the southern terminus. The next intersection at the corner of a local church is Reno Road, which is paved and also leads to Holmes Valley Road which itself is paved east of that point. Both official and homemade signs warn motorists, especially truckers of dangerous curves ahead, but those curves are short lived. The rest of the road becomes straight north and south once again. The route officially ends at State Road 79 but continues in a hidden concurrency along SR 79 to its upgraded route in Vernon.

### Northern County Road 277

| County Road 277 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Washington and Jackson Counties |

The second **County Road 277** is a county suffixed alternate of SR 277 that extends into northwestern Jackson County. The route begins at US 90 east of the eastern terminus of SR 277 as Griffin Road west of the Chipley border. This intersection is shared with a local street named Kirkland Road, and has a local building supply warehouse on the northwest corner. Along the way, the road crosses a used irrigation creek and a Frito-Lay distribution warehouse then has an at-grade crossing with CSX P&A Subdivision. Griffin Road ends at Old Bonifay Road(CR 166), but CR 277 turns west and joins the route in a short concurrency. CRs 166/277 make a reverse curve to the north and back to the west again over a bridge over Alligator Creek, a tributary of Holmes Creek, then CR 277 turns north again at Cope Road, while CR 166 continues west towards the Washington-Holmes County Line where it becomes an unmarked road leading to the city that bears its name.

After the intersections of Enfinger Road and Wolf Bay Road, CR 277 curves to the northwest and then the name changes from Cope Road to Earlston Road. The route crosses the Washington-Jackson County Line at Searcy Road. The first intersection within the county just so happens to be the western terminus of County Road 164(Lovewood Road), across from a dairy farm. The road then makes a left curve into some woods and intersects a dirt road to the east named Gum Creek Road just before crossing the bridge of the creek that bears that name. After the bridge. it begins to curve more toward the north again, although it still maintains a northwest trajectory even as Earlston Road is on the verge of ending, where CR 277 is about to turn to the right in a concurrency with County Road 162, which despite being named "Tri-County Road" only runs through Holmes and Jackson Counties. CRs 162/277 runs straight north at first, but then curves more toward the northeast at the intersections of Christy Lane and Hickshill Road. Just after the road turns straight east, CR 277 turns north onto Piano Road, while CR 162 continues towards Jacob City and Greenwood. As with State Road 277, CR 277 remains along the east side of Holmes Creek, winding through farmlands and small forests of northwestern Jackson County. For some unexplained reason, many maps (including those published by FDOT) incorrectly show CR 277 along Piano Road having connecting spur routes onto side roads, many of which cross bridges over Holmes Creek and entering Holmes County, like Reddick Mill Road and Spruce Road while others are little more than dead end dirt roads such as Triangle Drive. In reality no such spurs exist because the route stays strictly along Piano Road. County Road 277 terminates at State Road 77 just south of Graceville.

Template:Attached KML/Florida State Road 277KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 277 | |
| --- | --- |
| SR 277 in red, segments of CR 277 in blue | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by FDOT | |
| Length | 14.213 mi (22.874 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SR 79 in Vernon |
| North end | US 90 near Chipley |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| Counties | Washington |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 276   SR 281 | |


title: Florida State Road 249

abstract: State Road 249 is the state designation for U.S. Route 129 between US 27(SR 20) in Branford and US 90(SR 10) in Live Oak. It also includes a bi-county extension in Suwannee County, Florida from Live Oak across the Suwannee River to Jasper in Hamilton County.

text:
# Florida State Road 249

**State Road 249** (**SR 249**) is the state designation for U.S. Route 129 between US 27(SR 20) in Branford and US 90(SR 10) in Live Oak. It also includes a bi-county extension in Suwannee County, Florida from Live Oak across the Suwannee River to Jasper in Hamilton County.

## Route description

### Branford into Live Oak

State Road 249 begins in Branford, Florida where US 129 turns north from the west end of its concurrency with US 27, while US 27 continues west across the Frank R. Norris Bridge over the Suwannee River into Grady towards Mayo, Perry, Tallahassee, and beyond. North of US 27, the first major intersection is State Road 247, which takes motorists northeast to western Lake City. The Suwannee River Greenway returns to the west side of SR 249 (US 129) as both leave the Branford City Limits, but makes a sharp left turn at the intersection of CR 248, which follows the south side of that road into a dead end at Little River Springs. The same abandoned railroad line that was originally owned by Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and used by that trail continues to hug the west side of Route 249 until it enters McAlpin. Between 170th Terrace and Aven Road, the road veers to the right and then curves back in the opposite direction as it climbs an embankment for a bridge over the previously mentioned abandoned railroad line. After descending from this bridge, it intersects with a brief overlap with CR 252. Between the end of this concurrency and 144th Street, it curves straight north again.

Within the historic City of Live Oak the road is named Ohio Avenue, and continues to run in a straight south-to-north line. But at 111th Street, hidden SR 249 is officially joined by State Road 51, which also includes a multiplex with CR 136. It is at this point the street begins to shift to the northeast. Roughly two blocks later, the road encounters CR 10A (Helvenston Street Southeast). Further downtown it becomes the location for the Old Live Oak Post Office, and later, the Suwannee County Courthouse. The official end of the US 129/SR 51/SR 136/SR 249 multiplex is at U.S. Route 90 (hidden SR 10), where SR 249 joins westbound US 90 for four blocks along West Howard Street until it reaches Houston Avenue. From there the route turns right and becomes County Road 249.

### Live Oak to the Suwannee River

One block after leaving US 90, it crosses the railroad tracks between Corner Street Northwest and West Fourth Street Northwest, which were used by Amtrak's Sunset Limited until it was truncated to New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The road's first traffic signal as an independent route is Duval Street Northwest. After it enters the Boys Ranch section of the city, CR 249 branches off to the northwest at a fork in the road onto Nobles Ferry Road, while the new designation for Houston Avenue becomes CR 795. Beyond the city limits, CR 249 is surrounded by farmland, much of which is obstructed by trees along the road. It also maintains the same trajectory as in Live Oak, although at some point there's a slight reverse curve to the left. The road takes a more northerly angle, albeit still northwest as it approaches a two lane bridge over Interstate 10 with no access.

Between 48th Street and 46th Street, the road begins to curve more to the northwest, and encounters more forested areas than south of I-10, although farm fields can still be found here. One intersection in this area is another encounter with CR 795 (145th Road), which despite technically being the northern terminus of the route, actually runs in the opposite direction. The next moderate intersection after this is bi-county CR 132 (Stagecoach Road), which spans east and west through northern Suwannee County from US 90 at Suwannee River State Park, through US 129 in Suwannee Springs. As the road approaches 16th Street, it curves from the northwest to the northeast, and the farmland gives way to forestland until it curves straight north and encounters some smaller farm fields. The last two intersections in the county are two side roads; 167th Street a grass road which forks off to the left and 8th Terrace, a paved road which forks off to the right and leads to Plantation Road. From there the road curves slightly to the northwest and enters more forest land. The forest surrounding the approach to the bridge over the Suwannee River makes the bridge itself hardly noticeable until you're on the verge of crossing it and it enters the Suwannee-Hamilton County Line.

### Gibson County Park to Jasper

On the Hamilton County side of the river, CR 249 is named Northwest 63rd Avenue, and it approaches a boat ramp for Gibson County Park on the northwest side of the bridge, and a truck weigh station on the northeast side, where even pickups and vans are required to use them along with much larger trucks and tractor-trailers. The road crosses a straight north and south dirt path. At Southwest 67th Drive, CR 249 makes a right turn and Northwest 63rd Avenue becomes County Road 751. CR 249 becomes the northern terminus of the same dirt path it intersected earlier, while it briefly runs close to the south bank of the Alapaha River until that river moves away from the road, which then heads northeast into Adams, where it momentarily turns east. At Southwest 92nd Drive, the road curves northeast before the intersection with County Road 158, a road leading to Marion.

Just as it did with I-10 in Suwannee County, CR 249 approaches a bridge over Interstate 75 with no access. From there the road turns straight north before approaching the intersection of Southwest 51st Way only to make a sharp turn to the east again as it goes over a bridge over Tiger Creek. Along this segment it turns northeast again as it passes the Hamilton Correctional Institute, and then makes another sharp turn to the north before entering the City of Jasper and turning east one last time as it becomes Martin Luther King Drive. Here the road has one other moderate intersection with CR 152 (15th Avenue Northwest/Southwest), and later Central Avenue Southwest and Southeast which a former railroad right-of-way in between, and the Jasper Post Office on the northeast corner. Two blocks later, the route finally terminates at US 41/129 (hidden SRs 25/51/100; Second Avenue Southeast), two of the very routes it encountered in Southern and Central Suwannee County. However MLK Drive continues east towards a Georgia Southern and Florida Railway line, and then northwest into CR 6.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Suwannee | Branford | 0.00 | 0.00 |

US 27 north / SR 20 west / US 129 south Perry, Niceville | North end of US 27 overlap; South end of US 129 overlap |
| | | 0.246 | 0.396 | SR 247 (West Plant Street) Lake City |  |
| | Live Oak | 24.178 | 38.911 |

SR 51 south / CR 136 west (111th Street) Steinhatchee, Dowling Park | South end of SR 51 / CR 136 overlap |
| | 24.639 | 39.653 |

US 90 / SR 10 east (East Howard Street) / US 129 / SR 51 north (North Ohio Avenue) Jacksonville Beach, Jasper | South end of US 90 overlap; North end of US 129 overlap |
| | 24.926 | 40.115 |
US 90 west / SR 10 (West Howard Street) | North end of US 90 overlap; SR 249 becomes CR 249 |
| |  | 33.426 | 53.794 | CR 132 Ellaville, Suwannee Springs |  |
| SuwanneeHamilton county line |  | 37.126 | 59.749 | Suwannee River Crossing | |
| Hamilton |  | 37.526 | 60.392 |
CR 751 north (Northwest 63rd Avenue) Crossroads |  |
| |  | 44.126 | 71.014 |
CR 158 east Marion |  |
| | Jasper | 49.526 | 79.704 |
US 41 / SR 25 / US 129 / SR 100 north | North end of CR 249 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| State Road 249 and County Road 249 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by FDOT, Suwannee, and Hamilton County DPWs. | |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 27 / US 129 / SR 20 in Branford |
| Major intersections | US 90 / SR 10 in Live Oak |
| North end | US 41 / US 129 / SR 51 in Jasper |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 247   SR 261 | |


title: 1976 Japan Soccer League

text:
# 1976 Japan Soccer League

Statistics of Japan Soccer League for the 1976 season.

## League tables

### First Division

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Furukawa Electric | 18 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 37 | 15 | +22 | 26 | Champions |
| 2 | Mitsubishi Motors | 18 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 28 | 16 | +12 | 22 |  |
| 3 | Fujita | 18 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 28 | 20 | +8 | | 22 |
| 4 | Yanmar Diesel | 18 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 34 | 20 | +14 | | 21 |
| 5 | Hitachi | 18 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 22 | 14 | +8 | | 21 |
| 6 | Nippon Kokan | 18 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 22 | 21 | +1 | | 20 |
| 7 | Eidai | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 18 | 24 | 6 | 18 | Folded |
| 8 | Toyo Industries | 18 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 16 | 20 | 4 | 15 |  |
| 9 | Nippon Steel | 18 | 5 | 2 | 11 | 23 | 30 | 7 | 12 | To promotion/relegation Series |
| 10 | Toyota Motors | 18 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 10 | 58 | 48 | | 3 |

Source:

### Promotion/relegation Series

| JSL Division 1 | 1st leg | 2nd leg | JSL Division 2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Nippon Steel** | 2-1 | 3-2 | Yomiuri |
| **Toyota Motors** | 2-2 | 2-1 | *Fujitsu* |

Since Eidai dropped out of the league and folded in March 1977, Fujitsu was promoted, meaning no team was relegated.

### Second Division

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Fujitsu | 18 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 32 | 6 | +26 | 29 | To promotion/relegation Series with Division 1 |
| 2 | Yomiuri | 18 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 51 | 28 | +23 | | 25 |
| 3 | Tanabe Pharmaceutical | 18 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 28 | 18 | +10 | 25 |  |
| 4 | Honda | 18 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 25 | 17 | +8 | | 21 |
| 5 | Teijin Matsuyama | 18 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 32 | 28 | +4 | | 19 |
| 6 | Yanmar Club | 18 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 23 | 23 | 0 | | 17 |
| 7 | Sumitomo Metal | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 27 | 34 | 7 | | 13 |
| 8 | Kofu SC | 18 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 30 | 16 | | 12 |
| 9 | Kyoto Shiko | 18 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 25 | 14 | 11 | To promotion/relegation Series with Senior Cup finalists |
| 10 | Furukawa Electric Chiba | 18 | 3 | 2 | 13 | 17 | 51 | 34 | | 8 |

Source:

### JSL promotion/relegation Series

Nissan Motors, future Yokohama Marinos, currently **Yokohama F. Marinos**, joined the league for the first time.

| JSL | 1st leg | 2nd leg | Senior Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Kyoto Shiko** | 2-1 | 2-1 | Dainichi Nippon Cable Industries (Cup runner-up) |
| *Furukawa Electric Chiba* | 0-0 | 0-1 | **Nissan Motors** (Cup winner) |

Nissan promoted. Furukawa Chiba was not relegated due to Eidai's withdrawal.

## InfoBox

Japan Soccer League
| Season | 1976 |
| --- | --- |
| 1975 1977 | |


title: K. Sankaran Nair

abstract: K. Sankaran Nair, known as Colonel Menon among his colleagues, was an Indian civil servant, diplomat and the director of Research and Analysis Wing. He served as the Indian High Commissioner to Singapore from 1986 to 1988 and was the last surviving member of the Indian Imperial Police. He was reported to have played a crucial role in the formation of Bangladesh, through R&AW operations during the Bangladesh Liberation War. His memoirs, Inside IB and RAW: A Rolling Stone that Gathered Moss, published in 2008 made news for the insider details it contained about two of the highest intelligence agencies in India. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1983, for his contributions to society.

text:
# K. Sankaran Nair

**K. Sankaran Nair** (20 December 1919 – 17 November 2015), known as **Colonel Menon** among his colleagues, was an Indian civil servant, diplomat and the director of Research and Analysis Wing. He served as the Indian High Commissioner to Singapore from 1986 to 1988 and was the last surviving member of the Indian Imperial Police. He was reported to have played a crucial role in the formation of Bangladesh, through R&AW operations during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

His memoirs, *Inside IB and RAW: A Rolling Stone that Gathered Moss*, published in 2008 made news for the insider details it contained about two of the highest intelligence agencies in India. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1983, for his contributions to society.

## Biography

Sankaran Nair was born on 20 December 1919 at Ottapalam, in Palakkad district of the south Indian state of Kerala and did his graduate studies at Loyola College, Chennai. Subsequently, he pursued studies in Law but abandoned it midway when he was inducted into the Indian Imperial Police. After the Indian independence, he continued at the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and in 1959, went to Ghana to successfully complete the IB assignment of establishing Ghana's Intelligence Agency, returning to India after two years. In the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he was involved in the investigations against Intelligence Bureau on allegations of ineptitude, and was reported to have submitted 65 reports to the investigation committee.

When Research and Analysis Wing was formed in 1968 as a splinter agency of IB, Nair became the deputy of Rameshwar Nath Kao, the founder director of the agency. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, he was in-charge of the operations there and his contributions in training the Mukti Bahini guerrillas are reported to have played a vital role in the successful liberation of Bangladesh. After Kao's resignation from R&AW in 1977 (reports suggest that he was forced to demit office), Nair succeeded him as the director but his tenure lasted only three months as he resigned from the post, reportedly in protest, when Morarji Desai, the then Prime Minister of India, downgraded the position of the director of R&AW from rank of a Cabinet Secretary. He was moved to Minority Commission as its secretary from where he superannuated in December 1978. However, he was involved with R&AW operations again with the accession of Indira Gandhi to power again in 1980, and was known to have contributed to the restructuring of the agency. In 1981, he was given the responsibility of the Secretary General of the 1982 Asian Games and four years later, in 1986, he was appointed as the High Commissioner of India to Singapore, holding the post until his retirement from active service in 1988.

The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1983. In 2008, he published his memoirs, *Inside IB and R&AW: The Rolling Stone that Gathered Moss*, which narrated his official life at Intelligence Bureau and Research and Analysis Wing and the book featured many notable personalities such as Sanjay Gandhi, Morarji Desai, V. C. Shukla, Indira Gandhi, R. N. Kao, Y. B. Chavan and Rajiv Gandhi. The book discussed about the lapses during the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 as well as several inside information in Indian politics and reportedly made news.

He died on 17 November 2015 at his daughter's residence in Bengaluru where he spent his last years, at the age of 95, survived by the daughter; his wife had preceded him in death three years earlier.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| K. Sankaran Nair | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-12-20)20 December 1919
Ottapalam, Madras Presidency, British India
(present day Palakkad, Kerala, India) |
| Died | 17 November 2015(2015-11-17) (aged 95)
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India |
| Other names | Colonel Menon |
| Alma mater | Loyola College, Chennai |
| Occupations | * Intelligence officer * Diplomat * Civil servant |
| Known for | Bangladesh Liberation War |
| Awards | Padma Bhushan |