abstract: The women's 10 metre platform competition of the diving events at the 2023 Pan American Games was held between October 20 and 21 at the Aquatics Centre in Santiago, Chile. A total of 15 divers from nine countries took part.

text:
# Diving at the 2023 Pan American Games – Women's 10 metre platform

The **women's 10 metre platform** competition of the diving events at the 2023 Pan American Games was held between October 20 and 21 at the Aquatics Centre in Santiago, Chile. A total of 15 divers from nine countries took part.

## Qualification

A total of up to 80 divers (40 per gender) across all events qualified to compete. A nation may enter a maximum of 10 divers (if entering teams in synchronized diving) or 6 athletes (if not entering teams in synchronized diving), with the exception of the winners of the 2021 Junior Pan American Games, provided that these athletes participate only in the event in which they qualified in Cali. The host nation (Chile) automatically qualified a full team of 10 athletes (five per gender). The top 18 men and women in individual events in the 2022 and 2023 FINA World Championships will secure spots for their NOCs. In addition, at each of the CONSANAT Championships (Zone 1) and the PAQ Qualifying Diving Championships (Zone 2), divers from federations competing in such events may earn a quota position for their NOCs provided that the total number of divers from such Zones do not exceed 24 divers on all boards (including those who are ranked in FINA from such competing federations but excluding any divers from CHI). Zone 3 and 4 divers do not have separate qualifiers within their zones. National championships or trials events in Zones 3 and 4 may be used to name divers to already qualified positions.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| October 20, 2023 | 10:00 | **Preliminary** |
| October 21, 2023 | 18:00 | **Final** |

## Results

***Green** denotes finalists*

* Only 2 per NOC could qualify for the final.

| Rank | Diver | Nationality | Preliminary | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
|  | Gabriela Agúndez | Mexico | 333.75 | 2 | 361.55 | 1 |
|  | Alejandra Orozco | Mexico | 320.10 | 3 | 340.80 | 2 |
|  | Caeli McKay | Canada | 343.95 | 1 | 335.65 | 3 |
| 4 | Ingrid Oliveira | Brazil | 318.30 | 4 | 326.40 | 4 |
| 5 | Maycey Vieta | Puerto Rico | 275.50 | 8 | 309.70 | 5 |
| 6 | Jordan Skilken | United States | 264.45 | 9 | 277.80 | 6 |
| 7 | Mariana Osorio | Colombia | 233.25 | 13 | 272.80 | 7 |
| 8 | Anisley García | Cuba | 315.45 | 5 | 270.25 | 8 |
| 9 | Victoria Garza | Dominican Republic | 246.95 | 12 | 261.85 | 9 |
| 10 | Nike Agunbiade | United States | 298.50 | 7 | 260.10 | 10 |
| 11 | Celina Toth | Canada | 251.80 | 11 | 247.75 | 11 |
| 12 | María Gómez | Colombia | 260.90 | 10 | 215.25 | 12 |
| 13 | Alejandra Estudillo | Mexico | 311.60 | 6 | Over 2 per country limit | |
| 14 | Elizabeth Miclau | Puerto Rico | 233.15 | 14 | Did not advance | |
| 15 | Arlenys García | Cuba | 224.65 | 15 | |
| 16 | Pamela Reyes | Peru | 183.45 | 16 | |
|  | Giovanna Pedroso | Brazil | Did not start | | | |

## InfoBox

| Women's 10 metre platform at the 2023 Pan American Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Aquatics Centre |
| Dates | October 20–21 |
| Competitors | 17 from 9 nations |
| Winning score | 361.55 |
| Medalists | |
| Mexico  Mexico  Canada | |
| «2019 2027» | |


title: Sir Charles Clarke, 2nd Baronet

abstract: Reverend Sir Charles Clarke, 2nd Baronet was the eldest son of Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke, 1st Baronet of Dunham Lodge, Norfolk. Educated at Charterhouse School, Surrey and Trinity College, Cambridge. He took his BA degree in 1831, and his MA in 1835. Having entered Holy Orders Sir Charles Clarke was appointed Rector of Hanwell in Middlesex in 1847 until 1864. He succeeded to the Baronetcy of Dunham Lodge, Norfolk on 7 September 1857. In 1838 he married Rosa Mary Alexander, eldest daughter of Mr Henry Alexander, of Cork Street, and they had three sons and five daughters. Their eldest son was General Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke, 3rd Baronet GCB GCVO. Their second son, Frederick Clarke, was father of the 4th Baronet: Sir Orme Bigland Clarke, 4th Bt. He was a Justice of the Peace for Essex.

text:
# Sir Charles Clarke, 2nd Baronet

Reverend **Sir Charles Clarke, 2nd Baronet** (15 June 1812 – 25 April 1899) was the eldest son of Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke, 1st Baronet of Dunham Lodge, Norfolk.

Educated at Charterhouse School, Surrey and Trinity College, Cambridge. He took his BA degree in 1831, and his MA in 1835. Having entered Holy Orders Sir Charles Clarke was appointed Rector of Hanwell in Middlesex in 1847 until 1864. He succeeded to the Baronetcy of Dunham Lodge, Norfolk on 7 September 1857.

In 1838 he married Rosa Mary Alexander, eldest daughter of Mr Henry Alexander, of Cork Street, and they had three sons and five daughters. Their eldest son was General Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke, 3rd Baronet GCB GCVO. Their second son, Frederick Clarke, was father of the 4th Baronet: Sir Orme Bigland Clarke, 4th Bt.

He was a Justice of the Peace for Essex.


title: Reinoldijus Šarkinas

abstract: Reinoldijus Šarkinas was Chairman of the Bank of Lithuania from 1996 to 2011. Šarkinas graduated studies at the Economics Faculty of Vilnius University in 1968. Between 1980 and 1982 he served as Financial Adviser to the Ministry of Education in Cuba and for several years was Deputy Minister of Finance, charged with budget management. Previously, he was Minister of Finance from February 1995 to February 1996.

text:
# Reinoldijus Šarkinas

**Reinoldijus Šarkinas** (born 7 July 1946) was Chairman of the Bank of Lithuania from 1996 to 2011. Šarkinas graduated studies at the Economics Faculty of Vilnius University in 1968. Between 1980 and 1982 he served as Financial Adviser to the Ministry of Education in Cuba and for several years was Deputy Minister of Finance, charged with budget management. Previously, he was Minister of Finance from February 1995 to February 1996.


title: The Dazzling Miss Davison

abstract: The Dazzling Miss Davison is a lost 1917 silent film drama directed by Frank Powell and starring Marjorie Rambeau based on the 1910 book of the same name by Florence Warden. Powell produced the feature and released it through the Mutual Film Company.

text:
# The Dazzling Miss Davison

***The Dazzling Miss Davison*** is a lost 1917 silent film drama directed by Frank Powell and starring Marjorie Rambeau based on the 1910 book of the same name by Florence Warden. Powell produced the feature and released it through the Mutual Film Company.

## Cast

* Marjorie Rambeau as Rachel, The Dazzling Miss Davison
* Fred Williams as Guiding Light for Miss Davison
* Aubrey Beattie as Miss Davison's Shadow
* Agnes Ayres as Lillian, Miss Davison's Sister (as Agnes Eyre)
* Robert Elliott as Gerard Buckland
* Winifred Harris as Mrs. Jennings
* Frank A. Ford as Arthur Jennings
* Lillian Paige as Mrs. Van Santen
* Ruth Byron as Cora Van Santen
* Dore Flowden as Delia Van Santen
* Bert Starkey as Harry Van Santen
* T. Jerome Lawler as Denver Van Santen

## Plot

When Gerard Buckland sees a dishonest-looking fellow hand a diamond necklace to a beautiful young woman in a crowd, he is shocked by what he witnesses. Later when visiting the home of his friend, Arthur Jennings, he is astonished to see the young woman there. Miss Davison, unaware that she has been observed earlier, tells Gerald that she has a gift for picking pockets, but only as a party trick. Gerard doesn't know what to believe, but determines to find out the truth. When Gerald follows her to the country home of the Van Santens, an American family who like to gamble, he discovers more than he bargained for.

## Reception

According to the *Montrose, Arbroath and Brechin review; and Forfar and Kincardineshire advertiser:*

> Few observers of the film will be able until the end to supply the answer to the question in the title, but it is one which explains all that has been puzzling before, and it provides a logical and dramatic finish to the story.

## InfoBox

| The Dazzling Miss Davison | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Frank Powell |
| Produced by | Frank Powell |
| Starring | Marjorie Rambeau |
| Distributed by | Mutual Film Company |
| Release date | * June 18, 1917 (1917-06-18) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | USA |
| Language | Silent..English |


title: Radio Dream

abstract: Radio Dream is the second album from Sacramento, California rocker Roger Voudouris. Released in 1979, this album became a major breakthrough for the singer-songwriter/guitarist. Whereas his self-titled previous album had more hints of progressive rock, Radio Dream found Voudouris simplifying his approach slightly, collaborating with producer Michael Omartian and channeling more of an accessible "pop" sensibility. The lead-off track, "Get Used to It" became a big hit on the US pop charts, just missing the Top 20. The tune would become Voudouris' only charting single. The rest of the album features a combination of disco-infused hard rock and mellow ballads, finishing with a slight nod toward his progressive rock past with "Reprise." The album peaked at No. 171 on the album charts, and it remains his most successful album.

text:
# Radio Dream

***Radio Dream*** is the second album from Sacramento, California rocker Roger Voudouris. Released in 1979, this album became a major breakthrough for the singer-songwriter/guitarist. Whereas his self-titled previous album had more hints of progressive rock, *Radio Dream* found Voudouris simplifying his approach slightly, collaborating with producer Michael Omartian and channeling more of an accessible "pop" sensibility. The lead-off track, "Get Used to It" became a big hit on the US pop charts, just missing the Top 20. The tune would become Voudouris' only charting single. The rest of the album features a combination of disco-infused hard rock and mellow ballads, finishing with a slight nod toward his progressive rock past with "Reprise."

The album peaked at No. 171 on the album charts, and it remains his most successful album.

## Track listing

1. "Get Used to It" (Michael Omartian, Roger Voudouris) (3:00)
2. "Just What It Takes" (M. Omartian, Voudouris) (3:26)
3. "Does Our Love (Depend on the Night)" (Stormie Omartian, Michael Omartian, Voudouris) (3:11)
4. "We Can't Stay Like This Forever" (Voudouris) (3:11)
5. "Radio Dream" (M. Omartian, Voudouris) (3:37)
6. "Anything from Anyone" (Voudouris, M. Omartian) (3:45)
7. "We Only Dance 'Cause We Have To" (M. Omartian, Voudouris) (4:02)
8. "The Next Time Around" (Voudouris) (3:18)
9. "Reprise" (M. Omartian, Voudouris) (2:25)

## Charts

| Chart (1979) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 46 |

## Personnel

### Additional Musicians

## InfoBox

| Radio Dream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Roger Voudouris | |
| Released | 1979 |
| Studio | Jennifudy Studios North Hollywood, CA |
| Genre | Rock, Pop rock |
| Length | 29:55 |
| Label | Warner Brothers Records |
| Producer | Michael Omartian |
| Roger Voudouris chronology | |
| *Roger Voudouris*
(1978) ***Radio Dream***
(1979) *A Guy Like Me*
(1980) | |


title: Battle of Bomarsund

abstract: The Battle of Bomarsund, in August 1854, took place during the Åland War, which was part of the Crimean War, when an Anglo-French expeditionary force attacked a Russian fortress. It was the only major action of the war to take place at Bomarsund in the Baltic Sea.

text:
# Battle of Bomarsund

The **Battle of Bomarsund**, in August 1854, took place during the Åland War, which was part of the Crimean War, when an Anglo-French expeditionary force attacked a Russian fortress. It was the only major action of the war to take place at Bomarsund in the Baltic Sea.

## Background

Bomarsund was a 19th-century fortress, the construction of which had started in 1832 by Russia in Sund, Åland, in the Baltic Sea. Bomarsund had not been completed (only two towers of the planned twelve subsidiary towers had been completed). When the war broke out the fortress remained vulnerable especially against forces attacking over land. Designers of the fortress had also assumed that narrow sea passages near the fortress would not be passable for large naval ships; while this assumption had held true during the time of sailing ships, it was possible for steam powered ships to reach weakly defended sections of the fortress.

## First battle

On 21 June 1854, three British ships bombarded the Bomarsund fortress. Artillery from the shore, however, responded and, while both sides suffered some damage, the casualties were light. The first battle was indecisive. During the battle, Charles Davis Lucas tossed a shell overboard which had landed on board. The shell exploded before it reached water. For saving his ship he was the first man to be awarded the Victoria Cross.

## Second battle

While the first battle had been a brief clash and artillery duel, the second battle was a different affair. By the end of July 1854, a British fleet of 25 ships had surrounded the fortress and only waited for the French ground troops to arrive. Both defender and attacker had acknowledged that the fort could not be defeated by naval forces alone and made preparations accordingly, Russian forces destroyed the surrounding countryside in an effort to force British and French forces to break away from the assumed siege.

On 8 August, a force of 7,000 French soldiers from the regiments *Chasseurs de Vincennes*, *2e Régiment d'Infanterie Légère*, *3e Régiment d'Infanterie*, *48e Régiment d'Infanterie* and *51e Régiment d'Infanterie* landed south of Bomarsund, while the remaining 2,000 French soldiers and a small force of 900 British marines landed on the north. Two days later the artillery landed; the British troops established a battery of three 32-pounder guns on a hill, the French establishing several batteries. On 13 August 1854, the French artillery opened fire on a tower and by the end of the day were in a position that while artillery suppressed the defenders of subsidiary tower of *Brännklint*, French infantry assaulted it. Defenders found their position to be hopeless and withdrew the bulk of their forces to the main fort leaving only a small detachment behind to supervise demolition of the tower. While French troops managed to capture the tower before it was demolished, it did not save the tower since the Russian artillery now opened fire at the captured tower and on 15 August 1854 scored a hit to the gunpowder magazines. The resulting explosion demolished the tower.

The bombardment of the main fortress started late on 15 August 1854 with land based guns and the navy opening fire. The second tower, *Notvik*, was also destroyed after British artillery opened fire from their hill opposite to the tower. With only a few guns capable of firing in the direction of the bombarding ships, the Russian forces hoped that the French and British forces would attack by land. However, after the bombardment continued into the 16 August without any indication of landings, it became apparent to the Russian commander that British and French intended to reduce the fortress with artillery fire. After eight hours of bombardment they managed to create a gaping hole in the fortress's walls. After most of the guns had been destroyed, the commandant of the tower surrendered to the British and French forces on 16 August 1854.

The early surrender came as a surprise to the French and British. 2,000 men laid down their arms and became prisoners.

## Aftermath

After the surrender, French and British forces demolished the fortress. British engineers remained until mid-September to ensure it could not be easily rebuilt. 700,000 bricks from it were brought in barges to Helsinki and then used in the construction of the Uspenski Cathedral.

Three hundred Finnish grenadiers defending the fortress were among the captured, and they were taken to Lewes to be imprisoned there until the end of the war. Upon the conclusion of the war they were released and given passage back to Finland, and they returned with a song about their experiences during the war, called the *War of Åland* ("Finnish: *Oolannin sota*, Swedish: "Det Åländska kriget). The Russian Memorial was erected in Lewes in 1877 to commemorate those who died while they were prisoners of war.

In the Treaty of Paris 1856, the entire Åland Islands were demilitarized, which is a status that has been preserved until this day.

The Bomarsund Bridge connects Bomarsund to Prästö.

## Victoria Cross recipients

In addition to Charles Davis Lucas several other Victoria Crosses were awarded in the Baltic Theater during the Crimean War.

Other VC recipients for action in the Baltic Sea:

60°12′44″N 20°14′18″E / 60.21222°N 20.23833°E / 60.21222; 20.23833

## InfoBox

| Battle of Bomarsund | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Åland War and the Crimean War | |
|
A painting of the battle by Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio | |
| Date 3 – 16 August 1854  Location Bomarsund, Åland  Result  Anglo–French victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom
France | Russia |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Charles Napier
Alexandre Deschenes | Jakob Bodisco |
| Strength | |
| 32,000
25 paddle sloops | 3,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 85 killed and wounded | 53 killed and wounded
2,000 captured |


title: Solniczki

abstract: Solniczki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Kościelny, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Juchnowiec Kościelny and 7 km (4 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Solniczki

**Solniczki** \[sɔlˈnit͡ʂki\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Kościelny, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Juchnowiec Kościelny and 7 km (4 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Solniczki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Solniczki | |
| Coordinates: 53°3′46″N 23°12′20″E / 53.06278°N 23.20556°E / 53.06278; 23.20556 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Białystok |
| Gmina | Juchnowiec Kościelny |
| Population | 160 |


title: Riley Cote

abstract: Riley D. Cote is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger and formerly an assistant coach with the Lehigh Valley Phantoms of the American Hockey League (AHL). He played four National Hockey League (NHL) seasons with the Philadelphia Flyers and was mainly known as an enforcer. He currently co-hosts the Nasty Knuckles podcast.

text:
# Riley Cote

**Riley D. Cote** (born March 16, 1982) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger and formerly an assistant coach with the Lehigh Valley Phantoms of the American Hockey League (AHL). He played four National Hockey League (NHL) seasons with the Philadelphia Flyers and was mainly known as an enforcer. He currently co-hosts the Nasty Knuckles podcast.

## Career

### Playing career

Undrafted after completing juniors, Cote was a walk-on to the Toronto Maple Leafs training camp in the fall of 2002. He impressed the Leafs' staff, signed a one-year contract, and was assigned to the Leafs Central Hockey League affiliate, the Memphis RiverKings. While called up to the St. John's Maple Leafs, Toronto's American Hockey League affiliate, a few times during the 2002–03 season, he spent most of his rookie year with the RiverKings and was with them when they won the CHL championship that season.

Not re-signed by the Leafs, Cote was signed to a two-way contract by the Syracuse Crunch of the AHL and entered the training camp for their NHL affiliate, the Columbus Blue Jackets, in fall 2003. Columbus released him and he returned to the Crunch. An eye injury caused during a pre-season scrimmage resulted in Cote being assigned to the Crunch's ECHL affiliate, the Dayton Bombers, for much of the 2003–04 season. Cote was recruited back to the RiverKings for the 2004–05 season but was offered a try-out contract by the AHL's Philadelphia Phantoms just before the season began. The Phantoms extended his contract twice through the season and Cote eventually spent the entire season with Philadelphia, accumulating a team-leading 280 penalty minutes in the process, and helped the Phantoms win the Calder Cup as league champions. Shortly after the season ended, the Phantoms signed him to a one-year contract.

After participating in the Philadelphia Flyers training camps in the fall of 2005 and 2006, Cote was signed to a two-way contract by the Flyers in 2006–07. Early in the season, he was assigned to the Phantoms and shortly after suffered an ankle injury that kept him from playing for two months. Late in the season, Cote played in his first 8 NHL games with the Flyers, making his NHL debut on March 24, 2007, against the New York Islanders. Cote was recognized for his contributions to the community when the Phantoms named him as the team's 2006–07 Man of the Year. Cote was re-signed by the Flyers to a one-year contract for the 2007–08 season and made the team out of training camp.

Cote was suspended for three games after he delivered a high headshot to Dallas Stars defenceman Matt Niskanen late in the third period on December 1, 2007. He became the fifth Flyers player to receive a suspension during the 2007–08 season after Steve Downie, Jesse Boulerice, Randy Jones and Scott Hartnell.

Cote scored his only NHL goal on February 17, 2008, against rookie goaltender Carey Price of the Montreal Canadiens. On July 2, 2008, the Flyers announced they had signed Cote to a three-year contract extension.

After appearing in only 15 games during the 2009–10 season, Cote retired on August 9, 2010, and was named an assistant coach of the Adirondack Phantoms.

Cote played a game for the Danbury Hat Tricks of the Federal Prospects Hockey League on November 28, 2021.

### Coaching

Cote was an assistant coach for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms from 2010 to 2017. The Phantoms play in the American Hockey League and serve as the top-level minor league affiliate of the Philadelphia Flyers.

### Broadcasting

Cote currently co-hosts the Nasty Knuckles podcast along with former Flyers' head equipment manager Derek "Nasty" Settlemyre.

## Cannabis and hemp advocacy

During his time in the NHL, Cote used cannabis as a natural pain reliever and alternative to addictive pharmaceutical drugs. After retiring, Cote co-founded Athletes for Care, a group that advocates for athletes on issues of health and safety including the use of cannabis as medicine.

Cote is also an advocate for hemp, founding the Hemp Heals Foundation to educate the public about the nutritional benefits of hemp and its numerous eco-friendly industrial uses. The organization hosts an annual music festival in Philadelphia to raise awareness about the various benefits and applications of the hemp plant. Cote is also a board member of the Pennsylvania Hemp Industry Council.

Cote is co-founder of a company called Bodychek Wellness, which produces organically grown CBD extracts and functional mushroom blends intended as alternatives to traditional pain medications.

## Personal life

Cote has two daughters with his ex-wife Ashley, named Kinsley and Kaia. He became an advocate for multiple sclerosis diagnosis and treatment after his older sister, Jamie, was diagnosed with the disease in 2000. His nickname is Riles.

Aside from hockey, Cote has also been involved in real estate, creative production, and mindfulness coaching.

## Awards

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1998–99 | Prince Albert Raiders | WHL | | 37 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 63 | | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 1999–00 | Prince Albert Raiders | WHL | | 67 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 71 | | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 2000–01 | Prince Albert Raiders | WHL | | 64 | 17 | 35 | 52 | 114 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Prince Albert Raiders | WHL | | 67 | 28 | 23 | 51 | 134 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | St. John's Maple Leafs | AHL | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Memphis RiverKings | CHL | | 51 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 241 | | 14 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 54 |
| 2003–04 | Dayton Bombers | ECHL | | 57 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 258 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Syracuse Crunch | AHL | | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Philadelphia Phantoms | AHL | | 61 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 280 | | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 2005–06 | Philadelphia Phantoms | AHL | | 70 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 259 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Philadelphia Phantoms | AHL | | 37 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 125 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 70 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 202 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2008–09 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 63 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 174 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009–10 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021-22 | Danbury Hat Tricks | FPHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| NHL totals | | | | 156 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 411 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| AHL totals | | | | 183 | 8 | 12 | 20 | 688 | | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| WHL totals | | | | 235 | 54 | 67 | 121 | 382 | | 12 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 |

## InfoBox

| Riley Cote | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cote with the Calder Cup in 2005. | | | |
| Born | (1982-03-16) March 16, 1982<br>Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 220 lb (100 kg; 15 st 10 lb) | | |
| Position | Left wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Philadelphia Flyers | | |
| NHL draft | *Undrafted* | | |
| Playing career | 20022010 | | |


title: Riego de la Vega

abstract: Riego de la Vega is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,014 inhabitants.

text:
# Riego de la Vega

**Riego de la Vega** is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,014 inhabitants.

42°23′N 5°59′W / 42.383°N 5.983°W / 42.383; -5.983

## InfoBox

| Riego de la Vega, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
| Riego de la Vega Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | León |
| Municipality | Riego de la Vega |
| Area | |
| Total | 35 km2 (14 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 772 |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Bennett's Mill Covered Bridge

abstract: Bennett's Mill Covered Bridge, near Greenup, Kentucky, was built in 1855. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It brings Brown Covered Bridge Road over Tygarts Creek, west of Greenup. It was defended by two hidden cannon during the American Civil War. At 195 feet (59 m) long, it is the longest single-span covered bridge in Kentucky.

text:
# Bennett's Mill Covered Bridge

**Bennett's Mill Covered Bridge**, near Greenup, Kentucky, was built in 1855. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

It brings Brown Covered Bridge Road (County Route 2125) over Tygarts Creek, west of Greenup.

It was defended by two hidden cannon during the American Civil War.

At 195 feet (59 m) long, it is the longest single-span covered bridge in Kentucky.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bennett's Mill Covered Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Greenup, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 38°37′50″N 82°55′37″W / 38.63056°N 82.92694°W / 38.63056; -82.92694 (Bennett's Mill Covered Bridge) |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1855 |
| NRHP reference No. | 76000892 |
| Added to NRHP | March 26, 1976 |


title: Ben Nevis (horse)

abstract: Ben Nevis was a British-bred racehorse who became the third American-owned steeplechaser to win the Grand National at Aintree and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2009. In the United States he was known as Ben Nevis II. The racing colours of Ben Nevis were as follows - emerald green and white halved, striped sleeves, white cap.

text:
# Ben Nevis (horse)

**Ben Nevis** (1968 – 26 February 1995) was a British-bred racehorse who became the third American-owned steeplechaser to win the Grand National at Aintree and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2009. In the United States he was known as **Ben Nevis II**.

The racing colours of Ben Nevis were as follows - emerald green and white halved, striped sleeves, white cap.

## Early career

Ben Nevis was a chestnut gelding with a white blaze bred in England by A S Pattenden. Ben Nevis was named after a mountain in Scotland. He began his career on the amateur Point-to-point circuit but had little success and was exported to race in the United States.

## American career

In America, Ben Nevis was unbeatable, winning eight times while setting two course records. He was a repeat champion of the Maryland Hunt Cup. His other major victories were repeat wins in Maryland's Grand National point to point purse. In 1979, he was taken back to England to attempt to win the prestigious Grand National, and was sent to be trained by Captain Tim Forster at Letcombe Bassett in Oxfordshire.

## Return to England

In the 1979 Grand National, Ben Nevis was strongly fancied and started fourth choice in the betting but fell at The Chair obstacle. In the 1980 edition of the race, he went off an odds of 40/1 outsider in a race run on heavy going. He was ridden by the American amateur Charlie Fenwick, a merchant banker. By the second circuit, he had taken the lead. At the last jump, he was in front by 10 lengths, and at the end of the race he won by 20. Ben Nevis became the third American-owned jumps racehorse to win the Grand National. He died of colic in early 1995 at the age of 27, and was buried alongside the 13th fence at the Grand National course in Butler, Maryland.

## Hall of fame

In 2009 Ben Nevis was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

## Grand National record

| Grand National | Position | Jockey | Age | Weight | SP | Distance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1979 | DNF | Charlie Fenwick | 11 | 11-2 | 14/1 | Brought Down at fence 15, Remounted, Pulled Up at fence 16 |
| 1980 | 1st | Charlie Fenwick | 12 | 10-12 | 40/1 | Won by 20 lengths |

## InfoBox

| Ben Nevis | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Casmiri |
| Grandsire | Bright News |
| Dam | Ben Trumiss |
| Damsire | Hop Bridge |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 1968 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | A. S. Pattenden |
| Owner | Redmond C. Stewart Jr. |
| Trainer | Tim Forster |
| Record | 21-9-3-2 |
| Major wins | |
| Maryland Hunt Cup (1977, 1978)<br>Grand National (1980) | |
| Honours | |
| United States Racing Hall of Fame inductee (2009) | |


title: Benson City Hall (Omaha, Nebraska)

abstract: The Benson City Hall and Fire Station, now known as the Benson Community Center, is located at 6008 Maple Street in the Benson neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. It was built in 1915, shortly before Benson's annexation by Omaha.

text:
# Benson City Hall (Omaha, Nebraska)

The **Benson City Hall and Fire Station**, now known as the **Benson Community Center**, is located at 6008 Maple Street in the Benson neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. It was built in 1915, shortly before Benson's annexation by Omaha.

## History

The first public building in Benson was a city hall built in 1892 at Military Road and Spencer Street. In 1901, it was moved to the intersection of Military Avenue and Wirt Street, where it remained until 1916, when it was sold at auction.

In the mid-to-late 1910s, the city of Omaha began a course of annexations of suburban communities to its north and west. Benson, seeing itself as a likely target, decided to add as many civic improvements as they could before this happened. The reasons for this were twofold. First, Bensonites feared that the much larger Omaha government would be slow in responding to their desire for such improvements. Second, they knew that upon annexation, their municipal debts would be assumed by the whole city of Omaha. In May 1915, popular Omaha architect Everett S. Dodds submitted designs to the Benson City Council, and in the fall of 1915 the Council hired the Rasmussen Construction Company to erect a new combined city hall and fire station.

After Benson was annexed into Omaha in 1917, the building became a community center, and in 1923 the second floor was designated for use by the Omaha Public Library system as the Benson branch. After a new library was constructed in 1941, the building continued to house the Benson Community Center.

41°17′07″N 96°00′19″W / 41.28528°N 96.00528°W / 41.28528; -96.00528

## InfoBox

| Benson City Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the southeast | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Omaha, Nebraska |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 41°17′07″N 96°00′19″W / 41.2852°N 96.005279°W / 41.2852; -96.005279 |
| Construction started | 1915 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Everett S. Dodds |


title: Ringed cross

abstract: The ringed cross is a class of Christian cross symbols featuring a ring or nimbus. The concept exists in many variants and dates to early in the history of Christianity. One variant, the cruciform halo, is a special type of halo placed behind the head of Jesus in Christian art. Other common variants include the Celtic cross, used in the stone high crosses of France, Ireland and Britain; some forms of the Coptic cross; and ringed crosses from Galicia.

text:
# Ringed cross

The **ringed cross** is a class of Christian cross symbols featuring a ring or nimbus. The concept exists in many variants and dates to early in the history of Christianity. One variant, the cruciform halo, is a special type of halo placed behind the head of Jesus in Christian art. Other common variants include the Celtic cross, used in the stone high crosses of France, Ireland and Britain; some forms of the Coptic cross; and ringed crosses from Galicia.

## History

The nimbus or ringed shape was appended to the Christian cross and other symbols relatively early. In these contexts it apparently derived from the earlier Roman garland of victory. The Chi Rho-in-circle motif was widespread in the Roman Empire by the late 4th century, and garlanded and ringed crosses were popular in imperial Ravenna by the 5th century, influencing the later versions. The cruciform halo or cross halo, a halo incorporating a cross, emerged as a distinctive type of halo painted behind the head of members of the Holy Trinity, especially Jesus, and occasionally others. In other cases, the combination of cross and nimbus symbolized the presence of Christ throughout the cosmos, with the nimbus representing the celestial sphere. Notable early examples include the cosmological ringed cross in the 5th-century Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, and the 6th-century Crux Gemmata in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe.

## Symbolic forms

## Examples

### Celtic crosses in France, Ireland and Great Britain

The Celtic cross is a variant of the ringed cross that emerged in France, Ireland and Britain in the Early Middle Ages. It is a Latin cross featuring a nimbus surrounding the intersection of the stem and arms. The Celtic cross became widespread through the distinctive stone high crosses erected across the islands beginning in the early 8th century; most, but not all, of these monuments take the form of the Celtic cross. Scholars debate the origins of the type, but it is related to earlier types of ringed crosses such as the "cosmological cross" used in Ravenna. St. John's Cross at Iona, an Irish monastery off the coast of Scotland and a major pilgrimage center, may be the prototype for all other high crosses. Most high crosses were made between the 8th and 10th centuries, with a briefer revival occurring in Ireland in the late 11th and 12th centuries.

The Celtic cross saw a resurgence in the mid-19th century, following new studies and reconstructions of the medieval high crosses. They subsequently became common objects in art, architecture, and merchandise during the Celtic Revival. They have since remained popular symbols of Ireland and "Celtic" identity.

In France, the celtic crosses are called the *croix celtique* or *croix nimbée* ("cross with nimbus"). They are found mainly in the western part of France: in Brittany, Normandy, Limousin as far as Auvergne in the centre. Most of them were made around the 16th century. One can be seen on the spire of Orléans Cathedral, in the Loire valley.

In Lower Normandy, in Cotentin, many churches have kept their tombstones decorated with a celtic cross.

### Galicia

A distinct form of ringed cross similar to Celtic variant is found in Galicia in Spain, often topping *horreos* (granaries) as a protective measure against any kind of evil. They can also be found atop churches and, since the beginning of the 20th century, in cemeteries, but they are unusual in *cruceiros* (high crosses). There is a very characteristic Galician Medieval style that combines a Celtic cross with a Celtic simple knot; it is similar to the St Maur cross at Glanfeuil Abbey.

#### Estonia

There is an example of a circled cross in the cemetery around the 13th-century Saha Chapel in North Estonia.

### Coptic cross

Old Coptic crosses often incorporate a circle, as in the form called a "Coptic cross" by Rudolf Koch in his The Book of Signs (1933). Sometimes the arms of the cross extend through the circle (dividing it into four quadrants), as in the "Celtic cross". The circle cross was also used by the early Gnostic sects.

### Nestorian cross

Crosses used by the Church of the East sometimes incorporate a circle, similar to the Celtic cross or a sun cross.

## Use with computer systems

Although many image files exist (and are used in this article), just one circled cross   the celtic cross   has an explicit code point in Unicode for use in transferable materials.

* U+1F548 🕈 CELTIC CROSS

Symbols designed for other purposes, such as U+1F728 🜨 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS, U+2295  CIRCLED PLUS and U+2A01  N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR, have been used as alternatives. These symbols (particularly 1F548 and 1F728) are not included in all computer fonts and consequently may not be displayed correctly or even at all. Furthermore, they may not be recognised by screen reader software used by people with visual impairment.


title: Ringed brown snake

abstract: The ringed brown snake is a species of venomous elapid snake native to a broad swathe of inland Australia, from western New South Wales and Queensland to Western Australia. Albert Günther described it as Cacophis modesta in 1872, from specimens collected in northwestern Australia. The specific name modesta is the Latin adjective "unassuming", "orderly", or "well-behaved", regarded as apt by toxicologist Struan Sutherland, as the snake generally does not bite people. Meanwhile, Charles Walter De Vis described Brachysoma sutherlandi from Carl Creek, Norman River in northwestern Queensland in 1884, and William Macleay described Furina ramsayi, naming it after Edward Pierson Ramsay, in 1885 from a collection from Milparinka in northwestern New South Wales. All three are the same species. Reaching around 50 cm (20 in) in length, the ringed brown snake has grey-brown to red-brown upperparts with a black head and neck split by a cream band, as well as four to seven black bands with cream margins at regular intervals down the length of its body. Its underparts are cream to yellow splotched with orange. The upper dark bands may fade markedly with age. Its colour and markings, particularly its black head and neck band, resemble the juvenile eastern brown snake. The ringed brown snake is found in arid regions across inland Australia. It lives in arid shrubland or grassland, where it hides in spinifex or under fallen timber. A girl bitten by this species in 1987 suffered mild systemic symptoms. No coagulopathy was recorded.

text:
# Ringed brown snake

The **ringed brown snake** (***Pseudonaja modesta***) is a species of venomous elapid snake native to a broad swathe of inland Australia, from western New South Wales and Queensland to Western Australia.

Albert Günther described it as *Cacophis modesta* in 1872, from specimens collected in northwestern Australia. The specific name *modesta* is the Latin adjective "unassuming", "orderly", or "well-behaved", regarded as apt by toxicologist Struan Sutherland, as the snake generally does not bite people. Meanwhile, Charles Walter De Vis described *Brachysoma sutherlandi* from Carl Creek, Norman River in northwestern Queensland in 1884, and William Macleay described *Furina ramsayi*, naming it after Edward Pierson Ramsay, in 1885 from a collection from Milparinka in northwestern New South Wales. All three are the same species.

Reaching around 50 cm (20 in) in length, the ringed brown snake has grey-brown to red-brown upperparts with a black head and neck split by a cream band, as well as four to seven black bands with cream margins at regular intervals down the length of its body. Its underparts are cream to yellow splotched with orange. The upper dark bands may fade markedly with age. Its colour and markings, particularly its black head and neck band, resemble the juvenile eastern brown snake.

The ringed brown snake is found in arid regions across inland Australia (except Victoria). It lives in arid shrubland or grassland, where it hides in spinifex or under fallen timber.

A girl bitten by this species in 1987 suffered mild systemic symptoms. No coagulopathy was recorded.

## InfoBox

| Ringed brown snake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *P. modesta* in Northern Territory, Australia | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudonaja* |
| Species: | ***P. modesta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudonaja modesta***
Günther, 1872 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cacophis modesta* Günther
*Furina ramsayi* Macleay, 1885
*Brachysoma sutherlandi* De Vis, 1884
 | |


title: Benjamin J. Davis Jr.

abstract: Benjamin Jefferson Davis Jr., was an African-American lawyer and communist who was elected in 1943 to the New York City Council, representing Harlem. He faced increasing opposition from outside Harlem after the end of World War II. In 1949 he was among a number of communist leaders prosecuted for violating the Smith Act. He was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison.

text:
# Benjamin J. Davis Jr.

**Benjamin Jefferson Davis Jr.** (September 8, 1903 – August 22, 1964), was an African-American lawyer and communist who was elected in 1943 to the New York City Council, representing Harlem. He faced increasing opposition from outside Harlem after the end of World War II. In 1949 he was among a number of communist leaders prosecuted for violating the Smith Act. He was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison.

## Early years

Benjamin J. Davis Jr. – known to his friends as "Ben" – was born September 8, 1903, in Dawson, Georgia to Benjamin Davis Sr. and Jimmie W. Porter. The family moved to Atlanta in 1909, where Davis's father, "Big Ben" Davis, established a weekly black newspaper, the *Atlanta Independent.* It was successful enough to provide a comfortable middle-class upbringing for his family. The elder Benjamin Davis emerged as a prominent black political leader and served as a member of the Republican National Committee for the state of Georgia.

The younger Ben Davis Jr. attended the high school program of Morehouse College in Atlanta. He left the South to study at Amherst College, where he earned his B.A. in 1925. Davis continued his education at Harvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1929. Davis worked briefly as a journalist before starting a law practice in Atlanta in 1932.

## Political career

Davis became radicalized through his role as defense attorney in the 1933 trial of Angelo Herndon, a 19-year-old black Communist who had been charged with violating a Georgia law against "attempting to incite insurrection", because he tried to organize a farm workers' union. Davis asked the International Juridical Association to review his brief. During the trial, Davis faced angry, racist opposition from the judge and public. He was impressed with the rhetoric and bravery of Herndon and his colleagues. After giving concluding arguments, he joined the Communist Party himself.

Herndon was convicted and sentenced to 18–20 years in jail. He was freed after April 26, 1937, when, by a 5-to-4 margin, the United States Supreme Court ruled Georgia's Insurrection Law to be unconstitutional.

Davis moved to Harlem, New York in 1935, joining the Great Migration of blacks out of the South to northern cities. He worked as editor of the Communist Party's newspaper targeted to African-Americans, *The Negro Liberator.* He later became editor of the CPUSA's official English-language daily, *The Daily Worker.*

In 1943, Davis was elected under the then-used system of proportional representation to fill a city council seat being vacated by Adam Clayton Powell Jr. to run for Congress. Davis was reelected in 1945, this time to a four-year term.

Davis lost his 1949 bid for re-election due to a number of factors. First, two years earlier, New York had ceased to use proportional representation and Harlem was broken up into three districts, diluting the black vote. Second, Davis's opponent in the new 21st district was journalist Earl Brown, a fusion candidate for the Democratic, Republican, and Liberal parties. Finally, in July 1948, Davis was charged with conspiring to overthrow the federal government under the Smith Act  a World War II-era charge that rested on Davis's association with the Communist Party. He was tried along with eleven other defendants for their communist beliefs and party affiliation in the Smith Act trials. Paul Robeson, noted actor, singer, and civil rights activist publicly advocated for Davis and his fellow defendants. His conviction was announced on October 13, only a few weeks before the election.

With only a month remaining in his last term, Davis was expelled from the city council, a requirement under state law. His former colleagues even passed a resolution celebrating his ouster. He appealed his conviction for two years all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States, without success. On March 1, 1955, after serving three years and four months in the federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana, Davis was freed. However, he was immediately transferred to the Allegheny County Jail in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to serve an additional 60-day term for contempt of court. He had appeared there in 1953 as a defense witness for another group of five Communists charged under the Smith Act, but was asked and refused to answer questions about unrelated individuals involved in the Communist Party's National Commission of Negro Work. In 1957, the Supreme Court revisited the Smith Act and reversed itself in Yates v. United States, which held that the First Amendment protected radical and reactionary speech, unless it posed a "clear and present danger."

In subsequent years, Davis engaged in a speaking tour of college campuses and remained politically active, promoting an agenda of civil rights and economic populism. Davis' 1962 speaking circuit drew crowds at schools such as Harvard, Columbia, Amherst, Oberlin and the University of Minnesota. But the City College of New York  in the New York council district he represented in the 1940s  barred Davis from speaking on its campus in this period. After a student protest, Davis was allowed to speak outside, on the street. He was close to Communist Party chairman William Z. Foster. Davis continued to publicly defend the actions of the Soviet Union, including the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.

In 1962 Davis was charged with violating the Internal Security Act. He died shortly before the case came to trial.

## Death

Ben Davis died of lung cancer in New York City on August 22, 1964. He was less than one month shy of his 61st birthday at the time of his death, and was in the midst of a campaign for New York State Senate on the People's Party ticket.

## Legacy

While in prison, Davis had written notes for a memoir. These were confiscated by prison authorities and not released until after his death. They were posthumously published under the title *Communist Councilman From Harlem* (1969), with a foreword by his Smith Act codefendant Henry Winston.

## Works

* "Must Negro Americans Wait?"
* "The Negro People in the Struggle for Peace and Freedom."
* "Upsurge in the South."
* "The Path of Negro Liberation."
* "Why I Am A Communist."
* "Ben Davis on the McCarran Act."

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Ben Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| Davis in 1949 | |
|  | |
| Member of the New York City Council At-large | |
| **In office**
March 1, 1943  December 31, 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Adam Clayton Powell |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Benjamin Jefferson Davis, Jr.
(1903-09-08)September 8, 1903
Dawson, Georgia |
| Died | August 22, 1964(1964-08-22) (aged 60)
New York City |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Communist |
| Education | Amherst College (AB)
Harvard University (LLB) |
| Occupation | Lawyer, Activist, Politician |
| Known for | Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders |
|  | |


title: Benjamin J. Franklin

abstract:
Benjamin Joseph Franklin was a U.S. Representative from Missouri, and territorial governor of Arizona. Born in Maysville, Kentucky, in March 1839, Franklin attended private schools, and Bethany College, Bethany, Virginia from 1849 to 1851.
He taught school.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1859 and commenced practice in Leavenworth, Kansas. Franklin was elected to the State senate of Kansas in 1861, but due to the outbreak of the Civil War never served.
He entered the Confederate States Army as a private.
He was promoted to the rank of captain and served throughout the Civil War.
He moved to Columbia, Missouri, and engaged in agricultural pursuits.
He moved to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1868 and resumed the practice of law.
He served as prosecuting attorney for Jackson County, Missouri from 1871 to 1875. Franklin was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses.
He served as chairman of the Committee on Territories.
He was a candidate for renomination, but withdrew.
He again engaged in the practice of law in Kansas City, Missouri.
He was appointed United States consul at Hankow, China, in 1885.
He returned to the United States in 1890 and settled in Phoenix, Arizona, and engaged in the practice of law.
He was appointed Governor of the Territory of Arizona and served from April 18, 1896, to July 29, 1897.
He died in Phoenix, Arizona, May 19, 1898.
He was interred in Rosedale Cemetery, a section of the Pioneer and Military Memorial Park in Phoenix.

text:
# Benjamin J. Franklin

**Benjamin Joseph Franklin** (March 1839 – May 19, 1898) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri, and territorial governor of Arizona.

Born in Maysville, Kentucky, in March 1839, Franklin attended private schools, and Bethany College, Bethany, Virginia (now West Virginia) from 1849 to 1851. He taught school. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1859 and commenced practice in Leavenworth, Kansas.

Franklin was elected to the State senate of Kansas in 1861, but due to the outbreak of the Civil War never served. He entered the Confederate States Army as a private. He was promoted to the rank of captain and served throughout the Civil War. He moved to Columbia, Missouri, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He moved to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1868 and resumed the practice of law. He served as prosecuting attorney for Jackson County, Missouri from 1871 to 1875.

Franklin was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1875 – March 4, 1879). He served as chairman of the Committee on Territories (Forty-fifth Congress). He was a candidate for renomination, but withdrew. He again engaged in the practice of law in Kansas City, Missouri. He was appointed United States consul at Hankow, China, in 1885. He returned to the United States in 1890 and settled in Phoenix, Arizona, and engaged in the practice of law. He was appointed Governor of the Territory of Arizona and served from April 18, 1896, to July 29, 1897. He died in Phoenix, Arizona, May 19, 1898. He was interred in Rosedale Cemetery, a section of the Pioneer and Military Memorial Park in Phoenix.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Benjamin J. Franklin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 12th Governor of Arizona Territory | |
| **In office**
April 18, 1896  July 22, 1897 | |
| Nominated by | Grover Cleveland |
| Preceded by | L. C. Hughes |
| Succeeded by | Myron H. McCord |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 8th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1875  March 4, 1879 | |
| Preceded by | Abram Comingo |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Locke Sawyer |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Benjamin Joseph Franklin
March 1839 (1839-03)
Maysville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | May 19, 1898(1898-05-19) (aged 59)
Phoenix, Arizona Territory, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Benjamin J. Bialostotzky

abstract: Benjamin Jacob Bialostotzky Is a Lithuanian-born Jewish-American Yiddish poet.

text:
# Benjamin J. Bialostotzky

**Benjamin Jacob Bialostotzky** (June 15, 1893 - September 22, 1962) Is a Lithuanian-born Jewish-American Yiddish poet.

## Life

Bialostotzky was born on June 15, 1893, in Pumpėnai, Russia, the son of the Grodner *Maggid*.

Bialostozky attended religious elementary schools and yeshivas in Panevėžys and Kaunas. When he was young, he was a member of the Kovno Zionist territorialists and wrote correspondence pieces for Saint Petersburg's *Fraynd* under the pen name A. Pumpyaner. He published his first literary piece in 1909, a poem called "Fartsveyflung" (Despair) in A. Litvin's Vilnius *Lebn un Visnshaft*. He immigrated to Germany in 1910, and, in 1911, he arrived in the United States.

He lived in New York City and studied in the City College of New York. He joined Poale Zion in 1914. He founded Yiddish schools in America, and he worked as a teacher in the National Front and Workmen's Circle schools. He was a member of the Workmen's Circle pedagogical council for many years, and was a cofounder and active participant of various Yiddish cultural organizations. He contributed poems and essays to a number of magazines and newspapers under the pen names B. Y. Belkin, Ben Ha-magid, Sh. S. Heler, Aviv, and B. Y. B. From 1918 to 1919, he was on the editorial board of *Yunger Yidisher Kemfer*. In 1919, he edited *Di Kinder-Velt*, the first children's magazine in Yiddish, with Joel Entin and Sh. Shapiro. He was managing editor and editorial secretary of *Yidisher Kemfer* from 1919 to 1920. From 1920 to 1922, he was editorial secretary of David Pinski's *Di Tsayt*. He became a regular contributor to *The Forward* starting in 1922. From 1927 to 1932, he edited the literary journal *Oyfkum* with Z. Veynper and Ber Lapin.

Bialostozky's childhood memories of his Lithuanian hometown were reflected in his poems, although he primarily focused on New York City. He believed American Jews had to accept the fact they left the small communities that formed Yiddish culture and became city dwellers, and Yiddish poets should reproduce the sights of rhythms of urban civilization. His early model was Morris Rosenfeld, to whom he dedicated essays to and whose influence appeared in his 1920 social songs *Beim Breiten Veg* (Along the Highway). His works dealt with the poverty in the Lower East Side. His simple children's songs, set to music by Solomon Golub and Mikhl Gelbart, were sung in Yiddish elementary schools, his poetic tales fascinated young audiences, and his 1940 *Bienele* was described by one source as his masterpiece for children.

Bialostozky's works were first collected in *Lider un Eseyen* (Poems and Essays) in 1932. In 1953, he edited a memorial volume for the poet David Edelstadt. His own volume of poetry was published in the 1958 *Lid tsu Lid* (Poem to Poem) and included his bibliography by E. H. Jeshurin. His studies in Jewish folklore led to several collections of legends, including *Fun Golus Bovl bis Roym* (From the Babylonian Exile to Rome) in 1949, *Di Mesholim fun Dubner Magid* (Parables of the Maggid of Dubno) in 1962, and *Yidisher Humor un Yidishe Leytsim* (Jewish Humor and Jewish Jesters) in 1963.

Bialostozky died at his home in the Bronx on September 22, 1962, aged 69. He was buried in the Workmen's Circle section of Mount Carmel Cemetery.


title: Bennetts Bayou

abstract: Bennetts Bayou is a stream in the U.S. states of Arkansas and Missouri. The stream source is in Howell County, Missouri, just south of US Route 160 west of Hocomo. The stream flows southwest into Ozark County, Missouri, and under Missouri Route 142 on the east side of Bakersfield. It then flows south through the extreme northwest corner of Fulton County, Arkansas, and into the northwest corner of Baxter County, Arkansas. It continues to the southwest and enters the northeast arm of Norfork Lake to the east of Gamaliel, Arkansas. The similarly named Bennetts River runs subparallel to Bennetts Bayou just to the southeast. The stream source in Missouri is at 36°36′43″N 92°01′11″W and the river mouth in Arkansas is at 36°26′00″N 92°12′57″W. Bennetts Bayou has the name of the local Bennett family.

text:
# Bennetts Bayou

**Bennetts Bayou** is a stream in the U.S. states of Arkansas and Missouri. The stream source is in Howell County, Missouri, just south of US Route 160 west of Hocomo. The stream flows southwest into Ozark County, Missouri, and under Missouri Route 142 on the east side of Bakersfield. It then flows south through the extreme northwest corner of Fulton County, Arkansas, and into the northwest corner of Baxter County, Arkansas. It continues to the southwest and enters the northeast arm of Norfork Lake to the east of Gamaliel, Arkansas. The similarly named Bennetts River runs subparallel to Bennetts Bayou just to the southeast.

The stream source in Missouri is at 36°36′43″N 92°01′11″W / 36.61194°N 92.01972°W / 36.61194; -92.01972 and the river mouth in Arkansas is at 36°26′00″N 92°12′57″W / 36.43333°N 92.21583°W / 36.43333; -92.21583.

Bennetts Bayou has the name of the local Bennett family.


title: Bennettitales

abstract: Bennettitales is an extinct order of seed plants that first appeared in the Permian period and became extinct in most areas toward the end of the Cretaceous. Bennettitales were amongst the most common seed plants of the Mesozoic, and had morphologies including shrub and cycad-like forms. The foliage of bennettitaleans is superficially nearly indistinguishable from that of cycads, but they are distinguished from cycads by their more complex flower-like reproductive organs, at least some of which were likely pollinated by insects. Although certainly gymnosperms sensu lato, the relationships of bennettitaleans to other seed plants is debated. Their general resemblance to cycads is contradicted by numerous more subtle features of their reproductive systems and leaf structure. Some authors have linked bennettitaleans to angiosperms and gnetophytes, forming a broader group known as Anthophyta. Molecular data contradicts this, with gnetophytes found to be much more genetically similar to conifers. The exact position of Bennettitales remains uncertain.

text:
# Bennettitales

**Bennettitales** (also known as **cycadeoids**) is an extinct order of seed plants that first appeared in the Permian period and became extinct in most areas toward the end of the Cretaceous. Bennettitales were amongst the most common seed plants of the Mesozoic, and had morphologies including shrub and cycad-like forms. The foliage of bennettitaleans is superficially nearly indistinguishable from that of cycads, but they are distinguished from cycads by their more complex flower-like reproductive organs, at least some of which were likely pollinated by insects.

Although certainly gymnosperms *sensu lato* (cone-bearing seed plants), the relationships of bennettitaleans to other seed plants is debated. Their general resemblance to cycads is contradicted by numerous more subtle features of their reproductive systems and leaf structure. Some authors have linked bennettitaleans to angiosperms (flowering plants) and gnetophytes (a rare and unusual group of modern gymnosperms), forming a broader group known as Anthophyta. Molecular data contradicts this, with gnetophytes found to be much more genetically similar to conifers. The exact position of Bennettitales remains uncertain.

## Description

Bennettitales are divided into two families, Cycadeoidaceae and Williamsoniaceae, which have distinct growth habits. Cycadeoidaceae had stout, cycad-like trunks with bisporangiate (containing both megaspores and microspores) strobili (cones) serving as their reproductive structures. Williamsoniaceae either had bisporangiate or monosporangiate cones, and distinctly slender and branching woody trunks. The Williamsoniaceae grew as woody shrubs with a divaricate branching habit, similar to that of *Banksia.* It has been suggested that Williamsoniaceae are a paraphyletic (not containing all descendants of a common ancestor) assemblage of all Bennettitales that do not belong to the Cycadeoidaceae.

### Foliage

In general, bennettitalean leaves are attached to the stem with a helical (corkscrew) arrangement. Some leaves (most species of *Nilssoniopteris*, etc.) are narrow, solitary blades with a smooth-edged ("entire") margin. Most leaf morphotypes (*Pterophyllum*, *Ptilophyllum*, *Zamites*, *Otozamites*, etc.) are pinnate (feather-shaped), with many small leaf segments attached to a central shaft. Others (*Anomozamites*, a few species of *Nilssoniopteris*) are incompletely pinnate (sawtooth-shaped) and transitional between these two end members. One unusual leaf form, *Eoginkgoites*, even approaches a palmate appearance similar to early species of *Ginkgo*.

The foliage of bennettitaleans resembles that of cycads to such an extent that the foliage of the two groups cannot be reliably distinguished based on gross morphology alone. However, fossil foliage which preserves the cuticle can be assigned to either group with confidence. The stomata of bennettitaleans are described as syndetocheilic. This means that the main paired guard cells develop from the same mother cells as the subsidiary cells which surround them. This contrasts with the haplocheilic stomata of cycads and conifers. In haplocheilic stomata, the ring of subsidiary cells are not derived from the same original structures as the guard cells. This fundamental difference is the main way to differentiate bennettitalean and cycad foliage.

### Cones and seeds

Like other gymnosperms, bennettitalean reproductive inflorescences come in the form of cones, which produce pollen and ovules (unfertilized seeds). The cones have a thick central receptacle surrounded by simple, helically-arranged fertile and infertile structures. Tissue at the base of the cone forms layers of scale-like or petal-like bracts to protect the radiating inner structures. Some authors refer to bennettitalean cones as "flowers", though they are not equivalent to true angiosperm flowers. Pollen is often enclosed in paired synangia (pollen sacs). The synangia lie on the adaxial (inner) edge of pollen-bearing leaf-like structures known as microsporophylls. This contrasts with cycads, all of which lack discrete synangia and bear pollen on the abaxial (outer) surface of their microsporophylls.

Many bennettitaleans are bisporangiate, where the pollen and ovules are hosted on the same (bisexual or hermaphrodite) cone. Cavities filled with curved synangia-bearing microsporophylls are encased by thin radiating structures, including thick, infertile interseminal scales and fertile sporophylls with ovules at their tips. The presence of ovules at the tips of sporophylls, rather than the tips of stems, is a major difference between the cones of bennettitaleans and gnetophytes. As the cone is fertilized and matures, the microsporophylls wither away and the ovules transform into seeds.

Most bennettitaleans in the family Williamsoniaceae are instead monosporangiate, with separate pollen and ovule-producing (unisexual) cones on the same plant. The ovule-producing (female) cones (*Williamsonia,* etc*.*) are similar to mature bisporangiate cones, with interseminal scales and ovule-tipped sporophylls enclosed by bracts. Pollen-producing (male) cones (*Weltrichia,* etc*.*), on the other hand, feature an exposed crown of tapering microsporophylls with adaxial rows of synangia. The microsporophylls may host a single linear row of paired synangia, or instead synangia arranged in a pinnate (feather-shaped) pattern.

Seeds are dicotyledonous (possess two embryonic leaves), with a central embryo surrounded by three layers: the thin megagametophyte, the slightly thicker nucellus, and the protective integument. The upper tip of the seed is tapered and opens through a thin and often extended micropyle. A long, narrow micropyle extending out of the seed is superficially similar to the condition in living gnetophytes. Once the seed is fertilized, the micropyle is sealed by a plug-shaped extension of the nucellus. Unlike living gymnosperms, the tip of the nucellus lacks a pollen chamber (receptacle for stored pollen). The integument is dense and thick, with many layers of differentiated cells. This contrasts with the thin, biseriate (two cell-layer) integument of gnetophytes. Bennettitaleans also lack another gnetophyte-like trait: a sheath of fused bracteoles enveloping the seed. Most integument cells are not unusual in size or shape. However, near the micropyle the innermost layer of integument cells become radially-oriented and elongated, partially closing in on the micropyle. The nucellus and integument are unfused above the chalaza (base of the seed), unlike cycads or gnetophytes, where the layers are fused for much of their height.

Cycadeoidaceans have been suggested to have been self-pollinating, with their stems and cones buried underground, although it has alternatively been proposed that they were pollinated by beetles. The flower-like williamsoniacean male reproductive structure *Weltrichia* is associated with the female reproductive structure *Williamsonia*, though it is uncertain whether the parent plants were monoecious (male and female reproductive structures being present on the same plant) or dioecious (where each plant has only one gender of reproductive organ). *Weltrichia* was likely primarily wind-pollinated, with some species possibly pollinated by beetles.

Several groups of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous insects possessed a long proboscis, and it has been suggested that they fed on nectar produced by bennettitalean reproductive structures, such as the bisexual williamsoniacean reproductive structure *Williamsoniella,* which had a long, narrow central receptacle which was likely otherwise inaccessible. Early Cretaceous bennettitalean pollen has been found directly associated with a proboscis bearing fly belonging to the extinct family Zhangsolvidae, providing evidence that this family acted as pollinators for the group. The interseminal scales of Bennettitales ovulate cones may have become fleshy at maturity, which could have potentially made then attractive to wild animals that served as seed dispersers.

## Taxonomy

### History of discovery

The Cycadeoideaceae (originally "Cycadeoideae") were named by English geologist William Buckland in 1828, from fossil trunks found in Jurassic strata on the Isle of Portland, England, which Buckland gave the genus name *Cycadeoidea*. Buckland provided a description of the family and two species, but failed to give a description of the genus, which has led to Buckland's description of the family being considered invalid by modern taxonomic standards. In publications in 1870, Scottish botanist William Carruthers and English paleobotanist William Crawford Williamson described the first known reproductive organs of the Bennettitales from Jurassic strata of Yorkshire and Jurassic-Cretaceous strata of the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Portland. Caruthers was the first to recognise that Bennettitales had distinct differences from cycads, and established the tribes "Williamsonieae" and "Bennettiteae", with the latter being named after the genus *Bennettites* named by Caruthers in the same publication*,* the name being in honour of British botanist John Joseph Bennett. The order Bennettitales was erected by German botanist Adolf Engler in 1892, who recognised the group as separate from the Cycadales.

### Relationships to other seed plants

The Anthophyte hypothesis erected by Arber and Parking in 1907 posited that angiosperms arose from Bennettitales, as suggested by the wood-like structures and rudimentary flowers. Based on morphological data, however, Bennettitales were classified as a monophyletic group when paired with Gnetales. a study in 2006 suggested that Bennettitales, Angiosperms, and Gigantopteridales form a clade based on the presence of oleanane. Molecular evidence has consistently contradicted the Anthophyte hypothesis, finding that Angiosperms are the sister group to all living gymnosperms, including Gnetales. Some authors have suggested due to similarities between their seed coats, Bennettitales form a clade with the gymnosperm orders of Gnetales and Erdtmanithecales, dubbed the "BEG group". However, this proposal has been contested by other authors, who contend that these similarities are only superficial and do not indicate a close relationship. A 2017 phylogeny based on molecular signatures of fossilised cuticles found that Bennettitales were more closely related to the *Ginkgo*+Cycads clade than conifers, and were closely related to *Nilssonia* and *Ptilozamites.*

## Evolutionary history

The oldest confirmed fossils of bennettitaleans are leaves of *Nilssoniopteris shanxiensis*, a species from the upper part of the Upper Shihhotse Formation in Shanxi Province, China. This strata is dated to the early Kungurian stage of the early Permian (Cisuralian), around 281 million years ago. Supposed Carboniferous-Permian records of *Pterophyllum* do not have conclusive bennettitalean affinities or have been reinterpreted as cycad foliage in the form genus *Pseudoctenis*. True Permian records of benettitalean leaves are rare; outside of the Shihhotse Formation they are only found in the Late Permian (likely Changhsingian)-age Umm Irna Formation in Jordan. This formation is notable for the early occurrence of other Mesozoic-style flora, including the earliest records of corystospermalean foliage (*Dicroidium*). The order Fredlindiales (containing the genus *Fredlindia*) from the Late Triassic of Gondwana appears to be closely related to Bennettitales, but differs from it in some aspects of its reproductive organs.

The bennettitalean fossil record reappeared in the Middle Triassic, and williamsoniaceans became globally distributed by the end of the period. The oldest bennettitalean reproductive structures are small *Williamsonia* "flowers" from the Middle Triassic Esk Formation of Australia. While Williamsoniaceae had a global distribution, Cycadeoidaceae appear to have been primarily confined to the western parts of Laurasia, and are primarily known from the Cretaceous. Bennettitales were widespread and abundant during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, however Bennettitales severely declined during the Late Cretaceous, coincident with the rise of flowering plants, being mostly extinct by the end of the period, with the final known remains from the Northern Hemisphere being found in the polar latitude Kakanaut Formation in Chukotka, Russia, dating to the Maastrichtian, assignable to *Pterophyllum.* A possible late record has been reported from the early Oligocene of eastern Australia and Tasmania, assignable to the genus *Ptilophyllum,* but no cuticle was preserved, making the referral inconclusive.

## Subgroups

Bennettitales is typically considered the sole order in the class **Bennettitopsida** Engler (1897) or **Cycadeoideopsida** Scott (1923). Most paleobotanists prefer the two families as used here, though some authors, such as Anderson & Anderson (2007), classify the order via a larger number of families. Anderson & Anderson also classified the orders Fredlindiales Anderson & Anderson (2003) and Pentoxylales Pilger & Melchior (1954) within Bennettitopsida.

## InfoBox

| Bennettitales
Temporal range: Permian \- Late Cretaceous,
Possible Oligocene record | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restoration of a member of Williamsoniaceae by Thérèse Ekblom | |
|  | |
| Life restoration of *"Williamsonia" sewardiana* from the Early Cretaceous of India, which may represent an early member of Cycadeoidaceae | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Spermatophytes |
| Order: | Bennettitales
Engler, 1892 |
|
| Families | |
|  | |


title: Bennetts Associates

abstract: Bennetts Associates is a British firm of architects. It was founded in 1987 by Denise Bennetts and her partner Rab Bennetts, who had previously worked for Ove Arup & Partners. The total shareholding of Bennetts Associates was transferred to an Employee Ownership Trust in 2016. National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C467/103) with Rab Bennetts in 2012-13 for its Architects Lives' collection held by the British Library.

text:
# Bennetts Associates

**Bennetts Associates** is a British firm of architects. It was founded in 1987 by Denise Bennetts and her partner Rab Bennetts, who had previously worked for Ove Arup & Partners. The total shareholding of Bennetts Associates was transferred to an Employee Ownership Trust in 2016.

National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C467/103) with Rab Bennetts in 2012-13 for its Architects Lives' collection held by the British Library.

## Projects

Projects undertaken by the firm have included:

## InfoBox

| Bennetts Associates Architects | |
| --- | --- |
| Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon | |
| Practice information | |
| Key architects | Denise Bennetts
Rab Bennetts |
| Partners | Julian Lipscombe
Simon Erridge
Peter Fisher
James Nelmes |
| Founders | Denise Bennetts
Rab Bennetts |
| Founded | 1987 (1987) |
| Location | London, Edinburgh and Manchester |
| Significant works and honors | |
| Buildings |  |
| Website | |
| bennettsassociates.com | |


title: Ringa Ringa

abstract: Ringa Ringa is a Marathi language film directed and written by Sanjay Jadhav which released in theatres on 19 February 2010. The music was composed by Ajay-Atul. Starring Sonali Kulkarni and Ajinkya Deo, Ankush Chaudhari in the lead roles, it also stars Bharat Jadhav, Aditi Govitrikar, Santosh Juvekar, Kamlesh Sawant and others.

text:
# Ringa Ringa

***Ringa Ringa*** (**Marathi** : रिंगा रिंगा) is a Marathi language film directed and written by Sanjay Jadhav which released in theatres on 19 February 2010. The music was composed by Ajay-Atul.

Starring Sonali Kulkarni and Ajinkya Deo, Ankush Chaudhari in the lead roles, it also stars Bharat Jadhav, Aditi Govitrikar, Santosh Juvekar, Kamlesh Sawant and others.

## Plot

Shrirang Nayak aka Rangarao (Ajinkya Deo) is almost the top leader in Goa, but things get messy when his security guy, Siddharth (Bharat Jadhav), tells the ex-leader about some terrorist connection. The ex-leader, Annasaheb Marathe (Uday Sabnis), tells Rangarao to prove it. Siddharth collects proof, but Rangarao sends Johnny (Santosh Juvekar) to get rid of him. Before he goes, Siddharth tells his wife, Mansi (Sonali Kulkarni), about the secret proof.

After Siddharth is gone, Mansi is really sad and starts thinking he's still alive. Rangarao wants to hide the proof, so he tells Vishwas (Ankush Chaudhari) and Johnny to watch Mansi. They need to get that evidence Siddharth left behind. The story gets more complicated as everyone tries to find the truth and win in this political game.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Ringa Ringa | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sanjay Jadhav |
| Written by | Amol Shetge |
| Produced by | Kanchan Satpute
Suresh Pai |
| Starring | Sonali Kulkarni
Ajinkya Deo
Bharat Jadhav
Ankush Chaudhari
Aditi Govitrikar |
| Cinematography | Sanjay Jadhav |
| Edited by | Amit Pawar |
| Music by | Ajay-Atul |
| Production
company | Nishant Audio Visuals Pvt. Ltd. |
| Release date | * 19 February 2010 (2010-02-19) |
| Running time | 106 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Marathi |


title: Rio Grande Gorge Bridge

abstract: The Rio Grande Gorge Bridge, locally known as the "Gorge Bridge" or the "High Bridge", is a steel deck arch bridge across the Rio Grande Gorge 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Taos, New Mexico, United States. Roughly 600 feet (180 m) above the Rio Grande, it is the seventh highest bridge in the United States.

text:
# Rio Grande Gorge Bridge

The **Rio Grande Gorge Bridge**, locally known as the "Gorge Bridge" or the "High Bridge", is a steel deck arch bridge across the Rio Grande Gorge 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Taos, New Mexico, United States. Roughly 600 feet (180 m) above the Rio Grande, it is the seventh highest bridge in the United States.

## Construction

The bridge was started in 1963 and completed in 1965. It was dedicated on September 10, 1965 and is a part of U.S. Route 64, a major east–west road. The span is 1,280 feet (390 m): two 300-foot-long (91 m) approach spans with a 600-foot-long (180 m) main center span.

## Awards

In 1966 the American Institute of Steel Construction awarded the bridge "Most Beautiful Steel Bridge" in the "Long Span" category.

## Restoration

A $2.4 million "facelift" to the bridge was completed in September 2012. This year-long project included repair and restoration work to the 50-year-old bridge including structural steelwork, a new concrete deck surface, new sidewalks, ramps, curbs, and gutters.

## Suicide problem

The bridge has been the site of numerous suicides. Authorities are studying ways to deter suicides, including the construction of suicide barriers, such as higher fencing, netting, or more security, and also hotline buttons, but cite money as a major reason no steps have been taken.

## Bridge height discrepancy

Although one of the highest bridges in the US, exactly how high the main span is above ground is up in the air. When it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967, this distance was cited as 650’ over the Rio Grande. And today that number is still widely used. In 2010 however, the Highest Bridges Web Site came out with a substantially lower (565’) figure. This height was most likely derived using a laser range finder but the site did not specifically reference it that way. Wikipedia used this 565’ figure in 2012 when updating its List of bridges in the United States by height, but kept the 650’ (200 meter) figure for the bridge in its Rio Grande del Norte National Monument article. And then in 2015, a height of 600’ appeared on the scene. An author of a bridge book noted this discrepancy and recommended this compromise number be used until the matter was authoritatively resolved. This 600’ figure then cropped up in a January 2016 Materials Performance Magazine white paper about the bridge's then just completed inspection by the New Mexico Department of Transportation.

The bridge has appeared in several films, including *Natural Born Killers*, *Twins*, *White Sands*, *She's Having a Baby*, *The Signal*, *Paul*, *Vacation*, *Wild Hogs*, and *Terminator Salvation*.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rio Grande Gorge Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| NM State Register of Cultural Properties | |
|  | |
| Rio Grande Gorge Bridge | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Taos, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 36°28′34″N 105°43′56″W / 36.47611°N 105.73222°W / 36.47611; -105.73222 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1965 (1965) |
| Architect | Charles E. Reed, Chief Bridge Engineer; Herman Tachau, Principal Bridge Designer |
| Architectural style | Steel deck truss |
| MPS | Historic Highway Bridges of New Mexico MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000733 |
| NMSRCP No. | 1664 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | July 15, 1997 |
| Designated NMSRCP | May 9, 1997 |


title: Berlin-Rahnsdorf station

abstract: Rahnsdorf station is a station of the Berlin S-Bahn. It is located in the district of Rahnsdorf in the Berlin district of Treptow-Köpenick.

text:
# Berlin-Rahnsdorf station

**Rahnsdorf station** is a station of the Berlin S-Bahn. It is located in the district of Rahnsdorf in the Berlin district of Treptow-Köpenick.

## History

The station was opened on 15 May 1879. The station was rebuilt to a design by the architects Charles Cornelius and Waldemar Suadicani between 1899 and 1902. This work was made necessary by the elevation of the tracks and the simultaneous construction of a separate pair of tracks for long-distance and freight traffic. The original construction of the station area is still largely preserved and the station building is heritage-listed.

There was a serious railway accident on 11 November 1916: a group of track maintenance workers made up of women—because of labour shortages as a result of the First World War—waved to the soldiers of a passing military train. Because of poor visibility due to fog, they did not hear a warning—that was given too late—of a train approaching on the track on which they stood. 19 women were killed. The look-out person was convicted and sent to prison for one year.

Electric suburban trains have stopped at the station since 11 June 1928; since 1 December 1930 they have been branded as S-Bahn services. Some steam-hauled services continued for about half a year and they ended in 1929.

Train services ended in April 1945 due to the war. After the Second World War, the Soviet occupation administration dismantled both S-Bahn tracks. The line, including the station, was returned to operation on 1 September 1948. The station was the terminus until 2 November 1948, since the line had not been restored to Erkner.

In 2009 and 2010, the platform canopy was restored, the lighting was renewed and tactile paving was installed.

## Impact on the surrounding area

The station is away from major settlements, but it has influenced the development of the surrounding villages. In particular Schoeneiche has extended, with the area of Fichtenau developing towards the station to produce a "nose".

## Passenger services

The station is served by Berlin S-Bahn line S3 between Erkner and Ostkreuz. In addition, the station is served by bus route 161, which is operated by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, and is the starting point of the Woltersdorf tramway (tramline 87 of the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg).

| Service | Route |
| --- | --- |
|  | Ostkreuz Rummelsburg Betriebsbahnhof Rummelsburg Karlshorst Wuhlheide Köpenick Hirschgarten Friedrichshagen – Rahnsdorf Wilhelmshagen Erkner |

## InfoBox

| Berlin-Rahnsdorf | |
| --- | --- |
| Through station | |
| Entrance building | |
| General information | |
| Location | Alter Fischerweg, Rahnsdorf, Treptow-Köpenick, Berlin<br>Germany |
| Coordinates | 52°27′6″N 13°41′23″E / 52.45167°N 13.68972°E / 52.45167; 13.68972 |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Connections |  |
| Construction | |
| Architect | * Karl Cornelius * Waldemar Suadicani |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 5100 |
| DS100 code | BRD |
| IBNR | 8089082 |
| Category | 5 |
| Fare zone | VBB: Berlin B/5656 |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 15 May 1879 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Berlin S-Bahn Following station  Friedrichshagentowards Spandau  S3  Wilhelmshagentowards Erkner | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Berlin-RahnsdorfLocation within Berlin | |


title: Berlin-Schöneweide station

abstract: Berlin-Schöneweide is a railway station in Niederschöneweide, part of the Treptow-Köpenick borough of Berlin. It is served by the S-Bahn and regional trains, buses and trams. It was a terminal for long-distance trains until 2011.

text:
# Berlin-Schöneweide station

**Berlin-Schöneweide** is a railway station in Niederschöneweide, part of the Treptow-Köpenick borough of Berlin. It is served by the S-Bahn and regional trains, buses and trams. It was a terminal for long-distance trains until 2011.

## History

The station was opened as a halt in the outskirts of the *Landgemeinde* (rural municipality) of Niederschöneweide on 24 May 1868 on the Berlin–Görlitz railway. Until 1874, it was called *Neuer Krug* (new tavern), the name of a nearby inn, after which it was renamed *Neuer Krug-Johannisthal*, after the rural municipality of Johannisthal, which was also near the station. In 1880–1882, it was rebuilt as a station.

As Niederschöneweide and Oberschöneweide were industrialising rapidly, a particularly high number of railways were built in the district. Apart from the state railways, these included tramways and a network of industrial railways called the *Bullenbahn* (bulls railway). In 1890/91, a branch line to Spindlersfeld was opened from the station. This was used for trials of electric suburban passenger trains between 1903 and 1906, although suburban electric trains were not introduced in Berlin until the construction of the S-Bahn in the 1920s.

The station was renamed in 1896 as *Niederschöneweide-Johannisthal* at the request of the municipality of Niederschöneweide because Niederschöneweide had provided finance for the branch to Spindlersfeld. Several private industrial railways connected to the rail network in Niederschöneweide. Private railways also connected in nearby Oberschöneweide, such as the line built in 1889 by Emil Rathenau to AEG-owned factories, using a wooden bridge over the Spree, which is at the current location of the Stubenrauch bridge.

Due to the dense traffic of the main line it was necessary to separate the traffic connecting to the private lines. At the same time, the long-distance and the suburban railway tracks were separated and Schöneweide station was upgraded in the course of this work to the six tracks it has today. This work was completed on 1 May 1906.

In the second phase of the introduction of electrical operations in Berlin, Schöneweide station gained a new approach from the other side of the station. The 'Great Electrification' continued over the branch line to Spindlersfeld and to Grünau. On 6 November 1928, the first electric S-Bahn train ran to the station. In 1929, the station was renamed to its current name of *Schöneweide*.

With the Second World War and the subsequent division of Berlin, the Görlitz line, which ran almost entirely through East Germany (GDR), lost access to its terminal station, the Görlitzer Bahnhof, which was in Kreuzberg, now in West Berlin, and could not now be reached. The long-distance trains serving the stations (as distinct from halts) on the Görlitz line in Berlin (Baumschulenweg, Schöneweide, Adlershof and Grünau) were gradually rerouted to Lichtenberg. Schöneweide became a long-distance terminal after the closure of long-distance operations at the other three stations. It was developed as the third major long-distance station in East Berlin (after Ostbahnhof, later called *Berlin Hauptbahnhof* (central station), and Lichtenberg). Traffic to the southern areas of the GDR began and ended there. The long-distance tracks connecting the station and central Berlin were closed as a result of the widening of the adjacent federal highway 96a to six lanes.

After German reunification long-distance services were gradually rerouted over the Stadtbahn or to Lichtenberg, although regional services were retained. Due to the need to rehabilitate a bridge at Ostkreuz station, regional trains, which had begun or ended at Lichtenberg were moved to Schöneweide. From the timetable change of 11 December 2011, regional transport services no longer operated to Schöneweide. The Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn service OE 36 trains from Frankfurt (Oder) via Königs Wusterhausen, which formerly terminated at Schöneweide, now run directly to Lichtenberg. Since April 2016, the regional service RB 24 has served the station, reintroducing regional trains to Schöneweide.

## Train services

The station is served by the following service(s):

* Regional-Express RB 24 BER Airport – Terminal 5 **Berlin-Schöneweide** – Berlin Ostkreuz – Berlin-Lichtenberg – Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Bernau – Rüdnitz Eberswalde
* Regionalbahn RB 32 BER Airport – Terminal 5 **Berlin-Schöneweide** – Berlin Ostkreuz – Berlin-Lichtenberg – Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Oranienburg
* Berlin S-Bahn services  *Südkreuz - Neukölln - Schöneweide - BER Airport - Terminal 1-2*
* Berlin S-Bahn services  *Westend - Westkreuz - Innsbrucker Platz - Südkreuz - Neukölln - Schöneweide - Grünau - Königs Wusterhausen*
* Berlin S-Bahn services  *Hermannstraße – Neukölln – Schöneweide – Spindlersfeld*
* Berlin S-Bahn services  *Birkenwerder – Pankow – Prenzlauer Allee – Ostkreuz – Schöneweide – Grünau – Zeuthen – Wildau*
* Berlin S-Bahn services  *Pankow – Prenzlauer Allee – Ostkreuz – Schöneweide*
* Berlin S-Bahn services  *Spandau - Westkreuz – Hauptbahnhof - Alexanderplatz – Ostbahnhof – Schöneweide – BER Airport - Terminal 1-2*

## InfoBox

| Berlin-Schöneweide | |
| --- | --- |
| Through station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Cajamarcaplatz 1, Niederschöneweide, Treptow-Köpenick, Berlin
Germany |
| Coordinates | 52°27′18″N 13°30′34″E / 52.455°N 13.509444°E / 52.455; 13.509444 |
| Line(s) |  |
| Connections |  |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 559 |
| DS100 code | BSW |
| IBNR | 8010041 |
| Category | 3 |
| Fare zone | : Berlin B/5656 |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 24 May 1868 (1868-05-24) |
| Electrified | 6 November 1928 (1928-11-06), 750 V DC system (3rd rail)
main line 2 June 1984 (1984-06-02), 15 kV AC system (overhead) |
| Previous names | 1868-1874 Neuer Krug
1874-1896 Neuer Krug-Johannisthal
1886-1929 Niederschöneweide-Johannisthal |
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| Services   Preceding station  DB Regio Nordost Following station  Berlin Ostkreuztowards Eberswalde Hbf  RB 24  BER Airport – Terminal 5towards Schönefeld (bei Berlin)  Berlin Ostkreuztowards Oranienburg  RB 32   Preceding station Berlin S-Bahn Following station  Baumschulenwegtowards Südkreuz  S45  Berlin-Johannisthaltowards BER Airport  Baumschulenwegtowards Westend  S46  Berlin-Johannisthaltowards Königs Wusterhausen  Baumschulenwegtowards Hermannstraße  S47  Oberspreetowards Spindlersfeld  Baumschulenwegtowards Birkenwerder  S8  Berlin-Johannisthaltowards Wildau  Baumschulenwegtowards Waidmannslust  S85  Berlin-Johannisthaltowards Grünau  Baumschulenwegtowards Spandau  S9  Berlin-Johannisthaltowards BER Airport | |
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