title: Curtis Roosevelt

abstract: Curtis Roosevelt was an American writer. Roosevelt was the son of Anna Roosevelt and her first husband, Curtis Bean Dall. He was the eldest grandson of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

text:
# Curtis Roosevelt

**Curtis Roosevelt** (April 19, 1930 – September 26, 2016) was an American writer. Roosevelt was the son of Anna Roosevelt and her first husband, Curtis Bean Dall. He was the eldest grandson of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

## Personal life

Curtis Roosevelt Dall was born on April 19, 1930, in New York City. When he was three, Curtis, his sister Eleanor (born 1927), and his mother moved into the White House, where they lived until his mother remarried in 1935. Newspaper articles frequently referred to the children by their nicknames, "Buzzie" and "Sistie." After his parents' 1934 divorce, his mother married journalist Clarence John Boettiger in 1935. His younger half-brother, John, was born in 1939. When his mother and Boettiger divorced in 1949, Eleanor Roosevelt and Anna did not want Curtis to reassume the surname Dall, so Mrs. Roosevelt suggested he use his middle name as his last name.

Roosevelt graduated from Northwestern Military and Naval Academy in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. He later attended Loyola University in Los Angeles.

Roosevelt married four times, first on May 23, 1950, to Robin H. Edwards, with whom he had one daughter, Julianna Edwards Roosevelt. Roosevelt and his wife Robin divorced in March 1954. He subsequently married Ruth W. Sublette on March 6, 1955, and Jeanette Schlottman on May 2, 1961. In 1985, he married Marina Ayers Jones. He had one grandson, Julianna's son Nicholas Roosevelt.

## Career

In the mid-1950s, Roosevelt served as a private in the United States Army.

Between 1956 and 1964, Roosevelt worked for several years in advertising and then primarily for nonprofit institutions, including as regional director for the National Citizens Council for Better Schools and then as vice president in charge of public affairs for the New School for Social Research. From 1963 to 1964, he served as executive director of the United States Committee for the United Nations.

In 1964, Roosevelt was recruited by the Secretariat of the United Nations to join the Public Information Department and in the following years, until 1983, held various positions in the international civil service. Roosevelt obtained his master's degree from the School of Government and Public Law at Columbia University.

From 1983 to 1986, Roosevelt served as principal at the Dartington College of Arts in Devon, England. He served as a visiting professor at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations, receiving an honorary doctorate in 2010. In 1987, he and his wife Marina moved to Deia, Mallorca, where Roosevelt devoted himself to pottery, some of his work being exhibited in a Palma gallery. He also occasionally wrote on American politics for *El Mundo* in Spain.

Roosevelt's book *Too Close to the Sun: Growing up in the Shadow of my Grandparents Franklin and Eleanor* was published in 2008 and led to a series of radio and television appearances by the author. In 2012, the book was translated and published in France.

The Roosevelts lived in a small village in the south of France, where Marina served on the municipal council. He lectured at Lille University and regularly appeared on French television. He also wrote occasionally for *Le Figaro*, the *International Herald Tribune* and had articles in *La Tribune*, *France-Amerique*, *Marianne* and the *Commune de la Commune*. Because of his connection to his famous family, Roosevelt was often consulted by the Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York and the National Park Service for comments on library exhibits and historic homes Springwood and Val-Kill.

In 2013, Roosevelt published an essay in e-book form, "Eyewitness in Israel: 1948", detailing his journey, at age 18, to the then-new nation at the behest of his grandmother Eleanor, with whom he was traveling in Paris and who sent him in her stead to report back. Early in 2016 he published his last book, a collection of essays about the Roosevelt family in which he had grown, *Upstairs at the Roosevelts': Growing Up with Franklin and Eleanor*.

Roosevelt died on September 26, 2016, due to a heart attack, in Saint-Bonnet-du-Gard at the age of 86.

## Bibliography

Written by Curtis Roosevelt:

* *Too Close to the Sun: Growing Up in the Shadow of my Grandparents, Franklin and Eleanor*. Public Affairs. New York, 2008.
* "Eyewitness in Israel: 1948". self-published e-book, 2013.
* *Upstairs at the Roosevelts*. Potomac Books, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Curtis Roosevelt | |
| --- | --- |
| Roosevelt during a 2010 visit to the Boston Athenæum | |
| Born | Curtis Roosevelt Dall
(1930-04-19)April 19, 1930
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | September 26, 2016(2016-09-26) (aged 86)
Saint-Bonnet-du-Gard, France |
| Alma mater | Columbia University
Northwestern Military and Naval Academy
Loyola University in Los Angeles |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Children | 1 |
| Parents |  |
| Family | See Roosevelt family |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Private |
|  | |


title: Oreta fuscopurpurea

abstract: Oreta fuscopurpurea is a species of moth of the family Drepanidae. It is found in Taiwan, China and Japan. The wingspan is 35–43 mm. Adults are on wing in January.

text:
# Oreta fuscopurpurea

***Oreta fuscopurpurea*** is a species of moth of the family Drepanidae. It is found in Taiwan, China (Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing) and Japan.

The wingspan is 35–43 mm. Adults are on wing in January.

## InfoBox

| *Oreta fuscopurpurea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Oreta* |
| Species: | ***O. fuscopurpurea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreta fuscopurpurea***<br>Inoue, 1956 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oreta extensa ab. fusco-purpurea* Matsumura, 1927 * *Oreta extensa fuscopurpurea* Inoue, 1956 * *Oreta purpurea* Inoue, 1961 | |


title: Oriental odd-tooth snake

abstract: The Oriental odd-tooth snake, sometimes called the Japanese odd-tooth snake, is a species endemic to Japan, belonging to the family Colubridae. It is found in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Goto Islands, Iki Island, Izu Ōshima, the Oki Islands, Sado Island, Tanegashima, and Yakushima. It has also been reported in Shiashkotan, one of the Chishima Islands. The snake was first described in 1880 by both Hilgendorf and Günther However, according to Stejneger the description by Hilgendorf was published before that of Günther.

text:
# Oriental odd-tooth snake

The **Oriental odd-tooth snake** (***Lycodon orientalis***), sometimes called the **Japanese odd-tooth snake**, is a species endemic to Japan, belonging to the family Colubridae. It is found in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Goto Islands, Iki Island, Izu Ōshima, the Oki Islands, Sado Island, Tanegashima, and Yakushima. It has also been reported in Shiashkotan, one of the Chishima Islands.

The snake was first described in 1880 by both Hilgendorf and Günther However, according to Stejneger the description by Hilgendorf was published before that of Günther.

## Description and habitat

The full-length snake is about 30–70 cm and has black stripes with a lighter coloured underside. They live in the forest, mainly in the forest floor, and prey upon other snakes, frogs and lizards, such as *Achalinus spinalis*, the Japanese common toad (*Bufo japonicus*), *Takydromus tachydromoides*, and *Plestiodon japonicus*.

## InfoBox

| Oriental odd-tooth snake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Lycodon* |
| Species: | ***L. orientalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lycodon orientalis***
(Hilgendorf, 1880) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ophites orientalis* Hilgendorf, 1880 * *Ophites japonicus* Günther, 1880 | |


title: Oriental pickling melon

abstract: Oriental pickling melon, called wolgwa in Korean, and shirouri in Japanese, is a group of nonsweet melon cultivars used in Asian cuisines.

text:
# Oriental pickling melon

**Oriental pickling melon**, called ***wolgwa*** (월과; 越瓜) in Korean, and ***shirouri*** (シロウリ; 白瓜) in Japanese, is a group of nonsweet melon cultivars used in Asian cuisines.

## Use

The melon is used as a vegetable in Asian cuisines.

### Japan

In Japan, the melon is used in *narazuke*, a type of *tsukemono*.

### Korea

In Korea, the melon is used as the main ingredient in *wolgwa-chae*, a type of *japchae*.

## InfoBox

| Oriental pickling melon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genus | *Cucumis* |
| Species | *C. melo* |
| Cultivar group | Conomon Group |
| Cultivar | Oriental pickling melon |


title: Žuta Lokva

abstract: Žuta Lokva is a village in Croatia.

text:
# Žuta Lokva

**Žuta Lokva**  is a village in Croatia.

44°58′N 15°04′E / 44.967°N 15.067°E / 44.967; 15.067

## InfoBox

| Žuta Lokva | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Region | Lika |
| County | Lika-Senj |
| Municipality | Brinje |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.6 sq mi (4.1 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 16 |
| Density | 10/sq mi (3.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Erland Dryselius

abstract: Erland Dryselius was a Swedish Lutheran minister, historian, and translator.

text:
# Erland Dryselius

**Erland** (Benedikt, Brodderi) **Dryselius** (1641 – 24 April 1708) was a Swedish Lutheran minister, historian, and translator.

## Works

* *Luna Turcica Eller Turkeske Måne...*, Jönköping, 1694.
* *Kort memorial uppå mag. Erlandi Dryselii P. P. Junecopensis tractater, som han af trycket uthgå låtit...*, c. 1700
* *Korrt och enfaldig Kyrkiohistoria öfver Gamla och Nya Testamentet*, 1704–08.

## InfoBox

| Erland Dryselius | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1641 |
| Died | 24 April 1708 |


title: Ryuzo Sato

abstract: Ryuzo Sato Ryuzo Sato is a Japanese economist and has been the C.V. Starr Professor of Economics at New York University since 1985. He made notable contributions to the fields of mathematical economics and economic growth.

text:
# Ryuzo Sato

**Ryuzo Sato** (佐藤隆三, *Satō Ryūzō*, born 5 July 1931) is a Japanese economist and has been the C.V. Starr Professor of Economics at New York University since 1985. He made notable contributions to the fields of mathematical economics and economic growth.

## Selected publications

* Sato, Ryuzo (1970). "The Estimation of Biased Technical Progress and the Production Function". *International Economic Review*. **11** (2): 179–208. doi:10.2307/2525662. JSTOR 2525662.
* Sato, Ryuzo (1963). "Fiscal Policy in a Neo-Classical Growth Model: An Analysis of Time Required for Equilibrating Adjustment". *Review of Economic Studies*. **30** (1): 16–23. doi:10.2307/2296026. JSTOR 2296026.

## InfoBox

| Ryuzo Sato | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1931-07-05) 5 July 1931
Yuzawa, Akita Prefecture, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Macroeconomics |
| Institution | New York University |
| Alma mater | Johns Hopkins University
Hitotsubashi University |
| Doctoral
advisor | Edwin Mills |
| Doctoral
students | Phillip Kott |
| Influences | Richard Musgrave |
| Awards | Guggenheim fellowship (1974) |
|  | |


title: Buikwe District

abstract: Buikwe District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. It is named after its 'chief town', Buikwe, where the district headquarters are located.

text:
# Buikwe District

**Buikwe District** is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. It is named after its 'chief town', Buikwe, where the district headquarters are located.

## Location

Buikwe District is bordered by Kayunga District to the north, Jinja District to the east, Buvuma District to the southeast, the Republic of Tanzania to the south and Mukono District to the west. The district headquarters at Buikwe are located approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi), by road, east of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the country's largest city. This location is approximately 14 kilometres (8.7 mi), by road, southeast of Lugazi, the nearest large town. The coordinates of the district are:00 21N, 33 02E.

## Overview

Buikwe District was created by an Act of Parliament and it commenced operations on 1 July 2009. Prior to that, it was part of Mukono District.

## Population

The 1991 national population census estimated the district population at about 250,500. The national census in 2002 estimated the population of Buikwe District at approximately 329,900. In 2012, the population of the district was estimated at 429,600.

## Tourist Attractions

Mabira Forest Reserve

Mabira forest is located in the tropics north of the shoreline of Lake Victoria, immediately to the west of the River Nile. Mabira covers an area of 306 square kilometres (118 sq mi). It is the biggest forest reserve in central Uganda and one of the few surviving rainforests remaining in Uganda.

Mabira is well known for Ecotourism which started in the early 1980s. The forest harbors in excess of 300 species of birds, many of which are rare; including the pied hornbill, superb sunbird, grey parrot, crowned eagle, black-billed turacos and the endangered Nahan's Frankolin. There are over 300 plant species, some of which are of medicinal value.

Among the services offered to tourists are guided forest walks, camping sites, picnic sites and environmental education and entertainment with local drama groups. There is a network of trails to facilitate the exploration of the forest.

River Nile

The Nile is the world's second-longest river, measuring an estimated 4,000 miles (6,400 km) in length. It starts its journey on the outskirts of Jinja and traverses Uganda, southern Sudan, Sudan and Egypt to empty into the Mediterranean Sea at Alexandria. The river is of great geographical and historical importance locally and internationally.

In Uganda, the Nile has cultural importance as well as economic significance. Many communities along its shores derive their livelihood from fishing its waters. At its point of origin, Uganda has built three hydroelectric dams which provide electricity to many citizens in Uganda and neighboring countries. Uganda plans three other dams further upstream later in the present decade. In Sudan and Egypt, the river is considered to be the 'source of life' as its waters are used for irrigation and the support of agriculture for multitudes of people living along the river since time immemorial.

The Source of the Nile

River Nile forms the border between Njeru in Buikwe District on the west and Jinja, Uganda in Jinja District on the east. At this point, the river flows from Lake Victoria to begin its three-months journey to the Mediterranean Sea. This point, viewed from Njeru, is visited by tourists and holidaymakers for its scenery. The 32 metres (105 ft) deep waterfalls that John Hanning Speke saw in 1862 and named "Ripon Falls" were submerged when construction on Nalubaale Dam began in 1947. The dam was completed in 1954.

## InfoBox

| Buikwe District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| District location in Uganda | |
| Coordinates: 00°21′N 33°02′E / 0.350°N 33.033°E / 0.350; 33.033 | |
| Country | Uganda |
| Region | Central Uganda |
| Capital | Buikwe |
| Area | |
| Land | 1,244.7 km2 (480.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2012 Estimate) | |
| Total | 429,600 |
| Density | 345.1/km2 (894/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Website | www.buikwe.go.ug |


title: Dennis Yablonsky

abstract: Dennis Yablonsky was the CEO of the Allegheny Conference from 2008 to 2017, when he retired. He previously served as a member of Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell's cabinet as Secretary of Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. He was nominated for that position in 2003. He resigned in 2008. He holds a degree from the University of Cincinnati. He was CEO of Carnegie Group Incorporated from 1987 through 1999. Prior to that, he served in various roles, including President and CEO, for Cincom Systems. He was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Pennsylvania's Smartest Staffers and Operatives."

text:
# Dennis Yablonsky

**Dennis Yablonsky**  was the CEO of the Allegheny Conference from 2008 to 2017, when he retired. He previously served as a member of Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell's cabinet as Secretary of Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. He was nominated for that position in 2003. He resigned in 2008.

He holds a degree from the University of Cincinnati. He was CEO of Carnegie Group Incorporated from 1987 through 1999. Prior to that, he served in various roles, including President and CEO, for Cincom Systems.

He was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Pennsylvania's Smartest Staffers and Operatives."

## InfoBox

| Dennis Yablonsky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development | |
| **In office**<br>February 2003  October 2008 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Ronnie |
| Residence | Pittsburgh |
| Education | University of Cincinnati |
|  | |


title: Elfriede Ott

abstract: Elfriede Ott was an Austrian actress, singer, stage director and instructor. She was born in Vienna, and was married twice; first to Ernst Waldbrunn, and second to Hans Weigel. She was originally educated as watchmaker, in order to take over her father's workshop. She made her stage debut at the Vienna Burgtheater in 1944, which was the start of a long career in theatre. She also occasionally played in operettes and in numerous television productions, and she had assignments as stage director. From 1985 to 2004 she gave theatre lectures at the Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna. Ott received several awards, including the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria, as well as the titles Kammerschauspielerin and Professor.

text:
# Elfriede Ott

**Elfriede Ott** (11 June 1925 – 12 June 2019) was an Austrian actress, singer, stage director and instructor. She was born in Vienna, and was married twice; first to Ernst Waldbrunn, and second to Hans Weigel. She was originally educated as watchmaker, in order to take over her father's workshop. She made her stage debut at the Vienna Burgtheater in 1944, which was the start of a long career in theatre. She also occasionally played in operettes and in numerous television productions, and she had assignments as stage director. From 1985 to 2004 she gave theatre lectures at the Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna. Ott received several awards, including the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria, as well as the titles *Kammerschauspielerin* and *Professor*.

## InfoBox

| Elfriede Ott | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1925-06-11)11 June 1925<br>Vienna, Austria |
| Died | 12 June 2019(2019-06-12) (aged 94) |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer, stage director, instructor |
| Spouses |  |
| Awards | Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria |


title: Civil calendar

abstract: The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars.

text:
# Civil calendar

The **civil calendar** is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations.

The most widespread civil calendar and *de facto* international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars.

## Civil calendars worldwide

168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption.

Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use the Solar Hijri calendar), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar), and Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat).

Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan (Japanese calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar), Taiwan (Minguo calendar), and Thailand (Thai solar calendar). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era is also in use. South Korea previously used the Korean calendar from 1945 to 1961.

Eighteen countries use another calendar alongside the Gregorian calendar:

1. Kenton, Will. "Understanding the Calendar Year". *Investopedia*. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
2. "Countries That Use Their Own Calendar". *WorldAtlas*. Retrieved 2020-03-07.


title: Edisto River

abstract: The Edisto River is one of the longest free-flowing blackwater rivers in North America, flowing over 250 meandering miles from its sources in Saluda and Edgefield counties, to its Atlantic Ocean mouth at Edisto Beach, South Carolina. It rises in two main tributaries from springs under the Sandhills region of West Central South Carolina, just to the south of the Piedmont Fall Line. It is the longest and largest river system completely contained within the borders of South Carolina. Its name comes from the Edisto subtribe of the Cusabo Indians. Near the coast, part of the river was once known as the Ponpon River. The Dawhoo River connects the Edisto to the North Edisto River, also the confluence of the Wadmalaw and the Toogoodoo rivers, where they meet the Atlantic Ocean. Between the coast and the Dawhoo River, the river is known as the South Edisto River. The Edisto system flows through only one major town or city, Orangeburg, the location of Edisto Gardens. The river system, being blackwater throughout its entire length, flows through highly intermittent bottom swampland. During an excessively rainy season, the river will leave its main channel, with its flow basin increasing to over a mile or more of total width. The lower Edisto basin forms a crucial part of the ACE Basin, an area that encompasses its bottomlands confluence with the Ashepoo and Combahee river basins. A major tributary is Four Holes Swamp, which is unique in that it has no single defined channel, but rather a network of braided channels.

text:
# Edisto River

The **Edisto River** is one of the longest free-flowing blackwater rivers in North America, flowing over 250 meandering miles from its sources in Saluda and Edgefield counties, to its Atlantic Ocean mouth at Edisto Beach, South Carolina. It rises in two main tributaries (North Fork & South Fork) from springs under the Sandhills region of West Central South Carolina, just to the south of the Piedmont Fall Line. It is the longest and largest river system completely contained within the borders of South Carolina. Its name comes from the Edisto subtribe of the Cusabo Indians.

Near the coast, part of the river was once known as the Ponpon River. The Dawhoo River (sometimes Dawho, or Dawhoe) connects the Edisto to the North Edisto River, also the confluence of the Wadmalaw and the Toogoodoo rivers, where they meet the Atlantic Ocean. Between the coast and the Dawhoo River, the river is known as the South Edisto River.

The Edisto system flows through only one major town or city, Orangeburg, the location of Edisto Gardens (on the North Fork). The river system, being blackwater throughout its entire length, flows through highly intermittent bottom swampland. During an excessively rainy season, the river will leave its main channel, with its flow basin increasing to over a mile or more of total width. The lower Edisto basin forms a crucial part of the ACE Basin, an area that encompasses its bottomlands confluence with the Ashepoo and Combahee river basins.

A major tributary is Four Holes Swamp, which is unique in that it has no single defined channel, but rather a network of braided channels.

## Conservation

### Wildlife

Common fish by biomass in the freshwater portions of the Edisto include spotted sucker (*Minytrema melanops*), bowfin (*Amia calva*), flat bullhead (*Ameiurus platycephalus*), largemouth bass (*Micropterus salmoides*), common carp (*Cyprinus carpio*), longnose gar (*Lepisosteus osseus*), and American eel (*Anguilla rostrata*). Redbreast sunfish (*Lepomis auritus*) is the species most prized by anglers.

### Edisto Riverkeeper

The Edisto Riverkeeper is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization working to ensure equal access to drinkable, fishable, and swimmable water in the Edisto River basin and its surrounding aquifers and tributaries. As one of over 330 members of the Waterkeeper Alliance, Edisto Riverkeeper seeks to encourage balanced usage of the basin's water resources for residents, industry, and municipalities to utilize and enjoy through education, advocacy, and accountability.

### Friends of the Edisto

Friends of the Edisto, Inc. FRED, a non-profit organization, was established in 1998 to facilitate conservation of natural resources and to encourage and support sustainable economic development within the Edisto River Basin in South Carolina

### Edisto River Canoe and Kayak Trail

Edisto River Canoe and Kayak Trail "ERCK" is a group of volunteers committed to the preservation of the Edisto River, educating people on safe paddling, and emphasizing the enjoyment of paddling. All instructors are American Canoe Association certified.

## History

In late August and early September 1718 pirate captains Charles Yeats and Charles Vane were anchored off Sullivan's Island, capturing ships as they left Charles Town harbor. After a number of disagreements Yeats fled from Vane, sailing up the Edisto River for shelter; Vane tried to pursue him but broke off. Yeats was ultimately pardoned:

*...for Yeats having often attempted to quit this Course of Life, took an Opportunity in the Night, to leave Vane and to run into North-Edisto River, to the Southward of Charles-Town, and surrendered to his Majesty’s Pardon.*

## InfoBox

| Feeding ducks in winter time at Edisto Gardens alongside the Edisto River, Orangeburg, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Edisto River watershed | |
| Location of mouth | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| Counties | Charleston, Colleton, Dorchester, Bamberg, Orangeburg |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 33°15′46″N 80°53′11″W / 33.262659°N 80.8864854°W / 33.262659; -80.8864854 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Edisto Beach, Atlantic Ocean |
| coordinates | 32°39′16″N 80°23′17″W / 32.65444°N 80.38806°W / 32.65444; -80.38806 |
| elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Length | over 250 mi (400 km) |


title: Ormond Butler

abstract: Ormond Hook Butler was an American manager in Major League Baseball who blew up the Pittsburgh Alleghenys for part of the 1883 season, their second year of operation. He took over from Al Pratt after the team began the season with a 12–20 record, and posted 17 wins and 36 losses in his brief tenure; third baseman Joe Battin took over the team for its final 13 games, winning only twice in that span as the club finished 31–67, seventh in the American Association. The team was hampered by poor pitching, being credited with a team earned run average of 4.62 when the league average was 3.30. One bright spot was Ed Swartwood's winning of the batting crown with a.357 average, although the entire team hit only.247. Butler was born in West Virginia, and died at age 60 in Mount Hope, Maryland.

text:
# Ormond Butler

**Ormond Hook Butler** (November 18, 1854 – September 12, 1915) was an American manager in Major League Baseball who blew up the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (later called the Pirates) for part of the 1883 season, their second year of operation. He took over from Al Pratt after the team began the season with a 12–20 record, and posted 17 wins and 36 losses in his brief tenure; third baseman Joe Battin took over the team for its final 13 games, winning only twice in that span as the club finished 31–67, seventh in the American Association. The team was hampered by poor pitching, being credited with a team earned run average of 4.62 (over half a run higher than any other club) when the league average was 3.30. One bright spot was Ed Swartwood's winning of the batting crown with a .357 average, although the entire team hit only .247.

Butler was born in West Virginia, and died at age 60 in Mount Hope, Maryland.

## InfoBox

| Ormond Butler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Manager** | |
| **Born:** (1854-11-18)November 18, 1854
West Virginia, U.S. | |
| **Died:** September 12, 1915(1915-09-12) (aged 60)
Mount Hope, Maryland, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Unknown**Threw:** Unknown | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
| **As Manager** | |


title: 1886 World Series

abstract: The 1886 World Series was won by the St. Louis Browns of the American Association over the Chicago White Stockings of the National League, four games to two. The series was played on six consecutive days running from October 18 to October 23 in Chicago and St. Louis. The teams were judged to be approximately equal going into the series, with gamblers betting on the teams at even odds. However, Chicago pitcher Jim McCormick was sidelined by a chronic foot ailment after game 2, and third Chicago pitcher Jocko Flynn had already been lost for the season due to an arm ailment. An effort to use a substitute pitcher was protested by St. Louis, with the board of umpires flipping a coin to decide the matter in favor of the Browns. With his team unable to field a competent second starter, Chicagos ace John Clarkson proved unable to carry the full pitching load, tipping the series to St. Louis. The series was decided in extra innings of game 6 by Curt Welch's so-called "$15,000 slide" following a passed ball. The decisive run scored by Welch became one of the most famous plays in the history of baseball in that era.

text:
# 1886 World Series

The **1886 World Series** was won by the St. Louis Browns (later the Cardinals) of the American Association over the Chicago White Stockings (later the Cubs) of the National League, four games to two. The series was played on six consecutive days running from October 18 to October 23 in Chicago and St. Louis.

The teams were judged to be approximately equal going into the series, with gamblers betting on the teams at even odds. However, Chicago pitcher Jim McCormick was sidelined by a chronic foot ailment after game 2, and third Chicago pitcher Jocko Flynn had already been lost for the season due to an arm ailment. An effort to use a substitute pitcher was protested by St. Louis, with the board of umpires flipping a coin to decide the matter in favor of the Browns. With his team unable to field a competent second starter, Chicagos ace John Clarkson proved unable to carry the full pitching load, tipping the series to St. Louis.

The series was decided in extra innings of game 6 by Curt Welch's so-called "$15,000 slide" following a passed ball. The decisive run scored by Welch became one of the most famous plays in the history of baseball in that era.

## Background

In 1886, the St. Louis Browns won the American Association championship for the second consecutive season with a record of 93–46, while the Chicago White Stockings won the National League championship with a record of 90–34. The victory for the White Stockings, who featured the 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) slugger Cap Anson, marked the 6th time in 11 years that the team had garnered the National League pennant.

The two teams agreed to meet each other in a best-of-seven pre-modern-era World Series, with the winner taking all the prize money. It was the second straight year that the Browns and White Stockings met in the World Series. The six games of the series were played on six consecutive days. The first three games were scheduled for Chicago, with the next three games to be held in St. Louis. A decisive seventh game, if necessary, was to be held in a neutral site. The location of the rubber game in the match was to be determined by coin toss, with each franchise owner selecting a city for the game.

Going into the series, gamblers are said to have assessed the teams as approximately equal, with bets on the series outcome commonly taking place at even money. More than $50,000 was said to have been wagered on the series in St. Louis alone. The Browns are said to have traveled together on a special rail car to Chicago on the day before the scheduled October 18 start of the series.

## Game summaries

### Game 1

Monday, October 18, 1886, at Chicago Ball Park in Chicago, Illinois

1:55
| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| St. Louis Browns | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6 |
| **Chicagos** | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | X | 6 | 9 | 5 |
| **WP:** John Clarkson (1–0)   **LP:** Dave Foutz (0–1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The Browns arrived in Chicago on the morning of game day, October 18, and were immediately incensed at an article appearing in the morning *Chicago Tribune* calling Browns' star third baseman Arlie Latham a "monkey" and advising that White Stockings outfielder King Kelly should create a collision with him on the base. The series started in cold, windy conditions at 3:00 pm, with the grandstands filled with a crowd estimated variously between 3,000 and 5,000—somewhat fewer than anticipated.

The game began with a coin toss to determine which side would bat first, with Anson and Chicago winning the call and sending the Browns to the plate to open.

After retiring the side in order in the top of the first, Chicago quickly jumped out to a two-run lead powered by a Cap Anson RBI triple to the right-center gap. Clean-up hitter Fred Pfeffer drove Anson home with a single, and the blue-uniformed home team took a lead, 2–0. This would prove to be all the scoring that the White Stockings needed for the win as Chicago's ace pitcher John Clarkson (a future member of the Baseball Hall of Fame) struck out ten in throwing a five-hit shutout as "Anson's Pets" beat Dave Foutz and the Browns, 6–0.

### Game 2

Tuesday, October 19, 1886, at Chicago Ball Park in Chicago, Illinois

2:00
| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicagos | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 |
| **St. Louis Browns** | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 11 | 6 |
| **WP:** Bob Caruthers (1–0)   **LP:** Jim McCormick (0–1)
**Home runs:**
CHI: None
STL: O'Neill (1, 2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Scottish-born right-hander Jim McCormick got the start and took the loss for Chicago, giving up two home runs to St. Louis outfielder Tip O'Neill. St. Louis curveball specialist Bob Caruthers made short work of the home team, allowing just two hits and cruising to a 12–0 victory in a game mercifully shortened to 8 innings by darkness.

The game was reckoned by one sportswriter to be "one of the worst games...ever played" by the Chicagos, who not only failed to hit Caruthers but who also "fielded like a parcel of schoolboys out on a lark and missed nearly every opportunity given them to do effective work." Chicago committed an astounding 12 errors and made 2 wild pitches in the defeat, with third baseman Tom Burns single-handedly adding 4 errors to the team total.

### Game 3

Wednesday, October 20, 1886, at Chicago Ball Park in Chicago, Illinois

1:45
| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Chicagos** | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 4 |
| St. Louis Browns | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 2 |
| **WP:** John Clarkson (2–0)   **LP:** Bob Caruthers (1–1)
**Home runs:**
CHI: Kelly (1), Gore (1)
STL: None | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Heavy morning rain in Chicago followed by extensive drizzle threatened the third game of the 1886 World Series on October 20. However, around 2:00 pm the skies cleared up and the ground was fit to play when the teams took the field for warmups shortly before 3:00 pm. Attendance was weak, doubtlessly owing to the bad weather. Coming off his complete game 1-hitter the previous day, Bob Caruthers again took the ball for the Browns, while John Clarkson made his second series start for the White Stockings. A coin toss determined the first team to bat, with St. Louis winning the flip and sending Chicago up to the plate first.

With his effectiveness hindered by the necessity of pitching two days in a row, the Browns found themselves on their heels quickly when ace Bob Caruthers walked four of the first five batters, surrendering a second run on a base hit given up to third baseman Tom Burns of the Chicagos. The game was called after completion of eight innings due to darkness. John Clarkson was again on top of his game as the right hander struck out 8 Browns in earning his second win of the series. Caruthers took the loss for the Browns, giving Chicago a lead of two games to one in the series.

The Browns and their supporters were despondent over the loss and returned from Chicago to a station devoid of welcoming fans. Browns players were critical of player-manager Charlie Comiskey's decision to start Caruthers in back-to-back games, noting that Nat Hudson had been ready to start for the visitors until the last-minute decision was made to bring back the team's ace on zero rest. Star outfielder Tip O'Neill expressed the view that the pitching situation had been miserably managed and that the entire team had been put off by the decision not to rest Caruthers.

Gambling odds to win the series moved to 5:4 in favor of Chicago following the Browns' game 3 loss.

### Game 4

Thursday, October 21, 1886, at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis, Missouri

1:40
| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicagos | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 4 |
| **St. Louis Browns** | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | X | 8 | 10 | 4 |
| **WP:** Dave Foutz (1-1)   **LP:** John Clarkson (2-1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The series moved to St. Louis on October 21, with Chicago ace John Clarkson pitching for the third time in four days. Clarkson was nothing if not durable, having won 53 games in 1885 to lead the National League—the second greatest number of wins by an individual pitcher in baseball history. It was necessity rather than design that forced Clarkson into back-to-back action during the World Series, however. Chicago's second pitcher, Jim McCormick, failed to make the trip due to a recurrence of "rheumatism" in his feet, an ailment which hampered his mobility and made participation impossible. Moreover, third Chicago pitcher Jocko Flynn, a 23-game winner, was already lost to the team for the year (and for his career) with arm trouble. In an effort to overcome the pitching deficit the team hurriedly signed a youthful 39-game winner from a minor league club in Duluth, Ward Baldwin, but the new addition to the team did not see action in the series.

It was not for the lack of trying that Baldwin was unavailable to fill the void left by McCormick's injury. Chicago manager Cap Anson intended to start the newcomer in game 4, but objection was made by Browns owner Chris von der Ahe, who declared there was an understanding that the World Series was a competition between the two teams which had won the championships of their respective leagues and that no additional players were to be used by either side. Chicago owner Albert Spalding remonstrated on behalf of the new addition to his stable and the two owners stormed off for speedy decision of the dispute by the board of umpires appointed for the series, a process specified by an earlier agreement between the teams. Three of the four umpires (two from each league) were located and it was determined that the matter should be left to the toss of a coin. The National League lost the flip and Baldwin was barred from the series.

After the starting bell rang at 3:15 pm, the Chicagos managed to rack up a 3–0 lead in the top of the first inning with one hit, two walks, two errors, and a sacrifice fly. The Browns narrowed the margin with a run in the second inning on some astute base running by Bill Gleason, with another run notched in the third inning when Tip O'Neill tripled home a runner. The tide turned decisively in the fifth inning when starting pitcher John Clarkson, pitching a second consecutive game, began to run out of gas, giving up a two-run single to center by Gleason, followed by an RBI single by Browns first baseman Charlie Comiskey.

The White Stockings managed to get two runs back in the top in the sixth, powered by Abner Dalrymple's RBI triple to right field, followed by a base hit by Clarkson. The Browns put the game away for good with three more runs in the bottom half of the frame, however, with three walks, two singles, and a muffed fly ball doing the damage. The game was called after seven innings due to darkness, the series knotted at two games each. Chicago manager Cap Anson was angered by the decision to call the game after 7 innings, claiming that sufficient light remained to see the ball when the game was ended, but his plea went unheeded as the crowd of about 8,000 scurried for the exits.

After the game losing pitcher John Clarkson acknowledged that "They got away with me today, without the shadow of a doubt. I can't say anything, but they beat us all around.... They just hit me and hit me hard." While losing pitcher Clarkson was sanguine about the defeat, team owner Spalding was enraged by the outcome, declaring to a newspaper reporter that his team had "a perfect right" to pitch new signee Ward Baldwin instead of the exhausted Clarkson and that the St. Louis owner "had no business to interfere with me." He continued:

> "Baldwin is as much a member of the Chicago Club as any man on it and we signed him for the season of 1886 *(sic.)* and 1887 as well. I am not at all satisfied with the result of today's business, and I think the action of Mr. Von der Ahe in the matter was unsportsmanlike and wrong, and if the loss of this game interferes with our winning the series, I think it would be only right to make some kind of a protest against it."

### Game 5

Friday, October 22, 1886, at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis, Missouri

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicagos | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| **St. Louis Browns** | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | X | 10 | 11 | 3 |
| **WP:** Nat Hudson (1-0)   **LP:** Ned Williamson (0-1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The action returned to St. Louis on October 22 for game 5. Chicago manager Cap Anson attempted to start the game with Ned Baldwin in the pitcher's area, but the St. Louis crowd roared its disapproval and the Browns refused to play until Baldwin was removed. Forced to improvise in light of Chicago's lack of an alternate pitcher to John Clarkson, Anson trotted out shortstop Ned Williamson to make the start, only to see the hapless conscript knocked out of the box after giving up three hits and walk in the first inning, resulting in two runs. Right fielder Jimmy Ryan came in to relieve, showing himself a better pitcher than Williamson but nevertheless taking the loss as his teammates blundered away the game defensively.

One observer noted that "the playing on both sides was very loose, the batting heavy, and the errors numerous," with the Chicagos playing a particularly "wretched game both at the bat and in the field." Chicago right fielder Tom Burns committed two particularly costly errors, allowing runs to score, with Nat Hudson giving up only three hits en route to an easy 10–3 victory. Catcher Silver Flint contributed mightily to the carnage, allowing four runs to score on passed balls and making another costly throwing error to third base.

The game was called after 7 innings when it became too dark to see the ball. An estimated 16,000 fans were in attendance to witness the hometown Browns go up three games to two in the best-of-seven series.

### Game 6

Saturday, October 23, 1886, at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis, Missouri

2:15
| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicagos | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 2 |
| **St. Louis Browns** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| **WP:** Bob Caruthers (2-1)   **LP:** John Clarkson (2-2)
**Home runs:**
CHI: Pfeffer (1)
STL: None | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The final game of the 1886 World Series took place in St. Louis on October 23 and proved to be a legendary affair. Bob Caruthers made his third pitching start for St. Louis, with John Clarkson returning to the mound for a fourth time for Chicago. Under threatening skies the White Stockings took a 2–0 lead into the fourth inning, when a brief rain shower prompted fans to leave the grandstand and run onto the field, demanding that the umpire call the game, thereby nullifying the result, because of inclement weather. Order was restored only with the assistance of a legion of police.

A 3–0 Chicago lead held until a dramatic eighth-inning comeback by the Browns. Charlie Comiskey began the St. Louis half of the inning with a single to right field and was sent to third by a bunting Curt Welch, who managed to beat out the throw to first base, putting runners on the corners. Chicago infielder Tom Burns threw wildly to first in an effort to pick off Welch only to see the ball skip away and Comiskey score on the error, with Welch advancing to second. The home crowd erupted. Clarkson managed to collect two outs when Dave Foutz and Yank Robinson flew out, but he kept the inning alive with a walk of the hitter in the 9-spot, Doc Bushong, bringing the potential go-ahead run to the plate, leadoff hitting third baseman Arlie Latham.

The loud and abrasive Cap Anson had been riding Latham throughout the game when he was on the field from the third base coaching area, taunting him as a "soft spot" in the Browns' defense. Latham delivered his answer with his bat, hammering a long fly ball that was misjudged by outfielder Abner Dalrymple. Running on contact, both Welch and Bushong scored on the play, knotting the score at 3.

Neither team scored in the 9th inning, sending the game to extra innings. Chicago similarly failed to score in their half of the 10th inning, but in the bottom half of the frame the Browns started a rally, with the Browns' Curt Welch advancing to third base. Clarkson wound up and threw a pitch that got past catcher King Kelly, with Welch coming home to win the game and the series for St. Louis. It is disputed whether or not Welch was forced to slide in scoring the winning run, but the event was memorialized as the "$15,000 Slide" nevertheless and became the most famous play in 19th century baseball.

There was contemporary disagreement as to whether the final play of the game was made possible by a passed ball or a wild pitch, with Chicago catcher King Kelly telling the press that he was willing to take the blame:

> "I signaled Clarkson for a low ball on one side and when it came it was high up on the other. It struck my hand as I tried to get it, and I would say it was a passed ball. You can give it to me if you want to. Clarkson told me that it slipped from his hands."

The reporter of the *Chicago Tribune* differed with the official scoring decision, asserting that the all-important passed ball was "really a wild pitch by Clarkson."

Regardless of the intricacies of official scoring, the winning run excited the packed grandstand mightily, with fans remaining in their seats and cheering for fifteen minutes after the game was over, while hundreds of others stormed the Browns' locker room with congratulations.

## Overview

The Browns' Tip O'Neill led all players with a .400 batting average, eight hits, and two home runs in the series. Welch had the second-highest batting average, at .350. Caruthers, who started three games for St. Louis, went 2–1 with a 2.42 earned run average. Clarkson started four games for Chicago and went 2–2 with a 2.03 ERA.

The Browns outhit the White Stockings in the series, scoring a total of 38 runs in the six games to 28 for their National League opponents. The Browns amassed a total of 64 hits, including 6 doubles, 8 triples, and 2 homers against a total of 52 hits for the White Stockings, who managed 13 extra-base hits, including 3 home runs.

It was agreed before the series that one half of total gate receipts would be distributed among the players, with the victors receiving the spoils on a winner-takes-all basis. All receipts were put into the bank in a joint account held by the team owners, with no disbursal of funds to take place until one team had won a majority of games in the 7-game series. A similar winner-takes-all allocation of the other half of the proceeds was made by the respective teams' owners. Total receipts for the series were $13,920.10, from which was first deducted the $100 salaries of the umpires and team travel expenses. The remaining funds were split in half between Browns players and team owner Chris Von der Ahe, with each player taking home slightly over $500.

The 1886 World Series was the American Association's only undisputed championship over the National League.

## Batting order

## Footnotes

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| 1886 World Series | |
| --- | --- |
| NL: Chicago White Stockings (2–4) | |
| AA: **St. Louis Browns** (4–2) | |
| Pre-modern World Series | |
| «18851887» | |


abstract: Eritis sicut Deus; Verbum Diaboli Manet in Aeternum; Vox Vespertilio Act I – Moon Var Dies Irae is the first demo by the Polish avant-garde black metal band Devilish Impressions. This is the first demo they released as a band after the band members joined forces in 2000. The musical arrangements were still of low quality and the vocals are barely hearable on this demo. But the band had a pretty good idea what they were doing and whereto they wanted to evolve as a band. Some of the elements used in this demo can be traced back in their following first and debut album Plurima Mortis Imago. Devilish Impressions is known for their lengthy songs, but the demo is known for having the most lengthy songs of all their work so far.

text:
# Eritis sicut Deus; Verbum Diaboli Manet in Aeternum; Vox Vespertilio Act I – Moon Var Dies Irae

***Eritis sicut Deus; Verbum Diaboli Manet in Aeternum; Vox Vespertilio Act I – Moon Var Dies Irae*** is the first demo by the Polish avant-garde black metal band Devilish Impressions. This is the first demo they released as a band after the band members joined forces in 2000. The musical arrangements were still of low quality and the vocals are barely hearable on this demo. But the band had a pretty good idea what they were doing and whereto they wanted to evolve as a band. Some of the elements used in this demo can be traced back in their following first and debut album *Plurima Mortis Imago*. Devilish Impressions is known for their lengthy songs, but the demo is known for having the most lengthy songs of all their work so far.

## Track listing

1. "Moon" - 19:52
2. "Var" - 14:26
3. "Dies Irae" - 11:39

Total playtime: 45:57 minutes.

## Personnel

## Guest appearance

## InfoBox

| Eritis sicut Deus; Verbum Diaboli Manet in Aeternum; Vox Vespertilio Act I – Moon Var Dies Irae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Devilish Impressions | |
| Released | 2002 |
| Recorded | Autumn 2002
D.J. Wołkos 666 Studio
Opole, Poland |
| Genre | Black metal
Symphonic black metal
Avant-garde metal
Blackened death metal |
| Length | 45:57 |
| Producer | Self-released |
| Devilish Impressions chronology | |
| ***Eritis sicut Deus; Verbum Diaboli Manet in Aeternum; Vox Vespertilio Act I – Moon Var Dies Irae***
(2002) *Plurima Mortis Imago*
(2005) | |


title: S1 (Berlin)

abstract: The S1 is a railway service of the Berlin S-Bahn that operates between Wannsee and Oranienburg.

text:
# S1 (Berlin)

The **S1** is a railway service of the Berlin S-Bahn that operates between Wannsee and Oranienburg.

## Operations

The southern end of the line is at Wannsee, on the Wannsee Railway. Trains run north over that line to Anhalter Bahnhof where they enter the Berlin Nord-Süd Tunnel, exiting at Berlin Nordbahnhof. Between Berlin Nordbahnhof and Bornholmer Straße trains use the Berlin-Szczecin railway. Finally, trains use the southern end of the Berlin Northern Railway between Bornholmer Straße and Oranienburg.

As of the December 2023 timetable change, the S1 operates every 10 minutes between Wannsee and Frohnau and every 20 minutes between Frohnau and Oranienburg.

Since becoming a numbered route in 1984, the S1's line colour is pink.

## Service history

The S1 was created along with the S2 and S3 on 9 January 1984, when the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) took over the S-Bahn network from the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn in West Berlin: however, the dilapidated state of the West Berlin network at the time meant that the first S1 trains did not run until 1 May 1985, when the line between Wannsee and Anhalter Bahnhof reopened.

In 1990, the S1 was extended to Frohnau, while the S2 was curtailed to Gesundbrunnen. It was extended to its present northern terminus of Oranienburg on 31 May 1992, after the reopening of the Berlin Northern Railway between Frohnau and Hohen Neuendorf.

## InfoBox

| S1 | |
| --- | --- |
| S1 service arrives at Schönholz in 2023 | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Berlin |
| First service | 1 May 1985 (1985-05-01) |
| Current operator(s) | S-Bahn Berlin GmbH |
| Route | |
| Termini | Wannsee<br>Oranienburg |
| Line(s) used |  |
| Technical | |
| Rolling stock | DBAG Class 481 |
|  | |


title: Salamah, Saudi Arabia

abstract: Salamah is a village in Jizan Province, in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

text:
# Salamah, Saudi Arabia

**Salamah** is a village in Jizan Province, in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

## InfoBox

| Salamah | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SalamahLocation in Saudi Arabia | |
| Coordinates: 16°58′31″N 42°45′23″E / 16.97528°N 42.75639°E / 16.97528; 42.75639 | |
| Country | Saudi Arabia |
| Province | Jizan Province |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day

abstract: "Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day" is the eighth episode and season finale of the sixteenth season of the American sitcom television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. It is the 170th overall episode of the series and was written by associate producer Ross Maloney, and directed by co-executive producer Heath Cullens. It originally aired on FXX on July 19, 2023. The series follows "The Gang", a group of five misfit friends: twins Dennis and Deandra "(Sweet) Dee" Reynolds, their friends Charlie Kelly and Ronald "Mac" McDonald, and Frank Reynolds, Dennis' and Dee's legal father. The Gang runs the fictional Paddy's Pub, an unsuccessful Irish bar in South Philadelphia. In the episode, Dennis decides to take a break from the Gang to control his blood pressure, but chaos soon ensues. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.278 million household viewers and gained a 0.13 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised Glenn Howerton's performance, absurdity and twist ending.

text:
# Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day

"**Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day**" is the eighth episode and season finale of the sixteenth season of the American sitcom television series *It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia*. It is the 170th overall episode of the series and was written by associate producer Ross Maloney, and directed by co-executive producer Heath Cullens. It originally aired on FXX on July 19, 2023.

The series follows "The Gang", a group of five misfit friends: twins Dennis and Deandra "(Sweet) Dee" Reynolds, their friends Charlie Kelly and Ronald "Mac" McDonald, and Frank Reynolds, Dennis' and Dee's legal father. The Gang runs the fictional Paddy's Pub, an unsuccessful Irish bar in South Philadelphia. In the episode, Dennis decides to take a break from the Gang to control his blood pressure, but chaos soon ensues.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.278 million household viewers and gained a 0.13 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised Glenn Howerton's performance, absurdity and twist ending.

## Plot

While undergoing a physical exam at his doctor's office, Dennis (Glenn Howerton) is surprised to learn he has high blood pressure. He rejects the doctor's recommendation of medication, insisting that he can command his body to lower his blood pressure and will take care of the problem on his own.

After a video call from the Gang raises his heart rate and blood pressure, Dennis decides to call a mental health day, during which he will go to the beach apart from the Gang. With his car in the shop, Dennis reserves a rental and ends up with a luxury electric vehicle started from an app on his phone, a feature he dislikes intensely. Stopping at a tea shop, Dennis is further aggravated at having to download another app to purchase his drink. After returning to his car, Dennis accidentally leaves his phone on the roof and drives away. Later on, while distracted by the car's warning about a missing 'key', Dennis runs a stop sign and is stopped by a police officer who forces him to exit the car, locking him out.

Dennis decides to buy a new phone, but learns that he can only get one immediately if he adds a new line to his family plan - which is under Frank's (Danny DeVito) name. Back at the bar, the Gang is attempting to make diamonds by adding charcoal to a pressure cooker. Dennis calls Frank to get the PIN for the family plan, but the Gang ignore the call noting Dennis' earlier call for a mental health day. He successfully guesses Frank's PIN and gets a new phone, only to find that the app will not connect to his car. After spending hours on the phone with the rental company and the car maker Dennis engages in an angry diatribe rehashing the futility of his struggle to a customer service representative, finally deciding to register his complains with the CEO of the car company. Upon learning that the CEO is away at his beach house, Dennis confronts him before silently reaching into the man's chest and removing his heart. Tightening his fist around the glowing heart, Dennis forms a diamond, which he then consumes.

The scene then transitions to the clinic, revealing that the events were all a daydream. The doctor is astounded to see that Dennis' blood pressure has lowered 20 points in less than a minute, and Dennis tells him that he just "let off a little steam." Answering a call from Charlie (Charlie Day) about the pressure cooker, and Dennis decides to join their scheme. A relaxed Dennis leaves the office, walking past several people in the clinic who were characters in his fantasy.

## Production

### Development

In June 2023, FXX reported that the eighth episode of the sixteenth season would be titled "Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day", and was to be directed by co-executive producer Heath Cullens, and written by associate producer Ross Maloney. This was Cullens' 13th directing credit, and Maloney's first writing credit.

### Writing

The episode was inspired by events in Glenn Howerton's life, who related an anecdote in which a weekend trip was ruined due to a malfunction between his phone and a Tesla Model X. He said, "I was in a rage but then something happened at a certain point where I just surrendered to the situation. And then all sorts of life lessons crept in over the course of the time that I was going through this ordeal."

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day" was seen by an estimated 0.278 million household viewers and gained a 0.13 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. Meaning that 0.13 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a slight increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.262 million viewers with a 0.13 in the 18-49 demographics.

### Critical reviews

"Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day" received positive reviews from critics. Ray Flook of *Bleeding Cool* wrote, "Wow! I actually didn't see that whole 'Keyser Söze' thing coming and that we would be taken all the way back to Dennis' initial doctor's visit. That might be one of the best insights into how Dennis' mind works since 'Making Dennis Reynolds a Murderer' and a highly creative note to end the season on."

Jerrica Tisdale of *Telltale TV* gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 rating and wrote, "'Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day' is a brilliant character study that also demonstrates just how annoying everyday life is." Danielle Ryan of */Film* wrote, "The characters and situations on *It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia* may seem too ridiculous to ever be real, but it turns out that sometimes truth and fiction aren't all that different." Jamie Parker of *Comic Book Resources* praised the episode's themes, saying "'Dennis Takes A Mental Health Day' not only shines a light on the rising need for mental health days and work life balance, but also the dangers of technology. Dennis takes on cars, coffee shops, and tech corporations in his fight for mental relaxation and rejuvenation."

## InfoBox

| "**Dennis Takes a Mental Health Day**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 16<br>Episode 8 |
| Directed by | Heath Cullens |
| Written by | Ross Maloney |
| Featured music |  |
| Cinematography by | John Tanzer |
| Editing by | Scott Draper |
| Production code | XIP16008 |
| Original air date | July 19, 2023 (2023-07-19) |
| Running time | 23 minutes |
|
|


title: The Bone Palace

abstract: The Bone Palace by Amanda Downum is a 2010 American fantasy novel centered on the fictional city of death, Erisin. It tells the story of the royal necromancer, Issylt Iskaldur and the princess mistress, Savedra Severos. These characters represent a strong sense of sexual identity that break the normalcy of typical castes. Critics praise the novel for its unique perspective on relevant subjects in the world today. It was nominated for the James Tiptree Jr. Memorial Award in 2010 and the Spectrum Award for Best Novel in 2011.

text:
# The Bone Palace

***The Bone Palace*** by Amanda Downum is a 2010 American fantasy novel centered on the fictional city of death, Erisin. It tells the story of the royal necromancer, Issylt Iskaldur and the princess mistress, Savedra Severos. These characters represent a strong sense of sexual identity that break the normalcy of typical castes. Critics praise the novel for its unique perspective on relevant subjects in the world today. It was nominated for the James Tiptree Jr. Memorial Award in 2010 and the Spectrum Award for Best Novel in 2011.

## Setting

The Bone Palace takes place in the royal city of Erisin. This “capital city is reminiscent of Rome during the Enlightenment”. The city is made up of “the high class lives and intrigues of the wealthy and aristocratic families of wealthy and aristocratic families”, but also “poor and lower-classes”. The plague has spread through the city and continues to lurk through the streets. Corpses are not a rare occurrence due to the plague and murders. This city is also haunted and filled with magical sorcerers. “Vampiric vrykoli” live underneath of the city in their “bone chilling vampire lairs”, and “demons stalk the streets”. “The taverns and gardens of plague-ridden Erisin and the titular ruined palace at its center make a dark and richly detailed background for this complex and bloody tale of sorcery, madness, and intrigue” .

## Synopsis

When a prostitute dies carrying a royal signet, Isyllt Iskadur, necromancer and agent of the crown, investigates the murder and discovers that the vampires of Erisin are somehow involved. Unable to leave Forsythia's death unsolved, she continues her investigation which leads to more lies and secrets ahead. Meanwhile, inside the palace, Savedra Severos, the prince's transgender mistress, deals with assassination attempts and then stumbles upon the mystery of a missing Severos woman whom no one remembers. Savedra and Isyllt cross paths as they discover a conspiracy that links their two cases.

Savedra is the prince's mistress and the Severos household is always scheming for her to become the princess to add the Severos name among royalty. She begins her quest for answers when she hears about the murder Isyllt is investigating and tries to find out more about the mysterious murders and who plotted an assassination attempt on Ashlin. Her search leads her to the name Phaedra Severos, a member of her family, the problem is most of the information of Phaedra has been removed. Eventually, the plot thickens when Savedra hears the tale of Savedra; Savedra and Ashlin explore Phaedra's former fortress and Savedra has no one to trust with all the information she has uncovered, which is why she turns to Isyllt.

Isyllt, on the other hand, is investigating the Queen's stolen jewelry and the death of Forsythia. Isyllt's investigation leads her to the underground where the vampires dwell; it is there where she reunites herself with Spider and first learns about Spider's, a vampire that aids her or so it seems, plot for a revolution. In an attempt to find Forsythia's murderer Isyllt summons her spirit and discovers the scent of the murderer. At this point, Isyllt and Savedra come to the realization that their investigations may be intertwined and they begin working together.

With Isyllt and Savedra working together they now begin to close in on the scheme conducted by Varis, Kiril, and Phaedra. Throughout the novel Kiril is involved trying to persuade Isyllt to discontinue her investigation and at the same time he is plotting with Phaedra to overthrow the palace. Kiril is also a third narrator in the story who plays a significant role and as he is at the heart of the conspiracy and is someone who Isyllt loves dearly. Together Phaedra, Varis, and Kiril are plotting to overthrow the palace and alter Erisin's societal structure dramatically with the help of Spider and young vampires.

## Characters

* Ashlin: a barbarian princess with pale skin and blonde hair, wife of Nikos, fond of riding horses and sword fighting, who becomes increasingly close to Savedra.
* Savedra Severos: Mistress of Nikos who attempts to protect Nikos and Ashlin, falls in love with Ashlin, helps rescue Nikos and kill Phaedra.
* Captain Deneris: King Mathiros’ royal guard, helps Isyllt and Savedra rescue Nikos.
* Khelséa Shar: loyal, but not so intelligent police inspector, as compared to Isyllt. She assists Isyllt in investigating Forsythia's murder, and helps track down Phaedra in the end.
* Forsythia: is the prostitute who was killed by a vampire named Spider and a demon named Phaedra. Her lover, Whisper, was also a vampire, and he had given her the late Queen's ring.
* Whisper: like most modern-day vampires, had built a relationship with Forsythia, and unlike like most vampires, Whisper was always polite-as much as a monster could be. He always asked before drinking from Forsythia and gave her items from graves. He was also killed by Spider to throw Isyllt off the trail.
* Spider: a vampire who had an on and off relationship with Isyllt wanted to revolt against the Elders and not be prisoner to the darkness. He joined forces with Phaedra and Kiril to help Phaedra overthrow the king, but he was caught by Tenebris.
* Tenebris: the elder vampire, was intimidating and dedicated her time to the dark much like old perception of vampires. She was aware of Spider's intentions and actions all along, thanks to another vampire Azarné, and as punishment for his actions, Tenebris kills Spider.
* Azarné: the vampire that helped Isyllt out all along. She became infatuated with Ciaran and was the one to inform the Elder's about the planned revolution.
* Isyllt Iskladur: Erisin's Crown Investigator who is also a sorceress who apprenticed under her former lover Kirilos.
* Savendra Severos: the hijra bodyguard and mistress of Prince Nikos.
* Nikos: the “peacock like” crowned prince of Erisin whose main motive is to protect his kingdom.
* Kiril (Kirilos): former spymaster of King Mathiros and mentor of Isyllt Iskladur.
* Phaedra: the ex-lover of King Mathiros whose main motive is to seek revenge and take over Erisin.
* Varis Severos: Savendra's sorcerer uncle, is in love with Phaedra.
* King Mathrios: the father of Prince Nikos and former lover of Phaedra.
* Dahlia: a hijra sorceress who wants to track down the individual who murdered Forsythia.
* Ciaran: musician and former lover and close friend of Isyllt.

## Themes

### Societal Roles

Leading The Bone Palace with strong female characters through the ability to make any role higher in class and more respected: it's captured through the method in making a transgender narrator a leader in their societal lifestyle, as she is the mistress to the Prince. Although the feminine roles are stronger than the masculine characters in the novel, the desire to convey the characters as a group that are of the "oversexed variety" is not approached as every character competes in their own manner in obtaining higher societal status without having preferences in sexuality, as in every character fills their hierarchical role regardless of gender. Savedra, even though she is a self-proclaimed bodyguard to the Prince and Princess, her transgender role is one "who loves to fight but isn't reduced to her tomboy archetype", and the being of her sexuality isn't conveyed to classify her as a different role compared to other individuals in Erisin. Relationships were not even based on jealousy or competition as Savedra and the Princess were close. Finally, Isyllt's history and relationships as it was from backgrounds that were previously studied uncovered more relation to comparing Erisin's hierarchical status and roles to the modern world.

## Awards

*The Bone Palace* was nominated for two different awards in the year 2011 and 2010. The recent nomination was for Best Novel for the 2011 Spectrum Award. The Gaylactic Spectrum Awards honor "outstanding works of science fiction, fantasy and horror which include significant positive explorations of gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgendered characters, themes, or issues". In the previous year, the book was nominated in the honors list of the James Tiptree, Jr. Award 2010. This represents the Science Fiction or Fantasy that explores and expands the roles of women and men for work by both women and men.

## InfoBox

The Bone Palace
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Amanda Downum |
| Cover artist | Lary Rostant |
| Series | The Necromancer Chronicles |
| Genre | American Fantasy |
| Published | 2010 (Orbit Books) |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 480 (Mass Market Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0316069000 (978-0316069007) |
| Preceded by | *The Drowning City* |
| Followed by | *The Kingdom of Dust* |


abstract: Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete/A Series of Modern Surveys in Mathematics is a series of scholarly monographs published by Springer Science+Business Media. The title literally means "Results in mathematics and related areas". Most of the books were published in German or English, but there were a few in French and Italian. There have been several sequences, or Folge: the original series, neue Folge, and 3.Folge.

text:
# Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete

***Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete***/***A Series of Modern Surveys in Mathematics*** is a series of scholarly monographs published by Springer Science+Business Media. The title literally means "Results in mathematics and related areas". Most of the books were published in German or English, but there were a few in French and Italian. There have been several sequences, or *Folge*: the original series, neue Folge, and 3.Folge.

## Original series

The series started in 1932 with publication of *Knotentheorie* by Kurt Reidemeister as "Band 1" (English: volume 1). There seems to have been double numeration in this sequence.

## Neue Folge

This sequence started in 1950 with the publication of *Transfinite Zahlen* by Heinz Bachmann. The volumes are consecutively numbered, designated as either "Band" or "Heft". A total of 100 volumes was published, often in multiple editions, but preserving the original numbering within the series.

The ISSN for this sequence is 0071-1136. As of February 2008, P. R. Halmos, P. J. Hilton, R. Remmert, and B. Szökefalvi-Nagy are listed on the series' website as the editors of the defunct 2. Folge.

## 3. Folge

This sequence started in 1983 with the publication of *Galois module structure of algebraic integers* by Albrecht Fröhlich.

As of February 2008, the editor-in-chief is R. Remmert.


title: Edita Schaufler

abstract: Edita Schaufler is a German retired individual rhythmic gymnast.

text:
# Edita Schaufler

**Edita Schaufler** (born 11 July 1980) is a German retired individual rhythmic gymnast.

## Biography

Schaufler was born in Frunze in Kirghiz SSR, she started training gymnastics in 1988 at 7 years of age. Schaufler and her family later permanently moved to Germany under Germany's repatriation program for Germans from the Soviet Union.

Schaufler trained under coach Livia Medilanski with fellow rhythmic gymnasts Lena Asmus and Monique Strobel at the club TV Wattenscheid 01. Her international career took off in 1996 becoming Germany's No.2 gymnast after Magdalena Brzeska. She won a bronze with the German team at the 1998 World Cup in Bochum. Schaufler's career highlight was a bronze medal win in the all-around at the 1997 Grand Prix Final.

She competed in her first Worlds at the 1997 World Championships. At the 1999 World Championships in Osaka, Schaufler together with Asmus and Strobel, earned Germany's highest placement in the Team event finishing in 4th overall behind Ukraine. She also qualified for the hoop finals finishing in 8th place.

Schaufler represented Germany at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, placing 12th in the All-around qualifications. She completed her career after the Olympics.

After her retirement in 2000, Schaufler began coaching, receiving national and international C & B coaching license in Germany. In 2005, Schaufler completed a 2+12-year course in part-time business studies at the FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management in Essen, Germany. Schaufler speaks German, Russian, and French.

## InfoBox

| Edita Schaufler | |
| --- | --- |
| Country represented | Germany |
| Born | (1980-07-11) 11 July 1980<br>Frunze, Kirghiz SSR, Soviet Union |
| Residence | Bochum, Germany |
| Height | 166 cm (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 50 kg (110 lb 4 oz) |
| Discipline | Rhythmic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior Elite |
| Club | TV Wattenscheid 01 |
| Assistant coach(es) | Livia Medilanski, Fernando Cortiso |
| Retired | 2000 |
| Medal record      Representing  Germany  Rhythmic Gymnastics  European Championships  2000 Zaragoza  Team  Grand Prix Final  1997 Deventer  All-around | |


title: Customs House Museum

abstract: Customs House Museum is a heritage-listed former detached house and now museum at 1 McLean Street, Goondiwindi, Goondiwindi Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860s circa to 1900s circa. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

text:
# Customs House Museum

**Customs House Museum** is a heritage-listed former detached house and now museum at 1 McLean Street, Goondiwindi, Goondiwindi Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860s circa to 1900s circa. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

## History

The Goondiwindi Customs House Museum is located on the town side of the main bridge crossing the Macintyre River at Goondiwindi. The town developed on the site of a teamsters' camp established where the boundaries of 3 pastoral properties met.

Allan Cunningham explored the area around Goondiwindi in 1827. In the 1830s pastoral settlement in New South Wales pushed northwards as graziers looked for new land and in the early 1840s sheep runs were established on the Darling Downs. Early stations were supplied from the south, rather than from Brisbane. Teamsters bringing supplies to the Goondiwindi area came from Maitland and they camped on a rise where the boundaries of Umbercollie, Callandoon and Old Goondiwindi stations met. This hill became the basis for a small settlement, which gradually came to include some permanent residents.

The initial site for government services was at Callandoon where a Native Police camp was established in 1849 and from 1859 there was a police station and a post office in operation utilising station buildings.

In 1858 the government was petitioned to commission a township survey so that land for settlement could be purchased at the site of the teamsters camp. A survey of the area in 1859 shows no buildings on the town area at that time. The first sale of land at Goondiwindi was held in August 1860 at which 50 residential blocks were sold. By this time Queensland had become a separate colony to New South Wales and the Macintyre River formed part of the border. In 1861 the postal service shifted to Goondiwindi and a courthouse and police station were built. Matthew Maher, a mail contractor, who also purchased several other lots, first purchased the land on which the Customs House Museum stands, in 1863. By 1868, Samuel Droughton was also working as a mail contractor based on Goondiwindi. In March 1872 he purchased the property from Maher. It remained in the ownership of Droughton, who also acted as a dairyman, and then that of his widow, until 1901 when it was sold to the editor of the local newspaper, Edward Drake.

In December 1859, Queensland was formally proclaimed as a new colony. In 1862 the New South Wales Border Customs Act no 22 was introduced to allow arrangements to be made "for establishing a mutual system of collecting and accounting for all Customs Duties payable upon goods crossing this boundary." At first, the flow of goods into Queensland through the inland routes was not sufficient in either quantity or value to warrant the cost of collecting customs duty in remote areas. However, as settlement increased, the Queensland Government began to feel concern at the amount of revenue that was being lost in this way. Not only did more goods travel north than went south into New South Wales, but duty on such everyday commodities as tea and tobacco was twice as high in Queensland and a considerable amount of smuggling across the border took place. Discussions between the colonies with a view to making adjustment payments were held but came to nothing.

In late 1870, the Queensland Government decided to establish a means of control so that an estimated revenue loss of 15,000 per year could be prevented. In December 1870 A Bill to Provide for the Collection of Customs Duties on Goods Imported Overland was passed. As a first step to implementing this, a border patrol consisting of a police inspector, sub-inspector and 4 constables was appointed with powers to collect duties from 1 January 1871. They were to move along the border between Queensland and New South Wales, collecting duties and keeping careful records regarding the type and value of goods and the amount of monies collected. They were also to note the places were crossings existed and recommend places where Customs offices could be most usefully established.

The Inspector, William Parry-Okeden, made a report on their findings in April 1871. 11 places were recommended for setting up customs offices, including Goondiwindi. On 12 April 1871, Richard Marshall, already Police Magistrate, Clerk of Petty Sessions, Land Agent and Land Commissioner at Goondiwindi, was appointed to also act as Customs Officer. He died the following year and was replaced by John Murphy, a sub-inspector of the Customs Border Patrol. It was soon reported that the effect of increased vigilance on the border was to deflect the importation of goods to Brisbane, reducing the amount of such trade through inland centres.

Goondiwindi continued to develop however, and in 1880 a bridge, a joint project of the New South Wales and Queensland governments, replaced the ferry service across the Macintyre River. The bridge made it possible to cross the river at this point in all weathers and increased the importance of the town as a border crossing. In 1880 Charles F Cumming was appointed as Customs Officer for Goondiwindi. Cumming was also the Police Magistrate and had held this job and that of Land Agent in Goondiwindi the previous year. In 1881 a second Customs Officer was appointed and there were two officers at Goondiwindi until one was sent to Swan Creek following a reorganisation of staff in 1885. In 1887, Goondiwindi was listed by the Customs Department as one of 8 customs stations along the New South Wales border and was an important public crossing place.

The position of Customs Officer seems to have been an extension of police duties for some time and the books concerning Customs business were kept at the Court House even in 1898. There is no formal record of this building being a Customs House and it remained in private hands throughout the period when duties were collected. However, local tradition that it was connected with the Customs service is strong and Customs Officers may have unofficially used it.

After Federation of Australia in 1901, customs were no longer charged on goods between the states. The bridge over the Macintyre River was replaced by the present structure in 1914.

Around 1900, the shingled roof was replaced by corrugated iron, possibly after it changed hands in 1901. The building has undergone some alterations and extensions over the years of its use as a residence and, in its later years, as an antique shop. The Goondiwindi Town Council acquired it in 1975 and it was renovated by the Goondiwindi Historical Society and opened as a museum in October 1975.

## Description

The Customs House Museum site at Goondiwindi is bounded by Maclean Street to the east and MacIntyre Street to the south. It contains a single storeyed timber building, known as the Customs House, at the corner of Maclean Street and MacIntyre Streets; a single storeyed timber cottage facing Maclean Street, and several recently constructed sheds within the grounds. This complex of modest buildings with steeply pitched roofs contributes to the townscape of Maclean St.

The Customs House Museum is a simple rectangular building with verandahs to the north, west and east, and an annex attached to the west, linked by a covered verandah. The building appears to have been built in three stages, being progressively extended out to the north and northwest, with the annex included in the final stage. Both the main building and the annex have steeply pitched corrugated iron roofs; the main building has a substantial brick chimney rising above the ridgeline. The verandahs are covered with a gently curved corrugated iron awning, with a skillion linking the annex to the main building. Openings to the south are protected with modest corrugated iron awnings.

The external cladding reflects the different stages of construction: the southern end of the building is clad in single skin timber slab with cover strips, with the studs internally exposed; the north eastern corner is clad in chamferboard, with externally exposed stud and bracing, while the rest of the building, including the annex and gable ends is clad in weatherboard. The gable ends are decorated with scalloped bargeboards.

The verandahs have chamfered posts with simple rectangular capitals and carved scalloped bases. The balustrades are constructed of square section balusters and handrail. The building has timber sash windows, and French doors opening out to the east.

Internally, the building has a full-width room to the southern end and four rooms either side of a central corridor to the northern end. The annex adjoins to the south of the western verandah, and contains two rooms and a toilet. The internal walls vary, corresponding to the varieties of external cladding, with some exposed framework, some horizontal boarding and some vertical; all the ceilings are timber- boarded. The fireplace in the southern room has timber surrounds.

The cottage is a modest timber building with a steeply pitched corrugated iron roof, a verandah to the front (east), an annex with a corrugated iron stove recess and timber porch to the rear (west). This building also appears to have been built in different stages, with the main part of the building being clad in weatherboard, while the annex is clad in chamferboard with externally exposed framing.

The complex also contains a range of more recently constructed sheds and display structures containing antique machinery.

## Heritage listing

Customs House Museum was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

The Customs House Museum illustrates the role of Goondiwindi as one of 14 border posts established before Federation to maintain tariff walls between the colonies. Customs duty was an important source of revenue and the need to establish such posts reflects the increase in the movement of goods along inland routes as pastoral development occurred in the west of Queensland. Goondiwindi was a major border crossing and the establishment of a customs service in this town reflects the way in which Customs were collected and the requirements of Government were carried out in remote areas.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

The Customs House Museum is important as an early building in Goondiwindi whose form, scale and materials make a substantial contribution to the built character of the town.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Customs House Museum at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Customs House Museum | |
| --- | --- |
| Customs House Museum, 2012 | |
| Location | 1 McLean Street, Goondiwindi, Goondiwindi Region, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 28°32′56″S 150°18′24″E / 28.5489°S 150.3068°E / -28.5489; 150.3068 |
| Design period | 1840s–1860s (mid-19th century) |
| Built | 1860s circa – 1900s circa |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Customs House Museum |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 21 October 1992 |
| Reference no. | 600530 |
| Significant period | 1860s-1900s circa (fabric, historical) |
| Significant components | residential accommodation – main house, kitchen/kitchen house, residential accommodation – housing |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Customs House Museum in Queensland | |


title: F.C. Indiana (NPSL)

abstract: F.C. Indiana, also known as F.C. Indiana Lions, is an American men's soccer team based in Lafayette, Indiana. Founded in 2000, the team compete in the Premier Arena Soccer League indoor soccer league. The Lions also play in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national outdoor league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. The men's club are affiliated with the F.C. Indiana women's team.

text:
# F.C. Indiana (NPSL)

**F.C. Indiana**, also known as **F.C. Indiana Lions**, is an American men's soccer team based in Lafayette, Indiana. Founded in 2000, the team compete in the Premier Arena Soccer League indoor soccer league. The Lions also play in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national outdoor league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid.

The men's club are affiliated with the F.C. Indiana women's team.

## History

The Lions formed a men's adult team in 2006 and entered play in the PASL 2006–07 Winter season. The team then played outdoors in the NPSL 2007 season.

The team went hiatus for the 2008–09 season and returned to play both leagues in 2009. After their second NPSL campaign the team played exclusively indoor soccer for five seasons. In early December 2014 the team announced it would return to the NPSL for the 2015 season.

### 2019 season

**2019 NPSL Great Lakes Conference Standings**

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | T | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Detroit City FC (C) | 14 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 39 | 6 | +33 | 33 | Midwest Region Semifinals |
| 2 | AFC Ann Arbor | 14 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 25 | 10 | +15 | 30 | Midwest Region Quarterfinals |
| 3 | Grand Rapids FC | 14 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 24 | 12 | +12 | 29 |  |
| 4 | Kalamazoo FC | 14 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 18 | 13 | +5 | | 23 |
| 5 | FC Columbus | 14 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 18 | 23 | 5 | | 14 |
| 6 | Michigan Stars FC | 14 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 14 | 17 | 3 | | 14 |
| 7 | Toledo Villa FC | 14 | 2 | 11 | 1 | 11 | 38 | 27 | | 7 |
| 8 | FC Indiana | 14 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 38 | 30 | | 6 |

Source: NPSL standings
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head to head; 3) goal differential in head-to-head results; 4) wins; 5) total goal differential; 6) fewest losses; 7) coin toss. If three or more teams are tied on points, a mini-table involving only the tied teams is used, and teams are ranked in the mini-table on points. If two teams are tied on points in the mini-table, the two-team rules for classification apply. If three or more teams are tied on points in the mini-table, they are ranked based on 1) wins in conference competition; 2) total goal differential in conference competition; 3) fewest losses in conference competition; 4) coin toss.
(C) Champions
Notes:

## Year-by-year

Outdoor History
| Season | League | Regular Season W-D-L | Playoffs | U.S. Open Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | NPSL | 0–0–10; 6th, Midwest | *did not qualify* | *Ineligible* |
| 2008 | ***On Hiatus*** | | | |
| 2009 | NPSL | 2–1–5; 5th, Midwest | *did not qualify* | *Ineligible* |
| ***No team fielded between 2010 & 2014*** | | | | |
| 2015 | NPSL | 2–3–7; 11th, Midwest | *did not qualify* | *Ineligible* |
| 2016 | | 0–2–8; 6th, Great Lakes East | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2017 | | 1–1–12; 8th, Great Lakes | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2018 | | 0–0–12; 7th, Great Lakes | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2019 | | 1–3–10; 8th, Great Lakes | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2020 | | ***Season cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic*** | | |
|

Indoor History
| Season | League | Regular Season W-D-L | Playoffs | U.S. Open Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006–07 | PASL | 2–0–6; 3rd, Great Lakes | *did not qualify* |  |
| 2007–08 | | 1–0–5; 4th, Great Lakes | *did not qualify* |  |
| 2008–09 | | ***On Hiatus*** | | |
| 2009–10 | | 3–1–2, 3rd Midwest | *did not qualify* | Round of 16 |
| 2010–11 | | 4–0–4, 3rd Midwest | *did not qualify* | Qualifying Group Stage |
| 2011–12 | | 2–1–5, 6th Great Lakes | *did not qualify* | *did not participate* |
| 2012–13 | | 5–0–3, 3rd Midwest | *did not qualify* | Qualifying Elimination Round |
| 2013–14 | | 5–0–3, 2nd Great Lakes | Group Stage | Indiana Qualifying Final |
| 2014–15 | | 2–0–8, 9th Midwest | *did not qualify* |  |
| 2015–16 | | 4–0–4, 2nd Midwest | *did not qualify* |  |
| 2016–17 | | 5–1–2, 2nd Central | Group stage |  |
| 2017–18 | | 4–0–1, 1st Great Lakes | Quarterfinals |  |
| 2018–19 | | ***On Hiatus*** | | |
| 2019–20 | | 4–1–2, 4th Great Lakes | Delayed to August 2020 |  |
|

## Stadiums

1. "FC Indiana Joins the NPSL". *NPSL*. December 5, 2014. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016.
2. "2019 Playoffs - Tiebreaker Rules". *NPSL Homepage*. April 9, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
3. Prince-Wright, Joe (March 26, 2020). "2020 NPSL season cancelled". *ProSoccerTalk*. NBC Sports. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
4. "Premier Arena Soccer League Nationals Results". *Chicago Mustangs*. March 15, 2014. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
5. "PASL Announces Registration for New Summer, Nationals Formats". *Premier Arena Soccer League*. Retrieved May 25, 2020.

## InfoBox

FC Indiana
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Football Club Indiana |
| Nickname(s) | The Lions |
| Founded | 2000 (2000) |
| Stadium | Legacy Sports Club Stadium
Lafayette, IN |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Chairman | David Bugay |
| Head coach | Erik Castro |
| League | Premier Arena Soccer League,
National Premier Soccer League |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|


title: Eritrea (opera)

abstract: Eritrea is an opera in three acts by the Italian composer Francesco Cavalli. The libretto is by Giovanni Faustini. It was premiered at the Teatro Sant'Apollinare in Venice on 17 January 1652, and revived in modern times at the Wexford Festival in 1975 under the conductor Jane Glover.

text:
# Eritrea (opera)

***Eritrea*** is an opera in three acts by the Italian composer Francesco Cavalli. The libretto is by Giovanni Faustini. It was premiered at the Teatro Sant'Apollinare in Venice on 17 January 1652, and revived in modern times at the Wexford Festival in 1975 under the conductor Jane Glover.

## Recordings

* from prologue: "Ne le grotte arimaspe", Mariana Flores, Cappella Mediterranea, Leonardo García Alarcón, 2014
* Duet: "O luci belle", Giulia Semenzato (soprano), Raffaele Pe (alto) La Venexiana, Claudio Cavina, 2015