title: Bernard A. Clarey

abstract: Bernard Ambrose Clarey, nicknamed "Chick", was an admiral of the United States Navy. A submarine commander during World War II, he served during the late 1960s as Vice Chief of Naval Operations and in the early 1970s as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet.

text:
# Bernard A. Clarey

**Bernard Ambrose Clarey** (May 4, 1912 – June 15, 1996), nicknamed "Chick", was an admiral of the United States Navy. A submarine commander during World War II, he served during the late 1960s as Vice Chief of Naval Operations and in the early 1970s as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet.

## Early life and career

Clarey was born in Oskaloosa, Iowa, on May 4, 1912, son of Mrs. S. B. (Jennie A. O'Hearn) Clarey and the late Mr. Clarey. He was graduated from Oskaloosa High School and attended William Penn College for one year. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy from his native state in 1930. As a midshipman he was on the Staff of the Lucky Bag. He was graduated and commissioned Ensign on May 31, 1934.

His first assignment after graduation was to the cruiser *Milwaukee* (CL-5) from June 1934 until December 1936. He entered instruction at the Submarine School at Submarine Base New London in January 1937. After designation as a submariner, he reported to the submarine *Nautilus* (SS-168) in June 1937. He served as Engineer, First Lieutenant and Communications Officer in the Nautilus when she was the flagship of Submarine Division Twelve, based at Pearl Harbor. In June 1941 he reported to *Dolphin* (SS-169).

## World War II

Clarey was executive officer on board *Dolphin* at Pearl Harbor when the Japanese attacked the Naval Base on December 7, 1941, and subsequently made one war patrol in *Dolphin* to the Marshall Islands.

After commissioning the *Amberjack* (SS-219) at New London, Connecticut, on June 19, 1942, he completed two war patrols in *Amberjack* off Bougainville and Guadalcanal Islands as executive officer. During the first war patrol, which lasted fifty-seven days, the Amberjack sank the 19,000-ton Japanese ship *Tonan Maru*, a 5,000-ton transport and a 7,000-ton cargo ship. She also delivered 9,000 gallons of aviation fuel, 200 100-pound bombs and a number of US Army Air Corps pilots to Tulagi. On her second war patrol, lasting fifty-one days, she scored one direct hit on a 4,000-ton freighter while patrolling south of Shortland, near Treasury Island.

"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action in the performance of his duties in the USS Amberjack during a war patrol of that vessel..." he was awarded the Silver Star. The citation further states: "As Assistant Approach Officer, his outstanding skill, excellent judgement and thorough knowledge of attack problems assisted his Commanding Officer considerably in conducting a series of successful torpedo attacks, which resulted in the sinking and damaging of enemy ships totalling more than 43,000-tons. In addition, he was of great assistance in conducting a successful reconnaissance of four enemy positions and completing a vital special mission, contributing immensely to the success of his vessel in evading extremely severe enemy countermeasures..."

Clarey made one additional patrol to the South Pacific as a prospective commanding officer (PCO) in the submarine *Peto* (SS-265). On January 1, 1944, he became the commanding officer of the new submarine *Pintado* (SS-387) at Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Under his command, *Pintado* reached the Pacific in May 1944, and on her first war patrol in the area west of the Marianas and south of Formosa on a dark night in June, surfaced and fired six bow torpedoes at a Japanese convoy, making direct hits on two targets with all six torpedoes. Later between the Marianas and Luzon she sank three freighters and damaged a large freighter. Clarey was awarded the Navy Cross with the following citation:

> For extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the USS Pintado, during the first war patrol of that vessel in enemy Japanese-controlled waters, from May 16 to July 1, 1944. Maneuvering his ship through powerful escort screens, Lieutenant Commander Clarey launched repeated aggressive attacks to sink three Japanese freighters and damage a large freighter despite severe hostile countermeasures...

He was awarded a second Navy Cross, denoted by a Gold Star affixed to the suspension and service ribbon of his original medal, "For extraordinary heroism during *Pintado*'s second war patrol in enemy-infested waters from July 24, 1944 to September 14, 1944". The citation states: "He pressed home a series of aggressive torpedo attacks against heavily escorted enemy ships, sinking two freighters and a large whaling ship of nearly 20,000-tons and maneuvered successfully and avoided damage to his submarine".

He was awarded a third Navy Cross, denoted by a second Gold Star affixed to the suspension and service ribbon of his original medal, for *Pintado*'s third war patrol, in enemy-controlled waters of the South China Sea, between October 9, 1944, and January 1, 1945. The citation states: "Carrying out his duties as Officer in Tactical Command, Commander Clarey skillfully directed the coordinated search for his attack group known as "Clarey's Crushers", against a retiring enemy Task Force and contributed to the destruction of a Japanese light cruiser. He further led his submarines in an attack to sink a destroyer and damage an aircraft carrier. On the night of December 12–13, he conducted three surface attacks, in heavy seas, to sink two enemy merchantmen, which contributed to Pintado's sinking of over 40,000-tons of Japanese shipping".

Clarey also wore a ribbon for the Presidential Unit Citation awarded to *Pintado*.

Detached from *Pintado* in April 1945, he was assigned to the staff of Commander Submarine Force Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC) and was serving in that assignment at the cessation of hostilities in August 1945.

## Post-war, through late 1950s

Following World War II, in December 1945 he reported to the Navy Department, Washington, D.C., where he served until February 1946 in the Office of Public Information, as a member of the Secretary of the Navy's Committee on Reorganization. In April, he was transferred to the Office of the Naval Inspector General. From April 1947 until June 1949, he served on the Staff of Commander Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet as Aide and Flag Secretary, Legal Officer, and Public Information Officer.

In June 1949, he returned to the Navy Department to serve in the Officer Personnel Division for Submarine Officer Assignments, in the Bureau of Naval Personnel, BUPERS.

In June 1951, he reported as executive officer of the heavy cruiser *Helena* (CA-75), which operated with the U.S. Seventh Fleet in Korean waters, participating in operations against North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces. He served as "XO" for eleven months and was awarded the Bronze Star with Combat "V" for his service aboard *Helena*.

After a tour as Commander Submarine Division Fifty Two from May 1952 to July 1953 in San Diego, he was ordered to the Politico-Military Policy Division, as Director Far East Branch, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

He was a student at the National War College from August 1955 to June 1956.

In August 1956, he was assigned at Pearl Harbor as chief of staff to COMSUBPAC.

In August 1958, he became commanding officer of fleet oiler *Hassayampa*. On January 5, 1959, he became the Director for Military Personnel in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower).

## Flag assignments

Clarey was selected for promotion to Rear Admiral in July 1958 and in August 1958 was assigned as Director for Military Personnel Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). In July 1962, Rear Admiral Clarey again reported to Pearl Harbor as Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPACFLT). For exceptionally meritorious service in this position, he was awarded the Legion of Merit.

On June 3, 1964, Clarey was promoted to Vice Admiral and became Deputy Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT) at Pearl Harbor. In August, 1966, in Oslo, Norway, he became Commander U.S. Second Fleet (COMSECONDFLT) and Commander Striking Force, Atlantic (NATO).

Returning to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) in June 1967, Vice Admiral Clarey assumed the duties of Director, Navy Program Planning and Budgeting. In January 1968, he was appointed Vice Chief of Naval Operations and promoted to the rank of Admiral.

In December 1970, he returned to Pearl Harbor as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT) in what was to be his terminal assignment. Admiral Clarey was relieved of duty on September 30, 1973, and retired from the navy with the rank of admiral on October 1, 1973.

## Post-Navy career

Admiral Clarey served as a vice president for the Bank of Hawaii from 1973 to 1977 and died June 15, 1996, at Tripler Army Medical Center in Hawaii.

## Family

Admiral Clarey married Jean Webster Scott (1918–2009), the daughter of Captain Leon B. Scott (USNA '15), on May 27, 1937, in Groton, Connecticut. They had two sons: Rear Admiral (retired) Stephen S. Clarey (born 1940) of Coronado, California, and Michael O. Clarey (born 1946) of Sydney, Australia. Tennis journalist Christopher Clarey is his grandson.

## Military Awards and honors

While on active duty, Admiral Clarey earned three Navy Cross Medals, the Silver Star Medal, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Bronze Star with Combat "V", the Legion of Merit and five Distinguished Service Medals. In addition, he was awarded the American Defense Service Medal with star, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one silver star and four bronze stars (nine operations), World War II Victory Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Korean Service Medal with star, United Nations Service Medal, Philippine Liberation Medal, Philippine Presidential Unit Citation and the Korean Presidential Unit Citation. In addition, after qualification for submarine warfare insignia he received the submarine officer badge, and for successful wartime service the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia with stars.

| Navy Cross with two gold stars | Navy Distinguished Service Medal with four gold stars | Silver Star | Legion of Merit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze Star with Combat V | Presidential Unit Citation | American Defense Service Medal | American Campaign Medal |
| Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one silver and four bronze stars | World War II Victory Medal | National Defense Service Medal with one bronze star | Korean Service Medal with one bronze star |
| Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines) | Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation | Philippine Liberation Medal with one bronze star | United Nations Korea Medal |

## Civilian Awards and honors

A long-time supporter of the Boy Scouts of America, Admiral Clarey was presented the Silver Beaver Award in 1976. He was awarded the Navy League of the United States Stephen Decatur Award for Operational Competence in 1971. A doctorate of humane letters honorary degree was conferred upon him by William Penn College in 1984.

## Namesake

In 1998, the floating bridge connecting Ford Island to the mainland was named the Admiral Clarey Bridge in Clarey's honor.

Admiral Clarey Bridge honors his advocating public-private sector collaborations.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*.*

## InfoBox

| Bernard Ambrose Clarey | |
| --- | --- |
| Admiral Bernard A. Clarey | |
| Nickname(s) | Chick |
| Born | (1912-05-04)May 4, 1912
Oskaloosa, Iowa, US |
| Died | June 15, 1996(1996-06-15) (aged 84)
Honolulu, Hawaii, US |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1934–1973 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands | U.S. Pacific Fleet |
| Battles/wars | World War II
Korean War |
| Awards | Navy Cross (3)
Distinguished Service Medal (5)
Silver Star
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star |
| Other work | Bank of Hawaii, President |


title: Doctrine of worthier title

abstract: In the common law of England, the doctrine of worthier title was a legal doctrine that preferred taking title to real estate by descent over taking title by devise or by purchase. It essentially provides that a remainder cannot be created in the grantor's heirs, at least not by those words. The rule provided that where a testator undertook to convey an heir the same estate in land that the heir would take under the laws of inheritance, the heir would be adjudged to have taken title to the land by inheritance rather than by the conveyance, because descent through the bloodline was held to be "worthier" than a conveyance through a legal instrument.

text:
# Doctrine of worthier title

In the common law of England, the **doctrine of worthier title** was a legal doctrine that preferred taking title to real estate by descent over taking title by devise or by purchase. It essentially provides that a remainder cannot be created in the grantor's heirs, at least not by those words.

The rule provided that where a testator undertook to convey an heir the same estate in land that the heir would take under the laws of inheritance, the heir would be adjudged to have taken title to the land by inheritance rather than by the conveyance, because descent through the bloodline was held to be "worthier" than a conveyance through a legal instrument.

## History

The doctrine of worthier title, like the Rule in Shelley's Case, had its origin in attempts by royal courts to defeat various devices contrived by lawyers during the era of feudalism to retain lands in their families while avoiding feudal duties, and to secure its free alienability. The creation of family settlements designed to preserve land within the family, transfer it without feudal duties due to the lords of the fee upon transfer at death, and preserve it from claims of creditors, occupied the ingenuity of many common lawyers during the late Middle Ages. So did efforts to undo the restrictions placed by ancestors once they became inconvenient. These concerns underlie the explanation given in *Coke on Littleton*:

> But if a man makes a gift in tail, or a lease of life, the remainder to his right heirs, this remainder is void, and he hath the revision in him; for the ancestor during his life beareth in his body in judgment of law all his heirs, and therefore it is truly said that *haeres est pars antecessoris.* ("the heir is a part of the ancestor") And this appeareth in a common case, that if land be given to a man and his heirs, all his heirs are so totally in him as he may give the land to whom he will.

The law deemed that since no one is an "heir" until the person he or she inherits from dies, an attempt to create a remainder interest in the heir created no present interest at all. This interpretation draws strength by analogy from the common words of a conveyance in fee simple, "to N. and his heirs." This conveyance creates no present interest in any heir; why should a remainder do the same?

## Importance

If the heir receives the same interest in the property that he would have received either way, the doctrine of worthier title would appear at first impression to be a distinction without a difference.

### Divesting heirs of interests under instruments

The rule makes a difference when property owners make *inter vivos* gifts of less than fee simple interests. Suppose Adam owns title to lands, is married to Beulah, and executes a deed "to Beulah for life, and then to Adam's heirs", Caleb and Dinah. Adam's intent in these words of conveyance would appear to be to grant Beulah a life estate, and then create a vested remainder interest in his apparent heirs Caleb and Dinah. The remainder interest is vested because Beulah is mortal; her death is certain to happen. But, since Caleb and Dinah are already Adam's apparent heirs, their interest under the laws of descent is "worthier" than the interest they take under the instrument, and the deed is construed as if Adam had stopped with "to Beulah for life." A reversion is created in the grantor (Adam), so if Beulah dies before Adam, the property will return to him. This doctrine is further complicated by the fact that although Caleb and Dinah are Adam's heirs apparent, it is legally impossible to determine who is an heir until the death of the grantor.

The remainder interest Caleb and Dinah were meant to have in the land subject to Beulah's life estate would have been a vested interest as the conveyance was written, but that vested interest is wiped out by the doctrine of worthier title. Imagine then that Adam then falls on hard times, and his creditors take judgments against him. If the deed were given effect as written, Caleb and Dinah's vested rights to the remainder interest would have existed prior to any judgment liens, and would therefore be prior in right to the claims of Adam's creditors. The doctrine of worthier title, preferring title by intestate succession over title by the instrument, wipes out that vested interest and prefers the rights of Adam's creditors over the rights of Adam's heirs. This illustrates that although the doctrine of worthier title, by its terms, does not affect the right passed from the ancestor to the heir, it can operate to cut off rights of the heirs against third parties.

### Designation of heirs

The doctrine of worthier title can also affect estates created by will, when those estates are in people who would not take by intestate succession. Suppose once more that Adam is a testator; Adam's good friends in life were Edward and Fran, and Adam's surviving child is Dinah. Under applicable state laws of intestate succession, Dinah would be Adam's heir if Adam had no will.

But Adam does have a will: It firstly leaves his land "to Edward for life, then to Adam's heirs", and it also contains a residuary clause that leaves the remainder of Adam's estate to Fran. By the operation of the instrument, Edward would have a life estate in the land, while Fran would inherit the rest of the estate immediately; then "Adam's heirs"  i.e., Dinah  would have a vested remainder interest in the land, and expect to inherit it upon Edward's death. The doctrine of worthier title intervenes, however, with unexpected results. The doctrine prefers the interest "Adam's heirs" would have taken to the interest created by an instrument. Here, however, Adam's will designates Fran as his heir at law. Instead of a life estate in Edward, followed by a vested remainder in Dinah, the doctrine of worthier title operates to disinherit Dinah completely, treats the interest of the heirs as a mere reversion, and upon Edward's death gives the land, as well, to Fran.

## Obsolescence

The doctrine of worthier title can be avoided by naming specific people, or classes of people (e.g. "my children"), instead of using the phrase "my heirs." As such, the doctrine of worthier title seldom comes into play. The doctrine has also been abolished, either by statute or by judicial decisions, in many common law jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, the rule survives, but only as a presumption or a rule of construction, that can be rebutted by evidence that the grantor meant otherwise.

* *Dillman v. Fulwider*, 57 Ind. App. 632, 105 N.E. 124 (Ind. Ct. App. 1914)
* *Moore v. Livingston*, 148 Ind. App. 275, 265 N.E.2d 251 (Ind. Ct. App. 1970)
* *Robertson v. Robertson*, 120 Ind. 333, 22 N.E. 310 (Sup. Ct. Ind. 1889)
* *Black's Law Dictionary*, 5th ed., 1979, ISBN 0-8299-2041-2
* Worthier Title Doctrine Abolished, Fla. Stat. § 689.175 (2010).


title: Charles A. Allen (American politician)

abstract: Charles A. Allen (1884–1964) was an American politician. He was a member of the Los Angeles City Council from 1941 to 1947.

text:
# Charles A. Allen (American politician)

**Charles A. Allen** (1884–1964) was an American politician. He was a member of the Los Angeles City Council from 1941 to 1947.

## Biography

Allen was born in Missouri in 1864. A captain in the National Guard, he was given the nickname "Cap". He was in the grocery business and ran several Los Angeles area markets. He was also active in clubs and civic associations. He became supervisor of the Los Angeles City Hall parking garage in 1935.

In 1941, while on leave from the latter position, Allen ran for Los Angeles City Council District 8 in an election to succeed 12-year veteran Councilman Evan Lewis. He won that year and was reelected twice more.

In the April 1947 primary election, his victory – already certified by the City Council – was set aside by court order, a recount was made, and he had to face a final election the next month, which he lost to Kenneth Hahn.

He died in Whittier, California on August 23, 1964, and was interred at Mountain View Mausoleum in Altadena.

## Member of the Los Angeles City Council

Allen was sworn in on May 14, 1941, to fill the unexpired term of Councilman Evan Lewis, who had died on May 5. Lewis's term was to end on June 30, and Allen's elected term was to begin July 1.

### Minorities, 1945

During debate on a proposal to establish an interracial committee "devoted to the interests of so-called minority groups," Allen said he was opposed because he was, "convinced that this is a Communistic setup and that the people who have been associated with this effort have been misled." The proposed ordinance was killed by an 8-6 vote.

### Radio, 1946

He voted in favor of a resolution condemning the sending of individual letters by city councilmen to support any given radio station in making an application to the Federal Communications Commission. He denounced an organization, the Hollywood Community Radio Group, Inc., which had solicited such letters because its membership, he said, "contains names of persons with reputed Communist sympathies."

## InfoBox

| Charles A. Allen | |
| --- | --- |
| Allen in 1943 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Los Angeles City Council from the 8th District | |
| **In office**
July 1, 1941  June 30, 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Evan Lewis |
| Succeeded by | Kenneth Hahn |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1884 (1884)
Missouri |
| Died | August 23, 1964(1964-08-23) (aged 79–80)
Whittier, California |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Reinosa

abstract: Reinosa is a municipality in Cantabria, Spain. As of 2009, it has 10,307 inhabitants. The municipality, one of the smallest by land area in Cantabria, is notable for being one of the nearest towns to the headwaters of the Ebro River. It is surrounded by the municipality of Campoo de Enmedio and was created a city by King Alfonso XIII in 1927, being one of only three urban centres in Cantabria with that honour, the others being Santander and Torrelavega.

text:
# Reinosa

**Reinosa** is a municipality in Cantabria, Spain. As of 2009, it has 10,307 inhabitants. The municipality, one of the smallest by land area in Cantabria, is notable for being one of the nearest towns to the headwaters of the Ebro River. It is surrounded by the municipality of Campoo de Enmedio and was created a city by King Alfonso XIII in 1927, being one of only three urban centres in Cantabria with that honour, the others being Santander and Torrelavega.

## History

The first documents mentioning the town date back to the year 1000, when it was divided into four solars by Sancho García, the Count of Castile. By 1404, it was emerging as the main town of the region and was organised into seven Hermandades, military units aimed at retaining law and order. The procurators of these brotherhoods met once a month with the Corregidor to organise the town's affairs.

In 1497, Prince John, son of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon met his affianced wife Margaret of Austria here, the meeting or marriage ceremony probably taking place in La Casa de las Princesas.

In 1517 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was passing through the town when he was taken ill. He stayed for nine days at the Convento de San Francisco while he recovered. The convent was being built at the time, and a hundred years later had thirty friars while the town had five hundred inhabitants. In the eighteenth century, under the Bourbons, a new highway and a bridge over the River Ebro were built. These works contributed to an economic boom in the region and the town becomes a bustling and prosperous place, on one of the main routes to the port of Santander. In 1927 it received its charter as a city from King Alfonso XII.

## Geography

Reinosa is the largest town in this area of Cantabria and is on the main railway line and located close to the A67 motorway. The town contains a number of hotels and restaurants, and Montesclaros High School is located here. The source of the River Ebro is in the village of Fontibre where a stream emerges from the ground 3 kilometres (2 mi) from the town; a large artificial lake Embalse del Ebro was created in the Franco era by damming the river just below Reinosa. This is one of the largest reservoirs in northern Spain and is mainly filled in spring as a result of the melting of the winter snow in the mountains. The lake is the uppermost of many reservoirs on the Ebro.

## Twin towns

* Deltebre, Spain, located at the mouth of the Ebro River.

## InfoBox

| Reinosa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of San Sebastián (16th century). | |
|  | |
| ReinosaLocation of Reinosa in CantabriaReinosaLocation of Reinosa in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 43°0′7″N 4°8′16″W / 43.00194°N 4.13778°W / 43.00194; -4.13778 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Cantabria |
| Province | Cantabria |
| Comarca | Campoo |
| Judicial district | Reinosa |
| Government | |
| Alcalde | José Miguel Barrio (2009) (PRC) |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.12 km2 (1.59 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 851 m (2,792 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 9,095 |
| Density | 2,200/km2 (5,700/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Reinosanos |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Official language(s) | Spanish |
| Website | Official website |


title: Rage (English group)

abstract: Rage was an English dance music group composed of producers Barry Leng and Duncan Hannant, had drummer Hans Greeve and fronted by vocalists Tony Jackson (1992–1993) and Steve Lee (1995). The group were renamed En-Rage in Germany to avoid confusion with the German band Rage.

text:
# Rage (English group)

**Rage** was an English dance music group composed of producers Barry Leng and Duncan Hannant, had drummer Hans Greeve and fronted by vocalists Tony Jackson (1992–1993) and Steve Lee (1995). The group were renamed **En-Rage** in Germany to avoid confusion with the German band Rage.

## Career

In 1992, the group released a dance cover version of Bryan Adams' "Run to You", which reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart. Subsequent singles, including a dance remake of "House of the Rising Sun", fared less well on the chart, although an album titled *Saviour* was released in 1993.

Singer Tony Jackson, who had previously performed backing vocals for Billy Ocean, Amii Stewart and Paul Young, among others, died in June 2001.

## Members

### Studio

* Tony Jackson – vocals
* Steve Lee – vocals
* Hans Greeve – drums
* Barry Leng – producer
* Duncan Hannant – producer

### Live

* Tony Jackson – vocals
* Steve Lee – vocals
* Jeffrey Sayadian – guitar
* Angela Lupino – bass
* Toby Sadler – keyboard, piano, backing vocals
* Pierson Grange – drums

## Discography

### Studio albums

### Compilation albums

* *Run to You – The Essential* (2010) (digital-only)

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | AUS
 | AUT
 | GER
 | IRE
 | SWI
 | |
| 1992 | "Run to You" |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Saviour* |
| | "Be Yourself" |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Run to You" (re-release) | 3 | 56 | 13 | 14 | 4 | 20 | |
| 1993 | "Why Don't You" | 44 | 209 | 26 | 40 |  | 39 | |
| | "House of the Rising Sun" | 41 | 171 | 20 |  |  |  | |
| | "Give It Up" | 97 |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1995 | "My Cryings Done" |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country. | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Rage | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | En-Rage |
| Origin | United Kingdom |
| Genres | Eurodance, house, pop, ambient music |
| Years active | 1992–1995 |
| Labels | Pulse 8, Demon Music Group |
|  | |
| Past members | Hans Greeve
Duncan Hannant
Tony Jackson
Steve Lee
Barry Leng |


title: Battle of Noonday Creek

abstract: The Battle of Noonday Creek was a series of combat events in the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War that took place between June 10 and July 3 of 1864. Brigadier General Kenner Garrard was ordered by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman to interpose between Major General Joseph Wheeler's Confederate cavalry and detached infantry at Noonday Creek, which was just a few miles from Sherman's headquarters at Big Shanty. When, after a week, Garrard failed to do so, two brigades of infantry and three brigades of cavalry with artillery support were advanced against the Confederate positions on June 9. Two charges failed, and the Union Army retired from the field. However, Wheeler's cavalry was moved to a position between Bell's Ferry and Canton Road. On June 10, the 17th Indiana Infantry Regiment pushed the enemy across Noonday Creek after heavy fighting. On June 15, a division of Union cavalry attacked and was repelled. On June 17, the Federals pushed Wheeler down Bell's Ferry Road, where he retired to Robert McAffee's house located at the intersection of today’s Barret Parkway and Bells Ferry Roads. This location is often confused with the house of Doctor John McAfee, which was located at the intersection of the Canton and Marietta Road, and the Old Alabama Road in Woodstock. On June 10 Colonel Robert H. G. Minty’s First Cavalry Brigade (U.S.) consisting of the 4th U.S. Cavalry, 4th Michigan Cavalry, and 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiments, and the Chicago Board of Trade Battery crossed Noonday Creek on the Old Alabama Road, and proceeded to McAfee’s Crossroads, where Doctor McAfee’s Home was located. Upon approaching the crossroads the 7th Pennsylvania became heavily engaged, but drove in the Rebel pickets, and occupied the crossroads. While Minty was deploying his line he was attacked by a brigade of Major General William T. Martin’s division, and the entire division of Ferguson’s cavalry. After fighting for about an hour the 7th Pennsylvania made a saber charge, and drove the Confederates south on the Canton and Marietta Road for a mile, until they entrenched on the crest of a hill. After an unsuccessful assault on that position, Minty withdrew back across Noonday Creek on the Old Alabama Road. Minty’s Brigade remained in position near McAfee’s Crossroads skirmishing daily with Wheeler’s Confederate Cavalry until June 20. On June 19, the Union Army attacked but was driven off with heavy losses. On June 23, Colonel Eli Long, USA, crossed Noonday Creek with his brigade. He was attacked at that time, and repelled the attackers. The 4th Michigan Cavalry was attacked by 4,500 of Wheeler's cavalry at Latimar's Mill on Little Noonday Creek near Noonday Church.

text:
# Battle of Noonday Creek

The **Battle of Noonday Creek** was a series of combat events in the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War that took place between June 10 and July 3 of 1864.

Brigadier General Kenner Garrard was ordered by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman to interpose between Major General Joseph Wheeler's Confederate cavalry and detached infantry at Noonday Creek, which was just a few miles from Sherman's headquarters at Big Shanty. When, after a week, Garrard failed to do so, two brigades of infantry and three brigades of cavalry with artillery support were advanced against the Confederate positions on June 9. Two charges failed, and the Union Army retired from the field. However, Wheeler's cavalry was moved to a position between Bell's Ferry and Canton Road.

On June 10, the 17th Indiana Infantry Regiment pushed the enemy across Noonday Creek after heavy fighting.

On June 15, a division of Union cavalry attacked and was repelled. On June 17, the Federals pushed Wheeler down Bell's Ferry Road, where he retired to Robert McAffee's house located at the intersection of today’s Barret Parkway and Bells Ferry Roads. This location is often confused with the house of Doctor John McAfee, which was located at the intersection of the Canton and Marietta Road, and the Old Alabama Road in Woodstock. On June 10 Colonel Robert H. G. Minty’s First Cavalry Brigade (U.S.) consisting of the 4th U.S. Cavalry, 4th Michigan Cavalry, and 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiments, and the Chicago Board of Trade Battery crossed Noonday Creek on the Old Alabama Road, and proceeded to McAfee’s Crossroads, where Doctor McAfee’s Home was located. Upon approaching the crossroads the 7th Pennsylvania became heavily engaged, but drove in the Rebel pickets, and occupied the crossroads. While Minty was deploying his line he was attacked by a brigade of Major General William T. Martin’s division, and the entire division of Ferguson’s cavalry. After fighting for about an hour the 7th Pennsylvania made a saber charge, and drove the Confederates south on the Canton and Marietta Road for a mile, until they entrenched on the crest of a hill. After an unsuccessful assault on that position, Minty withdrew back across Noonday Creek on the Old Alabama Road. Minty’s Brigade remained in position near McAfee’s Crossroads skirmishing daily with Wheeler’s Confederate Cavalry until June 20.

On June 19, the Union Army attacked but was driven off with heavy losses.

On June 23, Colonel Eli Long, USA, crossed Noonday Creek with his brigade. He was attacked at that time, and repelled the attackers.

The 4th Michigan Cavalry was attacked by 4,500 of Wheeler's cavalry at Latimar's Mill on Little Noonday Creek near Noonday Church.

## Since the Civil War

Despite land development since the 1980s in the area near Town Center at Cobb, the McAfee house (and a historical marker at the street) is still located on Bells Ferry Road, on the northwest corner of what is now the intersection with Barrett Parkway (west) and Piedmont Road (east). (34°00′51″N 84°32′56″W / 34.0141°N 84.5488°W / 34.0141; -84.5488 (Robert McAfee house & historical marker))

## Units

### Union Army

### Confederate Army

* Kentucky 15th Cavalry Regiment
* Confederate 1st Cavalry Regiment
* 5th Georgia Cavalry
* Company I, 37th. Alabama Regiment

33°56′N 84°35′W / 33.94°N 84.58°W / 33.94; -84.58 For the casualties at the Battle of Noonday Creek: http://saportareport.com/noonday-creek-trail-nearing-completion-in-northern-cobb-county/

History of the 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry Minty and the Cavalry

## InfoBox

| Battle of Noonday Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the American Civil War | |
| Date June 10, 1864 (1864-06-10)-July 3, 1864 (1864-07-03)
(3 weeks and 2 days)  Location Cobb County, Georgia  Result Confederate victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States (Union) | CSA (Confederacy) |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| William T. Sherman
Kenner Garrard | Joseph Wheeler |
| Strength | |
| 5 Brigades | 4,500 |


title: China Numismatic Museum

abstract: The China Numismatic Museum is a museum about currency in Beijing, China.

text:
# China Numismatic Museum

The **China Numismatic Museum** (Chinese: 中国钱币博物馆; pinyin: *Zhōngguó Qiánbì Bówùguǎn*) is a museum about currency in Beijing, China.

## About the museum

The China Numismatic Museum is under the management of the People's Bank of China. It was founded in 1992, ten years after the founding of the China Numismatic Society. It is located just off Tian'anmen Square, in Beijing at no. 17 Xijiaomin Xiang, Xicheng District, Beijing. The museum has two buildings that were formerly the Commercial Guarantee Bank of China and the Central Bank of China Peking Branch. Its remit is to collect, display and research ancient, modern and contemporary currencies and objects relating to banking history. It has a collection of over 300,000 numismatic objects. It is a member of the International Numismatic Council and a member of council of the International Committee for Money and Banking Museums (ICOMON).

The China Numismatic Museum is also the home of the secretariat of the China Numismatic Society (CNS), which was founded in 1982, a non-governmental, non-profit, academic organisation registered with the Ministry of Civil Affairs.

## Exhibitions

* Ancient Chinese Coin-casting Technology
* Anti-Counterfeit Money
* Red Regime Currency

## Publications

The China Numismatic Society is part of the China Numismatic Museum. It produces a regular journal *China Numismatics* (Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币), and also publishes books. It has published over 20 books in its China Numismatic Series:

* 1：《秦汉钱币研究》 Research on Qin and Han Coinage
* 2：《新疆红钱大全图说》 Complete Illustrated Catalogue of Xinjiang Red Coins
* 3：《新订北宋符合泉志》 Newly Edited Northern Song Catalogue
* 4：《中国钱票》 Notes issued by private banks in China
* 5：《咸丰钱的版式系列—自藏自拓咸丰钱集》 Xianfeng Coin Types
* 6：《中国山西民间票帖》 Privately issued paper money in Shanxi province, China
* 7：《民国地方钱票图录》 Illustrated catalogue of local banknotes in the Republican period
* 8：《两宋铁钱》 Iron coins of the Northern and Southern Song
* 9：《先秦货币研究》 Research on Pre-Qin Currency
* 10：《福建货币史略》 History of money in Fujian
* 11：《钱币学与冶铸史论丛》 Collection of papers on numismatics and casting history
* 12：《半两钱研究与发现》 Research and discoveries of banliang coins
* 13：《中国古代钱币合金成分研究》 Research on the metal alloys of coins in ancient China
* 14：《两宋货币史料汇编》 Historical materials relating to the money of the Northern and Southern Song
* 15：《永隆通宝钱范》 On Yong long tongbao coin moulds
* 16：《世界各国铸币史》 History of the different currencies of the world
* 17：《戴志强钱币学文集》 Collection of numismatic papers by Dai Zhiqiang
* 18：《中国近代机制币》 Machine-struck coins of modern China
* 19：《中国铜元分类研究（上下册）》 Classification of Chinese copper dollars (2 vols)
* 20：《清代地方私帖图录》 Illustrated catalogue of local notes of the Qing dynasty
* 21：《新编顺治通宝钱谱》 Newly edited Catalogue of Shunzhi tongbao coins
* 22：《新疆历史货币》 Historical coinage of Xinjiang
* 23：《北宋铜钱》 Bronze coins of the Northern and Southern Song
* 24：《川康银锭》 Silver ingots of Chuan-Kang
* 25：《钱币与西域历史研究》 Coins and historical research of Tibet
* 26：《金紫银青—金银钱币的研究与收藏》Gold and silver treasures - researching and collecting gold and silver coins

## Research projects

* Ancient Chinese Sycee Casting Technology
* Research on Ancient Chinese Coin-casting Technology

39°54′03″N 116°23′19″E / 39.90072°N 116.38871°E / 39.90072; 116.38871


title: The Contact (1997 South Korean film)

abstract: The Contact is a 1997 South Korean romance film directed by Chang Yoon-hyun. Starring Han Suk-kyu and Jeon Do-yeon, it was the second biggest-grossing Korean film of 1997 with 674,933 admissions, and was awarded the Grand Bell Awards for best picture.

text:
# The Contact (1997 South Korean film)

***The Contact*** (Korean: 접속; RR: *Jeopsok*) is a 1997 South Korean romance film directed by Chang Yoon-hyun. Starring Han Suk-kyu and Jeon Do-yeon, it was the second biggest-grossing Korean film of 1997 with 674,933 admissions, and was awarded the Grand Bell Awards for best picture.

## Plot

One day, radio DJ Dong-hyeon (Han Suk-kyu) receives an anonymous package containing a Velvet Underground record. Dong-hyeon hopes that the record was sent by his former lover Min young hye. He decides to play the song *Pale Blue Eyes* off of that record. At the same time, a home shopping telemarketer, Soo-hyeon (Jeon Do-yeon) listens to the radio program while driving her car.

The next day, Soo-hyeon makes a request through the internet for Dong-hyeon to play the song again. Dong-hyeon then contacts Soo-hyeon, hoping she is his former girlfriend or someone he knows.

## Cast

## Awards

1997 Grand Bell Awards

1997 Blue Dragon Film Awards

1998 Baeksang Arts Awards

1998 Korean Association of Film Critics Awards

## InfoBox

| The Contact | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
|  | |
| Hangul | 접속 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Jeobsok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Chŏpsok* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Chang Yoon-hyun |
| Written by | Chang Yoon-hyun
Jo Myeong-joo |
| Produced by | Sim Jae-myung |
| Starring | Han Suk-kyu
Jeon Do-yeon |
| Cinematography | Kim Seong-bok |
| Edited by | Park Gok-ji |
| Music by | Choi Man-sik
Jo Yeong-wook |
| Distributed by | Myung Films |
| Release date | * 12 September 1997 (1997-09-12) |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | South Korea |
| Language | Korean |


title: The Consumer Movement

abstract: The Consumer Movement is a 1941 book on the consumer movement by Helen Sorenson.

text:
# The Consumer Movement

***The Consumer Movement*** is a 1941 book on the consumer movement by Helen Sorenson.

## Reviews

One reviewer said that the book describes the consumer movement by describing what contemporary consumer organizations are doing as activism.

A reviewer for *Kirkus Reviews* said that the book describes "consumer group organization, the variety of interests that constitute the consumer movement, the definite objectives of consumer groups, the spread of services, testing agencies, committees, leagues, associations of all kinds and their power as consumer groups".

## InfoBox

The Consumer Movement
| Author | Helen Sorenson |
| --- | --- |
| Subject | consumer movement |
| Publisher | Harper and Brothers |
| Publication date | 1941 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 245 |


title: Devadanapatti

abstract: Devadanapatti is a panchayat town in Periyakulam Taluk, a part of the Theni district in the Madurai Region in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located at the bottom of the Kodaikanal Hills.

text:
# Devadanapatti

**Devadanapatti** (Tamil: \[teːʋadaːnappaʈʈi\]) is a panchayat town in Periyakulam Taluk, a part of the Theni district in the Madurai Region in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located at the bottom of the Kodaikanal Hills.

## Etymology

The name Devadanapatti is a combination of two Tamil words: 'devadhanam' which means 'gods donated to' or 'gods gifted to' and 'Patti,' which means "village.' Therefore, the meaning of Devadanapatti is a village gifted by the gods.

## Geography

The north and east sides of the town have panoramic views of the irrigated landscape, including paddy fields, sugar plantations, plantain fields, and coconut tree groves. Water for agriculture is supplied through the canal and the check dams across the river from Manjalar Dam which is built down under the Kodaikanal hills. Water from the rivers Varattaru, Thalaiyar, and Iruttaaru fill the dam.

## Demographics

### Population

According to the 2011 Census of India, Devadanapatti had a population of 19,285 people. Males made up 50.8% (9,797) of the population and females made up 49.15% (9,488). The total literate population was 12,563, a literacy rate of 65%, with 7,033 literate males and 5,530 literate females. 10.8% of the population was under six years of age. 85.99% of the town was Hindu, and 13.44% were Muslim.

## Government and politics

### Civic Utility / Amenities / Services

There is a primary healthcare hospital run by the Tamil Nadu government. Devadanapatti also has a police station and a post office. There is a weekly market that sells groceries and cattle. 24-hour bus access is provided by the Theni and Dindigul main road.

## Economy

Agriculture is the primary income source for residents.

## Culture/Cityscape

### Landmarks

An ancient Kamakshi temple called the Moongilanai Kamakshi temple was built here. The main door of the temple is never opened and poojas are performed only at the door. Maha Shivaratri (Tamil month of Masi) in March is the only festival that is celebrated inside the temple. The story of the temple is described in the Tamil movie "Mahashakti Mariamman".

An ancient Paramashwarar temple called the Murugamalai Parameshwarar Parvathi temple is placed over Murugamalai hill about 5000 feet from land. Which the gods are indicates as Sayambu Lingam and Thayaar. Thiru Karthigai(Tamil month of Karthigai) in November/ December is the grand festival that is celebrate on full moon day. And Deepa Jothi maden by temple over the hill top on that day evening as same as Thiruvannaamalai. Every month special poojas also gelding on every special occasions.

## Education

This town panchayat has four schools: a higher secondary school run by Tamil Nadu Government, a middle school run by the Hindu management, a primary school run by the Church of South India, and another Kallar primary school run by the Tamil Nadu government.

## InfoBox

| Devadanapatti | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| DevadanapattiLocation in Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Coordinates: 10°8′38″N 77°38′46″E / 10.14389°N 77.64611°E / 10.14389; 77.64611 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Theni |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 19,285 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 625602 |
| Vehicle registration | TN-60 |
| Website | http://www.townpanchayat.in/devathanapatti |


title: The Dreamside

abstract: The Dreamside is a rock and metal band formed in the Netherlands in 1994.

text:
# The Dreamside

**The Dreamside** is a rock and metal band formed in the Netherlands in 1994.

## History

The band was formed by Italian-Dutch singer Kemi Vita. The Dreamside recorded *Pale Blue Lights*, the band's debut album, pretty much solo with assistance from various musicians; it was released in 1994 to excellent reviews. To tour the album Vita recruited guitarist Fried Bruggink, who became another core member of the band.

The Dreamside's next release, *Nuda Veritas* (1995), consisted of several dance/techno remixes of songs from their debut album.

In 1996 they released their second album, *Apaika*, a glossier, more ethereal album than the first. Again reviews were excellent, and the Dreamside steadily became more popular in Europe. They also toured the US for the first time, although to a tepid response, as the American Goth scene had shifted attention to harder-edged styles.

The band took an extended break, recruited bass player, producer and songwriter Roman Schoensee, and returned in 2001 with *Mirror Moon*, a harder, more metallic album. The group, and particularly Vita, changed looks, abandoning their Victorian-style dress for corsets, rubber and fetish gear. The following year the band returned to the US, releasing *Faery Child*, a "best of" compilation.

The Dreamside's fourth "proper" album, *Spin Moon Magic*, was released in September 2005; it continues in the harder, more rock style of *Mirror Moon*. The band currently consists of Kemi Vita, Roman Schoensee, guitarists Cees Viset, Fried Bruggink and Louis Buurman and drummer Merijn Mol. In August 2011 the band founded here on Label Spin Moon Media and re-released the Mirror Moon album on 23. August.

## Style

Their early music is most often described as Darkwave or ethereal wave, tending to the fairy end of the spectrum, although there are also elements of shoegazing, trip hop and industrial, and even early music. After the millennium the band changed their music to a metal-oriented style. They have been compared to everyone from This Mortal Coil and Tori Amos to The Gathering and Nightwish.

## Members

### Current members

### Guest musicians

### Former members

## Discography

* *Pale Blue Lights* (1994, Nuclear Blast)
* *Apaika* (1996, Nuclear Blast)
* *Mirror Moon* (2001, Serenades Records)
* *Faery Child* (2002, Dancing Ferret Discs)
* *Spin Moon Magic* (2005, Dancing Ferret Discs)
* *Pale Blue Lights / Nuda Veritas* Re-issue (2007, Dancing Ferret Discs)
* *The 13th Chapter* (2007, Dancing Ferret Discs)
* *Lunar Nature* (2009, Lion Music)
* *Mirror Moon* Re-issue (2011, Spin Moon Media)
* *Sorrow Bearing Tree* (2014, Spin Moon Media)
* *Another Spark of Light* (2015, Spin Moon Media)

### Ep's

* *Nuda Veritas* EP (1996, Nuclear Blast)
* *Open Your Eyes* EP (2005, Dancing Ferret Discs)

### Singles

* *Sternenkind* (2011, Spin Moon Media)

### Others

1. The Dreamside Pale Blue Lights at intro.de
2. Faery Child at Gothtronic.com
3. Dreamside at srgn.chat.ru
4. The Dreamside - Fairy child at Konzi-Tip.de
5. The Dreamside "Spin Moon Magic" - Plattenkritik / VÖ 05.09.2005 at Sounds 2 Move.de
6. The Dreamside "apaika" at Durp.com
7. Spin Moon Media
8. THE DREAMSIDE - Spin Moon Magic at Metal.de
9. The Dreamside - Sternenkind

## InfoBox

| The Dreamside | |
| --- | --- |
| The Dreamside at the 2006 Wave-Gotik-Treffen | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Rotterdam, Netherlands |
| Genres | Gothic metal, industrial metal, heavy metal (now),
Gothic rock, dark wave (early) |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Labels | Nuclear Blast
Serenades Records
Dancing Ferret Discs
Spin Moon Media |
|  | |
| Members | Kemi Vita (Vocals)
Roman Schönsee (bass)
Fried Bruggink (guitar)
Cees Viset (guitar)
Louis Buurman (guitar)
Merijn Mol (drums) |
|  | |
| Past members | Remco Helbers (Chapman Stick, Programming) |
|  | |
| Website | www.dreamside.nl |


abstract: The Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1812, also known as the Frame-Breaking Act and before passage as the Frame Work Bill, was an Act of Parliament passed by the British Government in 1812 aimed at increasing the penalties for Luddite behaviour in order to discourage it.

text:
# Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1812

| Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1813 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An act to repeal an Act of the Fifty second Year of His present Majesty, for the Punishment of Persons destroying Stocking or Lace Frames, or any Articles in such Frames, and to make other Provisions instead thereof. |
| Citation | 54 Geo. 3. c. 42 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 20 December 1813 |
| Repealed | 11 July 1817 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repeals/revokes | Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1812 |
| Repealed by | Destroying Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1817 |
| Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |

| Destroying Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1817 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act to repeal an Act, passed in the Fifty fourth Year of His present Majesty, for the Punishment of Persons destroying Stocking or Lace Frames, and Articles in such Frames; and to make, until the First Day of August One thousand eight hundred and twenty, other Provisions in lieu thereof. |
| Citation | 57 Geo. 3. c. 126 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 11 July 1817 |
| Commencement | 11 July 1817 |
| Repealed | 5 August 1873 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repeals/revokes | Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1813 |
| Relates to | Statute Law Revision Act 1873 |
| Status: Repealed | |

The **Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1812** (52 Geo. 3. c. 16), also known as the **Frame-Breaking Act** and before passage as the *Frame Work Bill*, was an Act of Parliament passed by the British Government in 1812 aimed at increasing the penalties for Luddite behaviour in order to discourage it.

## Passage and content

The Frame Work Bill was introduced to Parliament on 14 February 1812 by the Home Secretary Richard Ryder, acting in concert with Spencer Perceval (who was at that time both Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister), the Attorney General Sir Vicary Gibbs, the Solicitor General Sir Thomas Plumer, and three Nottinghamshire MPs concerned about the Luddite Movement taking hold in their constituencies. Rushed through as an "emergency measure", the Act was passed with an overwhelming majority and received royal assent on 20 March, despite opposition. Fundamentally, there was agreement between members of the government and the opposition that the measure was a last resort; but where supporters believed that all other avenues had been exhausted, opponents (seeing relative tranquillity over the winter period) did not. The newly created Lord Byron used his maiden speech in the House of Lords to oppose the bill.

The Act, as passed, made the destruction of mechanised looms stocking frames – a capital felony (and hence a crime punishable by death). Similarly raised to the level of capital felony were the associated crimes of damaging frames and entering a property with intent to damage a frame. In these respects the act was a stronger version of the Protection of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1788, which had made similar acts punishable by 7–14 years in a penal colony. All measures included in the Act were only to be applied temporarily, and were duly set to expire on 1 March 1814.

## Significance

Although approximately 60 to 70 Luddites were hanged in the period that the statute was in force, no death sentences seem to have been justified on its grounds, with judges preferring to use existing legislation. Due to come to an end on 1 March, the Act was officially repealed in 1814 with the passage of the **Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1813** (54 Geo. 3. c. 42), which instituted a new maximum penalty for the destruction of stocking frames of life transportation; in 1817, that Act would itself be repealed and the death penalty once again reinstated in the **Destroying Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1817** (57 Geo. 3. c. 126). By that time, however, Luddism had largely subsided as a movement.

## InfoBox

Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1812
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act for the more exemplary Punishment of destroying or injuring any Stocking or Lace Frames Machines or Engines used in the Framework or any Articles or Goods in such Frames to continue in force until the First Day One thousand eight hundred and fourteen. |
| Citation | 52 Geo. 3. c. 16 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 20 March 1812 |
| Repealed | 1814 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1813 |
| Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |


title: The Exploits of Solar Pons

abstract: The Exploits of Solar Pons is a collection of detective short stories by author Basil Copper. It was released in 1993 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 2,000 copies of which 100 were numbered and signed by the author. The book collects stories about Solar Pons, a character originally created by August Derleth. Derleth's Pons stories are pastiches of the Sherlock Holmes stories of Arthur Conan Doyle. Confusingly, this title had previously been used by Robson Books UK, 1975, for an omnibus edition of two Pons short story collections. However, the Robson volume is entirely distinct from the Fedogan & Bremer volume of this title by Basil Copper, since the Robson book collects two of August Derleth's original Solar Pons short story collections, The Adventures of Solar Pons and The Chronicles of Solar Pons, which Robson had also published as standalone volumes in the UK in 1975.

text:
# The Exploits of Solar Pons

***The Exploits of Solar Pons*** is a collection of detective short stories by author Basil Copper. It was released in 1993 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 2,000 copies of which 100 were numbered and signed by the author. The book collects stories about Solar Pons, a character originally created by August Derleth. Derleth's Pons stories are pastiches of the Sherlock Holmes stories of Arthur Conan Doyle.

Confusingly, this title had previously been used by Robson Books UK, 1975, for an omnibus edition of two Pons short story collections. However, the Robson volume is entirely distinct from the Fedogan & Bremer volume of this title by Basil Copper, since the Robson book collects two of August Derleth's original Solar Pons short story collections, *The Adventures of Solar Pons* (i.e. *In Re: Sherlock Holmes*) and *The Chronicles of Solar Pons*, which Robson had also published as standalone volumes in the UK in 1975.

## Contents

* "The Adventure of the Verger’s Thumb"
* "The Adventure of the Phantom Face"
* "Death at the Metropole"
* "The Adventure of the Callous Colonel"

## InfoBox

The Exploits of Solar Pons
| Dust-jacket from the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Basil Copper |
| Illustrator | Stefanie K. Hawks |
| Cover artist | Stefanie K. Hawks |
| Language | English |
| Series | Solar Pons |
| Genre | Detective |
| Publisher | Fedogan & Bremer |
| Publication date | 1993 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 239 pp |
| ISBN | 1-878252-11-9 |
| OCLC | 29998142 |
| Dewey Decimal | 823/.914 20 |
| LC Class | PR6053.O658 E97 1993 |
| Preceded by | *The Uncollected Cases of Solar Pons* |
| Followed by | *The Recollections of Solar Pons* |


title: The Escape (1928 film)

abstract: The Escape is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by Richard Rosson and written by Garrett Graham and Paul Schofield. It is based on the 1913 play The Escape by Paul Armstrong. The film stars William Russell, Virginia Valli, Nancy Drexel, George Meeker, William Demarest and James Gordon. The film was released on April 29, 1928, by Fox Film Corporation.

text:
# The Escape (1928 film)

***The Escape*** is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by Richard Rosson and written by Garrett Graham and Paul Schofield. It is based on the 1913 play *The Escape* by Paul Armstrong. The film stars William Russell, Virginia Valli, Nancy Drexel, George Meeker, William Demarest and James Gordon. The film was released on April 29, 1928, by Fox Film Corporation.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Escape | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Richard Rosson |
| Screenplay by | Garrett Graham
Paul Schofield |
| Based on | *The Escape*
by Paul Armstrong |
| Starring | William Russell
Virginia Valli
Nancy Drexel
George Meeker
William Demarest
James Gordon |
| Cinematography | H. Kinley Martin |
| Edited by | J. Logan Pearson
J. Edwin Robbins |
| Production
company | Fox Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation |
| Release date | * April 29, 1928 (1928-04-29) |
| Running time | 58 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Bernard 60

abstract: The Bernard 60 T and 61 T were closely similar, three engine, twelve seat passenger transports designed in France between 1929 and 1933. They were not a success and only one of each was built.

text:
# Bernard 60

The **Bernard 60 T** and **61 T** were closely similar, three engine, twelve seat passenger transports designed in France between 1929 and 1933. They were not a success and only one of each was built.

## Design and development

The 60 T (T for transport) was the result of a decision made in May 1929 to turn a current military transport project into a civil, passenger carrying aircraft. The resulting design also owed much to the earlier, single engine Bernard 190 civil transport, though the 60 T had three engines and a greater span. Even though it retained only the wing from the military design, construction began on 11 June and was completed on 20 August.

The Bernard 60 was an all wood aircraft. Like the Barnard 190, it was a high wing cantilever monoplane. In plan the thick wing was straight tapered with rounded tips. The fuselage was flat sided with a curved underside. The crew's enclosed cabin was just ahead of the wing leading edge and the 3.80 m (12 ft 6 in) long passenger compartment, with twelve seats in all and five windows on each side, was lower down beneath the wings. Despite the rapid build, the accommodation was heated, ventilated and sound-proofed; entry was via a port side door which included the rearmost window. The sound proofing was assisted by silencers on the engines.

The empennage of the Bernard 60 was conventional with a rounded fin and rudder and a tailplane with a swept leading edge mounted on top of the fuselage. It had a split axle undercarriage with single mainwheels mounted on V-form struts from the lower fuselage longerons and landing loads taken by vertical struts to the wing just inboard of the engines, combined with a tailskid. The trimotor Bernard 60 was unusual in having different engines in the nose and on the wings. The central engine was a nine-cylinder, 313 kW (420 hp) Gnome-Rhône 9Ady Jupiter, with five cylinder, 180 kW (240 hp) Gnome-Rhône 5Bc Titan engines on the wings. The designers would have preferred about 225 kW (300 hp) from each of three identical engines but early in 1929 there were no available homologated types of this power.

The Bernard 60 flew for the first time at the end of August 1929, piloted by Antoine Paillard. Tests revealed a serious problem due to the mixture of engine powers: the Bernard 60 could fly satisfactorily with one wing motor shut down but could not reach the altitude of 1,000 m (3,300 ft) required for certification on the power of the two wing motors alone. So in October 1930 Bernard proposed to install three seven cylinder, 224 kW (300 hp) Gnome-Rhône 7Kdrs Titan-Major engines. It first flew in this form in July 1931 but was seriously damaged in a night landing on 22 December 1931 and did not fly again, being scrapped in 1934.

It was succeeded by the **Bernard 61 T**, similar but with a metal fuselage. The wing was unchanged, weights up by about 100 kg (220 lb) and maximum speed and ceiling increased by 27 km/h (17 mph) and 2,500 m (8,200 ft) respectively. It was powered by three Gnome-Rhône 7Kb Titan-Major engines with the same output as those used on the 60. The 61 T flew for the first time on 28 March 1933, piloted by Jean-Charles Bernache-Assollant.

## Operational history

The 60 T never received certification but the 61 T was approved after tests by the STAé in July 1933. It was registered as *F-AKBY*; the 60 T had flown with the same letters. In May 1934 Georges Barbot tested the performance of the 61 T, now technically dated and always with poor handling characteristics and not of interest to the recently formed Air-France. It was modified again in September 1934 and delivered to CEMA in October, making its last flight the following February.

## Variants

60 T * All wood, originally powered by 2×Titans and 1×Jupiter, replaced by 3×Titan-Majors.

61 T * Metal fuselage, 3×Titan-Majors

## Specifications (61 T)

*Data from* Liron

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Capacity:** 12 passengers
* **Length:** 15.57 m (51 ft 1 in)
* **Wingspan:** 21.50 m (70 ft 6 in)
* **Height:** 4.05 m (13 ft 3 in)
* **Wing area:** 66.0 m2 (710 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 3,500 kg (7,716 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 5,405 kg (11,916 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 3 × Gnome-Rhône 7Kb Titan-Major 7-cylinder radial, 220 kW (300 hp) each
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 245 km/h (152 mph, 132 kn)
* **Range:** 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 6,500 m (21,300 ft)

## Bibliography

* Liron, Jean (1990). *Les avions Bernard*. Collection Docavia. Vol. 31. Paris: Éditions Larivière. ISBN 2-84890-065-2.

## InfoBox

| Bernard 60 T | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Fourteen seat passenger aircraft |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | Société des Avions Bernard (S.A.B) |
| Designer | Jean Gaultier |
| First flight | August 1929 |
| Number built | 1 |


title: Peter Shirayanagi

abstract: Peter Seiichi Shirayanagi was a Japanese Cardinal Priest of the Catholic Church and archbishop of Tokyo. He was head of the Japanese Catholic Bishops' conference from 1983 to 1992.

text:
# Peter Shirayanagi

| Styles of
**Peter Shirayanagi** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Tokyo |

**Peter Seiichi Shirayanagi** (白柳 誠一 *Shirayanagi Seiichi*; 17 June 1928 – 30 December 2009) was a Japanese Cardinal Priest of the Catholic Church and archbishop of Tokyo. He was head of the Japanese Catholic Bishops' conference from 1983 to 1992.

## Life

Peter Seiichi Shirayanagi was born in Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan, 17 June 1928. Shirayanagi studied at Sophia University, earning a degree in philosophy in 1951 and a specialization in theology in 1954. Ordained a priest on 21 December 1954 at Kanda Catholic Cathedral. From 1954 to 1957 he served in pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Tōkyō. He then went to study at the Pontifical Urban University in Rome, earning a doctorate in Canon law in 1960.

Consecrated titular Bishop of Atenia and Auxiliary of Tokyo in 1966, he was named titular Archbishop of Castro and Coadjutor Archbishop of the Tokyo Archdiocese in 1969, and succeeded to the post of Archbishop of Tokyo in 1970. He attended the Second Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in Vatican City, from 30 September to 6 November 1971.

As archbishop, he was representative director of the Juridical Foundation of Tokyo Caritas House. He continued the Tokyo Archdiocesan Convention, implementing the decrees of the Second Vatican Council. From 1983 to 1992, he presided over the Japanese Catholic Bishops' conference, which opened the Japanese Catholic Center in Tokyo in 1990. Also in 1990 the Archbishop told the Italian periodical *30 Giorni*, that "the events of Akita are no longer to be taken seriously." In 1981, Archbishop Shirayanagi organized events connected to the first papal visit to Japan. In 1989 he led a group to visit the Catholic Church in China.

In 1994, Pope John Paul II created him a Cardinal with the title of Cardinal-Priest of *Santa Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza*. On 12 June 2000, he retired as archbishop of Tokyo. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. On 24 November 2008 in Nagasaki, he represented the Pope, presiding over the beatification ceremony of the 188 Martyrs of Japan.

Cardinal Shirayanagi was hospitalized at the beginning of August 2009 for cardiac arrhythmia, then suffered a light cerebral hemorrhage. On 23 December he moved to Loyola House, a Jesuit home for aged priests in Tokyo, where he died on 30 December. The funeral service was held at St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo. Pope Benedict XVI recalled Cardinal Shirayanagi's continued commitment "to spreading the Gospel, .... his work promoting justice and peace and his tireless efforts for the refugees."

Shirayanagi was an honorary member of AV Edo-Rhenania zu Tokio, a Catholic student fraternity that is affiliated with Cartellverband.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Peter Seiichi Shirayanagi | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal, Archbishop emeritus of Tōkyō | |
| Church | Roman Catholic |
| Archdiocese | Tokyo |
| Installed | 21 February 1970 |
| Term ended | 17 February 2000 |
| Predecessor | Peter Doi |
| Successor | Peter Takeo Okada |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Priest of Santa Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza |
| Previous post(s) | Auxiliary Bishop of Tōkyō (1966–1969)
Coadjutor Archbishop of Tōkyō (1969–1970) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 21 December 1954 |
| Consecration | 8 May 1966 |
| Created cardinal | 26 November 1994
by John Paul II |
| Rank | Cardinal |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 白柳 誠一 *Shirayanagi Seiichi*
(1928-06-17)17 June 1928
Hachiōji, Tokyo Japan |
| Died | 30 December 2009(2009-12-30) (aged 81)
Tokyo, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |