title: The Gunfighter

abstract: The Gunfighter is a 1950 American Western film directed by Henry King and starring Gregory Peck, Helen Westcott, Millard Mitchell and Karl Malden. It was written by screenwriters William Bowers and William Sellers, with an uncredited rewrite by writer and producer Nunnally Johnson, from a story by Bowers, Roger Corman, and screenwriter and director Andre de Toth. The film was the second of King's six collaborations with Peck. It was nominated for Best Motion Picture Story for William Bowers and Andre de Toth during the 23rd Academy Awards.

text:
# The Gunfighter

***The Gunfighter*** is a 1950 American Western film directed by Henry King and starring Gregory Peck, Helen Westcott, Millard Mitchell and Karl Malden. It was written by screenwriters William Bowers and William Sellers, with an uncredited rewrite by writer and producer Nunnally Johnson, from a story by Bowers, Roger Corman, and screenwriter and director Andre de Toth. The film was the second of King's six collaborations with Peck.

It was nominated for Best Motion Picture Story for William Bowers and Andre de Toth during the 23rd Academy Awards.

## Plot

A young, reckless cowboy named Eddie deliberately provokes an argument with notorious gunfighter Jimmy Ringo, who is widely known as the fastest draw in the West, making him the perpetual target of every young gunslinger eager to become famous as "the man who shot Ringo". When Eddie draws his pistol, Ringo has no choice but to kill him. Eddie's three brothers seek revenge and pursue Ringo as he leaves town. Ringo ambushes and disarms them, then drives off their horses. He tells them to walk back to town; instead, they obtain fresh horses from a nearby stable and resume their pursuit.

As Ringo rides to the town of Cayenne and settles into a corner of the local saloon, the barkeeper alerts the local marshal, Mark Strett. Strett is a reformed gunslinger and old friend of Ringo's; he urges his friend to leave, since his presence will surely cause undue trouble. Ringo agrees to go as soon as he sees his wife, Peggy, whom he has not seen in eight years, and his son, who doesn't even know he exists. Strett tells him Peggy has changed her surname to conceal their relationship and doesn't wish to see him. Two locals - merchant Jerry Marlowe and local thug Hunt Bromley - both decide to kill Ringo; Marlowe blames him for his son's murder and Bromley wants to be famous.

Ringo spots Marlowe aiming a rifle at him and disarms the man before locking him up, though he swears he didn't kill his son. Molly — another old friend — eventually persuades Peggy to talk to Ringo. Ringo tells her that he is weary of life as a gunfighter and, having seen how Strett turned his life around, wants to settle down. He intends to head west to California, or down to South America, where people do not know him, and invites Peggy to come with him. She refuses but agrees to reconsider in a year's time if he stays out of trouble until then. Ringo meets his son at last, but honors Peggy's wish not to tell the boy that he is his father.

Ringo's business in Cayenne is finished, but he has lingered too long. The three vengeful brothers try to ambush him outside of the saloon before Strett and his deputies intercept and apprehend them. Ringo saddles his horse and bids farewell to Peggy and his son, but Bromley then fatally shoots him in the back. As Ringo lies dying, he claims to have shot first, and asks Strett not to arrest his killer nor hang him. Bromley, he says, will soon learn as Ringo did that notoriety as a gunfighter is a curse that will follow him wherever he goes, making him an outcast for the rest of his life.

Strett gives Bromley a severe beating and banishes him from Cayenne, musing that it probably won't be long before "the man who shot Ringo" meets his own grisly fate. In death, Ringo has finally found what he sought for so long: his wife's forgiveness and reconciliation. At his well-attended public funeral, Peggy proudly reveals to the townspeople for the first time that she is Mrs. Jimmy Ringo and sits next to Strett as her husband is buried. The film ends with a shot of a silhouetted, unrecognizable cowboy riding off into the sunset.

## Cast

* Gregory Peck as Jimmy Ringo, the aging gunfighter known as the "fastest gun in the West"
* Helen Westcott as Peggy Walsh, a schoolteacher and Ringo's secret wife
* Millard Mitchell as Marshal Mark Strett, a former outlaw and old friend of Ringo's
* Jean Parker as Molly, a bar singer and former lover of Ringo's deceased comrade Buck Harris
* Karl Malden as Mac, the bartender at the Cayenne saloon
* Skip Homeier as Hunt Bromley, a dandy and aspiring gunfighter who hopes to kill Ringo
* Anthony Ross as Deputy Charlie Norris, a lawman serving under Strett
* Verna Felton as Mrs. August Pennyfeather, a prominent member of Cayenne high society who abhors Ringo's presence
* Ellen Corby as Mrs. Devlin, one of Mrs. Pennyfeather's society friends
* Richard Jaeckel as Eddie, a cocky young man whom Ringo kills in self-defense
* B. G. Norman as Jimmy Walsh, Jimmy and Peggy's Son (uncredited)
* Cliff Clark as Jerry Marlowe, an old man who believes Ringo murdered his son (uncredited)
* Alan Hale Jr., David Clarke and John Pickard as Eddie's Brothers (uncredited)
* Kim Spalding as Clerk (uncredited) (his first role)

## Background

The film rights to *The Gunfighter* were originally purchased by Columbia Pictures, which offered the Jimmy Ringo role to John Wayne. Wayne turned it down, despite having expressed a strong desire to play the part, because of his longstanding hatred for Columbia's president, Harry Cohn. Bowers had written the role with Wayne in mind but rejected selling it to him because of wanting to sell it for more money, which attracted the long-lasting bitterness of Wayne. Columbia subsequently sold the rights to 20th Century Fox, where the role went to Peck. Wayne's final film, *The Shootist* (1976), is often compared to *The Gunfighter* and contains numerous plot similarities.

The script was loosely based on the purported exploits of an actual western gunfighter named Johnny Ringo, a distant cousin of the outlaw Younger family and enemy of Doc Holliday and the Earp brothers. As in the movie, Ringo sought a reconciliation with his estranged family, in California, in 1882; but unlike the film his conciliatory gestures were summarily rejected. After a ten-day alcoholic binge, he died of a gunshot wound, probably self-inflicted. Many of the circumstances and legends surrounding Johnny Ringo's life and adventures have been challenged in recent years.

The film was directed by Henry King, the second of his six collaborations with Peck. Others included the World War II film *Twelve O'Clock High* (1949), *David and Bathsheba* (1951), *The Snows of Kilimanjaro* (1952), *The Bravados* (1958) and *Beloved Infidel* (1959).

In the original ending, Hunt Bromley was arrested by the town marshal, but studio chief Darryl F. Zanuck was enraged at this resolution, so King and Johnson rewrote the final scene.

The studio hated Peck's authentic period mustache. In fact, Zanuck had been out of the country when production began. When he returned and saw the mustache King and Peck had chosen for Peck's character, he reportedly said "I would give $25,000 of my own money to get that mustache off Peck."

## Reception

Aside from its Oscar nomination, the film was also nominated for a WGA Award for Best Written American Western. Writing for *The New York Times*, Bosley Crowther noted in his June 24, 1950, review:

> *"The addicts of Western fiction may find themselves rubbing their eyes and sitting up fast to take notice before five minutes have gone by in Twentieth Century Fox's The Gunfighter, which came to the Roxy yesterday. For suddenly they will discover that they are not keeping company with the usual sort of hero of the commonplace Western at all. Suddenly, indeed, they will discover that they are in the exciting presence of one of the most fascinating Western heroes as ever looked down a six-shooter's barrel."*

*Variety's* website review says "There's never a sag or off moment in the footage ...despite all the tight melodrama, the picture finds time for some leavening laughter. Gregory Peck perfectly portrays the title role, a man doomed to live out his span killing to keep from being killed. He gives it great sympathy and a type of rugged individualism that makes it real." Ronald Bergen says it "has gained in critical appreciation over the years and is now considered one of the all-time great westerns"

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic described The Gunfighter as an 'excellent western'. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 100% from 16 reviews.

### Awards

The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture Story for writers William Bowers and André de Toth during the 23rd Academy Awards. The award went to the husband and wife team of Edna Anhalt and Edward Anhalt for *Panic in the Streets*.

## Legacy

Another version of the story appeared in 1957 in the series *The 20th Century Fox Hour* entitled "The End of a Gun", with Richard Conte in the role of Jimmy Ringo.

Bob Dylan referenced scenes from *The Gunfighter* in his song "Brownsville Girl", co-written by playwright Sam Shepard. It appears on Dylan's 1986 release *Knocked Out Loaded*. Peck paid tribute to Dylan's words when Dylan received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1997. Elmore Leonard features two characters in conversation about *The Gunfighter* in his novel, City Primeval.

1. 'The Top Box Office Hits of 1950', *Variety*, January 3, 1951
2. Aubrey Solomon, *Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History* Rowman & Littlefield, 2002 p 223
3. Roberts, R. and Olson, S. John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press (1995), pp. 121-2. ISBN 978-0-02-923837-0.
4. Hyams, J. *The Life and Times of the Western Movie.* Gallery Books (1984), pp. 109-12. ISBN 0831755458
5. Tefertiller, C. *Wyatt Earp: The Life Behind the Legend*. Wiley (1997), pp. 86-90. ISBN 0471189677
6. Gatto, S. *John Ringo: The Reputation of a Deadly Gunman*. San Simon (1997), pp. 201-16. ASIN: B0006QCC9U
7. Burrows, J. *John Ringo: The Gunfighter Who Never Was*. University of Arizona Press (1987). ISBN 0816509751
8. Eyman, Scott (September 21, 2021). *20th Century-Fox: Darryl F. Zanuck and the Creation of the Modern Film Studio*. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-7092-1.
9. Haney, Lynn (April 27, 2009). *Gregory Peck: A Charmed Life*. Hachette Books. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7867-3781-9.
10. Bosley Crowther (June 24, 1950). "The Gunfighter (1950)". *The New York Times*.
11. "The Gunfighter". *Variety*. December 31, 1949.
12. Bergen, Ronald (London: 2004) in "501 Must-See Movies", Bounty Books.
13. Kauffmann, Stanley (1979). *Before My Eyes Film Criticism & Comment*. Harper & Row Publishers. p. 239.
14. Rotten Tomatoes: The Gunfighter
15. *Bob Dylan Honored by Gregory Peck with Performance by Dylan*. *YouTube*. December 7, 1997.
16. Leonard, Elmore (2009). *City Primeval*. New York: Harper Collins. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-06-183296-3.

## InfoBox

| The Gunfighter | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Henry King |
| Screenplay by | William Bowers
William Sellers |
| Produced by | Nunnally Johnson |
| Starring | Gregory Peck
Helen Westcott
Millard Mitchell
Jean Parker
Karl Malden |
| Cinematography | Arthur C. Miller |
| Edited by | Barbara McLean |
| Music by | Alfred Newman |
| Color process | Black and white |
| Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
| Release date | * June 23, 1950 (1950-06-23) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $1,950,000 (US rentals) |


title: Team Bridgestone Cycling

abstract: Team Bridgestone Cycling is a continental cycling team based in Japan that participates in UCI Continental Circuits races. The team's history can be traced back to 1964, but its current incarnation as the UCI registered road-racing team Team Bridgestone-Anchor started in 2008. For the 2012 season the team made a major change, adding several non-Japanese riders and running half their races outside Japan. For 2013, they signed Damien Monier, a French stage winner at the Giro d'Italia. During this period another Frenchman Thomas Lebas was the team leader for 5 years. In 2018, the team changed its name to Team Bridgestone Cycling, with an all-Japanese team roster.

text:
# Team Bridgestone Cycling

**Team Bridgestone Cycling** (*UCI team code:* **BGT**) is a continental cycling team based in Japan that participates in UCI Continental Circuits races.

The team's history can be traced back to 1964, but its current incarnation as the UCI registered road-racing team **Team Bridgestone-Anchor** started in 2008. For the 2012 season the team made a major change, adding several non-Japanese riders and running half their races outside Japan. For 2013, they signed Damien Monier, a French stage winner at the Giro d'Italia. During this period another Frenchman Thomas Lebas was the team leader for 5 years.

In 2018, the team changed its name to **Team Bridgestone Cycling**, with an all-Japanese team roster.

## Team roster

*As of 17 February 2022.*

| Rider Date of birth  Ryo Chikatani (JPN)  (1992-04-17) 17 April 1992  Eiya Hashimoto (JPN)  (1993-12-15) 15 December 1993  Shunsuke Imamura (JPN)  (1998-02-14) 14 February 1998  Shōki Kawano (JPN)  (2000-03-26) 26 March 2000  Naoki Kojima (JPN)  (2000-11-01) 1 November 2000 |  | Rider Date of birth  Kazushige Kuboki (JPN)  (1989-06-06) 6 June 1989  Shoi Matsuda (JPN)  (1999-09-13) 13 September 1999  Toki Sawada (JPN)  (1994-01-12) 12 January 1994  Suguru Tokuda (JPN)  (1994-05-31) 31 May 1994  Tetsuo Yamamoto (JPN)  (2000-03-17) 17 March 2000 |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Major wins

2008 Stage 8a Tour de Martinique, Masamichi Yamamoto 2009 Stage 1 Jelajah Malaysia, Makoto Iijima Overall Tour de Okinawa, Kenji Itami Stage 2, Kenji Itami 2010 Stage 2 Tour de Taiwan, Miyataka Shimizu Overall Tour de Martinique, Miyataka Shimizu Stage 7, Miyataka Shimizu Overall Tour de Hokkaido, Miyataka Shimizu Stage 2, Miyataka Shimizu 2011 Stage 2 Tour of the Philippines, Kazuo Inoue 2012  Japan Japanese National Time Trial Championships, Ryota Nishizono 2013 Tsugaike Kogen, Damien Monier Overall Tour de Hokkaido, Thomas Lebas Stage 2, Thomas Lebas Tour de Okinawa, Sho Hatsuyama 2014 Overall Tour International de Sétif, Thomas Lebas Stage 4 Tour Cycliste International de la Guadeloupe, Thomas Lebas Stage 2 Tour de Constantine, Thomas Lebas Stage 3 Tour de Constantine, Damien Monier 2015 Overall Tour de Filipinas, Thomas Lebas Stage 1 Tour of Thailand, Kohei Uchima Stage 9 Tour de Singkarak. Sho Hatsuyama 2016  Japan Japanese National Road Race Championships, Sho Hatsuyama  Japan Japanese National Time Trial Championships, Ryota Nishizono 2017 Stage 3 Tour de Kumano, Damien Monier  Japan Japanese National Time Trial Championships, Ryota Nishizono Stage 1 Tour de Hokkaido, Ryu Suzuki 2018  Japan Japanese National Time Trial Championships, Kazushige Kuboki 2019 Stage 8 Tour of Japan, Kazushige Kuboki Prologue Tour de Kumano, Keitaro Sawada 2022 Stage 1 & 3 Tour de Hokkaido, Shunsuke Imamura 2023 Stage 8 Tour of Japan, Kazushige Kuboki Points classification Tour de Kyushu, Naoki Kojima Stage 1, Naoki Kojima

## National champions

2012  Japan Time Trial, Ryota Nishizono 2016  Japan Road Race, Sho Hatsuyama  Japan Time Trial, Ryota Nishizono 2017  Japan Time Trial, Ryota Nishizono 2018  Japan Time Trial, Kazushige Kuboki

## InfoBox

Team Bridgestone Cycling
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Team information | |
| UCI code | BGT |
| Registered | Japan |
| Founded | 2008 (2008) |
| Discipline(s) |  |
| Status | Continental |
| Website | Team home page |
| Key personnel | |
| General manager | Junichi Shibuya |
| Team manager(s) | Keisuke Miyazaki |
| Team name history | |
| 2008–2009
2010–2013
2014–2017
2018– | Team Bridgestone Anchor
Bridgestone Anchor
Bridgestone Anchor Cycling Team
Team Bridgestone Cycling |


title: Calliotropis galea

abstract: Calliotropis galea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

text:
# Calliotropis galea

***Calliotropis galea*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

## Description

The length of the shell reaches 11.2 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.

* Vilvens C. (2007) *New records and new species of Calliotropis from Indo-Pacific*. Novapex 8 (Hors Série 5): 1–72.

* "*Calliotropis (Adamsenida) galea*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Calliotropis galea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | Calliotropidae |
| Genus: | *Calliotropis* |
| Species: | ***C. galea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calliotropis galea***<br>(Habe, 1953) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calliotropis (Adamsenida) galea* (Habe, T., 1953) | |


title: Vadzim Lialin

abstract: Vadzim Lialin is a Belarusian rower. He won the silver medal in the coxless four at the 2016 European Rowing Championships.

text:
# Vadzim Lialin

**Vadzim Lialin** (born 15 November 1982) is a Belarusian rower. He won the silver medal in the coxless four at the 2016 European Rowing Championships.

## InfoBox

Vadzim Lialin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-11-15) 15 November 1982 |
| Medal record      Men's rowing  Representing  Belarus  European Championships  2010 Montemor-o-Velho  M2+  2011 Plovdiv M4-  2016 Brandenbrug  M4-  2007 Poznań  M8+  2008 Athens  M4-  2015 Poznan  M4- | |


title: Charlie Don't Surf

abstract: Charlie Don't Surf is a line from the 1979 war film Apocalypse Now, notably referenced in popular culture. It may refer to:

text:
# Charlie Don't Surf

**Charlie Don't Surf** is a line from the 1979 war film *Apocalypse Now*, notably referenced in popular culture. It may refer to:

## Television

## Music

* "Charlie Don't Surf", a song by The Clash from the 1980 album *Sandinista!*
* "Charlie Don't Surf", a song by Soul Flower Union from the 2002 album *Love ± Zero*
* "Charlie Don't Surf", a song by Funeral For a Friend from the 2008 album *Memory and Humanity*

## Other uses


abstract: The Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem (1100–1310) is a four-volume set of medieval documents. It is often cited as source material by scholars of medieval history, the Crusades, or the Military Orders. The collection was edited by J. Delaville le Roulx, and published in Paris between 1894 and 1906. The collection consists of various charters and documents of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem which are numbered and also organized in chronological order, starting in 1100 and ending in 1310. Its abbreviation is often CGOH, Cart. Gen., or simply Cart. In 1934 E.J. King translated into English portions of the Cartulaire that included any rules, statutes, or customs of the order while leaving out any charters or documents that did not contain information pertaining to these topics.

text:
# Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers

The ***Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem (1100–1310)*** is a four-volume set of medieval documents. It is often cited as source material by scholars of medieval history, the Crusades, or the Military Orders. The collection was edited by J. Delaville le Roulx, and published in Paris between 1894 and 1906. The collection consists of various charters and documents of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem which are numbered and also organized in chronological order, starting in 1100 and ending in 1310. Its abbreviation is often **CGOH,** **Cart. Gen.,** or simply *Cart.*

In 1934 E.J. King translated into English portions of the *Cartulaire* that included any rules, statutes, or customs of the order while leaving out any charters or documents that did not contain information pertaining to these topics.


abstract: Renaissance is the second studio album by the South African quartet the Soweto String Quartet, released in October 1996 by BMG Records. It follows the national and international success of their debut album Zebra Crossing (1994), and was produced by Grahame Beggs. As with their previous album, Renaissance blends classical music with African pop and folk music, while also exploring new textures, with styles on the album including marabi, kwela and worldbeat. Quartet member Reuben Khemse described the album's themes as reawakening, revival and the dawn of new eras. The album received commercial success, reaching number 8 in New Zealand. Put together, Zebra Crossing and Renaissance have sold a total of some 400,000 copies. The band toured internationally in promotion of the album in 1997, during which it was released by RCA Victor in the United States. Critical acclaim generally greeted the album with critics complimenting the quartet's unusual sound. At the 1997 South African Music Awards, Renaissance won the award for "Best Instrumental Performance," while Graeme Beggs won the award for "Best Producer."

text:
# Renaissance (Soweto String Quartet album)

***Renaissance*** is the second studio album by the South African quartet the Soweto String Quartet, released in October 1996 by BMG Records. It follows the national and international success of their debut album *Zebra Crossing* (1994), and was produced by Grahame Beggs. As with their previous album, *Renaissance* blends classical music with African pop and folk music, while also exploring new textures, with styles on the album including marabi, kwela and worldbeat. Quartet member Reuben Khemse described the album's themes as reawakening, revival and the dawn of new eras.

The album received commercial success, reaching number 8 in New Zealand. Put together, *Zebra Crossing* and *Renaissance* have sold a total of some 400,000 copies. The band toured internationally in promotion of the album in 1997, during which it was released by RCA Victor in the United States. Critical acclaim generally greeted the album with critics complimenting the quartet's unusual sound. At the 1997 South African Music Awards, *Renaissance* won the award for "Best Instrumental Performance," while Graeme Beggs won the award for "Best Producer."

## Background

The members of the Soweto String Quartet, consisting of the three Khamese brothers, alongside their friend, Makhosini Mguni, formed in the early 1980s. Finding escape from their apartheid-imposed poverty, brothers Reuben and Sandile Khemese studied classical music in their native Soweto and later in England, and returning to their township, they formed the Soweto String Quartet with their brother Thami and friend Makhosini Mguni in the early 1980s. It was not until 1992 that the band became a full-time professional ensemble, and their 'big break' came when producer Grahame Beggs, who worked for BMG Records, saw the quartet perform on TV and during their nine-month residency at the Sun City resort, Beggs signed them to the BMG Africa label, who released their debut album *Zebra Crossing* in 1994. In their native South Africa, *Zebra Crossing* sold some 50,000 copies and went Platinum.

The success of *Zebra Crossing* ensured international demand for the quartet's live performances, and also saw the band win "Best New Artist," "Best Instrumental Performance" and "Best Pop Album," a combination one critic called "truly rare," at the FNB South African Music Awards. The album's release in the United Kingdom by BMG in April 1996 and later on that year in the United States by RCA Victor secured the band an international audience. In 1996, the quartet recorded the album's follow-up, *Renaissance*, again fusing European classical chamber music with bittersweet lyricism and "lithe rhythms of South Africa’s Township Jive." Beggs returned as producer, while Richard Mitchell recorded and mixed the record.

## Composition

*Renaissance* mixes classical arrangements with African pop music. In the album's weaving elements of pop music into classical music, the quartet dabble in styles such as marabi, kwela, African folk music, as well as an array of indigenous African songs. *The Beat* felt the album provides an "original interpretation of South African song," an opinion echoed by *Jazz Times* who felt the numerous South African folk songs on *Renaissance* are arranged as worldbeat fusions. *Classic CD* magazine felt that the album shows the quartet developing further in the direction of "crossover international pop." While the classical and pop-crossover elements are a continuation of their approach from *Zebra Crossing*, producer Grahame Beggs helps the band introduce new textures to the album. Quartet member Reuben Khemse described the themes of the album as reawakening and the dawn of a new era. He said:

> "*Renaissance* is a very important album to us because it has a message. It's about a new era, about reawakening, revival. We say there's hope, that song and dance can create harmony and be a buffer against any form of conflict. Even William Shakespeare warned about men with no music in their hearts."

While the album includes South African standards such as "Imbube" and Miriam Makeba's "Pata Pata," it also includes an original composition, "Writing on the Wall". "Imbube" features interlocking violins which explore the track's "various nuances," while "Songs My Mother Taught Me" is an atmospheric work written in 1880 by Antonín Dvořák. The quartet's rendition of Makeba's popular "Pata Pata" reflects what the quartet's violinist Makhosini described as their owing a "debt of gratitude to the pioneers of South African popular music." They spoke of their appreciation towards Miriam Makeba, Letta Mbulu, Hugh Masekela, Caiphus Semenya and "others whose music had to be smuggled into South Africa while they lived in exile during the apartheid era."

South African musician Vusi Mahlasela performs guest vocals on "Weeping," a protest song written by Dan Heymann, a young white soldier in the South African Army who was horrified with the apartheid system. The lyrics include the lines "I knew a man who lived in fear. It was huge, it was angry, it was drawing near. Behind his house, a secret place was the shadow of a demon he could never face." The inclusion of a guest vocalist marks another departure for the quartet. The song was originally recorded by Heymann with the group Bright Blue in 1987, and was named the "All-time favorite South African Song" by the readers of the *South African Rock Encyclopedia* in 1999.

## Release

*Renaissance* was first released in October 1996 by BMG Africa. BMG also issued the album in the UK, whereas in the US it was released by RCA Victor in 1997. Building upon the far-reaching success of their previous album, *Renaissance* brought larger international audiences to the quartet. Following the release of the album, the quartet were invited to perform in Spain in April 1997, followed by a tour of France, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Australia and New Zealand. Reuben noted in 1997: "We'd like to do a national tour of South Africa late this year after fulfilling our commitments abroad." To represent South Africa, the Soweto String Quartet played a "Commonwealth In Concert" show in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1997, and then followed it with a show in London to showcase material from *Renaissance*.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

*Renaissance* was a relative commercial success. It reached number 8 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart, and put together, *Zebra Crossing* and *Renaissance* have sold a total of some 400,000 copies. *Renaissance* also received generally favourable reviews from critics. African magazine *Drum* noted how the album was "causing a stir" in the region's music scene. Among international reviews, AllMusic named *Renaissance* an "Album Pick" and rated it four stars out of five. Arthur Goldstuck of *Billboard* said that *Renaissance* enhances upon the successful "classical and pop-crossover elements" of *Zebra Crossing*, complimenting the addition of "new textures" achieved with help from Grahame Beggs.

*Pace* magazine was favourable, noting how the quartet weave "elements of pop into staid classical music" and felt that the quartet have "internationalised local roots music and made it accessible to lovers of classical music." *The Beat* wrote that *Renaissance* provides "a totally original interpretation of South African song." He felt the mix of "classical arrangements with pop fusions" could sometimes be disconcerting, but nonetheless said "there is no doubt that SSQ achieves moments of clear beauty in its effort clear beauty in its effort to transcend the classical quartet structure." John Murph of *Jazz Times* was generally unfavourable, finding the album to amount to "pre-fab piffle" suited for "jazzy" radio stations and "weather channel background music," and criticised how the "\[t\]he collections of various South African folk songs are filtered through gooey global-beat fusion." He did however praise "Weeping" for its vocals, which he felt were reminiscent of Peter Gabriel's worldbeat albums. At the 1997 South African Music Awards, *Renaissance* won the award for "Best Instrumental Performance," while Graeme Beggs won the award for "Best Producer."

## Track listing

1. "Imbube" – 4:47
2. "Writing On The Wall" – 4:16
3. "Songs My Mother Taught Me" – 2:23
4. "Weeping" – 5:40
5. "Eureka" – 3:35
6. "Thula Sizwe Khay'elisha" – 1:54
7. "Pata Pata" – 4:07
8. "Mangwane/Ee'Motswala" – 1:56
9. "Sikelela" – 4:03
10. "Sophiatown" – 2:11
11. "My Lover (Isithandwa Sam)" – 2:27
12. "Blue Fountain" – 2:57
13. "Imbube (Reprise)" – 1:06

## Personnel

* Grahame Beggs – production
* Richard Mitchell – recording and mixing
* Kenta Mpahlwa – assistant to Mitchell
* Simon Heyworth – mastering (Chop em Out Studios, London)
* Nicky Kaminski – sleeve design
* Claude Jardine – design
* Paul Chedlow – band photography

## Charts

Chart performance for *Renaissance*
| Chart (1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 29 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 8 |

## InfoBox

| Renaissance | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Soweto String Quartet | |
| Released | October 1996 |
| Recorded | 1996 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 41:22 |
| Label | BMG |
| Producer | Grahame Beggs |
| Soweto String Quartet chronology | |
| *Zebra Crossing*
(1994) ***Renaissance***
(1996) *Millennia*
(1998) | |


title: Sherwood-Jayne House

abstract: Sherwood-Jayne House is a historic home and related buildings located at East Setauket in Suffolk County, New York. The property encompasses a two-story dwelling, as well as five accessory buildings, mature planting, split-rail and picket fences, and other landscape features. The construction dates of the house spans from about 1730 to 1940. It is a two-story, six-bay saltbox form dwelling with a two-story rear extension that forms an L-shaped plan. The five accessory structures are a large bar, carriage house, corn crib, prive, and pump house. A north addition to the house was designed by architect Arthur C. Nash. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The house is now owned by the Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities. It has been furnished with period antiques and is open for visits seasonally by appointment.

text:
# Sherwood-Jayne House

**Sherwood-Jayne House** is a historic home and related buildings located at East Setauket in Suffolk County, New York. The property encompasses a two-story dwelling, as well as five accessory buildings, mature planting, split-rail and picket fences, and other landscape features. The construction dates of the house spans from about 1730 to 1940. It is a two-story, six-bay saltbox form dwelling with a two-story rear extension that forms an L-shaped plan. The five accessory structures are a large bar, carriage house, corn crib, prive, and pump house.

A north addition to the house was designed by architect Arthur C. Nash.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

The house is now owned by the Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities. It has been furnished with period antiques and is open for visits seasonally by appointment.

Media related to Sherwood-Jayne House (East Setauket, New York) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sherwood-Jayne House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Sherwood-Jayne House as seen from Old Post Road in East Setauket, November 15, 2013. | |
|  | |
| Location | 55 Old Post Rd., East Setauket, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°56′21.36″N 73°5′19.63″W / 40.9392667°N 73.0887861°W / 40.9392667; -73.0887861 |
| Area | 2.07 acres (0.84 ha) |
| Built | 1730 |
| Architectural style | Saltbox |
| NRHP reference No. | 09000969 |
| Added to NRHP | February 26, 2009 |


title: The Gunfight at Dodge City

abstract: The Gunfight at Dodge City is a 1959 American DeLuxe Color Western CinemaScope film. It was produced by the Mirisch Company, directed by Joseph M. Newman, co-written by Martin Goldsmith and Daniel B. Ullman and starred Joel McCrea as Bat Masterson.

text:
# The Gunfight at Dodge City

***The Gunfight at Dodge City*** is a 1959 American DeLuxe Color Western CinemaScope film. It was produced by the Mirisch Company, directed by Joseph M. Newman, co-written by Martin Goldsmith and Daniel B. Ullman and starred Joel McCrea as Bat Masterson.

## Plot summary

Bat Masterson sells his saloon to his friend Ben Townsend in order to make money hunting buffalo with Ben's young, disabled brother Billy. A psychotic gunman named Dave Rudabaugh warns Bat that he shouldn't sell his pelts in Hays City. Bat ignores him to come to town where he outdraws a cavalry sergeant making him travel to Dodge City where his brother Ed is the City Marshal.

The upright Ed complains that the County Sheriff Jim Regan is corrupt and destroys his efforts to clean up the town. Ed is in love with Pauline Howard, the daughter of a church minister, but has delayed his marriage for unknown reasons. In the meantime, Bat enters a partnership with Lily, the proprietress of the Lady Gay saloon who faces ruin as the Sheriff and his deputies are attempting to force them out of business by first murdering her original partner, then frightening off her croupiers. Bat battles the Sheriff and his deputies, but after they murder his brother he becomes the City Marshal and has to choose between Pauline and Lily.

## Cast

## Production

Following the success of the Mirisch Productions Joel McCrea Western *Wichita* (1955), Walter Mirisch decided to make another Western with McCrea. Originally entitled *The Bat Masterson Story*, Mirisch retitled the film *The Gunfight at Dodge City* to emulate the success of *Gunfight at the O.K. Corral* (1957).

## InfoBox

| The Gunfight at Dodge City | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Joseph M. Newman |
| Screenplay by | Martin Goldsmith
Daniel B. Ullman |
| Story by | Daniel B. Ullman |
| Produced by | Walter Mirisch |
| Starring | Joel McCrea
Julie Adams
John McIntire |
| Cinematography | Carl E. Guthrie |
| Edited by | Victor Heerman |
| Music by | Hans Salter |
| Production
company | The Mirisch Company |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * May 1959 (1959-05) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: David Medlock Jr.

abstract: David Medlock Jr. served in the Texas legislature during the Reconstruction era. He was born in Georgia to a family held as slaves that was relocated to Texas. After emancipation he settled in Limestone County, Texas with family members. He served in the Texas House of Representatives during the Twelfth Texas Legislature from February 8, 1870 to December 2, 1871. He was a representative until January 14, 1873. He was on the Federal Relations Committee, sponsored a bill incorporating Springfield, Texas, and sought funding for construction of a jail in Limestone County. He married in 1848 and had 9 children. After his wife died he married her sister and had 3 more children. The Bullock Museum has his oath of office marked with an X for his signature.

text:
# David Medlock Jr.

**David Medlock Jr.** (c. 1824 – ?) served in the Texas legislature during the Reconstruction era. He was born in Georgia to a family held as slaves that was relocated to Texas. After emancipation he settled in Limestone County, Texas with family members.

He served in the Texas House of Representatives during the Twelfth Texas Legislature from February 8, 1870 to December 2, 1871. He was a representative until January 14, 1873. He was on the Federal Relations Committee, sponsored a bill incorporating Springfield, Texas, and sought funding for construction of a jail in Limestone County.

He married in 1848 and had 9 children. After his wife died he married her sister and had 3 more children.

The Bullock Museum has his oath of office marked with an X for his signature.


title: Sebastian Selke

abstract: Sebastian Selke is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

text:
# Sebastian Selke

**Sebastian Selke** (born 22 February 1974) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## InfoBox

Sebastian Selke
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Sebastian Selke | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-02-22) 22 February 1974 | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–1992 | SC 09 Uelzen | | |
| 1992–1994 | Lüneburger SK | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1994–1997 | Lüneburger SK | 89 | (0) |
| 1997–2000 | 1. FC Köln | 4 | (0) |
| 2000–2001 | KFC Uerdingen 05 | 14 | (0) |
| 2002 | VfL Bochum II | 7 | (0) |
| 2002–2005 | KFC Uerdingen 05 | 29 | (0) |
| 2005–2006 | Schwarz-Weiß Essen |  |  |
| 2006–2007 | SSVg Velbert |  |  |
| 2007–2008 | KFC Uerdingen 05 |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2009– | FC Vaduz (Goalkeeping coach) | | |
| 2012 | FC Vaduz (Interim coach) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Calliandra harrisii

abstract: Calliandra harrisii is a species of flowering plants of the genus Calliandra in the family Fabaceae.

text:
# Calliandra harrisii

***Calliandra harrisii*** is a species of flowering plants of the genus *Calliandra* in the family Fabaceae.

## InfoBox

| *Calliandra harrisii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| *Clade*: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | *Calliandra* |
| Species: | ***C. harrisii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calliandra harrisii***<br>(Lindl.) Benth. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calliandra cylindrocarpa* Benth. * *Clelia cylindrocarpa* Benth. * *Clelia ornata* Casar. * *Feuilleea harrisii* Kuntze * *Inga harrisii* Lindl. | |


title: Joi Bangla

abstract: Joi Bangla is an EP by Indian sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar, issued in August 1971 on Apple Records. The recording was produced by George Harrison and its release marked the first in a series of occasional collaborations between the two musicians that lasted until the Chants of India album in 1997. Shankar recorded the EP in Los Angeles, to help raise international awareness of the plight faced by refugees of the Bangladesh Liberation War, in advance of his and Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh shows at Madison Square Garden, New York. Side one of the disc consists of two vocal compositions sung in Bengali, of which the title track was a message of unity to the newly independent nation, formerly known as East Pakistan. The third selection is a duet by Shankar and sarodya Ali Akbar Khan, supported by Alla Rakha on tabla, a performance that presaged their opening set at the Concert for Bangladesh. Joi Bangla was the first of four Shankar-related releases on the Beatles' Apple label, closely followed by the Raga soundtrack album. The EP has been out of print since soon after its release. Of the three tracks, only "Oh Bhaugowan" has been reissued – on the Harrison-compiled Ravi Shankar: In Celebration box set (1996).

text:
# Joi Bangla

***Joi Bangla*** is an EP by Indian sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar, issued in August 1971 on Apple Records. The recording was produced by George Harrison and its release marked the first in a series of occasional collaborations between the two musicians that lasted until the *Chants of India* album in 1997. Shankar recorded the EP in Los Angeles, to help raise international awareness of the plight faced by refugees of the Bangladesh Liberation War, in advance of his and Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh shows at Madison Square Garden, New York. Side one of the disc consists of two vocal compositions sung in Bengali, of which the title track was a message of unity to the newly independent nation, formerly known as East Pakistan. The third selection is a duet by Shankar and sarodya Ali Akbar Khan, supported by Alla Rakha on tabla, a performance that presaged their opening set at the Concert for Bangladesh.

*Joi Bangla* was the first of four Shankar-related releases on the Beatles' Apple label, closely followed by the *Raga* soundtrack album. The EP has been out of print since soon after its release. Of the three tracks, only "Oh Bhaugowan" has been reissued – on the Harrison-compiled *Ravi Shankar: In Celebration* box set (1996).

## Background

> At this time of turmoil I was having, George was there \[in Los Angeles\] ... I told him what I was planning. You know, it's like a drop in the ocean. At the same time, I never wanted to take advantage of him. I did not want to say, "Would you help me?" But, somehow, it came very naturally. He was so sympathetic. "Well, let's do something."

– Ravi Shankar, 1997

A Bengali by birth, Ravi Shankar was deeply concerned by the plight of the cyclone\- and war-ravaged people of East Pakistan during the first six months of 1971. To help raise funds to try to alleviate the misery, he turned to his friend George Harrison, then riding a wave of popularity with the success of his first post-Beatles solo album, *All Things Must Pass*.

Within six weeks, Madison Square Garden in New York was booked for two UNICEF shows on Sunday, 1 August; Western stars such as Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Ringo Starr and Leon Russell had pledged to be there; and Harrison's purpose-made single "Bangla Desh" was receiving airplay on US radio. Shankar later described it as a "miracle", the speed at which Harrison had made things happen.

According to Shankar, speaking in London later in August, Harrison wrote "Bangla Desh" within three hours of their conversation about the refugee crisis. Shankar said he then wrote "Joi Bangla" as an improvisation on Harrison's melody.

## Recording

With the Apple documentary film *Raga* in post production and awaiting release, the Beatles' record label would also be issuing a Shankar benefit disc, a three-track EP. For the sessions in mid July, most likely held at the Record Plant West like Harrison's, Shankar wrote a new composition, "Joi Bangla", which became the EP's title track. As with the *Raga* soundtrack album, *Joi Bangla* was produced by Harrison.

Harrison's single had targeted listeners in the West with its call to "Relieve the people of Bangla Desh". Shankar instead addressed the victims themselves, as his "distant relatives" and his guru's family were among the tens of thousands pouring into neighbouring India. The lyrics are sung in Bengali, Shankar's first language. Apple's picture sleeve provided an English translation, in which Shankar calls on Bangladeshis to "be triumphant", and for unity "beyond conscience or creed". The song title translates as "Victory to Bangladesh" and was taken from "Joy Bangla", the slogan adopted by the Bangladesh Forces (Mukti Bahini) during the war. In India at this time, "Joi Bangla" was a form of greeting between people sympathetic to Bangladesh's struggle for independence.

The EP's other vocal performance was "O Bhaugowan". In this song, Shankar provided what author Peter Lavezzoli describes as "a prayer for help", asking: "O God, where have you gone / ... Sickness, cyclones, floods / Are upon us / Do you not care for us?"

The final selection, "Raga Mishra Jhinjhoti", was a sitar and sarod *jugalbandi* (duet) in dadra tal, featuring Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan, with Alla Rakha on tabla. According to a note on the picture sleeve, the piece was inspired by the folk melodies of Bengal.

## Release

Apple Records issued the *Joi Bangla* EP in America on 9 August (as Apple 1838) − eight days after the Concert for Bangladesh shows − and on 27 August in Britain (Apple 37). In an interview with *Rolling Stone* on 3 August, Shankar expressed relief that months of personal anguish over the crisis had come to an end, saying, "With George's single, 'Bangla Desh', my single, the film that has been made of the concert, the \[live\] album coming out and whatever the gate monies from this concert ... it will all add up to a substantial amount." He added that the funds raised would be minuscule relative to the size of the problem, but young people had been galvanised, and: "It is like trying to ignite – to pass on the responsibilities as much as possible to everyone else. I think this aim has been achieved."

The songs on side one of the record were credited to "Ravi Shankar & Chorus", while side two's duet was credited to Shankar, Khan and Rakha. Khan's name also appeared on the picture sleeve's front cover, given equal billing as Shankar, while Rakha's appeared on the reverse.

In *The Spectator*, Duncan Fallowell wrote of Shankar's gesture towards his homeland:

> Ravi Shankar decided to make public his concern for the events in Bengal in the only way which now makes sense, by supporting the Free Bengal movement against the horrifying brutality of their military overlords from West Pakistan ... With the same destination in view, Apple have released George Harrison's record, *Bangla Desh*, and one also from Mr Shankar, *Joi Bangla*, at 49 pence each, both worth it. The first is George at his most sinuous and plaintive ... the second has the kind of high spirits encountered in musicals shown at the Godeon \[Cinema\], Southall (these musicals by the way, produced in prodigious quantities, are – let me warn you – tragically addictive).

*Record World* recognised Shankar as Bengal's "foremost musician" whose new release coincided with "the eyes of the world focused on the tragedy of Bangla Desh". *Cash Box* described "Joi Bangla" as "Intriguing raga sparkling with the George Harrison production touch". The reviewer said that the chorus singing added a degree of commercial appeal and the song was sure to gain extensive play on FM and underground radio. In January 1972, *Billboard* listed "Joi Bangla" and "Oh Bhaugowan" together at number 4 in a chart compiled by Poland's Music Clubs' Co-Ordination Council.

## Legacy

Shankar and Harrison's efforts to raise awareness of the refugees' plight ensured that the crisis became a central issue in the West. In mid August 1971, Shankar told *Melody Maker* that Indian music was now more popular than ever before in the West, adding that he, Rakha and their accompanists might perform some of the songs at his upcoming concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Following the example set by Shankar and Harrison's topical records, Allen Ginsberg wrote the poem "September on Jessore Road", after visiting the area, and Joan Baez wrote "Song for Bangladesh", released in 1972.

*Joi Bangla* was the only extended-play release by an Apple Records artist (discounting promotional EPs, where two or more acts from the Apple roster were combined). Among latter-day reviewers, author Alan Clayson considers the title track "more melodiously uplifting than any other of George \[Harrison\]'s Indo-pop productions". Writing on the occasion of the *Concert for Bangladesh* film's DVD release in 2005, Francis C. Assisi, a reviewer for *The Canadian India Times* in the early 1970s, recalled the juxtaposition of reading about the "holocaust" caused by the Bangladesh Liberation War and the regional cyclone, and seeing his two-year-old son "joyfully revelling in the recently released Ravi Shankar–Ali Akbar Khan duet 'Joi Bangla'". In his book on Harrison's musical career, Simon Leng describes "Raga Mishra Jhinjhoti" as "stirring ... \[a\] masterful performance" and similarly highlights "Oh Bhaugowan" for its "impassioned and moving appeal for divine assistance".

The songs on *Joi Bangla* received little in the way of repackaging after their original 1971 release. "Oh Bhaugowan" was included on the *In Celebration* box set (1996), appearing on disc four, which contains, in the words of AllMusic critic Bruce Eder, "the lion's share of the 1970s vintage material recorded under the auspices of Harrison, as well as capturing Shankar working in a vocal music mode (including his own vocals, which are astonishingly beautiful and affecting)".

## Track listing

All selections written by Ravi Shankar, except where noted.

Side one

*Credited to Ravi Shankar & Chorus*

1. "Joi Bangla" – 3:18
2. "Oh Bhaugowan" – 3:35

Side two

*Credited to Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan with Alla Rakha*

1. "Raga Mishra Jhinjhoti" (PD) – 6:52

## Personnel

## Sources

* Keith Badman, *The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001*, Omnibus Press (London, 2001; ISBN 0-7119-8307-0).
* Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, *All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975*, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ISBN 0-345-25680-8).
* Alan Clayson, *George Harrison*, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ISBN 1-86074-489-3).
* The Editors of *Rolling Stone*, *Harrison*, Rolling Stone Press/Simon & Schuster (New York, NY, 2002; ISBN 0-7432-3581-9).
* George Harrison, *I Me Mine*, Chronicle Books (San Francisco, CA, 2002; ISBN 0-8118-3793-9).
* Olivia Harrison, *George Harrison: Living in the Material World*, Abrams (New York, NY, 2011; ISBN 978-1-4197-0220-4).
* Peter Lavezzoli, *The Dawn of Indian Music in the West*, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ISBN 0-8264-2819-3).
* Simon Leng, *While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison*, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ISBN 1-4234-0609-5).
* Chip Madinger & Mark Easter, *Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium*, 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; ISBN 0-615-11724-4).
* Srinath Raghavan, *1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh*, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA, 2013; ISBN 978-0-674-72864-6).
* Robert Rodriguez, *Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980*, Backbeat Books (Milwaukee, WI, 2010; ISBN 978-1-4165-9093-4).
* Nicholas Schaffner, *The Beatles Forever*, McGraw-Hill (New York, NY, 1978; ISBN 0-07-055087-5).
* Ravi Shankar, *My Music, My Life*, Mandala Publishing (San Rafael, CA, 2007; ISBN 978-1-60109-005-8).
* Bruce Spizer, *The Beatles Solo on Apple Records*, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ISBN 0-9662649-5-9).
* Gary Tillery, *Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison*, Quest Books (Wheaton, IL, 2011; ISBN 978-0-8356-0900-5).
* *World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)*, Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; ISBN 1-85828-636-0).

## InfoBox

| Joi Bangla | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Ravi Shankar | |
| Released | 9 August 1971 |
| Recorded | mid July 1971 <br>Record Plant West, Los Angeles |
| Genre | Indian music, Hindustani classical |
| Length | 13:45 |
| Language | Bengali |
| Label | Apple |
| Producer | George Harrison |


abstract: The Women's normal hill individual competition of the Beijing 2022 Olympics was held on 5 February, at the Snow Ruyi hill in Zhangjiakou.

text:
# Ski jumping at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Women's normal hill individual

The **Women's normal hill individual** competition of the Beijing 2022 Olympics was held on 5 February, at the Snow Ruyi hill in Zhangjiakou.

## Summary

Urša Bogataj of Slovenia won the event; it was also her first Olympic medal. Katharina Althaus of Germany repeated her 2018 performance and won the silver medal, thereby becoming the first woman who won multiple Olympic medals in ski jumping. Nika Križnar, also from Slovenia, won bronze. It was Slovenia's first ever gold medal in ski jumping.

The 2018 champion, Maren Lundby, withdrew from the Olympics. The 2018 silver medalist, Althaus, and the bronze medalist, Sara Takanashi, both qualified. Ema Klinec competed as the 2021 World champion. Marita Kramer was leading the 2021–22 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup at the start of the Olympics, having won six out of eleven events before the Olympics. However, she had to withdraw from the games due to a coronavirus infection. In the World Cup ranking, she was followed by Althaus and Bogataj.

Althaus was leading after the first round, with Bogataj second and Križnar third. In the final round, Bogataj jumped six meters further than Althaus, and won the competition with an overall score of 239 points.

## Qualification

## Results

The final was started at 18:45.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Round 1 | | | Final round | | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Distance (m) | Points | Rank | Distance (m) | Points | Rank | Points |
|  | 39 | Urša Bogataj | Slovenia | 108.0 | 118.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 121.0 | 1 | 239.0 |
|  | 40 | Katharina Althaus | Germany | 105.5 | 121.1 | 1 | 94.0 | 115.7 | 3 | 236.8 |
|  | 37 | Nika Križnar | Slovenia | 103.0 | 113.9 | 3 | 99.5 | 118.1 | 2 | 232.0 |
| 4 | 36 | Sara Takanashi | Japan | 98.5 | 108.7 | 5 | 100.0 | 115.4 | 4 | 224.1 |
| 5 | 38 | Ema Klinec | Slovenia | 100.0 | 112.1 | 4 | 90.5 | 103.3 | 6 | 215.4 |
| 6 | 35 | Silje Opseth | Norway | 92.5 | 94.7 | 12 | 95.0 | 105.8 | 5 | 200.5 |
| 7 | 22 | Irina Avvakumova | ROC | 95.0 | 99.6 | 9 | 89.5 | 96.7 | 8 | 196.3 |
| 8 | 30 | Lisa Eder | Austria | 92.0 | 92.3 | 15 | 90.0 | 101.1 | 7 | 193.4 |
| 9 | 29 | Špela Rogelj | Slovenia | 93.0 | 101.7 | 8 | 82.0 | 82.5 | 18 | 184.2 |
| 10 | 7 | Irma Makhinia | ROC | 90.0 | 85.4 | 17 | 90.0 | 95.5 | 9 | 180.9 |
| 11 | 32 | Joséphine Pagnier | France | 96.0 | 102.1 | 7 | 78.5 | 77.4 | 22 | 179.5 |
| 12 | 34 | Daniela Iraschko-Stolz | Austria | 91.5 | 94.1 | 14 | 80.5 | 83.9 | 16 | 178.0 |
| 13 | 26 | Yuki Ito | Japan | 94.0 | 95.5 | 10 | 82.0 | 81.2 | 20 | 176.7 |
| 14 | 21 | Yūka Setō | Japan | 94.5 | 94.6 | 13 | 83.5 | 81.9 | 19 | 176.5 |
| 15 | 31 | Anna Odine Strøm | Norway | 91.5 | 91.5 | 16 | 84.0 | 84.5 | 15 | 176.0 |
| 16 | 23 | Frida Westman | Sweden | 87.0 | 80.9 | 21 | 90.0 | 94.6 | 10 | 175.5 |
| 17 | 25 | Aleksandra Kustova | ROC | 88.0 | 81.4 | 20 | 85.0 | 90.0 | 13 | 171.4 |
| 18 | 27 | Kaori Iwabuchi | Japan | 94.5 | 94.8 | 11 | 83.0 | 74.8 | 24 | 169.6 |
| 19 | 20 | Juliane Seyfarth | Germany | 86.0 | 78.7 | 23 | 88.0 | 89.9 | 14 | 168.6 |
| 20 | 33 | Eva Pinkelnig | Austria | 87.0 | 83.9 | 18 | 84.0 | 82.6 | 17 | 166.5 |
| 21 | 28 | Thea Minyan Bjørseth | Norway | 99.5 | 104.1 | 6 | 73.0 | 59.9 | 29 | 164.0 |
| 22 | 19 | Selina Freitag | Germany | 80.0 | 69.8 | 28 | 90.0 | 93.2 | 11 | 163.0 |
| 23 | 15 | Abigail Strate | Canada | 75.5 | 71.7 | 26 | 84.5 | 90.2 | 12 | 161.9 |
| 24 | 24 | Pauline Heßler | Germany | 89.5 | 80.9 | 21 | 83.0 | 80.7 | 21 | 161.6 |
| 25 | 17 | Daniela Haralambie | Romania | 88.5 | 83.0 | 19 | 79.5 | 73.2 | 25 | 156.2 |
| 26 | 13 | Sofia Tikhonova | ROC | 78.5 | 70.3 | 27 | 83.0 | 76.5 | 23 | 146.8 |
| 27 | 18 | Julia Kykkänen | Finland | 82.5 | 72.6 | 25 | 75.0 | 67.5 | 26 | 140.1 |
| 28 | 14 | Karolína Indráčková | Czech Republic | 82.0 | 77.4 | 24 | 65.0 | 53.3 | 30 | 130.7 |
| 29 | 4 | Jessica Malsiner | Italy | 76.5 | 62.0 | 30 | 75.5 | 62.4 | 27 | 124.4 |
| 30 | 2 | Anežka Indráčková | Czech Republic | 79.0 | 62.8 | 29 | 72.5 | 60.5 | 28 | 123.3 |
| 31 | 6 | Dong Bing | China | 73.0 | 57.3 | 31 | did not advance | | | |
| 32 | 11 | Jenny Rautionaho | Finland | 66.5 | 48.5 | 32 | |
| 33 | 5 | Klára Ulrichová | Czech Republic | 70.5 | 48.2 | 33 | |
| 34 | 12 | Julia Clair | France | 64.0 | 43.3 | 34 | |
| 35 | 8 | Kinga Rajda | Poland | 69.0 | 40.9 | 35 | |
| 36 | 9 | Nicole Konderla | Poland | 64.0 | 37.8 | 36 | |
| 37 | 1 | Anna Hoffmann | United States | 64.5 | 36.2 | 37 | |
| 38 | 3 | Peng Qingyue | China | 63.5 | 31.3 | 38 | |
|  | 10 | Sophie Sorschag | Austria | Disqualified | | | |
| | 16 | Alexandria Loutitt | Canada | ||

## InfoBox

| Women's normal hill individual<br>at the XXIV Olympic Winter Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Ski jumping | |
| Venue | Snow Ruyi, Zhangjiakou |
| Date | 5 February |
| Competitors | 40 from 16 nations |
| Winning points | 239.0 |
| Medalists | |
| Urša Bogataj  Slovenia  Katharina Althaus  Germany  Nika Križnar  Slovenia | |
|


abstract: Reparations from Russia after the Russo-Ukrainian War is a full or partial compensation by Russia for the damage caused to Ukraine as a result of the annexation of Crimea, the war in eastern Ukraine and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy demanded such compensation as a form of war reparations on 3 March 2022. Russia has not made any indication that they will accede to it.

text:
# Reparations from Russia after the Russo-Ukrainian War

**Reparations from Russia after the Russo-Ukrainian War** is a full or partial compensation (under the peace treaty or other international acts) by Russia for the damage caused to Ukraine as a result of the annexation of Crimea, the war in eastern Ukraine and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy demanded such compensation as a form of war reparations on 3 March 2022. Russia has not made any indication that they will accede to it.

## History

The issue of compensation by Russia for the losses caused to Ukraine as a result of the annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas that began in 2014 has been discussed from the very beginning. In particular, in November 2019, the Ukrainian Minister of Infrastructure Vladyslav Krykliy noted that Russia would be forced to pay war reparations to Ukraine for military aggression in the Donbas.

Russia has consistently ruled out discussing this issue. Dmitry Peskov, a spokesman for Russian President Vladimir Putin, called Krykliy's statement a "failure" and suggested not forgetting "where Donbas is" and "who started the war in Donbas".

For the first time, the issue was officially enshrined at the state level in Ukraine in June 2021 in the Strategy of Ukraine's Foreign Policy adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. The document stipulates that Ukraine, in its foreign policy in the Russian direction, will seek an end to the armed conflict and the return of the temporarily occupied territories.

> The obvious conditions for reviewing relations with the Russian Federation and moving from confrontation to "peaceful coexistence" should be the cessation of Russia's aggression against Ukraine and the return of the temporarily occupied territories, compensation, and other forms of reparation for damage caused to Ukraine by the temporary occupation practices of interference in the internal affairs of Ukraine
> Excerpt from the Strategy of Foreign Policy of Ukraine

On 3 March 2022, the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy demanded that Russia restore all the damaged infrastructure to Ukraine during hostilities, during the payment of reparations and contributions.

> We will restore every house, every street, every city. And we say to Russia: teach us the words "reparations" and "contributions". You will repay everything you did against Ukraine. In full. And we will not forget those who died, — said the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

On 14 November 2022, the General Assembly of UN adopted a resolution calling on Russia to pay reparations for the destruction caused by its war of aggression. Ninety-four countries voted in favor of the resolution and 14 against it, while 73 abstained. Belarus, Bahamas, the Central African Republic, China, Cuba, North Korea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Mali, Nicaragua, Russia, Syria, and Zimbabwe voted against it.

## Amount of losses

According to the chairman of the Committee of Economists of Ukraine Andriy Novak, with the beginning of the Russian aggression, Ukraine lost up to 20% of GDP at once. Thus, the GDP in 2013 amounted to 183 billion dollars. Accordingly, since then, the state has received less than $4 billion in foreign direct investment each year.

Moreover, the total losses will be much higher. After all, it includes losses from the destruction of infrastructure and can be counted only after the deoccupation of the entire territory of Ukraine.

The IMF believes that economic losses for Ukraine are already significant in addition to human casualties. The country will face substantial costs in rebuilding and rebuilding infrastructure destroyed during the war: seaports and airports have been closed and damaged, and many roads and bridges have been destroyed. Although it is challenging to assess the need for funding at this stage.

According to KSE data received from volunteers, as of 10 March 2022, at least 200 educational institutions, 30 health care facilities, 8 churches, 1,600 residential buildings, 19 office buildings, 23 factories and their warehouses, and 12 airports, 5 TPPs and HPPs were damaged or destroyed.

In addition, more than 15,000 km of roads, 5,000 km of railways, and 350 bridges were destroyed or disabled. Ukraine has launched the "Russia Will Pay" project, which collects data on facilities destroyed by the occupiers. The data is used in international courts against Russia for compensation.

The value of damaged or destroyed objects, according to preliminary estimates of the CSE, in the event of their destruction can be up to ₴1.5 trillion or US$54.3 billion.

## International action

On 19 May 2023, the G7 leaders issued a statement on Ukraine stating they would ensure that "Russia's sovereign assets in our jurisdictions will remain immobilized until Russia pays for the damage it has caused to Ukraine".

On 20 June 2023, the United Kingdom implemented legislation allowing it to retain or impose sanctions to promote Russia's payment of compensation to Ukraine.

Media related to Destructions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine at Wikimedia Commons


title: Center of Applied Technology South

abstract: The Center of Applied Technology South, an Anne Arundel County Public School, is a vocational trade school located in the United States in Edgewater, Maryland, behind South River High School. It offers 17 technical and traditional programs.

text:
# Center of Applied Technology South

The **Center of Applied Technology South**, an Anne Arundel County Public School, is a vocational trade school located in the United States in Edgewater, Maryland, behind South River High School. It offers 17 technical and traditional programs.

## History

The Center of Applied Technology South (CAT-South) was founded in 1977.

## Vocational competitions

**Technical Contests**

* Advertising Design
* Architectural Drafting
* Automotive Refinishing Technology
* Automotive Service Technology
* Basic Health Care Skills
* Cabinetmaking
* Carpentry
* CNC Milling Technology
* CNC Turning Technology
* Collision Repair Technology
* Commercial Baking
* Computer Maintenance Technology
* Computer Technology
* Cosmetology
* Culinary Arts
* Dental Assisting
* Food and Beverage Service
* Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
* Industrial Motor Control
* Internetworking
* Marine Service Technology
* Mechatronics
* Medical Assisting
* Nail Care
* Nurse Assisting
* Practical Nursing
* Residential Wiring
* Robotics and Automation Technology
* Sheet Metal
* Technical Computer Applications
* Technical Drafting
* Web Design
* Welding Fabrication
* Welding

**Occupational Contests**

* Customer Service
* Entrepreneurship
* First Aid/CPR
* Health Knowledge Bowl
* Health Occupations Professional Portfolio
* Medical Math
* Medical Terminology
* Related Technical Math

## SkillsUSA

38°55′18″N 76°33′42″W / 38.9217°N 76.5616°W / 38.9217; -76.5616


title: EuroBasket Women 2021 Group D

abstract: Group D of the EuroBasket Women 2021 took place between 17 and 20 June 2021. The group consisted of Croatia, Czech Republic, France and Russia and played its games at the Rhénus Sport in Strasbourg, France.

text:
# EuroBasket Women 2021 Group D

**Group D** of the EuroBasket Women 2021 took place between 17 and 20 June 2021. The group consisted of Croatia, Czech Republic, France and Russia and played its games at the Rhénus Sport in Strasbourg, France.

## Teams

| Country | Qualified as | Date of qualification | Last appearance | Best placement in tournament | WR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Croatia | Group I winner | 4 February 2021 | 2015 | Fifth place (2011) | 31st |
| Czech Republic | Group D winner | 6 February 2021 | 2019 | **Champions** (2005) | 16th |
| France | Host nation | 15 July 2019 | | **Champions** (2001, 2009) | 5th |
| Russia | Group C winner | 6 February 2021 | | **Champions** (2003, 2007, 2011) | 12th |

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | France (H) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 261 | 173 | +88 | 6 | Quarterfinals |
| 2 | Russia | 3 | 2 | 1 | 205 | 216 | 11 | 5 | Qualification for quarterfinals |
| 3 | Croatia | 3 | 1 | 2 | 209 | 234 | 25 | | 4 |
| 4 | Czech Republic | 3 | 0 | 3 | 176 | 228 | 52 | 3 |  |

Source: FIBA
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head results; 3) Points difference; 4) Points scored.
(H) Hosts

## Matches

*All times are local (UTC+2).*

### Russia vs Czech Republic

| **Russia** | **73**69 | Czech Republic |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **16**−14, **22**−19, **22**−18, 13−**18** | | |
| **Pts:** Vadeeva 27
**Rebs:** Vadeeva 16
**Asts:** Komarova 4 |  | **Pts:** Hanušová 24
**Rebs:** Vyoralová 7
**Asts:** Vyoralová 5 |

### France vs Croatia

| **France** | **105**63 | Croatia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **26**–25, **24**–15, **29**–12, **26**–11 | | |
| **Pts:** Miyem 18
**Rebs:** Vukosavljević 12
**Asts:** Duchet, Michel 6 |  | **Pts:** Tikvić 12
**Rebs:** Tikvić 9
**Asts:** Tadić 3 |

### Croatia vs Russia

| Croatia | 62**73** | **Russia** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 19−**22**, 14−14, 16−**25**, **13**–12 | | |
| **Pts:** Dojkić 25
**Rebs:** Cvitković 7
**Asts:** Tadić 3 |  | **Pts:** Musina 19
**Rebs:** Musina 14
**Asts:** Vadeeva 6 |

### Czech Republic vs France

| Czech Republic | 51**71** | **France** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 14–**18**, **15**–14, 12–**20**, 10–**19** | | |
| **Pts:** Elhotová 13
**Rebs:** Vyoralová 6
**Asts:** Březinová, Vyoralová 3 |  | **Pts:** Gruda 16
**Rebs:** Duchet, Miyem 7
**Asts:** Chartereau 4 |

### Czech Republic vs Croatia

| Czech Republic | 56**84** | **Croatia** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 22–**27**, 11–**15**, 12–**30**, 11–**12** | | |
| **Pts:** Stoupalová 10
**Rebs:** Vyoralová 6
**Asts:** Hejdová 4 |  | **Pts:** Dojkić 24
**Rebs:** Begić 10
**Asts:** Dojkić 7 |

### France vs Russia

| **France** | **85**59 | Russia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 14–**19**, **20**–4, 21–**25**, **30**–11 | | |
| **Pts:** Duchet 12
**Rebs:** Vukosavljević 9
**Asts:** Johannès 8 |  | **Pts:** Komarova 10
**Rebs:** Musina 10
**Asts:** Levchenko 6 |


abstract: The Highlands is a historic building and property located near Fort Washington, Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The Highlands was built in 1794-1796 by Philadelphia merchant and politician Anthony Morris (1766-1860), and was designed by Philadelphia politician Timothy Matlack (1730-1829). It is a large 2+1⁄2-story, dressed fieldstone structure in the late Georgian style. The front facade features two, two-story, Ionic order pilasters. Morris was the speaker of the Pennsylvania senate, and had signed the bill authorizing troops to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion. He was also a director of the Bank of North America (1800-1806) and a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania (1806-1817). From 1810 to 1814, he was President James Madison's unofficial envoy to Spain. Morris sold the property to Daniel Hittner (1765-1841) in 1808. In the five years that Hittner owned the estate, he accumulated 300+ additional acres. In 1813, it was sold to wine merchant George Sheaff (1779-1851). After Sheaff's death, the heirs sold off the majority of the estate, leaving a mere 59 acres (240,000 m⁲) remaining with Sheaff's grandson, John. In 1917, after the death of the last remaining Sheaff heir, it was sold to Miss Caroline Sinkler, and then subsequently sold to her niece Emily Sinkler Roosevelt in 1941. Roosevelt and her husband donated the property to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1957. Today, the Highlands is a 44-acre (180,000 m⁲) site with a late 18th-century Georgian mansion and formal gardens. It is operated as a museum and historic site by the Highlands Historical Society, a non-profit educational organization. It is available to rent for weddings and parties. The Highlands Historical Society also runs a number of social and fund-raising events throughout the year. One of these events is the annual Highlands Craft Show which began in 1982 as a means to raise funds to support the restoration of the 2-acre (8,100 m⁲) formal garden. The craft show has become an excellent venue where unique artisans throughout the United States can gather to display their crafts within the mansion. Some of the crafts that are offered for sale include fabric, fabric arts, pottery, hand-bags, and hand-crafted jewelry. Other popular events include a pumpkin and jack-o-lantern display which takes place around Halloween, and the Highlands Hunt Breakfast which takes place in early November. The Hunt Breakfast consists of a mock fox hunt equipped with a pack of hounds and approximately 20 local horseback riders who ride through surrounding properties, eventually returning to the mansion to rest and eat breakfast with friends and family.

text:
# The Highlands (Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania)

**The Highlands** is a historic building and property located near Fort Washington, Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

The Highlands was built in 1794-1796 by Philadelphia merchant and politician Anthony Morris (1766-1860), and was designed by Philadelphia politician Timothy Matlack (1730-1829). It is a large 2+12-story, dressed fieldstone structure in the late Georgian style. The front facade features two, two-story, Ionic order pilasters. Morris was the speaker of the Pennsylvania senate, and had signed the bill authorizing troops to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion. He was also a director of the Bank of North America (1800-1806) and a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania (1806-1817). From 1810 to 1814, he was President James Madison's unofficial envoy to Spain.

Morris sold the property to Daniel Hittner (1765-1841) in 1808. In the five years that Hittner owned the estate, he accumulated 300+ additional acres. In 1813, it was sold to wine merchant George Sheaff (1779-1851). After Sheaff's death, the heirs sold off the majority of the estate, leaving a mere 59 acres (240,000 m2) remaining with Sheaff's grandson, John. In 1917, after the death of the last remaining Sheaff heir, it was sold to Miss Caroline Sinkler, and then subsequently sold to her niece Emily Sinkler Roosevelt in 1941. Roosevelt and her husband donated the property to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1957.

Today, the Highlands is a 44-acre (180,000 m2) site with a late 18th-century Georgian mansion and formal gardens. It is operated as a museum and historic site by the Highlands Historical Society, a non-profit educational organization. It is available to rent for weddings and parties.

The Highlands Historical Society also runs a number of social and fund-raising events throughout the year. One of these events is the annual Highlands Craft Show which began in 1982 as a means to raise funds to support the restoration of the 2-acre (8,100 m2) formal garden. The craft show has become an excellent venue where unique artisans throughout the United States can gather to display their crafts within the mansion. Some of the crafts that are offered for sale include fabric, fabric arts, pottery, hand-bags, and hand-crafted jewelry. Other popular events include a pumpkin and jack-o-lantern display which takes place around Halloween, and the Highlands Hunt Breakfast which takes place in early November. The Hunt Breakfast consists of a mock fox hunt equipped with a pack of hounds and approximately 20 local horseback riders who ride through surrounding properties, eventually returning to the mansion to rest and eat breakfast with friends and family.

## Owners of the Highlands

* 1796 to 1808: Anthony Morris
* 1808 to 1813: Daniel Hittner
* 1813 to 1917: George Sheaff and heirs
* 1917 to 1941: Miss Caroline Sinkler
* 1941 to 1957: Emily Sinkler Roosevelt and her husband Nicholas
* 1957 to 2021: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
* 2021 to present: Whitemarsh Township, PA

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| The Highlands | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 7001 Sheaff Lane, Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°8′4″N 75°13′56″W / 40.13444°N 75.23222°W / 40.13444; -75.23222 |
| Area | 44 acres (180,000 m2) |
| Built | 1794 |
| Architect | Col. Timothy Matlack |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 76001653 |
| Added to NRHP | December 12, 1976 |


title: Sebastian Shaw (serial killer)

abstract: Sebastian Alexander Shaw was a Vietnam-born American serial killer and rapist responsible for at least three murders in Portland, Oregon between 1991 and 1992. When interviewed by detectives in prison, Shaw confessed to killing ten more people. He is the prime suspect for the 1994 murder of 14-year-old Jenny Lin in Castro Valley, California. At the time of his death he was serving three life sentences in the Oregon State Penitentiary

text:
# Sebastian Shaw (serial killer)

**Sebastian Alexander Shaw** (born **Chau Quong Ho**; November 28, 1967 – October 4, 2021) was a Vietnam-born American serial killer and rapist responsible for at least three murders in Portland, Oregon between 1991 and 1992. When interviewed by detectives in prison, Shaw confessed to killing ten more people. He is the prime suspect for the 1994 murder of 14-year-old Jenny Lin in Castro Valley, California. At the time of his death he was serving three life sentences in the Oregon State Penitentiary

## Early life

Born Chau Quong Ho in the Phước Tuy Province of South Vietnam on November 28, 1967, he is ethnically Hoa he moved to Oregon with his father Van at a young age. As a young boy, Chau became an altar server at the local Saint Mary Catholic Church, but was reported to have problematic behavior at school. Between August and November 1975, he lived at the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, before a group from Port Arthur, Texas sponsored the father and son to move to the state. At age 14, the two moved to Woodburn, Oregon and attended the local highschool, where Chau was reportedly enjoying himself. However, at one point, in a supposed suicide attempt, he overdosed on aspirin, but survived. In 1985, Chau and Van got into a fight that resulted in the young man being beaten with a piece of wood. He then moved to live with his aunt and cousin in California, where he briefly worked for a company before joining the Marine Corps, serving in Okinawa, Japan.

In 1990, Ho applied for an honorable discharge, and was sent back to Oregon, where he applied for a job as a security dispatcher for the Paragon Cable company. During this time, he legally changed his name to Sebastian Alexander Shaw.

## Murders

### Jay Rickbeil

On July 1, 1991, the body of 40-year-old Jay Andrew Rickbeil, a quadraplegic suffering from cerebral palsy, was found in his Portland home by his roommate and apartment manager Mac MacCartney. He had bled to death as a result of an injury to the neck, likely inflicted with a knife. According to his neighbors, Rickbeil was a New Age believer who would often invite strangers into his apartment to have discussions, and often attempted to convert the visitor to his religion. A trusting man, he would often give them a business card with his name and address, and occasionally even money, which often resulted in his personal possessions being stolen. At that time, Shaw had just been fired from his job at Paragon Cable, following complaints of sexual assault by his colleague Shirley Phillips. In order to vent out his anger, he picked Rickbeil at random, slashing his throat while the man lay in bed.

### Donna Ferguson and Todd Rudiger

On July 20, 1992, a couple were found murdered in their trailer home by their fathers in Portland. Todd A. Rudiger, 29, and his live-in girlfriend Donna G. Ferguson, 18, were both stabbed in the necks and bled to death, with Donna having been bound and raped beforehand.

### Jenny Lin (suspected)

On May 27, 1994, after returning home from work, John Lin found the partially naked body of his 14-year-old daughter Jenny in the bathroom of the family's home in the Palomares Hills neighborhood, in Castro Valley, California. She had been stabbed multiple times, but, peculiarly, there were no signs of a struggle, of any apparent sexual assault or any items missing from the house, which puzzled the investigators. She had no known enemies, was a straight A-student and gifted violinist who was about to graduate the following month. According to her friends, when they last spoke to her via phone around 5:15 p.m., Jenny said that she was fine and that she was currently at home. Authorities believed that Jenny's killer was a man, as she had been easily overpowered, and that they did not know each other. They announced that they were looking for a young man on a motorcycle who was seen handing out leaflets in the area, as they wanted to question him as a potential witness.

John Lin later recalled that two weeks before his daughter's death, he had been stopped at a parking lot by a disheveled man who claimed to have "got his daughter", but, knowing that Jenny was at her violin lessons, he brushed the man off and left. Although this bizarre individual was not considered a suspect, a sketch of him was released to the press in an attempt to identify and then interrogate him. In the meantime, the Lin family created "Friends of Jenny Lin", a volunteer organization aimed at spreading awareness about their daughter's case, a move backed by the executive director of the Adam Walsh Center and the father of Polly Klaas. In October, a neighbor came forward to police, claiming that they had seen a stocky man in a dark jacket and cap outside the Lin residence near the time of the murder, claiming that they had been afraid to come forward out of fear that the killer might return to exact revenge on the informants.

## Arrest, trial, imprisonment

On August 31, 1994, Sebastian Shaw was arrested for burglary, after he was found asleep in a stolen 1978 Pontiac Bonneville in San Ramon. Among the items confiscated were a so-called "murder kit", consisting of ski mask, surgical gloves, duct tape, knives, binoculars, and plastic handcuffs. As there was no evidence linking him to any murders at the time, he was let go. On February 20, 1998, he was arrested again and charged with the Rudiger/Ferguson murders and the 1995 rape of 18-year-old Amanda Carpova in Portland. His DNA was matched to the crime scenes after police obtained a discarded cigarette he had thrown out at a supermarket.

He pled guilty to the double murder and sexual assault of Carpova, but, in a rare decision, the judge acquitted Shaw of the Rickbeil murder before the trial on behest of the prosecutors. Shaw was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment instead. While in jail, he told a fellow inmate that he had killed a total of 13 people, information which was relayed to investigators. When two detectives came to interview him, Shaw said that his confession was truthful, and that he would name the victims if he was transferred to a federal prison where he could smoke, as smoking was prohibited in Oregon prisons. Two years later, he was convicted of Rickbeil's murder and received another term of life imprisonment. That same year, he was officially announced as the prime suspect in the murder of Jenny Lin, but was not charged, as there was no physical evidence linking him to the murder. Prosecutors attempted to put him on trial the following year, but the charges were dropped. Lin's murder officially remains unsolved.

## Death

Shaw died in prison, aged 53, from undisclosed causes, on October 4, 2021, having served 15 years of his sentence.

## Bibliography

* Robert Scott (May 1, 2009). *Lust To Kill*. Pinnacle Books. ISBN 9780786026593.
* Michael Newton (2009). *The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes*. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438119144.

## InfoBox

| Sebastian Shaw | |
| --- | --- |
| Mugshot of Shaw taken by the Oregon Department of Corrections | |
| Born | Chau Quong Ho
(1967-11-28)November 28, 1967
Phước Tuy Province, South Vietnam |
| Died | October 4, 2021(2021-10-04) (aged 53)
Oregon State Penitentiary, Salem, Oregon, U.S. |
| Other names | Sebastian Alexander Shaw |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder ×3 |
| Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment ×3 |
| Details | |
| Victims | 3–13 |
| Span of crimes | 1991  1992
(possibly 1994) |
| Country | United States |
| State(s) | Oregon, possibly California |
| Date apprehended | **For the final time** on February 20, 1998 |
| Imprisoned at | Imprisoned at the Oregon State Penitentiary |
|  | |


title: Calliandra haematomma

abstract: Calliandra haematomma is a species of flowering plants of the genus Calliandra in the family Fabaceae. Calliandra pilosa is a synonym of C. haematomma var. glabrata.

text:
# Calliandra haematomma

***Calliandra haematomma*** is a species of flowering plants of the genus *Calliandra* in the family Fabaceae. ***Calliandra pilosa*** is a synonym of *C. haematomma* var. *glabrata*.

## Varieties

As of April 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted seven varieties:

* *Calliandra haematomma* var. *colletioides* (Griseb.) Barneby
* *Calliandra haematomma* var. *correllii* Barneby
* *Calliandra haematomma* var. *glabrata* Griseb.
* *Calliandra haematomma* var. *haematomma*
* *Calliandra haematomma* var. *locoensis* (R.G.García & Kolterman) Barneby
* *Calliandra haematomma* var. *rivularis* (Urb. & Ekman) Barneby
* *Calliandra haematomma* var. *tortuensis* (Alain) Barneby

## Distribution

*Calliandra haematomma* is native to the Caribbean: the Bahamas, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, the Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico.

## Conservation

*Calliandra pilosa* was assessed as "vulnerable" for the 1998 IUCN Red List. As of April 2023, *C. pilosa* was regarded as a synonym of *Calliandra haematomma* var. *glabrata*. It is endemic to southeastern Jamaica.

## InfoBox

| *Calliandra haematomma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| *Clade*: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | *Calliandra* |
| Species: | ***C. haematomma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calliandra haematomma***<br>(DC.) Benth. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acacia haematoma* DC. \[Spelling variant\] * *Acacia haematomma* DC. * *Acacia haematostoma* Spreng. * *Anneslia haematomma* (DC.) Britton * *Anneslia haematostoma* (DC.) Britton \[Spelling variant\] * *Anneslia minutifolia* Britton & Rose * *Calliandra haematostoma* (DC.) Urb. * *Calliandra minutifolia* Urb. * *Calliandra picardae* Alain * *Feuilleea haematomma* (DC.) Kuntze * *Mimosa spartioides* DC. | |


title: 1913 Shrewsbury by-election

abstract: The 1913 Shrewsbury by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 22 April 1913. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

text:
# 1913 Shrewsbury by-election

The **1913 Shrewsbury by-election** was a Parliamentary by-election held on 22 April 1913. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

## Vacancy

The seat had become vacant when Shrewsbury's Conservative MP Sir Clement Hill died aged 67 on 9 April 1913, after a bout of influenza led to pneumonia and pleurisy. A diplomat for 40 years before entering politics, he had held the seat since the 1906 general election. Shrewsbury had elected only Conservative Party MPs to the House of Commons since 1885.

## Candidates

The Unionist candidate was 59-year old George Butler Lloyd, a Marlborough and Cambridge-educated banker whose home was at Shelton Hall, near Shrewsbury. Butler Lloyd was an alderman of Shrewsbury Corporation and had been Mayor of Shrewsbury for 1886-87 and 1888-89.

The local Liberal Party were keen to field as candidate Thomas Pace, a local builder, who had contested the seat in December 1910 as a Liberal-Labour candidate. Pace was a strong suffragist in support of votes for women, unlike the Unionist Butler Lloyd, who opposed extending the franchise. However, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) had recently adopted a new policy of not supporting Liberal party candidates, even those Liberal candidates who were strong suffragists like Pace. Liberal Party headquarters regarded a contest as inexpedient. Thus Pace withdrew from the contest. When nominations closed on 19 April, Butler Lloyd faced only one opponent, the independent candidate J. Robert Morris.

## Campaign

### Votes for Women

The NUWSS, whose policy had contributed to the withdrawal of the Liberal candidate who supported them, chose not to support either the Unionist or the Independent. Without a candidate to support, the NUWSS were reduced to just carrying out propaganda work during the by-election.

In the course of the contest Butler Lloyd had the assistance of his brother, Ernest Thomas Lloyd, Resident Magistrate in Ireland, formerly stationed in County Kerry, Meath, and County Londonderry, who spoke strongly during the election against proposed Irish Home Rule.

On 21 April, the eve of poll, the former MP Horatio Bottomley spoke on behalf of Morris at a meeting of thousands of people in the town, where the principal speakers for Butler Lloyd were Henry Page Croft MP and William Bridgeman MP.

## Result

Polling took place on 22 April, and Butler Lloyd held the seat with a slightly increased majority of 685 votes (16.6% of the total).

Shrewsbury by-election, 1913
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **George Butler Lloyd** | **2,412** | **58.3** | **+1.7** |
|  | Independent | James Robert Morris | 1,727 | 41.7 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 685 | 16.6 | +3.4 |
| Turnout | | | 4,139 | 81.0 | 6.6 |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Aftermath

Butler Lloyd held the seat for nine years. The parliamentary borough of Shrewsbury was abolished at the 1918 general election, but was replaced by a larger county division of the same, where Butler Lloyd was re-elected. He retired from the House of Commons at the 1922 general election.


abstract: Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet,, was a London banker, merchant and philanthropist, Liberal Member of Parliament for Paisley (1891–1906), and from before 1896 until the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 consul general for the Orange Free State in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet, of Lakenheath

**Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet**, MP JP FRGS (22 September 1833 – 31 March 1912), was a London banker, merchant and philanthropist, Liberal Member of Parliament for Paisley (1891–1906), and from before 1896 until the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 consul general for the Orange Free State in the United Kingdom.

## Biography

### Family

Dunn's family origins were modest. He was born in Paisley near Glasgow on 22 September 1833 to John Dunn, a local shopkeeper, and Isabella Chalmers.

Dunn married in South Africa in 1859 with Sarah Elizabeth Howse (1 May 1830 – 2 February 1919), daughter of James Howse (1796–1852), of Grahamstown, Cape Colony, and Sarah Ann Dold (1803–1881). James Howse emigrated to Algoa Bay, South Africa from Oxfordshire in 1820. He started off as a labourer, but later owned the farm "Leeuwfontein". He was killed in an ambush on the way to his farm on New Year's Day 1852.

### Education and training

It is suggested that Dunn received his earliest education at home, although there are also indications that he attended school in the working-class West End District of Paisley. At the age of fourteen Dunn became an apprentice at a local accountant's office. Since his elder brothers – William was the youngest – all went to work in spinning and weaving, it seems reasonable to surmise that Dunn, through his intelligence and education, was able to break free from his social environment.

### Career

Dunn emigrated to South Africa in 1852, supported by a friend of his father's, local Member of Parliament William Barbour. where he landed in Algoa Bay. He entered the firm of Mackie & Co. of Port Elizabeth. After two years, still only twenty-one years old, he was offered a partnership in the firm. Another six years later, in 1860, Dunn succeeded his deceased partner as sole proprietor of the business.

Over time, Dunn built up a large worldwide trading empire from his South African base. Later he returned to Great Britain and controlled his businesses from London. Dunn was senior partner in the firms of William Dunn & Co. of Broad Street Avenue, London EC; Mackie, Dunn, & Co. of Port Elizabeth; W. Dunn & Co. of Durban; and in Dunn & Co. of East London. He was also a director of the Royal Exchange Assurance Co. and of the Union Discount Co. and chairman of the Home and Foreign Insurance Co.

## Political career

After his return to Britain he settled in London, where he entered public service, as alderman for Cheap Ward in the City of London and from 1891 until the dissolution in 1906 as Liberal member of parliament for Paisley. He was also the consul general of the Orange Free State until the outbreak of the Second Boer War. Dunn was also active as chairman of the South African section of the London Chamber of Commerce and member of the Executive Council of that institution.

Dunn was created a baronet in 1895, becoming Sir William Dunn of Lakenheath, after his residence in the country. While in London he lived at 34 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington and alternatively at "The Retreat", Lakenheath, Suffolk. Both he and his wife were buried at West Norwood Cemetery. On his death in 1912, Sir William's estate was valued at 1.3 million pounds. The baronetcy became extinct upon his death.

## Legacy

Despite his noble gestures in death, described below, Dunn's background and business dealings are shady. During his lifetime and after he received a bad press. He was called "pathologically mean" and "a social climber who married for money". It was rumoured that he sold liquor to the African population in the Eastern Cape. Once in Parliament he allegedly did everything in his power to further his own agenda. And with his will something was amiss as well. His wife contested it and won. On the other hand, there is little evidence to substantiate the accusations and rumours.

### Philanthropy

Dunn had no natural heirs and left his fortune to charity. In his will, dated 4 November 1908, Dunn prescribed that his inheritance had to be made available for the advancement of Christianity and the benefit of children and young people, for the support of hospitals, as well as "to alleviate human suffering, to encourage education and promote emigration". Dunn allotted about half his capital himself and created the Dunn Chair of New Testament Theology at Westminster College, Cambridge. The settlement of the rest of his inheritance he left to his trustees.

After handing out a large number of small grants to hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages, etc., the trustees decided on a grander scheme. In co-operation with Sir William Bate Hardy, secretary of the Royal Society and Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, the secretary of the Medical Research Committee, they decided to fund research in biochemistry and pathology. To this end, they funded Professor Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947) in Cambridge with a sum of £210,000 in 1920 for the advancement of his work in biochemistry. Two years later, they endowed Professor Georges Dreyer (1873–1934) of the University of Oxford with a sum of £100,000 for research in pathology.

The money enabled each of the recipients to establish a chair and sophisticated teaching and research laboratories, the Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry at Cambridge and the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford. Between them, the two establishments have yielded ten Nobel Prize winners, including Hopkins, for the discovery of vitamins, and professors Howard Florey and Ernst Chain (Oxford), for their developmental work on penicillin.

The Dunn Trustees also endowed the Dunn Nutritional Laboratory at Cambridge, which opened in 1927. The Dunn Laboratories at Cambridge and at Oxford are forever associated with major discoveries that have helped alleviate human suffering, facts that would surely have pleased Sir William and his trustees.

Dunn himself made more earthly gifts, like the donation – to his birthplace Paisley in 1894 – of a square, "to be kept for the enjoyment of all the inhabitants", which was named "Dunn Square".

### Notes

### Literature

### Websites

## InfoBox

| Sir William DunnMP JP FRGS | |
| --- | --- |
| Sir William Dunn in 1909 | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament of
the United Kingdom | |
| **In office**
1891–1906 | |
| Preceded by | William Barbour |
| Succeeded by | Constituency reorganised |
| Constituency | Paisley, Scotland |
| Consul General of the
Orange Free State in the United Kingdom | |
| **In office**
1895–1900 | |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1833-09-22)22 September 1833
Paisley, Scotland |
| Died | 31 March 1912(1912-03-31) (aged 78)
London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Liberal Party |
| Spouse | Sarah Elizabeth Dunn |
| Occupation | merchant, banker, politician |
|  | |


title: Repatriation flight program

abstract: The Repatriation flight program, officially named "Interior Repatriation Program", was a United States and Mexico government program destined to fly back Mexican citizens who had illegally crossed the frontier between the United States and Mexico to their home country for free. Arizona taxpayers funded the program. It ran from July 12 to September 30 of 2004. It was a pilot program; other American states planned to develop similar programs. The total number of Mexicans repatriated was over 14,000. According to United States Border Patrol officials, the program was created to help save lives of those that crossed the desert. They were usually caught by border patrol police in southern Arizona towns or near the Sonora border, processed, and taken to Tucson International Airport for their flights back home. Airplanes used in these operations were all Boeing 757 jets. The program was ultimately stopped because of cost: tax-payers ended up paying US $15 million during the three-month trial period, amounting to US $1,000 for each passenger. According to the border patrol police, the program helped the number of immigrant deaths around the Tucson area drop by 28 percent, but statistics showed that Arizona had a record number of immigrant deaths in 2004, with 171 dead persons accounted for. Immigrants caught and flown back to Mexico would usually be taken back to Guadalajara, Jalisco, or Benito Juarez International Airport in Mexico City. Despite the harsh conditions of travelling by foot from Mexico to the United States border, a survey run at Mexico's largest international airport by a North American newspaper showed that 50 percent of those returned to Mexico by air would be willing to try to return to the United States illegally again.

text:
# Repatriation flight program

The **Repatriation flight program**, officially named "Interior Repatriation Program", was a United States and Mexico government program destined to fly back Mexican citizens who had illegally crossed the frontier between the United States and Mexico to their home country for free.

Arizona taxpayers funded the program. It ran from July 12 to September 30 of 2004. It was a pilot program; other American states planned to develop similar programs. The total number of Mexicans repatriated was over 14,000.

According to United States Border Patrol officials, the program was created to help save lives of those that crossed the desert. They were usually caught by border patrol police in southern Arizona towns or near the Sonora border, processed, and taken to Tucson International Airport for their flights back home.

Airplanes used in these operations were all Boeing 757 jets.

The program was ultimately stopped because of cost: tax-payers ended up paying US $15 million during the three-month trial period, amounting to US $1,000 for each passenger. According to the border patrol police, the program helped the number of immigrant deaths around the Tucson area drop by 28 percent, but statistics showed that Arizona had a record number of immigrant deaths in 2004, with 171 dead persons accounted for.

Immigrants caught and flown back to Mexico would usually be taken back to Guadalajara, Jalisco, or Benito Juarez International Airport in Mexico City. Despite the harsh conditions of travelling by foot from Mexico to the United States border, a survey run at Mexico's largest international airport by a North American newspaper showed that 50 percent of those returned to Mexico by air would be willing to try to return to the United States illegally again.