title: South Capitol Street

abstract: South Capitol Street is a major street dividing the southeast and southwest quadrants of Washington, D.C., in the United States. It runs south from the United States Capitol to the D.C.–Maryland line, intersecting with Southern Avenue. After it enters Maryland, the street becomes Indian Head Highway at the Eastover Shopping Center, a terminal or transfer point of many bus routes.

text:
# South Capitol Street

**South Capitol Street** is a major street dividing the southeast and southwest quadrants of Washington, D.C., in the United States. It runs south from the United States Capitol to the D.C.–Maryland line, intersecting with Southern Avenue. After it enters Maryland, the street becomes Indian Head Highway (Maryland Route 210) at the Eastover Shopping Center, a terminal or transfer point of many bus routes.

## History

South Capitol Street from the United States Capitol to the Anacostia River was part of the L'Enfant Plan of streets for the District of Columbia. The Residence Act of 1790 gave President George Washington the authority to select the location for the national capital, and the area comprising the District of Columbia was chosen in late 1790. A surveying commission was chosen in January 1791, and in August 1791 Pierre Charles L'Enfant had delivered his plan for the city to Washington. Construction of the segment of South Capitol Street from the Capitol to the Anacostia River occurred over the decade, as the roadway was surveyed, trees were felled, brush and stumps removed, a roadway graded, and the street later paved with a variety of surfaces (wood blocks, granite blocks, oiled earth, aggregate, and macadam).

The area east of the Anacostia River remained mostly farms and forest with few roads. The area was served primarily by the Navy Yard Bridge, constructed in 1820. The first residential development in the area was Uniontown (now the neighborhood of Anacostia), begun in 1854. The following year, the federal government constructed the Government Hospital for the Insane (later known as St. Elizabeths Hospital). To serve the hospital, Asylum Avenue was constructed from the Navy Yard Bridge to the new hospital and then, running on the east side of a line of hills, down to the District–Maryland line. Additional construction in the area occurred during the American Civil War (1861–1865). The United States Department of War constructed the George Washington Young cavalry magazine on 90 acres (360,000 m2) of land on Giesborough Point. Two forts, Fort Carroll and Fort Greble, were constructed on the bluffs that began just west and adjacent to Asylum Road. After the war, the 375-acre (1,520,000 m2) Barry Farm housing development for freed slaves opened in 1867 and was rapidly occupied. Asylum Avenue was named Nichols Avenue in 1879 in honor of hospital superintendent Charles Henry Nichols.

Asylum Avenue/Nichols Avenue was the only major southward road through the area until the 1890s, when the lower portion of South Capitol Street was constructed. A bridge connecting South Capitol Street to the area south of the Anacostia River was first proposed in 1889, but never acted on. However, in 1890, Colonel Arthur E. Randle founded the settlement of Congress Heights. The development was wildly successful, and he invested heavily in the Belt Railway, a local streetcar company. In 1895, Randle founded the Capital Railway Company, which constructed streetcar lines over the Navy Yard Bridge and down Nichols Avenue to Congress Heights.

The rapid development of Congress Heights and the areas adjacent to the streetcar line on Nichols Avenue led the government of the District of Columbia to extend South Capitol Street into the area east of the Anacostia River. The topography of the area largely dictated the route. Beginning near St. Elizabeths Hospital, a line of bluffs extended roughly southward until it reached what is now Chesapeake Street SW. (Fort Greble sat atop the southernmost of these cliffs.) To the west of these bluffs were broad, flat lowlands which provided views of the Potomac River and the city of Alexandria, Virginia. In 1893, the city surveyed South Capitol along the western side of these bluffs, laying out a broad avenue. Once the bluffs ended, the route followed existing local roads and curved eastward to connect with Livingston Road (now the Indian Head Highway) at the District-Maryland line. But because of the lack of development south of Congress Heights, South Capitol Street was only constructed to its intersection with Nichols Avenue.

The two ends of South Capitol Street remained unconnected, however. Congress again considered building a South Capitol Street bridge in 1902 and 1926, but nothing came of these plans. The Army Corps of Engineers finally extended South Capitol Street from Nichols Avenue to the District boundary in 1940. Congress also approved a South Capitol Street bridge in 1940, but the onset of World War II prevented its funding and construction.

The South Capitol Street bridge was finally constructed in 1949 at a cost of $5 million. It was dedicated to Frederick Douglass in October 1965.

## Route

North of the Anacostia River, South Capitol Street runs in a straight north–south line. South Capitol Street begins at Southwest Drive, an access road on the south side of the grounds of the United States Capitol. It travels a half block south, and crosses Independence Avenue. Since roads on the grounds of the Capitol are closed to the public, this intersection has traditionally been the beginning of South Capitol Street. It widens from a two-lane to four-lane thoroughfare just before reaching Washington Avenue SE, and then passes beneath Interstate 695. Northbound traffic on South Capitol Street may access Interstate 695 westbound, and eastbound Interstate 695 traffic may leave the elevated highway and access southbound South Capitol Street. South Capitol Street passed beneath M Street SE/SW via an underpass, although access roads on both sides of South Capitol Street provide service either way on M Street. South Capitol Street bifurcates alongside Nationals Park, home of the Washington Nationals major league baseball team. Its last intersection north of the Anacostia River is with Potomac Avenue SE.

South Capitol Street crosses the Anacostia via the Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge, which is angled on a northwest–southeast line so that the bridge's southwest terminus does not occur on land owned by Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling. A "mixing bowl" of off- and on-ramps provides access to southbound Suitland Parkway, with an adjacent cloverleaf interchange giving access to Firth Sterling Avenue and the Anacostia Washington Metro station as well as northbound Interstate 295. South Capitol Street then follows a winding path along the eastern border of Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling. Deceleration lanes provide access to Malcolm X Avenue SE and the main gates of Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling and Interstate 295 again. South Capitol Street angles south-southeast at Overlook Avenue SW, passing below Interstate 295 and continues winding south-southeast until it reaches Southern Avenue. It is coterminous with Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE for a single block between Halley Place SE and 2nd Street SW before winding toward Southern Avenue and the District boundary line.

The section of South Capitol Street between Washington Avenue SW and Suitland Parkway is part of the National Highway System.

South Capitol Street forms the north-northeastern boundary of Oxon Run Park.

## Taxation Without Representation Street

The D.C. City Council attempted to rename a portion of South Capitol Street adjacent to Nationals Park in 2008 as "**Taxation Without Representation Street**" in order to bring attention to the city's lack of voting rights in Congress. The goal, according to advocates, was to boost awareness by changing the address of Nationals Park. The name change required congressional approval. Congress failed to act on the bill, and it never became law.

Notes Citations  1. National Capital Planning Commission and the District of Columbia Office of Planning 2003, p. 22.
2. Reps 1965, p. 240-242.
3. Stewart 1898, p. 52.
4. Croggon, James (July 7, 1907). "Old 'Burnt Bridge'". *Washington Evening Star*.
5. Burr 1920, pp. 171–172.
6. Benedetto, Du Vall & Donovan 2001, p. 201.
7. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce 1894, p. 3.
8. Davidson & Malloy 2009, pp. 132–133.
9. Evelyn, Dickson & Ackerman 2008, p. 286.
10. "The Proposed New Bridge". *The Washington Post*. September 3, 1889; "Mr. Clarke Complains". *The Washington Post*. January 11, 1890.
11. "Col. Randle Kills Self in California". *The Washington Post*. July 5, 1929.
12. General Services Administration 2012, p. 4—27.
13. Proctor, Black & Williams 1930, p. 732.
14. "Electric Railways". *Municipal Journal & Public Works*. February 26, 1908. p. 252.
15. Fennell 1948, p. 15.
16. Tindall 1918, pp. 39–41.
17. "Plans for Street Projects Told By Whitehurst". *The Washington Post*. September 24, 1940.
18. "Bridge to Congress Heights". *The Washington Post*. June 10, 1902.
19. Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 208.
20. Myer 1974, p. 42.
21. Gresko, Jessica (January 13, 2011). "D.C. Protest: Talk of Renaming Pennsylvania Avenue". The Associated Press.
22. "Nats' Address May Become 'Taxation Without Representation Street'". WTOP. November 25, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2014.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

South Capitol Street
| South Capitol Street SW
South Capitol Street SE | |
| --- | --- |
| Looking north at the United States Capitol while standing on South Capitol Street | |
| Maintained by | DDOT |
| Width | 130 feet (40 m) (total width)
10 feet (3.0 m) (sidewalk) |
| Location | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Coordinates | 38°52′6.3″N 77°0′20″W / 38.868417°N 77.00556°W / 38.868417; -77.00556 |
| South end | MD 210 / Southern Avenue |
| Major
junctions | Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE
I-295 (Anacostia Freeway)
Suitland Parkway
M Street
I-695 (Southeast Freeway)
Washington Avenue |
| North end | Independence Avenue |
| Construction | |
| Commissioned | 1791 |
| Completion | 1940 |


title: Charles A. Huntington

abstract: Charles A. "Shy" Huntington was a quarterback and later a multi-sport coach at the University of Oregon.

text:
# Charles A. Huntington

**Charles A. "Shy" Huntington** (July 7, 1891 – January 1973) was a quarterback and later a multi-sport coach at the University of Oregon.

## Playing and coaching career

Huntington began his football career as a quarterback and safety at the University of Oregon. He was the critical player in Oregon's Rose Bowl upset over heavily favored Pennsylvania in 1917, throwing a touchdown pass and intercepting three passes on defense as the Ducks won 14–0.

Huntington took over as head coach for the Ducks in 1918. He would coach the Ducks for six seasons. He finished with a 26–12–6 record. In 1919, he coached the Ducks to a Rose Bowl berth; they lost to Harvard, 7–6, on January 1, 1920.

He served as Oregon's baseball coach in 1919 and 1920, and he coached the basketball team for one season, 1919–20, achieving a record of eight wins and nine losses.

Huntington was a member of the Ku Klux Klan during his time as head coach.

## Head coaching record

### Football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Oregon Webfoots** *(Pacific Coast Conference)* (1918–1923) | | | | | | | | |
| 1918 | Oregon | 4–2 | 2–1 | 2nd |  |
| 1919 | Oregon | 5–2 | 2–1 | T–1st | **L** Rose |
| 1920 | Oregon | 3–2–1 | 1–1–1 | T–3rd |  |
| 1921 | Oregon | 5–1–3 | 0–1–2 | 5th |  |
| 1922 | Oregon | 6–1–1 | 3–0–1 | 2nd |  |
| 1923 | Oregon | 3–4–1 | 0–4–1 | 8th |  |
| **Oregon:** | | 26–12–6 | 8–8–5 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 26–12–6 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Charles A. Huntington
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1891-07-07)July 7, 1891 |
| Died | January 21, 1973(1973-01-21) (aged 81) |
| Playing career | |
| Football | |
| 1914–1916 | Oregon |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Quarterback |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| Football | |
| 1918–1923 | Oregon |
| Basketball | |
| 1919–1920 | Oregon |
| Baseball | |
| 1919–1920 | Oregon |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 26–12–6 (football)
8–9 (basketball)
12–15 (baseball) |
| Bowls | 0–1 |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| Football
PCC (1919) | |
| Awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Roy Hurley

abstract: Roy Leonard Hurley was an American professional basketball player. He spent two seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL) and one season in the Basketball Association of America (BAA). He played for the Indianapolis Kautskys, the Toronto Huskies, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks, and the Syracuse Nationals. Hurley died on October 14, 1993.

text:
# Roy Hurley

**Roy Leonard Hurley** (August 12, 1922 – October 14, 1993) was an American professional basketball player. He spent two seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL) and one season in the Basketball Association of America (BAA). He played for the Indianapolis Kautskys (NBL, 1945–46), the Toronto Huskies (BAA, 1946–47), the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (NBL, 1947–48), and the Syracuse Nationals (NBL, 1947–48).

Hurley died on October 14, 1993.

## BAA career statistics

| Legend | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GP | Games played |
| FG% | Field-goal percentage |
| FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| APG | Assists per game |
| PPG | Points per game |
|

### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | APG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1946–47 | Toronto | 46 | .224 | .609 | .7 | 5.2 |
| Career | | 46 | .224 | .609 | .7 | 5.2 |
|

## InfoBox

Roy Hurley
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1922-08-12)August 12, 1922
Arcadia, California |
| Died | October 14, 1993(1993-10-14) (aged 71)
Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Listed weight | 170 lb (77 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Arsenal Technical
(Indianapolis, Indiana) |
| Playing career | 1945–1948 |
| Position | Forward / guard |
| Number | 21 |
| Career history | |
| 1945–1946 | Indianapolis Kautskys |
| 1946–1947 | Toronto Huskies |
| 1947–1948 | Tri-Cities Blackhawks |
| 1948 | Syracuse Nationals |
|  | |
| Stats  at NBA.com | |
| Stats at Basketball-Reference.com | |


title: Justified season 4

abstract: The fourth season of the American neo-Western television series Justified premiered on January 8, 2013, on FX, and concluded on April 2, 2013, consisting of 13 episodes. The series was developed by Graham Yost based on Elmore Leonard's novels Pronto and Riding the Rap and his short story "Fire in the Hole". Its main character is Raylan Givens, a deputy U.S. Marshal. Timothy Olyphant portrays Givens, a tough federal lawman, enforcing his own brand of justice in his Kentucky hometown. The series is set in the city of Lexington, Kentucky, and the hill country of eastern Kentucky, specifically in and around Harlan.

text:
# Justified season 4

The fourth season of the American neo-Western television series *Justified* premiered on January 8, 2013, on FX, and concluded on April 2, 2013, consisting of 13 episodes. The series was developed by Graham Yost based on Elmore Leonard's novels *Pronto* and *Riding the Rap* and his short story "Fire in the Hole". Its main character is Raylan Givens, a deputy U.S. Marshal. Timothy Olyphant portrays Givens, a tough federal lawman, enforcing his own brand of justice in his Kentucky hometown. The series is set in the city of Lexington, Kentucky, and the hill country of eastern Kentucky, specifically in and around Harlan.

## Cast and characters

### Main

* Timothy Olyphant as Raylan Givens, a suave deputy U.S. marshal who discovers a bag in his father's house that is tied to a decades-old mystery.
* Nick Searcy as Art Mullen, the chief deputy of Lexington's marshals office.
* Joelle Carter as Ava Crowder, Boyd's lover who begins to fear for her safety when a past crime risks being exposed.
* Jacob Pitts as Tim Gutterson, a Lexington deputy marshal whose friend gets in trouble and forces him to intervene.
* Erica Tazel as Rachel Brooks, a Lexington deputy marshal.
* Walton Goggins as Boyd Crowder, Raylan's intelligent nemesis who is torn between protecting Ava and moving up in the criminal world.

### Recurring

* Ron Eldard as Colton "Colt" Rhodes, a Gulf War veteran and ex-military police associate of Boyd's who comes to Harlan looking for work.
* David Meunier as Johnny Crowder, Boyd's deceitful and disabled cousin.
* Jim Beaver as Shelby Parlow, Harlan's sheriff who harbors a destructive secret.
* Abby Miller as Ellen May, a prostitute who works for Ava and tries to go straight.
* Jere Burns as Wynn Duffy, a volatile and dangerous Dixie Mafia enforcer.
* Jonathan Kowalsky as Mike Cosmatopolis, Duffy's bodyguard.
* Lindsay Pulsipher as Cassie St. Cyr, Billy's sister who manages their church.
* Jesse Luken as Jimmy Tolan, Boyd's henchman.
* Mike O'Malley as Nick Augustine, the hot-headed underboss of the Detroit mob that comes to Harlan after the resurfacing of an old enemy.
* Brian Howe as Arnold, a client of Ellen May's and a member of the Clover Hillers, an elite society of Harlan businessmen.
* Sam Anderson as Lee Paxton, a funeral home director and a member of the Clover Hillers, an elite criminal society of Harlan businessmen.
* Raymond J. Barry as Arlo Givens, Raylan's imprisoned father who refuses to talk to his son.
* William Gregory Lee as Nick Mooney, one of Parlow's deputies.
* Jenn Lyon as Lindsey Salazar, Raylan's bartender girlfriend whose criminal past resurfaces.
* Patton Oswalt as Bob Sweeney, Harlan's good-natured and unimposing constable.
* Robert Baker as Randall Kusik, Lindsey's criminal ex-husband whose temper puts him at odds with Raylan.
* Rick Gomez as David Vasquez, an assistant U.S. attorney.
* John Kapelos as Ethan Picker, a Detroit Mob henchman who works under Augustine.
* Joseph Mazzello as Billy St. Cyr, a traveling Signs preacher who comes to Harlan and opposes Boyd.
* Natalie Zea as Winona Hawkins, Raylan's pregnant ex-wife.
* Julia Campbell as Eve Munro, the widow of a supposedly long-dead criminal.
* Chris Chalk as Jody Adair, a Knoxville-based fugitive that Raylan is tasked with capturing.
* Gerald McRaney as Josiah Cairn, the abusive stepfather of a local petty criminal that tasks her with burglarizing Arlo's house.
* Brent Sexton as Hunter Mosley, Harlan's imprisoned former sheriff who goes to great lengths to protect an old secret.
* Mykelti Williamson as Ellstin Limehouse, a crime boss that becomes involved with Ellen May.

### Guest

## Production

The fourth season of 13 episodes was announced on March 6, 2012.

### Filming

Episodes were shot in California. The small town of Green Valley, California often doubles for Harlan, Kentucky.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | US viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 40 | 1 | "Hole in the Wall" | Michael Dinner | Graham Yost | January 8, 2013 (2013-01-08) | 3.59 |
| In 1983, a man falls from a plane to his death. In the present, Raylan arrests fugitive Jody Adair and puts him in the trunk of his car as a favor to bondswoman Sharon Edmunds. Teen criminal Roz finds a bag behind a wall of Arlo Givens's abandoned house, but she is chased away by Harlan constable Bob Sweeney and steals Raylan's car. He and Bob track the car to a junkyard, where Roz and Jody attack them, though they disarm them and Raylan re-arrests Jody. Raylan finds an ID for "Waldo Truth" in the bag and asks an imprisoned Arlo about it, though he says nothing. A drug dealer working for Boyd finds religion through traveling Signs preacher Billy St. Cyr. Ex-military police officer and old friend of Boyd's Colton "Colt" Rhodes comes to Harlan and begins working as his enforcer. They press the dealer into giving them money, though Colt kills him when he misunderstands Boyd's orders. A prisoner mentions he plans to look into the bag, so Arlo kills him. | | | | | | | |
| 41 | 2 | "Where's Waldo?" | Bill Johnson | Dave Andron | January 15, 2013 (2013-01-15) | 2.45 |
| Ellen May joins Billy's congregation, and Boyd realizes his sister Cassie is running things when he confronts him. He catches one of Duffy's men dealing heroin on his territory and tries to leverage this for a partnership with the Dixie Mafia, but Duffy kills the man to avoid this. Raylan and Art meet Truth, only to realize he is a man paid by Truth's widow to pretend to be him so his family could cash his welfare checks. She explains that, the day the real Truth disappeared, he left with a fugitive named Drew Thompson, who authorities believed was the man who fell from the plane. Art realizes from a scar Truth's widow gave him being present on the plane man's body that Thompson used Truth to fake his death. Lindsey Salazar's ex-husband Randall Kusik comes to the High Note to see her. | | | | | | | |
| 42 | 3 | "Truth and Consequences" | Jon Avnet | Benjamin Cavell | January 22, 2013 (2013-01-22) | 2.44 |
| Boyd sends Colt and his man Jimmy Tolan to attack the St. Cyrs, but the latter is bitten by snakes left out for them. When he does not die, Boyd realizes Cassie has been milking Billy's snakes of their venom and reveals this before his congregation. Humiliated, he takes Boyd's offer of an unsafe snake, being bitten and dying. Lindsey explains to Raylan that she and Randall used to run criminal scams together, which he went to jail for though she reformed. Raylan talks to Thompson's widow, but she is kidnapped by a Detroit man while he is distracted by a corrupt FBI agent. Raylan forces her location out of the agent, who commits suicide after giving it up. The marshals rescue her before she can be tortured for Thompson's location, and she explains that Thompson told her he was going to die the day before he vanished after seeing Theo Tonin kill a federal witness. Raylan returns to his apartment to find his money stolen and Lindsey gone. | | | | | | | |
| 43 | 4 | "This Bird Has Flown" | Bill Johnson | Taylor Elmore | January 29, 2013 (2013-01-29) | 2.08 |
| Randall and Lindsey get set up to get into cockfighting. Lindsey calls Raylan after Randall beats a cashier who was flirting with her, and he intercepts them and fights Randall. Lindsey incapacitates them both and leaves, while Raylan learns that the couple already bought chickens with his money. Ellen May returns to Audrey's, but Ava wants to have her killed to prevent anyone else knowing about the murder of Delroy Baker, which Boyd is against until Ellen May mentions Delroy's murder in public. He instructs Colt to kill her, but when he stops at a gas station to do heroin, she vanishes. | | | | | | | |
| 44 | 5 | "Kin" | Peter Werner | Fred Golan & VJ Boyd | February 5, 2013 (2013-02-05) | 2.42 |
| Colt sees Ellen May being approached by a police car on security footage while telling Boyd that he killed her as ordered. Shelby Parlow denies knowing her when confronted, but is secretly harboring her. Jerry Barkley, secretly working for Detroit underboss Nick Augustine, is killed by him after the marshals take the Thompson case from the FBI. He orders Duffy to find Thompson, who asks Boyd to do it. Roz tells Raylan her stepfather Josiah Cairn sent her to find the bag, who tells him that Thompson injured himself jumping from the plane, so Arlo and Bo Crowder sent him to the "hill people." Raylan and Boyd are captured upon going to them separately, but Raylan saves them by explaining his mother's cousin is amongst them. She lets them go and claims Thompson no longer lives with them. Raylan goes to see Josiah, but only find his severed foot and his ankle monitor. | | | | | | | |
| 45 | 6 | "Foot Chase" | Peter Werner | Dave Andron & Ingrid Escajeda | February 12, 2013 (2013-02-12) | 2.30 |
| Raylan and Parlow track down Roz, who explains that men abducted Josiah and cut off his foot to neutralize his ankle monitor. Arlo turns out to be the one who had Josiah captured by telling his lawyer that he was Thompson. Raylan and Parlow rescue him, and he reveals that Hunter Mosley knows who Thompson is. Colt beats up Johnny Crowder's favorite prostitute Teri, believing she has Ellen May's location, and she blames it on one of her clients when Johnny questions her. He and Colt brutalize the man. Wanting to find information on Thompson, Ava pressures Ellen May's client Arnold into getting her and Boyd invited to Tillman Napier's elite swingers party. Boyd proposes to her and she accepts. | | | | | | | |
| 46 | 7 | "Money Trap" | Don Kurt | *Story by*: Elmore Leonard & Chris Provenzano
*Teleplay by*: Chris Provenzano | February 19, 2013 (2013-02-19) | 2.15 |
| A flashback shows Jody escaping from Edmunds and killing her. Her body is found in the present, and Jody attacks his ex-wife's friend while trying to find her. Raylan rescues her, but Jody, having heard from Edmunds that Raylan lives at the High Note, confronts him there and Raylan kills him. Johnny realizes that Colt beat up Teri and that he failed to kill Ellen May. At Napier's party, Boyd meets the Clover Hillers, an elite society of Harlan businessmen who control the county's criminal economy, including Boyd's ventures. They order him to kill Black Pike Coal owner Frank Browning. Raylan decides to talk to Hunter when Arlo refuses to give up Thompson. | | | | | | | |
| 47 | 8 | "Outlaw" | John Dahl | Benjamin Cavell & Keith Schreier | February 26, 2013 (2013-02-26) | 2.18 |
| Raylan offers Hunter the deal, but he deduces Raylan also offered it to Arlo and stabs him. A dying Arlo refuses to reveal Thompson's identity to Raylan. Colt is contacted by Ellen May demanding money, so he robs and kills a drug dealer. Tim's addict friend witnesses the murder, so Colt kills him as well. He leaves the money at the drop-off spot, which Johnny, actually the one who contacted him, collects. When Browning refuses to pay Boyd for protection, he tells Theo that both Browning and a Clover Hiller could be Thompson. Theo sends a hitman that kills them both, but the hitman goes to kill Boyd when he learns of his deception. Raylan intercepts the hitman and kills him. Boyd calls Augustine and convinces him to work with him over Duffy. When the Clover Hillers confront Boyd, he reveals he had Detroit dismantle their organizations and blackmails them for money. Arlo dies and Raylan contemplates his corpse in a morgue. | | | | | | | |
| 48 | 9 | "The Hatchet Tour" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Taylor Elmore & Leonard Chang | March 5, 2013 (2013-03-05) | 2.32 |
| Tim realizes that Colt killed his friend based on a text he sent before he died, following Colt and narrowly stopping him from hurting Cassie when she comes looking for Ellen May. Johnny tells Boyd about the situation with Colt, who he forces to admit the truth about Ellen May and that he went to Parlow. While taking Hunter to a supermax, Raylan presses him for Thompson's identity, only for Hunter to escape the car and try to commit suicide. Raylan recovers him and Parlow joins them, only for them to be waylaid by Bob getting into a gunfight with the Clover Hillers. As Raylan defuses it, Parlow thanks Hunter, who addresses him as "Drew". Bob mentions that Parlow once took responsibility for Hunter killing a Crowder, and Raylan runs outside to find that Thompson stole Bob's car. Boyd go to Thompson's house to find the marshals searching it, realizing his identity. | | | | | | | |
| 49 | 10 | "Get Drew" | Billy Gierhart | Dave Andron & VJ Boyd | March 12, 2013 (2013-03-12) | 2.40 |
| With the only airfield out of Harlan being watched, Ellen May and Thompson go to Ellstin Limehouse, who decides to capture and sell them. Boyd agrees to buy them both, planning to upsell Thompson to Detroit, only for Limehouse to up his price when Boyd arrives. While he wants to take Ellen May to protect Ava, she convinces him to buy Thompson. Colt restrains Thompson in a field for Augustine to pick up, only for the marshals, alerted by Johnny, to arrive just in time and rescue him. | | | | | | | |
| 50 | 11 | "Decoy" | Michael Watkins | Graham Yost & Chris Provenzano | March 19, 2013 (2013-03-19) | 2.45 |
| Boyd convinces a furious Augustine to let him help find Thompson. While Tim and Art distract Colt and Detroit men with a decoy convoy, Thompson, Raylan and Rachel hole up in Arlo's house. Thompson explains that he trusted Arlo to burn Truth's ID, but was unaware that he held onto it. They move him from Arlo's house, but Bob, having put motion detectors in the walls after Roz broke in, arrives after they leave. A Detroit henchman arrives and begins to beat him to try and get Thompson's location, but when he lets his guard down, Bob stabs him in the leg and kills him with his own gun before joining Raylan. Augustine reveals Johnny's deception to Ava. Detroit man Ethan Picker and his men go to kill Thompson, but Raylan reveals that he is already gone and the police are on their way. They leave, and Raylan reveals to Art that, at Bob's suggestion, Rachel and Thompson escaped Harlan by train. | | | | | | | |
| 51 | 12 | "Peace of Mind" | Gwyneth Horder-Payton | Taylor Elmore & Leonard Chang | March 26, 2013 (2013-03-26) | 2.44 |
| Thompson refuses to enter WITSEC until Ellen May is safe, which a Detroit mole relays to Augustine. He offers to pay Boyd and give him Johnny if he gets Ellen May. Ava confronts Limehouse, who reveals he already let Ellen May go to avoid conflict. Ellen May goes to the St. Cyr church. Raylan overhears Boyd telling Jimmy her location, so he sends Tim to get her, while Boyd sends Colt to kill her. Tim arrives just in time and kills him. While Ellen May goes into WITSEC with Thompson, Boyd and Ava decide to move Delroy's body before Ellen May can testify. Picker poses as a deliveryman to scope out Winona's house. | | | | | | | |
| 52 | 13 | "Ghosts" | Bill Johnson | Fred Golan & Benjamin Cavell | April 2, 2013 (2013-04-02) | 2.25 |
| Raylan visits Winona and finds Augustine's men demanding he take them to Thompson. He grabs a gun and kills them. Despite Art's warnings that he will be fired if he goes after Augustine, he forces Boyd to take him to him, where he tries to convince him to turn himself in. Augustine refuses and declares intent to kill Sammy Tonin and become Theo's successor. Raylan leaves and greets an arriving Sammy, having called him ahead of time, and allows Picker and his men to kill Augustine. The police find Delroy's body after receiving a tip, so Boyd waives the debt of Clover Hiller and funeral home director Lee Paxton so he can steal Delroy's body. Ava goes alone to dispose of it, only to be arrested by new sheriff Nick Mooney, the entire thing having been a setup by Paxton after the police were tipped by Cassie. Theo retires and Sammy takes over, who puts Duffy in charge of his area's operations. Duffy asks Boyd to distribute heroin in Harlan. Raylan repairs the hole in Arlo's wall as Art calls him to reveal Augustine's death, in which he does not admit any part. | | | | | | | |

## Reception

On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 9.5 out of 10 based on 25 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bolstered by witty, efficient dialogue and confident storytelling, *Justified* makes a strong case for consideration among cable television's top dramas." On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "universal acclaim.

Tom Gliatto of *People Weekly* praised this season, writing: "What gives the show its kick is the gleefully childish lack of repentance shown by most of these rascals—countered by Olyphant's coolly amused control." Verne Gay of *Newsday* praised this season also, writing: "Character—as the old saying goes—is a long-standing habit, and their habits remain very much intact. The same could be said of Justified.", and Chuck Bowen of *Slant Magazine* praised this season, writing: "Justified is the strongest, liveliest, and most tonally accurate adaptation of the writer's work to date, and the latest season bracingly suggests that isn't likely to change anytime soon."

### Ratings

The fourth season averaged 2.434 million viewers and a 0.9 rating in the 18–49 demographic.

## Home media release

The fourth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on December 17, 2013, in region 2 on August 12, 2013, and in region 4 on August 8, 2013. Special features on the season four set include ten audio commentaries by cast and crew, deleted scenes, five behind-the-scenes featurettes, and outtakes.

## InfoBox

| *Justified* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 4 | |
| Season 4 DVD cover | |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Release | |
| Original network | FX |
| Original release | January 8 (2013-01-08)
April 2, 2013 (2013-04-02) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: The Syncopated Clock

abstract: "The Syncopated Clock" is a piece of light music by American composer Leroy Anderson, which has become a feature of the pops orchestra repertoire.

text:
# The Syncopated Clock

"**The Syncopated Clock**" is a piece of light music by American composer Leroy Anderson, which has become a feature of the pops orchestra repertoire.

## Composition

Anderson wrote "The Syncopated Clock" in 1945 while serving with the U.S. Army and assigned as Chief of the Scandinavian Desk of Military Intelligence in Washington. Anderson had been invited by Arthur Fiedler to guest-conduct the Boston Popular ("Pops") Orchestra during their annual Harvard Night. Anderson wanted to introduce a new work to Fiedler and composed a song about a clock with a syncopated rhythm. The idea of the title reportedly occurred to him before he wrote the music. In a few hours he wrote the music, scored it for orchestra and then mailed it to Boston Symphony Hall. Fiedler had the orchestra parts copied from the score. Then, with a three-day pass, Anderson traveled from his home in Arlington, Virginia to Boston, where he conducted the premiere on May 28, 1945.

Anderson recorded the work for Decca Records in 1950 with the best musicians selected from New York orchestras. This was true for all of his recordings for Decca, billed as "Leroy Anderson and his Orchestra". Anderson's "orchestra" was an assemblage of musicians hired by Decca specially for Anderson's recordings.

The record entered the charts on March 23, 1951, and spent 14 weeks there, reaching number 12. A version by Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra (released by RCA Victor Red Seal) entered on June 1, 1951, spent two weeks on the charts, and reached number 28.

Also in 1950, Mitchell Parish wrote lyrics for the piece, published with Anderson by Mills Music.

## Movie theme

A version of "The Syncopated Clock" recorded by Percy Faith in 1951 (released by Columbia Records with the flip side "On Top of Old Smokey") was noticed by the producers of a new WCBS-TV program called *The Late Show*, a nightly program of old movies that was the station's first venture into late night television. Faith's rendition was chosen as the theme music for *The Late Show* by WCBS and several other CBS owned-and-operated stations around the country, which helped Anderson's composition become a tune that many Americans could readily hum or whistle, even if few knew the name of its composer. WCBS would also use the Faith recording to introduce a weekday afternoon movie (*The Early Show*), a later-night movie offering, *The Late Late Show*, and when time permitted on occasion, *The Late, Late, Late Show*.

## Structure

The arrangement requires temple blocks to be used as the sound of the clock that is heard throughout, except for a brief section in the middle. The piece is in **4**
**4** time; the opening establishes a perfectly regular "tick-tock" accompaniment, beginning with a roll off the orchestra's staccato strike of an A chord, creating an expectation that it will continue. In the sixth measure, there is an eighth-note rest on the second beat, and two syncopated "ticks" are heard before the "clock" returns to its normal rhythm. As the piece proceeds, the "clock" continues to indulge in brief moments of syncopation. Some are expected by the listener (as the tune repeats the passage in which the first syncopation occurred); others are not, creating a whimsical and comic effect. The song's basic arrangement and comical effect makes it a favourite for school bands. In the bridge section, the sound of an old-fashioned clock alarm ringing goes off a few times. In the coda, a group of sound effects are heard, including a "BOING!!" heard before the last group of orchestral chords.

## Cultural references

In a sixth-season episode of the television series *M\*A\*S\*H* ("Your Hit Parade"), the tune is played over the public announcement system during a particularly grueling session in the operating room. B.J. Hunnicutt references its use as *The Late Show* theme but mistakenly identifies it as "The Musical Clock." It also accompanied the "Silent Minute," a Michael Weisman-devised concept during the pregame coverage leading into NBC Sports' telecast of Super Bowl XX which was a one-minute countdown featuring a black screen with a digital clock which morphed into Roman numerals when it reached twenty seconds remaining.

## Other recordings


title: Star Airways

abstract: Star Airways was an airline based in Tirana, Albania. It was founded by several Albanian and Italian investors in 2008, and obtained its operating license in June 2009. On April 3, 2010, Star Airways received its first aircraft, an Airbus A320. Its second A320 arrived in May of the same year. The airline ceased all operations in September 2010.

text:
# Star Airways

**Star Airways** was an airline based in Tirana, Albania. It was founded by several Albanian and Italian investors in 2008, and obtained its operating license in June 2009. On April 3, 2010, Star Airways received its first aircraft, an Airbus A320. Its second A320 arrived in May of the same year. The airline ceased all operations in September 2010.

## History

Star Airways was founded by several Albanian and Italian investors and received the operating license in June 2009. On April 3, 2010, Star Airways received its first aircraft, an Airbus A320-231 with registration ZA-RED, previously operated by the Mexican airline Mexicana de Aviación had been in action. Their second aircraft, an Airbus A320-211 previously operated by Nouvelair, arrived in May of the same year. Both aircraft were leased through the lessor ILFC.

On June 7, 2010, Star Airways commenced operations using two McDonnell Douglas MD-82 jetliners provided by ItAli Airlines as it had not received approval to operate with its own aircraft. With scheduled flights from Tirana to several Italian cities, there were plans to expand routes to other cities such as Istanbul, Antalya, Thessaloniki and Düsseldorf. However, in the summer of 2010, the Albanian aviation authority withdrew its operating license and all flight operations were stopped completely in September of that year.

## Fleet

**Star Airways Former Fleet**
| Aircraft | Total | Orders | Passengers | | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | C | Y | Total | |
| Airbus A320 | 2 |  |  | 195 | 195 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-82 | 2 |  |  | 130 | 130 |  |
| Total | 0 | 0 |  | | |  |

## InfoBox

Star Airways
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  4S STB | |
| Founded | 2008 |
| Ceased operations | 2010 |
| Hubs | Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza, Albania |
| Fleet size | 4 |
| Destinations | 4 |
| Headquarters | Tirana, Albania |


title: Eduard Vogel

abstract: Eduard Vogel was a German explorer in Central Africa.

text:
# Eduard Vogel

**Eduard Vogel** (7 March 1829  February 1856) was a German explorer in Central Africa.

## Early career

Vogel was born in Krefeld. He studied mathematics, botany and astronomy at Leipzig and Berlin, studying with Encke at the latter institution. In 1851, he was engaged as assistant astronomer to director John Russel Hind at George Bishop's private observatory in London. That year August Heinrich Petermann introduced Vogel to the Royal Geographical Society.

## Africa commission

In 1853 Petermann arranged for Vogel to be chosen by the British government to join the Richardson, Overweg and Barth expedition with supplies. That expedition had been sent to Africa in 1849 to find a trade route that bypassed the Arabs. Vogel was to be a replacement for Richardson who had died two years earlier and was tasked to make geographical and meteorological observations and to collect botanical specimens. In 1853, the expedition was in the western Sudan.

Vogel sailed from England on 20 February 1853. The day Vogel left London, news had arrived that Overweg had also died, leaving Barth on his own.

## Meeting Barth

On 25 July, Vogel left Tripoli with a caravan to catch up with Barth. Vogel arrived at the end of the Trans-Saharan trade route, Kuka, the capital of Bornu on 13 January 1854. Vogel's specimens, and the fact that both expedition engineers were soldiers, made the king there suspicious of his intentions, and Vogel's movements were severely restricted.

Instead of waiting for Barth to return, on 19 July, Vogel joined a steamboat expedition heading up the Niger and Benue Rivers to the Mandara Mountains where he was imprisoned by the king of Mora who had received a message about the suspicious stranger from Bornu. Vogel eventually escaped to Marghi in Nigeria where he waited for news of Barth. Upon hearing of a change of king in Bornu, Vogel returned to wait for Barth, whom he met December 1854.

By some accounts Vogel was disliked by the other members of the expedition due to his poor attitude, difficult personality and unwillingness to learn Arabic, the lingua franca of north Africa. The arrival of Barth helped defuse some of the conflict, although one of the two engineers refused to travel any further while Vogel was part of the expedition. Barth himself contemplated getting rid of Vogel and stealing his equipment.

## Further exploration

Vogel left Barth, and taking one engineer and four servants headed for Bauchi where he ingratiated himself with the Emir by killing a man the Emir disliked. He then became the first European to cross the Muri Mountains angering the Tangale people in the process as he desecrated their shrines by sleeping in them during the journey. He penetrated south to the upper course of the Benue, returning to Kuka 1 December 1855. From this date, the notes of his expedition cease.

## Death

Vogel left Kuka for the Nile Valley, leaving his engineer, MacGuire, with his notes and specimen collections. Vogel got as far as Wadai (also spelled Ouaddai) in southern Sudan. MacGuire may have known of Vogel's fate but was killed by brigands while returning to Tripoli. Several search expeditions were organized to ascertain Vogel's fate and to recover his papers, but it was not until 1873 that Gustav Nachtigal, on reaching Wadai, learnt of the circumstances of Vogel's February 1856 death in Wara, the capital of Wadai.

Nachtigal's account was that Vogel's odd habit of existing almost solely on eggs and writing with a pencil rather than the expected ink was of concern to the Sultan's advisors who had advised the Sultan to kill him "just in case". The sultan was hesitant but Vogel then climbed Mount Treya which was sacred and off limits to all but the highest officials. Vogel was beaten to death by *Kubartu* with iron tipped cudgels. According to Nachtigal, *Kubartu* were a Wadai clan consisting of musicians and executioners.

## Family

His sister Elise Vogel Polko was a popular German novelist. She published his notes in her *Erinnerungen an einen Verschollenen* (1863). Another resource is Adolf Pahde's *Der Afrikaforscher Eduard Vogel*. Hamburg, 1889 (first published Krefeld, 1886).


title: Revision Control System

abstract: Revision Control System (RCS) is an early implementation of a version control system (VCS). It is a set of UNIX commands that allow multiple users to develop and maintain program code or documents. With RCS, users can make their own revisions of a document, commit changes, and merge them. RCS was originally developed for programs but is also useful for text documents or configuration files that are frequently revised.

text:
# Revision Control System

**Revision Control System** (**RCS**) is an early implementation of a version control system (VCS). It is a set of UNIX commands that allow multiple users to develop and maintain program code or documents. With RCS, users can make their own revisions of a document, commit changes, and merge them. RCS was originally developed for programs but is also useful for text documents or configuration files that are frequently revised.

## History

### Development

RCS was first released in 1982 by Walter F. Tichy at Purdue University. It was an alternative tool to the then-popular Source Code Control System (SCCS) which was nearly the first version control software tool (developed in 1972 by early Unix developers). RCS is currently maintained by the GNU Project.

An innovation in RCS is the adoption of *reverse deltas*. Instead of storing every revision in a file like SCCS does with interleaved deltas, RCS stores a set of edit instructions to go back to an earlier version of the file. Tichy claims that it is faster for most cases because the recent revisions are used more often.

Initially (through version 3, which was distributed in 4.3BSD), its license prohibited redistribution without written permission from Walter Tichy:

> Copyright (C) 1982 by Walter F. Tichy \[...\] All rights reserved. No part of this software may be sold or distributed in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the author.

A READ\_ME file accompanied some versions of RCS which further restricted distribution, e.g., in 4.3BSD-Reno.

Ca. 1989, the RCS license was altered to something similar to the contemporary BSD licenses, as seen by comments in the source code.

> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation, advertising materials, and other materials related to such distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed by Walter Tichy.

RCS 4.3, released 26 July 1990, was distributed "under license by the Free Software Foundation", under the terms of the GPL.

OpenBSD provides a different implementation called *OpenRCS*, which is BSD-licensed.

## Behavior

### Mode of operation

RCS operates only on single files. It has no way of working with an entire project, so it does not support atomic commits affecting multiple files. Although it provides branching for individual files, the version syntax is cumbersome. Instead of using branches, many teams just use the built-in locking mechanism and work on a single *head* branch.

### Usage

RCS revolves around the usage of "revision groups" or sets of files that have been checked-in via the `co` (checkout) and `ci` (check-in) commands. By default, a checked-in file is removed and replaced with a ",v" file (so foo.rb when checked in becomes foo.rb,v) which can then be checked out by anyone with access to the revision group. RCS files (again, files with the extension ",v") reflect the main file with additional metadata on its first lines. Once checked in, RCS stores revisions in a tree structure that can be followed so that a user can revert a file to a previous form if necessary.

### Advantages

* Simple structure and easy to work with
* Revision saving is not dependent on a central repository

### Disadvantages

* There is little security, in the sense that the version history can be edited by the users.
* Only one user can work on a file at a time.

1. Thien-Thi Nguyen (2 February 2022). "GNU RCS 5.10.1 available". Retrieved 3 February 2022.
2. V-System 6.0 Reference Manual
3. "Update license to GPLv3+". 24 June 2010.
4. Tichy, Walter (1982). "Design, implementation, and evaluation of a Revision Control System". *ICSE '82 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software Engineering*: 58–67. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
5. Raymond, Eric. "Understanding Version-Control Systems (DRAFT)". *www.catb.org*. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
6. "RCS". *GNU Project*. Free Software Foundation. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
7. "4.3BSD - /usr/src/new/rcs/src/rcsdiff.c". Walter's Retro Computing Corner Documentation. 19 May 1986. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
8. "CSRG/cd2/4.3reno/usr/src/contrib/rcs/src/READ\_ME". 27 February 1989.
9. "CSRG/cd2/4.3reno/usr/src/contrib/rcs/src/rcs.c". 15 August 1989.
10. RCS 4.3 README file.
11. "rcs(1) - OpenBSD manual pages". *man.openbsd.org*. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
12. "Revision control concepts – Revision Control System (RCS), Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and Subversion". *IT PASSION - "IT professional Blog"*. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
13. Steinberg, Frank. "Revision Control Systems (RCS, CVS, Subversion, Git)". Technical University of Braunschweig. Retrieved 20 February 2017.

**Notes**

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Revision Control System
| Original author(s) | Walter F. Tichy |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | GNU Project
The OpenBSD project (OpenRCS) |
| Initial release | 1982 (1982) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 5.10.1 / 2 February 2022 (2 February 2022) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Written in |  |
| Operating system | Unix-like, |
| Type | Version control |
| License | GPL-3.0-or-later
2-clause BSD license (OpenRCS) |
| Website | www.gnu.org/software/rcs/ |


title: Chris Jones (racing driver)

abstract: Chris Jones is an American professional stock car racing driver.

text:
# Chris Jones (racing driver)

**Chris Jones** (born May 24, 1987) is an American professional stock car racing driver.

## Racing career

### Camping World Truck Series

Jones has made 77 starts in the Camping World Truck Series. He attempted to make his debut in 2007 for his family team LCS Motorsports, but failed to qualify and he drove 3 races for Bobby Dotter that year. In 2008, Jones drove for both teams once again. In 2009, he drove 10 races for LCS Motorsports, 2 for CHS Motorsports and 1 for GunBroker Racing. In 2010, Jones drove only for LCS team, except one attempt that was for Ray Hackett Racing but he failed to make the field. In 2011, was the final year that he drove for his family team, and he also drove one race for RSS Racing. In 2012, Jones split between SS-Green Light Racing and RSS Racing. In 2013, he drove only for RSS team, starting and parking almost all the races.

## Personal life

Chris is the Tire Specialist from RSS Racing.

## Motorsports career results

### NASCAR

(key) (**Bold** – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. *Italics* – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Camping World Truck Series

| NASCAR Camping World Truck Series results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | NCWTC | Pts | Ref |
| 2007 | LCS Motorsports | 87 | Chevy | DAY | CAL | ATL | MAR
DNQ | KAN | CLT | MFD | DOV | TEX | MCH | MLW | MEM | KEN | IRP | NSH | BRI | GTW | NHA | LVS | TAL |  | | | | | 62nd | 252 |  |
| | Green Light Racing | 08 | Chevy | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MAR
21 | ATL | TEX | PHO
27 | HOM
31 |
| | 2008 | | 0 | DAY | CAL | ATL | MAR | KAN | CLT | MFD | DOV | TEX | MCH
34 | MLW |  | | | NSH
32 |  | | | LVS
31 | TAL | MAR
32 | ATL | TEX | PHO | HOM | 59th | 231 |  |
| | LCS Motorsports | | | | 87 | Chevy |  | | | | | | | | | | | MEM
32 | KEN | IRP |  | BRI
20 |
| | SS-Green Light Racing | | | | 07 | Chevy |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GTW
34 | NHA |  | | | | | | |
| 2009 | LCS Motorsports | 87 | Chevy | DAY | CAL | ATL
33 | MAR |  | CLT
20 | DOV | TEX | MCH
25 | MLW | MEM
28 | KEN
26 | IRP
28 | NSH | BRI
22 | CHI | IOW
33 | GTW |  | | MAR
22 |  | TEX
27 | PHO | HOM | 36th | 907 |  |
| | GunBroker Racing | 22 | Dodge | | | |  | | | | KAN
33 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | CHS Motorsports | 41 | Dodge | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NHA
28 | LVS |  | TAL
30 |  | | |
| 2010 | LCS Motorsports | 87 | Chevy | DAY | ATL
DNQ | MAR | NSH |  | DOV
26 | CLT
DNQ | TEX
32 | MCH
33 | IOW
33 | GTY
32 | IRP
36 | POC | NSH
29 | DAR
33 | BRI
29 | CHI
32 | KEN
33 | NHA | LVS
DNQ | MAR
28 | TAL | TEX | PHO | HOM | 36th | 769 |  |
| | Ray Hackett Racing | 75 | Ford | | | |  | | | | KAN
DNQ |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2011 | LCS Motorsports | 87 | Chevy | DAY | PHO | DAR | MAR | NSH | DOV
32 | CLT | KAN
34 | TEX | KEN | IOW | NSH | IRP | POC | MCH
33 | BRI
34 | ATL | CHI
35 | NHA
32 | KEN
31 |  | | | TEX
35 | HOM | 51st | 57 |  |
| | RSS Racing | 27 | Chevy | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LVS
33 | TAL | MAR |  | |
| 2012 | SS-Green Light Racing | 07 | Toyota | DAY | MAR | CAR | KAN
35 | CLT | DOV
31 | TEX | KEN |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 32nd | 170 |  |
| | RSS Racing | 38 | Chevy | | | |  | | | | | | | | IOW
35 |  | POC
34 | MCH
33 |  | | | KEN
33 | LVS
33 |  | | TEX
36 | PHO
35 | HOM
35 |  | | |
| | 39 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | CHI
31 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 93 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRI
33 | ATL
31 | IOW
34 |  | | TAL
21 | MAR |  | | | | | |
| | 2013 | | DAY | MAR | CAR
34 | KAN
34 | CLT
36 | DOV
34 | TEX
30 |  | IOW
34 | ELD | POC
31 | MCH
27 | BRI
36 | MSP | IOW
32 | CHI
36 | LVS
27 | TAL
35 | MAR
35 |  | PHO
32 |  | | | | 30th | 177 |  |
| | | | | 38 |  | | | | | | | KEN
34 |  | | | | | | | | | | | TEX
32 |  | HOM
35 |  | | |

## InfoBox

| Chris Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1987-05-24) May 24, 1987
Forest, Virginia |
| NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series career | |
| 77 races run over 7 years | |
| 2013 position | 30th |
| Best finish | 30th (2013) |
| First race | 2007 Kroger 200 (Martinsville) |
| Last race | 2013 Ford EcoBoost 200 (Homestead) |
| Wins Top tens Poles  0 0 0 | |
|  | |
| *Statistics current as of January 17, 2017.* | |


title: Charles A. Ingersoll

abstract: Charles Anthony Ingersoll was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut and member of the prominent Ingersoll political family of Connecticut.

text:
# Charles A. Ingersoll

**Charles Anthony Ingersoll** (October 19, 1798 – January 12, 1860) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut and member of the prominent Ingersoll political family of Connecticut.

## Education and career

Born on October 19, 1798, in New Haven, Connecticut, Ingersoll read law to be admitted to the bar, and received an Artium Magister degree from Yale University in 1827. He entered private practice in New Haven and was clerk of court for the United States District Court and the United States Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut from 1820 to 1853. He was a probate judge in New Haven from 1829 to 1853. He was a state's attorney for Connecticut from 1849 to 1853.

## Federal judicial service

Ingersoll was nominated by President Franklin Pierce on April 6, 1853, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut vacated by Judge Andrew T. Judson. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 8, 1853, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 12, 1860, due to his death.

## Immediate family

Ingersoll was married to Henrietta Sidell (d. 1877), the daughter of the late John Sidell of New York. Together, they were the parents of:

* Charles Dennis Ingersoll (1843–1905), a Yale lawyer and judge in New York City who married Katherine Corse Sanders, in 1885.
* Thomas Chester Ingersoll (1845–1884), a Yale lawyer who died unmarried at the age of 39 of pneumonia.

### Descendants

Through his son Charles, he was the grandfather of three, namely: Hamilton Ingersoll (1888–1940), the father of Charles Barnum Ingersoll (1923–2004); Anita Ingersoll (1891–1970), who married Roger Medina Minton (1886–1954) in 1910, later divorced and she married stockbroker Walter Lee Gwynn (1881–1955), uncle of actor Fred Gwynne, in 1926; and Justine Ingersoll (d. 1984), who married Dr. Harold Sears Arnold (d. 1951).

## Ingersoll family

Ingersoll was the son of Judge Jonathan Ingersoll (1747–1823) and Grace (née Isaacs) Ingersoll (1772–1850). His father was a judge of the Supreme Court and Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut up until his death in 1823. Among his siblings was older brother Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll, who served as a United States representative from Connecticut for four consecutive terms from 1825 to 1833, and was the United States Minister to the Russian Empire under President James K. Polk.

Ingersoll's maternal grandfather, and his brother's namesake, was Ralph Isaacs Jr., a Yale educated merchant who was prominent in New Haven and Branford, and his paternal grandfather was Reverend Jonathan Ingersoll, chaplain for the Connecticut Troops during the French and Indian War who was the brother of Jared Ingersoll Sr., a British colonial official. His grand-uncle's son, Jared Ingersoll, served as Attorney General of Pennsylvania and was the father of fellow United States Representative Charles Jared Ingersoll, and grandfather of his second cousin, author Edward Ingersoll. His cousin, Ralph Isaacs III, was the father of Mary Esther Malbone Isaacs, who married Chancellor and United States Senator Nathan Sanford in 1813.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Charles A. Ingersoll | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut | |
| **In office**
April 8, 1853  January 12, 1860 | |
| Appointed by | Franklin Pierce |
| Preceded by | Andrew T. Judson |
| Succeeded by | William Davis Shipman |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Charles Anthony Ingersoll
(1798-10-19)October 19, 1798
New Haven, Connecticut, US |
| Died | January 12, 1860(1860-01-12) (aged 61)
New Haven, Connecticut, US |
| Resting place | Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven |
| Parent |  |
| Relatives | Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll |
| Education | Yale University (A.M.)
read law |
|  | |


title: Roy Hunter Short

abstract: Roy Hunter Short was an American bishop of The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1948.

text:
# Roy Hunter Short

**Roy Hunter Short** (19 October 1902 – 2 July 1994) was an American bishop of The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1948.

## Birth and family

Roy was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Jesse Peters and Minnie L. (Badders) Short. Roy married Louise Clay Baird of Jeffersonville, Indiana 1 September 1926. They had three sons: Hunter Baird, Murray Malcolm, and Riley Phillips.

## Education

Among his eight earned academic degrees, Roy graduated from the University of Louisville in 1924 with an A.B. degree. He completed both a B.D. (1927) and a Th.M. (1929) from the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. He also earned a Doctorate from Emory University.

Roy was a member of Theta Phi honorary fraternity. He was also honored with the D.D. degree by Kentucky Wesleyan College in 1939.

## Ordained ministry

Rev. Short was ordained in 1921 and received into the Louisville Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He pastored the following appointments: Jefferson Circuit (1921–22), Mt. Holly, Mill Creek (1922–26), Oakdale Church, Louisville (1926–28), Marcus Lindsey Church, Louisville (1928–30), Greenville (1930–36). He was the Superintendent of the Elizabethtown District (1935–37) and of the Louisville District (1937–41). He was appointed to the St. Paul Church in Louisville (1941–44), then became the Editor of The Upper Room in 1944.

He was elected a delegate to the General Conference of the M.E. Church, South in 1938, the Uniting Conference of The Methodist Church in 1939, and of Jurisdictional and General Conferences of The Methodist Church, 1940–48. He also was a member of the General Commission on Evangelism (1938–40), and the Secretary of the Louisville Conference since 1931. He was also involved in the development of the new *Book of Discipline for The Methodist Church*.

Rev. Short also was a member of Kiwanis International.

## Episcopal ministry

Dr. Short was elected a Bishop by the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference of The Methodist Church, June 1948. His first assignment was as the Resident Bishop of the Jacksonville Episcopal Area. From 1952 until 1964 he was assigned to the Nashville, Tennessee Area, and from 1964 to 1972 to the Louisville Area. At the request of the Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church, Bishop Short provided episcopal supervision to the Philippines Central Conference in the interim between episcopal elections (1972–74). Bishop Short has also traveled extensively, including trips to Latin America, Africa, Fiji, Australia, Korea, Hong Kong, and Europe.

Bishop Short has also served in many administrative capacities: President of the College of Bishops of the Southeastern Jurisdiction (1956–64), Secretary of the Council of Bishops of the Methodist Church (1956–68), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Christian Education in Foreign Fields (1956–64), and Chairman of the Methodist Interboard Commission on the Local Church (1956–64).

In retirement, Bishop and Mrs. Short resided in Hermitage, Tennessee.

## Selected writings

* *Your Church and You* (a membership manual for Methodist boys and girls), 1943.
* lessons in *Adult Student*, 1939–40.
* *Evangelistic Preaching,* 1956.
* *Evangelism Through the Local Church,* 1956.
* *My Great Redeemer's Praise,* 1957.
* *One Witness in One World*, (the study book for the 1964–68 quadrennium).
* *United Methodism in Theory and Practice,* 1974.
* *Chosen To Be Consecrated: The Bishops of the Methodist Church, 1784–1968,* 1976.
* *The History of the Council of Bishops, 1939–1979,* 1984.
* *The Leadership Role of the Council of Bishops,* 1984.
* *Methodism in Kentucky.*

## Biographies

* Hunt, Earl Gladstone Jr, *Aspects of our Methodist heritage: With particular focus upon one of its distinguished transmitters*, Bishop Roy Hunter Short, 1972.

Sources * Howell, Clinton T., *Prominent Personalities in American Methodism,* Birmingham, Alabama: The Lowry Press, 1945.
* *Roy H. Short Papers,* MSS 039, Archives and Manuscripts Dept., Pitts Theology Library, Emory University.
* Short, Roy Hunter, Bp., *History of the Council of Bishops of The United Methodist Church 1939–1979,* Nashville, Abingdon, 1980.

Notes


title: Lily Lee Chen

abstract: Lily Lee Chen is an American politician and former mayor of Monterey Park, California. She was the first Chinese-American woman mayor in the United States of America. Lily Lee Chen is a founding board member of Committee of 100.

text:
# Lily Lee Chen

**Lily Lee Chen**  (born May 27, 1936) is an American politician and former mayor of Monterey Park, California. She was the first Chinese-American woman mayor in the United States of America. Lily Lee Chen is a founding board member of Committee of 100.

## Early life and education

Chen was born on May 27, 1936, in the port city of Tianjin, China. She was the second daughter of Li Yaolin (李曜林) and Zhang Shuzhen (张淑眞).

Chen's father was a professor and member of the Kuomintang (KMT) during the Japanese occupation of China in the late 1930s. After the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, he fled with his family to Taiwan.

In 1957, Chen visited the U.S. as an ambassador as a part of the International Youth Leadership Program, a group established by the U.S. State Department to promote and strengthen relations between the U.S. and China.

Chen attended San Francisco State University majoring in communications. Subsequently, she earned her master's degree in social work at the University of Washington.

## Professional career

Chen served a 27-year career for the Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services. She created the first APA (Asian Pacific American) human services program, the Asian Pacific Community Outreach Program, developing outreach centers. As Director of Social Services Planning and Resource Development for the county, Chen managed federal funding and planned human services programs for the 88 cities in LA County. Chen retired as an administrator of the Department of Children and Family Services in 1993.

In 1981, Chen made a first run for Monterey Park City Council. She lost by 28 votes, however rejected a recount.

In 1982, in accordance with the regular election cycle, Chen ran again for City Council. She worked with multiethnic communities and published a bilingual voter registration handbook. Chen won the election with 4,754 votes, the largest number of votes in Monterey Park history.

While serving as Mayor, Chen lobbied Coca-Cola to sponsor the field hockey games of the 1984 Olympics in Monterey Park, which was PRC China’s first participation in the Summer Olympics since 1952. Under her leadership, Monterey Park won the National Civic League’s All-America City Award in 1985, which was featured in USA Today.

## Recognitions

## Personal life

Chen was married to Paul Chen, aerospace electrical engineer, on April 17, 1960.

Chen has two children. Her daughter is a medical director of radiation oncology at City of Hope/South Pasadena.

## InfoBox

| Lily Lee Chen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Li Wanrou (李琬若)
May 27, 1936
Tianjin, China |
| Education | San Francisco State University (BA) University of Washington (MSW) |
| Spouse | Paul Chen (1930-2019) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Soğucak, Arhavi

abstract: Soğucak is a village in the Arhavi District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 94 (2021).

text:
# Soğucak, Arhavi

**Soğucak** (Laz language: Potocuri) is a village in the Arhavi District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 94 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Soğucak | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SoğucakLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°17′05″N 41°26′57″E / 41.2847°N 41.4491°E / 41.2847; 41.4491 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Artvin |
| District | Arhavi |
| Population (2021) | 94 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Rilland

abstract: Rilland is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is located in the municipality of Reimerswaal.

text:
# Rilland

**Rilland** is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is located in the municipality of Reimerswaal.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1186 as Relant, and means land and reed. The name was originally used for the former island which contained the village. The original village was lost in a flood in 1530. In 1773, the Reigersbergsepolder was completed and Rilland developed as a road village.

The Reformed Church was built in 1899. It is a small aisleless church. The front of the church was renewed after the 1953 flood. The Catholic St Joseph church was built in 1903 next to the Capuchin monastery. The monastery was disestablished in 1966 and has become a hotel.

Rilland was home to 366 people in 1840. In 1856, the harbour Rattekaai was constructed and was primarily used for the transportation of sugar beet. A little marina has been added to the west of the harbour.

Rilland was severely damaged during the North Sea flood of 1953. The water rose to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) and 12 people died.

Rilland was a separate municipality until 1878, when it merged with Bath to create the new municipality of Rilland-Bath. In 1970, it became part of the municipality of Reimerswaal. Rilland is known for its various outdoor activities in the surrounding area. It is one of the few villages in Zeeland that has a shooting range, motor cross and golf course.

## Transportation

The Rilland-Bath railway station opened in 1872 on the Roosendaal to Vlissingen railway line.

1. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Retrieved 20 April 2022. includes Bath
2. "Postcodetool for 4411AA". *Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland* (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
3. "Rilland - (geografische naam)". *Etymologiebank* (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
4. Piet van Cruyningen & Ronald Stenvert (2003). *Rilland* (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 8830 6. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
5. "Rilland". *Plaatsengids* (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
6. "Rilland". *Zalig-Zeeland* (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
7. Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten, KNAW, 2011.
8. "station Rilland- Bath". *Stationsweb* (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 April 2022.

## InfoBox

| Rilland | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Farm in Rilland | |
|  | |
| RillandLocation in the province of Zeeland in the NetherlandsRillandRilland (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 51°24′59″N 4°10′51″E / 51.41639°N 4.18083°E / 51.41639; 4.18083 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Zeeland |
| Municipality | Reimerswaal |
| Area | |
| Total | 56.95 km2 (21.99 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1.6 m (5.2 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 3,015 |
| Density | 53/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4411 |
| Dialing code | 0113 |


title: Douglas Adams at the BBC

abstract: Douglas Adams at the BBC is a three CD set released by BBC Audio in 2004 (ISBN 0-563-49404-2). By using extracts from many radio and TV productions, the three discs cover Douglas Adams's association with BBC Radio and TV from 1974 to 2001, and also include tributes to Adams that were transmitted between 2001 and 2003. Subjects are covered in an A-Z format. Linking narration on all three discs is provided by Simon Jones. Several of the sketches, many of which are included for the first time since their original transmissions, had been discussed in biographies of Adams. In addition, the complete script for "The Lost Hitchhiker Sketch" appears in the 25th anniversary edition of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts. Disc one covers subjects A to G, disc two covers subjects H to P, and disc three covers subjects Q to Z.

text:
# Douglas Adams at the BBC

***Douglas Adams at the BBC*** is a three CD set released by BBC Audio in 2004 (ISBN 0-563-49404-2). By using extracts from many radio and TV productions, the three discs cover Douglas Adams's association with BBC Radio and TV from 1974 to 2001, and also include tributes to Adams that were transmitted between 2001 and 2003. Subjects are covered in an A-Z format (thus becoming an "A-Z of Douglas Adams"). Linking narration on all three discs is provided by Simon Jones. Several of the sketches, many of which are included for the first time since their original transmissions, had been discussed in biographies of Adams (e.g. *Don't Panic* by Neil Gaiman and *Wish You Were Here* by Nick Webb). In addition, the complete script for "The Lost Hitchhiker Sketch" appears in the 25th anniversary edition of *The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts*. Disc one covers subjects A to G, disc two covers subjects H to P, and disc three covers subjects Q to Z.

## Subjects

***Note:*** The CD set was released in early September 2004, after the Tertiary Phase of *The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy* had been recorded, but before transmissions began. The earliest material on the set is from August 1974 (with material Adams had written while a student at Cambridge) and the most recent extracts are from the TV and radio tributes to Adams from August and September 2001 and March 2003.


title: Eduard Voss

abstract: Eduard Voss was a German entomologist, who specialized in beetles (Coleoptera), in particular the weevil family (Curculionidae). He described many new species and a number of beetles are named after him. Much of his beetle collection was lost in World War II, but some of the remaining collection is held in the Zoologischs Museum Hamburg.

text:
# Eduard Voss

**Eduard Voss** (1884 - 1974) was a German entomologist, who specialized in beetles (Coleoptera), in particular the weevil family (Curculionidae). He described many new species and a number of beetles are named after him. Much of his beetle collection was lost in World War II, but some of the remaining collection is held in the Zoologischs Museum Hamburg.

## Some taxa named by him

## Selected publications

* Voss, E. 1922. Indo-Malayische Rhynchitinen (Curculionidae). I. *Philippine journal of science* 21(4), 385–415.
* Voss, E. 1922. Neue Rüsselkäfer aus verschiedenen Erdteilen. *Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift* 1922: 166–174 ISSN 0012-0073.
* Voss, E. 1922. Kurze Bemerkungen über Rüsselkäfer. *Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift* 1922: 174 ISSN 0012-0073.
* Voss, E. 1922. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Curculionidae: Rhynchitinae (Col.). (4. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Curculioniden.). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 87 (A) (11) \[1921\]: 277–286.
* Eduard Voss (1935). "Monographie der Rhynchitinen-Tribus Äulefini. III. Teil der Monographie der Rhynchitinae- Ptercolinae. (37. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Curculioniden.)" (PDF). *Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung* (in German). **96**: 229–241. Wikidata Q107078152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021.
* Eduard Voss (1963). "Ergebnisse der Zoologischen Nubien-Expedition 1962: Teil XXII, Coleoptera: Curculionidae". *Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien* (in German). **67**: 583–601. ISSN 0083-6133. JSTOR 41769247. Wikidata Q100974618.
* Voss, E. 1970: Attelabidae, Curculionidae. (Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya). *Nachtrag. Khumbu Himal*, 3(3): 444–456.
* Voss, E. (1971) Beschreibung von vier Cossoninen, nebst je einer Gattung und Untergattung (Col., Curc.). (Beitrag 209 zur Kenntnis der Curculioniden). Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 4(74), 195–200.
* Voss, E (1974) Coleoptera: Curculionidae partim. *South African Animal Life*, 15: 395–479.

## InfoBox

| Eduard Voss | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 3 July 1884 |
| Died | 2 November 1974  (aged 90) |
| **Academic career** | |


title: Federal interventor of Córdoba

abstract: Under the constitutional doctrine of federal intervention, a federal interventor has been appointed to govern Córdoba Province, Argentina, on several occasions. On some occasions the federal interventor was named Governor of Córdoba. There are six series of interventors corresponding to the six federal interventions, each itself a product of a military coup d'état. These six coups d'état resulted in de facto governments.

text:
# Federal interventor of Córdoba

Under the constitutional doctrine of federal intervention, a **federal interventor** (also **intervenor** or **intervener**) has been appointed to govern Córdoba Province, Argentina, on several occasions. On some occasions the federal interventor was named Governor of Córdoba.

There are six series of interventors corresponding to the six federal interventions, each itself a product of a military *coup d'état*. These six *coups d'état* resulted in *de facto* governments.

## 1930–31 *de facto* military government

| # | Name | Title | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 75 | Basilio Pertiné | Federal interventor | 19301930 |
| 76 | Carlos Ibarguren | Federal interventor | 19301931 |
| 77 | Enrique P. Torino | Federal interventor | 19311932 |

## 1943–46 *de facto* military government

| # | Name | Title | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 84 | Justo Salazar Collado | Federal interventor | 19431943 |
| 85 | Alfredo Córdoba | Federal interventor | 19431943 |
| 86 | Eduardo Gonella | Federal interventor | 19431943 |
| 87 | Leon Scasso | Federal interventor | 19431944 |
| 88 | Manuel Ferrer | Federal interventor | 19441944 |
| 89 | Alberto Guglielmone | Federal interventor | 19441944 |
| 90 | Juan Carlos Díaz Cisneros | Federal interventor | 19441945 |
| 91 | Walter Villegas | Federal interventor | 19451945 |
| 92 | Hugo Oderigo | Federal interventor | 19451946 |

## 1955–58 *de facto* military government

| # | Name | Title | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 | Dalmiro Videla Balaguer | Federal interventor | 19551956 |
| 101 | Medardo Gallardo Valdés | Federal interventor | 19561958 |

## 1962–63 *de facto* military government

| # | Name | Title | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 106 | Aniceto Pérez | Federal interventor | 19621962 |
| 107 | Rogelio Nores Martínez | Federal interventor | 19621963 |

## 1966–73 *de facto* military government

| # | Name | Title | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 109 | Gustavo Martínez Zuviría | Federal interventor | 19661966 |
| 110 | Miguel A. Ferrer Deheza | Federal interventor | 19661968 |
| 111 | Carlos Caballero | Federal interventor | 19661969 |
| 112 | Jorge Carcagno | Federal interventor | 19691969 |
| 113 | Roberto Huerta | Federal interventor | 19691970 |
| 114 | Juan Carlos Reyes | Federal interventor | 19701970 |
| 115 | Bernardo Bas | Federal interventor | 19701971 |
| 116 | Carlos Gigena Parker | Federal interventor | 19711971 |
| 117 | José C. Uriburu | Federal interventor | 19711971 |
| 118 | Helvio Guozden | Federal interventor | 19711973 |

## 1976–83 *de facto* military government

| # | Name | Title | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 125 | José Vaquero | Federal interventor | 19761976 |
| 126 | Carlos Chasseing | Federal interventor | 19761979 |
| 127 | Miguel Marini | Federal interventor | 19791979 |
| 128 | Adolfo Sigwald | Federal interventor | 19791982 |
| 129 | Rubén Pellanda | Federal interventor | 19821983 |


title: Chris Jones (rugby union)

abstract: Christopher Michael Jones is a retired English rugby union rugby player. He played as a lock or flanker, featuring for Sale Sharks and Worcester Warriors in the English Premiership and Yorkshire Carnegie in the RFU Championship. His rugby union career blossomed at Stockport Grammar School. He went on to take a Business Studies course at Sheffield Hallam University and was two years into it when the Sale Sharks invited him to join them. He played for Cheshire at U18 and U20 level, then briefly with Fylde before joining Sale Sharks. He made a startling rise to the England Sevens squad, and was nominated for the 2003 PRA Young Player of the Year Award. He was part of the England A team that beat France A, Scotland A and Italy A in their 2003 Six Nations and also went on the unbeaten England tour to North America and Japan that year. He played for England in the uncapped match against the Barbarians at Twickenham in May 2003. The year 2004 marked another leap forward. He was called up to the senior team by then head coach Clive Woodward from the start of the Six Nations. He came off the bench against Italy for his debut cap and scored a try. This earned him a starting position against Scotland as a flanker and again against Wales from where he continued to impress. He was selected for the 2004 Summer tour, starting against the All Blacks in Dunedin in the first Test. Sale Sharks director of rugby Kingsley Jones referred to him as 'the most hard done-by player in England' after he was hardly used during the 2005 Autumn test series. Jones went on to collect more caps on the 2006 Summer tour of Australia and 2007 Summer tour of South Africa. In the 2005–2006 season, Jones started the final as Sale Sharks won their first ever Premiership title. He was also voted Sale's player of the year in 2006 and again in 2008. On 22 May 2014, Jones officially joined Yorkshire Carnegie in the RFU Championship on a two-year contract from the 2014–15 season. On 19 May 2016 Jones announced his retirement from rugby after suffering a concussion against Nottingham in April of that year.

text:
# Chris Jones (rugby union)

**Christopher Michael Jones** (born 24 June 1980) is a retired English rugby union rugby player. He played as a lock or flanker, featuring for Sale Sharks and Worcester Warriors in the English Premiership and Yorkshire Carnegie in the RFU Championship.

His rugby union career blossomed at Stockport Grammar School. He went on to take a Business Studies course at Sheffield Hallam University and was two years into it when the Sale Sharks invited him to join them. He played for Cheshire at U18 and U20 level, then briefly with Fylde before joining Sale Sharks.

He made a startling rise to the England Sevens squad, and was nominated for the 2003 PRA Young Player of the Year Award. He was part of the England A team that beat France A, Scotland A and Italy A in their 2003 Six Nations and also went on the unbeaten England tour to North America and Japan that year.

He played for England in the uncapped match against the Barbarians at Twickenham in May 2003.

The year 2004 marked another leap forward. He was called up to the senior team by then head coach Clive Woodward from the start of the Six Nations. He came off the bench against Italy for his debut cap and scored a try. This earned him a starting position against Scotland as a flanker and again against Wales from where he continued to impress. He was selected for the 2004 Summer tour, starting against the All Blacks in Dunedin in the first Test.

Sale Sharks director of rugby Kingsley Jones referred to him as 'the most hard done-by player in England' after he was hardly used during the 2005 Autumn test series.

Jones went on to collect more caps on the 2006 Summer tour of Australia and 2007 Summer tour of South Africa.

In the 2005–2006 season, Jones started the final as Sale Sharks won their first ever Premiership title. He was also voted Sale's player of the year in 2006 and again in 2008.

On 22 May 2014, Jones officially joined Yorkshire Carnegie in the RFU Championship on a two-year contract from the 2014–15 season.

On 19 May 2016 Jones announced his retirement from rugby after suffering a concussion against Nottingham in April of that year.

## Personal life

Jones married Donna on 28 June 2008 at Dromoland Castle, County Clare, Ireland. They live together in Cheshire. Donna gave birth to their first child on 10 April 2009, Daniel William Jones. Their second child, Alánnah Monica Jones on 14 November 2011. Their third child, Harrison Peter Jones on 23 February 2014 and their fourth child, William Christopher Jones was born on 22 September 2015.

## InfoBox

Chris Jones
| Birth name | Christopher Michael Jones |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1980-06-24) 24 June 1980 |
| Place of birth | Manchester, England |
| Height | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 111 kg (17 st 7 lb) |
| School | Stockport Grammar School |
| University | Sheffield Hallam University |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock / Flanker  Youth career  -  Altrincham Kersal  Fylde  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2001–2011 Sale Sharks  138  (90)  2011–2014 Worcester Warriors   ()  2014–2016 Yorkshire Carnegie   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2003–2007 England Saxons    2004–2007 England  12  (5) | |


title: Charles A. Hurley

abstract: Charles A. Hurley, commonly known as Chuck Hurley, is an American road safety campaigner. He was the Mothers Against Drunk Driving CEO from 2005-10.

text:
# Charles A. Hurley

**Charles A. Hurley**, commonly known as Chuck Hurley, is an American road safety campaigner. He was the Mothers Against Drunk Driving CEO from 2005-10.

## Early career

Hurley has a BA in Political Science from Dickinson College (1967). He was a US naval intelligence officer in Taipei, Taiwan, working as a Sino-Soviet analyst (1968–70), then was the special assistant to the mayor of Wilmington, Delaware (1970–71). He worked for the Republican politician William A. Steiger as his legislative assistant then director from 1971-77.

## Road safety

He was with the National Safety Council for around 20 years from 1977, and was senior vice-president of communications for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety from 1989 to 1996. He helped introduce the Click It or Ticket campaign in North Carolina when he was executive director of the Air Bag and Seat Belt Safety Campaign.

### MADD

He volunteered with MADD since 1980. When he became CEO of MADD in March 2005 (a position, which, according to its 990 form, did not exist in 2003), his aim was to reduce turnover in the organisation. One of his proposals was for all people convicted of a DUI to be made to use an ignition interlock device. Hurley was considered for nomination in April 2009 by President Obama to run the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), but Hurley withdrew his name. He retired in June 2010 and was replaced as CEO by Kimberly Earle. In his last year with MADD he was paid $248,082 and was further compensated $18,213 for "other compensation from the organization and related organizations." From 2005-2009 Hurley was compensated $1,182,803 not including other benefits such as expense accounts or pension contributions.


title: Rosvik

abstract: Rosvik is a locality situated in Piteå Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden with 1,735 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Rosvik

**Rosvik** is a locality situated in Piteå Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden with 1,735 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Rosvik | |
| --- | --- |
| RosvikRosvik | |
| Coordinates: 65°25′43″N 21°41′21″E / 65.42861°N 21.68917°E / 65.42861; 21.68917 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Norrbotten |
| County | Norrbotten County |
| Municipality | Piteå Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.93 km2 (0.75 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 1,735 |
| Density | 900/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


abstract: Lily Lake is a lake in Washington County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Lily Lake was named for its abundance of white waterlilies.

text:
# Lily Lake (Washington County, Minnesota)

**Lily Lake** is a lake in Washington County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Lily Lake was named for its abundance of white waterlilies.

## Naegleria fowleri

Two swimmers have died from *Naegleria fowleri* infection. The first death was in 2010, followed by a second case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in 2012. These are the northernmost cases in the United States of this infection.

## InfoBox

| Lilly Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Lilly LakeLilly Lake | |
| Location | Stillwater, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 45°02′54″N 92°49′24″W / 45.0483°N 92.8233°W / 45.0483; -92.8233 |
| Type | natural freshwater lake |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | northern section 2,190 feet (670 m) |
| Max. width | northern section 1,200 feet (370 m) |
| Surface area | 41 acres (17 ha) |
| Max. depth | 51 feet (16 m) |
| Surface elevation | 840 feet (260 m) |


title: Chrysotoxum bicinctum

abstract: Chrysotoxum bicinctum is a species of hoverfly.

text:
# Chrysotoxum bicinctum

***Chrysotoxum bicinctum*** is a species of hoverfly.

## Description

*Chrysotoxum bicinctum* can reach a length of about 10–13 millimetres (0.39–0.51 in). This species can be distinguished by the contrasting drawings and by the relatively narrow body shape. Thorax is glossy black with two gray longitudinal stripes. Body is relatively slim, the abdomen is long, oval and black with two light yellow bands (hence the Latin species name *bicinctum*). As in others Chrysotoxum species antennae are relatively long. They are dark, forward pointing and longer than the head. The head is large and wide and the face is yellow and almost flat. The legs are mainly yellow. The wings are transparent, with a large, dark brown spot near the wing tip.

The larvae are thought to feed on ant-attended root aphids. The adult flies can be found from May to September but they are commonest from mid-June to August. They visit a wide range of flowers.

## Distribution

Fennoscandia south to Iberia and the Mediterranean basin, through Central Europe and Southern Europe (Italy, the Balkans, Bulgaria) East into Turkey and European Russia then to central Siberia. It is widespread throughout Britain and Europe but normally encountered in small numbers.

## Habitat

Adults are usually found on the edges of woodland or scrub or along hedgerows.

## Bibliography

* Speight, M.C.D., Castella, E., Sarthou, J.-P. & Monteil, C. (eds.): Syrph the Net on CD, Issue 7. The database of European Syrphidae. ISSN 1393-4546. Syrph the Net Publications, Dublin.
* van Veen, M.P. Hoverflies of Northwest Europe KNNV Publishing 2004, ISBN 978-90-5011-199-7.
* Systema Dipterorum. Pape T. & Thompson F.C. (eds)
* Fauna Europaea

## InfoBox

| *Chrysotoxum bicinctum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Genus: | *Chrysotoxum* |
| Species: | ***C. bicinctum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chrysotoxum bicinctum***<br>(Linnaeus 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Jurisdictional error

abstract: Jurisdictional error is a concept in administrative law, particularly in the UK and Australia. Jurisdiction is the "authority to decide", and a jurisdictional error occurs when the extent of that authority is misconceived. Decisions affected by jurisdictional error can be quashed by judicial review. Examples of jurisdictional errors include asking a wrong question, ignoring relevant material, relying on irrelevant material, and breaching natural justice.

text:
# Jurisdictional error

**Jurisdictional error** is a concept in administrative law, particularly in the UK and Australia. Jurisdiction is the "authority to decide", and a jurisdictional error occurs when the extent of that authority is misconceived. Decisions affected by jurisdictional error can be quashed by judicial review. Examples of jurisdictional errors include asking a wrong question, ignoring relevant material, relying on irrelevant material, and breaching natural justice.

## Australia

In Australia, the definition of jurisdictional error can be found in High Court judgements.

Hayne J has defined jurisdictional error in the following terms:

> The difficulty of drawing a bright line between jurisdictional error and error in the exercise of jurisdiction should not be permitted, however, to obscure the difference that is illustrated by considering clear cases of each species of error. *There is a jurisdictional error if the decision maker makes a decision outside the limits of the functions and powers conferred on him or her, or does something which he or she lacks power to do.* By contrast, incorrectly deciding something which the decision maker is authorised to decide is an error within jurisdiction.

A more specific definition of Jurisdictional error is defined as follows:

> Jurisdictional error is at its most obvious where the inferior court purports to act wholly or partly outside the general area of its jurisdiction in the sense of entertaining a matter or making a decision or order of a kind which wholly or partly lies outside the theoretical limits of its functions and powers.

The power of superior courts to respond to jurisdictional error by issuing the prerogative writs is entrenched in Australia's constitution:

> \[T\]he jurisdiction of this Court to grant relief under s 75(v) of the Constitution cannot be removed by or under a law made by the Parliament. Specifically, *the jurisdiction to grant s 75(v) relief where there has been jurisdictional error by an officer of the Commonwealth cannot be removed*.

However, the term has been subject to criticism. In 2008, Kirby J held:

> The classification is conclusory. It is very difficult to define and to apply. In recent years it has been substantially discarded by English legal doctrine. Jurisdictional error is nearly impossible to explain to lay people even though the Constitution (including the central provisions in s 75(v)) belongs to them. Most non-lawyers would regard it as a lawyer's fancy.

### Types

Mark Aronson identifies eight categories of jurisdictional error:

* A mistaken assertion or denial of the very existence of jurisdiction
* A misapprehension or disregard of the nature or limits of the decision-maker's functions or powers
* Acting wholly or partly outside the general area of the decision-maker's jurisdiction, by entertaining issues or making the types of decisions or order which are forbidden under any circumstances. An example is a civil court trying a criminal charge.
* Mistakes as to the existence of a jurisdictional fact or other requirement when the relevant act treats that fact or requirement as something which must exist objectively as a condition precedent to the validity of the challenged decision.
* Disregarding relevant considerations or paying regard to irrelevant considerations, if the proper construction of the relevant act is that such errors result in invalidity.
* Errors of law, although where the decision-maker is an inferior court or other legally qualified adjudicative body, the error will probably have to be such that it amounts to a misconception of the nature of the function being performed or of the body's powers.
* Acting in bad faith
* Breaching the hearing or bias rules of natural justice

This list is non-exhaustive, as these grounds lead to invalidity and therefore jurisdictional error.

Jurisdictional error is a separate ground of review under the ADJR Act, sought on the ground "that the person who purported to make the decision did not have jurisdiction to make the decision". The nine statutory grounds of review provided for in s 5 of the ADJR Act overlap substantially with the concept of jurisdictional error at common law. Jurisdictional error can "be seen to embrace a number of different kinds of errors" administered in an administrative tribunal. As such, the circumstances of a particular case may permit more than one characterisation."

## Canada

Canadian administrative law has a similar set of concepts called *substantive review* which incorporates most of the criteria of jurisdictional error.

## Singapore

In Singapore they are known as "precedent fact errors" but work effectively like the United Kingdom jurisprudence.

## Hong Kong

Judicial review in Hong Kong is effectively the English system and is enshrined in Article 35 of the constitution.

## United Kingdom

In the UK, the House of Lords has held they are "... an incorrect interpretation of a statutory phrase by the ... authorities \[that\] amounted to an error of law that was judicially reviewable".

As with Canada, judicial review in Scotland does not use the term but holds many of the concepts in their judicial review system.

### Grounds

In the CCSU Case, Lord Diplock suggests that the grounds can be reduced to three or four broad concepts – *illegality*, *irrationality*, *procedural impropriety* and *proportionality*.

## Other countries

The term *jurisdictional error* is not used in:

1. *Abebe v Commonwealth* \[1999\] HCA 14; (1999) 197 CLR 510, 524.
2. *Bowser v Collins* 1482, YB22EDIV fol30 pl11.
3. *Craig v South Australia* \[1995\] HCA 58
4. *Re Refugee Review Tribunal*; *Ex parte Aala* \[2000\] HCA 57.
5. Craig v South Australia \[1995\] HCA 58.
6. *Plaintiff S157/2002 v The Commonwealth* \[2003\] HCA 2 \[98\] (Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ)
7. *Kirk v Industrial Relations Commission* \[2010\] HCA 1 \[95\] (French CJ, Gummow, Hayne, Crennan, Kiefel and Bell JJ)
8. *Commissioner of Taxation v Futuris Corporation Limited* \[2008\] HCA 32 \[129\]
9. M Aronson, B Dyer and M Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action 4th ed, 2009, \[1.90\].
10. *Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977* (Cth) s 5
11. "Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for Civil Service"\[1985\] AC 374.
12. "Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf" \[2001\] HCA 30
13. *Lau Seng Poh v. Controller of Immigration* \[1985–1986\] S.L.R.(R.) 180, H.C. (Singapore).
14. *Edwards v. Bairstow* \[1955\] UKHL 3, \[1956\] A.C. 14
15. Rules of Court (Scotland) Chapter 58
16. *Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service* \[1985\] AC 374.
17. Günther Doeker-Mach, Guenther Doeker-Mach, Klaus A. Ziegert, 'Law and Legal Culture in Comparative Perspective' (Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004) page 291.


title: The Springs International School

abstract: The Springs International School is an English medium school located in Tana, a village on the Nilambur to Calicut Nilambur Gudallur state highway in Kerala, India. It was established in 2012.

text:
# The Springs International School

**The Springs International School** is an English medium school located in Tana, a village on the Nilambur to Calicut Nilambur Gudallur state highway in Kerala, India. It was established in 2012.

## InfoBox

| The Springs International School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Tana, Mambad, Kerala<br>India | |
| Coordinates | 11°14′56″N 76°11′31″E / 11.2488°N 76.1919°E / 11.2488; 76.1919 |
| Information | |
| Type | International School |
| Chairman | Dr.Siyad |
| Principal | Ms. Chitrakala K. |
| Grades | From KG to Class 10 |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Campus | Springs Village |
| Website | www.thespringsschool.in |