title: Semi-Thue system

abstract: In theoretical computer science and mathematical logic a string rewriting system (SRS), historically called a semi-Thue system, is a rewriting system over strings from a alphabet. Given a binary relation R between fixed strings over the alphabet, called rewrite rules, denoted by s → t, an SRS extends the rewriting relation to all strings in which the left- and right-hand side of the rules appear as substrings, that is u s v → u t v, where s, t, u, and v are strings. The notion of a semi-Thue system essentially coincides with the presentation of a monoid. Thus they constitute a natural framework for solving the word problem for monoids and groups. An SRS can be defined directly as an abstract rewriting system. It can also be seen as a restricted kind of a term rewriting system, in which all function symbols have an arity of at most 1. As a formalism, string rewriting systems are Turing complete. The semi-Thue name comes from the Norwegian mathematician Axel Thue, who introduced systematic treatment of string rewriting systems in a 1914 paper. Thue introduced this notion hoping to solve the word problem for finitely presented semigroups. Only in 1947 was the problem shown to be undecidable— this result was obtained independently by Emil Post and A. A. Markov Jr.

text:
# Semi-Thue system

In theoretical computer science and mathematical logic a **string rewriting system** (**SRS**), historically called a **semi-Thue system**, is a rewriting system over strings from a (usually finite) alphabet. Given a binary relation $R$ between fixed strings over the alphabet, called **rewrite rules**, denoted by $s\rightarrow t$, an SRS extends the rewriting relation to all strings in which the left- and right-hand side of the rules appear as substrings, that is $usv\rightarrow utv$, where $s$, $t$, $u$, and $v$ are strings.

The notion of a semi-Thue system essentially coincides with the presentation of a monoid. Thus they constitute a natural framework for solving the word problem for monoids and groups.

An SRS can be defined directly as an abstract rewriting system. It can also be seen as a restricted kind of a term rewriting system, in which all function symbols have an arity of at most 1. As a formalism, string rewriting systems are Turing complete. The semi-Thue name comes from the Norwegian mathematician Axel Thue, who introduced systematic treatment of string rewriting systems in a 1914 paper. Thue introduced this notion hoping to solve the word problem for finitely presented semigroups. Only in 1947 was the problem shown to be undecidable this result was obtained independently by Emil Post and A. A. Markov Jr.

## Definition

A **string rewriting system** or **semi-Thue system** is a tuple $(\Sigma ,R)$ where

* $\Sigma $ is an alphabet, usually assumed finite. The elements of the set $\Sigma ^{\*}$ (\* is the Kleene star here) are finite (possibly empty) strings on $\Sigma $, sometimes called *words* in formal languages; we will simply call them strings here.
* $R$ is a binary relation on strings from $\Sigma $, i.e., $R\subseteq \Sigma ^{\*}\times \Sigma ^{\*}.$ Each element $(u,v)\in R$ is called a *(rewriting) rule* and is usually written $u\rightarrow v$.

If the relation $R$ is symmetric, then the system is called a **Thue system**.

The rewriting rules in $R$ can be naturally extended to other strings in $\Sigma ^{\*}$ by allowing substrings to be rewritten according to $R$. More formally, the **one-step rewriting relation** relation $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]$ induced by $R$ on $\Sigma ^{\*}$ for any strings $s,t\in \Sigma ^{\*}$:

$s{\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{}t}$ if and only if there exist $x,y,u,v\in \Sigma ^{\*}$ such that $s=xuy$, $t=xvy$, and $u\rightarrow v$.

Since $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]$ is a relation on $\Sigma ^{\*}$, the pair $(\Sigma ^{\*},{\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{})}$ fits the definition of an abstract rewriting system. Obviously $R$ is a subset of $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]$. Some authors use a different notation for the arrow in $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]$ (e.g. $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]$) in order to distinguish it from $R$ itself ( $\rightarrow $) because they later want to be able to drop the subscript and still avoid confusion between $R$ and the one-step rewrite induced by $R$.

Clearly in a semi-Thue system we can form a (finite or infinite) sequence of strings produced by starting with an initial string $s\_{0}\in \Sigma ^{\*}$ and repeatedly rewriting it by making one substring-replacement at a time:

$$s\_{0}\ {\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{}\ s\_{1}\ {\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{}\ s\_{2}\ {\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{}\ \ldots }}}$$

A zero-or-more-steps rewriting like this is captured by the reflexive transitive closure of $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]$, denoted by $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{\*}$ (see abstract rewriting system#Basic notions). This is called the **rewriting relation** or **reduction relation** on $\Sigma ^{\*}$ induced by $R$.

## Thue congruence

In general, the set $\Sigma ^{\*}$ of strings on an alphabet forms a free monoid together with the binary operation of string concatenation (denoted as $\cdot $ and written multiplicatively by dropping the symbol). In a SRS, the reduction relation $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{\*}$ is compatible with the monoid operation, meaning that $x{\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{\*}y}$ implies $uxv{\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{\*}uyv}$ for all strings $x,y,u,v\in \Sigma ^{\*}$. Since $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{\*}$ is by definition a preorder, $\left(\Sigma ^{\*},\cdot ,{\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{\*}\right)}$ forms a monoidal preorder.

Similarly, the reflexive transitive symmetric closure of $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]$, denoted $\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}$ (see abstract rewriting system#Basic notions), is a congruence, meaning it is an equivalence relation (by definition) and it is also compatible with string concatenation. The relation $\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}$ is called the **Thue congruence** generated by R. In a Thue system, i.e. if R is symmetric, the rewrite relation $\xrightarrow\[{R}\]{\*}$ coincides with the Thue congruence $\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}$.

## Factor monoid and monoid presentations

Since $\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}$ is a congruence, we can define the **factor monoid** $\mathcal {M}\_{R}=\Sigma ^{\*}/{\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}}$ of the free monoid $\Sigma ^{\*}$ by the Thue congruence in the usual manner. If a monoid $\mathcal {M}$ is isomorphic with $\mathcal {M}\_{R}$, then the semi-Thue system $(\Sigma ,R)$ is called a monoid presentation of $\mathcal {M}$.

We immediately get some very useful connections with other areas of algebra. For example, the alphabet {*a*, *b*} with the rules { *ab* → ε, *ba* → ε }, where ε is the empty string, is a presentation of the free group on one generator. If instead the rules are just { *ab* → ε }, then we obtain a presentation of the bicyclic monoid.

The importance of semi-Thue systems as presentation of monoids is made stronger by the following:

**Theorem**: Every monoid has a presentation of the form $(\Sigma ,R)$, thus it may be always be presented by a semi-Thue system, possibly over an infinite alphabet.

In this context, the set $\Sigma $ is called the **set of generators** of $\mathcal {M}$, and $R$ is called the set of **defining relations** $\mathcal {M}$. We can immediately classify monoids based on their presentation. $\mathcal {M}$ is called

* **finitely generated** if $\Sigma $ is finite.
* **finitely presented** if both $\Sigma $ and $R$ are finite.

## Undecidability of the word problem

Post proved the word problem (for semigroups) to be undecidable in general, essentially by reducing the halting problem for Turing machines to an instance of the word problem.

Concretely, Post devised an encoding as a finite string of the state of a Turing machine plus tape, such that the actions of this machine can be carried out by a string rewrite system acting on this string encoding. The alphabet of the encoding has one set of letters $S\_{0},S\_{1},\dotsc ,S\_{m}$ for symbols on the tape (where $S\_{0}$ means blank), another set of letters $q\_{1},\dotsc ,q\_{r}$ for states of the Turing machine, and finally three letters $q\_{r+1},q\_{r+2},h$ that have special roles in the encoding. $q\_{r+1}$ and $q\_{r+2}$ are intuitively extra internal states of the Turing machine which it transitions to when halting, whereas $h$ marks the end of the non-blank part of the tape; a machine reaching an $h$ should behave the same as if there was a blank there, and the $h$ was in the next cell. The strings that are valid encodings of Turing machine states start with an $h$, followed by zero or more symbol letters, followed by exactly one internal state letter $q\_{i}$ (which encodes the state of the machine), followed by one or more symbol letters, followed by an ending $h$. The symbol letters are straight off the contents of the tape, and the internal state letter marks the position of the head; the symbol after the internal state letter is that in the cell currently under the head of the Turing machine.

A transition where the machine upon being in state $q\_{i}$ and seeing the symbol $S\_{k}$ writes back symbol $S\_{l}$, moves right, and transitions to state $q\_{j}$ is implemented by the rewrite

$$q\_{i}S\_{k}\to S\_{l}q\_{j}$$

whereas that transition instead moving to the left is implemented by the rewrite

$$S\_{p}q\_{i}S\_{k}\to q\_{j}S\_{p}S\_{l}$$

with one instance for each symbol $S\_{p}$ in that cell to the left. In the case that we reach the end of the visited portion of the tape, we use instead

$hq\_{i}S\_{k}\to hq\_{j}S\_{0}S\_{l}$,

lengthening the string by one letter. Because all rewrites involve one internal state letter $q\_{i}$, the valid encodings only contain one such letter, and each rewrite produces exactly one such letter, the rewrite process exactly follows the run of the Turing machine encoded. This proves that string rewrite systems are Turing complete.

The reason for having two halted symbols $q\_{r+1}$ and $q\_{r+2}$ is that we want all halting Turing machines to terminate at the same *total* state, not just a particular *internal* state. This requires clearing the tape after halting, so $q\_{r+1}$ eats the symbol on it left until reaching the $h$, where it transitions into $q\_{r+2}$ which instead eats the symbol on its right. (In this phase the string rewrite system no longer simulates a Turing machine, since that cannot remove cells from the tape.) After all symbols are gone, we have reached the terminal string $hq\_{r+2}h$.

A decision procedure for the word problem would then also yield a procedure for deciding whether the given Turing machine terminates when started in a particular total state $t$, by testing whether $t$ and $hq\_{r+2}h$ belong to the same congruence class with respect to this string rewrite system. Technically, we have the following:

**Lemma.** Let $M$ be a deterministic Turing machine and $R$ be the string rewrite system implementing $M$, as described above. Then $M$ will halt when started from the total state encoded as $t$ if and only if $t\mathrel {\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow } hq\_{r+2}h}}$ (that is to say, if and only if $t$ and $hq\_{r+2}h$ are Thue congruent for $R$).

That $t\mathrel {\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\rightarrow } hq\_{r+2}h}}$ if $M$ halts when started from $t$ is immediate from the construction of $R$ (simply running $M$ until it halts constructs a proof of $t\mathrel {\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\rightarrow } hq\_{r+2}h}}$), but $\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}$ also allows the Turing machine $M$ to take steps backwards. Here it becomes relevant that $M$ is deterministic, because then the forward steps are all unique; in a $\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}$ walk from $t$ to $hq\_{r+2}h$ the last backward step must be followed by its counterpart as a forward step, so these two cancel, and by induction all backward steps can be eliminated from such a walk. Hence if $M$ does *not* halt when started from $t$, i.e., if we do *not* have $t\mathrel {\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\rightarrow } hq\_{r+2}h}}$, then we also do *not* have $t\mathrel {\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow } hq\_{r+2}h}}$. Therefore, deciding $\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}$ tells us the answer to the halting problem for $M$.

An apparent limitation of this argument is that in order to produce a semigroup $\Sigma ^{\*}{\big /}{\overset {\*}{\underset {R}{\leftrightarrow }}}$ with undecidable word problem, one must first have a concrete example of a Turing machine $M$ for which the halting problem is undecidable, but the various Turing machines figuring in the proof of the undecidability of the general halting problem all have as component a hypothetical Turing machine solving the halting problem, so none of those machines can actually exist; all that proves is that there is *some* Turing machine for which the decision problem is undecidable. However, that there is some Turing machine with undecidable halting problem means that the halting problem for a *universal* Turing machine is undecidable (since that can simulate any Turing machine), and concrete examples of universal Turing machines have been constructed.

## Connections with other notions

A semi-Thue system is also a term-rewriting systemone that has monadic words (functions) ending in the same variable as the left- and right-hand side terms, e.g. a term rule $f\_{2}(f\_{1}(x))\rightarrow g(x)$ is equivalent to the string rule $f\_{1}f\_{2}\rightarrow g$.

A semi-Thue system is also a special type of Post canonical system, but every Post canonical system can also be reduced to an SRS. Both formalisms are Turing complete, and thus equivalent to Noam Chomsky's unrestricted grammars, which are sometimes called *semi-Thue grammars*. A formal grammar only differs from a semi-Thue system by the separation of the alphabet into terminals and non-terminals, and the fixation of a starting symbol amongst non-terminals. A minority of authors actually define a semi-Thue system as a triple $(\Sigma ,A,R)$, where $A\subseteq \Sigma ^{\*}$ is called the *set of axioms*. Under this "generative" definition of semi-Thue system, an unrestricted grammar is just a semi-Thue system with a single axiom in which one partitions the alphabet into terminals and non-terminals, and makes the axiom a nonterminal. The simple artifice of partitioning the alphabet into terminals and non-terminals is a powerful one; it allows the definition of the Chomsky hierarchy based on what combination of terminals and non-terminals the rules contain. This was a crucial development in the theory of formal languages.

In quantum computing, the notion of a quantum Thue system can be developed. Since quantum computation is intrinsically reversible, the rewriting rules over the alphabet $\Sigma $ are required to be bidirectional (i.e. the underlying system is a Thue system, not a semi-Thue system). On a subset of alphabet characters $Q\subseteq \Sigma $ one can attach a Hilbert space $\mathbb {C} ^{d}$, and a rewriting rule taking a substring to another one can carry out a unitary operation on the tensor product of the Hilbert space attached to the strings; this implies that they preserve the number of characters from the set $Q$. Similar to the classical case one can show that a quantum Thue system is a universal computational model for quantum computation, in the sense that the executed quantum operations correspond to uniform circuit classes (such as those in BQP when e.g. guaranteeing termination of the string rewriting rules within polynomially many steps in the input size), or equivalently a Quantum Turing machine.

## History and importance

Semi-Thue systems were developed as part of a program to add additional constructs to logic, so as to create systems such as propositional logic, that would allow general mathematical theorems to be expressed in a formal language, and then proven and verified in an automatic, mechanical fashion. The hope was that the act of theorem proving could then be reduced to a set of defined manipulations on a set of strings. It was subsequently realized that semi-Thue systems are isomorphic to unrestricted grammars, which in turn are known to be isomorphic to Turing machines. This method of research succeeded and now computers can be used to verify the proofs of mathematic and logical theorems.

At the suggestion of Alonzo Church, Emil Post in a paper published in 1947, first proved "a certain Problem of Thue" to be unsolvable, what Martin Davis states as "...the first unsolvability proof for a problem from classical mathematics -- in this case the word problem for semigroups."

Davis also asserts that the proof was offered independently by A. A. Markov.

### Monographs

### Textbooks

* Martin Davis, Ron Sigal, Elaine J. Weyuker, *Computability, complexity, and languages: fundamentals of theoretical computer science*, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 1994, ISBN 0-12-206382-1, chapter 7
* Elaine Rich, *Automata, computability and complexity: theory and applications*, Prentice Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-228806-0, chapter 23.5.

### Surveys

* Samson Abramsky, Dov M. Gabbay, Thomas S. E. Maibaum (ed.), *Handbook of Logic in Computer Science: Semantic modelling*, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-853780-8.
* Grzegorz Rozenberg, Arto Salomaa (ed.), *Handbook of Formal Languages: Word, language, grammar*, Springer, 1997, ISBN 3-540-60420-0.

### Landmark papers


title: Chena Ridge, Alaska

abstract: Chena Ridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. It is the location of the former city (1903-73) of Chena, now a ghost town that once rivaled nearby Fairbanks in importance. One of the new CDPs created in 2010 in Alaska, Chena Ridge is now a western suburb of Fairbanks, located between the George Parks Highway and the Tanana River. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 6,015, up from 5,791 in 2010. Chena Ridge is the ninth-most populated CDP in Alaska.

text:
# Chena Ridge, Alaska

**Chena Ridge** (Lower Tanana: *Khotughee'oden*) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. It is the location of the former city (1903-73) of Chena, now a ghost town that once rivaled nearby Fairbanks in importance.

One of the new CDPs created in 2010 in Alaska, Chena Ridge is now a western suburb of Fairbanks, located between the George Parks Highway and the Tanana River.

As of the 2020 Census, the population was 6,015, up from 5,791 in 2010. Chena Ridge is the ninth-most populated CDP in Alaska.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 5,791 |  |  |
| 2020 | 6,015 |  | 3.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Chena Ridge first appeared on the 2010 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP). The population density was 158.8 people per square mile.

The racial makeup of the place was 74.8% White, 1.4% Black or African American, 10.6% Native American or Alaska Native, 1.1% Asian, 0.0%, Pacific Islander and 8.8% two or more races. In addition, 4.6% of the population identified as Hispanic or Latino.

64°49′54″N 147°55′42″W / 64.83167°N 147.92833°W / 64.83167; -147.92833

## InfoBox

| Chena Ridge, Alaska Khotughee'oden | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Chena Marina Airport, a floatplane base in Chena Ridge, west across the Chena River from Fairbanks International Airport (2013) | |
| Location within Fairbanks North Star Borough and the U.S. state of Alaska | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Fairbanks North Star |
| Government | |
| Borough mayor | Bryce J. Ward |
| State senator | Click Bishop () |
| State rep. | Ashley Carrick () |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.86 sq mi (95.47 km2) |
| Land | 36.45 sq mi (94.41 km2) |
| Water | 0.41 sq mi (1.05 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 6,015 |
| Density | 165.01/sq mi (63.71/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−9 (AKST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−8 (AKDT) |
| FIPS code | 02-12920 |


title: Rhondda Jones

abstract: Rhondda Elizabeth Jones was the first Professor of Zoology and the first female professor at James Cook University, and served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor from 1997 to 2000. Professor Jones was previously the Chair of the Academic Board of James Cook University. In 2019 she is Director, Research Development in the division of Tropical Health & Medicine at James Cook University. Rhondda Jones was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2020 Queen’s Birthday Honours List.

text:
# Rhondda Jones

**Rhondda Elizabeth Jones** AM (born 2 November 1945) was the first Professor of Zoology and the first female professor at James Cook University, and served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor from 1997 to 2000. Professor Jones was previously the Chair of the Academic Board of James Cook University. In 2019 she is Director, Research Development in the division of Tropical Health & Medicine at James Cook University.

Rhondda Jones was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2020 Queen’s Birthday Honours List.


title: Siccyna

abstract: Siccyna is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Nye in 1975.

text:
# Siccyna

***Siccyna*** is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Nye in 1975.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Siccyna* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Siccyna***<br>Nye, 1975 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cynisca* Fawcett, 1918 | |


title: 1558 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1558 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

## Works published

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 |
| *+...* |


title: Diuris laevis

abstract: Diuris laevis, commonly known as the nanny goat orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has between four and eight leaves and up to six pale yellow flowers which usually have reddish-brown markings. It has an unusually short dorsal sepal and wide labellum and is relatively common between Bunbury and Albany.

text:
# Diuris laevis

***Diuris laevis***, commonly known as the **nanny goat orchid**, is a species of orchid that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has between four and eight leaves and up to six pale yellow flowers which usually have reddish-brown markings. It has an unusually short dorsal sepal and wide labellum and is relatively common between Bunbury and Albany.

## Description

*Diuris laevis* is a tuberous, perennial herb with between four and eight spirally twisted leaves 50–120 mm (2–5 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) wide. Up to eight pale yellow flowers usually with reddish brown markings, 20–35 mm (0.8–1 in) long and 18–30 mm (0.7–1 in) wide are borne on a flowering stem 200–350 mm (8–10 in) tall. The dorsal sepal is angled upwards, 9–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long, 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide and tapered. The lateral sepals project forwards 17–22 mm (0.7–0.9 in) long, 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. The petals are erect, spread apart from each other, egg-shaped, 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long and 7–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide on a brown stalk 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long. The labellum is 13–16 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long and has three lobes. The centre lobe is broadly egg-shaped, 11–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long and 12–14 mm (0.5–0.6 in) wide. The side lobes are 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide with toothed edges. There are two flattened callus ridges 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long near the mid-line of the labellum. Flowering occurs in October and November, more prolifically after fire.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Diuris laevis* was first formally described in 1882 by Robert FitzGerald and the description was published in *The Gardeners' Chronicle*. The specific epithet (*laevis*) is a Latin word meaning "smooth", "polished" or "bald".

## Distribution and habitat

The nanny goat orchid grows in winter-wet areas and in swamps, often in large numbers between Bunbury and Albany in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Warren biogeographic regions.

## Conservation

*Diuris laevis* is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Media related to *Diuris laevis* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Nanny goat orchid | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Diuris laevis* near Madfish Bay in the William Bay National Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Diurideae |
| Genus: | *Diuris* |
| Species: | ***D. laevis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diuris laevis***<br>Fitzg. | |
|


title: Th (album)

abstract: Th is an album by the Glenn Spearman–John Heward Group, led by saxophonist Spearman and drummer Heward, and featuring saxophonist Christopher Cauley, violinist David Prentice, and bassist Dominic Duval. It was recorded on May 21 and 22, 1997, at the Spirit Room in Rossie, New York, and was released later that year by the CIMP label.

text:
# Th (album)

***Th*** is an album by the Glenn Spearman–John Heward Group, led by saxophonist Spearman and drummer Heward, and featuring saxophonist Christopher Cauley, violinist David Prentice, and bassist Dominic Duval. It was recorded on May 21 and 22, 1997, at the Spirit Room in Rossie, New York, and was released later that year by the CIMP label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

The authors of *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* called the group "remarkable," and praised the track titled "Summoning," describing it as "extraordinary" and having no precedent in Spearman's or Heward's work to date.

Duck Baker of *JazzTimes* wrote: "The instrumentation and approach sometimes evoke Ayler groups, which would be dangerous in the case of lesser players, but here all comparisons end favorably... For a time it seemed as if the cathartic first flowering of free jazz couldn't for some reason sustain further growth. This beautiful record is spectacular evidence to the contrary."

In a review for *All About Jazz*, Derek Taylor stated: "The malleability of the players' associations reflects directly on the music they create. Each man is comfortable contributing to the ensemble space just as easily as he is pulling out the stops through individual solos. What this translates into for the disc is an unflagging level of diversity in its contents."

## Track listing

1. "Irreversible Blues" (Spearman) – 10:42
2. "Gathering the Ancestors" (Heward) – 7:51
3. "3 For John" (Spearman) – 8:59
4. "Summoning" (Spearman/Heward) – 5:04
5. "Arista Africanapata" (Spearman) – 9:30
6. "Moment in Time" (Duval) – 10:01
7. "Stone Soup" (Heward) – 6:17
8. "Initiation" (Spearman) – 5:39
9. "The Natural Thing" (Cauley, Prentice, Duval, Spearman, Heward) – 7:17

## Personnel

* Glenn Spearman – tenor saxophone, kalimba (track 4), vocals (track 4)
* John Heward – drums, percussion (track 4), vocals (track 4)
* Christopher Cauley – alto saxophone (tracks 1–2, 5–7, 9)
* David Prentice – violin, viola (tracks 1–3, 6, 7)
* Dominic Duval – bass (tracks 1–3, 5–9)

## InfoBox

| Th | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Glenn Spearman–John Heward Group | |
| Released | 1997 |
| Recorded | May 21 and 22, 1997 |
| Studio | The Spirit Room, Rossie, New York |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Label | CIMP
148 |
| Producer | Robert D. Rusch |
| Glenn Spearman chronology | |
| *Surya: Up*
(1996) ***Th***
(1997) *Let it Go*
(1997) | |


title: Scott Horscroft

abstract: Scott Horscroft is an Australian music producer/sound engineer, the owner of The Grove Studios and an Executive A&R Consultant for Universal Music Australia

text:
# Scott Horscroft

**Scott Horscroft** (born 27 October 1977) is an Australian music producer/sound engineer, the owner of The Grove Studios and an Executive A&R Consultant for Universal Music Australia

## Career

In 1999 Horscroft completed a bachelor's degree of Fine Arts with Honours, studying Sculpture Installation and Performance Art and Electronic Arts, at Sydney College of the Arts. In 2003, Horscroft released the experimental début album, *8 Guitars*.

As a producer and engineer, Horscroft started out in the Surry Hills-based studio Big Jesus Burger (BJB) from 2003 to 2012. Joining EMI Music Australia in 2011 as Vice President of A&R, and then General Manager of A&R from 2013.

In 2013 he acquired The Grove Studios on the NSW Central Coast.

## Awards

At the 2008 ARIA Music Awards he received three nominations, 'Producer of the Year' for his work on The Panics' *Cruel Guards*, and two for 'Engineer of the Year' for *Cruel Guards* and The Presets' *Apocalypso*. In 2010 he received an ARIA nomination for 'Producer of the Year', jointly with Adam Spark, for Birds of Tokyo's self-titled third album. At the ARIA Music Awards in 2012 he was nominated for 'Engineer of the Year' for his work on 360's *Falling & Flying*. Horscroft also produced 2015 ARIA Award winning album by Melbourne's Oh Mercy, *When We Talk About Love*.

## InfoBox

| Scott Horscroft | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1977-10-23) 23 October 1977<br>Australia |
| Occupation(s) | Record producer, musician, A&R |
| Years active | 1989–present |


title: Familial multiple intestinal atresia

abstract: Familial multiple intestinal atresia (FMIA) or familial intestinal polyatresia syndrome (FIPA) is an inherited disorder where atresia occurs at multiple locations throughout the small and large intestines. It presents at birth and the prognosis is very poor with almost all those diagnosed with this condition dying with one month. It may be associated with combined immunodeficiency.

text:
# Familial multiple intestinal atresia

**Familial multiple intestinal atresia** (FMIA) or **familial intestinal polyatresia syndrome** (FIPA) is an inherited disorder where atresia occurs at multiple locations throughout the small and large intestines. It presents at birth and the prognosis is very poor with almost all those diagnosed with this condition dying with one month. It may be associated with combined immunodeficiency.

## Presentation

In this disorder lesions can occur anywhere from the stomach to the anus. The clinical presentation depends on the location of the lesions(s).

## Genetics

The underlying lesion in this condition appears to be a mutation in the TTC7A gene. This gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2p16).

## Diagnosis

## Treatment

## History

This disorder was first described in 1971.

## InfoBox

| Familial multiple intestinal atresia | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Familial intestinal polyatresia syndrome |


title: Semi-Tarrasch Defense

abstract:
The Semi-Tarrasch Defense is a chess opening characterized by the following moves:
  - 1. d4 d5
  - 2. c4 e6
  - 3. Nc3 Nf6
  - 4. Nf3 c5 The Semi-Tarrasch is a variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined.

text:
# Semi-Tarrasch Defense

The **Semi-Tarrasch Defense** is a chess opening characterized by the following moves:

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Nf3 c5

The Semi-Tarrasch is a variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined (*ECO* codes D40 through D42).

## General concepts

Unlike the regular Tarrasch, in the Semi-Tarrasch Defense Black does not accept an isolated pawn, since they intend to recapture on d5 with the knight (as after 5.cxd5, 5...exd5 has long been known to be dubious after 6.Bg5), but they cede a spatial advantage to White. The intended recapture with the f6-knight prevents Black from seamlessly transposing to the Semi-Tarrasch if White has played 4.Bg5.

After 4...c5, White usually plays 5.cxd5 Nxd5 6.e3 or 6.e4, which leads to different types of middlegame play and has attracted the interest of strong players with both colors since the early twentieth century.

## Symmetrical Variation

In this line, White forgoes the fianchetto, with its direct play against d5, opting to keep central tension for the moment by playing 5.e3, after which 5...Nc6 is the normal continuation. From this position, White may choose to inflict the isolated pawn on Black, accept the weakness themselves in return for active piece play, or play 6.a3, with a view to dxc5, followed by b4 and Bb2, aiming for positions in which the extra tempo will come in useful if Black keeps the symmetry; thus, 6...Ne4, once chosen by Bobby Fischer in his Candidates Match with Tigran Petrosian in 1971, gives a different turn. This opening was also used by Ding Liren against Hikaru Nakamura in their last game of the 2022 Candidates Tournament, the former would later on qualify for the World Chess Championship with this victory and later on becoming the World Chess Champion.

Symmetrical Variation has *ECO* code D40.

* Collins, Sam (2005), *Understanding the Chess Openings*, Gambit Publications, ISBN 1-904600-28-X
* de Firmian, Nick (2008), *Modern Chess Openings* (15th ed.), McKay, ISBN 978-0-8129-3682-7

## InfoBox

Semi-Tarrasch Defense
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Moves | 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 c5 |
| *ECO* | D40–D42 |
| Named after | Siegbert Tarrasch |
| Parent | Queen's Gambit Declined |


title: Smart Bomb (video game)

abstract: Smart Bomb is a timed puzzle video game for the PSP developed by Core Design. It was one of the first video games to be released on the PSP and was at first set to be a big game, yet many control flaws and repetition of levels meant that it was a relatively low selling game. This is the last game Core Design worked on before it was renamed Rebellion Derby the following year; R.D. would close its doors in March 2010. The aim of the game is to defuse a bomb on the screen while the timer counts down, each level is divided into tiers that get closer to the core of the bomb and once successfully defused the player moves on to the next level.

text:
# Smart Bomb (video game)

***Smart Bomb*** is a timed puzzle video game for the PSP developed by Core Design. It was one of the first video games to be released on the PSP and was at first set to be a big game, yet many control flaws and repetition of levels meant that it was a relatively low selling game. This is the last game Core Design worked on before it was renamed Rebellion Derby the following year; R.D. would close its doors in March 2010.

The aim of the game is to defuse a bomb on the screen while the timer counts down, each level is divided into tiers that get closer to the core of the bomb and once successfully defused the player moves on to the next level.

## Gameplay

The player is a member of a fictitious Counter Terrorist Unit, who must defuse bombs found in various locations. Each bomb is rigged with a number of puzzles that all must be completed before the timer on the bomb goes off, and thus ending the game.

The player may select the order of the puzzles within each bomb to attempt. There are several different types of puzzles available in the game, including:

* Tile connections: The player must rotate tiles in order to make connections between several pairs of terminals on the outside of the board. While the player is attempting to do this, the bomb will randomly flip tiles around, which the player will need to undo.
* Marble maneuvering: One or more marbles must be guided by tilting the platform the marbles are on to direct them into special locations. There are obstacles such as laser barriers or fans that block paths that must be turned off by directing a marble into special slots (which are then locked to prevent movement while the board is tilted) in order to allow a marble to pass through.
* Gears and belts: The player must arrange a series of gears and belts between gears such that when a handle is turned, the critical gears (one or more depending on the puzzle) must turn at the same time. Some components are fixed in place and must be maneuvered around.
* Lasers and mirrors: The player must arrange a series of mirrors to guide lasers to specific target points on the board. Like the Gears and Belts puzzle, some components are fixed and must be maneuvered around.
* Robot programming: The player must create an arrangement of commands (such as "go forward" or "turn right") to be given to a robot such that the robot will collect all target items on a track in one shot.

While working with these puzzles, special bonuses will pop up and can be collected if the player is fast enough. These power-ups include score bonuses and extra time for completing all the puzzles within the bomb.

There are also special optional puzzles that can also be completed for bonuses.

## Reception

*Smart Bomb* received generally negative reviews, with only a 45/100 from cumulative reviews on Metacritic and 49% for cumulative reviews on GameRankings. IGN states that the game is aimed at being as fast-paced and frantic as *WarioWare*, but is heavy with complex puzzles instead of quick brain-teasers. GameSpot notes several technical issues with the game sucha as the game's presentation and sluggish controls.

## InfoBox

| Smart Bomb | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Core Design |
| Publisher(s) | Eidos Interactive |
| Designer(s) | Jamie Morton |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation Portable |
| Release | * NA: May 10, 2005 * JP: June 16, 2005 |
| Genre(s) | Strategy, puzzle |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Shiori Kanzaki

abstract: Shiori Kanzaki is a Japanese actress. She is best known for playing Yuka Sanada in Genseishin Justirisers.

text:
# Shiori Kanzaki

**Shiori Kanzaki** (神崎詩織, *Kanzaki Shiori*, born September 22, 1987) is a Japanese actress. She is best known for playing Yuka Sanada in Genseishin Justirisers.

## Filmography

## Television

## InfoBox

| Shiori Kanzaki | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1987-09-22) September 22, 1987<br>Osaka, Japan |
| Occupation(s) | TV and film actress |
| Known for | Yuka Sanada in Genseishin Justirisers |


title: Beaufort Academy

abstract: Beaufort Academy (BA) is a Pre-K through 12 independent school located in Lady's Island, South Carolina, United States. Beaufort Academy is a member of the South Carolina Independent School Association (SCISA), a school accrediting organization that was founded in 1965 to legitimize segregation academies. As of 1982, the school had never had a Black student, insisting that none had ever applied.

text:
# Beaufort Academy

**Beaufort Academy** (**BA**) is a Pre-K through 12 independent school located in Lady's Island, South Carolina, United States. Beaufort Academy is a member of the South Carolina Independent School Association (SCISA), a school accrediting organization that was founded in 1965 to legitimize segregation academies. As of 1982, the school had never had a Black student, insisting that none had ever applied.

## History

Beaufort Academy was founded in 1965 on Lady's Island, South Carolina. It was established as a segregation academy in response to the court-ordered integration of public schools. The school's tax exemption was revoked by the Internal Revenue Service after it declined to document that it had a racially nondiscriminatory admissions policy. While many White politicians portrayed their opposition to school integration as a reaction to busing, some pupils at Beaufort Academy were bused as far as 120 miles per day in order to attend the all-White school.

## Demographics

In the 2021-2022 school year, the most recent year available, Beaufort Academy did not report demographic information to the National Center for Education Statistics. The school had an enrollment of 309 students in grades PK-12. There were 54.9 teachers on a full-time equivalent basis, for a student to teacher ratio of 5.6.

## Athletics

BA is a member of SCISA. The teams are nicknamed the Eagles.

## InfoBox

| Beaufort Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 240 Sams Point Road
Beaufort, South Carolina 29907
United States | |
| Coordinates | 32°26′18.636″N 80°38′21.8832″W / 32.43851000°N 80.639412000°W / 32.43851000; -80.639412000 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1966 (1966) |
| CEEB code | 410118 |
| Principal | Carol Ann Richards |
| Enrollment | 309 |
| Campus size | 24 acres (9.7 ha) |
| Color(s) | Navy, Columbia Blue, and white
 |
| Mascot | Eagle |
| Website | www.beaufortacademy.org |
| Last updated: 15 August 2020 | |


title: Siceliotes

abstract: The Siceliot people formed a distinct ethno-cultural group in Sicily from about the 8th century BC until their assimilation into the general Sicilian population. As Hellenic colonists and descendants of colonists from Greece, they spoke Greek and participated in the wider cultural and political activities of Greek Sicily and of the Hellenic world as a whole. The Athenian historian Thucydides mentions them in various places in his "History of the Peloponnesian War". The Roman Republic and the Roman Empire continued to see a distinction between the Siceliotes and the non-Greek inhabitants of Sicily. Siceliotes are a distinguishable subethnicity of the broader Italiote ethno-cultural group. During the Congress of Gela, according to the testimony of Thucydides, Hermocrates, declaring the independence of the Sicelian people, said:«"It is no disgrace that fellow countrymen make concessions to fellow countrymen: Dorians to other Dorians and Chalcidians to others of the same race; and that in general concessions are made to neighboring peoples who inhabit the same identical land surrounded by the sea, and who by one name are called Siceliots.[...]» (Thucydides IV, 64.3, Italian translation by Luciano Canfora - English translation)The idyllic image that ancient historiography has given of the arrival of the Greeks on the island is far from what was in truth a coexistence that was anything but peaceful, characterized by the oppression of the natives, by the "economic and political, but also cultural and ideological pressure exerted by the colonizers, and the consequent dismantling of the parameters of self-identification of the indigenous world"

text:
# Siceliotes

Greek colonies of Magna GraeciaPhilistus, Siceliote historianArchimedes Thoughtful by Domenico Fetti (1620)Syracusan Arethusa Tetradrachm Coin

The **Siceliot people** (pl. *Siceliots* or *Siceliotes*, Σικελιῶται in Ancient Greek) formed a distinct ethno-cultural group in Sicily from about the 8th century BC until their assimilation into the general Sicilian population. As Hellenic colonists (often reputedly of Doric origin) and descendants of colonists from Greece, they spoke Greek and participated in the wider cultural and political activities of Greek Sicily and of the Hellenic world as a whole. The Athenian historian Thucydides mentions them in various places in his "History of the Peloponnesian War".

The Roman Republic and the Roman Empire continued to see a distinction between the Siceliotes (the descendants of Greek settlers) and the non-Greek inhabitants of Sicily.

Siceliotes are a distinguishable subethnicity of the broader Italiote ethno-cultural group.

During the Congress of Gela, according to the testimony of Thucydides, Hermocrates, declaring the independence of the Sicelian people, said:

> «"It is no disgrace that fellow countrymen make concessions to fellow countrymen: Dorians to other Dorians and Chalcidians to others of the same race; and that in general concessions are made to neighboring peoples who inhabit the same identical land surrounded by the sea, and who by one name are called Siceliots.\[...\]» (Thucydides IV, 64.3, Italian translation by Luciano Canfora - English translation)

The idyllic image that ancient historiography has given of the arrival of the Greeks on the island is far from what was in truth a coexistence that was anything but peaceful, characterized by the oppression of the natives, by the "economic and political, but also cultural and ideological pressure exerted by the colonizers, and the consequent dismantling of the parameters of self-identification of the indigenous world"

## Literature

The contribution to literature made by the Siceliotes was remarkable. In fact, some genres of Greek literature developed in Sicily: according to Aristotle, the technique of constructing plots was born in Sicily and the Doric-Siceliote comedy itself, whose main exponents were Epicharmus of Kos and Phormis, served as a model for the subsequent Attic Greek comedy of the 5th century BC.

Theatre in Sicily was not limited to comedy alone: Sophron of Syracuse is credited with the invention of Greek mime (μῖμος), which had considerable success in the Hellenistic age, especially with Theocritus, who in turn invented bucolic poetry. Phrynichus and Aeschylus died in Sicily, the first considered "the most famous of the first tragedians", the second listed among the three greatest tragedians of ancient Greek theatre; Aeschylus also performed some of his tragedies in the Syracuse theatre, including The Persians, the oldest surviving Greek tragedy.

He was part of the court of intellectuals that surrounded the Syracuse tyrant Hiero II, which included, among others, the lyric poets Pindar, Bacchylides, Simonides of Ceos and Xenophanes. The lyric poets Theognis of Megara and Stesichorus were also active in Sicily; Sappho spent ten years of exile there According to some scholars, choral lyric poetry itself may have been born in Sicily.

Another great Sicilian innovation was rhetoric: the first manuals of this, in fact, are attributed to the Syracusans Corax and Tisias. Diogenes Laertius considered Empedocles as one of the most important pre-Socratic philosophers, to be the inventor of rhetoric: among his students was Gorgias, one of the first sophists, who together with Polus of Agrigento (his student) and Tisias introduced the art of rhetoric to Athens from Sicily.

## Siceliote City-States


abstract: Evan Comerford is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Tipperary senior team.

text:
# Evan Comerford (Tipperary Gaelic footballer)

**Evan Comerford** (born 18 January 1994) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Tipperary senior team.

## Career

Born in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Comerford first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Tipperary minors team before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut during the 2015 league. Comerford immediately became a regular member of the starting fifteen. At club level Comerford plays with Kilsheelan–Kilcash.

He made his championship debut in 2015 against Waterford. On 31 July 2016, Comerford started as Tipperary defeated Galway in the 2016 All-Ireland Quarter-finals at Croke Park to reach their first All-Ireland semi-final since 1935. On 21 August 2016, Tipperary were beaten in the semi-final by Mayo on a 2–13 to 0–14 scoreline.

On 30 May 2017, Comerford was handed a 12-week suspension following an incident in a club game on 23 May. He was reported by referee Paddy Russell for minor physical interference after he was sent-off against JK Brackens.

On 22 November 2020, Tipperary won the 2020 Munster Senior Football Championship after a 0–17 to 0–14 win against Cork in the final. It was Tipperary's first Munster title in 85 years.

He has a namesake in the Dublin footballer, Evan Comerford, with whom he has sometimes been confused.

## Honours

Tipperary

## InfoBox

Evan Comerford
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Éimhín Mac Cumascaigh* | | |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Goalkeeper | | |
| Born | (1994-01-18) 18 January 1994<br>Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Kilsheelan–Kilcash | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Tipperary titles | 0 | | |
| Colleges(s) | | | |
| Years | **College** | | |
|  | UCD | | |
| Inter-county(ies)\* | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 2015- | Tipperary | 4 (0-00) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 1 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |
| NFL | 0 | | |
| All Stars | 0 | | |
| \*Inter County team apps and scores correct as of 18:22, 1 August 2015. | | | |


title: The Master Plan (2021 film)

abstract: The Master Plan The Master Plan is a 2021 Japanese suspense-drama film. Based on Kaoru Yukinari's 2013 novel of the same title, the film is directed by Yuichi Sato, written by Mitsutoshi Saijo, and stars Takanori Iwata and Arata Mackenyu. It tells the story of Kida (Iwata) and Makoto (Arata), who grow up together and share a powerful bond. As former outcasts, they spend a decade fighting tooth and nail to reach the apex of the underworld and legit society respectively, so that Makoto can propose to a certain rich and powerful woman. However, the proposal on Christmas Eve turns out to be an epic scheme involving all of Japan. The film is distributed by Avex Pictures and was released in Japan on January 29, 2021.

text:
# The Master Plan (2021 film)

***The Master Plan*** (Japanese: 名も無き世界のエンドロール, Hepburn: *Na mo Naki Sekai no End Roll*, also known as ***The End of the Tiny World***) is a 2021 Japanese suspense-drama film. Based on Kaoru Yukinari's 2013 novel of the same title (published by Shueisha), the film is directed by Yuichi Sato, written by Mitsutoshi Saijo, and stars Takanori Iwata and Arata Mackenyu. It tells the story of Kida (Iwata) and Makoto (Arata), who grow up together and share a powerful bond. As former outcasts, they spend a decade fighting tooth and nail to reach the apex of the underworld and legit society respectively, so that Makoto can propose to a certain rich and powerful woman. However, the proposal on Christmas Eve turns out to be an epic scheme involving all of Japan.

The film is distributed by Avex Pictures and was released in Japan on January 29, 2021.

## Plot

Kida and Makoto are childhood friends who both grew up without parents. The two become friends with transfer student Yocchi, who shares the same experience. They lead a happy life growing up together, however, when they turn 20, "an incident" completely wrecks their lives and Yocchi suddenly disappears from the lives of Kida and Makoto.

Following this, Lisa, the daughter of a politician and a top model in the entertainment industry appears. Makoto takes an unusual interest in Lisa and invites her out to dinner, but she doesn't take any notice of him. Kida advises him to give up on her because she lives in a different world, but Makoto quits his job and disappears without a trace.

Two years later, Kida has entered the criminal world to find Makoto, and finally meets him again with the help of his boss. Makoto has been dying to earn money to become a man worthy of Lisa. When Kida learns of Makoto's obsession and the reason behind it, he vows to risk his life to help his best friend. Since then, Kida has been working as a "dark negotiator" who uses whatever means for his purposes, and Makoto becomes the president of a trading company, the two of them rising to the top of the underworld and the legit society respectively. Finally, the fatal night of Christmas Eve comes. Makoto plans to propose to Lisa with Kida's help. But in fact, it is a grand plan that these two have spent 10 year hatching to take revenge on the twisted society which changed their fates.

## Cast

## Release

The film was released in Japan on January 29, 2021.

### Marketing

The film was announced on June 16, 2020 as the film adaption of the award-winning novel of the same title. It was the first time that Takanori Iwata and Arata Mackenyu starred in the same film. On August 25, Anna Yamada was announced to be the heroine, playing Kida and Makoto's childhood friend Yocchi. On September 7, 2021, Anne Nakamura was announced to have joined the cast as Lisa, the spoiled daughter of a politician. The first trailer of the film was released on September 17, 2020 with a new poster. On October 22, with the release of more stills and the official poster, it was announced that the theme song of the film would be "Loose" by Keina Suda, who wrote the song based on his impression of the film after seeing it. The song was first released on November 17 in a new trailer for the film. On December 18, a spin-off drama, *Re:Na mo Naki Sekai no End Roll~Half a Year Later~* was announced, with its first wave of stills ready for the audiences. A video of the opening scenes of a fatal Christmas Eve in the film was released on December 24, 2020 to celebrate Christmas Eve. A greeting event celebrating the completion of the film was held on January 7, 2021 in Tokyo, with director Yuichi Sato and Takanori Iwata, Mackenyu Arata, Anna Yamada, and Anne Nakamura attending. Another 3 minute cut of the film showing Takanori Iwata(as Kida) holding a gun was released on January 14, 2021. A special event praying for the sales of the film was held at Kanda Shrine on January 20, 2021. Director Yuichi Sato attended the event with the main cast. A screening event was held on the same day, before a special movie of the making of the film was released on the next day, showing Takanori Iwata and Arata Mackenyu in school uniforms. On January 29, director Yuichi Sato and Takanori Iwata, Mackenyu Arata, Anna Yamada, and Anne Nakamura attended the greeting event that celebrated the release of the film in Tokyo, with the event live streamed to 314 cinema around Japan.

## Spin-off

### *Re:Na mo Naki Sekai no End Roll~Half a Year Later~*

*Re:Na mo Naki Sekai no End Roll~Half a Year Later~* is a spin-off drama about the life of Kida half a year after the end of the film. Based on a script by Hikari Souma and directed by Yuichi Sato, the drama was released on online streaming service dTV on the same day as the film released in theatres.

## InfoBox

| The Master Plan | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
|  | |
| Japanese name | |
| **Kanji** | 名も無き世界のエンドロール |
| Transcriptions  Revised Hepburn Na mo Naki Sekai no End Roll | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Yūichi Satō |
| Written by | Mitsutoshi Saijo |
| Based on | *Na mo Naki Sekai no End Roll*
by Kaoru Yukinari |
| Produced by | * Kentaro Uchibe * Takuro Nagai * Satoko Kashikawa |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ryuto Kondo |
| Edited by | Takuya Taguchi |
| Music by | Naoki Satō |
| Production
companies |  |
| Distributed by | Avex Pictures |
| Release date | * 29 January 2021 (2021-01-29) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Tha-Norr

abstract: Tha-Norr were a German black metal band from Lower Saxony.

text:
# Tha-Norr

**Tha-Norr** were a German black metal band from Lower Saxony.

## Biography

Tha-Norr recorded the *Assault on Aerie* demo cassette at Dark Knight Studio and released it in 1994. The song *Tyrant of a New Aeon* was recorded on the sixth and seventh of June 1994 at the same studio, mixed at Confusion Studios and released on the *Infinite Visions of Hell* compilation album via Ground Zero Entertainment in 1994. Hendrik Poppe played drums on this track.

From November 1994 to February 1995, they recorded nine songs for their only studio album *Wolfenzeitalter*, on which *Tyrant of a New Aeon* was re-released, at Confusion Studios. The lyrics for the song *Tears for All Those Who Died* were written by Absurd drummer Hendrik “Jarl Flagg Nidhoegg” Möbus. The album mentions Hendrik Poppe and Marko Sklenarz but does not specify who played which instrument, so it is likely that the two members shared vocals and Marko Sklenarz played guitar as on all former recordings while Hendrik Poppe played all other instruments. It is only specified that the 12-string guitar and solo on *The Fortress Will Fall* were played by producer and mixer Kai Schwerdtfeger and “\[a\]ll keyboards and ‘Fegefeuer’ by Nachtsprung (Norbert Weber)”. The band greeted Florian Müller and Sebastian Theby as “future members of Tha-Norr” in the booklet.

It is unknown then Tha-Norr disbanded, but Opyros, the leader of Nazgul’s Eyrie Productions, mentioned that their last concert was held in May 1997 in Bramsche together with Sabbat, Countess and Barathrum.

## Music and ideology

On the Barbarian Wrath homepage, Opyros, the former leader of Nazgul’s Eyrie Productions, described the band’s style as “‘HELLHAMMER on Speed’ Black Metal being inspiration to many who followed. Listen to ‘Tears For All Those Who Died’ or ‘Tyrant Of A New Aeon’ and compare it to later recorded albums like MOONBLOODs ‘Blut Und Krieg’ \[…\].” Alexander von Meilenwald (ex-Nagelfar, The Ruins of Beverast) called Tha-Norr one of the most underrated German bands and their album “a fantastic, extremely atmospheric underground jewel” and one of the five most important German black metal releases. German *Rock Hard* magazine featured the album on the list *250 Black-Metal-Alben, die man kennen sollte* (‘250 black metal albums you should know’).

Although Tha-Norr had no NS lyrics, they are sometimes listed as an NSBM band, possibly because the lyrics to *Tears for All Those Who Died* were written by German neo-Nazi Hendrik Möbus. Their demo recording *Assault on Aerie* features the statement "we only believe in ourselves and our music". They thanked “Aleister Crowley and Gregor A. Gregorius for inspiration” on their album.

## Last known lineup

* Hendrik Poppe
* Marko Sklenarz

### Past members

* Felix Alesis - drums

## Discography

* 1994: *Assault on Aerie* (demo)
* 1994: *Tyrant of a New Aeon* on *Infinite Visions of Hell*
* 1995: *Wolfenzeitalter*

1. Tha-Norr: *Wolfenzeitalter*, Nazgul’s Eyrie Productions 1995.
2. Various Artists: *Infinite Visions of Hell*, Ground Zero Entertainment 1994.
3. Opyros "Blackgoat": *Nazgul's Eyrie Productions - the full story*, accessed on 20 November 2012.
4. *Releases*, accessed on 20 November 2012.
5. Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: *Die Könige vom Westwall*. *Die legendären Protagonisten von damals im exklusiven Interview*. In: *Rock Hard*, no. 269, October 2009, p. 92.
6. *250 Black-Metal-Alben, die man kennen sollte*. In: *Rock Hard*, no. 269, October 2009, p. 75.
7. *Intelligence Report: A Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center*, Klanwatch 2001, accessed on 20 November 2012.
8. Scott L. Crabill: *Comparative Content Analysis of Social Identity Cues Within a White Supremacist Discussion Board and a Social Activist Discussion Board*, p. 98, accessed on 20 November 2012.
9. Tha-Norr: *Assault on Aerie*, 1994.

## InfoBox

| Tha-Norr | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Lower Saxony, Germany |
| Genres | Black metal |
| Labels | Nazgul’s Eyrie Productions |
|  | |
| Members | Hendrik Poppe<br>Marko Sklenarz |
|  | |
| Past members | Felix Alesis |


title: Canadian Environmental Law Association

abstract: The Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) is a non-profit, public interest organization established in 1970 to use existing laws to protect the environment and to advocate environmental law reforms. It is also a free legal advisory clinic for the public, and will act at hearings and in courts on behalf of citizens or citizens' groups who are otherwise unable to afford legal assistance. Funded by Legal Aid Ontario, CELA is one of 79 community legal clinics located across Ontario, 15 of which offer services in specialized areas of the law. CELA also undertakes additional educational and law reform projects funded by government and private foundations. CELA was established at the same time as its sister organization the Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy (CIELAP), which does not offer Legal Aid services but focused on policy related to emerging and neglected environmental issues until 2011. CELA's goals include holding governments and polluters legally accountable in cases of harm to the environment or public health, safeguarding citizens’ environmental rights, improving environmental equity, seeking policies that protect human or ecosystem health, and ensuring the timely cleanup of pollution. CELA represents citizens and groups in tribunals, boards, and commissions and was especially active assisting the Concerned Citizens of Walkerton throughout all phases of the Walkerton Inquiry into tainted drinking water in 2002. The current executive director of CELA is Theresa McClenaghan.

text:
# Canadian Environmental Law Association

**The Canadian Environmental Law Association** (**CELA**) is a non-profit, public interest organization established in 1970 to use existing laws to protect the environment and to advocate environmental law reforms. It is also a free legal advisory clinic for the public, and will act at hearings and in courts on behalf of citizens or citizens' groups who are otherwise unable to afford legal assistance. Funded by Legal Aid Ontario, CELA is one of 79 community legal clinics located across Ontario, 15 of which offer services in specialized areas of the law. CELA also undertakes additional educational and law reform projects funded by government and private foundations.

CELA was established at the same time as its sister organization the Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy (CIELAP), which does not offer Legal Aid services but focused on policy related to emerging and neglected environmental issues until 2011.

CELA's goals include holding governments and polluters legally accountable in cases of harm to the environment or public health, safeguarding citizens’ environmental rights, improving environmental equity, seeking policies that protect human or ecosystem health, and ensuring the timely cleanup of pollution.

CELA represents citizens and groups in tribunals, boards, and commissions and was especially active assisting the Concerned Citizens of Walkerton throughout all phases of the *Walkerton Inquiry* into tainted drinking water in 2002.

The current executive director of CELA is Theresa McClenaghan.

## InfoBox

Canadian Environmental Law Association
| Abbreviation | CELA |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1970 |
| Type | Law Association |
| Legal status | active |
| Purpose | advocate and public voice, educator and network |
| Headquarters | Toronto, Ontario |
| Region served | Canada |
| Official language | English<br>French |
| Website | Canadian Environmental Law Association homepage |


title: Familial renal amyloidosis

abstract: Familial renal amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis primarily presenting in the kidney. It is associated most commonly with congenital mutations in the fibrinogen alpha chain and classified as a dysfibrinogenemia. and, less commonly, with congenital mutations in apolipoprotein A1 and lysozyme. It is also known as "Ostertag" type, after B. Ostertag, who characterized it in 1932 and 1950.

text:
# Familial renal amyloidosis

**Familial renal amyloidosis** is a form of amyloidosis primarily presenting in the kidney.

It is associated most commonly with congenital mutations in the fibrinogen alpha chain and classified as a dysfibrinogenemia (see Hereditary Fibrinogen Aα-Chain Amyloidosis). and, less commonly, with congenital mutations in apolipoprotein A1 and lysozyme.

It is also known as "Ostertag" type, after B. Ostertag, who characterized it in 1932 and 1950.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Familial renal amyloidosis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Familial visceral amyloidosis, hereditary amyloid nephropathy |
|  | |
| This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner | |
| Specialty | Nephrology |


abstract: The 2019 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup qualification was a series of tournaments to decide which teams would play in the 2019 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup. The 2019 Challenger Cup featured 6 teams. Only one place was allocated to the hosts. The remaining 5 places were determined by a qualification process, in which entrants from among the other teams from the five FIVB confederations competed.

text:
# 2019 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup qualification

The **2019 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup qualification** was a series of tournaments to decide which teams would play in the 2019 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup. The 2019 Challenger Cup featured 6 teams. Only one place was allocated to the hosts. The remaining 5 places were determined by a qualification process, in which entrants from among the other teams from the five FIVB confederations competed.

## Qualification summary

A total of 6 teams qualified for the tournament.

| Country | Confederation | Qualified as | Qualified on | Previous appearances | | | Previous best performance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Total | First | Last | |
| Canada | NORCECA | North American Qualifier champions | 2 June 2019 | 0 | None | | None |
| Chinese Taipei | AVC | 1st World ranked team from AVC | 12 June 2019 | 0 | None | | None |
| Argentina | CSV | 1st World ranked team from CSV | 12 June 2019 | 0 | None | | None |
| Peru | CSV | Host country | 17 June 2019 | 1 | 2018 | | 4th place (2018) |
| Czech Republic | CEV | 2019 Golden League champions | 22 June 2019 | 0 | None | | None |
| Croatia | CEV | 2019 Golden League runner-up | 22 June 2019 | 0 | None | | None |

Note **^a** No team from African Volleyball Confederation participated in qualification process. So, the team from South American Volleyball Confederation automatically qualified for the tournament.

## Confederation qualification

### AVC (Asia and Oceania)

FIVB selected Kazakhstan to represent the Asian team for 2019 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup via FIVB World Rankings, because less than four teams participated in the qualification tournament. But Kazakhstan and Australia teams refused to participate.

| FIVB Rank | AVC Rank | Team | WC 2015 | OG 2016 | WGP 2017 | WCH 2018 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 | 5 | Kazakhstan | 0 | 1 | 6 | 25 | 32 |
| 30 | 6 | Australia | 0 | 0 | 4 | 12 | 16 |
| 33 | 7 | Chinese Taipei | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 14 |

### CEV (Europe)

#### Teams

#### League round

| Rank | Team |
| --- | --- |
|  | Czech Republic |
|  | Croatia |
|  | Belarus |
| 4 | Spain |
| 5 | Hungary |
| 6 | Ukraine |
| 7 | Slovakia |
| 8 | Austria |
| 9 | Finland |
| 10 | France |
| 11 | Azerbaijan |
| 12 | Sweden |

|  | Qualified for the 2019 Challenger Cup |
| --- | --- |

### CSV (South America)

FIVB selected Argentina to represent the South American team for 2019 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup via FIVB World Rankings.

| FIVB Rank | CSV Rank | Team | WC 2015 | OG 2016 | WGP 2017 | WCH 2018 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 | 2 | Argentina | 25 | 30 | 8 | 30 | 93 |

### NORCECA (North America)

* **Venue:**  Sportplex Beau-Chateau, Quebec, Canada
* **Dates:** 31 May-2 June 2018

#### Teams

#### Final positions (round robin)

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | SPW | SPL | SPR | SW | SL | SR | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Canada | 2 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 6 | 0 | MAX | 6 | 0 | MAX | 2019 Challenger Cup |
| 2 | Puerto Rico | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 |  |
| 3 | Mexico | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.000 | 0 | 6 | | 0.000 |

Source:

## African–South American Playoff

### Teams

| Means of qualification | Date | Venue | Vacancies | Qualified |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| World Ranking for Africa | *Decline* | *Decline* | 1 | *Decline* |
| World Ranking for South America | 12 June 2019 | Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Argentina |
| Total | | | 2 |  |

### Result

| Date | Time |  | Score |  | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Decline | Decline | **Argentina** | **3–0** | bye | 25–0 | 25–0 | 25–0 |  |  | **75–0** |  |


title: Snipes Mountain AVA

abstract: Snipes Mountain is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in the Yakima Valley of Washington state. It was established by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury on January 21, 2009 as the state's 10th AVA. It is the second smallest AVA in the state, after the Red Mountain AVA, and has one of the state's longest viticultural histories. The 4,145 acres (6 sq mi) appellation is a sub-AVA of the Yakima Valley AVA and the Columbia Valley AVA. It is located above and between the towns of Sunnyside and Granger around Outlook, Washington, in the southeast corner of the Yakima Valley.

text:
# Snipes Mountain AVA

**Snipes Mountain** is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in the Yakima Valley of Washington state. It was established by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury on January 21, 2009 as the state's 10th AVA. It is the second smallest AVA in the state, after the Red Mountain AVA, and has one of the state's longest viticultural histories. The 4,145 acres (6 sq mi) appellation is a sub-AVA of the Yakima Valley AVA and the Columbia Valley AVA. It is located above and between the towns of Sunnyside and Granger around Outlook, Washington, in the southeast corner of the Yakima Valley.

## History

Snipes Mountain was named for Ben Snipes, an early Yakima County pioneer who built a house at the base of a mountain in the 1850s and developed an expansive cattle operation. Upland Vineyards, was first established in 1917 by Washington State wine pioneer William B. Bridgman. The vineyard on Snipes Mountain was one of the first to plant the European *Vitis vinifera* varieties of Semillon and Pinot noir in Washington. The petition to TTB was submitted by Mr. Todd Newhouse, of the Upland Winery in Outlook, Washington on behalf of area grape growers proposing the establishment of the viticultural area named "Snipes Mountain."

## Terroir

The viticultural area is centered around Snipes Mountain, a 7 miles (11 km) long anticline ridge with a 1,290 feet (393 m) peak that rises from the floor of the Yakima Valley with comparatively unique, rocky soils, called Aridisols. The viticultural area also includes Harrison Hill, which lies contiguously east of Snipes Mountain and has similar soil and topography.

Snipes Mountain viticultural area, like much of Eastern Washington, is located in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains which contributes to the warm and dry climate of the region. Soil deposits below the area are composed of gravels and settlements left by ancient river beds that the Columbia River once followed. These deposits range in size from that of a human fist to large melons. The mountain itself was created by fault activity.

46°22′20″N 120°06′05″W / 46.37219183°N 120.10143486°W / 46.37219183; -120.10143486

## InfoBox

Snipes Mountain
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | American Viticultural Area |
| Year established | 2009 |
| Country | United States |
| Part of | Columbia Valley AVA, Washington, Yakima Valley AVA |
| Other regions in Columbia Valley AVA, Washington, Yakima Valley AVA | Candy Mountain AVA, Goose Gap AVA, Rattlesnake Hills AVA, Red Mountain AVA |
| Climate region | Region II |
| Precipitation (annual average) | 7 inches (178 mm) |
| Soil conditions | Aridisols, Mollisols |
| Total area | 4,145 acres (6 sq mi) |
| Size of planted vineyards | 535 acres (217 ha) |
| Grapes produced | Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Semillon, Syrah |
| No. of wineries | 4 |


title: Shipra Bhattacharya

abstract: Shipra Bhattacharya is an Indian artist from Kolkata, known for her figurative paintings of women in domestic, urban, and natural environments. Her work has been exhibited in India and internationally.

text:
# Shipra Bhattacharya

**Shipra Bhattacharya** (born 1954) is an Indian artist from Kolkata, known for her figurative paintings of women in domestic, urban, and natural environments. Her work has been exhibited in India and internationally.

## Life

Bhattacharya was born in Kolkata and earned a bachelor's degree in science from Calcutta University, before studying art at the Government College of Art and Craft in Kolkata. She continued her graduate education in art at the College of Visual Arts in Calcutta University, under the guidance of the artist Subhaprasanna, later marrying him.

## Career and work

Bhattacharya began exhibiting her work in 1981. Her work has since been exhibited in India, including at the Habitat Center in Delhi, the Tagore Art Gallery in Kolkata, and the Birla Academy of Art & Culture. Internationally, her work has been widely exhibited individually and in groups.

Bhattacharya's early work used Indian techniques of charcoal and tempera, focusing on themes relating to women in public life, and particularly, the colors and images of Bengali markets. Her later work is primarily in oil on canvas, drawing from historical and mythical themes. Describing Bhattacharya's work, South Asian art historian Marcella Sirhandi writes that she draws inspiration from the traditions of Indian miniature paintings, drawing from contemporary middle-class lived experiences of women. Art critic and author Manasi Majumdar has praised Bhattacharya's depiction of femininity in "...images of celebration and fulfillment," particularly noting her focus on the internal lives of her subjects. In 2006, commenting on an exhibition of Bhattacharya's works in Palo Alto, California, curator Sushma Bahl wrote that her work was "...quiet, content and non-provocative," depicting women at ease and independent of the male gaze.

Her art has also been used in book covers, including on an edition of Bani Basu's *Dark Afternoons* and a volume of poetry by Jibananda Das. In recent publications, Bhattacharya's work has been described as under-appreciated, with Tanya and Carol Goyal noting in *Business World* that Bhattacharya and other women artists were not included in sales rankings of Indian artists despite national fame, because of a lack of global attention to their work, and stating, "Shipra Bhattacharya currently sells at prices well below her talent. Buy now, reap later." Along with her husband, Subhaprasanna, Bhattacharya has also established the Arts Acre, a museum for modern art from the state of West Bengal.


title: Ricardo Israel

abstract: Ricardo Jacob Israel Zipper is a Chilean lawyer and academic. Israel was a candidate for President of Chile in 2013, representing the Regionalist Party of the Independents (PRI), but lost the election obtaining 0.57 per cent of the vote.

text:
# Ricardo Israel

**Ricardo Jacob Israel Zipper** (born 7 October 1950) is a Chilean lawyer and academic. Israel was a candidate for President of Chile in 2013, representing the Regionalist Party of the Independents (PRI), but lost the election obtaining 0.57 per cent of the vote.

## Biography

Israel is married to Sara Cofré, has two children (Daniela and Igal), and three grandsons (Vicente, Julián, and Dalia). He completed his university studies in 1981 at the Law Faculty of the University of Chile, becoming a lawyer. He has a master in Latin American Government and Politics, and a doctorate in political science at the University of Essex, and a degree in law at the University of Barcelona.

## InfoBox

| Ricardo Israel | |
| --- | --- |
| Israel in 2013. | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ricardo Jacob Israel Zipper
(1950-10-07) October 7, 1950
Los Ángeles, Chile |
| Political party | Regionalist Party of the Independents |
| Spouse | Sara Cofré |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence(s) | Santiago, Chile |
| Alma mater | University of Chile |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Known for | Candidate for President of Chile (2013) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Ricardo Israel 2014 |
|  | |


title: Sicco Polenton

abstract: Sicco Polenton was an Italian jurist, Neo-Latin author, and Renaissance humanist. His last name is also spelled Polentone, Polentonus. His first name is also spelled Xico, or Xicho. Sometimes his name also contains "Patavinus" meaning "of Padua". His son is named Polydorus, and he dedicated his De scriptoribus to his son, as the first page of his book started with "Sicconis Polentoni Liber Scriptom Illustrium Latinae Linguae Incipit Primus ad Filium Polydor Feliciter" ["Here begins Sicco Polentone's First Book on the Illustrious Writers of the Latin Language, for his Son Polydorus"]. Sicco Ricci (Rizzi) was born at Levico Terme in either 1375 or 1376. He took the name "Polenton" (Polentonus) from his father Bartolomeo. His first name "Sicco" probably came from that Sicco's father was commander of the guard at Borgo, and named his son after his employer, Siccone di Telvana (vii,). He studied grammar and rhetoric at Padua under Giovanni Conversini and periodically with Vittorino da Feltre. In 1396, he began his career as a notary of the ruling Carrara family, and then sometime later became a public notary. He obtained Paduan citizenship sometime around 1402–1403. He became the chancellor of the Comune sometime between 1413 and 1424. In 1408 Sicco married Antonia Enselmini and thereafter his life was devoted mostly to literary endeavours. In 1413 he completed his first Latin work, the Argumenta super aliquot orationibus et invectivis Ciceronis ["Arguments on some speeches and invectives of Cicero"]. In 1419 he published his most successful work, Catinia, a comedy in seven scenes. Thereafter he worked on his Scriptorum illustrium latinae linguae, the first history of the Latin language and its literature, which he had begun by 1425 but did not finish until 1437. He erroneously attributed a piece De puellis, perhaps De tribus puellis, to Ovid. in 1430, he resigned from chancellorship, due to low salary. In 1431 he ceased to act as notary. After that, he devoted himself to literary pursuits, but still he held various public offices, including that of mayor in 1440-1441. He spent his final years writing various tracts expounding religious arguments and died in Padua in 1446 or 1447. He was buried in the church of San Leonardo, now disappeared. He understood that classical learning had gone to sleep for a thousand years, but the Muses were waking up again.

text:
# Sicco Polenton

**Sicco Polenton** (Italian pronunciation: \[ˈsikko polenˈtɔn; -ton\]; 13751447) was an Italian jurist, Neo-Latin author, and Renaissance humanist. His last name is also spelled Polentone, Polentonus. His first name is also spelled Xico, or Xicho. Sometimes his name also contains "Patavinus" meaning "of Padua".

His son is named Polydorus, and he dedicated his *De scriptoribus* to his son, as the first page of his book started with "*Sicconis Polentoni Liber Scriptom Illustrium Latinae Linguae Incipit Primus ad Filium Polydor Feliciter*" \["Here begins Sicco Polentone's First Book on the Illustrious Writers of the Latin Language, for his Son Polydorus"\] (plate IV ).

Sicco Ricci (Rizzi) was born at Levico Terme in either 1375 or 1376. He took the name "Polenton" (*Polentonus*) from his father Bartolomeo. His first name "Sicco" probably came from that Sicco's father was commander of the guard at Borgo, and named his son after his employer, Siccone di Telvana (vii,).

He studied grammar and rhetoric at Padua under Giovanni Conversini and periodically with Vittorino da Feltre. In 1396, he began his career as a notary of the ruling Carrara family, and then sometime later became a public notary. He obtained Paduan citizenship sometime around 1402–1403. He became the chancellor of the *Comune* sometime between 1413 and 1424.

In 1408 Sicco married Antonia Enselmini and thereafter his life was devoted mostly to literary endeavours. In 1413 he completed his first Latin work, the *Argumenta super aliquot orationibus et invectivis Ciceronis* \["Arguments on some speeches and invectives of Cicero"\]. In 1419 he published his most successful work, *Catinia*, a comedy in seven scenes. Thereafter he worked on his *Scriptorum illustrium latinae linguae*, the first history of the Latin language and its literature, which he had begun by 1425 but did not finish until 1437. He erroneously attributed a piece *De puellis* ("On girls"), perhaps *De tribus puellis*, to Ovid.

in 1430, he resigned from chancellorship, due to low salary. In 1431 he ceased to act as notary. After that, he devoted himself to literary pursuits, but still he held various public offices, including that of mayor in 1440-1441. He spent his final years writing various tracts expounding religious arguments and died in Padua in 1446 or 1447. He was buried in the church of San Leonardo, now disappeared.

He understood that classical learning had gone to sleep for a thousand years, but the Muses were waking up again (Ullman, 1928, xv).

## Works

* *Argumenta super aliquot orationibus et invectivis Ciceronis* (1413) \["Arguments on some speeches and invectives of Cicero"\]
    + Printed in *Commentarii in orationes Ciceronis / Quintus Asconius Pedianus / De artificio Ciceronianae orationis Pro Quinto Ligario / Georgius Trapezuntius / Inquisitio super xi orationes Ciceronis / Antonius Luschus / Argumenta super xii orationibus et invectivis Ciceronis / Sicco Polentonus* \[184\] h. ; Fol. -- Sign.: a10, b6, c-g8, a8, b10, c8, d6, a10, b8, c10, d-e8, f6, g-l8, m6. Printed in 1477 by Johannes de Colonia and Johannes Manthen de Gerretzheim, edited by Hieronymus Squarzaficus.
        - It is a collection of 4 commentaries by four authors, all on Cicero. In particular, Sicco's version commented on 16 speeches by Cicero not commented upon by Luschus.
        - pdf file available for download at.
* *La Catinia* (1419)
    + A recent edition is published as Arnaldo Segarizzi, *La Catinia, le Orazioni e le Epistole di Sicco Polenton umanista Trentino del secolo XV* (Bergamo 1899), freely available on Google Books.
    + A more recent edition is published in *Catinia. Con testo latino a fronte. Traduzione italiana, introduzione e note di PAOLO BALDAN*, (Anguillara Veneta, 1996), 281 pp.
* *De ratione studendi* (1415) seems lost ( p. XLII).
* *Sancti Antonii Confessoris de Padua vita* (1435)
* *De scriptoribus illustribus latinae linguae libri XVIII* \["On Famous Writers of the Latin Language, with 18 books"\]
* See footnote 1 of for some unpublished/minor works.

It contained the first biography of Horace composed in the fifteenth century, and in composing it, Sicco relied on the biography of Horace written by Suetonius, which existed only in very few rare manuscripts then and even now.

The *De scriptoribus* it is often considered the first history of Latin literature. It took around 25 years to complete, and is preceded by an epitome with a subject index of the authors cited in the work. His stated intent was to gather all biographical information of the great Latin writers up to the 14th century. It was never published in its entirety until Ullman's 1928 edition, though excerpts had been copied and published previously (preface to ).

On the contents of the books, Polenton was particularly enamored with Cicero. Of the 18 books, 7 (x-xvi) are devoted to Cicero. As he said, "Quippe res magna est Cicero" \["Indeed, Cicero is a great matter"\]. He liked Cato the Elder and Seneca especially also. Lucretius and Martial were barely mentioned, while Petronius, Valerius Flaccus, Frontinus did not appear. Book 6 contains many details on the life of Sicco himself. Book 18 was unfinished.

Polenton himself explicitly places it in the tradition of the "De viris illustribus" and always refers to it as "vita scriptorum illustrium".

There are two editions. The first edition was worked on until around 1426, and it is preserved in an incomplete and non-autograph in the manuscript Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, 121 (R), as well as in four loose folios used as endpapers in another codex. The second edition was probably finished by 1437, and contains the autograph from Codex Ottobonianus, and about twenty manuscripts that descend from it one (on the possible existence of an intermediate version, see once again Ullman 1928, xvi-xx).

Due to the comprehensiveness of the book, there was a legend that Sicco secured the only existing copy of Suetonius' *De Viris Illustribus* and, after copying from it all that he wanted, destroyed it (Ullman 1928, xiii).

For contrastive examples of the two editions, one may compare the two vitas of Virgil, reprinted and translated in Ziolkowski and Putnam, pp. 321–45 and 369-96.

1. "Incipit ... Feliciter" is a formulaic expression often placed at the beginnings of texts. It roughly means "here it starts, may it go well". It is often used by Cicero.

## Sources

* Robathan, Dorothy M. (1932). "A Fifteenth-Century History of Latin Literature." *Speculum*, **7**:2 (April), pp. 239248.

## InfoBox

| Sicco Polenton | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1375 (1375) |
| Died | 1447 (aged 7172)
Padua, Italy |
| Resting place | Church of San Leonardo, Padua |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Education | Giovanni Conversini
Vittorino da Feltre |
| Occupation(s) | Jurist, author, Renaissance humanist |
| Spouse | Antonia Enselmini |


title: Evan Coyne Maloney

abstract: Evan Coyne Maloney, is an inactive American documentary filmmaker, the editor of the now defunct website Brain Terminal and a video blogger. A New York Sun profile in 2005 said that Maloney "may very well be America's most promising conservative documentary filmmaker." He has been described as the conservative answer to Michael Moore. Since 2013, Maloney has not been active in politics or filmmaking and his whereabouts and activities are unknown.

text:
# Evan Coyne Maloney

**Evan Coyne Maloney** (born October 27, 1972), is an inactive American documentary filmmaker, the editor of the now defunct website *Brain Terminal* and a video blogger. A *New York Sun* profile in 2005 said that Maloney "may very well be America's most promising conservative documentary filmmaker." He has been described as the conservative answer to Michael Moore. Since 2013, Maloney has not been active in politics or filmmaking and his whereabouts and activities are unknown.

## Early life and education

"Shortly after his tenth birthday," according to Maloney's biography on his own website, Brain Terminal, he "was introduced to his two main passions: politics and technology." Politics was the subject of family dinner-table discussions, and his parents were liberal, so he handed out flyers in Manhattan for Walter Mondale's presidential campaign. Talk radio, however, introduced him to conservative ideas, and when Maloney, as a student at JHS 167, had to give a classroom presentation on nuclear weapons, he rejected "the propaganda propagated in schools... that President Reagan was going to drive us headlong into nuclear war," knowing "viscerally that our weapons protected our country and helped keep the peace." In an interview with the New York Sun, Maloney described that incident in this way: when delivering a classroom presentation "about the danger of nuclear weapons," he "realized I didn't believe a word I was saying." In 1989 he volunteered on Rudolph Giuliani's mayoral campaign.

Maloney learned at an early age about computer programming, and at age twelve wrote an Apple II program called Foscil DOS, "a disk operating system that was marketed through magazines and stores."

He attended Bucknell University, where he published a conservative newspaper, *The Sentinel*.

He later said that he and other students at Bucknell "were being preached to about sensitivity and tolerance, but when no tolerance was shown to people sharing my opinion, it seemed that the university didn't care."

He graduated from Bucknell University in 1994 with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.

## Career

In the mid-1990s, Maloney served as chief of staff for a New York State Assembly campaign and as campaign manager for two candidates in Civil Court Judge races.

From 1994 to early 2002, Maloney worked principally as a software developer for Internet start-ups. From 1995 thru 1998, Maloney was the lead developer of UNET's KeepTalking web chat server.

In 1996, Maloney co-developed *DarkHorse: The Virtual Campaign Game* for MSNBC and Byron Preiss Multimedia.

In February 2003, Maloney posted the video *Protesting the Protesters* to his website. The video featured street interviews at an anti-war protest in New York City. Although his site was fairly obscure at the time, several media outlets took notice, and within a day of his posting the video it was featured on *Special Report with Brit Hume*. A day later, audio clips from the interviews were featured on Rush Limbaugh's radio show.

Since then, Maloney's website has become popular, receiving more than 5 million hits by the end of 2003 and logging over 6 million hits in 2004.

He then took a position as communications director for a New York State Senate campaign.

Since then he has been working as a freelance writer, business consultant, software developer, and filmmaker.

## Filmmaking

According to one account, a PBS report's suggestion that anti-Iraq War protesters waving pictures of George W. Bush with a Hitler mustache represented mainstream American opinion inspired Maloney "to take to the streets, infiltrate anti-war marches and rallies, film what went on and post the results online." The resulting video, "Protesting the Protesters", was posted on his website in February 2003. Although his site was fairly obscure at the time, several media outlets took notice, and within a day of his posting the video it was featured on Special Report with Brit Hume. A day later, audio clips from the interviews were featured on Rush Limbaugh's radio show.

After that episode, Maloney's website became popular, receiving more than 5 million hits by the end of 2003 and logging over 6 million hits in 2004.

According to one account, Maloney's career as a documentary filmmaker began when he "confronted Moore outside his Manhattan apartment in autumn 2003 with charges that he had shamelessly used his public platform to promote liberal causes." Moore "was charm itself" and pleaded guilty, adding "that if Maloney felt so strongly, he should have a crack at his own film project. So Maloney used his online video of the exchange to put out an appeal for funding." He received support from entrepreneur Stuart Browning.

In late 2003, Maloney co-founded *On The Fence Films*, a film production company with entrepreneur Stuart Browning and entertainment attorney Blaine Greenberg. Their first release, *Brainwashing 101* is a short documentary analyzing the political environments on three college campuses: Bucknell University, the University of Tennessee and California Polytechnic. The film was named one of the "10 Best Documentary Films of 2004"  by the Liberty Film Festival, and John Fund of *The Wall Street Journal* reported that it was "the clear favorite of festival attendees" at the American Film Renaissance.

Browning, founder of Embarcadero Technologies, "suggested that he make a full-length feature about the tyranny of political correctness and affirmative action on campuses." Browning gave him $250,000 to make the film that became "Brainwashing 101", which examines the political environments on three college campuses: Bucknell University, the University of Tennessee, and California Polytechnic.

In the fall of 2005, *On The Fence Films* released Maloney's follow-up film *Brainwashing 201: The Second Semester*, another short film focusing on higher education. *Brainwashing 201* has only been screened once, at the Liberty Film Festival, where it won the award for "Best Short Film of 2005."

*On The Fence Films* released *Indoctrinate U*, the feature-length follow-up to *Brainwashing 101* and *Brainwashing 201: The Second Semester*, in April 2007. An article in *The New York Times* mentioning *Indoctrinate U* attracted strong criticism from Maloney and Greg Lukianoff of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education.

## Brainwashing 101

Maloney wrote, directed, and edited the short documentary "Brainwashing 101" (2004). It examines left-wing intolerance at three colleges, Bucknell, Cal Poly, and the University of Tennessee. *The New York Sun* called it an "attempt to confirm the worst assumptions that conservatives have about what goes on at universities," and described its subjects as "the spread of noxious speech codes, abuses of power by vindictive administrators, and the arbitrary restrictions on academic freedom imposed on conservative students—cases of which, the film argues, are increasingly cropping up in universities."

According to *the Sun*, "Brainwashing 101" "was hailed as the 'most anticipated' documentary in 2005 by the American Film Renaissance, an upstart film institute based in Dallas." An audience at the Liberty Festival in Los Angeles reportedly gave a preview version of the film a standing ovation. And a critic for the Hollywood Web site *Ain't It Cool News* said that the film, in its first cut, was one of the most "horrifying and hysterical documentaries I have ever seen."

One reviewer commented: "Maloney tells the truth when he says the academic world is run by intolerant leftist ideologues, who try to stamp out dissent while proclaiming themselves the apostles of 'diversity.' The film is fast-paced, easy to watch, and done in a light enough style to keep it from sounding doom-and-gloom."

## Indoctrinate U

Maloney wrote and directed the full-length documentary *Indoctrinate U* (2007). In *Indoctrinate U*, reported *the Times* Higher Education Supplement, Maloney "levels his video camera at campuses that, he says, have become hotbeds of America-bashing radicalism and zealous political correctness and that tolerate no dissenting (read conservative) opinions." "Judging by the rough cut" of *Indoctrinate U*, wrote Damian Thompson in *The Daily Telegraph* before the film's release, "the movie will be as slick and incisive as anything by Michael Moore." Describing Maloney as "the Anti-Michael Moore," Thompson wrote that the filmmaker "is on a mission to expose through his film what he sees as the astonishingly vicious persecution of conservative students by university professors and administrators." Stanley Kurtz wrote at *National Review* that the film was "a fun and powerful piece of work that deserves a wide audience," and that its "real force...flows from Maloney's recounting of a series of incidents of campus political correctness. I had never heard of any of these cases. Yet each of them is remarkable."

## Hating Breitbart

Maloney produced the 2012 documentary *Hating Breitbart*, directed by Andrew Marcus. "The movie follows Breitbart for two years, chronicling his fight against the mainstream media and his battles with the institutional left," according to an account at National Review. Andrew Leigh, also writing in National Review, notes that the filmmakers appeared "to have followed Breitbart everywhere: to tea-party rallies, inside media interviews, through dense convention crowds, in the car, into hotel rooms, even standing watch as he ironed his pants and brushed his teeth. But we don't mind, because the movie delivers generous doses of Breitbart's offbeat charm, and for that alone we ought to be grateful to director Andrew Marcus and producers Maura Flynn and Evan Coyne Maloney."

## The Machine

Maloney's 2012 film *The Machine* is about "how public sector unions corrupt politicians, pick taxpayers' pockets, and make it nearly impossible to hold teachers and other government employees accountable....American taxpayers, by subsidizing public sector unions and the politicians who support them, are being compelled to fund 'the machine'—which, in turn, leads to the perpetual growth of unions and big government."

## Political views

"Despite ticking so many Democrat boxes - Irish name, New Yorker, software designer, gay-friendly, non-churchgoer - Evan Maloney is a Republican," wrote a *Daily Telegraph* reporter in 2005. The reporter noted that Maloney, whom he met in a Union Square coffeeshop, said with anger, "Right here, two days after 9/11, there was a demonstration of people saying we got what we deserved. I was sickened - it was like saying a rape victim had it coming because she dressed provocatively. That's when my passion for politics reignited."

Describing him as "the right's best answer to \[Michael\] Moore," *The New York Sun* reported in 2005 that "Maloney describes himself as a 'libertarian conservative' and considers Ronald Reagan his political hero."

## Honors and awards

*Indoctrinate U* won the "Special Jury Prize for Libertarian Ideals" at the 2011 Anthem Awards.

## InfoBox

| Evan Coyne Maloney | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1972-10-27) October 27, 1972<br>United States |
| Alma mater | Bucknell University |
| Occupation | Filmmaker |


title: Tettnang Castle

abstract: Tettnang Castle, also known as the Tettnang New Palace, is one of three castles in the German town of Tettnang. The other ones are Tettnang Old Palace and Torschloss close to Bärenplatz. Tettnang Castle is owned by Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg.

text:
# Tettnang Castle

**Tettnang Castle**, also known as the **Tettnang New Palace** (German: *Neues Schloss Tettnang*), is one of three castles in the German town of Tettnang. The other ones are **Tettnang Old Palace** (opposite to the New Palace) and **Torschloss** close to *Bärenplatz*.

Tettnang Castle is owned by Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg.

## History

Originally, a fort stood on the site of the current castle. From 1260 until 1780, the site was the residence of the Counts of Montfort. The old fort was destroyed in 1633, during the Thirty Years' War. Count Anton III of Montfort subsequently started rebuilding the castle in 1712, hiring the architect Christoph Gessinger, a Benedictine friar from Isny, to draft designs for a new castle. His aim was to tear down the remains of the mediaeval fort to make way for a completely new palace. In 1728, construction work came to a grinding halt when the funds of the Count ran dry. Count Anton III died in 1733, and the castle remained unfinished.

A major section of the façade, along with parts of the interior decoration, were damaged by fire in 1753. Under the patronage of Count Franz Xaver, restoration work was subsequently completed in 1770. The fine sculptures and paintwork inside the castle were carried out by Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer, Käte Schaller-Härlin and Andreas Brugger. Jakob Emele was responsible for the rococo work.

When the county of Tettnang was sold to Austria around 1780 (to pay off debts), most of the interior fittings were sold and the castle passed into public ownership. When Tettnang was handed over to Bavaria as part of the Peace of Pressburg, the castle returned to German ownership.

Additional restoration of the castle was carried out between 1960 and 1982. In 1997, the castle was opened to the public for tours. Since 2015 the Museum is open 6 days a week, except Wednesday, each from Easter until October 31. The Museum can be visited during guided tours only, which are starting hourly. Taking photos during the tours is prohibited.

In 2014 the first Schlossgarten Open-Air was held in the garden next to the Castle, the next concerts are in June 2017.

47°40′15″N 9°35′15″E / 47.6708333333°N 9.5875°E / 47.6708333333; 9.5875