abstract: Sexual motivation is influenced by hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. In most mammalian species, sex hormones control the ability and motivation to engage in sexual behaviours.

text:
# Effects of hormones on sexual motivation

**Sexual motivation** is influenced by hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. In most mammalian species, sex hormones control the ability and motivation to engage in sexual behaviours.

## Measuring sexual motivation

Sexual motivation can be measured using a variety of different techniques. Self-report measures, such as the Sexual Desire Inventory, are commonly used to detect levels of sexual motivation in humans. Self-report techniques such as the bogus pipeline can be used to ensure individuals do not falsify their answers to represent socially desirable results. Sexual motivation can also be implicitly examined through frequency of sexual behaviour, including masturbation.

## Hormones

### Testosterone

Testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation in male primates, including humans. The elimination of testosterone in adulthood has been shown to reduce sexual motivation in both male humans and male primates. Male humans who had their testicular function suppressed with a GnRH antagonist displayed decreases in sexual desire and masturbation two weeks following the procedure. Research from male rhesus monkeys suggests testosterone functions to increase sexual motivation, thereby motivating males to compete for access to sexual partners. It is postulated that the motivating effects of testosterone in male rhesus monkeys promotes successful sexual competition and may be particularly important motivating tools for low ranking males. It is important to note that elimination of testosterone in primates does not reduce the ability to copulate; rather, it reduces the motivation to copulate.

Testosterone levels in males have been shown to vary according to the ovulating state of females. Males who were exposed to scents of ovulating women recorded higher testosterone levels than males who were exposed to scents of nonovulating women. Being exposed to female ovulating cues may increase testosterone, which in turn may increase males' motivation to engage in, and initiate, sexual behaviour. Ultimately, these higher levels of testosterone may increase the reproductive success of males exposed to female ovulation cues.

The relationship between testosterone and female sexual motivation is somewhat ambiguous. Research suggests androgens, such as testosterone, are not sufficient by themselves to prompt sexual motivation in females. In particular, studies with rhesus macaques have observed testosterone was not significantly associated with variations in level of sexual motivation in females. However, some research with nonhuman primates suggests a role for androgens in female sexual behaviour. Adrenalectomized female rhesus monkeys displayed diminished female sexual receptivity. Later studies revealed this diminished sexual receptivity was specific to the elimination of androgens that can be converted to estrogen.

It is also suggested that levels of testosterone are related to the type of relationship in which one is involved. Men involved in polyamorous relationships display higher levels of testosterone than men involved in either a single partner relationship or single men. Polyamorous women have both higher levels of testosterone and score higher on measures of sexual desire than women who are single or women who are in single-partner relationships.

### Estrogens and progesterone

Estrogens and progesterone typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behaviour for females in mammalian species, though the relationship between hormones and female sexual motivation is not as well understood. In particular, estrogens have been shown to correlate positively with increases in female sexual motivation, and progesterone has been associated with decreases in female sexual motivation. The periovulatory period of the female menstrual cycle is often associated with increased female receptivity and sexual motivation. During this stage in the cycle, estrogens are elevated in the female and progesterone levels are low. At this time, mating is more likely to result in female pregnancy.

Females at different stages of their menstrual cycle have been shown to display differences in sexual attraction. Heterosexual females not using birth control pills who are ovulating (high levels of estrogens) have a preference for the scent of males with low levels of fluctuating asymmetry. Ovulating heterosexual females also display preferences toward masculine faces and report greater sexual attraction to males other than their current partner. From an evolutionary perspective, increases in estrogens during fertile periods in females may direct sexual motivation toward males with preferential genes (the good genes hypothesis).

Following natural or surgically induced menopause, many women experience declines in sexual motivation. Menopause is associated with a rapid decline of estrogen, as well as a steady rate of decline of androgens. The decline of estrogen and androgen levels is believed to account for the lowered levels of sexual desire and motivation in postmenopausal women, although the direct relationship is not well understood.

### Oxytocin and vasopressin

The hormones oxytocin and vasopressin are implicated in regulating both male and female sexual motivation. Oxytocin is released at orgasm and is associated with both sexual pleasure and the formation of emotional bonds. Based on the pleasure model of sexual motivation, the increased sexual pleasure that occurs following oxytocin release may encourage motivation to engage in future sexual activities. Emotional closeness can be an especially strong predictor of sexual motivation in females and insufficient oxytocin release may subsequently diminish sexual arousal and motivation in females.

High levels of vasopressin can lead to decreases in sexual motivation for females. A link between vasopressin release and aggression has been observed in females, which may impair female sexual arousal and sexual motivation by leading to feelings of neglect and hostility toward a sexual partner. In males, vasopressin is involved in the arousal phase. Vasopressin levels have been shown to increase during erectile response in male sexual arousal, and decrease back to baseline following ejaculation. The increase of vasopressin during erectile response may be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behaviour.

### Nonprimate species

The hormonal influences of sexual motivation are much more clearly understood for nonprimate females. Suppression of estrogen receptors in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in female rats has been observed to reduce female proceptivity and receptivity. Proceptivity and receptivity in the female rat are indicators of sexual motivation, thus indicating a direct relationship between estrogen levels and sexual motivation. In addition, female rats receiving doses of estrogen and progesterone were more likely to exert effort at gaining sexual attention from a male rat. The willingness of the female rats to access males was considered a direct measure of the females' levels of sexual motivation.

An increase in vasopressin has been observed in female rats which have just given birth. Vasopressin is associated with aggressive and hostile behaviours, and is postulated to decrease sexual motivation in females. Vasopressin administered in the female rat brain has been observed to result in an immediate decrease in sexual motivation.

## Sexual orientation

Little research has been conducted on the effect of hormones on sexual motivation for same-sex sexual contact. One study observed the relationship between sexual motivation in lesbian and bisexual women and period-related changes in circulating estrogen concentrations. Lesbian women who were at the estrogen peak of their fertile cycle reported increased sexual motivation for sexual contact with women, whereas bisexual women reported only a slight increase in same-sex motivated sexual contact during peak estrogen levels.

Both lesbian and bisexual women showed decreases in sexual motivation for other-sex sexual contact at peak estrogen levels, with greater changes in the bisexual group than the lesbian group.

## Clinical research

### Men

* Testosterone is critical for sexual desire, function, and arousal in men. Aromatization of testosterone into the estrogen estradiol appears to be partially responsible for the effects of testosterone on sexual desire and function in men. 5α-Reduction of testosterone into the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) may have a small contribution to the effects of testosterone on sexual desire and function in men. Based on animal research, metabolites of DHT including the neurosteroids and weak estrogens 3α-androstanediol and 3β-androstanediol may be involved in sexual function in men.
* Men experience sexual dysfunction at testosterone levels of below 300 ng/dL, with men that have levels of testosterone of approximately 200 ng/dL often experiencing such problems. Complete loss of testicular testosterone production resulting in testosterone levels within the castrate range (95% decrease, to 15 ng/dL on average) with surgical or medical castration causes profound sexual dysfunction in men. Combined marked suppression of testicular testosterone production resulting in testosterone levels of just above the castrate/female range (70 to 80% decrease, to 100 ng/dL on average) and marked androgen receptor antagonism with high-dosage cyproterone acetate monotherapy causes profound sexual dysfunction in men. Treatment of men with medical castration and add-back of multiple dosages of testosterone to restore testosterone levels (to a range of about 200 to 900 ng/dL) showed that testosterone dose-dependently restored sexual desire and erectile function in men. High-dosage monotherapy with an androgen receptor antagonist such as bicalutamide or enzalutamide, which preserves testosterone and estradiol levels, has a minimal to moderate negative effect on sexual desire and erectile function in men in spite of strong blockade of the androgen receptor.
* Estradiol supplementation maintains greater sexual desire in men with surgical or medical castration. High-dose estrogen therapy, which results in marked or complete suppression of testicular testosterone production such that testosterone levels are within the castrate range (95% decrease, to less than 50 ng/dL), causes decreased sexual desire and function. It has also been used to suppress sex drive in men with paraphilias and sex offenders. However, sexual function and activity appear to be significantly better with high-dose estrogen therapy than with surgical castration. Treatment of men with medical castration and add-back testosterone to restore testosterone levels, with or without the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole, showed that prevention of the conversion of testosterone into estradiol partially prevented restoration of sexual desire and erectile dysfunction by testosterone in men. However, this was not the case in another study with a similar design that used the aromatase inhibitor testolactone. Men with aromatase deficiency and estrogen insensitivity syndrome, and hence estrogen deficiency, appear to have normal sexual desire, function, and activity. However, estradiol supplementation in some men with aromatase deficiency increased sexual desire and activity but not in other men with aromatase deficiency. Treatment with the antiestrogenic selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen has been found to decrease sexual desire in men treated with it for male breast cancer. However, other studies have not found or reported decreased sexual function in men treated with SERMs including tamoxifen, clomifene, raloxifene, and toremifene.
* 5α-Reductase inhibitors, which block the conversion of testosterone into DHT, result in a slightly increased risk of sexual dysfunction with an incidence of decreased libido and erectile dysfunction of about 3 to 16%. Treatment of healthy men with multiple dosages of testosterone enanthate, with or without the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride, showed that dutasteride did not significantly influence changes in sexual desire and function. Treatment of men with high-dosage bicalutamide therapy, with or without the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride, showed that dutasteride did not significantly influence sexual function. Combined high-dosage bicalutamide therapy plus dutasteride showed less sexual dysfunction than medical castration similarly to high-dosage bicalutamide monotherapy.
* Treatment of men with very high-dosage DHT (a non-aromatizable androgen), which resulted in an increase in DHT levels by approximately 10-fold and complete suppression of testosterone and estradiol levels, showed that none of the measures of sexual function were significantly changed with the exception of a mild but significant decrease in sexual desire. Treatment of hypogonadal men with the aromatizable testosterone undecanoate and the non-aromatizable mesterolone showed that testosterone undecanoate produced better improvements in mood, libido, erection, and ejaculation than did mesterolone. However, the dosage of mesterolone could have been suboptimal.

### Women

* Estradiol seems to be the most important hormone for sexual desire in women. Periovulatory levels of estradiol increase sexual desire in postmenopausal women. Based on animal research, progesterone may also be involved in sexual function in women. Very limited clinical research suggests that progesterone does not increase sexual desire and may decrease it.
* There is little support for the notion that physiological levels of testosterone are important for sexual desire in women, although supraphysiological levels of testosterone can increase sexual desire in women similarly to the high levels in men. There is little to no correlation between total testosterone levels within the normal physiological range and sexual desire in premenopausal women.
* Sexual desire is not increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in spite of high testosterone levels. Women with PCOS actually experience an improvement in sexual desire following treatment of their condition, likely due improved psychological functioning (e.g., body image). Sexual desire is not decreased in women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) relative to unaffected women in spite of a completely non-functional androgen receptor.
* Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of research on variation during the menstrual cycle of women's sexual activity with partners and the effects of the use of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) by women on their sexual desire show that sexual desire is self-reported to be unchanged in most women taking COCPs, but also conclude that the effects of COCPs on women's sexual desire is not well-studied and that women experience increased sexual activity with partners in the last third of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and at ovulation (when levels of endogenous estradiol and luteinizing hormones are heightened) as compared with the luteal phase and during menstruation. Almost all combined birth control pills contain the potently liver-active estrogen ethinylestradiol, and the typical doses of ethinylestradiol present in combined birth control pills increase sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels by 2- to 4-fold and consequently decrease free testosterone levels by 40 to 80%. Cross-sectional research has shown that SHBG is inversely correlated with sexual desire in premenopausal women.
* There are conflicting reports on the effects of combined birth control pills on sexual function in women. Progestogen-only birth control, such as with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or the etonogestrel birth control implant, has shown mixed effects on sexual desire and function. Androgen receptor antagonists such as flutamide and bicalutamide cause little to no decrease in sexual desire in women.
* Low dosages of testosterone that result in physiological levels of testosterone (\< 50 ng/dL) do not increase sexual desire in women. High dosages of testosterone that result in supraphysiological levels of testosterone (\> 50 ng/dL) significantly increase sexual desire in women, with levels of testosterone of 80 to 150 ng/dL "slightly" increasing sexual desire. Further higher dosages of testosterone may result in greater effects on sexual desire in women. High dosages of testosterone (with levels of \> 50 ng/dL) have a risk of masculinization (e.g., acne, hair growth, voice changes) with long-term therapy in women. High dosages of testosterone but not low dosages of testosterone enhance the effects of low dosages of estrogens on sexual desire. Tibolone, a combined estrogen, progestin, and androgen, may increase sex drive to a greater extent than standard estrogen–progestogen therapy in postmenopausal women.

### Transgender individuals


title: Ryan Brabazon

abstract: Ryan Brabazon is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League. After winning the Jack Clarke Medal for fairest and best in the WAFL Colts competition he was recruited as the number 59 draft pick in the 2005 AFL Draft from Claremont. He made his debut for the Sydney Swans in round 18, 2008 against the Western Bulldogs. He was delisted from the Sydney Swans at the end of the 2009 AFL season due to lack of opportunities. Brabazon returned to Claremont in 2010 and played a vital role in the midfield as the team went on to lose the grand final by 1 point to Swan Districts. In 2011 Brabazon and Claremont went one better and claimed the WAFL premiership. He also played State football for Western Australia and was among their best players. He then went on to sign to play in the NEAFL competition for 2012 firstly with Canberra-based Eastlake Demons before becoming assistant playing coach for the Sydney University. He also represented NSW/ACT NEAFL teams.

text:
# Ryan Brabazon

**Ryan Brabazon** (born 26 December 1986) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League.

After winning the Jack Clarke Medal for fairest and best in the WAFL Colts competition he was recruited as the number 59 draft pick in the 2005 AFL Draft from Claremont. He made his debut for the Sydney Swans in round 18, 2008 against the Western Bulldogs.

He was delisted from the Sydney Swans at the end of the 2009 AFL season due to lack of opportunities.

Brabazon returned to Claremont in 2010 and played a vital role in the midfield as the team went on to lose the grand final by 1 point to Swan Districts. In 2011 Brabazon and Claremont went one better and claimed the WAFL premiership. He also played State football for Western Australia and was among their best players. He then went on to sign to play in the NEAFL competition for 2012 firstly with Canberra-based Eastlake Demons before becoming assistant playing coach for the Sydney University. He also represented NSW/ACT NEAFL teams.

## InfoBox

| Ryan Brabazon | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-12-26) 26 December 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Kalgoorlie Western Australia | | |
| Original team(s) | North Albany (GSFL) | | |
| Debut | 3 August 2008, Sydney Swans vs. Western Bulldogs, at Manuka Oval | | |
| Height | 184 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 81 kg (179 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2006–2010 | Sydney Swans | 3 (1) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2009. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Rip

abstract: To rip is the act of tearing an object. Rip may also refer to:

text:
# Rip

To **rip** is the act of tearing an object.

**Rip** may also refer to:

## Places

* Nioro du Rip, a town in the southern Kaolack Region of Senegal
* 7711 Říp, an asteroid
* Rip Bridge, New South Wales Australia
* Říp, a mountain in the Czech Republic
* Rip Point, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
* The Rip, entrance to Port Phillip from Bass Strait in Victoria, Australia
* Ríp, Skagafjörður, Iceland

## People

## Arts, entertainment, and media

### Fictional characters

* Rip Clutchgoneski, a World Grand Prix racecar from the fictional country of Republic of New Rearendia, character in the film *Cars 2*
* Rip Hunter, a DC Comics character
* Rip Kirby, title character of the detective comic strip
* Rip Thomas, movie name for Hulk Hogan in the movie *No Holds Barred* (1989)
* Rip Van Winkle, title character of the eponymous story by Washington Irving

### Music

### Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

* *RiP!: A Remix Manifesto*, a 2008 documentary about remixing and intellectual property
* Ripping, the process of copying audio or video from removable media to a hard disk

## Ships

* *Rip*, originally HMQS *Paluma*, an Australian gunboat scrapped in the 1950s
* *Rip*, the name from 1947-1984 of HMAS *Whyalla* (J153), a decommissioned Australian corvette

## Other uses

* Rip (dog), a Second World War search-and-rescue dog awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery


title: Robert Reece

abstract: Robert Reece was a British comic playwright and librettist active in the Victorian era. He wrote many successful musical burlesques, comic operas, farces and adaptations from the French, including the English-language adaptation of the operetta Les cloches de Corneville, which became the longest-running piece of musical theatre in history up to that time. He sometimes collaborated with Henry Brougham Farnie or others.

text:
# Robert Reece

**Robert Reece** (2 May 1838 – 8 July 1891) was a British comic playwright and librettist active in the Victorian era. He wrote many successful musical burlesques, comic operas, farces and adaptations from the French, including the English-language adaptation of the operetta *Les cloches de Corneville*, which became the longest-running piece of musical theatre in history up to that time. He sometimes collaborated with Henry Brougham Farnie or others.

## Early life and career

Reece was born in the island of Barbados, West Indies. His father, Robert Reece (1808–1874), was a barrister of the Inner Temple. Reece matriculated from Balliol College, Oxford in 1857 and received his B.A. in 1860 and his M.A. in 1864. He was admitted a student at the Inner Temple in 1860 but was not called to the bar. For a short time he was a medical student. Between 1861 and 1863, he was an extra clerk in the office of the ecclesiastical commissioners, and from 1864 to 1868 an extra temporary clerk to the emigration commissioners.

From the 1860s to the 1880s, Reece wrote comic pieces for the stage with fair success, often adapting three-act European operettas into two-act English-language pieces. He even scored a number of hits, including his adaptation of *Les cloches de Corneville*, which ran for over 700 performances in 1878–79, the longest run in the history of musical theatre up to that time.

Reece's first professionally produced effort was the libretto of an operetta, *Castle Grim*, with music by G. Allen, produced at the Royalty Theatre in 1865. Among his subsequent contributions to the same stage were the burlesques *Prometheus* (1865), *The Lady of the Lake* (1866), and *Whittington Junior and his Sensation Cat* (1871, starring Fred Sullivan and Henrietta Hodson). He also wrote for the Royalty *Dora's Device*, a comedietta (1871), *Little Robin Hood*, a burlesque (1871), revived at the Gaiety Theatre (1882), and *Paquita, or Love in a Trance*, a comic opera with music by J. A. Mallandine (1871).

At the Queen's Theatre, he produced *The Stranger, stranger than Ever,* a burlesque (1868). Another burlesque the same year at the Prince of Wales's Theatre was *Agamemnon and Cassandra*

## Later years

He wrote many other burlesques for the Globe Theatre, the Olympic Theatre (including *Richelieu* in 1873 and *Clockwork* in 1877), the Vaudeville Theatre (including *Green Old Age*, with music by Frederic Clay, in 1874; and a burlesque, *Ruy Blas Righted*), the Strand Theatre, and the Gaiety. At the Gaiety, he produced fourteen pieces between 1872 and 1884, among them the pantomimes *Ali Baba* (1872), *Don Giovanni in Venice* (1873), *The Forty Thieves,* (written with F. C. Burnand, H. J. Byron and W. S. Gilbert) (1878) and another version of the same story, with music by Meyer Lutz in 1880; and the burlesques *Aladdin,* (1881); *Little Robin Hood,* (1882); and *Valentine and Orson,* (1882).

He collaborated with Henry Brougham Farnie on 15 libretti or adaptations and occasionally joined with other dramatic writers. With Farnie, for the Folly Theatre in London, he wrote *Up the River, or the Strict Kew-Tea* (1877); *Stars and Garters* (1878); his biggest success, *Les cloches de Corneville* (1878); and *The Creole*. For the Comedy Theatre, he wrote *Boccaccio*, with music by Franz von Suppé (1882). He also wrote the successful burlesque, *Carmen; or Sold for a Song* (1879) for the Folly Theatre. *The Highest Bidder* played in New York in 1887, starring E. H. Sothern.

In 1875, he wrote *Cattarina*, a comic opera with music by Frederic Clay, produced at the Charing Cross Theatre, and in 1879 he wrote the comic opera *La Petite Mademoiselle*, together with Henry Sambrooke Leigh, for the Alhambra Theatre. Also for the Alhambra, in 1881 he wrote an English-language adaptation of *Jeanne, Jeannette and Jeanneton*, a grand opera by P. Lacome after an original libretto by Clairville & Delacour.

Despite all of his successful work, Reece fell on hard times in the 1880s. He died in London at the age of 53 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

* *Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News*, 1881, xvi. 357, with portrait
* *Archer's English Dramatists of To-day*, 1882, pp. 289–93
* *Saturday Programme*, 25 October 1876, pp. 3–4, with portrait
* *Illustrated London News*, 18 July 1891, p. 71, with portrait
* *Era*, 11 July 1891, p. 9
* *Figaro*, 18 July 1891, p. 14, with portrait
* B. Ian Chard's *Life and Reminiscence*s, 1891, i.314, &c., ii. 364, 724
* Morton's *Plays for Home Performers*, 1889, p. xi

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Reece, Robert". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Colie McDonagh

abstract: Colie McDonagh is an Irish former sportsperson. He played Gaelic football with his local club Fr. Griffin's and was a member of the Galway senior inter-county team in the 1960s and 1970s.

text:
# Colie McDonagh

**Colie McDonagh** (born 1945 in Carraroe, County Galway) is an Irish former sportsperson. He played Gaelic football with his local club Fr. Griffin's and was a member of the Galway senior inter-county team in the 1960s and 1970s.

## InfoBox

Colie McDonagh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Cóilín Mac Donncha* | | |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Right wing-back | | |
| Born | 1945<br>Carraroe, County Galway | | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) | | |
| Occupation | Teacher | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 1960s-1980s | Fr. Griffin's | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 1960s-1970s | Galway | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Connacht titles | 6 | | |
| All-Irelands | 3 | | |
| NFL | 0 | | |
| All Stars | 2 | | |


title: Prodemoticus

abstract: Prodemoticus is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Prodemoticus

***Prodemoticus*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Prodemoticus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Tachininae |
| Tribe: | Leskiini |
| Genus: | *Prodemoticus*
Villeneuve, 1919 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Prodemoticus orientalis*
Villeneuve, 1919 | |


title: Prodeus

abstract: Prodeus is a first-person shooter game developed by Bounding Box Software and published by Humble Games. The game was crowdfunded by a Kickstarter campaign in April 2019. An early access version was released on November 9, 2020. The full game was released on macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S in September 2022. A DLC was announced for the game in 2023.

text:
# Prodeus

***Prodeus*** is a first-person shooter game developed by Bounding Box Software and published by Humble Games. The game was crowdfunded by a Kickstarter campaign in April 2019. An early access version was released on November 9, 2020. The full game was released on macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S in September 2022. A DLC was announced for the game in 2023.

## Gameplay

The developers describe *Prodeus* as "the first-person shooter of old, re-imagined using modern rendering techniques." The gameplay resembles that of classic 1990s first-person shooters such as *Doom* and *Quake*. The player must explore complex levels, sometimes searching out keys to progress, while engaging enemies in fast-paced combat using a variety of weapons. To help the player find their way, and to aid in discovering secrets, the game features an automap similar in function to those featured in games such as *Doom*, *Duke Nukem 3D*, and *Metroid Prime*.

*Prodeus* employs a modern game engine to extend the experience of classic shooters with visuals such as dynamic lighting and particle effects, interactive levels, a gore system, and a dynamic soundtrack. Though the game may be played entirely with modern visuals, the game allows the player to apply shaders that give the game a pixelated look, simulating resolutions down to 360p or even 216p.

## Plot

The player assumes control of a corrupted agent of *Prodeus*, the mysterious creator of the player and the game world. The only goal is to destroy *Prodeus* and anything that gets in the way.

## Development

Developers Mike Voeller and Jason Mojica met while working together at Raven Software on *Singularity*. By 2017, Voeller had decided to leave the industry to pursue an idea for a retro first-person shooter (that would become *Prodeus*). Around that time, Mojica reconnected with Voeller and decided to leave his job at Starbreeze Studios to join the project. Later, the two recruited Andrew Hulshult for the soundtrack and Josh "Dragonfly" O'Sullivan from the *Doom* modding community to work on level design.

*Prodeus* was announced in November 2018. The launch trailer and later gameplay demos were created with a pre-alpha version of the game showcasing a typical level.

The developers have stated that community engagement was considered a core principle of the game from the beginning. Thus, *Prodeus* includes an integrated level editor from day one. Anyone who owns the game on a PC will have the same tools used by the developers to make levels from scratch. The level editor is built specifically for *Prodeus* and is designed for speed and ease of use.

Despite originally promising a native Linux version, it was announced on September 5, 2022 that the game would instead merely be tailored for the Proton compatibility layer, citing issues with platform support from the Unity game engine.

## Reception

*Prodeus* received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

## InfoBox

| Prodeus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Bounding Box Software |
| Publisher(s) | Humble Games |
| Composer(s) | Andrew Hulshult
James Paddock |
| Engine | Unity |
| Platform(s) | macOS
Microsoft Windows
Nintendo Switch
PlayStation 4
PlayStation 5
Xbox One
Xbox Series X/S |
| Release | September 23, 2022 |
| Genre(s) | First-person shooter |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Edward Maufe

abstract: Sir Edward Brantwood Maufe, RA, FRIBA was an English architect and designer. He built private homes as well as commercial and institutional buildings, and is remembered chiefly for his work on places of worship and memorials. Perhaps his best known buildings are Guildford Cathedral and the Air Forces Memorial. He was a recipient of the Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1944 and, in 1954, received a knighthood for services to the Imperial War Graves Commission, with which he was associated from 1943 until his death.

text:
# Edward Maufe

**Sir Edward Brantwood Maufe**, RA, FRIBA (12 December 1882  12 December 1974) was an English architect and designer. He built private homes as well as commercial and institutional buildings, and is remembered chiefly for his work on places of worship and memorials. Perhaps his best known buildings are Guildford Cathedral and the Air Forces Memorial. He was a recipient of the Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1944 and, in 1954, received a knighthood for services to the Imperial War Graves Commission, with which he was associated from 1943 until his death.

## Biography

### Early life and career

Maufe was born Edward Muff in Sunny Bank, Ilkley, Yorkshire, on 12 December 1882. He was the second of three children and the youngest son of Henry Muff and Maude Alice Muff née Smithies. Henry Muff was a linen draper who was part owner of Brown Muff & Co a department store in Bradford, “the Harrods of the North”. Maufe was the niece of Titus Salt, the founder of Saltaire. Maufe started his education at Wharfedale School in Ilkley, and later attended Bradford School.

During his adolescent years, Maufe became interested in architecture. In 1899 he was sent to London to serve a five-year apprenticeship under the direction of the architect William A. Pite, brother of Arthur Beresford Pite. Soon after, the Muff family moved from Yorkshire to Red House in Bexleyheath. The house was designed by Philip Webb for William Morris; Maufe later acknowledged the design as an early architectural influence. After completing his apprenticeship in 1904, Maufe attended St John's College, Oxford, where, in 1908, he received a B.A.; he also studied design at the Architectural Association School of Architecture.

In 1909 the Muff family name was changed by deed poll to Maufe by Henry and his brothers, Charles and Frederick, "for ourselves and our respective issue". The deed poll stated that they were "desirous of reverting to the old form of our surname". The following year Maufe, then aged 28, moved to 139 Old Church Street, Chelsea, London. On 1 October 1910, he married Prudence Stutchbury (1882–1976), the daughter of Edward Stutchbury of the Geological Survey of India. She was an interior designer and later a director of Heal's. They had a son who died in 1968.

During the First World War Maufe served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, before joining the army in 1917 with Dick Sheppard, who acted as his guarantor. Maufe enlisted in the Royal Garrison Artillery on 9 January 1917, was commissioned as a staff lieutenant that April, and saw action in Salonika. He was discharged on 26 February 1919. Having already been an associate member since 1910, Maufe was elected a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1920.

In 1940 Maufe commissioned his portrait, which is now housed at the RIBA. The picture shows him in front of his winning design for Guildford Cathedral from Gluck, whose studio in Hampstead he had designed in 1932.

Another oil portrait of him by John Laviers Wheatley (1892-1955) was exhibited in 1956 and is in the Primary Collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London.

## Architecture

Maufe's first important commission after establishing his own practice was in 1912, the design of Kelling Hall, Norfolk, for Sir Henry Deterding. The building shows Maufe's early links with the arts and crafts movement due to its butterfly plan, knapped flint walls, and a grey tiled and gabled roof. Maufe's other pre-war work included the decoration of St Martin-in-the-Fields, the chapels and alterations at All Saints' Church, Southampton (destroyed in the Southampton Blitz in 1940), and restoration at St John's, Hackney, which first brought him into notice in church circles.

Interior of Guildford CathedralExterior of Guildford Cathedral

Whilst Kelling Hall was Maufe's first major project. Prior to this in 1909 he was commissioned by Marie Studholme (the Edwardian Music Hall Star) to design a weekend house on the banks of the River Thames in Laleham, Middlesex. The house, known as The Barn, was heavily influenced by Edwin Lutyens's Homewood (1901), in particular the triple gabled roof, a device he used at Kelling Hall as well.

His 1924 proposals for the Palace of Industry at the British Empire Exhibition, Wembley attracted notice though an alternative design was built. Maufe was a silver medallist at the Paris Exhibition in 1925 which resulted in him securing a wide variety of commissions. The church of St Bede Clapham (1922) and St Saviour's in Acton (1924), were built for the Royal Association in Aid of the Deaf and Dumb and made. The latter church displays a simple structure and has a likeness to contemporary Swedish architecture. St Saviour's was loosely based on the design by Ivar Tengbom of Högalid Church in Stockholm, which Maufe described as being the most completely satisfying modern Swedish building he had seen. During this period, Maufe was a constant champion of modern Swedish architecture, and was often vocal on this theme in the architectural press, citing his own buildings as having simplified elevations, painted ceilings, and applied sculpture, similar to those found in Sweden. Maufe felt that Swedish architecture had a combined freshness without obviously breaking with tradition.

In 1932, Maufe won a competition to design the Guildford Cathedral, coming first among 183 entries with a Gothic design in concrete faced in brick. By the time the building was dedicated in 1961, it seemed even more of an anachronism. The cathedral's exterior including the nave and aisles together with Maufe's use of space, won him general admiration amongst fellow architects. As a result, he was described as a designer of churches by conviction, as he attempted to produce buildings of austere simplicity aiming directly at the creation of a religious atmosphere. At Guildford, he wanted to produce a design of the times, yet to keep in line with the great English cathedrals already established within the United Kingdom.

In 1936, King George VI commissioned Maufe to conduct various alterations to the Royal Chapel of All Saints in Windsor Great Park. The small private chapel stands in the grounds of Royal Lodge which was the Queen Mother's residence. Maufe designed a new ceiling for the chancel and a royal pew, new choir stalls and a casing for a new organ. In 1937, Maufe designed the extension to Heal's furniture store in Tottenham Court Road, where his wife Prudence worked, with his design including a full length Lenscrete Window inspired by his design for Guildford Cathedral. In 1944, he was awarded the Royal Gold Medal for architecture.

From 1943, Maufe was principal architect UK to the Imperial War Graves Commission, eventually becoming chief architect and artistic adviser until 1969. Among his war memorial designs are those at Tower Hill which was an expansion to the already established memorial by Sir Edward Lutyens and the Air Forces Memorial at Cooper's Hill overlooking Runnymede (1950–53). Maufe's domestic work had a stylish modernity, in direct contrast with the new functionalism. In the architectural language of the time it was called ‘modernity with manners’ and very much reflected the established taste of the inter-war period. Maufe often wrote and lectured on architecture chiefly on furnishing within the home and on present-day architecture. His designs were considered by interior designers to be modern and stylish, with built-in fitments and pastel colour-schemes, particularly pink, mauve, and cream, contrasted with silver-lacquered furniture and mirrors. One of his house designs was Yaffle Hill, Broadstone, Dorset, built in 1929 for Cyril Carter of Poole Pottery. Other schemes included an extension to Baylins, Beaconsfield in 1927, for Ambrose Heal, Gluck's studio in Bolton Hill, Hampstead (1932), and the studio for religious services at Broadcasting House (1931). He also designed several branch banks for Lloyds Bank, including 50 Notting Hill Gate, London in 1930.

Other works include the Festival Theatre in Cambridge, St Thomas the Apostle in Hanwell, London and the Oxford Playhouse and St Columba's Church (Pont Street, London SW1). He designed buildings for Trinity and St John's College, Cambridge, Balliol and St John's College, Oxford (of which he was made an honorary fellow of in 1943). Maufe was later commissioned to re-design the war-damaged Middle Temple, Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, which made him an Honorary Master of the Bench in 1951.

Architectural historian Ian Nairn said that "Maufe is the rare case of a man with genuine spatial gifts but out of sympathy with the style of his time".

### Retirement and death

Maufe retired in 1964 to Shepherd's Hill, Buxted, East Sussex, which he had restored as his second home in the late 1920s. He died aged 92 on his birthday, 12 December 1974, in nearby Uckfield Hospital. His architectural drawings and correspondence were deposited at the RIBA upon his death.

## Partial list of works

* The Barn, Laleham, Middlesex (1909)
* Kelling Hall, Norfolk (1912)
* St Bede's, Clapham Road, London SW9 (1924)
* Palace of Industry at the British Empire Exhibition, Wembley (1924–25)
* Lloyds Bank, Wren Road, Camberwell (1925)
* Festival Theatre, Cambridge, (1926) (alterations only)
* St Saviour's, Old Oak Lane, Acton London, (1926)
* Trinity College, Cambridge (1927)
* Yaffle Hill, Broadstone, Dorset
* Tower at St Mary's, Liss, Hampshire (1930)
* Lloyds Bank, 50 Notting Hill Gate, London (1930)
* St John's Church, Hook, Hampshire (1931)
* Guildford Cathedral (1932)
* Studio for Religious Services, Broadcasting House, Portland Place (1932)
* Rawlinson Building extension, St John's College, Oxford (1933)
* St Thomas the Apostle, Boston Road, Hanwell, London (1934)
* The House, Round Island, Poole Harbour (c1935)
* Alterations to Royal Chapel of All Saints in Windsor Great Park (1936)(a new ceiling for the chancel and a royal pew, new choir stalls and a casing for a new organ)
* Extension to Morley College, London SE1 (1937)
* St John's College, Cambridge Chapel Court and North Court (1938–40)
* The Oxford Playhouse, Oxford (1938)
* Heal's Department Store in Tottenham Court Road, London (1938) (Southern extension)
* St John the Evangelist, London Road, Hook, Hampshire (1938)

## Bibliography


title: Princess of Condé

abstract: The title Princess of Condé refers to the wife of the Prince of Condé, a noble title in France. The House of Condé is a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, which played a significant role in French history.

text:
# Princess of Condé

The title **Princess of Condé** refers to the wife of the Prince of Condé, a noble title in France. The House of Condé is a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, which played a significant role in French history.

## Princess of Condé

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Princess | Ceased to be Princess | Death | Husband |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Eléanor de Roucy de Roye | Charles, Count of Roucy
(Roye) | 24 February 1535 | 22 June 1551 | | 23 July 1564 | | Louis de Bourbon |
|  | Francoise d'Orléans-Longueville | François, Marquis of Rothelin
(Valois) | 5 April 1549 | 8 November 1565 | | 13 March 1569
*husband's death* | 11 June 1601 | |
|  | Marie de Clèves | Francis I, Duke of Nevers
(La Marck) | 1553 | 10 August 1572 | | 14 November 1574 | | Henri |
|  | Charlotte Catherine de La Trémoille | Louis, Duke of Thouars
(La Trémoille) | 1568 | 16 March 1586 | | 5 March 1588
*husband's death* | 28 August 1629 | |
|  | Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency | Henri, Duke of Montmorency
(Montmorency) | 11 May 1594 | 17 May 1609 | | 26 December 1646
*husband's death* | 2 December 1650 | Henri |
|  | Claire Clémence de Maillé | Urbain de Maillé-Brézé
(Maillé) | 25 February 1628 | February 1641 | 26 December 1646
*husband's accession* | 11 November 1686
*husband's death* | 16 April 1694 | Louis, *Le Grand Condé* |
|  | Anne Henriette of Bavaria | Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern
(Palatinate-Simmern) | 13 March 1648 | 11 December 1663 | 11 November 1686
*husband's accession* | 1 April 1709
*husband's death* | 23 February 1723 | Henri Jules |
|  | Louise Françoise de Bourbon, *Légitimée de France* | Louis XIV of France
(illegitimate)
(Bourbon) | 1 June 1673 | 25 May 1685 | 1 April 1709
*husband's accession* | 4 March 1710
*husband's death* | 16 June 1743 | Louis |
|  | Marie Anne de Bourbon | François Louis, Prince of Conti
(Bourbon) | 18 April 1689 | 9 August 1713 | | 21 March 1720 | | Louis Henri |
|  | Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg | Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
(Hesse-Rotenburg) | 18 August 1714 | 24 July 1728 | | 27 January 1740
*husband's death* | 14 June 1741 | |
|  | Charlotte de Rohan | Charles, Prince of Soubise
(Rohan) | 7 October 1737 | 3 May 1753 | | 4 March 1760 | | Louis Joseph |
|  | Maria Caterina Brignole | Giuseppe Brignole-Sale, Marquess of Groppoli
(Brignole-Sale) | | 24 October 1798 | | 18 March 1813 | | |
|  | Bathilde d'Orléans | Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
(Orléans) | 9 July 1750 | 24 April 1770 | 13 May 1818
*husband's accession* | 10 January 1822 | | Louis Henri Joseph |
|


title: Princess of Joinville

text:
# Princess of Joinville

## Lady of Joinville

### ?House of Joinville, 1020–1417

### House of Vaudémont, 1417–1551

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Consort | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Marie, Countess of Harcourt | John VII, Count of Harcourt
(Harcourt) | 9 September 1398 | 12 August 1416 | 28 April 1417
*husband's accession* | 22 March 1458
*husband's death* | 19 April 1476 | Antoine |
|  | Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine | René of Naples
(Valois-Anjou) | 2 November 1428 | 1445 | 22 March 1458
*husband's accession* | 31 August 1470
*husband's death* | 23 March 1483 | Frederick II |
|  | Joan, Countess of Tancarville | William, Count of Tancarville
(Harcourt) | - | 9 September 1471 | 1476
*husband's accession* | 1485
*marriage annulled* | 8 November 1488 | René |
|  | Philippa of Guelders | Adolf, Duke of Guelders
(Egmond) | 9 November 1467 | 1 September 1485 | | 10 December 1508
*husband's death* | 26 February 1547 | |
|  | Antoinette de Bourbon | Francis, Count of Vendôme
(Bourbon-La Marche) | 25 December 1493 | 9 June 1513 | | 12 April 1550
*husband's death* | 22 January 1583 | Claude I |
|  | Anna d'Este | Ercole II d'Este
(Este) | 16 November 1531 | 29 April 1548 | 12 April 1550
*husband's death* | 1551/2
*Became Princess* | 17 May 1607 | Francis I |
|

## Princess of Joinville

### House of Guise, 1551/2–1641

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Princess | Ceased to be Princess | Death | Spouse |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anna d'Este | Ercole II d'Este
(Este) | 16 November 1531 | 29 April 1548 | 1551/2
*Became Princess* | 24 February 1563
*husband's death* | 17 May 1607 | Francis I |
|  | Catherine of Cleves, Countess of Eu | Francis I, Duke of Nevers
(De la Marck) | 1548 | 4 October 1570 | | 23 December 1588
*husband's assassination* | 11 May 1633 | Henry I |
|  | Marie de Rohan, Mademoiselle de Montbazon | Hercule de Rohan, Duke of Montbazon
(Rohan) | December 1600 | 21 April 1622 | | 24 January 1657
*husband's death* | 12 August 1679 | Claude II |
|  | Henriette Catherine, Duchess of Joyeuse | Henri de Joyeuse
(Joyeuse) | 8 January 1585 | 6 January 1611 | | 30 September 1640
*husband's death* | 25 February 1656 | Charles |
|  | Anna Maria Gonzaga | Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
(Gonzaga-Nevers) | 1616 | 1639 | 30 September 1640
*husband's accession* | 1641
*divorce* | 6 July 1684 | Henry II |
|

### House of Joyeuse, 1641–1654

**None**

### House of Guise, 1654–1688

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Princess | Ceased to be Princess | Death | Spouse |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême | Gaston de France, Duke of Orléans
(Bourbon) | 26 December 1646 | 15 June 1667 | | 30 July 1671
*husband's death* | 17 March 1696 | Louis Joseph |
|

### House of Bourbon, 1654–1693

**None**

### House of Orléans, since 1693

*Bolded name are Princess who actually used the title above any other of their titles.*

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Princess | Ceased to be Princess | Death | Spouse |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate | Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine
(Palatinate-Simmern) | 27 May 1652 | 16 November 1671 | 5 April 1693
*husband's accession* | 9 June 1701
*husband's death* | 9 December 1722 | Philippe I |
|  | Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, *Légitimée de France* | Louis XIV of France
(Bourbon (Illegitimate)) | 25 May 1677 | 18 February 1692 | 9 June 1701
*husband's accession* | 2 December 1723
*husband's death* | 1 February 1749 | Philippe II |
|  | Margravine Auguste Marie Johanna of Baden-Baden | Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden
(Zähringen) | 10 November 1704 | 13 July 1724 | | 8 July 1726 | | Louis |
|  | Louise Henriette de Bourbon, *Mademoiselle de Conti*
Duchess of Étampes | Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti
(Bourbon-Conti) | 20 June 1726 | 17 December 1743 | 4 February 1752
*husband's accession* | 9 February 1759 | | Louis Philippe I |
|  | Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon
*Mademoiselle de Penthièvre* | Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre
(Bourbon-Penthièvre) | 13 March 1753 | 8 May 1768 | 18 November 1785
*husband's accession* | 6 November 1793
*husband's execution* | 23 June 1821 | Louis Philippe II |
|  | Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily | Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
(Bourbon-Two Sicilies) | 26 April 1782 | 25 November 1809 | | 9 August 1830
*became Queen consort* | 24 March 1866 | Louis Philippe III |
|  | **Princess Francisca of Brazil** | Pedro I of Brazil
(House of Braganza) | 2 August 1824 | 1 May 1843 | | 27 March 1898 | | François II |
|  |

## Sources


title: Profound Mysteries III

abstract: Profound Mysteries III is the eighth studio album by Norwegian electronic music duo Röyksopp, and is the third and last album in the Profound Mysteries series of albums. The album was released on 18 November 2022. It was released with collections of short films and animated visualizations created to accompany each track.

text:
# Profound Mysteries III

***Profound Mysteries III*** is the eighth studio album by Norwegian electronic music duo Röyksopp, and is the third and last album in the *Profound Mysteries* series of albums. The album was released on 18 November 2022. It was released with collections of short films (each by a different director) and animated visualizations (by artist Jonathan Zawada) created to accompany each track.

## Background and development

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 71/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *Aftenposten* | 4/6 |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Dagsavisen* | 6/6 |
| *The Daily Telegraph* |  |
| *iTromsø* | 5/6 |
| *Jenesaispop* |  |
| *NRK* | 4/6 |
| *Slant Magazine* |  |

*Profound Mysteries III* received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 71, based on 5 reviews. Thomas Bedenbaugh of *Slant Magazine* stated that "Röyksopp concludes their Profound Mysteries trilogy with some of their most ambitious songs to date", and further noted that the track "Speed King" is the centerpiece of the album and described that "the song serves as the boldest and most memorable composition in the trilogy." NRK's Shana Fevang Mathai noted that the range of songs might require a "generous ear" to appreciate. Sebas E. Alonso of *Jenesaispop* praised "the fact that \[Röyksopp\] offers us something different in this storm of overwhelming news that the music world has become every Friday." Bernt Erik Pedersen of Dagsavisen described the tracks of the album as going "from dramatic heights to quiet introspection, from the low whispering to the grandly symphonic, with both orchestral strings and sweeping synth strings. At the same time, there is light and dewy synthpop \[...\] with Astrid S on *Just Wanted To Know*."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Röyksopp, except where noted

*Profound Mysteries III* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "So Ambiguous" |  | 6:06 |
| 2. | "Me&Youphoria" | * Röyksopp * Gunhild Ramsay Kovacs | 4:40 |
| 3. | "Stay Awhile" |  | 6:11 |
| 4. | "The Night" |  | 7:38 |
| 5. | "Lights Out" | * Röyksopp * Pixx | 5:28 |
| 6. | "Speed King" |  | 9:53 |
| 7. | "The Next Day" | * Röyksopp * Irrepressible | 4:16 |
| 8. | "Just Wanted to Know" |  | 4:13 |
| 9. | "Feel It" | * Röyksopp * Maurissa Rose | 8:14 |
| 10. | "Like an Old Dog" | * Röyksopp * Pixx | 3:55 |
| Total length: | | | 60:34 |

### Accompanying short films

Released between August and November 2022, alongside tracks from *Profound Mysteries III*.

Short films accompanying *Profound Mysteries III*
| No. | Title | Director | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Paved Paradise" | Tess Quatri | 1:09 |
| 2. | "How to" | Emilie Norenberg | 1:03 |
| 3. | "Le Reve" | Bianca Poletti | 2:34 |
| 4. | "A Crab & A Pipe" | Johan Stahl | 2:27 |
| 5. | "In A Flash" | Anastasia Karkazis | 2:02 |
| 6. | "speed\_k1ng" | Markus Tangre | 1:24 |
| 7. | "Cutting Cords" | Jenny Amdi Sørensen | 1:02 |
| 8. | "Elegy" | Máté Boegi | 1:47 |
| 9. | "Black Box" | Ola Jacob Nestande | 1:34 |
| 10. | "Like An Old Dog" | Röyksopp | 2:27 |
| Total length: | | | 17:29 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Profound Mysteries III*
| Chart (2022) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Digital Albums (ARIA) | 11 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 186 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 61 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 16 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 62 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 25 |
| UK Album Downloads (OCC) | 12 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 16 |

## InfoBox

| Profound Mysteries III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Röyksopp | |
| Released | 18 November 2022 (2022-11-18) |
| Length | 60:34 |
| Label | Dog Triumph |
| Producer | Röyksopp |
| Röyksopp chronology | |
| *Profound Mysteries II*
(2022) ***Profound Mysteries III***
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Profound Mysteries III* | |
| 1. "Speed King"
Released: 30 August 2022 2. "The Night"
Released: 31 August 2022 3. "Me&Youphoria"
Released: 21 September 2022 4. "Just Wanted to Know"
Released: 18 October 2022 5. "Feel It"
Released: 19 October 2022 6. "Stay Awhile"
Released: 16 November 2022 | |
|  | |


abstract: Prince Frederick William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg was a member of the House of Oldenburg and a Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.

text:
# Prince Frederick William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg

**Prince Frederick William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg** (18 November 1668  3 June 1714) was a member of the House of Oldenburg and a Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.

## Biography

He was the youngest son of Duke Ernest Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and his wife, Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. In 1675, when his father negotiated with Count Peder Griffenfeld about a marriage with Frederick William's sister, he was promised a profitable post as provost of the Cathedral in Hamburg and governor of Als. He was appointed as provost in Hamburg in 1676, after chairman Kielmansegge died. When his father died in 1689, the will stated that his possessions would go to his widow, who would have the right to settle the succession. She made a decision, which was upheld by the King in 1692. Her eldest living son, Ernest Augustus, was excluded from the inheritance, because he had converted to Catholicism, leaving the Duchy to Frederick William, who was by then the only other surviving son. Almost simultaneously, Frederick William was also appointed governor of Sønderborg.

However, when Ernest Augustus reverted to Lutheranism in 1695, he was appointed governor of Sønderborg, because he resided there. Ernest Augustus was also reinstated as heir of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. Nevertheless, when Ernest Augustus died childless in 1731, Frederick William's son Christian August I would inherit the duchy.

When his mother died in 1701, Frederick William inherited Augustenborg Palace, Rumohrsgaard Manor and Evelgunde Manor. In 1703, he purchased Avnbølgaard Manor in Sundeved.

Frederick William served as a Major General in the Danish army.

## Personal life

On 27 November 1694, he married Countess Sophie Amalie of Ahlefeldt-Langeland (1675-1741), the youngest daughter of the Chancellor, Count Frederik of Ahlefeldt-Rixingen, Count of Langeland (1623-1686) by his second wife, Countess Marie Elisabeth of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hartenburg (1648-1724). They had five children, two boys and three girls:

* Christian August I, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1696-1754), married Countess Frederikke Louise of Danneskiold-Samsøe (1699–1744); had issue
* Frederick Karl of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1701-1702)
* Charlotte Amalie Marie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, a nun in Herford (d. 1726)
* Sofie Luise of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1699-1765), didn't get married and had no issue
* Auguste Wilhelmine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, (b. and d. 8.7.1700)

* Jonathan Smith: *Zur Geschichte des oldenburgischen Heerwesen während der Dänenzeit (1667-1773).* In: *Oldenburger Jahrbücher.* 1940/41, S. 52ff, Digitalisat

## InfoBox

| Prince Frederick William | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1668-11-18)18 November 1668
Sonderburg |
| Died | 3 June 1714(1714-06-03) (aged 45)
Augustenburg |
| Spouse | Sophie Amalie of Ahlefeldt |
| Issue | Christian August I |
| House | House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg |
| Father | Ernest Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg |
| Mother | Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg |
| Religion | Lutheranism |


title: Prodontia

abstract: Prodontia dimidiata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Prodontia.

text:
# Prodontia

***Prodontia dimidiata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus ***Prodontia***.

## InfoBox

| *Prodontia dimidiata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Prodontia*** |
| Species: | ***P. dimidiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prodontia dimidiata***<br>Audinet-Serville, 1834 | |
|


title: Egon Köhnen

abstract: Egon Köhnen is a retired German footballer. He played for Fortuna Düsseldorf between 1966 and 1981, playing 272 Bundesliga games and scoring 12 goals. He helped the team winning the DFB-Pokal in 1978–79 and 1979–80.

text:
# Egon Köhnen

**Egon Köhnen** (born 24 November 1947) is a retired German footballer.

He played for Fortuna Düsseldorf between 1966 and 1981, playing 272 Bundesliga games and scoring 12 goals. He helped the team winning the DFB-Pokal in 1978–79 and 1979–80.

## InfoBox

Egon Köhnen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1947-11-24) 24 November 1947 | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1966–1981 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | 272 | (12) |
| 1981–1982 | Bayer 05 Uerdingen | 30 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Egon Lánský

abstract: Egon T. Lánský was a Czech politician for the Czech Social Democratic Party (CSDP), journalist, political commentator, spokesperson and columnist.

text:
# Egon Lánský

**Egon T. Lánský** (born **Egon Löwy**; 23 July 1934 – 25 November 2013) was a Czech politician for the Czech Social Democratic Party (CSDP), journalist, political commentator, spokesperson and columnist.

## Career

In August 1968, he went to Sweden, where he initially worked in various paraprofessionals before he learned Swedish. In the spring of 1968, he became one of the founding members of the Club of Committed Non-Party Members (CCNP). In 1981, he concluded the study of history and political science at Lund University, in Lund.

He also worked as a conservative political commentator for a Swedish newspaper and for a Czechoslovakian newsroom from 1981 to 1984, and later as a commentator on Radio Free Europe in Munich, Germany. He was also active in various movements in Israel, where he co-founded a committee of solidarity with Eastern Europe.

In November 1989, Lánský returned to Czechoslovakia, became the spokesman for the Foreign Ministry and the then Czechoslovak ambassador to the Permanent Mission at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, and after the split of Czechoslovakia, he asked for Czech citizenship and worked as a consultant and journalist before, in 1995, he became the spokesperson Miloš Zeman, the former chairman CSDP.

Also, in 1995, Lánský appeared as a rabbi in the comedy-drama film *Golet v údolí*.

In the elections of 1996, he was elected Děčín District on the ticket of the Social Democrats Senator, a position he held until the end of the legislative period of 2002. Lánský said:

> You can not be a conservative in the Czech Republic if you want to be a decent person. The right wing here does not have what the Tories in Britain, for example, have compassion.

In July 1998, he became deputy chairman of Zeman's government and ministries in charge of coordinating foreign, interior and defense, in particular, but accession negotiations with the European Union. He resigned in late November 1999, as already the second member of this government, and said health reasons. The political opponents, which should also include Miloš Zeman, bandied about the slowness of the accession negotiations and unacknowledged account in Austria.

## Personal life and death

Egon Lánský was born as **Egon Löwy** on 23 July 1934 in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), the son of Jewish doctors. His father fled to England in 1939, following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.

After surviving a concentration camp during World War II, he returned to Trenčín, changed his surname to Lánský and kept his religion. Lánský was fluent in Czech, English, Slovak and Swedish.

Egon Lánský died following a long-term illness on 25 November 2013, aged 79, at a Prague hospital.

## InfoBox

| Egon Lánský | |
| --- | --- |
| Egon Lánský in November 2012 | |
| Born | Egon Löwy
(1934-07-23)23 July 1934
Trenčín, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia) |
| Died | 25 November 2013(2013-11-25) (aged 79)
Prague, Czech Republic |
| Occupation(s) | Politician, journalist, political commentator, spokesperson, columnist |
| Years active | 1968–2002 |


title: Princess Harbour, Manitoba

abstract: Princess Harbour is a community in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The village is on a small peninsula on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg. The community was originally named Rabbit Point and is still referred to as such by locals. Recognized as a community by the Province of Manitoba in 1972 under the Northern Affairs Act, the settlement does not have a political leader but rather it is represented by someone who is called a "contact person". The Hudson's Bay Company had a house at Rabbit Point through the mid to late 1800s. It was used as a place to stay while traveling through, but there are no records it was used for trading. The first mention of settler presence in the area began in 1890, and funeral and baptism records note the names of local families from then until present day. A store was built in the small settlement in 1934 and as the little community grew a school followed in 1939. The school changed its name from Princess Harbour School to the Dolly Magnusson School in 1982, the small school would eventually close in 1982. A coal oil fueled harbour light was maintained by the community as regulated by the government at the time.

text:
# Princess Harbour, Manitoba

**Princess Harbour** is a community in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The village is on a small peninsula on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg. The community was originally named Rabbit Point and is still referred to as such by locals. Recognized as a community by the Province of Manitoba in 1972 under the Northern Affairs Act, the settlement does not have a political leader but rather it is represented by someone who is called a "contact person".

The Hudson's Bay Company had a house at Rabbit Point through the mid to late 1800s. It was used as a place to stay while traveling through, but there are no records it was used for trading. The first mention of settler presence in the area began in 1890, and funeral and baptism records note the names of local families from then until present day. A store was built in the small settlement in 1934 and as the little community grew a school followed in 1939. The school changed its name from Princess Harbour School to the Dolly Magnusson School in 1982, the small school would eventually close in 1982. A coal oil fueled harbour light was maintained by the community as regulated by the government at the time.

## Etymology

Though it is not known why the community was named Princess Harbour, local history books believe that the name is attributed to the SS Princess that sailed Lake Winnipeg at the turn of the 20th century. The name was not officially changed to Princess Harbour until 1952, when the community got its own post office. It's noted the change of name came as a result of confusion with another location named Rabbit Point or Rabbit Lake somewhere in Manitoba.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Princess Harbour had a population of 0 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings, a change of -100% from its 2016 population of 5. With a land area of 1.9 km2 (0.73 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.0/km2 (0.0/sq mi) in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Princess Harbour | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname: Rabbit Point | |
| Princess HarbourLocation of Matheson Island in Manitoba | |
| Coordinates: 51°51′34″N 96°52′27″W / 51.85944°N 96.87417°W / 51.85944; -96.87417 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| Region | Interlake |
| Settled | 1890 |
| Recognized by Manitoba | 1972 |
| Government | |
| MP (Churchill—Keewatinook Aski) | Niki Ashton (NDP) |
| MLA
(Keewatinook) | Ian Bushie (NDP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.19 km2 (0.85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 220 m (720 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 10 |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| Postal code span | R0C 2P0 |
| Area code | 204 |


title: Princess Gyeongnyeong

abstract: Princess Gyeongnyeong was a Goryeo Royal Princess as the second and youngest daughter of King Sinjong and Queen Seonjeong, also the youngest sister of King Huijong, Duke Yangyang, and Princess Hyohoe. She was born in 1185 and in 1199, she formally became a Princess when her older sister, Princess Hyohoe, died at 17 years old. Later, in 1201, she married Wang Jeong (왕정) and was given royal title Count Siheung (시흥백), later becoming Duke Hoean (회안공). Her husband was the brother of Queen Seongpyeong, the second wife of King Huijong making them in-law’s. With Wang Jeong, she had 3 sons and their second son later married Princess Suheung who was her grandniece. Wang Jeong was the descendant of Wang Gi, Duke Pyeongyang, King Hyeonjong's son. The Princess seemed to have died around the 13th century, and her husband died in 1234.

text:
# Princess Gyeongnyeong

**Princess Gyeongnyeong** (Korean: 경녕궁주; Hanja: 敬寧宮主; 1185–?) was a Goryeo Royal Princess as the second and youngest daughter of King Sinjong and Queen Seonjeong, also the youngest sister of King Huijong, Duke Yangyang, and Princess Hyohoe.

She was born in 1185 and in 1199, she formally became a Princess (공주, 公主) when her older sister, Princess Hyohoe, died at 17 years old. Later, in 1201, she married Wang Jeong (왕정) and was given royal title *Count Siheung* (시흥백), later becoming *Duke Hoean* (회안공). Her husband was the brother of Queen Seongpyeong, the second wife of King Huijong making them in-law’s. With Wang Jeong, she had 3 sons and their second son later married Princess Suheung who was her grandniece. Wang Jeong was the descendant of Wang Gi, Duke Pyeongyang (왕기 평양공), King Hyeonjong's son. The Princess seemed to have died around the 13th century, and her husband died in 1234.

## Family

* Father: Sinjong of Goryeo (고려 신종; 1144–1204)
* Mother: Queen Seonjeong (선정왕후; 1137–1222)
* Husband: Wang Jeong, Duke Hoean (왕정 회안공; 1185–1234); son of Wang Jin, Marquess Yeongin and Princess Yeonhui.
    + Son: Wang Yeon, Marquess Gyeyang (왕연 계양후; 1213–?)
    + Son: Wang Jeon, Duke Sinyang (왕전 신양공; 1215–1256) – married Princess Suheung.
    + Son: Wang Si (왕시; 1217–?)

## InfoBox

| Princess Gyeongnyeong
경녕궁주 | |
| --- | --- |
| Princess of Goryeo | |
| Coronation | 1199 |
| Predecessor | Princess Hyohoe |
| Monarch | Wang Tak, King Sinjong |
|  | |
| Born | 1185
Gongeop-jigu, Kaeseong, Kingdom of Goryeo |
| Died | Goryeo |
| Husband | Wang Jeong (m. 1201); fifth cousin once removed |
| House | House of Wang (by birth and marriage) |
| Father | Sinjong of Goryeo |
| Mother | Queen Seonjeong |


title: Progressive Slovene Women of America

abstract: Progressive Slovene Women of America (PSWA), or Progresivne Slovenke Amerike, is an ethnic fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovene immigrant women and their descendants in the United States. Founded in 1934, it is headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio and incorporate in 1938. The organization formally disbanded in 2004.

text:
# Progressive Slovene Women of America

**Progressive Slovene Women of America** (**PSWA**), or **Progresivne Slovenke Amerike**, is an ethnic fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovene immigrant women and their descendants in the United States. Founded in 1934, it is headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio and incorporate in 1938. The organization formally disbanded in 2004.

## InfoBox

Progressive Slovene Women of America
| Abbreviation | PSWA |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1934 |
| Type | Fraternal organization |
| Headquarters | Cleveland, Ohio |
| Website | https://www.angelfire.com/oh4/slovenian/PSWACircleDirectory.html |


title: Ehrenfried Patzel

abstract: Ehrenfried Patzel was an Ethnic German football player from Czechoslovakia. Patzel was born in Chabařovice. His mother Františka was Czech, his father Ferdinand was German. He played for Teplitzer FK from 1932 to 1939. In 1939 Teplitzer team was dissolved by the Nazis and Patzel went to play for 1. SV Jena from 1939 to 1942 and for Offenbacher Kickers from 1942 to 1948. He also played four matches for the Czechoslovak national team and was a participant at the 1934 FIFA World Cup.

text:
# Ehrenfried Patzel

**Ehrenfried Patzel** (Czech: *Čestmír Patzel*; 2 December 1914 – 8 March 2004 in Büdingen) was an Ethnic German football player from Czechoslovakia.

Patzel was born in Chabařovice. His mother Františka was Czech, his father Ferdinand was German.

He played for Teplitzer FK from 1932 to 1939. In 1939 Teplitzer team was dissolved by the Nazis and Patzel went to play for 1. SV Jena from 1939 to 1942 and for Offenbacher Kickers from 1942 to 1948.

He also played four matches for the Czechoslovak national team and was a participant at the 1934 FIFA World Cup.

## InfoBox

Ehrenfried Patzel
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ehrenfried Patzel | | |
| Date of birth | (1914-12-02)2 December 1914 | | |
| Place of birth | Chabařovice, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary | | |
| Date of death | 8 March 2004(2004-03-08) (aged 89) | | |
| Place of death | Büdingen, Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1932–1939 | Teplitzer FK |  |  |
| 1939–1942 | 1. SV Jena |  |  |
| 1942–1948 | Offenbacher Kickers |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1934–1935 | Czechoslovakia | 4 | (0) |
| Medal record      Representing  Czechoslovakia  Men's Football  FIFA World Cup  **Runner-up** 1934 Italy | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Proactive law

abstract:
Proactive law seeks a new approach to legal issues in businesses and societies. Instead of perceiving law as a constraint that companies and people in general need to comply with, proactive law considers law as an instrument that can create success and foster sustainable relationships, which in the end carries the potential to increase value for companies, individuals, and societies in general. The word proactive is the opposite of reactive, meaning that the approach to law is based on an ex ante view rather than an ex post view. According to the dictionary of Merriam-Webster, the word proactive refers to acting in anticipation of future problems, needs, or changes.
Thus, the proactive law approach challenges the traditional backwards and failure oriented approach to law by acting in anticipation of legal disputes, taking control of potential problems, providing solutions, and self-initiation, instead of reacting to failures and shortcomings. The hotbed of the proactive law movement is the Nordic countries and Finland in particular. The movement took off in the late 1990s and is almost similar to the American movement – Law as a Competitive Source. Both of these parallel evolutions are founded on the work of Louis M. Brown, developed in the 1950s known as the preventive approach to law.

text:
# Proactive law

**Proactive law** seeks a new approach to legal issues in businesses and societies. Instead of perceiving law as a constraint that companies and people in general need to comply with, **proactive law** considers law as an instrument that can create success and foster sustainable relationships, which in the end carries the potential to increase value for companies, individuals, and societies in general.

The word proactive is the opposite of reactive, meaning that the approach to law is based on an ex ante view rather than an ex post view. According to the dictionary of Merriam-Webster, the word proactive refers to *acting in anticipation of future problems, needs, or changes*. Thus, the proactive law approach challenges the traditional backwards and failure oriented approach to law by acting in anticipation of legal disputes, taking control of potential problems, providing solutions, and self-initiation, instead of reacting to failures and shortcomings.

The hotbed of the proactive law movement is the Nordic countries and Finland in particular. The movement took off in the late 1990s and is almost similar to the American movement – Law as a Competitive Source. Both of these parallel evolutions are founded on the work of Louis M. Brown, developed in the 1950s known as the preventive approach to law.

## From Preventive Law to Proactive Law

The proactive law movement has become more visible in recent years, but the idea of an ex ante view is not new. It is generally known that the earlier a dispute or a potential dispute is addressed, the better the chances of a fair, just and prompt solution. Louis M. Brown was the first to introduce the ex ante view in his ground-laying book “Preventive Law”. Although he identified and organized the preventive law into a distinctive way of thinking, he was not the inventor of this approach. It has been, and still is, well known to many legal professionals and every business manager that:

“It usually costs less to avoid getting into trouble than to pay for getting out of trouble.”

To understand the general principles of proactive law requires understanding the core principles of preventive law, as these principles create the foundation for proactive law and proactive contracting. Edward Dauer identifies four core principles of preventive law:

* Predicting human behavior to anticipate and account for what people will do, and by doing so, prevents litigation. This improves personal and business relationships, and constitutes an essential part of the preventive law.
* Conflict management—preventive law draws parallels from the medical world, e.g., successful medical treatment is prophylactic.
* Embracement of risks: Instead of focusing solely on reducing one or a few risks to zero, the preventive law approach strives to reduce the overall sum of risk.
* Preventive legal service: Lawyers and in-house counsels must participate with others in multi-disciplinary teams in the planning of business ventures. Bringing legal expertise in earlier helps detect and prevent legal problems.

The proactive law movement encompasses the basic principles of preventive law stated above, namely preventing what is not desirable, and keeping problems and risks from materializing. Thus, as proactive law consists of preventive law, the characteristics above constitute the foundation of proactive law.

### The Promotive Dimension

To this preventive dimension of law, proactive law adds a second aspect, which is often neglected in traditional law – known as the *promotive dimension*.

The nature of the promotive dimension is positive and constructive and promotes what is desirable while encouraging good behavior. This is where we find the distinction to preventive law. In a legal context, proactive law emphasizes the importance of collaboration between legal professionals and other disciplines to achieve the desired goals in circumstances where legal expertise collaborates with other disciplines. Proactive law therefore emphasizes the need for dialogue between different understandings. In a medical context, the preventive law prevents ill health, while proactive law promotes well-being.

The proactive law approach is based on legal certainty, literacy, and cross-professional collaboration to “localize the mines and preventing them from exploding.”

In addition to navigating past the mines, the legal professionals should create economic value, and thus must be outcome-orientated to exploit the promotive dimension. Lawyers and in-house counsel thus must act to achieve results by watching for changes or opportunities and setting improved goals. To do so, legal professionals must highlight opportunities to build a solid business foundation, roadmaps for performance, trust, and better sustainable relationships.

Besides achieving these business goals, it is important to focus on legal risk management to prevent disputes. Many legal disputes arise due to misunderstandings and disappointed expectations. However, careful attention to legal clarity along with early warning mechanisms, and enhanced collaboration between business partners, through establishment of common goals, avoids the business from getting to the stage of dispute.

It is essential in proactive law that legal professionals, managers, and other involved stakeholders collaborate on a cross-professional basis to avoid disputes. In addition to avoiding disputes, it is also important to promote creative thinking. To develop new ideas, and concepts that correspond to the needs, problems or challenges, it is necessary to look towards the future rather than the past, maybe by using already known approaches, but also non-existing approaches. This invites businesses, authorities and researchers to develop solutions through creative thinking.

Thus, proactive law is about problem-solving, detecting real-life causes for potential misunderstandings and failures, but most of all it is about fostering and promoting fruitful and sustainable relationships that enables the stakeholders to reach their goals, creating value for business, individuals, and society as a whole.

## Proactive Law in Legislation

An indication that Proactive Law is gaining prominence is the fact that the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) has published an opinion on Proactive Law.

The EESC urges a paradigm shift, as the time has come to give up the centuries-old reactive approach to law and to adopt a pro active approach. It is time to look at law in a different way: to look forward rather than back, to focus on how the law is used and operates in everyday life and how it is received in the community it seeks to regulate. While responding to and resolving problems remain important, preventing causes of problems is vital, along with serving the needs and facilitating the productive interaction of citizens and businesses.

By its very nature, the Community legal system is precisely the type of area in which the proactive approach should be adopted when planning, drawing up and implementing laws; against this backdrop, the EESC would argue that rules and regulations are not the only way nor always the best way to achieve the desired objectives; at times, the regulator may best support valuable goals by refraining from regulating and, where appropriate, encouraging self-regulation and co-regulation. This being the case, the fundamental principles of subsidiarity, proportionality, precaution and sustainability take on new importance and a new dimension.

The EESC believes that the single market can benefit greatly when EU law and its makers — legislators and administrators in the broadest sense — shift their focus from inward, from inside the legal system, rules and institutions, to outward, to the users of the law: to society, citizens and businesses that the legal system is intended to serve.

While the transposition and implementation of laws are important steps towards better regulation at EU level, regulatory success should be measured by how the goals are achieved at the level of the users of the law, EU citizens and businesses. The laws should be communicated in ways that are meaningful to their intended audience, first and foremost to those whose behaviour is affected and not just to the relevant institutions and administrators.

The application of the Proactive Law approach should be considered systematically in all lawmaking and implementation within the EU. The EESC strongly believes that by making this approach not only part of the Better Regulation agenda, and but also a priority for legislators and administrators at the EU, national and regional levels, it would be possible to build a strong legal foundation for individuals and businesses to prosper.

## Proactive Law in a Business Context

When Proactive Law is adapted to businesses the approach is called Proactive Contracting and Proactive Contract Management. The legal area of research developed in Scandinavia in the 1990s and has gradually gained attention. Proactive contracting deals with contract management, risk management and business process management. The word *proactive* is the opposition to *reactive* and refers to acting in anticipation of future problems, needs, or changes. Empirical studies on contracting capabilities and research on dynamic capabilities have shown that promoting proactive behavior in businesses can be advantageous.

One aspect of proactive contracting is the design of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms to prevent escalation of disputes into litigation. An ADR strategy limits the time and money spent by management on litigation. Thus, the costly disruption of litigation and the opportunity cost are limited. In addition to preventing escalation of the dispute, proactive contracts allow the contracting parties to anticipate the next step of the resolution process, as the procedure has been contractually agreed.


title: Proactor pattern

abstract: Proactor is a software design pattern for event handling in which long running activities are running in an asynchronous part. A completion handler is called after the asynchronous part has terminated. The proactor pattern can be considered to be an asynchronous variant of the synchronous reactor pattern.

text:
# Proactor pattern

**Proactor** is a software design pattern for event handling in which long running activities are running in an asynchronous part. A *completion handler* is called after the asynchronous part has terminated. The proactor pattern can be considered to be an asynchronous variant of the synchronous reactor pattern.

## Interaction

Operation specific actors:

* The *Proactive Initiator* starts the asynchronous operation via the Asynchronous Operation Processor and defines the Completion Handler
* *Completion Handler* is a call at the end of the operation from the Asynchronous Operation Processor
* *Asynchronous Operation*

Standardized actors

* The *Asynchronous Operation Processor* controls the whole asynchronous operation
* The *Completion Dispatcher* handles the call, depending on the execution environment.

## Implementations

* Reactor pattern (a pattern that also asynchronously queues events, but demultiplexes and dispatches them synchronously)


title: Eero Elo

abstract: Eero Elo is a Finnish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for HC Thurgau of the Swiss League (SL). Elo was selected by the Minnesota Wild in the 5th round of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. Elo made his SM-liiga debut playing with Lukko during the 2009–10 SM-liiga season.

text:
# Eero Elo

**Eero Elo** (born April 26, 1990) is a Finnish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for HC Thurgau of the Swiss League (SL). Elo was selected by the Minnesota Wild in the 5th round (145th overall) of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

Elo made his SM-liiga debut playing with Lukko during the 2009–10 SM-liiga season.

## InfoBox

| Eero Elo | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1990-04-26) April 26, 1990
Rauma, Finland | | |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) | | |
| Weight | 203 lb (92 kg; 14 st 7 lb) | | |
| Position | Winger | | |
| Shoots | Right | | |
| SL team
Former teams | *HC Thurgau*
Lukko
Pori Ässät
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg
Sibir Novosibirsk
SCL Tigers
SC Langenthal | | |
| National team | Finland | | |
| NHL draft | 145th overall, 2008
Minnesota Wild | | |
| Playing career | 2009present | | |