abstract: The 2015–16 Primera División de Fútbol Profesional season is the 18th season and 35th and 36th tournament of El Salvador's Primera División since its establishment of an Apertura and Clausura format. Isidro Metapán and Santa Tecla were the defending champions of the Apertura and Clausura, respectively. The league will consist of 12 teams. There will be two seasons conducted under identical rules, with each team playing a home and away game against the other clubs for a total of 22 games per tournament. At the end of each half-season tournament, the top 8 teams in that tournament's regular season standings will take part in the playoffs. The champions of Apertura and Clausura will both qualify for the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League. Should the same team win both tournaments, the runners-up with the best aggregate record will qualify for the Champions League.

text:
# 2015–16 Primera División de Fútbol Profesional season

The **2015–16 Primera División de Fútbol Profesional season** (also known as the Liga Pepsi) is the 18th season and 35th and 36th tournament of El Salvador's Primera División since its establishment of an Apertura and Clausura format. Isidro Metapán and Santa Tecla were the defending champions of the Apertura and Clausura, respectively. The league will consist of 12 teams. There will be two seasons conducted under identical rules, with each team playing a home and away game against the other clubs for a total of 22 games per tournament. At the end of each half-season tournament, the top 8 teams in that tournament's regular season standings will take part in the playoffs. The champions of Apertura and Clausura will both qualify for the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League. Should the same team win both tournaments, the runners-up with the best aggregate record will qualify for the Champions League.

## Team information

A total of 12 teams will contest the league, including 9 sides from the Clausura 2014 and 3 promoted from the 2014–15 Segunda División.

The 2015 season features the addition of two extra sides from the Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño. These were decided based on how good the club infrastructure, fan base and lastly if they secured the 100,000 dollar Primera División license

C.D. Atlético Marte were relegated to 2015–16 Segunda División the previous season.

The relegated team was replaced by the 2014–15 Segunda División playoffs promotion winner. Real Destroyer won the Clausura 2015 title, this led to take part of the promotion playoffs along with the Apertura 2014 champions side C.D. Guadalupano. Real Destroyer won the playoffs by the score of 5–2.

### Promotion and relegation

**Promoted from Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño** as of June, 2015.

**Relegated to Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño** as of June, 2015.

* Last Place: Atlético Marte (However, purchased new spot in the Primera División)

### Franchises

The 2015–16 Primera División de Fútbol Profesional season features the increase of two additional sides, Atlético Marte and C.D. Chalatenango. Both clubs were the only teams that nominated themselves (which included a 100,000 payment) and as such were accepted.

### Further Changes

Real Destroyer later sold their spot to C.D. Sonsonate for 75,000 dollars.

Firpo purchased the spot of Juventud Independiente after the end of the Apertura season. Although the club will play under their own colours, flags, jersey, stadium, coaching staff, directors and players, they were forced to be registered under the name and have the same points as Juventud Independiente.

## Stadia and locations

AlianzaAtlético MarteÁguilaDragónFASFirpoChalatenangoSonsonateIsidro MetapánJuventud IndependientePasaquinaSanta TeclaUESclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in Apertura 2015/Clausura 2016

| Team | Home city | Stadium | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C.D. Águila | San Miguel | Juan Francisco Barraza | 10,000 |
| Alianza F.C. | San Salvador | Estadio Cuscatlán | 53,400 |
| C.D. Atlético Marte | San Salvador | Estadio Cuscatlán | 53,400 |
| C.D. Chalatenango | Chalatenango | Estadio José Gregorio Martínez | 15,000 |
| C.D. Dragón | San Miguel | Juan Francisco Barraza | 10,000 |
| C.D. FAS | Santa Ana | Estadio Óscar Quiteño | 15,000 |
| C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo | Usulután | Estadio Sergio Torres | 5,000 |
| A.D. Isidro Metapán | Metapán | Estadio Jorge Calero Suárez | 8,000 |
| C.D. Juventud Independiente | San Juan Opico | Complejo Municipal | 5,000 |
| C.D. Pasaquina | Pasaquina | Estadio San Sebastián | 5,000 |
| Santa Tecla F.C. | Santa Tecla | Estadio Las Delicias | 10,000 |
| C.D. Sonsonate | Sonsonate | Estadio Anna Mercedes Campos | 8,000 |
| C.D. Universidad de El Salvador | San Salvador | Estadio Jorge "Mágico" González | 32,000 |

1. Information for Firpo is as of the time of their purchase of Juventud's spot at the end of the Apertura season.

### Personnel and sponsoring

| Team | Chairman | Head Coach | Kitmaker | Shirt sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Águila | Pedro Arieta | Daniel Casanova | Joma | Tigo, Canal 4, Pepsi, Mister Donut |
| Alianza | Lisandro Pohl Nuñez | Jorge Rodríguez | Lotto | Sinai, Canal 4, Maseca, Los Rinconcitos, Pepsi, Tigo |
| Atlético Marte | Hugo Carrillo | Carlos "El Cacho" Meléndez | Galaxia | Pan Rosvil, Vive, La Curaçao, Foskrol, UFG |
| Chalatenango | Rigoberto Mejía | Carlos Mijangos | Milán | Lemus, Alcaldía Municipal de Chalatenango, Canal 4 |
| Dragón | Carlos Martinez Meza | Omar Sevilla | Galaxia | Texas Casino, Hotel Real Centro, Canal 4, Las Perlitas, Tiendas Galo |
| FAS | Rafael Villacorta | Agustín Castillo | Mitre | Coop-1 de R.L., Alba Petróleos, Pilsener, Lays Chips, Tigo, Casino Montecarlo |
| Firpo | Raul Galo | Ramón Sánchez | Milán | Canal 4, Alcaldía de San Juan Opico, Ria |
| Isidro Metapán | Rafael Morataya | Misael Alfaro | Milán | Grupo Bimbo, Arroz San Pedro, Holcim, Pepsi, Canal 4 |
| Juventud Independiente | Romeo Barillas | Jorge Abrego | Milán | Canal 4, Alcaldía de San Juan Opico, Ria |
| Pasaquina | Oscar Ramirez | Víctor Coreas | Milán | Megafrío, Aleve Extra Fuerte, Canal 4, Ria |
| Sonsonate | Pedro Contreras | German Pérez | Milán | ProACES, Leche Salud, Caja de Crédito de Sonsonate, AlfaParf, Alcaldía de Sonsonate, Ferretería Santa Sofía |
| Santa Tecla | Oscar Órtiz | Osvaldo Escudero | Milán | Rio Bingo, La Curaçao, Canal 21, Plaza Merliot, Pollo Indio, Petrox, Claro, Pepsi |
| UES | Rufino Quezada | William Renderos Iraheta | Galaxia | Alba Petróleos, MK, Canal 4 |

## Managerial changes

### Before the start of the season

| Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Replaced by | Date of appointment | Position in table |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Águila | Julio Dely Valdés | Contract finished | April 2015 | Eraldo Correia | May 2015 | 6th (Clausura 2015) |
| Dragón | Abel Blanco | Interim finished | April 2015 | Omar Sevilla | June 2015 | 10th (Clausura 2015) |
| Atlético Marte | Daniel Fernández | Contract finished | April 2015 | Carlos "El Cacho" Meléndez | June 2015 | 8th (Clausura 2015) |
| Pasaquina | Juan Andrés Sarulyte | Contract finished, not renewed | May 2015 | Víctor Coreas | June 2015 | 7th (Clausura 2015) |
| Juventud Independiente | Juan Ramón Sánchez | Resigned, hired as El Salvador under 23 | May 2015 | Jorge Abrego | June 2015 | 3rd (Clausura 2015) |
| Chalatenango | Ricardo Serrano | Moved to become assistant coach | June 2015 | Juan Andrés Sarulyte | June 2015 | Newly Promoted |
|

### During the Apertura season

| Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Replaced by | Date of appointment | Position in table |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sonsonate | German Pérez | Resigned | August 2015 | Ennio Mendoza and Mario Elias Guevara (Caretaker) | August 2015 | 12th (Apertura 2015) |
| Sonsonate | Ennio Mendoza and Mario Elias Guevara | Caretaker tenure finished, moved back to assistant and reserve | August 2015 | Héctor Jara | August 2015 | 12th (Apertura 2015) |
| Chalatenango | Juan Andrés Sarulyte | Sacked | August 2015 | Ricardo Serrano | August 2015 | 11th (Apertura 2015) |
| UES | William Renderos Iraheta | Sacked | September 2015 | Efrain Burgos | September 2015 | 12th (Apertura 2015) |
| Atlético Marte | Carlos "El Cacho" Meléndez | Sacked | September 2015 | Douglas Vidal Jiménez | September 2015 | 11th (Apertura 2015) |
| Sonsonate | Héctor Jara | Sacked | October 2015 | Edwin Portillo | October 2015 | 9th (Apertura 2015) |
|

### Between Apertura and Clausura seasons

| Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Replaced by | Date of appointment | Position in table |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Águila | Eraldo Correia | Contract finished | December 2015 | Juan Ramón Sánchez | December 2015 | 2nd (Apertura 2015) |
| Pasaquina | Víctor Coreas | Resigned for personal reason | December 2015 | Hugo Ovelar | December 2015 | 7th (Apertura 2015) |
| Chalatenango | Ricardo Serrano | Resigned | December 2015 | Nelson Mauricio Ancheta | December 2015 | 6th (Apertura 2015) |
| FAS | Agustín Castillo | Contract finished | December 2015 | Carlos Martinez Sequeira | December 2015 | 5th (Apertura 2015) |
| UES | Efrain Burgos | Resigned | December 2015 | Edgar *"Kiko"* Henríquez | December 2015 | 12th (Apertura 2015) |
|

### During the Clausura season

| Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Replaced by | Date of appointment | Position in table |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chalatenango | Nelson Mauricio Ancheta | Resigned due to conflict with president | January 2016 | Ricardo Serrano | January 2016 | 6th (Clausura 2016) |
| Atlético Marte | Douglas Vidal Jiménez | Sacked | February 2016 | Juan Andrés Sarulyte | February 2016 | 12th (Clausura 2016) |
| Alianza | Rubén Alonso | Resigned | February 2016 | Milton Meléndez and Juan Carlos Serrano (Caretaker) | February 2016 | 9th (Clausura 2016) |
| Alianza | Milton Meléndez and Juan Carlos Serrano (Caretaker) | End of Caretaker role | February 2016 | Daniel Fernandez | February 2016 | 9th (Clausura 2016) |
| Firpo | Alvaro Misael Alfaro | Resignation | March 2016 | Jose Mario Martinez | March 2016 | 3rd(Clausura 2016) |
| Atlético Marte | Juan Andrés Sarulyte | Sacked | March 2016 | Efrain Burgos | March 2016 | 12th (Clausura 2016) |
| C.D. FAS | Carlos Martinez Sequeira | Mutual termination | March 2016 | Roberto Gamarra | March 2016 | 9th (Clausura 2016) |
| C.D. Sonsonate | Edwin Portillo | Mutual termination | April 2016 | William Renderos Iraheta | April 2016 | 8th (Clausura 2016) |
| C.D. Sonsonate | William Renderos Iraheta | Resigned | April 2016 | Ennio Mendoza and Mario Elias Guevara (Caretaker) | April 2016 | 10th (Clausura 2016) |
|

## Apertura 2015

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Isidro Metapán | 22 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 42 | 16 | +26 | 39 | Qualification to playoffs |
| 2 | Águila | 22 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 32 | 21 | +11 | | 39 |
| 3 | Alianza | 22 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 39 | 27 | +12 | | 38 |
| 4 | Santa Tecla | 22 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 47 | 34 | +13 | | 34 |
| 5 | FAS | 22 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 28 | 28 | 0 | | 34 |
| 6 | Chalatenango | 22 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 23 | 27 | 4 | | 30 |
| 7 | Pasaquina | 22 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 27 | 27 | 0 | | 28 |
| 8 | Dragón | 22 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 26 | 25 | +1 | | 27 |
| 9 | Juventud Independiente | 22 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 20 | 33 | 13 | 22 |  |
| 10 | Sonsonate | 22 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 22 | 38 | 16 | | 20 |
| 11 | Atlético Marte | 22 | 3 | 10 | 9 | 16 | 29 | 13 | | 19 |
| 12 | UES | 22 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 30 | 17 | | 18 |

Updated to match(es) played on November 29, 2015. Source:
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

#### Positions by round

This table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve the chronological evolution, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. For example, if a match is scheduled for matchday 3, but then postponed and played between days 6 and 7, it will be added to the standings for day 6.

| Team ╲ Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Isidro Metapán | 4= | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Águila | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Alianza | 4= | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Santa Tecla | 1 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| FAS | 10 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Chalatenango | 4= | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 8= | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 |
| Pasaquina | 4= | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| Dragón | 11 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Juventud Independiente | 12 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 |
| Sonsonate | 4= | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| Atlético Marte | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8= | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| UES | 4= | 9 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |

|  | Leader and qualification to playoffs |
| --- | --- |
|  | Qualification to playoffs |

Source:

### Results

| Home \ Away | ÁGU | ALI | ATM | CHA | DRA | FAS | MET | JUV | PAS | STE | SON | UES |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Águila |  | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 |
| Alianza | 1–1 |  | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 1–1 |
| Atlético Marte | 1–1 | 1–1 |  | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 0–2 |
| Chalatenango | 3–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 |  | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 |
| Dragón | 0–0 | 0–3 | 5–1 | 2–0 |  | 2–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 |
| C.D. FAS | 2–1 | 3–1 | 2–3 | 0–1 | 1–0 |  | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 0–5 | 1–1 | 1–0 |
| Isidro Metapán | 1–1 | 3–4 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 2–3 |  | 5–0 | 2–0 | 5–0 | 4–0 | 0–1 |
| Juventud Independiente | 1–3 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–0 |  | 3–2 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 2–2 |
| Pasaquina | 1–1 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 |  | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 |
| Santa Tecla | 2–1 | 5–2 | 2–2 | 6–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 0–3 | 2–0 | 4–2 |  | 4–2 | 4–0 |
| Sonsonate | 0–3 | 3–4 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 |  | 2–0 |
| C.D. Universidad de El Salvador | 1–2 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–4 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

The home team is listed in the left-hand column.
**Colours**: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

#### Scoring

#### Club

* Most clean sheets: **Isidro Metapán**
    + 11
* Fewest clean sheets: **Sonsonate**
    + 3
* Best Home record during the Apertura season: **Santa Tecla**
    + 26 out of 33 points (8 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss)
* Worst Home record during the Apertura season: **UES**
    + 8 out of 33 points (1 win, 5 draws, and 5 losses)
* Best Away record during the Apertura season: **Alianza**
    + 18 out of 33 points (5 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses)
* Worst Away record during the Apertura season: **Juventud Independiente**
    + 6 out of 33 points (1 win, 3 draws, and 7 losses)
* Highest scoring team: **Santa Tecla**
    + 47 goals
* Lowest scoring team: **UES**
    + 13 goals

#### Discipline

### Attendances

Ranked from highest to lowest average attendance.

| Pos | Team | Total | High | Low | Average | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sonsonate | 59,120 | 8,665 | 0 | 5,001 | n/a |
| 2 | Alianza | 51,673 | 12,574 | 0 | 4,697 | n/a |
| 3 | Chalatenango | 40,605 | 0 | 0 | 3,691 | n/a |
| 4 | Águila | 30,025 | 0 | 0 | 2,729 | n/a |
| 5 | FAS | 25,779 | 8,683 | 0 | 2,343 | n/a |
| 6 | Isidro Metapán | 9,484 | 0 | 0 | 948 | n/a |
| 7 | Santa Tecla | 11,737 | 0 | 0 | 1,067 | n/a |
| 8 | Dragón | 4,490 | 0 | 0 | 1,496 | n/a |
| 9 | Pasaquina | 8,129 | 0 | 0 | 812 | n/a |
| 10 | Juventud Independiente | 6,298 | 0 | 184 | 572 | n/a |
| 11 | Atlético Marte | 7,127 | 0 | 107 | 890 | n/a |
| 12 | UES | 4,234 | 0 | 0 | 529 | n/a |
|  | League total | 258,701 | 12,574 | 107 | 0 | n/a |

Source: http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2015/11/28/sonsonate-terminara-como-lider-en-taquillas

### Top goalscorers

| Rank | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | David Rugamas | Isidro Metapán | 12 |
| 2 | Williams Reyes | Águila | 11 |
| 3 | Bladimir Díaz | Chalatenango | 10 |
| 3 | Ricardinho | Santa Tecla | 10 |
| 3 | Irvin Herrera | Santa Tecla | 10 |
| 6 | Josimar | FAS | 9 |
| 6 | Nicolás Muñoz | Águila | 9 |
| 6 | Rodolfo Zelaya | Alianza | 9 |
| 9 | Devaughn Elliott | Pasaquina | 8 |
| 9 | Josué Flores | Isidro Metapán | 8 |
|

#### Hat-tricks

| Player | For | Against | Result | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Williams Reyes | Águila | Juventud Independiente | 3–1 | September 27, 2015 |
| David Rugamas | Isidro Metapán | Juventud Independiente | 5–0 | October 1, 2015 |
| Irvin Herrera | Santa Tecla | Chalatenango | 6–1 | November 14, 2015 |
| Luis Hinestroza | Santa Tecla | FAS | 5–0 | November 22, 2015 |
|

### Playoffs

|  | Quarterfinals | | | | |  |  | Semifinals | | | | |  |  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 6 | Chalatenango | 1 | 2 | 3 |  |  | | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | ||
|  | 3 | **Alianza** | 1 | 3 | 4 |  | ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 3 | **Alianza** | 1 | 2 | 3 |  | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | 2 | Águila | 0 | 2 | 2 |  ||
|  | 7 | | | | | | | | Pasaquina | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | 2 | **Águila** | 1 | 1 | 2 |  ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 3 | **Alianza** | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 5 | FAS | 0 |  |
|  | 5 | | | | | | **FAS** | 0 | 2 | 2 |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | 4 | Santa Tecla | 0 | 1 | 1 | |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | 5 | **FAS** | 2 | 0 | 2 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 1 | Isidro Metapán | 1 | 0 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | 8 | Dragón | 1 | 0 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | 1 | **Isidro Metapán** () | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |

#### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dragón | 1–1 () | **Isidro Metapán** | 1–0 | 0–1 |
| Pasaquina | 0–2 | **Águila** | 0–1 | 0–1 |
| Chalatenango | 3–4 | **Alianza** | 1–1 | 2–3 |
| Santa Tecla | 1–2 | **FAS** | 0–0 | 1–2 |

1. Order of legs reversed.

##### First leg

| Pasaquina | 0–1 | Águila |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Nicolás Muñoz  10' |

Estadio San Sebastián, PasaquinaAttendance: 2,274Referee: Elmer Martínez

---

| Chalatenango | 1–1 | Alianza |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bladimir Díaz  22'
Ricardo Figueroa  47' |  | Jonathan Philippe  6' |

Estadio José Gregorio Martínez, ChalatenangoAttendance: 5,008Referee: Jaime Carpio Mejía

---

| FAS | 0–0 | Santa Tecla |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Estadio Óscar Quiteño, Santa AnaAttendance: 2,290Referee: Jaime Herrera

---

| Dragón | 1–0 | Isidro Metapán |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jackson de Oliveira  33' |  |  |

Juan Francisco Barraza, San MiguelReferee: Edenílson Ventura Santos

##### Second leg

| Isidro Metapán | 1–0 | Dragón |
| --- | --- | --- |
| David Rugamas  80' |  |  |

Estadio Jorge Calero Suárez, MetapánReferee: Ismael Cornejo

*1–1 on aggregate. Isidro Metapán advanced as the higher seeded team.*

---

| Águila | 1–0 | Pasaquina |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nicolás Muñoz  4' |  | Juan José Romero  44' |

Juan Francisco Barraza, San MiguelAttendance: 3,532Referee: Jaime Herrera

*Águila won 2–0 on aggregate.*

---

| Alianza | 3–2 | Chalatenango |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oscar Guerrero  73'
Herbert Sosa  76'
Portillo  86' |  | Bladimir Díaz  14',  89'
Henry Reyes  47' |

Estadio Cuscatlán, San SalvadorAttendance: 8,678Referee: Elmer Bonilla Ruíz

*Alianza won 4–3 on aggregate.*

---

| Santa Tecla | 1–2 | FAS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Irvin Herrera  16' |  | Walter Martínez  18', 55'
Cristian Álvarez  64' |

Estadio Las Delicias, Santa TeclaAttendance: 3,414Referee: Germán Martínez Miranda

*FAS won 2–1 on aggregate.*

#### Semifinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **FAS** | 2–1 | Isidro Metapán | 2–1 | 0–0 |
| **Alianza** | 3–2 | Águila | 1–0 | 2–2 |

##### First leg

| FAS | 2–1 | Isidro Metapán |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Walter Martínez  39', 75' |  | Paolo Suárez  82' |

Estadio Óscar Quiteño, Santa AnaAttendance: 7,376Referee: Jaime Carpio Mejía

---

| Alianza | 1–0 | Águila |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jonathan Philippe  44' (pen.) |  |  |

Estadio Cuscatlán, San SalvadorAttendance: 19,150Referee: Edenílson Ventura Santos

##### Second leg

| Isidro Metapán | 0–0 | FAS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Henry Hernández  78' |  |  |

Estadio Jorge Calero Suárez, Metapán

*FAS won 2–1 on aggregate.*

---

| Águila | 2–2 | Alianza |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nicolás Muñoz  50' (pen.)
Deris Umanzor  67' |  | Portillo  18'
Rodolfo Zelaya  70' |

Juan Francisco Barraza, San MiguelAttendance: 9,568Referee: Ismael Cornejo

*Alianza won 3–2 on aggregate.*

#### Final

| Alianza | 1–0 | FAS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ramón Martínez  57' |  |  |

Estadio Cuscatlán, San SalvadorAttendance: 27,998Referee: Jaime Herrera

| Apertura 2015 champions |
| --- |
| **Alianza
11th title** |

## Clausura 2016

Results and statistics listed in the Clausura season for Juventud Independiente are actually those of Firpo, which purchased the spot at the end of the Apertura season but was forced to register as Juventud.

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Águila | 22 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 29 | 12 | +17 | 46 | Qualification for the playoffs |
| 2 | Santa Tecla | 22 | 12 | 9 | 1 | 45 | 14 | +31 | | 45 |
| 3 | Juventud Independiente | 22 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 31 | 22 | +9 | | 41 |
| 4 | Alianza | 22 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 33 | 18 | +15 | | 34 |
| 5 | Isidro Metapán | 22 | 6 | 11 | 5 | 27 | 26 | +1 | | 29 |
| 6 | Dragón | 22 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 24 | 23 | +1 | | 28 |
| 7 | Pasaquina | 22 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 28 | 37 | 9 | | 26 |
| 8 | Chalatenango | 22 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 28 | 39 | 11 | | 25 |
| 9 | UES | 22 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 21 | 32 | 11 | 25 |  |
| 10 | Sonsonate | 22 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 24 | 35 | 11 | | 23 |
| 11 | FAS | 22 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 20 | 26 | 6 | | 21 |
| 12 | Atlético Marte | 22 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 17 | 43 | 26 | | 14 |

Updated to match(es) played on February 28, 2016. Source: primerafutboles.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

#### Positions by round

This table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve the chronological evolution, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. For example, if a match is scheduled for matchday 3, but then postponed and played between days 6 and 7, it will be added to the standings for day 6.

| Team ╲ Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Águila | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Juventud Independiente | 8= | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Santa Tecla | 8= | 8 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Sonsonate | 4= | 9 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
| Chalatenango | 6= | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| Dragón | 11 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| FAS | 2 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Pasaquina | 4= | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 7 |
| Alianza | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Isidro Metapán | 6= | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
| UES | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 9 |
| Atlético Marte | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |

|  | Leader and qualification to playoffs |
| --- | --- |
|  | Qualification to playoffs |

Source:

### Results

| Home \ Away | ÁGU | ALI | ATM | CHA | DRA | FAS | MET | JUV | PAS | STE | SON | UES |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Águila |  | 0–0 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 |
| Alianza | 2–0 |  | 6–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 3–0 |
| Atlético Marte | 0–1 | 0–4 |  | 1–2 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 2–0 |
| Chalatenango | 0–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 |  | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 0–1 |
| Dragón | 0–3 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 |  | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 |
| C.D. FAS | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 0–1 |  | 3–3 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 4–0 | 1–0 |
| Isidro Metapán | 2–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 |  | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 |
| Juventud Independiente | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 3–0 | 3–2 |  | 2–1 | 0–3 | 1–0 | 2–1 |
| Pasaquina | 0–1 | 2–2 | 4–1 | 1–3 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 |  | 1–1 | 3–3 | 2–0 |
| Santa Tecla | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 4–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 8–0 |  | 0–1 | 5–0 |
| Sonsonate | 1–2 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 3–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 |  | 1–0 |
| C.D. Universidad de El Salvador | 1–3 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 0–2 | 4–0 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

Updated to games played on February 28, 2016.
The home team is listed in the left-hand column.
**Colours**: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

#### Scoring

#### Club

* Most clean sheets: **C.D. Águila**
    + 12
* Fewest clean sheets: **Atlético Marte**
    + 3
* Best Home record during the Clausura season: **C.D. Águila**
    + 27 out of 33 points (8 wins, 3 draws, and 0 loss)
* Worst Home record during the Clausura season: **Atlético Marte**
    + 7 out of 33 points (2 wins, 1 draw, and 8 losses)
* Best Away record during the Clausura season: **Santa Tecla F.C.**
    + 21 out of 33 points (5 wins, 6 draws, and 0 losses)
* Worst Away record during the Clausura season: **UES**
    + 3 out of 33 points (1 win, 0 draws, and 10 losses)
* Highest scoring team: **Santa Tecla F.C.**
    + 45 goals
* Lowest scoring team: **Atlético Marte**
    + 16 goals

#### Discipline

### Attendances

| Pos | Team | Total | High | Low | Average | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Alianza | 48,871 | 8,326 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 2 | Sonsonate | 39,404 | 8,019 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 3 | Chalatenango | 28,345 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 4 | Águila | 24,790 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 5 | UES | 21,416 | 0 | 179 | 0 | n/a |
| 6 | FAS | 14,617 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 7 | Juventud Independiente | 10,318 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 8 | Santa Tecla | 9,964 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 9 | Atlético Marte | 8,849 | 0 | 192 | 0 | n/a |
| 10 | Pasaquina | 6,701 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 11 | Dragón | 4,759 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| 12 | Isidro Metapán | 4,091 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
|  | League total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |

Source:

### Top goalscorers

| Rank | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bladimir Díaz | C.D. Chalatenango | 15 |
| 2 | Nicolás Muñoz | C.D. Águila | 13 |
| 3 | Williams Reyes | Juventud Independiente | 11 |
| 4 | Allan Murialdo | C.D. Dragón | 9 |
| 5 | Ricardinho | Santa Tecla F.C. | 8 |
| 6 | Oscar Guerrero | Alianza F.C. | 8 |
| 7 | José Peña | A.D. Isidro Metapán | 8 |
| 8 | Herbert Sosa | Alianza F.C. | 8 |
| 9 | Jackson de Oliveira | C.D. Dragón | 7 |
| 10 | Gerson Mayen | Santa Tecla F.C. | 7 |
|

#### Hat-tricks

| Player | For | Against | Result | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Williams Reyes | Juventud Independiente | FAS | 3–0 | January 23, 2016 |
| William Maldonado | Santa Tecla F.C. | UES | 5–0 | 2016 |
|

### Playoffs

|  | Quarterfinals | | | | |  |  | Semifinals | | | | |  |  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 6 | **Dragón** | 3 | 0 | 3 |  |  | | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | ||
|  | 3 | Juventud Independiente | 0 | 2 | 2 |  | ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 6 | **Dragón** | 0 | 1 | 1 |  | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | 2 | Santa Tecla | 0 | 0 | 0 |  ||
|  | 7 | | | | | | | | Pasaquina | 2 | 0 | 2 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | 2 | **Santa Tecla** | 2 | 4 | 6 |  ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 6 | **Dragón** | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 1 | Águila | 0 |  |
|  | 5 | | | | | | Isidro Metapán | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | 4 | **Alianza** | 0 | 1 | 1 | |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | 4 | Alianza | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 1 | **Águila** | 1 | 2 | 3 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | 8 | Chalatenango | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | 1 | **Águila** | 4 | 0 | 4 |  |

#### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Dragón** | 3–2 | Juventud Independiente | 3–0 | 0–2 |
| Pasaquina | 2–6 | **Santa Tecla** | 2–2 | 0–4 |
| Chalatenango | 1–4 | **Águila** | 0–4 | 1–0 |
| Isidro Metapán | 0–1 | **Alianza** | 0–0 | 0–1 |

1. Order of legs reversed.

##### First leg

| Pasaquina | 2–2 | Santa Tecla |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Manuel Lucero  24'
Gustavo Guerreño  56' |  | Lester Blanco  7'
Gerson Mayen  41' (pen.) |

Estadio San Sebastián, PasaquinaAttendance: 667Referee: Marlón Mejía

---

| Dragón | 3–0 | Juventud Independiente |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Christian Portillo  11'
Óscar Jiménez  22' (o.g.)
Jackson de Oliveira  48' |  |  |

Juan Francisco Barraza, San MiguelReferee: Ismael Cornejo

---

| Chalatenango | 0–4 | Águila |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Héctor Ramos  9'  10'
Nicolás Muñoz  51'  90' |

Estadio José Gregorio Martínez, ChalatenangoAttendance: 4, 426Referee: Jaime Carpio

---

| Isidro Metapán | 0–0 | Alianza |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Estadio Jorge Calero Suárez, MetapánReferee: Joel Aguilar Chicas

##### Second leg

| Juventud Independiente | 2–0 | Dragón |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Marvin Ramos  56'
Marcelo Posadas  67' (o.g.) |  |  |

Estadio Sergio Torres,
Usulután

*Dragón won 3–2 on aggregate.*

---

| Águila | 0–1 | Chalatenango |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Bladimir Díaz  71' |

Juan Francisco Barraza, San MiguelAttendance: 2,790

*Águila won 4–1 on aggregate.*

---

| Alianza | 1–0 | Isidro Metapán |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Élmer Abarca  2' |  |  |

Estadio Cuscatlán, San SalvadorAttendance: 9,011

*Alianza won 1–0 on aggregate.*

---

| Santa Tecla | 4–0 | Pasaquina |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ivan Mancia  20'
Gerson Mayen  33'
Marlón Cornejo  56'
Gilberto Baires  59' |  |  |

Estadio Las Delicias, Santa TeclaAttendance: 714

*Santa Tecla won 6–2 on aggregate.*

#### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alianza | 1–3 | Águila | 1–0 | 1–2 |
| Santa Tecla | 0–1 | Dragón | 0–0 | 0–1 |

##### First leg

| Dragón | 0–0 | Santa Tecla |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jackson de Oliveira  69' |  |  |

Juan Francisco Barraza, San Miguel

---

| Alianza | 0–1 | Águila |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Héctor Ramos  94' |

Estadio Cuscatlán, San Salvador

##### Second leg

| Santa Tecla | 0–1 | Dragón |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Luis Hernández  76' |

Estadio Las Delicias, Santa Tecla

*Dragón won 1–0 on aggregate.*

---

| Águila | 2–1 | Alianza |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nicolás Muñoz  55'  62' (pen.) |  | Herbert Sosa  36' (pen.) |

Juan Francisco Barraza, San Miguel

*Águila won 3–1 on aggregate.*

#### Final

| Águila | 0–1 | Dragón |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Wilman Torres  38' |

Estadio Cuscatlán, San SalvadorAttendance: 28, 911Referee: Jaime Carpio

| Clausura 2016 champions |
| --- |
| **Dragón
3rd title** |

## Aggregate table

If the same team wins both Apertura and Clausura tournaments, the higher ranked runner-up team in the aggregate table will earn the second qualification position to 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Águila | 44 | 23 | 16 | 5 | 61 | 33 | +28 | 85 |  |
| 2 | Santa Tecla | 44 | 21 | 16 | 7 | 92 | 48 | +44 | | 79 |
| 3 | Alianza | 44 | 18 | 18 | 8 | 72 | 45 | +27 | 72 | CONCACAF Champions League |
| 4 | Isidro Metapán | 44 | 17 | 17 | 10 | 69 | 42 | +27 | 68 |  |
| 5 | Juventud Independiente | 44 | 17 | 12 | 15 | 51 | 58 | 7 | | 63 |
| 6 | Dragón | 44 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 50 | 48 | +2 | 55 | CONCACAF Champions League |
| 7 | FAS | 44 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 48 | 54 | 6 | 55 |  |
| 8 | Chalatenango | 44 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 51 | 66 | 15 | | 55 |
| 9 | Pasaquina | 44 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 55 | 64 | 9 | | 54 |
| 10 | UES | 44 | 11 | 10 | 23 | 37 | 62 | 25 | | 43 |
| 11 | Sonsonate | 44 | 10 | 13 | 21 | 46 | 73 | 27 | | 43 |
| 12 | Atlético Marte | 44 | 6 | 15 | 23 | 33 | 72 | 39 | 33 | Segunda División |

Source: primerafutboles.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
Notes:

### Positions by round

This table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve the chronological evolution, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. For example, if a match is scheduled for matchday 3, but then postponed and played between days 6 and 7, it will be added to the standings for day 6.

| Team ╲ Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Águila | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Isidro Metapán | 4= | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Santa Tecla | 1 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Alianza | 4= | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| FAS | 10 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Chalatenango | 4= | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 8= | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 |
| Dragón | 11 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Pasaquina | 4= | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| Juventud Independiente | 12 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 |
| Sonsonate | 4= | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| UES | 4= | 9 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Atlético Marte | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8= | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |

Source:
= Relegation to Segunda División

| Team ╲ Round | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Águila | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Isidro Metapán | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Santa Tecla | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Alianza | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| FAS | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Chalatenango | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Dragón | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Pasaquina | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Juventud Independiente | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Sonsonate | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 |
| UES | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 |
| Atlético Marte | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |

Source:
= Relegation to Segunda División

## List of foreign players in the league

This is a list of foreign players in the 2015–16 season. The following players:

1. Have played at least one game for the respective club.
2. Have not been capped for the El Salvador national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace

A new rule was introduced this season, that clubs can have five foreign players per club (though two have to be from Central America) and can only add a new player if there is an injury or a player/s is released.

*(player released during the Apertura season)*  *(player released between the Apertura and Clausura seasons)*

1. "Doce equipos para el apertura 2015". El Salvador.com. 2015-05-22. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
2. "Real Destroyer le vendió la categoría al Sonsonate". elGrafico.com. 2015-07-13. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
3. "C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo regresa a la Primera División". La Página. 2015-12-03. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
4. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 3, 2015). "Taquillas 4tos. Final, Juegos Ida @Pasaquina\_FC vs @cdaguilaoficial Ingresos $17,088. Gastos $2,278. Favor club $14,810. Aficionados 2,274" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
5. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 2, 2015). "Nombramientos Arbitrales, Cat. Mayor para los Cuartos de Final, Juegos de Ida. #LigaPepsi #Apertura2015" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
6. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 3, 2015). "Taquillas 4tos. Final, Juegos Ida @cdchalatenango vs @AlianzaFC\_sv Ingresos $22,736. Gastos $1,550. Favor club $21,186. Aficionados 5,008" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
7. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 3, 2015). "Taquillas 4tos. Final, Juegos Ida @CDeportivoFAS vs @santateclafc Ingresos $9,481.- Gastos $3,354.94 Favor club $6,126.06 Aficionados 2,290" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
8. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 4, 2015). "Nombramientos Cat. Mayor para los #CuartosDeFinal #JuegosDeVuelta #LigaPepsi #Apertura2015 #NuestraPasión" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
9. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 6, 2015). "Resultados #JuegosDeVuelta #CuartosDeFinal @Isidro\_Metapan 1-0 @Cd\_Dragon\_sv (Global 1-1), por mejor posición clasifican los jaguares" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
10. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 7, 2015). "#CuartosDeFinal #JuegosDeVuelta Taquillas y aficionados #LigaPepsi #NuestroPasión #Apertura2015" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
11. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 11, 2015). "Taquillas y aficionados de los #JuegosDeIda #Semifinales #LigaPepsi #Apertura2015 Vía @CDeportivoFAS @AlianzaFC\_sv" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
12. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 9, 2015). "Árbitros asignados para los Juegos de Ida, Semifinales. Cat. Mayor y Reserva. #LigaPepsi #NuestraPasión #Apertura" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
13. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 14, 2015). "Taquilla #Semifinal, J. Vuelta @cdaguilaoficial vs @AlianzaFC\_sv Ingreso $69,239.- Gastos $6,156.11 Favor club $63,082.89 Aficionados 9,568" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
14. FESFUT \[@fesfut\_sv\] (December 12, 2015). "Comunicado Comisión Nacional de Árbitros" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
15. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 21, 2015). "Taquilla y aficionados de la #FinaLigaPepsi #Apertura2015 #NuestraPasión @AlianzaFC\_sv vs @CDeportivoFAS" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
16. Primera Fútbol ES \[@primerafutboles\] (December 18, 2015). "Árbitros designados #FinalLigaPepsi #Apertura2015 Mayor y Reservas. #LigaPepsi #NuestraPasión #AlianzaFCvsCDFAS" (Tweet)  via Twitter.

## InfoBox

Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador
| Season | 2015–16 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Alianza (Apertura)
Dragón (Clausura) |
| Relegated | Atlético Marte |
| Champions League | Alianza
Dragón |
| Matches played | 145 (Apertura) |
| Goals scored | 358 (2.47 per match) (Apertura) |
| Top goalscorer | David Rugamas (Isidro Metapán) 12 |
| Biggest home win | Santa Tecla 8–0 Pasaquina (February 12, 2016) |
| Biggest away win | FAS 0–5 Santa Tecla (November 22, 2015) |
| Highest scoring | Isidro Metapán 3–4 Alianza (August 9, 2015)
Sonsonate 3–4 Alianza (September 26, 2015)
Santa Tecla 5–2 Alianza (September 30, 2015) |
| Longest winning run | 7 games by: FAS |
| Longest unbeaten run | 7 games by: Dragón, FAS |
| Longest winless run | 12 games by: Juventud Independiente, UES |
| Longest losing run | 5 games by: UES |
| 201415 2016–17 All statistics correct as of December 20, 2015. | |


title: Raffaele Buzzi

abstract: Raffaele Buzzi is an Italian Nordic combined skier who competes internationally. He competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Raffaele Buzzi

**Raffaele Buzzi**  (born 17 July 1995) is an Italian Nordic combined skier who competes internationally.

He competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

## InfoBox

Raffaele Buzzi
| Buzzi in 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1995-07-17) 17 July 1995<br>Tolmezzo, Italy |
| Sport | |
| Country | Italy |
| Sport | Nordic combined skiing |


title: Synanthedon olenda

abstract: Synanthedon olenda is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from the Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

text:
# Synanthedon olenda

***Synanthedon olenda*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from the Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

## InfoBox

| *Synanthedon olenda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Synanthedon* |
| Species: | ***S. olenda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synanthedon olenda***<br>(Beutenmüller, 1899) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sesia olenda* Beutenmüller, 1899 * *Conopia olenda* | |


title: Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad

abstract: The Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad was a railroad that ran between the towns of Jamestown, NY and Buffalo, NY. It was a predecessor of the Erie Railroad.

text:
# Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad

The **Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad** was a railroad that ran between the towns of Jamestown, NY and Buffalo, NY. It was a predecessor of the Erie Railroad.

## History

The **Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad** company was incorporated on March 23, 1872. A mortgage was issued October 1, 1873, and given by company to The Farmers Loan and Trust Company as trustee to secure an issue of $2,500,000 of 6 per cent. bonds, payable October 1, 1893.

The line was built with the aid of one million dollars from the city of Buffalo and another million dollars donated by towns along the line. Work commenced rapidly and the road was completed from Buffalo to Gowanda by October 20, 1874. At Dayton the track passed under the tracks of the Erie main line from Salamanca to Dunkirk and continued south to Jamestown. The road was opened in sections and was completed in July 1875.

The line was never financially successful, and the mortgage was foreclosed by an action brought in the Supreme Court for Erie County, wherein The Farmers Loan and Trust Company as trustee was plaintiff and The Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad Company et al. were defendants. A judgment of foreclosure and sale was entered on February 3, 1877 and George S. Wardwell was appointed as the referee to sell the company. On September 11, 1877, all the property and franchises of The Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad Company were sold for $1,000,000 to Abraham Altman, Jewett M. Richmond, William H. H. Newman, John F. Moulton and Wilson X. Bissell, as a committee of bondholders. The referee's report of sale was dated November 26, 1877, and the order confirming referee's report of sale made at a special term of the Supreme Court held at Buffalo on November 26, 1877.

A deed dated December 12, 1877, from Jewett M. Richmond and wife, William H.. H. Newman and wife, John P. Moulton and wife, and Wilson S. Bissell, unmarried, as a committee of bondholders, etc., conveyed the railroad, property and franchises acquired as aforesaid through the above-mentioned foreclosure and deed to the Buffalo and Southwestern Railroad Company.

The Buffalo and Southwestern Railroad was leased by the New York, Lake Erie and Western (Erie Railroad) on August 1, 1880, for an annual rental of 35 percent of the gross earnings for the line. On November 19, 1895, the Erie officially merged the line by virtue of owning 100 percent of the B&SW stock.

## Current status

Much of the line originally built by the Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad still sees use. The Buffalo Southern Railroad operates the portion from Buffalo to the Erie County line at Gowanda, and the New York and Lake Erie Railroad operates the line south from Gowanda to South Dayton, including an excursion train that runs in the summer.

* Minor, George. 1911. The Erie System. New York, NY: Erie Railroad Company.

## InfoBox

Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| 1875 map | |
| Overview | |
| Headquarters | Baltimore, MD |
| Locale | Buffalo, New York to Jamestown, New York |
| Dates of operation | 18721877 |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |


title: Ptilotus obovatus

abstract: Ptilotus obovatus (Gaudich.) F.Muell. is a shrub in the genus Ptilotus R.Br. that occurs in throughout arid Australia. It is commonly known as cotton bush.

text:
# Ptilotus obovatus

***Ptilotus obovatus*** (Gaudich.) F.Muell. is a shrub in the genus *Ptilotus* R.Br. that occurs in throughout arid Australia. It is commonly known as **cotton bush**.

## InfoBox

| *Ptilotus obovatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flowers of *Ptilotus obovatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | *Ptilotus* |
| Species: | ***P. obovatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptilotus obovatus***<br>(Gaudich.) F.Muell. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trichinium obovatum* Gaudich. * *Ptilotus lindleyi* F.Muell. * *Ptilotus parviflorus* (Lindl.) F.Muell. * *Trichinium lanatum* Lindl. * *Trichinium parviflorum* Lindl. * *Trichinium subviride* Domin * *Trichinium variabile* F.Muell. * *Trichinium virgatum* A.Cunn. ex Moq. | |


abstract: The U.S. Army Public Health Center (APHC) is a United States Army element headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States. As a forward operating agency of the United States Army Medical Command, APHC is responsible for providing technical support and expertise in the areas of preventive medicine, public health, health promotion, and wellness to military units around the globe. Throughout the history of warfare, armies have depended on clean water, wholesome food, sanitation, disease and injury prevention, hazard-free environments and other sound public health practices to keep Soldiers in fighting form. The Army Public Health Center has broadened the scope of the public health mission to meet today's Army's needs: to enhance Army readiness by identifying and assessing current and emerging health threats; developing and communicating public health solutions; and assuring the quality and effectiveness of the Army's Public Health Enterprise. John Resta serves as the director. The Maryland Office of ORAU and the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education administers research participation programs for APHC.

text:
# Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen

The **U.S. Army Public Health Center** (APHC) is a United States Army element headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States. As a forward operating agency of the United States Army Medical Command, APHC is responsible for providing technical support and expertise in the areas of preventive medicine, public health, health promotion, and wellness to military units around the globe.

Throughout the history of warfare, armies have depended on clean water, wholesome food, sanitation, disease and injury prevention, hazard-free environments and other sound public health practices to keep Soldiers in fighting form. The **Army Public Health Center** has broadened the scope of the public health mission to meet today's Army's needs: to enhance Army readiness by identifying and assessing current and emerging health threats; developing and communicating public health solutions; and assuring the quality and effectiveness of the Army's Public Health Enterprise.

John Resta serves as the director.

The Maryland Office of ORAU and the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education administers research participation programs for APHC.

## History

### Before 2015

The lineage of the APHC can be traced back more than 70 years to the **Army Industrial Hygiene Laboratory**, which was established in 1942 at the beginning of World War II under the direct jurisdiction of the Army surgeon general. AIHL originally was located at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health; it had a staff of three and an annual budget of $3,000. Its mission was to conduct occupational health surveys and investigations within the Department of Defense industrial production base, a mission that proved beneficial to the nation's war effort. In October 1945, AIHL was transferred to what is now Aberdeen Proving Ground - South. From 1940 to 1960, AIHL's mission and personnel continued to expand, and AIHL became the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (USAEHA) located at Edgewood Arsenal which was later merged with Aberdeen Proving Ground. During the 1960s and early 1970s, AEHA provided a variety of public health services to all US-based Army installations, including water supply, water and air pollution control, industrial hygiene, and others.

In 1973, USAEHA became a subordinate command of the U.S. Army Health Services Command (the latter later became the United States Army Medical Command). The following year, USAEHA was given command of the health and environmental resources of the Army medical laboratories. These assets became USAEHA subordinate commands.

In 1994, USAEHA was re-designated as the **United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine**. In addition to its continental United States regional commands, USACHPPM also had two subordinate commands. In 1995, USACHPPM Europe was activated in Landstuhl, Germany, and USACHPPM Pacific was activated, moving in 1997 to Camp Zama, Japan.

In 2010, the center was merged with the United States Army Veterinary Command (VETCOM) to form **U.S. Army Public Health Command**. VETCOM supported almost 500 DOD installations worldwide and included the DOD Veterinary Food Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory and the DOD Military Working Dog Veterinary Service. Through this merger, a uniquely capable military organization was born—one that embodies the “One Health” approach to public health.

One Health is the concept that health in animals, people, and the environment is interrelated; that is, the health of each contributes to the health of all. The formal uniting of prevention, health promotion, and veterinary missions allowed for full coordination, synchronization, and integration of the military public health services around the globe.

USAPHC, inactivated on October 1, 2016, had six subordinate elements: the Army Institute for Health and five regional commands located at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland; Joint Base San Antonio in Texas; Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington; Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany; and Camp Zama in Japan. USAPHC's mission was to promote health and prevent disease, injury, and disability of Soldiers and retirees, their Families, and Army civilians, and to provide veterinary medicine services for the Army and Department of Defense. USAPHC also provided consulting services to senior military leaders, commanders both deployed and in garrison, and military medical and health professionals.

### U.S. Army Public Health Center

The APHC reached provisional status on August 17, 2015 and full operating capacity on October 1, 2016.

Headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, the APHC is a field operating activity of the U.S. Army Medical Command, but it is unique among MEDCOM organizations in these ways:

* Its “patients” are populations, that is groups of people—military units, their families, or Army civilian employees, for example—rather than individuals.
* It emphasizes prevention of disease, injury, and disability, rather than healing those who have already experienced these conditions.
* It is proactive, optimizing health by educating members of the Army population about healthy behaviors, empowering them to build and sustain their own good health.

## Mission and Services

The APHC draws on a distinguished legacy to provide public health services to its Army and Department of Defense customers around the world. It standardizes and promulgates practices and procedures used throughout the public health enterprise, provides one-of-a-kind and reach-back technical capabilities, and oversees quality assurance of public health missions.

The organization completes an extensive amount of analytical support to global operations and is responsible for the collection and archival of all deployment occupational and environmental health surveillance data.

APHC personnel have expertise in a variety of fields. Their professions include almost 70 scientific and technical disciplines, which are brought to bear on public health issues and problems in matrixed teams.

The APHC continues to fulfill its mission of enhancing Army readiness and focusing on promoting healthy people, communities, animals and workplaces.

## Criticism

In May, 2022 former Army Public Health Center Commander Lt. Mark Bashaw was convicted of violating orders to present a COVID-19 test to his superiors, to wear a mask indoors and to telework at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. The presiding judge declined to sentence him. Bashaw was subsequently joined by senior officers of all branches of the military in notifying Congress on August 15 that the Department of Defense is engaging in illegal and fraudulent acts that are endangering Service members and their families, as well as the American public whom the DOD is charged with protecting.


title: Cayuse horse

abstract:
Cayuse is an archaic term used in the American West, originally referring to a small landrace horse, often noted for unruly temperament. The name came from the horses of the Cayuse people of the Pacific Northwest. The term came to be used in a derogatory fashion to refer to any small, low-quality horse, particularly if owned by indigenous people or a feral horse. Later the term was applied to people of villainous reputation. In British Columbia, the variant word cayoosh refers to a particular breed of powerful small horse admired for its endurance. Qayus (Cayuse) is the Tŝilhqot’in term for the wild horses in that Province’s Chilcotin region, used by the local Tŝilhqot’in Nation. One theory of the origin of the word “Cayuse” is that it derives from the French "cailloux," meaning stones or rocks. The name may have referred to the rocky area the Cayuse people inhabited or it may have been an imprecise rendering of the name they called themselves. Another is that it is a Native American adaptation of the Spanish caballo, with the -s ending a noun form in Salishan languages. A variant adaptation, kiuatan, with a Sahaptian -tan ending, is the main word for "horse" or "pony" in the Chinook Jargon, although cayuse or cayoosh was also used in some areas. "The little ponies, which take their name from the Cayuse Indians, possess as a native quality, this habit of bucking, or jumping high in the air as we have lambs do, striking with every joint stiffened, all four feet forcibly upon the earth. The concussion is so violent that, unless the rider is experienced, one or two efforts will be enough to dash him to the ground. The very appearance of the animal is frightful. The ears are thrown back close to its head, the eyes put on a vicious expression, it froths at the mouth, seizes the bit with its teeth, tries to bite, and every possible manner evinces the utmost enmity for its rider. Bucking is deemed as incurable as balking — whip and spur and kind treatment being alike in vain."
The Ascent of Mt. Hayden, Scribner's Monthly, June 1873 “Cayuse” used in cowboy jargon as a derogatory term for a person of low character or little value appeared in the 1925 silent film Tumbleweeds directed by King Baggot, where the cowboy hero played by William S. Hart calls the villain a "cayuse" in the title cards.

text:
# Cayuse horse

**Cayuse** is an archaic term used in the American West, originally referring to a small landrace horse, often noted for unruly temperament. The name came from the horses of the Cayuse people of the Pacific Northwest. The term came to be used in a derogatory fashion to refer to any small, low-quality horse, particularly if owned by indigenous people or a feral horse.

Later the term was applied to people of villainous reputation.

In British Columbia, the variant word ***cayoosh*** refers to a particular breed of powerful small horse admired for its endurance. *Qayus* (Cayuse) is the Tŝilhqot’in term for the wild horses in that Province’s Chilcotin region, used by the local Tŝilhqot’in Nation.

One theory of the origin of the word “Cayuse” is that it derives from the French "cailloux," meaning stones or rocks. The name may have referred to the rocky area the Cayuse people inhabited or it may have been an imprecise rendering of the name they called themselves. Another is that it is a Native American adaptation of the Spanish *caballo*, with the -s ending a noun form in Salishan languages. A variant adaptation, *kiuatan*, with a Sahaptian *-tan* ending, is the main word for "horse" or "pony" in the Chinook Jargon, although *cayuse* or *cayoosh* was also used in some areas.

> "The little ponies, which take their name from the Cayuse Indians, possess as a native quality, this habit of bucking, or jumping high in the air as we have lambs do, striking with every joint stiffened, all four feet forcibly upon the earth. The concussion is so violent that, unless the rider is experienced, one or two efforts will be enough to dash him to the ground. The very appearance of the animal is frightful. The ears are thrown back close to its head, the eyes put on a vicious expression, it froths at the mouth, seizes the bit with its teeth, tries to bite, and every possible manner evinces the utmost enmity for its rider. Bucking is deemed as incurable as balking  whip and spur and kind treatment being alike in vain."
> The Ascent of Mt. Hayden, *Scribner's Monthly*, June 1873

“Cayuse” used in cowboy jargon as a derogatory term for a person of low character or little value appeared in the 1925 silent film *Tumbleweeds* directed by King Baggot, where the cowboy hero played by William S. Hart calls the villain a "cayuse" in the title cards.

Horses identified as “cayuses” in literature include Nimpo and Stuyve, who were depicted in Richmond P. Hobson, Jr.'s book *Grass Beyond The Mountains*. Both horses had been captured by a local Native American named Thomas Squinas near Nimpo Lake in the Chilcotin District of British Columbia. Hobson described the two cayuses as the best horses that he owned, because of their unrelenting spirit and hardiness that helped them survive the extreme conditions in northern British Columbia. There is also an example in John Steinbeck's book, *The Red Pony*.

In "Don't Fence Me In", a popular American song written in 1934 by Cole Porter and Robert Fletcher, is the line "On my Cayuse, let me wander over yonder...'. It was recorded by Roy Rogers, Gene Autry, Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Clint Eastwood, Willie Nelson and Leon Russell, among many others.

Some versions of "The Strawberry Roan", a classic Western poem and later song, describe the titular horse as a Cayuse.

The 1953 film *Tumbleweed* features a horse with that name, whose quirky personality, sure-footedness, and relationship with the human protagonist (Jim Harvey, played by Audie Murphy) help to drive the plot. Harvey refers to Tumbleweed several times as a "Cayuse" in a derogatory way, but over the course of the film Tumbleweed proves to be a much better horse than his lowly appearance at first suggested.

The television station KYUS in Miles City, MT, derives its call letters from the word "cayuse", in reference to the strong rodeo tradition of the community and its Miles City Bucking Horse Sale.


title: Ravensworth, Ontario

abstract: Ravensworth is an unincorporated place and former railway point in the municipality of Kearney, Parry Sound District in Central Ontario, Canada. It is located at the present day intersection of Rain Lake Road and the north end of Aholas Drive, about 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of the centre of Kearney. The community was once a station on the Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway, but it was decommissioned in 1959. The railbed was converted into Rain Lake Road to allow continued access to Ravensworth and other communities along the route.

text:
# Ravensworth, Ontario

**Ravensworth** is an unincorporated place and former railway point in the municipality of Kearney, Parry Sound District in Central Ontario, Canada. It is located at the present day intersection of Rain Lake Road and the north end of Aholas Drive, about 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of the centre of Kearney. The community was once a station on the Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway, but it was decommissioned in 1959. The railbed was converted into Rain Lake Road to allow continued access to Ravensworth and other communities along the route.

## History

Ravensworth was part of the township of Bethune until 1979, when the township was incorporated into Kearney. School and road taxes where payable directly to the Province of Ontario. Although there are modern-day homes and cottages in the area, no original buildings or landmarks remain today.

Other map sources:

## InfoBox

| Ravensworth | |
| --- | --- |
| RavensworthLocation of Ravensworth in Ontario | |
| Coordinates: 45°34′57″N 79°07′32″W / 45.58250°N 79.12556°W / 45.58250; -79.12556 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| District | Parry Sound |
| Municipality | Kearney |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern Time Zone) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern Time Zone) |


title: Seed testing

abstract:
Seed testing is an analysis of seeds for viability. Seed testing performed for a number of reasons, including research purposes or to determine if seed storage techniques are functioning. Common seed tests include Germination tests, Viability tests, purity tests and weed tests. The first two are common for scientific research.
For commercially sold seed, all four of these tests are done in dedicated laboratories by trained and usually certified analysts. The tests are designed to evaluate the quality of the seed lot being sold.

text:
# Seed testing

**Seed testing** is an analysis of seeds for viability. Seed testing performed for a number of reasons, including research purposes or to determine if seed storage techniques are functioning. Common seed tests include Germination tests, Viability tests, purity tests and weed tests. The first two are common for scientific research. For commercially sold seed, all four of these tests are done in dedicated laboratories by trained and usually certified analysts. The tests are designed to evaluate the quality of the seed lot being sold.

## Germination tests

A germination test reports the percentage of seed that germinated. In commercial settings, tests are usually made in either 200 or 400 seed samples.

## Viability test

The Tetrazolium Chloride (TZ) test, often called the quick germination test, is a chemical test used to determine seed viability, and results are usually available within 24 to 48 hours The TZ test differs from a germination test in that the TZ test can give you an early and quick snapshot of seed viability but is not a replacement for the more comprehensive seed germination test. In Canada, the TZ test is not officially recognized by the CFIA (except for western wheatgrass where the TZ result may be added to the germination for a final germination total). In the United States, the TZ test can be used as a replacement for a germination test, although a follow-up germination test is usually recommended.

### Advantages of the TZ test

* A rapid evaluation of seed viability.
* Detect seed weaknesses before they become evident in germination tests.
* Timely guidance in quality control programs.
* Properly conducted TZ and germination test results are generally in close agreement and within the range of normal sampling variation. Differences of 3% to 5% may be due to an unavoidable sampling variation error. Differences between TZ and germination test results are usually smaller in high quality seed than in low quality seed, with large seeded crops than with small-seeded crops, and with uniform seed lots than with non-uniform lots.

### Disadvantages of the TZ test

* Requires specialized training and experience.
* Test is usually more laborious and tedious to perform than a germination test.
* Test results do not reflect fungal infection or chemical damage.
* Test results do not reflect dormancy.
* This method is invasive, meaning that the seeds, used in a testing, are dissected and cannot be used for germination.

### Procedure

A viability test (TZ test) is a test for viability that involves the steps: preconditioning (imbibition) and then preparation and staining (sometimes cutting the seed and then soaking the seed in a 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride solution).

Seeds are soaked in water overnight. They may be pre-moistened, in which case the seeds are allowed to imbibe water between a moistened germination paper blotter. Seeds are then dissected, either longitudinally or transversely, with a scalpel so that the embryo is exposed to the tetrazolium chloride solution. One half of this seed is used for the test and the other half is discarded. Staining is done with a solution of 2, 3, 5 triphyenyl tetrazolium chloride (a salt) is added to water to form a colorless solution. The seeds are placed in a 1% solution (for legumes and grasses that are not bisected), or a dilute 0.1% solution for bisected grasses and cereals. Seed coats of legumes must usually be removed or peeled back before examination. Care must be taken to prevent breaking of radicles and other damage to the seeds.

### Evaluation

Dehydrogenase enzymes present in living tissue reduce the tetrazolium chloride to formazan, a reddish, water-insoluble compound. This reaction occurs in or near living cells, which are releasing hydrogen in respiration processes. Depending on size, all seeds are examined under a microscope at 10-30 power. Larger seeds, such as peas, may be examined without a microscope. Analysts look for three things: Sound tissues, weak living tissues or dead tissues. Sound tissues produce a normal red color and resist the penetration of tetrazolium. The rate of hydrogen released in sound tissue is slow in comparison to that in partially weakened tissues. Weak living tissues produce an abnormal color. These tissues have lost some of their initial resistance to the penetration of tetrazolium. Respiration is accelerated and formazan is produced rapidly. During the early stages of deterioration, these tissues become darker red (bruised) quicker than sound, healthy tissues. Dead tissues do not stain, remaining usually white (aged tissue) because the lack of respiration prevents the production of formazan.

TZ test results are recorded as a percentage and are usually reported in the remarks section of the Certificate of Seed Analysis issued by the seed laboratory. Hard seeds are to be reported (if applicable) as a percentage and are included in the total percent viable seed. Regardless of how they are reported, TZ test results for viability give you an estimate of the maximum percentage of seeds that have the potential to produce normal seedlings.

## Purity test

A purity test reports the percentage of seed described on the label that is actually found in the quantity of seed.

## Weed test

A weed test examines a sample of seed and identifies every seed that is different from the labeled seed kind.


title: Kwilno, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Kwilno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zgierz, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of Zgierz and 23 km (14 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Kwilno, Łódź Voivodeship

**Kwilno** \[ˈkfilnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zgierz, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of Zgierz and 23 km (14 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Kwilno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Kwilno | |
| Coordinates: 51°59′N 19°30′E / 51.983°N 19.500°E / 51.983; 19.500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Zgierz |
| Gmina | Zgierz |


title: Raffaele Bonanni

abstract: Raffaele Bonanni is an Italian former trade union organizer. Born in Bomba, Chieti, Bonanni began his activity as a trade union operator in 1972, after attending a course at the "Centro Studi CISL" in Florence. In 1981 he became general secretary of the Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL) of Palermo and then in 1989 he was elected general secretary of the Sicilian CISL. In 1991 he was elected secretary of Filca, a sub-association of the CISL, which involves about 250,000 subscribers. He was vice president of the European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW). In 1998 he entered the secretariat of CISL, being elected general secretary on April 27, 2006. He resigned on September 24, 2014.

text:
# Raffaele Bonanni

**Raffaele Bonanni** (born 10 June 1949) is an Italian former trade union organizer.

Born in Bomba, Chieti, Bonanni began his activity as a trade union operator in 1972, after attending a course at the "Centro Studi CISL" in Florence. In 1981 he became general secretary of the Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL) of Palermo and then in 1989 he was elected general secretary of the Sicilian CISL. In 1991 he was elected secretary of Filca, a sub-association of the CISL, which involves about 250,000 subscribers. He was vice president of the European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW). In 1998 he entered the secretariat of CISL, being elected general secretary on April 27, 2006. He resigned on September 24, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Raffaele Bonanni | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1949-06-10) 10 June 1949<br>Bomba, Chieti, Italy |
| Occupation | trade union organizer |


title: Synanthedon pictipes

abstract: Synanthedon pictipes, the lesser peachtree borer, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from the eastern half of Canada and the United States westward to Minnesota in the north and eastern Texas in the south. The wingspan is 18–25 mm.

text:
# Synanthedon pictipes

***Synanthedon pictipes***, the **lesser peachtree borer**, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from the eastern half of Canada and the United States westward to Minnesota in the north and eastern Texas in the south.

The wingspan is 18–25 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Synanthedon pictipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Synanthedon* |
| Species: | ***S. pictipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synanthedon pictipes***<br>(Grote & Robinson, 1868) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aegeria pictipes* Grote & Robinson, 1868 * *Aegeria inusitata* Edwards, 1881 | |


title: Buffalo and Rochester Railroad

abstract: The Buffalo and Rochester Railroad was a railroad company formed on December 7, 1850 by the merger of the Tonawanda Railroad and the Attica and Buffalo Railroad. The company remained in business for three years before it was merged with other companies into the New York Central Railroad.

text:
# Buffalo and Rochester Railroad

Map

The **Buffalo and Rochester Railroad** was a railroad company formed on December 7, 1850 by the merger of the Tonawanda Railroad and the Attica and Buffalo Railroad. The company remained in business for three years before it was merged with other companies into the New York Central Railroad.

## History

Initially, the idea for this line came from the perceived need for a rail line to serve Steuben and Livingston Counties in New York. Farmers and merchants in the area proposed a route along the Cohocton and Genesee river valleys up to Avon. The route would thence go west to the Tonawanda Railroad at Batavia. This would have been an alternative to the Erie Railroad's plan to end its line at Dunkirk. The Erie declined, and the projected line became the Buffalo and Cohocton Valley Railroad. The side line from Avon to Batavia, however, became part of the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad.

The primary accomplishment of the railroad was the construction of a new route between Buffalo and Batavia. The original route went from Rochester to Batavia to Attica and then to Buffalo. In April 1852, the railroad opened a new line from Buffalo to Batavia. This shortened the distance between the two cities and became part of the New York Central Railroad's famed "Water Level Route". The Buffalo and Rochester sold its line between Attica and Depew (east of Buffalo) to the Buffalo and New York City Railroad, part of the New York and Erie Railroad system. The new owners converted the line to their six-foot gauge.

The railroad was one of ten that merged on May 17, 1853 to form the New York Central Railroad.


title: Cantons of Saint-Paul

abstract: The cantons of Saint-Paul are administrative divisions of Réunion, an overseas department and region of France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the city of Saint-Paul is subdivided into 3 cantons. Their seat is in Saint-Paul.

text:
# Cantons of Saint-Paul

The **cantons of Saint-Paul** are administrative divisions of Réunion, an overseas department and region of France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the city of Saint-Paul is subdivided into 3 cantons. Their seat is in Saint-Paul.

## Cantons

| Name | Population (2019) | Cantonal Code |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canton of Saint-Paul-1 | 32,850 | 97417 |
| Canton of Saint-Paul-2 | 33,893 | 97418 |
| Canton of Saint-Paul-3 | 36,465 | 97419 |
|

21°01′S 55°16′E / 21.01°S 55.27°E / -21.01; 55.27


title: Ptilotus schwartzii

abstract: Ptilotus schwartzii is a grass-like plant in the Amaranthaceae family.

text:
# Ptilotus schwartzii

***Ptilotus schwartzii*** is a grass-like plant in the Amaranthaceae family.

## Distribution

*Ptilotus scwartzii* is endemic to Australia and found in Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland.

## Description

It is perennial herb, which grows from 0.2 to 1 m high, on sand or sandy clay. Its stems are slender, wiry and a dull blue-green in colour. It flowers from March to October with white- pink-purple flowers. It is found near streams on sandplains.

## Taxonomy

It was first described in 1888 by Ferdinand von Mueller as *Ptilotus fraseri* var. *schwartzii*, who described it from a specimen collected near the McDonnell Ranges by the Reverend Mr Schwartz Ralph Tate raised it to species rank in his 1989 census, with it thereby becoming *Ptilotus schwartzii*.

## InfoBox

| *Ptilotus schwartzii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | *Ptilotus* |
| Species: | ***P. schwartzii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptilotus schwartzii***
(F.Muell.) Tate | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ptilotus fraseri* var. *schwartzii* F.Muell.
*Ptilotus schwartzii* f. *elongatus* Benl
*Trichinium schwartzii* (F.Muell.) Farmar | |


title: Tetsuya Takahashi (composer)

abstract: Tetsuya Takahashi is a Japanese composer.

text:
# Tetsuya Takahashi (composer)

**Tetsuya Takahashi** (高橋 哲也 *Takahashi Tetsuya*) is a Japanese composer.

## Works

### As composer

1. "New interview with Takahashi, Mitsuda and Shimomura – Xenoblade Chronicles Message Board for Wii – GameFAQs". *www.gamefaqs.com*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
2. "Takahashi insisted on having Hiroyuki Sawano handle Xenoblade Chronicles X's music – Nintendo Everything". *Nintendo Everything*. January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
3. "Xenoblade Chronicles 2 Music Production Is Complete; 300 Musicians Involved in the New Switch JRPG". *DualShockers*. August 12, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
4. "Rick and Morty: The Anime's Opening Credits Sequence Reveals More Staff". *Anime News Network*. July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Tetsuya Takahashi | |
| --- | --- |
| 高橋 哲也 | |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupations | * Composer * arranger |


title: Cell synchronization

abstract: Cell synchronization is a process by which cells in a culture at different stages of the cell cycle are brought to the same phase. Cell synchrony is a vital process in the study of cells progressing through the cell cycle as it allows population-wide data to be collected rather than relying solely on single-cell experiments. The types of synchronization are broadly categorized into two groups; physical fractionization and chemical blockade.

text:
# Cell synchronization

**Cell synchronization** is a process by which cells in a culture at different stages of the cell cycle are brought to the same phase. Cell synchrony is a vital process in the study of cells progressing through the cell cycle as it allows population-wide data to be collected rather than relying solely on single-cell experiments. The types of synchronization are broadly categorized into two groups; physical fractionization and chemical blockade.

## Physical Separation

Physical fractionation is a process by which continuously dividing cells are separated into phase-enriched populations based on characteristics such as the following:

Given that cells take on varying morphologies and surface markers throughout the cell cycle, these traits can be used to separate by phase. There are two commonly used methods.

### Centrifugal Elutriation

**(Previously called: counter streaming centrifugation)** Centrifugal elutriation can be used to separate cells in different phases of the cell cycle based on their size and sedimentation velocity (related to sedimentation coefficient). Because of the consistent growth patterns throughout the cell cycle, centrifugal elutriation can separate cells into G1, , G2, and  phases by increasing size (and increasing sedimentation coefficients) with diminished resolution between G2 and M phases due to cellular heterogeneity and lack of a distinct size change.

Larger cells sediment faster, so a cell in G2, which has experienced more growth time, will sediment faster than a cell in G1 and can therefore be fractionated out. Cells grown in suspension tend to be easier to elutriate given that they do not adhere to one another and have rounded, uniform shapes. However, some types of adherent cells can be treated with trypsin and resuspended for elutriation as they will assume a more rounded shape in suspension.

### Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting

Flow cytometry allows for detection, counting, and measurement of the physical and chemical properties of cells. Cells are suspended in fluid and put through the flow cytometer. Cells are sent one at a time through a laser beam and the light scatter is measured by a detector. Cells or their components can be labeled with fluorescent markers so that they emit different wavelengths of light in response to the laser, allowing for additional data collection.

For quantitative cell cycle analysis, cells are usually fixed with ethanol and stained with DNA-binding dyes like propidium iodide, Hoechst 33342, DAPI, 7-Aminoactinomysin D, Mithramycin, DRAQ5, or TO-PRO-3, allowing for determination of phase by DNA quantity. However, if these cells have been fixed, they are dead and cannot be maintained for continued growth. Cells can also be resuspended in media and dyed with non-toxic dyes to maintain living cultures. Cells can also be genome edited such that some cellular proteins are made with conjugated fluorescent tags such as GFP, mCherry, and Luciferase that can be used to detect and quantify those components. For example, chimeric histone H2B-GFP constructs can be made and used to measure DNA content and determine replication status as a means of discerning cell phase. Light scatter measurements can be used to determine characteristics like size, allowing for distinction of cell phase without tagging.

Flow cytometers can be used to collect multiparameter cytometry data, but cannot be used to separate or purify cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique for sorting out the cells based on the differences that can be detected by light scatter (e.g. cell size) or fluorescence emission (by penetrated DNA, RNA, proteins or antigens). The system works much like flow cytometry, but will also charge each cell droplet after it has been measured based on a defined parameter. The charged droplet will then encounter an electrostatic deflection system that will sort the cell to a different container based on that charge. This allows cells to be separated on the basis of fluorescent content or scatter.

To summarize, flow cytometry alone can be used to gather quantitative data about cell cycle phase distribution, but flow cytometry in coordination with FACS can be used to gather quantitative data and separate cells by phase for further study. Limitations include:

* for light scatter measurements, poor resolution between G2 and M (as with centrifugal elutriation)
* for fixed cells, unable to maintain living cultures
* for unfixed but dyed cells, possible disruption or mutagenesis of cells because of dye treatment
* some population heterogeneity may be maintained, as size separation may not always be accurate for measuring phase and not all cells may be at the same point within each phase (early G1 vs late G1)
* for DNA-edited cells, the process may take an extended period of time

## Chemical blockade

The addition of exogenous substrates can be used to block cells in certain phases of the cell cycle and frequently target cell cycle checkpoints. These techniques can be carried out *in vitro* and do not require removal from the culture environment. The most common type of chemical blockade is arrest-and-release, which involves treatment of a culture with a chemical block and subsequent release by washing or addition of a neutralizing agent for the block. While chemical blockade is typically more effective and precise than physical separation, some methods can be imperfect for various reasons, including:

* the proportion of synchronized cells is insufficient
* chemical manipulations may disrupt cellular function and/or kill a portion of cells
* the treatment is toxic and not applicable *in vivo* (only relevant if considering clinical application)

### Arrest in M

Mitotic arrest can be achieved through many methods and at various points within M-phase, including the G2/M transition, the metaphase/anaphase transition, and mitotic exit.

#### Nocodazole

Nocodazole is a rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule polymerization that can be used to arrest cells before Anaphase at the spindle assembly checkpoint in the metaphase/anaphase transition. The microtubule poison works by blocking the formation of the mitotic spindles that attach to and pull apart sister chromatids in dividing cells. Cells will remain arrested until the nocodazole has been washed out. Nocodazole does not appear to disrupt interphase metabolism, and released cells return to normal cell cycle progression. Because microtubules are vital in other cellular functions, sustained use of nocodazole can result in disruption of those functions, causing cell death.

#### Inhibition of CDK1

CDK1 is necessary for the transition from G2 to M phase. RO-3306 is a selective CDK1 inhibitor that can reversibly arrest cells at the G2/M border. RO-3306 synchronized \>95% of cycling cells (including cancer cells), and released cells rapidly enter mitosis.

#### Roscovitine

Roscovitine can be used to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) by competing with ATP in the ATP-binding region of the kinase. Its effects are potent, arresting cells by knocking down the function of CDKs necessary for cell cycle progression. Roscovitine can be used to arrest cells in G0/G1, G1/S, or G2/M transitions.

#### Colchicine

Colchicine arrests cells in metaphase and is a microtubule poison preventing mitotic spindle formation, much like nocodazole. It works by depolymerizing tubulin in microtubules, blocking progression to anaphase through sustained arrest at the spindle assembly checkpoint.

### Arrest in S (G1/S arrest)

Arrest in S phase typically involves inhibition of DNA synthesis as the genome is being replicated. Most methods are reversible through washing.

#### Double thymidine block

High concentrations of thymidine interrupt the deoxynucleotide metabolism pathway through competitive inhibition, thus blocking DNA replication. A single treatment with thymidine arrests cells throughout S phase, so a double treatment acts to induce a more uniform block in early S phase. The process begins with a treatment with thymidine, washing of the culture, followed by another thymidine treatment.

#### Hydroxyurea

Hydroxyurea decreases the production of dNTPs by inhibiting the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. This serves to halt DNA synthesis by depriving DNA polymerase of dNTPs at replication forks. Hydroxyurea is also used to treat certain types of cancer and blood disorders.

#### Aphidicolin

Aphidocolin is a fungus-derived tetracyclic diterpenoid that acts as a selective inhibitor for DNA polymerase α. This enzyme is necessary for replicative DNA synthesis, but does not disrupt DNA repair synthesis or mitochondrial DNA replication.

### Arrest in G1

A single commonly-used chemical method exists for synchronization of cells in G1. It involves Lovastatin, a reversible competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, an enzyme vital in the production of mevalonic acid. Mevalonic acid is a key intermediate in the mevalonate pathway responsible for synthesis of cholesterol. Addition of cholesterol to Lovastatin-treated cells does not undo the arrest affect, so Lovastatin appears to inhibit the formation of some early intermediate in the pathway that is essential for progression through early G1.

## Other Methods of Synchronization

### Mitotic Selection

Mitotic selection is a drug-free procedure for the selection of mitotic cells from a monolayer undergoing exponential growth. During mitosis, cells undergo changes in morphology, and mitotic selection takes advantage of this in adherent cells grown in a monolayer. The cells become more spherical, decreasing the surface area of cell membrane attached to the culture plate. Mitotic cells can therefore be completely detached by gently shaking and collected from the supernatant.

### Nutrient/Serum Deprivation

Elimination of serum from the culture medium for about 24 hours results in the accumulation of cells at the transition between G0 quiescence and early G1. This arrest is easily reversible through addition of serum or the deprived nutrient. Upon release, progression through the cell cycle is variable, as some cells remain quiescent while others proceed through the cell cycle at variable rates.

### Contact Inhibition

Contact inhibition occurs when cells are allowed to grow to high or full confluence, maximizing cell-to-cell contact. This triggers arrest in early G1 in normal cells. Arrest is reversed by replating cells at a lower density. Because of the proliferation-promoting mutations intrinsic to cancer, tumor cell lines are not usually able to undergo contact inhibition, though there are exceptions.


title: Evelyn Shirley (1812–1882)

abstract: Evelyn Philip Shirley, was a British politician, antiquary and genealogist.

text:
# Evelyn Shirley (1812–1882)

**Evelyn Philip Shirley** (22 January 1812 – 19 September 1882), was a British politician, antiquary and genealogist.

## Background

Shirley was born in London, the eldest son of Evelyn Shirley and Eliza, daughter of Arthur Stanhope. He was a descendant of Robert Shirley, 1st Earl Ferrers. He was educated first privately and from 1826 at Eton College, before matriculating in 1830 from Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1834 and MA in 1837.

He inherited Ettington Park at Alderminster, near Stratford-on-Avon on the death of his father in 1856 and commissioned architect John Prichard to remodel it in 1858. It is now a Grade I listed building.

## Career

Shirley sat as Member of Parliament for County Monaghan from 1841 to 1847 and for Warwickshire South from 1853 to 1865. He served as High Sheriff of Monaghan for 1837 and as High Sheriff of Warwickshire for 1867.

## Personal

Shirley married Mary Clara Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Edmund Lechmere, 2nd Baronet, in 1842. They had one son, Sewallis Shirley, and three daughters. Shirley died in September 1882, aged 70. His wife died in August 1894.


title: Seedy Sunday

abstract: A Seedy Sunday event is one where people swap and sell seeds of landraces, folk varieties, farmer varieties and heritage seed. Sharing information about the social, cultural and culinary aspects of the seed is an important part of heritage seed saving around the world. Providing education about techniques for seed-saving, small-scale agriculture and horticulture, and about local, national and international laws that affect public-domain crop plants can also be an important part of the event. The titles Seedy Saturday and Seedy Sunday were dedicated to the public domain by the event founder Sharon Rempel. The first Seedy Saturday was held at VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver, Canada, in 1990.

text:
# Seedy Sunday

A **Seedy Sunday** (or **Seedy Saturday**) event is one where people swap and sell seeds of landraces, folk varieties, farmer varieties and heritage seed. Sharing information about the social, cultural and culinary aspects of the seed is an important part of heritage seed saving around the world. Providing education about techniques for seed-saving, small-scale agriculture and horticulture, and about local, national and international laws that affect public-domain crop plants can also be an important part of the event.

The titles Seedy Saturday and Seedy Sunday were dedicated to the public domain by the event founder Sharon Rempel. The first Seedy Saturday was held at VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver, Canada, in 1990.

## History

The idea of conserving heritage varieties of garden and field crops was in its infancy in Canada in 1989. It was very difficult to find heritage varieties of vegetables, fruits, flowers and grains.

In 1988 Sharon Rempel wanted to find period-appropriate heritage vegetables, flowers and wheat for the 1880s heritage gardens she was creating at the Keremeos Grist Mill museum. The Abundant Life Seed Foundation in Washington state was her sole source that added the date of the variety with the seed listing.

Rempel organized the first Seedy Saturday event. It was held at VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver, Canada, in early 1990.

In Canada, Seedy Saturdays and Seed Sundays continue to be locally or regionally organized events. Almost all of these events occur in the late winter, with a few in the autumn. In 2012 there were more than 100 events held in Canada.


title: Kwilcz

abstract: Kwilcz is a village in Międzychód County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Kwilcz. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Międzychód and 59 km (37 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Kwilcz

**Kwilcz** \[kfilt͡ʂ\] is a village in Międzychód County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kwilcz. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Międzychód and 59 km (37 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

## Distribution of the villages

* Kwilcz - a large village (about 2500 inhabitants), The National Road 24, which is the most important center of village councils and village community.
* Orzeszkowo \- a village on the national road No. 24, with more than 200 inhabitants;and smaller settlements and hamlets.
* Dąbrówka - otherwise known as Dabrowa, chalet located south of Kwilcz.
* Kozubówka-foresterForester-settlement forest on Provincial Road 186, located on the northern shore of Lake Kwileckiego.
* New oak-with about 42 inhabitants (2003) village situated 3 km south of Kwilcz.
* New Mill-uninhabited forest lodge near the village forester.
* Pólko-hamlet at the national road No. 24, with about 20 people.
* Mill-lodge located in the reserve Beech Ostrow, near the village Mościejewo.

## Sights

* Classical parish church. St. Michael the Archangel (1766-1782), a tower with a helmet in the shape of an obelisk. The church altars with paintings from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the pulpit, gravestones Kwilecki from the late eighteenth century. The historical record also includes the fence with sculptures and two baroque chapels.
* **The palace complex**, which consists of: palace Kwilecki of about 1830, two outbuildings with two mid-eighteenth century landscape park, stables and carriage house away and a wooden gazebo park.
* **Farm team**, which includes, among others distillery in 1872, granary, Steward's House and carpenter from the late nineteenth century.

## Born in Kwilcz

* Walerian Borowczyk \- film director; co-founder of the Polish school of the poster and the Polish school of animation.

## InfoBox

| Kwilcz | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Saint Michael Church | |
|  | |
| Kwilcz | |
| Coordinates: 52°33′13″N 16°5′5″E / 52.55361°N 16.08472°E / 52.55361; 16.08472 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Międzychód |
| Gmina | Kwilcz |
| Population | 2,746 |


title: Zöhrabkənd

abstract: Zöhrabkənd is a village in the Davachi Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Çuxurazəmi.

text:
# Zöhrabkənd

40°58′31″N 48°51′21″E / 40.97528°N 48.85583°E / 40.97528; 48.85583

**Zöhrabkənd** (also, **Zakhrabkend** and **Zokhrabkend**) is a village in the Davachi Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Çuxurazəmi.

## InfoBox

| Zöhrabkənd | |
| --- | --- |
| Zöhrabkənd | |
| Coordinates: 40°58′31″N 48°51′21″E / 40.97528°N 48.85583°E / 40.97528; 48.85583 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Davachi |
| Municipality | Çuxurazəmi |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |