title: Brunton compass

abstract: A Brunton compass, properly known as the Brunton Pocket Transit, is a precision compass made by Brunton, Inc. of Riverton, Wyoming. The instrument was patented in 1894 by Canadian-born geologist David W. Brunton. Unlike most modern compasses, the Brunton Pocket Transit utilizes magnetic induction damping rather than fluid to damp needle oscillation. Although Brunton, Inc. makes many other types of magnetic compasses, the Brunton Pocket Transit is a specialized instrument used widely by those needing to make accurate navigational and slope-angle measurements in the field. Users are primarily geologists, but archaeologists, environmental engineers, mining engineers and surveyors also make use of the Brunton's capabilities. The United States Army has adopted the Pocket Transit as the M2 Compass for use by crew-served artillery.

text:
# Brunton compass

A **Brunton compass**, properly known as the **Brunton Pocket Transit**, is a precision compass made by Brunton, Inc. of Riverton, Wyoming. The instrument was patented in 1894 by Canadian-born geologist David W. Brunton. Unlike most modern compasses, the Brunton Pocket Transit utilizes magnetic induction damping rather than fluid to damp needle oscillation. Although Brunton, Inc. makes many other types of magnetic compasses, the Brunton Pocket Transit is a specialized instrument used widely by those needing to make accurate navigational and slope-angle measurements in the field. Users are primarily geologists, but archaeologists, environmental engineers, mining engineers and surveyors also make use of the Brunton's capabilities. The United States Army has adopted the Pocket Transit as the M2 Compass for use by crew-served artillery.

## Overview

The Pocket Transit may be adjusted for declination angle according to one's location on the Earth. It is used to get directional degree measurements (azimuth) through use of the Earth's magnetic field. Holding the compass at waist-height, the user looks down into the mirror and lines up the target, needle, and guide line that is on the mirror. Once all three are lined up and the compass is level, the reading for that azimuth can be made. Arguably the most frequent use for the Brunton in the field is the calculation of the strike and dip of geological features (faults, contacts, foliation, sedimentary strata, etc.). Strike is measured by leveling (with the bull's eye level) the compass along the plane being measured. Dip is taken by laying the side of the compass perpendicular to the strike measurement and rotating horizontal level until the bubble is stable and the reading has been made. If field conditions allow, additional features of the compass allow users to measure such geological attributes from a distance.

As with most traditional compasses, directional measurements are made in reference to the Earth's magnetic field. Thus, measurements are sensitive to magnetic interference. For example, if the user is near an outcrop that contains magnetite or some other iron-bearing material, compass readings can be affected anywhere from several inches from the outcrop to tens of yards away (depending on the strength of the magnetic field). Since they are measured with a rotating level, dip measurements are unaffected by magnetic interference.

## Other compasses

There are numerous other compasses used by geologists: The Breithaupt compass is one example. Portable electronic devices are changing the way geologists conduct field work. Unlike analogue compasses, a digital compass relies on an accelerometer and a magnetometer, and may provide information about the reliability of a measurement (e.g. by repeating the same measurement and performing statistical analysis).

## Uses

1. Taking a bearing
2. Measuring vertical angles with clinometer
3. Defining points of the same elevation
4. Measuring strike and dip.


title: Rotortec Cloud Dancer Light

abstract: The Rotortec Cloud Dancer Light is a German autogyro, designed and produced by Rotortec of Görisried, Allgäu. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

text:
# Rotortec Cloud Dancer Light

The **Rotortec Cloud Dancer Light** is a German autogyro, designed and produced by Rotortec of Görisried, Allgäu. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

## Design and development

Based on the enclosed cockpit Rotortec Cloud Dancer I, the Cloud Dancer Light was designed as a lower cost model for the German 120 kg ultralight class. It features a single two-bladed rotor, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a twin cylinder, liquid-cooled 70 hp (52 kW) Hirth 3503 two stroke engine mounted in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage frame is made from aluminum, while the tail is Kevlar composites. Its 7.10 m (23.3 ft) diameter rotor has a chord of 17.5 cm (6.9 in). The instrument panel is mounted in a simple pod. The aircraft has an empty weight of 120 kg (265 lb) and a gross weight of 300 kg (661 lb), giving a useful load of 180 kg (397 lb).

## Specifications (Cloud Dancer Light)

*Data from* Bayerl

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Empty weight:** 120 kg (265 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 300 kg (661 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 25 litres (5.5 imp gal; 6.6 US gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Hirth 3503 two stroke liquid-cooled aircraft engine, 52 kW (70 hp)
* **Main rotor diameter:** 7.10 m (23 ft 4 in)
* **Propellers:** 3-bladed composite Helix-Carbon propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 155 km/h (96 mph, 84 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 120 km/h (75 mph, 65 kn)
* **Rate of climb:** 5 m/s (980 ft/min)

## InfoBox

| Cloud Dancer Light | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Autogyro |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Rotortec |
| Status | In production (2013) |
| Developed from | Rotortec Cloud Dancer I |


abstract: The College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences (CMNS) at the University of Maryland, College Park, is home to ten academic departments and a dozen interdisciplinary research centers and institutes. CMNS is one of 13 schools and colleges within the University of Maryland, College Park. In January 2015, CMNS had 339 tenure/tenure-track faculty members, 39,380 alumni, 4,912 undergraduate students and 1,424 graduate students. In October 2010, the University of Maryland's College of Chemical and Life Sciences and College of Computer, Mathematical, and Physical Sciences merged to form the College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. CMNS students receive national awards, including Rhodes, Truman, Goldwater, Fulbright and Hollings Scholarships; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships; and NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowships. In addition, undergraduate and graduate students conduct research in faculty research laboratories on campus or in the wide range of federal laboratories, research institutes and private companies in the Baltimore–Washington corridor.

text:
# University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences

**The College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences (CMNS)** at the University of Maryland, College Park, is home to ten academic departments and a dozen interdisciplinary research centers and institutes. CMNS is one of 13 schools and colleges within the University of Maryland, College Park.

In January 2015, CMNS had 339 tenure/tenure-track faculty members, 39,380 alumni, 4,912 undergraduate students and 1,424 graduate students. In October 2010, the University of Maryland's College of Chemical and Life Sciences and College of Computer, Mathematical, and Physical Sciences merged to form the College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences.

CMNS students receive national awards, including Rhodes, Truman, Goldwater, Fulbright and Hollings Scholarships; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships; and NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowships. In addition, undergraduate and graduate students conduct research in faculty research laboratories on campus or in the wide range of federal laboratories, research institutes and private companies in the Baltimore–Washington corridor.

## Atmospheric and Oceanic Science

The **Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science** (formerly the **Department of Meteorology**) is an academic department at the University of Maryland, College Park.

### Affiliated institutions

The Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC) is a joint center between the Departments of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Geology, and Geographical Science at the University of Maryland, in cooperation with the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. ESSIC also administers the Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, which is a joint center with the NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS).

The NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, which houses NCEP's Weather Prediction Center, the Climate Prediction Center, the Ocean Prediction Center, and the Environmental Modeling Center, as well as the Air Resources Laboratory, is located in the University of Maryland's research park M Square. The department has various collaborations with NOAA laboratories as well as NASA Goddard.

### Rankings

The University of Maryland’s undergraduate computer science program ranks 9th among the country’s public institutions and 18th overall in the 2024 edition of U.S. News & World Report’s “Best Colleges.” In 2019, UMD was ranked 14th globally in the Academic Ranking of World Universities in atmospheric science. In 2018, it was ranked 9th. In the *U.S. News & World Report* rankings for best global universities in geosciences, UMD was ranked 12th in 2019. In the 2010 United States National Research Council rankings, the department was ranked in the top 10 national doctoral programs by both the average regression rank and the average survey rank. Its department of computer science is ranked 13th according to Computer Science Open Rankings, which combines scores from multiple independent rankings.

### Faculty

#### Former faculty

## Notable faculty

| Faculty Member Name | Department | Awards/Honors | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Michael A'Hearn | Astronomy | Gerard P. Kuiper Prize (2008) | Principal Investigator for NASA Deep Impact mission |
| Ivo Babuška | Mathematics | Birkhoff Prize (1994), Bolzano Medal, Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement (2012), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Fellow (2009), Engineering Academy of Czech Republic Member (2007), National Academy of Engineering Member (2005), European Academy of Sciences Member (2003), International Association of Computational Mechanics Fellow (2002) |  |
| Victor Basili | Computer Science | IEEE Fellow (1990), ACM Fellow (1997), Washington Academy of Sciences Award (1997), IEEE Computer Society Harlan D. Mills Award (2003), Fraunhofer Silver Medal (2007) |  |
| Rita Colwell | University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS) | National Medal of Science (Biological Science, 2006), Royal Irish Academy, Order of the Rising Sun Gold and Silver Star, Stockholm Water Prize (2010), National Academy of Sciences Member, Stockholm Water Prize Laureate (2010), The Royal Society of Canada Foreign Fellow |  |
| Theodor Diener | Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics | National Medal of Science, Biological Science (1987); CMNS Circle of Discovery | First in his field to discover viroids |
| Michael Fisher | Physics | Wolf Prize (Physics, 1980), Boltzmann Medal (1983), Lars Onsager Prize (1995), Irving Langmuir Prize (1971), Royal Medal in Physics (2005), Rudranath Capildeo Prize (2015), National Academy of Sciences Award for Scientific Reviewing (1983), Fellow of the Royal Society (1971), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member (1979), American Philosophical Society Member (1993), Brazilian Academy of Sciences Foreign Member (1996), Indian Academy of Sciences Honorary Member (2000), Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters Foreign Member (2003) |  |
| Elisabeth Gantt | Biology | Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal (1994), American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow (1982), National Academy of Sciences Member (1996), American Society of Plant Biologists Fellow (2007), Phycological Society of America Award of Excellence (2011), CMNS Circle of Discovery |  |
| Sylvester James Gates Jr. | Physics | National Medal of Science (Physical Sciences, 2011), Mendel Medal recipient, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, American Philosophical Society Member, National Academy of Sciences Member |  |
| Neil Gehrels | Astronomy | National Academy of Sciences Member (2010), Henry Draper Medal (2009), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (2008), American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow (2012), Rossi Prize (2011, 2007), International Academy of Astronautics (2011), George W. Goddard Award (2009), American Physical Society Fellow (1993) |  |
| Oscar W. Greenberg | Physics | Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow (1964–66), Guggenheim Fellow (1968–69), American Physical Society Fellow, Washington Academy of Sciences Award in Physical Sciences (1971), Washington Academy of Sciences Fellow (1971) | In 1964, Greenberg proposed that quarks exhibit a property called "color," coined from the idea that primary colors red, green and blue make white light. Color, which is unrelated to human perception of color, provides three distinct quantum states for quarks to exist in and explains the strong interactions of quarks. Quarks and color, which were experimentally verified in 1973, led to the standard model of particle physics that explains what the world is and what holds it together. |
| Mohammad Hajiaghayi | Computer Science | National Science Foundation CAREER Award (2010), Google Faculty Research Award (2010, 2014), Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award (2011), Association for Computing Machinery Fellow (2018) |  |
| Eugenia Kalnay | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science | International Meteorological Organization Prize (2009), American Academy of Arts & Sciences Fellow (2015), National Academy of Engineering Member (1996), American Geophysical Union Fellow (2005), American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow (2006), American Meteorological Society Fellow (1983) | Director of the Environmental Modeling Center of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Author of Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation and Predictability |
| Vadim Kaloshin | Mathematics | Sloan Fellows (2004–2006), invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid (2006), Member of selection committee of speakers for the International Congress of Mathematicians (2010), The Brin Chair in Mathematics (2011–Present) |  |
| Jonathan Katz | Computer Science | Humboldt Research Award (2015), National Science Foundation CAREER Award (2005) | Member of the DARPA Computer Science Study Group in 2009–2010, currently an editor of the Journal of Cryptology |
| Samir Khuller | Computer Science | ACM Fellow (2022), Elizabeth Stevinson Iribe Department Chair of Computer Science, Google Faculty Research Award (2007), University of Maryland Distinguished Scholar-Teacher (2006), National Science Foundation CAREER Award (1995) |  |
| John C. Mather | Physics | Nobel Prize in Physics (2006), American Physical Society Fellow (1996), National Academy of Sciences Member (1997), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (1997), SPIE Fellow (2007), Optical Society of America Fellow (2010), American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow (2012), CMNS Circle of Discovery Award (2013), Gold Medal from Prime Minister of India (2009) |  |
| Jack Minker | Computer Science | American Association for the Advancement of Science Member (1989), Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Fellow (1990), IEEE Fellow (1991), Association for Computing Machinery Fellow (1994) |  |
| Charles Misner | Physics | American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (2000), Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (1994), Guggenheim Fellowship (1972–73) | Co-author of Gravitation |
| Sergei Novikov | Institute for Physical Science and Technology | Wolf Prize (2005), Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Member (1984), USSR Academy of Sciences Full Member (1981), Fields Medal (1970), Lenin Prize (1967), National Academy of Sciences Foreign Member (1994), Serbian Academy of Art and Sciences (1992), Montenegro Academy of Art and Sciences (2011), Academia Europaea (1993), European Academy of Sciences in Brussels (2003), Honorary Member of London Math Society (1987), Lobachevski International Prize of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1981), Bogoliubov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2009), Pogorelov Prize of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences (2013), Euler Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2013), Moscow Math Society Award for Young Mathematicians (1964) |  |
| Jogesh Pati | Physics | Dirac Medal (2000), American Physical Society Fellow, Washington Academy of Sciences Award in Physical Sciences (1973), Washington Academy of Sciences Fellow, Guggenheim Fellow (1979–80), Padma Bhushan Award (2013), Scientist of the Year by the American Chapter of the Indian Physics Association (1991), Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences in India |  |
| William Daniel Phillips | Physics | Nobel Prize in Physics (1997), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (1995), NIST Fellow (1995), National Academy of Sciences Member (1997), Optical Society of America Fellow, Michelson Medal (1996), Scientific Achievement Award of the Washington Academy of Sciences (1982), Outstanding Young Scientist Award of the Maryland Academy of Sciences (1982), Silver Medal of the Department of Commerce, Samuel Wesley Stratton Award of the National Bureau of Standards (1987), Gold Medal of the Department of Commerce (1993), Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science from the American Physical Society (1998), American Academy of Achievement Award (1999), Gold Medal of the Pennsylvania Society (1999), Election to European Academy of Arts, Sciences and Humanities (2000), Condon Award of NIST (2002), Archie Mahan Prize of the Optical Society of America, Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers (2003), Service to America Award - Career Achievement (2006) |  |
| Roald Sagdeev | Physics | Carl Sagan Memorial Award (2003), James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (2001), Russian Academy of Sciences Member |  |
| Hanan Samet | Computer Science | IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award; Association for Computing Machinery Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award; University Consortium for Geographic Information Science Research Award; Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, IEEE, American Association for the Advancement of Science, International Association for Pattern Recognition, and University Consortium for Geographic Information Science |  |
| Ben Shneiderman | Computer Science | Association for Computing Machinery Fellow (1997), American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow (2001), National Academy of Engineering Member (2010), IEEE Fellow (2012), IEEE Visualization Career Award (2012), ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Achievement Award and CHI Academy (2001) |  |
| Katepalli Sreenivasan | Physics, Mechanical Engineering | American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, Third World Academy of Sciences Fellow, National Academy of Engineering Member, National Academy of Sciences Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences Foreign Fellow (2007), and a recipient of Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Science, Fellow of American Physical Society, Guggenheim Fellow (1989), American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fellow (1993), American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Associate Fellow (1993), American Physical Society Otto Laporte Award (1995), American Chapter of the Indian Physics Association Distinguished Scholar Award (1996), Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science Member (1999), Institute of Physics Fellow (2005), World Innovation Foundation Fellow (2006), American Physical Society Dwight Nicholson Medal for Human Outreach (2008), Nusselt-Reynolds Prize (2009) |  |
| Ellen D. Williams | Physics | National Academy of Sciences Member (2005), David Turnbull Award from the Materials Research Society (2003), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (2003), American Physical Society David Adler Lectureship Award (2001), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellow (1996), American Vacuum Society Fellow (1993), American Physical Society Fellow (1993), American Physical Society Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award (1990) | Director, ARPA-E |
|

## Notable alumni and former students

| Name | Degree | Graduation Year(s) | Major | Awards/Honors | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Charles L. Bennett | B.S. | 1989 | Astronomy & Physics | National Academy of Sciences Member (2005), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (2004), American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow (2003), American Physical Society Fellow (1999), Comstock Prize in Physics, Gruber Cosmology Prize (2012, 2006), Shaw Prize (2010), University of Maryland Alumni Hall of Fame (2010), Harvey Prize (2006), Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (2005) | Alumni Centennial Professor of Physics and Astronomy and a Gilman Scholar at Johns Hopkins University |
| Sergey Brin | B.S. | 1993 | Computer Science & Mathematics | National Academy of Engineering member, Marconi Foundation Prize recipient | Co-founder of Google |
| R. Paul Butler | Ph.D. | 1993 | Astronomy | American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, Henry Draper Medal | N/A |
| Constance Cepko | B.S. & M.S. | 1937, 1940 | Industrial Chemistry | National Academy of Sciences Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, Alfred W. Bressler Prize Recipient, CMNS Circle of Discovery award recipient | Developmental biologist and geneticist at Harvard Medical School |
| Gary Christian | Ph.D. | 1964 | Chemistry | American Chemical Society Fisher Award in Chemistry recipient, CMNS Circle of Discovery award recipient | Professor Emeritus at the University of Washington and Professor Emeritus at the University of Maryland |
| George Dantzig | B.S. | 1936 | Mathematics & Physics | National Academy of Sciences Member, National Academy of Engineering Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, John von Neumann Theory Prize (1974), National Medal of Science (1975) | Developer of the Simplex Algorithm; The Mathematical Programming Society honored Dantzig by creating the George B. Dantzig Prize, bestowed every three years since 1982 on one or two people who have made a significant impact in the field of mathematical programming. |
| Raymond Davis Jr. | B.S. & M.S. | 1937 and 1940 | Industrial Chemistry | Nobel Prize in Physics (2002), Comstock Prize in Physics (1978), National Medal of Science (2001), Wolf Prize in Physics (2000) | N/A |
| Charles Fefferman | B.S. | 1966 | Mathematics | Fields Medalist (1978), Alan T. Waterman Award (1976), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (1972), Salem Prize (1971), Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (1970), National Academy of Sciences Member (1979), American Philosophical Society Member (1989), Stefan Bergman Prize (1992), BBVA Frontiers in Knowledge Award (2022); Bocher Memorial Prize (2008) | Princeton University Professor of Mathematics |
| Robert E. Fischell | M.S. | 1953 | Physics | Recipient of TED Prize (2005), National Academy of Engineering Member, Inducted into Space Technology Hall of Fame | N/A |
| Gary Flake | Ph.D. | 1993 | Computer Science | N/A | Founder of Clipboard |
| Herbert Hauptman | Ph.D. | 1955 | Physics | Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1985), Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, National Academy of Sciences Member (1988), Dirac Medal (1991), Belden Prize (Gold Medal) (1935), RESA Award in Pure Science (1959), Patterson Award (1984), Schoellkopf Award (1986), Gold Plate Award from the American Academy of Achievement (1986), Medal from the Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences (1986), National Library of Medicine Medal (1986) | N/A |
| Brendan Iribe | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Founder of Scaleform and Oculus VR. Donor of $31 million to the University of Maryland to fund the Brendan Iribe Center for Computer Science and Innovation. |
| Gina Kolata | B.S. and M.A. | 1969 and 1973 | Microbiology (B.S.) and Mathematics (M.A.) | N/A | Science Writer at The New York Times |
| Simon Levin | Ph.D. | 1964 | Mathematics | 2005 Kyoto Prize; National Academy of Sciences Member; American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow; A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2004); Fellow, American Philosophical Society; Tyler Prize (2014); Margalef Prize (2010); BBVA Frontiers in Knowledge Award (2022); Distinguished Landscape Ecologist Award from the U.S. Regional Association of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (2003); National Medal of Science (2014) | Professor, Princeton University |
| Tobin Marks | B.S. | 1966 | Chemistry | Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, American Chemical Society Arthur K. Doolittle Award in Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1984), American Chemical Society Award in Organometallic Chemistry (1989), Guggenheim Fellowship (1989–1990), American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (1993), National Academy of Sciences Member (1993), American Chemical Society Award in Inorganic Chemistry (1994), Royal Society of Chemistry Centenary Award (1997), F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research of the American Chemical Society (2000), Burwell Award from the North American Catalysis Society (2001), Linus Pauling Award (2001), American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal (2002), Sir Edward Frankland Prize, Royal Society of Chemistry (2004), University of Maryland Alumni Hall of Fame (2005), Royal Society of Chemistry Fellow (2005), German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina Member (2005), National Medal of Science (2005), American Chemical Society Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Inorganic Chemistry (2008), Von Hippel Award, Materials Research Society (2009), American Chemical Society Arthur Cope Senior Scholar Award (2011), Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences (2011), National Academy of Sciences Award in Chemical Sciences, Gabor A. Somorjai Award for Creative Research in Catalysis (2013), Royal Society of Chemistry Materials for Industry - Derek Birchall Award (2015) | Vladimir N. Ipatieff Professor of Catalytic Chemistry and Professor of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University |
| Willie May | Ph.D. | 1977 | Chemistry | American Chemical Society Fellow (2011), Department of Commerce Bronze Medal (1981), National Bureau of Standards Equal Employment Opportunity Award (1982), Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1985), Arthur Flemming Award for Outstanding Federal Service (1986), NOBCChE Percy Julian Award for Outstanding Research in Organic Analytical Chemistry (1992), Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Federal Executive (1992), Department of Commerce Gold Medal (1992), American Chemical Society Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Analytical Chemistry Award (2001), Council for Chemical Research Diversity Award, NOBCChE Henry Hill Award | Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology |
| C. Thomas McMillen | B.S. | 1974 | Chemistry | Rhodes Scholar, University of Maryland College of Chemical & Life Sciences' Distinguished Alumni Award (2009) | President, CEO and Chairman, Homeland Security Capital Corporation |
| Sujal Patel | B.S. | 1996 | Computer Science | N/A | Founder of Isilon Systems |
| DJ Patil | M.A. & Ph.D. | 1999 & 2001 | Applied Mathematics | N/A | U.S. Chief Data Scientist for the White House |
| Glenn Ricart | Ph.D. | 1980 | Computer Science | N/A | Founder of US Ignite and CenterBeam |
| Shayan Zadeh | M.S. | 2002 | Computer Science | N/A | Founder of Zoosk and Gear Zero |
|

38°59′13″N 76°56′27″W / 38.98683°N 76.94096°W / 38.98683; -76.94096

## InfoBox

College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Affiliation | University of Maryland, College Park |
| Dean | Amitabh Varshney |
| Undergraduates | 4,912 |
| Postgraduates | 1,424 |
| Location | Symons Hall, College Park, Maryland, United States |
| Nickname | CMNS |
| Website | cmns.umd.edu |


title: El Temblor

abstract: El Temblor is an archaeological site in Petén Department, Guatemala which was once the location of a settlement of the Maya civilization. First recorded in 1974 by Ian Graham of Harvard University's Peabody Museum, the site represents a medium-sized and compact settlement about 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-south-east of the ruined Mayan city of Tikal and about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north-east of the ruins of Ixlu. It is situated in a wooded area called Paso del Carmen, a few kilometers east of the modern village of El Caoba. It is designated TMB in the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions.

text:
# El Temblor

**El Temblor** is an archaeological site in Petén Department, Guatemala which was once the location of a settlement of the Maya civilization. First recorded in 1974 by Ian Graham of Harvard University's Peabody Museum, the site represents a medium-sized and compact settlement about 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-south-east of the ruined Mayan city of Tikal and about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north-east of the ruins of Ixlu. It is situated in a wooded area called Paso del Carmen, a few kilometers east of the modern village of El Caoba. It is designated TMB in the *Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions*.

## Description

The ruins at El Temblor consist of at least three groups of collapsed structures or platforms on a north-south axis. The northernmost group, designated as Group A, is clustered in a wooded hilltop and includes a pyramid standing over 10 metres (33 ft) high. A long structure similar to a palace, at least 5 metres (16 ft) in length, is situated to its north-east. A damaged stela stands east of the pyramid.

Group B is located in a lower and flatter area to the south and includes at least five mounds or platforms. Group C is located further south along the site's main axis and comprises eight structures on a hill, possibly representing temples and palaces. A chultun, a bottle-shaped underground storage chamber, is situated to the west of Group C.

The site is unguarded and has been badly damaged by looters who have dug trenches and mutilated stelae. Around 1970, two sawn-off inscribed sides from an El Temblor stela were offered for sale by a New York City art gallery which claimed it to be of unknown provenance, presumed to be from Belize. One side was purchased by the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. The other side was purchased privately and its whereabouts are unknown.

El Temblor has not yet been investigated archaeologically. However, its visible architectural features suggest that it dates from the Late Classic period (circa AD 600–909).

## InfoBox

El Temblor
| Location within Guatemala | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Flores |
| Region | Petén Department, Guatemala |
| Coordinates | 17°3′42″N 89°36′42″W / 17.06167°N 89.61167°W / 17.06167; -89.61167 |
| History | |
| Periods | Late Classic (possibly) |
| Cultures | Maya |
| Site notes | |
| Responsible body: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes | |


title: Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge

abstract: Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located along the shores of the Tennessee River in West Tennessee. It was established in 1945 where the impoundment of Kentucky Lake by the Tennessee Valley Authority has created a more-or-less permanent wetlands environment favored by many species of waterfowl. The entire refuge area is 51,359.46 acres (207.84 km²) in three units: From north to south they are Big Sandy, Duck River, and Busseltown.

text:
# Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge

**Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge** is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located along the shores of the Tennessee River in West Tennessee. It was established in 1945 where the impoundment of Kentucky Lake by the Tennessee Valley Authority has created a more-or-less permanent wetlands environment favored by many species of waterfowl. The entire refuge area is 51,359.46 acres (207.84 km²) in three units: From north to south (going upstream) they are Big Sandy (Benton and Henry counties), Duck River (Benton and Humphreys counties), and Busseltown (Decatur County).

1. USFWS Lands Report, 30 September 2007

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

## InfoBox

| Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
|  | |
| Map of the United States | |
| Location | Benton, Decatur, Henry, Humphreys counties, Tennessee, United States |
| Nearest city | New Johnsonville, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 35°57′N 87°57′W / 35.95°N 87.95°W / 35.95; -87.95 |
| Area | 51,359 acres (207.84 km2) |
| Established | 1945 |
| Governing body | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| Website | Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge |


title: Ono Station (Shiga)

abstract: Ono Station Ono Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, operated by the West Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Ono Station (Shiga)

**Ono Station** (小野駅, *Ono-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

## Lines

Ono Station is served by the Kosei Line, and is 19.8 kilometres (12.3 miles) from the starting point of the line at Yamashina and 25.3 kilometres (15.7 miles) from Kyoto.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed elevated side platforms with the station building underneath. The station is staffed.

## Platforms

| **1** | Kosei Line | for Ōmi-Imazu and Tsuruga |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Kosei Line | for Katata and Kyoto |

## History

The station opened on 4 December 1988. The construction cost of the station was provided by Keihan Electric Railway, who developed the "Biwako Rose Town" residential area near the station. This is the only infill station that was added since the opening of the Kosei Line in 1974.

Station numbering was introduced in March 2018 with Ono being assigned station number JR-B24.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 2901 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Otsu City Ono City Center
* Shiga Prefectural Road 558 Takashima Otsu Line
* Onoimoko Park

Media related to Ono Station (Shiga) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ono Station
小野駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ono Station, August 2007 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1-4-4 Kosei, Ōtsu-shi, Shiga-ken 520-0532
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°08′20″N 135°55′21″E / 35.13889°N 135.92250°E / 35.13889; 135.92250 |
| Operated by | JR West |
| Line(s) | Kosei Line |
| Distance | 19.8 km from Yamashina |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Bus terminal |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground level |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | JR-B24 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 4 December 1988 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 2901 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR West Following station  Katatatowards Kyoto  Kosei Line**Local**  Wanitowards Tsuruga | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Ono StationLocation within Shiga PrefectureOno StationOno Station (Japan) | |


title: Opus africanum

abstract: Opus africanum is a form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture, characterized by pillars of vertical blocks of stone alternating with horizontal blocks, filled in with smaller blocks in between. Its name derives from the Roman province of Africa, and is common in North Africa, but also found in Sicily and Southern Italy.

text:
# Opus africanum

***Opus africanum*** is a form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture, characterized by pillars of vertical blocks of stone alternating with horizontal blocks, filled in with smaller blocks in between.

Its name derives from the Roman province of Africa, and is common in North Africa, but also found in Sicily and Southern Italy.

* Roman concrete (*opus caementicium*) – building material used in construction during the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
* Dougga in Tunisia contains many examples of *opus africanum*.

* Adam, Jean-Pierre (1999). *Roman Building*. Routledge. Pages 120–121.


title: Crowther Masonic Hall

abstract: Crowther Masonic Hall in Kollam is a part of the Grand Lodge of India and it was a meeting place for many Masonic Lodges in the Quilon (Kollam) area. It is near Kochupilamoodu in Kollam city and has been a Masonic meeting place since 1806. The building is now considered as a historic monument of Freemasonry activities in ancient Travancore area.

text:
# Crowther Masonic Hall

**Crowther Masonic Hall** in Kollam is a part of the Grand Lodge of India and it was a meeting place for many Masonic Lodges in the Quilon (Kollam) area. It is near Kochupilamoodu in Kollam city and has been a Masonic meeting place since 1806. The building is now considered as a historic monument of Freemasonry activities in ancient Travancore area.

## History

The Crowther Masonic Hall, Kollam (formerly known as *Quilon*), built by the patron Esquire Mr. Richard Facey Hunter Crowther popularly known as R.F.H. Crowther (1892-1953), was there in the map of Grand Lodge of Freemasons even before the constitution of Grand Lodge of India. The first Freemasons lodge was established at Calcutta in 1730 and first Irish Lodge was established at Madras in 1754. Incidentally, the first Lodge in Kerala was founded in the year 1806 by the name "Travancore Union" at Quilon. It was actually the relocation of Lodge Minden (Lodge Minden no. 464) to Quilon. The Crowther Hall was constructed during that time by Richard Facey Hunter Crowther (1892-1953), who received Roll of Honour repeatedly in the years 1934, 1935 and 1941.

In 1822 another Lodge by the name ‘Hibernia and Union’ was started and that too at Quilon. In 1941, Lodge Quilon was established, nearly 135 years after the first Lodge in Quilon was constituted. Now the Kollam Freemasons are active in Lodge Vanchinad No. 273 Kollam, which is near Anandevalleeswaram temple in the city. A Freemasons hall is there in Anandevalleeswaram. They are conducting meetings on 1st Sunday of every month

## Threat of Demolition

In 2009, the district authorities had taken a decision to demolish Crowther Masonic Hall to build Kollam's court complex. Mr. Shajahan, the then district collector have directed the authorities to initiate the land inspection as a preliminary to the land transfer proposal. But later they dropped the project because of protests from the local population to demolish an ancient pride of the city.

## Location

## InfoBox

| Crowther Masonic Hall, Kollam | |
| --- | --- |
| **ക്രൗതര് മസോണിക് ഹാള്, കൊല്ലം** | |
| The Crowther Masonic Hall in Quilon | |
|  | |
| Former names | The Crowther Hall |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | British |
| Location | Near DCC Office, Kochupilamoodu
Kollam, India |
| Completed | 1806 |
| Owner | Freemasons of Kerala
(*Lodge Vanchinad*) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 2 |


title: Crowther Buccaneer 28

abstract: Buccaneer 28 was a trailerable trimaran sailboat designed by Lock Crowther. It featured an auxiliary 9HP outboard motor.

text:
# Crowther Buccaneer 28

**Buccaneer 28** was a trailerable trimaran sailboat designed by Lock Crowther. It featured an auxiliary 9HP outboard motor.

## InfoBox

Buccaneer 28
| Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | Lock Crowther |
| Location | Australia |
| Year | 1973 |
| Name | Buccaneer 28 |
| Boat | |
| Draft | 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) |
| Hull | |
| Type | Open trimaran |
| Construction | 3/16" sheet plywood |
| Hull weight | 2,000 lb (910 kg) |
| LOA | 28 ft 3 in (8.61 m) |
| LWL | 26 ft 9 in (8.15 m) |
| Beam | 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m) |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | centreboard |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Fractional Bermuda or Marconi rig |
| Sails | |
| Total sail area | 610 sq ft (57 m2) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Crosland Moor Airfield

abstract: Crosland Moor Airfield is a small privately owned airfield located 1.5 NM south-west of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, in England. The airfield was established by Sir David Brown who owned a local business and flew a de Havilland Dove, registration G-ARDH. It is now run by former professional motorcycle road racer James Whitham.

text:
# Crosland Moor Airfield

**Crosland Moor Airfield** (ICAO: **EGND**) is a small privately owned airfield located 1.5 NM (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) south-west of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, in England. The airfield was established by Sir David Brown who owned a local business and flew a de Havilland Dove, registration G-ARDH. It is now run by former professional motorcycle road racer James Whitham.

## Technical information

* Runway 07/25 is 750 m (2,461 ft) long, and is part asphalt, part grass. There is a 2.6% slope down runway 07 from the start of the asphalt.
* Elevation: 825 ft (251 m)
* Radio frequency: Huddersfield Radio 128.375 MHz

## Incidents

* 6 December 2008 – Piper Cherokee G-BPYO aborted take-off after failing to reach required airspeed due to the pilot inadvertently leaving the carburettor heat on, and overran the runway. One person suffered minor injuries and the aircraft was significantly damaged.
* 1 September 1996 – a WAR Hawker Sea Fury replica, G-BLTG, crashed 250 m (820 ft) south of the runway 07 threshold shortly after take-off killing the 69-year-old pilot, the only person on board.
* May 1988 – a Microlight crashed after misjudging landing when there was a sudden change of wind direction. It landed in a field near the runway, killing the pilot.

## Media appearances

The airfield appeared in the Amazon Prime video show *The Grand Tour* in series 2, episode 9, when a jet engine was tested as part of a successful attempt to break the UK speed record for amphibious vehicles.

## InfoBox

| Crosland Moor Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Owner | Huddersfield International Airport |
| Operator | Huddersfield Aviation Ltd. |
| Serves | Huddersfield |
| Location | Crosland Moor |
| Elevation AMSL | 825 ft / 251 m |
| Coordinates | 53°37′16″N 001°49′54″W / 53.62111°N 1.83167°W / 53.62111; -1.83167 |
| Website | www.croslandmoor-airfield.co.uk |
| Map | |
| EGNDLocation in West Yorkshire | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  07/25 750 2,461 Asphalt | |
| Source: Crosland Moor Airfield | |


title: Operation Crusader orders of battle

abstract: This is the order of battle for the ground forces involved in Operation Crusader, a World War II battle between the British Commonwealth and the European Axis Powers of Germany and Italy in North Africa between 18 November – 30 December 1941.

text:
# Operation Crusader orders of battle

This is the order of battle for the ground forces involved in **Operation Crusader**, a World War II battle between the British Commonwealth and the European Axis Powers of Germany and Italy in North Africa between 18 November – 30 December 1941.

## British and Commonwealth Forces

Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command: General Claude Auchinleck

Senior British commanders during Operation CrusaderGeneral Claude Auchinleck, theatre commanderLt-General Alan Cunningham, commander Eight ArmyActing Lt-General Neil Ritchie, commander Eighth Army (seen in Europe in 1944)

### British Eighth Army

Lieutenant-General Alan Cunningham, succeeded on 26 November by Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie when Auchinleck removed Cunningham from command of Eighth Army

#### XXX Corps

Lieutenant-General Willoughby Norrie

#### XIII Corps

Lieutenant-General Reade Godwin-Austen

#### Tobruk Fortress

Major-General Ronald Scobie

#### Oasis Force

Brigadier Denys Reid

#### Army Reserve

## German and Italian forces

Supreme Commander North Africa: General Ettore Bastico

### Italian XX Corps (*Corpo d'Armata di Manovra* \- Mobile Corps)

Lieutenant-General Gastone Gambara

### Panzer Group Africa

Panzer Group Africa commanded by *General der Panzertruppe* Erwin Rommel

German Afrika Korps (commanded by *Generalleutnant* Ludwig Crüwell)

* 15th Panzer Division (*Generalmajor* Walter Neumann-Silkow until 6 December (killed in action), then Generalmajor Gustav von Vaerst)
    + 8th Panzer Regiment (2 bns)
    + 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry Regiment
    + 2nd Machine Gun Battalion
    + 3rd Engineers Battalion
    + 33rd Recon Battalion
    + 33rd Anti-tank Battalion
    + 33rd Artillery Regiment
* 21st Panzer Division (*Generalmajor* Johann von Ravenstein until 29 November (prisoner of war), then *Generalmajor* Karl Böttcher)
    + 5th Panzer Regiment (2 bns)
    + 104th Infantry Regiment (2 bns)
    + 15th Motorcycle Battalion
    + 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion
    + 200th Engineers Battalion
    + 39th Anti-Tank Battalion
    + 605th Anti-Tank Battalion
    + 155th Artillery Regiment
* Special Purpose Division Afrika (Renamed 90th Light Africa Division from 28 November 1941) (Generalmajor Max Sümmermann until 10 December (killed in action), then Generalmajor Richard Veith)
    + 2nd Battalion, 115th Infantry Regiment
    + 155th Infantry Regiment (3 bns)
    + 3rd Battalion, 255th Infantry Regiment
    + 3rd Battalion, 347th Infantry Regiment
    + 361st Infantry Regiment (2 bns)
    + 900th Engineers Battalion
    + 580th Recon Battalion
    + Elements from the 300th "Oasis" Battalion
    + 2nd Battalion, 115th Motor Artillery Regiment
    + 2nd Motor Artillery Regiment (Italian)
* 55th Infantry Division "Savona" (General Fedele de Giorgis)
    + 15th Infantry Regiment
    + 16th Infantry Regiment
    + "Genova Cavalleria" Machine Gun Battalion
    + 155th Machine Gun Battalion
    + Elements, from the 300th "Oasis" Battalion (German)
    + 12th Artillery Regiment

#### Italian XXI Corps

Italian XXI Corps commanded by Lieutenant-General Enea Navarini

## Footnotes

1. Farndale, pp. 165–8.
2. Playfair, p. 158.
3. Routledge, pp. 130–3, Table XX, p. 141
4. "Order of Battle at Rats of Tobruk Tribute site". Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

* Hinsley, Harry; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981). *British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations*. History of the Second World War. Vol. II. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24290-5.
* Maughan, Barton (1966). *Tobruk and El Alamein* (PDF). Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 1 – Army. Vol. III (1st (online scan) ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 186193977.
* McKinney, J. B. (1952). *Medical Units of 2 NZEF in Middle East and Italy*. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch (War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs). OCLC 35251107  via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection.
* Murphy, W. E. (1961). Fairbrother, Monty C. (ed.). *The Relief of Tobruk*. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 (1st (online scan) ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. OCLC 563872639  via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection.
* Playfair, I. S. O.; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C.; Gleave, T. P. (2004) \[1960\]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). *The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)*. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III (pbk. facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
* Schreiber, G.; Stegemann, B.; Vogel, D. (2015) \[1995\]. Falla, P. S. (ed.). *The Mediterranean, South-East Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941: From Italy's Declaration of non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War*. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. III. Translated by McMurry, D. S.; Osers, E.; Willmot, L. (2nd pbk. trans. Oxford University Press, Oxford ed.). Freiburg im Breisgau: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. ISBN 978-0-19-873832-9.
* Shores, C. F.; Massimello, G.; Guest, R. (2012). *A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940–1945: North Africa June 1940 – January 1942*. Vol. I. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-908117-07-6.


title: Operation Culverin

abstract: Operation Culverin was a planned operation in World War II, in which Allied troops would recapture the northern tip of Sumatra from the Japanese. "Culverin" was a code name for "Operations against northern Sumatra / Malaya" and "First Culverin" was "Operations against northern Sumatra" alone. It was never carried out. Lack of resources prevented it being mounted as originally planned, and other events later made it unnecessary. The idea was first put forward by Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conference on August 20, 1943, for an operation in May and June 1944. He was dissatisfied by the existing scope of Allied plans for the South East Asian Theatre for 1943 and 1944. In his vision, by seizing northern Sumatra, "we should be striking and seizing a point of our own against which the Japanese would have to beat themselves if they wished to avoid the severe drain which would be imposed on their shipping by our air action from Sumatra". No detailed staff study of the operation had been made yet, and the Combined Chiefs of Staff were opposed. The British Chiefs of Staff said a whole front could not be supplied from the air, but an attack on northern Sumatra or Malaya leading to the capture of Singapore might be carried out in spring 1945. The matter was allowed to lapse. It was revived in February 1944, when a delegation from Admiral Mountbatten, the Supreme Commander of the South East Asia Command, reported to the Defence Committee in London. Mountbatten proposed amphibious operations in cooperation with the American South West Pacific Area. "Culverin" would be a necessary first part of the plan. However, Mountbatten and the British Chiefs of Staff saw three objections to "Culverin": "Culverin" might not have the effect that Churchill hoped since the Japanese in Burma could not be bypassed and would still be a threat. The CIGS said that only "Vanguard" could kill "Champion". "Vanguard" was a complement to preliminary operations further north. Also, a decision had to be made by 1 September. The American Joint Chiefs of Staff did not favour "Culverin", partly because Mountbatten's Deputy Supreme Commander, the American General Joseph Stilwell, had sent a separate mission to Washington, DC, to represent his own differing views to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the event, most of the Imperial Japanese Navy's battleships and cruisers were transferred to Singapore at about the same time. As amphibious operations depended on local naval superiority, "Culverin" had to be abandoned. The Royal Navy could not reinforce its fleet in the Indian Ocean with sufficient strength to face the Japanese main battle fleet, and the US Navy was committed to operations in the Central Pacific and South West Pacific and unwilling to divert their fleets from the Pacific. The South East Asia Command was far more cautious in its estimates for resources required for successful amphibious operations than Churchill. For the much less ambitious Operation Buccaneer, the proposed capture of the Andaman Islands, they proposed a land force of 50,000 men, but Churchill had assumed that only a single division would be necessary. Also, since no land-based air support would be available until a very large beachhead had been secured, Mountbatten demanded the use of almost every aircraft carrier possessed by the Royal Navy, which would have had adverse effects on other operations. In mid-1945, the matter was finally dropped. The Japanese fleet had been destroyed or immobilised, but the preferred plan was Operation Zipper, a landing on the coast of Malaya. The final major landing in the area was the May 1945 assault on Rangoon, Operation Dracula.

text:
# Operation Culverin

**Operation Culverin** was a planned operation in World War II, in which Allied troops would recapture the northern tip of Sumatra (the present day province of Aceh) from the Japanese. "Culverin" was a code name for "Operations against northern Sumatra / Malaya" and "First Culverin" (originally "Junior Culverin") was "Operations against northern Sumatra" alone. It was never carried out. Lack of resources prevented it being mounted as originally planned, and other events later made it unnecessary.

The idea was first put forward by Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conference on August 20, 1943, for an operation in May and June 1944. He was dissatisfied by the existing scope of Allied plans for the South East Asian Theatre for 1943 and 1944. In his vision, by seizing northern Sumatra, "we should be striking and seizing a point of our own against which the Japanese would have to beat themselves if they wished to avoid the severe drain which would be imposed on their shipping by our air action from Sumatra".

No detailed staff study of the operation had been made yet, and the Combined Chiefs of Staff were opposed. The British Chiefs of Staff said a whole front could not be supplied from the air, but an attack on northern Sumatra or Malaya leading to the capture of Singapore might be carried out in spring 1945. The matter was allowed to lapse.

It was revived in February 1944, when a delegation from Admiral Mountbatten, the Supreme Commander of the South East Asia Command, reported to the Defence Committee in London. Mountbatten proposed amphibious operations in cooperation with the American South West Pacific Area. "Culverin" would be a necessary first part of the plan. However, Mountbatten and the British Chiefs of Staff saw three objections to "Culverin" (or "Vanguard", a plan to capture Rangoon from the sea): "Culverin" might not have the effect that Churchill hoped since the Japanese in Burma could not be bypassed and would still be a threat. The CIGS said that only "Vanguard" could kill "Champion" (a plan to advance into central Burma from the north). "Vanguard" was a complement to preliminary operations further north. Also, a decision had to be made by 1 September.

The American Joint Chiefs of Staff did not favour "Culverin", partly because Mountbatten's Deputy Supreme Commander, the American General Joseph Stilwell, had sent a separate mission to Washington, DC, to represent his own differing views to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

In the event, most of the Imperial Japanese Navy's battleships and cruisers were transferred to Singapore at about the same time. As amphibious operations depended on local naval superiority, "Culverin" had to be abandoned. The Royal Navy could not reinforce its fleet in the Indian Ocean with sufficient strength to face the Japanese main battle fleet, and the US Navy was committed to operations in the Central Pacific and South West Pacific and unwilling to divert their fleets from the Pacific.

The South East Asia Command was far more cautious in its estimates for resources required for successful amphibious operations than Churchill. For the much less ambitious Operation Buccaneer, the proposed capture of the Andaman Islands, they proposed a land force of 50,000 men, but Churchill had assumed that only a single division (14,000 men) would be necessary. Also, since no land-based air support would be available until a very large beachhead had been secured, Mountbatten demanded the use of almost every aircraft carrier possessed by the Royal Navy, which would have had adverse effects on other operations.

In mid-1945, the matter was finally dropped. The Japanese fleet had been destroyed or immobilised, but the preferred plan was Operation Zipper, a landing on the coast of Malaya. The final major landing in the area was the May 1945 assault on Rangoon, Operation Dracula.

## Sources

* *Closing the Ring*, Vol. 5 of Winston Churchill's memoirs of World War II.
* Jon Latimer, *Burma: The Forgotten War*, London: John Murray, 2004 ISBN 0-7195-6576-6
* Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2001). *War Diaries 1939–1945*. Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-526-5.
* Ehrman, John (1956). *Grand Strategy Volume V; August 1943 – September 1944*. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.


title: Opaon

abstract: Opaon is a genus of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. There are at least four described species in Opaon, found in South America.

text:
# Opaon

***Opaon*** is a genus of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. There are at least four described species in *Opaon*, found in South America.

## Species

These species belong to the genus *Opaon*:

* Media related to Opaon at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Opaon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Opaon varicolor*, Colombia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Rhytidochrotinae |
| Genus: | *Opaon*<br>Kirby, 1902 |
|


title: Oorantha Sankranthi

abstract: Oorantha Sankranthi is a 1983 Telugu-language drama film, produced by Kodali Bosu Babu Kotagiri Gopal Rao under the Veera Rani Enterprises & Kotagiri Films banner and directed by Dasari Narayana Rao. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Krishna, Sridevi, Jayasudha and music composed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.

text:
# Oorantha Sankranthi

***Oorantha Sankranthi*** is a 1983 Telugu-language drama film, produced by Kodali Bosu Babu Kotagiri Gopal Rao under the Veera Rani Enterprises & Kotagiri Films banner and directed by Dasari Narayana Rao. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Krishna, Sridevi, Jayasudha and music composed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.

## Plot

The film begins in a village where President Raghavaiah leads a happy family life with his wife, Bhanumati, and two sons, Venu and Gopi. Since Venu is the progeny of Raghavaiah's first marriage, Bhanumati looks down on him. Meanwhile, Kotaiah, the cunning brother-in-law of Raghavaiah, lives with them. Gopi loves Kotaiah's daughter, Satya, while Venu falls for a peasant named Durga. The government sanctions ₹50,000 for the village panchayat, which Kotaiah steals by endangering Gumustha Ranga Rao and forcing Raghavaiah to resign. Kotaiah then deceives his way into becoming the President and tyrant, with Venu standing in his way. Kotaiah creates a rift through Venu's love affair, which Raghavaiah opposes. Consequently, Venu leaves and, with Gopi's help, marries Durga. Later, Kotaiah schemes to build a hospital by displacing the destitute's hamlet for selfish reasons. Raghavaiah opposes it and is humiliated. At this point, Venu protects his father, understanding his integrity and retrieving him. Kotaiah then manipulates Gopi, causing a rift between the siblings, leading to Raghavaiah's death. Eventually, Gumustha Ranga Rao returns, and Venu warns him. Exploiting this, Kotaiah kills him and frames Venu, but Gopi learns the truth and rescues his brother. In the end, the brothers defeat the villains. The movie concludes happily with the family's reunion and the marriage of Gopi and Satya.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Oorantha Sankranthi | |
| --- | --- |
| Film score by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | |
| Released | 1983 |
| Genre | Soundtrack |
| Length | 25:00 |
| Label | ACE Records |
| Producer | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |

Music composed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. Lyrics were written by Dasari Narayana Rao. Music released on ACE Records Audio Company.

| S. No. | Song Title | Singers | length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Sambararala Sankranthi" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki, P. Susheela | 6:18 |
| 2 | "Oornatha Gola Gola" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela | 5:05 |
| 3 | "Toorupu Deepam" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 4:29 |
| 4 | "O Bhama Nee Nomu" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki | 4:37 |
| 5 | "Jum Jum Antu Vastondi" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela | 4:31 |

## InfoBox

| Oorantha Sankranthi | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Dasari Narayana Rao |
| Written by | Dasari Narayana Rao
 |
| Produced by | Kodali Bosu Babu
Kotagiri Gopala Rao |
| Starring | Akkineni Nageswara Rao
Krishna
Sridevi
Jayasudha |
| Cinematography | V. S. R. Swamy |
| Edited by | Kotagiri Gopala Rao |
| Music by | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Production
companies | Veera Rani Enterprises
Kotagiri Films |
| Release date | * 12 February 1983 (1983-02-12) |
| Running time | 134 mins |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |


title: Csehimindszent

abstract: Csehimindszent is a village in Vas County, Western Hungary.

text:
# Csehimindszent

**Csehimindszent** (formerly *Csehi-Mindszent*) is a village in Vas County, Western Hungary.

## Famous people

## Nearby municipalities

## InfoBox

| Csehimindszent | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Vas county in Hungary | |
| CsehimindszentLocation of Csehimindszent | |
| Coordinates: 47°02′55″N 16°57′12″E / 47.04859°N 16.95334°E / 47.04859; 16.95334 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Vas |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.43 km2 (5.96 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 421 |
| Density | 27.28/km2 (70.7/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9834 |
| Area code | 94 |


title: Csehi

abstract: Csehi is a village in Vas County, Hungary.

text:
# Csehi

**Csehi** is a village in Vas County, Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Csehi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Vas county in Hungary | |
| CsehiLocation of Csehi | |
| Coordinates: 47°02′01″N 16°56′43″E / 47.03371°N 16.94517°E / 47.03371; 16.94517 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Vas |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.34 km2 (3.61 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 301 |
| Density | 32.22/km2 (83.4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9833 |
| Area code | 94 |


title: Operation Jupiter (1944)

abstract: Operation Jupiter was an offensive by VIII Corps of the British Second Army from 10 to 11 July 1944. The operation took place during the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. The objective of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was to capture the villages of Baron-sur-Odon, Fontaine-Étoupefour, Château de Fontaine-Étoupefour and to recapture Hill 112. An attached brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division would take Éterville, Maltot and the ground up to the River Orne and then the tanks of the 4th Armoured Brigade, supported by infantry, would advance through the captured ground and secure several villages to the west of the River Orne. It was hoped that the initial objectives could be captured by 9:00 a.m., after which the 4th Armoured Brigade would exploit the success. The British advance went well at first but fighting for Hill 112 took all day and Maltot changed hands several times. On 11 July, counter-attacks by the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen, 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg and the schwere-SS Panzer Bataillon 102 in the afternoon, forced the British off the top of Hill 112 to positions on the north-facing slope. The operation was a tactical failure for VIII Corps but a strategic success for the Allies, attrition having reduced the II SS Panzer Corps to a condition from which it never recovered. British operations of the Second Battle of the Odon conducted in the Odon valley continued in July and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division occupied Hill 112 almost unopposed on 4 August, after the Germans withdrew during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west. A stone memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was built on the hill in the late 1940s.

text:
# Operation Jupiter (1944)

**Operation Jupiter** was an offensive by VIII Corps of the British Second Army from 10 to 11 July 1944. The operation took place during the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. The objective of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division (Major-General Ivor Thomas) was to capture the villages of Baron-sur-Odon, Fontaine-Étoupefour, Château de Fontaine-Étoupefour and to recapture Hill 112. An attached brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division would take Éterville, Maltot and the ground up to the River Orne and then the tanks of the 4th Armoured Brigade, supported by infantry, would advance through the captured ground and secure several villages to the west of the River Orne. It was hoped that the initial objectives could be captured by 9:00 a.m., after which the 4th Armoured Brigade would exploit the success.

The British advance went well at first but fighting for Hill 112 took all day and Maltot changed hands several times. On 11 July, counter-attacks by the 9th SS Panzer Division *Hohenstaufen*, 10th SS Panzer Division *Frundsberg* and the *schwere-SS Panzer Bataillon* 102 (102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion) in the afternoon, forced the British off the top of Hill 112 to positions on the north-facing slope. The operation was a tactical failure for VIII Corps but a strategic success for the Allies, attrition having reduced the II SS Panzer Corps to a condition from which it never recovered. British operations of the Second Battle of the Odon conducted in the Odon valley continued in July and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division occupied Hill 112 almost unopposed on 4 August, after the Germans withdrew during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west. A stone memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was built on the hill in the late 1940s.

## Background

### Operation Epsom

The first battle for Hill 112 was fought at the end of Operation Epsom, when the tanks of 11th Armoured Division broke out from a bridgehead established by the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, part of 227th (Highland) Infantry Brigade 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, at Tourmauville. Hill 112 was an intermediate objective on the way to the River Orne crossings but such was the German reaction, that the 23rd Hussars were only able to capture and hold the hill with difficulty. Hill 112, at the end of a narrow salient, was held by the infantry of the 8th Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own). Here they remained under shell and mortar fire until Ultra decryption of German radio traffic, showed that the II SS Panzer Corps was arriving. Before the German reinforcements could attack, General Bernard Montgomery ordered a withdrawal from the hilltop. Montgomery intended to hold the Panzer divisions (approximately seven), on the British-Canadian front, while the First US Army continued the Battle of Cherbourg and broke out from the beachhead. The American objective was feasible, because they had only the equivalent of 1+12 panzer divisions facing them, despite German attempts to disengage panzer units from the east end of the bridgehead.

### Operation Charnwood

Operation Charnwood took place from 8 to 9 July, to capture Caen and prevent the transfer of German armoured units from the Anglo-Canadian front in the east to the American sector. Three infantry divisions supported by three armoured brigades, attacked behind a creeping barrage and made gradual progress against the 12th SS Panzer Division *Hitlerjugend* and the 16th *Luftwaffe* Field Division. By the end of the day the 3rd Canadian Division, the British 3rd Infantry Division and the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division had reached Caen. At dawn, the attackers met the rearguards of German units which were retreating across the Orne; Carpiquet airfield had fallen to the Canadians during the morning and by 6:00 p.m., the British and Canadians had secured the north bank of the Orne. With the remaining bridges fortified or impassable and with German reserves close by, the British I Corps ended the operation. Charnwood was mutually costly but a tactical success for the Allies. The Germans were expelled from north of the Orne but established a defensive line south of the city and continued to transfer formations to the American front.

## Prelude

### British plan

The intent of the operation was to capture the bridges over the Orne near Feuguerolles to provide a bridgehead for the Second Army to attack over the open ground to Bretteville-sur-Laize and Falaise. The 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division (Major-General Ivor Thomas) which had arrived in Normandy in time to play a supporting role in Operation Epsom, would capture the spur running eastwards from Hill 112 to the confluence of the Odon and Orne rivers. The 129th Infantry Brigade would capture the top of the hill and establish observation posts as the 130th Infantry Brigade took the lower ground to the south-east of Hill 112. The infantry brigades were to be supported by Churchill tanks of the 31st Tank Brigade and flame-throwing Churchill Crocodiles of the 141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (141st RAC) from the 79th Armoured Division. The 4th Armoured Brigade with the 214th Infantry Brigade would exploit success by forming a bridgehead on the east side of the Orne but the use of troop-carriers was cancelled. The 46th (Highland) Infantry Brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was placed under the command of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division to capture Verson and Éterville and the land between the confluence of the Odon and Orne. The Highland Brigade would then advance either side of the Odon to the Orne as a flank guard s the 129th Infantry Brigade guarded the right flank on Hill 112.

#### Artillery plan

The attacking brigades were to be supported by the divisional artilleries of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, 11th Armoured Division, 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division. The medium and heavy guns of the 3rd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), 8th AGRA and part of the 5th AGRA, the corps artillery of XXX Corps, to the west. Thirteen field regiments, ten medium regiments and 2 1/2 heavy regiments were to participate with three hundred and twelve 25-pounder field guns, a hundred and sixty 4.5-inch and 5.5-inch medium guns, twenty-four 155 mm and sixteen 7.2-inch heavy guns. HMS *Rodney* with nine 16-inch guns, *Roberts* with two 15-inch guns and HMS Belfast with twelve 6-inch guns in the Bay of the Seine were to contribute their firepower. The army artillery amounted to 512 pieces and the Naval contribution was 23 medium and super-heavy guns. The heavy 4.2-inch mortars of the 8th Middlesex and the 3-inch mortars of the infantry were to participate and Hawker Typhoon Fighter-bombers were to operate over the German-occupied roads leading to the area.

### German dispositions

Hill 112 was held by the 10th SS Panzer Division *Frundsberg* with *SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Regiment* 21 on the hill, *SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Regiment* 22 between the hill and the Orne and *SS-Panzer-Regiment* 10 in reserve with the Tiger tanks of *schwere SS-Panzerabteilung* 102 (SS Heavy Panzer Battalion). The German defences comprised a line of outposts down the north slope of Hill 112 with a main line of resistance along the Caen–Évrecy road. A second line ran from Feuguerolles westwards from the Orne to Bully, Avenay and Évrecy and another outpost line ran through St Martin; another main line of resistance from Bully to Amayé sur Orne to Évrecy. The Orne crossings were held by the pioneer and reconnaissance battalions and artillery support was provided by the 10th SS Artillery Regiment and the 8th *Werfer* Brigade. When the 3rd Canadian Division took Carpiquet on 9 July, the Germans lost observation westwards over the south-eastern slope of Hill 112 but could still observe from positions further east across the Orne.

## Battle

Operation Jupiter began from the Odon bridgehead, which ran from Verson to Baron, after the 214th Brigade crossed the river during the night of 8/9 July. After a preliminary bombardment the first battalions of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division reached Éterville and the north slope of Hill 112 by 8:00 a.m. and the advance to Maltot began. The village was entered but determined German defenders, mortar-fire and armoured counter-attacks made the British position in the village untenable, without control of Hill 112. The German defenders on the hill were dug into cornfields and tanks were hidden in copses. The Germans stopped the British advance at the Caen–Évrecy road and below the crest on the flanks. In the evening the 5th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (5th DCLI) of 214th Brigade and the 7th Royal Tank Regiment (7th RTR) attacked the hill and reached the hilltop and woods nearby, which brought the four 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division brigades onto the ridge. To the north of Éterville, troops of the 3rd Canadian Division had crossed the Odon and extended the salient to the east.

German counter-attacks began around midnight and got into Éterville several times; on the hill, the 5th DCLI was forced back to the Caen–Évrecy road, after all its anti-tanks guns were destroyed and it suffered 240 casualties. During the battle, General Heinrich Eberbach, the commander of *Panzergruppe West* had made the defence of Hill 112 the priority (*Schwerpunkt*) of the II SS Panzer Corps but the British advance had taken the north slope and got half-way across the hilltop. The German defenders had been subject to naval bombardment, air attack and artillery fire but held much of their ground, with the support of Tiger tanks of *schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung* 102, which had arrived in Normandy two days previous.

## Aftermath

### Analysis

Exploitation of a German retirement from Caen after Operation Charnwood had not been possible, since the Germans only withdrew to the south bank of the Orne. The British had attacked up open slopes to reach the top of Hill 112, commanded by dug in German units and tanks on the reverse slope. Narrow front attacks were tactically unwise but lack of troops and force of circumstances had made them unavoidable, despite congestion behind the British front line and the delays this caused in delivering supplies and reinforcements. Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor, the VIII Corps commander, recommended that more account be taken of topography in the selection of objectives and that the occupation of high ground be favoured over attacks on villages. The British and Canadians had used their increasing experience and kept the initiative but the Germans had not withdrawn, despite the cost of such defensive operations. The commanding views from Hill 112 were of great tactical importance but the highest point of the hill was relinquished by the British and left as a no-man's-land, with the opponents dug in on either side.

Several villages in the vicinity had been taken (although the British were pushed out of Éterville) and the Germans had been provoked into counter-attacking British penetrations. The 9th SS Panzer Division, which had been moving out of the line to form an operational reserve, was brought back to contain the attack and the Germans were exposed to Allied naval and ground artillery and attack from the air, which inflicted severe casualties and deprived the German defence of the ability to conduct a counter-offensive. Tank-versus-tank engagements continued to take place at less than 1,000 yd (910 m), at which the 150 mm (5.9 in) frontal armour of Churchill tanks was insufficient to resist hand-held hollow-charge weapons or the German high-velocity 75 mm and 88 mm anti-tank guns. British tank-mounted, medium-velocity 75 mm guns could not penetrate the frontal armour of a Panther or the armour of a Tiger from any direction.

### Casualties

The 43rd (Wessex) Division suffered 2,000 casualties in the operation and 7,000 casualties from 10 to 22 July. The 31st Tank Brigade lost 39 tanks, some 25 per cent of its establishment. The 9th SS Panzer Division suffered 746 casualties from 2 to 18 July; had 19 operational Panzer IV, 50 Panthers and 25 StuG III on 9 July, 20 Panzer IV, 50 Panthers and 27 StuG III on 10 July and 13 Panzer IV, 35 Panthers and twelve StuG III on 12 July. The 10th SS Panzer Division suffered 403 men killed, 1,263 men wounded and 470 missing in July; had 27 Panzer IV and 25 StuG III operational on 9 July; 17 Panzer IV and eight StuGs on 12 July. *schwere-SS Panzer Battailon* 102 had 25 operational Tiger tanks when it went into action on 9 July, 14 on 11 July and ten a day later.

### Commemoration

The importance of the battles for Hill 112 is remembered by the erection by the 5th DCLI in August 1944 of a memorial labelled Cornwall Wood. A larger wooden memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Division was built by the residents of Normandy to the combatants and civilians who were killed soon afterwards. A stone memorial was built at Hill 112 by the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in the late 1940s (carved by German masons) and similar memorials are at Wynyard's Gap in North Dorset, Castle Hill, Mere in Wiltshire and Rough Tor in Cornwall.

### Subsequent operations

#### 11 July

At dusk on 11 July, the 4th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry (SLI) of the 129th Infantry Brigade made a silent attack on the crest of Hill 112. D Company attacked in the centre to re-occupy the orchard with A Company on the right and C Company on the left. A Company crossed the Caen–Évrecy road and tried to dig in but found the ground too hard for their tools and then the Germans were alerted by British machine-gun fire. D Company got to the edge of Cornwall Wood where they received machine-gun fire much of which ricochetted from derelict tanks; one platoon strayed to the right and disappeared. Troops of the 19th *SS Panzergrenadier* Regiment discovered the advance and managed to repulse the British, then found that the German troops on the other side of the orchard had retired. Constant artillery, mortar and machine-gun fire swept the top of Hill 112 and made it untenable for either side and positions below the crest, where troops could assemble for an attack, were frequently bombarded. Small parties of the 5th DCLI remained in the orchard, not having heard of the retirement and after four days, a group which sent four German prisoners down the hill were ordered to retire.

#### Operation Greenline 15–17 July

The crossroads at le Bon Repos and the higher ground overlooking Esquay-Notre-Dame were attacked by the 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders of the 227th Infantry Brigade, supported by Churchill tanks of the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (107th RAC) from the 34th Tank Brigade and the 141st RAC of the 79th Armoured Division, with Churchill Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) and Churchill Crocodile flame-thrower tanks. The Highlanders advanced from the north-east of Hill 112, south-westwards over the northern slope, towards the defences of the III Battalion, 21st *SS-Panzergrenadier* Regiment. As the infantry emerged from dead ground they were met by massed mortar fire, which temporarily disorganised the battalion, as did a smoke screen placed on Hill 112, which had merged with fog and covered the area. The Highlanders managed to cross the start line on time at 9:30 p.m. and captured the SS survivors of a flame attack by the Crocodiles on the Caen–Évrecy road, between Croix des Filandriers and le Bon Repos. The advance continued downhill under Monty's Moonlight (illumination from searchlight beams reflected by clouds) and covering fire from the 107th RAC Churchills on the higher ground just south of Baron.

Esquay was raided around 11:00 p.m. but not held, as its position below a saucer of higher ground made it a shell-trap. The troops dug in on the rises north of Esquay at positions determined earlier using reconnaissance photographs. Tiger tanks of *schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung 102* were sent up the southern slope of Hill 112 to repulse an attack that never came. Further west, the rest of the 15th (Scottish) Division had captured Point 113 but not Évrecy, which left the 2nd Glasgow Highlanders overlooked from both flanks. German counter-attacks by infantry of the 21st *SS-Panzergrenadier* Regiment and tanks of the 10th *SS-Panzer Regiment* at first concentrated on Esquay, which had already been evacuated. The German counter-attack then fell on the positions around le Bon Repos, where two *Panzer IV* were knocked out by 6-pounder anti-tank guns. The Scottish were pushed back several times, only for the medium artillery of XII Corps to force the Germans back out. On 18 July, the 107th RAC skirmished with dug‑in Tigers and two 88 mm self-propelled guns, losing four tanks on the ridge. The Highlanders maintained their positions for two days before being relieved by a battalion of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division.

#### Operation Express, 22 July

Operation Express was to jump-off from the village of Louvigny. The 5th Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment (5th Wilts), of the 129th Infantry Brigade, and B Squadron of the 9th RTR from the 31st Tank Brigade, were to capture the village and orchards north of the road from Louvigny; the 4th Wilts with A Squadron, 9th RTR were to attack the woods, orchards and a spur south-east of Maltot. The 4th Somerset Light Infantry (SLI) were kept in reserve, ready to exploit any success. On the east bank of the Orne, the 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division raided Etavaux with two companies moving along the railway close to the river, supported by a creeping barrage and tanks from the Sherbrooke Fusiliers on higher ground. Several Canadian soldiers rushed German machine-gun nests and enabled the advance to continue to the village, where they fought with the German garrison until the British barrage was due and then retired. After Maltot was captured, the Canadians returned to occupy the village and took c.100 prisoners from the 272nd Infantry Division, for a loss of 108 casualties.

Operation Express began at 5:30 p.m. and the 5th Wilts advanced behind a smoke screen and an artillery barrage on the right side of the road. The Germans were surprised and at first were stunned by the bombardment. As the British moved through the village, some defenders recovered and hand-to-hand fighting took place. Grenadiers from the 10th *SS-Panzer* Division and Tiger tanks from the *schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung* 102 began a counter-attack as the British entered Maltot and knocked out several Churchills of B Squadron. A British Forward Air Controller saw the German tanks and called in Typhoon Fighter-bombers which forced the Tigers back to Hill 112, while the grenadiers reinforced the German infantry in the village. On the other side of the Louvigny road, the 4th Wilts advanced with A Squadron, through woods and farms to the final objective south of the village. The infantry went first, two sections in front of each tank, with the squadron commander on foot, accompanying the infantry commanders.

When the 5th Wilts saw that the 4th Wilts across the road had been delayed by the garrison in Lieu de France Farm at the east end of Maltot, Churchill and Churchill Crocodile tanks advanced, bombarded and flamed the defenders and then overran the position. As the British moved into the woods, small parties of British and German infantry stalked each other through trees, small quarries and trenches. The defenders were overrun in about two hours and mopping up began but some German troops were still holding out as dark fell. Most of the remaining defenders retired to Château Maltot on the far side of the road and were cut off and as the 4th Wilts moved forward to the Rau de Maltot stream, they were stopped by fire from the château. Bombardment by the Churchills prompted a German medic to request a truce, which the British were willing to accept, in return for the surrender of all German troops in the château, an offer the Germans declined. At dusk, the British attacked and broke into the ground floor but were held back by showers of hand grenades. Overnight the outbuildings were captured and the château was kept under fire by the tanks.

From 9:30 to 10:00 p.m., both battalions reached the final objectives to the west of Maltot and the woods to the south. The British tanks withdrew, having lost eight vehicles and just after dawn, the remaining Germans in the château gave up. By the end of the operation, the 10th *SS-Panzer* Division had been reduced from c.15,000 men to 2,289 and could only counter-attack the most vital positions. At dawn, the British were met by the sight of the dead from Operation Jupiter and by long-range fire from German tanks and guns on the south-east slope of Hill 112. The Wilts had taken more than 400 prisoners in what they called a "text-book" operation. Commanders had studied maps, photographs and sand models, had been given time to establish infantry-tank co-operation with 7th RTR and conduct a reconnaissance of the terrain. The 43rd (Wessex) Division was withdrawn and the ground taken over by the 53rd (Welsh) Division. The Germans withdrew from Hill 112 in August, during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west; the 53rd (Welsh) Division occupied the feature with barely a fight on 4 August.

## Footnotes

1. Reynolds 2009, pp. 48–49.
2. Reynolds 2009, pp. 46–50.
3. Jackson 2006, pp. 39–40.
4. Hinsley 1994, p. 495.
5. Hinsley 1994, p. 498.
6. Buckley 2006, pp. 30–31.
7. Townend & Baldwin 2020, p. 317.
8. Townend & Baldwin 2020, pp. 319–320.
9. Townend & Baldwin 2020, pp. 318–319.
10. Ellis 2004, p. 317.
11. Ellis 2004, pp. 317–318.
12. Jackson 2006, pp. 61–63.
13. Buckley 2006, p. 33.
14. Buckley 2006, p. 32.
15. Buckley 2014, pp. 92–93.
16. Saunders 2006, p. 7.
17. Buckley 2014, p. 92.
18. Buckley 2006, pp. 32–33.
19. Ellis 2004, p. 318; Delaforce 2015, p. 70.
20. Buckley 2006, p. 32; Buckley 2014, p. 92.
21. Zetterling 2019, pp. 300, 306–307, 153.
22. How 1984, pp. 212–213.
23. Saunders 2006, p. 184.
24. Saunders 2006, p. 156.
25. Saunders 2006, pp. 156–160.
26. Saunders 2006, pp. 160–162.
27. Anon 1946.
28. Saunders 2006, pp. 162–163.
29. Saunders 2006, pp. 165–166.
30. Copp 2007, pp. 60–62.
31. Saunders 2006, pp. 166–170.
32. Saunders 2006, pp. 170–172.
33. Buckley 2014, p. 147.
34. Saunders 2006, pp. 172–176.
* Buckley, J. (2006) \[2004\]. *British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944* (Routledge ed.). London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-415-40773-1.
* Buckley, J. (2014) \[2013\]. *Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe* (2014 ed.). London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20534-3.
* Copp, T. (2007) \[1992\]. *The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade in WWII* (pbk. repr. Stackpole ed.). Stoney Creek, Ont: Fortress Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3422-6.
* Delaforce, P. (2015) \[1996\]. *Red Crown & Dragon: 53rd Welsh Division in North-West Europe 1944–1945* (repr. Thistle ed.). Brighton: Tom Donovan. ISBN 978-1-910198-63-6.
* Ellis, L. F.; Allen, G. R. G.; Warhurst, A. E.; Robb, James (2004) \[1962\]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). *Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy*. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Ukfield ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-058-0.
* Hinsley, F. H. (1994) \[1993\]. *British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged)*. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. pbk. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630961-7.
* How, J. J. (1984). *Hill 112: Cornerstone of the Normandy Campaign*. London: William Kimber. ISBN 978-0-7183-0540-6.
* Jackson, G. S. (2006) \[1945\]. *Operations of Eighth Corps: Account of Operations from Normandy to the River Rhine*. Staff, 8 Corps (MLRS ed.). London: St. Clements Press. ISBN 978-1-905696-25-3.
* Reynolds, M. (2009). *Sons of the Reich: 2nd SS Panzer Corps*. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-000-3.
* Saunders, T. (2006) \[2001\]. *Hill 112: Battles of the Odon 1944*. Battleground Europe: Normandy (Pen & Sword ed.). Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-737-7.
* *Story of 34 Armoured Brigade* (repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). Privately published. 2014 \[1946\]. ISBN 978-1-78331-101-9.
* Townend, W.; Baldwin, F. (2020). *Gunners in Normandy: The History of the Royal Artillery in North-West Europe January 1942 to August 1944* (1st ed.). Cheltenham: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-9044-8.
* Zetterling, N. (2019) \[2010\]. *Normandy 1944, German Military Organization, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness* (2nd rev. Casemate, Oxford ed.). Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz. ISBN 978-1-61200-816-5.

## Further reading

* Baron, J. A. (2010) \[1948\]. *From the City, from the Plough, a novel* (pbk. Black Spring, London ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-948238-44-4.
* Elstob, P. (1974) \[1960\]. *Warriors for the Working Day, a novel* (pbk. Corgi, London ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-552-09524-2.

## InfoBox

| Operation Jupiter | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Battle for Caen | |
| <br>Memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Division on Hill 112. | |
| Date 10–11 July 1944  Location West of Caen, Normandy, France49°7′25″N 0°27′36″W / 49.12361°N 0.46000°W / 49.12361; -0.46000  Result  British victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom | Germany |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Richard O'Connor | Wilhelm Bittrich |
| Units involved | |
| VIII Corps | II SS Panzer Corps |
| Casualties and losses | |
| c.2,000 casualties (43rd Division only)<br>58 tanks | |


title: Operation Junkyard

abstract: Operation Junkyard is an American television series that aired from October 5, 2002 to February 15, 2003 on Discovery Kids. Essentially a spin-off of TLC's popular series Junkyard Wars, OP/JY featured teams of teens that were challenged to build gadgets out of junk in six hours. Teams featured on the show include the Rummaging Robots and Jurassic Junkers, and the teams were tasked to build gadgets like water bailing machines, mud scooters, and remote control battleships.

text:
# Operation Junkyard

***Operation Junkyard*** is an American television series that aired from October 5, 2002 to February 15, 2003 on Discovery Kids. Essentially a spin-off of TLC's popular series *Junkyard Wars*, OP/JY featured teams of teens that were challenged to build gadgets out of junk in six hours. Teams featured on the show include the Rummaging Robots and Jurassic Junkers, and the teams were tasked to build gadgets like water bailing machines, mud scooters, and remote control battleships.

## Premise

At the beginning of each show the challenge of the day was revealed and teams attempted to collect "bodgits" by completing small challenges. "Bodgits" were helpful advantages that teams could earn, including time with the on-set engineer or special parts for use in their build. Two identical school buses filled with junk were given to the teams, who had six hours to create their contraptions.

## Teams

| Team Name |
| --- |
| Jurassic Junkers |
| Banging Builders |
| Rummaging Robots |
| Scrap Scavengers |
| Scrap Heap Henchmen |
| Gearhead Gremlins |
| Garbage Gorillas |
| Renegade Recyclers |
| Junkyard Jugglers |
| Funky Junkers |
| Raging Racers |
| Demolition Dudes |
|

## Episodes

| # | Gadget Made |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | Catapult |
| 2 | Water Bailer |
| 3 | Water Bike |
| 4 | Cannon |
| 5 | Baseball Pitcher |
| 6 | Master Water Blaster |
| 7 | Go Cart |
| 8 | Mechanical Crane |
| 9 | Ice Drag Racer |
| 10 | Mud Scooter |
| 11 | Pie Filling Machine |
| 12 | Battleship |
|

## Reception

In a positive review, *The San Diego Union-Tribune* television critic Roshni Kakaiya wrote, "I really recommend this show to everyone, even younger kids. The story has a lot of meaning. If I could rate this on a scale of colors, black being the worst and gold being the best, I would rate this show silver." Calling the show "entertaining and educational", *The Dallas Morning News*'s Jeanne Spreier gave it an A-minus, writing that it "gets high marks for all sorts of reasons, not the least of which is using words such as release valve, psi gauge and propulsion—and making them synonymous with fun".

## InfoBox

| *Operation Junkyard* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Malcolm Bird
Kathy Rogers |
| Written by | Malcolm Bird |
| Directed by | Grazia Caroselli
Kris Curry
Malcolm Bird
Patrick Doody
Chris Valenziano |
| Presented by | Rob Czar
Kamaya Jones
Clinton McLean
Michelle Armitage |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 12 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jim Rapsas |
| Producer | Malcolm Bird |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Production companies | Discovery Kids
RDF Media LA |
| Original release | |
| Network | Discovery Kids |
| Release | 5 October 2002 (2002-10-05)
15 February 2003 (2003-02-15) |