title: Eunice Gibson

abstract: Eunice Gibson was a Barbados nurse and the founder of the Barbados Nurses Association.

text:
# Eunice Gibson

**Eunice Gibson** (14 February 1895 – 5 December 1974) was a Barbados nurse and the founder of the Barbados Nurses Association.

## Early life

Eunice Gibson was born on 14 February 1895.

## Activism

Gibson founded an organization for employing nurses in 1937 and was elected to the Bridgetown City Council in 1959.

### Barbados Nurses Association

In July 1936, Gibson and 11 other nurses formed the Barbados Nurses Association (BNA) to improve working conditions at Barbados General Hospital. Gibson led the organisation until 1946. During her tenure, the BNA was made a municipal corporation by the Parliament of Barbados on 15 February 1943. She remained an active member of the organization for 37 years. Gibson campaigned the International Nurses Association in 1957 to accept the BNA as one of its members.

## Death and legacy

Gibson died on 5 December 1974 and was interred at Bridgetown's Westbury Cemetery.

The Barbados Nurses Association annually hosts an awards ceremony named for Gibson, the Eunice Gibson Memorial Lecture and Awards Ceremony. A hospital, Eunice Gibson Polyclinic, was also named after Gibson.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Eunice Gibson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 14 February 1895 |
| Died | 5 December 1974(1974-12-05) (aged 79) |
| Nationality | Barbadian |
| Occupation | Nurse |


title: Eumerus

abstract: Eumerus is a genus of hoverflies, within the tribe Eumerini. They are small with a distinctive smooth round abdomen, powerful back legs and yellow hairs around the scutellum. Others have a dark scutellum and yellow antennae. They have a flat hairy face and a reentrant upper crossvein on the wings. Some species are pests of ornamental flowers. The genus contains 281 known species, making it one of the largest genera of flies.

text:
# Eumerus

***Eumerus*** is a genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae), within the tribe Eumerini.

They are small with a distinctive smooth round abdomen, powerful back legs and yellow hairs around the scutellum. Others have a dark scutellum and yellow antennae. They have a flat hairy face and a reentrant upper crossvein on the wings. Some species are pests of ornamental flowers. The genus contains 281 known species, making it one of the largest genera of flies.

## Description

*Eumerus* species are small to medium (5–12 mm), black hoverflies with a smooth wide, almost cylindrical body. The hind legs are remarkably powerful. They have compound eyes with fine hairs that in the male cover most of the head, but in the female are parted over the forehead. The antennae are quite short, dark coloured or orange. The face is flat with downwardly directed hairs. The thorax has a few light longitudinal stripes on its back which are more visible in the front half. The legs are yellowish, or white and black, with the upper back legs usually greatly thickened (except *Eumerus flavitarsis*), the lower part being curved and sharp, with expanded feet. The abdomen is roughly cylindrical, and clearly constricted at the boundaries between the various parts. The second, third and fourth part has silvery white or yellow oblique spots. In some species, the entire abdomen is a reddish brown. The wings are covered with fine hairs (microtrichia) on the entire surface. Otherwise they are clear except for a brown-black wing mark. The front cross-vein along the outer edge of the wing has a pronounced kink in the middle.

## Taxonomy

### Species

* Data related to Eumerus at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Eumerus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female *Eumerus feae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Eumerini |
| Genus: | *Eumerus*
Meigen, 1822 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Syrphus tricolor*
Fabricius, 1798 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paragopsis* Matsumura, 1916 | |


title: Eumerus ornatus

abstract: Eumerus ornatus is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

text:
# Eumerus ornatus

***Eumerus ornatus*** is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

## InfoBox

| *Eumerus ornatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Genus: | *Eumerus* |
| Species: | ***E. ornatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eumerus ornatus***<br>Meigen, 1822 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Eumerus fumipennis* Curtis, 1839 | |


title: Eumesocampa

abstract: Eumesocampa is a genus of two-pronged bristletails in the family Campodeidae. There are at least two described species in Eumesocampa.

text:
# Eumesocampa

***Eumesocampa*** is a genus of two-pronged bristletails in the family Campodeidae. There are at least two described species in *Eumesocampa*.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Eumesocampa*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Eumesocampa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Order: | Diplura |
| Family: | Campodeidae |
| Subfamily: | Campodeinae |
| Genus: | *Eumesocampa*<br>Silvestri, 1933 |
|


title: Eugenio Jose Lacson

abstract: Eugenio José "Bong" Villarreal Lacson is a Filipino politician serving as the governor of Negros Occidental since 2019. He previously served as the province's vice governor from 2013 to 2019, and was the mayor of San Carlos, Negros Occidental from 2001 to 2010.

text:
# Eugenio Jose Lacson

**Eugenio José** "**Bong**" **Villarreal Lacson** (Tagalog: \[juˈhɛɲo hoˈsɛ vɪljarɛˈɐl ˈlɐkson\]; born December 13, 1959) is a Filipino politician serving as the governor of Negros Occidental since 2019. He previously served as the province's vice governor from 2013 to 2019, and was the mayor of San Carlos, Negros Occidental from 2001 to 2010.

## Political career

### Mayoralty

Bong Lacson served for three consecutive terms as City Mayor of San Carlos, Negros Occidental.

### Vice Governorship

He ran under the ticket of former Vice-Governor Genaro Alvarez as the vice-gubernatorial candidate. Eventually, he won the polls but his running mate lost to the incumbent Governor Alfredo G. Marañon Jr.

Despite belonging to the opposition and holding the majority in the Negros Occidental Provincial Board, he maintained a good relationship with the Governor. He decided not to run against Governor Marañon, though the governor fielded Rep. Jeffrey Ferrer as his running mate, after failed reunification talks between United Negros Alliance and his coalition, the Love Negros Alliance.

## InfoBox

| The HonorableEugenio José V. Lacson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Governor of Negros Occidental | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
June 30, 2019 | |
| Vice governor | Jeffrey Ferrer |
| Preceded by | Alfredo Marañon |
| Vice Governor of Negros Occidental | |
| **In office**
June 30, 2013  June 30, 2019 | |
| Governor | Alfredo Marañon |
| Preceded by | Genaro Alvarez |
| Succeeded by | Jeffrey Ferrer |
| Mayor of San Carlos, Negros Occidental | |
| **In office**
June 30, 2001  June 30, 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Rogelio Debulgado |
| Succeeded by | Gerardo P. Valmayor Jr. |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Eugenio José Villareal Lacson
(1959-12-13) December 13, 1959
San Carlos, Negros Occidental, Philippines |
| Political party | Nationalist People's Coalition |
| Spouse | Anna Lourdes Puyat |
| Domestic partner | Emily Yanson |
| Relations | Manuel Victor Lacson (father)
Carmen Villareal (mother) |
| Children | 2 |
|  | |


title: Eugenio Juan Zappietro

abstract: Eugenio Juan Zappietro, better known by his pseudonym Ray Collins, is an Argentine retired comic book writer. Among his best-known works are Precinto 56 and Yor the Hunter.

text:
# Eugenio Juan Zappietro

**Eugenio Juan Zappietro**, better known by his pseudonym **Ray Collins** (born February 29, 1936), is an Argentine retired comic book writer. Among his best-known works are *Precinto 56* and *Yor the Hunter* (*Henga el cazador*).

## Biography

Zappietro was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on February 29, 1936. He began his writing career at the age of 23, encouraged by Julio Anibal Portas of Abril publishing, who suggested that he should use an American pseudonym.

Hugo Pratt commissioned him his first comic, *Precinto 56*, which had a police theme and was drawn by Jose Muñoz.

In 1967, he was a finalist for Spain's Planeta Award with his novel *Time to Die*. In 1974, he created the now-classic comic *Yor the Hunter* along with the artist Juan Zanotto. The comic was also published in the Italian magazine Lanciostory beginning with its first issue (#0) in 1975. The 1983 Italian-French science fiction film *Yor, the Hunter from the Future* was based on the comic.

He also created the series *The Vikings* with Arturo del Castillo for the magazine "Tit-Bits" in 1975. Beginning in 1979, he continued the comic *Dennis Martin*, with drawings by Lito Fernandez.

## Personal life

Besides been a comics writer, Zappiero also worked as a police officer and as the director of the police museum in his hometown city of San Martin.

## InfoBox

| Eugenio Juan Zappietro | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Eugenio Juan Zappietro
(1936-02-29) February 29, 1936
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Area(s) | Cartoonist, Writer |
| Collaborators | Juan Zanotto |


title: Eulalia Ares de Vildoza

abstract: Eulalia Ares de Vildoza, was an Argentinian coup leader who deposed the governor of the Catamarca Province in 1862, during the War between the Argentine Confederation and the state of Buenos Aires. She married the military officer and landowner José Domingo Vildoza (1799–1870) in 1827. Vildoza was a friend of governor Ramón Rosa Correa; Correa was deposed and replaced in 1862 by a rival politician named Moises Omill. Correa and his supporters - including José Domingo Valdoza - fled, and Omill was officially entered into office as governor. Allegedly tired of waiting for Correa and his troops to take action, Eulalia Ares lead an insurrection. At the head of a group of women, who were armed and dressed as men, and followed behind by various men who supported the cause, she struck the governor's headquarters. She managed to take over the provincial government building, depose the province governor and take control of the province. For a day, she was governor of the province while she organized a quick election to choose someone to act as new interim governor. A few days later her husband returned, and Correa resumed his governorship.

text:
# Eulalia Ares de Vildoza

**Eulalia Ares de Vildoza** (c. 18091884), was an Argentinian coup leader who deposed the governor of the Catamarca Province in 1862, during the War between the Argentine Confederation and the state of Buenos Aires.

She married the military officer and landowner José Domingo Vildoza (17991870) in 1827. Vildoza was a friend of governor Ramón Rosa Correa; Correa was deposed and replaced in 1862 by a rival politician named Moises Omill. Correa and his supporters - including José Domingo Valdoza - fled, and Omill was officially entered into office as governor.

Allegedly tired of waiting for Correa and his troops to take action, Eulalia Ares lead an insurrection. At the head of a group of women, who were armed and dressed as men, and followed behind by various men who supported the cause, she struck the governor's headquarters. She managed to take over the provincial government building, depose the province governor and take control of the province.

For a day, she was governor of the province while she organized a quick election to choose someone to act as new interim governor. A few days later her husband returned, and Correa resumed his governorship.

* Cutolo, Vicente Osvaldo (1968). Nuevo diccionario biográfico argentino (1750-1930). Buenos Aires: Editorial Elche.
* Yaben, Jacinto R. (1952). Biografías argentinas y sudamericanas. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Historicas Argentinas.


title: Eumida

abstract:
Eumida is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Phyllodocidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species:
  - Eumida albopicta
  - Eumida alkyone Nygren & Pleijel, 2010
  - Eumida alvini Eibye-Jacobsen, 1991
  - Eumida angolensis Böggemann, 2009
  - Eumida arctica
  - Eumida asterope Nygren & Pleijel, 2010
  - Eumida bahusiensis Bergstrom, 1914
  - Eumida caspersi Hartmann-Schröder, 1965
  - Eumida delicata Oliveira, Eibye-Jacobsen & Lana, 2015
  - Eumida dracodermica Oliveira, Eibye-Jacobsen & Lana, 2015
  - Eumida elektra Nygren & Pleijel, 2010
  - Eumida fenwicki
  - Eumida fuscoculata Eibye-Jacobsen, 1991
  - Eumida hawksburyensis Eibye-Jacobsen, 1991
  - Eumida kelaino Nygren & Pleijel, 2010
  - Eumida longicirrata Hartmann-Schröder, 1975
  - Eumida longicornuta
  - Eumida mackiei Teixeira, Vieira, Pleijel et al., 2019
  - Eumida macrophthalma Oliveira, Eibye-Jacobsen & Lana, 2015
  - Eumida maia Nygren & Pleijel, 2010
  - Eumida merope Nygren & Pleijel, 2010
  - Eumida minuta
  - Eumida muriatica Eibye-Jacobsen, 1991
  - Eumida notata
  - Eumida nuchala
  - Eumida ockelmanni Eibye-Jacobsen, 1987
  - Eumida ophiuricola Britayev, Doignon & Eeckhaut, 1999
  - Eumida parva
  - Eumida punctifera
  - Eumida quadrocula
  - Eumida sanguinea
  - Eumida schanderi
  - Eumida strigata
  - Eumida taygete Nygren & Pleijel, 2010
  - Eumida thunbergi
  - Eumida trifasciata Eibye-Jacobsen, 1991
  - Eumida tubiformis Moore, 1909
  - Eumida uschakovi Kudenov, 1979

text:
# Eumida

***Eumida*** is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Phyllodocidae.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Eumida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eumida sanguinea* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| *Clade*: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Family: | Phyllodocidae |
| Subfamily: | Eteoninae |
| Genus: | *Eumida*<br>Malmgren, 1865 |
|


title: Eumicrotremus tokranovi

abstract: Eumicrotremus tokranovi is a species of lumpfish native to the Northwest Pacific, and one of two species some authorities place in the genus Microancathus. It is known from the Kuril Islands. It is distinguished from the closely related E. fedorovi by a taller body and flatter and less developed bone plaques. FishBase does not recognize the genus Microancathus,. This species was described by the Russian ichthyologist Olga Stepanovna Voskoboinikova in 2015 in the proposed new genus, Microancathus and the reclassification of M. fedorovi in that genus. Catalog of Fishes does not recognize the new genus and classifies this species in Eumicrotremus. The specific name honors the ichthyologist Alexei Mikhailovich Tokranovof the Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Institute of Geography and the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

text:
# Eumicrotremus tokranovi

***Eumicrotremus tokranovi*** is a species of lumpfish native to the Northwest Pacific, and one of two species some authorities place in the genus *Microancathus*. It is known from the Kuril Islands. It is distinguished from the closely related *E. fedorovi* by a taller body and flatter and less developed bone plaques. FishBase does not recognize the genus *Microancathus*, . This species was described by the Russian ichthyologist Olga Stepanovna Voskoboinikova in 2015 in the proposed new genus, *Microancathus* and the reclassification of *M. fedorovi* in that genus. *Catalog of Fishes* does not recognize the new genus and classifies this species in *Eumicrotremus*. The specific name honors the ichthyologist Alexei Mikhailovich Tokranovof the Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Institute of Geography and the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

## InfoBox

| *Eumicrotremus tokranovi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Cyclopteridae |
| Genus: | *Eumicrotremus* |
| Species: | ***E. tokranovi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eumicrotremus tokranovi***<br>(Voskoboinikova, 2015) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Microancathus tokranovi*  Voskoboinikova, 2015 | |


title: Eupithecia fusca

abstract: Eupithecia fusca is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Nepal.

text:
# Eupithecia fusca

***Eupithecia fusca*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Nepal.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia fusca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. fusca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia fusca***<br>Vojnits, 1981 | |
|


title: Eupatorium toppingianum

abstract:
Eupatorium toppingianum is a plant species in the family Asteraceae.
It contains substituted chromenes which have anti-microbial properties.

text:
# Eupatorium toppingianum

***Eupatorium toppingianum*** is a plant species in the family Asteraceae. It contains substituted chromenes which have anti-microbial properties.

## InfoBox

| *Eupatorium toppingianum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Eupatorium* |
| Species: | ***E. toppingianum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupatorium toppingianum***<br>Elmer | |
|


title: FASTQ format

abstract: FASTQ format is a text-based format for storing both a biological sequence and its corresponding quality scores. Both the sequence letter and quality score are each encoded with a single ASCII character for brevity. It was originally developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute to bundle a FASTA formatted sequence and its quality data, but has become the de facto standard for storing the output of high-throughput sequencing instruments such as the Illumina Genome Analyzer.

text:
# FASTQ format

**FASTQ format** is a text-based format for storing both a biological sequence (usually nucleotide sequence) and its corresponding quality scores. Both the sequence letter and quality score are each encoded with a single ASCII character for brevity.

It was originally developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute to bundle a FASTA formatted sequence and its quality data, but has become the *de facto* standard for storing the output of high-throughput sequencing instruments such as the Illumina Genome Analyzer.

## Format

A FASTQ file has four line-separated fields per sequence:

* Field 1 begins with a '@' character and is followed by a sequence identifier and an *optional* description (like a FASTA title line).
* Field 2 is the raw sequence letters.
* Field 3 begins with a '+' character and is *optionally* followed by the same sequence identifier (and any description) again.
* Field 4 encodes the quality values for the sequence in Field 2, and must contain the same number of symbols as letters in the sequence.

A FASTQ file containing a single sequence might look like this:

```
@SEQ_ID
GATTTGGGGTTCAAAGCAGTATCGATCAAATAGTAAATCCATTTGTTCAACTCACAGTTT
+
!''*((((***+))%%%++)(%%%%).1***-+*''))**55CCF>>>>>>CCCCCCC65

```

The byte representing quality runs from 0x21 (lowest quality; '!' in ASCII) to 0x7e (highest quality; '~' in ASCII). Here are the quality value characters in left-to-right increasing order of quality (ASCII):

```
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~

```

The original Sanger FASTQ files split long sequences and quality strings over multiple lines, as is typically done for FASTA files. Accounting for this makes parsing more complicated due to the choice of "@" and "+" as markers (as these characters can also occur in the quality string). Multi-line FASTQ files (and consequently multi-line FASTQ parsers) are less common now that the majority of sequencing carried out is short-read Illumina sequencing, with typical sequence lengths of around 100bp.

### Illumina sequence identifiers

Sequences from the Illumina software use a systematic identifier:

```
@HWUSI-EAS100R:6:73:941:1973#0/1

```

| HWUSI-EAS100R | the unique instrument name |
| --- | --- |
| 6 | flowcell lane |
| 73 | tile number within the flowcell lane |
| 941 | 'x'-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| 1973 | 'y'-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| #0 | index number for a multiplexed sample (0 for no indexing) |
| /1 | the member of a pair, /1 or /2 *(paired-end or mate-pair reads only)* |

Versions of the Illumina pipeline since 1.4 appear to use **#NNNNNN** instead of **#0** for the multiplex ID, where **NNNNNN** is the sequence of the multiplex tag.

With Casava 1.8 the format of the '@' line has changed:

```
@EAS139:136:FC706VJ:2:2104:15343:197393 1:Y:18:ATCACG

```

| EAS139 | the unique instrument name |
| --- | --- |
| 136 | the run id |
| FC706VJ | the flowcell id |
| 2 | flowcell lane |
| 2104 | tile number within the flowcell lane |
| 15343 | 'x'-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| 197393 | 'y'-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| 1 | the member of a pair, 1 or 2 *(paired-end or mate-pair reads only)* |
| Y | Y if the read is filtered (did not pass), N otherwise |
| 18 | 0 when none of the control bits are on, otherwise it is an even number |
| ATCACG | index sequence |

Note that more recent versions of Illumina software output a sample number (defined by the order of the samples in the sample sheet) in place of an index sequence when an index sequence is not explicitly specified for a sample in the sample sheet. For example, the following header might appear in a FASTQ file belonging to the first sample of a batch of samples:

```
@EAS139:136:FC706VJ:2:2104:15343:197393 1:N:18:1

```

### NCBI Sequence Read Archive

FASTQ files from the INSDC Sequence Read Archive often include a description, e.g.

```
@SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36
GGGTGATGGCCGCTGCCGATGGCGTCAAATCCCACC
+SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII9IG9IC

```

In this example there is an NCBI-assigned identifier, and the description holds the original identifier from Solexa/Illumina (as described above) plus the read length. Sequencing was performed in paired-end mode (~500bp insert size), see SRR001666. The default output format of fastq-dump produces entire spots, containing any technical reads and typically single or paired-end biological reads.

```
$ fastq-dump.2.9.0 -Z -X 2 SRR001666
Read 2 spots for SRR001666
Written 2 spots for SRR001666
@SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=72
GGGTGATGGCCGCTGCCGATGGCGTCAAATCCCACCAAGTTACCCTTAACAACTTAAGGGTTTTCAAATAGA
+SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=72
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII9IG9ICIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIDIIIIIII>IIIIII/
@SRR001666.2 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338 length=72
GTTCAGGGATACGACGTTTGTATTTTAAGAATCTGAAGCAGAAGTCGATGATAATACGCGTCGTTTTATCAT
+SRR001666.2 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338 length=72
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII6IBIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIGII>IIIII-I)8I

```

Modern usage of FASTQ almost always involves splitting the spot into its biological reads, as described in submitter-provided metadata:

```
$ fastq-dump -X 2 SRR001666 --split-3
Read 2 spots for SRR001666
Written 2 spots for SRR001666
$ head SRR001666_1.fastq  SRR001666_2.fastq
==> SRR001666_1.fastq <==
@SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36
GGGTGATGGCCGCTGCCGATGGCGTCAAATCCCACC
+SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII9IG9IC
@SRR001666.2 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338 length=36
GTTCAGGGATACGACGTTTGTATTTTAAGAATCTGA
+SRR001666.2 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338 length=36
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII6IBI

==> SRR001666_2.fastq <==
@SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36
AAGTTACCCTTAACAACTTAAGGGTTTTCAAATAGA
+SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIDIIIIIII>IIIIII/
@SRR001666.2 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338 length=36
AGCAGAAGTCGATGATAATACGCGTCGTTTTATCAT
+SRR001666.2 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338 length=36
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIGII>IIIII-I)8I

```

When present in the archive, fastq-dump can attempt to restore read names to original format. NCBI does not store original read names by default:

```
$ fastq-dump -X 2 SRR001666 --split-3 --origfmt
Read 2 spots for SRR001666
Written 2 spots for SRR001666
$ head SRR001666_1.fastq  SRR001666_2.fastq
==> SRR001666_1.fastq <==
@071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345
GGGTGATGGCCGCTGCCGATGGCGTCAAATCCCACC
+071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII9IG9IC
@071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338
GTTCAGGGATACGACGTTTGTATTTTAAGAATCTGA
+071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII6IBI

==> SRR001666_2.fastq <==
@071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345
AAGTTACCCTTAACAACTTAAGGGTTTTCAAATAGA
+071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIDIIIIIII>IIIIII/
@071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338
AGCAGAAGTCGATGATAATACGCGTCGTTTTATCAT
+071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:801:338
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIGII>IIIII-I)8I

```

In the example above, the original read names were used rather than the accessioned read name. NCBI accessions runs and the reads they contain. Original read names, assigned by sequencers, are able to function as locally unique identifiers of a read, and convey exactly as much information as a serial number. The ids above were algorithmically assigned based upon run information and geometric coordinates. Early SRA loaders parsed these ids and stored their decomposed components internally. NCBI stopped recording read names because they are frequently modified from the vendors' original format in order to associate some additional information meaningful to a particular processing pipeline, and this caused name format violations that resulted in a high number of rejected submissions. Without a clear schema for read names, their function remains that of a unique read id, conveying the same amount of information as a read serial number. See various SRA Toolkit issues for details and discussions.

Also note that fastq-dump converts this FASTQ data from the original Solexa/Illumina encoding to the Sanger standard (see encodings below). This is because the SRA serves as a repository for NGS information, rather than format. The various \*-dump tools are capable of producing data in several formats from the same source. The requirements for doing so have been dictated by users over several years, with the majority of early demand coming from the 1000 Genomes Project.

## Variations

### Quality

A quality value *Q* is an integer mapping of *p* (i.e., the probability that the corresponding base call is incorrect). Two different equations have been in use. The first is the standard Sanger variant to assess reliability of a base call, otherwise known as Phred quality score:

$$Q\_{\text{sanger}=-10\\,\log \_{10}p}$$

The Solexa pipeline (i.e., the software delivered with the Illumina Genome Analyzer) earlier used a different mapping, encoding the odds *p*/(1-*p*) instead of the probability *p*:

$$Q\_{\text{solexa-prior to v.1.3}=-10\\,\log \_{10}{\frac {p}{1-p}}}$$

Although both mappings are asymptotically identical at higher quality values, they differ at lower quality levels (i.e., approximately *p* \> 0.05, or equivalently, *Q* \< 13).

At times there has been disagreement about which mapping Illumina actually uses. The user guide (Appendix B, page 122) for version 1.4 of the Illumina pipeline states that: "The scores are defined as  $Q=10\cdot \log \_{10}{\tfrac {p}{1-p}}$  \[*sic*\], where p is the probability of a base call corresponding to the base in question". In retrospect, this entry in the manual appears to have been an error. The user guide (What's New, page 5) for version 1.5 of the Illumina pipeline lists this description instead: "Important Changes in Pipeline v1.3  \[*sic*\]. The quality scoring scheme has changed to the Phred \[i.e., Sanger\] scoring scheme, encoded as an ASCII character by adding 64 to the Phred value. A Phred score of a base is: $Q\_{\text{phred}=-10\log \_{10}e}$, where *e* is the estimated probability of a base being wrong.

### Encoding

* Sanger format can encode a Phred quality score from 0 to 93 using ASCII 33 to 126 (although in raw read data the Phred quality score rarely exceeds 60, higher scores are possible in assemblies or read maps). Also used in SAM format. Coming to the end of February 2011, Illumina's newest version (1.8) of their pipeline CASAVA will directly produce fastq in Sanger format, according to the announcement on seqanswers.com forum.
* Element Biosciences AVITI reads are encoded following the Sanger convention: Phred quality scores from 0 to 93 are encoded using ASCII 33 to 126. Raw reads typically exhibit base quality scores in the range of \[0, 55\].
* PacBio HiFi reads, which are typically stored in SAM/BAM format, use the Sanger convention: Phred quality scores from 0 to 93 are encoded using ASCII 33 to 126. Raw PacBio subreads use the same convention but typically assign a placeholder base quality (Q0) to all bases in the read.
* Oxford Nanopore Duplex reads, called using the dorado basecaller are typically stored in SAM/BAM format. After changing to a 16-bit internal quality representation, the reported base quality limit is q50 (S).
* Solexa/Illumina 1.0 format can encode a Solexa/Illumina quality score from -5 to 62 using ASCII 59 to 126 (although in raw read data Solexa scores from -5 to 40 only are expected)
* Starting with Illumina 1.3 and before Illumina 1.8, the format encoded a Phred quality score from 0 to 62 using ASCII 64 to 126 (although in raw read data Phred scores from 0 to 40 only are expected).
* Starting in Illumina 1.5 and before Illumina 1.8, the Phred scores 0 to 2 have a slightly different meaning. The values 0 and 1 are no longer used and the value 2, encoded by ASCII 66 "B", is used also at the end of reads as a *Read Segment Quality Control Indicator*. The Illumina manual (page 30) states the following: *If a read ends with a segment of mostly low quality (Q15 or below), then all of the quality values in the segment are replaced with a value of 2 (encoded as the letter B in Illumina's text-based encoding of quality scores)... This Q2 indicator does not predict a specific error rate, but rather indicates that a specific final portion of the read should not be used in further analyses.* Also, the quality score encoded as "B" letter may occur internally within reads at least as late as pipeline version 1.6, as shown in the following example:

```
@HWI-EAS209_0006_FC706VJ:5:58:5894:21141#ATCACG/1
TTAATTGGTAAATAAATCTCCTAATAGCTTAGATNTTACCTTNNNNNNNNNNTAGTTTCTTGAGATTTGTTGGGGGAGACATTTTTGTGATTGCCTTGAT
+HWI-EAS209_0006_FC706VJ:5:58:5894:21141#ATCACG/1
efcfffffcfeefffcffffffddf`feed]`]_Ba_^__[YBBBBBBBBBBRTT\]][]dddd`ddd^dddadd^BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

```

An alternative interpretation of this ASCII encoding has been proposed. Also, in Illumina runs using PhiX controls, the character 'B' was observed to represent an "unknown quality score". The error rate of 'B' reads was roughly 3 phred scores lower the mean observed score of a given run.

* Starting in Illumina 1.8, the quality scores have basically returned to the use of the Sanger format (Phred+33).

For raw reads, the range of scores will depend on the technology and the base caller used, but will typically be up to 41 for recent Illumina chemistry. Since the maximum observed quality score was previously only 40, various scripts and tools break when they encounter data with quality values larger than 40. For processed reads, scores may be even higher. For example, quality values of 45 are observed in reads from Illumina's Long Read Sequencing Service (previously Moleculo).

```
  SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.....................................................
  ..........................XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX......................
  ...............................IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII......................
  .................................**J**JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.....................
  LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL....................................................
  NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...........................................
  EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
  |                         |    |        |              |               |                     |
 33                        59   64       73             88             104                   126
  0........................26...31.......40
                           -5....0........9.............................40
                                 0........9.............................40
                                    3.....9..............................41
  0.2......................26...31........41
  0..................20........30........40........50
  0..................20........30........40........50...55
  0..................20........30........40........50..........................................93
```

```
 S - Sanger        Phred+33,  raw reads typically (0, 40)
 X - Solexa        Solexa+64, raw reads typically (-5, 40)
 I - Illumina 1.3+ Phred+64,  raw reads typically (0, 40)
 J - Illumina 1.5+ Phred+64,  raw reads typically (3, 41)
     with 0=unused, 1=unused, 2=Read Segment Quality Control Indicator (bold)
     (Note: See discussion above).
 L - Illumina 1.8+ Phred+33,  raw reads typically (0, 41)
 N - Nanopore      Phred+33,  Duplex reads typically (0, 50)
 E - ElemBio AVITI Phred+33,  raw reads typically (0, 55)
 P - PacBio        Phred+33,  HiFi reads typically (0, 93)
```

### Color space

For SOLiD data, the format is modified to a color space FASTQ sequence (CSFASTQ), where bases in the sequence are combined with the numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3, indicating how bases are modified relative to the previous base in the sequence (0: no change; 1: transition; 2: non-complementary transversion; 3: complementary transversion). This format matched the different sequencing chemistry used by SOLiD sequencers. Initial representations only used nucleotide bases at the start of the sequence, but later versions included bases embedded at periodic intervals to improve basecalling and mapping accuracy.

The quality values for CSFASTQ are identical to those of the Sanger format. Alignment tools differ in their preferred version of the quality values: some include a quality score (set to 0, i.e. '!') for the leading nucleotide, others do not. The sequence read archive includes this quality score.

### FAST5 and HDF5 evolutions

The FAST4 format was invented as a derivative of the FASTQ format where each of the 4 bases (A,C,G,T) had separate probabilities stored. It was part of the Swift basecaller, an open source package for primary data analysis on next-gen sequence data "from images to basecalls".

The FAST5 format was invented as an extension of the FAST4 format. The FAST5 files are Hierarchical Data Format 5 (HDF5) files with a specific schema defined by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT).

### Simulation

FASTQ read simulation has been approached by several tools. A comparison of those tools can be seen here.

### Compression

#### General compressors

General-purpose tools such as Gzip and bzip2 regard FASTQ as a plain text file and result in suboptimal compression ratios. NCBI's Sequence Read Archive encodes metadata using the LZ-77 scheme. General FASTQ compressors typically compress distinct fields (read names, sequences, comments, and quality scores) in a FASTQ file separately; these include DSRC and DSRC2, FQC, LFQC, Fqzcomp, and Slimfastq.

#### Reads

Having a reference genome around is convenient because then instead of storing the nucleotide sequences themselves, one can just align the reads to the reference genome and store the positions (pointers) and mismatches; the pointers can then be sorted according to their order in the reference sequence and encoded, e.g., with run-length encoding. When the coverage or the repeat content of the sequenced genome is high, this leads to a high compression ratio. Unlike the SAM/BAM formats, FASTQ files do not specify a reference genome. **Alignment-based FASTQ compressors** supports the use of either user-provided or *de novo* assembled reference: LW-FQZip uses a provided reference genome and Quip, Leon, k-Path and KIC perform ***de novo*** assembly using a de Bruijn graph-based approach.

Explicit read mapping and *de novo* assembly are typically slow. **Reordering-based FASTQ compressors** first cluster reads that share long substrings and then independently compress reads in each cluster after reordering them or assembling them into longer contigs, achieving perhaps the best trade-off between the running time and compression rate. SCALCE is the first such tool, followed by Orcom and Mince. BEETL uses a generalized Burrows–Wheeler transform for reordering reads, and HARC achieves better performance with hash-based reordering. AssemblTrie instead assembles reads into reference trees with as few total number of symbols as possible in the reference.

Benchmarks for these tools are available in.

#### Quality values

Quality values account for about half of the required disk space in the FASTQ format (before compression), and therefore the compression of the quality values can significantly reduce storage requirements and speed up analysis and transmission of sequencing data. Both lossless and lossy compression are recently being considered in the literature. For example, the algorithm QualComp performs lossy compression with a rate (number of bits per quality value) specified by the user. Based on rate-distortion theory results, it allocates the number of bits so as to minimize the MSE (mean squared error) between the original (uncompressed) and the reconstructed (after compression) quality values. Other algorithms for compression of quality values include SCALCE and Fastqz. Both are lossless compression algorithms that provide an optional controlled lossy transformation approach. For example, SCALCE reduces the alphabet size based on the observation that “neighboring” quality values are similar in general. For a benchmark, see.

As of the HiSeq 2500 Illumina gives the option to output qualities that have been coarse grained into quality bins. The binned scores are computed directly from the empirical quality score table, which is itself tied to the hardware, software and chemistry that were used during the sequencing experiment.

## File extension

There is no standard file extension for a FASTQ file, but .fq and .fastq are commonly used.

## Format converters

* Biopython version 1.51 onwards (interconverts Sanger, Solexa and Illumina 1.3+)
* EMBOSS version 6.1.0 patch 1 onwards (interconverts Sanger, Solexa and Illumina 1.3+)
* BioPerl version 1.6.1 onwards (interconverts Sanger, Solexa and Illumina 1.3+)
* BioRuby version 1.4.0 onwards (interconverts Sanger, Solexa and Illumina 1.3+)
* BioJava version 1.7.1 onwards (interconverts Sanger, Solexa and Illumina 1.3+)

* The FASTA format, used to represent genome sequences.
* The SAM and CRAM formats, used to represent genome sequencer reads that have been aligned to genome sequences.
* The GVF format (Genome Variation Format), an extension based on the GFF3 format.

* MAQ webpage discussing FASTQ variants

## InfoBox

FASTQ format
| Internet media type | text/plain |
| --- | --- |
| Developed by | Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute |
| Initial release | ~2000 |
| Type of format | Bioinformatics |
| Extended from | ASCII and FASTA format |
| Website | maq.sourceforge.net/fastq.shtml |


title: The Good Life Tour

abstract: The Good Life Tour was the twelfth concert tour by American singer Ledisi, in support of her eleventh studio album Good Life (2024).

text:
# The Good Life Tour

The ***Good Life Tour*** was the twelfth concert tour by American singer Ledisi, in support of her eleventh studio album *Good Life* (2024).

## Background

In November 2023, Ledisi announced the tour via her Facebook account. Tickets were distributed through Ticketmaster. The US leg of the tour began on March 6 at the Appell Center for the Performing Arts in York, Pennsylvania. The US leg also stopped in Ledisi's home city New Orleans and finished at Connor Palace in Cleveland, Ohio on June 22, 2024.

## Critical reception

The tour received positive reviews from critics, who praised the tour for reviving R&B despite the narrative that "R&B was dead". Mya Abrabam of *Vibe* praised the show for being "the 'one thing' they were craving" which was "music they could relate to, dance to, sing along with, and get them to feel all the feelings and process them". *Rolling Out* writer Derrel Johnson praised the show as it "showcases Ledisi's stellar vocals".

## Opening act

## Set list

1. "Alright"
2. "Add to Me"
3. "Good Life"
4. "I Need to Know"
5. "High"
6. "Think of You"
7. "Going Thru Changes"
8. "Sell Me No Dreams"
9. "Magic (Voila)"
10. "In the Morning"
11. "Hello Love"
12. "Anything for You"
13. "Perfect Stranger" (featuring David Michael Wyatt)
14. "Good Year"
15. "Pieces of Me"
16. "I Blame You"

## Tour dates

|
|  |
List of concerts showing date, city, country, venue and opening acts
| Date (2024) | City | Country | Venue | Opening act |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 6 | York, Pennsylvania | United States | Appell Center for the Performing Arts |  |
| March 7 | | Newark, New Jersey | Prudential Hall | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 8 | | Rochester, New York | The Theater at Innovation Square | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 9 | | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Metropolitan Opera House |  |
| March 12 | | Boston, Massachusetts | Wilbur Theatre |  |
| March 13 | | New Haven, Connecticut | Shubert Theatre |  |
| March 15 | | Oxon Hill, Maryland | Theater At MGM National Harbor | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 16 | | Baltimore, Maryland | Lyric Baltimore | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 17 | | Durham, North Carolina | Durham Performing Arts Center | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 19 | | Richmond, Virginia | Dominion Energy Center | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 21 | | Charlotte, North Carolina | Ovens Auditorium | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 22 | | Louisville, Kentucky | Palace Theatre | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 23 | | St. Louis, Missouri | Stifel Theatre | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 24 | | Nashville, Tennessee | Ryman Auditorium | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 26 | | Columbus, Ohio | Mershon Auditorium | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 28 | | Indianapolis, Indiana | Old National Centre | Raheem DeVaughn |
| March 29 | | Detroit, Michigan | Fisher Theatre | BJ the Chicago Kid |
| March 30 | | Chicago, Illinois | Chicago Theatre | BJ the Chicago Kid |
| April 1 | | Atlanta, Georgia | Atlanta Symphony Hall |  |
| April 3 | | Birmingham, Alabama | Alabama Theatre | Raheem DeVaughn |
| April 5 | | New Orleans, Louisiana | Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts | Raheem DeVaughn |
| April 6 | | Houston, Texas | Bayou Music Center | Raheem DeVaughn |
| April 7 | | Dallas, Texas | Music Hall at Fair Park | BJ the Chicago Kid |
| April 10 | | Fort Collins, Colorado | Lincoln Center |  |
| April 12 | | Chandler, Arizona | Chandler Center for the Arts |  |
| April 13 | | Inglewood, California | YouTube Theater | Raheem DeVaughn |
| April 14 | | Oakland, California | Fox Oakland Theatre | Raheem DeVaughn |
| April 25 | Helsinki | Europe | Kulttuuritehdas Korjaamo April Jazz Festival |  |
| April 26 | | Lahti | Sibelius Hall |  |
| April 27 | | Kaunas | National Kaunas Drama Theatre |  |
| April 28 | | Tallinn | Jaik |  |
| April 30 | | Oslo | Cosmopolite Scene |  |
| May 1 | | Rotterdam | LantarenVenster |  |
| May 2 | | Paris | New Morning |  |
| May 3 | | Birmingham | O2 Institute |  |
| May 4 | | Manchester | Manchester Academy |  |
| May 5 | | London | Electric Brixton |  |
| June 15 | Orlando, Florida | United States | Central Florida Fairgrounds |  |
| June 22 | | Cleveland, Ohio | Connor Palace |  |
|

## Personnel

* Musical Director/Drums: Greg Clark Jr
* Bass: Antone "Chooky" Caldwell
* Keyboard: Joe Harley
* Guitar: Xavier Lynn
* Background vocalists: Sara Williams, David Michael Wyatt

## InfoBox

The Good Life Tour
| Tour by Ledisi | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster for the tour | |
| Location | * North America * Europe |
| Associated album | *Good Life* |
| Start date | March 6, 2024 (2024-03-06) |
| End date | June 22, 2024 (2024-06-22) |
| Legs | 2 |
| No. of shows | 33 |
| Ledisi concert chronology | |


title: Pachymerellus zygethus

abstract: Pachymerellus zygethus is a species of centipede in the Geophilidae family. It is endemic to Australia and New Zealand, and was first described in 1920 by American biologist Ralph Vary Chamberlin.

text:
# Pachymerellus zygethus

***Pachymerellus zygethus*** is a species of centipede in the Geophilidae family. It is endemic to Australia and New Zealand, and was first described in 1920 by American biologist Ralph Vary Chamberlin.

## Description

This species features small denticles on the forcipular coxosternite and tarsungula, no sternal pores, and scattered coxal pores; the second maxillae have claws with small filaments. The original description of this species is based on a specimen measuring about 35 mm in length with 55 pairs of legs, but the number of segments in this species can range from as few as 47 to as many as 65.

## Distribution

The species occurs in Tasmania and New Zealand.

## Behaviour

The centipedes are solitary terrestrial predators that inhabit plant litter, soil and rotting wood.

## InfoBox

| *Pachymerellus zygethus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Chilopoda |
| Order: | Geophilomorpha |
| Family: | Geophilidae |
| Genus: | *Pachymerellus* |
| Species: | ***P. zygethus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachymerellus zygethus***<br>Chamberlin, 1920 | |
|


title: FEMtools

abstract: FEMtools is a multi-functional, cross-platform and solver-independent family of CAE software programs providing analysis and scripting solutions for many different types of engineering simulation applications. The program is developed, supported and licensed by Dynamic Design Solutions ("DDS") NV, located in Leuven, Belgium.

text:
# FEMtools

**FEMtools** (Finite Element Model Tools) is a multi-functional, cross-platform and solver-independent family of CAE software programs providing analysis and scripting solutions for many different types of engineering simulation applications. The program is developed, supported and licensed by Dynamic Design Solutions ("DDS") NV, located in Leuven, Belgium.

## Overview

FEMtools consists of many tools that are licensed as part of standard configurations or as optional add-ons. The program is available on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. The program can be used standalone or is used with solvers such as Nastran, ANSYS and Abaqus.

Applications are built upon a proprietary framework that includes a GUI desktop, data interfacing and database management. A graphics viewer supports visualization of meshes and analysis results. A powerful scripting language and API is included to customize or extend the program. A wealth of tools and modules are available for equation solving, matrix operators, data manipulation, diagnostics, and results validation. Entire custom applications can be developed on top of the FEMtools framework.

The following technologies are available through the different program configurations:.

• Simulation and test data interfacing.
• Database management, solver integration and CAE process automation.
• Mesh generation, mesh morphing and mesh quality verification.
• Classical and operational modal analysis.
• Operational deflection shapes (ODS) analysis.
• Rigid body properties extractor.
• Structural dynamics simulation using finite element and test models.
• Pre-test analysis and planning.
• Test-analysis correlation analysis.
• Sensitivity analysis.
• Automated FE model updating.
• Force identification.
• Design optimization (topology, shape, size, material).
• Design space sampling (Monte Carlo sampling, Design of Experiments, response surface modelling, genetic algorithms).
• Uncertainty propagation and probabilistic structural analysis.

## Application

FEMtools is designed to handle all sizes of finite element and test models for a wide range of industrial applications. Industrial applications can be found in the fields for structural dynamics troubleshooting, NVH, finite element model verification, validation and updating (V&V), uncertainty quantification and propagation, mesh coarsening or refinement, structural health monitoring (SHM), material and property identification, structural optimization, robust design and more.

FEMtools is used worldwide by prestigious companies like Airbus, Boeing, Caterpillar, Cummins, Ford, Goodrich, Honda, Honeywell, Johnson Controls, Lockheed, MAN, Northrop Grumman, Renault, Rolls-Royce, Siemens, Sony, Toyota, Volvo, Wartsila and Whirlpool.

FEMtools has been used as the backbone for Hong Kong Stonecutter's Bridge structural health evaluation system. Results obtained with the FEMtools model updating algorithm were used as a reference solution to assess custom-developed in-house software for updating FE models of civil engineering structures.

Academic applications include structural analysis education, algorithm development, and application research.

## History

1988 - Development started as a custom tool for FE model updating of Nastran and Ansys models that is called SYSTUNE.
1994 - Dynamic Design Solutions founded and acquiring the SYSTUNE source code.
1995 - SYSTUNE renamed as FEMtools.
2000 - Release of FEMtools 2.0 integrating a new scripting language.
2003 - Release of third generation (v3.0) of FEMtools.
2008 - Addition of a module for structural optimization.
2010 - Addition of a module for rigid body properties identification from FRFs.
2011 - Addition of a module for experimental modal analysis (classic input-output) and output-only operational modal analysis.
2017 - Release of FEMtools 4.


title: Joseph A. Rattigan

abstract: Joseph Austin Rattigan served in the California State Senate for the 12th district from 1959 to 1967, as a Justice of the District Court of Appeals from 1966 to 1984, and during World War II he served in the United States Navy.

text:
# Joseph A. Rattigan

**Joseph Austin Rattigan** (January 24, 1920  May 12, 2007) served in the California State Senate for the 12th district from 1959 to 1967, as a Justice of the District Court of Appeals from 1966 to 1984, and during World War II he served in the United States Navy.

1. "Join California - Joseph A. Rattigan". *joincalifornia.com*.
2. Vassar, Alexander C. (2011). *Legislators of California* (PDF). Retrieved 23 November 2016.

## InfoBox

| Joseph A. Rattigan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the California Senate
from the 12th district | |
| **In office**
January 5, 1959 – January 2, 1967 | |
| Preceded by | Farley Presley Abshire |
| Succeeded by | Richard J. Dolwig |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1920-01-24)January 24, 1920
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Died | May 12, 2007(2007-05-12) (aged 87)
Santa Rosa, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Betty Gubisch (m. 1943) |
| Children | 6 |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Qin Yinglin

abstract: Qin Yinglin is a Chinese agriculture tycoon, billionaire, Communist Party member, and the world's richest farmer. He is the chair and president of the pig farming company Muyuan Foodstuff and is one of the richest people in China. According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, his net worth was estimated at US$14.9 billion as of September 2023. Forbes wrote that he earned his wealth as "the country's largest pig breeder in the world's biggest pork market".

text:
# Qin Yinglin

**Qin Yinglin** (Chinese: 秦英林; pinyin: *Qín Yīnglín*, born 1965) is a Chinese agriculture tycoon, billionaire, Communist Party member, and the world's richest farmer. He is the chair and president of the pig farming company Muyuan Foodstuff and is one of the richest people in China. According to *Bloomberg Billionaires Index*, his net worth was estimated at US$14.9 billion as of September 2023. *Forbes* wrote that he earned his wealth as "the country's largest pig breeder in the world's biggest pork market".

## Early life

Qin (pronounced Chin) was born in 1965 in Hexi Village, Mashankou Town, Neixiang County, Nanyang, Henan. He grew up in poverty.

In 1982, when Qin was in high school, his father saved up money and bought 20 pigs, but all but one died. This motivated Qin to study pig farming at university, so that he could help people in his village earn money raising pigs. In 1985 he was accepted to Henan Agricultural University.

## Career

In 1989, at age 24, Qin Yinglin graduated with a degree in animal husbandry and began working at Nanyang Food Company. While working there he met his wife, Qian Ying, who studied veterinary science at Zhengzhou College of Animal Husbandry Engineering (now Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy). In 1992, after three years at Nanyang Food Company, Qin quit his "iron rice bowl" job, and he and Qian moved back to Qin's hometown to start a business in the pork industry. They started out with just 22 pigs.

The operation grew rapidly. By 1994 they had 2,000 pigs, and by 1997 they had 10,000. In 2000 Qin founded Muyuan Farming (牧原养殖), the company that would eventually become Muyuan Foodstuff. In 2010, the company received an International Finance Corporation loan and investment. By 2013, Muyuan Foodstuff Ltd. had two wholly owned subsidiaries and one participating company, and was raising more than one million pigs for slaughter per year. On 28 January 2014, Muyuan stock (002714.SZ) started trading on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.

Muyuan's stock price rose significantly when pork prices increased due to the African swine fever outbreak in 2019 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. During the swine fever crisis, Muyuan was able to thrive because it owns more of its own facilities than competitors, allowing it to better control the spread of disease. Qin said that the swine fever outbreak "brings both benefit and harm" and that "the epidemic will force the weaker companies and farmers to completely withdraw but it will be an opportunity for profit and development for the stronger enterprises." Amid the crisis, Muyuan worked to continue increasing the number of pigs it slaughters and to increase automation in its pig houses.

Muyuan Foodstuff is the largest pig breeder in China. As of 2019, the company slaughters five million pigs a year. Qin Yinglin serves as the company's president and chair.

### Wealth

According to the 2015 *Forbes* list of Chinese billionaires, Qin Yinglin was the richest person in Henan and the 67th richest person in China; he and his wife had a net worth of RMB 17.15 billion. According to *Hurun* the same year, he had a net worth of RMB 20.5 billion, making him the 98th richest person in China. By 2019, Qin's net worth had risen to over 100 billion yuan, bringing him to 15th on the *Hurun* list and making him the only local entrepreneur in Henan worth 100 billion yuan; this increase came as Muyuan Foodstuff was doing well due to the rising price of pork. On the 2019 *Forbes* list of Chinese billionaires, his family's wealth was estimated at 117.38 billion RMB, ninth on the list. He was the second Henanese entrepreneur on the list, after Xu Jiayin. His wealth jumped again in 2020 as pork prices rose due to African swine fever.

Qin is the richest farmer in the world and owns 883 million shares of Muyuan stock, 40.06% of the company. Qin's wife Qian Ying is also a billionaire, and together they own a majority stake in Muyuan. His son Qin Muyuan (秦牧原) is a vice-president at Muyuan Group.

## Titles

## Philanthropy

On 15 February 2019, Qin donated stock worth RMB 100 million to the Westlake Education Foundation (西湖教育基金会).

In April 2020, Qin made another donation to the Westlake Education Foundation, of stock worth RMB 800 million, for basic research, cutting-edge technological innovation, personnel development, and teaching at Westlake University.

## Awards

In 1997, Qin was recognized as one of ten outstanding young farmers in China. In 1999, he received a Youth May 4th Pacesetter award. And in 2006, he was named a national exceptional worker in the field of animal husbandry.

## InfoBox

| Qin Yinglin | |
| --- | --- |
| 秦英林 | |
| Born | 1965 (age 5859)<br>Neixiang County, Nanyang, Henan, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Alma mater | Henan Agricultural University |
| Occupation(s) | Founder and chair of Muyuan Foodstuff (牧原食品) |
| Spouse | Qian Ying (钱瑛) |


title: C. H. V. Sutherland

abstract: Carol Humphrey Vivian Sutherland, CBE, also known as Humphrey Sutherland, was an English numismatist. Sutherland was born in Merton Park, Surrey. He was the younger brother of the painter Graham Sutherland. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1932 he became an assistant keeper in the Heberden Coin Room at the Ashmolean Museum, and from 1939 he also lectured in numismatics at the University of Oxford. He was appointed keeper of the coin room in 1957 and retired in 1975. He was awarded the medal of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1954. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1970.

text:
# C. H. V. Sutherland

**Carol Humphrey Vivian Sutherland**, CBE (5 May 1908 – 14 May 1986), also known as **Humphrey Sutherland**, was an English numismatist.

Sutherland was born in Merton Park, Surrey. He was the younger brother of the painter Graham Sutherland. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1932 he became an assistant keeper in the Heberden Coin Room at the Ashmolean Museum, and from 1939 he also lectured in numismatics at the University of Oxford. He was appointed keeper of the coin room in 1957 and retired in 1975. He was awarded the medal of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1954.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1970.

## InfoBox

| C. H. V. SutherlandCBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Carol Humphrey Vivian Sutherland
(1908-05-05)5 May 1908
Merton Park, Surrey, England |
| Died | 14 May 1986(1986-05-14) (aged 78) |
| Nationality | British |
| Other names | Humphrey Sutherland |
| Occupation | Numismatist |


title: Come On Get Up

abstract: "Come On Get Up" is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson from her seventh studio album, All for You (2001). A tribal house and pop song, it was written and produced by Jackson, Rockwilder, and Jam & Lewis. It was released as a promotional single, exclusively released for airplay in Japan, where it reached number seven on the country's airplay chart. Jackson has only performed the song on the All for You Tour and on her 2019 Vegas residency, Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis. It was also included on her 2023 Together Again Tour.

text:
# Come On Get Up

"**Come On Get Up**" is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson from her seventh studio album, *All for You* (2001). A tribal house and pop song, it was written and produced by Jackson, Rockwilder, and Jam & Lewis.

It was released as a promotional single, exclusively released for airplay in Japan, where it reached number seven on the country's airplay chart. Jackson has only performed the song on the All for You Tour and on her 2019 Vegas residency, Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis. It was also included on her 2023 Together Again Tour.

## Song information

"Come On Get Up" was performed as the opening track for Jackson's All for You Tour, and was later released for airplay in Japan. It became the last single released from this album after "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)." It was intended to be released as a commercial single, but was canceled when Jackson decided to end promotion for the album following the tour's conclusion. Promotional singles and vinyls were issued in Japan and North America. Jackson was originally scheduled to film a video for the song. Subsequently, Jackson started work on her following album, *Damita Jo*.

## Track listings and formats

Japanese promo CD single (JJ-0004) 1. "Come On Get Up" (Radio Version) – 3:37

U.S. 12" promo maxi single (VAULT 001) * Side A:

1. "Come On Get Up" (John Ciafone Dub) – 6:41

* Side B:

1. "Come On Get Up" (Mood II Swing Vox) – 5:49
2. "Come On Get Up" (Mood II Swing Pacific Vox) – 5:02

## Official remixes

* "Come On Get Up" (Milk & Sugar Classic Mix) – 8:46
* "Come On Get Up" (Milk & Sugar Classic Radio Mix) – 3:39
* "Come On Get Up" (Milk & Sugar Retro Club Mix) – 8:37
* "Come On Get Up" (Milk & Sugar Retro Radio Mix) – 3:43
* "Come On Get Up" (Milk & Sugar Tribal Dub) – 6:17
* "Come On Get Up" (John Ciafone Dub) 1 – 7:05
* "Come On Get Up" (Manny Lehman Tribal Remix) – 4:08
* "Come On Get Up" (Mood II Swing Vox) 1 – 6:02
* "Come On Get Up" (Mood II Swing Pacific Vox Mix) 1 – 5:20
* "Come On Get Up" (Mood II Swing Pacific Club Mix) – 6:32
* "Come On Get Up" (Radio Edit) 1 – 3:37

1 Only versions released on vinyl or CD

## InfoBox

| "Come On Get Up" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Promotional single by Janet Jackson | |
| from the album  *All for You* | |
| Released | November 13, 2001 (2001-11-13) |
| Recorded | 2001 |
| Studio | Flyte Tyme Studios, Edina, Minnesota |
| Genre |  |
| Length | * 4:47 (album version) * 3:37 (radio version) |
| Label | Virgin |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Jackson * Jam * Lewis * Stinson |


title: Communication & Media Arts High School

abstract: Communication & Media Arts High School (CMA) is a public, magnet high school and part of Detroit Public Schools in Detroit, Michigan, United States. Kim Woo Gray was principal from when the school opened in 1992 until her retirement in 2008. CMA has twenty-three full-time staff and 512 students. CMA is one of four magnet schools in Detroit, others being.

text:
# Communication & Media Arts High School

| Student assessments | |
| --- | --- |
| 2021–22 school
year Change vs.
prior year   --- | |
| M-STEP 11th grade proficiency rates
(Science / Social Studies) | |
| Advanced % | ≤5 / ≤5 |
| Proficient % | ≤5 / ≤5 |
| PR. Proficient % | – / – |
| Not Proficient % | – / – |
| Average test scores | |
| SAT Total | 785.1 ( −122.2) |

**Communication & Media Arts High School** (CMA) is a public, magnet high school and part of Detroit Public Schools in Detroit, Michigan, United States. Kim Woo Gray was principal from when the school opened in 1992 until her retirement in 2008. CMA has twenty-three full-time staff and 512 students. CMA is one of four magnet schools in Detroit, others being (Renaissance High School, Cass Technical High School and Detroit School of Arts).

## School Campus History

The doors of CMA were first opened in 1992. It shared space in the Dewey Center for Urban Education using 1 hallway, 4 classrooms 4 teachers and 99 students. In 1993, it was then moved into a larger location (using the former facilities of St. Mary of Redford High School), located at 14771 Mansfield Street Detroit, MI 48227 (under the leadership of Principal Kim Woo Gray and Assistant Principal Stan Allen). In the new building, it now had its 1st class (class of 1996) and its incoming freshman (class of 1997). Every year after that, another year moved up until it had its first full freshman-senior student body, making the school complete with the classes of 1996-99. In 2010 the school had a new administration and had been struggling for years with declining enrollment and building problems. The new administration, led by Principal Donya Odom, faced the hard task of keeping up school morale while fighting to keep the doors open. After being on the school closure list at least 3 times, the school received a makeover and was featured on the NBC reality show “School Pride," that was aired in the fall of 2010. The makeover took just over a week to complete and brought together volunteers from staff, alumni, current students, residents from the community and leaders as well as DPS officials. It was hosted by Kym Whitley and Jacob Soboroff. A few items the school received were two new boilers, four rooftop air-conditioning units, a green room, updated classrooms and science labs, a state-of-the-art weight room and an updated library. As the school continued to grow they were in need of yet another facility and, in 2020, moved to 19501 Berg Rd, Detroit, MI 48219. This building was once occupied by Ludington Magnet Middle and Honors School.

## InfoBox

| Communication & Media Arts High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 19501 Berg Rd
Detroit, Michigan 48219
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°26′5.4924″N 83°16′9.2886″W / 42.434859000°N 83.269246833°W / 42.434859000; -83.269246833 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public, magnet high school |
| Established | 1992 |
| School district | Detroit Public Schools |
| Principal | Tiffany Cox |
| Faculty | 23 |
| Grades | 9th - 12th |
| Enrollment | 520 |
| Color(s) | Purple and White, |
| Mascot | Pharaohs |
| Website | Communication Media Arts High School Website |


title: Steyr (disambiguation)

abstract: Steyr is a city in Upper Austria. Steyr may also refer to:

text:
# Steyr (disambiguation)

**Steyr** is a city in Upper Austria.

**Steyr** may also refer to:

## Places

## Companies

* Steyr-Daimler-Puch, formerly a large manufacturing conglomerate based in Steyr, Austria
    + Magna Steyr, an automotive manufacturer, originally part of this company
    + Steyr automobile, a former car brand of this company
    + Steyr Mannlicher, a firearms manufacturer, originally part of this company, now known as Steyr Arms
    + Steyr Motors GmbH, a manufacturer of diesel-engines, originally part of this company
    + Steyr Tractor, a former marquee of this company, now part of CNH Industrial
* Steyr Arms, an Austria-based firearms manufacturer, formerly known as Steyr Mannlicher
    + Steyr AUG, a rifle manufactured by this company (introduced c. 1978)
    + Steyr GB, a handgun manufactured by this company (introduced c. 1968)
    + Steyr M, a handgun manufactured by this company (introduced c. 1999)
    + Steyr M1912 pistol, a handgun manufactured by this company (introduced c. 1912)
    + Steyr Model 1912 Mauser, a rifle manufactured by this company (introduced c. 1912)
    + Steyr TMP, a machine pistol manufactured by this company (introduced c. 1992)
    + 9×23mm Steyr, a centerfire pistol cartridge developed for the M1912 pistol


title: Combat Wombat

abstract: Combat Wombat is an Australian hip-hop group from Melbourne. The group comprises Monkey Marc, DJ Wasabi, Elf Tranzporter and MC Izzy.

text:
# Combat Wombat

***Combat Wombat*** is an Australian hip-hop group from Melbourne. The group comprises Monkey Marc, DJ Wasabi, Elf Tranzporter and MC Izzy.

## Biography

The band's name came about because they used to drive around in a camouflage painted van that looked like a giant wombat.

> ...one day whilst we were touring around the desert with our solar powered sound system (Labrats) my mate Rufus said why don't you call your band Combat Wombat... so we did.
>
> Monkey Marc

Monkey Marc met Izzy in Darwin in 1998 where they started up a solar powered party political sound system.

> She had this whole solar-powered sound system that she had hooked-up to this old quad-bike, a four-wheeled pedal bicycle. It was basically pedal and solar-powered. I arrived with my decks and my mixer, a sampler and an 808 drum machine, and that was kind of the start of Lab Rats and Combat Wombat
>
> Monkey Marc

Elf joined the band in 2000 after they all met whilst living together in a squat in the heart of Sydney.

> The squat lasted two-and-a-half years. It was the venue of many benefit parties for the forests, land rights and Lake Cowal. It had alternative movie nights, dumpster picnics and many thriving underground and grass-roots gatherings
>
> MC Izzy

> We had this warehouse out the back that became known as the Pigeon Poo Palace, and that's where we started jamming with Elf Tranzporter. We were doing heaps of free parties and Reclaim The Streets parties at the time. So he'd just rock up and start doing some rhymes, and we just started up this friendship
>
> Monky Marc

DJ Wasabi joined the band in 2002. Their first real performance as Combat Wombat was on a Channel Seven music program

> Of course, it was heavily censored. The song was about four-and-a-half minutes long, but by the time Channel Seven got hold of it and cut up the footage of us performing live, they chopped it down to about a minute-and-a-half. They'd taken everything out of it, you know, there were lines about Nike exploitation of workers, Shell drilling hell and none of that was in there. But they left in the stuff about cops selling smack and stuff). It seemed fairly obvious who the program sponsors were.
>
> Monkey Marc

This led to the release of the band's debut album, *Labrats Solar Powered Sound System*, and their subsequent signing to Elefant Traks. The band released its second album, *Unsound $ystem*, in March 2005. Within a week of its release, *Unsound $ystem* was receiving airplay on Triple J, with the single, "Qwest" reaching No. 2 on the Net 50. *Unsound $ystem* features a number of guests artists such as The Herd's Ozi Batla and TZU's Seed MC, but the most confronting cameos are from MCG and SMS: two Afghan refugees who had escaped from Woomera detention centre.

> We knew these guys from Woomera and bumped into them and invited them in to record. I played them a song, an emotive arrangement of gypsy strings, and they just tried to write whatever they could. They had never rapped and wanted to know what this song was about. I said, 'Displaced people.' They wrote this rhyme in Persian that was pretty much like, 'Why has God forgotten us? Why are we the forgotten people?' They were beautiful guys and we recorded it in an hour and took them out for pizza. Unfortunately they were locked up and sent to Baxter.
>
> Monkey Marc

## Members

### Monkey Marc

Marc Peckham (aka Monkey Marc) was born in Cardiff, Wales and moved to Australia in 1986. Peckham has been writing music since he was 11 and has been making electronic music with real gear since 1996.his first solo album of 52 songs that was lost in a house fire in 1994. He wrote and produced Combat Wombat's two albums and has been involved in numerous other projects. He has recently built a solar and wind powered recording studio in Melbourne at Abbotsford Convent. He spends six months of the year working on Aboriginal communities producing indigenous music.

### MC Izzy

Izzy Brown (aka MC Izzy) grew up with one parent working for ASIO and subsequently the family moved home consistently, running away from home at age 16.

> I grew up amid the daily intrigue of espionage within the Australian secret intelligence agencies. These insights and other visions of a well-travelled childhood, along with what we're witnessing in today's world, prompted us to express thoughts and feelings in a creative way.
>
> MC Izzy

Brown is a Hip hop artist and film maker from Melbourne Australia. Izzy has toured extensively in Australia, Europe Palestine and Africa for over a decade. She is the founder of United Struggle Project, recording music and making film clips with artists in refugee camps, slums and prisons.

Brown has been involved in the Sonic Boom collective of artists as a Youth Workshop facilitator working on remote Aboriginal communities in the central and western desert in Australia and Palm Island. Since 2000 she has conducted workshops on music, hip hop lyric writing, theatre, circus and film production working with 'youth at risk' and disadvantaged youth.

Brown has created 3 feature length documentaries 'GhettoMoto', 'Voices from the Ghetto' 'Too Deadly' and as well as numerous other short films and music videos.

Izzy was co founder of Labrats solar powered sound system and wind powered cinema that toured Australia in a vegetable oil powered van from 1997 to 2003.

### DJ Wasabi

DJ Wasabi (aka Tom Jones) was born in Matong, New South Wales in 1985. At 18, Wasabi set up his own label, Fortknight Productions, under which he has produced five albums. Wasabi first played with Combat Wombat when they were doing a free party in Newcastle, New South Wales in 2000, but didn't officially join the group until 2002. In 2004 he was invited to remix "Waltzing Matilda" for comic outfit Scared Weird Little Guys and subsequently performed with the trio at the Melbourne Comedy Festival National Telethon. Wasabi was an ARIA award winner in 2004 for his turntable work on the Scared Weird Little Guys' album, *Bits and Pieces*. He performs with and writes music for several bands including Bad Boys Batucada, and Fortknight. He also performs in groups around Melbourne including Phat Logic and is resident DJ at Big Mouth in St Kilda.

### Elf Tranzporter

Marlon Porter (aka Elf Transporter) was born in Los Angeles and emigrated to Australia in 1991. Porter was one of the founding members of early underground Australian hip-hop collective Metabass'n'Breath. He is also an 'offshore' member of San Francisco group Heavyweight Dub Champion. In addition to the above duties, he's also shared the stage with the likes of Allen Ginsberg, Jurassic 5 and Grand Wizard Theodore, whilst also playing a crucial role in the development of Melbourne-based acts such as True Live and Red Eyes.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Labrats Solar Powered Sound System* – Independent (2000)
* *Unsound $ystem*Elefant Traks/Inertia Records (14 March 2005)
* "Taking Bass Bins Hostage" – \[Maloka Records\] (8 Oct 2010) Split Release with Cop on Fire

### Singles

* "Miraculous Activist" (2001) (12")
* "Qwest" (2005) (featuring Seed MC)
* "Police Brutality" (2006)

### Solo releases

#### Monkey Marc

* *Western Desert Mob* – Independent
* "Combat Wombat – Unsound System" – (Elefant Traks)(2005)
* "Apocalypta" (Monkey Marc remix) on The Herd's *Trampled Remix Album* – Elefant Traks (2006)
* "Seven Guns and Seven Holes" (DJ $olal remix) – Ya Basta Records (2008)
* "All things Must Come to an End" – Monkeymarc – (Omelette Records)(2008)
* "Istanbul Engloutie " (Rafiralfiro remix) – Fresh Poulp Records (2009)
* "La Multi Ani" – DJ Click (Monkeymarc remix) – (No Fridge Records)(2010)
* "As The Market Crashed" – Omelette Records (1 December 2009)
* "Red Sand Culture" – Compilation by InCite Youth Arts and the Mt Theo Program (Oct 2011)
* "Who Goes There?" – Roots Manuva from the album "4everevolution" (NinjaTune/BigDada)(Sept 2011)
* "Voice of Dissent" – Soom T & Monkey Marc (single)(Renegade Masters)(Jan 2012)
* "Head Right" – Joelistics (Monkeymarc Remix)(Elefant Traks)(March 2012)
* "Rudebwoy Dub" – Jahrarian Dubbers Vol. 3 (Jahtari Records)(April 2012)
* "Red Sand Culture Vol. 2 (Compilation by InCite Youth Arts and the Mt Theo Program (2012)
* "Monkey Marc vs The Planet Smashers (Jahtarti Records)(Feb 2013)
* "Phone Baje Na -The Bombay Royal Remix (Hope St Recordings 30 June 2013)

#### Elf Tranzporter

## InfoBox

| Combat Wombat | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Melbourne, Australia |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Labels | Elefant Traks |
|  | |
| Members | Marc Peckham (aka Monkey Marc)
Tom Jones (aka DJ Wasabi)
Marlon Ray G. Porter (aka Elf Tranzporter)
Izzy Brown (aka MC Izzy) |
|  | |
| Website | Official webpage |


title: Confederate Monument in Augusta

abstract: The Confederate Monument in Bracken County, Kentucky, in Augusta, Kentucky, honors eight unknown Confederate soldiers who were killed attacking Augusta in September 1862. Confederate Colonel Basil W. Duke led a force of Confederate soldiers to raid the town, on September 27, 1862, only to be driven back by a home guard force numbering 100 and backed up by gunboats. Eight Confederate soldiers of the 21 who died were buried in Payne Cemetery. In 1903 the present monument was placed at their burial spot. The monument is a granite tombstone four feet high with a base three feet wide. At the top of the tombstone is the Confederate battle flag. The stone was placed where the unknown soldiers were buried, forty-one years after the skirmish in which they were killed. The John B. Hood Camp of the United Confederate Veterans was responsible for the funding for the monument, which totaled $550. On July 17, 1997, the Confederate Monument in Augusta was one of sixty-one different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. It is the most northerly of the monuments on the list that honor only Confederates; the Veteran's Monument in Covington to the north honors both sides. The monument is best reached from the parking area by the flagpole on the river side of Kentucky State Road 8 west of town by descending the nearby stairs. The only other route involves walking across private yards and then up a steep 100 foot hill through Payne Cemetery.

text:
# Confederate Monument in Augusta

The **Confederate Monument** in Bracken County, Kentucky, in Augusta, Kentucky, honors eight unknown Confederate soldiers who were killed attacking Augusta in September 1862. Confederate Colonel Basil W. Duke led a force of Confederate soldiers to raid the town, on September 27, 1862, only to be driven back by a home guard force numbering 100 and backed up by gunboats. Eight Confederate soldiers of the 21 who died were buried in Payne Cemetery. In 1903 the present monument was placed at their burial spot.

The monument is a granite tombstone four feet high with a base three feet wide. At the top of the tombstone is the Confederate battle flag. The stone was placed where the unknown soldiers were buried, forty-one years after the skirmish in which they were killed. The John B. Hood Camp of the United Confederate Veterans was responsible for the funding for the monument, which totaled $550.

On July 17, 1997, the Confederate Monument in Augusta was one of sixty-one different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. It is the most northerly of the monuments on the list that honor only Confederates; the Veteran's Monument in Covington to the north honors both sides.

The monument is best reached from the parking area by the flagpole on the river side of Kentucky State Road 8 west of town by descending the nearby stairs. The only other route involves walking across private yards and then up a steep 100 foot hill through Payne Cemetery.

38°46′09.4″N 84°00′42.8″W / 38.769278°N 84.011889°W / 38.769278; -84.011889

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Confederate Monument in Augusta | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Payne Cemetery, N of KY 8, Augusta, Kentucky |
| Built | 1903 |
| MPS | Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000715 |
| Added to NRHP | July 17, 1997 |


title: Compsodrillia thestia

abstract: Compsodrillia thestia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

text:
# Compsodrillia thestia

***Compsodrillia thestia*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 14 mm, its diameter 5 mm.

(Original description) The slender, acute shell is strongly sculptured, with pale brownish clouding on a yellowish white ground. The protoconch is smooth, inflated, and consists of 1½ whorl, followed by about eight sculptured whorls. The suture is distinct, undulated, strongly appressed, thick-edged, with a strong cord immediately behind the strongly constricted smooth anal fasciole. Other spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire one or two) strong peripheral cords, swollen and almost angulated where they override the ribs. On the body whorl there are six or seven cords with much wider interspaces and as many more smaller close-set threads on the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of seven or eight very prominent short ribs on the penultimate whorl; fading out on the body whorl, and rather prominent widely spaced incremental lines most conspicuous on the body whorl. The aperture is subovate. The anal sulcus is conspicuous, rounded, with a marked subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin, moderately arcuate, not varicose. The inner lip shows a coat of enamel with the anterior edge raised. The columella is short, straight. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated from the aperture.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Sea of Cortez, Western Mexico.

* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
* "*Compsodrillia thestia*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Compsodrillia thestia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell of *Compsodrillia thestia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Pseudomelatomidae |
| Genus: | *Compsodrillia* |
| Species: | ***C. thestia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Compsodrillia thestia***<br>(Dall, 1919) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Clathrodrillia thestia* Dall, 1919 * *Clathrodrillia (Carinodrillia) thestia* Dall, 1919 (original combination) | |


title: Stevie Young

abstract: Stephen Crawford Young Jr. is an Australian musician, and the rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist for the Australian rock & roll band AC/DC. He joined the band in April 2014, to record the group's Rock or Bust album, but was not announced as an official member of the band until September of that year. He replaced his uncle, Malcolm Young, who retired due to dementia. He had previously filled in for Malcolm on AC/DC's 1988 US tour.

text:
# Stevie Young

**Stephen Crawford Young Jr.** (born 11 December 1956) is an Australian musician, and the rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist for the Australian rock & roll band AC/DC. He joined the band in April 2014, to record the group's *Rock or Bust* album, but was not announced as an official member of the band until September of that year. He replaced his uncle, Malcolm Young, who retired due to dementia. He had previously filled in for Malcolm on AC/DC's 1988 US tour.

## Early life

Stephen Crawford Young Jr was born 11 December 1956 in Glasgow, Scotland. Young is the son of Stephen Crawford Young Sr. (1933–1989), who was the eldest brother of Angus, Malcolm, George, and Alex Young. He emigrated with his family from Scotland to Sydney in 1963. The family settled in Concord, New South Wales. He returned to Scotland in 1970.

## Career

### Early music career

After his first bands, The Stabbers, Prowler and Tantrum formed in the Scottish Borders town of Hawick in the late 1970s, Young made two albums in the 1980s with his rock band Starfighters, formed 1980 in Birmingham. Starfighters were chosen as support for AC/DC's Back in Black UK Tour in 1980. Starfighters also opened several dates for Ozzy Osbourne in 1982.

Starfighters split in 1983 before coming back together in 1987 for another shot. When that did not work out, Young formed Little Big Horn whose demo tape was produced by Malcolm Young. They soon broke up after a lack of success in signing a record deal, although not before they had recorded a session for Tommy Vance's Friday Rock Show on BBC Radio 1. Young later formed Up Rising, a band that also split up. In 2009, Young was a member of Birmingham rock band Hellsarockin.

When Starfighters bassist Doug Dennis died in 2011, the remaining Starfighters reformed to play at his wake with Young's son Angus on bass.

From July 2013 Young and Pat Hambly from the Starfighters performed in a blues trio with singer Martin Wood called Blue Murda. Blue Murda were later joined on guitar by Young's son, Angus, and John Malan on bass guitar. Angus is the grand-nephew of AC/DC's Angus Young and was briefly a member of AC/DC tribute band AC/DC UK.

### Career with AC/DC

The connection to AC/DC goes back to the 1960s where Young, Angus, and Malcolm attended the same school while growing up in Sydney. Coincidentally, Starfighters was also the name of a Dutch band of AC/DC co-producer Harry Vanda, before his family moved to Australia.

During the late 1970s Young and his brother Fraser occasionally travelled with AC/DC on tour; both were photographed with Angus and Malcolm backstage at Wembley in 1979 during the Highway to Hell Tour.

During the 1988 US tour for AC/DC's album *Blow Up Your Video*, which started on 3 May 1988, Young filled in for Malcolm on rhythm guitar, while Malcolm left to deal with a growing alcohol dependency. Many fans were not even aware that Malcolm had been replaced, because Young bore a physical resemblance (at the time) to him. Malcolm overcame his drinking problem and returned to the band, staying until his retirement in 2014.

In July 2014, AC/DC's Brian Johnson confirmed that Young had recorded with the band for their upcoming album *Rock or Bust*, again replacing his ill uncle Malcolm. In September it was confirmed that Young would replace Malcolm on a permanent basis. It was revealed in a *Rolling Stone* interview that Young had been recruited by Angus as far back as January 2014, before contact had been made with other band members.

Young was involved with AC/DC's 2020 follow-up album, *Power Up* in which he once again performed rhythm guitar and backing vocals. When asked about the difficulties of having to arrange riffs that he had written with his brother, Angus admitted that Stevie was instrumental in helping with compiling all of the riffs for the record.

## Equipment

Young has played a selection of Gretsch Jet Firebirds throughout his career. His first was a black, left-handed Firebird which was modified with an additional set of half-moon fret inlays on the fingerboard, and had the neck pick-up removed. It had an additional jack slot fitted, and a Burns tailpiece. This Firebird was inherited from Malcolm Young, and was used to record with Starfighters in the early 1980s.

Young also inherited another Firebird from Malcolm Young; this one was almost exactly the same as Malcolm's main Gretsch, with the neck pick-up removed, a third pick-up cavity, and the finish removed to leave clear maple. It has a Burns tailpiece, and was Young's no. 1 guitar on AC/DC's Rock Or Bust World tour.

Young uses 0.011 gauge strings for his high E string, although when playing AC/DC material he retains Malcolm's string gauge of 0.012" with a wound G string.

For the Rock or Bust tour, Young used Marshall Amplifiers with Celestion Creamback and Classic Lead 80 speakers as part of his touring set-up.

## Family

Young has three children: Lewis, Angus, and Stevie (III). Stevie (III) has a reggae band called Young Culture which also features Young's brother Gus "Goose" on keyboards. Goose also plays in various tribute bands.

## Discography

### Starfighters

* *Starfighters* (1981) Jive Records
* *In-Flight Movie* (1983) Jive Records

### AC/DC

## InfoBox

| Stevie Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Young performing in 2024 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Stephen Crawford Young Jr. |
| Born | (1956-12-11) 11 December 1956<br>Glasgow, Scotland |
| Genres | Hard rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | 1979–present |
| Labels | Columbia |
| Member of | AC/DC |
| Formerly of | Starfighters |
|  | |
| Website | acdc.com |