abstract: The Belgian National Road Race Championship is a cycling race which decides who will become Belgian national champion for the year to come. The men's record for most wins is currently held by one of the most successful Belgian sprinters, Tom Steels, who managed to take four road championship titles. The winners of each event are awarded with a symbolic cycling jersey, which is black, yellow and red, like the national flag. These colours can be worn by the rider at other road racing events to show their status as national champion. The champion's stripes can be combined into a sponsored rider's team kit design for this purpose.

text:
# Belgian National Road Race Championships

The **Belgian National Road Race Championship** is a cycling race which decides who will become Belgian national champion for the year to come. The men's record for most wins is currently held by one of the most successful Belgian sprinters, Tom Steels, who managed to take four road championship titles.

The winners of each event are awarded with a symbolic cycling jersey, which is black, yellow and red, like the national flag. These colours can be worn by the rider at other road racing events to show their status as national champion. The champion's stripes can be combined into a sponsored rider's team kit design for this purpose.

## Multiple champions

The following riders that have managed to win the Elite race more than once.

### Men

| Wins | Rider | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | Tom Steels | 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004 |
| 3 | Rik Van Steenbergen | 1943, 1945, 1954 |
| | Stijn Devolder | 2007, 2010, 2013 |
| 2 | Henri Luyten | 1895, 1896 |
| | Henri Bertrand | 1897, 1898 |
| | Francois Verstraeten | 1907, 1908 |
| | Jules Vanhevel | 1920, 1921 |
| | René Vermandel | 1922, 1924 |
| | Félix Sellier | 1923, 1926 |
| | Joseph Wauters | 1929, 1930 |
| | Émile Masson Jr. | 1946, 1947 |
| | André Vlayen | 1956, 1957 |
| | Rik Van Looy | 1958, 1963 |
| | Walter Godefroot | 1965, 1972 |
| | Roger De Vlaeminck | 1969, 1981 |
| | Michel Pollentier | 1977, 1978 |
| | Johan Museeuw | 1992, 1996 |
| | Wilfried Nelissen | 1994, 1995 |
| | Tom Boonen | 2009, 2012 |
| | Philippe Gilbert | 2011, 2016 |
| | Tim Merlier | 2019, 2022 |

### Women

| Wins | Rider | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | Nicolle Van Den Broeck | 1969, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1977 |
| 4 | Jolien D'Hoore | 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017 |
| | Lotte Kopecky | 2020, 2021, 2023, 2024 |
| 3 | Yvonne Reynders | 1962, 1963, 1976 |
| | Mariette Laenen | 1971, 1972, 1975 |
| | Agnes Dusart | 1986, 1987, 1988 |
| 2 | Maria Herrijgers | 1978,1979 |
| | Nele D'Haene | 1980, 1984 |
| | Kristel Werckx | 1991, 1993 |
| | Heidi Van De Vijver | 1994, 1998 |
| | Sonja Vermeylen | 1996, 1997 |
| | Evy Van Damme | 2000, 2001 |
| | Ludivine Henrion | 2007, 2009 |
| | Liesbet De Vocht | 2010, 2013 |

## Men

### Elite

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1894 | Léon Houa | Alexei Schmidt | Leon Chisoigne |
| 1895 | Henri Luyten | René Nulens
Jean Walrant |  |
| 1896 | Henri Luyten **(2)** | Georges Van Oolen | Henri Marnette |
| 1897 | Henri Bertrand | Maurice Virlee | Jozef Berchmans |
| 1898 | Henri Bertrand **(2)** | Maurice Virlee | Georges Luyten |
| 1899 | Jules Degeetere | Alphonse Seys | Fritz Vanderstuyft |
| 1900 | Mathieu Quoidbach | Hubert Meura | Williot |
| 1901 | Paul Burger | Van Horenbeek | Arthur Vanderstuyft |
| 1902 | Jules Defrance |  |  |
| 1903 | Arthur Vanderstuyft | Julien Lootens | François Dhaen |
| 1904 | Jules Sales | Arthur Vanderstuyft | Théodore Sales |
| 1905 | Dieudonné Jamar | Henri Devroye | Joseph Achten |
| 1906 | Not held | | |
| 1907 | Francois Verstraeten | Camille Haeck | Robert Wancourt |
| 1908 | Francois Verstraeten **(2)** | Cyrille van Hauwaert | Eugene Platteau |
| 1909 | Cyrille van Hauwaert | Dieudonné Jamar | Fons Spiessens |
| 1910 | Henri Hanlet | Michel Debaets | Marcel Buysse |
| 1911 | Odile Defraye | Jules Masselis | Cyrille van Hauwaert |
| 1912 | Omer Verschoore | Felicien Salmon | Henri Devroye |
| 1913 | Joseph Van Daele | Jean Van Ingelghem | Jean Rossius |
| 1914 | Victor Dethier | Joseph Van Daele | Louis Mottiat |
| 1915–
1918 | Not held due to World War I | | |
| 1919 | Jean Rossius | Joseph Van Daele | Louis Mottiat |
| 1920 | Jules Vanhevel | Louis Mottiat | René Vermandel |
| 1921 | Jules Vanhevel **(2)** | René Vermandel | Louis Mottiat |
| 1922 | René Vermandel | Philippe Thys | Félix Sellier |
| 1923 | Félix Sellier | Maurice De Waele | René Vermandel |
| 1924 | René Vermandel **(2)** | Félix Sellier | Denis Verschueren |
| 1925 | Gerard Debaets | Auguste Verdyck | Denis Verschueren |
| 1926 | Félix Sellier **(2)** | Julien Delbecque | Maurice Depauw |
| 1927 | August Mortelmans | Julien Delbecque | Leopold Matton |
| 1928 | Joseph Dervaes | Félix Sellier | Raymond Decorte |
| 1929 | Joseph Wauters | Georges Ronsse | Alfred Haemerlinck |
| 1930 | Joseph Wauters **(2)** | Joseph Dervaes | Alfred Haemerlinck |
| 1931 | Alphonse Schepers | Émile Joly | Gustaaf Van Slembrouck |
| 1932 | Georges Lemaire | Gustaaf Van Slembrouck | Michel Van Vlockhoven |
| 1933 | Louis Duerloo | Jozef Vanderhaegen | Constant Huys |
| 1934 | Louis Roels | Emile Bruneau | Jozef Vanderhaegen |
| 1935 | Gustave Danneels | Jef Demuysere | Félicien Vervaecke |
| 1936 | Jean Aerts | Louis Hardiquest | Michel D'Hooghe |
| 1937 | Karel Kaers | Maurice Raes | Adelin Van Simaeys |
| 1938 | Petrus Van Theemsche | Hubert Deltour | Marcel Kint |
| 1939 | Marcel Kint | Roger Vandendriessche | Albertin Disseaux |
| 1940 | Odiel Van Den Meersschaut | André Maelbrancke | Gustaaf Van Overloop |
| 1941 | André Defoort | Gustaaf Van Overloop | Achiel De Backer |
| 1942 | André Maelbrancke | Albert Sercu | Lucien Vlaemynck |
| 1943 | Rik Van Steenbergen | Georges Claes | Robert Van Eenaeme |
| 1944 | Not held | | |
| 1945 | Rik Van Steenbergen **(2)** | Odiel Van Den Meersschaut | Jean Bogaerts |
| 1946 | Émile Masson Jr. | Briek Schotte | Maurice Van Herzele |
| 1947 | Émile Masson Jr. **(2)** | Jacques Geus | Maurice Meersman |
| 1948 | Achiel Buysse | Briek Schotte | Ernest Sterckx |
| 1949 | Valère Ollivier | Raymond Impanis | Prosper Depredomme |
| 1950 | Albert Ramon | Briek Schotte | Valère Ollivier |
| 1951 | Lode Anthonis | Edward Peeters | Emmanuel Thoma |
| 1952 | Jozef Schils | Robert Vanderstockt | Marcel De Mulder |
| 1953 | Alois Vansteenkiste | Florent Rondelé | Stan Ockers |
| 1954 | Rik Van Steenbergen **(3)** | Roger Decock | René De Smet |
| 1955 | Emiel Van Cauter | Germain Derycke | Jan Storms |
| 1956 | André Vlayen | Frans Schoubben | Karel Clerckx |
| 1957 | André Vlayen **(2)** | Roger Verplaetse | Karel Clerckx |
| 1958 | Rik Van Looy | Jef Planckaert | Frans Aerenhouts |
| 1959 | Petrus Oellibrandt | Jan Adriaensens | Daniel Denys |
| 1960 | Frans De Mulder | Willy Vannitsen | Arthur Decabooter |
| 1961 | Michel Van Aerde | Arnould Flecy | Jos Hoevenaers |
| 1962 | Jef Planckaert | Guillaume Van Tongerloo | Emile Daems |
| 1963 | Rik Van Looy **(2)** | Louis Proost | Frans Aerenhouts |
| 1964 | Edward Sels | Willy Bocklant | Frans Melckenbeeck |
| 1965 | Walter Godefroot | Eddy Merckx | Arthur Decabooter |
| 1966 | Guido Reybrouck | Robert Lelangue | Jos Huysmans |
| 1967 | Jozef Boons | Willy In 't Ven | Émile Bodart |
| 1968 | Julien Stevens | Ferdinand Bracke | Guido Reybrouck |
| 1969 | Roger De Vlaeminck | Walter Godefroot | Alfons De Bal |
| 1970 | Eddy Merckx | Herman Vanspringel | Jean-Pierre Monseré |
| 1971 | Herman Vanspringel | Jozef Spruyt | Willy Van Neste |
| 1972 | Walter Godefroot **(2)** | Eddy Merckx | Albert Van Vlierberghe |
| 1973 | Frans Verbeeck | Eddy Merckx | Willy Planckaert |
| 1974 | Roger Swerts | Ludo Van Staeyen | Johan De Muynck |
| 1975 | Willy Teirlinck | Willy Planckaert | Eddy Merckx |
| 1976 | Freddy Maertens | Jean-Luc Vandenbroucke | Willy Teirlinck |
| 1977 | Michel Pollentier | Joseph Bruyère | Paul Wellens |
| 1978 | Michel Pollentier **(2)** | Willy Teirlinck | Marcel Laurens |
| 1979 | Gery Verlinden | Eddy Schepers | Marc Renier |
| 1980 | Jos Jacobs | Dirk Heirweg | Eddy Schepers |
| 1981 | Roger De Vlaeminck **(2)** | Gery Verlinden | Benjamin Vermeulen |
| 1982 | Frank Hoste | Eddy Vanhaerens | Alfons De Wolf |
| 1983 | Lucien Van Impe | Marc Sergeant | Michel Dernies |
| 1984 | Eric Vanderaerden | Eddy Planckaert | Frank Hoste |
| 1985 | Paul Haghedooren | Claude Criquielion | Rudy Dhaenens |
| 1986 | Marc Sergeant | Hendrik Devos | Etienne De Wilde |
| 1987 | Ferdi Van Den Haute | Jean-Pierre Heynderickx | Herman Frison |
| 1988 | Etienne De Wilde | Herman Frison | Jean-Philippe Vandenbrande |
| 1989 | Carlo Bomans | Eddy Planckaert | Alfons De Wolf |
| 1990 | Claude Criquielion | Edwig Van Hooydonck | Frank Van Den Abeele |
| 1991 | Benjamin Van Itterbeeck | Jim Van De Laer | Wilfried Peeters |
| 1992 | Johan Museeuw | Johan Capiot | Johan Devos |
| 1993 | Alain Van Den Bossche | Guy Nulens | Carlo Bomans |
| 1994 | Wilfried Nelissen | Michel Vanhaecke | Peter Verbeken |
| 1995 | Wilfried Nelissen **(2)** | Tom Steels | Johan Museeuw |
| 1996 | Johan Museeuw **(2)** | Geert Van Bondt | Johan Bruyneel |
| 1997 | Tom Steels | Ludo Dierckxsens | Kurt Van De Wouwer |
| 1998 | Tom Steels **(2)** | Carlo Bomans | Peter Van Petegem |
| 1999 | Ludo Dierckxsens | Michel Vanhaecke | Axel Merckx |
| 2000 | Axel Merckx | Frank Vandenbroucke | Rik Verbrugghe |
| 2001 | Ludovic Capelle | Fabien De Waele | Michel Vanhaecke |
| 2002 | Tom Steels **(3)** | Ludovic Capelle | Gert Vanderaerden |
| 2003 | Geert Omloop | Jurgen Van Goolen | Sven Vanthourenhout |
| 2004 | Tom Steels **(4)** | Geert Omloop | Geert Verheyen |
| 2005 | Serge Baguet | Kevin van Impe | Nico Sijmens |
| 2006 | Niko Eeckhout | Philippe Gilbert | Tom Boonen |
| 2007 | Stijn Devolder | Tom Boonen | Philippe Gilbert |
| 2008 | Jürgen Roelandts | Sven Vanthourenhout | Niko Eeckhout |
| 2009 | Tom Boonen | Philippe Gilbert | Kristof Goddaert |
| 2010 | Stijn Devolder **(2)** | Philippe Gilbert | Frederik Veuchelen |
| 2011 | Philippe Gilbert | Gianni Meersman | Jelle Wallays |
| 2012 | Tom Boonen **(2)** | Kristof Goddaert | Sven Vandousselaere |
| 2013 | Stijn Devolder **(3)** | Gianni Meersman | Jan Bakelants |
| 2014 | Jens Debusschere | Roy Jans | Tom Boonen |
| 2015 | Preben Van Hecke | Jürgen Roelandts | Greg Van Avermaet |
| 2016 | Philippe Gilbert **(2)** | Tim Wellens | Greg Van Avermaet |
| 2017 | Oliver Naesen | Sep Vanmarcke | Jasper Stuyven |
| 2018 | Yves Lampaert | Philippe Gilbert | Jasper Stuyven |
| 2019 | Tim Merlier | Timothy Dupont | Wout van Aert |
| 2020 | Dries De Bondt | Iljo Keisse | Pieter Serry |
| 2021 | Wout van Aert | Edward Theuns | Remco Evenepoel |
| 2022 | Tim Merlier **(2)** | Jordi Meeus | Jasper Philipsen |
| 2023 | Remco Evenepoel | Alec Segaert | Jasper Stuyven |
| 2024 | Arnaud De Lie | Jasper Philipsen | Jordi Meeus |

### Under 23

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | Rolf Verhaegen | Koen Das | Dave Bruylandts |
| 1997 | Jurgen Vermeersch | Dirk D'Haemers | Bert De Waele |
| 1998 | Sven Spoormakers | Dave Bruylandts | Koen Van De Velde |
| 1999 | Andy Cappelle | Björn Leukemans | Jehudi Schoonacker |
| 2000 | Andy Cappelle **(2)** | Tom Boonen | Ludovic Draux |
| 2001 | Tom Boonen | Dimitri De Fauw | Kevin Van der Slagmolen |
| 2002 | Nick Nuyens | Philippe Gilbert | Bart Dockx |
| 2003 | Koen Barbé | Jonathan Henrion | Kristof De Zutter |
| 2004 | Maarten Wynants | Jean-Paul Simon | Pieter Duyck |
| 2005 | Dries Devenyns | Lars Croket | Maxime Vantomme |
| 2006 | Greg Van Avermaet | Jérôme Giaux | Pieter Vanspeybrouck |
| 2007 | Pieter Muys | Klaas Lodewyck | Bjorn Coomans |
| 2008 | Dimitri Claeys | Jérôme Baugnies | Jan Bakelants |
| 2009 | Dimitri Claeys **(2)** | Walt De Winter | Sven Vandousselaere |
| 2010 | Laurens De Vreese | Yannick Eijssen | Jochen Vankerckhoven |
| 2011 | Tim Declercq | Sander Helven | Eliot Lietaer |
| 2012 | Jorne Carolus | Tim De Troyer | Roy Jans |
| 2013 | Jens Wallays | Maarten Craeghs | Frederik Frison |
| 2014 | Jef Van Meirhaeghe | Bert Van Lerberghe | Jelle Donders |
| 2015 | Nathan Van Hooydonck | Jenthe Biermans | Michael Cools |
| 2016 | Joachim Vanreyten | Enzo Wouters | Alexander Geuens |
| 2017 | Jordi Van Dingenen | Franklin Six | Stan Dewulf |
| 2018 | Gerben Thijssen | Jens Reynders | Tom Verhaegen |
| 2019 | Florian Vermeersch | Gilles De Wilde | Sébastien Grignard |
| 2020 | Jordi Meeus | Arne Marit | Simon Dehairs |
| 2021 | Maarten Verheyen | Thibau Nys | Lennart Van Eetvelt |
| 2022 | Jarne Van de Paar | Axel De Kinder | Alex Vandenbulcke |
| 2023 | Simon Dehairs | Floris Van Tricht | Gianluca Pollefliet |
| 2024 | Sente Sentjens | Senne Hulsmans | Tom Crabbe |

## Women

### Elite

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1959 | Victoire Van Nuffel | Rosa Sels | Liliane Cleiren |
| 1960 | Rosa Sels | Yvonne Reynders | Nadia Germonpre |
| 1961 | Annie Vermeiren | Yvonne Reynders | Rosa Sels |
| 1962 | Yvonne Reynders | Simone Ellegeest | Liliane Cleiren |
| 1963 | Yvonne Reynders **(2)** | Louisa Smits | Simone Ellegeest |
| 1964 | Denise Bral | Rosa Sels | Marie-Thérèse Naessens |
| 1965 | Louisa Smits | Marie-Thérèse Naessens | Francine Verlot |
| 1966 | Marie-Rose Gaillard | Simone Ellegeest | Suzanne Sohie |
| 1967 | Christiane Geerts | Louisa Smits | Francine Verlot |
| 1968 | Marguerita Dams | Nicolle Van Den Broeck | Francine Verlot |
| 1969 | Nicolle Van Den Broeck | Suzanne Sohie | Christiane Goeminne |
| 1970 | Nicolle Van Den Broeck **(2)** | Christiane Geerts | Francine Verlot |
| 1971 | Mariette Laenen | Christiane Geerts | Francine Verlot |
| 1972 | Mariette Laenen **(2)** | Nicolle Van Den Broeck | Francine Verlot |
| 1973 | Nicolle Van Den Broeck **(3)** | Christiane Goeminne |  |
| 1974 | Nicolle Van Den Broeck **(4)** | Mariette Laenen | Francine Verlot |
| 1975 | Mariette Laenen **(3)** | Christiane Goeminne | Johanna Bosmans |
| 1976 | Yvonne Reynders **(3)** | Christiane Goeminne | Nicolle Van Den Broeck |
| 1977 | Nicolle Van Den Broeck **(5)** | Mariette Laenen | Yvonne Reynders |
| 1978 | Maria Herrijgers | Christiane Goeminne | Frieda Maes |
| 1979 | Maria Herrijgers **(2)** | Sonja Pleysier | Marie-Hélène Schiffers |
| 1980 | Nele D'Haene | Chantal Van Havere | Maria-Magdalena Kennes |
| 1981 | Gerda Sierens | Marina Mampay | Maria Herrijgers |
| 1982 | Jenny De Smet | Gerda Sierens | Anna Callebaut |
| 1983 | Ingrid Mekers | Gerda Sierens | Anna Callebaut |
| 1984 | Nele D'Haene **(2)** | Jenny De Smet | Gerda Sierens |
| 1985 | Josiane Vanhuysse | Nadine Fiers | Marleen Clemminck |
| 1986 | Agnes Dusart | Josiane Vanhuysse | Nadine Fiers |
| 1987 | Agnes Dusart **(2)** | Sonja Vermeylen | Els Mertens |
| 1988 | Agnes Dusart **(3)** | Kristel Werckx | Sylvie Slos |
| 1989 | Sylvie Slos | Sabine Snijers | Els Mertens |
| 1990 | Véronique De Roose | Godelieve Jansens | Kristel Werckx |
| 1991 | Kristel Werckx | Heidi Van De Vijver | Monica Van Nassauw |
| 1992 | Godelieve Jansens | Sabine Snijers | Véronique Schurmann |
| 1993 | Kristel Werckx **(2)** | Monica Van Nassauw | Vanja Vonckx |
| 1994 | Heidi Van De Vijver | Patsy Maegerman | Anja Lenaers |
| 1995 | Els Decottenier | Sonja Vermeylen | Vanja Vonckx |
| 1996 | Sonja Vermeylen | Linda Troyekens | Patsy Maegerman |
| 1997 | Sonja Vermeylen **(2)** | Els Decottenier | Anja Lenaers |
| 1998 | Heidi Van De Vijver **(2)** | Sonja Vermeylen | Anja Lenaers |
| 1999 | Cindy Pieters | Vanja Vonckx | Els Decottenier |
| 2000 | Evy Van Damme | Lensy Debboudt | Sonja Vermeylen |
| 2001 | Evy Van Damme **(2)** | Ine Wannijn | Godelieve Jansens |
| 2002 | Ine Wannijn | Corine Hierckens | Veronique Belleter |
| 2003 | Anja Nobus | Ilse Geldhof | Veerle Ingels |
| 2004 | Natacha Maes | Ine Wannijn | Sara Peeters |
| 2005 | Corine Hierckens | Sara Peeters | Natasha Nobels |
| 2006 | Veronique Belleter | Karen Steurs | Ine Wannijn |
| 2007 | Ludivine Henrion | Ine Wannijn | Liesbet De Vocht |
| 2008 | Ilse Geldhof | Nana Steenssens | Anne Arnouts |
| 2009 | Ludivine Henrion **(2)** | Latoya Brulee | Kelly Druyts |
| 2010 | Liesbet De Vocht | Kelly Druyts | Evelyn Arys |
| 2011 | Evelyn Arys | Sofie De Vuyst | Lensy Debboudt |
| 2012 | Jolien D'Hoore | Ludivine Henrion | Jessie Daams |
| 2013 | Liesbet De Vocht **(2)** | Maaike Polspoel | Sofie De Vuyst |
| 2014 | Jolien D'Hoore **(2)** | Lotte Kopecky | Sofie De Vuyst |
| 2015 | Jolien D'Hoore **(3)** | Lotte Kopecky | Sofie De Vuyst |
| 2016 | Kaat Hannes | Lotte Kopecky | Jolien D'Hoore |
| 2017 | Jolien D'Hoore **(4)** | Lotte Kopecky | Kelly Druyts |
| 2018 | Annelies Dom | Valerie Demey | Sanne Cant |
| 2019 | Jesse Vandenbulcke | Ann-Sophie Duyck | Julie Van de Velde |
| 2020 | Lotte Kopecky | Jolien D'Hoore | Shari Bossuyt |
| 2021 | Lotte Kopecky **(2)** | Julie Van de Velde | Alana Castrique |
| 2022 | Kim de Baat | Fien van Eynde | Sara Maes |
| 2023 | Lotte Kopecky **(3)** | Marthe Goossens | Kelly Druyts |
| 2024 | Lotte Kopecky **(4)** | Sanne Cant | Justine Ghekiere |

## InfoBox

Belgian National Road Race Championships – Men's elite race
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Belgium |
| Discipline | Road bicycle racing |
| Type | One-day |
| Organiser | Royal Belgian Cycling League |
| History | |
| First edition | 1894 (1894) |
| Editions | 124 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Léon Houa |
| Most wins | Tom Steels *(4 wins)* |
| Most recent | Arnaud De Lie |


title: Richmond Lass

text:
# Richmond Lass

Richmond Lass won 31 races as a harness racer and went on to win the 1969 Inter Dominion Pacing Championship. The horse was owned by Fred Miller, from Richmond House, Bung Bong, Victoria and driven by "respected local horseman Jack Moore."

## Richmond L'Ami

Richmond L'Ami (with L'Ami being French for 'friend') a bay horse was born on 14 November 1975. The dam was Richmond Lass and the sire, Tarport Boy. Richmond L'Ami - a pacer - won a number of races including the Boort Cup on 30 January 1982.

## Death

Richmond Lass died at Richmond Park, in a major bush-fire, at Bung Bong, on 14 January 1985. There a memorial plaque erected at Richmond House.

## Hall of Fame

In August 2017, Richmond Lass was inducted into the Victorian Harness Racing's, Hall of Fame as "one of Australia’s finest pacing mares".

## Memorial race

The *Harness Breeders VIC Richmond Lass* race, has been "named in honour of one of the best mares produced in the southern hemisphere" with $30,000 prize money, and is held annually at Melton Entertainment Park.

Further information on Richmond Lass is available from *Australian Harness Racing*.

## Reference list

## InfoBox

| Richmond Lass | |
| --- | --- |
| Richmond Lass winning the 1969 Inter Dominion Pacing Championship | |
| Sire | Aachen |
| Dam | Chevro |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | (1963-09-01)1 September 1963 |
| Died | 14 January 1985(1985-01-14) (aged 21) |
| Owner | Fred Miller, Richmond House, Coordinates 37°06′49.5″S 143°34′41.7″E / 37.113750°S 143.578250°E / -37.113750; 143.578250 |
| Record | |
| Winner of the 1969 Inter Dominion Pacing Championship | |
| Earnings | |
| $42,936 | |
| Major wins | |
| 31 | |


title: Richmond Kickers Destiny

abstract: Richmond Kickers Destiny was an American women's soccer team, founded in 2004. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, the second tier of women's soccer in the United States and Canada. The team played in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The Richmond Kickers folded the Destiny after the 2009 season in a cost-cutting move. The team played its home games at Sports Backers Stadium in the city of Richmond, Virginia, and also occasionally at University of Richmond Stadium, and the former First Market Stadium. The team's colors were red, white and black. The team was a sister organization of the men's Richmond Kickers of the USL PRO league, and Richmond Kickers Future, which played in the USL Premier Development League until 2008.

text:
# Richmond Kickers Destiny

**Richmond Kickers Destiny** was an American women's soccer team, founded in 2004. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, the second tier of women's soccer in the United States and Canada. The team played in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The Richmond Kickers folded the Destiny after the 2009 season in a cost-cutting move.

The team played its home games at Sports Backers Stadium in the city of Richmond, Virginia, and also occasionally at University of Richmond Stadium, and the former First Market Stadium (now known as Robins Stadium). The team's colors were red, white and black.

The team was a sister organization of the men's Richmond Kickers of the USL PRO league, and Richmond Kickers Future, which played in the USL Premier Development League until 2008.

## Players

### Notable former players

## Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Reg. Season | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | 1 | USL W-League | 4th, Atlantic |  |
| 2005 | 1 | USL W-League | 5th, Atlantic |  |
| 2006 | 1 | USL W-League | 2nd, Atlantic | Conference finals |
| 2007 | 1 | USL W-League | 2nd, Atlantic | Conference semifinals |
| 2008 | 1 | USL W-League | 6th, Atlantic | *Did not qualify* |
| 2009 | 2 | USL W-League | 7th, Atlantic | *Did not qualify* |

## InfoBox

Richmond Kickers Destiny
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Richmond Kickers Destiny |
| Nickname(s) | Destiny |
| Founded | 2004 |
| Dissolved | 2009 |
| Stadium | Sports Backers Stadium |
| Capacity | 3,250 |
| Chairman | Tom Depcrynski |
| Manager | Jen Woodie |
| League | USL W-League |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Belighted

abstract: Belighted is the second studio album by chamber progressive band iamthemorning, their first album released through Kscope. The album was released on 15 September 2014 and features drummer Gavin Harrison from Porcupine Tree.

text:
# Belighted

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| TeamRock | (favorable) |
| DPRP |  |

***Belighted*** is the second studio album by chamber progressive band iamthemorning, their first album released through Kscope. The album was released on 15 September 2014 and features drummer Gavin Harrison from Porcupine Tree.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by iamthemorning

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intermission IX" | 1:20 |
| 2. | "The Howler" | 3:57 |
| 3. | "To Human Misery" | 4:18 |
| 4. | "Intermission X" | 0:53 |
| 5. | "Romance" | 3:01 |
| 6. | "The Simple Story" | 3:30 |
| 7. | "Intermission XI" | 1:21 |
| 8. | "5/4" | 3:50 |
| 9. | "Crowded Corridors" | 8:44 |
| 10. | "Gerda" | 4:52 |
| 11. | "Os Lunatum" | 4:31 |
| 12. | "Intermission XII" | 2:43 |
| 13. | "K. O. S." | 6:06 |
| 14. | "Reprise of Light/No Light" | 5:16 |
| 15. | "Intermission XIII" | 0:58 |
| Total length: | | 55:29 |

## Personnel

iamthemorning Additional musicians * Gavin Harrison – Drums
* Max Roudenko – Bass
* Vlad Avy – Guitars
* Mark Knight – Guitars
* Andres Izmaylov – Harp

## InfoBox

| Belighted | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by iamthemorning | |
| Released | 15 September 2014 |
| Recorded | Assault & Battery 2 studio, House of Composers, Alchemea College of Audio Engineering |
| Genre | Progressive Rock, Chamber Pop |
| Length | 55:29 |
| Label | Kscope |
| Producer | iamthemorning |
| Iamthemorning chronology | |
| *Miscellany''*
(2014) ***Belighted***
(2014) *From the House of Arts*
(2015) | |


title: Belikin

abstract: Belikin is the leading domestically produced beer brand in Belize. Belikin is brewed by the Belize Brewing Company, Ltd. which is owned by the Bowen family. The Belize Brewing Company was established in 1969, and began brewing Belikin Beer and Belikin Stout brand name in 1971. Its tagline is "The Beer of Belize". The name "Belikin" comes from the Maya language and means "Route to the East". This is a term which some have suggested is the origin of the name of "Belize". The Belikin label features a drawing of a Pre-Columbian Maya temple-pyramid at Altun Ha. The most common Belikin is a light lager beer. Lighthouse Lager, Belikin Premium and a stout beer are also brewed and sold under the Belikin name. The brewery is based in Ladyville, Belize District.

text:
# Belikin

**Belikin** is the leading domestically produced beer brand in Belize.

Belikin is brewed by the Belize Brewing Company, Ltd. which is owned by the Bowen family. The Belize Brewing Company was established in 1969, and began brewing Belikin Beer and Belikin Stout brand name in 1971. Its tagline is "The Beer of Belize".

The name "Belikin" comes from the Maya language and means "Route to the East". This is a term which some have suggested is the origin of the name of "Belize" (although the most accepted derivation says the name comes from the Belize River, meaning "muddy"). The Belikin label features a drawing of a Pre-Columbian Maya temple-pyramid at Altun Ha.

The most common Belikin is a light lager beer. Lighthouse Lager, Belikin Premium and a stout beer are also brewed and sold under the Belikin name.

The brewery is based in Ladyville, Belize District.

## Products marketed by Belikin

Belikin produces the following beers:

* Belikin Beer
* Belikin Stout
* Belikin Premium
* Guinness (local brewer and distributor)
* Lighthouse Lager

## Community impact

The parent company of Belikin, Bowen & Bowen, support community environmental preservation efforts through coastal cleanups and recycling projects.

## InfoBox

Belikin Beer
|
|  |
| Trade name | Brand held by the Belize Brewing Company |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Beer (brand) |
| Founded | 1969 (1969) |
| Founder | Bowen Family |
| Headquarters | U.S. Belize Brewing Company, Ltd Old Airport Road, Ladyville, Belize |
| Area served | Belize |
| Key people | * Michael H.M. Bowen (Chief Executive Officer) * Shelley S. Bowen (Chief Creative Officer) * Nolan Michael (Chief Research & Development Officer) |
| Parent | Bowen & Bowen |
| Website | www.belikin.bz |


title: Richey McCourt

abstract: Richey McCourt is a Dublin-based songwriter, who is signed to Stockholm-based publishing company, DH MGMT. McCourt has worked with artists and producers including Will Young, Pixie Lott, Matt Cardle, Rebecca Ferguson and Isaac Waddington. He writes predominantly with Swedish-based writer and producer Nick Jarl. McCourt and Jarl's song "Losing the Love" is featured in the Disney movie Tini: The Movie starring Martina "Tini" Stoessel and on her debut album. In June 2015, McCourt was interviewed as part of the IrishTimes.com series How Music Works, where he discussed his approach to songwriting, and his background in performance. McCourt has co-written a song for the Rebecca Ferguson album Superwoman, called "I'll Meet You There". The album was released on 14 October 2016. In October 2017, a track written and produced by McCourt/Jarl "Not Alone" was released by Hollywood Records artist Shalisa.

text:
# Richey McCourt

**Richey McCourt** (born 11 May 1981) is a Dublin-based songwriter, who is signed to Stockholm-based publishing company, DH MGMT. McCourt has worked with artists and producers including Will Young, Pixie Lott, Matt Cardle, Rebecca Ferguson and Isaac Waddington. He writes predominantly with Swedish-based writer and producer Nick Jarl. McCourt and Jarl's song "Losing the Love" is featured in the Disney movie *Tini: The Movie* starring Martina "Tini" Stoessel and on her debut album.

In June 2015, McCourt was interviewed as part of the IrishTimes.com series *How Music Works*, where he discussed his approach to songwriting, and his background in performance.

McCourt has co-written a song for the Rebecca Ferguson album *Superwoman*, called "I'll Meet You There". The album was released on 14 October 2016. In October 2017, a track written and produced by McCourt/Jarl "Not Alone" was released by Hollywood Records artist Shalisa.

## Songwriting discography

| Artist | Track | Year | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Will Young | "I Don't Need a Lover" | 2015 | Island UK |
| Tini | "Se escapa tu amor" / "Losing the Love" | 2016 | Hollywood Records |
| Rebecca Ferguson | "I'll Meet You There" | 2016 | Syco / RCA |
| Shalisa | "Not Alone" | 2017 | Hollywood Records |
| Erica-Cody | "Love Me Like I Do" | 2024 |  |

## InfoBox

| Richey McCourt | |
| --- | --- |
| McCourt in May 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Richey McCourt |
| Born | (1981-05-11) 11 May 1981<br>Dublin, Ireland |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Songwriter * record producer * musician |
| Instruments | * Guitar * drums * bass * keyboards * vocals |
| Years active | 2013–present |


title: Richard Rosner (psychiatrist)

abstract: Richard Rosner is an American psychiatrist specializing in forensic psychiatry. He is Medical Director of the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic of Bellevue Hospital. Rosner developed and published the four-step model of forensic psychiatry, a conceptual framework for organizing and analyzing data.

text:
# Richard Rosner (psychiatrist)

**Richard Rosner** (born c. 1941) is an American psychiatrist specializing in forensic psychiatry. He is Medical Director of the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic of Bellevue Hospital. Rosner developed and published the four-step model of forensic psychiatry, a conceptual framework for organizing and analyzing data.

## Life and career

Rosner grew up in Brooklyn. After graduating from Princeton University, he applied for surgical residency he did not get. Rosner decided to go into psychiatry in the face of being drafted for the Vietnam War. He did his residency at Mount Sinai Medical Center before taking a position at Bellevue. He met his future wife Bernice, a nurse, while in school. She died in 2001.

In 1974 he succeeded Robert Goldstein as director of the clinic. He is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at New York University. He has served as president of the Tri–State Chapter of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (AAPL; 1976–1986), national AAPL (1987–1988), the American Board of Forensic Psychiatry (1989–1990), the Accreditation Council on Fellowships in Adolescent Psychiatry (1992–present), the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS; 1996–1997), the Association of Directors of Forensic Psychiatry Fellowships (1996–1998), and the American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry (2003–2004).

He appears as an expert witness, and has commented on mental health issues surrounding high-profile trials like Jeffrey Dahmer's. He has authored many books, including *Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry.*


title: Ben Maddox Way

abstract: Ben Maddox Way is one of the principal north-south arterial roads in Visalia, California, United States. It was named for Benjamin Moyers Maddox, editor-publisher of the Visalia Daily Times.

text:
# Ben Maddox Way

**Ben Maddox Way** is one of the principal north-south arterial roads in Visalia, California, United States. It was named for Benjamin Moyers Maddox (1859 Oct 18, Summerville, GA - 1948 Dec 04, Visalia, CA), editor-publisher of the Visalia Daily Times.

## Overview

Running 3.7 miles (6.0 km) from Caldwell Avenue in South Visalia to St. Johns Parkway, just south of the St. John's River in North Visalia, Ben Maddox Way is developed throughout most of its span, with four lanes in width in its entire length. The portions between Caldwell Avenue and Walnut Avenue, Huntington Court and Goshen Avenue, and Houston Avenue and Buena Vista Avenue have a raised center median with Valley Oak trees planted in some parts of the median.

From just south of Main Street to 1/3 of a mile south of Walnut Avenue, Ben Maddox Way runs parallel to the Southern Pacific tracks, which were once part of the Visalia Electric Railroad.

North of the St. John's River, the street becomes the two-lane Road 132, and runs north until it ends at California State Route 201. The entire Ben Maddox Way/Road 132 route connects neighborhoods in Southeast Visalia and East Downtown in Downtown Visalia with the city of Dinuba, and the communities of Cutler and Orosi.

The Ben Maddox overcrossing project, which began in January 2010, is the largest project funded by stimulus funds in Tulare County. It will take the overcrossing from four to eight lanes. It is one of the county's highest-volume intersections. The project is estimated to be completed in 2011.

## Transportation

Routes 8A, 8B, and 9 of the Visalia Transit runs along Ben Maddox Way from the Visalia Transit Center in Downtown Visalia.

## Districts and neighborhoods along Goshen Avenue (east to west)

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Visalia, Tulare County.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0.0 | Caldwell Avenue |  |
| 1.1 | 1.8 | Walnut Avenue |  |
| 1.7 | 2.7 | Tulare Avenue |  |
| 2.1 | 3.4 | Nobel Avenue |  |
| 2.1 | 3.4 | SR 198 (Sequoia Freeway) | SR 198 exit 107B |
| 2.2 | 3.5 | Mineral King Avenue |  |
| 2.4 | 3.9 | Main Street |  |
| 2.7 | 4.3 | Goshen Avenue |  |
| 3.2 | 5.1 | Houston Avenue |  |
| 3.8 | 6.1 | St. Johns Parkway |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

1. History of Tulare County and Kings County, California, Kathleen Edwards Small & J. Larry Smith, Vol II, Chicago, The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1926, Pg. 358. @rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cagha/biographies/m/Maddox-ben.txt
2. Tulare County Recorder, Office of Vital Statistics, 221 S. Mooney Blvd., Rm 105, Visalia, CA, 93291, Death Records Index 1918-1956, ID #535
3. Business Street - Groundbreaking for Ben Maddox Overcrossing Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
4. Tulare County Measure R
5. "Valley Voice Newspaper: Road Projects Abound in Visalia". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
6. "Visalia Transit Routes & Schedules," "Visalia Transit", 3 June 2010.
7. "Route of Ben Maddox Way" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved March 23, 2024.

## InfoBox

Ben Maddox Way
| Maintained by | California Department of Transportation and local government |
| --- | --- |
| South end | Caldwell Avenue |
| Major
junctions | SR 198 in Visalia |
| North end | St. Johns Parkway |


title: Rides Mass Transit District

abstract: Rides Mass Transit District (RMTD) is a provider of mass transportation in Southern Illinois, primarily serving Harrisburg, Marion, Robinson and Olney. Local fixed-route transit service is provided in these three communities, while additional demand-response service is available through the 17 county service area. The counties served include Clark, Crawford, Cumberland, Edgar, Edwards, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jasper, Lawrence, Pope, Richland, Saline, Wabash, Wayne, White, and Williamson counties. As of 2019, the system provided 1,119,285 rides over 249,718 annual vehicle revenue hours with 137 buses. In FY 2024, the system provided 636,290 rides over 141,218 annual vehicle revenue hours.

text:
# Rides Mass Transit District

**Rides Mass Transit District** (RMTD) is a provider of mass transportation in Southern Illinois, primarily serving Harrisburg, Marion, Robinson and Olney. Local fixed-route transit service is provided in these three communities, while additional demand-response service is available through the 17 county service area. The counties served include Clark, Crawford, Cumberland, Edgar, Edwards, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jasper, Lawrence, Pope, Richland, Saline, Wabash, Wayne, White, and Williamson counties. As of 2019, the system provided 1,119,285 rides over 249,718 annual vehicle revenue hours with 137 buses. In FY 2024, the system provided 636,290 rides over 141,218 annual vehicle revenue hours.

## History

In the early 1900s, public transit in Carbondale, Harrisburg and Marion was provided by streetcars. However, by 1933 these streetcar systems had all been replaced by buses. The beginning of the RMTD was in 1977, when the Rural Initiative Development of Effective Services (RIDES) began in Pope and Hardin counties, initially providing rides to nutrition centers. This service slowly expanded to three nearby counties, and in 1990, RMTD was officially formed as a Mass Transit District. Since that time, 12 more counties have joined RMTD.

Major changes came to the system came in the late 2010s, when in 2018 RMTD took over operations of the Saluki Express in Carbondale on June 11. This brought significantly more routes under the RMTD system, and allows SIU students greater access to RMTD services.

Eighteen days later the RMTD broke ground on a new transit center near the VA Medical Center in Marion. The $1.8 million facility includes a park & ride, a six bay covered bus loading area, indoor waiting area and real-time information displays. The facility opened on October 7, 2019, allowing access to RMTD services, South Central Transit and Greyhound Lines.

On March 1, 2023, the Wildcat Service began offering fixed-route transit within Marion. The new 10 stop route is intended to solve inadequate transportation, which is a major barrier to employment in the area. A partnership between RMTD and the city of Marion, five bus shelters were built alongside the service improvement, leading to an immediate increase in patronage of the RMTD buses.

RMTD operated **Saluki Express** service in Carbondale from 2019-August 2024 when Jackson County Mass Transit District took over operations**.**

## Service

Rides Mass Transit District operates fixed-route services in three communities in Southern Illinois. Additionally, fixed-route service is provided between Carbondale and Marion, while local and intercity demand-response service is operated through the Southeastern Illinois service area. Regular fares for all the fixed-route services are $1.00.

Within Marion, the **Wildcat Route** provides service at 30 minute headways on weekdays from 6:00 A.M. to 6:15 P.M. and on Saturdays from 8:00 A.M. to 6:15 P.M. The Marion Crosstown route provides service at 60 minute headways six days each week. Within Harrisburg, the **Bulldog Route** provides service at 60 minute headways on weekdays from 9:00 A.M. to 5:52 P.M. and at hourly headways on Saturdays from 9:00 A.M. to 4:52 P.M. The **Marion-Carbondale Route** operates with departures each hour on weekdays and every two hours on Saturday. Fixed Route service in Robinson, Illinois was established in August 2024 with 60 minute headways operating Monday-Friday from 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Fixed Route service in Olney, Illinois was established in September 2024 with 60 minute headways operating Monday-Friday from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m.

At the Bill Jung Transfer Center and Park-and-Ride in Marion, Illinois, the Wildcat Route, Marion Crosstown, and Marion-Carbondale route provide connections to South Central Transit.

### Routes

* Bulldog Route (Harrisburg)
* Wildcat Route (Marion)
* Marion Crosstown (Marion)
* Marion-Carbondale Route
* Maroon Route (Robinson)
* White Squirrel Route (Olney)

## Bill Jung Transfer Center

The Bill Jung Transfer Center is located at 2315 West Main Street in Marion. Opened on October 7, 2019, the facility features six bus bays and an indoor waiting area for passengers. It is served by the Wildcat Route and Marion-Carbondale Route of RMTD, as well as the Olive Route of South Central Transit. It was named to honor the 25 year CEO of RMTD.

## Ridership

250,000  500,000  750,000  1,000,000  1,250,000  1,500,000    2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021

## InfoBox

Rides Mass Transit District
| Founded | 1977 |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | 1304 Frank Leberman Drive, Harrisburg, IL 62946 |
| Locale | Carbondale, Harrisburg, and Marion, Illinois |
| Service area | Southeast Illinois; Clark, Crawford, Cumberland, Edgar, Edwards, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Lawrence, Pope, Richland, Saline, Wabash, Wayne, White, and Williamson counties |
| Service type | Bus service, paratransit |
| Routes | 12 |
| Hubs | SIU Student Center |
| Stations | Bill Jung Transfer Center |
| Fleet | 137 buses |
| Annual ridership | 1,119,285 (2019) |
| Website | Rides Mass Transit District |


title: Rides (American TV series)

abstract: Rides is an automotive reality television show produced for the TLC Network in the United States. The show's host is the automobile enthusiast and amateur racer Jason Priestley. Rides began in summer 2004 and became TLC's highest-rated series of the year.

text:
# Rides (American TV series)

***Rides*** is an automotive reality television show produced for the TLC Network in the United States. The show's host is the automobile enthusiast and amateur racer Jason Priestley. *Rides* began in summer 2004 and became TLC's highest-rated series of the year.

## Cars

The majority of the cars seen in the show were one-off (non-production) cars or concept cars such as the Ford Shelby GR-1 and the Ford Shelby Cobra Concept. The show also showed the building aspects and techniques used for creating cars.

## InfoBox

| *Rides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Starring | Jason Priestley
Chip Foose
310 Motoring
West Coast Customs
Rad Rides by Troy
MillenWorks |
| Country of origin | United States |
| No. of seasons | 4 |
| No. of episodes | 54 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Matt Kennedy Gould |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | TLC |
| Release | January 6, 2004 (2004-01-06)
November 15, 2005 (2005-11-15) |


title: Richmond Farm Pit, Gedgrave

abstract: Richmond Farm Pit, Gedgrave is a 0.57-hectare (1.4-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-west of Orford in Suffolk. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, and is in the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. This pit shows the Coralline Crag Formation of the Pliocene. It is described by Natural England as especially notable for its excellent exposure of the sandwave facies of the Coralline Crag, but it has very few fossils, which have been transported elsewhere. It is situated some 500 metres from the similar site Gedgrave Hall Pit. The site is on private land with no public access.

text:
# Richmond Farm Pit, Gedgrave

**Richmond Farm Pit, Gedgrave** is a 0.57-hectare (1.4-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-west of Orford in Suffolk. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, and is in the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

This pit shows the Coralline Crag Formation of the Pliocene. It is described by Natural England as especially notable for its excellent exposure of the sandwave facies of the Coralline Crag, but it has very few fossils, which have been transported elsewhere.

It is situated some 500 metres from the similar site Gedgrave Hall Pit. The site is on private land with no public access.

52°05′20″N 1°31′08″E / 52.089°N 1.519°E / 52.089; 1.519

## InfoBox

Richmond Farm Pit, Gedgrave
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Suffolk |
| Grid reference | TM 412 492 |
| Interest | Geological |
| Area | 0.57 hectares |
| Notification | 1985 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Richmond Field Station

abstract: The Richmond Field Station (RFS) is a satellite campus of the University of California, Berkeley located in Richmond, California. The name was changed to the Richmond Bay Campus (RBC) in 2012 and then Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay (BGC) in October 2014, reflecting plans to expand the site to address global issues, first as a second campus for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), then as an expansion of the main campus in Berkeley itself. In 2016, the expansion plans were suspended and the name reverted to Richmond Field Station.

text:
# Richmond Field Station

The **Richmond Field Station** (RFS) is a satellite campus of the University of California, Berkeley located in Richmond, California. The name was changed to the **Richmond Bay Campus** (RBC) in 2012 and then **Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay** (BGC) in October 2014, reflecting plans to expand the site to address global issues, first as a second campus for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), then as an expansion of the main campus in Berkeley itself. In 2016, the expansion plans were suspended and the name reverted to Richmond Field Station.

## Site

The Richmond Field Station is in the South Shoreline neighborhood of Richmond, just north of Albany and west/south of I-580, approximately 15–20 minutes away from the main campus in Berkeley by car. The site is 125 acres (51 ha) in total, including the adjacent Regatta Industrial Center purchased by the university. There are three distinct habitats on site: the Upland Area, Transition Area, and Western Stege Marsh. The marsh area is further subdivided into low, middle, and high salt marshes and tidal wetlands with native species including the endangered California clapper rail.

A wooden seawall was constructed along the tidal mudflat prior to 1950, including a wooden pier that extended south, possibly before the acquisition of the site by California Cap. The Stege Marsh was formed after the Southern Pacific Railroad Company added fill to the site to build a rail spur in 1959.

## History

Native Americans used the site for fishing and shellfish harvesting, as evidenced by the presence of neighboring shellmounds, some of which were removed in 1915 for the development of the Harborgate tract in Richmond. It was part of the Rancho San Pablo land grant given to Francisco Maria Castro in 1823, which was subsequently subdivided and sold in the 1850s. One of the owners was Richard Stege, who raised bullfrogs for sale to San Francisco restaurants. By the 1880s, the site was acquired by the California Cap Company, which manufactured explosives and blasting shells alongside smaller companies such as the U.S. Briquette Company and Pacific Cartridge Company. California Cap ceased operations in 1948. Explosive manufacturing activities included the production of mercury fulminate and has resulted in mercury contamination at the site.

The first 100 acres (40 ha) of what would become Richmond Field Station were acquired from California Cap in 1950; the western section (between Regatta Blvd and Avocet Wy) was acquired in 1951. An additional 25-acre (10 ha) parcel (formerly the neighboring Regatta Industrial Center, just west of the original site) was acquired after 2008.

Starting from the 1950s, UC Berkeley conducted large-scale engineering research at RFS for projects which were not suited for the central campus in Berkeley, including research in solid waste and sewage, transportation and lighting, and beach erosion. For sanitary engineering research, the laboratory established at RFS has been called the Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Health Research Laboratory, and Environmental Engineering and Health Sciences Laboratory; its activities included construction of a rectangular oxidation pond, a circular digester, and treatment of chicken wastes, which included an on-site chicken coop. RFS also includes the Earthquake Engineering Research Center, with a large earthquake shaking table to simulate seismic events. In addition, the Northern Regional Library Facility is located at RFS; NRLF is a cooperative library storage facility encompassing more than 4.7 million items in three buildings, storing some of the holdings of the libraries of the University of California campuses in northern California, including Berkeley, Davis, Merced, San Francisco, Santa Cruz, and the California State Library.

Several tenants lease space at RFS from the University of California, most notably the U.S. EPA, which operates its Region 9 Laboratory at RFS.

### Second campus

On January 3, 2011, UC Berkeley announced a request for qualifications (RFQ), soliciting sites for a second campus for LBNL, requiring the new site to accommodate 2,000,000 sq ft gross (190,000 m2) of new research and development facilities; the RFQ included a caveat that UC had already identified Richmond Field Station as a suitable candidate site. The city of Richmond responded by passing Resolution 10–11 on February 1, advocating for the second campus to be sited at RFS after receiving numerous letters of support from the community. Later that month, LBNL and UC Berkeley completed a conceptual plan for the second campus at RFS and issued a second RFQ for developers of its Richmond Field Station Campus Concept Plan on May 12. Subsequently, LBNL announced the second campus at RFS would be named the Richmond Bay Campus in January 2012, but budget cuts in 2013 forced them to scrap their plans. Despite the budget cuts, the Regents of the University of California approved the long-range development plan (LRDP) and environmental impact report for RBC in May 2014. Under the LRDP,

UC Berkeley Chancellor Nicholas Dirks announced the proposed development would continue as the Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay on 29 October 2014. In an address to the Academic Senate, Dirks stated the new campus would serve as a research hub and education center to solve global problems in energy, medicine, economy, and environment. The stated research mission was similar to that originally intended for the RBC.

In August 2016, just before he resigned as chancellor, Dirks announced that the university would be suspending plans for the project. The name has been suspended as well and has returned to Richmond Field Station.

## Transportation

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in California, UC Berkeley operated a Bear Transit route between the main campus in Berkeley and RFS. The route was not resumed when campus operations restarted in June 2021, and public transit users were advised to take AC Transit route 79 to El Cerrito Plaza station, then transfer to route 71 and walk to RFS. AC Transit Route 74 also passed close to the RFS campus.

## InfoBox

| Richmond Field Station | |
| --- | --- |
| RFS is bounded approximately by Richmond Bay (on the south), Interstate 580 (north), S 46th St (east), and Marina Bay Pkwy and Regatta Blvd (west) | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 1301 South 46th St
Richmond, California | |
| Coordinates | 37°54′54″N 122°20′06″W / 37.915°N 122.335°W / 37.915; -122.335 |
| Information | |
| Former name | * + Richmond Bay Campus     + Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay |
| Affiliation | University of California, Berkeley |


title: Richmond Fire Station

abstract: The Richmond Fire Station, or Former Richmond Fire Station, at 131 Lord Street in Richmond, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia is a historic fire station which was built in 1893. It is a two-storey late Victorian red brick building. When it was built, the building was considered important "because it incorporated a fire services system similar to those which were used in America"; it was reported that it has "'a very imposing appearance, and is replete with the latest fire-fighting appliances. Electricity plays a leading part in the new service. By simply connecting the current by the merest pressure of a button, or pulling a cord, open fly the main doors, the horse rushes out of the stable, and backing itself into the horse-cart, is harnessed in full going order within 20 seconds. With such a marvellously perfect system, ought we not to henceforth feel secure against the devastating elements of fire.'" "Architecturally, the building is a particularly simple and bold late Victorian composition. The building is an unusual and prominent heritage element on a corner in an otherwise predominantly residential area. The building was designed by prominent Melbourne architect and former Richmond councillor and mayor, J.A.B. Koch."

text:
# Richmond Fire Station

The **Richmond Fire Station**, or **Former Richmond Fire Station**, at 131 Lord Street in Richmond, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia is a historic fire station which was built in 1893.

It is a two-storey late Victorian red brick building. When it was built, the building was considered important "because it incorporated a fire services system similar to those which were used in America"; it was reported that it has "'a very imposing appearance, and is replete with the latest fire-fighting appliances. Electricity plays a leading part in the new service. By simply connecting the current by the merest pressure of a button, or pulling a cord, open fly the main doors, the horse rushes out of the stable, and backing itself into the horse-cart, is harnessed in full going order within 20 seconds. With such a marvellously perfect system, ought we not to henceforth feel secure against the devastating elements of fire.'"

"Architecturally, the building is a particularly simple and bold late Victorian composition. The building is an unusual and prominent heritage element on a corner in an otherwise predominantly residential area. The building was designed by prominent Melbourne architect and former Richmond councillor and mayor, J.A.B. Koch."

## InfoBox

| Richmond Fire Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Richmond Fire Station in Australia | |
| Location | 131 Lord Street, Richmond, Yarra City, Victoria |
| Coordinates | 37°49′28″S 145°00′16″E / 37.824397°S 145.004393°E / -37.824397; 145.004393 |
| Built | 1893 |
|  | |
| Victorian Heritage Register | |
|  | |


title: Belva Plain

abstract: Belva Plain, née Offenberg, was a best-selling American author of mainstream fiction.

text:
# Belva Plain

**Belva Plain** (October 9, 1915 – October 12, 2010), **née Offenberg**, was a best-selling American author of mainstream fiction.

## Biography

Belva Offenberg was a third-generation Jewish American who was raised in New York City. She graduated from Barnard College in 1939 with a degree in history. Plain lived in the Short Hills section of Millburn, New Jersey.

Before breaking into publishing, Belva Plain wrote short stories for magazines while raising her three children. She sold her first story to *Cosmopolitan* at age 25 and "contributed several dozen to various women's magazines until she had three children in rapid succession." Her first novel, *Evergreen*, was published in 1978. It topped the *New York Times Bestseller List* for 41 weeks and was made into a TV miniseries. *Evergreen* followed the character Anna, "a feisty, redheaded Jewish immigrant girl from Poland in turn-of-the-century New York, whose family story continues through several decades and four more books.".

*The New York Times* summed up her career

> Strong-willed women, many of them Jewish and red-haired as well, appear again and again in Ms. Plain’s fiction. Some of her novels use historical settings — “Crescent City,” published in 1984, was set in the Jewish community of Civil War-era New Orleans. Other books tell stories about contemporary issues, sometimes inspired by the headlines — divorce (“Promises”), adoption (“Blessings”), child sexual abuse (“The Carousel”) or babies accidentally switched at birth (“Daybreak”). All of them are full of passion, but there is very little explicit sex.

At her death, there were over 30 million copies of her twenty-plus novels in print in 22 languages. Twenty-one of her novels appeared on the *New York Times* bestseller list. Plain did not own a computer, and wrote all of her novels long-hand on a yellow pad. "A disciplined worker, she wrote for several hours in the morning five days a week. She produced a 500- or 600-page novel every year or so."

## Personal life

Plain was married to her husband, Irving Plain, for more than forty years. He died in 1982. She died on October 12, 2010, at her home in Short Hills, New Jersey.

## Bibliography

### Werner Family Saga

* *Evergreen* (1978)
* *Golden Cup* (1986)
* *Tapestry* (1988)
* *Harvest* (1990)
* *Heartwood* (2011)

### Novels

* *Random Winds* (1980)
* *Eden Burning* (1982)
* *Crescent City* (1984)
* *Blessings* (1989)
* *Treasures* (1992)
* *Whispers* (1993)
* *Daybreak* (1994)
* *The Carousel* (1995)
* *Promises* (1996)
* *Secrecy* (1997)
* *Homecoming* (1997)
* *Legacy of Silence* (1998)
* *Fortune's Hand* (1999)
* *After the Fire* (2000)
* *Looking Back* (2001)
* *Her Father's House* (2002)
* *The Sight of the Stars* (2003)
* *Crossroads* (2004)

## InfoBox

| Belva Plain | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Belva Offenberg
(1915-10-09)October 9, 1915
New York City, New York |
| Died | October 12, 2010(2010-10-12) (aged 95)
Short Hills, New Jersey |
| Education | Barnard College |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Notable work | *Whispers* and *Secrecy* |


title: Bembecia sanguinolenta

abstract: Bembecia sanguinolenta is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found from Bulgaria and Greece to Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria and Turkmenistan. The larvae feed on the roots of Astragalus species, including Astragalus dipsaceus and Astragalus pinetorum.

text:
# Bembecia sanguinolenta

***Bembecia sanguinolenta*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found from Bulgaria and Greece to Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria and Turkmenistan.

The larvae feed on the roots of *Astragalus* species, including *Astragalus dipsaceus* and *Astragalus pinetorum*.

## Subspecies

* *Bembecia sanguinolenta sanguinolenta*
* *Bembecia sanguinolenta turcmena* (Bartel, 1912)

## Taxonomy

Populations in Turkey and Syria have long been treated as *Bembecia pontica*, which is now considered a synonym.

## InfoBox

| *Bembecia sanguinolenta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Bembecia* |
| Species: | ***B. sanguinolenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembecia sanguinolenta***<br>(Lederer, 1853) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sesia sanguinolenta* Lederer, 1853 * *Sesia tengyraeformis* Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 (preocc.) * *Sciapteron sanguinolenta var. ponticum* Staudinger, 1891 * *Sciapteron splendidum* Staudinger, 1891 * *Dipsosphecia sanguinolenta f. miranda* Le Cerf, 1914 | |


title: Bembecia volgensis

abstract: Bembecia volgensis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in the Upper Volga region of Russia.

text:
# Bembecia volgensis

***Bembecia volgensis*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in the Upper Volga region of Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Bembecia volgensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Bembecia* |
| Species: | ***B. volgensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembecia volgensis***<br>Gorbunov, 1994 | |
|


title: Richmond Gaol

abstract: The Richmond Gaol is a convict era building and tourist attraction in Richmond, Tasmania, and is the oldest intact gaol in Australia. Building of the gaol commenced in 1825, and predates the establishment of the penal colony at Port Arthur in 1833. One of the tasks completed by the convicts who were held at Richmond Gaol was the construction of Richmond Bridge. Most of the gaol buildings have not been changed since convict times. They include an example of a female solitary confinement cell, measuring 2 metres (6.6 ft)s by 1 metre (3.3 ft) The buildings include a chain gang sleeping rooms, a flogging yard, a cookhouse and holding rooms. The buildings also feature historical relics and documents.

text:
# Richmond Gaol

The **Richmond Gaol** is a convict era building and tourist attraction in Richmond, Tasmania, and is the oldest intact gaol in Australia. Building of the gaol commenced in 1825, and predates the establishment of the penal colony at Port Arthur in 1833. One of the tasks completed by the convicts who were held at Richmond Gaol was the construction of Richmond Bridge.

Most of the gaol buildings have not been changed since convict times. They include an example of a female solitary confinement cell, measuring 2 metres (6.6 ft)s by 1 metre (3.3 ft)

The buildings include a chain gang sleeping rooms, a flogging yard, a cookhouse and holding rooms. The buildings also feature historical relics and documents.

## Beginnings

Settlers of Hobart Town were moving away in order to search for more farming land. The area of Sorell was quite established and it was being extended into the area soon to be known as Richmond. In the meantime, convicts were used as virtual slave labour to create all kinds of infrastructure like roads, bridges and public buildings.

Finally the township of Richmond was proclaimed in 1824.

A court house to service the police district in the area was built in 1825 and this was the start of the gaol building.

## Expanding the gaol

By the 1830s the gaol was horribly overcrowded because of it being so small - 19 square metres - and prisoners were forced to sleep in the passageways.

The two storey building began construction in 1832 and completed in 1833. The upper level served as the Gaoler's Residence with the downstairs section being storage.

In 1835, the Eastern and Western wings were added and it's the Western Wing which serves as the entrance to the building to this very day. Once these were completed it created a better segregation between male and female prisoners. The female wing contained a new cookhouse and bake oven.

In an attempt to negate the escapes and escape attempts from the gaol, it was surrounded with a stone wall. This was done in 1840.

## Decline, closure and rescue

By the mid-1850s, the place was only being used as a Watch House due to the cessation of convict transportation. In 1861, it was controlled by the municipal police and when they were removed to become centralised in Hobart, the gaol simply became a group of holding cells.

By the end of the 1920s, it was abandoned.

In 1945, the gaol was rescued by becoming a State Reserve and through legislation in the 1970s, it was run by the National Parks and Wildlife Service, meaning the gaol could be classified as an historic site under their control.

## Solitary cells

The gaol had solitary cells (or solitary confinement). The idea was you could be place in pitch darkness and complete silence for a period of 24 hours to thirty days. The time period depended upon what you were charged with.

## Flagellation Yard

Hangings never took place at Richmond Gaol but flagellations (whippings) did. Convicts would be strapped to a wood frame, and the lashes meted out accordingly. In some colonies, it seems a kidney belt would be used to minimise harm to the kidneys but from the illustrations of flagellations taking place in the yard, this seemed to be absent.

Even though some people in Hobart Town would be sentenced to 500 lashes, the number was a little more sympathetic in Richmond. It would start at 25, with the number occasionally hitting 75 or 100. As painful as it sounds, salt would be rubbed into the flesh wounds created by the cat-o-nine tails, but this was actually done to minimise infection.

The lashings at Richmond Gaol (or any other gaol which undertook whippings - i.e.: Adelaide Gaol, Melbourne Gaol) would have a medical officer standing by to check whether the persons' life would be in danger. Should the person be deemed unfit to continue, they would be taken down. However, once they were fit enough again, they would be strapped back up to have the remainder of their sentence handed out.

## Ghosts

Like most old sites like this, it has its fair share of ghost stories. The third cell in the Men's Block is apparently quite well known for the terrible effect it can have on people in there. People claim to hear moaning and deep sighs and some people claim they get a cold shiver as they approach.

The Richmond Gaol... 1825 - Revised Second Edition by Walter B. Pridmore, 2007. ISBN 978 0 9751239 9 7

## InfoBox

Richmond Gaol
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Richmond, Tasmania |
| Coordinates | 42°44′11″S 147°26′20″E / 42.7364°S 147.4389°E / -42.7364; 147.4389 |
| Status | Historic Site |
| Security class | Maximum Security |
| Opened | 1825 |
| Closed | 1945 |
| Managed by | Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service |


title: Richmond Giants

abstract: The Richmond Giants were an independent semi-pro Negro league baseball team based in Richmond, Indiana that fielded a team in two different seasons. Though their existence was short, several Negro league stars played for the Giants, including Bill Holland, Connie Day, Will McMurray and Hall of Famer Oscar Charleston.

text:
# Richmond Giants

The **Richmond Giants** were an independent semi-pro Negro league baseball team based in Richmond, Indiana that fielded a team in two different seasons. Though their existence was short, several Negro league stars played for the Giants, including Bill Holland, Connie Day, Will McMurray and Hall of Famer Oscar Charleston.

## The founding of the Giants

### A split in the ranks of the ABCs

Just before the 1916 baseball season, an irreconcilable dispute between Indianapolis ABCs co-owners C.I. Taylor and Thomas Bowser broke out, which ultimately caused the club to split into two different factions, with each respective owner forming their own team. Since neither owner wanted to yield the 'ABCs' moniker to the other, the teams were quickly dubbed 'Taylor's ABCs' and 'Bowser's ABCs' by the press. Taylor's ABCs played most of their home games at Federal League Park, while Bowser's ABCs kept Northwestern Park for their home field.

After the 1916 season, Bowser sold his team to Indianapolis-based Black businessman Warner Jewell, who owned and operated a pool hall. The team was then known as 'Jewell's ABCs' for the 1917 season. After the Federal League Park in Indianapolis was demolished after the 1916 season, it forced both ABCs teams, as well as the white Indianapolis Indians, a minor league club, to share just two available ball fields (Washington Park and Northwestern Park). The arrangement was disastrous for Jewell's club, who consistently found themselves third on the pecking order for the two fields, severely affecting their gate receipts.

After the 1917 season, Jewell pledged his ABCs would commit themselves to a barnstorming existence for the 1918, opting to play only road games rather than battle two more talented and better-funded teams for a spot on the either of Indianapolis' premier diamonds. The result was disastrous; lopsided losses and no-shows marred Jewell's short-run at a barnstorming-only schedule. By late May 1918, Jewell's club had seemed to quietly disband.

### Jewell's ABCs find home at Richmond's Exhibition Park

While Jewell's club couldn't find a home field, the exact opposite issue faced baseball organizers in Richmond, Indiana in 1918. The city had built Exhibition Park, a $12,000, 2,500-seat stadium in 1917 to house the minor league Richmond Quakers of the Central League. Due to attendance issues and a dramatic player shortage caused by World War I, the Central League cancelled the 1918 season, leaving no team to play in the stadium that was barely a year old.

Jewell, paired with Richmond businessman George Brehm, seized the opportunity to forge a partnership, making Exhibition Park the home field for Jewell's ABCs the remainder of the season, and made the announcement official on June 2, 1918. The team, initially called the 'Richmond ABCs', would soon be renamed the Richmond Giants. The roster was cobbled together quickly, and was an amalgamation of Jewell's ABCs, Taylor ABCs, or other former players in the Indianapolis area who were available for the weekend games. Given the quick roster composition, some players (such as the case with McMurray, traditionally a catcher, or Day, who would become a second baseman) played out of position.

## 1918 season

### 1918 Richmond Giants roster

| Name | Position | Age | Previous Team(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Robert Prior |  | 26 | Louisville White Sox, Chicago Union Giants, Jewell's ABCs |
| William 'Specks' Webster |  | 22 | St. Louis Stars, Jewell's ABCs |
| George Board | 1B | 37 | Indianapolis ABCs |
| Otis 'The Cat' Francis | 2B | 27 | Indianapolis ABCs, Chicago Union Giants |
| James 'Home Run' Lynch | 3B | 29 | French Lick Plutos, West Baden Sprudels, Indianapolis ABCs, Jewell's ABCs |
| Connie Day | SS | 20 | Jewell's ABCs |
| Jack 'The Fighting Poor Boy' Hannibal | LF | 27 | Louisville White Sox, Indianapolis ABCs, Jewell's ABCs |
| Oscar Charleston | CF | 21 | Indianapolis ABCs, New York Lincoln Stars, Royal Poinciana Hotel |
| Will McMurray | RF | 36 | St. Paul Gophers, St. Louis Stars, West Baden Sprudels |
| Reserves | Position | Age | Previous Team(s) |
| Arthur Coleman |  | 20 | None |
| Bill Holland |  | 17 | None |
| Will Jones |  | 21 | Louisville White Sox, Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants |
| Elzie McReynolds | /1B | 23 | Bowser's ABCs |
| Charles Cooper | OF | unknown | Only known Richmond native on team |

### Meet the Giants

Largely playing opposition from larger cities such Indianapolis, Muncie, Anderson, Dayton, and Springfield, the Giants posted a 10-5-2 (.647) record on the season. The Giants scored 94 runs (5.7 runs/game) while yielding only 57 to their opposition (3.4 runs/game).

The Giants played almost exclusively all-white teams, except for the July 28, 1918 game against the Springfield Mints. The Mints were managed by Chappie Johnson, a Negro leagues mainstay whose career had begun with the Page Fence Giants in 1895. The team became synonymous with Johnson, and even was sometimes referred to as the 'Springfield Chappies' during the 1918 season. The Giants defeated the Mints 16-7 in a shortened five-inning game.

The day after beating the Mints and running their season record to 6-1, the local newspaper, the Palladium-Item, wrote that "with Charleston, Lynch, and Jones batting every pitcher all over the field the colored boys seem capable of taking on some of the bigger semi-pro teams in the state with the brand of ball the colored \[sic\] put up along with their amusing pranks, the club seems to have come to stay."

Highlights of the season included the double-play combination of shortstop Connie Day, second baseman Otis Francis, and first baseman George Board, with Day in particular drawing heaps of praise, including the Palladium-Item's appraisal that "Day's playing at shortstop was a feature as it always is. Day is undoubtedly one of the greatest shortstops in minor league baseball today and he could make a few big leaguers go some to outshine him."

In addition to Day's defense, James Lynch hit no fewer than four home runs in the short season.

Outfielder and sometimes-pitcher Jack "The Fighting Poor Boy" Hannibal also proved immensely popular with the fans. The Indianapolis-based Hannibal was also a prolific boxer, and had appeared in Richmond the previous May in a bout against Christy Williams, also known as "Dayton's Dark Secret." It was alleged that out of one hundred professional fights in his career, he only lost five.

### The debut of Bill 'Devil' Holland

The Giants were scheduled to end their 1918 campaign during the Labor Day holiday weekend with consecutive doubleheaders on September 1 and 2. With four games to play in approximately twenty-four hours, and their pitching ranks thinned by injury, the Giants enlisted the help of seventeen-year-old right-handed pitcher Bill Holland, an Indianapolis-based sandlot pitcher.

Holland would face the Muncie Valentines on September 1, a team with multiple former minor league prospects, and the Richmond Athletics on September 2, the city's all-star team. In his debut against the Valentines, Holland hurled a complete game one-hitter, striking out eleven hitters in a 6-1 Giants victory. The next day, he pitched an 11-inning compete game against the Athletics. Though he allowed only four earned runs and struck out thirteen hitters, the Giants lost 7-6.

## 1919 season

The Giants, buoyed by 1918 standouts Holland, Day, McMurray, Lynch, Francis, Elzie McReynolds, and William Webster, returned to Richmond the next season. They played two games (one on May 11, the other June 6, 1919), splitting the pair with a 1-1 record. Holland started both games on the mound, striking out thirteen hitters in the first game, a 1-0 victory, and tossed a complete game one-hitter in a 1-0 loss.

In late June 1919, they merged with the Kokomo, Indiana-based Kokomo Black Devils to form a new team, the 'Hoosier Giants'. They disbanded at the end of the 1919 season.

When the Negro National League was formed in 1920, seven former Giants found teams in the new league. Connie Day, Otis Francis, and Oscar Charleston were signed by the Indianapolis ABCs, Will Jones by the Chicago Giants, Bill Holland by the Detroit Stars, while Arthur Coleman and Will Webster both appeared with the Dayton Marcos. Third baseman James Lynch appeared with the Marcos in 1926, the team's second stint in the NNL.

## All-time results

| 1918 | Opponent | Result/Score |
| --- | --- | --- |
| June 9 | Richmond Athletics | W 6-2 |
| June 16 | Indianapolis Merrits | W 4-1 |
| June 23 | Anderson Panhandles | W 6-2 |
| July 4 | Farmland Nine | L 4-3 |
| July 14 | Dayton Rubbers | W 3-0 |
| July 21 | Dayton Aviators | W 13-2 |
| July 28 | Springfield Mints | W 16-7 |
| August 4 | Farmland Nine | L 12-4 |
| August 11 | Farmland Nine | L 2-0 |
| August 18 | Liberty Red Sox | W 5-4, T 3-3 |
| August 25 | Piqua Coca-Colas | W 9-1, W 6-0 |
| September 1 | Muncie Valentines | W 6-1, T 4-4 |
| September 2 | Richmond Athletics | L 7-6, L 6-3 |
|  | **Total** | 10-5-2 (.647) |
| 1919 | Opponent | Result/Score |
| May 11 | Richmond Athletics | W 1-0 |
| June 6 | Farmland Nine | L 1-0 |
|  | **Total** | 1-1 (.500) |
|  | **Overall Total** | 11-6-2 (.632) |

## InfoBox

| Richmond Giants | |
| --- | --- |
| Information | |
| League | * Independent (1918-1919) |
| Location | Richmond, Indiana |
| Ballpark | * Exhibition Park (1918-1919) |
| Established | 1918 |
| Disbanded | 1919 |


title: Richca Obangue

abstract: Richca Obangue is a Congolese handball player for DGSB Brazzaville and the Congolese national team. She represented Congo at the 2021 World Women's Handball Championship in Spain.

text:
# Richca Obangue

**Richca Obangue** (born 2 September 1994) is a Congolese handball player for DGSB Brazzaville and the Congolese national team.

She represented Congo at the 2021 World Women's Handball Championship in Spain.

## InfoBox

| Richca Obangue | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1994-09-02) 2 September 1994 | | |
| Nationality | Congolese | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Playing position | Centre back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | DGSB Brazzaville | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Congo | 8 | (4) |


title: Bembidion decorum

abstract: Bembidion decorum is a species of ground beetle native to Europe.

text:
# Bembidion decorum

***Bembidion decorum*** is a species of ground beetle native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Bembidion decorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Bembidion* |
| Species: | ***B. decorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembidion decorum***<br>(Zenker in Panzer, 1799) | |
|


title: Bembidion dyschirinum

abstract: Bembidion dyschirinum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, found in North America.

text:
# Bembidion dyschirinum

***Bembidion dyschirinum*** is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Bembidion dyschirinum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Bembidion* |
| Species: | ***B. dyschirinum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembidion dyschirinum***<br>Leconte, 1861 | |
|


title: Bembidion dentellum

abstract: Bembidion dentellum is a species of elijah moon mf circle native to Europe.

text:
# Bembidion dentellum

***Bembidion dentellum*** is a species of elijah moon mf circle native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Bembidion dentellum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Bembidion* |
| Species: | ***B. dentellum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembidion dentellum***<br>(Thunberg, 1787) | |
|


title: Bembidion doris

abstract: Bembidion doris is a species of ground beetle native to Europe.

text:
# Bembidion doris

***Bembidion doris*** is a species of ground beetle native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Bembidion doris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Bembidion* |
| Species: | ***B. doris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembidion doris***<br>(Panzer, 1796) | |
|


title: 1995 WLAF season

abstract: The 1995 World League of American Football season was the third season of the professional American football league organized by the NFL. It was the league's first season with six teams based only in Europe. Returning from a 2-year hiatus after the 1992 WLAF season, the league had dropped its seven North American teams, with the three existing teams joined by three new franchises. The World Bowl '95 title game was won by Frankfurt, 26–22 over Amsterdam.

text:
# 1995 WLAF season

The **1995 World League of American Football season** was the third season of the professional American football league organized by the NFL. It was the league's first season with six teams based only in Europe.

Returning from a 2-year hiatus after the 1992 WLAF season, the league had dropped its seven North American teams, with the three existing teams (the Frankfurt Galaxy, London Monarchs and Barcelona Dragons) joined by three new franchises (the Rhein Fire, Scottish Claymores and Amsterdam Admirals).

The World Bowl '95 title game was won by Frankfurt, 26–22 over Amsterdam.

## Season

The top draft choice was Shaumbe Wright-Fair, who was picked by the Rhein Fire. The Scottish Claymores, after a 5–0 record in the preseason, surprisingly fired their head coach, Larry Kuharich, five days before their WLAF kickoff because "his coaching philosophy did not mesh with the make-up of the team".

Frankfurt's road to the World Bowl included a 27–7 win at London on May 15. The Claymores' hopes of making the World Bowl were dashed with a week 6 defeat by Rhein 33–27 in overtime. The Claymores ended their inaugural season with a 2–8 record.

| World League of American Football | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W | L | T | PCT | PF | PA | Home | Road | STK |
| Amsterdam Admirals | 9 | 1 | 0 | .900 | 246 | 152 | 5–0 | 4–1 | W2 |
| Frankfurt Galaxy | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 279 | 202 | 3–2 | 3–2 | W3 |
| Barcelona Dragons | 5 | 5 | 0 | .500 | 237 | 247 | 2–3 | 3–2 | L1 |
| London Monarchs | 4 | 6 | 0 | .400 | 174 | 220 | 1–4 | 3–2 | L2 |
| Rhein Fire | 4 | 6 | 0 | .400 | 221 | 279 | 2–3 | 2–3 | L3 |
| Scottish Claymores | 2 | 8 | 0 | .200 | 153 | 210 | 0–5 | 2–3 | W1 |

## World Bowl '95

Frankfurt beat Amsterdam 26–22 at Amsterdam Olympic Stadium.

The game was played on Saturday, June 17, 1995. The match-up was between the 6–4 Frankfurt Galaxy and the 9–1 Amsterdam Admirals. 23,847 fans witnessed the Galaxy pull off an upset en route to a 26–22 victory and their first ever World Bowl title. Quarterback Paul Justin earned MVP honors by completing 18 of 36 attempts for 308 yards with three touchdowns and one interception.

In the regular season the Admirals had won the teams' first meeting 14–12 in Amsterdam, while the Galaxy had taken the second meeting 28–13 in Frankfurt.

## InfoBox

| 1995 WLAF season | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | April 8, 1995 – June 10, 1995 |
| World Bowl '95 | |
| Date | June 17, 1995 |
| Venue | Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Champions | Frankfurt Galaxy |


title: Chebulic acid

abstract: Chebulic acid is a phenolic compound isolated from the ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula. This compound possesses an isomer, neochebulic acid. Chebulic acid is a component of transformed ellagitannins such as chebulagic acid or chebulinic acid.

text:
# Chebulic acid

**Chebulic acid** is a phenolic compound isolated from the ripe fruits of *Terminalia chebula*.

This compound possesses an isomer, neochebulic acid.

Chebulic acid is a component of transformed ellagitannins such as chebulagic acid or chebulinic acid.

## InfoBox

Chebulic acid
|
Chebulic acid, according to Lee, 2010. | |
| --- | --- |
|
Chebulic acid, according to Klika, 2004. | |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name (2R)-2-\[(3S)-3-carboxy-5,6,7-trihydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-ihydroisochromen-4-yl\]butanedioic acid | |
| Other names Chebuloyl | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C14H12O11/c15-5-1-4-7(10(19)9(5)18)8(3(12(20)21)2-6(16)17)11(13(22)23)25-14(4)24/h1,3,8,11,15,18-19H,2H2,(H,16,17)(H,20,21)(H,22,23)/t3-,8-,11-/m0/s1 NKey: COZMWVAACFYLBI-XJEVXTIOSA-N N * InChI=1/C14H12O11/c15-5-1-4-7(10(19)9(5)18)8(3(12(20)21)2-6(16)17)11(13(22)23)25-14(4)24/h1,3,8,11,15,18-19H,2H2,(H,16,17)(H,20,21)(H,22,23)/t3-,8-,11-/m0/s1Key: COZMWVAACFYLBI-XJEVXTIOBW | |
| SMILES * c1c2c(c(c(c1O)O)O)\[C@@H\](\[C@H\](OC2=O)C(=O)O)\[C@H\](CC(=O)O)C(=O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C14H12O11 |
| Molar mass | 356.23 g/mol |
| Appearance | Brown powder |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Cigclisula

abstract: Cigclisula is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Colatooeciidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

text:
# Cigclisula

***Cigclisula*** is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Colatooeciidae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Cigclisula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata |
| Order: | Cheilostomatida |
| Family: | Colatooeciidae |
| Genus: | *Cigclisula*<br>Canu & Bassler, 1927 |
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title: Black Creek (Nescopeck Creek tributary)

abstract: Black Creek is a long source tributary of Nescopeck Creek so part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin. It is also the second & longer stream of the same name recognized by the USGS GNIS system in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States—compared to the Black Creek beyond the ridgeline of the drainage divide, so in the Lehigh River valley and Carbon County. The headwaters of both Black Creeks in Luzerne county are only a few miles apart, and both valleys were traversed by the Lausanne-Nescopeck Turnpike in the first half of the 19th-century. The J-on-its-long-side-shaped brook is approximately 22.6 miles (36.4 km) long, and in the early 1800s the sides of its valley became the path of the Lausanne-Nescopeck Turnpike— connecting Philadelphia and the Delaware basin communities to the new settlements in the mid-Susquehanna and Wyoming valleys via paths along the banks of the Lehigh and the Susquehanna Rivers.

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# Black Creek (Nescopeck Creek tributary)

**Black Creek** is a long source tributary of Nescopeck Creek so part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin. It is also the second & longer stream of the same name recognized by the USGS GNIS system in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United Statescompared to the Black Creek beyond the ridgeline of the drainage divide, so in the Lehigh River valley and Carbon County. The headwaters of both Black Creeks in Luzerne county are only a few miles apart, and both valleys were traversed by the Lausanne-Nescopeck Turnpike (Lehigh-Susquehanna Turnpike) in the first half of the 19th-century.

The J-on-its-long-side-shaped brook is approximately 22.6 miles (36.4 km) long, and in the early 1800s the sides of its valley became the path of the Lausanne-Nescopeck Turnpike (Lehigh-Susquehanna Turnpike) connecting Philadelphia and the Delaware basin communities to the new settlements in the mid-Susquehanna and Wyoming valleys via paths along the banks of the Lehigh and the Susquehanna Rivers.

## Course

Black Creek begins in Foster Township and flows southwest for less than a mile, passing through the community of Jeddo. The creek then enters Hazle Township, where it turns west and flows between two mountains, along the way passing through the community of South Ebervale. Further downstream, the creek leaves the two mountains and flows north of Hazleton, crossing Pennsylvania Route 940 and Pennsylvania Route 309, immediately after which it receives the tributary Little Black Creek. Slightly further downstream it enters West Hazleton, crossing Pennsylvania Route 93 and receiving the tributary Stony Creek, then crossing Interstate 81 in West Hazleton. Upon leaving West Hazleton, it reenters Hazle Township and continues west, soon crossing into Sugarloaf Township. Here for a few miles it flows roughly parallel to the border between Sugarloaf and Hazle townships, then turns southwest and enters Black Creek Township, passing briefly through Hazle Township. In Black Creek Township, the creek continues west, passing through communities of Gum Run, Derringer, Fern Glen and Gowen. At Gowen it turns north and flows through a water gap, with Buck Mountain to the west. On the other side of the water gap, the creek flows through Rock Glen and picks up the tributary Falls Run. Continuing north for a few miles, it picks up tributaries Barnes Run and Scotch Run, then turns northeast for slightly over a mile, reaching its confluence with Nescopeck Creek near the community of Tank.

Black Creek joins Nescopeck Creek 8.72 miles (14.03 km) upstream of its mouth.

## Hydrology

The entire length of Black Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by acid mine drainage, the main sources of which are the Gowen and Derringer deep mine discharges; a number of smaller sources of abandoned mine drainage also contribute to impairment of the Black Creek watershed.

At the mouth of Black Creek, the daily load of aluminum is 636.98 pounds (288.93 kg). The iron and manganese loads at this site are 269.19 pounds (122.10 kg) and 457.05 pounds (207.31 kg) per day. The daily load of acidity is 4,332.93 pounds (1,965.38 kg). Just downstream of Buck Mountain, the load of aluminum is 809.18 pounds (367.04 kg) per day, while the load of iron is 281.99 pounds (127.91 kg) per day. The daily manganese load at this point is 520.51 pounds (236.10 kg). The daily load of acidity is 5,823.65 pounds (2,641.56 kg).

The discharge of Black Creek is 769.33 gallons per minute in its upper reaches. By the Hazleton High School, it increases to 2253.6 gallons per minute and by the Hazleton Wastewater Treatment Plant it increases to 5109 gallons per minute. Downstream of the wastewater treatment plant, the discharge is 22787.5 gallons per minute; at the bridge at Tomhicken it is 31227.33 gallons per minute, and at the State Route 3020 bridge it is 31824.17 gallons per minute. Above and below the Gowen Discharge, the creek's discharge is 32659.33 and 46529.5 gallons per minute respectively. Upstream of the State Route 3018 bridge, the discharge is 55684.17 gallons per minute and near the mouth it is 53938.56 gallons per minute.

The pH of Black Creek in its upper reaches ranges from 6.1 to 6.4. At the Hazleton High School it ranges from 4.9 to 6 and at the Hazleton Wastewater Treatment Plant from 5.5 to 6. Downstream of the plant the pH ranges between 6.4 and 7. At the bridge at Tomhicken it ranges from 6.1 to 6.7 and at the State Route 3020 bridge from 6.2 to 6.8. Above and below the Gowen Discharge, the creek's pH ranges from 6.3 to 6.8 and 4.6 and 6.2 respectively. Upstream of the State Route 3018 bridge, the pH ranges from 4.6 to 6.3 and near the mouth between 4.6 and 6.8.

## Chemical hydrology (aluminum, iron, manganese, and acidity)

Just downstream of the Gowen Discharge, the daily load of aluminum in Black Creek is 846.58 pounds (384.00 kg), nearly 12 times higher than the load just upstream of the discharge, which is 70.60 pounds (32.02 kg) per day. Just downstream of the discharge, the daily iron load is 260.77 pounds (118.28 kg) and just upstream of the discharge, it is 146.43 pounds (66.42 kg). Immediately downstream of the discharge, the manganese and acidity loads are 530.86 pounds (240.79 kg) and 170.67 pounds (77.41 kg), respectively. Immediately upstream of the discharge, the acidity load is 5,816.18 pounds (2,638.17 kg).

Just downstream of the State Route 3020 bridge near Derringer, the load of aluminum in Black Creek is 66.88 pounds (30.34 kg) per day. The daily loads of manganese and iron are 149.69 pounds (67.90 kg) and 78.35 pounds (35.54 kg). At the bridge at Tomhicken, the daily aluminum and iron loads are 76.26 pounds (34.59 kg) and 185.64 pounds (84.20 kg), respectively. The daily manganese load is 88.13 pounds (39.98 kg). Downstream of a wastewater treatment plant, the daily aluminum and iron loads are 53.82 pounds (24.41 kg) and 120.87 pounds (54.83 kg), respectively. The daily manganese load is 58.38 pounds (26.48 kg).

At the Hazleton Wastewater Treatment Plant, the daily aluminum load of Black Creek is 1.73 pounds (0.78 kg). The iron load is 4.56 pounds (2.07 kg) per day and the manganese load is 20.25 pounds (9.19 kg) per day. The daily acidity load is 107.58 pounds (48.80 kg). Behind the Hazleton High School, the daily aluminum load of the creek is 12.88 pounds (5.84 kg). The iron load is 31.88 pounds (14.46 kg) per day and the manganese load is 7.74 pounds (3.51 kg) per day. The daily acidity load is 90.94 pounds (41.25 kg). In the upper reaches of the creek, the daily aluminum load is 19.19 pounds (8.70 kg). The iron load is 5.28 pounds (2.39 kg) per day and the manganese load is 4.42 pounds (2.00 kg) per day. The daily acidity load is 170.37 pounds (77.28 kg).

## Geography and geology

The elevation near the mouth of Black Creek is 626 feet (191 m) above sea level. Elevation at the source is between 1,580 feet (480 m) and 1,600 feet (490 m). From its source to 9.5 miles (15.3 km) downstream, Black Creek's elevation decreases at a rate of 15.8 feet (4.8 m) per mile. For the next 7 miles (11 km), elevation decreases at a rate of 42.9 feet (13.1 m) per mile. From there to the mouth, elevation falls at a rate of 58.4 feet (17.8 m) per mile.

Black Creek's topography is described in a 1921 book as "mountainous". The upper part of the creek is in a broad valley, the lower part in a narrow valley. There are some swamps in the upper reaches. The channel is sinuous, flowing through rock formations of sandstone and shale which include coal.

An area known as Black Creek Flats, situated along the creek near Hazleton, is on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory, although damaged by mining in the past.

There is a cataract on Black Creek near Interstate 81. There are also strainers on the creek.

## Watershed and recreation

The watershed of Black Creek, with an area of 61.70 square miles (159.8 km2)., is in *the 'Eastern Anthracite Middle Field',* which is part of the *Anthracite Upland Section* of the ridge and valley physiographical province. Part of the watershed is drained by the Jeddo Tunnel, which discharges into Little Nescopeck Creek. Counties in the watershed include Luzerne County, Columbia County, and Schuylkill County. The creek's drainage basin is part of the lower North Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin.

It is possible to access the headwaters of Black Creek via Pennsylvania Route 309.

Black Creek flows through coal mining lands in its upper reaches and woodlands in its lower reaches. The creek is contaminated with runoff from Hazleton and coal mines, as well as with sewage and bacteria in its upper reaches.

It is possible to canoe on 14.6 miles (23.5 km) of Black Creek during the spring within one day of heavy rain. Edward Gertler describes the scenery along the creek as "very good to poor" in his book *Keystone Canoeing*. Difficulty largely ranges from 1 to 4- with areas of 6. Gertler describes the creek as a "little-known whitewater wonder". Difficult rapids are found in the lower reaches among other places.

## History

Coal mining has occurred in the watershed of Black Creek as well as watersheds of some of its tributaries such as Little Black Creek and Cranberry Creek.

In 1921, the three largest communities in the Black Creek watershed were Hazleton, Freeland, and West Hazleton, with populations of 25452, 6197 and 4715 respectively. Other communities in the watershed include Drifton, Jeddo, Rock Glen and Gowen, with 1921 populations of 2129, 377, 317 and 306 respectively.

In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania Railroad followed Black Creek in its lower reaches. The Lehigh Valley railroad passed through the watershed's upper reaches. Main industries in the watershed at the time included coal mining and agriculture. Numerous tributaries of Black Creek were also used as water supply.

## Biology

There are hemlocks in a glen in the lower reaches of Black Creek. Additionally, a number of species inhabit the Black Creek Flats, which are listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory. These include the common roadside skipper, the seepage dancer, the bog copper, the Hartford fern, the elfin skimmer, the long dash, the eyed brown, and the Aphrodite fritillary.

1. USGS GNIS system, search by name in Pennsylvania. Relative lengths from other data sources, but GNIS data puts the differences at over 20 miles. (See GNIS details: 1169695, Black Creek vs. 1169696, Black Creek.)
2. United States Geological Survey, *The National Map Viewer*, archived from the original on March 29, 2012, retrieved September 5, 2014
3. *Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams* (PDF), November 2, 2001, retrieved September 5, 2014
4. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (May 2, 2005), *Final BLACK CREEK, LITTLE NESCOPECK CREEK and UNT LITTLE NESCOPECK CREEK WATERSHED TMDL Luzerne County For Acid Mine Drainage Affected Segments* (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2014, retrieved September 5, 2014
5. *Topographic Map Stream Features in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania*, archived from the original on July 26, 2014, retrieved September 5, 2014
6. Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania (1921), *Water Resources Inventory Report*, p. 237
7. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (Western Pennsylvania Conservancy) (2006), *A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update – 2006* (PDF), retrieved September 5, 2014
8. Edward Gertler (1984), *Keystone Canoeing*, Seneca Press, pp. 243–244

41°00′27″N 76°10′00″W / 41.0076°N 76.1666°W / 41.0076; -76.1666