title: Physical cultural studies

abstract:
Physical cultural studies (PCS) encompasses the diversely focused field of scholarly work which is united by a commitment toward engaging varied dimensions or expressions of (in)active bodies or physical culture. In this physical culture is understood as “cultural practices in which the physical body – the way it moves, is represented, has meanings assigned to it, and is imbued with power – is central”
Physical Cultural Studies is closely related to the fields of sport sociology, cultural studies, sociology of the body, body culture studies, queer studies and disability studies.

text:
# Physical cultural studies

**Physical cultural studies** (PCS) encompasses the diversely focused field of scholarly work which is united by a commitment toward engaging varied dimensions or expressions of (in)active bodies or physical culture (Andrews & Silk, 2011). In this physical culture is understood as “cultural practices in which the physical body – the way it moves, is represented, has meanings assigned to it, and is imbued with power – is central” (Vertinsky, quoted in Silk & Andrews, 2011) Physical Cultural Studies is closely related to the fields of sport sociology, cultural studies, sociology of the body, body culture studies, queer studies and disability studies.

## Description

### Empirical focus

PCS is predominantly concerned with studying the active body. The aim of such a focus is to problematise the taken-for-granted aspects of human movement and embodiment in such a way that makes social divisions (class, gender, ethnicity, ability, generation, sex, nation, race), and the processes that produce, reproduce and contest these divisions become visible and changeable. In this respect, we can see that the 'physical' is of central importance to PCS. Indeed, it is this empirical focus ( and subsequent breadth) that separates PCS from fields such as the sociology of sport. This is because PCS scholars take as their subjects of study - all the many and varied, more or less 'legitimate', popular and emerging, work or leisure related - forms of physical culture. areas of study include: exercise, health, dance, recreation, leisure, fitness, daily living, and work related activities.

### Concern with Context

In the analysis of these activities PCS considers context and contextualisation to be vital. Indeed, how can one understand a cultural practice without reference to all the surrounding factors, flows, processes, actors and institutions with which it is articulated? For example, PCS researchers identify and seek to understand the complex political, economic, social and technological relationships in which the event occurs in order to understand physical culture as relational.

### Social Change

Those in the field of physical cultural studies believe that research into, or understanding of, physical culture is of little importance if it does not make a difference in the world. Therefore, the idea of 'value free' research is not accepted in PCS. Instead, partisanship is the dominant ideal. Such a perspective is related to many aspects of PCS study that vary from 'mainstream' academia. For example, PCS is concerned with care and community in which public education is of central importance. In addition, PCS aims to be political, empowering and reflexive. Finally PCS researchers attempt to question their presupposed hierarchy over the researched.

See also praxis

### Methodology

PCS incorporates many methods of gathering data, oftentimes implementing a variety of methods together to create rich, contextual and multi-perspective analyses of physical culture. Such methods include ethnography, auto ethnography, contextual analysis, media analysis, discourse analysis and participant observation.

Newman, J., James, J., Driscoll, M., Stokes, G., (2012) Center for Physical Cultural Studies (CPCS). The Florida State University: College of Education – Department of Sport Management

Andrews, D., & Silk, M., (2011). Physical Cultural Studies: Engendering a Productive Dialogue. Sociology of Sport Journal 28: 1-3

Silk, M., & Andrews, D., (2011). Toward a Physical Cultural Studies. Sociology of Sport Journal 28: 1-3

Research: Physical Cultural Studies (2012) University of Maryland: Kinesiology. Retrieved 08/10/12 from: https://web.archive.org/web/20120822145330/http://sph.umd.edu/KNES/research/sportstud.html

PCS at Bath (2012) University of Bath: Department of Education. Retrieved 08/10/12 from: https://web.archive.org/web/20120923173512/http://www.bath.ac.uk/education/research/programmes/pcs/bath.html

Centre for sport policy studies (2012) university of Toronto: Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Retrieved 08/10/12 from: http://www.physical.utoronto.ca/Centre\_for\_Sport\_Policy\_Studies.aspx

The H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Cultural Studies. Retrieved 08/10/12 from: http://www.starkcenter.org/

Body, Movement and Culture Research Group (2012). University of Alberta: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation. Retrieved 08/10/12 from: https://web.archive.org/web/20131203172147/http://www.physedandrec.ualberta.ca/Research/LaboratoriesandResearchWorksho/BodyMovementandCultureResearch.aspx


title: Edward William Payton

abstract: Edward William Payton was a photographer and painter in New Zealand. Payton was born in Warwickshire, England. He studied art at the Municipal School of Art Birmingham under E. R. Taylor. He has received several medals and prizes in national competitions. He also studied at the Royal College of Art, as well as in Antwerp and Paris. In 1882 he left for Australia, and in early 1883 from Melbourne he travelled further to New Zealand. Starting from the southern coastal town of Bluff he travelled wide and far in the country, making sketches and photos about the countryside and Maori people. He settled down in Auckland and from there he visited the Hot Lakes district. He has seen and painted the Pink and White Terraces before and after the Mount Tarawera eruption. In 1887 he exhibited in the Auckland Art Gallery, and in 1888 he published Round About New Zealand, a folio of etchings of Auckland and Rotorua. He became the first director of the Elam School of Art in 1890, a post which he held for 35 years, retiring in 1924. In 1930, he travelled to Europe and added to the Mackelvie Collection in Auckland Art Gallery by the purchase on behalf of the trustees of 134 paintings and about 100 prints. In later life he settled in Rotorua. He died in Tauranga at the age of 85 on 2 October 1944.

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# Edward William Payton

**Edward William Payton** (21 May 1859 – 2 October 1944) was a photographer and painter in New Zealand.

Payton was born in Warwickshire, England. He studied art at the Municipal School of Art Birmingham under E. R. Taylor. He has received several medals and prizes in national competitions. He also studied at the Royal College of Art, as well as in Antwerp and Paris.

In 1882 he left for Australia, and in early 1883 from Melbourne he travelled further to New Zealand. Starting from the southern coastal town of Bluff he travelled wide and far in the country, making sketches and photos about the countryside and Maori people.

He settled down in Auckland and from there he visited the Hot Lakes district. He has seen and painted the Pink and White Terraces before and after the Mount Tarawera eruption.

In 1887 he exhibited in the Auckland Art Gallery, and in 1888 he published *Round About New Zealand*, a folio of etchings of Auckland and Rotorua. He became the first director of the Elam School of Art in 1890, a post which he held for 35 years, retiring in 1924. In 1930, he travelled to Europe and added to the Mackelvie Collection in Auckland Art Gallery by the purchase on behalf of the trustees of 134 paintings and about 100 prints.

In later life he settled in Rotorua. He died in Tauranga at the age of 85 on 2 October 1944.

## Further reading

* "PAYTON, Edward William 1859–1944". *NZETC*. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
* The Heritage Collection, catalogue, Rotorua Museum
* "Payton, Edward William". *findnzartists.org.nz*. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
* Concise Dictionary of New Zealand Artists
* New Zealand Art: A Centennial Exhibition
* Nineteenth Century New Zealand Artists: A Guide and Handbook

## InfoBox

| Edward William Payton | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1859-05-21)21 May 1859
Warwickshire, England |
| Died | 2 October 1944(1944-10-02) (aged 85)
Tauranga, New Zealand |


abstract: Electrolux v The Australian Workers' Union was a 2004 decision by the High Court of Australia that held that a bargaining agent fee did not pertain to the relationship between employer and employee and so could not be included in an enterprise bargaining agreement.

text:
# Electrolux Home Products Pty Ltd v Australian Workers' Union

***Electrolux v The Australian Workers' Union*** was a 2004 decision by the High Court of Australia that held that a bargaining agent fee did not pertain to the relationship between employer and employee and so could not be included in an enterprise bargaining agreement.

## Background

The case dealt with whether bargaining agent's fees could be in an enterprise bargaining agreement as created by the *Workplace Relations Act (Cth) 1996*.

Bargaining agent's fees were politically contentious as they were seen as a form of compulsory union dues. They were expressly prohibited by the Parliament of Australia by the Workplace Relations Amendment (Prohibition of Compulsory Union Fees) Act 2003 No. 20, 2003 and then subsequently by the WorkChoices legislation.

## Decision

The High Court decided 6 judges to 1 (Kirby J dissenting) that only matters that "pertained to the relationship between employer and employee" could be placed in an enterprise bargaining agreement. Bargaining agent's fees did not could not be in the agreement.

## Aftermath

It was feared that on the logic of the High Court, many existing enterprise bargaining agreements had been certified invalidly and therefore could not be enforced, which forced the Parliament of Australia to pass the *Workplace Relations Amendment (Agreement Validation) Act 2004 No. 155, 2004*.

Furthermore, uncertainty existed around what could be placed in enterprise bargaining agreements in the future. Also, as unions could undertake protected industrial action or strikes only in pursuit of enterprise bargaining agreements, a serious question surrounded what unions could undertake strikes. That led to around 6 months of industrial confusion in which time, almost no enterprise bargaining agreements were certified and no industrial action occurred.

The industrial confusion specifically surrounded a raft of clauses, which, until the decision of *Electrolux v AWU*, had been commonly placed in enterprise bargaining agreements. Most of these clauses were union-friendly provisions: trade union training leave, right of entry, recognition of union delegates or shop stewards. (However, there was also some concern regarding provisions against the use of contract labour or setting the terms and conditions of contract labour and salary sacrifice into superannuation.)

Many argued that these types of clauses did not "pertain" and so could not be included into future enterprise agreements. That created considerable concern in the union movement as if the union-friendly provisions could not be included into future enterprise bargaining agreements, that would considerably limit union influence in the Australian worksite. The problem was comprehensively resolved by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission's landmark decision on 21 March 2005: the Schefenacker, the Murray Bridge and the La Trobe University certified agreements (the three certified agreements case). The decision determined what provisions the Commission would allow to be certified in enterprise agreements.

The decision was generally considered as a union victory, as it endorsed a whole raft of union friendly clauses.

One final consequence of the case of *Electrolux v AWU* is that it upheld several previous decisions of the High Court, which had decided that provisions allowing for payroll deductions of union dues did not "pertain to the relationship between employer and employee." Payroll deductions were consequently prohibited from being placed into enterprise agreements and so cannot be placed into enterprise agreements created under the WorkChoices reforms.

The relevance of *Electrolux v AWU* as an authority in Australian industrial relations in many ways ceased, with the introduction of the WorkChoices legislation reform package. However, consistent with the litigation itself, it was the consequent events that remained relevant. The decision of the three certified agreements case is still an applicable authority in determining what can and cannot be placed in an enterprise agreement.

## InfoBox

| Electrolux v The Australian Workers' Union | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court of Australia |
| Full case name | *Electrolux Home Products Pty Ltd v The Australian Workers' Union* |
| Decided | 2 September 2004 |
| Citations | \[2004\] HCA 40, (2004) 221 CLR 309; 209 ALR 116; 78 ALJR 1231 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | *The AMWU v Electrolux* \[2002\] FCAFC 199 (21 June 2002) |
| Case opinions | |
| **(6:1)** Appeal Upheld. Only matters that "pertain to the relationship between employer and employee" can be in an enterprise agreement. Bargaining agent's fee do not "pertain" so cannot be in an enterprise agreement. | |
| Majority | Gleeson CJ, McHugh, Gummow, Hayne, Callinan, Heydon JJ |
| Dissent | Kirby J |


title: Chess Magazine

abstract: CHESS Magazine (ISSN 0964-6221), also called CHESS and previously called CHESS Monthly, is a chess magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom by Chess and Bridge Limited. CHESS was founded by Baruch Harold Wood in 1935 in Sutton Coldfield. Wood edited it until 1988, when it was taken over by Pergamon Press and changed its name to Pergamon Chess. It became Macmillan Chess in 1989 and Maxwell Macmillan Chess Monthly in 1991. Current executive editor Malcolm Pein purchased Chess and Bridge from the Robert Maxwell estate.

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# Chess Magazine

***CHESS Magazine*** (ISSN 0964-6221), also called ***CHESS*** and previously called ***CHESS Monthly***, is a chess magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom by Chess and Bridge Limited. *CHESS* was founded by Baruch Harold Wood in 1935 in Sutton Coldfield. Wood edited it until 1988, when it was taken over by Pergamon Press and changed its name to *Pergamon Chess*. It became *Macmillan Chess* in 1989 and *Maxwell Macmillan Chess Monthly* in 1991. Current executive editor Malcolm Pein purchased Chess and Bridge from the Robert Maxwell estate.

## Staff

## InfoBox

*Chess Magazine*
| May 2011 issue | |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Chess |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Founder | Baruch Harold Wood |
| Founded | 1935 |
| Company | Chess and Bridge Limited |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Based in | London |
| Language | English |
| Website | www.chess.co.uk |
| ISSN | 0964-6221 |


title: Eduardo Jardón

abstract: Eduardo Jardón was a Spanish field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Eduardo Jardón

**Eduardo Jardón** (3 October 1914  20 May 1997) was a Spanish field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Eduardo Jardón
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Born | (1914-10-03)3 October 1914
Oviedo, Spain |
| Died | 20 May 1997(1997-05-20) (aged 82)
Madrid, Spain |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Field hockey |


title: Robin Fields

abstract: Robin Fields is an American journalist, investigative reporter, and managing editor with ProPublica, an independent, not-for-profit news agency. Fields was born in New York City. She graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts in European History and from Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism with a master's degree in 1993.

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# Robin Fields

**Robin Fields** (born September 5, 1967) is an American journalist, investigative reporter, and managing editor with ProPublica, an independent, not-for-profit news agency.

Fields was born in New York City. She graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts in European History and from Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism with a master's degree in 1993.

## Career

After graduating from Medill, Fields was briefly an intern with *WBBM-TV* until becoming a staff writer and eventually senior writer at *The Sun Sentinel* in Fort Lauderdale.

In 2010, Fields worked as senior editor before serving as the managing editor in 2013, where she is responsible for day-to-day operations including decisions on stories to cover, supervision of projects and hiring. In a 2013 article, "From Shoe Leather to Big Data: ProPublica and the Future of Watchdog Journalism," she wrote that she was there "to represent the present and future," referring to journalists from an earlier era of investigative journalism.

Some of the projects that Fields worked on, in cooperation with the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) were made into documentaries, broadcast on the PBS investigative journalism program, *Frontline*. Two of the documentaries, "Cell Tower Deaths," and "The Child Cases," were nominated for the Emmy Award.

### *Los Angeles Times*

In 1999 Fields began work at The *Los Angeles Times*, first in the Orange County Office and then in 2001 moving to the Los Angeles office as a reporter in the Metro Section. During her tenure with the *Times*, she reported on numerous stories to include chronicling abuses at the J. Paul Getty Trust in 2005 and 2006, and the 2007 investigations into Norman Hsu's political fundraising.

#### Guardianship reporting

Fields investigated and covered California's adult guardianship system in a series of stories from 2002 to 2007. An article published in the May/June 2006 issue of *The IRE Journal*, "Aging Citizens: Steep learning curve for series of stories on guardianship care for the state's elderly," by Fields and colleagues, Evelyn Larrubia and Jack Leonard, described how they discovered that hundreds of senior citizens lost the right to make their own decisions, without their consent, in the California court system. Most were assigned guardians due to health issues, primarily, dementia. They learned that the courts were so backlogged, no one was keeping track of their welfare even though it was mandated by state law. The investigation took years of gathering data in order to build a database; they examined more than 2,400 cases, in five California counties. The four-part series led to the introduction of bills to strengthen regulations, and a task force was created to study the laws that regulate conservatorship.

### ProPublica

In July 2008, ProPublica, a non-profit news organization, announced seven new reporters were joining the staff; Robin Fields, was among those who were named as new reporters.

#### 2008: Psychiatric Solutions series

While working for ProPublica, Fields, in collaboration with the *Los Angeles Times* and other news organizations, reported on substandard care, resulting in injuries, sexual assault, and deaths, in a number of facilities under the ownership of Psychiatric Solutions, Incorporated (PSI). During the investigation, it was discovered that the company was earning nearly two-thirds of its revenue from Medicare and Medicaid, maintaining a profit margin of 25%, compared to an average of 6% in other facilities, and employed one-third fewer staffers per bed in order to secure higher profits for the organization. The company was fined multiple times for safety violations, and at one facility, the federal government took the unusual step of termination from the Medicare program, withholding federal funds from one facility, for a period of over four months, and costing PSI over 1.5 million in lost revenue. PSI was still allowed to continue providing psychiatric care.

After CEO, Joey Jacobs, replaced a management team at one facility, saying it would "continue to get better," the problems continued. Allegations that the director and other PSI officials made material misstatements and omissions about the company finances and liabilities, in order to inflate stock prices, caused its stock prices to drop, resulting in large shareholder losses. As more reports were published about the problems at PSI, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) began investigations into the healthcare company, and a class action lawsuit was filed. The company was eventually purchased by Universal Health Services, who also paid $132 million in a settlement with the DOJ and other state agencies, for violations of the False Claims Act.

#### 2010: Dialysis series

After joining with ProPublica, Fields made multiple Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). After two years of delays, Fields, now senior editor, began reporting on practices of the kidney dialysis industry.

The series of stories, "Dialysis: High Costs and Hidden Perils of Treatment Guaranteed for All," was awarded the Gannett Foundation Award for Investigative Journalism. The series prompted Chuck Grassley to call for an investigation into CMS, and led to a Grand Jury investigation by the U.S. Attorney's Office in Colorado, into DaVita Inc., the second-largest dialysis provider in the United States. In 2013, she described the systemic issues in American dialysis, and how the U.S. spent more money per patient than any other country, but with poorer results. In describing the beginnings of the investigation, she recalled:

> "In my initial interviews, when I asked dialysis industry insiders to describe the level of care, several called it the health-care equivalent of a factory assembly line."
>
> Robin Fields, From Shoe Leather to Big Data: ProPublica and the Future of Watchdog Journalism, Nieman Reports

On November 9, 2010, ProPublica released a story outlining how an umbrella group, Kidney Care Partners, planned to spin the dialysis investigation; they published leaked public relations materials.

A list of the articles and follow-up stories is listed below.

* Inside a Dialysis Treatment by ProPublica Nov. 9, 2010
* In Dialysis, Life-Saving Care at Great Risk and Cost by Robin Fields Nov. 9, 2010
* When Needles Dislodge, Dialysis Can Turn Deadly by Robin Fields Nov. 10, 2010
* New Study Shows Higher Mortality Risk at For-Profit Dialysis Chains by Robin Fields Dec. 9, 2010
* Life and Death Choices as South Africans Ration Dialysis Care by Sheri Fink Dec. 15, 2010
* Sen. Grassley Demands Information on Dialysis Clinic Conditions by Robin Fields Dec. 22, 2010
* Dialysis Data, Once Confidential, Shines Light on Clinic Disparities by Robin Fields Dec. 23, 2010
* Led by California, Inspection Backlogs Weaken Dialysis Oversight by Robin Fields Dec. 28, 2010
* Feds to Follow ProPublica, Release Dialysis Clinic Data by Robin Fields March 29, 2011
* Federal Grand Jury Probes Major Dialysis Provider by Robin Fields Aug. 4, 2011
* How are the Dialysis Centers Near You?, A roundup of local coverage using data from our updated Dialysis Facility Tracker, by Minhee Cho April 2012
* Dialysis Facility Tracker, by Robin Fields, Al Shaw, Jennifer LaFleur and Madi Alexander, ProPublica, Updated June 23, 2016

In December 2011, Fields' story titled, "God Help You, You're on Dialysis: why do one in four people on dialysis die?" was featured in The Atlantic magazine; the piece was a finalist for the Association of Magazine Media, National Magazine Award for a public interest story.

It wasn't until the *Atlantic* story was published, that CMS agreed to release data that was used to create the data tracker on the ProPublica website, set-up to assist kidney dialysis patients compare dialysis centers in order to receive the best care. As of June, 2013, the tracker had over 190,000 page views; it's updated annually and Fields considered it to be her "most significant product of \[her\] reporting."

## Awards and recognition

* 2011 Winner Gannett Foundation Award for Innovative Investigative Journalism for the series, "Dialysis: High Costs and Hidden Perils of Treatment Guaranteed for All"
* 2011 Finalist National Magazine Awards, for "God Help You, You're on Dialysis: why do one in four people on dialysis die?"
* 2006 Winner Associated Press Managing Editors Public Service Award, for the guardianship series
* 2006 Finalist Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting
* 2005 Winner National Journalism Awards for Investigative Reporting, for the guardianship series
* 2005 Winner Sigma Delta Chi Public Service Award, for the guardianship series
* 1999 Winner Sunshine State Awards, South Florida Society of Professional Journalists, first place, non-deadline business reporting, for the series "How Florida Cheats Itself on Sales Tax"
* 1999 Second Place Florida Society of Newspaper Editors, for investigative reporting, for the series "Paved with Gold"
* 1998 Third Place Sunshine State Awards, South Florida Society of Professional Journalists, for non-deadline business reporting

## InfoBox

| Robin Fields | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1967-09-05) September 5, 1967<br>New York City |
| Education | Masters, Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism; B.A., University of Pennsylvania |
| Occupation(s) | Managing editor; Journalist |
| Employer | ProPublica |
| Awards | The Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting |


title: Black Point, Halifax

abstract: Black Point is a rural community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Black Point is the closest community in the Ten Beaches area to Metropolitan Halifax, just 30 minutes away, on Highway 3. Black Point is believed to have been given its name because its land mass appear black from outside of St. Margaret's Bay. Original land grants were given in 1786, but it was not until the 19th century that the community began to take shape. Black's Point first post office opened in 1867. A new school opened in 1879. A United Baptist Church was dedicated in 1898. Today, the fire station and community hall are focal points of the community, where community suppers and social events are held. The village also boasts some antique and craft shops, and has two sand beaches, the Black Point Beach and The Puddle Beach. Fernwood Publishing has been headquartered in Black Point since the early 1990s.

text:
# Black Point, Halifax

class=notpageimage|Black Point in Nova Scotia

**Black Point** (2021 population: 486) is a rural community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

Black Point is the closest community in the Ten Beaches area to Metropolitan Halifax, just 30 minutes away, on Highway 3.

Black Point is believed to have been given its name because its land mass appear black from outside of St. Margaret's Bay. Original land grants were given in 1786, but it was not until the 19th century that the community began to take shape. Black's Point first post office opened in 1867. A new school opened in 1879. A United Baptist Church was dedicated in 1898.

Today, the fire station and community hall are focal points of the community, where community suppers and social events are held. The village also boasts some antique and craft shops, and has two sand beaches, the Black Point Beach and The Puddle Beach.

Fernwood Publishing has been headquartered in Black Point since the early 1990s.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Black Point had a population of 486 living in 221 of its 281 total private dwellings, a change of 7.5% from its 2016 population of 452. With a land area of 1.48 km2 (0.57 sq mi), it had a population density of 328.4/km2 (850.5/sq mi) in 2021.

44°39′5.7″N 63°58′50.7″W / 44.651583°N 63.980750°W / 44.651583; -63.980750


title: Bishop's Palace, Ely

abstract: The Bishop's Palace, Ely was one of the residences of the Bishop of Ely from the 15th century until 1941. It is a Grade I listed building. The palace was built in the 15th century by Bishop John Alcock however just two towers from the original building remain. He also completed the bishop’s palace at Wisbech. Bishops over the following centuries expanded and remodelled the palace. During the Second World War the palace was used as a base for the British Red Cross and after this period it became a home for disabled children until its closure in the 1980s. Following this, the palace was purchased on a 99 years lease by the Sue Ryder Care organization although the palace went up for sale again in 2010. Later that year, local public school, King's Ely took over the lease from Sue Ryder Care and refurbished the palace to become the school new sixth form centre. It was opened by the Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester on Friday 25 January 2013.

text:
# Bishop's Palace, Ely

The **Bishop's Palace**, Ely was one of the residences of the Bishop of Ely from the 15th century until 1941. It is a Grade I listed building.

The palace was built in the 15th century by Bishop John Alcock however just two towers from the original building remain. He also completed the bishop’s palace (now Wisbech Castle) at Wisbech (where he died in 1500). Bishops over the following centuries expanded and remodelled the palace.

During the Second World War the palace was used as a base for the British Red Cross and after this period it became a home for disabled children until its closure in the 1980s. Following this, the palace was purchased on a 99 years lease by the Sue Ryder Care organization although the palace went up for sale again in 2010. Later that year, local public school, King's Ely took over the lease from Sue Ryder Care and refurbished the palace to become the school new sixth form centre. It was opened by the Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester on Friday 25 January 2013.

52°23′55″N 0°15′41″E / 52.3986°N 0.2614°E / 52.3986; 0.2614


title: BioPlex

abstract: BioPlex is an open access resource for studying protein-protein interactions. It is the result of collaborations between Harvard Medical School and Biogen. BioPlex 1.0 reported 23,744 interactions among 7,668 proteins. BioPlex 2.0 extended those observations to detect over 29,000 new interactions. The basic technology is to express a "bait" protein in human cells. Those bait proteins interact with other proteins, and then the complexes of the bait and "prey" proteins are isolated by affinity purification. The interacting prey proteins are identified using mass spectrometry.

text:
# BioPlex

**BioPlex** (**b**iophysical **i**nteractions of **O**RFeome-based com**plex**es) is an open access resource for studying protein-protein interactions. It is the result of collaborations between Harvard Medical School and Biogen. BioPlex 1.0 reported 23,744 interactions among 7,668 proteins. BioPlex 2.0 extended those observations to detect over 29,000 new interactions.

The basic technology is to express a "bait" protein in human cells. Those bait proteins interact with other proteins, and then the complexes of the bait and "prey" proteins are isolated by affinity purification. The interacting prey proteins are identified using mass spectrometry.

## Use in research

Determining the interaction partners of poorly characterized proteins can provide clues to the function of those proteins, and knowing which "protein community" a disease gene resides in can give better context for its action.


title: BioPerformance

abstract: BioPerformance is a multi-level marketing company that sells fuel additives, often in the form of "gas pills", which are claimed to increase fuel efficiency in automobiles. The company was founded in 2005 by Gus Romero. Research has concluded that the "gas pills" are not effective with regard to fuel efficiency. It has also been claimed that BioPerformance made other false claims, such as that its pills are non-toxic. The company was sued and temporarily shut down on May 17, 2006 by the Texas Attorney General for being an alleged pyramid scheme and also because of the company's alleged false advertising claims. It has been asserted by former BioPerformance representatives now speaking out against BioPerformance that the company appears to have taken early precautionary measures to avoid refunds on the gas pill. The company accepted money order payments or check payments through postal mail. Multilevel marketing companies selling faulty products have been known to not accept credit card payments due to charge backs from unsatisfied customers, which in turn create accrued charge back fees for the company. As of May 2007, the company still does not take credit cards and is still selling a naphthalene-based product. The headquarters is no longer in Texas, and the company no longer ships to Texas, where the owners were sued and ultimately gave over $7,000,000 to the Office of the Attorney General. Nor did they issue refunds or ship over 10,000 cases of product, although complaints arrived from all over the nation. To date, over $6.5 million in refund requests have been processed by the Texas Attorney General's Office.

text:
# BioPerformance

**BioPerformance** is a multi-level marketing company that sells fuel additives, often in the form of "gas pills", which are claimed to increase fuel efficiency in automobiles. The company was founded in 2005 by Gus Romero.

Research has concluded that the "gas pills" are not effective with regard to fuel efficiency. It has also been claimed that BioPerformance made other false claims, such as that its pills are non-toxic (they are made primarily of naphthalene, a toxic chemical also found in mothballs). The company was sued and temporarily shut down on May 17, 2006 by the Texas Attorney General for being an alleged pyramid scheme and also because of the company's alleged false advertising claims.

It has been asserted by former BioPerformance representatives now speaking out against BioPerformance that the company appears to have taken early precautionary measures to avoid refunds on the gas pill. The company accepted money order payments or check payments through postal mail. Multilevel marketing companies selling faulty products have been known to not accept credit card payments due to charge backs from unsatisfied customers, which in turn create accrued charge back fees for the company.

As of May 2007, the company still does not take credit cards and is still selling a naphthalene-based product. The headquarters is no longer in Texas, and the company no longer ships to Texas, where the owners were sued and ultimately gave over $7,000,000 to the Office of the Attorney General. Nor did they issue refunds or ship over 10,000 cases of product, although complaints arrived from all over the nation. To date, over $6.5 million in refund requests have been processed by the Texas Attorney General's Office.

## InfoBox

BioPerformance
| Industry | Multi-level marketing |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Headquarters | Irving, Texas |


title: Bitoscanate

abstract: Bitoscanate is an organic chemical compound used in the treatment of hookworms. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

text:
# Bitoscanate

**Bitoscanate** is an organic chemical compound used in the treatment of hookworms. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

## InfoBox

Bitoscanate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene | |
| Other names Bitoscanat; PDITC; Phenylene-1,4-diisothiocyanate; *p*-Phenylene bisisothiocyanate; *p*-Phenylene diisothiocyanate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.021.584 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C8H4N2S2/c11-5-9-7-1-2-8(4-3-7)10-6-12/h1-4HKey: OMWQUXGVXQELIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N * InChI=1/C8H4N2S2/c11-5-9-7-1-2-8(4-3-7)10-6-12/h1-4HKey: OMWQUXGVXQELIX-UHFFFAOYAS | |
| SMILES * C1=CC(=CC=C1N=C=S)N=C=S | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C8H4N2S2 |
| Molar mass | 192.25 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 132 °C (270 °F; 405 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Rock Corral on the Barlow Road

abstract: The Rock Corral on the Barlow Road is a glacial erratic, on Oregon's Barlow Road, itself a new route on the Oregon Trail.

text:
# Rock Corral on the Barlow Road

The **Rock Corral on the Barlow Road** is a glacial erratic, on Oregon's Barlow Road, itself a new route on the Oregon Trail.

## Its location

It is on the way to Marmot, where the Barlow Road then goes southwest cross the Devil's Backbone and back across the Sandy River.

It is in Clackamas County, and was at the end of the Oregon Trail's most difficult, most dangerous passage over the Cascade Mountains. The Barlow Tollgate was once there.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rock Corral on the Barlow Road | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Rock Corral - Barlow Road | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Brightwood, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°23′00″N 122°03′52″W / 45.38333°N 122.06444°W / 45.38333; -122.06444 (Rock Corral on the Barlow Road) |
| Area | 5 acres (2.0 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001673 |
| Added to NRHP | December 19, 1974 |


title: Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia

abstract: The Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia is located in Cherry Brook, Nova Scotia, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The centre is a museum and a library resource centre that focuses on the history and culture of African Nova Scotians. The organization of the Black Cultural Society was incorporated as a charitable organization in 1977 and the centre opened its doors in 1983, with a goal to educate and inspire and to protect, preserve and promote Black culture in Nova Scotia. The centre is located on Trunk 7 at 1149 Main Street. The centre holds many events on a weekly basis and is open to the public. The centre also has a permanent display about the former community of Africville.

text:
# Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia

**The Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia** (also known as The Society for the Protection and Preservation of Black Culture in Nova Scotia) is located in Cherry Brook, Nova Scotia, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The centre is a museum and a library resource centre that focuses on the history and culture of African Nova Scotians. The organization of the Black Cultural Society was incorporated as a charitable organization in 1977 and the centre opened its doors in 1983, with a goal to *educate and inspire* and to protect, preserve and promote Black culture in Nova Scotia. The centre is located on Trunk 7 at 1149 Main Street.

The centre holds many events on a weekly basis and is open to the public. The centre also has a permanent display about the former community of Africville.

## Background

The Black Cultural Centre was the "brainchild" of William Pearly Oliver OC CM (1934 – 1989), and was put forth in 1972 in order to help meet the needs of the local Black community. Its goals include the preservation and bolstering of the culture of Nova Scotians of African descent through exhibitions and lectures about "community life, religion, military service and immigration."

By 2007, the Cultural Centre had been successful in acquiring an Order of Canada medal and thirty Victory Medals from eBay. The Victory Medals had been originally awarded to Black soldiers who had served during World War I in the No. 2 Construction Battalion—"Canada's first and only black battalion." The Centre worked with Dave Thomson of St. George, Ontario who had helped purchase medals for the Centre. In February 2007, the family of Sapper PR. P.F. Fenton learned that his medal was being auctioned on eBay. The community raised thousands of dollars towards the purchase price of over CDN$7,400 so the medal could be placed at the Centre.

## Public transit

There is a Halifax Transit bus stop outside the Black Cultural Centre served by routes "61 North Preston" and "68 Cherry Brook". These operate all day and connect to nearby Portland Hills Terminal.

44°42′11″N 63°28′19″W / 44.70316°N 63.47189°W / 44.70316; -63.47189

## InfoBox

**Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia**
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1983 |
| Location | Cherry Brook, Nova Scotia, Canada |
| Type | Heritage centre |
| Website | www.bccns.com |


title: Roger Pusey

abstract: Roger Pusey is a former BBC Radio 1 producer who worked on the Peel Sessions. He was previously producer of the station's Tony Blackburn morning show. He produced versions of a number of tracks for The Smiths including "This Charming Man", "What Difference Does It Make", and "This Night Has Opened My Eyes" on the compilation albums: Hatful of Hollow and Louder Than Bombs. In addition, Pusey produced tracks for David Bowie and New Model Army. In 2010 he co-produced the debut EP Atlas by singer-songwriter Joshua Fisher.

text:
# Roger Pusey

**Roger Pusey** is a former BBC Radio 1 producer who worked on the Peel Sessions. He was previously producer of the station's Tony Blackburn morning show.

He produced versions of a number of tracks for The Smiths including "This Charming Man", "What Difference Does It Make", and "This Night Has Opened My Eyes" on the compilation albums: *Hatful of Hollow* and *Louder Than Bombs*.

In addition, Pusey produced tracks for David Bowie and New Model Army.

In 2010 he co-produced the debut EP *Atlas* by singer-songwriter Joshua Fisher.

## InfoBox

| Roger Pusey | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres | Rock |
| Occupation(s) | Radio producer
Record producer |
| Labels | Rough Trade
EMI
Strange Fruit
Polymorph |


title: Blackhawk Airfield

abstract: Blackhawk Airfield is a privately owned public use airport in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located 10 nautical miles east of the central business district of Madison, near the village of Cottage Grove. This airport was included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility, but is not listed in the 2021–2025 NPIAS.

text:
# Blackhawk Airfield

**Blackhawk Airfield** (FAA LID: **87Y**) is a privately owned public use airport in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located 10 nautical miles (12 mi, 19 km) east of the central business district of Madison, near the village of Cottage Grove. This airport was included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a *general aviation* facility, but is not listed in the 2021–2025 NPIAS.

## Facilities and aircraft

Blackhawk Airfield covers an area of 27 acres (11 ha) at an elevation of 920 feet (280 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces: the primary runway 4/22 is 2,814 by 57 feet (858 x 17 m) and the crosswind runway 9/27 is 2,203 by 56 feet (671 x 17 m).

For the 12-month period ending July 22, 2022, the airport had 2,000 aircraft operations, an average of 38 operations per week: 50% transient general aviation and 50% local general aviation. In July 2024, there were 34 aircraft based at this airport: all 34 single-engine.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for 87Y PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective July 11, 2024.
2. "Map showing location of airport and Cottage Grove in Wisconsin". MapQuest. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
3. "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF). *National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems*. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on 2012-09-27.
4. "Airnav airport information for 87Y". *Airnav.com*. September 13, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Blackhawk Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public use |
| Owner | Blackhawk Airfield Inc. |
| Serves | Madison, Wisconsin |
| Location | Cottage Grove, Wisconsin |
| Time zone | CST (UTC−06:00) |
| Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 920 ft / 280 m |
| Coordinates | 43°06′17″N 089°11′07″W / 43.10472°N 89.18528°W / 43.10472; -89.18528 |
| Map | |
| **87Y**Location of airport in Wisconsin**87Y****87Y** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  4/22 2,814 858 Asphalt  9/27 2,203 671 Asphalt | |
| Statistics | |
| Aircraft operations (2022) 2,000  Based aircraft (2024) 34 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


abstract: The Rock Hill Printing and Finish Company, also known locally as The Bleachery is a historic textile processing facility at 400 West White Street in downtown Rock Hill, South Carolina. The complex consists of six buildings dating as far back as 1925, as well as a reservoir, and employed nearly 5,000 workers at its height in 1965. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. It includes the previously-listed Bleachery Water Treatment Plant.

text:
# Rock Hill Printing and Finishing Company

The **Rock Hill Printing and Finish Company**, also known locally as **The Bleachery** is a historic textile processing facility at 400 West White Street in downtown Rock Hill, South Carolina. The complex consists of six buildings dating as far back as 1925, as well as a reservoir, and employed nearly 5,000 workers at its height in 1965.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. It includes the previously-listed Bleachery Water Treatment Plant.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rock Hill Printing and Finishing Company | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 400 W. White St., Rock Hill, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°55′51″N 81°1′49″W / 34.93083°N 81.03028°W / 34.93083; -81.03028 |
| NRHP reference No. | 12001264 |
| Added to NRHP | February 5, 2013 |


title: Roe Valley Hospital

abstract: Roe Valley Hospital is a health facility in Benevenagh Drive, Limavady, Northern Ireland.

text:
# Roe Valley Hospital

**Roe Valley Hospital** is a health facility in Benevenagh Drive, Limavady, Northern Ireland.

## History

The facility has its origins in the Newtown Limavady Union Workhouse which was designed by George Wilkinson and was completed in March 1842. It became the Limavady District Hospital in 1932 and, after joining the National Health Service in 1948, the facility evolved to become Roe Valley Hospital. After services transferred to Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Roe Valley Hospital closed in 1997. The buildings were subsequently restored by the Limavady Community Development Initiative, a local charity. In 2011 the facility was used as the venue for a play by a local theatre company and it continues to be used for local health services such as diabetes clinics.

## InfoBox

| Roe Valley Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Roe Valley Hospital | |
| Location in Northern Ireland | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Benevenagh Drive, Limavady, Northern Ireland |
| Coordinates | 55°02′53″N 6°56′28″W / 55.0480°N 6.9410°W / 55.0480; -6.9410 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland |
| Type | Community |
| History | |
| Opened | 1842 |
| Closed | 1997 |


title: Black River (Hastings County)

abstract: The Black River is a river in Hastings County in Central Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin, and is a left tributary of the Moira River.

text:
# Black River (Hastings County)

The **Black River** is a river in Hastings County in Central Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin, and is a left tributary of the Moira River.

## Course

The river begins at an unnamed lake in geographic Cashel Township, part of the municipality of Tudor and Cashel, and 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) northeast of the community of Gunter. It flows south then southeast, passes into geographic Grimsthorpe Township in the municipality of Tweed, and reaches Lingham Lake. It leaves the lake at the south and flows south into geographic Elzevir Township, where it takes in the right tributary West Black River, arcs briefly west into the municipality of Madoc, then returns east into Elzevir Township near the community of Queensborough. The river there goes over a weir, continues south through a series of rapids, heads under Ontario Highway 7, and reaches its mouth at the Moira River. The Moira River flows to the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario.

## Recreation

The river is used by whitewater paddlers, particularly in spring as part of the M.A.C.K.fest (Marmora Area Canoe and Kayak Festival), with the community of Queensborough serving as a friendly access point recognized by Whitewater Ontario.

## Tributaries

* Railway Creek (right)
* Queensborough Creek (left)
* West Black River (right)
* Canniff Creek (left)

Other map sources:

## InfoBox

| Black River | |
| --- | --- |
| Dam and old mill at Queensborough | |
| Location of the mouth of the Black River in southern Ontario | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Central Ontario |
| County | Hastings |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Unnamed lake |
| location | Tudor and Cashel |
| coordinates | 43°53′50″N 77°31′24″W / 43.89722°N 77.52333°W / 43.89722; -77.52333 |
| elevation | 393 m (1,289 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Moira River |
| location | Tweed |
| coordinates | 44°31′47″N 77°22′16″W / 44.52972°N 77.37111°W / 44.52972; -77.37111 |
| elevation | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Great Lakes Basin |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | West Black River |


title: Birthday suit (disambiguation)

abstract: Birthday suit is an informal term for the naked human body. Birthday suit may also refer to:

text:
# Birthday suit (disambiguation)

**Birthday suit** is an informal term for the naked human body (as people are at birth).

**Birthday suit** may also refer to:

## Film and television

## Music

### Songs

* "Birthday Suit," a song from the Cosmo Sheldrake album *The Much Much How How and I* (2018)
* "Birthday Suit," a song performed by Johnny Kemp on the soundtrack of the 1989 film *Sing*
* "Birthday Suit," a song from the Pleasure P album *The Introduction of Marcus Cooper* (2009)
* "Birthday Suit," a song from the Saafir album *Trigonometry* (1998)
* "Birthday Suit," a song from the Sean Paul album *Imperial Blaze* (2009)
* "Birthday Suit," a song from the Weeknd's unreleased leaked EP *The Noise* (2009)
* "Birthday Suit," a track from Bill Engvall's 2009 comedy album *Aged and Confused*
* "Birthday Suit," a song from the Kesha album *High Road* (2020)


title: Blicourt

abstract: Blicourt is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

text:
# Blicourt

**Blicourt** (French pronunciation: \[blikuʁ\]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 225 |  |
| 1975 | 237 | +0.75% |
| 1982 | 234 | −0.18% |
| 1990 | 271 | +1.85% |
| 1999 | 281 | +0.40% |
| 2009 | 314 | +1.12% |
| 2014 | 340 | +1.60% |
| 2020 | 354 | +0.67% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Blicourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church and town hall in Blicourt | |
|  | |
| Location of Blicourt | |
| BlicourtBlicourt | |
| Coordinates: 49°33′27″N 2°03′28″E / 49.5575°N 2.0578°E / 49.5575; 2.0578 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Beauvais |
| Canton | Grandvilliers |
| Intercommunality | Picardie Verte |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Gérard Defrance |
| Area**1** | 14.57 km2 (5.63 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 355 |
| Density | 24/km2 (63/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60077 /60860 |
| Elevation | 111–176 m (364–577 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rock of the Dead

abstract: Rock of the Dead is a music video game. It was developed by Epicenter Studios and distributed by Conspiracy Entertainment and UFO Interactive Games. The game was released in 2010 for iOS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.

text:
# Rock of the Dead

***Rock of the Dead*** is a music video game. It was developed by Epicenter Studios and distributed by Conspiracy Entertainment and UFO Interactive Games. The game was released in 2010 for iOS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.

## Gameplay

Players use a guitar or drum peripheral to control the game. Two players can play what is called a "competitive co-op" throughout the game.

## Plot

Players will take on the role of the main character (voiced by Neil Patrick Harris) who has the ability to defeat enemies (often zombies) with the power of rock as he searches for his love interest (voiced by Felicia Day). Players have a few weapons at their disposal (including a shield and blast power-up), but the player can only use these by strumming the correct colored fret buttons in order on their guitar controller. The developers have bands record rock versions of classical music.

## Development

Epicenter described the game, saying, "Picture Typing of the Dead but with Guitar Hero guitars."

While originally announced as a Wii exclusive title, the title would ultimately release on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and iOS. While Epicenter claimed that a planned Wii version was not cancelled and simply on the back burner, the game never saw a release on the Wii console.

## Reception

The game received "generally unfavorable reviews" on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

## InfoBox

| Rock of the Dead | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Epicenter Studios |
| Publisher(s) | Conspiracy Entertainment
UFO Interactive Games |
| Platform(s) | iOS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 |
| Release | **iOS**
September 2, 2010
**PlayStation 3**, **Xbox 360**
* NA: October 19, 2010 |
| Genre(s) | Rhythm game, Rail shooter |


title: Rockwell City Bridge

abstract: The Rockwell City Bridge is located just east of Rockwell City, Iowa, United States. The 60-foot (18 m) span carried traffic on 270th Street over an unnamed stream. In 1915 Calhoun County requested the Iowa State Highway Commission (ISHC) and Des Moines engineer James B. Marsh to design a bridge for this crossing. The ISHC designed a double span concrete girder structure, while Marsh submitted his patented single-span rainbow arch configuration. They chose the Marsh submission, and contracted with the Iowa Bridge Company to build six bridges for $11,690, which included the costs for this bridge at $4,107.65. Originally built to serve a county road, it was later incorporated into the route for U.S. Highway 20 and carried heavy traffic until the highway was realigned in 1981. While no longer in use, the bridge remains in place just south of the replacement span. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. In 2020, the bridge and some adjacent land was turned into a roadside park managed by Calhoun County Conservation.

text:
# Rockwell City Bridge

The **Rockwell City Bridge** is located just east of Rockwell City, Iowa, United States. The 60-foot (18 m) span carried traffic on 270th Street over an unnamed stream. In 1915 Calhoun County requested the Iowa State Highway Commission (ISHC) and Des Moines engineer James B. Marsh to design a bridge for this crossing. The ISHC designed a double span concrete girder structure, while Marsh submitted his patented single-span rainbow arch configuration. They chose the Marsh submission, and contracted with the Iowa Bridge Company to build six bridges for $11,690, which included the costs for this bridge at $4,107.65. Originally built to serve a county road, it was later incorporated into the route for U.S. Highway 20 and carried heavy traffic until the highway was realigned in 1981. While no longer in use, the bridge remains in place just south of the replacement span. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

In 2020, the bridge and some adjacent land was turned into a roadside park managed by Calhoun County Conservation.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rockwell City Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 270th St. over an unnamed stream |
| Nearest city | Rockwell City, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°23′57″N 94°36′25″W / 42.39917°N 94.60694°W / 42.39917; -94.60694 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1915 |
| Built by | Iowa Bridge Company |
| Architect | James B. Marsh |
| Architectural style | Marsh arch |
| MPS | Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 98000752 |
| Added to NRHP | June 25, 1998 |


title: Rockwell A. Schnabel

abstract: Rockwell A. Schnabel is a Dutch-American businessman who served as the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 2001 to 2005. He previously served as the United States Ambassador to Finland from 1986 to 1989, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Travel and Tourism from 1989 to 1992 and as the United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce from 1991 to 1993.

text:
# Rockwell A. Schnabel

**Rockwell A. Schnabel** (born December 30, 1936) is a Dutch-American businessman who served as the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 2001 to 2005. He previously served as the United States Ambassador to Finland from 1986 to 1989, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Travel and Tourism from 1989 to 1992 and as the United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce from 1991 to 1993.

## Early life

Rockwell Schnabel was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on December 30, 1936. He attended Trinity College in the Netherlands, but did not graduate. In 1957, he moved to the United States to live with relatives in California. Although he initially planned to stay in the country for only a few years, he later decided to make the move permanent. Following his decision to stay in America, Schnabel joined the California Air National Guard, where he served for six years, and became a United States citizen in the early 1960s.

While serving in the Air National Guard, Schnabel began working in the finance industry as a research analyst. In 1965, he joined the Los Angeles-based brokerage firm Bateman Eichler, Hill Richards Inc., where he spent nearly two decades, eventually becoming the chairman of its executive committee. After selling his share of Bateman Eichler in 1983, he briefly worked with another firm, Morgan, Olmstead, Kennedy & Gardner. He left Morgan, Olmstead and resigned his positions on the boards of several other organizations when he was named ambassador to Finland three years later.

In 1984, Schnabel was a member of the organizing committee for the 1984 Summer Olympics, which were held in Los Angeles. During the games themselves, he was the Olympics' attaché to the Netherlands.

## Political career

Schnabel began supporting the Republican Party shortly after his career in finance began. He initially supported candidates in the California State Senate, before organizing support among the local financial community for Richard Nixon in the 1968 presidential election.

In November 1985, President Ronald Reagan nominated Schnabel to be the United States Ambassador to Finland; he would serve in the role from 1986 to 1989. In an interview with the Library of Congress, Schnabel explained that he had approached the Reagan administration looking for a position in the United States Foreign Service, believing that he would be successful due to his experience in international business and his background growing up in Europe. During his tenure, he worked on an export control agreement between the two countries.

In 1989, Schnabel returned to the United States to serve as Under Secretary for Travel and Tourism in the Department of Commerce, and in 1991 President George H. W. Bush nominated him to serve as United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce, a position he held until 1993, when the administration of President Bill Clinton took over. That year, Schnabel founded the investment company Trident Capital.

In 2001, Schnabel was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as the United States Ambassador to the European Union. Schnabel had initially been set to become the ambassador to Italy, and the Italian government had already approved his appointment; however, after the Italian-American community protested that an Italian-American was not selected for that position, Schnabel was instead offered the European Union ambassadorship. Schnabel had been confirmed by the Senate for the position, but had not yet arrived in Europe, when the September 11 attacks took place, drastically shifting the policy agenda that Schnabel was expected to lead. He served in the position until 2005.

## Personal life

Schnabel is married to Marna Schnabel (née Del Mar). Together they have two daughters, Darrin and Christy, and a son, Evan. Marna, who was trained as an architect, worked for a time for Frank Gehry before leaving the field. Gehry designed a house for the Schnabels in Westside, Los Angeles, which was built while Rockwell was Ambassador to Finland. The house, which the Schnabels no longer own, was placed for sale at nearly $12 million in 2014.

In 2005, Schnabel and co-author Francis X. Rocca published *The Next Superpower? The Rise of Europe and Its Challenge to the United States*, an examination of the European Union and its impacts on the United States, which in part argues that the United States should not attempt to prevent the continent's continued integration.

## InfoBox

| Rockwell A. Schnabel | |
| --- | --- |
| Schnabel in 2002 | |
|  | |
| 15th United States Ambassador to the European Union | |
| **In office**
October 9, 2001  June 18, 2005 | |
| President | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Richard Morningstar |
| Succeeded by | C. Boyden Gray |
| 8th United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce | |
| **In office**
April 25, 1991  January 20, 1993 | |
| President | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Thomas J. Murrin |
| Succeeded by | David J. Barram |
| 4th Under Secretary of Commerce for Travel and Tourism | |
| **In office**
1989–1992 | |
| President | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Charles E. Cobb Jr. |
| Succeeded by | John G. Keller Jr. |
| 22nd United States Ambassador to Finland | |
| **In office**
February 28, 1986  February 24, 1989 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Keith Foote Nyborg |
| Succeeded by | John Giffen Weinmann |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1936-12-30) December 30, 1936
Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Blackmill Loch

abstract: Blackmill Loch is an impounding reservoir, in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The loch was constructed in 1964 and is one source of freshwater for the Lochgair Hydroelectric Scheme. The loch feeds the River Add, when not diverted for hydroelectric purposes. It is one of the two significant forest lochs to the north of Loch Glashan, the other being Loch Bealach Ghearran.

text:
# Blackmill Loch

**Blackmill Loch** is an impounding reservoir, in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The loch was constructed in 1964 and is one source of freshwater for the Lochgair Hydroelectric Scheme. The loch feeds the River Add, when not diverted for hydroelectric purposes. It is one of the two significant forest lochs to the north of Loch Glashan, the other being Loch Bealach Ghearran.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Blackmill Loch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Blackmill Loch | |
| Location | Minard, Scotland |
| Coordinates | 56°06′39″N 5°17′57″W / 56.1107°N 5.2991°W / 56.1107; -5.2991
grid reference NR94549588 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Basin countries | Scotland, United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Surface area | 130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft) |
| Surface elevation | 139 m (456 ft) |


title: Blackmill Woodlands

abstract: Blackmill Woodlands is woodland which is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation near Blackmill in Bridgend County Borough, south Wales, formerly it was in Glamorgan.

text:
# Blackmill Woodlands

**Blackmill Woodlands** is woodland which is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation near Blackmill in Bridgend County Borough, south Wales, formerly it was in Glamorgan.

## Description

Blackmill Woodlands with an area of 431.24 hectares (1,065.6 acres) is an old sessile oak woods, one of the most southerly of this woodland type in Wales. It is a relatively dry site and this means that the ground flora is limited however, the main habitat combination of the oak canopy and ground flora typical of acid soils such as bilberry and wavy hair-grass alongside a moderate cover of ferns and bryophytes is present. The long history of human use can be seen in the distinctively gnarly look that many of the trees have.

## Wildlife

Blackmill Woodlands is a site surveyed undert the British Trust for Ornithology's Breeding Bird Survey and has many species typical of western Britain's sessile oak dominated woodlands such as pied flycatcher, wood warbler and common redstart

## Management

Blackmill Woodlands are wholly common land and are the subject of rights of common going back to the Middle Ages. Among these common rights are the lopping of branches for firewood, a practice which has created the obviously gnarled appearance of a lot of the trees. There has also been significant grazing pressure in the past which has led to a uniform age structure and diminished ground flora. However, some areas have been fenced in the last ten years, leading to a significant increase in ground flora and natural regeneration.

## InfoBox

Blackmill Woodlands
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Wales | |
| Location | Mid and South Glamorgan |
| Grid reference | SS9296485912 |
| Coordinates | 51°33′43″N 3°32′44″W / 51.561896°N 3.5455063°W / 51.561896; -3.5455063 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 70.56 ha |
| Notification | 1 January 1972 |


title: Blaesilla

abstract: Blaesilla, also known as Blesilla (364–384), was a Roman widow and disciple of Jerome. She was born into a wealthy senatorial family in Rome, the eldest daughter of Paula of Rome and sister of Eustochium, who were members of a group of wealthy Christian women who followed the teachings of Jerome. Blaesilla was widowed at the age of 18; at first, she enjoyed her freedom as a widow, but after a life-threatening fever, became "a changed woman" and a severe ascetic, practicing fasting as a spiritual discipline. Her fasts dramatically weakened her, and she died within four months, at the age of 20. Blaesilla's death caused "bitter controversy" in Rome; many Romans blamed Jerome for her death and demanded that he be removed from Rome. Eventually, Jerome left Rome, with Blaesilla's mother and sister, to live as an ascetic in the Holy Land. Most of the knowledge about Blaesilla's life comes from the writings of Jerome, in which he described her piety and virtue. She also inspired Jerome to translate the book of Ecclesiastes. Modern writers and researchers have connected Blaesilla with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa; she has been called "this ancient woman who starved herself in death in the name of Christ" and "the first victim of anorexia nervosa, described in the literature", and has been compared to modern patients with the disorder.

text:
# Blaesilla

**Blaesilla**, also known as **Blesilla** (364–384), was a Roman widow and disciple of Jerome. She was born into a wealthy senatorial family in Rome, the eldest daughter of Paula of Rome and sister of Eustochium, who were members of a group of wealthy Christian women who followed the teachings of Jerome. Blaesilla was widowed at the age of 18; at first, she enjoyed her freedom as a widow, but after a life-threatening fever, became "a changed woman" and a severe ascetic, practicing fasting as a spiritual discipline. Her fasts dramatically weakened her, and she died within four months, at the age of 20.

Blaesilla's death caused "bitter controversy" in Rome; many Romans blamed Jerome for her death and demanded that he be removed from Rome. Eventually, Jerome left Rome, with Blaesilla's mother and sister, to live as an ascetic in the Holy Land. Most of the knowledge about Blaesilla's life comes from the writings of Jerome, in which he described her piety and virtue. She also inspired Jerome to translate the book of Ecclesiastes. Modern writers and researchers have connected Blaesilla with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa; she has been called "this ancient woman who starved herself in death in the name of Christ" and "the first victim of anorexia nervosa, described in the literature", and has been compared to modern patients with the disorder.

## Life

Blaesilla was born in Rome in 364, into a wealthy aristocratic family, the eldest daughter of Paula of Rome, the widow of Toxotius, a wealthy Roman senator. Toxotius' brother was a former vicarius of Rome and proconsul of Africa. Blaesilla had three sisters, one of which was Eustochium. Both Paula and Eustochium were part of "the vigorous Christian community" in Rome during the 4th century that was made up of wealthy women like Paula and Asella, and advised by Jerome. Blaesilla was described as "a beautiful, talented young girl who loved the merry life of aristocratic Rome"; she enjoyed the theater, dinner parties, and socializing with other young people.

When Blaesilla was 18, she married Furius, a son of Titiana, who was devoutly Christian like Blaesilla's mother. Blaesilla's husband died seven months after they were married, leaving her a wealthy widow. She mourned his death, but as historian Joyce E. Salisbury stated, Blaesilla was too young to "forego the exciting life she loved", living as other young widows did at the time, lavishly spending her time and money on her dress, appearance, and parties, and enjoying her freedom as a widow. Jerome, who advocated asceticism and extreme fasting as a spiritual practice because he believed that it helped his followers control their flesh and focus more on God, chastised her for "her frivolous life".

Shortly after her husband's death, Blaesilla became ill with a fever; she recovered and became "a changed woman". Writer Joan Carroll Cruz said that Blaesilla had "yield\[ed\] to the promptings of grace" and chose to spend "the rest of her short life in great austerity". She studied scripture, learned to speak Greek with a perfect accent, learned Hebrew in a few months, carried books with her wherever she went, and demanded that Jerome write commentaries for her to study. Jerome, speaking about her intellectual talent, said: "Who can recall without a sigh the earnestness of her prayers, the brilliancy of her conversation, the tenacity of her memory, and the quickness of her intellect?" She became an ascetic, wearing plain clothes and participating in extreme fasts that dramatically weakened her. Historian John Matthews conjectured that Blaesilla's behavior was due to depression and a response to a life-threatening illness. Her family grew alarmed about her declining health. She was not able to withstand the demands that her asceticism had on her body, though, and she died within four months, in 384, at the age of 20. Blaesiila's feast day is 22 January.

## Legacy

Historians Finley Hooper and Matthew Schwartz reported that Blaesilla's death caused "bitter controversy" in Rome. Salisbury reported that many in Rome were outraged at Blaesilla's premature death and blamed Jerome. According to Jerome in one of his letters to Paula, in which he described Blaesella's death, Paula became so overwhelmed by grief during Blaesilla's funeral that she collapsed during the procession and had to be taken away unconscious. Historian John Matthews stated that Paula's response was due to her own asceticism, and that she had been weakened by the lack of food. Jerome, in his attempt to console her, proclaimed Blaesilla "the victor in the struggle against Satan". Much of the Roman populace was outraged at Jerome for causing the premature death of such a lively young woman, and his insistence to Paula that Blaesilla should not be mourned, and complaints that her grief was excessive, were seen as heartless, polarising Roman opinion against him. If it were not for the writings of Jerome, in which he described her piety and virtue, we would know very little about Blaesilla. Cruz reported that Jerome translated the book of Ecclesiastes at Blaesilla's request.

Blaesilla's death polarized Roman opinion against Jerome. They blamed him for her death, stated that she had been killed by fasting, and demanded that monks be expelled from Rome. While in Rome, Jerome served as secretary to Pope Damasus I. Jerome's criticism of the Roman clergy of Rome brought increased hostility towards against him from the clergy and their supporters. Damasus died in December 384. Shortly after the pope's death, an inquiry was brought questioning the relationship between Jerome and Paula and he was forced to leave his position. Jerome left Rome for Antioch, before heading for Jerusalem. Paula and Blaesilla's younger sister Eustochium soon followed; they did not seem to blame him for Blaesilla's death but were certain that "she had died in a state of grace". Jerome spent the last 34 years of his life living as an ascetic supported by Paula, who founded a double monastery near Bethlehem.

Modern writers and researchers have connected Blaesilla with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa. Salisbury called Blaesilla "this ancient woman who starved herself in death in the name of Christ", and writer Leonard Shlain stated that she "died from anorexia". Hooper and Schwartz were critical of Jerome, stating that his beliefs about asceticism and monasticism demonstrated an attitude that would prevail in Christianity for centuries. Researchers Martine Docx and Paul Govaert called Blaesilla "probably the first recorded case of death due to anorexia" and "the first victim of anorexia nervosa, described in the literature". They compared modern patients with anorexia to religious ascetics of the past like Blaesilla, stating that the "refusal of food both in antiquity and in modern society by the anorexic patient is an extreme form of self-discipline to pursue a new, better identity". They also stated that the refusal of food offered ascetics like Blaesella "a spiritual transcendence", while the goal for modern patients was the pursuit of the "perfect body". They suggested that Blaesilla's motivation might also have included a desire to earn the love and approval of Jerome, her mother, and her sister, much like the way in which modern patients become anorexic to earn the love and approval of their families and society.

### Citations

### Works cited

## InfoBox

| Saint
Blaesilla | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 364
Rome |
| Died | 384 (aged 1920) |
| Feast | 22 January |
| Patronage | Catholic Church, Orthodox Church |
| Influences | Saint Jerome |


title: Blackbird (Beatles song)

abstract: "Blackbird" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney, and performed as a solo piece by McCartney. When discussing the song, McCartney has said that the lyrics were inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird in Rishikesh, India, and by the civil rights movement in the Southern United States.

text:
# Blackbird (Beatles song)

"**Blackbird**" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album *The Beatles* (also known as "the White Album"). It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney, and performed as a solo piece by McCartney. When discussing the song, McCartney has said that the lyrics were inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird in Rishikesh, India, and by the civil rights movement in the Southern United States.

## Origins

McCartney explained on *Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road* that the guitar accompaniment for "Blackbird" was inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach's *Bourrée in E minor*, a well-known lute piece, often played on the classical guitar. As teenagers, he and George Harrison tried to learn *Bourrée* as a "show off" piece. The *Bourrée* is distinguished by melody and bass notes played simultaneously on the upper and lower strings. McCartney said that he adapted a segment of the *Bourrée* (reharmonised into the original's relative major key of ) as the opening of "Blackbird", and carried the musical idea throughout the song. The first three notes of the song, which then transitioned into the opening guitar riff, were inspired from Bach.

The first night his future wife Linda Eastman stayed at his home, McCartney played "Blackbird" for the fans camped outside his house.

## Meaning and interpretation

Since composing "Blackbird" in 1968, McCartney has given various statements regarding both his inspiration for the song and its meaning. He has said that he was inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird one morning when the Beatles were studying Transcendental Meditation in Rishikesh, India and also writing it in Scotland as a response to the Little Rock Nine incident and the overall Civil Rights movement, wanting to write a song dedicated to people who had been affected by discrimination.

In May 2002, following a show in Dallas, Texas, McCartney discussed the song with KCRW DJ Chris Douridas, saying:

> I had been doing some \[poetry readings\] in the last year or so because I've got a poetry book out called *Blackbird Singing*, and when I would read "Blackbird", I would always try and think of some explanation to tell the people … So, I was doing explanations, and I actually just remembered why I'd written "Blackbird", you know, that I'd been, I was in Scotland playing on my guitar, and I remembered this whole idea of "you were only waiting for this moment to arise" was about, you know, the black people's struggle in the southern states, and I was using the symbolism of a blackbird. It's not really about a blackbird whose wings are broken, you know, it's a bit more symbolic.

In 2018, McCartney further elaborated on the song's meaning, explaining that "blackbird" should be interpreted as "black girl", in the context of the civil rights troubles in southern 1960s US.

His stepmother, Angie McCartney, has claimed that McCartney wrote it for her elderly mother, Edith Stopforth, who was staying at Jim McCartney's house while recovering from a long illness. Angie recalled that McCartney visited the house and sat at Edith's bedside, where Edith told him that she would listen to a bird singing at night.

Although McCartney has been consistent in the meaning, there are still varied interpretations – as a nature song, a message in support of the Black Power movement, or a love song. Writing in the 1990s, Ian MacDonald noted the theory that "Blackbird" was intended as "a metaphor for the black civil rights struggle", but pointed to the composition's romantic qualities, arguing that the early-morning bird song "translates … into a succinct metaphor for awakening on a deeper level". However, during an informal rehearsal at EMI Studios on 22 November 1968, before he and Donovan took part in a Mary Hopkin recording session, McCartney played "Blackbird", telling Donovan that he wrote it after having "read something in the paper about the riots" and that he meant the black "bird" to symbolise a black woman.

Along with McCartney's "Helter Skelter", "Blackbird" was one of several White Album songs that Charles Manson interpreted as the Beatles' prophecy of an apocalyptic race war that would lead to him and his "Family" of followers ruling the US on countercultural principles. Manson interpreted the lyrics as a call to black Americans to wage war on their white counterparts, and instructed his followers to commit a series of murders in Los Angeles in August 1969 to trigger such a conflict.

## Composition and recording

The song was recorded on 11 June 1968 at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London, with George Martin as the producer and Geoff Emerick as the audio engineer. It is a solo performance with McCartney playing a Martin D-28 acoustic guitar. The track includes recordings of a male common blackbird singing in the background.

Apart from the blackbird, only three sounds were recorded: McCartney's voice, his guitar, and a tapping that keeps time on the left channel. This tapping "has been incorrectly identified as a metronome in the past", according to engineer Geoff Emerick, who said it is actually the sound of Paul tapping his foot. McCartney also said the same in The Beatles' *Anthology* documentary. Emerick recalls \[Paul's foot-taps, presumably\] as being mic'd up separately. Footage included in the bonus content on disc two of the 2009 remaster of the album shows McCartney tapping both his feet alternately while performing the song.

The mono version contains the bird sounds a few seconds earlier than the stereo recording, and was originally issued on a mono incarnation of *The Beatles* (it has since been issued worldwide as part of *The Beatles in Mono* CD box set). The song appears on 2006 remix album *Love* with "Yesterday", billed as "Blackbird/Yesterday". "Blackbird" provides an introduction to "Yesterday".

## Live performances

In 1973, McCartney included the song, along with the Beatles track "Michelle", as part of his acoustic medley in the television special *James Paul McCartney*. Starting with his 1975–76 world tour with the band Wings, McCartney has performed "Blackbird" on every one of his concert tours. A solo performance of the song, followed by "Yesterday", appears on Wings' 1976 live album *Wings Over America*.

McCartney also included "Blackbird" in his set at the Party at the Palace concert in June 2002. In 2009, McCartney performed the song at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, commenting prior to singing it on how it had been written in response to the Civil Rights Movement, and added, "It's so great to realise so many civil rights issues have been overcome."

A live version appears in the multi-CD collection *Good Evening New York City*, which was released in 2009 and recorded inside the American stadium Citi Field.

## Legacy

Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of *The Independent* listed "Blackbird" at number five in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He said that its "beautiful calmness" was at odds with the growing racial tensions that allegedly inspired the song, and concluded: "For many, it's the apotheosis of McCartney's career and remains a standout in his solo live shows." Although the 1985 Mr. Mister song "Broken Wings" contains an identical lyric, "Take these broken wings and learn to fly", Mr. Mister member Richard Page has described this as "a mindless unintentional reference" attributable to songwriter John Lang being inspired by Kahlil Gibran's 1912 book *Broken Wings*.

## Personnel

According to Ian MacDonald:

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 91 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 Recurrents | 20 |

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Gold | 45,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000 |
| United States
*digital sales* |  | 506,630 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Cover versions

"Blackbird" was the eighth-most-recorded song of all time as of December 2008.

Crosby, Stills & Nash recorded a version in February of 1969 during sessions for their debut album; it was later released on their box set of 1991. Concert versions by the trio can also be found on the document of their 1974 tour as well as the 2019 expanded set of performances from the Woodstock Festival.

Dave Grohl performed "Blackbird" during the 88th Academy Awards' "In Memoriam" segment.

In 2021, Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr released their first new studio album in over a decade, titled *Blackbird Lennon-McCartney Icons*. The album is composed of songs penned by McCartney and Lennon, and was inspired by the social and political climate of the time and its similarities to the 1960s. "Blackbird" was released as the only single from the album, with an accompanying music video produced.

In 2024, Beyoncé covered the song for her album *Cowboy Carter*, titled "Blackbiird", featuring country singers Brittney Spencer, Reyna Roberts, Tanner Adell and Tiera Kennedy. Her version uses the original Beatles instrumental. McCartney expressed admiration for Beyoncé's cover, stating: "I think she does a magnificent version of it and it reinforces the civil rights message that inspired me to write the song in the first place. I think Beyoncé has done a fab version and would urge anyone who has not heard it yet to check it out. You are going to love it!"

Scottish folk singer and multi-instrumentalist Julie Fowlis sang '"Blackbird" in Scottish Gaelic in a cover version commissioned by *Mojo* magazine to celebrate The White Album's fortieth anniversary. The song was released as a download single from Fowlis' own website in October 2008.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| "Blackbird" | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the Northern Songs sheet music | |
| Song by the Beatles | |
| from the album  *The Beatles* | |
| Released | 22 November 1968 |
| Recorded | 11 June 1968 |
| Studio | EMI, London |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:19 |
| Label | Apple |
| Songwriter(s) | Lennon–McCartney |
| Producer(s) | George Martin |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Rolf Loeber

abstract: Rolf Loeber was a Dutch-born American psychologist and criminologist who specialized in the study of juvenile delinquency. At the time of his death in 2017, he was Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh, where he had taught since 1984. He was also a Professor of Juvenile Delinquency and Social Development at the Free University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Along with his wife and collaborator, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, he was the co-founder and co-director of the University of Pittsburgh's Life History Studies Program. He was elected to the Royal Irish Academy in 2008.

text:
# Rolf Loeber

**Rolf Loeber** (June 5, 1942 – November 6, 2017) was a Dutch-born American psychologist and criminologist who specialized in the study of juvenile delinquency. At the time of his death in 2017, he was Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh, where he had taught since 1984. He was also a Professor of Juvenile Delinquency and Social Development at the Free University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Along with his wife and collaborator, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, he was the co-founder and co-director of the University of Pittsburgh's Life History Studies Program. He was elected to the Royal Irish Academy in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Rolf Loeber | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-06-05)June 5, 1942
Hilversum, the Netherlands |
| Died | November 6, 2017(2017-11-06) (aged 75) |
| Alma mater | Queen's University |
| Known for | Research on juvenile delinquency |
| Spouse | Magda Stouthamer-Loeber |
| Awards | American Psychological Association's Distinguished Contribution Award
American Society of Criminology's Lifetime Achievement Award |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Criminology
Psychology |
| Institutions | University of Pittsburgh |
| Thesis | *Discriminative control of therapist performance* (1972) |
|  | |


title: Roland Lytton

abstract: Sir Rowland Lytton was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1586 and 1611.

text:
# Roland Lytton

**Sir Rowland Lytton** (also Roland Litton) (28 September 1561 – 23 June 1615) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1586 and 1611.

## Life

Rowland Lytton was the only son of Rowland Lytton of Knebworth, Hertfordshire, and his second wife, Anne Carleton, daughter of John Carleton of Brightwell Baldwin, Oxfordshire, and sister of George Carleton.

He was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge in 1576 at the age of 14, and to Gray's Inn in 1579. He succeeded his father in 1582.

Lytton was a Member of Parliament for Truro, Cornwall from 1586 to 1587. He was a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire in 1587 to his death and Sheriff of Hertfordshire for 1594–1595. He was MP for Hertfordshire from 1597 to 1598. In 1603, he was knighted and was MP for Hertfordshire again from 1604 to 1611. He was a Deputy Lieutenant for Essex from 1605 until his death.

He died in 1615 aged 53 and was buried in his chapel at Knebworth church.

## Private life

He married Anne, the daughter of Sir Oliver St John, 1st Baron St John of Bletso, and widow of Robert Corbet of Moreton Corbet, Shropshire. They had three sons and four daughters. Anne (died 1612) married Sir William Webb and Judith married George Smith and then Sir Thomas Barrington, 2nd Baronet. His son William Lytton was also MP for Hertfordshire.


title: Blake Feese

abstract: Blake Feese is a second-generation American auto racing driver. He competed in USAC before joining Hendrick Motorsports in 2004 and 2005 as a development driver, racing in ARCA and the NASCAR Busch Series for the team. After being released from that deal, he drove in those two series as well as the NASCAR Truck Series part-time with a number of other teams through 2011.

text:
# Blake Feese

**Blake Feese** (born February 8, 1982) is a second-generation American auto racing driver. He competed in USAC before joining Hendrick Motorsports in 2004 and 2005 as a development driver, racing in ARCA and the NASCAR Busch Series for the team. After being released from that deal, he drove in those two series as well as the NASCAR Truck Series part-time with a number of other teams through 2011.

## Racing career

### Early career

Feese began racing at the age of ten in quarter midgets, where he won his first two starts, moving up to Mini-sprints two years later. He won the 600cc track championship at Jacksonville Raceway in the mini-sprint division in 1998, before moving up to main Sprint Cars, where he won once, and was named Rookie of the Year.

In 2000, he drove in the International Racing Association, winning three races. In 2001, he competed in his first World of Outlaws race at Bristol Motor Speedway, finishing ninth. Later, he won a WoO sanctioned event at Knoxville Raceway, then won again at the All-Star sprint at Eldora Speedway the following season.

### NASCAR

Late in the season, he met NASCAR winner Jimmy Spencer, who would help Feese get a NASCAR driving contract.

After going through 2003 without a major ride, Feese met Rick Hendrick and signed to drive two races for him that season in the ARCA series. In his second start at Nashville Superspeedway, Feese qualified 3rd and won the race. After posting two more top-tens that season, he won his second career ARCA race at Talladega Superspeedway. He made his Busch Series debut at Kentucky Speedway in the No. 87 ditech Chevrolet Monte Carlo for NEMCO Motorsports, starting sixteenth but finishing 41st after an early crash. After running two more races for NEMCO, he finished the year running the No. 00 Chevy for Haas CNC Racing, posting his best finish of the year, a 25th at the Aaron's 312.

In 2005 during the first ARCA Series race of the season at Daytona, Feese was involved in a scary accident on pit road where came into his pit stall too fast and overshot his pit stall and went through the hole in the pit wall hitting four photographers before coming to a stop. Fortunately, no one was seriously hurt but Feese had to retire with radiator damage. Feese moved up to the Busch Series that same season to share the No. 5 Lowe's Chevy with fellow Hendrick development drivers Boston Reid and Kyle Krisiloff. Feese struggled during the season however, his best finish being a 23rd at Atlanta out of six starts. He also made his Craftsman Truck Series debut at Kentucky for Billy Ballew Motorsports, starting 30th and finishing 15th.

At the end of 2005, Feese was released from his contract at Hendrick, and went back to racing sprint cars in Indiana during his time without a ride, of which he would not find one until 2007, where he ran a limited ARCA and Busch Series schedule with Sadler Brothers Racing. He also attempted to qualify for the ARCA season-opener at Daytona for Baker Curb Racing using Norm Benning Racing's owner points, but failed to qualify. Feese did not run any NASCAR or ARCA races until August 2009, where he competed in the Truck Series race at Nashville in the No. 15 Toyota Tundra for Billy Ballew Motorsports, starting 18th and finishing 12th.

In 2011, Feese would join Turner Motorsports, competing in most of the second half of the Truck Series season in their No. 32 truck, replacing Brad Sweet, who only ran the first eight races of the season in the truck.

Feese was replaced by Miguel Paludo, who moved over from the No. 7 Red Horse Racing truck, in the Turner No. 32 for 2012, which left him without a ride. He ended up not finding a ride for that year or any year after that.

## Motorsports career results

### NASCAR

(key) (**Bold** – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. *Italics* – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Busch Series

| NASCAR Busch Series results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | NBSC | Pts | Ref |
| 2004 | NEMCO Motorsports | 87 | Chevy | DAY | CAR | LVS | DAR | BRI | TEX | NSH | TAL | CAL | GTY | RCH | NZH | CLT | DOV | NSH | KEN
41 | MLW | DAY | CHI | NHA | PPR | IRP
33 | MCH | BRI | CAL | RCH | DOV
34 |  | | | | | | | | 62nd | 469 |  |
| | Haas CNC Racing | 00 | Chevy | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KAN
24 | CLT
27 | MEM
40 | ATL
25 | PHO | DAR | HOM |  |
| 2005 | Hendrick Motorsports | 5 | Chevy | DAY | CAL | MXC | LVS | ATL
23 | NSH | BRI
28 | TEX
37 | PHO | TAL | DAR | RCH | CLT | DOV | NSH | KEN
34 | MLW | DAY | CHI | NHA | PPR
37 | GTY | IRP
29 | GLN | MCH | BRI | CAL | RCH | DOV | KAN | CLT | MEM | TEX | PHO | HOM | 73rd | 414 |  |
| 2007 | Sadler Brothers Racing | 95 | Dodge | DAY | CAL | MXC | LVS | ATL | BRI | NSH | TEX | PHO | TAL | RCH | DAR | CLT
DNQ | DOV | NSH | KEN | MLW | NHA | DAY | CHI | GTY | IRP | CGV | GLN | MCH | BRI | CAL | RCH | DOV | KAN | CLT | MEM | TEX | PHO | HOM | N/A | 0 |  |

#### Camping World Truck Series

| NASCAR Camping World Truck Series results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | NCWTC | Pts | Ref |
| 2005 | Billy Ballew Motorsports | 15 | Chevy | DAY | CAL | ATL | MAR | GTY | MFD | CLT | DOV | TEX | MCH | MLW | KAN
15 | KEN | MEM | IRP | NSH | BRI | RCH | NHA | LVS | MAR | ATL | TEX | PHO | HOM | 74th | 118 |  |
| 2009 | Billy Ballew Motorsports | 15 | Toyota | DAY | CAL | ATL | MAR | KAN | CLT | DOV | TEX | MCH | MLW | MEM | KEN | IRP | NSH
12 | BRI | CHI | IOW | GTW | NHA | LVS | MAR | TAL | TEX | PHO | HOM | 79th | 127 |  |
| 2011 | Turner Motorsports | 32 | Chevy | DAY | PHO | DAR | MAR | NSH | DOV | CLT | KAN | TEX | KEN | IOW | NSH
18 | IRP | POC | MCH | BRI
18 | ATL
4 | CHI | NHA
21 | KEN
12 | LVS
13 | TAL
19 | MAR
32 | TEX
27 | HOM
23 | 24th | 253 |  |

### ARCA Re/Max Series

(key) (**Bold** – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. *Italics* – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

| ARCA Re/Max Series results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | ARMC | Pts | Ref |
| 2003 | FitzBradshaw Racing | 14 | Dodge | DAY | ATL | NSH | SLM | TOL | KEN | CLT | BLN | KAN | MCH | LER | POC | POC | NSH | ISF | WIN | DSF | CHI | SLM | TAL | CLT | SBO
11 |  | 126th | 175 |  |
| 2004 | Hendrick Motorsports | 5 | Chevy | DAY | NSH
1 | SLM | KEN
8 | TOL | CLT
7 | KAN | POC | MCH | SBO | BLN | KEN | GTW | POC | LER | NSH | ISF | TOL | DSF | CHI | SLM |  | | 30th | 885 |  |
| | | 94 | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TAL
1\* |  |
| | | 2005 | | DAY
36 | NSH | SLM | KEN | TOL | LAN | MIL | POC | MCH | KAN | KEN | BLN | POC | GTW | LER | NSH | MCH | ISF | TOL | DSF | CHI | SLM | TAL | 163rd | 60 |  |
|
| 2007 | Sadler Brothers Racing | 95 | Dodge | DAY | USA | NSH
DNQ | SLM | KAN
3 | WIN | KEN | TOL | IOW | POC | MCH | BLN | KEN
6 | POC | NSH
9 | ISF | MIL | GTW | DSF |  | | | | 41st | 815 |  |
| | | 8 | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CHI
9 | SLM | TAL | TOL |
| 2008 | Baker Curb Racing | 8 | Ford | DAY
DNQ | SLM | IOW | KAN | CAR | KEN | TOL | POC | MCH | CAY | KEN | BLN | POC | NSH | ISF | DSF | CHI | SLM | NJE | TAL | TOL |  | | N/A | 0 |  |

## InfoBox

| Blake Feese | |
| --- | --- |
| Feese in 2005 | |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | (1982-02-08) February 8, 1982
Saybrook, Illinois |
| ARCA Re/Max Series career | |
| Debut season | 2003 |
| Former teams | FitzBradshaw Racing, Hendrick Motorsports, Sadler Brothers Racing, Baker Curb Racing |
| Starts | 10 |
| Wins | 2 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Best finish | 30th in 2004 |
| Finished last season | 163rd (2008) |
| Previous series | |
| 2003 | X-1R Pro Cup Series |
|  | |
| NASCAR Xfinity Series career | |
| 13 races run over 3 years | |
| Best finish | 62nd (2004) |
| First race | 2004 Meijer 300 Presented by Oreo (Kentucky) |
| Last race | 2005 Kroger 200 (IRP) |
| Wins Top tens Poles  0 0 0 | |
|  | |
| NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series career | |
| 12 races run over 3 years | |
| Best finish | 74th (2005) |
| First race | 2005 Built Ford Tough 225 Presented by Greater Cincinnati Ford Dealers (Kentucky) |
| Last race | 2011 Ford 200 (Homestead) |
| Wins Top tens Poles  0 1 0 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Last updated on: June 13, 2020. | |