title: St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: St Albans is a constituency in Hertfordshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Daisy Cooper, a Liberal Democrat. This article also describes the eponymous parliamentary borough (1554–1852), consisting only of the city of St Albans, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system.

text:
# St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)

**St Albans** is a constituency in Hertfordshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Daisy Cooper, a Liberal Democrat.

This article also describes the eponymous parliamentary borough (1554–1852), consisting only of the city of St Albans, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system.

## Constituency profile

Electoral Calculus characterises the seat's electorate as "Kind Yuppies", with right-wing economic views but more liberal social attitudes. Incomes and house prices in this seat are well above UK averages. The seat voted decisively to remain in the European Union in 2016, with an estimated Remain vote of 62% compared to 48% nationally.

## History

### Up to 1852

The Parliamentary Borough of **St Albans** was represented by two MPs in the House of Commons of England from 1554 to 1707, then of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and finally in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 onwards, until it was disenfranchised as a result of electoral corruption in 1852.

### 1885 to date

The constituency was re-established in an enlarged form by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (which followed on from the Third Reform Act) as one of four Divisions of the abolished three-member Parliamentary County of Hertfordshire, and was formally named as the **Mid or St Albans Division of Hertfordshire**.

Political history before 1997

Until 1997 the seat was held by one Conservative or another save for the very early 20th century Official Opposition leadership of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and the follow-on first part of his premiership, governing in minority, and later  from 1945  five of the six years seeing Labour's landslide Attlee ministry.

Political history since 1997

The seat swung towards the left wing on boundary changes effective in 1997, and the founding of the New Labour movement which sought public sector reform and investment with expansion based on international investor-friendly economic growth. The seat followed its projections in line with the large swing led by Tony Blair, to sees its return to a Labour politician. Results, except for a strong Tory surge in 2015 are closer than the 19791992 Tory victories forming a complex three-party contest  only once another candidate in this time has reached the deposit (politics)-retaining threshold of 5% of the vote, UKIP at its 2015 peak.

Despite the former Labour MP for the seat, Kerry Pollard, standing there in 2005, 2015 and 2017, he fell varyingly short. The 2019 vote share fell to below that seen in the 1980s, locally, for the party's candidate  the party leader was to the left of the party, Jeremy Corbyn.

The seat has had great fluctuation in Liberal Democrat vote share: 2001 and 2015 were ebbs at below 20% of the vote; in 2010 and 2017 the Liberal Democrat candidate, promisingly, took 4.4% and 10.7% less than the winning Conservative. Liberal Democrat Daisy Cooper went on to win, in 2019. She became first member of a liberal party to represent the constituency since John Bamford Slack in early 1900s.

In December 2023, the Labour Party included the seat in its published list of 211 non-battleground seats, suggesting they did not see it as winnable.

### Prominent members

The noble and local landowning Grimston family have produced nine members throughout the seat's history. The three first heirs to the Earldom of Verulam have won election in the seat - the latest MP from the family was John Grimston who later became the 6th Earl (died 1973).

Sir Hildred Carlile (died 1942) was a textiles entrepreneur and generous benefactor of Bedford College, University of London.

Francis Fremantle was chairman of the Parliamentary Medical Committee from 1923 to 1943.

Peter Lilley was a frontbench minister in government from 1992 until 1997, the Secretary of State for Social Security, after two years as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.

## Boundaries and boundary changes

### 1885–1918

* The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
* The Sessional Divisions of Barnet and St Albans; and
* Parts of the Sessional Divisions of Watford, Hertford and Dacorum.

As well from the Borough of St Albans, the seat included the towns of Harpenden, Hatfield and Chipping Barnet.

### 1918–1945

* The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
* The Urban Districts of Barnet and East Barnet Valley;
* The Rural Districts of Barnet and Hatfield; and
* The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, and St Stephen.

*North-western parts, including Harpenden, transferred to the new Hemel Hempstead Division. South-western corner (Aldenham) transferred to Watford.*

### 1945–1950

* The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
* The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City;
* The Rural District of Hatfield; and
* The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, and St Stephen.

*The Urban Districts of Barnet and East Barnet (formerly East Barnet Valley) and the Rural District of Elstree (formerly Barnet) formed the new Barnet Division. The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City had been formed as a separate local authority which had previously been partly in the Hitchin Division. Other marginal changes as a result of changes to local authority boundaries.*

### 1950–1955

* The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
* The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City;
* The Rural District of Welwyn; and
* The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, St Stephen, and Wheathampstead.

*The Rural District of Welwyn was transferred from Hitchin and the parish of Wheathampstead from Hemel Hempstead. The Rural District of Hatfield was transferred to Barnet.*

### 1955–1974

* The Municipal Borough of St Albans; and
* The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Colney Heath, London Colney, Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Stephen, and Wheathampstead.

*The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City and the Rural District of Welwyn were transferred to Hertford. (The parish of St Peter Rural had been divided into the parishes of Colney Heath and London Colney).*

### 1974–1983

* The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
* The Urban District of Harpenden; and
* The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Harpenden Rural, Redbourn, St Michael Rural, Sandridge, and Wheathampstead.

*Boundaries moved northwards: Harpenden U.D. and the parishes of Harpenden Rural and Redbourn were transferred in from Hemel Hempstead. The parishes of Colney Heath, London Colney and St Stephen were transferred out to form part of the new constituency of South Hertfordshire.*

### 1983–1997

* The District of St Albans wards of Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, Harpenden East, Harpenden North, Harpenden South, Harpenden West, Marshalswick North, Marshalswick South, Redbourn, St Peter's, Sandridge, Sopwell, and Verulam.

*Minor changes: Colney Heath transferred from abolished South Hertfordshire; Wheathampstead transferred to Welwyn Hatfield.*

### 1997–2010

* The District of St Albans wards of Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, London Colney, Marshalswick North, Marshalswick South, Park Street, St Peter's, St Stephen's, Sopwell, and Verulam; and
* The District of Three Rivers ward of Bedmond.

*Moved southwards again, gaining London Colney from Hertsmere, Park Street and St Stephen's from Watford and the Three Rivers District ward of Bedmond from South West Hertfordshire. Northern parts, including Harpenden, formed part of the new constituency of Hitchin and Harpenden.*

### 2010–2024

Map of boundaries 2010-2024

*Marginal adjustments to bring the parliamentary boundaries in line with those of local government wards, which had changed since the 1995 review.*

### Current

Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency was unchanged except for the small part in the District of Three Rivers, which was transferred to South West Hertfordshire.

Following a local government boundary review which came into effect in May 2022, the constituency now comprises the following wards of the City of St Albans from the 2024 general election:

* Batchwood; Bernards Heath; Clarence; Colney Heath; Cunningham; Hill End; London Colney; Marshalswick East & Jersey Farm (majority); Marshalswick West (nearly all); Park Street; St Peters; St Stephen (nearly all); Sopwell; Verulam (nearly all).

The seat is in Hertfordshire, England. Specifically, it comprises the cathedral city of St Albans and some of the surrounding countryside, mainly to the south of the city.

Neighbouring seats, clockwise from north, are: Harpenden and Berkhamsted, Welwyn Hatfield, Hertsmere, South West Hertfordshire.

## Members of Parliament

### MPs 1553–1640

| Parliament | First member | Second member |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1553 (Oct) | John Maynard | Thomas Johnson |
| 1554 (Apr) | Thomas Wendy | Oliver Starkey |
| 1554 (Nov) | John Maynard | Oliver Starkey |
| 1555 | John Astley | Robert Stepneth |
| 1558 | Henry Heydon | Francis Southwell |
| 1559 (Jan) | Christopher Smith | John Dodmer |
| 1562–3 | Robert Wroth | Roger Carew |
| 1571 | William Skipwith | George Ferrers |
| 1572 (Apr) | Henry Cocke | Charles Smythe |
| 1584 | Henry Maynard | Humphrey Coningsby |
| 1586 (Oct) | Henry Maynard | Humphrey Coningsby |
| 1588 (Oct) | Henry Maynard | Humphrey Coningsby |
| 1593 | Henry Maynard | Humphrey Coningsby |
| 1597 (Oct) | Henry Maynard | Humphrey Coningsby |
| 1601 | Francis Bacon, *sat for Ipswich,
replaced Nov 1601 by* Henry Frowick | Adolphus Carey |
| 1604 | Sir Francis Bacon, *sat for Ipswich
repl. by* Tobie Matthew | Adolphus Carey |
| 1610 | Sir Thomas Parry | Sir Henry Helmes |
| 1614 | Sir Francis Bacon, *sat for Cambridge University
repl. by* Thomas Perient | Henry Finch |
| 1620 | Sir Thomas Richardson | Robert Shute |
| 1621 | Sir Thomas Richardson | Henry Meautys |
| 1624 | Sir Arthur Capell | Sir John Luke |
| 1625 | Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet | Sir John Luke |
| 1626 | Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet | Sir Edward Goring |
| 1628 | Sir John Jennings | Robert Kirkham |
| 1629–1640 | *No Parliaments summoned* | |

### MPs 1640–1852

| Year |  | First member | First party |  | Second member | Second party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 1640 |  | Richard Coningsby |  |  | Sir John Jennings | Parliamentarian |
| November 1640 |  | Edward Wingate | Parliamentarian | | | |
| 1642 | | | |  | Richard Jennings | Parliamentarian |
| December 1648 | *Wingate and Jennings excluded in Pride's Purge \- both seats vacant* | | | | | |
| 1653 | *St Albans was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament* | | | | | |
| 1654 |  | Alban Cox |  | *St Albans had only one seat in the First and
Second Parliaments of the Protectorate* | | |
| 1656 | | | | |
| January 1659 | | | |  | Richard Jennings |  |
| May 1659 | *Not represented in the restored Rump* | | | | | |
| April 1660 |  | William Foxwist |  |  | Richard Jennings |  |
| 1661 |  | Thomas Arris |  | | | |
| 1668 | | | |  | Samuel Grimston |  |
| February 1679 |  | Sir Thomas Blount |  |  | John Gape |  |
| August 1679 | | | |  | Samuel Grimston |  |
| 1685 |  | Captain George Churchill |  |  | Thomas Docwra |  |
| 1689 | | | |  | Sir Samuel Grimston |  |
| January 1701 | | | |  | Joshua Lomax |  |
| March 1701 | | | |  | John Gape |  |
| 1705 | | | |  | Admiral Henry Killigrew |  |
| 1708 |  | John Gape |  |  | Joshua Lomax |  |
| 1710 | | | |  | William Grimston |  |
| 1713 | | | |  | William Hale |  |
| 1714 | | | |  | John Gape |  |
| 1715 | | | |  | William Hale |  |
| 1717 | | | |  | Joshua Lomax |  |
| 1722 |  | William Gore |  |  | William Clayton |  |
| 1727 |  | The Viscount Grimston |  |  | Caleb Lomax |  |
| 1730 by-election | | | |  | Thomas Gape |  |
| 1733 by-election | | | |  | John Merrill |  |
| 1734 |  | Sir Thomas Aston |  |  | Thomas Ashby |  |
| 1741 |  | James West |  | | | |
| 1743 by-election | | | |  | Hans Stanley |  |
| 1747 | | | |  | Sir Peter Thompson |  |
| 1754 | | | |  | Hon. James Grimston |  |
| 1761 | | | |  | Viscount Nuneham |  |
| 1768 |  | (Sir) Richard Sutton |  |  | John Radcliffe |  |
| 1780 |  | William Charles Sloper |  | | | |
| 1783 by-election | | | |  | The Viscount Grimston |  |
| 1784 | | | |  | Hon. William Grimston |  |
| 1790 |  | Hon. Richard Bingham | Tory |  | John Calvert |  |
| 1796 | | | |  | Thomas Bucknall | Tory |
| June 1800 by-election | | | |  | William Stephen Poyntz | Whig |
| 1802 | | | |  | Hon. James Grimston | Tory |
| 1807 | | | |  | Joseph Thompson Halsey | Whig |
| 1809 by-election | | | |  | Daniel Giles | Whig |
| 1812 | | | |  | Christopher Smith | Tory |
| February 1818 by-election | | | |  | William Tierney Robarts | Whig |
| June 1818 | | | |  | Lord Charles Spencer-Churchill | Tory |
| 1820 | | | |  | Christopher Smith | Tory |
| 1821 by-election | | | |  | Sir Henry Wright-Wilson | Tory |
| 1826 | | | |  | John Easthope | Whig |
| 1830 |  | Viscount Grimston | Tory |  | Charles Tennant | Whig |
| 1831 |  | Sir Francis Vincent, Bt | Whig |  | Richard Godson | Whig |
| 1832 | | | |  | Henry George Ward | Whig |
| 1835 | | | |  | Hon. Edward Grimston | Conservative |
| 1837 | | | |  | George Muskett | Whig |
| February 1841 by-election | | | |  | William Hare | Whig |
| June 1841 | | | |  | George Repton | Conservative |
| 1846 by-election | | | |  | Benjamin Bond Cabbell | Conservative |
| 1847 | | | |  | Alexander Raphael | Whig |
| 1850 by-election | | | |  | Jacob Bell | Whig |
| 1852 | *Constituency disfranchised for corruption* | | | | | |

### MPs since 1885

*Hertfordshire prior to 1885*

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1885 | James Grimston | Conservative |
|  | 1892 | Vicary Gibbs | Conservative |
|  | 1904 by-election | John Slack | Liberal |
|  | 1906 | Sir Hildred Carlile | Conservative |
|  | 1919 by-election | Sir Francis Fremantle | Conservative |
|  | 1943 by-election | John Grimston | Conservative |
|  | 1945 | Cyril Dumpleton | Labour |
|  | 1950 | John Grimston | Conservative |
|  | 1959 | Sir Victor Goodhew | Conservative |
|  | 1983 | Peter Lilley | Conservative |
|  | 1997 | Kerry Pollard | Labour |
|  | 2005 | Anne Main | Conservative |
|  | 2019 | Daisy Cooper | Liberal Democrats |

## Election results

### Elections in the 2020s

General election 2024: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Daisy Cooper** | **29,222** | **56.6** | **+6.7** |
|  | Conservative | James Spencer | 9,388 | 18.2 | −21.1 |
|  | Labour | Sophia Bhatti | 5,189 | 10.1 | +1.3 |
|  | Reform UK | John Dowdle | 4,336 | 8.4 | *N/A* |
|  | Green | Simon Grover | 3,272 | 6.3 | +4.6 |
|  | Heritage | Dafydd Morriss | 104 | 0.2 | *N/A* |
|  | SDP | Stewart Satterly | 103 | 0.2 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 19,834 | 38.4 | +27.7 |
| Turnout | | | 51,614 | 71.0 | –7.0 |
| Registered electors | | | 72,739 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | +13.8 |  |

### Elections in the 2010s

| 2019 notional result | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Vote | % |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 27,610 | 49.9 |
|  | Conservative | 21,705 | 39.3 |
|  | Labour | 4,878 | 8.8 |
|  | Green | 950 | 1.7 |
|  | Others | 154 | 0.3 |
|  | | | |
| **Turnout** | | 55,297 | 78.0 |
| **Electorate** | | 70,881 |

General election 2019: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Daisy Cooper** | **28,867** | **50.1** | **+17.7** |
|  | Conservative | Anne Main | 22,574 | 39.2 | –3.9 |
|  | Labour | Rebecca Lury | 5,000 | 8.7 | –14.3 |
|  | Green | Simon Grover | 1,004 | 1.7 | +0.2 |
|  | Independent | Jules Sherrington | 154 | 0.3 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 6,293 | 10.9 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 57,599 | 78.1 | –0.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | +10.8 |  |

General election 2017: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Anne Main** | **24,571** | **43.1** | **–3.5** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Daisy Cooper | 18,462 | 32.4 | +13.9 |
|  | Labour | Kerry Pollard | 13,137 | 23.0 | –0.3 |
|  | Green | Jack Easton | 828 | 1.5 | –2.2 |
| Majority | | | 6,109 | 10.7 | –12.6 |
| Turnout | | | 56,998 | 78.3 | +6.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | –8.7 |  |

General election 2015: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Anne Main** | **25,392** | **46.6** | **+5.8** |
|  | Labour | Kerry Pollard | 12,660 | 23.3 | +5.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Sandy Walkington | 10,076 | 18.5 | –17.9 |
|  | UKIP | Chris Wright | 4,271 | 7.8 | +4.0 |
|  | Green | Jack Easton | 2,034 | 3.7 | +2.3 |
| Majority | | | 12,732 | 23.3 | +18.9 |
| Turnout | | | 54,433 | 72.0 | –3.4 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +0.1 |  |

General election 2010: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Anne Main** | **21,533** | **40.8** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Sandy Walkington | 19,228 | 36.4 |
|  | Labour | Roma Mills | 9,288 | 17.6 |
|  | UKIP | John Stocker | 2,028 | 3.8 |
|  | Green | Jack Easton | 758 | 1.4 |
| Majority | | | 2,305 | 4.4 |
| Turnout | | | 52,835 | 75.4 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | |

* This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 2005 and 2010 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

### Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Anne Main** | **16,953** | **37.3** | **+2.1** |
|  | Labour | Kerry Pollard | 15,592 | 34.3 | –11.1 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Michael Green | 11,561 | 25.4 | +7.5 |
|  | UKIP | Richard Evans | 707 | 1.6 | +0.2 |
|  | St Albans Party | Janet Girsman | 430 | 0.9 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Mark Reynolds | 219 | 0.5 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 1,361 | 3.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 45,462 | 70.00 | +3.7 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | +6.6 |  |

General election 2001: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Kerry Pollard** | **19,889** | **45.4** | **+3.4** |
|  | Conservative | Charlie Elphicke | 15,423 | 35.2 | +2.0 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Nick Rijke | 7,847 | 17.9 | –3.1 |
|  | UKIP | Chris Sherwin | 602 | 1.4 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 4,466 | 10.2 | +1.4 |
| Turnout | | | 43,761 | 66.3 | –11.2 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | +0.7 |  |

### Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Kerry Pollard** | **21,338** | **42.0** |
|  | Conservative | David Rutley | 16,879 | 33.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Anthony Rowlands | 10,692 | 21.0 |
|  | Referendum | Jim Warrilow | 1,619 | 3.2 |
|  | Rainbow Dream Ticket | Sari Craigen | 166 | 0.3 |
|  | Natural Law | Ian Docker | 111 | 0.2 |
| Majority | | | 4,459 | 8.8 |
| Turnout | | | 50,805 | 77.5 |
|  | Labour **gain** from Conservative | | | |

* This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1992 and 1997 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

General election 1992: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Peter Lilley** | **32,709** | **52.8** | **+0.3** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Monica Howes | 16,305 | 26.3 | –8.2 |
|  | Labour | Kerry Pollard | 12,016 | 19.4 | +7.9 |
|  | Green | Craig Simmons | 734 | 1.2 | –0.1 |
|  | Natural Law | David Lucas | 161 | 0.3 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 16,404 | 26.5 | +8.5 |
| Turnout | | | 61,925 | 83.5 | +3.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | –4.3 |  |

### Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Peter Lilley** | **31,726** | **52.5** | **+0.4** |
|  | Liberal | Alexander Walkington | 20,845 | 34.5 | –2.5 |
|  | Labour Co-op | Tony McWalter | 6,922 | 11.5 | +0.6 |
|  | Green | Elaine Field | 788 | 1.3 | *N/A* |
|  | CPRP | William Pass | 110 | 0.2 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 10,881 | 18.0 | +2.9 |
| Turnout | | | 60,391 | 80.2 | +1.9 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +1.5 |  |

General election 1983: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Peter Lilley** | **29,676** | **52.1** |
|  | Liberal | Alexander Walkington | 21,115 | 37.0 |
|  | Labour | Rita Austin | 6,213 | 10.9 |
| Majority | | | 8,561 | 15.1 |
| Turnout | | | 57,004 | 78.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | |

* This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1979 and 1983 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

### Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Victor Goodhew** | **31,301** | **53.1** | **+8.1** |
|  | Liberal | David Picton | 14,057 | 23.8 | –3.1 |
|  | Labour Co-op | Ronald Greaves | 13,638 | 23.1 | –5.1 |
| Majority | | | 17,244 | 29.3 | +12.5 |
| Turnout | | | 58,996 | 80.4 | +2.4 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +5.6 |  |

General election October 1974: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Victor Goodhew** | **24,436** | **45.0** | **–0.2** |
|  | Labour | Edwin Hudson | 15,301 | 28.2 | +4.1 |
|  | Liberal | Charles Anthony Shaw | 14,614 | 26.9 | −3.8 |
| Majority | | | 9,135 | 16.8 | +2.3 |
| Turnout | | | 54,351 | 78.0 | –6.6 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | –2.15 |  |

General election February 1974: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Victor Goodhew** | **26,345** | **45.2** |
|  | Liberal | Charles Anthony Shaw | 17,924 | 30.7 |
|  | Labour | Daniel Lipman Bernstein | 14,077 | 24.1 |
| Majority | | | 8,421 | 14.5 |
| Turnout | | | 58,356 | 84.6 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | |

* This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1970 and February 1974 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful.

General election 1970: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Victor Goodhew** | **24,503** | **51.5** | **+3.8** |
|  | Labour | Christopher Beaumont | 16,629 | 35.0 | –6.6 |
|  | Liberal | Charles Shaw | 6,439 | 13.5 | +2.8 |
| Majority | | | 7,874 | 16.5 | +10.4 |
| Turnout | | | 47,571 | 76.2 | –6.8 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +5.3 |  |

### Elections in the 1960s

General election 1966: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Victor Goodhew** | **22,260** | **47.7** | **–0.3** |
|  | Labour | Keith Kyle | 19,428 | 41.6 | +5.3 |
|  | Liberal | Julian J Wates | 4,977 | 10.7 | –5.0 |
| Majority | | | 2,832 | 6.1 | –5.6 |
| Turnout | | | 46,665 | 83.0 | +0.4 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | –2.8 |  |

General election 1964: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Victor Goodhew** | **22,063** | **48.0** | **–4.9** |
|  | Labour | Bruce Douglas-Mann | 16,672 | 36.3 | +2.8 |
|  | Liberal | William Glanville Brown | 7,231 | 15.7 | +2.1 |
| Majority | | | 5,391 | 11.7 | –7.7 |
| Turnout | | | 45,966 | 82.6 | –0.2 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | –3.9 |  |

### Elections in the 1950s

General election 1959: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Victor Goodhew** | **23,157** | **52.9** | **–4.6** |
|  | Labour | Lawrence William Carroll | 14,650 | 33.5 | –9.0 |
|  | Liberal | WA Newton Jones | 5,948 | 13.6 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 8,507 | 19.4 | +4.4 |
| Turnout | | | 52,823 | 82.8 | +3.5 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +2.2 |  |

General election 1955: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Grimston** | **21,828** | **57.5** |
|  | Labour | Renée Short | 16,107 | 42.5 |
| Majority | | | 5,721 | 15.0 |
| Turnout | | | 37,935 | 79.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | |

* This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1951 and 1955 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

General election 1951: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Grimston** | **28,602** | **54.5** | **+7.3** |
|  | Labour | John McKnight | 23,911 | 45.5 | +2.8 |
| Majority | | | 4,691 | 9.0 | +4.5 |
| Turnout | | | 52,513 | 84.1 | –0.9 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +2.2 |  |

General election 1950: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Grimston** | **24,733** | **47.2** |
|  | Labour | Cyril Dumpleton | 22,351 | 42.7 |
|  | Liberal | Deryck Abel | 5,280 | 10.1 |
| Majority | | | 2,382 | 4.5 |
| Turnout | | | 52,464 | 85.0 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | | |

* This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1945 and 1950 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

### Elections in the 1940s

General election 1945: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Cyril Dumpleton** | **24,241** | **46.5** |
|  | Conservative | John Grimston | 22,362 | 42.8 |
|  | Liberal | Enid Lakeman | 5,601 | 10.7 |
| Majority | | | 1,879 | 3.7 |
| Turnout | | | 50,384 | 72.6 |
|  | Labour **gain** from Conservative | | | |

* This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1935 and 1945 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

1943 St Albans by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Grimston** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1930s

General election 1935: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Francis Fremantle** | **33,743** | **67.5** | **–10.6** |
|  | Labour | Hugh Franklin | 16,233 | 35.5 | +13.6 |
| Majority | | | 17,510 | 35.0 | –21.2 |
| Turnout | | | 49,976 | 62.6 | –9.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | –10.6 |  |

General election 1931: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Francis Fremantle** | **36,690** | **78.1** | **+30.0** |
|  | Labour | Monica Whately | 10,289 | 21.9 | –5.7 |
| Majority | | | 26,401 | 56.2 | +35.7 |
| Turnout | | | 46,979 | 71.9 | –0.7 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +17.8 |  |

### Elections in the 1920s

General election 1929: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Francis Fremantle** | **20,436** | **48.1** | **–19.4** |
|  | Labour | Monica Whately | 11,699 | 27.6 | –4.9 |
|  | Liberal | George Gordon Honeyman | 10,299 | 24.3 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 8,737 | 20.5 | –14.5 |
| Turnout | | | 41,434 | 72.6 | +2.3 |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing | –7.25 |  |

General election 1924: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Francis Fremantle** | **18,004** | **67.5** | **+19.8** |
|  | Labour | Frank Herbert | 8,862 | 32.5 | +6.0 |
| Majority | | | 9,322 | 35.0 | +13.8 |
| Turnout | | | 26,864 | 70.3 | +1.5 |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing | +6.9 |  |

General election 1923: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Francis Fremantle** | **11,968** | **47.7** | **–10.1** |
|  | Labour | Christopher Thomson | 6,640 | 26.5 | –15.7 |
|  | Liberal | Harry Krauss Nield | 6,469 | 25.8 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 5,328 | 21.2 | +5.6 |
| Turnout | | | 25,077 | 68.8 | −2.3 |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing | +2.8 |  |

General election 1922: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Francis Fremantle** | **14,594** | **57.8** | **+12.0** |
|  | Labour | John W. Brown | 10,662 | 42.2 | –0.2 |
| Majority | | | 3,932 | 15.6 | +12.2 |
| Turnout | | | 25,256 | 71.1 | +8.3 |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing | +6.1 |  |

### Elections in the 1910s

1919 St Albans by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Francis Fremantle** | **9,621** | **45.8** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Labour | John W. Brown | 8,908 | 42.4 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal | Milner Gray | 2,474 | 11.8 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 713 | 3.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 21,003 | 62.8 | *N/A* |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |
| **C** indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government. | | | | | |

General election 1918: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **C** | Unionist | **Hildred Carlile** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Unionist **hold** | | | | |
| **C** indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government. | | | | | |

General election, December 1910: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Hildred Carlile** | **6,899** | **59.1** | **+1.0** |
|  | Liberal | Robert Charles Phillimore | 4,777 | 40.9 | –1.0 |
| Majority | | | 2,122 | 18.2 | +2.0 |
| Turnout | | | 11,676 | 83.8 | –6.6 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +1.0 |  |

General election, January 1910: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Hildred Carlile** | **7,323** | **58.1** | **+5.6** |
|  | Liberal | Henry Roscoe Beddoes | 5,271 | 41.9 | –5.6 |
| Majority | | | 2,052 | 16.2 | +11.2 |
| Turnout | | | 12,594 | 90.4 | +10.1 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +5.6 |  |

### Elections in the 1900s

General election 1906: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Hildred Carlile** | **5,856** | **52.5** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Liberal | John Bamford Slack | 5,304 | 47.5 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 552 | 5.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 11,160 | 89.3 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 12,497 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

1904 St Albans by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **John Bamford Slack** | **4,757** | **50.7** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Conservative | Vicary Gibbs | 4,635 | 49.3 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 132 | 1.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 9,382 | 81.5 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 11,518 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

General election 1900: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Vicary Gibbs** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1890s

General election 1895: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Vicary Gibbs** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 1892: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Vicary Gibbs** | **3,417** | **45.1** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Liberal | Thomas Morgan Harvey | 2,573 | 34.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Ind. Conservative | William Henry Bingham-Cox | 1,580 | 20.9 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 844 | 11.1 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 7,570 | 78.3 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 9,672 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

### Elections in the 1880s

General election 1886: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Grimston** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 1885: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Grimston** | **4,108** | **57.5** |  |
|  | Liberal | John Coles | 3,037 | 42.5 |  |
| Majority | | | 1,071 | 15.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 7,145 | 81.7 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 8,741 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

### Elections in the 1850s

On 3 May 1852, the borough was disenfranchised after a Royal Commission found proof of extensive bribery. The electorate was incorporated into Hertfordshire.

By-election, 24 December 1850: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Whig** | **Jacob Bell** | **276** | **65.2** | **5.0** |
|  | Conservative | Robert Carden | 147 | 34.8 | +5.0 |
| Majority | | | 129 | 30.4 | +28.4 |
| Turnout | | | 423 | 87.6 | +0.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 483 |  |  |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | 5.0 |  |

* Caused by Raphael's death

### Elections in the 1840s

General election 1847: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Whig** | **Alexander Raphael** | **295** | **31.8** | **+4.6** |
|  | **Conservative** | **George Repton** | **276** | **29.8** | **27.1** |
|  | Whig | John Wilks | 230 | 24.8 | +9.0 |
|  | Whig | Frederick Craven | 126 | 13.6 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 464 (est) | 87.1 (est) | 3.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 532 |  |  |
| Majority | | | 19 | 2.0 | +1.3 |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | +9.1 |  |
| Majority | | | 46 | 5.0 | +1.8 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 27.1 |  |

By-election, 11 August 1846: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Benjamin Bond Cabbell** | **264** | **63.9** | **7.0** |
|  | Whig | William Hare | 149 | 36.1 | +6.9 |
| Majority | | | 115 | 27.8 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 413 | 76.3 | 14.3 |
| Registered electors | | | 541 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Whig | | Swing | 7.0 |  |

General election 1841: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **George Repton** | **288** | **30.4** | **8.5** |
|  | **Whig** | **William Hare** | **258** | **27.2** | **+8.5** |
|  | Conservative | Henry Thomas Worley | 251 | 26.5 | +2.9 |
|  | Whig | George Alfred Muskett | 150 | 15.8 | 2.9 |
| Turnout | | | 482 | 90.6 | 3.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 532 |  |  |
| Majority | | | 30 | 3.2 | +1.7 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 5.7 |  |
| Majority | | | 7 | 0.7 | 13.1 |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | +5.7 |  |

By-election, 9 February 1841: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Whig** | **William Hare** | **252** | **55.1** | **+17.7** |
|  | Conservative | Benjamin Bond Cabbell | 205 | 44.9 | 17.6 |
| Majority | | | 47 | 10.2 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 457 | 85.9 | 8.4 |
| Registered electors | | | 532 |  |  |
|  | Whig **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | +17.7 |  |

### Elections in the 1830s

General election 1837: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Edward Grimston** | **361** | **38.9** | **2.1** |
|  | **Whig** | **George Alfred Muskett** | **347** | **37.4** | **+5.2** |
|  | Conservative | Benjamin Bond Cabbell | 219 | 23.6 | 3.2 |
| Turnout | | | 561 | 94.3 | c.+13.1 |
| Registered electors | | | 595 |  |  |
| Majority | | | 14 | 1.5 | 7.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 2.4 |  |
| Majority | | | 128 | 13.8 | +8.4 |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | +5.3 |  |

General election 1835: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Edward Grimston** | **362** | **41.0** | **+25.5** |
|  | **Whig** | **Henry George Ward** | **284** | **32.2** | **36.7** |
|  | Conservative | William Horsley Beresford | 237 | 26.8 | +11.3 |
| Turnout | | | c.442 | c.81.2 | c.15.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 544 |  |  |
| Majority | | | 78 | 8.8 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Whig | | Swing | +22.0 |  |
| Majority | | | 47 | 5.4 | +2.9 |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | 36.8 |  |

General election 1832: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Whig** | **Francis Vincent** | **392** | **35.3** | **2.2** |
|  | **Whig** | **Henry George Ward** | **373** | **33.6** | **2.5** |
|  | Tory | William Turner | 345 | 31.1 | +4.7 |
| Majority | | | 28 | 2.5 | 7.2 |
| Turnout | | | 637 | 97.0 | c.+9.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 657 |  |  |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | 2.3 |  |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | 2.4 |  |

General election 1831: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Whig** | **Francis Vincent** | **421** | **37.5** | **+8.9** |
|  | **Whig** | **Richard Godson** | **406** | **36.1** | **+10.3** |
|  | Tory | James Grimston | 297 | 26.4 | 19.2 |
| Majority | | | 109 | 9.7 | +6.9 |
| Turnout | | | 656 | c.87.5 | c.+4.4 |
| Registered electors | | | c.750 |  |  |
|  | Whig **hold** | | Swing | +9.3 |  |
|  | Whig **gain** from Tory | | Swing | +10.0 |  |

General election 1830: St Albans
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tory** | **James Grimston** | **495** | **45.6** |
|  | **Whig** | **Charles Tennant** | **311** | **28.6** |
|  | Whig | Henry Gally Knight | 280 | 25.8 |
| Turnout | | | 623 | c.83.1 |
| Registered electors | | | c.750 |  |
| Majority | | | 184 | 17.0 |
|  | Tory **hold** | | | | |
| Majority | | | 31 | 2.8 |
|  | Whig **hold** | | | | |

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64. "UK General Election results May 1979". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
65. "'St Albans', Feb 1974 - May 1983". *ElectionWeb Project*. Cognitive Computing Limited. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
66. "UK General Election results October 1974". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
67. "UK General Election results February 1974". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
68. "UK General Election results June 1970". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
69. "UK General Election results March 1966". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
70. "UK General Election results October 1964". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
71. "UK General Election results October 1959". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
72. "UK General Election results May 1955". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
73. "UK General Election results October 1951". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
74. "UK General Election results February 1950". *Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources*. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
75. Large Labour Vote At St. Albans, Seat Held By Coalition, *The Times*, Wednesday 24 December 1919, page 10
76. Moore, Julie Patricia (September 2010). *The Impact of Agricultural Depression and Land Ownership Change on the County of Hertfordshire, c.1870-1914* (PDF) (PhD). University of Hertfordshire. p. 214.
77. Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). *British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885* (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
78. "Wilks and Independence". *Hertford Mercury and Reformer*. 24 July 1847. p. 1. Retrieved 30 November 2018  via British Newspaper Archive.
79. "St Albans". *Bedfordshire Mercury*. 31 July 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 30 November 2018  via British Newspaper Archive.
80. "Page 1". *Bucks Herald*. 3 January 1835. Retrieved 24 April 2020  via British Newspaper Archive.
81. Fisher, David R. "St. Albans". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 24 April 2020.

## Sources

* Robert Beatson, *A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament* (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
* D Brunton & D H Pennington, *Members of the Long Parliament* (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
* *Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803* (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
* F W S Craig, *British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885* (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
* Henry Stooks Smith, *The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847* (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig - Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)
* Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "S" (part 1)

51°44′24″N 0°20′13″W / 51.740°N 0.337°W / 51.740; -0.337

## InfoBox

| St Albans | |
| --- | --- |
| County constituency
for the House of Commons | |
| Boundaries since 2024 | |
| Boundary of St Albans in the East of England | |
| County | Hertfordshire |
| Electorate | 70,881 (2023) |
| Major settlements | Bricket Wood, How Wood, Park Street, St Albans |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 1885 |
| Member of Parliament | Daisy Cooper (Liberal Democrat) |
| Seats | One |
| Created from | Hertfordshire |
| 1554–1852 | |
| Seats | Two |
| Type of constituency | Borough constituency |
| Created from | Hertfordshire |
| Replaced by | Hertfordshire |


title: Cleaning

abstract: Cleaning is the process of removing unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, and other impurities, from an object or environment. Cleaning is often performed for aesthetic, hygienic, functional, safety, or environmental protection purposes. Cleaning occurs in many different contexts, and uses many different methods. Several occupations are devoted to cleaning.

text:
# Cleaning

Several cleaning methodsHand washing (part of hygiene)A dry cleaning machineUltrasonic parts cleaningCarbon dioxide snow cleaning in an aerospace setting

**Cleaning** is the process of removing unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, and other impurities, from an object or environment. Cleaning is often performed for aesthetic, hygienic, functional, safety, or environmental protection purposes. Cleaning occurs in many different contexts, and uses many different methods. Several occupations are devoted to cleaning.

## Contexts

Cleaning occurs in various commercial, domestic, personal, and environmental contexts, which differ in scale and requirements.

## Methods

Cleaning is broadly achieved through mechanical action and/or chemical processes (usually solvation); many methods rely on a combination of mechanical and chemical action. Methods include:

## Cleaning by item

Some items and materials require specialized cleaning techniques, due to their shape, size, location, or the material properties of the object and contaminants.

### Buildings and infrastructure

### Other items

## Occupations involving cleaning

Several occupations involve cleaning, either in their entirety or among other duties.

### General

### Biology and health

### Organizing

### Technologies

### Other contexts


title: Stadtlohn-Vreden Airport

abstract: Stadtlohn-Vreden Airport is an airfield located 2.8 NM west of Stadtlohn, in the Borken district, Germany. Its runway lays adjacent to the Dutch border. The airfield is used for general aviation, as well for gliding and skydiving. In 2010 the runway was extended to 1,800 m (5,906 ft) further work on the hangars increased the capacity of the airport to 132 aircraft.

text:
# Stadtlohn-Vreden Airport

**Stadtlohn-Vreden Airport** (German: Flugplatz Stadtlohn-Vreden) (ICAO: **EDLS**) is an airfield located 2.8 NM (5.2 km; 3.2 mi) west of Stadtlohn, in the Borken district, Germany. Its runway lays adjacent to the Dutch border. The airfield is used for general aviation, as well for gliding and skydiving.

In 2010 the runway was extended to 1,800 m (5,906 ft) further work on the hangars increased the capacity of the airport to 132 aircraft.

## InfoBox

| Stadtlohn-Vreden Airport<br>Flugplatz Stadtlohn-Vreden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Flugplatz Wenningfeld GmbH |
| Location | Stadtlohn |
| Elevation AMSL | 157 ft / 48 m |
| Coordinates | 51°59′43″N 006°50′36″E / 51.99528°N 6.84333°E / 51.99528; 6.84333 |
| Website | flugplatz-stadtlohn.de |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  11/29 1,200 3,937 Asphalt | |


title: St Paul's Church, West Derby

abstract: St Paul's Church is in Town Row, West Derby, a suburb of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is an active Roman Catholic parish church in Pastoral Area 5 of the Archdiocese of Liverpool. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

text:
# St Paul's Church, West Derby

**St Paul's Church** is in Town Row, West Derby, a suburb of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is an active Roman Catholic parish church in Pastoral Area 5 of the Archdiocese of Liverpool. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

## History

The church was built in 1914–15, and designed by Pugin and Pugin. The interior was reordered in 1973–75.

## Architecture

### Exterior

St Paul's is built in red sandstone, and has a blue slate roof. Its plan consists of a four-bay nave with a northwest baptistry, north and south aisles, a two-bay chancel with flanking chapels, and a southwest tower. The church is designed in a free Perpendicular style. The tower is short, with irregularly-placed stair windows, two four-light bell openings, and a cornice. It is surmounted by a steep pyramidal slated roof. On the west front are two pointed entrances, flanked by buttresses, with a niche containing a statue above them. Over this are two lancet windows and a higher four-light window. Along the sides of the church are four cross-gables, each with a three-light window below. The east end of the chancel is canted, with two-light windows containing Geometric tracery. In the chapels are two-light north and south windows.

### Interior

Inside the church the arcades are carried on round columns with moulded capitals. There is a west gallery, beneath which is a narthex. The marble and alabaster fittings were designed by Pugin and Pugin. During the reordering the reredos was cut down, the altar, which contain mosaic inlays, was brought forward, and the pulpit was converted into a lectern.

## InfoBox

| St Paul's Church, West Derby | |
| --- | --- |
| St Paul's Church, West DerbyLocation in Merseyside | |
| 53°25′45″N 2°54′06″W / 53.4292°N 2.9018°W / 53.4292; -2.9018 | |
| OS grid reference | SJ 402 929 |
| Location | Town Row, West Derby, Liverpool, Merseyside |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Heritage designation | Grade II |
| Designated | 14 March 1975 |
| Architect(s) | Pugin and Pugin |
| Architectural type | Church |
| Style | Gothic Revival |
| Groundbreaking | 1914 |
| Completed | 1915 |
| Specifications | |
| Materials | Sandstone, slate roof |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Liverpool |
| Clergy | |
| Vicar(s) | Revd Sean Kirwin |
| Priest(s) | Revd Kieran O'Grady |


title: St Paul's Church, Winlaton

abstract: St Paul's Church is a 19th-century church in Winlaton, Tyne and Wear, England, dedicated to St Paul. It is a Grade II listed building.

text:
# St Paul's Church, Winlaton

**St Paul's Church** is a 19th-century church in Winlaton, Tyne and Wear, England, dedicated to St Paul. It is a Grade II listed building.

## History

The church was designed by Ignatius Bonomi and consecrated in 1828.

In the 20th century alterations and maintenance work to the church were carried out by Charlewood, Curry, Wilson & Atkinson, architects.

Inside the church there is a memorial plaque dedicated to former pupils of Blaydon Secondary School who died in World War I. The plaque was transferred to the church when the school closed in 1998.

## InfoBox

| St Paul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| St Paul St Paul shown within Tyne and Wear | |
| 54°57′06″N 1°43′40″W / 54.9516°N 1.7278°W / 54.9516; -1.7278 osgraw = NZ175619 | |
| Location | Winlaton |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |


title: Stand Down Order (1947)

abstract: The Stand Down Order was the title of a general order issued by Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, the Supreme Commander of the Indian and Pakistani military forces, in 1947. It directed that, in the event of a war between the newly independent dominions of India and Pakistan, all the British officers on both sides should immediately stand down. The order was never invoked. However, it was raised when the Pakistani Governor General, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, ordered Pakistani Army to march into Kashmir following the Indian air lift of troops for its defence. At Auchinleck's instance, Jinnah was forced to rescind his order. In subsequent months, the British government watered down the strength of the order, and General Douglas Gracey, the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistani Army, defied it. Three brigades of the Pakistani Army were fighting in Kashmir in May 1948, as reported by Pakistan's foreign minister, Sir Zafrullah Khan, to the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan.

text:
# Stand Down Order (1947)

The **Stand Down Order** was the title of a general order issued by Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, the Supreme Commander of the Indian and Pakistani military forces, in 1947. It directed that, in the event of a war between the newly independent dominions of India and Pakistan, all the British officers on both sides should immediately stand down. The order was never invoked. However, it was raised when the Pakistani Governor General, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, ordered Pakistani Army to march into Kashmir following the Indian air lift of troops for its defence. At Auchinleck's instance, Jinnah was forced to rescind his order. In subsequent months, the British government watered down the strength of the order, and General Douglas Gracey, the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistani Army, defied it. Three brigades of the Pakistani Army were fighting in Kashmir in May 1948, as reported by Pakistan's foreign minister, Sir Zafrullah Khan, to the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan.

## Bibliography

* Ankit, Rakesh (January 2010), "The Defiant Douglas", *Epilogue*, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 46–47
* Ankit, Rakesh (2014), "To Issue 'Stand Down' or not...: Britain and Kashmir, 1947–49", *Britain and the World*, **7** (2): 238–260, doi:10.3366/brw.2014.0150
* Ankit, Rakesh (2016), *The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945-66*, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-22525-6


title: Stand My Ground

abstract: "Stand My Ground" is the first single from Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation's album The Silent Force. The song is also included on the US edition of the band's 2007 album The Heart of Everything. It became a top 10 hit in three countries and became a top 40 hit in four other countries. It was also used in the trailer for the film Blood & Chocolate. Along with their earlier singles "Ice Queen" and "Mother Earth", "Stand My Ground" has become one of the band's signature songs and is performed on their set of almost every concert since its release.

text:
# Stand My Ground

"**Stand My Ground**" is the first single from Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation's album *The Silent Force*. The song is also included on the US edition of the band's 2007 album *The Heart of Everything*. It became a top 10 hit in three countries (the Netherlands, Belgium and Finland) and became a top 40 hit in four other countries. It was also used in the trailer for the film *Blood & Chocolate*.

Along with their earlier singles "Ice Queen" and "Mother Earth", "Stand My Ground" has become one of the band's signature songs and is performed on their set of almost every concert since its release.

## Track listing

CD-single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Stand My Ground (radio edit)" | 3:59 |
| 2. | "Overcome (non-album-track)" | 4:04 |

EP single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Stand My Ground (radio edit)" | 3:59 |
| 2. | "Overcome (non-album-track)" | 4:04 |
| 3. | "It's the Fear (demo version)" | 4:09 |
| 4. | "Stand My Ground (album version)" | 4:28 |

CD multi single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Stand My Ground (radio edit)" | 3:59 |
| 2. | "Overcome (non-album-track)" | 4:04 |
| 3. | "It's the Fear (demo version)" | 4:09 |
| 4. | "Towards the End" | 3:28 |
| 5. | "The Swan Song (instrumental and orchestral version)" | 3:41 |

DVD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Stand My Ground (single version)" | 3:58 |
| 2. | "Overcome (non-album-track)" | 4:04 |
| 3. | "It's the Fear (demo version)" | 4:08 |
| 4. | "Forsaken" | 4:53 |
| 5. | "Towards the End" | 3:27 |
| 6. | "Stand My Ground (video)" |  |
| 7. | "Stand My Ground (making of the video)" |  |
| 8. | "Studio Impressions (video)" |  |
| 9. | "On Tour (video)" |  |
| 10. | "Photo Gallery" |  |

## Video

The video was shot in Berlin and was released two weeks before the single release. The storyboard, 3D effects and illustrations shown were created by artist Marcel de Jong. The video became a superclip at the Dutch music station TMF, which means it was played every hour for a week.

## Reception

The song was successful in the Netherlands reaching the number four spot but was also the most successful song after "Ice Queen" in Europe. It went top ten in also Belgium and Finland and became a number 13 hit in Germany. Although there was no sign of the song in the official Spanish chart, it topped the Spanish Airplay Chart and Los 40 Principales.

## Charts

## Chart performance

| Dutch Top 40 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Week | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 |
| Position | 27 | 10 | 5 | **4** | 8 | 13 | 20 | 32 | 32 |

## InfoBox

| "Stand My Ground" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Within Temptation | |
| from the album  *The Silent Force* | |
| B-side | * "Overcome" * "Towards the End" * "It's the Fear" * "Forsaken" * "The Swan Song" |
| Released | 17 November 2004 |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | * 4:26 (album version) * 3:58 (single version) |
| Label | Roadrunner |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Daniel Gibson |
| Within Temptation singles chronology | |
| "Running Up that Hill"
(2003) "**Stand My Ground**"
(2004) "Memories"
(2005) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Stand My Ground" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Stand High Patrol

abstract: Stand High Patrol are a sound system based in Brittany, France, who take influence from the traditional Jamaican sound system tradition, and from Reggae and dub musicians, and, more recently, from Hip Hop music. They are made up of Pupajim (MC/vocals), Mac Gyver (operator), Rootystep (selector) and Merry (trumpet). Founded in 2000, Stand High Patrol have gone on to create three full length albums, and have made collaborations with various artists, and have performed to sell-out venues worldwide. With the release of their album The Shift in May 2017, Stand High Patrol have begun to explore a genre combining Hip-Hop with their roots in Dub and Reggae.

text:
# Stand High Patrol

**Stand High Patrol** are a sound system based in Brittany, France, who take influence from the traditional Jamaican sound system tradition, and from Reggae and dub musicians, and, more recently, from Hip Hop music . They are made up of Pupajim (MC/vocals), Mac Gyver (operator), Rootystep (selector) and Merry (trumpet). Founded in 2000, Stand High Patrol have gone on to create three full length albums, and have made collaborations with various artists, and have performed to sell-out venues worldwide. With the release of their album *The Shift* in May 2017, Stand High Patrol have begun to explore a genre combining Hip-Hop with their roots in Dub and Reggae.

## Stand High Records

In 2009, they created their own label Stand High Records. In 2012, following the release of several EPs and singles, they released their first album : *Midnight Walkers*. They returned in 2015 with their second album : *A Matter of Scale*, featuring their trumpeter Merry. In early 2017, Stand High Records released the debut album of the dubstep artist Stepart, entitled *Playground*. On May 26, 2017, they released Stand High Patrol's third album: *The Shift*.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Title | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Midnight Walkers* | Stand High Records |
| 2015 | *A Matter of Scale* | Stand High Records |
| 2017 | *The Shift* | Stand High Records |
| 2018 | *Summer on Mars* | Stand High Records |
| 2020 | *Our Own Way* | Stand High Records |

### EPs and singles

| Year | Title | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Amplifier* | Stand High Records |
| 2013 | *Unemployed* | Stand High Records |
| 2017 | *My Research* | Stand High Records |
| 2019 | *Along the River* | Stand High Records |
| 2019 | *In the Park* | Stand High Records |
| 2020 | *Jay's Life* | Stand High Records |
| 2020 | *Our Own Way* | Stand High Records |

1. "Stand High Records".

## InfoBox

| Stand High Patrol | |
| --- | --- |
| Stand High Patrol (Summerjam, 2015) | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Brittany, France |
| Genres | Reggae, dub, Hip hop |
| Instrument | Sound System |
| Years active | 2000 (2000)-present |
| Labels | Stand High Records |
|  | |
| Members | Pupajim
Mac Gyver
Rootystep
Merry |
|  | |
| Website | standhighpatrol.com |


title: Claudio Chillemi

abstract: Claudio Chillemi is an Italian writer, author of short stories, novels and plays for children.

text:
# Claudio Chillemi

**Claudio Chillemi** (Catania, May 11, 1964) is an Italian writer, author of short stories, novels and plays for children.

## Debut

He published his first book of poems, *La Voce Della Memori* (The Voice of Memory) in 1990 by CDE. In 1992, the same publishing house released the short story collection *C'è Qualcuno La fuori?* (There Someone Out There?). These are the years of his collaboration with *Zap*, a non-professional magazine, and also of his commitment as a writer of comic books which climaxed with two of his publications: *Antehac 20.87* (1994, Omega Press) and *Il Tocco Dell'Innocenza* (The Touch of Innocence) \[1994, released by same publishing house\].

## The first theatrical experience and literary achievements

In the mid-nineties he began writing for the theater with works intended for a teenage audience. Director and author of numerous works, he won the "Concorso Nazionale Teatro e Natura" (National Theatre and Nature Competition) twice. In the year 2000 he won the award "Arte Per La Pace" (Arts For Peace) for a school drama. In the same year he received the prestigious Giovannino Guareschi  Award for his story "L'Ultima Visita" (The Last Visit). Because of this recognition, his work was then published in the prestigious Journal of "Parma". In 2003, thanks to his theatrical experience, he published the essay book *Fare Teatro A Scuole* (Doing Drama in School) \[L'Almanacco Editore\_ Publisher\], in which, among other things, there is an appendix that contains all his plays for children. This is one of his most famous books, largely because it was unique in the educational publishing sector in which rarely theatrical/drama topics are addressed. In this book he suggests the idea of a drama class, where teachers and pupils recite their roles in a sort of Pirandello-like tone role-play. The essay has been taken up and quoted by specialized websites .

## The Frederick II novel

*Federico Il Piccolo Grande Re* (Frederick The Little Great King) \[L'Amanacco Editore\_Publisher\] is a novel released in 2005 that immediately became an award finalist of "Premio Italia". A mix between history and legend, the novel narrates the youth of King Frederick II of Swabia in a medieval Sicily full of intrigue and mythological presences. The result of a long and thorough historical and mythological research, the story focuses on some facts and events which happened to and around the young Swabian ruler at the end of the year 1201, when a German adventurer named Markwald Anweiler unsuccessfully tried to seize the kingdom of Sicily. In September 2010 he released a new version of the novel, with four more chapters, published by Edizioni Della Vigna, where the author gives more space to the story of magic and adventure, without neglecting the historical references that characterized the first version .

## Science fiction and fantasy

In parallel you also can find his works in science fiction. In fact, in 2001, he was already among the founders, together with Enrico Di Stefano, of the publication *Fondazione SF Magazine*. This magazine received the award of the best Italian Science Fiction fanzine in Fiuggiin in 2006, 2008 and 2010. In 2009 he was honored with the "Premio Italia" award with the short story "Guardia Medica" (Night Doctor), that had already appeared on the "Fondazione SF Magazine" no. 14. In 2009 he also published the novel *Kronos* (Ed. Della Vigna\_Publisher ), a sci-fi mystery, where you find old investigative methods and new technologies, exploring a future in which a powerful corporation holds in its hands the destiny of the world. The novel has been greeted positively by the public  and reviewers  so as to persuade Chillemi to write and publish a short story sequel "Il Lato Oscuro Di Kronos" (The Dark Side of Kronos)  which in 2011 won in "the best story category in an amateur publication" award of "Premio Italia". The story was to be resumed in 2011 by putting it in an anthology of the same title, set in the universe of Kronos, published by Ed.Della Vigna .

Earlier in 2010, he won the Special Jury Prize in the J. Verne competition, with his tale "Ho Visitato un Cimitero di Alieni" (I visited a cemetery of Aliens) and the "Premio Italia Award" for his essay "Star Trek Lo Scisma" (Star Trek The Schism) published in an amateur publication (fanzine, *Fondazione SF Magazine* no. 15), wherein he analyzed and reviewed the latest *Star Trek* movie. Very active in Fantasy and Science Fiction (with many contributions as a *Star Trek* fan writer and essayist of the popular television series), he is present in magazines, anthologies and websites with numerous stories, poems, articles and essays. Among his activities you'll note the organization of a cultural event, thanks to him, of the idea and realization of the first Aetnacon, a Science Fiction and Fantasy convention, held between 25 and 26 September 2010, in Catania at the Botanical Garden (which, in 2011 was followed by a second convention). The convention had the English writer Ian Watson, the essayist and novelist Roberto Quaglia, and the publisher Ugo Malaguti and Donato Altomare as guests of honor.

* 1990. La Voce della Memoria ed. CDE (Poesie)
* 1992. C'è Qualcuno là Fuori? ed. CDE (Racconti)
* 1994. Antehac 20.87 ed. Omega Press (Fumetto)
* 1994. Il Tocco dell'Innocenza ed. Omega Press (Fumetto)
* 2000. L'Ultima Visita ed. La Gazzetta di Parma (Racconto vincitore del Premio Guareschi)
* 2003. Fare Teatro A Scuola ed. L'Almanacco (Saggio)
* 2004. Federico Piccolo Grande Re ed. L'Almanacco (Romanzo)
* 2009. Kronos ed. Della Vigna (Romanzo)
* 2010. Federico la Favolosa Infanzia di un Sovrano Leggendario ed. Della Vigna (Romanzo)
* 2011. Il Lato Oscuro della Kronos ed. Della Vigna (Racconti).


title: Claudio Cipolla

abstract: Claudio Cipolla is an Italian bishop of the Catholic Church. He has been Bishop of Padua since 18 October 2015.

text:
# Claudio Cipolla

| Styles of
**Claudio Cipolla** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |

| Ordination history of
Claudio Cipolla | |
| --- | --- |
| History  Diaconal ordination  Date December 16, 1980  Priestly ordination  Ordained by Bishop Carlo Ferrari  Date May 24, 1980  Place Basilica Concattedrale of Sant'Andrea, Mantua  Episcopal consecration  Principal consecrator Bishop Roberto Busti  Co-consecrators Patriarch Francesco Moraglia,
Bishop Egidio Caporello,
Bishop Nunzio Galantino  Date September 27, 2015  Place Mantua Cathedral, Mantua, Lombardy, Northern Italy | |
| Episcopal succession  Bishops consecrated by Claudio Cipolla as principal consecrator  Renato Marangoni April 10, 2016 | |

**Claudio Cipolla** (born 11 February 1955, in Goito) is an Italian bishop of the Catholic Church. He has been Bishop of Padua since 18 October 2015.

## Biography

Cipolla was ordained priest in the Diocese of Mantua on 24 May 1980.

When he was appointed Bishop of Padua, Cipolla was pastor in Porto Mantovano and episcopal vicar of the Diocese of Mantua.

He was a scout leader and assistant of the Association of Italian Catholic Guides and Scouts.

He was ordained bishop on 27 September 2015 and consequently installed in Padua on 18 October 2015.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Claudio Cipolla | |
| --- | --- |
| Monsignor
Bishop of Padua | |
| Native name | Claudio Cipolla |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Province | Padua |
| Metropolis | Patriarchate of Venezia |
| Diocese | Roman Catholic Diocese of Padua |
| See | Padua |
| Elected | 18 October 2015 |
| Predecessor | Antonio Mattiazzo |
| Other post(s) | Parish Vicar of the Parish of Ognissanti, in Mantua**(1980-1989)**
Assistant of the Explorers Club and Guides of the AGESCI**(1988-1990)**
Parish Vicar of the Parish of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in Medole**(1989-1990)**
Provincial Assistant of the AGESCI**(1989-1992)**
Director of Caritas Diocesana**(1990-2008)**
Parish priest of Sant'Antonio di Porto Mantovano**(1998-2015)**
Episcopal Vicar for the Pastoral Sector**(2008-2015)** |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 24 May 1980
by Bishop Carlo Ferrari |
| Consecration | 27 September 2015
by Bishop Roberto Busti |
| Rank | Bishop-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Claudio Cipolla
(1955-02-11) 11 February 1955
Goito, Province of Mantua, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Residence | Padua |
| Alma mater | Episcopal Seminary of Mantua |
| Motto | Confide Surge Vocat Te**Latin**
Trust, Rise He calls you**English** |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Clifford Thurlow

abstract: Clifford Thurlow trained as a journalist after failing to get a place at Cambridge and wrote his first book at the age of 23. He has been described by Penny Wark of The Times as "one of the UK's best ghostwriters." Thurlow worked as the English editor of the Athens News under Yannis Horn during the last years of the Regime of the Colonels (1967–1974); he was 'asked' to leave the country when he reported on the anti-Junta speech given at the University by German author Günter Grass, who was held briefly under house arrest. Rather than returning to the UK, Thurlow moved to India where he studied Buddhism in Dharamshala and worked with the Dalai Lama as one of a team translating Tibetan sacred texts into English. He traded gemstones in South East Asia and ran a travelling dolphin show in Spain before moving to Hollywood, where he penned Carol White's autobiography Carol Comes Home. Thurlow considers Sex, Surrealism, Dali and Me to be his first successful novel. He is noted for creating memoirs in the style of a novel. Recent books are Fatwa: Living With A Death Threat, which describes the flight of Jacky Trevane across the desert with two children to escape an abusive husband; Today I'm Alice the story of Multiple Personality Disorder survivor Alice Jamieson, a Sunday Times Top Ten best-seller; and two books set in Iraq with former infantry captain turned mercenary James Ashcroft, Escape From Baghdad, the rescue of Ashcroft's former Iraqi interpreter and his family from Shia Death Squads; and Making A Killing – on which Andy Martin wrote in The Daily Telegraph: "Ashcroft must have formed a good working alliance with ghostwriter Clifford Thurlow, because this diary of death and destruction radiates not just personality but that elusive, lyrical honesty the existentialists used to call authenticity." Thurlow's Runaway, Emily Mackenzie's story of life as a child prostitute in London's Soho in the early 1970s, spent five weeks in the Sunday Times Top Ten best-seller lists. Published in the wake of the Jimmy Savile child abuse scandal, Runaway was seen as having made an important contribution to the debate on the deficiencies of Britain's child care system. In 2011, Thurlow became a director of www.yellowbay.co.uk, a publishing house dedicated to "edgy, daring and radical new writing". First digital/print-on-demand publications include Kindle best-selling trilogy The Killer 1,2 & 3, by Jack Elgos, Thurlow's novel Cocaine Confidence and David Pick's Mrs May: A PsychoSexual Odyssey

text:
# Clifford Thurlow

**Clifford Thurlow** (born 1952, in London, England) trained as a journalist after failing to get a place at Cambridge and wrote his first book at the age of 23. He has been described by Penny Wark of *The Times* as "one of the UK's best ghostwriters."

Thurlow worked as the English editor of the Athens News under Yannis Horn during the last years of the Regime of the Colonels (1967–1974); he was 'asked' to leave the country when he reported on the anti-Junta speech given at the University by German author Günter Grass, who was held briefly under house arrest.

Rather than returning to the UK, Thurlow moved to India where he studied Buddhism in Dharamshala and worked with the Dalai Lama as one of a team translating Tibetan sacred texts into English. He traded gemstones in South East Asia and ran a travelling dolphin show in Spain before moving to Hollywood, where he penned Carol White's autobiography *Carol Comes Home*.

Thurlow considers *Sex, Surrealism, Dali and Me* to be his first successful novel (Razor Books, 2000). He is noted for creating memoirs in the style of a novel. Recent books are *Fatwa: Living With A Death Threat* (Hodder & Stoughton, 2005), which describes the flight of Jacky Trevane across the desert with two children to escape an abusive husband; *Today I'm Alice* (Sidgwick & Jackson, 2009) the story of Multiple Personality Disorder survivor Alice Jamieson, a *Sunday Times* Top Ten best-seller; and two books set in Iraq with former infantry captain turned mercenary James Ashcroft, *Escape From Baghdad* (Virgin, 2009), the rescue of Ashcroft's former Iraqi interpreter and his family from Shia Death Squads; and *Making A Killing* (Virgin, 2006) – on which Andy Martin wrote in *The Daily Telegraph*: "Ashcroft must have formed a good working alliance with ghostwriter Clifford Thurlow, because this diary of death and destruction radiates not just personality but that elusive, lyrical honesty the existentialists used to call authenticity."

Thurlow's *Runaway* (Simon & Schuster, 2013), Emily Mackenzie's story of life as a child prostitute in London's Soho in the early 1970s, spent five weeks in the *Sunday Times* Top Ten best-seller lists. Published in the wake of the Jimmy Savile child abuse scandal, Runaway was seen as having made an important contribution to the debate on the deficiencies of Britain's child care system.

In 2011, Thurlow became a director of www.yellowbay.co.uk, a publishing house dedicated to "edgy, daring and radical new writing". First digital/print-on-demand publications include Kindle best-selling trilogy *The Killer 1,2 & 3*, by Jack Elgos, Thurlow's novel *Cocaine Confidence* and David Pick's Mrs May: A PsychoSexual Odyssey

## Books

* 2021 - *Typhoon: The Inside Story of an RAF Fighter Squadron at War*, Wing Commander Mike Sutton leads 1 (Fighter) Squadron on 300 deadly missions against ISIS.
* 2019 - *Operation Jihadi Bride*, John Carney's mission to rescue disillusioned jihadi brides from Islamic State.
* 2018 – *Gigolo*, true life story of how working-class Ben Foster becomes a gigolo to the super-rich
* 2013 – *Making Short Films, The Complete Guide From Script to Screen*, Bloomsbury Academic; 3rd edition
* 2013 – *Runaway*, Emily Mackenzie's life as a teenage prostitute
* 2013 – *Cool, Sexy & Dead*, anthology of short-stories
* 2012 – *Cocaine Confidence*, novel, the Balkan drug wars move to London
* 2011 – *The Second Rule*, novel exploring love, loss and early success.
* 2009 – *Escape From Baghdad*, James Ashcroft rescues his Iraqi interpreter from death squads in Iraq
* 2009 – *Today I'm Alice*, the story of multiple personality disorder sufferer Alice Jamieson
* 2006 – *Making A Killing*, the story of Captain James Ashcroft
* 2004 – *Fatwa: Living With A Death Threat*, the story of Jacky Trevane
* 2003 – *The Carol White Story*
* 2000 – *Sex, Surrealism, Dali and Me*, the story of Carlos Lozano's life as an "Ambassador" for the surrealist painter Salvador Dalí.
* 1992 – *Brief Spring: A Journey Through Eastern Europe*, co-written with Iris Gioia
* 1987 – *Never Before Noon*, the story of Afdera Fonda
* 1982 – *Carol Comes Home*, the story of British actress Carol White

*The Daily Telegraph* https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656361/When-theyre-not-trying-to-kill-you-the-people-are-friendly.html

Making A Killing http://www.makingakilling.co.uk

Literary Agent http://www.andrewlownie.co.uk/authors/clifford-thurlow

## InfoBox

| Clifford Thurlow | |
| --- | --- |
| Clifford Thurlow in Cadaqués, 2023 | |
| Born | (1952-07-30) July 30, 1952<br>London, England |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | British |


title: Climate change in Alabama

abstract: Climate change in Alabama encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Alabama.

text:
# Climate change in Alabama

**Climate change in Alabama** encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Alabama.

## Projected effects of climate change

In 2016, the United States Environmental Protection Agency released an assessment of the effect of climate change on Alabama, assessing various likely outcomes, noting that "\[c\]hanging the climate is likely to increase damages from tropical storms, reduce crop yields, harm livestock, increase the number of unpleasantly hot days, and increase the risk of heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses". Other studies show that Alabama is among a string of "Deep South" states that will experience the worst effects of climate change.

### Temperature

"In the coming decades, Alabama will become warmer, and the state will probably experience more severe floods and drought. Unlike most of the nation, Alabama has not become warmer during the last 50 years. But soils have become drier, annual rainfall has increased in most of the state, more rain arrives in heavy downpours, and sea level is rising about one inch every eight years".

"Sea level is rising more rapidly in Alabama than most coastal areas because the land is sinking. If the oceans and atmosphere continue to warm, sea level along the Alabama coast is likely to rise eighteen inches to four feet in the next century. Rising sea level submerges wetlands and dry land, erodes beaches, and exacerbates coastal flooding".

### Precipitation

The EPA projects increased more extreme precipitation in the future. These extremes include much higher rainfall during spring, leading to more flooding events, and longer dry seasons, causing drought. Although rainfall during spring is likely to increase during the next 40 to 50 years, the total amount of water running off into rivers or recharging ground water is likely to decline 2.5 to 5 percent, as increased evaporation offsets the greater rainfall. Droughts are likely to be more severe, because periods without rain may be longer and very hot days will be more frequent". At the same time, the increased rate of flooding observed since 1958 is expected to continue and increase

"Droughts create a different set of challenges. When reservoirs release water for navigation along the Tennessee or Black Warrior rivers, too little water may be available for lake recreation or hydropower. Low flows from drought occasionally limit navigation along the Alabama River. During severe droughts in the Mississippi River’s watershed, however, navigation can potentially increase on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, which provides an alternative route to the Gulf of Mexico".

### Agriculture

"Changing the climate will have both harmful and beneficial effects on farming. Seventy years from now, Alabama is likely to have 30 to 60 days per year with temperatures above 95°F, compared with about 15 days today. Even during the next few decades, hotter summers are likely to reduce yields of corn. But higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide increase crop yields, and that fertilizing effect is likely to offset the harmful effects of heat on soybeans, cotton, wheat, and peanuts—if adequate water is available. More severe droughts, however, could cause crop failures. Higher temperatures are also likely to reduce livestock productivity, because heat stress disrupts the animals' metabolism".

### Risk to superfund sites

On November 22, 2019, the U.S. Government Accountability Office announced that the flooding, wildfires, and sealevel rise associated with climate change put eleven Superfund sites in Alabama at risk.

The sites are:

* Triana/Tennessee River, in Limestone/Madison/Morgan AL (flood hazard)
* Interstate Lead Co. (ILCO), in Leeds, AL (flood hazard)
* Alabama Plating Company, Inc., in Vincent, AL (high wildfire hazard potential, flood hazard)
* T.H. Agriculture & Nutrition Co. (Montgomery Plant), in Montgomery, AL (flood hazard)
* Mowbray Engineering Co., in Greenville, AL (flood hazard)
* Olin Corp. (McIntosh Plant), in McIntosh, AL (high wildfire hazard potential, flood hazard)
* Ciba-Geigy Corp. (McIntosh Plant), in McIntosh, AL (high wildfire hazard potential, flood hazard)
* Stauffer Chemical Co. (Lemoyne Plant), in Axis, AL (high wildfire hazard potential)
* Perdido Ground Water Contamination, in Perdido, AL (high wildfire hazard potential)
* Redwing Carriers, Inc. (Saraland), in Saraland, AL (high wildfire hazard potential, flood hazard, at risk in Category 4 or 5 hurricanes)
* American Brass Inc., in Headland, AL (specific hazard not identified)

## Observed effects of climate change

A primary global effect of climate change is climatic temperature changes. However, the EPA notes that Alabama is unusual in that local temperatures have not increased in the state in the fifty years between 1966 and 2016. However, significant changes in rainfall has occurred. Rainfall has become more 'lumpy,' with longer periods of low rainfall and drought, as well as more intensely wet and rainy spring seasons. Overall rainfall has increased 5-10%, while the amount of precipitation during heavy rain events has increased 27%. While some rivers such as the Tennessee have dams to help prevent flooding, other rivers either have no dams or have dams with too little capacity to significantly reduce flooding. Heavy rains have caused the Pea River to flood Elba several times, and the Alabama River flooded two thousand homes in Selma and Montgomery during 1990".

This uneven rainfall pattern has led to second-order effects, including in the energy sector. "Droughts... affect the amount of electricity that Alabama Power and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) can produce from their hydroelectric dams, which account for about 8 percent of the electricity produced in the state. During the 2007 drought, total production from the TVA’s hydroelectric plants fell by more than 30 percent, which forced the TVA to meet customer demand by using more expensive fuel-burning power plants".

Climate change may be affecting the rate of extreme weather events such as tornadoes and tropical storms. The EPA and the NOAA note that the rate of these events has increased in the last decades, and is expected to increase in the future. However, it remains unclear whether tornado or coastal storm rates have been affected by climate change in particular.

In July 2019, it was reported that giant wasp nests, having multiple queens and averaging three to four times the normal size, and sometimes growing as large as a car, were proliferating around the state. This was deemed to be partly due to milder winters in the state.

## Climate change policy in Alabama

Alabama ranked 15th in CO2 emissions in 2016, with 115.7 million metric tons of carbon emitted. Alabama ranked 11th in per capita carbon emissions, at 23.1 metric tons per person. (The state ranked 24th in population in the United States.) However, overall emissions in Alabama fell 20.6% between 2005 and 2016. This is largely the result of moving away from coal power generation. In 1990, 70% of Alabama's electricity came from coal. Since 2015, Alabama Power has closed 16 of its 23 coal units.

Alabama has only minor legislation for clean or renewable energy in 2019, and older, larger programs have been repealed. For instance, Governor Fob James implemented a 25% tax credit on active solar systems and a 12.5% credit on passive systems in 1981, but this law has since been repealed. Similarly, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) at one point provided solar subsidies in northern Alabama as consumer incentives through its Green Power Providers program, but the TVA plans to end the program in late 2019. Solar and alternative energy providers and consumers find even the minor initiatives ineffective or perverse. The tax increase signed by Governor Kay Ivey added a $200 tax to electric vehicles and a $100 tax to plug-ins, nominally to support public installation of plug-in stations. However, the low number of such vehicles in Alabama (\<1200) means that this tax fails to provide the capital for a robust program. This leads some drivers to see that part of the gas bill as purely punitive.

Some state agencies and projects do not take climate projects into account in their activities. This is the case for EPA planning in Alabama, and the U.S. Government Accountability Office warns that this lack of consideration increases risk to superfund sites.


title: Prissé-la-Charrière

abstract: Prissé-la-Charrière is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Plaine-d'Argenson.

text:
# Prissé-la-Charrière

**Prissé-la-Charrière** (French pronunciation: \[pʁise la ʃaʁjɛʁ\]) is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Plaine-d'Argenson.

## Geography

Is located in Deux-Sèvres in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France. The closest airport to Prissé-la-Charrière is La Rochelle Airport (56 km).

## InfoBox

| Prissé-la-Charrière | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Plaine-d'Argenson | |
| Location of Prissé-la-Charrière | |
| Prissé-la-CharrièrePrissé-la-Charrière | |
| Coordinates: 46°09′12″N 0°28′59″W / 46.1533°N 0.4831°W / 46.1533; -0.4831 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Deux-Sèvres |
| Arrondissement | Niort |
| Canton | Mignon-et-Boutonne |
| Commune | Plaine-d'Argenson |
| Area**1** | 19.94 km2 (7.70 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | 646 |
| Density | 32/km2 (84/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 79360 |
| Elevation | 30–73 m (98–240 ft)
(avg. 69 m or 226 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Euasteron

abstract: Euasteron is a genus of spiders in the family Zodariidae. It was first described in 2003 by Baehr. As of 2017, it contains 17 species, all found in Australia.

text:
# Euasteron

***Euasteron*** is a genus of spiders in the family Zodariidae. It was first described in 2003 by Baehr. As of 2017, it contains 17 species, all found in Australia.

## Species

*Euasteron* comprises the following species:

* *E. atriceps* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Western Australia)
* *E. bartoni* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Victoria)
* *E. carnarvon* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Western Australia)
* *E. churchillae* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Northern Territory)
* *E. enterprise* Baehr, 2003 (type) — Australia (Queensland)
* *E. gibsonae* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland)
* *E. harveyi* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Western Australia)
* *E. johannae* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Western Australia)
* *E. juliannae* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Western Australia)
* *E. krebsorum* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (New South Wales, South Australia)
* *E. lorne* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (New South Wales)
* *E. milledgei* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (New South Wales)
* *E. monteithorum* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
* *E. raveni* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Queensland)
* *E. ulrichi* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Western Australia)
* *E. ursulae* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Western Australia)
* *E. willeroo* Baehr, 2003 — Australia (Northern Territory)

## InfoBox

| *Euasteron* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Zodariidae |
| Genus: | *Euasteron*
Baehr |
|
| Type species | |
| *Euasteron enterprise*
 | |
| Species | |
| 17, see text | |


title: Ernest Clive Atkins

abstract: Colonel Ernest Clive Atkins CB TD DL JP was Battalion Commander of the 2/5th Leicestershire Regiment during World War I, High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1931 and Chairman of the Leicestershire Territorial Association in 1938.

text:
# Ernest Clive Atkins

Colonel **Ernest Clive Atkins** CB TD DL JP (13 February 1870 – 9 January 1953) was Battalion Commander of the 2/5th Leicestershire Regiment during World War I, High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1931 and Chairman of the Leicestershire Territorial Association in 1938.

## Life

Ernest Clive Atkins, the eldest son of Arthur Atkins of Middlefield, Hinckley, was born 13 February 1870. He was educated at Bedford Modern School between 1882 and 1886.

Atkins was commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the Leicestershire Regiment on 22 April 1892. He was made Captain in 1896, Major in 1903 and commanded the newly formed 4th Battalion as Lieutenant-Colonel until 1909. In 1914, as Lieutenant-Colonel, he raised and commanded the 2/5th Battalion from 1914 until 1917, including during the Easter Rising of 1916. After 1917, Atkins commanded battalions of the East Surrey Regiment and the Middlesex Regiment.

Atkins was a military member of the TA Association of Leicestershire from 1908, Vice-Chairman between 1934 and 1938 and chairman from 1938 for which he was made CB. In 1940, he was appointed first Honorary Colonel of the 2/5th Battalion of the Leicestershire Regiment.

Atkins was made a Deputy Lieutenant of Leicestershire in 1928, and High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1931.

In 1900 Atkins married Agnes Pidcock, the daughter of Reverend Benjamin Pidock of Easton, Hampshire. They had three sons and one daughter. Atkins died on 9 January 1953.

## InfoBox

| Colonel
Ernest Clive Atkins
CB TD DL JP | |
| --- | --- |
| E.C. Atkins CB TD DL JP | |
| Born | 13 February 1870 |
| Died | 9 January 1953 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Commands | 2/5th Battalion of the Leicestershire Regiment |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | CB TD |
| Other work | High Sheriff of Leicestershire and Justice of the peace |