title: Beaumotte-lès-Pin

abstract: Beaumotte-lès-Pin is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Beaumotte-lès-Pin

**Beaumotte-lès-Pin** (French pronunciation: \[bomɔt  pɛ̃\], literally *Beaumotte near Pin*) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Beaumotte-lès-Pin | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Beaumotte-lès-Pin | |
|  | |
| Location of Beaumotte-lès-Pin | |
| Beaumotte-lès-PinBeaumotte-lès-Pin | |
| Coordinates: 47°19′03″N 5°49′54″E / 47.3175°N 5.8317°E / 47.3175; 5.8317 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Haute-Saône |
| Arrondissement | Vesoul |
| Canton | Marnay |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20222026) | Laurent Sauvin |
| Area**1** | 8.43 km2 (3.25 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 284 |
| Density | 34/km2 (87/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 70060 /70150 |
| Elevation | 200–351 m (656–1,152 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Beaune-d'Allier

abstract: Beaune-d'Allier is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

text:
# Beaune-d'Allier

**Beaune-d'Allier** is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 462 |  |
| 1975 | 405 | −1.86% |
| 1982 | 327 | −3.01% |
| 1990 | 280 | −1.92% |
| 1999 | 270 | −0.40% |
| 2007 | 288 | +0.81% |
| 2012 | 292 | +0.28% |
| 2017 | 291 | −0.07% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Administration

* 2008–2014: Jean Clement
* 2014–2020: Jean-Jacques Mercier
* 2020–current: Jacques Philip

## InfoBox

| Beaune-d'Allier | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Beaune church. | |
| Location of Beaune-d'Allier | |
| Beaune-d'AllierBeaune-d'Allier | |
| Coordinates: 46°16′55″N 2°53′09″E / 46.2819°N 2.8858°E / 46.2819; 2.8858 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Allier |
| Arrondissement | Montluçon |
| Canton | Commentry |
| Intercommunality | Commentry Montmarault Néris Communauté |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jacques Philip |
| Area**1** | 24.2 km2 (9.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 290 |
| Density | 12/km2 (31/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 03020 /03390 |
| Elevation | 360–586 m (1,181–1,923 ft)
(avg. 487 m or 1,598 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rhinoprora oribates

abstract: Rhinoprora oribates is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Java. The wingspan is about 26 mm.

text:
# Rhinoprora oribates

***Rhinoprora oribates*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Java.

The wingspan is about 26 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Rhinoprora oribates* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Rhinoprora* |
| Species: | ***R. oribates*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinoprora oribates***<br>Prout, 1925 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pasiphilodes oribates* * *Chloroclystis oribates* * *Pasiphila oribates* | |


title: Rhinoprora palpata

abstract: Rhinoprora palpata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in the Indian subregion, Sri Lanka and western China, as well as on Java, Borneo and Taiwan. The habitat consists of mountainous areas.

text:
# Rhinoprora palpata

***Rhinoprora palpata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in the Indian subregion, Sri Lanka and western China, as well as on Java, Borneo and Taiwan. The habitat consists of mountainous areas.

## Description

Its wingspan is about 24 mm. Palpi with second joint reaching far beyond the frontal tuft. Hindwings with vein 3 from before angle of cell. Hindwings lack tufts or fovea below lower angle of cell. Body grass green with black irrorations and more or less vinous reddish suffusion. Abdomen with black second segment. Forewings with veins speckled with black. A sub-basal line and an antemedial vinous and black band found with a line beyond it. The medial area vinous and black, with a black cell-spot and edged by black lines, the outer edge angled at veins 6 and 4 and with white between those points. There is a postmedial black specks series and a submarginal vinous band found with a black line on it and black inner edge, which outwardly edged by a crenulate white line. Cilia greenish and black. Hindwings with pale fuscous or whitish colored with traces of waved lines on outer area.

## Subspecies

* *Rhinoprora palpata palpata* nominate(India, Sri Lanka, western China)
* *Rhinoprora palpata diechusa* Prout, 1958
* *Rhinoprora palpata javana* Prout, 1958 (Java)
* *Rhinoprora palpata wongi* Holloway, 1976 (Borneo)

## InfoBox

| *Rhinoprora palpata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Rhinoprora* |
| Species: | ***R. palpata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinoprora palpata***<br>(Walker, 1862) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cidaria palpata* Walker, 1862 * *Pasiphila palpata* * *Eupithecia variegata* Moore, 1887 * *Eupithecia virescens* Moore, 1887 * *Chlorocystis palpata diechusa* Prout, 1958 * *Chlorocystis palpata javana* Prout, 1958 * *Chloroclystis palpata wongi* Holloway, 1976 | |


title: Rhinotyphlops boylei

abstract: Rhinotyphlops boylei, commonly known as Boyle's beaked blind snake, is a species of snake in the family Typhlopidae. The species is native to southern Africa.

text:
# Rhinotyphlops boylei

***Rhinotyphlops boylei***, commonly known as **Boyle's beaked blind snake**, is a species of snake in the family Typhlopidae. The species is native to southern Africa.

## Etymology

The specific name, *boylei*, is in honor of "A. M. Boyle, Esq.", who collected the holotype.

## Geographic range

Indigenous to southern Africa, *R. boylei* is found from Damaraland in Namibia to western Botswana.

## Description

Dorsally, *R. boylei* is olive-brown, the scales light-edged. Ventrally, it is pale yellow.

Adults may attain a snout-vent length (SVL) of 22 cm (8+12 in).

The scales are arranged in 26-28 rows around the body. There are more than 300 dorsal scales in the vertebral row.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *R. boylei* is sandveld, at altitudes of 1,000–1,400 m (3,300–4,600 ft).

## Reproduction

*R. boylei* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Broadley DG, Wallach V (2009). "A review of the eastern and southern African blind-snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae), excluding *Letheobia* Cope, with the description of two new genera and a new species". *Zootaxa* **2255**: 1–100. (*Rhinotyphlops boylei*, p. 59).
* FitzSimons V (1932). "Preliminary descriptions of new forms of South African Reptilia and Amphibia, from the Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition, 1930". *Annals of the Transvaal Museum* **15** (1): 35–40. (*Typhlops boylei*, new species).
* FitzSimons V (1966). "A check-list, with syntopic keys, to the snakes of southern Africa". *Ann. Transvaal Mus.* **25** (3): 35–79.

## InfoBox

| *Rhinotyphlops boylei* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | *Rhinotyphlops* |
| Species: | ***R. boylei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinotyphlops boylei***
(FitzSimons, 1932) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Typhlops boylei*
FitzSimons, 1932 * *Rhinotyphlops boylei*
Wallach, 1994 | |


title: Richard Glorioso

abstract: Richard Glorioso is a retired United States Air Force Colonel and Plant City, Florida Republican politician who serves as the District 62 Representative in the House of Representatives of the U.S. state of Florida. He was first elected to the Florida House in 2004 and was successively re-elected to three more terms. He had served Plant City as a city commissioner from 1998 to 2004. Representative was born in Danbury, Connecticut on November 22, 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics from Northeastern University in 1967, the same year he joined the USAF. He received his Master of Arts degree in Management from Central Michigan University in 1974. He retired from the USAF in 1994, the year he moved to Florida. While in the Air Force, he received such medals as the Legion of Merit, Meritorious Service Medal, Combat Readiness Medal, Vietnam Service Medal, and Humanitarian Service Medal. In 2004, he ran successfully against two other Republicans to win the primary. He then defeated two other candidates, a Libertarian and a Democrat in the general election. During his first term, he sought to restrict where sexual predators could live and to require the schools to teach students the contents of U.S. Constitution. In 2006, he defeated Democrat Jeremy Zelanes in the general election. In 2008, he again won re-election by default when no opponent filed to run against him and became chair of the committees responsible for transportation and economic development appropriations.

text:
# Richard Glorioso

**Richard Glorioso** is a retired United States Air Force Colonel and Plant City, Florida Republican politician who serves as the District 62 Representative in the House of Representatives of the U.S. state of Florida. He was first elected to the Florida House in 2004 and was successively re-elected to three more terms. He had served Plant City as a city commissioner from 1998 to 2004.

Representative was born in Danbury, Connecticut on November 22, 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics from Northeastern University in 1967, the same year he joined the USAF. He received his Master of Arts degree in Management from Central Michigan University in 1974. He retired from the USAF in 1994, the year he moved to Florida. While in the Air Force, he received such medals as the Legion of Merit, Meritorious Service Medal, Combat Readiness Medal, Vietnam Service Medal, and Humanitarian Service Medal.

In 2004, he ran successfully against two other Republicans to win the primary. He then defeated two other candidates, a Libertarian and a Democrat in the general election. During his first term, he sought to restrict where sexual predators could live and to require the schools to teach students the contents of U.S. Constitution.

In 2006, he defeated Democrat Jeremy Zelanes in the general election. In 2008, he again won re-election by default when no opponent filed to run against him and became chair of the committees responsible for transportation and economic development appropriations.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Richard Glorioso | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Florida House of Representatives
from the 62nd district | |
| **In office**
November 2004  November 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Johnnie Byrd |
| Succeeded by | Janet Cruz |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1943-11-22) November 22, 1943 |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Judy |
| Profession | Colonel |
|  | |


title: Beasts (Crowley novel)

abstract: Beasts is a novel by American writer John Crowley, published in 1976 by Doubleday.

text:
# Beasts (Crowley novel)

***Beasts*** is a novel by American writer John Crowley, published in 1976 by Doubleday.

## Plot summary

*Beasts* describes a world in which genetically engineered animals are given a variety of human characteristics. Painter is a *leo*, a combination of man and lion. Reynard, a character derived from medieval European fable, is part fox.

Political forces result in the leos being deemed an experimental failure, first resigned to reservations, and later to be hunted down and eliminated. A central element of the story is the relationship between Painter and Reynard, who acts as a kingmaker behind the scenes.

## Reception

*The New York Times* reviewer Gerald Jonas praised Crowley's "prodigious inventiveness", describing the novel as "a memorable tale that ends too soon."

Dave Langford reviewed *Beasts* for *White Dwarf* #60, and stated that "a strange story of genetically engineered man/beast hybrids who are greater than the sum of their genes. This one's a bit young for canonization \[1976\], but it's a fine book."

Brian W. Aldiss and David Wingrove reported that "for all the poetry in Crowley's writing, *Beasts* treats its subject matter in a realistic mode that gives the book a resonance and a relevance it might otherwise have lacked."

Dave Langford reviewed *Beasts* for *White Dwarf* #99, and stated that "The slightest of Crowley's works? I recant: anything by him demands to be read and reread."

## InfoBox

Beasts
| First ed. cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Crowley |
| Cover artist | John Cayea |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | 1976 (first edition) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| ISBN | 0385112602 |
| OCLC | 731182754 |


title: Rhoda Valentine Lewis

abstract: Rhoda Valentine Lewis was the first female justice on the Supreme Court of Hawaii.

text:
# Rhoda Valentine Lewis

**Rhoda Valentine Lewis** (August 31, 1906  September 12, 1991) was the first female justice on the Supreme Court of Hawaii.

## Biography

Lewis was born in Chicago on August 31, 1906, to parents Charles Tobias and Josephine Lewis. She moved to Honolulu and attended the Punahou School; then moved to Manila, and attended the American-European School; and graduated from the Frances Willard Jr. High School in Berkeley, California. She graduated from Stanford University in 1927, and received her Juris Doctor from Stanford Law School in 1929, graduating first in her class, and becoming a member of the Order of the Coif. She worked for a former Stanford Professor, before working for a law firm in Buffalo, New York.

In 1937 she moved back to Hawaii, where she worked for the Honolulu Prosecutor's Office and then the Attorney General's Office. Lewis worked in the Attorney General's Office from 1940 to 1958, writing numerous opinions and memorandums. After the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 she drafted the Hawaii Defense Act, granting the governor emergency powers. She was later involved in *Duncan v. Kahanamoku*, a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States over martial law in Hawaii. Lewis helped revise Hawaiian laws by serving on a 1944 commission.

The Governor of Hawaii, William Quinn appointed Lewis to the Supreme Court of Hawaii in 1959. Lewis wrote forty three opinions, eight joint opinions, eight concurring opinions, and nine dissents while on the bench. A 1961 opinion she wrote for the court gave the family of a deceased person the right to gain some of their "projected life earnings" if it was discovered someone "negligently contributed" to their death. Lewis provided legal consultation the effort to gain Hawaii statehood, advocating on the issue in Washington, D.C. several times. Lewis left the court in 1967 and the following year was on the Hawaii Constitutional Convention of 1968. From 1971 to 1972 she worked as a reporter for the Committee on the Coordination of Rules and Statutes. Lewis died on September 12, 1991.

## InfoBox

| Rhoda Valentine Lewis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii | |
| **In office**
October 5, 1959  May 8, 1967 | |
| Judge of the Hawaii Family Court | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1906-08-13)August 13, 1906
Chicago |
| Died | September 12, 1991(1991-09-12) (aged 85) |
|  | |


title: Bayerfeld-Steckweiler

abstract: Bayerfeld-Steckweiler is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Bayerfeld-Steckweiler has an area of 1.49 km² and a population of 408.

text:
# Bayerfeld-Steckweiler

**Bayerfeld-Steckweiler** is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Bayerfeld-Steckweiler has an area of 1.49 km² and a population of 408 (as of December 31, 2020).

## InfoBox

| Bayerfeld-Steckweiler | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Bayerfeld-Steckweiler within Donnersbergkreis district | |
| Bayerfeld-Steckweiler Bayerfeld-Steckweiler | |
| Coordinates: 49°40′43″N 7°47′51.79″E / 49.67861°N 7.7977194°E / 49.67861; 7.7977194 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Donnersbergkreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Nordpfälzer Land |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Wolfgang Kraus |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.60 km2 (3.32 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 185 m (607 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 385 |
| Density | 45/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 67808 |
| Dialling codes | 06362 |
| Vehicle registration | KIB |


title: Rhondda Leader

abstract: The Rhondda Leader is a weekly newspaper distributed in the Rhondda Valleys, South Wales. The tabloid newspaper is published on a Wednesday by Media Wales which is owned by the UK's largest newspaper corporation, Trinity Mirror. Part of the Celtic Weekly Newspapers series, which publishes eight other titles in South Wales, the Leader was founded in 1899.

text:
# Rhondda Leader

The ***Rhondda Leader*** is a weekly newspaper distributed in the Rhondda Valleys, South Wales. The tabloid newspaper is published on a Wednesday by Media Wales which is owned by the UK's largest newspaper corporation, Trinity Mirror. Part of the Celtic Weekly Newspapers series, which publishes eight other titles in South Wales, the *Leader* was founded in 1899.

## History

The *Rhondda Leader* was first published in 1899 and nine years later became the *Rhondda Leader, Maesteg, Garw and Ogmore Telegraph*.

The *Porth Gazette* was published from 1900 to 1944 and during that period there was a newspaper called the *Rhondda Socialist*. The *Rhondda Gazette* was also in circulation from 1913 to 1919 while the *Rhondda Clarion* was being read in the late 1930s.

The *Porth Gazette and Rhondda Leader* was published from 1944 to 1967 while also published in Pontypridd during those years was the *Rhondda Fach Leader and Gazette*.

In more recent years the *Rhondda Leader* and *Pontypridd & Llantrisant Observer* combined before the *Rhondda Leader* again became a separate edition.

## InfoBox

Rhondda Leader
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | Trinity Mirror |
| Publisher | Media Wales |
| Editor-in-chief | Simon Farrington |
| Editor | Wayne Nowaczyk |
| Founded | 1899 |
| Political alignment | Labour |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | 10, Market Street,
Pontypridd,
Mid Glamorgan,
CF37 2ST |
| Circulation | 331 (as of 2023) |
| Website | rhonddaleader.co.uk |


title: Rhythm of Love (Yes song)

abstract: "Rhythm of Love" is a song by Yes. It appeared on the 1987 Big Generator album. It was released repeatedly as a single, alternating as the A-side or B-side of "Love Will Find a Way". It was also remixed many times, though, thus far, only two have seen a legal issue on CD; both appeared on the 1987 CD single, and have not seen an official release elsewhere. Paulinho Da Costa was brought in for percussion overdubs. The song eventually became one of the band's most popular songs and appeared on a number of tours since 1987, eventually becoming the 18th most played song at Yes concerts, appearing 384 times as of 2009. Cash Box said that "John Anderson's vocals are in top form and bravely guide this tune along a smooth and rockin' path." A music video of the song, directed by Alex Proyas, also exists. It features individual shots of the band members playing, along with stop-motion animated robotic figures like a fish, a bird and an actual robot that becomes enamored with a human woman seen throughout.

text:
# Rhythm of Love (Yes song)

"**Rhythm of Love**" is a song by Yes. It appeared on the 1987 *Big Generator* album. It was released repeatedly as a single, alternating as the A-side or B-side of "Love Will Find a Way". It was also remixed many times, though, thus far, only two have seen a legal issue on CD; both appeared on the 1987 CD single, and have not seen an official release elsewhere. Paulinho Da Costa was brought in for percussion overdubs. The song eventually became one of the band's most popular songs and appeared on a number of tours since 1987, eventually becoming the 18th most played song at Yes concerts, appearing 384 times as of 2009.

*Cash Box* said that "John Anderson's vocals are in top form and bravely guide this tune along a smooth and rockin' path."

A music video of the song, directed by Alex Proyas, also exists. It features individual shots of the band members playing, along with stop-motion animated robotic figures like a fish, a bird and an actual robot that becomes enamored with a human woman seen throughout.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1987) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 40 |
| US *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Tracks | 2 |
|

## Live performances

The song was played on the Big Generator, Union, Talk, Open Your Eyes, 35th Anniversary and Royal Affair concert tours.

Throughout the 1987-1988 Big Generator tour, Yes experimented with its introduction, playing it different ways: Early in November 1987, they started the show with the "Almost Like Love" intro, segueing into the "Heart Of The Sunrise" riff, before transitioning into "Rhythm of Love". Other times, they started the song the same way they did on the record, with the flute sample.

Few live versions have been officially issued. One can be found on the box set *The Word Is Live*.

A version was also performed by Yes Featuring Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman, with slightly altered lyrics, on both of their tours and was also released on the bands *Live At The Apollo* album and video in 2018, along with a video on the Mercury Records YouTube Channel.

## Official remixes

12" ATCO Records – 0-96722

* 1) "Rhythm Of Love" (Dance To The Rhythm Mix)
* 2) "Rhythm Of Love" (Move To The Rhythm Mix)
* 3) "Rhythm Of Love" (The Rhythm Of Dub)
* 4) "City Of Love" (Live Edit)

Promo CD ATCO Records – PR 2089-2

* 1) "Rhythm Of Love" (Edit)
* 2) "Rhythm Of Love" (Move To The Rhythm Mix)
* 3) "Rhythm Of Love" (Dance To The Rhythm Mix)

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| "Rhythm of Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Yes | |
| from the album  *Big Generator* | |
| B-side | "City of Love" (live) |
| Released | 7 December 1987 |
| Recorded | 1985–1987 |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 4:47 |
| Label | Atco |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Yes singles chronology | |
| "Love Will Find a Way"
(1987) "**Rhythm of Love**"
(1987) "Lift Me Up"
(1991) | |


title: Francis J. McNeil

abstract: Francis J. McNeil was an American ambassador to Costa Rica from 1980 to 1983.

text:
# Francis J. McNeil

**Francis J. McNeil** (born 1932) was an American ambassador to Costa Rica from 1980 to 1983.

## InfoBox

| Francis J. McNeil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| United States Ambassador to Costa Rica | |
| **In office**
July 8, 1980  June 27, 1983 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Marvin Weissman |
| Succeeded by | Curtin Winsor Jr. |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1932 (age 9192) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
|  | |


title: Skilled Group

abstract: Skilled Group is an Australian company headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria. Its core business is labour hire. It is a subsidiary of Programmed Maintenance, which is itself a subsidiary of Japanese labour hire conglomerate Persol Holdings. The company manages offices across multiple countries; including Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Malta and the United Arab Emirates.

text:
# Skilled Group

**Skilled Group** is an Australian company headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria. Its core business is labour hire. It is a subsidiary of Programmed Maintenance, which is itself a subsidiary of Japanese labour hire conglomerate Persol Holdings.

The company manages offices across multiple countries; including Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Malta and the United Arab Emirates.

## Corporate history

The company was founded in 1964 by Frank Hargrave AO.

In October 2015, Programmed Maintenance (ASX:PRG) acquired Skilled Group.

In October 2017, Programmed Maintenance was acquired by Persol Holdings.

In 2011, Telstra trainees took the company and its subsidiary Excelior to the industrial relations tribunal. The union said that trainees were not compensated enough for expenses during mandatory training.

In 2015 in a landmark case, a couple was awarded damages of $720,000 against the company after being refused jobs for being non-union.

## InfoBox

Skilled Group
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Human Resources, Labour hire |
| Founded | 1964 |
| Headquarters | Melbourne, Victoria |
| Key people |  |
| Revenue | A$1,873,893 (2013) |
| Owner | Persol Holdings |
| Number of employees | Approximately 50.000 full- and part-time employees |
| Parent | Programmed Maintenance |
| Website | skilled.com.au |


title: Sphingobacteriaceae

abstract: Sphingobacteriaceae is a family of environmental bacteria.

text:
# Sphingobacteriaceae

***Sphingobacteriaceae*** is a family of environmental bacteria.

## Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences.

1. Steyn PL, Segers P, Vancanneyt M, Sandra P, Kersters K, Joubert JJ. (1998). "Classification of heparinolytic bacteria into a new genus, *Pedobacter*, comprising four species: *Pedobacter heparinus* comb. nov., *Pedobacter piscium* comb. nov., *Pedobacter africanus* sp. nov. and *Pedobacter saltans* sp. nov. proposal of the family *Sphingobacteriaceae* fam. nov". *Int J Syst Bacteriol*. **48** (1): 165–177. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-1-165. PMID 9542086.
2. Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "*Sphingobacteriaceae*". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 30, 2021.
3. Boone DR, Castenholz RW, eds. (2001). *Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology*. Vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria) (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 465–466.
4. García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Tindall BJ, Gronow S, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Hahnke RL, Göker M (2019). "Analysis of 1,000 Type-Strain Genomes Improves Taxonomic Classification of *Bacteroidetes*". *Front Microbiol*. **10**: 2083. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02083. PMC 6767994. PMID 31608019.

## InfoBox

| Sphingobacteriaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Sphingobacteriia |
| Order: | Sphingobacteriales |
| Family: | Sphingobacteriaceae<br>Steyn *et al*. 1998 |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: Bistcho Lake 213

abstract: Bistcho Lake 213 is an Indian reserve of the Dene Tha' First Nation in Alberta, located within Mackenzie County.

text:
# Bistcho Lake 213

**Bistcho Lake 213** is an Indian reserve of the Dene Tha' First Nation in Alberta, located within Mackenzie County.

59°38′16″N 118°27′27″W / 59.6379°N 118.4576°W / 59.6379; -118.4576 (Bistcho Lake 213)

## InfoBox

| Bistcho Lake 213 | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian reserve | |
| Bistcho Lake Indian Reserve No. 213 | |
| Location in Alberta | |
| First Nation | Dene Tha' |
| Treaty |  |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Specialized municipality | Mackenzie |
| Area | |
| Total | 354.1 ha (875.0 acres) |


title: Dupin's theorem

abstract:
In differential geometry Dupin's theorem, named after the French mathematician Charles Dupin, is the statement:
  - The intersection curve of any pair of surfaces of different pencils of a threefold orthogonal system is a curvature line. A threefold orthogonal system of surfaces consists of three pencils of surfaces such that any pair of surfaces out of different pencils intersect orthogonally. The most simple example of a threefold orthogonal system consists of the coordinate planes and their parallels. But this example is of no interest, because a plane has no curvature lines. A simple example with at least one pencil of curved surfaces: 1) all right circular cylinders with the z-axis as axis, 2) all planes, which contain the z-axis, 3) all horizontal planes. A curvature line is a curve on a surface, which has at any point the direction of a principal curvature. The set of curvature lines of a right circular cylinder consists of the set of circles and the lines. A plane has no curvature lines, because any normal curvature is zero. Hence, only the curvature lines of the cylinder are of interest: A horizontal plane intersects a cylinder at a circle and a vertical plane has lines with the cylinder in common. The idea of threefold orthogonal systems can be seen as a generalization of orthogonal trajectories. Special examples are systems of confocal conic sections.

text:
# Dupin's theorem

In differential geometry **Dupin's theorem**, named after the French mathematician Charles Dupin, is the statement:

A *threefold orthogonal system* of surfaces consists of three pencils of surfaces such that any pair of surfaces out of different pencils intersect orthogonally.

The most simple example of a threefold orthogonal system consists of the coordinate planes and their parallels. But this example is of no interest, because a plane has no curvature lines.

A simple example with at least one pencil of curved surfaces: 1) all right circular cylinders with the z-axis as axis, 2) all planes, which contain the z-axis, 3) all horizontal planes (see diagram).

A *curvature line* is a curve on a surface, which has at any point the direction of a principal curvature (maximal or minimal curvature). The set of curvature lines of a right circular cylinder consists of the set of circles (maximal curvature) and the lines (minimal curvature). A plane has no curvature lines, because any normal curvature is zero. Hence, only the curvature lines of the cylinder are of interest: A horizontal plane intersects a cylinder at a circle and a vertical plane has lines with the cylinder in common.

The idea of threefold orthogonal systems can be seen as a generalization of orthogonal trajectories. Special examples are systems of confocal conic sections.

## Application

Dupin's theorem is a tool for determining the curvature lines of a surface by intersection with suitable surfaces (see examples), without time-consuming calculation of derivatives and principal curvatures. The next example shows, that the embedding of a surface into a threefold orthogonal system is not unique.

## Examples

### Right circular cone

*Given:* A right circular cone, green in the diagram.
*Wanted:* The curvature lines.

*1. pencil*: Shifting the given cone C with apex S along its axis generates a pencil of cones (green).
*2. pencil*: Cones with apexes on the axis of the given cone such that the lines are orthogonal to the lines of the given cone (blue).
*3. pencil*: Planes through the cone's axis (purple).

These three pencils of surfaces are an orthogonal system of surfaces. The blue cones intersect the given cone C at a circle (red). The purple planes intersect at the lines of cone C (green).

Alternative with spheres

The points of the space can be described by the spherical coordinates $(r,\varphi ,\theta )$. It is set S=M=origin.

*1. pencil:* Cones with point S as apex and their axes are the axis of the given cone C (green): $(r,\varphi ,\theta \_{0})$.
*2. pencil:* Spheres centered at M=S (blue): $(r\_{0},\varphi ,\theta )$
*3. pencil:* Planes through the axis of cone C (purple): $(r,\varphi \_{0},\theta )$.

### Torus

*1. pencil*: Tori with the same directrix (green).
*2. pencil*: Cones containing the directrix circle of the torus with apexes on the axis of the torus (blue).
*3. pencil*: Planes containing the axis of the given torus (purple).

The blue cones intersect the torus at *horizontal circles* (red). The purple planes intersect at *vertical circles* (green).

The curvature lines of a torus generate a net of orthogonal circles.

A torus contains more circles: the Villarceau circles, which are not curvature lines.

### Surface of revolution

Usually a surface of revolution is determined by a generating plane curve (meridian) $m\_{0}$. Rotating $m\_{0}$ around the axis generates the surface of revolution. The method used for a cone and a torus can be extended to a surface of revolution:

*1. pencil*: Parallel surfaces to the given surface of revolution.
*2. pencil*: Cones with apices on the axis of revolution with generators orthogonal to the given surface (blue).
*3. pencil*: Planes containing the axis of revolution (purple).

The cones intersect the surface of revolution at circles (red). The purple planes intersect at meridians (green). Hence:

* The *curvature lines of a surface of revolution* are the horizontal circles and the meridians.

### Confocal quadrics

The article confocal conic sections deals with confocal *quadrics*, too. They are a prominent example of a non trivial orthogonal system of surfaces. Dupin's theorem shows that

the curvature lines of any of the quadrics can be seen as the intersection curves with quadrics out of the other pencils (see diagrams).

Confocal quadrics are never rotational quadrics, so the result on surfaces of revolution (above) cannot be applied. The curvature lines are i.g. curves of degree 4. (Curvature lines of rotational quadrics are always conic sections !)

Ellipsoid (see diagram)

Semi-axes: $\\;a=1,\\;b=0.8,\\;c=0.6\\;$.
The curvature lines are sections with one (blue) and two (purple) sheeted hyperboloids. The red points are umbilic points.

Hyperboloid of one sheet (see diagram)

Semi-axes: $\\;a=0.67,\\;b=0.3,\\;c=0.44\\;$.
The curvature lines are intersections with ellipsoids (blue) and hyperboloids of two sheets (purple).

### Dupin cyclides

A Dupin cyclide and its parallels are determined by a pair of focal conic sections. The diagram shows a ring cyclide together with its focal conic sections (ellipse: dark red, hyperbola: dark blue). The cyclide can be seen as a member of an orthogonal system of surfaces:

*1. pencil*: parallel surfaces of the cyclide.
*2. pencil:* right circular cones through the ellipse (their apexes are on the hyperbola)
*3. pencil:* right circular cones through the hyperbola (their apexes are on the ellipse)

The special feature of a cyclide is the property:

The curvature lines of a Dupin cyclide are *circles*.

## Proof of Dupin's theorem

Any point of consideration is contained in exactly one surface of any pencil of the orthogonal system. The three parameters $u,v,w$ describing these three surfaces can be considered as new coordinates. Hence any point can be represented by:

$$x=x(u,v,w)$$

$$y=y(u,v,w)$$

$z=z(u,v,w)\quad $ or shortly: $\quad {\vec {x}={\vec {x}(u,v,w)\\;.}}$

For the example (cylinder) in the lead the new coordinates are the radius $r$ of the actual cylinder, angle $\varphi $ between the vertical plane and the x-axis and $\zeta $ the height of the horizontal plane. Hence, $r,\varphi ,\zeta $ can be considered as the cylinder coordinates of the point of consideration.

The condition "the surfaces intersect orthogonally" at point $\vec {x}(u,v,w)$ means, the surface normals $\\;{\vec {x}\_{u}\times {\vec {x}\_{v},\\;{\vec {x}\_{v}\times {\vec {x}\_{w},\\;{\vec {x}\_{w}\times {\vec {x}\_{u}}}}}}}$ are pairwise orthogonal. This is true, if

$\vec {x}\_{u},\\;{\vec {x}\_{v},\\;{\vec {x}\_{w}\quad }}$ are pairwise orthogonal. This property can be checked with help of Lagrange's identity.

Hence

**(1)** $\quad {\vec {x}\_{u}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{v}=0,\quad {\vec {x}\_{v}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{w}=0,\quad {\vec {x}\_{w}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{u}=0\\;.}}}}}}$

Deriving these equations for the variable, which is not contained in the equation, one gets

$$\vec {x}\_{uw}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{v}+{\vec {x}\_{u}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{vw}=0\\;,}}}$$

$$\vec {x}\_{uv}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{w}+{\vec {x}\_{v}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{uw}=0\\;,}}}$$

$$\vec {x}\_{vw}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{u}+{\vec {x}\_{w}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{vw}=0\\;.}}}$$

Solving this linear system for the three appearing scalar products yields:

**(2)** $\quad {\vec {x}\_{uv}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{w}=0,\quad {\vec {x}\_{vw}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{u}=0,\quad {\vec {x}\_{uw}\cdot {\vec {x}\_{v}=0\\;.}}}}}}$

From **(1)** and **(2)**: The three vectors $\vec {x}\_{u},{\vec {x}\_{v},{\vec {x}\_{uv}}}$ are orthogonal to vector $\vec {x}\_{w}$ and hence are linear dependent (are contained in a common plane), which can be expressed by:

**(3)** $\quad \det({\vec {x}\_{uv},{\vec {x}\_{u},{\vec {x}\_{v})=0\\;.}}}$

From equation **(1)** one gets $F=0$ (coefficient of the first fundamental form) and
from equation **(3)**: $M=0$ (coefficient of the second fundamental form) of the surface $\vec {x}={\vec {x}(u,v,w\_{0})}$.

Consequence: The parameter curves are curvature lines.

The analogous result for the other two surfaces through point $\vec {x}(u\_{0},v\_{0},w\_{0})$ is true, too.

1. W. Blaschke: *Vorlesungen über Differentialgeometrie 1*, Springer-Verlag, 1921, S. 63
* H.S.M. Coxeter: *Introduction to geometry*, Wiley, 1961, pp. 11, 258.
* Ch. Dupin: *Développements de géométrie*, Paris 1813.
* F. Klein: *Vorlesungen über Höhere Geometrie*, Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 3642886744, p. 9.
* Ludwig Schläfli: *Über die allgemeinste Flächenschar zweiten Grades, die mit irgend zwei anderen Flächenscharen ein orthogonales System bildet*, in *L. Schläfli: Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen* p. 163, Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 3034841167.
* J. Weingarten: *Über die Bedingung, unter welcher eine Flächenfamilie einem orthogonalen Flächensystem angehört.*, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, Band 1877, Heft 83, pp. 1–12, ISSN (Online) 1435–5345, ISSN (Print) 0075–4102.
* T. J. Willmore: *An Introduction to Differential Geometry*, Courier Corporation, 2013, ISBN 0486282104, p. 295.


title: Benigna Cardoso da Silva

abstract: Benigna Cardoso da Silva was a Brazilian Catholic child. She was adopted following the deaths of her parents, and was noted for aiding in household chores and attending Mass on a regular basis. In 1942, da Silva was murdered after rejecting the sexual advances of Raimundo Alves Riberio, who was around her age, in order to protect herself as being chaste as she desired. She defended herself even to the point of Riberio killing her, using a machete that he carried on his person. Her beatification cause launched in 2013 and she was beatified on 24 October 2022.

text:
# Benigna Cardoso da Silva

**Benigna Cardoso da Silva** (15 October 1928 – 24 October 1941) was a Brazilian Catholic child.

She was adopted following the deaths of her parents, and was noted for aiding in household chores and attending Mass on a regular basis.

In 1942, da Silva was murdered after rejecting the sexual advances of Raimundo Alves Riberio, who was around her age, in order to protect herself as being chaste as she desired. She defended herself even to the point of Riberio killing her, using a machete that he carried on his person. Her beatification cause launched in 2013 and she was beatified on 24 October 2022.

## Life

Benigna Cardoso da Silva was born in Oiti on 15 October 1928 as the last of four children to José Cardoso da Silva and Teresa Maria da Silva. Her father died sometime before her birth and her mother died around the time she turned one. It was following this that the sisters Rosa and Honorina Sisnando adopted Benigna and her siblings. In her childhood she liked to take walks with her siblings or have picnics whenever she could, in between her taking care of the household chores; she was likewise a regular attendee at Mass and was known for her great devotion to her faith. There are no photographs of her, but contemporaries have said that Benigna was of medium height and was slender in addition to having a rounded face and a thin chin. It is also described that she had brown eyes and brown hair, and a slight strabismus in one eye.

In 1941 when she was twelve Raimundo Alves Riberio – known as Raul, who was around her age – approached her sexually, though she rejected each of his advances. In concern she sought the guidance of her parish priest, Cristiano Coelho Rodrigues, on the matter, to which her priest advised her to resist Riberio. Riberio insisted on his advances following this; but Benigna continued to reject him, causing Riberio to grow frustrated with her repeated refusals. Just one week after she turned thirteen she went to go and get water in an isolated area which Riberio knew. That afternoon, on 24 October 1941, he hid in the bushes waiting for her to arrive and then jumped out and attempted to grab her. Benigna continued resisting him, which further infuriated Riberio to the point that he took out his machete to attack her in a rage.

He struck her four times using the machete. The first blow removed three fingers from her right hand and the second struck her in the forehead. The third strike was in the stomach and the fourth was the fatal strike to her neck that killed her at once; Benigna died there at 4:00pm. Riberio fled after realizing what he had just done, and moments later her brother Cirineu – who had gone out looking for her – discovered her bloodied remains. Her funeral and burial took place on 25 October concurrent to the authorities investigating the murder. The police apprehended those considered to be suspects, including Cirineu; these individuals were released after Riberio was arrested. Riberio served his sentence in prison and then in 1991 returned to the scene of the crime, where he expressed his regret at having murdered Benigna. Her remains were later relocated on 26 May 2012 to the Santana do Cariri parish church.

## Beatification

In 2011 initial steps were started in order to launch a possible beatification process in the Crato diocese. The formal introduction to the cause came on 31 January 2013 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the "nihil obstat" (no objections) decree, titling Benigna as a Servant of God. This news was received in Crato just a couple of weeks later, therefore allowing the diocese to initiate a diocesan process to investigate her life, in addition to the circumstances surrounding her death, in order to ascertain if she died "in defensum castitatis" (if she died to protect herself as a chaste virgin during the attack). The diocesan process was opened on 16 March 2013 and concluded just a few months later on 21 September; the evidence was sent to the C.C.S. in Rome, leading to them validating the process as having complied with their guidelines for conducting causes.

The official Positio dossier was presented to the C.C.S. in June 2018 for assessment. Theologians issued their approval to the cause on 24 October 2018. Pope Francis approved her beatification in a decree issued on 2 October 2019; her beatification took place in Ceará on 24 October 2022. The postulator for this cause is Dr. Vittorio Capuzza.

## InfoBox

| Blessed
Benigna Cardoso da Silva | |
| --- | --- |
| Painting of Benigna Cardoso de Silva (c. 2013). | |
| Virgin and martyr | |
| Born | (1928-10-15)15 October 1928
Oiti, Santana do Cariri, Ceará, Brazil |
| Died | 24 October 1941(1941-10-24) (aged 13)
Oiti, Santana do Cariri, Ceará, Brazil |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 24 October 2022, Crato, Ceará, Brazil by Cardinal Leonardo Ulrich Steiner |
| Feast | 24 October |


title: Benoist Troost

abstract: Benoist Troost was an Americanized Dutch geologist, physician, and American pioneer. He was one of the 14 founders of the American frontier town of Kansas, Missouri which became Kansas City, Missouri, with its namesake Troost Avenue.

text:
# Benoist Troost

**Benoist Troost** (born Benedictus Troost; also Benoît Troost, Benoit Troost; November 17, 1786 – February 8, 1859) was an Americanized Dutch geologist, physician, and American pioneer. He was one of the 14 founders of the American frontier town of Kansas, Missouri which became Kansas City, Missouri, with its namesake Troost Avenue.

## Personal life

Benoist Troost was born to Catholics Everardus Josephus Troost and Anna Cornelia van Heeck on November 17, 1786, in 's-Hertogenbosch. He was the younger brother of Gerard Troost.

In 1813, Troost married Rachel Tage, the sister of his brother's wife, Margaret.

## Career

From July 1807 to March 1810, while living in Paris as a scholar of the National Museum of Natural History, he was employed by Napoleon III to oversee his mineral collection. Though with historically uncertain medical credentials, he was reputedly a medical steward in Napoleon's army.

In 1816, Troost took a geological trip to New Jersey organized by William Maclure, and remained in America. In the mid-1820s, he and his older brother, Gerard, mapped the geology of Philadelphia and the land of the American frontier. They owned a successful lead works in Pittsburgh. He moved progressively toward the western American frontier, to St. Louis and then Independence, Missouri, around 1844 and 1845.

Troost moved to the frontier village variously called West Port Landing or Kansas, and became its first resident physician. In 1846, he married Mary Ann Troost, the niece of his friend and fellow pioneer William Gillis. That year, he bought five lots of land as one of the 14 co-founders of the Town of Kansas Company. From 1849 to 1850, at the peak of the California gold rush, he and Gillis built the village's first hotel on the river levee, named Troost House and later renamed Gillis House. It was called the "finest building in the city", and later the "free state hotel" due to the slavery-driven border wars called Bleeding Kansas.

He was listed as a trustee when Kansas, Missouri was finally legally incorporated as a town by Jackson County in 1850. He was a trustee again when the Missouri General Assembly reincorporated and renamed it as the City of Kansas in 1853. He and William S. Gregory entered the election as the first mayor, and Gregory won.

In 1854, he founded the *Kansas City Enterprise* newspaper. In 1857, he incorporated the city's first Chamber of Commerce. He died on February 8, 1859, in William Gillis's mansion in Kansas City, Missouri.

## Legacy

Benoist Troost is the namesake for Troost Avenue, Troost Park, and Troost Lake Park in Kansas City.

## InfoBox

| Benoist Troost | |
| --- | --- |
| 1859 George Caleb Bingham portrait of Troost | |
| Born | Benedictus Troost
(1786-11-17)November 17, 1786
's-Hertogenbosch, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands |
| Died | February 8, 1859(1859-02-08) (aged 72)
Kansas City, Missouri, US |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Other names | * Benoît Troost * Benoit Troost |
| Occupations | * Geologist * pioneer * physician |
| Known for | Cofounder of Town of Kansas |
| Family | Gerard Troost (brother)
William Gillis (uncle-in-law) |


title: Domain (2009 film)

abstract: Domain is a 2009 French film directed by Patric Chiha, starring Béatrice Dalle, Isaïe Sultan, and Alain Libolt. The film has been cited as a favorite by filmmaker John Waters, who presented it as his annual selection within the 2011 Maryland Film Festival.

text:
# Domain (2009 film)

***Domain*** is a 2009 French film directed by Patric Chiha, starring Béatrice Dalle, Isaïe Sultan, and Alain Libolt. The film has been cited as a favorite by filmmaker John Waters, who presented it as his annual selection within the 2011 Maryland Film Festival.

## Plot

A teenage boy is fascinated with his brilliant mathematician and vaguely bohemian aunt, Nadia (Dalle). He becomes drawn to her and her friends, as he also explores his sexuality with an older man in his 20s. Tensions build throughout the film surrounding Nadia's alcoholism and her nephew's own unwillingness to confront it head on, as well as a mysterious much older male acquaintance of Nadia's who seems to have some sinister place in her life and who frequently seems to flirt with her nephew, clearly upsetting her. A crisis leads to her being admitted to a rehab clinic, which her nephew visits to try to maintain their deep connection and help her deal with the confining and frustrating nature of clinical life.

## Reception

Beatrice Dalle's performance was described as impressive. On the other hand it was said the film would occasionally repeat itself.

## InfoBox

| Domain | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Patric Chiha |
| Written by | Patric Chiha |
| Produced by | Charlotte Vincent |
| Starring | Béatrice Dalle |
| Cinematography | Pascal Poucet |
| Edited by | Karina Ressler |
| Music by | Milkymee |
| Production
companies | Aurora Films
Wildart Film |
| Distributed by | Contre-Allée Distribution
Strand Releasing |
| Release dates | * 5 September 2009 (2009-09-05) (Venice Film Festival) * 14 April 2010 (2010-04-14) (France) |
| Running time | 110 minutes |
| Countries | France
Austria |
| Language | French |
| Budget | $1.5 million |
| Box office | $30.000 |


title: Topothesia

abstract:
Topothesia is “the description of an imaginable or non-existent place”. It has been classified as a type of enargia, which is a “generic name for a group of figures aiming at vivid, lively description”. Edgar Allan Poe used enargia frequently to describe his characters in his literary works.
According to Philip Hardie, a professor at the University of Cambridge, its determining characteristic is its position within a text. Normally, when the descriptive analysis of a place is found to discontinue a narrative, this interrupting section can be considered topothesia. In addition, it has a stereotyped entry formula that facilitates distinguishing the narrative from the descriptive. In most famous texts, topothesia begins with est locus, as can be seen in Metamorphoses by Ovid.

text:
# Topothesia

**Topothesia** is “the description of an imaginable or non-existent place”. It has been classified as a type of enargia (a synonym to “hypotyposis”), which is a “generic name for a group of figures aiming at vivid, lively description”. Edgar Allan Poe used enargia frequently to describe his characters in his literary works. According to Philip Hardie, a professor at the University of Cambridge, its determining characteristic is its position within a text. Normally, when the descriptive analysis of a place is found to discontinue a narrative, this interrupting section can be considered topothesia. In addition, it has a stereotyped entry formula that facilitates distinguishing the narrative from the descriptive. In most famous texts, topothesia begins with est locus (“there is a place” in Latin), as can be seen in *Metamorphoses* by Ovid.

## Etymology

Topothesia is derived from a mixture of two Greek words: “topos” (τοπος), which literally translated means “place”, and the suffix “-thesia”, which is obtained from the noun "thesis", meaning “setting forth". In ancient Greek the word always seems to refer to the description or arrangement of a real place, while the application of the word to an imaginary description (as opposed to "topographia", the description of a real place) is first found in the Latin commentator Servius.

## Examples

Topothesia is a tool often used in poetry rather than by orators. A renowned poet who frequently utilized topothesia along with other forms of enargia was Edgar Allan Poe. A popular poem that featured various examples of topothesia is “Dreamland”.

> By a route obscure and lonely,
> Haunted by ill angels only,
> Where an Eidolon, named Night,
> On a black throne reigns upright,
> I have reached these lands but newly
> From an ultimate dim Thule-
> From a wild clime that lieth, sublime,
> Out of Space – Out of Time.
> Bottomless vales and boundless floods,
> And chasms, and caves, and Titan woods,
> With forms that no man can discover
> For the tears that drip all over;
> Mountains toppling evermore
> Into seas without a shore;
> Seas that restlessly aspire,
> Surging, unto skies of fire;
> Lakes that endlessly outspread
> Their lone waters- lone and dead,-
> Their still waters- still and chilly
> With the snows of the lolling lily. (“Dream-Land,” 7:89)

However, this rhetorical term was apparent in other of Poe's works of fiction like “The Domain of Arnheim”. This short story was recognized for its repeated use of topothesia. According to author and professor at York University, Brett Zimmerman, “the tale’s entire second half is a description of Arnheim, an artificial paradise on Earth – “the phantom handiwork, conjointly, of the Sylphs, of the Fairies, of the Genii, and of the Gnomes” (6: 196). We also have “Landor’s Cottage: A Pendant to ‘The Domain of Arnheim’.” That piece really has no plot; it is extended topothesia – an exercise in picturesque description of a place…”

### Primary Sources

* *Oxford Dictionary (American English)*. United States. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
* "Online Etymology Dictionary". 2014.

### Secondary Sources


title: Domenico da Cortona

abstract: Domenico da Cortona called "Boccador" was an Italian architect, a pupil of Giuliano da Sangallo. he was brought to France by Charles VIII and remained in the service of François I. His design for the royal Château de Chambord, represented in a wooden model, survived into the seventeenth century but responsibility for the design is also given to Leonardo da Vinci, who was at the royal court at Amboise at the same time, and the actual construction, during which much was improvised, was under the on-site supervision of Pierre Nepveu. Domenico da Cortona was domiciled at Blois. He was at Amboise, responsible for design planning in festivities marking the birth of the dauphin in April 1518. He also supervised military engineering works at the châteaux of Tournai and Ardres. Domenico is sometimes credited with designing the Église Saint-Eustache in Paris, although other architects have also been suggested. The Hôtel de Ville of Paris, destroyed during the Commune, 24 May 1871, bore an inscription ending Domenico Cortonensi architectante. The standard monograph is P. Lesueur, Dominique de Cortone dit Boccador (Paris) 1928.

text:
# Domenico da Cortona

**Domenico da Cortona** called "*Boccador*" (ca 1465  ca 1549) was an Italian architect, a pupil of Giuliano da Sangallo. he was brought to France by Charles VIII and remained in the service of François I. His design for the royal Château de Chambord, represented in a wooden model, survived into the seventeenth century but responsibility for the design is also given to Leonardo da Vinci, who was at the royal court at Amboise at the same time, and the actual construction, during which much was improvised, was under the on-site supervision of Pierre Nepveu.

Domenico da Cortona was domiciled at Blois. He was at Amboise, responsible for design planning in festivities marking the birth of the dauphin in April 1518. He also supervised military engineering works at the châteaux of Tournai and Ardres.

Domenico is sometimes credited with designing the Église Saint-Eustache in Paris, although other architects have also been suggested. The Hôtel de Ville of Paris, destroyed during the Commune, 24 May 1871, bore an inscription ending *Domenico Cortonensi architectante*.

The standard monograph is P. Lesueur, *Dominique de Cortone dit Boccador* (Paris) 1928.


title: El Mejunje

abstract: El Mejunje, also known as El Mejunje de Silverio after the surname of its founder and director, Ramón Silverio, is a Cuban LGBT cultural center and space located in the city of Santa Clara. It lies on the central Calle Marta Abreu, near the corner with Calle Juan Bruno Zayas, close to the Parque Vidal and La Caridad Theatre, next to the Saint Claire of Assisi Cathedral.

text:
# El Mejunje

**El Mejunje** (Spanish for *The Mixture*), also known as **El Mejunje de Silverio** after the surname of its founder and director, Ramón Silverio, is a Cuban LGBT cultural center and space located in the city of Santa Clara. It lies on the central *Calle Marta Abreu*, near the corner with *Calle Juan Bruno Zayas*, close to the Parque Vidal and La Caridad Theatre, next to the Saint Claire of Assisi Cathedral.

## History

Created as a simple gathering of bohemians and intellectuals, the centre grew as multifaceted and unconventional cultural space. It was installed in the ruins of an old hotel and started its activities in 1985. People related to the centre are colloquially known as *Mejunjeros*.

## Cultural activities

The "Mejunje" is an LGBTQ cultural centre, involved into several social campaigns, as the ones on HIV/AIDS prevention, against homophobia and social discrimination. As for the meaning of its name and the purposes of its founder, El Mejunje is not a simple gay club: it is conceived as an open space shared by everyone independently of sexual orientation, to promote social integration. The activities of the centre include a theatre, a café, an art gallery in the second roof and a little music venue in which are held concerts of various musical genres, ranging from rock'n roll to Cuban folk music.

The activities also include social and cultural initiatives of interest to both children and adults, film screenings, and the *Gay Saturday* disco every Saturday night.

## InfoBox

| El Mejunje | |
| --- | --- |
| Facade and theatre room | |
| Location within Cuba | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Calle Marta Abreu / Juan Bruno Zayas y Alemán, Santa Clara |
| Country | Cuba |
| Coordinates | 22°24′24″N 79°58′02″W / 22.406677°N 79.967227°W / 22.406677; -79.967227 |
| Completed | 26 January 1985 |


title: Domenico de' Domenichi

abstract:
Domenico de' Domenichi or Domenico de Dominicis was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brescia (1464–1478)
and Bishop of Torcello (1448–1464). On 20 February 1448, Domenico de Dominicis was appointed during the papacy of Pope Nicholas V as Bishop of Torcello.
On 14 November 1464, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul II as Bishop of Brescia.
He served as Bishop of Brescia until his death in 1478. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Johannes Hinderbach, Bishop of Trento (1466); and the principal co-consecrator of Giovanni Stefano Botticelli, Bishop of Cremona (1467).

text:
# Domenico de' Domenichi

**Domenico de' Domenichi** or **Domenico de Dominicis** (died 1478) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brescia (1464–1478) and Bishop of Torcello (1448–1464).

On 20 February 1448, Domenico de Dominicis was appointed during the papacy of Pope Nicholas V as Bishop of Torcello. On 14 November 1464, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul II as Bishop of Brescia. He served as Bishop of Brescia until his death in 1478. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Johannes Hinderbach, Bishop of Trento (1466); and the principal co-consecrator of Giovanni Stefano Botticelli, Bishop of Cremona (1467).

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend<br>Domenico de' Dominichi | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Brescia | |
| Tomb of Domenico | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Brescia |
| In office | 1464–1478 |
| Successor | Lorenzo Zanni |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Torcello (1448–1464) |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1478 |


title: Tony Wilkinson

abstract: Tony James Wilkinson, FBA was a British archaeologist and academic, specialising in landscape archaeology and the Ancient Near East. He was Professor of Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh from 2005 to 2006, and Professor of Archaeology at Durham University from 2006 to until his death in 2014.

text:
# Tony Wilkinson

**Tony James Wilkinson**, FBA (14 August 1948 – 25 December 2014) was a British archaeologist and academic, specialising in landscape archaeology and the Ancient Near East. He was Professor of Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh from 2005 to 2006, and Professor of Archaeology at Durham University from 2006 to until his death in 2014.

## Early life

Wilkinson was born on 14 August 1948 and was brought up in Essex, England. From 1966 to 1969, he studied geography at Birkbeck, University of London, graduating with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree. He then undertook post-graduate study at McMaster University, Ontario, Canada, graduating from there with a Master of Science (MSc) degree in 1972. He never undertook a doctorate.

## Academic career

Wilkinson worked as a consultant landscape archaeologist from 1972 to 1989. Between 1989 and 1992, he was the assistant director of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq. From 1995 to 2003, he worked at the University of Chicago, first as a research associate and then as an associate professor. During the 1990s, he founded the 'Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes' of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.

In 2003, he returned to the United Kingdom to become a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. He was promoted to Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology in 2005. In 2006, he left Edinburgh to become Professor of Archaeology at Durham University. In addition to his research and teaching within the Department of Archaeology, he was involved with Durham's Institute of Advanced Study.

Wilkinson had undertaken archaeological surveys in northern Syria, Iran and northern Iraq. He worked with declassified CORONA satellite images to research ancient sites and landscapes of Upper Mesopotamia. He was director of the Land of Carchemish project investigating the surrounding landscape of Carchemish, a Bronze Age capital city.

## Personal life

In 1995, Wilkinson married Eleanor Rose Barbanes. She is also an archaeologist, and collaborated with her husband on a number of projects and publications.

He died on 25 December 2014 from cancer.

## Honours

Wilkinson received two awards for his monograph titled *Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East*: the Society for American Archaeology Book Award in 2004 and the James R. Wiseman Book Award by the Archaeological Institute of America in 2005. In 2008, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the UK's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. In 2009, he was awarded the John Coles Medal for Landscape Archaeology by the British Academy. The medal is awarded biennially 'for distinguished achievements in landscape archaeology'.

A memorial volume, *New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East: Studies in Honour of Tony J. Wilkinson* was published in 2020, edited and containing chapters by many of Wilkinson's former students.

## Works

* Wilkinson, T. J. (1990). *Town & Country in Southeastern Anatolia: Settlement and landuse at Kurban Höyük and other sites in the Lower Karababa Basin*. Chicago, Il: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 0918986648.
* Wilkinson, T. J.; Tucker, D. J. (1995). *Settlement development in the North Jazira, Iraq: a study of the archeological landscape*. Baghdad: British School of Archeology in Iraq. ISBN 0856686581.
* Wilkinson, T. J. (1995). *The archaeology of the Essex coast*. Gressenhall: Essex County Council Archaeology Section in conjunction with the Scole Archaeological Committee. ISBN 1852811196.
* Wilkinson, T. J. (2003). *Archaeological landscapes of the Near East*. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816521735.
* Wilkinson, Tony J. (2004). *On the margin of the Euphrates: settlement and land use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the upper lake Assad area, Syria*. Chicago, Il: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 1885923295.
* Sauer, E. W.; Rekavandi Omrani, H.; Wilkinson, T. J.; Nokandeh, J. (2012). *Persia's imperial power in late antiquity: The great wall of Gorgan and the frontier landscapes of Sasanian Iran*. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1842175194.
* Wilkinson, T. J.; Gibson, M.; Widell, M., eds. (2013). *Models of Mesopotamian landscapes: how small-scale processes contributed to the growth of early civilizations*. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1407311739.

## InfoBox

| Tony Wilkinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Tony James Wilkinson
(1948-08-14)14 August 1948 |
| Died | 25 December 2014(2014-12-25) (aged 66) |
| Other names | Tony J. Wilkinson
T. J. Wilkinson |
| Citizenship | British |
| Alma mater | Birkbeck, University of London
McMaster University |
| Awards | Fellow of the British Academy (2008) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Landscape archaeology
Ancient Near East |
| Institutions | British School of Archaeology in Iraq
University of Chicago
University of Edinburgh
Durham University |
|  | |


title: Rhythm of Love (Scorpions song)

abstract: "Rhythm of Love" is a single by the German heavy metal band Scorpions. It was released on Harvest/EMI as a single in 1988. The single peaked at number six on the US Mainstream Rock Chart. It also attained the No. 75 position on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, while reaching No. 59 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Rhythm of Love (Scorpions song)

"**Rhythm of Love**" is a single by the German heavy metal band Scorpions. It was released on Harvest/EMI as a single in 1988. The single peaked at number six on the US Mainstream Rock Chart. It also attained the No. 75 position on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100, while reaching No. 59 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Music video

The video for the song, which depicts the band performing in a science fiction setting, features the model Joan Severance as one of several women enjoying the band's performance.

## Charts

| Chart (1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 59 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 75 |
| US Mainstream Rock (*Billboard*) | 6 |

## InfoBox

| "Rhythm of Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Scorpions | |
| from the album  *Savage Amusement* | |
| Released | 23 May 1988 |
| Recorded | 1988 |
| Studio | Dierks Studios, Stommeln,
Scorpio Sound Studios, Hannover, West Germany |
| Genre | Glam metal |
| Length | 3:47 |
| Label | Harvest/EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | Rudolf Schenker, Klaus Meine |
| Producer(s) | Dieter Dierks |
| Scorpions singles chronology | |
| "No One Like You (live)"
(1985) "**Rhythm of Love**"
(1988) "Believe in Love"
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Rhythm of Love" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Rhythm of Time

abstract: Rhythm of Time is an album by Jordan Rudess recorded and released in 2004. In order to create the album before he went on tour with Dream Theater in 2004, Rudess lived in complete seclusion from the rest of the world for 14 days. With no telephone, e-mail, or other social contact, Rudess only spoke to his family and his personal assistant. The initial printing run of the United States version of the album contained a bonus CD-ROM section. This section included audio tracks featuring Rudess singing the parts that Kip Winger would later fill in and a video "The Making of 'The Rhythm of Time'." "Ra" is said to have been inspired by Jordan Rudess' life.

text:
# Rhythm of Time

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Rhythm of Time*** is an album by Jordan Rudess recorded and released in 2004.

In order to create the album before he went on tour with Dream Theater in 2004, Rudess lived in complete seclusion from the rest of the world for 14 days. With no telephone, e-mail, or other social contact, Rudess only spoke to his family and his personal assistant.

The initial printing run of the United States version of the album contained a bonus CD-ROM section. This section included audio tracks featuring Rudess singing the parts that Kip Winger would later fill in and a video "The Making of 'The Rhythm of Time'."

"Ra" is said to have been inspired by Jordan Rudess' life.

## Track listing

*All pieces are composed by Jordan Rudess.*

1. "Time Crunch" – 6:30
2. "Screaming Head" – 7:22
3. "Insectsamongus" – 9:36
4. "Beyond Tomorrow" – 9:59
5. "Bar Hopping with Mr. Picky" – 4:39
6. "What Four" – 6:53
7. "Ra" – 7:56
8. "Tear Before the Rain" – 6:36

## Personnel

### Musicians

### Production

* Arranged and produced by Jordan Rudess
* Recorded and engineered by John Huth and Dani Koesterich
* Mixed by John Huth
* Mastered by Jim Brick

## InfoBox

| Rhythm of Time | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jordan Rudess | |
| Released | August 31, 2004 |
| Genre | Progressive rock |
| Length | 59:33 |
| Label | Magna Carta |
| Producer | Jordan Rudess |
| Jordan Rudess chronology | |
| *Christmas Sky*
(2002) ***Rhythm of Time***
(2004) *Prime Cuts*
(2006) | |


title: Richard Lewontin

abstract: Richard Charles Lewontin was an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathematical basis of population genetics and evolutionary theory, he applied techniques from molecular biology, such as gel electrophoresis, to questions of genetic variation and evolution. In a pair of seminal 1966 papers co-authored with J. L. Hubby in the journal Genetics, Lewontin helped set the stage for the modern field of molecular evolution. In 1979, he and Stephen Jay Gould introduced the term "spandrel" into evolutionary theory. From 1973 to 1998, he held an endowed chair in zoology and biology at Harvard University, and from 2003 until his death in 2021 he was a research professor there. From a sociological perspective, Lewontin strongly opposed genetic determinism and neodarwinism as expressed in the fields of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. Previously, as a member of Science for the People, he denounced the involvement of prominent scientists in Pentagon programs aimed at developing weapons for the Vietnam War. From the 1990s, he condemned the lobbying of GMOs by the "genetic-industrial complex".

text:
# Richard Lewontin

**Richard Charles Lewontin** (March 29, 1929 – July 4, 2021) was an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathematical basis of population genetics and evolutionary theory, he applied techniques from molecular biology, such as gel electrophoresis, to questions of genetic variation and evolution.

In a pair of seminal 1966 papers co-authored with J. L. Hubby in the journal *Genetics*, Lewontin helped set the stage for the modern field of molecular evolution. In 1979, he and Stephen Jay Gould introduced the term "spandrel" into evolutionary theory. From 1973 to 1998, he held an endowed chair in zoology and biology at Harvard University, and from 2003 until his death in 2021 he was a research professor there.

From a sociological perspective, Lewontin strongly opposed genetic determinism and neodarwinism as expressed in the fields of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology.

Previously, as a member of *Science for the People*, he denounced the involvement of prominent scientists in Pentagon programs aimed at developing weapons for the Vietnam War. From the 1990s, he condemned the lobbying of GMOs by the "genetic-industrial complex".

## Early life and education

Lewontin was born in New York City to parents descended from late 19th-century Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants. His father was a broker of textiles, and his mother a homemaker. He attended Forest Hills High School and the École Libre des Hautes Études in New York. In 1951 he graduated from Harvard College with a BS degree in biology. In 1952, Lewontin received an MS degree in mathematical statistics, followed by a PhD degree in zoology in 1954, both from Columbia University, where he was a student of Theodosius Dobzhansky.

He held faculty positions at North Carolina State University, the University of Rochester, and the University of Chicago. In 1973 Lewontin was appointed as Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology and Professor of Biology at Harvard University, holding the position until 1998.

## Career

### Work in population genetics

Lewontin worked in both theoretical and experimental population genetics. A hallmark of his work was an interest in new technology. In 1960, he and Ken-Ichi Kojima gave the equations for change of haplotype frequencies with interacting natural selection at two loci. Their paper gave a theoretical derivation of the equilibria expected, and also investigated the dynamics of the model by computer iteration. Lewontin later introduced the D' measure of linkage disequilibrium.

In 1966, he and J. L. Hubby published a paper that studied the amount of heterozygosity in a population. They used protein gel electrophoresis to survey dozens of loci in the fruit fly *Drosophila pseudoobscura*, and reported that a large fraction of the loci were polymorphic, and that at the average locus there was about a 15% chance that the individual was heterozygous. (Harry Harris reported similar results for humans at about the same time.) Previous work with gel electrophoresis had been reports of variation in single loci and did not give any sense of how common variation was.

Lewontin and Hubby's paper also discussed the possible explanation of the high levels of variability by either balancing selection or neutral mutation. Martin Kreitman was later to do a pioneering survey of population-level variability in DNA sequences while a Ph.D. student in Lewontin's lab.

### Work on human genetic diversity

In a landmark paper published in 1972, Lewontin identified that most of the variation (80–85%) within human populations is found within local geographic groups, and differences attributable to the "race" groups defined in his study are a minor part of human genetic variability (1–15%). In a 2003 paper, A. W. F. Edwards criticized Lewontin's conclusion that race is an invalid taxonomic construct, terming it Lewontin's fallacy. He showed that the probability of racial misclassification of an individual based on variation in a single genetic locus is approximately 30%, but the misclassification probability becomes close to zero if enough loci are studied. That is, it appears that a majority of genetic variation is found within groups only if a single locus is used, but the reverse is true if analyzing a multiplicity of loci. Edwards' paper was commented on by Jonathan Marks, who argued that "the point of the theory of race was to discover large clusters of people that are principally homogeneous within and heterogeneous between, contrasting groups. Lewontin's analysis shows that such groups do not exist in the human species, and Edwards' critique does not contradict that interpretation."

### Affiliations

As of 2003, Lewontin was the Alexander Agassiz Research Professor at Harvard. He has worked with and had great influence on many philosophers of biology, including William C. Wimsatt, Elliott Sober, Philip Kitcher, Elisabeth Lloyd, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Sahotra Sarkar, and Robert Brandon, often inviting them to work in his lab.

Since 2013, Lewontin has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.

## Debates within mainstream evolutionary biology

In 1975, when E. O. Wilson's book *Sociobiology* proposed evolutionary explanations for human social behaviors, biologists including Lewontin, his Harvard colleagues Stephen Jay Gould and Ruth Hubbard responded negatively. Robert Trivers called these accusations "coming from eminent biologists" "intellectually weak and lazy".

Lewontin and Gould introduced the term spandrel to evolutionary biology, inspired by the architectural term "spandrel", in an influential 1979 paper, "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme." "Spandrels" were described as features of an organism that exist as a necessary consequence of other (perhaps adaptive) features, but do not directly improve fitness (and thus are not necessarily adaptive).. This critique sparked both controversy and a revolution in the study of selection by evolutionary biologists. The subsequent 5–20 years consequently saw some of the most novel and rigorous methods to quantify selection in the wild and lab, test for selection phylogenetically, and reconcile the effects of other evolutionary processes (e.g., drift, gene flow, development, historical contingency); all of which resulted in a sort-of renaissance in evolutionary biology.

Lewontin was an early proponent of a hierarchy of levels of selection in his article, "The Units of Selection". He has been a major influence on philosophers of biology, notably William C. Wimsatt (who taught with Lewontin and Richard Levins at the University of Chicago), Robert Brandon and Elisabeth Lloyd (who studied with Lewontin as graduate students), Philip Kitcher, Elliott Sober, and Sahotra Sarkar. Lewontin briefly argued for the historical nature of biological causality in "Is Nature Probable or Capricious?".

In "Organism and Environment" in *Scientia*, and in more popular form in the last chapter of *Biology as Ideology*, Lewontin argued that while traditional Darwinism has portrayed the organism as a passive recipient of environmental influences, a correct understanding should emphasize the organism as an active constructor of its own environment. Niches are not pre-formed, empty receptacles into which organisms are inserted, but are defined and created by organisms. The organism-environment relationship is reciprocal and dialectical. M. W. Feldman and others have developed Lewontin's conception in more detailed models under the term niche construction.

In the adaptationist view of evolution, the organism is a function of both the organism and environment, while the environment is only a function of itself. The environment is seen as autonomous and unshaped by the organism. Lewontin instead believed in a constructivist view, in which the organism is a function of the organism and environment, with the environment being a function of the organism and environment as well. This means that the organism shapes the environment as the environment shapes the organism. The organism shapes the environment for future generations.

Lewontin criticized traditional neo-Darwinian approaches to adaptation. In his article "Adaptation" in the Italian *Enciclopedia Einaudi*, and in a modified version for *Scientific American,* he emphasized the need to give an engineering characterization of adaptation separate from measurement of number of offspring, rather than simply assuming organs or organisms are at adaptive optima. Lewontin said that his more general, technical criticism of adaptationism grew out of his recognition that the fallacies of sociobiology reflect fundamentally flawed assumptions of adaptiveness of all traits in much of the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Lewontin accused neo-Darwinists of telling *Just-So Stories* when they try to show how natural selection explains such novelties as long-necked giraffes.

### Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology

Along with others, such as Gould, Lewontin was a persistent critic of some themes in neo-Darwinism. Specifically, he criticized proponents of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, such as Edward O. Wilson and Richard Dawkins, who attempt to explain animal behaviour and social structures in terms of evolutionary advantage or strategy. He and others criticize this approach when applied to humans, as he sees it as genetic determinism. In his writing, Lewontin suggests a more nuanced view of evolution is needed, which requires a more careful understanding of the context of the whole organism as well as the environment.

Such concerns about what he viewed as the oversimplification of genetics led Lewontin to be a frequent participant in debates, and an active life as a public intellectual. He lectured widely to promote his views on evolutionary biology and science. In the book *Not in Our Genes* (co-authored with Steven Rose and Leon J. Kamin) and numerous articles, Lewontin questioned much of the claimed heritability of human behavioral traits, such as intelligence as measured by IQ tests.

Some academics have criticized him for rejecting sociobiology for non-scientific reasons. Edward Wilson (1995) suggested that Lewontin's political beliefs affected his scientific view. Others, such as Kitcher (1985), countered that Lewontin's criticisms of sociobiology are genuine scientific concerns about the discipline. He wrote that attacking Lewontin's motives amounts to an *ad hominem* argument. Lewontin at times identified himself as Marxist, and asserted that his philosophical views have bolstered his scientific work (Levins and Lewontin 1985).

### Agribusiness

Lewontin has written on the economics of agribusiness. He has contended that hybrid corn was developed and propagated not because of its superior quality, but because it allowed agribusiness corporations to force farmers to buy new seed each year rather than plant seed produced by their previous crop of corn (Lewontin 1982). Lewontin testified in an unsuccessful suit in California challenging the state's financing of research to develop automatic tomato pickers. This favored the profits of agribusiness over the employment of farm workers (Lewontin 2000).

## Personal life

As of mid-2015, Lewontin and his wife Mary Jane (Christianson) lived in a log cabin he built with his family in the 1970's in Marlboro, VT. Lewontin served many years as a volunteer fireman in Marlboro and also served as a trustee for the Marlboro Music Festival. Dick and Mary Jane had four sons. He was an atheist.

Lewontin died at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 4, 2021, at the age of 92.

## Recognition

## Bibliography

* Lewontin, R. C.; Kojima, K. (December 1960). "The Evolutionary Dynamics of Complex Polymorphisms". *Evolution*. **14** (4). Society for the Study of Evolution: 458–472. doi:10.2307/2405995. JSTOR 2405995.
* Lewontin, R. C. (January 1966). "Is Nature Probable or Capricious?". *BioScience*. **16** (1, Logic in Biological Investigation). University of California Press: 25–27. doi:10.2307/1293548. JSTOR 1293548.
* Lewontin, R. C. (1970). "The Units of Selection". *Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics*. **1**: 1–18. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.000245. S2CID 84684420.
* "The Apportionment of Human Diversity," *Evolutionary Biology*, vol. 6 (1972) pp. 391–398.
* Lewontin, R. C. (1974). *The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change*. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03392-3.
* "Adattamento," *Enciclopedia Einaudi*, (1977) vol. 1, 198–214.
* "Adaptation," *Scientific American*, vol. 239, (1978) 212–228.
* Gould, S. J.; Lewontin, R. C. (1979). "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme". *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*. **205** (1161): 581–98. Bibcode:1979RSPSB.205..581G. doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0086. PMID 42062. S2CID 2129408.
* Lewontin, R. C. (1982). *Human diversity*. New York: Scientific American Library. ISBN 0-7167-6013-4.
* "The Organism as Subject and Object of Evolution," *Scientia* vol. 188 (1983) 65–82.
* *Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature* (with Steven Rose and Leon J. Kamin) (1984) ISBN 0-394-72888-2.
* *The Dialectical Biologist* (with Richard Levins), Harvard University Press (1985) ISBN 0-674-20283-X.
* *Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA* (1991) ISBN 0-06-097519-9.
* *The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment*, Harvard University Press (2000) ISBN 0-674-00159-1.
* *It Ain't Necessarily So: The Dream of the Human Genome and Other Illusions*, New York Review of Books (2000).
* *Biology Under The Influence: Dialectical Essays on the Coevolution of Nature and Society* (with Richard Levins), (2007).
* *Agricultural research and the penetration of capital* (1982) Science for the People 14 (1): 12–17
* Lewontin, R.C. *The maturing of capitalist agriculture: farmer as proletarian*. P. 93–106 in F. Magdoff, J. B. Foster, and F. H. Buttel, Eds. 2000. Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment. Monthly Review Press, NY.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Richard Lewontin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Richard Charles Lewontin
(1929-03-29)March 29, 1929
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | July 4, 2021(2021-07-04) (aged 92)
Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (BS)
Columbia University (MS, PhD) |
| Known for | Evolutionary biology
Population genetics
Lewontin's Fallacy
Not in Our Genes
The Dialectical Biologist
Spandrel (biology) |
| Awards | Sewall Wright Award (1994)
Crafoord Prize (2015)
Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (2017) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Population genetics |
| Institutions | Harvard University
North Carolina State University
University of Rochester
University of Chicago
Columbia University |
| Thesis | *The Effects of Population Density and Composition on Viability in Drosophila melanogaster* (1955) |
| Doctoral advisor | Theodosius Dobzhansky |
| Doctoral students | Adriana Briscoe
Jerry Coyne
Joseph Felsenstein
Martin Kreitman
Russell Lande |
|  | |


title: Richard Lichfield

abstract: Richard Lichfield was a barber surgeon in Cambridge, England, during the late 16th and early 17th century. In 1597 he wrote a pamphlet sharply criticising the writer Thomas Nashe, which for many years was believed to be the work of Gabriel Harvey. Although not a member of the academic community Lichfield belonged to the property-owning middle class, and had a local reputation as a humorist. His humour took the form of parodies of learned speeches, complete with phony Latinisms, evidently a popular genre at Cambridge and one in which other barbers are also said to have excelled. Nashe's pamphlet Have with You to Saffron-Walden (1596) had been dedicated to Lichfield in a provocative and slyly insolent way. After a brief delay, Lichfield answered it with The Trimming of Thomas Nashe, Gentleman, (1597). For many years it was assumed that Harvey himself had adopted the persona of Lichfield and written the reply to Nashe, but the style of the pamphlet is nothing like his and appears quite genuinely to be by Lichfield, and is generally so accepted today. Certainly when Nashe light-heartedly threatened a demolition of the work in Nashes Lenten Stuffe- "...stay till Ester Terme, and then, with the answere to the Trim Tram, I will make you laugh your hearts out"  - he does not suggest it is Harvey's. Lichfield's pamphlet is interesting to literary historians because it gives some biographical details on Nashe which would otherwise not be known, and makes a glancing reference to the rising Cambridge satirist, Joseph Hall.

text:
# Richard Lichfield

**Richard Lichfield** (died 1630) was a barber surgeon in Cambridge, England, during the late 16th and early 17th century. In 1597 he wrote a pamphlet sharply criticising the writer Thomas Nashe, which for many years was believed to be the work of Gabriel Harvey.

Although not a member of the academic community Lichfield belonged to the property-owning middle class, and had a local reputation as a humorist. His humour took the form of parodies of learned speeches, complete with phony Latinisms, evidently a popular genre at Cambridge and one in which other barbers are also said to have excelled.

Nashe's pamphlet *Have with You to Saffron-Walden* (1596) had been dedicated to Lichfield in a provocative and slyly insolent way. After a brief delay, Lichfield answered it with *The Trimming of Thomas Nashe, Gentleman*, (1597). For many years it was assumed that Harvey himself had adopted the persona of Lichfield and written the reply to Nashe, but the style of the pamphlet is nothing like his and appears quite genuinely to be by Lichfield, and is generally so accepted today. Certainly when Nashe light-heartedly threatened a demolition of the work in *Nashes Lenten Stuffe*\- "...stay till Ester Terme, and then, with the answere to the *Trim Tram*, I will make you laugh your hearts out" - he does not suggest it is Harvey's.

Lichfield's pamphlet is interesting to literary historians because it gives some biographical details on Nashe which would otherwise not be known, and makes a glancing reference to the rising Cambridge satirist, Joseph Hall.

1. *The Trimming of Thomas Nashe, Gentleman*, London, 1597
2. "It is given out among scholars that thou hast a passing singular good wit": Nashe, in McKerrow, p. 16
3. Nicholl, p.234
4. Nicholl, p. 236
5. Nicholl, p. 236: "The old chestnut that Lichfield was just a pseudonym for Harvey has long been discarded..."
6. McKerrow, p. 151
* McKerrow, Ronald Brunlees (ed.) (1910) *The Works of Thomas Nashe* Vol. III, 2nd ed., London: Sidgwick and Jackson
* Nicholl, Charles (1984) *A Cup of News: The life of Thomas Nashe* 1st ed., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul


title: Rhys Rhys-Williams

abstract: Sir Rhys Rhys-Williams, 1st Baronet,, born Rhys Williams, was a British Liberal Party politician from Wales. He later left the Liberal Party for the Conservatives.

text:
# Rhys Rhys-Williams

**Sir Rhys Rhys-Williams, 1st Baronet**, DSO, QC, DL (20 October 1865 – 29 January 1955), born **Rhys Williams**, was a British Liberal Party politician from Wales. He later left the Liberal Party for the Conservatives.

## Family

Rhys-Williams was the son of Judge Gwilym Williams and Emma Eleanor Williams JP. His wife Juliet Rhys-Williams (née Glyn) was a writer and prominent Liberal politician who, like her husband, later joined the Conservative Party via the Liberal Nationals. They met in 1919 when Juliet Glyn began working for Rhys-Williams as his private secretary during his period of office as parliamentary secretary at the Ministry of Transport. They married on 24 February 1921. They had two sons and two daughters. Their son, Sir Brandon Rhys-Williams became a Conservative MP and Member of the European Parliament.

## Education

Rhys-Williams was educated at Eton College, which he entered in 1880, and Oriel College, Oxford.

## Military service

In the First World War he served in the Welsh Guards, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He saw active service, was wounded, was twice mentioned in dispatches and won the DSO. In 1915 he served for a year as Acting Military Attaché at the British Legation in Tehran. He ran an intelligence service for the Russians in their campaigns against the Turks and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir with the Swords by the Czar in 1916. In 1917 Rhys-Williams was attached the War Office to act as Assistant Director-General Movements and Railways.

Williams was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1890 and joined the South Wales Circuit. He also practised in the Parliamentary Committee Rooms. He took silk in 1913. In 1906 Rhys-Williams became Chairman of Quarter Sessions in Glamorgan in succession to his father. From 1922, Rhys-Williams served as Recorder of Cardiff.

## Politics

Williams was first returned to Parliament as Member of Parliament (MP) for Banbury at a by-election in September 1918 and was returned unopposed at the 1918 general election as Coalition Liberal. On his appointment as Recorder of Cardiff he was obliged to resign from Parliament and fight a by-election on 22 June but he was again returned unopposed. He served on until the 1922 general election when he stood in a different seat and was defeated.

General election 1922: Pontypridd
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Thomas Mardy-Jones** | **14,884** | **47.2** | **+3.4** |
|  | National Liberal | Rhys Rhys-Williams | 8,667 | 27.5 | *N/A* |
|  | Unionist | J. Griffith Jones | 7,994 | 25.4 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 6,217 | 19.7 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 31,545 | 76.8 | +8.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 41,087 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

In 1919 Rhys-Williams was appointed parliamentary secretary to the Ministry of Transport under the direction of the Minister of Transport Sir Eric Geddes. However he soon fell out with Geddes and resigned just two months after being appointed.

In 1923, Rhys-Williams was approached by the Aberavon Liberal Association to stand as their candidate in the forthcoming general election in opposition to Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald but he declined. By the 1930s, Rhys-Williams had become more anti-socialist in stance. Never a great party man, in March 1931 he tried to get the Liberal candidate at the by-election at Pontypridd, Captain G Crawshay, to make a public statement that as soon as the Labour government introduced what he described as any openly socialist measure he would vote to try to turn out the government. Rhys-Williams promised Crawshay that if he would make this pledge he would do his best to get the Conservatives to stand aside and support him in a straight fight against Labour. When Crawshay refused to agree Rhys-Williams came out in support of David Evans, the Conservative candidate in the by-election. In the event the seat was easily retained by Labour, with Crawshay in second place and Evans third.

## Baronetcy

Rhys-Williams was created a Baronet in June 1918, shortly before entering Parliament. After his death, the baronetcy was inherited by his son Brandon Rhys-Williams, who later served for over twenty years as a Conservative MP.

## Miskin Manor

Williams inherited his father's estate in Wales, Miskin Manor in Glamorgan, after which his baronetcy was named. In 1923 the manor house was partly consumed by fire which destroyed the south wing. In 1940 the manor house was taken over by the Red Cross and used as a convalescent home. Lady Williams was commandant of the Red Cross Hospital there and continued to occupy part of the building, giving the manor as her home address when writing to *The Times* in 1943. The manor was then passed from the Red Cross to the local health authority in 1948 for continued use as a hospital. This arrangement later caused Sir Rhys some distress in old age and he lodged a formal protest at the actions of the Pontypridd and Rhondda Hospital Committee, claiming they had deprived him of the use of the house for six years and had paid only the sum £1 4s in rent during this period. Sir Rhys alleged that the hospital committee were now refusing to buy the house, having previously agreed to do. However the hospital was expensive to run and the Hospital Management Committee gave notice they were going to close it and that it was not economic to buy the manor. Lady Williams continued to occupy the manor after her husband's death in 1955.

Sir Rhys served as the first President of Llantrisant and Pontyclun Golf Club, formed in 1927.

## Death

Rhys-Williams died in London aged 89 years on 29 January 1955.

## InfoBox

| SirRhys Rhys-WilliamsDSO QC DL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Banbury | |
| **In office**
1918–1922 | |
| Preceded by | Eustace Fiennes |
| Succeeded by | James Edmondson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1865-10-20)20 October 1865 |
| Died | 29 January 1955(1955-01-29) (aged 89) |
| Political party | Liberal Party |
| Spouse | Juliet Glyn (m. 1921) |
| Children | 4 |
| Parents | * Judge Gwilym Williams (father) * Lady Juliet Evangeline (mother) |
| Education | Eton College |
| Alma mater | Oriel College, Oxford |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch/service | British Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Unit | Welsh Guards |
|  | |