title: Ruscote

abstract: The Ruscote, Hardwick and Hanwell Fields estates are three interconnecting Banbury estates that were built between the 1930s and 2000s in Oxfordshire, England.

text:
# Ruscote

The **Ruscote**, Hardwick and Hanwell Fields estates are three interconnecting Banbury estates that were built between the 1930s and 2000s in Oxfordshire, England.

## History

During excavations for the building of an office in Hennef Way in 2002, the remains of a British Iron Age settlement with circular buildings dating back to 200 BC were found. The site contained around 150 pieces of pottery and stone. Later there was a Roman villa at nearby Wykham Park. A small drinking-water reservoir lies to the north of Hennef way. The major road was named after Hennef in Germany.

Ruscote was a local village, that dated back to the 15th century, but did not develop until the late 19th century. It was formally incorporated into the borough of Banbury in 1889.

The 1919 Housing Act was followed by the building of the Easington housing estate of 361 council houses in what was one of the first slum clearance schemes in the country. By 1930 the medical officer reported 131 Banbury town centre houses unfit for habitation. So in 1933 Banbury council opened the Ruscote housing estate of 160 houses. The heavy increase in population between 1931 and 1949 was accommodated by the expansion of the town in three main areas, in each of which houses were built both by the town corporation and by housing private companies. The three areas were between the Oxford and Bloxham roads, where about 500 houses were built before 1939 to form the bulk suburb of Easington; in the area of the older village and suburb of Neithrop, where before 1939 some 500 houses were built both around the earlier houses and further west in new streets on either side of the Warwick road, a development which was extended to the south-west after 1945. In 1933 Banbury council opened the Ruscote housing estate of 160 houses, for working-class families.

The estate, which now has a notable South Asian community, was expanded in the 1950s because of the growth of the town due to the London overspill and further grew in the mid-1960s.

## Industry and commerce

The Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway (OIR) was opened between 1917 and 1919, was closed in 1967 and the line was lifted between 1967 and 1968. It was a major employer in Banbury for many of those years.

The mid-1950s the council established the Southam Road Industrial Estate which was successful in bringing a wide range of industries to the town. The most important newcomer was General Foods Ltd, formerly Alfred Bird & Sons (now Kraft Foods), which produced convenience foods. The plant was built between 1964 and 1965 and the company moved to Banbury from Birmingham in 1965. General Foods received active political and fiscal co-operation from the council to partly help find jobs for the local London overspill population. Kraft Foods Banbury is the Kraft centre of manufacturing in Britain, with the Kraft UK headquarters located at Cheltenham. A new factory with an 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) floor space was being constructed in 1969 for Encase Ltd and a factory was being built for Demag Hoists and Cranes Ltd., a subsidiary of Demag Zug, one of the world's largest manufacturers of lifting equipment. The industrial estate had become one of the 'economic epicentres' of the Banburyshire region by the early 1970s.

The local Kraft Foods Banbury plant, which is sometimes known as General Foods after the original owner the building, and the Beaumont industrial estate and Lockheed Drive retail estate would become the leading employers for Ruscote and Hardwick estates. During October 2006, a warehouse block that was being prepared for demolition, belonging to Kraft Foods, caught fire and burned most of the day. There was a notable fire at the coffee plant on Tuesday 7 December 2010. In Spring 2010, a lorry load of Kenco Coffee was stolen by a driver who conned his way into the plant.

The Ruscote Arcade and the Hillview Arcade are another two shopping facilities on the estate.

## Schools

The estate is served by one school

## Recreational areas and parks

* Both **Hillview Park** and **Ruscote Park** are 2 large, co-joined, parks situated in the middle of the estate, and connecting to a children's play park that leads down between the local shopping complexes at the Ruscote Arcade and the Hillveiw Arcade.
* A small extension, known locally as the **Aldi Park** and/or the **Co-Op Park**, is set across the road by the town's Aldi store. Both parks have many facilities, including monkey bars, swings, football pitches and basketball courts. Together the three parks measure approx. 45,000m2.

There is one other minor children's play park elsewhere.

There were some concerns over anti-social behaviour and heavier than average litter levels in Princess Diana Park and Hillview Park and that fly-tipping in Banbury also affects some streets and footpaths such as on the Ironstones' paths.

## Hardwick

### History

One of the first records of the hamlet of Hardwick was in the year 1279 when 'Laurence of Hardwick' was paying rent for a local mill to the Bishop of Lincoln.

In 1247 The hundred of Banbury was valued at £5 a year and in 1441 'certainty money' (a form of rent) due from the northern part of the hundred was 89s. 8d. It was made up of payments from Shutford, Claydon, Swalcliffe, Great Bouton and Little Bourton, Prescote, Hardwick, Calthorpe and Neithrop, Wickham, Wardington, Williamscot, Swalcliffe Lea, and the former 'prebend' of Banbury. By 1568 these, except the rent from Wardington and amounted to 69s. 4d. in 1652, when the total profits of court were valued at 103s. 4d. a year in 'certainty money'. In 1875 payments were made only by Williamscot, Swalcliffe, Prescote, Great and Little Bourton, Neithrop, Claydon, and Shutford since the rest were freed from their rent obligations.

Hardwick was a Medieval hamlet that did not expand much until the late 19th century and was formally incorporated into the borough of Banbury in 1889. It became a minor village in the late 1930s and finally a housing estate in the late 1950s.

### Industry and commerce

The presence of local industry was recorded as far back as the year 1279, when 'Laurence of Hardwick' was paying 3 Marks in rent to the Bishop of Lincoln annually for a mill in Hardwick hamlet.

The Northern Aluminium Co. Ltd. or Alcan Industries Ltd. pig and rolled Aluminium factory was opened in 1931 on land the firm had bought in 1929 on the east of the Southam road, in the then hamlet of Hardwick. Output had reached such an extent that in the early 1950s that Banbury's economy had become dependent on the plant's prosperity, with 24%, of the town's workers being employed there. At this time 13% were employed in distribution, 7% in clothing and 5% in agriculture. The former Alcan factory that helped build parts for Spitfire fighters aircraft during the Second World War. The Alcan Laboratories Club was founded in 1948 by the lab technicians to promote the wellbeing of the workforce in general. As a result, the village began to grow.

The various Alcan facilities on the 53-acre (21 ha) site closed between 2006 and 2007. The factory was demolished between 2008 sand 2009. The laboratory was also demolished in 2009.

Most of the estate built in the 1970s because of the growth of the town due to the Birmingham overspill and a slum clearance scheme in Smethwick. Some Welsh families have moved in since. It was expanded further in the mid-1980s. The main shopping facility is the Hardwick arcade.

### Schools

The estate is served by four schools.

### Private health clinic

Hardwick Surgery is a privately run health centre in Ferriston Rd., Banbury.

### Recreational areas and parks

* The **Ironstones Play Area** , near Ferriston Rd. was recently upgraded at a cost of a budget of £70,000. it is situated in the large **Ironstones Park**. The Engineered Wood Fiber (EWF) floor surface was removed during the 2007 renovation work, in favour of a safer ATP Rubberized Unitary Surface due to kids throwing the wood chips at each other, leading to a serious eye injury occurring in 2005.
* The **Ironstone Park** is a park in the Hardwick ward of Banbury in the English county of Oxfordshire. It is an average size park that it situated off ironstones (street). There is a medium size children's play area and a Large field measuring approx 18,000m2. It is adjacent to Hardwick School.
* The  **Hereford Way Play Park** is a small play park.
* The  **Sussex Drive Play Park** is a small play park.
* The  **Magnolias Park** is a major park and contains the  **Magnolias Play Park**.

There were some concerns over anti-social behaviour and heavier than average litter levels in Princess Diana Park and Hillview Park and that fly-tipping in Banbury also affects some streets and footpaths such as on the Ironstones' paths.

## Hanwell Fields

### History

Hanwell Field has been farmland since at least Norman times. Local villagers farmed the parish of Hanwell, Oxfordshire and its related lands on a two-field open field system until 1768, when Sir Charles Cope, 2nd Baronet bought out the rights of copyholders, life and leaseholders and enclosed the common lands.

In 1645 during the English Civil War, Parliamentary troops were billeted in nearby Hanwell village for nine weeks. Villagers petitioned the Warwickshire Committee of Accounts to pay for feeding them.

The estate lies between Banbury and Hanwell, built in-between 2001 and 2006, with a minor extension occurring in 2008 on the grounds of the former Hanwell Farm. This has become one of the constituent houses due to the natural growth of the town's commuter population.

Hanwell Fields was heavy flooded for a few days in 2007 due to heavy rainfall. The estate has a small group of shops and one pub. Many residents are part of London's commuter population.

### Schools

Hanwell Fields Community School, Rotary Way.

### Recreational areas and parks

* **Winter Gardens Way Children's Play Park** is well maintained and has 1 bench, 1 playground slide and a Spring rider. It is one of the smallest parks in the area, measuring roughly 10 ft (3.0 m) X 12 ft.
* **Ashmead Close Play Park** is a small children's play park.
* **Usher Drive Park** is a small park on the edge of town and contains the **Usher Drive Play Park**.
* **Sage Close Play Park** is a small play park.
* **Pitmaston Road Play Park** is a small play park.
* **Meadowsweet Close Park** and children's play park is roughly ⅔ the size of Princess Diana Park and contains the **Meadowsweet Close Play Park** .
* **Rosedale Green** is a small picnic site and park.

There is a large green space made up of grassy fields and seating to the north, which may be partly built on if planning permission is granted.

### Planned expansion

A nearby field to the north has recently been developed following a formal application for the building of another 20 houses and a Sainsbury’s Local corner shop.

## Transport

The local bus services to Banbury town centre and the Hardwick and Ruscote estate are run by the Stagecoach Oxfordshire bus company. Heyfordian Travel also run a service to the Hardwick estate and Hanwell Fields via the local Tesco and the Barley Mow pub. Cheney Coaches also ran a service that ran parallel to most of the Stagecoach route between 1996 and 2004.

## Local politics

The Ruscote and Hardwick wards were traditionally a Labour ward but for the first time, during the 2006 local elections for Cherwell District Council, the Ruscote ward changed to one Labour councillor and one Conservative Party councillor. The traditionally present Green party candidate lost in 2006.

The Conservatives held the ward for the Banbury Town Council and Oxfordshire County Council out right as of 2010.

The UKIP or British National Party fielded no candidates in the ward during 2006. A lone Liberal Democrat ran and lost in the Hardwick estate during 2006.

Following the local elections of 2012, the Conservatives retain all District and Town council seats in Hardwick while Labour holds all District and Town council seats in Ruscote.

52°03′36″N 1°21′36″W / 52.060°N 1.36°W / 52.060; -1.36


title: Bradner Stadium

abstract: Bradner Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Olean, New York. The stadium, which can accommodate both baseball and football, served as home to minor-league baseball teams including the Olean Oilers and Olean Yankees. The stadium was built in 1926 and was substantially renovated in 2013. It holds 4,000 people and primarily serves as the home stadium of the NYCBL Olean Oilers collegiate baseball team for over 20 summer games as well as the Olean High School and Archbishop Walsh football teams in the fall. The stadium accommodates several community events as well. The stadium was approved by a public vote on February 27, 1926, and was finished for the 1928 baseball season. The facility was named after patrons John H. & Marcia B. Bradner, who donated to the construction effort. During the stadium's original baseball years, the field became notorious for its poor drainage and its configuration that had batters facing blinding sunlight when a game was played near sunset, which forced baseball games to be suspended until the sun set below the horizon. The stadium's baseball configuration was removed in the 1970s in what was then a successful effort to improve the drainage in the stadium, and when the stadium was again reconfigured for baseball decades later, the diamond was reoriented to avoid the "sun breaks". In 2009, the semi-professional Southern Tier Diesel of the Northeastern Football Alliance relocated from Wayland to begin play at the stadium. The Diesel wwasevicted after the 2015 season, with the mayor of Olean saying that the team had damaged the playing field during a game in the 2015 season that was played in a rainstorm. The Diesel were able to negotiate a compromise before the 2016 season that limits their home appearances to one game per month during baseball season. A revived Olean Oilers, this version a member of the New York Collegiate Baseball League, took up residence at the stadium in 2013.

text:
# Bradner Stadium

42°04′38″N 78°25′14″W / 42.077187°N 78.420576°W / 42.077187; -78.420576 **Bradner Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium in Olean, New York. The stadium, which can accommodate both baseball and football, served as home to minor-league baseball teams including the Olean Oilers and Olean Yankees. The stadium was built in 1926 and was substantially renovated in 2013. It holds 4,000 people and primarily serves as the home stadium of the NYCBL Olean Oilers collegiate baseball team for over 20 summer games as well as the Olean High School and Archbishop Walsh football teams in the fall. The stadium accommodates several community events as well.

The stadium was approved by a public vote on February 27, 1926, and was finished for the 1928 baseball season. The facility was named after patrons John H. & Marcia B. Bradner, who donated to the construction effort.

During the stadium's original baseball years, the field became notorious for its poor drainage and its configuration that had batters facing blinding sunlight when a game was played near sunset (the stadium lacked a batter's eye), which forced baseball games to be suspended until the sun set below the horizon. The stadium's baseball configuration was removed in the 1970s in what was then a successful effort to improve the drainage in the stadium, and when the stadium was again reconfigured for baseball decades later, the diamond was reoriented to avoid the "sun breaks".

In 2009, the semi-professional Southern Tier Diesel of the Northeastern Football Alliance relocated from Wayland to begin play at the stadium. The Diesel wwasevicted after the 2015 season, with the mayor of Olean saying that the team had damaged the playing field during a game in the 2015 season that was played in a rainstorm. The Diesel were able to negotiate a compromise before the 2016 season that limits their home appearances to one game per month during baseball season. A revived Olean Oilers, this version a member of the New York Collegiate Baseball League, took up residence at the stadium in 2013.

## Notable events

In 1947, Hall-of-Fame player Jackie Robinson played at Bradner with the Brooklyn Dodgers.


title: Boxford, Suffolk

abstract: Boxford is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district of Suffolk, England. Located around six miles east of Sudbury straddling the River Box and skirted by the Holbrook. The parish includes the hamlets of Calais Street, Hagmore Green and Stone Street. In 2021 the built-up area had a population of 833. In 2021 the parish had a population of 1403. The parish borders Assington, Edwardstone, Groton, Kersey, Newton and Polstead. There are 87 listed buildings in Boxford. Boxford became a conservation area in 1973.

text:
# Boxford, Suffolk

**Boxford** is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district of Suffolk, England. Located around six miles east of Sudbury straddling the River Box and skirted by the Holbrook. The parish includes the hamlets of Calais Street, Hagmore Green and Stone Street. In 2021 the built-up area had a population of 833. In 2021 the parish had a population of 1403. The parish borders Assington, Edwardstone, Groton, Kersey, Newton and Polstead. There are 87 listed buildings in Boxford. Boxford became a conservation area in 1973.

## History

According to Eilert Ekwall the meaning of the village name is "the ford where box trees grow". During the Middle Ages, Boxford was a wool town.

### Historical writings

In 1870–72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described the village as:

> BOXFORD, a village and a parish in Gosford district, Suffolk. The village stands on an affluent of the river Stour, 4½ miles WSW of Hadleigh r. station, and 6 ESE of Sudbury; and has a post office† under Colchester, and fairs on Easter Monday and 21 Dec.—The parish includes also the hamlet of Hadleigh. Acres, 1,820. Real property, £4,174. Pop., 986. Houses, 236. The property is subdivided. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Ely. Value, £710.\* Patron, the Crown. The church is good; and there are an Independent chapel, an endowed grammar school, and charities £58.

In 1887, John Bartholomew also wrote an entry on Boxford in the Gazetteer of the British Isles with a much shorter description:

> Boxford, par. and vil., W. Suffolk, 6 miles SE. of Sudbury, 1820 ac., pop. 864; P.O., T.O.

## Governance

A electoral ward with the same name existed until 2019. The population of this ward stretched north to Milden with a total population of 2,170.

Boxford was in the Babergh hundred, in 1894 it became part of Cosford Rural District which became part of the administrative county of West Suffolk in 1889. In 1974 it became part of Babergh non-metropolitan district in the non-metropolitan county of Suffolk.

## International connections

As part of the American Bicentennial celebrations the townspeople of Boxford, Massachusetts, visited the villages of Boxford (there are three) in England during 1975 looking for the source of the name of their own village and decided that Boxford in Suffolk was likely to be where the name of their own town came from.

As a result of this the villagers of Boxford, Suffolk, were invited to Boxford, MA, the following summer. This drew attention from the media: the *Evening Standard* incorporated a photograph of the villagers in a centre-page spread in one of their November 1975 editions, and a TV crew led by Bernard Falk for the BBC *Nationwide* programme accompanied the villagers when they left for a two-week stay on 23 July 1976. A TWA Boeing 707 was hired which flew the villagers from London Heathrow to Boston Logan, from where they were bussed to Boxford, MA, and dispersed amongst receiving families.

## Economy

There are two pubs in Boxford: The Fleece, (a 16th-century grade II\* listed coaching inn) and the White Hart. Boxford has a church called St Mary's which is Grade I listed and a primary school.

Riddelsdell Brothers was established here in 1900 and is believed to be Europe's oldest recorded working garage.

Copella fruit juices are made at orchards at Hill Farm on the outskirts of Boxford.

## Geography

### Localities

Intrinsic to the parish of Boxford are 3 hamlets, **Stone Street** south of the church and the A1071 and that to the east as **Calais Street**, neither separated by buffer zones of more than 250 metres and well connected by pavements/footpaths as well as roads. Hagmore Green is south west of Stone Street.

## Notable people

### Location grid

Media related to Boxford, Suffolk at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Boxford | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Mary's Church, Boxford | |
| BoxfordLocation within Suffolk | |
| Area | 0.5143 km2 (0.1986 sq mi) |
| Population | 833 (2021) |
| Density | 1,620/km2 (4,200/sq mi) |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Sudbury |
| Postcode district | CO10 |
| Dialling code | 01787 |
|  | |
| Police | Suffolk |
| Fire | Suffolk |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | www.boxfordsuffolk.com |
|  | |
|


title: Ryszard Szeremeta

abstract: Ryszard Szeremeta is a Polish composer of experimental music, producer of recordings, concerts and performances of electroacoustic music, jazz singer.

text:
# Ryszard Szeremeta

**Ryszard Szeremeta** (born May 5, 1952) is a Polish composer of experimental music, producer of recordings, concerts and performances of electroacoustic music, jazz singer.

## Life and work

Szeremeta was born on May 5, 1952 in Kraków. At the Academy of Music in Kraków Szeremeta studied composition with prof. Lucjan Kaszycki (1971–75), conducting with prof. Jerzy Katlewicz (1972–1975), electronic music with prof. Józef Patkowski – founder and long-time head of the Polish Radio Experimental Studio – founded in 1959, the fourth in Europe electronic music center (1974–1976). Other prominent lecturers of Szeremeta are: Zbigniew Bujarski, Krzysztof Meyer, Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar, Bogusław Schaeffer and Marek Stachowski.

In 1982 he completed postgraduate compositional studies at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London under the direction of Alfred Nieman and Robert Saxton, in 1986 computer internship at the Electronic Music Studio in Stockholm under Lars Gunnar Bodin and Tamas Ungvary, and in 1991 at the GMEB in Bourges, France (now IMEB: International Institute of Electroacoustic Music) under the direction of Françoise Barrière.

As a composer Szeremeta made his debut at the Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music in 1981 with "Advocatus Diaboli" symphonic piece under the baton of Andrzej Markowski. From 1976 until its dissolution in 1985, he was a baritone with the vocal jazz quartet Novi Singers (along with Ewa Wanat, Waldemar Parzyński and Janusz Mych), with whom he has performed in Poland and abroad (including the Jazz Jamboree in Warsaw and the Montreux Jazz Festival ) and for which he arranged Polish folk music, carols and mazurkas by Fryderyk Chopin. In 2001 the group came together again for a performance at the Warsaw Autumn.

Szeremeta brought nine of his works for the world premieres during the Warsaw Autumn Festival of Contemporary Music. From 1985 to 1998, he also took over and directed the Polish Radio Experimental Studio. He collaborated with Andrzej Trzaskowski's Polish Radio Jazz Orchestra. Since 1990 he has also composed for film and television (ARD, ZDF, SDF, Arte, 3 Sat). In the 1990s Szeremeta was a member of the Repertoire Committee of the Warsaw Autumn and was vice president of the Polish Composers Union. In 1991, he presented his compositions in New York (Lincoln Center) and Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania). Presented at the Warsaw Autumn in 1995 "Triple Concerto for 3-tape exposition" was awarded in the EBU (European Broadcasting Union) competition and included by the jury of the International Society for Contemporary Music to the program of the World Days of Music Seoul 1997. Szeremeta is a sub-publisher of the Swiss multimedia publishing company Arcadia (M.S.I.).

## Awards

Szeremeta has received many awards, including with the Grand Prix at the Tadeusz Baird Competition for Young Composers (1977), the Polish Broadcasting Competition (1979), the Prizes at Electroacoustic Music Competitions in Bourges (1981), Varèse (1984) and Oslo (1989), Henryk Wars Prize of the Artists Association ZAiKS and the European Radio Union Tribunal in Budapest (1995).

## Part of compositions, performances and studio recordings

* Capricorn for harpsichord (1979)
* Advocatus diaboli for large symphony orchestra (1980-1981)
* Points I for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1981)
* Points II for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1981)
* Święty eksperyment for 12 voices, 2 prepared pianos, xylophone and magnetic tape (1983)
* Pulse rate for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1984)
* Amphora for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1984)
* Agent Orange for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1986)
* Miraculeo for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1988)
* Chamber Music for voices, electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1988)
* Don Roberto and Dona Mercedes for saxophone, trumpet, percussion and electronic layer (1988)
* Constellation for vocal sextet and instrumental ensemble (1988)
* Trickstar for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1989)
* Mirror I – Liryki Jamesa Joyce’a for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1989)
* Mirror II – Liryki Jamesa Joyce’a for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1989)
* Entering 1990 for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1990)
* Patchwork for large symphony orchestra (1990)
* Vision and Utopia for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1990)
* M' bout M for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1993)
* SY 99 Message for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1993)
* Stringplay for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1994)
* Extraterrestrials for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1995)
* Hourglass for tape and violin or all others designated for interactive improvisation (1996)
* Triple Concerto for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1997)
* Metrograph Future for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1997)
* Un morceau de Mac for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1997)
* Future Music for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1998)
* Metrograph Words for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1998)
* Metrograph Touch for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1998)
* Belief for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (1999)
* Metrograph 45 SE for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (2002)
* Legendary Creatures for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (2004)
* Ballet of the Electrons for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (2010)
* Microcosmos Macrocosmos for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (2012)
* The Art of Genetics for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (2014)
* Soul Solution for electroacoustic layer and interactive improvisation (2016)

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Ryszard Szeremeta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1952-05-05) May 5, 1952<br>Kraków, Poland |
| Genres | digital sound synthesis, digital spatial project, sound architecture, music for tape, experimental music, electroacoustic music, electronic music, live electronics improvisation, scat singing, vocal transcription, big-jazz-band composition, film illustration in documentary picture |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, live electronics performer, jazz vocalist, conductor |
| Years active | 1975–present |
|  | |
| Ansambles: Ensemble of the Experimental Studio of the Polish Radio in Warsaw, Novi Singers, Ensemble of Andrzej Trzaskowski's Studio S-1 Orchestra | |


title: John Pullar

abstract: John Pullar was a 19th-century Scottish businessman, and founder of J. Pullar and Sons. He went into local politics in later life, becoming Provost of Perth. He was the patriarch of the Pullar dynasty which spawned a number of notable figures in Scottish history.

text:
# John Pullar

**John Pullar** (22 April 1803 – 16 December 1878) was a 19th-century Scottish businessman, and founder of J. Pullar and Sons (later J & J Pullar Ltd and Pullars of Perth). He went into local politics in later life, becoming Provost of Perth. He was the patriarch of the Pullar dynasty which spawned a number of notable figures in Scottish history.

## Life

Pullar was born on 22 April 1803 at Pomarium in Perth, the son of Robert Pullar (1782–1835), a cloth manufacturer, and his wife, Elizabeth Black (died 1857).

In 1824 he set up his own dyeworks at Burt's Close in Perth with six employees. His premises dyed cloth for his father and provided dyeing and laundry services for the public. In 1828 he relocated to 36 Mill Street to distance himself from neighbours and have an area of expansion with good water supply. The firm benefitted from the arrival of trains in 1847. In 1851 they exhibited at the Great Exhibition in London and received the patronage of Queen Victoria in 1852, thereafter being by appointment to the Queen.

By 1856 they employed over 100 persons and had over thirty premises gathering clothes for cleaning.

In 1865 the Mill Street premises was rebuilt and renamed the North British Dyeworks. The building remains and is now known as "Pullar House" and houses Perth and Kinross Council.

In 1867/8 Pullars began dry cleaning (the first dry cleaning service in Scotland) due to his son James marriage to Adelgunde Spindler, daughter of Wilhelm Spindler who invented the benzene method of dry cleaning. John (already 63 years old) left this element of the business wholly in the hands of James. Robert Pringle handled the remainder of the business whilst John took a new role as Provost of Perth, serving (as a radical Liberal) 1867 to 1873.

During his time as Provost he brought improvements to the railway system and various city improvement schemes. He was concurrently a Director of the Bank of Scotland, Director of the Caledonian Railway Company and Trustee and Director of Perth Royal Infirmary. He was a Deacon of the Perth Baptist Church and an advocate of the temperance movement.

## Family

In August 1826 Pullar married Mary Walker (1805–1891) of Brahan in Ross-shire.

Their nine children included four famous sons: Sir Robert Pullar, James Pullar, Edmund Pullar and Laurence Pullar. He was grandfather to Frederick Pullar

## Artistic recognition

Pullar was painted by John MacLaren Barclay. The portrait was copied by his in-law Walter Spindler.

## Death

Pullar died of a heart attack at his home at 3 St Leonards Bank on 16 December 1878 aged 75. He was one of the richest men in Scotland at the time of his death. He was buried in Wellshill Cemetery in Perth on 21 December. The grave lies on the lower half of the terraced section midway along the southmost path linking the old and new sections.

In his father's honour, sons Robert and James gifted a stained glass window, depicting Robert the Bruce's 1312 capture of Perth, in the city's Municipal Building at the very eastern end of the High Street.


title: Sloane Robinson Building

abstract:
The Sloane Robinson Building is a building in the Newman Quad at Keble College, one of the University of Oxford colleges. The building is in brick, reflecting the adjacent Victorian Grade 1 listed buildings by William Butterfield. The building was designed by Rick Mather Architects during 1996–2002. Theatreplan designed O'Reilly Theatre within the building, in collaboration with Rick Mather Architects, at a cost of £1.2 million. The building also includes various meeting rooms. The building is thermally connected to the ground through water circulating via the pilings in the foundations, thus reducing the building's cooling and heating needs. The six-storey building includes extensive structural glass work, with an entrance canopy that uses cantilever glass beams supported on bearings in the external wall. The overall building project won the following awards:
  - 2003
  - Brick Awards Building of the Year
  - Brick Awards Best Public Building
  - Oxford Preservation Trust Environmental Award
  - 2004
  - RIBA Award
  - 2005
  - Civic Trust Award – Commendation The building is named after the hedge fund Sloane Robinson, established by Hugh Sloane and George Robinson, both alumni of the University of Oxford. Robinson was a student at Keble College itself.

text:
# Sloane Robinson Building

The **Sloane Robinson Building** is a building in the Newman Quad at Keble College, one of the University of Oxford colleges. The building is in brick, reflecting the adjacent Victorian Grade 1 listed buildings by William Butterfield.

The building was designed by Rick Mather Architects during 1996–2002. Theatreplan designed O'Reilly Theatre within the building, in collaboration with Rick Mather Architects, at a cost of £1.2 million. The building also includes various meeting rooms. The building is thermally connected to the ground through water circulating via the pilings in the foundations, thus reducing the building's cooling and heating needs. The six-storey building includes extensive structural glass work, with an entrance canopy that uses cantilever glass beams supported on bearings in the external wall.

The overall building project won the following awards:

2003 2004 2005

The building is named after the hedge fund Sloane Robinson, established by Hugh Sloane and George Robinson, both alumni of the University of Oxford. Robinson was a student at Keble College itself.

O'Reilly Theatre
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Keble O'Reilly Theatre |
| Address | Keble College, Blackhall Road, Oxford OX1 3PG, United Kingdom |
| Capacity | 250 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 2002 |
| Architect | Theatreplan |
| Website | |
| oreillytheatre.co.uk | |

## O'Reilly Theatre

The **O'Reilly Theatre** is a flexible studio theatre located within the Sloane Robinson Building at Keble College. The theatre was completed in 2002.

The seating capacity of the space ranges from 128 to 250, depending on the setup chosen. The standard configuration is end-on, but alternatives include traverse and in-the-round. The theatre is named after Sir Tony O'Reilly, the billionaire Irish businessman and former international rugby union player, who contributed most of the funds.

### Performances

The Theatre is managed by the Martin Esslin Society, who are responsible for choosing the productions staged in the theatre each term. Talks are also given by well-known actors.

2018 2020 Other

Further performances have also taken place. Performances are often reviewed in the *Oxford Mail* newspaper.

## InfoBox

| Sloane Robinson Building | |
| --- | --- |
| View of the Sloane Robinson Building which houses the O'Reilly Theatre | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | Keble College, Blackhall Road, Oxford OX1 3PG, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°45′31″N 1°15′31″W / 51.7587°N 1.2587°W / 51.7587; -1.2587 |
| Year(s) built | 1996–2002 |
| Construction started | 1996 |
| Completed | 2002 |
| Cost | £6.5 million |
| Owner | Keble College, Oxford |
| Technical details | |
| Material | Brick |
| Floor count | 6 |
| Floor area | 2,600m2 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architecture firm | Rick Mather Architects |


title: Philosophy of healthcare

abstract:
The philosophy of healthcare is the study of the ethics, processes, and people which constitute the maintenance of health for human beings. For the most part, however, the philosophy of healthcare is best approached as an indelible component of human social structures. That is, the societal institution of healthcare can be seen as a necessary phenomenon of human civilization whereby an individual continually seeks to improve, mend, and alter the overall nature and quality of their life. This perennial concern is especially prominent in modern political liberalism, wherein health has been understood as the foundational good necessary for public life. The philosophy of healthcare is primarily concerned with the following elemental questions:
  - Who requires and/or deserves healthcare? Is healthcare a fundamental right of all people?
  - What should be the basis for calculating the cost of treatments, hospital stays, drugs, etc.?
  - How can healthcare best be administered to the greatest number of people?
  - What are the necessary parameters for clinical trials and quality assurance?
  - Who, if anybody, can decide when a patient is in need of "comfort measures"? However, the most important question of all is 'what is health?'. Unless this question is addressed any debate about healthcare will be vague and unbounded. For example, what exactly is a health care intervention? What differentiates healthcare from engineering or teaching, for example? Is health care about 'creating autonomy' or acting in people's best interests? Or is it always both? A 'philosophy' of anything requires baseline philosophical questions, as asked, for example, by philosopher David Seedhouse. Ultimately, the purpose, objective and meaning of healthcare philosophy is to consolidate the abundance of information regarding the ever-changing fields of biotechnology, medicine, and nursing. And seeing that healthcare typically ranks as one of the largest spending areas of governmental budgets, it becomes important to gain a greater understanding of healthcare as not only a social institution, but also as a political one. In addition, healthcare philosophy attempts to highlight the primary movers of healthcare systems; be it nurses, doctors, allied health professionals, hospital administrators, health insurance companies, the government, and lastly, the patients themselves.

text:
# Philosophy of healthcare

The **philosophy of healthcare** is the study of the ethics, processes, and people which constitute the maintenance of health for human beings. For the most part, however, the philosophy of healthcare is best approached as an indelible component of human social structures. That is, the societal institution of healthcare can be seen as a necessary phenomenon of human civilization whereby an individual continually seeks to improve, mend, and alter the overall nature and quality of their life. This perennial concern is especially prominent in modern political liberalism, wherein health has been understood as the foundational good necessary for public life.

The philosophy of healthcare is primarily concerned with the following elemental questions:

* Who requires and/or deserves healthcare? Is healthcare a fundamental right of all people?
* What should be the basis for calculating the cost of treatments, hospital stays, drugs, etc.?
* How can healthcare best be administered to the greatest number of people?
* What are the necessary parameters for clinical trials and quality assurance?
* Who, if anybody, can decide when a patient is in need of "comfort measures" (allowing a natural death by providing medications to treat symptoms related to the patient's illness)?

However, the most important question of all is 'what is health?'. Unless this question is addressed any debate about healthcare will be vague and unbounded. For example, what exactly is a health care intervention? What differentiates healthcare from engineering or teaching, for example? Is health care about 'creating autonomy' or acting in people's best interests? Or is it always both? A 'philosophy' of anything requires baseline philosophical questions, as asked, for example, by philosopher David Seedhouse.

Ultimately, the purpose, objective and meaning of healthcare philosophy is to consolidate the abundance of information regarding the ever-changing fields of biotechnology, medicine, and nursing. And seeing that healthcare typically ranks as one of the largest spending areas of governmental budgets, it becomes important to gain a greater understanding of healthcare as not only a social institution, but also as a political one. In addition, healthcare philosophy attempts to highlight the primary movers of healthcare systems; be it nurses, doctors, allied health professionals, hospital administrators, health insurance companies (HMOs and PPOs), the government (Medicare and Medicaid), and lastly, the patients themselves.

## Ethics of healthcare

The ethical and/or moral premises of healthcare are complex and intricate. To consolidate such a large segment of moral philosophy, it becomes important to focus on what separates healthcare ethics from other forms of morality. And on the whole, it can be said that healthcare itself is a "*special*" institution within society. With that said, healthcare ought to "be treated differently from other social goods" in a society. It is an institution of which we are all a part whether we like it or not. At some point in every person's life, a decision has to be made regarding one's healthcare. Can they afford it? Do they deserve it? Do they need it? Where should they go to get it? Do they even want it? And it is this last question which poses the biggest dilemma facing a person. After weighing all of the costs and benefits of her healthcare situation, the person has to decide if the costs of healthcare outweigh the benefits. More than basic economic issues are at stake in this conundrum. In fact, a person must decide whether or not their life is ending or if it is worth salvaging. Of course, in instances where the patient is unable to decide due to medical complications, like a coma, then the decision must come from elsewhere. And defining that "elsewhere" has proven to be a very difficult endeavor in healthcare philosophy.

### Medical ethics

Whereas bioethics tends to deal with more broadly-based issues like the consecrated nature of the human body and the roles of science and technology in healthcare, medical ethics is specifically focused on applying ethical principles to the field of medicine. Medical ethics has its roots in the writings of Hippocrates, and the practice of medicine was often used as an example in ethical discussions by Plato and Aristotle. As a systematic field, however, it is a large and relatively new area of study in ethics. One of the major premises of medical ethics surrounds "the development of valuational measures of outcomes of health care treatments and programs; these outcome measures are designed to guide health policy and so must be able to be applied to substantial numbers of people, including across or even between whole societies." Terms like beneficence and non-maleficence are vital to the overall understanding of medical ethics. Therefore, it becomes important to acquire a basic grasp of the varying dynamics that go into a doctor-patient relationship.

### Nursing ethics

Like medical ethics, nursing ethics is very narrow in its focus, especially when compared to the expansive field of bioethics. For the most part, "nursing ethics can be defined as having a two-pronged meaning," whereby it is "the examination of all kinds of ethical and bioethical issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice." This definition, although quite vague, centers on the practical and theoretical approaches to nursing. The American Nurses Association (ANA) endorses an ethical code that emphasizes "values" and "evaluative judgments" in all areas of the nursing profession. The importance of values is being increasingly recognized in all aspects of healthcare and health research. And since moral issues are extremely prevalent throughout nursing, it is important to be able to recognize and critically respond to situations that warrant and/or necessitate an ethical decision. A nurse promotes for and strives to protect the rights, safety, and health of all patients. Although these are clear nursing roles, all health care professionals must work together and collaborate to observe the patient's needs and rights.

### Business ethics

Balancing the cost of care with the quality of care is a major issue in healthcare philosophy. In Canada and some parts of Europe, democratic governments play a major role in determining how much public money from taxation should be directed towards the healthcare process. In the United States and other parts of Europe, private health insurance corporations as well as government agencies are the agents in this precarious life-and-death balancing act. According to medical ethicist Leonard J. Weber, "Good-quality healthcare means cost-effective healthcare," but "more expensive healthcare does not mean higher-quality healthcare" and "certain minimum standards of quality must be met for all patients" regardless of health insurance status. This statement undoubtedly reflects the varying thought processes going into the bigger picture of a healthcare cost-benefit analysis. In order to streamline this tedious process, health maintenance organizations (HMOs) employ large numbers of actuaries (colloquially known as "insurance adjusters") to ascertain the appropriate balance between cost, quality, and necessity in a patient's healthcare plan. A general rule in the health insurance industry is as follows:

> The least costly treatment should be provided unless there is substantial evidence that a more costly intervention is likely to yield a superior outcome.

This generalized rule for healthcare institutions "is perhaps one of the best expressions of the practical meaning of stewardship of resources," especially since "the burden of proof is on justifying the more expensive intervention, not the less expensive one, when different acceptable treatment options exist."

### Religious Ethics

Various forms of religiosity are often tied together with health care, as some practitioners feel an obligation of the divine sort to try and care for others. In ancient Greece, a lack of institutionalized health care made it difficult for society to care for "beggars or mendicants", known as πτωχός. Following the genesis of Judaism and later, Christianity, religious texts supported "special dispensations for economic and political care" for those who were perceived as helpless in largely patriarchal societies. The role of the patriarch at the center of both society at large and the family unit meant that orphans and widows were necessarily among the helpless, and this sentiment was echoed by the Old Testament's conception of the poor, which also included individuals who were lame, blind, and/or prisoners. The mythologizing of Asclepius in Greek and Roman tradition is reflective of the historical transformation of places of worship into sites of health care delivery.

A concept that is fundamental to health care development, grounded in the sacred texts of both the Western and Eastern worlds, is the sanctity of life. From this notion, we are commanded to treat life of all sorts with considerable dignity before we may interfere with it, "giving at least some attention to its nature and purpose." In Western health care, dignity regarding human life can be traced back to *imago dei*, meaning "image of God", which asserts that human beings are created by God in a manner of resemblance to his own existence. This is to say that health care practitioners shouldn't merely perceive patients/clients to be fellow humans undergoing suffering, but also as unique likenesses of God.

Following the Industrial Revolution, and the advent of the 20th Century, the face of modern medicine has evolved. However, the tensions between health care and religious practices have also grown in recent decades, and has led to some inequalities between the "rights" of the recipients and providers of health care. Legislative action has taken place in order to help solidify the rights of health care providers with respect to their religious beliefs. An example of this would be a conscience clause, which attempts to makes concessions to one's conscience when impacted by a law. In other words, there are laws in place that are intended to protect health care providers who refrain, for moral and/or religious reasons, from engaging in some forms of health care.

The rights of religious individuals and organizations are not just a matter of personal preference, but also of international jurisprudential value. The ethical implications of Supreme Court cases, such as that of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, have the potential to shift personal and governmental attitudes regarding religiosity as it relates to health care. In pursuit of upholding their constitutional right to the free expression of religion, religious entities have had to legally defend their refusal to comply with government mandates, such as "to provide employee insurance plans that cover contraceptive costs", which is of moral violation when viewed with a particular interpretation of some religious texts. The willingness of a governmental body to bring these sorts of cases to the highest legal authority may be thought of as a form of intolerance, and perhaps, additionally, as a precursor to social and legal changes surrounding the "rights" of health care providers and recipients.

## Political philosophy of healthcare

In the political philosophy of healthcare, the debate between universal healthcare and private healthcare is particularly contentious in the United States. In the 1960s, there was a plethora of public initiatives by the federal government to consolidate and modernize the U.S. healthcare system. With Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, the U.S. established public health insurance for both senior citizens and the underprivileged. Known as Medicare and Medicaid, these two healthcare programs granted certain groups of Americans access to adequate healthcare services. Although these healthcare programs were a giant step in the direction of socialized medicine, many people think that the U.S. needs to do more for its citizenry with respect to healthcare coverage. Opponents of universal healthcare see it as an erosion of the high quality of care that already exists in the United States.

### Patients' Bill of Rights

In 2001, the U.S. federal government took up an initiative to provide patients with an explicit list of rights concerning their healthcare. The political philosophy behind such an initiative essentially blended ideas of the Consumers' Bill of Rights with the field of healthcare. It was undertaken in an effort to ensure the quality of care of all patients by preserving the integrity of the processes that occur in the healthcare industry. Standardizing the nature of healthcare institutions in this manner proved provocative. In fact, many interest groups, including the American Medical Association (AMA) and Big Pharma came out against the congressional bill. Basically, having hospitals provide emergency medical care to anyone, regardless of health insurance status, as well as the right of a patient to hold their health plan accountable for any and all harm done proved to be the two biggest stumbling blocks for the bill. As a result of this intense opposition, the initiative eventually failed to pass Congress in 2002.

### Health insurance

Health insurance is the primary mechanism through which individuals cover healthcare costs in industrialized countries. It can be obtained from either the public or private sector of the economy. In Canada, for example, the provincial governments administer public health insurance coverage to citizens and permanent residents. According to Health Canada, the political philosophy of public insurance in Canada is as follows:

> The administration and delivery of health care services is the responsibility of each province or territory, guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act. The provinces and territories fund these services with assistance from the federal government in the form of fiscal transfers.

And the driving force behind such a political philosophy in Canada was democratic socialist politician Tommy Douglas.

Contrasting with the U.S., but similar to Canada, Australia and New Zealand have universal healthcare systems known as Medicare and ACC (Accident Compensation Corporation), respectively.

Australian Medicare originated with Health Insurance Act 1973. It was introduced by Prime Minister (PM) Gough Whitlam's Labor Government, and was intended to provide affordable treatment by doctors in public hospitals for all resident citizens. Redesigned by PM Bob Hawke in 1984, the current Medicare system permits citizens the option to purchase private health insurance in a two-tier health system.

## Research and scholarship

Considering the rapid pace at which the fields of medicine and health science are developing, it becomes important to investigate the most proper and/or efficient methodologies for conducting research. On the whole, "the primary concern of the researcher must always be the phenomenon, from which the research question is derived, and only subsequent to this can decisions be made as to the most appropriate research methodology, design, and methods to fulfill the purposes of the research." This statement on research methodology places the researcher at the forefront of his findings. That is, the researcher becomes the person who makes or breaks his or her scientific inquiries rather than the research itself. Even so, "interpretive research and scholarship are creative processes, and methods and methodology are not always singular, *a priori*, fixed and unchanging." Therefore, viewpoints on scientific inquiries into healthcare matters "will continue to grow and develop with the creativity and insight of interpretive researchers, as they consider emerging ways of investigating the complex social world."

### Clinical trials

Clinical trials are a means through which the healthcare industry tests a new drug, treatment, or medical device. The traditional methodology behind clinical trials consists of various phases in which the emerging product undergoes a series of intense tests, most of which tend to occur on interested and/or compliant patients. The U.S. government has an established network for tackling the emergence of new products in the healthcare industry. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not conduct trials on new drugs coming from pharmaceutical companies. Along with the FDA, the National Institutes of Health sets the guidelines for all kinds of clinical trials relating to infectious diseases. For cancer, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsors a series or cooperative groups like CALGB and COG in order to standardize protocols for cancer treatment.

### Quality assurance

The primary purpose of quality assurance (QA) in healthcare is to ensure that the quality of patient care is in accordance with established guidelines. The government usually plays a significant role in providing structured guidance for treating a particular disease or ailment. However, protocols for treatment can also be worked out at individual healthcare institutions like hospitals and HMOs. In some cases, quality assurance is seen as a superfluous endeavor, as many healthcare-based QA organizations, like QARC, are publicly funded at the hands of taxpayers. However, many people would agree that healthcare quality assurance, particularly in the areas cancer treatment and disease control are necessary components to the vitality of any legitimate healthcare system. With respect to quality assurance in cancer treatment scenarios, the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC) is just one example of a QA facility that seeks "to improve the standards of care" for patients "by improving the quality of clinical trials medicine."

## Birth and death

### Reproductive rights

The ecophilosophy of Garrett Hardin is one perspective from which to analyze the reproductive rights of human beings. For the most part, Hardin argues that it is immoral to have large families, especially since they do a disservice to society by consuming an excessive amount of resources. In an essay titled *The Tragedy of the Commons*, Hardin states,

> To couple the concept of freedom to breed with the belief that everyone born has an equal right to the commons is to lock the world into a tragic course of action.

By encouraging the freedom to breed, the welfare state not only provides for children, but also sustains itself in the process. The net effect of such a policy is the inevitability of a Malthusian catastrophe.

Hardin's ecophilosophy reveals one particular method to mitigate healthcare costs. With respect to population growth, the fewer people there are to take care of, the less expensive healthcare will be. And in applying this logic to what medical ethicist Leonard J. Weber previously suggested, less expensive healthcare does not necessarily mean poorer quality healthcare.

### Birth and living

The concept of being "*well-born*" is not new, and may carry racist undertones. The Nazis practiced eugenics in order to cleanse the gene pool of what were perceived to be unwanted or harmful elements. This "race hygiene movement in Germany evolved from a theory of Social Darwinism, which had become popular throughout Europe" and the United States during the 1930s. A German phrase that embodies the nature of this practice is *lebensunwertes Leben* or "life unworthy of life."

In connection with healthcare philosophy, the theory of natural rights becomes a rather pertinent subject. After birth, man is effectively endowed with a series of natural rights that cannot be banished under any circumstances. One major proponent of natural rights theory was seventeenth-century English political philosopher John Locke. With regard to the natural rights of man, Locke states,

> If God's purpose for me on Earth is my survival and that of my species, and the means to that survival are my life, health, liberty and property – then clearly I don't want anyone to violate my rights to these things.

Although partially informed by his religious understanding of the world, Locke's statement can essentially be viewed as an affirmation of the right to preserve one's life at all costs. This point is precisely where healthcare as a human right becomes relevant.

The process of preserving and maintaining one's health throughout life is a matter of grave concern. At some point in every person's life, his or her health is going to decline regardless of all measures taken to prevent such a collapse. Coping with this inevitable decline can prove quite problematic for some people. For Enlightenment philosopher René Descartes, the depressing and gerontological implications of aging pushed him to believe in the prospects of immortality through a wholesome faith in the possibilities of reason.

### Death and dying

One of the most basic human rights is the right to live, and thus, preserve one's life. Yet one must also consider the right to die, and thus, end one's life. Often, religious values of varying traditions influence this issue. Terms like "mercy killing" and "assisted suicide" are frequently used to describe this process. Proponents of euthanasia claim that it is particularly necessary for patients suffering from a terminal illness. However, opponents of a self-chosen death purport that it is not only immoral, but wholly against the pillars of reason.

In a certain philosophical context, death can be seen as the ultimate existential moment in one's life. Death is the deepest cause of a primordial anxiety (*Die Anfechtung*) in a person's life. In this emotional state of anxiety, "the Nothing" is revealed to the person. According to twentieth-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger,

> The Nothing is the complete negation of the totality of beings.

And thus, for Heidegger, humans finds themselves in a very precarious and fragile situation (constantly hanging over the abyss) in this world. This concept can be simplified to the point where at bottom, all that a person has in this world is his or her Being. Regardless of how individuals proceed in life, their existence will always be marked by finitude and solitude. When considering near-death experiences, humans feels this primordial anxiety overcome them. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to recognize the onset of this entrenched despair in patients who are nearing their respective deaths.

Other philosophical investigations into death examine the healthcare's profession heavy reliance on science and technology (SciTech). This reliance is especially evident in Western medicine. Even so, Heidegger makes an allusion to this reliance in what he calls the allure or "character of exactness." In effect, people are inherently attached to "exactness" because it gives them a sense of purpose or reason in a world that is largely defined by what appears to be chaos and irrationality. And as the moment of death is approaching, a moment marked by utter confusion and fear, people frantically attempt to pinpoint a final sense of meaning in their lives.

Aside from the role that SciTech plays in death, palliative care constitutes a specialized area of healthcare philosophy that specifically relates to patients who are terminally ill. Similar to hospice care, this area of healthcare philosophy is becoming increasingly important as more patients prefer to receive healthcare services in their homes. Even though the terms "palliative" and "hospice" are typically used interchangeably, they are actually quite different. As a patient nears the end of his life, it is more comforting to be in a private home-like setting instead of a hospital. Palliative care has generally been reserved for those who have a terminal illness. However, it is now being applied to patients in all kinds of medical situations, including chronic fatigue and other distressing symptoms.

## Role development

The manner in which nurses, physicians, patients, and administrators interact is crucial for the overall efficacy of a healthcare system. From the viewpoint of the patients, healthcare providers can be seen as being in a privileged position, whereby they have the power to alter the patients' quality of life. And yet, there are strict divisions among healthcare providers that can sometimes lead to an overall decline in the quality of patient care. When nurses and physicians are not on the same page with respect to a particular patient, a compromising situation may arise. Effects stemming from a "gender gap" between nurses and doctors are detrimental to the professional environment of a hospital workspace.


title: Electricity sector in Pakistan

text:
# Electricity sector in Pakistan

Electricity in Pakistan is generated, transmitted and distributed by two vertically integrated public sector companies, first one being Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) responsible for the production of hydroelectricity and its supply to the consumers by electricity distribution companies (DISCOS) under the Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) being the other integrated company. Currently, there are 12 distribution companies and a National Transmission And Dispatch Company (NTDC) which are all in the public sector except Karachi Electric in the city of Karachi and its surrounding areas. There are around 42 independent power producers (IPPs) that contribute significantly in electricity generation in Pakistan.

As of 2016 on average, more than 80% of Pakistan's population had access to electricity.

Following 2022 dearth of imported LNG in Pakistan, the country indicated it would quadruple its coal power plants, which use domestic coal. The inevitable outcome has occurred: the swift depreciation of the rupee has diminished business confidence. The frequent increases in electricity, gas, petrol, and diesel prices are also substantial contributors, driving inflation and consequently decreasing industrial production.

## History

Pakistan's electricity sector is a developing market. For years, the matter of balancing the country's supply against the demand for electricity had remained a largely unresolved matter. The country faced significant challenges in revamping its network responsible for the supply of electricity. Electricity generators were seeking a parity in returns for both domestic and foreign investors indicating it to be one of the key issues in overseeing a surge in electricity generation when the country was facing growing shortages. Other problems included lack of efficiency, rising demands for energy, and political instability. Provincial and federal agencies, who are the largest consumers, often do not pay their bills. At one point electricity generation had shrunk by up to 50% due to an over-reliance on fossil fuels. The country was hit by its worst power crisis in 2007 when production fell by 6000 Megawatts and massive blackouts followed suit. Load shedding and power blackouts had become severe in Pakistan before 2016.

Mr. Naqeeb and Mr. Mohsin said Economic Survey 2020–21 unfolds that Pakistan's installed capacity to generate electricity has surged up to 37,261 MW by July 2020 which stood at 22,812 MW in June 2013, showing the growth of 64 per cent.

## Installed capacity

According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2023–24, the installed electricity generation capacity reached 42,131 MW in March 2024.For FY2024 , total electricity generation stood at 92,091 GWh against a demand of 68,559 GWh for the same period The electricity transmission network, currently, has the capacity to handle more than 53,000 MVA.

The National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC) in Pakistan has finished construction on a double-circuit transmission line, which extends for 29 km from Polan to Gwadar. This new infrastructure has been built in compliance with directives from the Prime Minister and the Federal Minister for Energy. The addition of this transmission line will allow for the import of an additional 100 MW of power from Iran, which will result in increased power reliability and decreased frequency of power outages for the residents of Gwadar and the Makran division.

## Electricity generation

**Installed capacity by source in the utility sector FY2021 to 2022**                   * Natural Gas: 13,423 MW (32.2%)
* Furnace Oil: 5,943 MW (14.3%)
* Coal: 5,319 MW (12.8%)
* Hydro: 10,264 MW (24.6%)
* Nuclear RE: 3,657 MW (8.8%)
* Wind: 1,995 MW (4.8%)
* Solar: 668 MW (1.6%)
* Other: 374 MW (0.9%)

Electricity – Total installed capacity (FY2021–22): 41,557MW

Breakdown of Installed Generation Capacity as on FY 2021/2022
| Source | Installed Capacity (MW) | % of Share in Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Fossil Fuels (Total)** | **24,688** | **59.4%** |
| Natural Gas | 13,423 | 32.3% |
| Furnace Oil | 5,943 | 14.3% |
| Coal | 5,319 | 12.9% |
| **Non-Fossil Fuels (Total)** | 16,872 | 40.6% |
| Hydro | 10,264 | 24.7% |
| Nuclear | 3,657 | 8.8% |
| Wind | 1,995 | 4.8% |
| Solar | 0,667 | 1.4% |
| Bagasse | 0,374 | 0.9% |
| ***Total Installed Capacity*** | ***41,557*** | ***100%*** |

## Electricity consumption

* Electricity – total consumption: 89,361 GWh (2021–2022)
* Electricity – consumption by sector (2021–2022):
    + Household – 47%
    + Commercial – 7%
    + Industrial – 28%
    + Agricultural – 9%
    + Others – 8%

## Governance and sector reform

Recent reforms include the unbundling and corporatization of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) into 10 regional distribution companies, 4 government-owned thermal power generation companies and a transmission company, the National Transmission and Despatch Company. The hydropower plants were retained by WAPDA as WAPDA Hydroelectric. All are fully owned by the government. K-Electric Limited (formally known as Karachi Electric Supply Company), which is responsible for power generation and distribution in the Karachi area, is listed on the stock exchanges and is privately owned. Privately owned independent power producers generated 53% of the country's power in FY2016.

In 2019, Alternative and Renewable Energy policy was introduced to promote renewable energy in the country and reduce carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. The policy aims to increase share of green energy to 20% by 2025 and 30% by 2030. As of 2022, only 3% of energy sources in Pakistan are renewables.

## Effects of natural and man-made disasters

During 2010 Pakistan floods and 2005 Kashmir earthquake power stations, power distribution and transmission and other energy infrastructures were damaged. During the floods and rainfalls the recently constructed Jinnah hydroelectric power plant was flooded in addition to severe damages to transmission and distribution network and installations while several power plants and refineries were threatened by rising waters and had to be shut down. Natural gas field output had to be reduced as the flood waters approached the wells. There has also been some concern by Pakistani nuclear activists over the effect of natural disasters on nuclear plants specially over the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, since the plant lies over a geological fault. Due to over reliance of Pakistan on dams for electricity generation, some environmental impacts of dams such as submergence of usable/ecological land and their negative impact on Pakistan's mangrove forests due to loss of river silt load, as well as increased risk of severe floods have become evident.

## Further reading

* Robert M. Hathaway, editor, and Michael Kugelman, editor, *Powering Pakistan*, Oxford University Press, USA (15 January 2010), hardcover, 216 pages ISBN 978-0195476262


title: Eboo

abstract: Eboo is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is endemic to Australia, and contains approximately 50 species. Many of these species show strong sexual dimorphism, and they feed primarily on Eucalyptus plants. This genus was previously known as Tomyris or Odontionopa. However, both of these names were found to be preoccupied, and the genus was renamed to Eboo by C. A. M. Reid in 1993. The generic name is a phonetic rendering of ibu, the Indonesian word for "mother". The genus is placed in the subtribe Ebooina, also named by Reid, a replacement name for "Tomyrina".

text:
# Eboo

***Eboo*** is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is endemic to Australia, and contains approximately 50 species. Many of these species show strong sexual dimorphism, and they feed primarily on *Eucalyptus* plants.

This genus was previously known as *Tomyris* (named by Félicien Chapuis in 1874) or *Odontionopa* (named by Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1842). However, both of these names were found to be preoccupied, and the genus was renamed to *Eboo* by C. A. M. Reid in 1993. The generic name is a phonetic rendering of *ibu*, the Indonesian word for "mother".

The genus is placed in the subtribe Ebooina, also named by Reid, a replacement name for "Tomyrina".

## Species

Species include:

Synonyms:

## InfoBox

| *Eboo* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Subfamily: | Eumolpinae |
| Tribe: | Bromiini |
| Genus: | *Eboo*
Reid, 1993 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Odontionopa viridula*
Erichson, 1842 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Billbergia magnifica

abstract: Billbergia magnifica is a species of flowering plant in the genus Billbergia. This species is native to Brazil and Paraguay.

text:
# Billbergia magnifica

***Billbergia magnifica*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Billbergia*. This species is native to Brazil and Paraguay.

## InfoBox

| *Billbergia magnifica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Helicodea* |
| Species: | ***B. magnifica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia magnifica***<br>Mez | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Billbergia magnifica* var. *acutisepala* Hassl. | |


title: São Félix de Minas

abstract: São Félix de Minas is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

text:
# São Félix de Minas

**São Félix de Minas** is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

## InfoBox

| São Félix de Minas | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| São Félix de MinasLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 18°35′27″S 41°29′9″W / 18.59083°S 41.48583°W / -18.59083; -41.48583 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Vale do Rio Doce |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 3,362 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Ryszard Syski

abstract:
Ryszard Syski was a Polish-American mathematician whose research was in queueing theory. During World War II he was in the Armia Krajowa with his parents, partaking in the Warsaw uprising, being imprisoned in Lamsdorf, Silesia and Bavaria (1944), and joining the Polish Second Corps for fights in Italy (1945). His studies in mathematics started in London, at the Polish University Abroad (1946). He
joined Automatic Telephone and Electric Co. in London (1952).
He got his B.Sc. (1954) and Ph.D. (1961) at University of London, on the dissertation
Stochastic Process in Banach space and its Applications to Congestion Theory. Encouraged by Thomas L. Saaty he moved to College Park, Maryland, joining the mathematics faculty of University of Maryland (1961–1999), founded the journal Stochastic Processes and their Applications (1973) and was fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. Syski wrote over forty journal articles, often collaborating with notables such as
Félix Pollaczek,
Lajos Takács,
Julian Keilson and
Wim Cohen. Syski died of complications from a brain injury received during a fall.

text:
# Ryszard Syski

**Ryszard Syski** (April 8, 1924 in Płock, Poland \- June 11, 2007 in Silver Spring, Maryland) was a Polish-American mathematician whose research was in queueing theory.

During World War II he was in the Armia Krajowa with his parents, partaking in the Warsaw uprising, being imprisoned in Lamsdorf, Silesia and Bavaria (1944), and joining the Polish Second Corps for fights in Italy (1945).

His studies in mathematics started in London, at the Polish University Abroad (1946). He joined *Automatic Telephone and Electric Co.* in London (1952). He got his B.Sc. (1954) and Ph.D. (1961) at University of London, on the dissertation *Stochastic Process in Banach space and its Applications to Congestion Theory*.

Encouraged by Thomas L. Saaty he moved to College Park, Maryland, joining the mathematics faculty of University of Maryland (1961–1999), founded the journal Stochastic Processes and their Applications (1973) and was fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. Syski wrote over forty journal articles, often collaborating with notables such as Félix Pollaczek, Lajos Takács, Julian Keilson and Wim Cohen. Syski died of complications from a brain injury received during a fall.

## Books

## InfoBox

| Ryszard Syski | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | April 8, 1924
Płock, Poland |
| Died | June 11, 2007 (age 83)
Silver Spring, Maryland, United States |
| Alma mater | Polish University Abroad
University of London
University of Maryland College Park |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Queueing theory |
| Institutions | University of Maryland College Park |
|  | |