title: Source Radio

abstract: Source Radio was a radio station operating from Coventry, England. It was a division of the Coventry University Students' Union, and broadcast to the Campus and beyond, online. It occasionally operated for short periods on FM and AM, complemented by a near CD-quality version of the output via the Internet. Known as "Source FM" from 2001 to 2005, and "Phoenix Radio" before that. The station has since rebranded back to Phoenix Radio.

text:
# Source Radio

**Source Radio** was a radio station operating from Coventry, England. It was a division of the Coventry University Students' Union, and broadcast to the Campus and beyond, online. It occasionally operated for short periods on FM and AM, complemented by a near CD-quality version of the output via the Internet.

Known as "Source FM" from 2001 to 2005, and "Phoenix Radio" before that. The station has since rebranded back to Phoenix Radio.

## History

#The station launched to the city on 1431AM on Monday, 5 March 2007 under the management of Kat Page, with a special programme presented live from the Students' Union nightclub, FiftyFour.

The AM launch coincided with the launch of 3G Smart Phones which could stream radio via apps such as TuneIn. This provided a means of listening on the move in a far better quality than AM. The young target audience are generally also quite "AM-resistant" and as a result, the 1431AM service never reached a particularly sizeable audience. The decision was taken to discontinue the AM service in 2009.

## Flirt! and Source Radio

During the 2000s, Students Unions across the country participated in a national event called "Flirt!", a franchise for an evening entertainment event. CUSU became the first union in the country to have its radio station simulcast the event live on its radio station throughout the 2004–05 academic year.

## Phoenix Radio CU

In 2019, Coventry University launched a new station under the name Phoenix Radio CUSU, with the name being changed to Phoenix Radio CU in September 2022, Coventry's Biggest Student Station, playing all the biggest hits and throwbacks around the world. This station is run by students from Coventry University who have a variety of shows that run 24/7 which you can listen to via the Phoenix Radio CU App on all devices. Phoenix Radio CUSU has been involve in many big events in a short space of time such as The 24-Hour 1 Year Anniversary and Phoenix Radio's Children in Need which won a Bronze Amplify Award for Best Fundraising Initiative. Different shows include Indie, Techno, Pop, Hip-Hop, R&B, Neo-Soul, and podcast-style radio, all hosted by the students at the University.

Over the last few years, the presenters and team have taken part in many different events, such as the First Anniversary where special guest Wynter Black performed and co-hosted, the 24-Hour Broadcast with Matt Jenkins, Phoenix Radio's Children in Need, Phoenix Radio's Commonwealth Games and Phoenix Radio's Special Broadcast for the announcement of Boris Johnson leaving 10 Downing Street which was aired the day of the initial announcement, led by Jude Avery and Maddy Griffiths, Kristof Kiss, Phoebe Lewin, and Jay Willz. Phoenix Radio also hosted a special broadcast regarding The FIFA 2022 World Cup Win, hosted by Jude Avery, Ellianna Skye, Ryan Kinnerlsey, Jay Willz, and Phoenix Radio CU Veteran Jake Barker.

In May 2023, it was announced that Jude Avery, Jacob Day, Ryan Kinnersley, Yinka Shokunbi, Jasmine Siddon, and Ellianna Skye would all be leaving Phoenix Radio CU. Jude Avery, Jacob Day, and Ryan Kinnersley were the longest-serving presenters at Phoenix Radio CU. In June 2023, Phoenix Radio CU announced that Ollie Green would be taking over from Ellianna Skye on the Award Nominated Phoenix Breakfast Show, Sam Clawley would be taking over from Jude Avery on the Award Winning Show, Phoenix Radio Unplugged and Katie Light would be taking over from Ryan Kinnersley on The Phoenix Radio Chart Show.

**Current Presenters**

Gisa Arumagarasa, Eddie Chadwick, Sam Clawley, Ollie Green, Maddy Griffiths, Mai, Harris, Didi Jitoboh, Phoebe Lewin, Katie Light, Rishi Pu, Haydar Rahman, Princess Sarker, Brandon Weir, Jay Willz, Jack Woolf

**Current Behind Production Team**

Charlie Fitzpatrick - Voice and Imaging

Roxanne Farias - Producer

Millie Hudson - Voice and Adverts

**Previous Presenters**

·Jude Avery, Jake Barker, Kazzie Bazzie, Will Brennan, Jacob Day, Louis Greaves, Matt Jenkins, Ryan Kinnersley, Kristof Kiss, Zahra Khan, Maxim Maddox, Aubrey Morandarte, Yinka Shokunbi, Jasmine Siddon, Ellianna Skye, Em Smith, Taiwo Oluwabusolami, Johnny Winterton

**Mixcloud Charts**

In 2022, Phoenix Radio CU joined Mixcloud so listeners can re-listen to shows that were live. The shows are released on Mixcloud after the shows are aired. Phoenix Radio CU featured on 14 Gloval Mixcloud Charts. The Global Acoustic, Global Interview, Global Indie Folk, Global Radio, Global 1990s, Global 2000s, Global 2010s, Global Indietronica, Global Alternative Rock, Global Indie/Dance, Global New Wave, Global Free Improvisation, Global Dance Rock and were first on the Global Dance-Punk Charts.

**Alumni**

Phoenix Radio CU was the home for many radio presenters who have since thrived over their years on the station, including, Author Jake Barker, ITN's Kazzie Bazzie and Global's Matt Jenkins.

**Special Guests**

Over the last few years, Phoenix Radio CU has had the opportunity to collaborate with well-known presenters across the United Kingdom. Many include Radio 1 Breakfast's Greg James. Capital's Chris Stark Jordan North Ben Mundy, Pria Rai and Steve Holden. KISSFM's Sam Darlaston, Reprezent Radio's Mollie Finn and Magic FM's Will Short. CBBC's Joe Maw, The HIMALAYAS Band, Matt Goss and Grant Nicholas from hit band Feeder.

**Awards**

In April 2022, Phoenix Radio CU won Bronze for "The Amplify Awards Best Fundraising Initiative" for the fundraiser they created in November 2021, a week of fundraising in aid of BBC's Children in Need. From Monday 15th November to Friday 19th November 2021, presenters on Phoenix Radio CU came together to do special shows and challenges for Children in Need. On Friday 19th November 2021, they hosted a Live YouTube Television Special, "Phoenix Radio's Children in Need" hosted by Phoenix Radio Presenters, Jude Avery, Jacob Day, Kristof Kiss, Louis Greaves, and Maddy Griffiths, featuring guests such as Alex Hilton, Malu Molina, and Katus Myles. By the end of the week on the live show, the presenters revealed they earned £175 for Children in Need. In late 2022, Phoenix Radio CU was nominated for two awards at "The Student Radio Awards" Best Journalistic Programming and Best Station Sound. In early 2023, Phoenix Radio CU was nominated for five Amplify Awards, the most nominations ever for one event. On 4th April 2023, Phoenix Radio Won The Amplify Silver Award for Best Contribution to The Region for Phoenix Radio Unplugged.

Best Fundraising Initiative Amplify Awards 2022 - Won (Bronze)

Best Station Sound SRAs 2022 - Nominated

Best Journalistic Programming SRAs 2022 - Nominated

Student Radio Moment of the Year Amplify Awards 2023 - Nominated

Outstanding Contribution Amplify Awards 2023 - Nominated

Best Contribution to The Region Amplify Awards 2023 - Won (Silver)

Most Improved Station Amplify Awards 2023 - Nominated (Shortlisted)

Best Station Culture Amplify Awards 2023 - Nominated

## InfoBox

Source Radio
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Coventry University |
| Programming | |
| Format | CHR |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | 2000–2019 |
| Former call signs | Phoenix Radio, Source FM |
| Links | |
| Webcast | http://mixlr.com/source-radio/ |


title: 2021 Upper Austria Ladies Linz

abstract: The 2021 Upper Austria Ladies Linz was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 31st edition of the Linz Open, and was part of the WTA 250 series of the 2021 WTA Tour. It was held at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria, from 6 to 12 November 2021.

text:
# 2021 Upper Austria Ladies Linz

The **2021 Upper Austria Ladies Linz** was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 31st edition of the Linz Open, and was part of the WTA 250 series of the 2021 WTA Tour. It was held at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria, from 6 to 12 November 2021.

## Champions

### Singles

This was Riske's third WTA Tour title, and first of the year.

### Doubles

## Points and prize money

### Point distribution

| **Event** | **W** | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Q | Q2 | Q1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singles | 280 | 180 | 110 | 60 | 30 | 1 | 18 | 12 | 1 |
| | | | | Doubles | 1 |  |  |  |  |

### Prize money

| **Event** | **W** | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 321 | Q2 | Q1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Singles** | $43,000 | $21,400 | $11,500 | $6,175 | $3,400 | $2,100 | $1,020 | $600 |
| **Doubles *** | $12,300 | $6,400 | $3,435 | $1,820 | $960 |  |  |  |

1 Qualifiers prize money is also the Round of 32 prize money
* per team

## Singles entrants

### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank1 | Seed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GBR | Emma Raducanu | 21 | 1 |
| ROU | Simona Halep | 22 | 2 |
| USA | Danielle Collins | 30 | 3 |
| RUS | Veronika Kudermetova | 31 | 4 |
| RUS | Ekaterina Alexandrova | 32 | 5 |
| ~~ROU~~ | ~~Sorana Cîrstea~~ | ~~38~~ | ~~6~~ |
| ITA | Jasmine Paolini | 51 | 7 |
| USA | Alison Riske | 52 | 8 |

* Rankings as of November 1, 2021

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:

The following player received entry using a protected ranking:

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:

The following player received entry as lucky loser:

### Withdrawals

Before the tournament

## Doubles entrants

### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank1 | Seed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GER | Julia Lohoff | CZE | Renata Voráčová | 154 | 1 |
| GEO | Oksana Kalashnikova | JPN | Miyu Kato | 161 | 2 |
| RUS | Natela Dzalamidze | RUS | Kamilla Rakhimova | 171 | 3 |
| POL | Alicja Rosolska | NZL | Erin Routliffe | 175 | 4 |

* 1 Rankings as of November 1, 2021

### Other entrants

The following pair received a wildcard into the doubles main draw:

The following pairs received entry using protected rankings:

## InfoBox

| 2021 Upper Austria Ladies Linz | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 6–12 November |
| Edition | 31st |
| Category | WTA 250 |
| Draw | 28S / 16D |
| Prize money | $235,238 |
| Surface | Hard (Indoor) \- (DecoTurf on Wood) |
| Location | Linz, Austria |
| Venue | TipsArena Linz |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Alison Riske | |
| Doubles | |
| Natela Dzalamidze /  Kamilla Rakhimova | |
|  | |


title: Risum Round Barn

abstract: The Risum Round Barn near Orfordville, Wisconsin, United States, is a round barn that was built during 1890–1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1979. The barn was designed to hold 30 cows and six horses at ground level, with the upper part a haymow. A wooden silo stands in the center of the structure. Windows under the eaves admit light and could allow air to flow in, over the hay and out the cupola. Among round barns in Wisconsin, it is significant for its early date of construction. It is a 60-foot (18 m) diameter barn that was built for Carl Risum (1847–1899), an immigrant from Norway, built by a "carpenter named John Gansert or Gansell, according to oral tradition, but there is no record of the exact date or cost." Lumber to build the barn was brought from the railroad depot at Brodhead, Wisconsin, six miles away.

text:
# Risum Round Barn

The **Risum Round Barn** near Orfordville, Wisconsin, United States, is a round barn that was built during 1890–1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1979.

The barn was designed to hold 30 cows and six horses at ground level, with the upper part a haymow. A wooden silo stands in the center of the structure. Windows under the eaves admit light and could allow air to flow in, over the hay and out the cupola.

Among round barns in Wisconsin, it is significant for its early date of construction. It is a 60-foot (18 m) diameter barn that was built for Carl Risum (1847–1899), an immigrant from Norway, built by a "carpenter named John Gansert or Gansell, according to oral tradition, but there is no record of the exact date or cost." Lumber to build the barn was brought from the railroad depot at Brodhead, Wisconsin, six miles away.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Risum Round Barn | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Orfordville, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 42°35′55″N 89°17′35″W / 42.59861°N 89.29306°W / 42.59861; -89.29306 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1890-1892 |
| MPS | Centric Barns in Rock County TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000112 |
| Added to NRHP | June 4, 1979 |


title: 1924 New Hampshire football team

abstract: The 1924 New Hampshire football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the New England Conference during the 1924 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach William "Butch" Cowell, the team compiled a 7–2 record, and outscored opponents by a total of 213 to 49. The team played its home games in Durham, New Hampshire, at Memorial Field.

text:
# 1924 New Hampshire football team

1924 New England Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Connecticut $ | 4 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 0 |  | 2 |
| New Hampshire | 2 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Maine | 1 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Massachusetts | 0 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Rhode Island State | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1924 New Hampshire football team** was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the New England Conference during the 1924 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach William "Butch" Cowell, the team compiled a 7–2 record, and outscored opponents by a total of 213 to 49. The team played its home games in Durham, New Hampshire, at Memorial Field.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 27 | Colby* |  | W 27–0 |  |  |
| October 4 | Norwich* | * Memorial Field * Durham, NH | W 46–10 |  |  |
| October 11 | at Rhode Island State | Kingston, RI | W 17–6 |  |  |
| October 18 | at Connecticut |  | L 3–6 |  |  |
| October 25 | vs. Tufts* |  | W 20–0 | 10,000 |  |
| November 1 | at Lowell Textile* | Lowell, MA | W 37–6 |  |  |
| November 8 | Maine |  | W 33–0 | 4,000+ |  |
| November 15 | Bates* | * Memorial Field * Durham, NH | W 30–0 |  |  |
| November 22 | at Brown* |  | L 0–21 |  |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Source: | | | | | | | |

Cy Wentworth, team captain for a second consecutive season, was an inaugural member of the UNH Wildcats Hall of Fame in 1982.

1. *The Granite*. Durham, New Hampshire: University of New Hampshire. 1926. pp. 211–216. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020  via library.unh.edu.
2. "Wild E. and Gnarlz". *unhwildcats.com*. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
3. "Memorial Field Then". *unh.edu*. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
4. "New Hampshire Leader Scores Four Touchdown". *Hartford Courant*. Hartford, Connecticut. October 5, 1924. p. 38. Retrieved February 14, 2020  via newspapers.com.
5. "Aggies Win From New Hampshire by Brilliant Last Period Offensive, 6 to 3". *Hartford Courant*. Hartford, Connecticut. October 19, 1924. p. 37. Retrieved February 14, 2020  via newspapers.com.
6. "Aggies Defeat New Hampshire". *Hartford Courant*. Hartford, Connecticut. October 19, 1924. p. 39. Retrieved February 14, 2020  via newspapers.com.
7. "Tufts Easy For New Hampshire". *The Boston Globe*. October 26, 1924. p. 22. Retrieved February 13, 2020  via newspapers.com.
8. "Tufts Elephant 'Butchered' at Manchester Before 10,000 Fans". *The New Hampshire*. Vol. 15, no. 6. October 31, 1924. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020  via library.unh.edu.
9. "Lowell Textile Crumbles Before New Hampshire Advance, 37-6". *The New Hampshire*. Vol. 15, no. 7. November 7, 1924. pp. 1, 3. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020  via library.unh.edu.
10. "Maine Eleven Whitewashed 33-0 Before Large Homecoming Crowd". *The New Hampshire*. Vol. 15, no. 8. November 14, 1924. pp. 1–2, 4. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020  via library.unh.edu.
11. "New Hampshire Eleven Outplays Bates 30-0 in Last Home Game". *The New Hampshire*. Vol. 15, no. 9. November 21, 1924. pp. 1–2, 4. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020  via library.unh.edu.
12. "New Hampshire Bows to Brown". *The Boston Globe*. November 23, 1924. p. 24. Retrieved February 13, 2020  via newspapers.com.
13. "New Hampshire Game by Game Results". *College Football Data Warehouse*. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
14. "Hall of Fame". *unhwildcats.com*. Retrieved February 14, 2020.

## InfoBox

| 1924 New Hampshire football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | New England Conference |
| Record | 7–2 (2–1 New England) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Cy Wentworth |
| Home stadium | Memorial Field |
|


title: Champseru

abstract: Champseru is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

text:
# Champseru

**Champseru** (French pronunciation: \[ʃɑ̃s(ə)ʁy\]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 150 |  |
| 1968 | 162 | +8.0% |
| 1975 | 167 | +3.1% |
| 1982 | 241 | +44.3% |
| 1990 | 260 | +7.9% |
| 1999 | 302 | +16.2% |
| 2008 | 301 | −0.3% |

## InfoBox

| Champseru | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Champseru | |
| Location of Champseru | |
| ChampseruChampseru | |
| Coordinates: 48°29′35″N 1°39′27″E / 48.4931°N 1.6575°E / 48.4931; 1.6575 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Chartres |
| Canton | Auneau |
| Intercommunality | CA Chartres Métropole |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Corinne Brillot |
| Area**1** | 14.99 km2 (5.79 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 346 |
| Density | 23/km2 (60/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 28073 /28700 |
| Elevation | 134–157 m (440–515 ft)
(avg. 150 m or 490 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: John Wark, Lord Wark

abstract: John Lean Wark, Lord Wark LLD (1877–1943) was a Scottish lawyer who served as a Senator of the College of Justice.

text:
# John Wark, Lord Wark

**John Lean Wark, Lord Wark** LLD (18771943) was a Scottish lawyer who served as a Senator of the College of Justice.

## Life

He was born in 1877. He is thought to be the son of John Wark, a Glasgow lawyer living in Pollokshields.

In 1908, as his main claim to fame, he preceded over the final trial at Inverary Courthouse.

In 1910 he is listed as an advocate living in a flat at 12 Nelson Street, Edinburgh.

In February 1933 he was elected a Senator of the College of Justice under the title of **Lord Wark**.

He succeeded Christopher Johnston, Lord Sands as Convenor of the Restoration Committee of Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh.

He was cremated at Warriston Crematorium on 21 December 1943 following a services at Greyfriars Kirk led by Rev D W P Strang and Very Rev James Black.

## Family

He was outlived by his wife Lady Wark (née Mary Wright), who died in 1976.

Their sons were John G L Wark WS, Captain Thomas Wark and Alan Wark RN.


title: Charles Peak

abstract: Charles Peak is a bare rock peak, 990 metres (3,250 ft) high, surmounting the southeast end of the Collier Hills in the Heritage Range. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Charles E. Williams, meteorologist at Little America V Station in 1958.

text:
# Charles Peak

**Charles Peak** (79°44′S 83°11′W / 79.733°S 83.183°W / -79.733; -83.183) is a bare rock peak, 990 metres (3,250 ft) high, surmounting the southeast end of the Collier Hills in the Heritage Range. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Charles E. Williams, meteorologist at Little America V Station in 1958.

* This article incorporates public domain material from "Charles Peak". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Devil's Slide (Utah)

abstract: Devil's Slide is a geological formation located near the border of Wyoming in northern Utah's Weber Canyon, near the community of Croydon in Morgan County, Utah, United States. The Slide consists of two parallel limestone strata that have tilted to lie vertical, protruding 40 feet (12 m) out of the mountainside. Intervening layers have eroded more quickly, forming a channel running hundreds of feet down the mountain. The distance between the two slabs is around 25 feet. I-84 runs right past Devil's Slide, which can be clearly seen from the road. The Weber River flows between the formation and the freeway. There are parking areas on both sides of the highway for viewing the Slide.

text:
# Devil's Slide (Utah)

41°03′49″N 111°32′53″W / 41.06361°N 111.54806°W / 41.06361; -111.54806

**Devil's Slide** is a geological formation located near the border of Wyoming in northern Utah's Weber Canyon, near the community of Croydon in Morgan County, Utah, United States. The Slide consists of two parallel limestone strata that have tilted to lie vertical, protruding 40 feet (12 m) out of the mountainside. Intervening layers have eroded more quickly, forming a channel running hundreds of feet down the mountain. The distance between the two slabs is around 25 feet (7.6 m).

I-84 runs right past Devil's Slide, which can be clearly seen from the road. The Weber River flows between the formation and the freeway. There are parking areas on both sides of the highway for viewing the Slide.

## Background

Devil's Slide was originally discovered by Utah settlers in the 1840s in upper Weber Canyon. Early settlers, including a well known railman by the name of John Walker, called the site "Gutter Defile" on their maps. The settlers were working with the Transcontinental Railroad to establish tracks through the Weber Canyon, Utah area.

There are four other geological formations in the United States called "Devil's Slide," including California and Montana, just north of Yellowstone in addition to the one in Utah. Utah Geologists believe the Slide's strata were deposited 170 to 180 million years ago by a shallow sea that covered the area. The layers were then tilted during a mountain-forming event around 75 million years ago. Center layers of a different composition have eroded away over millions of years. The first mentioning of Devil's Slide by its current name was in 1875.

The Salt Lake Tribune printed a story on the workcamp turned small town near the Slide on June 28, 1888, authored by Allan Forman. The town had sprung up due to the abundant limestone available in the area. The Native American tour guide the newspaper had hired called the formation, "Devil's War Club." The mining town was originally called Portland, but would be renamed Devil's Slide in honor of the proximity to the Slide nearby. Before the Great Depression, Devil's Slide had 500 residents, but would slowly close down until only a school and small group of families remained. The town would eventually be closed after the mining company shut down operations. A large gravel pit is the only evidence the town existed that remains to this day.

## Legends of the Slide

Local legend about the Slide states that when God threw Lucifer out of heaven after he betrayed him, before the start of mankind, he slid down the mountainside to hell along the route of Devil's Slide.

Another legend states that Father Pietro del Torra, a Christian Missionary traveling through the canyon encountered the Devil, disguised as a Spaniard. The Devil tempted the Father with food, spirits, wealth, and other fine material things. When the Priest resisted, the Devil threatened to kill him. The Father held up a crucifix and prayed, which weakened the Devil, causing him to fall down the side of the mountain, thus forming Devil's Slide, the Devil's Club, or the Devil's Gate, another term by which the Slide was previously known.


title: Down with the Scene

abstract: Down with the Scene is the second studio album by American electronic music artist Kid606. It was released on compact disc on June 20, 2000, as his first full-length album for Ipecac Recordings.

text:
# Down with the Scene

***Down with the Scene*** is the second studio album by American electronic music artist Kid606. It was released on compact disc on June 20, 2000, as his first full-length album for Ipecac Recordings.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Muzik* | 4/5 |
| *NME* | 8/10 |
|  |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *Spin* | 7/10 |

From contemporary reviews, John Bush of AllMusic noted that Kid606 "injects a much-needed sense of humor into the experimental/hardcore scene" which "may not be enough to warrant any more than two or three listens, but there's at least a 50–50 balance between senseless distortion and well-programmed tracks with a semblance of a groove."

In *The New Rolling Stone Album Guide*, critic Jon Caramanica referred to *Down with the Scene* as being "as ironic an electronic album as there is." *Pitchfork* placed the album at number 49 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time", with Ned Raggett opining that Kid606 "helped upend IDM’s stereotype of bloodless astringency" and that the album was "a kaleidoscopic effort and a half. There's smooth swagger on “GQ on the EQ” and gentle sweetness with “For When Yr Just Happy to Be Alive” slamming up against frenetic compositions like “Punkshit” and “Two Fingers in the Air Anarchy Style.”"

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Miguel Depedro, except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chart Topping Radio Hit" |  | 0:18 |
| 2. | "Luke Vibert Can Kiss My Indie-Punk Whiteboy Ass" |  | 2:25 |
| 3. | "Buffalo606 – The Morning After" |  | 3:17 |
| 4. | "Kidrush" |  | 3:51 |
| 5. | "GQ on the EQ" |  | 6:04 |
| 6. | "Punkshit" |  | 0:13 |
| 7. | "Secrets 4 Sale" |  | 3:45 |
| 8. | "Juvenile Hall Rollcall" |  | 2:28 |
| 9. | "Ruin It, Ruin Them, Ruin Yrself Than Ruin Me" |  | 5:25 |
| 10. | "Two Fingers in the Air Anarchy Style" |  | 1:45 |
| 11. | "For When Yr Just Happy to Be Alive" |  | 3:42 |
| 12. | "It'll Take Millions in Plastic Surgery to Make Me Black" |  | 0:44 |
| 13. | "Dame Nature" |  | 5:34 |
| 14. | "Hardcore" |  | 0:23 |
| 15. | "My Kitten" |  | 5:44 |
| 16. | "In Love with All You Are and Forever Maybe as If My Soul Depended on It to Survive" |  | 2:17 |
| 17. | "Catstep/My Kitten/Catnap Vatstep DSP" |  | 6:00 |

## Personnel

* Cex – sampling
* Steve Ferrari – sampling
* George Horn – mastering
* Hrvåtski – remixing
* Seldon Hunt – cover art
* Kid606 – production
* Mike Patton – vocals on "Secrets 4 Sale"
* Kevin Martin – saxophone
* WWJD Orchestra – sounds

### Footnotes

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Down with the Scene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kid606 | |
| Released | June 20, 2000 (2000-06-20) |
| Recorded | 19982000 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 53:55 |
| Label | Ipecac |
| Producer | Kid606 |
| Kid606 chronology | |
| *Don't Sweat the Technics*
(1998) ***Down with the Scene***
(2000) *PS I Love You*
(2000) | |


title: Carlos Correa (footballer)

abstract: Carlos Correa was a Uruguayan footballer. He played in nine matches for the Uruguay national football team in 1957. He was also part of Uruguay's squad for the 1957 South American Championship.

text:
# Carlos Correa (footballer)

**Carlos Correa** (30 April 1936  24 May 2013) was a Uruguayan footballer. He played in nine matches for the Uruguay national football team in 1957. He was also part of Uruguay's squad for the 1957 South American Championship.

## InfoBox

Carlos Correa
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1936-04-30)30 April 1936 | | |
| Date of death | 24 May 2013(2013-05-24) (aged 77) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1957 | Uruguay | 9 | (1) |


title: Christchurch Adventist School

abstract: Christchurch Adventist School (CAS) is a co-educational composite school in Papanui suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The school is ethnically diverse, with 39% of students New Zealand European, 7% Māori, 10% Samoan, 8% Other Pacific, 7% Asian, 15% European and 14% other.

text:
# Christchurch Adventist School

**Christchurch Adventist School** (CAS) is a co-educational composite school (years 1–13) in Papanui suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

The school is ethnically diverse, with 39% of students New Zealand European, 7% Māori, 10% Samoan, 8% Other Pacific, 7% Asian, 15% European and 14% other (including Latin American and African).

## History

The school was first established in 1925. Earlier attempts by church members to establish a Christian school in Christchurch began in 1903, which lasted only a short time before closing in 1904. Another attempt was begun in 1914, when a kindergarten building (which still stands, at 5 Grove Street, Addington) was purchased, and the school opened by Pr. A. G. Daniells, on 20 June 1914. This school closed in 1920 and the land sold, with proceeds placed in a school fund for future use. The site of the current school (in Papanui) was purchased in 1924 for £500, and the school opened on 27 April 1924, with Miss Maude Smart as the teacher, and a roll of 22. The school has been continuously operating on the site since then.

A secondary curriculum was offered from around 1932, with a new block (costing £660) of 3 classrooms being built. A uniform was adopted for the 1933 year, using the former Australasian Union Conference colours of blue and green.

A new woodwork room and toilet block were built in the 1950s by Mr S. Presnall and others from the Papanui Church. The secondary department building was built in 1985, and more recently (2006) the computer lab and staff room were re-developed and enlarged. New courts (2004) and a freshly laid field (2006) have given the school improved outdoor facilities.

## Student life

From 2003 the school's Year 12 students have participated in service trips, to poorer schools in the Pacific. The students raise all the money needed from many fund-raising ventures, including running the school tuck-shop, selling chocolate, lamingtons & pizzas, washing cars, hosting service auctions and more. The students then fix, clean and paint classrooms and other buildings (dining rooms, kitchens, libraries). Destinations have been Vanuatu (twice), Samoa, Rarotonga, and Fiji.

## Academics

In 2007, Years 11 to 13 students achieved significantly better results in national qualifications than in the two previous years. Over 70% of students gained Level 1 in the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) compared to 63% in equivalent schools. Students also gained a similar percentage of merit endorsements to these schools.

In 2007, Year 11 students achieved better than in previous years in key areas. For example, 82% achieved the NCEA Level 1 literacy requirement, compared with 79% in equivalent schools, and 86% achieved the numeracy requirement, compared with 88% in equivalent schools.

Students who studied for Levels 2 and 3 NCEA achieved very well, with all students gaining appropriate qualifications. However, the small numbers of students make comparisons with equivalent schools statistically unreliable. All five Year 12 students had their certificates endorsed with merit. There were no excellence endorsements at Levels 2 or 3. Achievement of University Entrance has been variable over recent years.

Māori students achieve slightly better in NCEA than those in equivalent schools (5% above). Pacific students achieve well in individual subject areas.

**NCEA Qualifications achieved at Christchurch Adventist School during 2009**
| Qualification | Year 11 | Year 12 | Year 13 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number of Students on 1 July roll | 14 | 21 | 15 | 88 |
| **National Certificate of Educational Achievement** |  |  |  |  |
| NCEA Level 1 | 16 | 2 |  | 18 |
| Achieved with Merit | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| Achieved with Excellence |  | 2 |  | 2 |
| No Endorsements | 11 | 11 | 13 | 35 |
| NCEA Level 2 |  | 18 | 15 | 33 |
| Achieved with Merit |  | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| No Endorsements |  | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| NCEA Level 3 |  |  | 13 | 13 |
| Achieved with Merit |  |  | 1 | 1 |
| No Endorsements |  |  | 12 | 12 |

## InfoBox

| Christchurch Adventist School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 15 Grants Road, Papanui, Christchurch | |
| Coordinates | 43°29′55″S 172°36′42″E / 43.498721°S 172.611599°E / -43.498721; 172.611599 |
| Information | |
| Type | State-integrated |
| Motto | Educating for Eternity |
| Established | 1925 |
| Ministry of Education Institution no. | 317 |
| Principal | Evan Ellis |
| Years | 13 |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| School roll | 274 (August 2024) |
| Socio-economic decile | 5M |
| Website | www.cas.school.nz |


title: Shel Kaphan

abstract: Shel Kaphan is an American computer programmer who was the first employee of technology company Amazon. Working there from 1994 to 1999, he co-wrote the first Amazon website, wrote the product review system, and contributed to 1-Click. Amazon founder Jeff Bezos described Kaphan as "the most important person ever in the history of Amazon.com," and Brad Stone wrote in his book about Amazon, The Everything Store, that "Kaphan was an introverted hacker with an idealistic streak and little intuitive leadership ability."

text:
# Shel Kaphan

**Shel Kaphan** is an American computer programmer who was the first employee of technology company Amazon. Working there from 1994 to 1999, he co-wrote the first Amazon website, wrote the product review system, and contributed to 1-Click. Amazon founder Jeff Bezos described Kaphan as "the most important person ever in the history of Amazon.com," and Brad Stone wrote in his book about Amazon, *The Everything Store*, that "Kaphan was an introverted hacker with an idealistic streak and little intuitive leadership ability."

## Personal life

Kaphan grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area. As a teenager he was interested in computers and would use the ARPANET. He met the writer Stewart Brand as a teenager and started working for his *Whole Earth Catalog*, a counterculture publication. There he worked in the lending library and education service Whole Earth Truck Store in Menlo Park. As of 2011 he lives with his long-term girlfriend, and acts as an advisor to the Grameen tech center in Seattle.

## Career

In 1975, Kaphan began his career as a progammer at Information International, Inc., where he worked until he decided to finish his education at UC Santa Cruz in 1978. After graduating with a bachelor's degree in mathematics, he worked at several companies in the Bay Area, including Xerox and Kaleida Labs. In Spring 1994, he resigned from Kaleida Labs and began talking with a friend about starting a business venture together. Through his friend's professional connections, Kaphan met Jeff Bezos, who was preparing to create Amazon.

After meeting with Bezos, Kaphan was interested in working with him because they shared an interest in creating new web technologies. In a 2011 interview, Kaphan said that Bezos made a good first impression and came across as a "really intelligent and focused person \[...\] who was going to be able to make whatever he got involved with into a success." He also stated that he liked the idea of using an online book store to provide information to remote locations which otherwise might have difficulty obtaining information. He was initially skeptical about Amazon's ability to succeed and reluctant to leave his long-time residence of Santa Cruz, but Bezos convinced him to move to Seattle and hired him as Vice President of Research and Development. He wrote the company's first website with another employee, wrote the website's product review system, and helped create 1-Click. In 1997 he became Chief Technology Officer, which did not act as a promotion as he had no direct responsibilities and acted as an advisor. According to Kaphan, Bezos asked him if he wanted the job, to which he said he did not, and Bezos gave him the job without choice. Kaphan described Bezos moving him away from hands on work as "a betrayal of a sacred trust" and "one of the biggest disappointments of my entire life". After his stock payments ended in 1999, he stopped coming to the office and resigned later that year.

In 2005, Kaphan founded the Kaphan Foundation, a non-profit organization which primarily funds grants for left-of-center leaning causes, and serves as its president.

## Views of Amazon

Towards the end of Kaphan's time at Amazon, his opinion of the company grew more negative and his relationship with Bezos deteriorated, having gone from initially living with Bezos and his wife for a short time upon first moving to Seattle, to feeling a "bitter resentment" about his years at Amazon. As a celebration of Kaphan's four-year anniversary with the company, Bezos surprised him by planning a weekend vacation in Hawaii for him and his family. He felt uncomfortable that weekend, "like the guy getting the gold watch who has not retired yet." According to Kaphan, Bezos seemed largely indifferent when he officially tendered his resignation. Bezos said he was sorry Kaphan felt the need to quit, but otherwise made no attempt to convince him to stay. Since then, he and Bezos do not speak and are not on good terms with each other.

After leaving Amazon, Kaphan mostly stayed out of the public eye, only occasionally agreeing to be interviewed, and preferred not to talk much about his career at Amazon or his opinions of Bezos and the company as a whole. However, he changed his mind in 2019 upon reading Roger McNamee's exposé *Zucked*, and decided he had a responsibility to speak up and publicly air his grievances. In February 2020, Kaphan was interviewed as part of an episode of the PBS program *Frontline*, in which he stated, "I am proud of what \[Amazon\] became, but it also scares me." He characterized the company as both a monopoly and a monopsony — in his words, "If you want to buy something, you go to Amazon because that's where all the products are; if you want to sell something, you go to Amazon because that's where all the customers are" — and stated he believes it is taking advantage of the system and has no plans to stop. When asked about proposals for federal intervention to break up Amazon, he replied that they "could potentially make sense" and compared Amazon to Standard Oil and Bell Telephone Company in terms of scale. Relating to these concerns, he suggested that individuals might be deterred from starting up a business due to a "justifiable fear that they might not be able to hold onto their businesses" because they cannot compete with Amazon's size and scale. He also expressed concerns that Amazon is not interested in adding necessary oversight to its services, specifically criticizing their Ring doorbell cameras for sharing video with police.

## InfoBox

| Shel Kaphan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1952 or 1953 (age 71–72) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of California, Santa Cruz (BS) |
| Occupation | Computer programmer |
| Employer | Amazon (1994–1999) |
| Organization | Kaphan Foundation |


title: Beryl Randle

abstract: Beryl Randle was a British race walker and an athletics administrator. She raced for Birchfield Harriers. Randle took up competitive walking in 1946, after coming last in a 100-metre sprint, and was coached by Doris Nelson Neal. To train, she would walk from her home in Walsall to her workplace in Digbeth, Birmingham, and back - 18 miles (29 km) each day. On 29 May 1954, she broke the world record for the one-mile walk, with a time of 7 minutes 49 seconds. On 19 June 1954, she shaved over ten seconds from her own record, at the White City Stadium, with a time of 7 minutes 38.4 seconds. In doing so, she became the Women's Amateur Athletic Association Champion. She was honoured for this achievement with a brooch depicting the stag logo of Birchfield Harriers in solid gold, commissioned by G.H. Alexander, then president of the club. She later said: I remember finishing the walk with a last gasp supreme effort. I had no idea I was going to break the world record because Nelson our coach was the sort of person who would not give away any times in training which meant that I had no idea what sort of shape that I was in that day... I just went for it from the start. Randle was a six-time Midland mile track champion, four-time British mile track champion, and three-time Midland road-walking champion. After winning £1,000 for coming in second in a 1960 John O'Groats–Land's End walk sponsored by Billy Butlin – she lost the lead to Wendy Lewis after twisting her ankle – she had to relinquish her amateur status, though it was later restored, and she resumed competing. During the 1980s, she coached Birchfield Harriers' girls' teams. At the age of 71, she broke the over-70s age group world record for the 3000-metres walk. Randle was Honorary General Secretary of the Race Walking Association from 1988 to 1991, and its president from 1996 to 1998. She was subsequently made an Honorary Life Member, and was given their lifetime achievement award in 2014. In 2009, she was elected President of the Midland Counties Athletics Association. Randle died on 28 November 2023, at the age of 94.

text:
# Beryl Randle

**Beryl Randle** (16 December 1928 – 28 November 2023) was a British race walker and an athletics administrator. She raced for Birchfield Harriers.

Randle took up competitive walking in 1946, after coming last in a 100-metre sprint, and was coached by Doris Nelson Neal. To train, she would walk from her home in Walsall to her workplace in Digbeth, Birmingham, and back - 18 miles (29 km) each day.

On 29 May 1954, she broke the world record for the one-mile walk, with a time of 7 minutes 49 seconds. On 19 June 1954, she shaved over ten seconds from her own record, at the White City Stadium, with a time of 7 minutes 38.4 seconds. In doing so, she became the Women's Amateur Athletic Association Champion. She was honoured for this achievement with a brooch depicting the stag logo of Birchfield Harriers in solid gold, commissioned by G.H. Alexander, then president of the club. She later said:

> I remember finishing the walk with a last gasp supreme effort. I had no idea I was going to break the world record because Nelson our coach was the sort of person who would not give away any times in training which meant that I had no idea what sort of shape that I was in that day... I just went for it from the start.

Randle was a six-time Midland mile track champion, four-time British mile track champion, and three-time Midland road-walking champion.

After winning £1,000 for coming in second in a 1960 John O'GroatsLand's End walk sponsored by Billy Butlin – she lost the lead to Wendy Lewis after twisting her ankle – she had to relinquish her amateur status, though it was later restored, and she resumed competing. During the 1980s, she coached Birchfield Harriers' girls' teams.

At the age of 71, she broke the over-70s age group world record for the 3000-metres walk.

Randle was Honorary General Secretary of the Race Walking Association from 1988 to 1991, and its president from 1996 to 1998. She was subsequently made an Honorary Life Member, and was given their lifetime achievement award in 2014.

In 2009, she was elected President of the Midland Counties Athletics Association.

Randle died on 28 November 2023, at the age of 94.

## InfoBox

| Beryl Randle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1928-12-16)16 December 1928 |
| Died | 28 November 2023(2023-11-28) (aged 94) |
| Nationality | English |
| Organizations |  |
| Known for | * Race walking * athletics administration |


title: Chandrapura Thermal Power Station

abstract: Chandrapura Thermal Power Station is a thermal power plant located in Chandrapura Town in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The power plant is operated by the Damodar Valley Corporation Central Government Owned with jharkhand Government And West Bengal Government. It has two units with a total installed capacity of 500 MW(2×250 MW); both burn pulverised coal.

text:
# Chandrapura Thermal Power Station

**Chandrapura Thermal Power Station** is a thermal power plant located in Chandrapura Town in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The power plant is operated by the Damodar Valley Corporation Central Government Owned with jharkhand Government And West Bengal Government. It has two units with a total installed capacity of 500 MW(2×250 MW); both burn pulverised coal.

## Capacity

Chandrapura Thermal Power Station has an installed capacity of 500 **MW**. The plant has 2 units under operation. The individual units has the generating capacity as follows:

| Unit No. | Generating Capacity | Commissioned on |
| --- | --- | --- |
| U#1 | 130 MW | October 1964; retired on 13 Jan 2017 |
| U#2 | 130 MW | May 1965; retired on 30 Jul 2017 |
| U#3 | 130 MW | July 1968 retired |
| U#7 | 250 MW | November 2011 |
| U#8 | 250 MW | July 2011 |
|

## InfoBox

| Chandrapura | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the Chandrapura Thermal Power Station in Jharkhand | |
| Country | India |
| Location | Chandrapura, Jharkhand |
| Coordinates | 23°44′23.8″N 86°06′46.3″E / 23.739944°N 86.112861°E / 23.739944; 86.112861 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | Unit 1: October 1964
Unit 2: May 1965
Unit 3: July 1968
Unit 4: November 2011
Unit 5: July 2011
Unit 7&8 |
| Decommission date | Unit 1: 13 January 2017 Unit 2 : 30 July 2017
Unit 3,4,5,6 |
| Operators | Damodar Valley Corporation |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Bituminous coal |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 2 X 250 MW U#7&8 |
| Nameplate capacity | 500 MW |
| External links | |
| Website | www.dvc.gov.in/Chandrapura.htm |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


abstract: John Sebastian Bach Stopford, Baron Stopford of Fallowfield KBE FRCS FRCP FRS was a British peer, a physician and anatomist, and a vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester. Lord Stopford was described as "one of the greatest anatomists of this century".

text:
# John Stopford, Baron Stopford of Fallowfield

**John Sebastian Bach Stopford, Baron Stopford of Fallowfield** KBE FRCS FRCP FRS (25 June 1888  6 March 1961) was a British peer, a physician and anatomist, and a vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester. Lord Stopford was described as "one of the greatest anatomists of this century".

## Early life and education

Stopford was born in Hindley Green near Wigan, UK. The entry in the registry of births for Wigan, page 92 of volume 8c, 1888, records his birth name as John Sebastian B. Stopford, the son of Thomas Rinch Stopford, a colliery engineer, and his wife Mary (Tyrer) Stopford. He was educated at Liverpool College and Manchester Grammar School. He entered to Manchester University in 1906 to read medicine. He graduated with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine (MB) and Bachelor of Surgery (ChB) in 1911 with honours.

## Early career

Having graduated, Stopford went to Rochdale Infirmary as a house surgeon, and then to Manchester Royal Infirmary as an assistant medical officer. In 1912, he returned to Manchester University as a Junior Demonstrator in Anatomy, working under Prof. Grafton Elliot Smith. He was later promoted to Senior Demonstrator, and received a lectureship in 1915. He also received the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD) in 1915 with a Gold Medal for a thesis on the supply of blood to the brain.

From 1915 to 1918 during the First World War, he served as a neurologist alongside his lectureship in the military orthopaedic centres. This was firstly to the Second Western General Hospital and secondly to the Grangethorpe Hospital. He began researching sensation in the peripheral nerves during this time, on a budget from the Ministry of Pensions that obtained for ten years.

## Career progression

At just 31 years of age, Stopford was promoted to be professor of anatomy at the University of Manchester in 1919 as Prof. Grafton Elliot Smith had moved to University College Hospital in London. During his tenure as professor, he was dean of the medical school twice: between 1923 and 1927, and again between 1931 and 1933. He was also pro vice-chancellor at the university between 1928 and 1930.

Stopford was appointed temporary vice-chancellor for six months in 1934 following the departure of Sir Walter Moberly. He made such a success of his time in the post that his appointment was made permanent, and he held it for a total of twenty-two years. He continued as professor of anatomy alongside his vice-chancellorship until 1938, when he was appointed to a personal chair in environmental neurology. In 1947 he was appointed the first chairman of the Manchester Regional Hospital Board, which he served until 1953. He retired in 1956 and was made an emeritus professor.

## Personal life

Stopford met Lily Allan while they were both undergraduates at Manchester University. The couple were married in 1916 and they had one son, Thomas Stopford, who died in Rhos on Sea.

## House of Lords

In 1958 he was nominated under the terms of Life Peerage Act by the Prime Minister to a receive letters patent, which duly arrived by 8 August. He was created Lord Stopford of Fallowfield and introduced on 10 March 1959 to the House of Lords to sit as a Crossbench peer. However during early retirement he had fallen ill. Lord Stopford never made a speech in the House, dying on 6 March 1961.

## Other appointments

Stopford held a number of professional appointments during his lifetime, particularly in the field of healthcare within which he had particular experience. A selection of these appointments are below:

## Honours

Stopford was made a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1927; the first medical graduate from Manchester University to receive such an accolade. He was also made Honorary Advisory Anatomist at Manchester Royal Infirmary.

## The Stopford Building, University of Manchester

The Medical School (1972) was given the name of the Stopford Building in memory of Lord Stopford. It is on Oxford Road, on the corner of Ackers Street, and occupies a very large site. The former Medical Faculty Library housed within the building is now known as the Stopford Library: it is an outlying library of the John Rylands University Library.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord Stopford of FallowfieldKBE FRCS FRCP FRS | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Sebastian Bach Stopford
(1888-06-25)25 June 1888
Hindley Green, Wigan, England |
| Died | 6 March 1961(1961-03-06) (aged 72)
Westmorland, England |
| Occupation | Anatomist |
|  | |


title: Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet was an English judge, landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660.

text:
# Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet

**Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet** (17 September 1602 – 14 October 1678) was an English judge, landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660.

## Family

Richard Newdigate was a younger son of Sir John Newdigate (5 March 1571 – 28 March 1610) of Arbury Hall, Chilvers Coton, Warwickshire, and his wife, Anne Fitton, the elder daughter of Sir Edward Fitton, baronet, of Gawsworth, Cheshire, by Alice Holcroft (d.1627). He was the grandson of John Newdigate (1541 – 22 February 1592), esquire, of Harefield, Middlesex, and Martha Cave (24 February 1546 – 22 November 1575), the daughter and co-heir of Anthony Cave.

## Career

Matriculating at Trinity College, Oxford, on 6 November 1618, he left the university without a degree, and entered in 1620 Gray's Inn, where he was called to the bar in 1628, elected an ancient in 1645, and a bencher in 1649. He was High Steward of the Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield from 1646 until his death.

Newdigate was counsel with William Prynne and John Bradshaw on behalf of the state in the proceedings taken against Connor Maguire, 2nd Baron of Enniskillen, and other Irish rebels in 1644–5. He was also one of the counsel for the eleven members impeached by Thomas Fairfax in June 1647.

On 9 February 1653–54, he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, and on 31 May following was made a justice of the upper bench, in which capacity he was placed on the special commission for the trial of the Yorkshire insurgents on 5 April 1655. He declined to serve, on the ground that levying war against the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell was not within the statute of treason; and in consequence was removed from his place (3 May), and resumed practice at the bar. He was, however, reinstated before 26 June 1657, when he attended, as justice of the upper bench, the ceremony of the reinvestiture of the Protector in Westminster Hall.

Newdigate was continued in office during Richard Cromwell's protectorate; and after his abdication, on 17 January 1660 was advanced to be Lord Chief Justice. Anticipating his dismissal on the Restoration, he had himself to return to the Convention parliament. On 5 April 1660 he was among the "old serjeants remade" and was, briefly, in 1660, MP for Tamworth, Staffordshire.

1675 added the Warwickshire manor of Arbury to his holdings. He had succeeded in 1642, on the death of his elder brother, to that of Harefield, Middlesex, the ancient seat of his family, which had been alienated in the preceding century by his grandfather, a debtor, in a deal for Arbury with Edmund Anderson. On 24 July 1677, a baronetcy was conferred on him by Charles II without payment of the ordinary fees.

Newdigate died at Harefield Manor on 14 October 1678, and was buried in Harefield parish church, where a monument was raised to his memory. The monument was designed and created by William Stanton.

## Family

Newdigate married, in 1631, Juliana, daughter of Sir Francis Leigh, K.B., of King's Newnham, Warwickshire, and had issue six sons and five daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet (d. 1710), whose son, Sir Richard, third baronet, was father of Sir Roger Newdigate.

## Footnotes

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Newdigate, Richard". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: The Enemy (short story)

abstract: "The Enemy" is a science fiction short story by American writer Damon Knight. It first appeared in the January 1958 issue of Venture magazine and has been reprinted twice, in the books Far Out (1961) and The Best of Damon Knight (1976).

text:
# The Enemy (short story)

"**The Enemy**" is a science fiction short story by American writer Damon Knight. It first appeared in the January 1958 issue of *Venture* magazine and has been reprinted twice, in the books *Far Out* (1961) and *The Best of Damon Knight* (1976).

## Synopsis

Fifteen-year-old Zael, who was born in space, is left alone on a planetoid to begin mining operations. She belongs to a culture that centuries ago was driven from the Earth. While charting mineral deposits, Zael discovers an alien who has been held inert, presumably for thousands of years, in a metal globe. Zael accidentally causes the globe to open and the alien emerges, upsetting her tractor. Zael realizes that the creature is hostile, and speculates that it has been in suspended animation since a war with humans in the distant past. The creature starts building what appears to be a spaceship; Zael destroys it. Both Zael and the alien realize that they will die of exposure. They begin to return to Zael's bubble house, helping each other across the fissures. Just before reaching the dome, the alien pierces Zael's space suit and leaves her to die. Her last vision is of the alien escaping from the planetoid in her escape pod.

## Background

About this story, Knight wrote

> "The Enemy" is one of two stories that I wrote when I was having some eye trouble and thought I might go blind...Just think, if I had been born blind, I might have written a lot more like this.

## InfoBox

| "The Enemy" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Damon Knight | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Science fiction |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *Venture Science Fiction* |
| Publication type | Periodical |
| Publisher | Mercury Press |
| Media type | Print (Magazine, Hardback & Paperback) |


abstract:
The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule was an exhibition held in Taihoku Prefecture in 1935, the 10th year of Hirohito's reign, to mark 40 years of the establishment of Japanese Formosa. The exhibition ran from 10 October 1935 for 50 days until 28 November, and was attended by over a million people.
The Governor-General Nakagawa Kenzō and Director of General Affairs Hiroyoshi Hirasuka presided over the exhibition.

text:
# The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule

**The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule** was an exhibition held in Taihoku Prefecture in 1935, the 10th year of Hirohito's reign, to mark 40 years of the establishment of Japanese Formosa (now Taiwan).

The exhibition ran from 10 October 1935 for 50 days until 28 November, and was attended by over a million people. The Governor-General Nakagawa Kenzō and Director of General Affairs Hiroyoshi Hirasuka presided over the exhibition.

## Exhibition sites

The organisers were unable to find a suitable single site for the exhibition, and originally selected two sites in Zhongshan District, with a third in the more remote Beitou hot springs area. But, following concerns that this was too focused in the city centre one in Daitōtei was added,

### Zhongshan Hall area, Ximending

The first area was in front of the recently completed Taipei Zhongshan Hall, Ximending, hosted the large ceremonies, showed Taiwanese agriculture, forestry, railway construction, mining, sugar and telecoms; displays from Japan, Korea and Manchuria and Japanese businesses including Mitsui & Co. and Nippon Steel Corp.. It was 4.29 hectares big.

There were displays from Formosa itself, Japan, Korea and Manchuria.

### National Taiwan Museum area

The "First Cultural Pavilion" was housed in what is now the National Taiwan Museum. It was 7.93 hectares big.

### Beitou hot springs

A site away from Taipei in the Beitou hot springs area was used to promote tourist attractions in Taiwan and plans for Datun National Park (now Yangmingshan National Park) and was housed in a "'Grass Mountain Exhibition Hall".

### Daitōtei

The first two areas were both central Taipei, which led to local gentry making a request for a third exhibition area elsewhere in Taipei, in Daitōtei (now Dadaocheng).

This area hosted the "South Pavilion" which showed products from Siam (Thailand), the Philippines province and the Fujian Province, along with information about plans for Japan's future expansion.

Entertainments intended to attract Taiwanese people to this section included the opera performer Mei Lanfang, a Mazu parade and a Peking opera group.

## Attendance

It is estimated that over a million people attended the fair, with 2,750,000 individual visits to the several exhibition halls.

## InfoBox

| The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule | |
| --- | --- |
| Sugar Industry pavilion | |
| Overview | |
| BIE-class | Unrecognized exposition |
| Name | The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule |
| Building(s) | Sugar industry pavilion |
| Visitors | over 1 million |
| Organized by | Nakagawa Kenzō and Hiroyoshi Hirasuka |
| Participant(s) | |
| Countries | 4 |
| Location | |
| Country | Japanese Taiwan |
| City | Taihoku (now Taipei) |
| Timeline | |
| Opening | 10 October 1935 |
| Closure | 28 November 1935 |


title: Serbis on the Go

abstract: Serbis on the Go is a public affairs and public service show in the Philippines hosted by Gina dela Vega-Cruz, and aired every Monday evenings on IBC 13. It aired from 2004 to 2008.

text:
# Serbis on the Go

***Serbis on the Go*** is a public affairs and public service show in the Philippines hosted by Gina dela Vega-Cruz, and aired every Monday evenings on IBC 13. It aired from 2004 to 2008.

## Hosts

* Gina dela Vega-Cruz
* Anthony Suntay (2004)

## InfoBox

| *Serbis on the Go* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Public affairs |
| Created by | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation |
| Presented by | Gina dela Vega-Cruz |
| Country of origin | Philippines |
| Original language | Filipino |
| No. of episodes | n/a |
| Production | |
| Production locations | IBC 13 Studios Broadcast City, Quezon City |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Production company | IBC News and Public Affairs |
| Original release | |
| Network | IBC 13 |
| Release | 2004 (2004) <br>2008 (2008) |


title: Sophie Wörishöffer

abstract: Sophie Wörishöffer, or Sophie Andresen was a German writer of over a dozen adventure stories for young people.

text:
# Sophie Wörishöffer

**Sophie Wörishöffer**, or **Sophie Andresen** (6 October 1838 in Pinneberg – 8 November 1890 in Altona, Hamburg) was a German writer of over a dozen adventure stories for young people.

## Reception

Though popular among their readership, and defended by modern scholars such as Karin Tuxhorn seeing Wörishöffer as apolitical, not racist - 'completely ordinary zeitgeist, it barely trouble anyone...', Wörishöffer's books were attacked by her contemporaries like Heinrich Wolgast - '... one often has the impression the author has written down his incredible tales with a certain satisfied mocking smile in the face of the credulous stupidity of the reading public. The same feeling is forced upon us time and time again with Wörishöffer. One impossibility is replaced by the next.'

## Works

* *Wiederschen in Australien* (1888)
* *Das Naturforscherschiff, oder, Fahrt der Jungen Hamburger mit der Hammonia nach den Besitzungen ihres Vaters in der Südsee* (1880)


title: Shikhov Beach

abstract: Shikhov Beach is a resort area with a beach in Shikhov, southwest of central Baku, the capital city of Azerbaijan, and adjacent to the Shikhov Cape. Lying on the Caspian Sea coast, it is politically part of the Baku city-subdivision and treated as a suburb. The beach has been a traditional retreat for Baku residents, though the water is polluted by sewage and industrial waste and the view is marred by large oil rigs both in the surrounding land area and offshore.

text:
# Shikhov Beach

**Shikhov Beach** (Azeri: **Şıxov çimərliyi**) is a resort area with a beach in Shikhov, southwest of central Baku, the capital city of Azerbaijan, and adjacent to the Shikhov Cape.

Lying on the Caspian Sea coast, it is politically part of the Baku city-subdivision and treated as a suburb. The beach has been a traditional retreat for Baku residents, though the water is polluted by sewage and industrial waste and the view is marred by large oil rigs both in the surrounding land area and offshore.

40°18′25″N 49°49′15″E / 40.3069444°N 49.8208333°E / 40.3069444; 49.8208333


title: Beryl Platt, Baroness Platt of Writtle

abstract: Beryl Catherine Platt, Baroness Platt of Writtle HonFIMechE was a British Conservative politician and member of the House of Lords. Her background was in engineering, and she worked in aeronautics and aviation safety. She retained a strong interest in science and technology, particularly the role and advancement of women in these fields.

text:
# Beryl Platt, Baroness Platt of Writtle

**Beryl Catherine Platt, Baroness Platt of Writtle** CBE DL FRSA FREng HonFIMechE (née Myatt; 18 April 1923 – 1 February 2015) was a British Conservative politician and member of the House of Lords. Her background was in engineering, and she worked in aeronautics and aviation safety. She retained a strong interest in science and technology, particularly the role and advancement of women in these fields.

## Early life

Beryl Catherine Myatt was born at Leigh-on-Sea on 18 April 1923. She was the daughter of Ernest Myatt and Dorothy Wood. Platt was educated at Westcliff High School for Girls in Southend-On-Sea, Essex where her favourite subject was mathematics. The headmistress of Westcliff predicted that this "outstanding pupil" had a university future ahead of her at Cambridge but, despite excellent exam results, the outbreak of the Second World War led to a hiatus in Platt's education. With the fear of German invasion, Platt and her family moved away from the coast and she spent a year at Slough High School for Girls (nowadays Upton Court Grammar School), where she initially gained entrance to read Mathematics at Cambridge.

## Education

In July 1941, the government announced a state bursary – including £25 per week pocket money – for engineering undergraduates to help the war effort, and in the hope that more engineers would be needed to re-build Britain after the war. Platt is quoted as describing this sum as "a fortune to me at the time", and chose to switch her studies to Aeronautical Engineering.

When Platt arrived at Girton College, Cambridge, she was one of five women amongst 250 men studying Mechanical Sciences (now Engineering); she was only the ninth woman to be accepted since her original predecessor in the First World War. Wartime necessity meant the course was reduced to an intensive two years, including for Platt three weeks' experience on the shop floor of the Hawker Aircraft Company. When Platt completed her engineering studies in 1943 women did not receive the same honours as their male counterparts: she was not awarded a degree, only a 'Title of degree'. It was not until five years later, in 1948, that women were admitted to degrees at Cambridge.

## Aeronautical career

Upon graduation in 1943, Platt was advised by C. P. Snow in his role at the University of Cambridge Appointments Board (a sort of careers advisory service) to contribute to the war effort and so Platt choose to return to the Hawker factory. This was the beginning of six years of work between 1943 and 1949 as a technical assistant in the aviation industry.

Platt's first job was at Hawkers Experimental Flight Test Department, where she was one of only three women in the department, working alongside men who had left school at fourteen but were highly skilled technicians and craftsmen. Platt's wage for a nominal forty-eight-hour week, in practice extending to all hours, was less than three pounds. Platt worked on the testing and production of three of the RAF's outstanding fighter planes of the time: the Hurricane, the Typhoon, and the Tempest V, the latter being the first conventional aircraft to counter the German V-1 pilotless jet missiles.

After the end of the war, Hawker's brilliant chief designer Sidney Camm offered Platt a continued role at Hawkers but Platt declined, preferring to move from war planes to investigating air safety for British European Airways. Some of her analyses were models of their kind, for instance charting procedures to ensure safe landings if an engine failed on take-off or over mountains. Platt quickly established herself as a perfectionist and a distinguished engineer. In 1951, she was elected to membership of the Women's Engineering Society.

In 1949, Platt married Stewart Sydney Platt, marking the end of her professional career in aeronautical engineering. Platt became a housewife, and a mother of two children, Hon. Roland Francis Platt (b. 1951) and Hon. Victoria Catherine Platt (b.1953). Both her children are chartered accountants.

Once Platt's children began at school she considered a return to the aircraft industry but there were none to be found within range of Writtle, the village where she lived. Instead, Platt turned her hand to politics, although she continued her interest in science and technology.

## Political career

Platt's political career began very locally through her membership of the parochial church council and so she was surprised to be nominated for a sudden vacancy on Chelmsford Rural District Council in 1956, a role she held until 1974. In 1965, Platt was elected to Essex County Council and held this role until 1968, when she was appointed to the office of Alderman of the Essex County Council from 1969 and 1974. Platt was also appointed chairman of the Essex County Council between 1971 and 1980.

Platt was created a life peer taking the title **Baroness Platt of Writtle**, of Writtle in the County of Essex and joined the House of Lords on 28 May 1981. She chose the title Baroness Platt of Writtle, after her home village in Essex, and a cogwheel as her coat of arms, symbolising her life of service as an engineer. On 24 June 1981, less than a month after joining the House, Platt made her maiden speech on a "subject very close to \[her\] heart", that of higher and further education.

Platt was a member of the European Communities Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men between 1983 and 1988 and became chair of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) in 1983. In 1984, as a result of encouragement from the Finniston Report, the EOC together with the Engineering Council set up WISE – Women into Science and Engineering. The initiative was very much spearheaded by Platt and was established to highlight the career opportunities for girls and women in science and engineering professions.

Platt was an active member of the House of Lords and between 1990 and 2008 she served on a number of committees relating to science, technology and engineering, including the Select Committee on Science and Technology. From 5 October 2010, Platt was on a leave of absence. and she died on 1 February 2015.

## Honours and appointments

Platt was a member of the council of the City and Guilds of London Institute between 1974 and 1994. She was a member of the Cambridge University Appointments Board between 1975 and 1979. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1978 Birthday Honours.

Platt has been awarded numerous of honorary fellowships and doctorates including an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers (Hon.F.I.Mech.E.) in 1984, an honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) by City University, London, in 1984 an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) by Bradford University, an honorary degree of Doctor of Technology (D.Tech.) by Brunel University in 1986, an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) by University of Cambridge in 1987, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (F.R.Eng.) in 1988, an Honorary Fellow at Girton College, Cambridge in 1988, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (F.R.S.A.). On 16 July 2008, Platt was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) by the University of Southampton.

She was given the Freedom of the City of London in 1988. She was also made a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Engineers in 1988. Between 1984 and 1992, she was Vice-President of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and between 1994 and 2001 Platt was Chancellor of Middlesex University.

## Publications

* *Women in Technology* (1984)

## Arms

Coat of arms of Beryl Platt, Baroness Platt of Writtle
| EscutcheonVert four Seaxes in cross their blades outwards proper Hilts Quillons and Pommels Or and as many Aerofoils in saltire Argent all between four Plates SupportersDexter: perched upon the Stock of an Anchor a Kingfisher wings elevated and addorsed proper; Sinister: a Lion the wings also elevated and addorsed supporting a Patriarchal Cross Gules CompartmentA Grassy Mount springing therefrom Founts of Water proper MottoAime Dieu Et Tous (Love God and everyone) |
| --- |

## Further sources and reading

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Baroness Platt of WrittleCBE DL FRSA FREng HonFIMechE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal | |
| **In office**
28 May 1981  1 February 2015
Life Peerage | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Beryl Catherine Myatt
(1923-04-18)18 April 1923
Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, England, UK |
| Died | 1 February 2015(2015-02-01) (aged 91) |
| Spouse | Stewart Sydney Platt |
| Children | Roland Francis Platt (1951–2014)
Victoria Catherine Platt (b. 1953) |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Discipline | Mathematics, aeronautics, politics |
| Institutions | Girton College, Cambridge |
| Employer(s) | Hawker Aircraft Company, British European Airways |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Retransmission consent

abstract: Retransmission consent is a provision of the 1992 United States Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act that requires cable operators and other multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs) to obtain permission from commercial broadcasters before carrying their programming. Under the provision, a broadcast station can ask for monetary payment or other compensation, such as carriage of an additional channel. If the cable operator rejects the broadcaster's proposal, the station can prohibit the cable operator from retransmitting its signal. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates this area of business and public policy pursuant to 47 U.S.C. Part II.

text:
# Retransmission consent

**Retransmission consent** is a provision of the 1992 United States Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act that requires cable operators and other multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs) to obtain permission from commercial broadcasters before carrying their programming.

Under the provision, a broadcast station (or its affiliated/parent broadcast network) can ask for monetary payment or other compensation, such as carriage of an additional channel. If the cable operator rejects the broadcaster's proposal, the station can prohibit the cable operator from retransmitting its signal.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates this area of business and public policy pursuant to 47 U.S.C. Part II.

## History

Since the 1960s, the Federal Communications Commission had established must-carry rules, which required cable television operators to carry all significantly viewed local stations. In 1985 and 1987, the judiciary decided that the must-carry rules were in violation of the First Amendment rights of the cable operators.

In response, the Congress passed the 1992 Cable Act, which established a combination of must-carry and retransmission consent provisions. Stations were given the right to either require cable operators to carry their signal at no cost, or negotiate with cable operators for carriage fees that the latter could refuse.

Initially, cable carriers' reaction was to refuse to pay for broadcast programming. John Malone, head of cable giant TeleCommunications Inc. refused to pay to carry broadcasters' content saying, "I don't intend to pay any money ... I will scratch backs." Instead of monetary payment, some broadcast networks agreed to distribute secondary channels. America's Talking (now MSNBC), FX, and ESPN2 all originated through retransmission consent deals in the early 1990s. Many PBS stations received additional local channels.

However, in the mid-2000s, the stations succeeded in earning carriage fees from cable/satellite systems.

### Legislative history

Legislation governing the retransmission of broadcast television content by satellite companies is required to be renewed on a regular basis. As of 2018, the legislation has been enacted four times. These acts renewed statutory licenses that allow satellite TV companies to retransmit broadcast stations to their customers:

## Debate

Retransmission consent has drawn criticism from the cable operators who redistribute programming, and therefore must seek consent from the broadcasters for their program content. Cable programmers have argued that there is a "shift in leverage toward broadcasters" within the market since introduction of retransmission compensation.

Broadcasters typically claim that the programming they provide costs money, and these retransmission fees allow them to provide this expensive programming. Further, the Cable Act created retransmission consent in order to fix a market imbalance and the marketplace and contract disputes should be addressed in the marketplace.

### Programming disruptions

Cable operators typically claim during a carriage dispute that the broadcasters are forcing the viewing public to pay for content that is essentially given away for free to those who use an antenna to receive the station.

Alternatively, broadcasters have argued that the free market approach discourages carriage disputes. In a 2013 op-ed, former FCC commissioner, Robert McDowell, argued:

> TV stations make more money as more people see their shows, thus creating an incentive to distribute their product as widely as possible. These same market forces also create a disincentive for broadcasters to withhold their signals from distributors like cable and satellite companies.


title: Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont

abstract: Charles-Marie Denys, comte de Damrémont was a French general and military governor of French Algeria. He was killed in combat during the siege of Constantine.

text:
# Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont

**Charles-Marie Denys, comte de Damrémont** (8 February 1783–12 October 1837) was a French general and military governor of French Algeria. He was killed in combat during the siege of Constantine.

## Early life

Charles-Marie Denys was born in Chaumont, Haute-Marne on 8 February 1783.

His father was Antoine Denys de Damrémont (1730-1807) who belonged to a family of merchants from Bologna and who got rich in forges in the 17th century.

## Military training

He entered the military school at Fontainebleau in 1803.

After graduating from the school on 1804 he became a lieutenant in the 12th regiment of chasseurs à cheval.

## Campaigns of Napoleon

He took part in the Wars of the Third and Fourth Coalitions. In 1807 he became aide-de-camp to general Defrance and afterwards to Marshal Marmont.

In 1811 and 1812 Damrémont served in the Peninsular War but in 1813 he transferred to the Grande Armée with which he fought in the campaigns in Germany (1813) and France (1814).

During the Hundred Days Damrémont became a colonel.

On 25 April 1821 Damrémont was promoted to Maréchal de camp.

In 1823 he was given command of a unit in the 5th Corps in the Army of the Pyrenees, which took part in the French invasion of Spain.

From 1823 to 1829 he served as inspector of the infantry and was named as a member of various military commissions.

## Conquest of Algeria

In 1830 he commanded an infantry brigade in the French invasion of Algeria. On 13 December 1830 Damrémont was promoted to lieutenant-general.

## Back to France

After his participation with the troupes coloniales at the start of the French conquest of Algeria, Damrémont returned to France where he was given command of the 8th military division in Marseille on 6 February 1832.

On 15 September 1835 he was named Pair de France.

## Governor of Algeria

On 12 February 1837 Damrémont was appointed governor-general of French Algeria.

He was appointed to this strategic post after General Bertrand Clauzel (1772–1842) failed in 1836 during the First Battle of Constantine.

Damrémont was to resume the attempt to besiege and submit this city in the impregnable Constantine until then.

Governor Charles-Marie Denys had in his new mission to gather human reinforcements and adequate resources in order to succeed in the conquest of the Constantinois region.

The alliance between Ahmed Bey (1786-1851) in the Constantinois with the Emir Abdelkader (1808–1883) in Orania was a stake and a squirrel that General Damrémont had to overcome in order to establish the French colonial power over the entire Algerian territory.

## Mitidja

General Damrémont spent the first half of 1837 in partial engagements with rebels affiliated with Emir Mustapha (1814–1863) in the Algerian Sahel and Mitidja.

Indeed, the Emir Mustapha organized from his stronghold of Médéa in the Titteri massif, guerrilla attacks against the French camps in Mitidja and harassed the villagers who came to collaborate with the colonial authorities.

This conflicting situation at the gates of the Casbah of Algiers caused worry and hassle in Damrémont which could not quickly organize decisive expeditions and military campaigns outside the Mitidja.

He took advantage of the presence of General Thomas Robert Bugeaud (1784–1849) in Algeria to send him to Orania to attack the capital of the Emirate of Abdelkader in order to open up the region of Algérois and to devote himself to preparing the ultimate expedition against Constantine.

But Damrémont's military strategy saw before it the Khachna and Djurdjura mountains where the Kabyle tribes and the marabouts of the zawiyas of the Rahmaniyya Sufi brotherhood could compromise and defeat the next campaign towards Constantine.

This is how took place on 8 May 1837 the attack on Reghaïa in Mitidja against a colonial farm of 3000 hectares in area by the Kabyles of Beni Aïcha, Issers and Amraoua.

General Damrémont took advantage of the disarray which settled in Algiers among the French, the day after the raid on Reghaïa, to organize a punitive expedition to pacify the eastern region of Mitidja which borders the Kabylia of rebels subservient to the Emir Mustapha and the marabouts.

## Kabylia

Governor Damrémont decided in the aftermath of the Mitidja troubles in 1837 to hold General Alexandre Charles Perrégaux (1791-1837) responsible for the mission to subdue the coastal town of Dellys from where the Amraoua Kabyles left to devastate the French agricultural concessions in the Mitidja.

Instructions were given to General Perrégaux to divide the troupes coloniales involved in this punitive expedition against the Kabyles into two distinct military columns.

The first maritime column was to be commanded by Perregaux himself, and was going to embark on 17 May 1837 on ships from the port of Algiers in order to land on the shore of Oued Isser then move forward to disembark in the port of Dellys.

The second pedestrian column of infantry and cavalry, which was to be commanded by Colonel Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg (1784-1838), would also begin a sustained march on 17 May 1837 from Boudouaou to reach the Col des Beni Aïcha to meet the naval forces disembarked from Perrégaux in the Issers valley in order to continue the expedition to the Amraoua dens around the Casbah of Dellys.

## Constantinois

In October 1837 Damrémont commanded an expedition against Constantine.

During the siege Damrémont was hit in the head by a bullet and mortally wounded during the evening of 12 October.

He was replaced by general Valée who continued the attack and proceeded to capture the city on the 13th.

## Burial

Damrémont was buried in a ceremony at Les Invalides, which also saw the premiere of Hector Berlioz's Requiem.

## Awards

Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont was decorated with several medals during his military career, including:

## Family

Damrémont married Clémentine Baraguey d'Hilliers (25 October 1800–4 February 1892), the daughter of General Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, on 7 February 1819. The couple had two children:

* Auguste-Louis-Charles, born 11 December 1819 in Paris and died in 1884.
* Henriette-Françoise-Clémentine, born 11 March 1824 also in Paris and died in 1898.

## Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont | |
| --- | --- |
| General Damrémont. | |
| Birth name | Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont |
| Born | (1783-02-08)8 February 1783
Chaumont, France |
| Died | 12 October 1837(1837-10-12) (aged 54)
Constantine, Algeria |
| Allegiance | France |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Years of service | 1803-1837 |
| Rank | Lieutenant general |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Legion of Honour |
| Spouse(s) | Clémentine Baraguey d'Hilliers (1800-1892) |
| Children | * Auguste-Louis-Charles de Damrémont (1819-1884) * Henriette-Françoise-Clémentine de Damrémont (1824-1898) |


title: Charles K. McNeil

abstract: Charles Kline McNeil was the inventor of the point spread in sports gambling. McNeil earned a Master's Degree from the University of Chicago. He then taught math at the Riverdale Country School in New York and at the Choate School in Connecticut. His students included John F. Kennedy. He was also a securities analyst in Chicago. While gambling on the side, he developed the point spread, betting not on the probability of the final outcome, but on the expected difference in score. He eventually opened his own bookmaking operation in the 1940s. McNeil's method is used today in different areas; anything from basketball to poker. He started the new method of trading and changed the way people bet. McNeil's invention, the point spread, revolutionized sports betting by introducing a method of wagering on the margin of victory between competing teams. This system, more commonly used in football and basketball, aims to level the playing field by creating a form of handicap between the favorite team and the underdog. The point spread is represented as a positive (+) or negative (-) number, indicating the predicted margin of victory or defeat.

text:
# Charles K. McNeil

**Charles Kline McNeil** (16 August 1903 – 7 April 1981) was the inventor of the point spread in sports gambling. McNeil earned a Master's Degree from the University of Chicago. He then taught math at the Riverdale Country School in New York and at the Choate School in Connecticut. His students included John F. Kennedy. He was also a securities analyst in Chicago. While gambling on the side, he developed the point spread, betting not on the probability of the final outcome, but on the expected difference in score.

He eventually opened his own bookmaking operation in the 1940s. McNeil's method is used today in different areas; anything from basketball to poker. He started the new method of trading and changed the way people bet.

McNeil's invention, the point spread, revolutionized sports betting by introducing a method of wagering on the margin of victory between competing teams. This system, more commonly used in football and basketball, aims to level the playing field by creating a form of handicap between the favorite team and the underdog. The point spread is represented as a positive (+) or negative (-) number, indicating the predicted margin of victory or defeat.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Charles Kline McNeil | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1903-08-16)August 16, 1903
Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Died | April 7, 1981(1981-04-07) (aged 77)
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States |
| Known for | Creating the points spread in sports betting |


title: Design for Death

abstract: Design for Death is a 1947 American documentary film that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. It was based on a shorter U.S. Army training film, Our Job in Japan, that had been produced in 1945–1946 for the soldiers occupying Japan after World War II. Both films dealt with Japanese culture and the origins of the war. Following the war, Peter Rathvon at RKO, who had seen Our Job in Japan during his own military service, decided to produce a commercial version of the film. He hired the original writer and editor to work on the new project. Theodor S. Geisel, better known by his pen name Dr. Seuss, co-authored Design for Death with his wife Helen Palmer Geisel. Elmo Williams was the editor for both films. Subsequently, Sid Rogell replaced Rathvon, and became the film's producer. The film was given wide release in January 1948; a review in Daily Variety characterized it as "a documentary of fabulous proportions... one of the most interesting screen presentations of the year". Bosley Crowther, writing in The New York Times, was not complimentary; he wrote that the film "makes the general point that too much control by a few people is a dangerous – a 'racketeering' – thing and that another world war can be prevented only by the development of responsible, representative governments throughout the world. That is a valid message, but the weakness with which it is put forth in a melange of faked and factual pictures and in a ponderous narration does not render it very forceful". In his memoir, Elmo Williams maintains that he and Geisel created Design for Death nearly in its entirety, and that the credits for Fleischer and Warth were nominal ones. Rogell, Fleischer, and Warth received the Academy Awards for the film. Copies of Design for Death are apparently rare. Geisel thought that they had all been destroyed. However, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences sponsored a screening in October 2005, and parts of the film were included in the documentary The Political Dr. Seuss. Some materials related to Design for Death, including its script, are in an archive of Geisel's papers at the University of California, San Diego.

text:
# Design for Death

***Design for Death*** is a 1947 American documentary film that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. It was based on a shorter U.S. Army training film, *Our Job in Japan*, that had been produced in 1945–1946 for the soldiers occupying Japan after World War II. Both films dealt with Japanese culture and the origins of the war.

Following the war, Peter Rathvon at RKO, who had seen *Our Job in Japan* during his own military service, decided to produce a commercial version of the film. He hired the original writer and editor to work on the new project. Theodor S. Geisel, better known by his pen name Dr. Seuss, co-authored *Design for Death* with his wife Helen Palmer Geisel. Elmo Williams was the editor for both films. Subsequently, Sid Rogell replaced Rathvon, and became the film's producer.

The film was given wide release in January 1948; a review in *Daily Variety* characterized it as "a documentary of fabulous proportions ... one of the most interesting screen presentations of the year". Bosley Crowther, writing in *The New York Times*, was not complimentary; he wrote that the film "makes the general point that too much control by a few people is a dangerous – a 'racketeering' – thing and that another world war can be prevented only by the development of responsible, representative governments throughout the world. That is a valid message, but the weakness with which it is put forth in a melange of faked and factual pictures and in a ponderous narration does not render it very forceful".

In his memoir, Elmo Williams maintains that he and Geisel created *Design for Death* nearly in its entirety, and that the credits for Fleischer and Warth were nominal ones. Rogell, Fleischer, and Warth received the Academy Awards for the film.

Copies of *Design for Death* are apparently rare. Geisel thought that they had all been destroyed. However, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences sponsored a screening in October 2005, and parts of the film were included in the documentary *The Political Dr. Seuss*. Some materials related to *Design for Death*, including its script, are in an archive of Geisel's papers at the University of California, San Diego.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Design for Death | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Richard Fleischer |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Narrated by |  |
| Edited by |  |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Release date | * 1947 (1947) |
| Running time | 48 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Tain (novella)

abstract: The Tain is a fantasy novella by British author China Miéville.

text:
# The Tain (novella)

***The Tain*** is a fantasy novella by British author China Miéville.

## Publication history

It was first published by PS Publishing in 2002, accompanied by an introduction by M. John Harrison. It has since been featured in the 2004 anthology *Cities*, edited by Peter Crowther, as well as Miéville's 2005 short story collection *Looking for Jake*.

## Plot synopsis

The story follows Sholl, a man living in London soon after a convulsive onslaught by unearthly beings. Through introspective monologues on both sides of the fight, the reader learns of the history of the attacking *imagos* and "vampires", and the reasons behind the invasion.

## Reception

*Infinity Plus* describes it as "a story which uses the tropes of the fantastic to address the real world's injustices", and compares it to the work of Lucius Shepard."

Bookotron reviewed it:

> With Mieville, the prose, as always, is the thing. He can turn a gorgeous phrase and send it skipping across the lexicons of the literary landscape like a mirror shard hurled at a mirror. He can conjure effortlessly, slip from the simple into the surreal with a weightless word or two. Mieville successfully avoids the trap that genre fiction sets for its best practitioners. He steps past the snare of genre-for-genre's-sake and easily writes what feels like simple fiction. Paradoxically, it's not at all simple, and the strangeness within unfolds in the reader's brain like the flavor of a fine wine exploding on the tongue.

Aaron Hughes reviewed the book for *Fantastic Reviews*:

> Miéville credits Jorge Luis Borges for the concept of the imagos, but he handles the idea and its metaphoric implications absolutely brilliantly.
>
> First, Miéville infuses the concept with his own unique brand of weird imagery, such as swarms of floating lips once caught in a compact mirror puckering for their lipstick and disembodied hands hooking thumbs together and fluttering like vultures over London and the eerily non-reflective Thames River. Miéville also elaborates cleverly on Borges' original idea, telling us for example that advance scouts from the tain have been among us for centuries, giving rise to the legend of vampires, since naturally they have no reflection.
>
> Even more impressively, Miéville actually gets you to give a damn about it all. The idea of the world being attacked by the beings on the other side of the mirror is pretty cool, but also pretty goofy. It has no business in a story any more serious than a Lewis Carroll satire. But somehow China Miéville is able to pull it into a serious, moody, sometimes frightening drama and compel the reader to care about it, and he seems to do it with about as much ease as the rest of us compel the person in the mirror to mimic us.

## InfoBox

The Tain
| The cover of the 2002 printing of *The Tain*. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | China Miéville |
| Cover artist | Les Edwards (using his Edward Miller pseudonym) |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | PS Publishing |
| Publication date | October 2002 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 92 |
| ISBN | 1-902880-64-1 |
| OCLC | 58401127 |


title: Carlos Alberto

abstract: Carlos Alberto is a common Portuguese and Spanish given name. It is the name of several people:

text:
# Carlos Alberto

**Carlos Alberto** is a common Portuguese and Spanish given name (in English ***Charles Albert***, in Italian ***Carlo Alberto***).

It is the name of several people:

## Musicians

* Braguinha (composer) (1907–2006), real name Carlos Alberto Ferreira Braga, Brazilian singer-songwriter, also known as "João de Barro"
* Charly García (born 1951), real name Carlos Alberto García, Argentine singer-songwriter
* Nito Mestre (born 1952), real name Carlos Alberto Mestre, Argentine musician

## Politicians

## Sportspeople

### Football

### Other sportspeople

## Other people