title: Sierra Madre Occidental

abstract: The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera, that runs northwest–southeast through northwestern and western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California. The Sierra Madre is part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consist of an almost continuous sequence that form the western "sounds" of North America, Central America, South America, and West Antarctica.

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# Sierra Madre Occidental

The **Sierra Madre Occidental** is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera, that runs northwest–southeast through northwestern and western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California. The Sierra Madre is part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consist of an almost continuous sequence that form the western "sounds" of North America, Central America, South America, and West Antarctica.

## Etymology

The Spanish name *sierra madre* means "mother mountain range" in English, and *occidental* means "western", these thus being the "Western mother mountain range". To the east, from the Spanish *oriental* meaning "eastern" in English, the Sierra Madre Oriental range or "Eastern mother mountain range" runs generally parallel to the Sierra Madre Occidental along eastern Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.

The range extends from northern Sonora, a state near the Mexico–U.S. border at Arizona, southeast towards to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre del Sur ranges. The high plateau that is formed by the range is cut by deep river valleys. This plateau is formed from volcanic rock overlying a basement of metamorphic rock.

This uplift has caused changes in weather patterns; increased rainfall occurring in the mountains has provided areas where ecosystems can form in wetter areas than surrounding land. This water source forms watersheds that provide the arid surroundings with water that makes it possible to irrigate and farm crops. The wet ecosystems are islands of biodiversity, differing significantly from what would otherwise be a desert landscape. Oak forests are the predominant plant life, and extend into the lowland deserts.

This forest and canyon land provided a place for a variety of indigenous people to live, until Spanish settlers with associated mestizos came into the area to found towns for the silver mines in the area. The major industries in the area now are agriculture and forestry, which have become contentious because of land degradation and the native population's opposition to these practices.

## Geography

The range trends from the north to southeast. Canyons cut by the rivers of the wet western slopes exist in addition to those of the northeast slopes, notably the Copper Canyon.

### Location

The range runs parallel to the Pacific coast of Mexico, from just south of the Arizona-Sonora border southeast through eastern Sonora, western Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, Nayarit, Jalisco, Aguascalientes to Guanajuato, where it joins with the Sierra Madre del Sur and the Eje Volcánico Transversal (Transverse Volcanic Axis) of central Mexico after crossing 1,250 km (780 mi). The mountains range from 300 km (190 mi) from the Gulf of California in the north, but begin to approach within 50 km (30 mi) of the Pacific in the south. These mountains are generally considered to be part of the much larger American cordillera, the mountains extending from Alaska down to these across western North America.

### Regions

*Sierra Tarahumara* or *Tarahumara* is the name for the region of the Sierra Madre beginning at the Durango border and extending north. This name comes from the Tarahumara natives. This is a dramatic landscape of steep mountains formed by a high plateau that has been cut through with canyons including Copper Canyon, larger and, in places, deeper than the Grand Canyon. This plateau has an average elevation of 2,250 m (7,380 ft) with most of the more eroded canyons on the western slope, due to the higher moisture content.

The highest elevations occur in the Tarahumara range. The exact elevations of the highest peaks are not known within accurate enough ranges to determine their relative elevation. The highest point is probably Cerro Mohinora, located at 25°57′N 107°03′W / 25.950°N 107.050°W / 25.950; -107.050. Estimates for the height of the mountain start around 3,040 m (9,970 ft) and go up to 3,300 m (10,800 ft). However, Cerro Barajas, at 26°24′N 106°5′W / 26.400°N 106.083°W / 26.400; -106.083, may be as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) although other sources give 3,170 m (10,400 ft) as the elevation. Cerro Gordo, at 23°12′N 104°57′W / 23.200°N 104.950°W / 23.200; -104.950, may have an elevation between 3,350 m (10,990 ft) and 3,340 m (10,960 ft).

The southern end of the mountains may be referred to as the Sierra Huichola. In this area, the Sierra Madre begins to give way to the Basin and Range Province. Subranges of this area include the Sierra de Alica and the Sierra Pajaritos, both in Nayarit, and the Sierra los Huicholes, Sierra de Morones, Sierra Nochistlán, and Sierra Fría extending eastwards into Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Aguascalientes.

### Water

The mountains act as a source of water, in an otherwise arid environment from the increased precipitation from the mountain range. As such, rivers that have headwaters in the mountains provide water for irrigation in the surrounding lands. The need for water to irrigate prompted the construction of dams, which has been the source of several environmental concerns in the area.

The northern end of the range is more arid; hence, the Yaqui River, which drains that area, is an important source of irrigation in the state of Sonora. The Yaqui drains into the Gulf of California, as do the Fuerte River in Sinaloa and the Humaya River further south. The Río Grande de Santiago drains 100,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi) from the southern slopes of the Sierra Madre. Along the more arid eastern slopes of the mountains, the Nazas River and Aguanaval River drain the mountains into a closed basin. These mountains supply 90% of the water used for irrigation within the watershed. North of this system is the Conchos River which drains into the Rio Grande.

Along many rivers the arid conditions have caused courses to be dammed to provide water for irrigation. These dams have caused concerns along with those caused by other activities. The Yaqui has been dammed with three large reservoirs along its course. The Río Grande de Santiago has also been dammed, including the Aguamilpa Dam begun in 1991 and the El Cajón Dam upstream from it. To provide irrigation water for farming the dry basin, the Nazas river was dammed in the 1930s and 1940s. This has led to the former drainage lakes in the area drying up, and soil depletion from the elimination of the river as a source of soil. Due to the continued logging in the area, erosion on the slopes of hillsides has increased.

### Human

Numerous small populations live in Copper Canyon, some of them around old missions. Many settlements consist of single families or small family groups near agricultural fields. There are also a few towns of note, including Creel, Chihuahua, with 5,000 inhabitants; it serves as a stop on the train line. South of Copper Canyon is the town of El Salto, Durango, situated along highway 40. To the west is Copala, Sinaloa.

To the south live the indigenous Cora people in the towns of Jesús María and La Mesa del Nayar. In addition, 1,000 people live in the village of Huajimic in Nayarit. The Bolaños River valley of Jalisco is populated with mining communities, such as San Martín de Bolaños, which has a population of around 3,000.

Few paved roads cross the mountains, meaning that travel times can be long, even between cities that are relatively close. In the north, Mexico Federal Highway 16 connects Hermosillo, Sonora and La Junta, Chihuahua. In the mountains, the La Entrada al Pacifico Corridor is an incomplete road intended to connect Los Mochis, Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Durango and Mazatlán are connected by highway 40, around 24 degrees north latitude.

## Geology

The Sierra Madre Occidental is a high plateau of volcanic rock that is eroded in areas to reveal a basement composed of plutonic and sedimentary rocks underlying the two groups of extrusive volcanics. The lower of these groups is a series of volcanic rocks formed by lava flows. The surface of the plateau is made up of a second series of volcanic ignimbrites, covered mostly by clay rich organic soils. Some intrusions in the area have deposited ore veins that are commercially viable.

The landscape was shaped after rock placement. Rivers cut valleys into the plateau, following folds in the rocks. Rocks have broken off of the slopes, forming rocky sides. The bedrock is covered by the clay rich soils, except in eroded areas, where water carries away deposits leaving a stony surface.

### Geological history

The basement is thought to be Older North American basement, especially in the North, and a number of different accreted terranes, which are mostly covered by Cenozoic volcanism. The northern extent of the Sierra Madre is the Cortés Terrane, although the northern extreme of this contains a small portion of the Carborca Terrane. Some of the northern end may also be underlain by a Precambrian basement placed around the same time as the Grenville Orogeny. Some of this area has a series of Paleozoic sedimentary sequences from a deep marine environment underlying it, considered by some to be part of the Cotes Terrane and by others to be transported. In some areas, distinct sedimentary rocks can be identified by shallow-water Silurian and Mississippian sedimentary rocks underlying deep-water Pennsylvanian and Permian, which are divided by Mississippian rhyolite. The Permian clastics contain some detrital rock that sit alongside low-grade metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks with serpentinite.

South of the Cortes and Carborca Terranes is the San José de García Terrane, which is a combination of Cretaceous arc volcanics and volcaniclastics, which may be thrusting over the Cortes terrane. The southern part of the range is made up of the Guerrero Composite Terrane, a large body, which is actually a complex of five different subterranes, not all of them within the main body of the Sierra Madre. However, the terrane is mostly covered by volcanics and sedimentary deposits, so it is only visible where erosion has revealed it. The main subterranes of the Guerrero Composite Terrane that are within the Sierra Madre are the Tahue and Zihuatanejo terranes. Dividing the Guerrero Terrane from the rest of the Sierra Madre terranes is a boundary that is thought to represent the Early Cretaceous Arperos Basin, a marine basin which separated the island arc that came to form the Guerrero terrane from the accretions that came to form the Sierra Madre terrane. It contains a lower formation made up of pillow basalts with pillow breccias, tuffs, and shales underlying a group of pelagic limestones, oozes, and turbidites.

Covering the southern basement are sedimentary and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks containing argillite, limestone, volcanic schist, slate, and greywacke which were exposed in the canyon of the Santiago River. Near these sediments late Oligocene to early Miocene granite and granodiorite intrusive bodies occur. A possible cause of this is that these bodies were roof pendants which were uplifted by plutons. Mesozoic limestone also occurs in northern portion of the mountains, mostly from the Cretaceous.

Towards the end of the Cretaceous, the Laramide orogeny increased the activity of magmatism in the area, forming the first major igneous series in the area. The igneous series are made up of formations of plutonic and volcanic rock, which would later be exposed. Interbedded with these rocks are sedimentary deposit rocks. In the center of the range, some of these rocks have been deformed by tectonic forcing that occurred at the same time. The southern part of the range contains none of the volcanism that is apparent in the northern range. These formations ended in the Paleocene. Eocene volcanism formed a series of andesitic and rhyolitic formations in the area, with spatial and temporal variations throughout. Most of the gold and silver deposits are also in these rocks.

In the Oligocene, ash flows became the predominant deposit of the area, with interbedded lava flows between. These ash flows began the second series of high magmatism formations. The Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up formed a series of ignimbrite formations, layered one atop another, that are sometimes broken by lava flows. The ignimbrite formations in this area cover the largest area of any known series, with ten calderas identified in the province. Three of these calderas are in Copper Canyon. The lava has formed a series of mafic rocks that comprise the Southern Cordilleran Basaltic Andesite Suite. The tuffs are above a thick formation of lava rock. Around five or six units have been identified, mostly around the Copper Canyon area. These tuffs have allowed wide-ranging correlation with formations in other geographical areas, for example Death Valley.

During the Miocene, three periods of volcanism marked separate events in the Sierras. Each period is marked by different volcanic processes. The first was a continuation of the Oligocene flare-up, which lasted through the early Miocene. This may be a distinct second occurrence of the same process, placing silica-rich lava above Oligocene rocks. Also in the early Miocene more intermediate basaltic andesites occur along faults and in grabens. Beginning in the early Miocene and continuing into the middle, an arc of andesite was placed during the spreading of the Gulf of California. The basin and range-style faulting of the middle-late Miocene took place at the same time as the placement of alkali basalts, In the westernmost slopes mafic dikes formed. These events have also been linked to the subduction of the Farallon Plate. Episodes of volcanism continued into the Quaternary.

### Structures

The Sierras are believed to be a thick core covered by volcanics and eroded by numerous rivers. Some have suggested that the basement of the mountains have numerous intrusions made by mafic magma. At their surface, the mountains are made up of large-scale ignimbrite sheet that has been incised by rivers flowing from rainfall in the mountains. The surface of the plateau is almost exclusively from the second series of flows causing the rock that is most visible to be ignimbrites with lava flow layers. The region has a general strike from just west of north to just south of east.

Faults in the area tend to be younger than the upper volcanics, excluding those associated with calderas, but do occur in distinct periods. The large faults along the eastern slope have caused the slope to be made up of large escarpments that face into the interior basins. These faults are commonly covered by alluvium and basalt, making them difficult to discern, but can be found in certain fault blocks.

Grabens have formed in the north, and some of these are filled with volcanic and sedimentary floors, and long depressions have formed in the southern Sierra Madre. The faulting decreases in the center of the range where the faults are mostly small normal faults, but increases once again on the western slope. In fact, the major normal faults tend to diverge around the center of the core and join at either end. Some of these faults may have allowed ignimbrites to erupt from the surface, and so there may be some association between the ignimbrite occurrence and faults; this can be used to find out information about different kinds of basement rock present.

There are two faults dividing the Sierra Madre from the central Mexican Plateau. The more southern one is the north–south Aguascalientes fault extending 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Altos de Jalisco to near Zacatecas, where it joins the more northern northwest–southeast trending San Luis–Tepehuanes fault extending from Guanajuato to Durango. The southern boundary of the Sierra Madre Occidental with the Jalisco block is a series of folds, thrust, and left lateral faults date from the middle Miocene. This may be evidence for a left transpressional shear zone. The area between this boundary and the Aguascalientes fault is filled with numerous grabens and half-grabens, as well an east–west left shear zone, the El Roble shear zone. At the west end of these grabens and half-grabens are the Pochotitan and the more northerly San Pedro fault systems, which form the western boundary of the faults in the southern mountains. In the north there is an unknown boundary between the Cortes Terrane and the Guerrero Composite Terrane. Some theorize that this is a section of the Mojave–Sonora Megashear, but this theory is not universally accepted; however, the Megashear is important, and, in fact, is necessary for reconstructions of the opening of the Gulf of California, as of 2003.

### Mineral deposits

On a smaller scale, mineral deposits are distributed in formations of the Sierra Madre, although the events that placed these deposits vary throughout the mountains. The Guerrero composite terrane contains many of the economic deposits, often found in ore bodies younger than the Cretaceous.

Gold and silver deposits most commonly occur in the altered andesites of the early volcanics, typically these deposits are between 30 and 50 million years old. These are believed to be caused by later intrusions into the early flows. Fissure-vein deposits have been divided into two groups of fissure vein deposits, which are divided geographically into an eastern and western series. In the east, the gold and silver are accompanied by lead and zinc. In the south, the Bolaños mine district is contained with the Bolaños Graben. Some also occur as epithermal deposits. Also, some gold occurs along with copper in Cenozoic iron-oxide skarn and replacement deposits along the Pacific.

In addition to gold and silver and their related deposits, tin, iron, and mercury occur, sometimes in later units, mostly in later volcanics, and Molybdenum occurs in the mountains, often along with older copper deposits or in Oligocene deposits in the east. The belt of tin deposits lies mostly within the eastern slopes from Durango to Guanajuato. In these areas, tin occurs in rhyolitic ignimbrites in many, possibly over 1000, small deposits of cassiterite. Typically these deposits are divided from overlying ignimbrites by breccia, which may also contain ore. Many of these are thought to be hydrothermal deposits To the east of these units is a belt of more mercury deposits, followed by another belt of manganese deposits, although these deposits are mostly limited to Chihuahua and Hidalgo. Iron occurs in three different regions placed by different mechanisms. Along the Pacific there the numerous skarn and replacement deposits mentioned above with relation to gold. Iron occurs in Durango in the form of magnetite lava flows, which are often surrounded by smaller hematite deposits, thought to be ash flows. There is also a belt of iron deposits further east.

### Soil

Most soil in the mountains is covered by an organic-rich layer over layers rich in clay. Soils are commonly phaeozems that are up to 100 centimetres (39 in). Some soils are cambisols that are less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) deep and well-drained. Due to the high clay content, which blocks water from being absorbed into the soil, larger rock particles in the soil help reduce runoff and soil losses from erosion. Areas that are covered in stone are known as lithosols, and make up most of the remaining surface in the mountains, especially on upper slopes. The last major soil type are vertisols, which are thin mineral-poor soils. Soils at higher elevations experience more leaching, due to increased rainfall. Acidic soils may have lower calcium content, leading to lower plant soil quality. Soils along the eastern slopes have increased organic content and a clay heavy layer that is developed more than those of the more arid eastern lands. The thickness of soil layers also increases.

Problems with soil degradation have been aggravated by the cultivation of drug crops, leading to deforestation of many areas. Other problems include overgrazing, which has led to terracing from cattle paths and the formation of a soil crust, and soil acidification, which poses a risk to some grasslands as of 2002.

## Climate

The climate varies considerably between the northern and southern extents of this long mountain range. Seasonal variations also occur due to the presence of large bodies of warm water delivering warm damp air from each side of the range. This region undergoes a seasonal variety with two wet seasons, including a summer monsoon, and two dry seasons each year.

### Temperature, pressure, and wind

Air pressure changes in northwestern Mexico and the southwest United States are the main causes of seasonal variation in the Sierra Madre. A high pressure area that rests over the mountains in the winter begins to move north of the mountains into New Mexico during the month of June. The high pressure begins to break down and move south during September or October; however, the breakdown is usually at a slower pace than the movement north. This high pressure belt is associated with the mechanics that form the Bermuda High.

The climate in the mountains is mild. Summer temperatures maintain a constant level. Maximum temperatures are typically in July at around 31 C with average temperatures of the order of 16 C during this same period. Mean annual temperatures are between 13–18 °C (55–65 °F) above 1,800 metres (6,000 ft). Below-freezing temperatures can occur in the higher mountains, with precipitation occurring as snowfall certain times of year.

During the summer monsoon, wind patterns undergo large-scale changes. In May there is very little large-scale wind current through the mountains, most circulates around the mountains, although onshore flow is present. As the high pressure moves north, air is pulled off the Gulf of Mexico, bringing easterly winds aloft to the mountains. On the east slope of the mountain, daytime upslope winds flow to the crest, where the flow joins westerly winds. The mountains cause convection during the following monsoon season, during which nocturnal winds at low levels in the atmosphere move moisture overnight. Extensive lightning activity occurs during this season. After the high pressure breaks down, wind patterns return to those prior to the monsoon season.

### Precipitation and humidity

Precipitation varies on both annual and seasonal scales in the Sierra Madre. Annual differences in regional climate are associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation with El Niño years leading to a wetter climate. Monsoon rains come to the Sierra Madre in June as the high pressure area moves north, leading to wet summer seasons. This causes east winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. On the western side of the mountains, which are affected by the largest change in precipitation between the dry season and monsoon season, in the monsoon season rainfall can exceed 300 mm (12 in) in a single month. The southern region receives more of the rainfall than the northern. Much of this precipitation occurs as tropical storms. As the high pressure over New Mexico breaks down, rainfall in the Sierra Madre ends. Because of the monsoon, the summer accounts for the majority of rainfall in the area. The spring and fall dry season separate out a weaker wet season in the winter. In addition to increasing in the southern ranges of the mountains, rainfall increases in the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental.

Humidity in the mountains varies at wide levels as does rainfall. In the early morning before dawn, the air is almost saturated (often over 90% relative humidity) near the mountain tops with low clouds over the range. Lower in the range, air is not as near saturated in the morning. Seasonal variation in humidity is also present with average May and June relative humidity around 50%, with 25% possible during the day. Also during the day, relative humidity drops and cloud levels rise as temperatures rise. The humidity of the range is also influenced by the same seasonal changes as rainfall. In the dry season dew points are low at high elevations (500 hPa), around −22 °C (−8 °F) in the south of the range, and −24 and −26 °C (−11 and −15 °F) in the north in May. In June, dew points begin to increase from the May levels up to −20 °C (−4 °F) in the north and −16 °C (3 °F) in the south. By July these dew points are at −14 °C (7 °F) throughout the range. The range allows higher dew points throughout these periods than the surrounding low lands. This rise in humidity accompanies the monsoon.

## Ecology

The mountains create a diverse setting for plants and animals by creating a different set of conditions from the surroundings. The Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests are found at elevations of 1,500–3,000 m (4,900–9,800 ft) throughout the range, but the forests in the mountains vary by elevation and place in the range. This ecoregion is noted for its high biodiversity and large number of endemic species, and for allowing some species to extend their range.

### Flora

The dominant plants vary across the range, and the habitat that they present varies from scattered woodland to both deciduous and coniferous forest.

The elevation and latitude in the range are the major determining factors in the dominant plants. Oaks dominate the lower reaches of the mountains, where stands grow down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Some oak species even continue into the surrounding ecosystems. In the western slopes of the range, cloud forest also occurs, mostly on mid-elevation slopes with little exposure to wind or sun in the southern end of the range. At higher elevations pines begin to grow alongside the oaks, and pines begin to dominate the oaks at higher elevations. At high elevations and in the north, mixed conifer forests become the dominant ecosystem. These forests are composed primarily of pines and firs, which begin to grow at these elevations. There are also grasslands on some mountain tops, surrounded by the forest that occur in those areas.

Plants in the area typically have large responses to the change in climate with each season. Monsoon season is the largest of these effects, with leaf buds following only a few months after the rains begin. Flowering season occurs in the months preceding the summer monsoon. This is only the peak flowering season, with plants flowering throughout the year. Due to the early flowering, fruit is ripe and seeds are dispersed at the beginning of the rains. There are also areas where plants have little response to the seasons, particularly those areas that experience moist conditions, caused by the elevations. These plants may maintain leaves through times when other areas are in the dry season, during which most deciduous trees have no leaves.

### Fauna

The mountains are often a corridor for species allowing more diversity in the area, by combining species from different regions. Animals typically associated with arid and mountainous habitats share the mountains with species associated with habitats further south.

There are many carnivorous and omnivorous mammals native to the area, although several are extirpated or are part of threatened populations. The Mexican wolf's range in the mountains is limited to the foothills of Durango or the animal may have been extirpated; the black bear population is small, and the Mexican grizzly bear that once resided here is confirmed extinct. Jaguars and ocelots are also now rare. On the other hand, mountain lion and bobcat are more common. On the eastern slopes there are American badger, coyote and gray fox that live across the mountains. Native ungulates include the white tailed deer, mule deer, and collared peccary. Rodents and lagomorphs include the eastern cottontail, which lives in the forests of the western slopes, cliff chipmunk, rock squirrel, Mexican fox squirrel, and various species of Cricetidae. Raccoons, hog-nosed skunk, and hooded skunk live in the mountains. The white-nosed coati lives on the western slopes, and the ring-tailed cat lives throughout. Many species of bats live in the mountains also.

A variety of lizards live in the area and surroundings. The Tarahumara frog lives in the oak and pine stands preferring moving water to pools. The southern extent of the Sonoran mountain kingsnake's range is the Chihuahuan desert into the mountains. Other snakes and frogs live in the mountains, and many species live in the western slopes.

Birds frequent the mountains, some as a migratory path and others as native species. The migratory birds often use the area to the west as an overwintering area, and migrate north along the western slopes. In the northern canyons birds may be divided into different habitats, or more specifically, the different types of forest, leading to differences in range by elevation. Some of this difference by elevation may even extend the range of some species, enabling tropical species to use the mountain valleys for migration. Bird species endemic to the Sierra Madre Occidental include tufted jay, the "gray-eared" subspecies of red warbler, eared quetzal, thick-billed parrot, and formerly included the imperial woodpecker, which now may be extinct.

The rivers and streams of the range contain some of the southernmost trout populations in North America. These populations may be native, although this is not universally accepted. Invasive fish compete with the native species which has been a cause of concern among researchers, along with concerns about the effects of logging on these species.

### Surroundings

The Sonoran Desert is found in the northwestern foothills at 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft). The Chihuahuan Desert is found to the northeast and east, the Meseta Central matorral and Central Mexican matorral to the southeast, and the Sinaloan dry forests to the west and southwest. These lower elevations are usually graded into by a stand of tropical deciduous forest, which has a large portion of flora made up of flowering plants and legumes. These flowering plants are mostly from the genus *Bursera*. The ecotone, made up of the tropical deciduous forest, is commonly sparsely populated, sometimes only by small stands of trees. It may be referred to as savanna.

### Preservation

Preservation efforts in the modern day include those of Edwin Bustillos. Other groups, including Conservation International, work to protect animal species in the area. Basaseachic Falls National Park is a national park in the mountains containing the highest waterfalls in the country. Cumbres de Majalca National Park was designated in 1939. Additionally, there are reserves such as La Michilía in the southern Sierra Madre, or the Tutuaca reserve in western Chihuahua, which was established in 2000 under a new system of management. Other protected areas in the Sierra include the Bavispe, Campo Verde, Cerro Mohinora, Papigochic, and Sierra de Álamos–Río Cuchujaqui flora and fauna protection areas. The Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 043 Estado de Nayarit, established in 1949 to protect forests and watersheds, is now a natural resources protection area which conserves much of the southern Sierra.

## People and history

The mountains are home to several indigenous nations speaking Uto-Aztecan languages, including the Tarahumara in the central portion of the range, the Huichol in the southern part of the range, and the Tepehuanes in the eastern slopes.

### Prehistory

Archaic cultures are known to have inhabited the Sierra Madre along with the rest of the surrounding lands, but little is known of the culture, although it does vary between the northern and southern extremes of the range. The agrarian Chalchihuites Culture began as farming communities around the first century AD and remained small communities until 300 AD when new agricultural techniques caused a large growth in population until around 500 AD. This culture began to decline in the ninth century. The Mogollon culture has been described in the northern foothills. Sites date the emergence of the culture to around 900 AD, and its abandonment to around 1000–1100 AD. During the period estimated for Mogollon abandonment, the Rio Sonora culture began agricultural developments along the Rio Sonora and rivers flowing into it. This culture produced pottery and lived in pit houses, until 1150 to 1200 when they began to construct surface dwellings. Construction of these houses ended around AD1550.

### Spanish Sierra Madre

Francisco de Ibarra came to Durango in 1554, and began to settle the area. He would explore the western coast and cross the Sierra Madre in 1564. Early Spanish influence in the area came from the new silver mines, the first of which was established in 1567 at Santa Barbara. As sites opened for mining, missionaries came to the areas and had a strong presence by 1595. The first meeting with the Tarahumara came in 1607, when a missionary went up the valley to meet them. Opposition to the missionaries built up, leading to the Tepehuán Revolt. This revolt began in 1616 in the town of Santa Catarina de Tepehuanes in Durango, and lasted for two years. The discovery of silver at Parral in 1631 led to the northern limit of settlement moving into Tarahumara lands.

The Jesuits renewed missionary activity in the 1630s, with a new program that increased in scope until around 1650. Tarahumara moved further into the mountains in order to escape the conditions. A smallpox epidemic caused a revolt in 1645. A revolt arose in 1648, primarily among the Tarahumara. A drought caused a pair of revolutions in 1650 and 1652. The last major revolt began in March 1690 among the Tarahumara and ended in 1698. Demands from labor drafts increased in the 1720s, placing a new pressure on missions. Criticism of the Jesuits rose in the 1730s with complaints of Jesuit Commerce, which was established by mission stores. In 1767, Jesuits were expelled from New Spain, ending the mission program.

A new colonial official, José de Gálvez, came to New Spain and established new laws that caused a boom in silver mining activity in the 1770s. After the Apache faced heightened resistance to raiding from the Spanish in Chihuahuan, they moved down to the Sierra Madre in 1794. By 1800, raiding had essentially ended.

### Mexican Sierra Madre

After leaving San Carlos in the fall of 1881, Geronimo and other Apache moved to the mountains, and became known as the *Nednai*, sometimes referred to as the "Pinery Apache" or "Bronco Apache". From there they raided Sonora and the surrounding land until General George Crook entered the mountains in 1883 to discuss Geronimo's return. Geronimo eventually surrendered in 1886. Pancho Villa fled to the mountains in 1894, becoming a bandit.

#### 19th century

Railroads came to the area starting in the 1880s and 1890s, which allowed many old mines in the region to reopen at a profit. Since most of the railroads were American, the foreign influence led to unrest among the people living in the mountains, causing the Tomochic rebellion in 1892. In addition to the railroads, canals were constructed in the 1890s in the Yaqui and Mayo river valleys. These canal projects failed, however, owing to the resistance that the natives of the valleys put up against the projects. Loggers began arriving in the mountains in the late 1800s. In response to the new industry, the Tarahumara moved further into the canyons.

#### 20th century

The 1910 revolution began in Chihuahua and spread over the mountains throughout the winter of 1910–1911. Silver mines were forced to make payments to the rebels, but were allowed to continue operating. General John J. Pershing began to follow Pancho Villa in 1916 and entered the mountains; however, he received no information from the local population. The raids subsided by 1919, and Villa returned peacefully to the foothills.

In order to construct irrigation projects in the lowlands below the valleys, irrigation projects were never completed in the Sonoran hills; instead, the Yaqui River was dammed in the 1930s. Dams continued to be constructed in the 1940s and 1950s on the Yaqui River and its tributaries with the largest reservoir, behind the Álvaro Obregón Dam completed in 1952. Dams were also constructed on the Mayo river. Because of the dams, soil condition deteriorated, and more work was required to improve soil quality. The mountain range was crossed by the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacifico railroad, completed in 1961. The railroad went up for sale in 1996, but no transaction was ever completed.

## InfoBox

| Sierra Madre Occidental | |
| --- | --- |
| Río Grande de Santiago winding through the Sierra Madre Occidental, forming part of the border between Nayarit and Jalisco. | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Cerro Mohinora |
| Elevation | 10,863 ft (3,311 m) |
| Coordinates | 25°57′22″N 107°2′52″W / 25.95611°N 107.04778°W / 25.95611; -107.04778 |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 932 mi (1,500 km) NW × SE |
| Width | 150 mi (240 km) W × E |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, Nayarit, Jalisco, Aguascalientes |
| Region | Northwestern Mexico |
| Borders on |  |


abstract: Channel One was a British free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Living TV Group. The channel was launched on 1 October 2007 at 21:00 on Freeview, Virgin Media and Sky as Virgin1, replacing Ftn. The channel broadcast 24 hours on cable, satellite and Freeview; a one-hour time-shift, Channel One +1, broadcast on cable and satellite. BSkyB acquired the channel on 4 June 2010 and rebranded it as Channel One. On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced that it would close Channel One and sister channels Bravo and Bravo 2. Channel One's Freeview space on the multiplex was used to launch Challenge there. Channel One closed on 1 February 2011 at 06:00 UTC, one month after Bravo and Bravo 2 closed. On the same day, it was replaced by Challenge on Freeview and Sky Atlantic on Sky.

text:
# Channel One (British and Irish TV channel)

**Channel One** was a British free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Living TV Group. The channel was launched on 1 October 2007 at 21:00 on Freeview, Virgin Media and Sky as **Virgin1**, replacing Ftn. The channel broadcast 24 hours on cable, satellite and Freeview; a one-hour time-shift, Channel One +1, broadcast on cable and satellite.

BSkyB acquired the channel on 4 June 2010 and rebranded it as Channel One. On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced that it would close Channel One and sister channels Bravo and Bravo 2. Channel One's Freeview space on the multiplex was used to launch Challenge there. Channel One closed on 1 February 2011 at 06:00 UTC, one month after Bravo and Bravo 2 closed. On the same day, it was replaced by Challenge on Freeview and Sky Atlantic on Sky.

## History

It was announced in the summer of 2007 that Virgin Media Television was to launch the new channel. The network had previously expressed their interest in running a general entertainment channel to coincide with the relaunch on NTL: Telewest to Virgin Media. At first, the company stated that all of their other channels including Ftn, would still run as normal, but because of Ftn having a key Freeview primetime slot, this was later changed.

The channel was launched as Virgin1 at 21:00 on 1 October 2007 on all platforms (Freeview, Virgin Media and Sky) replacing former Virgin Media Television channel Ftn. Some media sources have claimed that it was intended to be in direct competition with British Sky Broadcasting's flagship channel, Sky1, which in August 2010 had a 0.8% share of the market compared with Virgin1's 0.7%.

On 20 February 2008, the channel moved from FTN's old slots on channels 153 and 154 on Sky and took over Bravo's slots on channels 121 and 122, which were placed higher up on the EPG. The next day, the channel went on to achieve its highest ratings thus far, with the season premiere of *Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles* which secured a 4.2% share of multi channel viewers.

On 27 April 2009, it was announced that Virgin1 (on Freeview) would move from multiplex D to multiplex A, allowing the channel to broadcast 24 hours a day. It's vacated slot was used to launch a time-shifted version of the channel which broadcast from 18:00 to 06:00. In Wales, it was only available from 09:00 to 19:00, with the +1 service only available from 19:00.

On 14 May 2009, Virgin Media Television announced plans to revamp the channel. On 9 June 2009, it underwent a rebranding with new idents, break bumpers and onscreen identity. As part of the rebrand a mascot called Red was introduced, a puppet character from the creator of the ITV Digital Monkey.

On 20 October 2009, the channel reduced its hours on Freeview to 09:00 – 03:00, allowing Tease Me TV to launch. The revocation of TMTV's licence in November 2010 freed up the bandwidth it used from Channel One, but it was left vacant until the closure of the channel.

From 30 October 2009, the channel briefly aired *TNA iMPACT!* at 21:00 (which was also shown on sister channel Bravo at the time). This was the first time wrestling has been aired on free television in the UK since 2001.

On 1 June 2010, the time-shifted version of the channel ceased broadcasting on Freeview channel 35, allowing Yesterday to extend its broadcast hours. The time-shifted service continued to operate on satellite and cable platforms, between 04:00 and 01:00 daily (the live Challenge Jackpot simulcast on Virgin1 between 00:00 and 03:00 was not time-shifted).

On 4 June 2010, British Sky Broadcasting and Virgin Media announced that they had reached an agreement for the acquisition by Sky of Virgin Media Television. Virgin1 was also a part of the deal, but was rebranded as Channel One on 3 September 2010, as the Virgin name wasn't licensed to Sky.

### Closure

On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced that it would close Channel One and its sister channels Bravo and Bravo 2. Sky, having carried out a review of the VMTV channels, found that Channel One was too similar to Sky3, with which it sat alongside as a free to air channel on Freeview. Challenge would utliise Channel One's former Freeview slot, and receive a large boost in its programming budget. At 06:00 on 1 February 2011, Channel One ceased broadcasting on all platforms; the last programme was an episode of *Star Trek: Enterprise*. Since its closure, many programmes, including sci-fi and drama programming, were incorporated into Sky's free-to-air channel, Pick, whilst premium programming was moved to Sky's pay TV channels.

### Most watched broadcasts

The following is a list of the ten most watched shows on Channel One, based on Live +7 data supplied by BARB up to 18 October 2010.

| Rank | Show | Episode | Number of viewers | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles* | 1.01 – "Pilot" | 764,000 | 21 February 2008 |
| 2 | *Warehouse 13* | 1.01 – "Pilot" | 570,000 | 8 April 2010 |
| 3 | *Warehouse 13* | 1.02 – "Resonance" | 555,000 | 15 April 2010 |
| 4 |  | 1.01 – "Pilot" | 541,000 | 11 October 2010 |
| 5 |  | 1.02 – "There is No Normal Anymore" | 495,000 | 18 October 2010 |
| 6 | *Warehouse 13* | 1.04 – "Claudia" | 479,000 | 29 April 2010 |
| 7 | *Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles* | 1.03 – "The Turk" | 463,000 | 6 March 2008 |
| 8 | *Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles* | 1.05 – "Queen's Gambit" | 450,000 | 20 March 2008 |
| 9 | *Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles* | 1.02 – "Gnothi Seauton" | 446,000 | 28 February 2008 |
| 10 | *Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles* | 1.04 – "Heavy Metal" | 445,000 | 13 March 2008 |

## Programming

The schedule for Channel One consisted of a mixture of British and American comedy, drama and factual programming, both acquired and commissioned. The channel was pitched between male-targeted channel Bravo and female-targeted channel Living. In addition to exclusive content, Channel One also showed some content from Living, Bravo and Challenge.

## Former logos

## InfoBox

Channel One
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Broadcast area | * United Kingdom * Ireland |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 576i (SDTV) |
| Timeshift service | Channel One +1 |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Living TV Group (British Sky Broadcasting) |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 October 2007 (2007-10-01) |
| Replaced | Ftn |
| Closed | 1 February 2011 (2011-02-01) |
| Replaced by |  |
| Former names | Virgin1 (2007–2010) |


title: Seguin

abstract: Seguin or Séguín is a French and Gascon name. It may be a Frankish name, from Germanic origin. Seghin, Sigiwinus, Siguvinus, Siguinus, Siguin, Sigiwin, Sigwin, Sigoin and Segouin are alternate variants. According to Jean de Jaurgain quoting primary source Saint Andrew of Bordeaux, the original Vascon name written in Latin was Sihiminum, related to Basque Seme(no), meaning 'son'. It is also spelled Scimin, Skimin, Scemenus, Semen, Semeno, Xemen, or Ximen and gave rise to the Castilian Ximeno and Jimeno. Both Semen and Seguin, unrelated names, are found in sources.

text:
# Seguin

**Seguin** or **Séguín** is a French and Gascon name. It may be a Frankish name, from Germanic origin (*sig-*, that is, "victory", cf. modern German *sieg*, and *-win*, that is, "friend", related to modern English "win"). Seghin, Sigiwinus, Siguvinus, Siguinus, Siguin, Sigiwin, Sigwin, Sigoin and Segouin are alternate variants. According to Jean de Jaurgain quoting primary source Saint Andrew of Bordeaux, the original Vascon name written in Latin was Sihiminum, related to Basque Seme(no), meaning 'son' (cf. ancient Aquitanian Basque "seni" meaning 'boy' \> modern "sehi"). It is also spelled Scimin, Skimin, Scemenus, Semen, Semeno, Xemen, or Ximen and gave rise to the Castilian Ximeno and Jimeno. Both Semen and Seguin, unrelated names, are found in sources.

## First name

## Surname


title: Retention agent

abstract: A retention agent is a chemical process that improves the retention of a functional chemical in a substrate. The result is that totally fewer chemicals are used to get the same effect as the functional chemical and fewer chemicals go to waste.

text:
# Retention agent

A **retention agent** is a chemical process that improves the retention of a functional chemical in a substrate. The result is that totally fewer chemicals are used to get the same effect as the functional chemical and fewer chemicals go to waste.

## Applications

Retention agents (retention aids) are used in the papermaking industry. These are added in the wet end of the paper machine to improve retention fine particles and fillers during the formation of paper. Retention aids can also be used to improve the retention of other papermaking chemicals, including sizing and cationic starches. The improved retention of papermaking furnish components improves the operational efficiency of the paper machine, reduces the solids and organic loading in the process water loop, and can lower overall chemical costs. Typical chemicals used as retention aids are: polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethyleneimine (PEI), colloidal silica, and bentonite.

Retention Agents or Retention Aids are often used along with the addition of drainage aids on paper machines. This is done because while retention is enhanced the forming fabrics get choked, resulting in slower removal of water from the paper web. Research done at a manufacturing laboratory in India signifies that over use of flocculants falling under this category can also result in problems during the runnability of machine.


title: Latin Patriarchate of Antioch

abstract: The Latin patriarch of Antioch was a prelate of the Latin Church created in 1098 by Bohemond I of Taranto, founder of the Principality of Antioch, one of the crusader states. The jurisdiction of the Latin patriarchs in Antioch extended over the three feudal principalities of Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Towards the end of the twelfth century the island of Cyprus was added. In practice they were far more dependent upon the popes than their predecessors, the Greek patriarchs. After the fall of Antioch (1268) the popes still appointed patriarchs, who, however, were unable to take possession of the see. Since the middle of the fourteenth century they were only titular dignitaries. The title was last conferred in 1925. The recipient resided in Rome and was a member of the chapter of the basilica of St. Mary Major. The Basilica of St. Mary Major was the Antioch patriarchium, or papal major basilica assigned to the patriarch of Antioch, where he officiated when in Rome and near which they resided.

text:
# Latin Patriarchate of Antioch

The **Latin patriarch of Antioch** was a prelate of the Latin Church created in 1098 by Bohemond I of Taranto, founder of the Principality of Antioch, one of the crusader states.

The jurisdiction of the Latin patriarchs in Antioch extended over the three feudal principalities of Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Towards the end of the twelfth century the island of Cyprus was added. In practice they were far more dependent upon the popes than their predecessors, the Greek patriarchs. After the fall of Antioch (1268) the popes still appointed patriarchs, who, however, were unable to take possession of the see. Since the middle of the fourteenth century they were only titular dignitaries. The title was last conferred in 1925. The recipient resided in Rome and was a member of the chapter of the basilica of St. Mary Major. The Basilica of St. Mary Major was the Antioch patriarchium, or papal major basilica assigned to the patriarch of Antioch, where he officiated when in Rome and near which they resided.

## Background

The seat of the patriarch of Antioch was one of the oldest and most prestigious in Christendom. At one time it was the principal city of Syria; the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria. When the East–West Schism took place in 1054, the Greek patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria sided with the patriarch of Constantinople.

After 1054, the See of Antioch came under the influence of the Byzantine Empire. As part of his grand strategy, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sought to utilize the military elan and prowess of the Frankish and European princes of the First Crusade in recovering for him the Eastern Roman Empire, including Antioch and its See.

However, after the Siege of Antioch in 1098, Bohemond I of Taranto refused to submit Antioch to Byzantine rule and set himself up as prince of Antioch.

## History

### During the Crusades

The crusaders reinstated at first the Greek patriarch, then John IV as long as the Orthodox patriarch remained there they tried to make him a Catholic instead of appointing a rival. However, when at last he fled to Constantinople they considered the see vacant. Thereupon the Latin Christians elected (1100) a patriarch of their own, an ecclesiastic by the name of Bernard who had come to the Orient with the crusaders. From that time Antioch had its Latin patriarchs until the last incumbent Christian was put to death by the Sultan Baibars during the conquest of the city in 1268. The Greeks also continued to choose their patriarchs of Antioch, but these lived generally in Constantinople.

The Byzantine Empire was greatly offended by this and tried to re-establish either a Greek patriarchate or a joint patriarchate. Though the Treaty of Devol in 1108 nominally restored a Greek patriarch, the treaty was never enforced. Under Manuel I Komnenos there was briefly a joint patriarchate when Antioch fell under Byzantine control, but for the most part there was only a Latin patriarch. The Byzantine Empire recognized this de facto control of the See of Antioch and the Latin Patriarch soon played a key role in solidifying ties between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire. This represented one of the sole instances of coordinated action by Byzantine and the Franks throughout the crusader period, and led to a number of joint political, diplomatic, military, and marriage alliances. The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was established to serve the Catholic members of the diocese and represent all Christians living in its territory and was one of the major ecclesiastical authorities in the Crusader states. Throughout the Crusader period both Greeks and Latins served under its hierarchy which included numerous suffragan bishops, abbots, cathedrals, monasteries, and churches under its ecclesiastical rule.

In 1206, seeing that the Byzantine Empire was no longer a threat and wanting to gain the goodwill of his Greek subjects as he feared the Armenians of Cilicia, Prince Bohemond IV restored a Greek Patriarch to Antioch for a short period. The Mongols also favored a Greek Patriarch, but Latin Patriarchs held the see until the Crusaders had been ousted.

### The Patriarchate in Exile

In 1342, the Greek Patriarchate transferred his seat to Damascus which grew in prominence as the city of Antioch's Christian and overall population declined.

Both Latin and Greek Patriarchs continued to be appointed by the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor respectively during the following centuries. However, the Latin Patriarch was a titular office, with its seat at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. It continued to play a role in helping to protect various isolated Christian communities in the Near East and eventually secured their unity with Rome. The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini, who held it until his death 1953.

### Suppression

The seat remained vacant until the title was suppressed in January 1964, along with the titles of the Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria and Constantinople, it was no longer mentioned in the Vatican yearbook (rather than being announced as being abolished). This was after Pope Paul VI met with Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (see Pope Paul VI and ecumenism), showing the Latin Church by this point was more interested in reconciliation with the Eastern Church, abolishing the titular title.

## List of Latin religious heads of Antioch

### Latin patriarchs of Antioch

### Titular Latin patriarchs of Antioch

**...** **...** **...**   1. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XVII. 1925. p. 647. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
2. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Church of Antioch". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Patriarch and Patriarchate". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4. | title= The Eastern Schism| page= 96-97 | first = Steven | last = Runciman | date=1955 | publisher = Oxford Clarendon
5. "Msgr. Roberto Vicentini". *New York Times*. 14 October 1953. p. 29. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
6. "Three Latin quriarchafes dropped, yearbook reveals". 1964. p. 2. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
7. McCormack, Alan (1997). "The Term "privilege": A Textual Study of Its Meaning and Use in the 1983 Code of Canon Law". Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 184. ISBN 9788876527739. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
8. The First Crusade, Steven Runciman, page 164, Cambridge University Press, 2005
9. "Patriarch Pedro Amariz (Clasquerin)" *Catholic–Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
10. "Patriarch Gerard (Bastet) de Crussol" *Catholic–Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
11. "Patriarch Lorenzo Zanni (Zane)" *Catholic–Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
12. "Giovanni Cardinal Michiel" *Catholic–Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
13. "Archbishop St. Juan de Ribera" *Catholic–Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
14. "Patriarch Tomás Dávalos de Aragón" *Catholic–Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016

## InfoBox

| Patriarch of Antioch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Bishopric | |
| catholic | |
|  | |
| Information | |
| Established | 1100 |
| Dissolved | 1964 |
| Cathedral | Church of Cassian, later Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore |


title: Chinakapavaram

abstract: Chinakapavaram is a village in West Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

text:
# Chinakapavaram

**Chinakapavaram** is a village in West Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Chinakapavaram has a population of 3111 of which 1573 are males while 1538 are females. The average sex ratio of Chinakapavaram village is 978. The child population is 322, which makes up 10.35% of the total population of the village, with sex ratio 940. In 2011, the literacy rate of Chinakapavaram village was 70.96% when compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh.

## InfoBox

| Chinakapavaram | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| ChinakapavaramLocation of Achanta mandal in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaChinakapavaramChinakapavaram (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°38′02″N 81°24′58″E / 16.633939°N 81.416236°E / 16.633939; 81.416236 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | West Godavari |
| Mandal | Akividu |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,111 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 534 235 |
| Telephone code | 08812 |


title: Rick Beckett

abstract: Richard Blaine Beckett was an American radio broadcaster. Rick was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan and moved to Grand Rapids shortly thereafter. He began his radio career while still in high school at Union High School in Grand Rapids at WZZM-FM in 1970, where he worked part-time on weekends. His career started as a result of his involvement in a Junior Achievement program called HERO. Shortly after his graduation from high school in 1972, Rick was fired from WZZM. He moved on to WLAV and worked there until early 1973. He then received his first full-time job at WGTO-AM 540 in Cypress Gardens, Florida. Beckett returned to WZZM-FM in 1976, which by this time became WZZR-FM. He worked evenings for the majority of his time there but eventually worked the afternoon drive. Beckett was fired from WZZR in 1980 and moved on to do radio at WAAY-AM in Huntsville, Alabama. He was fired from WAAY in mid-1984 and returned to Cypress Gardens to work at WZNG-AM. He was also fired from WZNG. Beckett eventually returned to Grand Rapids and began a stint at WKLQ on their "Q Morning Zoo" program in 1987. Beckett and the other members of the "Q Zoo" left WKLQ on September 12, 1995. On September 25, 1995, the three signed on the air at WGRD. Jaye left WGRD in September 1997, but the show continued with Beckett and Winters as the main players. Beckett was fired from WGRD in August 2002, Winters was fired several weeks later. Beckett had health problems over the years, including being a recovered alcoholic, diabetes, and nerve damage in his legs due to diabetes. In April 2003, Beckett and Winters joined the staff at WOOD (AM), where they started their talk radio career. "The Rick and Scott Show" was one of WOOD-AM's most popular programs and was a rating winner in their time slot. In 2007, they won the Michigan Association of Broadcasters award for Midday Show Broadcast Team of the Year. On February 26, 2009, at 8:56 pm, Beckett called his girlfriend, Debra Lowe to report he was having a heart attack. She called 911 and first responders were dispatched to Beckett's house. Paramedics arrived and broke into his house to try and revive Beckett. He died a short time later at a Grand Rapids area hospital.

text:
# Rick Beckett

**Richard Blaine Beckett** (June 30, 1954 – February 26, 2009) was an American radio broadcaster.

Rick was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan and moved to Grand Rapids shortly thereafter. He began his radio career while still in high school at Union High School in Grand Rapids at WZZM-FM in 1970, where he worked part-time on weekends. His career started as a result of his involvement in a Junior Achievement program called HERO. Shortly after his graduation from high school in 1972, Rick was fired from WZZM. He moved on to WLAV and worked there until early 1973. He then received his first full-time job at WGTO-AM 540 (now WFLF (AM)) in Cypress Gardens, Florida. Beckett returned to WZZM-FM in 1976, which by this time became WZZR-FM (now WLHT). He worked evenings for the majority of his time there but eventually worked the afternoon drive.

Beckett was fired from WZZR in 1980 and moved on to do radio at WAAY-AM (now WLOR) in Huntsville, Alabama. He was fired from WAAY in mid-1984 and returned to Cypress Gardens to work at WZNG-AM (now WHNR). He was also fired from WZNG.

Beckett eventually returned to Grand Rapids and began a stint at WKLQ on their "Q Morning Zoo" program in 1987. Beckett and the other members of the "Q Zoo" (Darla Jaye and Scott Winters) left WKLQ on September 12, 1995. On September 25, 1995, the three signed on the air at WGRD. Jaye left WGRD in September 1997, but the show continued with Beckett and Winters as the main players. Beckett was fired from WGRD in August 2002, Winters was fired several weeks later. Beckett had health problems over the years, including being a recovered alcoholic, diabetes, and nerve damage in his legs due to diabetes.

In April 2003, Beckett and Winters joined the staff at WOOD (AM), where they started their talk radio career. "The Rick and Scott Show" was one of WOOD-AM's most popular programs and was a rating winner in their time slot. In 2007, they won the Michigan Association of Broadcasters award for Midday Show Broadcast Team of the Year.

On February 26, 2009, at 8:56 pm, Beckett called his girlfriend, Debra Lowe to report he was having a heart attack. She called 911 and first responders were dispatched to Beckett's house. Paramedics arrived and broke into his house to try and revive Beckett. He died a short time later at a Grand Rapids area hospital.

## InfoBox

| Rick Beckett | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Richard Blaine Beckett
(1954-06-30)June 30, 1954
Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | February 26, 2009(2009-02-26) (aged 54)
Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Union High School |
| Occupation | Radio broadcaster |


title: Ceradocus dooliba

abstract: Ceradocus dooliba is a species of amphipod in the subgenus, Denticeradocus, and the family, Maeridae, and was first described in 1972 by Jerry Laurens Barnard. The holotype was collected at Capel Sound in Port Phillip Bay, in the sublittoral zone.

text:
# Ceradocus dooliba

***Ceradocus dooliba*** is a species of amphipod in the subgenus, *Denticeradocus*, and the family, Maeridae, and was first described in 1972 by Jerry Laurens Barnard. The holotype was collected at Capel Sound in Port Phillip Bay, in the sublittoral zone.

## InfoBox

| *Ceradocus dooliba* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NMV J 24127 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Amphipoda |
| Family: | Maeridae |
| Genus: | *Ceradocus* |
| Species: | ***C. dooliba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ceradocus dooliba***<br>J.L. Barnard, 1972 | |
|


title: Chaptalia albicans

abstract: Chaptalia albicans, the white sunbonnet, is a plant species native to Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. It is known from Jamaica, Cuba, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Yucatán, Campeche and Chiapas. Chaptalia albicans is a herb forming a rosette of leaves. Leaves are elliptical, with margins that are wavy or slightly toothed but not lobed. Flowering stalks up to 15 cm tall at flowering time, 40 cm when the fruits are mature. Heads erect, with ray flowers up to 0.3 mm across. Achenes are up to 12 mm long, with a thread-like beak 50-67% as long as the body of the achene, usually hairless.

text:
# Chaptalia albicans

***Chaptalia albicans***, the **white sunbonnet,** is a plant species native to Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. It is known from Jamaica, Cuba, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, southern Florida (only in Miami-Dade County), the Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Yucatán, Campeche and Chiapas.

*Chaptalia albicans* is a herb forming a rosette of leaves. Leaves are elliptical, with margins that are wavy or slightly toothed but not lobed. Flowering stalks up to 15 cm tall at flowering time, 40 cm when the fruits are mature. Heads erect, with ray flowers up to 0.3 mm across. Achenes are up to 12 mm long, with a thread-like beak 50-67% as long as the body of the achene, usually hairless.

## InfoBox

| *Chaptalia albicans* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Chaptalia* |
| Species: | ***C. albicans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chaptalia albicans***
(Sw.) B.D. Jacks. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chaptalia albicans* (Sw.) Vent. ex Steud. (Invalid because listed as synonym) * *Chaptalia crispula* Greene * *Chaptalia fallax* Greene * *Chaptalia integrifolia* var. *leiocarpa* (DC.) Baker * *Chaptalia leiocarpa* (DC.) Urb. * *Chaptalia nutans* var. *leiocarpa* (DC.) Hitchc. * *Chaptalia nutans* var. *leiocarpa* (DC.) Griseb. * *Chaptalia obovata* C. Wright * *Gerbera albicans* Sch.Bip. * *Gerbera leiocarpa* (DC.) Sch.Bip. * *Leontodon tomentosum* L.f. * *Leria albicans* (Sw.) DC. (Illegitimate) * *Leria albicans* (Sw.) A. DC. * *Leria leiocarpa* DC. * *Leria nutans* var. *leiocarpa* Griseb. * *Thyrsanthema tomentosum* (L.f.) Kuntze * *Tussilago albicans* Sw. | |


title: Şefik Can

abstract: Şefik Can (June 22, 1909 – January 23, 2005) was a Turkish spiritual leader and the last Sufi master in the Mevlevi Sufi tradition in Turkey.

text:
# Şefik Can

**Şefik Can** (June 22, 1909 – January 23, 2005) was a Turkish spiritual leader and the last Sufi master in the Mevlevi Sufi tradition in Turkey.

## Biography

Born in 1909 in Tebricik village of Erzurum, Şefik Can completed his primary education in Yıldızeli, Sivas. Can learned Arabic and Persian at an early age from his father, and graduated from the Kuleli Military High School in 1929 and the Military Academy in 1931. Then, with the permission of the Ministry of National Defense, he became a teacher at Istanbul University, and in 1935, completed his internship under Tahirü l-Mevlevi at Kuleli Military High School. Until his retirement in 1965, he taught at various military schools, civilian colleges and high schools. He was initiated into the Mevlevi Sufi order by his spiritual teacher Tahir al-Mevlevi and had been the head of the tradition until his death on January 23, 2005. He was the spiritual teacher of Hayat Nur Artiran.

## Works

* Fundamentals of Rumi's Thought: A Mevlevi Sufi Perspective (Tughra Books, Jan 1, 2006, Originally published in 1995)


title: The Piano Tuner Has Arrived

abstract: The Piano Tuner Has Arrived is a 1952 Italian comedy film directed by Duilio Coletti and starring Nino Taranto, Alberto Sordi and Virgilio Riento. The film's sets were designed by Ottavio Scotti.

text:
# The Piano Tuner Has Arrived

***The Piano Tuner Has Arrived*** (Italian: ***È arrivato l'accordatore***) is a 1952 Italian comedy film directed by Duilio Coletti and starring Nino Taranto, Alberto Sordi and Virgilio Riento.

The film's sets were designed by Ottavio Scotti.

## Plot

## Cast

1. Segrave & Martin p.52

## Bibliography

* Kerry Segrave & Linda Martin. *The continental actress: European film stars of the postwar era*. McFarland, 1990.

## InfoBox

| The Piano Tuner Has Arrived | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Duilio Coletti |
| Written by | Mario Amendola
Paola Riccora
Ruggero Maccari
Mario Brancacci
Augusto Borselli
Pierre Veber (play) |
| Produced by | Carlo Ponti |
| Starring | Nino Taranto
Alberto Sordi
Virgilio Riento |
| Cinematography | Renato Del Frate |
| Edited by | Jolanda Benvenuti |
| Music by | Armando Fragna |
| Production
companies | Itala Film
Titanus Film |
| Release date | * 1952 (1952) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: The Associates (Canadian TV series)

abstract: The Associates is a Canadian television drama series that aired on CTV in 2001 and 2002. The show centred on the professional and personal lives of five junior associate lawyers at the Toronto office of the multinational law firm of Young, Barnsworth & King. The show's cast included Demore Barnes as Benjamin Hardaway, Shaun Benson as Jonah Gleason, Tamara Hickey as Robyn Parsons, Gabriel Hogan as Mitch Barnsworth and Jennie Raymond as Amy Kassan, as well as R.H. Thomson as Angus MacGregor, the firm's senior partner, and Sean Sullivan as Dale Friesen, the associates' supervising partner. The show also sometimes made differences between Canadian and American law into plot points, notably by writing both Robyn Parsons and Benjamin Hardaway as American transplants who sometimes ran into trouble because of their greater familiarity with U.S. courtroom procedure. The series was co-created by Greg Ball and Steve Blackman, themselves former associates at a law firm in Edmonton who based it on some of their own experiences. The show was successful in its first two years of ratings, but due to tax cutbacks from the government, the show could not continue into a third season.

text:
# The Associates (Canadian TV series)

***The Associates*** is a Canadian television drama series that aired on CTV in 2001 and 2002. The show centred on the professional and personal lives of five junior associate lawyers at the Toronto office of the multinational law firm of Young, Barnsworth & King.

The show's cast included Demore Barnes as Benjamin Hardaway, Shaun Benson as Jonah Gleason, Tamara Hickey as Robyn Parsons, Gabriel Hogan as Mitch Barnsworth and Jennie Raymond as Amy Kassan, as well as R.H. Thomson as Angus MacGregor, the firm's senior partner, and Sean Sullivan as Dale Friesen, the associates' supervising partner. The show also sometimes made differences between Canadian and American law into plot points, notably by writing both Robyn Parsons and Benjamin Hardaway as American transplants who sometimes ran into trouble because of their greater familiarity with U.S. courtroom procedure.

The series was co-created by Greg Ball and Steve Blackman, themselves former associates at a law firm in Edmonton who based it on some of their own experiences.

The show was successful in its first two years of ratings, but due to tax cutbacks from the government, the show could not continue into a third season.

## Critical response

John Doyle of *The Globe and Mail* panned the first episode, but wrote that the series improved significantly thereafter. He criticized Hogan's performance as Mitch, writing that "his accent wobbles and wanders all over the United Kingdom and Ireland and he looks nothing like anyone's picture of an upper-class, well-connected Brit lawyer. Instead he looks like the younger sibling of one of the Gallagher brothers from Oasis, with a bad, blond dye job." He opined that the show's real saving grace was Hickey's portrayal of Robyn, whose brashness in the first episode was gradually revealed as a front for insecurity and shyness, making her the show's most relatable character and grounding it the same way Patrick McKenna's Marty had served as the "everyman" anchor in *Traders*.

Dan Brown of the *National Post* criticized the characters of Benjamin Hardaway and Amy Kassan as unsympathetic, writing that Barnes played Benjamin like he was auditioning for the role of Tuvok in *Star Trek: Voyager*.

Tony Atherton of the *Ottawa Citizen* similarly wrote that the first episode was weak, but that the series improved over the course of the season.

## Awards

Awards and nominations received by *The Associates*
| Award | Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gemini Awards | 2001 | Best Dramatic Series | Brian Dennis, Anne Marie La Traverse, Steve Blackman, Greg Ball, Alyson Feltes, Maureen McKeon | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actor, Drama Series | Gabriel Hogan | Nominated | |
| | Demore Barnes | Nominated ||
| | Best Actress, Drama Series | Tamara Hickey | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actor, Drama Series or Program | Sean Sullivan | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actress, Drama Series or Program | Marnie McPhail | Nominated | |
| | Best Photography in a Dramatic Program or Series | Philip Earnshaw | Nominated | |
| | 2002 | Best Actor, Drama Series | Demore Barnes | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actress, Drama Series | Tamara Hickey | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actress, Drama Series or Program | Marnie McPhail | Nominated | |
| | Rebecca Jenkins | Nominated ||
| | Best Guest Actor, Drama Series | Michael Riley | Nominated | |
| | Best Direction in a Dramatic Series | Kelly Makin | Nominated | |
| | Best Writing in a Dramatic Series | Maureen McKeon | Nominated | |
| | Best Makeup | Marilyn O'Quinn, Cindy Lou Tache | Nominated | |

## Episodes

### Season 1: 2001

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Headfirst Into Hell" | David Wu | Greg Ball | January 16, 2001 (2001-01-16) |
| Five young lawyers are starting their first day as junior associates at Young, Barnsworth & King, on the same day that three of the firm's senior partners are arrested for stock fraud. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Disclosure" | George Bloomfield | Greg Ball | January 23, 2001 (2001-01-23) |
| 3 | 3 | "Ten" | Scott Smith | Paul Aitken | January 30, 2001 (2001-01-30) |
| 4 | 4 | "Encumbered" | George Bloomfield | Maureen McKeon | February 6, 2001 (2001-02-06) |
| 5 | 5 | "CYA: Cover Your Ass" | Michael DeCarlo | Greg Ball | February 20, 2001 (2001-02-20) |
| 6 | 6 | "Sue Everybody" | E. Jane Thompson | Paul Aitken | February 27, 2001 (2001-02-27) |
| 7 | 7 | "E Pluribus Unum" | Eli Cohen | Michelle Lovretta | March 6, 2001 (2001-03-06) |
| 8 | 8 | "Don't Ask Don't Tell" | Unknown | Alyson Feltes | March 13, 2001 (2001-03-13) |
| 9 | 9 | "Family Values" | George Bloomfield | Unknown | March 27, 2001 (2001-03-27) |
| 10 | 10 | "Care & Control" | Jerry Ciccoritti | Michelle Lovretta | April 3, 2001 (2001-04-03) |
| 11 | 11 | "Killing the Rat" | E. Jane Thompson | Paul Aitken | April 10, 2001 (2001-04-10) |
| 12 | 12 | "Sirens" | Unknown | Unknown | April 10, 2001 (2001-04-10) |
| 13 | 13 | "Should I Stay or Should I Go?" | David Wu | Alyson Feltes | April 17, 2001 (2001-04-17) |

### Season two

| # | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Go Heart or Go Home" | George Bloomfield | Maureen McKeon | January 18, 2002 (2002-01-18) |
| 2 | "Your Place or Mine?" | E. Jane Thompson | Unknown | January 25, 2002 (2002-01-25) |
| 3 | "Take This Job..." | Unknown | Unknown | February 1, 2002 (2002-02-01) |
| 4 | "The Hitler Paradox" | Kelly Makin | Unknown | February 8, 2002 (2002-02-08) |
| 5 | "Walking the Line" | Unknown | Unknown | February 15, 2002 (2002-02-15) |
| 6 | "Soulmates" | Paul Fox | Gregory Nelson | February 22, 2002 (2002-02-22) |
| 7 | "Revelations" | E. Jane Thompson | Unknown | March 1, 2002 (2002-03-01) |
| 8 | "Mea Culpa" | Kelly Makin | Unknown | March 8, 2002 (2002-03-08) |
| 9 | "Liar, Liar" | Gary Harvey | Unknown | March 15, 2002 (2002-03-15) |
| 10 | "Parents: Who Needs 'Em?" | Unknown | Unknown | March 22, 2002 (2002-03-22) |
| 11 | "Freedomia" | Philip Earnshaw | Paul Aitken | March 29, 2002 (2002-03-29) |
| 12 | "Spare the Rod" | Paul Fox | Gregory Nelson | April 5, 2002 (2002-04-05) |
| 13 | "Heart's Desire" | Unknown | Unknown | April 12, 2002 (2002-04-12) |
| 14 | "Definitely Maybe" | Unknown | Unknown | April 19, 2002 (2002-04-19) |
| 15 | "Winner Take All" | Gary Harvey | Unknown | May 3, 2002 (2002-05-03) |
| 16 | "All About C" | Unknown | Michelle Lovretta | May 10, 2002 (2002-05-10) |
| 17 | "Something About Love" | Kelly Makin | Unknown | May 17, 2002 (2002-05-17) |

## InfoBox

| *The Associates* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Legal drama |
| Created by | Greg Ball
Steve Blackman
Alyson Feltes |
| Starring | Demore Barnes
Shaun Benson
Tamara Hickey
Gabriel Hogan
Jennie Raymond
R. H. Thomson |
| Composer | Robert Carli |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 30 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Alyson Feltes |
| Producer | Brian Dennis |
| Production locations | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | Alliance Atlantis Communications |
| Original release | |
| Network | CTV |
| Release | January 16, 2001 (2001-01-16)
May 17, 2002 (2002-05-17) |


title: Seguieria

abstract: Seguieria is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Petiveriaceae. Its native range is southern America. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Tobago and Venezuela. The genus name of Seguieria is in honour of Jean-François Séguier (1703–1784), a French archaeologist, epigraphist, astronomer and botanist from Nîmes. It was first described and published in Iter Hispan. on page 191 in 1758.

text:
# Seguieria

***Seguieria*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Petiveriaceae.

Its native range is southern America. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (northern, north-east, southern, south-east and west-central), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Tobago and Venezuela.

The genus name of *Seguieria* is in honour of Jean-François Séguier (1703–1784), a French archaeologist, epigraphist, astronomer and botanist from Nîmes. It was first described and published in Iter Hispan. on page 191 in 1758.

## Known species

According to Kew:

## InfoBox

| *Seguieria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Petiveriaceae |
| Genus: | *Seguieria*<br>Loefl. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Albertokuntzea* Kuntze | |


title: Faustinus (beetle)

abstract: Faustinus is a genus of hidden snout weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. There is at least one described species in Faustinus, F. cubae.

text:
# Faustinus (beetle)

***Faustinus*** is a genus of hidden snout weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. There is at least one described species in *Faustinus*, *F. cubae*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Faustinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Subtribe: | Tylodina |
| Genus: | *Faustinus*<br>Berg, 1898 |
|


title: Larissa Schaerer

abstract: Larissa Schaerer is a former professional tennis player from Paraguay.

text:
# Larissa Schaerer

**Larissa Schaerer** (born 15 April 1975) is a former professional tennis player from Paraguay.

## Biography

A right-handed player, Schaerer was born in Asuncion and began playing tennis aged eight. She was a member of the Paraguayan team that finished runner-up to Germany at the 1991 World Youth Cup, during which she was unbeaten in singles play. While still a junior, she started her Fed Cup career for Paraguay, first appearing at the age of 16, including in a World Group tie against the Soviet Union. At the 1992 US Open, she reached the semifinals of the girls' singles.

Schaerer represented Paraguay at the 1992 Summer Olympics. She competed in the women's doubles tournament with Rossana de los Ríos as her partner. The pair lost to the French pairing of Isabelle Demongeot and Nathalie Tauziat in the opening round.

On the WTA Tour, her best performances came on the clay courts of the Copa Colsanitas in Bogotá, where she was a semifinalist in 1998 and quarterfinalist in 1999.

It was in doubles that Schaerer made her only main-draw appearance in Grand Slam competition. At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, she and partner Alina Jidkova lost in the qualifying event but entered the draw as lucky losers. They were beaten in the first round by 12th seeds Mary Joe Fernández and Monica Seles.

Schaerer made her last Fed Cup appearance in 2004. She featured in a total of 55 ties, for 64 wins overall, 39 in singles and 25 in doubles. These all remain national records for Paraguay.

## ITF Circuit finals

| Legend |
| --- |
| $75,000 tournaments |
| $50,000 tournaments |
| $25,000 tournaments |
| $10,000 tournaments |

### Singles: 16 (11–5)

| Result | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 1. | 8 July 1991 | ITF Dublin, Ireland | Clay | Miki Yokobori | 5–7, 4–6 |
| Loss | 2. | 23 September 1991 | ITF Lima, Peru | Clay | Rossana de los Ríos | 3–6, 1–6 |
| Win | 3. | 26 October 1992 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Rossana de los Ríos | 7–5, 6–1 |
| Loss | 4. | 22 November 1993 | ITF Buenos Aires, Argentina | Clay | Cristina Tessi | 6–2, 5–7, 4–6 |
| Win | 5. | 29 May 1994 | ITF Barcelona, Spain | Clay | Maaike Koutstaal | 6–7, 6–3, 6–3 |
| Win | 6. | 19 June 1994 | ITF Sezze, Italy | Clay | Flora Perfetti | 6–2, 6–3 |
| Win | 7. | 17 October 1994 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Magalí Benítez | 6–4, 6–1 |
| Win | 8. | 16 October 1995 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Mariana Diaz Oliva | 6–2, 6–1 |
| Loss | 9. | 5 May 1996 | ITF Florianópolis, Brazil | Clay | Emmanuelle Gagliardi | 1–6, 5–7 |
| Win | 10. | 22 September 1996 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Veronica Stele | 7–5, 5–7, 6–2 |
| Win | 11. | 30 June 1997 | ITF Campinas, Brazil | Clay | Ludmila Varmužová | 6–4, 6–1 |
| Win | 12. | 18 October 1997 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Maria Victoria Beortegui | 6–1, 6–2 |
| Win | 13. | 21 September 1998 | ITF Tucumán, Argentina | Clay | Gisela Riera | 6–4, 6–2 |
| Win | 14. | 18 October 1998 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Zsófia Gubacsi | 6–1, 6–4 |
| Loss | 15. | 27 August 2000 | ITF Buenos Aires, Argentina | Clay | Luciana Masante | 3–6, 0–6 |
| Win | 16. | 18 September 2000 | ITF Santiago, Chile | Clay | Jorgelina Cravero | 6–4, 6–3 |

### Doubles: 26 (13–13)

| Result | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 1. | 26 August 1991 | ITF São Paulo, Brazil | Clay | Rossana de los Ríos | María José Gaidano
Cintia Tortorella | 6–4, 6–4 |
| Win | 2. | 23 September 1991 | ITF Lima, Peru | Clay | Rossana de los Ríos | María Dolores Campana
Janaina Mercadante | 6–2, 6–3 |
| Win | 3. | 30 September 1991 | ITF La Paz, Bolivia | Clay | Rossana de los Ríos | Paula Cabezas
Janaina Mercadante | 6–3, 7–5 |
| Win | 4. | 6 September 1993 | ITF Spoleto, Italy | Clay | Olga Lugina | Susanna Attili
Elena Savoldi | 7–5, 7–6(5) |
| Loss | 5. | 1 November 1993 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Magalí Benítez | Mariana Diaz Oliva
Valentina Solari | 5–7, 5–7 |
| Loss | 6. | 15 November 1993 | ITF La Plata, Argentina | Clay | Cláudia Chabalgoity | Laura Montalvo
Mercedes Paz | 1–6, 4–6 |
| Win | 7. | 5 June 1995 | ITF Novi Sad, Serbia | Clay | Laura Montalvo | Tatjana Ječmenica
Antoaneta Pandjerova | 5–7, 6–1, 6–1 |
| Win | 8. | 16 October 1995 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Viviana Valdovinos | Renata Brito
Carina Lopez | 3–6, 6–2, 6–4 |
| Loss | 9. | 17 December 1995 | ITF Tucumán, Argentina | Clay | Veronica Stele | Laura Montalvo
Paola Suárez | 2–6, 6–7(4) |
| Loss | 10. | 18 February 1996 | ITF Cali, Colombia | Clay | Miriam D'Agostini | Eva Bes
Paula Hermida | 3–6, 6–2, 3–6 |
| Loss | 11. | 26 May 1996 | ITF Novi Sad, Serbia | Clay | Miriam D'Agostini | Seda Noorlander
Helena Vildová | 6–4, 1–6, 1–6 |
| Loss | 12. | 28 July 1996 | ITF Buenos Aires, Argentina | Clay | María Fernanda Landa | Kirstin Freye
Caroline Schneider | 6–7(4), 4–6 |
| Win | 13. | 10 November 1996 | ITF São Paulo, Brazil | Clay | Mariana Diaz Oliva | Miriam D'Agostini
Andrea Vieira | 3–6, 6–4, 6–2 |
| Loss | 14. | 16 February 1997 | ITF Cali, Colombia | Clay | Sofia Prazeres | Rachel McQuillan
Syna Schmidle | 2–6, 3–6 |
| Win | 15. | 30 June 1997 | ITF Campinas, Brazil | Clay | Cintia Tortorella | Roberta Burzagli
Joana Cortez | 5–7, 6–3, 6–3 |
| Win | 16. | 18 October 1997 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Vanessa Menga | Monika Maštalířová
Paula Racedo | w/o |
| Win | 17. | 9 November 1997 | ITF Suzano, Brazil | Clay | Laura Bernal | Conchita Martínez Granados
Gisela Riera | 3–6, 6–3, 7–6 |
| Loss | 18. | 14 December 1997 | ITF Bogotá, Colombia | Clay | Eugenia Maia | Miriam D'Agostini
Vanessa Menga | 2–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 19. | 1 June 1998 | ITF Tashkent, Uzbekistan | Hard | Miroslava Vavrinec | Melissa Mazzotta
Fabiola Zuluaga | 2–6, 1–6 |
| Win | 20. | 12 October 1998 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Laura Bernal | Zsófia Gubacsi
Aliénor Tricerri | 3–6, 7–6(3), 6–4 |
| Win | 21. | 19 September 1999 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Hard | Rossana de los Ríos | Mariana Mesa
Aliénor Tricerri | 6–2, 6–3 |
| Loss | 22. | 5 December 1999 | ITF Cali, Colombia | Clay | Miriam D'Agostini | Mariana Mesa
Fabiola Zuluaga | 6–2, 6–7, 1–6 |
| Loss | 23. | 3 September 2000 | ITF Buenos Aires, Argentina | Clay | Mariana Mesa | Melisa Arévalo
Paula Racedo | 3–6, 5–7 |
| Loss | 24. | 24 September 2000 | ITF Asunción, Paraguay | Clay | Sarah Tami-Masi | Jorgelina Cravero
Gisela Dulko | 6–4, 3–6, 3–6 |
| Win | 25. | 16 October 2000 | ITF Gwalior, India | Clay | Monica Acosta | Rushmi Chakravarthi
Sai Jayalakshmy Jayaram | 4–2, 4–1, 0–4, 5–3 |
| Loss | 26. | 29 July 2001 | ITF Guayaquil, Ecuador | Clay | María Alejandra García | Daniela Álvarez
Ana Lucía Migliarini de León | 2–6, 2–6 |

## InfoBox

Larissa Schaerer
| Country (sports) | Paraguay |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1975-04-15) 15 April 1975
Asunción, Paraguay |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Retired | 2002 |
| Plays | Right-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| Prize money | $188,557 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 254–182 |
| Career titles | 11 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 136 (23 February 1998) |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| French Open | Q3 (1999) |
| Wimbledon | Q1 (1993, 1998, 1999) |
| US Open | Q3 (1997) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 156–128 |
| Career titles | 13 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 128 (12 October 1998) |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| Wimbledon | 1R (1999) |
| US Open | Q1 (1998) |
| Other doubles tournaments | |
| Olympic Games | 1R (1992) |


title: Rick Bell

abstract: Richard Thomas Bell is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League for the Minnesota Vikings. Born in St. Cloud, Minnesota, he attended Rocori High School, about 20 miles (32 km) south-west of the city, and Saint John's University in nearby Collegeville Township. He went undrafted in the NFL and signed for the Vikings during the 1983 season; he played 14 games, but his only statistical contribution was a 14-yard kickoff return in a 13–2 loss to the Detroit Lions in Week 14.

text:
# Rick Bell

**Richard Thomas Bell** (born October 18, 1960) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League for the Minnesota Vikings. Born in St. Cloud, Minnesota, he attended Rocori High School, about 20 miles (32 km) south-west of the city, and Saint John's University in nearby Collegeville Township. He went undrafted in the NFL and signed for the Vikings during the 1983 season; he played 14 games, but his only statistical contribution was a 14-yard kickoff return in a 13–2 loss to the Detroit Lions in Week 14.

## InfoBox

Rick Bell
| No. 33 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1960-10-18) October 18, 1960<br>St. Cloud, Minnesota |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 205 lb (93 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Rocori (MN) |
| College: | Saint John's |
| Undrafted: | 1983 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 14  Kickoff returns: 1  Kickoff return yards: 14 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |