title: Boy Meets World

abstract: Boy Meets World is an American coming-of-age sitcom created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on ABC for seven seasons between September 1993 and May 2000. The series centers on Cory Matthews and his friends and family, as he progresses from childhood to adulthood. Episodes chronicle the everyday events of Cory's home and school life; his teacher and neighbor George Feeny delivers life lessons as Cory learns to cope with social and personal issues of adolescence. Cory has strong relationships with his older brother Eric, younger sister Morgan, and parents, Amy and Alan. Cory's friendship with Shawn Hunter and romantic interest in Topanga Lawrence serve as central focuses of episodes. Overarching themes include a focus on family and friendships as well as discovering one's identity. Further characters were introduced in later seasons; Jonathan Turner, Eli Williams, Jack Hunter, Angela Moore and Rachel McGuire. The Walt Disney Company commissioned the series for its youth-oriented TGIF programming block airing on ABC. Jacobs had previously produced Dinosaurs for the block and was asked to create a new series for a 12-to-14-year-old audience. Savage was under a contract with ABC at the time and Jacobs chose to include him as the central character. Boy Meets World was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television, and premiered on ABC on September 24, 1993. The series concluded on May 5, 2000, as a result of the aging cast and a shift in the network's programming directives. Boy Meets World experienced strong ratings for the teenage demographic throughout its seven seasons, and it was later syndicated on Disney Channel. Several cast members were nominated for Young Artist Awards. Savage and Fishel reprised their roles as series regulars in the spin-off Girl Meets World, which aired on Disney Channel from 2014 to 2017, and depicted Cory and Topanga as married parents.

text:
# Boy Meets World

***Boy Meets World*** is an American coming-of-age sitcom created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on ABC for seven seasons between September 1993 and May 2000. The series centers on Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) and his friends and family, as he progresses from childhood to adulthood. Episodes chronicle the everyday events of Cory's home and school life; his teacher and neighbor George Feeny (William Daniels) delivers life lessons as Cory learns to cope with social and personal issues of adolescence. Cory has strong relationships with his older brother Eric (Will Friedle), younger sister Morgan (Lily Nicksay), and parents, Amy (Betsy Randle) and Alan (William Russ). Cory's friendship with Shawn Hunter (Rider Strong) and romantic interest in Topanga Lawrence (Danielle Fishel) serve as central focuses of episodes. Overarching themes include a focus on family and friendships as well as discovering one's identity. Further characters were introduced in later seasons; Jonathan Turner (Anthony Tyler Quinn), Eli Williams (Alex Désert), Jack Hunter (Matthew Lawrence), Angela Moore (Trina McGee-Davis) and Rachel McGuire (Maitland Ward).

The Walt Disney Company commissioned the series for its youth-oriented TGIF programming block airing on ABC. Jacobs had previously produced *Dinosaurs* for the block and was asked to create a new series for a 12-to-14-year-old audience. Savage was under a contract with ABC at the time and Jacobs chose to include him as the central character. *Boy Meets World* was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television, and premiered on ABC on September 24, 1993. The series concluded on May 5, 2000, as a result of the aging cast and a shift in the network's programming directives.

*Boy Meets World* experienced strong ratings for the teenage demographic throughout its seven seasons, and it was later syndicated on Disney Channel. Several cast members were nominated for Young Artist Awards. Savage and Fishel reprised their roles as series regulars in the spin-off *Girl Meets World*, which aired on Disney Channel from 2014 to 2017, and depicted Cory and Topanga as married parents.

## Plot

Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) is a witty eleven-year-old middle school student in Philadelphia, who speaks his mind and has an interest in sports. He shares a love-hate relationship with his sixth-grade teacher and neighbor George Feeny (William Daniels), and often finds himself in trouble during class. Cory's relationship with his older brother Eric (Will Friedle) becomes strained when Eric's obsession with dating girls, which is a foreign concept to Cory, begins to take precedence over the time they spend together. Cory shares a strong bond with his parents, Amy (Betsy Randle) and Alan (William Russ), and his younger sister Morgan (Lily Nicksay). His classmates include his best friend Shawn Hunter (Rider Strong), the intelligent Stuart Minkus (Lee Norris), and the nonconformist Topanga (Danielle Fishel), for whom he gradually begins to develop feelings.

In the second season, Cory, Shawn, and Topanga begin high school and are taught by Jonathan Turner (Anthony Tyler Quinn), an unorthodox English teacher, while Mr. Feeny becomes their principal. Cory and Topanga admit their feelings for each other and begin dating in the third season, while Eric is not accepted to any colleges or universities following his high school graduation. The fourth season includes Eric revisiting his studies and Alan opening a sporting goods store with Eric as his partner. Eric begins college in the fifth season and moves into an apartment with Jack (Matthew Lawrence), whom he learns is Shawn's half-brother. Throughout the season, Shawn develops a relationship with a new student, Angela (Trina McGee), and Amy becomes pregnant. Topanga is accepted to Yale University, but rejects the offer to remain close to Cory, which leads her to propose to him at their graduation.

In the sixth season, Cory and his friends begin college, where Mr. Feeny is offered a teaching job. Rachel McGuire (Maitland Ward) moves in with Eric and Jack and they both develop feelings for her; Jack dates her. The new Matthews baby, Joshua, is born prematurely. Cory and Topanga get married in the seventh season and move into an apartment on campus. The series concludes with Cory, Topanga, Shawn, and Eric moving to New York City, when Topanga secures an internship at a law firm.

## Characters

## Production

### Development and casting

*Boy Meets World* was created to air on the TGIF programming block which had been airing on ABC since 1989. The series was created by Michael Jacobs, who produced *Dinosaurs* for the same block. Jacobs was approached by a Disney executive after the conclusion of *Dinosaurs*, to write a new series for the 12 to 14-year-old demographic. Jacobs noticed how other sitcoms focused on the oldest child of a family, which led him to create *Boy Meets World* with the middle child as the central character.

Ben Savage was already under a contract at ABC at 11 years old when Jacobs chose to include him in the series, which became known as *The Ben Savage Project*. Jacobs wanted to work with William Daniels, but Daniels was apprehensive about acting in a sitcom and initially rejected the offer before asking for the pilot to be re-written. Daniels had threatened to quit, and told Jacobs he did not want the role of Mr. Feeny to make fun of teachers, but knew the character would be respected when Jacobs stated it was based on a mentor of his. Rider Strong was the first actor to audition for the role of Shawn and was successful. Strong's older brother Shiloh Strong was shortlisted to play Eric alongside Jason Marsden and Will Friedle; Friedle secured the role, however, a different actor portrayed Eric in the unaired pilot. Danielle Fishel was not the original actor cast as Topanga, but she assumed the role before the character's first episode; Jacobs also threatened to fire Fishel during the filming week.

*Boy Meets World* was renewed for a fifth season in April 1997. In the fifth season, Matthew Lawrence joined the cast as Jack Hunter, Eric's college roommate. Daniels' wife Bonnie Bartlett portrays the recurring role of Dean Bolander, the dean of the university, in the later seasons of the show.

### Writing and filming

During the writing of the pilot, network executives removed the episode's references to Shakespeare, considering these elements as too mature for the audience. The episode was poorly received at the table read, and Jacobs re-wrote the pilot overnight. Part of the rewrite was to ensure that Mr. Feeny was portrayed in a way that was respectful of teachers and did not make fun of them, at Daniels' request. Strong later commented on the difficult atmosphere of filming on-set, which he described as a "damaging" environment that was cultivated by Jacobs, who had high expectations of the cast. Director David Trainer stated that Jacobs used "emotional manipulation" on the younger cast.

The chemistry between Savage and Fishel led to producers developing a romantic relationship between Cory and Topanga. Jacobs was told by an ABC executive that marrying the pair would be irresponsible, before a favorable Internet poll led to the decision being approved. As the series progressed, Eric's characterization became more foolish and unintelligent to accommodate Friedle's comedic abilities.

Jeff Sherman, who was a producer and writer on the show, advocated to include issues such as vandalism and child abuse in the series, regardless of it being a comedy. An episode in the first season, "The Fugitive", discusses the idea of running away from home. Bob Tischler served as an executive producer alongside Jacobs towards the end of the show's run.

### Conclusion

*Boy Meets World* was renewed for a sixth season in April 1998. *Sabrina the Teenage Witch*, another series airing on Friday nights, was the only other show to be renewed that year. By this time, the ratings for *Boy Meets World* had decreased by 14% from the last season, and the TGIF ratings had decreased by 17% overall.

In 2000, *Sabrina the Teenage Witch*, moved from airing on ABC to the WB; by this stage, it was expected that *Boy Meets World* would also end its run, causing doubt about the future of the block. By April, production on the seventh season of *Boy Meets World* had concluded, and Savage was already planning on attending college. The series did not produce a "large-scale" series finale, and there was a possibility the show could return. In the same month, ABC officially announced that the seventh season would be the final season of the show. The hour-long series finale aired on May 5, 2000, in which Cory and Topanga consider moving to New York.

## Series overview

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | | Viewers<br>(millions) | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired || |
|  | 22 | | September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24) | May 13, 1994 (1994-05-13) | 8.5 | #37 |
|  | 23 | | September 23, 1994 (1994-09-23) | May 19, 1995 (1995-05-19) | 11.5 | #36 |
|  | 22 | | September 22, 1995 (1995-09-22) | May 17, 1996 (1996-05-17) | 10.1 | #48 |
|  | 22 | | September 20, 1996 (1996-09-20) | May 2, 1997 (1997-05-02) | 8.7 | #51 |
|  | 24 | | October 3, 1997 (1997-10-03) | May 15, 1998 (1998-05-15) | 11.6 | #55 |
|  | 22 | | September 25, 1998 (1998-09-25) | May 14, 1999 (1999-05-14) | 10.9 | #58 |
|  | 23 | | September 24, 1999 (1999-09-24) | May 5, 2000 (2000-05-05) | 8.7 | #73 |

## Broadcast

### Syndication and streaming

*Boy Meets World* reruns began airing on various Fox, WB, UPN, and independent affiliates from September 8, 1997 to September 1, 2000. During the latter month, Disney Channel assumed syndication rights, with the series running on the cable channel until 2007. ABC Family aired *Boy Meets World* from June 21, 2004 to August 31, 2007 and again from April 12, 2010 to December 2, 2015. The series also began airing on MTV2 since November 14, 2011. On May 5, 2014, the show temporarily returned to Disney Channel after a seven-year absence to promote *Girl Meets World*.

On September 29, 2017, *Boy Meets World* became available for streaming on Hulu along with fellow Disney–ABC television properties *Dinosaurs* and *Home Improvement*, in addition to fellow TGIF programs *Family Matters*, *Full House*, *Hangin' with Mr. Cooper*, *Perfect Strangers*, *Sabrina the Teenage Witch*, and *Step by Step*. On April 11, 2019, It was confirmed that Disney+, a new streaming service owned by Disney, will be carrying the series upon its November 2019 launch.

## Reception

### Viewership

*Boy Meets World* experienced strong ratings for the teenage demographic. During the airing of the fifth season in 1997–98, *Boy Meets World* was the winner of its timeslot among children, teenagers and adults aged 18–49, while placing second in its timeslot overall. The series was on average receiving a 14% decrease in ratings from the previous season. It was described as the number 2 series for children on primetime television. By the airing of the seventh season, the ratings had continued to decline as the audience for the TGIF block decreased.

### Cultural impact

Angela's interracial relationship with Shawn was a relative rarity for a major network television show targeting youths at the time. Trina McGee-Davis once remarked that the typical reaction she received from young fans regarding the relationship was overwhelmingly positive and encouraging, often inquiring as to when the characters would reconcile after a breakup. She expressed her personal wish that her character's relationship would serve as an example of color blindness for the world, in lieu of a less positive reaction a similar relationship had received on *Ally McBeal* at the time.

Eric and Shawn both wore a popular 1990s hairstyle called curtained hair.

The show also addresses the cultural issues of child abuse ("Dangerous Secret"), sexual harassment ("Chick Like Me", "Everybody Loves Stuart"), and underage drinking/alcohol use ("If You Can't Be with the One You Love…").

### Awards and nominations

List of awards and nominations received by *Boy Meets World*
| Award | Year | Recipient(s) and nominee(s) | Category | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | 1999 | *Boy Meets World* | Favorite Television Show | Nominated |  |
| | 2000 | *Boy Meets World* | Favorite Television Show | Nominated |  |
| | Ben Savage & Rider Strong | Favorite Television Friends | Won | |
| Young Artist Awards | 1994 | Ben Savage | Youth Actor Leading Role in a Television Series | Nominated |  |
| | Rider Strong | Best Youth Comedian | Nominated | |
| | Lily Nicksay | Best Actress Under Ten in a Television Series or Show | Nominated | |
| | *Boy Meets World* | Best New Television Series | Nominated | |
| | 1995 | Will Friedle | Best Performance: Young Actor in a TV Comedy Series | Nominated |  |
| | Jason Marsden | | Nominated | |
| | 1996 | Danielle Fishel | Best Performance by a Young Actress: TV Comedy Series | Nominated |  |
| | Justin Thomson | Best Performance by a Young Actor: Guest Starring Role TV Series | Won | |
| | Erin J. Dean | Best Performance by a Young Actress: Guest Starring Role TV Series | Nominated | |
| | 1997 | Ben Savage | Best Performance in a TV Comedy: Leading Young Actor | Nominated |  |
| | Rider Strong | Best Performance in a TV Comedy: Supporting Young Actor | Nominated | |
| | Danielle Fishel | Best Performance in a TV Comedy: Supporting Young Actress | Nominated | |
| | 1998 | Ben Savage | Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series: Leading Young Performer | Nominated |  |
| | 1999 | Jarrett Lennon | Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series: Guest Starring Young Actor | Won |  |
| | 2000 | J. B. Gaynor | Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series: Guest Starring Young Performer | Won |  |
| YoungStar Awards | 1998 | Ben Savage | Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy TV Series | Nominated |  |
| | Danielle Fishel | Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series | Won | |
| | 2000 | Danielle Fishel | Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series | Nominated |  |
|

## Other media

### Home video releases

Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (as Buena Vista Home Entertainment) released the first three seasons of *Boy Meets World* on DVD in 2004 and 2005.

On August 4, 2008, it was announced that Lionsgate Home Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series. They subsequently re-released the first three seasons on DVD on September 7, 2010, with the same special features from the original releases. Season 4 was released on December 7, 2010. Season 5 was released on May 3, 2011. Season 6 was released on July 5, 2011. Season 7 was released on October 4, 2011, completing the series' run on DVD.

On November 5, 2013, Lionsgate released *Boy Meets World: The Complete Collection* on DVD in Region 1. The 22-disc set features all 158 episodes of the series as well as new and previously included bonus features from the original sets.

### Sequel series

In November 2012, Disney Channel announced that it had greenlit a pilot for a sequel/spin-off series, *Girl Meets World*. This series picks up nearly fifteen years after *Boy Meets World* ended, and follows Cory and Topanga's daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) as she navigates the challenges of her adolescent years along with her best friend Maya (Sabrina Carpenter).

Ben Savage and Danielle Fishel reprised their roles as Cory and Topanga, while several other cast members from *Boy Meets World* made recurring appearances, most prominently Rider Strong (Shawn Hunter), Will Friedle (Eric Matthews), Danny McNulty (Harley Keiner), Lee Norris (Stuart Minkus), and William Daniels (Mr. Feeny). Michael Jacobs returned as showrunner. *Girl Meets World* ran three seasons before ending in 2017.

### Rewatch podcast

Fishel, Friedle and Strong began hosting a podcast in 2022 in which they rewatch and commentate on every episode of *Boy Meets World*. The podcast, entitled *Pod Meets World*, is published by iHeartRadio and launched on June 27. Savage chose not to take part in the project after being asked. The podcast featured guests Daniels, McGee, Randle, Russ and Lawrence.

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## InfoBox

| *Boy Meets World* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Sitcom |
| Created by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Theme music composer | Ray Colcord (seasons 1–4)<br>Phil Rosenthal (seasons 5–7) |
| Composer | Ray Colcord |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 7 |
| No. of episodes | 158 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Production locations |  |
| Camera setup | Videotape; Multi-camera |
| Running time | 21–23 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24) <br>May 5, 2000 (2000-05-05) |
| Related | |
| *Girl Meets World* (2014–2017) | |


title: Rumbleseat

abstract: Rumbleseat was the acoustic-folk side project of Hot Water Music frontmen Chuck Ragan and Chris Wollard, and Samantha Jones. Formed in 1998, Rumbleseat released four 7" records before releasing the full length album, 'Rumbleseat Is Dead', which was released in 2005.

text:
# Rumbleseat

**Rumbleseat** was the acoustic-folk side project of Hot Water Music frontmen Chuck Ragan and Chris Wollard, and Samantha Jones. Formed in 1998, Rumbleseat released four 7" records before releasing the full length album, '**Rumbleseat Is Dead'**, which was released in 2005.

## Rumbleseat is Dead

Rumbleseat's only full length album, **Rumbleseat is Dead**, is a collection of songs from their four seven inch singles *California Burritos, Picker, Saturn In Crosshairs,* and *Trestles* as well as two songs from compilations, and four previously unreleased songs. The album didn't see its release until July 12, 2005, as the band was faced with delay after delay. One of these delays was a result of the Hurricane Gaston flood of Richmond, Virginia, where numerous recordings were damaged. When the album was finally released it received criticism from fans for not having the popular *Walk Through the Darkness*. The album also features covers of Johnny Cash and June Carter's *Jackson*, Don Gibson's "Sea of Heartbreak", and Tex Ritter's *Rye Whiskey*.

### Track listing

1. California Burritos (2:23)
2. Cursing Concrete (3:03)
3. Trestles (3:19)
4. Picker (3:01)
5. Jackson (2:38)
6. Restless (5:22)
7. Shithouse Rat (2:15)
8. Moonshiner (4:35)
9. Saturn in Crosshairs (4:23)
10. Chattanooga Bend (2:59)
11. Sea of Heartbreak (2:41)
12. Rye Whiskey (1:57)

## InfoBox

| Rumbleseat | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Gainesville, Florida, U.S. |
| Genres | Acoustic
Folk |
| Years active | 19981999 |
| Labels | No Idea Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Chuck Ragan
Chris Wollard
Samantha Jones |


title: Rural Cemetery and Friends Cemetery

abstract: The Rural Cemetery and Friends Cemetery are a pair of connected cemeteries at 149 Dartmouth Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts United States. They occupy an irregular parcel of land more than 90 acres (36 ha) in size on the west side of the city. Established in 1837, the Rural Cemetery was the fifth rural cemetery in the nation, after Mount Auburn Cemetery, Mount Hope Cemetery, Mount Pleasant Cemetery, and Laurel Hill Cemetery. In its early days it was criticized as lacking some of the natural beauty afforded by rolling terrain; the early sections were laid out in rectilinear manner on relatively flat terrain. The cemetery was a popular burial site, including notably the landscape artist Albert Bierstadt and Governor of Massachusetts John H. Clifford. In contrast to the more decorative nature of the Rural Cemetery, the Friends Cemetery is much plainer. It consists of a roughly 2-acre (0.81 ha) parcel on one side of the Rural Cemetery, which was sold to the Dartmouth Friends in 1849, but is administered by the city. This section has less ornate markers, generally laid out in rectilinear fashion. It includes burials that were relocated from a Friends cemetery that had been located on the New Bedford waterfront. The cemeteries were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

text:
# Rural Cemetery and Friends Cemetery

The **Rural Cemetery and Friends Cemetery** are a pair of connected cemeteries at 149 Dartmouth Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts United States. They occupy an irregular parcel of land more than 90 acres (36 ha) in size on the west side of the city. Established in 1837, the Rural Cemetery was the fifth rural cemetery in the nation, after Mount Auburn Cemetery (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Mount Hope Cemetery (Bangor, Maine), Mount Pleasant Cemetery (Taunton, Massachusetts), and Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). In its early days it was criticized as lacking some of the natural beauty afforded by rolling terrain; the early sections were laid out in rectilinear manner on relatively flat terrain. The cemetery was a popular burial site, including notably the landscape artist Albert Bierstadt and Governor of Massachusetts John H. Clifford.

In contrast to the more decorative nature of the Rural Cemetery, the Friends Cemetery is much plainer. It consists of a roughly 2-acre (0.81 ha) parcel on one side of the Rural Cemetery, which was sold to the Dartmouth Friends in 1849, but is administered by the city. This section has less ornate markers, generally laid out in rectilinear fashion. It includes burials that were relocated from a Friends cemetery (dating to 1793) that had been located on the New Bedford waterfront.

The cemeteries were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

## Notable burials

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural Cemetery and Friends Cemetery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The cemetery gate | |
|  | |
| Location | 149 Dartmouth Street, New Bedford, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 41°37′22″N 70°56′07″W / 41.6229°N 70.9354°W / 41.6229; -70.9354 |
| Area | 91.57 acres (37.06 ha) |
| Built | 1837 (1837) |
| NRHP reference No. | 14000177 |
| Added to NRHP | April 28, 2014 |


title: Rural City of Murray Bridge

abstract: The Rural City of Murray Bridge is a local government area of South Australia, centred on the regional city of Murray Bridge and stretching south to Lake Alexandrina.

text:
# Rural City of Murray Bridge

The **Rural City of Murray Bridge** is a local government area of South Australia, centred on the regional city of Murray Bridge and stretching south to Lake Alexandrina.

## History

It was established in 1977 as the **District Council of Murray Bridge**, with the amalgamation of the Corporate Town of Murray Bridge and the surrounding District Council of Mobilong. It was renamed the Rural City of Murray Bridge, when it gained city status in January 1993.

## Towns

It includes the surrounding towns and localities of:

Avoca Dell, Brinkley, Chapman Bore, East Wellington, Ettrick, Gifford Hill, Greenbanks, Jervois, Kepa, Long Flat, Mobilong, Monarto, Monarto South, Monteith, Mulgundawa, Murrawong, Murray Bridge East, Murray Bridge North, Murray Bridge South, Mypolonga, Nalpa, Northern Heights, Pallamana, Riverglades, Riverglen, Rocky Gully, Sunnyside, Swanport, Toora, Wellington, White Hill, White Sands, Willow Banks, Woodlane and Woods Point, and parts of Burdett, Callington, Caloote, Naturi, Rockleigh, Tepko, Tolderol, Wall Flat and Lake Alexandrina.

## Councillors

The Rural City of Murray Bridge has a directly-elected mayor. The current elected councillors as of November 2022 are as follows:

| Ward | Councillor | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mayor |  | Wayne Thorley |  |
| Unsubdivided |  | Andrew Baltensperger |  |
| |  | Tom Haig |  |
| |  | Karen Eckermann |  |
| |  | Fred Toogood |  |
| |  | Mat O'Brien |  |
| |  | Airlie Keen |  |
| |  | John DeMichele |  |
| |  | Clem Schubert |  |
| |  | Lisa Courtney |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Rural City of Murray Bridge
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| The location of the Rural City of Murray Bridge in SA | |
| Coordinates | 35°07′07″S 139°17′02″E / 35.1186°S 139.2838°E / -35.1186; 139.2838 |
| • Density | 11,83/km2 (3,060/sq mi) |
| Established | 1977 |
| Area | 1,832 km2 (707.3 sq mi) |
| Mayor | Wayne Thorley |
| Council seat | Murray Bridge |
| Region | Murray and Mallee |
| State electorate(s) |  |
| Federal division(s) | Barker |
|  | |
| Website | Rural City of Murray Bridge |
| **LGAs around Rural City of Murray Bridge:**  Mid Murray Mid Murray Karoonda East Murray  Mount Barker Rural City of Murray Bridge Karoonda East Murray  Alexandrina Coorong Coorong | |


title: Rural City of Bellarine

abstract: The Rural City of Bellarine was a local government area southeast of the regional city of Geelong, Victoria, Australia, covering most of the Bellarine Peninsula. The Rural City covered an area of 331.78 square kilometres (128.1 sq mi), and from its origin as the Portarlington Road District, existed in a number of forms and under different names from 1853 until 1993.

text:
# Rural City of Bellarine

The **Rural City of Bellarine** was a local government area southeast of the regional city of Geelong, Victoria, Australia, covering most of the Bellarine Peninsula. The Rural City covered an area of 331.78 square kilometres (128.1 sq mi), and from its origin as the Portarlington Road District, existed in a number of forms and under different names from 1853 until 1993.

## History

Bellarine was first incorporated as the Portarlington Road District on 12 December 1853, and became a shire on 26 September 1865. On 12 December 1989, Bellarine was proclaimed a rural city.

On 18 May 1993, the Rural City of Bellarine was abolished, and along with the Cities of Geelong, Geelong West and Newtown, the Shire of Corio and parts of the City of South Barwon and the Shires of Barrabool and Bannockburn, was merged into the newly created City of Greater Geelong.

## Wards

The Rural City of Bellarine was divided into three ridings, each of which elected three councillors:

* Bellarine Riding
* Paywit Riding
* Moolap Riding

## Towns and localities

* Council seat.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1954 | 7,015 |
| 1958 | 9,270\* |
| 1961 | 10,127 |
| 1966 | 14,529 |
| 1971 | 18,791 |
| 1976 | 24,495 |
| 1981 | 30,014 |
| 1986 | 35,302 |
| 1991 | 41,130 |

* Estimate in 1958 Victorian Year Book.

## InfoBox

| Rural City of Bellarine
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Victoria | |
| Population | 44,180 (1992) |
| • Density | 133.161/km2 (344.88/sq mi) |
| Established | 1853 |
| Area | 331.78 km2 (128.1 sq mi) |
| Council seat | Drysdale |
| Region | Barwon South West |
| County | Grant |
|  | |
| **LGAs around Rural City of Bellarine:**  Geelong *Corio Bay* *Port Phillip*  South Barwon Rural City of Bellarine Queenscliffe  South Barwon *Bass Strait* *Bass Strait* | |


title: Brachylomia discolor

abstract: Brachylomia discolor is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1904. It is found in the western United States from southern Idaho and southern Wyoming southward through Utah and Nevada to southern California and New Mexico.

text:
# Brachylomia discolor

***Brachylomia discolor*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1904. It is found in the western United States from southern Idaho and southern Wyoming southward through Utah and Nevada to southern California and New Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Brachylomia discolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Brachylomia* |
| Species: | ***B. discolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brachylomia discolor***<br>Smith, 1904 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cleoceris discolor* * *Lomilysis discolor* | |


title: Brad Davis (baseball)

abstract: Bradley Edward Davis is an American former professional baseball catcher, who played in Major League Baseball for the Florida Marlins in 2010.

text:
# Brad Davis (baseball)

**Bradley Edward Davis** (born December 29, 1982) is an American former professional baseball catcher, who played in Major League Baseball for the Florida Marlins in 2010.

## Early life

Davis graduated from Capistrano Valley High School in Mission Viejo, California in 2001, where he was named CIF Player of the Year as a senior. He attended Long Beach State University, where he majored in Communications, and was also named as a Freshman All-American. In 2002, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

## Professional career

### Florida Marlins

Davis was drafted by the Marlins in the fifth round of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft. Davis spent all of 2006 with the Class-A Advanced Jupiter Hammerheads, and he went on to hit .259 with four home runs and 46 RBI in 106 games. He was honored by being named to represent Jupiter in the Florida State League All-Star Game. He had seven three-hit games and seven three-RBI games, including four games with three hits and three RBI. His best month was August, when he batted .302 (19x63) with one home run and twelve RBI in twenty-one games.

On July 21, 2010, the Marlins designated Nate Robertson for assignment and promoted Davis to the major leagues. He was optioned back to Triple-A on August 5, but he was recalled on August 20 after Ronny Paulino was suspended for the use of performance-enhancing drugs.

He was designated for assignment on June 15, 2011.

### San Diego Padres

Davis signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres in 2012 but was released by the end of June after playing 39 games with their triple-a team in Tucson.

### Miami Marlins

On July 5, 2012, Davis signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins but was released after only 7 games in their minor league system.

### Detroit Tigers

On July 26, 2012, the Detroit Tigers signed a minor league contract with Davis.

## InfoBox

| Brad Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| Davis with the Florida Marlins during spring training in 2011 | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1982-12-29) December 29, 1982
San Diego, California | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 21, 2010, for the Florida Marlins | |
| Last appearance | |
| October 3, 2010, for the Florida Marlins | |
| MLB statistics
(through 2011 season) | |
| Batting average | .211 |
| Home runs | 3 |
| Runs batted in | 16 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Boys of Summer (comics)

abstract: Boys of Summer is a three volume Original English-language manga written by American Chuck Austen and illustrated by Japanese artist Hiroki Otsuka. It is a romantic comedy that deals with the main character's relationships with women upon his arrival at college as well as his relationship with the school's baseball team. The series is published by Tokyopop and is rated as suitable for persons over the age of 16, as it contains scenes with partial nudity.

text:
# Boys of Summer (comics)

***Boys of Summer*** is a three volume Original English-language manga written by American Chuck Austen and illustrated by Japanese artist Hiroki Otsuka. It is a romantic comedy that deals with the main character's relationships with women upon his arrival at college as well as his relationship with the school's baseball team. The series is published by Tokyopop and is rated as suitable for persons over the age of 16, as it contains scenes with partial nudity.

## Publication history

The first volume of *Boys of Summer* was released May 9, 2006, running approximately 200 pages, and is the only volume that has seen print in the US. The second volume was released in October 2007 in Hungary. An omnibus edition, collecting all three volumes, was announced but never released.

In August 2009, Tokyopop announced that the remaining volumes would be released online, as part of their new online manga program. On September 23, 2009, the serialization of the second volume started on Tokyopop.com, with a new chapter scheduled each Wednesday.

## Synopsis

### Volume 1

Bud Waterston is an 18-year-old male "in full hormonal bloom" with a predilection for nosebleeds. After saying goodbye to his mother and siblings he leaves to attend Wilton State University two hours away with his best friend Manny. Bud is looking forward to meeting what he imagines are legions of scantily-clad young women but things do not begin well for him. Upon arrival he gets into a car accident and runs afoul of an upperclassman. When taking Manny to baseball tryouts, he discovers that the car he ran into is owned by the manager of the baseball team, and that the upperclassman, Jake, is the star pitcher. An altercation with Jake reveals that Bud possesses a high speed fastball with great control, and soon after Bud meets the manager's daughter and the team's starting catcher, Chrissie.

Later, Chrissie approaches Manny to find out more about Bud—namely why he does not play baseball with his incredible skills. Later she finds him at a party thrown by Keeley, a sophomore girl living in his co-ed dorm. Finding Keeley in Bud's lap, she storms off and Bud follows arguing with her only to discover she lives across the hall from him. Afterwards Keeley appears and apologizes to Bud wondering if he and Chrissie are involved. Bud denies it and Keeley expresses an interest in Bud.

The next day Bud and Chrissie are heading down to breakfast together when they discover that Manny has not activated his dining card—meaning he cannot enter the cafeteria. Bud gives Manny his card and resigns himself to skipping breakfast but Chrissie volunteers to buy him something elsewhere and the two of them leave. While eating they talk and eventually the talk turns to baseball when Bud suddenly realizes that Chrissie is only being nice to him to get him to join the team and leaves insulted.

That evening Chrissie's father comes to Bud's dorm and offers not to report the damage Bud caused to his car in return for his joining the team. At first Bud resists but after discovering that Manny, also a catcher, probably will not make the team due to Chrissie and calling his mother and finding out the projected rise in the insurance premiums, he shows up to practice on one condition: only Manny can catch for him.

## Characters

* **Bud Waterston**: The main character, Bud is a horny, perverted teenage boy who is a very loyal friend to Manny. He also has an incredible gift as a pitcher—able to throw a fastball accurately at 100 mph—but refuses to play baseball because of the suicide of his father. When dealing with Bud the Japanese convention of nosebleeds as signaling sexual arousal is turned on its head—while his nose does bleed around Chrissie, it is always the result of blunt trauma (e.g. hit in face by a baseball, running into a door, etc.). In addition he usually seems to lose his temper quite easily around her.
* **Manny**: Best friends with Bud since childhood, Manny used to be Bud's primary catcher until Bud quit baseball. He is stockier than Bud, and there is a running joke about his love of food. He is also something of a mama's boy in that he often speaks with his mother on the phone for long periods even if she is the one that calls him. Despite this he always sticks up for Bud and backs up his friend.
* **Chrissie**: Starting catcher of the Wilton State baseball team and at least a year older than Bud, Chrissie does not need her relationship as the manager's daughter to ensure her position—she is an excellent catcher. She began playing baseball to spend more time with her father but eventually developed a love for it. A little uptight in regards to the popularity of "oversexed" girls like Keeley, the romantic relationship between Chrissie and Bud seems like it will be a central focus of the series.
* **Jake**: The star pitcher (until Bud) of the team, Jake is cocky and arrogant and likes to shove Bud around. He even tries to bully the manager of the team because he is the only player who is considered above average.
* **Keeley**: A sophomore who lives in the same building as Bud and Chrissie, Chrissie considers Keeley a "skeevy, oversexed tramp". Nevertheless, she is adept enough in her studies to get into upper division classes in only her second year. After teasing Bud at her party, she expresses a genuine interest in his relationship with Chrissie and is glad to find out Bud is single.
* **Chrissie's father**: The manager (referred to as coach in the manga) of the Wilton State University baseball team, he wants his players to have fun because if they are playing for Wilton State, then "no worthwhile scout or college was interested in you." Even so, he goes to great lengths to get Bud on his team from having Chrissie talk to him to offering to forgo the damages to his car.

## InfoBox

| *Boys of Summer* | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of *Boys of Summer* vol. 1 (2007),<br>art by Hiroki Otsuka | |
| Genre |  |
| Author | Chuck Austen |
| Illustrator | Hiroki Otsuka |
| Publisher | Tokyopop (U.S.) |
| ---  Other publishers * Mangattack (Hungary) | |
| Original run | 20072008 |
| Volumes | 3 |


abstract:
"Boys the Old Flag Never Touched The Ground" is a patriotic song that was sung at events about the Medal of Honor recipient Sgt. William H. Carney of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The song was written by Bob Cole, James Weldon Johnson, and J. Rosamond Johnson and was sung in their Broadway musical "Shoo Fly Regiment." It was published in 1901. They dedicated the song to Carney. It celebrates his actions during the Battle of Fort Wagner during the American Civil War. After Carney's death in 1908, Henry Mather and George E. Lothrop put his song to music and published it. The chorus celebrates Carney's actions:
  - 'Twas the Blue against the Gray, Boys,
  - And he said to all around,
  - "I've only done my duty boys,
  - The old Flag never touch'd the ground. The full text of the song clearly shows the ethnicity of the hero whose virtues it extols: One night on Southern battlefields, down where Fort Wagner lay, A regiment of black men fought, The Blue against the Gray. As the sun sank slowly in the West A thunderstorm and gale Wept tears to see the brave black troops Shot down by leaden hail. A negro saw the old flag fall And threw his gun away To grasp the falling colors staff And lead them to the fray. Twas the Blue against the Gray, Boys, And he said to all around "I've only done my duty boys, The old Flag never touch'd the ground." "I've only done my duty, boys" He said to all around, "I've only done my duty boys, The old Flag never touch'd the ground." Around the dead and dying lay; He reach'd the parapet, The old flag never touched the ground, As kneeling he held it yet. The old flag did not bite the dust, Where the bold black hero lay; Two armies battled for the fort, The Blue against the Gray Amid the awful slaughter there, he said to all around, "I've only done my duty, boys, It did not touch the ground." The account of Sgt. Carney's action as it appears on his Medal of Honor citation May 23, 1900:
  - When the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors thereon. When the troops fell back he brought off the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded. The account of Sgt. Carney's action as it appeared in 'The United States Service Magazine, 1864:
  - As our forces retire, Sergeant Carney, who has kept the colors of his regiment flying upon the parapet of Wagner during the entire conflict, is seen creeping along on one knee, still holding up the flag, and only yielding its sacred trust upon finding an officer of his regiment. As he enter the field-hospital, where his wounded comrades are being brought in, they cheer him and the colors. Though nearly exhausted with the loss of blood, he says, "Boys, the old flag never touched the ground."

text:
# Boys the Old Flag Never Touched the Ground

**"Boys the Old Flag Never Touched The Ground"** is a patriotic song that was sung at events about the Medal of Honor recipient Sgt. William H. Carney of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The song was written by Bob Cole, James Weldon Johnson, and J. Rosamond Johnson and was sung in their Broadway musical "Shoo Fly Regiment." It was published in 1901 (Carney got his Medal of Honour only decades after the war in 1900). They dedicated the song to Carney.

It celebrates his actions during the Battle of Fort Wagner during the American Civil War. After Carney's death in 1908, Henry Mather and George E. Lothrop put his song to music and published it. The chorus celebrates Carney's actions:

*'Twas the Blue against the Gray, Boys,* *And he said to all around,* *"I've only done my duty boys,* *The old Flag never touch'd the ground.*

The full text of the song clearly shows the ethnicity of the hero whose virtues it extols:

*One night on Southern battlefields,*

*down where Fort Wagner lay,*

*A regiment of black men fought,*

*The Blue against the Gray.*

*As the sun sank slowly in the West*

*A thunderstorm and gale*

*Wept tears to see the brave black troops*

*Shot down by leaden hail.*

*A negro saw the old flag fall*

*And threw his gun away*

*To grasp the falling colors staff*

*And lead them to the fray.*

*Twas the Blue against the Gray, Boys,*

*And he said to all around*

*"I've only done my duty boys,*

*The old Flag never touch'd the ground."*

*"I've only done my duty, boys"*

*He said to all around,*

*"I've only done my duty boys,*

*The old Flag never touch'd the ground."*

*Around the dead and dying lay;*

*He reach'd the parapet,*

*The old flag never touched the ground,*

*As kneeling he held it yet.*

*The old flag did not bite the dust,*

*Where the bold black hero lay;*

*Two armies battled for the fort,*

*The Blue against the Gray*

*Amid the awful slaughter there,*

*he said to all around,*

*"I've only done my duty, boys,*

*It did not touch the ground."*

The account of Sgt. Carney's action as it appears on his Medal of Honor citation May 23, 1900:

When the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors thereon. When the troops fell back he brought off the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded.

The account of Sgt. Carney's action as it appeared in '*The United States Service Magazine*, 1864:

As our forces retire, Sergeant Carney, who has kept the colors of his regiment flying upon the parapet of Wagner during the entire conflict, is seen creeping along on one knee, still holding up the flag, and only yielding its sacred trust upon finding an officer of his regiment. As he enter the field-hospital, where his wounded comrades are being brought in, they cheer him and the colors. Though nearly exhausted with the loss of blood, he says, "Boys, the old flag never touched the ground."

## Bibliography

* Seniors, Paula Marie, "Beyond Lift Every Voice and Sing: The Culture of Uplift, Identity and Politics in Black Musical Theater," Ohio State University Press, 2003
* Davis, Robert Stewart. "Three Months Around Charleston Bar; Or, the Great Siege as We Saw It". *The United States Service Magazine*. New York: Charles B. Richardson (1864) I:3 March 1864.

## InfoBox

| "Boys the Old Flag Never Touched The Ground" | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover, sheet music, 1909, with photo of W.H. Carney | |
| Song | |
| Language | English |
| Published | 1918 |
| Songwriter(s) | Bob Cole, James Weldon Johnson and J. Rosamond Johnson |
| Composer(s) | Henry Mather |
| Lyricist(s) | George E. Lothrop |


title: Rurki Kasba

abstract: Rurki Kasba is a census town in Patiala district in the Indian state of Punjab.

text:
# Rurki Kasba

**Rurki Kasba** is a census town in Patiala district in the Indian state of Punjab.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Rurki Kasba had a population of 8186. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Rurki Kasba has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 63%. In Rurki Kasba, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## InfoBox

| Rurki Kasba | |
| --- | --- |
| Census town | |
| Rurki KasbaLocation in Punjab (India), IndiaRurki KasbaRurki Kasba (India) | |
| Coordinates: 30°22′22″N 76°28′43″E / 30.3727°N 76.4785°E / 30.3727; 76.4785 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab (India) |
| District | Patiala |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 8,186 |
| Languages | |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Russian Army (1919)

abstract: The Russian Army was the armed forces of the White movement, united on an all-Russian scale in 1919 under the sole formal command of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the Russian State Admiral Alexander Kolchak.

text:
# Russian Army (1919)

The **Russian Army** (Русская Армiя/Русская армия, *Russkaya armiya*) was the armed forces of the White movement, united on an all-Russian scale in 1919 under the sole formal command of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the Russian State Admiral Alexander Kolchak.

## History of creation

On November 18, 1918, with the proclamation of the Minister of War, Alexander Kolchak, the Supreme leader of Russia, who assumed the supreme command of all the land and naval forces of Russia, the White army was substantially reorganized.

Admiral Kolchak was recognized as the supreme leader of Russia by all the commanders-in-chief of the white armies both in the south and west of Russia and in Siberia and the Far East; at the turn of May – June 1919, generals Anton Denikin, Evgeny Miller, Nikolay Yudenich voluntarily submitted to Kolchak and officially recognized his Supreme High Command over all armies in Russia. The Supreme Commander at the same time confirmed the powers of commanders. By order of the Supreme Governor, Miller and Yudenich received the status of Governor-general. In his subordination were the Armed Forces of South Russia, led by the Deputy Supreme Commander General Anton Denikin, the Eastern, Northern and Northwestern Fronts, as well as the naval forces and the military representation of Russia abroad.

The name "Russian Army" was affirmed as the unification of all the white fronts, and the status of the front commanders formally from the commander-in-chief was given to the commanders of the Northern and North-Western armies, Generals Nikolai Yudenich and Anatoly Miller.

## Armed Forces

At various times, the Russian army was represented by the following armed formations:

**In the north**

**In North-west**

**In the South**

| Volunteer Army (January 1918) |  |  | Don Army (April 1918) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Armed Forces of South Russia (January 1919) | | | | |
| Army of Wrangel (May 1920) | | | | |
|

**In the East**

| People's Army of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (June 1918) |  |  | Siberian Army (June 1918) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War (September 1918) | | | | |
| • Far Eastern Army (April 1920) | | | | |
| • White Rebel Army (1921) | | | | |
| Zemskaya Rat (1922) | | | | |
|

**In Central Asia**

| • Turkestan military organization (February 1918) |
| --- |
| Turkestan Army (April 1919) | | | | |
| • Peasant Army of Fergana (June 1919) | | | | |
|

## Organizational structure and composition

By his order of January 3, 1919, Supreme Commander Alexander Kolchak decided that the new Russian army should have a structure and composition similar to the Russian Imperial Army of Nicholas II.

The structure of the created united army assumed the creation of:

* companies of 150 bayonets;
* battalions of 4 companies each;
* regiments of 4,100 bayonets in 4 battalions or 16 companies;
* divisions with 16,500 bayonets in 4 regiments;
* corps of 37,000 bayonets in 2 divisions.

The management data of the Red Army about the size of the Russian army (1919), referring to the period of the most powerful bloom of the white movement, by May–June 1919, show that during this period the number of combat units of regular white armies did not exceed 682.0 thousand people. With the service personnel of the rear administrations, garrisons, headquarters, sanitary-medical military organizations, and other militarized structures, this number of paramilitary population for whites should be raised by approximately 50% and thus brought up to 1,023.0 thousand people.

## Note

## Literature

* *С. В. Волков* Белое движение в России: организационная структура
* Клавинг В. В. Гражданская война в России: белые армии. — М., СПб.: АСТ, Terra Fantastica, 2003. — 637 с. — 5000 экз. — ISBN 5-17-019260-6.
* Путеводитель по фондам белой армии / Рос. гос. воен. архив / Сост. Н. Д. Егоров, Н. В. Пульченко, Л. М. Чижова. — М.: «Русское библиографическое общество», издательская фирма «Восточная литература» РАН, 1998. — 526 с. — 1500 экз. — ISBN 5-02-018037-8. Архивная копия от 7 марта 2012 на Wayback Machine
* *Плотников И. Ф.* Челябинск: разработка стратегического плана наступления русской армии A. В. Колчака, успехи в его осуществлении и последующий провал (февраль-май 1919 г.)//Урал в событиях 1917—1921 гг.: актуальные проблемы изучения. Челябинск. 1999.
* *В.Г. Хандорин* Адмирал Колчак: правда и мифы. Глава «Союзники и борьба за признание»

## InfoBox

| Russian Army
Русская Армiя
Русская армия | |
| --- | --- |
| Volunteer Army Insignia | |
| Active | 3 January 1919 – February 1920 |
| Country | Russian State |
| Allegiance | White movement |
| Branch | Army
Air Forces
Fleet |
| Size | ~1,023,000 (May 1919) |
| Part of | White Army |
| Nickname(s) | White Guard |
| Engagements | Russian Civil War |
| Commanders | |
| Supreme
Commander-in-Chief | Alexander Kolchak |
| Commander-in-Chief
of the Northwestern Army | Nikolai Yudenich |
| Commander-in-Chief
of South Russia | Anton Denikin |
| Commander-in-Chief
of the Army of Wrangel | Pyotr Vrangel |
| Notable
commanders | Vladimir Kappel |


title: Russian Art Week

abstract: Russian Art Week was a major international art fair in London, UK, which takes places bi-annually every June and November. During the week the UK's four major auction houses Christie's, Sotheby's, MacDougall's and Bonhams present a programme of sales featuring Russian paintings and works of art.> Russian Art Week works in parallel with the salesrooms to provide a comprehensive listing of the season's sales and events. The website and the related published guide provide a single source for information on the Russian auctions as well as other related cultural events, exhibitions and conferences taking place around London. It is accompanied by a directory of Russian auction houses, galleries, dealers and specialist institutions.

text:
# Russian Art Week

**Russian Art Week** was a major international art fair in London, UK, which takes places bi-annually every June and November. During the week the UK's four major auction houses Christie's, Sotheby's, MacDougall's and Bonhams present a programme of sales featuring Russian paintings and works of art.\> Russian Art Week works in parallel with the salesrooms to provide a comprehensive listing of the season's sales and events. The website and the related published guide provide a single source for information on the Russian auctions as well as other related cultural events, exhibitions and conferences taking place around London. It is accompanied by a directory of Russian auction houses, galleries, dealers and specialist institutions.

## Description

The event was founded by Theodora Clarke, editor of Russian Art and Culture, in 2012 and launched at the Embassy of the Russian Federation. Russian Art Week was established in order to aggregate commercial and academic events into one week. Russian art sales in London have seen an increase in recent years, with sales in June 2013 raising £50 million. The guide provides information on the timings and content of the Russian art sales, preview key works and report results.

The Russian Art Week website is run by its parent company Russian Art and Culture which also hosts an opening party to mark the beginning of the week-long event. Previous venues have included Mayfair's Erarta Gallery, where a panel discussion on fakes and forgeries was staged, and the Westbury Hotel. The 2015 Autumn edition was hosted in great style at the Corinthia Hotel Apartments where the Gagliardi Gallery, 40 years on the art scene in the heart of Chelsea, London, was selected to curate the artworks to complement the event. The company also organises a number of complementary VIP events, usually in the form of tours, talks and private exhibition visits.

The Russian Art Week guide was the first publication to provide a comprehensive listing of the week's Russian sales for collectors and dealers. The guide is released two weeks before the event and is available at participating locations across central London or as a free download on the Russian Art Week website. Content is divided into categories consisting of Sales, Events, Directory and Auction Times and contains selected highlights from each auction house. Recent editions have included both Russian and English content.

### Russian Art and Culture website

Russian Art and Culture is the sister website of Russian Art Week and co-hosts its opening party. This website was launched in response to the conference "Cultural Exchange: Russia and the West", held at the University of Bristol in 2011. This site, which takes the form of an online magazine, allows academics, curators, researchers and interested members of the public to both submit articles and to read about the latest developments in Russian art, theory and criticism. The site has an international readership and receives web traffic of 50,000. In February 2014 Russian Art and Culture was shortlisted for the UK Blog Awards 2014, recognising the site as one of the top 10 Arts and Culture blogs in the UK.


title: Rut (mammalian reproduction)

abstract: The rut is the mating season of certain mammals, which includes ruminants such as deer, sheep, camels, goats, pronghorns, bison, giraffes and antelopes, and extends to others such as skunks and elephants. The rut is characterized in males by an increase in testosterone, exaggerated sexual dimorphisms, increased aggression, and increased interest in females. The males of the species may mark themselves with mud, undergo physiological changes or perform characteristic displays in order to make themselves more visually appealing to the females. Males also use olfaction to entice females to mate using secretions from glands and soaking in their own urine. Deer will also leave their own personal scent marking around by urinating down their own legs with the urine soaking the hair that covers their tarsal glands. Male deer do these most often during breeding season. During the rut, males often rub their antlers or horns on trees or shrubs, fight with each other, wallow in mud or dust, self-anoint, and herd estrus females together. These displays make the male conspicuous and aid in mate selection. The rut in many species is triggered by shorter day lengths. For different species, the timing of the rut depends on the length of the gestation period (pregnancy), usually occurring so the young are born in the spring. This is shortly after new green growth has appeared thereby providing food for the females, allowing them to provide milk for the young, and when the temperatures are warm enough to reduce the risk of young becoming hypothermic.

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# Rut (mammalian reproduction)

The **rut** (from the Latin *rugire*, meaning "to roar") is the mating season of certain mammals, which includes ruminants such as deer, sheep, camels, goats, pronghorns, bison, giraffes and antelopes, and extends to others such as skunks and elephants. The rut is characterized in males by an increase in testosterone, exaggerated sexual dimorphisms, increased aggression, and increased interest in females. The males of the species may mark themselves with mud, undergo physiological changes or perform characteristic displays in order to make themselves more visually appealing to the females. Males also use olfaction to entice females to mate using secretions from glands and soaking in their own urine. Deer will also leave their own personal scent marking around by urinating down their own legs with the urine soaking the hair that covers their tarsal glands. Male deer do these most often during breeding season.

During the rut (known as the *rutting period* and in domestic sheep management as *tupping*), males often rub their antlers or horns on trees or shrubs, fight with each other, wallow in mud or dust, self-anoint, and herd estrus females together. These displays make the male conspicuous and aid in mate selection.

The rut in many species is triggered by shorter day lengths. For different species, the timing of the rut depends on the length of the gestation period (pregnancy), usually occurring so the young are born in the spring. This is shortly after new green growth has appeared thereby providing food for the females, allowing them to provide milk for the young, and when the temperatures are warm enough to reduce the risk of young becoming hypothermic.

## Cervidae

### White-tailed deer

The rut for white-tailed deer (*Odocoileus virginianus*) usually lasts three weeks in the Northern Hemisphere and may occur most of the year in tropical zones. The rut is the time when white-tail deer, especially bucks, are more active and less cautious than usual. This makes them easier to hunt, as well as more susceptible to being hit by motor vehicles.

Outdoors writer Charles Alsheimer has done research demonstrating the white-tailed deer rut is also controlled by the lunar phase and that the rut peaks seven days after the second full moon during October and November (the rutting moon), while elk begin rutting during the September equinox on 21 September.

A white-tail doe may be in estrus for up to 72 hours and may come into estrus up to seven times if she does not mate. Cows may come into estrus up to four or more times if they do not mate. Some people believe that it is possible that does can enter a second estrus around 28 to 30 days from its first estrus if the doe isn't bred. There are also studies that show that some does actively participate in seeking out possible mates in areas where there are less males to increase the chances of finding males and being bred.

The rut can start as early as the end of September and can last all the way through the winter months. Bucks usually begin this process when the velvet is falling off their antlers, and it can last all the way until they start to shed their antlers. The peak of the rut, however, is right in the middle. The average peak day for the white-tail rut in the U.S. is November 13. Around this period of time, the bucks and does are very active, with the rut in full swing. For a hunter sitting in a tree stand at this time of the year, it is not uncommon to see many deer pass through his specific area, due to other deer chasing others.

There are many behaviors a buck will exhibit during the rut. During pre-rut, bucks will spar with each other. Sparring is low-intensity aggressive behavior, involving mostly pushing and shoving. Bucks of different sizes will do this to each other. After pre-rut is finished, a buck will rub his antlers on a tree (thus making a "rub"), and make scrapes on the ground with his hooves: both of these are ways a buck will mark its territory and proclaim his dominance for other bucks to see. These activities are usually done at night. Bucks will make many different scent markings using different scent glands. These scent glands include pedal glands found between the toes, preorbital glands found in the corners of their eyes, tarsal glands found on the lower inside of their hind legs, and the metatarsal glands found in the outside hind leg between ankle and hoof. The deer spread scent from these glands by rubbing hooves during ground scrapes, rubbing faces on tree limbs, and urinating down legs.

The most prominent behavior of all during the heat of the rut is fighting, where bucks show their true dominance to others. In fighting, bucks usually battle against similar-sized deer, and small bucks do not normally challenge mature large ones: more often than not, smaller bucks fear the more mature bucks and leave or avoid the dominant deer's territory. These fights can be long in duration with the winner getting the group of does. Some fights result in injuries with some resulting in death.

Studies show that males of all age-classes increased their search efforts for mates during rut. According to the source, "One-year-old males seemed to invest less effort searching for females because movement rates (m/h) were 25–30% lower than in older males". This data indicates that the youngest males don't try as hard as older males to find a mate. The energy expenditure of chasing and fighting during the breeding season can result in a buck losing an immense amount of weight, with some research documenting losses of as much as 20% of body weight with some sources showing body mass losses of up to 30%. On average, a buck before breeding season can weigh up to 180 pounds (82 kg). After he has gone through the stages of the rut, he can lose about 50 pounds (23 kg) of weight, which is quite large, especially for only a few months of time. In the post-rut, a buck will need to replenish his body and catch up on the weight and energy he has lost.

Sources have stated that after the rut, a buck will go to a bedding spot and will remain "motionless" for a large amount of time, even to the extent of about two days, as he is thoroughly exhausted. After he has rested, he will get up and start to feed extensively, trying to catch up on all the nutrients his body requires. Croplands have much high carbohydrate grain in them, and a buck can be found here often, eating and getting nutrients. When the climate is extremely cold, a buck will sometimes resort to swamps and bogs, because of the warmer temperatures these areas hold.

### Elk (Wapiti)

The timing of the elk rut depends on where they live. In the Northern Hemisphere, it occurs between mid-August and mid-October. In the Southern Hemisphere it occurs between mid-February and mid-April.

The rut tends to last somewhere between 20 and 45 days. This varies on latitude, which affects the timing of spring and autumn and which can give elk a longer calving season and a longer rut. During the rut, elk frequently use areas around fresh water, and tend to bed in heavy timber five to six hours per day. A cow elk will remain in estrus for 12 to 15 hours, if they are not bred during this time frame they will normally have another estrus cycle 18 to 28 days later.

Elk use several different vocalizations during the rut. Some are made only by a certain sex or age class, and each is used for a different reason. The first of which being the cohesion call which is made by both sexes of elk, and is used to locate one another. An alarm squeal is made by both sexes of elk when they are on alert, during the rut these are used frequently by young bulls (male elks) being run off by the herd bull. Satellite bulls frequently spar with one another during the rut, and in turn make sparring squeaks.

#### Bugling

A bugle is a vocalization made exclusively by bulls. The typical bugle consists of three acoustic parts, a low frequency "on-glide" that sounds guttural in tone, which then ascends into the highest frequency part of the call termed the "whistle", and the last portion of the call, the "off-glide" that returns to a low-frequency tone. The function behind this acoustic structure of the bugle is directly correlated to the male's physiology and how different frequencies travel through varied environments. In terms of physiology, the larger an animal gets the lower frequency of sound it is able to produce. This is because with an increase in size comes an increase in vocal fold length, and longer vocal folds confer an increased ability to produce lower frequency sounds. Because of this relationship, a bugle can be directed toward other bulls or toward cows to demonstrate the size and thus fitness of the bull vocalizing. A bull will direct his bugle toward his cows while gathering them or while chasing an estrus cow. A herd bull will direct his bugle toward another bull to express his dominance over the herd, while a satellite bull may use his bugle to challenge the herd bull. The reason for the high-frequency portion of the bugle is due to the propagative efficiency of differing frequencies through varying environments. Studies have shown that as a bull's harem increases in diameter, meaning the cows become more dispersed, he tends to vocalize more frequently than if they were within closer proximity. The higher-pitched section of the call propagates through the environment better, which is why the bull uses it to congregate a harem that is becoming more spatially dispersed and thus harder to defend. Acoustic analyses comparing bull elk bugles with cow elk cohesion calls show a notable degree of acoustic similarity, indicating that both vocalizations may perform a congregating function, which is why the bugle is often used by the bull to condense his harem.

#### Bugling physiology

The ability to produce such a high-frequency vocalization by such a large animal is unusual. As explained above, this is because larger body mass positively correlates with longer vocal folds and thus lower frequency emission. Larger body size also corresponds with a decreased ability to emit high frequency vocalizations. Bull elk overcome this by a unique anatomical mechanism that produces sound using a different pathway than the vibrations of the vocal folds. Bull elk constrict their supra laryngeal vocal tract, specifically in the nasal cavity in order to create a smaller opening for exhaled air to pass through. As air moves through this opening it causes the tissues to vibrate and produce the high frequency sound waves which comprise the "whistle" portion of the bugle. This anatomical development for bioacoustics in elk was discovered upon sonographic analysis of bugle vocalizations which revealed a biphonetic (two simultaneous frequencies) display. One frequency was high (the result of the supra laryngeal constriction), and the other was low (the result of normal vocal fold oscillations).

#### Yelping

Yelping also known as "grunting" is usually only made by herd bulls when they are excited. They are made more often while interacting with cows than with other bulls. "Yelping commonly was accompanied by contractions of the penile region with simultaneous emission of short spurts of urine."

##### Phases

The rut has six phases: the pre-rut, the first breeding phase, the first rest phase, the second breeding phase, the second rest phase, and the third breeding phase.

* The pre-rut takes place from mid-August through the beginning of September. During the pre-rut bulls begin bugling and gathering their herds. Bulls will bugle to attract cows as well as to express dominance over other bulls. A "herd" bull is the dominant bull in a herd. Younger, smaller bulls are known as satellite bulls, as they tend to cling to the edges of a herd trying to pick up any cows willing to leave the herd. Larger satellite bulls will challenge the herd bull to try and take control of the herd. These challenges include a good deal of bugling as well as fighting.
* The first breeding phase of the rut takes place between the beginning and the middle of September. This is when the three year and older cows come into estrus. During this time herd bulls bugle to keep their cows close by, they also answer the bugles of satellite bulls to let them know they are still dominant. A herd bull will also bugle while approaching a cow in estrus so the cows become familiar with his bugles.
* The first rest phase of the rut occurs between the middle and the end of September. At this time the older cows are predominantly out of estrus and the younger cows have not yet come into estrus. During the rest period, satellite bulls will try to join the herd while the herd bull is resting.
* The second breeding phase of the rut takes place three to four weeks after the first breeding phase. This is due to younger cows coming into estrus, as well as older cows that were not bred on their first estrus cycle coming back into estrus. Herd bulls are less aggressive towards satellite bulls at this phase in the rut due to exhaustion. The second phase of the rut may have the most bugling activity due to the combination of the testosterone levels of the younger bulls rising, and the herd bull still trying to maintain control of the herd.
* The second rest phase of the rut occurs around the middle of October. By this time the original herd bull usually does not have control of the herd, due to a great decline in physical condition. Terry Bowyer states, "Elk were observed feeding in the following percentages of observations: master bulls 24%; bachelor bulls 53%; yearling males 62%; cows 64%; and calves 62%" (Bowyer uses the terms "master bulls" and "bachelor bulls" which have the same meaning as "herd bulls" and "satellite bulls"). Herd bulls do not have time to feed during the rut due to constantly fighting other bulls as well as chasing and breeding cows.
* Occasionally a third breeding phase will occur. This will usually take place around the end of October or early November. This is a result of yearling cows coming into estrus for the first time or two-year-old cows coming into a second estrus cycle. Since most of the herd bulls have left the herd by this time of year, the breeding is usually done by the younger satellite bulls. After this phase the rut is over, most bulls will leave the cows and form bachelor herds to spend the winter with; however young bulls will usually remain with the cows throughout the winter.

### Other deer species

#### Fallow deer

The fallow deer (*Dama dama)* is an ungulate which employs an unusual strategy for mating during the rut. This strategy is the creation of a lek, a display area presented to the females where the males gather and allow the females to choose a mate based upon their traits alone while reducing predation risk, disturbance to copulation, parasite transmission and the cost of looking for a mate. When females come to the lek they leave soon after mating but the males will tend to stay in the lek to court other females until the end of the rutting season. However, male fallow deer which are unsuccessful in mating will leave the lek sooner than other males and they will adopt other strategies to compensate for their lack of mating success in the lek. Furthermore, the duration spent in the lek is positively correlated with the behavioral traits of male display frequency and aggression, male hierarchical position and secondary sex characteristics such as antler size. Overall, lekking species such as the fallow deer have a short intense rutting season where the males face intrasexual competition, territory defense and management of females within their territory.

## Elephants

In elephants, the breeding season is less pronounced than in ungulates and it usually spikes when the rains season occurs or shortly thereafter. The rut is observed in both African and Asian elephants and it is referred to as musth. Its meaning is derived from the Urdu word *mast* meaning intoxication. The most prominent characteristics of an elephant in rut are heightened sexual and aggressive activity along with copious temporal gland secretion and continual urine discharge. Also it has been observed that males will have a higher concentration of testosterone and an increased likelihood of associating with female groups during musth. Similarly to deer or mountain goats, elephants will tusk the ground throwing vegetation, logs and objects into the air and occasionally at subordinates.

## Moose

Moose have a series of rutting events that are similar to those seen in other deer species, however, they have several characteristic behaviors which give them a distinct rut. The first of these behaviors is a challenger gait where the bull moose will sway back and forth and circle the rival bull while dipping his antlers down. Another typical behaviour seen in moose especially during the pre-rut stage is mock battling. This is a display meant to scare away other rival males where the bull moose will destroy trees and vegetation prior to engaging in a fight. Also, a behaviour known as displacement feeding is observed in male moose and it refers to the hasty movements made by the moose while it is feeding as it keeps an intense gaze upon rival bull moose. Furthermore, as seen in other deer species male moose will dig mud pits and soak them in urine and the females will fight over possession of these wallows. The pre-rutting season typically begins during August and is marked by bull moose leaving the younger satellite bulls. During this stage there is much mock fighting and the pre-rut ends in September when the bull moose emerge from the solidarity of heavily wooded areas. Then begins the searching stage of the rut where the male seeks the moose cow in estrus and the instances of displacement feeding and tension between rival males increases. Once a potential mate has been found the male enters the display stage of the stage which lasts one to three days. During this time he will court the female by standing sidewise three to five yards from the female moose to show himself as a mate. If successful he will get to mate with her for several days and then move on to a new partner. This pattern of behaviours will then repeat with successive mates until late October or early November. Following the mating season, bull moose spend long hours resting and feeding before forming their usual winter groupings.

Although the battle between males is the main contest, there is also a battle between females. Usually, this occurs between an older cow moose and a younger female. The mature cow will attempt to stop the younger one from coming near to the wallow in a vicious attack with her forelegs and if the younger female gets to lie in the wallow the older female will drive her out of it only to return to lie in it and take up as much space as possible. During this event the bull moose will not interfere and he will just watch in plain sight.

## Other mammals

## Further reading

* *Strategies for Whitetails*. Krause Publications. 16 May 2006. ISBN 978-0-89689-331-3.
* Valerius Geist (January 1998). *Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology*. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0.
* Jim Heffelfinger (8 September 2006). *Deer of the Southwest: A Complete Guide to the Natural History, Biology, and Management of Southwestern Mule Deer and White*. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-533-7.
* David G. Hewitt (24 June 2011). *Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-9598-6.


title: Brage Sandmoen

abstract: Brage Sandmoen is a Norwegian football referee. He debuted in the Norwegian Premier League in 2001, He represents Kjelsås IL. Sandmoen refereed the Norwegian cup final in 2005 between Molde and Lillestrøm. Sandmoen worked as vice-principals in Bredtvet videregående school in Oslo, Norway. When the school in 2008 was declared defunct, he changed employer and worked as teacher in history and social studies at Stabekk videregående school. He currently works as a history teacher and study assistant at Valler Upper Secondary School

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# Brage Sandmoen

**Brage Sandmoen** (born 22 March 1967) is a Norwegian football referee. He debuted in the Norwegian Premier League in 2001, He represents Kjelsås IL. Sandmoen refereed the Norwegian cup final in 2005 between Molde and Lillestrøm.

Sandmoen worked as vice-principals in Bredtvet videregående school in Oslo, Norway. When the school in 2008 was declared defunct, he changed employer and worked as teacher in history and social studies at Stabekk videregående school. He currently works as a history teacher and study assistant at Valler Upper Secondary School

https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185927/http://valler.vgs.no/index.php?page\_id=1189


title: Bourtange

abstract: Bourtange is a village with a population of 430 in the municipality of Westerwolde in the Netherlands. It is situated in the region Westerwolde in the east of the province of Groningen near the German border. Fort Bourtange was built in 1593 during the Dutch Revolt and was used until 1851. Between 1967 and 1992 the star fort was gradually restored to its mid-18th-century state and it is currently an open-air museum.

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# Bourtange

**Bourtange** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˌbuːrˈtɑŋə\]; Gronings: *Boertang*) is a village with a population of 430 in the municipality of Westerwolde in the Netherlands. It is situated in the region Westerwolde in the east of the province of Groningen near the German border. Fort Bourtange was built in 1593 during the Dutch Revolt and was used until 1851. Between 1967 and 1992 the star fort was gradually restored to its mid-18th-century state and it is currently an open-air museum.

## Etymology

The name *Bourtange* comes from the Dutch word *tange* (sand ridge), because the settlement is situated on a strategically important sand ridge in the marshes of the Bourtange Moor.

## History

Fort Bourtange was initially built during the Eighty Years' War (*circa* 1568–1648) when William I of Orange wanted to control the main road between Germany and the city of Groningen which was controlled by the Spanish. This road followed a sandy ridge (*tange*) through the marshes (the Bourtange Swamp).

Later, around 1594, Bourtange became part of the fortifications on the border between the northern provinces (Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe) and Germany.

Bourtange was a separate municipality until 1822, when it was merged with Vlagtwedde.

In 1851 the star fort was given up and Bourtange became a normal village.

Around 1960 living conditions in the village deteriorated and it was decided that Bourtange would be rebuilt to its state of 1740-1750. Today it is an open-air museum.

## Geography

Bourtange is located in the center of the municipality of Westerwolde and in the east of the province of Groningen near the German border. It is situated on a sand ridge in the Bourtange Moor, in the region of Westerwolde.

## Demographics

In 2001, the town of Bourtange had 267 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.21 km2, and contained 133 residences. In 2005, the statistical area "Bourtange", which also can include the surrounding countryside, had a population of around 530.

As of 2012, Bourtange has a population of 430 and a population density of 270/km2 (700/sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Bourtange | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Market square in the center of Fort Bourtange | |
|  | |
| BourtangeLocation in the province of GroningenBourtangeBourtange (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 53°00′24″N 7°11′31″E / 53.0066°N 7.1920°E / 53.0066; 7.1920 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Groningen |
| Municipality | Westerwolde |
| Area (2012) | |
| Total | 159 ha (393 acres) |
| Land | 147 ha (363 acres) |
| Water | 12 ha (30 acres) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 430 |
| Density | 270/km2 (700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9545 |
| Area code | 0599 |
| ISO 3166 code | NL-GR |


title: Brander Craighead

abstract: Brander Craighead is a former Canadian football offensive lineman who played two seasons for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was drafted by the Calgary Stampeders in the first round of the 2013 CFL Draft. Craighead played college football at the University of Texas at El Paso and attended Mother Teresa High School in Nepean, Ontario. He also spent time at Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia.

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# Brander Craighead

**Brander Craighead** (born September 8, 1990) is a former Canadian football offensive lineman who played two seasons for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was drafted by the Calgary Stampeders in the first round of the 2013 CFL Draft. Craighead played college football at the University of Texas at El Paso and attended Mother Teresa High School in Nepean, Ontario. He also spent time at Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia.

## Early years

Craighead played lacrosse for the Mother Teresa High School Titans. The Titan's did not have a football team. He also played city league football for the Nepean Redskins for ten years.

## College career

Craighead spent the 2008 season playing football for the Fork Union Military Academy Blue Devils. He transferred to play football for the UTEP Miners.

## Professional career

Craighead was drafted by the Calgary Stampeders of the CFL with the seventh pick in the 2013 CFL Draft. He signed with the Stampeders on December 17, 2013. He was made his CFL debut, starting against the Montreal Alouettes, on June 28, 2014. He retired in January 2016.

## InfoBox

Brander Craighead
| No. 58 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1990-09-08) September 8, 1990 |
| Place of birth | Belleville, Ontario, Canada |
| Career information | |
| CFL status | National |
| Position(s) | OL |
| Height | 6 ft 7 in (201 cm) |
| Weight | 300 lb (140 kg) |
| US college | UTEP |
| High school | Nepean (ON) Mother Teresa |
| CFL draft | 2013 / round: 1 / pick: 7 |
| Drafted by | Calgary Stampeders |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 20132015 | Calgary Stampeders |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
| Career stats | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Boxford, Berkshire

abstract: Boxford is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of West Berkshire, England. The village is on the east bank of the River Lambourn, about 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Newbury but south of the M4 motorway. The hamlet of Westbrook is on the opposite bank of the Berkshire Downs tributary.

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# Boxford, Berkshire

**Boxford** is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of West Berkshire, England. The village is on the east bank of the River Lambourn, about 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Newbury but south of the M4 motorway. The hamlet of Westbrook is on the opposite bank of the Berkshire Downs tributary.

## Archaeology

A number of Bronze Age features have been recorded near Boxford, and an urn of this period has been found. A hearth and pottery fragments from the Iron Age, including a La Tène pot, have been found near the north end of Boxford Common. Iron Age pottery fragments and a possible earthwork have also been found near Borough Hill. Mud Hall Cottage on Wyfield Farm is the site of a large Roman building which was excavated about 1870. Roman pottery and coins have been found at Boxford Rectory. The course of the Ermin Way Roman road that linked *Corinium Dobunnorum* (Cirencester) and *Calleva Atrebatum* (Silchester) passes through the south of the parish. A 140-yard (130 m) section is visible from aerial archaeology near William's Copse. The Boxford Roman mosaic, perhaps 10 metres (33 feet) square, was found in 2017. It was on the floor of a villa dating from the 4th century AD.

## Manor

In 958 King Eadred granted property at *Boxore* to his servant Wulfric, and in 968 King Edgar the Peaceful granted a similar amount of property here to his servant Elfwin. Both men ceded their holdings to Abingdon Abbey, which thus held the whole manor of Boxford before the Norman Conquest. The Domesday Book of 1086 records Boxford as *Bochesorne*. It says under the list of lands that belonged to Abingdon Abbey:

> Of the land in this manor, Reinbold holds Leckhampstead 10 hides and William 4 hides at Weston and Berner 2 hides at Boxford... There is land for 11 ploughs. There are three ploughs and 12 villeins and 24 bordars with six ploughs and six four slaves and two acres of meadow and a church. It is and was worth 10 pounds.

Boxford House is a Grade II listed country house which is believed to date from 1825. It is built of ashlar masonry in a Gothic revival style, with mullioned and transomed windows. It has a slate roof and a parapet.

## Parish church

The Church of England parish church of Saint Andrew consists of a chancel, nave, north aisle, north-west vestry, south porch and a west bell tower. The chancel may be Anglo-Saxon, and an Anglo-Saxon window was discovered in a wall of the church in 2011. The Jacobean pulpit dates from 1618, the font from about 1662 and the west tower from about 1692. Much of the church was rebuilt in the Victorian era and in 1841 the north aisle was added. However, the arcade between the nave and north aisle was probably by John Oldrid Scott and Sons in 1908. The building is Grade II\* listed.

## Social and economic history

The village has a number of thatched cottages and a watermill. Boxford railway station was opened by the Lambourn Valley Railway in 1898 and closed by British Railways in 1960. Boxford is known for the Boxford Masques, an outdoor midsummer celebration, held on Hoar Hill in woodland above the village, overlooking the Lambourn valley. It was originally created in the late 19th century by Charlotte Peake, a local writer and lover of music, drama and poetry. The Boxford Masques were performed by locals and lasted up until the First World War. It was revived in the year 2000 by the Watermill Theatre of Bagnor, near Newbury, following extensive research by John Vigor.

## Geography

Boxford has several sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI); Easton Farm Meadow, Boxford Chalk Pit and Boxford Water Meadows.

## Demography

|
|  |
**2011 Published Statistics: Population, home ownership and extracts from Physical Environment, surveyed in 2005**
| Output area | Homes owned outright | Owned with a loan | Socially rented | Privately rented | Other | km2 roads | km2 water | km2 domestic gardens | Usual residents | km2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Civil parish | 76 | 65 | 20 | 26 | 5 | 0.163 | 0.057 | 0.234 | 463 | 11.74 |

## Sources

Media related to Boxford, Berkshire at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Boxford | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and civil parish | |
| Watermill at the centre of the village | |
| BoxfordLocation within Berkshire | |
| Area | 11.74 km2 (4.53 sq mi) |
| Population | 463 (2011 census) |
| Density | 39/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | SU428715 |
| Civil parish | * Boxford |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Newbury |
| Postcode district | RG20 |
| Dialling code | 01488 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Royal Berkshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Boxford Royal County of Berkshire |
|


title: Boxfire Press

abstract: Boxfire Press is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher based in Washington, D.C. From 2009 to early 2012, most of Boxfire's publications were short e-books. One 2010 example was Kuro Crow, an e-book of three short stories by San Diego CityBeat writer Dave Maass. In May 2012, Boxfire Press announced it would stop selling individual short stories and instead offer them for free download in a shift toward long-form novels and anthologies. Instead, each month, a new short story would be made available to Boxfire Press' Storyed members.

text:
# Boxfire Press

**Boxfire Press** is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher based in Washington, D.C.

From 2009 to early 2012, most of Boxfire's publications were short e-books. One 2010 example was *Kuro Crow*, an e-book of three short stories by *San Diego CityBeat* writer Dave Maass.

In May 2012, Boxfire Press announced it would stop selling individual short stories and instead offer them for free download in a shift toward long-form novels and anthologies. Instead, each month, a new short story would be made available to Boxfire Press' Storyed members.

## Published works

Full-length works * McLachlan, Justin (1 March 2012). *Star*. Boxfire Press. ISBN 978-0983986126.
* Goldsmith, Kris, ed. (30 November 2011). *Red: Several Marvelous, Sensational, Absurd, Visionary, Peculiar, Unthinkable, Wicked and Totally Untrue Stories*. Boxfire Press. ISBN 978-0983986102.
* McLachlan, Justin (8 August 2011). *Time Up*. Boxfire Press. ISBN 978-0982767511.
* McLachlan, Justin (23 April 2013). *Treknology*. Boxfire Press. ISBN 978-1938191022.
* Lindemoen, Shane (8 August 2013). *Artifact (Gold, 2014 Independent Book Awards)*. Boxfire Press. ISBN 978-1938191053.
* Gale, Rebecca (10 December 2012). *Trying*. Box Fire Press. ISBN 978-1938191909.
* Thomas, Matt (14 March 2013). *A Breach In Death*. Boxfire Press. ISBN 978-1938191015.
* McLachlan, Justin (1 February 2013). *This Time Around*.
* Milbrodt, Teresa (1 September 2013). *The Patron Saint of Unattractive People*.
* McCaffrey, John (10 October 2013). *The Book of Ash*.

Short works

## InfoBox

Boxfire Press
| Parent company | Boxfire, LLC |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2010 (2010) |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | Washington, D.C. |
| Distribution | Worldwide |
| Publication types | E-books and books |
| Fiction genres | Science fiction, Superhero, Mystery, Fantasy |
| Imprints | ca.lamito.us |
| No. of employees | 3 |
| Official website | boxfirepress.com |