title: Daniel Geere

abstract: Daniel Dioneys Geere was an English cricketer. Geere's batting style is unknown. He was born at Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire. Geere made two first-class appearances for Sussex in 1840, both against Nottinghamshire. In the first match at the Royal New Ground, Brighton, Geere was dismissed for 2 runs in Sussex's innings of 225 by Thomas Barker. Nottinghamshire were dismissed for 104 in response and were forced to follow-on, making just 62 in their second-innings to give Sussex an innings and 59 run victory. In the return match at Trent Bridge, Sussex made 115 in their first-innings, with Geere being dismissed for a duck by Barker. Nottinghamshire made 85 in their first-innings, while Sussex could only manage to make 73 in their second-innings, with Geere ending the innings not out on 3. Nottinghamshire's target in their second-innings was 104, but they could only make 89 to hand Sussex a 14 run victory. His death was registered at Lewes in Sussex in the third quarter of 1868, with stated age being 53. His second name is spelled as "Diones" on the certificate.

text:
# Daniel Geere

**Daniel Dioneys Geere** (1814 – 1868) was an English cricketer. Geere's batting style is unknown. He was born at Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire.

Geere made two first-class appearances for Sussex in 1840, both against Nottinghamshire. In the first match at the Royal New Ground, Brighton, Geere was dismissed for 2 runs in Sussex's innings of 225 by Thomas Barker. Nottinghamshire were dismissed for 104 in response and were forced to follow-on, making just 62 in their second-innings to give Sussex an innings and 59 run victory. In the return match at Trent Bridge, Sussex made 115 in their first-innings, with Geere being dismissed for a duck by Barker. Nottinghamshire made 85 in their first-innings, while Sussex could only manage to make 73 in their second-innings, with Geere ending the innings not out on 3. Nottinghamshire's target in their second-innings was 104, but they could only make 89 to hand Sussex a 14 run victory.

His death was registered at Lewes in Sussex in the third quarter of 1868, with stated age being 53. His second name is spelled as "Diones" on the certificate.

## InfoBox

Daniel Geere
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Daniel Dioneys Geere |
| Born | 1814
Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, England |
| Died | 1868 (aged 5354)
Lewes district, Sussex, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1840 | Sussex |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 5  Batting average 2.50  100s/50s –/–  Top score 3  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 19 December 2011 | |


title: Tafuna Jets

abstract: Tafuna Jets is an association football team from Pago Pago, American Samoa. They play in the territory's top division, the FFAS Senior League. In Footballmax, the club is called Jets A.

text:
# Tafuna Jets

**Tafuna Jets** is an association football team from Pago Pago, American Samoa. They play in the territory's top division, the FFAS Senior League. In Footballmax, the club is called Jets A.

## Squad

2022 Squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  ASA Timoteo Samuelu  2 DF  ASA Chris Seleni  3 FW  ASA Rex Iose  4 GK  ASA Alex Mae'e  5 MF  ASA Sekone Faaoga  6 DF  ASA Bryman Levaula  7 FW  ASA Sonny Chen  8 MF  ASA Satunu Tautali  9 FW  ASA Joape Ruanaivalu  10 MF  ASA TJ Levaula  11 FW  ASA Felise Faaliga  12 MF  ASA Martin Latuivai  13 DF  ASA Petaia Saunoa | No. Pos. Nation Player  14 DF  ASA Patrick Mataipule  16 MF  ASA Mataio Sue  17 FW  ASA Robert Lamanna  18 DF  ASA Ryan Faasipa  19 MF  ASA Asaeli Baleirotuma  20 DF  ASA Anthony Savaiinaea  21 FW  ASA Isaac Alosio  23 DF  ASA Mike Sefo  28 MF  ASA Siuta Aloali'i  30 MF  ASA Josaia Tokomaimaleya  31 DF  ASA Eteuati Faaliga  33 FW  ASA AJ Alosio  99 FW  ASA Shalom Luani |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Tafuna Jets
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadium | Pago Park Soccer Stadium<br>Pago Pago, American Samoa |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| League | FFAS Senior League |
| 2023 | 11 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tafuna High School

abstract: Tafuna High School (THS) is a public high school located in the village of Tafuna, Tuālāuta County, Western District, American Samoa. It is one of the 6 public high schools under the jurisdiction of the American Samoa Department of Education. Its inception in 1982 welcomed 100 freshmen. Its enrollment has grown to an average of 1,200 students per academic year. It is the largest public school in American Samoa by enrollment.

text:
# Tafuna High School

**Tafuna High School** (**THS**) is a public high school located in the village of Tafuna, Tuālāuta County, Western District, American Samoa. It is one of the 6 public high schools under the jurisdiction of the American Samoa Department of Education. Its inception in 1982 welcomed 100 freshmen. Its enrollment has grown to an average of 1,200 students per academic year. It is the largest public school in American Samoa by enrollment.

## History

On March 18, 1966, Governor H. Rex Lee announced that the local government signed an agreement with the US Air Force to provide half a million dollars to build a transit dormitory for military men and women. This building would later be utilized as a classroom setting for various subjects taught at Tafuna High School. On October 19, 2018, the historic site would be demolished in dedication of a new two-story, 10-classroom building.

Tafuna High School was established in 1982. It welcomed 100 freshmen and would have its first-graduating class in 1986. It was the fastest-growing school in the public school system in the 90's.

In 2020, the then-Governor Lolo Matalasi Moliga had plans to relocate the E-rate office of DOE to the lower campus of Tafuna High School. This would mean that the high school would lose its lower campus that housed its JROTC program. A peaceful protest and a petition from the school PTA ensued in hopes of the decision being rescinded. After an on-site visit of the lower campus in October 30, 2020, the Governor agreed to return the campus to Tafuna High School for future use.

## Athletics

Tafuna offers the following sports overseen by the American Samoa High School Athletic Association (ASHSAA): football, volleyball, basketball, soccer, and baseball.

Tafuna has enjoyed a significant amount of success in many of its athletic programs. Some of its notable achievements include but are not limited to the following. The warrior's football program experienced championship streaks in two notable periods. In 2007-2013, the team became the first ASHSAA football 5-peat champions in the JV division and were the Varsity football back-to-back champions after defeating Samoana High School in a lopsided 44-6 win in the 2013-14 Varsity football championship game. In the period 2018-2023, Tafuna were once again at the top of the JV league after defeating Marist to become 4-peat champs in the 2022-23 football season and is the first team to win 4 consecutive championship games without a tie in the Varsity division after defeating Leone High School 44-20 in the 2023-24 football season. Its JV division were once again champions in the football season 2023-24 after defeating Faga'itua High School 24-14. The Girls-Volleyball team clinched a 3-peat Varsity championship streak in 2018 and became Varsity champions again in 2022. The Boys-Basketball team clinched a consecutive Varsity championship win in 2021. The Boys-Baseball team secured a 3rd-consecutive championship win in 2018

## Academics

In addition to the general core subjects and electives it offers, THS also has College Accelerated Courses and participates in the Dual Enrollment Program at the American Samoa Community College. It is highly competitive in islandwide academic competitions and has made strides in national academic competitions as well. In 2017, the Tafuna JROTC team competed in the 8th Annual Academic Challenge and placed first in the LET I division, beating 46 teams across the nation, Asia and other territories that participated in the event. In the 2023 JPA, the JROTC program earned the Gold-Star distinction award after topping the 5 JROTC programs on island with an overall score of 99.13%. In April 2023, THS swept the top 3 spots in the NHD islandwide competition and were the overall champions for the 7th year in a row. The school also took first place in the 36th annual speech festival in 2023 for the third-successive year in a row.

## InfoBox

| Tafuna High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Tafuna, Tuālāuta, American Samoa
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public High School |
| Established | 1982 |
| Principal | Tutuila Togilau |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 1,227 (2022-23) |
| Color(s) | Maroon
White   Gold |
| Mascot | Warriors |
| Nickname | Warrior Nation |


title: Dan Bouchard

abstract: Daniel Hector Bouchard is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Atlanta Flames, Calgary Flames, Quebec Nordiques, and original Winnipeg Jets.

text:
# Dan Bouchard

**Daniel Hector Bouchard**  (born December 12, 1950) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Atlanta Flames, Calgary Flames, Quebec Nordiques, and original Winnipeg Jets.

## Career

Bouchard played in the 1962 and 1963 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with his LaSalle youth team. As a junior, Bouchard backstopped the Sorel Black Hawks to the 1969 Memorial Cup. Bouchard was drafted by the Boston Bruins in 1970, and after two years in the American Hockey League, made his NHL debut in 1972–73 after the Flames claimed him in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft. After eight seasons in Atlanta, the Flames franchise relocated to Calgary, Alberta in the summer of 1980. Halfway through the 1980–81 season, Bouchard was traded to the Quebec Nordiques for Jamie Hislop; at the time of the trade, Bouchard was the last original Atlanta Flames player still with the organization. He then led Quebec to their first playoff appearance since the 1979 NHL–WHA merger.

The following season was a magical one as the Nordiques lost in the Wales Conference Final to the defending champion New York Islanders, who would go on to win their third straight Stanley Cup. Along the way, Quebec disposed of the Montreal Canadiens, their most bitter rival, and then Boston in a pair of thrilling series. Each went down to the wire in the final game, but Quebec held on to win. In the 1985–86 season he was traded to the Winnipeg Jets, where he left the NHL after losing in the opening round to the Calgary Flames. He played 7 games for HC Fribourg-Gottéron in the 1986–87 season before a knee injury forced his retirement.

## Current life

Bouchard currently lives in Atlanta, Georgia, where he privately trains goalies and serves as the head goalie coach at The Cooler for the Atlanta Fire Team.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP | W | L | T | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% | | GP | W | L | T | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% |
| 1968–69 | Sorel Black Hawks | MMJHL | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1968–69 | Sorel Black Hawks | M-Cup | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | | 19 | 14 | 5 | 0 | 1140 | 65 | 1 | 3.42 |  |
| 1969–70 | London Knights | OHA-Jr. | | 41 |  |  |  | 2452 | 159 | 2 | 3.89 |  | | 12 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 711 | 48 | 0 | 4.05 |  |
| 1970–71 | Hershey Bears | AHL | | 36 | 12 | 16 | 2 | 2029 | 106 | 1 | 3.13 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1971–72 | Boston Braves | AHL | | 50 | 27 | 13 | 7 | 2915 | 122 | 4 | 2.51 |  | | 6 | 2 | 3 |  | 311 | 14 | 0 | 2.70 |  |
| 1971–72 | Oklahoma City Blazers | CHL | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 3 | 0 | 3.00 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1972–73 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 34 | 9 | 15 | 10 | 1944 | 100 | 2 | 3.09 | .907 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1973–74 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 46 | 19 | 18 | 8 | 2660 | 123 | 5 | 2.77 | .909 | | 1 | 0 | 1 |  | 60 | 4 | 0 | 4.00 | .846 |
| 1974–75 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 40 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 2400 | 111 | 3 | 2.78 | .914 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1975–76 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 47 | 19 | 17 | 8 | 2671 | 113 | 2 | 2.54 | .911 | | 2 | 0 | 2 |  | 120 | 3 | 0 | 1.50 | .942 |
| 1976–77 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 42 | 17 | 17 | 5 | 2378 | 139 | 1 | 3.51 | .877 | | 1 | 0 | 1 |  | 60 | 5 | 0 | 5.00 | .800 |
| 1977–78 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 58 | 25 | 12 | 19 | 3340 | 153 | 2 | 2.75 | .894 | | 2 | 0 | 2 |  | 120 | 7 | 0 | 3.50 | .851 |
| 1978–79 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 64 | 32 | 21 | 7 | 3624 | 201 | 3 | 3.33 | .889 | | 2 | 0 | 2 |  | 100 | 9 | 0 | 5.40 | .813 |
| 1979–80 | Atlanta Flames | NHL | | 53 | 23 | 19 | 10 | 3076 | 163 | 2 | 3.18 | .897 | | 4 | 1 | 3 |  | 241 | 14 | 0 | 3.49 | .880 |
| 1980–81 | Calgary Flames | NHL | | 14 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 760 | 51 | 0 | 4.03 | .884 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1980–81 | Quebec Nordiques | NHL | | 29 | 19 | 5 | 5 | 1740 | 92 | 2 | 3.17 | .895 | | 5 | 2 | 3 |  | 286 | 19 | 1 | 3.99 | .881 |
| 1981–82 | Quebec Nordiques | NHL | | 60 | 27 | 22 | 11 | 3572 | 230 | 1 | 3.86 | .866 | | 11 | 4 | 7 |  | 677 | 38 | 0 | 3.37 | .894 |
| 1982–83 | Quebec Nordiques | NHL | | 50 | 20 | 21 | 8 | 2947 | 197 | 1 | 4.01 | .875 | | 4 | 1 | 3 |  | 242 | 11 | 0 | 2.73 | .909 |
| 1983–84 | Quebec Nordiques | NHL | | 57 | 29 | 18 | 8 | 3373 | 180 | 1 | 3.20 | .882 | | 9 | 5 | 4 |  | 543 | 25 | 0 | 2.76 | .888 |
| 1984–85 | Quebec Nordiques | NHL | | 29 | 12 | 13 | 4 | 1738 | 101 | 0 | 3.49 | .877 | | 1 | 0 | 1 |  | 60 | 7 | 0 | 7.00 | .708 |
| 1985–86 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 32 | 11 | 14 | 2 | 1696 | 107 | 2 | 3.79 | .865 | | 1 | 0 | 1 |  | 40 | 5 | 0 | 7.50 | .773 |
| 1986–87 | HC Fribourg–Gottéron | NDA | | 7 |  |  |  | 151 | 7 | 0 | 2.78 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 655 | 286 | 232 | 113 | 37,919 | 2061 | 27 | 3.26 | .890 | | 43 | 13 | 30 |  | 2549 | 147 | 1 | 3.46 | .880 |

"Bouchard's stats". The Goaltender Home Page. Retrieved 2017-09-22.

## InfoBox

| Dan Bouchard | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1950-12-12) December 12, 1950
Val-d'Or, Quebec, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 190 lb (86 kg; 13 st 8 lb) | | |
| Position | Goaltender | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Atlanta Flames
Calgary Flames
Quebec Nordiques
Winnipeg Jets | | |
| National team | Canada | | |
| NHL draft | 27th overall, 1970
Boston Bruins | | |
| Playing career | 19701987 | | |


title: Daniel Island, Antarctica

abstract: Daniel Island is a small, rocky island which lies south of Honkala Island and marks the south end of Swain Islands, Antarctica. First roughly mapped as part of the Swain Islands from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and included in a 1957 survey by Wilkes Station personnel under C.R. Eklund. Named by Eklund for Commissaryman 2d Class David Daniel, U.S. Navy, cook and Navy support force member of the 1957 wintering party at Wilkes Station during the IGY.

text:
# Daniel Island, Antarctica

**Daniel Island** is a small, rocky island which lies south of Honkala Island and marks the south end of Swain Islands, Antarctica. First roughly mapped as part of the Swain Islands from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and included in a 1957 survey by Wilkes Station personnel under C.R. Eklund. Named by Eklund for Commissaryman 2d Class David Daniel, U.S. Navy, cook and Navy support force member of the 1957 wintering party at Wilkes Station during the IGY.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Daniel Island, Antarctica". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

Daniel Island
| Daniel IslandLocation in Antarctica | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 66°14′S 110°36′E / 66.233°S 110.600°E / -66.233; 110.600 |
| Administration | |
| Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Uninhabited |


abstract: Taekwondo competitions at the 2019 Parapan American Games in Lima were held for the first time from August 30 to 31 at the Callao Regional Sports Village.

text:
# Taekwondo at the 2019 Parapan American Games

**Taekwondo** competitions at the **2019 Parapan American Games** in Lima were held for the first time from August 30 to 31 at the Callao Regional Sports Village.

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Peru)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Brazil (BRA) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| | Mexico (MEX) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 4 | Peru (PER)* | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | Cuba (CUB) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 6 | Dominican Republic (DOM) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Argentina (ARG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Colombia (COL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Costa Rica (CRC) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Jamaica (JAM) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (10 entries) | | 6 | 6 | 11 | 23 |

## Medalists

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (61 kg) | Nathan Torquato
Brazil | Geraldo Castro
Dominican Republic | Yandry Larrondo
Cuba |
| | | | William Fernández
Peru |
| (75 kg) | Juan García
Mexico | Adrian García
Cuba | Juan Samorano
Argentina |
| | | | Andrés Molina
Costa Rica |
| (+75 kg) | Evan Medell
United States | Francisco Pedroza
Mexico | Edgar Torres
Mexico |
| | | | Johnny Birch
United States |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (49 kg) | Leonor Espinoza
Peru | Claudia Romero
Mexico | Lilisbet Rodríguez
Cuba |
| | | | Sophie Gimeno
United States |
| (58 kg) | Silvana Fernandes
Brazil | Cristhiane Neves
Brazil | Yerly Martínez
Colombia |
| | | | Shauna-Kay Hines
Jamaica |
| (+58 kg) | Daniela Martínez
Mexico | Débora Menezes
Brazil | Leylianne Samara
Brazil |

## InfoBox

| Taekwondo at the
Parapan American Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Callao Regional Sports Village |
| Dates | August 30 to 31 |
|


title: Tadeusz Rychter

abstract: Tadeusz Rychter was a Polish early twentieth-century artist best remembered for his watercolors of the Holy Land. Rychter studied at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, where he became the contributing artist to the legendary Zielony Balonik art-and-literary cabaret. He married a fellow Cracovian artist Bronisława Janowska, but left her for a German artist from an aristocratic family, Anna May-Rychter, whom he met while in Munich. He was Catholic and could not obtain a divorce; they could not be legally wed, which may also explain their decision to settle in Palestine in 1920–1923. While still in Europe, the two worked with Rudolf Steiner on the construction of the first Goetheanum in Switzerland and were members of the artist's group "Aenigma". In Palestine, Rychter earned a living restoring art in old churches, and selling watercolor paintings of Christian holy sites to tourists. Many of his surviving paintings are in the possession of British families whose ancestors purchased them while stationed with the British administration in Mandate Palestine. In 1935 Tadeusz Rychter applied for membership in the Palestine Artists' Association but was turned down because of his religion. He returned to Poland at the time of the German invasion in 1939, and disappeared in Warsaw in 1941. He died in 1943, murdered by the Nazis.

text:
# Tadeusz Rychter

**Tadeusz Rychter** (c. 1873 in Lviv  1943 in Warsaw) was a Polish early twentieth-century artist best remembered for his watercolors of the Holy Land.

Rychter studied at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, where he became the contributing artist to the legendary Zielony Balonik art-and-literary cabaret. He married a fellow Cracovian artist Bronisława Janowska, but left her for a German artist from an aristocratic family, Anna May-Rychter, whom he met while in Munich. He was Catholic and could not obtain a divorce; they could not be legally wed, which may also explain their decision to settle in Palestine in 1920–1923. While still in Europe, the two worked with Rudolf Steiner on the construction of the first Goetheanum in Switzerland and were members of the artist's group "Aenigma".

In Palestine, Rychter earned a living restoring art in old churches, and selling watercolor paintings of Christian holy sites to tourists. Many of his surviving paintings are in the possession of British families whose ancestors purchased them while stationed with the British administration in Mandate Palestine. In 1935 Tadeusz Rychter applied for membership in the Palestine Artists' Association but was turned down because of his religion. He returned to Poland at the time of the German invasion in 1939, and disappeared in Warsaw in 1941. He died in 1943, murdered by the Nazis.


title: Taishan Commandery

abstract: Taishan Commandery was a historical commandery of China in present-day Shandong province, existing from Han dynasty to Sui dynasty. Taishan Commandery was created in 122 BC, when the king of Jibei offered the land surrounding Mount Tai to the Han emperor. This region, together with a few counties from Jinan Commandery, formed the basis of Taishan Commandery. In 88 BC, Jibei was abolished, and its territories were merged into Taishan. In late Western Han dynasty, the commandery administered 24 counties: Fenggao (奉高), Bo (博), Cha (茬), Lu (盧), Feicheng (肥成), Yiqiu (蛇丘), Gang (剛), Chai (柴), Gai (蓋), Liangfu (梁父), Dongpingyang (東平陽), Nanwuyang (南武陽), Laiwu (萊蕪), Juping (鉅平), Ying (嬴), Mu (牟), Mengyin (蒙陰), Hua (華), Ningyang (寧陽), Chengqiu (乘丘), Fuyang (富陽), Taoshan (桃山), Taoxiang (桃鄉), Shi (式). The population in 2 AD was 726,604, in 172,086 households. Several of the counties were abolished in early Eastern Han. In 90 AD, Jibei Kingdom was reestablished, and 3 counties was transferred to the new kingdom. In 140, Taishan covered 12 counties, including Fenggao, Bo, Liangfu, Juping, Cha, Laiwu, Gai, Nanwuyang, Nancheng, Fei and Mu. The population was 437,317. After Jin reunification, Taishan administered 11 counties in 280, namely Fenggao, Bo, Ying, Nancheng, Liangfu, Shanchi, Xintai, Nanwuyang, Laiwu, Mu and Juping, with a total population of 9,300 households. After the Disaster of Yongjia, the commandery was successively ruled by Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin and Southern Yan, until it was conquered by Liu Yu of the Liu Song dynasty. Northern Wei conquered the region during Emperor Ming of Song's reign. In Northern Wei, 6 counties, Juping, Fenggao, Boping, Ying, Mu and Liangfu, were in the commandery, with a total population of 91,673 in 26,800 households. The commandery was abolished in Northern Qi.

text:
# Taishan Commandery

**Taishan Commandery** (Chinese: 泰山郡) was a historical commandery of China in present-day Shandong province, existing from Han dynasty to Sui dynasty.

Taishan Commandery was created in 122 BC, when the king of Jibei offered the land surrounding Mount Tai to the Han emperor. This region, together with a few counties from Jinan Commandery, formed the basis of Taishan Commandery. In 88 BC, Jibei was abolished, and its territories were merged into Taishan. In late Western Han dynasty, the commandery administered 24 counties: Fenggao (奉高), Bo (博), Cha (茬), Lu (盧), Feicheng (肥成), Yiqiu (蛇丘), Gang (剛), Chai (柴), Gai (蓋), Liangfu (梁父), Dongpingyang (東平陽), Nanwuyang (南武陽), Laiwu (萊蕪), Juping (鉅平), Ying (嬴), Mu (牟), Mengyin (蒙陰), Hua (華), Ningyang (寧陽), Chengqiu (乘丘), Fuyang (富陽), Taoshan (桃山), Taoxiang (桃鄉), Shi (式). The population in 2 AD was 726,604, in 172,086 households.

Several of the counties were abolished in early Eastern Han. In 90 AD, Jibei Kingdom was reestablished, and 3 counties (Lu, Yiqiu, Gang) was transferred to the new kingdom. In 140, Taishan covered 12 counties, including Fenggao, Bo, Liangfu, Juping, Cha, Laiwu, Gai, Nanwuyang, Nancheng (南城, formerly part of Donghai Commandery), Fei (費, formerly part of Donghai) and Mu. The population was 437,317.

After Jin reunification, Taishan administered 11 counties in 280, namely Fenggao, Bo, Ying, Nancheng, Liangfu, Shanchi (山茌, formerly Cha), Xintai (新泰, formerly Pingyang), Nanwuyang, Laiwu, Mu and Juping, with a total population of 9,300 households. After the Disaster of Yongjia, the commandery was successively ruled by Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin and Southern Yan, until it was conquered by Liu Yu of the Liu Song dynasty. Northern Wei conquered the region during Emperor Ming of Song's reign. In Northern Wei, 6 counties, Juping, Fenggao, Boping, Ying, Mu and Liangfu, were in the commandery, with a total population of 91,673 in 26,800 households. The commandery was abolished in Northern Qi.


title: Tailor Wibbel

abstract: Tailor Wibbel a 1938 opera by the German composer Mark Lothar. It is based on the 1913 comedy play Wibbel the Tailor by Hans Müller-Schlösser. Müller-Schlösser wrote the opera's libretto. It premiered at the Berlin State Opera on 12 May 1938.

text:
# Tailor Wibbel

***Tailor Wibbel*** (German:***Schneider Wibbel***) a 1938 opera by the German composer Mark Lothar. It is based on the 1913 comedy play *Wibbel the Tailor* by Hans Müller-Schlösser. Müller-Schlösser wrote the opera's libretto. It premiered at the Berlin State Opera on 12 May 1938.

## Synopsis

During the French occupation of Düsseldorf in 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, a local tailor becomes a thorn in their side.

## Bibliography


title: Taher District

abstract: Taher is a district in Jijel Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Taher. It is one of the largest districts of the province, in area, population, and population density.

text:
# Taher District

**Taher** is a district in Jijel Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Taher. It is one of the largest districts of the province, in area, population, and population density.

## Municipalities

The district is further divided into 5 municipalities:

36°46′19″N 5°53′54″E / 36.7720°N 5.8982°E / 36.7720; 5.8982

## InfoBox

| Taher District دائرة الطاهير | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Map of Algeria highlighting Jijel Province | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Jijel |
| District seat | Taher |
| Area | |
| Total | 350.21 km2 (135.22 sq mi) |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 147,612 |
| Density | 420/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01 (CET) |
| Municipalities | 5 |


title: Taipei Performing Arts Center

abstract: The Taipei Performing Arts Center is a performance center in Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan.

text:
# Taipei Performing Arts Center

The **Taipei Performing Arts Center** (**TPAC**; traditional Chinese: 臺北表演藝術中心; simplified Chinese: 台北表演艺术中心; pinyin: *Táiběi Biǎoyǎn Yìshù Zhōngxīn*) is a performance center in Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan.

## History

The construction of the center began on 28 February 2012. The center construction topped out on 27 August 2014. On 31 August 2016, the center facade was revealed. The structure was constructed with a cost of NT$5.4 billion. The center had a trial opening in March–May 2022 before it officially opened on 7 August 2022.

## Architecture

The center was designed by David Gianotten and Rem Koolhaas at Office for Metropolitan Architecture. It has geometrical shapes with a total space area of 50,000 m2. At the center, there is a cube-shaped structure. It also consists the sphere-shaped playhouse which has a capacity of 800 seats. The Grand Theater is an asymmetrical-shaped building which has a capacity of 1,500 seats. The Blue Theater for experimental performances has a capacity of 840 seats. The building is owned by the Department of Cultural Affairs, Taipei City Government.

## Transportation

The center is accessible from Jiantan Station of Taipei Metro.

## InfoBox

Taipei Performing Arts Center
| 臺北表演藝術中心 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Taipei Performing Arts Center in 2023 | |
|  | |
| Former names | Taipei Arts Center (2004–2014) |
| Address | No. 1, Jiantan Rd., Shilin Dist
Taipei,
Taiwan |
| Coordinates | 25°5′6″N 121°31′27″E / 25.08500°N 121.52417°E / 25.08500; 121.52417 |
| Owner | Department of Cultural Affairs, Taipei City Government |
| Type | art center |
| Genre(s) | theatre |
| Capacity | 3100 |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | 28 February 2012 |
| Opened | July 2, 2022 (2022-07-02) |
| Construction cost | NT$6.75 billion |
| Architect | Office for Metropolitan Architecture |
| Structural engineer | Evergreen Consulting Engineering |
| Website | |
| Official website | |


title: Taimushan railway station

abstract: Taimushan railway station is a railway station located in Fuding, Ningde, Fujian Province, China, on the Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway operated by the Nanchang Railway Bureau, China Railway Corporation.

text:
# Taimushan railway station

**Taimushan railway station** (Chinese: 太姥山站; pinyin: *Tàimǔshān zhàn*; lit. 'Taimu Mountain railway station') is a railway station located in Fuding, Ningde, Fujian Province, China, on the Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway operated by the Nanchang Railway Bureau, China Railway Corporation.

Mount Taimu

| Preceding station | China Railway High-speed | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fudingtowards Wenzhou South |  | Wenzhou–Fuzhou railway |  | Xiaputowards Fuzhou South |

27°18′29″N 120°11′40″E / 27.3081°N 120.1944°E / 27.3081; 120.1944

## InfoBox

| Taimushan
太姥山 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Fuding, Ningde, Fujian Province
China |
| Operated by | Nanchang Railway Bureau,
China Railway Corporation |
| Line(s) | Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Taiwan consensus

abstract: The Taiwan consensus is a Taiwanese political term, which was coined in August 2011 by Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) chair Tsai Ing-wen, and is intended to replace the "1992 consensus", which was the basis of DPP's negotiations between Taiwan and the mainland China until now.

text:
# Taiwan consensus

The **Taiwan consensus** (Chinese: 台灣共識; pinyin: *Táiwān gòngshí*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Tâi-oân kiōng-sek*) is a Taiwanese political term, which was coined in August 2011 by Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) chair Tsai Ing-wen, and is intended to replace the "1992 consensus", which was the basis of DPP's negotiations between Taiwan and the mainland China until now.

## History

The term appeared first in August 2011, when DPP chair Tsai Ing-wen disclosed the point "National Security Strategy and the development of cross-strait trade" (Chinese: 國家安全戰略篇與兩岸經貿發展篇) at the "ten years platform" (Chinese: 十年政綱). Through the concept of Taiwan consensus, Tsai Ing-wen directly competes with President Ma Ying-jeou's political views for the 2012 Republic of China presidential election.

## Meaning

Tsai believes that the 1992 consensus is solely based on the One-China policy and the desire to preserve it. The DPP further states, that a "consensus" among the Taiwanese people about the "1992 consensus" does not exist. The DPP hopes to get a "Taiwan Consensus" (a consensus amongst the people) to displace the 1992 consensus, which would be ratified by legislation and a referendum. This new consensus should then form the basis for negotiations with the PRC.

Tsai states further that the Taiwan consensus "is not an ordinary problem to be decided by majority", "is not an ordinary legislation or public issue" and "not even a purely domestic problem." Because Taiwan is domestically not united with China and has no consensus on the direction towards China, the Taiwanese government has no basis for negotiations with China. She hopes, that through democratic processes and the Legislative Yuan "with all different political views \[we\] can find common ground", "\[because\] that is the true spirit of the Taiwan consensus".


title: Taishu-kai

abstract: Taishu-kai The Taishu-kai is a yakuza organization based in Fukuoka Prefecture on the Kyushu island of Japan, with an estimated 70 active members.

text:
# Taishu-kai

The **Taishu-kai** (太州会, *Taishū-kai*) is a yakuza organization based in Fukuoka Prefecture on the Kyushu island of Japan, with an estimated 70 active members.

## History

The Taishu-kai was formed around 1954 under the name "Ota Group" (太田グループ, *Ōta Gurūpu*) by Kuniharu Ota (太田 州春, *Ōta Kuniharu*), a mineworker who became the first president. The Ota Group was later renamed the "Ota-gumi" (太田組, *Ōta-gumi*), and again renamed the "Taishu-kai" in May 1973. Yoshihito Tanaka (or Yoshito Tanaka) succeeded Ota in December 1991.

## Condition

Headquartered in Tagawa, Fukuoka, the Taishu-kai is one of the five independent Fukuoka-based designated yakuza syndicates, along with the Kudo-kai, the Dojin-kai, the Fukuhaku-kai and the Kyushu Seido-kai.

The Taishu-kai is a member of an anti-Yamaguchi-gumi fraternal federation, the "Yonsha-kai", along with the Kitakyushu-based Kudo-kai, the Kurume-based Dojin-kai and the Kumamoto-based Kumamoto-kai.


title: Profundiconus virginiae

abstract: Profundiconus virginiae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Profundiconus, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

text:
# Profundiconus virginiae

***Profundiconus virginiae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus *Profundiconus*, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Chesterfield Islands (off New Caledonia)

* Tenorio M.J. & Castelin M. (2016). *Genus Profundiconus Kuroda, 1956 (Gastropoda, Conoidea): Morphological and molecular studies, with the description of five new species from the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia*. European Journal of Taxonomy. 173: 1–45
* "*Profundiconus virginiae*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
* Holotype in MNHN, Paris

## InfoBox

| *Profundiconus virginiae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Profundiconus* |
| Species: | ***P. virginiae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Profundiconus virginiae***<br>Tenorio & Castelin, 2016 | |
|


title: Preben Dabelsteen

abstract: Preben Gustav Dabelsteen was a Danish badminton player. He won five Danish doubles Championships with Jørn Skaarup and played on the national team until the mid 1950s.

text:
# Preben Dabelsteen

**Preben Gustav Dabelsteen** (14 October 1925 – 23 January 2017) was a Danish badminton player. He won five Danish doubles Championships with Jørn Skaarup and played on the national team until the mid 1950s.

## Medal Record at the All England Badminton Championships

| Medal | Year | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
|  | 1947 | Men's doubles |
|
|  | 1948 | Men's doubles |
|
|  | 1950 | Men's doubles |

## InfoBox

| Preben Dabelsteen | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Born | (1925-10-14)14 October 1925 |
| Died | 23 January 2017(2017-01-23) (aged 91) |
| Medal record      Representing  Denmark  Men's badminton  Thomas Cup  1949 Scotland–England Team | |


title: Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg

abstract: Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg was a prince of Hesse-Homburg.

text:
# Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg

**Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg** (23 March 1690 in Weferlingen  9 October 1726 in Hötensleben) was a prince of Hesse-Homburg.

## Life

Casimir William was the youngest son of Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Homburg (1633–1708), the famous *Prince of Homburg*, from his second marriage with Louise Elisabeth (1646–1690), the daughter of the Duke Jacob of Courland. He was educated together with his three years younger half-brother George Louis (from Frederick II's his third marriage with Countess Sophie Sybille of Leiningen-Westerburg (1656–1724). During a visit to his cousin Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin the passion for hunting, which he shared with his father and his brothers, woke up in him.

Since his older brother Frederick III and his two sons preceded him in the line of succession, he opted for a military career and fought in 1708 in a Mecklenburg regiment under Prince Eugene of Savoy. In early 1715, he entered the Swedish army under Charles XII. Already in the early summer he was taken prisoner at Wismar and retired from the military.

In 1718, the princes of Hesse-Homburg divided some properties by drawing lots. Casimir William drew the manor at Hötensleben. He also owned Sinclair House opposite Homburg Castle in Bad Homburg.

His legacy is his *hunting diary*, which describes his passion for hunting and horses.

## Marriage and issue

He married on 9 October 1722 in Braunfels with Charlotte Christine (1690–1751), a daughter of Count William Maurice of Solms-Braunfels. They had three children:

married in 1746 Countess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels (1731-1792) * Eugenie (1725-1725)
* Ulrike Sophie (1726–1792)

* Wilhelm Hammann: *Das Leben des Landgrafen Kasimir Wilhelm von Hessen-Homburg 1690 bis 1726*, in: *Jahresbericht des Grossherzoglichen Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasiums*, 1907
* Philipp Dieffenbach: *Geschichte von Hessen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Grohßerzogthums*, p. 232
* Jürgen Rainer Wolf: *Landgraf Kasimir Wilhelm von Hessen-Homburg und seine vergessene Hofhaltung im Herzogtum Magdeburg*, in: *Aus dem Stadtarchiv. Vorträge zur Bad Hombuger Geschichte 1995/1996*, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, 1997, p. 7–27

## Footnotes

1. E. G. Steinmetz: *Aus dem Jagdtagebuch des Landgrafen Kasimir Wilhelm von Homburg*, in: *Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte und Landeskunde zu Bad Homburg vor der Höhe*, 1936

## InfoBox

| Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1690-03-23)23 March 1690
Weferlingen |
| Died | 9 October 1726(1726-10-09) (aged 36)
Hötensleben |
| Spouse | Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels |
| Issue | Frederick IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg |
| House | House of Hesse |
| Father | Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg |
| Mother | Louise Elisabeth of Courland |


title: Shane Heirman

abstract: Shane Heirman is an American basketball coach who is the head coach for the Incarnate Word Cardinals.

text:
# Shane Heirman

**Shane Heirman** (born May 24, 1988) is an American basketball coach who is the head coach for the Incarnate Word Cardinals.

## Playing career

Heirman played two years of college basketball at Tulsa, playing in 39 games and starting in two. He averaged 0.8 points, 0.7 rebounds, and 0.6 assists per game.

## Coaching career

Heirman started his coaching career at La Lumiere School where he coached for three years guiding them to an 82–7 record. Heirman was then hired by Depaul where he was hired as an assistant coach, where he would coach for four years. Then he would get a job as Central Michigan's associate head coach, where he coached for two years. On May 5th, 2023, Heirman was hired by Incarnate Word to be the Cardinals next men's basketball head coach.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Incarnate Word Cardinals**  *(Southland Conference)* (2023–present) | | | | | | | | |
| 2023–24 | Incarnate Word | 8–23 | 3–15 | 10th |  |
| **Incarnate Word:** | | 8–23 (.258) | 3–15 (.167) |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 8–23 (.258) |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Shane Heirman
| Current position | |
| --- | --- |
| Title | Head coach |
| Team | Incarnate Word |
| Conference | Southland |
| Record | 8–23 (.258) |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1988-05-24) May 24, 1988
Mishawaka, Indiana, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 2009–2011 | Tulsa |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 2014–2017 | La Lumiere School |
| 2017–2021 | DePaul (assistant) |
| 2021–2023 | Central Michigan (associate head coach) |
| 2023–present | Incarnate Word |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 8–23 (.258) (college)
82–7 (.921) (high school) |
|  | |


title: Paul D. Camp Community College

abstract: Paul D. Camp Community College (PDCCC) is a public community college in Franklin, Virginia. Founded in 1970, it is one of 23 schools in the Virginia Community College System. The college is named after a local advocate of education, who, along with his brothers, founded the lumber business, Camp Manufacturing Company. The college was built on land donated by Camp's daughters almost 50 years after his death. Paul D. Camp Community College has campuses in Franklin and Suffolk, Virginia as well as a center in the town of Smithfield, Virginia. The Franklin Campus opened in fall 1971. Classes were offered in Suffolk as early as 1979. However, the current building on Kenyon Road was not erected until 1995. The Smithfield Center began its operations in 1993. PDCCC serves the cities of Franklin and Suffolk, and the counties of Southampton and Isle of Wight. PDCCC offers day and evening classes, credit and non-credit workforce services and training for area businesses and industries through the college's Regional Workforce Development Center on the Franklin Campus, dual enrollment courses for high school students, and a growing number of online classes.

text:
# Paul D. Camp Community College

**Paul D. Camp Community College** (**PDCCC**) is a public community college in Franklin, Virginia. Founded in 1970, it is one of 23 schools in the Virginia Community College System. The college is named after a local advocate of education, who, along with his brothers, founded the lumber business, Camp Manufacturing Company. The college was built on land donated by Camp's daughters almost 50 years after his death.

Paul D. Camp Community College has campuses in Franklin and Suffolk, Virginia (Hobbs Suffolk Campus) as well as a center in the town of Smithfield, Virginia. The Franklin Campus opened in fall 1971. Classes were offered in Suffolk as early as 1979. However, the current building on Kenyon Road was not erected until 1995. The Smithfield Center began its operations in 1993. PDCCC serves the cities of Franklin and Suffolk, and the counties of Southampton and Isle of Wight.

PDCCC offers day and evening classes, credit and non-credit workforce services and training for area businesses and industries through the college's Regional Workforce Development Center on the Franklin Campus, dual enrollment courses for high school students, and a growing number of online classes.

## InfoBox

Paul D. Camp Community College
| Type | Community College |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1970 (1970) |
| President | Corey L. McCray |
| Location | Franklin, Suffolk, and Isle of Wight, Virginia, United States<br>36°40′28″N 76°56′16″W / 36.674499°N 76.937649°W / 36.674499; -76.937649 |
| Website | www.pdc.edu |


title: The Shape of the Beast

abstract: The Shape of the Beast: Conversations with Arundhati Roy (2008) is a collection of fourteen interviews of Indian author Arundhati Roy, conducted between January 2001 and March 2008. In these interviews, Roy speaks, among other things, about people displaced by dams and industry, the genocide in Gujarat, Maoist rebels, the Kashmir issue and American imperialism. In the final interview, Roy speaks about herself as a person, a writer and a celebrity. Roy writes in the book's preface: "These interviews were a flexible way of thinking aloud, of exploring idea, personal As well as political, without having to nail them down with an artificially structured cohesion and fit them into an unassailable grand thesis. This book was born and raised in that amorphous, luminal space – somewhere between the spoken and the written word." Five of the fourteen conversations are with David Barsamian, an American radio broadcaster, writer, and the founder and director of Colorado-based syndicated weekly talk program Alternative Radio. In 2004, Barsamian and Roy had co-authored a similar book The Checkbook and the Cruise Missile: Conversations with Arundhati Roy. Other interviewers include N. Ram of The Hindu, Shoma Chaudhury of Tehelka and Anthony Armove of International Socialist Review.

text:
# The Shape of the Beast

***The Shape of the Beast: Conversations with Arundhati Roy*** (2008) is a collection of fourteen interviews of Indian author Arundhati Roy, conducted between January 2001 and March 2008. In these interviews, Roy speaks, among other things, about people displaced by dams and industry, the genocide in Gujarat, Maoist rebels, the Kashmir issue and American imperialism. In the final interview, Roy speaks about herself as a person, a writer and a celebrity.

Roy writes in the book's preface: "These interviews were a flexible way of thinking aloud, of exploring idea, personal As well as political, without having to nail them down with an artificially structured cohesion and fit them into an unassailable grand thesis. This book was born and raised in that amorphous, luminal space – somewhere between the spoken and the written word."

Five of the fourteen conversations are with David Barsamian, an American radio broadcaster, writer, and the founder and director of Colorado-based syndicated weekly talk program *Alternative Radio*. In 2004, Barsamian and Roy had co-authored a similar book *The Checkbook and the Cruise Missile: Conversations with Arundhati Roy*. Other interviewers include N. Ram of *The Hindu*, Shoma Chaudhury of *Tehelka* and Anthony Armove of *International Socialist Review*.

## Contents

* Scimitars in the Sun
* The Chequebook and the Cruise Missile
    + The Colonisation of Knowledge: In Conversation with David Barsamian (Online text)
    + Terror and the Maddened King: In Conversation with David Barsamian
    + Globalisation of Dissent: In Conversation with David Barsamian
    + Seize the Time: In Conversation with David Barsamian (Online text)
* The Shape of the Beast
    + The Outline of the Beast: In Conversation with Anthony Arnove (Online text)
    + The War that Never Ends: In Conversation with Anthony Arnove (Online text)
* Independence Day Special: In Conversation with S. Anand (Online text)
* The Question of Violence: In Conversation with Amit Sengupta (Online text)
* I Hope Kashmir Will Be In All Books I Write: In Conversation with P. G. Rasool (Online text)
* There’s a Fury Building Up: In Conversation with Shoma Chaudhury (Online text)
* Choosing Our Weapons: In Conversation with Shoma Chaudhury (Online text)
* The Terror Puzzle: In Conversation with Shoma Chaudhury (Online text)
* Ten Years On…: In Conversation with Shoma Chaudhury (Online text)

## Reviews

Priscilla Jebaraj of *The Hindu* notes that *The Shape of the Beast* is an exercise in connecting the many dots that she first started plotting over a decade ago in *The God of Small Things*." "By compiling those \[previously published\] interviews together, the book documents the process of taking stock — of both past and future — and in typical Roy fashion, it looks at national and international developments through the lens of personal passion, providing adequate fodder for both the fan and the political scientist." Sharanya Manivannan wrote in *The New Indian Express*: "The Beast in question is, naturally, a political animal. In these interviews, Roy takes on, in her penetratingly poetic manner, the hegemonies of state, religion, imperialism, corporate entities and social constructs. All of them have been published before, so in themselves they say nothing new. But collected together they shed light not so much on the nature of the Beasts that democracy, egalitarianism and sheer goodness are up against, but on the woman who dares to outline their shapes." John Andrews of the South African magazine *Amandla!* wrote: "Unabashedly political, this is also a deeply personal collection that talks about the necessity of taking a stand and about the dilemma of guarding the private space necessary for writing in a world that demands urgent, unequivocal intervention."

1. "The Shape of the Beast: Conversations with Arundhati Roy"
2. Review: “The Shape of the Beast: Conversations With Arundhati Roy”
3. "Our world laid bare"
4. "THE SHAPE OF THE BEAST | BY ARUNDHATI ROY"

## InfoBox

The Shape of the Beast: Conversations with Arundhati Roy
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Arundhati Roy |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Interviews |
| Publisher | Viking |
| Publication date | 2008 |
| Publication place | India |
| Media type | Print |
| ISBN | 978-0-670-08207-0 |


title: Polymeridium neuwirthii

abstract: Polymeridium neuwirthii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Venezuela, it was formally described as a new species in 2014 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. This ecorticate lichen has a pinkish-grey thallus that does not fluoresce under ultraviolet light. P. neuwirthii is similar to Polymeridium quinqueseptatum but can be differentiated by its hamathecium inspersed with large oil droplets and consistently 7-septate, rough ascospores. The ascomata are 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter, with a spherical centrum that is erumpent and solitary. The ostiole is apical, and the hamathecium contains large oil droplets. There are eight ascospores per ascus, which are iodine-negative, 7-septate, and measure 30–33 by 9–10 μm. The ascospore wall is roughly ornamented. No chemical substances have been detected in this lichen. The type specimen was collected in Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela, on a twig of a shrub. The species is named in honour of the collector of the type and only specimen, Gerhard Neuwirth.

text:
# Polymeridium neuwirthii

***Polymeridium neuwirthii*** is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Venezuela, it was formally described as a new species in 2014 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. This ecorticate lichen has a pinkish-grey thallus that does not fluoresce under ultraviolet light. *P. neuwirthii* is similar to *Polymeridium quinqueseptatum* but can be differentiated by its hamathecium inspersed with large oil droplets and consistently 7-septate, rough ascospores. The ascomata are 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter, with a spherical centrum that is erumpent and solitary. The ostiole is apical, and the hamathecium contains large oil droplets. There are eight ascospores per ascus, which are iodine-negative, 7-septate, and measure 30–33 by 9–10 μm. The ascospore wall is roughly ornamented. No chemical substances have been detected in this lichen. The type specimen was collected in Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela, on a twig of a shrub. The species is named in honour of the collector of the type and only specimen, Gerhard Neuwirth.

## InfoBox

| *Polymeridium neuwirthii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Trypetheliales |
| Family: | Trypetheliaceae |
| Genus: | *Polymeridium* |
| Species: | ***P. neuwirthii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polymeridium neuwirthii***<br>Aptroot (2013) | |
|


title: Prudence Penny

abstract:
Prudence Penny was a pen name used by women home economics writers and editors in various Hearst newspapers in America, starting in the 1920s. Under the pseudonym, the writer would write regular newspaper columns where she shared recipes, answered reader letters, gave advice for the home, and offered local cooking demonstrations. Some of them also hosted radio presentations, and wrote and edited cookbooks. Mabelle Burbridge, one of the first to write under the "Prudence Penny" byline, replied to 70,000 letters from readers in her first year. "Prudence Penny" also starred as "Herself" in several films, most notably in Penny Wisdom which won an Academy Award in 1938 for best short subject. Some of the women who used the "Prudence Penny" nom de plume were:
  - Mary Baker, radio speaker and columnist for the Omaha Bee-News
  - Martha Bohlsen (1905-1984), start as Prudence Penny in 1936 Nebraskan home economics writer, radio, and TV pioneer
  - Mabelle Burbridge, home economist writing for the New York Daily Mirror starting in the 1920's
  - Claire Charles, writer of nationally syndicated column "Household Hints"
  - Aleene Gregory Houghton, teacher, educator, editor, and journalist
  - Leona Alford Malek (1878-1953), home economist writing for the Chicago Herald and Examiner
  - Dorothy Malone, cookbook writer writing for the New York American
  - Vaudine Newell, writing for 26 years as Prudence Penny for the New York Daily Mirror
  - Bernice Orpha Redington (1891-1966), home economist writing for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer
  - Norma Young, home economist and radio personality, writing for the Los Angeles Examiner In June 1963, a male writer, Hyman Goldberg, began to write the weekly column for the Mirror under the byline after the death of Vaudine Newell, publishing recipes that often contrasted with the principles of prudence and frugality, and which Time Magazine called "intent on turning dinner into a binge". According to Goldberg, at the time there were only three other "Prudence Penny" still published under the byline, although there had once been 30 of them.

text:
# Prudence Penny

**Prudence Penny** was a pen name used by women home economics writers and editors in various Hearst newspapers in America, starting in the 1920s.

Under the pseudonym, the writer would write regular newspaper columns where she shared recipes (often emphasizing frugality), answered reader letters, gave advice for the home, and offered local cooking demonstrations. Some of them also hosted radio presentations, and wrote and edited cookbooks. Mabelle Burbridge, one of the first to write under the "Prudence Penny" byline, replied to 70,000 letters from readers in her first year.

"Prudence Penny" also starred as "Herself" in several films, most notably in Penny Wisdom which won an Academy Award in 1938 for best short subject.

> "Come to Prudence with confidence! Your letter is not departmentalized, rubber stamped, or form-letter-answered. If you have never received a letter from Prudence Penny, you have a sweet experience before you!"

—Mabelle Burbridge, writing as Prudence Penny

Some of the women who used the "Prudence Penny" nom de plume were:

In June 1963, a male writer, Hyman Goldberg, began to write the weekly column for the *Mirror* under the byline after the death of Vaudine Newell, publishing recipes that often contrasted with the principles of prudence and frugality, and which Time Magazine called "intent on turning dinner into a binge".

According to Goldberg, at the time there were only three other "Prudence Penny" still published under the byline, although there had once been 30 of them.


title: Prudence Punderson Rossiter

abstract: Prudence Punderson Rossiter was an American artist known for her needlework pictures.

text:
# Prudence Punderson Rossiter

**Prudence Punderson Rossiter** (July 28, 1758 – September 16, 1784) was an American artist known for her needlework pictures.

## Birth and family

Originally from Preston, Connecticut, Rossiter was the first of eight children of Ebenezer Punderson and Prudence Geer Punderson; her father was a Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War, and as a result the family's goods were confiscated in 1778. The Pundersons fled to Long Island, where they lived in reduced circumstances for the duration of the war.

## Work and illness

Prudence turned to domestic work to earn money. In 1780 she overcame a severe illness that threatened her artistic ability; a letter to her sister from this time survives, speaking of a "gathering" on her breast that required lancing.

## Marriage and death

On October 20, 1783, she married Timothy Wells Rossiter; their daughter Sophia was born on July 18, 1784, and Prudence died on September 16 of the same year. She was interred in the Maple Cemetery in Berlin, Connecticut.

## Art

Rossiter produced a number of needlework pictures, including twelve depictions of the twelve apostles inspired by print sources. She is best known, however, for the self-portrait *The First, Second, and Last Scene of Morality*, completed around 1775. This work portrays a young woman, the artist herself, seated at a table in a finely-furnished parlor. To one side is a baby in a cradle, being cared for by a black servant. To the other is a coffin, marked "PP", sitting on a table.

The piece is owned by the Connecticut Historical Society. The same organization owns her other needlework pieces as well as her letters, poetry, drawings, and diary. They provide a rare glimpse into the life of a young woman of the period. Rossiter's embroidery is the most-reproduced piece in the Society's collection.

Elements of Rossiter's art have been incorporated into the work of artist Kiki Smith. Her needlework has been discussed by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich.

## InfoBox

| Prudence Punderson Rossiter | |
| --- | --- |
| The First, Second, and Last Scene of Mortality by Prudence Punderson | |
|  | |
| Born | 1758 |
| Died | 16 September 1784  (aged 25–26) |
| Spouse(s) | Timothy Wells Rossiter |
| Parent(s) | * Ebenezer Punderson * Prudence Geer |


title: Próinséas Ní Chatháin

abstract: Ní Chatháin, (Máire) Próinséas MRIA, was an Irish scholar, academic and lexicographer, who made substantial contributions to the Royal Irish Academy's Dictionary of the Irish Language and held the position of Professor of Early and Mediaeval Irish at University College Dublin.

text:
# Próinséas Ní Chatháin

**Ní Chatháin, (Máire) Próinséas** MRIA (1936 – 24 November 2018), was an Irish scholar, academic and lexicographer, who made substantial contributions to the Royal Irish Academy's *Dictionary of the Irish Language* (a dictionary of Old and Middle Irish) and held the position of Professor of Early and Mediaeval Irish at University College Dublin.

## Career

Ní Chatháin studied at University College Galway (now NUI Galway) under Kathleen Mulchrone, where she received a B.A (1956), received a Travelling Studentship from the National University of Ireland to study in Bonn, and then studied at the University of Edinburgh where she received a PhD in 1966. She was a Scholar at the School of Celtic Studies of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies between 1962 and 1965, and twenty-five years later sat on the governing board of that School (1987–88).

She began her teaching career as a visiting lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania and subsequently joined the Old Irish Department of University College Dublin in 1967, where she rose from assistant lecturer to professor over the course of the next twenty years. There she established an interdisciplinary M.Phil. with the historian Professor Francis John Byrne and later was involved in establishing an undergraduate course in Celtic Civilisation.

She held the position of President of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland from 1997 to 2000. In 2002 she was honoured with a festschrift entitled *Ogma: essays in Celtic studies in honour of Próinséas Ní Chatháin*, edited by her former colleagues Michael Richter and Jean-Michel Picard.

## Bibliography


title: Przywóz

abstract: Przywóz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzchlas, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Wierzchlas, 13 km (8 mi) south-east of Wieluń, and 88 km (55 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Przywóz

**Przywóz** \[ˈpʂɨvus\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzchlas, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Wierzchlas, 13 km (8 mi) south-east of Wieluń, and 88 km (55 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## History

In the village there are two prehistoric tumuli and a settlement of the Przeworsk culture, dating back to the 2nd century AD, now an archaeological site. Named the "Ducal Kurgans", they are linked to a local section of the ancient Amber Road connecting the Baltic Sea with the Roman Empire.

In the 16th century, the inhabitants of Przywóz were minor nobility. In the late 19th century, Przywóz had a population of 187.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1940, the German gendarmerie carried out expulsions of Poles, who were placed in a transit camp in Łódź, and then young Poles were deported to forced labour in Germany and German-occupied France, and others were deported to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland. Houses and farms of expelled Poles were handed over to German colonists as part of the *Lebensraum* policy.

In 1964–1974, a team of archaeologists led by professor Konrad Jażdżewski of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź conducted archaeological research on the tumuli in Przywóz.

## InfoBox

| Przywóz | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ducal Kurgan II in Przywóz | |
| Przywóz | |
| Coordinates: 51°9′N 18°43′E / 51.150°N 18.717°E / 51.150; 18.717 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Wieluń |
| Gmina | Wierzchlas |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | EWI |


title: Pseudobaris

abstract: Pseudobaris is a genus of flower weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least 100 described species in Pseudobaris.

text:
# Pseudobaris

***Pseudobaris*** is a genus of flower weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least 100 described species in *Pseudobaris*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pseudobaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Tribe: | Baridini |
| Genus: | *Pseudobaris*<br>LeConte, 1876 |
|
| Diversity | |
| c. 100 species | |


title: Psednos

abstract: Psednos is a genus of snailfishes found in all the world's oceans.

text:
# Psednos

***Psednos*** is a genus of snailfishes found in all the world's oceans.

## Species

There are currently 34 recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Psednos* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Liparidae |
| Genus: | *Psednos*
Barnard, 1927 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Psednos micrurus*
Barnard, 1927 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Pseudoblabes

abstract: Pseudoblabes is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1853.

text:
# Pseudoblabes

***Pseudoblabes*** is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1853.

## Description

Palpi slight and porrect (extending forward). Antennae of male ciliated. Tibia with long spurs. Forewings broad and costa highly arched. Vein 3 arise from close to angle of cell, vein 5 absent. Vein 6 from below upper angle. Vein 7 to 9 stalked and vein 10 absent. Hindwings of male possess a patch of modified scales on the costal vein. Apex excised and veins 3 and 5 absent. Female also absent vein 3. Vein 5 from above angle of cell. Veins 6 and 7 stalked, and vein 8 from middle of cell which is closed. Forewings with a large costal fold in male and small in female.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoblabes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudoblabes***<br>Zeller, 1853 |
|


title: Pseudoblepharispermum

abstract:
Pseudoblepharispermum is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, native to East Africa.
  - Species
  - Pseudoblepharispermum bremeri J.-P.Lebrun & Stork - Ethiopia
  - Pseudoblepharispermum mudugense Beentje & D.J.N.Hind - Somalia

text:
# Pseudoblepharispermum

***Pseudoblepharispermum*** is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, native to East Africa.

Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoblepharispermum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Inuleae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoblepharispermum*
J.-P.Lebrun & A.L.Stork |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pseudoblepharispermum bremeri*
J.-P.Lebrun & A.L.Stork | |


title: Psittacanthus robustus

abstract: Psittacanthus robustus is a species of Neotropical mistletoe in the family Loranthaceae, which is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela.

text:
# Psittacanthus robustus

***Psittacanthus robustus*** is a species of Neotropical mistletoe in the family Loranthaceae, which is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela.

## Description

Initially, branches are erect, but adult branches are pendulous. Branch cross-sections are square. Leaves are petiolate and obtuse at both base and apex. Inflorescences are both terminal and axillary, consisting of umbels of yellow to orange triads (flowers in groups of three). The fruit is light green colored when immature but when ripe the colour changes to black, and looks somewhat like an olive. Its seeds have 3 cotyledons and sticky substance inside.

## Taxonomy

***P. robustus*** was first described by Martius in 1829 as *Loranthus robustus*, and in 1830, he assigned it to a new genus *Psittacanthus*.

## Distribution

It has been found in the Northern Amazon, in Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela, in Amazonian rainforests, Caatinga, the Central Brazilian Savanna, and the Atlantic Rainforest.

## Ecology

Three species of birds have been found eating and excreting the seeds. The most common is*Tersina viridis viridis* (**swallow tanager**), but also the cinnamon-tanager, *Schystoclamys ruficapillus ruficapillus*, and the sayaca-tanager, *Thraupis sayaca sayaca*.

It has been found on thirteen hosts, from the genera *Vochysiaceae* and *Melastomaceae*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Psittacanthus robustus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Psittacanthus robustus* | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Santalales |
| Family: | Loranthaceae |
| Genus: | *Psittacanthus* |
| Species: | ***P. robustus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psittacanthus robustus***<br>Mart. | |
|
|  | |
| collections data from GBIF | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Loranthus robustus* Mart. * *Psittacanthus decipiens* Eichler * *Psittacanthus formosus* (Cham. & Schltdl.) G.Don * *Psittacanthus intermedius* Rizzini * *Psittacanthus speciosus* (Pohl ex DC.) G. Don * *Psittacanthus stenanthus* Rizzini | |


title: Pseudogiria variabilis

abstract: Pseudogiria variabilis is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by William Jacob Holland in 1920. It is found in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

text:
# Pseudogiria variabilis

***Pseudogiria variabilis*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by William Jacob Holland in 1920. It is found in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudogiria variabilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudogiria* |
| Species: | ***P. variabilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudogiria variabilis***<br>(Holland, 1920) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pseudogonitis variabilis* Holland, 1920 | |


title: Pseudoglenea densepuncticollis

abstract: Pseudoglenea densepuncticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudoglenea. It was described by Gilmour and Stephan von Breuning in 1963.

text:
# Pseudoglenea densepuncticollis

***Pseudoglenea densepuncticollis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Pseudoglenea***. It was described by Gilmour and Stephan von Breuning in 1963.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoglenea densepuncticollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudoglenea*** |
| Species: | ***P. densepuncticollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoglenea densepuncticollis***<br>Gilmour & Breuning, 1963 | |
|


title: Project Ketch

abstract: Project Ketch was a 1964 United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) proposal to use nuclear explosives to excavate a natural gas storage reservoir in Pennsylvania. The project was proposed as a component of Project Plowshare, which sought ways to use nuclear devices in public works and industrial development projects. The project was the only Plowshare project proposed for the northeastern United States. A detailed study for the project was published in 1967, but the project stalled after local opposition developed. Project Gasbuggy, a similar test in New Mexico that was carried out in 1968, showed that better understanding of the effects of rock fracturing was needed before Project Ketch could proceed. The project was never pursued any further.

text:
# Project Ketch

**Project Ketch** was a 1964 United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) proposal to use nuclear explosives to excavate a natural gas storage reservoir in Pennsylvania. The project was proposed as a component of Project Plowshare, which sought ways to use nuclear devices in public works and industrial development projects. The project was the only Plowshare project proposed for the northeastern United States.

A detailed study for the project was published in 1967, but the project stalled after local opposition developed. Project Gasbuggy, a similar test in New Mexico that was carried out in 1968, showed that better understanding of the effects of rock fracturing was needed before Project Ketch could proceed. The project was never pursued any further.

## Proposal

In the early 1960s, the AEC worked to publicize the Project Plowshare program for peaceful use of atomic devices. The 1960s saw government-mandated low prices for natural gas, providing little incentive for exploration of new gas sources, and contributed to gas shortages. A consistent theme of Plowshare was the creation and use of underground cavities for natural gas storage. Storage reservoirs are used to balance divergences between supply and demand, as contingency against emergencies, and as a means of arbitrage. Existing storage reservoirs tended to be concentrated in areas away from their markets, and a demand was seen for additional storage capacity, closer to markets in the northeastern United States in an area without sufficient natural reservoirs.

Discussions between the AEC and the Columbia Gas Corporation began in 1964 to find a suitable site for a demonstration project in Pennsylvania. The project's focus was an area to the south of Renovo in Sproul State Forest, close to areas that had seen gas exploration and near existing gas transmission pipelines, which was seen as thinly populated and of marginal economic usefulness. The proposed Plowshare experiment was named "Project Ketch". General area survey work by the AEC and Columbia took place in 1965–66. Discussions with the Pennsylvania state government began in 1966. Surveys referred to the local residents as "natives", and characterized their dwellings as "rickety". No effort was made to assess local views concerning the project, suggesting that "\[f\]rom very limited contact, the native populations would appear somewhat resistant to change or progress and may take some convincing." News of the project first came to public notice in a February 14, 1967, article in the *Pittsburgh Press*.

An AEC study, published in July 1967, stated that as a result of the detonation, "There would be no air blast effects, of course, and radiation effects would be safely contained underground." It went on to assert that "Purging of the chimney, filtration and dehydration treatment at the wellhead can be employed to eliminate appreciable radioactivity from gas stored in the reservoir. Levels attainable should render the gas suitable for use in existing pipeline facilities, and provide a favorable basis for determinations regarding eventual public consumption." The report projected that radioactivity would be reduced significantly in the six to nine months following the explosion, while krypton-85 and tritium "might require flushing from the chimney". The report stated that dilution during transmission and combustion would in general reduce radioactivity below permissible limits.

An August 11, 1967, letter from Pennsylvania governor Raymond P. Shafer granted conditional approval to the project for site evaluation studies, reserving the right to refuse approval of later phases if the project was shown to not benefit the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. However, a lease was still required for the site before work could begin.

## Opposition and cancellation

Once the project became known, local residents began to ask about potential effects of the project. AEC and Columbia responses asserted that there would be no problems, emphasizing the remoteness of the "wilderness" area and its apparently marginal economic utility, implying that the region was effectively empty of population or utility. Initially the project was presented as a demonstration and did not describe any immediate economic value or benefit. After this rationale began to be questioned, the AEC and Columbia suggested that the demonstration project would lead to economic development of the region, with potentially thousands more blasts, these much closer to population centers once the concept had been tried in a remote area. Opposition coalesced in Renovo, 12 miles (19 km) from the site, and in State College, 30 miles (48 km) away. Although the area had been clearcut for timber before the 1930s, it was portrayed by opposition as "unsoiled mountain land".

Louis Roddis Jr., a nuclear engineer and member of the Pennsylvania Governor's Science Advisory Committee, wrote that "there is a distinct public relations problem since the northeastern United States is not as accustomed to either earthquake shocks or nuclear test shots as is the southwestern United States."

On December 10, 1967, a similar test was carried out near Dulce, New Mexico. Project Gasbuggy sought to gather data on fracturing low-permeability strata to stimulate gas production. Gasbuggy succeeded in increasing permeability, to the point that groundwater filled an unexpected proportion of the fractures. The Gasbuggy results indicated that better understanding of local hydrology should be established for similar projects. The Pennsylvania project stalled, and no work was undertaken. As opposition became more focused, Columbia withdrew from the project in 1968. The required site lease was never negotiated. Funding for Plowshare ceased in 1975.

## Project

The site location was set in Sproul State Forest, Beech Creek Township, in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, close to Centre County. The location was in the southwestern end of the Hyner Anticline, in the Chemung Portage Group of strata. The project proposed the detonation of a 24-kiloton nuclear device in an 18-inch (46 cm) wide borehole, at a depth of about 3,300 feet (1,000 m) to create a cavity suitable for natural gas storage. The location was near an existing gas storage area in the Leidy gas field. The result of the detonation was expected to be a rubble-filled "chimney," about 90 feet (27 m) wide and about 300 feet (91 m) tall, capped by impermeable formations. Fractures were expected to extend to a radius of around 650 feet (200 m). The natural gas storage capacity was expected to be about 465,000,000 cubic feet (13,200,000 kl), stored at 2,100 pounds per square inch (140 bar) pressure.

The proposed project phasing envisioned the following:

* Phase I: 8 months of study and evaluation for feasibility
* Phase II: 6 months of construction, drilling the borehole, and detonation of the device
* Phase III: 11 months of measurements of the cavern and radiological surveys
* Phase IV: 6 months of gas storage facility development
* Phase V: 14 months of initial operation and evaluation

Construction costs for a typical operational facility were expected to be from $1.55 million (equivalent to $13,707,000 in 2023) for a small reservoir using a 24-kiloton device to $2.08 million (equivalent to $19,006,000 in 2023) for one created with a 100-kiloton device. The assumed costs to obtain a nuclear device from the AEC were $390,000 for a 24-kiloton device, to $460,000 for a 100-kiloton device, in 1967 costs.

## Further reading

41°10′57″N 77°53′25″W / 41.18250°N 77.89028°W / 41.18250; -77.89028


title: Psychotria densinervia

abstract: Psychotria densinervia is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Psychotria densinervia

***Psychotria densinervia*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Psychotria densinervia* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Psychotria* |
| Species: | ***P. densinervia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psychotria densinervia***
(K.Krause) Verdc. | |
|


title: Pseudotetracha basalis

abstract: Pseudotetracha basalis is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by William John Macleay in 1866. It is endemic to Australia.

text:
# Pseudotetracha basalis

***Pseudotetracha basalis*** is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by William John Macleay in 1866. It is endemic to Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotetracha basalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudotetracha* |
| Species: | ***P. basalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudotetracha basalis***<br>(W. J. Macleay, 1866) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Tetracha basalis* Macleay, 1866 *Megacephala basalis* (Macleay, 1866) | |


title: Pseudotetracha

abstract: Pseudotetracha is a genus of tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae, formerly included within the genus Megacephala, and endemic to Australia.

text:
# Pseudotetracha

***Pseudotetracha*** is a genus of tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae, formerly included within the genus *Megacephala*, and endemic to Australia.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotetracha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Tribe: | Megacephalini |
| Genus: | *Pseudotetracha*<br>Fleutiaux, 1894 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Australicapitona* Sumlin, 1992 | |


title: Pterogonia aurigutta

abstract: Pterogonia aurigutta is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in Sundaland, Singapore, Thailand, the Andaman Islands and Sri Lanka.

text:
# Pterogonia aurigutta

***Pterogonia aurigutta*** is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in Sundaland, Singapore, Thailand, the Andaman Islands and Sri Lanka.

## Description

It has pale reddish-brown forewings. An angled, dark postmedial fascia is visible. A pale discal spot is found in females.

## InfoBox

| *Pterogonia aurigutta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nolidae |
| Genus: | *Pterogonia* |
| Species: | ***P. aurigutta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterogonia aurigutta***<br>(Walker, 1858) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thalatta aurigutta* Walker, 1858 * *Doranaga striatura* Moore, 1887 * *Pterognia*  \[*sic*\] *irrorata* Dudgeon, 1905 * *Pterogonia aurigutta* Walker; Kobes, 1997 | |


title: Pterogramma

abstract: Pterogramma is a genus of flies belonging to the family of the Lesser Dung flies.

text:
# Pterogramma

***Pterogramma*** is a genus of flies belonging to the family of the Lesser Dung flies.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pterogramma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Sphaeroceridae |
| Subfamily: | Limosininae |
| Genus: | ***Pterogramma***
Spuler, 1924 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Limosina sublugubrina*
Malloch, 1912 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Pseudorhytisma

abstract: Pseudorhytisma is a genus of fungi within the Cryptomycetaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Pseudorhytisma bistortae.

text:
# Pseudorhytisma

***Pseudorhytisma*** is a genus of fungi within the Cryptomycetaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Pseudorhytisma bistortae***.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudorhytisma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Subdivision: | Pezizomycotina |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Rhytismatales |
| Family: | Cryptomycetaceae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudorhytisma***
Juel |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Pseudorhytisma bistortae***
(DC.) Juel | |


title: Pseudoricia flavizoma

abstract: Pseudoricia flavizoma is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in wet forest areas at elevations ranging between 200 and 1,100 meters in Costa Rica. It has also been recorded from Panama. The length of the forewings is 14–15.5 mm for males.

text:
# Pseudoricia flavizoma

***Pseudoricia flavizoma*** is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in wet forest areas at elevations ranging between 200 and 1,100 meters in Costa Rica. It has also been recorded from Panama.

The length of the forewings is 14–15.5 mm for males.

* Miller, James S. (2009). "Generic revision of the Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 1: Dioptini". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **321** (2): 1–676. hdl:2246/5978.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoricia flavizoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoricia* |
| Species: | ***P. flavizoma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoricia flavizoma***<br>Miller, 2008 | |
|


abstract:
In enzymology, a protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine ⇌ S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are geranylgeranyl diphosphate and protein-cysteine, whereas its two products are S-geranylgeranyl-protein and diphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase. Other names in common use include GGTase-I, and GGTaseI.

text:
# Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I

In enzymology, a **protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I** (EC 2.5.1.59) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine $\rightleftharpoons $ S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are geranylgeranyl diphosphate and protein-cysteine, whereas its two products are S-geranylgeranyl-protein and diphosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase**. Other names in common use include **GGTase-I**, and **GGTaseI**.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 17 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1S63, 1S64, 1SA4, 1SA5, 1TNB, 1TNO, 1TNU, 1TNY, 1TNZ, 1X81, 2BED, 2F0Y, 2H6F, 2H6G, 2H6H, 2H6I, and 2IEJ.

* Casey PJ, Seabra MC (1996). "Protein prenyltransferases". *J. Biol. Chem*. **271** (10): 5289–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.10.5289. PMID 8621375.
* Zhang FL, Casey PJ (1996). "Influence of metal ions on substrate binding and catalytic activity of mammalian protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I". *Biochem. J*. **320** (Pt 3): 925–32. doi:10.1042/bj3200925. PMC 1218017. PMID 9003382.
* Sinnott, M. (Ed.), Comprehensive Biological Catalysis. A Mechanistic Reference, vol. 1, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1998, p. 31-118.

## InfoBox

| CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.5.1.59 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Protein filament

abstract: In biology, a protein filament is a long chain of protein monomers, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength, and rigidity to the cell. When the filaments are packed up together, they are able to form three different cellular parts. The three major classes of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton include: actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

text:
# Protein filament

In biology, a **protein filament** is a long chain of protein monomers, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength, and rigidity to the cell. When the filaments are packed up together, they are able to form three different cellular parts. The three major classes of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton include: actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

## Cellular types

### Microfilaments

Compared to the other parts of the cytoskeletons, the microfilaments contain the thinnest filaments, with a diameter of approximately 7 nm. Microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton that are composed of protein called actin. Two strands of actin intertwined together form a filamentous structure allowing for the movement of motor proteins. Microfilaments can either occur in the monomeric G-actin or filamentous F-actin. Microfilaments are important when it comes to the overall organization of the plasma membrane. Actin filaments are considered to be both helical and flexible. They are composed of several actin monomers chained together which add to their flexibility. They are found in several places in the body including the microvilli, contractile rings, stress fibers, cellular cortex, etc. In a contractile ring, actin have the ability to help with cellular division while in the cellular cortex they can help with the structural integrity of the cell.

Microfilament Polymerization

Microfilament polymerization is divided into three steps. The nucleation step is the first step, and it is the rate limiting and slowest step of the process. Elongation is the next step in this process, and it is the rapid addition of actin monomers at both the plus and minus end of the microfilament. The final step is the steady state. At this state the addition of monomers will equal the subtraction of monomers causing the microfilament to no longer grow. This is known as the critical concentration of actin. There are several toxins that have been known to limit the polymerization of actin. Cytochalasin is a toxin that will bind to the actin polymer, so it can no longer bind to the incoming actin monomers. Actin originally attached in the polymer is still leaving the microfilament causing depolymerization. Phalloidin is a toxin that will bind to actin locking the filament in place. Monomers are neither adding or leaving this polymer which causes the stabilization of the molecule. Latrunculin is similar to cytochalasin, but it is a toxin which will bind to the actin monomers preventing it from adding onto the actin polymer. This will cause the depolymerization of the actin polymer in the cell.

Actin Based Motor Protein- Myosin

There are several different proteins that interact with actin in the body. However, one of the most famous types of motor proteins is myosin. Myosin will bind to these actins causing the movement of actin. This movement of myosin along the microfilament can cause muscle contraction, membrane association, endocytosis, and organelle transport. The actin microfilament is composed of three bands and one disk. The A band is the part of the actin that will bind to the myosin during muscle contraction. The I band is the part of the actin that is not bound to the myosin, but it will still move during muscle contraction. The H zone is the space in between two adjacent actin that will shrink when the muscle begins to contract. The Z disk is the part of the microfilament that characterizes the overall end of each side of the sarcomere, a structural unit of a myofibril.

Proteins Limiting Microfilaments

These microfilaments have the potential to be limited by several factors or proteins. Tropomodulin is a protein that will cap the ends of the actin filaments causing the overall stability of the structure. Nebulin is another protein that can bind to the sides of the actin preventing the attachment of myosin to them. This causes stabilization of the actin limiting muscle contraction. Titin is another protein, but it binds to the myosin rather than the actin microfilament. Titin will help stabilize the contraction and myosin-actin structure.

### Microtubules

Microtubules are the largest type of filament, with a diameter of 25 nm wide, in the cytoskeleton. A single microtubule consists of 13 linear microfilaments. Unlike microfilaments, microtubules are composed of a protein called tubulin. The tubulin consists of dimers, named either "αβ-tubulin" or "tubulin dimers", which polymerize to form the microtubules. These microtubules are structurally quantified into three main groups: singlets, doublets, and triplets. Singlets are microtubule structures that are known to be found in the cytoplasm. Doublets are structures found in the cilia and flagella. Triplets are found in the basal bodies and centrioles. There are two main populations of these microtubules. There are unstable short-lived microtubules that will assemble and disassemble rapidly. The other population are stable long-lived microtubules. These microtubules will remain polymerized for longer periods of time and can be found in flagella, red blood cells, and nerve cells. Microtubules have the ability to play a significant role in the organization of organelles and vesicles, beating of cilia and flagella, nerve and red blood cell structure, and alignment/ separation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

Orientation in Cells

When a cell is in the interphase process, microtubules tend to all orient the same way. Their negatively charged end will be close to the nucleus of the cell, while their positively end will be oriented away from the cell body. The basal body found within the cell helps the microtubule to orient in this specific fashion. In mitotic cells, they will see similar orientation as the positively charged end will be orientated away from the cell while the negatively charged end will be towards the Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC). The positive end of these microtubules will attach to the kinetochore on the chromosome allowing for cellular division when applicable. Nerve cells tend to be a different from these other two forms of orientation. In an axon nerve cell, microtubules will arrange with their negatively charged end toward the cell body and positively charged end away from the cell body. However, in dendrites, microtubules can have a different orientation. In dendrites, microtubules can have their positively charged end toward the cell body, but their negatively charged end will likely be away from the cell body.

Drugs Disrupting Microtubules

Colchicine is an example of a drug that has been known to be used as a microtubule inhibitor. It binds to both the α and β tubulin on dimers in microtubules. At low concentrations this can cause stabilization of microtubules, but at high concentrations it can lead to depolymerization of microtubules. Taxol is another drug often times used to help treat breast cancer through targeting microtubules. Taxol binds to the side of a tubule and can lead to disruption in cell division.

Role in Cellular Division

There are three main type of microtubules involved with cellular division. Astral microtubules are those extending out of the centrosome toward the cell cortex. They can connect to the plasma membrane via cortical landmark deposits. These deposits are determined via polarity cues, growth and differentiation factors, or adhesion contacts. Polar microtubules will extend toward the middle of the cell and overlap the equator where the cell is dividing. Kinetochore microtubules will extend and bind to the kinetochore on the chromosomes assisting in the division of a cell. These microtubules will attach to the kinetochore at their positive end. NDC80 is a protein found at this binding point that will help with the stabilization of this interaction during cellular division. During the cellular division process, the overall microtubule length will not change. It will however produce a tread-milling effect that can cause the separation of these chromosomes.

### Intermediate filaments

Intermediate filaments are part of the cytoskeleton structure found in most eukaryotic cells. An example of an intermediate filament is a Neurofilament. They provide support for the structure of the axon and are a major part of the cytoskeleton. Intermediate filaments contain an average diameter of 10 nm, which is smaller than that of microtubules, but larger than that of microfilaments. These 10 nm filaments are made up of polypeptide chains, which belong to the same family as intermediate filaments. Intermediate filaments are not involved with the direct movement of cells unlike microtubules and microfilaments. Intermediate filaments can play a role in cell communication in a process known as crosstalk. This cross talk has the potential to help with the mechanosensing. This mechanosensing can help protect the cell during cellular migration within the body. They can also help with the linkage of actin and microtubules to the cytoskeleton which will lead to the eventual movement and division of cells. Lastly these intermediate filaments have the ability to help with vascular permeability through organizing continuous adherens junctions through plectin cross-linking.

Classification of Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments are composed of several proteins unlike microfilaments and microtubules which are composed of primarily actin and tubulin. These proteins have been classified into 6 major categories based on their similar characteristics. Type 1 and 2 intermediate filaments are those that are composed of keratins, and they are mainly found in epithelial cells. Type 3 intermediate filaments contain vimentin. They can be found in a variety of cells which include smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and white blood cells. Type 4 intermediate filaments are the neurofilaments found in neurons. They can be found in many different motor axons supporting these cells. Type 5 intermediate filaments are composed of nuclear lamins which can be found in the nuclear envelope of many eukaryotic cells. They will help to assemble an orthogonal network in these cells in the nuclear membrane. Type 6 intermediate filaments are involved with nestin that interact with the stem cells of central nervous system.