title: Birbal Dhar

abstract: Birbal Dhar was a leader in the Kashmiri resistance to Afghan rule in the early 19th century. He led a deputation which persuaded Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh to invade Kashmir in 1819, which effectively ended Afghan and Muslim rule in Kashmir. Due to his role in the ending of the Afghan rule, Birbal Dhar was awarded with the role of Taluqdar, rough translation - Nawab, for the province of Kashmir under the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He was offered a seat on the council of the Maharaja, but refused in order to be able to be close to his people in Kashmir. Ever since the time of Mughals and Afghans, the Taluqdar was the highest administrative service for a state. He was an avid follower of a previous Taluqdar of Kashmir, Ali Mardan Khan, and so was a tradition for him and his descendants to keep up the Chashme Shahi Garden where apparently the Kurdish General had found God.

text:
# Birbal Dhar

**Birbal Dhar** was a leader in the Kashmiri resistance to Afghan rule in the early 19th century. He led a deputation which persuaded Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh to invade Kashmir in 1819, which effectively ended Afghan and Muslim rule in Kashmir.

Due to his role in the ending of the Afghan rule, Birbal Dhar was awarded with the role of Taluqdar, rough translation - Nawab, for the province of Kashmir under the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

He was offered a seat on the council of the Maharaja, but refused in order to be able to be close to his people in Kashmir.

Ever since the time of Mughals and Afghans, the Taluqdar was the highest administrative service for a state.

He was an avid follower of a previous Taluqdar of Kashmir, Ali Mardan Khan, and so was a tradition for him and his descendants to keep up the Chashme Shahi Garden where apparently the Kurdish General had found God.


title: Stardom Flashing Champions 2023

abstract: Stardom Flashing Champions 2023 was a professional wrestling event promoted by World Wonder Ring Stardom. The event took place on May 27, 2023, in Tokyo at the Ota City General Gymnasium. Nine matches were contested at the event, including two on the pre-show, and five of Stardom's nine championships were on the line. The main event saw Tam Nakano defeat Mina Shirakawa to retain the World of Stardom Championship and win the Wonder of Stardom Championship in a Winner Takes All match. In other prominent matches, the Baribari Bombers defeated REstart to win the Artist of Stardom Championship, and Saki Kashima defeated AZM and Fukigen Death in a three-way match to win the High Speed Championship.

text:
# Stardom Flashing Champions 2023

**Stardom Flashing Champions 2023 (スターダム フラッシング チャンピオンズ, *Sutādamu furasshingu chanpionzu 2023*)** was a professional wrestling event promoted by World Wonder Ring Stardom. The event took place on May 27, 2023, in Tokyo at the Ota City General Gymnasium.

Nine matches were contested at the event, including two on the pre-show, and five of Stardom's nine championships were on the line. The main event saw Tam Nakano defeat Mina Shirakawa to retain the World of Stardom Championship and win the Wonder of Stardom Championship in a Winner Takes All match. In other prominent matches, the Baribari Bombers (Giulia, Thekla and Mai Sakurai) defeated REstart (Kairi, Natsupoi and Saori Anou) to win the Artist of Stardom Championship, and Saki Kashima defeated AZM and Fukigen Death in a three-way match to win the High Speed Championship.

## Production

### Background

The show featured nine professional wrestling matches that result from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portray villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that build tension and culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches. The event's press conference took place on May 11, 2023, and was broadcast live on Stardom's YouTube channel.

Following the events from the finals night of the Stardom Cinderella Tournament 2023 from April 15 when Club Venus officially became an independent stable and splitting themselves from Cosmic Angels, Mina Shirakawa went up to the singles title image and imposed herself by winning the Wonder of Stardom Championship at All Star Grand Queendom by defeating Saya Kamitani. The event's main bout in which she will face former stablemate Tam Nakano in a double title match is served to continue their rivalry.

### Event

The two preshow matches was broadcast live on Stardom's YouTube channel. In the first one, Momo Kohgo defeated Lady C and Saya Iida. In the second one, Rebel&Enemy (Ram Kaicho and Maika Ozaki) picked up a win over Syuri and Sakura Aya. In the first main card bout, Hina, Utami Hayashishita and Saya Kamitani picked up a victory over Starlight Kid, Ruaka and Rina. After some tension between Kamitani and Hayashishita which took place a couple of weeks before the match, Kamitani scored the pin, but the Queen's Quest leader walked away as soon as the match was over, leaving the status of their bond in air. In the fourth bout, Stars' Mayu Iwatani, Hanan, Hazuki and Koguma defeated Mariah May, Xena, Jessie and Waka Tsukiyama in eight-woman tag team actuons. Next up, Maika, Suzu Suzuki and Mei Seira defeated Neo Stardom Army (Nanae Takahashi, Yuna Mizumori) and Hanako. The sixth bout saw Saki Kashima defeating AZM and Fukigen Death to win the High Speed Championship, ending AZM's reign at 458 days and then-time record of twelve consecutive defenses. Next up, Ami Sourei and Mirai defeated Natsuko Tora and Momo Watanabe to secure the second consecutive defense of the Goddesses of Stardom Championship in that respective reign. After the bout concluded, Oedo Tai and Queen's Quest members shared a short-lived brawl. In the semi main event, Giulia, Thekla and Mai Sakurai defeated Kairi, Natsupoi and Saori Anou to win the Artist of Stardom Championship, preventinf the latter team from securing their first defense. After the bout concluded, they received a challenge from Mayu Iwatani, Koguma and Hazuki.

In the main event, Tam Nakano defeated Mina Shirakawa in a winner-takes-all match in which she successfully defended her World of Stardom Championship for the first time in that respective reign and won the Wonder of Stardom Championship to become a double champion. After the bout concluded, Nakano received a challenge for the Wonder title from 2023 Cinderella Tournament winner Mirai as she expressed her granted wish for winning the tournament.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1P | Momo Kohgo defeated Lady C and Saya Iida | Three-way match | 4:44 |
| 2P | Rebel&Enemy (Ram Kaicho and Maika Ozaki) defeated Syuri and Sakura Aya | Tag team match | 9:41 |
| 3 | Queen's Quest (Hina and AphrOditE (Utami Hayashishita and Saya Kamitani)) defeated YoungOED (Starlight Kid, Ruaka and Rina) | Six-woman tag team match | 6:47 |
| 4 | Stars (H&M's (Mayu Iwatani and Hanan) and FWC (Hazuki and Koguma)) defeated Club Venus (Mariah May, Xena, Jessie and Waka Tsukiyama) | Eight-woman tag team match | 12:45 |
| 5 | Maika, Suzu Suzuki and Mei Seira defeated Neo Stardom Army (Nanae Takahashi, Yuna Mizumori) and Hanako | Six-woman tag team match | 12:03 |
| 6 | Saki Kashima defeated AZM (c) and Fukigen Death | Three-way match for the High Speed Championship | 5:28 |
| 7 | The New Eras (Ami Sourei and Mirai) (c) defeated Gold Ship (Natsuko Tora and Momo Watanabe) | Tag team match for the Goddesses of Stardom Championship | 16:05 |
| 8 | Baribari Bombers (Giulia, Thekla and Mai Sakurai) defeated REstart (Kairi, Natsupoi and Saori Anou) (c) | Six-woman tag team match for the Artist of Stardom Championship | 18:23 |
| 9 | Tam Nakano (World) defeated Mina Shirakawa (Wonder) | Winner Takes All match for both the World of Stardom Championship and Wonder of Stardom Championship | 17:43 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match  P  – the match was broadcast on the pre-show | | | |

## InfoBox

| Stardom Flashing Champions 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster of the event featuring various wrestlers | |
| Promotion | World Wonder Ring Stardom |
| Date | May 27, 2023 |
| City | Tokyo, Japan |
| Venue | Ota City General Gymnasium |
| Attendance | 1,759 |
| Event chronology | |
| **Previous**
New Blood 8 **Next**
New Blood 9 | |
| Flashing Champions chronology | |
| **Previous**
2022 **Next**
2024 | |


title: Edward Laumann

abstract: Edward Otto Laumann is an American sociologist. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago. Laumann earned his Ph.D. in the Harvard Department of Social Relations in 1964, where he worked with George Homans, Talcott Parsons, and Harrison White. He served as Dean of the social sciences and Provost at Chicago. He is best known for his work on social stratification, urban sociology, organizational sociology, health and aging, and is widely recognized as a pioneer in the areas of social network analysis and the sociology of sexuality. In 2013, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

text:
# Edward Laumann

**Edward Otto Laumann** (born August 31, 1938) is an American sociologist. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago. Laumann earned his Ph.D. in the Harvard Department of Social Relations in 1964, where he worked with George Homans, Talcott Parsons, and Harrison White. He served as Dean of the social sciences and Provost at Chicago. He is best known for his work on social stratification, urban sociology, organizational sociology, health and aging, and is widely recognized as a pioneer in the areas of social network analysis and the sociology of sexuality. In 2013, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Biography

Edward O. Laumann was born to Otto and Emalyn (Bauch) Laumann in 1938 near Youngstown, Ohio. He enrolled in Oberlin College in 1956 and earned his B.A. in sociology (*summa cum laude*) in 1960 with a minor in economics. He earned his Ph.D. in sociology at Harvard four years later in 1964, writing a dissertation titled *Urban Social Stratification*. While at Harvard, he was a research assistant for Talcott Parsons, who was on his dissertation committee along with George Homans and Harrison White. Laumann was hired as an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Michigan in 1964, where he was the principal investigator of the Detroit Area Study. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1973, where he would eventually serve as the chair of the Department of Sociology, the dean of the Social Sciences, as well as the provost of the university. He was the editor of the *American Journal of Sociology* from 1978 to 1984 and from 1995 to 1997. He is currently the chairman of the board of trustees of the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago.

## Scholarly career

Laumann is known for his pioneering work in several areas of sociology. He is one of the founders of the field of social network analysis, and wrote some of the foundational work on networks of elites, organizational networks, and egocentric networks. He is equally well known for his work in the sociology of sexuality, both for his theoretical and empirical contributions to the field and for his years-long fight against Congress for funds to collect national data on American sexual norms and practices in the wake of the AIDS crisis. His Ph.D. students have included, among others, Ronald Burt, Paula England, Joseph Galaskiewicz, Robert M. Hauser, and Kazuo Yamaguchi.

### Social network analysis

In the mid-1960s, Laumann introduced the idea of studying individual social networks via surveys - an approach that led to the creation of widely available network data such as those in the General Social Survey. Inspired in part by W. Lloyd Warner's structural approach to social class, Laumann used individual-level social network data to demonstrate the ethnoreligious and class-based structuring of broader social networks. This work highlighted the tension individuals experience between their subjective preference to associate with people who are like them (the "like-me" hypothesis) and the sometimes contradictory desire to affiliate with higher-status individuals (the "prestige" hypothesis). Laumann argued that individuals' resolution of these impulses forms the basis of class consciousness within a given society. Laumann also defined the "boundary specification problem", which refers to the theoretical and methodological challenge of determining the appropriate set of actors and connections to analyze in order to identify the relevant social network within a given setting.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Laumann and colleagues published the first studies of the inter-organizational network of national policy interests in Washington, D.C. These are the most exhaustive empirical studies of the social networks of national organizations to date. They demonstrate that major public policy in important domains such as health and energy are shaped by latent social connections that exist among the leaders of numerous networked organizations (e.g., lay voluntary associations, federal agencies, and professional societies). Policy decisions are disproportionately shaped by organizations that have vested interests in the outcomes of domain-specific issues and those that have greater capacity to monitor events and to obtain information/resources by virtue of their positions within the interorganizational network. At the same time, organizations' positions within these networks varies by domain, such that there is no single core set of organizations that dominates resource or influence flows across different policy domains. These studies forged innovative connections between social network analysis and data-reduction and display techniques, especially multidimensional scaling, and presented some of the earliest analyses of two-mode (actor-and-event) social network data. In recognition of these and his various other contributions to the field, Laumann was chosen as the keynote speaker at the first European social networks conference in Groningen, Netherlands in 1989, and at the Annual Sunbelt Conference in Vancouver, Canada, in 2006.

### Sociology of sexuality

In the wake of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the mid-1980s, Laumann began to study the role of sexual behavior and social networks in the spread of the disease. Laumann and several colleagues - including Robert T. Michael, John Gagnon, Stuart Michaels, and Martina Morris - won a competition, first conceived by the NICHD in July 1987, to undertake a national survey of individuals' sexual practices and the social and sexual networks in which they occur. In 1989, *Science* magazine published a story about the upcoming study, which was still under review at the Office of Management and Budget. The story quickly gained national media attention, and Laumann and colleagues found themselves facing serious opposition from national politicians such as William E. Dannemeyer and Jesse Helms. Despite the support of other politicians, such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan and American Psychological Association lobbyist William A. Bailey, the project eventually was blocked by an act of Congress in 1991, which diverted the funds for the project to a "say no to sex" campaign. Laumann and his colleagues then turned to private funders, including the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Kaiser Family Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the MacArthur Foundation, which together funded the resulting National Health and Social Life Survey. Results of this study were published in 1994 in two books - a scholarly book, *The Social Organization of Sexuality*, and a more accessible companion book, *Sex in America*. Their findings had a major impact on science and in broader society, making the cover of *Time* magazine and covered in hundreds of media outlets throughout the world. A key finding from this study was that Americans are fairly conservative in their sex practices. In retrospect, Laumann remarked: "Only at Chicago could we have so thoroughly managed to take the fun out of sex." One of the team's primary conclusions was that, due to the social structuring of sexual contact, there was little chance of an AIDS epidemic within the heterosexual community - a scientific conclusion that challenged then-widespread, politically fueled rhetoric about the dangers of sex.

Laumann would also use the NHSLS data to write what would eventually become the most highly cited scientific study of sexual dysfunction written in any discipline - a paper published in 1999 in the *Journal of the American Medical Association* that documented the surprisingly widespread prevalence of sexual dysfunction in the U.S. Because he was recognized as one of the foremost experts in sexual behavior, sexual problems, and their public health implications, Laumann was brought on as a consultant by Pfizer in the mid-late 1990s and became instrumental in establishing the public interest in Viagra just prior to its release.

Laumann is also a critic of the two Kinsey Reports and has noted that they both focused on the biology of sex and lacked psychological and clinical information and analysis.

## Honors

Laumann has been a member of Phi Beta Kappa since 1959, was a Ford Foundation fellow in the behavioral sciences, is an affiliated scholar of the American Bar Foundation, and has won a number of other scholarly distinctions, including election as fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. During his career, he has been a visiting professor or fellow at a number of universities around the world, including the University of Kent in Canterbury, England; Christian-Albrechts-Universitat in Kiel, West Germany; the London School of Economics; and Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea.

## Publications (books)

* 1966, *Prestige and Association in an Urban Community*. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
* 1970, *The Logic of Social Hierarchies*, with Paul Siegel and Robert W. Hodge. Chicago: Markham.
* 1973, *Bonds of Pluralism: The Form and Substance of Urban Social Networks*. New York: Wiley Interscience.
* 1976, *Networks of Collective Action. A Perspective on Community Influence Systems*, with Franz Urban Pappi. New York: Academic Press.
* 1982, *Chicago Lawyers: The Social Structure of the Bar*, with John P. Heinz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation/American Bar Foundation.
* 1987, *The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains*, with David Knoke. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
* 1993, *The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making*, with John P. Heinz, Robert Nelson, and Robert Salisbury. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
* 1994, *The Social Organization of Sexuality*, with John Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. University of Chicago Press.
* 1994, *Sex in America*, with John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Gina Kolata. New York: Little, Brown.
* 2001, *Sex, Love and Health: Private Choices and Public Policies*, with Robert T. Michael. University of Chicago Press.
* 2004, *The Sexual Organization of the City*, with Stephen Ellingson, Jenna Mahay, Anthony Paik, and Yoosik Youm. University of Chicago Press.
* 2005, *Urban Lawyers: The New Social Structure of the Bar*, with John P. Heinz, Robert L. Nelson, and Rebecca L. Sandefur. University of Chicago Press.

## InfoBox

| Edward O. Laumann | |
| --- | --- |
| Edward Laumann (Chicago, circa 2000) | |
| Born | (1938-08-31) August 31, 1938<br>Youngstown, Ohio |
| Alma mater | Harvard University, Oberlin College |
| Known for | Contributions to social network analysis, organizational sociology, sociology of sexuality |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Sociology |
| Institutions | University of Michigan, University of Chicago |
| Doctoral advisor | George C. Homans |
| Other academic advisors | Talcott Parsons, Harrison White |
| Notable students | Ronald Stuart Burt, Benjamin Cornwell, Paula England, Joseph Galaskiewicz, Robert M. Hauser, Peter Marsden, Kazuo Yamaguchi, Nora Cate Schaeffer |
|  | |


title: Bouchier

abstract:
Bouchier may refer to:
  - Antoine Bouchier (1460–1519), French Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal
  - Barton Bouchier (1794–1864), English religious writer
  - Cecil Bouchier KBE, DFC (1895–1979), served with the British Army, Royal Flying Corps, Indian Air Force and Royal Air Force from 1915 to 1953
  - Chili Bouchier (1909–1999), English film and theatre actress
  - George Bouchier or Bourchier, wealthy merchant of Bristol who supported the royalist cause during the English Civil War
  - Gilles Bouchier or Bucherius (1576–1665), French Jesuit and chronological scholar
  - John Bouchier, 2nd Baron Berners (1467–1533), English soldier, statesman and translator
  - John Bouchier-Hayes, Irish fencer
  - George Bouchier Worgan (1757–1838), English naval surgeon who accompanied the First Fleet to Australia

text:
# Bouchier

**Bouchier** may refer to:

* Antoine Bouchier (1460–1519), French Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal
* Barton Bouchier (1794–1864), English religious writer
* Cecil Bouchier KBE, DFC (1895–1979), served with the British Army, Royal Flying Corps, Indian Air Force and Royal Air Force from 1915 to 1953
* Chili Bouchier (1909–1999), English film and theatre actress
* George Bouchier or Bourchier (died 1643), wealthy merchant of Bristol who supported the royalist cause during the English Civil War
* Gilles Bouchier or Bucherius (or Bucherus) (1576–1665), French Jesuit and chronological scholar
* John Bouchier, 2nd Baron Berners (1467–1533), English soldier, statesman and translator
* John Bouchier-Hayes (born 1944), Irish fencer
* George Bouchier Worgan (1757–1838), English naval surgeon who accompanied the First Fleet to Australia


title: G. Narayan Reddy

abstract: G. Narayan Reddy was an Indian politician and Member of Parliament of India. He was a member of the 3rd Lok Sabha and represented the Adilabad constituency of Telangana. Reddy was a member of the Congress political party. He was murdered on 16 December 1998 at the age of 72.

text:
# G. Narayan Reddy

**G. Narayan Reddy**  (c. 1926  16 December 1998) was an Indian politician and Member of Parliament of India. He was a member of the 3rd Lok Sabha and represented the Adilabad constituency of Telangana. Reddy was a member of the Congress political party. He was murdered on 16 December 1998 at the age of 72.

## Political career

Reddy was the third elected M.P from Adilabad constituency. This was his only term in the Lok Sabha of India.

## Posts Held

| # | From | To | Position | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | 1962 | 1967 | Member, 03rd Lok Sabha |  |
|

## InfoBox

| G. Narayan Reddy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, 3rd Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
Apr 1962  Mar 1967 | |
| Preceded by | K. Ashanna |
| Succeeded by | Poddutoori Ganga Reddy |
| Constituency | Adilabad |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1926
amberpet |
| Died | 16 December 1998 (aged 72) |
| Citizenship | India |
| Nationality | India |
| Political party | Congress |
| Residence | Adilabad & New Delhi |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Bobby Bowry

abstract: Robert John Bowry is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1990 until 2008. He played in the Premier League with Crystal Palace, and in the Football League with Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Colchester United. He finished his career in non-league football with Gravesend & Northfleet and Bromley. Born in England, he represented the Saint Kitts and Nevis national team. Upon retiring he worked as a coach and is now a football agent.

text:
# Bobby Bowry

**Robert John Bowry** (born 19 May 1971) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1990 until 2008.

He played in the Premier League with Crystal Palace, and in the Football League with Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Colchester United. He finished his career in non-league football with Gravesend & Northfleet and Bromley. Born in England, he represented the Saint Kitts and Nevis national team. Upon retiring he worked as a coach and is now a football agent.

## Playing career

Bowry began his career at Queens Park Rangers, but he failed to make a first-team league appearance. He moved to Crystal Palace in April 1992 on a free transfer. Helping the team win Division Two in 1993–94, he had made 50 league appearances and scored one goal at Palace before being sold to Millwall in July 1995 for £220,000. Bowry spent six years at Millwall, making 140 league appearances, scoring 5 goals, and also appeared twice in 2000 for Saint Kitts and Nevis national football team. He was released from Millwall in 2001, and signed for Colchester United, where he made 106 league appearances and scored 2 goals. In May 2005, Bowry was released by Colchester. He was signed by Gravesend & Northfleet in July 2005 on a one-year contract. After one season at Gravesend, he joined Bromley in a player-coach role. After two seasons at Bromley, Bowry quit when the club was put up for sale and retired.

## Football agent

He is now believed to be a football agent with a number of Premier League and Football League players on his books.

## Personal life

Bowry's father was born in Saint Kitts and Nevis while his mother was born in Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda. His son, Daniel Bowry, is also a professional footballer who plays for the Antigua and Barbuda national football team. Bowry's daughter, Lauren, is a singer and dancer who competed on the BBC talent show *Little Mix The Search* in 2020, as part of the girl group Melladaze which was formed on the show.

## Honours

### Club

Crystal Palace

Millwall F.C

Football League Trophy Runner Up-1998-99

## InfoBox

Bobby Bowry
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert John Bowry | | |
| Date of birth | (1971-05-19) 19 May 1971 | | |
| Place of birth | Croydon, England | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Islington St Mary's | | |
| 1989–1990 | Carshalton Athletic | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1990–1992 | Queens Park Rangers | 0 | (0) |
| 1992–1995 | Crystal Palace | 50 | (1) |
| 1995–2001 | Millwall | 140 | (5) |
| 2001–2005 | Colchester United | 106 | (2) |
| 2005–2006 | Gravesend & Northfleet | 35 | (1) |
| 2006–2008 | Bromley | 53 | (0) |
| Total |  | **384** | **(9)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2000 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: The Battle of The Pineberry Battery was a series of minor engagements, fought April 29, 1862, in Charleston County, South Carolina, during the American Civil War. The engagements proceeded from an attack by the Union Navy on a battery on John Berkeley Grimball's plantation on Edisto Island. After successfully destroying the battery, the ship was attacked twice by Confederate artillery forces before returning to its station. The attack was a part of Union efforts to secure Edisto Island, which housed a large colony of escaped African Americans and served as a launching point of a campaign against Charleston.

text:
# Engagements at Pineberry, Willtown, and White Point

The **Battle of The Pineberry Battery** (or Engagements at Pineberry, Willtown, and White Point) was a series of minor engagements, fought April 29, 1862, in Charleston County, South Carolina, during the American Civil War. The engagements proceeded from an attack by the Union Navy on a battery on John Berkeley Grimball's plantation on Edisto Island. After successfully destroying the battery, the ship was attacked twice by Confederate artillery forces before returning to its station. The attack was a part of Union efforts to secure Edisto Island, which housed a large colony of escaped African Americans and served as a launching point of a campaign against Charleston.

## Background

Edisto Island was largely abandoned by planters in November 1861 and in December 1861, escaped slaves began setting up their own refugee camps there. In January 1862, armed blacks from the island and Confederate forces clashed and a Confederate raid in reprisal killed a small number of unarmed blacks. In February, Union forces were stationed on the island to develop it as a staging area for future campaigns against Charleston, twenty-five miles away, as well as to protect the colony, which would eventually number thousands of blacks. As Union forces took control of the island, a number of skirmishes occurred, and Confederates withdrew. Pineberry Battery was further up the Edisto River from the island, which was one likely path for a land campaign against Charleston. Among the actions, on March 18, Pineberry Battery opened fire on a Union Naval reconnaissance. The Pineberry Battery was on the Pineberry plantation on Edisto Island owned by John Berkeley Grimball.

## Battle

On April 29, a union expeditionary force in the gunboat USS *E. B. Hale* and with twenty-two men from the USS *Crusader* along with a flatboat and howitzer also from the *Crusader* travelled up the North Edisto River to the Dawhoo River to attack a confederate Battery on the Pineberry plantation. The attack was led by Lieutenant Alexander C. Rhind, who was anxious to show his mettle to Flag Officer Samuel F. Du Pont. The *Hale* was a freighter which had been converted to a gunboat and mounted four 32-pounder smoothbore cannon and was commanded by Lieutenant James H. Gillis. The ship arrived near the Confederate battery of two 24-pounder guns in the late afternoon and exchanged artillery fire. Commander Du Pont reported that the Confederates continued fire from their field guns while the Hale traveled down the windy river, but fled when the ship came close. Rhind sent Gillis ashore with 22 men who spiked the guns, burned and destroyed the carriages, and captured the powder. The engagement lasted about four hours.

Evans had received intelligence of the attack and led a detachment of six guns of the Washington Artillery under Captain Walter to the place. Two guns attempted to relieve the force at Pineberry but were too late. The remaining four guns set an ambush at a place called White Point. Two companies of infantry accompanied the guns at White Point. The Union forces continued on up the Pon Pon or South Edisto River to make an attack on a schooner in that direction, but Evans met them with two pieces of field artillery near Willstown. Union forces then returned to their gunboat and continued back down the Dawhoo River. The ship was ambushed by the four artillery guns and by small arms at White Point near Slann's Bluff. Rhind stated that he had prepared for this eventuality and returned fire with shell, grape, and canister. The engagement continued there for nearly an hour. Commander Du Pont reported that the Hale returned without a man injured, although one of the *Hale's* 32-pounder guns was damaged. Confederates also reported no losses. The officers and men of both Union ships earned a commendation from the Secretary of the Navy for their courageous conduct.

## Aftermath

On June 2, Horatio Wright's division embarked from Edisto Island on Hunter's planned campaign which would lead to the Battle of Secessionville on June 16. In the summer of 1862, Union troops protecting coastal colonies began to withdraw to reinforce Union General George B. McClellan who was engaged in the Peninsula Campaign, a series of battle between March and July. Having lost at Secessionville, Hunter withdrew the rest of garrison on Edisto Island on July 11, and the African American colony was moved to St. Helena village

Pineberry Battery was a battery on the prominent John Berkeley Grimball plantation which was heavily effected by the war and well documented in Grimball's diary. Early in the war, by June 1861, seventy slaves on the plantation had fled, and by May 1864, Grimball claimed that damage on the plantation had approached $20,000. Grimball returned to the plantation in 1866, but was unable to pay mortgage payments on half of the plantation.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Battle of the Pineberry Battery | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the American Civil War | |
| Date April 29, 1862 (1862-04-29)  Location Charleston County,<br>South Carolina32°40′54″N 80°24′54″W / 32.68167°N 80.41500°W / 32.68167; -80.41500 | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States (Union) | Confederate States |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Lt Alexander C. Rhind | BG Nathan George Evans, Captain Walter |
| Units involved | |
| USS *E. B. Hale*, sailors and one howitzer from the USS *Crusader* | 1 field battery, detachment of Washington Artillery, 2 companies of infantry |
| Strength | |
| 1 gunboat, 22 sailors landing party, howitzer | two 24-pounder guns, 6 more field guns, 2 companies infantry |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | None |


title: Eonta

abstract: Eonta is a composition for piano, two trumpets, and three tenor trombones by Iannis Xenakis. It was written in 1963–64, and was premiered on December 16, 1964, by the Ensemble du Domaine Musical, with Yuji Takahashi on piano and Pierre Boulez conducting. Its duration is approximately 18 minutes.

text:
# Eonta

***Eonta*** is a composition for piano, two trumpets, and three tenor trombones by Iannis Xenakis. It was written in 1963–64, and was premiered on December 16, 1964, by the Ensemble du Domaine Musical, with Yuji Takahashi on piano and Pierre Boulez conducting. (Takahashi had previously premiered Xenakis's solo piano work *Herma*.) Its duration is approximately 18 minutes.

## Background

*Eonta* was composed in response to a commission from the Domaine Musical in Paris. Xenakis recalled that the initial concept came to him while he was sitting in a boat at Tanglewood: "We were surrounded by a forest and I stroked the water with my hand. It was then that I first thought of the instruments to be used in *Eonta*." (In his notes, he wrote: "Reflection in water. Water is the piano.") The bulk of the composition was written in Berlin, where Xenakis was living thanks to a scholarship from the Ford Foundation, during 1963–64, although some of the music, such as the opening piano solo, were composed with the aid of an IBM 7090 computer located at the Place Vendôme in Paris. (Xenakis had persuaded IBM France to allow him to run implementations of his stochastic algorithms, written in Fortran and previously used in the composition of works such as *Achorripsis*, on their computer.)

According to Xenakis, *Eonta*, the title of which means "beings," the present participle of the Greek verb "to be," was composed in homage to Parmenides, who "realized the ontological essence of existence, of 'to be', and felt that existence couldn't consist of one instance only." The composer recalled: "As far as *Eonta* is concerned, the piece changes, of course, but is based on something constant."

## Compositional techniques

In his foreword to the score, Xenakis wrote: "The work makes use of stochastic music (based on the theory of probabilities) and of symbolic music (based on logistics)." (When asked about his use of the term "logistics," Xenakis stated that he was using the nineteenth-century term for symbolic logic) In composing the work, Xenakis defined a number of pitch sets and applied logical operations to them to yield new sets. Stochastic procedures were then used to determine the placement and ordering of notes within each set, often producing, as in the opening piano solo, "a vivid kaleidoscope in sound," or what the composer called "clouds consisting of sounds selected at random." As such, *Eonta* is an extension of *Herma* and the works of the "ST" series (*ST/4*, *ST/10*, and *ST/48*), which were based on similar techniques.

Dynamics were often determined statistically, with ***ppp*** and ***fff*** as extreme values. Xenakis stated: "There are passages where only one or the other occurs and also where every note has a different intensity. If the two are mixed it's natural that the nuances should also be mixed."

## Spatial aspects

*Eonta* was conceived with the layout of the performers in mind, and is one of the earliest of Xenakis's works that concern themselves with the movement of sounds in space. The brass players are asked to move to different positions on the stage, to raise and lower their bells and to move them to the right and left, to play into the open body of the piano in order induce sympathetic vibrations, and to circulate freely within a section of the stage.

## Performative considerations

In addition to presenting performers with technical challenges, *Eonta* demands a great deal of stamina. Yuji Takahashi wrote: "Xenakis wanted the performers physically exhausted during the performance, feeling that something was still going on beyond fatigue." According to Xenakis, he took the physical limitations of the performers into account, but also considered "the fact that what is limitation today may not be so tomorrow," an attitude which has proven to be true as the work has become one of his most popular pieces.

Prior to its premiere, Boulez declared that *Eonta* would be impossible to perform as written, stating "there are physical limits to the capacity of lips," and arranging for the use of two sets of brass players in rotation. Despite these misgivings, however, the following year, Constantin Simonovitch performed the work with the specified number of players. In addition to moving about the performance space, the brass players are asked to produce quarter tones, to play in extreme registers, to play with wide, varying ranges of vibrato, to produce glissandi, and to produce "beating" effects by playing near-unisons. The trombones are also asked to play tremolo glissandi which involve rapid movements of the slide. Trombonist Benny Sluchin emphasized the need to pace and carefully plan rehearsals for the brass players in order to avoid exhaustion and to choreograph their movements with regard to placement of mutes and parts, as well as keeping the conductor in view regardless of location.

Similar to *Herma*, the piano part is exceptionally difficult, often spanning the entire range of the keyboard with huge, quick leaps, and employing a wide range of dynamics. Yuji Takahashi, reflecting on these challenges, noted: "The 'rhythm' in... *Eonta* is stochastic: that is, the notation is only an approximation," and stressed the importance of the performer's ability to control "the sonority of each cloud that changes its colouring incessantly... a sort of generalized harmony (or the harmony in the ancient sense)." He concluded: "A performer is an adventurer who explores sonic nebulae following the star map provided by the composer. A composition is a model which is used again and again to open the door of perception. It will be modified, if necessary, and discarded when it is no longer valid."

## Reception

In a 1969 review, Bruce Archibald wrote:

> The music of Iannis Xenakis is a stirring experience. It taps a terrible-wonderful elemental power that accelerates the pulse and fires the emotions. The very least it can do is convince a much too widespread public that music whose origins claim intellectualization is in no way less emotional, but may well be more so - heart and brain combined multiply their resources rather than cancelling them out... Those who would be turned off by the fact that Xenakis uses an IBM 7090 computer for certain aspects of this composition should listen intently to *Eonta* and check their pulses.

He concluded:

> if all this makes you think 'cerebral' and 'cerebral' makes you think 'cold,' first listen to the music.

Reviewing a live performance of *Eonta* for the New York Arts web site, Gabriel Kellett stated that the movement of the brass players "presented a compelling argument for the cause of live music as being able to produce not only a stereoscopic effect very difficult for even the best home sound system to emulate, but an element of visual drama that in this case seemed somehow indivisible from the purely aural content of the piece. The music was as much the movement as the notes."

Writing for *The Guardian*, Ivan Hewett commented:

> The passion in a work such as *Eonta* is not altogether human - it has the impersonal quality of a natural force, untrammelled by conventions of language or style. Such magnificently innocent music is bound to be out of place in our oblique, knowing age, so obsessed with its past, so fastidiously ironic, so concerned, in its art, to layer ambiguity upon ambiguity. That Xenakis could have denied this pervasive cultural trend for 40 years is an amazing feat. Perhaps only someone who had no need of the western tradition, someone whose roots lay elsewhere, could have done it.

## InfoBox

| *Eonta* | |
| --- | --- |
| by Iannis Xenakis | |
| Composed | 1963–64 |
| Performed | December 16, 1964 |
| Published | 1967 |
| Movements | 1 |
| Scoring | Piano, two trumpets, three tenor trombones |


title: Still Swingin'

abstract: "Still Swingin'" is a song by the American rock band Papa Roach released on June 24, 2012 as the first single from their album The Connection. The single was well received by fans for the return of the rap-style vocals of the band's early work. The track was produced by Tylias, an indie dubstep and hip-hop producer from the underground music scene. The embrace of this aggregate had polarized opinions, some calling it new and fresh to the songs and another calling it an aberration of their style and even the band, but mostly it was well received. A music video was released on August 30 as lead singer Jacoby Shaddix recovered from a vocal surgery. The song appears in Saints Row IV and Saints Row IV: Re-Elected.

text:
# Still Swingin'

"**Still Swingin'**" is a song by the American rock band Papa Roach released on June 24, 2012 as the first single from their album *The Connection*. The single was well received by fans for the return of the rap-style vocals of the band's early work. The track was produced by Tylias, an indie dubstep and hip-hop producer from the underground music scene. The embrace of this aggregate had polarized opinions, some calling it new and fresh to the songs and another calling it an aberration of their style and even the band, but mostly it was well received. A music video was released on August 30 as lead singer Jacoby Shaddix recovered from a vocal surgery.

The song appears in *Saints Row IV* and *Saints Row IV: Re-Elected*.

## Background information

In an interview with *Loudwire*, they asked Jacoby about their upcoming single "Still Swingin'": "You’ve never been ones to shy away from the struggles of trying to make it in music and life. How important of a statement is that song at this point in your career? - It is the most important statement for the band. I think it just says a lot about P-Roach. It’s about my personal life, my highs and lows and what I’ve gone through and I’m a f—in’ survivor dude. I’m a fighter. I think it’s taking a challenge and I’m always willing to step up to it and I’m not going to go out without a fight. And P-Roach, we’re the band that no matter what we’re f—ing up against, we’re gonna prevail. I think we learned that from our early days as a rock and roll band, when every record company told us, ‘No, no, no, no,’ we’re like, ‘F— you, we’re gonna keep on doing it.’ It got us to where we’re at now and we’ve maintained that hustler spirit, that fighter spirit, that warrior spirit. And I think it’s just a great statement to put out as the first single on this record. It’s got the right energy and the right message." The song is currently being used to promote Detroit Tigers broadcasts on Fox Sports Detroit.

## Music video

The video shows the band performing atop a rooftop along with scenes of a zombie narrative that was suggested by Shaddix's 7-year-old son.

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Still Swingin'" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Papa Roach | |
| from the album  *The Connection* | |
| Released | June 24, 2012 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:15 |
| Label | Eleven Seven |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Tylias |
| Papa Roach singles chronology | |
| "No Matter What"
(2011) "**Still Swingin'**"
(2012) "Where Did the Angels Go?"
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Still Swingin'" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Saint Martin University

abstract: The Fundación Universitaria San Martín (FUSM) is a Colombian private university with headquarters in Bogotá and extension offices throughout the country. In 1981, the San Martin University Foundation was founded by Mariano A. Alvear Sofán, Gloria Orozco de Alvear and Arturo Ocampo Álvarez. Initiated in the area of Health Sciences in the Faculty of Dentistry, it has today 13 faculties from different disciplines in the areas of Administrative and Engineering and Social Sciences. In 1998, the Facultad Abierta y a Distancia opens its doors. Today the University has 17 faculties, each with different programs in the areas of Administrative Sciences, Engineering and Social Sciences, Health Sciences, and veterinary medicine and technology.

text:
# Saint Martin University

The **Fundación Universitaria San Martín** (**FUSM**) is a Colombian private university with headquarters in Bogotá and extension offices throughout the country.

In 1981, the San Martin University Foundation was founded by Mariano A. Alvear Sofán, Gloria Orozco de Alvear and Arturo Ocampo Álvarez. Initiated in the area of Health Sciences in the Faculty of Dentistry, it has today 13 faculties from different disciplines in the areas of Administrative and Engineering and Social Sciences. In 1998, the *Facultad Abierta y a Distancia* opens its doors. Today the University has 17 faculties, each with different programs in the areas of Administrative Sciences, Engineering and Social Sciences, Health Sciences, and veterinary medicine and technology.

## InfoBox

Fundación Universitaria San Martín
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | Per sapientiam et laborem ad lucem |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1981 |
| Founder | Mariano A. Alvear Sofán, Gloria Orozco de Alvear and Arturo Ocampo Álvarez |
| Rector | Jaime Villamizar Lamus |
| Address | Carrera 19 N° 80-63, Bogotá, Colombia<br>4°40′05″N 74°03′32″W / 4.66815°N 74.058884°W / 4.66815; -74.058884 |
| Website | http://www.sanmartin.edu.co |


title: Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman

abstract: Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman is a biography of the German statesman Otto von Bismarck by the English historian A. J. P. Taylor. It was first published in the United Kingdom by Hamish Hamilton in June 1955.

text:
# Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman

***Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman*** is a biography of the German statesman Otto von Bismarck by the English historian A. J. P. Taylor. It was first published in the United Kingdom by Hamish Hamilton in June 1955.

## Origins

In a book review written in 1943, Taylor wrote that "to write a life of Bismarck within reasonable compass would be one of the greatest of historical achievements; but perhaps it is impossible. The material is overwhelming; and to make matters worse, Bismarck himself has left, in speeches, conversations or his reminiscences, versions of all the principal events usually deliberately misleading".

Taylor had previously written *Germany's First Bid for Colonies 1884-1885: A Move in Bismarck's European Policy* and *The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918*, both of which in different ways covered Bismarck's foreign policy. To learn more about his personal life, Taylor read many biographies of Bismarck and a few monographs in French, German and English. He also read Bismarck's memoirs.

He later wrote that the biography was one of the books he had most enjoyed writing: "I knew all the historical background already. Now I found Bismarck's personality fascinating as well and he became one of the few I should like to recall from the dead. It is a very good exercise for an historian to stray into biography - a field seemingly so similar and yet fundamentally different. Perhaps no historian can really handle individual psychology or make an individual the centre of his book. All the same I think my *Bismarck* is the best on him ever written".

## Contents

Taylor's Bismarck is not the Junker and iron Chancellor but a complicated, urban intellectual, "the clever, sophisticated son of a clever, sophisticated mother, masquerading all his life as his heavy, earthen father". Instead of working from a thought out plan for the unification of Germany, Bismarck was an opportunist, taking advantage where he knew he could succeed. An emotional man, Bismarck was able through politics and international relations to gain stability and purpose in life.

## Reception

The book was an immediate success, outselling all of Taylor's previous books both in Britain and America.

Harold Nicolson in a review said he enjoyed Taylor's irreverence and his "sharp snaps of paradox". In a review for the *New Statesman*, the military historian Michael Howard wrote that

> Taylor carries out his revaluation in the clear, sharp, epigrammatic prose which makes all his work as stimulating as champagne - and which makes one wonder, sometimes, whether it was all really as simple as that. His mind is a convex mirror in which events appear brilliantly coloured, brilliantly distinct, and sometimes a little distorted. He has many of the virtues of Macaulay, and one or two of his faults. The pattern is too sharply etched; the epigrams are too neat; the judgements are too final; but how refreshing it is to read a historian who is not afraid of patterns, epigrams and judgements!

The American historian of Germany, Gordon A. Craig, believed that "Taylor does two things excellently. He provides a long needed account in English of the main facts of Bismarck's career, an account which is at once readable, up to date...and balanced...In the second place, he paints a fascinating portrait of one of the most complicated personalities in an age which was filled with gifted and original minds...\[The\] chapter on the corrosive effects of the Bismarckian tradition in Germany's intellectual development is not the least interesting part of this highly provocative study".

Fritz Stern reviewed the book for the *Political Science Quarterly* and said that while there are many other biographies of Bismarck that are more detailed, "as a perceptive psychological sketch of this massively complex being, Mr. Taylor's *Bismarck* stands unsurpassed".

A German edition was not published until 1962, and it was not much noticed there. However German historian Wolfgang Mommsen later said that Taylor's biography was better than any German synthesis.

* Kathleen Burk, *Troublemaker: The Life and History of A.J.P. Taylor* (London: Yale University Press, 2000).
* Adam Sisman, *A.J.P. Taylor: A Biography* (London: Mandarin, 1995).
* A. J. P. Taylor, *A Personal History* (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983).

## InfoBox

Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | A. J. P. Taylor |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Otto von Bismarck |
| Publisher | Hamish Hamilton |
| Publication date | 1955 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardcover and paperback) |
| Pages | 286 |


title: Cognitive anthropology

abstract: Cognitive anthropology is an approach within cultural anthropology and biological anthropology in which scholars seek to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists, and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge, in the sense of what they think subconsciously, changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

text:
# Cognitive anthropology

**Cognitive anthropology** is an approach within cultural anthropology and biological anthropology in which scholars seek to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and cognitive psychology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists, and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge, in the sense of what they think subconsciously, changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

## History

Cognitive anthropology arose as part of efforts designed to understand the relationship between language and thought, with linguistic anthropologists of North America in the 1950s spearheading the effort to approach cognition in cultural contexts, rather than as an effort to identify or assume cognitive universals.

Cognitive anthropology became a current paradigm of anthropology under the new ethnography or ethnoscience paradigm that emerged in American anthropology toward the end of the 1950s.

## Scope

Cognitive anthropology studies a range of domains including folk taxonomies, the interaction of language and thought, and cultural models.

From a linguistics stand-point, cognitive anthropology uses language as the doorway to study cognition. Its general goal is to break language down to find commonalities in different cultures and the ways people perceive the world. Linguistic study of cognitive anthropology may be broken down into three subfields: semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics.

Cognitive anthropology is separated in two categories, thought in society/culture and language. Thought is concerned with the procedure and outcome of thoughts. The thinking process in cognitive anthropology puts the importance of culture at the center of examining thoughts. Cognitive anthropologists believe that cultural meanings arise when people learn, create, interpret and apply these collective representations. Reapplication and representations reinforce the experienced patterns through the process of implementing appropriateness and relevance, contain the elements for cognitive reorganization and creativity in behavior and understanding.

In cognitive anthropology language is seen as an important source for analyzing thinking processes. Cognitive anthropology analyzes cultural views with lexicons as the primary source of data that researches search for definite beliefs, implicit understandings and category systems.

## Methods

Cognitive anthropology uses quantitative measures as well as the traditional ethnographic methods of cultural anthropology in order to study culture. Because of the field's interest in determining shared knowledge, consensus analysis has been used as its most widely used statistical measure.

One of the techniques used is Cultural Network Analysis, the drawing of networks of interrelated ideas that are widely shared among members of a population. Recently there has been some interchange between cognitive anthropologists and those working in artificial intelligence.

## Relation with cognitive science

Cognitive anthropology intersects with several other fields within its parent cultural anthropology sphere. Whereas cultural anthropologists had always sought to identify and organize certain salient facets of culture, cognitive anthropologists appreciate the reflexive nature of their study. Instead of analyzing facets of culture as they appear to the anthropologist, they place special emphasis on emic viewpoints of culture to understand what motivates different populations, eventually coming to an understanding of universal cognition. These goals form the basis of the argument merging cognitive anthropology and cognitive science.

Cognitive anthropology is linked to psychology because studying the way social groups reason and categorize raises questions about the basic nature of cognitive processes.

### Advocacy

Advocate and presidential researcher Giovanni Bennardo put forth three categories of data in 2013 that warrant this grouping. Cognitive anthropologists gather ethnographic, linguistic, and experimental data, which is then analyzed quantitatively. For example, medical rituals provide more direct data that informs linguistic analysis and a greater insight into cognitive motivations, hence the field’s similarity to linguistic relativism. To advocates, the mind is a cultural facet (as is kinship to the pioneering cultural anthropologist) that generates language, which provides insight into human cognition.

Other advocates for cognitive anthropology’s categorization with cognitive science have pointed out that cognitive psychology fails to encompass several fields that cognitive anthropology does, hence its pivotal role in cognitive science. Professor of Psychology at University of Connecticut, James S. Boster, points out in the Journal of the Cognitive Science Society that while cognitive psychology studies a human’s thought process, cognitive anthropology studies what exactly different humans ponder—what they sense and perceive of their own culture and surroundings in different settings.

### Criticism

There has been longtime conflict between cognitive scientists and cognitive anthropologists on the intersection of their respective fields. The grouping has received much backlash in the literature, such as from Edward Evans-Pritchard on the basis of methodology and subject matter.

Cognitive psychologists have criticized cognitive anthropologists for their chaotic research methods, such as forming instruments of observation and data acquisition using language that natives use in their interviews with fieldworkers. "CA has been alienated from the rest of cultural anthropology because it is seen as too quantitative and scientific for the prevailing post‐modern aesthetic, while at the same time seen as too ethnographic and natural historical for the tastes of CP."

Some cognitive scientists have devalued anthropology's influence in the cognitive sciences, which was extensively discussed by Sieghard Beller, Andrea Bender, and Douglas Medin in the Journal of the Cognitive Science Society. In their widely cited journal article, they attribute this rejection to cognitive anthropology's lack of credibility as a subset of the psychological sciences, focus on common narratives throughout different cultures rather than on the individual mind, and difficulty of getting published. "They strive for insights that explain something about the human mind in general and therefore consider cross‐cultural comparisons as just one means to test assumptions on universals."

Critics have also disputed the scientific nature of cognitive anthropology in general and argued that it studies content of thought rather than process, which cognitive science centers on. Resistance from more established subfields of cultural anthropology has historically restricted resources and tenure for cognitive anthropologists.

* Beller, Sieghard; Bender, Andrea; Medin, Douglas L. (2012), "Should Anthropology Be Part of Cognitive Science?", *Journal of the Cognitive Science Society*, **4** (3): 342–353, doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01196.x, PMID 22685087
* Brown, Penelope (2006), "Cognitive anthropology", in Jourdan, Christine; Tuite, Kevin (eds.), *Language, Culture and Society: Key topics in Linguistic Anthropology*, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–114
* Colby, Benjamin; Fernandez, James W.; Kronenfeld, David B. (1981). *Toward a convergence of cognitive and symbolic anthropology*. New York: Blackwell Publishing.
* D'Andrade, Roy (1995), *The Development of Cognitive Anthropology*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* DeMunck, Victor (2009). *Research Design and Methods for Studying Cultures*. Lanham: AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759111431. OCLC 700282414.
* Gomm, Roger (2009). *Key concepts in social research methods*. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-21499-6.
* Levinson, Stephen C. (2009). "Cognitive Anthropology". In Senft, Gunter; Östman, Jan-Ola; Verschueren, Jef (eds.). *Culture and Language Use*. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 50–58. ISBN 978-90-272-0779-1.
* Quinn, N. (2005), *Finding Culture in Talk: A Collection of Methods*, New York: Palgrave Macmillan
* Sieck, W. R. (2010). "Cultural network analysis: Method and application". In D. Schmorrow; D. Nicholson (eds.). *Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making*. CRC Press / Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
* Strauss, C. (2006), "Cognitive Anthropology", *Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics*, Elsevier, pp. 529–532, doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/03016-9, ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1, retrieved 2021-05-10
* Wisner, Alain. "New technologies and old thoughts: relations between ergonomics and cognitive anthropology." *Ergonomics, health and safety: perspectives for the nineties*. Leuven University Press Leuven, 1991. 41-55.

## Further reading


title: Edward Laurillard

abstract: Edward Laurillard was a cinema and theatre producer in London and New York City during the first third of the 20th century. He is best remembered for promoting the cinema early in the 20th century and for Edwardian musical comedies produced in partnership with George Grossmith, Jr., including Tonight's the Night (1914), Theodore & Co (1916) and Yes, Uncle! (1917).

text:
# Edward Laurillard

**Edward Laurillard** (20 April 1870 – 7 May 1936) was a cinema and theatre producer in London and New York City during the first third of the 20th century. He is best remembered for promoting the cinema early in the 20th century and for Edwardian musical comedies produced in partnership with George Grossmith, Jr., including *Tonight's the Night* (1914), *Theodore & Co* (1916) and *Yes, Uncle!* (1917).

## Life and career

Born in Rotterdam in The Netherlands, he was educated at Osnabrück and in Paris. Laurillard moved to London, England as a young man. He was married and divorced twice.

### Early career

In 1894, Laurillard became manager of Terry's Theatre, producing *King Kodak*, and his first big success was *The Gay Parisienne* at the Duke of York's Theatre, which introduced the hit song "Sister Mary Jane's Top Note." Other early productions included *My Old Dutch* and *Oh! Susannah*, after which he toured the United States. The Savoy Theatre in London, closed in 1903 after the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company discontinued producing its Savoy operas there, was reopened under the management of Laurillard in February 1904 with *The Love Birds*, by Raymond Rôze and Percy Greenbank, starring George Grossmith, Jr., who would later become Laurillard's producing partner.

During the First World War he became manager of the New Gallery Cinema in Regent Street and built a group of 25 cinemas. He screened Herbert Beerbohm Tree's film of *Henry VIII*, one of the first films of a big stage production. With Grossmith, he brought the ethnic comedy hit, *Potash and Perlmutter* by Montague Glass, to London in 1914 for a long run at the Queen's Theatre. He was then the manager of the Comedy Theatre for the production of *Peg O' My Heart* by John Hartley Manners. Grossmith and Laurillard opened *Tonight's the Night*, based on the farce *Pink Dominoes*, at the Shubert Theatre in New York in 1914, the first Gaiety show to be produced in New York before opening in London.

He then moved to the Gaiety Theatre in London in 1915. At the Prince of Wales Theatre, Grossmith and Laurillard had successes with *Mr Manhattan* (1916) and *Yes, Uncle!* (1917). At the Gaiety Theatre, Laurillard's biggest hit was *Theodore & Co* (1916). At that theatre, he later produced two shows in 1921: *Faust on Toast*, a burlesque starring Jack Buchanan, and Maurice Maeterlinck's play *The Betrothal*, featuring Bobbie Andrews and Gladys Cooper, with incidental music by Cecil Armstrong Gibbs and costumes by Charles Ricketts.

### Later years

Grossmith and Laurillard leased the Shaftesbury Theatre to produce several shows from 1917 to 1921. These included *Arlette* (1917), *Baby Bunting* by Fred Thompson and Worton David (1919), *The Great Lover*, by Leo Ditrichstein, Frederic Hatton, and Fanny Hatton (1920), and *Out to Win*, by Roland Pertwee and Dion Clayton Calthrop (1921). At the Alhambra Theatre, they produced Oscar Asche and Dornford Yates's conception of *Eastward Ho!* in 1919.

The partners also purchased the Winter Garden Theatre in 1919, where they produced *Kissing Time* (1919, with a book by P. G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton and music by Ivan Caryll) and *A Night Out* (1920). Grossmith and Laurillard also became managers of the Apollo Theatre in 1920 (they had produced *The Only Girl* there in 1916 and *Tilly of Bloomsbury* there in 1919), producing *Trilby* (1922), which was based on the 1894 George du Maurier novel of the same name, as well as *Such a Nice Young Man* by H.F. Maltby, among others over the next three years. After this, Grossmith and Laurillard terminated their partnership.

Other shows that Laurillard produced in the 1920s included *The Naughty Princess*, with a book by John Hastings Turner, lyrics by Adrian Ross, and music by Charles Cuvillier at the Adelphi Theatre (1920), *Don 'Q'*, with words by Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard with and music by Charles Essen (1921), *The Smith Family* at the Empire Theatre in 1922 and *The Butter and Egg Man* at the Garrick Theatre in 1927.

The Piccadilly Theatre was built by Bertie Crewe and Edward A. Stone, for Laurillard's production company in 1928, opening with *Blue Eyes*, a romantic musical with music by Kern and book and lyrics by Bolton and Graham John.

Laurillard also brought to London Ralph Benatzky's *My Sister and I* (*Meine Schwester und ich* aka *Meet My Sister*) in 1931. In his last years, he moved to New York and also spent some time in Hollywood.


abstract: The men's light heavyweight event at the 1986 Asian Games took place from 28 September to 4 October 1986 at Jamsil Students' Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea. A boxer may win by knockout or by points. Scoring is on the "10-point-must," with 5 judges scoring each round. The boxer with the higher score from a majority of the judges is the winner.

text:
# Boxing at the 1986 Asian Games – Men's 81 kg

The men's light heavyweight (81 kilograms) event at the 1986 Asian Games took place from 28 September to 4 October 1986 at Jamsil Students' Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea.

A boxer may win by knockout or by points. Scoring is on the "10-point-must," with 5 judges scoring each round. The boxer with the higher score from a majority of the judges is the winner.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sunday, 28 September 1986 | 15:00 | Quarterfinals |
| Wednesday, 1 October 1986 | 15:00 | Semifinals |
| Saturday, 4 October 1986 | 15:00 | Final |

## Results

Legend * **RET** — Won by retirement
* **RSC** — Won by referee stop contest
* **RSCH** — Won by referee stop contest head blow

|  | Quarterfinals | |  |  | Semifinals | |  |  | Final | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | |  |  | Dhan Bahadur Gurung (IND) |  |  |  | | | |
|  |  | |  |  | **Min Byung-yong (KOR)** | **RET** |  | |
|  |  | |  |  |  | |  |  | **Min Byung-yong (KOR)** | **RSCH** |  |
|  | Dhurba Lal Shrestha (NEP) |  |  |  | |  |  | Hussain Shah (PAK) |  |  |
|  | **Mosharraf Hossain (BAN)** | **RET** |  |  | Mosharraf Hossain (BAN) |  |  |  |  | |  |
|  | **Hussain Shah (PAK)** | **RSCH** |  |  | **Hussain Shah (PAK)** | **RSC** |  | | ||
|  | Yousef Abu Rejab (KUW) |  |  |  | | | | | ||

## InfoBox

| Men's 81 kg <br>at the 1986 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Jamsil Students' Gymnasium |
| Date | 28 September – 4 October 1986 |
| Competitors | 6 from 6 nations |
| Medalists | |
| South Korea  Pakistan  India  Bangladesh | |
|


title: Equating coefficients

abstract: In mathematics, the method of equating the coefficients is a way of solving a functional equation of two expressions such as polynomials for a number of unknown parameters. It relies on the fact that two expressions are identical precisely when corresponding coefficients are equal for each different type of term. The method is used to bring formulas into a desired form.

text:
# Equating coefficients

In mathematics, the method of **equating the coefficients** is a way of solving a functional equation of two expressions such as polynomials for a number of unknown parameters. It relies on the fact that two expressions are identical precisely when corresponding coefficients are equal for each different type of term. The method is used to bring formulas into a desired form.

## Example in real fractions

Suppose we want to apply partial fraction decomposition to the expression:

$$\frac {1}{x(x-1)(x-2)},\\,$$

that is, we want to bring it into the form:

$$\frac {A}{x}+{\frac {B}{x-1}+{\frac {C}{x-2},\\,}}$$

in which the unknown parameters are *A*, *B* and *C*. Multiplying these formulas by *x*(*x*  1)(*x*  2) turns both into polynomials, which we equate:

$$A(x-1)(x-2)+Bx(x-2)+Cx(x-1)=1,\\,$$

or, after expansion and collecting terms with equal powers of *x*:

$$(A+B+C)x^{2}-(3A+2B+C)x+2A=1.\\,$$

At this point it is essential to realize that the polynomial 1 is in fact equal to the polynomial 0*x*2 + 0*x* + 1, having zero coefficients for the positive powers of *x*. Equating the corresponding coefficients now results in this system of linear equations:

$$A+B+C=0,\\,$$

$$3A+2B+C=0,\\,$$

$$2A=1.\\,$$

Solving it results in:

$$A={\frac {1}{2},\\,B=-1,\\,C={\frac {1}{2}.\\,}}$$

## Example in nested radicals

A similar problem, involving equating like terms rather than coefficients of like terms, arises if we wish to de-nest the nested radicals $\sqrt {a+b{\sqrt {c}\ }}$ to obtain an equivalent expression not involving a square root of an expression itself involving a square root, we can postulate the existence of rational parameters *d, e* such that

$$\sqrt {a+b{\sqrt {c}\ }={\sqrt {d}+{\sqrt {e}.}}}$$

Squaring both sides of this equation yields:

$$a+b{\sqrt {c}=d+e+2{\sqrt {de}.}}$$

To find *d* and *e* we equate the terms not involving square roots, so $a=d+e,$ and equate the parts involving radicals, so $b{\sqrt {c}=2{\sqrt {de}}}$ which when squared implies $b^{2}c=4de.$ This gives us two equations, one quadratic and one linear, in the desired parameters *d* and *e*, and these can be solved to obtain

$$e={\frac {a+{\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}c}{2},}}}$$

$$d={\frac {a-{\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}c}{2},}}}$$

which is a valid solution pair if and only if $\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}c}$ is a rational number.

## Example of testing for linear dependence of equations

Consider this overdetermined system of equations (with 3 equations in just 2 unknowns):

$$x-2y+1=0,$$

$$3x+5y-8=0,$$

$$4x+3y-7=0.$$

To test whether the third equation is linearly dependent on the first two, postulate two parameters *a* and *b* such that *a* times the first equation plus *b* times the second equation equals the third equation. Since this always holds for the right sides, all of which are 0, we merely need to require it to hold for the left sides as well:

$$a(x-2y+1)+b(3x+5y-8)=4x+3y-7.$$

Equating the coefficients of *x* on both sides, equating the coefficients of *y* on both sides, and equating the constants on both sides gives the following system in the desired parameters *a*, *b*:

$$a+3b=4,$$

$$-2a+5b=3,$$

$$a-8b=-7.$$

Solving it gives:

$$a=1,\ b=1$$

The unique pair of values *a*, *b* satisfying the first two equations is (*a*, *b*) = (1,1); since these values also satisfy the third equation, there do in fact exist *a*, *b* such that *a* times the original first equation plus *b* times the original second equation equals the original third equation; we conclude that the third equation is linearly dependent on the first two.

Note that if the constant term in the original third equation had been anything other than –7, the values (*a*, *b*) = (1,1) that satisfied the first two equations in the parameters would not have satisfied the third one (*a* – 8*b* = constant), so there would exist no *a*, *b* satisfying all three equations in the parameters, and therefore the third original equation would be independent of the first two.

## Example in complex numbers

The method of equating coefficients is often used when dealing with complex numbers. For example, to divide the complex number *a*+*bi* by the complex number *c*+*di*, we postulate that the ratio equals the complex number *e+fi*, and we wish to find the values of the parameters *e* and *f* for which this is true. We write

$$\frac {a+bi}{c+di}=e+fi,$$

and multiply both sides by the denominator to obtain

$$(ce-fd)+(ed+cf)i=a+bi.$$

Equating real terms gives

$$ce-fd=a,$$

and equating coefficients of the imaginary unit *i* gives

$$ed+cf=b.$$

These are two equations in the unknown parameters *e* and *f*, and they can be solved to obtain the desired coefficients of the quotient:

$$e={\frac {ac+bd}{c^{2}+d^{2}\quad \quad {\text{and}\quad \quad f={\frac {bc-ad}{c^{2}+d^{2}.}}}}}$$

* Tanton, James (2005). *Encyclopedia of Mathematics*. Facts on File. p. 162. ISBN 0-8160-5124-0.


title: 2007 Toronto Argonauts season

abstract: The 2007 Toronto Argonauts season was the 50th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and 135th season overall. The Argonauts finished the regular season 11–7 and finished in first place in the East Division.

text:
# 2007 Toronto Argonauts season

The **2007 Toronto Argonauts season** was the 50th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and 135th season overall. The Argonauts finished the regular season 11–7 and finished in first place in the East Division.

## Offseason

### CFL draft

| Pick # | CFL Team | Player | Position | College |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 | Toronto Argonauts | Eric Maranda | LB | Laval |
| 30 | Toronto Argonauts (Via Calgary) | Steve Schmidt | TE | San Diego State |
| 37 | Toronto Argonauts | Sean Simms | DL | York |
| 45 | Toronto Argonauts | Brad Smith | WR | Queen's |

## Preseason

| **Week** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Location** | **Final score** | **Attendance** | **Record** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | June 9 | Alouettes | Rogers Centre | W 27 – 13 | 18,156 | 1–0 |
| C | June 21 | @ Alouettes | Molson Stadium | L 34 – 26 | 20,202 | 1–1 |

## Regular season

The team began with a disappointing 2-6 start to the season. With playoff hopes in jeopardy following a last second loss to the Blue Bombers on August 24, the team turned things around with two big wins against their rivals from Hamilton. Pinball led the group to a 9-1 finish and a sixth straight playoff appearance.

### Season standings

|  | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| **Toronto Argonauts** | 18 | 11 | 7 | 0 | 440 | 336 | 22 | *Details* |
| **Winnipeg Blue Bombers** | 18 | 10 | 7 | 1 | 439 | 404 | 21 | *Details* |
| **Montreal Alouettes** | 18 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 398 | 433 | 16 | *Details* |
| Hamilton Tiger-Cats | 18 | 3 | 15 | 0 | 315 | 514 | 6 | *Details* |

### Season schedule

| **Week** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Location** | **Final score** | **Attendance** | **Record** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | June 28 | Lions | Rogers Centre | L 24 – 22 | 29,157 | 0–1 |
| 2 | July 7 | @ Tiger-Cats | Ivor Wynne Stadium | W 30 – 5 | 28,198 | 1–1 |
| 3 | July 12 | Stampeders | Rogers Centre | W 48 – 15 | 29,304 | 2–1 |
| 4 | July 21 | @ Stampeders | McMahon Stadium | L 33 – 10 | 28,202 | 2–2 |
| 5 | July 26 | Alouettes | Rogers Centre | L 26 – 13 | 31,097 | 2–3 |
| 6 | August 2 | @ Alouettes | Molson Stadium | L 29 – 27 (OT) | 20,202 | 2–4 |
| 7 | August 10 | Roughriders | Rogers Centre | L 24 – 13 | 34,234 | 2–5 |
| 8 | *Bye* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 9 | August 24 | @ Blue Bombers | Canad Inns Stadium | L 15 – 13 | 29,533 | 2–6 |
| 10 | September 3 | @ Tiger-Cats | Ivor Wynne Stadium | W 32 – 14 | 28,644 | 3–6 |
| 11 | September 8 | Tiger-Cats | Rogers Centre | W 35 – 22 | 28,279 | 4–6 |
| 12 | September 15 | @ Lions | BC Place Stadium | L 40 – 7 | 31,156 | 4–7 |
| 13 | September 23 | Blue Bombers | Rogers Centre | W 31 – 23 | 26,423 | 5–7 |
| 14 | September 28 | @ Eskimos | Commonwealth Stadium | W 18 – 11 | 31,056 | 6–7 |
| 15 | October 6 | Eskimos | Rogers Centre | W 33 – 8 | 28,354 | 7–7 |
| 16 | October 12 | Alouettes | Rogers Centre | W 35 – 17 | 31,416 | 8–7 |
| 17 | October 20 | @ Alouettes | Olympic Stadium | W 16 – 9 | 44,510 | 9–7 |
| 18 | October 27 | Blue Bombers | Rogers Centre | W 16 – 8 | 40,116 | 10–7 |
| 19 | November 3 | @ Roughriders | Mosaic Stadium | W 41 – 13 | 28,800 | 11–7 |

## Postseason

| **Round** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Location** | **Final score** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| East Final | November 18 | Blue Bombers | Rogers Centre | L 19–9 | 33,467 |

| Team | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winnipeg Blue Bombers | 7 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 19 |
| Toronto Argonauts | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 9 |

The Winnipeg Blue Bombers advanced to the Grey Cup for the first time in six years by stunning the Toronto Argonauts on Sunday but lost star quarterback, Kevin Glenn in the process.

## Awards and records

### CFL Eastern All-Stars: OFFENCE

### CFL Eastern All-Stars: DEFENCE

## InfoBox

| 2007 Toronto Argonauts season | |
| --- | --- |
| General manager | Adam Rita |
| Head coach | Michael Clemons |
| Home field | Rogers Centre |
| Results | |
| Record | **11–7** |
| Division place | **1st, East** |
| Playoff finish | **Lost East Final** |
| Uniform | |
|  | |
|


title: Bob Bawden

abstract: Robert Harvey Bawden was an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the early 1940s. Bawden originally played with Leongatha Imperials Football Club and was a member of their 1932 and Leongatha FC's 1934 and 1935 premiership teams. In 1935, Bawden played 16 games with Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Oakleigh. He returned to Morwell and played in their premiership and won the 1937 Rodda Memorial Gold Medal in the Central Gippsland Football Association before joining Richmond in 1939. Over the course of his career there Bawden acted as second ruckman to Richmond great Jack Dyer. When not rucking he was used in the forward pocket and was a member of Richmond's 1943 VFL premiership team. He also participated in three losing VFL Grand Finals, in 1940, 1942 and 1944. From 1946 onwards for a few years he played for City and then Cornwall in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association (NTFA). He was the brother of Essendon player, Tom Bawden.

text:
# Bob Bawden

**Robert Harvey Bawden** (28 February 1917 – 22 July 1980) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the early 1940s.

Bawden originally played with Leongatha Imperials Football Club and was a member of their 1932 and Leongatha FC's 1934 and 1935 premiership teams.

In 1935, Bawden played 16 games with Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Oakleigh. He returned to Morwell and played in their premiership and won the 1937 Rodda Memorial Gold Medal in the Central Gippsland Football Association before joining Richmond in 1939.

Over the course of his career there Bawden acted as second ruckman to Richmond great Jack Dyer. When not rucking he was used in the forward pocket and was a member of Richmond's 1943 VFL premiership team. He also participated in three losing VFL Grand Finals, in 1940, 1942 and 1944.

From 1946 onwards for a few years he played for City and then Cornwall in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association (NTFA).

He was the brother of Essendon player, Tom Bawden.

## InfoBox

| Bob Bawden | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Robert Harvey Bawden | | |
| Date of birth | (1917-02-28)28 February 1917 | | |
| Place of birth | Leongatha, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 22 July 1980(1980-07-22) (aged 63) | | |
| Place of death | Brisbane, Queensland | | |
| Original team(s) | Leongatha Imperials, Morwell | | |
| Height | 191 cm (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Weight | 93 kg (205 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1939–1945 | Richmond | 107 (107) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1945. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Enda Scahill

abstract: Enda Scahill is an Irish banjo player from Corofin, County Galway. He is a four-time All-Ireland Champion and has performed with The Fureys, Frankie Gavin and The Chieftains. He is an ex-member of The Brock McGuire Band. In 2006 he released the album Humdinger with Paul Brock which was awarded Irish Music Album of the Year by The Irish Times and was released by Compass Records in Nashville, Tennessee. Scahill is the founder of the band We Banjo 3 whose members include Martin Howley, David Howley and his brother Fergal Scahill. Earle Hitchner, music writer for The Wall Street Journal, describes We Banjo 3's playing as a "freshness and finesse bordering on the magical" and LiveIreland proclaiming them "the hottest group in Irish music."

text:
# Enda Scahill

**Enda Scahill** is an Irish banjo player from Corofin, County Galway. He is a four-time All-Ireland Champion and has performed with The Fureys, Frankie Gavin and The Chieftains. He is an ex-member of The Brock McGuire Band. In 2006 he released the album *Humdinger* with Paul Brock which was awarded Irish Music Album of the Year by *The Irish Times* and was released by Compass Records in Nashville, Tennessee.

Scahill is the founder of the band We Banjo 3 whose members include Martin Howley, David Howley and his brother Fergal Scahill. Earle Hitchner, music writer for *The Wall Street Journal*, describes We Banjo 3's playing as a "freshness and finesse bordering on the magical" and LiveIreland proclaiming them "the hottest group in Irish music."

## Discography

* *Humdinger*(2006)
* *Brock McGuire Band*
* *Pick It Up*(2000)
* *Roots of the Banjo Tree* (2012)
* *Gather the Good* (2014)
* *Live in Galway* (2015)
* *String Theory* (2016)

## InfoBox

| Enda Scahill | |
| --- | --- |
| Scahill with a fan in Cincinnati | |
| Background information | |
| Born | Corofin, County Galway, Ireland |
| Genres | Irish traditional, bluegrass |
| Occupations | * Musician * songwriter |
| Instruments | * Banjo * mandolin * tenor guitar |
| Labels | Compass |
|  | |
| Website | endascahill.com |


title: Endopeptidase La

abstract: Endopeptidase La is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses hydrolysis of proteins in the presence of ATP. This enzyme is a product of the lon gene in Escherichia coli.

text:
# Endopeptidase La

**Endopeptidase La** (EC 3.4.21.53, *ATP-dependent serine proteinase*, *lon proteinase*, *protease La*, *proteinase La*, *ATP-dependent lon proteinase*, *ATP-dependent protease La*, *Escherichia coli proteinase La*, *Escherichia coli serine proteinase La*, *gene lon protease*, *gene lon proteins*, *PIM1 protease*, *PIM1 proteinase*, *serine protease La*) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses hydrolysis of proteins in the presence of ATP.

This enzyme is a product of the lon gene in *Escherichia coli*.

## InfoBox

| Endopeptidase La | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.4.21.53 |
| CAS no. | 79818-35-2 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Endophora

abstract: Endophora refers to the phenomenon of expressions that derive their reference from something within the surrounding text (endophors). For example, in the sentences "I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach", "she" is an endophoric expression because it refers to something mentioned elsewhere in the text, i.e. "Sally". By contrast, "She was lying on the beach," if it appeared by itself, contains an exophoric expression; "she" refers to something that is not present in the surrounding text, so there is not enough information given within the text to independently determine to whom "she" refers. It can refer to someone the speaker assumes his audience has prior knowledge of, or it can refer to a person he is showing to his listeners. Without further information, in other words, there is no way of knowing the exact meaning of an exophoric term. Endophora can be broken into three subcategories: cataphora, anaphora and self-reference.

text:
# Endophora

**Endophora** refers to the phenomenon of expressions that derive their reference from something within the surrounding text (endophors).

For example, in the sentences "I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach", "she" is an *endophoric* expression because it refers to something mentioned elsewhere in the text, i.e. "Sally".

By contrast, "She was lying on the beach," if it appeared by itself, contains an *exophoric* expression; "she" refers to something that is not present in the surrounding text, so there is not enough information given within the text to independently determine to whom "she" refers. It can refer to someone the speaker assumes his audience has prior knowledge of, or it can refer to a person he is showing to his listeners. Without further information, in other words, there is no way of knowing the exact meaning of an exophoric term.

Endophora can be broken into three subcategories: cataphora, anaphora and self-reference.

* Deixis – Words requiring context to understand their meaning
* Generic antecedent – Representatives of classes in a situation in which gender is typically unknown
* Homophora – Reference to something not in the immediate text
* Metaphor – Figure of speech of implicit comparison
* Metonymy – Figure of speech in which something is referred to by the name of an associated thing
* Synecdoche – Figure of speech


title: Endopeptidase inhibitor

abstract: An endopeptidase inhibitor is a drug that inhibits one or more endopeptidase enzymes. Endopeptidases are one of two types of proteases, the other being exopeptidases. Endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds of non-terminal amino acids, whereas exopeptidases break terminal bonds, resulting in the release of a single amino acid or dipeptide from the peptide chain.

text:
# Endopeptidase inhibitor

An **endopeptidase inhibitor** is a drug that inhibits one or more endopeptidase enzymes. Endopeptidases are one of two types of proteases (enzymes that break down proteins and peptides), the other being exopeptidases. Endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds of non-terminal amino acids (that is, they cut proteins/peptides into two chains), whereas exopeptidases break terminal bonds, resulting in the release of a single amino acid or dipeptide from the peptide chain.

## Examples of endopeptidase inhibitors

Some examples of endopeptidase inhibitors include the following:


title: England national korfball team

abstract: The England national korfball team is managed by the English Korfball Association (EKA), representing England in korfball international competitions. In 2007 the Great Britain national korfball team was split into 3 national teams: England, Wales and Scotland, that compete in all international competitions except the World Games, where they compete as a unified Great Britain national korfball team.

text:
# England national korfball team

The **England national korfball team** is managed by the English Korfball Association (EKA), representing England in korfball international competitions. In 2007 the Great Britain national korfball team was split into 3 national teams: England, Wales and Scotland, that compete in all international competitions except the World Games, where they compete as a unified *Great Britain national korfball team*.

## Tournament history

| **World Championships** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Year** | **Championship** | **Host** | **Classification** |
| 2007 | 8th World Championship | Brno (Czech Republic) | 7th place |
| 2011 | 9th World Championship | Shaoxing (China) | 5th place |
| 2015 | 10th World Championship | Antwerp, Ghent & Tielen (Belgium) | 4th place |
| 2019 | 11th World Championship | Durban (South Africa) | 9th place |
|

| **World Games** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Year** | **Championship** | **Host** | **Classification** |

| **European Championships** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Year** | **Championship** | **Host** | **Classification** |
| 2010 | 4th European Championship | (Netherlands) | 6th place |
| 2014 | 5th European Championship | Maia (Portugal) | 4th Place |
| 2016 | 6th European Championship | Dordrecht (Netherlands) | 6th place |
| 2018 | 7th European Championship | Friesland (Netherlands) | 7th place |
| 2021 | 8th European Championship | Antwerp (Belgium) | 4th place |

## Current squad

National team at the IKF World Korfball Championship 2023

* *Coach*: Rob Williams

## InfoBox

| England | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Association | English Korfball Association |
| IKF membership | 2007 (1946 as BKA) |
| IKF code | ENG |
| IKF rank | 4 (Jan.2017) |
| World Championships | |
| Appearances | 4 |
| First appearance | 2007 |
| Best result | 4th, 2015 |
| European Championships | |
| Appearances | 4 |
| First appearance | 2010 |
| Best result | 4th, 2014 |
| http://www.englandkorfball.co.uk/ | |