title: Steven Halpern

abstract: Steven Halpern is an American new-age musician. He is a Grammy Award nominee and is considered one of the founding fathers of new-age music.

text:
# Steven Halpern

**Steven Halpern** is an American new-age musician. He is a Grammy Award nominee and is considered one of the founding fathers of new-age music.

## Early career

Halpern played trumpet and guitar in the New York City jazz scene of the 1960s, but became disenchanted with it and moved to California. There he began exploring the idea of creating music entirely for the purpose of relaxation, which he called "anti-frantic alternative" music. He began creating music that did not adhere to traditional Western tonality, but which instead consisted of static, minimalist pieces for electric piano inspired by Eastern music. He is a proponent of theories which emphasize the healing properties of music. He has been named by MTV as "the original new age artist", beginning his new age performance career in 1969.

His first album was *Spectrum Suite*, released in 1976 and which is considered to be one of the first true new-age music albums. He began an alternative marketing campaign in order to raise awareness about his music as the genre was not yet widely known. He focused at venues like health food stores, yoga conferences, and alternative retailers. In *Billboard Magazine*, John Diliberto stated that this album and Halpern's independent marketing techniques "pioneered the market". The inspiration for the album came partly from an experience Halpern had in the California Redwoods, as well as trance or altered states he felt were inspired by his moments there.

## Commercial success

In the following ten years, Halpern sold more than one million albums, which he released through his independent label, Halpern Sounds. In 1985, he signed with Gramavision and began releasing music through more mainstream labels. Gramavision also licensed Halpern's prior albums for sale in more traditional retail sectors, as well as alternative ones.

Halpern has recorded more than 50 albums. The most commercially successful of these was 2000's *Deja-Blues*, which reached #18 on the US *Billboard* Top New Age Albums chart. Halpern's musical albums have been known to sell at a consistent rate for up to 25 years after their release, and by 1996 he had sold more than two million albums. In addition to being a recording artist, he is known as one of the founders of the new age music philosophy, which created the musical trends within the genre. His aim was to replace more static noise providers like television or radio with sounds that he thought resonated better with the chakras (energy centres in the body, according to yogic philosophies).

He is the author of two books: *Tuning the Human Instrument* and *Sound Health*. Halpern has provided readings from his books and lectures in accompaniment to his performances. Halpern was an inaugural member of the Independent Music Awards' judging panel to support independent artists.

## Self-help recordings

Halpern has been involved in the recording of self-help audio cassettes since the 1970s. His techniques included the use of self-hypnosis and subliminal persuasion, to try to release the listener's mind more directly from the stress affecting it. Often one side of his recording was meant to be played at night before bed, and the other meant to be played in the background during one's daily activities. Voices inaudible to the regular ear are imbedded in the tape, attempting to suggest positive ideas to the mind. Halpern has also designed recordings that are meant to be played for up to 8 continuous hours, to be used by people experiencing medical distress such as childbirth or surgery.

Halpern's music was specifically utilized in the self-help recordings of John Bradshaw, a public figure in alternative addictions treatment through the 1970s and 1980s. Part of his philosophy is that ambient noise coming from one's surroundings is psychologically and physically damaging. In his book *Sound Health: The Music and Sounds that Make us Whole,* he wrote that even at home, the combined levels of sound around us can harm the body. In 2014 Halpern appeared in the documentary *The Business of Disease*, produced by Sonia Barrett. He shared his insights about the healing effect of sound and the negative effects of electrical outlets near our beds while we sleep.

## Awards

In 1989 Halpern was awarded the Crystal Award at the first International New Age Music Conference. In 2013 Halpern was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best New Age Album for his album *Deep Alpha*.

## Discography

* 1976 - *Spectrum Suite (reissue of Christening For Listening (A Soundtrack for Every Body) (1975)*
* 1977 - *"I" A Cosmic Attunement* a.k.a. *Zodiac Suite*
* 1978 - *Peruvian Whistling Vessels*
* 1978 - *Ancient Echoes* (with Georgia Kelly)
* 1978 - *Eastern Peace*
* 1978 - *Starborn Suite*
* 1979 - *Hear to Eternity*
* 1980 - *Comfort Zone*
* 1980 - *Prelude*
* 1981 - *Rings of Saturn*
* 1981 - *Dawn*
* 1981 - *Eventide*
* 1982 - *Corridors of Time*
* 1983 - *Recollections (with Daniel Kobialka)*
* 1984 - *Connections (with Paul Horn)*
* 1984 - *Natural Light*
* 1984 - *Soft Focus*
* 1985 - *Threshold*
* 1987 - *Among Friends*
* 1988 - *Crystal Suite*
* 1988 - *Radiance*
* 1989 - *Jonah's Journey (reissue of Shared Visions (1986))*
* 1989 - *Gaia's Groove*
* 1989 - *Shifting Focus (reissue of Lifetide (1986))*
* 1990 - *Islands in Time*
* 1991 - *Effortless Relaxation*
* 1991 - *Enhancing Self-Esteem*
* 1991 - *Radiant Health and Well-Being*
* 1991 - *Higher Ground*
* 1991 - *Nurturing Your Inner Child*
* 1991 - *Radiant Health and Well-Being*
* 1993 - *Creating Love (reissue of Radiance (1989))*
* 1993 - *Enhancing Sensual Pleasure*
* 1994 - *Art of Sexual Ecstasy*
* 1994 - *Letting Go of Stress*
* 1994 - *Overcoming Substance Abuse*
* 1994 - *Recovering from Co-Dependency*
* 1994 - *Safe Driving*
* 1994 - *Starting the Day*
* 1994 - *Enhancing Intimacy (reissue of Enhancing Sensual Pleasure (1993))*
* 1994 - *Enhancing Massage*
* 1994 - *Enhancing Success*
* 1994 - *Inner Peace*
* 1994 - *Lullabies for Your Inner Child*
* 1994 - *Lullaby Suite*
* 1994 - *Self-Healing*
* 1994 - *Sleep Soundly*
* 1994 - *Gifts of the Angels*
* 1995 - *Trance-Zendance: Ambient Entracement*
* 1996 - *Accelerating Learning*
* 1996 - *Enhancing Creativity*
* 1996 - *Music for Your PC*
* 1996 - *Afro-Desia*
* 1996 - *In the Key of Healing*
* 1996 - *Relaxation Spontanee*
* 1997 - *Attracting Prosperity*
* 1997 - *Music for Lovers*
* 1997 - *Stop Smoking*
* 1997 - *Workstation Wellness*
* 1997 - *Achieving Your Ideal Weight*
* 1998 - *The Sacred Chorde*, with Fabien Maman on modern monochord
* 1998 - *Prophecies*
* 1999 - *Music for Accelerated Learning*
* 1999 - *Music for Sound Healing*
* 1999 - *Serenity Suite:Music & Nature*
* 1999 - *Divine Intervention*
* 1999 - *Sound Chi*
* 2000 - *Deja-Blues*
* 2000 - *Chants to Awaken the Buddhist Heart*
* 2001 - *Cruise Control*
* 2001 - *Chakra Suite*
* 2002 - *Transitions*
* 2002 - *Music for Massage*
* 2002 - *Perfect Alignment*
* 2002 - *Sound Medicine:Music for Healing*
* 2002 - *Into the Moment (with Master Charles Cannon aka M.C. Cannon)*
* 2003 - *Crystal Bowl Healing*
* 2003 - *Ocean Suite*
* 2004 - *Healing Songs of Earth & Sky*
* 2005 - *Tonal Alchemy*
* 2006 - *Music for Healing & Unwinding*
* 2006 - *Lake Suite*
* 2006 - *Music for Babies*
* 2007 - *Initiation Inside the Great Pyramid*
* 2007 - *Music for Lovers, Vol. 2*
* 2007 - *In the Om Zone*
* 2007 - *Drum Spirit*
* 2007 - *Peace of Mind*
* 2009 - *Relaxation Suite*
* 2013 - *Deep Alpha*
* 2014 - *Ambient Alchemy* (with Michael Diamond)

## Others

* *Creativity*
* *Lifetide*
* *Peak Performance*
* *Radiance:Love Songs Without Words*
* *Recovering from Alcoholism*
* *Rhythms of Vision*
* *Shared Vision*
* *Soundwave 2000 Series*


title: Evelyn Hoskins

abstract: Evelyn Hoskins is an English actress best known for her role as Shona Wark in the British BBC1 hospital drama series Casualty. Hoskins's other television appearances include an appearance in Holby City, also as Shona Wark, and a part in the E4 comedy drama Misfits in which she appears as Lucy, a shape-shifter.

text:
# Evelyn Hoskins

**Evelyn Hoskins** (born 13 May 1988) is an English actress best known for her role as Shona Wark in the British BBC1 hospital drama series *Casualty*.

Hoskins's other television appearances include an appearance in *Holby City*, also as Shona Wark, and a part in the E4 comedy drama *Misfits* in which she appears as Lucy, a shape-shifter.

## Education and career

Hoskins attended Arts University Bournemouth,UK where she graduated with a BA (Hons) in Acting course.

Hoskins's stage debut was playing the part of Thea in *Spring Awakening* at the Lyric Hammersmith Theatre on 23 January 2009. Her other stage appearances include the role of Martha in *The Secret Garden* at Birmingham Rep and Piper in *The Light Princess* at The National Theatre Studio.

Hoskins played Nicky in the 2014 touring production of *This Is My Family*.

She has previously played as Carrie White in the Southwark Playhouse's production of *Carrie*.

Hoskins also played Cecile Caldwell in *Cruel Intentions* at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2019.

Hoskins played the role of Dawn in *Waitress* at the Adelphi Theatre from 27 January 2020 until 14 March 2020. Her run in the show was cut short as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced *Waitress* to close on 14 March 2020. She recently reprised the role of Dawn in the *Waitress* UK tour with Jenna being played by Lucie Jones until January 2022 then Chelsea Halfpenny thereafter. Sandra Marvin was also cast as Becky with Matt Willis as Dr Pomatter. The tour finished on 20 August 2022 at Theatre Royal, Norwich.

Hoskins was engaged to Gavin & Stacey actor Mathew Horne until 2018.

## Stage work

| Title | Role | Director | Production |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Waitress* | Dawn | Diane Paulus | UK & Ireland tour |
| | | | Adelphi Theatre (West End) |
| *Assassins* | Lynette 'Squeaky' Fromme | Bill Buckhurst | Nottingham Playhouse / Watermill Theatre |
| *Cruel Intentions* | Cecile Caldwell | Jonathan O'Boyle | Bill Kenwright Ltd |
| *Mayfly* | Loops | Guy Jones | Orange Tree Theatre |
| *Bonnie & Clyde* | Bonnie | Will Blum | The Other Place |
| *Mrs Henderson Presents* | Maureen | Terry Johnson | Royal Alexandra Theatre |
| *Peter and the Starcatcher* | Molly Aster | Luke Sheppard | Northampton Theatre Royal |
| *A Hero's Welcome* | Baba | Alan Ayckbourn | Stephen Joseph Theatre |
| *Carrie* | Carrie | Gary Lloyd | Southwark Playhouse |
| *Alice's House of Cards* | Alice | Katie Henry | Royal Festival Hall |
| *The Boy Who Fell into a Book* | Kevin | Alan Ayckbourn | Stephen Joseph Theatre |
| *This Is My Family* | Nicky | Daniel Evans | Sheffield Crucible / UK Tour |
| *The Iguanadon Queen* | Sophie | Sophie Lifschutz | The Bush Theatre |
| *Peter Pan* | Wendy | Ben Harrison / JV Mercanti | US National Tour - ThreeSixty Entertainment |
| *The Secret Garden* | Martha | Ian Brown | Birmingham Rep |
| *Spring Awakening* | Thea | Michael Mayer | Lyric, Hammersmith / Novello (West End) |
| | | | Victoria Palace Theatre |
| *42 Balloons* | Carol Van Deusen | Ellie Coote | Vaudeville Theatre Staged Concert |
| | | | Lowry Theatre, Salford |
| *Gypsy* | Louise/Gypsy | Joseph Pitcher | The Mill at Sonning |
| *Something Rotten!* | Portia | Tim Jackson | Theatre Royal Drury Lane |

## Television appearances

| Year | Show | Character | Info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009–2010 | *Casualty* | Shona Wark | 13 episodes |
| 2010 | *Holby City* | | Episode: "Downstairs Upstairs" (16 February 2010) |
| | *Misfits* | Lucy | Series 2, episode 1 (11 November 2010) |
| 2014 | *Kerry* | Hayley | TV movie – Pilot for BBC's *This Country* |
| | *Doctors* | Kim Anderson | Episode: "Charlie's Angel" (22 September 2014) |
| 2015 | *The Sound of Music Live* | Liesl Von Trapp | TV movie (20 December 2015) |
| 2018 | *Doctors* | Jo Blossom | Episode: "Go Round & Round & Round" (30 April 2018) |
| 2019 | *A Confession* | Halliwell's Daughter | Series 1, episodes 3 & 4 (16 & 23 September 2019) |
| 2024 | *Casualty* | Jools Clatton | Episode: “A History of Violence: Charlie” (16 March 2024) |

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Hoskins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Evelyn Hoskins
(1988-05-13) 13 May 1988
Yeovil, England |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Website | Evelyn Hoskins - CAM |


title: Dieter Nörr

abstract:
Dieter Nörr was a German scholar of Ancient Law.
He studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1949 to 1953. After receiving his doctorate with a dissertation on criminal law in the Code of Hammurabi, Nörr undertook postdoctoral study at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Rome. He worked for a year as a post-doctoral assistant at the Institute for Criminal Law and Legal Philosophy under Karl Engisch. He received his Habilitation at the University of Munich, under Professor Wolfgang Kunkel, in 1959 with a work on Byzantine Contract Law and was promoted to Privatdozent. He then accepted the Chair of Roman and Civil Law at the University of Hamburg. In 1960, Nörr became Full Professor at the University of Münster. After he declined positions at the Universities of Hamburg, Tübingen, and Bielefeld, he returned to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich as Professor, Chair of Roman Law, and Director of the Leopold Wenger Institute for Ancient Legal History and Papyrus Research. His brother, Knut Wolfgang Nörr, was also a professor of Legal History, especially Canon Law, at the University of Tübingen. As director of the Leopold Wenger Institute, for decades he led the famous Wednesday evening seminar where undergraduates would give presentations on passages from ancient law and from the Roman jurists. Many of his doctoral students went on to become professors of ancient law at a number of universities. Professor Nörr also generously hosted many foreign guest researchers in the Leopold Wenger Institute. Dieter Nörr's research focus was Roman law and legal philosophy. Professor Nörr was also co-editor of the Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, the leading scholarly journal for Roman law from 1972 to 2001. He received three honorary doctorates and was honored as a member of many scholarly academies, including the North Rhine-Westphalia Academy for Sciences and Arts, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Lincean Academy.

text:
# Dieter Nörr

**Dieter Nörr** (1931 in Munich, Germany – October 3, 2017) was a German scholar of Ancient Law. He studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1949 to 1953. After receiving his doctorate with a dissertation on criminal law in the Code of Hammurabi (directed by Professor Mariano San Nicolò), Nörr undertook postdoctoral study at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Rome. He worked for a year as a post-doctoral assistant at the Institute for Criminal Law and Legal Philosophy under Karl Engisch. He received his Habilitation at the University of Munich, under Professor Wolfgang Kunkel, in 1959 with a work on Byzantine Contract Law and was promoted to Privatdozent. He then accepted the Chair of Roman and Civil Law at the University of Hamburg. In 1960, Nörr became Full Professor at the University of Münster. After he declined positions at the Universities of Hamburg, Tübingen, and Bielefeld, he returned to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich as Professor, Chair of Roman Law, and Director of the Leopold Wenger Institute for Ancient Legal History and Papyrus Research (and he received emeritus status in 1999). His brother, Knut Wolfgang Nörr, was also a professor of Legal History, especially Canon Law, at the University of Tübingen.

As director of the Leopold Wenger Institute, for decades he led the famous Wednesday evening seminar where undergraduates would give presentations on passages from ancient law and from the Roman jurists. Many of his doctoral students went on to become professors of ancient law at a number of universities (in Germany and elsewhere, including Hans-Dieter Spengler at the University of Erlangen, Tiziana Chiusi at the University of the Saarland, Wolfgang Kaiser at the University of Freiburg, and Johannes Platschek at the University of Munich). Professor Nörr also generously hosted many foreign guest researchers in the Leopold Wenger Institute.

Dieter Nörr's research focus was Roman law and legal philosophy. Professor Nörr was also co-editor of the *Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte (Romanistische Abteilung)*, the leading scholarly journal for Roman law from 1972 to 2001. He received three honorary doctorates and was honored as a member of many scholarly academies, including the North Rhine-Westphalia Academy for Sciences and Arts (ordinary member since 1967, corresponding member since 1970), the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (since 1972), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (since 1979), the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Lincean Academy (in Rome).

## Publications (selected)

*Studien zum Strafrecht im Kodex Hammurabi*. Dissertation, University of Munich, 1955.

*Die Fahrlässigkeit im byzantinischen Vertragsrecht*. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1960 (Habilitationsschrift, Universität München, 1958/59).

*Imperium und Polis in der hohen Prinzipatszeit*. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1966. 2nd revised edition: 1969.

*Die Entstehung der longi temporis praescriptio. Studien zum Einfluss der Zeit im Recht und zur Rechtspolitik in der Kaiserzeit*. Köln/Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1969.

*Divisio und Partitio. Bemerkungen zur römischen Rechtsquellenlehre und zur antiken Wissenschaftstheorie*. Berlin: Schweitzer, 1972, ISBN 3-8059-0243-3.

*Rechtskritik in der römischen Antike. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften*, 1974, ISBN 3-7696-0072-X.

*Causa mortis. Auf den Spuren einer Redewendung*. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1986, ISBN 3-406-31232-2.

*Aspekte des römischen Völkerrechts. Die Bronzetafel von Alcántara, vorgetragen am 4. Juli 1986 vor der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften*. Munich: Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1989, ISBN 3-7696-0096-7.

*Die Fides im römischen Völkerrecht*. Heidelberg: Müller, 1991, ISBN 3-7696-1632-4.

*Savignys philosophische Lehrjahre. Ein Versuch*. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1994, ISBN 3-465-02637-3.

*Historiae iuris antiqui. Gesammelte Schriften. 3 Bände*. Edited by Tiziana J. Chiusi, Wolfgang Kaiser, and Hans-Dieter Spengler. Goldbach bei Aschaffenburg: Keip, 2003, ISBN 3-8051-0931-8.

*Römisches Recht: Geschichte und Geschichten. Der Fall Arescusa et alii (Dig. 19,1,43 sq.)*. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2005, ISBN 3-7696-1632-4.

*Schriften 2001–2010: Anläßlich seines 80. Geburtstags*. Edited by Tiziana J. Chiusi and Hans-Dieter Spengler. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2012, ISBN 978-84-9768-925-0


title: PS Helvetia

abstract: The PS Helvetia was a paddle steamer that operated on Lake Zürich in Switzerland between 1875 and 1958. She had a capacity of 1200 passengers. The Helvetia was built in 1875 for the Swiss Northeastern Railway (NOB), and acquired by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG) in 1903, when the NOB became part of the Swiss Federal Railways. Between 1909 and the 1950s, she operated alongside the later, and still extant, paddle steamers Stadt Zürich and Stadt Rapperswil as the backbone of the ZSG fleet. She last operated in 1958 and, after briefly serving as a restaurant ship, she was partially scrapped in 1964. The remains of her hull were scuttled at the harbour of Nuolen, where they remain. The Helvetia was named after the national personification of Switzerland, and this name is now carried by the ZSG's motor vessel Helvetia.

text:
# PS Helvetia

The **PS *Helvetia*** was a paddle steamer that operated on Lake Zürich in Switzerland between 1875 and 1958. She had a capacity of 1200 passengers.

The *Helvetia* was built in 1875 for the Swiss Northeastern Railway (NOB), and acquired by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG) in 1903, when the NOB became part of the Swiss Federal Railways. Between 1909 and the 1950s, she operated alongside the later, and still extant, paddle steamers *Stadt Zürich* and *Stadt Rapperswil* as the backbone of the ZSG fleet. She last operated in 1958 and, after briefly serving as a restaurant ship, she was partially scrapped in 1964. The remains of her hull were scuttled at the harbour of Nuolen, where they remain.

The *Helvetia* was named after the national personification of Switzerland, and this name is now carried by the ZSG's motor vessel *Helvetia*.

Media related to Helvetia (ship, 1875) at Wikimedia Commons


title: FC Spumante Cricova

abstract: FC Spumante Cricova was a Moldovan football club based in Cricova, Moldova. Club was founded in 1994 and played 2 seasons in Moldovan National Division, before it was dissolved.

text:
# FC Spumante Cricova

**FC Spumante Cricova** was a Moldovan football club based in Cricova, Moldova. Club was founded in 1994 and played 2 seasons in Moldovan National Division, before it was dissolved.

## InfoBox

FC Spumante Cricova
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Fotbal Club Spumante Cricova |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Dissolved | 1997 |
| Ground | Stadionul Cricova <br>Cricova, Moldova |
| Capacity | 500 |
| 1996–97 | Moldovan National Division, 15th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Renminlu Subdistrict, Pingdingshan

abstract:
Renminlu Subdistrict is a subdistrict situated in Shilong District, Pingdingshan, Henan, China. As of 2020, it administers Longxiang Residential Community (龙祥社区) and the following six villages:
  - Xiazhuang Village (夏庄村)
  - Guanzhuang Village (关庄村)
  - Nanguzhuang Village (南顾庄村)
  - Hezhuang Village (何庄村)
  - Kangwa Village (康洼村)
  - Xiangchang Village (相厂村)

text:
# Renminlu Subdistrict, Pingdingshan

**Renminlu Subdistrict** (Chinese: 人民路街道; pinyin: *Rénmínlù Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict situated in Shilong District, Pingdingshan, Henan, China. As of 2020, it administers Longxiang Residential Community (龙祥社区) and the following six villages:

* Xiazhuang Village (夏庄村)
* Guanzhuang Village (关庄村)
* Nanguzhuang Village (南顾庄村)
* Hezhuang Village (何庄村)
* Kangwa Village (康洼村)
* Xiangchang Village (相厂村)

## InfoBox

| Renmin Road Subdistrict 人民路街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Renmin Road SubdistrictLocation in Henan | |
| Coordinates: 33°54′15″N 112°53′41″E / 33.90417°N 112.89472°E / 33.90417; 112.89472 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Henan |
| Prefecture-level city | Pingdingshan |
| District | Shilong District |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) |


title: Ellipsometry

abstract: Ellipsometry is an optical technique for investigating the dielectric properties of thin films. Ellipsometry measures the change of polarization upon reflection or transmission and compares it to a model. It can be used to characterize composition, roughness, thickness (depth), crystalline nature, doping concentration, electrical conductivity and other material properties. It is very sensitive to the change in the optical response of incident radiation that interacts with the material being investigated. A spectroscopic ellipsometer can be found in most thin film analytical labs. Ellipsometry is also becoming more interesting to researchers in other disciplines such as biology and medicine. These areas pose new challenges to the technique, such as measurements on unstable liquid surfaces and microscopic imaging.

text:
# Ellipsometry

**Ellipsometry** is an optical technique for investigating the dielectric properties (complex refractive index or dielectric function) of thin films. Ellipsometry measures the change of polarization upon reflection or transmission and compares it to a model.

It can be used to characterize composition, roughness, thickness (depth), crystalline nature, doping concentration, electrical conductivity and other material properties. It is very sensitive to the change in the optical response of incident radiation that interacts with the material being investigated.

A spectroscopic ellipsometer can be found in most thin film analytical labs. Ellipsometry is also becoming more interesting to researchers in other disciplines such as biology and medicine. These areas pose new challenges to the technique, such as measurements on unstable liquid surfaces and microscopic imaging.

## Etymology

The name "ellipsometry" stems from the fact that elliptical polarization of light is used. The term "spectroscopic" relates to the fact that the information gained is a function of the light's wavelength or energy (spectra). The technique has been known at least since 1888 by the work of Paul Drude and has many applications today.

The first documented use of the term "ellipsometry" was in 1945.

## Basic principles

The measured signal is the change in polarization as the incident radiation (in a known state) interacts with the material structure of interest (reflected, absorbed, scattered, or transmitted). The polarization change is quantified by the amplitude ratio, Ψ, and the phase difference, Δ (defined below). Because the signal depends on the thickness as well as the material properties, ellipsometry can be a universal tool for contact free determination of thickness and optical constants of films of all kinds.

Upon the analysis of the change of polarization of light, ellipsometry can yield information about layers that are thinner than the wavelength of the probing light itself, even down to a single atomic layer. Ellipsometry can probe the complex refractive index or dielectric function tensor, which gives access to fundamental physical parameters like those listed above. It is commonly used to characterize film thickness for single layers or complex multilayer stacks ranging from a few angstroms or tenths of a nanometer to several micrometers with an excellent accuracy.

## Experimental details

Typically, ellipsometry is done only in the reflection setup. The exact nature of the polarization change is determined by the sample's properties (thickness, complex refractive index or dielectric function tensor). Although optical techniques are inherently diffraction-limited, ellipsometry exploits phase information (polarization state), and can achieve sub-nanometer resolution. In its simplest form, the technique is applicable to thin films with thickness of less than a nanometer to several micrometers. Most models assume the sample is composed of a small number of discrete, well-defined layers that are optically homogeneous and isotropic. Violation of these assumptions requires more advanced variants of the technique (see below).

Methods of immersion or multiangular ellipsometry are applied to find the optical constants of the material with rough sample surface or presence of inhomogeneous media. New methodological approaches allow the use of reflection ellipsometry to measure physical and technical characteristics of gradient elements in case the surface layer of the optical detail is inhomogeneous.

### Experimental setup

Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a light source and linearly polarized by a polarizer. It can pass through an optional compensator (retarder, quarter wave plate) and falls onto the sample. After reflection the radiation passes a compensator (optional) and a second polarizer, which is called an analyzer, and falls into the detector. Instead of the compensators, some ellipsometers use a phase-modulator in the path of the incident light beam. Ellipsometry is a specular optical technique (the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection). The incident and the reflected beam span the *plane of incidence*. Light which is polarized parallel to this plane is named *p-polarized*. A polarization direction perpendicular is called *s-polarized* (*s*-polarised), accordingly. The "*s*" is contributed from the German "*senkrecht*" (perpendicular).

### Data acquisition

Ellipsometry measures the complex reflectance ratio $\rho $ of a system, which may be parametrized by the amplitude component $\Psi $ and the phase difference $\Delta $. The polarization state of the light incident upon the sample may be decomposed into an *s* and a *p* component (the *s* component is oscillating perpendicular to the plane of incidence and parallel to the sample surface, and the *p* component is oscillating parallel to the plane of incidence). The amplitudes of the *s* and *p* components, after reflection and normalized to their initial value, are denoted by $r\_{s}$ and $r\_{p}$ respectively. The angle of incidence is chosen close to the Brewster angle of the sample to ensure a maximal difference in $r\_{p}$ and $r\_{s}$. Ellipsometry measures the complex reflectance ratio $\rho $ (a complex quantity), which is the ratio of $r\_{p}$ over $r\_{s}$:

$$\rho ={\frac {r\_{p}{r\_{s}=\tan \Psi \cdot e^{i\Delta }.}}}$$

Thus, $\tan \Psi $ is the amplitude ratio upon reflection, and $\Delta $ is the phase shift (difference). (Note that the right side of the equation is simply another way to represent a complex number.) Since ellipsometry is measuring the ratio (or difference) of two values (rather than the absolute value of either), it is very robust, accurate, and reproducible. For instance, it is relatively insensitive to scatter and fluctuations and requires no standard sample or reference beam.

### Data analysis

Ellipsometry is an indirect method, i.e. in general the measured $\Psi $ and $\Delta $ cannot be converted directly into the optical constants of the sample. Normally, a model analysis must be performed, for example the Forouhi Bloomer model. This is one weakness of ellipsometry. Models can be physically based on energy transitions or simply free parameters used to fit the data.

Direct inversion of $\Psi $ and $\Delta $ is only possible in very simple cases of isotropic, homogeneous and infinitely thick films. In all other cases a layer model must be established, which considers the optical constants (refractive index or dielectric function tensor) and thickness parameters of all individual layers of the sample including the correct layer sequence. Using an iterative procedure (least-squares minimization) unknown optical constants and/or thickness parameters are varied, and $\Psi $ and $\Delta $ values are calculated using the Fresnel equations. The calculated $\Psi $ and $\Delta $ values which match the experimental data best provide the optical constants and thickness parameters of the sample.

## Definitions

Modern ellipsometers are complex instruments that incorporate a wide variety of radiation sources, detectors, digital electronics and software. The range of wavelength employed is far in excess of what is visible so strictly these are no longer optical instruments.

### Single-wavelength vs. spectroscopic ellipsometry

Single-wavelength ellipsometry employs a monochromatic light source. This is usually a laser in the visible spectral region, for instance, a HeNe laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. Therefore, single-wavelength ellipsometry is also called laser ellipsometry. The advantage of laser ellipsometry is that laser beams can be focused on a small spot size. Furthermore, lasers have a higher power than broad band light sources. Therefore, laser ellipsometry can be used for imaging (see below). However, the experimental output is restricted to one set of $\Psi $ and $\Delta $ values per measurement. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) employs broad band light sources, which cover a certain spectral range in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet spectral region. By that the complex refractive index or the dielectric function tensor in the corresponding spectral region can be obtained, which gives access to a large number of fundamental physical properties. Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IRSE) can probe lattice vibrational (phonon) and free charge carrier (plasmon) properties. Spectroscopic ellipsometry in the near infrared, visible up to ultraviolet spectral region studies the refractive index in the transparency or below-band-gap region and electronic properties, for instance, band-to-band transitions or excitons.

### Standard vs. generalized ellipsometry (anisotropy)

Standard ellipsometry (or just short 'ellipsometry') is applied, when no *s* polarized light is converted into *p* polarized light nor vice versa. This is the case for optically isotropic samples, for instance, amorphous materials or crystalline materials with a cubic crystal structure. Standard ellipsometry is also sufficient for optically uniaxial samples in the special case, when the optical axis is aligned parallel to the surface normal. In all other cases, when *s* polarized light is converted into *p* polarized light and/or vice versa, the generalized ellipsometry approach must be applied. Examples are arbitrarily aligned, optically uniaxial samples, or optically biaxial samples.

### Jones matrix vs. Mueller matrix formalism (depolarization)

There are typically two different ways of mathematically describing how an electromagnetic wave interacts with the elements within an ellipsometer (including the sample): the Jones matrix and the Mueller matrix formalisms. In the Jones matrix formalism, the electromagnetic wave is described by a Jones vector with two orthogonal complex-valued entries for the electric field (typically $E\_{x}$ and $E\_{y}$), and the effect that an optical element (or sample) has on it is described by the complex-valued 2×2 Jones matrix. In the Mueller matrix formalism, the electromagnetic wave is described by Stokes vectors with four real-valued entries, and their transformation is described by the real-valued 4x4 Mueller matrix. When no depolarization occurs both formalisms are fully consistent. Therefore, for non-depolarizing samples, the simpler Jones matrix formalism is sufficient. If the sample is depolarizing the Mueller matrix formalism should be used, because it also gives the amount of depolarization. Reasons for depolarization are, for instance, thickness non-uniformity or backside-reflections from a transparent substrate.

## Advanced experimental approaches

### Imaging ellipsometry

Ellipsometry can also be done as imaging ellipsometry by using a CCD camera as a detector. This provides a real time contrast image of the sample, which provides information about film thickness and refractive index. Advanced imaging ellipsometer technology operates on the principle of classical null ellipsometry and real-time ellipsometric contrast imaging. Imaging ellipsometry is based on the concept of nulling. In ellipsometry, the film under investigation is placed onto a reflective substrate. The film and the substrate have different refractive indexes. In order to obtain data about film thickness, the light reflecting off of the substrate must be nulled. Nulling is achieved by adjusting the analyzer and polarizer so that all reflected light off of the substrate is extinguished. Due to the difference in refractive indexes, this will allow the sample to become very bright and clearly visible. The light source consists of a monochromatic laser of the desired wavelength. A common wavelength that is used is 532 nm green laser light. Since only intensity of light measurements are needed, almost any type of camera can be implemented as the CCD, which is useful if building an ellipsometer from parts. Typically, imaging ellipsometers are configured in such a way so that the laser (L) fires a beam of light which immediately passes through a linear polarizer (P). The linearly polarized light then passes through a quarter wavelength compensator (C) which transforms the light into elliptically polarized light. This elliptically polarized light then reflects off the sample (S), passes through the analyzer (A) and is imaged onto a CCD camera by a long working distance objective. The analyzer here is another polarizer identical to the P, however, this polarizer serves to help quantify the change in polarization and is thus given the name analyzer. This design is commonly referred to as a LPCSA configuration.

The orientation of the angles of P and C are chosen in such a way that the elliptically polarized light is completely linearly polarized after it is reflected off the sample. For simplification of future calculations, the compensator can be fixed at a 45 degree angle relative to the plane of incidence of the laser beam. This set up requires the rotation of the analyzer and polarizer in order to achieve null conditions. The ellipsometric null condition is obtained when A is perpendicular with respect to the polarization axis of the reflected light achieving complete destructive interference, i.e., the state at which the absolute minimum of light flux is detected at the CCD camera. The angles of P, C, and A obtained are used to determine the Ψ and Δ values of the material.

$\Psi =A$ and $\Delta =2P+\pi /2,$

where *A* and *P* are the angles of the analyzer and polarizer under null conditions respectively. By rotating the analyzer and polarizer and measuring the change in intensities of light over the image, analysis of the measured data by use of computerized optical modeling can lead to a deduction of spatially resolved film thickness and complex refractive index values.

Due to the fact that the imaging is done at an angle, only a small line of the entire field of view is actually in focus. The line in focus can be moved along the field of view by adjusting the focus. In order to analyze the entire region of interest, the focus must be incrementally moved along the region of interest with a photo taken at each position. All of the images are then compiled into a single, in focus image of the sample.

### In situ ellipsometry

In situ ellipsometry refers to dynamic measurements during the modification process of a sample. This process can be used to study, for instance, the growth of a thin film, including calcium phosphate mineralization at the air-liquid interface, etching or cleaning of a sample. By in situ ellipsometry measurements it is possible to determine fundamental process parameters, such as, growth or etch rates, variation of optical properties with time. In situ ellipsometry measurements require a number of additional considerations: The sample spot is usually not as easily accessible as for ex situ measurements outside the process chamber. Therefore, the mechanical setup has to be adjusted, which can include additional optical elements (mirrors, prisms, or lenses) for redirecting or focusing the light beam. Because the environmental conditions during the process can be harsh, the sensitive optical elements of the ellipsometry setup must be separated from the hot zone. In the simplest case this is done by optical view ports, though strain induced birefringence of the (glass-) windows has to be taken into account or minimized. Furthermore, the samples can be at elevated temperatures, which implies different optical properties compared to samples at room temperature. Despite all these problems, in situ ellipsometry becomes more and more important as process control technique for thin film deposition and modification tools. In situ ellipsometers can be of single-wavelength or spectroscopic type. Spectroscopic in situ ellipsometers use multichannel detectors, for instance CCD detectors, which measure the ellipsometric parameters for all wavelengths in the studied spectral range simultaneously.

### Ellipsometric porosimetry

Ellipsometric porosimetry measures the change of the optical properties and thickness of the materials during adsorption and desorption of a volatile species at atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure depending on the application. The EP technique is unique in its ability to measure porosity of very thin films down to 10 nm, its reproducibility and speed of measurement. Compared to traditional porosimeters, Ellipsometer porosimeters are well suited to very thin film pore size and pore size distribution measurement. Film porosity is a key factor in silicon based technology using low-κ materials, organic industry (encapsulated organic light-emitting diodes) as well as in the coating industry using sol gel techniques.

### Magneto-optic generalized ellipsometry

Magneto-optic generalized ellipsometry (MOGE) is an advanced infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry technique for studying free charge carrier properties in conducting samples. By applying an external magnetic field it is possible to determine independently the density, the optical mobility parameter and the effective mass parameter of free charge carriers. Without the magnetic field only two out of the three free charge carrier parameters can be extracted independently.

## Applications

This technique has found applications in many different fields, from semiconductor physics to microelectronics and biology, from basic research to industrial applications. Ellipsometry is a very sensitive measurement technique and provides unequaled capabilities for thin film metrology. As an optical technique, spectroscopic ellipsometry is non-destructive and contactless. Because the incident radiation can be focused, small sample sizes can be imaged and desired characteristics can be mapped over a larger area (m2).

## Advantages

Ellipsometry has a number of advantages compared to standard reflection intensity measurements:

* Ellipsometry measures at least two parameters at each wavelength of the spectrum. If generalized ellipsometry is applied up to 16 parameters can be measured at each wavelength.
* Ellipsometry measures an intensity ratio instead of pure intensities. Therefore, ellipsometry is less affected by intensity instabilities of the light source or atmospheric absorption.
* By using polarized light, normal ambient unpolarized stray light does not significantly influence the measurement, no dark box is necessary.
* No reference measurement is necessary.

Ellipsometry is especially superior to reflectivity measurements when studying anisotropic samples.

## Further reading

* R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, *Ellipsometry and Polarized Light*, Elsevier Science Pub Co (1987) ISBN 0-444-87016-4
* A. Roeseler, *Infrared Spectroscopic Ellipsometry*, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1990), ISBN 3-05-500623-2
* H. G. Tompkins, *A Users's Guide to Ellipsometry*, Academic Press Inc, London (1993), ISBN 0-12-693950-0
* H. G. Tompkins and W. A. McGahan, *Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectometry*, John Wiley & Sons Inc (1999) ISBN 0-471-18172-2
* I. Ohlidal and D. Franta, *Ellipsometry of Thin Film Systems*, in Progress in Optics, vol. 41, ed. E. Wolf, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000, pp. 181–282
* M. Schubert, *Infrared Ellipsometry on semiconductor layer structures: Phonons, Plasmons, and Polaritons*, Series: Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 209, Springer (2004), ISBN 3-540-23249-4
* H. G. Tompkins and E. A. Irene (Editors), *Handbook of Ellipsometry* William Andrews Publications, Norwich, NY (2005), ISBN 0-8155-1499-9
* H. Fujiwara,  *Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Principles and Applications*, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2007), ISBN 0-470-01608-6
* M. Losurdo and K. Hingerl (Editors), *Ellipsometry at the Nanoscale*, Springer (2013), ISBN 978-3-642-33955-4
* K. Hinrichs and K.-J. Eichhorn (Editors), *Ellipsometry of Functional Organic Surfaces and Films*, Springer (2014), ISBN 978-3-642-40128-2


title: Saskatchewan Wheat Pool

abstract: The Saskatchewan Wheat Pool was a grain handling, agri-food processing and marketing company based in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Pool created a network of marketing alliances in North America and internationally which made it the largest agricultural grain handling operation in the province of Saskatchewan. Before becoming Viterra, SWP had operated 276 retail outlets and more than 100 grain handling and marketing centres. The Saskatchewan Wheat Pool operated under the name of AgPro in the prairie provinces of Manitoba and Alberta. Begun as a co-operative in the 1920s, the company became a publicly traded corporation in the 1990s. After the 2007 takeover of its competitor, Winnipeg-based Agricore United, the Pool name was retired. The merged company operated under the name Viterra until 2013, when it was acquired by Glencore International.

text:
# Saskatchewan Wheat Pool

The **Saskatchewan Wheat Pool** was a grain handling, agri-food processing and marketing company based in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Pool created a network of marketing alliances in North America and internationally which made it the largest agricultural grain handling operation in the province of Saskatchewan. Before becoming Viterra, SWP had operated 276 retail outlets and more than 100 grain handling and marketing centres. The Saskatchewan Wheat Pool operated under the name of AgPro in the prairie provinces of Manitoba and Alberta. Begun as a co-operative in the 1920s, the company became a publicly traded corporation in the 1990s. After the 2007 takeover of its competitor, Winnipeg-based Agricore United, the Pool name was retired. The merged company operated under the name Viterra until 2013, when it was acquired by Glencore International.

## Establishment and growth

Farmers, frustrated in their attempts to win a fair price for their wheat, started to look to various marketing systems between 1900 and 1920. The co-operative style of organizing farm operations was one of them. As early as 1902, farmers banded together as the Territorial Grain Growers' Association. The TGGA split into Alberta Farmers' Association and the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association (SGGA) in 1906. Also established at this time was the farmers' co-operative elevator company called the Grain Growers' Grain Company (GGGC), which later merged into the United Grain Growers. In 1911 the Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company was formed.

The SGGA met with the United Farmers of Alberta and United Farmers of Manitoba and formed the Saskatchewan Co-operative Wheat Producers Ltd. on August 25, 1923. Informally it was known as the **Saskatchewan Wheat Pool**, as it collectively helped farmers to obtain a decent price for wheat. The first president was Alexander James McPhail, and the first grain elevator was built in Bulyea in 1925 (in the area of Section 36, Township 16, Range 15, W of the 2nd meridian). The Saskatchewan Co-operative Wheat Producers Ltd. bought out the Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company in 1926. In 1953 The Saskatchewan Co-operative Wheat Producers Ltd. was renamed the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool.

> The pool is the world's largest farm, the world's largest shipper of wheat, the Biggest Business in Canada – and it was built by the Man Behind the Plow.
>
> W.A. Irwin, 1929

The Wheat Pool elevators have been sentinels in many prairie towns since the early 1900s. They are the topic of numerous prairie landscapes and photographs. The Wheat Pool calendar map or Country Elevator System calendar maps were a mainstay of many pioneer households. These calendar maps depicted the networking of the early CNR and CPR rail lines, the many early incorporated areas, and the locations of the grain elevators. The pictures which surround the elevator map of grain delivered by horse and wagon, early truck, and grain handling at the ports along the calendars show the evolution of the grain handling industry.

In the early 20th century, grain elevators dotted the prairies every 6 to 10 miles (10–15 km) apart, a distance that was a good day's journey for farmer and horse with a full load. Farmers could find services available to buy and grade grain at the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool elevators. The Pool Farm Service Centers provided a place for farmers to pick up fertilizer and chemicals. Highways, trucks, tractors, and combines revolutionized the farming industry after World War II. These changes gradually led to the rail system facing deregulation and consolidation changes: many branch lines closed down, and there were increased loading quotas available to railcars for grain, specialty crops and even oilseeds. These developments led to newer and more advanced state-of-the-art grain handling systems called SWP Terminals which serve larger surrounding farming areas.

The 'crib' style wood elevator of the 1920s could handle 100 tonnes of grain per hour. The elevator pit could contain approximately 10 tonnes of grain, which would be about the load delivered by one farmer's grain truck. In comparison, the new "high-throughput" elevators constructed of slip-formed cylindrical concrete have a 418,000 bushel (11,500 tonne) capacity, whereas the condominium storage facility can contain 582,000 bushels (15,800 tonnes).

## Co-operative to corporation

In March 1996, the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool became a publicly traded company, breaking from its roots as a co-operative. While decent profits were realized in the first two years, the company incurred huge losses between 1999 and 2003 because of low commodity prices. It also faced increased competition when the Alberta Wheat Pool and Manitoba Pool Elevators merged to form Agricore. The Pool lost its position as the country's top grain handler when Agricore took over United Grain Growers in 2002 to form Agricore United.

In November 2006, the company launched a campaign to take over Agricore United. Winnipeg-based James Richardson International ("JRI") launched its own takeover bid at the same time. The initial and subsequent offers from the Pool involved a stock swap, with no or little cash being offered, prompting the AU Board of Directors to reject them. In February 2007, AU and JRI announced that they had negotiated a merger arrangement to form a publicly traded company to be known as "Richardson Agricore", subject to shareholder agreement.

A subsequent bidding war led to a stock and cash offer from the Pool and an all-cash offer from JRI to form a private company; a higher, $20.50 all-cash offer from the Pool in May eventually prevailed, with 81% of the limited voting shares being tendered to the Pool by shareholders by the end of May, including all the ADM shares. This exceeded the 75% required by the terms of AU's incorporation to change the corporate structure and, after a special shareholders' meeting in June, AU became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. AU's CEO, Brian Hayward, resigned, as did the Board of Directors, and the Pool's CEO and Board were voted in. The Pool had Agricore United's common and preferred shares delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) on June 20, 2007, and the members of the senior management team for the amalgamated company were announced the next day. The new company was headquartered in Regina, under the name of Viterra.

## Presidents

* A. E. Wilson 1923–1924 (Provisional)
* Alexander James McPhail 1924–1931
* Louis C. Brouillette 1931–1937
* John Henry (Jack) Wesson 1937–1960
* Charles W. Gibbings 1960–1969
* E. K. Turner 1969–1987
* Garfield Stevenson 1987–1993
* Leroy Larsen 1993–1999
* Marvin Weins 1999–2004
* Terry Baker 2004–?
* Mayo Schmidt 2005–2007

## Books

*25 Years with the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool* by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool employees' Association Publisher: Saskatchewan Co-Operative Producers Limited Place: Regina, Saskatchewan Date published: 1949

*From prairie roots: The remarkable story of Saskatchewan Wheat Pool* (Hardcover) by Garry Lawrence Fairbairn Hardcover: 318 pages Publisher: HarperCollins Canada / Greystone Book (Jan 1 1984) Language: English ISBN 0-88833-127-4

*Wheat Kings: Vanishing Landmarks of the Canadian Prairies* (Hardcover) by Greg McDonnell Hardcover: 120 pages Publisher: Boston Mills Press (October 2, 2004) ISBN 1-55046-249-0

*The Diary of Alexander James McPhail* by Harold A. Innis, Alexander James McPhail Review author\[s\]: Harald S. Patton Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et de Science politique, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Feb., 1941), pp. 122–124

## InfoBox

Saskatchewan Wheat Pool
|
|  |
| Industry | Agriculture |
| Founded | 1923 |
| Defunct | 2007 |
| Fate | Merged with Agricore United |
| Successor | Viterra |
| Headquarters | 2625 Victoria Avenue, Regina, Saskatchewan |
| Key people | Mayo Schmidt |
| Products | Grain buying |
| Number of employees | 4000 |


title: Santa Terezinha, Mato Grosso

abstract: Santa Terezinha is the easternmost municipality in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. The city is served by Santa Terezinha Airport.

text:
# Santa Terezinha, Mato Grosso

**Santa Terezinha** is the easternmost municipality in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.

The city is served by Santa Terezinha Airport.

## InfoBox

| Santa Terezinha | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| The Municipality of Santa Terezinha | |
| Location of Santa Terezinha | |
| Coordinates: 10°28′12″S 50°30′10″W / 10.47000°S 50.50278°W / -10.47000; -50.50278 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Central-West |
| State | Mato Grosso |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Olivan Ferreira Trindade |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.450.838 km2 (2.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 198 m (650 ft) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 8,460 |
| Density | 1.0/km2 (3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AMT) |
| **HDI** (2000) | 0.665 – medium |


title: Equid alphaherpesvirus 4

abstract: Equid alphaherpesvirus 4, formerly Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that cause rhinopneumonitis in horses. It is the most important viral cause of respiratory infection in foals. Like other herpes viruses, EHV-4 causes a lifelong latent infection in affected animals. These horses are usually the source for new infection for foals over two months old, weanlings, and yearlings. Symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and discharge from the nose. Most infected animals recover in one to three weeks, but death can occur in environments with overcrowding and other stress factors. There are several vaccines available.

text:
# Equid alphaherpesvirus 4

***Equid alphaherpesvirus 4***, formerly ***Equine herpesvirus 4*** (EHV-4) is a virus of the family *Herpesviridae* that cause rhinopneumonitis in horses. It is the most important viral cause of respiratory infection in foals. Like other herpes viruses, EHV-4 causes a lifelong latent infection in affected animals. These horses are usually the source for new infection for foals over two months old, weanlings, and yearlings. Symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and discharge from the nose. Most infected animals recover in one to three weeks, but death can occur in environments with overcrowding and other stress factors. There are several vaccines available (ATCvet codes: QI05AA03 (WHO) inactivated, QI05AD01 (WHO) live, plus various combinations).

## Description

EHV-4 is an upper respiratory disease restricted to the infection of the respiratory tract epithelium and its associated lymph nodes. EHV 4 and its close relative EHV 1 are clinically and pathologically indistinguishable and are the primary pathogens that cause respiratory tract disease in young horses from weanling to 2 years of age. Incubation period of Equine Herpiesvirus is 2–10 days. Symptoms include fever (38.9–41.7 °C), loss of appetite, and a nasal discharge giving it the nickname "snots". Without antibiotic treatment, the damage to the respiratory mucosal barrier predisposes infected horses to secondary infections and the involvement of the lower airways (ex. bronchiolitis or pneumonia); Increasing the duration, severity and the mortality of the disease. EHV-4 rarely causes abortion in infected pregnant mares unlike its EHV-1 counterpart. Although there is no specific treatment for the disease once a horse is infected, vaccination against EHV-1 and EHV-4 is recommended as part of preventative herd health for those at high risk of infection. Multiple vaccines are available (Duvaxyn EHV1,4, EquiGuard, EquiVac EHV-1/4, etc.), most in an inactivated virus form.

The Equine Herpesvirus occupies the horse in such a way that allows post infection viral persistency over the lifetime of an animal. These carrier horses may comprise up to half of a given horse population. Therefore, management practices are recommended for controlling and managing EHV include isolating incoming horses for 3–4 weeks before co-mingling with resident horses and pregnant mares, reducing stress to prevent the reappearance of a latent virus and if there is an appearance of EHV affected horses should be isolated, and disinfection of the contaminated premise should commence. (The EHV has a large genome (150 kb) which is enclosed in a relatively fragile capsule. This limits their survival in the external environment and makes them highly susceptible to common disinfectants.) After an outbreak no horse should leave the premise for three weeks after the final clinical case recovers. Effective prevention measures, quick diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and the ability to control the spread in the case of an outbreak all allow for the management of EHV.

## InfoBox

| *Equid alphaherpesvirus 4* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Duplodnaviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Heunggongvirae* |
| Phylum: | *Peploviricota* |
| Class: | *Herviviricetes* |
| Order: | *Herpesvirales* |
| Family: | *Orthoherpesviridae* |
| Genus: | *Varicellovirus* |
| Species: | ***Equid alphaherpesvirus 4*** |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Equid herpesvirus 4* * *Equine herpesvirus 4* | |


title: Epipaschia ochrotalis

abstract: Epipaschia ochrotalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Epipaschia. It is found in French Guiana.

text:
# Epipaschia ochrotalis

***Epipaschia ochrotalis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Epipaschia*. It is found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Epipaschia ochrotalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Epipaschia* |
| Species: | ***E. ochrotalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epipaschia ochrotalis***<br>(Hampson, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Macalla ochrotalis* Hampson, 1906 | |


title: Ergalatax martensi

abstract: Ergalatax martensi is one of the most common and the historic species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Ergalatax Martensi are commonly found within the deep blue sea and some time it gets floated to sea sand due to sea level changes. Most of Ergalatax Martensi specification are mentioned on World register of Marine Species.

text:
# Ergalatax martensi

***Ergalatax martensi*** is one of the most common and the historic species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Ergalatax Martensi are commonly found within the deep blue sea and some time it gets floated to sea sand due to sea level changes.

Most of Ergalatax Martensi specification are mentioned on World register of Marine Species.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 24.2 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, Yemen; in the Red Sea and off Djibouti.

* Houart, R., 1996. On the identity of Morula martensis Dall, 1923 and description of a new species of Ergalatax from the Red Sea (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Ergalataxinae). The Nautilus 110(1): 12-16

## InfoBox

| *Ergalatax martensi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Ergalatax* |
| Species: | ***E. martensi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ergalatax martensi***<br>(Schepman, 1892) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ergalatax obscura* Houart, 1996 * *Pentadactylus martensi* Schepman, 1892 | |


title: Ergalataxinae

abstract:
Ergalataxinae is a taxonomic subfamily of small to medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the family Muricidae, the rock snails.
In this subfamily, the aragonitic shell has 0–2 varices.

text:
# Ergalataxinae

**Ergalataxinae** is a taxonomic subfamily of small to medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the family Muricidae, the rock snails. In this subfamily, the aragonitic shell has 0–2 varices.

## Genera

The subfamily Ergalataxinae contains the following genera:

Genera brought into synonymy * *Cumella* Jousseaume, 1898: synonym of *Lataxiena* Jousseaume, 1883
* *Habromorula* Houart, 1995: synonym of *Morula (Habromorula)* Houart, 1995
* *Morulina* Dall, 1923: synonym of *Morula* Schumacher, 1817
* *Roquesia* Petuch, 2013: synonym of *Colubraria* Schumacher, 1817

Genera that have been treated as subgenera * *Azumamorula* as *Morula (Azumamorula)*
* *Oppomorus* as *Morula (Oppomorus)*, re-raised to genus in 2013.
* *Usilla* as *Cronia (Usilla)*

The classification into this subfamily is doubtful for the genera *Daphnellopsis* Schepman, 1913; *Lindapterys* Petuch, 1987 *Maculotriton* Dall, 1904; and *Uttleya* Marwick, 1934

## Taxonomy

The subfamily Ergalataxinae originally contained just four species: *Bedevina birileffi*, *Ergalatax contracta*, *E. tokugawai*, and *Cytharomorula vexillum*. Later, genera *Morula*, *Spinidrupa*, *Cronia*, and *Drupella* were transferred from the Rapaninae (also called Thaidinae). New species have been described, and genera split, leading to a subfamily of approximately 150 species in 20+ genera.

### Molecular phylogeny

Gene-sequence analysis of four genes (cytochrome *c* oxidase subunit I, and three ribosomal RNA) from 52 Ergalataxine species showed three major clades, with four suprageneric sub-clades in the last:

* Clade A: *Tenguella*, *Muricodrupa*, *Claremontiella*
* Clade B: *Morula* (*sensu stricto*), *Murichorda*
* Clade C: *Phrygiomurex*, and:
    + Clade W: *Lataxiena*, *Usilla*, some *Orania*
    + Clade X: *Drupella*; *Cronia*, *Maculotriton*, *Ergalatax*
    + Clade Y: *Oppomorus*; *Spinidrupa*, *Bedevina*
    + Clade Z: *Cytharomorula*, some *Orania*, *Pascula*, *Lauta*

Genetic material from *Azumamorula*, *Daphnellopsis*, *Lindapterys*, and *Uttleya* was not included. Genus names above reflect later changes, such as *Lauta parva* for *"Morula" parva*, *Claremontiella nodulosa* for *"Morula" nodulosa*, and *Murichorda* for *"Muricodrupa" fiscella* and *"Morula" rumphiusi*.

*Cronia*, *Maculotriton*, and *Ergalatax* may prove to be a single species, in which case the name *Cronia* would have precedence. If *Ergalatax* is subsumed into *Cronia*, this would impact the name of the Ergalataxinae. Most *Spinidrupa* grouped with *Bedevina* (which has priority), but the type species *S. euracantha* was more basal to clade Y (only 12S rRNA sequence was available for the latter). Orania is polyphyletic, but its type species was not included.

## InfoBox

| Ergalataxinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A shell of *Muricodrupa fiscella* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Muricoidea |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Ergalataxinae<br>Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 |
|
| Genera | |
| *See text* | |


title: Ergalatax margariticola

abstract: Ergalatax margariticola, common name : the shouldered castor bean, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Ergalatax margariticola

***Ergalatax margariticola***, common name : the **shouldered castor bean**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The shell size varies between 14 mm and 40 mm

## Distribution

This species is distributed in the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean along Aldabra, Chagos, Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin, the Seychelles, Tanzania, and in the Western Pacific Ocean and Japan.

* Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). *Mollusques testaces marins de Madagascar*. Faune des Colonies Francaises, Tome III
* Taylor, J.D. (1971). *Intertidal Zonation at Aldabra Atoll*. Phil. Trns. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 260, 173–213

## InfoBox

| *Ergalatax margariticola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Ergalatax* |
| Species: | ***E. margariticola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ergalatax margariticola***<br>(Broderip, in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cronia indica* Nevill, G. & H. Nevill, 1875 * *Cronia margariticola* (Broderip, 1832) * *Drupa margariticola* (Broderip, in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) * *Drupa undata* (Dillwyn, 1817) * *Morula kieneri* Dautzenberg, Ph. & P. Fischer, 1906 * *Morula margariticola* (Broderip, in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) * *Murex margariticola* Broderip, in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833 * *Murex squamulosa* Deshayes, G.P., 1844 * *Murex undatus* Dillwyn, 1817 * *Purpura lineolata* Blainville, 1832 * *Purpura squamosa* Deshayes in Belanger, 1832 * *Purpura squamulosa* Deshayes, 1844 * *Purpura violacea* Lesson, 1842 * *Ricinula undata* (Dillwyn, 1817) * *Sistrum indica* Nevill & Nevill, 1875 * *Sistrum undatum* (Dillwyn, 1817) * *Sistrum undatum var. kieneri* Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1905 | |


title: Erik Fleming (director)

abstract: Erik Fleming is an American film and television director and producer. He is a graduate of USC School of Cinematic Arts and known for creating the 1992 experimental short film, The Silver Surfer, which portrayed the Marvel Comics character through CGI.

text:
# Erik Fleming (director)

**Erik Fleming** is an American film and television director and producer. He is a graduate of USC School of Cinematic Arts and known for creating the 1992 experimental short film, *The Silver Surfer*, which portrayed the Marvel Comics character through CGI.

## Arrest

In August 2024, Fleming was charged in connection to actor Matthew Perry's ketamine-related drowning in October 2023. On August 8, 2024, he pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute ketamine and one count of distribution of ketamine resulting in death. He faces up to 25 years in prison. Fleming would admit to obtaining ketamine for Perry to use from the supplier (Jasveen Sangha) and then giving it to Perry's assistant Kenneth Iwamasa, the person who would then inject Perry with the drug.

## Partial filmography

| Year | Title | Director | Producer | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | *The Silver Surfer* | Yes | No | Short film |  |
| 1995 | *Cyber Bandits* | Yes | No |  |  |
| 1999 | *My Brother the Pig* | Yes | No |  |  |
| 2003 | *The Surreal Life* | No | Yes | Season one only |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Erik Fleming | |
| --- | --- |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Occupations | * Director * producer |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Country | United States |
| State(s) | California |
| Location(s) | Los Angeles |
|  | |


title: Eric Akogyiram

abstract: Eric Akogyiram is a retired Ghanaian sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres. He won the silver medal at the 1987 All-Africa Games. The same year he competed at the 1987 World Championships, reaching the semi-final with the relay team. He also competed at the 1992 Olympic Games. His personal best time was 10.23 seconds, achieved in April 1990 in Provo.

text:
# Eric Akogyiram

**Eric Akogyiram** (born 25 June 1969) is a retired Ghanaian sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres.

He won the silver medal at the 1987 All-Africa Games. The same year he competed at the 1987 World Championships, reaching the semi-final with the relay team. He also competed at the 1992 Olympic Games.

His personal best time was 10.23 seconds, achieved in April 1990 in Provo.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Ghana | | | | | |
| 1987 | All-Africa Games | Nairobi, Kenya | 2nd | 100 m | 10.32 |


title: Eric Aiken

abstract: Eric Aiken is a former professional boxer. He is the former IBF world featherweight champion.

text:
# Eric Aiken

**Eric Aiken** (born April 8, 1980 in Marysville, Ohio) is a former professional boxer. He is the former IBF world featherweight champion.

## Early life

According to the February 1, 2008 broadcast of Friday Night Fights on ESPN2, Aiken was a paralegal before turning professional. As an amateur, he trained at the Alexandria Boxing Club. During his amateur career, Aiken compiled a 97-5 record with 47 knockouts. In addition, he won numerous state titles, the Mayor's Cup and the Nationals twice.

## Pro career

On April 1, 2006, Aiken defeated former IBF bantamweight champion Tim Austin by sixth-round TKO. Only one month later (on May 13, 2006), Aiken challenged undefeated IBF featherweight champion Valdemir Pereira for the title. In the bout, Aiken knocked down Pereira in rounds four and five. Throughout the bout, Pereira hit Aiken with shots that were below the belt, and he was penalized one point in rounds six and seven. After another below the belt shot by Pereira in round eight, the referee disqualified him, and Aiken was awarded the title.

Aiken lost the title on September 2, 2006 against Robert Guerrero.

On February 1, 2008, in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, Aiken lost to Monty Meza-Clay by seventh-round technical knockout.

## Professional boxing record

| 29 fights | 16 wins | 11 losses |
| --- | --- | --- |
| By knockout | 12 | 6 |
| By decision | 3 | 5 |
| By disqualification | 1 | 0 |
| Draws | 1 | |
| No contests | 1 | |

| No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round, time | Date | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 | Loss | 16–11–1 (1) | Adam Lopez | TKO | 2 (4), 2:09 | 2015-12-12 | AT&T Center, San Antonio, Texas, U.S. |  |
| 28 | Loss | 16–10–1 (1) | Bayan Jargal | TKO | 1 (8), 2:24 | 2012-11-01 | Hilton & Towers, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 27 | Loss | 16–9–1 (1) | Rafael Márquez | KO | 1 (10), 2:26 | 2012-05-05 | Auditorio Fausto Gutierrez Moreno, Tijuana, Mexico |  |
| 26 | NC | 16–8–1 (1) | Edner Cherry | NC | 1 (10), 3:00 | 2011-09-23 | Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, Hollywood, Florida, U.S. |  |
| 25 | Loss | 16–8–1 | Todd Wilson | UD | 6 | 2011-09-10 | Patriot Center, Fairfax, Virginia, U.S. |  |
| 24 | Loss | 16–7–1 | Monty Meza Clay | TKO | 7 (10), 0:39 | 2008-02-01 | Expo Mart, Monroeville, Pennsylvania, U.S. |  |
| 23 | Loss | 16–6–1 | Thomas Mashaba | TKO | 9 (12), 1:51 | 2007-11-12 | Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa | For IBO featherweight title |
| 22 | Draw | 16–5–1 | Cruz Carbajal | SD | 10 | 2007-03-16 | Rockingham Park, Salem, New Hampshire, U.S. |  |
| 21 | Loss | 16–5 | Robert Guerrero | RTD | 8 (12), 3:00 | 2006-09-02 | Staples Center, Los Angeles, California, U.S. | Lost IBF featherweight title |
| 20 | Win | 16–4 | Valdemir Pereira | DQ | 8 (12), 1:37 | 2006-05-13 | TD Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. | Won IBF featherweight title |
| 19 | Win | 15–4 | Tim Austin | TKO | 6 (10), 2:21 | 2006-04-01 | Wolstein Center, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 18 | Loss | 14–4 | Johnnie Edwards | UD | 6 | 2006-03-18 | Ohio-Lausche Building, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 17 | Win | 14–3 | Darby Smart | TKO | 7 (10), 1:13 | 2006-01-20 | Voinovich Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. | Won vacant NABA featherweight title |
| 16 | Win | 13–3 | John Scalzi | TKO | 1 (6), 2:15 | 2005-12-09 | Wheeling Island Hotel, Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S. |  |
| 15 | Loss | 12–3 | Leo Martinez | SD | 6 | 2005-10-01 | Nationwide Arena, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 14 | Win | 12–2 | Terrance Roy | KO | 2 (6), 1:02 | 2005-01-08 | Emerald Queen Casino, Tacoma, Washington, U.S. |  |
| 13 | Loss | 11–2 | Al Seeger | UD | 8 | 2004-09-16 | Kewadin Casino, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, U.S. |  |
| 12 | Win | 11–1 | Terrance Roy | UD | 6 | 2004-05-27 | Lincoln Theatre, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 11 | Win | 10–1 | Antonio Garris | KO | 1 (8), 1:02 | 2004-02-28 | Convention Center, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 10 | Win | 9–1 | Agnaldo Nunes | UD | 6 | 2003-12-13 | Convention Center, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 9 | Win | 8–1 | Travis Gregory | KO | 1 (4) | 2003-08-09 | Convention Center, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 8 | Win | 7–1 | Richard Dinkins | TKO | 1 (4) | 2003-05-10 | D.C. Armory, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 7 | Win | 6–1 | César García | KO | 2 (4), 0:24 | 2003-04-12 | Emerald Queen Casino, Tacoma, Washington, U.S. |  |
| 6 | Win | 5–1 | Ubaldo Olivencia | KO | 3 (4) | 2003-03-15 | D.C. Armory, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 5 | Win | 4–1 | Edward Anderson | TKO | 4 (4), 2:15 | 2002-06-15 | DC Tunnel, Washington, D.C., U.S. |  |
| 4 | Win | 3–1 | Angelo Torres | KO | 1 (4), 2:08 | 2002-06-01 | Tacoma Dome, Tacoma, Washington, U.S. |  |
| 3 | Win | 2–1 | Angelo Torres | UD | 4 | 2001-11-10 | Emerald Queen Casino, Tacoma, Washington, U.S. |  |
| 2 | Loss | 1–1 | Antonio Oliveros | UD | 4 | 2001-06-16 | Murray Skating Center, Yonkers, New York, U.S. |  |
| 1 | Win | 1–0 | Jhovany Collado | TKO | 3 (4) | 2001-01-12 | Sands Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. |  |

## InfoBox

| Eric Aiken | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1980-04-08) April 8, 1980<br>Marysville, Ohio, U.S. |
| Other names | Mighty Mouse |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Featherweight |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) |
| Reach | 71 in (180 cm) |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 29 |
| Wins | 16 |
| Wins by KO | 12 |
| Losses | 11 |
| Draws | 1 |
| No contests | 1 |
|  | |


title: Eric Breuer

abstract: Eric Breuer is a Swiss archaeologist and historian. He studied archaeology and history at the Universities of Munich, Vienna, Fribourg and Basel. He discovered the Roman vicus of Eriskirch, and conducted widespread research on early Medieval archaeology, archaeology of Roman provinces, Avar archaeology, and Mediterranean history. His main interest was the relative chronology of Roman and early medieval times.

text:
# Eric Breuer

**Eric Breuer** is a Swiss archaeologist and historian.

He studied archaeology and history at the Universities of Munich, Vienna, Fribourg and Basel. He discovered the Roman vicus of Eriskirch (Lake Constance), and conducted widespread research on early Medieval archaeology, archaeology of Roman provinces, Avar archaeology, and Mediterranean history. His main interest was the relative chronology of Roman and early medieval times.

## Childhood and youth

Only scarce information can be found about his childhood and youth. It seems, that he spent his early years at Munich and the Lake Constance region. Already from early ages he was interested in archaeology. At the age of 8 he discovered an ancient building at the Roman settlement of Argen by unearthening potsherds of samian ware. At the age of 13 he joined the local museum.

## Life as an archaeologist

Already before his university studies, he was surprised about the total lack of Roman towns north of lake constance, dure to the massive density in southern region with ancient towns like Taxgaition, Constantia, Arbor felix, Ad Rhenum, Confluentes, Brigantion and Clunia. By analyzing topographical situations of already known ancient towns, he worked out a list of characteristic topographical features of Roman vici. Based on this list, Breuer did widespread archaeological surveys at lake constance region.

As a result he managed to discover an (in modern times totally unknown) Roman vicus at river Schussen near today's village of Eriskirch, where buildings with preserved ancient wood were excavated by him.

In 2001 Breuer discovered a slightly separated part of the settlement with pottery kilns, already lying on the eastern side of river Schussen at Mariabrunn, more than half a mile eastern the first discovered pottery area. In 2012 he managed even to localize the Roman necropolis of the first century AD of the ancient village.

Studying Claudius Ptolemaios' *Geography*, he stated further, that because Ptolemy didn’t realize the sharp bend of the Rhine at Basel, many Raetian towns are located by Ptolemy at the wrong position. Because also some towns like Cambodunum and Abodiacum are presented as being located much too eastern, he came to the conclusion, that there should be a big unknown ancient town called “Drusomagus” located by Ptolemy in the Lake Constance region, corresponding to the more western already known Iuliomagus. Beneath this study on ancient vici he did also surveys on ancient villae rusticae.

On the field of Early Medieval archaeology, Breuer published a new chronological system, based on earlier works of F. Daim and J. Zabojnik. As it seems, it is based on his thesis about chronology of the Avar cemeteries of Üllő and Janoshida.

Contrary to early eastern European archaeologists, like I. Kovrig and others, Breuer favoured the idea that changes in ornaments and manufacturing of belts are not signs of new arriving ethnic groups in the Carpathian Basin, but simply changes of fashion and lifetime of certain processes of production of goods - and not ethnic conclusions. As a result chronological horizons get at Breuer's work the meaning of starting, increasing, decline and end of fabrications of certain types of small findings.

## Sources


title: Erick Morillo discography

text:
# Erick Morillo discography

This is the discography of American DJ and producer Erick Morillo.

## Extended plays and singles

* 1992 *The New Anthem (Funky Budda)* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1992 *Muevelo* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1992 *Te Ves Buena* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1993 *I Like To Move It* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1993 *Latin Flavor* (R.B.M.)
* 1993 *Gettin' Me Hot* (Platinum Crew)
* 1993 *Carnival '93* (Club Ultimate)
* 1993 *The Boy* (R.B.M)
* 1993 *Rhythmz* (Deep Soul)
* 1993 *Unbe* (R.A.W.)
* 1993 *House Of Love In My House* (Smooth Touch)
* 1993 *Go On Move* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1995 *Carnival '95* (Club Ultimate)
* 1995 *Reach* (Lil Mo' Yin Yang)
* 1995 *Conway* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1996 *Latinos* (Reel 2 Real featuring Proyecto Uno)
* 1996 *Mueve La Cadera* (Reel 2 Real featuring Proyecto Uno)
* 1996 *Jazz It Up* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1996 *Are You Ready For Some More* (Reel 2 Real)
* 1997 *Fun* (Da Mob featuring Jocelyn Brown)
* 1997 *Partay Feeling* (B-Crew)
* 1997 *Tripping* (Smooth Touch)
* 1998 *It's All Good* (Da Mob featuring Jocelyn Brown)
* 1998 *Distortion* (Pianoheadz)
* 1999 *Believe* (Ministers De-La-Funk featuring Jocelyn Brown)
* 2002 *Come Make Me Over*
* 2003 *Dancin'* (Erick Morillo featuring Harry "Choo Choo" Romero and José Nunez)
* 2004 *Refresher* (Time Of Your Life)
* 2004 *My World* (Erick Morillo featuring P. Diddy)
* 2005 *Break Down The Doors* (Erick Morillo featuring Audio Bullys)
* 2005 *What Do You Want* (Erick Morillo featuring Terra Deva)
* 2005 *Waiting In The Darkness* (Erick Morillo featuring Leslie Carter)
* 2006 *Jazz In Your Face*
* 2006 *Call Me* (The Dronez featuring Shawnee Taylor)
* 2006 *Tonite* (MNM featuring Shawnee Taylor)
* 2006 *Dance I Said* (Erick Morillo featuring P. Diddy)
* 2007 *Life Goes On* (Richard Grey vs. Erick Morillo featuring José Nunez and Shawnee Taylor)
* 2008 *Make A Move* Harry "Choo Choo" Romero featuring Erick Morillo and P. Diddy)
* 2008 *Where Are You Now?* (DJ DLG featuring Erick Morillo)
* 2009 *Say The Word* (Richard Grey featuring Erick Morillo featuring Maboo and Nicole Da Silva)
* 2009 *I Get Lifted* (Erick Morillo featuring Deborah Cooper)
* 2010 *I Feel Love* (Ministers De-La-Funk featuring Duane Harden)
* 2010 *Alive* Markus Binapfl and Erick Morillo featuring Fiora
* 2011 *Live Your Life* (featuring Eddie Thoneick and Shawnee Taylor)
* 2011 *Stronger* (featuring Eddie Thoneick and Shawnee Taylor)
* 2012 *Elephant* (Alexandra Burke featuring Erick Morillo)
* 2012: *If this Ain't Love* (featuring Eddie Thoneick and Skin)
* 2012: *Colors* (Shawnee Taylor featuring Sympho Nympho)
* 2012: *Love in me* (Shawnee Taylor featuring Denis The Menace and Sandro Monte)
* 2012: "Flameco" H.Romero, A. Kenji and E.Morillo ft Mati
* 2012: "Beat Of The Drum" TEKTONE ft Harry Romero
* 2012: "Murder The Dance Floor" E.Morillo featuring Konshens ft S.Nymph
* 2012: "Prelude" T3ktone
* 2012: "Keep On Dancin" In the Screen ft Rachel Starr
* 2013: "Addicted: J.Nunez & E. Morillo ft S.Taylor
* 2013: "Bang" Erick Morillo and Harry Romero
* 2013: "The Porno" E.Morillo H.Romero J.Nune
* 2013: "Conga Lust" E.Morillo H.Romero J.Nunez
* 2013: "Give It Up" E.Morillo H.Romero J.Nunez ft C.Fisher
* 2013: "Jungle Blood" E.Morillo H.Romero J.Nunez and SJRM
* 2013: "Palos & Drums" E.Morillo H.Romero J.Nunez
* 2013: "My Melody: E.Morillo H.Romero J.Nunez ft S.Taylor
* 2014: "Let The Freak Out" Carnage, E.Morillo, H.Romero ft Mr.V
* 2015: "Trapped: Erick Morillo Limitless Part 2
* 2015: "I Want You" Erick Morillo Limitless Part 1
* 2015: "Something for Carl Cox: Erick Morillo
* 2015: "The Restorer" Erick Morillo featuring Harry Romero
* 2015: "Devotion" E.Morillo and H. Romero featuring S.Taylor
* 2016: "Better Life:Junolar E.Morillo DJ Eako & Miss McClore
* 2016: "This Is How We Do It" Erick Morillo and Junolarc
* 2016: "Thunder & Lightning" Erick Morillo feat Eli and Fur
* 2016: "Better Life" Junolarc, Erick Morillo and DJ Eako feat Miss Msclore
* 2016: "Oooh" Erick Morillo featuring Angel Taylor
* 2016: "Polar Bear" Erick Morillo
* 2016: "Lost In You" Erick Morillo vs Eddie Thoneick ft Angel Taylor
* 2016: "Blinded" Erick Morillo and Junolarc
* 2016: "The Edge" Erick Morillo
* 2017: "Take Me Higher 2017" Mischa Daniels and Erick Morillo
* 2017: "Don't Belong" Junolarc and Erick Morillo featuring Ora Solar
* 2017: "No End" Erick Morillo featuring Kylee Katch
* 2017: "Gone" Erick Morillo, Junolarc and Chris Child featuring Ora Solar
* 2017: "Waves" with Kryder
* 2017: "Evil Ecstasy"
* 2017: "Bad Girl" with Junolarc featuring Ora Solar
* 2018: "Flashlight" with Junolarc featuring Redward Martin
* 2018: "Medication" with Jamie Jones featuring Gene Farris
* 2018: "Colombiano"
* 2018: "Cocoon" with Andrew Cole featuring Kylee Katch
* 2018: "Cartagena"
* 2019: "Fifth Element"

## Remixes

* 2003: The Crystal Method \- "Born Too Slow" (Erick Morillo Remix)
* 2013: Modjo \- "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (Erick Morillo vs Who Da Funk Remix)
* kMorillo vs. Who Da Funk? Remix)
* 2016: Tom & Hills - "Energy in Magic" (Erick Morillo Mix)
* 2018: Erick Morillo and Andrew Cole featuring Kylee Katch - "Cocoon" (Erick Morillo and Harry Romero Remix)
* 2018: Erick Morillo, Junolarc and Chris Child featuring Ora Solar - "Pulling Me" (Erick Morillo and Harry Romero Remix)
* 2019: Eelke Kleijn featuring Ost - "Lost Souls" (Erick Morillo Remix)
* 2019: Antranig - "Jackin'" (Erick Morillo Remix)


title: Ernst A. Lehmann

abstract:
Captain Ernst August Lehmann was a German Zeppelin captain. He was one of the most famous and experienced figures in German airship travel. The Pittsburgh Press called Lehmann the best airship pilot in the world, although he was criticized by Hugo Eckener for often making dangerous maneuvers that compromised the airships.
He was a victim of the Hindenburg disaster in 1937.

text:
# Ernst A. Lehmann

Captain **Ernst August Lehmann** (12 May 1886 – 7 May 1937) was a German Zeppelin captain. He was one of the most famous and experienced figures in German airship travel. The *Pittsburgh Press* called Lehmann the best airship pilot in the world, although he was criticized by Hugo Eckener for often making dangerous maneuvers that compromised the airships. He was a victim of the *Hindenburg* disaster in 1937.

## Pre-war experience

Ernst Lehmann was born in 1886 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein. At the age of 14, he decided that he wanted to build ships. He studied engineering at the Technische Hochschule Berlin and received his degree in 1912. By this time, he had already joined the navy and had attained the rank of naval reserve lieutenant.

Upon graduation, he began work at the Imperial Dockyards in Kiel. He did not find this work satisfying so, encouraged by Dr. Hugo Eckener, he joined the DELAG to serve as pilot of the passenger airship LZ 17 *Sachsen*. He commanded a total of 550 flights of this ship.

## Service during World War I

During the First World War, Captain Lehmann commanded army and navy airships, beginning with the *Sachsen* after it had been taken over by the Army, followed by the LZ XII, and finally the navy ships LZ 90, LZ 98, and LZ 120. His attack on Antwerp (Belgium) on August 25/26 (during the night) was the first bombing from the air of civilians in world history, killing 10 people.

## Post-war commercial airship travel

After the war, Captain Lehmann continued his involvement with the airships, which were returned to civilian use. He made preparations to fly the naval airship L 72 on the first transatlantic crossing of an airship in 1919, but permission was denied by the German government. In 1920, he spent six months in Sweden studying the economics of an airship line between Stockholm and the Mediterranean, with a stopover in Friedrichshafen. These plans were never realized.

In 1921 he spent four months in the United States to prepare for a planned New York to Chicago airship route, and in 1922 he tried to negotiate with the United States and England for a route to go over North Atlantic .

With the founding of the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation in 1923, Captain Lehmann served as Vice President in charge of engineering. In 1924, Captain Lehmann was second-in-command of LZ 126 on the first nonstop transatlantic flight between the European and American mainlands. The purpose of the flight was to deliver the Zeppelin to its new owners, the United States Navy, who rechristened the ship USS *Los Angeles*.

By 1929, Lehmann had filed a declaration of intent to become a United States citizen, but changed his mind when he was given charge of the *Hindenburg* in 1936.

In 1935, when Hermann Göring created the Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei to increase Nazi influence over zeppelin operations, Captain Lehmann was named director of the new airline.

Captain Lehmann served as commanding officer on more than 100 of the flights of the *Graf Zeppelin* between 1928 and 1936. In 1936, he commanded 10 round-trip flights to Lakehurst on the new *Hindenburg*. Captain Lehmann was a skilled accordion player, which he often used to entertain passengers on long flights with renditions of Wagner pieces or German folk songs.

## Death

Although Max Pruss was the commanding officer of the last flight of the *Hindenburg*, Captain Lehmann was the most senior officer on board, but was there only as an observer. He was severely burned when the Zeppelin caught fire at Lakehurst on 6 May 1937, and died the following morning. It was initially believed that Lehmann would recover from his injuries; he was scheduled to be transferred from a local hospital to one in New York City for further treatment, until he took a sudden turn for the worse overnight and died early in the morning.

At his death, he apparently believed that the *Hindenburg* was sabotaged. He came out of the burning wreckage saying "I don't understand it." During a deathbed conversation with Commander Charles Emery Rosendahl, he said "It must have been an infernal machine." Lehmann's two-year-old son had died on Easter Sunday, 28 March 1937, a few weeks prior to the *Hindenburg's* last crossing and he did not really want to make the voyage. Lehmann accepted the assignment with the hope that by doing so he might have the opportunity to speak to US authorities about the use of helium gas in the German airships.

## Criticism

Lehmann often came into conflict with Hugo Eckener over the safety of his piloting techniques. Lehmann cancelled important flight tests for the *Hindenburg* to fulfill a request by the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda for the *Hindenburg* and the *Graf Zeppelin* to take part in a propaganda flight (*Deutschlandfahrt*) in support of Adolf Hitler. Lehmann insisted on making the flight despite unfavorable weather conditions, which resulted in high winds damaging the *Hindenburg*'s lower fin as the airship was being removed from its hangar. Eckener criticised Lehmann harshly and publicly for endangering the new airship and the entire zeppelin program to impress the Nazis. However, Lehmann never actually joined the Nazi Party despite his apparent support and may have only pretended to be sympathetic to the regime. (Only Max Pruss and Anton Wittemann of the seven active zeppelin commanders were Party members of the NSDAP).

After Lehmann's death, Eckener blamed Pruss's handling of the airship but also suggested that Lehmann was responsible for pressuring Pruss to make the flight. Although Eckener did not rule out other causes, after investigating the disaster himself, he testified to the inquiry that a sharp S-turn during the landing procedure might have caused a bracing wire to break and tear a gasbag, and resulted in mixture of hydrogen with air, which then likely was ignited by an electrostatic discharge.

## Portrayals

In the 1975 film *The Hindenburg*, Captain Lehmann was portrayed by American actor Richard Dysart, although this portrayal is inaccurate with Lehmann appearing to be quite wary of the Nazis, whereas the real Lehmann was a well-known Nazi supporter, at least publicly. In the 2007 docudrama *Hindenburg: The Untold Story*, Polish actor Aleksander Trabczynski portrayed Lehmann. In the fictional 2011 RTL television movie of the disaster, he was portrayed by Ulrich Noethen. In this film, he supports the Gestapo in their brutal torture of Merten Kroger for the alleged murder of a passenger, but orders his release upon seeing proof of a bomb aboard the ship. During the landing approach, he pushes the landing approach and ignores Kroger's warning that putting stress on the ships frame would be dangerous, saying it's "less dangerous than a bomb going off". He is proven wrong when although the bomb is defused, the airship explodes due to static electricity.

## Books

Captain Lehmann published his first book in English with Howard Mingos in New York and in 1927 it was reprinted in London. *The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelin Air Raids in the World War*.

Captain Lehmann recounts his personal experiences as a zeppelin captain in war and peace in *Auf Luftpatrouille und Weltfahrt: Erlebnisse eines Zeppelin Fuhrers in Krieg und Frieden*.

Captain Lehmann's last book, *Zeppelin: The Story of Lighter-than-air Craft*, was being translated by Leonhard Adelt, who was on board with Lehmann as a guest during the *Hindenburg*'s last flight. The book had recently been published in German when the *Hindenburg* was destroyed. The English translation, completed by Jay Dratler, was published later in 1937 with a preface and closing chapter by the American airship captain Charles E. Rosendahl, who had interviewed Lehmann on his deathbed.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Ernst August Lehmann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1886-05-12)12 May 1886
Ludwigshafen am Rhein, German Empire |
| Died | 7 May 1937(1937-05-07) (aged 50)
Lakewood, New Jersey, US |
| Cause of death | Injuries sustained in the *Hindenburg* disaster |
| Nationality | German |