title: Faruk Yahaya

abstract: Faruk Yahaya psc(+) NAM GSS ndc (Chile) FCMH GSMH MIAD is a retired Nigerian army lieutenant general and a former Chief of Army Staff of Nigeria, appointed by President Muhammadu Buhari on 27 May 2021. after the death of the former Chief of Army Staff, Ibrahim Attahiru who died in the Beechcraft King Air 350i plane crash near Kaduna International Airport.

text:
# Faruk Yahaya

**Faruk Yahaya** CFR psc(+) NAM GSS ndc (Chile) FCMH GSMH MIAD (born 5 January 1966) is a retired Nigerian army lieutenant general and a former Chief of Army Staff of Nigeria, appointed by President Muhammadu Buhari on 27 May 2021. after the death of the former Chief of Army Staff, Ibrahim Attahiru who died in the Beechcraft King Air 350i plane crash near Kaduna International Airport.

## Early life

Faruk Yahaya was born on 5 January 1966 in Sifawa, Bodinga Local Government Area of Sokoto State. He is a graduate of the Nigerian Defence Academy, Armed Forces Command and Staff College, and Nigerian Army School of Infantry. He commenced officer cadet training on 27 September 1985 and was commissioned into the Nigerian Army Corps of Infantry as a Second lieutenant on 27 December 1990. He holds a master's degree in International Affairs and Diplomacy.

## Military career

Lt Gen Faruk Yahaya has attended all the relevant courses commensurate to his career which include, Young Officers Course, Infantry, Company Commanders Course, Infantry and Commanding Officers Course. He also attended Junior Staff Course, Senior Staff Course and National Defence College amongst other, as well as several workshops and Seminars.

He has also held several appointments including Command, Staff and Instructional. Notable amongst them are Guards Brigade Garrison Commander, Directing Staff at the Armed Forces Command and Staff College (AFCSC), Deputy Director Army Headquarters Department of Military Secretary, Deputy Director Army Research and Development and Chief of Staff, Headquarters Joint Task Force Operation "Pulo Shield".

The Chief of Army Staff (COAS) has served as the Principal General Staff Officer (PGSO) to Honourable Minister of Defence, Commander, 4 Brigade and 29 Task Force Brigade (Operation "Zaman Lafiya"). He was also Director Manpower at the Army Headquarter, Military Secretary Army Headquarters and General Officer Commanding (GOC) 1 Division of the Nigerian Army.

Until his appointment as the COAS, Lt Gen Faruk Yahaya was the Theatre Commander of the Operation "Hadin Kai", responsible for Counter Terrorism and Counter Insurgency operations in North East Nigeria.

## Awards and honours

Faruk Yahaya holds several honours and awards, some of which include, Nigerian Army Medal, Grand Service Star, Passed staff course Dagger, National Defence College (Chile), Field Command Medal of Honour, General Staff Medal of Honour and several other numerous medals, honours and awards.

## Personal life

Yahaya is married and has four children.

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant GeneralFaruk YahayaCFR psc(+) NAM GSS ndc (Chile) FCMH GSMH MIAD | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief of Army Staff | |
| **In office**
27 May 2021  23 June 2023 | |
| President | Muhammadu Buhari
Bola Tinubu |
| Preceded by | Ibrahim Attahiru |
| Succeeded by | Taoreed Lagbaja |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-01-05) 5 January 1966
Sifawa Bodinga, Northern Region, Nigeria (now in Sokoto State, Nigeria |
| Alma mater | Nigerian Defence Academy
Salford University |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Nigeria |
| Branch/service | Nigerian Army |
| Years of service | 1985–2023 |
| Rank | Lieutenant general |
|  | |


title: Campbell's Kingdom

abstract: Campbell's Kingdom is a 1957 British adventure film directed by Ralph Thomas, based on the 1952 novel of the same name by Hammond Innes. The film stars Dirk Bogarde and Stanley Baker, with Michael Craig, Barbara Murray, James Robertson Justice and Sid James in support. The story is set in Alberta, Canada, and largely follows the principles of the Northwestern genre of film-making.

text:
# Campbell's Kingdom

***Campbell's Kingdom*** is a 1957 British adventure film directed by Ralph Thomas, based on the 1952 novel of the same name by Hammond Innes. The film stars Dirk Bogarde and Stanley Baker, with Michael Craig, Barbara Murray, James Robertson Justice and Sid James in support. The story is set in Alberta, Canada, and largely follows the principles of the Northwestern genre of film-making.

## Plot

Recently diagnosed with a terminal disease, Bruce Campbell unexpectedly finds himself the owner of a small valley in the Canadian Rocky Mountains as the result of a bequest from his grandfather. After travelling from England, Bruce arrives at "Campbell's Kingdom" (as the locals disparagingly call it) to find its existence under threat from the construction of a new hydroelectricity dam. Convinced that his grandfather was right and that the Kingdom might yield oil, the race is on to prove that there is oil under Campbell's Kingdom before the mining company building the dam can flood the valley. Standing in his way is corrupt construction contractor Owen Morgan, who resorts to dirty tricks in order to prevent Campbell from succeeding in his quest. However, Bruce is ably and enthusiastically assisted by love interest Jean Lucas, geologist Boy Bladen and drilling contractor James MacDonald. Unfortunately for Campbell the residents of the nearby town of Come Lucky invested heavily in his grandfather's schemes, only to feel cheated when his projects came to nothing. Gradually Bruce manages to turn them around by exposing the fraud and lies of Morgan and the mining company.

## Cast

## Production

Hammond Innes's novel was published in 1952 and was based on the Canadian oil boom of the late 1940s. Innes researched the novel extensively and it was a best seller.

The story was serialised as *Nothing to Lose*. Film rights were purchased prior to the novel's publication by the producing-directing team of Betty Box and Ralph Thomas, who had just made *The Venetian Bird* (1952). Location scouting for the film began in August 1952, with Box and Thomas touring the Canadian Rockies.

"That serial title refers to the hero's special armour", said Ralph Thomas. "He's a young Canadian whose friends help him strike oil on a piece of land willed by his grandfather to disprove the general belief that the old man was unhinged. And he happens to be fatally stricken. He's a dying man."

"There's quite a bit of room for suspense", said Betty Box. "For one thing a big oil company is obstructing him. Our climax will have the gusher flooded by a break in a huge dam. With an ingenious twist."

Eric Ambler was assigned to write the script. In 1954 Jack Hawkins and Shelley Winters were mentioned as possible stars.

However, because it was an expensive project the film took a number of years to be financed. Box and Thomas had a major box office hit in *Doctor in the House* (1954) which turned Dirk Bogarde into a star. Bogarde was ideal casting for *Campbell's Kingdom* and he became attached to the project. The film was almost made after *Doctor at Sea* (1955) when there was a financial crisis in the British film industry and Rank requested Box, Thomas and Bogarde make a third "Doctor" film, *Doctor at Large* (1957), instead. While this was done, Box, Ambler and Innes worked on the script to reduce the budget.

The tremendous success of *Doctor at Large* led to Rank financing *Campbell's Kingdom*. "We'd all earned a change of subject, we felt", wrote Box later.

The film would be one of a number of films made by the Rank Organisation in the 1950s to appeal to the international market. They tended to be adventure films shot on location overseas in colour based on some best selling novel. Other examples include *Windom's Way* (1957), *Robbery Under Arms* (1957), *The Wind Cannot Read* (1958), *Nor the Moon by Night* (1958) and *Ferry to Hong Kong* (1959).

Box said Eric Ambler had a very different approach to writing to Hammond Innes. "Innes was a writer who spent as much time researching his books as he did writing them", she wrote. "Eric's books depend much more on characterisation, motivation and ideologies rather than realistic documentation. I remember him telling me that he hadn't even visited most of the countries he wrote about, and I sensed that he wasn't entirely happy working on *Campbell's Kingdom*." Another writer, Robin Estridge, was hired to work on the script.

Ray Milland had tried to buy the rights to the novel. He offered to play the role of Campbell for no cash payment and a percentage of the profits, but Rank cast Bogarde.

Michael Craig, who had a support role, felt Bogarde was "an unlikely choice since he was small and slender and not overly athletic" but "I think he wanted to change his image into something more robust, but the sight of him threatening to knock the block off some burly oil driller in a Canadian bar was more ludicrous that robust.".

Although the story is set in Alberta, it was too expensive to film there. Box wrote, "In those days dollars were very scarce, the Treasury didn't want to know and by shooting in Europe we would save a considerable amount of money that would have been spent in transporting people and equipment across the Atlantic and on to the foothills of the Rockies." The landscape exteriors were shot in the Italian Dolomites (Lago di Pontesei and Cortina d'Ampezzo locality Fiames) and the rest was shot at Pinewood Studios outside London.

Betty Box says three of the cast brought their wives on location to Italy – Michael Craig, Stanley Baker and Sid James – and all three were pregnant.

## Reception

### Box office

Box later wrote that the film "was released during one of Britain's worst flu epidemics – Asian flu – which didn't help at the box office" but that "overseas the movie was successful. We even sold it to the Russians. It took me an hour or two to work that one out... The dam bursts because the wicked capitalists in Canada use cheap cement!"

The film was one of the most popular at the British box office in 1957.

### Awards

Dirk Bogarde won the *Picturegoer* Award for Best Actor for the film.

The film was released in the US in 1960.

### Contemporary Reputation

Richard Gregson, film producer, agent and brother of actor Michael Craig, later gave *Campbell's Kingdom* as an example of the output of Rank under Sir John Davis in the late 50s:

> Those awful middle class pictures that had no meaning for anyone, because somehow he couldn't come to terms with the fact that the vast majority of people in this country were lower middle class and working class people. So all those boring tales like *Campbell's Kingdom* had nothing to do with real life. If you are clever enough as Korda and Balcon were, you can get away with it, but Davis wasn't. It was very square entertainment.

BFI Screenonline said *Campbell's Kingdom*, along with later Bogarde-Box-Thomas adventure films such as *The Wind Cannot Read* and *The High Bright Sun* (1964) "could have benefited from a more conventionally rugged leading man" than Bogarde.

1. Weiler, A.H. (11 January 1960). "Movie Review – Campbell's Kingdom". *New York Times*. Retrieved 5 May 2010. (Registration required.)
2. "Hammond Innes Makes A Fortune From Writing Thrillers". *The Sunday Herald (Sydney)*. No. 216. New South Wales, Australia. 15 March 1953. p. 13. Retrieved 13 May 2016  via National Library of Australia.
3. "Round the studios". *The Mail*. Adelaide. 20 September 1952. p. 7 Supplement: SUNDAY MAGAZINE. Retrieved 31 October 2015  via National Library of Australia.
4. "FILM LOCATIONS CHOSEN BY U.K. WOMAN". *The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate*. Vol. 41, no. 599. New South Wales, Australia. 9 December 1952. p. 4. Retrieved 13 May 2016  via National Library of Australia.
5. "Canada Film Location Inspected". *New York Times*. 28 August 1952. p. 21.
6. HOWARD THOMPSON (14 September 1952). "BY WAY OF REPORT: Box -- Thomas Activities -- Cinema 16 Plans --". *New York Times*. p. X5.
7. STEPHEN WATTS LONDON. (22 February 1953). "OBSERVATIONS ON LONDON FILM SCENE: Economic Appraisal -Miss Shearer to Date -- Pioneer Epitaph". *New York Times*. p. X5.
8. "MAGAZINE". *The Age*. No. 31, 069. Victoria, Australia. 30 November 1954. p. 9. Retrieved 13 May 2016  via National Library of Australia.
9. Box p 146
10. Box p 147
11. Scheuer, Philip K. (18 February 1958). "M. Chevalier Young at 69: Boulevardier Still in Demand; Rank Organization Flourishes". *Los Angeles Times*. p. A7.
12. Box p 148
13. Box p 154
14. Craig, Michael (2005). *The Smallest Giant: An Actor's Life*. Allen and Unwin. p. 76.
15. Box p 150
16. *British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference* by Sue Harper, Vincent Porter Oxford University Press, 2003 p 53
17. Box p 156
18. Box p 166
19. Thumim, Janet. "The popular cash and culture in the postwar British cinema industry". *Screen*. Vol. 32, no. 3. p. 259.
20. Brian McFarlane, *An Autobiography of British Cinema* p 250
21. Ralph Thomas at BFI Screenonline
* Box, Betty, *Lifting the Lid*, The Book Guild, 2000

## InfoBox

| Campbell's Kingdom | |
| --- | --- |
| Original British film poster | |
| Directed by | Ralph Thomas |
| Screenplay by | Robin Estridge |
| Based on | *Campbell's Kingdom*
by Hammond Innes |
| Produced by | Betty Box |
| Starring | Dirk Bogarde
Stanley Baker
Michael Craig
Barbara Murray |
| Cinematography | Ernest Steward |
| Edited by | Frederick Wilson |
| Music by | Clifton Parker |
| Production
company | The Rank Organisation |
| Distributed by | J. Arthur Rank Film Distributors |
| Release date | * 3 September 1957 (1957-09-03) |
| Running time | 102 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


abstract: Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. The current chief medical director is Imafidon Agbonile.

text:
# Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City

**Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City** is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. The current chief medical director is Imafidon Agbonile.

## History

Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City was established on 7 December, 1964. The hospital was formerly known as Uselu Clinic.

## CMD

The current chief medical director is Imafidon Agbonile.

## InfoBox

| Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Benin, Edo State, Nigeria |
| Links | |
| Website | www.fnphbenin.gov.ng |
| Lists | Hospitals in Nigeria |


abstract: The First Presbyterian Church is a church building located in downtown Portland, Oregon, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Construction began in 1886 and was completed in 1890. The building has been called "one of the finest examples" of High Victorian Gothic architecture in the state of Oregon. It includes stained-glass windows made by Portland's Povey Brothers Art Glass Works and a church bell cast with bronze from captured Civil War cannons.

text:
# First Presbyterian Church (Portland, Oregon)

The **First Presbyterian Church** is a church building located in downtown Portland, Oregon, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Construction began in 1886 and was completed in 1890. The building has been called "one of the finest examples" of High Victorian Gothic architecture in the state of Oregon. It includes stained-glass windows made by Portland's Povey Brothers Art Glass Works and a church bell cast with bronze from captured Civil War cannons.

## Congregation history

As a congregation, what is now known as the First Presbyterian Church of Portland was organized on January 1, 1854, and was only the third Presbyterian church in the Oregon Territory. With a congregation numbering just twelve members initially, services were originally held in private homes, twice a month. For the first year, Reverend J. L. Yantis journeyed on horseback to Portland from Calapooia, Oregon (2 miles east of Shedd), 80 miles to the south. Services were later held at a larger venue, the Canton House—a public meeting place at Front and Washington streets that was later known as the Pioneer Hotel, the Lincoln House and the American Exchange building.

By 1860, the congregation had grown to 87 members, and fundraising for a permanent church building began. Property was purchased in 1862. The congregation's first permanent building was completed in 1864, at 3rd and Washington streets, and was dedicated on May 22. It included the first pipe organ in Portland. A 1,052-pound bell was donated by Caroline E. Jagger Corbett, wife of Senator Henry W. Corbett. It was made by Meneely & Company (of Troy, New York) from bronze Civil War cannons. A 1987 article in *The Oregonian* said that in 1865, the bell "rang out the news that the Civil War had ended. Five days later, it tolled for President Lincoln's death."

The church society was incorporated as "the First Presbyterian Church and Society of the City of Portland" in 1865, by members William S. Ladd, John C. Ainsworth, O.P.S. Plummer and others.

As the congregation continued to grow, First Presbyterian counted many prominent Portlanders among its members, including Henry W. Corbett, William S. Ladd, John C. Ainsworth, and Jacob Kamm.

By the 1880s the congregation had grown to 900 members, and it was decided that a new, larger building was needed. In 1883, a parcel of more than a quarter-block was purchased at 12th and Alder streets for the new church, and later an adjacent property at 13th and Alder was purchased for a parsonage. Architect William F. McCaw was hired to design the new building, and his plans were approved in July 1886.

According to *The Oregon Encyclopedia*, in the 1920s First Presbyterian Church was "among the ten largest \[Presbyterian\] congregations in the United States." In 1929, membership stood at 2,802. In 1997, there were 1,100 members.

## Building

Construction of the existing building began in 1886. The general contractor was John C. Robertson. By May 1887, the foundation had been completed, and the cornerstone was laid in a ceremony on May 2 of that year. The chapel was finished in May 1889, in the new building's west end, and services began being held there as work continued on the main auditorium. Construction of the latter was completed in 1890, and the first public worship service in the new building's main auditorium was held on October 20, 1890. The total construction cost was approximately $120,000 (equivalent to $4.1 million in 2023).

The church bell from the 1864 building was moved to the new building in 1889 or 1890. It remains in regular use today, being rung twice a day. A 1987 article gave its weight as 900 pounds (410 kg). The city council designated the church building a Portland Historic Landmark on April 8, 1970, and the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

### Description

Designed in High Victorian Gothic style, the First Presbyterian Church occupies an 85-by-140-foot (26 m × 43 m) site and includes a 185-foot-tall (56 m) spire. (Some sources give the spire's height as 180 feet.) The steeple's roof was originally covered in slate shingles, but copper cladding replaced the shingles in 1929, and a new coating of copper replaced the original in 1982.

#### Exterior

The building's stone exterior is made of rusticated black basalt with lighter sandstone trim. The main portion of the building is a gable-roofed auditorium (sanctuary), the main access to which is via a narthex. There are three entrances to the narthex. Two include an arched doorway topped by a pediment, with a trio of stained-glass windows (and smaller, accent windows) above the large wooden doors. One of these entrances faces Alder Street at the base of the tower, at the building's northeast corner. The other, at the building's southeast corner (the opposite end of the narthex), faces 12th Avenue. The third narthex entrance is on the south side of the building and is fitted with a porte-cochère. An additional entrance on the building's north side is located immediately west of the sanctuary and east of the chapel, and is positioned about mid-block on Alder Street. As with the other two original entrances, it has an arched and pedimented doorway with stained-glass windows above the doors. The sanctuary doors are decorated with ornamental brass overlay and leather, and the principle exterior entrance doors feature decorative brass hinges.

Positioned on each side of the main auditorium's gabled roof are two gabled dormers, each with a "rose-like" stained-glass window. A "dormer-like" pavilion (without entrance) is centered in the narthex, below the great window—the church's largest stained-glass window, in the east end of the auditorium.

At the building's west end is a chapel with a transverse gable roof (set at a right angle to the main roof and auditorium), with an arched tracery rose window of stained glass at the south end, where the pulpit is located. At the time of its completion, its floor area was 36 by 77 feet (11 m × 23 m). At its north end, on Alder Street, it has a twin-door entrance, with a narrow sandstone arch above each single door.

#### Interior

The main auditorium is 69.5 by 77 feet (21.2 m × 23.5 m) in size, with a 57-foot-high (17 m) ceiling. The balcony and its stairways were added in 1892. It wraps around three sides of the sanctuary and has an undulating curve in the center, at the rear (east end) of the sanctuary. The church's interior is "richly embellished". The auditorium features extensive use of cherrywood, carved by Nicholas Strahan, for the "chancel, choir loft, and organ", as well as for "the pulpit, pews, ornamentation, and balcony railings". Strahan was from Portland, but had learned his craft in England. The carvings feature Gothic motifs. The pews are laid-out in a semi-circle.

The 57-foot-high ceiling is topped by a timber roof that has "arched braces, hammerbeams, kingposts, tie beams, purlins and rafters, all carved and ornamented, and, like the rest of the woodwork, in a natural finish," as described in the building's nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.

The church's many stained-glass windows were designed by David Povey of Povey Brothers Art Glass Works, of Portland. There are stained-glass windows above every entrance, lining both sides of the sanctuary, lining the narthex, and in the four roof dormers. The dominant, largest window is at the rear of the sanctuary (its east end) and "contains a cross made of chunks of split and fractured glass, with a white dove descending on the cross." Most other windows display biblical fruit and flower motifs. The separate chapel also has Povey windows, including a large rose window at its south end. Most other windows in the chapel are now covered up, those along the west wall by the erection, in 1912, of the three-story ancillary building immediately west of the 1890 building, and those along the south wall as a result of a remodeling of the chapel's interior in 1954.

The current pipe organ is a 52-rank Jaeckel organ dating from 2000. It replaced a Moller organ that had been installed in 1929. The building's original organ was one transferred from the 1864 building at 3rd and Washington streets.

## Church grounds

The parsonage at the southeast corner of 13th Avenue and Alder Street, immediately west of the main building, was demolished and replaced in 1911–1912 by a 3½-story, Tudor-style church hall that houses the church's administrative offices, rooms for Sunday school classes and various other facilities.

The church complex now occupies the entire city block, bounded by 12th and 13th avenues and Alder and Morrison Streets, but this was not the case before 2006. Since 1924, the Danmoore Hotel building had stood in the southeast quadrant of the block, directly abutting the porte-cochère at the church's southernmost entrance, but it was demolished in 2005 to make way for an underground parking garage. In 1988, the 118-room apartment hotel and property, which had been acquired by some of the church's members, was donated to the church, under long-term plans to relocate its residents to replacement housing (known as the Alder House apartments) located kitty-corner from the main church property, and redevelop the site. Following a 2001-launched fundraising campaign among members, plans for the redevelopment came together. The Danmoore's residents were relocated, the building was razed, and a three-story underground parking garage was built in the space, being completed in March 2006. A landscaped plaza designed by Hennebery Eddy Architects was created on top of the parking garage, at street level, and opened at the same time.

1. Portland Historic Landmarks Commission (July 2010), *Historic Landmarks – Portland, Oregon* (XLS), retrieved 2013-11-05.
2. Clyde, Velma (February 26, 1972). "Historic church reflects early architectural goals". *The Oregonian*. p. 22.
3. Paul Hartwig (August 1, 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: First Presbyterian Church of Portland". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
4. "National Register Information System  First Presbyterian Church of Portland (#74002294)". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
5. "Oregon National Register List" (PDF). Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. June 6, 2011. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2018. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
6. Graydon, Charlotte (May 1, 1987). "Church centennial entrenched in history". *The Oregonian*. p. D3.
7. Hardt, Ulrich H. "First Presbyterian Church (Portland)". *The Oregon Encyclopedia*.
8. MacQueen, Joseph (June 2, 1929). "Jubilee Services at Presbyterian Church". *The Sunday Oregonian*. Section 1, p. 18.
9. "The New First Presbyterian Church". *The Daily Oregonian*. May 21, 1864. p. 2.
10. "History". First Presbyterian Church of Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
11. Rubenstein, Sara (June 17, 1997). "Greevey's vision uplifts church: The revitalization of the First Presbyterian Church is a part of the renewal shared by downtown's other historic churches". *The Oregonian*. p. B1.
12. "Improvements \[year-end review of major construction around Portland\]: New Church Buildings". *The Morning Oregonian*. January 1, 1887. p. 11.
13. "Portland Contractor Dies in California". *The Sunday Oregonian*. April 6, 1913. Section 1, p. 9.
14. "Corner Stone Laid: Imposing Ceremonies at the New First Presbyterian Church". *The Morning Oregonian*. May 3, 1887. p. 8.
15. "New Temple of Worship: The Chapel of the First Presbyterian Church Opened for Public Services". *The Morning Oregonian*. May 20, 1889. p. 3.
16. "Historical Lectures: Some Very Interesting Services to be Held at the First Presbyterian Church". *The Morning Oregonian*. October 16, 1890. p. 12.
17. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). *How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda* (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). *How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States* (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
18. King, Bart (2007). *An Architectural Guidebook to Portland* (2nd ed.). Oregon State University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-87071-191-6.
19. "Old Shingles Menace; Copper to be Used on Old Church Steeple". *The Oregonian*. October 10, 1927. p. 10.
20. "Reaching to the heavens \[photograph and caption only\]". *The Oregonian*. August 24, 1982. p. B1.
21. "First Presbyterian plans to dedicate first part of reconstruction program". *The Oregonian*. June 12, 1954. Section 3, p. 3.
22. "Church House Open". *The Sunday Oregonian*. September 29, 1912. Section 1, p. 12.
23. Mayer, James (November 2, 1988). "Danmoore Hotel remains open while church, city decide its fate". *The Oregonian*. p. D15.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First Presbyterian Church of Portland | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Portland Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| First Presbyterian Church in 2008. The chapel is at left and the main sanctuary in the center. | |
| Location within downtown PortlandFirst Presbyterian Church (Portland, Oregon) (Oregon)First Presbyterian Church (Portland, Oregon) (the United States) | |
| Location | 1200 SW Alder Street<br>Portland, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°31′16″N 122°41′03″W / 45.521117°N 122.684271°W / 45.521117; -122.684271 |
| Area | 0.2 acres (0.081 ha) |
| Built | 1886–1890 |
| Architect | William F. McCaw, *et al.* |
| Architectural style | Gothic, High Victorian Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 74002294 |
| Added to NRHP | December 19, 1974 |


title: Sunday Romance

abstract: Sunday Romance is a 1957 Hungarian period romantic drama film directed by Imre Fehér and starring Iván Darvas, Margit Bara and Sándor Pécsi. It is also known by the alternative title In Soldier's Uniform. It was based on the 1931 story of the same title by Sándor Hunyady, which had previously been adapted into the 1938 American film The Girl Downstairs. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest and on location around Eger in Northern Hungary. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mátyás Varga. The film was screened at the 1957 Venice Film Festival. It was one of the most popular films at the era, with over three and a half million admissions at the domestic box office. In 1968 it was voted as one of the Budapest Twelve, the best films made in Communist Hungary.

text:
# Sunday Romance

***Sunday Romance*** (Hungarian: ***Bakaruhában***) is a 1957 Hungarian period romantic drama film directed by Imre Fehér and starring Iván Darvas, Margit Bara and Sándor Pécsi. It is also known by the alternative title ***In Soldier's Uniform***. It was based on the 1931 story of the same title by Sándor Hunyady, which had previously been adapted into the 1938 American film *The Girl Downstairs*. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest and on location around Eger in Northern Hungary. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mátyás Varga.

The film was screened at the 1957 Venice Film Festival. It was one of the most popular films at the era, with over three and a half million admissions at the domestic box office. In 1968 it was voted as one of the Budapest Twelve, the best films made in Communist Hungary.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Liehm, Mira & Liehm, Antonín J. *The Most Important Art: Soviet and Eastern European Film After 1945*. University of California Press, 1980.
* Ostrowska, Dorota, Pitassio, Francesco & Varga, Zsuzsanna. *Popular Cinemas in East Central Europe: Film Cultures and Histories*. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Sunday Romance | |
| --- | --- |
| Soviet poster | |
| Directed by | Imre Fehér |
| Written by | Miklós Hubay |
| Based on | *Bakaruhában* by Sándor Hunyady |
| Produced by | Lajos Óvári |
| Starring | Iván Darvas
Margit Bara
Sándor Pécsi |
| Cinematography | Jean Badal |
| Edited by | Mihály Morell |
| Music by | Tibor Polgár |
| Production
company | Hunnia Filmgyár |
| Release date | * 1 May 1957 (1957-05-01) |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Country | Hungary |
| Language | Hungarian |


title: Pantheon of Asturian Kings

abstract: The Pantheon of Asturian Kings is a chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto in the Cathedral of San Salvador, Oviedo, Spain. It is the burial place of many of the rulers of the medieval kingdoms of Asturias and León. The name Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto alludes to Alfonso II of Asturias, known as "the Chaste", considered the founder of the cathedral. The original royal pantheon was located in the 9th-century Church of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto on the same site. On the initiative of Tomás Reluz, Bishop of Oviedo, that pantheon and the church were demolished in the early 18th century due to their poor state of conservation. Both were rebuilt and reconsecrated in 1712.

text:
# Pantheon of Asturian Kings

The **Pantheon of Asturian Kings** is a chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto in the Cathedral of San Salvador, Oviedo, Spain. It is the burial place of many of the rulers of the medieval kingdoms of Asturias and León.

The name *Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto* ("Our Lady of the Chaste King") alludes to Alfonso II of Asturias, known as *"the Chaste"*, considered the founder of the cathedral. The original royal pantheon was located in the 9th-century Church of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto on the same site. On the initiative of Tomás Reluz, Bishop of Oviedo, that pantheon and the church were demolished in the early 18th century due to their poor state of conservation. Both were rebuilt and reconsecrated in 1712.

## The primitive Pantheon of Kings of the Cathedral of Oviedo

In the 9th century Alfonso II of Asturias, king of Asturias, ordered the erection of a church of Our Lady in his new capital of Oviedo, with the intention of establishing a royal pantheon as a final resting place for himself and his wife, queen Berta. This church later became known in his honor as the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto ("Church of Our Lady of the Chaste King").

The primitive Pantheon of Kings was located in the narthex of the church. Rather than the church being entered through the narthex as is customary, the main entrance was through a doorway in the southern arm of the church, with the narthex being dedicated entirely as a place of entombment for Asturian monarchs.

The primitive pantheon was a small oblong room 20 feet (6.1 m) wide (the same width as the principal nave of the church), 12 feet (3.7 m) deep, and somewhere between 8 feet (2.4 m) and 10 feet (3.0 m) in height. The ceiling was of wood, and over the pantheon was the upper choir of the church, which, as in the churches of San Miguel de Lillo and San Salvador de Valdediós, was located in the narthex. On either side of the royal pantheon were small closet-like rooms, one of which contained the staircase to the choir upstairs. The other small room may have been for storage of items used during religious services. The pantheon was connected to the main sanctuary of the church through a wide door near the main altar of the church; a small window also connected the pantheon to the sanctuary. Both, according to the chroniclers of the time, were closed with heavy iron bars that nearly prevented any sunlight from entering the pantheon.

Humble in appearance, the royal pantheon received the bodies of numerous members of the Asturian-Leonese royal family over the course of several centuries. According to the chroniclers of the period, the tombs were quite close together, to the point where it was not possible to walk between them; for lack of space, some members of the royal family were entombed elsewhere in the church. Not all of the bodies were entombed in the walls or in freestanding tombs; some were buried in the floor, their graves covered by unadorned slabs of stone, in most cases without inscriptions.

Near the staircase connecting the church to the upper choir was a tomb that was much venerated in the 16th century, owing to the widespread belief that saints were buried there. Nonetheless, chronicler Ambrosio de Morales believed that by that time the bodies that had been buried there had been removed to another place. The tomb was covered with a marble slab. A worn and nearly illegible Latin inscription read *"Adepti...Regna Celestia potiti"*. It is impossible to know exactly what the inscription may have originally said, but *Regna Celestia* is "the Kingdom of Heaven" and *adepti* and *potiti* both mean "obtained" or "attained".

In the royal pantheon, near the entrance, some 2 feet (0.61 m) above the floor, was a tomb covered by a roughly worked lid without adornment or inscription. Nonetheless, tradition and the preeminent location of the tomb led to general agreement among historians that it was the tomb of Alfonso II, founder of the church and of the royal pantheon.

Several other members of the Asturian-Leonese royal family were entombed elsewhere in the primitive Church of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto, outside the royal pantheon:

### The campaign of Almanzor

At the greatest extent of Muslim power in Iberia, during the military campaign of Almanzor in the year 986 against the kingdom of León, king Bermudo II of León ("the Gouty") ordered that royal remains be gathered from León, Astorga and other places to the Church of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto to prevent their profanation by the Muslim armies. These remains were placed in seven wooden boxes and brought to the city of Oviedo. There not being sufficient space for them in the royal pantheon, they were placed in the church. The seven boxes contained the remains of the following individuals:

1. King Alfonso III of Asturias ("the Great") and his wife Jimena of Asturias.
2. Ordoño II of León and his wives Elvira Menéndez and Sancha of Pamplona.
3. Ramiro II of León, Sancho I of León, Teresa Ansúrez, Ordoño III of León and Queen Elvira.
4. Fruela II of León and his first wife Nunilo Jiménez.
5. Queen Elvira.
6. Urraca Sánchez, wife of Ramiro II.
7. The seventh box contained the remains of various infantes and infantas.

After the death of Almanzor, and of his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, king Alfonso V of León repopulated the city of León, and moved there the greater part of the remains that his father Bermudo II had brought to Oviedo. Nonetheless the remains of kings Alfonso III and Fruela II and queens Jimena, Munia, Elvira Menéndez, Urraca Sánchez and Teresa Ansúrez remained in the royal pantheon in Oviedo.

## The new Pantheon of Kings of the Cathedral of Oviedo

### History

Toward the end of the 17th century, the pantheon of kings was basically intact but in a poor state of conservation, as was the primitive Church of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto, of which it was part. On May 15, 1696, Charles II of Spain issued a royal decree dedicating all benefices derived from Tanes and Brañalonga to the Cathedral of Oviedo with the intent of contributing to the maintenance and restoration of the primitive church. Some years later, in 1705, the council in charge of the cathedral sent a memorial to the king, indicating the continued poor condition of the church and of the royal pantheon; bishop Tomás Reluz sent an accompanying letter recommending the demolition of the primitive church. The proposal was accepted.

Reluz was the principal instigator of the early 18th century construction of the new chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto. The new pantheon was located between the pillars of the left nave (known in Spanish as the *nave del evangelio*, "the nave of the Gospel"), enclosed by an iron grate, with light entering through an oval. This disposition has been interpreted as a loss of importance for the function of the royal pantheon to the church, favoring instead the function of the church as a Marian sanctuary. Nonetheless, the location of the new royal pantheon at the foot of the left nave allowed a wider central nave for the new structure.

The contract to construct the new chapel was signed November 10, 1705, by Bishop Reluz and master builder Bernabé de Hazas. Construction costs were estimated at 24,000 ducats and the time for construction at three years. On August 2, 1709, the dome of the new Chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto, still under construction at that time, collapsed, causing several deaths. The chapel was completed in 1712, although it was not until 1717 that the picture of the Virgin was moved from the Chapel of Santa Barbara in the Cathedral to the new chapel.

### Description

The Royal Pantheon occupies the last section of the northern side of the chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto in the Cathedral of Oviedo. It is the most sumptuous part of the cathedral complex, richly decorated in carvings of plants and heraldic emblems.

In six niches, among other funerary urns, are the remains of many members of the Asturian-Leonese royal family. A tablet on the chapel wall gives the names of those entombed there, although it contains some errors.

The gratings of the royal pantheon and the church were made by Andrés García Casielles and were put in place in 1713. The grating that closes off access to the Royal Pantheon is adorned with the coat of arms of king Philip V of Spain; a similar grating, but without the royal seal, adorns the Chapel of the Annunciation of the cathedral.

In the center of the Royal Pantheon is a sarcophagus covered by a fifth century marble tombstone. It is the only surviving tomb from the primitive pantheon. Some studies indicate that this sarcophagus was used to transport the remains of the Asturian king Alfonso III ("the Great") and his wife Queen Jimena from the city of Astorga to Oviedo. The sepulchral urn is of ordinary unadorned stone. The overlying cover is marble, coffin-shaped, wider at the head than the feet, and entirely covered in reliefs. A sculpted epitaph in somewhat obscure Latin appears to state that it contains the body of one *Ithacius*

> *INCLVSI TENERVM PRAETIOSO MARMORE CORPVS AETERNAM IN SEDE NOMINIS ITHACII*

At least one possible reading of this is: "I have enclosed a tender body with precious marble in the eternal resting place of the family of Ithacius," but there are various other possibilities (including "...of the fame of Ithacius" and "...by the name of Ithacius"). This tomb was reused in the Royal Pantheon, although the specific identity of the body currently located within it is unclear.

### Kings and queens entombed in the Royal Pantheon

The following members of the Asturian-Leonese royal family are entombed in the baroque urns of the Pantheon, according to various historians:

* Del Arco y Garay, Ricardo (1954). *Sepulcros de la Casa Real de Castilla* (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Instituto Jerónimo Zurita. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
* Elorza, Juan C.; Lourdes Vaquero; Belén Castillo; Marta Negro (1990). *El Panteón Real de las Huelgas de Burgos. Los enterramientos de los reyes de León y de Castilla* (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Editorial Evergráficas S.A. / Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Bienestar Social. ISBN 84-241-9999-5.
* de la Madrid Álvarez, Vidal Ángel (1990). "La construcción de la Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto y Panteón Real de la Catedral de Oviedo". *Liño: Revista anual de historia del arte* (in Spanish) (9). Oviedo: Universidad de Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones y Departamento de Historia del Arte y Musicología: 77–108. ISSN 0211-2574. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

* González, Ana María (1972). "Portada de la capilla del rey Casto". *Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología* (in Spanish). **22**. Oviedo: Universidad de Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones y Facultad de Filología: 67–97. ISSN 0570-7218. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

* González Santos, Javier (1998). *La Catedral de Oviedo* (in Spanish) (first ed.). León: Edilesa. ISBN 84-8012-155-6.


title: The Misandrists

abstract: The Misandrists is a 2017 English-language German drama film directed by Bruce LaBruce. It was screened in the Panorama section at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. The film centres on a radical feminist group plotting a revolution to overthrow patriarchy in Germany. It is thematically linked with LaBruce's shorter film Ulrike's Brain, which premiered in the Berlin Film Festival's Forum program in the same week.

text:
# The Misandrists

***The Misandrists*** is a 2017 English-language German drama film directed by Bruce LaBruce. It was screened in the Panorama section at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival.

The film centres on a radical feminist group plotting a revolution to overthrow patriarchy in Germany. It is thematically linked with LaBruce's shorter film *Ulrike's Brain*, which premiered in the Berlin Film Festival's Forum program in the same week.

## Cast

* Susanne Sachße as Big Mother
* Viva Ruiz as Sister Dagmar
* Kembra Pfahler as Sister Kembra
* Caprice Crawford as Sister Barbara
* Grete Gehrke as Sister Grete

## Reception

On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "*The Misandrists* mounts a memorably gonzo assault on the patriarchy — one whose wild ambition and outré aesthetic are often enough to cover for its uneven execution." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

## InfoBox

| The Misandrists | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Bruce LaBruce |
| Written by | Bruce LaBruce |
| Starring | Susanne Sachße |
| Cinematography | James Carman |
| Edited by | Judy Landkammer |
| Release dates | * 13 February 2017 (2017-02-13) (Berlin) * 2 November 2017 (2017-11-02) (Germany) |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | English |


title: Campamento (San Roque)

abstract: Campamento is a coastal village and district of the municipality of San Roque of the Province of Cádiz, Andalucia, Spain. Although it belongs administratively to San Roque, it is four kilometres south of the centre and is located on the Bay of Algeciras, to the northwest of Gibraltar, and is effectively a northwestern suburb of La Línea de la Concepción. As of 2011 it had 1836 inhabitants. Campamento lies along the motorway Autovía CA-34. The highway CA-2321 links with Guadarranque. A regular bus runs between Campamento and the towns of San Roque and La Línea de la Concepción.

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# Campamento (San Roque)

**Campamento** is a coastal village and district of the municipality of San Roque of the Province of Cádiz, Andalucia, Spain. Although it belongs administratively to San Roque, it is four kilometres south of the centre and is located on the Bay of Algeciras, to the northwest of Gibraltar, and is effectively a northwestern suburb of La Línea de la Concepción. As of 2011 it had 1836 inhabitants.

Campamento lies along the motorway Autovía CA-34. The highway CA-2321 links with Guadarranque. A regular bus runs between Campamento and the towns of San Roque and La Línea de la Concepción.

## History

This neighborhood is named after Spanish troops setting up camp during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. In the seventeenth century the cortijos of Benalife and Buena Vista were established.

## InfoBox

| Campamento | |
| --- | --- |
| Barriada (pedanía) | |
| Campamento Beach | |
| CampamentoLocation in the Province of CádizCampamentoCampamento (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 36°10′41″N 5°22′39″W / 36.17806°N 5.37750°W / 36.17806; -5.37750 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Andalusia |
| Province | Cádiz |
| Comarca | Campo de Gibraltar |
| Municipality | San Roque |
| Judicial district | Algeciras |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,836 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 11368 |
| Dialing code | (+34) 956 |
| Official language(s) | Spanish |


abstract: The First Methodist Episcopal Church of Delta, located at 199 E. Fifth St. in Delta, Colorado, was built in 1910 in the Tudor Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Its parsonage was included as a second contributing building in that listing, and reflects Bungalow/Craftsman architecture. The church has also been known as First Methodist Church of Delta and as Delta United Methodist Church. It was designed by Samuel A. Bullard of Springfield, Illinois architects Bullard & Bullard, or, rather, plans were bought from that company.

text:
# First Methodist Episcopal Church of Delta

The **First Methodist Episcopal Church of Delta**, located at 199 E. Fifth St. in Delta, Colorado, was built in 1910 in the Tudor Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Its parsonage was included as a second contributing building in that listing, and reflects Bungalow/Craftsman architecture. The church has also been known as **First Methodist Church of Delta** and as **Delta United Methodist Church**.

It was designed by Samuel A. Bullard of Springfield, Illinois architects Bullard & Bullard, or, rather, plans were bought from that company.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First Methodist Episcopal Church of Delta | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Colorado State Register of Historic Properties | |
|  | |
| The church in 2013. | |
|  | |
| Location | 199 E. Fifth St., Delta, Colorado |
| Coordinates | 38°44′25″N 108°4′9″W / 38.74028°N 108.06917°W / 38.74028; -108.06917 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1910 |
| Architect | Bullard & Bullard; Samuel A. Bullard |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman, Tudor Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 91000069 |
| CSRHP No. | 5DT.896 |
| Added to NRHP | February 20, 1991 |


title: Carabus maurus maurus

abstract: Carabus maurus maurus is a subspecies of beetle from the family Carabidae, found in Armenia, Georgia, and Turkey. The species are black coloured.

text:
# Carabus maurus maurus

***Carabus maurus maurus*** is a subspecies of beetle from the family Carabidae, found in Armenia, Georgia, and Turkey. The species are black coloured.

## InfoBox

| *Carabus maurus maurus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Carabus* |
| Species: | *C. maurus* |
| Subspecies: | ***C. m. maurus*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Carabus maurus maurus***<br>(Adams, 1817) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Carabus gemellus* Fischer, 1844 "Caucasus" * *Carabus discoideus* Reitter, 1880 * *Carabus alagoensis* Kraatz, 1896 * *Carabus maurulus* Mandl, 1955 "Caucasus" | |


abstract: First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 716 College Avenue in Racine, Wisconsin, United States. It was built in 1852 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was designed by Lucas Bradley.

text:
# First Presbyterian Church (Racine, Wisconsin)

**First Presbyterian Church** is a historic church at 716 College Avenue in Racine, Wisconsin, United States. It was built in 1852 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was designed by Lucas Bradley.

## History

The First Presbyterian Church was among the first religious institutions to be created in Racine. The church was founded in 1839, two years prior to the official incorporation of the village of Racine. In its first years, it frequently outgrew its established meeting places: first a schoolhouse on Main Street between Second and Third Streets, then the unoccupied upper floor of the town jail. The congregation's first church building was dedicated in February 1843. In 1850 the congregation's pastor, the Reverend T.M. Hopkins, and later his successor Rev. Z.M. Humphrey, solicited funds to construct a larger house of worship on the southern edge of the city. The building's cornerstone was laid at 7th Street and College Avenue on May 6, 1851, and the finished building was dedicated June 10, 1852.

The building was designed in a Greek Revival style by architect and church elder Lucas Bradley. Several women in the congregation provided room and board to the builders who constructed the church. The total cost of construction was totaled at $10,600, on top of the $1,200 paid for the land. The church holds 156 pews, 138 on the ground floor and 18 in the balcony. A bell was added to the tower in 1855, which doubled as the city's fire alarm. The church's current organ was purchased in 1886.

Media related to First Presbyterian Church (Racine, Wisconsin) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First Presbyterian Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 716 College Ave., Racine, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 42°43′32″N 87°47′7″W / 42.72556°N 87.78528°W / 42.72556; -87.78528 |
| Area | 0.3 acres (0.12 ha) |
| Built | 1852 (1852) |
| Architect | Lucas Bradley |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 73000093 |
| Added to NRHP | March 20, 1973 |


title: Reuben Ellwood

abstract: Reuben Ellwood was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

text:
# Reuben Ellwood

**Reuben Ellwood** (February 21, 1821  July 1, 1885) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

## Biography

Reuben Ellwood was born in Minden, New York on February 21, 1821, to Abraham and Sarah Ellwood. He attended public schools in New York before moving to DeKalb County, Illinois with his family when he was fifteen. There, he worked for a year as a farmhand to William Miller in Kingston. The next year, he traveled to Geneva to help construct a dam on the Fox River. After working in a Rockford brickyard, Ellwood had saved enough money to purchase a 160-acre (65 ha) farm near Sycamore, which he tended for four years.

He then returned to New York to attend Cherry Valley Seminary. Before graduating, he moved to Glenville, New York to operate a mill. Ellwood became interested in the cultivation of broom corn and ran a successful broom business, employing 130 men. He married Eleanor Vedder in 1849; they had six children. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Schenectady Co.) in 1851 as a Whig. Ellwood was named a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention, the party that he would identify with for the rest of his life. He returned to Sycamore in 1857, engaging in the hardware trade, particularly farm machinery. He invested in local farm implement manufacturers and became one of the wealthiest men in the county. Ellwood continued his political aspirations as U.S. Assessor for the 4th Congressional District of Illinois the first mayor of Sycamore.

Ellwood was elected as a Republican to the 48th United States Congress. He was re-elected to the 49th United States Congress, but before its assembling, he died after a long illness in Sycamore on July 1, 1885. Ellwood was interred in Elmwood Cemetery. His brothers followed him to DeKalb County. Isaac became a prominent barbed wire entrepreneur and Chauncey also served as Sycamore mayor.

## InfoBox

| Reuben Ellwood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 5th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1883  July 1, 1885 | |
| Preceded by | Robert R. Hitt |
| Succeeded by | Albert J. Hopkins |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1821-02-21)February 21, 1821
Minden, New York |
| Died | July 1, 1885(1885-07-01) (aged 64)
Sycamore, Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Craig Lahiff

abstract: Craig Lahiff was an Australian film director. He grew up in the Adelaide suburb of Somerton Park and studied science at the University of Adelaide, then trained as a systems consultant before studying arts in film at Flinders University. He began working in the film industry on crews for movies such as Sunday Too Far Away and The Fourth Wish. After making a number of short films he directed Coda (1987) a TV movie about a serial killer. The following year he earned an AFI nomination for his feature debut Fever, which was not released to cinemas but sold widely on DVD and video and made a profit. Lahiff died on 2 February 2014. At the time of his death he was developing two film noirs with regular producer Helen Leake as part of a film noir trilogy started by Swerve, and a biopic of General Sir John Monash with frequent collaborator Louis Nowra. He had married in 1976 but the marriage was dissolved. He had twin sons, Sean and Daland.

text:
# Craig Lahiff

**Craig Lahiff** (23 April 1947 – 2 February 2014) was an Australian film director. He grew up in the Adelaide suburb of Somerton Park and studied science at the University of Adelaide, then trained as a systems consultant before studying arts in film at Flinders University. He began working in the film industry on crews for movies such as *Sunday Too Far Away* and *The Fourth Wish*.

After making a number of short films he directed *Coda* (1987) a TV movie about a serial killer. The following year he earned an AFI nomination for his feature debut *Fever*, which was not released to cinemas but sold widely on DVD and video and made a profit.

Lahiff died on 2 February 2014. At the time of his death he was developing two film noirs with regular producer Helen Leake as part of a film noir trilogy started by *Swerve*, and a biopic of General Sir John Monash with frequent collaborator Louis Nowra. He had married in 1976 but the marriage was dissolved. He had twin sons, Sean and Daland.

## Filmography

### As director

### As producer

## InfoBox

| Craig Lahiff | |
| --- | --- |
| Craig Lahiff | |
| Born | (1947-04-23)April 23, 1947<br>Adelaide, South Australia, Australia |
| Died | February 2, 2014(2014-02-02) (aged 66) |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | Bachelor of Science |
| Alma mater | University of Adelaide, Flinders University |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Known for | Directing films such as *Coda*, *Fever*, *Heaven's Burning*, and *Swerve* |
| Children | Sean Lahiff, Daland Lahiff (twins) |
| Awards | AFI nomination (1988) |


title: Panama tyrannulet

abstract: The Panama tyrannulet or yellow-green tyrannulet is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is endemic to Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

text:
# Panama tyrannulet

The **Panama tyrannulet** or **yellow-green tyrannulet** (***Phylloscartes flavovirens***) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is endemic to Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## InfoBox

| Panama tyrannulet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | *Phylloscartes* |
| Species: | ***P. flavovirens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phylloscartes flavovirens***
(Lawrence, 1862) | |
|
|  | |


title: Dodairagawa Dam

abstract: Dodairagawa Dam is a gravity dam located in Gunma Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control and water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 27.6 km⁲. The dam impounds about 22 ha of land when full and can store 5100 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1978 and completed in 1992.

text:
# Dodairagawa Dam

**Dodairagawa Dam** is a gravity dam located in Gunma Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control and water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 27.6 km2. The dam impounds about 22 ha of land when full and can store 5100 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1978 and completed in 1992.

## InfoBox

| Dodairagawa Dam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Dodairagawa Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Gunma Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°14′08″N 138°40′42″E / 36.23556°N 138.67833°E / 36.23556; 138.67833 |
| Construction began | 1978 |
| Opening date | 1992 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Gravity |
| Impounds | Ichinokaya River |
| Height | 70 m (230 ft) |
| Length | 300 m (980 ft) |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Arafune Lake |
| Total capacity | 5,100,000 m3 (180,000,000 cu ft) |
| Catchment area | 27.6 km2 (10.7 sq mi) |
| Surface area | 22 hectares |


title: Fionnuala McCormack

abstract: Fionnuala McCormack is an Irish runner who has competed at a range of distance running events. She was the gold medallist at the 2011 and 2012 European Cross Country Championships, becoming the first woman to successfully defend the title. She has represented Ireland in the steeplechase at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics, the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and 2011 World Championships in Athletics, and twice at the European Athletics Championships.

text:
# Fionnuala McCormack

**Fionnuala McCormack** (née **Britton**; born 24 September 1984 in Wicklow) is an Irish runner who has competed at a range of distance running events. She was the gold medallist at the 2011 and 2012 European Cross Country Championships, becoming the first woman to successfully defend the title. She has represented Ireland in the steeplechase at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics, the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and 2011 World Championships in Athletics, and twice at the European Athletics Championships.

## Career

She began her international junior career in cross country running in 2001, highlighted by 33rd place at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in her debut championships in Lausanne. She won a steeplechase silver at the 2006 European Cup and also competed in the event at the European Athletics Championships, being eliminated in the heats. She took the under-23 silver medal at the 2006 European Cross Country Championships at the end of the year. She was fourteenth in the senior race at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – the second best European performer behind Jessica Augusto (12th). She made her global track debut at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and was twelfth in the steeplechase final. She ended the year with a seventh-place finish at the 2007 European Cross Country Championships.

She made her Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing, but did not make the women's steeplechase final. She came eleventh at the 2009 European Cross Country Championships which was held in her home city of Dublin. Britton was also eleventh in the steeplechase final at the 2010 European Athletics Championships. She just missed out on a medal at the 2010 European Cross Country Championships, finishing with the same time as bronze medallist Ana Dulce Félix. She took second place at the Lotto Cross Cup Brussels a week later.

In preparation for the world competition, she ran at the Almond Blossom Cross Country in March 2011 and took second place. She managed 16th place at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Punta Umbría. She ran a personal best of 15:31.26 minutes for the 5000 metres at the FBK Games in June then ran a steeplechase best of 9:37.60 minutes at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York. Britton represented Ireland on the track at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, narrowly being eliminated in the first stage of the steeplechase. In November she came third at the high-level Cross de l'Acier cross country race. In December 2011, she won the gold medal at the 2011 European Cross Country Championships.

She began 2012 with wins at the Great Edinburgh Cross Country and Antrim Cross Country. She expressed her disappointment that the World Cross Country would not be held that year, and stated that she would focus on track running that year instead. In December of that year she became the first woman to defend the continental cross title claiming victory at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships.

In January 2013, Britton retained her Great Edinburgh Cross Country and Antrim Cross Country titles.

On 3 March 2013, she won a bronze medal in the 3000 metres final at the 2013 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Gothenburg. She placed 13th at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, being Europe's top performer in the race and one of only two non-Africans in the top 15 (alongside Neely Spence). She competed mainly in European competitions in the following two seasons, coming fourth at the 2013 European Cross Country Championships, ranking eighth in the 10,000 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, then ending in sixth at the 2014 European Cross Country Championships (and taking a team bronze).

She married in 2015 and began competing as Fionnuala McCormack. Her first success under her married name was a team bronze at the 2015 European Cross Country Championships, where she narrowly missed an individual medal in fourth place behind Karoline Bjerkeli Grøvdal. She finished 5th in the 2019 Chicago Marathon.

In 2019, she competed in the senior women's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. She finished in 18th place.

In December 2022, she qualified for the 2024 Summer Olympics, making her the first Irish woman to participate at five Olympic Games.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Ireland | | | | | |
| 2005 | European U23 Championships | Erfurt, Germany | 9th | 3000 m st. | 10:17.58 |
| | Universiade | İzmir, Turkey | 11th | 3000 m st. | 10:28.37 |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 17th (h) | 3000 m st. | 9:49.20 |
| | European Cross Country Championships | San Giorgio su Legnano, Italy | 2nd | Under-23 race (5.975 km) | 18:56 |
| 2007 | World Cross Country Championships | Mombasa, Kenya | 13th | Senior race (8 km) | 28:45 |
| | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 12th | 3000 m st. | 9:48.09 |
| 2008 | World University Cross Country Championships | Haute NormandieRouen, France | 2nd | Under-23 | 22:39 |
| | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 10th | 3000 m st. | 9:43.57 |
| 2009 | Universiade | Belgrade, Serbia | 6th | 3000 m st. | 9:54.10 |
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 11th | 3000 m st. | 9:45.25 |
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 9th | 3000 m st. | 9:41.17 |
| | European Cross Country Championships | Velenje, Slovenia | 1st | Senior race (8.170 km) | 25:55 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 4th | 10000 m | 32:05.54 |
| | Olympic Games | London, England | 12th | 10,000 m | 31:14.75 |
| | Olympic Games | London, England | 8th | 5000 m | 15:08.57 |
| | European Cross Country Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 1st | Senior race (8.050 km) | 27:45 |
| 2013 | European Indoor Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 3rd | 3000m | 9:00.54 |
| | World Cross Country Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 14th | Senior Race (8 km) | 25:08 |
| | European Cross Country Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | 5th | Senior race (8.050 km) | 26:45 |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zurich, Switzerland | 10th | Marathon | 2:31:46 |
| 2015 | European Cross Country Championships | Hyères, France | 4th | Senior race | 26:00 |
| | | | 3rd | Team race | 83 pts |
| 2016 | European Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 5th | 10,000 m | 31:30.74 |
| | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 20th | Marathon | 2:29.58 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Sapporo, Japan | 25th | Marathon | 2:34:09 |
| 2024 | Olympic Games | Paris, France | 28th | Marathon | 2:30:12 |

## Personal bests

## InfoBox

Fionnuala McCormack
| McCormack at the 2011 European Cross Country Championships in Velenje, Slovenia | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1984-09-24) 24 September 1984<br>Wicklow, Ireland |
| Height | 1.57 m (5 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 43 kg (95 lb) |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Ireland  European Indoor Championships  2013 Gothenburg 3000 m  European Cross Country Championships  2011 Velenje Individual  2012 Budapest Individual  2012 Budapest Team  2014 Samokov Team  2015 Hyères Team | |


title: Campamento Militar Isla Guadalupe

abstract: Campamento Militar Isla Guadalupe is a locality in Ensenada Municipality, Baja California, Mexico. It is located in Guadalupe Island, at an altitude of 640 meters. It is distinguished for being the westmost location in Mexico and Latin America. The 2010 census recorded a population of 213 people on the island. Currently it has fewer than 150 permanent residents. Guadalupe is part of Ensenada delegación, one of the 24 delegaciones or subdivisions of Ensenada Municipality of the Mexican state of Baja California. Ensenada delegación and Chapultepec delegación together form the city of Ensenada, the municipal seat of the namesake municipality. The postal code of Guadalupe Island is 22997.

text:
# Campamento Militar Isla Guadalupe

**Campamento Militar Isla Guadalupe** (translation: *Guadalupe Island Military Camp*) is a locality in Ensenada Municipality, Baja California, Mexico. It is located in Guadalupe Island, at an altitude of 640 meters. It is distinguished for being the westmost location in Mexico and Latin America.

The 2010 census recorded a population of 213 people on the island. Currently it has fewer than 150 permanent residents. Guadalupe is part of Ensenada delegación, one of the 24 delegaciones or subdivisions of Ensenada Municipality of the Mexican state of Baja California. Ensenada delegación and Chapultepec delegación together form the city of Ensenada, the municipal seat of the namesake municipality. The postal code of Guadalupe Island is 22997.

## West Camp Guadaloupe Island

Campo Oeste (“West Camp”, also called Campo Tepeyac, with 15 buildings) is a small community of abalone and lobster fishermen, located on the western coast, specifically on the north side of West Anchorage, a bay that provides protection from the strong winds and swells that whip the islands during winter. Generators provide electricity, and a military vessel brings 30,000 liters of fresh water. The number of fishermen varies annually depending on the fishing season. Ten months of the year the 30 families of the fishing cooperative “Abuloneros and Langosteros of Guadalupe Island” are present.

Campo Bosque was established as a temporary camp in 1999 in the cypress forest in the north. The camp houses members of the Cooperative Farming Society “Francisco Javier Maytorena, S.C. of R.L.” and removes goats from the island and sells them in the State of Sonora, with permission of Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) and the support of the Secretariat of the Navy.

## The Guadaloupe Island Airport

Campo Pista is located at the small airport, near the center of the island (29°01′24.04″N 118°16′21.75″W, elevation:592 m, direction:05/23). Airport Isla Guadalupe (ICAO Code MMGD) has a 1,200-metre-long (3,900 ft) runway. At the end of the runway near threshold 5 is the wreckage of a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar, which overshot the runway during landing. A North American B-25J-30/32 Mitchell, BMM-3501 (c/n 44-86712), bomber wrecked on the opposite end of the runway, after suffering serious damage in trying to take-off overloaded (29°01′36.10″N 118°16′2.98″W). Based on historical Google Earth imagery, this B-25 wreckage appears to have been removed from the location between October 2005 and June 2006.

Because Guadalupe Island is located within a biosphere reserve, anyone visiting the island must obtain a permit from the Mexican government; this means the communities on the island are closed towns.

## InfoBox

| Campamento Militar Isla Guadalupe | |
| --- | --- |
| Campamento Militar Isla GuadalupeLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 28°59′58″N 118°15′32″W / 28.99944°N 118.25889°W / 28.99944; -118.25889 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Baja California |
| Municipality | Ensenada |
| Elevation | 640 m (2,100 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 15 |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Northwest (US Pacific)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (Northwest) |


title: Firebase Wilderness

abstract: Firebase Wilderness, also known as Forward Operating Base Tellier, was a joint U.S.-Afghan outpost in Afghanistan, in the Gerda Serai District of Paktia Province.

text:
# Firebase Wilderness

**Firebase Wilderness**, also known as **Forward Operating Base Tellier**, was a joint U.S.-Afghan outpost in Afghanistan, in the Gerda Serai District of Paktia Province.

## Overview

The strategic position of FB Wilderness enabled U.S. and Afghan forces to provide security along the Khost-Gardez Pass, a critical route through the Sulaiman Mountains, which connects downtown Khost to Gardez City. FB Wilderness was first occupied in late 2006 after being built from scratch by elements of 3rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division. FB Wilderness then served as a base of operations for U.S. military elements, Afghan National Army soldiers from 1st Brigade, 203rd ANA Corps, and Afghan regional policemen. During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, the area of the K-G Pass that Wilderness occupied was the site of frequent mujahedeen attacks on convoys including the Battle for Hill 3234. The historically hostile region was considered a hotbed of activity, especially during the summer months when insurgent forces often targeted Wilderness with mortars and rockets.

In 2007, 82nd Airborne Division paratroopers from 4th Squadron, 73rd Cavalry Regiment and based at FB Wilderness, renamed the firebase to FOB Tellier in honor of their fallen brother, Sergeant Zachary D. Tellier. During a gun battle with insurgent forces in the vicinity of FB Wilderness, SGT Tellier was fatally wounded on Sept. 29, 2007.

In October 2008, the CBS news program *60 Minutes* aired a report by Lara Logan from FB Wilderness titled "Afghanistan: Fighting In A "'Hornet's Nest'".

## U.S. military occupants

Since its establishment in December 2006, U.S. Army units have assumed control of Wilderness, including:

## InfoBox

| Combat Outpost/Firebase Wilderness | |
| --- | --- |
| Gerda Serai District, Paktia Province, Afghanistan | |
| A M777 155 mm howitzer being sling-loaded to a CH-47 Chinook helicopter at Combat Outpost Wilderness, Afghanistan, Oct. 31, 2013 | |
| Combat Outpost/Firebase Wilderness | |
| Coordinates | 33°17′N 69°13′E / 33.28°N 69.22°E / 33.28; 69.22 |
| Type | Fire Support Base |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States
United States Army |
| Site history | |
| Built | 2006 (2006) |
| Built by | Special Troops Battalion,
3rd BCT, 10th MTN DIV |
| In use | 2006–2013 |
| Battles/wars | Operation Enduring Freedom |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | 3rd BCT, 10th MTN DIV
4th BCT, 82nd ABN DIV
4th BCT, 101st ABN DIV
4th BCT, 25th INF DIV
3rd BCT, 101st ABN DIV
3rd BCT, 1st INF DIV |
| Occupants | 203rd Corps, ANA
Embedded Training Teams |


title: Crimson Polaris

abstract: Crimson Polaris was a cargo ship that split in two in August 2021.

text:
# Crimson Polaris

***Crimson Polaris*** was a cargo ship that split in two in August 2021.

## History

*Crimson Polaris* was a cargo ship that was completed in 2008. On 11 August 2021, it ran aground in Hachinohe, Japan nearing the end of a sailing from Thailand carrying 44,000 tonnes of wood chips. The following day it split in two between holds 5 and 6, spilling a trail of oil 24 kilometres (15 mi) long and 800 metres (0.50 mi) wide, with 1,600 tonnes of oil remaining in the ship. The stern sank while the front section was towed to port for unloading.

Media related to IMO 9370783 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Crimson Polaris* at Eureka, California in August 2014 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Crimson Polaris* |
| Owner | Doun Kisen |
| Port of registry |  |
| Launched | 2008 |
| Out of service | 2021 |
| Identification | IMO number: 9370783 |
| Fate | Ran aground and split in two off the coast of Hachinohe, Japan |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 200 m (656 ft 2 in) |
| Beam | 32 m (105 ft 0 in) |
| Draught | 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) |
| Installed power | Diesel engine |


title: Crimson Records

abstract: Crimson Records was an American reissue independent record label founded by Jerry Greene in the early 1960s, and was a sister label of Lost Nite Records. Disc jockey Jerry Blavat was a co-owner of the label until the late 1960s. The label was known for releasing rare and hard-to-find doo-wop and R&B records. During its existence, Crimson released two LPs and approximately 18 singles. The most popular single released by the label was "Expressway to Your Heart" by The Soul Survivors.

text:
# Crimson Records

**Crimson Records** was an American reissue independent record label founded by Jerry Greene in the early 1960s, and was a sister label of Lost Nite Records. Disc jockey Jerry Blavat was a co-owner of the label until the late 1960s. The label was known for releasing rare and hard-to-find doo-wop and R&B records. During its existence, Crimson released two LPs and approximately 18 singles. The most popular single released by the label was "Expressway to Your Heart" by The Soul Survivors.

## Discography

### Albums

* LP-501 *Jerry Blavat Presents Guess What?* by Various Artists (issued December 1966)
* LP-502 *When The Whistle Blows Anything Goes* by The Soul Survivors (issued November 1967)

### Singles

* 1010 "Expressway to Your Heart" by The Soul Survivors
* 1012 "Explosion (In My Soul)" by The Soul Survivors b/w "Dathon's Theme"
* 1016 "Impossible Mission (Mission Impossible)" by The Soul Survivors
* 1008 "I Need Your Love" b/w "Not My Baby" by The Masters (with John Oates)


abstract:
Critical Energy Infrastructure Information (CEII) is specific engineering information such as plant schematics, information transfer ports, or detailed design information about proposed or existing critical infrastructure that meets these criteria:
  - Relates details about the production, generation, transmission, or distribution of energy
  - Could be useful to a person planning an attack on critical infrastructure
  - Is exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act, and
  - Gives strategic information beyond the location of the critical infrastructure

text:
# Critical Energy Infrastructure Information

**Critical Energy Infrastructure Information** (CEII) is specific engineering information such as plant schematics, information transfer ports, or detailed design information about proposed or existing critical infrastructure (physical or virtual) that meets these criteria:

* Relates details about the production, generation, transmission, or distribution of energy
* Could be useful to a person planning an attack on critical infrastructure
* Is exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act, and
* Gives strategic information beyond the location of the critical infrastructure


title: Cranes in the Sky

abstract: "Cranes in the Sky" is a song by American singer-songwriter Solange. Released on October 5, 2016 by Saint Records and Columbia Records, it is the first single from Solange's third album, A Seat at the Table. The song was written by Solange, who co-produced it with Raphael Saadiq. "Cranes in the Sky" is a mid-tempo soul ballad, that lyrically explores the singer's unsuccessful attempts to distract herself from a longstanding pain. The single's accompanying music video was directed by Solange and Alan Ferguson. Following its release, "Cranes in the Sky" debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100. It won the Grammy for Best R&B Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2021, "Cranes in the Sky" was ranked at number 487 on the updated list of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

text:
# Cranes in the Sky

"**Cranes in the Sky**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Solange. Released on October 5, 2016 by Saint Records and Columbia Records, it is the first single from Solange's third album, *A Seat at the Table*. The song was written by Solange, who co-produced it with Raphael Saadiq.

"Cranes in the Sky" is a mid-tempo soul ballad, that lyrically explores the singer's unsuccessful attempts to distract herself from a longstanding pain. The single's accompanying music video was directed by Solange and Alan Ferguson. Following its release, "Cranes in the Sky" debuted at number 74 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It won the Grammy for Best R&B Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2021, "Cranes in the Sky" was ranked at number 487 on the updated list of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

## Background and composition

Solange wrote "Cranes in the Sky" eight years before the album's release, in the aftermath of her break-up with the father of her childwhom she had been with for seven years, since age 13. In 2008, producer and singer Raphael Saadiq handed Solange a CD with a few instrumentals on it. One consisted simply of drums, strings, and bass. Two months later, Solange wrote "Cranes in the Sky" while listening to the instrumentals in a Miami hotel. In 2016, when she had finished writing and creating *A Seat at the Table* in New Iberia, Louisiana, Solange revisited "Cranes in the Sky"—shortly after which she called Raphael and asked if he would help produce a few other songs on the album. Lyrically, the song explores the idea of attempting to avoid the elephant in the room. It describes a person looking to distract themselves in various ways from an unaddressed sadness. In speaking of the title, Solange explains a situation where sudden economic growth turned a once quiet, tranquil town into a busy, construction-infested city, where mechanical cranes block the view of the scenery. She says, "Like so much of America, \[in that town\] there was just so much real estate development. And, literally everywhere that I looked, I saw a crane in the sky. You could not look down any street without seeing dozens and dozens of them, and it felt very heavy. They were an eyesore \[...\] and so disruptive to a place that I found peace in." She continued, saying that "all this excessive building" was not "really dealing with what was in front of us".

## Critical reception

"Cranes in the Sky" was ranked at number 7 on *Rolling Stone*'s "50 Best Songs of 2016" list: "Solange drops a song that can always stop you dead in your tracks, no matter where or when you hear it – describing the kind of sadness she can't escape by crying, drinking, sexing or shopping it away. The music builds from quiet meditation – that Raphael Saadiq bass – into towering soul." *Billboard* ranked "Cranes in the Sky" at number 12 on their "100 Best Pop Songs of 2016" list: "Post-adolescent angst has rarely been as pretty as Solange makes it sound in this delicate, lilting single — which you're as likely to hear on Hot 97 as at your local coffee shop. An orchestral beat from Raphael Saadiq supports the song's lyrical quest for serenity, creating a sort of musical safe space for the beautiful, uncluttered respite that Solange spends the single desperately searching for." *Pitchfork* listed "Cranes in the Sky" as the 3rd best song of 2016. In the annual *Village Voice*'s Pazz & Jop mass critics poll of the year's best in music in 2016, "Cranes in the Sky" was also ranked at number 3. In 2018, NPR ranked the song as the 12th greatest song by a female or nonbinary artist in the 21st century.

## Awards and nominations

During 17th BET Awards, "Cranes in the Sky" was nominated for and won the BET Centric Award. "Cranes in the Sky" also won the Grammy for Best R&B Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards.

## Music video

The music video for "Cranes in the Sky" was directed by Solange and Alan Ferguson, and released on October 2, 2016 alongside the music video for "Don't Touch My Hair."

## Commercial performance

In the United Kingdom the song charted at number 29 on the UK R&B Singles chart on October 7, 2016. In the week of October 22, 2016, "Cranes in the Sky" debuted at number 74 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and 28 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the United States.

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *A Seat at the Table*.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 30 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 29 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 74 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 28 |
|
| US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 23 |
|

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Cranes in the Sky" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Solange | |
| from the album  *A Seat at the Table* | |
| Released | October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05) |
| Recorded | * 2008-16 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:10 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Solange Knowles |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Solange singles chronology | |
| "Electric Lady"
(2014) "**Cranes in the Sky**"
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Cranes in the Sky" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Cranes of Great Britain

abstract: Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes. Two species occur as wild birds in Great Britain: the common crane, a scarce migrant and very localised breeding resident currently being reintroduced to the country, and the sandhill crane, an extreme vagrant from North America. A third species, the demoiselle crane, has been recorded on a number of occasions, but these birds have not generally been accepted as being of wild origin. A number of other species are kept in captivity, resulting in the possibility of escapees being seen.

text:
# Cranes of Great Britain

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes. Two species occur as wild birds in Great Britain: the common crane (*Grus grus*), a scarce migrant and very localised breeding resident currently being reintroduced to the country, and the sandhill crane (*Antigone canadensis*), an extreme vagrant from North America. A third species, the demoiselle crane (*Grus virgo*), has been recorded on a number of occasions, but these birds have not generally been accepted as being of wild origin.

A number of other species are kept in captivity, resulting in the possibility of escapees being seen.

## Common crane

### Historical occurrence

The common crane (*Grus grus*) is generally believed to have been a breeding bird in Britain in the Middle Ages. English people prized cranes as the "noblest quarry" for a falconer, and gladly ate them. In December 1212 King John flew his gyrfalcons at cranes at Ashwell, in Cambridgeshire, and killed seven, and on another occasion in Lincolnshire in February 1213 he brought down nine. A banquet to celebrate George Neville's enthronement as Archbishop of York in 1465 supposedly included 204 cranes. An Act of Parliament of 1533 included a measure that made the taking of cranes' eggs an offence, punishable by a fine, and there are five mentions in the "Household book of the L'Estrange family" of the supply of cranes for their larder between 1519 and 1533.

Confusion arises about the identity of these birds as the grey heron was, and still is, known as "crane" in many parts of rural England.

English place names with the prefix "cran" are not infrequent, and derive from the bird, for example the name of Cranfield in Bedfordshire derives from the Anglo-Saxon *crane feld* \- open country frequented by cranes.

### Migrant status

Common crane is a scarce spring and autumn migrant to Britain, with occasional birds remaining in winter or summer.

### Recolonisation of Norfolk Broads

In the late 20th century, common crane recolonised the Norfolk Broads; the species has now established a resident population of some 20 individuals. This population is centred on the northeastern part of the Broads, in the Sea Palling / Horsey / Hickling area.

The origins of this population can be traced to 15 September 1979, when two birds appeared near Hickling Broad; these two were joined by a third bird on 10 October. On 7 October, a crane with a rubber object wrapped around its bill was found in the Irstead / Horning area. It was taken into care and released on Horsey in March 1980, temporarily bringing the population to four.

#### 1980s

By the end of April 1980, only two birds remained; however, these birds stayed throughout 1980 and 1981, and in 1982 raised a single young, the first successful breeding in Britain for around four hundred years. A second young was raised in 1983, but disappeared before the end of the year. An additional bird joined the group on 16 August 1982, and remained with them until at least 1987.

Further breeding attempts were made from 1985 through until the end of the 1980s, those in 1986 and 1988 being successful, with one young each raised. In addition, further migrant birds joined the flock; not all stayed, however both the wintering and summering populations steadily grew, as shown below:

| **Winter** | 1979/80 | 1980/1 | 1981/2 | 1982/3 | 1983/4 | 1984/5 | 1985/6 | 1986/7 | 1987/8 | 1988/9 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Maximum winter count** | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 9 |
| **Summer** | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |
| **Number of pairs attempting to breed** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Number of young raised** |  |  | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

#### 1990s

During most of the 1990s, the population remained steady; however with several successful breeding attempts in the late 1990s, the population began to climb into double figures. Data on the 1990s' populations and breeding activity are as follows:

| **Winter** | 1989/90 | 1990/1 | 1991/2 | 1992/3 | 1993/4 | 1994/5 | 1995/6 | 1996/7 | 1997/8 | 1998/9 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Maximum winter count** | 8 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 11 |
| **Summer** | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| **Number of pairs attempting to breed** |  |  |  |  | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| **Number of young raised** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |

#### 2000s

| **Winter** | 1999/00 | 2000/1 | 2001/2 | 2002/3 | 2003/4 | 2004/5 | 2005/6 | 2006/7 | 2007/8 | 2008/9 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Maximum winter count** | 13 | 11 | 16 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 34 | 35 |  |  |
| **Summer** | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| **Number of pairs attempting to breed** | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 10 |
| **Number of young raised** | 0 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |

### 2000s

Aside from in Norfolk above, there were pairs at two localities in Yorkshire in 2002, one of which was observed displaying.

A pair nested in 2007 at Lakenheath Fen in Suffolk. A second pair was also present, but did not breed.

A pair bred successfully on the Humberhead Levels in 2008 and 2009, rearing one chick each time. Two young hatched in each year but one from each brood was predated, probably by foxes. A pair bred and reared one young in the Nene Washes in 2010. (RSPB)

The British Trust for Ornithology estimated in 2017 that the UK breeding population of cranes is 10 pairs. 52 cranes were identified in the UK in winter, and 37 cranes were recorded as passage migrants. The European population of cranes in summer was estimated to be 50 to 70 thousand pairs.

From 2016 to 2021 there has been a significant increase in the UK population, with over a hundred chicks born in this period. 2020 was a record year, with 64 pairs, of which 56 attempted to breed, and 23 young were fledged. In the autumn of 2020 there were 78 cranes seen roosting in the Nene Washes: the highest modern-day count in Britain, since a flock of about 100 birds on migration were seen passing by in Sussex in October 1963. About half of the cranes in Britain derive from naturally arriving migrants, the other half were re-introduced (see below).

#### Scotland

The common crane's presence in Scotland in the Iron Age and Medieval periods has been confirmed by archaeological evidence but after these periods they were extremely rare. Numbers increased during the late 20th century and common cranes were confirmed to breed in North East Scotland in 2012, the breeding population increased to five pairs by 2020. The Scottish breeders prefer lowland raised bogs set in areas of mixed farmland. The Scottish birds are thought to have originated from expanding continental populations independently of the recolonisation of eastern England.

#### Great Crane Project

In 2009, the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, The RSPB and the Pensthorpe Conservation Trust, with funding from Viridor Credits, began a partnership project to re-establish a breeding population of cranes at a new wetland site. A rearing facility or "crane school" was set up at WWT Slimbridge; this consists of a 1-acre (4,000 m2) marsh garden designed to rear crane chicks between 2010 and 2014 in as close to a wild environment as possible. A pre-release enclosure was also constructed on the Somerset Levels. Although the cranes are hand-reared, all humans having contact with the birds wear special grey cover-all smocks, complete with hoods, and feed the cranes using plaster cast crane heads mounted onto litter picker handles. Approximately 20 cranes are reared and released each year. The first cranes were released in 2010 with annual releases planned up until 2014. The cranes are released in Somerset, on the Somerset Levels and Moors, where the project is also working with farmers and landowners to create suitable breeding areas for the birds. A pair of cranes from the project laid the first egg in 2013.

## Sandhill crane

The Sandhill crane (*Antigone canadensis*) is native to North America and Siberia, and a very rare vagrant in Britain, having been recorded just four times, twice in Shetland:

* a first-summer on Fair Isle on 26 & 27 April 1980
* a first-summer bird at Exnaboe from 17 to 27 September 1991 (this bird was subsequently seen in the Netherlands)
* a bird in Orkney in 2009
* an adult was first spotted in Aberdeenshire on 22 September 2011. It then moved south through Northumberland, Cleveland, North Yorkshire and Lincolnshire before settling again in Suffolk on 2 October 2011.

Elsewhere in Europe, there are records of sandhill crane from Galley Head, County Cork, Ireland in September 1905, and from the Faroe Islands on 14 October 1980.

## Demoiselle crane

Demoiselle crane (*Grus virgo*) has been recorded a number of times – in Cumbria, Dorset, Hampshire, Kent, Lanarkshire, Lancashire, Lothian, Norfolk, Orkney, the Western Isles and Yorkshire. The origin of these birds is not known, and they have not been accepted onto the British List.

1. Stanbury, Andrew (2 February 2021). "Wetland Success". *the Great Crane Project*. Damon Bridge. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
2. Holloway, Simon (1996). *The Historical Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland*. T. & A. D. Poyser. p. 433.
3. http://www.cranfieldexpress.co.uk/history/history1.html Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine A History of Cranfield (accessed on 29 November 2008)
4. "Crane (*Grus grus*)". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
5. Gantlett, Steve (1991). "The Cranes of Broadland". *Birding World*. **4** (2): 66–68.
6. Ogilvie, Malcolm & Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2002). "Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2000". *British Birds*. Vol. 95, no. 11. p. 564.
7. Ogilvie, Malcolm & Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2003). "Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2001". *British Birds*. Vol. 96, no. 10. p. 502.
8. Ogilvie, Malcolm & Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2004). "Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2002". *British Birds*. Vol. 97, no. 10. p. 518.
9. Holling, Mark & Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2009). "Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2006". *British Birds*. Vol. 102. p. 182.
10. Holling, Mark & Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2010). "Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2007" (PDF). *British Birds*. Vol. 103. pp. 32–33.
11. Holling, Mark & Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2010). "Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2008" (PDF). *British Birds*. Vol. 103. p. 517.
12. Holling, Mark & Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2011). "Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2009" (PDF). *British Birds*. Vol. 104. p. 511.
13. RSPB article Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (accessed on 18 May 2007)
14. Eastern Daily Press article Archived 19 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine (accessed on 18 May 2007)
15. Cranes breed again at Yorkshire reserve
16. Amanda Biggins & Hwyel Maggs (2021). "The occurrence and recolonisation of common cranes in Scotland". *British Birds*. **114** (7): 397–414.
17. http://www.thegreatcraneproject.org.uk The Great Crane Project (accessed on 7 June 2013)
18. "First crane egg in 400 years laid at Slimbridge". *BBC News*. Gloucestershire. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
19. Ellis, Pete (1991). "The Sandhill crane in Shetland". *Birding World*. **4** (9): 322–323.
20. Evans, Lee G. R. (1994). *Rare Birds in Britain 1800-1990*. Lgre Publications. ISBN 978-1898918004.

Information on the re-colonisation of the Norfolk Broads was sourced from:

* Buxton, John; Durdin, Chris (2011). *The Norfolk Cranes’ Story*. Horsey Estate. ISBN 978-1-9998386-5-2.
* Norwich and Norfolk Naturalists Society (2005) Norfolk Bird and Mammal Reports 1988 - 2004
* Taylor, Moss, Michael Seago, Peter Allard and Don Dorling (1999) *The Birds of Norfolk* Pica Press (pp. 229–231)


title: Super Robot Wars NEO

abstract: Super Robot Wars NEO Super Robot Wars NEO is a 2009 tactical role-playing game developed by Sazanami and published by Namco Bandai Games for the Wii.

text:
# Super Robot Wars NEO

***Super Robot Wars NEO*** is a 2009 tactical role-playing game developed by Sazanami and published by Namco Bandai Games for the Wii.

## Gameplay

*NEO* is the first *Super Robot Wars* title to appear on the Wii. *NEO* carries on from *Super Robot Wars GC* and *Super Robot Wars XO* by using 3D models for the battle animations, rather than the standard 2D sprite animation which the *Super Robot Wars* series is known for. *NEO* also stands out as the many anime series featured were shows aimed at a younger audience, three of the titles making a debut: *Haō Taikei Ryū Knight*, *NG Knight Lamune & 40* and *Shippū! Iron Leaguer* originated in the early-to-mid-90s "chibi robo" style of robot anime marketed to children, in which the robots were presented with super-deformed proportions. Most of the Eldran series also make their first appearance in this game.

*Super Robot Wars NEO* introduces many new gameplay features to the *Super Robot Wars* franchise, such as a gridless map system, wherein movement is displayed as a radius as opposed to a number of squares on the grid. Movement is possible in any direction, terrain barriers and blocking units notwithstanding.

*NEO* also introduces a new battle system, in which most common attacks take place on the map instead of cutting away to the battle screen. Additionally, terrain barriers such as walls can restrict the range of many attacks. Certain attacks have effects that directly influence the map: attacking all targets in a straight line while moving the attacker past them, travelling over terrain barriers to hit enemies behind them, or pushing enemies back, possibly incurring damage if they hit walls or are pushed off ledges.

## Reception

1. "スーパーロボット大戦NEOのレビュー・評価・感想". *Famitsu* (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.

## InfoBox

| Super Robot Wars NEO | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Sazanami |
| Publisher(s) | Namco Bandai Games |
| Series | *Super Robot Wars*. |
| Platform(s) | Wii |
| Release | * JP: 29 October 2009 |
| Genre(s) | Tactical role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |