title: Carriage of Goods by Sea Act

abstract: The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA) is a United States statute governing the rights and responsibilities between shippers of cargo and ship-owners regarding ocean shipments to and from the United States. It is the U.S. enactment of the International Convention Regarding Bills of Lading, commonly known as the "Hague Rules". It was found in Title 46 Appendix of the United States Code, starting at Section 1301, but has been moved to a note in 46 United States Code 30701. The United States Congress, concerned that the Hague Rules did not offer shippers enough protection against damage to cargo by shipowners, amended the Hague Rules in a number of minor, but important, ways. It increased the amount that shipowners would have to pay cargo owners for damage in transit from GBP 100 per package to US$500 per package or, for goods not shipped in packages, per customary freight unit. This "package limitation" has become one of the most contentious and litigious areas in the field of cargo damage, particularly as it relates to the transportation of goods by ocean shipping containers.

text:
# Carriage of Goods by Sea Act

The **Carriage of Goods by Sea Act** (**COGSA**) is a United States statute governing the rights and responsibilities between shippers of cargo and ship-owners regarding ocean shipments to and from the United States. It is the U.S. enactment of the International Convention Regarding Bills of Lading, commonly known as the "Hague Rules". It was found in Title 46 Appendix of the United States Code, starting at Section 1301, but has been moved to a note in 46 United States Code 30701.

The United States Congress, concerned that the Hague Rules did not offer shippers enough protection against damage to cargo by shipowners, amended the Hague Rules in a number of minor, but important, ways. It increased the amount that shipowners would have to pay cargo owners for damage in transit from GBP 100 per package to US$500 per package or, for goods not shipped in packages, per customary freight unit. This "package limitation" has become one of the most contentious and litigious areas in the field of cargo damage, particularly as it relates to the transportation of goods by ocean shipping containers.

## History of limitation of liability for cargo damage

At the time of the passage of COGSA, most cargo was shipped in boxes, crates, and bags. Shortly after its passage, cargo owners determined that cargo could be handled more efficiently if placed on pallets, a process that results in numerous boxes or bags of cargo being consolidated on a single pallet. Shipowners, seeing an opportunity to reduce their liability for cargo damage, argued to the courts that the pallets were now "packages" and that they were entitled to limit their liability to $500 per pallet. Some courts agreed.

Later, shipowners began offering cargo owners the opportunity to ship their cargoes in large ocean shipping containers. The containers came in two sizes  8 feet (2.4 m) high x 8 feet (2.4 m) wide x 20 feet (6.1 m) long (2.4 m x 2.4 m x 6 m) or 8 x 8 x 40 feet (12 m) long. The term "Twenty-foot equivalent unit" or TEU derived from this size - a TEU was a space aboard a ship that was 8 feet (2.4 m) wide by 8 feet (2.4 m) high by 20 feet (6.1 m) long.

Shipowners, again seeing an opportunity to limit their liability, began arguing that the containers were "packages" and that they could limit their liability to $500 per container, even though the contents of a container may be valued at over $500,000. Again, some courts agreed.

It is this imbalance, both in the relative bargaining power of cargo owners, and the superior bargaining power of shipowners, and the imbalance between $500 per container and the true value of a shipment which has led to countless lawsuits and judicial opinions over the "package limitation" problem.

The rest of the world, seeing this as an attempt by shipowners to free themselves from responsibility for protecting cargo, amended the Hague Rules in 1968 with the Visby Amendments which eliminated the "per package" limitation and substituted a limitation per kilogram. In so doing, litigation concerning limitations on liability became virtually non-existent outside the United States. However, Congress failed to pass the Visby Amendments to the Hague Rules.

## Limitation of liability for cargo not shipped in packages

Many types of cargo are not shipped in packages such as automobiles, yachts, cranes, and heavy construction equipment. For those cargoes, Congress had intended the limitation on liability for shipowners to be $500 per 100 cubic feet (2.8 m3).

At the time of the passage of COGSA the customary freight unit for most cargo was the "revenue ton" - the number of long tons (2240 lb, 1017 kg) or measurement tons (100 cubic feet) that would produce the most revenue for the shipowner. For example, a cargo of aluminium ingots, which were not packaged for shipment, would be heavy and dense, so the customary freight unit for aluminum ingots would be the long ton, a measurement of weight. By comparison, a shipment of canoes, which were not packaged for shipment, would be light but would take up a large volume, ensuring the customary freight unit would be the measurement ton of 100 cubic feet (2.8 m3). If a canoe were 2 feet (0.61 m) wide by 2 feet (0.61 m) high by 10 feet (3.0 m) long (0.6 m x 0.6 m x 3 m), its measurement would be 40 cubic feet (2 x 2 x 10) which would be one measurement ton (anything less than 100 would be 1 by default) and hence the limitation would be $500 per canoe.

The courts, possibly believing that Congress' approach was too cumbersome, jettisoned the word "customary" from the phrase "customary freight unit" and decided that whatever freight unit the shipowner applied would be the freight unit for determining the limitation on liability. Again, seeing an opportunity to limit their liability for cargo damage, shipowners began freighting all cargo by unit, rather than by units of weight or measurement. Consequently, an automobile which might have a volume of 400 cubic feet (15 m3), or 4 measurement tons, which would previously entitle the carrier to a limitation of $2000, was now freighted as "one automobile" thereby reducing the shipowner's liability from $2000 per automobile to $500.


title: School of Nursing of Pontevedra

abstract: The Pontevedra Nursing School is a university school founded in 1974 in the Spanish city of Pontevedra, based in the city centre, on the premises of the Pontevedra Provincial Hospital. The school belongs to the Pontevedra Campus, integrated in the Galician University System and attached to the University of Vigo. It offers undergraduate studies in Nursing.

text:
# School of Nursing of Pontevedra

The **Pontevedra Nursing School** is a university school founded in 1974 in the Spanish city of Pontevedra, based in the city centre, on the premises of the Pontevedra Provincial Hospital.

The school belongs to the Pontevedra Campus, integrated in the Galician University System and attached to the University of Vigo. It offers undergraduate studies in Nursing.

## History

The Pontevedra School of Nursing has its origins in the former Red Cross School of Technical Health Assistants (ATS), created in 1974. This nursing school was created by the impulse of the high school teacher and delegate president of the Red Cross of Pontevedra Marcelino Jiménez Jiménez, the director of the provincial hospital of Pontevedra Manuel Castro-Rial Canosa and the president of the provincial council of Pontevedra José Luis Peláez Casalderrey and was created by the provincial council of Pontevedra. The Ministerial Order of 19 September 1974 of the Ministry of Education authorised the provisional operation of the school.

In 1975, with the decree of 28 January 1975, the creation of the School of Technical Health Assistants (ATS) of Pontevedra was authorised and its academic and theoretical-practical activities were established in the "Grand Provincial Hospital" of the Provincial Council, it was attached to the Faculty of Medicine of Santiago de Compostela and its regulations were approved. A few months later, by the decree of 2 April 1975, the School of Technical Health Assistants was created at the Montecelo Social Security Health Residence in Pontevedra (now Montecelo Hospital) and was also attached to the Faculty of Medicine of Santiago de Compostela, and its regulations were approved.

In 1978, by Royal Decree 3117/1978 of 10 November, the ATS School of the Deputation of Pontevedra was transformed into a University School of Nursing and was attached to the University of Santiago de Compostela, thus offering university degree studies.

In 1990, by decree of the Regional Ministry of Education and University Teaching for the separation of the centres and services of the University of Santiago de Compostela, in its article 1, the school was attached to the new University of Vigo.

The school was located in the former provincial hospice in Sierra Street until 1993, when it moved to the fourth and fifth floors of one of the buildings of the provincial hospital of Pontevedra.

Since September 2011, the school offers a nursing degree organised in four academic years, in line with the implementation of the Bologna Process or the European Higher Education Area (EHEA).

## Programmes

The school offers a Bachelor's degree in nursing.

## Direction team

The director of the nursing school since 2010 is Miguel Ángel Piñón Cimadevila. The deputy director is María Paz Diéguez Montes and the secretary is María Teresa Hermo Gonzalo. The university delegate is Rafael Durán Barbosa.

## Organization

The nursing school is owned by the Provincial Council of Pontevedra, at a cost of 500,000 euros per year.

The school is governed by a governing board composed, among others, of the director of the school, the president of the provincial council of Pontevedra, the director of the university hospital complex of Pontevedra and a delegate from the university.

## InfoBox

School of Nursing of Pontevedra
| Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería de Pontevedra | |
| --- | --- |
| Provincial Hospital of Pontevedra where the nursing school is located. | |
| Type | Public School |
| Established | 1974 |
| Parent institution | University of Vigo |
| Affiliation | Pontevedra Campus |
| Students | 220 |
| Location | Pontevedra, Spain<br>42°25′40.9″N 8°38′14.3″W / 42.428028°N 8.637306°W / 42.428028; -8.637306 |
| Campus | City centre |
| Website |  |


title: Bihpur Assembly constituency

abstract: Bihpur is one of 243 constituencies of legislative assembly of Bihar. It is a part of the Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Gopalpur, Pirpainti, Kahalgaon, Bhagalpur and Nathnagar.

text:
# Bihpur Assembly constituency

**Bihpur** is one of 243 constituencies of legislative assembly of Bihar. It is a part of the Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Gopalpur, Pirpainti, Kahalgaon, Bhagalpur and Nathnagar.

## Overview

Bihpur comprises CD Blocks Narayanpur, Bihpur & Kharik.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | Raghunandan Prasad Jha |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1957 | Prabhu Narayan Roy |  | Communist Party of India |
| 1962 | Sukdeo Choudhary |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | Gyaneshwar Prasad Yadav |  | Bharatiya Jana Sangh |
| 1969 | Prabhu Narayan Roy |  | Communist Party of India |
| 1972 | | | |
| 1977 | Sitaram Singh Azad | | |
| 1980 | Rajendra Prasad Sharma |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1990 | Brahmadeo Mandal |  | Janata Party |
| 1995 | |  | Janata Dal |
| 2000 | Shailesh Kumar Mandal |  | Rashtriya Janata Dal |
| 2005 | | | |
| 2005 | | | |
| 2010 | Kumar Shailendra |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2015 | Varsha Rani |  | Rashtriya Janata Dal |
| 2020 | Kumar Shailendra |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results

### 2020

Bihar Assembly election, 2020: Bihpur
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | RJD |  |  |  |  |
|  | JD(U) |  |  |  |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above |  |  |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | **gain** from | | Swing |  |  |

### 2015

Bihar assembly elections, 2015: Bihpur
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **RJD** | **Varsha Rani** | **68,963** | **48.39** |  |
|  | BJP | Kumar Shailendra | 56,247 | 39.46 |  |
|  | IND | Lal Bahadur Singh | 4,141 | 2.91 |  |
|  | None of the Above | None of the Above | 3,565 | 2.50 |  |
| Turnout | | | 138,963 | 57.99 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 245,811 |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Bihpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 152 for the Bihar Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | East India |
| State | Bihar |
| District | Bhagalpur |
| LS constituency | Bhagalpur |
| Established | 1951 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 17th Bihar Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Varsha Rani** | |
| Party | RJD |
| Elected year | 2020 |


title: Culture of Slovakia

abstract: The culture of Slovakia is influenced by its Catholic culture, its various folk traditions, and its location in Central Europe. Slovakian culture shares certain similarities with the cultural traditions of its neighbouring countries: Poland, Ukraine, Hungary, Austria and Czech Republic.

text:
# Culture of Slovakia

The **culture of Slovakia** is influenced by its Catholic culture, its various folk traditions, and its location in Central Europe. Slovakian culture shares certain similarities with the cultural traditions of its neighbouring countries: Poland, Ukraine, Hungary, Austria and Czech Republic.

## Folk tradition

Folk tradition has rooted strongly in Slovakia and is reflected in literature, music, dance and architecture. The prime example is a Slovak national anthem, *"Nad Tatrou sa blýska"*, which is based on a melody from *"Kopala studienku"* folk song.

Manifestation of Slovak folklore culture is the "*Východná*" Folklore Festival. It is the oldest and largest nationwide festival with international participation, which takes place in Východná annually. Slovakia is usually represented by many groups but mainly by SĽUK (*Slovenský ľudový umelecký kolektív—Slovak folk art collective*). SĽUK is the largest Slovak folk art group, trying to preserve the folklore tradition.

An example of wooden folk architecture in Slovakia can be seen in the well preserved village of Vlkolínec which has been the UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993. The Prešov Region preserves the world's most remarkable folk wooden churches. Most of them are protected by Slovak law as cultural heritage, but some of them are on the UNESCO list too, in Bodružal, Hervartov, Ladomirová and Ruská Bystrá.

The best known Slovak hero, found in many folk mythologies, is Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713) (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). The legend says he was taking from the rich and giving to the poor. Jánošík's life was depicted in a list of literature works and many movies throughout the 20th century. One of the most popular is a film *Jánošík* directed by Martin Frič in 1935.

## Art

Visual art in Slovakia is represented through painting, drawing, printmaking, illustration, arts and crafts, sculpture, photography or conceptual art. The Slovak National Gallery founded in 1948, is the biggest network of galleries in Slovakia. Two displays in Bratislava are situated in Esterházy Palace (*Esterházyho palác*) and the Water Barracks (*Vodné kasárne*), adjacent one to another. They are located on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town.

The Bratislava City Gallery, founded in 1961 is the second biggest Slovak gallery of its kind. It stores about 35,000 pieces of Slovak and international art and offers permanent displays in Pálffy Palace and Mirbach Palace, located in the Old Town. Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is situated near Čunovo waterworks (part of Gabčíkovo Waterworks). Other major galleries include: Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art (Warhol's parents were from Miková), East Slovak Gallery, Ernest Zmeták Art Gallery, Zvolen Castle.

## Architecture

The buildings were constructed from various building materials with characteristic architecture. In the more mountainous parts of Slovakia it was often wood. The roofs were covered with wooden shingles and ornate gables. For the construction of simpler dwellings was also used clay with straw. Such buildings were typical especially for the southern parts of Slovakia, Záhorie and Považie. Earthen buildings were built by "charging" technology, when the induced clay was compressed, charged perpendicularly between the slab formwork, creating both the peripheral and transverse walls of the house.

The typical architecture of individual regions is preserved by the folk architecture conservation reserves. The most famous are Velké Leváre, Brhlovce, Sebechleby, Čičmany, Špania Dolina, Vlkolínec, Podbiel and Ždiar. There are currently 10 open-air museums in Slovakia. They are located in various parts of the country: Museum of the Slovak Village in Martin on Turci, Vychylovka in Kysuce, Zuberec in Orava, Pribylina in Liptov, Svidník in Saris, Humenne in Zemplin, Nitra in the Danube region, etc.

There are also many castles, chateaus, churches, manor houses and other cultural monuments in Slovakia. According to some sources, Slovakia has the highest concentration of castles per capita. A more durable stone was used in their construction. Interesting are also urban monument reserves, which are in most of historical cities: Bratislava, Banska Stiavnica, Kosice, Bardejov, Levoca, Banska Bystrica and others. An integral part of Slovak architecture are wooden churches, which have been built on the local territory since the second half of the 15th century. At present, there are around 40 wooden churches in Slovakia. Not all of them are accessible and some of them are part of open-air museums.

## Literature

For a list of notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.

Christian topics include: poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels, partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic, *Zakon sudnyj ljudem*.

Medieval literature, in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries, was written in Latin, Czech and Slovakised Czech. Lyric (prayers, songs and formulas) was still controlled by the Church, while epic was concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz, author of the Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus, both of them Hungarians. The worldly literature also emerged and chronicles were written in this period.

There were two leading persons who codified the Slovak language. The first was Anton Bernolák whose concept was based on the western Slovak dialect in 1787. It was the codification of the first ever literary language of Slovaks. The second was Ľudovít Štúr, whose formation of the Slovak language took principles from the central Slovak dialect in 1843.

Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries and reformists, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.

## Cuisine

Traditional Slovak cuisine is based mainly on pork, poultry (chicken is the most widely eaten, followed by duck, goose, and turkey), flour, potatoes, cabbage, and milk products. It is relatively closely related to Hungarian, Czech and Austrian cuisine. On the east it is also influenced by Ukrainian cuisine. In comparison with other European countries, "game meat" is more accessible in Slovakia due to vast resources of forest and because hunting is relatively popular. Boar, rabbit, and venison are generally available throughout the year. Lamb and goat are eaten but are not widely popular.

The traditional Slovak meals are bryndzové halušky, bryndzové pirohy and other meals with potato dough and bryndza. Bryndza is a salty cheese made of a sheep milk, characterised by a strong taste and aroma. Bryndzové halušky must be on the menu of every traditional Slovak restaurant.

A typical soup is a sauerkraut soup ("kapustnica"). A blood sausage called "krvavnica", made from any and all parts of a butchered pig is also a specific Slovak meal.

Wine is enjoyed throughout Slovakia. Slovak wine comes predominantly from the southern areas along the Danube and its tributaries; the northern half of the country is too cold and mountainous to grow grapevines. Traditionally, white wine was more popular than red or rosé (except in some regions), and sweet wine more popular than dry, but in recent years tastes seem to be changing. Beer (mainly of the pilsener style, though dark lagers are also consumed) is also popular.

## Sport

Sporting activities are practised widely in Slovakia, many of them on a professional level. Ice hockey and football have traditionally been regarded as the most popular sports in Slovakia, though tennis, handball, basketball, volleyball, whitewater slalom, cycling, and athletics are also popular.

### Ice hockey

One of the most popular team sports in Slovakia is ice hockey. Slovakia became a member of the IIHF on 2 February 1993 and since then has won 4 medals in Ice Hockey World Championships, consisting of 1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze. The most recent success was a silver medal at the 2012 IIHF World Championship in Helsinki. The Slovak national hockey team made five appearances in the Olympic games, finishing 4th in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The country has 8,280 registered players and is ranked 7th in the IIHF World Ranking at present. Prior to 2012, the Slovak team HC Slovan Bratislava participated in the Kontinental Hockey League, considered the strongest hockey league in Europe, and the second-best in the world.

Slovakia hosted the 2011 IIHF World Championship, where Finland won the gold medal and 2019 IIHF World Championship, where Finland also won the gold medal. Both competitions took place in Bratislava and Košice.

### Football

Association football is the most popular sport in Slovakia, with over 400,000 registered players. Since 1993, the Slovak national football team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup once, in 2010. They progressed to the last 16, where they were defeated by the Netherlands. The most notable result was the 3–2 victory over Italy. In 2016, the Slovak national football team qualified for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament, under head coach Ján Kozák. This helped the team reach their best ever position of 14th in the FIFA World Rankings.

In club competitions, only three teams have qualified for the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, namely MFK Košice in 1997–98, FC Artmedia Bratislava in 2005–06 season, and MŠK Žilina in 2010–11. FC Artmedia Bratislava has been the most successful team, finishing 3rd at the group stage of the UEFA Cup, therefore qualifying for the knockout stage. They remain the only Slovak club that has won a match at the group stage.

```
 2. * SLOVAK CULTURE PROFILE Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
```


title: Bridget Jones (academic)

abstract: Bridget Jones was a British literary academic who pioneered the inclusion of Caribbean literature in European university studies programs. While teaching French literature at the University of the West Indies, Jones developed an interest in French Caribbean writing and developed one of the first PhD curricula focused on francophone Caribbean literature. Upon returning to England, she taught at the University of Reading and the Roehampton Institute. An annual award, distributed by the Society for Caribbean Studies, as well as a scholarship program, given by the University of the West Indies, are named in her honour.

text:
# Bridget Jones (academic)

**Bridget Jones** (20 November 1935 – 4 April 2000) was a British literary academic who pioneered the inclusion of Caribbean literature in European university studies programs. While teaching French literature at the University of the West Indies, Jones developed an interest in French Caribbean writing and developed one of the first PhD curricula focused on francophone Caribbean literature. Upon returning to England, she taught at the University of Reading and the Roehampton Institute. An annual award, distributed by the Society for Caribbean Studies, as well as a scholarship program, given by the University of the West Indies, are named in her honour.

## Early life

Bridget Heather Wheeler was born on 20 November 1935 in London to Kathleen and Ernest Wheeler. She attended Hazelwood Primary School and completed her secondary education at Minchenden Grammar School. Winning a scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge, she went on to study French and Spanish, graduating with First-class honours in Medieval and Modern Languages Tripos. While at Cambridge she met, Donald Jones, a Jamaican student, studying chemical engineering, whom she would later marry. Wheeler spent 1958 in France, working as an assistant in Douai and then returned to London in 1959, to marry Jones and begin her PhD studies at King's College London under the tutelage of John M. Cocking.

## Career

In 1963, Jones' husband took a position at an oil refinery in Jamaica and the couple relocated to Kingston, where Jones took a position teaching Spanish at a boys' secondary school. With a group of theatre enthusiasts, Jones was among the founders of a film society and aired a weekly programme on the arts on the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation radio channel. She also produced film reviews for *The Sunday Gleaner* and hosted legendary parties featuring local cuisine and music. After a year, she joined the faculty of the University of the West Indies (UWI), as a lecturer in the French Department.

Two years before, the University College of the West Indies, as it was then called, gained independence from the University of London, simultaneously with Jamaican and Trinidadian independence from the British colonial system. The press for decolonization led Jones, and other academics of her time, to investigate ways to include both language and literature from the Caribbean in her courses. Translations of various Creole languages, which had previously been omitted from dictionaries, began to be included in resources and works by francophone and Afro-Caribbean authors began to be added to curricula at the university. In 1967, Jones completed her PhD at King's College with her thesis *Antonin Artaud, His Work and Literary Situation* and was promoted to a senior lecturer. She worked with the team of academics preparing more inclusive syllabi and supervised the PhD studies of one of the first thesis projects, which explored French-Caribbean literature.

Jones' teaching on nineteenth- and twentieth-century French language and literature was supplemented by her publications which included works on Afro-, Anglo- and Franco-Caribbean literary figures. Her research focused on such writers as Léon Damas, René Depestre and Simone Schwarz-Bart, among others, and she compiled with Merle Hodge an anthology of francophone Caribbean poets. Developing an interest in folk culture, Jones served on the UWI faculty committee to develop programs around Caribbean folklore themes and wrote articles for the *Folklore Bulletin*. She was also involved with the university's theatre programme and organised productions of Afro- and French-Caribbean plays and recitations. In 1981, she began working with the Caribbean Examinations Council, conducting research into the qualifications required for degree certification.

Economic downturns in the 1970s and 1980s forced Jones' husband to look abroad for work. When he relocated to Saudi Arabia in 1982, Jones returned with the couple's two sons, Daniel and Matthew to England. Settling in Reading, she began work on a master's degree in applied linguistics, but was unable to secure work because of the economic recession. She continued publishing on francophone Caribbean literature, as well as theatre, and specifically focused studies, centered on French Guiana. In 1985 and 1986, she taught at the University of Reading and the following year was hired by the Roehampton Institute to teach in the department of modern languages. In 1989, Jones and other academics in the UK, founded the Association for the Study of Caribbean and African Literature in French (ASCALF), to promote the inclusion of literature from the Caribbean in higher education curricula.

In 1992, Jones was diagnosed with cancer and after treatment resulted in its remission, resumed her publishing and research trips to the French overseas Caribbean departments. She served as chair of ASCALF for the 1994 and 1995 term. Involved in the admissions to the languages department at Roehampton, Jones promoted international networking and organized programmes like Francophonie: mythes, masques et réalités, hosted in 1994, and Surréalisme et francophonie, held in 1997. Participating in international conferences, she assisted in developing materials on Afro- and Franco-Caribbean literature for symposiums such as the Institute of Germanic Studies, the Society for Caribbean Studies, and the Society for French Studies, among others. In the summer of 1995, her cancer returned, prompting Jones to retire and relocate to Oxford with her husband. In 1997, she co-authored with Sita Dickson Littlewood *Paradoxes Of French Caribbean Theatre* which was a major reference work indexing 400 plays written since 1900 in either French in Creole languages by authors from French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.

## Death and legacy

Jones died on 4 April 2000 in Oxford. The optional curricula program she designed for inclusion of French Caribbean writers has become a mandatory course in the French literature department at UWI. A scholarship fund was established in her name for students studying French at UWI and in 2003, *The Francophone Caribbean Today: Literature, Language, Culture* was published as a tribute to her pioneering efforts to expand academic treatment of the Caribbean to literary studies programs. She is considered a pioneer in the development of francophone studies programs in the Caribbean, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The annual *Bridget Jones Award* is given by the Society for Caribbean Studies to "an arts practitioner from any region in the Caribbean to present their work at the Society's Annual Conference".

## Selected works

* Jones, Bridget (1974). "Léon Damas as Storyteller: 'Sur un air de guitare'". *Black Images*. **3** (3). Toronto, Canada: Black Images, Inc: 19–23. OCLC 29405854.
* Jones, Bridget (1975). "Some French Influences in the Fiction of Orlando Patterson". *Savacou* (11–12). Kingston, Jamaica: Caribbean Artists Movement: 27–38.
* Jones, Bridget (1977). "Love Poems". *Arts Review*. **2** (1–2). Mona, Jamaica: Creative Arts Centre, University of the West Indies: 62.
* Jones, Bridget (1979). "Léon Damas and His 'Riding Horse'". In Racine, Daniel L. (ed.). *Léon-Gontran Damas, 1912–1978, Founder of Negritude: A Memorial Casebook*. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. pp. 227–232. ISBN 978-0-819-10727-5.
* Jones, Bridget (1980). "Seven Poems". In Mordecai, Pamela; Morris, Mervyn (eds.). *Jamaica Woman: An Anthology of Poems*. London, England: Heinemann. pp. 45–48. ISBN 043-598-600-7.
* Jones, Bridget (December 1981). "Comrade Eros: The Erotic Vein in the Writing of René Depestre". *Caribbean Quarterly*. **27** (4). Mona, Jamaica: The University of the West Indies: 21–30. doi:10.1080/00086495.1981.11671991. ISSN 0008-6495. OCLC 5547329079.
* Jones, Bridget (1982). "Introduction". In Schwarz-Bart, Simone (ed.). *The Bridge of Beyond*. Translated by Barbara Bray. London, England: Heinemann. pp. iv–xviii. ISBN 043-598-770-4.
* Jones, Bridget (1986). "Theatre in the French West Indies". *Carib* (4): 35–54.
* Jones, Bridget (translator); Clitandre, Pierre (1987). *Cathedral of the August Heat*. London, England: Readers International. ISBN 093-052-330-X.
* Jones, Bridget (translator); Charles, Faustin, ed. (1989). "Alex-Louise Tessonneau's 'Little Girl Saved by her Father'". *Under the Storyteller's Spell: Caribbean Folk Tales*. London, England: Viking Kestrel Penguin Group. pp. 117–127. ISBN 067-082-276-0.
* Jones, Bridget; Stephenson, E. (1994). "Politique et société à la Guyane". In Burton, Richard; Réno, Fred (eds.). *Les Antilles-Guyane au rendez-vous de l'Europe: le grand tournant?*. Paris, France: Economica. pp. 101–121. ISBN 978-2-717-82544-2.
* Jones, Bridget; Littlewood, Sita E. Dickson (1998). *Paradoxes of French Caribbean Theatre: An annotated checklist of dramatic works—Guadeloupe, Guyane, Martinique from 1900*. London, England: Department of Modern Languages, Roehampton Institute. ISBN 978-1-871-95483-8.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Bridget Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bridget Heather Wheeler
(1935-11-20)20 November 1935
London, England |
| Died | 4 April 2000(2000-04-04) (aged 64)
Oxford, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Other names | Bridget Heather Jones, Bridget Wheeler Jones |
| Education | Minchenden Grammar School |
| Alma mater | Newnham College, Cambridge |
| Occupation(s) | Academic, writer |
| Years active | 1963–1995 |
| Known for | introducing authors from the francophone Caribbean to French language and literature studies programs |


title: Satyam (composer)

abstract: Chellapilla Satyanarayana Sastry, known mononymously as Satyam, was an Indian music composer. He was popular in the Telugu and Kannada film industries in the 1960s to 1980s. Sathyam is best remembered as "Andhra R. D. Burman". He also composed a handful of Bengali, Bhojpuri, and Hindi films. Satyam was born in Gunanupuram village, Komarada mandal in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh. He had acted in some plays with popular writer Rajasri and others at Vizianagaram. He later shifted to Madras and worked in the orchestra of P. Adinarayana Rao and T. V. Raju. He worked as an assistant composer in the magnum opus film Suvarna Sundari (1957). He debuted as a music director in the 1963 Kannada film Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha. His debut film as a full-fledged music director in Telugu cinema was Pala Manasulu (1967), though he was credited as a music director in the 1963 film Savati Koduku under the supervision of T. V. Raju. Some of his memorable hit songs in Telugu are Ye Divilo Virisina Parijatamo, Gunna Mamidi Komma Meeda, O Bangaru Rangula Chilaka, Kalise Kalla Lona, Tholi Valape Teeyanidi, Aaraneekuma Ee Deepam Karthika Deepam, Gaali Vanalo Vana Neetilo. His grandson Sri Vasanth is also a music composer who worked for films like Sudigadu (2012). In memory of Satyam, a musical night was organized by Bay Area Telugu Association and Chimata Music in California, United States, in 2009. Tribute to Music director Satyam was organised by Sreeramulu entertainment, Andhra club in association with singer Sarada Akunuri USA in Chennai in 2015, where Satyam's wife Krishnaveni and adopted son Trinath had graced the event. in 2020, Singer Sarada Akunuri organized a Tribute concert to music director Satyam in association with Yuvakalavahini in Hyderabad. Satyam's grandson, music director Vasanth attended the event along with director Sri Kodandaramireddy garu. director Sri Yvs Chowdary, music director Sri K.m. Radha Krishnan and singer Anand Gedela.

text:
# Satyam (composer)

**Chellapilla Satyanarayana Sastry** (1933 – 12 January 1989), known mononymously as **Satyam**, was an Indian music composer. He was popular in the Telugu and Kannada film industries in the 1960s to 1980s. Sathyam is best remembered as "Andhra R. D. Burman". He also composed a handful of Bengali, Bhojpuri, and Hindi films.

Satyam was born in Gunanupuram village, Komarada mandal in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh. He had acted in some plays with popular writer Rajasri and others at Vizianagaram. He later shifted to Madras and worked in the orchestra of P. Adinarayana Rao and T. V. Raju. He worked as an assistant composer in the magnum opus film *Suvarna Sundari* (1957). He debuted as a music director in the 1963 Kannada film *Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha*. His debut film as a full-fledged music director in Telugu cinema was *Pala Manasulu* (1967), though he was credited as a music director in the 1963 film *Savati Koduku* under the supervision of T. V. Raju.

Some of his memorable hit songs in Telugu are Ye Divilo Virisina Parijatamo, Gunna Mamidi Komma Meeda, O Bangaru Rangula Chilaka, Kalise Kalla Lona, Tholi Valape Teeyanidi, Aaraneekuma Ee Deepam Karthika Deepam, Gaali Vanalo Vana Neetilo.

His grandson Sri Vasanth is also a music composer who worked for films like *Sudigadu* (2012). In memory of Satyam, a musical night was organized by Bay Area Telugu Association and Chimata Music in California, United States, in 2009.

Tribute to Music director Satyam was organised by Sreeramulu entertainment, Andhra club in association with singer Sarada Akunuri USA in Chennai in 2015, where Satyam's wife Krishnaveni and adopted son Trinath had graced the event.

in 2020, Singer Sarada Akunuri organized a Tribute concert to music director Satyam in association with Yuvakalavahini in Hyderabad. Satyam's grandson, music director Vasanth attended the event along with director Sri Kodandaramireddy garu. director Sri Yvs Chowdary, music director Sri K.m. Radha Krishnan and singer Anand Gedela.

## Discography

### Telugu

| Year | Film title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | *Suvarna Sundari* | Assistant music director |
| 1968 | *Aggi Meeda Guggilam* |  |
| 1969 | *Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka* |  |
| 1969 | *Raja Simha* |  |
| 1970 | *Rowdy Rani* |  |
| 1971 | *Mattilo Manikyam* |  |
| 1971 | *Kattiki Kankanam* |  |
| 1971 | *Nammaka Drohulu* |  |
| 1971 | *James Bond 777* |  |
| 1972 | *Bala Mitrula Katha* |  |
| 1972 | *Papam Pasivadu* |  |
| 1972 | Antha Mana Manchike |  |
| 1972 | Bullemma Bullodu |  |
| 1972 | Kattula Rattaiah |  |
| 1972 | Bhale Mosagadu |  |
| 1972 | Monagadostunnadu Jagratta |  |
| 1972 | Ooriki Upakari |  |
| 1973 | *Nenu Naa Desam* |  |
| 1973 | *Kanne Vayasu* |  |
| 1973 | Jagame Maya |  |
| 1973 | Bangaru Manasulu |  |
| 1973 | *Manchi Vaallaku Manchivaadu* |  |
| 1973 | Oka Naari Vanda Tupakulu |  |
| 1973 | Puttinillu Mettinillu |  |
| 1973 | Vaade Veedu |  |
| 1973 | Vichitra Vivaham |  |
| 1974 | Ammayi Pelli |  |
| 1974 | *Nippulanti Manishi* |  |
| 1974 | *Gundelu Teesina Monagadu* |  |
| 1974 | *Nomu* |  |
| 1975 | *Naakoo Swatantram Vachchindi* |  |
| 1975 | Anuragalu |  |
| 1975 | Ee Kalam Dampathulu |  |
| 1975 | Lakshmana Rekha |  |
| 1975 | Pichchodi Pelli |  |
| 1975 | *Maya Machindra* |  |
| 1975 | *Swargam Narakam* |  |
| 1975 | Rakta Sambandhalu |  |
| 1975 | Thota Ramudu |  |
| 1976 | *Bhakta Kannappa* |  |
| 1976 | Bhale Dongalu |  |
| 1976 | Devudu Chesina Bommalu |  |
| 1976 | Doralu Dongalu |  |
| 1976 | Neramu Naadi Kaadu Aakalidi |  |
| 1977 | *Oke Raktam* |  |
| 1977 | *Amara Deepam* |  |
| 1977 | Dongalaku Donga |  |
| 1977 | *Andame Anandam* |  |
| 1977 | *Manushulu Chesina Dongalu* |  |
| 1977 | *Premalekhalu* |  |
| 1977 | Edureeta |  |
| 1977 | *Tholireyi Gadichindi* |  |
| 1978 | *3 Puvvulu 6 Kayalu* |  |
| 1978 | *Annadammula Savaal* |  |
| 1978 | *Dongala Dopidi* |  |
| 1978 | *Lawyer Viswanath* |  |
| 1978 | Cheppindi Chestha |  |
| 1978 | Nayudu Bava |  |
| 1978 | Ramachilaka |  |
| 1979 | *Iddaru Asadhyule* |  |
| 1979 | *Andadu Aagadu* |  |
| 1979 | *Korikale Gurralaite* |  |
| 1979 | *Lakshmi Pooja* |  |
| 1979 | Chaya |  |
| 1979 | Dasa Tiringindi |  |
| 1979 | I Love You |  |
| 1979 | Karthika Deepam |  |
| 1979 | Maa Oollo Mahasivudu |  |
| 1979 | *Rama Banam* |  |
| 1979 | *Tiger* |  |
| 1980 | Chandipriya |  |
| 1980 | Devudichcina Koduku |  |
| 1980 | Kodallu Vastunnaru Jagratta |  |
| 1980 | *Ramudu Parasuramudu* |  |
| 1980 | *Aarani Mantalu* |  |
| 1980 | Moodu Mulla Bandham |  |
| 1980 | Naade Gelupu |  |
| 1980 | *Mahasakthi* |  |
| 1980 | *Nakili Manishi* |  |
| 1980 | *Sita Ramulu* |  |
| 1980 | *Prema Tarangalu* |  |
| 1981 | *Taxi Driver* |  |
|
|
| 1981 | *Swapna* |  |
| 1981 | Attagaari Pettanam |  |
| 1981 | Prema Natakam |  |
| 1981 | Gadasari Atta Dogasari Kodallu |  |
| 1981 | Girija Kalyanam |  |
| 1981 | Paalu Neellu |  |
| 1981 | Parvathi Parameswarulu |  |
| 1982 | *Nipputo Chelagaatam* |  |
| 1982 | Bangaaru Kanuka |  |
| 1982 | *Madhura Swapnam* |  |
| 1982 | *Talli Kodukula Anubandham* |  |
| 1982 | *Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu* |  |
| 1982 | Billa Ranga |  |
| 1982 | *Pratigna* |  |
| 1982 | Gruha Pravesam |  |
| 1982 | Kadali Vachchina Kanaka Durga |  |
| 1982 | Korukunna Mogudu |  |
| 1982 | Swayamvaram |  |
| 1982 | Aapadbandhavulu |  |
| 1983 | *Dharmaatmudu* |  |
| 1983 | *Aalaya Sikharam* |  |
| 1983 | Maro Maya Bazaar |  |
| 1983 | *Puli Debba* |  |
| 1983 | *Roshagadu* |  |
| 1983 | Pandanti Kapuraniki 12 Sutralu |  |
| 1983 | *Andhra Kesari* |  |
| 1984 | *Gruha Lakshmi* |  |
| 1984 | *Kurra Cheshtalu* |  |
| 1984 | *Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu* |  |
| 1984 | *Dongalu Baboi Dongalu* |  |
| 1986 | *Ugra Narasimham* |  |
| 1986 | *Sri Vemana Charitra* |  |
| 1986 | *Aadi Dampatulu* |  |
| 1986 | *Dora Bidda* |  |
| 1986 | *Karu Diddina Kapuram* |  |
| 1986 | *Kutra* |  |
| 1986 | *Iddaru Mithrulu* |  |
| 1986 | Sri Vemana Charitra |  |
| 1987 | *Prema Samrat* |  |
| 1987 | *Talambralu* |  |
| 1987 | *Bhale Mogudu* |  |
| 1987 | *Chandamama Raave* |  |
| 1987 | *Dayamayudu* |  |
| 1988 | *Dorakani Donga* |  |
| 1988 | *Aahuti* |  |
| 1988 | August 15 Raatri |  |
| 1989 | *Sri Ramachandrudu* |  |
| 1990 | *Ankusam* |  |

### Kannada

| Year | Film title | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1963 | *Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha* |  |
| 1966 | *Mamatheya Bandhana* |  |
| 1967 | *Black Market* |  |
| 1967 | *Onde Balliya Hoogalu* |  |
| 1968 | *Attegondu kaala sosegondu kaala* |  |
| 1968 | *Bangalore Mail* |  |
| 1968 | *Hoovu Mullu* |  |
| 1968 | *Lakshaadheeshwara* |  |
| 1968 | *Mamathe* |  |
| 1968 | *Sarvamangala* |  |
| 1969 | *Bhale Raja* |  |
| 1969 | *Choori Chikkanna* |  |
| 1969 | *Kaadina Rahasya* |  |
| 1969 | *Kaanike* |  |
| 1969 | *Maduve! Maduve! Maduve!* |  |
| 1969 | *Mathrubhoomi* |  |
| 1969 | *Gandhinagara* |  |
| 1969 | *Punya Purusha* |  |
| 1969 | *Ellellu Naane* |  |
| 1969 | *Janmarahasya* |  |
| 1970 | *Bhale Kiladi* |  |
| 1970 | *C.I.D. Rajanna* |  |
| 1970 | *Kallara Kalla* |  |
| 1970 | *Modala Ratri* |  |
| 1970 | *Mrutyu Panjaradalli Goodachari 555* |  |
| 1970 | *Pratheekaara* |  |
| 1970 | *Rangamahal Rahasya* |  |
| 1970 | *Sedige Sedu* |  |
| 1971 | *Bhale Bhaskar* |  |
| 1971 | *Kasidre Kailasa* |  |
| 1972 | *Jaga Mecchida Maga* |  |
| 1972 | *Kranti Veera* |  |
| 1973 | *Bangaarada Kalla* |  |
| 1973 | *Jwala Mohini* |  |
| 1974 | *Veeranjaneya Kathe* |  |
| 1975 | *Naga Kanye* |  |
| 1975 | *Yashoda Krishna* |  |
| 1976 | *Aparadhi* |  |
| 1977 | *Nagarahole* |  |
| 1977 | *Sahodarara Savaal* |  |
| 1978 | *Muyyige Muyyi* |  |
| 1979 | *Seetharamu* |  |
| 1979 | *I Love You* |  |
| 1979 | *Pakka Kalla* |  |
| 1979 | *Vijay Vikram* |  |
| 1980 | *Moogana Sedu* |  |
| 1980 | *Aarada Gaaya* |  |
| 1980 | *Yetu Yeduretu* |  |
| 1980 | *Nanna Rosha Nooru Varusha* |  |
| 1980 | *Haddina Kannu* |  |
| 1980 | *Mane Mane Kathe* |  |
| 1980 | *Manege Banda Mahalakshmi* |  |
| 1980 | *Avali Javali* |  |
| 1980 | *Thayiya Madilalli* |  |
| 1981 | *Devara Aata* |  |
| 1981 | *Swapna* |  |
| 1981 | *Keralida Simha* |  |
| 1981 | *Simhada Mari Sainya* |  |
| 1982 | *Dharma* |  |
| 1982 | *Tirugu baana* |  |
| 1982 | *Ajith* |  |
| 1982 | *Bara* |  |
| 1982 | *Sahasa Simha* |  |
| 1982 | *Garuda Rekhe* | 300th film |
| 1982 | *Mullina Gulabi* |  |
| 1982 | *Oorige Upakari* |  |
| 1982 | *Sahasa Simha* |  |
| 1983 | *Chinnadantha Maga* |  |
| 1983 | *Bekkina Kannu* |  |
| 1983 | *Sididedda Sahodara* |  |
| 1983 | *Gandugali Rama* |  |
| 1983 | *Chandi Chamundi* |  |
| 1983 | *Makkale Devaru* |  |
| 1983 | *Simha Gharjane* |  |
| 1983 | *Raktha Thilaka* |  |
| 1984 | *Odeda Haalu* |  |
| 1984 | *Ashakirana* |  |
| 1984 | *Bekkina Kannu* |  |
| 1984 | *Gandubherunda* |  |
| 1984 | *Chanakya* |  |
| 1984 | *Thaayi Naadu* |  |
| 1984 | *Prema Jyothi* |  |
| 1984 | *Nagabekamma Nagabeku* |  |
| 1984 | *Pooja Phala* |  |
| 1984 | *Raktha Tilaka* |  |
| 1984 | *Lakshmi Kataaksha* |  |
| 1984 | *Rowdy Raja* |  |
| 1984 | *Sedina Sanchu* |  |
| 1984 | *Maha Purusha* |  |
| 1985 | *Mahapurusha* |  |
| 1985 | *Thayi Kanasu* |  |
| 1985 | *Thayi Thande* |  |
| 1986 | *Brahmastra* |  |
| 1987 | *Thaayi* |  |
| 1987 | *Thaayi Karulu* |  |
| 1988 | *Oorige Upakaari* |  |
| 1988 | *December 31* |  |
| 1988 | *Sahasa Veera* |  |
| 1990 | *Pundara Ganda* |  |
|

### Tamil

### Hindi

* *Rani Aur Jaani* (1973)
* *Alakh Niranjan* (1975)
* *Aaj Ke Sholey* (1985)
* *Jhony Meraa Yaar* (1973)
* *Lady James Bond* (1972)
* *Gunah ki Raat* (1979)
* *Mahashakthi* (1980)
* *Inspector Rekha* (1973)
* *Apna Farz*(1973)
* *Khoon Ki Holi* (1979)
* *Kaun Sacha Kaun Jutha* (1972)

## InfoBox

| Satyamಸತ್ಯಂ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Chellapilla Satyanarayana |
| Born | 1933<br>Andhra Pradesh |
| Died | January 1989 (aged 5556) |
| Occupation | Music director |
| Instrument(s) | Dholak, Tabla |
| Years active | 1960s–1980s |


title: Portrait of Thomas Cromwell

abstract: Portrait of Thomas Cromwell is a small oil painting by the German and Swiss artist Hans Holbein the Younger, usually dated to between 1532 and 1534, when Cromwell, an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540, was around 48 years old. It is one of two portraits Holbein painted of him; the other is a tondo from a series of medallions of Tudor courtiers. The original panel is lost, and today known from three copies: in the Frick Collection in New York; in the National Portrait Gallery in London and the Chichester Constable collection in Yorkshire. The Frick panel is considered superior in quality.

text:
# Portrait of Thomas Cromwell

***Portrait of Thomas Cromwell*** is a small oil painting by the German and Swiss artist Hans Holbein the Younger, usually dated to between 1532 and 1534, when Cromwell, an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540, was around 48 years old. It is one of two portraits Holbein painted of him; the other is a tondo from a series of medallions of Tudor courtiers.

The original panel is lost, and today known from three copies: in the Frick Collection in New York (where it is hung opposite Holbein's *Portrait of Thomas More*); in the National Portrait Gallery in London and the Chichester Constable collection in Yorkshire. The Frick panel is considered superior in quality.

## Subject

Thomas Cromwell was a lawyer and statesman who began as a blacksmith's son in Putney, and rose to power as an associate of Cardinal Wolsey. After Wolsey's fall and a period of initial distrust, he became a confidant of Henry VIII, assuming the roles of vicegerent, Lord Chancellor, lord high chamberlain, amongst others. A shrewd politician, he was aware of the effect of propaganda and commissioned Holbein to produce images positioning him as a reformist and royalist, including anti-clerical woodcuts and the title page for Myles Coverdale's English translation of the bible. In this he was both progressive and attuned to Henry VIII's grandiose programme of artistic patronage. The king's efforts to glorify his own status as Supreme Head of the Church culminated in the building of Nonsuch Palace, started in 1538.

Cromwell engineered the king's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. He was an early ally of Anne Boleyn but played a key role in her downfall. He was a significant force in the Tudor court until, hoping to strengthen the political alliance with the Protestant cause in Germany, he erred in advising Henry to marry Anne of Cleves. The move was unpopular and afforded his many enemies the chance to bring charges of treason, forcing his eventual arrest and beheading.

This left Holbein in an uncertain position; his guile had allowed him survive the downfalls of More and Anne, but Cromwell's sudden fall badly damaged his reputation. Although he managed to retain his position as King's painter, his standing never recovered.

## Description

The portrait dates from Holbein's second visit to England, when Cromwell was acting on behalf of Henry VIII and commissioned a series of propagandistic images of favoured courtiers at a time when Cromwell's reputation was at its highest. He had emerged as the "Protestant counterweight to Thomas More in the Privy council", sealed Boleyn's position in bitter circumstance, and became one of the most influential and powerful men in England. At the same time he was cultured and instrumental in promoting Holbein's career. Perhaps because of this, and given the portrait's genesis is steeped in the high and bloody politics of the time, with an unsteady king, we know nothing of Holbein's thoughts on the depiction.

Cromwell is given due respect, but is presented as sour and somewhat stiff. The eyes are narrowly set, he tightly grips the seal. His reputation was poor until revision in the 1960s; today he is seen as a reformer and a highly capable, supreme political operator. Reflecting earlier opinion, it was noted that "of all the portraits that Holbein did at the English court, the portrait of Cromwell has always seemed the least flattering to its subject, the most viciously mocking. Mindful of the protracted, fatal relationship between Cromwell and More, and their placing at the Frick, Henry Clay romantically asked that we "imagine Thomas More, the beautiful saint, and Cromwell, the monster, united in art and history, now facing each other, \[through\] Holbein and time and chance."

Compared to Holbein's other portraits of Tudor politicians, Cromwell seems reduced; he is placed low in the frame, deep in the pictorial space, placing a distance and diminishing him from the viewer. The table reaches into the immediate foreground as if reaching into the viewer's personal space. Holbein presents Cromwell as somewhat sour, cold and grim, yet the portrait has been described as "a softened version of the subject". Historian R. B. Merriman described Cromwell as "a short, stoutly built man, with a large face, smooth shaven, with close-cropped hair, and a heavy double chin, with a small and cruel mouth, an extraordinary long upper lip, and a pair of gray eyes set closely together, and moving restlessly under his light eyebrows."

The inscription on the border reads "To our trusty and right well, beloved Councillor, Thomas Cromwell, Master of our Jewel House". Cromwell sits on a bench before a table holding a legal document. His left hand has a patterned gold ring with a large green gemstone. He is dressed in sober colours, comprising a black fur lined overcoat, a black hat and a "severe expression". The table is covered with a green cloth. Some of his effects are placed on it, including a quill, a devotional book, scissors and a leather bag.

The devotional book was Cromwell's Book of Hours. He was a devout man and would have been keen to display it in his portrait. Cromwell's copy was discovered in the Wren Library at Trinity College, Cambridge in 2023 by researchers at Hever Castle. The book was donated to Trinity College by Anne Sadleir (1585– c.1671), the widow of Ralph Sadleir (1579–1661), a descendant of Cromwell's protégé, Sir Ralph Sadleir (1507–1587). The original silver-gilt mounts of its cover were made by Pierre Mangot. It was printed in Paris by Gilles and Germain Hardouyn in 1527, the year when Henry VIII first sought a divorce. Two other significant copies of this edition belonged to Henry VIII's first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The Tudor historian Tracy Borman described it as "The most exciting Cromwell discovery in a generation – if not more."

The version of the portrait held by the Frick Collection in New York is in oil on oak panel and measures 781 by 641 millimetres (30.7 in × 25.2 in).

## Attribution and dating

The painting usually dated as c.1532–4, when Cromwell was Master of the Jewel House. The original portrait probably showed a painted scroll above his head, the text of the Frick version was removed during an early 20th restoration/improvement. The wording seems likely designed to position Cromwell beside the king. It read "To our trusty and right well beloved Councillor, Thomas Cromwell, Master of our Jewel House". the wording exists in a 1915 photograph of the Frick painting, but was removed. That panel underwent extensive technical analysis in 1952, and was cleaned in 1966; work that "did not substantiate an attribution to Holbein", but rather indicated the hand of a less skilled, workshop member.

## Provenance

In an undated inventory from Cromwell's London home, an unknown writer mentions "2 tables of my master his (vis)namy painted". Little is known of the original after that. Only hours after Cromwell was taken to Traitors' Gate on 1 June 1540, soldiers arrived at his house to remove his belongings to the treasury, a fate that had befallen More some five years earlier. Holbein's portrait was most likely destroyed or sold soon after Cromwell's fall; there is no record of it in any later royal inventory.

The first mention of copies is in the records of the Countess of Caledon from 1866 when she lent it to National Portrait Exhibition. That version is now in the Frick collection. Art scholar Roy Strong believed that the three extant portraits are copies. They are all in poor condition but the Frick version is the best preserved. Historian John Rowlands deduced from the *pentimenti* (alteration) revealed by X-ray photographs that the Frick version shows the hand of Holbein and is the original. The art historian Stephanie Buck agrees with the attribution, although it is highly contentious. Strong counters that as a traitor, Cromwell's personal effects were destroyed soon after his execution.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Thomas Cromwell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Hans Holbein the Younger |
| Year | c.1532–1533 |
| Medium | oil on oak panel |
| Dimensions | 78.1 cm × 64.1 cm (30.7 in × 25.2 in) |
| Location | Frick Collection, New York |
| Accession | 1915.1.76 |
| Website | www.frick.org |


title: Dave Bialas

abstract: David Bruce Bialas is an American former minor league baseball player and is currently the manager of the New York Yankees Class A Minor League Short Season team in Staten Island, New York and Major League Baseball coach. He served as a coach for the Chicago Cubs from 1995 through 1999 and in 2002. As a minor league outfielder and first baseman in the St. Louis Cardinals system, Bialas played 1021 games from 1973 through 1982, batting.274 in 3448 at bats, with 36 home runs, 214 RBIs and 263 runs scored. As a minor league manager in the Cardinals' and Cubs' systems, he managed 1373 games, winning 711 and losing 662 for a winning percentage of.518. On November 1, 2012, the Atlanta Braves announced Bialas as their next minor league fielding coordinator, replacing Dave Trembley. Bialas was born in Houston, Texas and is a graduate of Bellaire High School in nearby Bellaire, Texas.

text:
# Dave Bialas

**David Bruce Bialas** (born February 6, 1954) is an American former minor league baseball player and is currently the manager of the New York Yankees Class A Minor League Short Season team in Staten Island, New York and Major League Baseball coach. He served as a coach for the Chicago Cubs from 1995 through 1999 and in 2002. As a minor league outfielder and first baseman in the St. Louis Cardinals system, Bialas played 1021 games from 1973 through 1982, batting .274 in 3448 at bats, with 36 home runs, 214 RBIs and 263 runs scored. As a minor league manager in the Cardinals' and Cubs' systems, he managed 1373 games, winning 711 and losing 662 for a winning percentage of .518. On November 1, 2012, the Atlanta Braves announced Bialas as their next minor league fielding coordinator, replacing Dave Trembley.

Bialas was born in Houston, Texas and is a graduate of Bellaire High School in nearby Bellaire, Texas.

## InfoBox

| Dave Bialas | |
| --- | --- |
| Bialas in 1985 | |
| **Coach** | |
| **Born:**  (1954-02-06) February 6, 1954<br>Houston, Texas | |
|  | |


title: 2013 in Iran

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 2013 in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

text:
# 2013 in Iran

The following lists events that happened during **2013 in the Islamic Republic of Iran**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### January

* January 28 - Iran's state news agency announces that a monkey was sent successfully into space by the Iranian Space Agency and returned safely aboard the Pishgam rocket.

### February

* February 3 - Iran indicates the possibility it will attend talks on its nuclear program in Kazakhstan if it believes intentions behind them are "authentic".

### March

### June

### November

* November 24 - Iran and six world powers reach an interim nuclear accord that sees Iran limit aspects of its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.

## Notable deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 2013<br>Years in Iran |


title: Seringapatam-class frigate

abstract: The Seringapatam-class frigates, were a class of British Royal Navy 46-gun sailing frigates.

text:
# Seringapatam-class frigate

The ***Seringapatam*-class frigates**, were a class of British Royal Navy 46-gun sailing frigates.

## Design

The first vessel of the *Seringapatam* class was HMS *Seringapatam*. *Seringapatam*'s design was based on the French frigate *Président*, which the British had captured in 1806. *Seringapatam* was originally ordered as a 38-gun frigate, but the re-classification of British warships which took effect in February 1817 raised this rating to 46-gun.

## Class and subclasses

The Admiralty ordered six further ships to this design – including three ships which had originally been ordered as *Leda*-class frigates, but the *Seringapatam* design was subsequently altered to produce a Modified version which was labelled the *Druid* sub-class, and three of the ships formerly ordered to the *Seringapatam* original design (*Madagascar*, *Nemesis* and *Jason*) were re-ordered to this modified design. Subsequently, a further modification of the design was produced, which was labelled the *Andromeda* sub-class, and the remaining three of the ships formerly ordered to the *Seringapatam* original design (*Manilla*, *Tigris* and *Statira*) were re-ordered to this modified design. Further vessels were ordered to both modified designs, but the majority of these were subsequently cancelled. Both modified types are listed below.

## Ships in the class

## *Druid* sub-class (1st modified version of *Seringapatam* Class)

* HMS *Druid*
    + Builder: Pembroke Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 23 July 1817
    + Laid down: August 1821
    + Launched: 1 July 1825
    + Completed: 21 December 1825 at Plymouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Sold to be broken up in April 1863.
* HMS *Nemesis*\- had first been ordered to Modified *Leda* class, later to original *Seringapatam* design
    + Builder: Pembroke Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 23 July 1817
    + Laid down: August 1823
    + Launched: 19 August 1826
    + Completed: never completed; laid up at Plymouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Broken up in July 1866.
* HMS *Madagascar* – had first been ordered to original *Seringapatam* design
    + Builder: East India Company, Bombay Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 5 April 1819
    + Laid down: October 1821
    + Launched: 15 November 1822; 1164 tons (bm)
    + Completed: January 1829 at Portsmouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Sold to be broken up at Rio de Janeiro 5 May 1863.
* HMS *Leda*
    + Builder: Pembroke Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 15 May 1821
    + Laid down: October 1824
    + Launched: 15 April 1828
    + Completed: never completed; laid up at Plymouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Sold to be broken up on 15 May 1906.
* HMS *Hotspur*
    + Builder: Pembroke Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 15 May 1821
    + Laid down: July 1825
    + Launched: 9 October 1828
    + Completed: never completed; laid up at Plymouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Renamed *Monmouth* 1868. Sold to be broken up in 1902.
* HMS *Africaine*
    + Builder: Chatham Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 8 January 1822
    + Laid down: September 1825
    + Launched: 20 December 1827
    + Completed: 3 March 1828.
    + Fate: Sold to Trinity House in May 1867.
* HMS *Eurotas*
    + Builder: Chatham Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 13 September 1824
    + Laid down: February 1827
    + Launched: 19 February 1829
    + Completed: 20 March 1828.
    + Fate: Sold to be broken up in November 1865.
* A further vessel, HMS *Jason*, also first ordered to Modified *Leda* Class, then to the original *Seringapatam* design, was again re-ordered subsequently, now to the *Andromeda* design, but was never finally built.

## *Andromeda* sub-Class (2nd modified version of *Seringapatam* Class)

* HMS *Andromeda*
    + Builder: East India Company, Bombay Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 5 April 1827
    + Laid down: August 1827
    + Launched: 6 January? 1829; 1166 tons (bm)
    + Completed: not completed – laid up at Plymouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Provision hulk November 1846. Sold to be broken up on 24 December 1863.
* HMS *Seahorse*
    + Builder: Pembroke Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 9 January 1823
    + Laid down: November 1826
    + Launched: 22 July 1830
    + Completed: never completed as sailing frigate; laid up at Plymouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Converted to a steam/screw-driven frigate 1845–47. Screw mortar frigate 1856. Coal hulk 1870, renamed *Lavinia*. Sold to be broken up 1902.
* HMS *Stag*
    + Builder: Pembroke Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 9 January 1823
    + Laid down: April 1828
    + Launched: 2 October 1830
    + Completed: 9 July 1831 at Portsmouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Broken up in August 1866.
* HMS *Maeander*
    + Builder: Chatham Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 13 September 1824
    + Laid down: February 1829
    + Launched: 5 May 1840
    + Completed: 17 January 1848.
    + Fate: Hulked 1857. Wrecked at Ascension in July 1870.
* HMS *Forth*
    + Builder: Pembroke Dockyard.
    + Ordered: 9 June 1825
    + Laid down: November 1828
    + Launched: 1 August 1833
    + Completed: never completed as a sailing frigate; laid up at Plymouth Dockyard.
    + Fate: Converted to a steam/screw-driven frigate 1845–47. Screw mortar frigate 1856. Coal hulk 1869, renamed *Jupiter*. Sold to be broken up 1883.

The remaining ships ordered or re-ordered to this design were never completed:

* HMS *Jason* – ordered 23 July 1817 from Woolwich Dockyard, firstly to Modified *Leda* Class design, later altered to original *Seringapatam* design in October 1820, to *Druid* design in 1822, and finally to *Andromeda* design in 1826; cancelled 7 February 1831.
* HMS *Statira* – ordered 23 July 1817 from Plymouth Dockyard, originally to Modified *Leda* Class, later altered to original *Seringapatam* design in October 1820, to *Druid* design in 1822, and finally to *Andromeda* design in 1826; cancelled 31 August 1832.
* HMS *Manilla* – ordered 5 April 1819 from East India Company's Bombay Dockyard, firstly ordered to original *Seringapatam* design, later altered to *Andromeda* design in 1826; cancelled 7 February 1831.
* HMS *Euphrates* – ordered 22 October 1820 from Portsmouth Dockyard, cancelled 7 February 1831.
* HMS *Pique* – ordered 25 October 1820 from Plymouth Dockyard, cancelled 16 June 1832.
* HMS *Tigris* – ordered 25 October 1820 from Plymouth Dockyard (utilising teak frames from Bombay Dockyard), firstly to original *Seringapatam* design, later altered to *Andromeda* design in 1826; cancelled 31 August 1832.
* HMS *Spartan* – ordered 13 September 1824 from Portsmouth Dockyard, cancelled 7 February 1831.
* HMS *Theban* – ordered 13 September 1824 from Portsmouth Dockyard, cancelled 7 February 1831.
* HMS *Inconstant* – ordered 9 June 1825 from Sheerness Dockyard, cancelled 9 March 1832.
* HMS *Orpheus* – ordered 9 June 1825 from Chatham Dockyard, cancelled 7 February 1831.
* HMS *Severn* – ordered 9 June 1825 from Plymouth Dockyard, cancelled 7 February 1831.
* HMS *Tiber* – ordered 9 June 1825 from Portsmouth Dockyard, cancelled 7 February 1831.

## Bibliography

* Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) \[1969\]. *Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy* (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
* David Lyon and Rif Winfield (2004), *The Sail and Steam Navy List 1815–1889*. Chatham Publishing, London. ISBN 1-86176-032-9.
* Phipps, John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta), (1840) *A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...*. (Scott).

## InfoBox

| HMS *Seringapatam* at anchor in Valletta Harbour between 1824 and 1827 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Seringapatam* |
| Operators | Royal Navy |
| Subclasses | * *Druid* * *Andromeda* |
| Completed | 7 (plus 2 completed as steam/screw frigates) |
| Cancelled | 17 (several *after* launching) |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Fifth-rate frigate |
| Tons burthen | 1148, or 1152 (bm) |
| Length | * 157 ft 6 in (48.0 m) (gundeck) * 132 ft 1+12 in (40.3 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 40 ft 5 in (12.3 m) |
| Depth of hold | 13 ft 6 in (4.1 m) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Complement | 315 |
| Armament | * Upper deck: 28 × 18-pounder guns * Fc: 2 × 9-pounder guns + 2 × 32-pounder carronades * QD: 14 × 32-pounder carronades |


title: John McDermott (director)

abstract: John McDermott (1893–1946) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor.

text:
# John McDermott (director)

**John McDermott** (1893–1946) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor.

## Selected filmography

### Director

### Screenwriter

## Bibliography

* Katchmer, George A. *A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses*. McFarland, 2009.
* Stumpf, Charles. *ZaSu Pitts: The Life and Career*. McFarland, 2010.

## InfoBox

| John McDermott | |
| --- | --- |
| McDermott in 1935 | |
| Born | September 9, 1893
Green River, Wyoming, United States |
| Died | July 22, 1946 (aged 52)
Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Other names | Jack McDermott |
| Occupation(s) | Director, Writer, Actor |
| Years active | 1913-1946 (film) |


title: Canda (bryozoan)

abstract:
Canda is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Candidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species:
  - Canda alsia Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014
  - Canda arachnoides Lamouroux, 1816
  - Canda caraibica Levinsen, 1909
  - Canda clypeata
  - Canda federicae Di Martino & Taylor, 2014
  - Canda filifera
  - Canda foliifera Harmer, 1926
  - Canda fossilis Waters, 1881
  - Canda giorgioi Di Martino & Taylor, 2014
  - Canda indica d'Orbigny, 1852
  - Canda inermis MacGillivray, 1895
  - Canda inermis Winston & Jackson, 2021
  - Canda ligata
  - Canda munita Winston & Jackson, 2021
  - Canda pecten Harmer, 1926
  - Canda pecten Thornely, 1907
  - Canda philippinensis Canu & Bassler, 1929
  - Canda rathbuni
  - Canda rectangulata Udin, 1964
  - Canda retiformis Pourtalès, 1867
  - Canda scutata Harmer, 1926
  - Canda simplex Busk, 1884
  - Canda tenuis MacGillivray, 1885
  - Canda triangulata
  - Canda williardi

text:
# Canda (bryozoan)

***Canda*** is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Candidae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Canda* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Canda* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata |
| Order: | Cheilostomatida |
| Family: | Candidae |
| Genus: | *Canda*<br>Lamouroux, 1816 |
|


title: USS Blue Jay

abstract:
USS Blue Jay may refer to one of the following United States Navy ships:
  - USS Blue Jay (AMc-23), the former fishing vessel Charles J. Ashley; acquired by the Navy as a coastal minesweeper and renamed, 1940; converted to diving tender as YTD-6, 1943; reverted to original owner in 1946.
  - USS Blue Jay (AMCU-17), the former LCI(L)-654; converted to Coastal Minesweeper, 1954; never commissioned under Blue Jay name; sold, 1960.

text:
# USS Blue Jay

**USS *Blue Jay*** may refer to one of the following United States Navy ships:

* USS *Blue Jay* (AMc-23), the former fishing vessel *Charles J. Ashley*; acquired by the Navy as a coastal minesweeper and renamed, 1940; converted to diving tender as *YTD-6*, 1943; reverted to original owner in 1946.
* USS *Blue Jay* (AMCU-17), the former *LCI(L)-654*; converted to Coastal Minesweeper (Underwater Locator), 1954; never commissioned under *Blue Jay* name; sold, 1960.


title: Port de Grave

abstract: Port de Grave is a peninsula on Conception Bay (CB) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The peninsula contains the communities of Bareneed, Black Duck Pond, Otterbury, Ship Cove, Blow Me Down, Hibb's Cove, Pick Eyes, and Hussey's Cove with a population of approximately 975 (2006). This community is located in the provincial electoral district of Port de Grave. An unincorporated area, for statistics purposes it is called Division No. 1, Subdivision L. The Peninsula is accessible by road via Route 72.

text:
# Port de Grave

**Port de Grave** is a peninsula on Conception Bay (CB) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The peninsula contains the communities of Bareneed, Black Duck Pond, Otterbury, Ship Cove, Blow Me Down, Hibb's Cove, Pick Eyes, and Hussey's Cove with a population of approximately 975 (2006). This community is located in the provincial electoral district of Port de Grave. An unincorporated area, for statistics purposes it is called Division No. 1, Subdivision L. The Peninsula is accessible by road via Route 72.

## History

The Port de Grave peninsula has been used by Europeans since the 16th century. Some of the first people to have used this land was the French, who used the beaches to dry their catch as they fished off the waters nearby. They named one of the many harbours they used to dry their fish *"Graves"*. By the end of the 16th century the area from Carbonear to Brigus (with Port de Grave in the middle) had become a major area in the English fishery.

Official records indicate that a property in Ship Cove has been occupied since 1595 by the Dawe family which makes this the oldest registered land claim in Newfoundland. By the mid-17th century, Port de Grave had become a leading area in the evolving resident small boat fishery established by "planters" from West Country England. These people established a permanent population which made the peninsula the ancestral home of the Dawe, Butler, Tucker, Mugford, Snow, Porter, Andrews, Webber, Stevens and Anthony families.

During King William's War, the village was destroyed in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. Port de Grave was destroyed by the French again during Queen Anne's War in 1705. During the 1705 raid hostages were taken to try to dislodge the defenders of Carbonear Island. From 1750 to 1850 Port de Grave was the commercial center for the area. Numerous Devonshire and Scottish mercantile houses and Jersey traders were present. Among those were the names of Newmans, Pinsents, MacPhersons, Prowses, Furneaux, Baine, and Johnston.

During the early 19th century a major seal hunting industry had developed, and the population of the community increased to its peak of 1400. After 1880, the population declined due to large steamships now being used for the sealing fishery. After World War II and Confederation, the local inshore fishery expanded rapidly and by the mid 1970s housed 3 fish plants and had major inshore multipurpose fishing fleets. It became known as one of the most prominent and progressive fishing communities in the province.

Port de Grave is still recognized as a very prominent fishing centre today in spite of the 1992 cod moratorium.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

Green Point Lighthouse
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Green Point, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada |
| Coordinates | 47°36′41″N 53°10′36″W / 47.611484°N 53.176725°W / 47.611484; -53.176725 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1883 |
| Construction | concrete (foundation), cast iron (tower) |
| Height | 9 m (30 ft) |
| Shape | cylinder |
| Markings | red and white (stripe), white (lantern) |
| Power source | solar power |
| Operator | Canadian Coast Guard |
| Heritage | heritage lighthouse, recognized federal heritage building of Canada |
|  | |
| Light | |
| Focal height | 17 m (56 ft) |
| Range | 6 nmi (11 km; 6.9 mi) |
| Characteristic | L Fl W 10s |
|  | |


title: Dave Billes

abstract: David George Billes, popularly known as Dave Billes, was a Canadian racing driver. He was Jacques Villeneuve (elder)'s car owner in CART IndyCar competition in the early 1980s and entered two cars in the 1985 Indianapolis 500. He was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 1994.

text:
# Dave Billes

**David George Billes**, popularly known as **Dave Billes** (November 18, 1938 - January 21, 2023), was a Canadian racing driver. He was Jacques Villeneuve (elder)'s car owner in CART IndyCar competition in the early 1980s and entered two cars in the 1985 Indianapolis 500.

He was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 1994.

## IndyCar win

| # | Season | Date | Sanction | Track / Race | No. | Winning Driver | Chassis | Engine | Tire | Grid | Laps Led |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1985 | August 4 | CART | Road America **(R)** | **76** | Jacques Villeneuve (Sr.) | March 85C | Cosworth DFX V8 | Goodyear | 4 | 14 |

## InfoBox

| Dave Billes | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | David George Billes<br>(1938-11-18)November 18, 1938 |
| Died | January 21, 2023(2023-01-21) (aged 84) |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Spouse | Donna Geraldine Siemms  (m. 1963; d. 2020) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parents | * Alfred Jackson Billes (father) * Muriel Billes (mother) |


title: Krawiec

abstract: Krawiec is a Polish surname meaning "tailor". Males and females use the same form in modern Poland. The surname is related to Kravets, Kravec, and Kravitz.

text:
# Krawiec

**Krawiec** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈkravʲɛt͡s\]) is a Polish surname meaning "tailor". Males and females use the same form in modern Poland. The surname is related to Kravets, Kravec, and Kravitz.

| Language | Masculine | Feminine |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Polish | Krawiec | |
| Russian
(Romanization) | Кравец
(Kravyets, Kraviets, Kravets) | |
| Slovak | Kravec | Kravcová |
| Ukrainian
(Romanization) | Кравець
(Kravets, Kravec)(Kravetz) | |
| Other | Krawietz, Krawitz, Kravietz, Kravitz Kravetz | |

## People


title: Serine racemase

abstract: Serine racemase is the first racemase enzyme in human biology to be identified. This enzyme converts L-serine to its enantiomer form, D-serine. D-serine acts as a neuronal signaling molecule by activating NMDA receptors in the brain. Since NMDA receptors Dysfunction has been suggested as one of the promising hypotheses for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it has been shown that underexpression of this enzyme is an indicator, especially for the paranoid subtype. Treatment of schizophrenia with D-serine has been shown to play some role in ameliorating some symptoms. In humans, the serine racemase protein is encoded by the SRR gene. Serine racemase may have evolved from L-thre-hydroxyaspartate (L-THA) eliminase and served as the precursor to aspartate racemase. Mammalian serine racemase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyzes both the racemization of L-serine to D-serine and also the elimination of water from L-serine, generating pyruvate and ammonia through the β-elimination of L-serine. This makes serine a known bifurcating enzyme. The β-elimination pathway is thought to serve as a bleed valve that allows local stores of L-serine to be diverted away from D-serine as a means of muting the D-serine signaling pathway. The canonical tetraglycine loop that serves as a PLP phosphate binding pocket includes the active residues being F55, K56, G185, G186, G187, G188, and S313. The enzyme is physiologically stimulated by divalent cations and is allosterically activated by the magnesium/ATP complex, associated with a conformational change upon nucleotide binding that depends upon interactions with Q89. The canonical coordination sphere of the divalent cation interaction site includes the active residues E210 and D216 within 2.1 angstroms of the ion.

text:
# Serine racemase

**Serine racemase** (SR, EC 5.1.1.18) is the first racemase enzyme in human biology to be identified. This enzyme converts L-serine to its enantiomer form, D-serine. D-serine acts as a neuronal signaling molecule by activating NMDA receptors in the brain.

Since NMDA receptors Dysfunction has been suggested as one of the promising hypotheses for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it has been shown that underexpression of this enzyme is an indicator, especially for the paranoid subtype. Treatment of schizophrenia with D-serine has been shown to play some role in ameliorating some symptoms.

In humans, the serine racemase protein is encoded by the *SRR* gene. Serine racemase may have evolved from L-thre-hydroxyaspartate (L-THA) eliminase and served as the precursor to aspartate racemase.

Mammalian serine racemase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyzes both the racemization of L-serine to D-serine and also the elimination of water from L-serine, generating pyruvate and ammonia through the β-elimination of L-serine. This makes serine a known bifurcating enzyme. The β-elimination pathway is thought to serve as a bleed valve that allows local stores of L-serine to be diverted away from D-serine as a means of muting the D-serine signaling pathway. The canonical tetraglycine loop that serves as a PLP phosphate binding pocket includes the active residues being F55, K56, G185, G186, G187, G188, and S313.

The enzyme is physiologically stimulated by divalent cations (e.g., magnesium) and is allosterically activated by the magnesium/ATP complex, associated with a conformational change upon nucleotide binding that depends upon interactions with Q89. The canonical coordination sphere of the divalent cation interaction site includes the active residues E210 and D216 within 2.1 angstroms of the ion.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| SRR | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SRR, ILV1, ISO1, serine racemase | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606477; MGI: 1351636; HomoloGene: 22775; GeneCards: SRR; OMA:SRR - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001304803
NM\_021947   NM\_001163311
NM\_013761
NM\_001362742
NM\_001362743
NM\_001362744   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001291732
NP\_068766   NP\_001156783
NP\_038789
NP\_001349671
NP\_001349672
NP\_001349673   Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 2.3 – 2.33 Mb Chr 11: 74.8 – 74.82 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago

abstract: The Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago (UTESA), or Santiago University of Technology, is a private, coeducational university located in the Dominican Republic. Its main campus is in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, and it has smaller campus extensions in Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, Moca, Dajabón and Santa Cruz de Mao. It was founded on November 12, 1974, by a group of professionals, and is one of the main research institutes in the country.

text:
# Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago

The **Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago** (**UTESA**), or **Santiago University of Technology**, is a private, coeducational university located in the Dominican Republic. Its main campus is in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, and it has smaller campus extensions in Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, Moca, Dajabón and Santa Cruz de Mao. It was founded on November 12, 1974, by a group of professionals, and is one of the main research institutes in the country.

## History

The Technological University of Santiago (UTESA) is the result of the interpretation of a group of professionals who envisioned the need for a new educational order at a time when the country needed a qualified staff in technical and professional areas. In response to these needs, aided by the Foundation Board and its Academic Regulations, the November 12, 1974 begins its formal this educational institution, acquiring legal personality on April 19, 1976, through Executive Order No. 1944.

UTESA was the first private university in the Dominican Republic to offer a night time.

On June 17, 1978, by Decree 3432 of the Executive Branch is authorized to issue academic degrees with the same force and effect as those of other officials or independent institutions of equal status.

In 1979, responding to new demands, expanding its curricular offerings, for the development of the career of Health Sciences, with the advice of American Universities of Ohio, South Carolina and Grenada.

To achieve the purposes defined in the academic programs, the university integrates the national and international organizations that bring together higher education institutions in the region and globally which stand between the Dominican Association of Universities (Adou), Caribbean Universities (UNICA), the Union of Latin American Universities (UDUAL), the Pan American Association of Universities, The American University Council for Economic and Social Development (CARE), The Ibero-American University Postgraduate Association (AUIP), The International Association of University Presidents (IAUP), among others.

Since 1992, expanding its curricular offerings UTESA starting the School of Engineering and Technology that operates at the headquarters of Santiago de los Caballeros and extensions in Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata.

In 1996, it signed an agreement with the University of Houston–Clear Lake with which begins the international academic program 2+2.

### Controversy

In July 1985, the Medical Board of California in the United States of America permanently disapproved the UTESA School of Medicine following an extensive review of its programs and faculty. The school attempted to obtain a probationary status, however, the disapproval was ratified in 1986 and again in 1997. The school has since been included in the disapproved list of several other U.S. states, including: Kansas, Indiana and Tennessee. However, medical graduates from the school are able to be licensed as physicians by these medical boards with endorsement from a primary medical board. Graduates from this medical school practice in all 50 States.

## Faculties

The university has various faculties, which include:

## Philosophy

The Technological University of Santiago was founded to promote democratic principles, promote national and universal culture, provide alternatives and solutions to national problems, to provide timely service to communicate locally and internationally. Being a humanist Open University, offers ample opportunities at all levels and forms of higher education to those aspiring for personal and professional, according to labor market requirements and the level of development of the country's productive forces with the highest standards of quality.

## Academic programs

The curricula of different levels, are consistent with the nature that makes up each of the areas, and the number of credits established. An academic credit is the unit equivalent to a theoretical class time or two hours weekly practices. The duration of each program is five years, during which it's developed and evaluated the impact of same in accordance with market requirements.

The restructuring and upgrading of the software is the result of cooperation between Clerk of the Course, teachers in the area, and Planning Advisory Committee, together with the Vice-Rector Academic. The students, upon enrollment, are incorporated into the existing curriculum of the career, which must be approved by the Boards of Directors and Academic.

## InfoBox

Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago
| Motto | Conocimiento y Experiencia (Spanish) |
| --- | --- |
| Motto in English | Knowledge and Experience |
| Type | Private |
| Established | November 12, 1974 |
| President | Príamo Rodríguez |
| Location | Campuses are located in Santiago de los Caballeros, Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, Moca, Santa Cruz de Mao and Dajabón, Dominican Republic |
| Campus | * Santiago main campus, Urban, 0.10 km2 * Santo Domingo campus, Urban * Puerto Plata campus, Urban * Moca campus, Urban * Mao campus, Urban * Dajabón campus, Urban |
| Colors | Green, Yellow and White |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: The Campbell baronetcy, of St Cross Mede, Winchester, Hampshire, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 22 May 1815 for the soldier Guy Campbell. The title was granted in honour of his father, Colin Campbell, wartime Governor of Gibraltar, and was created with remainder to the heirs male of his father.

text:
# Campbell baronets of St Cross Mede (1815)

The **Campbell baronetcy**, of St Cross Mede, Winchester, Hampshire, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 22 May 1815 for the soldier Guy Campbell. The title was granted in honour of his father, Colin Campbell, wartime Governor of Gibraltar, and was created with remainder to the heirs male of his father.

## Campbell baronets, of St Cross Mede (1815)

The heir apparent is Archibald Edward Fitzgerald Campbell (born 1990).

## Extended family

Sir Ronald Campbell, second son of the third Baronet, was a diplomat.

## Coat of arms

Coat of arms of Campbell baronets of St Cross Mede
|  | CrestA boar's head erased or langued gules. EscutcheonQuarterly 1st and 4th, Gyronny of eight or and sable 2nd, argent a lymphad sails furled and oars in action sable 3rd, Or a fess chequy azure and argent all within a bordure embattled ermine. Motto*Over the crest* |
| --- | --- |


title: Suzanne, Ardennes

abstract: Suzanne is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

text:
# Suzanne, Ardennes

**Suzanne** is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 112 |  |
| 1968 | 113 | +0.9% |
| 1975 | 95 | −15.9% |
| 1982 | 72 | −24.2% |
| 1990 | 60 | −16.7% |
| 1999 | 61 | +1.7% |
| 2008 | 62 | +1.6% |

## InfoBox

| Suzanne | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Suzanne | |
|  | |
| Location of Suzanne | |
| SuzanneSuzanne | |
| Coordinates: 49°31′01″N 4°38′06″E / 49.5169°N 4.635°E / 49.5169; 4.635 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Ardennes |
| Arrondissement | Vouziers |
| Canton | Attigny |
| Intercommunality | Crêtes Préardennaises |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Benoît Deletang |
| Area**1** | 6.45 km2 (2.49 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 58 |
| Density | 9.0/km2 (23/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 08433 /08130 |
| Elevation | 130 m (430 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: STK 40 GL

abstract: The STK 40 GL, formerly the CIS 40 GL is a 40 mm grenade launcher, developed in the late 1980s and produced by the Singaporean defense firm CIS - Chartered Industries of Singapore. The launcher is employed primarily by the Singapore Armed Forces and the police and security forces of several other countries.

text:
# STK 40 GL

The **STK 40 GL**, formerly the **CIS 40 GL** is a 40 mm grenade launcher, developed in the late 1980s and produced by the Singaporean defense firm CIS - **Chartered Industries of Singapore** (currently ST Kinetics). The launcher is employed primarily by the Singapore Armed Forces and the police and security forces of several other countries.

## Design

According to ST Kinetics Senior Engineer Felix Tsai, the STK 40 GL can be configured to be used with a buttstock or attached underneath assault rifles like the SAR-21, the M16 and HK series.

## Users

### Non-state actors

1. Woźniak, Ryszard. Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej - tom 2 G-Ł. Bellona. 2001. pp60.
2. "ST Kinetics: Singapore on the Move". Archived from the original on 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
3. BERETTA AR70/90-GL. Retrieved on September 19, 2008.
4. Capie, David (2004). *Under the Gun: The Small Arms Challenge in the Pacific*. Wellington: Victoria University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0864734532.
5. "Archived copy" (PDF). *www.smallarmssurvey.org*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
6. "Algunas armas utilizadas en la guerra del Cenepa (1995)". October 3, 2012.
7. "Chinese Arms in LTTE Hands – Sri Lanka Guardian". August 12, 2018. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018.

## Bibliography

* Wozniak, Ryszard (2001). "p. 60". *Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej - tom 2 G-Ł* (in Polish). Warsaw, Poland: Bellona. ISBN 83-11-09310-5.

## InfoBox

| STK 40 GL | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Grenade launcher |
| Place of origin | Singapore |
| Service history | |
| Used by | See *Users* |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Chartered Industries of Singapore |
| Designed | 1980s |
| Manufacturer | ST Kinetics |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 2.05 kg (4.52 lb) with stock |
| Length | 655 mm (25.8 in) with stock |
| Barrel length | 305 mm (12.0 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 40x46mm grenade |
| Action | Break-action, single action |
| Muzzle velocity | 76 m/s (249 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | Sights graduated from 100 to 400 m |
| Feed system | Breech-loaded, single-shot |
| Sights | Folding leaf sight |


title: Calectasia intermedia

abstract: Calectasia intermedia, commonly known as blue tinsel-lily or eastern tinsel lily is a species of flowering plant in the family Dasypogonaceae, endemic to the border areas of western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia and flowering in early spring. It is the only member of the genus Calectasia that is not endemic to Western Australia.

text:
# Calectasia intermedia

***Calectasia intermedia***, commonly known as **blue tinsel-lily** or **eastern tinsel lily** is a species of flowering plant in the family Dasypogonaceae, endemic to the border areas of western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia and flowering in early spring. It is the only member of the genus *Calectasia* that is not endemic to Western Australia.

## Description

*Calectasia intermedia* is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing to a height of about 65 cm (25.5 in) as an undershrub. The rhizome is about 50 cm (19.5 in) long, horizontal and buried about 7–10 cm (3–4 in) deep and there are no stilt roots. The stems have many side branches and bear leaves with few hairs. Each leaf is about 5.716.8 x 0.50.8 mm (0.20.7 x 0.020.03 in) and tapers to a short, sharp point on the end. The base of the petals (strictly tepals) form a tube 10.5–11.6 mm (0.41–0.46 in) long, while the outer parts spread outwards to form a blue, papery star-like pattern which does not fade with age. In the centre of the star are six yellow stamens forming a tube which turns orange-brown with age. The thin style extends beyond the stamens. Flowers appear from September to October.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Calectasia intermedia* is one of eleven species in the genus *Calectasia*. It was formally described in 1856 by German botanist Otto Wilhelm Sonder, based on plant material collected by Ferdinand von Mueller in the Grampians in Victoria. The description was published in the journal *Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde*. The specific epithet (*intermedia*) is from the Latin *intermedius* "coming between", referring to its apparent intermediate appearance between *C. cyanea* and *C. grandiflora*, the only two other species recognised at the time.

## Distribution and habitat

*C. intermedia* occurs from Bordertown in the far south-eastern corner of South Australia including the Calectasia Conservation Park, east to the Grampians and Little Desert, south-western Victoria. It grows in open Eucalyptus woodland on sandy soil and in heath. Its distribution is sporadic, due to the clearing of its habitat but it is not considered to be at risk.

## InfoBox

| *Calectasia intermedia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Calectasia intermedia* at Yallakar State Forest, near Edenhope western Victoria. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Dasypogonaceae |
| Genus: | *Calectasia* |
| Species: | ***C. intermedia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calectasia intermedia***<br>Sond. | |
|
|  | |
| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *C. cyanea* var. *intermedia* (Sond.) Anway * *Scaryomyrtus hexamera* F.Muell. | |


title: Potamophylax humoinsapiens

abstract: Potamophylax humoinsapiens is a species of caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It was first described in 2023, and is morphologically closest to Potamophylax idliri and Potamophylax juliani. The species is microendemic to the Šar Mountains in Kosovo.

text:
# Potamophylax humoinsapiens

***Potamophylax humoinsapiens*** is a species of caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It was first described in 2023, and is morphologically closest to *Potamophylax idliri* and *Potamophylax juliani*. The species is microendemic to the Šar Mountains in Kosovo.

## Description

The males of the species possess distinctive parameres that are characterized by their elongated and bulbous shape at the base, which gradually narrows down to a thin structure towards the end. The tip of the parameres is adorned with a uniform cluster of thin and elongated spines, resembling tiny hairs. Additionally, the species can be differentiated from its closely related counterparts by the significantly wider gap between the dorsal and ventral edges of the inferior appendages at the apical part, as observed from the side view.

## Habitat

The species was discovered at elevations ranging from 1416 to 1505 meters above sea level in three separate locations. Due to its limited range of distribution, much like other members of its species group, it is classified as a microendemic species found exclusively within the Šar Mountains.

## Taxonomy

*Potamophylax humoinsapiens* was described in 2023 by a team of researchers led by Halil Ibrahimi of the University of Pristina.

The name *humoinsapiens* is a combination of the Latin words *humo* and *insapiens*, meaning "to cover with soil, to bury" and "unwise", respectively. The researchers explain that the species' name is ironic, as it sounds like *Homo sapiens*, and the new species is calling humans unwise for causing the extinction of many insect species and other organisms and degrading known ecosystems on the planet.

## InfoBox

| *Potamophylax humoinsapiens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Trichoptera |
| Family: | Limnephilidae |
| Genus: | *Potamophylax* |
| Species: | ***P. humoinsapiens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potamophylax humoinsapiens***<br>Ibrahimi, Bilalli, and Gashi, 2023 | |
|


title: Date and time notation in Catalonia

text:
# Date and time notation in Catalonia

Catalonia uses certain conventions for presenting dates and times.

## Date

In Catalonia the date order is day, month, year. In most situations, the grammar and syntax rules are applied to this format: \<Weekday\>, \<monthday\> *de*/*d'* \<Month\> *de*/*del* \<year\>.

For example: *Dimecres, 20 d'abril de 2011* or *Dijous, 5 de maig del 2005*. Note that months are not capitalized.

Two-digit years are used for short mainly informally where no confusion arises, as in handwriting letters, notes and diaries. Official documents always use full four-digit years.

### Week

The week starts on Monday and ends on Sunday. In short form, days can be written as follows:

### Months

## Time

In Catalonia there are three spoken word time systems: traditional, modern and a mixture of both. It depends greatly on each Catalan variant.

The traditional uses the quarters as a unit reference based on analog clocks, while the modern one is based on digital clocks.

The two main variants of the 12-hour clock used in spoken Catalan are regarding quarterly fractions and half quarters of the current hour, in a similar way to the quarter's bells of the Big Ben and many others classical tower clocks (except for the four quarters of the full hours). One always relates to the next full hour, in other words, it names the fraction of the currently passing hour. For example, ""tres quarts de tres" ("three-quarters of three", see table below) stands for "three quarters of the third hour have passed". The other variant is relative; this one is also used for multiples of five minutes.

| Time | Absolute | Relative |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 | "les dues en punt / les dues" (two o’clock) | |
| 14:05 | “les dues i cinc” (two & five) |  |
| **14:07** | **“mig quart i de tres” (half quarter of three)** |  |
| 14:10 | “1 quart de tres menys 5” (1-quarter minus five) | “les dues i 10” (ten past two) |
| 14:15 | “un quart de tres” (one quarter of three) |  |
| 14:20 | “1 quart de tres i cinc” (1-quarter & five) |  |
| **14:22** | **“un quart i mig de tres” (one quarter & half of three)** |  |
| 14:25 | “1 quart de tres i deu” (1-quarter & ten) | “2 quarts menys 5” (2-quarters minus five) |
| 14:30 | “dos quarts de tres” (2-quarters of three) | |
| 14:35 | “2 quarts de tres i cinc” (2-quarters & five) |  |
| **14:37** | **“dos quarts i mig de tres” (two quarters & half of three)** |  |
| 14:40 | “2 quarts de 3 i deu” (two-quarters of three & ten) | "3 quarts menys 5” (3-quarters minus five) |
| 14:45 | "tres quarts de tres" (three-quarters of three) |  |
| 14:50 | “3 quarts de 3 i cinc” (three-quarters of three & five) |  |
| **14:52** | **“tres quarts i mig de tres” (three quarters & half of three)** |  |
| 14:55 | “3 quarts de 3 i deu” (three-quarters of three & ten) | "les tres menys 5” (three minus five) |
| 15:00 | "les tres en punt / les tres" (three o’clock) | |

Note that these phrases are exclusive to the 12-hour clock, just as the "(hour) (minutes)" format is exclusive to the 24-hour clock.

1. 0141 reduim els dies de la setmana Archived 25 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine Optimot, Consultes lingüístiques.
2. Abreviatures Archived 2 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Societat d'Onomàstica
3. Un Rellotge Català: Bibliografia, enllaços i agraïments(in Catalan)