title: Peak Tram

abstract: The Peak Tram is a funicular railway in Hong Kong, which carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong Kong Island. Running from Garden Road Admiralty to Victoria Peak via the Mid-Levels, it provides the most direct route and offers good views over the harbour and skyscrapers of Hong Kong. Operated since 1888, it was the first funicular railway in Asia. The Peak Tram is owned and operated by Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels (HSH), the owner of Hong Kong's Peninsula Hotel along with other properties. The line, along with HSH's Peak Tower leisure complex at the line's summit, is promoted using the brand The Peak. After a lengthy renovation and upgrade project, the Peak Tram reopened on 27 August 2022.

text:
# Peak Tram

The **Peak Tram** is a funicular railway in Hong Kong, which carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong Kong Island. Running from Garden Road Admiralty to Victoria Peak via the Mid-Levels, it provides the most direct route and offers good views over the harbour and skyscrapers of Hong Kong. Operated since 1888, it was the first funicular railway in Asia.

The Peak Tram is owned and operated by Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels (HSH), the owner of Hong Kong's Peninsula Hotel along with other properties. The line, along with HSH's Peak Tower leisure complex at the line's summit, is promoted using the brand **The Peak**. After a lengthy renovation and upgrade project, the Peak Tram reopened on 27 August 2022.

## Route

The Peak Tram's route from Central district to Victoria Peak covers a distance of about 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) and an elevation of just under 400 metres (1,312 ft). The line has two pronounced curves, one to the left immediately after leaving the lower terminus, and the other to the right in the upper half of the ascent. The gradient also varies considerably throughout the ascent.

The lower terminus station, Central, is located on Garden Road near St. John's Cathedral. The original station was incorporated into St. John's Building, an office tower, with the tram terminus at the ground level. The station comprises a single track, with platforms on both sides. One platform is used for boarding, the other for exiting the tram.

The upper terminus, The Peak, is located below the Peak Tower shopping and leisure complex at Victoria Gap, some 150 metres (490 ft) below the summit of Victoria Peak. The station has the same arrangement of boarding and alighting platforms as the lower terminus. The haulage and control equipment for the funicular is located in a basement below the station.

The Peak Tram is a single track funicular railway, that is, a railway where a pair of carriages act as counterweights for each other, one going up, the other down. Its passing loop is located uphill from the May Road station. The track is two rails except for an approximately 400m long section which includes the passing loop. In the downhill direction, the track transitions to three rails just before the start of the upper curve. On the straight below the upper curve it changes to a fairly short four rail section where the two carriages pass each other. The track then reverts to two rails just uphill of the May Road station - this point can be seen looking uphill from the May Road overbridge.

There are four intermediate stops, each of which is a request stop consisting of a single stepped platform and a shelter:

## History

| Peak Tram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 山頂纜車 |
| Simplified Chinese | 山顶缆车 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Shāndǐng Lǎnchē  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping saan1 deng2 laam6 ce1 | |
|  | |

In 1881, Alexander Findlay Smith first put the project of a Peak Railway into shape and presented a petition for a concession to the governor of Hong Kong. The necessary legislation was passed two years later.

Findlay Smith did not approach the project rashly. Travelling extensively in Europe and America, he made himself conversant with nearly every existing method of railway employed for mountain ascent — San Francisco, Scarborough, Rigi, Monterey, Lucerne, the Rhine, Mount Vesuvius — and returned to Hong Kong thoroughly convinced of the feasibility of his idea. The actual construction was begun in September 1885 and in May 1888 the line was officially opened.

Smith's business partner, N. J. Ede, owned and lived in the house next to the Upper Terminus, originally named Dunheved, which they converted into the original Peak Hotel.

It took three years to build the Peak Tram. Most of the heavy equipment and rails needed for the construction were hauled uphill by the workers with no mechanical support. As a revolutionary new form of transport for Asia at the time, the tramway was considered a marvel of engineering upon its completion. A wooden structure was built for the terminal. According to photographs, the Garden Road terminus was originally an unadorned building, a large clock face was added to the edifice probably between the 1910s and 1920s.

The Peak Tram was opened for public service on 28 May 1888 by the then governor Sir George William des Voeux. As built, the line used a static steam engine to power the haulage cable. It was at first used only for residents of Victoria Peak. Despite that, it carried 800 passengers on its first day of operation, and about 150,000 in its first year, transported in the line's original wooden-bodied cars. The tram's existence accelerated the residential development of Victoria Peak and the Mid-Levels.

From its opening in 1888 until 1926, the Peak Tram divided into three classes:

* First Class: British colonial officials and residents of Victoria Peak
* Second Class: British military and Hong Kong Police Force personnel
* Third Class: Other people and animals

The initial round trip charges, HKD 30 cents (First Class), 20 cents (Second Class) and 10 cents (Third Class), had risen 50 per cent by 1926.

From 1908 to 1949, the first two seats in the front of the tram were reserved for the governor of Hong Kong, to which was attached a bronze plaque reading: "This seat is reserved for His Excellency the Governor". The seats were not available to ordinary passengers until two minutes before departure.

In the course of its history, the tram has been a victim of two natural disasters, caused by floods from heavy rainfall, which washed away steep sections of the track between Bowen Road and Kennedy Road. The first was in 1899, and the second occurred on 12 June 1966.

In 1926, the steam engine was replaced by an electric motor. On 11 December 1941, during the Battle of Hong Kong, the engine room was damaged in an attack. Services were not resumed until 25 December 1945, after the end of the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong.

In 1956, the Peak Tram was equipped with a new generation of lightweight metal-bodied cars, each of which seated 62 passengers. Unusually for a funicular line, three such cars were provided, only two of which were in use at any one time. The third spare car was kept in a car shed near the Kennedy Road station.

The system was comprehensively rebuilt in 1989 by the Swiss company, Von Roll, with a new track, a computerized control system, and two new two-car trams with a capacity of 120 passengers per tram. By the time of the handover in 1997, the system carried some 2 million passengers annually. Today, more than 4 million people ride the Peak Tram annually, or an average of over 11,000 every day.

Of prior rolling stock, only two 1956 fourth generation all-aluminium cars and one 1989 fifth generation car survive. Two cars, one from both previous generations, can be seen on a disused spur track that led to the former tram depot near the Kennedy Road station. An additional fourth generation car is displayed near the upper terminal, now serving as a Tourism Board Information Center. None of the cars from the first three generations exist, but a replica of the first car is displayed in the Peak Tram Historical Gallery.

### The Peak Tram Upgrade Project

Fifth generation (above) and sixth generation (below) trams

In view of the continuous increase in the number of tourists visiting Hong Kong, passenger usage of the tram was increasing by more than one digit percentage every year, especially on Sundays and public holidays. It was taking at least two hours to board; passenger demand far exceeded capacity. By 2012, average daily passenger usage reached 12,000, of which around 90% were tourists. At that period, Peak Tramways Company Limited hired a consultant to study how to improve the Peak Tram terminal and facilities to increase the available space, also considering re-laying tracks and to renovate the cable car cabins to increase the passenger capacity.

At the end of 2015, Peak Tramways Company Limited's right to operate the Peak Tram expired. In the same year, it stated that it planned to spend about HK$684 million to launch a development plan to upgrade the Peak Tram system and improve existing facilities. It was implemented in phases and to be completed in 4 to 5 years. The development plan included:

* Purchasing new trams to increase the passenger capacity of the Peak Tram from 120 to 210 passengers per trip, which will greatly reduce the waiting time for passengers by approximately 75–91%
* Extend the Garden Road tram station and build the platform about 70 metres (230 ft) uphill, after arriving at the "Red Brick House" in the WWF Central Visitor Center, providing a covered, temperature-controlled and comfortable waiting area for queuing, as well as providing a moderate amount of entertainment (such as historical exhibits on the Peak Tram) for approximately 1,300 waiting passengers
* Refurbishment of the upper platform of the Peak Tram Station, including widening the boarding platform; increasing the number of gates and ticket counters, and setting up a larger waiting area in front of the ticket office
* More effective crowd monitoring to ensure the safety of tourists, employees and pedestrians
* Further enhancement of the image of the Peak Tram and maintaining the status of the tram as an important tourism and leisure facility

The project was expected to be completed in 2021, during which the construction was divided into two phases. The first phase, which lasted from April 23, 2019, saw the Peak Tram being suspended for 2 to 3 months. The maintenance plan included the extension of the Peak Terminus and Garden Road Terminus, which was completed on July 22 of the same year. After the completion of the first phase of the project, the Peak Tram service was resumed for about 12 to 15 months. During this period, due to the expansion and renovation of the Garden Road Terminus, passengers used the temporary platform and queue outside the station.

The Second phase began on June 28, 2021, with the closure of the line. New tram carriages were installed, with longer bodies, and passenger capacity increased from 120 to 210. At the same time, power and towing systems, rail, control and signal systems and cables were replaced, and the renovation of the Peak Terminus and the Garden Road Terminus were complete, with the expansion of the former to cater for the new and larger tram carriage.

The project improved the waiting environment, replaced tracks, improved foundations, cable car bridges and other structures. The government stated that the entire development plan invested more than 700 million Hong Kong dollars. Final project costs were $799m HKD (£87m). After a closure of 14 months, the tram was reopened on 27 August 2022, though tourist numbers in Hong Kong are a fraction of their pre-COVID levels.

## Statistics

The Peak Tram is a funicular railway, with the following technical parameters:

* Length: 1,364 metres (4,475 ft)
* Height: 28 metres (92 ft) to 396 metres (1,299 ft)
* Maximum Steepness: 48%
* Track Gradient: 4–27 degrees
* Cars: 2 two-car train sets
* Car Builder: CWA, Switzerland
* Capacity: 210 passengers per train set
* Configuration: Single track with passing loop
* Journey time: average 5 minutes
* Maximum speed: 6 metres per second (19.69 ft/s; 13.42 mph)
* Track gauge: 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+2732 in) Russian gauge
* Traction: Electric

## No. 1 Lugard Road

The building at No. 1 Lugard Road, located next to the Peak Tower and The Peak Lookout, was built about 1927 by The Peak Tramways Co. Ltd. as a workshop, with an additional floor added in 1953 to provide a flat for the General Manager of Company. The building is still owned and used by the Peak Tramways Company. It is a Grade III historic building since 2010.

22°16′19.36″N 114°9′17.52″E / 22.2720444°N 114.1548667°E / 22.2720444; 114.1548667

## InfoBox

| Peak Tram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sixth generation Peak Tram car approaching The Peak Terminus | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Hong Kong |
| Transit type | Funicular railway |
| Number of stations | 6 |
| Daily ridership | About 17,000 |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | 30 May 1888 (1888-05-30) |
| Operator(s) | Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels |
| Technical | |
| System length | 1.365 kilometres (0.848 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+2732 in) Russian gauge |
| System map | |


title: Peanut liqueur

abstract: Peanut liqueur is a liqueur produced with peanuts.

text:
# Peanut liqueur

**Peanut liqueur** is a liqueur produced with peanuts.

## History

Rum is often used in the preparation of peanut liqueur, in which the spirit is infused with peanuts. Some varieties are produced with cream and simple syrup. Castries Crème is a brand of peanut liquor based upon rum that has the flavor of peanuts, brown sugar and cinnamon. Some peanut-infused vodkas are also produced, such as Van Gogh Vodka, NutLiquor and Peacasso. Peanut Lolita was an unpopular peanut-based dessert whiskey that was manufactured and sold in the United States in the 1960s until 1970s.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Peanut liqueur
| Type | Liqueur |
| --- | --- |
| Ingredients | Peanuts, rum |


title: Paul Tiensten

abstract: Paul Tiensten is a former Papua New Guinean politician and former National Alliance Member of Parliament for Pomio Open. Tiensten is currently serving a nine-year sentence for corruption. Tiensten holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Papua New Guinea and a Masters in Resources Law at the Center for Energy, Petroleum, Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee, Scotland. He served as a Director of Petroleum at the Department of Petroleum and Energy for the government of Papua New Guinea and was also a Project Manager for the World Bank funded Gas Development and Utilization Technical Assistance Project.

text:
# Paul Tiensten

**Paul Tiensten** (born 1966) is a former Papua New Guinean politician and former National Alliance Member of Parliament for Pomio Open. Tiensten is currently serving a nine-year sentence for corruption.

Tiensten holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Papua New Guinea and a Masters in Resources Law at the Center for Energy, Petroleum, Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee, Scotland.

He served as a Director of Petroleum at the Department of Petroleum and Energy for the government of Papua New Guinea and was also a Project Manager for the World Bank funded Gas Development and Utilization Technical Assistance Project.

## Political career

Tiensten was first elected to parliament in 2002 and was appointed as the Chairman of the Special Parliamentary Committee on Gas and Energy Development. He was later appointed Trade and Industry Minister on 12 November 2003 and served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2007 under then Prime Minister Michael Somare.

He was re-elected in 2007 for a second term of Parliament as Minister for National Planning and District Development, but lost his portfolio in August 2011 when a defection of MPs saw the government of Michael Somare disbanded.

## Controversy

### Taiwan diplomatic scandal

In 2008, Singaporean businessman Wu Shih-tsa alleged in a Taiwanese court that six Papua New Guinea officials, including Paul Tiensten, personally profited from a payment of A$19 million from Taiwan in a bid to strengthen diplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea. Tiensten admitted to meeting the Taiwanese officials, but denied the allegations of corruption.

Sam Koim, the chairman of the anti-corruption investigation team Task Force Sweep, announced in December 2011 that he may be investigating the Taiwan diplomatic scandal in early 2012.

### Kikori misappropriation controversy

In January 2010 Minister for Labour and Industrial Relations, Mark Maipakai, who is the member of parliament for Kikori, alleged that the Office of the Minister for National Planning and District Development had been involved in a 220 million kina (US$81.4 million) fraud, together with four landowner associations in Kikori, Gulf Province. The funds were intended for infrastructure projects in Kikori, including roads, houses and a hospital, but were never used for this purpose. Maipakai called on Paul Tiensten to explain why the funds were released by his office without proper project submission, status report, accounting or acquittals. Tiensten denied the allegations of fraud, explaining that the four landowner associations had signed the Benefits Sharing Agreement for the Liquefied Natural Gas project, and so the Government, in return, made the commitment to facilitate the release of infrastructure funds to them.

Subsequently the chairman of one of the four landowner associations, the Kikori Gas Pipeline Landowner Association (KGPLA), Mark Sarong, was arrested and charged with ten counts of misappropriation and ten counts of conspiracy. Sarong allegedly went behind the board of directors of the KGPLA and changed the signatories so that he could sign cashable cheques worth substantial amounts, including one cheque for K4 million. Tiensten, with the Minister of Finance, had authorised the release of 17.6 million kina \[US$6.6 million\] to the KGPLA. The case against Sarong was struck out by the Waigani Committal Court in August 2010 due to a lack of a police brief.

### Tiensten’s arrest amid corruption claims

In early November 2011, Tiensten was arrested by the government’s Investigation Task Force Sweep, a corruption investigation task force established by Prime Minister Peter O'Neill. The charges against Tiensten related to the misappropriation of funds, conspiracy to defraud the state and abuse of office, for his part in approving a PGK 10 million payment of air subsidies to the airline company Travel Air. It was alleged that Tiensten conspired with Travel Air's owner, businessman Eremas Wartoto, to make the payment while he was National Planning Minister, despite being aware that the company was inactive. Tiensten had initially fled to Australia in September 2011 when summoned for questioning by the Investigation Task Force Sweep, but was arrested in Papua New Guinea upon his return in November.

Tiensten was later arrested in November 2011 by the Investigation Task Force Sweep on three further charges for diverting PGK 3.4 million of government funding to Tolpot Services Ltd, of which he was both a shareholder and a director.

In March 2014, he was convicted of misappropriation over 10 million kina, and sentenced to nine years of hard labour.


title: Pediomelum argophyllum

abstract: Pediomelum argophyllum, synonym Psoralea argophylla, is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. The species is native to the central United States, as well as the three Canadian prairie provinces, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Pediomelum argophyllum grows naturally as a forb, and it grows perennially.

text:
# Pediomelum argophyllum

***Pediomelum argophyllum***, synonym ***Psoralea argophylla***, (common name **silverleaf Indian breadroot**) is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. The species is native to the central United States, as well as the three Canadian prairie provinces, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. *Pediomelum argophyllum* grows naturally as a forb, and it grows perennially.

## InfoBox

| *Pediomelum argophyllum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Pediomelum* |
| Species: | ***P. argophyllum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pediomelum argophyllum***
(Pursh) J.W.Grimes | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Lotodes argophyllum*  (Pursh) Kuntze (1891)     + *Psoralea argophylla*  Pursh (1813)     + *Psoralea argophylla var. decumbens*  A.Gray (1860)     + *Psoralea argophylla var. robustior*  Bates (1914)     + *Psoralea collina*  Rydb. (1895)     + *Psoralea incana*  Nutt. (1818)     + *Psoralidium argophyllum*  (Pursh) Rydb. (1919)     + *Psoralidium collinum*  (Rydb.) Rydb. (1919) | |


title: Pediodectes nigromarginatus

abstract: Pediodectes nigromarginatus, the black-margined shieldback, is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pediodectes nigromarginatus

***Pediodectes nigromarginatus***, the **black-margined shieldback**, is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is found in North America.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species *Pediodectes nigromarginatus*:

* *Pediodectes nigromarginatus griseis* (Caudell, 1907)
* *Pediodectes nigromarginatus nigromarginatus* (Caudell, 1902)

## InfoBox

| *Pediodectes nigromarginatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Tettigoniidae |
| Tribe: | Platycleidini |
| Genus: | *Pediodectes* |
| Species: | ***P. nigromarginatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pediodectes nigromarginatus***<br>(Caudell, 1902) | |
|


title: Paunnacussing Creek

abstract: Paunnacussing Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River contained wholly within Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It rises from a pond north of Mechanicsville in Buckingham Township and drains into the Delaware at Bull Island just upstream of Lumberville in Solebury Township.

text:
# Paunnacussing Creek

**Paunnacussing Creek** is a tributary of the Delaware River contained wholly within Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It rises from a pond north of Mechanicsville in Buckingham Township and drains into the Delaware at Bull Island just upstream of Lumberville in Solebury Township.

## History

The original inhabitants of the area of Paunnacussing Creek were the Lenape people. Later, it became a part of the Province of Pennsylvania in 1681. The first mention of the stream was on Cutler's resurvey in 1703. At one time there were several mills along the creek as evidenced by dams along the waterway, which were damaged or destroyed during the great flood of 3 August 1885, which caused severe damage in the village of Carversville, washed out local roads, and destroyed the aqueduct carrying the Delaware Canal over the creek. The cost of replacing the aqueduct was $10,000.

## Statistics

The Geographic Name Information System I.D. is 1183392, U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey I.D. is 03093. The creek's watershed is 7.87 square miles (20.4 km2), and it meets its confluence with the Delaware river's 155.60 river mile at an elevation of 72 feet (22 m).

## Course

Paunnacussing Creek rises from a pond north of Mechanicsville at an elevation of 390 feet (120 m) and starts out northwest oriented, then northeast, turns northwest, and back to northeast. At Carversville, it picks up two unnamed tributaries, one from the right bank, then one from the left. Then is northeast oriented until it passes under the Delaware Canal aqueduct and meets with the Delaware River just upstream of Lumberville across from Bull's Island at an elevation of 72 feet (22 m), resulting in an average slope of 59 feet per mile (11.2 m/km).

## Geology

Paunnacussing Creek lies in the Stockton Formation of bedrock consisting of arkosic sandstone, buff to light-gray, and red to purple-red sandstone, shale, siltstone, and mudstone laid down during the Triassic.

## Municipalities

## Crossings and Bridges

| Crossing | NBI Number | Length | Lanes | Spans | Material/Design | Built | Reconstructed | Latitude | Longitude |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Indian Spring Road | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Wellsford Lane | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Street Road | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Carversville Road | 7103 | 13 metres (43 ft) | 2 | 2 | arch-deck masonry | - | 2011 | 40°23'11.1"N | 75°3'45.7"W |
| Fleecy Dale Road | 7111 | 21 metres (69 ft) | 2 | 2 | arch-deck masonry | - | - | 40°23'15.6"N | 75°3'46"W |
| Old Carversville Road | 7545 | 16 metres (52 ft) | 1 | 1 | steel stringer/multi-beam or girder | 1931 | 1986 | 40°23'34.8"N | 75°3'26.2"W |
| Pennsylvania Route 32 (River Road) | 41338 | 14 metres (46 ft) | 2 | 1 | prestressed concrete box beam or girders-multiple | 2001 | - | 40°24'27.8"N | 75°2'31.92"W |
| Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division) aqueduct | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |

## InfoBox

| Paunnacussing Creek
Milton Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Paunnacussing Creek | |
| Native name |  |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Bucks |
| Township | Buckingham
Solebury |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 40°21′12″N 75°4′32″W / 40.35333°N 75.07556°W / 40.35333; -75.07556 |
| elevation | 390 feet (120 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 40°24′32″N 75°2′27″W / 40.40889°N 75.04083°W / 40.40889; -75.04083 |
| elevation | 72 feet (22 m) |
| Length | 5.39 miles (8.67 km) |
| Basin size | 7.87 square miles (20.4 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Paunnacussing Creek → Delaware RiverDelaware Bay |
| River system | Delaware River |
| Landmarks | Lumberville |
| Bridges | Indian Spring Road
Wellsford Lane
Street Road
Carversville Road
Fleecy Dale Road
Old Carversville Road
Pennsylvania Route 32 (River Road)
Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division) aqueduct. |
| Slope | 59 feet per mile (11.2 m/km) |
|  | |
| National Wild and Scenic Rivers System | |
|  | |


title: Paunküla Landscape Conservation Area

abstract: Paunküla Landscape Conservation Area is a nature park which is located in Harju County, Estonia. The area of the nature park is 623 ha. The protected area was founded in 1981 to protect Paunküla Hills and the lakes between the hills.

text:
# Paunküla Landscape Conservation Area

**Paunküla Landscape Conservation Area** is a nature park which is located in Harju County, Estonia.

The area of the nature park is 623 ha.

The protected area was founded in 1981 to protect Paunküla Hills and the lakes between the hills.

## InfoBox

| Paunküla Landscape Conservation Area | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Estonia |
| Coordinates | 59°08′25″N 25°16′45″E / 59.1403°N 25.2792°E / 59.1403; 25.2792 |
| Area | 623 ha |
| Established | 1981 (2006) |


title: Paunküla Reservoir

abstract: Paunküla Reservoir is located in Kiruvere Village, Kose Parish, Harju County, Estonia near Ardu. The reservoir is part of the Tallinn water supply system and is connected to upstream Jägala river via Sae-Paunküla Canal. Pirita river runs isolated along the southern shore of the reservoir in a ditch and is only connected to the reservoir at the north-eastern end of the reservoir. The area of the reservoir is 420 ha, average depth is 3.4 m (11 ft) and maximum depth is 8.7 m (29 ft).

text:
# Paunküla Reservoir

**Paunküla Reservoir** is located in Kiruvere Village, Kose Parish, Harju County, Estonia near Ardu.

The reservoir is part of the Tallinn water supply system and is connected to upstream Jägala river via Sae-Paunküla Canal.

Pirita river runs isolated along the southern shore of the reservoir in a ditch and is only connected to the reservoir at the north-eastern end of the reservoir.

The area of the reservoir is 420 ha (1,000 acres), average depth is 3.4 m (11 ft) and maximum depth is 8.7 m (29 ft).

## History

The reservoir was first flooded in 1960. The reservoir reached its current size in 1979.

## InfoBox

| Paunküla reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Paunküla reservoir | |
| Location | Kose Parish, Harju County, Estonia |
| Coordinates | 59°06′56″N 25°21′09″E / 59.1156°N 25.3525°E / 59.1156; 25.3525 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Part of | Tallinn water supply system |
| Primary inflows | Paunküla Stream, Palgissaare Stream, Sae-Paunküla Canal |
| Primary outflows | Pirita River |
| Catchment area | 90.1 km2 (34.8 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Estonia |
| Managing agency | Tallinna Vesi |
| Built | 1960 |
| First flooded | 1960 |
|  | |
| Max. length | 3.9 km (2.4 mi) |
| Max. width | 1.8 km (1.1 mi) |
| Surface area | 420.2 ha (1,038 acres) |
| Average depth | 3.4 m (11 ft) |
| Max. depth | 8.7 m (29 ft) |
| Water volume | 10,100 m3 (360,000 cu ft) |
| Residence time | 8 weeks |
| Shore length1 | 25.5 km (15.8 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 72.5 m (238 ft) |
|  | |
| Islands | 22 |
| Settlements | Kiruvere, Ardu |
| References |  |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Paunküla

abstract: Paunküla is a village in Kose Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.

text:
# Paunküla

**Paunküla** is a village in Kose Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.

59°09′N 25°21′E / 59.150°N 25.350°E / 59.150; 25.350

## InfoBox

| Paunküla | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Eurasian moose (*Alces alces*) in the surrounding forest of Paunküla | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Harju County |
| Municipality | Kose Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Pyrausta nigrata

abstract: Pyrausta nigrata is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 Entomologia Carniolica and it is found in Europe. The wingspan is 14–17 mm (0.55–0.67 in). The moth flies from June to October depending on the location. The larvae feed on various herbs, such as thyme and marjoram.

text:
# Pyrausta nigrata

***Pyrausta nigrata*** is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 *Entomologia Carniolica* and it is found in Europe.

The wingspan is 14–17 mm (0.55–0.67 in). The moth flies from June to October depending on the location.

The larvae feed on various herbs, such as thyme and marjoram.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta nigrata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. nigrata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta nigrata***<br>(Scopoli, 1763) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pyralis anguinalis* Hübner, 1796 * *Pyralis fascialis* Schrank, 1802 * *Tinea funigera* Fourcroy, 1785 | |


abstract: For All the Saints: A Prayer Book for and by the Church is a breviary used in the Lutheran tradition. It is used daily to pray the canonical hours at fixed prayer times. It is bound in four volumes and follows the lectionary of the Lutheran Book of Worship. For All the Saints: A Prayer Book for and by the Church has prayers and readings from the Old Testament, Epistles and Gospels with a commentary on them. The breviary covers the entire Christian Bible in a two-year cycle.

text:
# For All the Saints: A Prayer Book for and by the Church

***For All the Saints: A Prayer Book for and by the Church*** is a breviary used in the Lutheran tradition. It is used daily to pray the canonical hours at fixed prayer times. It is bound in four volumes and follows the lectionary of the Lutheran Book of Worship. *For All the Saints: A Prayer Book for and by the Church* has prayers and readings from the Old Testament, Epistles and Gospels with a commentary on them. The breviary covers the entire Christian Bible in a two-year cycle.


title: Central Bangka Regency

abstract: Central Bangka Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia. It covers an area of 2,155.77 km⁲ and had a population of 161,075 at the 2010 Census, rising to 198,946 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 205,510 - comprising 106,340 males and 99,170 females. The town of Koba is its regency seat.

text:
# Central Bangka Regency

**Central Bangka Regency** is a regency (*kabupaten*) of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia. It covers an area of 2,155.77 km2 and had a population of 161,075 at the 2010 Census, rising to 198,946 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 205,510 - comprising 106,340 males and 99,170 females. The town of Koba is its regency seat.

## Administrative Districts

The Regency is divided into six districts (*kecamatan*), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The table also includes the numbers of administrative villages in each district (totaling 56 rural *desa* and 7 urban *kelurahan*), and its postal code.

| Kode
Wilayah | Name of
District
(*kecamatan*) | Area
in
km2 | Pop'n
Census
2010 | Pop'n
Census
2020 | Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2022 | Admin
centre | No.
of
villages | Post
code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19.04.01 | Koba (a) | 390.57 | 34,808 | 42,929 | 44,345 | Koba | 11 (b) | 33681 |
| 19.04.06 | Lubuk Besar (c) | 546.10 | 22,712 | 31,153 | 32,181 | Lubuk Besar | 9 | 33682 |
| 19.04.02 | Pangkalan Baru (c) | 108.18 | 37,473 | 46,027 | 47,546 | Dul | 12 (d) | 33684 |
| 19.04.05 | Namang | 204.10 | 13,912 | 16,837 | 17,393 | Namang | 8 | 33683 |
| 19.04.03 | Sungai Selan (e) | 789.74 | 30,048 | 36,073 | 37,263 | Sungai Selan | 13 (d) | 33675 |
| 19.04.04 | Simpang Katis | 230.34 | 22,275 | 25,927 | 26,782 | Simpang Katis | 10 | 33674 |
|  | ***Totals*** | *2,269.03* | *161,228* | *198,946* | *205,510* | *Koba* | *63* |  |

Notes: (a) includes 8 offshore islands. (b) comprises 5 *kelurahan* (Arung Dalam, Berok, Koba, Padang Mulia and Simpang Perlang) and 6 *desa*.
(c) includes 3 offshore islands. (d) includes one *kelurahan* \- the district administrative centre. (e) includes 6 offshore islands.

2°25′S 106°14′E / 2.417°S 106.233°E / -2.417; 106.233

## InfoBox

| Central Bangka Regency *Kabupaten Bangka Tengah* | |
| --- | --- |
| Regency | |
|  | |
| Motto: *Selawang Segantang* | |
| Location within Bangka Belitung Islands | |
| Central Bangka RegencyLocation in Sumatra and IndonesiaCentral Bangka RegencyCentral Bangka Regency (Indonesia) | |
| Coordinates: 2°25′S 106°14′E / 2.417°S 106.233°E / -2.417; 106.233 | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | Bangka Belitung Islands |
| Regency seat | Koba |
| Government | |
| Regent | Yulianto Satin (Acting) |
| Deputy Regent | Vacant |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,269.03 km2 (876.08 sq mi) |
| Population (mid 2022 estimate) | |
| Total | 205,510 |
| Density | 91/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (IWST) |
| Area code | (+62) 718 |
| Website | bangkatengahkab.go.id |


title: Puerto Rican Spanish

abstract: Puerto Rican Spanish is the variety of the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish. Outside of Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rican accent of Spanish is also commonly heard in the U.S. Virgin Islands and many U.S. mainland cities like Orlando, New York City, Philadelphia, Miami, Tampa, Boston, Cleveland, and Chicago, among others. However, not all stateside Puerto Ricans have knowledge of Spanish. Opposite to island-born Puerto Ricans who primarily speak Spanish, many stateside-born Puerto Ricans primarily speak English, although many stateside Puerto-Ricans are fluent in Spanish and English, and often alternate between the two languages.

text:
# Puerto Rican Spanish

**Puerto Rican Spanish** is the variety of the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish. Outside of Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rican accent of Spanish is also commonly heard in the U.S. Virgin Islands and many U.S. mainland cities like Orlando, New York City, Philadelphia, Miami, Tampa, Boston, Cleveland, and Chicago, among others. However, not all stateside Puerto Ricans have knowledge of Spanish. Opposite to island-born Puerto Ricans who primarily speak Spanish, many stateside-born Puerto Ricans primarily speak English, although many stateside Puerto-Ricans are fluent in Spanish and English, and often alternate between the two languages.

## Influences

### Andalusia and the Canary Islands

Since most of the original farmers and commoners of Puerto Rico between the 15th and 18th centuries came from Andalusia (Andalucía), the basis for most of Puerto Rican Spanish is Andalusian Spanish (particularly that of Seville) (Sevilla). For example, the endings -ado, -ido, -edo often drop intervocalic /d/ in both Seville and San Juan: hablado \> hablao, vendido \> vendío, dedo \> deo (intervocalic /d/ dropping is quite widespread in coastal American dialects).

Another Andalusian trait is the tendency to weaken postvocalic consonants, particularly /-s/: 'los dos \> lo(h) do(h), 'buscar' \> buhcá(l) (aspiration or elimination of syllable-final /s/ is quite widespread in coastal American dialects).

Pronouncing "l" instead of "r" in syllable-final position is also a trait of Puerto Rican Spanish that has similarities in Spain - Andalusians sometimes do the opposite, replacing the letter "l" at the end of a syllable with "r" (e.g. saying "Huerva" instead of "Huelva". People from working class areas of Seville can sometimes sound almost indistinguishable from Puerto Ricans (Zatu, the singer of the band SFDK from the Pino Montano district of Seville being an example). This distinction is the main way of distinguishing between the two accents when examples in the "transition zone" exist.

Nevertheless, Canarian Spanish (from Spain's Canary Islands) made the major contribution to Puerto Rican Spanish, and can be considered the basis of the dialect and accent. Many Canarians came in hopes of establishing a better life in the Americas. Most Puerto Rican immigration in the early 19th century included people from the Canary Islands, who, like Puerto Ricans, had inherited most of their linguistic traits from Andalusia.

Canarian influence is most present in the language of those Puerto Ricans who live in the central mountain region, who blended it with the remnant vocabulary of the Taíno. Canarian and Caribbean dialects share a similar intonation which, in general terms, means that stressed vowels are usually quite long. Puerto Rican and Canarian Spanish accents are strikingly similar. When visiting Tenerife or Las Palmas, Puerto Ricans are usually taken at first hearing for fellow-Canarians from a distant part of the Canary archipelago.

Later in the 19th century other Spanish immigrants from Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Asturias and Galicia plus other European settlers—mostly from France (including Corsica), Italy, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, and even some overseas Chinese—settled in Puerto Rico. Words from these regions and countries joined the linguistic stew.

| Puerto Rican Word | Normal Spanish Word | English Translation | Origin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pana | Amigo | Friend | American English *partner* |
| Chacho | Muchacho | Guy | Canary Island |
| Acho |  |  | Murcia, Andalucía |
| Babilla/Cojones | Coraje | Courage | Andalucía |
| Boricua | Puertorriqueño | Puerto Rican | Taíno *Borinquén* |

### Taíno influence

When the Spanish settlers colonized Puerto Rico in the early 16th century, thousands of Taíno people lived on the island, but almost immediately fell victim to diseases brought from Europe (chicken pox, measles, smallpox, influenza and the common cold) to which they had no natural immunity. This caused the rapid decline and almost complete destruction of the indigenous Taínos within the first fifty years of exposure to the European colonists.

A great number of Taíno language words like hamaca (hammock), hurakán (hurricane), and *tabaco* (tobacco) came into general Spanish usage, similar to the employment of indigenous words on the North American mainland by the English-speaking colonists, i.e., maize (corn), moccasin (moccasin), moose (moose). Taíno names and/or Hispanicized Taíno names for geographic locations such as Arecibo, Bayamón, Caguas, Canóvanas, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Jayuya, Luquillo, Mayagüez, Moca, Naguabo and Vieques are to be found throughout Puerto Rico.

### African influence

The first African slaves were brought to the island in the 16th century. Although several African tribes have been recorded in Puerto Rico, it is the Kongo from Central Africa that is considered to have had the most influence on Puerto Rican Spanish. In the early colonial period many African slaves in Puerto Rico spoke Bozal Spanish. Words like *gandul* (pigeon pea), *fufú* (mashed plantains), and *malanga* (a root vegetable), are commonly used and are of African origin. There also is the Afro-Caribbean/West Indian influence, for example many words and expressions come from patois and creolized languages from the neighboring islands.

### United States influence and Puerto Rican anglicisms

In 1898, during the armed conflicts of the Puerto Rican Campaign, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States as part of a peace treaty that brought the Spanish–American War to a sudden conclusion. The United States Army and the early colonial administration tried to impose the English language on island residents. Between 1902 and 1948, the main language of instruction in public schools (used for all subjects except Spanish language courses) was English.

Consequently, many American English words are now found in the Puerto Rican vocabulary. English has had a fluctuating status as a second official language of the Island, depending on the political party in power at the moment. The majority of Puerto Ricans today do not speak English at home, and Spanish remains the mother tongue of Puerto Ricans.

Stateside Puerto Ricans are known to borrow English words or phrases in mid-sentence in a phenomenon called code-switching, sometimes characterized as Spanglish. Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi published the first Spanglish novel, *Yo-Yo Boing!*, in 1998, a book that represents the code-switching linguistic style of some Latino immigrants in the United States. However, this mixture of Spanish and English is simply an informal blending of languages, not a separate language or dialect, and is not a fundamental characteristic of Spanish or Puerto Rican culture. It is merely an occasional convenience used by speakers who are very fluent in the two languages.

Puerto Rico has representation in the Royal Spanish Academy and has its own national academy along with the Spanish-speaking countries of Hispanic America.

## Accent

Puerto Rican accents, both in Spanish and English, could be described as a reflection of Puerto Rico's historical ethnic cultures.

Puerto Rican Spanish, like the language of every other Spanish-speaking area, has its distinctive phonological features ("accent"), which derive from the Indigenous, African, and European languages that came into contact during the history of the region. The accents of River Plate Spanish (Argentina and Uruguay), for example, were heavily influenced by the presence of Italians in those countries.

In the case of Puerto Rico, Spaniards arrived from many regions within Spain and brought with them their own regional dialects/accents. A large number of Spaniards came in particular from a region of southern Spain, Andalusia, and many others arrived from Spain's islands off the coast of North Africa, known as the Canary Islands. When visiting Tenerife or Las Palmas (Islas Canarias, Spain), Puerto Ricans are usually taken at first hearing for fellow Canarians from a distant part of the Canary archipelago. It is the accents of those regions that were as the basis of the accent of Spanish that is spoken in Puerto Rico.

The indigenous population of Taínos left many words in the names of geographical areas of the Island (Jayuya, Mayagüez, etc.), and others are used to name everyday items such as *hamaca* ('hammock') or to describe natural phenomena such as *huracán* ('hurricane').

Africans in Puerto Rico were brought in as slave labor, mostly to work on coastal or lowland sugar plantations. They contributed a large number of words to colloquialisms and island cuisine, introduced words, and influenced the speech rhythms. That can be noticed by visiting the parts of the island where they have historically been present (almost exclusively along the coasts). Also, the Afro-Caribbean/West Indian patois/Creole linguistic presence is very strong and has influenced Puerto Rican culture, as is reflected in music (such as reggae) and culinary dishes.

Chinese Puerto Ricans and other Asians who have established themselves in Puerto Rico also adopt the accent, but with a tinge of an East Asian.

The Puerto Rican accent is somewhat similar to the accents of the Spanish-speaking Caribbean basin, including Cuba and the Dominican Republic, and those from the Caribbean/coastal regions of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Honduras, and Nicaragua (particularly to a non-Puerto Rican). However, any similarity will depend on the level of education of the Puerto Rican speaker and their immediate geographic location. It also continues to be extremely similar to the accent of the Canary Islanders and Andalusians in southern Spain. Overall, most Puerto Ricans make an emphatic distinction between their accent and other Caribbean Spanish accents.

### Features

Seseo In parts of Spain, it is considered proper Spanish for the letter "z" and the combos "ci" and "ce" to be pronounced similarly to the English "th", with the exceptions of Galicia, Andalusia/Andalucía and the Canary Islands. In most of Spanish-speaking Spain, the pronunciation of surnames ending in the letter "z" sound similar to the English "th". Example: "López" and "Hernández" are pronounced as "Lópeth" and "Hernándeth", etc.. Seseo refers to the pronunciation of an /s/ sound for the written solo letter z and the letter c when followed by an i or an e. Examples of seseo: *zapato* is /saˈpato/, not /θaˈpato/; and *azul* is /aˈsul/ not /aˈθul/. The seseo-influenced Spanish is common throughout all Latin America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Aspiration or elimination of the /s/ In syllable-final position, (i.e., before a consonant or at the end of a word), /s/ is debuccalized to \[h\] or eliminated altogether. Examples include \[lah ˈrosah\] instead of \[laz ˈrosas\] (las rosas, 'the roses') \[loh ðoh\] instead of \[loz ðos\] (los dos, 'the two'). This is also common in other "lowland Spanish" areas (Caribbean basin, River Plate, Chile, etc.) and in the southern half of Spain. The most common phrase this affects is "¿Como estás tu?" and "Como está usted?". Respectively, these sound like \[ˈkomwe(h)ta(h)ˈtu\] and \[ˈkomwe(h)taw(h)ˈte\] (See "Elimination of the letter "d" between vowels and at the end of words".) Glottalization of /x/ /x/ is usually realized as \[h\]: \[lah muˈheɾeh\] instead of \[laz muˈxeɾes\] (las mujeres, 'the women'), and \[hoˈse\] instead of \[xoˈse\] (José, 'Joseph'). Elimination of /d/ between vowels /d/ underɡoes lenition to the point of complete deletion (/d/ \> \[ð\] \> \[Ø\]): \[ehˈtao\] instead of \[esˈtaðo\] (estado, 'state'), and \[ˈto.o\] instead of \[ˈtoðo\] ('all'). Elimination of /d/ at the end of a word In that case, a stress is usually placed on the final vowel. Examples include \[paˈɾe\] instead of \[paˈɾeð\] (pared, 'wall') and \[maˈðɾi\] instead of \[maˈðɾið\] (Madrid). Fricativization of /r/ to \[χ\] Many rural Puerto Ricans do not roll their tongues on the *double "r"* sound in words (ex. *"arroz"* or *"carro"*), making it sound like the Scottish *loch*, *arroz* and *carro* are pronounced \[aˈχos\] and \[ˈkaχo\] respectively. However, it is mostly a free variant of /r/, making \[aˈχos\] and \[ˈkaχo\] interchangeable to \[aˈros\] and \[ˈkaro\] respectively. Lateralization of /r/ to \[l\] The /r/ that is the end of a syllable (not followed by a vowel) is often changed to an /l/, so that words like *"perdón"* (forgiveness) and *"Puerto Rico"* become *"peldón"* and *"Puelto Rico"* respectively. Realization of syllable- and word-final /r/ Aside from \[r\], \[ɾ\], \[χ\], and \[l\], syllable-final /r/ can be realized as \[\], an influence of American English on the Puerto Rican dialect; "*verso*" (verse) becomes \[ˈbeɹso\], aside from \[ˈbeɾso\], \[ˈberso\], or \[ˈbelso\], "*invierno*" (winter) becomes \[imˈbjeɹno\], aside from \[imˈbjeɾno\], \[imˈbjerno\], or \[imˈbjelno\], and "*parlamento*" (parliament) becomes \[paɹlaˈmento\], aside from \[paɾlaˈmento\], \[parlaˈmento\], or \[palaˈmento\]. In word-final position, /r/ will usually be: * either a trill, tap, approximant, \[l\], or elided when followed by a consonant or a pause, as in *amo*\[r ~ ɾ ~ ɹ ~ l ~ ∅\] *paterno* ('paternal love').
* a tap, approximant, or \[l\] when the followed by a vowel-initial word, as in *amo* ~ ɹ ~ l\] *eterno* ('eternal love').

Retraction of /n/ to \[ŋ\] Word-final /n/ is pronounced as velar \[ŋ\] (\[ŋ\] is an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants and word-final position), words include *consideran* \[kõnsiˈðeɾãŋ\] ('they consider') and *Teherán* \[teeˈɾãŋ\] ('Tehran'). The best and most well-known example of this pattern can be heard in the Puerto Rican pronunciation for the wide-spread use of the English word *man* which sound like "meyng". Shortening of words Puerto Ricans also often shorten words by eliminating whole syllables. Examples are the words *para*, *madre*, and *padre* ("for", "mother", and "father"): Puerto Ricans may pronounce *para* as /pa/, *madre* as /mai/, and *padre* as /pai/. You will also hear the words *comadre* and *compadre* (female and male friend, respectively) pronounced and spelled as *comay* and *compay*. Another extremely commonly spoken, sung and written expression is *pa' tí* for *para tí*, meaning "for you" in familiar or intimate speech.

### Effects of Spanish–English contact and bilingualism

During the Spanish–American War and the early colonial period, English was imposed on island residents. English is currently an official governmental language on the island, but rates of bilingualism in Puerto Rico (with varying degrees of proficiency in English) are modest.

Given the sustained contact between Spanish and English in Puerto Rico and on the mainland, bilingual Puerto Ricans may exhibit contact phenomena (code-switching, borrowing, etc.) in both their Spanish and English.

Puerto Ricans descended from the large number of migrants who left the island throughout the 20th century can be found in numerous communities along the Eastern coast of the United States. In addition to major metropolitan areas such as New York, many Puerto Ricans also went to areas such as Connecticut, Chicago, Delaware, New Jersey, Florida, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, California, and Hawaii. Because of their high-rates of military enlistment, Puerto Rican communities are also found in other areas across the U.S. near military installations.

The accent of Spanish-speaking Puerto Ricans living in mainland U.S. may be influenced by their predominantly English-speaking surroundings. Speakers maintain features of Puerto Rican Spanish, and their accents can also show influences of the area of the United States where they grew up. As "native bilinguals", their Spanish may include phonological features of the variety of American English that they speak (see discussion of /r/ above).

## Further reading

### General

* Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1948). *El español en Puerto Rico: Contribución a la geografía lingüística de Hispanoamérica*. Río Piedras: Universidad de Puerto Rico.

### Etymology

### Phonology and phonetics

* Alemán, Iris (1977). *Desdoblamiento fonológico en el español de Puerto Rico* (MA thesis). Río Piedras: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
* Figueroa, Neysa L. (2000). "An acoustic and perceptual study of vowels preceding deleted post-nuclear /s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish". In Campos, Héctor; Herburger, Elena; Morales-Front, Alfonso; Walsh, Thomas J. (eds.). *Papers from the 3rd Hispanic Linguistics Symposium*. Hispanic Linguistics at the Turn of the Millennium. Somerville: Cascadilla Press. pp. 66–79. ISBN 978-1-57473-014-2.
* López Morales, Humberto (1983). *Estratificación social del español de San Juan de Puerto Rico*. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
* Medina-Rivera, Antonio (1997). *Variación Fonológica y Estilística en el Español de Puerto Rico* (PhD dissertation). University of Southern California.
* Valentín-Márquez, Wilfredo (2007). *Doing being boricua: Perceptions of national identity and the sociolinguistic distribution of liquid variables in Puerto Rican Spanish* (PhD dissertation). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
* Luna, Kenneth Vladimir (2010). *The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A Phonetic, Phonological, and Intonational Analysis* (PhD dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California.

## InfoBox

| Puerto Rican Spanish | |
| --- | --- |
| Español puertorriqueño | |
| Pronunciation | \[ehpaˈɲol pweltoχiˈkeɲo\] |
| Native speakers | 6 million (Puerto Rico & many stateside Puerto Ricans in U.S. mainland) (2011) |
| Language family | Indo-European |
| Early forms | Proto-Indo-European |
| Writing system | Latin (Spanish alphabet) |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | Puerto Rico |
| Regulated by | Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |  |
| *Glottolog* | `puer1238` |
| IETF | `es-PR` |
|


title: Pushkar Lal Shrestha

abstract: Pushkar Lal Shrestha was a Nepali journalist and the founder of Kamana Prakashan Samuha. He held the position of editor-in-chief at Nepal Samacharpatra, a local daily newspaper.

text:
# Pushkar Lal Shrestha

**Pushkar Lal Shrestha** (4 August 1959 – 15 April 2019) was a Nepali journalist and the founder of Kamana Prakashan Samuha. He held the position of editor-in-chief at Nepal Samacharpatra, a local daily newspaper.

## Publications

* *Kalam* (Auto biography)
* *Yatra Bideshko Chinta Swadeshko*
* *Nepal Kina Banena*

## Awards

* Gorkha Dakshin Bahu (1999)
* Tri Shakti Patta
* His Majesty's Accession to throne Silver Jubilee Award (1997)
* Birendra Aiswarya Sewa Padak (2002)
* National Personalities Award (2002)
* Press Council Award
* Honored by Reporter's Club for the outstanding Contribution in the Professional Journalism in Nepal (2002)
* Rastriya Gaurav Yuba Samman (1998)
* Abhiyan Shree (1998)
* Nepal Motion Picture Award (1999)
* Dabur Film Journalism Life Achievement Award (2003)
* Sadhana Samman (1999)
* New year Award (1998) Honored by Nhundan Sirpa Samitee
* Honored by Sayapatri Films Pvt.Ltd. for the outstanding contribution in the Nepali Film Industry.
* Abhiyan Special Award (1996)
* Great Musician Natikaji Samman
* Gold Medal, Inter Corporation Football competition (1980)
* Silver Medal, National League Football Tournament (1981)
* Reyukai Samman (2006) & many more
* Several Sports awards in Football n Badminton

## Death

He succumbed to Guillain-Barré syndrome on April 17, 2019, at the age of 60.

## InfoBox

| Pushkar Lal Shrestha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 4 August 1959 |
| Died | 15 April 2019(2019-04-15) (aged 60) |
| Occupation | Writer, journalist |
| Language | Nepali |
| Nationality | Nepalese |
| Citizenship | Nepal |
| Spouse | Rajeswori Shrestha (m. 1959) |
| Children | Direk Lal Shrestha
Rakin Lal Shrestha
Anuj Lal Shrestha |
| Parents | Bharat Lal Shrestha (Father)
Mrs. Jamuna Devi Shrestha (Mother) |


title: Puntland Development Research Center

abstract: The Puntland Development Research Center (PDRC) is a local non-governmental organization (LNGO) based in Garowe, the administrative capital of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia. It plays a key role in research and funding for the development of local peace and effective governance initiatives.

text:
# Puntland Development Research Center

The **Puntland Development Research Center (PDRC)** is a local non-governmental organization (LNGO) based in Garowe, the administrative capital of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia. It plays a key role in research and funding for the development of local peace and effective governance initiatives.

## Profile

The PDRC is governed by a board of directors consisting of seven members; five men and two women. It is led by director Abdurahman Abdulle Osman (Shuke).

The center's stated goal is to promote peace-building and national reconstruction following the Somali Civil War and its after-effects. Through dialogue among key national and international actors, the PDRC seeks to encourage democratic values. In the process, it hopes to advance social and economic development by respecting human rights, efficiently utilizing resources and equal treatment of locals.

## History

The PDRC was founded on October 30, 1999.

In the past decade, it had made several attempts to improve upon the quality of governance in Puntland. To this end, the center implemented in 2001 the Puntland Peace Mission (PPM), an initiative that sought to resolve differences between the region's then administration and opposition groups. The PDRC also organized peace rallies across the province.

In early 2004, the PDRC also began to emphasize the need for research in areas such as the democratization of Puntland's political system, public revenue management, consolidation of the Mudug peace agreement and national reconciliation. It showed the initiatives that have been made to improve the quality of governance in Somalia. That same year, the PDRC collaborated with the War-torn Societies Project (WSP) in an effort to avoid a power vacuum in Puntland's then political structure.

More recently, the PDRC has continued to play a key role in research and funding for the development of peace and effective governance initiatives in Puntland. According to the PDRC, good governance increases people’s participation in decision-making, enables the decentralization of power from the center to regional and community levels, and allows transparency in decision-making.

In 2016, PDRC changed its name from "Puntland Development Research Center" to "Peace and Development Research Center". The reason is that PDRC plans to expand its presence and work throughout the rest of Somalia. PDRC is in partnership with Interpeace, a Geneva-based, non-profit peace building organization.

## InfoBox

Puntland Development Research Center
|
|  |
| Founded | October 30, 1999 |
| Type | Non-governmental organization |
| Location |  |
| Area served | Puntland |
| Key people | Abdurahman Abdulle Osman (director) |
| Website | pdrcsomalia.org |


title: Pula Fund

abstract: The Pula Fund is the sovereign wealth fund of Botswana. As of October 2023, the fund has US$4.1 billion in assets under management.

text:
# Pula Fund

The **Pula Fund** is the sovereign wealth fund of Botswana. As of October 2023, the fund has US$4.1 billion in assets under management.

## History

The Pula Fund was established in November 1993, to invest surplus revenues from diamond exports.

In 1997, the fund was re-established in its current form, under the Bank of Botswana Act 1996 with the objective of providing greater flexibility in the management of international reserves, and greater certainty in the forecasting of annual “dividend” payments to the government from the Bank of Botswana.

In 2008, the fund agreed to the Santiago Principles, a series of guidelines on best practices for sovereign wealth funds.

As of 2015, the fund has assets valued at $7 billion.

Prior to May 2019, the fund was restricted to investing in United States dollars, Pound sterling, Japanese yen, and euros. In May 2019, the Bank of Botswana eased these restrictions, increasing the number of eligible currencies to 17.

In July 2020, the Bank of Botswana announced it would be seeking legislation to limit access to the fund, as the fund was being accessed by governments to meet budget deficits, leading to a steady fall in the fund's reserves.

## Corporate governance

In order to achieve its statutory objectives, the Bank of Botswana is directed by a board of directors. All departments and the division are responsible to the governor through the chief operating officer, the general Counsel and the deputy governor. The Bank's executive committee meets fortnightly and is chaired by the Governor. The work of the bank is also coordinated by a number of committees.

### Board of Directors

The board of directors is composed of the members listed below:

* M. D. Pelalo – Governor
* K. Molosi – Member
* L. Lisenda – Member
* O. Masimega – Member
* B. M Ditlhabi – Member
* L. G. Makepe – Member
* D. K. Briscoe – Member

### Executive Committee

The executive committee is composed of the members listed below:

* M. D. Pelaelo – Governor
* K. S. Masalila – Deputy Governor
* T. A. Kganetsano – Deputy Governor
* R. H. Nlebesi – Chief Operating Officer
* E. T. Rakhudu – General Counsel
* S. M. Sealetsa – Advisor, Banking & Currency Digitisation
* G.S Seganabeng – Banking, Currency & Settlement
* P. C. Tumedi – Business Conduct and Regulatory Compliance
* J. Selwe – Corporate Management Services
* G. Baatlholeng – Deposit Insurance Scheme
* D. N. Loeto – Finance
* L. C. Moseki – Financial Markets
* C. S. G Chepete – Human Capital
* J. Ghanie – Information & Communications Technology
* K. M. Mothusi – Internal Audit Services
* M. Kgokgothwane – Protective Services
* G. Ngidi – Prudential Authority & Payments Oversight
* L. S. Senatla – Statistics, Data Management & Analytics
* I. Molalapata – Research & Financial Stability
* A. B. Kgathola – Strategic Planning & Risk Management

## InfoBox

Pula Fund
| Company type | State-owned |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | November 1993 (1993-11) |
| AUM | US$4.1 billion (2023) |
| Owner | Bank of Botswana |
| Website | www.bankofbotswana.bw/content/pula-fund |


title: Punta Scais

abstract: Punta Scais is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy. It is located in the Bergamo Alps.

text:
# Punta Scais

**Punta Scais** is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy. It is located in the Bergamo Alps.

46°04′N 9°59′E / 46.067°N 9.983°E / 46.067; 9.983

## InfoBox

| Punta Scais | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,040 m (9,970 ft) |
| Prominence | 393 m (1,289 ft) |
| Listing | Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Lombardy, Italy |
| Parent range | Bergamo Alps |


title: Pyrgo (mythology)

abstract: In Greek mythology, Pyrgo was the first wife of the Pisatian prince Alcathous, son of King Pelops of Pisa and Hippodamia, daughter of Oenomaus. She may be the mother of some or all of Alcathous children: Ischepolis, Callipolis, Iphinoe and Periboea. Otherwise, they were by Alcathous' second wife, Euaechme, daughter of King Megareus of Megara.

text:
# Pyrgo (mythology)

In Greek mythology, **Pyrgo** (Ancient Greek: Πυργώ) was the first wife of the Pisatian prince Alcathous, son of King Pelops of Pisa and Hippodamia, daughter of Oenomaus. She may be the mother of some or all of Alcathous children: Ischepolis, Callipolis, Iphinoe and Periboea. Otherwise, they were by Alcathous' second wife, Euaechme, daughter of King Megareus of Megara.

1. Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio* 1.43.2
2. Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio* 1.42.6 & 1.43.5
3. Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio* 1.43.4
4. Pseudo-Apollodorus, *Bibliotheca* 3.12.7
5. Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio* 1.42.2 & 4
* Pausanias, *Description of Greece* with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
* Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio.* *3 vols*. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Pseudo-Apollodorus, *The Library* with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.


title: Pyrgocythara annaclaireleeae

abstract: Pyrgocythara annaclaireleeae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

text:
# Pyrgocythara annaclaireleeae

***Pyrgocythara annaclaireleeae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

## Distribution

This species occurs in the western Atlantic Ocean.

* García E.F. 2008. *Eight new molluscan species (Gastropoda: Turridae) from the western Atlantic, with description of two new genera*. Novapex 9(1): 1–15

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgocythara annaclaireleeae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgocythara* |
| Species: | ***P. annaclaireleeae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgocythara annaclaireleeae***<br>(García, 2008) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Acmaturris annaclaireleeae* García, 2008 (original combination) | |


title: Pärsama

abstract: Pärsama is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Leisi Parish.

text:
# Pärsama

**Pärsama** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Leisi Parish.

## Notable people

Notable people that were born in Pärsama include:

58°30′N 22°45′E / 58.500°N 22.750°E / 58.500; 22.750

## InfoBox

| Pärsama | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Saaremaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase

abstract:
Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase is an enzyme with systematic name pyrrole-2-carboxylate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - pyrrole-2-carboxylate + NADH + H+ + O2 ⇌ 5-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylate + NAD+ + H2O Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase is a flavoprotein (FAD).

text:
# Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase

**Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase** (EC 1.14.13.130, *pyrrole-2-carboxylate oxygenase*) is an enzyme with systematic name *pyrrole-2-carboxylate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)*. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

pyrrole-2-carboxylate + NADH + H+ \+ O2 $\rightleftharpoons $ 5-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylate + NAD+ \+ H2O

Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase is a flavoprotein (FAD).

## InfoBox

| Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.14.13.130 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Pyrrocoma uniflora

abstract: Pyrrocoma uniflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name plantain goldenweed. It is native to western North America from central Canada to California to Colorado, where it grows in several types of habitat, including forest and meadows with alkali soils, such as those near hot springs. It is a perennial herb growing up to 40 centimeters tall, the stems reddish and usually with a thin to thick coating of woolly fibers. The lance-shaped, toothed leaves are usually woolly, the largest near the base of the plant reaching up to 12 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a single flower head or a cluster of a few heads, each lined with woolly phyllaries. The head contains yellow disc and ray florets. The fruit is an achene which may be over a centimeter long including its long pappus. There are two varieties of this species. The rare var. gossypina, sometimes called the Bear Valley haplopappus or Bear Valley pyrrocoma, is known only from the San Bernardino Mountains of California. This woolly sunflower-like plant is found in the meadows and the unique pebble plain habitat near Big Bear.

text:
# Pyrrocoma uniflora

***Pyrrocoma uniflora*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name **plantain goldenweed**. It is native to western North America from central Canada to California to Colorado, where it grows in several types of habitat, including forest and meadows with alkali soils, such as those near hot springs. It is a perennial herb growing up to 40 centimeters tall, the stems reddish and usually with a thin to thick coating of woolly fibers. The lance-shaped, toothed leaves are usually woolly, the largest near the base of the plant reaching up to 12 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a single flower head or a cluster of a few heads, each lined with woolly phyllaries. The head contains yellow disc and ray florets. The fruit is an achene which may be over a centimeter long including its long pappus.

There are two varieties of this species. The rare var. *gossypina*, sometimes called the **Bear Valley haplopappus** or **Bear Valley pyrrocoma**, is known only from the San Bernardino Mountains of California. This woolly sunflower-like plant is found in the meadows and the unique pebble plain habitat near Big Bear.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrrocoma uniflora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Pyrrocoma* |
| Species: | ***P. uniflora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrrocoma uniflora***
(Hook.) Greene | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Haplopappus uniflorus* | |


title: Pöhlde Abbey

abstract: Pöhlde Abbey was a Premonstratensian monastery at Pöhlde, now a small village and part of the town of Herzberg am Harz, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

text:
# Pöhlde Abbey

51°36′47″N 10°18′32″E / 51.61313°N 10.30878°E / 51.61313; 10.30878 **Pöhlde Abbey** was a Premonstratensian (previously Benedictine) monastery at Pöhlde, now a small village and part of the town of Herzberg am Harz, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

## History

The lands of Pöhlde were given in dower in c 927 to Queen Matilda by her husband, Henry I the Fowler (d. 936). This is the earliest-written record of the place.

Dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and Saint Servatius, the abbey was founded in 952 by Matilda and received generous endowments from her son, Emperor Otto I. It benefited greatly from its close connection to the imperial palace then also situated at Pöhlde, and for a time was one of the wealthiest monasteries in Germany.

The foundation was originally for Canons regular, but it adopted the Rule of St. Benedict in 952. In 1131 it joined the Premonstratensian Order.

In 1200 the old Romanesque church burnt down. Its Gothic successor was consecrated in 1240.

In 1525 both church and monastery were destroyed by peasants from Eichsfeld in the Peasants' War. The monks moved to Duderstadt. In 1533 in the Reformation Duke Philip of Grubenhagen dissolved the abbey and took over its property.

In 1629 a brief attempt to revive the abbey ended in failure. Later in the Thirty Years' War what little remained on the site was completely destroyed. After the return of peace the present half-timbered village church was built on the foundations of the nave of the destroyed abbey church.

## Present site

There are no visible traces of the abbey left. Between 1971 and 1974 the remains of the abbey were uncovered during archaeological excavations, but for their better preservation were covered over again. The remains of the palace, to which the abbey buildings were physically connected, were also excavated at about the same time, but were also covered over again.

* Heine, H.-W., 1995. *Frühe Burgen und Pfalzen in Niedersachsen*. Hildesheim.
* Zander, O., 1983. *Historische Streifzüge durch den Südharz*. Herzberg.


title: QUED/M

abstract: QUED and QUED/M are text editors for the classic Mac OS operating system, developed by Paragon Concepts, which later became Nisus Software, Inc. While it is still distributed and supported it has not been updated since 1997. The Initial incarnation, QUED, gave programmers a versatile text editor superior to the bundled Edit application. QUED/M, released in 1987, added a macro system. The macro language consisted of two "dialects", the Menu Command Dialect and the Programming Dialect. The Menu Command dialect used each menu command of the application to execute the respective command. Extensions to that were used to specify details of how the command was to be executed. The programming dialect was not based on any other programming language. This was back-ported from Nisus Writer version 4.x when a similar programming dialect was added to that program's macro capability. QUED/M competed with Apple's Macintosh Programmer's Workshop Shell and other Macintosh integrated development environments of the time. QUED/M was gradually supplanted by BBEdit, which offered much better integration with many technologies in System 7. QUED/M served as the foundation of Nisus Writer, first released in 1989 as "Nisus, The Amazing Word Processor for the Apple Macintosh". QUED/M does not run natively on Mac OS X, hence it requires the Mac Classic Environment, and cannot run in Mac OS X v10.5 or later or on Intel-based Macs.

text:
# QUED/M

**QUED** and **QUED/M** are text editors for the classic Mac OS operating system, developed by Paragon Concepts, which later became Nisus Software, Inc. While it is still distributed and supported it has not been updated since 1997. The Initial incarnation, QUED (QUality EDitor, released 1985), gave programmers a versatile text editor superior to the bundled Edit application. QUED/M, released in 1987, added a macro system.

The macro language consisted of two "dialects", the Menu Command Dialect and the Programming Dialect. The Menu Command dialect (not based on anything, because nothing like it was known) used each menu command of the application to execute the respective command. Extensions to that were used to specify details of how the command was to be executed. The programming dialect was not based on any other programming language. This was back-ported from Nisus Writer version 4.x when a similar programming dialect was added to that program's macro capability.

QUED/M competed with Apple's Macintosh Programmer's Workshop Shell and other Macintosh integrated development environments of the time. QUED/M was gradually supplanted by BBEdit, which offered much better integration with many technologies in System 7. QUED/M served as the foundation of Nisus Writer (now Nisus Writer Pro), first released in 1989 as "Nisus, The Amazing Word Processor for the Apple Macintosh".

QUED/M does not run natively on Mac OS X, hence it requires the Mac Classic Environment, and cannot run in Mac OS X v10.5 or later or on Intel-based Macs.

1. 1990 QUED/M review, MacTech Magazine
2. Product page by Nisus Software, Inc.
3. The Nisus Way: Chapter 1
4. Joe Kissell. "The Nisus Way".


title: QUIJOTE Experiment

abstract: The QUIJOTE CMB Experiment is an ongoing experiment started in November 2012, and led by Rafael Rebolo López, with the goal of characterizing the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and other galactic and extragalactic emission in the frequency range 10 to 40 GHz, at angular scales of 1°. These measurements will complement at low frequency and correct from galactic contamination those obtained by the Planck satellite from 2009 to 2013. The two QUIJOTE telescopes are placed at the Teide Observatory, run by the Spanish Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC). Both telescopes were produced by the IDOM company in Spain.

text:
# QUIJOTE Experiment

The **QUIJOTE CMB Experiment** is an ongoing experiment started in November 2012, and led by Rafael Rebolo López, with the goal of characterizing the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and other galactic and extragalactic emission in the frequency range 10 to 40 GHz, at angular scales of 1°. These measurements will complement at low frequency and correct from galactic contamination those obtained by the Planck satellite from 2009 to 2013.

The two QUIJOTE telescopes are placed at the Teide Observatory, run by the Spanish Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC). Both telescopes were produced by the IDOM company in Spain.

## Overview

The primordial matter density fluctuations that originated the present structure of the universe left imprinted spatial variations in the CMB radiation. From high sensitivity maps of this radiation, QUIJOTE aims to constrain the most relevant cosmological parameters: total energy/matter density, density of cold dark matter, density of baryonic matter, the Hubble constant, density of dark energy, neutrino density, and the reionization epoch.

The first QUIJOTE-CMB telescope (**QT1**), in operation since November 2012, has two instruments which can be exchanged in the QT1 focal plane. The first instrument (MFI) is a multichannel instrument providing the frequency coverage between 10 and 20 GHz. The second instrument (TGI) consists of 31 polarimeters working at 30 GHz.
The second QUIJOTE-CMB telescope (**QT2**), in operation since 2014, will house a third instrument (FGI) with 31 polarimeters working at 40 GHz.

## InfoBox

QUIJOTE Experiment
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | QUIJOTE CMB Experiment |
| Part of | Teide Observatory |
| Location(s) | Tenerife, Atlantic Ocean, international waters |
| Coordinates | 28°18′01″N 16°30′36″W / 28.30026°N 16.51012°W / 28.30026; -16.51012 |
| Organization | Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias |
| Wavelength | 11, 13, 17, 19, 31, 41 GHz (2.73, 2.31, 1.76, 1.58, 0.97, 0.73 cm) |
| Telescope style | cosmic microwave background experiment<br>radio telescope |
| Number of telescopes | 2 |
| Diameter | 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) |
| Secondary diameter | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Website | research.iac.es/proyecto/quijote/pages/en/home.php |
| Location of QUIJOTE Experiment | |
| Related media on Commons | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Qiezihe District

abstract: Qiezihe District is a district of the city of Qitaihe, Heilongjiang province, China, occupying the eastern quarter of the prefectural administration.

text:
# Qiezihe District

**Qiezihe District** (Chinese: 茄子河区; pinyin: *Qiézihé Qū*) is a district of the city of Qitaihe, Heilongjiang province, China, occupying the eastern quarter of the prefectural administration.

## Administrative divisions

Qiezihe District is divided into 13 subdistricts, 2 towns and 2 townships.

13 subdistricts 2 towns 2 townships

## InfoBox

| Qiezihe District 茄子河区 | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Location in Qitaihe | |
| Qitaihe in Heilongjiang | |
| Coordinates: 45°47′07″N 131°04′06″E / 45.78528°N 131.06833°E / 45.78528; 131.06833 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Heilongjiang |
| Prefecture-level city | Qitaihe |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,569 km2 (606 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 153,874 |
| Density | 98/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County

abstract: Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County is a Manchu autonomous county in northeastern Hebei province, China, bordering Liaoning Province to the north and east and located in the eastern part of the Yan Mountains. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Qinhuangdao, and, as of 2004, had a population of 520,000 residing in an area of 3,309 km⁲ (1,278 sq mi). Bordering county-level divisions are: Lingyuan and Jianchang County (Liaoning) to the north, Liaoning's Suizhong County and Qinhuangdao city proper to the east, Qian'an and Lulong County to the south, and Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County and Qianxi County to the west. During the 1976 Tangshan earthquake 180,000 buildings in Qinglong collapsed, but no fatalities occurred.

text:
# Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County

| Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 青龙满族自治县 |
| Traditional Chinese | 青龍滿族自治縣 |
| Literal meaning | Blue (or teal) Dragon Man-ethnicity Autonomous County |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Qīnglóng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn | |
| Manchu name | |
| Manchu script | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᡯᡳᡷᠶ ᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ |
| Möllendorff | niowanggiyan muduri manju uksura dzijy hiyan |
|  | |

**Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County** (Chinese: 青龙满族自治县, Manchu: ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᡯᡳᡷᠶ ᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ) is a Manchu autonomous county in northeastern Hebei province, China, bordering Liaoning Province to the north and east and located in the eastern part of the Yan Mountains. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Qinhuangdao, and, as of 2004, had a population of 520,000 residing in an area of 3,309 km2 (1,278 sq mi). Bordering county-level divisions are: Lingyuan and Jianchang County (Liaoning) to the north, Liaoning's Suizhong County and Qinhuangdao city proper to the east, Qian'an and Lulong County to the south, and Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County and Qianxi County to the west.

During the 1976 Tangshan earthquake 180,000 buildings in Qinglong collapsed, but no fatalities occurred.

## Administrative divisions

Qinglong administers 1 subdistrict, 11 towns and 14 townships:

| Subdistrict:
Towns: | Townships: |
| --- | --- |

## Climate

Qinglong has a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen *Dwa*), with long, cold, and very dry winters, and hot, rainy summers. Spring and autumn are short with some rainfall. The monthly 24-hour average temperature in January is −8.0 °C (17.6 °F), and 24.5 °C (76.1 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 9.6 °C (49.3 °F). The mountainous location means that diurnal temperature variation is rather large, but precipitation is enhanced: the total precipitation is 656.4 millimetres (25.8 in), with close to 60% of it falling in July and August alone.

| Climate data for Qinglong (1991–2020 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.8
(56.8) | 17.4
(63.3) | 26.8
(80.2) | 31.3
(88.3) | 36.6
(97.9) | 38.0
(100.4) | 39.0
(102.2) | 37.5
(99.5) | 34.5
(94.1) | 29.0
(84.2) | 21.7
(71.1) | 14.6
(58.3) | 39.0
(102.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.3
(32.5) | 4.2
(39.6) | 10.9
(51.6) | 19.1
(66.4) | 25.5
(77.9) | 28.8
(83.8) | 30.1
(86.2) | 29.4
(84.9) | 25.2
(77.4) | 17.9
(64.2) | 8.5
(47.3) | 1.7
(35.1) | 16.8
(62.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.5
(18.5) | −3.3
(26.1) | 4.0
(39.2) | 12.3
(54.1) | 18.7
(65.7) | 22.5
(72.5) | 24.8
(76.6) | 23.6
(74.5) | 18.0
(64.4) | 10.1
(50.2) | 1.5
(34.7) | −5.4
(22.3) | 9.9
(49.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.0
(8.6) | −9.3
(15.3) | −2.3
(27.9) | 5.5
(41.9) | 11.5
(52.7) | 16.5
(61.7) | 20.2
(68.4) | 18.9
(66.0) | 12.2
(54.0) | 4.1
(39.4) | −3.7
(25.3) | −10.5
(13.1) | 4.2
(39.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26.3
(−15.3) | −23.2
(−9.8) | −18.0
(−0.4) | −6.2
(20.8) | 1.6
(34.9) | 6.1
(43.0) | 12.1
(53.8) | 9.5
(49.1) | 0.1
(32.2) | −8.0
(17.6) | −19.2
(−2.6) | −22.2
(−8.0) | −26.3
(−15.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.8
(0.11) | 3.4
(0.13) | 8.7
(0.34) | 25.1
(0.99) | 49.5
(1.95) | 100.6
(3.96) | 223.8
(8.81) | 151.3
(5.96) | 53.6
(2.11) | 30.5
(1.20) | 11.5
(0.45) | 2.6
(0.10) | 663.4
(26.11) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.1 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 5.2 | 7.7 | 11.3 | 13.3 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 73.7 |
| Average snowy days | 3.0 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 16.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 51 | 47 | 42 | 44 | 51 | 65 | 77 | 77 | 72 | 65 | 58 | 55 | 59 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 204.4 | 201.3 | 243.9 | 250.9 | 274.9 | 235.8 | 193.8 | 222.6 | 227.5 | 219.1 | 182.6 | 188.4 | 2,645.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 68 | 66 | 65 | 63 | 61 | 53 | 43 | 53 | 62 | 64 | 62 | 66 | 61 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: Weather China | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Qinglong County 青龙县
ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ | |
| --- | --- |
| Autonomous county | |
| 青龙满族自治县ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᡯᡳᡷᠶ ᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ
Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County | |
| Qinglong in Qinhuangdao | |
| Qinhuangdao in Hebei | |
| Coordinates: 40°24′27″N 118°56′59″E / 40.4076°N 118.9497°E / 40.4076; 118.9497 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Prefecture-level city | Qinhuangdao |
| County seat | Duyanglu Subdistrict |
| Area | |
| Total | 3,309 km2 (1,278 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 239 m (784 ft) |
| Population (2020 census) | |
| Total | 431,138 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 066500 |
| Area code | +86 335 |
| Website | www.chinaqinglong.gov.cn |


title: Queen's University Faculty of Education

abstract: The Faculty of Education at the Queen's University at Kingston in Canada was founded in 1907. Over 23,000 teachers and education professionals have graduated from the Faculty since 1907. The Faculty is located at Duncan McArthur Hall, an integrated educational complex that provides teaching and learning facilities, support services, and administrative offices under one roof on West Campus.

text:
# Queen's University Faculty of Education

The **Faculty of Education** at the Queen's University at Kingston in Canada was founded in 1907. Over 23,000 teachers and education professionals have graduated from the Faculty since 1907. The Faculty is located at Duncan McArthur Hall, an integrated educational complex that provides teaching and learning facilities, support services, and administrative offices under one roof on West Campus.

## History

Queen's first Faculty of Education was founded in 1907, but it was closed in 1920 when the training of teachers in Ontario was centralized in Toronto. The present Faculty dates from 1965, when the province approved Duncan McArthur College, a Queen's-affiliated college temporarily located at 131 Union Street (now the site of Stauffer Library).

Named after Duncan McArthur, the former head of Queen's History Department who became Ontario's Minister of Education, the College registered its first 40 students in the 1968-1969 academic year under the deanship of Queen's alumnus Vernon Ready.

By 1971, the college was renamed the Faculty of Education to clarify its relationship to Queen's and moved to its present home in Duncan McArthur Hall on West Campus.

## Programs

### Bachelor's programs

**Programs**

Concurrent Education: One Program, Two bachelor's degrees at the same time. A five-year + 1 summer term program for secondary school graduates. In years 1-4, students complete Education courses and in-school placements concurrently with courses in their four-year undergraduate degree. The entire fifth year of study is spent completing the Bachelor of Education in three successive terms, from September to August. Most other faculties of education offer their program in six years, with typical fall and winter semesters.

Consecutive Education: A second bachelor's degree. The new successive term program for university graduates starts in May and ends in August of the following year. Most other faculties of education will offer their program over two years, with typical fall and winter semesters.

**Concentrations**

Concentrations are offered to both Primary-Junior and Intermediate-Senior teacher candidates (Concurrent Education students complete concentration courses in their final year).

By combining a Focus course, an Educational Studies course, and the Alternative Practicum, teacher candidates can tailor their program to their interests and form a concentration in areas such as:

* Teaching in Business and Industry
* Teaching At-Risk Youth
* Educators Abroad
* Exceptional Learners
* Aboriginal Teacher Education
* Artist in Community Education
* Outdoor and Experiential Education
* Technological Education

### Diploma in Education programs

The Diploma in Education is for those with a secondary school diploma. Similar to the Bachelor’s program with the exception of the admission requirements, the Diploma in Education prepares candidates for teacher certification only in the following concentrations.

* Aboriginal Teacher Education Community-Based Program: a part-time program (Primary-Junior only) based in communities in Ontario; for teacher candidates who have a secondary school diploma and are of Aboriginal ancestry to specialize in Junior-Kindergarten to Grade 6.
* Technological Education: for teacher candidates with five years of experience in the broad-based technology (or a suitable combination of education and experience) and a secondary school diploma.

### Graduate programs

Programs are administered by the Queen's School of Graduate Studies. Major fields of study include curriculum studies, cognitive studies and cultural and policy studies. Both master's and doctoral programs are available.

* The Master of Education is for those with a bachelor's degree and an interest in research in the field of education. It is a part-time or full-time program designed to develop the leadership abilities that emerge from graduate study, including critical reflection, research and writing.
* The Master of Education in Aboriginal and World Indigenous Educational Studies is for those with a bachelor's degree and an interest in research in the field of Aboriginal education. It is a part-time blended (on-campus and online) program intended for students with experience in Aboriginal communities and/or in Aboriginal and world indigenous issues. Courses are on-campus during the first summer of the program, and the balance is completed online.
* The Doctor of Philosophy in Education is for students who have successfully completed a master's degree with first class standing. It is a full-time, 4-year, on-campus program with three terms per year.

### Online graduate programs

The Graduate Diploma and Professional Master of Education are accredited part-time programs designed for current teachers and education professionals who wish to improve their professional practice and/or take their careers to the next level. These programs will help improve inquiry, decision-making, team and leadership skills.

* The Graduate Diploma in Professional Inquiry consists of 5 online courses (3 required courses and 2 elective courses).
* The Professional Master of Education consists of 5 graduate diploma courses and 5 professional master's courses (3 courses in a concentration, a course in organizational leadership and an elective).

To accommodate work schedules, the courses are 7 weeks in summer and 10 weeks in fall and winter.

There are two options: students can enroll in the graduate diploma program & then decide whether to apply to the professional master's or they can enroll directly in the professional master's degree program.

### Additional qualification and professional development courses

Additional qualification and professional development courses for teachers provide opportunities for career advancement in education.

44°13′26.9″N 76°30′50.8″W / 44.224139°N 76.514111°W / 44.224139; -76.514111

## InfoBox

Queen's University Faculty of Education
| Type | Faculty |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1907 (1907) |
| Affiliation | Queen's University at Kingston |
| Dean | Rebecca Luce-Kapler |
| Academic staff | 117 |
| Location | Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
| Website | educ.queensu.ca |
|  | |


title: Qoçəhmədli

abstract: Qoçəhmədli is a village in the Fuzuli District of Azerbaijan. It was occupied by the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war until its recapture by Azerbaijan on 17 October 2020.

text:
# Qoçəhmədli

39°32′06″N 47°07′35″E / 39.53500°N 47.12639°E / 39.53500; 47.12639

**Qoçəhmədli** (also, **Ghouchahmedli** and **Kochakhmedli**) is a village in the Fuzuli District of Azerbaijan. It was occupied by the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war until its recapture by Azerbaijan on 17 October 2020.

## Notable natives

## InfoBox

| Qoçəhmədli | |
| --- | --- |
| QoçəhmədliQoçəhmədli | |
| Coordinates: 39°32′06″N 47°07′35″E / 39.53500°N 47.12639°E / 39.53500; 47.12639 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| District | Fuzuli |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |


title: Qipengyuania gaetbuli

abstract: Qipengyuania gaetbuli is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and slightly halophilic bacteria from the genus Qipengyuania which has been isolated from sea water from the Yellow Sea in Korea.

text:
# Qipengyuania gaetbuli

***Qipengyuania gaetbuli*** is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and slightly halophilic bacteria from the genus *Qipengyuania* which has been isolated from sea water from the Yellow Sea in Korea.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Qipengyuania gaetbuli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Sphingomonadales |
| Family: | Erythrobacteraceae |
| Genus: | *Qipengyuania* |
| Species: | ***Q. gaetbuli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Qipengyuania gaetbuli***<br>(Yoon *et al*. 2005) Xu *et al*. 2020 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| DSM 16225, KCTC 12227, SW-161 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Erythrobacter gaetbuli* Yoon *et al*. 2005 | |


title: Qipengyuania aquimaris

abstract: Qipengyuania aquimaris is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic and non-motile bacteria from the genus Qipengyuania which has been isolated from the Yellow Sea in Korea.

text:
# Qipengyuania aquimaris

***Qipengyuania aquimaris*** is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic and non-motile bacteria from the genus *Qipengyuania* which has been isolated from the Yellow Sea in Korea.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Qipengyuania aquimaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Sphingomonadales |
| Family: | Erythrobacteraceae |
| Genus: | *Qipengyuania* |
| Species: | ***Q. aquimaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Qipengyuania aquimaris***<br>(Yoon *et al*. 2004) Xu *et al*. 2020 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| JCM 12189, KCCM 41818, SW-110 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Erythrobacter aquimaris* Yoon *et al*. 2004 | |