title: Calliaghstown Well

abstract: Calliaghstown Well, also called St. Columbkille's Well, is a holy well and National Monument located in County Meath, Ireland.

text:
# Calliaghstown Well

**Calliaghstown Well**, also called **St. Columbkille's Well**, is a holy well and National Monument located in County Meath, Ireland.

## Location

Calliaghstown Well is located beside a road just off the R150, 4.5 km (2.8 mi) south of Drogheda and the River Boyne and 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Julianstown.

## History and description

The well was a traditional site of pilgrimage for locals, and a pattern took place there each year on 9 June. A statue, erected perhaps in the mid-18th century, is called St Colm Cille, although with a mantle and crown it does not resemble traditional depictions of Columba/Colm Cille, who is usually depicted in a monk's habit (although he was of a royal family).

The statue is 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall and composed of oolitic limestone, similar to Bath stone.

## InfoBox

| Calliaghstown Well | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*<br>Irish: *Tobar Cholm Cille* | |
| St. Columbkille's Well | |
| Location of Calliaghstown Well in Ireland | |
| Type | holy well |
| Location | Calliaghstown, Julianstown, County Meath |
| Coordinates | 53°40′17″N 6°19′46″W / 53.671492°N 6.329396°W / 53.671492; -6.329396 |
| Elevation | 28 m (92 ft) |
|  | |
| National monument of Ireland | |
| Official name | Calliaghstown Well |
| Reference no. | 637 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pretzfeld

abstract: Pretzfeld is a municipality in the district of Forchheim in Bavaria in Germany.

text:
# Pretzfeld

**Pretzfeld** is a municipality in the district of Forchheim in Bavaria in Germany.

## Geography

### Geographical location

The municipality is located in the south-western part of Upper Franconia, in Franconian Switzerland. The region is known for growing and processing fruit. Of the approx. 2500 ha total area, 1100 ha are forest. The town of Pretzfeld lies in the west of the municipality, near the confluence of the Trubach and the Wiesent.

### Districts

The pretzfeld municipality has 13 districts:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## Economy and Infrastructure

The largest closed sweet cherry growing area in Germany and one of the largest in western Europe extends around the Pretzfeld market. Due to the warm climate and nutrient-rich soils, there are over 200,000 sweet cherry trees on 1700 ha.

In the municipality there are the breweries Nikl-Bräu in Pretzfeld, Meister in Unterzaunsbach and Penning-Zeißler in Hetzelsdorf. There are also several distilleries, one of the best known is the Haas distillery with an annual production of approx. 60 - 70,000 bottles.

From the semiconductor laboratory initiated by Walter Schottky in 1946, a plant for power semiconductors emerged , which last operated as the Infineon subsidiary eupec (European Power-Semiconductor and Electronic Company) before it was closed in 2002.

## Architecture

* The Rococo parish church of St. Kilian was built from 1742 to 1761 by the Bamberg architect Johann Jakob Michael Küchel.
* The Pretzfeld Castle was mentioned in 1145 (or 1182) as the seat of the "Hademar de Bretevelt" (wide field). In its present form it dates from the middle of the 18th century. From 1375 the castle belonged to those of Wiesenthau, from 1522 to those of Stiebar, in 1754 the Bavarian Minister, Count von Seinsheim, received the fief, in 1852 the Nuremberg merchant Kohn bought property, which went to the Herrmann family through marriage, the current owners.
* The Jewish cemetery , which has existed since the 17th century, mainly contains graves from the 18th and 19th centuries.

## InfoBox

| Pretzfeld | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Pretzfeld within Forchheim district | |
| Pretzfeld Pretzfeld | |
| Coordinates: 49°45′N 11°10′E / 49.750°N 11.167°E / 49.750; 11.167 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Oberfranken |
| District | Forchheim |
| Subdivisions | 13 Ortsteile |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Steffen Lipfert |
| Area | |
| Total | 24.18 km2 (9.34 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 293 m (961 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 2,383 |
| Density | 99/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 91362 |
| Dialling codes | 09194 |
| Vehicle registration | FO |
| Website | www.Pretzfeld.de |


title: David Leslie, 6th Earl of Leven

abstract:
David Leslie, 6th Earl of Leven was the son of Alexander Leslie, 5th Earl of Leven. Grand Master of Scottish Freemasons 1759–61; Deputy Governor of the Bank of Scotland; a Lord of Police 1772–82; High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1783–1801. Prior to 1767 he lived in a mansion on the Royal Mile of Edinburgh between Toddrick's Wynd and Skinners Close. But in 1767 built or remodelled Gayfield House, north of the city. He sold the house in the late 18th century to Sir John Wardlaw of Pitreavie. He died at his final home: 2 St Andrew Square in Edinburgh's New Town. On 29 July 1747, he married Wilhelmina Nisbet, daughter of William Nisbet and they had eight children:
  - Lady Mary Elizabeth Leslie (1767–1820)
  - Lady Charlotte Leslie (1761–1830)
  - Alexander Leslie-Melville, 7th Earl of Leven (1749–1820)
  - The Hon. William Leslie (Melville) (1751–1777)
  - General The Hon. David Leslie (1755–1838)
  - Lady Jane Leslie (1753–1829)
  - Lt.-Gen. The Hon John Leslie (1759–1824)
  - The Hon. George Leslie (1766–1812)

text:
# David Leslie, 6th Earl of Leven

**David Leslie, 6th Earl of Leven** (4 May 1722  9 June 1802) was the son of Alexander Leslie, 5th Earl of Leven.

Grand Master of Scottish Freemasons 1759–61; Deputy Governor of the Bank of Scotland; a Lord of Police 1772–82; High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1783–1801.

Prior to 1767 he lived in a mansion on the Royal Mile of Edinburgh between Toddrick's Wynd and Skinners Close. But in 1767 built or remodelled Gayfield House, north of the city (now absorbed into the New Town). He sold the house in the late 18th century to Sir John Wardlaw of Pitreavie.

He died at his final home: 2 St Andrew Square in Edinburgh's New Town.

On 29 July 1747, he married Wilhelmina Nisbet, daughter of William Nisbet and they had eight children:


title: Shane Heams

abstract: Shane Timothy Heams is an American former professional baseball pitcher and Olympic gold medalist. His minor league baseball career spanned from 1996 to 2005.

text:
# Shane Heams

**Shane Timothy Heams** (born September 29, 1975) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and Olympic gold medalist. His minor league baseball career spanned from 1996 to 2005.

## Baseball career

Heams played baseball at Bedford High School in Temperance, Michigan, where he was named to the first team of the All-Great Lakes League team in 1993 and 1994 as an outfielder. After graduation, he was drafted in the 41st round of the 1994 Major League Baseball Draft by the Seattle Mariners.

He played 22 games in the outfield for the minor league AZL Mariners in 1995, finishing the year with a .197 batting average. In 1996, the Mariners converted Heams to a pitcher, where he appeared in 30 games in relief in the Arizona League in 1996 and 1997. On March 31, 1998, Heams announced his retirement, but came out of retirement shortly thereafter and signed with the Detroit Tigers in April. He spent the remainder of the year with the Jamestown Jammers, ending the season with a 3.86 ERA in 24 games. He pitched for the West Michigan Whitecaps in 1999, where he was named to the Midwest League's East Division all-star team.

In November 1999, he was added to the Tigers' 40-man roster, with Heams signing a one-year contract with Detroit in February 2000. He pitched for both the Double-A Jacksonville Suns of the Southern League and the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League in 2000, recording a 2.59 ERA with Double-A Jacksonville in 39 games, but allowed 12 earned runs in 9.2 innings with Toledo.

On August 23, Heams was named to the United States national baseball team to compete in the 2000 Summer Olympics. At the games, he pitched against Japan, The Netherlands, and Cuba. Heams earned a gold medal when the United States defeated Cuba in the finals.

Heams split the 2001 season between Double-A Erie and Toledo, appearing in 50 games across the two levels. He resigned with Detroit on a one-year deal the following February, but he was designated for assignment and claimed by the Boston Red Sox on April 2. He pitched for three of the Red Sox' minor league clubs, including the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox, but was traded to the Colorado Rockies in July. He appeared in nine games with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox before the season ended. In November, Heams signed with the Cincinnati Reds, but asked for his release after declining to take part in extended spring training.

After sitting out the 2003 season, Heams signed with the independent Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball in April 2004. He appeared in 95 games in 2004 and 2005 for Somerset, including 12 games as a starter, before ending his playing career.

## InfoBox

Shane Heams
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Shane Timothy Heams |
| Born | September 29, 1975 (1975-09-29) (age 49)<br>Toledo, Ohio, U.S. |
| Medal record      Men's baseball  Representing the  United States  Olympic Games  2000 Sydney Team competition | |


title: Kurt Eggers

abstract: Kurt Eggers was a German writer, poet, songwriter, and playwright with close links to the Nazi Party. He served as both a member of a propaganda company (Propagandakompanie) and as a Waffen-SS soldier at the rank of Mann in World War II, he was killed while serving in a tank regiment on the Eastern Front by the Red Army.

text:
# Kurt Eggers

**Kurt Eggers** (10 November 1905 – 12 August 1943) was a German writer, poet, songwriter, and playwright with close links to the Nazi Party. He served as both a member of a propaganda company (Propagandakompanie) and as a Waffen-SS soldier at the rank of Mann in World War II, he was killed while serving in a tank regiment on the Eastern Front by the Red Army.

## Early life

Kurt Eggers was born in 1905 in Berlin, the son of a bank clerk. In 1917 he entered the Cadet Corps and began training on a school ship. In 1919 he witnessed the defeat of the Spartacist uprising. In 1921, he joined the Freikorps and was involved in the battle for Annaberg hill during the Silesian Uprisings, where German Freikorps personnel fought against Polish nationalists.

## Post World War I

After a spell in an artillery regiment, he resumed his education in 1924. He studied Sanskrit, archaeology, philosophy, and theology in Rostock, Berlin and Göttingen. He was particularly interested in the German Reformation and the revolutionary Ulrich von Hutten. He joined the Corps Vandalia Rostock, a student group, in 1927. After his theology exams, he became a pastor in Neustrelitz and then a curate in Berlin. However, he rapidly fell out of favor with church authorities with his "Song of the Struggling Peasants" calling for a violent revolt.

## Nazism and World War II

With the rise of Adolf Hitler, he received rapid promotion through the new regime, gaining a succession of party positions while he continued to work as a writer, producing plays, radio drama, musical comedies, folk stories, walking songs, martial songs, and chants. His verses were widely used in Nazi Party ceremonies and events.

Following the invasion of Poland, he headed for the Front, joining the staff of a Panzer company, but he later returned to writing. He was the editor-in-chief of the "Das Schwarze Korps" *(The Black Corps)*, the official newspaper of the SS. He was also a member of an SS propaganda company.

Around the middle of 1942, while working as a writer for the Party Chancellery, he expressed a desire to return to battle, and was transferred to the Panzer reserve. It was then that he joined the SS Division Wiking, which was made up partly of foreign volunteers, he took part in the unit's retreat from the Caucasus in the winter of 1942-43.

## Death

In late July 1943, he rejoined the SS Division Wiking in the aftermath of the Battle of Kursk, which was followed by a Soviet offensive. On 12 August 1943 he died southwest of Belgorod (in Western Russia near the border with Ukraine), while attempting to counterattack against the advancing Red Army troops. His death was marked by a memorial service on 26 September 1943 in the Kroll Opera House in Berlin. The SS War Reporters Section, a platoon of propaganda staffers attached to SS units, was renamed the SS-Standarte Kurt Eggers in November 1943 in his honor.

He had four children by his second wife, Traute Kaiser, whose father was a pastor.

## Literary works

* Von der Feindschaft, Deutsche Gedanken, 1941.
* *Der Scheiterhaufen: Worte großer Ketzer*, 1942.
* Vater aller Dinge, 1943.
* *Vom mutigen Leben und tapferen Sterben*.
* *The Freedom of the Warrior*, (English translation).
* *Der Freiheit wildes Lied*.
* Struggle and War, (English translation).
* Der Kaiser der Römer gegen den König der Juden
* Kamerad: Gedichte eines Soldaten

1. Jürgen Hillesheim, Elisabeth Michael, *Lexikon nationalsozialistischer Dichter*, Königshausen & Neumann, 1993
2. Jay W. Baird, *Hitler's War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich*, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p 226
3. Jay W. Baird, *Hitler's War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich*, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p 245-246
4. Jay W. Baird, *Hitler's War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich*, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p 251
5. Jay W. Baird, *Hitler's War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich*, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p 242

## InfoBox

| Kurt Eggers | |
| --- | --- |
| A young Kurt Eggers | |
| Born | (1905-11-10)10 November 1905
Berlin, Brandenburg, German Empire |
| Died | 12 August 1943(1943-08-12) (aged 37)
Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Occupation | * Writer * poet * songwriter * playwright |
| Nationality | German |
| Genre | Plays, radio drama, musical comedies, folk stories, walking songs, martial songs, and chants |
| Literary movement | Nazism |
| Spouse | Traute Kaiser |
| Children | 4 |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops
Waffen-SS
 |
| Years of service | * (Weimar Republic) 1921–1933 * (Waffen-SS) 1933–1943 |
| Rank |  |
| Unit | SS Division Wiking |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Randall J. LeVeque

abstract: Randall J.. LeVeque is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at University of Washington who works in many fields including numerical analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and mathematical theory of conservation laws. Among other contributions, he is lead developer of the open source software project Clawpack for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations using the finite volume method. With Zhilin Li, he has also devised a numerical technique called the immersed interface method for solving problems with elastic boundaries or surface tension. He was an invited speaker at the 2006 International Congress of Mathematicians held in Madrid. He became a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2010, fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2013, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2021. LeVeque is a son of the well-known mathematician William J. LeVeque.

text:
# Randall J. LeVeque

**Randall J.. LeVeque** is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at University of Washington who works in many fields including numerical analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and mathematical theory of conservation laws. Among other contributions, he is lead developer of the open source software project Clawpack for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations using the finite volume method. With Zhilin Li, he has also devised a numerical technique called the *immersed interface method* for solving problems with elastic boundaries or surface tension.

He was an invited speaker at the 2006 International Congress of Mathematicians held in Madrid. He became a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2010, fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2013, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2021.

LeVeque is a son of the well-known mathematician William J. LeVeque.

## Education and career

LeVeque received his B.A. in mathematics from University of California, San Diego in 1977. He then continued to Stanford University to get his Ph.D. in computer science in 1982. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at the Courant Institute and the Hedrick Assistant Professorship at University of California, Los Angeles, he has been a faculty member at the University of Washington since 1985. He has advised twenty three PhD students.

## Books

LeVeque has authored several textbooks and monographs:

* *Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems*, Cambridge University Press (2002). ISBN 0-521-00924-3
* *Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws*, 1st ed. (1992), 2nd ed., Birkhäuser Basel (2005). ISBN 3-7643-2723-5
* *Computational Methods for Astrophysical Fluid Flow*, Springer (1998). ISBN 3-540-64448-2
* *Finite Difference Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, Steady State and Time Dependent Problems*, SIAM (2007). ISBN 978-0-89871-629-0

## InfoBox

| Randall J. LeVeque | |
| --- | --- |
| Randall J. LeVeque in 2008 | |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics, Applied Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Washington
University of California, Los Angeles
Courant Institute |
| Doctoral advisor | Joseph Oliger |
|  | |


title: Canalla

abstract: "Canalla" is a song by American singer Romeo Santos with Dominican singer El Chaval de la Bachata. It is the fourth single for Santos' fourth studio album Utopía (2019). The music video was released on June 28, 2019. It was filmed in Dominican Republic. It was directed and produced by Fernando Lugo. The female lead was portrayed by Sarodj Bertin.

text:
# Canalla

"**Canalla**" (English: "Scoundrel") is a song by American singer Romeo Santos with Dominican singer El Chaval de la Bachata. It is the fourth single for Santos' fourth studio album *Utopía* (2019). The music video was released on June 28, 2019. It was filmed in Dominican Republic. It was directed and produced by Fernando Lugo. The female lead was portrayed by Sarodj Bertin.

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Canalla" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Romeo Santos with El Chaval de la Bachata | |
| from the album  *Utopía* | |
| Released | June 28, 2019 |
| Genre | Bachata |
| Length | 3:46 |
| Label | Sony Latin |
| Songwriter(s) | Romeo Santos* Alexander Caba |
| Romeo Santos singles chronology | |
| "Payasos"
(2019) "**Canalla**"
(2019) "Millonario"
(2019) | |
|  | |
| El Chaval De La Bachata singles chronology | |
| "La Victima"
(2018) "**Canalla**"
(2019) "Yo Soy Un Macho (Remix)"
(2019) | |
| Music video | |
| "Canalla" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Rachid Niny

abstract: Rachid Niny, is a Moroccan journalist, chronicler and editor, and the director of Al Massae, which as of 2012 was Morocco's most popular daily newspaper. He was imprisoned from 28 April 2011 to 28 April 2012, allegedly for "undermining a judicial decision", "attempting to influence the judiciary", and "reporting on untrue criminal offences", leading Amnesty International to designate him a prisoner of conscience.

text:
# Rachid Niny

**Rachid Niny** (born 16 October 1970 in Ben Slimane, Morocco), is a Moroccan journalist, chronicler and editor, and the director of *Al Massae*, which as of 2012 was Morocco's most popular daily newspaper. He was imprisoned from 28 April 2011 to 28 April 2012, allegedly for "undermining a judicial decision", "attempting to influence the judiciary", and "reporting on untrue criminal offences", leading Amnesty International to designate him a prisoner of conscience.

## Studies and career

After receiving his high school diploma in modern literature, Rachid Niny entered The University of Literature and Human Sciences in Mohammedia (Morocco) to specialize in Arabic Literature. When he received his bachelor's degree in 1994, he found himself unemployed. “El Alam”, a daily Arabic Newspaper affiliated to The “Istiqlal party” with which he had collaborated since he was a student, refused to hire him unless he joined the party.

He led the local section of qualified unemployed persons' association. In 1992, he collaborated with the “Al Alam” Newspaper, and then he launched a newspaper in the Amazigh Language called *Awal* (Words) which stopped after the third number. In 1997, he obtained an accreditation to cover the worldwide Amazigh Congress in the Canary Islands. This enabled him to leave Europe. During three years as an illegal immigrant in Spain, he tried various odds jobs. From this experience, he was inspired to write his book *The Diary of a Clandestine*. Returning to Morocco, he worked with the Second Moroccan Channel (2M) as TV-program presenter of « Nostaljia ». In 2000, he participated in the *Assabah* newspaper with his daily chronicle Chouf tchouf. Then he decided to create his own newspaper *Al Massae* in 2006 where he continues his chronicle with the same free critical tone.

## Incarceration

In the afternoon of Thursday, 28 April 2011, Rachid Niny was placed under arrest by the Moroccan Police after being accused of an "offence against national and citizens security" by Abd-Allah al-Balghîtî, the general prosecutor of the King at Casablanca. His lawyer Khalid Soufyâni called the arrest a political decision which aimed to silence an opponent of official corruption. On 9 June 2011, the Court of First Instance in Ain S’ba’ in Casablanca sentenced Niny to one year in prison for "undermining a judicial decision", "attempting to influence the judiciary", and "reporting on untrue criminal offences".

Amnesty International protested Niny's incarceration, declaring him a prisoner of conscience and demanding his immediate release. On 19 January 2012, he was awarded an Oxfam Novib/PEN Award in recognition of "writers who have been persecuted for their work and continue working despite the consequences".

Niny was freed following the completion of his sentence on 28 April 2012. On the day of his release, he spoke to reporters about the need for press freedom in Morocco, stating, "I hope that I will be the last journalist to be imprisoned and tried under the criminal law."


title: Saint-Denis-d'Anjou

abstract: Saint-Denis-d'Anjou is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

text:
# Saint-Denis-d'Anjou

**Saint-Denis-d'Anjou** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ dəni dɑ̃ʒu\]) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Denis-d’Anjou | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church of Saint-Denis, in Saint-Denis-d'Anjou | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Denis-d’Anjou | |
| Saint-Denis-d’AnjouSaint-Denis-d’Anjou | |
| Coordinates: 47°47′30″N 0°26′23″W / 47.7917°N 0.4397°W / 47.7917; -0.4397 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Mayenne |
| Arrondissement | Château-Gontier |
| Canton | Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne-1 |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Château-Gontier |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Dominique de Valicourt |
| Area**1** | 41.89 km2 (16.17 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,528 |
| Density | 36/km2 (94/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 53210 /53290 |
| Elevation | 20–103 m (66–338 ft)
(avg. 37 m or 121 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Princess Amalia of Sweden

abstract: Princess Amalia of Sweden was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden.

text:
# Princess Amalia of Sweden

**Princess Amalia of Sweden** (Amalia Maria Charlotta; 22 February 1805  31 August 1853) was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden.

## Life

Amalia was born in Stockholm and raised under the supervision of the royal governess Charlotte Stierneld. Amalia left Sweden with her family upon her father's deposition after the Coup of 1809 and was raised in her mother's native country of Baden.

She was interested in music and was a friend of Jenny Lind. She was afflicted with rickets and died unmarried and childless in Oldenburg.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Princess Amalia | |
| --- | --- |
| Princess Amalia Maria Charlotta of Sweden | |
| Born | (1805-02-22)22 February 1805
Stockholm |
| Died | 31 August 1853(1853-08-31) (aged 48)
Oldenburg |
| Names  Amalia Maria Charlotta | |
| House | Holstein-Gottorp |
| Father | Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden |
| Mother | Frederica of Baden |


title: Castlemaine, Victoria

abstract: Castlemaine is a town in west central Victoria, Australia, in the Goldfields region about 120 kilometres northwest by road from Melbourne and about 40 kilometres from the major provincial centre of Bendigo. It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander. The population at the 2021 Census was 7,506. Castlemaine was named by the chief goldfield commissioner, Captain W. Wright, in honour of his Irish uncle, Viscount Castlemaine. Built on the lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung, Castlemaine began as a gold rush boomtown in 1851 and developed into a major regional centre, being officially proclaimed a City on 4 December 1965, although since declining in population. It is home to many cultural institutions including the Theatre Royal, the oldest continuously operating theatre in mainland Australia.

text:
# Castlemaine, Victoria

**Castlemaine** (/ˈkæsəlmn/ *KASS-əl-mayn*, non-locally also /ˈkɑːs-/ *KAHSS-*) is a town in west central Victoria, Australia, in the Goldfields region about 120 kilometres (75 miles) northwest by road from Melbourne and about 40 kilometres (25 miles) from the major provincial centre of Bendigo. It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander. The population at the 2021 Census was 7,506. Castlemaine was named by the chief goldfield commissioner, Captain W. Wright, in honour of his Irish uncle, Viscount Castlemaine.

Built on the lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung, Castlemaine began as a gold rush boomtown in 1851 and developed into a major regional centre, being officially proclaimed a City on 4 December 1965, although since declining in population.

It is home to many cultural institutions including the Theatre Royal, the oldest continuously operating theatre in mainland Australia.

## History

### First Nations

Castlemaine colonised the traditional lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung people, also known as the Jaara people. They were regarded by other tribes as being a superior people, not only because of their rich hunting grounds but because from their area came tachylite, a hard glassy volcanic stone valued for weapons and tools Early Europeans described the Dja Dja Wurrung as a strong, physically well-developed people and not belligerent. The Jaara people have a rich culture and reverence for the land.

The environmental devastation caused by gold mining from the 1850s was widespread and permanent in the entire district. It extinguished many native plant and animal species in the area, and decimated and displaced the Dja Dja Wurrung, for whom quartz was of value but not the soft gold it contained, and who regarded the resulting destruction as having turned their land into 'upside-down country.'

Their vital water sources included non-perennial creeks and associated underground springs. Mining spread contaminants and destroyed the infrastructure the indigenous people created over generations to maximise seasonal drainage patterns; channels and weirs they built out of timber stakes, to slow receding summer flows, were wrecked; water holes where the people gathered in smaller groups during periods of scarce rainfall and from which they transported water in skin bags when moving, were muddied, polluted and drained; the soaks they had dug between banks into sandy sediment to tap into the water table were likewise obliterated. Some of their waterholes in rock platforms of the Creek that they found or enlarged, then covered with slabs to protect them from animals, may still remain, unidentified.

### Europeans

The first European settlers named it **Forest Creek** and as the population grew it became known as **Mount Alexander**. The old name is still present in some place names in Victoria including the Shire of Mount Alexander and the former main road leading to it from Melbourne – Mount Alexander Road. Major Mitchell passed through the region in 1836. Following his discovery, the first squatters arrived in 1837 to establish vast sheep runs.

In 1854, Chief goldfields commissioner, Captain W. Wright, renamed the settlement 'Castlemaine' in honour of his Irish uncle, Viscount Castlemaine.

### Discovery of gold

On 20 July 1851 gold was discovered near present-day Castlemaine (Mt Alexander Goldfields) at Specimen Gully on Barkers Creek. The gold was discovered by Christopher Thomas Peters, a shepherd and hut-keeper on the Barker's Creek, in the service of Dr William Barker on his Mount Alexander run. When the gold was shown in the men's quarters, Peters was ridiculed for finding fool's gold, and the gold was thrown away. Barker did not want his workmen to abandon his sheep, but in August they did just that. John Worley, George Robinson and Robert Keen, also in the employ of Barker as shepherds and a bullock driver, immediately teamed with Peters in working the deposits by panning in Specimen Gully where the gold had been found, which they did in relative privacy during the next month. When Barker sacked them and ran them off his land for trespass, Worley, on behalf of the party "to prevent them getting in trouble", mailed a letter to *The Argus* (Melbourne) dated 1 September 1851 announcing this new goldfield with the precise location of their workings. This letter was published on 8 September 1851. "With this obscure notice, rendered still more so by the journalist as 'Western Port', were ushered to the world the inexhaustible treasures of Mount Alexander" also to become known as the Forest Creek diggings. Within a month there were about 8,000 diggers working the alluvial beds of the creeks near the present day town of Castlemaine, and particularly Forest Creek which runs through Chewton where the first small village was established. By the end of the year there were about 25,000 on the field.

### Gold rush: a city develops

The first small village developed at Chewton, today in effect a suburb of Mount Alexander Shire, which included the Commissioner's tent, stores, an office for *The Argus* newspaper, and an office for the Mount Alexander goldfields' own newspaper the *Daily Mail*.

On 28 January 1852, William Henry Wright was one of nearly 200 men who were assigned or affirmed as Territorial Magistrates for Victoria. Not long after, he took control of the Mount Alexander diggings and set up a government camp on Forest Street near the junction of Barker and Forest Creeks (today's Camp Reserve). This was to be the new township of Castlemaine. The first reference in a newspaper to the township is found in the *Geelong Advertiser* of 13 March 1852 with the following notice:

> "- The Lieutenant Governor has appointed John Fletcher, Esq., J.P., to be Police Magistrate at Castlemaine; but where Castlemaine is situate\[d\] we cannot tell."

A court house was established on what is today known as Goldsmith Crescent, Castlemaine near the new government camp. Stores were also established nearby.

The first official Post Office at Castlemaine, named "Forrest Creek", opened on 1 March 1852. (Renamed the Castlemaine Post Office on 1 January 1854.) The first official Post Office was established after "The Argus" (Melbourne) correspondent at Forest Creek had an article published in November 1851 that put the case forward for a Post Office to be established somewhere between the Forest Creek goldfield and Kyneton. At the same time (November 1851) he described the Forest Creek diggings as having many businesses such as stores and licensed hawkers and "at least 8000 persons on the two creeks (Forest and Barker)". The need pointed out in "The Argus" in November 1851 had resulted in an unofficial Post Office being established on the diggings at Chewton (Forest Creek) in December 1851, a Post Office then described as being "on the most central part of the diggings".

On 15 February 1853 town lots were offered for sale. By that time the first Castlemaine District Hospital had been opened, the gaol had been built, and Castlemaine was moving from 'tent' town to bricks and mortar. Notable prominent businesswoman Fanny Finch was running a restaurant and lodging house at Forest Creek at this time.

A local government was formed on 23 April 1855 and was later to become the Town of Castlemaine and in 1965 became the City of Castlemaine. However, with municipal amalgamations in the early 1990s, Castlemaine lost its 'City' status and is now simply the largest town in the Shire.

The Theatre Royal opened in 1856 to provide entertainment for the gold diggers, with a notable performance being provided by the world-renowned Lola Montes and her celebrated Spider Dance. It remains mainland Australia's oldest continuously operating theatre.

In 1859, the historic Castlemaine Football Club was established. Evidence makes it the second oldest football club in Australia and one of the oldest football clubs in the world.

### After the gold rush

In 1877-80 the residences numbered over 2000, and there was a population in the township of 7,500, forming an electorate in itself, within the district, the County of Talbot, of 19,000 people. Four trains ran daily to and from Melbourne with fares at 13 shillings (A$80 value in 2021) for First Class, and 8s. 6d. (A$52.70) for Second.

As gold mining gradually ceased a number of other secondary industries sprang up. These included breweries, iron foundries and a woollen mill. Thompson's Foundry (now trading as Flowserve) was one of Castlemaine's largest employers.

From the 1970s the industries that had dominated employment in the town for a century began to decline, with many factories closing and others such as Thompson's Foundry significantly downsizing. This led to the displacement of large numbers of people, with many families leaving in search of jobs elsewhere. The area's precious goldrush history and heritage was, however, increasingly recognised, along with its notable population of arts practitioners. Substantial planning and activity helped create new industries in heritage tourism, arts tourism, nature tourism and so on. As a result, Castlemaine began to be visited – and settled – by more 'outsiders', primarily from Melbourne.

Some of these more recent arrivals added to the gentrification of the Victorian era town, helping to preserve its already charming country aspect and enhancing it by establishing a number of cafes and restaurants. As with much gentrification, however, consequent rising house prices placed increased economic pressure on many earlier inhabitants who sometimes struggle to continue living in the area. The town has, overall, taken on a fresh lease of life, combining some of the more desirable aspects of urban Melbourne with the charm and openness of old Castlemaine.

## Geography

Castlemaine is nestled in a valley. The urban area extends to several suburban areas, north toward Barkers Creek, west to McKenzie Hill, east to Moonlight Flat and Chewton and south to Campbells Creek.

### Climate

| Climate data for Castlemaine Prison (1991–2020, extremes 1966–2021); 330 m AMSL; 37.08° S, 144.24° E | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 45.0
(113.0) | 43.9
(111.0) | 38.0
(100.4) | 34.0
(93.2) | 25.8
(78.4) | 21.1
(70.0) | 21.4
(70.5) | 24.7
(76.5) | 28.9
(84.0) | 34.5
(94.1) | 40.1
(104.2) | 43.0
(109.4) | 45.0
(113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.3
(82.9) | 27.8
(82.0) | 24.5
(76.1) | 20.0
(68.0) | 15.7
(60.3) | 12.6
(54.7) | 11.8
(53.2) | 13.1
(55.6) | 15.8
(60.4) | 19.5
(67.1) | 22.9
(73.2) | 25.7
(78.3) | 19.8
(67.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.5
(56.3) | 13.6
(56.5) | 11.1
(52.0) | 8.0
(46.4) | 5.7
(42.3) | 4.0
(39.2) | 3.4
(38.1) | 3.6
(38.5) | 5.3
(41.5) | 6.9
(44.4) | 9.6
(49.3) | 11.3
(52.3) | 8.0
(46.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.8
(33.4) | 3.0
(37.4) | 0.6
(33.1) | −3.0
(26.6) | −2.6
(27.3) | −4.9
(23.2) | −6.3
(20.7) | −4.1
(24.6) | −4.0
(24.8) | −2.3
(27.9) | 0.0
(32.0) | 1.0
(33.8) | −6.3
(20.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 42.3
(1.67) | 38.7
(1.52) | 30.8
(1.21) | 36.1
(1.42) | 54.3
(2.14) | 61.6
(2.43) | 58.7
(2.31) | 63.0
(2.48) | 61.6
(2.43) | 48.6
(1.91) | 52.0
(2.05) | 39.0
(1.54) | 586.7
(23.11) |
| Average rainy days | 6.2 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 11.3 | 13.6 | 16.3 | 15.7 | 13.5 | 10.4 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 121.5 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 40 | 39 | 42 | 49 | 61 | 69 | 68 | 62 | 58 | 50 | 45 | 41 | 52 |
| Source 1: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Governance

In local government, the Castlemaine region is covered by the Shire of Mount Alexander. The council was created in 1995 as an amalgamation of a number of other municipalities in the region with the Council and Civic Centre in the former School of Mines, in central Castlemaine, next to the original town hall. Castlemaine Town is represented by the Castlemaine Ward. The Loddon River Ward is centred around the township of Newstead. The Tarrengower Ward is centred around the township of Maldon. The Calder Ward is centred around Harcourt. The Coliban Ward covers the villages of Chewton, Elphinstone and Taradale.

In state politics, Castlemaine is located in the Legislative Assembly districts of Bendigo West currently held by the Australian Labor Party.

In federal politics, Castlemaine is located in a single House of Representatives division – the Division of Bendigo. The Division of Bendigo has been an Australian Labor Party seat since 1998.

## Economy

Castlemaine's largest industry is in manufacturing, particularly food manufacturing.

The biggest employer is KR Castlemaine (formerly the Castlemaine Bacon Company, established 1905), producing smallgoods with over 900 employees.

Cultural and heritage tourism is another large industry in Castlemaine, with the historic art gallery being a major drawcard.

Castlemaine has joined the likes of nearby Daylesford with gaining tourism from Melbourne, offering an array of local cafes and bars which have increased the region's appeal.

Castlemaine is also home to the Castlemaine Rod Shop (CRS), a company known Australia-wide for its aftermarket components for Holden, Ford and many others, especially Australian-made vehicles.

## Heritage

The Castlemaine goldfields' legendary prosperity raised expectations of Castlemaine becoming Victoria's second city. That is reflected in imposing buildings erected in the town's first few years. Though the rich alluvial diggings were largely exhausted within 15–20 years causing the town's population to shrink after the 1870s, a rich legacy remains in the form of its buildings and intact nineteenth century streetscapes comprising public buildings as well as simple miners' cottages. The historic area tells the history of Castlemaine in relics of significance, including the former steam flourmill (now 'The Mill'), the Church of England, and the Congregational Church, and despite the town's topographical limitation to the valley of the two creeks, broad streets and grand buildings convey an atmosphere of spaciousness.

### Barker Street

Named after William Barker, the pioneer pastoralist whose run included part of the land which is now Castlemaine. The whole eastern side of Barker Street, between Templeton Street and Lyttleton Street, has been classified by the National Trust of Australia (Vic). Adjacent to the solicitors' offices is the library, built in 1857 as a mechanics' institute with additions in 1861, 1872 and 1893. Next to it is the Faulder Watson Hall which opened in 1895 and adjacent is the old telegraph office (1857).

On the Lyttleton Street corner of Barker Street is the decorative Neoclassical post office (1873–75). It is in the form of an Italian palazzo with a central clock tower, five arched bays and strongly contrasting colouration. This structure replaced a wooden post office which was built on this same spot in 1859 when the service was transferred from the gold commissioner's camp. Over the road is the Cumberland Hotel (1884).

### Town hall

At 25 Lyttleton Street is the Castlemaine Town Hall, a design submitted by Wilkinson and Permewan successfully for a 1898 competition, and repeated by them in the Eaglehawk Town Hall in 1901. Constructed by H D McBean, builder of many substantial buildings in Castlemaine, including part of the hospital and Thompson's foundry, it cost £2,000. Essentially a Queen Anne building with elements of Dutch Renaissance, its complex eclecticism is typical of the period. Constructed of face red brick and coloured cement dressings (now painted white) and a tiled roof, it is pavilion-planned. Dutch-Flemish architecture inspires the gabling of the projecting wings, the verticality of the windows and the superimposed post-and-lintel system with Tuscan and composite capitals, while the panelling and representation of fans to the side of the lower windows is unusual. Two storeys of pedimented porticos stacked in top of each other form the central element with a 'broken' upper pediment, while the vertical line is continues above a balconied parapet, completed by a square tower with glazed circular openings on all four sides, surmounted by an onion dome.

### Imperial Hotel

Opposite the town hall is the Imperial Hotel, a thirty-room, two-storey hotel with attic erected in 1861 for Faulder Watson at a cost of £4,000 and classified in 1982 by Heritage Victoria which describes it as "one of the most innovative classical revival buildings in Victoria". The sophisticated design in French Renaissance style by leading Melbourne architects Purchas and Swyer (the Glenara homestead at Bulla is also their work), is rare in a building of the early 1860s. The iron crested mansard attic storey, elaborate detailing of both the corner chimneys, and pedimented dormer windows of the street and side elevations make the Imperial Hotel historically significant as one of the more distinctive hotel buildings in Victoria and a critical component in an important historic townscape.

On 17 November 1983 the Castlemaine Art Museum at 14 Lyttleton Street was classified by the National Trust which notes its significance as "an exceptional building in its intent and execution and ... historically important as one of the earliest examples of the 'modern movement' in provincial Victoria". Despite the onset of the Depression, £3,250 was raised in only six weeks from private individuals and local companies, augmented by state government grants totallng £1,500, which together covered the total cost of £4,132. Architect Percy Meldrum's design in an American Art-deco style was constructed by local builder Frank Pollard in local brick, slate and granite, by April 1931 for the official opening, free of debt. It consisted of a main gallery behind two smaller galleries and with the museum in the basement with storerooms. The gallery walls are naturally and indirectly lit from concealed windows of a saw-tooth roof above suspended ceilings. A "jazz" style frieze decorates the parapet, front wall and tympanum over the central front door, itself recessed behind ornate wrought-iron grille gates above which is a bas-relief in artificial stone by Orlando H. Dutton. Extensions were made at the rear in 1960, 1973, 1987 and 2000.

### Market building

The Castlemaine Market building at 44 Mostyn Street, facing the main shopping strip, is a rare example of such buildings and, according to the Victorian National Trust, is one of the most important in the country. An 1861 design of town surveyor William Beynon Downes, it is one of the most distinctive classical revival buildings in Australia. It was classified on 11 December 1958, then acquired by the National Trust in 1967 which restored it from a dilapidated condition. Its symmetrical elevation features a tuscan portico, round headed entrance and roundels. The pediment, simply decorated with a rising sun motif, bears a statue of Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, between two towers with cupola crowns. A clerestory lights the interior from above deep side wings which are 'arcaded' and capped by a cornice. A landmark in the historic townscape, exemplifying the period when the temporary town became permanently established, it now serves as the tourist centre.

## Parks and open space

Castlemaine has its own botanical gardens, established in 1860, which are on the Victorian Heritage Register. The gardens feature Lake Joanna (an artificial lake), many exotic tree species and structures dating to the Victorian era. The Castlemaine public swimming pool is 50m in length and is located next to the botanical gardens.

The Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park is the first of its kind in Australia. It embraces gold rush relics and bushland. Home to rare and threatened species of both flora and fauna it offers opportunities for bush walking, bird watching, wildlife monitoring and study while providing a bush setting for the township.

## Culture

### Library

Housed in an historic building, the Mechanics Institute at 212 Barker Street in which it was established in 1857, the Castlemaine Library held 4,781 volumes in 1877, and since 1996 has expanded its services and offerings and access to 222,931 items (in 2021–22) as part of the North Central Goldfields Regional Library Corporation which services also the City of Greater Bendigo, Loddon Shire and Macedon Ranges Shire; an area of 12,979 square kilometres. The shire contributes a budget of around $500,000. The Castlemaine branch is the most subscribed of all the NCGRL branches with 53% (10,687) of the Mount Alexander Shire population holding a library card and having used the library over any two-year period. The building, administered and maintained by the shire, also houses the 231-seat Phee Broadway Theatre and a foyer exhibition space.

### Castlemaine State Festival

Since 1976, Castlemaine has biennially been the home of the Castlemaine State Festival. Running for ten days, the festival is one of Victoria's most notable regional arts events. It was originally held over the Melbourne Cup period in November before it lost $130,000 in a clash in 1996 with the October Melbourne Festival instituted by then state premier Jeff Kennett. He compensated in part for its consequent losses with a grant of $41,800. Subsequently, it is now usually held in late March. It offers visual and performing arts and attracts internationally and nationally renowned performers, including the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.

See Castlemaine Art Museum

### Theatre

The Theatre Royal claims to be the oldest continuously operating theatre in mainland Australia. It hosts films (including several world and Australian premieres), concerts and functions.

### Buda Historic Home and Garden

See Buda Historic Home and Garden

## Community

### Castlemaine Farmers Market

Castlemaine also hosts a local farmers market where the finest producers of the Mount Alexander Shire region, all in one place. The market is currently held on the Western Reserve, Forest Street, Castlemaine

### Wesley Hill Community Market

The Wesley Hill Community Market operates every Saturday from 9a.m. to 2 p.m. It is located at 149 Pyrenees Highway, Castlemaine, and has over 70 stalls selling a range of merchandise, local products and farmers' products.

### The Mill

The old wooden mill beside Barkers Creek opposite the Botanical Gardens was at one stage a carpet factory

### Churches

As a gold rush town, Castlemaine attracted migrants from all over the world. So in addition to 'established' churches such as the Anglicans, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics, arrivals in the district included Methodists, Baptists and Congregationalists from mining areas in provincial Britain where nonconformist churches were more popular, as well as Lutherans from continental Europe. Initially the churches in Victoria were unable to cope with huge numbers of migrants settling in areas which had been sparsely populated. However a few proactive clergymen set out for the diggings where they were assisted by lay preachers amongst the diggers. Initially they preached in tents and from tree stumps but by 1853 the first rough churches had been built.

There was also a sizeable Chinese population with concomitant joss houses and temples; besides a few artifacts, no structures remain.

Churches to have operated in Castlemaine in order of establishment are:

* Methodist. 1850s – 1977 when it merged as part of the Uniting Church of Australia
* Anglican. 1850s – present
* Roman Catholic. 1853–present
* Presbyterian. 1850s – 1977 and 1984 – 2023. The Castlemaine congregation merged as part of the Uniting Church in 1977, but some members later broke away to re-establish that denomination in the town
* Baptist. 1861? – present
* Congregational. 1800s – 1977 when it merged as part of the Uniting Church
* Church of Christ. 1800s – present
* Lutheran. 1800s to present.
* Salvation Army. Late 1800s to present
* Seventh Day Adventist.
* Uniting Church. 1977–present. Absorbed the local Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational churches, although some Presbyterians broke away in 1984 to re-establish a Presbyterian presence in the town
* Pentecostal: Grace Church, Liberty Christian Life Centre in Campbell Creek (affiliated with the Assemblies of God)

The Uniting Church was created in 1977 and the local Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational congregations chose to join. Since the Presbyterians had the largest church building, the best hall and largest grounds, the merged denominations met there. The Methodist and Congregational buildings were sold, with the Adventists taking over the former Methodist church and a conservative group that wished to re-establish a distinct Presbyterian service moving into the former Congregational church building over the road from their original church.

## Sport

Australian rules football is popular, with the Castlemaine Football Club competing in the Bendigo Football League.

On Wesley Hill, just out of Castlemaine, is the Castlemaine sporting complex, which hosts a range of sport including basketball, netball, badminton and cycling. Castlemaine Tennis Club on Wheeler Street next to Forest Creek features four plexipave courts and eight further synthetic grass courts. Castlemaine has many cricket teams in the town itself and the surrounding area. It is also renowned for its mountain bike trails, with a reputedly world-class, newly developed multi trail walking and cycling facility on the slopes of Mount Alexander at nearly Harcourt. Two golf courses are available; at the Castlemaine Golf Club in the bordering Muckleford region on Newstead Road, and at the course of the Mount Alexander Golf Club on Wimble Street.

Castlemaine is also the self-proclaimed Hot Rod centre of Australia, with many small businesses catering to this popular form of motor sport at a national level. Examples of the cars can be seen on show days and rod runs throughout the year. There are plans for a permanent Hot Rod centre.

### Run the Maine

Held annually in October, Run the Maine is a fun run event around the Castlemaine Botanical Gardens which raises funds for the local hospital – Castlemaine Health. Participants can choose to run 5.5 km, 11 km or a 14 km trail run. The 2020 event was run virtually, with runners uploading their times individually due to COVID-19.

## Infrastructure

### Education

#### Primary schools

Castlemaine and its outlying areas have eight primary schools catering for prep to year 6 (and beyond for the two independent schools).

From north to south they are:

* Castlemaine North Primary School. (Usually known as North School.) No 2051. Opened 1878, successor to a state funded Wesleyan school operating since 1853
* St Mary's School. (Roman Catholic.) Opened 1854, current building completed 1962. Operated by Sisters of Mercy until 1984, the last nuns left in 1988.
* Castlemaine Primary School, (Usually known as South School.) No 119. Opened 1855, present main building completed 1875.
* Winters Flat Primary School. No 652. Opened 1860, current buildings opened 1964.
* Castlemaine Steiner School. (Independent.) Opened on current site as a school in 1996. previously a kindergarten on other sites from 1988.
* Chewton Primary School. No 1054. Opened 1870, present building completed 1911.
* Olivet Christian College, Campbell's Creek. (Independent.) Established 1979.
* Campbell's Creek Primary School. No 120. Opened 1853, present building completed 1878.

#### Secondary schools

The town is served by Castlemaine Secondary College which was created in 1994 by combining the former Castlemaine High School (established 1910) and the Castlemaine Technical College (established in 1887 as the Castlemaine School of Mines). The Junior Campus of the Secondary College was at Milkmaids Flat at the northern end of the town on the old High School site, while the Senior Campus occupied the former Tech College site at Norwood Hill to the south of the town. These campuses have now merged at the former Junior Campus. The Norwood Hill site has been re-purposed as Autoplex Castlemaine (a project of Castlemaine Hot Rod Centre Limited) and as a business incubation project by Workspace Australia.

* St Gabriel's College, a Roman Catholic secondary school operated between 1906 and 1974 on a site adjoining St Marys primary school.
* Castlemaine Grammar School opened prior to 1865 and operated from a building in Hargraves St until 1910.

### Health

A large hospital and a geriatric care centre (Castlemaine Health, formerly Mount Alexander Hospital) is located on the northern edge of Castlemaine. The former Maldon Hospital is now home to older and frail residents in the Jessie Bowe Centre and Mountview Centre.

The Castlemaine District Community Health Centre provides a range of health services (including a Needle & Syringe Program) and there are several large medical general practices. Primary care options include dentists, opticians, physiotherapists, podiatrists, chiropractors, pathology and hearing services, plus a substantial number of complementary and alternative practitioners.

The Shire has three prisons – HMP Loddon and HMP Middleton for men are located on the eastern outskirts at Wesley Hill, and HMP Tarrengower (outside Maldon) for women.

### Transport

Castlemaine is at the junction of several main roads including the Pyrenees Highway running west connecting it to Maryborough and east toward Elphinstone, the Midland Highway running north connecting it to Bendigo and south connecting it to Daylesford and Maldon-Castlemaine Road, running north west toward Maldon.

V/Line Rail services operate out of the Castlemaine railway station which is on the Bendigo railway line. V/Line operates VLocity services to Melbourne's Southern Cross station, the fastest weekday express taking 65 minutes. Travel to Bendigo by train takes a minimum of 18 minutes. A V/Line Coach service between Castlemaine and Maryborough also operates out of Castlemaine railway station. The Victorian Goldfields Railway operates a tourist railway, running old steam and diesel engines from Maldon station to Castlemaine via Muckleford.

Castlemaine Bus Lines provides suburban bus services from Castlemaine railway station to Chewton, Campbells Creek, and North Castlemaine as well as Intercity services to Maldon, Elphinstone, and Taradale.

The local taxi service is run by Castlemaine Taxis.

## Media

The weekly *Castlemaine Mail*, which began as the *Mount Alexander Mail* in 1854, became part of *The Midland Express group* in 1984 and is still produced.

Community radio station MainFM broadcasts from the old Castlemaine Hospital and broadcasts on 94.9FM.

## Notable residents

The Australian version of the Irish ballad "The Wild Colonial Boy" refers to 1860s' Australian convict John Doolan, who was born in Castlemaine, and who turned to bushranging.

Castlemaine XXXX beer and HMAS *Castlemaine* were named after the city.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV series *Glitch* was partially filmed in Castlemaine. The fictional town of Yoorana in which the series is set is located on the western side of (and effectively replaces) Castlemaine, per an onscreen map.

## InfoBox

| Castlemaine
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| CBD Castlemaine building, Post Office, Town Hall and the Castlemaine Uniting Church | |
| Castlemaine | |
| Coordinates | 37°3′49″S 144°13′2″E / 37.06361°S 144.21722°E / -37.06361; 144.21722 |
| Population | 7,506 (2021 census) |
| Established | 1851 |
| Postcode(s) | 3450 |
| Elevation | 310.9 m (1,020 ft) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) |
| • Summer (DST) | AEST (UTC+11) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Mount Alexander |
| State electorate(s) | Bendigo West |
| Federal division(s) | Bendigo |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  20.2 °C
68 °F 6.7 °C
44 °F 558.4 mm
22 in | |


title: Get-Well Gamers

abstract: Get-Well Gamers is a charitable organization that aims to bring video game consoles and games to sick children in hospitals. The charity was founded in 2001 by Ryan Sharpe, who was hospitalized as a child and found that playing Donkey Kong Jr. and Zaxxon had been beneficial to his recovery. In 2005, the charity was officially recognized in the United States as 501(c)(3) charitable organization. By October 2006, the organization had expanded to cover over 40 hospitals in more than 20 states. The charity accepts donations of video game systems and games from 1989 and later from both individuals and companies. Since its founding, the group has received support from various other gaming-related organizations such as the International Game Developers Association and Nvidia. In 2014, Get-Well Gamers expanded into Europe with the launch of Get-Well Gamers UK. In 2016, Get-Well Gamers was fully absorbed into the Ablegamers charity, with Ryan Sharpe being given a position on the Ablegamers advisory board.

text:
# Get-Well Gamers

**Get-Well Gamers** is a charitable organization that aims to bring video game consoles and games to sick children in hospitals. The charity was founded in 2001 by Ryan Sharpe, who was hospitalized as a child and found that playing *Donkey Kong Jr.* and *Zaxxon* had been beneficial to his recovery. In 2005, the charity was officially recognized in the United States as 501(c)(3) charitable organization. By October 2006, the organization had expanded to cover over 40 hospitals in more than 20 states. The charity accepts donations of video game systems and games from 1989 and later from both individuals and companies. Since its founding, the group has received support from various other gaming-related organizations such as the International Game Developers Association and Nvidia.

In 2014, Get-Well Gamers expanded into Europe with the launch of Get-Well Gamers UK .

In 2016, Get-Well Gamers was fully absorbed into the Ablegamers charity, with Ryan Sharpe being given a position on the Ablegamers advisory board.

1. Rico, Laura. "Playing the pain away". UC Irvine. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
2. Wallis, Alistair (2006-10-18). "Q&A: Get-Well Gamers Foundation's Ryan Sharpe". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
3. "Get-Well Gamers Foundation". Kotaku. 2006-10-11. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
4. "Get-Well Gamers Celebrates 10th Anniversary with IGDA LA and WIGI Holiday Party". Game Politics. 2011-12-02. Archived from the original on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
5. Maragos, Nich (2006-03-07). "iGames Partners With Nvidia For Charity Fundraiser". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011.
6. "Get-Well-Gamers is Now Part of AbleGamers". Ablegamers. 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2020-02-18.

official website (UK) - https://getwellgamers.org.uk/


title: Randall Holden Jr.

abstract: Major Randall Holden Jr. was a colonial Rhode Island politician.

text:
# Randall Holden Jr.

Major **Randall Holden Jr.** (April 1660 – 13 September 1726) was a colonial Rhode Island politician.

## Early life

Holden was born in April 1660 in Warwick in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He was the son of Frances (née Dungan) Holden (1632–1696) and Randall Holden, co-founder of Portsmouth and Warwick who was one of the signers of the Portsmouth Compact. His younger brother, Charles Holden, married Catherine Greene (a daughter of Deputy Governor John Greene Jr.), and his younger sister, Susannah Holden, married Benjamin Greene (son of Thomas Greene and grandson of John Greene, an early settler of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations who was one of the 12 original proprietors of Providence and a co-founder of the town of Warwick).

## Career

Holden was a member of the House of Deputies (precursor to Representatives) for Warwick in 1696, 1699, 1700, 1704, 1714 to 1715, and in 1721. From October 1714 to May 1715, he served as Speaker of the House of Deputies. He was Assistant of the Rhode Island Colony (essentially the Upper House of the Assembly) from 1705 to 1713 and from 1715 to 1725. In 1706, he was appointed Major for the Main and was a member of the commission that determined the border with Connecticut.

## Personal life

On 27 January 1686/7, Holden was married to Bethiah Waterman (1664–1742), a daughter of Nathaniel Waterman and Susanna (née Carder) Waterman. Her grandfather, Richard Waterman, was one of the original proprietors of Providence. Together, they were the parents of:

* John Holden (1687–1749)
* Wait Holden (b. 1690), who died young.
* Susanna Holden (1692–1745), who died unmarried.
* Randall Holden III (1694–1766), who married Rose Wickes, daughter of John Wickes and Sarah (née Gorton) Wickes (granddaughter of Samuel Gorton) in 1724.
* Wait Holden (1696–c.1748), who married her cousin William Holden in 1721.
* Mary Holden (1699–1738), who married Capt. Thomas Rice.
* Frances Holden (1701–1732), who married Capt. John Low, son of Anthony Low and Mary (née Arnold) Low.

Holden died in Warwick on 13 September 1726.

## InfoBox

| MajorRandall Holden Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
October 1714  May 1715 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Frye |
| Succeeded by | William Wanton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1660-04-00)April 1660
Warwick, Colony of Rhode Island, British America |
| Died | 13 September 1726(1726-09-13) (aged 66)
Warwick, Colony of Rhode Island, British America |
| Spouse | Bethiah Waterman
(m. 1686; died 1726) |
| Children | 7 |
| Parent(s) | Randall Holden
Frances Dungan |
|  | |


title: Cape kurper

abstract: The Cape kurper is a species of fish in the family Anabantidae, the climbing gouramis or climbing perches. It is endemic to South Africa.

text:
# Cape kurper

The **Cape kurper** (*Sandelia capensis*) is a species of fish in the family Anabantidae, the climbing gouramis or climbing perches. It is endemic to South Africa.

## Description

The Cape kurper can grow to 25 cm in length and weigh up to 200g. It has a mainly yellow to golden brown colouration with dark markings on the dorsal part of the body which extend onto the dorsal and anal fins. Males are more colourful than females.

## Distribution

The Cape kurper is endemic to the Western Cape and Eastern Cape, where it is found in coastal rivers from the Coega River, which flows into Algoa Bay through the Cape Flats and north to the Verlorevlei River. It has been introduced into the Clanwilliam Olifants River system.

## Habitat

The Cape kurper is an adaptable species and occurs in various habitats from rocky, faster flowing streams to more slower, heavily-vegetated waters. It shows a preference for quieter marginal areas, where it finds shelter among rocks, submerged roots and branches of trees or in aquatic plants.

## Habits

Cape kurpers feed on insects and other invertebrates as well as small fish and crabs.

Cape kurpers breed during the southern summer; the male chooses a site on the substrate, which he defends aggressively from other males. He also develops a breeding pattern of dark vertical bars with black fins, and a darkening of the lower mandible. Females are displayed to by the male blowing bubbles. Later courtship involves quite vigorous chasing and biting, climaxing when the pair spawn. The female appears to lay the eggs which adhere to the substrate and them the male moves in and releases his milt After spawning the male chases the female away, and assumes sole responsibility for guarding and tending the eggs and the young fry, which also adhere to substrate, in typical fashion for the Anabantidae.

The Cape kurper occasionally plays dead when caught by anglers, only to slip out of the hands as soon as the hook has been removed.

## Conservation

The Cape kurper is threatened by introduced fish especially the largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and spotted bass, which have been introduced into many of the waters where the Cape kurper occurs. Other threats include damming, pollution and climatic changes.

## Taxonomy

The Cape kurper is currently considered to be a single species, however, recent genetic studies have revealed that there are no fewer than two, and possibly more lineages. This may mean that there are at least two separate species but further study is required.

## InfoBox

| Cape kurper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anabantiformes |
| Family: | Anabantidae |
| Genus: | *Sandelia* |
| Species: | ***S. capensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sandelia capensis***
(G. Cuvier, 1829) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spirobranchus capensis* Cuvier, 1829 * *Anabas capensis* (Cuvier, 1829) * *Sardelia capensis* (Cuvier, 1829) * *Anabas vicinus* Boulenger,1916 * *Sandelia vicina* (Boulenger, 1916) * *Sandelia vicinus* (Boulenger, 1916) | |


title: Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique

abstract: Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique - Centro de Ensino e Língua Portuguesa (EPM-CELP) is a Portuguese international school in Maputo, Mozambique. The school is operated by the Portuguese Ministry of Education and serves from Pre-school up to Grade 12. It opened for the 1999–2000 school year, and was created from the Decree-Law No. 241/99 of 25 June promoting Cooperation between the Portuguese Republic and the Republic of Mozambique. This was modified by Decree-Law n.º 47/2009 of 23 February. The school's symbol is of a tree within green and red portico. The tree roots represent the school's educational philosophy and are a reference to some verses from works of Luís de Camões. In the future, the EPM will be the regulatory academy for the Mozambican dialects of the Portuguese language.

text:
# Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique

**Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique - Centro de Ensino e Língua Portuguesa** (**EPM-CELP**) is a Portuguese international school in Maputo, Mozambique. The school is operated by the Portuguese Ministry of Education and serves from Pre-school up to Grade 12.

It opened for the 1999–2000 school year, and was created from the Decree-Law No. 241/99 of 25 June promoting Cooperation between the Portuguese Republic and the Republic of Mozambique. This was modified by Decree-Law n.º 47/2009 of 23 February.

The school's symbol is of a tree within green and red portico. The tree roots represent the school's educational philosophy and are a reference to some verses from works of Luís de Camões.

In the future, the EPM will be the regulatory academy for the Mozambican dialects of the Portuguese language.

## InfoBox

| Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Av. para o Palmar, nº562
Maputo
Mozambique | |
| Coordinates | 25°56′39″S 32°36′46″E / 25.944040°S 32.612731°E / -25.944040; 32.612731 |
| Information | |
| Other name | EPM-CELP |
| Type | Public international school |
| Established | 1999 (1999) |
| Authority | Portuguese Ministry of Education |
| Director | Provisory Commission |
| Grades | PreK12 |
| Enrollment | 1661 (as of 2022-23) |
| Website | epmcelp.edu.mz |


title: Czarni Radom

abstract: WKS Czarni Radom, officially known for sponsorship reasons as Enea Czarni Radom, is a professional men's volleyball team based in Radom in central Poland. Founded in 1921 as a football club, the club had many sections in the past, however since 1997 only the volleyball section has remained. Czarni Radom team won the Polish Cup in 1999 and two Polish Championship bronze medals in 1994 and 1995. The club ceased to exist in 2003 and was reactivated in 2007. In 2013, after 11 years of absence, the team was finally promoted to PlusLiga.

text:
# Czarni Radom

**WKS Czarni Radom**, officially known for sponsorship reasons as **Enea Czarni Radom**, is a professional men's volleyball team based in Radom in central Poland. Founded in 1921 as a football club, the club had many sections in the past, however since 1997 only the volleyball section has remained.

Czarni Radom team won the Polish Cup in 1999 and two Polish Championship bronze medals in 1994 and 1995. The club ceased to exist in 2003 and was reactivated in 2007. In 2013, after 11 years of absence, the team was finally promoted to PlusLiga.

## Honours

**Winners (1):** 1998–99

## Team history

Founding of the club took place in 1921 after the split in the football team "Kordian" belonging to Radomskie Towarzystwo Sportowe (Radom Sports Association). Some athletes left from the structure of the association to form a club Czarni Radom. 2 years later the club, gaining more and more sympathy of the 72nd Infantry Regiment stationed in Radom transformed into a Military Sports Club – Wojskowy Klub Sportowy "Czarni". Initially, its work was confined only to the football section. Over time, the club has expanded its structure. However, bringing a volleyball section to life was achieved later and underwent various difficulties.

In 1957, the club's management has decided to create a men's volleyball section. A team that was based on cadets of the Żwirko and Wigura Military Aviation School in Radom started in league one season later. The team took second place in the championship and has withdrawn from the competition.

In 1979 a team led by coach Jan Skorżyński was promoted to the second level league. Historical success was achieved by the team based on its own pupils, Radom high school students and a few soldiers doing military service in Radom. The team consisted of: Andrzej Skorupa, Tomasz Gałczyński, Ryszard Laskowski, Ryszard Pisarek, Jarosław Trochimiuk, Zbigniew Janikowski, Witold Poinc, Janusz Tomaszewski, Robert Mach, Jacek Gagacki, Roman Murdza and Ryszard Kotala.

In 1984 Czarni Radom team achieved historical promotion to the Ekstraklasa, in which played continuously for eighteen seasons. In 1994, coached by Valery Jarużnyj, they won the first ever bronze medal of Polish championship. The success repeated a year later and then the coach of the team was Jacek Skrok.

On 26 September 1997, the whole club was transformed into a volleyball club and changed its name to Warka Strong Club WKS Czarni Radom. In 1999 Czarni Radom players witch coach Edward Skorek won Polish Cup. In season 1999/2000 they played in CEV Cup Winners' Cup.

On 14 April 2002 Czarni Radom team for the first time in its history was relegated to Polish second league. One year later, the club ceased to exist.

In 2007 the club was recreated. In the 2011–12 season, Czarni Radom players, coached by Wojciech Stępień were finally promoted to the I liga (second level league) and in the next season to PlusLiga.

The first steps to create a Czarni Radom fan club supporters started at the beginning of 1999. In 2003–07, there were supporters without a club. They were conflicted with Jadar Radom because the club did not continue the history and tradition of Czarni Radom that had gone bankrupt. Since 2005 they were not allowed to watch any match of Jadar. This caused conflict among the "new" Jadar fans and the "old" Czarni fans who wanted Jadar to continue the legacy of the dissolved Czarni club. In the end due to the conflict Czarni started attending the reserve Jadar matches and then reformed the original club in 2007 on the basis of them.

## Team

*As of 2023–24 season*

### Coaching staff

| Occupation | Name | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Head coach | Paweł Woicki | |
| Team manager | Michał Ruciak | |
| Physical preparation coach | Kuba Szyszka | |

### Players

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | middle blocker |
| 5 | Brodie Hofer | 27 April 2000 | outside hitter |
| 6 | Wojciech Kraj | 2 April 2000 | middle blocker |
| 7 | Rafał Buszek | 28 April 1987 | outside hitter |
| 9 | Vuk Todorović | 23 April 1998 | setter |
| 10 | Mateusz Biernat | 19 May 1992 | setter |
| 12 | Konrad Formela | 8 March 1995 | outside hitter |
| 13 | Tomasz Piotrowski | 2 September 1997 | outside hitter |
| 14 | Nikola Meljanac | 15 January 1999 | opposite |
| 15 | Bartosz Gomułka | 30 May 2002 | opposite |
| 18 | Maciej Nowowsiak | 20 September 2001 | libero |
| 20 | Dominik Teklak | 17 March 2000 | libero |
| 21 | Wiktor Rajsner | 27 November 1999 | middle blocker |
| 24 | Mateusz Kufka | 1 January 2003 | middle blocker |
| 42 | Igor Gniecki | 16 April 2002 | setter |

## Squads

### 2019/2020

The following is the Cerrad Enea Czarni Radom roster in the 2019–20 PlusLiga.

| **Head coach:** | Robert Prygiel |
| --- | --- |
| **Assistant:** | Dmitry Skoryy |

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Weight | Spike | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Alen Pajenk | 23 April 1986 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 94 kg (207 lb) | 352 cm (139 in) | middle blocker |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 3 | Michał Kędzierski | 9 August 1994 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 83 kg (183 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | setter |
| 4 | Bartłomiej Grzechnik | 8 February 1993 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 344 cm (135 in) | middle blocker |
| 6 | Damian Boruch | 14 December 1989 | 2.09 m (6 ft 10 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 349 cm (137 in) | middle blocker |
| 7 | Athanasios Protopsaltis | 12 September 1993 | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 79 kg (174 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | outside hitter |
| 9 | Dejan Vinčić (C) | 15 September 1986 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | 95 kg (209 lb) | 343 cm (135 in) | setter |
| 10 | Michał Filip**1** | 31 August 1994 | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | opposite |
| 11 | Michał Ruciak | 22 August 1983 | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | 82 kg (181 lb) | 336 cm (132 in) | libero |
| 13 | Mateusz Masłowski | 13 June 1997 | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 78 kg (172 lb) | 330 cm (130 in) | libero |
| 15 | Brenden Sander | 22 December 1995 | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | 0 kg (0 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 17 | Bartosz Firszt | 19 March 1999 | 0 m (0 in) | 0 kg (0 lb) | 0 cm (0 in) | outside hitter |
| 20 | Wojciech Włodarczyk | 28 October 1990 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 348 cm (137 in) | outside hitter |
| 21 | Karol Butryn | 18 June 1993 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | opposite |
| 27 | Łukasz Zugaj**1** | 27 January 1993 | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | opposite |
|

1 Michał Filip left the team on 30 January 2020 and joined BKS Visła Bydgoszcz. He was replaced by Łukasz Zugaj.

### 2018/2019

The following is the Cerrad Czarni Radom roster in the 2018–19 PlusLiga.

| **Head coach:** | Robert Prygiel |
| --- | --- |
| **Assistant:** | Wojciech Stępień |
|

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Weight | Spike | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Alen Pajenk | 23 April 1986 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 94 kg (207 lb) | 352 cm (139 in) | middle blocker |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 3 | Reto Giger | 5 August 1991 | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | 86 kg (190 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | setter |
| 6 | Wojciech Żaliński | 8 January 1988 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | outside hitter |
| 8 | Kacper Wasilewski | 4 January 1998 | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 315 cm (124 in) | libero |
| 9 | Dejan Vinčić (C) | 15 September 1986 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | 95 kg (209 lb) | 343 cm (135 in) | setter |
| 10 | Michał Filip | 31 August 1994 | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | opposite |
| 11 | Michał Ruciak | 22 August 1983 | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | 82 kg (181 lb) | 336 cm (132 in) | libero |
| 14 | Jakub Rybicki | 1 November 1998 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 84 kg (185 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 15 | Norbert Huber | 14 August 1998 | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | 91 kg (201 lb) | 352 cm (139 in) | middle blocker |
| 17 | Maksim Zhigalov | 26 July 1989 | 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) | 85 kg (187 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 19 | Tomasz Fornal | 31 August 1997 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 348 cm (137 in) | outside hitter |
| 20 | Kamil Kwasowski | 13 September 1990 | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | 87 kg (192 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | outside hitter |
|

### 2017/2018

The following is the Cerrad Czarni Radom roster in the 2017–18 PlusLiga.

| **Head coach:** | Robert Prygiel |
| --- | --- |
| **Assistant:** | Wojciech Stępień |
|

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Weight | Spike | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dmytro Teryomenko | 1 February 1987 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 96 kg (212 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | middle blocker |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 5 | Dejan Vinčić | 15 September 1986 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | 95 kg (209 lb) | 343 cm (135 in) | setter |
| 6 | Wojciech Żaliński (C) | 8 January 1988 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | outside hitter |
| 7 | Dustin Watten | 27 October 1986 | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 306 cm (120 in) | libero |
| 8 | Kacper Wasilewski | 4 January 1998 | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 315 cm (124 in) | libero |
| 9 | Jakub Ziobrowski | 23 January 1997 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | 104 kg (229 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 10 | Michał Filip | 31 August 1994 | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | opposite |
| 11 | Kamil Droszyński | 28 January 1997 | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | 86 kg (190 lb) | 337 cm (133 in) | setter |
| 13 | Łukasz Zugaj | 27 January 1993 | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | opposite |
| 14 | Jakub Rybicki | 1 November 1998 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 84 kg (185 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 15 | Norbert Huber | 14 August 1998 | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | 91 kg (201 lb) | 352 cm (139 in) | middle blocker |
| 19 | Tomasz Fornal | 31 August 1997 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 348 cm (137 in) | outside hitter |
| 20 | Kamil Kwasowski | 13 September 1990 | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | 87 kg (192 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | outside hitter |
|

### 2016/2017

The following is the Cerrad Czarni Radom roster in the 2016–17 PlusLiga.

| **Head coach:** | Robert Prygiel |
| --- | --- |
| **Assistant:** | Wojciech Stępień |
|

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Weight | Spike | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bartłomiej Bołądź | 28 September 1994 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 102 kg (225 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 3 | Łukasz Wiese | 24 March 1993 | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | 81 kg (179 lb) | 347 cm (137 in) | outside hitter |
| 5 | Jakub Urbanowicz | 14 August 1993 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 86 kg (190 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 6 | Wojciech Żaliński (C) | 8 January 1988 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | outside hitter |
| 7 | Michał Kędzierski | 9 August 1994 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 83 kg (183 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | setter |
| 8 | Jakub Zwiech | 6 November 1996 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 351 cm (138 in) | middle blocker |
| 9 | Jakub Ziobrowski | 23 January 1997 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | 104 kg (229 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 10 | Dustin Watten | 27 October 1986 | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 306 cm (120 in) | libero |
| 11 | Piotr Filipowicz | 29 August 1995 | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 316 cm (124 in) | libero |
| 12 | Emanuel Kohút | 21 July 1982 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 101 kg (223 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | middle blocker |
| 15 | David Smith | 15 May 1985 | 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) | 91 kg (201 lb) | 348 cm (137 in) | middle blocker |
| 17 | Tomasz Fornal | 31 August 1997 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 348 cm (137 in) | outside hitter |
| 18 | Kacper Gonciarz | 31 August 1992 | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 320 cm (130 in) | setter |
|

### 2015/2016

The following is the Cerrad Czarni Radom roster in the 2015–16 PlusLiga.

| **Head coach:** | Raul Lozano |
| --- | --- |
| **Assistant:** | Robert Prygiel |
|

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Weight | Spike | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bartłomiej Bołądź | 28 September 1994 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 102 kg (225 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | opposite |
| 3 | Igor Grobelny | 8 June 1993 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 77 kg (170 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 4 | Daniel Pliński (C) | 10 December 1978 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 330 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 5 | Bartłomiej Grzechnik | 8 February 1993 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 344 cm (135 in) | middle blocker |
| 6 | Wojciech Żaliński | 8 January 1988 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | outside hitter |
| 8 | Jakub Zwiech | 6 November 1996 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 351 cm (138 in) | middle blocker |
| 9 | Adam Kowalski | 16 September 1994 | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 75 kg (165 lb) | 325 cm (128 in) | libero |
| 10 | Lukas Kampa | 29 November 1986 | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | setter |
| 11 | Patryk Szczurek | 6 February 1991 | 0 m (0 in) | 0 kg (0 lb) | 0 cm (0 in) | setter |
| 12 | Artur Szalpuk | 20 March 1995 | 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) | 93 kg (205 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 13 | Łukasz Zugaj | 27 January 1993 | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | setter |
| 15 | Zack La Cavera | 14 October 1992 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 355 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 16 | Radosław Zbierski | 14 April 1988 | 0 m (0 in) | 0 kg (0 lb) | 0 cm (0 in) | libero |
| 17 | Neven Majstorović | 17 March 1989 | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) | 93 kg (205 lb) | 325 cm (128 in) | outside hitter |
|

### 2014/2015

The following is the Cerrad Czarni Radom roster in the 2014–15 PlusLiga.

| **Head coach:** | Robert Prygiel |
| --- | --- |
| **Assistant:** | Wojciech Stępień |
|

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Weight | Spike | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bartłomiej Bołądź | 28 September 1994 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 102 kg (225 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 3 | Igor Grobelny | 8 June 1993 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 77 kg (170 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 4 | Daniel Pliński (C) | 10 December 1978 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 330 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 5 | Bartłomiej Grzechnik | 8 February 1993 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 344 cm (135 in) | middle blocker |
| 6 | Wojciech Żaliński | 8 January 1988 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | outside hitter |
| 7 | Jakub Wachnik | 16 February 1993 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 8 | Dirk Westphal | 31 January 1986 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 355 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 9 | Adam Kowalski | 16 September 1994 | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 75 kg (165 lb) | 325 cm (128 in) | libero |
| 10 | Lukas Kampa | 29 November 1986 | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | setter |
| 12 | Jacek Ratajczak | 24 November 1986 | 2.14 m (7 ft 0 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | middle blocker |
| 13 | Michał Kędzierski | 9 August 1994 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 83 kg (183 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | setter |
| 14 | Kamil Gutkowski | 15 October 1986 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 335 cm (132 in) | libero / outside hitter |
| 15 | Mikko Oivanen | 26 May 1986 | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | opposite |
|

### 2013/2014

The following is the Cerrad Czarni Radom roster in the 2013–14 PlusLiga.

| **Head coach:** | Robert Prygiel |
| --- | --- |
| **Assistant:** | Wojciech Stępień |
|

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Weight | Spike | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bartłomiej Bołądź | 28 September 1994 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 102 kg (225 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 2 | Michał Ostrowski | 29 March 1990 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 340 cm (130 in) | middle blocker |
| 3 | Rafał Faryna | 28 September 1994 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 96 kg (212 lb) | 351 cm (138 in) | opposite |
| 4 | Jakub Radomski | 16 March 1988 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 95 kg (209 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 5 | Bartłomiej Grzechnik | 8 February 1993 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 344 cm (135 in) | middle blocker |
| 6 | Bartłomiej Neroj (C) | 22 November 1984 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 98 kg (216 lb) | 338 cm (133 in) | setter |
| 7 | Jakub Wachnik | 16 February 1993 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 8 | Dirk Westphal | 31 January 1986 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 355 cm (140 in) | outside hitter |
| 9 | Adam Kowalski | 16 September 1994 | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 75 kg (165 lb) | 325 cm (128 in) | libero |
| 10 | Wytze Kooistra | 3 June 1982 | 2.09 m (6 ft 10 in) | 102 kg (225 lb) | 360 cm (140 in) | opposite |
| 11 | Łukasz Zugaj | 27 January 1993 | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 99 kg (218 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | setter |
| 12 | Adam Kamiński | 27 May 1984 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 355 cm (140 in) | middle blocker |
| 13 | Michał Kędzierski | 9 August 1994 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 83 kg (183 lb) | 345 cm (136 in) | setter |
| 14 | Kamil Gutkowski | 15 October 1986 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 92 kg (203 lb) | 335 cm (132 in) | outside hitter |
| 15 | Paweł Filipowicz | 7 May 1992 | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) | 76 kg (168 lb) | 318 cm (125 in) | libero |
| 16 | Jozef Piovarči | 9 November 1984 | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) | 114 kg (251 lb) | 350 cm (140 in) | middle blocker |
|

## InfoBox

Enea Czarni Radom
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | WKS Czarni Radom
Spółka Akcyjna |
| Short name | WKS Czarni |
| Founded | 1921 (1921) |
| Ground | Hala RCS
ul. Struga 63
26–600 Radom
(Capacity: 3,700) |
| Chairman | Dariusz Fryszkowski |
| Manager | Jakub Bednaruk |
| Captain | Alexander Berger |
| League | PlusLiga |
| Website | Club home page |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |


title: Saint-Denis-d'Augerons

abstract: Saint-Denis-d'Augerons is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

text:
# Saint-Denis-d'Augerons

**Saint-Denis-d'Augerons** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ dəni doʒʁɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

## Geography

The commune along with another 69 communes shares part of a 4,747 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called Risle, Guiel, Charentonne.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 135 |  |
| 1968 | 144 | +6.7% |
| 1975 | 117 | −18.8% |
| 1982 | 109 | −6.8% |
| 1990 | 92 | −15.6% |
| 1999 | 97 | +5.4% |
| 2008 | 84 | −13.4% |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Denis-d'Augerons | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Denis-d'Augerons | |
| Location of Saint-Denis-d'Augerons | |
| Saint-Denis-d'AugeronsSaint-Denis-d'Augerons | |
| Coordinates: 48°55′35″N 0°28′29″E / 48.9264°N 0.4747°E / 48.9264; 0.4747 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Eure |
| Arrondissement | Bernay |
| Canton | Breteuil |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Colette Rodrigue |
| Area**1** | 4.27 km2 (1.65 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 78 |
| Density | 18/km2 (47/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 27530 /27390 |
| Elevation | 173–226 m (568–741 ft)
(avg. 220 m or 720 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Calliotropis globosa

abstract: Calliotropis globosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

text:
# Calliotropis globosa

***Calliotropis globosa*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 10 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Mexico, Venezuela, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Jamaica and Barbados at depths between 732 m and 1829 m.

* Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication)
* Encyclopedia of Life
* USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
* World Register of Marine Species
* "*Calliotropis globosa*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Calliotropis globosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Seguenzioidea |
| Family: | Calliotropidae |
| Genus: | *Calliotropis* |
| Species: | ***C. globosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calliotropis globosa***<br>Quinn, 1991 | |
|


title: Prey (Tiamat album)

abstract: Prey is the eighth studio album by Swedish gothic metal band Tiamat. It was released on October 27, 2003 through Century Media Records. The song "Cain" appeared in Troika Games' 2004 PC game Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines.

text:
# Prey (Tiamat album)

**Prey** is the eighth studio album by Swedish gothic metal band Tiamat. It was released on October 27, 2003 through Century Media Records.

The song "Cain" appeared in Troika Games' 2004 PC game *Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines*.

## Track listing

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Chronicles of Chaos* | 8/10 |

All tracks are written by Johan Edlund, except where noted

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cain" |  | 5:25 |
| 2. | "Ten Thousand Tentacles" |  | 1:34 |
| 3. | "Wings of Heaven" |  | 4:32 |
| 4. | "Love in Chains" |  | 4:24 |
| 5. | "Divided" |  | 5:18 |
| 6. | "Carry Your Cross and I'll Carry Mine" |  | 4:37 |
| 7. | "Triple Cross" |  | 1:21 |
| 8. | "Light in Extension" |  | 4:47 |
| 9. | "Prey" |  | 3:31 |
| 10. | "The Garden of Heathen" |  | 1:25 |
| 11. | "Clovenhoof" |  | 4:54 |
| 12. | "Nihil" |  | 6:09 |
| 13. | "The Pentagram" | Aleister Crowley | 7:20 |
| Total length: | | | 59:05 |

US edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "Sleeping (In the Fire)" | Blackie Lawless | 3:47 |
| Total length: | | | 62:52 |

## Personnel

### Tiamat

* Johan Edlund – vocals, guitars, keyboards
* Thomas Petersson – guitars
* Anders Iwers – bass guitar
* Lars Sköld – drums

### Additional personnel

* Johan Edlund – engineering, production, design, layout
* Sonja Brandt – additional vocals ("Divided", "Carry Your Cross and I'll Carry Mine")
* Sam Carpenter – engineering
* T. T. Oksala – mixing
* Minerva Pappi – mastering
* Katja Kuhl – photography

## InfoBox

| Prey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tiamat | |
| Released | October 27, 2003 (2003-10-27) |
| Genre | Gothic rock, gothic metal |
| Length | 59:05 |
| Label | Century Media |
| Producer | Johan Edlund |
| Tiamat chronology | |
| *Judas Christ*
(2002) ***Prey***
(2003) *Amanethes*
(2008) | |


title: David J. L. Luck

abstract: David J. L. Luck was an American cell biologist known for his work on flagella and mitochondrial DNA. He was a longtime professor at Rockefeller University and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

text:
# David J. L. Luck

**David J. L. Luck** (January 7, 1929 – May 23, 1998) was an American cell biologist known for his work on flagella and mitochondrial DNA. He was a longtime professor at Rockefeller University and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

## Early life and education

David Jonathan Lewis Luck was born January 7, 1929, in Milwaukee. He had an early interest in science, perhaps influenced by his aunt and uncle who were a chemist and physician respectively. Luck graduated from the University of Chicago in 1949, then earned his M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1953. Following his M.D., Luck was an intern at Massachusetts General Hospital, from which he was drafted into the Army Medical Corps. In 1957, he returned to Massachusetts General.

In 1958, Luck moved to Rockefeller University with the aim of completing a PhD. He worked in the laboratory of George Palade on glycogen particles in the liver, defending his thesis in 1961. Following his PhD, Luck worked with Edward Tatum on the mitochondria of the mold *Neurospora crassa*. Along with Tatum's student Ed Reich, Luck was the first to isolate mitochondrial DNA and show that it was inherited maternally when *Neurospora* mate.

## Academic career

In 1964, Luck was promoted to research associate and professor at Rockefeller. Luck's research group went on to show that the ribosomal RNAs in mitochondria were synthesized in the mitochondria (rather than in the cell nucleus). By 1970, Luck was promoted to full professor. In 1972, with student Paul Lizardi, Luck's group showed that in contrast to the ribosomal RNAs, mitochondrial ribosome-associated proteins were made in the cytoplasm and transported into the mitochondria. In the mid-1970s, Luck's group pivoted to focus on the single-celled alga *Chlamydomonas reinhardtii*, where he focused on centrioles and basal bodies, the microtubule organizing structures that underlie the mitotic spindle and formation of flagella. Luck's group identified around a dozen flagellar proteins, as well as numerous mutations that affected flagellar structure and function.

Luck was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1984.

## Death

Luck died of lymphoma at New York Hospital on May 23, 1998.