title: Thomas Forsyth (Indian agent)

abstract: Major Thomas Forsyth was a 19th-century American frontiersman and trader who served as a U.S. Indian agent to the Sauk and Fox during the 1820s and was replaced by Felix St. Vrain, prior to the Black Hawk War. His writings, both prior to and while an Indian agent, provided an invaluable source of the early Native American history in the Northwest Territory. His son, Robert Forsyth, was a colonel in the United States Army and an early settler of Chicago, Illinois.

text:
# Thomas Forsyth (Indian agent)

Major **Thomas Forsyth** (December 5, 1771 – October 29, 1833) was a 19th-century American frontiersman and trader who served as a U.S. Indian agent to the Sauk and Fox during the 1820s and was replaced by Felix St. Vrain, prior to the Black Hawk War. His writings, both prior to and while an Indian agent, provided an invaluable source of the early Native American history in the Northwest Territory. His son, Robert Forsyth, was a colonel in the United States Army and an early settler of Chicago, Illinois.

## Early life and family

Thomas Forsyth was born in Detroit, Province of Quebec, British America to William Forsyth, a Scots-Irish Presbyterian who immigrated from Ireland around 1750. A veteran of the French and Indian War, his father was twice wounded, while fighting under General Wolfe at the capture of Quebec City in 1759. The elder Forsyth had married the widow of another trader, so he was raised alongside his half-brother John Kinzie, with whom he would also later work. When Thomas Forsyth was a child, his father was imprisoned as a loyalist during the American Revolutionary War. Thomas Forsyth became a successful Indian trader in his youth, spending several years living with the Ottawas on Saginaw Bay. As early as 1798, he spent the winter on an island in the Mississippi a short distance downstream from present-day Quincy, Illinois.

## Indian trader, spy, and United States Indian agent

Thomas Forsyth later became partners with his half-brother, John Kinzie, and his son, Robert Forsyth. The two established a trading post in 1802 at the site of what is present-day Chicago, Illinois. After marrying a Keziah Malotte near Malden in 1804, Forsyth moved to Peoria Lake, where he became a successful trader and businessman. During the Peoria War, he served as a spy for Governor William Clark and was later an agent for the tribes in the region and was able to persuade the Illinois River Pottawatomie to remain neutral during the War of 1812. In December of that year, he and a number of others at the agency were arrested by the Illinois Rangers under Captain Thomas E. Craig, who later ordered Peoria to be burned. Forsyth was bitterly resentful of Craig's actions, but Craig defended himself by claiming neither he nor anyone else outside of Washington, D.C. knew of his status as an Indian agent. *"It was supposed by the President that Mr. Forsyth would be more serviceable, to both sides, if his friends, the Indians, did not know this situation."*

Thomas Forsyth and the others were eventually released by Craig, who dropped them off on the riverbank below Alton, Illinois, where they were *"in a starving condition (and) they were landed in the woods ... without shelter or food."* He would later distinguish himself as a supporter of peace for both Native Americans and the U.S. government and, often risking his own life, negotiated with tribal leaders for the release of American prisoners. This was most evident in his securing the release of the survivors of the Fort Dearborn massacre, among whom was Lenai T. Helm, the husband of his niece.

Officially appointed a U.S. Indian subagent for the Sauk and Fox at Rock Island, Illinois, he was later stationed at Fort Armstrong and reported the movements of the Sauk and Fox as well as its ever-increasing strength in the region during the early 1820s. He became a respected figure in the region. He was replaced after 18 years of service by Felix St. Vrain due to Forsyth's insubordinate attitude, unwillingness to remain at the fort, and the criticism of his supervisor. It has been speculated by historian Lyman Copeland Draper that his removal from the position as Indian agent to the Sauk and Fox could have prevented the Black Hawk War.

## Death

Forsyth retired to St. Louis, Missouri where he died on October 29, 1833. He was survived by his wife, who died only four years later, and his four children.

## Further reading

* Forsyth, Thomas and Lyman Copeland Draper, ed. *"Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819"*. Wisconsin State Historical Society Collections. Vol. VI. Madison: Wisconsin State Historical Society, 1872.
* *Transcripts of the Illinois State Historical Society*. Pub. 9 (1904). Springfield, Illinois: Philips Brothers, 1904. (pg. 138–142)

## InfoBox

| Thomas Forsyth | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1771-12-05)December 5, 1771
Detroit, Procvince of Quebec, British America |
| Died | October 24, 1833(1833-10-24) (aged 61)
St. Louis, Missouri, United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Major Forsyth |
| Occupation(s) | frontierman, spy, army officer, Indian agent, trader |
| Known for | Illinois frontiersman who served as U.S. Indian Agent to the Sauk and Fox prior to the Black Hawk War |
| Title | U.S. Indian agent to the Sauk and Fox |
| Term | 1818-1830 |
| Successor | Felix St. Vrain |
| Spouse | Keziah Malotte  (m. 18041833) |
| Partner(s) | John Kinzie, Robert Forsyth (son) |
| Children | 4 |
| Parent | William Forsyth |


title: Thomas Brackett Reed

abstract: Thomas Brackett Reed Jr. was an American attorney, author, parliamentarian and Republican Party politician from Maine who served as the 32nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891 and 1895 to 1899. He represented Maine's 1st congressional district in the House from 1877 to 1899 and, prior to his time in Congress, represented Portland in the Maine legislature and served as Attorney General of Maine. In 1876, he was elected to represent Cumberland and York counties in the U.S. House and was re-elected for twelve consecutive terms. As Speaker, Reed had greater influence over the agenda and operations of the House than any prior Speaker. His first term was marked by a dramatic expansion of the Speaker's formal authority through changes to the House Rules, and he remains one of the most powerful Speakers in House history. He set out to put into practical effect his dictum "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch" and dramatically increased the power of the Speaker over the House by limiting the ability of the minority party to prevent the establishment of a quorum. Reed helped pass the Lodge Bill, which sought to protect African American voting rights in the Southern United States, but the bill failed in the Senate and never became law. In 1896, he ran for president on a hard currency platform but lost the Republican nomination to William McKinley. While serving as Speaker in 1899, Reed resigned from the House in opposition to growing American imperialism, which left him politically isolated following the American victory in the Spanish-American War and the passage of the Newlands Resolution.

text:
# Thomas Brackett Reed

**Thomas Brackett Reed Jr.** (October 18, 1839 – December 7, 1902) was an American attorney, author, parliamentarian and Republican Party politician from Maine who served as the 32nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891 and 1895 to 1899. He represented Maine's 1st congressional district in the House from 1877 to 1899 and, prior to his time in Congress, represented Portland in the Maine legislature and served as Attorney General of Maine. In 1876, he was elected to represent Cumberland and York counties in the U.S. House and was re-elected for twelve consecutive terms.

As Speaker, Reed had greater influence over the agenda and operations of the House than any prior Speaker. His first term was marked by a dramatic expansion of the Speaker's formal authority through changes to the House Rules, and he remains one of the most powerful Speakers in House history. He set out to put into practical effect his dictum "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch" and dramatically increased the power of the Speaker over the House by limiting the ability of the minority party to prevent the establishment of a quorum. Reed helped pass the Lodge Bill, which sought to protect African American voting rights in the Southern United States, but the bill failed in the Senate and never became law.

In 1896, he ran for president on a hard currency platform but lost the Republican nomination to William McKinley. While serving as Speaker in 1899, Reed resigned from the House in opposition to growing American imperialism, which left him politically isolated following the American victory in the Spanish-American War and the passage of the Newlands Resolution.

## Early life and education

Thomas Brackett Reed was born on October 18, 1839, in a small two-story tenement on Hancock Street in Portland, Maine. His parents, Matilda Prince (née Mitchell) and Thomas Brackett Reed Sr., were natives of Maine who traced their American ancestry to the *Arbella* and *Mayflower*, respectively. The Reed family were not wealthy; Thomas Sr. was captain of a fishing boat before becoming a watchman in a Portland sugar warehouse.

Reed attended public schools, including the Portland Boys' School, and was an avid student and reader. He showed interest in public affairs from an early age, attending Neal Dow's trial for involvement in the Portland Rum Riot in 1855. He was also an avid member of the Congregational Church as a young man. Members of his congregation raised funds to provide him a college education with intent that he become a minister, but he left the church and returned the donations.

### Bowdoin College (1856–1860)

After graduating high school, Reed entered Bowdoin College in 1856 and undertook a mandatory course centered on Christian theology, Latin, Greek, and mathematics. Bowdoin was noted for its required courses in English composition and oratory and had already produced Nathaniel Hawthorne, President of the United States Franklin Pierce, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The faculty consisted of ten men, led by president Leonard Woods and including Charles Carroll Everett, Thomas C. Upham, Alpheus Packard, and William Smyth. Reed's professor of rhetoric and oratory, Joshua Chamberlain, later distinguished himself at the Battle of Gettysburg and served as Governor of Maine during Reed's term in the state legislature.

At Bowdoin, Reed gained a personal reputation for his ability to recite Joseph Butler's *Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed* from memory. He was a member of the rowing crew, chess club, Psi Upsilon fraternity, and an editor of the annual yearbook. He debated as a member of the Peucinian Society and was an avid reader of Carlyle, Goethe, Thackeray, Macaulay, and Charles Reade, among other less popular authors.

Reed kept a small, close group of friends, including Samuel Fessenden, the son of U.S. Senator William Pitt Fessenden, who provided Reed a loan to complete his education. Samuel Fessenden was an avid abolitionist who participated in the civil conflict in Kansas and, one year after graduation, died at the Second Battle of Bull Run. His death had a profound impact on Reed, who memorialized Fessenden as "the quiet associate of the studious hours ... sublimated in the crucible of death from all imperfections, clothed upon with all his virtues and radiant with all the possibilities of a generous youth."

As a senior, Reed reversed a previously mediocre academic record to lead his class; he finished fifth in the graduating class of 1860 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Abandoning any interest in ministry, he spent the next years doing odd jobs and studying law. He taught school in Portland for a year before moving to California in 1861. He was admitted to the bar in San Jose on September 8, 1863, after an examination by eminent California attorney William T. Wallace. While in San Jose, he delivered pro-Union speeches and signed a letter from sixteen members of the bar endorsing judge Samuel Bell McKee for re-election to the bench, citing McKee's determination to "uphold the Administration in its present efforts to suppress the rebellion and sustain the Constitution and laws of the United States." However, he soon returned to Portland, deciding "nature never intended any man to live \[in California\], only to dig gold and get himself out of it, and to shudder in dreams ever afterwards."

On his return to Maine, Reed joined the law offices of Howard and Strout as a clerk. He joined the United States Navy in April 1864, winning an appointment as acting assistant paymaster on the recommendation of Senator Fessenden. He served in that role, primarily on the gunboat USS *Sibyl* on the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers, until honorably discharged in late 1865. When a Reed supporter later pointed out his opponents boasted of their war records, he retorted, "Tell them I kept a grocery on a gunboat down in Louisiana in wartime."

## State politics (1867–1876)

### Maine legislator (1867–1870)

After the war, Reed returned to Portland and was admitted to the Maine bar in October 1865. He opened a practice in Portland, taking petty civil and criminal cases. In 1867, his colleague Nathan Webb secured Reed's nomination for the Maine House of Representatives; after some persuading, Reed agreed to run. In the heavily Republican city of Portland, he was easily elected; he was re-elected to a second term in 1868.

Reed, one of the youngest members of the Maine House at the time, served on the joint legislative committee on the judiciary and drafted a bills for a general law of incorporation and the abolition of capital punishment in the state; both failed. He distinguished himself for parliamentary skill in the 1869 U.S. Senate election between former Vice President Hannibal Hamlin and incumbent Senator Lot M. Morrill, whom Reed supported. In the Republican caucus to nominate a candidate, Reed moved to rule a blank ballot invalid, breaking a tie in favor of Morrill. (Hamlin was later elected by a vote of the whole legislature.) Despite his youth, by March 1869 the Portland *Press* considered Reed "the actual though not the nominal leader of \[the House\]."

In 1869, Reed was elected Senator for Cumberland County. He continued to serve on the joint committee on the judiciary and successfully led the fight to delay construction of the Portland and Rutland Railroad. He also paid homage to his former patron, Senator Fessenden, who died in 1869. Though Fessenden had become unpopular in the state owing to his vote against the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Reed aggressively defended Fessenden's legacy and wartime service.

Reed later reflected that his greatest achievement as a state legislator was securing the re-organization of the Cumberland County courts in an effort to reduce the time necessary to bring cases to a final judgment.

### Attorney General of Maine (1870–1873)

In January 1870, the Republican caucus nominated Reed for Attorney General, and he was elected easily. As Attorney General, Reed significantly raised his profile. His first months in office were marked by the high-profile trial of a man charged with killing his wife's lover. Overcoming a "crime of passion" defense, Reed won a manslaughter verdict, though he had asked for a charge of murder. As a result, Reed advocated for the abolition of spousal privilege, which had excluded the only witness, the defendant's wife, from testifying. He also advocated separately as Attorney General for bail bond reform and an increase in the State's peremptory challenges in jury selection. Most of Reed's suggestions did eventually become law, but were not adopted immediately, which he attributed to the fact that prosecutors were barred by virtue of their office from advising the legislature.

He continued to oppose the railroad corporations, calling for an increase in the $5,000 cap ($106,322 in 2023) on wrongful death claims and challenging the merger of the Portland and Kennebec with the Maine Central under a writ of quo warranto; his action was rendered moot when the legislature recognized the merger as valid. In 1894, Reed spoke out in favor of consolidation and declared the writ was a mistake, arguing that the merger had "resulted in better stations, better trains, better transportation facilities of every kind."

Reed served as Attorney General for the three years prescribed by tradition before leaving office in 1873. He returned to a more lucrative private practice and served for three years as Portland city solicitor, representing the city in personal injury suits and routine business.

## Early United States House career (1877–81)

### 1876 election

Reed was nominated for Congress from Maine's first district in 1876. Incumbent Representative John H. Burleigh had split from the state party organization, led by Senators James G. Blaine and Hannibal Hamlin, and Reed, a respected organization man, was chosen to oppose him. Reed's strength was in the city of Portland, while most of Burleigh's support was from York County. Reed narrowly carried the district convention on June 29. The conflict between Reed and Burleigh carried into the general election, with a Burleigh ticket in the campaign. Reed campaigned in favor of prohibition and was attacked for his association with Robert G. Ingersoll, known for his radical advocacy for agnosticism. Reed was forced to deny that he was an atheist, but the charge would be repeated in later campaigns. Ultimately, Reed narrowly won by fewer than 1,000 votes on September 9, with Burleigh receiving 177.

### Early congressional service and rise

Reed was relatively active in debate during his first term, speaking against Fernando Wood in support of funding for the United States diplomatic corps and delivering his most famous early speech against the federal restoration of the campus of William & Mary College, which was destroyed during the war. Arguing that the expenditure would set a precedent which would allow "every claim agent who loved the Lost Cause and a good many who did not" to raid the Treasury, Reed argued, "You were beaten and yet you want us to take the consequences. You come forward and insist that the victorious country shall pay for the damages inflicted upon it by its enemies."

The highlight of his first term was his appointment on May 20, 1878, to the committee to investigate charges of fraud in the 1876 presidential election. Reed used the politically sensitive role to advocate the Republican position, restoring the party's fortunes ahead of the 1880 election. Reed defended the legitimacy of Hayes's victory in the state of Louisiana, in particular focusing on East Feliciana Parish, where he alleged that a violent wave of crime (including murder) had been for the purpose of political intimidation, as it had ended suddenly on election day and the victims had been primarily Republicans. Reed also cross-examined William T. Pelton, Tilden's nephew and aide, regarding evidence Pelton had delivered bribes on behalf of his uncle's campaign. Pelton's testimony under Reed's questioning was so damaging that Tilden appeared before the committee himself to deny the accusations. The final Republican minority report suggested Pelton, a poor man, could not have made such bribes without Tilden's knowledge. While the report did not vindicate Hayes, it softened the political blow by demonstrating that electioneering and misconduct had not been one-sided and raised Reed's profile beyond that of an ordinary House freshman.

His seat was nevertheless threatened by the rise of the Greenback Party, which favored an inflationary monetary policy, and his vote against the Bland-Allison Act. In his 1878 re-election campaign, he came out vigorously against paper currency and was aided by appearances from James Garfield and Galusha Grow. His re-election was ultimately owed to the failure of the opposition to settle on a single candidate, and he won with a plurality. During the campaign, Reed developed a widely quoted aphorism against monetary expansion: "You won't have any more potatoes if you call them four thousand pecks than if you call them one thousand bushels."

In 1880, Reed joined the rest of Maine in supporting James G. Blaine's unsuccessful campaign for the Republican nomination. He was a delegate to the 1880 Republican National Convention. In the fall, he faced a united opposition following the fusion of the Greenback and Democratic ticket in Maine. Returns gave Reed a 109-vote lead, but his opponent alleged fraud and challenged his election in the House. The Republican majority declared Reed the victor.

## Party leadership (1881–1889)

### Judiciary chair (1881–1883)

After Reed's election to a third term, he was briefly considered to succeed Hannibal Hamlin in the United States Senate, but he publicly declined to be a candidate. He attributed his decision to the narrow Republican majority in the House and the possibility that his seat would flip.

By the time the 47th United States Congress met on December 5, 1881, the new President James A. Garfield had been assassinated and Chester A. Arthur had succeeded him. With few tested leaders in the House, the Republican caucus turned to J. Warren Keifer as Speaker of the House after sixteen ballots; Reed finished third with eleven votes on the final ballot, behind Frank Hiscock. In a concession to his opponents, Keifer named Hiscock and Reed to House leadership as chairs of the powerful committees on Appropriations and the Judiciary, respectively. In a significant step, Reed also joined the Speaker and George Robeson on the powerful Committee on Rules after January 9, 1882, when Godlove Orth, another Keifer opponent who was left out of leadership, resigned in protest.

In both roles, Reed defended the authority of the office of Speaker and majority rule. When Orth introduced a resolution to select committees and their chairs by an elective board of eleven members, Reed spoke out against it on the grounds that "the Speaker is not only under constant supervision of public opinion but also of the House." The resolution lost by a large nonpartisan majority. During a May 1882 debate over a contested election in North Carolina, the parties came to a head over the minority's use of the filibuster. In response, Reed moved to amend the House Rules to bar any dilatory motion while a motion to adjourn was on the table. After a week of efforts by the Democratic minority to delay this Rules amendment, Reed moved that the dilatory tactics were out of order and proposed that "no member or set of members have any right to use the rules which are to be changed to prevent the change which the House desires to make. ... There is no such thing as suicide in any provision of the Constitution of the United States." After three hours of debate, Keifer upheld Reed on the point of order. Former Speaker Samuel J. Randall protested and appealed to the House, where the Speaker's decision was upheld by a majority vote. According to De Alva S. Alexander, "\[From\] that hour Reed became the real leader of his party. Ever after, so long as he remained in Congress, his voice gave the word of command."

Reed further expanded the principle of majority rule in debate over Tariff of 1883. As a protectionist, Reed supported higher tariffs on imports, but the House appeared unlikely to pass an independent tariff bill. Instead, Reed presented a report from the Rules Committee to suspend the rules by majority vote and request a conference committee to consider the *internal* revenue bill, to which the Senate had attached tariff amendments. Reed's report passed the House, but only after the first vote failed to show a quorum. The report was highly controversial; Samuel S. Cox denounced it as "a fraud on parliamentary law," and Senators Thomas F. Bayard and James B. Beck refused to sit on the conference committee. The resulting bill itself, sometimes called the "mongrel tariff," was highly unpopular as well; Reed later wrote of his regret over the episode, claiming that none of the tariff commissioners' report had been enacted, "but all of its mistakes were."

### House Minority leadership (1883–89)

In 1882, the Democratic Party regained control of the House and John G. Carlisle of Kentucky was elected Speaker. Reed continued to seek reform of the House Rules from the minority by exploiting disagreements between Samuel J. Randall and William Ralls Morrison, two members of Democratic leadership who disagreed sharply over tariff policy. Reed retained his seats on the Rules and Judiciary committees and gained a spot on the powerful Committee on Ways and Means.

During his six years in the House minority, Reed also grew in party influence. Former Speaker Keifer, by virtue of seniority, retained leadership of the minority, but ultimately lost re-election to his House seat in 1884. When the next Congress met, Reed's name was placed in nomination by William McKinley for the party endorsement for Speaker; he defeated Frank Hiscock by 63 votes against 42 for the honor, thus formally sanctioning Reed as the party's floor leader. Hiscock also left the House in 1887 when he was elected to the U.S. Senate, leaving Reed the undisputed leader of the party in the House, though McKinley, Nelson Dingley, and Joe Cannon were rising stars.

## Speaker of the House (1889–91, 1895–99)

### First term (1889–91)

In 1888, the Republican Party retook control of the House of Representatives and the White House in an election defined by their support for the protective tariff. In Congress, Reed was a leader of the campaign, delivering a lengthy and celebrated May 19 speech against tariff reform legislation before the House. Following the election, the *Washington Post* reported that the "speakership question was regarded on all sides as being settled" in favor of Reed, though his leading rival, McKinley, was personally very popular. Reed's election as Speaker was decisively ensured by the support of the New York delegation on November 29, 1889. He carried the caucus the next day on the second ballot with 85 votes to McKinley's 38 and was elected speaker at the opening of the next session on December 2, 1889.

McKinley was named chair of Ways and Means, placing him in charge of the tariff, with Reed's lesser rivals Cannon and David B. Henderson on Appropriations and Julius C. Burrows as chair of Manufactures. McKinley and Cannon also joined Reed on the Rules Committee.

#### Rules reform

Even before his election as Speaker, Reed had renewed his calls for rules reform. In a March 1889 article for *The* *Century* magazine, he demanded checks on dilatory motions and a restoration of the "morning hour," permitting the House to consider urgent measures for prompt action at the start of each day, rather than consider measures in the order they were presented. In the October *North American Review*, Reed compared the situation in the House to that in the House of Commons, where Reed argued Irish nationalists had hijacked the rules beyond their original intent in order to extract concessions through obstruction. Reed vowed that the incoming Republican House would adopt new Rules wholesale, as opposed to the traditional practice of adopting the previous House's rules *pro forma* and amending as needed.

On January 21, 1890, Reed made his first serious reform to House Rules when he refused a motion by Richard P. Bland to require tellers for a motion to adjourn, on the grounds that the motion was merely intended to delay adjournment and obstruct House business. After a prolonged and heated debate, the Speaker's decision was ratified 149 to 137.

In particular, Reed sought to circumscribe the "disappearing quorum"—the ability of the minority to block business by remaining silent during a quorum call, which, under the rules, prevented a member from being counted as present even if physically in the chamber, thus forcing the House to suspend business. Reed's solution was implemented on January 29, 1890, in what has popularly been called the "Battle of the Reed Rules," when Democrats attempted to prevent Charles Brooks Smith, a Republican from West Virginia whose election was contested, from being seated. The motion to seat Brooks passed 162–1, short of the 165 required for quorum; when voting closed Democrats shouted, "No quorum," a formal quorum count was triggered. Reed began the roll call, and when members refused to answer, Reed directed the Clerk to count them as present but not voting. Startled Democrats protested heatedly, directing verbal abuse, threats, and insults at Reed, while James B. McCreary, a Democrat from Kentucky, challenged Reed's authority to count him since he had not answered to his name when the roll was called. Reed replied "The Chair is making a statement of fact that the gentleman from Kentucky is present. Does he deny it?" Unable to deny their presence, some Democrats tried to flee the chamber or hide under their desks, but Reed ordered the doors locked. One Representative, Constantine B. Kilgore of Texas, was able to flee by kicking his way through a door. The conflict over parliamentary procedure lasted three days, with Democrats delaying consideration of the bill by introducing points of order to challenge the maneuver and then appealing Reed's rulings to the floor. Democrats finally dropped their objections on January 31, and Smith was seated on February 3 by a vote of 166–0. Six days later, Reed won a vote to formalize the new Rules, eliminating the disappearing quorum and lowering the quorum to 100 members. Though Democrats reinstated the disappearing quorum when they took control of the House the following year, Reed would prove so adroit at using the tactic against them that they reinstated the "Reed Rules" in 1894.

Following his decisive victory in over the Smith election contest, Reed introduced wholesale reforms designed to speed the pace of legislation in the House. The Democratic minority permitted the resumption of business, with former Speaker Carlisle admitting, "We protest, but the case must be tried elsewhere." Under those conditions, the 51st Congress was the most productive since the Civil War and passed at least twenty-six pieces of major legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Sherman Antitrust Act, and Immigration Act of 1891.

#### McKinley Tariff

As the campaign of 1888 had been waged over the issue of protective tariff policy, passing a heightened tariff was a key priority of the 51st Congress. The resulting bill, known as the McKinley Tariff after its primary author, passed the House on May 21, 1890, after an expedited drafting process. A revised bill passed the Senate on September 10 with a reciprocity clause (supported by now-Secretary of State James G. Blaine) attached. Despite Reed's opposition, the reciprocity clause was allowed to remain after some further amendments, and the bill was signed into law on October 1.

With a month to the House elections, the McKinley Tariff was immediately the center of political debate; no tariff since the so-called "Tariff of Abominations" had been as controversial. The Tariff was seen as favoring the industrial and financial regions of the Northeast and Midwest over the rural South and West, which were suffering under poor conditions for the agricultural industry. The free trade publication *The Nation* referred to it as "a series of minute interferences with trade and industry for the benefit of individuals, firms and corporations" and attributed its passage to the repayment of campaign debts to corporate donors. Though Reed defended the tariff package in public, he ultimately blamed it for the party's massive defeat in the 1890 elections and in 1894, admitted that protection had been carried to its extreme on certain goods. However, he later argued that the tariff had been a success in light of the impending global financial collapse, which had rendered the international mercantile situation "a quicksand which then began to give signs of sinking." Though repealed and replaced by the next Congress, it gained greater support after the Panic of 1893 and made McKinley a serious national political figure; he would go on to win the White House in 1896 as the premier champion of industrial protection.

#### Sherman Silver Purchase Act

By 1888, there was a growing movement in both parties to return the country to a currency system backed by both silver and gold (thus expanding the money supply), and it had become conventional wisdom that it was necessary to "do something for silver." Though Reed was a firm supporter of "sound money," which tended to favor the more stable gold standard, a majority in both chambers of Congress had some level of sympathy for the free silver movement. On January 20, 1890, Edwin H. Conger (chair of Coinage, Weights and Measures) introduced a bill authorizing the Treasury to issue notes in exchange for silver bullion at market price. A revised version of Conger's bill, providing for the purchase of $4,500,000 of silver per month ($139,294,937 in 2023), was reported to the House in early June. If silver reached the ratio of 16 to 1 under this bill, free coinage was authorized.

In a party caucus on June 4, Reed spoke against any further concessions to silver advocates; the silver Republicans dissented, seriously threatening party unity. On June 5, the Rules Committee (Reed, McKinley, and Cannon) passed a special order to permit only two days of debate before a final vote at 3 o'clock on June 7. After an outbreak of acrimonious dissent, the special order passed 120 to 117, and the bill ultimately passed on schedule without further amendments by a vote of 135 to 119.

However, the Senate, controlled by silver advocates, passed an amended version adopting an unconditional free coinage amendment on June 17. The amendment caught Reed and House Republicans by surprise; a considerable number of Representatives were absent, making its passage likely if brought to an immediate vote. When McKinley moved on June 19 for approval of the House Journal (containing the procedural business of the day), Roger Q. Mills objected that the Journal had not been read in its entirety. The omitted portions were the read, revealing the Senate bill had been referred to the Committee on Coinage, sparking an uproar. In a rare parliamentary defeat for Reed, the Journal was not approved by a vote of 105 to 117. Mills then successfully moved to have the Journal amended, hastening a vote. On June 20, Richard P. Bland moved to debate the bill before the House. Conger and Reed engaged in a series of dilatory maneuvers, arguing that the bill was not on available for debate, because it was before Conger's committee. By the time the bill came for a vote the next day, enough Republican votes had been whipped via telegraph to return a working majority to Washington, and Bland's motion was defeated by a vote of 144 to 117.

A conference bill, called the Sherman Silver Purchase Act after John Sherman, emerged which omitted the free coinage of silver and called for the parity of the two metals. The bill passed with great difficulty in the lame duck 1891 session.

#### Lodge Federal Elections Bill

One of the most significant and controversial pieces of legislation which Reed pressed for passage in the 51st Congress did not become law. In 1889 and 1890, Republicans undertook one last stand in favor of federal enforcement of the Fifteenth Amendment to protect the voting rights of blacks in the Solid South, and Reed took a special interest in the project. Under the Lodge Bill, introduced on June 14, 1890, congressional elections would be placed under the protection of the federal government; Reed personally defended the bill and the concept of equality of races under the law in an April 1890 speech and published article in the June 1890 *North American Review*. Opponents, especially in the South, derided it as the "Force Bill," and cynics attributed the proposal to an effort to secure Southern seats in the face of waning Republican support in the West. Reed also aroused Northern opposition in his speech, when he defended black voting in the South by way of comparison to immigrant votes in New York and other cities, arguing, "Why should they poll their ignorance and we not poll ours?" Reed, McKinley, and Cannon voted the Bill out of committee on June 25 and, over Democratic objections, it passed after a strict debate schedule on July 2.

In the Senate, the bill was filibustered through two sessions of Congress, until it was ultimately laid aside during the lame duck session of January 1891 in favor of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Notably, several Republican Senators from the newly admitted Western states voted to prioritize the Silver Purchase Act; likely in retaliation, the House rejected a free silver bill which passed the Senate to "provide against the contraction of the currency." The Lodge Bill was the last serious effort in Congress to enforce the terms of the Fifteenth Amendment until the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and its defeat is sometimes marked as the beginning of the decline in American race relations.

### Return to minority (1891–95)

In reaction to Reed's aggressive legislative agenda and the new appropriations associated with it, the 51st Congress was branded by critics as the "Billion Dollar Congress." Democrats regained the House by a wide majority, and both of Reed's top lieutenants, McKinley and Cannon, were defeated. Republicans retained the Senate by a reduced margin. With government thus divided in the 52nd Congress, legislation reached a standstill. In Reed's words, the House "led a gelatinous existence, the scorn of all vertebrate animals."

Anticipating a further disaster in the 1892 elections, Reed privately opposed the nomination of President Harrison for a second term, and his own name gained some traction in the press as a potential compromise candidate. When Harrison was ultimately nominated, Reed declined to campaign for him in the general election. Grover Cleveland was elected and the Republicans lost the Senate, giving the Democratic Party control of the White House, Senate, and House for the first time since the Civil War. Reed did win a minor victory in 1892, when the Supreme Court decided *United States v. Ballin*, determining that Reed had acted within the Constitution in defining a quorum to include all members present.

The 53rd Congress was dominated by the Panic of 1893; it convened early in summer 1893 when President Cleveland called a special session asking for the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Though Reed was still a member of the minority for partisan purposes, he could be counted among the leaders of the cross-party majority which supported repeal. Reed gave the closing argument for repeal on August 26, 1893, arguing that the regular schedule of redemptions had drained the nation's currency reserves and undermined confidence in the financial system. Two days later, repeal carried in the House by a vote of 240 to 110. A vote for free silver was defeated 227 to 124. When the Senate delayed passage of the repeal bill, Reed delivered a public speech on October 25 arguing that the Senate was directly opposed to the will of the majority; five days later, repeal passed the Senate 43 to 22.

The remainder of the term was marked by infighting among the majority, which had become hopelessly divided over the currency issue; meanwhile, the Republican minority remained loyally unified behind Reed, delivering him opportunities to undermine Speaker Charles Frederick Crisp. A frustrated Crisp remarked of his predecessor on March 29, 1894:

> "The leader that they follow without question has one great thought, one great idea in his mind, and that is to force this side to count a quorum. Every other question, no matter who great, no matter how important it may be, sinks into insignificance. Gentlemen on that side blindly follow him, no matter how their own convictions may differ from his. He is the great leader on that side. You will hear them privately saying 'Reed ought not to do that,' or 'This is wrong,' but when Reed says 'Do it,' they all step up and do it."

Given Crisp's failure to hold his majority together, the House officially adopted a rule to use a present, rather than voting, quorum on April 17, 1894, consistent with Reed's 1890 reforms.

### Return to speakership (189599)

#### 1896 presidential campaign

After four years in the minority, the economic situation and divisions in the Democratic majority delivered the Republicans a historic landslide in the 1894 elections. In the House, the party gained 110 seats; as of 2024, this remains the largest single-election seat swing in United States history. With a wide majority but little room for common ground with President Cleveland outside of the currency issue, Reed's focus during the 54th Congress was his highly anticipated campaign for the presidency. Observers in the capital soon found Reed a changed man; he shaved his trademark mustache and was less given to humor or sarcasm, giving the impression of a man who felt "a necessity of taking himself seriously, of presenting an impressive aspect, of looking as wise as he can."

At the start of the 54th Congress, Reed was widely regarded as the favorite for the Republican nomination as the party's leading figure and spokesman on financial matters. He had the vigorous support of Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt, and party bosses including Joseph H. Manley, Matt Quay, J. Donald Cameron, and Thomas C. Platt were reported to be sympathetic. His chief opponent for the nomination was William McKinley, his longtime lieutenant and rival for party supremacy, now serving as Governor of Ohio. McKinley's campaign was managed by Mark Hanna, who raised unprecedented sums of money for the race. Hanna also launched a nationwide publicity campaign to raise McKinley's profile and successfully framed the issue in the campaign as protective tariffs, McKinley's strength, rather than the currency question, acknowledged to be Reed's strength. As the year 1896 began, McKinley supporters claimed the secure support of 433 delegates, only thirty short of nomination on the first ballot. When New Hampshire senator William E. Chandler accused Hanna of effectively taking bribes from mercantile interests in exchange for promises of a new protective tariff, the backlash permanently damaged the struggling Reed campaign. Some accused Chandler, whose reputation for political corruption rendered his charge hypocritical, of deliberately sabotaging Reed. When the Vermont convention declared for McKinley on April 28, breaking solidarity in the New England ranks, Reed's campaign was effectively doomed.

In addition to the vigorous campaign by Hanna and Chandler's gaffe, Reed's ultimate failure to secure the nomination has been attributed to his refusal to make pledges or commitments in exchange for political or financial support. Despite his unvarnished ambition for the White House, Reed refused to give special consideration to allies or supporters when considering committee appointments or appropriations. On one occasion, he was quoted, "The bill will not be allowed to come up even with that Reed button on your coat." By the time the 1896 Republican National Convention met in St. Louis, McKinley had secured a greater share of delegate pledges than any candidate since Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, and he became the first candidate since Grant in 1868 to win an open nomination (i.e., without an incumbent in the race) on the first ballot. Reed received the support of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, as well as a handful of Southern delegates. Reed supporters at the convention, led by Lodge, did succeed in including a gold standard plank in the party platform, abandoning their prior proposal for bimetallism by international agreement. Reed vigorously supported McKinley in the general election against William Jennings Bryan, a vocal free silver advocate.

The election of 1896 returned the Republican Party to control of government, with McKinley as President and majorities in both the House and Senate. Despite some suggestions that Reed would sabotage the McKinley administration as retribution for his defeat in 1896, he set personal differences aside and was again credited as the shepherd of the Republican agenda. Nelson Dingley returned as chair of Ways and Means and set about drafting the protective tariff legislation for which McKinley had campaigned, ultimately passed as the Dingley Tariff in July 1897.

#### Spanish-American War and resignation

Beginning in 1895, the struggle for Cuban independence was the subject of increasing American attention during the McKinley presidency. The severity of Spanish rule and the potential for an economic and military foothold in the Caribbean drew calls for an American intervention on the island, which had long been the target of expansionists. Reed was an opponent of "jingoism" and expansionism generally, having privately criticized Benjamin Harrison's involvement in Chile and publicly opposed efforts to annex Hawaii. Foreign policy is the constitutional province of the Senate, giving Reed few opportunities to participate in the growing debate over Cuba. On July 7, 1897, the issue came before the House for the first time when Representative Benton McMillin offered a resolution recognizing the Cuban rebels. Nelson Dingley promptly moved for adjournment.

Reed continued to avoid addressing Cuba in the House but made his position public through a series of interviews and articles. In September, he published an article in the *Illustrated American* which called for the government to avoid foreign entanglements, "grow up to the territory we have already," and strive for national unity. He added that there was no serious threat of attack from Spain or Cuba and, while he supported naval power as a form of insurance, over-insurance was "costly and makes a moral hazard and danger of a conflagration which might burn what we have not protected." In a second article titled "Empire Can Wait," he pointed to historical examples to argue expansion created variation in the thought and needs of a country and that unassimilated populations would inevitably create a strain on American institutions. He further arraigned the press for feeding public interest in "prurient details of crime" in Cuba and Turkey in an effort to influence foreign policy.

Initially, Reed and President McKinley agreed on the issue. McKinley actively sought a peaceful solution to the Cuban Revolution and Reed gave him full support. However, after the publication of the De Lôme Letter and the sinking of the USS *Maine* in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, public opinion rapidly turned against peace and in favor of a declaration of war. Reed refused to believe the *Maine* was intentionally sunk by Spain, a position he maintained until his death. On March 8, Joe Cannon (as chair of Appropriations) introduced a bill at the behest of McKinley to appropriate $50 million (approximately $1,564,000,000 in 2023) for defense, and it received almost unanimous support. Reed clung to hope that war could be avoided, and his suppression of a resolution to recognize Cuban independence aroused resentment throughout the country. Though public opinion was growing in favor of war, the question of Cuban independence remained considerably more controversial. A war resolution passed on April 19 with only six votes against. Reed was quoted as telling one of the six, "I envy you the luxury of your vote. I was where I could not do it."

Reed's political position became increasingly fraught following the easy American victory at Manila Bay on May 1, as the aims of American expansion grew to include strategic positions in the Pacific. The Newlands Resolution, which would prove Reed's signal defeat, was introduced in the House on May 4. For three weeks, the Speaker blocked its consideration but, when opinion in the House became overwhelming and a petition for its introduction was signed by Republican members, Reed surrendered. On June 2, it was announced that the resolution would be passed before adjournment. Reed was re-elected in 1898 and retained the Speaker's gavel but became increasingly isolated during the debate over the ratification of the Treaty of Paris and imperial expansion, especially after the loss of three key allies: Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge were ardent expansionists, and Nelson Dingley died on January 13, 1899. After meeting with President McKinley on Jekyll Island in the spring, Reed finally announced on April 19 that he would retire from public life and become senior partner in the firm of Simpson, Thatcher and Barnum. His resignation was made formally effective on September 4.

## Personal life

Reed married his childhood friend and classmate Susan P. Merrill in 1871, when he was a member of the Maine legislature. She was born at Center Harbor, New Hampshire, on Lake Winnipesaukee to the Rev. Samuel H. Merrill, a well-known Congregational clergyman, and Hannah Prentis, a native of New Hampshire. She had one brother, Edward P. Merrill, and one sister, who resided in Lowell, Massachusetts. They had one daughter, Katherine Reed Balentine, who was born January 23, 1875. Katherine later started a monthly magazine called *The Yellow Ribbon*, which promoted women's suffrage.

Reed was well known for his acerbic wit (asked if his party might nominate him for president, he noted, "They could do worse, and they probably will"). His size, standing at over 6 feet in height and weighing over 300 lbs (136 kg), was also a distinguishing factor. Reed was a member of the social circle that included intellectuals and politicians Henry Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Adams, and John Hay. Upon his retirement from public life, he also counted Mark Twain among his personal friends.

In 1894, Reed published his handbook on parliamentary procedure, titled *Reed's Rules: A Manual of General Parliamentary Law*, which was, at the time, a very popular text on the subject and is still in use in the legislature of the State of Washington.

## Death and legacy

In early December 1902, Reed was in Washington on business with the United States Supreme Court. On December 2, Reed visited his former colleagues in the Ways and Means Committee room. Later that day, he became ill while in another room of the Capitol and was rushed to the nearby Arlington Hotel. In the Arlington, Reed was diagnosed with Bright's disease complicated by appendicitis; he died five days later at 12:10 am on December 7 with his wife and daughter at his bedside. A Gridiron Club dinner was occurring at the same time in the same hotel as Reed's death. When news broke of Reed's passing, "the diners rose to drink a silent toast to a man who had so often been among them".

In announcing his death to the House, Representative James S. Sherman said, "He was so great, his service to his country so valuable, that it seems we may fitly depart from what is the usual custom of the House when one not in public life dies." The House thus adopted a resolution honoring Reed as "a distinguished statesman, a lofty patriot, a cultured scholar, an incisive writer, a unique orator, an unmatched debater, a master of logic, wit, satire, the most famous of the world's parliamentarians, the great and representative citizen of the American Republic." Henry Cabot Lodge eulogized him as "a good hater, who detested shams, humbugs and pretense above all else." Mark Twain wrote of him, "He was transparently honest and honorable, there was no furtiveness about him, and whoever came to know him trusted him and was not disappointed. He was wise, he was shrewd and alert, he was a clear and capable thinker, a logical reasoner, and a strong and convincing speaker."

He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Portland, Maine. His will was executed by his good friend, the financier Augustus G. Paine Sr. He left his family an estate of $200,000 (approximately $5,700,233 in 2023).

### Memorials

There is a Reed House at Bowdoin College.

His home town of Portland, Maine, erected a statue of him at the corner of Western Promenade and Pine Street in a ceremony on August 31, 1910. His last home in Portland has been designated a National Historic Landmark in his honor.

### Biographies

Biographies of the life of Thomas Brackett Reed have been written by Samuel McCall (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914), William A. Robinson (Dodd, Mead & Company, 1930), and Richard Stanley Offenberg (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1963). Finance writer James Grant wrote a biography entitled, *Mr. Speaker! The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed: the Man who Broke the Filibuster.* The most recent scholarly biography is *Thomas Brackett Reed: The Gilded Age Speaker Who Made the Rules for American Politics* by Robert J. Klotz (University Press of Kansas, 2022). One chapter of Barbara Tuchman's *The Proud Tower* is substantially devoted to Reed.

1. Thomas B. Reed (ME). "House of Representatives, Thursday, April 22, 1880." Congressional Record 10 (1880) p. 2661. (Text from: Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection); Accessed: May 9, 2020.
2. Sheingate, Adam (2009), Mahoney, James; Thelen, Kathleen (eds.), "Rethinking Rules: Creativity and Constraint in the U.S. House of Representatives", *Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power*, Cambridge University Press, pp. 168–203, ISBN 978-0-521-11883-5
3. Valelly, Richard M. (2009). "The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building: A New Look". *Studies in American Political Development*. **23** (2): 115–142. doi:10.1017/S0898588X09990022. ISSN 1469-8692. S2CID 145347980.
4. Robinson 1930, pp. 1–19.
5. Robinson 1930, p. 12.
6. Grant 2011, p. 15.
7. Robinson 1930, p. 18.
8. Robinson 1930, p. 19.
9. Robinson 1930, pp. 20–25.
10. Robinson 1930, p. 23.
11. Robinson 1930, pp. 26–31.
12. Robinson 1930, p. 28.
13. Robinson 1930.
14. Robinson 1930, pp. 42–46.
15. Robinson 1930, pp. 47–55.
16. Robinson 1930, pp. 57–58.
17. Robinson 1930, pp. 74–75.
18. Robinson 1930, p. 77.
19. Robinson 1930, pp. 79–84.
20. Robinson 1930, pp. 87–91.
21. Robinson 1930, p. 89.
22. Robinson 1930, p. 91.
23. Robinson 1930, pp. 92–95.
24. Robinson 1930, p. 103.
25. Robinson 1930, p. 119.
26. Robinson 1930, p. 103–05.
27. Robinson 1930, p. 181.
28. Robinson 1930, pp. 197–98.
29. Robinson 1930, p. 190.
30. Robinson 1930, pp. 203–04.
31. Samuel W. McCall, *Thomas B. Reed* (1914) pp 152–72; among scholars in parliamentary law, the battle is quoted by G. Buonomo (2001). "La questione del quorum muto nella prassi parlamentare italiana e comparata". *Rassegna parlamentare* (in Italian) (2 ed.)..
32. Price, Douglas H. "The Congressional Career—Then and Now," in Nelson Polsby, ed., *Congressional Behavior* (New York: Random House, 1971), p. 19.
33. Representative Thomas B. Reed, remarks in the House, *Congressional Record*, vol. 61, Jan. 29, 1890, p. 948.
34. Roger Place Butterfield, *The American Past* (1966) p. 254
35. House Document No. 108-204: The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership
36. Robinson 1930, p. 234.
37. Robinson 1930, pp. 240–45.
38. Robinson 1930, pp. 240–42.
39. Robinson 1930, p. 242-45.
40. Robinson 1930, p. 242-46.
41. Robinson 1930, pp. 235–40.
42. Robinson 1930, pp. 235–47.
43. Wendy Hazard, "Thomas Brackett Reed, Civil Rights, and the Fight for Fair Elections,"  *Maine History,* March 2004, Vol. 42 Issue 1, pp 1–23
44. Robinson 1930, p. 281.
45. Robinson 1930, pp. 287–93.
46. Robinson 1930, p. 303.
47. Robinson 1930, pp. 321–50.
48. Robinson 1930, p. 356-63.
49. Robinson 1930, p. 356-67.
50. Robinson 1930, p. 377.
51. Hinman, Ida (1896). *The Washington Sketch Book*. Washington D. C.: Hartman & Cadick, Printers. sec. Supplement p. 3. Retrieved September 12, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
52. Grant 2011, p. 374.
53. "Washington State Legislature - Legislative Procedural Rules".
54. Grant 2011, p. 373.
55. Robinson 1930, p. 1.
56. Twain, Mark (December 20, 1902). "Thomas Brackett Reed". *Harper's Weekly*: 1979. via: Charles Neider, ed. (1963). *The Complete Essays of Mark Twain*. New Jersey: Doubleday. pp. 311–312. and "Tribute to Thomas Brackett Reed by Mark Twain". *Thomas Brackett Reed*. Robert Klotz, University of Southern Maine. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
57. "Augustus G. Paine Dead". *The New York Times*. March 27, 1915. p. 11. Retrieved May 25, 2022  via Newspapers.com.
58. "Reed's Estate Trebles". *Sacramento Union*. Vol. 112, no. 59. October 22, 1906. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
59. "Reed House". Reed House formerly Alpha Eta of Chi Psi was dedicated on September 28, 2007 in memory of Thomas Brackett Reed (1839–1902)
60. Robert Klotz. "Portland Locations with National Political Significance". Portland Political Trail. Accessed April 21. "Portland Maine Political Trail". Archived from the original on August 13, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
61. Anon. (July 2008). *Exercises at the Unveiling of the Statue of Thomas Brackett Reed, at Portland, Maine, August Thirty-First, Nineteen Hundred and Ten*. Read Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4086-6921-1.
62. Grant 2011.

## Bibliography

### Biographies

### Other books

### Articles and journals

### Primary sources

* Reed, Thomas B.; Roosevelt, Theodore (1994). Williams, R. Hal (ed.). ""Dear Tom,"' "Dear Theodore": The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas B. Reed". *Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal*. **20** (3–4): 3–22.

## InfoBox

| Thomas B. Reed | |
| --- | --- |
| Reed circa 1894 | |
|  | |
| 32nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives | |
| **In office**<br>December 2, 1895  September 4, 1899 | |
| Preceded by | Charles F. Crisp |
| Succeeded by | David B. Henderson |
| **In office**<br>December 4, 1889  March 3, 1891 | |
| Preceded by | John G. Carlisle |
| Succeeded by | Charles F. Crisp |
| Leader of the <br>House Republican Conference | |
| **In office**<br>December 4, 1889  March 3, 1899 | |
| Preceded by | James G. Blaine |
| Succeeded by | David B. Henderson |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives<br>from Maine's 1st district | |
| **In office**<br>March 4, 1877  September 4, 1899 | |
| Preceded by | John H. Burleigh |
| Succeeded by | Amos L. Allen |
| Maine Attorney General | |
| **In office**<br>1870–1872 | |
| Governor | Joshua Chamberlain<br>Sidney Perham |
| Preceded by | William P. Frye |
| Succeeded by | Harris M. Plaisted |
| Member of the Maine Senate from Cumberland County | |
| **In office**<br>1870 | |
| Member of the Maine House of Representatives | |
| **In office**<br>1868–1869 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1839-10-18)October 18, 1839<br>Portland, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | December 7, 1902(1902-12-07) (aged 63)<br>Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Evergreen Cemetery, Portland, Maine |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Susan P. Merrill (m. 1871) |
| Children | Katherine Reed Balentine |
| Alma mater | Bowdoin College |
| Profession | Attorney |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States (Union) |
| Service | Union Navy |
| Years of service | 1864–1865 |
| Rank | Acting Assistant Paymaster |
| Unit | USS *Sibyl* |
| Wars | American Civil War |
|  | |


title: This Way Madness Lies

abstract: This Way Madness Lies is a 2022 role-playing video game by Zeboyd Games. It combines magical girl and Shakespearean themes in a retro pixel art aesthetic.

text:
# This Way Madness Lies

***This Way Madness Lies*** is a 2022 role-playing video game by Zeboyd Games. It combines magical girl and Shakespearean themes in a retro pixel art aesthetic.

## Gameplay

Players control a group of magical girls who attempt to help Romeo fight monsters. They are Shakespeare fans and often reference his works throughout the game. It is styled after 1990s console JRPGs and uses retro pixel art graphics. Combat is turn-based. Each character has unique skills selectable through menus similar to *Shining Force*. Characters do not use equipment, such as weapons or armor, and the party levels up as a whole. The difficulty level is changeable at any time.

## Development

Developer Zeboyd Games is based in the United States. It released *This Way Madness Lies* for Windows on November 10, 2022; for Switch on July 24, 2023; and for PlayStation 5 on September 12, 2023.

## Reception

*This Way Madness Lies* received "generally favorable" reviews on Metacritic. Calling it "fun and engaging", *PC Gamer* praised the graphics and pacing. *RPGamer* said that it is a welcome respite from longer games while remaining just as fulfilling. They enjoyed the humor, art, and combat system. Though they criticized the replay value, *RPGFan* called it "an excellent snack-sized title for fans of Shakespeare, magical girls, or JRPGs in general" and designated it an editor's choice. *Digitally Downloaded* said the combination of Shakespeare with magical girls was "a resounding success" and said that although the game may seem short, it is the perfect length for its content. *Nintendo World Report* said they wanted more control over the party's composition in combat, but they said having all characters gain experience at the same time mitigated this. They praised the humor and runtime, though they said they said the Switch has a long initial load time.

## InfoBox

| This Way Madness Lies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Zeboyd Games |
| Publisher(s) | Zeboyd Games |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | * **Win**      + WW: November 10, 2022 * **Switch**      + WW: July 25, 2023 * **PS5**      + WW: September 12, 2023 |
| Genre(s) | Role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Dynamite, Washington

abstract: Dynamite is a small unincorporated community in Spokane County, Washington, United States. The elevation of Dynamite is 2,333 feet. It is located about 13 miles south of Downtown Spokane in the Channeled Scablands. There is no real community in Dynamite, and the immediate surrounding area is largely forested or farmland with houses spaced well apart. The James T. Slavin Conservation Area is located a couple of miles to the north. Two roads in the vicinity of Dynamite, Dynamite Lane and Blasted Lane, indicate the general location. U.S. Route 195 a highway and major north-south thoroughfare stretching from Spokane south through the Palouse to Lewiston, Idaho runs about two miles east of Dynamite's location.

text:
# Dynamite, Washington

**Dynamite** is a small unincorporated community in Spokane County, Washington, United States. The elevation of Dynamite is 2,333 feet. It is located about 13 miles south of Downtown Spokane in the Channeled Scablands. There is no real community in Dynamite, and the immediate surrounding area is largely forested or farmland with houses spaced well apart. The James T. Slavin Conservation Area is located a couple of miles to the north.

Two roads in the vicinity of Dynamite, Dynamite Lane and Blasted Lane, indicate the general location. U.S. Route 195 a highway and major north-south thoroughfare stretching from Spokane south through the Palouse to Lewiston, Idaho runs about two miles east of Dynamite's location.

## InfoBox

| Dynamite | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| DynamiteLocation within the state of Washington | |
| Coordinates: 47°29′46″N 117°27′4″W / 47.49611°N 117.45111°W / 47.49611; -117.45111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Washington |
| County | Spokane |
| Elevation | 2,333 ft (711 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1510923 |


title: Thomas Foxcroft (minister)

abstract: Thomas Foxcroft (1697–1769) was a minister of the First Church in Boston, Massachusetts in the 18th century.

text:
# Thomas Foxcroft (minister)

**Thomas Foxcroft** (1697–1769) was a minister of the First Church in Boston, Massachusetts in the 18th century.

## Biography

Foxcroft was born on February 26, 1697, in Boston to "Colonel Francis Foxcroft, warden of King's Chapel" and "Elizabeth Danforth, daughter of Governor Danforth." He was educated at Harvard.

He joined the ministry of Boston's First Church in 1717 and remained there for the remainder of his career. "In 1736 Mr. Foxcroft was attacked by paralysis, which left him in an enfeebled condition. He continued to preach until the day of his death, but by no means as effectively as before his illness."

He died in Boston on June 18, 1769. His children included Samuel Foxcroft (died 1807).

## Further reading

### Works by Foxcroft

* *A Discourse Concerning Kindness. Being a Sermon Preach'd in Boston, On the Lord's Day, Febr. 28th. 1719, 20. And now Published, with some Enlargement, at the Importunity of Many that Heard it*.
* *The character of Anna, the prophetess, consider'd and apply'd. In a sermon preach'd after the funeral of that honourable and devout gentlewoman, Dame Bridget Usher; who deceas'd at Boston, N.E. May 25. 1723. Being a widow of a great age. 1723*.
* *God the judge, putting down one, and setting up another. A sermon upon occasion of the death of our late sovereign lord King George, and the accession of His present Majesty, King George II to the British throne. 1727.*
* *The voice of the Lord, from the deep places of the earth. A sermon preach'd on the Thursday-lecture in Boston, in the audience of the General Court, at the opening of the sessions, Nov. 23. 1727. Three weeks after the earthquake. 1727.*
* *A brief display of Mordecai's excellent character. In a sermon preach'd on the Lord's-Day after the funeral of the Honorable Penn Townsend, Esq; one of His Majesty's Council for the province of the Massachusetts-Bay, &c. Who departed this life, Aug. 21. 1727. In the 76th year of his age. 1727.*
* *Observations historical and practical on the rise and primitive state of New-England : with a special reference to the Old or First Gather'd Church in Boston : a sermon preach'd to the said congregation, Aug. 23, 1730, being the last Sabbath of the first century since its settlement. 1730.*
* *Lessons of caution to young sinners. A sermon preach'd on Lord's-Day Sept. 23. 1733. Upon the affecting occasion of an unhappy young woman* \[i.e., Rebekah Chamblit\] *present in the assembly under sentence of death. 1733.*
* *Elisha lamenting after the God of Elijah. A funeral sermon preach'd at Boston, March 27. 1737. Occasion'd by the death of the Reverend Mr. Benjamin Wadsworth, late president of Harvard-College in Cambridge, and formerly Pastor of the Old Church in Boston. Who departed this life on March 16. Having just enter'd the 68th year of his age. 1737.*
* *The earthquake, a divine visitation. A sermon preached to the Old Church in Boston, January 8. 1756. Being a day of publick humiliation and prayer, throughout the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New-England: upon occasion of the repeated shock of an earthquake on this continent, and the very destructive earthquakes and inundations in divers parts of Europe, all in the month of November last. 1756.*
* *Grateful reflexions on the signal appearances of divine providence for Great Britain and its colonies in America, which diffuse a general joy. A sermon preached in the Old Church in Boston, October 9. 1760. Being the thanksgiving-day, on occasion of the surrender of Montreal, and the complete conquest of Canada, by the blessing of heaven on his Britannic Majesty's brave troops, under the auspicious conduct of that truly great and amiable commander, General Amherst. 1760.*

### Works about Foxcroft

* Charles Chauncy. A discourse occasioned by the death of the Reverend Thomas Foxcroft, M.A: late Colleague-Pastor of the First Church of Christ in Boston: who departed this life on Lord’s-Day forenoon, June 18. 1769. In the 73d year of his age. Delivered the Lord’s-Day after his decease. Boston: Printed by Daniel Kneeland, at his printing-office, in Hanover-Street, for Thomas Leverett, in Corn-Hill, 1769.
* William Allen. "Thomas Foxcroft." An American biographical and historical dictionary, 2nd ed. W. Hyde & Co., 1832.
* A. B. Ellis. History of the First Church in Boston, 1630–1880. Boston: Hall & Whiting, 1881.


title: Dyschirius zanzibaricus

abstract: Dyschirius zanzibaricus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Maximilien Chaudoir in 1878.

text:
# Dyschirius zanzibaricus

***Dyschirius zanzibaricus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Maximilien Chaudoir in 1878.

## InfoBox

| *Dyschirius zanzibaricus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Dyschirius* |
| Species: | ***D. zanzibaricus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dyschirius zanzibaricus***<br>Chaudoir, 1878 | |
|


title: Dupree baronets

abstract: The Dupree Baronetcy, of Craneswater, Portsmouth, in the County of Southampton, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 24 January 1921 for the brewer Sir William Dupree, chiefly in honour of his support for the Industrial League.

text:
# Dupree baronets

The **Dupree Baronetcy**, of Craneswater, Portsmouth, in the County of Southampton, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 24 January 1921 for the brewer Sir William Dupree, chiefly in honour of his support for the Industrial League.

## Dupree baronets, of Craneswater (1921)

* Sir William Thomas Dupree, 1st Baronet (1856–1933)
* Sir William Dupree, 2nd Baronet (1882–1953)
* Sir Vernon Dupree, 3rd Baronet (1884–1971)
* Sir Victor Dupree, 4th Baronet (1887–1976)
* Sir Peter Dupree, 5th Baronet (1924–2006)
* Sir Thomas William James David Dupree, 6th Baronet (1930–2013)

The baronetcy became extinct on the death of the sixth baronet.

Coat of arms of Dupree baronets
|  | CrestA lion sejant Proper supporting with the dexter forepaw a flagstaff Proper flowing therefrom a banner vert charged with a mullet Or. EscutcheonVert on a bend between two calves passant Or three mullets of the field. MottoLe Monde Est Mon Pré (The World Is My Field) |
| --- | --- |


title: Thomas J. Mastin

abstract: Thomas J. Mastin was a Confederate captain, attorney, and businessman. He founded the Arizona Guards, who fought as a part of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War and the Apache Wars.

text:
# Thomas J. Mastin

**Thomas J. Mastin** (September 13, 1839 — October 7, 1861) was a Confederate captain, attorney, and businessman. He founded the Arizona Guards, who fought as a part of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War and the Apache Wars.

## Biography

On September 13, 1839, Mastin was born as the fourth of nine children had by Reuben Frasier and Letita Minerva Mastin née Browne in Aberdeen, Mississippi. Reuben collected mulberries, but in September 1841, sold his property and moved the family to Pontotoc, becoming a blacksmith. In 1849, Frasier and his eldest son John went to capitalize on the California Gold Rush, with John dying near the Great Salt Lake from cholera and Frasier completing the trip. Mastin's grandpa in South Carolina, Reuben, deeded Letita 160 acres of land in Pontotoc County during this time. On September 19, 1850, Frasier was reported as back with his wife and seven children, a blacksmith owning $1,000 in real estate, and owning two slaves. That year six of the children, including Mastin, attended school. Frasier returned to California thereafter and in 1857, his family settled with him in Quincy.

In 1858, Mastin moved to Gila City, New Mexico Territory, where he worked as an attorney. In 1860, he was elected as the city's delegate to the constitutional assembly held in Tucson from April 2 to 5. The result was the promulgation of the provisional Arizona Territory, with Lewis S. Owings as governor. Owings appointed Mastin attorney general of Castle Dome County (within modern-day Yuma County). On August 15, 1860, the census listed him as an unmarried merchant with $2,000 in real estate and $6,500 in personal property; at that point he also operated a mining business in Piños Altos, Doña Ana County, where gold was discovered in May. Still practicing law, in December, he discovered a quartz lode along the Continental Divide near Piños Altos, naming it the Pacific. He also found a second, which he named the Atlantic. In 1861, he co-owned a ranch with Thomas Jefferson Helm. Gaining local popularity, *The Mesilla Times* titled him "colonel". It also reported him as practicing law in Mesilla County, with his office in Piños Altos, and in the Supreme Court of the Territory of Arizona on February 16, 1861; such was reiterated on March 2. On March 16, Mastin, representative of Piños Altos, voted in a convention in Mesilla to form Confederate Arizona. On May 15, Mastin was shot by John Portell in Mesilla, with a bounty for $200 being posted the next day. On July 18, Mastin formed the Arizona Guards, and on August 1, Arizona seceded under Governor John R. Baylor; the Arizona Guards entered the Confederate Army, being stationed for 12 months at Fort Fillmore.

The guards mostly scouted and engaged the Apache, pursuing as far as Lake Guzmán, Second Federal Republic of Mexico. However, on September 27, his brachial artery was severely wounded during the Battle of Pinos Altos while repelling 250–300 Apaches; he died of blood poisoning on October 7. The following day, the guards and the citizens of Piños Altos held a funeral, in which they decided to bear a medal on his left arm for 30 days. Lieutenant Helm was elected as his successor. Mastin was buried in the Piños Altos cemetery, with his marker reading "Marston".

In 1866, during a second gold rush in Piños Altos, Virgil Mastin constructed a 15-stamp mill for the Atlantic. By the time the Piños Altos mines were abandoned in the 1870s, the area had produced nearly $3,000,000 worth of gold over thirty years.

## Sources

Notes Citations  1. Hall 1974, pp. 143–144.
2. Miller, Darlis A. (1989). "Review of NEW MEXICO'S BEST GHOST TOWNS: A Practical Guide". *Southern California Quarterly*. **71** (4): 368. doi:10.2307/41171464. ISSN 0038-3929. JSTOR 41171464.
3. Reeve 1961, p. 7.
4. Hall 1974, p. 144.
5. "Thomas J. Mastin". *Mesilla Times*. Vol. 1, no. 19. Mesilla: Newspaper.com. February 23, 1861. p. 1.
6. "Thomas J. Mastin". *Mesilla Times*. Vol. 1, no. 20. Mesilla: Newspaper.com. March 2, 1861. p. 1.
7. Kühn, Berndt (1997). "SIEGE IN COOKE'S CANYON: The Freeman Thomas Fight of 1861". *The Journal of Arizona History*. **38** (2): 160. ISSN 0021-9053. JSTOR 41696341.
8. Hall 1974, pp. 145–146.
9. Allen, R. S. (October 1, 1948). "Pinos Altos, New Mexico". *New Mexico Historical Review*. **23** (4): 304. ISSN 0028-6206.
10. Hall 1974, p. 145.
11. Fugate, Francis L. (1989). *Roadside history of New Mexico*. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-87842-248-7.
12. Reeve 1961, p. 234.
Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Thomas J. Mastin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1839-09-13)September 13, 1839
Aberdeen, Mississippi |
| Died | October 7, 1861(1861-10-07) (aged 22)
Confederate Arizona |
| Buried | Piños Altos, New Mexico |
| Allegiance | Confederate States |
| Service/branch | Confederate States Army |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | Arizona Guards |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Dynatron Radio

abstract: Dynatron Radio Ltd was the trade name used by H.Hacker & Sons for their wireless products. The firm started trading in 1927 and operated independently until being bought by Ekco in 1955. The rights to the Dynatron name are currently held by Roberts Radio. Dynatron was also a successful business with making record players; most of them were made in the sixties and seventies. Priced in the pro-sumer market sector, the average household would have had to save the equivalent of three weeks salary to buy one.

text:
# Dynatron Radio

**Dynatron Radio Ltd** was the trade name used by H.Hacker & Sons for their wireless products. The firm started trading in 1927 and operated independently until being bought by Ekco in 1955. The rights to the Dynatron name are currently held by Roberts Radio. Dynatron was also a successful business with making record players; most of them were made in the sixties and seventies. Priced in the pro-sumer market sector, the average household would have had to save the equivalent of three weeks salary to buy one.

## Early history

The Hacker brothers, Ron (born 1908) and Arthur (born 1910), shared a strong interest in radio, and started a company producing high quality radiograms and wireless receivers at the ages of just 19 and 17 respectively. As they were too young to become directors of a company, the firm was set up using their father's name, Harry Hacker, in 1927.

The firm began in a room above the family grocery shop on Maidenhead High Street, and the first product emerged in 1928 - the Dynatron U53 radiogram. A factory was built in the large rear garden of the family house "Little Gables" in Ray Lea Road in Maidenhead, measuring just 50 by 25 feet initially, but extended several times. In 1936, the company name was changed to Dynatron Radio Ltd.

The Hacker brothers always pursued the highest possible technical quality, and released designs incorporating many valves at a time when their competitors concentrated on reducing the number of valves in their products. For many years, they persisted with the tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) principle, only adopting superheterodyne receiver (superhet) designs after some 10 years of development.

## World War II

During the Second World War, Dynatron contributed to the war effort on a not for profit basis, expanding the work force from around 70 employees to 160. The operation continued from the family home and expanded into a requisitioned factory, amounting to around 15,000 square feet of space. They produced airborne guidance systems such as Gee for the RAF, and after the war, Ron Hacker was awarded the M.B.E., though this was accepted with some reluctance as he felt that his brother also deserved the recognition.

## Post war period

After the war, austerity measures and component shortages caused the company significant difficulties. The Dynatron range had always been aimed at the top of the market, but achieving this in post-war times was always going to be problematic. In 1954, an offer from Ekco was accepted, and control was handed over in 1955. At the time, there were 150 employees, and a new factory in St. Peter's Road had just been built. The Hacker brothers were retained as joint Managing Directors, and the company was successful; by 1959 there were 250 employees.

However, the brothers decided to leave the group in September 1959 to start Hacker Radio Ltd. Shortly afterwards in 1960, Ekco merged with Pye, and then Pye was bought by Philips in 1967. During this time, Dynatron was moved from Maidenhead to King's Lynn. In 1981, Philips sold Dynatron to Roberts Radio. During the 1980s, Roberts, a company already marketing portable radios at the premium end of the market sector, used the Dynatron brand for lower-end portable radios and clock-radios. This tactic was needed in order to prevent Dynatron and Roberts products from competing against each other in the same market sector, but it also very much cheapened the image of the brand. Roberts manufactured the last Dynatron-branded radios in the late 1980s. Since then the brand has been in a state of permanent hiatus.

* Hacker Radio Yahoo Group \- contains details of transistor radios made by Dynatron covering a period from 1958 to 1969.
* The Dynatron Museum is a comprehensive website detailing the history of the company and showcasing many of their products.


title: Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton

abstract: Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton (1520–1572), of Wharton and Nateby, Westmoreland, Beaulieu alias New Hall, Essex and Westminster, Middlesex, was an English peer.

text:
# Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton

**Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton** (1520–1572), of Wharton and Nateby, Westmoreland, Beaulieu alias New Hall, Essex and Westminster, Middlesex, was an English peer.

## Family

Wharton was the eldest son of Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton, by his first wife, Eleanor, the daughter of Sir Brian Stapleton of Wighill, Yorkshire. After his mother's death, his father married, on 18 November 1561, Anne Talbot, widow of John Braye, 2nd Baron Braye, and daughter of Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury.

## Career

Wharton was knighted in 1545 by Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, and in May 1547 married Anne Radcliffe, the younger daughter of Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, by his second wife, Margaret Stanley, the daughter of Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby.

Wharton was a companion of Mary I of England. He was with her at Kenninghall when young Edward VI died and Lady Jane Grey ascended the throne for nine days. He accompanied Mary to Framlingham Castle and, upon her accession, to the Tower of London. He was named Master of the Henchmen and a member of the Privy Council, and Mary's husband Philip II of Spain gave him a pension.

He served as High Sheriff of Cumberland for 1547 and as MP for Cumberland in 1544–1545, 1547, and 1553, for Hedon, Yorkshire in 1554, for Northumberland in 1555, and again for that county as well as for Yorkshire in the parliament of 1557–1558.

Being a devout Catholic and supporter of Mary, she had him retained, through personal letters, in Parliament and granted him the stewardship and keepership of the manor of Beaulieu *alias* Newhall at Boreham, Essex, and a house in London on Canon Row in Westminster.

Wharton was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cumberland 1542, 1545, 1547 and October 1553; for Hedon April 1554, Yorkshire November 1554; Northumberland 1555 and 1558.

When Mary died and Elizabeth became queen, Thomas was excluded from Parliament and retired to Newhall. The register of burials at Boreham includes his daughter Catherine Wharton (April 1560) and "Ladi Ann Wharton" (June 1561).

He continued to celebrate the Mass, and was eventually imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1561. During the time of his imprisonment his wife died in June 1561.

Seven years later he inherited the title of Baron which he held for four years.

Wharton died on 14 June 1572 at his house on Canon Row, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

## Marriage and family

Thomas Wharton married Anne Radcliffe, a daughter of Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex. Their children included:

## Footnotes

* Bindoff, S.T. (1982). *The House of Commons 1509–1558*. Vol. III. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436 04282 7
* Richardson, Douglas (2011). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham*. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ISBN 1449966373
* Richardson, Douglas (2011). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham*. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ISBN 1460992709
* Wharton, Edward Ross (1898). *The Whartons of Wharton Hall*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Wharton, Nathan Earl (1949). *The Wharton Sleeve*. San Marino, Calif.: privately published manuscript.
* Dale, Bryan (1906). *Good Lord Wharton*. London: The Congregational Union of England and Wales.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1520 |
| Died | 1572 |
| Spouse(s) | Anne Radcliffe |
| Issue | 2 sons, 3 daughters |
| Father | Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton |
| Mother | Eleanor Stapleton |


title: Dust'n Off the Ol' Guitar

abstract: Dust'n Off the Ol' Guitar is an acoustic collection of songs from by Ace Enders, the third using the name I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business. The album was released on September 16, 2010. Ace Enders including new versions of old favorites from his bands The Early November, I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business and A Million Different People and a new song from I Can Make a Mess.

text:
# Dust'n Off the Ol' Guitar

***Dust'n Off the Ol' Guitar*** is an acoustic collection of songs from by Ace Enders, the third using the name I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business. The album was released on September 16, 2010. Ace Enders including new versions of old favorites from his bands The Early November, I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business and A Million Different People and a new song from I Can Make a Mess.

## Order packages

When buying the album, fans could choose between several different packages ranging from $10 to $150. Different packages included digital and physical copies of the CD, T-shirts, or lithographs. The most expensive option was the "Piece of History Package". Upon purchasing this package: *You will receive a one of a kind piece of history from The Early November's The Mother, The Mechanic & The Path - a page of lyrics from the time a song was written, story board from record planning, etc. Only 30 pieces of history are available.*

## Track listing

1. "Growing Pains" — 4:33
2. "Baby Blue" — 4:19
3. "Body Like Mind" — 3:55
4. "No Good at Saying Sorry" — 4:01
5. "When I Hit the Ground" — 4:44
6. "Something That Produces Results" — 3:44
7. "I Want to Hear You Sad" — 3:37

* Upon announcing this album's production, Enders gathered suggestions from fans on which songs they would like to hear on the album.

## Bonus songs

This message was posted on the official I Can Make a Mess online store: *Three free songs (Pretty Pretty, 1000 Times a Day remix and Decoration) will be sent to you once the album hits 5,000 sales. Let us give you free music by helping us promote!*

Although many people believe the 5,000 sales goals was hit, these songs were never sent out to those who purchased the album.

## InfoBox

| Dust'n Off the Ol' Guitar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business | |
| Released | September 10, 2010 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre | Acoustic |
| I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business chronology | |
| *The World We Know*
(2010) ***Dust'n Off the Ol' Guitar***
(2010) *Happy Christmas*
(2010) | |


title: Dyrkorn

abstract: Dyrkorn is a small village in Fjord Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located in a small valley on the eastern coast of the Storfjorden. The only road access to the village is by tunnels. The Dyrkorn Tunnel connects it to the village of Sjøholt to the north and the Stordal Tunnel connects it to the village of Stordal to the southeast. Across the fjord on the steep mountainside is Ytste Skotet, a preserved historical farm that is now a living museum. The village is in a small valley that is surrounded by large mountains. In the innermost parts of the valley, there are some high plateaus where there are small summer mountain farms that were used by farmers for summer grazing of their cattle.

text:
# Dyrkorn

**Dyrkorn** is a small village in Fjord Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located in a small valley on the eastern coast of the Storfjorden. The only road access to the village is by tunnels. The Dyrkorn Tunnel connects it to the village of Sjøholt to the north and the Stordal Tunnel connects it to the village of Stordal to the southeast. Across the fjord on the steep mountainside is Ytste Skotet, a preserved historical farm that is now a living museum. The village is in a small valley that is surrounded by large mountains. In the innermost parts of the valley, there are some high plateaus where there are small summer mountain farms (see *Seter*) that were used by farmers for summer grazing of their cattle.

## InfoBox

| Dyrkorn | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| DyrkornLocation in Møre og RomsdalDyrkornDyrkorn (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 62°25′18″N 6°56′46″E / 62.4218°N 6.9460°E / 62.4218; 6.9460 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Western Norway |
| County | Møre og Romsdal |
| District | Sunnmøre |
| Municipality | Fjord Municipality |
| Elevation | 10 m (30 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 6250 Stordal |


title: Thomas Wilson (New Zealand cricketer)

abstract: Thomas Wilson was a New Zealand cricketer. He played one first-class match for Auckland in 1891/92.

text:
# Thomas Wilson (New Zealand cricketer)

**Thomas Wilson** (1869  13 November 1918) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played one first-class match for Auckland in 1891/92.

## InfoBox

Thomas Wilson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Thomas Henry Wilson |
| Born | 1869
New Zealand |
| Died | 13 November 1918 (aged 4849)
Auckland, New Zealand |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 26 June 2016 | |


title: E. E. Brown

abstract: Emma Elizabeth Brown, pen names B. E. E. and E. E. Brown, was an American author of prose, biographies, and poetry. She was also an artist.

text:
# E. E. Brown

**Emma Elizabeth Brown** (October 18, 1847 – March 24, 1937), pen names **B. E. E.** and **E. E. Brown**, was an American author of prose, biographies, and poetry. She was also an artist.

## Early life and education

Emma Elizabeth Brown was born in Concord, New Hampshire, October 18, 1847. She was the daughter of John Frost and Elizabeth (Evans) Brown. Her father had no sons, his brother Henry never married, and, her grandfather Brown having been an only son, Emma was the last of her line to bear the family name. As stated by the late Henry Brown, who was a genealogist, this family of Brown in New England was of German origin, and the early spelling of the name was Braun.

Through her paternal grandmother, Mrs. Susannah Frost Brown, Emma traced her descent from Edmund Frost, Ruling Elder of the church in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Elder Frost, said to have been son of John Frost, of Ipswich, England, came over in the ship *Great Hope* in 1635, and was made freeman at Cambridge, March 3, 1630. He died in July 1672. In his will, which was probated in October following, he left bequests to his widow Reana (his second wife), each of his eight children, something to the new college (Harvard) then building at Cambridge, and to George Alcock, a student.

Emma's father, John Frost Brown, for many years a leading bookseller in Concord, was an ardent lover of beauty, whether in nature or art. During her girlhood, as she took long outdoor tramps with him, he taught her to note the changing beauties of sky and land and sea, which in later years she was skilful in reproducing on canvas. During his busy life, he collected a large library of valuable books. He was a great reader himself, and he directed her reading, which dwelt mostly on outdoor themes and stories of golden deeds in ancient and modern history. This reading bore fruit in the many interesting volumes to which Emma's name was attached. Her mother, Elizabeth Evans, was also of English descent, but her family record shows more practical business men than scholars. She herself had great executive ability and an energetic temperament. Her parents were Artemas and Margaret (Sargent) Evans. The latter, Emma's grandmother, lived to be more than a hundred years old, and when she was ninety-two had four sisters living who were over ninety. Only two of the five, however, reached the century mark, and none of the later generation showed any striking longevity.

The education of the schools, though good, was of less value than that of the home, where the father's greatest pleasure was in opening to his daughters the treasures of his choice library. If from her father she inherited a love of good reading, of pictures and pre-eminently of nature, she was no less indebted to her mother for a certain executive ability, indispensable to success, while from both parents she received constant help and encouragement in her early efforts. Well-trained in the Concord schools, she was always a student at home and a keen observer as she travelled.

During her school-days she sent to the *Concord Monitor* a poem.

## Career

Brown produced contributions for various literary and religious magazines, including the *Atlantic Monthly*, *The Aldine*, the *Living Age*, and others. Her only volume of poems was a brochure entitled *A Hundred Years Ago* (Boston, 1876). Six volumes of the "Spare Minute Series" were compiled, and five of the "Biographical Series" were of her writing. Her Sunday school books were *From Night to Light* (Boston, 1872), a story of the Babylonian captivity, and *The Child Toilers of the Boston Streets* (Boston, 1874). Her magazine stories — many under the pseudonym "B. E. E." — had a grace and tenderness. Her biographies of Washington, Grant, Garfield, and Oliver Wendell Holmes were in steady demand. *Huldah*, her book of patriotic verse, dedicated to a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, was read with appreciation by lovers of graceful poetry.

The demand for her watercolors exceeded the supply. At her exhibition in 1892, the favored pictures were scenes at the Azores, where Brown had past vacationed. In 1903, she sketched along the Massachusetts coast, while residing in Newton Highlands.

## Selected works

### By B. E. E.

* *From Night to Light*, 1872

### By E. E. Brown

* *Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes, With a Portrait*, 1884
* *The Life and Public Services of James A. Garfield*, 1881
* *Life of Ulysses Simpson Grant*, 1885
* *Life of James Russell Lowell*, 1887

### By Emma E. Brown

* *The Child Toilers of Boston Streets, With Twelve Drawings from Life, by Katherine Peirson*, 1878
* *Huldah: A Daughter of the Revolution, and Other Poems of American Patriotism*, 1897

### Attribution

* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Howe, Julia Ward; Graves, Mary Hannah (1904). *Representative Women of New England* (Public domain ed.). New England Historical Publishing Company. p. 134.
* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Willard, Frances Elizabeth; Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1893). *A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life* (Public domain ed.). Moulton. p. 131.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| E. E. Brown | |
| --- | --- |
| "A Woman of the Century" | |
| Born | Emma Elizabeth Brown
October 18, 1847
Concord, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | DOD unknown |
| Pen name | * B. E. E. * E. E. Brown |
| Occupation | * author * artist |
| Genre | * prose * biographies * poetry |


title: Thomas William Hodgson Crosland

abstract: Thomas William Hodgson Crosland was a British author, poet and journalist.

text:
# Thomas William Hodgson Crosland

**Thomas William Hodgson Crosland** (21 July 1865 – 23 December 1924) was a British author, poet and journalist.

## Biography

Crosland was born in Leeds in 1865, the son of Methodist New Connexion preacher and superintendent of the Prudential Assurance Company William Crosland (son of cloth manufacturer Thomas Crosland, of Isles House, Holbeck, Leeds) and Hannah, daughter of farmer John Hodgson.

He was an associate and friend of Lord Alfred Douglas, who was Oscar Wilde's lover. The bitter feud between Lord Alfred's father the Marquess of Queensberry and his son resulted in Wilde suing the Marquess for libel at Douglas's urging. Subsequently, Wilde was charged with homosexuality after the Marquess produced evidence of Wilde's behaviour as justifying the libel. In 1895 Wilde was found guilty and imprisoned. After the trial Crosland united with Douglas, who had become a pious Catholic, and together they persecuted Robbie Ross in the civil courts in a variety of actions. They also repeatedly wrote and visited the police and the Director of Public Prosecutions, trying to ensure Ross's arrest for homosexual offences.

In 1913 the author Arthur Ransome recalled "the rather endearing story of his (Crosland's) first arrival in London from Yorkshire, by road, pushing a perambulator that was shared by manuscripts and a baby". This was at the trial of Ransome and others for libelling Douglas in Ransome's 1912 book on Wilde; Crosland and the impecunious Douglas had hoped for substantial damages but lost. When Douglas was declared bankrupt in February 1913, his solicitor had informed the court that damages of £2,500 "a fortune", were expected, which alarmed Ransome when he saw it in *The Times*. The judge was rather scathing about Douglas's behaviour in the box, and the jury found that the words complained of were a libel but were true. Ransome's biographer referred to Crosland as a "shady associate" of Douglas, and Ross's biographer calls him "a narrow-minded bigot" and a "right-wing Tory". Crosland wrote a condemnation of Wilde's *De Profundis*, in verse, titled *The First Stone*, in 1912, and ghost-wrote Douglas's memoir *Oscar Wilde and Myself* in 1914.

In 1914, Robbie Ross, Oscar Wilde's literary executor and rival for Wilde's affection, charged Crosland with criminal libel, plus writs for criminal conspiracy and perjury against Douglas and Crosland jointly. Crosland was found not guilty, though the judge did say that acquittal would not imply that Ross was guilty of any offence.

## Personal life

Crosland was a humanitarian who frequently wrote in his poems about the impoverished and sick and unemployed, especially caring about returned soldiers in the First World War. In 1894 he married Annie Moore. They had three sons: William Philip; John Jordan; and Laurence Oldmeadow. After many illnesses, he died in Surrey in 1924, survived by his wife and their son John. John Crosland was father of the journalist Philip Crosland.

A biography, *The life and genius of T. W. H. Crosland*, by W. Sorley Brown was published in 1928.

## Publications

Media related to Thomas William Hodgson Crosland at Wikimedia Commons