title: Bryonia alba

abstract: Bryonia alba is a vigorous vine in the family Cucurbitaceae, found in Europe and Northern Iran. It has a growth habit similar to kudzu, which gives it a highly destructive potential outside its native range as a noxious weed. Other common names include false mandrake, English mandrake, wild vine, and wild hops, wild nep, tamus, ladies' seal, and tetterbury.

text:
# Bryonia alba

***Bryonia alba*** (also known as **white bryony** or **wild hop**) is a vigorous vine in the family Cucurbitaceae, found in Europe and Northern Iran. It has a growth habit similar to kudzu, which gives it a highly destructive potential outside its native range as a noxious weed. Other common names include **false mandrake**, **English mandrake**, **wild vine**, and **wild hops**, **wild nep**, **tamus**, **ladies' seal**, and **tetterbury**.

## Description

An herbaceous, perennial vine of the cucumber family, white bryony is monoecious but diclinous (separate male and female flowers found on the same plant) with a tuberous yellow root. Greenish-white flowers are 1 cm (0.39 in) across. Long curling tendrils, flowers, and fruit all stem from axils of palmately lobed leaves. The fruit is a 1.5 cm (0.59 in) berry which blackens as it ripens.

## Distribution

White bryony is native to Europe and Northern Iran. It has also been introduced to the United States, where it is listed as a noxious weed in Washington, Idaho, and Montana.

## Ecology

Birds are the most common dispersal mechanism for this plant. They deposit seeds where they eat and nest, and so bryony is prevalent in native hawthorn patches and in windbreak, shelterbelt, riparian buffer, and wildlife plantings. *Bryonia alba* leaves may be used as a food plant by the larvae of cabbage moths.

## Toxicity

All parts of *Bryonia alba* contain bryonin which is poisonous and may cause illness or death. Livestock may also be poisoned by consuming the fruit and leaves. Forty berries constitutes a lethal dose for adult humans.

## Invasive species

Outside of its native range, this vine is often a very aggressive invasive weed. It can produce three vines at a time, which each grow up to 15 cm (5.9 in) per day. It has a climbing growth pattern similar to kudzu, and will grow into a dense mat when it cannot climb. Once established, it will climb other plants and trees as well as fences and buildings, blocking the sun and even rain from its host. Winter snow or heavy rains weighing down the mat of foliage create extra weight, leading to breakage of host limbs or even felling of entire host trees.

Control of white bryony usually involves manual pulling and very frequent removal of new growth, diligence being the key to success. Plants may be killed manually by severing the roots 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) below ground surface to remove the crown and prevent re-sprouting. Tillage is often ineffective and can harm host plant roots, but broadleaf herbicides such as glyphosate can be useful when care is taken not to spray host plant leaves. Multiple applications are necessary to eventually move herbicide to the root and block production of new shoots. The dispersed seeds are viable for many years, so manually removing *B. alba* before seed production is important.

## InfoBox

| *Bryonia alba* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mature foliage and berries | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus: | *Bryonia* |
| Species: | ***B. alba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bryonia alba***<br>L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bryonia dioica* M.Bieb. nom. illeg. * *Bryonia monoeca* E.H.L.Krause nom. illeg. * *Bryonia nigra* Gilib. nom. inval. * *Bryonia vulgaris* Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. | |


title: Bug Juice

abstract: Bug Juice is a Disney Channel reality television series that premiered on February 28, 1998. The series focuses around 20 kids and their experiences at summer camp. Together, the kids work hard to excel in their activities and become friends. The phrase bug juice is a camping slang term for a very sweet juice drink made from powdered mixes, such as Kool-Aid, which are often served at summer camps. On August 4, 2017, Disney Channel announced a revival series based on the original, titled Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp, which premiered on July 16, 2018.

text:
# Bug Juice

***Bug Juice*** is a Disney Channel reality television series that premiered on February 28, 1998. The series focuses around 20 kids and their experiences at summer camp. Together, the kids work hard to excel in their activities and become friends. The phrase *bug juice* is a camping slang term for a very sweet juice drink made from powdered mixes, such as Kool-Aid, which are often served at summer camps.

On August 4, 2017, Disney Channel announced a revival series based on the original, titled *Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp*, which premiered on July 16, 2018.

## Overview

### Season 1

The first season takes place in Waterford, Maine, at Camp Waziyatah, which has been in operation since 1922. The camp is broken down into two sessions. Each session is four weeks. Season 1 premiered on February 28, 1998.

* Camp Counselors: Peanut, Rhett Bachner (Grove 4), Morgan Will (Grove 4), Luna Hammond (Hill 4), Annie Doig (Hill 4), Gregory Weiss is the Candyman.
* Grove 4 (Session 1): Andrew Johnson, Asa Korsen, Connor Shaw, Everett Boyle, Andy White, Hassan A. Omar, Jon Adler, Jason Wool, Malik Sollas
* Grove 4 (Session 2): Andrew Johnson, Asa Korsen, Hassan A Omar, Jon Adler, Malik Sollas, Max Brallier, Andy Freed, Justin Simon, Patrick Milhaupt
* Hill 4 (Session 1): Alison Harding, Caitlin Welby, Lauren Plumley, Martha, Mary Elizabeth Bradley, Megan Tarr, Sarai Abdullah Fife, LaKisha Barksdale, Jenny, Stephanie Etkin
* Hill 4 (Session 2): Caitlin Welby, Sarai Abdullah Fife, LaKisha Barksdale, Stephanie Etkin, Annie Friedman, Cammie Delany, Sarah Ceglarski, Molly McGuinness, Anna Korsen

### Season 2

Season 2 takes place in Horse Shoe, North Carolina, at Camp Highlander. The camp is broken down into three sessions. It premiered on March 5, 2000.

Male counselors for Cabin 28 are Andrew Cohen and Andrew Foti. Female counselors for Cabin 6 are Amanda Peryln, Nikki K, Tiffany Lydon, and Ali Baske.

Female campers in Session A include Libby, Maryanne, Sarah, Jenny, Alex, Simana, Annette, Nikki, Samantha, and Michaela. In Session B, Annette and Samantha are joined by Hilary, Michelle, Kelly, Kim, Jennifer, Michelle, Baylor, and Jessica. In Session C, Kim, Jennifer, Baylor, and Jessica are joined by Jess, Gaby, Dalit, Danielle, Alanna, and Jasmyne.

Male campers in Session A include Steven, Kevin, Sam, Alvan, Jared, Austin, Ricky, Brendan, Alex, Chasen. In Session B, Steven, Alvan, Ricky, and Chasen are joined by Josh, Stefan, Hunter, Farb, Tyler, and Conor. In Session C, Steven, Ricky, Josh, Hunter, and Farb are joined by Michael, Marcellus, Brandon, Brendan, and Kevin.

### Season 3

Season three takes place in Tererro, New Mexico, at Brush Ranch Camp. The camp is broken down into two four-week sessions. The season began airing on June 3, 2001.

Male campers in Rustlers include JJ (aka Shade), Lee, Alex Hurlbutt, Brendon, Josh, Bryan, Todd, Houston, Alex J., and Jordan in Session 1. Session 2 includes Jake, Aaron, Brendon, Sam, Bryan, Terrance, Will, Mike, Josh, and Carl.

Female campers in Indian Creek include Eve La Fountain, Jen, Hallie, Reid, Kelly, Amanda Bustamante, Ali C., Kristen, Megan, and Ali B. in Session 1. Session 2 includes Alana, Carrie, Hallie, Alex, Kelly, Amanda Bustamante, Leela, Sarah, Megan, Ellie, and Kiersten.

## Development and production

The series' co-creator Douglas Ross thought that summer camp would be the "perfect setting for a reality-based program geared for 9 to 12-year-olds." Ross, a former camper himself, pitched the idea to the Disney Channel and the then head of programming and production Rich Ross. He was given the green light to create the series without a pilot episode. The location, Camp Waziyatah, was decided a few months before the 1997 camp season started. The producers conducted about 100 phone interviews and 60 home visits before selecting 27 campers. Four camp counselors were chosen from both the camp's existing group and 350 members of the public in response to an open call on the Internet. The first season was filmed for 56 days straight by three film crews. The boys' and girls' cabins had all male and all female crews, led by directors Donald Bull and Laura Zucco respectively. Over 1,000 hours was shot by two directors, two cameras, and two sound operators.

On July 15, 1999, Disney ordered a second season; it premiered on March 5, 2000. In June 2000, production began on a third season which was announced on July 12; it began airing on June 3, 2001.

## Episodes

### Series overview

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 20 | | February 28, 1998 (1998-02-28) | 1998 (1998) |
|  | 20 | | March 5, 2000 (2000-03-05) | July 16, 2000 (2000-07-16) |
|  | 20 | | June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03) | October 15, 2001 (2001-10-15) |

### Season 1 (1998)

1. "Camp Waziyatah" (February 28, 1998)
2. "Getting to Know You" (February 28, 1998)
3. "To Clique... Or Not to Clique" (March 8, 1998)
4. "Adventure Bound: Bushwacked" (March 15, 1998)
5. "Molecules Colliding" (March 22, 1998)
6. "Boys-to-Men Talent Show" (March 29, 1998)
7. "Face the Fire: Unity Campfire" (May 3, 1998)
8. "Aftershocks" (May 3, 1998)
9. "No Pain, No Gain" (May 3, 1998)
10. "Nice Guys Finish First" (May 3, 1998)
11. "Goodbye, Session One" (May 10, 1998)
12. "Ch, Ch, Changes" (May 31, 1998)
13. "Turn, Turn, Turn" (June 7, 1998)
14. "When the Boys Go Away, Girls Will Play" (June 14, 1998)
15. "We Shall Overcome" (June 21, 1998)
16. "Tough Love" (June 28, 1998)
17. "Flirting with Disaster: Co-Ed Canoe Trip" (June 28, 1998)
18. "So Long, Farewell" (June 28, 1998)
19. "Goodbye Wazi"
20. "Waziyatah Scrapbook"

### Season 2 (2000)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 | 1 | "Your Adventure Starts Here" | March 5, 2000 (2000-03-05) |
| 22 | 2 | "You Never Know Until You Try" | March 5, 2000 (2000-03-05) |
| 23 | 3 | "Odd Man Out" | March 12, 2000 (2000-03-12) |
| 24 | 4 | "You Get What You Give" | March 19, 2000 (2000-03-19) |
| 25 | 5 | "Brits, Frights and Videotape" | March 26, 2000 (2000-03-26) |
| 26 | 6 | "Old Friends and New Friends" | April 2, 2000 (2000-04-02) |
| 27 | 7 | "I'm Gonna Walk Those Fears Right Outta My Head" | April 9, 2000 (2000-04-09) |
| 28 | 8 | "First Farewells" | April 23, 2000 (2000-04-23) |
| 29 | 9 | "Bring On the New Recruits" | April 30, 2000 (2000-04-30) |
| 30 | 10 | "The Dance of Love" | May 7, 2000 (2000-05-07) |
| 31 | 11 | "Climbing Toward Acceptance" | May 14, 2000 (2000-05-14) |
| 32 | 12 | "Outside Looking In" | May 21, 2000 (2000-05-21) |
| 33 | 13 | "You Don't Have to Be a Star to Shine" | May 28, 2000 (2000-05-28) |
| 34 | 14 | "July Goodbye" | June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04) |
| 35 | 15 | "New Kids on the Bus" | June 11, 2000 (2000-06-11) |
| 36 | 16 | "Discovering Your Inner Camper" | June 18, 2000 (2000-06-18) |
| 37 | 17 | "Countdown Begins" | June 25, 2000 (2000-06-25) |
| 38 | 18 | "War Breaks at Highlander" | July 2, 2000 (2000-07-02) |
| 39 | 19 | "And the Winner Is..." | July 9, 2000 (2000-07-09) |
| 40 | 20 | "Goodbye, Highlander" | July 16, 2000 (2000-07-16) |

### Season 3 (2001)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 41 | 1 | "Welcome to Brush Ranch Camp" | June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03) |
| 42 | 2 | "It's Bedtime" | June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03) |
| 43 | 3 | "Sorry" | June 10, 2001 (2001-06-10) |
| 44 | 4 | "JJ's Revenge" | June 17, 2001 (2001-06-17) |
| 45 | 5 | "Let's Eat" | June 24, 2001 (2001-06-24) |
| 46 | 6 | "Choices and Consequences" | July 1, 2001 (2001-07-01) |
| 47 | 7 | "Bad Thing" | July 8, 2001 (2001-07-08) |
| 48 | 8 | "It's Hot" | July 15, 2001 (2001-07-15) |
| 49 | 9 | "Let's Read" | July 22, 2001 (2001-07-22) |
| 50 | 10 | "No More Bug Juice" | July 29, 2001 (2001-07-29) |
| 51 | 11 | "DJ Shade Saves the Dance" | August 5, 2001 (2001-08-05) |
| 52 | 12 | "It's Rock N' Roll Time" | August 12, 2001 (2001-08-12) |
| 53 | 13 | "Saves the Princess" | August 19, 2001 (2001-08-19) |
| 54 | 14 | "I Give Up" | August 26, 2001 (2001-08-26) |
| 55 | 15 | "Airplanes" | September 2, 2001 (2001-09-02) |
| 56 | 16 | "Singing" | September 9, 2001 (2001-09-09) |
| 57 | 17 | "Valentine's Day" | September 16, 2001 (2001-09-16) |
| 58 | 18 | "Monkey See Monkey Do" | September 23, 2001 (2001-09-23) |
| 59 | 19 | "Gettin' Dirty" | September 30, 2001 (2001-09-30) |
| 60 | 20 | "End of Brush Ranch" | October 15, 2001 (2001-10-15) |

## Broadcast

The show premiered on Disney Channel in 1998, and ran for three seasons ending in 2001. *Bug Juice* was subsequently pulled from the schedule and was not aired again until the summer of 2004, during which episodes from the first season ran nightly in chronological order. The last episode of *Bug Juice* aired August 20, 2004, and it has not been shown since.

During the summer of 2006, Disney began posting mini episodes on its website, encouraging viewers of the Disney Channel to log on and view 5-minute short clips from episodes of the first season.

*Bug Juice* was also broadcast in the UK on Channel 4's *The Bigger Breakfast*.

## Revival

On August 4, 2017, Disney Channel announced that they would revive the series. The first season of the revival will take place at Camp Waziyatah, the same location of the first season of the original series. The new series, given the title *Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp*, premiered on July 16, 2018.

## InfoBox

| *Bug Juice* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Douglas Ross
J. Rupert Thompson |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| No. of episodes | 60 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Douglas Ross
Greg Stewart
J. Rupert Thompson |
| Producer | Laura Z. Thompson |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Production company | Evolution Film & Tape |
| Original release | |
| Network | Disney Channel |
| Release | February 28, 1998 (1998-02-28)
October 15, 2001 (2001-10-15) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Sainte-Catherine, Quebec

abstract: Sainte-Catherine is an off-island suburb of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada, on the St. Lawrence River in the Regional County Municipality of Roussillon. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 16,762.

text:
# Sainte-Catherine, Quebec

**Sainte-Catherine** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃t katʁin\] ) is an off-island suburb of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada, on the St. Lawrence River in the Regional County Municipality of Roussillon. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 16,762.

## History

The land had been occupied for more than three centuries, since the establishment of the Iroquois mission in 1676, it is only in 1937 that the founding of la paroisse de Sainte-Catherine de Laprairie really marks a territorial organization. In 1973, a demographic boom finally granted the status of town to the village. In 2006, according to the city's official site, there were 17,000 inhabitants in Sainte-Catherine.

The inauguration of the Honoré Mercier Bridge in 1934, and then of the Champlain Bridge in 1962, greatly boosted the local economy.

## Demographics

Historical Census Data – Sainte-Catherine, Quebec
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | 9,805 |  |
| 1996 | 13,724 | +40.0% |
| 2001 | 15,953 | +16.2% |
| 2006 | 16,211 | +1.6% |
| 2011 | 16,762 | +3.4% |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Catherine had a population of 17,347 living in 6,909 of its 7,016 total private dwellings, a change of 1.8% from its 2016 population of 17,047. With a land area of 9.37 km2 (3.62 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,851.3/km2 (4,794.9/sq mi) in 2021.

Canada census – Sainte-Catherine community profile

|  | 2021 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 17,347 (+1.8% from 2016) | 16,762 (+3.4% from 2006) |
| Land area | 9.37 km2 (3.62 sq mi) | 9.50 km2 (3.67 sq mi) |
| Population density | 1,851.4/km2 (4,795/sq mi) | 1,764.1/km2 (4,569/sq mi) |
| Median age | 43.6 (M: 42, F: 45.2) | 39.3 (M: 38.1, F: 40.4) |
| Private dwellings | 6,905 (total) | 6,652 (total) |
| Median household income |  | $68,634 |

References: 2021 2011 earlier

| Canada Census Mother Tongue – Sainte-Catherine, Quebec | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Census |  | Total |  | French | | |  | English | | |  | French & English | | |  | Other | | |
| Year |  | Responses |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |
| 2016 |  | 16,980 |  | 14,950 | 0.6% | 88.04% |  | 630 | 0.06% | 3.71% |  | 155 | 10% | 0.91% |  | 1,100 | 34.96% | 6.47% |
| 2011 |  | 16,670 |  | 15,040 | 0.8% | 90.22% |  | 675 | 39.2% | 4.05% |  | 140 | 40.0% | 0.84% |  | 815 | 61.4% | 4.89% |
| 2006 |  | 16,005 |  | 14,915 | 1.4% | 93.19% |  | 485 | 28.7% | 3.03% |  | 100 | 4.8% | 0.62% |  | 505 | 11.0% | 3.16% |
| 2001 |  | 15,945 |  | 14,705 | 14.0% | 92.22% |  | 680 | 41.7% | 4.26% |  | 105 | 0.0% | 0.66% |  | 455 | 97.8% | 2.85% |
| 1996 |  | 13,710 |  | 12,895 | n/a | 94.06% |  | 480 | n/a | 3.50% |  | 105 | n/a | 0.76% |  | 230 | n/a | 1.68% |

## Famous natives

## InfoBox

| Sainte-Catherine | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Saint Lawrence Seaway at Sainte-Catherine | |
| Location within Roussillon RCM | |
| Sainte-CatherineLocation in southern Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 45°24′14″N 73°34′13″W / 45.40402°N 73.5704°W / 45.40402; -73.5704 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Montérégie |
| RCM | Roussillon |
| Constituted | October 30, 1937 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jocelyne Bates |
| Federal riding | La Prairie |
| Prov. riding | Sanguinet |
| Area | |
| Total | 16.00 km2 (6.18 sq mi) |
| Land | 9.50 km2 (3.67 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 16,762 |
| Density | 1,764.1/km2 (4,569/sq mi) |
| Pop 2006–2011 | 3.4% |
| Dwellings | 6,652 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J5C |
| Area code(s) | 450 and 579 |
| Highways
A-30 |
R-132 |
| Website | www.ville.sainte-catherine.qc.ca |


title: Sainte-Béatrix, Quebec

abstract: Sainte-Béatrix is a municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Matawinie Regional County Municipality.

text:
# Sainte-Béatrix, Quebec

**Sainte-Béatrix** is a municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Matawinie Regional County Municipality.

## History

In 1736, Lord Jean d'Ailleboust d'Argenteuil receives a lordship that will bear his name. It won't be until 1864 that the municipality of Sainte-Béatrix be officially created by splitting away from the municipality of Sainte-Mélanie. Louise-Amélie Panet and her husband William Bent Berczy are considered to be the founders of Sainte-Béatrix.

## Demographics

### Population

Historical Census Data - Sainte-Béatrix, Quebec
| Year Pop. ±%  1991  1,421       1996  1,617 +13.8%  2001  1,608 −0.6% | Year Pop. ±%  2006  1,788 +11.2%  2011  1,849 +3.4%  2016  1,955 +5.7% | Year Pop. ±%  2021  2,170 +11.0% |
| --- | --- | --- |

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 1041 (total dwellings: 1300)

### Language

Mother tongue:

* English as first language: 2.3%
* French as first language: 95.1%
* English and French as first language: 0.9%
* Other as first language: 1.4%

## Education

Commission scolaire des Samares operates francophone public schools, including:

* École Panet

The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates anglophone public schools, including:

## Notable people

Canadian artist Céline Boucher was born in Sainte-Béatrix.

## InfoBox

| Sainte-Béatrix | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location within Matawinie RCM | |
| Sainte-BéatrixLocation in central Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 46°12′N 73°37′W / 46.200°N 73.617°W / 46.200; -73.617 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Lanaudière |
| RCM | Matawinie |
| Constituted | May 11, 1864 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Serge Perrault |
| Federal riding | Joliette |
| Prov. riding | Berthier |
| Area | |
| Total | 83.70 km2 (32.32 sq mi) |
| Land | 82.96 km2 (32.03 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,170 |
| Density | 26.2/km2 (68/sq mi) |
| Pop 2016-2021 | 11% |
| Dwellings | 1,300 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J0K 1Y0 |
| Area code(s) | 450 and 579 |
| Highways | R-337 |
| Website | www.sainte-beatrix.com |


title: Buffy vs. Dracula

abstract: "Buffy vs. Dracula" is the season 5 premiere of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on September 26, 2000 on The WB. Buffy faces the infamous Count Dracula, who has come to Sunnydale to make her one of his brides. In the process, he turns Xander into a Renfield of sorts, and Giles becomes enthralled with the three sisters, much like Jonathan Harker in the novel. However, after a brief spell during which Buffy is mesmerized by the Count, she regains her usual composure and defeats him.

text:
# Buffy vs. Dracula

"**Buffy vs. Dracula**" is the season 5 premiere of the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*. The episode aired on September 26, 2000 on The WB.

Buffy faces the infamous Count Dracula, who has come to Sunnydale to make her one of his brides. In the process, he turns Xander into a Renfield of sorts, and Giles becomes enthralled with the three sisters, much like Jonathan Harker in the novel. However, after a brief spell during which Buffy is mesmerized by the Count, she regains her usual composure and defeats him.

## Plot

On a stormy day, two men deliver a large crate to a residence, but when they drop it, a clawed hand breaks through the wood and attacks one of the men.

Giles has Willow start scanning books into a computer so that they can be resources for the gang to use. He then tells her that he is going back to England, but to keep it a secret, as he feels like Buffy and the gang no longer need him.

While patrolling, Buffy is confronted by a vampire who condenses from mist: he introduces himself as none other than Count Dracula himself. Buffy is starstruck, but when she tries to stake the legendary vampire, he disappears. Xander and Willow arrive to see Dracula before he turns into a bat and flies away. The women discuss how amazing Dracula is, and Riley and Xander both express their jealousy towards the infamous Dark Prince. Willow attempts to attract attention to Giles and his usefulness, but the gang seems oblivious.

As Xander is walking home alone, he encounters Dracula. Using his mysterious charms, the vampire persuades Xander to be his aide and lure the Slayer to him. Riley asks Spike about Dracula, but Spike warns him that Dracula is too dangerous for him to take on alone. Buffy awakens to find Dracula in her bedroom, as Joyce had earlier invited him into their home. She is helpless against his powers and unable to stop him from biting her. When she wakes the next morning, she hides the puncture marks in her neck with a scarf.

Later, the gang discusses their plan of attack. Buffy seems distracted and after hearing about the truths of Dracula, she leaves abruptly. Riley follows her and forces her to take off the scarf to show the puncture marks on her neck. Everyone is shocked to see that she has been under the control of Dracula. Since Xander is under Dracula's power, he has a strange hunger for bugs and attempts to defend the powerful vampire to his friends. Xander volunteers to have Buffy stay safely at his place, Willow and Tara use magic to protect the Summers home, and Giles and Riley search Dracula, who according to Spike will live in a mansion or castle.

Xander locks Anya in the closet and takes the willing Slayer to his "Master" in hopes of getting immortality in return. After being left alone with Dracula, Buffy tries to take control and stake him, but he is easily able to make her put the stake down, telling her about the things he can do for her while she struggles to regain control of herself. As Giles and Riley arrive at the castle, Xander tries to stop them from going after Dracula, but Riley knocks him out with one punch, while Giles finds himself seduced by the Three Sisters. Dracula offers his blood to Buffy, and she hesitantly takes a drink. A flash of Slayer memories allows Buffy to break his control over her. Riley rescues a reluctant Giles from the vampire sisters, and they go to save Buffy. Buffy and Dracula fight, and finally Buffy stakes him. After they leave, Dracula comes back from the dust. Buffy stakes him again. Dracula attempts to re-form again, but Buffy says, "You think I don't watch your movies? You always come back. I'm standing right here!" He slips away in his mist-form.

Buffy tells Giles that she wants to learn about her duties, the history of slayers, and her future. She asks him to be her Watcher again, which he accepts with pleasure. Buffy comes home and announces to her mom that she is going out with Riley. As she enters her room, she finds a strange girl there going through her stuff. Joyce tells Buffy that she should take her sister with her if she goes out, much to both girls' chagrin.

## Production

The vampire who was going to show Buffy a darker side of herself was originally envisioned as "just another vampire who rode a horse and was all cool," says writer Marti Noxon. "I kept saying, 'Like Dracula'" \- until Joss Whedon said, "Why not Dracula? He's public domain."

Rudolf Martin, the actor who played Dracula had also played Vlad III Dracula, "the Impaler" (the real life inspiration for Bram Stoker's book *Dracula* and thus, the vampire Dracula) in the TV movie *Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula* which aired on the USA Network a month after this episode aired. Near the end of the film, the story strays into fiction by having Vlad excommunicated by the Orthodox Church (this did not happen in real life) before getting assassinated by his brother Radu (how Vlad actually died is unknown). Due to Vlad's violent life as shown in the film and the excommunication, he is denied entry to both Heaven and Hell and rises from the grave as a vampire and is implied to be one and the same as Count Dracula. The movie therefore has an unintended sense of continuity with the episode as both cast the same actor to play the same character.

Noxon says the scene in which Dracula implies that Buffy would "make an amazing vampire" thematically resonates with the questions of identity with which Buffy struggles throughout Season 5.

When questioning Dracula's identity, Buffy mentions having encountered "pimply and overweight" vampires who named themselves after Anne Rice's vampire character Lestat de Lioncourt. This is the first indication that some vampires appreciate Rice's perspective on vampirism; in contrast, "School Hard" and "Darla" depicted some vampires as having contempt for Rice's concepts.

## Themes

Myles McNutt notes the episode's emphases on, first, Buffy and secondly on Dracula. "The last two premieres have featured Buffy facing questions about her identity (in 'Anne' and 'The Freshman'), and her altercation with Dracula is built around similar questions; however, whereas it seemed as if Buffy was struggling to stay afloat amidst the world changing around her at the start of the third and fourth seasons, here she seems to be struggling within, gaining new perspectives on her power and its control over her actions and desires." Secondly, "Dracula himself wasn't funny in the least: while the show was having fun with Dracula's position within popular culture, Dracula wasn't laughing, and in some ways he wasn't even relevant to those stories..." It is "a really evocative use of the image of Dracula as King among his kind to offer a reflection on the Slayer and her position within humanity... I like the detail Spike raises, in that Dracula has in some ways been worse to vampires than he has to the humans he hunts and kills: his celebrity, his elevation above everyone else, made all other vampires more vulnerable, shifting the balance of their kind."

## Reception

### Broadcast and release

"Buffy vs. Dracula" was first broadcast on September 26, 2000 on The WB Television Network. During its original broadcast, the episode was watched by 5.8 million viewers and received a Nielsen rating share of 3.9/6. This means that 3.9 percent of all households with a television viewed the episode, while among those households watching TV during this time period, six percent of them were actively watching the program. This was lower than the season three premiere, but higher than the season one and two premieres.

It was released on DVD as part of the fifth season on December 9, 2003.

### Critical response

*Vox*, ranking it at #74 of all 144 episodes on their "Worst to Best" list, writes, "This episode has a bit of a bad reputation for wasting Buffy's one encounter with *the most famous vampire of all time*. But it's a crackerjack, very funny hour about Buffy meeting the most famous vampire of all time and finding herself and her friends drawn into his web, even as she rolls her eyes at the whole thing. The episode is now perhaps better remembered for its final reveal — Buffy's brand new sister — but it's an enjoyably lighthearted kickoff to an ambitious season of TV."

Myles McNutt argues, "While it isn't a departure for the series to engage with comedy, the way it is deployed in the episode rather lazily fills in the gaps between the dramatic scenes, failing to integrate the two parts of the episode successfully and truly live up to its potential... Ultimately, I think the show was right to treat this subject matter with a light touch, especially considering how many depictions of Dracula there have been: the show has to put its own stamp on the character, and so much of the time is spent on the characters reacting to Dracula as opposed to on Dracula himself."

## InfoBox

| "**Buffy vs. Dracula**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 5<br>Episode 1 |
| Directed by | David Solomon |
| Written by | Marti Noxon |
| Production code | 5ABB01 |
| Original air date | September 26, 2000 (2000-09-26) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Buccleuch Dock

abstract: Buccleuch Dock is one of the four docks which make up the Port of Barrow in Barrow-in-Furness, England. It was constructed between 1863 and 1872 to the same specification as the attached Devonshire Dock - the docks having been separated by a bridge for most of their lifetime. Buccleuch Dock covers 125,000 square metres (1,350,000 sq ft) and was named after the 5th Duke of Buccleuch, who invested heavily in Barrow's public services during the late 19th century. Buccleuch Dock is owned by Associated British Ports and is also used by BAE Systems where the majority of the shipyard's surface vessels are docked for fitting out.

text:
# Buccleuch Dock

**Buccleuch Dock** is one of the four docks which make up the Port of Barrow in Barrow-in-Furness, England. It was constructed between 1863 and 1872 to the same specification as the attached Devonshire Dock \- the docks having been separated by a bridge for most of their lifetime. Buccleuch Dock covers 125,000 square metres (1,350,000 sq ft) and was named after the 5th Duke of Buccleuch, who invested heavily in Barrow's public services during the late 19th century. Buccleuch Dock is owned by Associated British Ports and is also used by BAE Systems (previously VSEL) where the majority of the shipyard's surface vessels are docked for fitting out.

## Buccleuch Dock Hammerhead

The iconic 50 metres (160 ft) yellow hammerhead crane at Buccleuch Dock was a Barrow landmark for over 60-years up until its demolition in 2011. Assembled in 1942, it replaced a similar crane that was destroyed the year previous during the Barrow Blitz, killing two watchmen in the process. It was used to fit out such vessels as HMS *Invincible* and SS *Oriana*, and finally HMS *Albion* in 2001. Safety concerns and lack of usage in the early 2010s lead to the cranes' future coming under scrutiny. Despite calls for the structure to become listed, it was ultimately dismantled. A scale replica of the crane is now situated on the site acting as a memorial to those killed during the World War II bombing of the shipyard.

54°06′08″N 3°12′51″W / 54.1021°N 3.2142°W / 54.1021; -3.2142


abstract: The Sakartvelos Gogona Skautebis Asociacia 'Dia' (საქართველოს გოგონა სკაუტების ასოციაცია 'დია', 'Girl Scouts of Georgia 'Dia') is the national Girl Scouting organisation of Georgia. It serves 805 members. The girls-only became an associate member of the WAGGGS in 1999. Dia itself is an ancient Georgian feminine name, referring to the goddess associated in Georgian mythology with the planet Jupiter. In 1993 due to a majority of boys in the membership, and at the request of the girls' representatives, the parent association was renamed Guides and Scouts Association of the Republic of Georgia. April 19 is the official holiday as the anniversary of the first national Girl Scout conference in 1997. Georgian Girl Scouts have a relationship with the Northwest Georgia Girl Scout Council.

text:
# Sakartvelos Gogona Skautebis Asociacia 'Dia'

The ***Sakartvelos Gogona Skautebis Asociacia 'Dia'*** (საქართველოს გოგონა სკაუტების ასოციაცია 'დია', 'Girl Scouts of Georgia 'Dia') is the national Girl Scouting organisation of Georgia. It serves 805 members (as of 2006). The girls-only became an associate member of the WAGGGS in 1999.

*Dia* itself is an ancient Georgian feminine name, referring to the goddess associated in Georgian mythology with the planet Jupiter.

In 1993 due to a majority of boys in the membership, and at the request of the girls' representatives, the parent association was renamed Guides and Scouts Association of the Republic of Georgia. April 19 is the official holiday as the anniversary of the first national Girl Scout conference in 1997. Georgian Girl Scouts have a relationship with the Northwest Georgia Girl Scout Council.

## Program, sections and ideals

The association is divided in three sections according to age:

* *Baya* – ages 7 to 9
* *Tsitsinatela* – ages 10 to 15
* *Dia* – ages 16 to 32

The Guide Motto is იყავი მზად (*ikavi mzad*), translating as 'Be Prepared' in Georgian. The Georgian noun for a single Guide is სკაუტი, transliterating as *skauti*.

The trefoil of the Girl Guide membership badge is made of the letters d-i-a in the Georgian alphabet, stylized to look like an adult embracing children.

### Guide Law

1. A Girl Scout is reliable and can be trusted.
2. A Girl Scout smiles and sings under all difficulties.
3. A Girl Scout respects time.
4. A Girl Scout is loyal to her leaders and subordinates.
5. A Girl Scout is a friend to all and a sister to other Girl Scout.
6. A Girl Scout is a friend to the nature.
7. A Girl Scout faces challenge and learns from her experiences.
8. A Girl Scout is patient and considerate.
9. A Girl Scout is polite.
10. A Girl Scout is pure in thought, in word and in deed.

### Guide Promise

I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty to God
To serve my country
To help people at all times
To live by the Girl Scout Law.

## Further reading

* World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau (2002), *Trefoil Round the World*. Eleventh Edition 1997. ISBN 0-900827-75-0

1. "World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts - Member Organizations". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-03-29.

## InfoBox

| Sakartvelos Gogona Skautebis Asociacia 'Dia' | |
| --- | --- |
| Girl Scouts of Georgia 'Dia' | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Founded | August 27, 1992 |
| Membership | 805 (2006) |
| Affiliation | World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts |
|  | |
| **Website**<br>www.itic.org.ge/dia/Main.htm | |
|


title: Saint Christopher (novella)

abstract: Saint Christopher is a novella by José Maria de Eça de Queirós, also known as Eça de Queiroz, that draws on the legend of Saint Christopher. Written in the 1890s, it was first published posthumously in Portuguese in 1912. The first English version, translated by Gregory Rabassa and Earl E. Fritz, was published by Tagus Press in 2015.

text:
# Saint Christopher (novella)

***Saint Christopher*** (Portuguese: *São Cristóvão*) is a novella by José Maria de Eça de Queirós (1845 - 1900), also known as Eça de Queiroz, that draws on the legend of Saint Christopher. Written in the 1890s, it was first published posthumously in Portuguese in 1912. The first English version, translated by Gregory Rabassa and Earl E. Fritz, was published by Tagus Press in 2015.

## Background

Although not strictly speaking a hagiography of Saint Christopher, the novella does draw on the legend of the saint, providing a fictional version described by one scholar as a “hagiofantasy”. As with several other works by Eça, there is no extant original manuscript and it is unclear how final the published version was intended to be. It was originally published in Portuguese twelve years after Eça's death, as part of a volume called *Últimas Páginas* (Last Pages), which included two other stories inspired by the lives of saints, Saint Onuphrius and Saint Giles of Santarém. Despite the fact that he draws on the legends of saints for these stories, other novels by Eça reveal a fairly ambivalent approach to the Catholic Church, with *The Crime of Father Amaro* being openly critical of the clergy and *The Relic* poking fun at the excessive religiosity of late 19th Century Portugal.

## The story

The Christopher of Eça's novella lives in the Middle Ages. Son of poor parents and physically unattractive he grows rapidly to become a giant. Following the death of his parents he finds himself in various situations in which he can put his strength to altruistic purposes. Initially he helps people in his parents’ town with their daily chores and becomes very popular, but at the insistence of the Church the people turn against him and he is driven out, being blamed for a storm that damages the buildings and destroys the crops. After wandering the country he arrives at a castle that has been afflicted by the plague. He helps by burying the dead and carrying food and firewood but is eventually captured by the Count, who is jealous of the affection of the people for him. Christopher manages to break free and after further travels through the countryside comes across a group of religious hermits. The Friar persuades him to help with the hermits’ daily chores, to give them more time for their religious activities, but Christopher eventually leaves finding their obsession with paying penances, including self-flagellation, to be ridiculous.

Christopher then travels through an area laid destitute by battles between feudal lords. Those peasants who have not been killed are starving. This leads him to question his religious beliefs, not understanding why God fails to intervene to put an end to the suffering. He next arrives at a feudal castle where he becomes the plaything of the Lord of the Manor, a young boy, carrying the boy everywhere on his shoulders. Eventually rejected by the growing boy he then becomes involved with and eventually leader of a peasant revolt with similarities to the Jacquerie revolt in 14th Century France. When the rebels were eventually defeated he comes close to death but receives a visitation from an angel and recovers to again wander the countryside, helping people wherever he can.

After a period being exhibited as a freak show in a country fair, Christopher continues his travels. He comes across a group of travellers unable to cross a river because of the destruction of the bridge and, as in the legend of Saint Christopher, carries them, their possessions and animals across the river. He decides to settle by the river so that he can continue to provide this service. Eventually he becomes old and exhausted and the final scene has him rising up to Heaven in the company of the baby Jesus Christ.

## Significance

Ana Siqueira suggests that Eça's story proposes a model of altruism in opposition to the moral bankruptcy and cultural stagnation of 19th-century Portugal, a common theme in Eça's novels. She argues that the novella aims to direct Portuguese Catholics to social justice and not just spiritual salvation. In an introduction to the book, Carlos Reis considers that the novella strongly represents the values of Eça himself, those of a passion for social justice and human solidarity that are nearly always reflected in his other works. Luiz Piva notes that in other writings by Eça he makes frequent references to Saint Francis of Assisi.

## InfoBox

Saint Cristopher
| Cover of the 2015 English-language version | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | José Maria de Eça de Queirós |
| Original title | *São Cristóvão* |
| Translator | Gregory Rabassa and Earl E. Fritz |
| Cover artist | Titian, 1523 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Series | Adamastor Series 9 |
| Publisher | Tagus Press at UMass Dartmouth |
| Publication date | 1912 (in the volume *Últimas Páginas*) |
| Publication place | Portugal |
| Published in English | 2015, Tagus |
| Pages | 140 |
| ISBN | 9781933227627 |


title: Salvidiena gens

abstract: The gens Salvidiena was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the Republic, and from then to the end of the second century they regularly filled the highest offices of the Roman state.

text:
# Salvidiena gens

The **gens Salvidiena** was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the Republic, and from then to the end of the second century they regularly filled the highest offices of the Roman state.

## Origin

The nomen *Salvidienus* belongs to a class of *gentilicia* formed primarily from other gentile names using the suffix *-enus*. The root is *Salvidius*, itself presumably formed from the Oscan praenomen *Salvius*, using the suffix *-idius*.

## Praenomina

The Salvidieni regularly used the praenomina *Gaius*, *Lucius*, *Marcus*, and *Quintus*, four of the most common names throughout Roman history. At least one branch of the family used the more distinctive *Servius*, which may have been inherited from the Cornelii; the only members of this gens to bear the name without also bearing the nomen *Cornelius* were probably related to this family, or descended from its freedmen. A Salvidienus from Samnium bore the praenomen *Vibius*, which was scarce at Rome, although more common in Oscan-speaking parts of Italy.

## Branches and cognomina

The only distinct family of the Salvidieni under the Republic bore the surname *Rufus*, originally given to someone with red hair, perhaps with the additional surname *Salvius*, originally an Oscan praenomen, but later a gentile name, and evidently also a cognomen. In its extended form, *Salvianus*, it appears in the nomenclature of Lucius Salvidienus Rufus, consul in AD 52. The only other distinct family of the Salvidieni claimed descent from the illustrious house of the Cornelii Scipiones, and flourished during the first and second centuries. They more properly belong to the Cornelian gens, although they retained *Salvidienus* as part of their nomenclature for as long as the family is known from inscriptions.

## Members

*This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.*

### Salvidieni Rufi

* Quintus Salvidienus Rufus, a close friend and advisor to Octavian, and one of his most trusted generals in the years following the death of Caesar. After fighting against Sextus Pompeius, then Lucius Antonius during the Perusine War, he made overtures to Marcus Antonius, who betrayed Salvidienus to Octavian. Salvidienus was recalled to Rome, and condemned to death.
* Salvidienus Rufus, brother of Octavian's general. He died some time prior to 40 BC, and was burried on the Tiber, and a bridge was built to lead to his tomb.
* Salvidiena Q. f. Rufa, probably the daughter of the general Quintus Salvidienus Rufus, is named in an inscription from Rome, dating from the latter part of the first century BC, or the early first century AD.
* Lucius Salvidienus Rufus Salvianus, probably a descendant of the general Quintus Salvidienus Rufus, was consul *suffectus* in AD 52.

### Salvidieni Orfiti

### Others

* Gaius Salvidienus Augustalis, built a first-century tomb at Rome for his son, Gaius Salvidienus Lucifer.
* Gaius Salvidienus C. f. Lucifer, buried at Rome, in a first-century tomb built by his father, Gaius Salvidienus Augustalis, and wife, Salvidiena Helpis.
* Salvidiena Helpis, dedicated a first-century tomb at Rome to her husband, Gaius Salvidienus Lucifer.
* Gaius Salvidienus Primigenius, a soldier stationed at Rome in AD 70, serving in the century of Tiberius Claudius Nicia.
* Marcus Salvidienus Asprenas, proconsul of Bithynia during the reign of Vespasian, minted various coins under the Flavian emperors.
* Marcus Salvidienus Proculus, governor of Bithynia under Vespasian, and a moneyer under the Flavians, might be the same person as Asprenas, or perhaps his brother.
* Marcus Salvidienus, governor of Judaea from AD 80 to 85.
* Salvidiena Musa, named in a second-century inscription from Rome, together with Gaius Salvidienus Priscus and Gaius Salvidienus Jucundus.
* Gaius Salvidienus Priscus, named in a second-century inscription from Rome, together with Salvidiena Musa and Gaius Salvidienus Jucundus.
* Gaius Salvidienus Jucundus, named in a second-century inscription from Rome, together with Salvidiena Musa and Gaius Salvidienus Priscus.
* Marcus Salvidienus, one of the sources of Vopiscus for the life of the usurper Saturninus. Salvidienus reported that the speech attributed to Saturninus at Alexandria had been written by the general himself, as he was a man of some learning and rhetorical skill.

### Undated Salvidieni

* Salvidiena, the mistress of Salvidienus Polydorus, a slave buried at Puteoli in Campania.
* Cara Salvidiena, probably the wife of Lucius Vibius Crescens, a veteran of the fourth cohort of the Praetorian Guard buried at Tibur in Latium.
* Lucius L. f. Salvidienus, buried at Rome, aged twenty-two, with a monument from his father, Lucius Salvidienus Secundus.
* Vibius Salvidienus, named in an inscription from Corfinium in Samnium.
* Salvidiena Q. l. Hilara, a freedwoman, who dedicated a tomb at Rome to her daughter, Salvidiena Faustilla, aged fifteen years, three months, eleven days, and seven hours.
* Salvidiena Justa, dedicated a tomb at Rome to her mother, Salvidiena Romana.
* Gaius Salvidienus Lupus, buried at Cirta in Numidia, aged fifteen.
* Salvidienus Maritimis, a soldier buried at Lambaesis in Numidia.
* Salvidiena Paulla, the wife of Marcus Lollius, and mother of Lollia Prisca, a young woman buried at Rome, aged twenty-two years, eight months, and nine days, with a monument from her mother and her husband, Gaius Flavius Furius Pantaenectus.
* Salvidienus Ɔ. s. Polydorus, a slave buried at Puteoli, together with his daughters, Polydora and Marcella.
* Salvidiena Priscilla, buried at Rome with a tomb dedicated by her husband, Alexander, and her son.
* Salvidiena Romana, buried at Rome, in a tomb dedicated by her daughter, Salvidiena Justa.
* Salvidiena Saluta, named in a dedicatory inscription from Rome.
* Lucius Salvidienus Secundus, built a tomb at Rome for his son, Lucius Salvidienus.
* Servius Salvidienus Symphorus, named in an inscription from Rome.
* Marcus Salvidienus Vettianus, a prefect with aedilician powers at Brixia in Venetia and Histria.

1. Chase, pp. 118, 121, 122.
2. Chase, pp. 136, 137.
3. Chase, pp. 109, 141.
4. Appian, *Bellum Civile*, iv. 85, v. 20, 24, 27, 31–35, 66.
5. Cassius Dio, xlviii. 13, 18, 33.
6. Livy, *Epitome*, 123, 127.
7. Velleius Paterculus, ii. 76.
8. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus", 66.
9. Broughton, vol. II, pp. 366, 374, 383.
10. Dowling, *Clemency & Cruelty in the Roman World*, p. 294.
11. Manzella, "Zosimo liberto di Q. Salvidieno Rufo", p. 181.
12. *CIL* VI, 25810.
13. *CIL* XVI, 1.
14. Gallivan, "The *Fasti* for the Reign of Claudius", pp. 409, 414, 425.
15. Suetonius, "The Life of Nero", 37.
16. *Fasti Antiates*, *CIL* VI, 8639.
17. *AE* 1964, 154, *AE* 1973, 40.
18. Reynolds, *Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania*, 341.
19. Gallivan, "The *Fasti* for the Reign of Claudius", pp. 409, 413, 425.
20. Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 10.
21. Gallivan, "The Fasti for A. D. 70–96", p. 211.
22. Julius Capitolinus, "The Life of Antoninus Pius", 8.
23. *Fasti Ostienses*, *CIL* XIV, 244.
24. Smallwood, *Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian*.
25. Alföldy, *Konsulat und Senatorenstand*, p. 287.
26. Eck, "Die Fasti consulares der Regierungszeit des Antoninus Pius", p. 75.
27. *CIL* VIII, 24.
28. Alföldy, *Konsulat und Senatorenstand*, pp. 191, 312.
29. *CIL* VI, 1980, *CIL* VI, 1981.
30. *AE* 1975, 43.
31. *CIL* VI, 200.
32. *PIR*, vol. III, pp. 162, 163.
33. *PIR*, vol. III, p. 163.
34. *AE* 1967, 47.
35. Flavius Vopiscus, "The Lives of Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus, and Bonosus", 10.
36. *CIL* X, 2928.
37. *CIL* XIV, 3632.
38. *CIL* VI, 33191.
39. *Supplementa Italica*, iii. Co, 77.
40. *CIL* VI, 25808.
41. *CIL* VI, 25809.
42. *CIL* VIII, 7702.
43. *CIL* VIII, 3191.
44. *CIL* VI, 21495.
45. *CIL* VI, 38865.
46. *CIL* VI, 4816.
47. *CIL* XV, 7533a.
48. *CIL* V, 4468.

## Bibliography

* Titus Livius (Livy), *History of Rome*.
* Marcus Velleius Paterculus, *Compendium of Roman History*.
* Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, *De Vita Caesarum* (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
* Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), *Bellum Civile* (The Civil War).
* Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), *Roman History*.
* Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, *Historia Augusta* (Augustan History).
* *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology*, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
* Theodor Mommsen *et alii*, *Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum* (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated *CIL*), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
* *Supplementa Italica* (Supplement for Italy), Unione Accademica Nazionale.
* René Cagnat *et alii*, *L'Année épigraphique* (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated *AE*), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
* George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in *Harvard Studies in Classical Philology*, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).
* Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, *Prosopographia Imperii Romani* (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated *PIR*), Berlin (1898).
* Joyce M. Reynolds, J. B. Ward-Perkins, *The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania*, British School at Rome (1952).
* T. Robert S. Broughton, *The Magistrates of the Roman Republic*, American Philological Association (1952–1986).
* E. Mary Smallwood, *Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian*, Cambridge University Press (1966).
* Géza Alföldy, *Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antonien* (The Consulate and Senatorial State under the Antonines), Rudolf Habelt, Bonn (1977).
* Paul A. Gallivan, "The *Fasti* for the Reign of Claudius", in *Classical Quarterly*, vol. 28, pp. 407–426 (1978), "The *Fasti* for A.D. 70–96", in *Classical Quarterly*, vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).
* Ivan Di Stefano Manzella, "Zosimo liberto di Q. Salvidieno Rufo e accenso di L. Cornificio console nel 35 A. C." (Zosimus, freedman of Q. Salvidienus Rufus and the accession of consul L. Cornificius in 35 BC.), in *Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik*, Rudolf Habelt GmbH, vol. 85 (1991).
* Melissa Barden Dowling, *Clemency & Cruelty in the Roman World*, University of Michigan Press (2006), ISBN 9780472115150.
* Werner Eck, "Die Fasti consulares der Regierungszeit des Antoninus Pius, eine Bestandsaufnahme seit Géza Alföldys Konsulat und Senatorenstand" (The Consular Fasti for the Reign of Antoninus Pius: an Inventory since Géza Alföldy's *Konsulat und Senatorenstand*), in *Studia Epigraphica in Memoriam Géza Alföldy*, Werner Eck, Bence Fehér, Péter Kovács, eds., Bonn, pp. 69–90 (2013).


title: Sal Madrid

abstract: Salvator Madrid was a shortstop in Major League Baseball. He played for the Chicago Cubs. Madrid played for the Tulsa Oilers in the Texas League before being called up to the Major Leagues in 1947. He made his Major League debut on September 17, 1947 against the New York Giants at Wrigley Field. Madrid managed only three hits in 24 at bats over eight games with the Cubs. When asked in a radio interview why he was struggling so badly at the Major League level, Madrid reportedly said that it was "too damn hot" in the Texas League and the heat had made him "too damn weak." Madrid was inducted into the Northeast Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame in 1970.

text:
# Sal Madrid

**Salvator Madrid** (June 9, 1920 – February 24, 1977) was a shortstop in Major League Baseball. He played for the Chicago Cubs.

Madrid played for the Tulsa Oilers in the Texas League before being called up to the Major Leagues in 1947. He made his Major League debut on September 17, 1947 against the New York Giants at Wrigley Field. Madrid managed only three hits in 24 at bats over eight games with the Cubs. When asked in a radio interview why he was struggling so badly at the Major League level, Madrid reportedly said that it was "too damn hot" in the Texas League and the heat had made him "too damn weak."

Madrid was inducted into the Northeast Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame in 1970.

## InfoBox

| Sal Madrid | |
| --- | --- |
| **Shortstop** | |
| **Born:** (1920-06-09)June 9, 1920
El Paso, Texas | |
| **Died:** February 24, 1977(1977-02-24) (aged 56)
Fort Wayne, Indiana | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 17, 1947, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 28, 1947, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Games played | 8 |
| At bats | 24 |
| Hits | 3 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Sal Kalan

abstract: Sal Kalan is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from sub post office Banga, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Nawanshahr, 17.7 kilometres (11.0 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 110 kilometres (68 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Sal Kalan

**Sal Kalan** is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from sub post office Banga, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Nawanshahr, 17.7 kilometres (11.0 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 110 kilometres (68 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, Sal Kalan has a total number of 100 houses and population of 458 of which 241 include are males while 217 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Sal Kalan is 81.44% higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 54 which is 11.79% of total population of Sal Kalan, and child sex ratio is approximately 1250 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.

Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 58.08% of total population in Sal Kalan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 154 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Sal Kalan which includes 132 males and 22 females. According to census survey report 2011, 81.17% workers describe their work as main work and 18.83% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Education

The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed primary school established in 1961. The school provide mid-day meal per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14.

Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur, KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 21 kilometres (13 mi). The village is 91 kilometres (57 mi) away from Chandigarh University, 67 kilometres (42 mi) from Indian Institute of Technology and 32 kilometres (20 mi) away from Lovely Professional University.

## Transport

Nawanshahr train station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is 22 kilometres (14 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 64 kilometres (40 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 141 kilometres (88 mi) away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Sal Kalan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sal KalanLocation in Punjab, IndiaSal KalanSal Kalan (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°13′29″N 75°58′20″E / 31.2247064°N 75.9722776°E / 31.2247064; 75.9722776 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 251 m (823 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 458 |
|  | Sex ratio 241/217 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144505 |
| Telephone code | 01884 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Post office | Banga (S.O) |
| Website | nawanshahr.nic.in |


abstract: The Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens are botanical gardens located within South Park in Buffalo, New York, United States. These gardens are the product of landscaping architect Frederick Law Olmsted, glass-house architects Lord & Burnham, and botanist and plant-explorer John F. Cowell.

text:
# Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens

The **Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens** are botanical gardens located within South Park in Buffalo, New York, United States. These gardens are the product of landscaping architect Frederick Law Olmsted, glass-house architects Lord & Burnham, and botanist and plant-explorer John F. Cowell.

## History

The idea of the Gardens first began in 1868 when the Buffalo Parks Commission started meeting with landscape architect Fredrick Law Olmsted, Sr., and Partners. In the late 1880s, they asked Olmsted to design a new park for South Buffalo; the eventual design included two new parks: Cazenovia Park and South Park, which was created in 1894-1900 from 156 acres (0.63 km2) of farm land.

South Park eventually came to house today's botanical gardens, originally known as the "South Park Conservatory". In Olmsted's design, the conservatory would showcase tropical plant species, while the rest of the park was designed to feature hardy species including an arboretum, pinetum, shrub garden, and a bog garden. Formal gardens around the conservatory led visitors into informal park along walking paths. South Park also was to include a large pond for boating, a ring road for horse carriages, and a meadow. However, the proposed walking paths, boat house, and bandstand were never completed.

The conservatory's tri-domed glass, wood and steel building was designed by Lord & Burnham, who were among the premier conservatory designers of the time. Construction methods were based upon the famous Crystal Palace and Kew Gardens Palm House in England. When built in 1897-1899, it was one of the largest public greenhouses in the country (at a cost of $130,000). Today there are fewer than a dozen large Victorian conservatories in America. This is one of only two with a tri-dome design (the New York Botanical Garden is the other).

The first director, Professor John F. Cowell, oversaw the growing of plants for the park and personally located and obtained unusual tree specimens. He spent decades exploring the Americas and the Caribbean, sending back seeds and small plants for the conservatory. Shortly after it opened, thousands of visitors to the 1901 Pan-American Exposition visited South Park's conservatory and gardens, which thus quickly gathered national renown.

## InfoBox

| Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Botanical garden |
| Location | 2655 South Park Avenue
Buffalo, New York |
| Nearest city | Buffalo, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°49′41″N 78°49′33″W / 42.8281°N 78.8258°W / 42.8281; -78.8258 |
| Area | 11.57 acres (0.0468 km2) |
| Created | 1900 |
| Operated by | Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry
The Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens Society, Inc. |
| Open | All year |
| Website | www.buffalogardens.com |


title: Sam Bailey Building

abstract: The Sam Bailey Building, formerly the Sam Bailey Male Institute, is a historic school building in Griffin, Georgia. It was constructed in 1870 and is the oldest public school building in Griffin. Originally a private school, it became a public school in August 1873 before becoming private again in 1877. Eight years later it became public again. It was built for the Griffin Male Institute and was named for Sam Wesley Bailey, a banker and landowner who came to Griffin after the American Civil War and helped fund the school. A two-story brick structure with Italianate details, it is part of the Griffin High School and is connected to other buildings via covered walkways. The school building was constructed by Jonathan Drake, a major building firm in Griffin. It is located at the corner of East Poplar Street and 4th Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places In 1973.

text:
# Sam Bailey Building

The **Sam Bailey Building**, formerly the **Sam Bailey Male Institute**, is a historic school building in Griffin, Georgia. It was constructed in 1870 and is the oldest public school building in Griffin. Originally a private school, it became a public school in August 1873 before becoming private again in 1877. Eight years later it became public again. It was built for the Griffin Male Institute and was named for **Sam Wesley Bailey**, a banker and landowner who came to Griffin after the American Civil War and helped fund the school. A two-story brick structure with Italianate details, it is part of the Griffin High School and is connected to other buildings via covered walkways.

The school building was constructed by Jonathan Drake, a major building firm in Griffin. It is located at the corner of East Poplar Street and 4th Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places In 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sam Bailey Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The building in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Location | E. Poplar and 4th Sts., Griffin, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 33°14′47″N 84°15′35″W / 33.24639°N 84.25972°W / 33.24639; -84.25972 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1870 (1870) |
| Built by | Jonathan Gilman Drake |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 73002144 |
| Added to NRHP | March 20, 1973 |


title: Sally Shuttleworth

abstract: Sally Ann Shuttleworth is a British academic specialising in Victorian literature. She is Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a Professorial Fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford. From 2006 to 2011, she was Head of the Humanities Division, University of Oxford. From 2014 to 2019 she was a principal investigator on the Diseases of Modern Life project, a multidisciplinary research initiative exploring nineteenth century scientific and cultural ideas related to stress and information overload. She was educated at the University of York, and Darwin College, Cambridge. She then lectured in English at Princeton University, the University of Leeds and the University of Sheffield. She has appeared on Woman's Hour. On 16 July 2015, she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to the study of English literature.

text:
# Sally Shuttleworth

**Sally Ann Shuttleworth** CBE FBA (born 5 September 1952) is a British academic specialising in Victorian literature. She is Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a Professorial Fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford. From 2006 to 2011, she was Head of the Humanities Division, University of Oxford. From 2014 to 2019 she was a principal investigator on the Diseases of Modern Life project, a multidisciplinary research initiative exploring nineteenth century scientific and cultural ideas related to stress and information overload.

She was educated at the University of York (BA English Literature and Sociology 1974), and Darwin College, Cambridge (PhD English Literature 1980). She then lectured in English at Princeton University, the University of Leeds and the University of Sheffield. She has appeared on Woman's Hour.

On 16 July 2015, she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to the study of English literature.

## Books

### Author

* *George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Science* (1984)
* *Charlotte Brontë and Victorian Psychology* (1996)
* *The Mind of the Child: Child Development in Literature, Science and Medicine, 1840–1900* (2010)
* *Anxious Times: Medicine and Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Britain* (2019) - coauthor

### Editor

1. "Shuttleworth, Prof. Sally Ann". *Who's Who*. A & C Black. 2022. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U284761. Retrieved 2023-01-20. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
2. "Professor Sally Shuttleworth". *Academic Profile*. St Anne's College, Oxford. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
3. "Professor Sally Shuttleworth". *diseasesofmodernlife.web.ox.ac.uk*. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
4. "Shuttleworth, Prof. Sally Ann". *Who's Who 2018*. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2017. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
5. "Head of Division - Oxford Humanities Division". *www.humanities.ox.ac.uk*. Archived from the original on 2011-10-09.
6. "BBC Radio 4 - Woman's Hour, 10/08/2010".
7. "British Academy Fellowship reaches 1,000 as 42 new UK Fellows are welcomed". *British Academy*. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
8. "No. 63377". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 12 June 2021. p. B10.
9. "Anxious Times". *upittpress.org*. Retrieved 2020-06-10.


title: Sallie Shearer

abstract: Sarah D. Shearer was an American brothel-keeper in Reading, Pennsylvania. She married the artist Christopher Shearer who abandoned her and their sons to study in Europe, and whom she subsequently divorced. In 1880 she was working as a dressmaker but by 1883 she was working in the sex business and eventually opened a high-class "parlor house" (brothel) of her own. Despite frequent brushes with the law and serving at least one jail sentence, she was financially successful and able to buy property and keep a fancy carriage. In the 1890s, the women of her house were the subjects of a secret collection of photographs made by local photographer William Goldman that was published in book form in 2018. She died of diabetes and was buried in a lavish casket at the Lutheran cemetery in Reading.

text:
# Sallie Shearer

**Sarah D. Shearer** (née **Fisher**; c. 1848 – 1 October 1909) was an American brothel-keeper in Reading, Pennsylvania. She married the artist Christopher Shearer who abandoned her and their sons to study in Europe, and whom she subsequently divorced. In 1880 she was working as a dressmaker but by 1883 she was working in the sex business and eventually opened a high-class "parlor house" (brothel) of her own.

Despite frequent brushes with the law and serving at least one jail sentence, she was financially successful and able to buy property and keep a fancy carriage. In the 1890s, the women of her house were the subjects of a secret collection of photographs made by local photographer William Goldman that was published in book form in 2018. She died of diabetes and was buried in a lavish casket at the Lutheran cemetery in Reading.

## Early life and family

Sarah Fisher was born in 1848, in Muhlenberg Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania.

She married the landscape painter Christopher Shearer (1846–1926) who abandoned her and their sons Victor and Bernard to study in Europe and whom she subsequently divorced.

## Career

In 1880, Shearer was listed as a dressmaker in a Reading city directory. She subsequently entered the world of prostitution. It is not known if she worked as a prostitute herself, but by 1883 she ran a "ranche" (brothel) on Washington Street, between Third and Fourth. By the 1890s she was the owner of one of Reading's most upmarket brothels, a "parlor house" on the corner of North 8th and Walnut streets, so called because men were entertained in the parlor while choosing from the women of the house. It was described by a police officer as "magnificently furnished. The finest velvet carpets cover the floors, beautiful mirrors adorn the walls and the rooms are beautifully decorated".

Her profession often brought her into conflict with the forces of law and order and she regularly appeared in the Reading newspapers for criminal matters, often when local politicians were running for office with promises to clamp down on vice. In 1883 her establishment in Washington Street was raided by the police after causing a nuisance to the neighbours. Shearer was arrested along with Mina B. Heller and Emma Heckman. Also arrested were a group of men and one woman who, Shearer alleged, had broken in and stolen from her.

Some thought they could extort money from her. In 1890 she appeared in court in connection with a case in which it was alleged that she had been threatened with prosecution if she did not pay a member of the Fehr family a bribe. She did not pay and was prosecuted for running a disorderly house and for selling alcohol without a licence, which charges she settled by paying $203. Shearer stated that she did not instigate the case and it originated in a separate prosecution by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania of John L. Fehr for extortion.

In 1898, she was one of those charged with "keeping bawdy houses and selling Liquor without a licence and on Sunday" as part of a "crusade against disreputable houses". Also arrested were Lizzie Hamilton of 942 Buttonwood, Flo Wilson of 1021 Walnut, and Harry Weaver who ran an establishment of black women known as "Mahogany Hall". Shearer pleaded guilty and was sentenced to a $100 fine and three months imprisonment and "was at once taken to prison". She was released in March 1899 after serving the full term and left with Carrie Kalbach who had been convicted of the same offence.

Despite these brushes with the law, Shearer prospered and was able to buy a house for her sons and a black carriage with tassels and Belgian lace curtains.

In the early 1890s, the women in her brothel were the subjects of a secret collection of photographs made by William Goldman that was discovered by the historian of photography Robert Flynn Johnson around 2010 in the stock of a postcard dealer in Concord, California. The collection was published by Glitterati Editions in 2018.

## Later life

In 1907 it was revealed in proceedings against the alleged brothel-keeper May Reilly for illegally selling liquor on a Sunday, that Shearer had leased her house on Eighth and Walnut Streets to Reilly for five years from May 1905, possibly indicating a reduction in activities. Agents of the Law and Order Society of Philadelphia testified that they had bought liquor from her and Shearer on that day and in that place on multiple occasions in 1906.

Shearer died of diabetes on 1 October 1909 at her home at 1138 North Eleventh Street after being ill for several years. She was buried at Alsace Lutheran Church Cemetery in Reading, her remains "attired in a cream silk robe and lay in a purple cloth covered couch casket with extension bar handles, silver trimmings and plate bearing name and age".

## Further reading

* Keire, Mara Laura. (2010) *For Business and Pleasure: Red Light Districts and the Regulation of Vice in the United States, 1890–1933*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Rosen, Ruth. (1982) *The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America 1900–1928*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

## InfoBox

| Sallie Shearer | |
| --- | --- |
| The woman on the left is thought to be Sallie Shearer. Photograph by William Goldman, c. 1892. | |
| Born | Sarah D. Fisher
c. 1848
Muhlenberg Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania |
| Died | 1 October 1909
Reading, Pennsylvania |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Brothel keeper |
| Spouse | Christopher Shearer |


title: Sallie Walker Stockard

abstract: Sallie Walker Stockard was a professor of history and an author. She was the first woman to receive a degree from the University of North Carolina. She was born in Saxapahaw in Alamance County, North Carolina. She was the eldest of John Williamson Stockard and Margaret Ann Albright Stockard's six children. Her graduate thesis was a history of Alamance County. She graduated from Guilford College and University of North Carolina. She married Perry Green Magness. They had a son and daughter. The couple separated and she generally used her maiden name. Carole Watterson Troxler's book about Stockard was published in 2021.

text:
# Sallie Walker Stockard

**Sallie Walker Stockard** (October 4, 1869 – August 6, 1963) was a professor of history and an author. She was the first woman to receive a degree from the University of North Carolina.

She was born in Saxapahaw in Alamance County, North Carolina. She was the eldest of John Williamson Stockard and Margaret Ann Albright Stockard's six children. Her graduate thesis was a history of Alamance County. She graduated from Guilford College and University of North Carolina.

She married Perry Green Magness. They had a son and daughter. The couple separated and she generally used her maiden name.

Carole Watterson Troxler's book about Stockard was published in 2021.

## Writings

* *History of Alamance County*
* *The Lily of the Valley*, a five act dramatization of the Song of Solomon
* *History of Guilford County* (1902)
* *The History of Lawrence, Jackson, Independence, and Stone Counties of the Third Judicial District of Arkansas* (1904)
* *Daughter of the Piedmont: Chapel Hill’s First Co-Ed Graduate*, unpublished


title: Bukavac

abstract: Bukavac is a demonic mythical creature in Slavic mythology. Belief in it existed in Syrmia. Bukavac was sometimes imagined as a six-legged monster with gnarled horns and bright blue eyes. It lives in lakes and pools, coming out of the water during the night to make a loud noise. It would jump onto people and animals and strangle them.

text:
# Bukavac

**Bukavac** (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: \[bǔːkaʋat͡s\]) is a demonic mythical creature in Slavic mythology. Belief in it existed in Syrmia.

Bukavac was sometimes imagined as a six-legged monster with gnarled horns and bright blue eyes. It lives in lakes and pools, coming out of the water during the night to make a loud noise (hence the name: *buka* – noise). It would jump onto people and animals and strangle them.


title: Bukatoxin

abstract: Bukatoxin is an α-scorpion toxin found in the venom of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch. By blocking the inactivation of sodium ion channels, α-scorpion toxins prolong action potentials.

text:
# Bukatoxin

**Bukatoxin** is an α-scorpion toxin found in the venom of the Chinese scorpion *Buthus martensi* Karsch. By blocking the inactivation of sodium ion channels, α-scorpion toxins prolong action potentials.

## Sources

Bukatoxin (short names: BukaTx or BKTx, alternative name: BuK-alpha-Tx) is a neurotoxin that is expressed and secreted by the venom gland of the scorpion *Buthus martensii* Karsch (Chinese Scorpion).

## Chemistry

Bukatoxin is a 65-residue peptide with the amino acid sequence VRDGYIADDKNCAYFCGRNAYCDEECIINGAESGYCQQAGVYGNACWCYKLPDKVPIRVSGECQQ, and has four disulfide bridges (Cys12-Cys63, Cys16-Cys36, Cys22-Cys46, Cys26-Cys48). The molecular weight of the neurotoxin is 7.2 kDa. Bukatoxin is a member of the 4C-C scorpion toxin superfamily. It can be further categorized as a polypeptide gating modifier toxin that belongs to the α-subfamily of scorpion neurotoxins.

## Target

Based on its homology to other members of the α-scorpion toxin family, bukatoxin most likely blocks the inactivation of neuronal sodium channels by binding to the neurotoxin receptor site 3 of sodium channels, thereby prolonging the action potential.

## Mode of action

The region between 52 and 56 in the amino acid sequence of bukatoxin, the 52PDKVP 56 loop, interacts with the neurotoxin receptor site 3, which is located on the extracellular loop of sodium channels that connects the S3 and S4 segments on the domain IV. Specifically, the tripeptide segment  53 DKV 55, which forms a surface loop that is available for binding, is suggested to play a significant role in the blocking of the inactivation of sodium channels. Other residues that could contribute to the binding of bukatoxin to the neurotoxin receptor site 3 of the sodium channels are the Val 1 and Asp 9, which reside in the same surface loop. The binding of bukatoxin is thought to lead to blocking of conformational changes in the sodium channel, by preventing the outward movement of the IVS4 transmembrane segment during depolarization. As a result, inactivation of the channel becomes slower, leading to a broadened action potential.

## Effects

It has been shown that relaxation of carbachol-precontracted rat anococcygeous muscle occurs through the binding of bukatoxin to sodium channels, suggesting that bukatoxin has a muscle relaxation effect. Bukatoxin produces the effects by mediating the activation of nitrergic nerve fibers, most likely via an effect on presynaptic sodium channels. Muscle relaxation effects also arise in rabbit corpus cavernosum, but the mechanisms are not sodium channel-mediated and not completely elucidated yet.

1. Srinivasan K.N., Nirthanana S, Sasakic T., Satoc K., Chengd B., Gweeb M.C.E., Kinie R.M., Gopalakrishnakonea P. (2001). Functional site of bukatoxin an α-type sodium channel neurotoxin from the Chinese scorpion (Buthus martensi Karsch) venom: probable role of 52PDKVP56 loop. *FEBS Letters, 494*, 145-149
2. "Bukatoxin - Mesobuthus martensii (Manchurian scorpion)".
3. Catterall W.A., Cestèle S., Yarov-Yarovoy V., Yu F.H., Konoki K., Scheuer T. (2007). Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins. *Toxicon, 49(2)*, 124-141,
4. Goudeta C., Chib C.-W., Tytgat J. (2002). An overview of toxins and genes from the venom of the Asian scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch. *Toxicon, 40*, 1239-1258
5. Gwee M.C.E, Nirthanan S., Khoo H.-E., Gopalakrishnakone P., Kini R.M., Cheah L.S. (2002). Autonomic effects of some scorpion venoms and toxins. *Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29*, 795-801
6. Teixeira C.E., Ifa D.R., Corso G., Santagada V., Caliendo G., Antunes E., De Nucci G. (2003). Sequence and structure-activity relationship of a scorpion venom toxin with nitrergic activity in rabbit corpus cavernosum. *The FASEB Journal, 17(3)*, 485-7


title: Bukit Tunggal

abstract: Bukit Tunggal is a state constituency in Terengganu, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly. The state constituency was first contested in 1974 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

text:
# Bukit Tunggal

**Bukit Tunggal** is a state constituency in Terengganu, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly.

The state constituency was first contested in 1974 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

## Demographics

Ethnic breakdown of Bukit Tunggal's electorate as of 2018

Malay (98.17%)  Chinese (1.54%)  Other ethnicities (0.16%)  Indian (0.13%)

## History

### Polling Districts

According to the *Gazette* issued on 30 March 2018, the Bukit Tunggal constituency has a total of 7 polling districts.

| State Constituency | Polling Districts | Code | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bukit Tunggal (N12) | Batu Enam | 035/12/01 | * SMK Kompleks Tembesu * SK Tok Jering |
| | Pak Katak | 035/12/02 | Kolej Vokesional Wakaf Tembesu |
| | Bukit Tumbuh | 035/12/03 | SK Bukit Tumbuh |
| | Bukit Tunggal | 035/12/04 | * SK Bukit Tunggal * Balai Raya Dan Futsal Seberang Baruh |
| | Duyung | 035/12/05 | SK Duyong |
| | Pulau Ketam | 035/12/06 | Dewan Sivik Pulau Duyong |
| | Gong Kijang | 035/12/07 | SMK Bukit Tunggal |

### Representation History

| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Bukit Tunggal | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| *Constituency created from Kuala Nerus* | | | |
| 4th | 1974–1978 | Abdul Rahman Awang | **BN** (**UMNO**) |
| 5th | 1978–1982 | | |
| 6th | 1982–1986 | Ahmad Kassim Sudut | |
| 7th | 1986–1990 | Ghazali Endut | |
| 8th | 1990–1995 | Adam @ Mansor Ali | **S46** |
| 9th | 1995–1999 | Mohamad Abu Bakar | **BN** (**UMNO**) |
| 10th | 1999–2004 | Alias Razak | **PAS** |
| 11th | 2004–2008 | Mohd Nasir Ibrahim Fikri | **BN** (**UMNO**) |
| 12th | 2008–2013 | Alias Razak | **PR** (**PAS**) |
| 13th | 2013–2018 | | |
| 14th | 2018–2020 | | **PAS** |
| | 2020–2023 | | **PN** (**PAS**) |
| 15th | | 2023–present | Zaharudin Zahid |

## Election results

Terengganu state election, 2023: Bukit Tunggal
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PAS | Zaharudin Zahid | 12,066 | 73.52 |  |
|  | BN | Wan Noorislan Wan Hashim | 4,345 | 26.48 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 16,411 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 108 |
| Unreturned ballots | | | 16 |
| Turnout | | | 16,535 | 78.53 |
| Registered electors | | | 21,055 |
| Majority | | | 7,721 | 47.04 |
|  | PAS **hold** | | Swing | |  |
|  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Bukit Tunggal
| Terengganu constituency | |
| --- | --- |
| State constituency | |
| Legislature | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly |
| MLA |
     Zaharudin Zahid
PN |
| Constituency created | 1973 |
| First contested | 1974 |
| Last contested | 2023 |
| Demographics | |
| Electors (2023) | 21,055 |


title: Bulbophyllum trifolium

abstract: Bulbophyllum trifolium is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

text:
# Bulbophyllum trifolium

***Bulbophyllum trifolium*** is a species of orchid in the genus *Bulbophyllum*.

## InfoBox

| *Bulbophyllum trifolium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Bulbophyllum* |
| Species: | ***B. trifolium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bulbophyllum trifolium***<br>Ridl. | |
|


title: Bulbophyllum samoanum

abstract: Bulbophyllum samoanum, also known as the Samoan bulbophyllum, is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

text:
# Bulbophyllum samoanum

***Bulbophyllum samoanum***, also known as the **Samoan bulbophyllum**, is a species of orchid in the genus *Bulbophyllum*.

## Description

Unifoliate epiphyte. Blooms on a single flowered 12 cm long inflorescence

## Distribution

*Bulbophyllum samoanum* is native to Samoa, and also to Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.

Occurrence

The plant is found at elevations of 300–900 metres (980–2,950 ft). It grows in areas of partial shade and high temperatures

## Uses

*Bulbophyllum samoanum* is cultivated as an ornamental plant.

## InfoBox

| *Bulbophyllum samoanum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Bulbophyllum* |
| Species: | ***B. samoanum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bulbophyllum samoanum***<br>Schltr. | |
|


title: Bulbophyllum sanitii

abstract: Bulbophyllum sanitii is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

text:
# Bulbophyllum sanitii

***Bulbophyllum sanitii*** is a species of orchid in the genus *Bulbophyllum*.

## InfoBox

| *Bulbophyllum sanitii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Bulbophyllum* |
| Species: | ***B. sanitii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bulbophyllum sanitii***<br>Seidenf. | |
|


abstract: Salt Lake City Air Route Traffic Control Center (ZLC) is one of 22 FAA Area Control Centers in the United States. It is located in Salt Lake City, Utah, adjacent to Salt Lake City International Airport. It was opened in 1939 and was originally located on the third floor of the old Salt Lake City International Airport terminal. The Salt Lake Center (ZLC) covers one of the largest geographical areas of any control center, totaling approximately 350,000 squares miles. The primary responsibility of Salt Lake City Center is sequencing and separation of over-flights, arrivals, and departures in order to provide safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of aircraft flying under instrument flight rules (IFR).

text:
# Salt Lake City Air Route Traffic Control Center

**Salt Lake City Air Route Traffic Control Center** (ZLC) (radio communications **"Salt Lake Center"**) is one of 22 FAA Area Control Centers in the United States. It is located in Salt Lake City, Utah, adjacent to Salt Lake City International Airport. It was opened in 1939 and was originally located on the third floor of the old Salt Lake City International Airport terminal. The Salt Lake Center (ZLC) covers one of the largest geographical areas of any control center, totaling approximately 350,000 squares miles.

The primary responsibility of Salt Lake City Center is sequencing and separation of over-flights, arrivals, and departures in order to provide safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of aircraft flying under instrument flight rules (IFR).

40°47′10″N 111°57′08″W / 40.7861°N 111.9523°W / 40.7861; -111.9523


title: Salt Lake (Saskatchewan)

abstract: Salt Lake is a lake in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The lake is located south of Senlac, Saskatchewan, in the west central part of the province. The lake was the site of the earliest known production of salt in the province, extracted by the Senlac Salt Co. around 1920. The area is currently the site of significant heavy crude oil and natural gas production. There is a small hamlet named after the lake which mostly houses oil field workers.

text:
# Salt Lake (Saskatchewan)

**Salt Lake** is a lake in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The lake is located south of Senlac, Saskatchewan, in the west central part of the province. The lake was the site of the earliest known production of salt in the province, extracted by the Senlac Salt Co. around 1920. The area is currently the site of significant heavy crude oil and natural gas production. There is a small hamlet named after the lake which mostly houses oil field workers.

## InfoBox

| Salt Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Salt LakeLocation in SaskatchewanSalt LakeSalt Lake (Canada) | |
| Location | RM of Senlac No. 411, Saskatchewan |
| Coordinates | 52°24′29″N 109°43′30″W / 52.408°N 109.725°W / 52.408; -109.725 |
| Type | Salt lake |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Max. length | 1.32 km (0.82 mi) |
| Max. width | 0.98 km (0.61 mi) |
| Surface area | 0.75 km2 (0.29 sq mi) |
| Shore length1 | 4.69 km (2.91 mi) |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Salt Lake Assembly Hall

abstract: The Salt Lake Assembly Hall is a building owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints which sits on the southwest corner of Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. It has seating capacity for an audience of approximately 1,400 people.

text:
# Salt Lake Assembly Hall

The **Salt Lake Assembly Hall** is a building owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) which sits on the southwest corner of Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. It has seating capacity for an audience of approximately 1,400 people.

## Design

The Assembly Hall is a Victorian Gothic congregation hall. Rough granite walls are laid out in cruciform style making the hall's exterior look like a small gothic cathedral. Twenty-four spires mark the perimeter of the building's footprint and a tower rises from the intersection of the floor plan's apparent crucifix. The cruciform layout is complemented by Stars of David circumscribed high above each entrance. These symbolize an LDS perception that they are a re-gathering of Biblical Tribes of Israel.

However, the deceptively Gothic exterior conceals a more modern interior lacking vaulted ceilings.

Although built of quartz monzonite rock from the same quarry as the Salt Lake Temple, the Assembly Hall's unhewn exterior looks much different. The stones for the Assembly Hall were not cut as exactingly as the temple's. This accounts for the building's dark, rough texture and the broader masonry joints between stones.

The Seagull Monument sits directly in front of the building to the east.

## History

Construction of the Assembly Hall began on August 11, 1877. Building began on the southwest corner of Temple Square on the site of what was called the "Old Tabernacle," razed earlier that year. The old structure, an adobe building determined by the LDS Church to be inadequate, was built in 1852 and seated 2500. The "Old Tabernacle" is not to be confused with the still-extant Salt Lake Tabernacle, built in 1867. The domed Tabernacle sits directly north of the Assembly Hall.

During the first two years of construction, the Assembly Hall was confusingly called the "new tabernacle." John Taylor, then president of the church, cleared up the confusion by naming it the "Salt Lake Assembly Hall" in 1879.

Obed Taylor was commissioned as architect, and designed the structure in Victorian Gothic style, which was popular at the time. Using mostly discarded granite stone from the ongoing construction of the Salt Lake Temple, builder Henry Grow completed construction in 1882 at a total cost of $90,000.

After the Tabernacle, the Assembly Hall was the second permanent structure completed on Temple Square. It has been modified several times since completion, however. A four-foot flying-angel weather vane like one that topped the original Nauvoo Temple in Nauvoo, Illinois was removed. Additionally, the original ceiling murals depicting ancient and modern prophets in the LDS Church were painted over.

The most comprehensive renovations occurred from 1979 to 1983 to correct structural weaknesses in the building's tower and roof trusses. While rebuilding the tower, each of the Assembly Hall's 24 spires were replaced with fiberglass moldings. Additionally, all the softwood benches were refinished. Acoustics in the building were enhanced by installing hundreds of small speakers.

Currently, the Assembly Hall hosts occasional free weekend music concerts and is used as overflow for the church's biannual general conferences.

## Organs

During the renovations of the 1970-80s, Robert L. Sipe Organbuilders installed a new three-manual, 65-rank, 3,489 pipe organ with a "German accent." The renovations also included creation of rehearsal studios in the building's basement containing three additional organs and a one-manual harpsichord built in 1981 by William Dowd. The southwest practice studio features a three-manual, 12-rank, 727 pipe organ built by the Austin Organ Company of Hartford, Connecticut. The console was built in 1963, while the chests and pipework were redone in 1982 The southeast studio organ was built by the Kenneth Coulter Organ Company of Eugene, Oregon in 1985, the Bach tricentennial year. It was specifically designed to imitate features of German Late Baroque organs and features three manuals, 7 ranks, and 410 pipes. The northeast practice studio organ was built in 1979 by the Casavant Frères organ company of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec It is a mechanical action instrument and features interchangeable pedalboards, allowing for the use of either a modern concave design or the older flat European style. It has two manuals, seven ranks, and 452 pipes.

## InfoBox

| Salt Lake Assembly Hall | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |
| Location | |
| Location | Salt Lake City, Utah<br>United States |
| Geographic coordinates | 40°46′11″N 111°53′36″W / 40.7697°N 111.8932°W / 40.7697; -111.8932 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Obed Taylor |
| Style | Victorian Gothic style |
| Groundbreaking | 1877 |
| Completed | 1882 |
| Materials | (Exterior) Quartz monzonite |


title: Cacia flavobasalis

abstract: Cacia flavobasalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938. It is known from the Philippines.

text:
# Cacia flavobasalis

***Cacia flavobasalis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938. It is known from the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Cacia flavobasalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Cacia* |
| Species: | ***C. flavobasalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cacia flavobasalis***<br>Breuning, 1938 | |
|


title: Princess Gyeongchang

abstract:
Princess Gyeongchang of the Yu clan was a Goryeo royal family member as the maternal granddaughter of King Huijong who became a queen consort through her marriage with her seventh cousin once removed, King Wonjong as his second wife and followed her maternal clan as a result. In 1244, she was chosen as her maternal first cousin, Crown Prince Wang Jeong's second princess consort and then became his queen in 1260 alongside his eldest son, Wang Sim who formally became the Crown Prince. In 1263, her second son was given title as a "Marquess" and not long after that changed into "Duke". In 1271, Wang Sim married Kublai Khan's daughter, Qutugh Kelmysh and they were came back to Goryeo after Wonjong's death three years later. In 1277, Duke Sunan was ill and weak, then she sent a Monk to pray for his health, which they later deposed and reduced to commoner status by the new king after being accused of plotting to install her own son on the throne. At this time, many said:
  - "Princess Gyeongchang and her son, Wang Jong cursed the King and prayed for her son to married the Princess, then become a King.""경창궁주가 아들 왕종과 더불어 임금을 저주하며, 왕종으로 하여금 공주에게 장가들고 왕이 되도록 기도하였다". Kim Pang-gyŏng, Hŏ Kong and Cho In-gyu to question Gyeongchang and Sunan, but the King personally summoned Sunan for questioning, then exiled him, confiscated their houses and property, also their servants.

text:
# Princess Gyeongchang

**Princess Gyeongchang of the Yu clan** (Korean: 경창궁주 유씨; Hanja: 慶昌宮主 柳氏) was a Goryeo royal family member as the maternal granddaughter of King Huijong who became a queen consort through her marriage with her seventh cousin once removed, King Wonjong as his second wife and followed her maternal clan as a result.

In 1244 (31st year reign of Gojong of Goryeo), she was chosen as her maternal first cousin, Crown Prince Wang Jeong's second princess consort and then became his queen in 1260 alongside his eldest son, Wang Sim who formally became the Crown Prince. In 1263, her second son was given title as a "Marquess" and not long after that changed into "Duke". In 1271, Wang Sim married Kublai Khan's daughter, Qutugh Kelmysh and they were came back to Goryeo after Wonjong's death three years later.

In 1277, Duke Sunan was ill and weak, then she sent a Monk to pray for his health, which they later deposed and reduced to commoner status by the new king after being accused of plotting to install her own son on the throne. At this time, many said:

"Princess Gyeongchang and her son, Wang Jong cursed the King and prayed for her son to married the Princess, then become a King."
"경창궁주가 아들 왕종과 더불어 임금을 저주하며, 왕종으로 하여금 공주에게 장가들고 왕이 되도록 기도하였다".

Kim Pang-gyŏng (김방경; 金方慶), Hŏ Kong (허공; 許珙) and Cho In-gyu to question Gyeongchang and Sunan, but the King personally summoned Sunan for questioning, then exiled him, confiscated their houses and property, also their servants.

## InfoBox

| Princess Gyeongchang
경창궁주 | |
| --- | --- |
| Crown Princess of Goryeo | |
| Tenure | 1244–1260 |
| Coronation | 1244 |
| Predecessor | Crown Princess Gim |
| Successor | Crown Princess Wang |
| Queen consort of Goryeo | |
| Tenure | 1260–1274 |
| Coronation | 1260 |
| Predecessor | Queen Anhye |
| Successor | Queen Jangmok |
|  | |
| Died | after 1277
Goryeo |
| Spouse | Wonjong of Goryeo  (m. 1244; died 1274) |
| Issue | Marquess Siyang
Marquess Sunan
Princess Gyeongan
Princess Hamnyeong |
| House | House of Wang (by birth)
Yu clan (by marriage) |
| Father | Wang Jeon, Duke Sinan |
| Mother | Princess Gasun |


title: Eustacesia

abstract: Eustacesia is a genus of South American orb-weaver spiders containing the single species, Eustacesia albonotata. It was first described by Lodovico di Caporiacco in 1954, and has only been found in French Guiana.

text:
# Eustacesia

***Eustacesia*** is a genus of South American orb-weaver spiders containing the single species, ***Eustacesia albonotata***. It was first described by Lodovico di Caporiacco in 1954, and has only been found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Eustacesia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | *Eustacesia* |
| Species: | ***E. albonotata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eustacesia albonotata***<br>Caporiacco, 1954 | |
|