title: Ernst Abbe

abstract: Ernst Karl Abbe was a German businessman, optical engineer, physicist, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums, and other advanced optical systems.

text:
# Ernst Abbe

**Ernst Karl Abbe** HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German businessman, optical engineer, physicist, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums, and other advanced optical systems.

## Personal life

Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, to Georg Adam Abbe and Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt. He came from a humble home – his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857. By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of Jena (1857–1859) and Göttingen (1859–1861). During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen observatory and at Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1824 and still exists today). On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate professor of experimental physics, mechanics and mathematics in Jena. In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers, with whom he had two daughters. He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died 14 January 1905 in Jena. He was an atheist.

## Life work

In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1868 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874. He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution). Already a professor in Jena, he was hired by Carl Zeiss to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.

Abbe was the first to define the term numerical aperture, as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens.

Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)

although in a publication in 1874, Helmholtz states this formula was first derived by Joseph Louis Lagrange, who had died 61 years prior. Helmholtz was so impressed as to offer a professorship at the University of Berlin, which he refused due to his ties to Zeiss. Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision", Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope.

In 1876, Abbe was offered a partnership by Zeiss and began to share in the considerable profits. Although the first theoretical derivations of **Eq. 1** were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. In 1878, he built the first homogenous immersion system for the microscope. The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of **Eq. 1** occurred in 1882. In this publication, Abbe states that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed **Eq. 1**. Abbe's contemporary Henry Edward Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen. This company, which in time would in essence merge with Zeiss Optical Works, was responsible for research and production of 44 initial types of optical glass. Working with telescopes, he built an image reversal system in 1895.

In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of optical aberrations, both spherical aberration and coma aberration, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of **Eq. 1**. In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the Abbe sine condition. So monumental and advanced were Abbe's calculations and achievements that Frits Zernike based his phase contrast work on them, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953, and Hans Busch used them to work on the development of the electron microscope.

During his association with Carl Zeiss' microscope works, not only was he at the forefront of the field of optics but also labor reform. He founded the social democratic Jenaische Zeitung (newspaper) in 1890 and in 1900, introduced the eight-hour workday, in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. In addition, he created a pension fund and a discharge compensation fund. In 1889, Ernst Abbe set up and endowed the Carl Zeiss Foundation for research in science. The aim of the foundation was "to secure the economic, scientific, and technological future and in this way to improve the job security of their employees." He made it a point that the success of an employee was based solely on their ability and performance, not on their origin, religion, or political views. In 1896, he reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the Prussian state as a model and idealized by Alfred Weber in the 1947 book *Schriften der Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus* (*Writings of the Heidelberg Action Group on Democracy and Free Socialism*).

The crater Abbe on the Moon was named in his honour.

## Bibliography

Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages.

1. Blasius 1953, pp. 2–3
2. Debus et al. 1968, p. 2
3. Günther 1970, p. 6
4. Günther 1970, p. 7
5. Hoiberg 2010, p. 11
6. Joseph McCabe (1945). A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers. Haldeman-Julius Publications. Retrieved 7 April 2013. He was not only a distinguished German physicist and one of the most famous inventors on the staff at the Zeiss optical works at Jena but a notable social reformer, By a generous scheme of profit-sharing he virtually handed over the great Zeiss enterprise to the workers. Abbe was an intimate friend of Haeckel and shared his atheism (or Monism). Leonard Abbot says in his life of Ferrer that Abbe had "just the same ideas and aims as Ferrer."
7. Abbe 1874
8. Pfeiffer 1991, p. 445
9. Joint Committee of Civil Engineers, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1994
10. Abbe 1881
11. Helmholtz & Fripp 1876
12. Abbe 1876
13. Abbe 1883
14. Walter, Rolf (1996). *Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905–1945* (in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-412-11096-3.
15. Günther 1970, p. 9
16. "Abbe". *Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature*. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.

### Sources

## Further reading

* Sella, Andrea (November 2008). "Abbé's refractometer". *Royal Society of Chemistry*. Chemistry World. p. 67. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
* Volkmann, Harald. "Ernst Abbe and his work." *Applied Optics* 5.11 (1966): 1720–1731.

## InfoBox

| Ernst AbbeHonFRMS | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1840-01-23)23 January 1840
Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach |
| Died | 14 January 1905(1905-01-14) (aged 64)
Jena, German Empire |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics
Optical engineering |
| Institutions | University of Jena |
| Doctoral advisor |  |
| Doctoral students | Heinrich Friedrich Weber |
| Other notable students | Gottlob Frege |
|  | |


title: Erin McKean

abstract: Erin McKean is an American lexicographer.

text:
# Erin McKean

**Erin McKean** (born 1971) is an American lexicographer.

## Early life and education

McKean was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. She graduated from the University of Chicago with a BA/MA in Linguistics. As an undergraduate, she worked in a junior capacity on the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary. She has since served on the Visiting Committee to the University of Chicago's Regenstein Library, and she helped organize a dictionary-themed exhibit, *The Meaning of Dictionaries*, there in 2007.

## Career

McKean is a founder of Reverb, which makes the online dictionary Wordnik. She was previously the editor in chief of US Dictionaries for Oxford University Press and Principal Editor of *The New Oxford American Dictionary*, second edition.

McKean is also the editor of *VERBATIM: The Language Quarterly*, and edited a collection of work from that publication, *Verbatim: From the bawdy to the sublime, the best writing on language for word lovers, grammar mavens, and armchair linguists* (Mariner Books, 2001). McKean's novel *The Secret Lives of Dresses* was a best-seller in Australia, and has been optioned for film. She writes about dresses in her blog, *A Dress A Day*.

She wrote frequently for "The Word" column in *The Boston Globe*. from 2008 through 2011 and wrote "The Week in Words" for *The Wall Street Journal* from 2011 through mid-2013. She has also written for *The New York Times* On Language column.

She was previously a member of the advisory board of the Wikimedia Foundation and is an advisor to Credo Reference.

McKean's 2007 TED talk, "Redefining the Dictionary", was the genesis for the founding of Wordnik.com. She has also spoken at Pop!Tech, Mark Hurst's third annual Gel conference, and Thinking Digital, and gave a Wordnik demo at the All Things Digital D8 conference in 2010. McKean sews her own clothes and often makes "stunt dresses" for speeches, including the Tetris-themed dress she wore to speak at the Web 2.0 Summit in 2009.

In 2010, McKean was named an honorary fellow of the Society for Technical Communication.

McKean has formulated 'McKean's law', also known as Muphry's law: "Any correction of the speech or writing of others will contain at least one grammatical, spelling or typographical error."

"Prettiness is not a rent you pay for occupying a space marked ‘female'.", a quote from McKean's blog, A Dress A Day, has been widely shared on social media. Since the original post features a large picture of Diana Vreeland, the quote has occasionally been misattributed to her.

## Books

* *Weird and Wonderful Words* (illustrated by Roz Chast, with an introduction by Simon Winchester, Oxford, 2002)
* *More Weird and Wonderful Words* (illustrated by Danny Shanahan), Oxford, 2003)
* *Totally Weird and Wonderful Words* (Oxford, 2006)
* *That’s Amore* (Walker & Company, 2007)
* *The Secret Lives of Dresses* (Grand Central, 2011)
* *Aftercrimes, Geoslavery, and Thermogeddon: Plus 157 More Words From a Lexicographer's Notebook* (TED Books, 2011)
* *The Hundred Dresses* (illustrated by Donna Mehalko, Bloomsbury, 2013)

## InfoBox

| Erin McKean | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1971 (age 5253)<br>Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Education | University of Chicago (BA, MA) |
| Occupation | Lexicographer |


title: Ernest Borek

abstract: Ernest Borek was a Hungarian-American microbiologist, university professor, cancer researcher, and author. He was a professor at City University of New York (1934-1969) and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (1955-1969). He was chairman of the Colorado Regional Cancer Center's Support Review Committee of the National Cancer Institute.

text:
# Ernest Borek

**Ernest Borek** (May 25, 1911  February 14, 1986) was a Hungarian-American microbiologist, university professor, cancer researcher, and author. He was a professor at City University of New York (1934-1969) and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (1955-1969). He was chairman of the Colorado Regional Cancer Center's Support Review Committee of the National Cancer Institute.

## Early life and education

Born in Nyírcsászári, Hungary, Ernest Borek moved with his family to New York City at the age of 14. He graduated from the City College of New York and obtained his PhD in biochemistry from Columbia University.

## Scientific career

Borek was on the faculty of the Department of Chemistry of the City University of New York from 1934 to 1969 and was a professor in the Department of Biochemistry of Columbia University from 1959 to 1969. His activities in cancer research led to his appointment as chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology at AMC Cancer Research Center. He also served as director of the Colorado Regional Cancer Center and was chairman of the Cancer Center's Support Review Committee of the National Cancer Institute. In 1969, he accepted an appointment as professor in the department of Microbiology at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.

In 1962, with Erwin Fleissner, Borek showed that methyl groups in RNA that are essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes are introduced to RNA by methylating enzymes at the macro-molecular level. Borek’s subsequent studies led to the discovery of DNA methylating enzymes as well. Building on that work and the work of others, the vaccines introduced in late 2020 to immunize against COVID-19 use messenger RNA to trigger the immune system to produce protective antibodies without using actual bits of the virus.

On March 22, 1964, *The New York Times* ran a page one article on a new unified theory of cancer development proposed by Borek and his Columbia University associate Dr. P. R. Srinivasan. The theory ties together all classes of known cancer-causing agents by a single, common mechanism of action through which normal cells are turned into malignant cells.

## Author

Borek was the author of four popular books for the non-scientist, *Man, the Chemical Machine* (1952), *The Atoms Within Us* (1961), *The Code of Life* (1965), and *The Sculpture of Life* (1973), which describes the history and development of biochemistry and molecular biology. *The Atoms Within Us* has been translated into all major languages and received the Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for the best science book for the public in 1961. In addition to over 125 scientific publications in refereed journals and many reviews, he contributed essays to newspapers and scientific journals describing the problems of original thinkers in science.

Reviewing Borek's *The Atoms Within Us*, Isaac Asimov wrote in the New York Times Book Review, "The book is a careful and correct picture, within the limits it sets for itself, of the state of modern biochemistry and how it came to be what it is. If you know nothing about the subject in the first place, here is where you might start".

Noting skepticism that greeted some of his ultimately successful scientific discoveries in cancer research, Borek wrote in an essay for the M.D. Anderson symposium in Houston:

> It is not surprising as it may at first appear that scientists should be reluctant to accept new ideas. A truly new idea is one of the most unpalatable impositions a man can inflict on his fellow men. A new idea assaults the vanity of the recipient. If it is a valid and worthy idea, why did he not think of that? Obviously, therefore, every new idea must be subjected to critical scrutiny".

## Awards and honors

Borek was awarded the Medal of the Society of Biological Chemists of Finland in 1965. He also received the Townsend Harris Medal for distinguished alumni of the City University of New York in 1968, and was awarded an honorary M.D. degree from the University of Szeged, Hungary.

The City College of New York offers the annual Ernest Borek Scholarship, funded by his sister Irene Marsh, to undergraduate and graduate students "who show promise in chemistry or biochemistry".

## Personal life

Borek died in Denver on February 14, 1986, at the age of 74.

## InfoBox

| Ernest Borek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | May 25, 1911<br>Nyírcsászári, Hungary |
| Died | February 14, 1986(1986-02-14) (aged 74) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | PhD, biochemistry, Columbia University |
| Children | 3 including Ronald Kessler |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Microbiology, biochemistry, cancer research |
|  | |


title: Ernest Cognacq Museum

abstract:
The Ernest Cognacq Museum is a French regional history museum, located in the city of Saint Martin de Ré, Île de Ré, France. The museum is housed in the "Hotel de Clerjotte", built in 1470-1480 by Louis Clergeat, taxman for Charles de France, Duke of Guyenne, and master of Île de Ré. Clergeat seems to have given his name to the building to become "Hotel de Clerjotte" today. The building was expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries, with two lateral constructions equipped with hallways and arcades. In 1684, Jean Gabaret, Lieutenant General of the Royal Navy and a Protestant, became the owner of the house. With the rise of nearby Rochefort as a key shipbuilding harbour for the Royal French Navy, Saint Martin de Ré was fortified following the designs of Vauban, and the Hotel de Clerjotte was acquired by Intendant Begon to become an arsenal. The building remained an arsenal until the 20th century. In 1929, it was designated as a historical monument, and, after some service for the Navy, was given to the city, which transformed it into a Museum. The Hotel de Clerjotte, currently under renewal, houses the Ernest Cognac Museum, named after Ernest Cognacq, founder of the La Samaritaine Department store and benefactor of the museum. A new contemporary wings houses various displays related to the history of the island. The garden behind the museum holds a monument with a statue of George Washington, first President of the United States. The base of the monument features a medallion representing Nicolas Martiau, a direct ancestor of George Washington. The monument was inaugurated on October 11, 2007, by the ambassador of the United States to France. The filiation between the two men is described on the monument:
  - Nicolas Martiau - Jane Berkely
  - Elizabeth Martiau – Colonel George Reade (1608-1674)
  - Mildred Reade – Colonel Augustine Warner (1642-1684)
  - Mildred Warner – Laurence Washington (1661-1698)
  - Colonel Augustine Washington – Mary Ball (1708-1789)
  - George Washington

text:
# Ernest Cognacq Museum

The **Ernest Cognacq Museum** (French: *Musée Ernest Cognacq*) is a French regional history museum, located in the city of Saint Martin de Ré, Île de Ré, France.

The museum is housed in the "Hotel de Clerjotte", built in 1470-1480 by Louis Clergeat, taxman for Charles de France, Duke of Guyenne, and master of Île de Ré. Clergeat seems to have given his name to the building (the "House of Clergeatte") to become "Hotel de Clerjotte" today. The building was expanded in the 16th and 17th centuries, with two lateral constructions equipped with hallways and arcades. In 1684, Jean Gabaret, Lieutenant General of the Royal Navy and a Protestant, became the owner of the house. With the rise of nearby Rochefort as a key shipbuilding harbour for the Royal French Navy, Saint Martin de Ré was fortified following the designs of Vauban, and the Hotel de Clerjotte was acquired by Intendant Begon to become an arsenal. The building remained an arsenal until the 20th century. In 1929, it was designated as a historical monument, and, after some service for the Navy, was given to the city, which transformed it into a Museum.

The Hotel de Clerjotte, currently under renewal, houses the Ernest Cognac Museum, named after Ernest Cognacq, founder of the La Samaritaine Department store and benefactor of the museum. A new contemporary wings houses various displays related to the history of the island.

The garden behind the museum holds a monument with a statue of George Washington, first President of the United States. The base of the monument features a medallion representing Nicolas Martiau, a direct ancestor of George Washington. The monument was inaugurated on October 11, 2007, by the ambassador of the United States to France. The filiation between the two men is described on the monument:

* Nicolas Martiau (1591 Île de Ré - 1657 Yorktown) - Jane Berkely
* Elizabeth Martiau – Colonel George Reade (1608-1674)
* Mildred Reade – Colonel Augustine Warner (1642-1684)
* Mildred Warner – Laurence Washington (1661-1698)
* Colonel Augustine Washington – Mary Ball (1708-1789)
* George Washington (1732 Yorktown-1799 Yorktown)

46°12′19″N 1°21′55″W / 46.20528°N 1.36528°W / 46.20528; -1.36528


title: Ese Mrabure-Ajufo

abstract: Ese Mrabure-Ajufo is a Canadian former professional football defensive lineman. He played CIS football for the Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks.

text:
# Ese Mrabure-Ajufo

**Ese Mrabure-Ajufo** (born December 5, 1992) is a Canadian former professional football defensive lineman. He played CIS football for the Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks.

## Amateur career

Mrabure-Ajufo played high school football in his senior year at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Secondary School. From 2011 to 2014, he played university football for the Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks. He recorded 50 tackles, 5.5 sacks, and a fumble recovery. He was an OUA second-team all-star in his senior year. In 2014, Mrabure-Ajufo was invited to the East-West Bowl. During the East-West Bowl combine, he received the best scores in the 40-yard dash, vertical jump, and broad jump among defensive lineman.

## Professional career

### BC Lions

Mrabure-Ajufo was drafted in the first round of the 2015 CFL Draft by the BC Lions with the fifth overall pick, despite being projected as a second round pick by the Canadian Football League Scouting Bureau. He made his CFL debut on July 4, 2015 against the Ottawa Redblacks, where he registered one special teams tackle. Mrabure-Ajufo was released on June 19, 2016.

### Saskatchewan Roughriders

On June 26, 2016, Mrabure-Ajufo signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders. In two seasons, he played in 32 regular season games where he had 38 defensive tackles and three quarterback sacks.

### Calgary Stampeders

On February 13, 2018, Mrabure-Ajufo signed with the Calgary Stampeders on the first day of free agency. He played in 11 regular season games in 2018 where he had four defensive tackles and two sacks. He was on the injured list when the Stampeders won the 106th Grey Cup championship. He played in only two games in 2019 as he was on the injured list for the other 16 games that season. He became a free agent in 2020, but did not play due to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season.

### Ottawa Redblacks

On January 15, 2021, Mrabure-Ajufo signed with the Ottawa Redblacks. He played in six games, but did not record any stats. He was released on May 6, 2022.

### Edmonton Elks

The Edmonton Elks announced the signing of Mrabure-Ajufo on May 16, 2022. He became a free agent after the 2022 season.

## InfoBox

Ese Mrabure-Ajufo
| No. 96 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1992-12-05) December 5, 1992 |
| Place of birth | North York, Ontario, Canada |
| Career information | |
| CFL status | National |
| Position(s) | DL |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) |
| Weight | 285 lb (129 kg) |
| Canada university | Wilfrid Laurier |
| High school | Our Lady of Mount Carmel |
| CFL draft | 2015 / round: 1 / pick: 5 |
| Drafted by | BC Lions |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 2015 | BC Lions |
| 20162017 | Saskatchewan Roughriders |
| 20182019 | Calgary Stampeders |
| 2021 | Ottawa Redblacks |
| 2022 | Edmonton Elks |
|  | |
| Career stats | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Erling Westher

abstract: Erling Westher was a Norwegian pianist and educator. Westher debuted with the Oslo Philharmonic on November 10, 1927, with Christian Sinding's Konsert for klaver og orkester i D♭-Dur. He taught at Nils Larsen's Piano Academy from 1924 to 1937. Westher took over the artistic leadership of the academy after Larsen's death in 1937, and he held that position until he established his own piano institute in 1948. Regarding Westher's teaching work, the pianist Kjell Bækkelund wrote, among other things, that "What characterizes Westher's piano pedagogy is his intense empathy with the substance and his ability to inspire the student to the utmost, while at the same time he knows a lot about special piano problems and has found clarity in this area." Westher's most prominent pupils included Kirsti Hjort, Ruth Lagesen, Olaug Fostås, Karin Westher, Oskar Raaum, Ella Arntsen, Rolf Østbye, Gunnar Sønstevold, Magne Hegdal, Ester Skogsrud, Johan Øian, Hans Olav Egede Larssen, Laila Aavatsmark, Edvard Hagerup Bull, Jarle Sørå, Kåre Siem, and Rolf Syversen. Westher also worked as a music critic for the Oslo's magazines, and he was a regular music contributor to Arbeiderbladet from 1949 onward. Westher composed the song "Slottsvalsen", which was recorded and was popular in the 1930s.

text:
# Erling Westher

**Erling Westher** (March 12, 1903 – July 3, 1986) was a Norwegian pianist and educator.

Westher debuted with the Oslo Philharmonic on November 10, 1927, with Christian Sinding's *Konsert for klaver og orkester i D♭-Dur* (Concerto for Piano and Orchestra in D♭ major). He taught at Nils Larsen's Piano Academy from 1924 to 1937. Westher took over the artistic leadership of the academy after Larsen's death in 1937, and he held that position until he established his own piano institute in 1948.

Regarding Westher's teaching work, the pianist Kjell Bækkelund wrote, among other things, that "What characterizes Westher's piano pedagogy is his intense empathy with the substance and his ability to inspire the student to the utmost, while at the same time he knows a lot about special piano problems and has found clarity in this area."

Westher's most prominent pupils included Kirsti Hjort, Ruth Lagesen, Olaug Fostås, Karin Westher, Oskar Raaum, Ella Arntsen, Rolf Østbye, Gunnar Sønstevold, Magne Hegdal, Ester Skogsrud, Johan Øian, Hans Olav Egede Larssen, Laila Aavatsmark, Edvard Hagerup Bull, Jarle Sørå, Kåre Siem, and Rolf Syversen.

Westher also worked as a music critic for the Oslo's magazines, and he was a regular music contributor to *Arbeiderbladet* from 1949 onward.

Westher composed the song "Slottsvalsen" (Castle Waltz), which was recorded and was popular in the 1930s.


title: Esenbeckia alata

abstract: Esenbeckia alata is a species of flowering plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae, that is endemic to Colombia. Common names include Winged Esenbeckia, Coya, and Cuala-cuala.

text:
# Esenbeckia alata

***Esenbeckia alata*** is a species of flowering plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae, that is endemic to Colombia. Common names include **Winged Esenbeckia**, **Coya**, and **Cuala-cuala**.

## InfoBox

| *Esenbeckia alata* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | *Esenbeckia* |
| Species: | ***E. alata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Esenbeckia alata***
(H.Karst. & Triana) Triana & Planch., 1872 | |
|


title: Estadio Ester Roa

abstract: Estadio Alcaldesa Ester Roa Rebolledo is a multi-purpose stadium in Concepción, Chile. It is used mostly for football matches. The stadium was built in 1962, as Estadio Regional, with an original capacity of 35,000 people. In 2015, it was completely renovated with new seats and a roof; currently has a capacity of 30,448 seats. Until 2010 it was known as Estadio Municipal de Concepción. The stadium took its new name, Ester Roa Rebolledo, who was a former Concepción city mayor. The stadium was being renovated by Spanish company COPASA, but in May 2014, after continuing delays, the contract was terminated. In September 2014 the municipality of Concepción hired Chilean company Claro Vicuña Valenzuela to finish the works. The stadium was not completed in time to host two 2015 Copa América group stage matches, which were moved to Santiago's Estadio Monumental David Arellano. It was finally reopened on 25 June 2015, in time to host three Copa América matches. The Ester Roa is currently the home stadium for Universidad de Concepción, Fernández Vial and Deportes Concepcion; Huachipato and Lota Schwager has also played some important home games at the stadium. The highest ever recorded attendance was 43,340 on November 12, 1967 at the Primera Division match between Huachipato and Colo-Colo. The stadium was also featured as a Copa América venue when the 1991 tournament was held in Chile. In October 1987, the stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In January 2004, it co-hosted the South American Pre-Olympic Tournament. In October & November 2015, the stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA U-17 World Cup. The stadium is also occasionally used for music concerts and athletics tournaments.

text:
# Estadio Ester Roa

**Estadio Alcaldesa Ester Roa Rebolledo** is a multi-purpose stadium in Concepción, Chile. It is used mostly for football matches. The stadium was built in 1962, as **Estadio Regional**, with an original capacity of 35,000 people. In 2015, it was completely renovated with new seats and a roof; currently has a capacity of 30,448 seats.

Until 2010 it was known as Estadio Municipal de Concepción. The stadium took its new name, Ester Roa Rebolledo, who was a former Concepción city mayor.

The stadium was being renovated by Spanish company COPASA, but in May 2014, after continuing delays, the contract was terminated. In September 2014 the municipality of Concepción hired Chilean company Claro Vicuña Valenzuela to finish the works. The stadium was not completed in time to host two 2015 Copa América group stage matches, which were moved to Santiago's Estadio Monumental David Arellano. It was finally reopened on 25 June 2015, in time to host three Copa América matches.

The Ester Roa is currently the home stadium for Universidad de Concepción, Fernández Vial and Deportes Concepcion; Huachipato and Lota Schwager has also played some important home games at the stadium.

The highest ever recorded attendance was 43,340 on November 12, 1967 at the Primera Division match between Huachipato and Colo-Colo.

The stadium was also featured as a Copa América venue when the 1991 tournament was held in Chile.

In October 1987, the stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA U-20 World Cup.

In January 2004, it co-hosted the South American Pre-Olympic Tournament.

In October & November 2015, the stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA U-17 World Cup.

The stadium is also occasionally used for music concerts and athletics tournaments.

## 1991 Copa América

| Date | Team #1 | Res. | Team #2 | Round | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| July 8, 1991 | Chile | 4–2 | Peru | First Round | 18,798 |
| July 12, 1991 | Argentina | 4–1 | Paraguay | | 10,000 |

## 2015 Copa América

| Date | Time (UTC−3) | Team #1 | Res. | Team #2 | Round | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| June 27, 2015 | 18:30 | Brazil | 1–1 (Penalties: 3–4) | Paraguay | Quarter-Finals | 29,276 |
| June 30, 2015 | 20:30 | Argentina | 6–1 | Paraguay | Semi-Finals | 29,205 |
| July 3, 2015 | 20:30 | Peru | 2–0 | Paraguay | Third place match | 29,143 |

## InfoBox

Estadio Ester Roa
| Collao | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Full name | Estadio Municipal Alcaldesa Ester Roa Rebolledo |
| Location | Concepción,
Chile |
| Coordinates | 36°48′55″S 73°01′24″W / 36.81528°S 73.02333°W / -36.81528; -73.02333 |
| Owner | Municipality of Concepción |
| Capacity | 30,448 |
| Field size | 105 x 68 m |
| Surface | grass |
| Construction | |
| Opened | September 16, 1962 (1962-09-16) |
| Renovated | 2013–2015 |
| Reopened | 25 June 2015 |
| Architect | Mario Recordón |
| Tenants | |
| Universidad de Concepción
Fernández Vial
Deportes Concepcion | |


title: Espers (album)

abstract: Espers is the self-titled debut studio album by the band Espers. It was released in 2004 on Locust Music. The album was produced by the group's original trio and establishes their contemporary psychedelic folk sound.

text:
# Espers (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Pitchfork Media* | 8.4/10 |

***Espers*** is the self-titled debut studio album by the band Espers. It was released in 2004 on Locust Music. The album was produced by the group's original trio and establishes their contemporary psychedelic folk sound.

## Track listing

1. "Flowery Noontide" - 4:10
2. "Meadow" - 4:11
3. "Riding" - 4:09
4. "Voices" - 3:44
5. "Hearts & Daggers" - 8:34
6. "Byss & Abyss" - 6:03
7. "Daughter" - 3:03
8. "Travel Mountains" - 6:30

## InfoBox

| Espers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Espers | |
| Released | January 20, 2004 |
| Recorded | 2003 |
| Genre | Folk, psychedelic folk, New Weird America |
| Length | 40:25 |
| Label | Locust Music, Wichita Recordings |
| Espers chronology | |
| ***Espers***
(2004) *The Weed Tree*
(2005) | |


title: Estadio Jocay

abstract: The Estadio Municipal Jocay is a multi-use stadium in Manta, Ecuador. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Delfín S.C. of the Serie A de Ecuador and Manta F.C. of the Serie B de Ecuador. The stadium holds 21,000 spectators and opened on 14 January 1962. It is the most westerly stadium in South America.

text:
# Estadio Jocay

The **Estadio Municipal Jocay** is a multi-use stadium in Manta, Ecuador. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Delfín S.C. of the Serie A de Ecuador and Manta F.C. of the Serie B de Ecuador. The stadium holds 21,000 spectators and opened on 14 January 1962. It is the most westerly stadium in South America.

## InfoBox

Estadio Jocay
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Estadio Municipal Jocay |
| Former names | Estadio Modelo de Manta |
| Location | Manta, Ecuador |
| Coordinates | 0°57′50″S 80°42′11″W / 0.96389°S 80.70306°W / -0.96389; -80.70306 |
| Capacity | 21,000 |
| Surface | Grass |
| Tenants | |
| Delfín
Manta
Green Cross
Juventud Italiana | |


title: Erwin Ballarta

abstract: Erwin Ballarta is the executive director of the Texas Police Association, a 501(c)(3) association founded in 1895 with the main purpose of promoting professionalism in law enforcement. Ballarta was previously the Executive Vice President of Capitol Strategic Operations He is a self-defense expert in Pekiti Tirsia Kali and various weapons. Ballarta has taught hand-to-hand combat and weapon tactics to the FBI, the Texas Highway patrol, and various military personnel and has been a bodyguard of George W. Bush and various celebrities. He was a Lieutenant with the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), where he was the Recruit School Coordinator and Defensive Tactics Coordinator for the Training Academy. He retired from the Texas D.P.S. at the end of August, 2008. He is also president of the Austin Filipino American Association and the executive director of the Texas Kali Association.

text:
# Erwin Ballarta

**Erwin Ballarta** is the executive director of the Texas Police Association, a 501(c)(3) association founded in 1895 with the main purpose of promoting professionalism in law enforcement. Ballarta was previously the Executive Vice President of Capitol Strategic Operations He is a self-defense expert in Pekiti Tirsia Kali and various weapons. Ballarta has taught hand-to-hand combat and weapon tactics to the FBI, the Texas Highway patrol, and various military personnel and has been a bodyguard of George W. Bush and various celebrities. He was a Lieutenant with the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), where he was the Recruit School Coordinator and Defensive Tactics Coordinator for the Training Academy. He retired from the Texas D.P.S. at the end of August, 2008. He is also president of the Austin Filipino American Association and the executive director of the Texas Kali Association.

## Martial arts

Ballarta began his training in 1974 under Fred Tolentino in Manila in a family style of Arnis. In 1975, he met Leo T. Gaje Jr. and began training during frequent trips to New York City. In 1977, Ballarta fought in the first full contact Arnis tournament in the U.S., the Palarong Pilipino Pekiti-Tirsia tournament. Ballarta won first place as the first Filipino American full contact Arnis champion at the Philippine Embassy in New York City. During these early years of Pekiti-Tirsia in the U.S., he and Tom Bisio traded the champions' trophy back and forth each year at the tournament. Erwin's titles also include the 1980 Grand Champion (Great Gorge, New Jersey) and the 1981 U.S. Midwest Champion.

## Law enforcement

In 1982, Ballarta moved to Big Spring, Texas to continue his training with Gaje. He was Billy McGrath's roommate during that time, and also shared a house with Ronnie Bautista and Lee Bonvillain for a few months. Bautista is a former sheriff's deputy from Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, and Bonvillain is a former police officer for the city of Lake Charles, Louisiana. Soon after arriving in Texas, Erwin became a police officer with the Big Spring Police Department. He was soon promoted to the rank of Sergeant of the Patrol Division, then Crime Prevention and finally Criminal Investigation Divisions.

From 1987 to the August, 2008, Ballarta was a State Trooper with the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) in positions that have included Staff Sergeant Governor's Protective Detail, Staff Sergeant DPS Training Academy, and rising to the position of Staff Lieutenant Defensive Tactics Coordinator at the DPS Training Academy. The Defensive Tactics Section offers instruction in legal use of force issues, custody death, baton tactics, OC Pepper Spray, empty hand self-defense, edge weapons defense, baton tactics, pressure points, survival ground tactics, handcuffing, and handgun retention.

Among his many certifications are Emergency medical technician certification and an Instructor's Certification with the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Office of Standards and Education. He is an ASP Tactical Baton Instructor and a Chemical Aerosol Projector Instructor. In 2006, Ballarta received certification as an Arrest and Control Tactics Instructor at FLETC in Georgia.

## Instruction

Ballarta has taught the following subjects at specialized schools.

He has been recognized by the FBI Training Academy, Quantico, VA. for his efforts and contribution in the field of Defensive Tactics and developed and instructed the Arnis Baton Tactics class for the Texas DPS Troopers Officer Survival Course (implemented statewide). Before joining the State Police Ballarta was the Head Instructor for Safety Baton Tactics, Permian Basin Law Enforcement Academy.

In 1997, Ballarta helped establish a formal agency alliance between the Philippine National Police and Texas DPS.

## Instructional controversy

In the A-2005 DPS Recruit School, Ballarta was the instructor during full-contact fighting training called "Active Countermeasures". During this fight, Trooper Trainee Jimmy Carty was fatally injured, dying 10 days later. According to sworn statements, Ballarta was informed of the mis-match in skills of Carty and his opponent, but refused to schedule a different opponent. Ballarta was also the referee during this match and had several opportunities to end the match when it was apparent that Carty was overwhelmed. Since this incident, the DPS had an outside consultant review the training program. After review, the program was modified to mirror the Arrest and Control Tactics of FLETC. The widow of Jimmy Carty has filed a "wrongful death" lawsuit against the DPS.

Case no. 11–40253, Christy Carty V. Texas Department of Public Safety, et al. has a final disposition filed with the 5th Circuit Court on March 14, 2012. Document: 00511788802 indicates the case was dropped. "For the reasons above, we REVERSE and RENDER in favor of Defendants on the remaining claim against them based on qualified immunity. We REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion." 6 This court ruled that the district court abused its discretion in not addressing Defendants’ motion for Plaintiff to file a reply under Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a) to Defendants’ answer raising the qualified immunity defense and instructed the district court to order Plaintiff to file such a reply."

## Personal security

Ballarta is also head of security for cyclist Lance Armstrong. Ballarta performed security duty for George W. Bush.


title: Ester Vázquez

abstract: Ester Vázquez Fernández-Pacheco is an expert in carbon nanostructures and sustainable synthesis. She is a full professor at the University of Castilla la Mancha and a group leader at the MSOC Nanochemistry group.

text:
# Ester Vázquez

**Ester Vázquez Fernández-Pacheco** (born 1973) is an expert in carbon nanostructures and sustainable synthesis. She is a full professor at the University of Castilla la Mancha and a group leader at the MSOC Nanochemistry group.

## Biography

Ester Vázquez Fernández-Pacheco obtained her PhD degree from the University of Castilla-la Mancha in 2000. Her PhD studies covered the applications of microwave irradiation in catalysis, synthesis, and sustainable chemistry. She also spent a few months at the University of Zaragoza (Spain), where she studied the uses of silica-supported Lewis acids for catalysis; and later at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm (Sweden), where she worked on the application of microwaves to prepare radiolabelling tracers for positron emission tomography. After finishing her PhD, she carried out her postdoctoral training at the University of Trieste (Italy) working on biological applications of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes in the group of Maurizio Prato. She then returned to her alma mater, where she was promoted to Associate Professor in 2010, and then Full Professor in 2019.

## Research

Her current research focuses on the functionalization and purification of carbon nanostructures, including graphene, using green protocols. She has applied innovative methodologies, such as ball-milling, to prepare green graphene by mixing graphite and sugar crystals. Usually, graphene is produced by exfoliating graphite in solvents, but this alternative does not need toxic chemicals, thus facilitating new biomedical and agricultural applications for graphene. Her research group is currently collaborating with multinational manufacturers such as Grupo Antolin to scale up the production of green graphene with mechanochemical methods.

Interested in medical technologies, Vázquez recently shifted her focus towards soft materials for artificial tissues, some of which showcase self-healing properties. She is also studying the possibilities of carbon-based materials and soft-materials to build robots that respond to external stimuli such as changes in concentration or electric fields. These robots could find applications in assisted industrial manipulation, rehabilitation, and medical technologies.

Furthermore, Ester Vázquez is part of the Graphene Flagship, one of the largest research projects ever funded by the European Commission. She is an active member of the Work Package for Health and Environment since the beginning of the project in 2013. Within this group of researchers, she studies the toxicity and potential harmful effects of graphene and two-dimensional materials, evaluating the effects on skin irritation, communication between cells, and oral ingestion, among others. Moreover, she co-authoured a safety-assessment study of the impact of graphene and related materials in both human health and the environment. The paper, which reviewed the interactions between graphene with key organs and organisms, including bacteria, algae, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in various ecosystems, concluded graphene and graphene-based materials are less toxic than carbon nanotubes. Her research also shows that human white cells can biodegrade single and few-layer graphene thanks to myeloperoxidase enzymes.

She has published over 150 peer-reviewed scientific papers and co-authored 5 patents.

## Awards

In 2009, Ester Vázquez received the Prize «Ibn Wafid de Toledo» for young researchers, awarded by the Government of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain).

1. "Nanochemistry Group UCLM". *Nanochemistry Group UCLM*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
2. Díaz-Ortiz, Ángel; Prieto, Pilar; Vázquez, Ester (1997-03-01). "Heck Reactions under Microwave Irradiation in Solvent-Free Conditions". *Synlett*. **1997** (3): 269–270. doi:10.1055/s-1997-774. ISSN 0936-5214. S2CID 196745127.
3. de la Hoz, Antonio; Moreno, Andrés; Vázquez, Ester (1999-05-01). "Use of Microwave Irradiation and Solid Acid Catalysts in an Enhanced and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives". *Synlett*. **1999** (5): 608–610. doi:10.1055/s-1999-2674. ISSN 0936-5214. S2CID 196717449.
4. Vázquez Fernández-Pacheco, Ester (2000). *Aplicación de irradiación microondas y catálisis ácida heterogénea en química orgánica medioambiental. Síntesis y reactividad de heterociclos* (PDF). Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. ISBN 8484271668.
5. de la Hoz, Antonio; Díaz-Ortiz, Angel; Fraile, José María; Gómez, María Victoria; Mayoral, José Antonio; Moreno, Andrés; Saiz, Alfonso; Vázquez, Ester (2001). "Synergy between Heterogeneous Catalysis and Microwave Irradiation in an Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives via Ring-Opening of Diels-Alder Cycloadducts of Substituted Furans". *Synlett*. **2001** (6): 0753–0756. doi:10.1055/s-2001-14580. S2CID 196780373.
6. Vázquez, Ester; de la Hoz, Antonio; Elander, Nils; Moreno, Andrés; Stone-Elander, Sharon. "Microwave-assisted Cyclocondesation under Solvent-free Conditions: Quinoxaline-2,3-dione". *Heterocycles*. **55**: 109–113.
7. Ros, Tatiana Da; Bergamin, Massimo; Vázquez, Ester; Spalluto, Giampiero; Baiti, Benedetta; Moro, Stefano; Boutorine, Alexandre; Prato, Maurizio (2002). "Synthesis and Molecular Modeling Studies of Fullerene−5,6,7-Trimethoxyindole−Oligonucleotide Conjugates as Possible Probes for Study of Photochemical Reactions in DNA Triple Helices". *European Journal of Organic Chemistry*. **2002** (3): 405–413. doi:10.1002/1099-0690(20022)2002:3\<405::AID-EJOC405\>3.0.CO;2-2. ISSN 1099-0690.
8. Da Ros, Tatiana; Vázquez, Ester; Spalluto, Giampiero; Moro, Stefano; Boutorine, Alexandre; Prato, Maurizio (2002-01-01). "Design, synthesis and biological properties of fulleropyrrolidine derivatives as potential DNA photo-probes". *Journal of Supramolecular Chemistry*. **2** (1–3): 327–334. doi:10.1016/S1472-7862(03)00089-3.
9. Georgakilas, Vasilios; Voulgaris, Dimitrios; Vázquez, Ester; Prato, Maurizio; Guldi, Dirk M.; Kukovecz, Akos; Kuzmany, Hans (2002-12-01). "Purification of HiPCO Carbon Nanotubes via Organic Functionalization". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **124** (48): 14318–14319. doi:10.1021/ja0260869. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 12452701.
10. Guldi, Dirk M.; Marcaccio, Massimo; Paolucci, Demis; Paolucci, Francesco; Tagmatarchis, Nikos; Tasis, Dimitrios; Vázquez, Ester; Prato, Maurizio (2003-09-15). "Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube–Ferrocene Nanohybrids: Observing Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Functionalized SWNTs". *Angewandte Chemie International Edition*. **42** (35): 4206–4209. doi:10.1002/anie.200351289. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 14502737.
11. "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2010-12343". *www.boe.es*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
12. "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2019-17701". *www.boe.es*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
13. Iglesias, Daniel; Atienzar, Pedro; Vázquez, Ester; Herrero, María; García, Hermenegildo (2017-09-25). "Carbon Nanohorns Modified with Conjugated Terthienyl/Terthiophene Structures: Additives to Enhance the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". *Nanomaterials*. **7** (10): 294. doi:10.3390/nano7100294. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC 5666459. PMID 28946677.
14. León, Verónica; Quintana, Mildred; Herrero, M. Antonia; Fierro, Jose L. G.; Hoz, Antonio de la; Prato, Maurizio; Vázquez, Ester (2011). "Few-layer graphenes from ball-milling of graphite with melamine". *Chemical Communications*. **47** (39): 10936–10938. doi:10.1039/c1cc14595a. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 21909539.
15. González, Viviana Jehová; Rodríguez, Antonio M.; León, Verónica; Frontiñán-Rubio, Javier; Fierro, José Luis G.; Durán-Prado, Mario; Muñoz-García, Ana B.; Pavone, Michele; Vázquez, Ester (2018). "Sweet graphene: exfoliation of graphite and preparation of glucose-graphene cocrystals through mechanochemical treatments". *Green Chemistry*. **20** (15): 3581–3592. doi:10.1039/C8GC01162A. hdl:10578/18491. ISSN 1463-9262.
16. Dey, Becky (2018-07-24). "A sweet way to make graphene". *Chemistry World*. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
17. Mediavilla, Daniel (2018-08-01). "Un poco de azúcar para poder meternos el grafeno en la sangre". *El País* (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
18. Dominguez-Alfaro, Antonio; Alegret, Nuria; Arnaiz, Blanca; González-Domínguez, Jose M.; Martin-Pacheco, Ana; Cossío, Unai; Porcarelli, Luca; Bosi, Susanna; Vázquez, Ester; Mecerreyes, David; Prato, Maurizio (2020-02-10). "Tailored Methodology Based on Vapor Phase Polymerization to Manufacture PEDOT/CNT Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering". *ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering*. **6** (2): 1269–1278. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01316. hdl:10261/231248. ISSN 2373-9878. PMID 33464834. S2CID 212864973.
19. Naranjo, Alicia; Martín, Cristina; López-Díaz, Antonio; Martín-Pacheco, Ana; Rodríguez, Antonio M.; Patiño, F. Javier; Herrero, M. Antonia; Vázquez, Andrés S.; Vázquez, Ester (2020-12-01). "Autonomous self-healing hydrogel with anti-drying properties and applications in soft robotics". *Applied Materials Today*. **21**: 100806. doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100806. hdl:10578/25740. S2CID 224958220.
20. López‐Díaz, Antonio; Martín‐Pacheco, Ana; Rodríguez, Antonio M.; Herrero, M. Antonia; Vázquez, Andrés S.; Vázquez, Ester (2020-11-01). "Concentration Gradient‐Based Soft Robotics: Hydrogels Out of Water". *Advanced Functional Materials*. **30** (46): 2004417. doi:10.1002/adfm.202004417. hdl:10578/25918. ISSN 1616-301X. S2CID 225288936.
21. Lopez-Diaz, Antonio; Martin-Pacheco, Ana; Fernandez, Raul; Rodriguez, Antonio M.; Herrero, M. Antonia; Vazquez, Ester; Vazquez, Andres S. (2019-05-01). "A new soft fingertip based on electroactive hydrogels". *2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)*. Montreal, QC, Canada: IEEE. pp. 5126–5132. doi:10.1109/ICRA.2019.8794105. hdl:10578/29969. ISBN 978-1-5386-6027-0. S2CID 199542468.
22. "Spotlight: Engineering soft materials for biomedical applications with Ester Vázquez Fernández-Pacheco". *Graphene Flagship*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
23. "The Graphene Flagship". *Graphene Flagship*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
24. Fusco, Laura; Garrido, Marina; Martín, Cristina; Sosa, Silvio; Ponti, Cristina; Centeno, Alba; Alonso, Beatriz; Zurutuza, Amaia; Vázquez, Ester; Tubaro, Aurelia; Prato, Maurizio (2020). "Skin irritation potential of graphene-based materials using a non-animal test". *Nanoscale*. **12** (2): 610–622. doi:10.1039/C9NR06815E. hdl:11368/2959130. ISSN 2040-3364. PMID 31829371. S2CID 209328697.
25. Chiacchiaretta, Martina; Bramini, Mattia; Rocchi, Anna; Armirotti, Andrea; Giordano, Emanuele; Vázquez, Ester; Bandiera, Tiziano; Ferroni, Stefano; Cesca, Fabrizia; Benfenati, Fabio (2018-09-12). "Graphene Oxide Upregulates the Homeostatic Functions of Primary Astrocytes and Modulates Astrocyte-to-Neuron Communication". *Nano Letters*. **18** (9): 5827–5838. arXiv:1810.10440. Bibcode:2018NanoL..18.5827C. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02487. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 30088941. S2CID 206748983.
26. Guarnieri, Daniela; Sánchez-Moreno, Paola; Del Rio Castillo, Antonio Esaú; Bonaccorso, Francesco; Gatto, Francesca; Bardi, Giuseppe; Martín, Cristina; Vázquez, Ester; Catelani, Tiziano; Sabella, Stefania; Pompa, Pier Paolo (2018-05-14). "Biotransformation and Biological Interaction of Graphene and Graphene Oxide during Simulated Oral Ingestion". *Small*. **14** (24): 1800227. arXiv:1903.08929. doi:10.1002/smll.201800227. PMID 29756263. S2CID 21677728.
27. Fadeel, Bengt; Bussy, Cyrill; Merino, Sonia; Vázquez, Ester; Flahaut, Emmanuel; Mouchet, Florence; Evariste, Lauris; Gauthier, Laury; Koivisto, Antti J.; Vogel, Ulla; Martín, Cristina (2018-11-27). "Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment". *ACS Nano*. **12** (11): 10582–10620. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b04758. hdl:11368/2934292. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 30387986. S2CID 53265654.
28. "Graphene and related materials safety: human health and the environment". *Graphene Flagship*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
29. Kurapati, Rajendra; Mukherjee, Sourav P.; Martín, Cristina; Bepete, George; Vázquez, Ester; Pénicaud, Alain; Fadeel, Bengt; Bianco, Alberto (2018-09-03). "Degradation of Single‐Layer and Few‐Layer Graphene by Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase". *Angewandte Chemie International Edition*. **57** (36): 11722–11727. doi:10.1002/anie.201806906. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 30006967. S2CID 51626539.
30. "Ester Vázquez". *scholar.google.com*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
31. "Google Patents - Ester Vázquez Fernández-Pacheco". *patents.google.com*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
32. Guerra, Javier; Herrero, M. Antonia; Vázquez, Ester (2014). "Carbon nanohorns as alternative gene delivery vectors". *RSC Advances*. **4** (52): 27315. Bibcode:2014RSCAd...427315G. doi:10.1039/c4ra03251a. hdl:10578/11773. ISSN 2046-2069.
33. "El secretario de Estado destaca que C-LM "asume sus responsabilidades para con la investigación y para con la educación"". Europa Press. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
34. ""LOS GALARDONADOS CON LOS PREMIOS REGIONALES DE INVESTIGACIÓN SON EL EJEMPLO DE QUE EL ESFUERZO QUE HACEMOS EN I+D+I MERECE LA PENA" | Gobierno de Castilla-La Mancha". *www.castillalamancha.es*. Retrieved 2021-02-11.

## InfoBox

| Ester Vázquez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ester Vázquez Fernández-Pacheco
1973
Ciudad Real (Spain) |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Alma mater | University of Castilla-La Mancha |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Graphene, sustainable chemistry, soft materials |
| Institutions | University of Castilla-La Mancha, University of Zaragoza, Karolinska Institute, University of Trieste |
| Thesis | *Aplicación de irradiación microondas y catálisis ácida heterogénea en química orgánica medioambiental. Síntesis y reactividad de heterociclos* (2000) |
| Doctoral advisor | Andrés Moreno Moreno, Antonio de la Hoz Ayuso |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.msocnanochemistrygroup.com/ |


title: Eternity X

abstract:
Eternity X was a progressive metal band from New Jersey, United States. The band was formed by vocalist Keith Sudano under the name of Eternity before changing its name to Eternity X for legal reasons. They released four studio albums, From the Ashes, Zodiac, Mind Games and The Edge. Their last album From the Ashes was never released officially and only sold as a demo with a raw mix.
After the band disbanded, Keith Sudano attempted to reunite the band with a new lineup and intentions to release a new album but the plans never materialized. Sudano released his first solo album, The Biography of Me, in 2014.

text:
# Eternity X

**Eternity X** was a progressive metal band from New Jersey, United States. The band was formed by vocalist Keith Sudano under the name of Eternity before changing its name to Eternity X for legal reasons. They released four studio albums, *From the Ashes*, *Zodiac*, *Mind Games* and *The Edge*. Their last album *From the Ashes* was never released officially and only sold as a demo with a raw mix. After the band disbanded, Keith Sudano attempted to reunite the band with a new lineup and intentions to release a new album but the plans never materialized. Sudano released his first solo album, *The Biography of Me*, in 2014.

## InfoBox

| Eternity X | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | New Jersey, United States |
| Genres | Progressive Metal |
| Years active | 1985-2000 |
|  | |
| Members | Keith Sudano
Jeff Shernov
Jamie Mazue
Zeek
Jimmy Peruta |


title: Eternity Science Fiction

abstract: Eternity SF, also known as Eternity Science Fiction and Eternity, was a semi-professional science fiction magazine published by Stephen Gregg out of Sandy Springs, South Carolina. The magazine was issued from 1972 to 1975 and was briefly revived from 1979 to 1980. It contained stories from famous writers such as Orson Scott Card, Glen Cook, Philip K. Dick and Roger Zelazny.

text:
# Eternity Science Fiction

***Eternity SF***, also known as *Eternity Science Fiction* and *Eternity*, was a semi-professional science fiction magazine published by Stephen Gregg out of Sandy Springs, South Carolina. The magazine was issued from 1972 to 1975 and was briefly revived from 1979 to 1980. It contained stories from famous writers such as Orson Scott Card, Glen Cook, Philip K. Dick and Roger Zelazny.

## Issues

* *Eternity SF* Vol. 1, No 1 (1972)
* *Eternity SF* Vol. 1, No 2 (1973)
* *Eternity SF* Vol. 1, No 3 (1974)
* *Eternity SF* Vol. 1, No 4 (1975)
* *Eternity SF* Vol. 1, No 1 (1979)
* *Eternity SF* Vol. 1, No 2 (1980)

## Famous contributors

### Philip K. Dick

Dick's autobiographical essay "Notes Made Late At Night By A Weary SF Writer" appeared in the (1972) issue of *Eternity SF*. It was later published in *The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick* (1995).

### Glen Cook

Cook's short story "Sunrise" appeared in the (1973) issue of *Eternity SF*. It takes place in Cook's Starfishers universe.

### Roger Zelazny

Zelazny's short story "A Knight for Merytha" appeared in the (1974) and in the (1979) issues of *Eternity SF*. It was later published in Zelazny's short story collection *Dilvish, the Damned* (1982).

### Orson Scott Card

Card's short story "The Tinker" appeared in the (1980) issue of *Eternity SF*. It was later published in Card's omnibus *The Worthing Saga* (1990).

## InfoBox

*Eternity Science Fiction*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Stephen Gregg |
| Categories | Science fiction magazine |
| Frequency | Yearly |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Final issue | 1980 |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Sandy Springs, South Carolina |


title: Combat systems officer

abstract: A Combat Systems Officer (CSO) is a flight member of an aircrew in the United States Air Force and is the mission commander in many multi-crew aircraft. The combat systems officer manages the mission and integrates systems and crew with the aircraft commander to collectively achieve and maintain situational awareness and mission effectiveness. CSOs are trained in piloting, navigation, the use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and are experts in weapon system employment on their specific airframe. Aircrew responsibilities include mission planning, mission timing, weapons targeting and employment, threat reactions, aircraft communications, and hazard avoidance. In 2006, USAF undergraduate CSOs began attending Initial Flight Training (IFT), a civilian contracted flight training operation under Air Education and Training Command (AETC) auspices, with their USAF undergraduate pilot counterparts at Pueblo Memorial Airport, Colorado, a program that replaced the previous Pilot Indoctrination Program (PIP) at the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA), the previous Flight Instruction Program (FIP) in Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC), the former Centralized Flight Screening Program for Air Force Officer Training School (AFOTS) graduates at Hondo Municipal Airport, Texas, and the former Cessna T-41 Mescalero phase in Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) that was discontinued in the early 1970s. Initial Flight Screening (IFS) has continued as previously established at Pueblo with the transition of USAF Navs to CSOs. CSO training merges three previous USAF Undergraduate Navigator Training (UNT) tracks formerly known as the Navigator track, the Weapon Systems Officer (WSO) track and the Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO) track into one coherent training cycle in order to produce an aeronautically rated officer who is more versatile and able to adapt to all spectrums of an airframe. Parallel Navigator and WSO training tracks ended in 2009.

text:
# Combat systems officer

A **Combat Systems Officer** (**CSO**) is a flight member of an aircrew in the United States Air Force and is the mission commander in many multi-crew aircraft. The combat systems officer manages the mission and integrates systems and crew with the aircraft commander to collectively achieve and maintain situational awareness and mission effectiveness. CSOs are trained in piloting, navigation, the use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and are experts in weapon system employment on their specific airframe. Aircrew responsibilities include mission planning, mission timing, weapons targeting and employment, threat reactions, aircraft communications, and hazard avoidance.

In 2006, USAF undergraduate CSOs began attending Initial Flight Training (IFT), a civilian contracted flight training operation under Air Education and Training Command (AETC) auspices, with their USAF undergraduate pilot counterparts at Pueblo Memorial Airport, Colorado, a program that replaced the previous Pilot Indoctrination Program (PIP) at the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA), the previous Flight Instruction Program (FIP) in Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC), the former Centralized Flight Screening Program for Air Force Officer Training School (AFOTS) graduates (and later USAFA and AFROTC graduates following discontinuation of PIP and FIP) at Hondo Municipal Airport, Texas, and the former Cessna T-41 Mescalero phase in Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) that was discontinued in the early 1970s. Initial Flight Screening (IFS) has continued as previously established at Pueblo with the transition of USAF Navs to CSOs.

CSO training merges three previous USAF Undergraduate Navigator Training (UNT) tracks formerly known as the Navigator track, the Weapon Systems Officer (WSO) track and the Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO) track into one coherent training cycle in order to produce an aeronautically rated officer who is more versatile and able to adapt to all spectrums of an airframe. Parallel Navigator and WSO training tracks ended in 2009.

## CSO implementation

In 2009, most USAF Navigators still in an operational flying status, or due to rotate back to an operational flying assignment, transitioned to CSO. Under Air Force Instruction 36-402, rated USAF Navigators who do not transition to CSO are not eligible for advanced CSO ratings, e.g. Senior CSO and Master CSO.

Those USAF officers on active duty or on the Reserve Active Status List in the Air Force Reserve or Air National Guard who were designated as USAF Navigators prior to 30 Sep 1993, completed Undergraduate Navigator Training (UNT) and received their wings with the 323d Flying Training Wing (323 FTW) at Mather AFB, California.

With the BRAC-directed closure of Mather AFB, UNT was transferred to the 12th Flying Training Wing (12 FTW) at Randolph AFB, Texas in late 1993 and all USAF navigators except those destined for the B-1B and F-15E subsequently received their wings at that location. Concurrent with the move from Mather to Randolph, a parallel student USAF Navigators track was established for those officers desiring to become weapon systems officers (WSOs) in the B-1B and F-15E. These officer students proceeded to the U.S. Navy's Training Air Wing SIX at NAS Pensacola, Florida and followed a training track nearly identical to USN and USMC Student Naval Flight Officers destined for tactical jet aircraft.

The separation between CSO candidates previously attending UNT with the 12th Flying Training Wing (12 FTW) at Randolph AFB until 2009, and those who attended a joint program with the U.S. Navy's Training Air Wing SIX (TRAWING 6) at NAS Pensacola, Florida was in the type of operational USAF aircraft the candidates would later fly:

* Navigators-*cum*-CSOs graduating from NAS Pensacola were assigned as weapon systems officers in the F-15E Strike Eagle strike fighter, the B-52 Stratofortress, or the B-1B Lancer bomber after follow-on EWO training at Randolph AFB. With the USAF's retirement of the EF-111A Raven in 1998, a small number of USAF Navigators trained as EWOs would subsequently proceed to land-based U.S. Navy "expeditionary" electronic attack squadrons flying the EA-6B Prowler as a means of retaining a cadre of USAF EWOs in the tactical aviation arena.

With the establishment of the 479 FTG and UCSOT, the integrated training program with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps at TRAWING 6 was discontinued. However, despite the divergence of USAF CSO training from student naval flight officer (NFO) training, all CSOs for all USAF aircraft model design series (MDS) now receive their training at NAS Pensacola. While some extant USAF MDS aircraft, such as the pure airlift variant of the C-130E are being retired, and the pure airlift version C-130J have eliminated the navigator/CSO position, all the other aforementioned extant MDS aircraft, as well as the HC-130J, MC-130J and WC-130J currently entering the inventory, continue to retain requirements for CSOs, thus ensuring the continued viability of the CSO career path.

Until its inactivation and closure in September 1993 due to Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action, all USAF undergraduate navigator training (UNT) took place with the former 323d Flying Training Wing at the former Mather AFB, California, utilizing the Boeing T-43A Bobcat and Cessna T-37 Tweet aircraft. In October 1993, training then shifted to the 12th Flying Training Wing at Randolph AFB, Texas, continuing at that location through 2009.

Prior to its disestablishment at Randolph AFB, the 562d Flying Training Squadron of the 12th Flying Training Wing (12 FTW) was responsible for training inflight navigation with the Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk and Boeing T-43A Bobcat aircraft, while the 563d Flying Training Squadron taught electronic warfare in an academic and simulator environment. The 563d Flying Training Squadron also incorporated the T-43A Bobcat and the T-1A Jayhawk in advanced CSO training. The T-43A has since been retired and all T-1A CSO training aircraft transferred to the 479 FTG at NAS Pensacola.

From 1994 until late 2009, a portion of USAF undergraduate navigator training took place at NAS Pensacola, integrated with the US Navy's student naval flight officer program under the aegis of Training Air Wing Six (TRAWING SIX) with USAF instructor navigators embedded in the wing and its squadrons. US Navy Training Squadron 4 (VT-4) and Training Squadron 10 (VT-10) conducted basic and intermediate flight training, initially the Raytheon T-34C Turbomentor until it was replaced by the T-6 Texan II, followed by training in the Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk and Rockwell T-39 Sabreliner. Training Squadron 86 (VT-86) then conducted advanced training in the T-39 and the Boeing T-45 Goshawk for student naval flight officers of the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and numerous NATO/Allied and Coalition partner nations in addition to advanced USAF undergraduate navigator students destined for assignment as weapon systems officers in tactical aircraft. Prior to 2010, these USAF students destined for the F-15E Strike Eagle and the B-1B Lancer, as well as several USAF navigator flight instructors, were also fully integrated into these squadrons, with command of one squadron, VT-10, rotating between a USN commander who was a naval flight officer and a USAF lieutenant colonel who was a senior navigator or master navigator.

Starting in the summer of 2010, following completion of initial flight screening, all US Air Force CSO students began attending training at NAS Pensacola as the training squadrons at Randolph AFB closed down in accordance with the 2005 BRAC Committee findings. CSO students now fall under the 479th Flying Training Group with two training squadrons (451 FTS and 455 FTS), one operations support squadron (479 OSS) and one student squadron (479 STUS). Like the previous navigator training squadrons at Randolph AFB, the 479 FTG and its subordinate squadrons also fall under the control of the 12th Flying Training Wing (12 FTW) at Randolph AFB, albeit as a geographically separated unit (GSU) of the 12 FTW. The first CSO class (11-01) under the new syllabus started 5 May 2010, and graduated on 15 April 2011.

Upon completion of training, USAF CSOs receive basic CSO wings. At seven years of aeronautically rated service, they become eligible for the Senior CSO rating and at fifteen years the Master CSO rating, although an effort is underway to rename the Master CSO designation to Command CSO, standardizing same with their USAF Command Pilot counterparts. CSOs assigned to NASA crewed spaceflight programs are also eligible for CSO-Astronaut insignia at the Senior and Master level based upon their aeronautical rating at the time and completion of at least one spaceflight.

## CSO operational command

The rationale for the change in name from "Navigator" to "CSO" was based on the fact that USAF navigators, now known as CSOs, now serve as aircraft mission commanders and command operational combat flying squadrons, as well as operations groups and wings with an operational flying mission in the same manner as their USAF pilot counterparts. USAF navigators/combat systems officers at the general officer level have also begun serving in positions of increasing responsibility at the USAF major command (MAJCOM) and Unified Combatant Command level, up to and including commander of MAJCOMs and deputy commander of combatant commands. Although only one USAF navigator who did not subsequently retrain as a USAF pilot has achieved 4-star rank (pay grade O-10) in the entire history of the USAF, several have reached the 3-star (pay grade O-9) level.

**Citations**

**Bibliography**

## Further reading


title: Evelyn Howren

abstract: Evelyn Greenblatt Howren was an American woman aviator. She helped organize the first all-woman squadron of the Civil Air Patrol, was one of the first women air traffic controllers in the U.S., and was in the first class of Women Airforce Service Pilots in World War II. After the war she remained active in the aviation business in Georgia for many years. She was the third woman inducted into the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. She was born and died in Atlanta, Georgia.

text:
# Evelyn Howren

**Evelyn Greenblatt Howren** (July 28, 1917 – February 9, 1998) was an American woman aviator. She helped organize the first all-woman squadron of the Civil Air Patrol, was one of the first women air traffic controllers in the U.S., and was in the first class of Women Airforce Service Pilots in World War II. After the war she remained active in the aviation business in Georgia for many years. She was the third woman inducted into the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. She was born and died in Atlanta, Georgia.

## Biography

Evelyn Greenblatt was born in Atlanta in 1917, the daughter of Samuel Robert Greenblatt and Bessie (Shear) Greenblatt. She graduated from North Avenue Presbyterian School in 1934 and attended Vanderbilt University.

It was while at Vanderbilt she took her first flying lesson in 1939. After graduation she took flight instruction at Atlanta's airport (then called Candler Field) Her parents had refused to pay for pilot classes, so she had to do it in secret, sometimes pawning items to come up with cash. (She later recalled once selling the spare tire on her car in order to fund a repair of her Aeronca Chief). She had her first solo flight in a Piper J-3 Cub in early 1941. It was only after the solo flight that she told her parents what she had done.

Greenblatt received her private pilot licence on November 3, 1941. The next month she joined the then just-formed Civil Air Patrol and helped organize its first all-woman squadron. She remained active in the organization for years after. In June 1942, she was among three pilots named to a class of eight women air traffic control trainees, becoming one of the first women air traffic controllers in the United States.

### Military career

With an excellent record and over 300 flying hours, she was released from her air traffic control duty in November 1942 to join the first class of Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs). She was one of the first class of twenty-three who graduated on April 24, 1943, at Ellington Field in Houston. During the war she was assigned to Love Field in Dallas and Peterson Army Air Base in Colorado Springs.

Greenblatt spent 16 months ferrying various planes from their manufacturers to military training centers and elsewhere. She flew 30 different military aircraft including the B-17 and B-24 bombers and six types of fighter aircraft. By the end of the war she had logged 3,000 hours of flight time. She was sent with other women in the spring of 1944 to the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics in Orlando, which she successfully completed. But she never became an officer because the military ultimately decided to keep its women employees civilians. At that point she went to Colorado Springs to become a flight instrument instructor. "Most of the boys didn't seem to resent being instructed by a woman," she recalled in 1994.

She was honorably discharged on December 20, 1944. After the war the WASPs did not receive G.I. benefits, so Greenblatt lobbied the United States Congress for six years during the 1950s to change that. It wasn't until 1977 that she and the other women who flew in World War II received Veterans Administration benefits.

### Civilian career

In 1947, she founded Flightways, Inc. in Atlanta with another aviator, Hillman V. Howren. The aviation company offered charter service, flying lessons, aerial photography classes and other services. The couple ran an airline refueling business called Air Refuel, as well. They sold their businesses to Lockheed in 1968. It was only after they retired from the business that the two got married.

She was a member of the Ninety-Nines in Georgia and helped organize the Atlanta Women's Aero Club. She flew in the All-Women Trans-continental Air Race in 1951. She was also appointed a captain in the United States Air Force Reserve that same year. At that time it was still rare for women to be pilots - there were only seven women licensed pilots in Atlanta in 1951.

Howren served as secretary-treasurer of the Georgia Aviation Trade Association from 1950 to 1965. She was "instrumental" in promoting state legislation to enhance aviation in Georgia as an aviation lobbyist.

### Later life and legacy

After retiring, she and her husband moved to South Florida and spent their time traveling, sailing and deep-sea fishing.

In 1994, she became only the third woman named to the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. She died on February 9, 1998, aged 80, of lung failure at Emory University Hospital and was buried at Crestlawn Memorial Park in Atlanta. Her husband had died the year before.

The William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum in Atlanta holds a collection of her papers and other artifacts related to her.

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Howren | |
| --- | --- |
| Howren in 1943 | |
| Born | Evelyn Greenblatt
(1917-07-28)July 28, 1917
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | February 9, 1998(1998-02-09) (aged 80)
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Known for | Woman aviator |
| Spouse | Hillman V. Howren |


title: The Hand in the Glove

abstract: The Hand in the Glove is a Dol Bonner mystery novel by Rex Stout. It was first published by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., in 1937, and later in paperback by Dell as mapback #177 and, later, by other publishers. Collins Crime Club published the novel in the UK in November 1939 as Crime on Her Hands.

text:
# The Hand in the Glove

***The Hand in the Glove*** (British title *Crime on Her Hands*) is a Dol Bonner mystery novel by Rex Stout. It was first published by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., in 1937, and later in paperback by Dell as mapback #177 and, later, by other publishers. Collins Crime Club published the novel in the UK in November 1939 as *Crime on Her Hands*.

## Plot summary

Theodolinda "Dol" Bonner is half of the Bonner and Raffray Detective Agency. She claims to have been "inoculated against" men and has no use for them, even her perennial suitor, newspaperman Len Chisholm. Her business partner, Sylvia Raffray, doesn't know much about detection but is the firm's financial backer. As the story begins, Len has just been fired from his job at the instigation of Sylvia's guardian, financier P.L. Storrs, who also controls Sylvia's money for the next six months and thus insists that she withdraw her financial support of the detective agency.

Strangely, Storrs asks Dol Bonner to join a house party at his place in the country. Other family members present are Storrs' wife Cleo, who "goes in for cults", and his daughter Janet, who is plain, quiet and writes poetry. Sylvia's fiance Martin, who is a neighbor, and his friend Professor Zimmerman have joined the party, and George Ranth, of the "League of the Occidental Sakti", is Mrs. Storrs' guest and financial parasite.

Storrs' problem is that Ranth is pressuring Mrs. Storrs to let him marry Janet and thus become Storrs' heir. He hires Dol to discredit Ranth in Mrs. Storrs' eyes, and proposes that she pretend to be investigating the killing of some pheasants at Martin's estate as a cover story. Dol accepts the task and arrives at the Storrs estate, but before she gets too deeply involved in the task, she comes across the murdered body of her host and employer, who has been brutally strangled with wire and hung from a branch. She soon recognizes that in order to commit the murder, the murderer must have worn heavy gloves to avoid cutting his hands with the wire. She immediately searches the house for the gloves, dodging the police, and finds them—bizarrely, concealed inside a watermelon in the garden.

She continues to investigate Ranth but also learns more about the other guests and family members. Professor Zimmerman proposes marriage to Sylvia, regardless of the feelings of his friend Martin, and promptly becomes the second strangling victim. Dol rapidly collects enough information to identify the murderer of both men and forces a confession at gunpoint, foiling the police.

## Literary criticism and significance

This is a very early representation of a female private detective as a mystery novel's protagonist, although not the first. Although this was the only Dol Bonner novel that Rex Stout wrote, the character plays a supporting role in a few Nero Wolfe stories where a female detective is necessary.

## Adaptations

### *Lady Against the Odds* (NBC)

Stout's 1937 novel *The Hand in the Glove* was adapted for an NBC TV movie titled *Lady Against the Odds*, which aired April 20, 1992. Crystal Bernard starred as Dol Bonner; Annabeth Gish costarred as Sylvia Raffray. Bradford May, who also directed, received an Emmy Award for outstanding individual achievement in cinematography. The telefilm was previewed by *The Hollywood Reporter*:

It's wonderfully scripted, well-acted and thoroughly enjoyable to watch. It features some terrific costumes, great cars, realistic backdrops and stunning photography. Unfortunately, *Lady Against the Odds* is constructed around a rather standard-issue plot line, and that keeps it from being quite as great as it otherwise might have been. Fortunately, it doesn't spoil the overall fun. It's a period drama that manages to stay in character throughout, setting its murder-mystery theme in front of a society at war circa 1943. It centers around two young "dames" trying to do their part on the home front as Los Angeles private eyes despite a wary police department and disapproving family. ... What makes this project so interesting is how it plays like such a lighthearted romp despite its serious, murderous themes. It gives a nod in dialogue and visuals to those old gumshoe films of the '40s, then has fun with itself. The ending is a bit heavy-handed given the overall nature of this project and doesn't quite fit in terms of tone, but it does add some sobriety to an otherwise high-style production. The film holds up in large part due to the solid ensemble cast ... led by Crystal Bernard and Annabeth Gish, who deliver absolutely delightful performances as the two lady gumshoes.

## Publication history

* 1937, New York: Farrar & Rinehart, September 16, 1937, 284 pp.
* 1939, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1939, 284 pp.
* 1939, London: Collins Crime Club, December 1939, 251 pp., as *Crime on Her Hands*
* 1943, Cleveland, Ohio: World Publishing Company Tower Mystery #T-188, April 1943, 284 pp.
* 1947, New York: Dell (mapback by Gerald Gregg) #177, 1947, 239 pp.
* 1964, New York: Pyramid (Green Door), #R-1066, September 1964, 190 pp.
* 1972, London: Tom Stacey, 1972, 251 pp., as *Crime on Her Hands*
* 2011, New York: Bantam Crimeline ISBN 978-0-307-76814-8 August 17, 2011, e-book

## InfoBox

The Hand in the Glove
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Rex Stout |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Detective fiction |
| Publisher | Farrar & Rinehart |
| Publication date | September 16, 1937 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 284 pp. (first edition) |


title: PS I Love You (band)

abstract: PS I Love You are a Canadian indie rock duo based in Kingston, Ontario, consisting of Paul Saulnier on vocals/guitar/bass pedals and Benjamin Nelson on drums. The band is signed to Canadian independent record label Paper Bag Records. The band is known for its forceful themes, guitar effects, and loud percussion.

text:
# PS I Love You (band)

**PS I Love You** are a Canadian indie rock duo based in Kingston, Ontario, consisting of Paul Saulnier on vocals/guitar/bass pedals and Benjamin Nelson on drums. The band is signed to Canadian independent record label Paper Bag Records. The band is known for its forceful themes, guitar effects, and loud percussion.

## History

PS I Love You, a play on lead-singer and guitarist Paul Saulnier's initials, formed in Kingston, Ontario in 2006 as a solo project. Drummer Benjamin Nelson joined in 2008. Saulnier and Nelson had previously worked together in another Kingston band, Magic Jordan. The band gained notoriety as a result of a split 7-inch with artist Diamond Rings, which led to both groups gaining favourable reviews.

The band's debut album, *Meet Me at the Muster Station*, was released in October, 2010 to favourable reviews from Pitchfork Media, who praised the track "Facelove" as "Best New Music"., and also from Exclaim! Magazine, which included it on its list of Top Pop & Rock Albums of 2010. *Meet Me at the Muster Station* appeared on the !Earshot National Top 50 Chart, and was longlisted for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize.

Their second album, *Death Dreams*, was released on May 8, 2012, on Paper Bag Records. The record was also included on the Polaris Prize Long List.

The band released their third studio album, *For Those Who Stay*, on July 22, 2014, on Paperbag Records.

## Band members

**Members**

**Touring members**

* Tim Bruton – bass, rhythm guitars, keyboards, backing vocals (2011present)

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of studio albums
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Meet Me at the Muster Station* |  |
| *Death Dreams* | * Released: May 8, 2012 * Label: Paper Bag Records * Formats: CD, LP, digital download |
| *For Those Who Stay* | * Released: July 22, 2014 * Label: Paper Bag Records * Formats: CD, LP, cassette, digital download |
|

### Live albums

List of live albums
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Muster Sessions* | * Released: February 16, 2012 * Label: Paper Bag Records * Formats: digital download |
|

### Extended plays

List of extended plays
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *EP* | * Released: June 1, 2008 * Label: Apple Crisp Records, Paper Bag Records * Formats: CD, digital download |
| *Diamond Rings / PS I Love You* | * Released: January 8, 2009 * Label: Hype Lighter * Formats: CD, digital download |
| *Starfield* | * Released: January 3, 2010 * Label: Thing Itself Records * Formats: CD, digital download |
| *Leftovers (ft. Diamond Rings)* | * Released: January 3, 2011 * Label: Paper Bag Records * Formats: CD, digital download |
| *Figure It Out (A Collection of Singles and EPs by PS I Love You)* | * Released: March 8, 2011 * Label: Paper Bag Records * Formats: CD, digital download |
|

## InfoBox

| PS I Love You | |
| --- | --- |
| PS I Love You (2010) | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | indie rock, garage rock |
| Years active | 2006 (2006)–present |
| Labels | Paper Bag, Rocket Girl |
|  | |
| Members | Paul Saulnier, vocals/guitar <br>Benjamin Nelson, drums |
|  | |
| Website | myspace.com/psiloveyouband |


title: F-1 World Grand Prix II

abstract: F-1 World Grand Prix II is a Formula One racing game for the Nintendo 64, Sega Dreamcast and Game Boy Color. The Nintendo 64 version was released only in Europe in 1999, with other formats following in 2000. The game is a sequel to F-1 World Grand Prix, and is based on the 1998 Formula One season and the 1999 Formula One season.

text:
# F-1 World Grand Prix II

***F-1 World Grand Prix II*** is a Formula One racing game for the Nintendo 64, Sega Dreamcast and Game Boy Color. The Nintendo 64 version was released only in Europe in 1999, with other formats following in 2000. The game is a sequel to *F-1 World Grand Prix*, and is based on the 1998 Formula One season (Nintendo 64 version) and the 1999 Formula One season (Game Boy Color and Dreamcast versions).

## Reception

IGN gave the Dreamcast version a 7.1 out of 10 overall praising the presentation of the game but criticised the graphics. *N64 Magazine* called it too similar to the previous game, giving it 72%.

## Sequel

A successor, *F-1 World Grand Prix III*, was in development and would have been based on the 1999 or 2000 season, but was never released.

*F1 World Grand Prix 2000*, published by Eidos Interactive (with Video System also credited in the game's box art) and developed by Eutechnyx, was released on March 8, 2001 for the PlayStation and PC.

## InfoBox

| F-1 World Grand Prix II | |
| --- | --- |
| European Nintendo 64 cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Paradigm Entertainment (N64)
Video System (GBC, DC) |
| Publisher(s) | Video System |
| Series | F1 Grand Prix |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo 64, Game Boy Color, Dreamcast |
| Release | **Nintendo 64**
* EU: 2 July 1999 **Game Boy Color**
* JP: February 24, 2000 * NA: 2000 * PAL: 2000 **Dreamcast**
* JP: 22 November 2000 * PAL: 24 November 2000 |
| Genre(s) | Sim racing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Fantasy Plus

abstract: Fantasy Plus is the first EP by Taiwanese singer Jay Chou, released on 24 December 2001 by Alfa Music. It features a CD contains three live tracks and a VCD contains thirteen music videos.

text:
# Fantasy Plus

***Fantasy Plus*** (Chinese: 范特西Plus) is the first EP by Taiwanese singer Jay Chou, released on 24 December 2001 by Alfa Music. It features a CD contains three live tracks and a VCD contains thirteen music videos.

## Track listing

**CD**

1. "Snail" (蝸牛) (Original artist: Valen Hsu, Power Station, Panda Hsiung and Chyi Chin)
2. "You're Happier than Before" (你比從前快樂) (Original artist: Jacky Wu)
3. "End of the World" (世界末日) (Original artist: S.B.D.W)

**VCD**

1. "Love Before the Century" (愛在西元前)
2. "Dad, I've Come Back" (爸，我回來了)
3. "Simple Love" (簡單愛)
4. "Ninja" (忍者)
5. "Couldn't Say" (開不了口)
6. "Shanghai 1943" (上海一九四三)
7. "Sorry" (對不起)
8. "William Castle" (威廉古堡)
9. "Nunchucks" (雙截棍)
10. "Silence" (安靜)
11. "Snail" (蝸牛)
12. "You're Happier than Before" (你比從前快樂)
13. "End of the World" (世界末日)

## InfoBox

| Fantasy Plus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Jay Chou | |
| Released | 24 December 2001 (2001-12-24) |
| Recorded | 2001 |
| Genre | Mandopop |
| Language | Mandarin |
| Label | BMG, Alfa Music |
| Producer | Jay Chou |
| Jay Chou chronology | |
| *Fantasy*
(2001) ***Fantasy Plus***
(2001) *The Eight Dimensions*
(2002) | |


title: Quantile regression averaging

abstract: Quantile Regression Averaging (QRA) is a forecast combination approach to the computation of prediction intervals. It involves applying quantile regression to the point forecasts of a small number of individual forecasting models or experts. It has been introduced in 2014 by Jakub Nowotarski and Rafał Weron and originally used for probabilistic forecasting of electricity prices and loads. Despite its simplicity it has been found to perform extremely well in practice - the top two performing teams in the price track of the Global Energy Forecasting Competition (GEFCom2014) used variants of QRA.

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# Quantile regression averaging

**Quantile Regression Averaging (QRA)** is a forecast combination approach to the computation of prediction intervals. It involves applying quantile regression to the point forecasts of a small number of individual forecasting models or experts. It has been introduced in 2014 by Jakub Nowotarski and Rafał Weron and originally used for probabilistic forecasting of electricity prices and loads. Despite its simplicity it has been found to perform extremely well in practice - the top two performing teams in the *price track* of the Global Energy Forecasting Competition (GEFCom2014) used variants of QRA.

## Introduction

The individual point forecasts are used as independent variables and the corresponding observed target variable as the dependent variable in a standard quantile regression setting. The Quantile Regression Averaging method yields an interval forecast of the target variable, but does not use the prediction intervals of the individual methods. One of the reasons for using point forecasts (and not interval forecasts) is their availability. For years, forecasters have focused on obtaining accurate point predictions. Computing probabilistic forecasts, on the other hand, is generally a much more complex task and has not been discussed in the literature nor developed by practitioners so extensively. Therefore, QRA may be found particularly attractive from a practical point of view as it allows to leverage existing development of point forecasting.

## Computation

The quantile regression problem can be written as follows:

$Q\_{y}(q|X\_{t})=X\_{t}\beta \_{q}$,

where $Q\_{y}(q|\cdot )$ is the conditional *q*-th quantile of the dependent variable ( $y\_{t}$), $X\_{t}=\[1,{\hat {y}\_{1,t},...,{\hat {y}\_{m,t}\]}}$ is a vector of point forecasts of $m$ individual models (i.e. independent variables) and *βq* is a vector of parameters (for quantile *q*). The parameters are estimated by minimizing the loss function for a particular *q*-th quantile:

$\min \limits \_{q}\left\[\sum \limits \_{t}\geq X\_{t}\beta \_{q}\\}q|y\_{t}-X\_{t}\beta \_{q}|+\sum \limits \_{t}\<X\_{t}\beta \_{q}\\}(1-q)|y\_{t}-X\_{t}\beta \_{q}|\right\]=\min \limits \_{q}\left\[\sum \limits \_{t}(q-\mathbf {1} \_{t}\<X\_{t}\beta \_{q})(y\_{t}-X\_{t}\beta \_{q})\right\]$

QRA assigns weights to individual forecasting methods and combines them to yield forecasts of chosen quantiles. Although the QRA method is based on quantile regression, not least squares, it still suffers from the same problems: the exogenous variables should not be correlated strongly and the number of variables included in the model has to be relatively small in order for the method to be computationally efficient.

## Factor Quantile Regression Averaging (FQRA)

The main difficulty associated with applying QRA comes from the fact that only individual models that perform well and (preferably) are distinct should be used. However, there may be many well performing models or many different specifications of each model (with or without exogenous variables, with all or only selected lags, etc.) and it may not be optimal to include all of them in Quantile Regression Averaging.

In **Factor Quantile Regression Averaging (FQRA)**, instead of selecting individual models *a priori*, the relevant information contained in all forecasting models at hand is extracted using principal component analysis (PCA). The prediction intervals are then constructed on the basis of the common factors ( $f\_{t}$) obtained from the panel of point forecasts, as independent variables in a quantile regression. More precisely, in the FQRA method $X\_{t}=\[1,{\hat {f}\_{1,t},...,{\hat {f}\_{k,t}\]}}$ is a vector of $k\<m$ factors extracted from a panel of point forecasts of $m$ individual models, not a vector of point forecasts of the individual models themselves. A similar principal component-type approach was proposed in the context of obtaining point forecasts from the Survey of Professional Forecasters data.

Instead of considering a (large) panel of forecasts of the individual models, FQRA concentrates on a small number of common factors, which - by construction - are orthogonal to each other, and hence are contemporaneously uncorrelated. FQRA can be also interpreted as a forecast averaging approach. The factors estimated within PCA are linear combinations of individual vectors of the panel and FQRA can therefore be used to assign weights to the forecasting models directly.

## QRA and LAD regression

QRA may be viewed as an extension of combining point forecasts. The well-known ordinary least squares (OLS) averaging uses linear regression to estimate weights of the point forecasts of individual models. Replacing the quadratic loss function with the absolute loss function leads to quantile regression for the median, or in other words, least absolute deviation (LAD) regression.

## Implementations

1. Nowotarski, Jakub; Weron, Rafał (2015). "Computing electricity spot price prediction intervals using quantile regression and forecast averaging". *Computational Statistics*. **30** (3). \[Open Access\]: 791–803. doi:10.1007/s00180-014-0523-0. ISSN 0943-4062.
2. Weron, Rafał (2014). "Electricity price forecasting: A review of the state-of-the-art with a look into the future". *International Journal of Forecasting*. **30** (4). \[Open Access\]: 1030–1081. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2014.08.008.
3. Maciejowska, Katarzyna; Nowotarski, Jakub; Weron, Rafał (2016). "Probabilistic forecasting of electricity spot prices using Factor Quantile Regression Averaging". *International Journal of Forecasting*. **32** (3): 957–965. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2014.12.004.
4. Liu, B.; Nowotarski, J.; Hong, T.; Weron, R. (2015). "Probabilistic Load Forecasting via Quantile Regression Averaging on Sister Forecasts". *IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid*. **PP** (99): 1. doi:10.1109/TSG.2015.2437877. ISSN 1949-3053.
5. Hong, Tao; Fan, Shu. "Probabilistic Electric Load Forecasting: A Tutorial Review". *blog.drhongtao.com*. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
6. Gaillard, Pierre; Goude, Yannig; Nedellec, Raphaël (2016). "Additive models and robust aggregation for GEFCom2014 probabilistic electric load and electricity price forecasting". *International Journal of Forecasting*. **32** (3): 1038–1050. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2015.12.001.
7. Maciejowska, Katarzyna; Nowotarski, Jakub (2016). "A hybrid model for GEFCom2014 probabilistic electricity price forecasting" (PDF). *International Journal of Forecasting*. **32** (3): 1051–1056. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2015.11.008.
8. Koenker, Roger (2005). "Quantile Regression This article has been prepared for the Statistical Theory and Methods section of the Encyclopedia of Environmetrics edited by Abdel El-Shaarawi and Walter Piegorsch. The research was partially supported by NSF grant SES-0850060". *Quantile Regression*. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470057339.vnn091. ISBN 9780470057339.
9. Poncela, Pilar; Rodríguez, Julio; Sánchez-Mangas, Rocío; Senra, Eva (2011). "Forecast combination through dimension reduction techniques". *International Journal of Forecasting*. **27** (2): 224–237. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2010.01.012.
10. Granger, Clive W. J.; Ramanathan, Ramu (1984). "Improved methods of combining forecasts". *Journal of Forecasting*. **3** (2): 197–204. doi:10.1002/for.3980030207. ISSN 1099-131X.
11. Nowotarski, Jakub; Raviv, Eran; Trück, Stefan; Weron, Rafał (2014). "An empirical comparison of alternative schemes for combining electricity spot price forecasts". *Energy Economics*. **46**: 395–412. Bibcode:2014EneEc..46..395N. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2014.07.014.