title: Defensive Organization of Corsica

abstract: The Defensive Organization of Corsica was the French military organization that in 1940 was responsible for the defense of the French island of Corsica against a potential invasion by Fascist Italy. As part of the overall effort to fortify France's borders which included the Maginot Line, the fixed Corsican defenses were constructed in parallel with the Maginot Line, using the same organizational structure and similar designs, albeit scaled back in size, cost and fighting power. The Corsican defenses were designed to deter an Italian landing on the south end of Corsica, and to support artillery batteries capable of controlling the Strait of Bonifacio between Corsica and the Italian island of Sardinia, separated by only twelve kilometers. As World War II unfolded, no attempt was made by Italian forces to mount an opposed landing on Corsica. The island was instead occupied in November 1942. In 1943 Corsica saw fighting when German forces moved from Sardinia. Most of the fortified positions remain to the present day.

text:
# Defensive Organization of Corsica

The **Defensive Organization of Corsica** (*Organisation Défensive de la Corse*) was the French military organization that in 1940 was responsible for the defense of the French island of Corsica against a potential invasion by Fascist Italy. As part of the overall effort to fortify France's borders which included the Maginot Line, the fixed Corsican defenses were constructed in parallel with the Maginot Line, using the same organizational structure and similar designs, albeit scaled back in size, cost and fighting power. The Corsican defenses were designed to deter an Italian landing on the south end of Corsica, and to support artillery batteries capable of controlling the Strait of Bonifacio between Corsica and the Italian island of Sardinia, separated by only twelve kilometers. As World War II unfolded, no attempt was made by Italian forces to mount an opposed landing on Corsica. The island was instead occupied in November 1942. In 1943 Corsica saw fighting when German forces moved from Sardinia. Most of the fortified positions remain to the present day.

## Concept and organization

During the inter-war period, Corsica's defenses were first examined in 1926, when General Debeney requested a study of the island's defenses from Vice-Admiral Salaun, the French Navy chief of staff. The island was only twelve kilometres (7.5 miles) from the Italian island of Sardinia across the Strait of Bonifacio, and was regarded as weakly defended. Salaun's report indicated that the island's capital, Ajaccio, was relatively well defended by old 120 mm (4.7 in) field guns, but that the areas on Bonifacio in the south and Bastia in the north were vulnerable to amphibious assault. Both attack and defense would be hampered by the island's poorly developed road network. Bonifacio, the closest point to Sardinia, could control the straits and provide a means of counterattacking Italian territory. In 1928 Bonifacio received five batteries of mounting a total of eight 190 mm guns and six 95 mm guns, both types of late 19th-century manufacture. At the same time, two 340 mm gun turrets were proposed for Bonifacio, similar to those eventually installed at Battery Cepet in Toulon and at Bizerte in Tunisia. The 200 million-franc cost of these batteries caused the turret project to be placed in a low-priority status.

General Fournier, in charge of Corsican defenses in 1932, was directed by the Ministry of War on 13 April 1928 to prepare a defensive plan for the island. Fournier prepared an ambitious plan, proposing roads, airfields, telephone communications and other measures, which were projected to cost as much as 6 billion francs. Fournier was told to make do with 42 million francs. Exercises in 1929 showed up the vulnerability of Bonifacio, prompting Fournier to propose a 10 million-franc program to defend the southern beaches and the roads near Bonifacio. However, while the French Senate was amenable to funding, none was provided, and the 42 million-franc program was cut from the 1930 budget.

Bonifacio's defenses were augmented in October 1932 with eight 194 mm guns in the town's citadel, four 138 mm guns and four 75 mm anti-aircraft guns at Bocca-di-Valle, four 145/155 guns at Sotta and six 164 mm guns at Monte-Léone. Many of these weapons had sufficient range to fire across the straits, particularly the guns at Sotta, which had a range of 20 kilometres (12 mi). These open emplacements lacked close-range defenses and were vulnerable to a landing behind the main artillery line. However, from 1931 the *Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiés*, or CORF, was directed to advise on the defense of Corsica. The same year, a proposal was approved by the Army and Navy to fortify Corsica. The programme included improvements to infrastructure, with new roads and telephone communications, as well as the construction of casemates and *ouvrages* around Bonifacio. Costs were estimated in 1933 at 27 million francs, about half of which was to be spent on fortifications, with the remainder devoted to roads and communications.

## Construction

Construction of the CORF positions began in 1932, concentrating on the southern end of Corsica with three objectives: fortification of beaches suitable for the landing of an invasion force, control of the road between Porto-Vecchio and Bonifacio, and defense of the Pertusato plateau behind Bonifacio, site of several of the artillery batteries. A total of twelve infantry casemates and three artillery casemates were completed in 1932–1933.

CORF was disestablished at the end of 1935. As war with Italy and Germany threatened in 1939, new measures were proposed for Corsican defenses. 5.4 million francs were allocated to improve the defenses of Bastia, building two casemates and two blockhouses. In the south, fifteen infantry shelters or *abris* were built in the Corpo-de-Verga area, known as the "Mollard Line," named after the island's military commander. These positions were built by the Military Works Arm (*Main d'Oeuvre Militaire*, or MOM), which was responsible for many hastily built fortifications of the immediate pre-war period.

## Command

Corsica was under the overall command of the General Mollard. Mollard's troops included the 363rd Infantry Demi-Brigade (*363e Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie*) (363 DBI) with four (later three) battalions, the 373rd Alpine Infantry Demi-Brigade (*373 Demi-Brigade Alpine d'Infanterie*) (373e DBIA) with seven battalions, and the 43rd Squadron of the 10th Dragoons Regiment (cavalry) (*43e Escadron du 10e Régiment de Dragons*). Another three or four battalions from various units rounded out the force, supported by the 92nd Artillery Group.

## Description

All works were built by CORF unless otherwise noted.

### Northern Corsican Group

Colonel d'Omano, commander

#### Subsector of Calvi

VIII/373rd DBIA

#### Sub-sector of Bastia

X/373rd DBIA, 174/405th battery DCA

* Blockhaus de l'Arinella: Blockhouse with two FM
* Casemate de 'Arinella: Double casemate with two JM/AC47, two JM and one GFM-B (never installed)
* Blockhaus de Saint-Florent: Blockhouse with two FM
* Casemate de Saint-Florent: Double casemate with two JM/AC47, two JM and one GFM-B (never installed)

#### Sub-sector of Golo-Cervione

IX/373rd DBIA

### Southern Corsica Group

Lieutenant Colonel Ricatte, followed by Colonel Denis from May 1940.

#### Sub-sector of Porto-Vecchio

A light infantry company

* Casemate de l'Aréna: Artillery casemate with one 75mm gun firing to the north
* Casemate de Ziglione: Single casemate with one JM
* Casemate de Georges-Ville: Double casemate with two JM, one GFM
* Casemate de Saint-Cyprien: Artillery casemate with one 75mm gun firing to the south
* Casemate de Santa-Giulia: Single casemate with one JM and one GFM

#### Sub-sector of Bonifacio

V/373rd DBIA, I and III/363rd DBIA, 150th regional battalion, 3rd and 8th batteries 92nd Artillery Regiment, 175/405th battery DCA

* Casemate de Spinella Ouest: Single casemate with one JM and one mortar cloche
* Casemate de Spinella Est: Single casemate with one JM, one mortar cloche and one GFM
* Casemate de Ventilegne: Single casemate with one JM
* Casemate de Catarello: Single casemate with one JM, one mortar and one GFM
* Casemate de Pertusato I: Single casemate with one JM and one GFM
* Abri de Pertusato II: Underground infantry shelter for 58 men (MOM)
* Abri de Pertusato III: Underground infantry shelter for 34 men (MOM)
* Abrie de Pertusato IV: Underground infantry shelter for 18 men with an FM embrasure (MOM)
* Casemate de Pertusato V: Casemate with one mortar
* Abri de Pertusato VI: Underground infantry shelter for 34 men (MOM)
* Abri de Pertusato VII: Underground infantry shelter for 70 men with an FM embrasure (MOM)
* Batterie de Pertusato
* Casemate de Santa-Manza: Artillery casemate with two 75mm guns firing to the north
* Casemate de Capo-Bianco Nord: Single casemate with ine JM, one GFM
* Casemate de Capo-Bianco Sud: Single casemate with ine JM, one GFM
* Casemate de Rondinara: Single casemate with two JM, one GFM

#### Sub-sector of Sartène

II/363rd DBIA

### Independent sub-sectors

#### Sub-sector of Aleria

VII/363rd DBIA, VIII/373rd DBIA, 171/405th battery DCA

#### Sub-sector of Ajaccio

VI/373rd DBIA, 172nd and 173rd batteries 405th DCA

## History

Corsica was not directly attacked by ground forces in 1940. Between 15 June and 20 June the Italian Air Force bombed Propriano, Porto-Vecchio, Bonifacio and Calvi, with little effect. Corsica was occupied by Italian forces after the armistice of June 25, 1940, but remained French territory under the Vichy French government. During the fighting of 1943, in which German forces moved from Sardinia to Corsica and then to Sicily, the Georges-Ville casemate was destroyed and the casemates at Ventilègne and Catarello were damaged. The artillery casemates' 75mm guns were salvaged after the war and sent to re-arm positions in the Fortified Sector of the Maritime Alps.

## Present status

The casemates at Rondinara, Santa Manza and other locations are reported to be in good condition and accessible.

## Bibliography

* Allcorn, William. *The Maginot Line 1928–45.* Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-646-1
* Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. *Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II*, Stackpole Books, 2006. ISBN 0-275-98345-5
* Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. *The Maginot Line: History and Guide*, Pen and Sword, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84884-068-3
* Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. *Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1.* Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001. ISBN 2-908182-88-2 (in French)
* Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. *Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine.* Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009. ISBN 978-2-915239-46-1 (in French)
* Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. *Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5.* Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009. ISBN 978-2-35250-127-5 (in French)


title: Defensive Sector of the Rhône

abstract: The Defensive Sector of the Rhône was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the French border with Switzerland and Italy in the area of Geneva. The area was not regarded as a likely point of invasion, owing to the neutrality of Switzerland and the extremely difficult terrain along the Italian portion of the border. It was therefore lightly fortified. Its chief fortified position was the 19th-century Fort l'Écluse, manned by a small force, which held its strategic position against a Panzerkorps for a week in June 1940.

text:
# Defensive Sector of the Rhône

The **Defensive Sector of the Rhône** (*Secteur Défensif du Rhône*) was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the French border with Switzerland and Italy in the area of Geneva. The area was not regarded as a likely point of invasion, owing to the neutrality of Switzerland and the extremely difficult terrain along the Italian portion of the border. It was therefore lightly fortified. Its chief fortified position was the 19th-century Fort l'Écluse, manned by a small force, which held its strategic position against a *Panzerkorps* for a week in June 1940.

## Concept and organization

The SD Rhône was largely ignored until 1939, when a belated program was initiated to deal with a potential invasion through Swiss territory. The French were aware that the Swiss were fortifying their National Redoubt in the high Alps that would bar most invasion routes, but the French command thought it prudent to undertake their own measures. An initial 1937 plan envisioned three areas of effort, building Maginot-style *ouvrages* at strategic locations:

* **Ouvrage Crêt Mourex** with a 75mm gun turret, located to the northeast of Lac Léman

Four *ouvrages* were to be situated to the south of the lake, three armed with 75mm guns in casemates and one with a 75mm gun turret:

* **Ouvrage Boisy**
* **Ouvrage la Douceur**
* **Ouvrage Epinacher**
* **Ouvrage Est des Gets**

A final location in the upper Arve valley, armed with 75mm guns in casemates:

Since funding was more urgently needed on fronts that were obviously exposed, these proposals bore no fruit. A 1938 revision scaled the proposal back, replacing *ouvrage* Crêt Mourex with a fortified position at the bottom of the Col de la Faucille, along with five blockhouses at Crêt Mourex, Riamont, Le Pailly, Petit-Montrond and Montets, and a demountable turret at Arbère. The positions in Haute-Savoie were replaced by a fortification at the Saint-Gingolph frontier with four demountable turrets, as well as a center of resistance with six blockhouses at Les Dranses covering the Les Epinches - Pont de la Douceur, Morzine \- Les Cluses, and Martigney-Chamonix axes, each with two blockhouses. In the final event, even this program was considered unaffordable and unjustified, and was scaled back yet further.

## Command

The Rhône sector was under the overall command of the Army of the Alps, headquartered at Valence, under the command of General René Olry. The SF Rhône was commanded by General Michal. The command post moved several times. It was first at Annecy in the Hôtel Beau-Rivage, then the Hôtel Jeanne-d'Arc from 2 September 1939. The command post moved to Sevrier, in the Hôtel de la Payde on 20 June 1940, then to Marthod on 24 June, then back to Sevrier the next day. The field army unit assigned the sector was the First North African Infantry Division. From October 1939, some units were replaced by the 64th Infantry Division, then in turn by the 66th Infantry Division. The SD Rhône was disestablished on 15 July 1940, after the French surrender.

## Description

The sector was manned by the 230th *Demi-brigade Alpin de Forteresse* under the command of Colonel Lanoyerie. Prior to mobilization in 1939, no active units were stationed in the sector. The sector includes, in order from north to south, the following sub-sectors and fortifications:

### Sub-sector of Faucille - Fort-l'Écluse

At a narrow point in the Rhône valley, the sector consists only of the Fort l'Écluse, built in two stages in the first half of the nineteenth century. The fort was modernized with the Casemate du Tunnel, which guarded a road tunnel passing near the fort. The casemate was armed with two anti-tank gun, never installed, and automatic rifles. The upper portion of the fort mounted four 90mm guns.

### Sub-sector of Chablais

The Chablais sub-sector covered the territory around Lac Léman with a series of blockhouses defending strategic routes. The sub-sector was further subdivided.

* **Léman defenses**: Interdiction of the road from Switzerland on the south side of the lake, with four blockhouses at Meillerie, one at Le Locum and five at Saint-Gingolph on the border.
* **Valley defenses of the Pas de Morgins**: Three blockhouses at La Chapelle d'Abondance.
* **Arve valley defenses**: Blockhouses on the road from Thonon-les-Bains to Les Gets, with two blockhouses at Thonon, two at Les Gets, and one at Châtillon-sur-Cluses, with prepared battery positions along the way.
* **Annecy defenses**: The area around and to the east of Annecy was further divided into east and west sectors at Allonzier-la-Caille. A line of 19 blockhouses extended from Groisy to Charvonnex, across the Fillère valley, a strategic rail passage. The line ended short of the Swiss border in accordance with treaty terms that forbade the construction of fortifications within a stipulated distance of the border. Other fortifications defended the La Clusaz \- Annecy axis, with an infantry shelter (*abri*) at Digny Saint-Clair, with another at La Balme de Thuy, as well as a blockhouse at the same location. A gallery was built at Thônes.

### Sub-sector of the Arve

The Arve sub-sector faced Italy with one blockhouse at Magland, two at Saint-Roch, and an *abri* at Vallorcine.

## Battle of France

No action was taken by Italian forces directly against the SD Rhône during the Italian invasion of France in June 1940. However, German forces advanced along the Rhône valley from the north. In early June the 230th DBAF (a *demi-brigade* of five battalions) was placed to block the German advance along a front between Frangy and Annecy. The German force was no less than Panzergruppe von Kleist, composed of the 3rd and 4th Panzer Divisions and the 13th Motorized Infantry Division. The Fort l'Écluse blocked the German advance toward Albertville, manned by a company of the 179th Alpine Fortress Battalion along with personnel from several miscellaneous units of artillery and regional reserve forces. Contact was made between French and German forces at l'Écluse on 22 June. The French held off the Germans, destroying the railway viaduct in front of the fort on 24 June. The Germans did not press further action, with the armistice taking place on the 25th.

Since no orders had been given to the fort's garrison following the armistice, they remained in place, barring passage. The standoff continued until 30 June, when General Charles Huntziger, in charge of post-surrender French forces, ordered the unit to permit passage to the Germans, and to surrender.

### Units

The 230th DBAF was made up of five battalions, the 179th and the 189th *batallions alpins de forteresse* and the 199th BCHM, as well as the attached II/440th Pioneer battalion and the II/281st infantry battalion. Apart from the unit taken prisoner at the Fort l'Écluse, the remainder of the 230th moved to the Rumilly area to regroup after the armistice. They ended up at Annecy on 17 July, and the regiment was dissolved on 31 July 1940. Active personnel were assigned to the Vichy French *bataillon de chasseurs de la Haute-Savoie*.

## Present status

The Fort l'Écluse was purchased by a syndicate of nineteen communities of the *Pays de Gex* and is operated as a museum. It has been open to the public since 1995.

1. English-language sources use the French term *ouvrage* as the preferred term for the Maginot positions, in preference to "fort", a term usually reserved for older fortifications with passive defenses in the form of walls and ditches. The literal translation of *ouvrage* in the sense of a fortification in English is "work." A *gros ouvrage* is a large fortification with a significant artillery component, while a *petit ouvrage* is smaller, with lighter arms.
2. An *abri* is an infantry shelter, sometimes underground or under earth cover. An *abri* in the main Maginot Line often closely resembles a casemate, but is more lightly armed and can hold more occupants.

## Bibliography

* Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. *Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II*, Stackpole Books, 2006. ISBN 0-275-98345-5
* Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. *The Maginot Line: History and Guide*, Pen and Sword, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84884-068-3
* Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. *Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2.* Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001. ISBN 2-908182-97-1 (in French)
* Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. *Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine.* Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009. ISBN 978-2-915239-46-1 (in French)
* Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. *Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5.* Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009. ISBN 978-2-35250-127-5 (in French)


title: Deep Springs Plantation

abstract: Deep Springs Plantation is a plantation house in Stoneville, North Carolina. The farmland was later sold off to create the Deep Springs Country Club, a golf club and residential neighborhood, but the original house still exists as a private residence.

text:
# Deep Springs Plantation

**Deep Springs Plantation** is a plantation house in Stoneville, North Carolina. The farmland was later sold off to create the **Deep Springs Country Club**, a golf club and residential neighborhood, but the original house still exists as a private residence.

## History

In 1824, land along the Dan River was left to James Madison Scales after his father, Nathaniel Scales, died. In November 1825, Scales married Elizabeth Lesuer at Lennox Castle and they later settled on the land along the river. The plantation is named after a deep spring on the property that supplied water to the house. In 1846, an apatite meteorite weighing approximately twenty-five pounds fell near the house, and is now on display at the North Carolina Museum of History. The mansion was constructed between 1827 and 1830, in time for the couple's second child, Nathaniel, to be born in the house. Scales' siblings owned other plantations in Rockingham County, North Carolina including his brother Alfred Moore Scales at Mulberry Island Plantation and his sister Mary Scales McCain at High Rock Farm.

In 1880 the plantation was sold to John M. Lindsay. The house was later sold to the Armfield family. In 1969 the plantation was sold and the land was turned into a private country club, Deep Springs Country Club. The house was bought in 2003 by the Byerly family and is maintained as a private residence.

## InfoBox

| Deep Springs Plantation | |
| --- | --- |
| front view of the house | |
| General information | |
| Type | residence |
| Town or city | Stoneville, North Carolina |
| Country | United States |
| Current tenants | Byerly family |
| Named for | natural spring on the property |
| Groundbreaking | 1827 |


title: Józefowo, Nowy Tomyśl County

abstract: Józefowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lwówek, within Nowy Tomyśl County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Lwówek, 14 km (9 mi) north of Nowy Tomyśl, and 51 km (32 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Józefowo, Nowy Tomyśl County

**Józefowo** (Polish: \[juzɛˈfɔvɔ\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lwówek, within Nowy Tomyśl County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Lwówek, 14 km (9 mi) north of Nowy Tomyśl, and 51 km (32 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Józefowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Józefowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°25′54″N 16°10′41″E / 52.43167°N 16.17806°E / 52.43167; 16.17806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Nowy Tomyśl |
| Gmina | Lwówek |


title: Sidney MacEwen

abstract: Sidney MacEwen is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island in the 2015 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Morell-Donagh as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party. He was re-elected in the 2023 general election. MacEwen holds a degree in industrial engineering from Dalhousie University. Prior to his election to the legislature, he worked as a lobster and tuna fisherman, as a business consultant for MRSB Consulting and as chief of staff to former Progressive Conservative leader Olive Crane.

text:
# Sidney MacEwen

**Sidney MacEwen** (born 18 November 1979) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island in the 2015 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Morell-Donagh as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party. He was re-elected in the 2023 general election.

MacEwen holds a degree in industrial engineering from Dalhousie University. Prior to his election to the legislature, he worked as a lobster and tuna fisherman, as a business consultant for MRSB Consulting and as chief of staff to former Progressive Conservative leader Olive Crane.

## Electoral record

| 2023 Prince Edward Island general election: Morell-Donagh | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Sidney MacEwen | 1,899 | 70.4 | +12.8 |
|  | Green | John Allen MacLean | 349 | 12.9 | -10.0 |
|  | Liberal | Terry MacDonald | 282 | 10.5 | -7.9 |
|  | New Democratic | Kevin Trainor | 115 | 4.3 | +3.1 |
|  | Island | Christopher Landry | 44 | 1.6 | +1.6 |
| Total valid votes | | | 2,698 | 100.0 |
|  | Progressive Conservative **hold** | | Swing | | +11.4 |
| Source(s)   --- | | | | | | |

| 2019 Prince Edward Island general election: Morell-Donagh | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Sidney MacEwen | 1,752 | 57.6% |  |
|  | Green | Kyle MacDonald | 697 | 22.9% |  |
|  | Liberal | Susan Myers | 557 | 18.3% |  |
|  | New Democratic | Margaret Andrade | 35 | 1.2% |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 3,041 | 100.00 |
| This is a newly created district | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | |

| 2015 Prince Edward Island general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Sidney MacEwen | 1,501 | 49.98 | -8.31 |
|  | Liberal | Dan MacDonald | 1,114 | 37.10 | +0.59 |
|  | New Democratic | Edith Perry | 211 | 7.03 |  |
|  | Green | Meaghan Lister | 177 | 5.89 | +1.86 |
| Total valid votes | | | 3,003 | 100.0 |
|  | Progressive Conservative **gain** from Independent | | Swing | | -4.45 |
|  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Sidney MacEwenMLA | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island for
Morell-Mermaid | |
| **In office**
May 4, 2015  March 26, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Olive Crane |
| Succeeded by | *Riding dissolved* |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island for
Morell-Donagh | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
April 23, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | *Riding established* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1979-11-18) November 18, 1979 |
| Political party | Progressive Conservative |
| Residence(s) | St. Peters Harbour, Prince Edward Island |
|  | |


title: Peace Monument (Atlanta)

abstract: The Peace Monument is a public monument in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Designed by Allen George Newman, the monument is located in Piedmont Park and was erected in 1911 by members of the Old Guard of the Gate City Guard, a Confederate-era militia, as a show of national unity in the years following the American Civil War. The monument has been the subject of controversy recently, with some calling for its removal as a symbol of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.

text:
# Peace Monument (Atlanta)

The **Peace Monument** (also known as ***The Triumph of Peace***) is a public monument in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Designed by Allen George Newman, the monument is located in Piedmont Park and was erected in 1911 by members of the Old Guard of the Gate City Guard, a Confederate-era militia, as a show of national unity in the years following the American Civil War. The monument has been the subject of controversy recently, with some calling for its removal as a symbol of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.

## History

### Old Guard and the peace monument

In 1857, the Gate City Guard, an Atlanta-based militia, was officially chartered. The group had first been formed in 1854 for the purpose of maintaining law and order in Atlanta, which was nicknamed the "Gate City." During the American Civil War, the militia provided troops for the Confederate States Army, but was disbanded following the end of the war. However, the militia was reconstituted during the Reconstruction era as part of what would later become the Georgia National Guard. Around the same time, the Old Guard Battalion of the Gate City Guard was formed, consisting of former Gate City Guard members who were too old to serve on active duty. This group traveled extensively throughout the United States as part of a mission to improve reconciliation between northern states and southern states following the war.

In 1910, as part of their ongoing efforts to promote reconciliation, the Old Guard decided to erect a monument in Piedmont Park. The following year, the Old Guard commissioned New York City-based sculptor Allen George Newman. The dedication was held on October 11, 1911, attracting over 50,000 visitors. Notable attendees and groups in attendance included the Old Guard State Fencibles, the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, and Mayor of Baltimore James H. Preston. A parade was held down Peachtree Street that ended at the park.

### Recent controversy

On August 13, 2017, following the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, the monument was defaced. Demonstrators in Atlanta, protesting the white supremacist rally, had organized a march from Woodruff Park to Piedmont Park. Once there some protesters attempted to tear down the monument with a chain, with one protester getting hurt by metal falling off the monument. The monument was also graffitied with spray paint by protesters. Following these events, the city of Atlanta created an advisory committee that worked with the Atlanta History Center to discuss possible changes to Confederate monuments and memorials in the city.

In 2019, the Government of Georgia passed a law forbidding the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials in Georgia. In August of that same year, the commission authorized the installation of signs near several Confederate monuments and memorials in the city (including the Peace Monument) that would give more historical context regarding the structures. At the Peace Monument, two signs were placed near the monument, which, according to the CEO of the Atlanta History Center, turn the monument from "an object of veneration into an artifact." The marker mentions the Lost Cause of the Confederacy and its relation to the monument and highlights that the monument neglects the perspective of many African Americans during that time. Additional markers were placed near monuments and memorials in Oakland Cemetery (including the Confederate Obelisk) and Buckhead. Following the placement of these markers, the Atlanta chapter of the NAACP criticized them for not going far enough, with the branch president criticizing the committee for "compromising on racism." An official from the Southern Poverty Law Center similarly criticized the signs, saying, "A plaque standing next to something that massive and already offensive can't really undo the harm to citizens who are being exposed to it." As of 2019, the Gate City Guard continues to hold rededication ceremonies every October.

> This monument should no longer stand as a memorial to white brotherhood; rather, it should be seen as an artifact representing a shared history in which millions of Americans were denied civil and human rights.
>
> Excerpt from the context marker added to the Peace Monument in 2019.

## Design

The monument features the "angel of peace" (modeled by Audrey Munson), holding an olive branch, standing over a Confederate soldier who has a gun in his hands, telling the soldier that peace has been proclaimed.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Peace Monument
| Peace Monument (2020) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 33°47′11″N 84°22′39″W / 33.78649°N 84.37746°W / 33.78649; -84.37746 | |
| Location | Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
| Designer | Allen George Newman |
| Dedicated date | October 11, 1911 |
| Dedicated to |  |


title: Pressure perturbation calorimetry

abstract: Pressure perturbation calorimetry (PPC) is a technique closely related to isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In brief, PPC measures heat changes associated with dilute aqueous solutions of proteins or other biomolecules in response to introduction of relatively small pressure perturbations. Importantly, such heat changes can be related to thermodynamic properties of proteins such as hydration and conformational transitions upon folding and/or ligand binding.

text:
# Pressure perturbation calorimetry

**Pressure perturbation calorimetry** (PPC) is a technique closely related to isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In brief, PPC measures heat changes associated with dilute aqueous solutions of proteins or other biomolecules in response to introduction of relatively small pressure perturbations (± 5 atm). Importantly, such heat changes can be related to thermodynamic properties of proteins such as hydration and conformational transitions upon folding and/or ligand binding.

## Bibliography

* Lin, Lung-Nan; Brandts, John F.; Brandts, J. Michael; Plotnikov, Valerian (2002-03-01). "Determination of the volumetric properties of proteins and other solutes using pressure perturbation calorimetry". *Analytical Biochemistry*. **302** (1): 144–160. doi:10.1006/abio.2001.5524. ISSN 0003-2697. PMID 11846388. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
* Zhai, Yong; Okoro, Linus; Cooper, Alan; Winter, Roland (2011-06-01). "Applications of pressure perturbation calorimetry in biophysical studies". *Biophysical Chemistry*. Special Issue: Biopolymer Solvation - Water and more!. **156** (1): 13–23. doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2010.12.010. ISSN 0301-4622. PMID 21255903. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
* Heerklotz, Heiko; Seelig, Joachim (2002-03-01). "Application of pressure perturbation calorimetry to lipid bilayers". *Biophysical Journal*. **82** (3): 1445–1452. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75498-2. ISSN 0006-3495. PMC 1301945. PMID 11867459.


title: The Walter and Hays band

abstract: The Walter and Hays band is an American novelty band from Salt Lake City, Utah. Formed in 1985, the band consists of songwriter/Keyboardist/trumpeter/guitarist Walter Gregory, vocalist/keyboardist/trumpeter Tony Summerhays, bassist/vocalist Cory Brown, and drummer/vocalist Dan Stephensen. The band is best known for their song "Mormon Rap" (1988), which sold approximately 95,000 cassette tapes worldwide, and has become a kind of cult classic in the state of Utah. It played during the early 1990s on the nationally syndicated Dr. Demento radio show. Other songs written by the Walter and Hays band include "Do the Fusion," “Funny, Funny,” “I’m so Good lookin’,” and "BYU of U."

text:
# The Walter and Hays band

**The Walter and Hays band** is an American novelty band from Salt Lake City, Utah. Formed in 1985, the band consists of songwriter/Keyboardist/trumpeter/guitarist Walter Gregory, vocalist/keyboardist/trumpeter Tony Summerhays, bassist/vocalist Cory Brown, and drummer/vocalist Dan Stephensen. The band is best known for their song "Mormon Rap" (1988), which sold approximately 95,000 cassette tapes worldwide, and has become a kind of cult classic in the state of Utah. It played during the early 1990s on the nationally syndicated Dr. Demento radio show. Other songs written by the Walter and Hays band include "Do the Fusion," “Funny, Funny,” “I’m so Good lookin’,” and "BYU of U."

## History

Formed in 1985, The Walter & Hays Band spent eight years together, performing in nearly all of Utah's popular nightclubs, in numerous high profile social events, for The Primary Children's Miracle Network Telethon in Disneyland, and in locations including The Bahamas, Florida, Hawaii, Las Vegas and other major U.S cities. The group opened for acts including Stephen Stills, Rich Little, Marie Osmond, Danny Gans, Jay Leno, Michael Floorwax and Jeff Foxworthy. The band disbanded in 1993, but Walt and Tony continue to perform individually as solo acts as well as together as a duo. Walt Gregory, son of actress Mary Ethel Gregory has continued his work as a performer, creating over 100 jingles, touring with Donny and Marie, and doing various vocal impressions. Dan Stephensen currently performs with Easy Street, a cover band based in Utah. He also performs with the George Dyer Show in Arizona.

## Band members

* Walter Gregory – keyboards, trumpet, guitar (1985–1993)
* Tony Summerhays – lead vocals, keyboards, trumpet (1985–1993)
* Cory Brown – bass guitar, backing vocals (1985–1993)
* Dan Stephensen – drums, backing vocals (1985–1993)

## InfoBox

| The Walter and Hays Band | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Salt Lake City, Utah, USA |
| Genres | Novelty Band
1960s, 1970s, 1980s |
| Years active | 1985–1993 |
|  | |
| Members | Walter Gregory
Tony Summerhays
Cory Brown
Dan Stephensen |


title: Pseudochironomus

abstract: Pseudochironomus is a genus of European and North American non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.

text:
# Pseudochironomus

***Pseudochironomus*** is a genus of European and North American non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudochironomus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Suborder: | Nematocera |
| Infraorder: | Culicomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Chironomoidea |
| Family: | Chironomidae |
| Subfamily: | Chironominae |
| Tribe: | Pseudochironomini |
| Genus: | ***Pseudochironomus***<br>Malloch, 1915 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Castle of Palmela

abstract: Castle of Palmela is a castle in Portugal. It is classified as a National Monument. The Castle of Palmela is located in the village, parish and county of the same name, district of Setúbal, in Portugal. In Setúbal Peninsula, in the east side of the Arrábida mountain range, it is situated between the estuaries of the River Tagus and Sado River, near the mouth of the latter. It is part of the Costa Azul, in Arrábida Natural Park.

text:
# Castle of Palmela

**Castle of Palmela** is a castle in Portugal. It is classified as a National Monument.

38°33′58″N 8°54′04″W / 38.56611°N 8.90111°W / 38.56611; -8.90111

The Castle of Palmela is located in the village, parish and county of the same name, district of Setúbal, in Portugal .

In Setúbal Peninsula, in the east side of the Arrábida mountain range, it is situated between the estuaries of the River Tagus and Sado River, near the mouth of the latter. It is part of the Costa Azul, in Arrábida Natural Park.

## History

### Background

The early human occupation of the region dates back to prehistory, particularly the Neolithic period, according to the abundant archaeological testimony. Some scholars point to date of 310 BC for the founding of a settlement on the current location, fortified at the time of Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula in 106, by a Praetor of Lusitania, named Áulio Cornelius (or Áulio Cornelius Palma). Modern archaeological research proves, however, that the subsequent occupation of this site was uninterrupted, initially by the Visigoths and later the Muslims, the latter responsible for the primitive fortification between the eighth century and the ninth, greatly expanded between the tenth century and the 12th.

1. "Castelo de Palmela". *Portal do Arqueólogo*. Retrieved 23 November 2017.


title: Reparo de Metralhadora automatizada X

abstract: Remax is a Brazilian remote weapon system produced by CTEx and Ares Aeroespacial e Defesa S.A. It's a flexible system able to receive many configurations, like 7.62×51mm NATO, 12.7 mm. The system gives soldiers 360° capacity and is equipped with night vision, thermal vision, high resolution camera and zoom. The project is in advanced stage. From now on, only minor modifications will be made in order to reduce the weight of the system, thus improving their performance. Remax will be used with the Guarani, the next Brazilian armored personnel carrier.

text:
# Reparo de Metralhadora automatizada X

**Remax (Reparo de Metralhadora Automatizada X)** is a Brazilian remote weapon system produced by CTEx (Brazilian Army engineers) and Ares Aeroespacial e Defesa S.A. It's a flexible system able to receive many configurations, like 7.62×51mm NATO, 12.7 mm. The system gives soldiers 360° capacity and is equipped with night vision, thermal vision, high resolution camera and zoom. The project is in advanced stage. From now on, only minor modifications will be made in order to reduce the weight of the system, thus improving their performance.

Remax will be used with the Guarani, the next Brazilian armored personnel carrier.

## Development

The Remax has been developed incrementally:

* Phase I: allowed day shooting with 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine guns;
* Phase II: the system could alternatively employ 7.62 mm machine guns;
* Phase III: added night vision equipment, and;
* Phase IV: the system will be stabilized to allow shooting from a moving car.


title: Prisoners from the Front

abstract: Prisoners from the Front is an 1866 painting by American artist Winslow Homer. One of Homer's most notable early works, the painting depicts a scene in which Confederate officers surrender to Union Brigadier General Francis Channing Barlow during the American Civil War. Homer's experience as a war correspondent likely contributed to his rendering of the work. Citing Prisoners' style, tone, and provenance, American art critic Peter Schjeldahl once called Homer's work "The most telling of all paintings about the Civil War." Infrared photography and numerous studies indicate that the painting underwent many changes in the course of completion.

text:
# Prisoners from the Front

***Prisoners from the Front*** is an 1866 painting by American artist Winslow Homer. One of Homer's most notable early works, the painting depicts a scene in which Confederate officers surrender to Union Brigadier General Francis Channing Barlow during the American Civil War. Homer's experience as a war correspondent likely contributed to his rendering of the work.

Citing *Prisoners*' style, tone, and provenance, American art critic Peter Schjeldahl once called Homer's work "The most telling of all paintings about the Civil War."

Infrared photography and numerous studies indicate that the painting underwent many changes in the course of completion.

## Description

The work depicts a group of Confederate soldiers surrendering to a Union officer in the barren landscape. The Union officer, identified as General Francis Channing Barlow, is recognizable, but the Confederate soldiers remain anonymous. Departing from traditional confrontation scenes where the vanquished bow down in submission, Homer introduces alterations. The Confederate prisoners, although indicating surrender by placing their rifles down, refuse to bow and stand in pride. Homer shows a group of Confederate soldiers of different ages. The elderly man positioned in the center of the group presents the most submissive demeanor among them. The young prisoner to his left has his hand in his pocket, showing confident nonchalance. The work captures a poignant portrayal of the tensions following the Civil War and the efforts to reconstruct the South.

## Interpretation

The painting perplexed critics, who struggled to categorize it according to conventional genres. It defies easy classification, combining elements of both historical and genre painting.

Many scholars see the work as a symbolic commentary on the entire American Civil War rather than a mere recording of a specific event. Frances Pohl argues that the painting, by minimizing the contrast between winner and loser, presents the war as "a renegotiation of terms" between North and South rather than a complete break between them. It illustrates a standoff that symbolizes the enduring animosity and bitterness harbored by the Confederates, as well as the Northerners' cluelessness as to the depths of that hostility. The painting suggests that the reconciliation between the North and South necessitates spiritual growth and maturity on both sides in the postwar era. Homer's focus on conveying the war's emotional impact sets this work apart, making it a significant piece of art in the context of Civil War representation.

Homer's grim landscape captures the ravages of war on the physical and mental aspects of the actual landscape, nature, and humanity. Art historians note that Homer achieves the effect by skillfully integrating elements of history painting, landscape painting, and photography in his artwork.

## Influences

Homer skillfully navigated the complexities of depicting the conflict in a historical context. The painting's meaning evolved over time, emphasizing themes of brotherly feeling and humanity, and erasing the strictly sectarian interpretation. *Prisoners from the Front* continues to be regarded as an example of historical art that thrives on ambiguity, conveying conflicting messages about the Civil War as a tragic, fratricidal event. The painting is both featured and referenced in the movie Gettysburg, with it appearing in the opening credits and being mirrored in a scene where Lieutenant Thomas Chamberlain speaks to three Confederate prisoners.

## InfoBox

| Prisoners from the Front | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Winslow Homer |
| Year | 1866 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 61 cm × 96.5 cm (24 in × 38.0 in) |
| Location | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City |
| Accession | 22.207 |


title: Priddis Greens

abstract: Priddis Greens is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within the Foothills County. It is located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of the Hamlet of Priddis, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southeast of the Hamlet of Bragg Creek and 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the City of Calgary. The hamlet is developed in two residential nodes adjacent to the Priddis Greens Golf & Country Club.

text:
# Priddis Greens

**Priddis Greens** is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within the Foothills County. It is located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of the Hamlet of Priddis, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southeast of the Hamlet of Bragg Creek and 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the City of Calgary. The hamlet is developed in two residential nodes adjacent to the Priddis Greens Golf & Country Club.

## Demographics

The population of Priddis Greens according to the 2003 municipal census conducted by Foothills County is 267.

## Golf and country club

The Priddis Greens Golf & Country Club is a private golf club that consists of two 18-hole championship courses (Hawk and Raven). The price for a membership is $40,000 (2024).

In July 2003, Priddis Greens Golf & Country Club was awarded GOLD status in the *Best Private Course in Canada* category by Score Golf Magazine's Golfers’ Choice Awards.

2016: Score Magazine ranked Priddis Greens (Hawk) 50th out of the “Top 100 Clubs in Canada”

### Tournaments

The Priddis Greens Golf & Country Club has hosted the following major tournament events:

* CP Women's Open - August 2016
* CN Canadian Women's Open \- 2009
* Alberta PGA Players Tour - 2008
* Alberta Senior Ladies Championship - 2007
* Alberta PGA Head Pro Championship - 2003
* Alberta Mid Amateur - 2001
* Alberta PGA Championship - 2000
* du Maurier Classic \- 1999
* Canadian Amputee Open - 1997
* City Lady Amateur - 1996
* George Reed's Club 34 Pro Am - 1988 to 1995
* Canadian Club Professionals - 1994
* Men's City Amateur - 1993
* Junior Team Trials - 1993
* City Senior Ladies Amateur - 1991
* City Men's Medalist - 1988
* Alberta Mid Amateur - 1987

## InfoBox

| Priddis Greens | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| The Priddis Greens Golf & Country Club in Priddis Greens | |
|  | |
| Priddis GreensLocation of Priddis GreensPriddis GreensPriddis Greens (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 50°53′43″N 114°24′10″W / 50.89528°N 114.40278°W / 50.89528; -114.40278 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Region | Calgary Metropolitan Region |
| Census division |  |
| Municipal district | Foothills County |
| Government | |
| Type | Unincorporated |
| Governing body | Foothills County Council |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 267 |
| Time zone | UTC−07:00 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−06:00 (MDT) |
| Area code(s) | 403, 587, 825 |


title: Priority encoder

abstract: A priority encoder is a circuit or algorithm that compresses multiple binary inputs into a smaller number of outputs, similar to a simple encoder. The output of a priority encoder is the binary representation of the index of the most significant activated line. In contrast to the simple encoder, if two or more inputs to the priority encoder are active at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence. It is an improvement on a simple encoder because it can handle all possible input combinations, but at the cost of extra logic. Applications of priority encoders include their use in interrupt controllers, decimal or binary encoding, and analog-to-digital / digital to-analog conversion. A truth table of a single bit 4-to-2 priority encoder is shown, where the inputs are shown in decreasing order of priority left-to-right, and "x" indicates a don't care term - i.e. any input value there yields the same output since it is superseded by a higher-priority input. The (usually-included) "v" output indicates if the input is valid. Priority encoders can be easily connected in arrays to make larger encoders, such as one 16-to-4 encoder made from six 4-to-2 priority encoders – four 4-to-2 encoders having the signal source connected to their inputs, and the two remaining encoders take the output of the first four as input.

text:
# Priority encoder

A **priority encoder** is a circuit or algorithm that compresses multiple binary inputs into a smaller number of outputs, similar to a simple encoder. The output of a priority encoder is the binary representation of the index of the most significant activated line. In contrast to the simple encoder, if two or more inputs to the priority encoder are active at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence. It is an improvement on a simple encoder because it can handle all possible input combinations, but at the cost of extra logic.

Applications of priority encoders include their use in interrupt controllers (to allow some interrupt requests to have higher priority than others), decimal or binary encoding, and analog-to-digital / digital to-analog conversion.

A truth table of a single bit 4-to-2 priority encoder is shown, where the inputs are shown in decreasing order of priority left-to-right, and "x" indicates a don't care term \- i.e. any input value there yields the same output since it is superseded by a higher-priority input. The (usually-included) "v" output indicates if the input is valid.

4 to 2 Priority Encoder
| Input | | | | Output | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| I3 | I2 | I1 | I0 | O1 | O0 | v |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | x | | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | x | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | x | | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | x | | | 1 | 1 | 1 |

Priority encoders can be easily connected in arrays to make larger encoders, such as one 16-to-4 encoder made from six 4-to-2 priority encoders – four 4-to-2 encoders having the signal source connected to their inputs, and the two remaining encoders take the output of the first four as input.

## Recursive construction of priority encoders

A priority-encoder, also called leading zero detector (LZD) or leading zero counter (LZC), receives an $n$-bit input vector and detects the index of the first binary ‘1’ in the input vector. A valid signal indicates if any binary ‘1’ was detected in the input vector, hence the index is valid.

Priority-encoders can be efficiently constructed by recursion. The input vector is split into $k$ equal fragments with $n/k$ bits. A priority encoder $\textrm {PE}\_{n/k}$ with a narrower width of 𝑛/𝑘 is applied for each fragment. The valid bit of each of the $k$ $\textrm {PE}\_{n/k}$‘s goes to a $k$ bit $\textrm {PE}\_{n/k}$ to detect the first valid fragment. The location of this fragment is the higher part of the overall index, and steers the exact location within the fragment itself to produce the lower part of the overall index.

The depth of the proposed structure is $\lceil \log \_{k}n\rceil $, while the hardware area complexity is $\mathcal {O}(n)$. If Altera's Stratix V or equivalent device is used, $k=4$ is recommended to achieve higher performance and area compression, since the mux can be implemented using 6-LUT, hence an entire ALM.

An open-source Verilog generator for the recursive priority-encoder is available online.

A behavioral description of priority encoder in Verilog is as follows.

```
// behavioural description of priority enconder;
// https://github.com/AmeerAbdelhadi/Indirectly-Indexed-2D-Binary-Content-Addressable-Memory-BCAM

module pe_bhv
 #( parameter                   OHW = 512 ) // encoder one-hot input width
  ( input                       clk       , // clock for pipelined priority encoder
    input                       rst       , // registers reset for pipelined priority encoder
    input      [      OHW -1:0] oht       ,  // one-hot input  / [      OHW -1:0]
    output reg [`log2(OHW)-1:0] bin       ,  // first '1' index/ [`log2(OHW)-1:0]
    output reg                  vld       ); // binary is valid if one was found

  // use while loop for non fixed loop length
  // synthesizable well with Intel's QuartusII
  always @(*) begin
    bin = {`log2(OHW){1'b0}};
    vld = oht[bin]         ;
    while ((!vld) && (bin!=(OHW-1))) begin
      bin = bin + 1 ;
      vld = oht[bin];
    end
  end

endmodule

```

## Simple encoder

A simple encoder circuit is a one-hot to binary converter. That is, if there are 2*n* input lines, and at most only one of them will ever be high, the binary code of this 'hot' line is produced on the *n*-bit output lines.

1. Mano, Moshe Morris; Ciletti, Michael D. (2007). *Digital Design* (Fourth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-13-198924-5.
2. *The TTL Applications Handbook*. Fairchild Semiconductor. August 1973. p. 4-4.
3. Abdelhadi, Ameer M. S. (2016). *Architecture of block-RAM-based massively parallel memory structures : multi-ported memories and content-addressable memories* (Thesis). University of British Columbia.
4. Abdelhadi, Ameer M.S.; Lemieux, Guy G.F. (May 2015). "Modular SRAM-Based Binary Content-Addressable Memories". *2015 IEEE 23rd Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines*. pp. 207–214. doi:10.1109/FCCM.2015.69. ISBN 978-1-4799-9969-9. S2CID 16985129.
5. Abdelhadi, Ameer M. S.; Lemieux, Guy G. F. (December 2014). "Deep and narrow binary content-addressable memories using FPGA-based BRAMs". *2014 International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT)*. pp. 318–321. doi:10.1109/FPT.2014.7082808. ISBN 978-1-4799-6245-7. S2CID 2074456.
6. Abdelhadi, A.M.S.; Lemieux, G.G.F. (2014). "Modular SRAM-based Indirectly-indexed 2D Binary Content Addressable Memory II2DCAM". The University of British Columbia.
Abdelhadi, A.M.S.; Lemieux, G.G.F. (2015). "Modular SRAM-Based Binary Content-Addressable Memories" (PDF). *2015 IEEE 23rd Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines*. IEEE. pp. 207–214. doi:10.1109/FCCM.2015.69. ISBN 978-1-4799-9969-9. S2CID 16985129.


title: President Yo La Tengo

abstract: President Yo La Tengo is the third album by American indie rock band Yo La Tengo, released in 1989 by record label Coyote.

text:
# President Yo La Tengo

***President Yo La Tengo*** is the third album by American indie rock band Yo La Tengo, released in 1989 by record label Coyote.

## Recording

*President Yo La Tengo* was recorded at Waterhouse studio, except for tracks 4 and 6, recorded at CBGB.

## Content

The album contains two new versions of instrumental vehicle "The Evil That Men Do" (previously featured on the 1986 album Ride the Tiger), including an extensive live performance. "Orange Song" is a cover of the Antietam song.

## Release

The CD version (released by Coyote/Twin Tone Records) included the band's previous album *New Wave Hot Dogs* and the A-side of the 1987 single "The Asparagus Song". It was re-released by Matador Records, in 1996.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Chicago Tribune* |  |
| *Daily News* |  |
| *NME* | 7/10 |
| *The Philadelphia Inquirer* |  |
|  |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *Select* | 4/5 |
| *Spin Alternative Record Guide* | 9/10 |
| *The Village Voice* | A− |

*Stereogum* wrote: "Featuring a number of great early Yo La Tengo compositions, *President Yo La Tengo* is an initiation into the creative ethic of a good band that is going to turn great".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Barnaby, Hardly Working" | Ira Kaplan, Georgia Hubley | 4:35 |
| 2. | "Drug Test" | Kaplan | 4:06 |
| 3. | "The Evil That Men Do (Craig's Version)" | Kaplan | 2:41 |
| 4. | "Orange Song" | Tim Harris, Tara Key | 3:22 |
| 5. | "Alyda" | Kaplan, Hubley | 3:39 |
| 6. | "The Evil That Men Do (Pablo's Version)" | Kaplan | 10:37 |
| 7. | "I Threw It All Away" | Bob Dylan | 2:17 |

## Personnel

* Ira Kaplan – guitars, lead vocals, organ
* Georgia Hubley – drums, harmony vocals; bass solo (track 1)
* Gene Holder – bass (tracks 1–3, 5), guitar flourishes (track 3)
* Stephan Wichnewski – bass (tracks 4, 6, 7)
* John Baumgartner – accordion (track 7)

## InfoBox

| President Yo La Tengo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Yo La Tengo | |
| Released | March 1989 |
| Recorded |  |
| Genre | Indie rock, noise rock |
| Length | 31:16 |
| Label | Coyote |
| Producer | Gene Holder |
| Yo La Tengo chronology | |
| *New Wave Hot Dogs*
(1987) ***President Yo La Tengo***
(1989) *Fakebook*
(1990) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Matador re-release | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Print circulation

abstract: Print circulation is the average number of copies of a publication. The number of copies of a non-periodical publication are usually called print run. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called paid circulation, since some issues are distributed without cost to the reader. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the assumption that a typical copy is read by more than one person.

text:
# Print circulation

**Print circulation** is the average number of copies of a publication. The number of copies of a non-periodical publication (such as a book) are usually called **print run**. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called **paid circulation**, since some issues are distributed without cost to the reader. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the assumption that a typical copy is read by more than one person.

## Concept

Print circulation is a good proxy measure of print readership and is thus one of the principal factors used to set print advertising rates (prices). In many countries, circulations are audited by independent bodies such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations to assure advertisers that a given newspaper does reach the number of people claimed by the publisher. There are international open access directories such as *Mondo Times*, but these generally rely on numbers reported by newspapers themselves.

## World newspapers with the largest circulation

The World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) publishes a list of newspapers with the largest circulation. In 2011, India led the world in terms of newspaper circulation with nearly 330 million newspapers circulated daily. In 2010, China topped the list in term of total newspaper circulation with 110.78 million a day, ahead of India in second with 100.993 million, followed by Japan, with 50.4 million; the United States, with 48.5 million; and Germany, with 19.7 million. In the 2019 survey, among the top 10 newspapers, all were Asian newspapers and four were Japanese newspapers.

The Japanese *Yomiuri Shimbun* (読売新聞), *Asahi Shimbun* (朝日新聞) are still the largest circulated newspapers in the world. *The Times of India* is the largest circulated English-language daily newspaper in the world, across all formats (Broadsheet, Compact, Berliner and Online). *Reference News* (《参考消息》) is the most popular paper in China.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper *Komsomolskaya Pravda* exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly *Argumenty i Fakty* boasted a circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991.

In many developed countries, print circulation is falling due to social and technological changes such as the availability of news on the internet. On the other hand, in some developing countries circulation is increasing as these factors are more than cancelled out by rising incomes, population, and literacy.

## Individual countries

### Australia

*The Herald Sun* has the highest circulation in Australia. Based in one of the country's two major cities, Melbourne, it is the result of the amalgamation of the original *Sun* and *Herald* newspapers.

### Belgium

The Belgian institution CIM (Centre for Information about Media) publishes national circulation figures for all written, audiovisual and web-based media in Belgium. The top ten best-selling papers according to their website  are *Het Laatste Nieuws*, 317,715; *Het Nieuwsblad*, 245,209; SUD Presse (group of papers focused on community specific content), 147,749; *Het Belang van Limburg*, 121,428; Le Soir, 113,780; Vers l'avenir, 109,287 (group of papers focused on community specific content); La Dernière Heure, 107,583; *De Standaard*, 104,758.

### Canada

The most widely read paper in the country is the *Toronto Star*, which, as of the six-month period ending on March 31, 2007, averaged 634,886 copies sold on Saturday, 436,694 Monday to Friday, and 442,265 on Sunday. The second most widely read paper is Toronto-based national newspaper *The Globe and Mail*, which averaged 374,000 copies on Saturdays, and 303,000 Monday to Friday. The most widely read French-language newspaper is Le Journal de Montréal, which averaged 319,899 copies on Saturday, 267,404 Monday to Friday, and 264,733 on Sunday. Unlike in the United States, newspapers in Canada published their biggest and mostly widely read editions on Saturdays.

### India

The Audit Bureau of Circulations shows that the largest read local language newspapers to be Dainik Bhaskar (with 4.320 million readers) and Dainik Jagran (with 3.410 million readers), both published in Hindi. The Times of India is the most widely read English language newspaper ( 3.029 million), followed by Malayala Manorama (2.370 million), Amar Ujala (2.067 million), Hindustan Times (1.132 million), Eenadu (1.732 million), Daily Thanthi is a Tamil daily (1.498 million), Anandabazar Patrika is Bengali language newspaper(1.075 million). Malayala Manorama newspaper which is published in Malayalam from Kerala, currently has a readership of over 2.370 million (with a circulation base of over 2.4 million copies) has the most circulation in other languages.

### Japan

The 2022 circulation figures for the morning and evening editions of Japan's newspapers: Yomiuri Shimbun, 6,870,000; The Asahi Shimbun, 5,890,000; Mainichi Shimbun, 2,572,000; Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 1,731,000; Chunichi Shimbun/Tokyo Shimbun,2,871 ,000; Sankei Shimbun, 1,330 ,000; Nikkan Sports, 1,661 ,828; Hokkaido Shimbun, 1,896,594; Shizuoka Shimbun, 1,479,000; .

### Norway

The Norwegian Media Businesses' Association publishes national circulation figures for every newspaper in Norway every year. In 2011 the most read newspaper was the Oslo-based national newspaper Aftenposten, with a circulation of 235,795 followed by the tabloid Verdens Gang with 211,588. The local evening newspaper Aften averages 101,574 and the tabloid Dagbladet had 98,989 readers. The financial newspaper Dagens Næringsliv averaged 82,595. In the top ten list it is followed by five local newspapers: Bergens Tidende, 79,467; Adresseavisen, 71,657; Stavanger Aftenblad, 63,283; Fædrelandsvennen, 36,604 and Drammens Tidende, 33,352.

### Turkey

As of August 2016, the top 6 best-selling papers are respectively: Hürriyet, 340,898; Sözcü, 322,829; Sabah, 313,989; Posta, 302,919; Habertürk, 253,256 and Milliyet, 143,577.

### United Kingdom

According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations the newspaper with the UK's highest paid circulation is the *Daily Mail* at 800,110 as of November 2022.

### United States

The heyday of the newspaper industry was the 1940s, but the percentage of Americans reading newspapers began to decline with the increased competition from radio, television and, more recently, the Internet. A growing population helped the absolute circulation numbers continue to increase until the 1970s, where it remained stable until the 1990s, when absolute circulation numbers began declining.

Newspaper circulation numbers are reported to the Alliance for Audited Media. The best-selling papers in America, measured by combined daily average circulation as of March 31, 2013, are the *Wall Street Journal* with 2,378,827 in circulation; *The New York Times* at 1,865,318; and *USA Today* with 1,674,306. Overall, for the 593 reporting newspapers, daily circulation declined 0.7 percent year-over-year between March 2012 and March 2013. Sunday circulation was down 1.4 percent over the same period.


title: Print and Revolution

abstract:
Print and Revolution was a Soviet literary-critical magazine whose official subtitle was "a journal of literature, art, criticism and bibliography". It was published between 1921 and 1930 by Gosizdat, the State Publishing House of the RSFSR. The magazine was set up by Vyacheslav Polonsky, at the time the head of the House of Press. As Editor in Chief he led an editorial board which included:
  - Anatoly Lunacharsky
  - Nikolai Meshcheryakov
  - Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov
  - Mikhail Pokrovsky

text:
# Print and Revolution

***Print and Revolution*** was a Soviet literary-critical magazine whose official subtitle was "a journal of literature, art, criticism and bibliography". It was published between 1921 and 1930 by Gosizdat, the State Publishing House of the RSFSR.

The magazine was set up by Vyacheslav Polonsky, at the time the head of the House of Press. As Editor in Chief he led an editorial board which included:

## Dissolution of the magazine 1929-1930

Vladimir Fritsche took over editorship of the magazine in 1929. He was supported by Valerian Pereverzev, Platon Kerzhentsev. After the book reviews had been transferred to another publication, the magazine continued for another year, largely reflecting the views and work of the newly formed Litfront group. Ivan Bespalov became editor in 1930 before the magazine finally ceased publication later that year.


title: Print culture in Vietnam

abstract: Woodblock printing were mostly done by Buddhist temples in Vietnam. Prints such as those of Đông Hồ represented the ancient traditions of Tết, or Vietnamese Lunar New Year celebrations. Other woodcut prints included Kim Hoàng paintings and Hàng Trống paintings. Printing technology that was introduced by the French colonial era introduced the printing press, which also saw the increase of using the Vietnamese Latin Alphabet, Chữ Quốc ngữ, as opposed Hán-Nôm. However, historical and ancient traditions of Vietnamese woodblock printing pre-colonial times were not lost through changes such as the "Buddhist Revival".

text:
# Print culture in Vietnam

Woodblock printing were mostly done by Buddhist temples in Vietnam. Prints such as those of *Đông Hồ* represented the ancient traditions of *Tết*, or Vietnamese Lunar New Year celebrations. Other woodcut prints included Kim Hoàng paintings and Hàng Trống paintings. Printing technology that was introduced by the French colonial era introduced the printing press, which also saw the increase of using the Vietnamese Latin Alphabet, Chữ Quốc ngữ, as opposed Hán-Nôm (Classical Chinese and demotic Vietnamese-Chinese script). However, historical and ancient traditions of Vietnamese woodblock printing pre-colonial times were not lost through changes such as the "Buddhist Revival".

## Pre-colonial period: 17th–19th century

Buddhist temples were key sites of print culture from the 17th–19th century, translating, printing, and disseminating key sutras to lay populations in both urban and rural villages. During this period, more than one hundred temples served as active printing houses, and Buddhist temples comprised roughly one-third of all woodblock printing houses in 19th century Vietnam. Although Vietnam already had a vibrant print culture in the pre-colonial period, the circulation of these woodblock prints were largely limited to temples and not yet widespread in secular society or the public sphere. This would only change during the "Buddhist Revival", when printing took on modern forms through technologies like the printing press.

## Colonial period: 1915–1940

During the early 20th century, a combination of French policies and technological breakthroughs led to the rapid emergence of modern print culture in Vietnam's urban centres. Many new periodicals, journals, and newspapers were created during this time. The Vietnamese published 13,381 different books and tracts between 1922 and 1940, and that from 1918 to 1939, at least 163 Vietnamese-language periodicals appeared in Saigon. However, these statistics do not include the clandestine production and circulation of clandestine books, tracts, and newspapers that evaded French censorship. While estimating the actual readership of these texts is difficult, these emergent forms of print likely included some millions of people, assuming that the majority of readers were not subscribers. All in all, at least 15 million bound publications were printed in Vietnam from 1930 to 1945, which amounted to eight or nine books per literate individual.

French colonial policies played a large role in shaping the nature of Vietnam's print culture through direct and indirect ways, such by introducing the printing press and liberating the public sphere. Governor-General Sarraut's decision to allow any resident of Vietnam to start and run a periodical was a decisive factor in explaining Vietnam's unusually rich print culture. Some Vietnamese intellectuals were also introduced to Western-style journalism and modern printing press technologies after attending global exhibitions sponsored by the French. Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh's visit to the 1906 Marseille colonial exposition was so formative that Nguyen threw himself into creating a printing house and western-style press upon his return to Vietnam. Nguyen also developed friendships and connections with influential French figures such as Ernest Babut and F.H. Schneider, a famous printer and associate of the Vietnamese press, who taught Nguyen the basics of printing, publishing, and advertising. The French also established institutions like public libraries that made reading much more accessible to the wider Vietnamese public. The Hanoi Central Library (Bibliothèque centrale de Hanoi) was a formative space of urban social life that served as a site of social and civic importance.

## Influential periodicals, publishers, and literary groups

Influential newspapers, periodicals, and journals in this time period included Nam Phong (Southern Wind), Phong Hoa and Ngay Nay. These publications contributed to a burgeoning public sphere and shaped political and intellectual currents in Vietnam's urban centers. Major debates centred around tradition vs. modernity, anti-colonialism, and nationalist consciousness. Print culture was not just a vehicle for these ideas, it was also an active manifestation of them. Print culture became a symbol of modernity, a vital cultural tool that could help Vietnam create an alternative future. For many intellectuals, the publication of these prints represented a self-conscious attempt in encouraging Vietnamese cultural nationalism, and fomenting an emerging national identity.

Publishing houses such as *Đời Nay* saw their work as part of the reform project, and wanted to prove that the Vietnamese were capable of producing books similar to those produced by the great publishing houses of Europe and America. Many intellectuals feared that foreigners would scorn Vietnamese books and literature, and felt that the main purpose of book publishing was to build a body of literature for a modern Vietnamese nation. Intellectuals like Nguyen Van Vinh would not only start their own printing houses – they also formed literary collectives like the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn (Self-Reliant Literary Group), or joined existing groups like the Tonkin Free School in an attempt to promote a renovation of Vietnamese culture and society along Western lines.

## French censorship

Even as the French permitted certain forms of print to flourish, they also actively curtailed others. The vast majority of applications to start newspapers or journals were rejected, often for reasons such as "four journals in Annamese already exist" or because "the applicant's brother frequents cafes where young radicals often assemble." These censorship policies influenced not just the content of prints, but also its form. Because few publishers dared to publish illegal tracts, the Communists had to print publications themselves, relying on more primitive printing methods that gave rise to significant aesthetic differences. Communist leaflets tended to be hand-lettered, printed using cheap-ink or gelatin slabs, and hand-drawn. In contrast, Buddhist and Confucian prints tended to be printed on linotype.

However, repression was selective, not totalizing, for the French practiced a politics of discretion that differed across geography, ideology, and degree of extremity. Differences in political climates in the North vs. the South produced different kinds of prints across both content and genre due to the need for creative adaptations to resist censorship. Those in Annam or Tonkin could only write columns for Southern newspapers using pseudonyms, advocate for political reform under the guise of discussing culture, or turn to writing books (especially fiction) which were not subjected to prior censorship. In contrast, Southern debates were largely political, focusing on issues such as electoral reform and native participation in decision-making bodies.

Many diverse forms of print cultures circulated during this period, including not just newspapers, journals, and periodicals, but also novels, pamphlets, sutras, almanacs, textbooks, and so forth. Of all the quoc-ngu publications printed between 1923 and 1942, only 10% consisted of modernizing essays on law, economics, philosophy, and linguistics, whereas 24% were modern novels and short story collections, 6% weare theatrical reprints and dramatic presentations such as reform opera, 19% were recreational reading such as traditional literature, folktales, poetry, and popular humor; and 20% were religious publications such as tracts, prayer books, ritual chants, and catechisms.

Most of the periodicals published during this period were not centered around politics but were dedicated to a variety of topics that included "pharmacy, horse-racing, housewifery, economics, ethics, motorcycles, radios, agriculture, airplanes, contemporary cinema, potboiler romances, Catholic living, rural pedagogy, and classical Chinese poetry". Many journals also published not just political essays, but also poetry, novels, short stories, folk songs, dramas, fables, and proverbs. Similarly, writers like Vũ Trọng Phụng were ideologically fluid, for Vu did not subscribe to any particular foreign writer or literary movement, wrote across literary genres and styles, and did not discriminate between "high" and "low" culture.

## The economics of printing

Publishers' printing choices reflected not just political commitments, but also practical economic concerns. The Đời Nay Publishing House was in part set up out of a concern that capitalism would corrode Vietnam's print culture, and intellectuals like Nhị Linh lamented that "currently readers only like to read novels...and all those profit-seeking publishing houses print only novels. And no one bothers to print books about history, geography, science, philosophy, etc." There was also a vibrant market for reading books. Hawkers and street stall owners played a large role in hawking books to the public, and many shops on Transverse Street, Hemp Street, Hue Street and others in Hanoi hung out signs with the words "Stories for Rent", where for two sous, visitors could borrow a book for reading pleasure.

## The limits of print culture

Print culture during this time was also largely an elite, educated, urban phenomenon, and did not necessarily represent "Vietnam" more broadly.

In reality, very few people could read and write in the various scripts that circulated during this period. Most rural Vietnamese remained illiterate, especially on the more complex scripts of Chữ Hán Nôm, and relied on oral rather than print culture.

Authors and producers of print culture often claimed to speak on behalf of the people they sought to represent, in particular, the Communists. However, many villagers did not understand the ideas and vocabularies the Communists utilized and Communist pamphlets and newspapers often included glossaries of terms translating borrowed Communist ideas into local vernacular. Similarly, many early articles in Nam Phong contained so many new words that readers complained they were nearly impossible to understand. Men were also much more likely than women to be able to read and write. In a village in rural north Annam, only 16.7% of males could read Vietnamese in the romanized/Latin script, compared to only 1.4% of females.

Further, while Confucian prints were directed at literate male members of the elite, Buddhist prints had a greater appeal amongst women. There were also significant geographical differences. Print culture in the 1920s was largely an urban phenomenon dominated by Saigon and Hanoi, as these cities monopolized the production of printed matter and acted as literary, religious, and political centers. Still, pockets of literacy and learning existed across the countryside, and circulated via periodic markets, itinerant hawkers, and Buddhist temples.

## Works cited


title: Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden

abstract: Maria Elizabeth Vasa was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Charles IX of Sweden and Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, and by marriage Duchess of Östergötland.

text:
# Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden

**Maria Elizabeth Vasa** (10 March 1596 – 7 August 1618) was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Charles IX of Sweden and Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, and by marriage Duchess of Östergötland.

## Biography

Maria Elizabeth was born in Örebro Castle, and was brought up with her brother, Gustavus Adolphus, and her cousin, John, Duke of Finland. She was given a good education and tutored by Johannes Bureus and Johan Skytte. She was reportedly a good student, with an interest in literature, and corresponded with her teacher Johan Skytte in Latin at the age of ten.

### Marriage

In 1610, Maria Elizabeth was engaged to marry her cousin, Prince John of Sweden, Duke of Ostrogothia. The reason for the marriage was political and arranged by the bride's mother, queen Christina. John was the son of former King John III of Sweden and had rights to the throne which exceeded those of Maria Elizabeth's father. Although he had given up these rights and was not an ambitious person, there were concerns that he might become a threat if he were to marry a foreign princess.

The wedding was met with opposition from the clergy, who complained both about the close relationship between the bride and the groom, which was not in accordance with the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, as well as not having been consulted about it, but they were silenced by Queen Christina, who stated that the matter was a secular question.

On 29 November 1612, at the age of sixteen, Princess Maria Elizabeth celebrated her wedding to the Duke of Ostrogothia in the royal palace Tre Kronor in Stockholm.

The duke and duchess hosted a luxurious court in their residences at Vadstena Castle and Bråborg Castle in the Duchy of Ostrogothia. The marriage is described as unhappy, and Maria Elizabeth blamed her mother for having arranged it. Reportedly, none of the spouses was emotionally involved or happy about the marriage, and it was believed to have had a negative effect on both of their health.

Duke John suffered from increasing depression from 1613 onward, and from the summer of the following year, Maria Elizabeth was affected by periods of insanity "from which she recovered only periodically her remaining days onward." During her periods of insanity, she occasionally lost her ability to speak, and was kept under guard, as there were fears that she would attempt suicide. Queen Christina is said to have regretted having arranged the marriage. Her illness caused great concern, and her mother often visited her in the Duchy to attend her during her illness, and her brother King Gustavus Adolphus often sent his personal royal physician to attend her.

### Witch hunt

The royal couple ruled quite independently in their Duchy. John had the right to issue new laws, and Maria Elizabeth evidently had influence on his rule. During the six years they lived together in Ostrogothia, a witch hunt was conducted in the duchy, for which they, and Maria Elizabeth in particular, are considered to be responsible.

A woman was executed in Söderköping, after being accused of having cast a spell on the royal couple. The personal priest of Maria Elizabeth, Claudius Prytz, was very active in this matter. The duke issued a new law which made it easier to judge and execute witches, which led to the Finspång witch trial;

> *"Two evil and reputed sorceresses, which Their Graces Duke Johan and his noble consort Maria Elizabeth upon the word of God destroyed, were burned at a place called Skogby vad"*.

Seven women were executed in Finspång in 1617. After this, there were few witch trials in Sweden. When the great witch frenzy of 1668–1676 broke out, the witch hunt of the 1610s in Ostrogothia was remembered and pointed out as a warning example by those sceptical towards the belief in witches. Lord High Steward Per Brahe warned:

> *"To be strict with those affected, as they believe in too much which is not real, and executions, will only increase this, as happened in the time of Duke John"*, and: *"The Prime Minister was reminded of the Princess of duke John. She started to burn some, and in the end, there was not a wife who was not accused"*.

Ten such executions are confirmed. After the death of Maria Elizabeth, the witch hunt was put to an end.

### Death

On 5 March 1618, she was widowed when Duke John died at Bråborg. Princess Maria Elizabeth was 22 years old and retired to Stegeborg Castle.

She died there, childless, of her lifelong disease, just five months after her husband; according to the royal chaplain Petrus Bjugg, death was a relief to her. She was buried next to her spouse at Linköping Cathedral in January 1619.

## Ancestry

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden | |
| --- | --- |
| *Duchess of Östergötland* | |
|  | |
| Born | 10 March 1596
Örebro Castle, Örebro, Närke, Sweden |
| Died | 7 August 1618(1618-08-07) (aged 22)
Bråborg Castle, Bråviken, Norrköping, Östergötland, Sweden |
| Burial | Linköping Cathedral |
| Spouse | Prince John, Duke of Östergötland
(m. 1612; died 1618) |
| House | Vasa |
| Father | Charles IX of Sweden |
| Mother | Christina of Holstein-Gottorp |


title: Private Beach Party

abstract: Private Beach Party is a 1985 studio album by the Jamaican reggae singer Gregory Isaacs. The album continued Isaacs' working relationship with producer Augustus "Gussie" Clarke, to whom he would return in 1988 for the hugely successful "Rumours" and Red Rose for Gregory. Clarke employed Carlton Hines to write several of the songs on the album, and the musicians featured include Sly Dunbar, Robbie Shakespeare, Lloyd Parks, and Willie Lindo. The album features duets with Carlene Davis and Dennis Brown. Originally released by Greensleeves Records in 1985, it was released in the US by Ras Records.

text:
# Private Beach Party

***Private Beach Party*** is a 1985 studio album by the Jamaican reggae singer Gregory Isaacs. The album continued Isaacs' working relationship with producer Augustus "Gussie" Clarke, to whom he would return in 1988 for the hugely successful "Rumours" and *Red Rose for Gregory*. Clarke employed Carlton Hines to write several of the songs on the album, and the musicians featured include Sly Dunbar, Robbie Shakespeare, Lloyd Parks, and Willie Lindo.

The album features duets with Carlene Davis (on "Feeling Irie") and Dennis Brown (on "Let off Supm").

Originally released by Greensleeves Records in 1985, it was released in the US by Ras Records.

## Reception

Allmusic's Jo-Ann Greene called the album a "masterpiece", stating "There's not a mis-step within the entire set, and every song is so high-caliber that's it's useless to try to pick favorites". Robert Christgau rated the album B+, commenting "there's a light touch to this music--Isaacs whispering and murmuring around diffident horn-section filigrees--that I'd call sexy". *Trouser Press* described *Private Beach Party* as "his best album in years — a fresh, diverse package". Steve Barrow & Peter Dalton selected the album as one of their recommendations in *The Rough Guide to Reggae*, calling the duet with Davis "outstanding".

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Carlton "Tetrack" Hines; except where noted

1. "Private Beach Party" (Hines, Willie Lindo)
2. "Wish You Were Mine" (Gregory Isaacs)
3. "Feeling Irie" - Gregory Isaacs & Carlene Davis
4. "Bits and Pieces"
5. "Let Off Supm" - Gregory Isaacs & Dennis Brown
6. "No Rushings" (Phipps)
7. "Better Plant Some Loving"
8. "Special to Me" (Lloyd Forest, Willie Lindo)
9. "Got to Be in Tune"
10. "Promise Is a Comfort"

## Personnel

* Gregory Isaacs - vocals
* Lloyd Parks \- bass guitar
* Robbie Shakespeare \- bass guitar
* Sly Dunbar \- drums
* Willie Stewart - drums
* Willie Lindo - guitar, arrangements
* Robert Lyn \- piano, synthesizer
* Franklyn "Bubbler" Waul - piano, synthesizer
* Lloyd Forest - backing vocals
* David Harvey - backing vocals
* Carlton Hines - backing vocals
* Dean Fraser \- horns
* David Madden - horns
* Ronald "Nambo" Robinson - horns
* Rass Brass - horns
* Junior "Chico" Chin - horns
* Carlene Davis \- vocals
* Dennis Brown \- vocals

## InfoBox

| Private Beach Party | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gregory Isaacs | |
| Released | 1985 |
| Studio | Dynamic Sound Studios, Kingston; Music Mountain Studios, Stony Hill, Kingston |
| Genre | Reggae |
| Label | Greensleeves |
| Producer | Gussie Clarke |
| Gregory Isaacs chronology | |
| *Easy*
(1984) ***Private Beach Party***
(1985) *All I Have Is Love Love Love*
(1986) | |


title: Procas granulicollis

abstract: Procas granulicollis is a beetle in the family Curculionidae, the true weevils. It was first described in 1848 from a specimen collected in Cumbria and has since been found at a number of other sites in Britain, mainly in the west. It was thought to be endemic to the island but is now also known to occur in Spain. It is about 4-7mm long and black with white bristles giving it a mottled appearance. For many years it was considered to be a variant of the related species Procas armillatus which is very similar. It is usually found in woodland clearings at sites where its only known foodplant climbing corydalis can be found. The larvae have not yet been discovered but may feed inside bracken stems.

text:
# Procas granulicollis

***Procas granulicollis*** (sometimes known as the **climbing corydalis weevil**) is a beetle in the family Curculionidae, the true weevils. It was first described in 1848 from a specimen collected in Cumbria and has since been found at a number of other sites in Britain, mainly in the west. It was thought to be endemic to the island but is now also known to occur in Spain.

It is about 4-7mm long and black with white bristles giving it a mottled appearance. For many years it was considered to be a variant of the related species *Procas armillatus* which is very similar.

It is usually found in woodland clearings at sites where its only known foodplant climbing corydalis (*Ceratocapnos claviculata*) can be found. The larvae have not yet been discovered but may feed inside bracken stems.

## InfoBox

| *Procas granulicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Brachyceridae |
| Genus: | *Procas* |
| Species: | ***P. granulicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Procas granulicollis***<br>Walton, 1848 | |
|


title: Terry Austin (footballer)

abstract: Terence Willis Austin is an English former professional footballer. He started playing at Crystal Palace for their juniors, but in May 1973 was sold to Ipswich Town. He stayed with Town for three years, before moving to Plymouth Argyle in October 1976. Almost eighteen months later, he was transferred to Walsall in March 1978, and from there, he moved to Mansfield Town, where he had his most productive spell, appearing 84 times, and scoring 31 goals. In December 1980 he moved again to Huddersfield Town where he played for two years. He was sold to Doncaster Rovers in September 1982, and from there, he transferred in August 1983 to Northampton Town where he finished his professional playing career. He returned to Mansfield once his playing days were over, where he is a financial advisor. Austin is now semi-retired and spends much of his time at second home in Gran Canaria.

text:
# Terry Austin (footballer)

**Terence Willis Austin** (born 1 February 1954) is an English former professional footballer.

He started playing at Crystal Palace for their juniors, but in May 1973 was sold to Ipswich Town. He stayed with Town for three years, before moving to Plymouth Argyle in October 1976. Almost eighteen months later, he was transferred to Walsall in March 1978, and from there, he moved to Mansfield Town, where he had his most productive spell, appearing 84 times, and scoring 31 goals. In December 1980 he moved again to Huddersfield Town where he played for two years. He was sold to Doncaster Rovers in September 1982, and from there, he transferred in August 1983 to Northampton Town where he finished his professional playing career.

He returned to Mansfield once his playing days were over, where he is a financial advisor.

Austin is now semi-retired and spends much of his time at second home in Gran Canaria.

## InfoBox

Terry Austin
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Terence Willis Austin | | |
| Date of birth | (1954-02-01) 1 February 1954 | | |
| Place of birth | Isleworth, England | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1972–1973 | Crystal Palace | 0 | (0) |
| 1974–1976 | Ipswich Town | 19 | (1) |
| 1976–1978 | Plymouth Argyle | 58 | (18) |
| 1978–1979 | Walsall | 47 | (19) |
| 1979–1980 | Mansfield Town | 84 | (31) |
| 1980–1983 | Huddersfield Town | 42 | (10) |
| 1983 | Doncaster Rovers | 34 | (5) |
| 1983–1984 | Northampton Town | 43 | (10) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Riverlife Adventure Centre

abstract: Housed in Brisbane's heritage listed Naval Stores, Riverlife is an adventure centre on the Kangaroo Point of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia providing leisure activities. It can be found via Lower River Terrance and is known for its guided kayaking tours, rock climbing instruction, and abseiling. It also offers equipment hire for, such as kayaks, mountain bikes, kick scooters and rollerblades.

text:
# Riverlife Adventure Centre

Housed in Brisbane's heritage listed Naval Stores, **Riverlife** is an adventure centre on the Kangaroo Point of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia providing leisure activities. It can be found via Lower River Terrance and is known for its guided kayaking tours, rock climbing instruction, and abseiling. It also offers equipment hire for, such as kayaks, mountain bikes, kick scooters and rollerblades.

## History

The term Riverlife was coined in December 2003. After 18 months of market research, project development and public consultation, Riverlife was launched on 5 April 2005, from the heritage-listed, Kangaroo Point Naval Stores. The building is one of two constructed in 1886 -1888 as a depot for the Queensland Marine Defence Force. The other Naval Stores building burned down in 1987.

The distinctive pink and green stone of the Kangaroo Point Cliffs was quarried from the imposing cliffs from the early days of the Moreton Bay penal colony until 1976, of which evidence can be seen on the cliff face and the stone itself, which is known as Brisbane tuff. This stone can also be seen on many of Brisbane buildings.

The January 2011 Queensland floods caused a damage bill for Riverlife of over $100,000.

In 2012, Riverlife was rated in the Top 4 of Brisbane's Attractions and Things To Do. Additionally, it is nominated as one of Queensland's Must-Do experiences.

## Aboriginal culture

Aboriginal people settled the area at least 22,000 years before the arrival of Europeans in 1823. The river supplied fish and shellfish and the stringy bark trees growing along the river were used to build canoes. The dreamtime story of ‘The Rainbow Serpent' tells of the creation of the cliff area along the river bank at Kangaroo Point. Various Aboriginal groups shared this story and owned parts of it.

In 2005, Riverlife Mirrabooka was created as a joint venture between Riverlife and the Nunukul Yuggera Dance Troupe. It began operating in Brisbane and on Moreton Island, exhibiting rich Australian Aborigines cultural heritage of both regions. It performs 'Welcome to Country' ceremonies and plays traditional musical instrument didgeridoos. It is a member of Aboriginal Tourism Australia and is completing the Respecting Our Culture (ROC) Tourism Business Development Program.

## Tangatours

In 2008, Riverlife established Tangatours in Moreton Bay \- Moreton Island also known as Tangalooma. It invested in and purchased segways for guided tours along the beach.

## InfoBox

Riverlife
| Founder | John Sharpe |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Naval Stores Lower River Terrace, Kangaroo Point, Brisbane, QLD 4169 Australia |
| Website | http://www.riverlife.com.au/ |