title: 108 Heroes

abstract: The 108 Heroes are the main characters of the Ming dynasty classic Chinese novel the Water Margin, which was written in the 14th century and usually attributed to Shi Nai'an. The heroes are divided into the 36 Heavenly Spirits and 72 Earthly Fiends, groups that are based on a belief in Daoism that Ursa Major has 36 Heavenly stars and 72 Earthly stars. The 108 Heroes represent 108 demonic generals who were banished by Shangdi, a supreme god in Chinese folk religion. Having repented since their banishment, the stars are released from imprisonment by accident, and are reborn in the world as 108 heroes who band together for the cause of justice. The bulk of the novel describes the lives of these men and women and how they came to come together in Mount Liang to rebel against the evil forces controlling the court of the Song dynasty.

text:
# 108 Heroes

The **108 Heroes** are the main characters of the Ming dynasty classic Chinese novel the *Water Margin*, which was written in the 14th century and usually attributed to Shi Nai'an. The heroes are divided into the 36 Heavenly Spirits and 72 Earthly Fiends, groups that are based on a belief in Daoism that Ursa Major has 36 Heavenly stars and 72 Earthly stars. The 108 Heroes represent 108 demonic generals who were banished by Shangdi, a supreme god in Chinese folk religion. Having repented since their banishment, the stars are released from imprisonment by accident, and are reborn in the world as 108 heroes who band together for the cause of justice. The bulk of the novel describes the lives of these men and women and how they came to come together in Mount Liang to rebel against the evil forces controlling the court of the Song dynasty.

One Heavenly Spirit, Lu Zhishen, is represented in a folktale as a sworn brother of Zhou Tong.

According to *The Oral Traditions of Yangzhou Storytelling*, several popular folktales about Wu Song, a Heavenly Spirit, from the "Wang School" of Yangzhou storytelling, state that he killed the tiger "in the middle of the tenth month" of the "Xuanhe year \[1119\]" (the emphasis belongs to the original author).

In *Iron Arm, Golden Sabre*, Sun Li, an Earthly Fiend, is portrayed as a fellow student of Zhou Tong and Luan Tingyu.

In Louis Cha's *wuxia* novel *The Legend of the Condor Heroes*, Guo Sheng, an Earthly Fiend, is said to be the ancestor of the protagonist, Guo Jing.

## 36 Heavenly Spirits

| Rank (L) | Rank (HS) | Star | Name | Nickname | Other names | Division | Designation | Origin | Ancestral home / Place of origin | Chapter of first appearance | Weapon | Picture | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Tiankui
(天魁);
Leader Star
(天魁星) | Song Jiang
(宋江; Sòng Jiāng; Sung Chiang) | "Protector of Righteousness"
(呼保義) | Gongming
(公明);
"Timely Rain"
(及時雨);
"Filial and Righteous Dark Third Son"
(孝義黑三郎);
"Dark Song Jiang"
(黑宋江) | Commander | Leader | Magistrate's clerk | Yuncheng County, Heze, Shandong | 18 |  |  | Poisoned |
| 2 | 2 | Tiangang
(天罡);
Strength Star
(天罡星) | Lu Junyi
(卢俊义; 盧俊義; Lú Jùnyì; Lu Chün-i) | "Jade Qilin"
(玉麒麟) |  | Commander | Deputy leader | Squire | Daming Prefecture
(in present-day Handan, Hebei) | 60 | Spear,
Cudgel,
Pudao |  | Assassinated |
| 3 | 3 | Tianji
(天機);
Knowledge Star
(天機星) | Wu Yong
(吴用; 吳用; Wú Yòng; Wu Yung) | "Resourceful Star"
(智多星) | Xuejiu
(學究) | Strategist | Chief strategist | Professor | Yuncheng County, Heze, Shandong | 14 | Bronze hammer |  | Suicide |
| 4 | 4 | Tianxian
(天閒);
Leisure Star
(天閒星) | Gongsun Sheng
(公孙胜; 公孫勝; Gōngsūn Shèng; Kung-sun Sheng) | "Dragon in the Clouds"
(入雲龍) |  | Strategist | Strategist in charge of army formation | Taoist | Jizhou
(present-day Ji County, Tianjin) | 14 | Sword, Taoist magic |  | Left before the Fang La campaign |
| 5 | 5 | Tianyong
(天勇);
Brave Star
(天勇星) | Guan Sheng
(关胜; 關勝; Guān Shèng; Kuan Sheng) | "Great Blade"
(大刀) |  | Five Tiger Generals (cavalry) | Left General | Imperial general | Yuncheng, Shanxi | 63 | Blue Dragon Crescent Moon Blade
(青龍偃月刀) |  | Dies of illness |
| 6 | 6 | Tianxiong
(天雄);
Majestic Star
(天雄星) | Lin Chong
(林沖; 林沖; Lín Chōng; Lin Ch'ung) | "Panther Head"
(豹子頭) | Instructor Lin
(林教頭);
Little Zhang Fei
(小張飛) | Five Tiger Generals (cavalry) | Right General | Martial arts instructor of the Imperial Guards | Dongjing
(present-day Kaifeng, Henan) | 7 | 8-foot-long (2.4 m) Snake Spear
(丈八蛇矛);
Pudao
(朴刀) |  | Gets Paralysis |
| 7 | 7 | Tianmeng
(天猛);
Fierce Star
(天猛星) | Qin Ming
(秦明; 秦明; Qín Míng; Ch'in Ming) | "Fiery Thunderbolt"
(霹靂火) |  | Five Tiger Generals (cavalry) | Vanguard General | Imperial general | Kaizhou (believed to be present-day Puyang, Henan) | 34 | Wolf-toothed mace
(狼牙棒) |  | Dies in the battle of Qingxi |
| 8 | 8 | Tianwei
(天威);
Prestige Star
(天威星) | Huyan Zhuo
(呼延灼; 呼延灼; Hūyán Zhuó; Hu-yen Cho) | "Double Clubs"
(雙鞭) |  | Five Tiger Generals (cavalry) | Rear General | Imperial general | Taiyuan, Shanxi | 54 | Pair of steel clubs |  | Survives |
| 9 | 9 | Tianying
(天英);
Hero Star
(天英星) | Hua Rong
(花荣; 花榮; Huā Róng; Hua Jung) | "Little Li Guang"
(小李廣) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Military officer | Qingfeng Fort (in present-day Qingzhou, Weifang, Shandong) | 33 | Spear;
Bow and arrows |  | Suicide |
| 10 | 10 | Tiangui
(天貴);
Noble Star
(天貴星) | Chai Jin
(柴进; 柴進; Chái Jìn; Ch'ai Chin) | "Little Whirlwind"
(小旋風) | Nobleman Chai
(柴大官人);
Ke Yin
(柯引) | Logistics | Chief accountant | Nobleman, descendant of Chai Rong | Cangzhou, Hebei | 9 | Spear |  | Survives |
| 11 | 11 | Tianfu
(天富);
Wealth Star
(天富星) | Li Ying
(李应; 李應; Lǐ Yìng; Li Ying) | "Striking Hawk"
(撲天雕) |  | Logistics | Chief accountant | Squire | Yunzhou, Zhongshan Prefecture (around present-day Dongping County, Tai'an, Shandong) | 47 | Steel alloy spear
(渾鐵點鋼槍);
Flying daggers
(飛刀) |  | Survives |
| 12 | 12 | Tianman
(天滿);
Fulfillment Star
(天滿星) | Zhu Tong
(朱仝; Zhū Tóng; Chu T'ung) | "Lord of the Beautiful Beard"
(美鬚公) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Constable | Yuncheng County, Heze, Shandong | 13 | Sabre |  | Survives |
| 13 | 13 | Tiangu
(天孤);
Solitary Star
(天孤星) | Lu Zhishen
(鲁智深; 魯智深; Lǔ Zhìshēn; Lu Chih-shen) | "Flowery Monk"
(花和尚) | Lu Da
(魯達);
Major Lu
(魯提轄) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Garrison major | Weizhou (around present-day Pingliang, Gansu) | 3 | Monk's spade,
Dagger |  | Survives |
| 14 | 14 | Tianshang
(天傷);
Harm Star
(天傷星) | Wu Song
(武松; Wǔ Sōng; Wu Sung) | "Pilgrim"
(行者);
"Tiger-fighting Hero"
(打虎英雄) | Chief Wu
(武都頭);
Grandmaster Qingzhong
(清忠祖師)
"Wu the Second"
(武二郎) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Constable | Qinghe County, Xingtai, Hebei | 23 | Pair of sabres,
staff |  | Survives |
| 15 | 15 | Tianli
(天立);
Steadfast Star
(天立星) | Dong Ping
(董平; Dǒng Píng; Tung P'ing) | "General of Double Spears"
(雙槍將) | "Refined and Cultured General of Double Spears"
(風流雙槍將) | Five Tiger Generals (cavalry) |  | Imperial general | Shangdang, Hedong
(around present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi) | 69 | Pair of spears |  | Dies at the battle of the Dusong Pass |
| 16 | 16 | Tianjie
(天捷);
Agile Star
(天捷星) | Zhang Qing
(张清; 張清; Zhāng Qīng; Chang Ch'ing) | "Featherless Arrow"
(沒羽箭) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Imperial general | Zhangde Prefecture
(present-day Anyang, Henan) | 70 | Spear,
Stones |  | Dies at the battle of the Dusong Pass |
| 17 | 17 | Tian'an
(天暗);
Dark Star
(天暗星) | Yang Zhi
(杨志; 楊志; Yáng Zhì; Yang Chih) | "Blue Faced Beast"
(青面獸) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Military officer | Xintai, Linzhou (present-day Shenmu County, Yulin, Shaanxi) | 12 | Sabre,
Spear |  | Dies of illness |
| 18 | 18 | Tianyou
(天祐);
Guardian Star
(天祐星) | Xu Ning
(徐宁; 徐寧; Xú Níng; Hsü Ning) | "Gold Lancer"
(金槍手) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Instructor of Gold Lancers unit of the Imperial Army | Henan | 56 | Hooked Lance
(鈎鐮槍) |  | Mortally wounded at the battle of Hangzhou |
| 19 | 19 | Tiankong
(天空);
Flight Star
(天空星) | Suo Chao
(索超; Suǒ Chāo; So Ch'ao) | "Impatient Vanguard"
(急先鋒) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Military officer | Hebei | 13 | Golden Axe
(金蘸斧) |  | Dies at the battle of Hangzhou |
| 20 | 20 | Tiansu
(天速);
Speed Star
(天速星) | Dai Zong
(戴宗; Dài Zōng; Tai Tsung) | "Magic Traveller"
(神行太保) |  | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scouting chief | Prison warden | Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 38 | Sword |  | Survives |
| 21 | 21 | Tianyi
(天異);
Deviance Star
(天異星) | Liu Tang
(刘唐; 劉唐; Liú Táng; Liu T'ang) | "Red Haired Devil"
(赤髮鬼) |  | Infantry | Infantry leader | Illegal trader | Dongluzhou
(東潞州; believed to be present-day Changzhi, Shanxi) | 14 | Pudao |  | Dies in the battle of Hangzhou |
| 22 | 22 | Tiansha
(天殺);
Killer Star
(天殺星) | Li Kui
(李逵; Lǐ Kuí; Li K'uei) | "Black Whirlwind"
(黑旋風) | "Iron Ox"
(鐵牛) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Jailer | Baizhang Village, Yishui County, Yizhou
(in present-day Linyi, Shandong) | 37 | Pair of axes,
Pudao |  | Poisoned |
| 23 | 23 | Tianwei
(天微);
Minute Star
(天微星) | Shi Jin
(史进; 史進; Shǐ Jìn; Shih Chin) | "Nine Tattooed Dragons"
(九紋龍) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Squire | Huayin County (present-day Huayin, Weinan, Shaanxi) | 2 | Staff,
Pudao |  | Dies at the battle of the Yuling Pass |
| 24 | 24 | Tianjiu
(天究);
Investigative Star
(天究星) | Mu Hong
(穆弘; Mù Hóng; Mu Hung) | "Unrestrained"
(沒遮攔) |  | Eight Tiger Cub Vanguard Generals (cavalry) |  | Rich man | Jieyang Town (believed to be in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 37 | Pudao |  |  |
| 25 | 25 | Tiantui
(天退);
Retreat Star
(天退星) | Lei Heng
(雷横; 雷橫; Léi Héng; Lei Heng) | "Winged Tiger"
(插翅虎) |  | Infantry | Infantry leader | Blacksmith,
Constable | Yuncheng County, Heze, Shandong | 13 | Pudao |  |  |
| 26 | 26 | Tianshou
(天壽);
Longevity Star
(天壽星) | Li Jun
(李俊; Lǐ Jùn; Li Chün) | "River Dragon"
(混江龍) |  | Navy | Navy leader | Ferryman | Luzhou (present-day Hefei, Anhui) | 36 | Sword |  |  |
| 27 | 27 | Tianjian
(天劍);
Sword Star
(天劍星) | Ruan Xiao'er
(阮小二; Ruǎn Xiǎo'èr; Juan Hsiao-erh) | "Tai Sui Who Stands His Ground"
(立地太歲) |  | Navy | Navy leader | Fisherman | Shijie Village (in present-day Liangshan County, Jining, Shandong) | 15 |  |  |  |
| 28 | 28 | Tianping
(天平);
Balance Star
(天平星) | Zhang Heng
(张横; 張橫; Zhāng Héng; Chang Heng) | "Boatman"
(船火兒) |  | Navy | Navy leader | Pirate | Xiaogushan (in present-day Susong County, Anqing, Anhui) | 37 |  |  |  |
| 29 | 29 | Tianzui
(天罪);
Guilt Star
(天罪星) | Ruan Xiaowu
(阮小五; Ruǎn Xiǎowǔ; Juan Hsiao-wu) | "Short-lived Second Brother"
(短命二郎) |  | Navy | Navy leader | Fisherman | Shijie Village (in present-day Liangshan County, Jining, Shandong) | 15 |  |  |  |
| 30 | 30 | Tiansun
(天損);
Damage Star
(天損星) | Zhang Shun
(张顺; 張順; Zhāng Shùn; Chang Shun) | "White Jumping in the Waves"
(浪里白跳) |  | Navy | Navy leader | Fisherman | Xiaogushan (in present-day Susong County, Anqing, Anhui) | 37 |  |  |  |
| 31 | 31 | Tianbai
(天敗);
Defeat Star
(天敗星) | Ruan Xiaoqi
(阮小七; Ruǎn Xiǎoqī; Juan Hsiao-ch'i) | "Living King Yama
(活閻羅) |  | Navy | Navy leader | Fisherman | Shijie Village (in present-day Liangshan County, Jining, Shandong) | 15 |  |  |  |
| 32 | 32 | Tianlao
(天牢);
Secure Star
(天牢星) | Yang Xiong
(杨雄; 楊雄; Yáng Xióng; Yang Hsiung) | "Superior to Guan Suo"
(病關索) |  | Infantry | Infantry leader | Prison warden and executioner | Henan | 44 |  |  |  |
| 33 | 33 | Tianhui
(天慧);
Wisdom Star
(天慧星) | Shi Xiu
(石秀; Shí Xiù; Shih Hsiu) | "Daredevil Third Brother"
(拚命三郎) |  | Infantry | Infantry leader | Firewood seller | Jiankang Prefecture, Jinling
(present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 44 |  |  |  |
| 34 | 34 | Tianbao
(天暴);
Savage Star
(天暴星) | Xie Zhen
(解珍; Xiè Zhēn; Hsieh Chen) | "Double-headed Snake"
(兩頭蛇) |  | Infantry | Infantry leader | Hunter | Dengzhou
(in present-day eastern Shandong) | 49 | Bronze forked spear
(渾鐵點鋼叉) |  |  |
| 35 | 35 | Tianku
(天哭);
Crying Star
(天哭星) | Xie Bao
(解宝; 解寶; Xiè Bǎo; Hsieh Pao) | "Twin-tailed Scorpion"
(雙尾蠍) |  | Infantry | Infantry leader | Hunter | Dengzhou (in present-day eastern Shandong) | 49 | Bronze forked spear
(渾鐵點鋼叉) |  |  |
| 36 | 36 | Tianqiao
(天巧);
Skilful Star
(天巧星) | Yan Qing
(燕青; Yàn Qīng; Yen Ch'ing) | "Prodigal" / "Wanderer"
(浪子) |  | Infantry | Infantry leader | Lu Junyi's steward | Daming Prefecture
(in present-day Handan, Hebei) | 60 | Crossbow |  |  |

## 72 Earthly Fiends

| Rank (L) | Rank (EF) | Star | Name | Nickname | Division | Designation | Origin | Ancestral home / Place of origin | Chapter of first appearance | Weapon | Picture |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 37 | 1 | Dikui
(地魁);
Leader Star
(地魁星) | Zhu Wu
(朱武; Zhū Wǔ; Chu Wu) | "Resourceful Strategist"
(神機軍師) | Strategist | Strategist | Bandit leader | Dingyuan (present-day Dingyuan County, Chuzhou, Anhui) | 2 | Pair of swords |  |
| 38 | 2 | Disha
(地煞);
Malignant Star
(地煞星) | Huang Xin
(黄信; 黃信; Huáng Xìn; Huang Hsin) | "Guardian of Three Mountains"
(鎮三山) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Imperial general | Qingzhou (in present-day Shandong) | 33 | Sword of Death
(喪門劍) |  |
| 39 | 3 | Diyong
(地勇);
Brave Star
(地勇星) | Sun Li
(孙立; 孫立; Sūn Lì; Sun Li) | "Superior to Yuchi"
(病尉遲) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Garrison major | Qiongzhou
(present-day Hainan) | 49 | Spear,
Steel clubs |  |
| 40 | 4 | Dijie
(地傑);
Prominence Star
(地傑星) | Xuan Zan
(宣赞; 宣贊; Xuān Zàn; Hsüan Tsan) | "Ugly Prince Consort"
(醜郡馬) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Military officer |  | 63 | Sabre |  |
| 41 | 5 | Dixiong
(地雄);
Magnificent Star
(地雄星) | Hao Siwen
(郝思文; Hǎo Sīwén; Hao Szu-wen) | "Wood Dog of Well"
(井木犴) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Imperial general |  | 63 |  |  |
| 42 | 6 | Diwei
(地威);
Majestic Star
(地威星) | Han Tao
(韩滔; 韓滔; Hán Tāo; Han T'ao) | "General of a Hundred Victories"
(百勝將) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Imperial drill instructor | Dongjing
(present-day Kaifeng, Henan) | 55 |  |  |
| 43 | 7 | Diying
(地英);
Hero Star
(地英星) | Peng Qi
(彭玘; Péng Qǐ; P'eng Ch'i) | "General of Heavenly Vision"
(天目將) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Imperial drill instructor | Dongjing
(present-day Kaifeng, Henan) | 55 | Sabre
(三尖兩刃刀) |  |
| 44 | 8 | Diqi
(地奇);
Unique Star
(地奇星) | Shan Tinggui
(单廷圭; 單廷珪; Shàn Tíngguī; Shan T'ing-kui) | "General of Sacred Water"
(聖水將軍) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Imperial drill instructor | Lingzhou (present-day Ling County, Dezhou, Shandong) | 67 | Black spear,
Bow and arrows |  |
| 45 | 9 | Dimeng
(地猛);
Fierce Star
(地猛星) | Wei Dingguo
(魏定国; 魏定國; Wèi Dìngguó; Wei Ting-kuo) | "General of Holy Fire"
(神火將軍) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Imperial drill instructor | Lingzhou
(present-day Ling County, Dezhou, Shandong) | 67 | Sabre,
Bow and arrows |  |
| 46 | 10 | Diwen
(地文);
Literature Star
(地文星) | Xiao Rang
(萧让; 蕭讓; Xiāo Ràng; Hsiao Jang) | "Sacred Handed Scholar"
(聖手書生) |  | Chief secretary | Scholar and calligrapher | Jizhou (around present-day Jining and Heze, Shandong) | 39 |  |  |
| 47 | 11 | Dizheng
(地正);
Upright Star
(地正星) | Pei Xuan
(裴宣; Péi Xuān; P'ei Hsüan) | "Iron Faced Magistrate's Clerk"
(鐵面孔目) |  | Chief Justice | Magistrate | Jingzhao Prefecture (around present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi) | 44 |  |  |
| 48 | 12 | Dikuo
(地闊);
Wide Star
(地闊星) | Ou Peng
(欧鹏; 歐鵬; Ōu Péng; Ou P'eng) | "Golden Wings Brushing Against the Clouds"
(摩雲金翅) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Bandit leader | Huangzhou (in present-day Huanggang, Hubei) | 41 |  |  |
| 49 | 13 | Dihe
(地闔);
Whole Star
(地闔星) | Deng Fei
(邓飞; 鄧飛; Dèng Fēi; Teng Fei) | "Fiery Eyed *Suan-ni*"
(火眼狻猊) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Bandit leader | Xiangyang, Hubei | 44 | Iron chain with spikes |  |
| 50 | 14 | Diqiang
(地強);
Strong Star
(地強星) | Yan Shun
(燕顺; 燕順; Yàn Shùn; Yen Shun) | "Multicoloured Tiger"
(錦毛虎) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Bandit leader | Laizhou (around present-day Yantai, Shandong) | 32 | Sabre |  |
| 51 | 15 | Di'an
(地暗);
Dark Star
(地暗星) | Yang Lin
(杨林; 楊林; Yáng Lín; Yang Lin) | "Multicoloured Leopard"
(錦豹子) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Wandering outlaw | Zhangde Prefecture
(present-day Anyang, Henan) | 44 | Iron spear |  |
| 52 | 16 | Dizhou
(地軸);
Axis Star
(地軸星) | Ling Zhen
(凌振; Líng Zhèn; Ling Chen) | "Heaven Shaking Thunder"
(轟天雷) | Pyrotechnics | Pyrotechnics unit commander | Imperial artillery officer | Yanling (believed to be present-day Yanling County, Xuchang, Henan) | 55 | Cannon, Spear |  |
| 53 | 17 | Dihui
(地會);
Meet Star
(地會星) | Jiang Jing
(蒋敬; 蔣敬; Jiǎng Jìng; Chiang Ching) | "Divine Mathematician"
(神算子) | Logistics | Accountant | Bandit leader | Tanzhou, Hunan | 41 |  |  |
| 54 | 18 | Dizuo
(地佐);
Aid Star
(地佐星) | Lü Fang
(吕方; 呂方; Lǚ Fāng; Lü Fang) | "Little Marquis of Wen"
(小溫侯) | Cavalry | Central Camp Defendant General | Bandit leader | Tanzhou (around present-day Changsha, Hunan) | 35 | Sky Piercer
(方天畫戟) |  |
| 55 | 19 | Diyou
(地祐);
Help Star
(地祐星) | Guo Sheng
(郭盛; Guō Shèng; Kuo Sheng) | "Comparable to Rengui"
(賽仁貴) | Cavalry | Central Camp Defendant General | Bandit | Jialing (present-day Jialing District, Nanchong, Sichuan) | 35 | "Sky Piercer"
(方天畫戟) |  |
| 56 | 20 | Diling
(地靈);
Efficacious Star
(地靈星) | An Daoquan
(安道全; Ān Dàoquán; An Tao-ch'üan) | "Divine Physician"
(神醫) | Medical | Physician | Physician | Jiankang Prefecture
(present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 65 |  |  |
| 57 | 21 | Dishou
(地獸);
Beast Star
(地獸星) | Huangfu Duan
(皇甫端; Huángfǔ Duān; Huang-fu Tuan) | "Purple Bearded Count"
(紫髯伯) | Medical | Veterinarian | Veterinarian | Youzhou
(present-day Beijing) | 70 |  |  |
| 58 | 22 | Diwei
(地微);
Minute Star
(地微星) | Wang Ying
(王英; Wáng Yīng; Wang Ying) | "Stumpy Tiger"
(矮腳虎) | Cavalry | Cavalry leader | Bandit leader | Huai River region | 31 |  |  |
| 59 | 23 | Dihui
(地慧);
Bright Star
(地慧星) | Hu Sanniang
(扈三娘; Hù Sānniáng; Hu San-niang) | "Ten Feet of Blue"
(一丈青) | Cavalry | Cavalry leader | Daughter of a squire | Yunzhou, Zhongshan Prefecture (around present-day Dongping County, Tai'an, Shandong) | 47 | Pair of sabres,
Lasso |  |
| 60 | 24 | Dibao
(地暴);
Savage Star
(地暴星) | Bao Xu
(鲍旭; 鮑旭; Bào Xù; Pao Hsü) | "God of Death"
(喪門神) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader | Kouzhou (believed to be present-day Guan County, Liaocheng, Shandong) | 67 | Sword
(闊刃劍) |  |
| 61 | 25 | Diran
(地然);
Correct Star
(地然星) | Fan Rui
(樊瑞; Fán Ruì; Fan Jui) | "Demon King of Chaos"
(混世魔王) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader | Puzhou
(in present-day Chongqing) | 60 | Chain spiked mace
(流星槌) |  |
| 62 | 26 | Dichang
(地猖);
Wild Star
(地猖星) | Kong Ming
(孔明; Kǒng Míng; K'ung Ming) | "Hairy Star"
(毛頭星) | Infantry | Central Camp Defendant General | Bandit leader | Qingzhou
(in present-day Shandong) | 57 | Spear |  |
| 63 | 27 | Dikuang
(地狂);
Crazy Star
(地狂星) | Kong Liang
(孔亮; Kǒng Liàng; K'ung Liang) | "Lonely Fiery Star"
(獨火星) | Infantry | Central Camp Defendant General | Bandit leader | Qingzhou
(in present-day Shandong) | 57 | Spear |  |
| 64 | 28 | Difei
(地飛);
Flying Star
(地飛星) | Xiang Chong
(项充; 項充; Xiàng Chōng; Hsiang Ch'ung) | "Eight-armed Nezha"
(八臂哪吒) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader | Pei County, Xuzhou | 59 | Spear,
Flying daggers |  |
| 65 | 29 | Dizou
(地走);
Walking Star
(地走星) | Li Gun
(李衮; 李袞; Lǐ Gǔn; Li Kun) | "Sky Soaring Great Sage"
(飛天大聖) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader | Pei County, Xuzhou | 59 | Sword,
Javelins |  |
| 66 | 30 | Diqiao
(地巧);
Skilful Star
(地巧星) | Jin Dajian
(金大坚; 金大堅; Jīn Dàjiān; Chin Ta-chien) | "Jade Armed Craftsman"
(玉臂匠) |  | Head craftsman | Craftsman | Jizhou (around present-day Jining and Heze, Shandong) | 39 |  |  |
| 67 | 31 | Diming
(地明);
Bright Star
(地明星) | Ma Lin
(马麟; 馬麟; Mǎ Lín; Ma Lin) | "Iron Flute Deity"
(鐵笛仙) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Bandit leader | Jiankang Prefecture
(present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 41 | Pair of sabres |  |
| 68 | 32 | Dijin
(地進);
Forward Star
(地進星) | Tong Wei
(童威; Tóng Wēi; T'ung Wei) | "Dragon Emerging from a Cave"
(出洞蛟) | Navy | Navy leader | Salt trader | Jieyang Ridge (believed to be in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 37 |  |  |
| 69 | 33 | Ditui
(地退);
Retreating Star
(地退星) | Tong Meng
(童猛; Tóng Měng; T'ung Meng) | "River Churning Clam"
(翻江蜃) | Navy | Navy leader | Salt trader | Jieyang Ridge (believed to be in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 37 |  |  |
| 70 | 34 | Diman
(地滿);
Full Star
(地滿星) | Meng Kang
(孟康; Mèng Kāng; Meng K'ang) | "Jade Flagpole"
(玉幡竿) |  | Chief ship builder | Bandit leader | Zhending Prefecture (around present-day Zhengding County, Shijiazhuang, Hebei) | 44 |  |  |
| 71 | 35 | Disui
(地遂);
Succeed Star
(地遂星) | Hou Jian
(侯健; Hóu Jiàn; Hou Chien) | "Interconnected-Arm Gibbon"
(通臂猿) |  | Chief tailor | Tailor | Hongdu
(present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi) | 41 |  |  |
| 72 | 36 | Dizhou
(地周);
Complete Star
(地周星) | Chen Da
(陈达; 陳達; Chén Dá; Ch'en Ta) | "Stream Leaping Tiger"
(跳澗虎) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Bandit leader | Ye
(in present-day Handan, Hebei) | 2 | Iron spear |  |
| 73 | 37 | Diyin
(地隱);
Latent Star
(地隱星) | Yang Chun
(杨春; 楊春; Yáng Chūn; Yang Ch'un) | "White Flower Serpent"
(白花蛇) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Bandit leader | Jieliang, Puzhou (present-day Jiezhou Town, Yanhu District, Yuncheng, Shanxi) | 2 | Sabre |  |
| 74 | 38 | Diyi
(地異);
Different Star
(地異星) | Zheng Tianshou
(郑天寿; 鄭天壽; Zhèng Tiānshòu; Cheng T'ien-shou) | "Fair Skinned Gentleman"
(白面郎君) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader | Suzhou, Jiangsu | 32 |  |  |
| 75 | 39 | Dili
(地理);
Manage Star
(地理星) | Tao Zongwang
(陶宗旺; Táo Zōngwàng; T'ao Tsung-wang) | "Nine-Tailed Turtle"
(九尾龜) |  | Construction supervisor | Bandit leader | Guangzhou (around present-day Huangchuan County, Xinyang, Henan) | 41 | Iron shovel |  |
| 76 | 40 | Dijun
(地俊);
Handsome Star
(地俊星) | Song Qing
(宋清; Sòng Qīng; Sung Ch'ing) | "Iron Fan"
(鐵扇子) |  | Banquet organiser | Farmer | Yuncheng County, Heze, Shandong | 18 |  |  |
| 77 | 41 | Diyue
(地樂);
Music Star
(地樂星) | Yue He
(乐和; 樂和; Yuè Hé; Yüeh He) | "Iron Whistle"
(鐵叫子) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Infantry scouting leader | Jailer | Maozhou
(present-day Changyi, Weifang, Shandong) | 49 |  |  |
| 78 | 42 | Dijie
(地捷);
Victorious Star
(地捷星) | Gong Wang
(龚旺; 龔旺; Gōng Wàng; Kung Wang) | "Flowery Necked Tiger"
(花項虎) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Imperial general | Dongchang Prefecture (present-day Dongchangfu, Liaocheng, Shandong | 70 | Spear |  |
| 79 | 43 | Disu
(地速);
Speed Star
(地速星) | Ding Desun
(丁得孙; 丁得孫; Dīng Désūn; Ting Te-sun) | "Arrow-hit Tiger"
(中箭虎) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Imperial general | Dongchang Prefecture (present-day Dongchangfu, Liaocheng, Shandong | 70 | Forked spear |  |
| 80 | 44 | Dizhen
(地鎮);
Guardian Star
(地鎮星) | Mu Chun
(穆春; Mù Chūn; Mu Ch'un) | "Little Restrained"
(小遮攔) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Rich man | Jieyang Town (believed to be in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 36 | Sabre |  |
| 81 | 45 | Diji
(地稽);
Check Star
(地稽星) | Cao Zheng
(曹正; Cáo Zhèng; Ts'ao Cheng) | "Knife Wielding Demon"
(操刀鬼) |  | Chief butcher | Butcher | Kaifeng | 17 |  |  |
| 82 | 46 | Dimo
(地魔);
Devil Star
(地魔星) | Song Wan
(宋万; 宋萬; Sòng Wàn; Sung Wan) | "Giant in the Clouds"
(雲裏金剛) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader |  | 11 |  |  |
| 83 | 47 | Diyao
(地妖);
Demon Star
(地妖星) | Du Qian
(杜迁; 杜遷; Dù Qiān; Tu Ch'ien) | "Touching the Sky"
(摸着天) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader |  | 11 |  |  |
| 84 | 48 | Diyou
(地幽);
Tranquil Star
(地幽星) | Xue Yong
(薛永; Xuē Yǒng; Hsüeh Yung) | "Superior to Tiger"
(病大蟲) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Medicine peddler | Luoyang, Henan | 36 |  |  |
| 85 | 49 | Difu
(地伏);
Concealment Star
(地伏星) | Shi En
(施恩; Shī Ēn; Shih En) | "Golden Eyed Tiger Cub"
(金眼彪) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Prison warden | Mengzhou, Jiaozuo, Henan | 28 |  |  |
| 86 | 50 | Dipi
(地僻);
Remote Star
(地僻星) | Li Zhong
(李忠; Lǐ Zhōng; Li Chung) | "Tiger Slaying General"
(打虎將) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Medicine peddler | Haozhou
(present-day Fengyang County, Anhui) | 3 |  |  |
| 87 | 51 | Dikong
(地空);
Empty Star
(地空星) | Zhou Tong
(周通; Zhōu Tōng; Chou T'ung) | "Little Conqueror"
(小覇王) | Scouting general (cavalry) | Tiger Cub Scouting General | Bandit leader | Qingzhou
(in present-day Shandong) | 5 | Spear
(走水綠沉槍) |  |
| 88 | 52 | Digu
(地孤);
Solitary Star
(地孤星) | Tang Long
(汤隆; 湯隆; Tāng Lóng; T'ang Lung) | "Gold Coin Spotted Leopard"
(金錢豹子) |  | Chief armourer | Blacksmith | Yan'an, Shaanxi | 54 |  |  |
| 89 | 53 | Diquan
(地全);
Complete Star
(地全星) | Du Xing
(杜兴; 杜興; Dù Xīng; Tu Hsing) | "Demon Face"
(鬼臉兒) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Li Ying's steward | Zhongshan
(present-day Dingzhou, Hebei) | 46 |  |  |
| 90 | 54 | Diduan
(地短);
Short Star
(地短星) | Zou Yuan
(邹渊; 鄒淵; Zōu Yuān; Tsou Yüan) | "Forest Emerging Dragon"
(出林龍) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader | Laizhou, Yantai, Shandong | 49 | Flying Tiger Staff
(飛虎棒) |  |
| 91 | 55 | Dijiao
(地角);
Horn Star
(地角星) | Zou Run
(邹润; 鄒潤; Zōu Rùn; Tsou Jun) | "Single Horned Dragon"
(獨角龍) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Bandit leader | Laizhou, Yantai, Shandong | 49 |  |  |
| 92 | 56 | Diqiu
(地囚);
Prisoner Star
(地囚星) | Zhu Gui
(朱贵; 朱貴; Zhū Guì; Chu Kui) | "Dry Land Alligator"
(旱地忽律) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Bandit leader | Yishui County, Yizhou
(in present-day Linyi, Shandong) | 11 |  |  |
| 93 | 57 | Dicang
(地藏);
Hidden Star
(地藏星) | Zhu Fu
(朱富; Zhū Fù; Chu Fu) | "Sneering Tiger"
(笑面虎) |  | Brewery master | Tavern owner | Yishui County, Yizhou
(in present-day Linyi, Shandong) | 43 |  |  |
| 94 | 58 | Diping
(地平);
Level Star
(地平星) | Cai Fu
(蔡福; Cài Fú; Ts'ai Fu) | "Iron Arm"
(鐵臂膊) |  | Chief executioner | Prison warden and executioner | Daming Prefecture
(in present-day Handan, Hebei) | 62 |  |  |
| 95 | 59 | Disun
(地損);
Harm Star
(地損星) | Cai Qing
(蔡庆; 蔡慶; Cài Qìng; Ts'ai Ch'ing) | "Stalk of Flower"
(一枝花) |  | Chief executioner | Prison warden and executioner | Daming Prefecture
(in present-day Handan, Hebei) | 62 |  |  |
| 96 | 60 | Dinu
(地奴);
Slave Star
(地奴星) | Li Li
(李立; Lǐ Lì; Li Li) | "Life Taking Judge"
(催命判官) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Tavern owner | Luzhou (present-day Hefei, Anhui) | 36 |  |  |
| 97 | 61 | Dicha
(地察);
Detective Star
(地察星) | Li Yun
(李云; 李雲; Lǐ Yún; Li Yün) | "Green Eyed Tiger"
(青眼虎) |  | Construction supervisor | Constable | Yishui County, Yizhou
(in present-day Linyi, Shandong) | 43 | Sabre |  |
| 98 | 62 | Di'e
(地惡);
Evil Star
(地惡星) | Jiao Ting
(焦挺; Jiāo Tǐng; Chiao T'ing) | "Faceless"
(沒面目) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Wrestler | Zhongshan Prefecture (around present-day Dingzhou, Baoding, Hebei) | 67 |  |  |
| 99 | 63 | Dichou
(地丑);
Ugly Star
(地丑星) | Shi Yong
(石勇; Shí Yǒng; Shih Yung) | "Stone General"
(石將軍) | Infantry | Infantry leader | Gambler | Daming Prefecture
(in present-day Handan, Hebei) | 35 |  |  |
| 100 | 64 | Dishu
(地數);
Number Star
(地數星) | Sun Xin
(孙新; 孫新; Sūn Xīn; Sun Hsin) | "Little Yuchi"
(小尉遲) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Tavern owner | Qiongzhou
(present-day Hainan) | 49 |  |  |
| 101 | 65 | Diyin
(地陰);
Yin Star
(地陰星) | Gu Dasao
(顾大嫂; 顧大嫂; Gù Dàsǎo; Ku Ta-sao) | "Female Tiger"
(母大蟲) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Tavern owner | Dengzhou
(present-day Penglai District, Yantai, Shandong) | 49 |  |  |
| 102 | 66 | Dixing
(地刑);
Execute Star
(地刑星) | Zhang Qing
(张青; 張青; Zhāng Qīng; Chang Ch'ing) | "Gardener"
(菜園子) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Tavern owner | Mengzhou, Jiaozuo, Henan | 17 |  |  |
| 103 | 67 | Dizhuang
(地壯);
Strong Star
(地壯星) | Sun Erniang
(孙二娘; 孫二娘; Sūn Èrniáng; Sun Erh-niang) | "Female Yaksha"
(母夜叉) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Tavern owner |  | 17 |  |  |
| 104 | 68 | Dilie
(地劣);
Inferior Star
(地劣星) | Wang Dingliu
(王定六; Wáng Dìngliù; Wang Ting-liu) | "Living Goddess of Lightning"
(活閃婆) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Tavern owner | Jiankang Prefecture
(present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 65 |  |  |
| 105 | 69 | Dijian
(地健);
Healthy Star
(地健星) | Yu Baosi
(郁保四; Yù Bǎosì; Yü Pao-szu) | "God of the Dangerous Road"
(險道神) |  | Chief flag bearer | Bandit | Qingzhou, Shandong | 68 |  |  |
| 106 | 70 | Dihao
(地耗);
Rat Star
(地耗星) | Bai Sheng
(白胜; 白勝; Bái Shèng; Pai Sheng) | "Daylight Rat"
(白日鼠) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Gambler | Anle Village, Yuncheng County, Shandong | 16 |  |  |
| 107 | 71 | Dizei
(地賊);
Thief Star
(地賊星) | Shi Qian
(时迁; 時遷; Shí Qiān; Shih Ch'ien) | "Flea on a Drum"
(鼓上蚤) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Thief,
Tomb raider | Gaotangzhou
(present-day Gaotang County, Shandong) | 46 | Pudao |  |
| 108 | 72 | Digou
(地狗);
Hound Star
(地狗星) | Duan Jingzhu
(段景住; Duàn Jǐngzhù; Tuan Ching-chu) | "Golden Haired Hound"
(金毛犬) | Reconnaissance and intelligence | Scout leader | Horse thief | Zhuozhou, Hebei | 60 |  |  |

## Bibliography

* (in Chinese) Li, Mengxia. *108 Heroes from the Water Margin*, page 27. EPB Publishers Pte Ltd, 1992. ISBN 9971 0 0252 3.


title: The Instigator

abstract: The Instigator is the second studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97's. Miller's first album came more than a decade earlier. Miller is joined by idol Robyn Hitchcock on "Point Shirley" and the album's title comes from the song "The El."

text:
# The Instigator

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 70/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Austin Chronicle* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 6.9/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *The Village Voice* | A− |

***The Instigator*** is the second studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97's. Miller's first album came more than a decade earlier. Miller is joined by idol Robyn Hitchcock on "Point Shirley" and the album's title comes from the song "The El."

## Track listing

All songs written by Rhett Miller, unless otherwise noted.

1. "Our Love" – 3:32
2. "This Is What I Do" – 3:10
3. "Come Around" – 3:41
4. "Things That Disappear" (Miller, Jon Brion) – 3:23
5. "World Inside The World" – 3:45
6. "Point Shirley" – 3:09
7. "Four-Eyed Girl" – 2:28
8. "Hover" – 2:50
9. "The El" – 3:09
10. "Your Nervous Heart" – 3:47
11. "I Want To Live" – 3:40
12. "Terrible Vision" – 4:06

Japan-only bonus tracks 13. "Erica the Beautiful"
14. "This Is What I Do (Too)"

## Personnel

Primary Musicians

* Rhett Miller - vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar on "Our Love", "The El"
* Jon Brion - backing vocals, electric guitar, bass, drums, piano, acoustic guitar, dobro on "Point Shirley", upright piano on "Four Eyed Girl", "Hover", B-3 organ on "Four Eyed Girl", vibraphone on "Hover", baritone guitar on "The El", "Your Nervous Heart", "talentmaker" on "World Inside the World"
* Josh Freese - drums
* Lenny Castro - percussion

Additional Musicians

* Robyn Hitchcock - backing vocals, electric guitar on "Point Shirley"
* Jim Keltner - drums on "Point Shirley", "Terrible Vision", percussion on "Terrible Vision"
* David Garza - backing vocals, bass on "Four Eyed Girl", "distorto" guitar on "The El"
* John Doe - backing vocals on "The El"
* Dan McCaroll - drums on "The El"
* Chrissy Guerrero - backing vocals on "Terrible Vision"
* Karen Kilgarriff - backing vocals on "Terrible Vision"

## InfoBox

| The Instigator | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rhett Miller | |
| Released | September 24, 2002 |
| Genre | Pop rock, adult alternative |
| Length | 40:47 |
| Label | Elektra |
| Producer | Jon Brion |
| Rhett Miller chronology | |
| *Mythologies*
(1989) ***The Instigator***
(2002) *The Believer*
(2006) | |


title: Daylami family

abstract: The Daylami family was an Iranian family native to Persian Iraq and Gilan, who served the Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu and then later the Safavid dynasty.

text:
# Daylami family

The **Daylami family** was an Iranian family native to Persian Iraq and Gilan, who served the Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu and then later the Safavid dynasty.

## Sources

* Dunietz, Alexandra (2015). *The Cosmic Perils of Qadi Ḥusayn Maybudī in Fifteenth-Century Iran*. Brill. ISBN 978-9004302310.
* Markiewicz, Christopher (2019). *The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty*. Cambridge University Press.
* Minorsky, Vladimir (1955). "The Aq-qoyunlu and Land Reforms". *Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies*. **17** (3): 449–462. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00112376. JSTOR 609589. S2CID 154166838. (registration required)
* Mitchell, Colin P. (2009). *The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric*. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–304. ISBN 978-0857715883.


title: Second cabinet of Hermann Jónasson

abstract: The Second cabinet of Hermann Jónasson was formed 2 April 1938.

text:
# Second cabinet of Hermann Jónasson

The **Second cabinet of Hermann Jónasson** was formed 2 April 1938.

## Cabinet

### Inaugural cabinet

| Officeholder | Office |
| --- | --- |
| Hermann Jónasson | Prime Minister |
| | Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs |
| Eysteinn Jónsson | Minister of Finance |
| Skúli Guðmundsson | Minister of Employment |

## InfoBox

| Second cabinet of Hermann Jónasson | |
| --- | --- |
| <br>9th Cabinet of Iceland | |
| 1938–1939 | |
| Date formed | 2 April 1938 (1938-04-02) |
| Date dissolved | 17 April 1939 (1939-04-17) |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Christian X of Denmark |
| Head of government | Hermann Jónasson |
| Member party | Progressive Party |
| History | |
| Predecessor | First cabinet of Hermann Jónasson |
| Successor | Third cabinet of Hermann Jónasson |


title: Camilla von Hollay

abstract: Camilla von Hollay was a Hungarian film actress of the silent era.

text:
# Camilla von Hollay

**Camilla von Hollay** (born **Kamilla Borbála Hollay**; 11 July 1899 – 9 February 1967) was a Hungarian film actress of the silent era.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Camilla von Hollay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1899-07-11)11 July 1899
Budapest, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 9 February 1967(1967-02-09) (aged 67)
Budapest |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1917–1930 |


title: 1920 Nobel Prize in Literature

abstract: The 1920 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Norwegian author Knut Hamsun (1859–1952) "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil." He was the second Norwegian Nobel laureate in literature after Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson won in 1903.

text:
# 1920 Nobel Prize in Literature

The **1920 Nobel Prize in Literature** was awarded to the Norwegian author Knut Hamsun (1859–1952) "for his monumental work, *Growth of the Soil*." He was the second Norwegian Nobel laureate in literature after Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson won in 1903.

## Laureate

The novel *Sult* ("Hunger", 1890), widely regarded as the first modern novel in Norwegian literature, marked Knutman's debut as a writer. In his writings, he basically highlights the simple life lived in harmony with nature and shows an aversion to civilization. He admired Germany, which made him sympathetic to the Nazi invasion of Norway in 1940. After the World War II, he was ordered to forfeit his possessions and placed under psychiatric monitoring for a period. He pioneered psychological literature with techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue influencing authors such as Kafka, Mann, Miller and Hesse. Among his famous oeuvres include *Mysterier* ("Mysteries", 1892), *Pan* (1894), and *Victoria* (1898), and published one poetry collection, *Det vilde Kor* ("The Wild Choir", 1904).

### *Growth of the Soil*

The Nobel Prize was given to Hamsun for his 1917 novel *Markens Grøde* ("Growth of the Soil"), which is regarded as an epic ode to labor and the interdependence of man and nature. The protagonists in the novel are portrayed as actual individuals, but Hamsun gives the settlers' attempts to develop the wilderness heroic aspects in the manner of the classical poet Hesiod. Employing stream of consciousness, the novel exemplified his aversion to modernity and inclination towards primitivism and the agrarian lifestyle.

## Deliberations

### Nominations

Hamsun only received 3 nominations in total for consecutive two years. He first received his nomination in 1918 from Norwegian art historian Harry Fett, but no award was that year due to the deliberations being disrupted by World War I. He then received two nominations in 1920 once again from Harry Fett and Academy member Erik Axel Karlfeldt.

In total, the Nobel Committee earned 27 nominations for authors like Thomas Hardy, Grazia Deledda (awarded in 1926), Georg Brandes, John Galsworthy (awarded in 1932), Władysław Reymont (awarded in 1924), Ebenezer Howard and Juhani Aho. Only one author was newly recommended namely the American historian Wilbur Cortez Abbott and Italian writer Grazia Deledda was the only female nominee.

The authors Paul Adam, Alice E. Bartlett, Alberto Blest Gana, Rhoda Broughton, Giovanni Capurro, Bithia Mary Croker, Richard Dehmel, Paul Ferrier, Mary Evelyn Hitchcock, Matthías Jochumsson, Amanda Kerfstedt, Haralamb Lecca, Alexandru Macedonski, Alexius Meinong, Julia A. Moore, Panas Myrny, Manuel Pérez y Curis, Eleanor H. Porter, Shloyme Zanvl Rappoport (*known as* S. Ansky), Adolphe-Basile Routhier, Olive Schreiner, Ömer Seyfettin, Helen Ekin Starrett, Maria Antonietta Torriani, Mary Augusta Ward, Max Weber and Wilhelm Wundt died in 1920 died without having been nominated for the prize.

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Wilbur Cortez Abbott (1869–1947) | United States | history | Dana Carleton Munro (1866–1933) |
| 2 | Juhani Aho (1861–1921) | Finland | novel, short story | Yrjö Hirn (1870–1952) |
| 3 | Georg Brandes (1842–1927) | Denmark | literary criticism, essays |  |
| 4 | Otokar Březina (1868–1929) | Czechoslovakia | poetry, essays | Arne Novák (1880–1939) |
| 5 | Grazia Deledda (1871–1936) | Italy | novel, short story, essays | Carl Bildt (1850–1931) |
| 6 | Adolf Frey (1855–1920) | Switzerland | biography, history, essays | Wilhelm Oechsli (1851–1919) |
| 7 | John Galsworthy (1867–1933) | Great Britain | novel, drama, essays, short story, memoir | Henrik Schück (1855–1947) |
| 8 | Arne Garborg (1851–1921) | Norway | novel, poetry, drama, essays |  |
| 9 | Ángel Guimerá Jorge (1845–1924) | Spain | drama, poetry | Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona |
| 10 | Knut Hamsun (1859–1952) | Norway | novel, short story, drama, poetry, essays |  |
| 11 | Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) | Great Britain | novel, short story, poetry, drama |  |
| 12 | Ebenezer Howard (1850–1928) | Great Britain | essays | Christen Collin (1857–1926) |
| 13 | Alois Jirásek (1851–1930) | Czechoslovakia | novel, drama | Czech Academy of Sciences |
| 14 | Hans Ernst Kinck (1865–1926) | Norway | philology, novel, short story, drama, essays | Gerhard Gran (1856–1925) |
| 15 | Władysław Reymont (1867–1925) | Poland | novel, short story | Per Hallström (1866–1960) |
| 16 | Carl Spitteler (1845–1924) | Switzerland | poetry, essays |  |

### Prize decision

As for the prize in 1920 which went to Knut Hamsun, he was shortlisted alongside his countryman Arne Garborg, Swiss poet Carl Spitteler and Finnish novelist Juhani Aho, wherein, during the deliberations, the publication of his 1917 novel *Growth of the Soil* proved crucial for the Nobel Committee to award him. Spitteler was voted by the committee for the previous year.

## InfoBox

| 1920 Nobel Prize in Literature | |
| --- | --- |
| **Knut Hamsun** | |
| ***"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil."*** | |
| Date | * 13 November 1920 (announcement) * 10 December 1920 <br>(ceremony) |
| Location | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Presented by | Swedish Academy |
| First awarded | 1901 |
| Website | Official website |
|


title: Skicircus Saalbach-Hinterglemm/Leogang

abstract: The Skicircus Saalbach Hinterglemm Leogang Fieberbrunn is a winter sports area in the Austrian federal state of Salzburg. It extends on both sides of the valley over the mountains of the Glemmtal and has a link to Leogang and to Fieberbrunn, in Tyrol. Because the area is laid out around the valley and the municipality of Saalbach-Hinterglemm the name "Skicircus" was chosen. A ski circus is a winter sports area that is laid out around a valley, normally enabling circuits of the whole complex.

text:
# Skicircus Saalbach-Hinterglemm/Leogang

The **Skicircus Saalbach Hinterglemm Leogang Fieberbrunn** is a winter sports area in the Austrian federal state of Salzburg. It extends on both sides of the valley over the mountains of the Glemmtal and has a link to Leogang and to Fieberbrunn, in Tyrol. Because the area is laid out around the valley and the municipality of Saalbach-Hinterglemm the name "Skicircus" was chosen. A ski circus is a winter sports area that is laid out around a valley, normally enabling circuits of the whole complex.

## Region

* By far the best-known part of the Skicircus Saalbach-Hinterglemm/Leogang is located below the summit of the *Kohlmais*kopf on the northern side of the Glemmtal. Here the pistes are mainly of medium difficulty and include a world championship run from the 1991 World Ski Championships.
* West of Kohlmais are the *Bernkogel, Reiterkogel and Hochalm*. Here the runs are mainly easy or medium difficulty.
* The highest point in the ski circus is the West Summit of the *Schattberg* (2,096 metres) on the opposite side of the valley. The Schattberg is actually two mountains - Schattberg East and Schattberg West - and offers challenging pistes.
* The *Zwölferkogel* is the hardest part of the whole region. It includes the world championship route and a world cup piste.

* At Asitz in *Leogang* there are more easy to medium downhill runs.

### Equipment

There are currently 70 lifts in the skicircus, including 18 gondola lifts, 19 chairlifts and 18 drag lifts or practice lifts. The combined carrying capacity in winter is 97,521 people per hour.

There are 270 kilometres of prepared piste, of which 90 km is rated as easy, 95 as medium and 15 as difficult.

All the main downhill runs and many secondary runs are equipped with artificial snow-making equipment. They make use of eight water storage basins, 353 snow cannon and 108 snow guns.

## Companies

The lifts of the ski area are operated by four different lift companies:

* *Saalbacher Bergbahnen Ges.m.b.H.*: Kohlmais, Schattberg, Bernkogel
* *Bergbahnen Saalbach Hinterglemm Ges.m.b.H.*: Reiterkogel, Schönleiten, Westgipfel, Vorderglemm, Viehhofen
* *Hinterglemmer Bergbahnen Ges.m.b.H.*: Zwölferkogel, Hochalm
* *Leoganger Bergbahnen Ges.m.b.H.*: Leogang.

## Development

Following the upgrade of lift and snow-making facilities in previous years further investment was made for the 2010/11 winter season: a gondola lift replaced the former drag lift of *Unterschwazach* in the course of which the floodlit piste in Hinterglemm was upgraded.

The previously planned link with the Schmittenhöhe did not however come to fruition.

* "Skicircus Saalbach Hinterglemm Leogang". Skicircus Saalbach-Hinterglemm/Leogang. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
* ADAC, ed. (2005), *ADAC SkiGuide Alpen 2006* (in German), München: ADAC Verlag, pp. 200ff, ISBN 3-89905-254-4

1. "Lift details - saalbach.com | Tourismusverband Saalbach Hinterglemm". Skicircus Saalbach Hinterglemm. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
2. Edith Danzer (9 April 2010). "KURZMELDUNG: Neu ab Winter 2010/11: 8er Kabinenbahn Unterschwarzach in Hinterglemm, Presseblog Saalbach-Hinterglemm". Tourismusverband Saalbach Hinterglemm. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
3. "Aus für Lift von Zell nach Saalbach". Salzburger Nachrichten. 8 January 2009. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2013.


title: Cassel baronets

abstract: The Cassel Baronetcy, of Lincoln's Inn in the City of London, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 26 January 1920 for the lawyer and Conservative politician Felix Cassel. He was Judge Advocate General between 1915 and 1934. Cassel was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baronet. He died unmarried and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baronet. He was a barrister and judge. As of 2015 the title is held by his eldest son, the fourth Baronet, who succeeded in 2001. He is the former husband of the life peer Ann Mallalieu, Baroness Mallalieu.

text:
# Cassel baronets

The **Cassel Baronetcy**, of Lincoln's Inn in the City of London, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 26 January 1920 for the lawyer and Conservative politician Felix Cassel. He was Judge Advocate General between 1915 and 1934. Cassel was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baronet. He died unmarried and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baronet. He was a barrister and judge. As of 2015 the title is held by his eldest son, the fourth Baronet, who succeeded in 2001. He is the former husband of the life peer Ann Mallalieu, Baroness Mallalieu.

## Cassel baronets, of Lincoln's Inn (1920)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Alexander James Felix Cassel (b. 1974).


title: Battle of Błonie (1770)

abstract: The Battle of Błonie, also known as the Battle of Zawady, was fought on 12 February 1770, during the War of the Bar Confederation, near the town of Błonie, near Warsaw. It was fought between forces of the Bar Confederation, and the Imperial Russian Army of the Tsardom of Russia. The Bar Confederates lost the battle against Russian forces, while heading towards Warsaw, from the Greater Poland. The defeat marked the end of major offensive operations of the Bar Confederation.

text:
# Battle of Błonie (1770)

The **Battle of Błonie**, also known as the **Battle of Zawady**, was fought on 12 February 1770, during the War of the Bar Confederation, near the town of Błonie, near Warsaw. It was fought between forces of the Bar Confederation, and the Imperial Russian Army of the Tsardom of Russia. The Bar Confederates lost the battle against Russian forces, while heading towards Warsaw, from the Greater Poland. The defeat marked the end of major offensive operations of the Bar Confederation.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Błonie | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the War of the Bar Confederation | |
| Date 12 February 1770  Location Błonie, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now part of Poland)  Result  Russian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Bar Confederation | Tsardom of Russia |


title: Short Mountain (Virginia)

abstract: Short Mountain lies along the northwestern margin of Massanutten Mountain in Shenandoah County, Virginia. It is seven miles in length, from Mount Jackson on the south end to Edinburg on the north, so it was also once known as "Seven-Mile Mountain". The Massanutten Trail traverses the mountain.

text:
# Short Mountain (Virginia)

**Short Mountain** lies along the northwestern margin of Massanutten Mountain in Shenandoah County, Virginia. It is seven miles in length, from Mount Jackson on the south end to Edinburg on the north, so it was also once known as "Seven-Mile Mountain". The Massanutten Trail traverses the mountain.

## InfoBox

| Short Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Facing east towards "The Knob" at the southwest end of Short Mountain, October 2023 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,811 ft (857 m) |
| Coordinates | 38°46′48″N 78°32′27″W / 38.7801146°N 78.5408443°W / 38.7801146; -78.5408443 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Shenandoah County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS Edinburg |


title: 108 Names of Ganesh

text:
# 108 Names of Ganesh

In Hindu mythology, the God Ganesh has 108 names. The following is a list of the names.

## List of names

| Sanskrit Name | Name Mantra | Name Meaning | Name | Name Mantra |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| गजानन | ॐ गजाननाय नमः। | Elephant-faced Lord | Gajanana | Om Gajananaya Namah |
| गणाध्यक्ष | ॐ गणाध्यक्षाय नमः। | Lord of All Ganas (Gods) | Ganadhyaksha | Om Ganadhyakshaya Namah। |
| विघ्नराज | ॐ विघ्नराजाय नमः। | Lord of All Hindrances | Vighnaraja | Om Vighnarajaya Namah। |
| विनायक | ॐ विनायकाय नमः। | Lord of All | Vinayaka | Om Vinayakaya Namah। |
| द्वैमातुर | ॐ द्वैमातुराय नमः। | One who has two Mothers | Dvaimatura | Om Dvaimaturaya Namah। |
| द्विमुख | ॐ द्विमुखाय नमः। | Lord with two Heads | Dwimukha | Om Dwimukhaya Namah। |
| प्रमुख | ॐ प्रमुखाय नमः। | Supreme Head of the Universe | Pramukha | Om Pramukhaya Namah। |
| सुमुख | ॐ सुमुखाय नमः। | Auspicious Face | Sumukha | Om Sumukhaya Namah। |
| कृति | ॐ कृतिने नमः। | Lord of Music | Kriti | Om Kritine Namah। |
| सुप्रदीप | ॐ सुप्रदीपाय नमः। |  | Supradipa | Om Supradipaya Namah। |
| सुखनिधी | ॐ सुखनिधये नमः। | The God who gives happiness and money | Sukhanidhi | Om Sukhanidhaye Namah। |
| सुराध्यक्ष | ॐ सुराध्यक्षाय नमः। | Sovereign of the Gods | Suradhyaksha | Om Suradhyakshaya Namah। |
| सुरारिघ्न | ॐ सुरारिघ्नाय नमः। | The Destroyer of the Enemies of Devas | Surarighna | Om Surarighnaya Namah। |
| महागणपति | ॐ महागणपतये नमः। | Omnipotent and Supreme Lord | Mahaganapati | Om Mahaganapataye Namah। |
| मान्या | ॐ मान्याय नमः। |  | Manya | Om Manyaya Namah। |
| महाकाल | ॐ महाकालाय नमः। | The big Kal | Mahakala | Om Mahakalaya Namah। |
| महाबला | ॐ महाबलाय नमः। | Enormously Strong Lord | Mahabala | Om Mahabalaya Namah। |
| हेरम्ब | ॐ हेरम्बाय नमः। | Mother's Beloved Son | Heramba | Om Herambaya Namah। |
| लम्बजठर | ॐ लम्बजठरायै नमः। | Big Bellied | Lambajathara | Om Lambajatharayai Namah। |
| ह्रस्वग्रीव | ॐ ह्रस्व ग्रीवाय नमः। |  | Haswagriva | Om Haswa Grivaya Namah। |
| महोदरा | ॐ महोदराय नमः। | Having Large Abdomen | Mahodara | Om Mahodaraya Namah। |
| मदोत्कट | ॐ मदोत्कटाय नमः। |  | Madotkata | Om Madotkataya Namah। |
| महावीर | ॐ महावीराय नमः। |  | Mahavira | Om Mahaviraya Namah। |
| मन्त्रिणे | ॐ मन्त्रिणे नमः। |  | Mantrine | Om Mantrine Namah। |
| मङ्गल स्वरा | ॐ मङ्गल स्वराय नमः। | Nice Swar | Mangala Swara | Om Mangala Swaraya Namah। |
| प्रमधा | ॐ प्रमधाय नमः। |  | Pramadha | Om Pramadhaya Namah। |
| प्रथम | ॐ प्रथमाय नमः। | First Among All | Prathama | Om Prathamaya Namah। |
| प्रज्ञा | ॐ प्राज्ञाय नमः। | Knowledge | Prajna | Om Prajnaya Namah। |
| विघ्नकर्ता | ॐ विघ्नकर्त्रे नमः। | Creator of Obstacles | Vighnakarta | Om Vighnakartre Namah। |
| विघ्नहर्ता | ॐ विघ्नहर्त्रे नमः। | Demolisher of Obstacles | Vignaharta | Om Vignahartre Namah। |
| विश्वनेत्र | ॐ विश्वनेत्रे नमः। | Eye of the Universe | Vishwanetra | Om Vishwanetre Namah। |
| विराट्पति | ॐ विराट्पतये नमः। | A big God | Viratpati | Om Viratpataye Namah। |
| श्रीपति | ॐ श्रीपतये नमः। | The Lord of Fortune | Shripati | Om Shripataye Namah। |
| वाक्पति | ॐ वाक्पतये नमः। | The Lord of Speech | Vakpati | Om Vakpataye Namah। |
| शृङ्गारिण | ॐ शृङ्गारिणे नमः। |  | Shringarin | Om Shringarine Namah। |
| अश्रितवत्सल | ॐ अश्रितवत्सलाय नमः। | The one whose love towards his subordinates is unquenchable. | Ashritavatsala | Om Ashritavatsalaya Namah। |
| शिवप्रिय | ॐ शिवप्रियाय नमः। | The favorite of Lord Shiv | Shivapriya | Om Shivapriyaya Namah। |
| शीघ्रकारिण | ॐ शीघ्रकारिणे नमः। |  | Shighrakarina | Om Shighrakarine Namah। |
| शाश्वत | ॐ शाश्वताय नमः। | Adoration to the Unchanging One | Shashwata | Om Shashwataya Namah। |
| बल | ॐ बल नमः। |  | Bala | Om Bala Namah। |
| बलोत्थिताय | ॐ बलोत्थिताय नमः। |  | Balotthitaya | Om Balotthitaya Namah। |
| भवात्मजाय | ॐ भवात्मजाय नमः। |  | Bhavatmajaya | Om Bhavatmajaya Namah। |
| पुराण पुरुष | ॐ पुराण पुरुषाय नमः। | The Omnipotent Personality | Purana Purusha | Om Purana Purushaya Namah। |
| पूष्णे | ॐ पूष्णे नमः। |  | Pushne | Om Pushne Namah। |
| पुष्करोत्षिप्त वारिणे | ॐ पुष्करोत्षिप्त वारिणे नमः। |  | Pushkarotshipta Varine | Om Pushkarotshipta Varine Namah। |
| अग्रगण्याय | ॐ अग्रगण्याय नमः। | The God ahead of all | Agraganyaya | Om Agraganyaya Namah। |
| अग्रपूज्याय | ॐ अग्रपूज्याय नमः। |  | Agrapujyaya | Om Agrapujyaya Namah। |
| अग्रगामिने | ॐ अग्रगामिने नमः। |  | Agragamine | Om Agragamine Namah। |
| मन्त्रकृते | ॐ मन्त्रकृते नमः। |  | Mantrakrite | Om Mantrakrite Namah। |
| चामीकरप्रभाय | ॐ चामीकरप्रभाय नमः। |  | Chamikaraprabhaya | Om Chamikaraprabhaya Namah। |
| सर्वाय | ॐ सर्वाय नमः। | Everybodys God | Sarvaya | Om Sarvaya Namah। |
| सर्वोपास्याय | ॐ सर्वोपास्याय नमः। |  | Sarvopasyaya | Om Sarvopasyaya Namah। |
| सर्व कर्त्रे | ॐ सर्व कर्त्रे नमः। |  | Sarvakartre | Om Sarva Kartre Namah। |
| सर्वनेत्रे | ॐ सर्वनेत्रे नमः। | Eyes of All | Sarvanetre | Om Sarvanetre Namah। |
| सर्वसिद्धिप्रदाय | ॐ सर्वसिद्धिप्रदाय नमः। |  | Sarvasiddhipradaya | Om Sarvasiddhipradaya Namah। |
| सिद्धये | ॐ सिद्धये नमः। |  | Siddhaye | Om Siddhaye Namah। |
| पञ्चहस्ताय | ॐ पञ्चहस्ताय नमः। |  | Panchahastaya | Om Panchahastaya Namah। |
| पार्वतीनन्दनाय | ॐ पार्वतीनन्दनाय नमः। | Son of Parvati | Parvatinadanaya | Om Parvatinandanaya Namah। |
| प्रभवे | ॐ प्रभवे नमः। |  | Prabhave | Om Prabhave Namah। |
| कुमारगुरवे | ॐ कुमारगुरवे नमः। |  | Kumaragurave | Om Kumaragurave Namah। |
| अक्षोभ्याय | ॐ अक्षोभ्याय नमः। |  | Akshobhyaya | Om Akshobhyaya Namah। |
| कुञ्जरासुर भञ्जनाय | ॐ कुञ्जरासुर भञ्जनाय नमः। |  | Kunjarasura Bhanjanaya | Om Kunjarasura Bhanjanaya Namah। |
| प्रमोदाय | ॐ प्रमोदाय नमः। | Happiness | Pramodaya | Om Pramodaya Namah। |
| मोदकप्रियाय | ॐ मोदकप्रियाय नमः। | The God who loves Modak | Modakapriyaya | Om Modakapriyaya Namah। |
| कान्तिमते | ॐ कान्तिमते नमः। |  | Kantimate | Om Kantimate Namah। |
| धृतिमते | ॐ धृतिमते नमः। |  | Dhritimate | Om Dhritimate Namah। |
| कामिने | ॐ कामिने नमः। |  | Kamine | Om Kamine Namah। |
| कपित्थपनसप्रियाय | ॐ कपित्थपनसप्रियाय नमः। |  | Kapitthapanasapriyaya | Om Kapitthapanasapriyaya Namah। |
| ब्रह्मचारिणे | ॐ ब्रह्मचारिणे नमः। |  | Brahmacharine | Om Brahmacharine Namah। |
| ब्रह्मरूपिणे | ॐ ब्रह्मरूपिणे नमः। |  | Brahmarupine | Om Brahmarupine Namah। |
| ब्रह्मविद्यादि दानभुवे | ॐ ब्रह्मविद्यादि दानभुवे नमः। |  | Brahmavidyadi Danabhuve | Om Brahmavidyadi Danabhuve Namah। |
| जिष्णवे | ॐ जिष्णवे नमः। |  | Jishnave | Om Jishnave Namah। |
| विष्णुप्रियाय | ॐ विष्णुप्रियाय नमः। |  | Vishnupriyaya | Om Vishnupriyaya Namah। |
| भक्त जीविताय | ॐ भक्त जीविताय नमः। |  | Bhakta Jivitaya | Om Bhakta Jivitaya Namah। |
| जितमन्मधाय | ॐ जितमन्मधाय नमः। |  | Jitamanmadhaya | Om Jitamanmadhaya Namah। |
| ऐश्वर्यकारणाय | ॐ ऐश्वर्यकारणाय नमः। |  | Aishwaryakaranaya | Om Aishwaryakaranaya Namah। |
| ज्यायसे | ॐ ज्यायसे नमः। |  | Jyayase | Om Jyayase Namah। |
| यक्षकिन्नेर सेविताय | ॐ यक्षकिन्नेर सेविताय नमः। |  | Yaksha Kinnerasevitaya | Om Yaksha Kinnerasevitaya Namah। |
| गङ्गा सुताय | ॐ गङ्गा सुताय नमः। |  | Ganga Sutaya | Om Ganga Sutaya Namah। |
| गणाधीशाय | ॐ गणाधीशाय नमः। |  | Ganadhishaya | Om Ganadhishaya Namah। |
| गम्भीर निनदाय | ॐ गम्भीर निनदाय नमः। |  | Gambhira Ninadaya | Om Gambhira Ninadaya Namah। |
| वटवे | ॐ वटवे नमः। |  | Vatave | Om Vatave Namah। |
| अभीष्टवरदाय | ॐ अभीष्टवरदाय नमः। |  | Abhishtavaradaya | Om Abhishtavaradaya Namah। |
| ज्योतिषे | ॐ ज्योतिषे नमः। |  | Jyotishe | Om Jyotishe Namah। |
| भक्तनिधये | ॐ भक्तनिधये नमः। |  | Bhktanidhaye | Om Bhktanidhaye Namah। |
| भावगम्याय | ॐ भावगम्याय नमः। |  | Bhavagamyaya | Om Bhavagamyaya Namah। |
| मङ्गलप्रदाय | ॐ मङ्गलप्रदाय नमः। |  | Mangalapradaya | Om Mangalapradaya Namah। |
| अव्यक्ताय | ॐ अव्यक्ताय नमः। |  | Avyaktaya | Om Avyaktaya Namah। |
| अप्राकृत पराक्रमाय | ॐ अप्राकृत पराक्रमाय नमः। |  | Aprakrita Parakramaya | Om Aprakrita Parakramaya Namah। |
| सत्यधर्मिणे | ॐ सत्यधर्मिणे नमः। |  | Satyadharmine | Om Satyadharmine Namah। |
| सखये | ॐ सखये नमः। |  | Sakhaye | Om Sakhaye Namah। |
| सरसाम्बुनिधये | ॐ सरसाम्बुनिधये नमः। |  | Sarasambunidhaye | Om Sarasambunidhaye Namah। |
| महेशाय | ॐ महेशाय नमः। |  | Maheshaya | Om Maheshaya Namah। |
| दिव्याङ्गाय | ॐ दिव्याङ्गाय नमः। |  | Divyangaya | Om Divyangaya Namah। |
| मणिकिङ्किणी मेखालाय | ॐ मणिकिङ्किणी मेखालाय नमः। |  | Manikinkini Mekhalaya | Om Manikinkini Mekhalaya Namah। |
| समस्त देवता मूर्तये | ॐ समस्त देवता मूर्तये नमः। |  | Samasta Devata Murtaye | Om Samasta Devata Murtaye Namah। |
| सहिष्णवे | ॐ सहिष्णवे नमः। |  | Sahishnave | Om Sahishnave Namah। |
| सततोत्थिताय | ॐ सततोत्थिताय नमः। |  | Satatotthitaya | Om Satatotthitaya Namah। |
| विघातकारिणे | ॐ विघातकारिणे नमः। |  | Vighatakarine | Om Vighatakarine Namah। |
| विश्वग्दृशे | ॐ विश्वग्दृशे नमः। |  | Vishwagdrishe | Om Vishwagdrishe Namah। |
| विश्वरक्षाकृते | ॐ विश्वरक्षाकृते नमः। |  | Vishwarakshakrite | Om Vishwarakshakrite Namah। |
| कल्याणगुरवे | ॐ कल्याणगुरवे नमः। |  | Kalyanagurave | Om Kalyanagurave Namah। |
| उन्मत्तवेषाय | ॐ उन्मत्तवेषाय नमः। |  | Unmattaveshaya | Om Unmattaveshaya Namah। |
| अपराजिते | ॐ अपराजिते नमः। |  | Aparajite | Om Aparajite Namah। |
| समस्त जगदाधाराय | ॐ समस्त जगदाधाराय नमः। |  | Samsta Jagadadharaya | Om Samsta Jagadadharaya Namah। |
| सर्वैश्वर्यप्रदाय | ॐ सर्वैश्वर्यप्रदाय नमः। |  | Sarwaishwaryapradaya | Om Sarwaishwaryapradaya Namah। |
| आक्रान्त चिद चित्प्रभवे | ॐ आक्रान्त चिद चित्प्रभवे नमः। |  | Akranta Chida Chitprabhave | Om Akranta Chida Chitprabhave Namah। |
| श्री विघ्नेश्वराय | ॐ श्री विघ्नेश्वराय नमः। |  | Shri Vighneshwaraya | Om Shri Vighneshwaraya Namah। |


title: The High Fives Gang

abstract: The High Fives gang, also called the Christian Gang, was a group of Oklahoma outlaws that committed numerous crimes in the American Southwest. The gang robbed banks, stores, trains and stagecoaches along with stealing horses and cattle. Led by William "Black Jack" Christian, their crimes ranged across Arizona, New Mexico and Texas through the 1890s.

text:
# The High Fives Gang

The **High Fives** gang, also called the **Christian Gang**, was a group of Oklahoma outlaws that committed numerous crimes in the American Southwest.

The gang robbed banks, stores, trains and stagecoaches along with stealing horses and cattle. Led by William "Black Jack" Christian, their crimes ranged across Arizona, New Mexico and Texas through the 1890s.

## Gang members and their aliases

* The leader, William "Black Jack" Christian. (202, Ed Williams).
* His brother, Robert "Bob" Christian (Tom Anderson).
* Bob Hayes (John West, Sam Hassells).
* George Musgrave (Jeff Davis, Bill Johnson, Jess Johnson, Jesse Miller, Bob Steward, Jesse Williams).
* Cole "Code" Young (Cole Estes, Bob Harris).

## History

In the summer of 1895, the gang was jailed in Guthrie Oklahoma for murdering a police officer. After breaking out of jail that year, they fled to Arizona. The gang continued to commit crimes there for the next two years. A $500 reward was posted for their capture.

Following a failed bank robbery, Sheriff Bob Leatherwood of Tucson Arizona to track down the gang. However, the outlaws evaded them and took refuge in Mexico.

In 1897, law enforcement learned that the gang had returned to Arizona. A posse was sent to Black Jack Canyon to ambush them. On April 27, 1897, the posse surprised the gang outside of Clifton, Arizona. During the gun battle, William Christian was shot and killed while the rest of the gang escaped. On returning to Clifton, the posse paraded Williams' body around town on a lumber wagon.

## Aftermath

The gang split up after Christian's death. Bob Christian went to Mexico and was never hear from again. Musgrave was later captured and tried for his murder of Texas Ranger George Parker. After his acquittal, Musgrave moved to Paraguay, where he became known as the "Gringo cattle rustler". He died there at age 70.


title: Temple du Change

abstract: The Temple du Change or Loge du Change, formerly used for the stock exchange of Lyon, stands in Vieux Lyon. It was originally built after plans by architect Simon Gourdet between 1631 and 1653, then rebuilt under the direction of Jacques-Germain Soufflot in 1748–1750. It has been assigned to Protestant worship since 1803, hence its designation Temple. As part of Vieux Lyon, the building was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List along with other districts in the historic centre of Lyon.

text:
# Temple du Change

The **Temple du Change** or **Loge du Change**, formerly used for the stock exchange of Lyon, stands in Vieux Lyon (5th arrondissement of Lyon). It was originally built after plans by architect Simon Gourdet between 1631 and 1653, then rebuilt under the direction of Jacques-Germain Soufflot in 1748–1750. It has been assigned to Protestant worship since 1803, hence its designation *Temple*. As part of Vieux Lyon, the building was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List along with other districts in the historic centre of Lyon.

## History

The first Loge du Change was a small classical building with four arches in front and two on each side. It soon became insufficient for Lyon's money exchange, but was not renovated before 1748.

Soufflot provided plans and elevations for its repair, performed by Jean-Baptiste Roche, an architect he had himself introduced. The flanking terraced houses were torn down, which provided the opportunity to significantly enlarge the building, which has a fifth arch in front, providing, instead of a central pier, a central bay as classical usage demands. Behind the façade rises a large room, as high and wide as the building. It is rectangular with an imperial-styled roof supported on four massive pillars. The first-floor facade was completely rebuilt in Soufflot's uncompromising neoclassical style, unusual for the epoch.

During the French Revolution, the building was abandoned. It became an inn for a moment, before being assigned to the Protestants in 1803. Minor changes were made throughout the nineteenth century, particularly on the interior and the furnishings.

In December 1999, the city of Lyon and the Renaissance du Vieux Lyon added two clocks on the facade. The clock on the right was already there when the building was constructed and has a traditional dial, which indicates hours and minutes. In contrast, the dial on the left is more surprising because it marks days, months and years. For a time in the mid nineteenth century, the Loge du Change was scheduled to be rebuilt as a new place of worship because there were 10,000 Protestants in Lyon, and the Temple du Change was too small for them (it can accommodate 600 people).

The building was classified a monument historique in 1913 and hosts many concerts.

## InfoBox

| Temple du Change | |
| --- | --- |
| Facade of the church | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Calvinism |
| District | 5th arrondissement of Lyon |
| Location | |
| Location | Lyon, France |
| Geographic coordinates | 45°45′52″N 4°49′41″E / 45.7645°N 4.8280°E / 45.7645; 4.8280 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Jacques-Germain Soufflot |
| Type | Church |
| Completed | 17th century |
| Capacity | 600 |
| Website | |
| www.templeduchange.fr | |


title: Second cabinet of Geir Haarde

abstract: The Second cabinet of Geir Haarde in Iceland was formed 24 May 2007. It resigned due to the 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests.

text:
# Second cabinet of Geir Haarde

The **Second cabinet of Geir Haarde** in Iceland was formed 24 May 2007. It resigned due to the 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests.

## Cabinet

### Inaugural cabinet: 24 May 2007 – 1 February 2009

The Ministry of Commerce was renamed in English the Ministry of Business Affairs but the Icelandic name was unchanged. The Ministry of Industry was renamed in English the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism but the Icelandic name was unchanged.

| Incumbent | | Minister | Ministry | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Geir Haarde** | **Prime Minister
(*Forsætisráðherra*)** | **Prime Minister's Office
(*Forsætisráðuneytið*)** | **IP** |
| | | Minister of Statistics Iceland
(*Ráðherra Hagstofu Íslands*) | Statistics Iceland
(*Hagstofa Íslands*) | |
|  | Árni Mathiesen | Minister of Finance
(*Fjármálaráðherra*) | Ministry of Finance
(*Fjármálaráðuneytið*) | IP |
|  | Björgvin G. Sigurðsson | Minister of Commerce
(*Viðskiptaráðherra*) | Ministry of Commerce
(*Viðskiptaráðuneytið*) | SDA |
|  | Björn Bjarnason | Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs
(*Dóms- og kirkjumálaráðherra*) | Ministry of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs
(*Dóms- og kirkjumálaráðuneytið*) | IP |
|  | Einar Kristinn Guðfinnsson | Minister of Agriculture
(*Landbúnaðarráðherra*) | Ministry of Agriculture
(*Landbúnaðarráðuneytið*) | IP |
| | | Minister of Fisheries
(*Sjávarútvegsráðherra*) | Ministry of Fisheries
(*Sjávarútvegsráðuneytið*) | |
|  | Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson | Minister of Health and Social Security
(*Heilbrigðis- og tryggingamálaráðherra*) | Ministry of Health and Social Security
(*Heilbrigðis- og tryggingamálaráðuneytið*) | IP |
|  | Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir | Minister for Foreign Affairs
(*Utanríkisráðherra*) | Ministry for Foreign Affairs
(*Utanríkisráðuneytið*) | SDA |
|  | Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir | Minister of Social Affairs
(*Félagsmálaráðherra*) | Ministry of Social Affairs
(*Félagsmálaráðuneytið*) | SDA |
|  | Kristján L. Möller | Minister of Communications
(*Samgönguráðherra*) | Ministry of Communications
(*Samgönguráðuneytið*) | SDA |
|  | Össur Skarphéðinsson | Minister of Industry
(*Iðnaðarráðherra*) | Ministry of Industry
(*Iðnaðarráðuneytið*) | SDA |
|  | Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir | Minister of Education, Science and Culture
(*Menntamálaráðherra*) | Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
(*Menntamálaráðuneytið*) | IP |
|  | Þórunn Sveinbjarnardóttir | Minister for the Environment
(*Umhverfisráðherra*) | Ministry for the Environment
(*Umhverfisráðuneytið*) | SDA |

#### Change: 1 January 2008

The Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Fisheries merged to form the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (*Sjávarútvegs- og landbúnaðarráðuneytið*). The Ministry of Health and Social Security was renamed the Ministry of Health (*Heilbrigðisráðuneytið*). The Ministry of Social Affairs was renamed the Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Security (*Félags- og tryggingamálaráðuneytið*). Statistics Iceland became an independent government agency.

## InfoBox

| Second cabinet of Geir Haarde | |
| --- | --- |
|
39th Cabinet of Iceland | |
| Geir Haarde | |
| Date formed | 24 May 2007 (2007-05-24) |
| Date dissolved | 1 February 2009 (2009-02-01) |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson |
| Head of government | Geir Haarde |
| Member parties |  |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Geir Haarde I |
| Successor | Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir I |


title: Camille

abstract: Camille may refer to:

text:
# Camille

**Camille** may refer to:

## Fictional entities

## Films

* *Camille (1912 film)*, a short American film directed by Jay Hunt based on Dumas' novel *La Dame aux camélias* (*The Lady of the Camellias*)
* *Camille* (1915 film), an American silent film adapted by Frances Marion, directed by Albert Capellani, starring Clara Kimball Young as Camille and Paul Capellani as Armand
* *Camille* (1917 film), an American silent film adapted by Adrian Johnson, directed by J. Gordon Edwards, starring Theda Bara as Camille
* *Camille* (1921 film), an American silent film starring Alla Nazimova as Camille and Rudolph Valentino as Armand
* *Camille* (1926 feature film), an American silent film adapted by Fred de Gresac and company, directed by Fred Niblo, starring Norma Talmadge as Camille and Gilbert Roland as Armand
* *Camille* (1926 short film), an American short film by Ralph Barton, compiled from his home movies, loosely based on *La Dame aux Camélias*
* *Camille* (1936 film), an Academy Award nominated American film directed by George Cukor, starring Greta Garbo as Marguerite and Robert Taylor as Armand
* *Camille* (1984 film), a television film adapted by Blanche Hanalis, directed by Desmond Davis, starring Greta Scacchi as Camille and Colin Firth as Armand
* *Camille* (2008 film), a 2008 comedy drama film starring Sienna Miller and James Franco
* *Camille 2000*, an Italian film adapted by Michael DeForrest, directed by Radley Metzger, starring Danièle Gaubert as Marguerite and Nino Castelnuovo as Armand

## Music

## Novels

## People

## Other uses


title: 1920 North Dakota blizzard

abstract: The 1920 North Dakota blizzard was a severe blizzard that killed 34 people from March 15–18, 1920 in the state of North Dakota. It is considered among the worst blizzards on record in North Dakota. High winds and an eight-inch (20 cm) snowfall stopped rail service in Bismarck, North Dakota, and only one telephone line functioned between Fargo, North Dakota, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Telephone service was out between Devils Lake, North Dakota, and Fargo, North Dakota. Among the victims were five country school students, including Hazel Miner and Adolph, Ernest, Soren, and Herman Wohlk. Also killed were a young mother, Mrs. Andrew Whitehead; Charles Hutchins, north of Douglas, North Dakota; the twelve-year-old son of Matt Yashenko, who lived five miles south of Ruso, North Dakota; and "Chicken Pete" Johnson, a Minot eccentric, who was found dead in his dug-out on South Hill in Minot, North Dakota.

text:
# 1920 North Dakota blizzard

The **1920 North Dakota blizzard** was a severe blizzard that killed 34 people from March 15–18, 1920 in the state of North Dakota. It is considered among the worst blizzards on record in North Dakota.

High winds and an eight-inch (20 cm) snowfall stopped rail service in Bismarck, North Dakota, and only one telephone line functioned between Fargo, North Dakota, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Telephone service was out between Devils Lake, North Dakota, and Fargo, North Dakota.

Among the victims were five country school students, including Hazel Miner and Adolph, Ernest, Soren, and Herman Wohlk. Also killed were a young mother, Mrs. Andrew Whitehead; Charles Hutchins, north of Douglas, North Dakota; the twelve-year-old son of Matt Yashenko, who lived five miles south of Ruso, North Dakota; and "Chicken Pete" Johnson, a Minot eccentric, who was found dead in his dug-out on South Hill in Minot, North Dakota.


title: Charlie Frank (baseball)

abstract: Charles Frank (1870–1922) was a Major League Baseball player. He played for the St. Louis Browns in 1893–1894.

text:
# Charlie Frank (baseball)

**Charles Frank** (1870–1922) was a Major League Baseball player. He played for the St. Louis Browns in 1893–1894.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Charlie Frank | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1870-05-30)May 30, 1870
Mobile, Alabama | |
| **Died:** May 24, 1922(1922-05-24) (aged 51)
Memphis, Tennessee | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 18, 1893, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 25, 1894, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .298 |
| Home runs | 5 |
| Runs batted in | 59 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Shantanu and Nikhil

text:
# Shantanu and Nikhil

Shantnu & Nikhil is an Indian Couture label founded by brothers Shantanu Mehra and Nikhil Mehra in 2000. Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail Limited (ABFRL) acquired 51 percent stakes in the company Finesse International Design Private Limited which are run by the label in a 60 crore deal.

## Notable Clients

1. "Shantanu & Nikhil". *Vogue India*. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
2. "Indian heritage with a millennial spin—Shantanu & Nikhil give us a peek into their striking new collection". *Elle India*. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
3. Bureau, BW Online. "Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail Ltd (ABFRL) To Acquire 51% Stake In Designers Shantanu & Nikhil's Apparel Brand Finesse For Around Rs 60 Crore". *BW Businessworld*. Retrieved 2019-09-03. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)


title: Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae

abstract: Rex Perpetuus Norvegiæ is a term for King Olaf II of Norway, also known as Saint Olaf.

text:
# Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae

**Rex Perpetuus Norvegiæ** (Latin, i.e. *Norway's Eternal King*) is a term for King Olaf II of Norway, also known as Saint Olaf (*Olav den hellige*).

## Background

In written sources, the term *Perpetuus rex Norvegiæ* appears from the second half of the 12th century in *Historia Norvegiæ*.

Olaf's great-nephew, King Magnus III of Norway and of Mann and the Isles, reportedly was the first king known to use the Norwegian lion in his standard although Snorri Sturluson is the only source for this. The first instance of the lion bearing an axe is found in a seal of King Eric II of Norway (1285). The axe represents Olaf II as 'martyr and saint'.


title: 108 Mile Ranch

abstract: 108 Mile Ranch is a residential community of 700 homes situated in the South Cariboo region of British Columbia located in a historic area of ranches and lakes. Historically, en route to the great Cariboo Gold Rush, a few of the travellers settled here. In the late 1960, Arthur and Henry Block developed the 108 Ranch into a weekend holiday venue, building a golf course, with a restaurant, coffee shop and pro shop, a hotel and an airport. It grew from an original 25 families to a large scale residential community. A feature of the 108 community is its green belt lands. Comprising more than 1,500 acres (610 ha) these community parklands include 108 and Sepa Lakes, Walker Valley and many small patches scattered around the ranch. 108 Mile Ranch is about 12 km (7.5 mi) north of 100 Mile House, just off Highway 97. South Cariboo Regional Airport is the regional facility for the South Cariboo. Located on Highway 97, The 108 Heritage Site is a tourist attraction with its growing number of restored buildings, including the largest log barn in Canada.

text:
# 108 Mile Ranch

**108 Mile Ranch** is a residential community of 700 homes situated in the South Cariboo region of British Columbia located in a historic area of ranches and lakes.

Historically, en route to the great Cariboo Gold Rush, a few of the travellers settled here.

In the late 1960, Arthur and Henry Block developed the 108 Ranch into a weekend holiday venue, building a golf course, with a restaurant, coffee shop and pro shop, a hotel and an airport. It grew from an original 25 families to a large scale residential community.

A feature of the 108 community is its green belt lands. Comprising more than 1,500 acres (610 ha) these community parklands include 108 and Sepa Lakes, Walker Valley and many small patches scattered around the ranch.

108 Mile Ranch is about 12 km (7.5 mi) north of 100 Mile House, just off Highway 97. South Cariboo Regional Airport is the regional facility for the South Cariboo. Located on Highway 97, The 108 Heritage Site is a tourist attraction with its growing number of restored buildings, including the largest log barn in Canada.

## Transportation

### Airports

South Cariboo Regional Airport or 108 Mile Ranch Airport (IATA: ZMH, ICAO: CZML) is a registered aerodrome located 5.3 nautical miles (9.8 km; 6.1 mi) northwest of the city. It is the regional aerodrome for the South Cariboo Regional District, with capabilities of handling commercial passenger service, MEDEVAC, flight training, and corporate traffic.

## InfoBox

| 108 Mile Ranch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 108 Mile RanchLocation of 108 Mile Ranch in British Columbia108 Mile RanchLocation of 108 Mile Ranch in Canada | |
| Coordinates: 51°45′N 121°21′W / 51.750°N 121.350°W / 51.750; -121.350 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Area codes | 250, 778 |


title: The Husband's Secret

abstract: The Husband's Secret is a novel by Liane Moriarty that was first published on 30 July 2013. The novel tells the story of three women, whose lives unexpectedly interconnect after one of them discovers a devastating secret.

text:
# The Husband's Secret

***The Husband's Secret*** is a novel by Liane Moriarty that was first published on 30 July 2013. The novel tells the story of three women, whose lives unexpectedly interconnect after one of them discovers a devastating secret.

## Synopsis

The novel is set in Sydney, Australia, where Cecilia Fitzpatrick is a happily married mother-of-three who leads a seemingly perfect life. Meanwhile, Tess O'Leary is a career woman who returns to Sydney with her son after her husband, Will, confesses that he is in love with her cousin and best friend, Felicity. Tess' son and Cecilia's children are enrolled in the same school, where Tess' ex-boyfriend, Connor Whitby, is a PE teacher. Rachel Crowley, the school secretary, suspects that Connor is the man responsible for the unsolved murder of her daughter that still haunts her almost three decades later.

Then one day, when Cecilia's husband John-Paul is away, she finds a letter from her husband to be opened only in the event of his death. Cecilia opens the letter anyway, and the devastating secret she discovers has massive consequences for her and the other women.

## Reception

The novel was well received. *Entertainment Weekly*'s Leah Greenblatt gave the novel an "A−" rating, describing it as "a sharp, thoughtful read". *Publishers Weekly* concluded that, "Simultaneously a page-turner and a book one has to put down occasionally to think about and absorb, Moriarty’s novel challenges the reader as well as her characters, but in the best possible way."

*USA Today*'s Patty Rhule gave the novel three-and-a-half stars out of four, noting that Moriarty "avoids an unfortunate trend in women's fiction to make men bad guys or doofuses. The men in The Husband's Secret are fully realized, thoughtful and caring, as flawed and faithful as the women who love them." Writing for *The Guardian*, author Sophie Hannah selected the novel as one of her "top 10 pageturners", adding that "it's a perfectly paced mystery with a beautiful solution and a breathtakingly twisty final chapter."

The novel made both *The New York Times* and the *USA Today* Best Seller lists.

## Adaptation

In September 2013, CBS Films acquired the rights to the novel. in May 2017, it was announced that the film will star Blake Lively.

In February 2022, Kat Coiro was announced as director of the film, with Sony Pictures distributing.

## InfoBox

*The Husband's Secret*
| The front cover of the first edition (hardcover) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Liane Moriarty |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Publisher |  |
| Publication date | 30 July 2013 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print (hardback and paperback), e-book, audiobook |
| Pages | 396 |
| ISBN | 9780399159343 |
| Preceded by | *The Hypnotist's Love Story* |
| Followed by | *Big Little Lies* |


title: Temple festivals of Kerala

text:
# Temple festivals of Kerala

Kerala, a state in southwestern India, has many Hindu temples. Many of the temples have unique traditions and most hold festivals on specific days of the year. Temple festivals usually continue for a number of days. A common characteristic of these festivals is the hoisting of a holy flag which is then brought down only on the final day of the festival. The largest festival in kerala in Pooram category is Arattupuzha Pooram at Arattupuzha temple and in Ulsavam category is Vrishchikolsavam of Thripunithura Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple. Some festivals include the most famous of these being the Thrissur Pooram. Temples that can afford it will usually involve at least one richly caparisoned elephant as part of the festivities. The idol of the God in the temple is taken out on a procession around the countryside atop this elephant. When the procession visits homes around the temple, people will usually present rice, coconuts and other offerings to the God. Processions often include traditional music such as Panchari melam or Panchavadyam. The festivals of Kerala are famous around the globe due to its diversity of experience.

## Major temple festivals

Common religio-cultural festivals celebrated all across Kerala are:

| Festival | Date^ |
| --- | --- |
| Arattupuzha Pooram | March/April |
| Vishu | April 14/15 |
| Mahashivaratri | February/March |
| Krishna Janmashtami | August/September |
| Navaratri | September/October |
| Deepavali |  |

^*In Kerala, festival dates are decided in accordance with the
Malayalam calendar and the local traditions and customs.
Overlapping Gregorian calendar months are used instead.*

The major temple festivals of Kerala are:

| Festival | Venue |
| --- | --- |
| Vrishchikotsavam | Sree Poornathrayeesa, Tripunithura |
| Arattupuzha Pooram | Arattupuzha, Thrissur |
| Makaravilakku | Sabarimala, Pathanamthitta |
| Attukal Pongala | Attukal Temple, Thiruvananthapuram |
| Vrishchikotsavam | Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple |
| Kaaliyootu | Major Vellayani Devi Temple |
| Utsavams | Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Thiruvananthapuram |
| Ashtami | Vaikom Temple, Kodungalloor Bharani |
| Chembai Sangeetholsavam | Guruvayoor |
| Chettikulangara Kumbha Bharani | Chettikulangara Devi Temple, Mavelikara |
| Maha Shivaratri | Aluva Temple, Maradu |
| Maha Shivaratri | Padanilam Parabrahma Temple, Mavelikkara |
| Ponkalamaholsavam | Anikkattilammakshethram, Mallappally |
| Thiruvabharana Ghoshayathra | Valiyakoickal Temple, Pandalam |
| Vela | Nenmara, Vallanghy |
|
| Cheriyanad Pallivilakk Kettukazhcha Ratholsavam | Cheriyanad Balasubramanya temple , Cheriyanad , Alappuzha |
| Kalpathi Ratholsavam | Kalpathi, Palakkad |
| Adoor Gajamela | Sree Parthasarathy Temple, Pathanamthitta |
| Thaipooyam Mahotsavam | Sree Subrahmanya Swamy Temple, Harippad, Cheriyanad Balasubramanya temple |
| Thaipooyam Mahotsavam, Koorkancherry | Koorkancherry Sree Maheswara Temple, Thrissur |
| Machattu Mamangam | Machattu Thiruvanikavu Temple, Thrissur |
| Ezhara Ponnana | Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple, Kottayam |
| Mannarasala Ayilyam | Sree Nagaraja Temple, Mannarasala, Alappuzha |
| Ayilyam Festival at Vettikode | Sree Nagaraja Swami Temple, Alappuzha |
| Ochira Kali | Ochira Parabrahma Temple, Kollam |
| Malanada Kettukazcha | Poruvazhi Malanada Temple, Kollam |
| Kodungallur Kavutheendal and Bharani | Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple, Thrissur |
| Thirunakkara Arattu | Thirunakkara Mahadeva Temple, Kottayam |
| Pisharikav Kaaliyattom | Pisharikavu Temple, Koyilandy |
| Sakthikulangara Kunchachamman's Aaratt | Sakthikulangara Sree Dharma Shasta Temple, Kollam |
| Vairankode Vela (Theeyattulsavam) | Vairankode Bhagavathy Temple, Malappuram |


title: Scaglieri

abstract: Scaglieri is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Portoferraio, province of Livorno. At the time of the 2011 census its population was 80. Scaglieri is located on the Elba Island and 7 km west from Portoferraio. The frazione includes the three hamlets of Scaglieri, Forno and Biodola.

text:
# Scaglieri

**Scaglieri** is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Portoferraio, province of Livorno. At the time of the 2011 census its population was 80.

Scaglieri is located on the Elba Island and 7 km west from Portoferraio. The *frazione* includes the three hamlets of *Scaglieri*, *Forno* and *Biodola*.

## Bibliography

* *Guide d'Italia. Toscana*. Milan: Touring Club Italiano. 2012. p. 465.

## InfoBox

| Scaglieri | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
|  | |
| ScaglieriLocation of Scaglieri in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 42°48′12″N 10°16′7″E / 42.80333°N 10.26861°E / 42.80333; 10.26861 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Livorno (LI) |
| *Comune* | Portoferraio |
| Elevation | 10 m (30 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 80 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 57037 |
| Dialing code | (+39) 0565 |