title: Trailer brake controller

abstract: A brake controller is usually an original equipment manufacturer or aftermarket-installed device or module. It is mounted to the tow vehicle's driver's-side dashboard area, and engages a trailer's electrical braking system either time delayed, or in proportion to the tow vehicle's brake engagement when slowing down or coming to a halt. A brake controller is not needed with a trailer surge braking system unless using modern electric over hydraulic devices. The trailer in this case usually has either electric friction brakes or electric-hydraulic trailer brake actuators. Most basic brake controllers will generally have a plus-minus gain adjustment. The tow vehicle operator sets the gain as high as possible but without the trailer brakes locking up after making a few test stops. The heavier the trailer, the higher the gain adjustment is set and therefore the less chances of wheel lock-up. A wide range of trailers contain trailer brakes. Smaller trailers may not contain trailer brakes. It is recommended that, if the total trailer weight is over a couple thousand kilograms, the trailer have some sort of braking system, and the tow vehicle be equipped with a brake controller.

text:
# Trailer brake controller

A brake controller is usually an original equipment manufacturer or aftermarket-installed device or module. It is mounted to the tow vehicle's driver's-side dashboard area, and engages a trailer's electrical braking system either time delayed, or in proportion to the tow vehicle's brake engagement when slowing down or coming to a halt. A brake controller is not needed with a trailer surge braking system unless using modern electric over hydraulic devices. The trailer in this case usually has either electric friction brakes or electric-hydraulic trailer brake actuators.

Most basic brake controllers will generally have a plus-minus gain adjustment. The tow vehicle operator sets the gain as high as possible but without the trailer brakes locking up after making a few test stops. The heavier the trailer, the higher the gain adjustment is set and therefore the less chances of wheel lock-up.

A wide range of trailers contain trailer brakes (for example, larger boat trailers, horse trailers, covered utility trailers, enclosed trailers, travel trailers including small 10-foot or 3.0-metre and longer tent trailers and car carriers). Smaller trailers may not contain trailer brakes (for example, basic 4-by-8-foot or 1.2-by-2.4-metre utility trailers). It is recommended that, if the total trailer weight is over a couple thousand kilograms, the trailer have some sort of braking system, and the tow vehicle be equipped with a brake controller.

## Types

There are different types of brake controllers currently or previously on the market.

Air-actuated electric brake controller This controller uses the air pressure of the brake system on a vehicle with pneumatic brakes to provide a current to control the electric brakes of a trailer. Hydraulic-actuated electric controller This controller uses the hydraulic pressure of the brake system on a vehicle with hydraulic brakes to provide a current to control the electric brakes of a trailer. Some truck manufacturers offers this as an OEM option, like Ford with its Ford TowCommand. Pedal-mounted pressure pad proportional controller; A separate sensor is mounted on the brake pedal to connect to the controller. Proportional brake controller Senses the deceleration of the vehicle through a pendulum or similar device to apply a suitable current for braking of the trailer. Surge brake When the tow vehicle slows down the trailer pushes against it, an actuator applies force to its master cylinder and the hydraulic pressure is transferred to the brakes Time-delayed brake controller Applies brake current with a ramp-up over time to a certain level set by the driver.  1. "Trailer Brake Controllers-The Complete Guide".
2. What You Should Know About Trailer Brakes *1951 Popular Science article that covers the basics very well*. July 1951.
3. *What You Should Know About Trailer Brakes, Popular Science, July 1969, pp. 111-113, an update of the 1951 article*. July 1969.
4. "Hayes Air Actuated brake controller". Archived from the original on 2013-10-02.
5. "Maxbrake controller". Archived from the original on 2009-12-26.
6. "AL-KO Sensabrake controller".
7. "Tekonsha proportional brake controllers".
8. "Curt brake controllers".
9. "Draw-Tite Proportional brake controllers".
10. "Hydraulic Surge Trailer Brake Actuators". Retrieved 2014-11-21.
11. "Hopkins brake controllers".


title: Trailer music

abstract:
Trailer music is the background music used for film previews, which is not always from the film's soundtrack. The purpose of this music is to complement, support and integrate the sales messaging of the mini-movie that is a film trailer. Because the score for a movie is usually composed after the film is finished, a trailer will incorporate music from other sources. Sometimes music from other successful films or hit songs is used as a subconscious tie-in method.
Trailer music is known for its sound-design driven and hybrid orchestral style. Trailer music tracks can vary greatly in duration, depending on the theme and target of the album.
Some albums contains only sound-effects instead of actual music. The music used in the trailer may be:
  - Music from the score of other movies. Many films have tracked their trailers with music from other campaigns, such as Scream, Die Hard, Beetlejuice, The Nightmare Before Christmas, MouseHunt, Stargate, Dragonheart, Gladiator, Requiem for a Dream, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, Edward Scissorhands, Far and Away, Waterworld, Come See the Paradise, Aliens, Bram Stoker's Dracula, Backdraft, Glory, The Shawshank Redemption, The Fugitive, The Rocketeer, Rudy, Crimson Tide, The Matrix, T2: Judgement Day and Drop Zone.
  - Popular or well-known music, often chosen for its tone, appropriateness of a lyric, or familiarity.
  - Classical music, such as Johann Strauss II The Blue Danube, Mozart's Requiem (Cliffhanger), Beethoven's 9th symphony, or Carmina Burana (Glory).
  - Specially composed film trailer music. One of the most famous Hollywood film trailer music composers, credited with creating the musical voice of contemporary trailers, is John Everett Beal, who began scoring trailers in the 1970s and, in the course of a thirty-year career, created original music for over 2,000 movie trailer projects, including 40 of the top-grossing films of all time, such as Star Wars, Forrest Gump, Titanic, Aladdin, The Last Samurai and The Matrix. He is considered by the New York Times as the pioneer of original scores for film trailer music,
  - Sound-design-focused and hybrid orchestral styles are typical of trailer music. Production companies like BMG Production Music and composers like Inon Zur specialize in creating trailer music that can quickly captivate an audience.
  - Songs, which may imitate recognizable songs.
  - "Library" music, which is previously composed production music. Trailer music library companies typically didn't offer their music to the public and developed and licensed music exclusively to the motion picture studios.

text:
# Trailer music

**Trailer music** (a subset of production music) is the background music used for film previews, which is not always from the film's soundtrack. The purpose of this music is to complement, support and integrate the sales messaging of the mini-movie that is a film trailer. Because the score for a movie is usually composed after the film is finished (which is long after trailers are released), a trailer will incorporate music from other sources. Sometimes music from other successful films or hit songs is used as a subconscious tie-in method. Trailer music is known for its sound-design driven and hybrid orchestral style. Trailer music tracks can vary greatly in duration, depending on the theme and target of the album. Some albums contains only sound-effects instead of actual music.

The music used in the trailer may be (or may have suggestive derivatives from):

1. "Trailer Music". Archived from the original on 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
2. Newman, Melinda (3 June 2010). "Razor-thin copyright line". Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
3. Ducker, Eric (January 6, 2023). "Movie Trailers Keep Tweaking Well-Known Songs. The Tactic is Working". *The New York Times*.


title: Transmembrane protein 175

abstract: Transmembrane protein 175, or TMEM175, is a transmembrane protein that is thought to be an endolysosomal potassium channel. It is predicted to have many orthologs across eukaryotes.

text:
# Transmembrane protein 175

| Transmembrane protein 175 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TMEM175 |
| Alt. symbols | MGC4618 |
| NCBI gene | 84286 |
| HGNC | 28709 |
| RefSeq | NM\_032326 |
| UniProt | Q9BSA9 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 4 *p16.3* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |

**Transmembrane protein 175**, or **TMEM175**, is a transmembrane protein that is thought to be an endolysosomal potassium channel. It is predicted to have many orthologs across eukaryotes.

## Expression

Based on human and mouse EST profiles and a human tissue GEO profile, TMEM175 appears to be expressed at a relatively high level (75-98%) in normal tissues. TMEM175 appears to be down regulated in stage three ovarian cancer.

## Homology

Transmembrane protein 175 has no paralogs. It does have orthologs within eukaryotes. The following table presents some of the orthologs found using searches in BLAST and BLAT. This list does not contain all of the orthologs for TMEM175. It is meant to display the diversity of species for which orthologs are found.

| Scientific name | Common Name | Accession Number | Sequence Length | Percent Identity | Percent Similarity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Homo Sapiens* | Human | NP\_115702.1 | 504 | - | - |
| *Pan troglodytes* | Chimp | XP\_001141076 | 504 | 92 | 93 |
| *Pongo abelii* | Orangutan | XP\_002814537 | 231 | 99 | 99 |
| *Macaca mulatta* | Rhesus | XP\_001085173.1 | 403 | 96 | 98 |
| *Callithrix jacchus* | Marmoset | XP\_002746113.1 | 472 | 83 | 87 |
| *Bos taurus* | Cow | NP\_001069081.1 | 479 | 77 | 82 |
| *Ailuropoda melanoleuca* | Panda | XP\_002924455.1 | 498 | 81 | 87 |
| *Equus caballus* | Horse | XP\_001488271.1 | 499 | 81 | 86 |
| *Rattus norvegicus* | Rat | NP\_001014013.1 | 499 | 82 | 88 |
| *Mus musculus* | Mouse | NP\_082499.3 | 499 | 81 | 88 |
| *Monodelphis domestica* | Opossum | XP\_001377424.1 | 502 | 67 | 80 |
| *Ornithorhynchus anatinus* | Platypus | XP\_001514176 | 499 | 68 | 82 |
| *Gallus gallus* | Chicken | NP\_001006582.1 | 501 | 64 | 78 |
| *Sceloporus occidentalis* | Lizard | - | 417 | 56 | 66 |
| *Taeniopygia guttata* | Zebra Finch | XP\_002187908.1 | 496 | 66 | 79 |
| *Danio rerio* | Zebra Fish | NP\_001093545.1 | 520 | 62 | 76 |
| *Branchiostoma floridae* | Lancelet | XP\_002596272 | 409 | 31 | 50 |
| *Ciona intestinalis* | Sea Squirt | XP\_002122718 | 494 | 27 | 50 |
| *Nematostella vectensis* | Starlet Sea Anemone | XP\_001630719 | 489 | 28 | 49 |

## Predicted Post-Translational Modification

Using various tools at ExPASy the following are possible post-translational modifications for TMEM175.

* 5 possible CK2 phosphorylation sites
* 2 possible PKC phosphorylation sites
* N-myristoylation sites around transmembrane regions

The N-myristoylation sites are conserved in vertebrates.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Transmembrane protein 175 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TMEM175 |
| Pfam | PF06736 |
| InterPro | IPR010617 |
| TCDB | 1.A.78 |
| OPM superfamily | 467 |
| OPM protein | 5vre |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Transmembrane protein 150b

abstract: Transmembrane protein 150B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM150B gene.

text:
# Transmembrane protein 150b

**Transmembrane protein 150B** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the **TMEM150B** gene.

## Function

The protein belongs to the DRAM (damage-regulated autophagy modulator) family of membrane-spanning proteins. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. \[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013\].

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| TMEM150B | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TMEM150B, TMEM224, transmembrane protein 150B, TTN2, DRAM3 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 617291; MGI: 2679718; HomoloGene: 19603; GeneCards: TMEM150B; OMA:TMEM150B - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001085488
NM\_001282011   NM\_001142792
NM\_177887   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001078957
NP\_001268940   NP\_001136264
NP\_808555   Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 55.31 – 55.33 Mb Chr 7: 4.71 – 4.73 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Transmembrane protein 134

abstract: Transmembrane protein 134 is a protein encoded by the TMEM134 gene. TMEM134 does not have any other known aliases. There are two transmembrane domains and a domain of unknown function (DUF872). Evolutionary, the majority of the organisms that have this gene are primates and mammals, although there are some organisms dating back to Drosophila and C. elegans. Through current research, there has not been any confirmed function of TMEM134.

text:
# Transmembrane protein 134

**Transmembrane protein 134** is a protein encoded by the *TMEM134* gene. TMEM134 does not have any other known aliases. There are two transmembrane domains and a domain of unknown function (DUF872). Evolutionary, the majority of the organisms that have this gene are primates and mammals, although there are some organisms dating back to *Drosophila* and *C. elegans*. Through current research, there has not been any confirmed function of TMEM134.

## Gene Structure

The gene is composed of 6 exons spanning from 67464348 to 67469277 kilo bases. It is located on chromosome 11q13.2, which is the minus strand of the chromosome. The gene does have three isoforms; a, b, and c.

## Protein

### Protein Structure

The protein is encoded by TMEM134 gene and is 195 amino acids in length. The protein contains two transmembrane domains but does not contain a signal peptide. This suggests that there is an internal signal peptide upstream of the translated portion of the protein. The protein is overall considering normal with its amino acid content but does have two regions of high hydrophobicity, which occur during the transmembrane regions of the protein. This gives the protein an isoelectric point of 6.08. The overall weight of the protein is 21.6 kilodaltons, which is conserved throughout the different orthologs. The protein also contains a domain of unknown function 872 (DUF872). Currently there is no thought to the possible function of this domain.

### Regulation and Translation

TMEM134 is regulated by the promoter GXP50275. There are 870 amino acids in the promoter and 15 transcripts variants of it. The promoter is well conserved in mammals. There are some conserved binding regions in the promoter including EGR/nerve factor and Huntington's disease gene regulatory region.

### Location

The final protein is thought to be in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear membrane. The protein is anchored in two different regions, from 123-145 and 155-177. The portion of the protein that extends into the cytosol is heavily phosphorylated. These phosphorylation sites are conserved into bony fishes.

### Post-Translational Modification

The only post-translational modification that occurs is phosphorylation. There is no glycosylation, sulfination, or sumoylation sites.

### Interactions

TMEM134 has one interaction with another protein, ELAVL1. This protein binds to AU rich elements in FOS and IL3/interleukin-3 mRNAs.

## Expression

Microarray analysis of GEO profiles were conducted and TMEM134 is shown to be ubiquitously expressed in the majority of human tissues. Even though there is ubiquitous expression in the human tissues, there are other tissues that have higher expression levels, such as the heart, breast tissue, and prostate tissue.

## Homology

As discussed earlier, there is quite a bit of conservation in primates and mammals but there are some distant orthologs of zebrafish and *Drosophila*, and a homolog of *C. elegans*.

| Genus and Species | Common Name | Length | Accession | Percent Identity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Homo sapiens* | Human | 195 aa | NP\_079400 | 100% |
| *Papio anubis* | Olive baboon | 195 aa | XP\_003905916.1 | 97% |
| *Sus scrofa* | Wild boar | 246 aa | XP\_003480710 | 95% |
| *Orincus ocra* | Orca | 195 aa | XP\_004278064 | 94% |
| *Equua callabus* | Horse | 208 aa | XP\_005598525 | 92% |
| *Ceratotherium simum simum* | White rhinocerus | 186 aa | XP\_004437766 | 89% |
| *Bos taurus* | Cow | 229 aa | XP\_005227097 | 78% |
| *Drosophilia melanogstar* | Fruit fly | 170 aa | NP\_001261296 | 32% |
| *Caenorhabditis elegans* | Worm | 168 aa | NP\_001021401 | 26% |

## InfoBox

| TMEM134 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TMEM134, 2410001H17Rik, AI463452, transmembrane protein 134 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 1914240; HomoloGene: 11837; GeneCards: TMEM134; OMA:TMEM134 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001078650
NM\_001078651
NM\_025124   NM\_001078649
NM\_025889   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001072118
NP\_001072119
NP\_079400   NP\_001072117
NP\_080165   Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 67.46 – 67.47 Mb Chr 19: 4.18 – 4.18 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Ellen Ugland

abstract: Ellen Ugland was a Norwegian billionaire She was the widow of billionaire Johan Jørgen Ugland (1921-2010) who she had married on 15 May 1989. Her husband died on 28 March 2010. She was found dead in her apartment in Lysaker, Bærum on 6 December 2010. Shortly after her body was found the police announced the death to be suspicious.

text:
# Ellen Ugland

**Ellen Ugland** (19 May 1953 in Grimstad  6 December 2010 in Bærum) was a Norwegian billionaire

She was the widow of billionaire Johan Jørgen Ugland (1921-2010) who she had married on 15 May 1989. Her husband died on 28 March 2010. She was found dead in her apartment in Lysaker, Bærum on 6 December 2010. Shortly after her body was found the police announced the death to be suspicious.


title: Elkins Hall

abstract: Elkins Hall is a historic administrative building located on the north side of the campus of Nicholls State University fronting Bayou Lafourche. It was the first building constructed on the campus of what was then known as Francis T. Nicholls State College.

text:
# Elkins Hall

**Elkins Hall** is a historic administrative building located on the north side of the campus of Nicholls State University fronting Bayou Lafourche. It was the first building constructed on the campus of what was then known as Francis T. Nicholls State College.

## History

Ground was broken for the construction of Elkins Hall in 1947, and was first used during the 1948–1949 school year. Originally, it was called simply the Main Building, and housed the college's administrative offices, classrooms, laboratories, cafeteria, bookstore, and library. As more buildings were added to the campus, the building was used more exclusively for administrative offices.

The building was named for Dr. Charles Calvert Elkins (1900–1963), founding dean of Francis T. Nicholls Junior College. In 1956, the school was separated from Louisiana State University and designated it a four-year institution, renamed Nicholls State College. Elkins served as its first President from 1956 until his retirement in 1963. Following his death later that year, the building was renamed Charles Calvert Elkins Hall in his honor in 1964.

Elkins Hall building and a 9 acres (3.6 ha) area comprising the lawn and circular drive in front of it were added as **Francis T. Nicholls Junior College Main Building** to the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1999.

## Design

Elkins Hall is a two-story brick building built in the Classical Revival style of architecture. It was designed by the New Orleans–based architectural firm Favrot and Reed (now known as Mathes Brierre). In keeping with the Classical Revival style, the building is two rooms deep and features a rectangular floorplan and gable-fronted roof. The front of the building includes a white two-story portico with a triangular pediment featuring a circular window, supported by four columns on square bases. The central upper window features an ornamental wrought iron balustrade.

Renovations over the years have added an elevator (1983) and two additional wings known as Candies Hall (1986) and Picciola Hall (1978), which connect to Elkins Hall via covered walkways.

## Works cited

* *Architecture--Nicholls State University--Buildings*, Vertical file, Nicholls State University Archives, Thibodaux, La.
* *Architecture--Nicholls State University--Elkins Hall*, Vertical file, Nicholls State University Archives, Thibodaux, La.
* Delehaye, Alfred N. (2005). *Nicholls State University: The Ayo Years, 1980-2003*. Thibodaux, La.: Nicholls State University Foundation.
* Harris, Cyril (2006), "Classical Revival Style," *Dictionary of Architecture and Construction*, New York: McGraw-Hill.
* *La Pirogue*. Thibodaux, La.: Nicholls State University. 1957.
* *La Pirogue*. Thibodaux, La.: Nicholls State University. 1986.
* "Mathes Brierre - History". *Mathes Brierre Architects*. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
* National Register of Historic Places, Asset Details: Francis T. Nicholls Junior College Main Building, National Park Service. Accessed on 12 October 2016.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Francis T. Nicholls Junior College Main Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Nicholls State University campus, Thibodaux, Louisiana |
| Coordinates | 29°47′40″N 90°48′06″W / 29.79446°N 90.80157°W / 29.79446; -90.80157 |
| Area | 9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Built | 1948 |
| Architect | Favrot and Reed |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 99000184 |
| Added to NRHP | February 12, 1999 |


title: Ellenville High School

abstract: Ellenville High School is a co-ed high school in Ellenville, New York. The school is in the Ellenville Central School District, which serves Ellenville, the town of Wawarsing and the hamlets of Cragsmoor and Napanoch. The building was renovated in 1996 and features a highly advanced distance learning classroom, as well as a state-of-the-art digital security system. It also was one of the first fifteen participants in a statewide anti-school violence program started by then-Attorney General Eliot Spitzer. In 2007 the New York Foundation for Educational Reform and Accountability identified the school as one of upstate New York's fifteen "dropout factories", based on data from a Johns Hopkins study that it claimed showed 60 percent or less of its graduating senior classes had been Ellenville ninth graders.

text:
# Ellenville High School

**Ellenville High School** is a co-ed high school in Ellenville, New York. The school is in the Ellenville Central School District, which serves Ellenville, the town of Wawarsing and the hamlets of Cragsmoor and Napanoch.

The building was renovated in 1996 and features a highly advanced distance learning classroom, as well as a state-of-the-art digital security system. It also was one of the first fifteen participants in a statewide anti-school violence program started by then-Attorney General Eliot Spitzer.

In 2007 the New York Foundation for Educational Reform and Accountability identified the school as one of upstate New York's fifteen "dropout factories", based on data from a Johns Hopkins study that it claimed showed 60 percent or less of its graduating senior classes had been Ellenville ninth graders.

1. "ELLENVILLE HIGH SCHOOL". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
2. "2005-06 New York State School Report Card, Accountability and Overview Information for Ellenville High School" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. (570 KB)
3. Wood, Barbara (August 31, 2000). "Ellenville school security goes high-tech". Retrieved 2007-12-27.
4. "Students Against Violence Initiative (SAVI) Marks Two-Year Anniversary" (Press release). New York State Attorney General's Office. June 3, 2002. Archived from the original on 18 October 2002. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
5. "ALBANY HIGH SCHOOL IDENTIFIED AS A "DROPOUT FACTORY"" (PDF) (Press release). New York State Foundation For Education Reform and Accountability. October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-27.

## InfoBox

| Ellenville High School | |
| --- | --- |
| School front entrance in 2007 | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 28 Maple Avenue
Ellenville, New York 12428
United States | |
| Coordinates | 41°43′05″N 74°23′23″W / 41.7181°N 74.3898°W / 41.7181; -74.3898 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public, High School |
| Opened | 1996 |
| Status | open |
| School district | Ellenville Central School District |
| Principal | Carl Pabon |
| Staff | 66.15 (FTE) |
| Grades | -12 |
| Gender | Coed |
| Enrollment | 731 (2022-23) |
| Average class size | 22 |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11.05 |
| Language | English |
| Campus type | small town |
| Color(s) | Blue and gold |
| Team name | Blue Devils |
| Communities served | Ellenville, Cragsmoor, Town of Wawarsing |
| Website | edline.net/pages/Ellenville\_High\_School |


title: Transformative mediation

abstract: Transformative mediation describes a unique approach to conflict intervention that was first articulated by Robert A. Baruch Bush and Joseph P. Folger in 1994 in The Promise of Mediation. It has been the subject of much study, research and development ever since.

text:
# Transformative mediation

**Transformative mediation** describes a unique approach to conflict intervention that was first articulated by Robert A. Baruch Bush and Joseph P. Folger in 1994 in *The Promise of Mediation*. It has been the subject of much study, research and development ever since.

## Overview

As summarized by Della Noce, Bush & Folger (2002), the transformative approach to mediation practice takes an essentially social / communicative view of human conflict. According to this model, a conflict represents first and foremost a crisis in some human interaction—an interactional crisis with a somewhat common and predictable character. Specifically, the occurrence of conflict tends to destabilize the parties' experience of both self and other, so that the parties interact in ways that are both more vulnerable and more self-absorbed than they did before the conflict. Further, these negative dynamics often feed into each other on all sides as the parties interact, in a vicious circle that intensifies each party's sense of weakness and self-absorption. As a result, the interaction between the parties quickly degenerates and assumes a mutually destructive, alienating, and dehumanizing character. For most people, according to transformative theory, being caught in this kind of destructive interaction is the most significant negative impact of conflict. However, the transformative model posits that, despite conflict's potentially destructive impacts on interaction, people have the capacity to change the quality of their interactions to reflect relative personal strength or self-confidence (the empowerment shift) and relative openness or responsiveness to the other (the recognition shift). Moreover, as these positive dynamics feed into each other, the interaction can regenerate and assume a constructive, connecting, and humanizing character. The model assumes that the transformation of the interaction itself is what matters most to parties in conflict – even more than settlement on favorable terms. Therefore, the theory defines the mediator's goal as helping the parties to identify opportunities for empowerment and recognition shifts as they arise in the parties' conversation, to choose whether and how to act upon these opportunities, and thus to change their interaction from destructive to constructive (Bush & Pope, 2002).

In transformative mediation, success is measured not by settlement per se but by party shifts toward personal strength, interpersonal responsiveness and constructive interaction. As parties talk together and listen to each other, they build new understandings of themselves and their situation, critically examine the possibilities, and make their own decisions. Those decisions can include settlement agreements, but no one is coerced into any decision or agreement. The outcomes are entirely in the parties’ own hands and subject to their own choices. Effective mediator practice is focused on supporting empowerment and recognition shifts, by allowing and encouraging party deliberation and decision-making, and inter-party perspective-taking, in various ways. A competent transformative mediator practices with a microfocus on communication, identifying opportunities for empowerment and recognition as those opportunities appear in the parties' own conversations, and responding in ways that provide an opening for parties to choose what, if anything, to do with them.

The transformative framework is based on and reflects relational ideology, in which human beings are assumed to be fundamentally social—formed in and through their relations with other human beings, essentially connected to others, and motivated by a desire for both personal autonomy and constructive social interaction (Bush & Folger, 1994; Della Noce, 1999).

## Components of transformative mediation theory

* Definition of conflict: Conflict is a crisis in human interaction
* Empowerment: The ability or movement towards being able to deliberate and/or make a decision in the conflict interaction.
* Recognition: The ability to hear the other party and/or start to hear their perspective in the conflict interaction.

### Ten hallmarks

1. "The opening statement says it all." (This hallmark describes the importance of the mediator's role to orient the parties towards empowerment and recognition.)
2. "It's ultimately the parties' choice." (This statement shows the power of the parties to determine what happens in a mediation.)
3. "The parties know best." (The parties have all the knowledge of what has come before and have a better idea of what should happen.)
4. "The parties have what it takes." (The parties have the capacity to make decisions and to take perspectives. They are better able to determine what should happen than the mediator.)
5. "There are facts in the feelings." (Feelings may be a part of what the parties want to discuss. They should not be discouraged from being a part of the parties interaction.)
6. "Clarity emerges from confusion." (As people have a conversation about their conflict, they will gain clarity as they become empowered and they allow recognition to surface.)
7. "The action is in the room." (The important part of the conversation is who is there in the moment. Mediators should remain focused on the here and now.)
8. "Discussing the past has value to the present." (Mediators should be responsive to parties discussion of the past. It has relevance to the discussion.)
9. "Conflict can be a long-time affair." (Mediators should look at a conflict as more than the resolution of a moment. It can be one point in a long sequence of events.)
10. "Small steps count." (Empowerment and recognition can take place even in very small steps. Each step should be recognized.)

### Principles of transformative mediators

A transformative mediator should be able to:

1. Be comfortable with conflict, including strong emotion and negative communication patterns.
2. Respect the choices of the parties, including their choice to participate in the mediation. This should be done even if the mediator does not personally agree with the choice the parties are making.
3. Be comfortable with a limited understanding of the parties' conflict.
4. Respect the parties, even if their actions, appearance, language, and attitudes seem completely different from those of the mediator.
5. Be patient with the parties and the process of their interaction.
6. Focus on the moment by moment events in the parties' interaction.
7. Attend to empowerment and recognition opportunities.
8. Choose interventions (and non-interventions) based upon opportunities for party empowerment and/or recognition.
9. Relinquish problem solving and control of the process.

* Bush, R. A. B., & Folger, J. P. (1994). The Promise of Mediation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
* Bush, R. A. B., & Pope, S. G. (2002). Changing the quality of conflict interaction: The principles and practice of transformative mediation. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, 3(1), 67-96.
* Della Noce, D. J., Bush, R. A. B., & Folger, J. P. (2002). Clarifying the theoretical underpinnings of mediation: Implications for practice and policy. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, 3(1), 39-65.
* Brad Spangler, Transformative Mediation (2003, updated 2013)
* Nabatchi, Tina, and Lisa B. Bingham. "Transformative mediation in the USPS REDRESS program: Observations of ADR specialists." Hofstra Lab. & Emp. LJ 18 (2000): 399.
* Bingham, Lisa Blomgren. "Transformative Mediation at the U nited S tates P ostal S ervice." Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 5.4 (2012): 354-366.
* Paquin, Gary, and Linda Harvey. "Therapeutic jurisprudence, transformative mediation and narrative mediation: A natural connection." Fla. Coastal LJ 3 (2001): 167.
* Etcheson, Steven C. "Transformative mediation: A new current in the mainstream." Policy Studies Journal 27.2 (1999): 393-393.
* Franz, Patricia L. "Habits of a highly effective transformative mediation program." Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 13 (1997): 1039.
* Goodhardt, Ian, Tom Fisher, and Lawrie Moloney. "Transformative mediation: Assumptions and practice." Journal of Family Studies 11.2 (2005): 317-322.
* Saxon, Erin Dyer. Peacemaking and Transformative Mediation Sulha Practices in Palestine and the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
* Ali, Natasha Mavash. Enhancing transformative mediation to address family conflict. New Mexico State University, 2010.
* Ardagh, Anne. "Transformative mediation: the opportunity and the challenge." ADR Bulletin 2.1 (1999): 1-3.
* Danna, Daniela, and Piera Cavenaghi. "Transformative mediation in forced marriage cases." Interdisciplinary Journal of Family Studies 17.1 (2012).
* Nabatchi, Tina, Lisa Blomgren Bingham, and Yuseok Moon. "Evaluating transformative practice in the US Postal Service REDRESS program." Conflict Resolution Quarterly 27.3 (2010): 257-289.
* Gordiychuk, N. V. "Transformative mediation: basic concepts and premises." Psychological Science and Education 19.2 (2014): 41-48.
* ŢEREANU, Carmen, and Alberto QUATTROCOLO. "Transformative Mediation in Healthcare Organizations: a Resource." Management in Health 15.1 (2011).
* Foster, Katina. "A study in mediation styles: A comparative analysis of evaluative and transformative styles." Retrieved February 27 (2003): 2011.
* Bruyn, T. de, et al. "Transformative mediation, a tool for maximising the positives out of forest conflict: a case study from Kanchanaburi, Thailand." IUFRO World Series 32 (2014): 285-297.
* Jones, Daryl Thomas. Disputant experiences in a high school peer mediation program: an analysis of problem-solving and transformative mediation models. Wilmington College (Delaware), 1999.
* Skalstad, Richard L. "Transformative mediation twenty years later: An invitation to discuss post-traumatic stress disorder and legal ethics." Concordia L. Rev. 1 (2016): 1.
* Aiwazian, Arby. "Transformative Mediation: Empowering the Oppressed Voices of a Multicultural City to Foster Strong Democracy." Scholar 11 (2008): 31.
* Fazzi, Cindy. "TRANSFORMATIVE MEDIATION IS HERE TO STAY." Dispute Resolution Journal 60.2 (2005): 88.
* Lebovics, Jacob. "The Role of Transformative Mediation in Family Business Disputes." Cardozo J. Conflict Resol. 20 (2018): 471.


title: Trasacco

abstract: Trasacco is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central-eastern Italy.

text:
# Trasacco

**Trasacco** (Marsicano: **Trasacchë**) is a *comune* and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central-eastern Italy.

## InfoBox

| Trasacco | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Trasacco | |
|  | |
| Location of Trasacco | |
| TrasaccoLocation of Trasacco in ItalyTrasaccoTrasacco (Abruzzo) | |
| Coordinates: 41°57′28″N 13°32′7″E / 41.95778°N 13.53528°E / 41.95778; 13.53528 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Abruzzo |
| Province | L'Aquila (AQ) |
| *Frazioni* | Strada 37 del Fucino, Strada 38 del Fucino |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Mario Quaglieri |
| Area | |
| Total | 51.40 km2 (19.85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 685 m (2,247 ft) |
| Population (30 November 2016) | |
| Total | 6,241 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Trasaccani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 67059 |
| Dialing code | 0863 |
| ISTAT code | 066102 |
| Patron saint | San Cesidio |
| Saint day | 31 August |
| Website | Official website |


title: Travelzoo

abstract: Travelzoo Inc. is an Internet company that publishes deals from more than 2,000 travel, entertainment and local businesses such as restaurants and spas. It has 28 million members in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific and 25 offices worldwide. Companies pay to advertise their deals with Travelzoo, but only those approved by Travelzoo are listed.

text:
# Travelzoo

**Travelzoo Inc.** is an Internet company that publishes deals from more than 2,000 travel, entertainment and local businesses such as restaurants and spas. It has 28 million members in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific and 25 offices worldwide.

Companies pay to advertise their deals with Travelzoo, but only those approved by Travelzoo are listed.

## History

In October 1998, Travelzoo founder Ralph Bartel, a former print and television journalist, launched Travelzoo.com with an initial investment of $10,000. In September 2000, Travelzoo published its first Top 20 and e-mailed one million U.S. members. In December 2003, Travelzoo became publicly traded on the NASDAQ SmallCap Market under the ticker symbol "TZOO".

In April 2004, Travelzoo announced that the company's publications had reached over 7 million members, a 75% increase over the 4 million members Travelzoo counted in April 2003.

On March 31, 2006, Travelzoo announced that Forbes.com rated the Travelzoo Web site as one of the best Web sites for travel-related information and travel deals.

Travelzoo acquired Travelzoo Asia Pacific in 2015 to take advantage of the region's increased travel growth.

In October 2015, Travelzoo's CEO Chris Loughlin announced he would step down by the end of the year, to be succeeded temporarily by chairman Holger Bartel.

In September 2024, Litchfield Hills Research initiated coverage on shares of Travelzoo (NASDAQ:TZOO) with a Buy rating and set a price target of $35.00.

* Official website
* Business data for Travelzoo, Inc.:

## InfoBox

Travelzoo Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | Nasdaq: TZOO<br>Russell 2000 Index component |
| Industry | Internet media |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Headquarters | New York City |
| Area served | United States, Canada, Australia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, United Kingdom |
| Revenue | $106.5 million (2017) |
| Number of employees | 422 (2018) |
| Website | travelzoo.com |


title: FM- and TV-mast Ryki

abstract: FM- and TV-mast Ryki is a 213 metre tall guyed mast used FM- and TV-transmission at Ryki, Lublin Voivodeship in Poland. It is located at 51°37′26″N 21°58′06″E and was built in 2000.

text:
# FM- and TV-mast Ryki

**FM- and TV-mast Ryki** is a 213 metre tall guyed mast used FM- and TV-transmission at Ryki, Lublin Voivodeship in Poland. It is located at 51°37′26″N 21°58′06″E / 51.62389°N 21.96833°E / 51.62389; 21.96833 and was built in 2000.

## Transmitted Programmes

### Digital TV (MPEG-4) Programmes

| Multiplex | Frequency | Channel Number | Transmission Power |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MUX 1 | 482 MHz | 22 | 20 kW |
| MUX 2 | 498 MHz | 24 | 20 kW |
| MUX 3 | 722 MHz | 52 | 20 kW |

### FM-Radio Programmes

| Program | Frequency | Transmission Power |
| --- | --- | --- |
| PR4 Polskie Radio S.A. | 88,70 MHz | 10 kW |
| Radio ZET Radio ZET Sp. z o.o. | 91,60 MHz | 10 kW |
| Polskie Radio Lublin - Regionalna Rozgłośnia w Lublinie S.A. | 103,10 MHz | 10 kW |
| PR1 Polskie Radio S.A. | 105,10 MHz | 10 kW |
| Radio Maryja Prowincja Warszawska Zgromadzenia O.O. Redemptorystów | 107,90 MHz | 10 kW |

## InfoBox

| FM-TV Mast Ryki | |
| --- | --- |
| FM-TV Mast Ryki | |
| Coordinates: 51°37′26″N 21°58′06″E / 51.62389°N 21.96833°E / 51.62389; 21.96833 | |


abstract:
Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL) is an Energy Innovation Hub sponsored by United States Department of Energy (DOE) and based at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). CASL combines fundamental research and technology development through an integrated partnership of government, academia, and industry that extends across the nuclear energy enterprise. The goal of CASL is to develop advanced computational models of light water reactors (LWRs) that can be used by utilities, fuel vendors, universities, and national laboratories to help improve the performance of existing and future nuclear reactors.
CASL was created in May 2010, and was the first energy innovation hub to be awarded.

text:
# Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors

**Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL)** is an Energy Innovation Hub sponsored by United States Department of Energy (DOE) and based at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). CASL combines fundamental research and technology development through an integrated partnership of government, academia, and industry that extends across the nuclear energy enterprise. The goal of CASL is to develop advanced computational models of light water reactors (LWRs) that can be used by utilities, fuel vendors, universities, and national laboratories to help improve the performance of existing and future nuclear reactors. CASL was created in May 2010, and was the first energy innovation hub to be awarded.

## Mission

The CASL mission is to develop advanced modeling and simulation (M&S) tools to improve tools available to nuclear industry in power plant design/operation/assessment; but, also designed to leverage industry and leadership-class supercomputers, such as ORNL's Titan, that will help drive increase the compute capability of industrial cluster computers used in nuclear industry. CASL combines existing M&S capabilities and with new advanced capabilities to create a usable environment that advances the industry user's opportunities towards predictive simulation of light water reactors (LWRs). This environment, designated the Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA), integrates components based on science-based models, state-of-the-art numerical methods, modern computational science and engineering practices, and rigorous verification and validation against data from operating pressurized water reactors (PWRs), single-effect experiments, and integral tests. The CASL M&S technology is configured for efficient execution on today’s leadership-class computers, advanced architecture platforms now under development, and workhorse engineering workstation clusters.

Using supercomputers to create “virtual” reactor models can further advance the safety and performance of existing and future nuclear reactors. The consortium's research and development (R&D) supports continuing improvement of reactor safety by giving engineers and scientists (M&S) tools that can be used to investigate the causes of operational issues that affect nuclear reactors. Use M&S tools can lead to reduced capital and operating costs per unit of energy produced by nuclear reactors and reductions in the amount of nuclear waste created by reactor operations. Improved understanding of the physical processes that can cause operational issues can also allow reactors to be built and operated more efficiently and at lower cost. Eventually the virtual models could also help nuclear engineers develop improved designs for next-generation reactors.

## Vision

The CASL vision is to predict, with confidence, the performance of nuclear reactors through comprehensive, science-based modeling and simulation technology that is deployed and applied broadly throughout the nuclear energy industry to enhance safety, reliability, and economics.

## Partners

CASL is a consortium funded by the US Department of Energy that consists of ten core partners and numerous contributing members. The core partners staff all positions of technical leadership and management within the consortium. They are responsible for technical execution of the CASL **C**apability **D**evelopment **P**lan and provide the personnel needed to execute the plan. The CASL core partners include four DOE national laboratories (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Idaho, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Sandia National Laboratory); three universities (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, North Carolina State University, and University of Michigan); and three industry partners (Westinghouse, Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Electric Power Research Institute).

In addition to the ten core partners, CASL utilizes the expertise of other institutions all over the world. These organizations are designated Contributing Partners participate and contribute to the technical program on a regular basis. Contributing partners are selected for their expertise in a nuclear engineering field relevant to CASL, and bring technical insight to CASL's industry challenge problems.

## Publications

CASL scientists, engineers, and mathematicians disseminate their R&D strategies, approach, and results in the form of journal and conference papers, technical reports, and invited presentations, though not all can be shared publicly.

### Documents

Contributing CASL scientists, engineers, and mathematicians consist of R&D staff, program managers, student interns, and postdoctoral associates at DOE National Laboratories. Technical staff from industry and faculty, research associates, students, and postdoctoral associates at universities are also major contributors. Contributors document their R&D strategies, methods, and results in the form of journal and conference papers, technical reports, and invited presentations, many of which CASL can share publicly.

### Software

**Computer/Computational Science and Applied Mathematics Infrastructure**

* Public Release of CASL Infrastructure Software

The Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA) comprises a suite of tools for scalable simulation of nuclear reactor core behavior. Three key components of the VERA infrastructure have been released and made publicly available. * Controlled Release of CASL Software

Currently, CASL software is not yet ready for public release. Please visit the CASL News page for updated information.

## InfoBox

Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors
|
|  |
| Purpose | To provide advanced modeling and simulation solutions for commercial light water nuclear reactors. |
| Location |  |
| Parent organization | ORNL Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate |
| Website | casl.gov |


title: D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco

abstract: D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae, named after French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. It is found in northeast Argentina. Its karyotype has 2n = 70, FN = 84–88, which is cytogenetically indistinguishable from some populations of C. pearsoni; the latter taxon may actually represent several species.

text:
# D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco

**D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco** (***Ctenomys dorbignyi***) is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae, named after French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. It is found in northeast Argentina. Its karyotype has 2n = 70, FN = 84–88, which is cytogenetically indistinguishable from some populations of *C. pearsoni*; the latter taxon may actually represent several species.

## InfoBox

| D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Ctenomyidae |
| Genus: | *Ctenomys* |
| Species: | ***C. dorbignyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ctenomys dorbignyi***
Contreras & Contreras, 1984 | |
|
|  | |
| Geographic range | |


title: Bryan Drake

abstract: Bryan Ernest Hare Drake was a New Zealand-born baritone who became particularly associated with the operas of Benjamin Britten. Born in Dunedin, Drake sang in the choir of the local St Paul's cathedral, and was educated at Otago Boys' High School. He then studied at the University of Otago, where he sang with the music society. He made his opera debut in 1948 as Escamillo in Bizet's Carmen, in a production originally staged as part of the Otago Centennial, which then toured around the country. Receiving a government bursary in 1949, Drake travelled to London. The following year he received a two-year contract as a full-time principal in the Covent Garden Opera Company. During that time he created the roles of Donald, in the 1951 world premiere of Britten's Billy Budd, and Watchful in Vaughan Williams's The Pilgrim's Progress. To cover a difficult scene change, Vaughan Williams inserted an aria specially for Drake, of which The Times critic commented: "For pure singing, there was nothing finer than the interlude between the first and second acts, in which Mr Bryan Drake sang the 121st psalm with perfect declamation and limpid purity of tone and style." At the Welsh National Opera during the 1950s and '60s, Drake's roles included Germont in Traviata, Ferrando in Trovatore, Flint, the sailing-master, in Billy Budd, and the title roles in Nabucco and Macbeth. At Sadler's Wells, he sang Creon in Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex and Mephistopheles in Gounod's Faust. In 1960, Britten invited Drake to sing the role of Junius in The Rape of Lucretia, at the Aldeburgh festival. Britten, known to be exacting and for dropping musicians who ceased to please him, never lost his high opinion of Drake. For the next 15 years, Drake was a regular member of Britten's English Opera Group, not only singing and recording various roles in his operas, but also performing various leading roles in operas by Malcolm Williamson, Gordon Crosse and Thea Musgrave. He also appeared in BBC television productions of Peter Grimes and Billy Budd. In the Church Parables Britten composed between 1964 and 1968, the composer wrote roles specially for Drake in all three: the Traveller in Curlew River, the Astrologer in The Burning Fiery Furnace and the Elder Son in The Prodigal Son. In 1972, Drake began to teach singing, first at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He was director of opera at the Royal College of Music from 1981 until 1985, after which he and his wife settled in Aldringham, Suffolk. From 1987 he worked as voice consultant at the Britten-Pears School in Aldeburgh. His final performance was in 1999, when he played the Voice of God in a production of Britten's Noye's Fludde in Aldeburgh parish church.

text:
# Bryan Drake

**Bryan Ernest Hare Drake** (7 October 1925  25 December 2001) was a New Zealand-born baritone who became particularly associated with the operas of Benjamin Britten.

Born in Dunedin, Drake sang in the choir of the local St Paul's cathedral, and was educated at Otago Boys' High School. He then studied at the University of Otago, where he sang with the music society. He made his opera debut in 1948 as Escamillo in Bizet's *Carmen*, in a production originally staged as part of the Otago Centennial, which then toured around the country.

Receiving a government bursary in 1949, Drake travelled to London. The following year he received a two-year contract as a full-time principal in the Covent Garden Opera Company. During that time he created the roles of Donald, in the 1951 world premiere of Britten's *Billy Budd*, and Watchful in Vaughan Williams's *The Pilgrim's Progress*. To cover a difficult scene change, Vaughan Williams inserted an aria specially for Drake, of which *The Times* critic commented: "For pure singing, there was nothing finer than the interlude between the first and second acts, in which Mr Bryan Drake sang the 121st psalm with perfect declamation and limpid purity of tone and style."

At the Welsh National Opera during the 1950s and '60s, Drake's roles included Germont in *Traviata*, Ferrando in *Trovatore*, Flint, the sailing-master, in *Billy Budd*, and the title roles in *Nabucco* and *Macbeth*. At Sadler's Wells, he sang Creon in Stravinsky's *Oedipus Rex* and Mephistopheles in Gounod's *Faust*.

In 1960, Britten invited Drake to sing the role of Junius in *The Rape of Lucretia*, at the Aldeburgh festival. Britten, known to be exacting and for dropping musicians who ceased to please him, never lost his high opinion of Drake. For the next 15 years, Drake was a regular member of Britten's English Opera Group, not only singing and recording various roles in his operas, but also performing various leading roles in operas by Malcolm Williamson, Gordon Crosse and Thea Musgrave. He also appeared in BBC television productions of *Peter Grimes* (as Balstrode) and *Billy Budd* (as Flint, a role he also recorded for Decca under the composer's baton).

In the Church Parables Britten composed between 1964 and 1968, the composer wrote roles specially for Drake in all three: the Traveller in *Curlew River*, the Astrologer in *The Burning Fiery Furnace* and the Elder Son in *The Prodigal Son*.

In 1972, Drake began to teach singing, first at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He was director of opera at the Royal College of Music from 1981 until 1985, after which he and his wife settled in Aldringham, Suffolk. From 1987 he worked as voice consultant at the Britten-Pears School in Aldeburgh. His final performance was in 1999, when he played the Voice of God in a production of Britten's *Noye's Fludde* in Aldeburgh parish church.


title: Sakumagashi, Tokyo

abstract: Sakumagashi (佐久間河岸), officially Kanda-Sakumagashi (神田佐久間河岸), is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. As of April 1, 2007, its population is 33. Its postal code is 101-0026. This district is located on the northeastern part of Chiyoda Ward. It borders Kanda-Sakumachō on the north, Higashi-Kanda 3-chōme on the east, Iwamotochō 3-chōme and Higashi-Kanda 2-chōme on the south, and Kanda-Sakumachō 1-chōme on the west. An exit of Akihabara Station of Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line is located within the district.

text:
# Sakumagashi, Tokyo

**Sakumagashi** (佐久間河岸), officially **Kanda-Sakumagashi** (神田佐久間河岸), is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. As of April 1, 2007, its population is 33. Its postal code is 101-0026.

This district is located on the northeastern part of Chiyoda Ward. It borders Kanda-Sakumachō on the north, (across Mikura Bridge) Higashi-Kanda 3-chōme on the east, (across Kanda River) Iwamotochō 3-chōme and Higashi-Kanda 2-chōme on the south, and (across Izumi Bridge of Shōwa-dōri Avenue) Kanda-Sakumachō 1-chōme on the west.

An exit of Akihabara Station of Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line is located within the district.

## Education

Chiyoda Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools. Izumi Elementary School (和泉小学校) is the zoned elementary school for Sakumagashi. There is a freedom of choice system for junior high schools in Chiyoda Ward, and so there are no specific junior high school zones.


title: Boletina trispinosa

abstract: Boletina trispinosa is a Palearctic species of 'fungus gnat' in the family Mycetophilidae. Members of this genus are found in a wider variety of habitats from wooded streams to wetlands and open moorland. They make use of diverse breeding sites from the more normal habitat of rotting wood to mosses and liverworts. The breeding biology of most species is largely unknown.

text:
# Boletina trispinosa

***Boletina trispinosa*** is a Palearctic species of 'fungus gnat' in the family Mycetophilidae. Members of this genus are found in a wider variety of habitats from wooded streams to wetlands and open moorland. They make use of diverse breeding sites from the more normal habitat of rotting wood to mosses and liverworts. The breeding biology of most species is largely unknown.

## InfoBox

| *Boletina trispinosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Boletina trispinosa* North Wales | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Mycetophilidae |
| Genus: | *Boletina* |
| Species: | ***B. trispinosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boletina trispinosa***<br>(Edwards, 1913) | |
|


title: Schneebiger Nock

abstract: The Schneebiger Nock, in old literature also called the Ruthnerhorn, is 3,358 metres high and, after the Hochgall, the second highest mountain of the Rieserferner Group, a range in the western part of the High Tauern. The mountain rises in the Italian province of South Tyrol in the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park. It was first climbed on 6 October 1866 by Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria, Count Heinrich Wurmbrand, and mountain guides, Georg Auer, Johann Oberarzbacher from Rein in Taufers and Georg Weiss, an innkeeper from St. Johann im Reintal. Today the Schneebige Nock may be reached from the Kasseler Hut to the northeast or from the Rieserferner Hut to the south. Thanks to its prominent pyramidal shape and its distinct arêtes it is a frequently visited viewing summit.

text:
# Schneebiger Nock

The **Schneebiger Nock** (Italian: *Monte Nevoso*), in old literature also called the *Ruthnerhorn*, is 3,358 metres high and, after the Hochgall, the second highest mountain of the Rieserferner Group, a range in the western part of the High Tauern. The mountain rises in the Italian province of South Tyrol in the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park (*Parco Naturale Vedrette di Ries-Aurina*). It was first climbed on 6 October 1866 by Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria, Count Heinrich Wurmbrand, and mountain guides, Georg Auer, Johann Oberarzbacher from Rein in Taufers and Georg Weiss, an innkeeper from St. Johann im Reintal. Today the Schneebige Nock may be reached from the Kasseler Hut (also Hochgall Hut) to the northeast or from the Rieserferner Hut to the south. Thanks to its prominent pyramidal shape and its distinct arêtes it is a frequently visited viewing summit.

## Literature and maps

* Helmut Dumler: *Gebietsführer Südtirol 3*, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 1987, ISBN 3-7633-3300-2
* Johann Daimer und Reinhold Seyerlen in einem Beitrag der *Zeitschrift des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins*, Band XI, Munich, 1880
* Jahrbuch des Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins, Band III, 1867, Vienna, 1867
* Carl Diener in Eduard Richter (ed.): *Die Erschließung der Ostalpen*, III. Band, Berlin, 1894
* Raimund von Klebelsberg: *Geologie von Tirol*, Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin, 1935
* Casa Editrice Tabacco, Tavagnacco, walking map 1:25,000 series, Sheet 035, *Valle Aurina/Ahrntal, Vedrette di Ries/Rieserferner-Gruppe*

## InfoBox

| Schneebiger Nock | |
| --- | --- |
| The Schneebiger Nock from the north. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,358 m s.l.m. (11,017 ft) |
| Listing | Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Coordinates | 46°54′20″N 12°05′04″E / 46.90556°N 12.08444°E / 46.90556; 12.08444 |
| Geography | |
| Schneebiger NockSouth Tyrol, Italy | |
| Parent range | Rieserferner Group |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 6 October 1866 by Archduke Rainer of Austria, Count Heinrich Wurmbrand, and mountain guides, Georg Auer, Johann Oberarzbacher from Rein and Georg Weiss, innkeeper |
| Easiest route | from the Kasseler Hut via the north arete |


title: Salvador, Saskatchewan

abstract: Salvador is a hamlet in the Rural Municipality of Grass Lake No. 381, Saskatchewan, Canada. The community had a population of 35 at the 2001 Census. It previously held the status of village until February 1, 1998. The hamlet is located 38 kilometres (24 mi) north-west of the yowns of Luseland and Kerrobert on Highway 31 along the Canadian Pacific Railway subdivision.

text:
# Salvador, Saskatchewan

**Salvador** is a hamlet in the Rural Municipality of Grass Lake No. 381, Saskatchewan, Canada. The community had a population of 35 at the 2001 Census. It previously held the status of village until February 1, 1998. The hamlet is located 38 kilometres (24 mi) north-west of the yowns of Luseland and Kerrobert on Highway 31 along the Canadian Pacific Railway subdivision.

## History

Prior to February 1, 1998, Salvador was incorporated as a village, and was restructured as a hamlet under the jurisdiction of the RM of Grass Lake on that date.


title: Consortium imperii

abstract: Consortium imperii is a Latin term dating from the Roman Dominate, denoting the sharing of imperial authority between two or more emperors, each hence designated as consors imperii, i.e., "partner in (exercising) imperium", either as formal equals or in subordination, in which case the junior was often the senior's designated heir—not necessarily the natural one—and successor. In theory, this arrangement served to share the burden of government and ensure smooth succession, as rivalry at these moments was a major threat to the stability of the Empire; however, in practice the net result was often more civil war. Although in political reality adoption was an alternative technique to aim for the same result in terms of succession, constitutionally, this was a horror as the Republic had never been abandoned in law. Thus, monarchical succession in the Principate, however realistic, was officially out of the question, and this stigma persisted in the Dominate, despite the obviously monarchical trappings adopted by the emperors in this era. 'Designation', rather than simple adoption, could at least be justified by qualitative criteria.

text:
# Consortium imperii

***Consortium imperii*** is a Latin term dating from the Roman Dominate, denoting the sharing of imperial authority between two or more emperors, each hence designated as *consors imperii*, i.e., "partner in (exercising) *imperium*", either as formal equals or in subordination, in which case the junior was often the senior's designated heir—not necessarily the natural one—and successor. In theory, this arrangement served to share the burden of government and ensure smooth succession, as rivalry at these moments was a major threat to the stability of the Empire; however, in practice the net result was often more civil war.

Although in political reality adoption was an alternative technique to aim for the same result in terms of succession (and which succeeded in producing one genealogically "false" but politically satisfactory dynasty of so-called "Adoptive Emperors"), constitutionally, this was a horror as the Republic had never been abandoned in law. Thus, monarchical succession in the Principate, however realistic, was officially out of the question, and this stigma persisted in the Dominate, despite the obviously monarchical trappings adopted by the emperors in this era. 'Designation', rather than simple adoption, could at least be justified by qualitative criteria.

## Roman consortia imperii

* An early case of one emperor, remaining "sole sovereign" in charge but designating one junior and successor, was Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161–180 AD), who designated Lucius Verus.
* Emperor Diocletian attempted an elaborate system with four emperors (two seniors styled Augustus, each with a junior styled Caesar), called later the Tetrarchy. Revolutionary was the notion that each was to be simultaneously in permanent charge of one quarter of the empire, not just sharing in central government. The experiment did not live up to its promise, as succession was not smoothened but contention multiplied, so the quadruple emperorship was abandoned—not the quarters, which remained as administrative and military divisions called praetorian prefecture, as did the lower level, called diocese, and the smaller size (and larger number) of Roman provinces.
* In 395, the Roman Empire was split for good, but in two halves: Western and Eastern, each under a sovereign emperor, in charge of two praetorian prefectures, each with or without a partner in government.
* Both the notion of "partnership" in the form of a senior emperor and several junior co-emperors (usually, but not necessarily, his sons), and Diocletian's titulature, but mainly versed in Greek (e.g. *Sebastos* for *Augustus*, a literal translation), became quite common in the Eastern Roman Empire, i.e. Byzantium, which lasted a further millennium after the fall of the Western Empire.


title: Trauma (2004 film)

abstract: Trauma is a 2004 British psychological thriller film directed by Marc Evans and written by Richard Smith.

text:
# Trauma (2004 film)

***Trauma*** is a 2004 British psychological thriller film directed by Marc Evans and written by Richard Smith.

## Plot

Ben (Colin Firth) awakens from a coma to discover his wife has been killed in a car accident. A few weeks later, Ben is out of the hospital and, attempting to start a new life, he moves home and is befriended by a beautiful young neighbour Charlotte (Mena Suvari). Haunted by visions of his dead wife, Ben starts to lose his grip on reality.

## Cast

## Critical reaction

The film is described by critics as a psychological thriller in the same vein as David Cronenberg, *Memento*, and *Jacob's Ladder*; however, most find that the film pales in comparison, with *Eye Weekly* calling it "just another pretentious Jacob's Ladder knockoff." The film has been described as stylish, with *iofilm* calling it "a triumph of style over content." *Shadows on the Wall* adds, "Evans fills the screen with... moody, atmospheric, and evocative visuals," and *Filmcritic.com* says the film has "*The Ring*-inspired creepy imagery."

*Neil Young's Film Lounge* describes the film's visual in this way: "Evans (along with cinematographer John Mathieson, production-designer Richard Smith and editor Mags Arnold) tries desperately to jazz everything up, deploying all manner of distorted visuals - extreme camera angles and close-ups, plus over-atmospheric lighting effects and jagged cuts - in a strenuous attempt to get us into Ben's tormented state-of-mind."

Colin Firth's performance is the most praised aspect of the film. "He delivers a performance which highlights the range of his considerable talent" cites one critic. *eFilmCritic* says Firth "does the best with what he's given" and *iofilm* says, "Firth puts in a sterling performance in the central role." *Reel Film Reviews* adds "Firth's performance, not surprisingly, is the best thing about the movie, and the actor does a nice job of portraying Ben's increasing paranoia."

### Film festivals

*Listed Chronologically*

## InfoBox

| Trauma | |
| --- | --- |
| Spanish theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Marc Evans |
| Written by | Richard Smith |
| Produced by | Nicky Kentish Barnes
Jonathan Cavendish |
| Starring | Colin Firth
Mena Suvari
Naomie Harris
Sean Harris
Neil Edmond |
| Cinematography | John Mathieson
Nic Sadler |
| Edited by | Mags Arnold |
| Music by | Alex Heffes |
| Production
companies | Myriad Pictures
First Choice Films
BBC Films
Grosvenor Park
Isle of Man Film
Little Bird Productions |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures
Filmax International |
| Release date | * 17 September 2004 (2004-09-17) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Fahad Al-Saqri

abstract: Fahad Al-Saqri is a Saudi footballer who plays as a winger.

text:
# Fahad Al-Saqri

**Fahad Al-Saqri** (born 11 October 1989) is a Saudi footballer who plays as a winger.

## InfoBox

Fahad Al-Saqri
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Fahad Khaled Al-Saqri | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-10-11) 11 October 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Saudi Arabia | | |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2011 | Al-Tai | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011–2015 | Al-Tai |  |  |
| 2015–2017 | Al-Faisaly | 40 | (6) |
| 2017–2018 | Al-Tai | 27 | (1) |
| 2018–2019 | Al-Arabi |  |  |
| 2019–2020 | Al-Shoulla |  |  |
| 2021 | Al-Lewaa |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Esagu

abstract:
'eSagu' is a web-based personalized agro-advisory system which uses Information Technology to solve unscientific agricultural practices. Sagu means cultivation in the Telugu-local language of Telangana Andhra Pradesh, the region in which the project started.
E-Sagu means electronic cultivation.
It exploits the advances in Information Technology to build a cost-effective agricultural information dissemination system to disseminate expert agriculture knowledge to the farming community to improve crop productivity. It is a joint research project of Media lab asia and IIIT Hyderabad

text:
# Esagu

'**eSagu'** is a web-based personalized agro-advisory system which uses Information Technology to solve unscientific agricultural practices. Sagu means cultivation in the Telugu-local language of Telangana Andhra Pradesh, the region in which the project started. E-Sagu means electronic cultivation. It exploits the advances in Information Technology to build a cost-effective agricultural information dissemination system to disseminate expert agriculture knowledge to the farming community to improve crop productivity.

It is a joint research project of Media lab asia and IIIT Hyderabad

## Recognition

* eSagu was declared the best e-governance project at the Computer Society of India (CSI) and Nihilent e-Governance Awards for 2005-06 (\[Nihilent e-Governance Awards http://www.csinihilent-egovernanceawards.org\])
* eSagu features as a select entry among worldwide latest novel Internet applications in the book "Innovative Application Case study 2006" published by the Institute for Information Industry, a not-for-profit Think Tank for Taiwanese Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taipei.
* eSagu was listed as one of the top three e-Governance projects (the other two are BHOOMI and SAMPARK) of India in the video film on “Next e Governance Plan”, November 2005.


title: Bu Zhi

abstract: Bu Zhi, courtesy name Zishan, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a scholar of humble background, he became a subordinate of the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty and gradually rose through the ranks. Between 210 and 220, he served as the governor of the remote and restive Jiao Province in southern China. During the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221–222, he quelled local uprisings in Sun Quan's territories in southern Jing Province and maintained peace in the area. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229, Bu Zhi oversaw the Wu armed forces guarding the Wu–Shu border at Xiling for about 20 years. During this time, he also gave advice to Sun Quan's first heir apparent, Sun Deng, and spoke up for officials affected by Lü Yi's abuses of power. In 246, he became the fourth Imperial Chancellor of Wu, but died in office in the following year. Bu Zhi was known for being magnanimous, generous and capable of putting up with indignities – these traits earned him much respect from many people, including his enemies. He was able to hide his emotions well and project a calm and serious demeanour. However, the historian Pei Songzhi criticised Bu Zhi for supporting Sun Quan's fourth son Sun Ba in the succession struggle against Sun Quan's second heir apparent Sun He, and added that this incident left a huge stain on Bu Zhi's good reputation.

text:
# Bu Zhi

**Bu Zhi** (died June or July 247), courtesy name **Zishan**, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a scholar of humble background, he became a subordinate of the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty and gradually rose through the ranks. Between 210 and 220, he served as the governor of the remote and restive Jiao Province in southern China. During the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221–222, he quelled local uprisings in Sun Quan's territories in southern Jing Province and maintained peace in the area. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229, Bu Zhi oversaw the Wu armed forces guarding the Wu–Shu border at Xiling (present-day Yichang, Hubei) for about 20 years. During this time, he also gave advice to Sun Quan's first heir apparent, Sun Deng, and spoke up for officials affected by Lü Yi's abuses of power. In 246, he became the fourth Imperial Chancellor of Wu, but died in office in the following year.

Bu Zhi was known for being magnanimous, generous and capable of putting up with indignities – these traits earned him much respect from many people, including his enemies. He was able to hide his emotions well and project a calm and serious demeanour. However, the historian Pei Songzhi criticised Bu Zhi for supporting Sun Quan's fourth son Sun Ba in the succession struggle against Sun Quan's second heir apparent Sun He, and added that this incident left a huge stain on Bu Zhi's good reputation.

## Family background

Bu Zhi was from Huaiyin County (淮陰縣), Linhuai Commandery (臨淮郡), which is around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu. He traced his ancestry to Yangshi (揚食), an aristocrat of the Jin state in the Spring and Autumn period. As Yangshi's estate was located in an area called "Bu" (步; around present-day Linfen County, Shanxi), his descendants adopted "Bu" as their family name. One of Yangshi's descendants was Bu Shusheng (步叔乘; or Bu Shucheng), a disciple of Confucius. Sometime in the early Western Han dynasty, a certain General Bu received the peerage "Marquis of Huaiyin" (淮陰侯) from the emperor as a reward for his contributions in battle. Bu Zhi descended from this General Bu, whose marquisate was in Huaiyin County.

## Early life

When chaos broke out in central China towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Bu Zhi fled south to the Jiangdong region to avoid trouble. Alone and penniless, he befriended one Wei Jing (衞旌) from Guangling Commandery (廣陵郡) who was around the same age as him. They farmed crops to feed themselves. Bu Zhi tirelessly toiled in the fields in the day and diligently read books at night. He became very well-read and well-versed in various arts and crafts. He was known for being magnanimous, deep thinking, and able to put up with indignities.

Bu Zhi and Wei Jing settled in Kuaiji Commandery (會稽郡), where they encountered an influential landlord, Jiao Zhengqiang (焦征羌), who allowed his retainers to behave lawlessly. As Bu Zhi and Wei Jing feared that Jiao Zhengqiang would seize the plot of land on which they farmed, they decided to offer him some of their produce as tribute. When they arrived at his residence, he was asleep so they had to wait outside. After some time, Wei Jing became impatient and wanted to leave, but Bu Zhi stopped him and said, "We came here because we feared he would seize our land. If we come here to visit him and then leave without even meeting him, he might think that we're insulting him and we'll only end up antagonising him." After a while, Jiao Zhengqiang woke up, saw them through the window, and instructed his servants to lay mats on the ground for them to sit outside while he remained indoors. Wei Jing was enraged but Bu Zhi remained calm and composed. When it was time for lunch, Jiao Zhengqiang feasted on tasty dishes and did not invite them to join him. Instead, he had scraps of food served to them in small bowls. Wei Jing, who received only vegetables and mushrooms, was so unhappy that he did not eat at all. In contrast, Bu Zhi finished all the food he got. They then bid farewell to Jiao Zhengqiang and left. Wei Jing later scolded Bu Zhi, "How can you put up with this?" Bu Zhi replied, "We're of lowly status. He treated us in a manner befitting our status. What's there to be ashamed of?"

## Service under Sun Quan

Sometime in the 200s, when the warlord Sun Quan held the nominal appointment General Who Attacks Barbarians (討虜將軍), he recruited Bu Zhi to serve as his Chief Scribe (主記), and later appointed him as the Chief () of Haiyan County (海鹽縣; present-day Pinghu, Zhejiang). After holding office in Haiyan County for a few years, Bu Zhi claimed that he was ill and resigned. He then travelled around the Wu territories with Zhuge Jin and Yan Jun. During this time, he earned himself a fine reputation as a learned man.

In 209, Sun Quan was appointed as acting General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and acting Governor () of Xu Province. Bu Zhi returned to serve under Sun Quan as an Assistant in the East Bureau (東曹掾) of the office of the General of Chariots and Cavalry and Assistant Officer in the Headquarters Office (治中從事) of the Governor of Xu Province. Sun Quan also nominated Bu Zhi as a *maocai* (茂才).

### Governorship of Jiao Province

In 210, Sun Quan appointed Bu Zhi as the Administrator (太守) of Poyang Commandery (鄱陽郡; around present-day Poyang County, Jiangxi). Within the same year, however, he promoted Bu Zhi to Inspector (刺史) of Jiao Province. Bu Zhi was also concurrently appointed General of the Household of Martial Establishment (立武中郎將) and put in charge of a military unit comprising over 1,000 elite archers for his mission to Jiao Province.

Since the time of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189), Jiao Province, being a remote province in the south, had posed serious problems for the Han central government. The locals, unwilling to submit to Han rule, had caused much trouble for their Han-appointed governors – two governors, Zhu Fu (朱符) and Zhang Jin (張津), were killed while in office.

In the following year, Sun Quan granted Bu Zhi greater authority and promoted him to General of the Household Who Attacks the South (征南中郎將). When Bu Zhi arrived in Jiao Province, Wu Ju (吴巨), a commandery administrator in the province, pretended to cooperate with him while harbouring ill intentions. Bu Zhi lured Wu Ju into a trap and executed him. His actions shocked the other elites in Jiao Province including the minor warlord Shi Xie, who led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi and pledge allegiance to Sun Quan. The whole of Jiao Province thus came under Sun Quan's control, with Bu Zhi as the governor.

Sometime in the 210s, Yong Kai (雍闓), a tribal chief in Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), killed Zheng Ang (正昂), a commandery administrator appointed by the warlord Liu Bei. Yong Kai contacted Shi Xie and asked to defect to Sun Quan's side. Shi Xie relayed the message to Bu Zhi, who sent an emissary to meet Yong Kai and accept his allegiance. In recognition of Bu Zhi's achievements, Sun Quan appointed him as General Who Pacifies the Rong (平戎將軍) and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Guangxin (廣信侯).

### Maintaining peace in southern Jing Province

In 220, Sun Quan ordered Lü Dai to replace Bu Zhi as the Inspector of Jiao Province. Bu Zhi then led over 10,000 volunteer troops from Jiao Province to Changsha Commandery (長沙郡; around present-day Changsha, Hunan). About a year later, Liu Bei, the emperor of the state of Shu Han, launched a military campaign to attack Sun Quan in retaliation against Sun Quan's seizing of his territories in Jing Province in late 219. This subsequently led to the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221–222. During this time, some local tribes in Wuling Commandery (武陵郡; around present-day Changde, Hunan) in southern Jing Province rebelled against Sun Quan's rule. Sun Quan ordered Bu Zhi to lead troops to Yiyang County (益陽縣; east of present-day Yiyang County, Hunan) to guard against attacks from the rebels.

Even after Sun Quan's forces defeated Liu Bei at the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling in mid 222, there was still much unrest in Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) commanderies in southern Jing Province. Bu Zhi led his troops to quell the uprisings and restored peace in the region.

In 223, Sun Quan promoted Bu Zhi to General of the Right (右將軍) and Left Protector of the Army (左護軍), and changed his marquis title to "Marquis of Linxiang" (臨湘侯). In 226, he granted greater powers to Bu Zhi and ordered him to move to a garrison at Oukou (漚口).

## Service in the state of Eastern Wu

In 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor and established the state of Eastern Wu, he appointed Bu Zhi as General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍) and the nominal Governor () of Ji Province. In the following year, he reassigned Bu Zhi to Xiling (西陵; present-day Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei) and replace Lu Xun as the military commander guarding the border between Eastern Wu and its ally state, Shu Han. He was relieved of his nominal gubernatorial appointment of Ji Province later.

### Advice to Sun Deng

Around the time, Sun Quan's heir apparent, Sun Deng, who was stationed in Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), was actively networking with many people. He wrote to Bu Zhi, seeking his advice on whom he should talk to first because he knew little about the officials in Eastern Wu. In his reply to Sun Deng, Bu Zhi named 11 notable officials serving in Jing ProvinceZhuge Jin, Lu Xun, Zhu Ran, Cheng Pu, Pan Jun, Pei Xuan (裴玄), Xiahou Cheng (夏侯承), Wei Jing (衞旌), Li Su (李肅), Zhou Tiao (周條) and Shi Gan (石幹) – and appraised them individually. He also advised Sun Deng to refrain from micromanaging, and instead learn from great rulers such as Duke Huan of Qi and Emperor Gao of Han, who delegated the task of governing their empires to their premiers (e.g. Guan Zhong, Xiao He). He also urged Sun Deng to attract as many talents as possible to join him.

### Saving officials from Lü Yi's abuses of power

Sun Quan had appointed Lü Yi, whom he highly trusted, as the supervisor of the audit bureau. Lü Yi abused his powers by picking on trivialities and framing numerous officials under his watch for committing serious offences. He also freely abused his powers to investigate and prosecute officials, some of whom were arrested, imprisoned and tortured. Even officials like Zhu Ju, a high-ranking general, and Gu Yong, the Imperial Chancellor, fell victim to Lü Yi's malice.

Bu Zhi wrote to Sun Quan at least four times to speak up against Lü Yi's abuses of power. He also advised Sun Quan to rely on capable officials such as Gu Yong, Lu Xun and Pan Jun. He pointed out that there were far too many bureaucrats in the administration and urge Sun Quan to dismiss them.

Sun Quan eventually discovered the truth, understood the gravity of the situation, and had Lü Yi removed from office and executed. Throughout this entire saga, Bu Zhi wrote to Sun Quan numerous times, recommending him to rehabilitate Lü Yi's victims and defending those who were wrongly accused. Sun Quan, however, did not accept every piece of advice from Bu Zhi. Nevertheless, Bu Zhi's efforts ultimately saved many officials from doom.

### Role in the succession struggle between Sun He and Sun Ba

Sometime in the 240s, a power struggle broke out between two of Sun Quan's sons – Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu – with both of them fighting over the succession to their father's throne. The conflict had a polarising effect on Sun Quan's subjects and led to the emergence of two opposing factions: On one side, Lu Xun, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, Zhu Ju, Teng Yin, Shi Ji, Ding Mi (丁密) and Wu Can believed that Sun He was the rightful heir apparent so they supported him. On the other side, Bu Zhi, Lü Dai, Quan Cong, Lü Ju, Sun Hong (孫弘), Quan Ji (全寄), Yang Zhu (楊笁), Wu An (吳安) and Sun Qi (孫奇) supported Sun Ba. In 250, Sun Quan put an end to the conflict by forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide, and deposing Sun He and replacing him with Sun Liang as Crown Prince. Some of the officials involved in the succession struggle were executed, exiled or removed from office, but Bu Zhi remained unaffected.

The historian Pei Songzhi criticised Bu Zhi for supporting Sun Ba, because he deemed Sun Ba's claim to the succession as illegitimate given that Sun Quan had already designated Sun He as the heir apparent. He also remarked that this incident had a huge negative impact on Bu Zhi in particular, because Bu Zhi had a reputation for being virtuous and generous.

### Final years as Imperial Chancellor

Bu Zhi once wrote a memorial to Sun Quan to tell him that he heard from Wang Qian (王潛) and other defectors that the Wei forces were planning to fill up the Yangtze River with sandbags and launch an attack on the Wu-controlled territories in Jing Province. Sun Quan doubted it and said that if that really happened, he would have 1,000 cattle slaughtered for a feast in Bu Zhi's honour. Some years later, he told Lü Fan and Zhuge Ke: "Every time I read Bu Zhi's memorial, I can't stop laughing. The river has existed since the beginning of life. How can anyone use sandbags to fill it up?"

In 246, Bu Zhi succeeded Lu Xun as the Imperial Chancellor (丞相). Even after assuming the highest office in the Wu government, he never stopped reading and giving lectures to his students. His attire and living quarters also resembled those of a Confucian scholar. However, behind the walls of his residence, his wife and concubine(s) wore expensive dresses and jewellery. Some people ridiculed him because of that.

Over the 20 years he was stationed in Xiling (西陵; present-day Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei), Bu Zhi had gained the respect of enemies from the neighbouring areas. He was known for being magnanimous and generous, and was able to win the hearts of people. He was also able to hide his emotions well and project a calm and serious demeanour. He died sometime between 20 June and 19 July 247.

## Descendants

Bu Zhi had two sons: Bu Xie (步恊) and Bu Chan (步闡).

### Bu Xie

After Bu Zhi's death, Bu Xie inherited his father's peerage "Marquis of Linxiang" (臨湘侯) and took command of the troops which used to be under his father's command. Bu Xie also received the rank General Who Pacifies the Army (撫軍將軍). After Bu Xie died, his son, Bu Ji (步璣), inherited the peerage "Marquis of Linxiang".

### Bu Chan

Bu Chan inherited his father's legacy and became the new military commander stationed at Xiling (西陵; present-day Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei) to guard the border. He was also appointed as General of Illustrious Martial Might (昭武將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xi Village (西亭侯). In 272, during the reign of the last Wu emperor Sun Hao, Bu Chan was recalled to the imperial capital to serve as the Controller of the Imperial Guards (繞帳督). As Bu Chan and his family had been living in Xiling for several years, he thought that he was being recalled because he had failed to perform his duty well in Xiling. He also feared that he would become a victim of slander and end up in deep trouble, so he defected to the Jin dynasty and surrendered Xiling to the enemy.

Bu Chan sent Bu Xie's sons, Bu Ji (步璣) and Bu Xuan (步璿), to the Jin imperial capital, Luoyang. The Jin imperial court permitted him to continue overseeing military affairs in Xiling, in addition to appointing him as General of the Guards (衞將軍) with honours equivalent to those of the Three Ducal Ministers; Palace Attendant (侍中); and Governor () of Jiao Province with imperial authority. Bu Chan was also enfeoffed as the Duke of Yidu (宜都公). Bu Ji was put in charge of supervising military affairs in Jiangling (江陵) and awarded the following appointments: General of the Left (左將軍); Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍); and Administrator (太守) of Lujiang Commandery (廬陵郡). His original peerage, "Marquis of Linxiang", was changed to "Marquis of Jiangling" (江陵侯). Bu Xuan was appointed as an Official Who Concurrently Serves in the Palace (給事中) and General Who Declares Might (宣威將軍), and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Chief District (都鄉侯).

The Jin imperial court then ordered Yang Hu (General of Chariots and Cavalry) and Yang Zhao (楊肇; Inspector of Jing Province) to lead troops to Xiling to reinforce Bu Chan. The Wu emperor Sun Hao ordered Lu Kang (Lu Xun's son) to lead troops to suppress Bu Chan's rebellion. Lu Kang succeeded in his mission – he drove back the Jin forces, retook Xiling, and captured and executed Bu Chan. The entire Bu family, except for Bu Xuan's branch, was exterminated.

## In *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*

Bu Zhi is a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He first appears in chapter 43 as one of the scholars from Wu who challenged Zhuge Liang to a debate just before the Battle of Red Cliffs. He appears again in chapter 68 as Sun Quan's representative to meet Cao Cao to discuss peace terms after the Battle of Ruxu (217). His final appearance is in Chapter 83 before the Battle of Yiling. When Liu Bei is leading his forces to attack Sun Quan, Bu Zhi suggests to Sun Quan to arrest Fan Qiang (范疆) and Zhang Da (張達) – the men who murdered Zhang Fei – and send them, along with Zhang Fei's head, to Liu Bei as an act of appeasement. Later in the chapter, he voices his objection to Sun Quan putting Lu Xun in command of the Wu army to resist Liu Bei's invasion.

1. (\[赤烏十年\]夏五月，丞相步隲卒。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 47.
2. (\[赤烏\]十一年卒， ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52. The 11th year of the *Chiwu* era corresponds to 248 in the Julian calendar.
3. de Crespigny (2007), p. 25.
4. (步隲字子山，臨淮淮陰人也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
5. (吳書曰：晉有大夫揚食采於步，後有步叔，與七十子師事仲尼。秦漢之際有為將軍者，以功封淮陰侯，隲其後也。) *Wu Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
6. (吳錄曰：衞旌字子旗，官至尚書。) *Wu Lu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
7. (世亂，避難江東，單身窮困，與廣陵衞旌同年相善，俱以種瓜自給，晝勤四體，夜誦經傳。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
8. (吳書曰：隲博研道藝，靡不貫覽，性寬雅沈深，能降志辱身。) *Wu Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
9. (吳錄曰：征羌名矯，嘗為征羌令。) *Wu Lu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
10. (會稽焦征羌，郡之豪族，人客放縱。隲與旌求食其地，懼為所侵，乃共脩刺奉瓜，以獻征羌。征羌方在內卧，駐之移時，旌欲委去，隲止之曰：「本所以來，畏其彊也；而今舍去，欲以為高，祗結怨耳。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
11. (良乆，征羌開牖見之，身隱几坐帳中，設席致地，坐隲、旌於牖外，旌愈恥之，隲辭色自若。征羌作食，身享大案，殽膳重沓，以小盤飯與隲、旌，惟菜茹而已。旌不能食，隲極飯致飽乃辭出。旌怒隲曰：「何能忍此？」隲曰：「吾等貧賤，是以主人以貧賤遇之，固其宜也，當何所恥？」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
12. *Zizhi Tongjian* vol. 63.
13. (孫權為討虜將軍，召隲為主記，除海鹽長， ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
14. (吳書曰：歲餘，隲以疾免，與琅邪諸葛瑾、彭城嚴畯俱游吳中，並著聲名，為當時英俊。) *Wu Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
15. *Zizhi Tongjian* vol. 66.
16. (... 還辟車騎將軍東曹掾。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
17. (吳書曰：權為徐州牧，以隲為治中從事，舉茂才。) *Wu Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
18. (建安十五年，出領鄱陽太守。歲中，徙交州刺史、立武中郎將，領武射吏千人，便道南行。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
19. (交州刺史朱符為夷賊所殺，州郡擾亂。 ... 朱符死後，漢遣張津為交州刺史，津後又為其將區景所殺， ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 49.
20. (建安十五年，孫權遣步隲為交州刺史。隲到，燮率兄弟奉承節度。而吳巨懷異心，隲斬之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 49.
21. (明年，追拜使持節、征南中郎將。劉表所置蒼梧太守吳巨陰懷異心，外附內違。隲降意懷誘，請與相見，因斬徇之，威聲大震。士燮兄弟，相率供命，南土之賔，自此始也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
22. (益州大姓雍闓等殺蜀所署太守正昂，與燮相聞，求欲內附。隲因承制遣使宣恩撫納，由是加拜平戎將軍，封廣信侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
23. (延康元年，權遣呂岱代隲，隲將交州義士萬人出長沙。會劉備東下，武陵蠻夷蠢動，權遂命隲上益陽。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
24. (備旣敗績，而零、桂諸郡猶相驚擾，處處阻兵；隲周旋征討，皆平之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
25. (黃武二年，遷右將軍左護軍，改封臨湘侯。五年，假節，徙屯漚口。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
26. (權稱尊號，拜驃騎將軍，領兾州牧。是歲，都督西陵，代陸遜撫二境，頃以兾州在蜀分，解牧職。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
27. (時權太子登駐武昌，愛人好善，與隲書曰：「夫賢人君子，所以興隆大化，佐理時務者也。受性闇蔽，不達道數，雖實驅驅欲盡心於明德，歸分於君子，至於遠近士人，先後之宜，猶或緬焉，未之能詳。傳曰：『愛之能勿勞乎？忠焉能勿誨乎？』斯其義也，豈非所望於君子哉！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
28. (隲於是條于時事業在荊州界者，諸葛瑾、陸遜、朱然、程普、潘濬、裴玄、夏侯承、衞旌、李肅、周條、石幹十一人，甄別行狀，因上疏獎勸曰：「臣聞人君不親小事，百官有司各任其職。故舜命九賢，則無所用心，彈五絃之琴，詠南風之詩，不下堂廟而天下治也。齊桓用管仲，被髮載車，齊國旣治，又致匡合。近漢高祖擥三傑以興帝業，西楚失雄俊以喪成功。汲黯在朝，淮南寢謀；郅都守邊，匈奴竄迹。故賢人所在，折衝萬里，信國家之利器，崇替之所由也。方今王化未被於漢北，河、洛之濵尚有僭逆之醜，誠擥英雄拔俊任賢之時也。願明太子重以輕意，則天下幸甚。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
29. (後中書呂壹典校文書，多所糾舉，隲上疏曰：「伏聞諸典校擿抉細微，吹毛求瑕，重案深誣，輒欲陷人以成威福；無罪無辜，橫受大刑，是以使民跼天蹐地，誰不戰慄？昔之獄官，惟賢是任，故皐陶作士，呂侯贖刑，張、于廷尉，民無冤枉，休泰之祚，實由此興。今之小臣，動與古異，獄以賄成，輕忽人命，歸咎于上，為國速怨。夫一人吁嗟，王道為虧，甚可仇疾。明德慎罰，哲人惟刑，書傳所美。自今蔽獄，都下則宜諮顧雍，武昌則陸遜、潘濬，平心專意，務在得情，隲黨神明，受罪何恨？」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
30. (又曰：「天子父天母地，故宮室百官，動法列宿。若施政令，欽順時節，官得其人，則陰陽和平，七曜循度。至於今日，官寮多闕，雖有大臣，復不信任，如此天地焉得無變？故頻年枯旱，亢陽之應也。又嘉禾六年五月十四日，赤烏二年正月一日及二十七日，地皆震動。地陰類，臣之象，陰氣盛故動，臣下專政之故也。夫天地見異，所以警悟人主，可不深思其意哉！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
31. (又曰：「丞相顧雍、上大將軍陸遜、太常潘濬，憂深責重，志在謁誠，夙夜兢兢，寢食不寧，念欲安國利民，建乆長之計，可謂心膂股肱，社稷之臣矣。宜各委任，不使他官監其所司，責其成效，課其負殿。此三臣者，思慮不到則已，豈敢專擅威福欺負所天乎？」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
32. (又曰：「縣賞以顯善，設刑以威姧，任賢而使能，審明於法術，則何功而不成，何事而不辨，何聽而不聞，何視而不覩哉？若今郡守百里，皆各得其人，共相經緯，如是，庶政豈不康哉？竊聞諸縣並有備吏，吏多民煩，俗以之弊。但小人因緣銜命，不務奉公而作威福，無益視聽，更為民害，愚以為可一切罷省。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
33. (權亦覺梧，遂誅呂壹。隲前後薦達屈滯，救解患難，書數十上。權雖不能悉納，然時采其言，多蒙濟賴。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
34. (殷基通語曰：初權旣立和為太子，而封霸為魯王，初拜猶同宮室，禮秩未分。羣公之議，以為太子、國王上下有序，禮秩宜異，於是分宮別僚，而隙端開矣。自侍御賔客造為二端，仇黨疑貳，滋延大臣。丞相陸遜、大將軍諸葛恪、太常顧譚、驃騎將軍朱據、會稽太守滕胤、大都督施績、尚書丁密等奉禮而行，宗事太子，驃騎將軍步隲、鎮南將軍呂岱、大司馬全琮、左將軍呂據、中書令孫弘等附魯王，中外官僚將軍大臣舉國中分。) *Tongyu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 59.
35. (魯王霸覬覦滋甚，陸遜、吾粲、顧譚等數陳適庶之義，理不可奪，全寄、楊笁為魯王霸支黨，譖愬日興。粲遂下獄誅，譚徙交州。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 59.
36. (時全寄、吳安、孫奇、楊笁等陰共附霸，圖危太子。譖毀旣行，太子以敗，霸亦賜死。流笁屍于江，兄穆以數諫戒笁，得免大辟，猶徙南州。霸賜死後，又誅寄、安、奇等，咸以黨霸搆和故也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 59.
37. (步隲以德度著稱，為吳良臣，而阿附於霸，事同楊笁，何哉？ ... 夫邪僻之人，豈其舉體無善，但一為不善，衆美皆亡耳。隲若果有此事，則其餘不足觀矣！) Pei Songzhi's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 59.
38. (吳錄云：隲表言曰：「北降人王潛等說，此相部伍，圖以東向，多作布囊，欲以盛沙塞江，以大向荊州。夫備不豫設，難以應卒，宜為之防。」權曰：「此曹衰弱，何能有圖？必不敢來。若不如孤言，當以牛千頭，為君作主人。」後有呂範、諸葛恪為說隲所言，云：「每讀步隲表，輒失笑。此江與開闢俱生，寧有可以沙囊塞理也！」) *Wu Lu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
39. (赤烏九年，代陸遜為丞相，猶誨育門生，手不釋書，被服居處有如儒生。然門內妻妾服飾奢綺，頗以此見譏。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
40. (在西陵二十年，鄰敵敬其威信。性寬弘得衆，喜怒不形於聲色，而外內肅然。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
41. (... 子恊嗣，統隲所領，加撫軍將軍。恊卒，子璣嗣侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
42. (恊弟闡，繼業為西陵督，加昭武將軍，封西亭侯。鳳皇元年，召為繞帳督。闡累世在西陵，卒被徵命，自以失職，又懼有讒禍，於是據城降晉。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
43. (遣璣與弟璿詣洛陽為任，晉以闡為都督西陵諸軍事、衞將軍、儀同三司，加侍中，假節領交州牧，封宜都公； ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
44. (... 璣監江陵諸軍事、左將軍，加散騎常侍，領廬陵太守，改封江陵侯； ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
45. (... 璿給事中、宣威將軍，封都鄉侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
46. (命車騎將軍羊祜、荊州刺史楊肇往赴救闡。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
47. (孫皓使陸抗西行，祜等遁退。抗陷城，斬闡等，步氏泯滅，惟璿紹祀。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 52.
48. (座間又一人問曰：「孔明欲效蘇秦、張儀之舌，遊說東吳耶？」孔明視之，乃步騭也。孔明曰：「步子山以蘇秦、張儀為辯士，不知蘇秦、張儀亦豪傑也。蘇秦佩六國相印，張儀兩次相秦，皆有匡扶人國之謀，非比畏強凌弱，懼刀避劍之人也。君等聞曹操虛發詐偽之詞，便畏懼請降，敢笑蘇秦張儀乎？」步騭默然無語。) *Sanguo Yanyi* ch. 43.
49. (權在濡須，與操相拒月餘，不能取勝。張昭、顧雍上言：「曹操勢大，不可力取；若與久戰，大損士卒；不若求和安民為上。」孫權從其言，令步騭往曹營求和，許年納歲貢。操見江南急未可下，乃從之；令孫權先徹人馬，吾然後班師。步騭回覆，權只留蔣欽、周泰守濡須口，盡發大兵上船回秣陵。) *Sanguo Yanyi* ch. 68.
50. (步騭奏曰：「蜀主所恨者，乃呂蒙、潘璋、馬忠、糜芳、傅士仁也。今此數人皆亡，獨有范疆、張達二人，現在東吳。何不擒此二人，並張飛首級，遣使送還？交與荊州，送還夫人，上表求和，再會前情，共圖滅魏，則蜀兵自退矣。」權從其言， ... 步騭亦曰：「遜才堪治郡耳，若託以大事，非其宜也。」闞澤大呼曰：「若不用陸伯言，則東吳休矣！臣願以全家保之！」權曰：「孤亦素知陸伯言乃奇才也。孤意已決，卿等勿言。」) *Sanguo Yanyi* ch. 83.
* Chen, Shou (3rd century). *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi*).
* de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). *A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD*. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
* Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguo Yanyi*).
* Pei, Songzhi (5th century). *Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi zhu*).
* Sima, Guang (1084). *Zizhi Tongjian*.

## InfoBox

| Bu Zhi | |
| --- | --- |
| 步騭 | |
|  | |
| Imperial Chancellor of Eastern Wu | |
| **In office**<br>September or October 246 (September or October 246)  June or July 247 (June or July 247) | |
| Monarch | Sun Quan |
| Preceded by | Lu Xun |
| Succeeded by | Zhu Ju |
| Area Commander of Xiling (西陵督) | |
| **In office**<br>229 (229)  September or October 246 (September or October 246) | |
| Monarch | Sun Quan |
| General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍) | |
| **In office**<br>229 (229)  September or October 246 (September or October 246) | |
| Monarch | Sun Quan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown<br>Huai'an, Jiangsu |
| Died | June or July 247 |
| Relations | Bu Lianshi (relative) |
| Children | * Bu Xie * Bu Chan |
| Occupation | Military general, politician |
| Courtesy name | Zishan (子山) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Linxiang<br>(臨湘侯) |
|  | |


title: D'Orbigny meteorite

abstract: D'Orbigny meteorite was found near Buenos Aires, Argentina in September 1979. It is the largest angrite found to date.

text:
# D'Orbigny meteorite

**D'Orbigny meteorite** was found near Buenos Aires, Argentina in September 1979. It is the largest angrite found to date.

## History

D'Orbigny was found by a farm worker who hit it while plowing a corn field. Not realising its significance he gave it to the landowner who stored it for about twenty years until reading an article on meteorites prompted him to have it analysed.

As of January 2012 fragments of the meteorite were on sale for US$500/g.

## Mineralogy

## Classification

Glossary of meteoritics

## InfoBox

| D'Orbigny meteorite | |
| --- | --- |
| A fragment of the D'Orbigny meteorite | |
| Type | Stony |
| Class | Achondrite |
| Group | Angrite |
| Country | Argentina |
| Region | Buenos Aires |
| Coordinates | 37°40′S 61°39′W / 37.667°S 61.650°W / -37.667; -61.650 |
| Observed fall | No |
| Found date | 1979-09 |
| TKW | 16.55 kilograms (36.5 lb) |


title: Salvia leucocephala

abstract:
Salvia leucocephala is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae that is native to Ecuador.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

text:
# Salvia leucocephala

***Salvia leucocephala*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae that is native to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

## InfoBox

| *Salvia leucocephala* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Salvia* |
| Species: | ***S. leucocephala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Salvia leucocephala***
Kunth | |
|