title: Third Zone

abstract: The Third Zone District of Moanda lies south of the city of Moanda, Gabon. It is isolated from the city by the Miosso Swamp and its only connection remains the Moanda-Bakoumba road, which passes between Mounts Moanda and Boundinga and continues to the border with Congo-Brazzaville.

text:
# Third Zone

**The Third Zone District of Moanda** lies south of the city of Moanda, Gabon. It is isolated from the city by the Miosso Swamp and its only connection remains the Moanda-Bakoumba road, which passes between Mounts Moanda and Boundinga and continues to the border with Congo-Brazzaville.

## Geography

The Third Zone District is home to Rigobert Landji Public High School, the largest high school in Moanda. The high school is built on a previously unoccupied plateau, making Moanda a town built on four plateaus.

1. Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain) (1993). *Country report: Gabon, Equatorial Guinea*. The Unit. p. 1. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
2. "Moanda Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 March 2015.


title: Third Year at Malory Towers

abstract: Third Year at Malory Towers is a novel by Enid Blyton set in an English girls' boarding school. It is the third book in the Malory Towers school story series. The novel was first published in 1948.

text:
# Third Year at Malory Towers

***Third Year at Malory Towers*** is a novel by Enid Blyton set in an English girls' boarding school. It is the third book in the Malory Towers school story series. The novel was first published in 1948.

## Plot summary

Darrell is on the way to Malory Towers once again. Sally Hope, her best friend, is in quarantine for mumps and will be late arriving at the school.

On the way, they collect a new girl, Zerelda Brass, an American girl who has been staying with her English grandmother. Although only fifteen, Zerelda appears older. Her hair is styled in an extravagant adult fashion and she wears makeup and lipstick. Darrell excitedly talks about Malory Towers on the journey and is indignant when she discovers that Zerelda has fallen asleep.

When they arrive at the school, the other girls can hardly believe their eyes at the sight of Zerelda's makeup and startling hair styling. The single exception is Gwendoline, who is overcome with admiration. For the others, the question everyone asks is "Seen Zerelda?" Nobody has ever seen anyone quite like Zerelda. She is placed in North Tower, but in the Fourth Form, one form higher than Darrell and her friends. On her first day the Fourth Form mistress, Miss Williams, initially mistakes her for a new member of the teaching staff. Upon realising that Zerelda is a new girl, Miss Williams orders her to remove her makeup and rearrange her hair.

Mavis, who had arrived at Malory Towers the previous term, has not been a success because of her laziness and selfishness. Her great redeeming feature is strong, deep singing voice, of which she speaks incessantly. Her one topic of conversation is her future career as an opera singer. Jean, the practical and forthright Scottish girl who is now head of the Third Form, has little patience with Mavis, and the other girls regard her as all voice and vanity.

The following day another new girl, Wilhelmina Robinson, arrives. She is on horseback and is accompanied by her seven brothers, also on horseback. Wilhelmina, who has never attended school before, explains that she is always known as Bill and is looking forward to riding her horse Thunder every day, even if it means missing some lessons. Her horse obsession soon leads to disagreements and confrontations with the Third Form mistress, Miss Peters, even though Miss Peters is a keen horsewoman herself. Soon Bill is banned altogether from seeing Thunder in the stables.

Zerelda struggles with the standard of work in the Fourth Form and is moved to the Third Form. She handles the move with dignity, but is inwardly humiliated. As she has aspirations to become a film actress, she consoles herself with a belief that she has outstanding acting ability - but even this belief is crushed when drama teacher Ms Hibbert tells her she is unable to act.

Mavis is excited to discover a talent show in the nearby town of Billington. She imagines herself on stage, hearing thunderous applause. Ignoring the advice of the other girls, she travels to the talent show. But she is not permitted to perform, and after missing the last bus home, spends much of the night outside in a rainstorm. When she is finally found, she is suffering from bronchitis and has lost her voice - possibly irreparably. Zerelda comforts Mavis, drawing on the experience of her acting failure. The two become close friends.

Meanwhile, Bill has been disregarding her ban from the stables. Thunder, her horse, is suffering from colic and Darrell, while searching for Mavis, discovers Bill in the stables tending to him. Darrell enlists the help of Miss Peters, who sets off on horseback to bring back the vet. Thunder recovers and a grateful Bill sees Miss Peters in a new light.

In a thrilling end to the term, Darrell is picked for the school lacrosse team and shoots the winning goal.

## Characters

### North Tower Third Form girls

* Darrell Rivers - The main protagonist of the stories. Has a hot temper but is kind and jolly.
* Sally Hope - Darrell's best friend, sensible, solid and dependable
* Gwendoline Mary Lacey - spoiled, lazy, boastful and conceited. She does not really have a special friend, so she friends Zerelda, leaving Mavis alone.
* Alicia Johns - lively and quick-witted, always ready with a sharp-tongued opinion. She is the form trickster.
* Jean Dunlop - shrewd Scottish girl, honest and dependable, now Head Girl of the Third Form.
* Mary-Lou Linnet - now a little taller, but still timid and "scared looking" The form's "courage mouse".
* Wilhelmina (Bill) Robinson - a new girl, obsessed with horses and particularly her own horse, Thunder. Always thinking of Thunder in class and doesn't listen to anything that is said.
* Zerelda Brass - a new girl, from America. Looks much older than the other girls, but is the same age. She puts on a lot of makeup and ties her hair in an Adult Style.
* Irene - a scatterbrained girl who excels at music and mathematics.
* Belinda Morris - Irene's best friend and equally scatterbrained friend, a very talented artist.
* Mavis - arrived since the last book, a highly talented singer but otherwise lacking in character. Conceited.
* Daphne Millicent Turner - pretty, graceful and charming, now much more subdued than when she first arrived. Mary-Lou's best friend.

### Other girls

* Betty Hill - Alicia's best friend in West Tower, they usually think of pranks together.
* Molly Ronaldson - school games captain. Described as one of the finest school captains they had.
* Lucy - Head Girl of the Fourth Form.
* Ellen Wilson - arrived as a new girl in the Second Form with Daphne and Belinda, now in the Fourth Form.

### Mistresses and Staff

* Miss Grayling - Headmistress of Malory Towers.
* Miss Potts - House Mistress of North Tower and mistress of the First Form.
* Miss Peters - Third Form mistress
* Miss Williams - Fourth Form mistress
* Mam'zelle Dupont - French mistress, described as "short, fat and round," with a jolly temperament. Alicia and Betty usually played tricks on her.
* Mam'zelle Rougier - French mistress, described as "thin and sour," with an ill-humoured temperament. Nobody dared to disobey her.
* Miss Linnie - art mistress, young and jolly.
* Mr Young - music teacher, rather hot tempered.
* Miss Carton - history mistress.
* Miss Hibbert - English and drama mistress.
* Miss Donnelly - Sewing mistress.
* Matron - North Tower Matron, responsible for the well-being of the girls boarding in North Tower. She could be kind and motherly, but also bossy, and if anyone was pretending to be sick she would give them a dose of nasty-tasting medicine.

### Other characters

* Mr Rivers - Darrell's father, a surgeon
* Mrs Rivers - Darrell's mother
* Felicity Rivers - Darrell's younger sister
* Mrs Lacey - Gwendoline's mother
* Miss Winter - Gwendoline's former governess
* Mr Raglett - farmer
* Mr Turnbull - veterinary surgeon

## InfoBox

Third Year at Malory Towers
| 1948 UK 1st Edition dustjacket | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Enid Blyton |
| Illustrator | Stanley Lloyd |
| Cover artist | Stanley Lloyd |
| Language | English |
| Series | Malory Towers |
| Genre | School story |
| Publisher | Methuen (UK) |
| Publication date | 1948 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| ISBN | 0 7497 1926 5 (first edition, hardback) |
| Preceded by | *The Second Form at Malory Towers* |
| Followed by | *Upper Fourth at Malory Towers* |


title: Thermo King

abstract: Thermo King is an American manufacturer of transport temperature control systems for refrigerator trucks and trailers, refrigerated containers and refrigerated railway cars along with heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems for bus and passenger rail applications. Headquartered in the Minneapolis suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. Thermo King is a subsidiary of Trane Technologies.

text:
# Thermo King

**Thermo King** is an American manufacturer of transport temperature control systems for refrigerator trucks and trailers, refrigerated containers and refrigerated railway cars along with heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems for bus and passenger rail applications. Headquartered in the Minneapolis suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. Thermo King is a subsidiary of Trane Technologies.

## History

Joseph "Joe" A. Numero sold his Cinema Supplies Inc. movie sound equipment business to RCA in 1938 and formed a new entity, the U.S. Thermo Control Company (later the Thermo King LLC), in partnership with his engineer, inventor Frederick McKinley Jones. Jones designed a portable air-cooling unit for trucks carrying perishable food, for which they had obtained a patent on July 12, 1940, subsequent to a challenge to invent a refrigerated truck over a golf game by associates of Numero's, Werner Transportation Co.'s President Harry Werner, and United States Air Conditioning Co.'s President Al Fineberg, resulting in the "Model A" and the founding of Thermo King.

The invention ushered in the era of frozen foods, large supermarkets, and the modern restaurant industry. Refrigerated transport made the delivery of fresh produce anywhere in the country a possibility, regardless of the season. The concept of continuous cooling of perishables is often referred to as the "Farm to Fork" cold chain. With mobile refrigeration compressors driven by fuel-powered engines and stationary refrigeration compressors driven by grid-sourced electricity, the food is kept cold from the point of production through to the point of distribution to consumers.

In 1942, Jones developed the first portable refrigeration units for troops stationed overseas in World War II. Thermo King also introduced the first gasoline-powered mechanical refrigerated boxcars in the 1940s, which reduced shipping costs, making fresh produce more widely available and affordable for the public. By 1949, annual revenues reached $3 million for the company.

With the introduction of diesel engines in refrigerated units in 1958, engine life would out-perform their gasoline-powered counterparts in terms of longevity. Thermo King was not limited to transport refrigeration products, however. Some of the additional products the company built and sold included milk coolers, golf carts, school desks and shopping carts.

On March 5, 1966, a group of 75 people associated with the company were among the 113 passengers and 11 crew members who died when BOAC Flight 911 crashed near Mount Fuji, Japan. Company executives and their top dealers were on a 14-day company-sponsored tour of Japan and Southeast Asia, which was organized as a reward for sales performance. A company spokesman, quoted in the press in reaction to the tragedy, said that "this has got to be one of the worst things that a company can experience." Thirty years later, the company would suffer a similar tragedy when Jill Watson, daughter of company president James F. Watson, was killed in the crash of TWA Flight 800.

During the 1970s, Thermo King continued to manufacture equipment for the transportation industry. Their early efforts have evolved into a widely recognized line of products and Thermo King has become a worldwide business. Thermo King Europe opened in Galway, Ireland, and began producing refrigeration units to be sold throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Australia and Asia. Their global expansion continues to this day.

In 1991, the National Medal of Technology was awarded to Joseph A. Numero and Frederick M. Jones. President George Bush presented the awards posthumously to their widows at a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden. Jones was the first African American to receive the award (see Frederick McKinley Jones).

In 1997, Ingersoll Rand acquired Thermo King from Westinghouse for $2.56 billion in cash, 13 times earnings, and added it to its Climate Control Technologies (later Climate Solutions) businesses, alongside Trane and Hussmann. At the time Thermo King controlled close to half the global market for refrigeration equipment.

## InfoBox

Thermo King
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Equipment manufacturing |
| Founded | 1938 (1938) |
| Founder |  |
| Headquarters | Bloomington, Minnesota |
| Products | Transport refrigeration systems |
| Parent | Trane Technologies |
| Website | thermoking.com |


title: East Side Story

abstract: East Side Story may refer to:

text:
# East Side Story

**East Side Story** may refer to:

## Film and television

## Music

## Literature

## Theatre

* An early name for *West Side Story* used when it still took place in the Lower East Side about a Jewish girl (that became Maria), and an Irish Catholic boy (that became Tony)

## Science

* A theory, associated with Yves Coppens, of human evolution in East Africa. Also known as the "Rift Valley theory".


title: East African mangroves

abstract: The East African mangroves are a mangrove ecoregion consisting of swamps along the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somalia.

text:
# East African mangroves

The **East African mangroves** are a mangrove ecoregion consisting of swamps along the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somalia.

## Location and description

The ecoregion consists of two large areas of mangrove in the deltas of the Zambezi in Mozambique and the Rufiji River in Tanzania, which can extend as far as 50 km inland, as well as smaller areas along the coast. This coast experiences two monsoon seasons each year, strong ocean currents and rising seas up to 5.6m in Mozambique. Rainfall is high especially in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.

## Flora

The mangroves include tall trees, up to 30m. Compared to Central African mangroves of West Africa, mangroves of East Africa have a greater variety of vegetation with two distinctive types: the mangroves on the coast itself such as the birdwatching site Mida Creek near the Arabuko Sokoke National Park and the town of Watamu, and the Lamu Archipelago both in Kenya, which are fed by constant streams of fresh water; and the mangroves in river inlets where more salt accumulates in the water. East African mangrove species are similar to those found on other coasts around the Indian Ocean. The Bazaruto Archipelago is an example of offshore mangroves sheltered by coral and intermingled with a mixture of shoreline habitats such as grassy sand dunes and rockpools.

## Fauna

The mangroves are an important habitat for a variety of wildlife from fish, crustaceans, and molluscs in the waters to snakes and monkeys, such as Sykes' monkey in the trees and animals including antelopes, elephants, and African buffalo who come to graze on the fringes of the swamps. Larger animals that feed in the swamp waters include hippopotamus, green turtle (*Chelonia mydas*), hawksbill turtle (*Eretmochelys imbricata*), and olive ridley (*Lepidochelys olivacea*) turtles, porpoises and important populations of the endangered dugong. Located alongside coral reefs, these mangroves are sheltered by the coral from ocean tides and storms, and the swamps provide food for the many fish, shrimps and other marine fauna that shelter in the coral. The swamps are also important feeding grounds for large numbers of migratory birds such as curlew sandpiper (*Calidris ferruginea*), little stint (*Calidris minuta*) and Caspian tern (*Hydroprogne caspia*), waterbirds such as crab-plover (*Dromas ardeola*), yellow-billed stork and malachite kingfisher, and seabirds such as roseate tern (*Sterna dougallii*).

## Threats and preservation

The mangroves have been harvested for timber for centuries by traders from the nearby Arabian Peninsula. All along the coast mangrove swamps have been cleared, not only for timber but for urban areas, salt panning and agriculture including rice growing and shrimp cultivation. The habitat is further diminished by pollution of rivers from urban and industrial waste and agrochemicals. Urban areas near the mangroves include: the Swahili town of Lamu, the beach town of Malindi and the large port city of Mombasa in Kenya; the port of Tanga in Tanzania; and Quelimane, the large city of Beira (famous for its prawns), Inhassoro and Vilankulo (the ports for Bazaruto), and Maxixe in Mozambique.

A 2017 assessment found that 843 km², or 45%, of the East African mangroves are in protected areas. Protected areas include Watamu Marine National Park and Ras Tenewi Marine National Park in Kenya; Mafia Island Marine Park, Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park and Saadani National Park in Tanzania; and the Bazaruto Archipelago, Inhaca and Portuguese Island, Marromeu Game Reserve, and Pomene Reserve in Mozambique. Some areas of mangrove in Kenya and Tanzania are managed as forest reserves.

7°18′00″S 39°21′36″E / 7.3000°S 39.3600°E / -7.3000; 39.3600

## InfoBox

| East African mangroves | |
| --- | --- |
| Coast at Saadani National Park, Tanzania | |
| Location map of the East African mangroves | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Afrotropical |
| Biome | Mangroves |
| Borders |  |
| Geography | |
| Area | 1,880 km2 (730 sq mi) |
| Countries |  |
| Elevation | sea level |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered |
| Protected | 843 km² (45%) |


title: East African epauletted fruit bat

abstract: The East African epauletted fruit bat is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and rocky areas.

text:
# East African epauletted fruit bat

The **East African epauletted fruit bat** (***Epomophorus minimus***) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and rocky areas.

## InfoBox

| East African epauletted fruit bat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Pteropodidae |
| Genus: | *Epomophorus* |
| Species: | ***E. minimus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epomophorus minimus***
Claessen & Vree, 1991 | |
|
|  | |
| East African epauletted fruit bat range | |


title: East-East

abstract: East-East is a multiplex architectural event jointly held by the Lithuanian and Japanese architects and students of architecture.

text:
# East-East

**East-East** is a multiplex architectural event jointly held by the Lithuanian and Japanese architects and students of architecture.

## History

The concept of the Lithuania-Japan architectural event was conceived and its implementation coordinated by Dainius Kamaitis, a Lithuanian diplomat and former ambassador to Japan. He paved the way for the bilateral exchange in architecture domain by approaching both sides with a proposal to establish links which had not existed before. The idea was successfully implemented in Kaunas in cooperation with the Kaunas City Municipality and the Kaunas Section of the Architects Association of Lithuania in 2002. As the event enjoyed a considerable acclaim on both sides, following new initiatives by D.Kamaitis, subsequent architectural forums were implemented in Vilnius, Tokyo and Kaunas, in 2009, 2011 and 2013, accordingly. All the events received full support from the Architects Association of Lithuania and Japan Institute of Architects.

In 2019, the Government of Japan awarded D.Kamaitis with The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, in recognition to his contribution to strengthening and promoting friendly relations between Japan and Lithuania.

## Origin of name

The name East-East is derived from the concept that Lithuania is located in the east of Europe, while Japan lies in the east of Asia. It implies mutual understanding, close cooperation and harmony.

## Objectives and structure

The initial target of establishing the links between the Lithuanian and Japanese architects has been achieved already. The long-term objectives are to strengthen the ties and make the joint events into a tradition, in order to foster continuous interaction not only between architects, but between students of architecture as well. The students' exchange is recognized by both sides as bearing particular importance to developing the future relations.

East-East spans almost a week and is built on three pillars:

* exhibition of architectural works
* public forum
* students workshop.

## East-East 1

The first event was held between July 30 and August 1, 2002, in Kaunas, at Mykolas Žilinskas Art Gallery. The Japanese delegation was led by the 1993 Pritzker Prize (often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture) winner Fumihiko Maki and included seven leading Japanese architects Taro Ashihara, Chiaki Arai, Tetsuo Furuichi, George Kunihiro, Koh Kitayama, Hidetoshi Ohno and Kengo Kuma.

The keynote presentation by Fumihiko Maki who was awarded with the honorary membership of the Architects Association of Lithuania, aroused considerable public interest. On behalf of the host side, Linas Tuleikis, Chairman of the Kaunas Section of the Architects Association of Lithuania, gave a lecture on the contemporary Lithuanian architecture.

### Exhibition

Joint exhibition of works by the Lithuanian and Japanese architects kicked off at the very outset of the event. It was honoured by the very presence of Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania. Besides the works of the Japanese architects present at the event, those of Nobuaki Furuya, Kazuo Iwamura, Atsushi Kitagawara, Hiroshi Naito, Tadasu Ohe and Ken Yokogawa were exhibited as well. On the Lithuanian side of the exhibition, the works of Vilius Adomavičius, Audrius Ambrasas, Artūras Asauskas, Gintaras Čaikauskas, Darius Čiuta, Gediminas Jurevičius, (late) Algimantas Kančas, Audrys Karalius, Šarūnas Kiaunė, Kęstutis Kisielius, Sigitas Kuncevičius, Saulius Mikštas, Gintautas Natkevičius, Rolandas Palekas, Saulius Pamerneckis, Kęstutis Pempė, Ramūnas Raslavičius were presented.

### Public Forum

A public forum was held on July 30–31. It was divided into the following five sessions:

* New program
* New building type
* New order
* New material
* East meets East.

A broad and interesting discussion on the above topics evolved. The Japanese architects presented their ideas featuring their own practical applications, while their Lithuanian counterparts Tomas Grunskis, Jūratė Tutlytė, Vytautas Petrušonis and Jonas Audėjaitis were more concerned with theoretical generalization.

### Students workshop

The workshop was held between July 27 and August 1 at Kaunas Art Institute of Vilnius Academy of Arts, dealing with the acute issue which Kaunas is facing in relation to adjacent rivers. During the Soviet period of the Lithuanian history, rapidly developing industry in Kaunas city left a significant trace in its urban fabric. After the restoration of independence, most of the bigger industrial plants built on the bank of Nemunas river were closed. As a result, and also due to the transport reorganization scheme implemented during the Soviet period, despite its unique location on the confluence of two rivers, the city has virtually lost any contact with them.

The workshop groups were given the task to find effective points and propose a unique architectural concept which would facilitate the return of picturesque but desolated riverside areas back to the city.

A group of 17 Japanese and 19 Lithuanian students were split into 6 mixed teams. Design named "Tunnels" (by Io Kato, Shunsuke Tomida, Hiroaki Kishimoto, Tomas Kučinskas, Aurėja Leskauskaitė, Eivaras Rastauskas) was selected as the winning entry. "Parasite" was awarded with the second prize, and the third award went to "Magic Box".

The students represented the following higher institutions:

## East-East 2

The second event took place in Vilnius and was held at Vilnius City Municipality and Contemporary Art Centre between June 30 and July 4, 2009. The renowned architect Riken Yamamoto led the Japanese delegation which included Taro Ashihara, George Kunihiro, Ken Yokogawa, Nobuaki Furuya, Takaharu Tezuka, Taira Nishizawa, Manabu Chiba and Hiroshi Sambuichi. At the opening of the event, Riken Yamamoto delivered the keynote lecture at Vilnius City Municipality.

### Exhibition

Five Japanese architects Takaharu Tezuka, Taira Nishizawa, Manabu Chiba, Hiroshi Sambuichi and Shuhei Endo (the latter was not present at the event himself) exhibited their works under the title "New Wave of Japanese Architecture 2009" at Vilnius City Municipality.

### Public Forum

On July 1, a public forum was held at Contemporary Art Centre, featuring lectures by two speakers from each side, followed by a discussion. Taro Ashihara and Tomas Grunskis presented their views on public space as the focus of life in a city, and the philosophy of the traditional house was introduced by Ken Yokogawa and Gintaras Čaikauskas.

Discussion on architecture was continued on July 3 at the international conference "Architecture: a Part of Culture (?)" held at Vilnius Town Hall. George Kunihiro and Nobuaki Furuya were among the lecturers.

### Students workshop

Four mixed groups comprising 10 students each from Japan and Lithuania generated ideas aimed at the recovery of a problematic area. The point at issue – Park of Architecture, an area of about 58 hectares in one of the most beautiful locations in close proximity to Vilnius Old Town. Since the 19th century, noxious and polluting industries were developed there, which resulted in the loss of interface between the area and its natural environment, architectural integrity and broken functional and social links with the city. The workshop was therefore tasked with proposing "hot spots" which would help in resurrecting the Park of Architecture and give new life to this socially degraded part of Vilnius city.

On July 4, during the presentation of works at Cultural Platform KultFlux located next to Mindaugas Bridge, the design named "Valley" (by Hiroshi Yamada, Hiroyuki Nogami, Ježi Stankevič, Marius Ščerbinskas and Rasa Chmieliauskaitė, consultant architects George Kunihiro and Gintaras Čaikauskas) was selected as the winner. The idea of a valley was proposed as a public space, part of which would have to be flooded with water. Thus the once industrial plants surrounded with water would be turned into buildings for public use: swimming pool, theater, cinema etc. Elevated horizontal surfaces would be erected between the buildings in order to link the former plants with the land, serving as public spaces for communication and leisure.

The students represented the following higher institutions:

## East-East 3

The third event was held in Tokyo at Japan Institute of Architects, Ginza TS Building and Gyoko-dori Underground Gallery between May 31 and June 4, 2011. The Lithuanian delegation included ten leading architects Gražina Janulytė-Bernotienė, Gintaras Balčytis, Linas Tuleikis, (late) Algimantas Kančas, Gintaras Čaikauskas, Linas Naujokaitis, Rolandas Palekas, Marius Šaliamoras, Donaldas Trainauskas, Gintautas Vieversys and 10 students of architecture.

### Exhibition

Japanese and Lithuanian architects exhibited their designs at Gyoko-dori Underground Gallery between June 1 and 29. It was a part of an exhibition UIA2011 TOKYO 111 Days Before which kicked off as a pre-event to the 24th World Congress of Architecture in Tokyo (UIA2011).

The Lithuanian part of the exhibition included works by architectural firms, project teams and individual architects. Firms represented:

Kančo studija, Ambraso architektų biuras, G.Natkevičius ir partneriai, E.Miliūno studija, R.Paleko Arch-studija, Architektūros estetikos studija, Vilius ir partneriai, Vilniaus architektūros studija, Laimos ir Ginto projektai, G.Janulytės-Bernotienės studija, 4PLIUS, Architektūros linija, Gečia, Dviejų grupė, Urbanistika.

Project teams and individual architects included:

Tadas Balčiūnas, Vytautas Biekša, Marius Kanevičius; Jūras Balkevičius, (late) Vytautas Čekanauskas, Lina Masliukienė, Marius Šaliamoras, Algirdas Umbrasas; Kęstutis Pempė, (late) Gytis Ramunis; Darius Čiuta, Gintaras Auželis; Alvydas Šeibokas, Gabrielis Malžinskas; Andrius Skiezgelas, Aleksandras Kavaliauskas, Martynas Nagelė; Kęstutis Lupeikis.

Japanese participants displayed their own individual designs:

Fumihiko Maki, Riken Yamamoto, Chiaki Arai, Kazuo Iwamura, Tetsuo Furuichi, Ken Yokogawa, Hidetoshi Ohno, Taro Ashihara, Koh Kitajama, George Kunihiro, Kengo Kuma, Nobuaki Furuya, Tadasu Ohe, Manabu Chiba, Shuhei Endo, Makoto Yokomizo, Takaharu Tezuka+Yui Tezuka, Atelier Bow-Wow, Hiroshi Sambuichi, Takenori Naka, Masakatsu Matsuyama, Kumiko Inui, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Yukihide Mizuno, Shinichiro Akasaka, Osamu Fujita, Makoto Maeda, Ryuichi Ashizawa, Shogo Aratani, Yasutaka Yoshimura, Kazuhide Doi, Koichi Furumori, Tsukasa Kinjo, Yukiko Nadamoto, Hiroshi Nakamura, TNA Makoto Takei+Chie Nabeshima, Keisuke Maeda, Yuuoh Mino, Koji Kimi, Koji Nakawatase.

### Public Forum

On June 4, a public forum under the title 'Billows Over the Architecture and Cities in the 21st century' was held at Japan Institute of Architects. It provided a platform to exchange ideas for a better future of architecture, emerging from the need to address the issues of climate change, population decrease in industrialized countries, economic conflict between the old developed countries and rising economies and safety of nuclear power. These changes are on par with the industrial revolution in the 19th century, and will be followed by the paradigm shift in the fundamentals of knowledge, economy and society.

The forum featured lectures by three speakers from each side. Gintaras Čaikauskas, Linas Naujokaitis and Linas Tuleikis presented the Lithuanian views, while Hidetoshi Ohno, Nobuaki Furuya and Manabu Chiba discussed the topic from the Japanese perspective.

### Students workshop

The workshop was held between May 31 and June 3 at Ginza TS Building. 10 Lithuanian and 11 Japanese students were split into four mixed groups and tasked with creating an attractive Ginza District in central Tokyo by means of new urban interventions.

For that purpose, each group made research and design proposals on one of the four themes: conservation and contemporary interpretation of historical buildings, vertical circulation between small-sized commercial buildings, facade/skin design of a humongous redeveloped building, and open space utilization of public/private properties. The completed designs were presented at the seminar on June 4.

The students represented the following higher institutions:

The students participants list:

Japanese students Shogo Nagata, Eri Ohara, Kenta Sasaki, Hinako Hagino, Rei Yamaguchi, Masamitsu Tanikawa, Takeaki Yokoi, Masaru Iijima, Takahiro Idenoshita, Mayumi Suzumoto, Rei Koizumi. Lithuanian students Mykolas Svirskis, Antanas Šarkauskas, Ieva Bartkevičiūtė, Matas Šiupšinskas, Ieva Cicėnaitė, Vytenis Raugala, Rasa Marozaitė, Aistė Tarutytė, Mantas Gipas, Andrius Vilčinskas.

## East-East 4

For the first time, the fourth East-East forum was incorporated in the framework of another event and was held on September 23–27, 2013 in Kaunas at Žalgiris Arena as part of Kaunas Architecture Festival (KAFe), an international event of contemporary architecture spanning two months.

Notably, East-East 4 received support from the Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) and its partners under the second edition of Creative Encounters – Cultural Partnerships between Asia and Europe. Creative Encounters is a programme developed by ASEF in partnership with Arts Network Asia (ANA), an Asia-wide network of artists and arts organisations, and in cooperation with Trans Europe Halles (TEH), the European Network of Creative Arts Spaces.

The Japanese delegation included architects Manabu Chiba, Nobuaki Furuya, Kazuko Akamatsu, Masahiro Harada, Koichi Yasuda, Toshikatsu Ienari, Akiko Miya and Takeshi Hosaka.

At the closing of the event, Ryue Nishizawa, laureate of the Pritzker Prize (2010), delivered a keynote lecture on behalf of Sejima and Nishizawa and Associates (SANAA).

### Exhibition

On September 24, Japanese and Lithuanian architects unveiled their works at a joint exhibition which lasted until October 16. Besides the works of the Japanese architects who were present at the event, SANAA, Sou Fujimoto and Kazuhiro Kojima displayed their designs as well.

The Lithuanian architects represented at the exhibition were: Šarūno Kiaunės projektavimo studija, R.Paleko Arch-studija, a.s.a. Sigito Kuncevičiaus projektavimo firma, Andrė Baldi, Aketuri architektai, L&G projektai, G.Natkevičius ir partneriai, E.Miliūno studija, Kančo studija, G.Janulytės-Bernotienės studija, Baltas fonas, Gintaras Kuginys, Darius Čaplinskas, Andrius Ciplijauskas, Gediminas Bulavas, Eventus Pro, Projektavimo ir restauravimo institutas, Darius Čiuta, 4PLIUS.

### Public Forum

For the first time, the forum was substituted by two sets of lectures by the Japanese architects. On September 24, Toshikatsu Ienari, Akiko Miya and Koichi Yasuda presented their views on architecture, while Nobuaki Furuya and Manabu Chiba lectured on September 27.

### Students workshop

The workshop was held between September 24 and 26. 11 Lithuanian and 7 Japanese students formed four mixed groups to challenge the task "The City Centre and Its Relationship With Rivers".

The idea of re-designing the waterfront area of Kaunas city was revisited after 11 years since East-East 1. Kaunas has exceptional features, as it had been built on the confluence of two large rivers. However, this authentic geographic context remains almost unused in the urban life. Therefore, finding ways to bring the waterfront to the center of everyday life was the core architectural task for the workshop.

On September 27, the presentation and exhibition of completed designs was held. The jury made of Japanese and Lithuanian architects selected the winning proposal "Floating Towers" (by Ayako Motai, Medeina Kurtinaitytė, Simon Tsing Shan Mok, Antanas Šarkauskas and Vytautas Lelys).

The students represented the following higher institutions:

## East-East 5

The fifth East-East edition was held at Žalgiris Arena in Kaunas on September 23-26, 2022, featuring Recovery as the overarching theme. It was the main focus of the 2022 Kaunas Architecture Festival (KAFe). Recovery theme was chosen to draw attention to the fact that human activity has so profoundly altered the surrounding environment that technological innovation, industrial development and urban sprawl have distorted sustainable living, depleting natural resources. East-East 5 therefore called for reflection on how to live in an increasingly hostile environment, and for recovery through well-thought-out healing of the urban fabric of the city, so as to make a pivot towards nature the priority for human activity.

### Exhibition

Exhibition curators: Paulius Vaitiekūnas, Shinichi Kawakatsu.

Human power and activity have transformed natural landscapes and ecosystems, changing not only the land use of vast areas, but also the global climate. Throughout the ages, architects have had the power of vision. What is needed now is a vision of recovery.

The East-East 5 exhibition presented the “Recipe for Recovery” - the architectural techniques and philosophy and the architectural process of the best Japanese and Lithuanian architects: models, plans, cross-sections, details, hand drawings, diagrams, axonometric views etc.

The exhibition took place in the former Kaunas Central Post Office building, one of the most iconic examples of Kaunas modernist architecture. It was closed in 2019 and is planned to be transformed into an Architecture Centre.

The exhibition displayed 40 projects by Lithuanian and Japanese architects and architectural studios.

Participants from Japan: Kei Kaihoh, Osamu Nishida, Tsuyoshi Tane, Yasutaka Yoshimura, Suzuko Yamada, Eri Tsugawa, Miho Tominaga, Shingo Masuda, Kenichi Teramoto, Fuminori Nousaku, Kozo Kadowaki.

Participants from Lithuania: Audrius Ambrasas Architects, Do Architects, Gintaras Balčytis, A2SM Architektai, Aketuri Architektai, G. Natkevičius ir partneriai, Paleko architektų studija + architektų studija Plazma, Office de Architectura, Processoffice, Vilniaus architektūros studija, Arches, Šarūno Kiaunės projektavimo studija, Archinova + PLH Arkitekter, Nebrau, Laurynas Žakevičius, LG projektai & GAL architektai.

### Public Forum

Curators: Andrius Ropolas, Yasutaka Yoshimura

Japanese architects Osamu Nishida, Suzuko Yamada, Kei Kaihoh, Yasutaka Yoshimura, Kenichi Teramoto, Shingo Masuda took part in the forum, while the Lithuanian side was represented by Gabrielė Šarkauskienė and Antanas Šarkauskas, Vytautas Biekša, Gabrielė Ubarevičiūtė and Giedrius Mamavičius, Edgaras Neniškis.

George Kunihiro and Gintaras Balčytis, principal curators of East-East 5, summarized the discussion.

The highlight of the forum was the lecture "Back to Nature" by Kengo Kuma, one of Japan's leading contemporary architects.

On 26 September, Japanese architects Tsuyoshi Tane, Eri Tsugawa and Shinichi Kawakatsu gave lectures at the Faculty of Construction and Architecture of Kaunas University of Technology.

### Students workshop

Curators: Martynas Marozas, Kei Kaihoh.

The theme of recovery was also reflected in the title of the students' workshop "A Playground for Recovery". The unfinished Hotel Britanika in the very center of Kaunas served as the venue for the workshop.

Five teams were made of 10 Japanese and 8 Lithuanian students and tried out five different approaches to Hotel Britanika:

\- Cultural Playground in Kaunas (Patricija Markevičiūtė, Mako Kijima, Ignas Arlauskas, Naoki Kitagaki) : playing with culture - an innovative cultural centre,

\- Eat.Sleep.Work.Repeat (Akiha Shimizu, Adelė Astrauskaitė, Gabrielė Ibėnaitė, Motoki Susa) : playing with economy - an independent mechanism that generates added value to the city's economy,

\- ECOctopus (Martynas Stakvilevičius, Tautvydas Zykevičius, Keika Sato, Naoya Ando) : playing with ecosystems - a place for reinforcing city's ecosystems,

\- Play Energy! (Auksė Vilkevičiūtė, Erina Shibagaki, Masato Sako) : playing with energy - a building that generates energy and shares it with the neighbourhood,

\- Neighbourhood-ing (Vilius Jagminas, Yumeno Noda, Tetsu Kimura) : playing with people - a bridge between various public spaces.

The preparation for the workshop started with video conference on August 22-26, and the workshop itself was held at the Faculty of Construction and Architecture of Kaunas University of Technology on September 24-25. It was rounded up by a public presentation of the workshop results on September 26.

The students represented the following higher institutions:


title: Popstars (British TV series)

abstract: Popstars is a reality music competition series that was broadcast on ITV in early 2001. It was the first British series of the international Popstars franchise and was billed as a documentary on the formation of a modern pop group. The programme began with audition rounds of aspiring singers performing covers of classic songs before a panel of judges. The best performers were selected to come to London for further rounds of auditions. Over the weeks, the judges eliminated various singers from the auditions until just a few singers were left in contention. In the final weeks, five contestants were chosen by the judges to form the new pop group Hear'Say. The programme then showed the group recording and promoting their first single, documenting their first ventures into the music industry. The first series of Popstars proved popular with audiences, and a second series followed in late 2002, but used a vastly different format, heavily influenced by Pop Idol, which had aired in the interim, to even greater success. Another follow-up, Soapstars, used the original Popstars format to find actors for a new family in ITV's hit soap Emmerdale, but neither the show, nor the winners' roles in Emmerdale, were deemed a success.

text:
# Popstars (British TV series)

***Popstars*** is a reality music competition series that was broadcast on ITV in early 2001. It was the first British series of the international *Popstars* franchise and was billed as a documentary on the formation of a modern pop group. The programme began with audition rounds of aspiring singers performing covers of classic songs before a panel of judges. The best performers were selected to come to London for further rounds of auditions. Over the weeks, the judges eliminated various singers from the auditions until just a few singers were left in contention. In the final weeks, five contestants were chosen by the judges to form the new pop group Hear'Say. The programme then showed the group recording and promoting their first single, documenting their first ventures into the music industry.

The first series of *Popstars* proved popular with audiences, and a second series (named *Popstars: The Rivals*) followed in late 2002, but used a vastly different format, heavily influenced by *Pop Idol*, which had aired in the interim, to even greater success. Another follow-up (aired prior to *The Rivals*), *Soapstars*, used the original *Popstars* format to find actors for a new family in ITV's hit soap *Emmerdale*, but neither the show, nor the winners' roles in *Emmerdale*, were deemed a success.

## Format

Unlike the modern *Idol* or *The X Factor* television franchises, which are presented as singing contests with public votes, the original British series of *Popstars* was presented as a documentary, looking at the formation of a modern pop group from the auditions through to the first released single. There was no public vote, rather the panel of judges decided on which aspiring singers formed the group.

After the formation of the group (called Hear'Say), the programme documented the group recording and promoting their first single ("Pure and Simple"), with the series ending on the night the single charted in the UK Singles Chart (The single went straight to number 1).

Daniel Hill was the narrator of the programme and Davina McCall was the host of the final episode, which was broadcast live on the night that Hear'Say's first single entered the chart in a simulcast with Mark Goodier on the Top 40 singles chart show on BBC Radio 1.

### Judges

## Notable acts and performers

The winners of the series—Danny Foster, Myleene Klass, Kym Marsh, Suzanne Shaw and Noel Sullivan—formed the group Hear'Say. Hear'Say went on to sell three million records worldwide, and scored two UK number-one singles before disbanding eighteen months after their formation. Today, Klass is a television and radio presenter, while Marsh and Shaw are actors in television soap operas. Marsh also appeared as a contestant in the 2022 series of *Strictly Come Dancing*, while Shaw won the 2008 series of Dancing On Ice. Sullivan is a West End theatre performer, while Foster has made occasional appearances in reality television shows, including *The Voice UK* in 2013.

The other five finalists in the first *Popstars* series (who were not selected to join the group) formed their own pop group called Liberty X (consisting of Michelle Heaton, Tony Lundon, Kevin Simm, Jessica Taylor and Kelli Young). Liberty X went on to be commercially more successful than Hear'Say, achieving ten consecutive UK top 20 singles before their split in 2007.

Darius Danesh was another noted auditionee in the first series of *Popstars*. Danesh was seen as an early favourite on the show, but was eliminated halfway through the series after performing an 'alternative' version of Britney Spears's "...Baby One More Time" to the judges. Danesh went on to compete in the first series of *Pop Idol*, finishing third. He then had a successful solo career as a recording artist before becoming a West End theatre performer. Danesh died aged 41 in 2022 from respiratory arrest caused by inhalation of chloroethane he had used to treat chronic neck pain.

Contestant Warren Stacey was signed to Def Jam Recordings in 2001 and reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart with his debut hit "My Girl, My Girl".

## Aftermath

The first series of *Popstars* proved popular with audiences, and was a ratings hit for ITV. However, Simon Fuller used the *Popstars* format as inspiration for his new TV show *Pop Idol*, which was broadcast on ITV soon after *Popstars*. *Pop Idol*, which included audience voting and live performances, proved even more popular than *Popstars* with the viewing public, and these elements were worked into the second series of *Popstars* (named *Popstars: The Rivals*) which included audience polls and live singing. In 2004, another show based on *Popstars*, which went on to become even more popular than *Popstars* or *Pop Idol*, was created by Simon Cowell*The X Factor*.

## Episodes and ratings

| Episode | Air date | Description | Official ITV rating
(millions) | Weekly rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 10 January 2001 | The first round of open auditions at venues around the UK | 7.75 | 23 |
| 2 | 13 January 2001 | The second round of open auditions at venues around the UK | 7.01 | 24 |
| 3 | 20 January 2001 | Boot Camp round in Birmingham where people are let go | 8.06 | 25 |
| 4 | 27 January 2001 | Boot Camp in London where more people are let go | 8.81 | 21 |
| 5 | 31 January 2001 | The Judges select the final 10 contestants on the last day of boot camp from who the band will be chosen. | 10.51 | 15 |
| **6** | 3 February 2001 (18:45) | The Judges discuss who from the last ten should make the final five | 11.35 | 8 |
| 7 | 3 February 2001 (21:20) | The final five to be in the band are told, with the others rejected. Each of the judges visit the contestants to tell them the news in their homes. | 12.63 | 6 |
| 8 | 10 February 2001 | The band move into their new shared house where they will stay for the duration of the recording and promotion of their first album. Also they travel to Norway to record their first album. | 10.64 | 11 |
| 9 | 17 February 2001 | The band start to get press attention. | 8.47 | 20 |
| 10 | 24 February 2001 | The band record their debut single "Pure and Simple". | 8.83 | 18 |
| 11 | 3 March 2001 |  | 7.57 | 24 |
| 12 | 10 March 2001 | The band start their promotion campaign for the release of their debut single. | 8.06 | 20 |
| 13 | 18 March 2001 | A live show tied in with the Top 40 chart to reveal the position of their first single | 7.22 | 24 |

## Home Media

On 19 March 2001, following the conclusion of the series, a VHS featuring a compilation of clips from the series and interviews with the contestants was released, followed by a DVD release a week later. Both were released by Video Collection International and Granada Media.

## InfoBox

| *Popstars* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Reality competition |
| Presented by | Davina McCall (finale) |
| Judges | Nigel Lythgoe
Nicki Chapman
Paul Adam |
| Narrated by | Daniel Hill |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60–120 minutes (inc. adverts) |
| Production company | LWT |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV |
| Release | 10 January (2001-01-10)
18 March 2001 (2001-03-18) |
| Related | |
| *Soapstars*
*Popstars: The Rivals* | |


abstract: Popstars (UK) is a British reality television show produced for ITV that aired for two series. The first series, Popstars, aimed to find five singers to form a new pop group. During the second series, Popstars: The Rivals, two music groups were formed to compete for the Christmas number-one single in the United Kingdom. The five winning contestants from the first series formed the group Hear'Say. Their first two singles, "Pure and Simple" and "The Way to Your Love", became number-one hits on the UK Singles Chart. Two other single releases, "Everybody" and "Lovin' Is Easy", reached the top ten. Hear'Say released their first album Popstars in May 2001; this was followed by a second album, Everybody. After a line-up change, the group split a year after formation. In the second series, two new groups, Girls Aloud and One True Voice, were formed. They competed for the Christmas number-one in 2002 with their debut singles "Sound of the Underground" and "Sacred Trust / After You're Gone" respectively; Girls Aloud finished on top and debuted at number one, and One True Voice debuted at number two. One True Voice released another single, "Shakespeare's Words" before splitting in June 2003. Girls Aloud, in contrast, have become one of the most successful female groups in the United Kingdom, with 21 successive top-ten singles, and six top-ten albums. During the group's three-year hiatus, Cheryl Cole, Nadine Coyle, and Nicola Roberts also went on to release solo material. Girls Aloud reunited to celebrate their tenth anniversary in 2012. In addition to the winners of the show, several other participants have achieved careers in music. Liberty X has had eight top ten singles in the UK charts, including the number-one hit "Just a Little" in 2002. Kym Marsh released a solo album and two singles after leaving Hear'Say, and Darius Danesh, who did not advance past the audition stage, released material after appearing on Pop Idol. Javine Hylton, the singer who missed out on a place in Girls Aloud, debuted at number four with "Real Things and released several other singles. She was selected as the United Kingdom's entry for the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest, singing "Touch My Fire". The four other female finalists formed the band Clea, and the five losing male finalists experienced success in their band Phixx. The Cheeky Girls, a Romanian duo who did not make the live finals, were given a record contract, and debuted at number three behind the two winning bands.

text:
# Popstars (British TV series) discography

*Popstars* (UK) is a British reality television show produced for ITV that aired for two series. The first series, *Popstars*, aimed to find five singers to form a new pop group. During the second series, *Popstars: The Rivals*, two music groups were formed to compete for the Christmas number-one single in the United Kingdom.

The five winning contestants from the first series formed the group Hear'Say. Their first two singles, "Pure and Simple" and "The Way to Your Love", became number-one hits on the UK Singles Chart. Two other single releases, "Everybody" and "Lovin' Is Easy", reached the top ten. Hear'Say released their first album *Popstars* in May 2001; this was followed by a second album, *Everybody*. After a line-up change, the group split a year after formation.

In the second series, two new groups, Girls Aloud and One True Voice, were formed. They competed for the Christmas number-one in 2002 with their debut singles "Sound of the Underground" and "Sacred Trust / After You're Gone" respectively; Girls Aloud finished on top and debuted at number one, and One True Voice debuted at number two. One True Voice released another single, "Shakespeare's (Way with) Words" before splitting in June 2003. Girls Aloud, in contrast, have become one of the most successful female groups in the United Kingdom, with 21 successive top-ten singles (including four number-ones), and six top-ten albums (including two number-ones). During the group's three-year hiatus, Cheryl Cole, Nadine Coyle, and Nicola Roberts also went on to release solo material. Girls Aloud reunited to celebrate their tenth anniversary in 2012.

In addition to the winners of the show, several other participants have achieved careers in music. Liberty X (originally known as Liberty before a legal dispute) has had eight top ten singles in the UK charts, including the number-one hit "Just a Little" in 2002. Kym Marsh released a solo album and two singles after leaving Hear'Say, and Darius Danesh, who did not advance past the audition stage, released material after appearing on *Pop Idol*. Javine Hylton, the singer who missed out on a place in Girls Aloud, debuted at number four with "Real Things and released several other singles. She was selected as the United Kingdom's entry for the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest, singing "Touch My Fire". The four other female finalists formed the band Clea, and the five losing male finalists experienced success in their band Phixx. The Cheeky Girls, a Romanian duo who did not make the live finals, were given a record contract, and debuted at number three behind the two winning bands.

## Singles

| Artist(s) | Series | Position in Show | Song title(s) | Release date | UK peak
chart position | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hear'Say |  | Winner | "Pure and Simple" | 12 March 2001 | 1 |  |
| | | | "The Way to Your Love" | 25 June 2001 | 1 |  |
| | | | "Everybody" | 26 November 2001 | 4 |  |
| | | | "Lovin' Is Easy" | 12 August 2002 | 6 |  |
| Liberty \[D\] | | Runner-Up | "Thinking It Over" | 24 September 2001 | 5 |  |
| | | "Doin' It" | 3 December 2001 | 14 |  |
| Liberty X | | "Just a Little" | 13 May 2002 | 1 |  |
| | | "Got to Have Your Love" | 9 September 2002 | 2 |  |
| | | "Holding On for You" | 2 December 2002 | 5 |  |
| | | "Being Nobody" \[E\] | 24 March 2003 | 3 |  |
| | | "Jumpin" | 20 October 2003 | 6 |  |
| | | "Everybody Cries" | 12 January 2004 | 13 |  |
| | | "A Night to Remember" | 14 November 2005 | 6 |  |
| | | "Song 4 Lovers" | 26 September 2005 | 5 |  |
| | | "" | 19 June 2006 | 47 |  |
| Claire Freeland | | N/A | "Free" | 21 July 2001 | 44 |  |
| Kevin Simm | | Runner-Up (with Liberty X) | "All You Good Friends" | 9 April 2016 | 24 |  |
| Kym Marsh \[C\] | | Winner (with Hear'Say) | "Cry" | 6 April 2003 | 2 |  |
| | | "Come On Over" | 7 July 2003 | 10 |  |
| | | "Sentimental" | 27 October 2003 | 35 |  |
| Warren Stacey | | Eliminated at Boot Camp | "My Girl, My Girl" | 11 March 2002 | 26 |  |
| Girls Aloud |  | Winner (Girl Group) | "Sound of the Underground" | 16 December 2002 | 1 |  |
| | | | "No Good Advice" | 12 May 2003 | 2 |  |
| | | | "Life Got Cold" | 18 August 2003 | 3 |  |
| | | | "Jump" | 17 November 2003 | 2 |  |
| | | | "Love Machine" | 13 September 2004 | 2 |  |
| | | | "I'll Stand by You" | 15 November 2004 | 1 |  |
| | | | "The Show" | 28 June 2004 | 2 |  |
| | | | "Wake Me Up" | 21 February 2005 | 4 |  |
| | | | "Long Hot Summer" | 22 August 2005 | 7 |  |
| | | | "Biology" | 14 November 2005 | 4 |  |
| | | | "See the Day" | 19 December 2005 | 9 |  |
| | | | "Whole Lotta History" | 13 March 2006 | 6 |  |
| | | | "Something Kinda Ooooh" | 23 October 2006 | 3 |  |
| | | | "I Think We're Alone Now" | 18 December 2006 | 4 |  |
| | | | "Walk This Way" | 12 March 2007 | 1 |  |
| | | | "Sexy! No No No..." | 31 August 2007 | 5 |  |
| | | | "Call the Shots" | 26 November 2007 | 3 |  |
| | | | "Theme to St. Trinian's" | 10 December 2007 | 51 |  |
| | | | "Can't Speak French" | 14 March 2008 | 9 |  |
| | | | "The Promise" | 19 October 2008 | 1 |  |
| | | | "The Loving Kind" | 12 January 2009 | 10 |  |
| | | | "Untouchable" | 27 April 2009 | 11 |  |
| | | | "Something New" | 19 November 2012 | 2 |  |
| | | | "Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me" | 17 December 2012 | 97 |  |
| One True Voice | | Winner (Boy Band) | "Sacred Trust / After You're Gone" | 16 December 2002 | 2 |  |
| | | "Shakespeare's (Way with) Words" | 2 June 2003 | 10 |  |
| Cheeky Girls | | Auditions | "Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)" | 9 December 2002 | 2 |  |
| | | "Take Your Shoes Off" | 5 May 2003 | 3 |  |
| | | "(Hooray! Hooray! It's a Cheeky Holiday!)" | 4 August 2003 | 3 |  |
| | | "Have a Cheeky Christmas" | 8 December 2003 | 10 |  |
| | | "Cheeky Flamenco" | 27 September 2004 | 29 |  |
| | | "Boys and Girls" | 6 December 2004 | 50 |  |
| Clea | | Runner-Up (Girl Group) | "Download It" | 22 September 2003 | 21 |  |
| | | "Stuck in the Middle" | 16 February 2004 | 23 |  |
| | | "We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off" \[F\] | 17 October 2005 | 35 |  |
| | | "Lucky Like That" | 12 June 2006 | 55 |  |
| Javine \[A\] | | Runner-Up | "Real Things" | 7 July 2003 | 4 |  |
| | | "Surrender (Your Love)" | 10 November 2003 | 15 |  |
| | | "Best of My Love" | 14 June 2004 | 18 |  |
| | | "Don't Walk Away" / "You've Got a Friend" | 9 August 2004 | 16 |  |
| | | "Don't Walk Away" / "You've Got a Friend" | 9 August 2004 | 16 |  |
| | | "Touch My Fire" | 16 May 2005 | 18 |  |
| | | "Don't Let the Morning Come" \[B\] | 2 October 2006 | 49 |  |
| Phixx | | Runner-Up (Boy Band) | "Hold on Me" | 27 October 2003 | 10 |  |
| | | "Love Revolution" | 8 March 2004 | 13 |  |
| | | "Wild Boys" | 21 June 2004 | 12 |  |
| | | "Strange Love" | 24 January 2005 | 19 |  |
| Cheryl | | Winner (with Girls Aloud) | "Heartbreaker" | 5 May 2008 | 4 |  |
| | | "Fight for This Love" | 19 October 2009 | 1 |  |
| | | "3 Words" | 18 December 2009 | 4 |  |
| | | "Parachute" | 11 March 2010 | 5 |  |
| | | "Promise This" | 24 October 2010 | 1 |  |
| | | "The Flood" | 2 January 2011 | 18 |  |
| | | "Call My Name" | 10 June 2012 | 1 |  |
| | | "Under the Sun" | 2 September 2012 | 13 |  |
| | | "Crazy Stupid Love" | 18 July 2014 | 1 |  |
| | | "I Don't Care" | 2 November 2014 | 1 |  |
| | | "Only Human" | 18 October 2014 | 70 |  |
| | | "Love Made Me Do It" | 9 November 2018 | 19 |  |
| | | "Let You" | 31 May 2019 | 57 |  |
| Nadine Coyle | | "Insatiable" | 31 October 2010 | 26 |  |
| Nicola Roberts | | "Beat of My Drum" | 2 June 2011 | 27 |  |
| | | "Lucky Day" | 16 September 2011 | 40 |  |
| | | "Yo-Yo" | 6 January 2012 | 111 |  |

## Albums

*Only albums that charted in the Top 100 of the UK albums chart are included in this list*.

| Artist | Series | Album title | Release date | UK peak
chart position | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hear'Say | 1 | *Popstars* | 26 March 2001 | 1 |  |
| | | *Everybody* | 2 December 2001 | 24 |  |
| Liberty X | | *Thinking It Over* | 27 May 2002 | 3 |  |
| | | *Being Somebody* | 3 November 2003 | 12 |  |
| | |  | 10 October 2005 | 27 |  |
| Kym Marsh | | *Standing Tall* | 21 July 2003 | 9 |  |
| Myleene Klass | | *Moving On* | 20 October 2003 | 32 |  |
| Girls Aloud | 2 | *Sound of the Underground* | 26 May 2003 | 2 |  |
| | | *What Will the Neighbours Say?* | 29 November 2004 | 6 |  |
| | | *Chemistry* | 5 December 2005 | 11 |  |
| | | *The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits* | 29 October 2007 | 1 |  |
| | | *Tangled Up* | 19 November 2007 | 4 |  |
| | | *Mixed Up* \[H\] | 19 November 2007 | 56 |  |
| | | *Out of Control* | 3 November 2008 | 1 |  |
| | | *Girls A Live* | 26 May 2003 | 29 |  |
| | | *Ten* | 26 November 2012 | 9 |  |
| Cheeky Girls | | *PartyTime* | 11 August 2003 | 14 |  |
| Cheryl Cole | | *3 Words* | 26 October 2009 | 1 |  |
| | | *Messy Little Raindrops* | 29 October 2010 | 1 |  |
| | | *A Million Lights* | 18 June 2012 | 2 |  |
| | | *Only Human* | 14 November 2014 | 7 |  |
| Kimberley Walsh | | *Centre Stage* | 4 February 2013 | 18 |  |
| Nadine Coyle | | *Insatiable* | 8 November 2010 | 47 |  |
| Nicola Roberts | | *Cinderella's Eyes* | 26 September 2011 | 17 |  |

## Other releases

* Liberty X recorded a version of Kool and the Gang's "Fresh", which charted at number 58 on the Australian Singles Chart.
* In addition to recording her own solo album following the split of Hear'Say, Myleene Klass signed a deal with EMI Classics which allowed her to choose her own tracks for a series of classical albums. She recorded two songs each for *Music for Romance* and *Music for Mothers*.
* Darius Danesh appeared on the first series but was eliminated at the audition stage. He reached the final three in *Pop Idol* and had a succession of hit singles.
* Clea released two albums, *Identity Crisis* and *Trinity*; the former was released only in Russia and the latter charted at number 258 on the UK Albums Chart. They also re-released "Stuck in the Middle" in 2006 as a joint single with "I Surrender", but the song failed to chart.

* **a**  Javine Hylton is known professionally by her first name only. She was due to release a song with the producer Richard X but the single was cancelled.
* **b**  "Don't Let the Morning Come" was a collaboration with Soul Avengerz.
* **c**  Kym Marsh continued to be known professionally by this name despite her marriage to Jack Ryder. She was originally a part of the band Hear'Say
* **d**  Liberty X were originally known as Liberty but changed their name in 2002. This was following a high-profile court case where another UK band with the same name claimed that their name was being used without permission. Readers of *The Sun* chose the name X Liberty but the band decided to call themselves Liberty X.
* **e**  "Being Nobody" was credited as Richard X vs. Liberty X.
* **f**  Clea recorded "We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off" with Da Playaz and the release was credited as Da Playaz vs. Clea.
* **g**  "Walk This Way" was released by Girls Aloud in collaboration with fellow British girl group Sugababes as the Comic Relief single in 2007, charting at number-one.
* **h**  Girls Aloud's album *Mixed Up* was a bonus CD offered exclusively at Woolworths which contained remixes of the *Tangled Up* album tracks.
* **i**  *Girls A Live* is a live album to accompany *Out of Control* that was initially available at Woolworths.
* **j**  Cheryl Cole was credited on the release of will.i.am's 2008 single "Heartbreaker" as having sung backing vocals.


title: St Leonard's Hospital, Edinburgh

abstract: The Hospital of St Leonard was a mediaeval hospital in the St Leonard's area of Edinburgh, Scotland, to which it gave its name. Founded by David I, it existed until some time after the Scottish Reformation. The hospital was founded by David I and re-founded in 1493 by James IV at the bequest of Robert Bellenden, abbot of Holyrood. The abbots of Holyrood served as the hospital's superiors and the manse of the hospital's vicar was located near the Abbey in the Canongate. The hospital supported support six "hospitallers" or "bedemen", who worked the hospital's two crofts: the Hermit's Croft and the Terrar's Croft. It is notable for having served as a meeting place for the Incoporation of Hammermen and as the site of a gathering of conspirators in an unsuccessful plot to kill James V in 1529. The hospital continued in use after the Reformation but its buildings were ruinous by 1653. Attached to the hospital was St Leonard's Chapel, whose ruins were excavated and demolished between 1854 and 1855. All that then remained of the hospital was its chapel, which stood around 70 ft (21m) long by 20 ft (6m) wide. The excavations uncovered a large number of burials in its vicinity. James Clark Technical School was built over the site in 1913. The hospital's name lives on in the name of St Leonard's, Edinburgh while its crofts gave their names to Hermits and Termits.

text:
# St Leonard's Hospital, Edinburgh

The **Hospital of St Leonard** was a mediaeval hospital in the St Leonard's area of Edinburgh, Scotland, to which it gave its name. Founded by David I, it existed until some time after the Scottish Reformation.

The hospital was founded by David I and re-founded in 1493 by James IV at the bequest of Robert Bellenden, abbot of Holyrood. The abbots of Holyrood served as the hospital's superiors and the manse of the hospital's vicar was located near the Abbey in the Canongate. The hospital supported support six "hospitallers" or "bedemen", who worked the hospital's two crofts: the Hermit's Croft and the Terrar's Croft. It is notable for having served as a meeting place for the Incoporation of Hammermen and as the site of a gathering of conspirators in an unsuccessful plot to kill James V in 1529. The hospital continued in use after the Reformation but its buildings were ruinous by 1653.

Attached to the hospital was **St Leonard's Chapel**, whose ruins were excavated and demolished between 1854 and 1855. All that then remained of the hospital was its chapel, which stood around 70 ft (21m) long by 20 ft (6m) wide. The excavations uncovered a large number of burials in its vicinity. James Clark Technical School was built over the site in 1913. The hospital's name lives on in the name of St Leonard's, Edinburgh while its crofts gave their names to Hermits and Termits.

## History

### Foundation

The hospital's foundation by David I is attested by a deed of between 1219 and 1239 in the register of the charters of Dunfermline Abbey: in this, the "brethren of the Hospital of St. Leonard Edinburgh" are party to a controversy. The hospital and in letters of 1334 ordering Edward Balliol's appointment of Thomas of Wakefield as chaplain to the hospital. The hospital was granted to Holyrood Abbey by David II. It appears again in a bull of Pope Clement VII confirms a charter issued by Robert III in 1391, which renews a gift to the hospital of St Leonard "annexed to the barony of Brochton" and founded by David I.

In a mediaeval and early modern context, the term "hospital" applied to institutions covering a wide variety of care and education functions. John Durkan characterises the inhabitants of St Leonard's as "respectable people who had come down in the world". The hospital was situated on St Leonard's Hill, at the edge of the King's Park and on other side of a valley from the Salisbury Crags. The Boroughloch lay to the west and Duddingston Loch to the south-east. In George Forrest's words:

> The prospect from this hill cannot at one time have been surpassed for striking objects of natural beauty by anything in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh; and we need therefore not be surprised at the hill having been chosen for the site of a Chapel and Hospital; nor could a better situation have been chosen for the poor and deserving in their old age. All around it was then a series of lakes and valleys.

The hospital may have replaced an earlier hermitage used to shelter travellers who had arrived after the closing of the town gates at night. This origin may be reflected in the Hermit's Croft, which, along with the Terrar's Croft was one of two crofts attached to the hospital. The two crofts were united before 1578 and became known as Hermits and Termits, which gives its name to an extant house of 1734.

Saint Leonard was a popular dedicatee of chapels and hospitals in mediaeval Scotland. In addition to St Leonard's College, St Andrews, chapels and/or hospitals dedicated to the saint stood in Ayr, Dunfermline, Lanark, and Roxburghshire. Two other dedications to Saint Leonard existed in Midlothian.

### Re-foundation

The last building on St Leonard's Hill was erected in 1493: the date of its re-foundation charter from James IV to Robert Bellenden, abbot of Holyrood. The charter notes the hospital had "become ruined, dilapidated, and unhabitable, and unapplicable to the pious use to which it was adapted by our predecessors from time immemorial". Bellenden had earlier, in 1472, attained a papal bull to disconnect the hospital from Holyrood Abbey, making it an independent house with its own rector; however, the bull was never carried out. Bellenden's petition followed a petition of 1420, claiming the union with Holyrood had been attained by simony and should be dissolved.

Donations to the hospital by James IV are recorded in 1506, 1507, and 1508. The king occasionally worshipped in the chapel. Mons Meg was brought here after the siege of Dumbarton Castle ahead of receiving a new cradle in 1498. The Incorporation of Hammermen met annually with only a few exceptions from 1494 to 1558, after which time they used the Magdalen Chapel. On 2 February 1529, members of the Douglas family and allies met near St Leonard's Chapel to form their abortive plot to assassinate James V.

There are few records of the hospital's earliest inhabitants; however, the quota of six "bedemen" or "hospitallers" appears to have been maintained until the Reformation. These residents laboured the two crofts south of the hospital. A new brother of the hospital, inducted in 1555, was shown offered space for a bed in the vestibule of the chapel and was assigned his own garden.

The chaplain's manse is described in Bellenden's foundation of 1493 as "a great mansion lying beside the gate of the monastery on the north side of the high street of the Canongate": around modern-day Abbey Strand. The manse appears to have been ruined in the Burning of Edinburgh in 1544 and restored in 1561, after the Reformation, by the Commendators of Holyrood.

### Decline

The details of the decline of the hospital is uncertain. In 1556, shortly before the Scottish Reformation, Mary, Queen of Scots granted St Leonard's and several other religious houses around Edinburgh to the town council. In 1578, the Parliament of Scotland attempted to restore revenues of former hospitals to the support of the poor. To that end, John Wardlaw was appointed Master and Provost of the Hospital of St Leonard the same year.

A gift of a place in the hospital in 1591 refers to "the place of the said hospital where the chapel formerly stood". This may indicated the hospital was then extant while the chapel had been abandoned. The hospital is referenced as being active in a disposition of 1625; however, as writs were often copied, this is not clear evidence it was still active. Certainly by this date the crofts had already passed to a feuar. In 1631, the Crown disposed the teinds to the governors of Heriot's Hospital then to the University of Edinburgh in 1641, suggesting the hospital had been long since defunct by the latter date. Reference is made to "the old ruinous hous and chappell of St. Leonards" in 1653 and to "the vestige of the almes house" in 1683.

By the beginning of the 17th century, St Leonard's Hill had become a noted site for duelling. After the Battle of Dunbar, David Leslie placed cannon on St Leonard's Hill to protect his men against Oliver Cromwell's advance into Edinburgh. By the 18th century, the chapel's grounds were used as a grave for suicides. The remaining buildings were excavated and demolished between 1854 and 1855. The area was developed as the site of the James Clark Technical School in 1913. The name of the hospital lives on in the name of the St Leonard's neighbourhood of Edinburgh.

## Buildings

Stones found at St Leonard's Chapel

At its demolition and excavation between 1854 and 1855, the only discernible remains of a building were those of a chapel, oriented east–west. The chapel was approximately 21 m (70 ft) long by 6 m (20 ft) wide. The walls were about 1 m (3 ft) thick and built with regular blocks of sandstone. No traces of a hospital buildings was found but this was likely to have stood south of the chapel.

At the time of the survey, the walls were "very solid", rising to between 0.6 m (2 ft) and 1 m (3 ft). The bases of two pillars were found about 6 m (20 ft) from the western extremity, each projected 0.8 m (2.5 ft) into the church and was chamfered. The appear to have marked the boundary between the nave and chancel. The chancel was paved with red sandstone. In the middle of the south wall of the chapel was an external door of a little over 0.6 m (2 ft) wide. William Maitland, writing in 1753, records a "font and holy water stone" at the site; though these had disappeared before the demolition. Maitland also records a nearby cross, which was erected in memory of one Umfraville, who, according to tradition, died at the spot.

In the chancel, two stone coffins were discovered at the excavation along with many skeletons, which were arranged radially, like the spokes of a wheel, with the heads close to each other at the central point. Outside the chapel were found two slabs marked with crosses and one with shears. Many other skeletons were found in the area around the chapel along with coins from the reigns of David II, Robert III, Mary, and Charles II. Near the east end of the chapel, a red sandstone plinth of around 2 m (6 ft) diameter was found with a hole for the bases of a cross. This was broken up for rubble in 1855.

### Notes

### Citations

1. Cowan and Easson 1976, p. 176.
2. Smith and Paton 1940, pp. 114-115.
3. Smith and Paton 1940, p. 114.
4. Gray in Gray 1961, p. 37.
5. Durkan in McRoberts 1962, p. 117.
6. Balfour 1900, p. 10.
7. Forrest 1865, p. 2.
8. RCAMS 1951, p. 217.
9. Paton 1942, p. 224.
10. Harris 1996, p. 309.
11. Black 1972, p. 10.
12. Harris 1996, pp. 308-309.
13. Smith and Paton 1940, pp. 113-114.
14. Forrest 1865, pp. 4-8.
15. Durkan in McRoberts 1962, p. 118.
16. Smith and Paton 1940, p. 113.
17. Forrest 1865, p. 11-12.
18. Gray in Gray 1961, pp. 37-38.
19. Gray in Gray 1961, p. 38.
20. Smith and Paton 1940, p. 117.
21. Forrest 1865, p. 32.
22. Smith and Paton 1940, pp. 118-119.
23. Smith and Paton 1940, pp. 119-120.
24. Grant 1880, i p. 383.
25. Smith and Paton 1940, p. 120.
26. Paton 1942, p. 223.
27. Smith and Paton 1940, p. 122-125.
28. Forrest 1865, p. 33.
29. Smith and Paton 1940, p. 125-126.
30. Smith and Paton 1940, pp. 127-128.
31. Black 1972, p. 11.
32. Forrest 1865, pp. 32-33.
33. Wilson 1886, p. 313.
34. Gifford, McWilliam, Walker 1994, p. 244.
35. RCAMS 1951, p. 216.
36. Harris 1996, p. 504.
37. Forrest 1865, pp. 24, 31.
38. Forrest 1865, pp. 24-25, 30.
39. Wilson 1886, pp. 313, 442-443.
40. Wilson 1886, pp. 442-443.
41. Forrest 1865, p. 28.
42. Grant 1880, i p. 384.
43. Forrest 1865, pp. 25-30.

### Bibliography

* Balfour, George D. (1900). *St. Leonards and its Parish Church*. John Wilson.
* Black, David J. (1972). *An Historical Account of the Lands and Mansion formerly called Hermits and Termits now known The Coalyard House, 64 Saint Leonard's Street*. The Seventh Horizon Press.
* Cowan, Ian B.; Easson, David E. (1976). *Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland: With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man (2nd ed.)*. Longman. ISBN 0582120691.
* Forrest, George (1865). *An Account of the History and Antiquities of St Leonard's in Edinburgh, its Chapel and Hospital*. MacLachlan & Stewart.
* Gifford, John; McWilliam, Colin; Walker, David (1984). *Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh*. Penguin. ISBN 0300096720.
* Grant, James (1880). *Old and New Edinburgh*. Cassell's.
* Gray, John G. (1961). *The South Side Story*. W.F. Knox & Co.
    + Gray, William Forbes. "St. Leonard's Chapel and Hospital"
* Harris, Michael (1996). *Place Names of Edinburgh*. Steve Savage. ISBN 9781904246060.
* McRoberts, David (1962). *Essays on the Scottish Reformation*. Burns.
    + Durkan, John. "Care of the Poor: Pre-Reformation Hospitals"
* Paton, Henry M. (1942). "Lands of St. Leonards Southern Section". *Book of the Old Edinburgh Club*. **XXIV**: 198–238.
* Royal Commission on the Ancient Monuments of Scotland (1951). *The City of Edinburgh*. His Majesty's Stationery Office.
* Smith, John; Paton, Henry M. (1940). "St Leonards Lands and Hospital". *Book of the Old Edinburgh Club*. **XXIII**: 111–146.
* Wilson, Daniel (1886). *Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time (New Edition)*. Thomas C Jack.

## InfoBox

| St Leonard's Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| The ruins of the chapel in 1854 | |
| Location in Edinburgh | |
| Geography | |
| Location | St Leonard's, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Coordinates | 55°56′37.41″N 3°10′40.12″W / 55.9437250°N 3.1778111°W / 55.9437250; -3.1778111 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Medieval sub-monastic care |
| Type | Medieval hospital |
| Religious affiliation | Roman Catholic Church (before 1560)<br>Church of Scotland (after 1560) |
| Patron | Holyrood Abbey (until 1556) |
| Services | |
| Beds | 6 |
| History | |
| Opened | 12th century |


title: Benjamin Vaughan Abbott

abstract: Benjamin Vaughan Abbott was an American lawyer and author noted for his efforts in drawing up the New York penal code.

text:
# Benjamin Vaughan Abbott

**Benjamin Vaughan Abbott** (June 4, 1830 – February 17, 1890) was an American lawyer and author noted for his efforts in drawing up the New York penal code.

## Early life

On June 4, 1830, Abbott was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Abbott's father was Jacob Abbott, an author of children's books. Abbott's mother was Harriett Vaughan Abbott. Abbott's grandfather was also Jacob Abbott. Abbott's siblings are Edward Abbott, Austin Abbott and Lyman Abbott.

## Education

Abbott graduated from New York University in 1850, and Harvard Law School in 1852.

## Career

He practiced law for a number of years in New York, and became a partner in the firm Abbott Bros. with his brother Austin Abbott. He was the secretary of the New York Code Commission, which drew up the state's penal code in 1864. He also served on a commission created to revise the statutes of the United States from 1870 to 1872. He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., on February 17, 1890.

He is the author of several books, including the following novels:

* *Come Cut Corners: The Experiences of a Conservative Family in Fanatical Times*, 1855 (with Austin Abbott), and
* *Matthew Caraby* (with brother, under the pseudonym Beanauly).

His non-fiction works include:

* *Abbott's Reports of Practice Cases in the Courts of the State of New York*, 1855 (with Austin Abbott),
* *Reports of cases in Admiralty, United States District Court for Southern New York, 1847–1850*, 1857,
* *A Collection of Forms of Practice and Pleading in Action*, 1858,
* *Digest of New York Statutes and Reports*, 5 volumes, 1860,
* *A Collection of Forms of Practice and Pleading in Actions*, 1864,
* *The Clerk's and Conveyancer's Assistant*, 1866,
* *Digest of the Reports of the United States Courts and Acts of Congress,* 4 volumes, 1867,
* *General Digest of the Law of Corporations*, 1869,
* *Digest of Reports of Indiana to the Year 1871*,
* *Reports of Decisions Rendered in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, 1863–1871*, 2 volumes, 1870–1871,
* *United States Digest*, 14 volumes, 1879,
* *Dictionary of Terms and Phrases used in American or English Jurisprudence*, 1879,
* *General Digest of English and American Cases on the Law of Corporations, 1868–1878*, 1879,
* *Judge and Jury: A Popular Explanation of Leading Topics in the Law of the Land*, 1880,
* *National Digest*, 4 volumes, 1884, containing court decisions of the year 1884, with a later supplement published in 1889,
* *1884: The Patent Laws of All Nations*, 2 volumes, 1886, and
* *Decisions on the Law of Patents for Inventions, English Cases, 1662–1843*, 3 volumes, 1887.

## Personal life

In 1853, Abbott married Elizabeth, daughter of John Titcomb. Abbott had two children. On February 17, 1890, Abbott died in Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Abbott is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.

## Further reading

* *Who Was Who in America: Historical Volume, 1607–1896*, Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1967.

## InfoBox

| Benjamin Vaughan Abbott | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1830-06-04)June 4, 1830
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | February 17, 1890(1890-02-17) (aged 59)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Resting place | Green-Wood Cemetery |
| Education |  |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, novelist |
| Father | Jacob Abbott (1803–1879) |
| Relatives |  |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Robert Boyd Publications

abstract: Robert Boyd Publications is a book publishing company based in Witney, Oxfordshire, England. It concentrates on books covering the history of Oxfordshire in general and Oxford in particular, including "The Changing Faces of..." book series. They have published 70 works between 1994 and 2020. Authors they have worked for include Carole Newbigging, Julie Kennedy and Ann Spokes Symonds.

text:
# Robert Boyd Publications

**Robert Boyd Publications** is a book publishing company based in Witney, Oxfordshire, England. It concentrates on books covering the history of Oxfordshire in general and Oxford in particular, including "*The Changing Faces of ...*" book series.

They have published 70 works between 1994 and 2020. Authors they have worked for include Carole Newbigging, Julie Kennedy and Ann Spokes Symonds.

51°46′47″N 1°29′44″W / 51.779797°N 1.495483°W / 51.779797; -1.495483

## InfoBox

Robert Boyd Publications
|
|  |
| Industry | Publishing |
| Headquarters | Witney, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom |


title: Roatan coral snake

abstract: The Roatán coral snake also known as Coral de la Isle de Roatán or Coral Roatanense in Spanish is a critically endangered species of elapid snake, endemic to the island of Roatán off of the coast of Honduras. There are no recognized subspecies.

text:
# Roatan coral snake

The **Roatán coral snake** (***Micrurus ruatanus***) also known as Coral de la Isle de Roatán or Coral Roatanense in Spanish is a critically endangered species of elapid snake, endemic to the island of Roatán off of the coast of Honduras. There are no recognized subspecies.

## InfoBox

| Roatan coral snake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | *Micrurus* |
| Species: | ***M. ruatanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Micrurus ruatanus***
Günther, 1895 | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * Elaps fulvius Boulenger, 1896 * Elaps ruatanus Günther, 1895 * Micrurus nigrocinctus (Günther, 1895) | |


abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the Division of Darwin in Australian federal elections from the division's creation in 1903 until its abolition in 1955.

text:
# Electoral results for the Division of Darwin

This is a list of **electoral results for the Division of Darwin** in Australian federal elections from the division's creation in 1903 until its abolition in 1955.

## Members

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King O'Malley | Labor | 1903–1917 |
|  | Charles Howroyd | Nationalist | 1917–1917 |
|  | William Spence | Nationalist | 1917 by–1919 |
|  | George Bell | Nationalist | 1919–1922 |
|  | Joshua Whitsitt | Country | 1922–1925 |
|  | (Sir) George Bell | Nationalist | 1925–1931 |
|  | | United Australia | 1931–1943 |
|  | Dame Enid Lyons | United Australia | 1943–1945 |
|  | | Liberal | 1945–1951 |
|  | Aubrey Luck | Liberal | 1951–1955 |

## Election results

### Elections in the 1950s

#### 1954

1954 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Aubrey Luck | 16,447 | 50.5 | +0.8 |
|  | Labor | Clem Foster | 16,117 | 49.5 | -0.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 32,564 | 99.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 283 | 0.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 32,847 | 96.5 |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -3.5 |  |

#### 1951

1951 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Aubrey Luck | 14,819 | 49.7 | -6.9 |
|  | Labor | Max Poulter | 9,820 | 32.9 | +6.9 |
|  | Labor | Clem Foster | 5,171 | 17.3 | +17.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 29,810 | 97.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 822 | 2.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 30,632 | 97.3 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Aubrey Luck | 16,103 | 54.0 | -2.6 |
|  | Labor | Max Poulter | 13,707 | 46.0 | +2.6 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.6 |  |

### Elections in the 1940s

#### 1949

1949 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Dame Enid Lyons | 16,455 | 56.6 | +3.3 |
|  | Labor | Harold Kirkpatrick | 12,602 | 43.4 | -3.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 29,057 | 97.6 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 728 | 2.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 29,785 | 96.8 |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.3 |  |

#### 1946

1946 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Dame Enid Lyons | 15,835 | 54.2 | +5.3 |
|  | Labor | Harold Kirkpatrick | 13,392 | 45.8 | +3.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 29,227 | 97.6 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 730 | 2.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 29,957 | 92.4 |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | +2.7 |  |

#### 1943

1943 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Eric Reece | 7,799 | 28.6 | +1.6 |
|  | United Australia | Dame Enid Lyons | 7,349 | 26.9 | -10.3 |
|  | Labor | Carrol Bramich | 3,832 | 14.0 | +14.0 |
|  | United Australia | John Leary | 3,104 | 11.4 | +11.4 |
|  | United Australia | John Wright | 2,885 | 10.6 | +10.6 |
|  | Independent Labor | Edgar Nicholls | 1,709 | 6.3 | +6.3 |
|  | Communist | Roy Harvey | 616 | 2.3 | +2.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 27,294 | 95.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,355 | 4.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 28,649 | 96.0 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | United Australia | Dame Enid Lyons | 14,055 | 51.5 | -7.7 |
|  | Labor | Eric Reece | 13,239 | 48.5 | +7.7 |
|  | United Australia **hold** | | **Swing** | -7.7 |  |

#### 1940

1940 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | United Australia | George Bell | 15,896 | 59.2 | +6.7 |
|  | Labor | Eric Reece | 10,961 | 40.8 | -6.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 26,857 | 97.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 707 | 2.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 27,564 | 94.0 |  |
|  | United Australia **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.7 |  |

### Elections in the 1930s

#### 1937

1937 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | United Australia | George Bell | 13,557 | 52.5 | -1.9 |
|  | Labor | Edwin Brown | 12,270 | 47.5 | +1.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 25,827 | 97.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 559 | 2.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 26,386 | 95.8 |  |
|  | United Australia **hold** | | **Swing** | -1.9 |  |

#### 1934

1934 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | United Australia | George Bell | 13,271 | 54.4 | -15.5 |
|  | Labor | Edwin Brown | 11,126 | 45.6 | +15.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,397 | 97.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 663 | 2.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 25,060 | 95.2 |  |
|  | United Australia **hold** | | **Swing** | -15.5 |  |

#### 1931

1931 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | United Australia | George Bell | 16,149 | 69.9 | +16.3 |
|  | Labor | Joseph McGrath | 6,962 | 30.1 | -16.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 23,111 | 96.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 887 | 3.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 23,998 | 96.3 |  |
|  | United Australia **hold** | | **Swing** | +14.0 |  |

### Elections in the 1920s

#### 1929

1929 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell | 11,982 | 53.6 | -18.3 |
|  | Labor | Henry Lane | 5,233 | 23.4 | +23.4 |
|  | Labor | Thomas d'Alton | 5,137 | 23.0 | +23.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 22,352 | 98.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 443 | 1.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 22,795 | 95.1 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell |  | 55.9 | -16.0 |
|  | Labor | Henry Lane |  | 44.1 | +44.1 |
|  | Nationalist **hold** | | **Swing** | -16.0 |  |

#### 1928

1928 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell | 14,880 | 71.9 | +9.4 |
|  | Independent | James Campbell | 5,813 | 28.1 | +28.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,693 | 93.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,385 | 6.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 22,078 | 94.0 |  |
|  | Nationalist **hold** | | **Swing** | +10.6 |  |

#### 1925

1925 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell | 9,682 | 48.1 | +17.5 |
|  | Labor | Henry Lane | 7,541 | 37.5 | +37.5 |
|  | Nationalist | Hubert Nichols | 2,886 | 14.4 | +14.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,109 | 95.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 939 | 4.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 21,048 | 90.7 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell | 12,164 | 60.5 | +10.9 |
|  | Labor | Henry Lane | 7,945 | 39.5 | +39.5 |
|  | Nationalist **gain** from Country | | **Swing** | +10.9 |  |

#### 1922

1922 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell | 4,533 | 45.1 | -1.3 |
|  | Country | Joshua Whitsitt | 4,051 | 40.3 | +40.3 |
|  | Independent | James Campbell | 1,473 | 14.6 | +14.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 10,057 | 96.0 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 424 | 4.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 10,481 | 46.5 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Country | Joshua Whitsitt | 5,069 | 50.4 | +50.4 |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell | 4,988 | 49.6 | -2.5 |
|  | Country **gain** from Nationalist | | **Swing** | +2.5 |  |

### Elections in the 1910s

#### 1919

1919 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist | George Bell | 6,630 | 54.0 | -4.8 |
|  | Labor | Joseph Lyons | 5,645 | 46.0 | +4.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 12,275 | 97.8 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 274 | 2.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 12,549 | 67.2 |  |
|  | Nationalist **hold** | | **Swing** | -4.8 |  |

#### 1917 by-election

1917 Darwin by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist | William Spence | 6,665 | 56.06 | −2.73 |
|  | Labor | James Hurst | 5,225 | 43.94 | +2.73 |
| Total formal votes | | | 11,890 | 99.60 | +2.13 |
| Informal votes | | | 48 | 0.40 | −2.13 |
| Registered electors | | | 19,300 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 11,938 | 61.85 | −21.30 |
|  | Nationalist **hold** | | **Swing** | −2.73 |  |

Charles Howroyd (Nationalist) died.

#### 1917

1917 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist | Charles Howroyd | 9,073 | 58.8 | +14.9 |
|  | Labor | King O'Malley | 6,361 | 41.2 | -14.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 15,434 | 97.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 401 | 2.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 15,835 | 83.2 |  |
|  | Nationalist **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | +14.9 |  |

#### 1914

1914 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | King O'Malley | 8,585 | 56.1 | +4.0 |
|  | Liberal | Ernest Plummer | 6,723 | 43.9 | -4.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 15,308 | 97.8 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 340 | 2.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 15,648 | 78.6 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.0 |  |

#### 1913

1913 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | King O'Malley | 8,312 | 52.1 | -11.2 |
|  | Liberal | Alexander Marshall | 7,652 | 47.9 | +11.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 15,964 | 97.6 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 396 | 2.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 16,360 | 76.7 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -11.2 |  |

#### 1910

1910 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | King O'Malley | 6,681 | 63.3 | +8.3 |
|  | Liberal | William Fisher | 3,881 | 36.7 | +0.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 10,862 | 97.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 234 | 2.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 10,796 | 53.6 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.8 |  |

### Elections in the 1900s

#### 1906

1906 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | King O'Malley | 5,215 | 55.0 | +4.6 |
|  | Anti-Socialist | William Lamerton | 3,420 | 36.0 | +36.0 |
|  | Ind. Anti-Socialist | Henry Bannister | 849 | 8.9 | +8.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 9,484 | 95.8 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 420 | 4.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 9,904 | 55.3 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Swing** | +8.8 |  |

#### 1903

1903 Australian federal election: Darwin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | King O'Malley | 4,483 | 50.4 | +50.4 |
|  | Protectionist | James Brickhill | 4,354 | 49.0 | +49.0 |
|  | Independent | James Gaffney | 53 | 0.6 | +0.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 8,890 | 99.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 458 | 4.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 9,348 | 58.0 |  |
|  | Labour **win** | | *(new seat)* | | |


title: Roger Larivée

abstract: Roger Larivée is a former politician in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He served on the Montreal city council from 1978 to 1982 as a member of the Civic Party of Montreal. Larivée worked at his family's roofing firm in private life. He first ran for a seat on city council in the 1974 municipal election and was defeated in the second Saint-Jacques ward. He was elected in the 1978 municipal election, in which the Civic Party won a landslide majority, and served for the next four years as a backbench supporter of mayor Jean Drapeau's administration. He was defeated by Robert Perreault of the Montreal Citizens' Movement in the 1982 election. Larivée intended to run as a Civic Party candidate again in the 1986 municipal election but was denied the nomination. He later briefly affiliated with the Montreal Municipal Democratic Alliance party, but ultimately chose to run as an independent. He finished a distant third.

text:
# Roger Larivée

**Roger Larivée** is a former politician in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He served on the Montreal city council from 1978 to 1982 as a member of the Civic Party of Montreal.

Larivée worked at his family's roofing firm in private life. He first ran for a seat on city council in the 1974 municipal election and was defeated in the second Saint-Jacques ward. He was elected in the 1978 municipal election, in which the Civic Party won a landslide majority, and served for the next four years as a backbench supporter of mayor Jean Drapeau's administration. He was defeated by Robert Perreault of the Montreal Citizens' Movement in the 1982 election.

Larivée intended to run as a Civic Party candidate again in the 1986 municipal election but was denied the nomination. He later briefly affiliated with the Montreal Municipal Democratic Alliance party, but ultimately chose to run as an independent. He finished a distant third.

## Electoral record

| 1986 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Laurier | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Montreal Citizens' Movement | | Robert Perreault (incumbent) | 3,701 | 70.67 |
| Civic Party of Montreal | | Gilles Lupien | 1,137 | 21.71 |
| Independent | | Roger Larivée | 399 | 7.62 |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,237 | 100 |
| *Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal.* | | | | |

| 1982 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Laurier | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Montreal Citizens' Movement | | Robert Perreault | 2,635 | 49.73 |
| Civic Party of Montreal | | Roger Larivée (incumbent) | 2,137 | 40.33 |
| Municipal Action Group | | Gilles Côté | 527 | 9.95 |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,299 | 100 |
| *Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal.* | | | | |

| 1978 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Laurier | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Civic Party of Montreal | | Roger Larivée | 3,681 | 58.99 |
| Montreal Citizens' Movement | | Louis-André Cadieux | 1,483 | 23.77 |
| Municipal Action Group | | François Patenaude | 1,076 | 17.24 |
| Total valid votes | | | 6,240 | 100 |
| Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal. Party identifications are taken from *Le Devoir*, 11 November 1978. | | | | |

| 1974 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Saint-Jacques, Ward Two | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Montreal Citizens' Movement | | Raymond Poulin | 6,025 | 47.19 |
| Civic Party of Montreal | | Aimé Y. Charron | 4,880 | 38.22 |
| Independent | | Roger Larivée | 1,175 | 9.20 |
| Democracy Montreal | | Léo Manseau | 688 | 5.39 |
| Total valid votes | | | 12,768 | 100 |
| Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal. Party affiliations are taken from the *Montreal Star*, 11 November 1974, A11. | | | | |

1. Ann Laughlin, "MCM has firm grip in most 'Dore country' districts," *Montreal Gazette*, 6 November 1988, A4.
2. Larivée discovered he was being replaced as a candidate due to a chance meeting with Gilles Lupien, who unknowingly told him that he (Lupien) was being drafted as a Civic Party candidate as the party "want\[ed\] to unload the guy they had" in the area. See Ingrid Peritz, "For Civic Party, picking candidates is a real shot in the dark," *Montreal Gazette*, 25 October 1986, A4.
3. "New party wants casinos in Old Montreal," *Montreal Gazette*, 30 August 1986, A3.