title: Spalding (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: Spalding was a county constituency in Lincolnshire, which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election, and abolished for the 1918 general election.

text:
# Spalding (UK Parliament constituency)

**Spalding** was a county constituency in Lincolnshire, which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The constituency was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election, and abolished for the 1918 general election.

## Members of Parliament

| Year | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1885 | Murray Finch-Hatton | Conservative |
|  | 1887 | Halley Stewart | Liberal |
|  | 1895 | Harry Pollock | Liberal Unionist |
|  | 1900 | Horace Rendall Mansfield | Liberal |
|  | 1910 | Francis McLaren | Liberal |
|  | 1917 | George Peel | Liberal |
| 1918 | | *constituency abolished* | |

## Elections

### Elections in the 1880s

General election 1885: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Murray Finch-Hatton** | **4,658** | **50.4** |  |
|  | Liberal | Halley Stewart | 4,580 | 49.6 |  |
| Majority | | | 78 | 0.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 9,238 | 79.7 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 11,597 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

General election 1886: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Murray Finch-Hatton** | **4,561** | **51.6** | **+1.2** |
|  | Liberal | Halley Stewart | 4,273 | 48.4 | −1.2 |
| Majority | | | 288 | 3.2 | +2.4 |
| Turnout | | | 8,834 | 76.2 | −3.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,597 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +1.2 |  |

Finch-Hatton succeeded to the peerage, becoming Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham, causing a by-election.

By-election, 1 Jul 1887: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Halley Stewart** | **5,110** | **53.9** | **+5.5** |
|  | Conservative | George Tryon | 4,363 | 46.1 | −5.5 |
| Majority | | | 747 | 7.8 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 9,473 | 77.7 | +1.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,188 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | +5.5 |  |

### Elections in the 1890s

General election 1892: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Halley Stewart** | **4,660** | **51.8** | **+3.4** |
|  | Liberal Unionist | Harry Pollock | 4,334 | 48.2 | 3.4 |
| Majority | | | 326 | 3.6 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 8,994 | 68.9 | 7.3 |
| Registered electors | | | 13,054 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | +3.4 |  |

General election 1895: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Unionist** | **Harry Pollock** | **4,623** | **52.0** | **+3.8** |
|  | Liberal | Halley Stewart | 4,274 | 48.0 | −3.8 |
| Majority | | | 349 | 4.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 8,897 | 69.6 | +0.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,775 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Unionist **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | +3.8 |  |

### Elections in the 1900s

General election 1900: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Horace Mansfield** | **4,352** | **50.3** | **+2.3** |
|  | Liberal Unionist | Ernest Pollock | 4,295 | 49.7 | −2.3 |
| Majority | | | 57 | 0.6 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 8,647 | 68.9 | −0.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,550 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Liberal Unionist | | Swing | +2.3 |  |

General election 1906: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Horace Mansfield** | **5,800** | **58.1** | **+7.8** |
|  | Liberal Unionist | Ernest Pollock | 4,180 | 41.9 | −7.8 |
| Majority | | | 1,620 | 16.2 | +15.6 |
| Turnout | | | 9,980 | 68.3 | −0.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 14,617 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +7.8 |  |

### Elections in the 1910s

General election January 1910: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Francis McLaren** | **5,527** | **51.8** | **−6.3** |
|  | Conservative | William Royce | 5,148 | 48.2 | +6.3 |
| Majority | | | 379 | 3.6 | −12.6 |
| Turnout | | | 10,675 | 78.2 | +9.9 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | −6.3 |  |

General election December 1910: Spalding
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Francis McLaren** | **5,335** | **51.3** | **−0.5** |
|  | Conservative | William Royce | 5,070 | 48.7 | +0.5 |
| Majority | | | 265 | 2.6 | −1.0 |
| Turnout | | | 10,405 | 76.3 | −1.9 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | −0.5 |  |

## General Election 1914/15

Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

1917 Spalding by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **George Peel** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Spalding | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| 18851918 | |
| Seats | one |
| Created from | South Lincolnshire |
| Replaced by | Holland with Boston |


title: Speed of advance

abstract: Speed of advance (SOA) is used to indicate the speed to be made along the intended track. The intended speed along the track with respect to the earth, taking into consideration the effect of known or predicted current; speed along the track. SOA is also used to designate the average speed that must be made good to arrive at a destination at a specified time.

text:
# Speed of advance

**Speed of advance** (SOA) is used to indicate the speed to be made along the intended track. The intended (anticipated, desired) speed along the track with respect to the earth, taking into consideration the effect of known or predicted current; speed along the track. SOA is also used to designate the average speed that must be made good to arrive at a destination at a specified time.

* Bowditch, Nathaniel (2013). *The American Practical Navigation*. National Geospatial Intelligence Agency. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62087-796-8.
* Maloney, Elbert S. (1985). *Dutton's Navigation and Piloting*. Naval Institute Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-87021-157-9.


title: Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat

abstract: Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat is a 2009 documentary film, directed by Spencer Halpin, an American independent filmmaker. The title of the film is in part a reference to the Mortal Kombat series of video games. The title was changed from Moral Kombat to Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat to avoid the risk of a lawsuit.

text:
# Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat

***Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat*** is a 2009 documentary film, directed by Spencer Halpin, an American independent filmmaker. The title of the film is in part a reference to the *Mortal Kombat* series of video games. The title was changed from *Moral Kombat* to *Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat* to avoid the risk of a lawsuit.

## Overview

Shot entirely in high-definition video, the full-length feature documentary studies the controversial, polarizing subject of the video game controversy through a series of interviews with experts on both sides of the matter – some believing that violent games should be banned, others supporting their protection.

The film makes extensive use of green screen technology to blend the subject matter being discussed (games, characters, archival news footage) in the background, while keeping the interviewee actively in the shot.

The trailer was uploaded to YouTube on December 27, 2006 and was met with overwhelming concern and dismay from gamers around the globe who felt it sensationalized the topic and serves as a rhetoric piece for anti-games and anti-gamer activists and political figures. The trailer was viewed over 100,000 times in the coming weekend and spurred debate on scores of websites.

Interviewed in the film are leading politicians, journalists, academics, consumer advocates and special interest group executives, game developers, retailers, trade associations and publishers. The interviewees among others, include: Dr. David Walsh, Jack Thompson, Dr. Michael Rich, Lorne Lanning, Greg Fischbach, Dean Takahashi, Jeff Griffiths, John Marmaduke, Pamela Eakes, Andy McNamara, Greg Ballard, Bob McKenzie, American McGee, Hal Halpin (Spencer Halpin's brother), Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, Phil O'Neil, Marie Sylla, Ed Williams, Richard Ow, Dr. Henry Jenkins, and Jason Della Rocca.

## Trailer feedback

The film's objectivity has been debated and challenged heavily since the release of the trailer, with many video responses to it being posted on YouTube. Notable among the responses are a series of videos that point out statements made by Jack Thompson, each with a web location leading back to the statement itself. Many respondents believe that Thompson's participation in the movie may rob it of its credibility.

According to Spencer Halpin, the trailer was not targeted at gamers, but rather the "42-year-old women" who were concerned about video game violence issues, but didn't fully understand them. Professor Henry Jenkins recently released an online review of the complete film, applauding it as a balanced representation of both sides of the debate.

## Awards

*Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat* won a Director's Choice Award from the Dallas Film and Video Festival in the Meta Media category. Festival director and founder, Bart Weiss, in summarizing the documentary for attendees said, “This is not an easy ‘Nasty video games are bad and are the cause of the destruction of man’ type of video. It is thoughtful, very thorough, and it definitely presents both sides of the argument. The film is incredibly well-produced and directed, melding the interview into hi-res images from the games. Indeed, by the end of the film you are exhausted by the barrage of these graphics, many of them violent. The effect is, well, the effect of these images. For someone like me who is not a gamer (well I play basketball, that's real ball, not a Wii game), the effect is disconnecting and without playing gives you an idea of what it's about. The film makes you feel what video games really are while you're hearing about their effects; it's very powerful and a must-see. Many documentaries have footage that shows you what the subject is about very few make you feel it like this one does. As a festival that is very much interested in the effects of media on our psyche, this is a must see.”

## InfoBox

| Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Spencer Halpin |
| Written by | Steven Kent
Skylar James |
| Produced by | Spencer Halpin
Ramy Katrib |
| Starring | David Walsh
Jack Thompson
Michael Rich
Lorne Lanning
Greg Fischbach
Dean Takahashi
Jeff Griffiths
John Marmaduke
Pamela Eakes
Andy McNamara
Greg Ballard
Bob McKenzie
American McGee
Hal Halpin
Dave Grossman
Phil O'Neil
Marie Sylla
Ed Williams
Richard Ow
Henry Jenkins
Jason Della Rocca
Doug Lowenstein
Vince Broady |
| Cinematography | Jeff Orsa |
| Edited by | Lakan de Leon |
| Music by | Mark Petrie |
| Release date | * June 5, 2009 (2009-06-05) (Connecticut Film Festival) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Cielmice, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Cielmice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borek Wielkopolski, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Borek Wielkopolski, 18 km (11 mi) east of Gostyń, and 62 km (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Cielmice, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Cielmice** \[t͡ɕɛlˈmit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borek Wielkopolski, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Borek Wielkopolski, 18 km (11 mi) east of Gostyń, and 62 km (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Cielmice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Cielmice | |
| Coordinates: 51°53′26″N 17°16′18″E / 51.89056°N 17.27167°E / 51.89056; 17.27167 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Gostyń |
| Gmina | Borek Wielkopolski |


title: Spearhead

abstract: A spearhead is the sharpened point (head) of a spear, similar to an arrowhead. It is often a separate piece called a projectile point. Spearhead may also refer to:

text:
# Spearhead

A **spearhead** is the sharpened point (head) of a spear, similar to an arrowhead. It is often a separate piece called a projectile point.

**Spearhead** may also refer to:

## Armed conflict

## Film and television

## Geography

* The Spearhead, a peak in Whistler, British Columbia
* Spearhead Glacier, a glacier named after the associated peak in Whistler, British Columbia
* Spearhead Range, a subrange of the Garibaldi Ranges of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia

## Literature

## Music

## Politics

## Other


title: Spegazziniophytum

abstract: Spegazziniophytum is a genus of plants in the family Euphorbiaceae first described in 2001. It contains only one known species, Spegazziniophytum patagonicum, which is endemic to Argentina.

text:
# Spegazziniophytum

***Spegazziniophytum*** is a genus of plants in the family Euphorbiaceae first described in 2001. It contains only one known species, ***Spegazziniophytum patagonicum***, which is endemic to Argentina (Provinces of Mendoza, Neuquén, Chubut, Santa Cruz).

## InfoBox

| *Spegazziniophytum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Euphorbioideae |
| Tribe: | Hippomaneae |
| Subtribe: | Hippomaninae |
| Genus: | *Spegazziniophytum*
Esser |
| Species: | ***S. patagonicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spegazziniophytum patagonicum***
(Speg.)Esser | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Colliguaja patagonica* Speg. * *Sapium patagonicum* (Speg.) D.J.Rogers * *Spirostachys patagonica* Griseb. * *Stillingia patagonica* (Speg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. | |


title: Spegazzinia

abstract: - Spegazzinia is also a synonym of the cactus genus Rebutia. Spegazzinia is a genus of widely distributed mitosporic ascomycete fungi in the family Didymosphaeriaceae.As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020. It was earlier placed in the family Apiosporaceae in 2008. This genus is somewhat related to other lobed or ornamented genera, such as Candelabrum. No information is available regarding health effects, toxicity, or allergenicity. The distinctive spores of Spegazzinia are occasionally identified on spore trap samples. It may also be found in the air by culturable (Andersen) samples if a long enough incubation period is provided so that sporulation occurs. Laboratories have never found this organism growing on indoor environmental surfaces. Natural habitat includes soil and many kinds of trees and plants. The genus was circumscribed by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1880, in Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) vol. 2, page 140. The genus name of Spegazzinia is in honour of Carlo Luigi Spegazzini,, an Italian-born Argentinian botanist and mycologist.

text:
# Spegazzinia

*Spegazzinia is also a synonym of the cactus genus Rebutia.*

***Spegazzinia*** is a genus of widely distributed mitosporic ascomycete fungi in the family Didymosphaeriaceae.As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.

It was earlier placed in the family Apiosporaceae in 2008. This genus is somewhat related to other lobed or ornamented genera, such as *Candelabrum*. No information is available regarding health effects, toxicity, or allergenicity. The distinctive spores of *Spegazzinia* are occasionally identified on spore trap samples. It may also be found in the air by culturable (Andersen) samples if a long enough incubation period is provided so that sporulation occurs. Laboratories have never found this organism growing on indoor environmental surfaces. Natural habitat includes soil and many kinds of trees and plants.

The genus was circumscribed by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1880, in *Rev. Mycol.* (Toulouse) vol. 2, page 140. The genus name of *Spegazzinia* is in honour of Carlo Luigi Spegazzini, (in Spanish Carlos Luis Spegazzini; 1858–1926), an Italian-born Argentinian botanist and mycologist.

## Taxonomy

### Species

The following species are accepted by Species Fungorum:

### Former taxa

The following taxa were formally recognised:

## InfoBox

| *Spegazzinia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Didymosphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | *Spegazzinia*
Sacc. (1880) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Spegazzinia ornata*
Speg. (1880) | |
| Species | |
| *See text* | |


abstract: The southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forest is a forest system found in Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia. These forests occur in the drainages of blackwater rivers and streams whose dark water is caused by high levels of tannins, particulates, and other materials accumulated as they drain through swamps and marshes. The water has little mineral sediment and few suspended clay particles. Typical trees of these forests include bald cypress, water tupelo, swamp tupelo, sweetbay, and Atlantic white cedar. Common shrubs are buckwheat tree and swamp cyrilla. Netted chain fern is also found here.

text:
# Southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forest

The **southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forest** is a forest system found in Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia. These forests occur in the drainages of blackwater rivers and streams whose dark water is caused by high levels of tannins, particulates, and other materials accumulated as they drain through swamps and marshes. The water has little mineral sediment and few suspended clay particles.

Typical trees of these forests include bald cypress (*Taxodium distichum*), water tupelo (*Nyssa aquatica*), swamp tupelo (*Nyssa biflora*), sweetbay (*Magnolia virginiana*), and Atlantic white cedar (*Chamaecyparis thyoides*). Common shrubs are buckwheat tree (*Cliftonia monophylla*) and swamp cyrilla (*Cyrilla racemiflora*). Netted chain fern (*Lorinseria areolata*) is also found here.


title: Southern chorus frog

abstract:
The southern chorus frog is a species of frog in the family Hylidae, endemic to the southeastern United States. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate grassland, shrub-dominated wetlands, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, ponds, open excavations, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Southern chorus frog

The **southern chorus frog** (***Pseudacris nigrita***) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae, endemic to the southeastern United States. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate grassland, shrub-dominated wetlands, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, ponds, open excavations, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| Southern chorus frog | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudacris* |
| Species: | ***P. nigrita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudacris nigrita***
(LeConte, 1825) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Rana nigrita* LeConte, 1825
*Cystignathus nigritus* Holbrook, 1842 | |


title: Speed, Missouri

abstract: Speed is an unincorporated community in Palestine Township, Cooper County, Missouri, United States.

text:
# Speed, Missouri

**Speed** is an unincorporated community in Palestine Township, Cooper County, Missouri, United States.

## Geography

Speed is located along Missouri Route F on the west bank of Stephens Branch of Petite Saline Creek, four miles north of Bunceton. Boonville is nine miles to the north-northeast. The community of Bellair is two miles to the west on Missouri Route 5.

## History

Speed was originally named New Palestine, and under the latter name was laid out in 1868. The present name is after Austin Speed, a railroad official. A post office called New Palestine was established in 1869, the name was changed to Speed in 1898, and the post office closed in 1955.

## InfoBox

| Speed, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Speed | |
| Coordinates: 38°50′53″N 92°48′12″W / 38.84806°N 92.80333°W / 38.84806; -92.80333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Cooper County |
| Township | Palestine Township |
| Elevation | 669 ft (204 m) |
| ZIP code | 65233 |


title: Sphinx morio

abstract: Sphinx morio, the larch hawk moth or Asian pine hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Russia, the Korean Peninsula, Japan and China. The wingspan is 60–80 mm. The larvae feed on Picea, Larix, Pinus and Abies species. In the Altai, it can be a major pest of Pinus sylvestris, sometimes causing complete defoliation of large areas.

text:
# Sphinx morio

***Sphinx morio***, the **larch hawk moth** or **Asian pine hawkmoth**, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Russia, the Korean Peninsula, Japan and China.

The wingspan is 60–80 mm.

The larvae feed on *Picea* (including *Picea asperata* and *Picea jezoensis*), *Larix* (including *Larix kaempferi*, *Larix sibirica*, and *Larix gmelinii* var. *olgensis*), *Pinus* (including *Pinus sibirica*, *Pinus sylvestris*, *Pinus koraiensis*, *Pinus densiflora*, *Pinus thunbergii* and *Pinus sylvestris* var. *mongolica*) and *Abies* species (including *Abies fabri*). In the Altai, it can be a major pest of *Pinus sylvestris*, sometimes causing complete defoliation of large areas.

## Subspecies

* *Sphinx morio morio* (Honshu in Japan)
* *Sphinx morio arestus* (Jordan, 1931) (central Russia and the Altai eastward through Mongolia and northeastern China, to Primorskiy Kray, Sakhalin Island, the Korean Peninsula and Tsushima in Japan)
* *Sphinx morio inouei* (Owada & Kogi, 1992) (northern Hokkaido in Japan)

## InfoBox

| Larch hawk moth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Sphinx* |
| Species: | ***S. morio*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphinx morio***<br>(Rothschild & Jordan, 1903) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hyloicus morio* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 * *Sphinx laricis* Rozkhov, 1972 * *Hyloicus morio inouei* Owada & Kogi, 1992 * *Hyloicus morio arestus* Jordan, 1931 * *Hyloicus morio heilongjiangensis* Zhao & Zhang, 1992 * *Sphinx caligineus hakodoensis* O. Bang-Haas, 1936 | |


title: Spiegel (surname)

abstract: Spiegel is a surname of German origin. In German language Spiegel means mirror. Spiegel is an ancient German Christian surname. Family tradition says it was taken from a town or lake named Spiegel. There is a small community south of Munich named Spiegel. The name Spiegel goes back to at least the 12th century, when the Spiegel family were barons of Desenburg and Peckelsheim in Hessen; one noted person was Heinrich III Spiegel zum Desenberg (1361–80), Bishop of Paderborn. There are also a significant number of Jewish people with the surname, and it is said that this name originated from a house sign in the Frankfurt am Main (Judengasse) picturing a mirror. The form Spiegel is documented in Frankfurt am Main since the 16th century. Variants are Szpiegel, Schpiegel, Shpi(e)gel, Şpighel, etc. Family lore, as told by the family of Joseph Spiegel scion of the Spiegel Family of catalogue fame, says that the family name in Germany had been Meyer. Big Meyer, bought a large mirror for the house. When he got it home, it was too big to fit. So, it was leaned against a nearby tree. When people came into the valley, the sun reflected off the mirror. The house became known as the Spiegel house. The family adopted the name.

text:
# Spiegel (surname)

**Spiegel** is a surname of German origin. In German language Spiegel means mirror.

Spiegel is an ancient German Christian surname. Family tradition says it was taken from a town or lake named Spiegel. There is a small community south of Munich named Spiegel. The name Spiegel goes back to at least the 12th century, when the Spiegel family were barons of Desenburg and Peckelsheim in Hessen; one noted person was Heinrich III Spiegel zum Desenberg (1361–80), Bishop of Paderborn.

There are also a significant number of Jewish people with the surname, and it is said that this name originated from a house sign in the Frankfurt am Main (*Judengasse*) picturing a mirror. The form *Spiegel* is documented in Frankfurt am Main since the 16th century. Variants are *Szpiegel, Schpiegel, Shpi(e)gel, Şpighel*, etc. Family lore, as told by the family of Joseph Spiegel scion of the Spiegel Family of catalogue fame, says that the family name in Germany had been Meyer. Big Meyer, bought a large mirror for the house. When he got it home, it was too big to fit. So, it was leaned against a nearby tree. When people came into the valley, the sun reflected off the mirror. The house became known as the Spiegel house. The family adopted the name.

## People with the surname Spiegel

### Fictional

* Spike Spiegel, Bounty hunter, pilot and former gangster; a character in Cowboy Bebop


title: Spiegel Grove

abstract: Spiegel Grove, also known as Spiegel Grove State Park, Rutherford B. Hayes House, Rutherford B. Hayes Summer Home and Rutherford B. Hayes State Memorial was the estate of Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th president of the United States, located at the corner of Hayes and Buckland Avenues in Fremont, Ohio. Spiegel is the German and Dutch word for mirror. The traditional story is that the estate was named by Hayes' uncle Sardis Birchard, who first built it for his own residence. He named it for the reflective pools of water that collected on the property after a rain shower. Rutherford Hayes inherited the estate and moved there in 1873. He died in 1893 and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery next to his wife who had died in 1889. Following the gift of this home to the state of Ohio for the Spiegel Grove State Park, their bodies were reinterred at Spiegel Grove in 1915. They are buried at a memorial on the property. The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, established in 1916, is also located here. "Old Whitey", a war horse that served during the Civil War and belonged to then-Major Hayes, became the mascot of the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The horse was buried at Spiegel Grove upon his death in 1879, with a grave marker reading Old Whitey A Hero of Nineteen Battles 1861–1865. Spiegel Grove was designated as a National Historic Landmark on January 29, 1964. On October 15, 1966, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Spiegel Grove

**Spiegel Grove**, also known as **Spiegel Grove State Park**, **Rutherford B. Hayes House**, **Rutherford B. Hayes Summer Home** and **Rutherford B. Hayes State Memorial** was the estate of Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th president of the United States, located at the corner of Hayes and Buckland Avenues in Fremont, Ohio. *Spiegel* is the German and Dutch word for *mirror*. The traditional story is that the estate was named by Hayes' uncle Sardis Birchard, who first built it for his own residence. He named it for the reflective pools of water that collected on the property after a rain shower.

Rutherford Hayes inherited the estate and moved there in 1873. He died in 1893 and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery next to his wife who had died in 1889. Following the gift of this home to the state of Ohio for the Spiegel Grove State Park, their bodies were reinterred at Spiegel Grove in 1915. They are buried at a memorial on the property. The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, established in 1916, is also located here.

"*Old Whitey*", a war horse that served during the Civil War and belonged to then-Major (later Major General) Hayes, became the mascot of the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The horse was buried at Spiegel Grove upon his death in 1879, with a grave marker reading *Old Whitey A Hero of Nineteen Battles 1861–1865*.

Spiegel Grove was designated as a National Historic Landmark on January 29, 1964.

On October 15, 1966, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

## Design

The house was built around 1860 for Sardis Birchard as a two-story brick mansion. It featured many bedrooms and a wrap-around porch. In 1880, after Rutherford B. Hayes had moved in, he expanded the house by the addition of 5 new rooms, and the massive staircase that led all the way up to the 4th floor. In 1889, 6 more rooms were added to the house, giving it its current appearance. After the expansions, the house had more than 30 rooms and 10,000 square feet (930 m2) of living space.

## Tourism

The estate was given to the state for the Spiegel Grove State Park. Since then, the house has been open for tourists as a house museum. For a fee, visitors can view the various rooms as well as furniture, books, and other items in the house. Visitors are allowed to access most of the rooms on the first and second floors. The third and fourth floors are not open to the public.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Spiegel Grove (Rutherford B. Hayes Summer Home) | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location for Spiegel Grove | |
| Location | Fremont, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 41°20′29″N 83°07′48″W / 41.34139°N 83.13000°W / 41.34139; -83.13000 |
| Area | 25 acres (100,000 m2) |
| Built | 1873 |
| Architect | Sardis Birchard |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000624 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | January 29, 1964 |


title: Châtrices

abstract: Châtrices is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Châtrices

**Châtrices** (French pronunciation: \[ʃatʁis\]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Châtrices | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The former railway station in Châtrices | |
|  | |
| Location of Châtrices | |
| ChâtricesChâtrices | |
| Coordinates: 49°02′20″N 4°56′20″E / 49.0389°N 4.9389°E / 49.0389; 4.9389 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Châlons-en-Champagne |
| Canton | Argonne Suippe et Vesle |
| Intercommunality | Argonne Champenoise |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean Notat |
| Area**1** | 19.53 km2 (7.54 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 36 |
| Density | 1.8/km2 (4.8/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 51138 /51800 |
| Elevation | 148 m (486 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Sphingonaepiopsis obscurus

abstract: Sphingonaepiopsis obscurus is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Madagascar.

text:
# Sphingonaepiopsis obscurus

***Sphingonaepiopsis obscurus*** is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Sphingonaepiopsis obscurus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Sphingonaepiopsis* |
| Species: | ***S. obscurus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphingonaepiopsis obscurus***<br>(Mabille, 1880) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pterogon obscurus* Mabille, 1880 | |


title: Sphingonaepiopsis nana

abstract: Sphingonaepiopsis nana, the savanna hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found from the Kerman Province, Hormozgan Province and Baluchistan in southern Iran and western Saudi Arabia to the southern Arabian Peninsula and eastern Africa to Natal, west to the Gambia. The wingspan is 25–30 mm. Adults are on wing in March and April. A specimen captured in early October indicates there might be a second generation. The larvae feed on various Rubiaceae species, including Kohautia, Galium, Rubia and Jaubertia.

text:
# Sphingonaepiopsis nana

***Sphingonaepiopsis nana***, the **savanna hawkmoth**, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found from the Kerman Province, Hormozgan Province and Baluchistan in southern Iran and western Saudi Arabia to the southern Arabian Peninsula (including the United Arab Emirates, northern Oman and Yemen) and eastern Africa to Natal, west to the Gambia.

The wingspan is 25–30 mm. Adults are on wing in March and April. A specimen captured in early October indicates there might be a second generation.

The larvae feed on various Rubiaceae species, including *Kohautia*, *Galium*, *Rubia* and *Jaubertia*.

* Pittaway, A. R. (2018). "*Sphingonaepiopsis nana* (Walker, 1856)". *Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic*. Retrieved December 10, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Savanna hawkmoth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| From South Africa (above) and Yemen (mounted specimen) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Sphingonaepiopsis* |
| Species: | ***S. nana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphingonaepiopsis nana***<br>(Walker, 1856) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lophura nana* Walker, 1856 * *Lophura nanum* Boisduval, 1847 * *Sphingonaepiopsis gracilipes* Wallengren, 1858 * *Sphingonaepiopsis nanum* Boisduval, 1875 | |


title: Sphingonotus

abstract: Sphingonotus is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Oedipodinae, found in Europe Africa, Asia and Australia.

text:
# Sphingonotus

***Sphingonotus*** is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Oedipodinae, found in Europe Africa, Asia and Australia.

## Species

The *Orthoptera Species File* lists:

subgenus *Neosphingonotus* Benediktov, 1998 * species group *azurescens* (Rambur, 1838)

1. *Sphingonotus azurescens* (Rambur, 1838)
2. *Sphingonotus canariensis* Saussure, 1884
3. *Sphingonotus finotianus* (Saussure, 1885)
4. *Sphingonotus fuerteventurae* Husemann, 2008
5. *Sphingonotus morini* (Defaut, 2005)
6. *Sphingonotus pachecoi* (Bolívar, 1908)
7. *Sphingonotus sublaevis* (Bolívar, 1908)
8. *Sphingonotus tricinctus* (Walker, 1870)

* unplaced in species group

1. *Sphingonotus almeriense* Llucià Pomares, 2013
2. *Sphingonotus angulatus* Uvarov, 1922
3. *Sphingonotus dentatus* Predtechenskii, 1937
4. *Sphingonotus nodulosus* Llucià Pomares, 2013
5. *Sphingonotus paradoxus* Bey-Bienko, 1948
6. *Sphingonotus pictus* Werner, 1905

subgenus *Parasphingonotus* Benediktov & Husemann, 2009 1. *Sphingonotus femoralis* Uvarov, 1933
2. *Sphingonotus radioserratus* Johnsen, 1985
3. *Sphingonotus turkanae* Uvarov, 1938

subgenus *Sphingonotus* Fieber, 1852 * species group *caerulans* (Linnaeus, 1767)

1. *Sphingonotus caerulans* (Linnaeus, 1767) \- **type species** (as *Gryllus caerulans* = *S. caerulans caerulans* L.)
2. *Sphingonotus corsicus* Chopard, 1924
3. *Sphingonotus gypsicola* Llucià Pomares, 2006
4. *Sphingonotus lluciapomaresi* (Defaut, 2005)
5. *Sphingonotus lusitanicus* Ebner, 1941
6. *Sphingonotus rubescens* (Walker, 1870)
7. *Sphingonotus willemsei* Mistshenko, 1937

* unplaced in species group

1. *Sphingonotus africanus* (Johnsen, 1985)
2. *Sphingonotus albipennis* Krauss, 1902
3. *Sphingonotus altayensis* Zheng & Ren, 1993
4. *Sphingonotus amplofemurus* Huang, 1982
5. *Sphingonotus arenarius* (Lucas, 1847)
6. *Sphingonotus aserbeidshanicus* Ramme, 1951
7. *Sphingonotus asperus* (Brullé, 1840)
8. *Sphingonotus atlanticus* (Popov, 1984)
9. *Sphingonotus atropurpureus* Uvarov, 1930
10. *Sphingonotus balteatus* (Serville, 1838)
11. *Sphingonotus barrizensis* Descamps, 1967
12. *Sphingonotus basutensis* (Dirsh, 1956)
13. *Sphingonotus beybienkoi* Mistshenko, 1937
14. *Sphingonotus brackensis* Usmani, 2008
15. *Sphingonotus brasilianus* Saussure, 1888
16. *Sphingonotus burqinensis* Zheng & Yang, 2006
17. *Sphingonotus caerulistriatus* Zheng & Ren, 2007
18. *Sphingonotus candidus* Costa, 1885
19. *Sphingonotus capensis* Saussure, 1884
20. *Sphingonotus changlangensis* Gupta, Chandra & Husemann, 2019
21. *Sphingonotus coerulipes* Uvarov, 1922
22. *Sphingonotus collenettei* (Uvarov, 1930)
23. *Sphingonotus crivellarii* Jannone, 1936
24. *Sphingonotus diadematus* Vosseler, 1902
25. *Sphingonotus ebneri* Mistshenko, 1937
26. *Sphingonotus elegans* Mistshenko, 1937
27. *Sphingonotus erlixensis* Zheng, Yang, Zhang & Wang, 2007
28. *Sphingonotus erythropterus* Sjöstedt, 1920
29. *Sphingonotus eurasius* Mistshenko, 1937
30. *Sphingonotus fuscoirroratus* (Stål, 1861)
31. *Sphingonotus fuscus* Predtechenskii, 1937
32. *Sphingonotus ganglbaueri* Krauss, 1907
33. *Sphingonotus glabimarginis* Zheng, Yang, Zhang & Wang, 2007
34. *Sphingonotus gobicus* Chogsomzhav, 1975
35. *Sphingonotus guanchus* (Johnsen, 1985)
36. *Sphingonotus haitensis* (Saussure, 1861)
37. *Sphingonotus haitiensis* (Saussure, 1861)
38. *Sphingonotus halocnemi* Uvarov, 1925
39. *Sphingonotus halophilus* Bey-Bienko, 1929
40. *Sphingonotus hierichonicus* Uvarov, 1923
41. *Sphingonotus hoboksarensis* Zheng & Ren, 1993
42. *Sphingonotus huangi* Otte, 1995
43. *Sphingonotus hyalopterus* Zheng & Cao, 1989
44. *Sphingonotus imitans* Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882
45. *Sphingonotus indus* Saussure, 1884
46. *Sphingonotus insularis* (Popov, 1957)
47. *Sphingonotus isfaghanicus* Predtechenskii, 1937
48. *Sphingonotus kashmirensis* Uvarov, 1925
49. *Sphingonotus kirgisicus* Mistshenko, 1937
50. *Sphingonotus kueideensis* Yin, 1984
51. *Sphingonotus lavandulus* Popov, 1980
52. *Sphingonotus laxus* Uvarov, 1952
53. *Sphingonotus lipicus* Zheng & Hang, 1974
54. *Sphingonotus lobulatus* Karny, 1910
55. *Sphingonotus longipennis* Saussure, 1884
56. *Sphingonotus lucasii* Saussure, 1888
57. *Sphingonotus lucidus* Mistshenko, 1937
58. *Sphingonotus luteus* Krauss, 1893
59. *Sphingonotus maculatus* Uvarov, 1925
60. *Sphingonotus maroccanus* Uvarov, 1930
61. *Sphingonotus menglaensis* Wei & Zheng, 2005
62. *Sphingonotus micronacrolius* Zheng & Ren, 1994
63. *Sphingonotus minutus* Mistshenko, 1937
64. *Sphingonotus miramae* Mistshenko, 1937
65. *Sphingonotus mongolicus* Saussure, 1888
66. *Sphingonotus montanus* Mistshenko, 1937
67. *Sphingonotus nadigi* Uvarov, 1933
68. *Sphingonotus nebulosus* (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846)
69. *Sphingonotus nigripennis* (Serville, 1838)
70. *Sphingonotus nigrofemoratus* Huang & Chen, 1982
71. *Sphingonotus niloticus* Saussure, 1888
72. *Sphingonotus ningsianus* Zheng & Gow, 1981
73. *Sphingonotus obscuratus* (Walker, 1870)
74. *Sphingonotus octofasciatus* (Serville, 1838)
75. *Sphingonotus orissaensis* Jago & Bhowmik, 1990
76. *Sphingonotus otogensis* Zheng & Yang, 1997
77. *Sphingonotus pamiricus* Ramme, 1930
78. *Sphingonotus peliepiproct* Zheng & Gong, 2003
79. *Sphingonotus personatus* (Zanon, 1926)
80. *Sphingonotus petilocus* Huang, 1982
81. *Sphingonotus picteti* (Krauss, 1892)
82. *Sphingonotus pictipes* Uvarov & Dirsh, 1952
83. *Sphingonotus pilosus* Saussure, 1884
84. *Sphingonotus pseudatlas* Defaut & François, 2021
85. *Sphingonotus punensis* Dirsh, 1969
86. *Sphingonotus qinghaiensis* Yin, 1984
87. *Sphingonotus rufipes* Predtechenskii, 1937
88. *Sphingonotus rugosus* (Bland & Gangwere, 1998)
89. *Sphingonotus salinus* (Pallas, 1773)
90. *Sphingonotus satrapes* Saussure, 1884
91. *Sphingonotus savignyi* Saussure, 1884
92. *Sphingonotus scabriculus* Stål, 1876
93. *Sphingonotus sindhensis* Bughio, Wagan & Sultana, 2011
94. *Sphingonotus somalicus* (Johnsen, 1985)
95. *Sphingonotus striatus* Li & Zheng, 1993
96. *Sphingonotus taiwanensis* Cao, Shi & Yin, 2016
97. *Sphingonotus takramaensis* Zheng, Xi & Lian, 1994
98. *Sphingonotus taolensis* Zheng, 1992
99. *Sphingonotus tenuipennis* Mistshenko, 1937
100. *Sphingonotus theodori* Uvarov, 1923
101. *Sphingonotus tipicus* Zheng & Hang, 1974
102. *Sphingonotus toliensis* Zheng & Gong, 2003
103. *Sphingonotus tristrial* Zheng & Wang, 2006
104. *Sphingonotus tsinlingensis* Zheng, Tu & Liang, 1963
105. *Sphingonotus turcicus* Uvarov, 1930
106. *Sphingonotus turcmenus* Bey-Bienko, 1951
107. *Sphingonotus tuxeni* Ramme, 1952
108. *Sphingonotus tzaidamicus* Mistshenko, 1937
109. *Sphingonotus uvarovi* Chopard, 1924
110. *Sphingonotus vitreus* Saussure, 1888
111. *Sphingonotus vosseleri* Krauss, 1902
112. *Sphingonotus wulumuqiensis* Gong, Zheng & Niu, 2005
113. *Sphingonotus yamalikeshanensis* Gong, Zheng & Niu, 2005
114. *Sphingonotus yantaiensis* Yin, Xu & Yin, 2012
115. *Sphingonotus yechengensis* Zheng, Xi & Lian, 1994
116. *Sphingonotus yenchihensis* Zheng & Chiu, 1965
117. *Sphingonotus yunnaneus* Uvarov, 1925
118. *Sphingonotus zandaensis* Huang, 1981
119. *Sphingonotus zebra* Mistshenko, 1937
120. *Sphingonotus zhangi* Xu & Zheng, 2007
121. *Sphingonotus zhengi* Huo, 1994
122. *Sphingonotus zhongningensis* Cao, Shi & Yin, 2016

* “temporary names”

1. *Sphingonotus carinatus* Zheng, Li & Ding, 1995
2. *Sphingonotus striatus* Xu & Zheng, 2007

* Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2011). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
* Media related to *Sphingonotus* at Wikimedia Commons
* Data related to *Sphingonotus* at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Sphingonotus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sphingonotus* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Oedipodinae |
| Tribe: | Sphingonotini |
| Genus: | *Sphingonotus*<br>Fieber, 1852 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Fortunata* Bolívar, 1908 * *Granada* Koçak & Kemal, 2008 * *Jacobsiella* Harz, 1975 * *Pseudosphingonotus* Shumakov, 1963 * *Wernerella* Karny, 1907 | |


title: Spirama triloba

abstract: Spirama triloba is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in northern India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Philippines and Indonesia.

text:
# Spirama triloba

***Spirama triloba*** is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in northern India (Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Darjeeling), Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Philippines and Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi).

## InfoBox

| *Spirama triloba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Spirama* |
| Species: | ***S. triloba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spirama triloba***<br>Guenée, 1852 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spirama confusa* Butler, 1889 * *Spirama modesta* Moore, 1882 * *Hypopyra mollis* Guenée, 1852 * *Spirama rosacea* Butler, 1889 | |


title: Spirama recessa

abstract: Spirama recessa is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in New Guinea and tropical northern Australia. The wingspan is about 50 mm. The pattern on the wings looks like the face of a snake with slightly opened mouth.

text:
# Spirama recessa

***Spirama recessa*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in New Guinea and tropical northern Australia.

The wingspan is about 50 mm. The pattern on the wings looks like the face of a snake with slightly opened mouth.

## InfoBox

| *Spirama recessa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Spirama* |
| Species: | ***S. recessa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spirama recessa***<br>(Walker, 1858) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Speiredonia recessa* Walker, 1858 * *Spiramia revolvens* Walker 1858 * *Speiredonia revolvens* | |


title: Ciarán Murtagh

abstract: Ciarán Murtagh is a Gaelic footballer who plays for St Faithleach's and the Roscommon county team. A son of Andy and Breda Murtagh, he completed a degree in corporate law at NUI Galway before returning to his studies at Marino Institute of Education to become a teacher. While at Galway he played in the university's Sigerson Cup team. He made his senior championship debut against Leitrim in the 2014 Connacht Senior Football Championship quarter-final. He scored a late goal against Down in the 2014 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. He has captained Roscommon. Murtagh has also played for Donegal Boston.

text:
# Ciarán Murtagh

**Ciarán Murtagh** (born 1992) is a Gaelic footballer who plays for St Faithleach's and the Roscommon county team.

A son of Andy and Breda Murtagh, he completed a degree in corporate law at NUI Galway before returning to his studies at Marino Institute of Education to become a teacher. While at Galway he played in the university's Sigerson Cup team.

He made his senior championship debut against Leitrim in the 2014 Connacht Senior Football Championship quarter-final. He scored a late goal against Down in the 2014 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

He has captained Roscommon.

Murtagh has also played for Donegal Boston.

## Career statistics

*As of match played 24 June 2023*

| Team | Year | National League | | | Connacht | | All-Ireland | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score |
| Roscommon | 2014 | Division 3 |  |  | 2 | 0-02 | 2 | 1-00 | 4 | 1-02 |
| | 2015 | Division 2 |  |  | 2 | 1-04 | 2 | 0-06 | 4 | 1-10 |
| | 2016 | Division 1 |  |  | 5 | 3-14 | 1 | 0-03 | 6 | 3-17 |
| | | 2017 |  |  | 2 | 0-07 | 2 | 1-02 | 4 | 1-09 |
| | 2018 | Division 2 |  |  | 2 | 1-03 | 4 | 1-15 | 6 | 2-18 |
| | 2019 | Division 1 |  |  | *DNP Championship Matches* | | | |  |  |
| | 2020 | Division 2 |  |  | *DNP Championship Matches* | | | |  |  |
| | 2021 | Division 1 |  |  | 1 | 0-01 | - | | 1 | 0-01 |
| | 2022 | Division 2 |  |  | 2 | 0-05 | 1 | 0-05 | 3 | 0-10 |
| | 2023 | Division 1 |  |  | 2 | 1-06 | 4 | 0-16 | 6 | 1-22 |
| Career total | | |  |  | 18 | 6-42 | 16 | 3-47 | 34 | 9-89 |

## InfoBox

Ciarán Murtagh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Born | 1992 or 1993 (age 31–32) | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| ?
c. 2019 | St Faithleachs
Donegal Boston | | |
| Colleges(s) | | | |
| Years | **College** | | |
| c. 2013 | NUI Galway | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 2014 - Present | Roscommon | 34 (9-89) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Connacht titles | 1 (2017) | | |


title: Ciarán McKeever

abstract: Ciaran McKeever is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for St Patrick's and at senior level for the Armagh county team. He won a National Football League medal in 2005 as Armagh defeated Cavan in the final by 0-15 to 0-7.

text:
# Ciarán McKeever

**Ciaran McKeever** (born 25 June 1983) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for St Patrick's and at senior level for the Armagh county team. He won a National Football League medal in 2005 as Armagh defeated Cavan in the final by 0-15 to 0-7.

## Playing career

From County Armagh, McKeever played for Ireland in the International Rules Series of 2008 and 2010, and again in 2011 when he was vice captain of the team that defeated Australia by 130 to 65. He was called up for the 2013 International Rules Series ahead of the second Test as a replacement for Finian Hanley who suffered a hamstring tear. He played at Croke Park and won the Series.

He is last known to have played in 2022 at the age of 38 when he lined out at full back for his club Cullyhanna in a Division 1B league game as they were low on numbers.

## Management career

McKeever has managed the Mayobridge seniors.

He was appointed Armagh minor manager in November 2018. He was Armagh minor manager until 2021 when he left to take a vacancy with the senior team under the management of Kieran McGeeney.

## InfoBox

Ciarán McKeever
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Centre Back | | |
| Born | (1983-06-25) 25 June 1983<br>Armagh, Northern Ireland | | |
| Height | 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 2000 - 2022 | Cullyhanna | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 2003 - 2017 | Armagh | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Ulster titles | 5 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |
| NFL | 2 | | |
| All Stars | 0 | | |


title: Spin Out (video game)

abstract: Spin Out is a 1986 video game published by Interstel Corporation.

text:
# Spin Out (video game)

***Spin Out*** is a 1986 video game published by Interstel Corporation.

## Gameplay

*Spin Out* is a game in which the drivers compete to finish with the best time in the race.

## Reception

Rick Teverbaugh reviewed the game for *Computer Gaming World*, and stated that "overall, I like Spin Out for a enjoyable bare bones approach to auto racing."

## InfoBox

| Spin Out | |
| --- | --- |
| Publisher(s) | Interstel Corporation |
| Release | 1986 |


title: Spirotropis lithocolleta

abstract: Spirotropis lithocolleta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

text:
# Spirotropis lithocolleta

***Spirotropis lithocolleta*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 10 mm and 16.5 mm.

(Original description) The high, narrow, conical shell has a short base and a blunt apex. It is bluntly angulated and tubercled, thin, smooth, ivory-white. There is no longitudinal sculpture but very fine scratch-like lines of growth. Behind and parallel to the lip-edge there are three narrow sickle-shaped ribs, which are probably an accidental feature. Very slightly above the middle of the whorls runs a feeble angulation set with round but a little narrowed and obliquely elongated knobs, of which there are about 12 on each whorl. On the first regular whorl there are about 10. Before the end of the penultimate they have quite died out, and even the angulation of the whorl tends to disappear. There are faint traces of microscopic spirals over the whole shell, rather in the texture than on the surface. These are rather more distinct below the suture. And in the sinus-area there are two faint impressed lines. The colour of the shell is polished ivory-white. The conical spire is high and narrow. The 2½ embryonic whorls of the protoconch are cylindrical, quite smooth, and have the extreme point very much flattened down on one side so as to make a perfectly rounded tip. The shell contains 11½ whorls in all. They are rather short, and of very regular increase, slightly convex, but not contracted either above or below. The body whorl is very slightly tumid with a rounded base, contracting very rapidly to a short broad snout, which is abruptly truncated at the point. The suture is rather oblique, fine, regular, defined by a slight impression: it rises a very little at the aperture. The aperture is pear-shaped, small, narrow and a little contracted in front. The outer lip is somewhat thickened, with a small reverted edge in the sinus and at the point of the siphonal canal, but sharp and a little contracted in all the rest of its extent. It leaves the body at a slightly acute angle, and retreats at once obliquely, but very shortly, to form the narrow rounded sinus, from which, almost parallel to the line of the suture (i.e., with a very slight oblique direction forwards), it sweeps far out in a great convex-edged wing, retreating again a little to the edge of the very short siphonal canal, where it turns slightly and obliquely forwards. The point of the siphonal canal is open, and cut off obliquely from the right forwards to the point of the pillar. The inner lip has a thin porcellanous glaze, a little thickened at the top. It spreads narrowly on the body, which is a good deal excavated. The columella is straight, short, conical, very little truncated, with a slightly twisted and sharpish edge, and a pretty solid though fine point at the extreme front of the shell.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the demersal zone of the Caribbean Sea (St. Thomas) and the Atlantic Ocean off Brazil.

* "*Spirotropis lithocolleta*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
* Rosenberg G., Moretzsohn F. & García E. F. (2009). *Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico*, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas

## InfoBox

| *Spirotropis lithocolleta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell (and close-up) of *Spirotropis lithocolleta* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Drilliidae |
| Genus: | *Spirotropis* |
| Species: | ***S. lithocolleta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spirotropis lithocolleta***<br>(R.B. Watson, 1881) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Daphnella lithocolleta* (Watson, 1881) * *Daphnella (Raphitoma) lithocolleta* (Watson, 1881) * *Drillia lithocolleta* (Watson, 1881) * *Pleurotoma (Raphitoma) lithocolleta* Watson, 1881 (basionym) * *Pleurotoma (Typhlomangelia) lithocolleta* Watson, 1881 | |


title: Spirotropis modiolus

abstract: Spirotropis modiolus is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

text:
# Spirotropis modiolus

***Spirotropis modiolus*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 17 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils were found in Pliocene strata of Italy; age range: 5.332 to 3.6 Ma.

* "*Spirotropis modiolus*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Spirotropis modiolus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Drilliidae |
| Genus: | *Spirotropis* |
| Species: | ***S. modiolus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spirotropis modiolus***<br>(de Cristofori & Jan, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pleurotoma carinata* Bivona-Bernardi, Ant. in Bivona-Bernardi, And., 1838 * *Spirotropis acutus* L.M.D. Bellardi in E. Sismonda, 1842 * *Spirotropis scalaris* P. Partsch in J. Von Hauer, 1837 | |


title: Sperm sac

abstract:
Sperm sac may refer to:
  - Spermatophore, a mass of spermatozoa, a sperm sac passed between reproductive partners.
  - Spermatheca, an organ in females that stores sperm for later use, the sperm sac.
  - Milt, sperm sacs, large sacs containing large amounts of matured sperm.
  - Epididymis, a part of the extended testes region that stores sperm, the sperm sac.
    - Spermatocele, a deformation of the epididymis, as sacs of fluid and sperm, sperm sacs.
  - Seminal vesicle, a gland for seminal fluid, also called the sperm sac.
    - sperm sac, a blind-end pouch of the seminal vesicle.
  - Testes, testicles; glands that produce sperm, sperm sacs.
  - Scrotum, a sac which holds the testes.

text:
# Sperm sac

**Sperm sac** may refer to:

* Spermatophore, a mass of spermatozoa, a sperm sac passed between reproductive partners.
* Spermatheca, an organ in females that stores sperm for later use, the sperm sac.
* Milt, sperm sacs, large sacs containing large amounts of matured sperm.
* Epididymis, a part of the extended testes region that stores sperm, the sperm sac.
    + Spermatocele, a deformation of the epididymis, as sacs of fluid and sperm, sperm sacs.
* Seminal vesicle, a gland for seminal fluid, also called the sperm sac.
    + sperm sac, a blind-end pouch of the seminal vesicle.
* Testes, testicles; glands that produce sperm, sperm sacs.
* Scrotum, a sac which holds the testes.


title: Cigars, Acappella, Candy

abstract: Cigars, Acappella, Candy is an album by the American singing group the Belmonts, release in 1972. To coincide with a doo-wop television special, Spike Lee & Company: Do It a Cappella, the album was rereleased by Elektra Records in 1990, at the same time as the Persuasions' Chirpin'.

text:
# Cigars, Acappella, Candy

***Cigars, Acappella, Candy*** is an album by the American singing group the Belmonts, release in 1972. To coincide with a doo-wop television special, *Spike Lee & Company: Do It a Cappella*, the album was rereleased by Elektra Records in 1990, at the same time as the Persuasions' *Chirpin'*.

## Production

The album was produced by Bob Feldman. "Street Corner Symphony" is a medley of 14 early pop, doo-wop, and rock and roll songs. The version of George Harrison's "My Sweet Lord", which includes a snippet of the Chiffons' "He's So Fine", employed kazoo and percussion.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

*The New York Times* labeled *Cigars, Acappella, Candy* "more interesting" than the Dion and the Belmonts reunion album, and deemed "Street Corner Symphony" "a miracle of compression." Robert Christgau praised the album but expressed his preference for the Persuasions. Richard Price, in a *Rolling Stone* interview with Dion, similarly considered the album second only to the work of the Persuasions. The *Chicago Tribune* wrote that the Belmonts "handle the a cappella format well, producing a hefty sound with swooping falsetto, vibrant bass, and tight harmonies." *The Commercial Appeal* noted the "superb three-part harmonizing." The *Buffalo Evening News* determined that the Belmonts sing the songs "with style, a little flash and not too much pandering."

In December 1979, the music critics Ed Ward and Greil Marcus included the album on their *Village Voice* ballots for the 10 best albums of the 1970s. In 1992, *The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll* called *Cigars, Acappella, Candy* "some of the most heartbreakingly beautiful doo-wop singing ever recorded." In 2010, *Spin* listed the album as one of eight "essential" doo-wop albums, writing that the Belmonts "sing music that still feels transmitted from space."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "That's My Desire" |  |
| 2. | "Da Doo Ron Ron" |  |
| 3. | "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" |  |
| 4. | "Where or When" |  |
| 5. | "My Sweet Lord" |  |
| 6. | "Rock and Roll Lullabye" |  |
| 7. | "We Belong Together" |  |
| 8. | "Na Na Hey Hey (Kiss Him Goodbye)" |  |
| 9. | "Street Corner Symphony" |  |

## InfoBox

| Cigars, Acappella, Candy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Belmonts | |
| Released | 1972 |
| Genre | Doo-wop, a cappella |
| Label | Buddah |
| Producer | Bob Feldman |
| The Belmonts chronology | |
| ***Cigars, Acappella, Candy***
(1972) *Reunion: Live at Madison Square Garden 1972*
(1973) | |


title: Cipocereus minensis

abstract: Cipocereus minensis is a species of Cipocereus found in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

text:
# Cipocereus minensis

***Cipocereus minensis*** is a species of *Cipocereus* found in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

## Description

It is a columnar cactus grows shrubby with branched, columnar, green shoots and reaches heights of up to 2 meters tall with stems 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter and 10-15 ribs with around 20 spines. The round areoles are covered with white or brownish wool. They give rise to greyish-white or yellowish thorns that darken over time. The 1 to 4 conspicuous central spines, occasionally there are more, are up to 2.5 centimeters long. The 8 to 16 radial spines have a length of 1 to 2 centimeters. It has greenish-white nocturnal flowers, up to 7 cm long and 3 cm in diameter, followed by a blue fruit, spherical in shape when ripe and smooth.

### Subspecies

* *Cipocereus minensis subsp. leiocarpus* N.P.Taylor & Zappi
* *Cipocereus minensis subsp. minensis*

## Distribution

*Cipocereus minensis* is a cactus species endemic to Minas Gerais, Brazil.

## Taxonomy

It was first described as *Cereus minensis* by Erich Werdermann in 1933. The specific epithet "minensis" refers to its occurrence in Minas Gerais. In 1979, Friedrich Ritter reclassified the species into the genus *Cipocereus*.

## InfoBox

| *Cipocereus minensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Genus: | *Cipocereus* |
| Species: | ***C. minensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cipocereus minensis***<br>(Werderm.) F.Ritter 1979 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cephalocereus minensis* (Werderm.) L.Y.Dawson 1957 * *Cereus minensis* Werderm. 1933 * *Coleocephalocereus minensis* (Werderm.) F.H.Brandt 1981 * *Pilocereus minensis* (Werderm.) Backeb. 1935 * *Pilosocereus minensis* (Werderm.) Byles & G.D.Rowley 1957 | |


title: Chwałka

abstract: Chwałka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mrocza, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Chwałka

**Chwałka** \[ˈxfau̯ka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mrocza, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Chwałka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Chwałka | |
| Coordinates: 53°14′17″N 17°37′58″E / 53.23806°N 17.63278°E / 53.23806; 17.63278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Nakło |
| Gmina | Mrocza |


title: Chwastnica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Chwastnica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Domaniów, within Oława County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Domaniów, 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Oława, and 23 kilometres (14 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Chwastnica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Chwastnica** \[xfastˈnit͡sa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Domaniów, within Oława County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Domaniów, 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Oława, and 23 kilometres (14 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Chwastnica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Chwastnica | |
| Coordinates: 50°55′34″N 17°07′11″E / 50.92611°N 17.11972°E / 50.92611; 17.11972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Oława |
| Gmina | Domaniów |


title: Sphaerella platanifolia

abstract: Sphaerella platanifolia is a fungal plant pathogen infecting plane trees.

text:
# Sphaerella platanifolia

***Sphaerella platanifolia*** is a fungal plant pathogen infecting plane trees.

## InfoBox

| *Sphaerella platanifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Subclass: | Dothideomycetidae |
| Order: | Capnodiales |
| Family: | Mycosphaerellaceae |
| Genus: | *Sphaerella* |
| Species: | ***S. platanifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphaerella platanifolia***<br>Cooke | |
|


title: Spinout (video game)

abstract: Spinout is a video game developed by UK-based developer Icon Games. It was released on PlayStation Portable in 2008. It is an arcade-style racing game where the player races in a spherical object, called a Xorb. The 54 tracks raced on are set high above the ground, in 9 different environments. Features include 4 person multiplayer, Xorb customisation, and unlockable rewards. The game was also released on the PlayStation 2 under the title Realplay Puzzlesphere, which came with a bespoke controller.

text:
# Spinout (video game)

***Spinout*** is a video game developed by UK-based developer Icon Games. It was released on PlayStation Portable in 2008. It is an arcade-style racing game where the player races in a spherical object, called a Xorb (the idea is derived from the real-life sport of zorbing). The 54 tracks raced on are set high above the ground, in 9 different environments. Features include 4 person multiplayer, Xorb customisation, and unlockable rewards. The game was also released on the PlayStation 2 under the title Realplay Puzzlesphere, which came with a bespoke controller.

## InfoBox

| Spinout | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Icon Games |
| Publisher(s) | Ghostlight |
| Platform(s) | PSP, PS2 |
| Release | * EU: March 20, 2008 |
| Genre(s) | Racing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Cinchona Missions

abstract: The Cinchona Missions (1942–1945) were a series of expeditions led by the United States to find natural sources of quinine in South America during World War II.

text:
# Cinchona Missions

The **Cinchona Missions** (1942–1945) were a series of expeditions led by the United States to find natural sources of quinine in South America during World War II.

## Background

Bark of species from the genus *Cinchona* produces the alkaloid quinine, a potent anti-malarial treatment. Although originally native to South America, cinchona plantations were established in India, Ceylon, and the Dutch East Indies during the 19th century. By 1913, 95 percent of quinine production was controlled by the Dutch Kinabureau through large plantations on Java.

With the outbreak of World War II, a supply of quinine was essential for successful military operations. In 1942, the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies cut off the supply of quinine to the allies.

Recognizing the need for a new source of quinine, a program was established by the United States Board of Economic Warfare under the operation of the Defense Supplies Corporation (DSC). Professor William C. Steere was brought on as assistant director. The objective was to find supplies of cinchona bark in the Andes for military use. It had three goals: to control all sites with commercial cinchona for long-term development; to develop plantations that could compete with established cinchona monopolies to ensure emergency provisions; and to train people in the producing countries to take over the industry at the end of US involvement. Six countries signed an agreement with the DSC; Colombia, Peru, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Bolivia. Wild populations of cinchona were also to be exploited. At its peak, as many as 30 American botanists were involved with the program.

## Exploratory missions

### Colombia

The first party left for Colombia in October 1942. It consisted of two foresters, two botanists, a chemist, and a lawyer. This initial group included Steere, Francis Raymond Fosberg, and Leslie Holdridge. At first, two field parties were organized. Each team had a botanist to identify cinchona species, as well as a forester to calculate the volume of bark and logistics of harvest. They began their search in the high altitude rainforests of the Cordillera Oriental and the Rio Magdalena, making an inventory of all available species. Once cleared for harvest, bark from an area was gathered with native labor. It was transported on the backs of people or mules to rivers and airstrips. Eventually, it would arrive at one of the field laboratories located in Bogotá, Colombia, Quito, Ecuador, Lima, Peru, or La Paz, Bolivia. Dry bark was often shipped directly to America.

Over time, additional personnel were recruited to assist with the Colombian mission. This included Earl Lemley Core, William Brooks Drew, Joseph Andorfer Ewan, Norman Carter Fassett, and Harold St. John.

### Ecuador

In 1943, an expedition to Ecuador was put together by the American Quinine Company, led by anthropologist Froelich Rainey. Surveying was difficult, however, since the cinchona forests of Ecuador were often remote and inaccessible. Surveying parties ranged between ten and fifteen men, many of whom served as porters and trail cutters. By mid-1943, Ecuador was the second largest producer of cinchona bark in Latin America.

Personnel involved with the Ecuadorian missions included Wendell Holmes Camp, William Brooks Drew, Francis Marion Ownbey, Frederick Wilson Popenoe, Gerald Webber Prescott, Misael Acosta Solís, William Campbell Steere, Julian Alfred Steyermark, and Ira Loren Wiggins.

## Plantation development

The American pharmaceutical company Merck and Co. planned to develop the cinchona industry in the Western hemisphere as early as 1932. Their research was backed by the US Department of State, US Department of Agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food of Guatemala, and the United Fruit Company. Small experimental plantations were established in Guatemala and Costa Rica during the 1930s.

After the outbreak of the war, the US government seized a plantation at El Porvenir, Guatemala and turned it into the world's largest cinchona nursery. Here, large scale research was conducted on propagation and harvesting techniques. Seedlings were distributed to other nearby countries, and further plantations were established in Mexico, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru. Older plantations that existed before US involvement in Peru and Bolivia were also exploited.

## End of the program

In 1944, quinine was successfully synthesized by American chemists Robert Burns Woodward and William von Eggers Doering. This, along with the recovery of Asian plantations and a healthy stockpile of antimalarial products in US control, led to the termination of the program. Overall, the US had imported approximately 40 million pounds of dry bark over the course of two years. The program ceased operations on November 30, 1945.


title: Citharinus latus

abstract: Citharinus latus is a species of lutefish found in tropical Africa.

text:
# Citharinus latus

***Citharinus latus*** is a species of lutefish found in tropical Africa.

## Distribution

Found in Africa: where it is known from Senegal, Casamance, Niger, Volta, the Chad basin and certain coastal rivers in Guinéa-Bissau, Togo and Benin. Also has been found in the Nile and Lake Mobutu Sese Seko (Lake Albert).

## Description

*Citharinus latus* reaches a standard length of 84.0 cm.

* Gosse, J.-P., 1990. Citharinidae. p. 261-268. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome I. Coll. Faune Tropicale n° XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, 384 p.

## InfoBox

| *Citharinus latus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Citharinidae |
| Genus: | *Citharinus* |
| Species: | ***C. latus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Citharinus latus***
J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1844 | |
|


title: Preto no Branco

abstract: Preto no Branco was Boss AC's fourth album released on 16 March 2009 in Portugal. It celebrates fifteen years of his career from his first album Rapública. The album features appearances by Olavo Bilac and TC and the duet by the fado singer Mariza who made the first disco single UPA - Undiso Para Ajudar, a disc with the original duets of Portuguese artists and serves with a company of social actions which had heard on the radio in late 2008, promoted by Associação Encontrar-se. Samples by Vitorino and the Cape Verdean singer Ildo Lobo are used in the album. The video of the single Estou Vivo was recorded in Macau. The album was recorded in Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro and New York City.

text:
# Preto no Branco

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Time Out | (in note) |
| Disco Digital | (in note) |

***Preto no Branco*** (literally "black on white") was Boss AC's fourth album released on 16 March 2009 in Portugal. It celebrates fifteen years of his career from his first album Rapública (or Rapublic). The album features appearances by Olavo Bilac and TC and the duet by the fado singer Mariza who made the first disco single UPA - Undiso Para Ajudar, a disc with the original duets of Portuguese artists and serves with a company of social actions which had heard on the radio in late 2008, promoted by Associação Encontrar-se. Samples by Vitorino and the Cape Verdean singer Ildo Lobo are used in the album. The video of the single *Estou Vivo* was recorded in Macau.

The album was recorded in Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro and New York City.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bem-vindos os que vêm em paz" |  |
| 2. | "Ainda" |  |
| 3. | "Levanta-te (Stand Up)" |  |
| 4. | "Estou vivo" |  |
| 5. | "Tu queres e eu quero tambêm" |  |
| 6. | "Eu amei eu chorei" |  |
| 7. | "A boca diz o que quer" |  |
| 8. | "És tão bonita (Es tão bonita)" |  |
| 9. | "Alguém me ouviu" (feat. Mariza) |  |
| 10. | "I Don?t Give?" |  |
| 11. | "Better This Way" |  |
| 12. | "Break U" |  |
| 13. | "Rimas de Saudade" |  |
| 14. | "Pa Nada" |  |
| 15. | "Acabou (Até te esquecer)" |  |

## InfoBox

| Preto no Branco | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Boss AC | |
| Released | 16 March 2009 |
| Recorded | Lisbon, Portugal
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
New York City, United States |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Language | Portuguese, English, Cape Verdean creole |
| Boss AC chronology | |
| *Ritmo, Amor e Palavras*
(2005) ***Preto no Branco***
(2009) *AC Para os Amigos*
(2012) | |