title: The European Radio Astronomy Club

abstract: The European Radio Astronomy club (ERAC) is Europe's only group coordinating the work of radio astronomers to jointly use radio waves to study the universe at radio wavelengths. It was founded in 1995 by Peter Wright, who had the idea of writing a small newsletter to the then only 15-strong radio astronomy community in Europe, which were up to this date linked only by letters. Today E.R.A.C. has over 350 members in 19 different countries with a proportional membership of professionals and amateurs. The European Radio Astronomy Club has its headquarters in Mannheim, Germany. The aim of the club to unite Europeans with a common interest in Radio Science. The main tool to do this is still a printed newsletter which goes out to all members. E.R.A.C. regularly holds an International Congress for Radio Astronomy which is attended by scientists from all over the world. Meeting in 1997, 2000, and 2003 were held at the Starkenburg Observatory in Heppenheim, before moving to the SRH University of Applied Science in Heidelberg in 2006. In 1997, the director of the British Jodrell Bank Observatory met for the first time, the executive director of the SETI League. The result of this meeting was that SETI research was done for the very first time at Jodrell bank. Institutes in Europe are thought to frown on amateurs with their backyard telescopes. This is in contrast with the situation in the United States; there, where amateurs had played such an important role in the birth of this new science, amateurs were tightly interwoven in all US radio astronomy work.

text:
# The European Radio Astronomy Club

49°28′46″N 8°40′9.5″E / 49.47944°N 8.669306°E / 49.47944; 8.669306

**The European Radio Astronomy club (ERAC)** is Europe's only group coordinating the work of radio astronomers to jointly use radio waves to study the universe at radio wavelengths. It was founded in 1995 by Peter Wright, who had the idea of writing a small newsletter to the then only 15-strong radio astronomy community in Europe, which were up to this date linked only by letters. Today E.R.A.C. has over 350 members in 19 different countries with a proportional membership of professionals and amateurs.

The European Radio Astronomy Club has its headquarters in Mannheim, Germany. The aim of the club to unite Europeans with a common interest in Radio Science. The main tool to do this is still a printed newsletter which goes out to all members. E.R.A.C. regularly holds an International Congress for Radio Astronomy which is attended by scientists from all over the world. Meeting in 1997, 2000, and 2003 were held at the Starkenburg Observatory in Heppenheim, before moving to the SRH University of Applied Science in Heidelberg in 2006.

In 1997, the director of the British Jodrell Bank Observatory met for the first time, the executive director of the SETI League. The result of this meeting was that SETI research was done for the very first time at Jodrell bank.

Institutes in Europe are thought to frown on amateurs with their backyard telescopes. This is in contrast with the situation in the United States; there, where amateurs had played such an important role in the birth of this new science, amateurs were tightly interwoven in all US radio astronomy work.

## The 21 cm Hydrogen Line

In 1995, E.R.A.C. introduced the UEK21 converter design which allowed anyone to have an inexpensive unit able to detect the hydrogen line. Together with a shortwave receiver to get the needed IF gain and frequency selection and a homemade parabolic antenna, it is possible for, say, a Young Scientist of the Year Project to build a radio telescope. Very soon, this unit was used in Europe also for SETI research as well for Project Argus from the SETI League.

Listening to Jupiter with the shortwave receiver needed for 21 cm, it is also possible to remove the UEK21 converter and use only the shortwave receiver connected to a simple dipole. If the frequency selected is above 18 MHz, it is possible when conditions are right to listen through the ionosphere. At lower frequencies, the ionosphere is opaque. Here, two targets are possible: the Sun with its solar flares or Jupiter, which is also a very strong radio source, together with the moon Io, which is a very powerful natural radio wave transmitter. When Jupiter, Io and the Earth are aligned, it is possible to hear this radio source very clearly.


title: The Glass Boat

abstract: The Glass Boat is a 1927 French-German silent film directed by Constantin J. David and Jacqueline Milliet and starring André Nox, Françoise Rosay and Eric Barclay. The film's sets were designed by the art director Karl Görge.

text:
# The Glass Boat

***The Glass Boat*** (French: ***Le bateau de verre***, German: ***Das brennende Schiff***) is a 1927 French-German silent film directed by Constantin J. David and Jacqueline Milliet and starring André Nox, Françoise Rosay and Eric Barclay.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Karl Görge.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| The Glass Boat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Production<br>company | Les Productions Milliet |
| Distributed by | Deutsch-Nordische Film-Union (Germany) |
| Release date | * 1927 (1927) |
| Countries | * France * Germany |
| Languages |  |


title: Digital Life Design

abstract: Digital Life Design (DLD) is a global conference network, organized by Munich-based DLD Media, a company of Hubert Burda Media. In 2005, Stephanie Czerny founded DLD as an annual conference scheme. The main purpose of DLD is to bring together business, creative and social leaders, as well as investors and opinion formers, to exchange ideas and get inspired. Since its first gathering, DLD hosted events in New York City, Beijing, San Francisco, London, Moscow, New Delhi, Rio de Janeiro, Hong Kong, Tel Aviv and Munich. DLD Conference is referred to by the Economist as one of Europe's leading conferences on innovation. New-media site Sifted, backed by the Financial Times, recently ranked the event platform as one of "Europe's best tech conferences". The company's flagship conference, DLD Munich, hosts over 1000 guests from more than 50 countries. The three-day event always takes place in January, right before the World Economic Forum in Davos. DLD's motto, Connect the Unexpected, brings people together from various fields and interests, addressing a wide range of topics such as technology, arts, science and politics, and talking about the future and its implications on today's life. Past speakers include Mark Zuckerberg, Lady Gaga, Yoko Ono, Jimmy Wales, Maria Ressa, Kai-Fu Lee, Francis Kéré, Satya Nadella, Zaha Hadid, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Scott Galloway, Sheryl Sandberg, Margrethe Vestager, Emmanuel Macron and many more.

text:
# Digital Life Design

**Digital Life Design** (**DLD**) is a global conference network, organized by Munich-based DLD Media, a company of Hubert Burda Media.

In 2005, Stephanie Czerny founded DLD as an annual conference scheme. The main purpose of DLD is to bring together business, creative and social leaders, as well as investors and opinion formers, to exchange ideas and get inspired. Since its first gathering, DLD hosted events in New York City, Beijing, San Francisco, London, Moscow, New Delhi, Rio de Janeiro, Hong Kong, Tel Aviv and Munich.

DLD Conference is referred to by the Economist as one of Europe's leading conferences on innovation. New-media site Sifted, backed by the Financial Times, recently ranked the event platform as one of "Europe's best tech conferences".

The company's flagship conference, **DLD Munich**, hosts over 1000 guests from more than 50 countries. The three-day event always takes place in January, right before the World Economic Forum in Davos. DLD's motto, *Connect the Unexpected*, brings people together from various fields and interests, addressing a wide range of topics such as technology, arts, science and politics, and talking about the future and its implications on today's life.

Past speakers include Mark Zuckerberg, Lady Gaga, Yoko Ono, Jimmy Wales, Maria Ressa, Kai-Fu Lee, Francis Kéré, Satya Nadella, Zaha Hadid, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Scott Galloway, Sheryl Sandberg, Margrethe Vestager, Emmanuel Macron and many more.

## Background

Stephanie Czerny is the event platform's co-founder and managing director, chaired by Hubert Burda and Yossi Vardi.

After bringing DLD Conference to life in 2005, DLD Media GmbH has been founded as a subsidiary of Hubert Burda Media to expand the brand. Steffi Czerny and Co-Founder Marcel Reichart were named its managing directors. Since then, the company has steadily grown and is now offering various conferences besides DLD Munich around the globe, as well as salons, dinners, lectures, hikes and other events.

All events are by invitation only. However, those interested can apply via the company's website.

Until 2018, the conference's venue was the listed bank building at Kardinal-Faulhaber-Straße 1 (*HVB Forum*). In 2019, DLD Munich took place at Alte Kongresshalle for the first time.

All talks and sessions can be watched over a live stream.

Each year the slogan of the conference accordingly changes to the dominant theme.

| Conference | Theme |
| --- | --- |
| DLD 2006 | *No specific theme* |
| DLD 2007 | *No specific theme* |
| DLD 2008 | *Uploading the 21st century* |
| DLD 2009 | *New Realities* |
| DLD 2010 | *Map your Future* |
| DLD 2011 | *Update your Reality* |
| DLD 2012 | *All you need is ... Data?* |
| DLD 2013 | *Patterns That Connect* |
| DLD 2014 | *Content & Context* |
| DLD 2015 | *It's Only the Beginning* |
| DLD 2016 | *The Next Next* |
| DLD 2017 | *...what's the plan?* |
| DLD 2018 | *Reconquer* |
| DLD 2019 | *Optimism & Courage* |
| DLD 2020 | *What are you adding?* |
| DLD 2021 | *What the World Needs Now…* |
| DLD 2022 | *Reality Rules!?* |

## Aenne Burda Award

In memory of his mother's entrepreneurial and social commitment, Hubert Burda established the Aenne Burda Award for creative leadership, honoring women with visionary ideas.

Past laureates have been:

| Jahr | Preisträger |
| --- | --- |
| 2006 | Marissa Mayer |
| 2007 | Caterina Fake |
| 2008 | Martha Stewart |
| 2009 | Esther Dyson |
| 2010 | Mitchell Baker |
| 2011 | Natalie Massenet |
| 2012 | Arianna Huffington |
| 2013 | Zaha Hadid |
| 2014 | Viviane Reding |
| 2015 | Edit Schlaffer |
| 2017 | Auguste von Bayern |
| 2018 | Rose McGowan |
| 2019 | Fatoumata Ba |
| 2020 | Maja Hoffmann |
| 2022 | Andrea Pfeifer |

## Media coverage

DLD is covered and attended every year by over 180 international journalists from opinion forming media such as *The New York Times, Economist, Guardian, Fast Company, Fortune, Financial Times, FAZ, FOCUS, Spiegel, CNBC, Wall Street Journal, Thomson Reuters, Getty, Deutsche Welle, AllThingsD, Huffington Post* and *TechCrunch*.


title: Bibliometrix

abstract:
Bibliometrix is a package for the R statistical programming language for quantitative research in scientometrics and bibliometrics. Bibliometrics is the application of quantitative analysis and statistics to publications such as journal articles and their accompanying citation counts. Quantitative evaluation of publication and citation data is now used in almost all science fields to evaluate growth, maturity, leading authors, conceptual and intellectual maps, trend of a scientific community. Bibliometrics is also used in research performance evaluation, especially in university and government labs, and also by policymakers, research directors and administrators, information specialists and librarians, and scholars themselves. The package is written in R, an open-source environment and ecosystem. The existence of substantial of good statistical algorithms, access to high-quality numerical routines, and integrated data visualization tools are perhaps the strongest qualities to prefer R to other languages for scientific computation. Bibliometrix supports scholars in key phases of analysis:
  - Data importing and conversion to R data-frame;
  - Descriptive analysis of a publication dataset;
  - Network extraction for co-citation, coupling, and collaboration analyses. Matrices are the input data for performing network analysis, factorial analysis or multidimensional scaling analysis;
  - Text mining of manuscripts;
  - Co-word analysis.

text:
# Bibliometrix

**Bibliometrix** is a package for the R statistical programming language for quantitative research in scientometrics and bibliometrics.

Bibliometrics is the application of quantitative analysis and statistics to publications such as journal articles and their accompanying citation counts. Quantitative evaluation of publication and citation data is now used in almost all science fields to evaluate growth, maturity, leading authors, conceptual and intellectual maps, trend of a scientific community. Bibliometrics is also used in research performance evaluation, especially in university and government labs, and also by policymakers, research directors and administrators, information specialists and librarians, and scholars themselves.

The package is written in R, an open-source environment and ecosystem. The existence of substantial of good statistical algorithms, access to high-quality numerical routines, and integrated data visualization tools are perhaps the strongest qualities to prefer R to other languages for scientific computation.

Bibliometrix supports scholars in key phases of analysis:

1. Data importing and conversion to R data-frame;
2. Descriptive analysis of a publication dataset;
3. Network extraction for co-citation, coupling, and collaboration analyses. Matrices are the input data for performing network analysis, factorial analysis or multidimensional scaling analysis;
4. Text mining of manuscripts (title, abstract, authors' keywords, etc.);
5. Co-word analysis.

## Main functions of Bibliometrix package

The following table lists the main functions of bibliometrix package:

| ***Software assisted*** ***workflow steps*** | ***Bibliometrix function*** | ***Description*** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Data loading and converting* | *Convert2df()* | *It creates a bibliographic data frame* |
| *Data Analysis* *Descriptive bibliometric analysis* | *biblioAnalysis()* *Summary() and plot()*
*citations()*
*localCitations()*
*dominance()*
*Hindex()*
*lotka()* | *It returns an object of class bibliometrix* *They summarize the main results of the bibliometric analysis*
*It identifies the most cited references or authors*
*It identifies the most cited local authors*
*It calculates the authors’ dominance ranking*
*It measures productivity and citation impact of a scholar*
*It estimates Lotka’s law coefficients for scientific productivity* |
| *Data Analysis* *Term Extraction* | *termExtraction()* | *• it extracts terms from textual fields (abstracts, titles, author's keywords, etc.) of a bibliographic collection* |
| *Data Analysis* *Bi-partite networks* | *cocMatrix()* | *It computes a bipartite network* |
| *Data Analysis* *Normalization* | *couplingSimilarity()* | *It calculates Jaccard or Salton similarity coefficient among manuscripts of a coupling network* |
| *Data Analysis* *Data Reduction* | *External functions from other R packages* | *Other R packages suggested for bibliometric analysis* *factominer: for PCA and MCA*
*cmdscale: for MDS*
*cluster: for clustering* |
| *Data Analysis* *Similarity matrix*
*(square network matrix)* | *biblioNetwork()* | *It calculates the most frequently used coupling networks* |
| *Data visualization* *Mapping* | *External functions from other R packages* | *Other R packages suggested for mapping* *igraph* *for social network*
*ggplot2* *for bi-dimensional maps*
*cluster* *for dendrogram* |

1. Pritchard, A (1969). "Statistical bibliography or bibliometrics". *Journal of Documentation*. 25, 348.
2. Cuccurullo, Corrado; Aria, Massimo; Sarto, Fabrizia (2016-05-21). "Foundations and trends in performance management. A twenty-five years bibliometric analysis in business and public administration domains". *Scientometrics*. **108** (2): 595–611. doi:10.1007/s11192-016-1948-8. ISSN 0138-9130. S2CID 10037669.
3. Sarto, Fabrizia; Cuccurullo, Corrado; Aria, Massimo (2015). "Exploring healthcare governance literature: systematic review and paths for future research". *Mecosan* (91): 61–80. doi:10.3280/mesa2014-091004.
4. Cuccurullo, C., Aria, M., & Sarto, F. (2015). **Twenty years of research on performance management in business and public administration domains**. *Presentation at the Correspondence Analysis and Related Methods conference (CARME 2015)* in September 2015.
5. Cuccurullo, C., Aria, M., & Sarto, F. (2013). **Twenty years of research on performance management in business and public administration domains**. In *Academy of Management Proceedings* (Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 14270). Academy of Management.
6. Ramos-Rodríguez, Antonio-Rafael; Ruíz-Navarro, José (2004-10-01). "Changes in the intellectual structure of strategic management research: a bibliometric study of the Strategic Management Journal, 1980–2000". *Strategic Management Journal*. **25** (10): 981–1004. doi:10.1002/smj.397. ISSN 1097-0266.
7. Rousseau, D. M. (2012). *The Oxford handbook of evidence-based management.* . Oxford University Press.
8. Cobo, M.j.; López-Herrera, A.g.; Herrera-Viedma, E.; Herrera, F. (2011-07-01). "Science mapping software tools: Review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools". *Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology*. **62** (7): 1382–1402. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.492.1815. doi:10.1002/asi.21525. ISSN 1532-2890.
9. "Package 'bibliometrix' : Title Comprehensive Science Mapping Analysis Version 3.2.1" (PDF). *Cran.r-project.org*. February 21, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.

## InfoBox

bibliometrix
| Original author(s) | Massimo Aria, Corrado Cuccurullo |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | 2017 |
|  | |
| Stable release | 4.0.1 / 2022-09-16 |
|  | |
| Repository | cran.r-project.org/web/packages/bibliometrix/index.html |
| Written in |  |
| License | GNU General Public License version 3 |
| Website | www.bibliometrix.org |


title: Chlorovibrissea

abstract: Chlorovibrissea is a genus of six or more aquatic or semi-aquatic fungi in the family Vibrisseaceae. Most species are found in Australasia but C. chilensis, described as new to science in 2014, is from South America and C. korfii is from China.

text:
# Chlorovibrissea

***Chlorovibrissea*** is a genus of six or more aquatic or semi-aquatic fungi in the family Vibrisseaceae. Most species are found in Australasia but *C. chilensis*, described as new to science in 2014, is from South America and *C. korfii* is from China.

## InfoBox

| *Chlorovibrissea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Chlorovibrissea korfii* in Yunnan province, China | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Ascomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | Vibrisseaceae |
| Genus: | ***Chlorovibrissea***
L.M.Kohn (1989) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Chlorovibrissea bicolor*
(G.W.Beaton & Weste) L.M.Kohn (1989) | |
| Species | |
| *C. bicolor*
*C. chilensis*
*C. korfii*
*C. melanochlora*
*C. phialophora*
*C. tasmanica* | |


title: Tobacco and Salt Museum

abstract: The Tobacco and Salt Museum (Japanese:たばこと塩の博物館) is located in Sumida-ku, Tokyo. It was established in 1978 and is run by Japan Tobacco. The museum was originally located in Shibuya but, in 2015, it was relocated to Sumida. The museum has about 38,000 artifacts that show the history of tobacco and salt both from Japan and overseas. It holds a 1.4 tonne block of rock salt from Poland along with other blocks of rock salts that have been brought from various parts of world. There is a replica of a Mayan shrine from South America to show where tobacco was first used. The museum also has a ventilated smoking room, a workshop room, a reading room and a museum shop.

text:
# Tobacco and Salt Museum

The **Tobacco and Salt Museum** (Japanese:たばこと塩の博物館) is located in Sumida-ku, Tokyo. It was established in 1978 and is run by Japan Tobacco. The museum was originally located in Shibuya but, in 2015, it was relocated to Sumida. The museum has about 38,000 artifacts that show the history of tobacco and salt both from Japan and overseas. It holds a 1.4 tonne block of rock salt from Poland along with other blocks of rock salts that have been brought from various parts of world. There is a replica of a Mayan shrine from South America to show where tobacco was first used.

The museum also has a ventilated smoking room, a workshop room, a reading room and a museum shop.

## InfoBox

Tobacco & Salt Museum
| たばこと塩の博物館 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tobacco & Salt Museum | |
|  | |
| Location | Tokyo, Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°42′20.9″N 139°48′30.7″E / 35.705806°N 139.808528°E / 35.705806; 139.808528 |


title: Doo Rag

abstract: Doo Rag was an American lo-fi blues band duo from Tucson, Arizona, United States. The band consisted of Bob Log III and Thermos Malling. By the time of their breakup, they had supported a number of artists on tour, most notably Sonic Youth and Beck.

text:
# Doo Rag

**Doo Rag** was an American lo-fi blues band duo from Tucson, Arizona, United States. The band consisted of Bob Log III and Thermos Malling. By the time of their breakup, they had supported a number of artists on tour, most notably Sonic Youth and Beck.

## History

The members of Doo Rag began performing together at a party in Tucson in 1990. "I had a snare drum with a guitar bolted onto it, and I was playing Fred McDowell songs when a friend jumped up and started banging a cheese grater with a spoon," guitarist Bob Log recalls. "The next day we went out on the sidewalk and played, hoping to scrounge up cigarette money". The band recorded a cassette together, which they self-released, and then began touring.

Doo Rag first gained recognition outside of Tucson playing in San Diego at the Casbah with members of the late '80s and early '90s cult underground band Crash Worship. Crash Worship had gotten a hold of their first self-released cassette tape in the early '90s and hadn't believed that they were an actual band, although they had been listening to it repeatedly as they had become fans of the mystery duo. Soon afterwards Doo Rag was opening for Crash Worship on several U.S. tours.

Soon after, they started playing semi-regularly in L.A. at a former bowling alley turned nightclub, where they first caught the attention of Beck before his hit "Loser" had garnered him national attention. Beck asked Doo Rag to open for him on his first major U.S. tour after his first Geffen Records release.

Doo Rag was soon after touring Europe and playing everything from small clubs to the huge outdoor summer music festivals in the Netherlands. In 1995, they played the side stage of Lollapalooza, where they met Sonic Youth, who had become ardent fans of the pair.

The next summer found Doo Rag touring with the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion and Delta blues legend R. L. Burnside.

While on tour in support of the band Ween, and after six years of working together, Malling left the tour to spend time with his new wife. Rather than stop playing guitar, Bob Log III decided to finish the tour as a one-man band. He purchased a drum machine, kicked a guitar case and a homemade kick cymbal, and invented a new way to play drums. He still employs this technique.

## Instruments

The group was known for Thermos Malling's unusual instrumentation and inventions, and Bob Log III's unique finger-picking style of guitar playing, as well as causing mini-riots in any club they performed in. Guitarist and singer Bob Log III played an acoustic/electric slide homemade dobro, which sounded akin to an electrocuted McDowell on amphetamines, mixed with AC/DC. He also played a $2 thrift-store guitar in a similar slide fashion, which often left the sound men at the clubs where they performed in awe at its wicked growl during sound check. Doo Rag also employed a number of Thermos Malling's unique microphone setups to distort the vocals, and was as likely to be singing through a vacuum cleaner hose as to be singing into two hairdryers with built-in microphones. Thermos Malling contributed percussion using a custom-made drum kit compiled from a Budweiser box for a bass drum, a tin bucket as a snare drum, an old film reel as a cymbal, an iron shopping basket used as a hi-hat, and a number of other found objects.

## Discography

### Singles

* *Hussy Bowler* 7″ (Westworld, 1993, WW-7)
* *Trudge* 7″ (In The Red, 1994, ITR 021)
* *Swampwater Mop Down* 7″ (Drunken Fish Records, 1995, DFR-11)
* *Two Tones To Tune* 7″ (Discos Alehop!, 1997, hop 014)

### Splits

* *Sinful Tunes & Spirituals* 2×7″ (Au-Go-Go, 1998, ANDA 238)

### Albums

* *Chuncked & Muddled* LP/CD/CS (Bloat Records, 1994, BLT 10048)
* *Barber Shop* CS (Bloat Records, 1994, BLT #?)
* *What We Do* LP/CD (Dependability, 1996, L 45649)

Near the end of the band, and shortly after *What We Do*, the band acquired a 78 lathe and offered to release 100 personalized 78s, provided you sent your name and a message in time. None have become publicly available since this notification.

### Appearances

* Thermos Malling appears on *Now I Got Worry* by the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion.

## InfoBox

| Doo Rag | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Tucson, Arizona, United States |
| Genres | Rock
Punk blues
Delta blues |
| Years active | 1990  1996 |
| Labels | Westworld Records
Drunken Fish Records
Discos Alehop!
Bloat Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Bob Log III
Thermos Malling |


title: Richard Andrade

abstract: Richard C. Andrade is an American politician and a former Democratic member of the Arizona House of Representatives representing District 29 from 2015 to 2023. He served in the U.S. Air Force from 1983 to 1990.

text:
# Richard Andrade

**Richard C. Andrade** is an American politician and a former Democratic member of the Arizona House of Representatives representing District 29 from 2015 to 2023. He served in the U.S. Air Force from 1983 to 1990.

## Elections

* 2014 Andrade and Ceci Velasquez defeated Steve Chapman and Denise Garcia in the Democratic primary. Andrade and Velasquez defeated Republican Borders in the general election.

## InfoBox

| Richard Andrade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Arizona House of Representatives
from the 29th district | |
| **In office**
January 5, 2015  January 9, 2023Serving with Cesar Chavez | |
| Succeeded by | Steve Montenegro |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Richard C. Andrade
Winslow, Arizona |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Residence | Glendale, Arizona |
| Profession | Certified Locomotive Engineer |
| Website | richandrade.com |
|  | |


title: Kankartala

abstract: Kankartala is a village in Khoyrasol CD Block in Suri Sadar subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Kankartala

**Kankartala** is a village in Khoyrasol CD Block in Suri Sadar subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography

8km
5miles Ajay River Bakreshwar
River Mayurakshi
River Tilpara
BarrageB PatharchapuriR BakreshwarR DeuchaR Bara ChaturiR NakrakondaR AbinashpurR HetampurR PurandarpurR Angar GariaR BTPP TownshipR KankartalaR KhoyrasolR PanruiR ChandrapurR LokpurR Mohammad BazarR DubrajpurM SainthiaM SuriM RajnagarCT AhmedpurCT  KalipurCT  KaridhyaCT**Cities and towns in Suri Sadar subdivision of Birbhum district**
M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, B: Barrage.
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

Kankartala is part of Barrah gram panchayat. Khoyrasol, the CD block headquarters, and Dubrajpur, the nearest town, are 30 km away from Kankartala. Suri, the district headquarters, is 43 km away.

### Police station

Kankartala police station has jurisdiction over a part of Khoyrasol CD block.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Kankartala had a total population of 3,390 of which 1,747 (52%) were males and 1,643 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 453. The total number of literates in Kankartala was 2,068 (70.41% of the population over 6 years).

## Post Office

Kankartala has a delivery branch post office, with PIN 731125, under Khoyrasol sub office and Suri head office. Khoyrasol sub office has the same PIN. Branch offices with the same PIN are Babuijore, Barhara, Bhadulia, Geruapahari, Hazratpur, Jahidpur, Kendragoria, Nabasan, Nakrakonda, Pursundi, Rasa and Sagarbhanga.

## InfoBox

| Kankartala | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| KankartalaLocation in West Bengal, India | |
| Coordinates: 23°47′15″N 87°11′58″E / 23.7874°N 87.1995°E / 23.7874; 87.1995 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Birbhum |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,390 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 731125 (Kankartala) |
| Telephone/STD code | 03462 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Birbhum |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Dubrajpur |
| Website | birbhum.nic.in |


title: Charles Whitley

abstract: Charles Orville Whitley was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1977 and 1986. Born in Siler City, North Carolina, Whitley attended Siler City High School, graduating in 1943. He served in the United States Army from 1944 to 1946, then attended Wake Forest University, earning his undergraduate degree in 1949 and a law degree in 1950. He earned an M.A. from the George Washington University in 1974. Whitley became a lawyer and practiced in Mount Olive, North Carolina. There he taught business law classes at Mount Olive Junior College. He became the town's attorney in 1961; that same year, he joined the staff of Congressman David N. Henderson. In 1976 Whitley ran for Congress himself and was elected as a Democrat to the 95th United States Congress. Re-elected four times. His Republican opponent in the 1982 midterm election was Eugene McDaniel, a former Naval Aviator and Vietnam War POW, whom he defeated 63–36%. He did not seek re-election in 1986, but retired to political consulting. Whitley died in Durham, North Carolina in 2002. Whitley was the grandfather of civil rights activist, Annie E. Clark.

text:
# Charles Whitley

**Charles Orville Whitley** (January 3, 1927 – October 27, 2002) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1977 and 1986.

Born in Siler City, North Carolina, Whitley attended Siler City High School, graduating in 1943. He served in the United States Army from 1944 to 1946, then attended Wake Forest University, earning his undergraduate degree in 1949 and a law degree in 1950. He earned an M.A. from the George Washington University in 1974.

Whitley became a lawyer and practiced in Mount Olive, North Carolina. There he taught business law classes at Mount Olive Junior College. He became the town's attorney in 1961; that same year, he joined the staff of Congressman David N. Henderson. In 1976 Whitley ran for Congress himself and was elected as a Democrat to the 95th United States Congress.

Re-elected four times (serving in Congress from January 3, 1977 to December 31, 1986). His Republican opponent in the 1982 midterm election was Eugene McDaniel, a former Naval Aviator and Vietnam War POW, whom he defeated 63–36%. He did not seek re-election in 1986, but retired to political consulting. Whitley died in Durham, North Carolina in 2002.

Whitley was the grandfather of civil rights activist, Annie E. Clark.

## InfoBox

| Charles Orville Whitley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from North Carolina's 3rd district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1977  December 31, 1986 | |
| Preceded by | David N. Henderson |
| Succeeded by | Martin Lancaster |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-01-03)January 3, 1927
Siler City, North Carolina |
| Died | October 27, 2002(2002-10-27) (aged 75)
Durham, North Carolina |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency

abstract: Rajsamand is one of the 25 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Rajasthan state in western India. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies, based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.

text:
# Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency

**Rajsamand** is one of the 25 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Rajasthan state in western India. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies, based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.

## Vidhan Sabha segments

Presently, Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) segments. These are:

| # | Name | District | Member | Party | | 2024 Lead | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 103 | Beawar | Ajmer | Shankar Singh Rawat |  | BJP |  | BJP |
| 111 | Merta (SC) | Nagaur | Laxmanram Meghwal |  | BJP |  | INC |
| 112 | Degana | | Ajay Singh Kilak |  | BJP |  | BJP |
| 116 | Jaitaran | Pali | Avinash Gehlot |  | BJP |  | BJP |
| 173 | Bhim | Rajsamand | Harisingh Rawat |  | BJP |  | BJP |
| 174 | Kumbhalgarh | | Surendra Singh Rathore |  | BJP |  | BJP |
| 175 | Rajsamand | | Deepti Maheshwari |  | BJP |  | BJP |
| 176 | Nathdwara | | Vishvaraj Singh Mewar |  | BJP |  | BJP |

Four assembly segments - Bhim, Kumbhalgarh, Rajsamand and Nathdwara were earlier in erstwhile Udaipur constituency. Two assembly segments - Merta and Degana were earlier in erstwhile Nagaur constituency. Beawar and Jaitaran assembly segments were earlier in erstwhile Ajmer and Pali constituencies respectively.

## Members of Parliament

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist* | | | |
| 2009 | Gopal Singh Shekhawat |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2014 | Hariom Singh Rathore |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2019 | Diya Kumari | | |
| 2024 | Mahima Kumari Mewar | | |

| Vote share of winning candidates | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | |  |  | |
| 2024 | |  | 64.40% | |
| 2019 | |  | 69.61% | |
| 2014 | |  | 65.65% | |
| 2009 | |  | 49.77% | |

## Election results

### 2024

2024 Indian general election: Rajsamand
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Mahima Kumari Mewar** | **781,203** | **64.4** |  |
|  | INC | Damodar Gurjar | 3,88,980 | 32.06 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 1,2411 | 1.02 |  |
| Majority | | | 3,92,223 | 32.33 |  |
| Turnout | | | 12,13,130 | 58.39 |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2019

2019 Indian general elections: Rajsamand
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Diya Kumari** | **863,039** | **69.61** |  |
|  | INC | Devkinandan (Kaka) | 3,11,123 | 25.09 |  |
|  | BSP | Chenaram | 15,955 | 1.29 |  |
|  | API | Chandra Prakash Tanwar | 12,887 | 1.04 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 12,671 | 1.02 |  |
| Majority | | | 5,51,916 | 44.52 |  |
| Turnout | | | 12,40,848 | 64.87 | +7.09 |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2014 Lok Sabha Election

2014 Indian general elections: Rajsamand
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Hari Om Singh Rathore | 6,44,794 | 65.65 |  |
|  | INC | Gopal Singh Shekhawat | 2,49,089 | 25.36 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 17,182 | 1.75 |  |
|  | BSP | Neeru Ram Jat | 14,579 | 1.48 |  |
| Majority | | | 3,95,705 | 40.29 |  |
| Turnout | | | 9,83,032 | 57.78 |  |
|  | BJP **gain** from INC | | Swing |  |  |

### 2009 Lok Sabha Election

2009 Indian general elections: Rajsamand
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | INC | Gopal Singh Shekhawat | 2,94,451 | 49.77 |  |
|  | BJP | Rasa Singh Rawat | 2,48,561 | 42.01 |  |
|  | IND. | Surya Bhavani Singh Chawra | 13,746 | 2.32 |  |
|  | BSP | Neeru Ram Jat | 12,441 | 2.10 |  |
| Majority | | | 45,890 | 7.77 |  |
| Turnout | | | 5,90,981 | 39.68 |  |
|  | INC **win** (new seat) | | | | |

25°06′N 73°54′E / 25.1°N 73.9°E / 25.1; 73.9

## InfoBox

| Rajsamand | |
| --- | --- |
| Lok Sabha constituency | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Rajsamand Lok Sabha Constituency | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| Assembly constituencies | Beawar
Merta
Degana
Jaitaran
Bhim
Kumbhalgarh
Rajsamand
Nathdwara |
| Established | 2008 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Parliament | |
| 18th Lok Sabha | |
|  | |
| **Incumbent**  **Mahima Kumari Mewar** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2024 |


title: Tobacco Workers' Union

abstract: The Tobacco Workers' Union (TWU) was a trade union representing workers in all areas of the tobacco industry in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Tobacco Workers' Union

The **Tobacco Workers' Union** (**TWU**) was a trade union representing workers in all areas of the tobacco industry in the United Kingdom.

## History

The union was founded in 1834 in London as the **Friendly Society of Operative Tobacconists**. Two years later, it expanded its membership to include tobacco cutters, dryers and stovers and was renamed the **United Tobacconists Society**. In 1851, it expanded again to include cigarette makers, and in 1881 it took another name, the **United Operative Tobacconists throughout the Kingdom**. For much of this period, the union was based in Liverpool at the houses of its successive general secretaries, but in 1918 it relocated to London.

In 1925, the association became an industrial union, admitting all workers in the tobacco industry, including women, and adopted its final name. However, the following year, it was disaffiliated from the Trades Union Congress after other unions complained that it was poaching their members. It rejoined only in 1941. In 1946, the union merged with the rival National Cigar and Tobacco Workers' Union.

In 1986, the union merged into Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section, forming the union's new Tobacco Sector.

## Election results

The union sponsored its Liverpool district organiser as a Labour Party candidate in the 1959 general election:

| Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Middleton and Prestwich | Fred Barton | 21,248 | 40.4 | 2 |

## General secretaries

1834: Robert Stevens  1910s: E. Kayler 1924: C. W. Dorrell 1925: Andrew Boyd 1941: Percy Belcher 1964: David Burke 1967: Charles Butler 1969: Doug Grieve  1. Marsh, Arthur (1984). *Trade Union Handbook* (3 ed.). Aldershot: Gower. pp. 355–356. ISBN 0566024268.
2. Eaton, Jack; Gill, Colin (1981). *The Trade Union Directory*. London: Pluto Press. pp. 216–217.
3. Tobacco Workers' Union, *The Tobacco Workers' Union, 1834-1984*
4. University of Warwick, "Tobacco Workers' Union"
5. Labour Party, *Report of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Conference of the Labour Party*, pp.179-201
6. "Fred Barton", *Manchester Guardian*, 18 December 1963

## InfoBox

Tobacco Workers' Union
|
|  |
| Merged into | Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section |
| Founded | 1834 |
| Dissolved | 1986 |
| Headquarters | City Road, London |
| Location |  |
| Members | 20,630 (1980) |
| Publication | *Tobacco Worker* |
| Affiliations | Trade Union Congress |


title: Eccentric reducer

abstract: An eccentric reducer is a fitting used in piping systems between two pipes of different diameters. The same fitting can be used in reverse as an eccentric increaser or expander. They are used where the diameter of the pipe on the upstream side of the fitting is larger than the downstream side, and where there is a danger that vapour may accumulate. Unlike a concentric reducer, which resembles a cone, eccentric reducers have an edge that is parallel to the connecting pipe, referred to as the flat side. This parallel edge results in the two pipes having offset center lines. Because eccentric reducers are asymmetrical, they create asymmetrical flow conditions; flow is faster along the angled side, resulting in increased pressure. Horizontal liquid reducers are always eccentric, with the flat side on the top, which prevents the build up of air bubbles in the system, or in a pipe rack. In a pipe rack, the flat side of an eccentric reducer is on the bottom, so that the position of the bottom of the pipe will be constant, and supported by the rack. Eccentric reducers are used at the suction side of pumps to ensure air does not accumulate in the pipe. The gradual accumulation of air in a concentric reducer could result in a large bubble that could eventually cause the pump to stall or cause cavitation when drawn into the pump. Eccentric reducers exhibit a unique design with one side having a larger diameter and the other side being smaller and offset from the centerline. This offset configuration enables the eccentric reducer to maintain a consistent fluid level within the piping system, preventing air or gas accumulation. Horizontal gas reducers are always eccentric, bottom flat, which allows condensed water or oil to drain at low points. Reducers in vertical lines are generally concentric unless the layout dictates otherwise.

text:
# Eccentric reducer

An **eccentric reducer** is a fitting used in piping systems between two pipes of different diameters. The same fitting can be used in reverse as an eccentric increaser or expander. They are used where the diameter of the pipe on the upstream side of the fitting (i.e. where flow is coming from) is larger than the downstream side, and where there is a danger that vapour may accumulate. Unlike a concentric reducer, which resembles a cone, eccentric reducers have an edge that is parallel to the connecting pipe, referred to as the flat side. This parallel edge results in the two pipes having offset center lines. Because eccentric reducers are asymmetrical, they create asymmetrical flow conditions; flow is faster along the angled side, resulting in increased pressure.

Horizontal liquid reducers are always eccentric, with the flat side on the top, which prevents the build up of air bubbles in the system, (unless on control set, same as PV, TV, HV, LV) or in a pipe rack. In a pipe rack, the flat side of an eccentric reducer is on the bottom, so that the position of the bottom of the pipe will be constant, and supported by the rack. Eccentric reducers are used at the suction side of pumps to ensure air does not accumulate in the pipe. The gradual accumulation of air in a concentric reducer could result in a large bubble that could eventually cause the pump to stall or cause cavitation when drawn into the pump. Eccentric reducers exhibit a unique design with one side having a larger diameter and the other side being smaller and offset from the centerline. This offset configuration enables the eccentric reducer to maintain a consistent fluid level within the piping system, preventing air or gas accumulation.

Horizontal gas reducers are always eccentric, bottom flat, which allows condensed water or oil to drain at low points.

Reducers in vertical lines are generally concentric unless the layout dictates otherwise.


title: To a Wild Rose

abstract: "To a Wild Rose" is the first piece from Woodland Sketches, Op. 51, by the American composer Edward MacDowell. It was completed in 1896 and first published by Breitkopf and Härtel.

text:
# To a Wild Rose

"**To a Wild Rose**" is the first piece from *Woodland Sketches*, Op. 51, by the American composer Edward MacDowell. It was completed in 1896 and first published by Breitkopf and Härtel.

## Background

"To a Wild Rose", one of the European-trained MacDowell's most well-known and loved pieces, is part of the larger Woodland Sketches, finished in 1896 for solo piano. The composer incorporated certain Native American themes into it. Alan Levy, the critic and biographer, wrote:

> Marian recalled how her husband would regularly write a few measures during breakfast — "like exercise" — before going off to the cabin. Normally, MacDowell discarded such fragments, and this particular morning he crumpled the paper and tossed it at the fireplace. He happened to miss the target, however, and rather than summarily throwing it away, Marian later picked up the paper, uncrumpled it, and looked it over. She played it at the piano and decided to keep it. When Edward later returned from the cabin she showed it to him and said: "This is a charming little melody." Edward looked at it anew and agreed, "It is not bad — very simple. It makes me think of wild roses near the cabin."

However, Marian's version of the story is slightly different. She wrote that the fragment made her husband think of their "log cabin" — as opposed to "cabin" — which was not built until 1898, two years after the Sketches were published.

The composer's love for roses was so great that he was buried under a boulder, around which many rose plants grew.

## Performance

Numerous arrangements of the piece have been made. Though the original was for solo piano, it has been arranged for two sopranos, alto and piano by Hermann Hagedorn. Additionally, Nat King Cole played his own version of the song. Levy said that the piece is best played by children, as they would not embellish it heavily but perform it quite simply. Jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins also incorporated the song into his live repertoire.

It is a recurring theme in the 1941 movie *Penny Serenade*. The pop song "Am I Ready", written by Roy C. Bennett and Sid Tepper and recorded by Elvis Presley in 1966 for the soundtrack of the film *Spinout*, is based on the melody of this piece.


title: To a Young Ass

abstract: To a Young Ass was composed by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1794. The poem describes Coleridge's sympathies for animals and the connection to nature he felt as part of his idea of Pantisocracy. It was later used by critics as a means to mock him.

text:
# To a Young Ass

***To a Young Ass*** was composed by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1794. The poem describes Coleridge's sympathies for animals and the connection to nature he felt as part of his idea of Pantisocracy. It was later used by critics as a means to mock him.

## Background

The poem "To a Young Jack Ass" or "To a Young Ass, Its Mother Being Tethered Near It" was composed during October 1794. It was inspired by a scene of a jack ass at Jesus Green. Soon after, the poem was published in the *Morning Chronicle* 9 December 1794 and marks the first time that Coleridge publicly talks about his idea of Pantisocracy. The poem was published in Coleridge's 1796 edition of poems and was revised for the 1797 edition. These later editions alter lines 27–36 to remove mention of Pantisocracy.

## Poem

The poem begins by addressing the oppressed foal:

> Poor little Foal of an oppresséd race!
> I love the languid patience of thy face:
> And oft with gentle hand I give thee bread,
> And clap thy ragged coat, and pat thy head.
>
> lines 1–4

The foal responds to the narrator, and the two form a bond:

> How *askingly* its footsteps hither bend?
> It seems to say, "And have I then *one* friend?"
> Innocent foal! thou poor despis'd forlorn!
> I hail thee *Brother*—spite of the fool's scorn!
>
> lines 23–26

The 1794 edition of the poem included a political meaning. Lines starting at 27 originally read:

> And fain I'd take thee with me, to the Dell
> Where high-soul'd Pantisocracy shall dwell!
> Where Mirth shall tickle Plenty's ribless side,
> And smiles from Beauty's Lip on sunbeams glide,
>
> lines 27–30

## Themes

The poem links the image of a jack ass, a low form of animal, with the narrator to reverse the natural order of the world. As part of Coleridge's political concept of Pantisocracy, man would connect to nature. In a letter to Francis Wrangham, dated 24 October 1794, Coleridge wrote:

> If there be any whom I deem worthy of remembrance — I am their Brother. I call even my Cat Sister in the Fraternity of universal Nature. Owls I respect & Jack Asses I love: for Alderman & Hogs, Bishops & Royston Crows, I have not particular partiality —; they are my Cousins however, at least by Courtesy. But Kings, Wolves, Tygers, Generals, Ministers, & Hyaenas, I renounce them all... May the Almighty Pantisocratizer of Souls pantisocratize the Earth, and bless you and S. T. Coleridge.

The poem was built off this playful idea and includes a mix of comedy along with a connection between the narrator and the jack ass that was part of "an oppressed Race". The response by the narrator is to feel compassion with an animal in distress, and he seeks to comfort the animal. In this view, Coleridge contradicts Godwin's and Mary Wollstonecraft's belief that you cannot befriend animals. Their argument is based on the idea that reason is needed to understand virtue, but Coleridge focuses on the emotional response that creates a bond between man and animal.

The poem does rely on the ideas of Pantisocracy, being connected to nature, and the idea of "One Life" that would appear in many of his later poems. However, the revised version removes the mention of Pantisocracy. The lines made light of Pantisocracy, and some later critics, including William Empson, feel that Coleridge removed the lines because Coleridge was afraid of the public laughing at his ideas. However, Zachary Leader argues that "he wanted them laughed at. He just did not want them laughed at the wrong way."

## Sources

This was a common image in the 18th-century, with many philosophers and writers, including Godwin, William Shield, and others, releasing their horses and mules to walk alongside them. A direct literary connection is to William Crowe's "To an Ass" (1793) and the poem incorporates a quote from William Shakespeare's *Hamlet*. The idea of connecting with a lowly form of animal also appears in many literary works, including Robert Burns poems (example – "To a Mouse"), Southey's poems (example – "To a Spider"), the works of Laurence Sterne (both *Tristram Shandy* and *A Sentimental Journey*) and Cervantes's *Don Quixote*.

## Response

Richard Holmes, Coleridge's 20th-century biographer, points out that, in Coleridge's 1796 collection, "The poem which had the most popular impact remained the controversial 'To a Young Jack Ass'." The poem inspired James Gillray to poke fun at Coleridge, William Godwin, and Robert Southey by depicting them with the ears of a jack ass in a caricature titled "New Morality" in the July 1798 *Anti-Jacobin Magazine*. Likewise, James and Horace Smith parodied the poem in a piece called "Play house Musings". Lord Byron would mention the Gillray image in his *English Bards and Scotch Reviewers* series later. Of the criticism, Coleridge was not bothered by anything except Gillray's description under the illustration that contained a negative biographical description, claiming that Coleridge was a deist while at Cambridge and that he left England and his family to explore the world.

* Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1921). Coleridge, Ernest Hartley (ed.). *The Poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge*. Oxford University Press.
* Holmes, Richard. *Coleridge: Early Visions, 1772–1804*. New York: Pantheon, 1989.
* Leader, Zachary. *Revision and Romantic Authorship*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
* Mays, J. C. C. (editor). *The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works* I Vol I.I. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
* Sisman, Adam. *The Friendship*. New York: Viking, 2006.
* Taussig, Gurion. *Coleridge and the Idea of Friendship, 1789–1804*. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2002.


title: Tito Lara

abstract: Tito Lara, was considered by many to be Puerto Rico's first television singing idol.

text:
# Tito Lara

**Tito Lara** (December 23, 1932  June 23, 1987), was considered by many to be Puerto Rico's first television singing idol.

## Early years

Lara (birth name: **Agustín Enrique Lara Olivencia** was born in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. Lara was raised by his maternal grandmother and received primary education in Santurce. During his spare time, he taught himself to play the guitar. In 1942, when was only 10 years old, his grandmother realized that her grandson had musical talent and took him to WNEL, the local radio station, where he made his debut. In 1946, Lara enrolled at the Free School of Music in San Juan, where he continued his guitar studies and learned to play the trumpet.

## Trío Los Lirios

In 1948, Lara and eleven fellow students created an ensemble with Lara as lead singer. In 1949, Lara formed a trio called *Trío Los Lirios* which became a regular guest on the WKAQ radio station. They were paid 2 American dollars per appearance.

## Recording debut

Lara enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico to study Liberal Arts and joined the university's choir. In 1950, the owner of Mardí Records heard and was impressed by Lara's singing and asked him to form a quartet including a female voice. Lara did so, was signed by Mardí Records and dropped out of college in 1953 to travel with the quartet to New York City.

Lara also went solo in 1953 and scored a hit with a recording of the bolero *Sollozo* ('Crying'), which he followed up with *Orquídeas*, a Spanish version of *Orchids in the Moonlight* by Vincent Youmans. That same year he met and married Nilda María Canino with whom he was to have three children, Agustin Jr., María and José Rafael. He returned to New York and performed at the Paramount Theater where Myrta Silva introduced him as "El Pollo que Canta" ('The Handsome Singer').

## Los Hispanos

In 1955, Lara joined one of Puerto Rico's renowned quartets *Los Hispanos* and made his television début with them and singers, Ida Claudio, and Sonia Noemí on "*El Show Ford"*, broadcast by Telemundo, the television station owned and operated by Ángel Ramos. His extraordinary vocal range allowed him to replace any of the members of Los Hispanos when one of them was unable to perform. On January 11, 1965, the group began a seven-year participation in the televised part of the *Festival Sultana*, a show produced by Paquito Cordero. Lara and *Los Hispanos* travelled and performed in the United States, the Dominican Republic, Panamá, Perú, Venezuela and Chile. Lara enrolled in the Music Conservatory of Puerto Rico and in 1970 earned his bachelor's degree, specializing in trumpet-playing. He formed a duo with María Esther Ortiz called *Los Dos* and also founded the *Allegro 72* group, which, among others, included Luis Antonio Cosme. Lara performed with *Allegro 72* at Carnegie Hall, New York, and at various television stations. Some members of *Allegro 72* who went on to gain fame were Lunna, Ángel "Cucco" Peña, Dagmar Rivera and Alyce Gracia.

## Later years

Lara began to have problems with his health in 1978, suffering a stroke which was complicated by his diabetes. In 1979, he underwent an open-heart surgery procedure from which he recuperated and shortly after returned to Puerto Rico. There he underwent conversion to Christianity and joined a Protestant church.

After his conversion, he continued singing sacred music almost exclusively, collaborating with singers such as the mezzo-soprano Maribel Soto, recording with her a Spanish adaptation of Sandi Patty's "More than Wonderful" ("Maravilloso es"); singing in a choir put together by Wisón Torres, Jr. and Leyda E. Colón, founders and directors of the Puerto Rican Christian music group Peregrinos y Extranjeros, for the CD "Buscando aquella ciudad" ("Looking for that city") (Pilgrim Music), and recording two projects as a soloist. The first one was titled "Él" ("He"); the second one: "Señor Amigo" ("My Lord, my friend"). Most of the lyrics of his sacred songs talked about grace, eternal live, hope, and love for his Lord, Jesus Christ. When visiting churches to sing live or presenting concerts, he always said: *"I sing happily because I believe in the words I sing"*.  His version in Spanish of the Frankie Laine hit I Believe, titled "Tengo Fe", became his signature song.

He also participated in "Noche de Gala", a musical variety show hosted by T.V. personality Eddie Miró, for the celebration of Easter, singing the famous duet with Maribel Soto. In 1985, Lara participated in the *Concierto de Navidad* (Christmas Concert) held at the "Luis A. Ferré Center for the Performing Arts" in San Juan. In 1986, he held concerts in the Brooklyn Center for the Performing Arts and at the Hostos Center of Culture in the Bronx. That year he also recorded his last album, *Los Cuatro Ases* (*The Four Aces*).

## Personal life

Lara was married to Nilda Maria Canino from 1953 to his death. In addition to his wife, he was survived by his three children.

## Discography

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| You may listen to Tito Lara's "Si Me Preguntan" on YouTube. | |

* *Sollozo* ('Crying') (1953)
* *Orquídeas* ('Orchids')
* *Canciones de Los Cuatro Ases* ('Song of the Four Aces')
* *Lo que hay que hacer* ('What You Must Do') (1958)
* *No quiero ser tu amante* ('I Do Not Want To Be Your Lover')
* *Un nuevo ídolo para América* ('A New Idol for America') (1959)
* *Mi versión* ('My Version')
* *La vida mía* ('My Life')
* *Vivo sin ti* ('I Live Without You')
* *Imágenes*
* *Niebla de Riachuelo* ('Bolero, Duet Album with Maria E. Ortiz')
* *Tito Lara canta «Dos amores»* (1962)
* *Miedo* ('Scared')
* *Un poquito de tu amor* ('A Little of your Love')
* *Quisiera* ('I Wish') (1966)
* *Egoísmo*
* *Ansiedad* ('Anxiety')
* *En ruinas* ('In Ruins')
* *Allegro 72* (1973)
* *El* (*He*)
* *Señor Amigo* (*My Lord, my friend*)
* *Los Cuatro Ases* ('The Four Aces') (1986)

## Death

In March 1987, Lara suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized at the West Houston Medical Center in Houston, Texas. He died on June 23, 1987, aged 54, and was laid to rest in Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery in Old San Juan.

## InfoBox

| **Tito Lara** | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | **Agustín Enrique Lara Olivencia** |
| Born | December 23, 1932
Río Piedras, Puerto Rico |
| Died | June 23, 1987
Houston, Texas |
| Genres | Bolero |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instrument | Guitar |


title: Toby Edward Rosenthal

abstract: Tobias Edward Rosenthal, known as Toby was a German-American genre and portrait painter. He generally claimed to have been born in New Haven, Connecticut.

text:
# Toby Edward Rosenthal

**Tobias Edward Rosenthal**, known as **Toby** (15 March 1848 in Strasburg, Prussia  23 December 1917 in Munich) was a German-American genre and portrait painter. He generally claimed to have been born in New Haven, Connecticut.

## Biography

Shortly after he was born, his parents emigrated to the United States. They settled in San Francisco in 1858 and his father, Jakob, worked as a tailor. He had expressed a strong desire to be a painter, so they enrolled him at a drawing school operated by a French-born sculptor named Louis Bacon. There, he attracted the attention of the expatriate Mexican artist, Fortunato Arriola, who gave him free lessons.

In 1865, at Arriola's urging, his parents raised the money to send him to Munich, where he became a pupil at the Academy of Fine Arts. His instructors there included Alexander Strähuber and Karl Raupp. Later, he attended master classes taught by Karl Theodor von Piloty. His painting of Johann Sebastian Bach and his family at their morning prayers (1870) was awarded a medal and purchased by the State Museum in Leipzig.

During his stay there, his father had been publishing his letters in the local newspapers. When he returned home, in 1871, he found himself the center of attention, and received numerous commissions for portraits. Despite that, the constant socializing became monotonous, and he went back to Munich. There he painted *The Beautiful Elaine* (1874), based on a work by Alfred Tennyson, which had been commissioned by a banker in San Francisco. It proved to be a difficult painting, so Rosenthal requested more money for it, but was refused. He then sold it to someone else for several times the originally promised amount. His breach of contract created a small scandal.

In 1876, he participated in the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. He was awarded another medal in 1883 for *Trial of the Escaped Nun Constance de Beverley*, based on the poem *Marmion* by Sir Walter Scott, now on display at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

Except for an occasional visit to his family, he spent the rest of his life in Germany and married a local banker's daughter, although he continued to accept commissions from America. He died in 1917, at the age of sixty-nine, and was interred in the Nordfriedhof. His works may be seen at the Art Institute of Chicago and the De Young Museum.

## Selected paintings

## Notable works

* "Love's Last Offering"
* "Spring's Joy and Sorrow" (1868)
* "J.S. Bach and his family at morning prayers" (Leipzig Museum; 1870)
* The beautiful Elaine, after a ballad of Alfred Tennyson (1874)
* "Young Monk in Refectory" (1875)
* "Forbidden Longings"
* "Who laughs last, laughs best," a humorous genre diptych
* "Girls' Boarding-School Alarmed" (1877)
* "A Mother's Prayer" (1881)
* "Empty Place" (1882)
* "Trial of the escaped nun Constance de Beverly," after Walter Scott's Marmion (Los Angeles County Museum of Art; 1883)
* "Dancing Lesson During the Empire"
* "Departure from the Family"
* "Out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire," one of the most popular of his works, and frequently engraved (1871)

## Writings

* Toby E. Rosenthal, *Erinnerungen eines Malers* (Memoirs of a painter), Munich: Richard Pflaum, 1927.


title: Diamond Valley, Alberta

abstract: Diamond Valley is a town in the Calgary Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada within Foothills County. It is at the intersection of Highway 22 and Highway 7. It was established through the provincially approved amalgamation of the former towns of Black Diamond and Turner Valley on January 1, 2023.

text:
# Diamond Valley, Alberta

**Diamond Valley** is a town in the Calgary Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada within Foothills County. It is at the intersection of Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail) and Highway 7. It was established through the provincially approved amalgamation of the former towns of Black Diamond and Turner Valley on January 1, 2023.

## History

Black Diamond and Turner Valley incorporated as villages on May 8, 1929 and February 23, 1930 respectively. After nearly 26 years as a village, Black Diamond incorporated as a town on January 1, 1956. Turner Valley incorporated as a town on September 1, 1977 after 47 years of village status.

The thought of amalgamating the towns of Black Diamond and Turner Valley first surfaced in the mid-1980s. Turner Valley withdrew from the discussions after Alberta Municipal Affairs completed a feasibility report on the amalgamation in 1986.

The possibility resurfaced in 2006 when the towns initiated discussions on a possible amalgamation of the two municipalities. The discussions culminated in a plebiscite held on October 15, 2007, concurrently with their municipal elections, in which the question asked of voters was "*Do you support an amalgamation of the Town of Black Diamond and the Town of Turner Valley to form one municipality?*" The results of the plebiscite were 66% of Turner Valley voters were in favour of amalgamation, while 71% of Black Diamond voters were against amalgamation.

A third amalgamation investigation began in early 2016 through a joint request of Black Diamond and Turner Valley for a provincial grant to undertake a feasibility study. Following negotiations and engagement, the two town councils decided to proceed with an amalgamation application in September 2021. The name of the amalgamated municipality was proposed to be the Town of Diamond Valley. Among over 200 name suggestions, Diamond Valley received the majority of responses in a survey of three shortlisted suggestions; the other two being Sheep River and Black Valley. The proposed effective date of the amalgamation was January 1, 2023. On May 25, 2022, the Government of Alberta approved the amalgamation application with the municipality name and effective date as originally proposed. On November 28, 2022, both towns voted for their new town's first mayor and council with Turner Valley's current mayor Barry Crane being elected Diamond Valley's first mayor.

## Demographics

The combined population of the towns of Black Diamond and Turner Valley, according to the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, is 5,341, up from 5,264 in 2016. The two towns have a combined land area of 12.57 km2 (4.85 sq mi).

**Black Diamond**
In 2021, the Town of Black Diamond had a population of 2,730 living in 1,178 of its 1,233 total private dwellings, a change of 0.9% from its 2016 population of 2,705. With a land area of 6.82 km2 (2.63 sq mi), it had a population density of 400.3/km2 (1,036.8/sq mi) in 2021.

**Turner Valley**
In 2021, the Town of Turner Valley had a population of 2,611 living in 1,073 of its 1,133 total private dwellings, a change of 2% from its 2016 population of 2,559. With a land area of 5.75 km2 (2.22 sq mi), it had a population density of 454.1/km2 (1,176.1/sq mi) in 2021.

## Government

The Town of Diamond Valley has a seven-person council comprising a mayor and six councillors all elected at-large. The first election occurred on November 28, 2022. Its first chief administrative officer (CAO) was Shawn Patience, who was the CAO of the Town of Turner Valley.

The first council of Diamond Valley, based on the official results of the election, held November 28, 2022:

* Mayor, Barry Crane
* Councillor, Jonathan Gordon
* Councillor, Cindy Holladay
* Councillor, Brendan Kelly
* Councillor, Veronica Kloiber
* Councillor, Hazel Martin
* Councillor, Heather Thomson

## InfoBox

| Diamond Valley | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town of Diamond Valley | |
| Highway 22 in downtown Black Diamond | |
| Diamond ValleyLocation of Diamond ValleyDiamond ValleyDiamond Valley (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 50°40′34″N 114°15′36″W / 50.676°N 114.260°W / 50.676; -114.260 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Region | Calgary Metropolitan Region |
| Census division |  |
| Municipal district | Foothills County |
| Village (BD) | May 8, 1929 |
| Village (TV) | February 23, 1930 |
| Town (BD) | January 1, 1956 |
| Town (TV) | September 1, 1977 |
| Amalgamated | January 1, 2023 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Barry Crane |
| Governing body | Diamond Valley Town Council |
| CAO | Shawn Patience |
| Area (2021) | |
| Land | 12.57 km2 (4.85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,159–1,215 m (3,802–3,986 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 5,341 |
| Time zone | UTC−07:00 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−06:00 (MDT) |
| Postal code span | T0L |
| Area code | +1-403 |
| Highways | Highway 22
Highway 7 |
| Waterways | Sheep River |
| Website | Official website |


title: Bianca Bellová

abstract: Bianca Bellová is a Czech writer. She was born in Prague. She has written a number of books: Sentimentální román, Mrtvý muž, Celý den se nic nestane, Jezero, Mona (2019) and Tyhle fragmenty. Jezero won the top Czech literary award Magnesia Litera and the EU Prize for Literature in 2016 and has been translated in numerous languages.

text:
# Bianca Bellová

**Bianca Bellová** (born 1970) is a Czech writer. She was born in Prague. She has written a number of books: *Sentimentální román* (*Sentimental Novel*, 2009), *Mrtvý muž* (*Dead Man*, 2011), *Celý den se nic nestane* (*Nothing Happens All Day*, 2013), *Jezero* (*The Lake*, 2016), *Mona* (2019) and *Tyhle fragmenty* (*These Fragments*, 2021). *Jezero* won the top Czech literary award Magnesia Litera and the EU Prize for Literature in 2016 and has been translated in numerous languages.


title: Rex A. Wade

abstract: Rex Arvin Wade is an American historian and author who has written extensively about the 1917 Russian Revolution. He has taught courses in Russian and Soviet history at George Mason University since 1986.

text:
# Rex A. Wade

**Rex Arvin Wade** (born October 9, 1936) is an American historian and author who has written extensively about the 1917 Russian Revolution. He has taught courses in Russian and Soviet history at George Mason University since 1986.

## Career

Born in Piedmont, Kansas, Wade taught at Wisconsin State University, LaCrosse from 1963 to 1968, the University of Hawaiʻi from 1968 to 1986, and as visiting professor at the University of North Carolina, University of Nebraska, and Portland State University, before joining the George Mason faculty in 1986.

Wade has authored numerous books on the subject of the 1917 February and October Revolutions, among which include:

* *The Russian Search for Peace, 1917* (1969);
* *Red Guards and Workers' Militias in the Russian Revolution* (1984);
* *The Russian Revolution, 1917* (2000);
* *The Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War* (2001).
* *Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches to the Russian Revolution of 1917* (2004).

He co-edited *Politics and Society in Provincial Russia: Saratov, 1590-1917* (1989), and edited *Documents of Soviet History* (Vol. I, 1991; Vol. II, 1992, Vol. III, 1994).

He retired in 2006 but is currently planning a book, *The Long Revolution: Russia 1880-1930*.

1. Frances C. Locher, *Contemporary Authors: Includes, Volumes 61-64* (Gale, 1976; ISBN 0810300281), p. 578.
2. "Faculty and Staff: Rex A. Wade". *History and Art History*. George Mason University. Retrieved 24 August 2018.

## InfoBox

| Rex A. Wade | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Rex Arvin Wade
(1936-10-09) October 9, 1936
Piedmont, Kansas, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Historian * author |


title: Chloroxylon swietenia

abstract: Chloroxylon swietenia, the Ceylon satinwood or East Indian satinwood, is a tropical hardwood, the sole species in the genus Chloroxylon. It is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. It and Zanthoxylum flavum, the West Indian satinwood, are considered to be the original satinwoods.

text:
# Chloroxylon swietenia

***Chloroxylon swietenia*** , the **Ceylon satinwood** or **East Indian satinwood**, is a tropical hardwood, the sole species in the genus ***Chloroxylon*** (from the Greek χλωρὸν ξύλον, "green wood"). It is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar.

It and *Zanthoxylum flavum*, the West Indian satinwood, are considered to be the original satinwoods.

## Wood

Its wood is prized for veneers, inlays, fine furniture, and other specialty applications.

## Conservation

Populations have declined due to overexploitation.

## InfoBox

| *Chloroxylon swietenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ragihalli Forest, Bengaluru district, India. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | *Chloroxylon* |
| Species: | ***C. swietenia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chloroxylon swietenia***
DC. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Swietenia chloroxylon*  Roxb. | |


title: Rangjung Yeshe Wiki

abstract: The Rangjung Yeshe Wiki is a Wiki community established in 2005 focused on building a Tibetan-English Dictionary, glossaries of Buddhist terminology, biographies of Buddhist teachers, and articles on important Tibetan Buddhist literary works and collections. The site aims to develop resources useful for the "community of lotsawas" involved in translating Buddhist texts from Classical Tibetan to English and other European Languages. The original content of the Wiki was based on a digital Tibetan-English dictionary compiled by the translator Erik Pema Kunsang in the early 1970s. The Rangjung Yeshe Wiki currently has over 23,720 articles, 1,060 uploaded files, and 825 registered users. The site is hosted and supported by the Tsadra Foundation. The Dharma Dictionary features the Tibetan words of renowned Tibetan translators such as Erik Pema Kunsang (including the complete Rangjung Yeshe Tibetan-English dictionary of Buddhist Culture, Ives Waldo, Jim Valby, Richard Barron, Gyurme Dorje, Thomas Doctor, Matthieu Ricard and more.

text:
# Rangjung Yeshe Wiki

The **Rangjung Yeshe Wiki** is a Wiki community established in 2005 focused on building a Tibetan-English Dictionary, glossaries of Buddhist terminology, biographies of Buddhist teachers, and articles on important Tibetan Buddhist literary works and collections. The site aims to develop resources useful for the "community of lotsawas" involved in translating Buddhist texts from Classical Tibetan to English and other European Languages. The original content of the Wiki was based on a digital Tibetan-English dictionary compiled by the translator Erik Pema Kunsang in the early 1970s. The Rangjung Yeshe Wiki currently has over 23,720 articles, 1,060 uploaded files, and 825 registered users. The site is hosted and supported by the Tsadra Foundation. The Dharma Dictionary features the Tibetan words of renowned Tibetan translators such as Erik Pema Kunsang (including the complete Rangjung Yeshe Tibetan-English dictionary of Buddhist Culture, Ives Waldo, Jim Valby, Richard Barron, Gyurme Dorje, Thomas Doctor, Matthieu Ricard and more.


title: Rangjung

abstract: Rangjung is a town on the Gamri River in the Radhi Gewog of Tashigang District, East Bhutan. The town is the location of Rangjung Oesel Choeling Monastery, established by Dungse Garab Dorje Rinpoche in 1989; and the Rangjung Vocational Training Institute (VTI) which offers certificate level courses in electrical engineering, computer hardware & networking, and furniture making. It is also the location of a small hydro-electric project. Rangjung in Tibetan and probably as much in Dzongkha expresses the concept of a self-arisen manifestation. All over the Tibetan cultural sphere there are sacred seed syllables, mantras or depictions of deities that a presumed not to be man-made, but "rangjung", self arisen or autogenic. For example, in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa is a rangjung goats head in a side chapel protruding out of a big rock.

text:
# Rangjung

**Rangjung** is a town on the Gamri River in the Radhi Gewog of Tashigang District, East Bhutan.

The town is the location of Rangjung Oesel Choeling Monastery, established by Dungse Garab Dorje Rinpoche in 1989; and the Rangjung Vocational Training Institute (VTI) which offers certificate level courses in electrical engineering, computer hardware & networking, and furniture making. It is also the location of a small hydro-electric project.

Rangjung in Tibetan and probably as much in Dzongkha expresses the concept of a self-arisen manifestation. All over the Tibetan cultural sphere there are sacred seed syllables, mantras or depictions of deities that a presumed not to be man-made, but "rangjung", self arisen or autogenic. For example, in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa is a rangjung goats head in a side chapel protruding out of a big rock.

1. "Vocational Training Institute, Rangjung". Tashigang Dzongkhag Administration. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
2. "Evaluation of Small Hydro Projects in Namche Bazaar (Nepal) and Rangjung (Bhutan)" (PDF). final version. Austrian Development Co-operation. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2009-03-18.

## InfoBox

| Rangjung རང་བྱུང་ | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Stupas at Rangjung, E. Bhutan | |
| RangjungLocation in Bhutan | |
| Coordinates: 27°21′43″N 91°40′41″E / 27.36194°N 91.67806°E / 27.36194; 91.67806 | |
| Country | Bhutan |
| District | Tashigang District |
| Elevation | 3,670 ft (1,120 m) |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BTT) |


title: Ram Awadhesh Singh

abstract: Ram Awadhesh Singh Yadav was an Indian politician, and a renowned Social Justice Leader of India. He served as a Member of the Lok Sabha (1977–1979), and in the Rajya Sabha (1986–1992). He was a well-known socialist leader and a strong follower of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia. His long struggle led to the formation of well-known "Mandal Commission", i.e. he is also known as "God-Father of Mandal Commission". He is also known as "Periar of the North". He was Nominated as Member, National Commission for Backward Classes. He died in 2020 from COVID-19.

text:
# Ram Awadhesh Singh

**Ram Awadhesh Singh Yadav** (June 18, 1937 – July 20, 2020) was an Indian politician, and a renowned Social Justice Leader of India.

He served as a Member of the Lok Sabha (1977–1979), and in the Rajya Sabha (1986–1992). He was a well-known socialist leader and a strong follower of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia. His long struggle led to the formation of well-known "Mandal Commission", i.e. he is also known as "God-Father of Mandal Commission". He is also known as "Periar of the North". He was Nominated as Member, National Commission for Backward Classes (June 2007).

He died in 2020 from COVID-19.

## InfoBox

| Ram Awadhesh Singh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of National Commission for Backward Classes | |
| **In office**
2007–2010 | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
1986–1992 | |
| Member of Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency) | |
| **In office**
1977–1979 | |
| Preceded by | Shiopujan Shastri |
| Succeeded by | Tapeshwar Singh |
| Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1969–1971 | |
| Constituency | Bikramganj |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1937-06-18) 18 June 1937
Rohtas, Bihar |
| Died | 20 July 2020(2020-07-20) (aged 83)
Patna |
| Political party | Bharatiya Lok Dal |
| Children | 4 sons and 1 daughter |
| Residence | Patna |
|  | |


title: Ram Avatar Sharma

abstract: Mahamahopadhyaya Pandit Ram Avatar Sharma (1877–1929) was an Indian Sanskrit scholar and academic, apart from being an indologist and historian. A professor of Sanskrit in University of Patna in pre-independence years. He was also a renowned Indologist. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India and a favourite student of Pandit Sharma, was instrumental in getting his works published after his death. His son, Professor Pandit Nalin Vilochan Sharma was also a professor of Hindi Literature in University of Patna and started the Nai Kavita; New Poetry movement in Hindi literature.

text:
# Ram Avatar Sharma

**Mahamahopadhyaya Pandit Ram Avatar Sharma** (1877–1929) was an Indian Sanskrit scholar and academic, apart from being an indologist and historian. A professor of Sanskrit in University of Patna in pre-independence years. He was also a renowned Indologist. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India and a favourite student of Pandit Sharma, was instrumental in getting his works published after his death. His son, Professor Pandit Nalin Vilochan Sharma was also a professor of Hindi Literature in University of Patna and started the *Nai Kavita*; *New Poetry* movement in Hindi literature.

## Early life and education

Pandit Ramavatara Sarma was born the son of a Bhumihar Brahmin Sanskrit guru, Dev Narayan Pandey, on 6 March in Chapra which lies on the northern bank of the river Ganges in the state of Bihar. His father asked him to join him in his work when he was 12 so young Ramavatara headed for India's greatest seat of Sanskrit learning, Varanasi, and became a disciple of Gangadhar Shastri, the most famous guru of the day.

He passed the **Kavyateerth** examination at the age of 15 and wrote his first book the same year, **Dheernaishadham**. He took admission to Queen's College in Benaras which was patronised by Dr Annie Besant and completed his *Sahityacharya* the same year, topping the list. But one of the professors at Queen's College, Dr Vennis, happened to comment that were he to acquire some knowledge of English he would fare better.

At this Ramavtar Sarma went right off to pawn his only prized possession, his *lota* and borrow a copy of the Encyclopædia Britannica which he read through once. After that all his life he was able to tell which word appeared on which page, in which column, after which word and before which. This was the time he changed his name from Pandey to Sarma which roughly means 'the knowledgeable one'.

## Career

Mahamahopadhyaya Pt. Ramavtar Sharma was a genius of very high order. He had a brilliant career as a student of Sanskrit in which he earned the oriental degrees of *Kavyatirtha*, *Vyakarnacharya*, *Sahityacharya*, etc., having received his education under the guidance of his father at an early stage and later under the tutorship of the famous Pandit Mahamahopadhyaya Gangadhar Shastri of Queen's College, Benares. He also had his education in modern subjects in English and passed all his examinations from entrance up to M.A., having topped and received prizes in most of them. He left Benaras because conditions back home were bad. He took up his first job at Chapra High School but returned to Benaras in 1901 to take up lectureship at Central Hindu College. It was at this time that he defeated in *shastrarth* his guru, Gangadhar Shastri as well as Maharshi Shraddhanand. His guru had tears running down his cheeks at his disciple's show of erudition but he said, 'Since you have put me down in my own city, go, may none of your work be ever completed.'

At the time of his death in 1929, Ramavtar Sarma's house, family and lexicon were all incomplete. This story was told me by his eldest and dearest daughter, Indumati Tewari who herself had two MA degrees from Benaras Hindu University, having topped both subjects, Sanskrit and Hindi. However, when Dr Annie Besant tried to impose norms of attire on the lecturers, Ramavtar Sarma reacted,'Clothes are for comfort. I shall not wear coat and trousers to college.' He went back home but the fledgling university at Patna needed someone to head its combined department of Hindi and Sanskrit and invited him over. He joined Patna University in 1907.

In 1908 he was asked by Sir Asutosh Mukherji of Calcutta University to deliver the famous Basu-Mallick lecture. This was an exposition on Vedantism which was later delivered at Oxford University. This was regarded as the final word on the subject and stands unrefuted to this day.

Meanwhile, the founder of world-renowned Benaras Hindu University was doing the rounds at Patna, hoping to rope in Ramavtar Sarma for his pet project at BHU, the first-ever college of Indology. Ramavtar relented when he failed to win the well-known Premchand Raichand scholarship which went to Radha Kumud Mukherji, a much junior man. He joined BHU as Principal, Oriental College of Indology.

Legends grew around him. There was an incident involving the then Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII. Madan Mohan Malviya had requested all faculty members to be attired in formal clothes including the *pugree*. However, as the royal cavalcade approached Ruia Hostel where Indology classes were held, Ramavtar Sarma went and stood on the verandah, clad in his *dhoti* and *chauband*. Malviya happened to catch sight of him and ordered the cavalcade away. When the next day Ramavtar was asked for an explanation, he arrived at Malviya's office along with a bundle of his clothes, saying 'From tomorrow, these will take classes, not I.' He added, 'What you pay me for my erudition is a pittance. You cannot tell me how I should dress.' Malviya agreed.

Much later Indumati Tewari, his eldest daughter explained, 'That was a day for a dip in the Ganges and my mother gathered all us children and took us to Assi Ghat. She also took the keys to the almirah in which Baba's clothes were. Since he never raised his voice to her, he simply put on his normal clothes and went to college.'

However, in 1922, he decided to return to Patna, explaining, 'My Bihar is poor and needs me.'

There came to Patna University as Principal, another erudite scholar from Oxford University, Sir Charles Russell, who was interested both in Sanskrit and Philosophy being an excellent scholar himself. He asked Ramavtar Sarma if he could guide him in the perusal of one of the most difficult books in the language. Sir Charles brought along two copies of the book, one for himself and the other for Ramavtar, who simply pushed the book away. Sir Charles was stunned by the fact that anyone could have such a book at his fingertips. Thereafter Sir Charles had many thought-provoking sessions on just about any subject with Ramavtar Sarma, his admiration rising with each.

Ramavtar's style of writing verse was such that scholars of the era were convinced that he would author the fifth Veda. Hopes were also expressed that he would be able to decode the Indus Valley Script. It was he who rescinded the Ashokan script. It was again Ramavtar who dated Sanskrit poet Bhasa as well as identified the real Kalidas from a likely trio. An essay on this last subject appeared in English in *The Hindustan Review*, published from Patna.

The debate that the Vedas were a divine creation was timeless. To settle the issue, Ramavtar started sending off some *slokas* to a national Sanskrit magazine printed from Poona. He carried on the joke on the academic fraternity for six whole months. All Sanskrit scholars took them to be from some Veda or the other. Then at last he revealed that they were 'Swarachit' or self-composed.

His memory was phenomenal. Once a young writer came to him and read out about 55 pages of his book which he hoped to submit to the publishers the next day. It rained heavily that night and the first 55 pages were washed away. The writer was desperate. He confided to a friend about the fact that he had read just those pages out to Ramavtar. The friend took him right back to Ramavtar's house on Patna's Exhibition Road. Ramavtar was able to dictate verbatim every page that the writer had lost.

Ramavtar Sarma was a radical thinker. For one thing, he anticipated the genetic theory by pronouncing that close relatives ought not to marry (as it is Hindu religion forbids it) and he maintained that if a girl from Bengal were to marry a boy from the Punjab their progeny would be highly intelligent. He believed that only the most intelligent persons must have several children and that those with mental illnesses must desist.

He did not believe in reincarnation—this sent the Brahmin community of his times into frenzies of condemnation. But as he simply put it, 'When the natural receptacle of the brain and mind is gone, where does memory reside?' He considered that all the world is 'a series of waves in the unitary Divine ocean of knowledge.'

These words are from his book, *Parmarath Darshan* with which he added a new chapter to the six systems of Hindu philosophy. His views on the Puranas contained in *The Philosophy of the Puranas* won him the Buch Metaphysics Award. Another book, *Chapters from Indian Psychology* was also hailed as being much ahead of those times.

At his death on 3 April 1929 Indologist K P Jaiswal said, 'He belonged to the race of Kapil, Kannad and Kalidas.' The *Bihar-Orissa Journal* wrote that his lexicon 'would have gladdened the heart of the universal Voltaire. The *Patna College Magazine* dated 3 April 1929 wrote, that he was 'a consummate scholar of encyclopaedic knowledge, a powerful rationalistic thinker ... of marked poetic talents. We shall not see the likes of him again.' Principal Horne of Patna College said, 'His death is a crushing loss to the world of scholarship.' The Gaiwad Oriental Series Institute wrote, '(His death) removes from the field of Indology and ardent worker and a specialist in lexicography.'

## Personal life

He was survived by five daughters and three sons. His eldest daughter, Indumati, was herself a great scholar of Sanskrit. His eldest son, Nalin Vilochan Sarma, was a writer and poet and founded a new style of poetry, Nakenwaad. His collection of short stories, *Vish ke Daant* is still taught in Patna University and he too died early while he was the Head of the Hindi Department of Patna University. He also had a daughter Mandirmani who was one of the surviving twins he had who married a pilot.

## Legacy

India's first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad, was one of Ramavtar's favourite students. It was he who was instrumental in getting several of Sarma's books into print.

An article on Ramavtar Sarma entitled 'India's Greatest Forgotten Genius' by Shruti Shukla first appeared in *The Hindustan Times*, Patna Edition, dated 5 September 1986.

## List of works

### Sanskrit and Pali

* Vividh gadya-padyatmak rachnayen 1903–06; published in monthly journals *Mitragoshthi* and *Suktisudha* from Kashi
* *Saduktikarnamrit*, based on ancient archival material for Asiatic Society of Bengal, period 1903–10.
* *Priyadarshiprashastyah*, translated only Pali into Sanskrit and English for University of Calcutta, 1910.
* *Parmarthdarshan*, sutrabadh darshan-granth – vartik sahit; published in Kashi in the years 1911–12 and 13. Bhashya's first chapter published in Sanskrit journal *Sanskrit-Sanjivan* in 1943.
* *Vangamaymahanav*, shlokbaddh Sanskrit vishwakosh; published between 1911–25; Gyanmandal Limited, Varanasi.
* *Mudgardutam*; vyangya-kavya; vyakriti of Kalidasa's Meghadūta; published in Sharda patrika.
* *Bharatiyamitivrittam*, History of India in Sanskrit.

### English

* *Philosophy of the Puranas* (Purandarshan); 1902, got Buch Metaphysics Prize for it, unpublished.
* *Chapters from Indian Psychology* (Bharatiya manovigyan ke kuch adhyaya), 1904, got Buch Metaphysics Prize for it, unpublished.
* *Gopal Basu Mallick lectures on Vedantism* (Vedanta par vyakhyan), 1908, published by University of Calcutta.
* *A Thesis on the Age of Kalidasa* (Kalidasa ke samay ka nirupan); 1909, Published by *Hindustan Review*.
* *Elementary Textbook of Eternal Law* (Parmarthdarshan ki angrezi bhumika); 1911, unpublished.

### Hindi

* *Europiya Darshan*; 1905, published by Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha.
* *Hindi Bhasha Tatva*; published as lecture series, published by Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha.
* *Hindi Vyakaran*; 1907, published in monthly journal *Devnagar* from Calcutta.
* *Hindi Vyakaran aur rachna ki shikshan-paddhati*, 1910, published by education department of Bengal.
* *Vividh-vishayak Nibandh*; 1912–13, published in *Saraswati*, *Sudha* and *Madhuri*.
* *Mudgaranandcharit*; publication year unknown, published in *Nagari Pracharini Patrika*.
* *Padyamaya Mahabharata*, publication year unknown.