title: El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza

abstract: El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza is the eighth studio album by Uruguayan rock band No Te Va Gustar, released on 9 October 2014 through Bizarro Records, as a tribute to former band member Marcel Curuchet, after his death in 2012. Produced by Joe Blaney, it features Charly García, Hugo Fattoruso, Zurdo Bessio and Diego Rossberg from Cuatro Pesos de Propina as guests vocalists. It features 12 songs, while the digital edition contains two bonus tracks, including "Llueve Tranquilo". The record was preceded by the release of the lead single titled "Comodín", and topped the charts in Uruguay, being their second to do so in that country. It received a nomination for Best Rock Album at the 16th annual edition of the Latin Grammy Awards.

text:
# El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza

***El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza*** (transl.*Time Moves Forward Again*) is the eighth studio album by Uruguayan rock band No Te Va Gustar, released on 9 October 2014 through Bizarro Records, as a tribute to former band member Marcel Curuchet, after his death in 2012. Produced by Joe Blaney, it features Charly García, Hugo Fattoruso, Zurdo Bessio and Diego Rossberg from Cuatro Pesos de Propina as guests vocalists. It features 12 songs, while the digital edition contains two bonus tracks, including "Llueve Tranquilo".

The record was preceded by the release of the lead single titled "Comodín", and topped the charts in Uruguay, being their second to do so in that country. It received a nomination for Best Rock Album at the 16th annual edition of the Latin Grammy Awards.

## Recording and composition

The album was recorded in June and July 2014, at studios Elefante Blanco in Montevideo and Romaphonic in Buenos Aires. Differentiating itself from the band's previous albums, *El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza* does not have "explicit" reggae or murga, but it contains inspirations from folk music in the song "Detrás del Cerro", from country music on "Presente" and "Viajando Sin Espada", and acoustic folk rock songs "Alba" and "La Cuerda".

It was described as a "sharp, strong and biting record", that "explodes with the mix of a powerful band, the existentialist lyrics of Emiliano Brancciari and the work of American producer Joe Blaney".

## Release and promotion

"Comodín", a song that contains an energetic rock beat, was released on 7 September 2014 as the lead single from the album, along with its music video directed by Gabriel Nicoli, in which appear Argentine singer Cucho Parisi and Argentine actor Favio Posca. "Paranoia", the second single, released on 2 February 2015, contains a music video "based on the story of a musician as famous as he is tormented who is preparing to give a show on a television show". The third single, "Viajando con Espada" was released on 2 December 2015.

The record was presented on 21 March at the Velódromo Municipal in Montevideo, and on 11 and 12 April 2015 at the José Amalfitani Stadium in the Liniers neighborhood of Buenos Aires. The band also performed in Bolivia, Cuba and Paraguay.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Rolling Stone Argentina* |  |

In a positive review, *Rolling Stone Argentina*'s critic Claudio Kleiman gave *El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza* four out of five stars. He stated that the songs "have the characteristic seal of the band, but they show a focus – in the arrangements, the melodies, the lyrics – that turns each of the songs into a rounded, forceful work that grows with each listen."

### Accolades

| Year | Ceremony | Category | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | Latin Grammy Awards | Best Rock Album | Nominated |  |

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Emiliano Brancciari and produced by Joe Blaney.

*El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Me Ilumina Hoy" | 3:18 |
| 2. | "Alba" | 3:36 |
| 3. | "Detrás del Cerro" | 3:44 |
| 4. | "Comodín" (with Charly García) | 2:49 |
| 5. | "Paranoia" | 3:38 |
| 6. | "Mi Demente" | 4:06 |
| 7. | "La Cuerda" | 3:57 |
| 8. | "La Puerta de Atrás" (with Diego Rossberg and Zurdo Bessio) | 3:59 |
| 9. | "Presente" | 2:48 |
| 10. | "Solo Vino" | 3:33 |
| 11. | "Su Sombrero" | 4:04 |
| 12. | "Viajando Sin Espada" (with Hugo Fattoruso) | 3:23 |
| 14. | "Madre Nuestra" | 3:55 |
| 15. | "Llueve Tranquilo" | 4:39 |
| Total length: | | 51:34 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza*
| Chart (2014) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Uruguayan Albums (CUD) | 1 |

## InfoBox

| El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by No Te Va Gustar | |
| Released | 9 October 2014 (2014-10-09) |
| Recorded | June–July 2014 |
| Studio |  |
| Length | 51:34 |
| Label | Bizarro |
| Producer | Joe Blaney |
| No Te Va Gustar chronology | |
| *El Calor del Pleno Invierno*
(2012) ***El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza***
(2014) *Suenan las Alarmas*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza* | |
| 1. "Comodín"
Released: 7 September 2014 2. "Paranoia"
Released: 2 February 2015 3. "Viajando con Espada"
Released: 2 December 2015 | |
|  | |


title: Puakena Boreham

abstract: Puakena Boreham is an anaesthetist who became a Tuvaluan politician, when she was elected to represent Nui in the 2015 Tuvaluan general election. She was not re-elected in the 2024 Tuvaluan general election.

text:
# Puakena Boreham

**Puakena Boreham** (born 18 December 1970) is an anaesthetist who became a Tuvaluan politician, when she was elected to represent Nui in the 2015 Tuvaluan general election. She was not re-elected in the 2024 Tuvaluan general election.

## Medical career

Dr Boreham studied at the Fiji School of Medicine and graduated in 1998. She has worked for the Tuvaluan Ministry of Health at the Princess Margaret Hospital as an anaesthetist and as the Medical Superintendent. In 2014 she carried out post-graduate study at the Australian National University in global health diplomacy, global health and foreign policy.

## Parliamentary career

She was appointed as the Minister of Works and Natural Resources in August 2016; and served as the minister during the Sopoaga Ministry. She was re-elected in the 2019 general election.

Dr Boreham was the third woman to be elected to the Parliament of Tuvalu: following Naama Maheu Latasi (1989 to 1997); and Pelenike Isaia (2011 to 2015).

In July 2020, Dr. Boreham was appointed to the Constitutional Review Parliamentary Select Committee. The Final Report of the Constitutional Review Parliamentary Select Committee was published on 12 December 2022. The work of the committee resulted in the Constitution of Tuvalu Act 2023, which amended the Constitution of Tuvalu.

## InfoBox

| The Honourable DrPuakena BorehamMP | |
| --- | --- |
| Boreham in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Works and Natural Resources | |
| **In office**
August 2016  19 September 2019 | |
| Prime Minister | Enele Sopoaga |
| Preceded by | Elisala Pita |
| Succeeded by | Sa'aga Talu Teafa |
| Member of Parliament | |
| **In office**
31 March 2015  26 January 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Pelenike Isaia |
| Succeeded by | Iakoba Italeli |
| Constituency | Nui |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1970-12-18) 18 December 1970
Nui, Gilbert and Ellice Islands (present day Tuvalu) |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse | Pasuna Tuaga |
| Alma mater | Fiji School of Medicine
Australian National University |
|  | |


title: Electric power industry

abstract: The electric power industry covers the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to the general public and industry. The commercial distribution of electric power started in 1882 when electricity was produced for electric lighting. In the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lead to the regulation of the industry. What was once an expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electric power has become an essential aspect for normal operation of all elements of developed economies. By the middle of the 20th century, electricity was seen as a "natural monopoly", only efficient if a restricted number of organizations participated in the market; in some areas, vertically-integrated companies provide all stages from generation to retail, and only governmental supervision regulated the rate of return and cost structure. Since the 1990s, many regions have broken up the generation and distribution of electric power. While such markets can be abusively manipulated with consequent adverse price and reliability impact to consumers, generally competitive production of electrical energy leads to worthwhile improvements in efficiency. However, transmission and distribution are harder problems since returns on investment are not as easy to find.

text:
# Electric power industry

The **electric power industry** covers the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to the general public and industry. The commercial distribution of electric power started in 1882 when electricity was produced for electric lighting. In the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lead to the regulation of the industry. What was once an expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electric power has become an essential aspect for normal operation of all elements of developed economies.

By the middle of the 20th century, electricity was seen as a "natural monopoly", only efficient if a restricted number of organizations participated in the market; in some areas, vertically-integrated companies provide all stages from generation to retail, and only governmental supervision regulated the rate of return and cost structure.

Since the 1990s, many regions have broken up the generation and distribution of electric power. While such markets can be abusively manipulated with consequent adverse price and reliability impact to consumers, generally competitive production of electrical energy leads to worthwhile improvements in efficiency. However, transmission and distribution are harder problems since returns on investment are not as easy to find.

## History

Although electricity had been known to be produced as a result of the chemical reactions that take place in an electrolytic cell since Alessandro Volta developed the voltaic pile in 1800, its production by this means was, and still is, expensive. In 1831, Michael Faraday devised a machine that generated electricity from rotary motion, but it took almost 50 years for the technology to reach a commercially viable stage. In 1878, in the United States, Thomas Edison developed and sold a commercially viable replacement for gas lighting and heating using locally generated and distributed direct current electricity.

Robert Hammond, in December 1881, demonstrated the new electric light in the Sussex town of Brighton in the UK for a trial period. The ensuing success of this installation enabled Hammond to put this venture on both a commercial and legal footing, as a number of shop owners wanted to use the new electric light. Thus the Hammond Electricity Supply Co. was launched.

In early 1882, Edison opened the world's first steam-powered electricity generating station at Holborn Viaduct in London, where he had entered into an agreement with the City Corporation for a period of three months to provide street lighting. In time he had supplied a number of local consumers with electric light. The method of supply was direct current (DC). Whilst the Godalming and the 1882 Holborn Viaduct Scheme closed after a few years the Brighton Scheme continued on, and supply was in 1887 made available for 24 hours per day.

It was later on in the year in September 1882 that Edison opened the Pearl Street Power Station in New York City and again it was a DC supply. It was for this reason that the generation was close to or on the consumer's premises as Edison had no means of voltage conversion. The voltage chosen for any electrical system is a compromise. For a given amount of power transmitted, increasing the voltage reduces the current and therefore reduces the required wire thickness. Unfortunately it also increases the danger from direct contact and increases the required insulation thickness. Furthermore, some load types were difficult or impossible to make work with higher voltages. The overall effect was that Edison's system required power stations to be within a mile of the consumers. While this could work in city centres, it would be unable to economically supply suburbs with power.

The mid to late 1880s saw the introduction of alternating current (AC) systems in Europe and the U.S. AC power had an advantage in that transformers, installed at power stations, could be used to raise the voltage from the generators, and transformers at local substations could reduce voltage to supply loads. Increasing the voltage reduced the current in the transmission and distribution lines and hence the size of conductors and distribution losses. This made it more economical to distribute power over long distances. Generators (such as hydroelectric sites) could be located far from the loads. AC and DC competed for a while, during a period called the war of the currents. The DC system was able to claim slightly greater safety, but this difference was not great enough to overwhelm the enormous technical and economic advantages of alternating current which eventually won out.

The AC power system used today developed rapidly, backed by industrialists such as George Westinghouse with Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Galileo Ferraris, Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, Lucien Gaulard, John Dixon Gibbs, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, William Stanley Jr., Nikola Tesla, and others contributed to this field.

Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics to the control and conversion of electric power. Power electronics started with the development of the mercury arc rectifier in 1902, used to convert AC into DC. From the 1920s on, research continued on applying thyratrons and grid-controlled mercury arc valves to power transmission. Grading electrodes made them suitable for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission. In 1933, selenium rectifiers were invented. Transistor technology dates back to 1947, with the invention of the point-contact transistor, which was followed by the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in 1948. By the 1950s, higher power semiconductor diodes became available and started replacing vacuum tubes. In 1956, the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) was introduced, increasing the range of power electronic applications.

A breakthrough in power electronics came with the invention of the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) in 1959. Generations of MOSFETs enabled power designers to achieve performance and density levels not possible with bipolar transistors. In 1969, Hitachi introduced the first vertical power MOSFET, which would later be known as the VMOS (V-groove MOSFET). The power MOSFET has since become the most common power device in the world, due to its low gate drive power, fast switching speed, easy advanced paralleling capability, wide bandwidth, ruggedness, easy drive, simple biasing, ease of application, and ease of repair.

While HVDC is increasingly being used to transmit large quantities of electricity over long distances or to connect adjacent asynchronous power systems, the bulk of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and retailing takes place using alternating current.

## Organization

The electric power industry is commonly split up into four processes. These are electricity generation such as a power station, electric power transmission, electricity distribution and electricity retailing. In many countries, electric power companies own the whole infrastructure from generating stations to transmission and distribution infrastructure. For this reason, electric power is viewed as a natural monopoly. The industry is generally heavily regulated, often with price controls and is frequently government-owned and operated. However, the modern trend has been growing deregulation in at least the latter two processes.

The nature and state of market reform of the electricity market often determines whether electric companies are able to be involved in just some of these processes without having to own the entire infrastructure, or citizens choose which components of infrastructure to patronise. In countries where electricity provision is deregulated, end-users of electricity may opt for more costly green electricity.

### Generation

2021 world electricity generation by source. Total generation was 28 petawatt-hours.

Coal (36%)  Natural gas (23%)  Hydro (15%)  Nuclear (10%)  Wind (7%)  Solar (4%)  Other (5%)

Generation is the conversion of some primary energy source into electric power suitable for commercial use on an electrical grid. Most commercial electric power is produced by rotating electrical machines, "generators", which move conductors through a magnetic field to produce electric current. The generator is rotated by some other prime mover machine; in typical grid-connected generators this is a steam turbine, a gas turbine, or a hydraulic turbine. Primary energy sources for these machine are often fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear fission, geothermal steam, or falling water. Renewable sources such as wind and solar energy are increasingly of commercial importance.

Since electrical generation must be closely matched with electrical consumption, enough generation capacity must be installed to meet peak demands. At the same time, primary energy sources must be selected to minimize the cost of produced electrical energy. Generally the lowest-incremental-cost source of electrical energy will be the next unit connected to meet rising demand. Electrical generators have automatic controls to regulate the power fed into the electrical transmission system, adjusting generator output moment by moment to balance with electrical demand. For a large grid with scores or hundreds of generators connected and thousands of loads, management of stable generator supply is a problem with significant challenges, to meet economic, environmental and reliability requirements. For example, low-incremental-cost generation sources such as nuclear power plants may be run continually to meet the average "base load" of the connected system, whereas more costly peaking power plants such as natural gas turbines may be run for brief times during the day to meet peak loads. Alternatively, load management strategies may encourage more even demand for electrical power and reduce costly peaks. Designated generator units for a particular electrical grid may be run at partial output only, to provide "spinning reserve" for sudden increases in demand or faults with other generating units.

In addition to electrical power production, electrical generation units may provide other ancillary services to the electrical grid, such as frequency control, reactive power, and black start of a collapsed power grid. These ancillary services may be commercially valuable when the generation, transmission, and distribution electrical companies are separate commercial entities.

### Electric power transmission

Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is known as the "power grid" in North America, or just "the grid". In the United Kingdom, India, Malaysia and New Zealand, the network is known as the National Grid.

A wide area synchronous grid, also known as an "interconnection" in North America, directly connects many generators delivering AC power with the same relative *frequency* numerous consumers. For example, there are four major interconnections in North America (the Western Interconnection, the Eastern Interconnection, the Quebec Interconnection and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid). In Europe one large grid connects most of continental Europe.

Historically, transmission and distribution lines were owned by the same company, but starting in the 1990s, many countries have liberalized the regulation of the electricity market in ways that have led to the separation of the electricity transmission business from the distribution business.

### Electric power distribution

Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. *Primary* distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment or household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through *secondary* distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary distribution level or the subtransmission level.

### Electric retailing

Electricity retailing is the final sale of electricity from generation to the end-use consumer.

## World electricity industries

The organization of the electrical sector of a country or region varies depending on the economic system of the country. In some places, all electric power generation, transmission and distribution is provided by a government controlled organization. Other regions have private or investor-owned utility companies, city or municipally owned companies, cooperative companies owned by their own customers, or combinations. Generation, transmission and distribution may be offered by a single company, or different organizations may provide each of these portions of the system.

Not everyone has access to grid electricity. About 840 million people (mostly in Africa) had no access in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.

## Market reform

The business model behind the electric utility has changed over the years playing a vital role in shaping the electricity industry into what it is today; from generation, transmission, distribution, to the final local retailing. This has occurred prominently since the reform of the electricity supply industry in England and Wales in 1990.

### United States

In 1996 – 1999 the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) made a series of decisions which were intended to open the U.S. wholesale power market to new players, with the hope that spurring competition would save consumers $4 to $5 billion per year and encourage technical innovation in the industry. Steps were taken to give all market participants open access to existing interstate transmission lines.

* Order No. 888 ordered vertically integrated electric utilities to functionally separate their transmission, power generation and marketing businesses to prevent self-dealing.
* Order No. 889 set up a system to provide all participants with timely access to information about available transmission capacity and prices.
* The FERC also endorsed the concept of appointing independent system operators (ISOs) to manage the electric power grid – a function that was traditionally the responsibility of vertically integrated electric utility companies. The concept of an independent system operator evolved into that of regional transmission organizations (RTOs). FERC's intention was that all U.S. companies owning interstate electric transmission lines would place those facilities under the control of an RTO. In its Order No. 2000 *(Regional Transmission Organizations)*, issued in 1999, FERC specified the minimum capabilities that an RTO should possess.

These decisions, which were intended to create a fully interconnected grid and an integrated national power market, resulted in the restructuring of the U.S. electricity industry. That process was soon dealt two setbacks: the California energy crisis of 2000, and the Enron scandal and collapse. Although industry restructuring proceeded, these events made clear that competitive markets could be manipulated and thus must be properly designed and monitored. Furthermore, the Northeast blackout of 2003 highlighted the need for a dual focus on competitive pricing and strong reliability standards.

### Other countries

In some countries, wholesale electricity markets operate, with generators and retailers trading electricity in a similar manner to shares and currency. As deregulation continues further, utilities are driven to sell their assets as the energy market follows in line with the gas market in use of the futures and spot markets and other financial arrangements. Even globalization with foreign purchases are taking place. One such purchase was when the UK's National Grid, the largest private electric utility in the world, bought several electric utilities in New England for $3.2 billion. Between 1995 and 1997, seven of the 12 Regional Electric Companies (RECs) in England and Wales were bought by U.S. energy companies. Domestically, local electric and gas firms have merged operations as they saw the advantages of joint affiliation, especially with the reduced cost of joint-metering. Technological advances will take place in the competitive wholesale electric markets, such examples already being utilized include fuel cells used in space flight; aeroderivative gas turbines used in jet aircraft; solar engineering and photovoltaic systems; off-shore wind farms; and the communication advances spawned by the digital world, particularly with microprocessing which aids in monitoring and dispatching.

## Outlook

Electricity is expected to see growing demand in the future. The Information Revolution is highly reliant on electric power. Other growth areas include emerging new electricity-exclusive technologies, developments in space conditioning, industrial processes, and transportation (for example hybrid vehicles, locomotives).

## Further reading


title: Elegant stubfoot toad

abstract: The elegant stubfoot toad or Pacific jambato frog is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae found in lowlands and Andean slopes of northwest Ecuador to 1,140 m (3,740 ft) asl and on the Gorgona Island, off southwest coast of Colombia. It was described by George Albert Boulenger in 1882 based on a specimen collected by Edward Whymper. It is known in Spanish as rana jambato del Pacífico or simply jambato del Pacífico.

text:
# Elegant stubfoot toad

The **elegant stubfoot toad** or **Pacific jambato frog** (***Atelopus elegans***) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae found in lowlands and Andean slopes of northwest Ecuador to 1,140 m (3,740 ft) asl and on the Gorgona Island, off southwest coast of Colombia. It was described by George Albert Boulenger in 1882 based on a specimen collected by Edward Whymper. It is known in Spanish as *rana jambato del Pacífico* or simply *jambato del Pacífico*.

## History and taxonomy

The species was described by George Albert Boulenger in 1882 based on a female specimen collected by Edward Whymper during his expedition to Ecuador in 1879–1880. Toads from the Gorgona Island were described by Thomas Barbour in 1905 as a new species, *Atelopus gracilis*, but later authors have considered them to be the same species as *Atelopus elegans*. Analyses using molecular methods have not included *Atelopus elegans*, and the colour difference between the mainland and Gorgona populations suggests that the validity of *Atelopus gracilis* remains possible. *Atelopus gracilis* is sometimes recognized as a subspecies, *Atelopus elegans gracilis*.

## Description

Males measure 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) and females 31–35 mm (1.2–1.4 in) in snout–vent length. It has slender body with long head. Fore and hind limbs are slender with webbed fingers and toes. Tympanum is absent. Skin is smooth. Dorsal colouration is from dark olive green to bright yellow. Well defined black spots or blotches are always present on the back and on the limbs. The belly is yellow. Toads from the Gorgona Island are brown in colouration.

## Habitat and conservation

Natural habitats of *Atelopus elegans* are lowland and submontane humid rainforests. Recent Ecuadorian observations are from patches of secondary forest or from flooded areas and pastures next to secondary forests.

It is very common on the Gorgona Island, but has seriously declined in Ecuador, possibly because of chytridiomycosis. Only one known population remains in Ecuador, in the Esmeraldas Province, and a captive colony has been established for conservation purposes. The species is also threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| Elegant stubfoot toad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Atelopus elegans* from the Gorgona Island | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | *Atelopus* |
| Species: | ***A. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Atelopus elegans***
(Boulenger, 1882) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Phryniscus elegans* Boulenger, 1882
*Atelopus gracilis* Barbour, 1905 | |


title: Pulse and Cocktails

abstract: Pulse and Cocktails is a chain of sex shops in England, specialising in lingerie, bondage, sex toys and other items. They also have an eCommerce website offering Click + Collect in-store and Delivery. They claim to have the largest stores of any sex shop chain in Europe, with the main branch in Rotherham having a floor area of 7,000 square feet (650 m⁲).

text:
# Pulse and Cocktails

***Pulse and Cocktails*** is a chain of sex shops in England, specialising in lingerie, bondage, sex toys and other items. They also have an eCommerce website offering Click + Collect in-store and Delivery. They claim to have the largest stores of any sex shop chain in Europe, with the main branch in Rotherham having a floor area of 7,000 square feet (650 m2).

## History

*Pulse and Cocktails* was a mail-order service for 30 years, eventually setting up its first shop in Rotherham in 1997. It currently has 18 different branches all of which are in England. The company also sells pornographic films in-store only.

The first *Pulse and Cocktails* store, in Rotherham, covers 7,000 square feet (650 m2) and sells 8,000 different products. The Rotherham branch is said to be the biggest sex shop in Europe, and the second biggest in the world after the *Hustler* store in California.

## Branches

There are currently 18 *Pulse and Cocktails* stores.

1. "Sex superstore for town". BBC. 2003-03-03. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
2. "About Pulse and Cocktails". Pulse and Cocktails. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
3. "Sexy superstore open for business". BBC. 2003-03-10. Retrieved 2007-10-09.


title: Pulse code cab signaling

abstract: Pulse code cab signaling is a form of cab signaling technology developed in the United States by the Union Switch and Signal corporation for the Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1920s. The 4-aspect system widely adopted by the PRR and its successor railroads has become the dominant railroad cab signaling system in North America with versions of the technology also being adopted in Europe and rapid transit systems. In its home territory on former PRR successor Conrail owned lines and on railroads operating under the NORAC Rulebook it is known simply as Cab Signaling System or CSS.

text:
# Pulse code cab signaling

**Pulse code cab signaling** is a form of cab signaling technology developed in the United States by the Union Switch and Signal corporation for the Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1920s. The 4-aspect system widely adopted by the PRR and its successor railroads has become the dominant railroad cab signaling system in North America with versions of the technology also being adopted in Europe and rapid transit systems. In its home territory on former PRR successor Conrail owned lines and on railroads operating under the NORAC Rulebook it is known simply as **Cab Signaling System** or **CSS**.

## History

In 1922 the Interstate Commerce Commission issued a ruling requiring trains to be equipped with automatic train stop technology if they were to be operated at 80 mph or greater. The Pennsylvania Railroad decided to use this as an opportunity to implement a signaling technology that could improve both safety and operational efficiency by displaying a signal continuously in the locomotive cab. The task was assigned to Union Switch and Signal corporation, the PRR's preferred signal supplier.

The first test installation between Sunbury and Lewistown, PA in 1923 used the tracks as an inductive loop coupled to the locomotive's receiver. The system had two 60 Hz signals. The break-sensing “track” signal was fed down one rail towards the oncoming train and crossed through its wheels, returning in the other rail. The pickup just ahead of the wheels would sum the approaching current from one side with the returning current on the other. The externally returned ”loop” signal was fed into and out of the mid tap of a resistor across each end of the track circuit. The pickup would sum the approaching current on each side as it carried on past to the far end of the track. This signal was shifted 90 degrees from the other. The signals were applied one or both continuously to give Approach or Clear aspects while no signal was a Restricting aspect. The test installation eliminated wayside block signals, and trains relied solely on cab signals.

For its next installation, on the Northern Central line between Baltimore, MD and Harrisburg, PA in 1926 (1927?), the PRR tested another variation of cab signals which dropped the loop signal and switched to 100 Hz for the track signal. The pivotal change was that now it would come on above Restricting merely as a carrier and 1.25 to 3 Hz on-off pulsing of it would be used as a code to convey the aspects. The presence of the carrier alone was not meaningful, no pulsing would still mean a Restricting aspect. This new system allowed four signal aspects: Restricting; Approach; Approach (next signal at) Medium (speed); and Clear. Initially the cab signaling system only acted as a form of automatic train stop where the engineer would have to acknowledge any drop in the cab signal to a more restrictive aspect to prevent the brakes from automatically applying. Later, passenger engines were upgraded with speed control which enforced the rulebook speed associated with each cab signal (Clear = No Restriction, Approach Medium = 45 mph, Approach = 30 mph, Restricting = 20 mph).

Over time the PRR installed cab signals over much of its eastern system from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, New York to Washington. This system was then inherited by Conrail and Amtrak and various commuter agencies running on former PRR territory such as SEPTA and New Jersey Transit. Because all trains running in cab signal territory had to be equipped with cab signals, most locomotives of the aforementioned roads were equipped with cab signal equipment. Due to the effect of interoperability lock in, the 4-aspect PRR cab signal system has become a de facto standard and almost all new cab signaling installations have been of this type or a compatible type.

## Technical overview

### Basic operation

Pulse code cab signals work by sending metered pulses along an existing AC track circuit operating at a chosen carrier frequency. The pulses are detected via induction by a sensor hanging a few inches above the rail before the leading set of wheels. The codes are measured in pulses per minute and for the 4-aspect PRR system are set at 180 ppm for Clear, 120 ppm for Approach Medium, 75 ppm for Approach and 0 for Restricting. The pulse rates are chosen to avoid any one rate being a multiple of another leading to reflected harmonics causing false indications.

The system is failsafe in that the lack of code would display a Restricting signal. The codes would be transmitted to the train from the block limit in front of it. This way if the rail was broken or another train entered the block, any codes would not reach the approaching train and the cab signal would again display Restricting. Trains with an insufficient number of axles will not short out (see:Shunt (electrical)) all of the cab signal current so that following trains might receive an incorrect aspect. Trains of this type must be given absolute block protection to the rear.

Where DC and 25 Hz AC electrification co-exist, the standard 100 Hz frequency is changed to 91⅔ Hz (next available M-G set frequency). This avoids even harmonics created by the return rail's DC traction current offsetting the AC return sine wave in the same rail.

### Enhancements for higher speeds

70 years after pulse code cab signals had been introduced, the 4 speed design was found to be insufficient for speeds not envisioned when the system was designed. The two most pressing problems were the use of high speed turnouts, which allowed trains to take a diverging route faster than the normal 30 or 45 mph covered by the existing cab signals. The introduction of Amtrak's Acela Express service with its 135 mph to 150 mph maximum speeds would also exceed the capabilities of the legacy signaling system and its 125 mph design speed.

To address the problem and avoid a complete rebuild of the signaling system, impair lower speed service, break backwards compatibility with existing cab signals or place too high a reliance on the human operator, an overlay pulse code system was devised for use on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor. By operating with a different carrier frequency of 250 Hz, additional pulse codes could be sent to the train without interfering with legacy 100 Hz codes. By carefully designing the overlay codes, backwards compatibility could be maintained so that any train unable to detect the new codes would never receive a signal more favorable than had it would otherwise detect. In addition to the use of 250 Hz codes, a 5th, 270ppm code was incorporated from rapid transit and Long Island Rail Road use.

The mapping of codes to speeds is as follows:

| 100 Hz code | 250 Hz code | Cab Signal Aspect | Cab Signal Speed | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 180 | 180 | Clear | 150 mph | Legacy Units get Clear (125 mph) |
| 180 |  | Clear | 125 mph | Original PRR System Code |
| 270 | 270 | Clear | 100 mph | Used for high density signaling. |
| 270 |  | Cab Speed | 60 mph | Used for high density signaling. Compatible with LIRR ASC System |
| 120 | 120 | Cab Speed | 80 mph | Used for most high speed turnouts. Legacy Units get Approach Medium. |
| 120 |  | Approach Medium | 45 mph | Original PRR System Code |
| 75 | 75 | Approach Medium | 30 mph | Used for high density signaling. Legacy Units get Approach |
| 75 |  | Approach | 30 mph | Original PRR System Code |
| 0 |  | Restricting | 20 mph | Original PRR System Code. Failsafe state |

Trains with the ability to get the 250 Hz codes get upgraded speeds on track sections with speeds greater than 125 mph and on 80 mph high speed turnouts. Trains without simply travel at the slower speeds. The 270ppm code does break backwards compatibility with the 4-code system, but is only in use around New York Penn Station as part of a high density signaling upgrade. The 270ppm code and 60 mph speed were chosen to be compatible with the cab signals installed on the Long Island Rail Road trains that also use Penn Station.

### Cab display unit

Cab signals are presented to the locomotive by means of a cab signal display unit. The earliest CDUs consisted of miniature signals of the type visible along the track, back lit by light bulbs. These could be found in both color light and position light varieties depending on the railroad's native signaling system. Modern CDUs on passenger trains are often integrated with the speedometer, as cab signals now serve a speed control function. On trains equipped with automatic train control functionality failure to properly acknowledge a restrictive cab signal change results in a 'penalty brake application', as does failure to observe the cab signal speed limit.

## Usage

### Current lines using the 100 Hz 4-aspect PRR cab signal system

* **Long Island Rail Road Automatic Speed Control:** The LIRR was a PRR subsidiary and adopted a similar system. The LIRR used standard PRR cab signals until bought by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968, when it was modified slightly into ASC systems used to this day. ASC employs two additional codes, 270 and 420 ppm and replaces the in-cab signal display with an in-cab speed display. The additional codes are used to display speeds of 50/60 and 60/70 mph, which are used to slow trains for curves, higher speed turnouts and short signal blocks.
* **Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Automatic Cab Signaling:** The CB&Q commuter line to Aurora, Illinois used the same technology as the Pennsylvania, just with different rules and wayside indications to conform to their partly route-based signaling system. It remains in service to the present day.
* **Union Pacific Automatic Cab Signaling:** The Union Pacific has implemented the PRR type technology on much of its main line between Chicago and Wyoming, as well as several other lines on its system in recent years. As with the CB&Q cab signals, the system works under the same principles as the PRR system, but uses different rules with partly route-based wayside signals and a 60 Hz carrier, which makes it somewhat incompatible with the 100 Hz systems.
* **Metra Rock Island Automatic Train Control:** Another PRR based cab signal system remnant from the Rock Island. The system is in service on the Metra Rock Island District between Blue Island and Joliet.
* **Rapid Transit Lines:** Various rapid transit lines built or re-signaled in or before the 1990s make use of the pulse-code cab signal technology for both manual or automatic train operation schemes. Rapid transit systems are typically failsafe with a 0 code mandating a complete stop. Also, the complete range of pulse codes are used to provide the maximum granularity in speed control. Some examples include the PATCO Speedline in Philadelphia, the SEPTA Route 100, the Baltimore Metro and the Miami-Dade Metrorail. Pulse-code technology on rapid transit lines has generally been supplanted by Audio-Frequency cab signals.
* **MTA Staten Island Railway Automatic Speed Control:** A hybrid of the PRR/LIRR systems and Rapid Transit power-frequency cab code. The ATC applies service braking in response to overspeed conditions. 75-120-180-270 are used as speed commands. Zero code is used for stop rather than restricting, which is 50PPM. 420 is used as a latch-out. Dispatchers may authorize trains stopped by a zero-code to close in on certain interlocking signals by manually activating a 50 ppm close-in code.

### European pulse code systems

* **RS4 Codici** is the legacy cab signaling system used in Italy. The system makes use of 0, 75, 120, 180 and 270 ppm codes using a 50 Hz current.
* **Continuous Automatic Warning System** is the cab signaling systems in Ireland. The system makes use of 0, 50, 120 and 180 ppm codes using a 50 Hz carrier current. Additional codes are used on some rapid transit lines.
* **Automatische treinbeïnvloeding** is the Dutch cab signaling system. It makes use of 0, 75, 96, 120, 180 and 220 ppm codes using a 75 Hz carrier, supplemented by an inductive train stop system for speeds under 25 mph.
* **London Underground Victoria line** used US&S supplied pulse code cab signals to implement its Automatic train operation system until 2012 when it was replaced by CBTC. Codes used were 420, 270, 180 and 120 ppm.
* **ALSN** (Continuous Automatic Train Signalling) is a legacy system used in the ex-Soviet states (Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and so on). All the lines fitted with automatic block system in ex-Soviet countries are fitted with ALSN, some of them without wayside signals. Since 1990s station tracks and station approach sections on some per-station block system ("semiautomatic block") lines are fitted as well. In contrast with other systems mentioned before, ALSN makes use of pulse count code rather than uniform pulse at some defined rates. There are 3 codes: "red-yellow" (single pulses separated by long gaps), "yellow" (series of 2 pulses with one short gap inside the series) and "green" (series of 3 pulses with two short gaps inside the series), while the exact length of pulses and long gaps may vary substantially to form different code cycle length (usually 1,6 s or 1,86 s) which has no signal meaning, but is used for safety and for block counting on the train. Carrier frequencies are: 50 Hz where 3 kV DC electric traction or no electric traction is used, and 25 Hz (or sometimes 75 Hz - an old standard) on lines with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric traction.


title: Electronic Workshops in Computing

abstract: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC) is a publication series by the British Computer Society. The series provides free online access for conferences and workshops in the area of computing. For example, the EVA London Conference proceedings on Electronic Visualisation and the Arts has appeared in the series since 2008, indexed by DBLP. Physical proceedings are also provided for conferences and workshops as well if required. The series is ISSN 1477-9358. A conference archive is freely available online from 1995.

text:
# Electronic Workshops in Computing

***Electronic Workshops in Computing*** (**eWiC**) is a publication series by the British Computer Society.

The series provides free online access for conferences and workshops in the area of computing. For example, the EVA London Conference proceedings on *Electronic Visualisation and the Arts* has appeared in the series since 2008, indexed by DBLP. Physical proceedings are also provided for conferences and workshops as well if required.

The series is ISSN 1477-9358. A conference archive is freely available online from 1995.


title: Electronic Video Recording

abstract: Electronic Video Recording, or EVR, was a film-based video recording format developed by Hungarian-born engineer Peter Carl Goldmark at CBS Laboratories in the 1960s. CBS announced the development of EVR on August 27, 1967. The 750-foot film was stored on a 7-inch-diameter (180 mm) spool in a plastic cartridge. It used a twin-track 8.75 mm film onto which video signals were transferred by electron beam recording, two monochrome tracks in the same direction of travel. Some EVR films had a separate chroma track in place of the second program monochrome track for color EVR films. The images stored on an EVR film were visible frames much like motion picture film, and were read by a flying-spot scanner inside an EVR player to be converted to a video signal to be sent to a television set. EVR was also released by CBS as a professional version for television broadcasting, called BEVR. As a professional medium, the format offered extremely high quality. It was, however, quickly superseded by professional and consumer magnetic tape formats.

text:
# Electronic Video Recording

**Electronic Video Recording**, or **EVR**, was a film-based video recording format developed by Hungarian-born engineer Peter Carl Goldmark at CBS Laboratories in the 1960s.

CBS announced the development of EVR on August 27, 1967. The 750-foot film was stored on a 7-inch-diameter (180 mm) spool in a plastic cartridge. It used a twin-track 8.75 mm film onto which video signals were transferred by electron beam recording, two monochrome tracks in the same direction of travel. Some EVR films had a separate chroma track in place of the second program monochrome track for color EVR films. The images stored on an EVR film were visible frames much like motion picture film, and were read by a flying-spot scanner inside an EVR player to be converted to a video signal to be sent to a television set.

EVR was also released by CBS as a professional version for television broadcasting, called BEVR (Broadcast EVR). As a professional medium, the format offered extremely high quality. It was, however, quickly superseded by professional and consumer magnetic tape formats.

## Applications

In 1975, Nintendo created *EVR Race*, a horse betting arcade game that used the EVR system to play back video footage of pre-recorded races. Players would place bets on horses, and then view a race in which one of the horses would win. Once the race ended, the player(s) who bet on the winning horse would receive a payout. *EVR Race* was Japan's highest-grossing medal game for three years in a row, from 1976 to 1978.


title: Pyramidella mexicana

abstract: Pyramidella mexicana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Pyramidella mexicana

***Pyramidella mexicana*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The large, robust shell has a broadly conic shape. Its color is dull brown. (The whorls of the protoconch are decollated). All but the last whorl of the fourteen whorls of the teleoconch are flattened, flatly shouldered and crenulated at the summit. The body whorl is inflated and well rounded. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong sulcus. The sutures are channeled. The entire surface of the spire and the base is marked by lines of growth, which are quite prominent on the last turn. The base of the shell is inflated, strongly rounded, and with a slender fasciole at the insertion of the columella. The aperture is oval. The posterior angle is acute; slightly channeled anteriorly. The outer lip is thin, with a white band at the periphery, the remainder brown with darker colored lines,. It is reinforced deeply within by five spiral cords, two of which are posterior and three anterior to the periphery. The columella is stout, conic, with a strong lamellar fold at its insertion and two much more oblique ones anterior to it.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Baja California peninsula.

## InfoBox

| *Pyramidella mexicana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Pyramidella mexicana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Pyramidella* |
| Species: | ***P. mexicana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyramidella mexicana***<br>Dall & Bartsch, 1909 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pyramidella (Longchaeus) mexicana* Dall & Bartsch, 1909 | |


title: Pyramidella hastata

abstract: Pyramidella hastata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Pyramidella hastata

***Pyramidella hastata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The shining shell has a broadly elongate, conic shape. Its color is pale yellowish to flesh-color, irregularly clouded with light brown. The length of the shell measures 11.5 mm. (The whorls of the protoconch are decollated). The (probably) fourteen whorls of the teleoconch are flattened. They are decidedly crenulated at their summits, with faint grooves extending from the base of the crenulations down and across the whorls giving them the appearance of being obsoletely ribbed. The sutures are deep and channeled. The periphery of the body whorl is angular, and deeply sulcate. This sulcus is more or less regularly closely transversely ribbed. The base of the shell is well rounded, axially striated. These striae extend to the umbilical region and over the posterior columellar fold. The basal fasciole is present. The entire surface is covered with microscopic spiral striations. The aperture is suboval, subchanneled at the junction of the outer lip and columella. The posterior angle is acute. The columella is straight and strong. The posterior fold is very strong, and lamellar slightly oblique. The anterior two are of about equal size and much more oblique than the posterior one. The inner surface of the outer lip is provided at intervals with five lirations, two posterior and three anterior to the peripheral sulcus.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Mexico, to Panama and off the Galapagos Islands.

* World Register of Marine Species
* "*Pyramidella (Pharcidella) hastata*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 5 February 2012.

## InfoBox

| *Pyramidella hastata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Pyramidella hastata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Pyramidella* |
| Species: | ***P. hastata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyramidella hastata***<br>(A. Adams in Sowerby, 1854) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Obeliscus hastatus* A. Adams, 1854 * *Pyramidella (Pharcidella) hastata* A. Adams, 1854 | |


title: Pyrausta bieti

abstract: Pyrausta bieti is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oberthür in 1886. It is found in China (Sichuan).

text:
# Pyrausta bieti

***Pyrausta bieti*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oberthür in 1886. It is found in China (Sichuan).

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta bieti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. bieti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta bieti***<br>Oberthür, 1886 | |
|


title: Pyrausta babalis

abstract: Pyrausta babalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1970 and is found in Afghanistan.

text:
# Pyrausta babalis

***Pyrausta babalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1970 and is found in Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta babalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. babalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta babalis***<br>(Amsel, 1970) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Panstegia babalis* Amsel, 1970 | |


title: Pác Miầu

abstract: Pác Miầu is a township and capital of Bảo Lâm District, Cao Bằng Province, Vietnam.

text:
# Pác Miầu

**Pác Miầu** is a township (*thị trấn*) and capital of Bảo Lâm District, Cao Bằng Province, Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| Pác Miầu *Thị trấn Pác Miầu* | |
| --- | --- |
| Township (Class-5) | |
| Pác Miầu township | |
| Pác Miầu | |
| Coordinates: 22°49′49″N 105°29′40″E / 22.83028°N 105.49444°E / 22.83028; 105.49444 | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Northeast |
| Province | Cao Bằng |
| District | Bảo Lâm |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (UTC + 7) |


title: Putkaqucha

abstract: Putkaqucha is a 5,236-metre-high (17,178 ft) mountain in the Waytapallana mountain range in Peru. It is located in the Junín Region, Concepción Province, Comas District, and in the Huancayo Province, on the border of the districts of El Tambo and Quilcas. Putkaqucha lies southwest of Puywan and northwest of Waytapallana and Ch'uspi.

text:
# Putkaqucha

**Putkaqucha** (Quechua *putka* muddy (Jauja Quechua), *qucha* lake, "muddy lake", Hispanicized spelling *Putcacocha*) is a 5,236-metre-high (17,178 ft) mountain in the Waytapallana mountain range in Peru. It is located in the Junín Region, Concepción Province, Comas District, and in the Huancayo Province, on the border of the districts of El Tambo and Quilcas. Putkaqucha lies southwest of Puywan and northwest of Waytapallana and Ch'uspi.

## InfoBox

| Putkaqucha | |
| --- | --- |
| PutkaquchaPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,236 m (17,178 ft) |
| Coordinates | 11°52′23″S 75°04′25″W / 11.87306°S 75.07361°W / -11.87306; -75.07361 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Junín Region |
| Parent range | Andes, Waytapallana |


title: Electoral district of Mallee

abstract: Mallee was an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia from 1970 to 1985. Mallee was abolished at the 1983 boundary redistribution, replaced by the Electoral district of Murray-Mallee from 1985. The last member for Mallee, Peter Lewis, went on to represent Murray-Mallee from December 1985.

text:
# Electoral district of Mallee

**Mallee** was an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia from 1970 to 1985.

Mallee was abolished at the 1983 boundary redistribution, replaced by the Electoral district of Murray-Mallee from 1985. The last member for Mallee, Peter Lewis, went on to represent Murray-Mallee from December 1985.

## Members

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bill Nankivell | Liberal and Country | 1970–1974 |
|  | | Liberal | 1974–1979 |
|  | Peter Lewis | Liberal | 19791985 |
|

## Election results

35°S 140°E / 35°S 140°E / -35; 140

## InfoBox

| Mallee<br>South AustraliaHouse of Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| State | South Australia |
| Created | 1970 |
| Abolished | 1985 |
| Namesake | Murray Mallee |
| Demographic | Rural |


title: Electoral district of Macedon

abstract: The electoral district of Macedon is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was created in 2002, replacing the abolished electorate of Gisborne. It was won at that election by Joanne Duncan, the former member for Gisborne. She was re-elected in 2006 and 2010, and retired at the 2014 election, at which she was succeeded by Labor candidate Mary-Anne Thomas.

text:
# Electoral district of Macedon

The **electoral district of Macedon** is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was created in 2002, replacing the abolished electorate of Gisborne. It was won at that election by Joanne Duncan, the former member for Gisborne. She was re-elected in 2006 and 2010, and retired at the 2014 election, at which she was succeeded by Labor candidate Mary-Anne Thomas.

## Members for Macedon

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Joanne Duncan | Labor | 2002–2014 |
|  | Mary-Anne Thomas | Labor | 2014–present |

## Election results

2022 Victorian state election: Macedon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Mary-Anne Thomas | 17,234 | 41.4 | −6.6 |
|  | Liberal | Dominic Bonanno | 12,463 | 30.0 | −1.9 |
|  | Greens | Marley McRae McLeod | 5,214 | 12.5 | +2.6 |
|  | Independent | Huntly Barton | 2,250 | 5.4 | +5.4 |
|  | One Nation | Amanda Evezard | 1,511 | 3.6 | +3.6 |
|  | Animal Justice | Iris Bergmann | 1,356 | 3.3 | −0.7 |
|  | Family First | Chris McCormack | 791 | 1.9 | +1.9 |
|  | Freedom | Kerryn P. Sedgman | 770 | 1.9 | +1.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 41,589 | 95.5 | +0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,974 | 4.5 | −0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 43,563 | 90.7 | +1.2 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Mary-Anne Thomas | 24,762 | 59.5 | −3.8 |
|  | Liberal | Dominic Bonanno | 16,827 | 40.5 | +3.8 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −3.8 |  |

## InfoBox

| Macedon
VictoriaLegislative Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Macedon (dark green) in Victoria | |
| State | Victoria |
| Created | 2002 |
| MP | Mary-Anne Thomas |
| Party | Labor Party |
| Namesake | Macedon, Victoria |
| Electors | 45,491 (2018) |
| Area | 3,366 km2 (1,299.6 sq mi) |
| Demographic | Rural |
| **Electorates around Macedon:**  Bendigo West Bendigo East Euroa  Ripon Macedon Kalkallo  Eureka Melton Sunbury | |


title: Elias MRT station

abstract: Elias MRT station is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station. It is on the Cross Island line (CRL), and is located in Pasir Ris, Singapore. This station will be part of a future extension between the Pasir Ris and Punggol stations on the Cross Island line. Elias MRT station will be situated at the junction of Pasir Ris Drive 10 and Pasir Ris Drive 3, around the military training area that will be cleared by 2022.

text:
# Elias MRT station

**Elias MRT station** /ɪˈləs/ is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station. It is on the Cross Island line (CRL), and is located in Pasir Ris, Singapore.

This station will be part of a future extension between the Pasir Ris and Punggol stations on the Cross Island line. Elias MRT station will be situated at the junction of Pasir Ris Drive 10 and Pasir Ris Drive 3, around the military training area that will be cleared by 2022.

## History

On 10 March 2020, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) announced that Elias station would be part of the proposed Cross Island line (CRL). The station will be constructed as part of Punggol extension, consisting of four stations between Pasir Ris and Punggol, and was expected to be completed in 2031. However, the restrictions imposed on construction works due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to delays and the dates were pushed by one year to 2032.

The contract for the design and construction of Elias station and associated tunnels was awarded on 30 January 2023 to a joint venture between CES\_SDC Pte. Ltd. (formerly Sembcorp Design and Construction Pte Ltd.) and Chip Eng Seng Contractors Pte Ltd for S$562 million (US$419.4 million). Construction will start in the 2nd quarter of 2023 with an expected completion date of 2032. A roadshow on the station's construction was held on 4 May 2024.

## InfoBox

| **CP2**
Elias
伊莱雅
இலியாஸ்
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Future Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station | |
| Elias MRT station construction site | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 1°23′02″N 103°56′17″E / 1.384°N 103.938°E / 1.384; 103.938 |
| Owned by | Land Transport Authority |
| Line(s) | Cross Island Line |
| Platforms | 2 (2 side platforms) |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Depth | 40 metres (130 ft) |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opening | 2032 (2032) |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Mass Rapid Transit Following station  Pasir RisTerminus  Cross Island LinePunggol ExtensionFuture service  Rivieratowards Punggol | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  EliasElias station in Singapore | |


title: Pyrnus

abstract: Pyrnus is a genus of spiders in the family Trachycosmidae. It was first described in 1880 by Simon. As of 2017, it contains 9 species.

text:
# Pyrnus

***Pyrnus*** is a genus of spiders in the family Trachycosmidae. It was first described in 1880 by Simon. As of 2017, it contains 9 species.

## Species

*Pyrnus* comprises the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Pyrnus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Trachycosmidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrnus*
Simon |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pyrnus fulvus*
(L. Koch, 1875) | |
| Species | |
| 9, see text | |


title: Elie Onana

abstract: Elie Onana Eloundou was a Cameroonian professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He competed for the Cameroon national football team at the 1982 FIFA World Cup finals.

text:
# Elie Onana

**Elie Onana Eloundou** (13 October 1951 – 2 April 2018) was a Cameroonian professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He competed for the Cameroon national football team at the 1982 FIFA World Cup finals.

*

## InfoBox

Elie Onana
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Elie Onana Eloundou | | |
| Date of birth | (1951-10-13)October 13, 1951 | | |
| Place of birth | Okola, Cameroon | | |
| Date of death | April 2, 2018(2018-04-02) (aged 66) | | |
| Place of death | Yaoundé, Cameroon | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Cameroon |  |  |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Cameroon  Africa Cup of Nations  **Winner** 1984 Ivory Coast | | | |


title: Périgny, Loir-et-Cher

abstract: Périgny is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.

text:
# Périgny, Loir-et-Cher

**Périgny** (French pronunciation: \[peʁiɲi\] ) is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 211 |  |
| 1975 | 205 | −0.41% |
| 1982 | 169 | −2.72% |
| 1990 | 175 | +0.44% |
| 1999 | 188 | +0.80% |
| 2007 | 202 | +0.90% |
| 2012 | 187 | −1.53% |
| 2017 | 177 | −1.09% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Périgny | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Périgny | |
| PérignyPérigny | |
| Coordinates: 47°44′28″N 1°09′04″E / 47.7411°N 1.1511°E / 47.7411; 1.1511 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Loir-et-Cher |
| Arrondissement | Vendôme |
| Canton | Montoire-sur-le-Loir |
| Intercommunality | CA Territoires Vendômois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-François Loiseau |
| Area**1** | 10.41 km2 (4.02 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 171 |
| Density | 16/km2 (43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 41174 /41100 |
| Elevation | 97–131 m (318–430 ft)
(avg. 124 m or 407 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Elias Munk

abstract: Elias Græsbøll Munk-Petersen is a Danish actor. He is also a writer, who wrote his first novel The Stupidity of Youth at the age of 17 and a lot of short-stories. Elias was selected as Northern Light Talent at the Berlinale Filmfestival 2015. His career in Denmark kicked off with a lead role in the feature film For My Brother by Brian Bang. This led to a lead role in the short fiction story Exit Neverland by Chadi Abdul-Karim. That story was nominated for a Robert Award and won the European Independent Filmfestival for best short story. In 2014 Elias played lead in the short story When the Sun Shines that won Guldægget Award for best short story and Elias won the Guldægget Award for best actor. The success of the short movie led to the making of the feature film that premiered in Denmark at the CPH PIX filmfestival October 2016. Same year, at the Subtitle Film Festival, Elias won a shared award for Outstanding Performance with Laura Kjær for their roles in When The Sun Shines.

text:
# Elias Munk

**Elias Græsbøll Munk-Petersen** (born 21 May 1992) is a Danish actor. He is also a writer, who wrote his first novel *The Stupidity of Youth* at the age of 17 and a lot of short-stories. Elias was selected as Northern Light Talent at the Berlinale Filmfestival 2015. His career in Denmark kicked off with a lead role in the feature film *For My Brother* by Brian Bang. This led to a lead role in the short fiction story *Exit Neverland* by Chadi Abdul-Karim. That story was nominated for a Robert Award and won the European Independent Filmfestival for best short story. In 2014 Elias played lead in the short story *When the Sun Shines* that won Guldægget Award for best short story and Elias won the Guldægget Award for best actor. The success of the short movie led to the making of the feature film that premiered in Denmark at the CPH PIX filmfestival October 2016. Same year, at the Subtitle Film Festival, Elias won a shared award for Outstanding Performance with Laura Kjær for their roles in *When The Sun Shines*.

## Filmography

### Actor

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Exit Neverland* | Daniel | Nominated – Robert Award for Best Short Fiction |
| 2014 | *Zombiehagen* | Kæresten |  |
| | *For my brother* | Aske |  |
| 2015 | *Ødeland* | Arek |  |
| | *Jeanne d'Arc* | Spielberg |  |
| | *Go Go Berlin: Electric Lives* | Group Leader |  |
| | *Sommeren '92* | Troels Rasmussen |  |
| 2016 | *Stærkere* | Jonas Hansen |  |
| | *Når solen skinner* | Sofus | Winner - Subtitle Film Festival for Outstanding Performance |
| | *Gælden* | Johnny (Ung) |  |
| | *Vindmøllernes Sus* | Kenni |  |
| 2019 | *De dødes tjern* | Harald |  |
|

### Director

* 2014: *Kadie Elder First Time He Kissed a Boy* (Short movie)
* 2015: *Go Go Berlin: Electric Lives* (Short movie)

## InfoBox

| Elias Munk | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-05-21) 21 May 1992<br>Alken, Denmark |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Alma mater | New York Film Academy |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, Writer |
| Years active | 2013–present |


title: Puttalam Divisional Secretariat

abstract: Puttalam Divisional Secretariat is a Divisional Secretariat of Puttalam District, of North Western Province, Sri Lanka.

text:
# Puttalam Divisional Secretariat

**Puttalam Divisional Secretariat** is a Divisional Secretariat of Puttalam District, of North Western Province, Sri Lanka.

| Grama Niladhari Division | Location Code of GND | Village Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Attavilluwa | 6-2-15-095 | * Attavilluwa Middle Class Land * Attawilluwa Cement Factory Quarters |
| Attavilluwa Central | 6-2-15-110 | * Attawilluwa Central * Uttara Attawilluwa * Suhadagama * Akkarayaya * Middle Class Land |
| Bodhirajapura | 6-2-15-090 | Bodhirajapura |
| Chenaikudirippuwa | 6-2-15-045 | * Chenaikudiruppuwa(Division No.03) * Part of Josephvaz Mawatha * Mullai Nagar * Willuwa Watta * Arachchivilluwa * Baristar Uyana * Punchiwilluwa Watta * Maha Willuwa * Araliya Uyana * Jayabima * Sabastian Munipura * Abayapura * Baristarpura * Suwagama * A part of Samagi Mawatha * Christopher Estate |
| Kalladiya | 6-2-15-085 | * Kalladiya * Sinhapura * Samagigama * Kiraloya * Agoda Kiraloya |
| Manalthivu | 6-2-15-005 | * Manalthivu * Aliyaweli * Anaikutti * Mulliweli * Arivichchenei * Vilukkai * Weppamadu * Seguwanthivu * Semaveli North |
| Marikkar Street | 6-2-15-025 | * Marikkar Street(Division No 05) * Thambapanni * Part of Nedumkulam * Near the Pari Appa Mosque * Udayaweli * Vettukulam * Part of Chetty Street * Seththupallama * Seemaweli |
| Mullipuram | 6-2-15-030 | * Mullipuram * Kurusadi * Pandavei * Vettalai * Kolany * Makkalpuram |
| Nelumwewa | 6-2-15-020 | * Nelumwewa * Hasthipura * Pubudugama |
| Old Jumma Mosque | 6-2-15-060 | * Kanganikkulam * Part of 2 & 3 Cross Street * Part of Chetty Street * Part of Marikkar Street * Part of Poles Road |
| Palavi | 6-2-15-100 | * Palavi * Wanniyathivu * Thalgaskanda * Budhhigaminipura * Periyakulam South * Pachchakadumundel |
| Periyapalli Kudiruppuwa | 6-2-15-070 | * 1,2,3 Cross Street * Part of Kurunagala Road * Part of Mannar Road * Major Mosque Road * Part of Chetty Street * Sea Road * Part of Ibunu Badudha Road |
| Pottuvilluwa | 6-2-15-105 | * Pottuvilluwa * Akkarakala * Nagavilluwa |
| Pudukudiruppuwa | 6-2-15-035 | * Pudukudiruppuwa * Part of 6th Lane * Part of Ibunu Badudha Road * Part of Western Saltern Road * Part of Mannar Road * Part of Casim Lane * Sea Road * 12th Cross Street * 11th Cross Street * 10 th Cross Street * 9th Cross Street * Nagoor Mosque Road * Part of 5th Lane * Part of J.P. Lane |
| Puttalam East | 6-2-15-040 | * Sawivapura * Thambapanni * Kadumayankulam * Kochchimadutharawa * Kadayakulam * Sembukulam * Nedumkulam * Alhasan Village * Manalgundru * Semmandaluwa |
| Puttalam North | 6-2-15-065 | * Puttalam North * Part of Chettiveethi * Part of Mannar Street * 5th Cross Street * Part of J.P. Lane * Part of Casim Lane * 4th Cross Street * Part of 3rd Cross Street * North Road * Part of Ibunu Badudha Road |
| Puttalam South | 6-2-15-055 | * Puttalam South(Division No 01) * Good Shed Road * Service Road * Ananda Mawatha * A part of Colombo Road * Part of Outer Circle Road * Costa Mawatha * Jaya Mawatha * Part of Josephvaz Mawatha |
| Rathmalyaya | 6-2-15-075 | * Rathmalyaya * Arafa Nagar * Hijrath Puram * Y.M.B.A. * Al Cassim City * Pankulam * Periyakulam South * Periyakulam * Adapanavillu |
| Sella Kandal | 6-2-15-015 | * Sellakandal * Pandigala * Pahala Manaveriya * Ihala Manaveriya |
| Sirambiadiya | 6-2-15-010 | * Sirambiadiya * Acar 07 * Sinnanagawilluwa * Asirigama * Pahala Manaveriya * Ihala Manaveriya |
| Thammannagama | 6-2-15-080 | * Thammannagama * Maduragama |
| Thilladiya | 6-2-15-050 | * Thilladiya(Division No 02) * Mill Road * A part of Kurunegala Road * Part of Colombo Road * Paramandaluwa * Anapulla Uththuwa * Madara Uyana * Nindeniya * Part of Outer Circle Road * Punchi Arachchiwillu |

## InfoBox

| Puttalam Divisional Secretariat | |
| --- | --- |
| Divisional Secretariat | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | North Western Province |
| District | Puttalam District |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time) |


title: Enhanced Integrated Framework

abstract: The Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Assistance for the Least Developed Countries is a global development program with the objective of supporting least developed countries (LDCs) to better integrate into the global trading system and to make trade a driver for development. The multi-donor program was launched on 1 January 2007 as the successor of the Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to the Least-Developed Countries, which existed from October 1997 to December 2006. The second phase of the EIF has started on 1 January 2016 and will last for 7 years. The EIF represents a partnership between different stakeholders in international development assistance including several UN agencies, regional inter-governmental organizations and other donors. The program is supported by a multi-donor trust fund with paid-up capital of USD $165 million for development interventions in 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The EIF is being promoted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as the preferred way to provide official development assistance to LDC's as part of the global Aid for Trade Initiative.

text:
# Enhanced Integrated Framework

The **Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Assistance for the Least Developed Countries** (commonly abbreviated as **EIF**) is a global development program with the objective of supporting least developed countries (LDCs) to better integrate into the global trading system and to make trade a driver for development. The multi-donor program was launched on 1 January 2007 as the successor of the **Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to the Least-Developed Countries** (commonly abbreviated as **IF**), which existed from October 1997 to December 2006. The second phase of the EIF has started on 1 January 2016 and will last for 7 years.

The EIF represents a partnership between different stakeholders in international development assistance including several UN agencies, regional inter-governmental organizations and other donors. The program is supported by a multi-donor trust fund with paid-up capital of USD $165 million (as of 30 April 2012) for development interventions in 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs).

The EIF is being promoted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as the preferred way to provide official development assistance to LDC's as part of the global Aid for Trade Initiative.

## History

The idea of the predecessor program, the IF, was first discussed at the First Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Singapore in December 1996. It was subsequently launched in October 1997 at the WTO's High Level Meeting on Integrated Initiatives for Least-Developed Countries' Trade Development, which was held at the WTO. It was meant as a mechanism to increase effectiveness and efficiency of trade-related technical assistance to LDCs by improving coordination between donors, beneficiary countries and providers of technical assistance. The calls for an overarching program arose from the feeling that the uncoordinated actions of these parties lead to duplication of efforts, overallocation of resources to certain technical and geographical areas, and an untapped potential for joint initiatives and information exchange.

By some, the IF is regarded as a failed program because the responsiveness of the involved parties (LDCs, development agencies, and donors) was much smaller than had been expected. Susan Prowse from the UK's Overseas Development Institute, for example, points out that LDCs and donors had different perceptions and expectations about the purpose of the IF: While LDCs expected it to be mainly a vehicle to mobilize more financial resources for development interventions, donors sought to create a mechanism to improve co-ordination. Prowse, as others, also mentions that the main flaw of the IF lay in its design, meaning, that the assistance that was channeled through the IF was not aligned to a country's overall development strategy.

As a consequence of the limited impact that the IF had achieved during the initial program period, the Development Committee of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank agreed at its meeting in 2005 to restructure the program and endow it with additional resources. A Task Force for the Enhanced Integrated Framework was subsequently created by the Steering Committee of the IF, which, on 29 June 2006 published its recommendations for changing the existing strategy and implementation modalities. The revamped programme, then officially called Enhanced Integrated Framework, was launched on 1 January 2007 and began to be fully operational in 2010.

Other similar programs include the World Bank's Trade Facilitation Facility and the WTO's Standards and Trade Development Facility.

## Events

### The Global Forum on Inclusive Trade for Least Developed Countries

In 2018, the EIF Secretariat hosted the inaugural Global Forum on Inclusive Trade for Least Developed Countries.

## *Trade for Development News*

The EIF has an in-house news platform called Trade for Development News, which shares stories on topics ranging from ecommerce to trade facilitation from the EIF and partner agencies, as well as the broader Trade for Development and Aid for Trade spheres.

## Governance structure

Several bodies on the global and the national levels form the institutional framework of EIF program.

### Global governance bodies

The **EIF Steering Committee** is the highest level body of the EIF and responsible for setting the overall policy direction of the programme, reviewing its effectiveness and ensuring transparency. It is composed of representatives from each of the participating LDCs, the donor countries and agencies, the six core agencies, the EIF Executive Secretariat and the EIF Trust Fund Manager ex officio. The Steering Committee meets at least twice a year.

The **EIF Board** is responsible for managing the programme and taking key operational decisions. It thereby implements the EIF Steering Committee's policies, which it reports to. It is made up of three LDC representatives, three donor representatives and one representative each from the core agencies, the EIF Executive Secretariat and the EIF Trust Fund Manager. The EIF Board decides over funding decisions under the EIF Trust Fund and monitors, reviews and evaluates country-specific progress and operations.

The **EIF Executive Secretariat** carries out the day-to-day operations of the programme in collaboration with the EIF Trust Fund Manager and the National EIF Focal Points. It was established on 1 October 2008 with Dorothy Tembo as its executive director. The EIF Executive Secretariat is based at WTO headquarters and reports to the EIF Board as well as to the Director-General of the WTO.

The **EIF Trust Fund Manager** manages the financial contributions made by donors to the EIF Trust Fund. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) has been designated for this role and the UNOPS in Switzerland is acting as the executing office.

### Country-level governance bodies

The below governance bodies, which are either being established or already operational within the participating LDCs, are as a whole called **National Implementation Arrangement (NIA)**.

Each LDC has a **National EIF Focal Point** who coordinates the EIF process in the country. He or she is appointed by and based in the LDC. Usually, only senior government officials get appointed. The EIF Focal Point is in direct contact with the EIF Executive Secretariat and is supported by a National Implementation Unit.

The **National Implementation Unit** supports the National EIF Focal Point in coordinating and monitoring the implementation of projects funded under the EIF.

The **EIF Donor Facilitator** is responsible for facilitating, jointly with the EIF National Focal Point, donor coordination and the dialogue between donors and the LDC's government on trade issues and development interventions. He or she plays an important role in ensuring that interventions are aligned to a country's overall development priorities, according to one of the five principles of the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. The EIF Donor Facilitator is a representative from the donor community and is identified by the government and other donors.

The **EIF National Steering Committee** represents a national dialogue forum among different public and private stakeholders in trade and development. It is composed of government officials, private sector associations, civil society representatives and the donor community and takes high-level decisions on the national EIF process.

## Functioning

The EIF is designed in such a way that its overall objective of making trade a driver for LDCs' development is pursued through three areas of activities:

* Mainstreaming trade into national development strategies
* Setting up new structures or strengthen existing institutions needed to coordinate the delivery of trade-related technical assistance
* Building capacity to trade, which also includes addressing critical supply‑side constraints.

The EIF programme works with six core partner agencies, which are responsible for jointly delivering development assistance in these three areas (see below).

An LDC is, in principle, in of the following three stages: Pre-DTIS phase, DTIS phase, implementation phase.

### Pre-DTIS stage

In this stage, a country requests membership in the programme. This step has become superfluous since all current LDCs are EIF member countries. Once the request has been reviewed and approved by the EIF Board, the LDC sets up a national EIF structure as outlined above. An important element of this step is to build up in-country support for the trade and development agenda through stakeholder outreach, advocacy and awareness-raising. LDCs in this stage can benefit from so-called pre-DTIS funds of up to US$50,000 to build the in-country institutional infrastructure needed for the next stages.

### DTIS and Action Matrix stage

Once the institutional set-up is operational, an LDC can engage, in collaboration with one or more of the six core partner agencies, to conduct a Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS). The DTIS is a comprehensive analysis of an LDC's economic and trade environment and aims at identifying constraints to competitiveness, supply chain weaknesses and sectors of greatest growth and/or export potential. Each DTIS contains an Action Matrix which outlines priority reforms to be conducted in a certain order to alleviate most binding constraints to greater trade competitiveness. A beneficiary country may request funds of up to USD400,000 to finance the production of a DTIS, or up to USD200,000 for the update of an existing DTIS.

### Implementation stage

#### Strengthening of in-country EIF institutions

During the implementation stage, an LDC undertakes concrete steps towards integrating trade into its national development strategy and identifying funding for key priorities. The NIA plays a crucial supporting role for it provides a forum for dialogue and exchange between the LDC's policymakers, the private sector, and development partners that provide advisory services. The LDC can utilize co-called Tier 1 funding and/or seek bilateral donor support to strengthen its NIA through capacity building projects of up to five years.

#### Building supply side capacities

The LDC also implements the priority projects of the Action Matrix during this stage by elaborating individual development interventions for each of the reforms mentioned in the Matrix. The EIF Trust Fund provides so-called Tier 2 funds for priority small-scale projects to build up trade related and supply-side capacities. However, the bulk of the funding should be sought from bilateral donor support.

## Involved organizations and countries

**Six core agencies** are responsible for providing trade-related technical assistance to the participating LDCs and help them attaining the EIF's overall objective: IMF, World Bank, International Trade Centre, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, WTO. United Nations Industrial Development Organization is currently an observer agency.

**Twenty-three donors** are providing the financial resources for the EIF Trust Fund and have representatives in the global governance bodies: Belgium, Hungary, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iceland, Spain, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, European Commission, Japan, Switzerland, Estonia, Luxembourg, Turkey, Finland, Netherlands, United States, France, Norway, United Kingdom, Germany, Republic of Korea.

**Other EIF partners** include:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Assistance for the Least Developed Countries
| Abbreviation | EIF |
| --- | --- |
| Predecessor | Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Assistance for the Least Developed Countries |
| Formation | January 1, 2007 |
| Type | International trade organization |
| Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Official language | English, French, Portuguese |
| Executive Director | Ratnakar Adhikari |
| Affiliations | World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) |
| Website | www.enhancedif.org |


title: Saint-Léonard, Switzerland

abstract: Saint-Léonard is a municipality in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The Saint-Léonard underground lake situated there is a tourist attraction.

text:
# Saint-Léonard, Switzerland

**Saint-Léonard** is a municipality in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The Saint-Léonard underground lake situated there is a tourist attraction.

## History

Saint-Léonard is first mentioned in 1218 as *apud Sanctum Leonardum*. The municipality was formerly known by its German name *St. Leonhard*, however, that name is no longer used.

## Geography

Saint-Léonard has an area, as of 2009, of 3.9 square kilometers (1.5 sq mi). Of this area, 1.83 km2 (0.71 sq mi) or 46.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.6 km2 (0.23 sq mi) or 15.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.11 km2 (0.43 sq mi) or 28.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.15 km2 (37 acres) or 3.8% is either rivers or lakes and 0.17 km2 (0.066 sq mi) or 4.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 9.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 13.1%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.3% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.8%. Out of the forested land, 13.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 5.6% is used for growing crops and 4.6% is pastures, while 36.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 2.8% is unproductive vegetation and 1.5% is too rocky for vegetation.

The municipality is located in the Sierre district. The original *haufendorf* village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) was located on the left side of the Lienne and along the right side of the Rhone valley. By the middle of the 20th Century, it had spread out into the valley floor.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure, issuant from Coupeaux Vert a Pine tree of the same trunked proper between in chief two Mullets of Five Or.*

## Demographics

Saint-Léonard has a population (as of December 2020) of 2,460. As of 2008, 13.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of 10.7%. It has changed at a rate of 8% due to migration and at a rate of 2.7% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (1,741 or 93.0%) as their first language, German is the second most common (53 or 2.8%) and Portuguese is the third (38 or 2.0%). There are 20 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.

As of 2008, the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. The population was made up of 864 Swiss men (41.3% of the population) and 155 (7.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 912 Swiss women (43.6%) and 163 (7.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 987 or about 52.7% were born in Saint-Léonard and lived there in 2000. There were 531 or 28.4% who were born in the same canton, while 117 or 6.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 191 or 10.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 24.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15%.

As of 2000, there were 718 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 973 married individuals, 103 widows or widowers and 78 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 712 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 169 households that consist of only one person and 54 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 680 apartments (91.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 51 apartments (6.9%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (1.2%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.61%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Heritage sites of national significance

The neolithic rock carving at Crête Des Barmes is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

## Sights

Château Sonvillaz was rebuilt and restored in 1562–1565. It is currently owned by the Hefti-Rossier family.

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 36.76% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (31.46%), the SP (15.06%) and the SVP (9.58%). In the federal election, a total of 1,053 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 72.6%.

## Economy

As of  2010, Saint-Léonard had an unemployment rate of 3.6%. As of 2008, there were 69 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 22 businesses involved in this sector. 94 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 15 businesses in this sector. 287 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 46 businesses in this sector. There were 892 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.5% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 355. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 40, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 87 of which 20 or (23.0%) were in manufacturing, 21 or (24.1%) were in mining and 45 (51.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 228. In the tertiary sector; 67 or 29.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 16 or 7.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 39 or 17.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 10 or 4.4% were in the information industry, 11 or 4.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 8 or 3.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 3 or 1.3% were in education and 54 or 23.7% were in health care.

In 2000, there were 223 workers who commuted into the municipality and 656 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 7.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 74.1% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 1,688 or 90.2% were Roman Catholic, while 46 or 2.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 11 individuals (or about 0.59% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 20 individuals (or about 1.07% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 18 (or about 0.96% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist. 31 (or about 1.66% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 64 individuals (or about 3.42% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Saint-Léonard about 645 or (34.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 178 or (9.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 178 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.2% were Swiss men, 27.5% were Swiss women, 3.4% were non-Swiss men and 3.9% were non-Swiss women.

As of 2000, there were 18 students in Saint-Léonard who came from another municipality, while 131 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Léonard | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Léonard | |
| Saint-LéonardSaint-Léonard | |
| Coordinates: 46°15′N 7°25′E / 46.250°N 7.417°E / 46.250; 7.417 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Valais |
| District | Sierre |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.9 km2 (1.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 498 m (1,634 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 2,442 |
| Density | 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 1958 |
| SFOS number | 6246 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-VS |
| Surrounded by | Ayent, Grône, Icogne, Lens, Sierre, Sion |
| Website | www.st-leonard.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Boogie Superstar

abstract: Boogie Superstar is a rhythm video game by Electronic Arts and a sequel to the game Boogie. NGamer magazine initially reported that the title would support the Wii Balance Board, writing that it was to be a "board-based dance-a-thon", but Electronic Arts confirmed that while the title includes a microphone to sing along to, it does not support the Wii Balance Board.

text:
# Boogie Superstar

***Boogie Superstar*** is a rhythm video game by Electronic Arts and a sequel to the game *Boogie*.

NGamer magazine initially reported that the title would support the Wii Balance Board, writing that it was to be a "board-based dance-a-thon", but Electronic Arts confirmed that while the title includes a microphone to sing along to, it does not support the Wii Balance Board.

## Gameplay

Like the original game, *Boogie Superstar* features both singing and dancing. The game is based around the premise of a talent contest.

The karaoke gameplay is similar to other singing games such as *SingStar* and *Karaoke Revolution*. To score, the player must sing in time and in tune with the lyrics as they scroll at the bottom of the screen, with a musical staff to indicate the correct pitch and where the player's current pitch is. Rather than using phonetic detection, the game bases the score on how well the player matches the rhythm and pitch.

In contrast to the freestyle dancing in the last game, the game mechanic in *Boogie Superstar* involves players waggling the Wii Remote to simple two-beat prompts, such as swinging the Remote side-to side or up and down in time to on screen directions.

## Track listing

*Boogie Superstar* features over 40 songs, all cover versions. Some songs are only playable in either the singing or dancing part of the game. The song list includes the following:

### Notes

## Reception

*Boogie Superstar* received mixed reviews, with a Metacritic average of 67%.

The *Official Nintendo Magazine* in the UK was impressed with the game, and in a review in the Christmas 2008 edition, said that it "does what it does very well indeed". *IGN* was less enamoured, saying that *Boogie Superstar* was a "decent" dancing game, paired with an "awful" karaoke game.

1. Boogie Superstar to Use Nintendo Wii Balance Board
2. "Boogie Superstar will NOT support Balance Board". Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
3. "IGN review". Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
4. "Boogie Superstar, Track List | WiiNintendo". *wiinintendo.net*. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
5. IGN IGN

## InfoBox

| Boogie Superstar | |
| --- | --- |
| PAL version cover art | |
| Developer(s) | EA Montreal |
| Publisher(s) | Electronic Arts |
| Platform(s) | Wii |
| Release | * NA: October 14, 2008 * AU: October 16, 2008 * EU: October 17, 2008 |
| Genre(s) | Rhythm game |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Pukara (Murillo)

abstract: Pukara is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia which reaches a height of approximately 4,320 m (14,170 ft). It is located in the La Paz Department, Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality. Pukara lies north of Ch'uñawi.

text:
# Pukara (Murillo)

**Pukara** (Aymara for fortress, also spelled *Pucara*) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia which reaches a height of approximately 4,320 m (14,170 ft). It is located in the La Paz Department, Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality. Pukara lies north of Ch'uñawi.

## InfoBox

| Pukara | |
| --- | --- |
| PukaraLocation within Bolivia | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,320 m (14,170 ft) |
| Coordinates | 16°17′05″S 67°59′06″W / 16.28472°S 67.98500°W / -16.28472; -67.98500 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bolivia, <br>La Paz Department |
| Parent range | Andes |