title: Ferdinand P. Beer

abstract: Ferdinand Pierre Beer was a French mechanical engineer and university professor. He spent most of his career as a member of the faculty at Lehigh University, where he served as the chairman of the mechanics and mechanical engineering departments. His most significant contribution was the co-authorship of several textbooks in the field of mechanics, which have been widely cited and utilized in engineering education.

text:
# Ferdinand P. Beer

**Ferdinand Pierre Beer** (August 8, 1915 – April 30, 2003) was a French mechanical engineer and university professor. He spent most of his career as a member of the faculty at Lehigh University, where he served as the chairman of the mechanics and mechanical engineering departments. His most significant contribution was the co-authorship of several textbooks in the field of mechanics, which have been widely cited and utilized in engineering education.

## Biography

### Early life

Beer was born in Binic, France in 1915. He received a Masters of Science degree from the Sorbonne and conducted post-graduate work at Brown University. From the University of Geneva in Switzerland, he earned a mathematics license in 1935 and a Doctor of Science degree in 1937. Beer served in the French Army during the Second World War before moving to the United States and took a job at Williams College. He remained there for four years, where he taught as part of the school's collaborative arts/engineering program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

### Career at Lehigh University

In 1947, he arrived at Lehigh University, where he taught for 37 years. When a department of mechanics was formed in 1957, Beer was named its first chairman. In 1968, Beer became the chairman of the Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Department after the two separate fields were merged into one department. He served in that capacity until 1977. In 1970, Beer was named the chairman of the newly formed University Forum, which was composed of 125 students and faculty members with the goal of promoting discussion between the two bodies. Lehigh professor Fazil Erdogan said that, while "at other universities around the country, students were rioting and conducting sit-ins ... \[Beer\] gained the confidence of the students. He had a calming effect on students and, in this critical time, he offered a not inconsiderable service to Lehigh."

Alongside University of Connecticut professor E. Russell Johnston, Jr., Beer co-wrote three bestselling engineering textbooks: *Vector Mechanics for Engineers*, *Mechanics of Materials*, and *Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics*, which won the 1976 Printing Industries of America Graphic Arts Award. He also authored numerous articles published in technical journals.

### Awards and research

In 1974, the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Middle Atlantic chapter awarded him the Western Electric Fund Award for engineering education. The Mechanics Division of the Science Society, in 1980, awarded him its Distinguished Educator Award. Beer's research studied the application of random loads to mechanical systems. His work in this field included support by Boeing, NASA, the Chemical Corps of the U.S. Army, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Civil Defense Administration.

Beer was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). He was also a member of the ASEE and served as its mechanics division chairman and Middle Atlantic chapter chairman.

Beer was married to Vivienne C.M. Beer who died before him. Together they had two daughters, Marguerite V. Schaeffer and Dr. Michelle C.M. Beer. He died in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania on April 30, 2003, at the age of 87. It was partly in his honor that the ASEE named the Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston Jr. Outstanding New Educator Awards.

## Published works

* F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston Jr., J.T. DeWolf, *Mechanics of Materials*, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981, ISBN 0-07-121060-1.
* F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston Jr., et al., *Vector Mechanics for Engineers*, New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-293110-8.
* F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston Jr., et al., *Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics*, New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-004584-4.

## InfoBox

| Ferdinand P. Beer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1915-08-08)August 8, 1915
Binic, France |
| Died | April 30, 2003(2003-04-30) (aged 87)
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania |
| Nationality | French |
| Education | M.S. University of Paris
Sc.D University of Geneva |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Spouse | Vivienne C.M. Beer |
| Children | Marguerite V. Schaeffer,
Dr. Michelle C.M. Beer |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Discipline | Mechanics |
| Institutions | Lehigh University,
Williams College |
|  | |


title: Ferdinand Oyono

abstract: Ferdinand Léopold Oyono was a diplomat, politician and author from Cameroon. His literary work is recognised for a sense of irony that reveals how easily people can be fooled. Writing in French in the 1950s, Oyono had only a brief literary career, but his anti-colonialist novels are considered classics of 20th century African literature; his first novel, Une vie de boy—published in 1956 and later translated as Houseboy—is considered particularly important. Beginning in the 1960s, Oyono had a long career of service as a diplomat and as a minister in the government of Cameroon. As one of President Paul Biya's top associates, he ultimately served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1992 to 1997 and then as Minister of State for Culture from 1997 to 2007. He was also Chairman of UNICEF from 1977 to 1978.

text:
# Ferdinand Oyono

**Ferdinand Léopold Oyono** (14 September 1929 – 10 June 2010) was a diplomat, politician and author from Cameroon.

His literary work is recognised for a sense of irony that reveals how easily people can be fooled. Writing in French in the 1950s, Oyono had only a brief literary career, but his anti-colonialist novels are considered classics of 20th century African literature; his first novel, *Une vie de boy*—published in 1956 and later translated as *Houseboy*—is considered particularly important.

Beginning in the 1960s, Oyono had a long career of service as a diplomat and as a minister in the government of Cameroon. As one of President Paul Biya's top associates, he ultimately served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1992 to 1997 and then as Minister of State for Culture from 1997 to 2007. He was also Chairman of UNICEF from 1977 to 1978.

## Diplomatic and political career

Oyono was born near Ebolowa in the South Province of Cameroon. After obtaining his secondary education in Yaoundé, Oyono studied in Paris. Following Cameroon's independence, Oyono was a member of the Cameroonian delegation to the United Nations in 1960, when the country was admitted to the UN. Oyono subsequently served as Cameroon's ambassador to various countries from 1965 to 1974. He was briefly the Ambassador to Liberia in 1965, then served as ambassador to the Benelux countries and the European Communities from 1965 to 1968 and as ambassador to France, with additional accreditation for Spain, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, from 1969 to 1974. From 1974 to 1982 he was Cameroon's Permanent Representative to the United Nations; he acted as President of the United Nations Security Council in place of the United Kingdom's Ivor Richard at the 1,866th meeting of the Security Council on 16 December 1975, and was Chairman of UNICEF from 1977 to 1978. From 1982 to 1985 he again served as ambassador to various countries: first as ambassador to Algeria and Libya, then as ambassador to the United Kingdom and the Scandinavian countries.

In 1985, President Paul Biya recalled Oyono from London and appointed him as Secretary-General of the Presidency of Cameroon. Oyono remained in the post for about a year before Biya instead appointed him as Minister of Town Planning and Housing in 1986. The post of Secretary-General of the Presidency was historically very powerful, but Oyono's stint in the office was associated with a weakening of it under President Biya; significantly, Oyono was moved from the Secretariat-General to an ordinary ministry—effectively a demotion. Although Oyono was dismissed from the government in 1990, he was subsequently appointed as Minister of Foreign Relations on 27 November 1992, serving in that position until he was instead named Minister of State for Culture on 8 December 1997. Oyono was a member of the National Commission for the co-ordination of President Biya's re-election campaign in the October 2004 presidential election and was the president of the campaign's support and follow-up committee in the South Province.

After nearly ten years as Minister of State for Culture, Oyono was dismissed from the government on 7 September 2007. Oyono was thought to be a close friend of Paul Biya, and observers attributed his departure from the government to his advanced age and poor health. He had been criticised for reportedly not working at his ministry for months at a time. After leaving the government, Oyono was thought to retain a great deal of influence as "an unofficial adviser" to Biya. Biya appointed him as a roving ambassador on 30 June 2009.

As the representative of President Biya, Oyono attended a play commemorating Cameroon's independence struggle and the country's subsequent reunification on 14 May 2010; the play was part of festivities marking Cameroon's 50th year of independence from France.

During a visit to Cameroon by Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the 80-year-old Oyono died suddenly in Yaoundé on 10 June 2010. Reportedly Oyono fell ill at the presidential palace after a reception for the Secretary-General; he received immediate medical attention and an ambulance was called, but he quickly died. Later in the day, President Biya released a statement expressing sadness regarding Oyono's death, although the statement gave no details. Secretary-General Ban, meanwhile, expressed sadness during a speech to the National Assembly of Cameroon.

An official funeral was held for Oyono with a series of events beginning on 24 June 2010 and concluding with his burial at Ngoazip, near Ebolowa, on 26 June.

## Novels

Oyono's novels were written in French in the late 1950s and were only translated into English a decade or two afterward.


title: Felix Tollemache

abstract:
Felix Thomas Tollemache was a British gentleman and Tory politician. He was the second son of William Tollemache, Lord Huntingtower and Catherine Gray. On 1 October 1825, he married Sarah Gray (1805-1831), by whom he had three children:
  - William James Felix Tollemache
  - Caroline Tollemache, married on 15 February 1853, her first cousin, Rev. Ralph Tollemache
  - Granville Gray Tollemache, died young At the 1826 general election, he stood in Ilchester, along with his older brother Lionel. Neither brother was elected. However, the result was overturned on a petition in 1827.  The brothers served as Members of Parliament (MPs) for Ilchester until they were defeated in the 1830 general election. On 27 April 1833, he married again, to Frances Julia Peters, but had no children by her.

text:
# Felix Tollemache

**Felix Thomas Tollemache** (16 Feb 1796 – 5 October 1843) was a British gentleman and Tory politician. He was the second son of William Tollemache, Lord Huntingtower and Catherine Gray.

On 1 October 1825, he married Sarah Gray (1805-1831), by whom he had three children:

* William James Felix Tollemache (12 January 1827 – 3 November 1859)
* Caroline Tollemache (7 June 1828 – 6 June 1867), married on 15 February 1853, her first cousin, Rev. Ralph Tollemache
* Granville Gray Tollemache (b. 21 September 1830), died young

At the 1826 general election, he stood in Ilchester, along with his older brother Lionel. Neither brother was elected. However, the result was overturned on a petition in 1827. The brothers served as Members of Parliament (MPs) for Ilchester until they were defeated in the 1830 general election.

On 27 April 1833, he married again, to Frances Julia Peters, but had no children by her.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Felix Thomas Tollemache | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Ilchester | |
| **In office**
1827–1830 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Sharp (politician), John Williams (English politician) |
| Succeeded by | Michael Bruce (MP), James Joseph Hope Vere |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1796 |
| Died | 1846 |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Tory |
| Spouse(s) | Sarah Gray, Frances Julia Peters |
| Children | William James Felix Tollemache, Caroline Tollemache, Granville Gray Tollemache |
|  | |


title: Fernando Ocáriz Braña

abstract: Fernando Ocáriz Braña is a priest of the Catholic Church who has been the prelate of Opus Dei since 2017. Ocáriz is the fourth person to head Opus Dei since its founding in 1928. He is widely published in philosophy and has been a consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith since 1986.

text:
# Fernando Ocáriz Braña

**Fernando Ocáriz Braña** (born 27 October 1944) is a priest of the Catholic Church who has been the prelate of Opus Dei since 2017. Ocáriz is the fourth person to head Opus Dei since its founding in 1928. He is widely published in philosophy and has been a consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith since 1986.

## Life, studies and work

Fernando Ocáriz Braña was born in Paris on 27 October 1944 to José Ocáriz Gómez and María Dolores Braña, and is the youngest of eight children. He joined Opus Dei on 7 September 1961.

In the 1960s, as a theology student, he lived in Rome alongside Josemaría Escrivá, the founder of Opus Dei. He received a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Lateran University in 1969 and a doctorate in theology from the University of Navarra in 1971.

He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1971, and was especially involved in ministry to young people and to university students during the first years of his priesthood.

Since 1986, he has been a consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, as well as other departments of the Roman Curia: the Congregation for the Clergy since 2003 and the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization since 2011. He has also been a member of the Pontifical Academy of Theology since 1989. In 2009, it was announced that he would participate in the doctrinal discussions between the Society of St. Pius X and the Holy See.

In the early 1980s, Ocáriz was among the professors who began the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, where he was a tenured professor (now Emeritus Professor) in Fundamental Theology.

Ocáriz was appointed Vicar General of the Prelature of Opus Dei on 23 April 1994. In 2014, he was named Auxiliary Vicar of Opus Dei.

He became the provisional head of Opus Dei upon the death of the prelate of Opus Dei, Javier Echevarria, in December 2016. He was elected prelate of Opus Dei on 23 January 2017, and on the same day Pope Francis confirmed that appointment.

## Prelate of Opus Dei

A few weeks after his election, on 14 February 2017, Ocariz transmitted to the members of the prelature the conclusions of the General Congress of Opus Dei, outlining the main priorities of the prelature.

## InfoBox

| Monsignor
Fernando Ocáriz Braña | |
| --- | --- |
| Prelate of Opus Dei | |
| Msgr. Fernando Ocáriz | |
| Church | Catholic |
| See | Opus Dei |
| Appointed | 23 January 2017 |
| Installed | 27 January 2017 |
| Predecessor | Javier Echevarría Rodríguez |
| Previous post(s) | * Vicar General of Opus Dei (1994–2014) * Auxiliary Vicar of Opus Dei (2014–17) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 15 August 1971
by Marcelo González Martín |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Fernando Ocáriz Braña
(1944-10-27) 27 October 1944
Paris, France |
| Alma mater |  |


title: Fernando García Lleó

abstract: Fernando García Lleó is a former Spanish tennis player who won two bronze medals at the 1987 Mediterranean Games. His only ATP Tour main draw appearance came at the 1986 Madrid Open in doubles, partnering with Aniceto Álvarez. Also in doubles, he won the title at the 1990 Open Castilla y León, this time partnering with Jesús Manteca. They defeated Francisco Clavet and Javier Sánchez in the final.

text:
# Fernando García Lleó

**Fernando García Lleó** (born September 25, 1966) is a former Spanish tennis player who won two bronze medals at the 1987 Mediterranean Games.

His only ATP Tour main draw appearance came at the 1986 Madrid Open in doubles, partnering with Aniceto Álvarez.

Also in doubles, he won the title at the 1990 Open Castilla y León, this time partnering with Jesús Manteca. They defeated Francisco Clavet and Javier Sánchez in the final.

## Challenger finals

### Singles: 1 (0–1)

| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 0–1 | July 1986 | Dortmund, Germany | Challenger | Clay | Horst Skoff | 6-2, 3–6, 4–6 |

## InfoBox

Fernando García Lleó
| Country (sports) | Spain |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-09-25) September 25, 1966<br>Las Palmas, Spain |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Plays | Right-handed |
| Prize money | US$8,280 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 0–0 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 163 (15 September 1986) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 0–1 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 312 (15 September 1986) |
| Medal record      Mediterranean Games  1987 Latakia  Singles  1987 Latakia  Doubles | |
| Last updated on: March 27, 2019. | |


title: Fen Cresswell

abstract: George Fenwick Cresswell was a cricketer who played three Test matches for New Zealand. Born in Wanganui, he was the older brother of Arthur Cresswell. He was the 50th Test cap for New Zealand.

text:
# Fen Cresswell

**George Fenwick Cresswell** (22 March 1915 – 10 January 1966) was a cricketer who played three Test matches for New Zealand. Born in Wanganui, he was the older brother of Arthur Cresswell. He was the 50th Test cap for New Zealand.

## Cricket career

Cresswell was educated at Marlborough Boys' College, where he played for the first XI. An accurate slow-medium bowler, he had played his cricket for Marlborough in the Hawke Cup when he was selected to make his first-class debut at the age of 33 in a trial match for The Rest against a New Zealand XI in January 1949. After taking three wickets in the match he was selected for the 1949 tour to England.

In England he took 62 wickets at 26.09 in 19 matches, and found his best form late in the tour, taking 5 for 30 against Yorkshire and 6 for 21 against Glamorgan. He made his Test debut in the final Test against England at The Oval. He opened the bowling with Jack Cowie, and took 6 for 168 in England's only innings. Batting at his usual position of number 11, he made 12 not out, which remained his highest first-class score. As of early 2021 he is still the oldest person (at 34 years and 146 days) to take five or more wickets in an innings in his first Test.

He played for Wellington in 1949–50. He also played for New Zealand against the touring Australian team, taking 8 for 100 in Australia's only innings; then, batting at number 11, he put on an unbroken partnership of nine runs with Walter Hadlee to avert an innings defeat. Earlier in the season, captaining Marlborough in a Hawke Cup elimination match against Nelson, he took 16 wickets in the match (8 for 44 and 8 for 46) but Nelson won by two wickets.

In 1950–51 he played for Central Districts in their inaugural Plunket Shield season, taking 5 for 31 against Canterbury at Palmerston North and 5 for 38 against Auckland at New Plymouth to give them victory in their first two home games and second place in the final table. He played in the two Tests against the visiting English side, taking 7 wickets at 17.71. After that he suffered from a back injury, and played only three matches in the next four seasons before retiring in 1956.

Cresswell had an unusual run-up and action. Dick Brittenden wrote: "he bowled from a run of a few paces. He began each time by standing stiffly to attention, poised for an appreciable little interval. Then he moved in and bowled with one of the strangest of actions – no left arm, and his chest quite square to the batsman."

His younger brother Arthur also played as a pace bowler for Wellington and Central Districts in the same period.

## Death

Cresswell was found dead at his home in Blenheim in January 1966, with a gun next to him. He had been suffering from cancer.

## InfoBox

Fen Cresswell
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | George Fenwick Cresswell |
| Born | (1915-03-22)22 March 1915
Wanganui, New Zealand |
| Died | 10 January 1966(1966-01-10) (aged 50)
Blenheim, New Zealand |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm slow-medium |
| Relations | Arthur Cresswell (brother) |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 50) | 13 August 1949 v England |
| Last Test | 24 March 1951 v England |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1949/50 | Wellington |
| 1950/51–1954/55 | Central Districts |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 3 33  Runs scored 14 89  Batting average 7.00 5.23  100s/50s 0/0 0/0  Top score 12 12  Balls bowled 650 8,107  Wickets 13 124  Bowling average 22.46 22.53  5 wickets in innings 1 8  10 wickets in match 0 0  Best bowling 6/168 8/100  Catches/stumpings 0/– 11/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 1 April 2017 | |


title: Fenimorea elongata

abstract: Fenimorea elongata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Drilliidae.

text:
# Fenimorea elongata

***Fenimorea elongata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The length of this marine shell varies between 18 mm and 25 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida.

* Fallon, P.J. (2016). "Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species". *Zootaxa*. **4090** (1): 1–363.
* "*Fenimorea elongata*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Fenimorea elongata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Drilliidae |
| Genus: | *Fenimorea* |
| Species: | ***F. elongata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fenimorea elongata***<br>Fallon, 2016 | |
|


title: Ferrari flat-12 engine

abstract: The Ferrari flat-12 engine family is a series of flat-12 DOHC petrol engines produced by Ferrari from 1964 to 1996. The first racing Ferrari flat-12, the Mauro Forghieri-designed Tipo 207, was introduced in the Ferrari 1512 F1 car in 1964. Later flat-12 racing engines were used in Ferrari Formula One and sports racing cars from 1968 until 1980, including the 212 E Montagna, 312 B series, 312 PB and 312 T series. The roadgoing flat-12 engines were introduced with the 365 GT4 BB and were produced in various versions until the end of F512M production in 1996.

text:
# Ferrari flat-12 engine

The **Ferrari flat-12 engine** family is a series of flat-12 DOHC petrol engines produced by Ferrari from 1964 to 1996. The first racing Ferrari flat-12, the Mauro Forghieri-designed *Tipo 207*, was introduced in the Ferrari 1512 F1 car in 1964. Later flat-12 racing engines were used in Ferrari Formula One and sports racing cars from 1968 until 1980, including the 212 E Montagna, 312 B series, 312 PB and 312 T series. The roadgoing flat-12 engines were introduced with the 365 GT4 BB and were produced in various versions until the end of F512M production in 1996.

## Configuration and nomenclature

Ferrari flat-12 engines have two banks of 6 cylinders oriented at 180 degrees from each other in a horizontally opposed or "flat" layout. This layout was first utilized in a Ferrari engine by engineer Mauro Forghieri in the 1964 Ferrari 1512 Formula One racing car, which was the first flat-12 car of any type to race. Ferrari had previously only manufactured engines with  or straight cylinder layouts. The flat-12 engine was initially developed for use in Ferrari racing cars because the shape of the engine resulted in a lower center of gravity, which improved various handling dynamics. In the later 312 B and 312 T F1 cars, the low height of the flat-12 was aerodynamically advantageous, as it allowed additional airflow to reach the rear spoiler.

All Ferrari flat-12 engines have a crankshaft design where each pair of opposing connecting rods use the same crank pin, a trait shared with earlier Ferrari V12 engines. This distinguishes this engine design from a boxer engine. According to engine designer Forghieri:

> “Please, don’t call it boxer. Technically, it is correct to say that this engine is a flat-12, or has 12 cylinders with the heads at a vee angle of 180°. The difference between this engine and a true ‘boxer’ is that on the Ferrari engine the corresponding connecting rods of each bank are coupled on the same crankpin, so the two pistons move in the same direction, whereas in a true boxer engine (for example the flat-six Porsche engine) the pistons move in opposite directions.”
>
> Mauro Forghieri, quoted in *Ferrari Engines* by Reggiani and Bluemel

Three names for the Ferrari flat-12 engines are in common use: "flat-12", "180° V12" and "boxer." "Flat" does not specify crankshaft design and therefore can refer to either a non-boxer engine like the Ferrari or a true boxer engine like a Porsche flat-6. Alternatively, some sources prefer to call Ferrari flat-12 engines a "180° V12", referring to the V12-derived crankshaft design and the 180° angle between cylinder banks. Other sources refer to them as "boxer" engines. Despite the technical inaccuracy of "boxer", this term is widely used both in the press and official Ferrari publications, including the factory-issued specifications of the 312 B F1 and sales brochures for the BB 512 road car.

## Racing engines

### Tipo 207

Ferrari's first flat-12 engine design was the 1.5-liter *Tipo 207*, used in the 1964-65 Ferrari 1512 Formula One car (also known as the 512 F1). The *Tipo 207* flat-12 engine was designed by Mauro Forghieri and displaced 1,489.63 cc (90.903 cu in) with a bore and stroke of 56.0 mm × 50.4 mm (2.20 in × 1.98 in) and a compression ratio of 9.8:1. The crankcase was cast from aluminum alloy. The crankshaft ran in seven main bearings. Four gear-driven overhead camshafts operated one intake and one exhaust valve per cylinder. The ignition system used twin distributors (chain-driven off the timing gears) and a single spark plug per cylinder. Ancillary components such as the alternator, fuel pump and injection pumps were placed on top of the engine. The first version of the *Tipo* *207* engine, presented to the press at Ferrari's December 1963 press conference, was equipped with an indirect fuel injection system manufactured by Lucas. This was changed to a full Bosch injection and ignition system prior to the car's competition debut in 1964. In 1965, the engine was revised with a new cylinder head design and revised injection trumpets.

The engine developed 220 PS (162 kW; 217 hp) @ 12,000 rpm, compared to the 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) @ 11,000 rpm of the 158's V8 engine. This power output made it one of the most powerful contemporary 1.5-litre Formula One engines, possibly surpassed by Honda's RA271 V12. However, the engine's torque curve was not broad enough to provide a significant advantage over other cars and the 1512 was not competitive by the end of the 1965 season.

### Tipo 232

The 2-liter *Tipo 232* flat-12 engine was developed for the 1968 Ferrari Sport 2000 (later called 212 E Montagna) sports racing car. The engine was designed by Ferrari engineer Stefano Jacoponi, based on the earlier Forghieri-designed *Tipo 207* flat-12. Overall capacity of this engine was 1,990.08 cc (121.442 cu in), bore and stroke was 65 mm x 50 mm and the compression ratio was 11:1. The crankcase was aluminum alloy with cast-iron cylinder liners. While the displacement was increased over the *Tipo 207*, the *Tipo 232* was more compact. It had four main bearings (instead of the seven used on the earlier engine), the 27° included angle between the intake and exhaust valves was narrower and ancillary ignition/fuel injection components were mounted lower. Like the *Tipo 207*, the engine used four gear-driven overhead camshafts, but now operating two intake and two exhaust valves per cylinder. Fuel was delivered by a Lucas indirect injection system. A Magneti Marelli transistorized ignition system was equipped, using a single spark plug per cylinder.

When first installed in the Sport 2000, the engine produced 290 bhp (220 kW) at 11,500 rpm. Later during the 1969 racing season the engine was further developed and the compression ratio increased to 11.3:1. and could produce 315–320 bhp (235–239 kW) for short bursts and 295 bhp (220 kW) consistently. The engine was specialized for the short courses of the European Hill Climb Championship (where it was extremely successful in 1969) and was not intended for endurance events, although sufficient water and oil cooling systems were incorporated to prevent frequent engine rebuilds.

### Tipo 001

The *Tipo 001* was a 3-litre flat-12 used in 312 B Formula One cars and 312 PB sports racing cars between 1970 and 1974. Designed by Mauro Forghieri, this engine was intended to replace the aging Colombo V12 used in the 312 F1 and 312 P sports racing cars. The *Tipo 001* was the first Ferrari F1 engine funded by Fiat, after Fiat took a 50% stake in the company in 1969. Fiat's restructuring of the racing program and additional funding led Forghieri to create a new, separate R&D department where the 312 B F1 car and *Tipo 001* engine were developed. Forgheri was strongly influenced by the Cosworth DFV V8 engine when designing the *Tipo 001*, particularly in how the movement of oil inside the crankcase was optimized to reduce oil pumping losses and the design of the combustion chamber.

The overall capacity of the engine was 2,991 cc (182.5 cu in), with a bore and stroke of 78.5 mm x 51.5 mm and a compression ratio of 11.8:1. Later versions used in the 312 B2 and B3 had a bore and stroke of 80 mm x 49.6 mm and a compression ratio of 11.5:1. The aluminum alloy crankcase (with cast iron liners) was made in two pieces, with a vertical split at the center of the case. In order to reduce weight, shot-peened titanium connecting rods were used. The one-piece machined crankshaft ran in four main bearings and was coupled to the flywheel with a rubber coupling (developed by Pirelli) that reduced stress on the crankshaft, preventing breakage. Like the previous *Tipo 232*, four overhead camshafts were driven by gears and operated two intake and two exhaust valves per cylinder. The included angle between the valves was further reduced to 20°. Lucas indirect fuel injection and single-plug Marelli transistor ignition were equipped. The overall engine height was reduced compared to the earlier *Tipo 207* F1 engine and the engine was only 15 kg (33 lb) heavier than the rival Cosworth DFV V8, despite having 4 additional cylinders and larger overall dimensions.

Ferrari initially reported the *Tipo 001* produced a power output of 455 bhp (339 kW) at 11,500 rpm, which exceeded the power output of both the earlier 312's V12 and the DFV by almost 20 bhp (15 kW). By the end of the 1970 Formula One season, further development increased the *Tipo 001*'s output to 480 bhp (360 kW) at 12,600 rpm. In its final version in the 1974 312 B3, the engine produced 485 bhp (362 kW) at 12,500 rpm.

Alongside the engine's use in the 312 B F1 cars, a detuned version of the *Tipo 001* was used in 1971-1973 312 PB sports racing cars. This version initially produced 440 bhp (330 kW) at 10,800 rpm, increasing in 1973 to 470 bhp (350 kW) at 11,500 rpm.

### Tipo 015

The 3-liter *Tipo 015* flat-12 engine was used in the Ferrari 312 T series of Formula One cars between 1975 and 1980. It was heavily derived from the *Tipo 001*, but was adapted to fit the 312 T's new transverse gearbox. The overall capacity of the engine was 2,991 cc (182.5 cu in) with a bore and stroke of 80 mm x 49.6 mm and a compression ratio of 11.5:1. The engine's design was continuously improved during its years of competition, including increased use of lightweight magnesium and titanium components and refinements to the cylinder heads, combustion chambers and intake ducting. The first 312 T engines produced approximately 500 bhp (370 kW) at 12,200 rpm.This increased to 510 bhp (380 kW) at 12,200 rpm in the 1978 312 T3 and finally 515 bhp (384 kW) at 12,300 rpm in the 1979 312 T4.

The *Tipo 015* was succeeded by the *Tipo 021* turbocharged V6 in the 1980 126C. The *Tipo 015* was Ferrari's last naturally-aspirated engine until 1989.

## Roadgoing engines

| F102, F110, F113 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ferrari *F102 A* engine in a 365 GT4 BB | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Ferrari |
| Designer | Giuliano De Angelis |
| Production | 1973–1996 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Flat-12 |
| Displacement | * 4.4 L (270 cu in) (F102A) * 4.9 L (300 cu in) (F102B, F110, F113) |
| Cylinder bore | * 81 mm (3.2 in) (F102) * 82 mm (3.2 in) (F102B, F110, F113) |
| Piston stroke | * 71 mm (2.8 in) (F102) * 78 mm (3.1 in) (F102B, F110, F113) |
| Cylinder block material | Silumin |
| Cylinder head material | Silumin |
| Valvetrain | DOHC |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel type | Petrol |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Ferrari Colombo engine |
| Successor | Ferrari F133 engine |

Ferrari introduced a roadgoing flat-12 engine with the 1973 365 GT4 BB. This engine was further developed for use in 512 BB, 512 BBi, Testarossa, 512TR and F512M models, remaining in production until 1996.

### Tipo F102A

The *Tipo F102A* engine was the first flat-12 cylinder configuration fitted in a Ferrari road car, the 1973-1976 365 GT4 BB. Design and development of the new engine was overseen by Ferrari engineer Giuliano de Angelis and Angelo Bellei. The F102A engine's was derived from the *Tipo 001* Formula One engine as well as earlier Ferrari Colombo V12 engines. The engine's displacement, bore & stroke, rods and pistons were the same as the *Tipo 251* 60° V12 Colombo engine powering the 365 GTB/4 Daytona it replaced. The F102A had two valves per cylinder and twin overhead camshafts per bank, although these were now belt driven, instead of by chain as on earlier Ferrari 12-cylinder engines. Belt drive was chosen to reduce noise, improve reliability and reduce manufacturing and servicing costs. The engine fitted with two banks of two triple-choke Weber 40IF3C carburettors and an electronic Magneti Marelli "Dinoplex" ignition system. In contrast to both the *Tipo 251* and the *Tipo 001*, the spark plugs enter the combustion chamber from the top, rather than the sides. The block and cylinder heads were constructed from Silumin light alloy, with Borgo light alloy pistons, shrunk-in cast iron cylinder liners and a cross-plane, forged steel crankshaft. As was standard Ferrari practice, the crankshaft was machined from a single billet of steel, which was aged prior to machining in order to improve structural stability. The engine was lubricated by a wet sump with a capacity of 12 litres (13 US qt) and twin oil filters.

According to de Angelis and Bellei, the first prototype F102 A engine produced 380 bhp (280 kW) at 7,100 rpm and propelled the prototype to 302 km/h (188 mph) during testing. Some Ferrari sales materials quote this 380 bhp figure, while others reported the production version of the F102 A engine produced 360 bhp at 7,500 rpm and 311 ft/lb of torque at 4,500 rpm. Figures reported in other factory and press publications vary, with the owner's manual reporting 344 PS (253 kW; 339 hp) at 7200 rpm.

### Tipo F102B

In 1976 Ferrari launched a revised version of the BB, the BB 512. This car was equipped with a *Tipo F102B* flat-12 engine, based on the preceding F102A but enlarged to 4942 cc. Bore and stroke were now 82 mm x 78 mm and the compression ratio was increased to 9.2:1. Camshaft timing was also altered.

Ferrari initially claimed a peak power output of 360 bhp (270 kW) at 6800 rpm and 331 lb⋅ft (449 N⋅m) of torque. Later Ferrari publications revised this to 340 bhp (250 kW). Despite the loss in peak power, the flatter torque curve of the 4.9 liter engine provided a smoother and more user friendly power delivery. The larger displacement engine also allowed Ferrari to meet more stringent pollution and noise regulations without losing performance. A dry sump lubrication system was now used to prevent oil starvation and surge issues, which were exacerbated by the higher cornering forces generated by the BB 512's wider tires.

The F102B engine was also used in 512 BB LM racing cars. In series 1 cars, the engines were modified with new pistons, camshafts and carburetors, resulting in a power output of approximately 400 bhp (300 kW). Series 2 cars also had a Lucas mechanical fuel injection system, fed by dual Turolla fuel pumps. In this form, the engine generated approximately 475–480 bhp (354–358 kW)

### Tipo F110A

In 1981 the BB 512 was replaced by the BB 512i, powered by the *Tipo F110A* engine. This engine was based on the F102B but was now equipped with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection. It had the same dimensions and overall capacity as the F102B. The fuel injection system allowed Ferrari to meet stricter emissions regulations. Overall power output was now 340 bhp (250 kW) at 6,000 rpm. The Dinoplex electronic ignition system now had a built-in rev limiter that activated at 6,600 rpm.

### Tipo F113A/B/D/G

The Testarossa was introduced in 1984, replacing the BB 512i. It was equipped with the *Tipo F113A* engine. This engine was the first roadgoing Ferrari flat-12 engine with four valves per cylinder. The power output was 390 PS (287 kW; 385 hp), making it the most powerful engine mounted on a production sports car at the time of its launch. The bore and stroke and 4942 cc cubic capacity was identical to the preceding F110A engine. The F113A was fitted with a Marelli Microplex MED120 electronic ignition system and Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection. Export versions for United States, Canada and Japan had catalytic converter and KE-Jetronic fuel injection. European versions got those features in 1986 and the revised engine was known as F113B.

The 1991 512 TR was equipped with the *Tipo F113D* engine. This was an upgraded version of the F113A in the Testarossa, maintaining the same cubic capacity of 4.9 L. Changes were made to the porting, with redesigned inlet plenums and larger valves providing more efficient fuel/air mix ingress, whilst the fuel injection and ignition system were changed to a combined Bosch Motronic M2.7 system. The engine was further improved with new shallow-skirt pistons and a modified crankshaft design. This engine produced 422 bhp (315 kW) at 6,750 rpm and 362 lb⋅ft (491 N⋅m) at 5,500 rpm.

For the 1994 F512M the engine was further upgraded and designated *Tipo F113G*. This engine had a lightened crankshaft, titanium alloy connecting rods, new pistons and a stainless steel low backpressure exhaust system. The compression ratio increased to 10.4:1. The F113G produced 434 bhp (324 kW) at 6,750 rpm.

The flat-12 production ceased with the F512M, being replaced by the front-engined 550 Maranello which featured the new 65° V12 F133 engine.

## Aircraft engine

In the late 1960s, Ferrari was approached by Franklin Engine Company with an order for an engine that could be installed in a small twin-engined aircraft. Mauro Forghieri began adapting a flat-12 engine design for this purpose, as this configuration would fit within a wing. However, the project was quickly cancelled when Franklin entered receivership. Forghieri's design work on the aircraft engine was incorporated into the 1970 *Tipo 001* racing flat-12 engine.

## Specifications

| Eng. code | Displ. | Bore × stroke | Years | Usage | Peak power | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F102 A | 4.4 L
(4,390 cc) | 81 mm × 71 mm
(3.2 in × 2.8 in) | 19731976 | 365 GT4 BB | 344 PS (253 kW; 339 hp) at 7200 rpm | wet-sump, carburettors |
| F102 B | 4.9 L
(4,943 cc) | 82 mm × 78 mm
(3.2 in × 3.1 in) | 19761981 | 512 BB | 340 PS (250 kW; 340 hp) at 6200 rpm | dry-sump, carburettors |
| F110 A | | | 19811984 | 512 BBi | 340 PS (250 kW; 340 hp) at 6000 rpm | dry-sump, K-Jetronic fuel injection |
| F113 A | | | 19841986 | | Testarossa (European markets) | 390 PS (290 kW; 380 hp) at 6300 rpm |
| F113 A 040 | | | 19841991 | Testarossa (North America and Japan) | 385 PS (283 kW; 380 hp) at 5750 rpm | dry-sump, KE-Jetronic fuel injection, catalytic converters |
| F113 B | | | 19861991 | | Testarossa (European markets) | 390 PS (290 kW; 380 hp) at 6300 rpm |
| F113 D | | | 19911994 | 512 TR | 428 PS (315 kW; 422 hp) at 6750 rpm | dry-sump, Motronic fuel injection, catalytic converters |
| F113 G | | | 19941996 | | F512 M | 440 PS (320 kW; 430 hp) at 6750 rpm |

## InfoBox

| Tipo 207/232/001/015 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ferrari 1512 Tipo 207 engine | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Ferrari |
| Designer | Mauro Forghieri |
| Production | 1964–1980 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | 180° Flat-12 |
| Displacement | * 1.5 L (1,489.63 cc) * 2.0 L (1,999.08 cc) * 3.0 L (2,991 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | * 56 mm (2.2 in) * 65 mm (2.6 in) * 78.5 mm (3.09 in) * 80 mm (3.1 in) |
| Piston stroke | * 50.4 mm (1.98 in) * 50 mm (2.0 in) * 51.5 mm (2.03 in) * 49.6 mm (1.95 in) |
| Cylinder block material | aluminum |
| Cylinder head material | aluminum |
| Valvetrain | DOHC |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel type | Petrol |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Ferrari Colombo engine |
| Successor | Ferrari V12 F1 engine |


title: Ferry Street–Thorofare Canal bridge

abstract: The Ferry Street Bridge or Ferry Street–Thorofare Canal bridge is a bridge located at Ferry Street over the Thorofare Canal in Grosse Ile, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

text:
# Ferry Street–Thorofare Canal bridge

The **Ferry Street Bridge** or **Ferry Street–Thorofare Canal bridge** is a bridge located at Ferry Street over the Thorofare Canal in Grosse Ile, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

## History

In 1947, the Wayne County Road Commission replaced the 85-foot (26 m) Pratt truss bridge that had previously spanned the Thorofare Canal with the current structure.

## Description

The Ferry Street Bridge has a main span length of 26 feet (7.9 m), a structure length of 95 feet (29 m), a roadway width of 36 feet (11 m), and a structure width of 28 feet (8.5 m). The railings are solid concrete, and marble plates mounted at the northeast and southeast corners of the bridge note that the bridge is Job 413 of the Wayne County Road Commission. Three bents with square concrete posts support the bridge. The bridge is a continuous concrete slab, used by the road commission during World War II and immediately after, presumably due to the difficulty of obtaining steel. The bridge is considered a good representative example of this type of bridge, retaining high integrity.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ferry Street Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Underneath bridge | |
|  | |
| Location | Ferry Street over Thorofare Canal, Grosse Ile, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°8′17″N 83°9′23″W / 42.13806°N 83.15639°W / 42.13806; -83.15639 |
| Area | 0.9 acres (0.36 ha) |
| Built | 1947 |
| Architect | Wayne County Road Commission |
| Architectural style | concrete slab |
| MPS | Highway Bridges of Michigan MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 00000118 |
| Added to NRHP | February 18, 2000 |


title: Ferry Street Bridge (Eugene, Oregon)

abstract: The Ferry Street Bridge is a bridge that spans the Willamette River in Eugene, Oregon, United States. It is located near downtown Eugene, where the city's founder Eugene Skinner once operated a ferry service. The bridge is at Willamette river mile 182.2, and is a block west of the north terminus of the actual Ferry Street. The neighborhood immediately north of the Willamette River near the bridge is often called the "Ferry Street Bridge area." Ferry Street Bridge carries Coburg Road in four lanes which connects the small city of Coburg to central Eugene. The bridge is approximately 800 feet (240 m) long, though the river width is only 300 feet (91 m) here, Club Road passes under the Ferry Street Bridge on the north shore along with a bike path; another bike path passes under the bridge on the south shore where it enters the east end of Campbell Park. The bridge is on the shortest motor vehicle route between the University of Oregon main campus and Autzen Stadium. The Peter DeFazio Bridge is located approximately 800 feet (240 m) upstream.

text:
# Ferry Street Bridge (Eugene, Oregon)

The **Ferry Street Bridge** is a bridge that spans the Willamette River in Eugene, Oregon, United States. It is located near downtown Eugene, where the city's founder Eugene Skinner once operated a ferry service. The bridge is at Willamette river mile 182.2, and is a block west of the north terminus of the actual Ferry Street. The neighborhood immediately north of the Willamette River near the bridge is often called the "Ferry Street Bridge area."

Ferry Street Bridge carries Coburg Road in four lanes which connects the small city of Coburg to central Eugene. The bridge is approximately 800 feet (240 m) long, though the river width is only 300 feet (91 m) here, Club Road passes under the Ferry Street Bridge on the north shore along with a bike path; another bike path passes under the bridge on the south shore where it enters the east end of Campbell Park.

The bridge is on the shortest motor vehicle route between the University of Oregon main campus and Autzen Stadium.

The Peter DeFazio Bridge is located approximately 800 feet (240 m) upstream.

## InfoBox

| Ferry Street Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 44°03′28″N 123°05′02″W / 44.0579°N 123.0840°W / 44.0579; -123.0840 |
| Carries | Four lanes of Coburg Road |
| Crosses | Willamette River |
| Locale | Eugene, Oregon |
| Official name | Ferry Street Bridge |
| Characteristics | |
| Total length | 800 feet (240 m) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1950 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Scott Henderson

abstract: Scott Henderson is an American jazz fusion and blues guitarist best known for his work with the band Tribal Tech. He was born in West Palm Beach and raised in Lake Worth Beach.

text:
# Scott Henderson

**Scott Henderson** (born August 26, 1954) is an American jazz fusion and blues guitarist best known for his work with the band Tribal Tech. He was born in West Palm Beach and raised in Lake Worth Beach.

## Biography

Scott Henderson is a highly regarded virtuoso who emerged in the 1980s with his legendary band Tribal Tech, and has since become one of the top guitarists/ composers in jazz fusion. Scott grew up in South Florida where he played blues-rock and funk, and was influenced by Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, Jimi Hendrix, Ritchie Blackmore, and his favorite blues guitarist Albert King. Even though Henderson began his career as a blues-rock player, it was the influence of jazz that led him to the style of playing and composing that he's now famous for. Besides being a world class player and premier composer, Scott's trademark is his beautiful tone and striking ability to blend jazz with blues, rock and funk, creating a soulful and unique voice on the guitar.

Scott studied arranging and composition at Florida Atlantic University, then moved to Los Angeles in 1980. He toured and recorded with Chick Corea's Elektric Band, violinist Jean-Luc Ponty, and was pleased to get the opportunity to work for four years with one of his favorite musicians, Weather Report's Joe Zawinul. He recorded two albums with the Zawinul Syndicate, "The Immigrants" and "Black Water". He also appears on Joe Zawinul's double live album "Vienna Nights", released in 2004. Henderson recorded ten critically acclaimed albums with Tribal Tech, including the most recent recording "Tribal Tech X" released in March 2012.

In 2019, he won both Best Guitarist and best Electric/Jazz-Rock/Contemporary Group/Artist in Jazz Times Reader's Poll. In 1991, Scott was named by Guitar World as the #1 Jazz Guitarist, and in January 1992, he was named #1 Jazz Guitarist in Guitar Player's Annual Reader's Poll. His first solo blues album "Dog Party", a welcome retreat to his musical roots, won best blues album of 1994 in Guitar Player Magazine. His next solo albums "Tore Down House" and "Well to the Bone" paired Henderson with legendary vocalist Thelma Houston. "Vibe Station", released in 2015, was listed by many music critics as one of the top 10 instrumental albums of the year. Henderson's latest and most accomplished work as a leader, "People Mover", featuring Romain Labaye on bass and Archibald Ligonnière on drums - which are the musicians of his current live trio - was voted best fusion album of 2019 by Jazz Times magazine. The trio has toured extensively throughout the world in over 70 countries, playing music from the solo albums as well as some of Henderson's music recorded by Tribal Tech.

Scott has also released two albums with "Vital Tech Tones", a trio collaboration with bassist Victor Wooten and former Journey drummer Steve Smith. In 2009 he began touring worldwide with the HBC Trio, featuring bassist Jeff Berlin and drummer Dennis Chambers. Their first record "HBC" was released in October 2012.

As is often the case with a musician of Scott's caliber, the demand is great that he share his knowledge with the current generation of guitarists. He is on the faculty at Musician's Institute in Hollywood, where his Open Counseling sessions are some of MI's most popular. Scott has also written columns for Guitar Player Magazine and many other guitar publications.

## Tribal Tech

Henderson formed Tribal Tech with bass player Gary Willis in 1984. In 1991 Henderson was named No. 1 Jazz Guitarist by *Guitar World* magazine, and in January 1992 he was voted Best Jazz Guitarist in *Guitar Player* magazine's Annual Readers' Poll.

Tribal Tech reunited and released an album entitled *X* in 2011, but in June 2014, Henderson posted on his message board that the band would again be dissolving.

## Other work

Since 1984, Henderson has taught at the Guitar Institute of Technology, which is part of the Musicians Institute in Hollywood, California.

## Discography

### As leader

**With Tribal Tech**

### Solo albums

As **Vital Tech Tones** \- with Steve Smith and Victor Wooten

As **HBC** \- with Jeff Berlin and Dennis Chambers

* *HBC* (2012)

### As sideman

## InfoBox

| Scott Henderson | |
| --- | --- |
| Scott Henderson, 2010 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1954-08-26) August 26, 1954
West Palm Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Genres | Jazz fusion, blues, instrumental rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Labels | Passport, Relativity, Bluemoon,
Tone Center, Atlantic, Zebra, Shrapnel |
| Formerly of | Tribal Tech, Vital Tech Tones |
|  | |
| Website | www.scotthenderson.net |


title: Pierce M. B. Young

abstract: Pierce Manning Butler Young was an American soldier, politician, diplomat, and slave owner. He was a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, and after the war a four-term United States Congressman from Georgia, before serving in the diplomatic corps.

text:
# Pierce M. B. Young

**Pierce Manning Butler Young** (November 15, 1836  July 6, 1896) was an American soldier, politician, diplomat, and slave owner. He was a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, and after the war a four-term United States Congressman from Georgia, before serving in the diplomatic corps.

## Early life and career

Young was born at Spartanburg, South Carolina on November 15, 1836. His father, Dr. R. M. Young, was a son of Capt. William Young, a soldier in the American Revolution under George Washington. Young's maternal grandmother descended from the Cavaliers of England, who migrated to Maryland around the 1740s. She married Mourning Stone, who was a Loyalist during the American Revolution, and helped to give refuge to Lord Cornwallis during his campaign in South Carolina. When Pierce was a small boy, his father moved to Bartow County, Georgia, and enlisted private tutors for his children. At the age of thirteen, Young entered the Georgia Military Institute in Marietta, and graduated in 1856. He subsequently briefly studied law. In 1857, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy but resigned only two months before graduation due to Georgia's secession.

## Civil War

Returning home in early 1861, he was appointed second lieutenant in the 1st Georgia Infantry regiment, but declined that commission for the same rank in the artillery. In July, he was promoted to first lieutenant and was attached to the staff of General Braxton Bragg at Pensacola, Florida. He was at the same time aide-de-camp to Gen. W. H. T. Walker. In July, Young was appointed adjutant of the Georgia Legion, better known as Cobb's Legion, and was promoted to major in September and to lieutenant colonel in November, commanding the cavalry portion of the legion.

Young's cavalry was attached to Wade Hampton's brigade of J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry division in the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862. He was distinguished for "remarkable gallantry," as Stuart expressed it, in the Maryland Campaign. Promoted to colonel, he rendered brilliant service at the Battle of Brandy Station and participated in the cavalry operations of the Gettysburg Campaign. In early August, he was wounded in another fight near Brandy Station. In October, he was promoted to brigadier general and assigned command of Hampton's old brigade, consisting of the 1st and 2nd South Carolina cavalry regiments, the Cobb Legion, Jeff Davis Legion and Phillips' Legion. He was actively engaged during the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns, where on October 12, 1863, by adroit maneuvering, he compelled an enemy division to recross the Rappahannock River. An admiring Stuart reported, "The defeat of an expedition which might have proved so embarrassing entitles the officers who effected it to the award of distinguished skill and generalship."

In 1864, Young played a prominent part in the Overland Campaign in Virginia, and when Hampton assumed command of the cavalry after Stuart's death at Yellow Tavern, he temporarily took Hampton's place as division commander. In November, Young was sent to Augusta to gather reinforcements and aid in the defense of that city, threatened by William T. Sherman. Promoted to major general in December, he was actively engaged in the defense of Savannah and the 1865 campaign in the Carolinas under General Hampton until the close of the war.

## Postbellum career

After the war, he returned to Georgia and lived as a planter. He was elected to the US House of Representatives, as a Democrat for four terms (1868-1875). Young ran for a fifth term, but was defeated by the Grange-backed candidate William Harrell Felton. Young was appointed United States commissioner to the Paris Exposition in 1878. He served as consul-general at St. Petersburg, Russia (1885–87) and as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Guatemala and Honduras (1893-1896) by appointment of President Grover Cleveland. Young died on July 6, 1896, in New York City, with interment in Oak Hill Cemetery, Cartersville, Georgia

## InfoBox

| Pierce Manning Butler Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Major General Pierce M. B. Young | |
|  | |
| Member of the
United States House of Representatives
from 7th District of Georgia | |
| **In office**
July 25, 1868  March 3, 1875 | |
| Preceded by | Office suspended during the American Civil War |
| Succeeded by | William H. Felton |
| Minister to Honduras | |
| **In office**
November 12, 1893  May 23, 1896 | |
| Preceded by | Romualdo Pacheco |
| Succeeded by | Macgrane Coxe |
| Minister to Guatemala | |
| **In office**
June 12, 1893  May 23, 1896 | |
| Preceded by | Romualdo Pacheco |
| Succeeded by | Macgrane Cox |
| Consul General of the United States
St. Petersburg, Russia | |
| **In office**
1885–1887 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1836-11-15)November 15, 1836
Spartanburg, South Carolina |
| Died | July 6, 1896(1896-07-06) (aged 59)
New York City |
| Resting place | Oak Hill Cemetery |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Confederate States of America |
| Branch/service | Confederate States Army |
| Years of service | 18611865 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | Young's Cavalry Division
Young's Cavalry Brigade
Cobb's Legion |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
|  | |


title: Sean Fauth

abstract: Sean Fauth is a Canadian former international rugby union player. Fauth was born and raised in Calgary, where he played rugby for the Hornets club. He competed in varsity rugby at Queen's University in the early 1990s and while based on the west coast played with Castaway Wanderers. A winger, Fauth was a Canada international representative from 2000 to 2003, gaining 29 caps. He scored a try in both of Canada's matches in their two-Test series against England in 2001. At the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia, Fauth featured in Canada's match against the All Blacks and scored a try in the win over Tonga. Fauth won blues playing rugby for Oxford University in 2005.

text:
# Sean Fauth

**Sean Fauth** (born February 8, 1975) is a Canadian former international rugby union player.

Fauth was born and raised in Calgary, where he played rugby for the Hornets club. He competed in varsity rugby at Queen's University in the early 1990s and while based on the west coast played with Castaway Wanderers.

A winger, Fauth was a Canada international representative from 2000 to 2003, gaining 29 caps. He scored a try in both of Canada's matches in their two-Test series against England in 2001. At the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia, Fauth featured in Canada's match against the All Blacks and scored a try in the win over Tonga.

Fauth won blues playing rugby for Oxford University in 2005.

## InfoBox

Sean Fauth
| Date of birth | (1975-02-08) February 8, 1975 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) |
| Weight | 180 lb (82 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Wing  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2000–03 Canada  29  (35) | |


title: Surviving Sex Trafficking

abstract: Surviving Sex Trafficking is a 2022 American documentary film directed by Sadhvi Siddhali Shree and produced by the team of monks at Siddhayatan Tirth. The film focuses on the ongoing sex trafficking and sexual abuse in the United States and worldwide based upon stories of the survivors who were sex trafficked by their abusers.

text:
# Surviving Sex Trafficking

***Surviving Sex Trafficking*** is a 2022 American documentary film directed by Sadhvi Siddhali Shree and produced by the team of monks at Siddhayatan Tirth.

The film focuses on the ongoing sex trafficking and sexual abuse in the United States and worldwide based upon stories of the survivors who were sex trafficked by their abusers.

## Synopsis

*Surviving Sex Trafficking* is a follow up of 2017 documentary *Stopping Traffic* by Sadhvi Siddhali Shree. It addresses the global problem of sex trafficking and features interviews with the survivors named Angela Williams, Rachel D. Fischer and Kendra Geronimo. The story rotates around the lives of those victims, their struggle for freedom, including the incidents after setting themselves free, and the mental trauma they had to deal with.

Sadhvi Siddhali Shree herself is also featured in the documentary and shares her own story of child abuse and PTSD. The production team travelled various parts of United States including Houston, Miami, Las Vegas and New Jersey and other countries like Hungary, India, Philippines, and Ethiopia gathering stories of the women who have been the victims of sex trafficking and somehow managed to escape. The film also highlights the fact that only 1% of the 45 million victims manage to escape and survive once trafficked.

## Production

*Surviving Sex Trafficking* is the second documentary which has been directed and produced by Sadhvi Siddhali Shree after her first documentary, *Stopping Traffic* which was released in 2017. She is a US based Jain monk, film director, author, TEDx speaker, Iraq War veteran and victim of child abuse.

Alyssa Milano, Jeannie Mai and Jeezy are the executive producers of the documentary and the production house is Siddhayatan Tirth. The film has been inspired by the teachings of non-violence by Acharya Shree Yogeesh, who is also the executive producer of the film. Sadhvi Anubhuti is the co-producer.

## Release

Surviving Sex Trafficking had its official worldwide premiere at the Vail Film Festival in 2021. The film was released in theaters on March 25, 2022, and was made available on streaming platforms on April 15, 2022. On January 25, 2023, in recognition of Human Trafficking Awareness Month, the documentary was screened by the students for violence prevention at Pittsburg State University.

## InfoBox

| Surviving Sex Trafficking | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sadhvi Siddhali Shree |
| Produced by | Sadhvi Siddhali Shree Sadhvi Anubhuti |
| Edited by | Zack Tzourtzouklis |
| Music by | Andor Sperling |
| Production<br>company | Siddhayatan Tirth |
| Distributed by | Stopping Traffic Productions Siddhayatan Tirth Productions |
| Release date | * March 25, 2022 (2022-03-25) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Philippines at the Paralympics

text:
# Philippines at the Paralympics

The Philippines made its Paralympic Games debut at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul and has been fielding athletes up to the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo. Its athletes has won two bronze medals; Adeline Dumapong in powerlifting (2000), and Josephine Medina in table tennis (2016). The country has never won a Paralympic gold medal.

The Philippines, being a tropical nation, has never competed in the Winter Paralympics.

## History

The Philippines made their Paralympic Games debut at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, with three men competing in athletics and one in swimming. It returned for the 2000 Games in Sydney, with a male athlete in the javelin event and a female powerlifter, Adeline Dumapong. Dumapong won her country's first Paralympic medal when she took the bronze medal in the Up to 82.5 kg event, lifting 110 kg. In the 2004 Athens edition, the Philippines were represented by two powerlifters.

In the 2008 Beijing Paralympics, Dumapong was due to compete, but was a non-starter in her event. The country's other representatives were in Paralympic Sailing, in the Mixed Two Person SKUD18 keelboat event who likewise finished last. The much better funded Philippine Olympic athletes had likewise failed to win any medals in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

The 2012 London Paralympic Games saw 9 Filipino athletes competing in four sports. The Philippine Paralympic team was the biggest Philippine delegation since the 1988 Paralympics in South Korea. Just like the Filipino athletes who competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics, no medals were won by the 9 para athletes. However, Josephine Medina's table tennis game ranked 4th overall in Paralympic Table Tennis standings and was the best finish for the Philippines.

In the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Paralympic Games, the Philippines snared its second Paralympic medal, ending the country's 16-year medal drought. Medina bagged bronze medal at the women's single table tennis after defeating Juliane Wolf of Germany.

Starting in 2017, Paralympic athletes winning medals at the Paralympic games will be entitled to government incentives through the Philippines Sports Commission per R.A. 10699.

## Sports competed

* Archery (2024)
* Athletics (1988, 2000, 2012–2024)
* Powerlifting (2000, 2004–2016)
* Sailing (2008)
* Swimming (1988, 2012–2024)
* Table Tennis (2012–2016)
* Taekwondo (2020-2024)

## Medal table

### Medals by Summer Games

| Summer Paralympic Games | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Games | Athletes | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1988 Seoul | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 1992 Barcelona | *Did not compete* | | | | |
| 1996 Atlanta | *Did not compete* | | | | |
| 2000 Sydney | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |
| 2004 Athens | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 2008 Beijing | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 2012 London | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 2016 Rio de Janeiro | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |
| 2020 Tokyo | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 2024 Paris | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 2028 Los Angeles | *Future event* | | | | |
| Total | - | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |

## List of medalists

| Medal | Name | Games | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze | Adeline Dumapong | Sydney 2000 | Powerlifting | Women's −82.5 kg |
| Bronze | Josephine Medina | Rio de Janeiro 2016 | Table tennis | Singles class 8 |

1. Philippines at the Paralympics, International Paralympic Committee
2. Philippines at the Paralympics, International Paralympic Committee
3. "Josephine Medina bags bronze medal in Paralympic table tennis". *The Philippine Star*. 13 September 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2022.

## InfoBox

| Philippines at the<br>Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Philippines | |
| IPC code | PHI |
| NPC | Paralympic Committee of the Philippines |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 2 Total 2 |
| Summer appearances | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1925 All-Missouri Valley Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Missouri Valley Conference teams for the 1925 college football season. The selectors for the 1925 season included the Associated Press (AP).

text:
# 1925 All-Missouri Valley Conference football team

The **1925 All-Missouri Valley Conference football team** consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Missouri Valley Conference teams for the 1925 college football season. The selectors for the 1925 season included the Associated Press (AP).

## All-Missouri Valley selections

### Ends

### Tackles

### Guards

* Ed Brockman, Oklahoma (AP-1)
* Harry McGee, Kansas State (AP-1)
* Richardson, Missouri (AP-2)
* Walker, Missouri (AP-2)

### Centers

* Harold Hutchinson, Nebraska (AP-1)
* Wallace, Oklahoma (AP-2)

### Quarterbacks

* Johnny Behm, Iowa State (AP-1)
* Cochrane, Kansas State (AP-2)

### Halfbacks

* Sam Whiteman, Missouri (AP-1)
* Glen Spear, Drake (AP-1)
* Gordon Meeter, Grinnell (AP-2)
* Jackson, Missouri (AP-2)

### Fullbacks

## Key

AP = Associated Press


title: Dog-Gone Sauce

abstract: Dog-gone Sauce is a gourmet hot sauce company in Fort Myers, Florida, that was created to donate proceeds to local and national Animal Shelters and several local Humane Societies.

text:
# Dog-Gone Sauce

**Dog-gone Sauce** is a gourmet hot sauce company in Fort Myers, Florida, that was created to donate proceeds to local and national Animal Shelters and several local Humane Societies.

## History

Dog-gone Sauce Company was created by Jeff Schmidt. Schmidt used his experience in the supermarket industry and involvement in a hot sauce company with a friend to create the company, intending to donate the profits to animal shelters. He first began with two sauces, Smoky Sweet BBQ Sauce and Chipotle Hot Sauce and later added two additional sauces, Pineapple Honey Hot Sauce and Honey Rum Hot Sauce.

The bottles of Dog-gone Sauce have an adage on the label "Dog-gone Sauce will donate 100% of the after tax profits. Every animal deserves a loving home."

## Sauce

The following varieties of Dog-gone Sauce are produced:

* Honey Rum Hot Sauce
* Chipotle Hot Sauce
* Pineapple Honey Hot Sauce
* Smoky Sweet BBQ Sauce


title: Panker

abstract: Panker is a municipality in Plön county, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The municipality of Panker includes the villages Darry, Gadendorf, Matzwitz, Satjendorf, Todendorf and Panker estate. The nearest city is Luetjenburg. Panker was first mentioned in 1433 as "Pankuren", a Slavic name.

text:
# Panker

**Panker** is a municipality in Plön county, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

The municipality of Panker includes the villages *Darry*, *Gadendorf*, *Matzwitz*, *Satjendorf*, *Todendorf* and Panker estate. The nearest city is Luetjenburg.

Panker was first mentioned in 1433 as "Pankuren", a Slavic name.

## Panker estate

The noble Rantzau family owned this estate before it was sold to Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse and King of Sweden, in 1739.

King Frederick I gave this and other estates to his illegitimate sons. The last surviving of these sons was Frederick William von Hessenstein, governor-general of Swedish Pomerania and, since 1772, *Prince af Hessenstein* in Sweden. When he died in 1808 without progeny, the issue of King Frederick went extinct, and Panker was placed into a trust in accordance with the Prince's testament. Accordingly, it passed to the Prince's first cousin once-removed, Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel, governor-general of Schleswig-Holstein under Danish rule. Subsequent trustees included Charles' son and heir Prince Frederik of Hesse, who died in Panker in 1845.

Upon Frederik's death the Panker inheritance passed to the Rumpenheim lineage of the House of Hesse, half-Danish royalty. Frederick Charles of Hesse, the elected king of Finland, a scion of that Hesse family branch, was born in Panker in 1868.

The estate is located on the Baltic Sea. The villa was built around 1800. Nowadays it belongs to the *Hessian House Foundation* and serves as residence of some family members of the Rumpenheim line of landgraves of Hesse. The castle is not open to public.

## Villages in the municipality

### Matzwitz

Matzwitz is a small village near the *Landesstrasse 165*. Many barnyards, farms and ranches were built along the short road through Matzwitz.

### Darry

A kindergarten, a voluntary fire department and an elementary school are in Darry.

### Todendorf

A flak range is in Todendorf - it is an outpost of the military training area in Putlos.

### Gadendorf

Gadendorf has a voluntary fire department.

### Satjendorf

A voluntary fire department is in Satjenburg.

## InfoBox

| Panker | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Panker estate, Gut Panker | |
|  | |
| Location of Panker within Plön district | |
| Panker Panker | |
| Coordinates: 54°19′N 10°34′E / 54.317°N 10.567°E / 54.317; 10.567 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Schleswig-Holstein |
| District | Plön |
| Municipal assoc. | Lütjenburg |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Olaf Arnold |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.74 km2 (8.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 55 m (180 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,386 |
| Density | 61/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 24321 |
| Dialling codes | 04381 |
| Vehicle registration | PLÖ |


title: Fire Fighter (video game)

abstract: Fire Fighter is a video game written by Brad Stewart for the Atari 2600 published by Imagic in 1982. The player uses fire fighting equipment in an attempt to extinguish the fire in a tall building and rescue the occupants.

text:
# Fire Fighter (video game)

***Fire Fighter*** is a video game written by Brad Stewart for the Atari 2600 published by Imagic in 1982. The player uses fire fighting equipment in an attempt to extinguish the fire in a tall building and rescue the occupants.

## Gameplay

The player moves a fire fighter around a non-scrolling screen to spray water on fires in a building, the size of which may vary between levels depending on options selected by the player, before a person trapped in the building is killed by the fire. Once the fire is out the player can extend a ladder from a fire truck to rescue the person from the building.

The game may be played in single-player mode, or in a two-player mode where each player takes turns.

## Reception

The contemporary reception to the game was broadly positive. *Good Housekeeping* praised it, saying "*Fire Fighter* strikes a positive note by having the player save people and property rather than destroy them". German magazine *TeleMatch* gave it 4/6, praising particularly its action and gameplay. *TV Gamer* magazine described it as "a pleasant game that is moderately challenging" though they also noted that "the novelty may soon wear off and boredom could set in". *Viedogaming Illustrated* described the game as "not so much fun as an exercise in stubborn, methodical perseverance". The 1983 *Book of Atari Software* assessed the game as a C+ overall, praising the graphics and the sound but criticising the replayability of the game.

Retrospective reviewers have been less positive about *Fire Fighter*. In *Classic Home Video Games, 1972-1984: A Complete Reference Guide*, Brett Weiss noted that the game "has no real sense of danger" and can be "repetitious and incredibly dull", and summarises it as "arguably the weakest title in the Imagic library". In their review, Classic Game Room described the game as not being at the same level as Imagic's own *Demon Attack*.

## InfoBox

| Fire Fighter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Imagic |
| Publisher(s) | Imagic |
| Designer(s) | Brad Stewart |
| Platform(s) | Atari 2600 |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Action |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, two-player alternating |


title: Critical Assembly (film)

abstract: Critical Assembly is a 2003 television film directed by Eric Laneuville. It stars Katherine Heigl and Kerr Smith.

text:
# Critical Assembly (film)

***Critical Assembly*** is a 2003 television film directed by Eric Laneuville. It stars Katherine Heigl and Kerr Smith.

## Plot

For political reasons, two college students build a nuclear device which is then stolen. by another student. It ends up in the hands of a terrorist, so the device's creators team up with an FBI agent to find it.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *Critical Assembly* | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Tom Vaughan, Carla Kettner |
| Directed by | Eric Laneuville |
| Starring | Katherine Heigl |
| Music by | Mark Snow |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Cinematography | Attila Szalay |
| Editor | Jimmy Giritlian |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Release | July 12, 2003 (2003-07-12) |


title: Super Grit Cowboy Band

abstract: Super Grit Cowboy Band is an American country music band formed in North Carolina. It was founded by Clyde Mattocks, Libby Mattocks, Bill Lyerly, Danny Vinson, Dave Cavanaugh and Alfred Ward. Active since 1974, the band recorded first with Sound Hut Studios. Beginning with their 1981 album, the band has recorded on its own Hoodswamp label.

text:
# Super Grit Cowboy Band

**Super Grit Cowboy Band** is an American country music band formed in North Carolina. It was founded by Clyde Mattocks, Libby Mattocks, Bill Lyerly, Danny Vinson, Dave Cavanaugh and Alfred Ward. Active since 1974, the band recorded first with Sound Hut Studios. Beginning with their 1981 album, the band has recorded on its own Hoodswamp label.

## History

The band formed in 1974, comprising Clyde Mattocks (steel guitar, Dobro, banjo, electric guitar), Danny Vinson (drums), Mike Kinzie (fiddle, saxophone, piano, harmonica, acoustic guitar), Bill Ellis (bass guitar, keyboards) and Curtis Wright (lead guitar).

The band recorded their first album in 1977 featuring Bill Lyerly (Bill Lyerly Band). Later the band recorded for its own label, Hoodswamp Records, and released three albums on it. In 1981, the band charted for the first time on Hot Country Songs with "If You Don't Know Me by Now," which reached No. 71. Between then and 1983, four more of the band's singles reached the country charts, including its highest-charting, the No. 48 "She Is the Woman." *Billboard* gave the band's 1981 album *If You Can't Hang* a positive review, praising the instrumentation as well as the rock influences.

At one point, Don Cox was a member of the band. He later recorded *All Over Town* for Step One Records and charted at No. 29 on the country music charts with its title track. Wright later joined Vern Gosdin's road band, of which he was a member until 1989. After quitting that band, Wright was a solo artist for Airborne and Liberty Records, charting in the Top 40 with "She's Got a Man on Her Mind" in 1990 and releasing a self-titled album in 1992. He later recorded one album with Robert Ellis Orrall in the duo Orrall & Wright, then joined Shenandoah from 2000 to 2008. Wright has also written singles for Shenandoah, Ronnie Milsap, Daryle Singletary, and Carolina Rain.

Since 2010, the band has consisted of Mattocks and Kinzie, along with guitarist Mark Golladay, drummer Dexter Horton and bass guitarist Carroll Wade.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album information |
| --- | --- |
| 1977 | ***Super Grit Cowboy Band**** Label: Sound Hut |
| 1981 | ***If You Can't Hang...Drag Your Country Ass Home**** Label: Hoodswamp |
| 1983 | ***Showin' Our Class**** Label: Hoodswamp |
| 1986 | ***This Way To The Stage**** Label: Hoodswamp |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart Positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country |
| 1981 | "If You Don't Know Me by Now" | 71 |
| | "Carolina by the Sea" | 64 |
| 1982 | "Semi Diesel Blues" | 83 |
| | "She Is the Woman" | 48 |
| 1983 | "I Bought the Shoes (That Just Walked Out on Me)" | 79 |

## InfoBox

| Super Grit Cowboy Band | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | North Carolina, U.S. |
| Genres | Country rock, southern rock, bluegrass |
| Years active | 1975-present |
| Labels | Sound Hut, Hoodswamp |
|  | |
| Members | Mark Golladay
Dexter Horton
Mike Kinzie
Clyde Mattocks
Carroll Wade |
|  | |
| Past members | Alan M Hicks
Bill Lyerly
Don Cox
Bill Ellis
Danny Vinson
Cliff Swanhart
Jason D. Smith
Bill Norton
Curtis Wright |


title: Crn Kamen

abstract: Crn Kamen is a mountain found in Kosovo in the Šar Mountains in Gora next to North Macedonia and Albania. Crn Kamen reaches a top height of 2,051 m (6,729 ft). The nearest peaks are Murga and Popova Sapka. The nearest town is Brod, and the nearest lake is Shutman Lake. It is one of the higher peaks in Kosovo.

text:
# Crn Kamen

**Crn Kamen** ( *Guri i Zi* in Albanian) is a mountain found in Kosovo in the Šar Mountains in Gora next to North Macedonia and Albania. Crn Kamen reaches a top height of 2,051 m (6,729 ft).

The nearest peaks are Murga and Popova Sapka. The nearest town is Brod, and the nearest lake is Shutman Lake. It is one of the higher peaks in Kosovo.

41°53′30″N 20°41′21″E / 41.891667°N 20.689167°E / 41.891667; 20.689167 (Crn Kamen)


title: Crassicantharus noumeensis

abstract: Crassicantharus noumeensis, common name the gold-banded latirus, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Dolicholatiridae.

text:
# Crassicantharus noumeensis

***Crassicantharus noumeensis***, common name the **gold-banded latirus**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Dolicholatiridae.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 8 mm and 25 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Eastern Indian Ocean; off Hawaii, Japan, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Oceania, Philippines and Australia (Western Australia)

* Crosse, H. 1870. *Diagnoses Molluscorum Novae Caledoniae incolarum*. Journal de Conchyliologie 18: 138–248
* Kay, E.A. 1979. *Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 4 : Mollusca*. Honolulu, Hawaii : Bishop Museum Press Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication Vol. 64(4) 653 pp.
* Wilson, B. (1994) *Australian marine shells. Prosobranch gastropods. Vol. 2 Neogastropods*. Odyssey Publishing, Kallaroo, Western Australia, 370 pp. page(s): 67

* "*Crassicantharus noumeensis*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Crassicantharus noumeensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Crassicantharus noumeensis* shell | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Dolicholatiridae |
| Genus: | *Crassicantharus* |
| Species: | ***C. noumeensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crassicantharus noumeensis***<br>(Crosse, 1870) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Latirus aureocinctus* G. B. Sowerby III, 1875 * *Peristernia aureocincta* (G. B. Sowerby III, 1875) * *Teralatirus noumeensis* Crosse, 1870 * *Turbinella noumeensis* Crosse, 1870 (original combination) | |


title: Surprise (emotion)

abstract: Surprise is a rapid, fleeting, mental and physiological state. It is related to the startle response experienced by animals and humans as the result of an unexpected event. Surprise can have any valence. That is, it can be pleasant/positive, unpleasant/negative, or neutral/moderate. Surprise can occur in varying levels of intensity ranging from very surprised, which may induce the fight-or-flight response, or slightly surprised, which elicits a less intense response to the stimulus. Surprise is included as a primary or basic emotion in the taxonomies of Carroll Izard and Paul Ekman. According to these perspectives, surprise is evolutionarily adaptive, and also innate and universal across human cultures.

text:
# Surprise (emotion)

**Surprise** () is a rapid, fleeting, mental and physiological state. It is related to the startle response experienced by animals and humans as the result of an unexpected event.

Surprise can have any valence. That is, it can be pleasant/positive, unpleasant/negative, or neutral/moderate. Surprise can occur in varying levels of intensity ranging from very surprised, which may induce the fight-or-flight response, or slightly surprised, which elicits a less intense response to the stimulus.

Surprise is included as a primary or basic emotion in the taxonomies of Carroll Izard and Paul Ekman. According to these perspectives, surprise is evolutionarily adaptive, and also innate and universal across human cultures.

## Causes

Surprise is intimately connected to the idea of acting in accordance with a set of rules. When the rules of reality generating events of daily life separate from the rule-of-thumb expectations, surprise is the outcome. Surprise represents the difference between expectations and reality, the gap between our assumptions and expectations about worldly events and the way that those events actually turn out. This gap can be deemed an important foundation on which new findings are based since surprises can make people aware of their own ignorance. The acknowledgement of ignorance, in turn, can mean a window to new knowledge.

Surprise can also occur due to a violation of expectancies. In the specific case of interpersonal communication, the Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT) says that three factors influence a person's expectations: interactant variables, environmental variables, and variables related to the nature of the interaction or environmental variables.

* Interactant variables involve traits of the persons involved in the communication and in this instance the communication leading to surprise, including: sex, socio-economic status, age, race, and appearance.
* Environmental variables that effect the communication of surprise include: proxemics, chronemics, and the nature of the surroundings of the interaction.
* Interaction variables that influence surprise include: social norms, cultural norms, physiological influences, biological influences and unique individual behavioral patterns.

Surprise may occur due to a violation of one, two, or a combination of all three factors.

Surprise does not always have to have a negative valence. EVT proposes that expectancy's will influence the outcome of the communication as a confirmation, behaviors within the expected range, or violation, behaviors outside the expected range. EVT also postulates that positive interactions will increase the level of attraction of the violator, whereas negative violations decrease the attraction. Positive violations would then cause positive surprise, such as a surprise birthday party, and negative violations would cause negative surprise, such as a parking ticket. Positive violations may enhance credibility, power, attraction, and persuasiveness. Negative violations may reduce them.

## Physiological responses

The physiological response of surprise falls under the category of the startle response. The main function of surprise or the startle response is to interrupt an ongoing action and reorient attention to a new, possibly significant event. There is an automatic redirection of focus to the new stimuli and, for a brief moment, this causes tenseness in the muscles, especially the neck muscles. Studies show that this response happens extremely fast, with information (in this case a loud noise) reaching the pons within 3 to 8 ms and the full startle reflex occurring in less than two tenths of a second.

If the startle response is strongly elicited through surprise then it will bring on the fight-or-flight response, which is a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival that causes a release of adrenaline for a boost of energy as a means to escape or fight. This response generally has a negative valence in terms of surprise.

Surprise has one core appraisal-appraising something as new and unexpected-but new appraisals can shift the experience of surprise to another. Appraising an event as new predicts surprise, but the appraisal of the coping mechanism predicts the response beyond surprise, such as confusion or interest.

## Non-verbal responses

Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features:

* Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high.
* Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
* Open eyelids: the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris.
* Pupil dilation mydriasis or pupil constriction miosis
* Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.

Spontaneous, involuntary surprise is often expressed for only a fraction of a second. It may be followed immediately by the emotion of fear, joy or confusion. The intensity of the surprise is associated with how much the jaw drops, but the mouth may not open at all in some cases. The raising of the eyebrows, at least momentarily, is the most distinctive and predictable sign of surprise.

Despite the facial feedback hypothesis (that facial display is necessary in the experience of emotion or a major determinant of feelings), in the case of surprise, some research has shown a strong lack of connection between the facial display of surprise and the actual experience of surprise. This suggests that there are variations in the expression of surprise. It has been suggested that surprise is an envelope term for both the startle response and also disbelief. More recent research shows that raising of the eyebrows does provide facial feedback to disbelief but not to the startle.

Pupil dilation and constriction can determine the valence of surprise from the action to the reaction of the individual. Positive valence to surprise is shown through a dilation or expansion of the pupil, where as negative valence in surprise is associated with pupil constriction. But, newer studies show pupil dilation for negative as well as positive stimuli, indicating a general autonomous arousal associated with pupil dilation and not affective valence.

Non-verbal responses to surprise can also be affected by voice inflection, distance, time, environment, volume, rate, quality, pitch, speaking style, and even the level of eye contact made by an individual trying to cause a surprise. These non-verbal cues help to define whether the perceived surprise will have a positive or negative valence and to what degree the surprise will be induced by the individual.

## Verbal responses

Linguistics may play a role in the formulation of surprise. The Language expectancy theory (LET) states that people develop norms and expectations concerning appropriate usage of a language in a given situation. When norms or expectations of verbal language are violated surprise may occur. The EVT model supports that expectations can be violated verbally and this violation may cause a surprise within the individual. Expectations of verbal language that may lead to surprise may include but are not limited to, expletives, shouts, screams, and gasps.

The aforementioned expectations of verbal language are more closely associated to negative expectancies of surprise, but positive surprise can occur from verbal interaction as well. A positive violation of expectations that could result in a positive surprise may include a low credibility source making a persuasive argument that leads to the change of beliefs or emotions thus enhancing the speaker's credibility. The move from a low credibility source to a high credibility source can elicit a positive surprise among individuals. The act of being persuaded by said speaker can also elicit a positive surprise, as an individual may have perceived the speaker as having too low of a credibility to elicit change and the change of beliefs or emotion then causes surprise.

## Familiarity

As individuals become more accustomed to particular types of surprise, over time the level of surprise will decrease in intensity. This does not necessarily mean that an individual, for instance, will not be surprised during the jump scene of a scary movie, it implies that the individual may expect the jump scene due to familiarity with scary movies, thus lowering the level of surprise. The EVT model helps to support this claim because as individuals become more accustomed to a situation or communication, it becomes less and less likely that the situation or communication will cause a violation of expectation, and without violating an expectation, surprise cannot occur.

* Media related to Surprise at Wikimedia Commons


title: Surprise (apple)

abstract: 'Surprise' is a pink-fleshed apple that is the ancestor of many of the present-day pink/red-fleshed apples bred by American growers.

text:
# Surprise (apple)

'**Surprise'** is a pink-fleshed apple that is the ancestor of many of the present-day pink/red-fleshed apples bred by American growers.

## History

'Surprise' is a smallish, round apple with a dull pale green or whitish-yellow skin and very tart red-tinged flesh. It is believed to be a descendant of *Malus niedzwetskyana*, a deeply red-fleshed apple native to Siberia and the Caucasus. Whereas other descendants of *M. niedzwetskyana* tend to have darkish-red flesh (such as a series of apples and crabapples developed by plant breeder Niels Ebbesen Hansen), Surprise and the cultivars based on it tend to have a brighter pinkish or light reddish flesh. The red pigmentation of the flesh comes mainly from a class of flavonoids called anthocyanins.

Surprise began to circulate in Europe sometime before 1831, when it was reported growing in the London Horticultural Society Gardens. It was first brought to the United States by German immigrants to the Ohio Valley around 1840 and quickly intrigued plant breeders because of its unusually colored flesh. The horticulturist and landscape designer Andrew Jackson Downing and his brother Charles, a noted pomologist in his own right, had a tree of Surprise in their collection in Newburgh, New York. The Downings were not, in the end, very impressed with Surprise. In the 1890 edition of their book *The Fruit and Fruit Trees of America*, the Downings wrote it off as a "small, round, whitish yellow apple of little or no value, but admired by some for its singularity, the flesh being stained with red."

As a teenager in the 1870s, the horticulturist Liberty Hyde Bailey grafted Surprise onto a tree in his father's orchard in South Haven, Michigan, using scion wood that had come from Charles Downing. Years later, in his 1928 book *The Garden Lover*, he wrote:

> I set those scions, and for many a year made pilgrimage to the tree and opened the green fruits to be surprised again and again at the pink flesh 'stained with red' as the original *The Fruit and Fruit Trees of America* has it.

As late as 1957, a single tree was said to be still standing on the site of the Bailey family orchard (which had since been replaced with a hospital).

## In apple breeding

Although Surprise turned out to be not well suited to Midwestern and Eastern growing conditions, it did much better when moved to the West Coast, with its long growing season featuring hot days and cool nights. The northern California horticulturist Albert Etter had success with it as the cornerstone of a program to breed pink- and red-fleshed apple cultivars. By 1928, he was far enough along that he published a report in the *Pacific Rural Press* in which he described two open-pollinated descendants of Surprise that had pink or red flesh. One of these, Redflesh Winter Banana (so named for both its internal and its external appearance) is said to have been his personal favorite among a total of some 30 pink- and red-fleshed varieties that emerged from his breeding program. The second was a nameless variety that, from its description, might have been Pink Pearl, which became by far the best-known of this group and is still grown today. Although not all of Etter's Surprise descendants were successful, the best of them shared a pronounced aromatic quality that appears to be linked to the anthocyanin pigmentation that gives the flesh its distinctive pinkish and reddish tones. Their mixed ancestry meant that their size, skin color, eating qualities, and ripening time varied greatly, as did their flesh color, which ranged from pale pink through rose to purplish red, occasionally mottled or marbled with white.

In 1940, Etter set up a partnership with George Roeding Jr.'s California Nursery Company, one of the goals of which was to introduce some of Etter's Surprise-derived cultivars to the public. Eventually Roeding settled on test seedling #39, which apparently impressed him with its looks (translucent skin, medium size, and tapered shape), its tart-sweet flavor, and its late-summer ripening date. He secured U.S. plant patent 723 for it on Etter's behalf, christened it Pink Pearl, and featured it in his 1945 catalog.

In 1973, apple fancier Ram Fishman settled near Etter's old experimental orchard and became intrigued by the pink-fleshed apples that could still be found among the old trees on that site. Over the course of a decade, Fishman managed to locate examples of what he believes are about half of Etter's pink-fleshed Surprise descendants. They were given new names since the old names could not be firmly determined and are marketed under the 'Rosetta' series title (alongside other Surprise-based cultivars) through his Greenmantle Nursery. These Etter-Fishman cultivars include Pink Pearmain (probably the same as an apple known elsewhere as Pink Sparkle), Blush Rosette, Thornberry, Rubaiyat, Christmas Pink, Grenadine, and Pink Parfait.

Other likely descendants of Surprise have been found elsewhere, such as varieties known as Aerlie's Red Flesh (also known as Airlie Red Flesh and Hidden Rose) and Bill's Red Flesh (also known as Scarlet Surprise), both found in abandoned orchards in the Willamette Valley, Oregon.

Surprise continues to be used in apple-breeding programs, and there is particular interest in the potential health benefits of this lineage. The anthocyanins that give red coloration to the skin of red apples and to the flesh of Surprise and its descendants possess antioxidant qualities. One group of scientists has been working since 1989 on breeding red-fleshed apples from Surprise for the Japanese market because most Japanese consumers peel their apples and thus lose the anthocyanins in the skin.

## InfoBox

| Surprise | |
| --- | --- |
| Watercolor of Surprise apple in cross-section, showing typical red-tinged flesh. By J. Marion Shull, 1938. | |
| Genus | Malus |
| Species | niedzwetskyana |
| Cultivar | 'Surprise' |


title: Surprise (sternwheeler)

abstract: Surprise was a steamboat which operated on the upper Willamette River from 1857 to 1864.

text:
# Surprise (sternwheeler)

***Surprise*** was a steamboat which operated on the upper Willamette River from 1857 to 1864.

## Construction

*Surprise* was built in 1857 at Canemah, Oregon by Cochrane, Cassidy & Gibson, who had built the *James Clinton* the year before. *Surprise*, reportedly a well-built boat, was 130 ft (40 m), feet long, probably exclusive of the extension of the main deck over the stern, called the fantail, on which the stern-wheel was mounted. The beam was 22 ft (6.7 m) feet and the depth of hold was 4.6 ft (1.4 m) feet. The steamer’s registered size was 120 tons, a measure of size, not weight.

## Engineering

*Surprise* was a sternwheeler, and the wheel was turned by twin steam engines, horizontally mounted, each with bore of 14 in (36 cm) and stroke of 60 in (1.5 m).

## Operations

*Surprise* was operated on the upper Willamette River by Capt. Theodore T. Wygant. Other partners in the boat were Absalom F. Hedges, Oregon City merchant, William. C. Dement & Co., Charles C. Felton, J. Harding, and Robert Patton. In April 1858, *Surprise* transported the native American leader Tecumtum, also known as Old John, to Fort Vancouver where he was to be held in custody.

As of November 1, 1859, *Surprise* was running under the control of the Upper Willamette Transportation Line. Other boats controlled by the line were *Onward*, *Elk*, and *Relief*. In December 1859, the line advertised that one of its four boats would leave Canemeh for Corvallis, Oregon twice a week, and for Eugene City once a week, with freight and passage “at the usual rates.” Theodore Wygant (b.1831) was the Oregon City agent for the line.

## Disposition

*Surprise* operated on the upper Willamette until 1864 when it was dismantled and the engines installed in a new steamer, *Senator*.

### Printed sources

### Newspaper collections

## InfoBox

| Advertisement for Surprise and other steamers of the Upper Willamette Transportation Line, published December 3, 1859. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | Surprise |
| Route | Willamette River |
| Builder | Cochrane, Cassidy & Gibson |
| In service | 1857 |
| Fate | Dismantled |
| Notes | Engines went to the steamer Senator. |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | inland steamship |
| Tonnage | 120 gross tons |
| Length | 130 ft (40 m), and after reconstruction, 191 ft (58 m) |
| Beam | 22 ft (6.7 m) |
| Depth | 4.6 ft (1.4 m) depth of hold |
| Decks | three (freight, passenger, boat) |
| Installed power | twin steam engines, horizontally mounted, each with bore of 14 in (36 cm) and stroke of 60 in (1.5 m). |
| Propulsion | stern-wheel |