title: Climate change in Texas

abstract: The climate in Texas is changing partially due to global warming and rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions. As of 2016, most area of Texas had already warmed by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since the previous century because of greenhouse gas emissions by the United States and other countries. Texas is expected to experience a wide range of environmental impacts from climate change in the United States, including rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and increasing pressure on water resources. Texas was ranked second by GDP across the U.S. in 2020 and had a fast growing economy. According to U.S. Energy Information Administration, a large portion of Texas economic growth from 2005 to 2016 came from conventional energy production. Although Texas has a long history of conventional energy production, the renewable energy industry has also been rapidly growing in Texas. Solar industry jobs have been increasing and wind farms have been built in West Texas in recent years. Considering the advantages such as sunny weather, flat land and friendly business climate, Texas has high potential to develop more renewable energy in the future. In addition, there are emerging local and regional actions to address climate change across Texas. For example, Austin, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio initiated Climate Action Plans in recent years. The government agencies also implemented programs such as Texas Emissions Reduction Plan and Innovative Energy Demonstration Program to promote the use of renewable energy and climate education in Texas.

text:
# Climate change in Texas

The **climate in Texas is changing** partially due to global warming and rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions. As of 2016, most area of Texas had already warmed by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since the previous century because of greenhouse gas emissions by the United States and other countries. Texas is expected to experience a wide range of environmental impacts from climate change in the United States, including rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and increasing pressure on water resources.

Texas was ranked second by GDP across the U.S. in 2020 and had a fast growing economy. According to U.S. Energy Information Administration, a large portion of Texas economic growth from 2005 to 2016 came from conventional energy production.

Although Texas has a long history of conventional energy production (e.g., petroleum and natural gas), the renewable energy industry has also been rapidly growing in Texas. Solar industry jobs have been increasing and wind farms have been built in West Texas in recent years. Considering the advantages such as sunny weather, flat land and friendly business climate, Texas has high potential to develop more renewable energy in the future. In addition, there are emerging local and regional actions to address climate change across Texas. For example, Austin, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio initiated Climate Action Plans in recent years. The government agencies also implemented programs such as Texas Emissions Reduction Plan and Innovative Energy Demonstration Program to promote the use of renewable energy and climate education in Texas.

## Emissions and energy

In the U.S., Texas was ranked first in terms of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2017 and total energy production in 2018. As of February 2020, Texas's energy mix included 18,705,000 kWh natural gas, 4,823,000 kWh coal, 3,548,000 kWh nuclear and 8,317,000 kWh renewables. Half of the energy consumed in Texas was from refineries and petrochemical plants.

Texas accounted for 41% of crude oil production, 25% of natural gas, and 31% of refining capacity, and had some of the highest potential for sustainable energy production, producing 28% of wind power for the United States.

## Climate change impacts

Climate change is expected to have a wide-spread and significant impacts on Texas. Extreme hot days are expected be more frequent due to the increasing average temperature. With higher temperature, there could be decreasing relative humidity and increasing evapotranspiration. Therefore, the degree of aridity would rise and even longer and more severe droughts could happen. There will be less available water resources under climate change and water scarcity can be exacerbated by the rapidly growing water demand due to fast urbanization in Texas.

Additionally, sea level rise along the Texas coastline is likely to be greater than the projected global sea level rise (i.e., 1–4 feet) to the end of this century, which makes the coastal region more susceptible to storm surges. Extreme weather events like hurricanes might be more intense which can make much larger losses and threaten the local residents.

There is also an increasing trend of both frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation with light or normal rains less likely to happen in the future, which could lead to higher soil moisture stress in Texas.

### Extreme weather

Overall, the amount of precipitation on extremely wet or snowy days is likely to decrease in winter and increase in summer. Storms with heavy rain are expected to become more extreme, causing flooding. The frequency of extremely hot days in summer is also expected to increase because of the general warming trend. Many arid areas in Texas will likely enter desertification or lose its productivity for activities like livestock.

In 2020, high temperatures and lack of rainfall led to a drought with D3 (extreme) and D4 (exceptional) categories in Texas as well as many other Western and Central states. The Western/Central Drought and Heatwave (event name) lasted through the months of June to December and resulted in 45 deaths as well as an estimated cost of 4.5 billion dollars.

In February 2021, Texas experienced terrible snowstorms and wide-range unexpected power outages that was uncommon in history, which might have been caused by climate change based on related researches.

According to the Fifth National Climate Assessment published in 2023, coastal states including California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas are experiencing "more significant storms and extreme swings in precipitation".

#### Hurricane Harvey

In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey caused unprecedented damages across Greater Houston which made it rank right after Hurricane Katrina as the second most destructive storm in the U.S. history. Numerous studies in attribution science (i.e., a relatively new study field in which scientists study the attributions of extreme weather events) were conducted to explain the role of climate change during Hurricane Harvey in Texas. It was found that around one fifth of total precipitation during Hurricane Harvey as well as the extremely enlarged chances of the observed rainfall in part of Houston during the event could be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. In addition, a quantitative attribution analysis was conducted to study Harvey's extreme precipitation by using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model.

The results from a series of downscaling simulations indicated that around one-fifth of the total extreme precipitation over southeast Texas during the event could be attributed to climate warming that happened after 1980. Moreover, the impacts from urbanization and climate change to flooding in Houston during Harvey was investigated and the model simulation results indicated that climate change could elevate the peak streamflow by one-fifth. It was also found that the influence of climate change on flooding can be significantly amplified by the fast-expanding urban areas around Houston.

### Coastal changes

Sea level is rapidly rising in many parts of the Texas coastal region because of both sinking land due to groundwater pumping and climate change. More storm surge events are expected to happen along the coastal region. These changes and more extreme hurricanes indicate that not only Texas's coastal infrastructure including public infrastructure, fossil fuel infrastructure , and other housing infrastructure will be endangered but also the residents' life will be threatened. In addition, the coastal ecosystem is also expected to be at risk due to the potential change of salinity gradient in coastal wetland areas.

### Water resources

There are 15 major river basins lying partly or entirely within Texas. Unless warmer climate are coupled with a strong increase in rainfall, water resources could become more scarce in Texas. In some parts of Texas, increased rainfall could mitigate these effects, but also could contribute to localized flooding. Additionally, climate change could give rise to more frequent and intense rainfall, resulting in flash flooding.

#### Surface water

In a warmer and drier climate condition, open water evaporation is expected to be enhanced which can lead to the shrink of lakes, rivers, and streams as well as loss of reservoir storage. Meanwhile, the increasing extreme weathers and the widely varied **Texas' weather** make it more challenging for the local water resources managers and regional water planners to manage the available surface water resources.

#### Groundwater

In general, Texas groundwater storage is projected to decrease due to the declining groundwater recharging rate under climate change. A warmer and drier climate can lead to larger evaporation as well as less water for recharging groundwater aquifers especially in Western Texas where aquifers were already under significant pressure.

Meanwhile, in a warmer climate, drier soil due to increasing evaporation is expected to lower the efficiency of agricultural irrigation, which might increase the groundwater pumping for irrigation. Furthermore, to feed the rapidly growing population in Texas, the potential stress on groundwater can have negative impacts on aquifer yield and surface water resources. Therefore, the aridity and water scarcity is very likely to be exacerbated across Texas in the future.

By the end of this century, the Edwards Aquifer is expected to experience obvious decrease (around 20% - 30%) in recharge while the water demand would rise significantly in this region due to the fast population growth, which could leads to unprecedently reduced streamflow at local spring system.

### Wildfires

According to the EPA, "higher temperatures and drought are likely to increase the severity, frequency, and extent of wildfires." According to Wes Moorehead, fire chief at the Texas A&M Forest Service, "Wildfire in Texas does seem to be a growing problem. We see more and more wildfires, it seems like, every year." As of 2022, Texas has the second highest wildfire risk in the United States. According to research by Texas A&M University, climate and weather trends in Texas are increasing the wildfire risk, although perhaps less so in West Texas.

### Effects on health

## Action to address climate change

### City action

Texas has the following Clean Cities coalitions:

Georgetown, Texas was powered 100% by renewable energy.

### Climate Action Plans

#### Austin

Austin developed the Austin Community Climate Plan in 2015 with goals to become carbon neutral in 2050. The plan details numerous actions that should be taken by the Electricity and Natural Gas, Transportation and Land Use, and Material and Waste Management Sectors to reduce greenhouse gases. It also identifies how different members of the community can fit in to this plan and what benefits it could provide to them such as lower energy costs and enhanced public transportation options.

#### Houston

Houston initiated the Houston Climate Action Plan on April 22, 2020 with the goal set by the Paris Climate Agreement to become carbon neutral by 2050. The plan has four focus areas: transportation, energy transition, building optimization, and materials management. They hope that the plan will provide other benefits besides reducing emissions such as savings from energy efficiency and less traffic congestion.

#### Dallas

Dallas initiated the Dallas Comprehensive Environmental and Climate Action Plan on May 27, 2020 with the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030 and be carbon neutral by 2050. The plan outlines eight focus areas to reach its goals: renewable energy, energy efficient building construction, access to sustainable transportation, zero waste, water resource protection, green spaces, access to healthy and local food, and clean air. Through partnerships, grants and loans, legislation, green bonds, voluntary participations, and incentives, the city of Dallas plans to implement its proposed actions. However, teaching knowledge, leadership and policies are still lacking in the climate education system in Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Therefore, more approaches about climate education such as teacher professional development courses, community service learning as well as museum exhibits are encouraged over the region to improve public awareness about climate change.

#### San Antonio

San Antonio adopted the city's first Climate Action and Adaption Plan (CAAP) on October 17, 2019. As one of the fastest growing city in the U.S., San Antonio has been taking actions to reduce greenhouse gases and prepare for climate change. To achieve goals of climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation, a report about CAAP was developed by the local government to promote sustainable development.

### Renewable energy

In general, Texas has a long history of conventional energy production (e.g., petroleum and natural gas) as well as a Republican-controlled state legislature. Unlike California, the majority of Texas legislature remains opposed to actions about addressing climate change. For example, the Senate Bill 2069 aiming at developing a climate adaptation plan over Texas was not implemented because the hearing was not held. However, the renewable energy industry has been rapidly growing in Texas. In 2016, there were around 7,000 solar industry jobs over Texas and the number of positions climbed to almost 10,000 in 2018. The number of Texas solar industry jobs in 2018 is around twice as much as those in Illinois but still far behind California. It indicates that Texas has high potential to develop more renewable energy in the future considering the advantages such as sunny weather, flat land and friendly business climate.

Texas can reduce greenhouse gas by developing renewable energy production but also could meet challenges because wind and solar energy are highly dependent on weather and their production is non-continuous. The first challenge is the electricity supply-demand balance. Solar irradiance is available during daytime and both solar and wind energy have daily and seasonal variability. The second challenge is the discrepancies of different regions (e.g., topography, land use, local operational decisions) over Texas, which can impact the renewable power generation and capacity. In Texas, the total generation of these two energy production is expected to grow around 2040 to 2050 compared to the period from 1995 to 2005. However, model results indicate that there are obvious spatial and temporal differences in the renewable energy distribution over Texas. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies using higher resolution data to facilitate the investigation of climate change influences on the potential of renewable power production in Texas.

#### Wind power

Texas has been in the top-tier of wind energy production over the U.S. since 2000. According to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), wind power accounted for at least 15.7 percent of the electricity generated in Texas during 2017. Wind power accounted for 17.4 percent of the electricity managed by ERCOT. Some wind farms have been built in West Texas in recent decades. The emerging wind farms not only reduced the air pollution but also benefited local land owners who leased or sold their land to the wind power generator as well as their neighborhood. Also, the local land owners had higher net income than before partly due to the declined county property tax rates. Moreover, the quality of local public schools has increased because of the immigration of higher educated people to the region.

The transmission of wind power is one of the biggest challenge because the best wind source is Texas Panhandle which is located in the northern part of Texas, but the load center is located in the eastern Texas. As for wind power, there were different perspectives about the transmission and the related challenges in Texas. For example, some stakeholders proposed that building more transmission infrastructure was necessary, which was opposed by some environmentalists. There were also concerns about the new complexity brought by building transmission infrastructure to the overall renewable energy market in Texas. In conclusion, Texas has strong natural wind energy resources and there exists increasing local and community supports regarding wind power development.

### Grants

The Texas Emissions Reduction Plan (TERP) provides grants for alternative fuel and advanced technology demonstration and infrastructure projects. Under TERP, the New Technology Research and Development (NTRD) Program provides incentives to encourage and support research, development, and commercialization of technologies that reduce pollution in Texas. The NTRD Program is administered by the Texas Environmental Research Consortium, with support from the Houston Advanced Research Center which focuses on scientific and engineering-related research about sustainable development.

The Texas State Energy Conservation Office (SECO) researches and assists public and private entities in securing grants to encourage the use of alternative fuels. This includes the use of hybrid electric vehicles and the conversion of state and local government fleets to operate on compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and bioethanol. SECO has programs such as Clean Energy Incubators, Alternative Fuel Program, Innovative Energy Demonstration Program as well as funding opportunities to help Texas cope with the potential impacts from climate change.

## Further reading


title: Climate change in Tennessee

abstract: Climate change in Tennessee encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

text:
# Climate change in Tennessee

**Climate change in Tennessee** encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

## Global warming in Tennessee

Global warming in the United States has been a salient topic since the Kyoto Protocol, as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that was established in 1992. The effects of global warming have been widely debated; however, there is evidence that suggests a slight increase in the core temperature of most states. In addition there seems to be a number of effects on ecological systems throughout the United States. In the state of Tennessee, one of the key effects of global warming seems to be the radical changes to the geological composition as well as wildlife health of the Ohio-Tennessee Basin.

In 2016, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that "Tennessee's climate is changing. Although the average temperature did not change much during the 20th century, the state has warmed in the last 20 years. Average annual rainfall is increasing, and a rising percentage of that rain is falling on the four wettest days of the year. In the coming decades, the changing climate is likely to reduce crop yields, threaten some aquatic ecosystems, and increase some risks to human health. Floods may be more frequent, and droughts may be longer, which would increase the difficulty of meeting the competing demands for water in the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers". In May 2019, *The Kansas City Star* noted that although it was not yet possible to say whether climate change was contributing to the increasing number of tornadoes in the region, "the band of states in the central United States ... that each spring are ravaged by hundreds of tornadoes — is not disappearing. But it seems to be expanding", resulting in a higher frequency of tornadoes in states including Tennessee.

**Some of the changes to the Ohio-Tennessee Basin include:**

* The over enrichment of nutrients in the basin
* A decrease in the size of the basin as measured by the surface area of the watershed
* An increase in the pollutant concentration of the water

**Some key legislation that works to address global warming in Tennessee is as follows:**

Executive Order 54 establishes the Energy Policy Task Force with the goal of creating a new state energy plan by December 1 of 2008.

Another order establishes the Interagency Alternative Fuels Working Group with the goal of making Tennessee a leader in the biofuels industry. The Working Group came up with an Alternative Fuels Strategic Plan which lays out goals for increasing biofuel and feedstock production and displacing petroleum use.

Public Chapter 489 (2007) requires all agencies and state educational institutions to create plans by January 1, 2008, to reduce or displace petroleum use in government fleet vehicles by 20%.

## Changing water availability

Annual precipitation in Tennessee has increased approximately 5 percent since the first half of the 20th century. But rising temperatures increase evaporation, which dries the soil and decreases the amount of rain that runs off into rivers. Although rainfall during spring is likely to increase during the next 40 to 50 years, the total amount of water running off into rivers or recharging ground water each year is likely to decline 2.5 to 5 percent, as increased evaporation offsets the greater rainfall. Droughts are likely to be more severe, because periods without rain will be longer and very hot days will be more frequent.

## Increased flooding

According to the EPA, "flooding is becoming more severe in the Southeast. Since 1958, the amount of precipitation falling during heavy rainstorms has increased by 27 percent in the Southeast, and the trend toward increasingly heavy rainstorms is likely to continue. To prevent serious floods, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers release water from the reservoirs behind dams they operate before the winter flood season. Doing so lowers water levels and provides a greater capacity for the reservoirs behind those dams to prevent flooding. Nevertheless, the dams cannot prevent all floods. In May 2003, for example, heavy rains exceeded TVA’s dam capacity, flooding low-lying areas in Chattanooga and other parts of Hamilton County; in 2010, high flows in the Cumberland River flooded Nashville". In March 2021, the state was affected by flooding, causing at least 7 fatalities. Five months later, the state would experience a deadlier major flood event, which caused 20 deaths and at least $100 million worth of damage.

## Droughts, navigation, and hydroelectric power

According to the EPA, "droughts also pose challenges for water management. If the spring is unexpectedly dry, reservoirs may have too little water during summer. During droughts, TVA and the Corps of Engineers release water from dams to keep the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers navigable. These rivers support $35 billion in annual shipping. The agencies try to keep channels at least eleven feet deep, because lower river levels can force barges to carry smaller loads, which increases transportation costs. During the drought of 2007, however, TVA could only release enough water to keep some channels nine feet deep. This release meant that lake levels were lowered tens of feet, which caused problems for recreational swimming and boating. If droughts become more severe, TVA and the Corps of Engineers will face this type of problem more often".

The EPA further reports that "dry years diminish the amount of electricity that TVA can produce from its 19 hydroelectric dams in Tennessee, which provide 12 to 15 percent of the electricity produced in the state. During the 2007 drought, TVA’s hydroelectric plants produced 30 percent less than normal, which forced TVA to meet demand by using more expensive fuel-burning power plants".

## Agriculture

According to the EPA, "changing the climate will have both beneficial and harmful effects on agriculture. Longer frost-free growing seasons and increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide tend to increase yields for many crops during an average year. But more severe droughts and more hot days are likely to reduce yields, especially in the western half of Tennessee: 70 years from now, that part of the state is likely to have 15 to 30 more days with temperatures above 95°F than it has today. Even on irrigated fields, higher temperatures are likely to reduce yields of corn, and possibly soybeans. Warmer temperatures are also likely to reduce the productivity of dairy and other cattle farms".

## Forest resources

According to the EPA, "higher temperatures and changes in rainfall are unlikely to substantially reduce forest cover in Tennessee, but the composition of those forests may change. Forests cover about half the state, dominated by oak and hickory trees, and the forest products industry employs 180,000 people. Although more droughts would reduce productivity, longer growing seasons and increased carbon dioxide concentrations could more than offset those losses. Nevertheless, climate change is likely to increase the damage that certain insects and diseases cause in Tennessee's forests".

One hypothesis for effects of climate change on Tennessee forest is that the high diversity of dominant life forms in Tennessee forests conveys resilience to disturbance such as climate change. To assess this effect, three climate change scenarios for 2030 and 2080 from three General Circulation Models (GCMs) simulated a range of potential climate conditions for the state. These climate changes derive from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) “A1B” storyline that assumes rapid global economic growth. The precipitation and temperature projections from the three GCMs for 2030 and 2080 were related to changes in ecological provinces in Tennessee using the monthly record of temperature and precipitation from 1980 to 1997 for each 1 km cell across the state as aggregated into the provinces. Temperatures are projected to increase in all ecological provinces in all months for all three GCMs for both 2030 and 2080. Precipitation differences from the long-term average are more complex but less striking. The forest ecosystem model LINKAGES was used to simulate conditions for five ecological provinces from 1989 to 2300. Average output projects changes in tree diversity and species composition in all ecological provinces in Tennessee with the greatest changes in the Southern Mixed Forest province. Projected declines in total tree biomass are followed by biomass recovery as species replacement occurs in stands. The Southern Mixed Forest province results in less diversity in dominant trees as well as lower overall biomass than projections for the other four provinces. The biomass and composition changes projected in this study differ from forest dynamics expected without climate change. These results suggest that biomass recovery following climate change is linked to dominant tree diversity in the southeastern forest of the US. The generality of this observation warrants further investigation, for it relates to ways that forest management may influence climate-change effects.

## Further reading

* Carter, L.; A. Terando; K. Dow; K. Hiers; K.E. Kunkel; A. Lascurain; D. Marcy; M. Osland; P. Schramm (2018). "Southeast". In Reidmiller, D.R.; C.W. Avery; D.R. Easterling; K.E. Kunkel; K.L.M. Lewis; T.K. Maycock; B.C. Stewart (eds.). Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II (Report). Washington, DC, US: U.S. Global Change Research Program. pp. 872–940. doi:10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH19.—this chapter of the National Climate Assessment covers Southeast states (Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana).


title: Clypeomorus bifasciata persica

abstract: Clypeomorus bifasciata persica is a subspecies of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.

text:
# Clypeomorus bifasciata persica

***Clypeomorus bifasciata persica*** is a subspecies of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 9 mm and 15 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf.

* "*Clypeomorus bifasciata persica*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Clypeomorus bifasciata persica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
clade Sorbeoconcha |
| Superfamily: | Cerithioidea |
| Family: | Cerithiidae |
| Genus: | *Clypeomorus* |
| Species: | ***C. bifasciata persica*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Clypeomorus bifasciata persica***
Houbrick, 1985 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Clypeomorus bifasciatus var. persica* Houbrick, 1985 | |


title: Clypeomorus bifasciata

abstract:
Clypeomorus bifasciata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.
  - Subspecies
  -
  - Clypeomorus bifasciata bifasciata
  - Clypeomorus bifasciata persica Houbrick, 1985

text:
# Clypeomorus bifasciata

***Clypeomorus bifasciata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.

Subspecies

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 12 mm and 40 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Indo Pacific, from the Red Sea to the Samoa Islands; off Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia).

* "*Clypeomorus bifasciata bifasciata*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Clypeomorus bifasciata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A shell of *Clypeomorus bifasciata* | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Cerithiidae |
| Genus: | *Clypeomorus* |
| Species: | ***C. bifasciata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clypeomorus bifasciata***
(G.B. Sowerby II, 1855) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cerithium (Pithocerithium) morum* Lamarck, 1822
*Cerithium bifasciatum* G.B. Sowerby II, 1855
*Cerithium concisum* Hombron & Jacquinot, 1852
*Cerithium gemmulatum* Hombron & Jacquinot, 1852
*Cerithium humile* Dunker, 1861
*Cerithium morum* Lamarck, 1822
*Cerithium morus* Lamarck, 1822
*Cerithium nigrofasciatum* G.B. Sowerby II, 1865
*Cerithium obesulum* G.B. Sowerby II, 1865
*Cerithium oceanicum* Hedley, 1899
*Cerithium rubrolineatum* G.B. Sowerby II, 1855
*Cerithium uranus* Bayle, 1880
*Cerithium vittatum* G.B. Sowerby II, 1855
*Clypeomorus bifasciatus bifasciatus* (G.B. Sowerby II, 1855)
*Clypeomorus clypeomorus* Jousseaume, 1888
*Clypeomorus concisus* (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1852)
*Clypeomorus morus* (Lamarck, 1822)
*Clypeomorus penthusarus* Iredale, 1929 | |


title: Clypeomorus purpurastoma

abstract: Clypeomorus purpurastoma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.

text:
# Clypeomorus purpurastoma

***Clypeomorus purpurastoma*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Clypeomorus purpurastoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Cerithiidae |
| Genus: | *Clypeomorus* |
| Species: | ***C. purpurastoma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clypeomorus purpurastoma***<br>Houbrick, 1985 | |
|


title: Stanislav Jarábek

abstract: Stanislav Jarábek is a Slovak former football player and manager who played for Spartak Trnava. He played for Czechoslovakia on 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico. He is the father of Juraj Jarábek.

text:
# Stanislav Jarábek

**Stanislav Jarábek** (born 9 December 1938) is a Slovak former football player and manager who played for Spartak Trnava. He played for Czechoslovakia on 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico. He is the father of Juraj Jarábek.

## InfoBox

Stanislav Jarábek
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1938-12-09) 9 December 1938 | | |
| Place of birth | Suchá nad Parnou, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1956–1971 | Spartak Trnava | 258 | (12) |
| Managerial career | | | |
|  | Spartak Trnava B | | |
|  | Žiar nad Hronom | | |
|  | Sereď | | |
|  | Senica | | |
| 1983–1984 | Banik Ostrava | | |
| 1984–1985 | Nitra | | |
| 1985–1988 | Spartak Trnava | | |
|  | Banská Bystrica | | |
|  | Slušovice | | |
| 1992–1993 | Nitra | | |
| 1994 | Kroměříž | | |
|  | Drnovice | | |
|  | Rimavská Sobota | | |
| 1997–1998 | Šaľa | | |
| 1998–1999 | Banská Bystrica | | |
| 1999–2001 | Slovan Bratislava | | |
| 2001 | Spartak Trnava | | |
| 2003–2004 | Spartak Trnava | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Stanley Boughey

abstract: Second Lieutenant Stanley Henry Parry Boughey VC was a British Army officer and a British recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Boughey was born in Liverpool on 9 April 1896 and was brought up in Blackpool. He was 21 years old, and a second lieutenant in the 1/4th Battalion, The Royal Scots Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War. He was awarded the VC for his actions on 1 December 1917 at El Burj, Palestine, against the Ottoman Army. He was wounded committing the act, and died three days later, on 4 December.

text:
# Stanley Boughey

Second Lieutenant **Stanley Henry Parry Boughey** VC (9 April 1896 – 4 December 1917) was a British Army officer and a British recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Boughey was born in Liverpool on 9 April 1896 and was brought up in Blackpool. He was 21 years old, and a second lieutenant in the 1/4th Battalion, The Royal Scots Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War. He was awarded the VC for his actions on 1 December 1917 at El Burj, Palestine, against the Ottoman Army. He was wounded committing the act, and died three days later, on 4 December.

## Citation

> For most conspicuous bravery. When the enemy in large numbers had managed to crawl up to within 30 yards of our firing line, and with bombs and automatic rifles were keeping down the fire of our machine guns, he rushed forward alone with bombs right up to the enemy, doing great execution and causing the surrender of a party of 30. As he turned to go back for more bombs he was mortally wounded at the moment when the enemy were surrendering.
>
> London Gazette, 12 February 1918

Boughey was interred at the Gaza War Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Stanley Boughey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 9 April 1896
Toxteth Park, Liverpool |
| Died | 4 December 1917 (aged 21)
El Burj, Palestine |
| Buried | Gaza War Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1917 |
| Rank | Second Lieutenant |
| Unit | Red Cross
Ayrshire Yeomanry
Royal Scots Fusiliers |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | Victoria Cross |


title: Clofenamide

abstract: Clofenamide is a low-ceiling sulfonamide diuretic.

text:
# Clofenamide

**Clofenamide** (or **diumide**) is a low-ceiling sulfonamide diuretic.

## InfoBox

Clofenamide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| ATC code |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 4-chlorobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.536 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C6H7ClN2O4S2 |
| Molar mass | 270.70 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=S(=O)(c1cc(ccc1Cl)S(=O)(=O)N)N | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H7ClN2O4S2/c7-5-2-1-4(14(8,10)11)3-6(5)15(9,12)13/h1-3H,(H2,8,10,11)(H2,9,12,13) Y * Key:NENBAISIHCWPKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Clevite

abstract: - For the radioactive mineral, see Cleveite. Clevite, Inc. was a Cleveland, Ohio based manufacturing company, founded as the Cleveland Graphite Bronze Company. The company was a leading producer of Babbit bearings and a significant US government defense contractor. The bearings were licensed in Britain to Vandervell Products Ltd; W. A. Robotham of Rolls-Royce said that "it was an exceedingly difficult task for Tony Vandervell... knowing the American company well". In 1952 the Cleveland Graphite Bronze Company absorbed the Brush Development Company and Brush Labs in a merger. In 1953 it acquired 51% of Transistor Products Inc., and with other acquisitions such as the German Intermetall in 1955 developed a semiconductor division. By 1959, over one-third of Clevite's sales were in electronics, split over four units: Clevite Transistor Prods.; Brush Instruments; Clevite Electronic Components; and Clevite Ordnance. Clevite won defense contracts for some of its products and opened a new ordnance plant in 1967. Clevite purchased Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1960 and continued operating it until selling it in 1968. In 1969, Clevite was acquired by Gould-National Batteries, a firm one-quarter its size. It adopted the Gould name in the hopes of having better brand recognition in the marketplace.

text:
# Clevite

*For the radioactive mineral, see Cleveite.*

**Clevite, Inc.** was a Cleveland, Ohio based manufacturing company, founded as the **Cleveland Graphite Bronze Company**. The company was a leading producer of Babbit bearings and a significant US government defense contractor. The bearings were licensed in Britain to Vandervell Products Ltd; W. A. Robotham of Rolls-Royce said that "it was an exceedingly difficult task for Tony Vandervell ... knowing the American company well".

In 1952 the Cleveland Graphite Bronze Company absorbed the Brush Development Company and Brush Labs in a merger. In 1953 it acquired 51% of Transistor Products Inc., and with other acquisitions such as the German *Intermetall* in 1955 (a company founded in 1952 by pioneering German physicist and developer of the first "European" transistor Herbert Mataré, and subsequently sold to telecommunications giant ITT in 1965) developed a semiconductor division.

By 1959, over one-third of Clevite's sales were in electronics, split over four units: Clevite Transistor Prods.; Brush Instruments; Clevite Electronic Components; and Clevite Ordnance. Clevite won defense contracts for some of its products and opened a new ordnance plant in 1967. Clevite purchased Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1960 and continued operating it until selling it (again to ITT as it had done with Intermetall) in 1968.

In 1969, Clevite was acquired by Gould-National Batteries, a firm one-quarter its size. It adopted the Gould name in the hopes of having better brand recognition in the marketplace.


title: Clevinger Branch

abstract: Clevinger Branch is a stream in southwestern Taney County in the U.S. state of Missouri. The stream is a tributary of the Long Creek branch of Table Rock Lake. The Stream headwaters arise just northeast of the route 65/86 junction northwest of Ridgedale at 36°31′57″N 93°15′14″W and the former confluence with Long Creek is at 36°33′29″N 93°17′35″W. The stream enters Table Rock Lake along a shoreline road in the Long Creek Recreation Area at 36°32′39″N 93°15′42″W. Clevinger Branch has the name of Judge Clevinger, a pioneer citizen.

text:
# Clevinger Branch

**Clevinger Branch** is a stream in southwestern Taney County in the U.S. state of Missouri. The stream is a tributary of the Long Creek branch of Table Rock Lake. The Stream headwaters arise just northeast of the route 65/86 junction northwest of Ridgedale at 36°31′57″N 93°15′14″W / 36.53250°N 93.25389°W / 36.53250; -93.25389 and the former confluence with Long Creek is at 36°33′29″N 93°17′35″W / 36.55806°N 93.29306°W / 36.55806; -93.29306. The stream enters Table Rock Lake along a shoreline road in the Long Creek Recreation Area at 36°32′39″N 93°15′42″W / 36.54417°N 93.26167°W / 36.54417; -93.26167.

Clevinger Branch has the name of Judge Clevinger, a pioneer citizen.


title: Clinical & Translational Immunology

abstract: Clinical & Translational Immunology (CTI). is an international academic journal of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology (ASI). In 2012, CTI was founded in direct response to a growing need for publishing clinically-orientated research papers in the field of immunology, including the latest advances in SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19. In 2018, CTI received its inaugural Impact Factor of 7.271 and is currently undergoing a rapid phase of significant growth, holding a ranking of 42/162 in the category of Immunology journals, according to 2020 Journal Citation Reports. The journal's Editor-in-Chief is Professor Rajiv Khanna. Current Deputy Editors are Professor Tobias Bald, Professor Gabrielle Belz, Professor Michaela Lucas, Assoc. Professor Seth Masters, Assoc. Professor Paul Neeson, Professor Lisa Ng, Associate Professor Belinda Parker, and Professor Di Yu. CTI has a sister journal, Immunology & Cell Biology (ICB). Both ASI journals, Clinical & Translational Immunology and Immunology & Cell Biology, offer prestigious awards to authors such as Publication of the Year Awards and Social Impact Awards. Each year, the ASI Annual Scientific Meeting hosts a dedicated workshop session to recognise the authors of top papers published in CTI and ICB.

text:
# Clinical & Translational Immunology

***Clinical & Translational Immunology*** (CTI). is an international academic journal of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology (ASI).

In 2012, CTI was founded in direct response to a growing need for publishing clinically-orientated research papers in the field of immunology, including the latest advances in SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19. In 2018, CTI received its inaugural Impact Factor of 7.271 and is currently undergoing a rapid phase of significant growth, holding a ranking of 42/162 in the category of Immunology journals, according to 2020 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics).

The journal's Editor-in-Chief is Professor Rajiv Khanna. Current Deputy Editors are Professor Tobias Bald, Professor Gabrielle Belz, Professor Michaela Lucas, Assoc. Professor Seth Masters, Assoc. Professor Paul Neeson, Professor Lisa Ng, Associate Professor Belinda Parker, and Professor Di Yu.

CTI has a sister journal, *Immunology & Cell Biology (ICB).*

Both ASI journals, *Clinical & Translational Immunology* and *Immunology & Cell Biology*, offer prestigious awards to authors such as Publication of the Year Awards and Social Impact Awards. Each year, the ASI Annual Scientific Meeting hosts a dedicated workshop session to recognise the authors of top papers published in CTI and ICB.

## InfoBox

*Clinical & Translational Immunology*
| Discipline | Immunology |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Professor Rajiv Khanna |
| Publication details | |
| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc (Australia) |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Open access | Yes |
| Impact factor | 6.515 (2021) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Clin. Transl. Immunol.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 2050-0068
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Clinica 0-19

abstract: Clinica 0-19 is a medical clinic in Monterrey, Mexico that claims to treat diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). Although DIPG is currently regarded as one of the most devastating pediatric cancers, with a survival rate of <1% over five years, the clinic states that their treatment, which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, has resulted in some patients no longer having any evidence of disease. However, there is no credible evidence to support their claims and at least some of their patients were found to have tumor growth a few months later. Oncologists and others have criticized the clinic's lead doctors, Alberto Siller and Alberto Garcia, for their lack of transparency, for not publishing their treatment protocol or survival rates, for the high costs of treatment, and for discouraging their patients from using radiation therapy.

text:
# Clinica 0-19

**Clinica 0-19** is a medical clinic in Monterrey, Mexico that claims to treat diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). Although DIPG is currently regarded as one of the most devastating pediatric cancers, with a survival rate of \<1% over five years, the clinic states that their treatment, which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, has resulted in some patients no longer having any evidence of disease. However, there is no credible evidence to support their claims and at least some of their patients were found to have tumor growth a few months later. Oncologists and others have criticized the clinic's lead doctors, Alberto Siller and Alberto Garcia, for their lack of transparency, for not publishing their treatment protocol or survival rates, for the high costs of treatment, and for discouraging their patients from using radiation therapy.

## Treatment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

Clinica 0-19 treats DIPG with intra-arterial chemotherapy and immunotherapy. While consultation and follow-up appointments take place at Clinica 0-19, treatments are carried out at nearby hospitals, especially Hospital Angeles.

For the intra-arterial chemotherapy, a catheter is inserted into the femoral artery, guided to the patient's brainstem, and used to deliver chemotherapy drugs. The clinic has stated the drugs they use are FDA approved. Their website does not provide any examples of the kinds of drugs, but drugs they have employed in the past have included unusually low doses of cisplatin, cetuximab, doxorubicin, and Avastin. None of these drugs have been shown to be effective against DIPG, and it is unclear if Avastin has been approved by the FDA for use in children. According to the parents of one patient interviewed in 2018, the doctors administer "10 to 12 different types of medicines." Treatment is provided once every three weeks in some cases and once every six weeks in other cases for a total of ten or more times.

The immunotherapy provided by the clinic uses dendritic cells, but very little has been published on the use of dendritic cells to treat DIPG.

Siller and Garcia have not published their protocol for treatment. They characterize their approach as tailoring the treatment to each child. Surgical oncologist and outspoken opponent of alternative medicine, David Gorski has criticized this approach, stating "In other words, we make it up as we go along and can’t tell you how we do it in a sufficiently clear manner to make it possible to write a protocol to do it in a clinical trial."

The clinic has also been criticized for discouraging their patients from using radiation therapy.

### Efficacy

No studies have been conducted on Clinica 0-19's approach to treating DIPG, and the clinic has not provided information on their patients' survival or recurrence rates.

The clinic has released scans appearing to show that patients' tumors have shrunk following treatment at the clinic. Dr. David Ziegler, an Australian pediatric oncologist, has stated the scans "do not accurately depict the tumor." Gorski has noted the apparent shrinking could be the abatement of inflammation around the tumor caused by previous treatment.

Media coverage of the clinic has highlighted cases of patients who, following treatment by Siller and Garcia, lived longer than was initially expected. Gorski has noted that children receiving care at the clinic may have been likely to live longer than average DIPG patients, regardless of treatment by Clinica 0-19, because the clinic only treats patients who can travel to the clinic, forgo treatment with steroids for several months prior to treatment, and who can afford the hundreds of thousands of dollars charged by the clinic for treatment. Gorski also notes that patients who are able to travel abroad and thrive without steroids are likely in better health than the average DIPG patient, and that families that can access large amounts of money for treatment may not be typical of DIPG patients in other ways that could impact their survival.

## Criticism

Ziegler and Gorski have criticized Siller and Garcia for not publishing their results or treatment protocol.

Australia's Cure Brain Cancer Foundation (CBCF) sought to visit Clinica 0-19 to research the treatment it provides in March 2018. CBCF has also offered to assist the clinic in reporting their findings. A spokesperson for the clinic stated the doctors would need to develop a program to receive visiting doctors before they could work with the CBCF. As of January 2019, there was no evidence that such visits have been planned. CBCF have stated "With regard to the current news reports about Clinica 0-19 in Mexico, it is not possible for us to recommend that clinic’s approach given that Doctors Siller and Garcia have not yet published any data for critical review about their treatments."

In February 2018, Siller stated the clinic had "started to do some basic numbers" with the intention of publishing their results "in the next coming months."

## Media coverage of patients

Several Clinica 0-19 patients have been the subject of media coverage:

* Alexia Eljourdi, an Australian child, was treated by Clinica 0-19 after three years of living with DIPG. Her parents exhausted their funds after four treatments, and were unable to continue treatment. Eljourdi died at age five, a month after her last treatment.
* Riaa Kulkarni, an Australian child, was age seven when she was diagnosed with DIPG. Her tumor shrank 40% after the first treatment by Clinica 0-19. Her parents sold their house to pay for treatment at Clinica 0-19.
* Buddy Miller, a child from Lothrop, Michigan, was diagnosed with DIPG at age seven. In February 2018, Miller's tumor was reported to have disappeared following treatment by Clinica 0-19. By May 2018, the tumor was found to be growing again. He died in October 2018.
* Parker Monholland, from Silver Lake, Kansas, was diagnosed with DIPG at age 8.. While she was being treated by Clinica 0-19, Monholland's Ommaya reservoir, implanted to deliver the chemotherapy drugs administered as part of the treatment provided by the clinic, became infected. She suffered a series of other health problems, and her parents exhausted their funds to provide her with treatment by Clinica 0-19. Her brain activity stopped, and her parents were not given the option of removing her from life support. She died five days later. The family's bill for the hospital in Mexico was in the hundreds of thousands of dollars.
* Annabelle Nguyen, from Perth, Australia, was age two when she was diagnosed with DIPG and was given an estimated six to nine months to live. Her parents sought treatment for her at Clinica 0-19, at a cost of $300,000, which her parents sold their home to pay for. As of February 2018, she was declared to have no evidence of the disease. In April 2018, they found evidence of tumors again. Nguyen fell into a coma. While her family wanted to take her back to Australia, the cost of a flight equipped to care for her during the trip was prohibitively expensive, leaving the family with no choice but to have her cared for in a hospital in Mexico at a cost of thousands of dollars per day. In August 2018, she died at the age of five, and three months after falling into a coma.
* Annabelle Potts, from Canberra, Australia, was diagnosed with DIPG at age three and estimated to have six to nine months to live. Her parents sought treatment for her at Clinica 0-19. She was declared to have no evidence of the disease in March 2018. By June 2018, the tumor began growing again. In a letter to Potts’s mother, Australian Health Minister Greg Hunt stated that the Australian health community's opinion was that the efficacy of Clinica 0-19's treatment had not been proven and that improvement in Potts’s condition was due to treatment she received in Australia. Her parents decided to stop treatments at Clinica 0-19 when her tumors came back and her health declined. Her mother stated as one of the reasons for stopping treatment with Clinica 0-19 "...I’m upset with them \[the Mexican doctors\] because they should be sharing what they are doing with the world and I’m upset we can’t do more experimental treatments for terminally ill children here in Australia.” She died in January 2019.
* Adalynn "Addy" Joy Sooter, a girl from Arkansas, was diagnosed with DIPG at the age of two. Doctors told her parents Sooter likely only had a few months to live. Her parents spent over $200,000 on travel to and treatment by Clinica 0-19. She died just over a year and a half after she was diagnosed, on June 3, 2018.
* Alan Vasquez, a child from Orlando, FL., was diagnosed with DIPG at age 8. His parents sold their home to pay for treatment at Clinica 0-19. In April 2017, he was reported to have a 50% reduction in the size of his tumor. He died in November 2017.


abstract: The 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident was a radiological accident that occurred from 10 to 20 December 1990, at University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain. In the accident, at least 27 patients were injured, and 11 of them died due to the overexposure, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). All of the injured were cancer patients receiving external beam radiotherapy.

text:
# Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident

The **1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident** was a radiological accident that occurred from 10 to 20 December 1990, at University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain.

In the accident, at least 27 patients were injured, and 11 of them died due to the overexposure, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). All of the injured were cancer patients receiving external beam radiotherapy.

## Chronology

On 7 December 1990, a technician performed maintenance on an electron accelerator at the Clinic of Zaragoza. On 10 December, it returned to service after the repairs.

Affected patients immediately suffered burns on the skin of the irradiated area, as well as inflammation of the internal organs and bone marrow. The first overexposed patient died on 16 February 1991, two months after irradiation. Fatalities increased until, on 25 December 1991, the last of a total of 25 patients died. The IAEA established that 11 of the deaths were due to the faulty maintenance.

On 19 December 1990, the Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) was scheduled to make its annual review of the device but, due to bureaucratic reasons, this review was delayed. The CSN found the electron accelerator power was too high. The unit was deactivated on 20 December 1990 and restarted on 8 March 1991.

## The accident

The radiotherapy unit was repaired without following the correct instructions. The unit, in service 14 years at the time of the failure, had a breakdown in the electron beam accelerator control system ("deviator"). Repairs incorrectly increased output power, so patients that should have received therapy at 7 MeV were instead treated at 40 MeV.

41°38′36″N 0°54′20″W / 41.6434°N 0.9055°W / 41.6434; -0.9055


abstract: The Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) is an air traffic control automation system manufactured by Raytheon and is currently being used in many TRACONs around the United States by the FAA. STARS replaced the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) at FAA air traffic control facilities across the US, as well as the previous automation systems employed by the DoD. The STARS system receives and processes target reports, weather, and other non-target messages from both terminal and en route digital sensors. Additionally, it automatically tracks primary and secondary surveillance targets and provides aircraft position information to the enhanced traffic management system (ETMS). Finally, it also detects unsafe proximities between tracked aircraft pairs and provides a warning if tracked aircraft are detected at a dangerously low altitude. Additional features include converging runway display aid (CRDA) which displays "ghost" targets as an aid to controllers attempting to tightly space aircraft to converging/crossing runways in the terminal environment.

text:
# Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System

The **Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS)** is an air traffic control automation system manufactured by Raytheon and is currently being used in many TRACONs around the United States by the FAA. STARS replaced the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) at FAA air traffic control facilities across the US, as well as the previous automation systems employed by the DoD.

The STARS system receives and processes target reports, weather, and other non-target messages from both terminal and en route digital sensors. Additionally, it automatically tracks primary and secondary surveillance targets and provides aircraft position information to the enhanced traffic management system (ETMS). Finally, it also detects unsafe proximities between tracked aircraft pairs and provides a warning if tracked aircraft are detected at a dangerously low altitude. Additional features include converging runway display aid (CRDA) which displays "ghost" targets as an aid to controllers attempting to tightly space aircraft to converging/crossing runways in the terminal environment.

## Features

The system is currently being used at all TRACON sites throughout the US and USAF RAPCON, USN RATCF and USA ARAC terminal facilities.

STARS was installed as part of the FAA's TAMR project to replace the aging/obsolete ARTS hardware and software at TRACONS. TAMR Segment 3 Phase 1 replaced the 11 largest TRACONS CARTS with STARS. The smaller ARTS IIA sites transitioned to the STARS ELITE (Enhanced Local Integrated Tower Equipment) version of software and hardware, which is similar to TAMR, but with minimum redundancy. The FAA plans to complete this process in 2019.


title: Cliff Carpenter

abstract: Clifford A. Carpenter was an American actor who appeared in radio, television and films.

text:
# Cliff Carpenter

**Clifford A. Carpenter** (March 2, 1915 – January 9, 2014) was an American actor who appeared in radio, television and films.

## Career

In 1937, Carpenter began his professional career on the radio serial *Terry and the Pirates*. The show was adapted from the comic strip of the same name. He provided the voice for the main character Terry Lee. He played Curtis Bassett in the radio serial drama *Prairie Folks*.

Carpenter debuted on Broadway in *Eve of St. Mark* in 1942. He also played in *Inherit the Wind*, *Sunrise at Campobello* and *The Andersonville Trial*.

After the start of World War II, Carpenter enlisted in the United States Army. He later became blacklisted due to his support for Philip Loeb, who had been included in *Red Channels*.

Carpenter worked sporadically between the 1950s and 1970s, making appearances in television series such as *The Patty Duke Show*, *The Defenders*, *Hawk*, *Coronet Blue* and *Great Performances*. In later life, he had a small role in *Synecdoche, New York*, directed by Charlie Kaufman and starring Philip Seymour Hoffman, and made recurring appearances on *The Daily Show with Jon Stewart*, playing a 22-year-old man who aged prematurely as a consequence of watching Sean Hannity nightly on Fox News. He provided the voice of Odin Andersson in the video games *Alan Wake* (2010) and *Alan Wake's American Nightmare* (2012).

## Personal life

Carpenter lived with actress and screenwriter Jean Rouverol, another former blacklisted artist, for several years. He died in New Milford, Connecticut in 2014, aged 98, from natural causes.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1937 | *Blazing Barriers* |  |  |
| 2008 | *Synecdoche, New York* | Old Man |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1964 | *The Patty Duke Show* | Defense Attorney / Mr. Roger | 2 episodes |
| 1964, 1965 | *The Defenders* | Mr. Joyce / Senator | |
| 1966 | *As the World Turns* | Ted Rogers | 1 episodes |
| 1966 | *Hawk* | Stage Manager | Episode: "How Close Can You Get?" |
| 1967 | *Coronet Blue* | Ticket Clerk | Episode: "Where You from and What You Done?" |
| 1972 | *Great Performances* | Peck Johnson | Episode: "The Rimers of Eldritch" |
| 2009–2010 | *The Daily Show* | Dash Worthington / Ramin / Reagraham Lincool | 3 episodes |

### Video games

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Alan Wake* | Odin Anderson |
| 2012 | *Alan Wake's American Nightmare* | |

## InfoBox

| Cliff Carpenter | |
| --- | --- |
| Publicity Photo of Cliff Carpenter | |
| Born | Clifford A. Carpenter
(1915-03-02)March 2, 1915
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Died | January 9, 2014(2014-01-09) (aged 98)
New Milford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1937–2014 |


title: Stanley John Olsen

abstract: Stanley John Olsen was an American vertebrate paleontologist and one of the founding figures of zooarchaeology in the United States. Olsen was also recognized as an historical archaeologist and scholar of United States military insignia, especially buttons of the American Colonial through Civil War periods. He was the father of John W. Olsen.

text:
# Stanley John Olsen

**Stanley John Olsen** (24 June 1919 – 23 December 2003) was an American vertebrate paleontologist and one of the founding figures of zooarchaeology in the United States. Olsen was also recognized as an historical archaeologist and scholar of United States military insignia, especially buttons of the American Colonial through Civil War periods. He was the father of John W. Olsen.

## Early life and military service

Stanley Olsen was born in Akron, Ohio to John Mons Olsen (of Bergen, Norway) and Louise Marquardt (of Akron), the second of two sons.

After his graduation from high school in 1938, Olsen worked as a tool and die maker at the National Rubber Machinery Company in Akron until his marriage to Eleanor Louise Vinez (1917–2016) in 1942. He subsequently enlisted in the United States Navy, achieving the rank of machinist mate first class while serving aboard the USS *Mertz*, *Bunker Hill* and *Wyoming*, and at naval bases on the U.S. East Coast and at Mare Island Navy Yard, California, during the Second World War.

## Career and scholarly contributions

Following his Honorable Discharge from the U.S. Navy in November 1945, Olsen found employment as a fossil preparator in the vertebrate paleontological laboratory of Alfred Sherwood Romer in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. Olsen's technical work as a preparator quickly evolved into his assignment as one of Professor Romer's two principal field supervisors. This opportunity led Olsen to the eastern coast of Canada where he prospected for Devonian fish fossils in Newfoundland and to the southeastern and western U.S. where he collected Tertiary fossils in Florida, Wyoming, and Montana and Permian and Triassic vertebrates in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah.

Herman Gunter's 1956 invitation to join the staff of the Florida Geological Survey in Tallahassee as State Vertebrate Paleontologist signaled the beginning of Olsen's scholarly career.

One of Olsen's first tasks was reopening excavations at the Thomas Farm site in Gilchrist County, Florida. The Thomas Farm locality, discovered in 1931, has produced the best known early Miocene terrestrial vertebrate fauna east of the U.S. Rocky Mountains. This unique site records predator-prey interactions of the coyote-like *Metatomarctus* and the ancestral horse, *Parahippus*, as well as a host of other species, on the margins of an 18-million-year-old wooded sinkhole and cave complex. Tens of thousands of fossils have been uncovered during more than 70 years of research at the site, ranging from frogs and bats to rhinoceroses and bears. Olsen's work on the Thomas Farm Caninae (dog-like carnivores, including *Metatomarctus* and the bear-dog, *Amphicyon*, and their kin) in the late 1950s and early 1960s is regarded as foundational for subsequent studies of those and related species. Olsen's analysis of the Thomas Farm carnivores not only established him as a vertebrate paleontologist, but also put him in contact with like-minded scholars the world over, including China, where he nurtured contacts that ultimately came to fruition during his many research trips there beginning in 1976.

In 1963, the renowned ornithologist Pierce Brodkorb honored Olsen's work by naming the first fossil stork described from the Tertiary of North America after him. The holotype of the ciconiid, *Propelargus olseni*, is a partial left tarsometatarsus discovered by Olsen in August 1961 in Middle Hemingfordian Torreya Formation deposits near Tallahassee and is now in the Florida Museum of Natural History's Pierce Brodkorb Ornithology Collection (catalog number 8504).

During his tenure at the Florida Geological Survey, Olsen helped pioneer the use of both SCUBA and helmeted diving equipment to explore the rich underwater fossil deposits of central and north Florida's rivers and springs. His work with colleagues in the Ichetucknee, Aucilla, and Wacissa rivers and in Wakulla Springs is especially well known because remains of mammoths and mastodons were found in association with bone and stone artifacts of human manufacture.

His familiarity with SCUBA and a developing interest in the archaeology of the Colonial period United States led to Olsen's appointment by Governor Ferris Bryant as Director of Florida's Marine Salvage Committee in 1964. The natural conflicts between scientific inquiry and economic gain were poised to play out in 1960s Florida on a massive scale. The Gulf and Atlantic coasts’ abundant shipwrecks were only beginning to be recognized as a resource for both scientific study and financial exploitation and the Salvage Committee's challenge was to initiate accommodation between these two potentially antithetical goals. Olsen's work on the Salvage Committee was tangentially responsible for kindling his interest in Colonial European exploitation of domestic animals, a research focus that proved lifelong and best exemplified by his innovative analysis of faunal remains recovered from the Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de Atocha.

While on the staff of the F.G.S., Olsen also began to publish his widely distributed and highly respected comparative osteological manuals for archaeologists. These monographs of the Peabody Museum at Harvard signaled his conscious movement away from a focus on Tertiary paleontological assemblages toward Quaternary and Holocene bone accumulations associated with archaeological sites. Under Barbara Lawrence's influence during his frequent research trips to Harvard in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Olsen began to work more and more closely with archaeologists in their then fledgling attempts to incorporate the analysis and interpretation of animal remains from anthropogenic deposits into the body of traditional archaeological literature.

In 1968, Olsen accepted Hale G. Smith's invitation to join the faculty of the Department of Anthropology at Florida State University where he established one of the first zooarchaeology teaching laboratories in the country (along with those at Harvard University, the University of Tennessee, the Field Museum in Chicago, and the University of Florida). Olsen's transition from the mainly research-oriented environments of museums and the Florida Geological Survey to a broader spectrum academic career is especially noteworthy because he accomplished that feat holding only a high school diploma. Olsen joined the Florida State faculty as a tenured associate professor and was promoted to Full Professor in 1972.

In 1973, Olsen accepted the concurrent positions of Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona and Curator of Zooarchaeology in the Arizona State Museum in Tucson, which he held until his retirement in 1997.

While in Arizona, Olsen focused his work on elucidating evidence for the domestication of a number of vertebrate species, especially the dog, camel, and yak.

During his half-century professional career, Olsen conducted paleontological and zooarchaeological fieldwork in the U.S., Canada, Colombia, Belize, China, Tibet, India, Italy, Cyprus, and Nepal and worked extensively with museum collections in Great Britain, Russia, Egypt, and Sweden as well as the United States.

The Arizona State Museum's comparative vertebrate skeletal collections are housed in the Stanley J. Olsen Laboratory of Zooarchaeology, and the Stanley J. Olsen Zooarchaeology Endowment Fund was created at the University of Arizona in 2004 to recognize his contributions to the field.

## Memberships and scholarly service

Stanley Olsen was a member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, the Society for American Archaeology, the Society of the Sigma Xi, the Society of Mammalogists, and the American Society of Systematic Zoologists. He was a Fellow of both the Explorers Club and the Company of Military Historians. He served as the 26th President of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1965-1966 and was elected an Honorary Member in 1996 (the 50th anniversary of his joining the Society) in recognition of Olsen's distinguished contributions to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology.

## Selected publications

* 1956 "The Caninae of the Thomas Farm Miocene", *Breviora* 66: 1–12, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
* 1958 "The fossil carnivore *Amphicyon intermedius* from the Thomas Farm Miocene, Part 1, Skull and Dentition", *Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology*, Harvard University 116(4): 157–172.
* 1959 "Fossil mammals of Florida", *Florida Geological Survey Special Publication* Number 6, Tallahassee.
* 1960 "Postcranial skeletal characters of *Bison* and *Bos*", *Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology*, Harvard University 35(4).
* 1964 "Mammal remains from archaeological sites, Part I, Southeastern and Southwestern United States", *Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology*, Harvard University 56(1).
* 1968 "Fish, amphibian, and reptile remains from archaeological sites, Part I, Southeastern and Southwestern United States", *Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology*, Harvard University 56(2).
* 1972 "Osteology for the archaeologist, 3, the American mastodon and woolly mammoth", *Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology*, Harvard University 56(3).
* 1972 "Osteology for the archaeologist, 4, North American birds", *Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology*, Harvard University 56(4).
* 1985 *Origins of the Domestic Dog*. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
* 1990 "Fossil ancestry of the yak, its cultural significance, and domestication in Tibet", *Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 142: 73–100.
* 1994 "The Asian elephant, *Elephas maximus*, and Chinese culture", *Explorer’s Journal* 72(1): 30–35.


title: Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

abstract: "A Standard State Zoning Enabling Act" (SZEA) was a model law for U.S. states to enable zoning regulations in their jurisdictions. It was drafted by a committee of the Department of Commerce and first issued in 1922. This act was one of the foundational developments in land use planning in the United States.

text:
# Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

"**A Standard State Zoning Enabling Act**" (**SZEA**) was a model law for U.S. states to enable zoning regulations in their jurisdictions. It was drafted by a committee of the Department of Commerce and first issued in 1922. This act was one of the foundational developments in land use planning in the United States.

## Background

The zoning advisory committee that wrote the standard act was formed in the U.S. Department of Commerce in September 1921. The Secretary of Commerce was Herbert Hoover, who was later elected US President.

## Summary

The SZEA begins with several explanatory notes. The act itself is nine sections with annotations mostly describing the committee's choice of words.

The SZEA was first issued in August 1922, was reissued in revised form in January 1923, and was first printed in May 1924. More than 55,000 copies of the first printed edition were sold. A second printed edition was published in 1926.

## Legacy

The 1926 revised second printing noted that 19 states had passed enabling acts modeled on the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.

The American Planning Association wrote that the SZEA and the Standard City Planning Enabling Act of 1927 "laid the basic foundation for land development controls in the U.S."

* Advisory Committee on Zoning (1926), *A Standard State Zoning Enabling Act: Under which municipalities may adopt zoning regulations* (PDF) (Revised (1926) ed.), Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
* Meck, Stuart, ed. (January 2002). *Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook: Model Statutes for Planning and the Management of Change* (2002 ed.). Chicago, Illinois: American Planning Association. OCLC 275187048.


title: Clivina collarti

abstract: Clivina collarti is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Burgeon in 1935.

text:
# Clivina collarti

***Clivina collarti*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Burgeon in 1935.

## InfoBox

| *Clivina collarti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Clivina* |
| Species: | ***C. collarti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clivina collarti***<br>Burgeon, 1935 | |
|


title: Clyde Stubblefield

abstract: Clyde Austin Stubblefield was an American drummer best known for his work with James Brown, with whom he recorded and toured for six years (1965-70). His syncopated drum patterns on Brown's recordings are considered funk standards. Samples of his drum performances were heavily used in hip hop music beginning in the 1980s, although Stubblefield frequently received no credit. A self-taught musician, Stubblefield was influenced by the sound of industrial rhythms he heard in factories and trains. He began playing with local groups in his native Tennessee and later moved to Georgia, where he played with musicians such as Eddie Kirkland and Otis Redding in the early 1960s before joining Brown's band. He later settled in Madison, Wisconsin, where he was a staple of the local music scene. He has been named among the great drummers of all time by various publications. In 2017, he accepted an honorary degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

text:
# Clyde Stubblefield

**Clyde Austin Stubblefield** (April 18, 1943 – February 18, 2017) was an American drummer best known for his work with James Brown, with whom he recorded and toured for six years (1965-70). His syncopated drum patterns on Brown's recordings are considered funk standards. Samples of his drum performances (particularly his break in the 1970 track "Funky Drummer") were heavily used in hip hop music beginning in the 1980s, although Stubblefield frequently received no credit.

A self-taught musician, Stubblefield was influenced by the sound of industrial rhythms he heard in factories and trains. He began playing with local groups in his native Tennessee and later moved to Georgia, where he played with musicians such as Eddie Kirkland and Otis Redding in the early 1960s before joining Brown's band. He later settled in Madison, Wisconsin, where he was a staple of the local music scene. He has been named among the great drummers of all time by various publications. In 2017, he accepted an honorary degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

## Early life

Born to Frank D. and Vena Stubblefield on April 18, 1943, he grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He was inspired to pursue drumming after seeing drummers for the first time in a parade. As a youngster his sense of rhythm was influenced by the industrial sounds of factories and trains around him. He practiced the rhythm patterns he heard, sometimes playing two patterns simultaneously. Years later he said if he could hum a drum pattern, he could play it. He played professionally as a teenager and performed in local bands such as Blue Shufflers, Inclines, and Cascades. In the early 1960s he moved to Macon, Georgia, and worked with guitarist Eddie Kirkland and toured with Otis Redding.

## Drummer for James Brown, 1965 to 1970

In 1965, James Brown saw Stubblefield perform in Macon, Georgia, and asked him to audition. Soon after he joined Brown's band. Over the next six years the band had two drummers, Stubblefield and John "Jabo" Starks who had joined the band two weeks earlier. Starks' style was influenced by the church music he grew up with in Mobile, Alabama. The two drummers had no formal training. According to Stubblefield, "We just played what we wanted to play (...) We just put down what we think it should be." The two "created the grooves on many of Brown's biggest hits and laid the foundation for modern funk drumming in the process."

Stubblefield's recordings with James Brown are considered to be some of the standard-bearers for funk drumming, including the singles "Cold Sweat", "I Got the Feelin'", "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose", "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud", "Mother Popcorn", "Get Up, Get into It, Get Involved", "There Was a Time", "Ain't It Funky Now", and the album *Sex Machine*.

His rhythm pattern on James Brown's "Funky Drummer" is among the world's most sampled musical segments. It has been used for decades by hip-hop groups and rappers such as Public Enemy, Run-DMC, N.W.A, Raekwon, LL Cool J, Beastie Boys and Prince, and has also been used in other genres. Though the sole creator of his patterns, Stubblefield was not credited for the use of the samples. He was featured in the 2009 PBS documentary, *Copyright Criminals*, which addressed the creative and legal aspects of sampling in the music industry.

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Drum solo,
Boston Garden 1968,
"Cold Sweat" | |

## Career, 1971 to 2017

Stubblefield lived in Madison, Wisconsin, from 1971 onward. For over twenty years he played Monday nights with his band, The Clyde Stubblefield Band, in downtown Madison. The band featured his longtime friend and keyboard-organ player Steve "Doc" Skaggs, along with soul vocalists Charlie Brooks and Karri Daley, as well as a horn section and supporting band. Stubblefield retired from the Monday shows in 2011 due to health issues, leaving the band in the hands of his nephew Bret Stubblefield.

Stubblefield worked with a variety of musicians in the Madison area such as keyboardist Steve Skaggs, guitarists Luther Allison and Cris Plata, jazz violinist Randy Sabien, rock band Garbage, country trio Common Faces and jazz group NEO. He performed and recorded with members of The J.B.'s including Bootsy Collins, Maceo Parker and "Jabo" Starks. The group released the album *Bring the Funk on Down* in 1999. From the early 1990s to 2015, he performed on the nationally syndicated public radio show *Whad'Ya Know?*

Stubblefield's first solo album *The Revenge of the Funky Drummer* was released in 1997. The album was produced by producer-songwriter Richard Mazda. In 1998, he released a 26 track break-beat album titled *The Original Funky Drummer Breakbeat Album*. Stubblefield's third solo album *The Original* was released in 2003. All compositions were based on Stubblefield's drum grooves and the album was produced by Leo Sidran.

Stubblefield collaborated frequently with "Jabo" Starks. As the **Funkmasters**, the duo released an album in 2001 called *Find the Groove* and an album in 2006 called *Come Get Summa This*. The duo also released a drumming instruction video in 1999 titled *Soul of the Funky Drummers*. In December 2007, the duo joined Bootsy Collins in Covington, Kentucky, for the first tribute concert in memory of James Brown. Stubblefield and Starks played on *Funk for Your Ass*, a tribute album by fellow James Brown orchestra alum Fred Wesley. The album was released in 2008. Later that year an expansion to the EZdrummer software was released with samples recorded by Stubblefield and Starks.

In 2009, Stubblefield was in need of a kidney transplant and underwent dialysis treatments. Musicians in the Madison area organized fundraiser events, donating the proceeds to supplement his dialysis treatment and subsequent medical bills. Stubblefield coped with health issues from the early 2000s onward including cancer. His wife Jody Hannon was a source of support in managing his health.

In 2011, Stubblefield performed "Fight the Power" on the *Jimmy Fallon show* along with Chuck D and members of The Roots and Eclectic Method. In 2012, he gave an autobiographical talk and performed his favorite beats at the Madison Ruby conference in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2015, a scholarship fund for music education was started and named after Stubblefield.

## Recognition

In 2014, Stubblefield was named the second best drummer of all time by *LA Weekly*. According to the *LA Weekly*, "Stubblefield is one of the most sampled drummers in history, the man whose uncanny ability to deconstruct pop music's simple 4/4 rhythms into a thousand different sly syncopations laid the foundation not only for funk, but for most of hip-hop, as well." In 2013, Stubblefield and Starks received the Yamaha Legacy Award. In 2004, he received the lifetime achievement award at the Madison Area Music Awards. In 2000, he was inducted into the Wisconsin Area Music Industry hall of fame. In 1990 he was named drummer of the year by *Rolling Stone* magazine, and in 2016 the magazine named Stubblefield and Starks the sixth best drummer of all time. A set of Stubblefield's autographed drum-sticks are in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Drummer David Garibaldi credits Stubblefield for inventing the vocabulary of funk drumming. Garibaldi singles out the drumming on "I Got the Feelin'" as the "sign of a genius". According to Questlove, drummer of The Roots, Stubblefield is the one "who defined funk music." Chuck D said of Stubblefield's impact on hip-hop, "It was a style of repetition that was emulated as opposed to just the actual sound. You know, holding it there, and keeping steady with the vamp." Nerdcore rapper MC Frontalot paid tribute to Stubblefield in his song "Good Old Clyde". Hip hop artist Black Thought of The Roots rhymes "I'm cooler than Clyde Stubblefield, drummer for James" in the song "Stay Cool".

Ben Sisario of *The New York Times* writes: "On songs like 'Cold Sweat' and 'Mother Popcorn' \[Stubblefield\] perfected a light-touch style filled with the off-kilter syncopations sometimes called ghost notes." According to National Public Radio, "the grooves \[Stubblefield and Starks\] created have inspired generations of artists — not just in funk, but in hip-hop, where their steady but intricate patterns make natural material for sampling." In 2017, Stubblefield accepted an honorary doctorate of fine arts from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, which was conferred posthumously.

## Death

Stubblefield died on February 18, 2017, from kidney failure. He survived cancer in 2000 and coped with kidney disease since 2002. In 2016, it was reported pop icon Prince, who deeply admired Stubblefield, paid about $80,000 of the drummer's medical costs. Stubblefield was survived by his wife Jody Hannon.

## Quotations

In a 1991 interview with *Isthmus*, Stubblefield said: "What influenced me mainly was sounds. Train tracks. Washing machines. I just put patterns against natural sounds, and that's what I do today. I could be walking down the street in time and put a drum pattern against it while I'm walking (...) That's the same thing I'm doing now when I sit down behind the drums. I put a pattern behind what everyone else is doing."

## Discography

Credits adapted from AllMusic, except as noted.

### As leader

* *The Revenge of the Funky Drummer* (1997)
* *The Original Funky Drummer Breakbeat Album* (1998)
* *The Original* (2003)

### As co-leader

* *Find the Groove* (2001)
* *Come Get Summa This* (2006)

### As sideman

**With Fred Wesley**

* *Funk for Your Ass* (2008)

**With James Brown** ***selected works***

**With The J.B.'s**

* *Bring the Funk on Down* (1999)

**With Ben Sidran**

* *Puttin' in Time on Planet Earth* (Blue Thumb, 1973)
* *Don't Let Go* (Blue Thumb, 1974)

**With Garbage**

## Instructional videos

* *Soul of the Funky Drummers* (1999)

## InfoBox

| Clyde Stubblefield | |
| --- | --- |
| Stubblefield performing in 2005 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Clyde Austin Stubblefield |
| Born | (1943-04-18)April 18, 1943
Chattanooga, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | February 18, 2017(2017-02-18) (aged 73)
Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Drums |
| Years active | c.1960–2017 |


title: Clyde Spires

abstract:
Clyde Spires is a 13,267-foot-elevation (4,044 meter) mountain summit located on the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, United States. It is situated on the boundary shared by Kings Canyon National Park with John Muir Wilderness, and along the common border of Fresno County with Inyo County.
It is 20 miles (32 km) west of the community of Big Pine, and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) southeast of Mount Wallace, which is the nearest higher neighbor. The west spire is slightly higher than the east spire. Topographic relief is significant as the spires rise 1,665 feet above Echo Lake in 0.38 miles (0.61 km).

text:
# Clyde Spires

**Clyde Spires** is a 13,267-foot-elevation (4,044 meter) mountain summit located on the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, United States. It is situated on the boundary shared by Kings Canyon National Park with John Muir Wilderness, and along the common border of Fresno County with Inyo County. It is 20 miles (32 km) west of the community of Big Pine, and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) southeast of Mount Wallace, which is the nearest higher neighbor. The west spire is slightly higher than the east spire. Topographic relief is significant as the spires rise 1,665 feet (507 meters) above Echo Lake in 0.38 miles (0.61 km).

## History

The first ascent of the spires was made July 22, 1933, by Norman Clyde, Jules Eichorn and Ted Waller, who were members of the Sierra Club. They named the landform for Norman Clyde (1885–1972), the leader of the group and legendary mountaineer credited with 130 first ascents, most of which were in the Sierra Nevada. The toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

## Climate

Clyde Spires is located in an alpine climate zone. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Sierra Nevada mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks (orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the range. Precipitation runoff from this geographic feature drains north to Bishop Creek, and south into Middle Fork Kings River.

## InfoBox

| Clyde Spires | |
| --- | --- |
| North aspect | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 13,267 ft (4,044 m) |
| Prominence | 80 ft (24 m) |
| Parent peak | Mount Wallace (13,377 ft) |
| Isolation | 0.50 mi (0.80 km) |
| Coordinates | 37°08′24″N 118°38′54″W / 37.1401228°N 118.6483761°W / 37.1401228; -118.6483761 |
| Naming | |
| Etymology | Norman Clyde |
| Geography | |
| Clyde SpiresLocation in CaliforniaClyde SpiresClyde Spires (the United States) | |
| Location | Kings Canyon National Park
Fresno County / Inyo County
California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Sierra Nevada |
| Topo map | USGS *Mount Darwin* |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Cretaceous |
| Mountain type | Fault block |
| Type of rock | Granite |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1933 |
| Easiest route | class 4 |


title: Rough Island, Scotland

abstract: - "Rough Island" is also used as a translation of "Garbh Eilean", a common Scottish name for islands Rough Island is a 20-acre uninhabited tidal island located in the Rough Firth off the Solway Firth, Scotland, in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire, the same region where the River Urr flows into the Solway. The isle of Rough is 79 feet at its highest point.

text:
# Rough Island, Scotland

*"Rough Island" is also used as a translation of "Garbh Eilean", a common Scottish name for islands*

**Rough Island** is a 20-acre (8 ha) uninhabited tidal island located in the Rough Firth off the Solway Firth, Scotland, in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire, the same region where the River Urr flows into the Solway. The isle of Rough is 79 feet (24 metres) at its highest point.

## Accessibility

Accessible across the causeway from Kippford when the tides allow or across the mudflats from Rockcliffe, the isle of Rough can be walked to from the Scottish mainland. As the island is a bird sanctuary visitors should avoid travelling to the island during the months of May and June to avoid disturbing the nesting oystercatchers and ringed plovers. The islands' causeway is flooded and underwater for 5 (five) hours during high tide and visitors to the island need to take this into account when travelling there.

## InfoBox

Rough Island
| <br>Rough Island, opposite Rockcliffe | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Rough IslandRough Island shown within Dumfries and Galloway | |
| Coordinates | 54°51′37″N 3°48′14″W / 54.86017°N 3.80401°W / 54.86017; -3.80401 |
| Physical geography | |
| Area | 8 hectares (0.03 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| Council area | Dumfries and Galloway |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |
|  | |


title: Steven Schkolne

abstract: Steven Schkolne, inventor of speedcabling, is a South African American computer scientist, inventor, and digital artist.

text:
# Steven Schkolne

**Steven Schkolne** (born 1976 in Cape Town, South Africa), inventor of speedcabling, is a South African American computer scientist, inventor, and digital artist.

## Biography

Schkolne was born in Cape Town and moved to the United States as a child. During high school he attended North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. Later he earned his BS from Carnegie Mellon University. Schkolne went on to obtain his PhD in Computer Science at Caltech where he pioneered foundational methods for drawing in 3D or virtual reality environments.

## Surface drawing

Schkolne's graduate work at Caltech resulted in the first fully functional drawing program for virtual reality. The program, an early precursor to Google's Tilt Brush, was shown at SIGGRAPH in 1999. The program captured hand movements and translated them into digital strokes. Schkolne worked in collaboration with BMW's Designworks to use Surface Drawing as a platform for creating conceptual prototypes.

## InfoBox

| Steven Schkolne | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1976 (age 4748)
Cape Town, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Alma mater | California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Mellon University |
| Occupations | * Computer scientist * inventor * digital artist |


title: Blast gate

abstract: A blast gate is a gate valve used to focus a dust collection system's vacuum pressure for maximum dust extraction at the desired location. Blast gates are positioned near individual pieces of machinery and operate by being closed by default, blocking air flow. When one blast gate is opened, all available suction is focused at that location, maximizing the amount of material collected. In larger dust collection system installations with more available power, multiple blast gates may be opened at the same time without detriment to collection abilities at individual locations. Some systems are so powerful that at least one blast gate must be open at all times, or the system can collapse itself.

text:
# Blast gate

A **blast gate** is a gate valve used to focus a dust collection system's vacuum pressure for maximum dust (or other material) extraction at the desired location. Blast gates are positioned near individual pieces of machinery and operate by being closed by default, blocking air flow. When one blast gate is opened, all available suction is focused at that location, maximizing the amount of material collected.

In larger dust collection system installations with more available power, multiple blast gates may be opened at the same time without detriment to collection abilities at individual locations. Some systems are so powerful that at least one blast gate must be open at all times, or the system can collapse itself.


title: Robinsonia multimaculata

abstract: Robinsonia multimaculata is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in south-eastern Peru, Carabaya and Santo Domingo.

text:
# Robinsonia multimaculata

***Robinsonia multimaculata*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in south-eastern Peru, Carabaya and Santo Domingo.

## InfoBox

| *Robinsonia multimaculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Robinsonia* |
| Species: | ***R. multimaculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Robinsonia multimaculata***<br>Rothschild, 1909 | |
|


title: Edward C. Waller III

abstract: Edward Carson Waller III was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. He was Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, from August 22, 1981, to retirement on August 31, 1983. A 1949 graduate of the Naval Academy, he was married to Margaret Clifford Gelly. She died May 15, 2013, at the age of 82. He is a recipient of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit.

text:
# Edward C. Waller III

**Edward Carson Waller III** (January 24, 1926 – March 2, 2021) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. He was Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, from August 22, 1981, to retirement on August 31, 1983. A 1949 graduate of the Naval Academy, he was married to Margaret Clifford Gelly. She died May 15, 2013, at the age of 82. He is a recipient of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit.

## InfoBox

| Edward C. Waller III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1926-01-24)January 24, 1926
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | March 2, 2021(2021-03-02) (aged 95)
Annapolis, Maryland, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | c.1944–1983 |
| Rank | Vice admiral |
| Commands | Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy |


title: Elmer Berry

abstract: Elmer Berry was an American college football and basketball player and coach. He first served as a men's basketball coach at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska during the 1900–01 season. Berry later served as the head football coach and men's basketball coach at the Springfield YMCA School, now known as Springfield College. Berry was born on October 9, 1879, in Davey, Nebraska. He died on April 21, 1952, at his home in Vida, Oregon.

text:
# Elmer Berry

**Elmer Berry** (October 9, 1879 – April 21, 1952) was an American college football and basketball player and coach. He first served as a men's basketball coach at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska during the 1900–01 season.

Berry later served as the head football coach (1917 to 1921) and men's basketball coach (1915 to 1922) at the Springfield YMCA School, now known as Springfield College.

Berry was born on October 9, 1879, in Davey, Nebraska. He died on April 21, 1952, at his home in Vida, Oregon.

## InfoBox

Elmer Berry
| Berry pictured in *The Massasoit 1922*, Springfield College yearbook | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1879-10-09)October 9, 1879
Davey, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Died | April 21, 1952(1952-04-21) (aged 72)
Vida, Oregon, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1901–1902 | Springfield |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| Football | |
| 1917–1921 | Springfield |
| Basketball | |
| 1900–1901 | Nebraska |
| 1915–1922 | Springfield |
|  | |
|  | |