title: Eon (musician)

abstract: Ian Loveday, better known as Eon, was a British rave pioneer. Born in 1954, Loveday was the son of violinist Alan Loveday and pianist Ruth Stanfield. His tracks made their way to early 1990s pirate radio stations in London, and then out on vinyl through small labels like BAAD and Vinyl Solution. He released Void Dweller, with its dark and hard driving beats, on Columbia Records in September 1992; it used samples from David Lynch's Dune, The Outer Limits, and themes from the horror movie Basket Case. His sound was a link between the early Detroit techno and contemporary dance music. In the early 1990s, this release was shared between DJs and musicians and was very influential. Eon was known for the acid techno song called "Spice" which was released in November 1990. Later in his career, he worked with Baby Ford and Bizarre Inc., and released singles on Trelik Records and Electron Industries.

text:
# Eon (musician)

**Ian Loveday**, better known as **Eon** (22 September 1954 – 17 June 2009), was a British rave pioneer.

Born in 1954, Loveday was the son of violinist Alan Loveday and pianist Ruth Stanfield.

His tracks made their way to early 1990s pirate radio stations in London, and then out on vinyl through small labels like BAAD and Vinyl Solution. He released *Void Dweller*, with its dark and hard driving beats, on Columbia Records in September 1992; it used samples from David Lynch's *Dune*, *The Outer Limits*, and themes from the horror movie *Basket Case*.

His sound was a link between the early Detroit techno and contemporary dance music. In the early 1990s, this release was shared between DJs and musicians and was very influential. Eon was known for the acid techno song called "Spice" which was released in November 1990. Later in his career, he worked with Baby Ford and Bizarre Inc., and released singles on Trelik Records and Electron Industries.

## Death

Loveday died on 17 June 2009 in London, of complications from pneumonia.

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles

* *Light Colour Sound* (Vinyl Solution - Storm 3) 12" (1988)
* *Infinity* (Vinyl Solution - Storm 4) 12" (1989)
* *Inner Mind* (Vinyl Solution - Storm 14) 12" (1990)
* *Spice* (Vinyl Solution - Storm 22) 12" (1990)
* *Fear: The Mindkiller* (Vinyl Solution - Storm 33) 12" (1991)
* *Basket Case* (Vinyl Solution - Storm 39) 12" (1992)
* *Worlds Beyond* (Vinyl Solution -Storm 66) 12" (1993)
* *A Kind Of Living* (Vinyl Solution - Storm 96) 12" (1994)
* *Wave Angel* (Electron Industries - TRON 2) 12" (1995)
* *Phase Test* (Electron Industries - TRON 8) 12" (1996)
* *Absorbed* (Longhaul - LH 01-6) 12" (2001)
* *Tantalus V5* (Longhaul - LH 05-6) 12" (2002)
* *Magazines Will Kill You* (Umami - 12003) 12" (2005)

### EP's

* *Cybertone* (Vinyl Solution - EON 2) 2x12" (Promo 1994)
* *D:Delta* (PAL - SL2) 12" (1997)
* *Component X* (krack tronik- KRAK 013) 12" (2007)


title: Counties 1 Southern North

abstract: Counties 1 Southern North is a division at level 7 of the English rugby union system. When league rugby first began in 1987 it was known as Southern Counties but since 1996 the division was split into two regional leagues – Southern Counties North and Southern Counties South. Counties 1 Southern North currently sits at the seventh tier of club rugby union in England and features teams based in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The league champions at the end of each season are automatically promoted to Regional 2 South Central. Relegated teams usually drop to Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon North or Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon South.

text:
# Counties 1 Southern North

**Counties 1 Southern North** (formerly known as **Southern Counties North**) is a division at level 7 of the English rugby union system. When league rugby first began in 1987 it was known as Southern Counties but since 1996 the division was split into two regional leagues – Southern Counties North and Southern Counties South. Counties 1 Southern North currently sits at the seventh tier of club rugby union in England and features teams based in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The league champions at the end of each season are automatically promoted to Regional 2 South Central. Relegated teams usually drop to Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon North or Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon South.

## Format

The twelve teams in this league are drawn from Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, with the league champions (if eligible) promoted to Regional 2 South Central. The league's bottom two teams are relegated to either Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon North or Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon South, depending on their geographic location. The season runs from September to April and comprises twenty-two rounds of matches, with each club playing each of its rivals home and away. The results of the matches contribute points to the league table as follows:

* 4 points are awarded for a win
* 2 points are awarded for a draw
* 0 points are awarded for a loss, however
* 1 losing (bonus) point is awarded to a team that loses a match by 7 points or fewer
* 1 additional (bonus) point is awarded to a team scoring 4 tries or more in a match

## 2024-25

## 2023-24

## 2022–23

This was the first season following the RFU Adult Competition Review. The league was substantially similar to Southern Counties North with eight teams returning from season 2021-22.

### League table

| **Counties 1 Southern North 2022–23** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Team | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | Points for | Points against | Points diff | Try bonus | Loss bonus | Points | Points deducted |
| 1 | **Chinnor III** | 22 | 19 | 2 | 1 | 852 | 219 | 633 | 16 | 0 | **98** |  |
| 2 | Marlow | 22 | 18 | 1 | 3 | 755 | 301 | 454 | 16 | 2 | **92** |  |
| 3 | Wallingford | 22 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 495 | 246 | 249 | 10 | 3 | **80** |  |
| 4 | Bicester | 22 | 15 | 1 | 6 | 699 | 370 | 329 | 10 | 2 | **74** |  |
| 5 | Bracknell II | 22 | 12 | 1 | 9 | 697 | 384 | 313 | 12 | 6 | **68** |  |
| 6 | Milton Keynes | 22 | 12 | 0 | 10 | 462 | 486 | −24 | 9 | 0 | **58** |  |
| 7 | Bletchley | 22 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 352 | 563 | −211 | 7 | 3 | *39'* |  |
| 8 | Gosford All Blacks | 22 | 8 | 0 | 14 | 385 | 586 | −201 | 5 | 5 | **38** | −5 |
| 9 | Reading Abbey | 21 | 6 | 0 | 15 | 263 | 599 | −336 | 4 | 3 | **32** |  |
| 10 | High Wycombe | 22 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 365 | 629 | −264 | 5 | 1 | **29** | −5 |
| 11 | Swindon College Old Boys (**R**) | 21 | 5 | 0 | 16 | 382 | 770 | −388 | 5 | 0 | **25** |  |
| 12 | Thatcham (**R**) | 22 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 212 | 766 | −554 | 1 | 2 | **5** | −20 |
| * If teams are level at any stage, tiebreakers are applied in the following order: 1. Number of matches won 2. Number of draws 3. Difference between points for and against 4. Total number of points for 5. Aggregate number of points scored in matches between tied teams 6. Number of matches won excluding the first match, then the second and so on until the tie is settled | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Green background is the promotion place. Pink background are the relegation places.
**Updated: 18 April 2023**
Source: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## 2021–22

## 2020–21

Due to the coronavirus pandemic the season was cancelled.

## 2019–20

## 2018–19

## 2017–18

## 2016–17

## 2015–16

The 2015–16 Southern Counties North consisted of twelve teams; six from Buckinghamshire, two each from Berkshire and Oxfordshire, and one each from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire. The season started on 12 September 2015 and the last league matches were played on 23 April 2016.

Seven of the twelve teams participated in last season's competition. The 2014–15 champions High Wycombe were promoted to the South West 1 East while Milton Keynes and Alchester were relegated to the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier. Royal Wootton Bassett, who finished 4th, were level transferred to Southern Counties South.

AylesburyBicesterBletchleyBuckinghamReading AbbSouth BucksStow on the WoldSwindon CollegeThatchamWallingford**South Bucks** teams
Beaconsfield
Drifters
Marlowclass=notpageimage|Locations of the 2015-16 Southern Counties North teams **Beaconsfield****Drifters****Marlow**class=notpageimage|Locations of the 2015-16 Southern Counties North teams in South Buckinghamshire

| Team | Ground | Capacity | Town/Village | Previous season |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aylesbury | Ostler's Field |  | Weston Turville, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire | 2nd (lost promotion play-off) |
| Beaconsfield | Oak Lodge Meadow |  | Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire | 8th |
| Bicester | Oxford Road |  | Bicester, Oxfordshire | 5th |
| Bletchley | Manor Fields |  | Bletchley, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire | relegated from South West 1 East (14th) |
| Buckingham | Floyd Field |  | Maids Moreton, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire | relegated from South West 1 East (13th) |
| Drifters | Farnham Common Sports Club |  | Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire | 9th |
| Marlow | Riverwoods Drive |  | Marlow, Buckinghamshire | 7th |
| Reading Abbey | Rosehill |  | Reading, Berkshire | promoted from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier (champions) |
| Stow-on-the-Wold | Oddington Road |  | Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire | 4th |
| Swindon College Old Boys | Nationwide Sports Pavilion |  | Swindon, Wiltshire | promoted from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier (runner-up) |
| Thatcham | Henwicky Worthy Sports Field |  | Thatcham, Berkshire | 6th |
| Wallingford | Wallingford Sports Park |  | Wallingford, Oxfordshire | 10th |
|

## 2014–15

## 2013–14

## 2012–13

## Original teams

When league rugby began in 1987 this division (known as Southern Counties) contained the following teams:

## Counties 1 Southern North honours

### Southern Counties (1987–1993)

Originally the Southern Counties North and Southern Counties South leagues were combined in a single division called Southern Counties. It was a tier 7 league with promotion to South West 2 and relegation to either Berks/Dorset/Wilts 1 or Bucks/Oxon 1.

| **Southern Counties** | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of teams | Champions | Runners-up | Relegated teams | Ref |
| 1987–88 | 11 | **Redingensians** | Swindon | Bracknell |  |
| 1988–89 | 11 | **Banbury** | Aylesbury | Oxford Marathon |  |
| 1989–90 | 11 | **Marlow** | Swanage & Wareham | Oxford Old Boys |  |
| 1990–91 | 11 | **Sherborne** | Windsor | Swindon, Chiltern, Slough, Bracknell |  |
| 1991–92 | 11 | **Banbury** | Aylesbury | No relegation |  |
| 1992–93 | 13 | **Swanage & Wareham** | Dorchester | Grove |  |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Southern Counties (1993–1996)

At the end of the 1992–93 season the top six teams from London Division 1 and the top six from South West Division 1 were combined to create National 5 South. This meant that Southern Counties dropped from a tier 7 league to a tier 8 league for the years that National 5 South was active. Promotion continued to South West 2 and relegation to either Berks/Dorset/Wilts 1 or Bucks/Oxon 1.

| **Southern Counties North** | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of teams | Champions | Runners-up | Relegated teams | Ref |
| 1993–94 | 13 | **Bournemouth** | Bracknell | Royal Wootton Bassett, Redingensians |  |
| 1994–95 | 13 | **Dorchester** | Bracknell | Slough, Oxford Marathon |  |
| 1995–96 | 13 | **Amersham & Chiltern** | Bracknell | No relegation |  |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Southern Counties North (1996–2000)

Restructuring by the RFU at the end of the 1995–96 season saw Southern Counties split into two separate leagues, Southern Counties North and Southern Counties South. They reverted to tier 7 leagues due to the cancellation of National 5 South. Promotion from Southern Counties North was now to the new South West 2 East while relegation was now only to Bucks/Oxon 1.

| **Southern Counties North** | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of teams | Champions | Runners-up | Relegated teams | Ref |
| 1996–97 | 10 | **Stow-on-the-Wold** | Bicester | Grove |  |
| 1997–98 | 10 | **Slough** | Olney | Milton Keynes, Witney |  |
| 1998–99 | 10 | **Olney** | Bicester | Farnham Royal |  |
| 1999–00 | 10 | **Witney** | Beaconsfield | Oxford, Wallingford |  |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Southern Counties North (2000–2009)

Southern Counties North remained a tier 7 league, with promotion continuing to South West 2 East. However, the transfer of Berkshire clubs from the Dorset/Wilts leagues to the Bucks/Oxon leagues, meant that relegation was now to new Berks/Bucks & Oxon 1 (formerly Bucks/Oxon 1).

| **Southern Counties North** | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of teams | Champions | Runners-up | Relegated teams | Ref |
| 2000–01 | 11 | **Windsor** | Grove | Drifters, Bletchley, Phoenix |  |
| 2001–02 | 10 | **Oxford Harlequins** | Grove | Oxford, Milton Keynes, Chipping Norton |  |
| 2002–03 | 10 | **High Wycombe** | Aylesbury | Wallingford, Beaconsfield, Swindon |  |
| 2003–04 | 10 | **Aylesbury** | Amersham & Chiltern | No relegation |  |
| 2004–05 | 12 | **High Wycombe** | Henley Wanderers | Phoenix, Bicester |  |
| 2005–06 | 12 | **Redingensians** | Swindon | Slough, Stow-on-the-Wold, Olney |  |
| 2006–07 | 12 | **Bletchley** | Tadley | Supermarine, Chipping Norton |  |
| 2007–08 | 12 | **Olney** | Wallingford | Newbury Stags, Amersham & Chiltern |  |
| 2008–09 | 12 | **Buckingham** | Marlow | Beaconsfield |  |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Southern Counties North (2009–2022)

Despite widespread league restructuring by the RFU, Southern Counties North continued as a tier 7 league, with promotion to South West 1 East (formerly South West 2 East) and relegation to Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier.

| **Southern Counties North** | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of teams | Champions | Runners-up | Relegated teams | Ref |
| 2009–10 | 12 | **Witney** | Amersham & Chiltern | Bicester, Slough |  |
| 2010–11 | 12 | **Swindon** | Aylesbury | Chipping Norton, Oxford, Crowthorne |  |
| 2011–12 | 12 | **Beaconsfield** | Milton Keynes | Marlborough |  |
| 2012–13 | 12 | **Buckingham** | Grove | Slough, Tadley |  |
| 2013–14 | 12 | **Bletchley** | Aylesbury | Swindon College Old Boys, Reading Abbey |  |
| 2014–15 | 12 | **High Wycombe** | Aylesbury | Milton Keynes, Alchester |  |
| 2015–16 | 12 | **Reading Abbey** | Aylesbury | Drifters, Swindon College Old Boys |  |
| 2016–17 | 12 | **Marlow** | Bicester | Bletchley, Milton Keynes |  |
| 2017–18 | 12 | **Beaconsfield** | Windsor | Drifters, Gosford All Blacks |  |
| 2018–19 | 12 | **Windsor** | Buckingham | Littlemore, Slough |  |
| 2019–20 | 12 | **Witney** | Reading | Didcot, Chesham |  |
| 2020–21 | 12 | Season cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. | | | |
| 2021–22 | 12 | **Stow-on-the-Wold** | Reading | No relegation due to league reorganisation |  |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Counties 1 Southern North (2022– )

Following the reorganisation of the leagues, Southern Counties North was renamed Counties 1 Southern North and remained a level seven league. The champions are promoted to Regional 2 South Central and the bottom side is relegated, depending on location, to a level eight league; Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon North or Counties 2 Berks/Bucks & Oxon South.

| **Regional 2 South Central** | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of teams | No of matches | Champions | Runners-up | Relegated team(s) | Ref |
| 2022–23 | 12 | 22 | **Chinnor III** | Marlow | Swindon College Old Boys and Thatcham |  |
| Green background is the promotion place. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Promotion play-offs

Since the 2000–01 season there has been a play-off between the runners-up of Southern Counties North and Southern Counties South for the third and final promotion place to South West 1 East. The team with the superior league record has home advantage in the tie. At the end of the 2019–20 season Southern Counties North teams have been the most successful with twelve wins to the Southern Counties South teams seven; and the home team has won promotion on thirteen occasions compared to the away teams six.

| **Southern Counties North v Southern Counties South promotion play-off results** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Home team | Score | Away team | Venue | Attendance |
|
| 2000–01 | **Salisbury** (S) | 49-20 | Grove (N) | Castle Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire |  |
| 2001–02 | **Grove** (N) | 30-13 | Oakmeadians (S) | Recreation Lane, Grove, Oxfordshire |  |
| 2002–03 | **Oakmeadians** (S) | 24-17 | Aylesbury (N) | Meryick Park, Bournemouth, Dorset |  |
| 2003–04 | **Amersham & Chiltern** (N) |  | Tadley (S) | Ash Grove, Amersham, Buckinghamshire |  |
| 2004–05 | Frome (S) | 12-38 | **Henley Wanderers** (N) | Gypsy Lane, Frome, Somerset |  |
| 2005–06 | Oldfield Old Boys (S) | 32-33 | **Swindon** (N) | Shaft Road, Monkton Combe, Somerset |  |
| 2006–07 | Wootton Bassett (S) | 17-20 | **Tadley** (N) | Ballards Ash Sports Ground, Wootton Bassett, Wiltshire |  |
| 2007–08 | **Wallingford** (N) | 22-3 | Wootton Bassett (S) | Wallingford Sports Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire |  |
| 2008–09 | **Marlow** (N) | 18-15 | Wootton Bassett (S) | Riverwoods Drive, Marlow, Buckinghamshire |  |
| 2009–10 | **Amersham & Chiltern** (N) | 45-12 | Frome (S) | Ash Grove, Amersham, Buckinghamshire |  |
| 2010–11 | Aylesbury (N) | 10-39 | **Oldfield Old Boys** (S) | Ostler's Field, Weston Turville, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire |  |
| 2011–12 | **Windsor** (N) | 22-15 | Dorcester (S) | Home Park, Windsor, Berkshire |  |
| 2012–13 | **Grove** (N) | 39-20 | Trowbridge (S) | Recreation Lane, Grove, Oxfordshire |  |
| 2013–14 | **Trowbridge** (S) | 27-19 | Aylesbury (N) | Doric Park, Hilperton, Trowbridge, Wiltshire |  |
| 2014–15 | **Salisbury** (S) | 34-16 | Aylesbury (N) | Castle Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire |  |
| 2015–16 | **Midsomer Norton** (S) | 29-22 | Aylesbury (N) | Norton Down Playing Fields, Midsomer Norton, Somerset |  |
| 2016–17 | **Bicester** (N) | 53-20 | Trowbridge (S) | Oxford Road, Bicester, Oxfordshire |  |
| 2017–18 | Windsor (N) | 29-31 | **Marlborough** (S) | Home Park, Windsor, Berkshire |  |
| 2018–19 | Frome (S) | 10-23 | **Buckingham** (N) | Gypsy Lane, Frome, Somerset | 400 |
| 2019–20 | Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. Best ranked runner up - Frome (S) - promoted instead. | | | | | |
| 2020–21 | Season cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. | | | | | |
| 2021–22 | No play-off due to league reorganisation | | | | | |
| Green background is the promoted team. N = Southern Counties North and S = Southern Counties South | | | | | |
|

## Number of league titles

1. Rugby First
2. "Bracknell RFC". *Bracknell RFC*. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
3. "Oxford Harlequins RUFC". *Oxford Harlequins RUFC*. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
4. "Bracknell RFC". *Bracknell RFC*. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
5. "Oxford Harlequins RUFC". *Oxford Harlequins RUFC*. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
6. "Bracknell RFC". *Bracknell RFC*. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
7. "Counties 1 Tribute Southern North". *Rugby England*. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
8. "Rugby Union in Oxford". Oxford Mail. 19 December 2007.
9. Jones, Stephen; Griffiths, John (1994). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1994–95*. London: Headline Bookline Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7850-4.
10. Cleary, Mick; Griffiths, John, eds. (1995). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1995–96*. London: Headline Bookline Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7816-4.
11. Cleary, Mick; Griffiths, John, eds. (1996). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1996-97*. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7771-0.
12. "1998-99 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
13. "1999-00 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
14. "2000-01 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
15. "2001-02 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
16. "2002-03 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
17. "2003-04 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
18. "2004-05 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
19. "2005-06 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
20. "2006-07 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
21. "2007-08 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
22. "2008-09 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
23. "2009-10 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
24. "2010-11 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
25. "2011-12 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
26. "2012-13 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
27. "2013-14 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
28. "2014-15 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
29. "2015-16 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
30. "2016-17 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
31. "2017-18 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
32. "2018-19 South-West Division". *England Rugby*. RFU. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
33. "Men's level 5 - 7 leagues 2019–20" (PDF). *England Rugby*. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
34. "South West Play-Offs 2000-01". England Rugby. 19 May 2001.
35. "South West Play-Offs 2001-02". England Rugby. 27 April 2002.
36. "South West Play-Offs 2002-03". England Rugby. 26 April 2003.
37. "South West Play-Offs 2003-04". England Rugby. 24 April 2004.
38. "South West Play-Offs 2004-05". England Rugby. 30 April 2005.
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52. "Frome RFC 10 - 23 Buckingham RFC". Frome RFC. 27 April 2019.

## InfoBox

Counties 1 Southern North
| **Current season or competition:**
***2023–24 Counties 1 Southern North*** | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Rugby union |
| Instituted | 1987 (1987) (as Southern Counties) |
| Number of teams | 12 |
| Country | England |
| Holders | Chinnor III  (2022–23) |
| Most titles | High Wycombe, Witney (3 titles) |
| Website | englandrugby.com |


title: Rumblers F.C.

abstract: Rumblers FC was a club which was founded by Istanbul Turks and Englishmen derived from Moda FC and Elpis FC in Turkey in 1911.

text:
# Rumblers F.C.

**Rumblers FC** was a club which was founded by Istanbul Turks and Englishmen derived from Moda FC and Elpis FC in Turkey in 1911.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Rumblers FC
| Full name | Rumblers Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1911 |
| Dissolved | 1915 |
| Ground | Papazın Çayırı |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: San Salvador Huixcolotla

abstract: San Salvador Huixcolotla is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla in southeastern Mexico that may be best known as the birthplace of papel picado. San Salvador is of Spanish origin and translates to "Holy Savior" and Huixcolotla is Nahuatl for "place of the curved spines".

text:
# San Salvador Huixcolotla

**San Salvador Huixcolotla** is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla in southeastern Mexico that may be best known as the birthplace of papel picado. *San Salvador* is of Spanish origin and translates to "Holy Savior" and *Huixcolotla* is Nahuatl for "place of the curved spines".

## History

The original inhabitants were Popoloca speakers, under the Aztec Triple Alliance. Friar Juan de Rivas founded a small congregation in 1539 as part of the Spanish colonization and in 1750, construction began on *Iglesia del Divino Salvador* (Church of the Divine Savior). In 1779 it became a town, and on 15 April 1930, it was declared a municipality under the governorship of Leonides Andrew Almazán.

## Geography

The total area of San Salvador Huixcolotla is 23.909 square kilometres (9.231 sq mi), of which 79% is devoted to agriculture and the remaining is 21% developed. The four *barrios* are El Calvario, San Antonio, San Martín, and La Candelaria, and the three *colonias* are San Isidro, Dolores, and Benito Juárez. It is surrounded to the north by the municipalities of Los Reyes de Juárez and Acatzingo; to the east by Acatzingo and Tecamachalco; to the south by Tecamachalco, Tochtepec, and Cuapiaxtla de Madero; and to the west by Cuapiaxtla de Madero and Los Reyes de Juárez.

### Climate

The typical range of temperatures is 12–18 °C (54–64 °F). Typical annual rainfall is 1,100–1,300 millimetres (43–51 in).

## Demographics

78.12% of the population lives in poverty. As of 2015, electricity and sanitary systems are universal, but only 50.10% of households have piped water inside their homes. 90.25% of the population between age 6 and 14 can read and write.

## Papel picado

Papel Picado ("perforated paper," "pecked paper") is a decorative Mexican folk art made by cutting elaborate designs into sheets of tissue paper that were popularized in San Salvador Huixcolotla. It is thought to have originated from the pre-Hispanic practice of making religious offerings with amate bark paper. Among the first makers were Juan Hernandez, Cristóbal Flores, Santiago Vivanco R., and Lauro Pérez Macías. By the late 1920s, it had spread outside Puebla to Tlaxcala and is now used around the world in observations of *Día de Muertos* (Day of the Dead). In addition to *Día de Muertos*, known locally as *Todos Santos*, papel picado is also commonly made to celebrate Semana Santa (the Holy Week of Easter), Mexican independence, and Christmas.

In 1998 the governor of Puebla declared the town, in which 35% of the residents participate in this craft, a cultural heritage of the state. Papel Picado from Huixcolotla is exported around the world via the Museo Nacional de Arte.

## Other culture

An annual fair celebrates the town's patron of San Salvador and runs from 6–14 August. A typical dish is the eponymous mole poblana of the region.

## Further reading

* Manjarrez Rosas, Josefina (2013). *Huixcolotla : el lugar de las espinas encorvadas : sus orígenes, tradiciones y costumbres ("Huixcolotla: the place of curved spines: its origins, traditions, and costumes")* (1st ed.). Puebla, Pue, México: Benmérita Universidad de Puebla, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. ISBN 9786074876604.

## InfoBox

| San Salvador Huixcolotla | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| *Parroquia del Divino Salvador* (Church of the Divine Savior) in the center of San Salvador Huixcolotla | |
| Location of Puebla State in Mexico | |
| San Salvador HuixcolotlaLocation within Puebla State | |
| Coordinates: 18°54′53″N 97°46′25″W / 18.91472°N 97.77361°W / 18.91472; -97.77361 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Puebla |
| Government | |
| Presidente | C. Silvano Teodoro Mauricio (2018-2021) () |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.909 km2 (9.231 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,040 m (6,690 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 12,148 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |
| Website | www.huixcolotla.gob.mx |


title: Phniet

abstract: Phniet is a khum (commune) of Serei Saophoan District in Banteay Meanchey Province in north-western Cambodia.

text:
# Phniet

**Phniet** is a khum (commune) of Serei Saophoan District in Banteay Meanchey Province in north-western Cambodia.

## Villages

* Kantuot(កន្ទួត)
* Kampring(កំព្រីង)
* Phniet
* Neak Ta(អ្នកថា)
* Thmei(ថ្មី)
* Bangruh(បង្រះ)
* Sala Krau(សាលាក្រៅ)

## InfoBox

| Phniet ឃុំភ្នៀត | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Country | Cambodia |
| Province | Banteay Meanchey |
| District | Serei Saophoan District |
| Villages | 7 |
| Time zone | UTC+07 |


title: THK Co., Ltd.

abstract: THK Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company that offers machine elements and modules in the field of mechanical engineering, robotics and automation. The headquarters are in Tokyo. Since it was founded in April 1971, the company has developed into an international company. THK shares have been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange's first segment since 2001. As 2022, THK has 37 manufacturing facilities in Japan, Europe, North and South America and Asia including associated companies.

text:
# THK Co., Ltd.

**THK Co., Ltd.** is a Japanese company that offers machine elements and modules in the field of mechanical engineering, robotics and automation. The headquarters are in Tokyo. Since it was founded in April 1971, the company has developed into an international company. THK shares have been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange's first segment since 2001.

As 2022, THK has 37 manufacturing facilities in Japan, Europe, North and South America and Asia including associated companies.

## History

In 1972, THK became the first company in the world to develop a method of linear motion with rolling contact and began manufacturing and selling linear guides (profiled rail guides) under the LM Guide brand. In mechanical engineering and in the production of mechatronic systems and plants, these linear guides enable a significant improvement in accuracy and speed while at the same time reducing assembly and energy costs. With the linear guides, machine tools and industrial robots can perform ultra-precise movements, and devices for manufacturing semiconductors can be operated in the submicron range. In recent times, the linear guides are not only used in mechanical engineering and automation, but also in rail technology, aerospace, medical devices, and amusement equipment. In addition, special linear guides are offered for protection against earthquakes in cultural monuments, data centers, and residential buildings.

In fiscal year 2019, THK generated sales of around 274.5 billion yen (approx. 2.2 billion EUR) with 13,260 employees worldwide. Furthermore, THK holds more than 603 patents in Japan and 1,174 patents abroad (December 31, 2019).

THK America, based in Schaumburg, Illinois, was named the top company in *Quality Magazine'*s annual Quality Leadership rankings for 2022. The facility manufactures linear motion (LM) guide systems used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, liquid crystals, amusement devices, and medical equipment.

## InfoBox

THK Co., Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Public (K.K) |
| Traded as | TYO: 6481 |
| ISIN | JP3539250005 |
| Industry | Machinery |
| Founded | April 10, 1971 (1971-04-10) |
| Headquarters | Shibaura, Minato, Tokyo, Japan |
| Key people | Akihiro Teramachi, CEO |
| Number of employees | 13,260 (consolidated, as of December 31, 2019) |
| Website | thk.com |


title: Krais of Russia

abstract: A krai is a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation. The country is divided into 85 federal subjects, of which nine are krais. Oblasts, another type of federal subject, are legally identical to krais and the difference between a political entity with the name "krai" or "oblast" is purely traditional; both are constituent entities equivalent in legal status in Russia with representation in the Federation Council. During the Soviet era, the autonomous oblasts could be subordinated to republics or krais, but not to oblasts. Outside of political terminology, both words have a very similar general meaning and can often be used interchangeably. When a distinction is desirable, "krai" is sometimes translated into English as "territory", while "oblast" can variously be translated to "province" or "region", but both of these translations are also reasonable interpretations of "krai".

text:
# Krais of Russia

A **krai** (Russian: край, romanized: *kray*, IPA: \[kraj\], lit. 'region, edge') is a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation. The country is divided into 85 federal subjects, of which nine are krais. Oblasts, another type of federal subject, are legally identical to krais and the difference between a political entity with the name "krai" or "oblast" is purely traditional; both are constituent entities equivalent in legal status in Russia with representation in the Federation Council. During the Soviet era, the autonomous oblasts could be subordinated to republics or krais, but not to oblasts. Outside of political terminology, both words have a very similar general meaning ("region" or "area" in English) and can often be used interchangeably. When a distinction is desirable, "krai" is sometimes translated into English as "territory", (closer to "edge" in literal translation, what's more related with the March meaning as a "borderland") while "oblast" can variously be translated to "province" or "region", but both of these translations are also reasonable interpretations of "krai".

## Overview

Each krai features a state government holding authority over a defined geographic territory, with a state legislature, the Legislative Assembly, that is democratically elected. The Governor is the highest executive position of the state government in a Krai, and is elected by people. Krais can be divided into raions (districts), cities/towns of krai significance, and okrugs. Krais previously featured autonomous okrugs until the formation of Zabaykalsky Krai on March 1, 2008, when the last remaining autonomous okrug of a krai was abolished.

The term *krai* or *kray* is derived from the Russian word for an edge, and can be translated into English as 'frontier' or 'territory'. The largest krai by geographic size is Krasnoyarsk Krai at 2,339,700 square kilometers (903,400 sq mi) and the smallest is Stavropol Krai at 66,500 square kilometers (25,700 sq mi). The most populous krai is Krasnodar Krai at 5,404,300 (2010 Census) and the least populous is Kamchatka Krai at 322,079 (2010).

Historically, krais were massive first-level administrative divisions in the Russian Empire, divided into large *guberniyas* (governorates). Following the numerous administration reforms during the Soviet era, the guberniyas were abolished and krais were reshaped into smaller, more numerous divisions. Eventually, krais and oblasts became almost totally equal as the top-level administrative division of the Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs), the constituent political entities of the Soviet Union, with the only difference being autonomous oblasts could be subordinated to krais but not to oblasts. The krais were unique to the Russian SFSR, and held very little autonomy or power, but when the Soviet Union dissolved into sovereign states along the lines of the SSRs, they became first-level administrative divisions of the Russian Federation and received much greater devolved power.

## List

Below is a list of the krais of Russia, listed in alphabetical order:

## InfoBox

| Krais | |
| --- | --- |
| * Also known as: * Krays | |
|  | |
| Category | Federated state |
| Location | Russian Federation |
| Number | 9 |
| Populations | 322,079 (Kamchatka Krai) – 5,404,300 (Krasnodar Krai) |
| Areas | 25,540 sq mi (66,160 km2) (Stavropol Krai) – 903,400 sq mi (2,339,700 km2) (Krasnoyarsk Krai) |
| Government | * Krai Government |
| Subdivisions |  |


title: Script (comics)

abstract: A script is a document describing the narrative and dialogue of a comic book in detail. It is the comic book equivalent of a television program teleplay or a film screenplay. In comics, a script may be preceded by a plot outline, and is almost always followed by page sketches drawn by a comics artist and inked, succeeded by the coloring and lettering stages. There are no prescribed forms of comic scripts, but there are two dominant styles in the mainstream comics industry, the full script and the plot script. The creator of a script is known as a comics writer.

text:
# Script (comics)

A **script** is a document describing the narrative and dialogue of a comic book in detail. It is the comic book equivalent of a television program teleplay or a film screenplay.

In comics, a script may be preceded by a plot outline, and is almost always followed by page sketches drawn by a comics artist and inked, succeeded by the coloring and lettering stages. There are no prescribed forms of comic scripts, but there are two dominant styles in the mainstream comics industry, the *full script* (commonly known as "DC style") and the *plot script* (or "Marvel house style").

The creator of a script is known as a **comics writer**.

## Styles

### Full script

In this style, the comics writer breaks the story down in sequence, page-by-page and panel-by-panel, describing the action, characters, and sometimes backgrounds and "camera" points-of-view of each panel, as well as all captions and dialogue balloons. For decades, this was the preferred format for books published by DC Comics.

Peter David described his specific application of the full script method: "I break down each page on a panel by panel basis and label them as PANEL A, PANEL B, and so on. Then I describe what's in each panel, and then do the dialogue, numbering the balloons. I designate the panels with letters and the word balloons with numbers so as to minimize confusion for the letterer". In addition to writing the scripts, Jim Shooter drew layouts for the artist in his early work for DC.

### Plot script

In a **plot script** the artist works from a story synopsis from the writer (or **plotter**), rather than a full script. The artist creates page-by-page plot details on their own, after which the work is returned to the writer for the insertion of dialogue. Due to its widespread use at Marvel Comics beginning in the 1960s, primarily under editor-dialogist Stan Lee and writer-artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, this approach became commonly known as the **Marvel method** or **Marvel house style**.

Comics historian Mark Evanier writes that this "new means of collaboration . . . was born of necessityStan was overburdened with workand to make use of Jack's great skill with storylines. . . . Sometimes Stan would type up a written plot outline for the artist. Sometimes, not". As comic-book writer-editor Dennis O'Neil describes, the Marvel method "requires the writer to begin by writing out a plot and add\[ing\] words when the penciled artwork is finished. . . .\[I\]n the mid-sixties, plots were seldom more than a typewritten page, and sometimes less", while writers in later times "might produce as many as twenty-five pages of plot for a twenty-two page story, and even include in them snatches of dialog. So a Marvel Method plot can run from a couple of paragraphs to something much longer and more elaborate".

The Marvel method was in place with at least one artist by early 1961, as Lee described in 2009 when speaking of his and Ditko's "short, five-page filler strips ... placed in any of our comics that had a few extra pages to fill", most prominently in *Amazing Fantasy* but even previously in *Amazing Adventures* and other "pre-superhero Marvel" science-fiction/fantasy anthology titles.

> I'd dream up odd fantasy tales with an O. Henry type twist ending. All I had to do was give Steve a one-line description of the plot and he'd be off and running. He'd take those skeleton outlines I had given him and turn them into classic little works of art that ended up being far cooler than I had any right to expect.

The October 2018 issue of DC Comics' in-house previews magazine, *DC Nation*, featured a look at the creative process that writer Brian Michael Bendis and artists Ryan Sook, Wade von Grawbadger and Brad Anderson employed on *Action Comics* #1004, which included pages of Bendis' script that were broken down panel by panel, albeit without dialogue.

Advantages of the Marvel method over the full script method that have been cited by creators and industry professionals include:

* The fact that artists, who are employed to visualize scenes, may be better equipped to determine panel structure.
* The greater freedom this gives artists.
* The lower burden placed on the writer.

Cited disadvantages include:

* The fact that not all artists are talented writers, and some struggle over aspects such as plot ideas and pacing.
* It takes advantage of artists, who are typically paid for art alone even though they are essentially working as co-writers.

#### Kurtzman style

In a variation of the plot script, attributed to Harvey Kurtzman, the writer breaks down the story into page roughs or thumbnail sketches, with captions and dialogue jotted down inside the roughs. The artist (who is often the comic's writer as well) then fleshes out the roughs onto full-size art board. Writer/artists Frank Miller and Jeff Smith favor this style, as did Archie Goodwin.

#### EC style

Attributed to William Gaines (Kurtzman's publisher at EC Comics), the EC style is similar to the Kurtzman style, except the writer submits a tight plot to an artist, who breaks it down into panels that are laid out on the art board. The writer writes all captions and dialogue, which are pasted inside these panels, and then the artist draws the story to fit all of this paste-up. This laborious and restrictive way of creating comics is no longer in general use; the last artist to use even a variation of EC style was Jim Aparo.

1. Jones, Steven Philip. "On Writing Comics", Accessed Nov. 28, 2008.
2. M. Keith Booker (ed.), *Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas*, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2014, pp. 174 and 867.
3. Randy Duncan, Matthew J. Smith (eds.), *Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman*, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2013, p. 755.
4. Randy Duncan, Matthew J. Smith (eds.), *Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman*, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2013, p. 539.
5. Brian Michael Bendis, *Words for Pictures: The Art and Business of Writing Comics and Graphic Novels*, Jinxworld, Inc., 2014: "If you are a graphic novel writer, only a handful of people in the entire world will ever see your script".
6. Harry Bingham, *Writers' and Artists' Yearbook Guide to Getting Published: The Essential Guide for Authors*, A&C Black, 2010, p. 84.
7. *Contemporary Literary Criticism*, Volume 195, Gale, 2005, p. 167: "(Full name Neil Richard Gaiman) English graphic novelist".
8. Ambiguity may arise with the term "graphic novelist" because it is also used to refer to the person who is both a comics writer and a comics artist; cf. M. Keith Booker (ed.), *Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels*, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 172: "William Erwin Eisner was a comic book creator, graphic novelist, teacher, entrepreneur, and advocate of comics".
9. David, Peter. "WHAT’CHA WANNA KNOW?", peterdavid.net, October 21, 2003
10. Shooter, Jim (2011-03-11). "Regrets?". *jimshooter.com*. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
11. Groth, Gary. "Editorial", *The Comics Journal* #75 (Sept. 1982), p. 4.
12. Evanier, Mark. *Kirby: King of Comics* (Harry N. Abrams, New York, 2008), p. 112
13. O'Neil, Dennis. "Write Ways: An Unruly Anti-Treatise", chapter in Dooley, Michael, and Steven Heller, eds., *The Education of a Comics Artist: Visual Narrative in Cartoons, Graphic Novels, and Beyond* (Allworth Communications, 2005, ISBN 1-58115-408-9); p. 187
14. Lee, Stan, "Introduction", in Yoe Craig, *The Art of Ditko* (Idea & Design Works, January 2010), ISBN 1-60010-542-4, ISBN 978-1-60010-542-5, p. 9
15. "Breaking Down a Page", *DC Nation* #5 (December 2018), pp 6-7. DC Comics (Burbank, California).
16. Field, Tom (2005). *Secrets in the Shadows: The Art & Life of Gene Colan*. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 61.
17. Cordier, Philippe (April 2007). "Seeing Red: Dissecting Daredevil's Defining Years". *Back Issue!* (21). TwoMorrows Publishing: 33–60.
18. Cassell, Dewey (August 2006). "Talking About Tigra: From the Cat to Were-Woman". *Back Issue!* (17). TwoMorrows Publishing: 30.


abstract: "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make" is a song, written by Paul Anka and originally recorded by British singer Jimmy Cassidy in May 1963 as the B-side to his cover of the Nacio Herb Brown standard Paradise, followed by a cover in late 1963 by Little Peggy March for her debut album, I Will Follow Him, that was a minor hit on the charts in 1964. Anka himself also released his own version in October 1963 as a single in France. In the same year, it became a hit for French singer Sylvie Vartan, who released it both in English and in French in August 1963.

text:
# (I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make

| "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Little Peggy March | |
| from the album  *I Will Follow Him* | |
| A-side | "After You" |
| Released | December 1963 (1963-12) |
| Recorded | Late 1963 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:10 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Paul Anka |
| Little Peggy March singles chronology | |
| "The Impossible Happened"
(1963) "**(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make**"
(1963) "Leave Me Alone"
(1964) | |

| "I'm watching" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sylvie Vartan | |
| from the album  *Twiste et Chante* | |
| Released | August 1963 (1963-08) |
| Recorded | 1963 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:00 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Sylvie Vartan singles chronology | |
| "En écoutant la pluie"
(1963) "**I'm watching**"
(1963) "Twiste et chante"
(1963) | |

| "Je ne vois que toi" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sylvie Vartan | |
| from the album  *Twiste et Chante* | |
| Language | French |
| English title | I only see you |
| Released | October 1963 (1963-10) |
| Recorded | 1963 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:00 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Paul Anka, Frank Gérald |

| "I'm Watching" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Paul Anka | |
| B-side | "Hurry Up And Tell Me" |
| Released | October 6, 1963 (1963-10-06) |
| Recorded | 1963 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:02 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Paul Anka |
| Paul Anka singles chronology | |
| "Hello Jim"
(1963) "**I'm Watching**"
(1963) "Did You Have a Happy Birthday?"
(1963) | |

"**(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make**" is a song, written by Paul Anka and originally recorded by British singer Jimmy Cassidy in May 1963 as the B-side to his cover of the Nacio Herb Brown standard *Paradise*, followed by a cover in late 1963 by Little Peggy March for her debut album, *I Will Follow Him*, that was a minor hit on the charts in 1964. Anka himself also released his own version in October 1963 as a single in France.

In the same year, it became (under the title ***I'm watching***) a hit for French singer Sylvie Vartan, who released it both in English and in French (under the title "Je ne vois que toi" on her 1963 album *Twiste et chante*) in August 1963.

## Track listings

### Little Peggy March version

**7-inch single** (RCA Victor 47-8302, 1963)

A. "After You" (2:25) B. "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make" (2:10)

### Sylvie Vartan versions

**7-inch EP *I'm watching / Deux enfants / Ne t'en vas pas / Les clous d'or*** (RCA Victor 86.019, 1963)

1. A1. "Ne t'en vas pas" ("Comin' Home Baby") (2:12)
2. A2. "Deux enfants" (1:46)
3. B1. "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make" (1:59)
4. B2. "Les clous d'or" (2:00)

**7-inch single** (RCA Victor 46 005, 1963)

A. "(Watching You) Every Little Move You Make" B. "Je ne vois que toi" ("Watching You")

## Charts

Little Peggy March version ("(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make")

| Chart (1964) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 64 |

Sylvie Vartan version ("I'm watching" / "Deux enfants" / "Ne t'en vas pas" / "Les clous d'or")

| Chart (1963–1964) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 8 |

## InfoBox

| "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Jimmy Cassidy | |
| A-side | "Paradise" |
| Released | May 8, 1963 (1963-05-08) |
| Length | 2:10 |
| Label | Oriole |
| Songwriter(s) | Paul Anka |
| Jimmy Cassidy singles chronology | |
| "**(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make**"
(1963) "Soir De Paris"
(1966) | |


abstract: The Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales is a heritage register of significant historic parks and gardens in Wales. It is maintained by Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and was given statutory status in 2022.

text:
# Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales

The **Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales** is a heritage register of significant historic parks and gardens in Wales. It is maintained by Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and was given statutory status in 2022.

## The Register

In 1992, when Elisabeth Whittle described Cadw as having a "somewhat special and guiding role" in the preservation of historic parks and gardens, since they are "an integral part of Welsh archaeological and architectural heritage", a collaboration between Cadw and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) was working to compile the *Register of Landscapes, Parks, and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Part 1 of this, the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales, was published in six volumes between 1994 and 2002, each covering a particular area of Wales, and with an additional volume published in 2007.

The register of parks and gardens was given statutory status in 2022 and is administered by Cadw, the historic environment agency of the Welsh Government. The register includes just under 400 sites, ranging from gardens of private houses, to cemeteries and public parks. Parks and gardens are listed at one of three grades, matching the grading system used for listed buildings. Grade I is the highest grade, for sites of exceptional interest; Grade II\*, the next highest, denotes parks and gardens of great quality; and Grade II denotes sites of special interest.

## Grade I listed sites

The following list includes all registered sites listed at Grade I.

| Name | Grid ref. | Principal area | Historic county | Ref. no. | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bodnant | SH7999772244 | Conwy | Denbighshire | PGW(Gd)5(CON) |  |
| Bodysgallen | SH7989079243 | Conwy | Caernarfonshire | PGW(Gd)7(CON) |  |
| Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | ST1757077368 | Cardiff | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)22(CDF) |  |
| Chirk Castle | SJ2711438207 | Wrexham | Denbighshire | PGW(C)63(WRE) |  |
| Clyne Castle and Clyne Gardens | SS6129591086 | Swansea | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)47(SWA) |  |
| Clytha Park and Clytha Castle | SO3648308959 | Monmouthshire | Monmouthshire | PGW(Gt)15(MON) |  |
| Dewstow House | ST4660088900 | Monmouthshire | Monmouthshire | PGW(Gt)44(MON) |  |
| Dyffryn | ST0949172493 | Vale of Glamorgan | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)32(GLA) |  |
| Erddig | SJ3279148447 | Wrexham | Denbighshire | PGW(C)62(WRE) |  |
| Ffynone | SN2420038600 | Pembrokeshire | Pembrokeshire | PGW(Dy)18(PEM) |  |
| Gloddaeth (St. David's College) | SH8022480654 | Conwy | Caernarfonshire | PGW(Gd)6(CON) |  |
| Glynllifon | SH4581855073 | Gwynedd | Caernarfonshire | PGW(Gd)39(GWY) |  |
| Gregynog | SO0851197303 | Powys | Montgomeryshire | PGW(Po)33(POW) |  |
| Gwydir | SH7976760371 | Conwy | Caernarfonshire | PGW(Gd)4(CON) |  |
| Hafod | SN7580073300 | Ceredigion | Cardiganshire | PGW(Dy)50(CER) |  |
| Haverfordwest Priory | SM9570015200 | Pembrokeshire | Pembrokeshire | PGW(Dy)62(PEM) |  |
| Hawarden Castle | SJ3199965211 | Flintshire | Flintshire | PGW(C)55(FLT) |  |
| Leeswood Hall | SJ2543361528 | Flintshire | Flintshire | PGW(C)47(FLT) |  |
| Leighton Hall | SJ2441404691 | Powys | Montgomeryshire | PGW(Po)34(POW) |  |
| Llanfihangel Court | SO3256620539 | Monmouthshire | Monmouthshire | PGW(Gt)14(MON) |  |
| Margam Park | SS8088686078 | Neath Port Talbot | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)52(NEP) |  |
| Penrice Castle | SS4982887916 | Swansea | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)68(SWA) |  |
| Piercefield Park | ST5234496023 | Monmouthshire | Monmouthshire | PGW(Gt)40(MON) |  |
| Plas Brondanw | SH6162342267 | Gwynedd | Merionethshire | PGW(Gd)30(GWY) |  |
| Plas Dinefwr | SN6144022530 | Carmarthenshire | Carmarthenshire | PGW(Dy)12(CAM) |  |
| Plas Newydd | SH5202169570 | Anglesey | Anglesey | PGW(Gd)48(ANG) |  |
| Powis Castle Garden | SJ2159706343 | Powys | Montgomeryshire | PGW(Po)35(POW) |  |
| Raglan Castle | SO4146108308 | Monmouthshire | Monmouthshire | PGW(Gt)42(MON) |  |
| Roath Park | ST1839780584 | Cardiff | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)24(CDF) |  |
| Singleton Abbey and Sketty Hall (including Singleton Park) | SS6284291687 | Swansea | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)56(SWA) |  |
| St Donat's Castle | SS9339168164 | Vale of Glamorgan | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)30(GLA) |  |
| St Fagan's Castle | ST1156877209 | Cardiff | Glamorgan | PGW(Gm)31(CDF) |  |
| Stackpole Court | SR9750096000 | Pembrokeshire | Pembrokeshire | PGW(Dy)44(PEM) |  |
| Stanage Park | SO3315271832 | Powys | Radnorshire | PGW(Po)24(POW) |  |
| Vaynol | SH5357169310 | Gwynedd | Caernarfonshire | PGW(Gd)52(GWY) |  |
| Vaynor Park | SJ1748700186 | Powys | Montgomeryshire | PGW(Po)32(POW) |  |
| Wynnstay | SJ3056542194 | Wrexham | Denbighshire | PGW(C)64(WRE) |  |
|

## Parks and gardens by principal area

List of principal areas and number of sites in each
| Principal area | Number of sites | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Grade I | Grade II\* | Grade II | Total |
| Anglesey | 1 | 5 | 3 | 9 |
| Blaenau Gwent | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Bridgend | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| Caerphilly | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| Cardiff | 3 | 5 | 10 | 18 |
| Carmarthenshire | 1 | 4 | 14 | 19 |
| Ceredigion | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 |
| Conwy | 4 | 4 | 15 | 23 |
| Denbighshire | 0 | 5 | 22 | 27 |
| Flintshire | 2 | 6 | 16 | 24 |
| Gwynedd | 3 | 10 | 19 | 32 |
| Merthyr Tydfil | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Monmouthshire | 5 | 9 | 34 | 48 |
| Neath Port Talbot | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| Newport | 0 | 1 | 9 | 10 |
| Pembrokeshire | 3 | 8 | 24 | 35 |
| Powys | 5 | 16 | 30 | 51 |
| Rhondda Cynon Taf | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Swansea | 3 | 0 | 11 | 14 |
| Torfaen | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Vale of Glamorgan | 2 | 4 | 12 | 18 |
| Wrexham | 3 | 3 | 11 | 17 |
| **Total** | 37 | 89 | 259 | 385 |

Source: Cadw

## Other parts of the United Kingdom

Separate registers of parks, gardens and designed landscapes are maintained in the other countries of the United Kingdom:

## Documents

Cadw/ICOMOS, Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales, Part 1:

* Parks and Gardens — Gwent. (1994)
* Parks and Gardens — Clwyd (1995)
* Parks and Gardens — Conwy, Gwynedd & the Isle of Anglesey (1998)
* Parks and Gardens — Powys (1999)
* Parks and Gardens — Glamorgan (2000)
* Parks and Gardens — Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion & Pembrokeshire (2002)
* Parks and Gardens — Additional and Revised Entries (2007)

1. Whittle 1992, p. 6.
2. Cadw Managing 2017, p. 20.
3. Cadw Guide 2007, p. 9.
4. "Historic Parks and Gardens". Cadw. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.
5. "Registered historic parks and gardens". Cadw. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
6. "Understanding registered historic parks & gardens: 2. What is registration?". Cadw. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
7. "Bodnant". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
8. "Bodysgallen". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
9. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
10. "Chirk Castle". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
11. "Clyne Castle". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
12. "Clytha Park". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
13. "Dewstow House". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
14. "Dyffryn". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
15. "Erddig". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
16. "Ffynone". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
17. "Gloddaeth (St. David's College)". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
18. "Glynllifon". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
19. "Gregynog". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
20. "Gwydir". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
21. "Hafod". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
22. "Haverfordwest Priory". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
23. "Hawarden Castle". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
24. "Leeswood Hall". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
25. "Leighton Hall". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
26. "Llanfihangel Court". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
27. "Margam Park". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
28. Cadw. "Penrice Castle (PGW(Gm)68(SWA))". *National Historic Assets of Wales*. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
29. "Piercefield Park". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
30. "Plas Brondanw". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
31. "Plas Dinefwr". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
32. "Plas Newydd". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
33. "Powys Castle Garden". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
34. "Raglan Castle". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
35. "Roath Park". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
36. "Singleton Abbey and Sketty Hall". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
37. "St. Donat's Castle". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
38. "St. Fagan's Castle". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
39. "Stackpole Court". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
40. "Stanage Park". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
41. "Vaynol". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
42. "Vaynor Park". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
43. "Wynnstay". *Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales*. Cadw. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
44. "Search Cadw records". Cadw. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
45. A full list of 385 entries into the register can be found here. "Historic Parks & Gardens - Full Report - HeritageBill Cadw Assets - Reports". *cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net*. Cadw. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
46. "Historic Parks and Gardens". English Heritage. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
47. "Gardens and Designed Landscapes". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
48. "Historic Parks, Gardens and Demesnes". NIEA. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

### Bibliography


title: Englerophytum natalense

abstract: Englerophytum natalense, the silver-leaf milkplum, is a medium-sized, evergreen tree that occurs along forested escarpments from East Africa to South Africa. The leaves are alternately arranged or spiralled, and to some extent crowded near the ends of branches. They are glossy green to greyish green above and covered in silvery hairs below. The stem is straight and the bark smooth. Young branches are covered with dense brownish hairs. The plant contains a milky latex. It is a larval food plant of the butterflies Euptera pluto kinugnana, Pseudacraea boisduvalii trimeni, P. eurytus imitator and P. lucretia.

text:
# Englerophytum natalense

***Englerophytum natalense***, the **silver-leaf milkplum**, is a medium-sized, evergreen tree that occurs along forested escarpments from East Africa to South Africa. The leaves are alternately arranged or spiralled, and to some extent crowded near the ends of branches. They are glossy green to greyish green above and covered in silvery hairs below. The stem is straight and the bark smooth. Young branches are covered with dense brownish hairs. The plant contains a milky latex.

It is a larval food plant of the butterflies *Euptera pluto kinugnana*, *Pseudacraea boisduvalii trimeni*, *P. eurytus imitator* and *P. lucretia*.

## Similar species

*Manilkara discolor* has rough bark, attains a larger size, and is native to drier regions.

## InfoBox

| Silver-leaf milkplum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In KwaZulu-Natal | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Sapotaceae |
| Genus: | *Englerophytum* |
| Species: | ***E. natalense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Englerophytum natalense***<br>(Sond.) T.D.Penn. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bequaertiodendron natalense* (Sond.) Heine & J.H. Hemsl. * *Chrysophyllum natalense* Sond. | |


title: Sture Frölén

abstract: Sture Frölén was a Swedish architect. His work was part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics. In his extensive work, he later designed buildings of various kinds, such as sports facilities, industries, town halls, schools and churches.

text:
# Sture Frölén

**Sture Frölén** (13 May 1907  27 December 1999) was a Swedish architect. His work was part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics. In his extensive work, he later designed buildings of various kinds, such as sports facilities, industries, town halls, schools and churches.

## InfoBox

| Sture Frölén | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1907-05-13)13 May 1907
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 27 December 1999(1999-12-27) (aged 92)
Båstad, Sweden |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Occupation | Architect |


title: Rural City of Mildura

abstract: The Rural City of Mildura is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the north-western part of the state. It covers an area of 22,083 square kilometres (8,526 sq mi) being the largest LGA in the state. In August 2021 the area had a population of 56,972. It includes the city of Mildura and the towns of Merbein, Red Cliffs, Irymple, Ouyen, Werrimull, Murrayville, Walpeup and Hattah. It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Mildura, Shire of Mildura and Shire of Walpeup. The Rural City is governed and administered by the Mildura Rural City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Mildura, it also has service centres located in Ouyen and a couple of other locations within Mildura. The Rural City is named after the main urban settlement lying in the north of the LGA, that is Mildura, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 30,647. The Rural City of Mildura covers most of the Mallee region of Victoria. Before the less infertile soils were fertilised and developed for the production of wheat and barley the whole region was covered in a dense mallee scrub of deep-rooting eucalypts that regenerated after the frequent bushfires in the region. Many of the soils are so sandy that clearing is impractical, and Murray-Sunset National Park covers almost a third of the area of the LGA. Other protected areas include Hattah-Kulkyne National Park and Murray-Kulkyne Park on the Murray River. The climate of the region is the driest in Victoria, and Neds Corner in the remote northwest has the lowest average annual rainfall in the state at 240 millimetres (9.4 in). In the south at Ouyen the average is 335 mm (13.2 in). In all the areas of the LGA there can be considerable variation in annual rainfall: the range historically has been from 110 mm (4.3 in) in 1967 to 605 mm (23.8 in) in 1973. Temperatures in the LGA are the hottest in Victoria and the average summer maximum is 32 °C (90 °F), but it often exceeds 40 °C (104 °F). Winter can be very pleasant with a maximum of 16 °C (61 °F), but frosts are common in the morning and can sometimes be severe. The southeast of the LGA is used primarily for grain growing; however yields are erratic and often poor due to drought. In the north irrigated fruit growing is highly productive and supports Mildura and nearby towns; however, salinity in the Murray River is a major threat to the long-term sustainability of these activities, as is competition from overseas citrus growers. In 2006 the Rural City of Mildura had a population of 49,815, most of which was located in Mildura (30,016) and adjacent areas. Many of the small towns in the region have practically disappeared as more efficient farming methods reduce the quantity of human labour required.

text:
# Rural City of Mildura

The **Rural City of Mildura** is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the north-western part of the state. It covers an area of 22,083 square kilometres (8,526 sq mi) being the largest LGA in the state. In August 2021 the area had a population of 56,972. It includes the city of Mildura and the towns of Merbein, Red Cliffs, Irymple, Ouyen, Werrimull, Murrayville, Walpeup and Hattah. It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Mildura, Shire of Mildura and Shire of Walpeup.

The Rural City is governed and administered by the **Mildura Rural City Council**; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Mildura, it also has service centres located in Ouyen and a couple of other locations within Mildura. The Rural City is named after the main urban settlement lying in the north of the LGA, that is Mildura, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 30,647.

The Rural City of Mildura covers most of the Mallee region of Victoria. Before the less infertile soils were fertilised and developed for the production of wheat and barley the whole region was covered in a dense mallee scrub of deep-rooting eucalypts that regenerated after the frequent bushfires in the region. Many of the soils are so sandy that clearing is impractical, and Murray-Sunset National Park covers almost a third of the area of the LGA. Other protected areas include Hattah-Kulkyne National Park and Murray-Kulkyne Park on the Murray River.

The climate of the region is the driest in Victoria, and Neds Corner in the remote northwest has the lowest average annual rainfall in the state at 240 millimetres (9.4 in). In the south at Ouyen the average is 335 mm (13.2 in). In all the areas of the LGA there can be considerable variation in annual rainfall: the range historically has been from 110 mm (4.3 in) in 1967 to 605 mm (23.8 in) in 1973. Temperatures in the LGA are the hottest in Victoria and the average summer maximum is 32 °C (90 °F), but it often exceeds 40 °C (104 °F). Winter can be very pleasant with a maximum of 16 °C (61 °F), but frosts are common in the morning and can sometimes be severe.

The southeast of the LGA is used primarily for grain growing; however yields are erratic and often poor due to drought. In the north irrigated fruit growing (primarily oranges and grapes) is highly productive and supports Mildura and nearby towns; however, salinity in the Murray River is a major threat to the long-term sustainability of these activities, as is competition from overseas citrus growers.

In 2006 the Rural City of Mildura had a population of 49,815, most of which was located in Mildura (30,016) and adjacent areas (that is Victorian Sunraysia). Many of the small towns in the region have practically disappeared as more efficient farming methods reduce the quantity of human labour required.

## Council

### Current composition

The council is composed of nine councillors elected to represent an un-subdivided municipality. Represented in Order of Election. Council Composition as of September 2022:

| Ward | Councillor | | Term | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unsubdivided |  | Glenn Milne | 2008—Present |  |
| |  | Ian Arney | 2020—Present |  |
| |  | Liam Wood | 2020—Present | Mayor |
| |  | Jason Modica | 2016—Present | Deputy Mayor |
| |  | Stefano De Pieri | 2020—Present |  |
| |  | Mark Eckel | 2008—Present |  |
| |  | Helen Healy | 2020—Present |  |
| |  | *Cyndi Power* | 2020—2022 | Resigned 2022 |
| |  | Troy Bailey | 2022—Present | Elected by Countback |
| |  | Jodi Reynolds | 2020—Present |  |

### Administration and governance

The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Mildura Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre on Madden Avenue in Mildura, and its service centres in Ouyen and on Deakin Avenue in Mildura.

## Townships and localities

At the 2021 census, the rural city had a population of 56,972 up from 53,878 in the 2016 census

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Big Desert^ | 3 | 8 |
| Birdwoodton | 643 | 748 |
| Boinka | 13 | 14 |
| Cabarita | 488 | 482 |
| Cardross | 821 | 847 |
| Carina | 22 | 26 |
| Carwarp | 70 | 68 |
| Colignan | 329 | 305 |
| Cowangie | 36 | 33 |
| Cullulleraine | 69 | 81 |
| Hattah | 28 | 27 |

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Iraak | 128 | 118 |
| Irymple | 5,325 | 5,977 |
| Koorlong | 366 | 397 |
| Kulwin | 15 | 16 |
| Lindsay Point | 38 | 32 |
| Linga | 10 | 13 |
| Merbein | 2,713 | 2,770 |
| Merbein South | 405 | 407 |
| Merbein West | 190 | 223 |
| Meringur | 67 | 70 |

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Merrinee | 48 | 42 |
| Mildura | 32,738 | 34,565 |
| Mittyack | 14 | 12 |
| Murray-sunset | 4 | 8 |
| Murrayville | 280 | 278 |
| Nangiloc | 141 | 153 |
| Neds Corner | 4 | 3 |
| Nichols Point | 1,551 | 1,723 |
| Ouyen | 1,191 | 1,170 |
| Panitya | 65 | 67 |

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Patchewollock^ | 133 | 149 |
| Red Cliffs | 5,060 | 5,294 |
| Tempy^ | 57 | 62 |
| Torrita | 32 | 51 |
| Tutye | 20 | 21 |
| Underbool | 215 | 215 |
| Walpeup | 158 | 171 |
| Wargan | 71 | 53 |
| Werrimull | 112 | 97 |
| Yelta | 322 | 325 |

**^** \- *Territory divided with another LGA*

## Sister cities

Mildura has sister city relations with the following cities:

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "City of Mildura (Local Government Area)". *2021 Census QuickStats*. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
2. Victoria Government Gazette – Online Archive (1837–1997). "S4 of 1995: Order estg (Part 10) the Rural City of Mildura". *State Library of Victoria*. State Government of Victoria (published 20 January 1995). p. 4. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
3. Census QuickStats (2011). "Mildura (SS) – SSC20893". *Australian Bureau of Statistics*. Government of Australia. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
4. "Mildura Rural City Council election results 2020". Victorian Electoral Commission. 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
5. "Council Elections". Mildura Rural City Council. 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
6. "Our Councillors". *www.mildura.vic.gov.au*. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
7. "Census | Australian Bureau of Statistics". *www.abs.gov.au*. 11 January 2023.
8. Mildura Rural City Council. "Sister Cities". *Mildura Rural City Council*. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.

## InfoBox

| Rural City of Mildura
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Victoria | |
| Civic Buildings, 2009 | |
| Coordinates | 34°47′50″S 141°45′40″E / 34.79722°S 141.76111°E / -34.79722; 141.76111 |
| Population | 56,972 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 2.57990/km2 (6.68192/sq mi) |
| Established | 1995 |
| Gazetted | 20 January 1995 |
| Area | 22,083 km2 (8,526.3 sq mi) |
| Mayor | Cr Liam Wood |
| Council seat | Mildura |
| Region | Loddon Mallee |
| State electorate(s) | Mildura |
| Federal division(s) | Mallee |
|  | |
| Website | Rural City of Mildura |
| **LGAs around Rural City of Mildura:**  Renmark Paringa (SA) Wentworth (NSW) Wentworth (NSW)  Loxton Waikerie (SA) Rural City of Mildura Swan Hill  West Wimmera
Southern Mallee (SA) Hindmarsh
Yarriambiack Buloke | |


title: C. Silvera

abstract: C. Silvera was a medical doctor and a Congress politician in Mizoram, India. He was the longest serving member of Parliament of India from the Mizoram.

text:
# C. Silvera

**C. Silvera** (6 May 1935 – 9 April 2016) was a medical doctor and a Congress politician in Mizoram, India. He was the longest serving member of Parliament of India from the Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Early life

Son of C. Hlunthuama, Silvera was born in Muallianpui village in southern Mizoram. He studied medicine at Christian Medical College, Vellore, and earned his MBBS in 1964. He was appointed as the first Medical Superintendent at Christian Hospital Serkawn, a hospital under Baptist Missionary Society (BMS), London, and later under Baptist Church of Mizoram.

## Career

He was elected member of Rajya Sabha for the term 1984-1990 from Mizoram. He was elected in the 9th Lok Sabha, 10th Lok Sabha and the 11th Lok Sabha.

C. Silvera was inducted as the first Mizo to be in the Indian Union Council of Ministers as Minister of State for Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. He was inducted to office on 17 February 1994. In 1995 he became Minister of State for Industry.

## Death

He died of sudden stroke on 9 April 2016 at his home in Tuikhuahtlang, Aizawl.

## InfoBox

| C. Silvera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare | |
| **In office**
17 February 1994  15 September 1999 | |
| Preceded by | D.K. Tara Devi Siddhartha |
| Succeeded by | Paban Singh Ghatowar |
| Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) | |
| **In office**
1991–1996, 1996–1997, 1997-1998 | |
| Preceded by | Lalduhawma |
| Succeeded by | H. Lallungmuana |
| Constituency | Mizoram |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1935-05-06)6 May 1935
Muallianpui, Lunglei District, Mizoram |
| Died | 9 April 2016(2016-04-09) (aged 80)
Tuikhuahtlang, Aizawl, Mizoram |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Lallawmzuali |
| Children | 3 sons |
| Residence | Aizawl |
| As of 15 September, 2012Source: | |


title: Dalcerides ingenita

abstract: Dalcerides ingenita is a moth in the family Dalceridae. It was described by Henry Edwards in 1882. It is found in the US from southeastern Arizona, north through the mountains to Flagstaff. It is also found in southwestern Texas and Mexico. Adults are on wing from late April to September in Arizona and from July to December in Mexico. In Arizona Dalcerides ingenita, along with the similar geometrid Eubaphe unicolor, is part of a mimetic complex modeled on Lycus loripes and Lycus simulans. The larvae feed on Arctostaphylos pungens, Quercus emoryi and Quercus oblongifolia.

text:
# Dalcerides ingenita

***Dalcerides ingenita*** is a moth in the family Dalceridae. It was described by Henry Edwards in 1882. It is found in the US from southeastern Arizona, north through the mountains to Flagstaff. It is also found in southwestern Texas and Mexico.

Adults are on wing from late April to September in Arizona and from July to December in Mexico. In Arizona *Dalcerides ingenita*, along with the similar geometrid *Eubaphe unicolor*, is part of a mimetic complex modeled on *Lycus loripes* and *Lycus simulans*.

The larvae feed on *Arctostaphylos pungens*, *Quercus emoryi* and *Quercus oblongifolia*.

## InfoBox

| *Dalcerides ingenita* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Dalceridae |
| Genus: | *Dalcerides* |
| Species: | ***D. ingenita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dalcerides ingenita***<br>(H. Edwards, 1882) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Artaxa ingenita* H. Edwards, 1882 | |


abstract: The 17th San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Awards, honoring the best in film for 2018, were given on December 10, 2018.

text:
# San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Awards 2018

**17th SFBAFCC Awards**

December 10, 2018

---

Best Picture:
***Roma***

---

Best Animated Feature:
***Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse***

---

Best Documentary:
***Won't You Be My Neighbor?***

---

Best Foreign Language Film:
***Roma***

The **17th San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2018, were given on December 10, 2018.

## Winners and nominees

These are the nominees for the 17th SFFCC Awards. Winners are listed at the top of each list:

| Best Picture | Best Director |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| Best Actor | Best Actress |
|  |  |
| Best Supporting Actor | Best Supporting Actress |
|  |  |
| Best Adapted Screenplay | Best Original Screenplay |
|  |  |
| Best Animated Feature | Best Documentary |
|  |  |
| Best Foreign Language Film | Best Cinematography |
|  |  |
| Best Film Editing | Best Production Design |
|  |  |
| Best Original Score |  |
|  |  |

## Special awards

### Special Citation for under-appreciated independent cinema

### Marlon Riggs Award for courage & vision in the Bay Area film community


title: Scymnus garlandicus

abstract: Scymnus garlandicus, the garland lady beetle, is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Scymnus garlandicus

***Scymnus garlandicus***, the **garland lady beetle**, is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Scymnus garlandicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Coccinellidae |
| Genus: | *Scymnus* |
| Species: | ***S. garlandicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scymnus garlandicus***<br>Casey, 1899 | |
|


title: (I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing

abstract: "(I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing" is a hymn written by Hank Williams. He performed it as part of a radio show for Mother's Best Flour in Nashville from January to March 1951. MGM released the song as a posthumous single in 1954 with "Angel of Death" as the B-side. The A-side was recorded as a demo sometime in 1950.

text:
# (I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing

"**(I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing**" is a hymn written by Hank Williams. He performed it as part of a radio show for Mother's Best Flour in Nashville from January to March 1951. MGM released the song as a posthumous single in 1954 with "Angel of Death" as the B-side. The A-side was recorded as a demo sometime in 1950.

## Sources

* Escott, Colin; Merritt, George; MacEwen, William (2004). *Hank Williams: The Biography*. New York: Little, Brown.

## InfoBox

| "(I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Hank Williams | |
| B-side | "Angel of Death" |
| Released | 1954 |
| Recorded | January–March 1951, WSM Studio, Nashville |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 1:55 |
| Label | MGM |
| Songwriter(s) | Hank Williams |


title: Englerophytum

abstract: Englerophytum is a group of trees in the family Sapotaceae described as a genus in 1914. Englerophytum consists primarily of trees. Their leaves are leathery with dense appressed hairs on the undersides. The genus is widespread across tropical and southern Africa. It is found in the countries of Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The genus name of Englerophytum is in honour of Adolf Engler (1844–1930), a German botanist, and also; phytum, a Greek word meaning "plant".

text:
# Englerophytum

***Englerophytum*** is a group of trees in the family Sapotaceae described as a genus in 1914.

*Englerophytum* consists primarily of trees. Their leaves are leathery with dense appressed hairs on the undersides. The genus is widespread across tropical and southern Africa. It is found in the countries of Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa ( KwaZulu-Natal, Cape Province and Northern Provinces) Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The genus name of *Englerophytum* is in honour of Adolf Engler (1844–1930), a German botanist, and also; *phytum*, a Greek word meaning "plant".

## Species

The genus contains the following species:

1. *Englerophytum congolense* (De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.Gabon, DRC
2. *Englerophytum ferrugineum* L.Gaut. & O.Lachenaud — Gabon
3. *Englerophytum gigantifolium* O.Lachenaud & L.Gaut. — Gabon
4. *Englerophytum iturense* (Engl.) L.Gaut. — Gabon, DRC
5. *Englerophytum koulamoutouense* (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) ined. — Gabon, Republic of Congo
6. *Englerophytum laurentii* (De Wild.) ined. — from Cameroon to Angola
7. *Englerophytum le-testui* (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) ined. — Gabon, Republic of Congo
8. *Englerophytum libenii* O.Lachenaud & L.Gaut. — Cameroon, Gabon
9. *Englerophytum longipedicellatum* (De Wild.) ined. — Gabon, DRC
10. *Englerophytum magalismontanum* (Sond.) T.D.Penn. — Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Eswatini
11. *Englerophytum mayumbense* (Greves) ined. — Gabon, Republic of Congo, Angola (Cabinda)
12. *Englerophytum natalense* (Sond.) T.D.Penn. — Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Eswatini, Cape Province
13. *Englerophytum oblanceolatum* (S.Moore) T.D.Penn. — W + C Africa from Liberia to Kenya
14. *Englerophytum oubanguiense* (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. — W + C Africa
15. *Englerophytum paludosum* L.Gaut., Burgt & O.Lachenaud — Cameroon to Republic of Congo
16. *Englerophytum rwandense* (Troupin) ined. — Rwanda, Burundi
17. *Englerophytum somiferanum* Aubrév. — Gabon
18. *Englerophytum stelechantha* K.Krause — Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo
19. *Englerophytum sylverianum* Kenfack & L.Gaut. — Cameroon to Equatorial Guinea

## InfoBox

| Milkplums | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *E. magalismontanum* in South Africa | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Sapotaceae |
| Subfamily: | Chrysophylloideae |
| Genus: | *Englerophytum*<br>K.Krause |
|
|  | |
| Approximate range of genus | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bequaertiodendron* De Wild. * *Boivinella* Pierre ex Aubrév. & Pellegr. 1958, illegitimate homonym, not A.Camus 1925 (*Boivinella* in Poaceae) * *Neoboivinella* Aubrév. & Pellegr. * *Pseudoboivinella* Aubrév. & Pellegr. * *Tisserantiodoxa* Aubrév. & Pellegr. * *Wildemaniodoxa* Aubrév. & Pellegr. * *Zeyherella* (Engl.) Pierre ex Aubrév. & Pellegr. | |


title: Rural City of Horsham

abstract: The Rural City of Horsham is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 4,267 square kilometres (1,647 sq mi) and in June 2018, had a population of 19,875. It includes the towns of Brimpaen, Dadswells Bridge, Dooen, Haven, Horsham, Laharum, Natimuk, Noradjuha and Pimpinio. It was formed in 1995 by the amalgamation of the City of Horsham, most of the Shire of Wimmera and Shire of Arapiles, and part of the Shire of Kowree. The Rural City is governed and administered by the Horsham Rural City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Horsham. The Rural City is named after the main urban settlement located in the north-east of the LGA, that is Horsham, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 16,514. The city was winner of Australia's tidiest town in 2001. There is a shopping precinct that offers coffee shops and restaurants. Horsham is the capital of the region and hosts events from sport to cultural interests. The Horsham golf course is known as country Victoria's best, as awarded from the pro-am circuit. The region is the site of lakes and a Wimmera River system and in normal seasons is popular with fishing, boating, swimming and water enthusiasts.

text:
# Rural City of Horsham

The **Rural City of Horsham** is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 4,267 square kilometres (1,647 sq mi) and in June 2018, had a population of 19,875. It includes the towns of Brimpaen, Dadswells Bridge, Dooen, Haven, Horsham, Laharum, Natimuk, Noradjuha and Pimpinio. It was formed in 1995 by the amalgamation of the City of Horsham, most of the Shire of Wimmera and Shire of Arapiles, and part of the Shire of Kowree.

The Rural City is governed and administered by the **Horsham Rural City Council**; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Horsham. The Rural City is named after the main urban settlement located in the north-east of the LGA, that is Horsham, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 16,514.

The city was winner of Australia's tidiest town in 2001. There is a shopping precinct that offers coffee shops and restaurants. Horsham is the capital of the region and hosts events from sport to cultural interests. The Horsham golf course is known as country Victoria's best, as awarded from the pro-am circuit. The region is the site of lakes and a Wimmera River system and in normal seasons is popular with fishing, boating, swimming and water enthusiasts.

## Traditional owners

There are multiple traditional owners of this land, they are Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Jupagulk, Wergaia and Wotjobaluk people.

## Council

### Current composition

The council is composed of seven councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality. The current councillors, in order of election at the 2020 election, are:

| Ward | Party | | Councillor | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unsubdivided |  | Independent | Penny Flynn |  |
| |  | Independent | Di Bell |  |
| |  | Independent | Robyn Gulline |  |
| |  | Independent | Leslie Power |  |
| |  | Independent | Ian Ross |  |
| |  | Independent | Claudia Haenel |  |
| |  | Independent | David Bowe |  |
|

### Administration and governance

The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Horsham Civic Centre, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at its administrative centre in Horsham.

## Townships and localities

The 2021 census, the rural city had a population of 20,429 up from 19,642 in the 2016 census

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Arapiles | * | # |
| Blackheath | * | # |
| Brimpaen^ | 79 | 80 |
| Bungalally | 95 | 93 |
| Clear Lake | 78 | 57 |
| Dadswells Bridge^ | 71 | 69 |
| Dooen | 240 | 250 |
| Douglas^ | 65 | 74 |
| Drung | 147 | 119 |
| Duchembegarra | 38 | 47 |

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Grass Flat^ | * | # |
| Haven | 1,304 | 1,443 |
| Horsham | 14,543 | 15,134 |
| Jilpander | * | # |
| Jung^ | 241 | # |
| Kalkee | 52 | 48 |
| Kanagulk | 18 | 28 |
| Kewell^ | 48 | 57 |
| Laharum^ | 196 | 162 |
| Longerenong^ | * | 237 |

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Lower Norton | 231 | 236 |
| McKenzie Creek | 136 | 140 |
| Mitre^ | 69 | 66 |
| Mockinya | 33 | 30 |
| Murra Warra^ | 72 | 63 |
| Natimuk | 514 | 548 |
| Noradjuha | 83 | 89 |
| Nurrabiel | 61 | 43 |
| Pimpinio | 184 | 191 |
| Quantong | 310 | 354 |

| Population | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | **2016** | **2021** |
| Riverside | 276 | 287 |
| St Helens Plains | 42 | 40 |
| Telangatuk East | 65 | 75 |
| Tooan | 19 | 23 |
| Toolondo | 59 | 74 |
| Vectis | 179 | 184 |
| Wail | 42 | 44 |
| Wartook^ | 84 | 88 |
| Wonwondah | 103 | 114 |

**^** \- *Territory divided with another LGA*
***** \- *Not noted in 2016 Census*
**#** \- *Not noted in 2021 Census*

36°50′S 142°05′E / 36.833°S 142.083°E / -36.833; 142.083

## InfoBox

| Rural City y of Horsham
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal offices in Horsham | |
| Location in Victoria | |
| Population | 19,875 (2018) |
| • Density | 4.6578/km2 (12.0637/sq mi) |
| Established | 1995 |
| Gazetted | 20 January 1995 |
| Area | 4,267 km2 (1,647.5 sq mi) |
| Mayor | Cr Robyn Gulline |
| Council seat | Horsham |
| Region | Grampians |
| State electorate(s) | Lowan |
| Federal division(s) | Mallee |
|  | |
| Website | Rural City y of Horsham |
| **LGAs around Rural City y of Horsham:**  Hindmarsh Hindmarsh Yarriambiack  West Wimmera Rural City y of Horsham Northern Grampians  Southern Grampians Southern Grampians Northern Grampians | |


title: C. Sivakumar

abstract: C. Sivakumar is an Indian politician who is a Member of Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected from Mailam as a Pattali Makkal Katchi candidate in 2021.

text:
# C. Sivakumar

**C. Sivakumar** is an Indian politician who is a Member of Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected from Mailam as a Pattali Makkal Katchi candidate in 2021.

## Elections contested

| Election | Constituency | Party | Result | Vote % | Runner-up | Runner-up Party | Runner-up vote % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election | Mailam | PMK | Won | 51.27% | Dr. R. Masilamani | DMK | 39.81% |

## InfoBox

| C. Sivakumar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>12 May 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Dr. R. Masilamani |
| Constituency | Mailam |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Pattali Makkal Katchi |
|  | |


title: Physciella

abstract: Physciella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. Circumscribed by the lichenologist Ted Esslinger in 1986, it is distinguished from the similar genera Physcia and Phaeophyscia by its prosoplectenchymatous lower cortex, the lack of the secondary metabolite atranorin in the upper cortex, and short, ellipsoid-shaped conidia.

text:
# Physciella

***Physciella*** is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. Circumscribed by the lichenologist Ted Esslinger in 1986, it is distinguished from the similar genera *Physcia* and *Phaeophyscia* by its prosoplectenchymatous (comprising long narrow wavy parallel hyphae) lower cortex, the lack of the secondary metabolite (lichen product) atranorin in the upper cortex, and short, ellipsoid-shaped conidia.

## Species

As of January 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts eight species of *Physciella*:

## InfoBox

| *Physciella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Physciella chloantha* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Caliciales |
| Family: | Physciaceae |
| Genus: | *Physciella*
Essl. (1986) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Physciella chloantha*
(Ach.) Essl. (1986) | |


title: Sümegcsehi

abstract: Sümegcsehi is a village in Zala County, Hungary.

text:
# Sümegcsehi

**Sümegcsehi** is a village in Zala County, Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Sümegcsehi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| SümegcsehiLocation of Sümegcsehi | |
| Coordinates: 46°56′32″N 17°13′07″E / 46.94226°N 17.21852°E / 46.94226; 17.21852 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Region | Western Transdanubia |
| County | Zala |
| District | Zalaszentgrót |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.44 km2 (6.73 sq mi) |
| Population (1 January 2024) | |
| Total | 515 |
| Density | 30/km2 (76/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8357 |
| Area code | (+36) 83 |
| Website | www.sumegcsehi.hu |