title: STAR (student association)

abstract: STAR is a study association for business administration students of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University at the Erasmus University Rotterdam based in Rotterdam, Netherlands. STAR was founded in 1977 and currently has 6,500 members, being the largest student-led study association of Europe. STAR has 52 committees and an annual revenue of €0.42 million. The three core values held by STAR are Social, Academic and Career Start Support. Well-known events organized by STAR include their anniversary celebration, the STAR Party. This festivity is a student-organized party in the Netherlands and attracts thousands of students, peaking at 4,850 visitors in 2007. Another notable event is their annual Academic Conference, where distinguished academic, business, and political leaders discuss current global issues. The STAR Party and the Academic Conference are part of the STAR Management Week. This 2.5 week long event is considered as an interface between students, academia, and their corporate network. Other events organized by STAR include the Erasmus Recruitment Days and STAR Erasmus Consulting. The Erasmus Recruitment Days, co-organized by STAR and the EFR, is the largest campus recruitment event in the Netherlands. In 2018 there were approximately 1600 participating students and more than 120 companies present. The STAR Erasmus Consultancy Project (SEC) offers companies and non-profit organizations tailor-made contract research in an emerging market country every year.

text:
# STAR (student association)

**STAR (*St*udy *A*ssociation *R*otterdam School of Management, Erasmus University)** is a study association for business administration students of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University at the Erasmus University Rotterdam based in Rotterdam, Netherlands. STAR was founded in 1977 and currently has 6,500 members, being the largest student-led study association of Europe. STAR has 52 committees and an annual revenue of €0.42 million. The three core values held by STAR are *Social, Academic and Career Start Support*.

Well-known events organized by STAR include their anniversary celebration, the STAR Party. This festivity is a student-organized party in the Netherlands and attracts thousands of students, peaking at 4,850 visitors in 2007. Another notable event is their annual Academic Conference, where distinguished academic, business, and political leaders discuss current global issues. The STAR Party and the Academic Conference are part of the STAR Management Week. This 2.5 week long event is considered as an interface between students, academia, and their corporate network.

Other events organized by STAR include the Erasmus Recruitment Days and STAR Erasmus Consulting. The Erasmus Recruitment Days, co-organized by STAR and the EFR, is the largest campus recruitment event in the Netherlands. In 2018 there were approximately 1600 participating students and more than 120 companies present. The STAR Erasmus Consultancy Project (SEC) offers companies and non-profit organizations tailor-made contract research in an emerging market country every year.

## Mission

The Study Association STAR aims to provide development opportunities for Rotterdam School of Management (RSM) students, the business school of Erasmus University Rotterdam. These development opportunities are staged on and of the university and together with the faculty, the university and other organisations who take interest in RSM students.

The student population of the RSM consists of international students, divided over the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Bachelor of Science International Business Administration and Master of Science in Business Administration education. Study Association STAR provides services for the entire population of RSM.

## History

STAR was established with the namechange, when the association went more international. Formerly STAR was known as Sviib, which was the student association for business administration students founded in 1977. Sviib is the abbreviation of '**S**tudie**v**ereniging **I**nteruniversitaire **I**nterfaculteit **B**edrijfskunde' and was established by early business administration students. At the time, business administration was a post-graduate study (equivalent of a second Master's degree), mainly for postgraduates who had already completed a Master of Engineering. The business administration study, or IIB (Interuniversitair Instituut Bedrijfskunde), offered by the *Nederlandse Economische Hogeschool* (NEH, now Erasmus University Rotterdam) was a joint venture with the Delft University of Technology. In 1984, this was fully incorporated in the Erasmus University Rotterdam as the Faculty of Business Administration for the Doctorandus (an integrated BA and MSc) program in Business Administration) and Rotterdam School of Management for the MBA program. Ten years later, in 2004, these two departments merged into Rotterdam School of Management Erasmus University.

Besides the original Doctorandus degree and Master degrees, the above-mentioned Faculty of Business Administration at the Erasmus University Rotterdam offered two programs for undergraduates: Business Administration (since 1999) and International Business Administration (since 2000) . The latter had its own dedicated student association, named BActive. BActive was found in 2000. The merger took place in August 2005.

## Future

Considering the origin of the RSM students and the direction in which the RSM is moving, Study Association STAR strives to be a truly international organization. Re-positioning and outlining its services and back office to be both open and attractive to international students as well as national students, will meet this goal. Also, as the RSM networks with other prestigious universities, Study Association STAR will engage in networks with other student and study organisations.

## Organization

STAR is one of the largest student-led organization in Europe and the organization is extensive. STAR organizes over 450 events throughout each academic year. An extensive organizational structure has grown over the past decades.

The organization applies a hierarchical structure in which the STAR Board holds executive power. The STAR Board is responsible for the continuation and daily operations. The STAR Board consists of 9 full-time members, which are newly recruited every year around August on the basis of competence and excellence. Because members of the Board are students of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, they receive a 12-month scholarship for their full-time input. A General Assembly of Members (GAM) is in place on a semi-annual basis, where the STAR Board reports its status on various topics. Reports include the association's financial and strategic position.

Long-term strategy is closely guarded by the STAR Supervisory Board, an entity consisting of prominent senior members of the organization of prior years. Whereas the financial health of the organization is closely monitored and audited by the Verification Committee (VeriCo), consisting of former treasurers of the STAR Board, which is deemed necessary with its €0.42 million revenue per year.

The Committees and Master Study Clubs embody more than 250 students that are dubbed 'Active Members'.

### Committees

The following list is an overview of STAR Committees (not exhaustive):

* Academic Committee
* Activity Teams (AT)
* All-MSC Committee
* BA Introduction Days
* BA Study Trip
* Commercial Team
* Consultancy Castle
* Erasmus Recruitment Days
* Erasmus Recruitment Platform
* Eurekaweek
* Euro Trip
* Events Committee
* IBA Freshmen Weekend
* IBA Study Trip
* International Care (iCare)
* International Week
* Marketing Team
* Reach Out
* RSM STAR Case Club
* RSM STAR I WILL Award
* Ski Trip
* Speaker Series
* Sustainability Forum
* STAR Erasmus Consultancy Project
* STAR Management Week

### Master Study Clubs

The organization also includes so-called 'Master Study Clubs' (MSC), which are dedicated to specific Master of Science (MSc.) majors offered by the Rotterdam School of Management (RSM). There are a total of 11 Master Study Clubs that cover most of the MSc. majors.

* MSC Accounting and Financial Management
* MSC Business Information Management
* MSC Finance and Investments
* MSC Global Business and Sustainability
* MSC Human Resource Management
* MSC Management of Innovation
* MSC Marketing Management
* MSC Master in Management
* MSC Strategic Entrepreneurship
* MSC Strategic Management
* MSC Supply Chain Management

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

STAR
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | **Your Growth is Our Strategy.** |
| Type | Not-for-profit |
| Established | 1977 *(Sviib)* |
| Location | Rotterdam, Netherlands |
| Campus | Woudestein, Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| Members | 6,500 |
| Website | rsmstar.nl |


title: Gan Eng Seng School

abstract: Gan Eng Seng School (GESS) is a co-educational government secondary school in Bukit Merah, Singapore. Founded in 1885 by philanthropist Gan Eng Seng, the school is the first school established by the overseas Chinese community in Singapore and is one of the oldest schools in the country. GESS was a boys' school for 102 years before it became co-educational in 1987. The school was also the first in Singapore to form a parent-teachers' association in 1950. Currently, GESS is recognised among the top 50 schools in Singapore by the Ministry of Education. The school's founding site at Telok Ayer Street was designated as a national historical site by the National Heritage Board in 1997.

text:
# Gan Eng Seng School

**Gan Eng Seng School** (GESS) is a co-educational government secondary school in Bukit Merah, Singapore. Founded in 1885 by philanthropist Gan Eng Seng, the school is the first school established by the overseas Chinese community in Singapore and is one of the oldest schools in the country.

GESS was a boys' school for 102 years before it became co-educational in 1987. The school was also the first in Singapore to form a parent-teachers' association in 1950. Currently, GESS is recognised among the top 50 schools in Singapore by the Ministry of Education. The school's founding site at Telok Ayer Street was designated as a national historical site by the National Heritage Board in 1997.

## History

### 1885–1899

> It is a matter of marked importance that an institute of this kind should have been founded by a Chinese resident. I know of no similar institution in the colony... The school might be devoted to the study of English, but I am glad to know that a knowledge of Chinese will also be gained here, which to me appears to an essential part of the education of a Chinese boy.
> -- *Quote from a speech by Governor Sir Cecil Clementi Smith on opening of the new school building of Gan Eng Seng School on 4 April 1893*

GESS was founded in some shophouses at Telok Ayer Street in 1885 by the philanthropist Gan Eng Seng and was known as "Anglo Chinese Free School". Born in 1844 into a poor family in Melaka, Gan came to Singapore at a young age to seek his fortune. Since he was unable to have much of an education in his youth, it was his ambition in life to build a school and help those who are poor as he prospered and became wealthy. Gan was far-sighted in placing emphasis on bilingualism in English and Chinese from the start. The school proved to be a success - the enrolment figure reached a record of 167 by 1890, and rose to an all-time high of 94% in 1892.

In 1888, GESS became an aided school, which meant government recognition as an education institution. In 1889, the British colonial government offered a site at No. 106 Telok Ayer Street. Gan accepted the site and wholly financed the construction and furbishment of the building which could accommodate up to 300 primary students.

Tan Keong Saik, a prominent Chinese businessman and board trustee of the school, briefly gave a history of the institution to the distinguished gathering. Before Gan died on 9 September 1899, in his will he had made provisions for the maintenance of the school and its management by a board of trustees.

### 1899–1941

The board of trustees was composed of distinguished pioneers of Singapore such as Tan Keong Saik, Ho Yang Peng, Wee Theam Tew, Lee Cheng Yan, Chan Sze Jin, Wee Swee Teow, Song Ong Siang, Lim Boon Keng and Gan's descendants. They all gave of their dedication, leadership and unfailing support to the school until 1938, when GESS became a government school.

In 1923, the school was renamed Gan Eng Seng School in its founder's honour. In the same year, the 8th Singapore Troop (now the Gan Eng Seng Dragon Scout Group) by G.C.S. Koch with 38 pioneering Scouts was founded. Chan Chon Hoe, who studied in GESS from 1921 to 1927, became the Troop Leader in 1927. Under the colonial system of education, GESS was a feeder school to Raffles Institution. The feeder school provides education up to the Standard V (equivalent of Primary 6 today), after which the student need to gain admission to Raffles Institution via an entrance examination if he wished to pursue his education to Standard IX (equivalent of Secondary 4 today). Chan attended Raffles Institution from 1928 to 1929, and the Scouts promoted to Raffles Institution from GESS were grouped under the Gan Eng Seng Patrol led by Chan. Due to his sound training and values inculcated in Scouting, Chan led a healthy lifestyle and lived strictly by the ethics of the Scout movement. Even at his advanced years in the 1990s, Chan participated in New Nation Walk and later the New Paper Walk well into his 90s, wearing his Scout uniform and badges on every occasion. Chan attended the school's centenary celebrations at Shangri-La Hotel in 1985 and was honoured by the Singapore Scouts Association in 2000 - he was the only person to have attended the very first and last Scouts' Jamboree in the 20th century before dying at the age of 94 in Singapore.

With the economical downturn in the early 1930s, the survival of the school was at stake when community funding dwindled and the school building had reached such a deteriorated state that major repairs were urgently needed. As the two-storey school building was made mainly of wood, it suffered badly from dry rot and termite infestation. In 1937, the board wrote to the Education Department detailing the plight of the school and urged the government to take over its management. In 1938, GESS became a government school and in the same year, the government proposed to build a new school building at Anson Road. However, no immediate plans were drawn up.

In July 1941, the Public Works Department declared the school building unsafe for occupation and ordered its evacuation. From September 1941 onwards, classes had to be held at two separate buildings in Sepoy Lines Malay School in Park Road and nearby Pearl's Hill School due to space constraints. On 5 December 1941, the school was closed for Christmas holidays but classes only resumed four and half years later.

### 1941–1951

During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, the school ceased to exist as it was shut down by the Japanese military administration. After the surrender of Japan, the British Military Administration took charge of Singapore and attempts were made to revive the school again. The school had lost most of its administrative documents, records, its former students and teachers at the aftermath of the war. The school was finally re-opened on the premises of Outram School by headmaster, Percival Frank Aroozoo on 13 May 1946. Aroozoo, a Eurasian of Portuguese descent, was the grandson of Simon Aroozoo, a close friend and colleague of Gan Eng Seng who had worked with Gan at Guthrie and Company for 50 years. A year later, the school was moved to the former Japanese National School building (now the Stamford Arts Centre) at No. 155 Waterloo Street and remained there until 1951. During this period, GESS was still a primary school. The teething problems were soon over and in December 1949, Aroozoo launched the school's periodical *Onward* to chronicalise the legacy and milestones of the school. On 29 May 1950, GESS became the first school in Singapore to form a parent-teacher association. Its formation was an initiative by Aroozoo, who said, "Parents as much as the teacher have a great deal to do with the training and development of a child as a useful member of the community."

In the same year, the construction of a new school building in Anson Road began. Aroozoo had commissioned Italian sculptor Rudolfo Nolli to deliver two school crests, one slated for outdoor placement at the main block overlooking the school entrance and the other, for indoor placement inside the school hall above the stage. Some of Nolli's notable works included the Supreme Court Building, City Hall, Fullerton Building and the Merdeka Lions. The two iconic crests by Nolli were lost when the school moved on to Raeburn Park in 1986.

### 1951–1959

> Not only is it the first to be opened under the Ten-Year Plan... but it's a link with the past: a bridge between the old and the new... Raffles Institution went through the same stages in its history and I am confident that Gan Eng Seng School will rise to the same heights of academic and athletic distinction as Raffles Institution has achieved.
> -- *Quote of speech by Governor of Singapore, Sir Franklin Gimson, on opening of Gan Eng Seng School building on 15 May 1951*

A new chapter in the history of GESS began in 1951 with the opening of the new school premises in Anson Road, as a secondary school ever since. For the second time in the school's history, Governor Sir Franklin Gimson officiated its opening on 15 May 1951. He was confident that the school would rise to heights of academic and athletic distinction. The new building could accommodate some 800 students in 20 classrooms, had an assembly hall, a library and a science block. In the school hall, Gimson also unveiled a portrait of Gan Eng Seng that was presented as a gift by the parent-teacher association "to honour the late Mr Gan Eng Seng for his great services to education". As the school developed through the decades, its students affectionately called GESSIANS brought honour to the school. Many students went on to post-secondary and tertiary education, and in 1966 seven students were awarded Colombo Plan scholarships. The uniformed groups, namely Scouts, National Cadet Corps, National Police Cadet Corps, St John Ambulance Brigade and Brass Band, achieved eminence in their respective units, often at national level to this day.

### 1959–1986

With Singapore's independence after its separation from Malaysia in 1965, manpower consideration assumed top priority in education planning. The emphasis on technical training and post-secondary education led to GESS being singled out as a centre for technical training and a pre-university school in 1970. In 1982, GESS was chosen to participate in its first mass display item titled *Singapore - Past, Present and Future* inspired by the movie *Star Wars*, featured interesting movement danced to the theme music of the movie. GESS participated at the Singapore Youth Festival that year, followed by the National Day celebrations in August and in 1983, at the Opening Ceremony when Singapore played host to the 12th Southeast Asian Games at the National Stadium.

In 1985, the school celebrated its centenary year with celebrations that included a party for the under-privileged children, a walkathon, a variety concert, an exhibition and a grand dinner, during which Minister for Communications and Information Yeo Ning Hong was the guest-of-honour. In September 1985, the MOE announced that GESS would move from Anson Road to Raeburn Park in mid-1986 and would cease to be a boys' school in 1987.

### 1986–2000

In 1986, the school was relocated to Raeburn Park after spending 35 years at the Anson Road's premises. The school became co-educational with the first intake of girls into Secondary 1 in January 1987 and the phasing out of the pre-university classes by 1991. By 1996, GESS was ranked 21st by the Ministry of Education among the top 50 schools in Singapore and continued to stay within the top 50 rankings to this day.

In 1995, the GESS's Scouts celebrated the school's 110th anniversary by building a light two-seater aeroplane, *Microlight Challenger* that was supervised by five pilots who were former Scouts of GESS. The plane was paraded at the anniversary dinner in front of guests that included guest-of-honour S. Vasoo, Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC and an old boy.

The school's library was renamed the *Percival Aroozoo Library* on 20 July 1996 as a tribute to one of GESS's most beloved principals. The Ceremony was officiated by three of Aroozoo's daughters: former National Library Board director Hedwig Anuar; former CHIJ Katong Convent principal Marie Bong; and former LASALLE College of the Arts librarian Eleanor Smith. On 30 August 1997, the school celebrated its recognition by the National Heritage Board as one of the six oldest schools in Singapore by marking its founding site at 106 Telok Ayer Street. This marker is sited nearby at the junction of Telok Ayer and Cecil Streets.

### 2000 onwards

In December 2000, GESS moved to its new site at No. 1 Henderson Road, its eighth home, where it stands to this day. The new School building bears the hallmark of many GESSIANS both past and present, who have contributed and helped in the architectural design, the setting up of the Alumni Room and Heritage Hall in the school. The new school premises and the Heritage Hall was officially opened on 2 August 2001 by Education Minister Teo Chee Hean.

To celebrate the 120th anniversary of GESS, the Gan Eng Seng School Old Students' Association (GESSOSA) published a pictorial history book in 2006 to document the school's rich traditions and history as well as the contribution made by its pioneers, old students and staff. All sale proceeds of the 230-page book were channelled into a students' fund for use to help any needy students. A copy was donated to Lee Kong Chian Reference Library for public reference.

## Identity and culture

### Crest

The choice of red and green for the school crest had been influenced by the colours of the Gan Eng Seng Scout Troop. The Scout Troop's scarves were red and green. The dragon on the crest is a traditional Chinese emblem of good luck, courage and determination. Red is the colour of fire and suggests the fire of courage and leadership as written in the school song. The junk is a symbol of the slow but irrevocable progress which the school has achieved over the last 100 years. Green in colour to suggest the peaceful but relentless educational spirit which has guided the progress of the school. The school's motto - "Onward" - with its sense of determination reminds one of the slow, painful but relentless advances which have been made over the last century.

### Uniform

Boys in lower secondary wear a white short-sleeved shirt with white short trousers while boys in upper secondary wear the same white short-sleeved short with white long pants. Girls wear a white short-sleeved blouse with a green skirt. On formal occasions such as the weekly assembly, all students wear a maroon school tie embroidered with the school emblem.

## Campus

The campus was designed by eleven architects headed by project architect Jimmy Lam, an alumnus of the school. Design inspiration was taken from the symbol of the school crest, namely the Dragon and the Ship. The colours used bear resemblance to the school colours. Its final look and feel are reminiscent of the old Anson Road campus. The building includes the Arena, where the daily flag raising ceremonies, parades and special functions are held, the Heritage Gallery, the school's tallest structure, and the Alumni Room, a gathering place for students.

## Academic information

As a government secondary school, GESS offers three academic streams, namely the four-year Express course, as well as the Normal Course, comprising Normal (Academic) and Normal (Technical) academic tracks.

### GCE O Level Express Course

The Express Course is a nationwide four-year programme that leads to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations. As of 2006, 97.3% of its Secondary 4 (Express) students qualify for junior college admission. 99.5% obtained passes in 3 O-level subjects and 97.8% passes in 5 O-level subjects. 4 students scored 8 distinctions and 51 students scored 5 distinctions. GESS was highlighted in MOE's press release for having students with outstanding results at the 2007 GCE O-Level Examination.

#### Academic subjects

The examinable academic subjects for Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level offered by GESS for upper secondary level (via. streaming in secondary 2 level), as of 2018, are listed below.

*Notes:*

1. *All students in Singapore are required to undertake a Mother Tongue Language as an examinable subject, as indicated by ' ^ '.*
2. *"SPA" in Pure Science subjects refers to the incorporation of School-based Science Practical Assessment, which 20% of the subject result in the national examination are determined by school-based practical examinations, supervised by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board. The SPA Assessment has been replaced by one Practical Assessment in the 2018 O Levels.*
3. *Subject Combinations for Express Course as of 2018:*

Option A- EL, MTL, EM, HU (SS+HI/GE), ART or D&T, AM or POA, SCI (Phy+Chem) Option B- EL, MTL, EM, HU (SS+HI/GE), AM, CH with BI or CH with PH or CH with LIT Option C- EL, MTL, EM, HU (SS+HI/GE), AM, CH, BI, PH or LIT

| Sciences & Mathematics | **Language & Hunanities** | **Arts & Aesthetics** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Additional Mathematics * Mathematics * Pure Physics * Pure Chemistry * Pure Biology * Science (Phy+Chem) * Science (Bio+Chem), only offered for NA(O) SBB | * English Language * Core Literature * Mother Tongue Language (Chinese, Malay, Tamil) * Higher Chinese * Combined Humanities (Social Studies & History/Geography) | * Art * Design & Technology * Food & Nutrition * Music * Principles of Accounts |

### Normal Course

The Normal Course is a nationwide 4-year programme leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examinations, which runs either the Normal (Academic) curriculum or Normal (Technical) curriculum, abbreviated as N(A) and N(T) respectively.

#### Normal (Academic) Course

In the Normal (Academic) course, students offer 5-8 subjects in the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. Compulsory subjects include:

* English Language
* Mother Tongue Language
* Mathematics
* Combined Humanities

A 5th year leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examination is available to N(A) students who perform well in their Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. Students can move from one course to another based on their performance and the assessment of the school principal and teachers.

#### Normal (Technical) Course

The Normal (Technical) course prepares students for a technical-vocational education at the Institute of Technical Education. Students will offer 5-7 subjects in the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. The curriculum is tailored towards strengthening students’ proficiency in English and Mathematics. Students take English Language, Mathematics, Basic Mother Tongue and Computer Applications as compulsory subjects.

## Co-curricular activities (CCAs)

### GESS sports houses

Before 1938, the boys were divided into 5 houses which had their respective logos for sporting activities and other competitions. They were named after famous names on the school's Board of Trustees:

The house system was dropped for a period of nine years from 1972 to 1980. In 1980, it was renamed after their trustee in their full name. Gan House was replaced by Chen Su Lan House, after Chen Su Lan, another prominent trustee in the old days. The flags of the Houses no longer adopt their previous logos but simply a coloured flag with the name of the house spelled across the flag. Today, only four house names remain: Lim Boon Keng, Chan Sze Jin, Lee Cheng Yan and Chen Su Lan.

As part of its co-curricular activities for students, GESS has six uniformed groups, five sport teams and ten special interest groups in its offerings to date.

### Achievements

* GESS has been officially recognised by MOE as a niche school for uniformed groups when four of its uniformed groups namely NCC, Scouts, NPCC and SJAB received or co-won the Sustained Achievement Awards (2000–2005).
* National Youth Achievement Award: BRONZE - 45, SILVER - 2.
* GESS National Police Cadet Corps won SILVER or GOLD award consistently for Unit Overall Proficiency Award since 2000.
* GESS Dragon Scouts won the Frank Cooper Sands Award since 1997 and the Gold Award since 2003.
* GESS National Cadet Corps was the only school to stay within the top 5 position since 1985.
* GESS St John's Ambulance Brigade clinched GOLD in 2004 and 2005 CCA Award. Overall CHAMPIONS for 2004 and 2006 footdrill competition.
* GESS Girls’ Brigade 71st company won SILVER for The Girls’ Brigade Singapore Company Award in 2004 and 2005.

## Alumni

### Gan Eng Seng School Old Students' Association

Headed officially by Kiang Ai Kim in 1958 after some old boys had expressed a desire to form such an association to keep in touch with the school and with one another earlier. Since then, GESSOSA has continuously organise activities to strengthen the bond of old students to their alma mater. During its long history, it has managed to organise some highly successful past functions like Career Forums, Students' Mentoring Scheme, April Ball to raise funds for the association's scholarship and charity schemes.

One of the regular events is the Annual Dinner, is held annually to foster old ties not just for the alumni but also include teachers past and present, members of the Gan's Association to be updated with the latest happenings in and around the school. GESSOSA also co-organises the school's Anniversary Dinners which have been held every 5 years (except 1990). Notable alumnus were usually invited to attend as Special Guest to grace the event. GESSOSA has a dedicated room that is nestled in the school CCA Block that continue to serve as a melting pot for both past and current students to this day.

Notable alumni include:

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Dabbs, Donald M. (1994). *The History of Gan Eng Seng School*. Singapore: Double-Six Press.
* Gan Eng Seng School Old Students' Association \[GESSOSA\] (2006). *The Pictorial History of Gan Eng Seng School*. Singapore: Stamford Press. ISBN 981-05-5351-X.
* "School gets its seventh home: Gan Eng Seng's pioneering spirit lives on". The Straits Times. 13 July 1989.

## InfoBox

| Gan Eng Seng School<br>颜永成学校 <br>Sekolah Gan Eng Seng <br>கான் எங் செங் பள்ளி | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1 Henderson Road<br>Bukit Merah<br>156561<br>Singapore | |
| Coordinates | 1°17′21.8″N 103°49′25.8″E / 1.289389°N 103.823833°E / 1.289389; 103.823833 |
| Information | |
| Type | Government<br>Co-educational |
| Motto | Onward |
| Established | 1885 (1885) |
| Session | Single session |
| School code | 3006 |
| Principal | Tan Hwee Pin |
| Enrolment | 2405 |
| Colour(s) | Red   Green |
| Website | ganengsengsch.moe.edu.sg |


title: Gan Guobao

abstract: Gan Guobao, courtesy name Jizhao (繼趙), was a military officer in Qing Dynasty. Born in Gutian, Fujian Province, Gan was a provincial military commander of Guangdong Province and Fujian Province.

text:
# Gan Guobao

| Gan Guobao | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Gān Guóbǎo  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Kam Kok-pó  Eastern Min  Fuzhou BUC Găng Guók-bō̤ | |
|  | |

**Gan Guobao** (Chinese: 甘國寶; pinyin: *Gān Guóbǎo*, 1709–1776), courtesy name Jizhao (繼趙), was a military officer in Qing Dynasty. Born in Gutian, Fujian Province, Gan was a provincial military commander of Guangdong Province and Fujian Province.

## Life

Gan Guobao was born in the 26th District of Gutian County, Fuzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province (now Xiaoliyang Village, Pingnan County, Ningde City, Fujian Province). He started learning martial arts at a young age and was physically strong and robust. Around age 14, in the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723), he passed the imperial martial arts examination. In the early years of the Qianlong reign, he served as a game shooter in the right wing of the Zhongying Battalion. He served as the "deputy general" in Chunjiang, Guangdong. In the 20th year of the Qianlong reign, he served as the general of Weinan Town, Guizhou, and was later transferred to serve as the general of Yanzhou Town, Shandong. He also served as the general of Suzhou Town in Jiangnan, and the general of Wenzhou Town in Zhejiang. In the 23rd year of the Qianlong reign (1758), he was transferred to serve as the general of Nanao Town, Fujian, and the following year, he became the general of Haitan Town, Fujian. In the 24th year of the Qianlong reign (1759), he was appointed as the general of Taiwan Town, Fujian. In the 26th year of the Qianlong reign (1761), he was promoted to the position of Admiral of the Fujian Navy (the highest-ranking naval officer in Fujian Province). In the 32nd year of the Qianlong reign (1767), he served as the Viceroy of Guangdong (the highest-ranking military officer in Guangdong Province). In the 34th year (1769), he served as the Viceroy of the Fujian Army (the highest-ranking military officer in Fujian Province).

Gan Guobao loved literature and art, and was a skilled landscape painter who especially excelled in painting tigers. His finger paintings of tigers were diverse in form, and he often signed his works as "living by his fingertips." One of his famous works, "Tiger," which is now in the collection of China's National Museum of History, is a prime example of his finger painting style. It was designated as an important antique by China's Ministry of Culture on December 6, 2011.

## Historical Sites

There are two former residences of Gan Guobao that are still in existence today. One is located in the Wenru Lane of Sanfang Qixiang in Fuzhou City, and the other is located in Xiaoliyang Village, Gantang Township, Pingnan County.

## InfoBox

| Gan Guobao | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Infantry Commander of Fujian | |
| **In office**
1769–1776 | |
| Infantry Commander of Guandong | |
| **In office**
1767–1769 | |
| Chief commander of Taiwan | |
| **In office**
1766–1767 | |
| Preceded by | Yang Rui |
| Succeeded by | Wang Wei |
| **In office**
1759–1761 | |
| Preceded by | Huang Shijun |
| Succeeded by | Pei Jing |
| Admiral of Fujian Navy | |
| **In office**
1761–1763 | |
| Preceded by | Ma Longtu |
| Succeeded by | Huang Shijian |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1709
Ershiliudu, Gutian, Fujian, Qing Empire
(now Xiaoliyang Village, Pingnan, Fujian, China) |
| Died | 1776 (aged 6667)
Quanzhou, Fujian, Qing Empire |
| Education | *Wujinshi* degree in the Imperial Examination |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Qing Dynasty |
| Branch/service | Qing Army
Qing Navy |
|  | |


title: 2009 Eneco Tour

abstract: The 2009 Eneco Tour was the fifth edition of the Eneco Tour cycling stage race. It took place from 18 August to 25 August 2009 in the Benelux. Like the previous years, parts of the Netherlands and Belgium were covered. It was part of the inaugural UCI World Ranking. It began with a short individual time trial in Rotterdam and ended with a longer one in Amersfoort.

text:
# 2009 Eneco Tour

The **2009 Eneco Tour** was the fifth edition of the Eneco Tour cycling stage race. It took place from 18 August to 25 August 2009 in the Benelux. Like the previous years, parts of the Netherlands and Belgium were covered. It was part of the inaugural UCI World Ranking. It began with a short individual time trial in Rotterdam and ended with a longer one in Amersfoort.

## Teams

As the Tour of Benelux is a UCI ProTour event, all 18 ProTeams were invited automatically and obligated to send a squad. Three UCI Professional Continental teams, Skil–Shimano, Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator, and Vacansoleil were also invited to the race, for a total of 21 teams. Each team was allowed eight riders, though Euskaltel–Euskadi sent only seven and Team Milram had a rider who planned to start withdraw due to injury before the prologue, meaning 166 riders began the event.

The 21 teams participating in the race are:

## Stages

### Prologue

**18 August 2009 - Rotterdam (Netherlands), 4.4 km (ITT)**

The course for the prologue time trial was a quick, flat trip through downtown Rotterdam, taking a lap around the city's Southern Park. The course was not at all technical; it contained only gentle turns to form a rectangle, along with long straightaways.

Quick Step's Sylvain Chavanel picked up his second victory of the season in the prologue. Chavanel was one of the first men to take the course, and had to wait for ninety minutes to see if his time would hold up. His biggest threat came from Garmin-Slipstream rider Tyler Farrar, who clocked in .23 seconds slower than Chavanel. The Frenchman took the first leader's white jersey.

| **Prologue Result and General Classification after the Prologue**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Sylvain Chavanel (FRA)** **Quick-Step** **4' 55"**  **2**  Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 1"  **3**  Tom Boonen (BEL) Quick-Step \+ 1"  **4**  Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 2"  **5**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank \+ 2"  **6**  Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo \+ 4"  **7**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 4"  **8**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 5"  **9**  Maarten Tjallingii (NED) Rabobank \+ 5"  **10**  Nikolas Maes (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 5" |
| --- |

### Stage 1

**19 August 2009 - Aalter (Belgium) to Ardooie (Belgium), 185.4 km**

The first mass-start stage was flat, with a couple of small rises in elevation near the finish line.

A five-rider breakaway formed after 18 km in the saddle, involving Lars Bak, Maciej Bodnar, Yukiya Arashiro, Wim De Vocht, and Pieter Vanspeybrouck. Their maximum advantage over the peloton was 3'50". The top teams in the general classification, Quick Step and Garmin-Slipstream, worked to bring the breakaway back, since they also had strong sprinters who they wanted to try for the stage win. At the 85 km mark, Bobbie Traksel, Luis Pasamontes and Wim Stroetinga crashed, and Pasamontes and Stroetinga had to leave the race with injuries. The breakaway gradually fragmented because of the pace and the day's heat. Bodnar was the last escapee to be caught, with 5 km to go before the finish.

The mass sprint finish was won by Tyler Farrar, who became the new race leader. The sprint was perhaps overshadowed, however, by a dramatic crash that took place right behind it. About ten riders deep in the bunch, two riders collided, and the remainder of the peloton, in full sprint, had no chance to avoid them, leading to further crashes. All 144 riders who started the sprint together were given the same finishing time as Farrar, but five riders were injured, most notably Silence-Lotto's Gorik Gardeyn, who was taken to a hospital with four or five broken ribs, and a double fracture of his right shoulder blade. Française des Jeux's Yoann Offredo sustained a left shoulder injury. Maxime Vantomme, Sebastien Turgot, and Koen de Kort also sought medical attention, but their injuries weren't considered serious enough for them to have to leave the race.

| **Stage 1 Result**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Tyler Farrar (USA)** **Garmin–Slipstream** **4h 18' 40"**  **2**  Tom Boonen (BEL) Quick-Step s.t.  **3**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC s.t.  **4**  Graeme Brown (AUS) Rabobank s.t.  **5**  Robert Förster (GER) Team Milram s.t.  **6**  Yauheni Hutarovich (BLR) Française des Jeux s.t.  **7**  Tom Veelers (NED) Skil–Shimano s.t.  **8**  Roy Sentjens (BEL) Silence–Lotto s.t.  **9**  Mathew Hayman (AUS) Rabobank s.t.  **10**  Juan José Haedo (ARG) Team Saxo Bank s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 1**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Tyler Farrar (USA)** **Garmin–Slipstream** **4h 23' 26"**  **2**  Tom Boonen (BEL) Quick-Step \+ 4"  **3**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 9"  **4**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 10"  **5**  Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 11"  **6**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank \+ 11"  **7**  Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo \+ 13"  **8**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 13"  **9**  Maarten Tjallingii (NED) Rabobank \+ 14"  **10**  Nikolas Maes (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 14" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 2

**20 August 2009 - Ardooie (Belgium) to Brussels (Belgium), 178.1 km**

This stage is undulating, with numerous small raises in elevation, including the Muur van Geraardsbergen, used yearly in the Tour of Flanders.

The heat combined with the many small climbs caused many riders to drop out of the race. A notable rider to abandon was Astana's Andreas Klöden due to injuring his wrist after crashing going around a roundabout. A 5-man breakaway formed after 18 km, comprising Juan José Haedo, Mathew Hayman, Tanel Kangert, Jérémy Roy, and David Deroo. Their maximum advantage was just under two minutes, and they began to splinter 76 km from the finish. By that point, the leading peloton in pursuit of the breakaway was only about 80 riders strong. Several riders from that leading peloton tried to counterattack as the morning's breakaway was caught, and a group including Edvald Boasson Hagen was able to get away briefly. As Boasson Hagen began the stage fourth overall, the contenders weren't willing to let him get very far up the road, and limited the advantage of this breakaway to just 48 seconds before it was caught. Numerous other breakaways saw riders briefly get away, and Nick Nuyens had a gap of 20 seconds inside the final kilometer, but a mass sprint finish still took place. The sprint was won by race leader Tyler Farrar, who extended his overall lead, though he expressed doubt in his ability to hold it when asked after the stage.

| **Stage 2 Result**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Tyler Farrar (USA)** **Garmin–Slipstream** **4h 17' 53"**  **2**  Yauheni Hutarovich (BLR) Française des Jeux s.t.  **3**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC s.t.  **4**  Graeme Brown (AUS) Rabobank s.t.  **5**  Tom Veelers (NED) Skil–Shimano s.t.  **6**  Francesco Gavazzi (ITA) Lampre–NGC s.t.  **7**  Baden Cooke (AUS) Vacansoleil s.t.  **8**  Alexandre Usov (BLR) Cofidis s.t.  **9**  Jose Joaquin Rojas Gil (ESP) Caisse d'Epargne s.t.  **10**  Tom Boonen (BEL) Quick-Step s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 2**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Tyler Farrar (USA)** **Garmin–Slipstream** **8h 41' 09"**  **2**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 13"  **3**  Tom Boonen (BEL) Quick-Step \+ 14"  **4**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 19"  **5**  Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 21"  **6**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank \+ 21"  **7**  Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo \+ 23"  **8**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 23"  **9**  Maarten Tjallingii (NED) Rabobank \+ 24"  **10**  Nikolas Maes (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 24" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 3

**21 August 2009 - Niel (Belgium) to Hasselt (Belgium), 158.3 km**

This course is similar in profile to the one previous, bumpy but without any imposing rises in elevation.

A breakaway formed 39 km into this stage, with Romain Villa, Niki Terpstra, and Albert Timmer the escapees. Their maximum advantage was about three minutes before the Quick Step and Garmin Slipstream-led peloton set to reeling them in. Timmer and Terpstra eventually dropped Villa after repeated attacks and counterattacks, but the peloton was all one with 6 km left to ride. Liquigas–Doimo was the first team to try to deploy their leadout train, working for Francesco Chicchi, but they were quickly overwhelmed by Garmin, Quick Step, and Team Columbia-HTC. Edvald Boasson Hagen attacked within the final kilometer, on the last turn before the finish, but the mass sprint took him back in. The first across the line was Belgian national champion Tom Boonen, gaining his first victory with that jersey on his shoulders.

| **Stage 3 Result**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Tom Boonen (BEL)** **Quick-Step** **3h 43' 19"**  **2**  Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Slipstream s.t.  **3**  Francesco Chicchi (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo s.t.  **4**  José Joaquín Rojas (ESP) Caisse d'Epargne s.t.  **5**  Alexei Markov (RUS) Team Katusha s.t.  **6**  Matthew Goss (AUS) Team Saxo Bank s.t.  **7**  Mark Renshaw (AUS) Team Columbia–HTC s.t.  **8**  Baden Cooke (AUS) Vacansoleil s.t.  **9**  Robert Wagner (GER) Skil–Shimano s.t.  **10**  Alexandre Usov (BLR) Cofidis s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 3**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Tyler Farrar (USA)** **Garmin–Slipstream** **12h 24' 22"**  **2**  Tom Boonen (BEL) Quick-Step \+ 10"  **3**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 19"  **4**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 25"  **5**  Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 27"  **6**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank \+ 27"  **7**  Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo \+ 29"  **8**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 29"  **9**  Maarten Tjallingii (NED) Rabobank \+ 30"  **10**  Nikolas Maes (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 30" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 4

**22 August 2009 - Hasselt (Belgium) to Libramont (Belgium), 221.2 km**

This is the Eneco Tour's longest stage, and it is the only one with any real heights to speak of. It begins at a higher point than is previously reached in the Tour and climbs in several places, including a slight uphill to the finish.

This stage began very quickly, with the first hour of racing covering almost 50 km. At the 60 km mark, Damien Gaudin broke away and was the lone leader for a time before being joined by Reinier Honig and Niki Terpstra. Their maximum advantage over the peloton came at the 90 km mark, an advantage of 7' 45". Garmin-Slipstream and Rabobank drove the peloton to catch the breakaway, and they easily did, with over 50 km left to race. Several further breakaways were attempted, and the pace needed to bring them back combined with the stage's hilly terrain made it so the leading group was for a time only about 30 riders strong. Top contenders Bradley Wiggins, Vincenzo Nibali, and Sylvain Chavanel, among with many others, all tried to break away after the morning's initial escapees were caught, but none ultimately succeeded. A group of 79 was together for a surprising mass sprint finish. Though this was thought to be the first stage that would *not* end in a field sprint, race leader Tyler Farrar and other sprint specialists like fellow stage winner Tom Boonen never lost contact with the leading peloton. It was initially thought that Edvald Boasson Hagen had won the sprint, but close examination of the photo finish showed that Farrar in fact was the first across the line, for his third stage win of the Tour.

| **Stage 4 Result**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Tyler Farrar (USA)** **Garmin–Slipstream** **5h 27' 01"**  **2**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC s.t.  **3**  Francesco Gavazzi (ITA) Lampre–NGC s.t.  **4**  Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) Silence–Lotto s.t.  **5**  Kristof Goddaert (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator s.t.  **6**  José Joaquín Rojas (ESP) Caisse d'Epargne s.t.  **7**  Aitor Galdos (ESP) Euskaltel–Euskadi s.t.  **8**  Roy Sentjens (BEL) Silence–Lotto s.t.  **9**  Alexandre Usov (BLR) Cofidis s.t.  **10**  Lars Bak (DEN) Team Saxo Bank s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 4**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Tyler Farrar (USA)** **Garmin–Slipstream** **17h 51' 13"**  **2**  Tom Boonen (BEL) Quick-Step \+ 20"  **3**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 23"  **4**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 35"  **5**  Maarten Tjallingii (NED) Rabobank \+ 37"  **6**  Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo \+ 37"  **7**  Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 37"  **8**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank \+ 37"  **9**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 39"  **10**  Nikolas Maes (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 40" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 5

**23 August 2009 - Roermond (Netherlands) to Sittard (Netherlands), 204.3 km**

This course is jagged, beginning at near sea level but including a number of rises, with gradients reaching as high as 7.3%. The final 25 km to the finish are either flat or on rises of less than 4% gradient. It is thought of as the Tour's most difficult stage, and it has been called a "little Amstel Gold Race."

Two kilometers into the stage, three riders broke clear of the main field. These were Sergio De Lis, David Deroo, and Jens Mouris, and they obtained a maximum advantage of close to 18 minutes, at the 75 km mark. By the 105 km mark, it had fallen all the way to 10 minutes, as the peloton began their chase in earnest and the terrain became difficult for the escapees. A 15-man chase broke clear of the peloton 20 km later, headed by Columbia-HTC, Rabobank, and some other overall contenders. Race leader Tyler Farrar and teammate Bradley Wiggins, who had been thought to be a contender for the race overall, were not in the chase and neither were any of their teammates. Wiggins would end up finishing the stage 10'21" behind the stage winner and dropping well away from contention.

The leading groups continued to attack one another and splinter, and by 48 km to go, the original three breakaway riders were brought back into the fold. Thirteen riders were together for the final 20 km circuit in Sittard, and though their advantage continually fell as they neared the line, they finished with a 31-second advantage over the main chase group, that included Farrar. The decisive attack for the stage win came with about 1 km to go. Lars Bak sprinted out of the leading group and went à bloc to survive to the line, saying later that he felt faint for a while after the stage win. Edvald Boasson Hagen assumed the race overall leadership, by 15 seconds over Farrar and Bak.

| **Stage 5 Result**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Lars Bak (DEN)** **Team Saxo Bank** **5h 13' 16"**  **2**  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 2"  **3**  Francesco Gavazzi (ITA) Lampre–NGC s.t.  **4**  Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) Silence–Lotto s.t.  **5**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank s.t.  **6**  Sebastian Langeveld (NED) Rabobank s.t.  **7**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank s.t.  **8**  Jan Bakelants (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator s.t.  **9**  David Deroo (FRA) Skil–Shimano s.t.  **10**  Jurgen Van Goolen (BEL) Team Saxo Bank s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 5**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)** **Team Columbia–HTC** **23h 04' 55"**  **2**  Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 15"  **3**  Lars Bak (DEN) Team Saxo Bank \+ 15"  **4**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 21"  **5**  Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo \+ 23"  **6**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank \+ 23"  **7**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 25"  **8**  Francesco Gavazzi (ITA) Lampre–NGC \+ 28"  **9**  Jan Bakelants (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 28"  **10**  Maxime Monfort (BEL) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 29" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 6

**24 August 2009 - Genk (Belgium) to Roermond (Netherlands), 163.3 km**

This stage was flat. Vincenzo Nibali, who had been in fifth overall and was considered an important rider for Italy at the world championships, did not start this stage due to a season-ending broken collarbone sustained the previous day.

This was a very straightforward day of racing. A three-man breakaway, comprising Rick Flens, Huub Duyn, and Alexander Serov, came clear after 34 km. The peloton kept their advantage under tight control, as it did not extend beyond 90 seconds at any point. The catch easily occurred at the 12 km to go mark. The two Italian teams, Lampre–NGC and Liquigas–Doimo, drove the peloton in the stage's final kilometers, to try to weaken the field to the advantage of their sprinters. Team Columbia-HTC came forward inside the final kilometer and race leader Edvald Boasson Hagen jumped from an early leadout, just after a right-hand turn in the road, to sprint away to the stage win. Tyler Farrar had been caught off guard, and could not make up the ground to Boasson Hagen, finishing third as the young Norwegian took the stage win. Boasson Hagen, like Farrar before him, expressed his doubts after the stage that he could hold on for the overall win.

| **Stage 6 Result**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)** **Team Columbia–HTC** **3h 28' 58"**  **2**  Matthew Goss (AUS) Team Saxo Bank s.t.  **3**  Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Slipstream s.t.  **4**  Graeme Brown (AUS) Rabobank s.t.  **5**  Francesco Chicchi (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo s.t.  **6**  Mark Renshaw (AUS) Team Columbia–HTC s.t.  **7**  Baden Cooke (AUS) Vacansoleil s.t.  **8**  Kristof Goddaert (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator s.t.  **9**  Angelo Furlan (ITA) Lampre–NGC s.t.  **10**  Klaas Lodewyck (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 6**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)** **Team Columbia–HTC** **26h 33' 33"**  **2**  Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Slipstream \+ 21"  **3**  Lars Bak (DEN) Team Saxo Bank \+ 25"  **4**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 31"  **5**  Joost Posthuma (NED) Rabobank \+ 33"  **6**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 35"  **7**  Francesco Gavazzi (ITA) Lampre–NGC \+ 38"  **8**  Jan Bakelants (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 38"  **9**  Maxime Monfort (BEL) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 39"  **10**  Jurgen Van den Broeck (BEL) Silence–Lotto \+ 42" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 7

**25 August 2009 - Amersfoort (Netherlands), 13.1 km (ITT)**

The course for the second time trial is more challenging and technical than the first. There are several sharp turns and curves in the road, and only one long straightaway.

The early best time was set by Saxo Bank rider Alex Rasmussen. An hour after Rasmussen's ride, Tony Martin and Thomas De Gendt both bettered his time by a few seconds, as rain began to fall. Bradley Wiggins, who had fallen well out of contention on Stage 5 but would figure to be a favorite in any time trial, had the best time at the intermediate time check. He did not, however, finish the course, opting instead to simply pull off shortly after the 5.9 km mark, as the rain continued to fall. The rain caused Joost Posthuma to spin out and crash after a right-hand turn, costing him such time that he fell from fifth on GC all the way to 11th after the stage. Race leader Edvald Boasson Hagen was the last man to take the course and managed to just beat the times set by the Rabobank duo of Sebastian Langeveld and Maarten Tjallingii set shortly before his run to win the stage. Tyler Farrar, who had been in second overall, decided to skip this time trial in order to better concentrate on the Vuelta a España. The win sealed the first-ever stage race victory for Boasson Hagen.

| **Stage 7 Result**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  **Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)** **Team Columbia–HTC** **16' 07"**  **2**  Sebastian Langeveld (NED) Rabobank \+ 4"  **3**  Maarten Tjallingii (NED) Rabobank \+ 5"  **4**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 14"  **5**  Jurgen Van den Broeck (BEL) Silence–Lotto \+ 16"  **6**  Maxime Monfort (BEL) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 19"  **7**  Andrey Amador (CRC) Caisse d'Epargne \+ 20"  **8**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 23"  **9**  Thomas De Gendt (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 25"  **10**  László Bodrogi (FRA) Team Katusha \+ 27" |  | **Final General Classification**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)** **Team Columbia–HTC** **26h 49' 40"**  **2**  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) Quick-Step \+ 45"  **3**  Sebastian Langeveld (NED) Rabobank \+ 47"  **4**  Jurgen Van den Broeck (BEL) Silence–Lotto \+ 58"  **5**  Maxime Monfort (BEL) Team Columbia–HTC \+ 58"  **6**  Juan Antonio Flecha (ESP) Rabobank \+ 58"  **7**  Lars Bak (DEN) Team Saxo Bank \+ 58"  **8**  Maarten Tjallingii (NED) Rabobank \+ 1' 06"  **9**  Jan Bakelants (BEL) Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator \+ 1' 12"  **10**  Francesco Chicchi (ITA) Liquigas–Doimo \+ 1' 22" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

2009 Eneco Tour
| 2009 UCI World Ranking, race 21 of 24 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Race details | |
| Dates | 1825 August 2009 |
| Stages | 7+Prologue |
| Distance | 1,128.1 km (701.0 mi) |
| Winning time | 26h 49' 40" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)  (Team Columbia–HTC)  Second  Sylvain Chavanel (FRA)  (Quick-Step)  Third  Sebastian Langeveld (NED)  (Rabobank)   ---  Points  Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)  (Team Columbia–HTC)  Team Rabobank | |
|


title: Sadasivanagar

abstract: Sadasivanagar is a village and a Mandal in Nizamabad district in the state of Telangana in India. Every year, celebrates Sri kashi Vishweshwara Swamy Kalyanam, Shiva rathri, Sri Krishna ashtami, Hanuman Jayanthi and Datta Jayanthi.

text:
# Sadasivanagar

**Sadasivanagar** is a village and a Mandal in Nizamabad district in the state of Telangana in India.

Every year, celebrates Sri kashi Vishweshwara Swamy Kalyanam, Shiva rathri, Sri Krishna ashtami, Hanuman Jayanthi and Datta Jayanthi.

## Geography

Which is located between Kamareddy and Nizamabad. Sadashivanagar is located at Coordinates:18°24′16″N 78°16′09″E / 18.404379°N 78.269214°E / 18.404379; 78.269214. It is 120 km from the state capital of Hyderabad, 12 km from district headquarter Kamareddy. However, Sadashivanagar comes under the Zahirabad parliamentary constituency.

It has fort (locally called as GADI) in the center of the village. This fort was built by kameneni dynasty (called as Doralu)

## Language

Major languages spoken in this area are Telugu, Hindi, Urdu and English. Telugu is the native language for most residents.

## Occupation

The main occupation for many people is in agriculture. Sugarcane, paddy, soya, and corn are the primary crops.

1. "Mandals in Nizamabad district". Archived from the original on 12 March 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2007.

## InfoBox

| Sadashivanagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SadashivanagarSadashivanagar | |
| Coordinates: 18°24′37″N 78°16′20″E / 18.41028°N 78.27222°E / 18.41028; 78.27222 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| Area | |
| Total | 15 km2 (6 sq mi) |
| Rank | 1 |
| Population | |
| Total | 8,000 |
| Rank | 1 in mandal |
| Density | 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TS 17 |


title: Sadastor

abstract: "Sadastor" is a weird fiction short story by American writer Clark Ashton Smith, first published in July 1930, in the magazine Weird Tales.

text:
# Sadastor

**"Sadastor"** is a weird fiction short story by American writer Clark Ashton Smith, first published in July 1930, in the magazine *Weird Tales*.

## Plot summary

An example of a narrative within a narrative, the frame story begins in Egypt when the "sphinx was young," with an (unnamed) lamia sitting upon a ridge near the Nile River, who, due to her infamy, has been unable to procure a lover for a fortnight. Charnadis, a demon speaking with the lamia, provides the narrative for the further story, told to brighten the lamia's day.

In his youth, Charnadis was accustomed to use his wings to travel through space and explore remote and distant places. One day, traveling through a particularly remote and distant galaxy, Charnadis encounters a grey, desert planet orbiting a dying sun: the world of Sadastor. Flying over its equator, Charnadis finds a deep gorge in the former ocean beds and comes eventually nigh to a tiny, green pool, the last of the oceans. About to leave, a voice calls to him, asking him why he is there, and then relating its tale: it is a Siren, called Lyspial, the last of her kind on their world. After recounting her memories of Sadastor in its earlier days, when the seas were nearly boundless and she could easily prey upon sailors, Charnadis offers her transport to another world. Sobbing, Lyspial explains that she, being born of the seas of Sadastor, is bound to them and must perish with them.

The narrative ends with Charnadis chiding the lamia, and advising that she reflect on the siren's fate, which was infinitely worse than the Lamia's own present predicament.

## Sources

* Smith, Clark Ashton (2006) \[1930\]. "Sadastor". In Scott Connors & Ron Hilger (ed.). *The End of the Story Vol. 1* (1st ed.). San Francisco, USA: Nightshade Books. ISBN 978-1-59780-028-0. Definitive version.

## InfoBox

| "Sadastor" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Clark Ashton Smith | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Weird fiction |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *Weird Tales* |
| Publication type | Periodical |
| Media type | Print |
| Publication date | July 1930 |


title: Sadasivpet

abstract: Sadashivpet is a town in Sangareddy district of the Indian state of Telangana.

text:
# Sadasivpet

**Sadashivpet** is a town in Sangareddy district of the Indian state of Telangana.

## Geography

Sadashivpet is located at 17°37′00″N 77°57′00″E / 17.6167°N 77.9500°E / 17.6167; 77.9500. It has an average elevation of 534 meters (1755 feet). From Sadashivpet to Hyderabad 65 km, Vikarabad 36 km, Sadashivpet Road Railway Station 18 km, Bidar 69 km, Zahirabad 36 km, Gulbarga 154 km, SangaReddy 20 km.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Sadashivpet had a population of 35,475. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sadashivpet has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 54%. In Sadashivpet, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Government and politics

**Civic administration**

Sadashivpet Municipality was constituted in 1947 and is classified as a *third grade municipality* with 26 election wards. The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of 21.70 km2 (8.38 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Sadasivpet | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| SadasivpetSadashivpet (Telangana)SadasivpetSadasivpet (India) | |
| Coordinates: 17°37′13″N 77°57′14″E / 17.620300°N 77.953900°E / 17.620300; 77.953900 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Sangareddy district |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipal Council |
| Body | Sadashivpet Municipal Council |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.70 km2 (8.38 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 571 m (1,873 ft) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 502291 |
| Telephone code | 08455 |
| Vehicle registration | TS 15 |
| MLA | chinta prabhakar |
| Website | telangana.gov.in |


title: Gary Gilder

abstract: Gary Michael Gilder is a former South African cricketer who played first-class and List A cricket for KwaZulu-Natal from 1994 to 2002 and for Somerset in 2003.

text:
# Gary Gilder

**Gary Michael Gilder** (born 6 July 1974) is a former South African cricketer who played first-class and List A cricket for KwaZulu-Natal from 1994 to 2002 and for Somerset in 2003.

## Life and cricket career

Gary Gilder was born on 6 July 1974 in Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe). He made his first-class cricket debut for Natal B in January 1995 against Western Transvaal, taking five wickets in the match. The following season, he collected ten wickets in a match for the first time, taking five in each innings in a match against Free State B. He was selected as part of the South Africa A team to tour England in 1996, and during that tour he had his best bowling performance in first-class cricket, when he took eight wickets in one innings against Worcestershire. In the 1996–97 South African season, he made the step up to the Natal first-team, appearing in the SuperSport Series for the first time. He was a regular for Natal (KwaZulu Natal from 1998) until the 2001–02 season, when he appeared just once in the SuperSport Series. He ended his career in England, playing for Somerset County Cricket Club, though his appearances for the county were limited to six matches in July and August 2003.

## InfoBox

Gary Gilder
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Gary Gilder |
| Born | (1974-07-06) 6 July 1974<br>Salisbury, Rhodesia, South Africa |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Left-arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1994–2002 | KwaZulu-Natal |
| 2003 | Somerset |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 51 55  Runs scored 408 123  Batting average 10.73 8.78  100s/50s 0/0 0/0  Top score 39 36  Balls bowled 8.251 2,267  Wickets 151 64  Bowling average 26.70 26.57  5 wickets in innings 6 1  10 wickets in match 2 n/a  Best bowling 8/22 6/25  Catches/stumpings 19/– 13/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 29 December 2016 | |


title: Breton lai

abstract: A Breton lai, also known as a narrative lay or simply a lay, is a form of medieval French and English romance literature. Lais are short, rhymed tales of love and chivalry, often involving supernatural and fairy-world Celtic motifs. The word "lay" or "lai" is thought to be derived from the Old High German and/or Old Middle German leich, which means play, melody, or song, or as suggested by Jack Zipes in The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales, the Irish word laid (song). Zipes writes that Arthurian legends may have been brought from Wales, Cornwall and Ireland to Brittany; on the continent the songs were performed in various places by harpists, minstrels, storytellers. Zipes reports the earliest recorded lay is Robert Biker's Lai du Cor, dating to the mid- to late-12th century. The earliest of the Breton lais to survive is probably The Lais of Marie de France, thought to have been composed in the 1170s by Marie de France, a French poet writing in England at Henry II's court between the late 12th and early 13th centuries. From descriptions in Marie's lais, and in several anonymous Old French lais of the 13th century, we know of earlier lais of Celtic origin, perhaps more lyrical in style, sung by Breton minstrels. It is believed that these Breton lyrical lais, none of which has survived, were introduced by a summary narrative setting the scene for a song, and that these summaries became the basis for the narrative lais. The earliest written Breton lais were composed in a variety of Old French dialects, and some half dozen lais are known to have been composed in Middle English in the 13th and 14th centuries by various English authors. Breton lais may have inspired Chrétien de Troyes, and likely were responsible for spreading Celtic and fairy-lore into Continental Europe. An example of a 14th-century Breton lai has the king of the fairies carrying away a wife to the land of fairy.

text:
# Breton lai

A **Breton lai**, also known as a **narrative lay** or simply a **lay**, is a form of medieval French and English romance literature. Lais are short (typically 600–1000 lines), rhymed tales of love and chivalry, often involving supernatural and fairy-world Celtic motifs. The word "lay" or "lai" is thought to be derived from the Old High German and/or Old Middle German *leich*, which means play, melody, or song, or as suggested by Jack Zipes in *The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales*, the Irish word *laid* (song).

Zipes writes that Arthurian legends may have been brought from Wales, Cornwall and Ireland to Brittany; on the continent the songs were performed in various places by harpists, minstrels, storytellers. Zipes reports the earliest recorded lay is Robert Biker's Lai du Cor, dating to the mid- to late-12th century.

The earliest of the Breton lais to survive is probably *The Lais of Marie de France*, thought to have been composed in the 1170s by Marie de France, a French poet writing in England at Henry II's court between the late 12th and early 13th centuries. From descriptions in Marie's lais, and in several anonymous Old French lais of the 13th century, we know of earlier lais of Celtic origin, perhaps more lyrical in style, sung by Breton minstrels. It is believed that these Breton lyrical lais, none of which has survived, were introduced by a summary narrative setting the scene for a song, and that these summaries became the basis for the narrative lais.

The earliest written Breton lais were composed in a variety of Old French dialects, and some half dozen lais are known to have been composed in Middle English in the 13th and 14th centuries by various English authors.

Breton lais may have inspired Chrétien de Troyes, and likely were responsible for spreading Celtic and fairy-lore into Continental Europe. An example of a 14th-century Breton lai has the king of the fairies carrying away a wife to the land of fairy.

## Old French Lais

## Middle English Lais

Thise olde gentil Bretouns in hir dayes Of diverse aventures maden layes, Rymeyed in hir firste Briton tonge; Which layes with hir instrumentz they songe, Or elles redden hem for hir plesaunce.

## Notes and references

1. "lay, n.4." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford UP. 21 April 2010.
2. Zipes, 62
3. Zipes, Jack, *The Oxford Companion to Fairytales*. Oxford UP. 2009 62-63
4. Claire Vial, "The Middle English Breton Lays and the Mists of Origin", in *Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England*, eds. Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 175-91.
5. *Strengleikar: An Old Norse Translation of Twenty-one Old French Lais*, ed. and trans. by Robert Cook and Mattias Tveitane, Norrøne tekster, 3 (Oslo: Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-institutt, 1979).
6. David Fallows, "Lai", *Grove Music Online*, *Oxford Music Online* (Oxford University Press), retrieved 7 April 2013.
7. See, for instance, Colette Stévanovitch, "Enquiries into the Textual History of the Seventeenth-Century Sir Lambewell", in *Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England*, eds. Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 193-204.


title: Bipartite realization problem

abstract: The bipartite realization problem is a classical decision problem in graph theory, a branch of combinatorics. Given two finite sequences and of natural numbers with m ≤ n, the problem asks whether there is a labeled simple bipartite graph such that, is the degree sequence of this bipartite graph.

text:
# Bipartite realization problem

The **bipartite realization problem** is a classical decision problem in graph theory, a branch of combinatorics. Given two finite sequences $(a\_{1},\dots ,a\_{n})$ and $(b\_{1},\dots ,b\_{m})$ of natural numbers with $m\leq n$, the problem asks whether there is a labeled simple bipartite graph such that $(a\_{1},\dots ,a\_{n}),(b\_{1},\dots ,b\_{m})$ is the degree sequence of this bipartite graph.

## Solutions

The problem belongs to the complexity class . This can be proven using the Gale–Ryser theorem, i.e., one has to validate the correctness of $n$ inequalities.

## Other notations

The problem can also be stated in terms of zero-one matrices. The connection can be seen if one realizes that each bipartite graph has a biadjacency matrix where the column sums and row sums correspond to $(a\_{1},\ldots ,a\_{n})$ and $(b\_{1},\ldots ,b\_{m})$. The problem is then often denoted by *0-1-matrices for given row and column sums*. In the classical literature the problem was sometimes stated in the context of contingency tables by *contingency tables with given marginals*. A third formulation is in terms of degree sequences of simple directed graphs with at most one loop per vertex. In this case the matrix is interpreted as the adjacency matrix of such a directed graph. When are pairs of non-negative integers ((*a*1,*b*1), ..., (*an*,*bn*)) the indegree-outdegree pairs of a labeled directed graph with at most one loop per vertex?

Similar problems describe the degree sequences of simple graphs and simple directed graphs. The first problem is the so-called graph realization problem, and the second is known as the digraph realization problem. The bipartite realization problem is equivalent to the question, if there exists a labeled bipartite subgraph of a complete bipartite graph to a given degree sequence. The *hitchcock problem* asks for such a subgraph minimizing the sum of the costs on each edge which are given for the complete bipartite graph. A further generalization is the f-factor problem for bipartite graphs, i.e. for a given bipartite graph one searches for a subgraph possessing a certain degree sequence. The problem *uniform sampling a bipartite graph to a fixed degree sequence* is to construct a solution for the bipartite realization problem with the additional constraint that each such solution comes with the same probability. This problem was shown to be in FPTAS for regular sequences by Catherine Greenhill (for regular bipartite graphs with a forbidden 1-factor) and for half-regular sequences by Erdős et al. The general problem is still unsolved.

## Citations

* Gale, D. (1957). "A theorem on flows in networks". *Pacific J. Math*. **7** (2): 1073–1082. doi:10.2140/pjm.1957.7.1073.
* Ryser, H. J. (1963). *Combinatorial Mathematics*. John Wiley & Sons.
* Greenhill, Catherine (2011). "A polynomial bound on the mixing time of a Markov chain for sampling regular directed graphs". *Electronic Journal of Combinatorics*. **18** (1): 234. arXiv:1105.0457. Bibcode:2011arXiv1105.0457G. doi:10.37236/721. S2CID 11309590.
* Erdős, P.L.; Kiss, S.Z.; Miklós, I.; Soukup, Lajos (2015). "Approximate Counting of Graphical Realizations". *PLOS ONE*. **10** (7): e0131300. arXiv:1301.7523. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031300E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131300. PMC 4498913. PMID 26161994.
* Erdős, Péter L.; Király, Zoltán; Miklós, István (May 2013). "On the Swap-Distances of Different Realizations of a Graphical Degree Sequence" (PDF). *Combinatorics, Probability and Computing*. **22** (3): 366–383. doi:10.1017/S0963548313000096. S2CID 5643528.


title: Tímea Szabó

abstract: Tímea Szabó is a Hungarian humanitarian worker, journalist and politician. She has been a member of the National Assembly (MP) since 2010 from the Politics Can Be Different (LMP) National List, and since the 2014 election as a member of Dialogue for Hungary (PM). She served as co-president of the Dialogue for Hungary since the formation of the party in February 2013 until July 2022. She also functioned as the leader of the party's parliamentary group from 2018 to 2024, with a brief interruption. She has been the managing co-leader of the party, beside the two co-leaders, since February 2024.

text:
# Tímea Szabó

**Tímea Szabó** (born 18 January 1976) is a Hungarian humanitarian worker, journalist and politician. She has been a member of the National Assembly (MP) since 2010 from the Politics Can Be Different (LMP) National List, and since the 2014 election as a member of Dialogue for Hungary (PM).

She served as co-president of the Dialogue for Hungary since the formation of the party in February 2013 until July 2022. She also functioned as the leader of the party's parliamentary group from 2018 to 2024, with a brief interruption. She has been the managing co-leader of the party, beside the two co-leaders, since February 2024.

## Biography

### Research career

Szabó graduated from the University of Szeged (communication) in 2001. According to her, she attended Harvard Law School although there is no record of her at the Harward Registrar's Office. She worked as a journalist for British and American newspapers and news agencies and reported on Hungary for five years. Later she joined a research program in the Harvard Law School where she became research manager. She conducted research on armed conflict-prevention strategies and protection of vulnerable groups, commissioned by the United Nations (UN).

She worked for three months in Pakistan at the civic organization of International Rescue Committee, where she dealt with the issues of Afghan refugees, among others. She returned to Boston a week before the September 11 attacks, where she conducted research in connection with the peaceful settlement of the Afghan conflict after the outbreak of war. After the end of American bombings, she moved to Afghanistan and participated in the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) on behalf of Harvard University. She was responsible for the development of a new Afghan government. Few months later she joined CARE International.

### Political career

Szabó moved back to Hungary in 2003 and joined the Hungarian Helsinki Committee in 2004, where she coordinated the refugee program for four years. She was a founding member of the LMP party between 2009 and 2013. She led the common list of the Politics Can Be Different with the Humanist Party (HP) in the 2009 European Parliament election. She was elected to the National Assembly from the party's National List during the 2010 Hungarian parliamentary election. She served as Vice-chairperson of the Committee on Human Rights, Minority, Civic and Religious Affairs between May 14, 2010 and February 11, 2013. After party split, she became a member of the same committee on February 25, 2013.

In January 2013, the LMP's congress rejected the electoral cooperation with other opposition forces, including Together 2014, for the second time. As a result, members of LMP's “Dialogue for Hungary” platform, including Tímea Szabó, announced their decision to leave the party and form a new organization. Benedek Jávor said the eight MPs leaving LMP would keep their parliamentary mandates. The leaving MPs established Dialogue for Hungary as a full-fledged party.

The Dialogue for Hungary (PM) held its inaugural congress on 17 February 2013. Szabó was elected co-president of the party, alongside Benedek Jávor. The congress also authorized the party's presidency to open the negotiations with Together 2014. On 8 March 2013, the PM party entered into an alliance with Together 2014, which officially formed as a political party. Gordon Bajnai said the two parties will run on a joint ticket and field joint candidates for prime minister and deputies in the country's next parliamentary election in Spring 2014. Jávor and Szabó, co-chairs of PM also became members of Together 2014's board.

On 14 January 2014, left-wing opposition parties agreed to submit a joint list (Unity) for the spring general election. Co-leader of the Dialogue for Hungary (PM) Tímea Szabó was placed fifth on the joint national list of the MSZP, E14-PM, DK and Liberals. She was elected MP in the 2014 national election and did not join any parliamentary groups. She became a member of the Committee on Welfare. She ran as a joint individual candidate of the Dialogue for Hungary and the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election. She defeated Fidesz candidate Erzsébet Menczer and became MP for Óbuda-Békásmegyer (Budapest Constituency X). Her party was able to form a parliamentary group and she was elected leader of the party's caucus.

Szabó was selected as the candidate of the joint opposition alliance United for Hungary in Óbuda-Békásmegyer constituency during the 2021 opposition primary for the upcoming 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election. Szabó supported the candidacy of Péter Márki-Zay during the competition of prime minister-candidates. She defeated Fidesz candidate Balázs Bús in the election, defending his parliamentary mandate. Since the opposition alliance suffered a heavy defeat, Szabó announced she will not run for the party presidency in the next PM party leadership election, which is due in the summer of 2022. Szabó was also replaced as leader of the party's parliamentary group by Bence Tordai in May 2022. She resumed the position in September 2022, when Tordai was elected co-leader of the party. She held the office until January 2024, when she was elected managing co-leader of the party responsible for the implementation of strategy and operational tasks, beside the two co-leaders. Tordai succeeded her as caucus leader again.

## Personal life

Her ex-husband is Gábor Hunyadi, a former member of Jobbik and the party's delegate to the National Election Committee during the 2010 parliamentary election. Hunyadi joined the neo-Nazi movement Hungarian Dawn (based on the Greek Golden Dawn) in 2012. Their son is Gergő.

## InfoBox

| Tímea SzabóMP | |
| --- | --- |
| Tímea Szabó in 2024 | |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
14 May 2010 | |
| Constituency | Budapest 10 |
| Majority | 6,614 (11,79%) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1976-01-18) 18 January 1976
Budapest, Hungary |
| Political party | LMP (2009–2013)
Dialogue (2013–present) |
| Children | 1 |
| Profession | Humanitarian worker, journalist, politician |
|  | |


title: Bulletproof (Hush album)

abstract: Bulletproof is the third studio album by American rapper Hush from Detroit, Michigan. It was released on August 23, 2005, via Geffen Records. The album features guest appearances from Eminem, Kuniva, Bizarre and Swifty McVay from D12, Bareda and Lo-Down from Raw Collection, and guitarist Phil Campbell. The album debuted at number 83 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number 39 on the Heatseekers Albums in the United States. The album contains some of the songs from The Contender. A clean version of "Fired Up" is used in the 2005 video game Need for Speed: Most Wanted. The song "The March" was featured on ×X×: State of the Union.

text:
# Bulletproof (Hush album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *PopMatters* |  |
| *RapReviews* | 7.5/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Bulletproof*** is the third studio album by American rapper Hush from Detroit, Michigan. It was released on August 23, 2005, via Geffen Records. The album features guest appearances from Eminem, Kuniva, Bizarre and Swifty McVay from D12, Bareda and Lo-Down from Raw Collection, and guitarist Phil Campbell. The album debuted at number 83 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number 39 on the Heatseekers Albums in the United States.

The album contains some of the songs from *The Contender (TV series)*. A clean version of "Fired Up" is used in the 2005 video game *Need for Speed: Most Wanted*. The song "The March" was featured on *×X×: State of the Union (Music from the Motion Picture)*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My Introduction" | Julian Bunetta | 4:04 |
| 2. | "Fired Up" | Julian Bunetta | 3:26 |
| 3. | "Hush Is Coming" (featuring Nate Dogg) |  | 4:51 |
| 4. | "Let It Breathe" (featuring Talib Kweli) | Julian Bunetta | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Put 'Em Down (Shake the Ground)" | Julian Bunetta | 3:47 |
| 6. | "Real TV" (featuring Bizarre) | Beau Dozier | 4:16 |
| 7. | "The March" |  | 5:12 |
| 8. | "24 Hours" | * Hush * Randy Lynch\[b\] * Scott Sumner\[b\] | 4:07 |
| 9. | "Superstar" | Julian Bunetta | 3:57 |
| 10. | "Off to Tijuana" (featuring Kuniva, Swifty McVay and Eminem) | * Eminem * Luis Resto\[a\] | 4:18 |
| 11. | "Woodpecker" | Hush | 4:21 |
| 12. | "Rock Shit" (featuring Bareda and Lo-Down) |  | 5:41 |
| Total length: | | | 52:00 |

**Notes**

* **^\[a\]**  signifies an additional producer.
* **^\[b\]**  signifies a co-producer.

## Personnel

* Alicia N. Graham – A&R administrator
* Anthony Kilhoffer – assistant recording (track 4)
* Atan Ayoub – guitar (track 3)
* Beau Dozier – producer (track 6)
* Daniel Carlisle – main artist, producer (tracks: 7–8, 11), additional production (track 12), drum programming (tracks: 7–8), keyboards (track 7)
* Dave Press – drums (tracks: 8, 12)
* Dave "Supa Star" Dar – additional recording (track 4)
* Devon Dowdell – featured artist (track 12)
* Elliot Blakey – assistant recording (track 4)
* Evan Peters – A&R coordinator
* Greg Calbi – mastering
* Jermaine Harbin – additional vocals (track 5)
* Jordan Schur – executive producer
* Julian Bunetta – producer, recording & mixing (tracks: 1–2, 4–6, 9, 11)
* Kai Regan – photography
* Kaya Jones – background vocals (track 4)
* Luis Resto – additional production & keyboards (tracks: 3, 10)
* Marshall Mathers – guest artist (track 10), producer & mixing (tracks: 3, 10)
* Mike Strange – recording (tracks: 3, 10)
* Nathaniel Dwayne Hale – featured artist (track 3)
* Neal Ferrazzani – additional recording (track 3)
* Ondre Moore – featured artist (track 10)
* Phil Campbell – additional guitar (track 12)
* Randy Lynch – co-producer & bass (tracks: 7–8), guitar (tracks: 7–8, 12)
* Rufus Johnson – featured artist (track 6)
* Salim Grant – background vocals (track 9)
* Scott Sumner – co-producer & keyboards (tracks: 7–8), recording
* Steve King – bass & mixing (tracks: 3, 10), guitar (track 10)
* Talib Kweli Greene – featured artist (track 4)
* Thom Panunzio – A&R, mixing (tracks: 7–8, 12), additional production & recording (track 12)
* Tony Compana – recording (tracks: 3, 10)
* Von Carlisle – featured artist (track 10)
* Lo-Down – featured artist (track 12)
* Notes – producer (track 12)

## Charts

| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 83 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 39 |

*Bulletproof* at Discogs

## InfoBox

| Bulletproof | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hush | |
| Released | August 23, 2005 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 52:00 |
| Label | Geffen Records |
| Producer |  |
| Hush chronology | |
| *Roses & Razorblades*
(2002) ***Bulletproof***
(2005) *The Open Book*
(2009) | |


title: Cordylus marunguensis

abstract: Cordylus marunguensis, the Marungu girdled lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Cordylidae. It is a small, spiny lizard found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Cordylus marunguensis

***Cordylus marunguensis***, the **Marungu girdled lizard**, is a species of lizard in the family Cordylidae. It is a small, spiny lizard found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| *Cordylus marunguensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Cordylidae |
| Genus: | *Cordylus* |
| Species: | ***C. marunguensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cordylus marunguensis***
Greenbaum, Stanley, Kusamba, Moninga, Goldberg, & Bursey, 2012 | |
|


title: Edward Goss (cricketer)

abstract: Edward Goss was an Australian cricketer. He played four first-class cricket matches for Victoria between 1905 and 1907.

text:
# Edward Goss (cricketer)

**Edward Goss** (28 November 1875  1 September 1955) was an Australian cricketer. He played four first-class cricket matches for Victoria between 1905 and 1907.

## InfoBox

Edward Goss
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1875-11-28)28 November 1875
Melbourne, Australia |
| Died | 1 September 1955(1955-09-01) (aged 79)
Melbourne, Australia |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1905-1907 | Victoria |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 15 November 2015 | |


title: Bop (Dan Seals song)

abstract: "Bop" is a song written by Paul Davis and Jennifer Kimball and recorded by American country music artist Dan Seals. It was released in October 1985 as the second single from his fifth studio album, Won't Be Blue Anymore. It reached number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in early 1986, becoming his second number-one hit on that chart and his first as a solo artist. It was a major crossover hit as well, peaking at number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 10 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, it topped the RPM Top Singles and Country Singles charts.

text:
# Bop (Dan Seals song)

"**Bop**" is a song written by Paul Davis and Jennifer Kimball and recorded by American country music artist Dan Seals. It was released in October 1985 as the second single from his fifth studio album, *Won't Be Blue Anymore*. It reached number one on the US *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart in early 1986, becoming his second number-one hit on that chart and his first as a solo artist. It was a major crossover hit as well, peaking at number 42 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and at number 10 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, it topped the *RPM* Top Singles and Country Singles charts.

## Music video

The music video, directed by George Bloom, shows an older couple preparing to travel to an armory. It concurrently shows flashbacks of the couple 30 years earlier. One of the highlights in the video is the 30-year flashback of the couple in a 1955 Ford Thunderbird that transforms 30 years later into the 1985 Ford Thunderbird. Towards the end of the video, it shows the couple in their elderly stages dancing at the armory along with many others with Seals performing the song onstage.

The video has not been included in Seals' 1991 video compilation, *A Portrait*, which also included the video for "They Rage On," plus three other videos for Seals' "God Must Be a Cowboy," "Everything That Glitters (Is Not Gold)" and "Big Wheels in the Moonlight" that were filmed especially for the compilation.

## Personnel

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 50,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Bop" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Dan Seals | |
| from the album  *Won't Be Blue Anymore* | |
| B-side | "In San Antone" |
| Released | October 1985 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:45 |
| Label | EMI America |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Kyle Lehning |
| Dan Seals singles chronology | |
| "Meet Me in Montana"
(1985) "**Bop**"
(1985) "Everything That Glitters (Is Not Gold)"
(1986) | |


title: Roy Ingram

abstract: Reginald William Thomas "Roy" Ingram was a South African boxer who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born in Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland In 1920, he was eliminated in the second round of the welterweight class after losing his fight to Trygve Stokstad. Four years later he was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the welterweight class after losing his fight to the eventual gold medalist Jean Delarge.

text:
# Roy Ingram

**Reginald William Thomas "Roy" Ingram** (19 November 1900  1972) was a South African boxer who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born in Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

In 1920, he was eliminated in the second round of the welterweight class after losing his fight to Trygve Stokstad. Four years later he was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the welterweight class after losing his fight to the eventual gold medalist Jean Delarge.


abstract: The inaugural women's lightweight double sculls competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia took place at Lake Lanier.

text:
# Rowing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's lightweight double sculls

The inaugural **women's lightweight double sculls** competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia took place at Lake Lanier.

## Results

### Heats

The winner of each heat advanced to the semifinals, remainder go to the repechage.

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Teresa Bell
Lindsay Burns | United States | 7:28.28 | S |
| 2 | Lisa Bertini
Martina Orzan | Italy | 7:31.58 | R |
| 3 | Laurien Vermulst
Ellen Meliesie | Netherlands | 7:32.30 | R |
| 4 | Li Fei
Ou Shaoyan | China | 7:36.71 | R |
| 5 | Myriam Lamolle
Catherine Muller | France | 7:36.75 | R |
| 6 | Angeliki Gremou
Chrysi Biskitzi | Greece | 8:01.60 | R |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Virginia Lee
Rebecca Joyce | Australia | 7:33.16 | S |
| 2 | Michelle Darvill
Ruth Kaps | Germany | 7:45.52 | R |
| 3 | Monika Knejp
Kristina Knejp | Sweden | 7:48.15 | R |
| 4 | Anna Accensi
Esperanza Márquez
Nuria Domínguez | Spain | 7:51.05 | R |
| 5 | Ayako Yoshida
Noriko Shibuta | Japan | 7:55.99 | R |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Constanța Burcică
Camelia Macoviciuc | Romania | 7:33.61 | S |
| 2 | Berit Christoffersen
Lene Andersson | Denmark | 7:36.47 | R |
| 3 | Colleen Miller
Wendy Wiebe | Canada | 7:41.20 | R |
| 4 | Karola Schustereder
Monika Felizeter | Austria | 7:45.45 | R |
| 5 | Ana Sofía Soberanes
Andrea Boltz | Mexico | 8:00.92 | R |

### Repechage

The first three places advanced to the semifinals, remainder go to the Final C.

#### Repechage 1

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Laurien Vermulst
Ellen Meliesie | Netherlands | 7:00.17 | S |
| 2 | Michelle Darvill
Ruth Kaps | Germany | 7:05.29 | S |
| 3 | Karola Schustereder
Monika Felizeter | Austria | 7:07.34 | S |
| 4 | Ayako Yoshida
Noriko Shibuta | Japan | 7:15.61 | FC |
| 5 | Angeliki Gremou
Chrysi Biskitzi | Greece | 7:21.39 | FC |

#### Repechage 2

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lisa Bertini
Martina Orzan | Italy | 6:59.06 | S |
| 2 | Colleen Miller
Wendy Wiebe | Canada | 7:02.54 | S |
| 3 | Myriam Lamolle
Catherine Muller | France | 7:03.27 | S |
| 4 | Anna Accensi
Esperanza Márquez
Nuria Domínguez | Spain | 7:12.96 | FC |

#### Repechage 3

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Berit Christoffersen
Lene Andersson | Denmark | 7:03.80 | S |
| 2 | Monika Knejp
Kristina Knejp | Sweden | 7:03.68 | S |
| 3 | Li Fei
Ou Shaoyan | China | 7:10.96 | S |
| 4 | Ana Sofía Soberanes
Andrea Boltz | Mexico | 7:18.31 | FC |

### Semifinals

The first three places advanced to the Final A, remainder go to the Final B.

#### Semifinal 1

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Teresa Bell
Lindsay Burns | United States | 7:09.47 | FA |
| 2 | Constanța Burcică
Camelia Macoviciuc | Romania | 7:11.13 | FA |
| 3 | Lisa Bertini
Martina Orzan | Italy | 7:15.29 | FA |
| 4 | Michelle Darvill
Ruth Kaps | Germany | 7:19.69 | FB |
| 5 | Myriam Lamolle
Catherine Muller | France | 7:20.11 | FB |
| 6 | Monika Knejp
Kristina Knejp | Sweden | 7:27.01 | FB |

#### Semifinal 2

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Virginia Lee
Rebecca Joyce | Australia | 7:17.67 | FA |
| 2 | Laurien Vermulst
Ellen Meliesie | Netherlands | 7:19.20 | FA |
| 3 | Berit Christoffersen
Lene Andersson | Denmark | 7:19.79 | FA |
| 4 | Li Fei
Ou Shaoyan | China | 7:23.46 | FB |
| 5 | Colleen Miller
Wendy Wiebe | Canada | 7:27.19 | FB |
| 6 | Karola Schustereder
Monika Felizeter | Austria | 7:32.07 | FB |

### Finals

#### Final C

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 | Ayako Yoshida
Noriko Shibuta | Japan | 7:44.81 |  |
| 14 | Ana Sofía Soberanes
Andrea Boltz | Mexico | 7:46.57 |  |
| 15 | Angeliki Gremou
Chrysi Biskitzi | Greece | 7:51.80 |  |
| 16 | Anna Accensi
Esperanza Márquez
Nuria Domínguez | Spain | 7:55.84 |  |

#### Final B

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | Colleen Miller
Wendy Wiebe | Canada | 7:03.87 |  |
| 8 | Michelle Darvill
Ruth Kaps | Germany | 7:04.31 |  |
| 9 | Li Fei
Ou Shaoyan | China | 7:07.81 |  |
| 10 | Myriam Lamolle
Catherine Muller | France | 7:09.95 |  |
| 11 | Karola Schustereder
Monika Felizeter | Austria | 7:11.22 |  |
| 12 | Monika Knejp
Kristina Knejp | Sweden | 7:12.03 |  |

#### Final A

| Rank | Rower | Country | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Constanța Burcică
Camelia Macoviciuc | Romania | 7:12.78 |  |
|  | Teresa Bell
Lindsay Burns | United States | 7:14.65 |  |
|  | Virginia Lee
Rebecca Joyce | Australia | 7:16.56 |  |
| 4 | Lisa Bertini
Martina Orzan | Italy | 7:16.83 |  |
| 5 | Berit Christoffersen
Lene Andersson | Denmark | 7:18.20 |  |
| 6 | Laurien Vermulst
Ellen Meliesie | Netherlands | 7:21.92 |  |

## InfoBox

| Women's lightweight double sculls
at the Games of the XXVI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 22–28 July |
| Competitors | 33 from 16 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Constanța Burcică
Camelia Macoviciuc  Romania  Teresa Bell
Lindsay Burns  United States  Virginia Lee
Rebecca Joyce  Australia | |
|