title: Fethi Benslama

abstract: Fethi Benslama is a French psychoanalyst of Tunisian origin. He is a Professor of Psychopathology at Paris Diderot University, and the author of several books about political Islam.

text:
# Fethi Benslama

**Fethi Benslama** (born 1951) is a French psychoanalyst of Tunisian origin. He is a Professor of Psychopathology at Paris Diderot University, and the author of several books about political Islam.

## Early life

Fethi Benslama was born on July 31, 1951 in Salakta, Tunisia.

## Career

Benslama is a psychoanalyst. He is a Professor of Psychopathology at Paris Diderot University, and a member of the Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Arts. He has authored several books about political Islam, including one about the Arab Spring. He has argued that radical Islam shares elements with religious cults, but he adds that it is partly based on a shared "Islamic identity myth" born out of the reality of war. He has also argued that terrorists kill for the sake of "jouissance," not to act upon suicidal ideation.

Benslama is the co-founder of a deradicalization center for French youths who return to France after visiting Syria. In the wake of the 2016 Nice truck attack, he called for the press to stop publishing the pictures and names of terrorists to avoid their "glorification".

## Works

* Benslama, Fethi (1994). *Une fiction troublante : de l'origine en partage*. La Tour d'Aigues: Editions de l'Aube. ISBN 9782876781542. OCLC 32166993.
* Benslama, Fethi; Tazi, Nadia, eds. (1998). *La virilité en Islam*. Paris: Éditions de l'Aube. ISBN 9782876784048. OCLC 40431283.
* Benslama, Fethi (2002). *La psychanalyse à l'épreuve de l'islam*. Paris: Aubier. ISBN 9782700724264. OCLC 401524225.
* Benslama, Fethi (2005). *Déclaration d'insoumission : à l'usage des musulmans et de ceux qui ne le sont pas*. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782082105248. OCLC 420238914.
* Benslama, Fethi (2011). *Soudain la révolution ! : de la Tunisie au monde arabe : la signification d'un soulèvement*. Paris: Denoël. ISBN 9782207111529. OCLC 762540744.
* Benslama, Fethi (2014). *La Guerre des subjectivités en Islam*. Paris: Lignes. ISBN 9782355261282. OCLC 881813224.
* Benslama, Fethi, ed. (2015). *L'idéal et la cruauté : subjectivité et politique de la radicalisation*. Paris: Lignes. ISBN 9782355261480. OCLC 932068846.
* Benslama, Fethi (2016). *Un furieux désir de sacrifice : le surmusulman*. Paris: Seuil. ISBN 9782021319095. OCLC 950464909.

## InfoBox

| Fethi Benslama | |
| --- | --- |
| Fethi Benslama in 2015 | |
| Born | July 31, 1951<br>Salakta, Tunisia |
| Occupation | Psychoanalyst |


title: 1938 Liga Gimel

abstract: The 1938 Liga Gimel season was the third tier league of the Palestine League organized by the EIFA. Ten teams played in the South division. As the Arab revolt intensified in fall 1938 and with the High commissioner issuing restrictive orders on travel throughout Palestine, the EIFA created a two-tiered league for the Tel Aviv region, with matches played in the league counting towards the national league. The Tel Aviv League was completed on 14 January 1939 and in February 1939 a new league season began, with teams playing in regionalized divisions instead a national league.

text:
# 1938 Liga Gimel

The **1938 Liga Gimel season** was the third tier league of the Palestine League organized by the EIFA.

Ten teams played in the South division. As the Arab revolt intensified in fall 1938 and with the High commissioner issuing restrictive orders on travel throughout Palestine, the EIFA created a two-tiered league for the Tel Aviv region, with matches played in the league counting towards the national league. The Tel Aviv League was completed on 14 January 1939 and in February 1939 a new league season began, with teams playing in regionalized divisions instead a national league.

## North division

A north division was organized by the North League Committee, and matches in the division were due to start on 19 March 1938, However, it seems that matches in this division didn't start at all.

## South division

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Montifiore Sport Club | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 10 | 2.700 | 15 |
| 2 | Maccabi Herzliya | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 23 | 11 | 2.091 | 14 |
| 3 | Maccabi Netanya | 9 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 26 | 11 | 2.364 | 11 |
| 4 | HaTehiya Tel Aviv | 9 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 19 | 18 | 1.056 | 10 |
| 5 | Hapoel Nes Tziona | 9 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 20 | 21 | 0.952 | 9 |
| 6 | Hapoel Petah Tikva | 9 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 26 | 20 | 1.300 | 8 |
| 7 | Hapoel Nahalat Yitzhak-Ramat Gan | 9 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 20 | 20 | 1.000 | 8 |
| 8 | Bait VeGan Sport Club | 9 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 14 | 24 | 0.583 | 6 |
| 9 | Hapoel Netanya | 9 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 11 | 19 | 0.579 | 6 |
| 10 | Hapoel Rehovot | 9 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 36 | 0.111 | 3 |

Updated to match(es) played on 30 April 1938. Source: Protocol No. 38/15 IFA (in Hebrew)
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of wins; 4) goals scored; 5) head to head; 6)deciding match.

## InfoBox

Liga Gimel
| Season | 1938 |
| --- | --- |
| 1940 | |


title: João de Deus Mena Barreto

abstract: João de Deus Mena Barreto was a Brazilian general and politician who briefly served as the president of Brazil while being a member of the provisional military junta of 1930. Born into a historically military family, Mena Barreto took up a military career in 1890. He fought in several internal conflicts, including the Federalist Revolution, a civil war, the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, and a 1924 revolt in the North. With the Revolution of 1930 in Brazil, Mena Barreto and Augusto Tasso Fragoso orchestrated an uprising in the Federal District, overthrowing President Washington Luís and establishing the 1930 junta. After the junta transferred power to revolutionaries, Mena Barreto became the federal interventor for Rio de Janeiro and a mediator in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932.

text:
# João de Deus Mena Barreto

**João de Deus Mena Barreto** (Porto Alegre, 30 July 1874 – Rio de Janeiro, 25 March 1933) was a Brazilian general and politician who briefly served as the president of Brazil while being a member of the provisional military junta of 1930. Born into a historically military family, Mena Barreto took up a military career in 1890. He fought in several internal conflicts, including the Federalist Revolution, a civil war, the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, and a 1924 revolt in the North. With the Revolution of 1930 in Brazil, Mena Barreto and Augusto Tasso Fragoso orchestrated an uprising in the Federal District, overthrowing President Washington Luís and establishing the 1930 junta. After the junta transferred power to revolutionaries, Mena Barreto became the federal interventor for Rio de Janeiro and a mediator in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932.

## Early life and career

### Early life

João de Deus Mena Barreto was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, on 30 July 1874, the son of Rita de Cássia de Oliveira Mello and General José Luís Mena Barreto, inspector of Artillery Corps of Rio Grande do Sul. Since the 18th century, with the tradition having begun with João de Deus Barreto Pereira Pinto (1769–1849), Viscount of São Gabriel, many members of his family had pursued a military career; 15 of them achieved generalship. Mena Barreto entered the Tactical and Shooting School of Rio Pardo in January 1890. In May, along with his colleagues, Mena Barreto joined the palace guard loyal to the state government of Francisco da Silva Tavares, trying to subdue a protest movement against the violent repression of a rally that commemorated the second anniversary of the abolition of slavery. In the events which followed, the state government was overthrown and instability ensued until 1892, when Júlio de Castilhos took over as state president.

### Military career

In January 1893, after asking to be excluded from the student body at the military academy, Mena Barreto joined the 4th Infantry Battalion, headquartered in São Gabriel. He participated in the fight against the Federalist Revolution, a civil war in Brazil centered in Rio Grande do Sul and neighboring states. The civil war, from February 1893 to August 1895, pitted federalist insurgents against the Castilhos government. Mena Barreto joined the 1st Line Brigade, which fought federalists, in September 1893. After their victory, Mena Barreto was commissioned as an ensign, and he joined the Military School of Rio de Janeiro, then the Federal District, in March 1898. He was promoted to lieutenant in September 1900, and, two months later, he married Ernestina Estela Noronha Mena Barreto. She was of a family with a long history in the Navy, and Mena Barreto had three children with her. He was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Battalion sent to the Amazon to consolidate the military there after the Acre conflict with Bolivia had finished. He attained the rank of captain in November 1904.

Mena Barreto joined in the repression of the Ilha das Cobras naval battalion's mutiny, shortly after the Revolt of the Lash. By August 1911, Mena Barreto was promoted to major. The following month, he became a deputy to his uncle, the minister of War, and continued in this position after his uncle was replaced in 1912. Afterward, he went back to Rio Grande do Sul to become adjunct professor of physics and chemistry at the Military School of Porto Alegre. Returning to the Federal District, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1915 and was to command the 4th Infantry Regiment, headquartered in Curitiba, Paraná. In February 1918, Mena Barreto was assigned to organize what was to later become the 12th Infantry Regiment in Belo Horizonte. The next month, he achieved the rank of colonel and took command of the 3rd Infantry Regiment in Rio de Janeiro. In September 1921, he was promoted to brigadier general, and two months later he was appointed inspector of infantry of the 1st and 2nd Military Regions, located in the Federal District and São Paulo, respectively. In February 1922, he received command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade. While serving this post, he was forced to face the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt that broke out on 5 July 1922 in Rio and Mato Grosso. The first of a series of *tenente* revolts, Mena Barreto personally headed a detachment with the purpose of halting the advance of Military School cadets in the Rio neighborhood of Méier.

In July 1924, another revolt broke out in São Paulo. This was accompanied by uprisings in Amazonas and Sergipe. Mena Barreto was made commander-in-chief of the Detachment of the North, made to fight the 27th Battalion of Hunters led by Lieutenants Joaquim de Magalhães Cardoso Barata and Alfredo Augusto Ribeiro Júnior and other young officers. Mena Barreto arrived on 11 August in Belém, Pará after a revolt there had already been put down, though he still took control of the 8th Military Region and took measures to consolidate the military situation there. On their way to Manaus, Amazonas, loyalist troops occupied the city of Santarém, Pará, on 23 August and made arrests. Meanwhile, the state government in Amazonas had been deposed by rebels and a governing junta was established there led by Ribeiro Júnior. On 28 August, the loyalists arrived in Manuas and arrested members of the junta. Mena Barreto appointed Colonel Raimundo Barbosa as military governor after the deposed state president refused to return. In October, though effective December 1924, Mena Barreto took command of the 1st Military Region. This was just after he achieved the rank of divisional general. The next year, at his suggestion, Soldier's Day was created to celebrate the birthday of the Duke of Caxias on 25 August. He resigned in March 1926 and was replaced by Otávio de Azeredo Coutinho. He took two more positions in 1926. Mena Barreto was elected president of the Military Club, where he normalized the club's activities after it was banned in 1922, and reelected the subsequent year. The other position was inspector of the 1st Group of Military Regions, appointed in November.

## Military junta and later years

### Revolution of 1930 and the military junta

At the outbreak of the Revolution of 1930 against President Washington Luís, Mena Barreto was still inspector of the 1st Group of Military Regions. Though his son João de Deus claims his father had no foreknowledge of the revolution, other sources say Mena Barreto was informed of the revolution in advance by emissaries from Rio Grande do Sul. With the situation across Brazil turning favorable to revolutionaries, and Colonel Bertoldo Klinger, Mena Barreto's Chief of Staff, having asked the general on the behalf of a group of young officers to intervene in the revolution to end hostilities, Mena Barreto, alongside other generals in the Federal District, began to support a military coup.

Mena Barreto's sons, Lieutenants Valdemar and João de Deus, made contact with the officialdom as signatures were being collected for a manifesto to force Luís's resignation. Mena Barreto contacted Rear Admiral José Isaías de Noronha as the latter was a relative of his wife. In order to respect the military hierarchy, Mena Barreto had requested two generals superior to him, Augusto Tasso Fragoso and Alexandre Henrique Vieira Leal, to lead the movement. With both declining, Mena Barreto and his son Paulo Emílio again asked Tasso Fragoso on the morning of 23 October. Tasso Fragoso, agreeing, convened with Mena Barreto that night at Fort Copacabana to make the final preparations for their uprising. On 24 October, Mena Barreto and Tasso Fragoso went to the Guanabara Palace and demanded Luís resign, guaranteeing respect for his integrity. After initially refusing, Luís was taken to Fort Copacabana after Cardinal Sebastião da Silveira Cintra acted as an intermediary. Meanwhile, a provisional governing junta composed of Tasso Fragoso as head, Mena Barreto, and Noronha was established in place of the deposed president. During their brief time in power, the junta began to demilitarize Brazil, appointed a provisional ministry, and authorized banking operations to resume among other measures.

### After the junta

The same day they took power, the junta began to exchange telegrams with Getúlio Vargas, revolutionary leader, and proposed the suspension of hostilities. Revolutionaries were unsure of the junta's intentions, so they sent emissaries to the junta to discuss the transfer of power to Vargas while rebels continued advancing toward Rio de Janeiro. On 3 November, the junta handed over power to Vargas, who became president of the Provisional Government. Vargas retained Mena Barreto as inspector of the 1st Group of Military Regions. On 30 May 1931, Mena Barreto was appointed federal interventor of Rio de Janeiro, succeeding Plínio Casado, though he resigned on 4 November of the same year after going against the Code of Interventors, published in August, and was succeeded by Colonel Pantaleão da Silva Pessoa. He was appointed minister of the Supreme Military Court on 7 November 1931. Mena Barreto was neutral during the Constitutionalist Revolution, which had begun in São Paulo in July 1932. In September, he served as a mediator in negotiations to end hostilities which eventually led to an armistice signed on 2 October 1932, ending the conflict with São Paulo's surrender. Mena Barreto died on 25 March 1933 in Rio de Janeiro, still minister of the Supreme Military Court.

## InfoBox

| GeneralJoão de Deus Mena Barreto | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Brazilian Military Junta | |
| **In office**
24 October 1930  3 November 1930Serving with Isaías de Noronha, Tasso Fragoso | |
| Preceded by | Washington Luís
(as President) |
| Succeeded by | Getúlio Vargas
(as President) |
| Justice of the Superior Military Court | |
| **In office**
16 November 1931  25 March 1933 | |
| Nominated by | Getúlio Vargas |
| Preceded by | Feliciano Mendes de Morais |
| Succeeded by | Tasso Fragoso |
| Federal Intervenor in Rio de Janeiro | |
| **In office**
30 May 1931  4 November 1931 | |
| Preceded by | Plínio Casado |
| Succeeded by | Pantaleão Pessoa |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1874-07-30)30 July 1874
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Empire of Brazil |
| Died | 25 March 1933(1933-03-25) (aged 58)
Rio de Janeiro, Federal District, Brazil |
| Spouse | Ernestina Estela de Noronha |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent(s) | José Luís Mena Barreto (father)
Rita de Cássia de Oliveira Melo (mother) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Brazil |
| Branch/service | Brazilian Army |
| Years of service | 1890–1933 |
| Rank | Divisional general |
| Commands | * 4th Infantry Regiment * 59th Hunter Battalion * 3rd Infantry Regiment * 2nd Infantry Brigade * 8th Military Region * 1st Military Region |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: João de Deus Pinheiro

abstract: João de Deus Rogado Salvador Pinheiro, GCC GCIH, is a Portuguese politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the Social Democratic Party–People's Party coalition; part of the European People's Party–European Democrats group.

text:
# João de Deus Pinheiro

**João de Deus Rogado Salvador Pinheiro**, GCC GCIH (born 11 July 1945), is a Portuguese politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the Social Democratic PartyPeople's Party coalition; part of the European People's Party–European Democrats group.

## Academic career

João de Deus Pinheiro has a licentiate degree in chemical-industrial engineering by the Instituto Superior Técnico (1970) and a doctorate degree in the same field by the University of Birmingham (1976). Professor at the University of Lourenço Marques (Mozambique) from 1970 to 1974, and in the University of Minho after the Carnation Revolution and his return to Portugal.

## Political career

He was Minister for Education 1985–1987, Minister for Foreign Affairs 1987–1992; in that role he was one of the EU negotiators in Brioni Agreement that ended ten-day war in Slovenia in 1991; Member of the European Parliament and European Commissioner.

## Life after politics

João de Deus Pinheiro was elected member of the Assembly of the Republic in 2009 elections for Braga, but resigned shortly after for health reasons.

After leaving the European Parliament, he has been member of the board of several companies.

He is also known as a writer and amateur golfer.

## InfoBox

| João de Deus PinheiroGCC GCIH | |
| --- | --- |
| Pinheiro in 1997 | |
|  | |
| European Commissioner for Relations with African, Caribbean, Pacific Countries, South Africa and the Lomé Convention | |
| **In office**
23 January 1995  16 September 1999 | |
| President | Jacques Santer
Manuel Marín |
| Preceded by | Manuel Marín |
| Succeeded by | Poul Nielson |
| European Commissioner for Relations with Parliament, Culture and Audiovisual | |
| **In office**
5 January 1993  23 January 1995 | |
| President | Jacques Delors |
| Preceded by | Jean Dondelinger |
| Succeeded by | Marcelino Oreja |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
17 August 1987  12 November 1992 | |
| Prime Minister | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | Pedro Pires de Miranda |
| Succeeded by | José Manuel Barroso |
| Minister of Education and Culture | |
| **In office**
16 February 1985  17 August 1987 | |
| Prime Minister | Mário Soares
Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | José Augusto Seabra |
| Succeeded by | Roberto Carneiro |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | João de Deus Rogado Salvador Pinheiro
(1945-07-11) 11 July 1945
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Political party | Social Democratic Party |
| Other political
affiliations | European People's Party |
| Spouse | Maria Manuela Vieira Paisana |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | Instituto Superior Técnico \- University of Lisbon
University of Birmingham |
|  | |


title: João de Correia de Brito

abstract: João de Correia de Brito was the 15th Captain-major of Portuguese Ceylon. Brito was appointed in 1583 under Philip I of Portugal, he was Captain-major until 1590. He was succeeded by Simão de Brito. Against overwhelming odds at the second siege of Colombo by Rajasinha I of Sitawaka in 1587, Brito successfully defended the last Portuguese garrison and king Dharmapala of Kotte stationed at Colombo fort. The garrison consisted of about 300 Portuguese soldiers and forces loyal to Dharmapala. In 1594 the Portuguese and Kotte forces went on to capture the Kingdom of Sitawaka after the Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1591. in 1656 the Dutch captured Colombo.

text:
# João de Correia de Brito

**João de Correia de Brito** was the 15th Captain-major of Portuguese Ceylon. Brito was appointed in 1583 under Philip I of Portugal, he was Captain-major until 1590. He was succeeded by Simão de Brito.

Against overwhelming odds at the second siege of Colombo by Rajasinha I of Sitawaka in 1587, Brito successfully defended the last Portuguese garrison and king Dharmapala of Kotte stationed at Colombo fort. The garrison consisted of about 300 Portuguese soldiers and forces loyal to Dharmapala. In 1594 the Portuguese and Kotte forces went on to capture the Kingdom of Sitawaka after the Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1591. in 1656 the Dutch captured Colombo.

## InfoBox

| João de Correia de Brito | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 15th Captain-major of Portuguese Ceylon | |
| **In office**<br>1583–1590 | |
| Monarch | Philip I of Portugal |
| Preceded by | Manuel de Sousa Coutinho |
| Succeeded by | Simão de Brito |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Fernando Albán

abstract: Fernando Alberto Albán Salazar (Latin American Spanish:, 1 October 1962 – 8 October 2018) was a Venezuelan–Colombian activist, lawyer, politician, and prominent figure within the Justice First opposition party. Albán served as a councilman of the Libertador Municipality of Caracas from 2012 until his death in office in 2018. He died while he was detained in the headquarters of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) in Plaza Venezuela, Caracas. Government officials initially reported his death as a suicide, but his friends, family, opposition political parties and Luis Almagro, Secretary General of the Organization of American States, argued that the councilor's death was murder. In May 2021 Maduro's Attorney General, Tarek William Saab, admitted that Albán did not commit suicide as initially reported, but was killed by two SEBIN officers guarding him.

text:
# Fernando Albán

**Fernando Alberto Albán Salazar** (Latin American Spanish: \[feɾˈnando alˈβeɾto alˈβan salaˈsaɾ\], 1 October 1962 – 8 October 2018) was a VenezuelanColombian activist, lawyer, politician, and prominent figure within the Justice First opposition party. Albán served as a councilman of the Libertador Municipality of Caracas from 2012 until his death in office in 2018.

He died while he was detained in the headquarters of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) in Plaza Venezuela, Caracas. Government officials initially reported his death as a suicide, but his friends, family, opposition political parties and Luis Almagro, Secretary General of the Organization of American States, argued that the councilor's death was murder.

In May 2021 Maduro's Attorney General, Tarek William Saab, admitted that Albán did not commit suicide as initially reported, but was killed by two SEBIN officers guarding him.

## Personal life and early career

Albán was born in Colombia, and relocated to Venezuela at the age of four. At the time of his death, he held citizenship in both countries. He was a devout Catholic, and had worked with the Archdiocese of Caracas on many charity projects.

Albán, a lawyer who specialized in labor law, received his law degree from Central University of Venezuela. He served as the national secretary of the Justice First trade union association. He was elected to the Capital District's Libertador Bolivarian Municipality council in the 2013 municipal elections, winning the election with 6,170 votes and representing Circuit 3 on the council.

Albán with his wife, Meudy, and their two children, Fernando and María, maintained a residence in New York at the time of his death.

## Arrest

Albán traveled to New York City for the 73rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, as part of a Justice First opposition delegation led by Julio Borges. Albán, Borges, and other members of the delegation had meetings with foreign dignitaries and other groups attending the assembly. Albán was detained by Venezuelan authorities at Simón Bolívar International Airport on Friday, 5 October 2018, upon his return to the country. No reason for his arrest was given, and no details were provided of where he was being held, until after his death. The BBC reported that people close to him did not believe the official reason for arrest, instead saying that Albán was arrested for presenting information about human rights violations in Venezuela during the assembly. Albán told his family and lawyers that he was pressured by the Maduro government to testify against Borges about the Caracas drone attack and he refused.

Tarek William Saab, prosecutor general for the Maduro administration, later stated that Albán was arrested because of "evidence of 2,000 chats with conspiratorial themes". The number has also been reported as 200, and the chats were defined as conversations found on Albán's personal mobile phone.

## Death

Albán was taken into SEBIN custody after his arrest, and was said after his death to be a suspect for the Caracas drone attack that had occurred two months earlier. He was seen by lawyer Joel García on Sunday after his arrest on Friday, but was reported dead on Monday, 8 October, 2018. The government states that he died by suicide when he jumped from a tenth-floor window either whilst he was waiting to be transferred (Interior Minister Néstor Reverol's account) or whilst going to the bathroom (Saab's account) at around midday. According to anonymous sources that Julio Borges says are official, Albán was dead before he was thrown out of a window. According to William Jiménez, former coordinator of national investigations of the Caracas morgue, the autopsy revealed that water was found in Albán's lungs and Néstor Reverol ordered the report to be edited.

The narrative provided by the Maduro government was widely disputed. Efecto Cocuyo noted the differences in official stories, and quoted former SEBIN prisoners explaining that detainees are always escorted to the bathroom, opening further doubts, as the bathroom version was the first explanation given. Lawyers who knew the building confirmed that there are no windows in the bathroom and that all of the windows are locked, so Albán could not have opened one himself. His death, called murder by many, prompted protests across Venezuela and received worldwide media attention.

A memorial was held at the National Assembly building the day after his death; his body was immediately released, but contained within a flag-draped coffin. He was buried on Wednesday, 10 October. His family watched his funeral on video from their residence in New York. His devout Catholic faith is cited by friends, colleagues, and the conference of Catholic bishops of Venezuela as a reason to not believe the official story regarding his death, because he had too much respect for God to consider taking his own life.

### Reactions

With his body concealed, the public became concerned that Albán had been tortured, which was supported by allegations from the Venezuelan opposition government, including Borges directly. A demonstration was held outside the city mortuary for the release of his body, with fears he would be cremated before anyone could examine it. The United Nations suggested that the Venezuelan government and intelligence service can be held responsible regardless of how Albán died, as officials are "obligated to ensure Albán's safety while in their custody". Article 44 of the Constitution of Venezuela says that the State is responsible for protecting the lives of its prisoners.

Venezuelan opposition deputy Juan Miguel Matheus gave a speech describing the torture of Albán, saying that he would have been electrocuted and asphyxiated. Luisa Ortega Díaz – the exiled Venezuelan Attorney General – announced her understanding that Albán died of suffocation while being tortured by a bag over his head during interrogation. The United States has also said it believes Albán was tortured then killed. France called for an investigation into the "suspicious" death and summoned the Venezuelan ambassador to the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs on Thursday, 11 October. Spain took similar actions, questioning the Venezuelan ambassador in Madrid. Multiple foreign countries suggested that the Maduro government tortured Albán. Saab denied all claims of torture, calling them a "rotten lie".

Candlelight protests, public memorials and vigils were held in Caracas, particularly outside the SEBIN buildings, to denounce the murder. Supporters marched in Albán's funeral procession, with some holding signs with the slogan *Yo me niego a rendirme* (I refuse to give up), recalling the last speech of Juan Requesens before his detention.

The United States Department of State issued a statement in April 2019 highlighting Albán's death as an example of the Maduro administration human rights abuses, stating:

> In October 2018, Caracas Councilman Fernando Alban traveled to New York to denounce the Maduro regime's brutality on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly. Upon his return to Venezuela on October 5, Maduro's secret police arrested him at the airport. He died in custody a few days later when he mysteriously fell from a 10th floor window of a maximum-security prison in Caracas.

### Investigations

The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights called for an investigation into Albán's death, and planned to include it in a wider investigation into human rights abuses in the country. The European Union also asked for an independent investigation. Tarek William Saab, Venezuelan prosecutor general, said that he would investigate the death, but classified it as a suicide. García pointed out in response that a death can not be classified as suicide without an autopsy and investigation, and requested to be present at the autopsy. García was not present at the secret autopsy supposedly performed shortly before burial; Saab announced that the autopsy found that Albán died of blunt force trauma. It was later reported that there were two different death certificates, the first issued by a community doctor without the credentials to do so, and the other by a supposed doctor using a stolen identity.

The opposition government in Venezuela asked that Colombia perform the investigation, so that it would be unbiased. García suggested that since Albán retained his Colombian citizenship after moving to Venezuela, Colombia could have more legal rights to pursue an investigation; the international ramifications of the event were heightened when Albán's place of birth and heritage (his parents and ancestors are all Colombian) were made public knowledge.

In May 2021, Maduro's Attorney General, Tarek William Saab, admitted that Albán did not commit suicide, as initially reported by government officials, but was killed. Saab announced that two SEBIN officers had arrest warrants issued against them for manslaughter and other related charges.

On 16 December 2021 the two SEBIN officers were sentenced to 5 years and 10 months imprisonment for the "escape" and death of Fernando Albán. The sentence was criticized for its brevity and for not indicting those politically involved. In February 2022 a decision by the Court of Appeals of Caracas further reduced their sentence to two years and eight months. Zair Mundaray, former prosecutor of the Venezuelan Public Ministry, denounced that the officers "were always in the offices of the SEBIN in El Helicoide" and they never "set foot in a jail". Albán's family lawyer declared that the officers were only imprisoned for a few days and that they were charged for a crime of negligence, but never convicted for an intentional homicide, as if an accident had occurred.

## InfoBox

| Fernando Albán Salazar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
Libertador Bolivarian Municipality Councilman | |
| **In office**
16 December 2013  8 October 2018 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Fernando Alberto Albán Salazar
(1962-10-01)1 October 1962
Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia |
| Died | 8 October 2018(2018-10-08) (aged 56)
Caracas, Venezuela |
| Political party | Justice First |
| Alma mater | Central University of Venezuela |
|  | |


title: 1936 Eiger climbing disaster

text:
# 1936 Eiger climbing disaster

46°35′04″N 7°55′18″E / 46.5843675°N 7.9217514°E / 46.5843675; 7.9217514

In July 1936, five climbers died while attempting to ascend the north face of the Eiger mountain in Switzerland.

## Background

After a deadly and unsuccessful German attempt in 1935, ten climbers from Austria and Germany travelled to the still-unclimbed north face of the Eiger in 1936, but, before serious summit attempts could get underway, one climber was killed during a training climb. The weather was so bad that after waiting for a change and seeing none on the way, several climbers gave up. Only four remained: two Bavarians, Andreas Hinterstoisser and Toni Kurz, and two Austrians, Willy Angerer and Edi Rainer.

## Ascent and retreat

The weather improved and they made preliminary explorations of the lowest part of the face. Hinterstoisser accidentally fell 37 metres (121 ft) but was not injured. A few days later, the four men began ascending the north face. They climbed quickly, but on the second day the weather changed; clouds came down and allowed observers on the ground only intermittent visibility of the climbers on the face. On the second day, the party was bombarded by rockfall, a notorious problem on the north face route. Angerer was hit just below the shoulder blade and injured. It is said that he tried to continue climbing, but the expedition had to be stopped for the night.

The climbing resumed on the following day, when, during a break in the clouds, the party was observed descending. Later, it would be learned that the group had no choice but to retreat, since Angerer had suffered more serious injuries than initially assessed. The party became stuck on the face when they could not recross a difficult traverse – which became known as the Hinterstoisser traverse – from which they had pulled the rope during their ascent. Exhausted on their third day of climbing, with two days of bad weather, Hinterstoisser still tried for hours to cross the traverse, which was now covered in verglas. On the way up, Hinterstoisser had used a technique called a "tension traverse", where a rope is fixed and kept taut, allowing the lead climber to "lean" on it for balance. However, this technique cannot be used when descending.

The weather worsened, and falling rocks, snow, and water could be seen from the town. The group decided to abseil from the lower lip of the First Ice Field down the vertical face (the great rock barrier). A ledge ran along the wall of rock, which, if they could get to it, would lead them to the Stollenloch, an entrance to the train tunnel. As belay devices had not yet been invented, they rappelled using the Dülfersitz method. Contact was made with a railway guard at the Eigerwand railway station halfway down the descent. During their exchange, the climber claimed everything had been going all right (perhaps out of pride and knowledge that they were very close to safety). However, as Hinterstoisser set up the last abseil of the descent, an avalanche came down the mountain, taking Hinterstoisser, who had unclipped from the group, with it. He was found at the bottom of the mountain days later. Angerer also fell and was killed when his body hit the rock face, while Rainer quickly asphyxiated from the weight of the rope around his diaphragm. Only Kurz survived the avalanche, hanging on the rope with his dead comrades.

## Rescue attempt

Late on the third day, three Swiss guides started a rescue attempt from the Eigerwand Station. They failed to reach Kurz but came within shouting distance and learned what had happened. Kurz explained the fate of his companions: one had fallen down the face, another was frozen above him, and the third had fractured his skull in falling and was hanging on the rope below him.

In the morning, the three guides returned, traversing the face again from a hole near the Eigerwand Station despite avalanche-prone conditions. Toni Kurz was still alive but almost helpless. After four nights exposed to the elements, one of his hands and his arm was completely frozen. Kurz hauled himself back to the mountain face after cutting loose Angerer below him. The guides were not able to pass an unclimbable overhang that separated them from Kurz, but they managed to get a rope long enough to reach Kurz by tying two ropes together. While abseiling, however, Kurz could not get the knot that joined the two ropes to pass through his carabiner. He tried for hours to reach his rescuers, who were just a few metres below him, desperately trying to move himself past the knot, but in vain. He then began to lose consciousness. One of the guides, climbing on another's shoulders, was able to touch the tip of Kurz's crampons with the head of his ice-axe but could not reach higher. Faced with the futility of his situation, he famously said only "Ich kann nicht mehr" ("I can't \[go on\] anymore") and then died.

His body was later recovered by a German team.


title: 1936 Emperor's Cup

text:
# 1936 Emperor's Cup

Statistics of Emperor's Cup in the 1936 season.

## Overview

It was contested by 5 teams, and Keio BRB won the championship.

## Results

### Quarterfinals

### Semifinals

### Final

Keio BRB won the championship.

* (in Japanese) NHK

## InfoBox

1936 Emperor's Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Japan |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Keio BRB |
| Runner-up | Poseung College |
| Semifinalists |  |
|  | |


title: 1936 English cricket season

text:
# 1936 English cricket season

1936 was the 43rd season of County Championship cricket in England. Derbyshire won the championship for the first time. India were on tour and England won the Test series 2–0.

## Honours

## Test series

### India tour

England defeated India 2–0 with one match drawn.

## County Championship

## Leading batsmen

Wally Hammond topped the averages with 2107 runs @ 56.94

## Leading bowlers

Harold Larwood topped the averages with 119 wickets @ 12.97

## Annual reviews

## InfoBox

1936 English cricket season
|
|  |


title: Jože Benko

abstract: Jože Benko is a Slovenian retired football striker who last played for Austrian side Minihof/Liebau.

text:
# Jože Benko

**Jože Benko** (born 23 March 1980) is a Slovenian retired football striker who last played for Austrian side Minihof/Liebau.

## Club career

During his career he has played for top clubs from Prekmurje, Mura and Nafta Lendava. He has also played for Domžale in the Slovenian league.

## InfoBox

Jože Benko
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1980-03-23) 23 March 1980 | | |
| Place of birth | Murska Sobota, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Mura | | |
|  | Križevci | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998–2003 | Mura | 21 | (1) |
| 2001 | Beltinci (loan) | 11 | (3) |
| 2002 | Dravograd (loan) | 7 | (1) |
| 2003–2004 | Križevci | 26 | (16) |
| 2004–2007 | Nafta Lendava | 72 | (29) |
| 2007–2008 | Iraklis | 5 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Domžale | 43 | (18) |
| 2009–2010 | AEK Larnaca | 11 | (3) |
| 2010 | Nafta Lendava (loan) | 13 | (3) |
| 2010–2011 | Nafta Lendava | 18 | (11) |
| 2011–2012 | Wuhan Zall | 3 | (0) |
| 2012 | Lombard Pápa | 15 | (2) |
| 2013–2014 | Zavrč | 27 | (16) |
| 2014–2016 | Jennersdorf | 65 | (36) |
| 2016 | Minihof/Liebau | 11 | (13) |
| International career | | | |
| 1998 | Slovenia U18 | 2 | (0) |
| 2000 | Slovenia U20 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 September 2016 | | | |


title: Judith Pietersen

abstract: Judith Pietersen is a Dutch volleyball player, who plays as an opposite. She is a member of the Women's National Team, and competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics. She plays for Volley Millenium Brescia. She learned playing volleyball in the garden from her cousin Caroline Wensink, who was later a teammate in the Dutch national team.

text:
# Judith Pietersen

**Judith Pietersen** (born 3 July 1989 in Eibergen) is a Dutch volleyball player, who plays as an opposite. She is a member of the Women's National Team, and competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics. She plays for Volley Millenium Brescia.

She learned playing volleyball in the garden from her cousin Caroline Wensink, who was later a teammate in the Dutch national team.

## Clubs

## Awards

### Clubs

#### National championships

1. "Interview: Judith Pietersen". *Just Women's Sports*. 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
2. "Meet Judith Pietersen, volleyball player at the Dutch National Team - Fitgirlcode - Community for fit and healthy women. Unlocking your personal code to a healthy lifestyle". *Fitgirlcode - Community for fit and healthy women. Unlocking your personal code to a healthy lifestyle*. 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2017-02-28.

## InfoBox

| Judith Pietersen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Judith Pietersen |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Born | (1989-07-03) 3 July 1989<br>Eibergen, Netherlands |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) |
| Spike | 309 cm (122 in) |
| Block | 301 cm (119 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Opposite spiker / Wing spiker |
| Current club | Igor Gorgonzola Novara |
| Number | 8 |
| Honours      Women's volleyball  Representing the  Netherlands  FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix  2016 Bangkok Team  European Championship  2015 Belgium / Netherlands  Team competition | |


title: Viaduct Events Centre

abstract:
The Viaduct Events Centre is a stand-alone, multi-purpose events centre built on the Halsey Street extension wharf, Wynyard Quarter of Auckland, New Zealand. It was owned and operated by Regional Facilities Auckland, an organisation under the control of Auckland Council. Opened in August 2011 at a cost of approximately $32 million,
the 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft) facility offered eight separate rooms suitable for a wide range of events including conferences, gala dinners and exhibitions. Since opening, it hosted major events, most notably the New Zealand Fashion Week. The centre was also usually busy with numerous corporate functions, dinners and conferences. Several schools had also chosen the centre for their annual ball. The Viaduct Events Centre was closed and was converted to be the home base of Emirates Team New Zealand in their defence efforts for the 36th America's Cup presented by Prada and run by The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron. The Viaduct Events Centre is to reopen in April 2023 under the ownership of Auckland Conventions, Venues & Events which is a council controlled organisation, Tātaki Auckland Unlimited.

text:
# Viaduct Events Centre

The **Viaduct Events Centre** is a stand-alone, multi-purpose events centre built on the Halsey Street extension wharf, Wynyard Quarter of Auckland, New Zealand. It was owned and operated by Regional Facilities Auckland, an organisation under the control of Auckland Council. Opened in August 2011 at a cost of approximately $32 million, the 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft) facility offered eight separate rooms suitable for a wide range of events including conferences, gala dinners and exhibitions.

Since opening, it hosted major events, most notably the New Zealand Fashion Week. The centre was also usually busy with numerous corporate functions, dinners and conferences. Several schools had also chosen the centre for their annual ball.

The Viaduct Events Centre was closed and was converted to be the home base of Emirates Team New Zealand in their defence efforts for the 36th America's Cup presented by Prada and run by The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron.

The Viaduct Events Centre is to reopen in April 2023 under the ownership of Auckland Conventions, Venues & Events which is a council controlled organisation, Tātaki Auckland Unlimited.

36°50′28″S 174°45′32″E / 36.8412°S 174.7588°E / -36.8412; 174.7588

## InfoBox

| Viaduct Events Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| The Viaduct Events Centre in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | Auckland CBD |
| Owner | Auckland Conventions, Venues & Events, Auckland Council (indirectly through Tātaki Auckland Unlimited) |
| Operator | Auckland Unlimited |
| Built | 2011 |
| Enclosed space | |


title: Fiat Cronos

abstract: The Fiat Cronos is a subcompact car released in February 2018 by the Italian automaker Fiat. It is a sedan for the Latin American market based on the Argo hatchback.

text:
# Fiat Cronos

The **Fiat Cronos** (Type 358S) is a subcompact car released in February 2018 by the Italian automaker Fiat. It is a sedan for the Latin American market based on the Argo hatchback.

## Overview

Unveiled in February 2018, the Cronos was developed as a three-box sedan version of the Argo subcompact hatchback. It takes part of the front platform, the interior, and the front doors from the Argo; altogether, about 30 percent of the components are derived from the Argo. The remaining 70 percent are specific to the Cronos, like the bonnet, front crosspieces, front and rear subframe, bumper, rear axle and skeleton of the body. During the design phase, the car was developed under the codename *Type X6S*.

In April 2016, the Cronos was officially announced by the CEO of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Sergio Marchionne. During the announcement event, he illustrated an investment plan of $500 million for an FCA plant in Córdoba, Argentina. He anticipated total annual production of 100,000 units at full capacity. In 2018, the plant was the subject of an episode of *Megafábricas* from Nat Geo.

The car, which entered production in February 2018, went on sale in Brazil and Argentina that month. Within the Fiat range, in the Latin American market, it replaces three models: the Siena Fire, the Grand Siena and the Linea. Based on the new MP-S (Modular Platform Sedan) platform, it uses McPherson suspension in the front with a stabilizer bar. In the rear, a torsion beam system is adopted.

The car has been developed by the R&D FCA Brazil center for the South American market only and is not marketed in Europe. The Cronos offers a luggage compartment with a capacity of 525 liters. The interior is shared with the Argo, and uses the UConnect Touch 7" multimedia system.

The engine range consists of the new biofuel (petrol/ ethanol) 1.3-litre 16V GSE *Firefly* inline-four engine capable of delivering 99 horsepower in ethanol power supply and the 1.8-litre 16V *E.torQ* inline four engine 130 horsepower. The 1.3-litre engine is combined with a five-speed manual gearbox or a *GSR* automated manual (evolution of the *Dualogic*) always five speed, while the 1.8-litre is combined with a five speed manual or six speed automatic Aisin AW60T.

In June 2022, Fiat announced the discontinuation of the 1.8 16v engine, which was already discontinued in Brazil since early 2022 when the PROCONVE L7 emissions standard became mandatory.

In 2022, it is the normal Argentine car with the highest level of localization: 48% of its parts are made in the country.

As of 2022, 57% of its production is exported and over 250,000 units have been made (over 80,000 expected for 2022).

As of June 2024, 400,000 units have been made.

## Facelift

In late July 2022, the facelift model was released. It features an updated front grille with new Fiat badges, interior trims, a 1.0-litre petrol engine option and a CVT option.

## Safety

The Cronos has front ventilated disc brakes.

The Cronos in its most basic Latin American version with 2 airbags and no Electronic stability control received 0 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for infants from Latin NCAP in 2019. In 2021, the most basic Latin American version with 2 airbags, airbag switch, and no ESC received 0 stars from Latin NCAP under the new protocol (similar to Euro NCAP 2014).

In 2022, it lost the 4-airbag option.

## Sales

| Year | Brazil | Argentina |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | 29,307 | 11,601 |
| 2019 | 24,080 | 11,048 |
| 2020 | 16,167 | 16,558 |
| 2021 | 27,890 | 37,449 |
| 2022 | 41,683 | 38,769 |
| 2023 | 50,760 | 47,580 |

In 2020, the Cronos was the second best-selling passenger car in Argentina, and later became the best-selling passenger car in the country in 2021, and 2022.

## InfoBox

| Fiat Cronos | |
| --- | --- |
| 2018 Fiat Cronos 1.8 (pre-facelift) | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | FCA (2018–2021)
Stellantis (2021–present) |
| Production | 2018–present |
| Assembly | Argentina: Ferreyra, Córdoba |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Subcompact car |
| Body style | 4-door sedan |
| Layout | Front-engine, front-wheel-drive |
| Platform | Small MP-S |
| Related |  |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |  |
| Transmission | 5-speed *FPT C510* manual
5-speed *FPT C510 GSR* automated manual
7-speed *Aisin* *AW60T* automatic
CVT |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,521 mm (99.3 in) |
| Length | 4,364 mm (171.8 in) |
| Width | 1,724 mm (67.9 in) |
| Height | 1,516 mm (59.7 in) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Fiat Siena
Fiat Linea |


title: Jožica Puhar

abstract: Jožica Puhar was a Slovenian sociologist and politician. She served as Minister of Labour, Family, and Social Affairs from 1990 to 1994. Puhar died in January 2024, at the age of 81.

text:
# Jožica Puhar

**Jožica Puhar** (19 March 1942 – 15 January 2024) was a Slovenian sociologist and politician. She served as Minister of Labour, Family, and Social Affairs from 1990 to 1994.

Puhar died in January 2024, at the age of 81.

## InfoBox

| Jožica Puhar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Labour, Family, and Social Affairs | |
| **In office**
16 May 1990  21 June 1994 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1942-03-19)19 March 1942
Krainburg, German-occupied Slovenia |
| Died | 15 January 2024(2024-01-15) (aged 81) |
| Nationality | Slovene |
| Education | University of Ljubljana |
| Occupation | Sociologist |
|  | |


title: Fellhanera borbonica

abstract: Fellhanera borbonica is a species of lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae. It was described as new to science in 2011. Found in Réunion, the specific epithet borbonica denotes the original name for Réunion, or Île Bourbon.

text:
# Fellhanera borbonica

***Fellhanera borbonica*** is a species of lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae. It was described as new to science in 2011. Found in Réunion, the specific epithet *borbonica* denotes the original name for Réunion, or *Île Bourbon*.

## InfoBox

| *Fellhanera borbonica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Pilocarpaceae |
| Genus: | *Fellhanera* |
| Species: | ***F. borbonica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fellhanera borbonica***<br>Sérus., van den Boom & Brand (2011) | |
|


title: Rich Versus Roach

abstract: Rich versus Roach is a 1959 studio album by drummers Buddy Rich and Max Roach with their respective bands of the time. The album is mixed with each of the two bands in a different stereo channel.

text:
# Rich Versus Roach

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Tom Hull | B+ () |

***Rich versus Roach*** is a 1959 studio album by drummers Buddy Rich and Max Roach with their respective bands of the time. The album is mixed with each of the two bands in a different stereo channel.

## Track listing

LP side A

1. "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)" (Louis Prima) – 4:06
2. "The Casbah" (Gigi Gryce) – 4:25
3. "Sleep" (Earl Burtnett, Adam Geibel) – 3:15
4. "Figure Eights" (Buddy Rich, Max Roach) – 4:26

LP side B

1. "Yesterdays" (Otto Harbach, Jerome Kern) – 4:15
2. "Big Foot" (Charlie Parker) – 4:59
3. "Limehouse Blues" (Philip Braham, Douglas Furber) – 3:42
4. "Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Goodbye" (Ernie Erdman, Ted Fio Rito, Gus Kahn, Robert A. K. King) – 3:50

1986 CD re-issue with alternate versions:

1. "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)" (alt. take) – 4:22
2. "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)" – 4:08
3. "The Casbah" – 4:28
4. "The Casbah" (alt. take) – 4:58
5. "Sleep" – 3:18
6. "Figure Eights" – 4:30
7. "Yesterdays" – 5:41
8. "Big Foot" – 5:00
9. "Big Foot" (alt. take) – 5:14
10. "Limehouse Blues" – 3:56
11. "Limehouse Blues" (alt. take) – 3:43
12. "Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Goodbye" – 3:57

## Personnel

**Rich's band**

**Roach's band**

**Production**

* Jack Tracy – producer, liner notes
* Gigi Gryce – arranger
* Bill Stoddard – engineer
* Kiyoshi "Boxman" Koyama – compilation, research

* Mercury MG-20448 (original LP)
* Mercury 826987-2 (CD)

## InfoBox

| Rich versus Roach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Buddy Rich and Max Roach | |
| Released | 1959 |
| Recorded | April 7–8, 1959 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 32:58 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Producer | Jack Tracy |
| Buddy Rich chronology | |
| *Richcraft*
(1959) ***Rich versus Roach***
(1959) *The Voice is Rich*
(1959) | |
|  | |
| Max Roach chronology | |
| *The Many Sides of Max*
(1959) ***Rich versus Roach***
(1959) *Quiet as It's Kept*
(1959) | |
|  | |


title: Seven Fairies (China)

abstract: In Chinese folklore and mythology, the Seven Fairies are the seven daughters of Jade Emperor and Queen Mother of the West. In modern times, the Seven Fairies are best known for their parts in the Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy legend.

text:
# Seven Fairies (China)

In Chinese folklore and mythology, the **Seven Fairies** (Chinese: 七仙女) are the seven daughters of Jade Emperor and Queen Mother of the West.

In modern times, the Seven Fairies are best known for their parts in the Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy legend.

## "The Bird Maidens"

"The Bird Maidens" (毛衣女), a tale from the fourth-century collection *In Search of the Supernatural* (which contains a different tale for Dong Yong), mentions a man in Xinyu (in Jiangxi Province) discovering "six or seven young maidens in a field, all wearing wonderful feather garments". He marries one of the girls after stealing her feathered robe so that she can't fly off, but one day she finds her robe and flies away. She later returns and flies off with their three daughters. A similar record is found in Guo Pu's *Mythical Tales* (玄中記) from the same period. This "quasi-Swan Maiden" story was possibly told to explain why some large birds carried off children.

Today, Xinyu has a reservoir and tourist resort named Fairy Lake (仙女湖) which claims to be "the hometown of the legend of the Seven Fairies of China".

## In *Journey to the West*

In *Journey to the West*, the Queen Mother of the West wants to host a peach party so she sends the Seven Fairies to the peach garden:

> \[She\] told the fairy maidens, Red Jacket, Blue Jacket, White Jacket, Black Jacket, Purple Jacket, Yellow Jacket and Green Jacket to take their baskets and pick peaches in the Peach Garden. (from Arthur Waley's translation.)

After plucking many peaches, one of the fairies accidentally awakens Sun Wukong (Monkey King), the "Great Sage, Equal of Heaven" now in charge of the garden. Sun Wukong asks them whether he is invited to the party. When they answer in the negative, a disappointed Sun Wukong casts a spell to transfix the fairies to the spot, before he heads straight for the Queen's palace.

## Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy

The well-known story of Heaven sending a celestial maiden to assist the filial son Dong Yong first appeared in writing in the third century. For more than a millennium after the fourth century this maiden — Dong Yong's wife-to-be — was identified as Weaver Girl (zhinü): after all she was to help him on the loom! In late imperial times, however, the Weaver Girl was replaced in this legend by the Seventh Fairy, so as to avoid hints of infidelity because the Weaver Girl is also a protagonist in another old legend, The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. (There have also been attempts to present Dong Yong as an incarnation of the Cowherd.)

Subsequently the other six fairies also became part of the plot: for example they present a magical incense to their youngest sister before her trip to the mortal world:

> If you, Seventh Sister, are in danger, just burn this incense,
> And we, your six sisters, will come down from heaven.


title: Pousada Marina Infante

abstract: Pousada Marina Infante is a 4-star hotel located at Cotai, Macau, China. Its services include a business center, safe deposit boxes, laundry services and more. The hotel originally had a small gambling room named Casino Marina, but it has been closed indefinitely since at least 2010.

text:
# Pousada Marina Infante

22°8′58″N 113°33′2″E / 22.14944°N 113.55056°E / 22.14944; 113.55056

**Pousada Marina Infante** (Chinese: 皇庭海景酒店) is a 4-star hotel located at Cotai, Macau, China. Its services include a business center, safe deposit boxes, laundry services and more.

The hotel originally had a small gambling room named Casino Marina, but it has been closed indefinitely since at least 2010.

## InfoBox

| Pousada Marina Infante | |
| --- | --- |
| 皇庭海景酒店 (Yue Chinese) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Cotai, Macau |
| Address | Aterro Cotai, Marina da Taipa Sul, Macau, China |
| Opening | December 1999 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 11 |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 312 |
| Number of restaurants | 2 |
| Parking | Available |
| Website | |
| http://www.pousadamarinainfante.com | |


title: The Reason Why (song)

abstract: "The Reason Why" is a song by Italian singer-songwriter Lorenzo Fragola, released as his debut single on 5 December 2014, during the week preceding the final of the eight season of Italian talent show X Factor, which was won by Fragola himself. The song was written by Fragola with Michelle Lily Popovic and Fausto Cogliati. The latter also served as the song's producer.

text:
# The Reason Why (song)

"**The Reason Why**" is a song by Italian singer-songwriter Lorenzo Fragola, released as his debut single on 5 December 2014, during the week preceding the final of the eight season of Italian talent show *X Factor*, which was won by Fragola himself.

The song was written by Fragola with Michelle Lily Popovic and Fausto Cogliati. The latter also served as the song's producer.

## Background

Fragola started composing the song a few years before it was completed, during a summer holiday when some friends asked him to write a song as a joke while they played the guitar together. He later continued to work on the track, and he chose to perform it during the auditions for the eighth series of *X Factor*. On 4 December 2016, during the semi-final of the show, each contestant was required to perform a previously unreleased track, and Fragola chose to perform "The Reason Why". The following day, the song was released as a single, together with the other contestant's entries. "The Reason Why" later allowed Fragola to win the *X Factor* series, on 11 December 2014.

Writing for Italian magazine *Panorama*, Gianni Poglio described "The Reason Why", as a "pop song written to receive airplay, incisive, immediate, without being trivial". Critics including Alessandro Alicandri and *la Repubblica'*s Anna Puricella also compared the song's sound to the work of British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "The Reason Why" – 3:02

## Charts

| Chart (2014-2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | 1 |
|

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | 2× Platinum | 60,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy | 5 December 2014 | Airplay |
| | Digital download |
|

## InfoBox

| "The Reason Why" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Lorenzo Fragola | |
| from the album  *Lorenzo Fragola* | |
| Released | 5 December 2014 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:02 |
| Label | Sony Music Italy |
| Songwriter(s) | Lorenzo Fragola, Michelle Lily Popovic, Fausto Cogliati |
| Producer(s) | Fausto Cogliati |
| Lorenzo Fragola singles chronology | |
| "**The Reason Why**"
(2014) "Siamo uguali"
(2015) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "The Reason Why" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Planet Helpless

abstract: Planet Helpless is the third album by English alternative rock band Puressence, released in 2002. "Walking Dead" was the only single released from the album. The second single was penned as "She's Gotten Over You" but was not released due to the band leaving Island Records after Planet Helpless had been released.

text:
# Planet Helpless

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| *The Guardian* | link |
| Leonard's Lair | link |

***Planet Helpless*** is the third album by English alternative rock band Puressence, released in 2002. "Walking Dead" was the only single released from the album. The second single was penned as "She's Gotten Over You" but was not released due to the band leaving Island Records after *Planet Helpless* had been released.

## Track listing

All songs written by Mudriczki, Szuminski, Matthews and McDonald.

1. "Walking Dead" – 3:25
2. "Prodigal Song" – 3:33
3. "How Does It Feel" – 3:06
4. "Analgesic Love Song" – 3:43
5. "She's Gotten Over You" – 3:26
6. "Make Time" – 3:27
7. "Planet Helpless" – 3:03
8. "Ironstone Izadora" – 3:31
9. "You Move Me" – 3:49
10. "Comfort When You Smile" – 4:03
11. "Strangers" – 3:09
12. "Heart of Gold" – 3:46
13. "Throw Me a Line" – 3:30

## Personnel

### Musicians

### Technical

## InfoBox

| Planet Helpless | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Puressence | |
| Released | October 7, 2002 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, indie rock |
| Length | 45:31 |
| Label | Island |
| Producer | Clive Martin |
| Puressence chronology | |
| *Only Forever*
(1998) ***Planet Helpless***
(2002) *Don't Forget to Remember*
(2007) | |


title: Sywald Skeid

abstract: Sywald Skeid is a Romanian-born man who wandered into a hospital emergency department in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on November 28, 1999, seemingly the victim of an attack, and apparently suffering from amnesia. The name Philip Staufen, which he used during most of his time in Canada, is actually that of a medieval German king, and was given to Skeid by hospital staff because it was among the first words spoken by him during his hospitalization. Before disappearing in 2004, Skeid undertook a campaign to gain Canadian citizenship that was ultimately denied by authorities. He suggested the birthdate June 7, 1975 for identification purposes. His real birthdate remains unknown, but in the June 2007 article in GQ Magazine in which his true identity and details of his early life were first revealed his age is given as 36. There is no evidence he ever suffered from amnesia.

text:
# Sywald Skeid

**Sywald Skeid** (born **Ciprian Skeid**, and also known by various other names, including **Philip Staufen**, **Georges Lecuit**, **Keith Ryan**, **Mike Jones**, and **Mr. Nobody**) (born 1971) is a Romanian-born man who wandered into a hospital emergency department in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on November 28, 1999, seemingly the victim of an attack, and apparently suffering from amnesia. The name Philip Staufen, which he used during most of his time in Canada, is actually that of a medieval German king (see Philip of Swabia), and was given to Skeid by hospital staff because it was among the first words spoken by him during his hospitalization.

Before disappearing in 2004, Skeid undertook a campaign to gain Canadian citizenship that was ultimately denied by authorities. He suggested the birthdate June 7, 1975 for identification purposes. His real birthdate remains unknown, but in the June 2007 article in GQ Magazine in which his true identity and details of his early life were first revealed his age is given as 36.

There is no evidence he ever suffered from amnesia.

## Background and early life

Born in Timișoara, Romania, where he lived until the age of nineteen, Skeid, who studied the violin, was named for famous composer Ciprian Porumbescu. His mother (died 2000) worked in a bread factory and his father (died 2002), an alcoholic who Skeid alleges physically abused his wife and son, worked at a meat processing plant. Skeid has one sibling, an older sister named Daniela.

At the age of eighteen, Skeid was conscripted into the army, which he has described as "a year of hell". At nineteen, he went to live with a friend in Germany, where he worked as a cook in an Italian restaurant. At 22, following a brief return to Romania, Skeid moved to Paris, where a friend states Skeid had an affair with another man. Following periods in Hungary and Italy, he moved to London, which he eventually left with a plan of going to America.

## Arrival at a Toronto hospital

On November 28, 1999, Skeid appeared at a Toronto hospital. Then probably in his mid-twenties, he appeared to have been the victim of a mugging. His nose was broken, and he was unable to walk. In addition, his wallet was missing, the tags had been removed from his clothing, and he carried no identification.

Skeid claimed to have no idea who he was, and was diagnosed with post-concussive global amnesia. He mentioned Australia, but linguistic experts said that he had a slight Yorkshire accent. He also spoke fluent French and Italian, and could read Latin. The media picked up on the story and began referring to him as "Mr. Nobody."

## After release

Skeid was released from hospital and stayed in a shelter for three weeks, then accepted an offer of lodging from an Ontario couple, and was able to collect welfare money. Soon his photograph and fingerprints were being circulated internationally and he was the subject of television shows in Canada, Britain, and Australia, yet no clues as to his true identity were discovered. Meanwhile, Skeid refused offers of free expert treatment for his amnesia. He moved into a Toronto lodging house, then briefly to Montreal.

In November 2000, Skeid moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where he met lawyer Manuel Azevedo and began lobbying to be granted Canadian citizenship and a Canadian birth certificate, ostensibly so that he could travel in order to discover his true identity. On May 28, 2001 a British Columbia court denied Skeid's petition for a birth certificate, but on June 5, Minister Elinor Caplan offered him a "Minister's Permit" to stay and work in Canada for eighteen months. Skeid refused.

## Pornography claims

On June 15, 2001, Skeid signed a second affidavit and issued a press release announcing a hunger strike. About the same time, gay porn model Sean Spence claimed that Skeid was actually a pornographic model named Georges Lecuit, who had last worked in Britain. In July, Spence provided photographs of Georges Lecuit to Detective Stephen Bone of Toronto Police, who had been working on the case. The photographs show a man bearing a striking similarity to Staufen, though with a different hairstyle (images of "Lecuit" and "Staufen" are available). Skeid refuses to confirm or deny these claims.

In mid-July, Skeid married his lawyer's daughter Nathalie Herve, who had dual Canadian and Portuguese citizenship, in Vancouver, and accepted the Minister's Permit (backdated to July 5). Manuel Azevedo subsequently resigned as Skeid's lawyer.

On August 29, 2001, Skeid's appeal for a Canadian birth certificate was rejected. Immigration officials noted that Skeid appeared to have surgically altered his nose.

Skeid began to change his name frequently. He first changed his name to Keith Ryan on October 25, 2001. In early 2002, Skeid changed his name again, this time to Sywald Skeid. The following January, after Skeid's permit had expired, he and his wife moved to Ottawa, then Montreal, and then Halifax, Nova Scotia.

In mid-February 2004, it emerged that a French man named Georges Lecuit had reported his passport stolen in 1998. Staufen was arrested and jailed, then released on condition that he report regularly to Immigration, which he last did on October 4, 2004, in Victoria, British Columbia. Skeid and Herve both subsequently disappeared.

## The Piano Man

In April 2005, a man matching Skeid's description was discovered wandering on a beach on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent, wearing a dripping-wet suit and tie. The man did not speak, but was a skilled pianist, a fact discovered after the man was provided a piano when he drew a detailed sketch of a grand piano. It was later confirmed that this "Piano Man" (as he was dubbed by the media) was not Skeid, but rather a German named Andreas Grassl.

## Move to Portugal

In March 2006, Skeid went to Lisbon to join his wife, who had gone ahead to make inquiries about obtaining Portuguese citizenship for Skeid. Skeid and Herve subsequently separated. As of 2007, Skeid was residing in Lisbon.

## Revelation of true identity

Skeid's true identity was revealed for the first time in the June, 2007 issue of GQ magazine.

According to Skeid: "I came from Romania, a place I loathe. I'd rather be a fake nobody than the real me. At first I tried not to be anyone at all. Then I tried to become someone - and then someone better."


title: Pleurobema taitianum

abstract: Pleurobema taitianum, the heavy pigtoe or Judge Tait's mussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This species is endemic to the United States. Previously found in the Tombigbee, Alabama, Coosa and Cahaba and possibly the Black Warrior rivers, it is now found only in the Alabama/Coosa River. It may already be extinct, as no evidence of recruitment was found in a 2010 survey. It is a federally endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. It received federal protection in 1987 after construction of the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway isolated it in a bypassed meander of the Tombigbee River. At the time it was also believed to survive in the Buttahatchie, East Fork Tombigbee and Sipsey rivers, all tributaries of the Tombigbee. It was threatened in the East Fork Tombigbee by total diversion of its Bull Mountain Creek tributary into a warm-water canal, likely altering East Fork water temperature, and in the others by various U.S. Army Corps of Engineers improvement projects.

text:
# Pleurobema taitianum

***Pleurobema taitianum***, the **heavy pigtoe** or **Judge Tait's mussel**, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

This species is endemic to the United States. Previously found in the Tombigbee, Alabama, Coosa and Cahaba and possibly the Black Warrior rivers, it is now found only in the Alabama/Coosa River. It may already be extinct, as no evidence of recruitment was found in a 2010 survey. It is a federally endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. It received federal protection in 1987 after construction of the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway isolated it in a bypassed meander of the Tombigbee River. At the time it was also believed to survive in the Buttahatchie, East Fork Tombigbee and Sipsey rivers, all tributaries of the Tombigbee. It was threatened in the East Fork Tombigbee by total diversion of its Bull Mountain Creek tributary into a warm-water canal, likely altering East Fork water temperature, and in the others by various U.S. Army Corps of Engineers improvement projects.

## InfoBox

| *Pleurobema taitianum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Genus: | *Pleurobema* |
| Species: | ***P. taitianum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleurobema taitianum***
(I. Lea, 1834) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Margarita* (*Unio*) *taitianus* (I. Lea, 1834) * *Margaron* (*Unio*) *taitianus* (I. Lea, 1834) * *Pleurobema aldrichi* Frierson, 1927 * *Pleurobema tombigbeanum* Frierson, 1908 * *Unio tahetianus* (I. Lea, 1834) * *Unio taitianus* I. Lea, 1834 | |


title: Carver Houses

abstract: Carver Houses, or George Washington Carver Houses, is a public housing development built and maintained by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) in Spanish Harlem, a neighborhood of Manhattan. Carver Houses has 13 buildings, on a campus with an area of 14.63 acres (5.92 ha). Nine of those are fifteen stories tall, while the other four are six stories tall. The development is bordered by East 99th Street to the south, East 106th Street to the north, Park Avenue to the east, and Madison Avenue to the west. In addition, East 102nd Street and East 104th Street run through the campus. The nine buildings of Carver Houses have a total of 1,246 apartments housing about 2,723 people.

text:
# Carver Houses

**Carver Houses**, or **George Washington Carver Houses**, is a public housing development built and maintained by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) in Spanish Harlem, a neighborhood of Manhattan.

Carver Houses has 13 buildings, on a campus with an area of 14.63 acres (5.92 ha). Nine of those (I-II, V-IX, XII-XIII) are fifteen stories tall, while the other four (III-IV, X-XI) are six stories tall. The development is bordered by East 99th Street to the south, East 106th Street to the north, Park Avenue to the east, and Madison Avenue to the west. In addition, East 102nd Street and East 104th Street run through the campus. The nine buildings of Carver Houses have a total of 1,246 apartments housing about 2,723 people.

## About

The Carver houses replaced brownstones and tenement buildings which were demolished through slum clearance, displacing residents. During construction, crews discovered they were building over Montague's Creek, which fed into Hell Gate. The first buildings of the development were completed in 1955, and the rest by January 31, 1958. Kahn & Jacobs designed the complex which is named after George Washington Carver (1864-1943), an African American chemist, botanist, and educator who, despite being enslaved since birth, developed many uses for soybeans, peanuts, and sweet potatoes. The playground was designed by landscape architect M. Paul Friedberg, whose climbable sculpture was inspired by Isamu Noguchi. The project was funded by the state; rentals initially cost $12 a room. Once completed, the neighborhood saw a population decrease from over 2,000 residents to around 1,200.

In December 1970, led by the Young Lords, tenants organized a rent strike until NYCHA provided more police officers to help preserve their community.

In 2007, GrowNYC installed a community garden on the property.

As of 2019, Shaun Commodore is serving as Resident Association President for Carver Houses, and is a member of the Manhattan South District Citywide Council of Presidents.

In 2020, Trust Republic Land, Mount Sinai, and NYCHA worked to bring Carver Houses the first outdoor Adult Fitness Zone on NYCHA grounds.

Carver Houses is served by the 23rd precinct of the New York City Police Department, and is governed by Manhattan Community Board 11.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Carver Houses | |
| --- | --- |
| NYCHA property | |
|  | |
| Location in New York City | |
| Coordinates: 40°47′26″N 73°57′02″W / 40.7906°N 73.9506°W / 40.7906; -73.9506 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| City | New York City |
| Borough | Manhattan |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.022 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Population | |
| Total | 2,646 |
| ZIP codes | 10029 |
| Area code(s) | 212, 332, 646, and 917 |
| Website | my.nycha.info/DevPortal/ |


title: Death by Fire

abstract: Death by Fire is the third album by Swedish heavy metal band Enforcer. It was released on February 1, 2013, through Nuclear Blast.

text:
# Death by Fire

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Team Rock |  |
| Blabbermouth |  |
| Rock Hard |  |
| Metal-Hammer.de |  |

***Death by Fire*** is the third album by Swedish heavy metal band Enforcer. It was released on February 1, 2013, through Nuclear Blast.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bells of Hades" | 0:28 |
| 2. | "Death Rides This Night" | 3:37 |
| 3. | "Run for Your Life" | 3:21 |
| 4. | "Mesmerized by Fire" | 4:02 |
| 5. | "Take Me Out of This Nightmare" | 4:59 |
| 6. | "Crystal Suite" | 3:55 |
| 7. | "Sacrificed" | 5:35 |
| 8. | "Silent Hour / The Conjugation" | 6:30 |
| 9. | "Satan" | 4:00 |
| Total length: | | 36:27 |

## Personnel

* Olof Wikstrand  vocals, rhythm guitar, lead guitar
* Joseph Tholl  lead guitar
* Jonas Wikstrand  drums
* Tobias Lindqvist  bass

## InfoBox

| Death by Fire | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Enforcer | |
| Released | February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01) |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Studio | Hvergelmer Studios |
| Genre | Heavy metal |
| Label | Nuclear Blast |
| Producer | Olof Wikstrand, Jonas Wikstrand |
| Enforcer chronology | |
| *Diamonds*
(2010) ***Death by Fire***
(2013) *From Beyond*
(2015) | |


abstract: The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment is an independent Officer of the New Zealand Parliament appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the House of Representatives for a five-year term under the Environment Act 1986. The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment replaced the Commission for the Environment, a Government agency which was formed in 1972.

text:
# Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment

The **Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment** (*Te Kaitiaki Taiao a Te Whare Pāremata* in Māori) is an independent Officer of the New Zealand Parliament appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the House of Representatives for a five-year term under the Environment Act 1986. The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment replaced the Commission for the Environment, a Government agency which was formed in 1972.

## Role

The Commissioner is one of three officers of Parliament (the Ombudsmen and the controller and auditor general) who are independent of the executive and who may review activities of the executive government and report directly to Parliament.

The Commissioner's role is to review and provide advice on environmental issues and the system of agencies and processes established by the Government to manage the environment. The primary objective of the office is to contribute to maintaining and improving the quality of the environment in New Zealand through advice given to Parliament, local councils, business, tangata whenua, communities and other public agencies.

The Commissioner may:

* investigate any matter where the environment may be, or has been adversely affected;
* assess the capability, performance and effectiveness of the New Zealand system of environmental management; and
* provide advice and information that will assist people to maintain and improve the quality of the environment.

## Commissioners

### Commissioners for the environment

### Parliamentary commissioners for the environment

|  | Name | Portrait | Term of office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Helen Hughes |  | 1987–1996 |
| 2 | Morgan Williams |  | 1997–2007 |
| 3 | Jan Wright |  | 2007–2017 |
| 4 | Simon Upton |  | 2017–present |

## InfoBox

Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment
| Te Kaitiaki Taiao a Te Whare Pāremata | |
| --- | --- |
|
New Zealand's first three Parliamentary Commissioners for the Environment (from left): Helen Hughes (1987–1997), Dr Morgan Williams (1997–2007), Dr Jan Wright (2007–2017) | |
| Agency overview | |
| Jurisdiction | New Zealand |
| Headquarters | Reserve Bank Building, 2 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand |
| Annual budget | Total budget for 2019/20
*Vote Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment*
$3,771,000 |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Agency executive | * Simon Upton, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment |
| Website | pce.parliament.nz |


title: Pastorales de Noël

abstract: Pastorales de Noël is a trio composition for flute, bassoon and harp written by André Jolivet in 1943. It is cast in four movements and lasts about 12 minutes. It has been described as an "unusual and very lovely Christmas piece".

text:
# Pastorales de Noël

***Pastorales de Noël*** (Christmas Pastoral) is a trio composition for flute, bassoon and harp written by André Jolivet in 1943. It is cast in four movements and lasts about 12 minutes.

It has been described as an "unusual and very lovely Christmas piece".

## Overview

The work, for the most part gentle and evocative, establishes a mood of antiquity. The four scenes are vividly characterized and the instruments are used to great effect.

The opening movement, "L'Étoile (The Star) begins with a mysterious duet for flute and bassoon and features sparkling harp arpeggios. In "Les Mages", the bassoon and the flute echo the Magis' efforts during their journey, with a melody that displays a characteristic augmented interval (E-flat to F-sharp). The goal of their pilgrimage is the subject of the next movement, "La Vierge et l'enfant". It is extremely simple, based entirely on the C minor scale. The harmony consists only of three chords: C minor, F minor and G minor and calls to mind a peaceful lullaby. The final movement, "Entrée et danse des bergers" (Entrance and Dance of the Shepherds) is more rhythmically complex and changes metre several times. It ends unexpectedly on an E major chord with added sixth.

## Movements

1. L'Étoile
2. Les Mages
3. La Vierge et l'enfant
4. Entrée et danse des bergers

## Selected discography

* Castagner, Faisandier, Laskine, 2005, Recorded in 1956, Accord 2CD 4767783.
* Trio Nordmann, 1972, Erato STU-70-706.
* The Britten–Pears Ensemble, 1995, ASV CD DCA-918.
* Manuela Wiesler, Christian Davidsson, Erica Goodman, 1996, Bis Records CD 739.
* Ensemble Arpeggio, 2004, ASV QS 6252.


title: Deborah Boliver Boehm

abstract: Deborah Boliver Boehm is a journalist, travel writer, editor and the former editor of Eastwest magazine. She also works as a translator. Boehm moved to Japan to attend college in Kyoto in 1970. She was a student of Japanese language and culture and wanted to continue her education. She writes horror and supernatural based in Japanese folklore while she is the translator for Kenzaburō Ōe, the winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize for Literature. She also translates for Mariko Koike who writes detective and horror fiction. Boehm now lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

text:
# Deborah Boliver Boehm

**Deborah Boliver Boehm** is a journalist, travel writer, editor and the former editor of Eastwest magazine. She also works as a translator. Boehm moved to Japan to attend college in Kyoto in 1970. She was a student of Japanese language and culture and wanted to continue her education. She writes horror and supernatural based in Japanese folklore while she is the translator for Kenzaburō Ōe, the winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize for Literature. She also translates for Mariko Koike who writes detective and horror fiction. Boehm now lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

## Bibliography

* Ghost of a Smile
* A Zen Romance: One Woman's Adventures In A Monastery

### Translations

* The Tattoo Murder Case
* The Cat in the Coffin
* Death by Water
* The Graveyard Apartment

## References and sources

## InfoBox

| Deborah Boliver Boehm | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, travel writer, editor |


title: Deborah Bonham

abstract: Deborah Bonham is an English rock and blues singer and the sister of John Bonham, the late drummer for the band Led Zeppelin. Born in Redditch, Worcestershire, she lived with her father in The Old Hyde farm, Cutnall Green. While living there, she started playing and recording music with her nephew Jason Bonham who has played drums on her two most recent studio releases.

text:
# Deborah Bonham

**Deborah Bonham** (born 7 February 1962) is an English rock and blues singer and the sister of John Bonham, the late drummer for the band Led Zeppelin. Born in Redditch, Worcestershire, she lived with her father in The Old Hyde farm, Cutnall Green (the location where John Bonham's fantasy sequence was filmed for *The Song Remains the Same*). While living there, she started playing and recording music with her nephew Jason Bonham who has played drums on her two most recent studio releases.

## Life and career

When Led Zeppelin was formed in 1968, Deborah was six years old. While living on the family's Old Hyde estate, Deborah and her brother John's son, nephew Jason started playing and recording their own songs. At the age of 17, at Robert Plant's house in a nearby village, she recorded her first demos. With some encouragement and advice from mentor Plant, Bonham sent out the songs anonymously and soon landed her first record deal with the major European label Carerre Records in 1985, for whom she recorded the critically acclaimed album *For You and the Moon*. The album reached the top 5 in the *NME* chart, was DJ Simon Bates record of the week on BBC Radio 1 and sold well in Europe, being voted "Record of the Year" by  *Musikmarkt* in Germany.

A period of recording for the Japanese Sam Corporation followed, with press and radio promotion including interviews for music publication *Burrn!* and J-Wave FM Radio. After this, English label RPM records released the CD single, "Perfect World" in 1995. Bonham spent 1996 organising a new band, together with new songs for an album and playing a series of shows such as headlining the Belfast Festival and a sell out show at the Bottom Line, in Shepherd's Bush. The beginning of 1997 saw the first of many trips to the United States. She performed live on Los Angeles's Rockline syndicated radio show to three million listeners throughout North America. This was followed by a special appearance with Jason Bonham and his band at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles. Her band also opened for Jason Bonham Band's shows in Los Angeles House of Blues with guests Slash and Terry Reid, and subsequent other House of Blues appearances. Bonham also played at festivals including Glastonbury and Fairport's Cropredy Convention.

In 2004, she recorded her second album on the Track label and toured in support of it. Neither of these first two albums were released in the United States. In June 2008, her third album *Duchess* was issued on ATCO by Rhino Records and released in the United States.

Bonham has also toured and performed with Van Halen, Alannah Myles, Tim Rose, Uli Jon Roth, Humble Pie, Donovan, Lonnie Donegan, Jools Holland, Foreigner, and Paul Rodgers.

## Discography

* *For You and the Moon*

Side One

1. "Sanctuary"
2. "It's Only Love"
3. "On The Air Tonight"
4. "Who Is The Enemy"
5. "Hungry Night"

Side Two

1. "For You and the Moon"
2. "Fly Away"
3. "Lovers And Friends"
4. "Never Looking Back"

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 1985 | Carrere | stereo LP | CAL216 |

* *The Old Hyde*

1. "Shit Happens" (Deborah Bonham) – 4:43
2. "Stay With Me Baby" (Jerry Ragovoy / Donna Weiss) – 3:48
3. "Anything" (Deborah Bonham) – 4:10
4. "Go Now" (Deborah Bonham) – 4:25
5. "Need Your Love So Bad" (Little Willie John, Mertis John Jr.) – 6:01
6. "Black Coffee" (Ike Turner) – 4:22
7. "Devil's in New Orleans" (Deborah Bonham) – 3:48
8. "What We've Got" (Deborah Bonham / Peter Bullick) – 3:51
9. "Open Your Heart" (Deborah Bonham / M. Fredriksen) – 4:32
10. "No Angel" (Deborah Bonham) – 4:39
11. "Without You" (Deborah Bonham) – 3:48
12. "Religion" (Deborah Bonham) – 4:53
13. "Ten Steps Back" (Deborah Bonham / Peter Bullick / G. Morris) – 4:38
14. "The Old Hyde" (Deborah Bonham) – 5:52

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 14 September 2004 | Track (Navarre) | stereo CD | 99 |

* *Duchess*

1. "Grace" – 3:56
2. "Jack Past 8" (Deborah Bonham / Peter Bullick / Gerard Louis / Ian Rowley / Jerry Shirley) – 3:03
3. "Hole in My Heart" (Deborah Bonham / Peter Bullick / Gerard Louis / Ian Rowley / Jerry Shirley / Steve Marriott) – 2:38
4. "Hold On" – 4:15
5. "Love Lies" – 3:23
6. "Pretty Thing" – 3:09
7. "Love You So" – 3:56
8. "How Do You Feel" (Deborah Bonham) – 4:41
9. "Chains" (Sutherland) – 3:12
10. "Duchess and the Shufflemeister" – 4:53
11. "Waiting So Long" – 4:14
12. "(If You) Had a Little Love" – 3:37
13. "Blue" (Deborah Bonham) – 2:15
    * All songs composed by Deborah Bonham, Peter Bullick, Gerard Louis & Ian Rowley unless otherwise noted.

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 24 June 2008 | Rhino (ATCO) | stereo CD | 452476 |

## InfoBox

| Deborah Bonham | |
| --- | --- |
| Bonham at Fairport's Cropredy Convention 2006 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Deborah Bonham |
| Born | (1962-02-07) 7 February 1962 <br>Redditch, Worcestershire, England |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, musician, songwriter |
| Instruments |  |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | deborahbonham.com |


title: Pasumarru, Palnadu district

abstract: Pasumarru is a village in PalnaduGuntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Chilakaluripet mandal in Narasaraopet revenue division.

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# Pasumarru, Palnadu district

**Pasumarru** is a village in PalnaduGuntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Chilakaluripet mandal in Narasaraopet revenue division.

## Geography

Pasumarru is situated to the southeast of the mandal headquarters, Purushothapatnam, at 16°04′06″N 80°11′03″E / 16.068249°N 80.184205°E / 16.068249; 80.184205. It is spread over an area of 2,974 ha (7,350 acres).

## Governance

Pasumarru gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.

## Education

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 6 schools. These schools include 1 private and 5 Zilla/Mandal Parishad schools.

## InfoBox

| Pasumarru | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| PasumarruLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 16°04′06″N 80°11′03″E / 16.0682°N 80.1842°E / 16.0682; 80.1842 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Palnadu |
| Mandal | Chilakaluripet |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj |
| Body | Pasumarru gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Rural | 2,974 km2 (1,148 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Rural | 7,165 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 522616 |
| Area code | +91–863 |
| Vehicle registration | AP |