title: 1988 Pontiac Excitement 400

abstract: The 1988 Pontiac Excitement 400 was the second stock car race of the 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and the 34th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, February 21, 1988, in Richmond, Virginia, at Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway, a 0.542 miles (0.872 km) D-shaped oval. The race took the scheduled 400 laps to complete. Coming back from a two lap deficit, RahMoc Enterprises driver Neil Bonnett would manage to pass for the lead on the final restart with 48 laps left in the race, coming back with the help of a long green flag stint to gain his first lap back, and a period of back-to-back cautions to regain his second lap. Bonnett would manage to lead the final 48 laps to take his 17th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. The victory was disputed by second place finisher, Ricky Rudd, and his team, King Racing. In an appeal filed by King Racing, the team stated that the three of Rudd, Richard Petty, and Darrell Waltrip all believed that Neil Bonnett had an accidental lap added to his total, with all three insisting that Bonnett had run no more than 399 laps of the race. In an investigation done by NASCAR and their chief scorer, Morris Metcalfe, they maintained the validity of Bonnett's victory on February 23. Metcalfe firmly stated that he believed Bonnett had earned his laps back, stating in the Winston-Salem Journal that "We had everything under control the whole way, and we never had any doubt about who was leading, or who'd gotten lapped, or how Neil Bonnett got his laps back." The race was the final race using the former 0.542 miles (0.872 km) layout that Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway had been using at the time. The old track, one that was seen as an aging track and a track with few amenities, was being torn down in favor of a new, 0.75 miles (1.21 km) long D-shaped oval named Richmond International Raceway that would be built near the now-former location of Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway. The track was meant to be a more modern and expanded version of Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway, with more amenities and seats being added. The race was the first victory that featured a car using the Hoosier Racing Tire brand, who had entered NASCAR in 1988 as a direct competitor towards the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, who prior to the 1988 season, had a monopoly on tires used in NASCAR since the 1971 season. The victory was not viewed as a major victory for Hoosier Racing Tire, with Bonnett not showing a commitment towards using the brand for the entirety of the 1988 season. Bonnett would state that "We came here and tried the Hoosiers, and we found them to be the best tire for this track... we're going to run the best tire available at each track. Who knows? We might not run another race this year on Hoosier tires."

text:
# 1988 Pontiac Excitement 400

The **1988 Pontiac Excitement 400** was the second stock car race of the 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and the 34th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, February 21, 1988, in Richmond, Virginia, at Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway, a 0.542 miles (0.872 km) D-shaped oval. The race took the scheduled 400 laps to complete. Coming back from a two lap deficit, RahMoc Enterprises driver Neil Bonnett would manage to pass for the lead on the final restart with 48 laps left in the race, coming back with the help of a long green flag stint to gain his first lap back, and a period of back-to-back cautions to regain his second lap. Bonnett would manage to lead the final 48 laps to take his 17th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season.

The victory was disputed by second place finisher, Ricky Rudd, and his team, King Racing. In an appeal filed by King Racing, the team stated that the three of Rudd, Richard Petty, and Darrell Waltrip all believed that Neil Bonnett had an accidental lap added to his total, with all three insisting that Bonnett had run no more than 399 laps of the race. In an investigation done by NASCAR and their chief scorer, Morris Metcalfe, they maintained the validity of Bonnett's victory on February 23. Metcalfe firmly stated that he believed Bonnett had earned his laps back, stating in the *Winston-Salem Journal* that "We had everything under control the whole way, and we never had any doubt about who was leading, or who'd gotten lapped, or how Neil Bonnett got his laps back."

The race was the final race using the former 0.542 miles (0.872 km) layout that Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway had been using at the time. The old track, one that was seen as an aging track and a track with few amenities, was being torn down in favor of a new, 0.75 miles (1.21 km) long D-shaped oval named Richmond International Raceway that would be built near the now-former location of Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway. The track was meant to be a more modern and expanded version of Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway, with more amenities and seats being added.

The race was the first victory that featured a car using the Hoosier Racing Tire brand, who had entered NASCAR in 1988 as a direct competitor towards the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, who prior to the 1988 season, had a monopoly on tires used in NASCAR since the 1971 season. The victory was not viewed as a major victory for Hoosier Racing Tire, with Bonnett not showing a commitment towards using the brand for the entirety of the 1988 season. Bonnett would state that "We came here and tried the Hoosiers, and we found them to be the best tire for this track... we're going to run the best tire available at each track. Who knows? We might not run another race this year on Hoosier tires."

## Background

**Richmond International Raceway** (RIR) is a 3/4-mile (1.2 km), *D*-shaped, asphalt race track located just outside Richmond, Virginia in Henrico County. It hosts the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series. Known as "America's premier short track", it formerly hosted a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race, an IndyCar Series race, and two USAC sprint car races.

### Entry list

* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.

| # | Driver | Team | Make | Sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | Ernie Irvan **(R)** | U.S. Racing | Chevrolet | Kroger |
| 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | GM Goodwrench |
| 03 | Dave Pletcher Sr. | Weaver Racing | Ford | Wild Turkey Music |
| 4 | Rick Wilson | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Oldsmobile | Kodak |
| 5 | Geoff Bodine | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Levi Garrett |
| 6 | Mark Martin | Roush Racing | Ford | Stroh's Light |
| 7 | Alan Kulwicki | AK Racing | Ford | Zerex |
| 07 | Larry Moyer | Stark Racing | Pontiac | Just Say No! |
| 8 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | Miller High Life |
| 9 | Bill Elliott | Melling Racing | Ford | Coors Light |
| 10 | Ken Bouchard **(R)** | Whitcomb Racing | Ford | Whitcomb Racing |
| 11 | Terry Labonte | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | Budweiser |
| 12 | Bobby Allison | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | Miller High Life |
| 15 | Brett Bodine | Bud Moore Engineering | Ford | Crisco |
| 17 | Darrell Waltrip | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Tide |
| 21 | Kyle Petty | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | Citgo |
| 22 | Lennie Pond | Hamby Racing | Chevrolet | Hamby Racing |
| 25 | Ken Schrader | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Folgers |
| 26 | Ricky Rudd | King Racing | Buick | Quaker State |
| 27 | Rusty Wallace | Blue Max Racing | Pontiac | Kodiak |
| 28 | Davey Allison | Ranier-Lundy Racing | Ford | Texaco, Havoline |
| 29 | Dale Jarrett | Cale Yarborough Motorsports | Oldsmobile | Hardee's |
| 30 | Michael Waltrip | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | Country Time |
| 31 | Brad Teague | Bob Clark Motorsports | Oldsmobile | Slender You Figure Salons |
| 33 | Harry Gant | Mach 1 Racing | Chevrolet | Skoal Bandit |
| 43 | Richard Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | STP |
| 44 | Sterling Marlin | Hagan Racing | Oldsmobile | Piedmont Airlines |
| 46 | Glenn Moffat | Moffat Racing | Chevrolet | Moffat Racing |
| 52 | Jimmy Means | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | Eureka |
| 55 | Phil Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Oldsmobile | Skoal, Crown Central Petroleum |
| 67 | Buddy Arrington | Arrington Racing | Ford | Pannill Sweatshirts |
| 68 | Derrike Cope | Testa Racing | Ford | Purolator |
| 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | Lifebuoy |
| 75 | Neil Bonnett | RahMoc Enterprises | Pontiac | Valvoline |
| 76 | Graham Taylor | Betty Taylor Racing | Ford | Car-Mate Trailers |
| 83 | Lake Speed | Speed Racing | Oldsmobile | Wynn's, Kmart |
| 88 | Buddy Baker | Baker–Schiff Racing | Oldsmobile | Red Baron Frozen Pizza |
| 90 | Benny Parsons | Donlavey Racing | Ford | Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce |
| 97 | Morgan Shepherd | Winkle Motorsports | Buick | AC Spark Plug |
| 98 | Ed Pimm | Curb Racing | Pontiac | Sunoco |

## Qualifying

Qualifying was originally scheduled to be split into two rounds. The first round was scheduled to be held on Friday, February 19, at 3:00 PM EST. Originally, the first 20 positions were going to be determined by first round qualifying, with positions 21-30 meant to be determined the following day on Saturday, February 20. However, due to rain, the first round was cancelled. As a result, qualifying was condensed into one round for all starting grid spots in the race, which was run on Saturday. Depending on who needed it, a select amount of positions were given to cars who had not otherwise qualified but were high enough in owner's points; up to two were given.

Morgan Shepherd, driving for Winkle Motorsports, would win the pole, setting a time of 20.616 and an average speed of 94.645 miles per hour (152.316 km/h) in the first round.

Eight drivers would fail to qualify.

### Full qualifying results

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time | Speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 97 | Morgan Shepherd | Winkle Motorsports | Buick | **20.616** | **94.645** |
| 2 | 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 20.659 | 94.448 |
| 3 | 75 | Neil Bonnett | RahMoc Enterprises | Pontiac | 20.689 | 94.311 |
| 4 | 27 | Rusty Wallace | Blue Max Racing | Pontiac | 20.689 | 94.311 |
| 5 | 7 | Alan Kulwicki | AK Racing | Ford | 20.691 | 94.302 |
| 6 | 33 | Harry Gant | Mach 1 Racing | Chevrolet | 20.723 | 94.156 |
| 7 | 6 | Mark Martin | Roush Racing | Ford | 20.724 | 94.152 |
| 8 | 5 | Geoff Bodine | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 20.729 | 94.129 |
| 9 | 43 | Richard Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | 20.731 | 94.120 |
| 10 | 11 | Terry Labonte | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | 20.737 | 94.093 |
| 11 | 17 | Darrell Waltrip | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 20.780 | 93.898 |
| 12 | 90 | Benny Parsons | Donlavey Racing | Ford | 20.781 | 93.893 |
| 13 | 10 | Ken Bouchard **(R)** | Whitcomb Racing | Ford | 20.782 | 93.889 |
| 14 | 44 | Sterling Marlin | Hagan Racing | Oldsmobile | 20.794 | 93.835 |
| 15 | 28 | Davey Allison | Ranier-Lundy Racing | Ford | 20.804 | 93.790 |
| 16 | 9 | Bill Elliott | Melling Racing | Ford | 20.858 | 93.547 |
| 17 | 55 | Phil Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 20.860 | 93.538 |
| 18 | 83 | Lake Speed | Speed Racing | Oldsmobile | 20.871 | 93.489 |
| 19 | 15 | Brett Bodine | Bud Moore Engineering | Ford | 20.879 | 93.453 |
| 20 | 8 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 20.887 | 93.417 |
| 21 | 68 | Derrike Cope | Testa Racing | Ford | 20.887 | 93.417 |
| 22 | 26 | Ricky Rudd | King Racing | Buick | 20.902 | 93.350 |
| 23 | 31 | Brad Teague | Bob Clark Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 20.904 | 93.341 |
| 24 | 21 | Kyle Petty | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 20.943 | 93.167 |
| 25 | 12 | Bobby Allison | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 20.981 | 92.998 |
| 26 | 30 | Michael Waltrip | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | 21.000 | 92.914 |
| 27 | 88 | Buddy Baker | Baker–Schiff Racing | Oldsmobile | 21.002 | 92.905 |
| 28 | 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | 21.028 | 92.791 |
| 29 | 52 | Jimmy Means | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | 21.060 | 92.650 |
| 30 | 67 | Buddy Arrington | Arrington Racing | Ford | 21.104 | 92.456 |
| Provisionals | | | | | | |
| 31 | 22 | Lennie Pond | Hamby Racing | Chevrolet | 21.169 | 92.173 |
| 32 | 29 | Dale Jarrett | Cale Yarborough Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 21.116 | 92.404 |
| Failed to qualify | | | | | | |
| 33 | 4 | Rick Wilson | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Oldsmobile | -\* | -\* |
| 34 | 25 | Ken Schrader | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 21.228 | 91.916 |
| 35 | 2 | Ernie Irvan **(R)** | U.S. Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* |
| 36 | 98 | Ed Pimm | Curb Racing | Pontiac | -\* | -\* |
| 37 | 03 | Dave Pletcher Sr. | Weaver Racing | Ford | -\* | -\* |
| 38 | 76 | Graham Taylor | Betty Taylor Racing | Ford | -\* | -\* |
| 39 | 07 | Larry Moyer | Stark Racing | Pontiac | -\* | -\* |
| 40 | 46 | Glenn Moffat | Moffat Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* |
| Official first round qualifying results | | | | | | |

## Race results

| Fin | St | # | Driver | Team | Make | Laps | Led | Status | Pts | Winnings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | 75 | Neil Bonnett | RahMoc Enterprises | Pontiac | 400 | 141 | running | 180 | $45,900 |
| 2 | 22 | 26 | Ricky Rudd | King Racing | Buick | 400 | 0 | running | 170 | $25,660 |
| 3 | 9 | 43 | Richard Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | 400 | 0 | running | 165 | $16,975 |
| 4 | 11 | 17 | Darrell Waltrip | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 400 | 39 | running | 165 | $14,185 |
| 5 | 14 | 44 | Sterling Marlin | Hagan Racing | Oldsmobile | 400 | 0 | running | 155 | $12,315 |
| 6 | 18 | 83 | Lake Speed | Speed Racing | Oldsmobile | 400 | 67 | running | 155 | $5,290 |
| 7 | 4 | 27 | Rusty Wallace | Blue Max Racing | Pontiac | 400 | 0 | running | 146 | $11,790 |
| 8 | 20 | 8 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 399 | 0 | running | 142 | $6,550 |
| 9 | 10 | 11 | Terry Labonte | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | 399 | 1 | running | 143 | $9,320 |
| 10 | 2 | 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 399 | 151 | running | 144 | $16,245 |
| 11 | 25 | 12 | Bobby Allison | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 399 | 0 | running | 130 | $8,795 |
| 12 | 16 | 9 | Bill Elliott | Melling Racing | Ford | 399 | 0 | running | 127 | $10,595 |
| 13 | 8 | 5 | Geoff Bodine | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 398 | 0 | running | 124 | $5,305 |
| 14 | 12 | 90 | Benny Parsons | Donlavey Racing | Ford | 398 | 0 | running | 121 | $5,125 |
| 15 | 27 | 88 | Buddy Baker | Baker–Schiff Racing | Oldsmobile | 398 | 0 | running | 118 | $5,505 |
| 16 | 1 | 97 | Morgan Shepherd | Winkle Motorsports | Buick | 398 | 1 | running | 120 | $8,025 |
| 17 | 28 | 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | 397 | 0 | running | 112 | $4,450 |
| 18 | 24 | 21 | Kyle Petty | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 397 | 0 | running | 109 | $8,075 |
| 19 | 23 | 31 | Brad Teague | Bob Clark Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 395 | 0 | running | 106 | $1,835 |
| 20 | 30 | 67 | Ken Schrader | Arrington Racing | Ford | 395 | 0 | running | 103 | $4,610 |
| 21 | 5 | 7 | Alan Kulwicki | AK Racing | Ford | 393 | 0 | crank | 100 | $4,045 |
| 22 | 31 | 22 | Lennie Pond | Hamby Racing | Chevrolet | 383 | 0 | running | 0 | $2,375 |
| 23 | 13 | 10 | Ken Bouchard **(R)** | Whitcomb Racing | Ford | 380 | 0 | running | 94 | $2,365 |
| 24 | 29 | 52 | Jimmy Means | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | 374 | 0 | running | 91 | $3,755 |
| 25 | 7 | 6 | Mark Martin | Roush Racing | Ford | 364 | 0 | running | 88 | $1,645 |
| 26 | 32 | 29 | Dale Jarrett | Cale Yarborough Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 337 | 0 | crash | 85 | $1,510 |
| 27 | 19 | 15 | Brett Bodine | Bud Moore Engineering | Ford | 325 | 0 | running | 82 | $9,275 |
| 28 | 6 | 33 | Harry Gant | Mach 1 Racing | Chevrolet | 289 | 0 | crash | 79 | $4,430 |
| 29 | 15 | 28 | Davey Allison | Ranier-Lundy Racing | Ford | 276 | 0 | running | 76 | $10,055 |
| 30 | 17 | 55 | Phil Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 225 | 0 | running | 73 | $3,420 |
| 31 | 26 | 30 | Michael Waltrip | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | 110 | 0 | engine | 70 | $2,820 |
| 32 | 21 | 68 | Derrike Cope | Testa Racing | Ford | 47 | 0 | crash | 67 | $2,820 |
| Failed to qualify | | | | | | | | | | |
| 33 |  | 4 | Rick Wilson | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Oldsmobile |  | | | | |
| 34 | | | 25 | Ken Schrader | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet |
| 35 | | | 2 | Ernie Irvan **(R)** | U.S. Racing | Chevrolet |
| 36 | | | 98 | Ed Pimm | Curb Racing | Pontiac |
| 37 | | | 03 | Dave Pletcher Sr. | Weaver Racing | Ford |
| 38 | | | 76 | Graham Taylor | Betty Taylor Racing | Ford |
| 39 | | | 07 | Larry Moyer | Stark Racing | Pontiac |
| 40 | | | 46 | Glenn Moffat | Moffat Racing | Chevrolet |
| Official race results | | | | | | | | | | |

## Standings after the race

1. After Ken Schrader failed to qualify using his Hendrick Motorsports entry, team owner Rick Hendrick would manage to buy out owner-driver Buddy Arrington's car for the race, using Arrington's car for driver points.

## InfoBox

1988 Pontiac Excitement 400
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 2 of 29 in the 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series | | | |
| The 1988 Pontiac Excitement 400 program cover. | | | |
| Date | February 21, 1988 | | |
| Official name | 34th Annual Pontiac Excitement 400 | | |
| Location | Richmond, Virginia, Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>0.542 mi (0.872 km) | | |
| Distance | 400 laps, 216.8 mi (348.905 km) | | |
| Scheduled Distance | 400 laps, 216.8 mi (348.905 km) | | |
| Average speed | 66.401 miles per hour (106.862 km/h) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Winkle Motorsports |
| Time | 20.616 | | |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing |
| Laps | 151 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 75 | Neil Bonnett | RahMoc Enterprises |
| Television in the United States | | | |
| Network | TBS | | |
| Announcers | Ken Squier, Johnny Hayes | | |
| Radio in the United States | | | |
| Radio | Motor Racing Network | | |


title: Thomas Reynolds (bishop)

abstract: Thomas Reynolds was an English bishop and academic. He was the Warden of Merton College, Oxford, from 1545 and was created Bishop of Hereford by Mary I.

text:
# Thomas Reynolds (bishop)

**Thomas Reynolds** (also "Reynold" or "Raynolds") (died c.1560) was an English bishop and academic. He was the Warden of Merton College, Oxford, from 1545 and was created Bishop of Hereford by Mary I.

## Life

A cleric of the reformed Church of England under Edward VI, after the Restoration he was a chaplain to Queen Mary, who gave him preferment and created him Dean of Exeter in 1555. He also served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford. On the accession of Elizabeth I, the formalities for his post as bishop were not yet complete and he was deprived. He died in the Marshalsea Prison.

Reynolds was the uncle of John Reynolds and William Reynolds, of a family near Pinhoe, Devon. Adam Hamilton has argued for a relationship to Richard Reynolds, and incidentally for an identification of Thomas Reynolds as a Catholic at an earlier period of his life.


title: Rachel Allen

abstract: Rachel Allen is an Irish celebrity chef, known for her work on television and as a writer. She has often appeared on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ).

text:
# Rachel Allen

**Rachel Allen** (née **O'Neill**) is an Irish celebrity chef, known for her work on television and as a writer. She has often appeared on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ).

## Career as chef and writer

Allen went to the Ballymaloe Cookery School at the age of 18. After graduating from the school she cooked at the Ballymaloe House Hotel, eventually returning first to test recipes and then to teach at the school. She worked for a while as a caterer in Vancouver before returning to teach at Ballymaloe Cookery School.

In September 2004, RTÉ broadcast Allen's first series in Ireland *Rachel's Favourite Food*, which has also been broadcast in Australia, Canada and Europe, and elsewhere. A book, *Rachel's Favourite Food*, accompanied the series, published by Gill & Macmillan. Two further TV series and books followed, *Rachel's Favourite Food for Friends* and *Rachel's Favourite Food at Home*; reruns of the latter became part of Create's television schedule in the United States starting in September 2010.

Allen is a frequent guest on BBC's *Saturday Kitchen*, and was one of the presenters on the Good Food Channel's *Market Kitchen* show. In 2008, she was in a series called *Rachel Allen: Bake!* for RTÉ.

Allen has written for many Irish publications, including three years with Irish lifestyle magazine *Image* and a weekly column in *The Sunday Tribune* Magazine. She has also contributed to *BBC Good Food* magazine and *AWT at Home* magazine. Rachel's books have sold in excess of 1 million worldwide.

In 2010, Allen launched a line of products for Tipperary Crystal, including crystal stemware, porcelain dinner sets, and kitchen/dining essentials.

In 2012, she was involved in a controversy over hunting pictures of her posted on Facebook. She soon appeared as a guest on *The Saturday Night Show* to discuss the subject. Allen won the 2012 Irish Book Award for Best Non-Fiction for *Easy Meals*.

March 2017, Allen opened her first restaurant  *'Rachel's'*  in Cork's Washington Street, part of a business venture with her husband, Isaac, and publican Paul Montgomery. The restaurant closed on 8 August 2018, for an eight-week, a €1m revamp. The restaurant was reopened and its name changed to *Dwyers of Cork,* to reflect the heritage of the original Dwyer's of Cork factory.

September 2019, Rachel Allen returned as a judge and co-host with chef Marco Pierre White on the popular Irish television series *The Restaurant*. Allen joined the series after food writer Tom Doorley left in 2017.

## Personal life

Rachel grew up in Foxrock, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Her Icelandic mother, Hallfríður Reichenfeld, was in the fashion business and had clothes shops. Her father, Brian O'Neill, had inherited the Winstanley shoe manufacturing business. Rachel and older sister, Simone attended Alexandra College in Milltown, Dublin, which she attended from age three to 17. It was a three-month course at Ballymaloe that sparked her passion for food. It was while attending Ballymaloe Cookery School and learning from Myrtle Allen, Rachel started dating Myrtle's grandson, Isaac, when they were both aged 18. They married in 1998. The wedding took place at Cloyne Cathedral. The reception was at Ballymaloe House and they honeymooned in New York.

After graduating from the school she cooked at the Ballymaloe House Hotel, eventually returning to teach at the school. It was when an RTE producer enrolled in a cookery course at the school asked Rachel if she would like to do a TV show.

Allen lives at a seaside home in Shanagarry, County Cork with her husband Isaac, the son of television chef Darina Allen, and their three children, Joshua, Scarlett and racing driver Lucca.

In July 2012, she received an Honorary Doctorate in Science from the University of Ulster at Belfast's Waterfront Hall for her contribution to the culinary arts. Her mother-in-law, Darina Allen, received an honorary doctorate from the same university in 2003.

## Books

* *Rachel's Favourite Food* ISBN 978-0717138982
* *Rachel's Favourite Food for Friends* ISBN 978-0717139996
* *Bake* ISBN 978-0007259700
* *Rachel's Favourite Food at Home* ISBN 978-0007275793
* *Rachel's Food for Living* ISBN 978-0007288229
* *Home Cooking* ISBN 978-0007259717
* *Entertaining at Home Hardcover* ISBN 978-0007462377
* *Easy Meals* ISBN 978-0007309047
* *Cake* ISBN 978-0007309054
* *Rachel's Irish Family Food* ISBN 978-0007237623
* *Rachel's Everyday Kitchen* ISBN 978-0007462377
* *All Things Sweet Hardcover* ISBN 978-0007462407
* *Coast: Recipes from Ireland’s Wild Atlantic Way* ISBN 978-0007462438
* *Recipes from My Mother Hardcover* ISBN 978-0008179793
* *Home Baking Hardcover* ISBN 978-0008179823
* *Soup Broth Bread* ISBN 978-0241486290

## InfoBox

| Rachel Allen | |
| --- | --- |
| Allen at MAD Symposium in 2014 | |
| Born | Rachel Sheila O'Neill
(1972-03-21) 21 March 1972
Dublin, Ireland |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Alma mater | Dublin Institute of Technology |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Known for | TV chef |
| Television | *Rachel's Favourite Food*
*Rachel's Favourite Food for Friends*
*Rachel's Favourite Food at Home*
*Rachel Allen: Bake!*
*The Restaurant*
*My Kitchen Rules* |
| Relatives | Lucca Allen
(Son) |
| Website | rachelallen.com |


abstract: The restitutio in integrum or re-establishment of rights under the European Patent Convention (EPC) is a means of redress available to an applicant or patent proprietor who has failed to meet a time limit in spite of exercising "all due care required by the circumstances". The legal basis for this means of redress is provided in Article 122 EPC. If the request for restitutio in integrum is accepted, the applicant or patentee is re-established in its rights, as if the time limit had been duly met. According to decision G 1/86 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office, other parties such as opponents are not barred from the restitutio in integrum by principle. For instance, if an opponent fails to file the statement of grounds for appeal in spite of all due care, after having duly filed the notice of appeal, restitutio remedies will be available to him or her.

text:
# Restitutio in integrum under the European Patent Convention

The ***restitutio in integrum*** or **re-establishment of rights** under the European Patent Convention (EPC) is a means of redress available to an applicant or patent proprietor who has failed to meet a time limit in spite of exercising "all due care required by the circumstances". The legal basis for this means of redress is provided in Article 122 EPC. If the request for *restitutio in integrum* is accepted, the applicant or patentee is re-established in its rights, as if the time limit had been duly met.

According to decision G 1/86 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office, other parties such as opponents are not barred from the *restitutio in integrum* by principle. For instance, if an opponent fails to file the statement of grounds for appeal in spite of all due care, after having duly filed the notice of appeal, *restitutio* remedies will be available to him or her.

The legal basis is provided in Article 122 EPC. Article 122(1) EPC reads:

> "An applicant for or proprietor of a European patent who, in spite of all due care required by the circumstances having been taken, was unable to observe a time limit vis-à-vis the European Patent Office shall have his rights re-established upon request if the non-observance of this time limit has the direct consequence of causing the refusal of the European patent application or of a request, or the deeming of the application to have been withdrawn, or the revocation of the European patent, or the loss of any other right or means of redress."

Therefore, one of the conditions for re-establishment of rights to be possible is that:

"the applicant must have been unable to observe a time limit vis-à-vis the EPO. ... \[The\] word "unable" implies an objective fact or obstacle preventing the required action."

In relation to the "all due care" criterion, "an isolated mistake in a normally satisfactory system is excusable." An error may also be excusable if it resulted from exceptional circumstances.

If an applicant is represented by a professional representative, a request for re-establishment can only be allowed if the representative himself can show that he has taken all the "due care required by the circumstances" as well. Furthermore, if an applicant is represented both by a professional representative and a non-authorised representative, such as a non-European domestic representative, "the duty of due care applies to both of them."

## Procedure

Under Rule 136(4) EPC, "the department competent to decide on the omitted act shall decide on the request for re‑establishment of rights."

## Further reading

* Viktor, Rainer (2017). *Re-establishment of Rights - Proceedings at the EPO* (1st ed.). Carl Heymanns Verlag. ISBN 978-3-452-28816-5.


title: Solomon–Lautenberg amendment

abstract: The Solomon–Lautenberg amendment is a U.S. federal law enacted in 1990 that urges states to suspend the driver's license of anyone who commits a drug offense. A number of states passed laws in the early 1990s seeking to comply with the amendment, in order to avoid a penalty of reduced federal highway funds. These laws imposed mandatory driver's license suspensions of at least six months for committing any type of drug offense, regardless of whether any motor vehicle was involved in the offense. As the amendment allows states to "opt out" without penalty, however, only three states continue to have such laws in effect as of 2021.

text:
# Solomon–Lautenberg amendment

The **Solomon–Lautenberg amendment** is a U.S. federal law enacted in 1990 that urges states to suspend the driver's license of anyone who commits a drug offense. A number of states passed laws in the early 1990s seeking to comply with the amendment, in order to avoid a penalty of reduced federal highway funds. These laws imposed mandatory driver's license suspensions of at least six months for committing any type of drug offense, regardless of whether any motor vehicle was involved in the offense (thus the nickname "**Smoke a joint, lose your license**" laws, also referred to as "Possess a joint, lose your license" laws). As the amendment allows states to "opt out" without penalty, however, only three states continue to have such laws in effect as of 2021.

## Overview

The Solomon–Lautenberg amendment is named after its two main sponsors, U.S. Representative Jerry Solomon (R–NY) and U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D–NJ). It was signed into law on November 5, 1990, as part of the 1991 Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. The amendment urged states to enact laws requiring the "suspension for at least 6 months, of the driver's license of any individual who is convicted ... of any violation of the Controlled Substances Act or any drug offense". To urge states in this manner, the amendment required that a penalty be applied to states that did not either: (a) enact the stipulated license suspension policy; or (b) follow a procedure specified in the amendment to opt out. States that took neither of these actions faced a 5% cut in federal highway funding for fiscal years 1994 and 1995. The penalty was increased to 10% for states in non-compliance each year thereafter.

To comply with the amendment's opt-out provision, the legislature of a state is required to pass a resolution declaring its opposition to the suspension policy. The governor must then send written certification to the U.S. Secretary of Transportation stating that the resolution was approved and that the governor is opposed to the suspension policy. A state can then repeal its "Smoke a joint, lose your license" law without being penalized. In regards to the reason for requiring this, an official in the Bush administration explained: "This forces the states to be accountable. We're not going to force you, but if you don't want to do it, you'll have to be public about it."

The Solomon–Lautenberg amendment was criticized at the time by groups such as the National Governors Association and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, but received little attention leading up to the bill's passage. Speaking in support of his amendment, Representative Solomon stated:

> Yes, we should do everything possible to interdict drugs coming into the country. Yes, we should provide adequate funds to treat addicts. And yes, we should jail – and in some cases even execute – those involved in the sale of drugs in this country. ... But let's not kid ourselves. That is not enough. ... Taking away driver's licenses in an automobile-oriented society will show that we are serious.

Senator Lautenberg stated:

> The threat of losing driving privileges will give many prospective drug users a strong reason to think twice – particularly young people. ... It is an excuse for young teenagers to say no to drugs, an excuse to say, "No thanks, I'd rather preserve my driving privilege."

## State compliance

As of 2021, there are only three states that continue to suspend licenses per the amendment: Alabama, Arkansas, and Florida. As many as 19 states had "Smoke a joint, lose your license" laws at one time; states that have opted out after initially choosing to implement the suspension policy are California (1999), Wisconsin (2009), Oklahoma (2010), South Carolina (2011), Indiana (2014), Delaware (2014), Georgia (2015), Massachusetts (2016), Ohio (2016), Iowa (2018), Pennsylvania (2018), New York (2019), Mississippi (2019), New Jersey (2019), Virginia (2020), and Texas (2021).

By October 1994, all nineteen "Smoke a joint, lose your license" laws had been enacted. The remaining 31 states had all opted out, though some still chose to suspend licenses in some form (such as by suspending for three months instead of six).

An estimated 191,000 licenses were suspended for non-driving drug offenses in the year 2016, according to a report by the Prison Policy Initiative.

## Criticisms

"Smoke a joint, lose your license" laws have been criticized for a variety of reasons, including the fact that the punishment often has nothing to do with the crime. The severity of punishment is also considered to be excessive, due to the life-altering impacts that losing one's license can cause. Loss of driving privileges can lead to loss of employment, which a New Jersey study showed happened in 42% of suspension cases. In 45% of these cases, individuals were not able to find another job.

Many who lose their license also continue to drive, a number PPI estimates to be as high as a 75%. Drivers will then face even more severe punishments if caught, which further ties up police and other government resources.

Critics have also noted the severe impact on minorities and low-income communities that these suspensions can cause. In New Jersey, 16% of the state population is considered low income, while 50% of people with suspended licenses are classified as such. These individuals are then burdened by reinstatement fees that must be paid (up to $275 in Alabama), plus court fines and other fees. Car insurance rates can also rise, even for suspensions that had nothing to do with driving.

## Efforts to repeal

In 2017, U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke introduced the Better Drive Act, a bill which sought to repeal the Solomon–Lautenberg amendment. To coincide with its introduction, more than 30 advocacy groups signed a letter calling for the amendment's repeal. Among the signatories of the letter was the NAACP, along with other civil rights, criminal justice reform, and addiction recovery organizations.

1. Ingram, Carl (December 1, 1994). "'Smoke a Joint, Lose License' Law in Effect". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
2. *"Possess a Joint, Lose Your License": July 1995 Status Report*, Marijuana Policy Project, archived from the original on October 8, 2007
3. "States Are Pressed to Suspend Driver Licenses of Drug Users". *The New York Times*. Associated Press. November 16, 1990. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
4. "23 USC Sec. 159". *mpp.org*. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007.
5. "Reefer sanity: States abandon driver's license suspensions for drug offenses". *The Clemency Report*. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
6. Beitsch, Rebecca (January 31, 2017). "States Reconsider Driver's License Suspensions for People With Drug Convictions". *Stateline*. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
7. Marcus, Aaron J. (2003). "Are The Roads A Safer Place Because Drug Offenders Aren't On Them?: An Analysis Of Punishing Drug Offenders With License Suspensions". *Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy*. **13** (4): 557–584.
8. Gordon, Diana R. (May 31, 1993). "The drug war hits the roads". *The Nation*. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
9. Mock, Brentin (January 18, 2018). "Why Is Pennsylvania Still Suspending Driver's Licenses for Drug Offenses?". *CityLab*. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
10. Segelbaum, Dylan (September 10, 2018). "Why thousands in Pa. have had their licenses suspended without a DUI or driving violation". *York Daily Record*. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
11. *California's "Possess a Joint, Lose your License" Law Sunsets*, Marijuana Policy Project, 1999, archived from the original on October 8, 2007
12. Aiken, Joshua (December 12, 2016), "Reinstating Common Sense: How driver's license suspensions for drug offenses unrelated to driving are falling out of favor", *Prison Policy Initiative*, retrieved January 26, 2018
13. Wolfe, Mary (June 12, 2018). "New laws will ease some driving restrictions". *Clinton Herald*. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
14. "Governor Wolf Signs Bill to End Unnecessary Suspensions of Drivers' Licenses". *ACLU of Pennsylvania*. October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
15. Sibilla, Nick (April 23, 2019). "New York And Pennsylvania Will No Longer Suspend Driver's Licenses Over Drug Crimes". *Forbes*. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
16. Wagster, Emily (June 29, 2019). "Mississippi Enacts New Laws on Teacher Pay, Criminal Justice". *U.S. News & World Report*. Associated Press. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
17. "Governor Murphy Signs Legislation Eliminating the Use of Mandatory Driver's License Suspensions as a Penalty for Certain Non-Moving Offenses" (Press release). Trenton: nj.gov. December 20, 2019.
18. "Governor Northam Signs Bold New Laws to Reform Criminal Justice" (Press release). Richmond, VA: virginia.gov. April 12, 2020.
19. Pinney, Leah (May 31, 2021). "2021 Bills That Are Still Moving Or Have Become Law". *Texas Criminal Justice Coalition*. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
20. "License-Suspension Legislation, by State". Marijuana Policy Project. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007.
21. "Driver's License Suspension Coalition Letter" (PDF). Drug Policy Alliance. April 6, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
22. "U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke Leads Bipartisan Bill that Repeals Federal Transportation Law Requiring States to Suspend Driver's Licenses for Drug Offenses". *Drug Policy Alliance*. April 5, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
23. O'Rourke, Beto (April 5, 2017). "The Better Drive Act". *Medium*. Retrieved January 27, 2018.


title: Ridgewood Park (baseball ground)

abstract: Ridgewood Park, also known as Wallace's Ridgewood Park or the Wallace Grounds, and frequently confused with Grauer's Ridgewood Park, was a baseball ground in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. Both Wallace's and Grauer's are shown in Belcher Hyde's Map of Newtown in 1915. The baseball field was part of a larger entertainment area bounded Wyckoff Avenue, Covert Street, Halsey Street, and Irving Avenue. The baseball field was southwest of the Long Island Rail Road's Montauk Branch tracks. Eldert Street, although depicted on the map as running through the baseball grounds, was not cut through southwest of the railroad tracks and the road remains interrupted there today. Originally the park was in Queens County, before its incorporation into New York City in 1899. This facilitated Sunday baseball playing, including the charging of admission, beyond the reach of Sabbath enforcers from the then-city of Brooklyn. Grauer's Ridgewood Park or Grauer's Woods was a large parkland several blocks north of Wallace's ballpark, bounded by Myrtle Avenue, Cypress Avenue, Seneca Avenue, and Decatur Street. Although some baseball was played here, this area was more of a picnic park. George Schubel in 1913 lyrically describes the pleasures of Grauer's Ridgewood Park: "Here the German families of another generation assembled and enjoyed themselves in innocent recreation very much in the manner that they were accustomed to do across the seas. Most of these parks have been eliminated, owing to the increase in land values and the decline of this sort of amusement." He also notes that "This once beautiful park is now cut up with such streets as Centre Street, George Street, Norman Street, Summerfield Street, and Willow Street, running through the land." The land that would become Wallace's Ridgewood Park was purchased by William Wallace in 1884. On April 5, 1885, the first game was played between the Brooklyn Atlantics and the Ridgewoods before a reported 3,000 fans. According to Retrosheet, Ridgewood Park was used by the Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers from 1887-1889 after they had played some games in the 1886 season at Grauer's. The Dodgers had used it strictly for Sunday games, to get around Brooklyn's blue laws. The Brooklyn Gladiators played their full 1890 schedule at Wallace's. The field was home to the semipro Ridgewoods; later the Brooklyn Bushwicks and the Negro league Brooklyn Royal Giants also played there. On September 19, 1917, the grandstand burned, precipitating the Bushwicks' move to Dexter Park in 1918. Wallace apparently intended to subdivide the land put it up for sale in that year, but ultimately he would rebuild, and the property was not sold until 1927. Although it was gradually reduced in size, the park survived and hosted soccer and other sports as Grand Stadium until 1959, when it was replaced by industrial buildings. Grand Stadium once again played host to the Dodgers as a training site in its waning years. The Eagle reported on February 26, 1947, that Branch Rickey "looked refreshed on his arrival at Grand Stadium to watch the 20 who had been tempted [by Mexican promoter Pasquel's contract offers] and 30 other Dodgers go through their long drill." Although this passing reference does not conclusively establish the connection, it seems that the Dodgers returned briefly to their old stomping grounds some 60 years later. Yet another Ridgewood ballpark was Meyerrose Park, which existed from 1907 through 1911. It was the home of an "outlaw" Brooklyn club for two seasons, in the Atlantic League (1907) and Union League (1908). It was on part of the former Meyerrose Farm, a large block bounded by Myrtle Avenue, Gates Avenue, Covert Avenue, and Woodward Avenue. After the 1911 season, it was sold to developers, and Onderdonk Avenue was cut through.

text:
# Ridgewood Park (baseball ground)

**Ridgewood Park**, also known as **Wallace's Ridgewood Park** or the **Wallace Grounds**, and frequently confused with Grauer's Ridgewood Park, was a baseball ground in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. Both Wallace's and Grauer's are shown in Belcher Hyde's Map of Newtown in 1915. The baseball field was part of a larger entertainment area bounded Wyckoff Avenue, Covert Street, Halsey Street, and Irving Avenue. (Halsey Street also bordered the old Capitoline Grounds about 2 miles (3.2 km) west.) The baseball field was southwest of the Long Island Rail Road's Montauk Branch tracks. Eldert Street, although depicted on the map as running through the baseball grounds, was not cut through southwest of the railroad tracks and the road remains interrupted there today. Originally the park was in Queens County, before its incorporation into New York City in 1899. This facilitated Sunday baseball playing, including the charging of admission, beyond the reach of Sabbath enforcers from the then-city of Brooklyn.

**Grauer's Ridgewood Park** or **Grauer's Woods** was a large parkland several blocks north of Wallace's ballpark, bounded by Myrtle Avenue, Cypress Avenue, Seneca Avenue, and Decatur Street. Although some baseball was played here, this area was more of a picnic park. George Schubel in 1913 lyrically describes the pleasures of Grauer's Ridgewood Park: "Here the German families of another generation assembled and enjoyed themselves in innocent recreation very much in the manner that they were accustomed to do across the seas. Most of these parks have been eliminated, owing to the increase in land values and the decline of this sort of amusement." He also notes that "This once beautiful park is now cut up with such streets as Centre Street, George Street, Norman Street, Summerfield Street, and Willow Street, running through the land."

The land that would become **Wallace's Ridgewood Park** was purchased by William Wallace in 1884. On April 5, 1885, the first game was played between the Brooklyn Atlantics and the Ridgewoods before a reported 3,000 fans. According to Retrosheet, Ridgewood Park was used by the Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers from 1887-1889 after they had played some games in the 1886 season at Grauer's. The Dodgers had used it strictly for Sunday games, to get around Brooklyn's blue laws. The Brooklyn Gladiators played their full 1890 schedule at Wallace's. The field was home to the semipro Ridgewoods; later the Brooklyn Bushwicks and the Negro league Brooklyn Royal Giants also played there.

On September 19, 1917, the grandstand burned, precipitating the Bushwicks' move to Dexter Park in 1918. Wallace apparently intended to subdivide the land put it up for sale in that year, but ultimately he would rebuild, and the property was not sold until 1927. Although it was gradually reduced in size, the park survived and hosted soccer and other sports as Grand Stadium until 1959, when it was replaced by industrial buildings.

Grand Stadium once again played host to the Dodgers as a training site in its waning years. The Eagle reported on February 26, 1947, that Branch Rickey "looked refreshed on his arrival at Grand Stadium to watch the 20 who had been tempted \[by Mexican promoter Pasquel's contract offers\] and 30 other Dodgers go through their long drill." Although this passing reference does not conclusively establish the connection, it seems that the Dodgers returned briefly to their old stomping grounds some 60 years later.

Yet another Ridgewood ballpark was **Meyerrose Park**, which existed from 1907 through 1911. It was the home of an "outlaw" Brooklyn club for two seasons, in the Atlantic League (1907) and Union League (1908). It was on part of the former Meyerrose Farm, a large block bounded by Myrtle Avenue, Gates Avenue, Covert (now Seneca) Avenue, and Woodward Avenue. After the 1911 season, it was sold to developers, and Onderdonk Avenue was cut through.

40°41′41.17″N 73°54′21.02″W / 40.6947694°N 73.9058389°W / 40.6947694; -73.9058389


title: Divided (book)

abstract: Divided: Why We're Living in an Age of Walls is a book on border barriers by the British author and journalist Tim Marshall. It was published by Elliott & Thompson in 2018.

text:
# Divided (book)

***Divided: Why We're Living in an Age of Walls*** is a book on border barriers by the British author and journalist Tim Marshall. It was published by Elliott & Thompson in 2018.

## Synopsis

Marshall notes that the majority of border barriers built since the end of the Second World War were not Cold War structures like the Berlin Wall, but constructed in the 21st century. Chapters of the book are on barriers such as the Great Wall of China, the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall, the wall on the Bangladesh–India border, the Israeli West Bank barrier and the Mexico–United States barrier. Marshall writes that the 2015 European migrant crisis resulted in a rise in far-right parties, and believes that nation states should be protected while a "21st-century Marshall Plan" redistributes wealth to the Global South.

## Reception

Samanth Subramanian of the *Financial Times* was disappointed that the book appeared to be sourced from journals and newspapers rather than Marshall's experiences as an international journalist. He also disliked how Marshall deemed wall-building to be "human nature" and did not deal with the paradox of humanity's most interconnected era also being the one with the most border barriers.

Writing in *Geographical*, the official magazine of the Royal Geographical Society, Laura Cole also found Marshall to be "on the fence" about why there was an increase in wall-building in the 21st century. She praised sections on internal dividers, such as gated communities in the United States and South Africa, and China's online Great Firewall. In *The Times Literary Supplement*, Marcello Di Cintio praised Marshall's level of research on topics such as black disadvantage in the United States.

Huston Gilmore of the *Daily Express* gave the book four stars out of five. He criticised the lack of development of Marshall's ideas and found the conclusion to be rushed. A review by Michael McCosh in *The Press and Journal* called the book "a very knowledgeable, timely book and a good primer on current problems in a longer-term context", but deemed it to need "more of a flourish" due to the serious topics.

## InfoBox

Divided
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tim Marshall |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Border barriers |
| Genre | non-fiction |
| Published | 2018 |
| Publisher | Elliott & Thompson |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 320 |
| ISBN | 9781783963973 |
| Website | Elliott & Thompson |


title: Raúl de Armas

abstract: Raúl de Armas is a Cuban-born architect who has designed and completed many major buildings in the United States, Europe, Canada, and the Middle East in his career of more than 35 years, winning numerous design awards. De Armas came to New York in 1958 at the age of 17. He studied architecture at Cornell University. Until he resigned in 1991, he was a partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in charge of interior design for their New York office. He designed the Citicorp Building in New York City, at the time the tallest building in the city outside of Manhattan. Since 1992, he has been a partner in the firm of MdeAS Architects, which he helped found, in New York City.

text:
# Raúl de Armas

**Raúl de Armas** (born 1941) is a Cuban-born architect who has designed and completed many major buildings in the United States, Europe, Canada, and the Middle East in his career of more than 35 years, winning numerous design awards.

De Armas came to New York in 1958 at the age of 17. He studied architecture at Cornell University.

Until he resigned in 1991, he was a partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in charge of interior design for their New York office. He designed the Citicorp Building in New York City, at the time the tallest building in the city outside of Manhattan. Since 1992, he has been a partner in the firm of MdeAS Architects (formerly Moed de Armas), which he helped found, in New York City.

## Awards

* CINTAS Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award, 2016–17 "Cornell AAP Alumni, Raul de Armas". *Cornell University*. Cornell University. 2018.
* American Institute of Architects AIA Twenty-five Year Award, 2010 – Haj Terminal/King Abdul Aziz International Airport
* Salvadori Center Founder's Award for Excellence in Design, 2008 – Moed de Armas & Shannon
* Institute of Business Designers Award, Citation, 1992 – Knoll Palio Collection
* INARCH, Citation, 1990 – San Benigno Torre Nord ("Il Matitone"), Genoa, Italy
* Interior Design Awards, First Place, Independent Restaurants, 1988 – Palio Restaurant, New York
* American Institute of Architects, New York Chapter, Citation, 1986 – Irving Trust Operations Center, New York
* American Institute of Architects, New York Chapter, Citation, 1986 – Prudential at Princeton "Enerplex"
* *Interiors Magazine* "Designer of the Year", 1984, – projects including Irving Trust Operations Center and Manufacturers Hanover Trust Corporation Headquarters
* Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1983 – planning of the Haj Terminal/King Abdul Aziz International Airport
* Concrete Industry Board Annual Award, 1983 – 780 Third Avenue, New York
* Fifth Avenue Association Commercial Building Award 1983 – Park Avenue Plaza, New York
* Reliance Development Group Award, Distinguished Architecture, 1982 – Park Avenue Plaza, New York
* Progressive Architecture award, 1981


title: Sind–Sagar Railway

abstract: The Sind–Sagar Railway was originally constructed as a Metre Gauge railway line from Lala Musa to Malakwal, Pakistan. In 1886 the Sind–Sagar Railway was amalgamated with other railways to form the North Western State Railway and railway line from was converted to broad gauge. The Chak Nizam Bridge, also known as Victoria Bridge, was completed in early 1887 over the Jhelum river in Shahpur District and connected Jhelum to Lahore. The NWR Sind-Sagar Branch Line was the new name for the line and continued to be extended with branch lines and designated as part of the 'Frontier Section - Military Line'.

text:
# Sind–Sagar Railway

The **Sind–Sagar Railway** was originally constructed as a Metre Gauge railway line from Lala Musa to Malakwal, Pakistan. In 1886 the Sind–Sagar Railway was amalgamated with other railways to form the North Western State Railway and railway line from was converted to broad gauge. The Chak Nizam Bridge, also known as Victoria Bridge, was completed in early 1887 over the Jhelum river in Shahpur District and connected Jhelum to Lahore. The *NWR Sind-Sagar Branch Line* was the new name for the line and continued to be extended with branch lines and designated as part of the 'Frontier Section - Military Line'.

## Sections

### Lala Musa–Malakwal Railway

### Malakwal–Khushab Railway

#### Dandot Light Railway

#### Gharibwal Cement Works Railway

The Gharibwal Cement Works Railway opened in May 1886 as a 27 kilometres (17 mi) 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) railway from Haranpur Junction to Gharibwal. It was built to serve the Gharibwal quarry.

### Malakwal–Bhera Railway

## Personnel

No staff records are available at the British Library IOR. The following personnel have been identified from various sources as being posted to this railway:

* *The spelling of Scinde, Punjaub & Delhi Railway is variable. Scinde and Punjaub are the spellings adopted in the legislation - see "Government Statute Law Repeals 2012" pages 134-135, paragraphs 3.78-3.83*.

1. " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 107, pdf page 116; Retrieved 15 Jul 2016
2. "Salman Rashid: Malakwal to Gharibwal".
3. "\[IRFCA\] Pakistan, 1996: Malakwal again: To Khewra".
4. Google Books " India List and India Office List, 1905" page 595 (pdf page 558) Retrieved on 15 Jul 2016
5. Google Books "Kipling’s India: Uncollected Sketches 1884–88" by Rudyard Kipling, pages 215-218; Retrieved on 15 Jul 2016
6. Institution of Civil Engineers "Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland - O'Callaghan, Francis Langford "; Retrieved on 14 Jul 2016
7. Grace's Guide "Trevredyn Rashleigh Wynne"; Retrieved on 14 Jul 2016
8. H.M. Government "Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012"; pages 134-135, paragraphs 3.78-3.83 Retrieved on 14 Jun 2016

## InfoBox

Sind–Sagar Railway
| Industry | Railways |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1881 |
| Defunct | 1885 |
| Successor | North Western State Railway (NWR) |
| Headquarters | Kotri, British Raj |
| Area served | Punjab, Sindh |
| Services | Rail transport |


title: Channel NSW

abstract: Channel NSW was a community information digital television channel that ran under trial in the Sydney area. The service was provided and operated by the Government of New South Wales. It was carried via Digital 44 using the Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T) system had its own channel on Channel 45. CNSW had gained a large audience, with a reach of over 250,000 households per month in Sydney. This was forecast to grow to over 1 million households by 2009. The NSW Government had plans for NSW settlements of 2,000 people or more to receive the service terrestrially. The channel ceased transmissions at midnight on 30 April 2010.

text:
# Channel NSW

**Channel NSW** (also known as **CNSW**) was a community information digital television channel that ran under trial in the Sydney area. The service was provided and operated by the Government of New South Wales. It was carried via Digital 44 using the Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T) system had its own channel on Channel 45.

CNSW had gained a large audience, with a reach of over 250,000 households per month in Sydney. This was forecast to grow to over 1 million households by 2009.

The NSW Government had plans for NSW settlements of 2,000 people or more to receive the service terrestrially. The channel ceased transmissions at midnight on 30 April 2010.

## Content

Channel NSW included these programs:

NSW Government agencies which provided services through CNSW include the:

## History

Key milestones in the development of the service to date are as follows:

* Commonwealth grants NSW trial license (December 2003);
* Initial service launched by the Minister for Commerce (March 2004);
* Remote playout operations capability enabled (July 2004);
* Initial audiovisual capability tested (August 2004);
* Block scheduling capability (February 2005);
* First field audience research (October 2005); and
* Interactive TV services lab testing (MHP) (March 2006).

## Future

Channel NSW was running as a trial and is a work in progress. The NSW government had future plans for the channel which included:

* Live event coverage, such as Parliament question time;
* Automated whole-of-government announcements service; and
* "Resource Show", a hybrid media program about the environment.

## InfoBox

Channel NSW
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Australia |
| Broadcast area | Sydney |
| Network | Digital Forty Four |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 576i (SDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Government of New South Wales |
| History | |
| Launched | 17 March 2004 |
| Closed | 30 April 2010 |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| SD Digital | 45 |
|  | |


title: Rebecca Naa Dedei Aryeetey

abstract: Rebecca Naa Dedei Aryeetey also known as Dedei Ashikishan, was a Ghanaian business woman, political activist and a feminist. She was popularly known for her flour business in Accra. Her image appears on Ghana's 50 Pesewas coin.

text:
# Rebecca Naa Dedei Aryeetey

**Rebecca Naa Dedei Aryeetey** (c. 1923 – 22 June 1961) also known as **Dedei Ashikishan**, was a Ghanaian business woman, political activist and a feminist. She was popularly known for her flour business in Accra. Her image appears on Ghana's 50 Pesewas coin.

## Early life

Rebeca Naa Dedei was born around 1923 at Osu and grew up in James Town, Accra. Her parents were from Ga Asere and Osu.

## Career

After her primary education, Naa Dedei went into the flour business. She became so wealthy and influential through her flour business which earned her the name **Ashikishan**, a Ga word meaning flour. She was known to be the chief financier of the then CPP party and led CPP women activities at her house in Kokomlemle - Accra. As a political activist of the CPP, she campaigned and funded Nkrumah and the CPP party and played a significant role during Ghana's struggle to attain independence. She financed Nkrumah to win the Ashiedu Keteke legislative council seat which made him to be the first Prime Minister of Ghana.

## Death

Her closeness to Nkrumah made her an enemy of rival political party which allegedly led to her early death. She died at a CPP function in Ho on 22 June 1961 at the age of 38. It was alleged that she was poisoned at the function after taking a hot tea when she complained of stomach pains.

## Honors

The double-decker buses which were brought to Accra by Harry Sawyer were named after her 'Auntie Dedei', she also had her image on a national stamp and on Ghana's 50 pesewa coin, all in honour of her.

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Naa Dedei Aryeetey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Rebecca Naa Dedei
c. 1923 (1923)
Osu, Accra |
| Died | 22 June 1961 (1961-06-23) (aged 38) |
| Other names | Dedei Ashikishan |
| Occupations | * Businesswoman * political activist * feminist |


title: Rebecca Nandwa

abstract: Rebecca Nandwa is a Kenyan writer who is best known for her children's books written in Swahili. She has been involved in a wide range of journalism and editorial work and used to be a teacher.

text:
# Rebecca Nandwa

**Rebecca Nandwa** is a Kenyan writer who is best known for her children's books written in Swahili. She has been involved in a wide range of journalism and editorial work and used to be a teacher.

## Biography

After going to primary school in Western Kenya and secondary school in Limuru, she graduated from Kenyatta University with a B.Ed. Her first teaching post was at Emusire High School in 1988. She soon moved to Nairobi because she wanted to be closer to the country's publishers.

Nandwa likes writing in Swahili for children and, in this way, hopes to support traditional culture and language. She is motivated to deal with “social issues” in her stories. *Chura Mcheza Ngoma*, her first book, teaches the value of trusting friends, while *Kiki and the Piggy Bank* is about saving. Nandwa is a founder member of Angaza Writers, a group concerned with promoting integrity and good citizenship through writing. She also belongs to the National Culture and Creative Writers Association of Kenya: a “think tank that promotes local heritage and culture through writing”.

In 2013, she won a Jomo Kenyatta award in the Kiswahili Children's Category for her book *Nimefufuka*, and was also a nominee in 2015. She has written more than 35 books for a variety of publishers, including a few in English. Her books are recommended by the Kenyan Institute of Curriculum Development for use in educational institutions. *Chura Mcheza Ngoma* has featured in an International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) online exhibition. Some of Nandwa's books are included in the Worldreader programme and her *Pole Mzee Bonga* was one of their “top books” for East Africa in 2014.

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Nandwa | |
| --- | --- |
| Language | Swahili |
| Education | Kenyatta University, B.Ed. |
| Genre | Children's literature |
| Notable awards | Jomo Kenyatta Prize
2015 *Nimefufuka*
 |


title: Real RAM

abstract: In computing, especially computational geometry, a real RAM is a mathematical model of a computer that can compute with exact real numbers instead of the binary fixed point or floating point numbers used by most actual computers. The real RAM was formulated by Michael Ian Shamos in his 1978 Ph.D. dissertation.

text:
# Real RAM

In computing, especially computational geometry, a **real RAM** (random-access machine) is a mathematical model of a computer that can compute with exact real numbers instead of the binary fixed point or floating point numbers used by most actual computers. The real RAM was formulated by Michael Ian Shamos in his 1978 Ph.D. dissertation.

## Model

The "RAM" part of the real RAM model name stands for "random-access machine". This is a model of computing that resembles a simplified version of a standard computer architecture. It consists of a stored program, a computer memory unit consisting of an array of cells, and a central processing unit with a bounded number of registers. Each memory cell or register can store a real number. Under the control of the program, the real RAM can transfer real numbers between memory and registers, and perform arithmetic operations on the values stored in the registers.

The allowed operations typically include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as comparisons, but not modulus or rounding to integers. The reason for avoiding integer rounding and modulus operations is that allowing these operations could give the real RAM unreasonable amounts of computational power, enabling it to solve PSPACE-complete problems in polynomial time.

When analyzing algorithms for the real RAM, each allowed operation is typically assumed to take constant time.

## Implementation

Software libraries such as LEDA have been developed which allow programmers to write computer programs that work as if they were running on a real RAM. These libraries represent real values using data structures which allow them to perform arithmetic and comparisons with the same results as a real RAM would produce. For example, In LEDA, real numbers are represented using the `leda_real` datatype, which supports *k*-th roots for any natural number *k*, rational operators, and comparison operators. The time analysis of the underlying real RAM algorithm using these real datatypes can be interpreted as counting the number of library calls needed by a given algorithm.

## Comparison to other computational models

* In the Turing machine model, the basic unit of computation involves one bit. Therefore, the time and space complexity of numeric algorithms depends on the number of bits needed to represent the numbers. In contrast, in the Real RAM model, the basic unit of computation involves a real number, regardless of how many bits are required to represent it. This difference is important when analyzing algorithms such as Gaussian elimination: this algorithm requires a polynomial number of arithmetic operations on real numbers, so it is polynomial in the Real RAM model; however, the numbers used in the intermediate computations may (if implemented naively) grow exponentially large, so its run-time in the Turing Machine model is exponential.
* The real RAM closely resembles the later Blum–Shub–Smale machine. However, the real RAM is typically used for the analysis of concrete algorithms in computational geometry, while the Blum–Shub–Smale machine instead forms the basis for extensions of the theory of NP-completeness to real-number computation.
* An alternative to the real RAM is the word RAM, in which both the inputs to a problem and the values stored in memory and registers are assumed to be integers with a fixed number of bits. The word RAM model can perform some operations more quickly than the real RAM; for instance, it allows fast integer sorting algorithms, while sorting on the real RAM must be done with slower comparison sorting algorithms. However, some computational geometry problems have inputs or outputs that cannot be represented exactly using integer coordinates; see for instance the Perles configuration, an arrangement of points and line segments that has no integer-coordinate representation.


title: Real Property Act 1858

abstract: The Real Property Act 1858, 21 Vict. c. 15, is the short title of an act of the Parliament of South Australia, with the long title "An Act to simplify the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in Land". After being introduced as a private member's bill by Sir Robert Richard Torrens, it was passed by both houses and assented to by the Governor of South Australia, on 27 January 1858. It was the first law in the world to institute what has become known as the Torrens Title system of property law, and is sometimes referred to as the "Torrens Title" Act 1858. The Act was repealed and replaced by the Real Property Act 1886.

text:
# Real Property Act 1858

The ***Real Property Act 1858***, 21 Vict. c. 15, is the short title of an act of the Parliament of South Australia, with the long title "**An Act to simplify the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in Land**". After being introduced as a private member's bill by Sir Robert Richard Torrens, it was passed by both houses and assented to by the Governor of South Australia, on 27 January 1858.

It was the first law in the world to institute what has become known as the Torrens Title system of property law, and is sometimes referred to as the **"Torrens Title" Act 1858**. The Act was repealed and replaced by the *Real Property Act 1886*.

## Background

Robert Richard Torrens, son of Robert Torrens (economist and chairman of the South Australian Colonisation Commission), had previously worked in the civil service in customs roles in London and Adelaide, before being appointed Colonial Treasurer and Registrar-General from 1852 to 1857. He was elected as a member of the House of Assembly for the City of Adelaide in the new parliament in 1857, and on 1 September 1857 became the third Premier, although his government lasted only a month.

For years before his election, he had vigorously promoted the need for land titles reform, with the current system of transfer of land by deed ineffective, slow, expensive and insecure. It relied on verbose and complicated documents that had to be retained at least a century in order to validate new transactions and lawyers were needed to effect the transactions. The second reading of a bill introduced as a private member's bill was carried despite strong opposition, passing through both Houses on 27 January 1858.

## Enactment

The *Real Property Act 1858*, with the long title "An Act to simplify the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in Land", was assented to on 27 January 1858. At the head of the first page of the transcript, is "Anno vicesimo primo Victoriae Reginae, No. 15", meaning the 21st year of Queen Victoria's reign, although the first page of the original document says "1857–8, No. 15".

The act, eagerly anticipated by many, came into effect on 2 July 1858 and was on the whole well-received, apart from some lawyers who would have noted that the ease and clarity of the process would mean less in earnings for them in the future. Torrens was to be appointed Registrar-General in order to assist with the act's application. In this role he did much to bring about a successful transition to the new system. Temporary offices were set up for applicants to apply to have land brought under the operation of the new act.

An indexed copy of the act was published in 1858, edited by W.M. Sandford.

## Effect

The act transferred property by registration of title, instead of by deeds. It radically altered the method of recording and registering land under freehold title. Instead, government certificates were issued and a central register established. This system provided an indisputable record, thus almost eliminating litigation involving land disputes, got rid of difficulties created by lost certificates, and reduced the cost of land sales and transfers. The legislation was refined in the following few years, with Torrens overseeing major amendments to the act in 1859 and 1862, which included allowing the licensing of registered land brokers instead of lawyers in land transactions, thus further reducing the cost.

Four main principles underlie the act:

* Title to land is passed from one owner to another by registration on a public register.
* Title is evidenced by a government-issued and -guaranteed certificate issued.
* Once registered, the purchase is indefeasible; it cannot be set aside unless fraud is proven on the part of the purchaser.
* Land dealers who have been dispossessed of their land unfairly or accidentally are guaranteed compensation.

## Spread and current legislation

The first sale of land registered under the system was to pastoralist William Ransom Mortlock (later elected to the House of Assembly) on 25 August 1858.

So successful was the outcome that it was adopted in the rest of Australia and in many countries throughout the world. The system became known as the Torrens Title system, and the act often referred to as the "Torrens Title Act 1858".

Torrens visited Victoria in 1860 and assisted in bringing in the new system in that colony. He also helped the other colonies to introduce their own variations of the system: Queensland adopted the 1859 version, while New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria based their legislation on the 1861 reforms. New Zealand, Malaysia and some states in the US followed; it has since been widely adopted throughout the world.

In 1862, Torrens published *A handy book on the Real Property Act of South Australia:...*, which is now available in full online.

### Amendments and revisions

The *Real Property Act 1860* (23 & 24 Vict. c. 11), "An Act to consolidate and amend certain Acts relating to the transfer ad encumbrance of freehold and other interests in land" (17 October 1860) and the *Real Property Act 1861* (24 & 25 Vict. c. 22), "An Act to amend the Real Property Act of 1860" (3 December 1861) were the main amendments to the Act.

In South Australia, the act was substantially revised in 1886, and this version remains in force in South Australia. The *Real Property Act 1886*, updated 3 October 2019, has a long title "An Act to consolidate and amend the Real Property Act 1861, the Real Property Act Amendment Act 1878 and the Rights-of-Way Act 1881, and for other purposes".

### Computerisation

South Australia has been a world leader in creating digital versions of property title data since the late 20th century, with its Land Ownership and Tenure System, or LOTS.

## Credit for the act

Attempts have been made to minimise the credit due to Torrens for his great achievement, and it has been asserted that Anthony Forster, then editor of the *South Australian Register*, made the original suggestion. In the preface to his book, *The South Australian System of Conveyancing by Registration of Title*, published at Adelaide in 1859, Torrens stated that his interest in the question had been aroused 22 years before through the misfortunes of a relation and friend, and that he had been working on the problem for many years. He also said that the idea was based on principles used in transferring shipping property, of which he would have gained experience in his early career as a customs official, both in London and Adelaide (1836–1852). His experience as Registrar-General (1852–1858), as a landowner himself, and the influence of politicians such as Forster and W.H. Burford and lawyers such as Richard Bullock Andrews, Henry Gawler and W.C. Belt, would have influenced him close to home.

Torrens acknowledged that he had adapted principles from other systems: the system of title registration had been used pre-14th-century Europe, and his research revealed that Bavaria, Austria and Hungary had engaged in this practice for centuries. However, he did not copy those ones, but adapted a system developed for registration of merchant ships in Britain. The owner of the ship was given a certificate, which was surrendered to the registrar when the ship was sold, and the new owner would receive a new one.

Torrens was also familiar with a report presented to the British House of Commons on 15 May 1857, supplied by German lawyer Ulrich Hübbe who had detailed knowledge of the real property laws of the Hanseatic League cities and whose doctorate in laws from Hamburg University dealt with this topic. His input added to the practical application of the method in law, and Torrens worked on this aspect further. With the support of Carl Muecke and the influential German community, he fought it through Parliament despite virulent opposition from the legal profession.

## Footnotes

1. "Sir Robert Torrens". *Former members of the Parliament of South Australia*. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
2. Moore, Peter (14 October 2014). "Sir Robert Richard Torrens". *Adelaidia*. Retrieved 10 November 2019. This entry was first published in S.A.'s Greats: The men and women of the North Terrace plaques, edited by John Healey (Historical Society of South Australia Inc., 2001).
3. Moore, Peter (29 June 2015). "Torrens Title". *SA History Hub*. Retrieved 12 November 2019. This is a revised version of an entry first published in *The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History* edited by Wilfrid Prest, Kerrie Round and Carol Fort (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2001). Lightly edited.
4. Whalan, Douglas J. (1976). "Torrens, Sir Robert Richard (1814–1884)". *Australian Dictionary of Biography*. Vol. 6. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
5. Parliament of South Australia. "Anno Vicesimo Primovictoriæ Reginæ, No 15: An Act to simplify the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in Land" (PDF). *Museum of Australian Democracy*. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
6. "Real Property or 'Torrens Title' Act 1858 (SA)". *Museum of Australian Democracy*. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
7. "The Real Property Act". *South Australian Register*. Vol. XXII, no. 3654. South Australia. 23 June 1858. p. 2. Retrieved 12 November 2019  via Trove.
8. Painter, Alison. "2 July 1858 Real Property Act". *Professional Historians Australia (South Australia)*. Retrieved 12 November 2019. \[Source\]: Douglas Pike, *The Paradise of Dissent*, MUP, 1957, p.482 (Incorrect naming of "Colonel Robert Torrens" reported to site.)
9. "The South Australian Real Property Act of 1858". *Empire*. No. 2, 355. New South Wales, Australia. 23 July 1858. p. 5. Retrieved 12 November 2019  via Trove.
10. "The Real Property Act". *South Australian Register*. Vol. XXII, no. 3661. South Australia. 2 July 1858. p. 2. Retrieved 12 November 2019  via Trove.
11. South Australia (1858), "The South Australian Real Property Act: being an act to simplify the laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in land as passed by the parliament of South Australia and assented to by the Governor-in-Chief on behalf of Her Majesty, January 27, 1858 together with a complete index", *Printed at the register*, retrieved 12 November 2019
12. H. Kempe, 'Mortlock, William Ranson (1821 - 1884)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5, Melbourne University Press, 1974, pp 301-302.
13. Kwan, Elizabeth (1987). *Living in South Australia: A Social History Volume 1: From Before 1836 to 1914*. South Australian Government Printer. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9780724365005. Retrieved 14 November 2019. (Join archive.org and borrow to see whole text.)
14. "The South Australian Real Property Act". *The Age*. No. 1, 692. Victoria, Australia. 26 March 1860. p. 5. Retrieved 11 November 2019  via Trove.
15. Torrens, Robert (1862), *A handy book on the Real Property Act of South Australia: containing a succinct account of that measure, compiled from authentic documents with full information and examples for the guidance of persons dealing; also, an index to the Act*, Printed at the Advertiser and Chronicle Offices, retrieved 12 November 2019
16. "A handy book on the Real Property Act of South Australia: containing a succinct account of that measure, compiled from authentic documents with full information and examples for the guidance of persons dealing; also, an index to the Act". *National Library of Australia*. Printed at the Advertiser and Chronicle Offices. 1862. pp. 1–65. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
17. South Australia. Parliament (17 October 1860). "Anno Vicesimo Tertio et Vicesimo Quarto: Victoriae Reginae. A.D. 1860. No. 11: An Act to consolidate and amend certain Acts relating to the transfer ad encumbrance of freehold and other interests in land" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2019  via Flinders University. (metadata record)
18. South Australia. Parliament (3 December 1861). "Anno Vicesimo Quarto et Vicesimo Quinto: Victoriae Reginae. A.D. 1861. No. 22: An Act to amend the Real Property Act of 1860" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2019  via Flinders University. (metadata record)
19. South Australia. Parliament; Macdonnell, Richard Graves (1861), *An Act to amend the Real Property Act of 1860*, W.C. Cox, Govt. Printer, retrieved 13 November 2019
20. South Australia. Parliament (3 October 2019). "South Australia. Real Property Act 1886" (PDF). Retrieved 12 November 2019.
21. South Australia. "Real Property Act 1886". *Government of South Australia. Attorney General's Dept*. Retrieved 12 November 2019. Signed Richard Graves Macdonnell, Governor. "Schedules referred to"--p. 291-296.
22. South Australia. Department of Lands (1985), *Land Ownership and Tenure System / Department of Lands*, The Dept, retrieved 13 November 2019
23. Parsons, Stephen (8 February 1932). "Letter to the Editor". The Advertiser. p. 10. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2023  via Trove.
24. Torrens, Robert; Gawler, Henry (1829-1894) (1962), *The South Australian system of conveyancing by registration of title*, Public Library of South Australia, retrieved 12 November 2019`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
25. Cole, George M.; Wilson, Donald A. (5 August 2016). "7.2.1 Land Registration Systems". *Land Tenure, Boundary Surveys, and Cadastral Systems* (Illustrated ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781315352961. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
26. "Torrens System: Who was the author?". *The Advertiser (Adelaide)*. South Australia. 17 February 1932. p. 16. Retrieved 13 November 2019  via Trove.
27. "Death of Dr. Carl Muecke". *South Australian Register*. Vol. LXIII, no. 15, 958. South Australia. 5 January 1898. p. 7. Retrieved 12 October 2017  via Trove.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Real Property Act 1858* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parliament of South Australia | |
| **Long title** * An Act to simplify the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in Land | |
| Citation | 21 Vict. c. 15 |
| Passed by | Parliament of the South Australia |
| Passed | 27 January 1858 |
| Enacted | 27 January 1858 |
| Commenced | 2 July 1858 |
| Repealed by | |
| *Real Property Act 1886* | |
| Related legislation | |
| *Real Property Act 1860* (24 Vict. c. 11), *Real Property Act 1861* (24 & 25 Vict. c. 22) | |
| **Status:** Expired | |


title: Rebecca Pan

abstract: Rebecca Pan Di-hua is a Hong Kong actress and singer.

text:
# Rebecca Pan

**Rebecca Pan Di-hua** (simplified Chinese: 潘迪华; traditional Chinese: 潘迪華; also Poon Tik-wah, Pan Wan Ching) is a Hong Kong actress and singer.

## Early life

She was born in Shanghai on 29 December 1931 and moved to Hong Kong in 1949.

## Career

Her singing career began in 1957. One of her songs, which she recorded when she was 18, is played briefly in *In the Mood for Love*  the English version of an Indonesian folk song, "Bengawan Solo".

## Discography

* 《Pan Wan Ching Sings The Four Seasons 潘迪華與世界名曲》, Diamond Records LP1004, 1961.
* 《Oriental Pearls》, Diamond Records LP1006, 1962. Recorded with the Diamond Studio Orchestra conducted by Vic Christobal.
* 《The Exciting Rebecca Pan 我的心．潘迪華》, Diamond Records LP1009, 1963.
* 《我愛你 (I Love You)》, Diamond Records LP1013, 1964.
* 《潘迪華唱 (Rebecca Pan Sings)》, Diamond Records LP1017, 1965.
* 《I Am Yours‧Japanese Good-Day Baby‧Till‧First Night Of The Full Moon》, Life Records EP-2001, 1965.
* 《Tropical Love Song‧Pachanga‧I Could Have Danced All Night‧Chit Chit Rit Chit》, Life Records EP-2002, 1965.
* 《Pan Wan Ching Greatest Hits！ 潘迪華 1965 最新名曲》, Life Records LP-9001/LSP-9001, 1965.
* 《潘迪華 - 花弄影‧我永遠等着你》, EMI Parlophone Records, 1965.
* 《Rebecca Pan Wan-Ching．Rendezvous On Bridge 潘迪華．情人橋》, EMI Pathe Records 7EPA-182, 1965.
* 《Rebecca Pan 潘迪華．When You Were Mine》, EMI Columbia Records ECHK 507, 1966.
* 《Rebecca Pan．Essence Of Love 潘迪華．給我一杯愛的咖啡》, EMI Pathe Records S-CPAX-329, 1967.
* 《Rebecca Pan．A Man And A Woman 潘迪華．男歡女愛》, EMI Angel Records S-3AEX-326, 1968.
* 《Rebecca Pan．Moonlit Villa 潘迪華．月滿西樓》, EMI Angel Records, 1968.
* 《潘迪華．東方時代曲 Vol. 1》, Life Records, 1969.
* 《Rebecca Pan．How Strange 潘迪華．真稀奇》, Life Records LSP-9005, 1969.
* 《Rebecca Pan》, Life Records LELP 1, 1969.
* 《我又想起你》, Life Records LSP-9013, 1970.
* 《Hong Kong Sound With Rebecca Pan》, Sounds Of Asia Records SOA 001, 1970.
* 《Rebecca Live In The Eagle's Nest》, Life Records, 1971.
* 《潘迪華．今夜忘不了》, Yangtze Music YTZEP 301, 1971.
* 《白孃孃 Pai Niang Niang》, EMI Regal Recordings, 1973
* 《White Christmas．Rebecca Pan & The Voices Of Maryknoll》, Man Chi Records MCLP-10201, 1974.

## Filmography as actress

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Pan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1931-12-29) 29 December 1931
Shanghai, Republic of China |
| Awards | Golden Horse Awards**Best Supporting Actress**
1991 *Days of Being Wild*

 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 潘迪華 |
| Simplified Chinese | 潘迪华 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Pan Dihua | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: RecycleUnits

abstract:
In mathematical logic, proof compression by RecycleUnits is a method for compressing propositional logic resolution proofs.
Its main idea is to make use of intermediate proof results being unit clauses, i.e. clauses containing only one literal. Certain proof nodes can be replaced with the nodes representing these unit clauses.
After this operation the obtained graph is transformed into a valid proof.
The output proof is shorter than the original while being equivalent or stronger.

text:
# RecycleUnits

In mathematical logic, proof compression by **RecycleUnits** is a method for compressing propositional logic resolution proofs. Its main idea is to make use of intermediate (e.g. non input) proof results being unit clauses, i.e. clauses containing only one literal. Certain proof nodes can be replaced with the nodes representing these unit clauses. After this operation the obtained graph is transformed into a valid proof. The output proof is shorter than the original while being equivalent or stronger.

## Algorithms

The algorithms treat resolution proofs as directed acyclic graphs, where each node is labeled by a clause and each node has either one or two predecessors called parents. If a node has two parents it is also labeled with a propositional variable called the pivot, which was used to compute the nodes clause using resolution.
The following algorithm describes the replacement of nodes.
It is assumed that in the resolution proof for all non leaf nodes with two parent nodes, the left parent node contains the positive and the right parent node the negative pivot variable. The algorithm first iterates over all non leaf unit clauses and then over all non ancestor nodes of the proof. If the node's pivot element is the variable of the present unit clause's literal, one of the parent nodes can be replaced by the node corresponding to the unit clause. Because of the above assumption, if the literal is equal to the pivot, the left parent contains the literal and can be replaced by the unit clause node. If the literal is equal to the negation of the pivot the right parent is replaced.

```
1  **function** RecycleUnits(Proof $P$):
2      Let $U$ be the set of non leaf nodes representing unit clauses
3      **for** each $u\in U$ **do**
4          Mark the ancestors of u
5          **for** each unmarked $n\in P$ **do**
6              let $p$ be the pivot variable of $n$
7              let $l$ be the literal contained in the clause of $u$
8              **if** $p==l$ **then**
9                  replace the left parent of $n$ with $u$
10             **else if** $\neg p==l$ **then**
11                 replace the right parent of $n$ with $u$
```

In general after execution of this function the proof won't be a legal proof anymore. The following algorithm takes the root node of a proof and constructs a legal proof out of it. The computation begins with recursively calls to the children nodes. In order to minimize the algorithm calls, it is beingt kept track of which nodes were already visited. Note that a resolution proof can be seen as a general directed acyclic graph as opposed to a tree. After the recursive call the clause of the present node is updated. While doing so four different cases can occur. The present pivot variable can occur in both, the left, the right or in none of the parent nodes. If it occurs in both parent nodes the clause is calculated as resolvent of the parent clauses. If it is not present in one of the parent nodes the clause of this parent can be copied. If it misses in both parents one has to choose heuristically.

```
1  **function** ReconstructProof(Node $n$):
3      **if** $n$ is visited **return**
4      mark $n$ as visited
5      **if** $n$ has no parents **return**
6      **else if** $n$ has only one parent $x$ **then**
7          ReconstructProof( $x$)
8          $n$.Clause = $x$.Clause
9      **else**
10         let $l$ be the left and $r$ the right parent node
11         let $p$ be the pivot variable used to compute $n$
12         ReconstructProof( $l$)
13         ReconstructProof( $r$)
14         **if** $p\in l.Clause$ and $p\in r.Clause$
15             $n$.Clause = Resolve( $l$, $r$, $p$)
16         **else if** $p\in l.Clause$ and $p\notin r.Clause$
17             $n$.Clause = $r$.Clause
18             delete reference to $l$
19         **else if** $p\in r.Clause$ and $p\notin l.Clause$
20             $n$.Clause = $l$.Clause
21             delete reference to $r$
22         **else**
23             let $x\in \{l,r\}$ and $y\in \{l,r\}\setminus \{x\}$ //choose x heuristically
24             $n$.Clause = $x$.Clause
25             delete reference to $y$
```

## Example

Consider the following resolution proof.
One intermediate result is $C\_{8}$ which is representing the unit clause (-1).

$(1){\cfrac {(2){\cfrac {(1){\cfrac {C\_{1}(1,3)\qquad C\_{2}(-1,2,5)}{C\_{3}(2,3,5)}\qquad C\_{4}(1,-2)}{C\_{7}(1,3,5)}\qquad (4){\cfrac {C\_{5}(-1,4)\qquad C\_{6}(-1,-4)}{\color {red}C\_{8}(-1)}{C\_{9}(3,5)}}}}}}$

There is one non-ancestor node using the variable 1 as a pivot element: $C\_{3}$.

$(1){\cfrac {(2){\cfrac {{\color {red}(1)}{\cfrac {C\_{1}(1,3)\qquad C\_{2}(-1,2,5)}{C\_{3}(2,3,5)}\qquad C\_{4}(1,-2)}{C\_{7}(1,3,5)}\qquad (4){\cfrac {C\_{5}(-1,4)\qquad C\_{6}(-1,-4)}{C\_{8}(-1)}{C\_{9}(3,5)}}}}}}$

The literal -1 is contained in the right parent of this node and therefore this parent is replaced by $C\_{8}$. The string $C\_{8}^{\*}$ denotes a reference to the clause $C\_{8}$ (the structure is now a directed acyclic graph rather than a tree).

$(1){\cfrac {(2){\cfrac {(1){\cfrac {C\_{1}(1,3)\qquad {\color {red}{C\_{8}^{\*}{C\_{3}(2,3,5)}\qquad C\_{4}(1,-2)}{C\_{7}(1,3,5)}\qquad (4){\cfrac {C\_{5}(-1,4)\qquad C\_{6}(-1,-4)}{C\_{8}(-1)}{C\_{9}(3,5)}}}}}}}}}$

This structure is not a legal proof anymore, because $C\_{3}$ is not the resolvent of $C\_{1}$ and $C\_{8}$. Therefore it has to be transformed into one again.
The first step is to update $C\_{3}$. As the pivot variable 1 appears in both parent nodes, $C\_{3}$ is computed as the resolvent of them.

$(1){\cfrac {(2){\cfrac {(1){\cfrac {C\_{1}(1,3)\qquad {C\_{8}^{\*}{C\_{3}{\color {red}(3)}\qquad C\_{4}(1,-2)}{C\_{7}(1,3,5)}\qquad (4){\cfrac {C\_{5}(-1,4)\qquad C\_{6}(-1,-4)}{C\_{8}(-1)}{C\_{9}(3,5)}}}}}}}}}$

The left parent node of $C\_{7}$ does not contain the pivot variable and therefore the clause of this parent is copied into the clause of $C\_{7}$. The link between $C\_{7}$ and $C\_{4}$ is removed and since there are no other links to $C\_{4}$ this node can be deleted.

$(1){\cfrac {{\cfrac {(1){\cfrac {C\_{1}(1,3)\qquad {C\_{8}^{\*}{C\_{3}(3)}{C\_{7}{\color {red}(3)}\qquad (4){\cfrac {C\_{5}(-1,4)\qquad C\_{6}(-1,-4)}{C\_{8}(-1)}{C\_{9}(3,5)}}}}}}}}}}$

Again the left parent of $C\_{9}$ does not contain the pivot variable and the same operation is performed as before.

$\cfrac {\cfrac {(1){\cfrac {C\_{1}(1,3)\qquad (4){\cfrac {C\_{5}(-1,4)\qquad C\_{6}(-1,-4)}{C\_{8}(-1)}{C\_{3}(3)}{C\_{7}(3)}{C\_{9}{\color {red}(3)}}}}}}}$

Note: the reference $C\_{8}^{\*}$ was replaced by the actual proof node $C\_{8}$.
The result of this proof is the unit clause (3) which is a stronger result than the clause (3,5) of the original proof.


title: Raymond Sokolov

abstract: Raymond Sokolov is a U.S. journalist who has written extensively about food. He wrote the "Eating Out" column for The Wall Street Journal's weekend edition from 2006 until March 2010.

text:
# Raymond Sokolov

**Raymond Sokolov** (born 1 August 1941) is a U.S. journalist who has written extensively about food. He wrote the "Eating Out" column for The Wall Street Journal's weekend edition from 2006 until March 2010.

## Early life and education

Sokolov grew up in the U.S. city of Detroit, and, while still in elementary school, finished 26th then 2nd in consecutive years in the National Spelling Bee in 1952 and 1953. He attended secondary school at Cranbrook, in suburban Detroit (Bloomfield Hills), whence he graduated in 1959. After graduating from Harvard College *summa cum laude* in classics, and spending a year as a Fulbright Scholar at Wadham College, Oxford, Sokolov spent two years back at Harvard pursuing a doctorate in classics. In 1965 he passed his orals.

## Career

In 1965, Sokolov began work as foreign correspondent for *Newsweek Magazine* in its Paris bureau. In summer 1967, he returned to the U.S. with Newsweek as an arts writer.

In 1971, he became restaurant critic and food editor of the *New York Times*, where his pieces covered the decor, lore, and politics of New York restaurants as well as the productions of their kitchens. His reviews first noted the arrival of Sichuanese and Hunanese food in North America. He was the first writer in English to notice nouvelle cuisine in France.

In 1975 he left the *Times* to pursue a career as a freelance writer from his home in Brooklyn Heights. In 1981 became editor of Book Digest, then the founding editor of the *Wall Street Journal'*s daily Leisure and Arts page, a post he held until 2002. He continues to write about food for national publications.

## Works

Sokolov has written several cookbooks, including *The Cook's Canon: 101 Classic Recipes Everyone Should Know*, which includes recipes from the world's cuisines that Sokolov terms as being necessary to "culinary literacy," as well as brief essays. Other works include *The Saucier's Apprentice* (1976), a highly regarded cookbook on the hierarchy of French sauces, *Why We Eat What We Eat: How the Encounter between the New World and the Old Changed the Way Everyone on the Planet Eats* (1991), and a biography of A. J. Liebling, *Wayward Reporter* (1980).

His long-running column "A Matter of Taste," on the Americas' foodways for the American Museum of Natural History's *Natural History* injected some researched facts and logical deduction into the highly fanciful traditional histories of cooking and helped lead to the revival of interest in American regional specialties. Some of the columns have been collected as *Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods* (1981).

## Personal

In 1980 he married Johanna Hecht, a member of the curatorial staff of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

He lives in New York City.

## Bibliography

* Collected in: *American Food Writing: An Anthology with Classic Recipes*, ed. Molly O'Neill (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 1-59853-005-4

## InfoBox

| Raymond Sokolov | |
| --- | --- |
| Raymond Sokolov addressing a plenary session at the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 2012 | |
| Born | (1941-08-01) August 1, 1941<br>Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Occupation | New York Times Food Critic |