title: Spa 24 Hours

abstract: The 24 Hours of Spa is an endurance racing event for cars held annually since 1924 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot, Belgium. It is currently sponsored by CrowdStrike.

text:
# Spa 24 Hours

The **24 Hours of Spa** is an endurance racing event for cars held annually since 1924 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot, Belgium. It is currently sponsored by CrowdStrike.

## History

The Spa 24 Hours was conceived by Jules de Their and Henri Langlois Van Ophem just one year after the inaugural 24 Hours of Le Mans was run. It debuted in 1924 over a 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) circuit on public roads between the towns of Francorchamps, Malmedy and Stavelot, under the auspices of the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium (RACB). The present 7.004 kilometres (4.352 mi) circuit was inaugurated in 1979 with only slight variations since then.

The Spa 24 Hours was part of the European Touring Car Championship from 1966 to 1973, again in 1976 and from 1982 to 1988 (with the exception of 1987 when it was part of the inaugural World Touring Car Championship). The event also counted towards the World Sportscar Championship in 1953 and the World Endurance Championship in 1981. As on the Nürburgring, both a 24h and a 1000 km race is held at Spa, as the 1000 km Spa for sports car racing were introduced in 1966.

Cars entered have spanned from the Russian Moskvitch and models with sub-1 liter engines such as the NSU Prinz TT to the luxurious V8-powered Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL 6.3. Tuned by Mercedes-AMG, the 6834 cc and 420 hp (313 kW) so-called "Red pig" finished as high as second in 1971.

During the 1975 race, Dutch driver Wim Boshuis and a track marshal were killed in two separate incidents. Boshuis was killed when his vehicle collided with other cars on the track, while the track marshal was killed 30 minutes later when Belgian driver Alain Peltier collided with a railing.

With the participation of Swiss Lilian Bryner on the victorious Ferrari 550 of the *BMS Scuderia Italia* team, the 2004 race marked the first time in history that a female driver was part of the winning team of a 24-hour endurance race in a Gran Turismo with more than 500 hp (370 kW).

The current version of the Spa 24 Hours is an event under the GT World Challenge Europe Powered by AWS and Intercontinental GT Challenge calendar, although it was previously run as part of the FIA GT Championship featuring GT1 and GT2 machinery, and by various touring car series. Currently, the cars run fall under the FIA GT3 and GT3 Cup classifications. It has also been a round of the SRO Group's Intercontinental GT Challenge since its inaugural season in 2016.

2020 saw the race held behind closed doors for the first time.

The 2023 Belgian Grand Prix, which is part of the 2023 F1 calendar released by the FIA on 21 September 2022, was scheduled on the race weekend of 28 July to 30 July and clashed with the Spa 24 Hours. This forced the Spa 24 Hours in 2023 to reschedule from its traditional late July race weekend to the race weekend between 29 June to 2 July.

### Coupe du Roi

The best manufacturer wins the **Coupe du Roi** (King's Cup), which is not necessarily the race winners. The cup is won by the manufacturer with the most points, accrued by cars that are made by the same manufacturer. For example, Australian car manufacturer Holden won the Coupe du Roi in 1986 despite their cars finishing the race in 18th, 22nd and 23rd positions outright.

## List of winners

| Year | Drivers | Team | Car | Layout | Distance (km) | Average (km/h) | Series | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1924 | Henri Springuel
Maurice Becquet |  | Bignan 2L | 15 km |  |  |  |  |
| 1925 | André Lagache
René Léonard |  | | Chenard-Walcker |  |  |  |  |
| 1926 | André Boillot
Louis Rigal |  | | Peugeot 174S |  |  |  |  |
| 1927 | Robert Sénéchal
Nicolas Caerels |  | | Excelsior |  |  |  |  |
| 1928 | Boris Ivanowski
Attilio Marinoni |  | | Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 S |  |  |  |  |
| 1929 | Robert Benoist
Attilio Marinoni |  | | Alfa Romeo 6C 1750SS |  |  |  |  |
| 1930 | Attilio Marinoni
Pietro Ghersi |  | | Alfa Romeo 6C 1750GS |  |  |  |  |
| 1931 | Dimitri Jorjadze
Goffredo Zehender |  | | Mercedes-Benz SSK |  |  |  |  |
| 1932 | Antonio Brivio
Eugenio Siena |  | | Alfa Romeo 8C 2300LM |  |  |  |  |
| 1933 | Louis Chiron
Luigi Chinetti |  | | Alfa Romeo 8C 2300LM |  |  |  |  |
| 1934 | Jean Desvignes
Norbert Mahé |  | | Bugatti Type 44 |  |  |  | Reduced to 10 hours. |
| 1935 | *Not held* | | | | | | | |
| 1936 | Francesco Severi
Raymond Sommer |  | Alfa Romeo 8C 2900A | 15 km |  |  |  |  |
| 1937 | *Not held* | | | | | | | |
| 1938 | Carlo Pintacuda
Francesco Severi |  | Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B | 15 km |  |  |  |  |
| 1939

1947 | *Not held* | | | | | | | |
| 1948 | St. John Horsfall
Leslie Johnson |  | Aston Martin 2-Litre Sports | 15 km |  |  |  |  |
| 1949 | Luigi Chinetti
Jean Lucas |  | | Ferrari 166 MM |  |  |  |  |
| 1950

1952 | *Not held* | | | | | | | |
| 1953 | Giuseppe Farina
Mike Hawthorn |  | Ferrari 375 MM Pinin Farina | 14 km |  |  | World Sportscar Championship. | First use of 14km layout. |
| 1954

1963 | *Not held* | | | | | | | |
| 1964 | Robert Crevits
Gustave Gosselin |  | Mercedes-Benz 300SE | 14 km | 3962.100 | 164.825 |  | Second win for Mercedes-Benz, won by the legendary 300 SE L “Red Pig”. |
| 1965 | Pascal Ickx
Gérard Langlois van Ophem |  | | BMW 1800 Ti/SA | 3812.591 | 158.855 |  |  |
| 1966 | Hubert Hahne
Jacky Ickx |  | | BMW 2000ti | 4048.368 | 168.681 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1967 | Jean-Pierre Gaban
Noël Van Assche |  | | Porsche 911 | 4052.883 | 168.867 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1968 | Erwin Kremer
Willi Kauhsen
Helmut Kelleners |  | | Porsche 911 | 4004.827 | 166.867 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1969 | Guy Chasseuil
Claude Ballot-Léna |  | | Porsche 911 | 4272.231 | 187.006 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1970 | Günther Huber
Helmut Kelleners |  | | BMW 2800CS | 4252.407 | 177.183 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1971 | Dieter Glemser
Alex Soler-Roig |  | | Ford Capri RS | 4385.100 | 182.690 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1972 | Jochen Mass
Hans-Joachim Stuck |  | | Ford Capri RS 2600 | 4498.436 | 187.431 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1973 | Toine Hezemans
Dieter Quester |  | | BMW 3.0 CSL | 4422.980 | 184.290 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1974 | Jean Xhenceval
Alain Peltier |  | | BMW 3.0 CSi | 4147.289 | 172.804 | Trophée de l'Avenir | Pierre Dieudonné was an entered driver but did not drive. |
| 1975 | Jean Xhenceval
Hughes de Fierlandt |  | | BMW 3.0 CSi | 4249.270 | 177.053 | Trophée de l'Avenir | Pierre Dieudonné was an entered driver but did not drive. |
| 1976 | Jean-Marie Detrin
Nico Demuth
Charles Van Stalle |  | | BMW 3.0 CSL | 4087.904 | 170.329 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1977 | Eddy Joosen
Jean-Claude Andruet |  | | BMW 530i | 4083.835 | 170.159 | Trophée de l'Avenir |  |
| 1978 | Gordon Spice
Teddy Pilette |  | | Ford Capri III 3.0S | 4315.594 | 179.816 | Trophée de l'Avenir |  |
| 1979 | Jean-Michel Martin
Philippe Martin |  | Ford Capri III 3.0S | 7 km | 3083.632 | 128.485 | Trophée de l'Avenir | First use of 7km layout. |
| 1980 | Jean-Michel Martin
Philippe Martin |  | | Ford Capri III 3.0S | 2952.318 | 123.013 |  | First team to win back-to-back races. The Ford Capri took its 5th win and 3rd in a row. |
| 1981 | Pierre Dieudonné
Tom Walkinshaw |  | | Mazda RX-7 | 3183.952 | 132.737 | World Endurance Championship
Trophée de l'Avenir | First Japanese manufacturer to win. |
| 1982 | Hans Heyer
Armin Hahne
Eddy Joosen |  | | BMW 528i | 3132.224 | 130.808 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1983 | Thierry Tassin
Hans Heyer
Armin Hahne |  | | BMW 635 CSi | 3333.726 | 130.808 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1984 | Hans Heyer
Tom Walkinshaw
Win Percy |  | | Jaguar XJS | 3055.485 | 131.091 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1985 | Roberto Ravaglia
Marc Surer
Gerhard Berger |  | | BMW 635 CSi | 3470.000 | 144.344 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1986 | Dieter Quester
Altfrid Heger
Thierry Tassin |  | | BMW 635 CSi | 3463.060 | 144.232 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1987 | Jean-Michel Martin
Didier Theys
Eric van de Poele |  | | BMW M3 | 3338.140 | 139.908 | World Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1988 | Altfrid Heger
Dieter Quester
Roberto Ravaglia |  | | BMW M3 | 3532.460 | 146.929 | European Touring Car Championship |  |
| 1989 | Gianfranco Brancatelli
Win Percy
Bernd Schneider |  | | Ford Sierra RS500 | 3338.140 | 139.130 |  | Sixth win for Ford, and the first since 1980 with the Capri. |
| 1990 | Markus Oestreich
Fabien Giroix
Johnny Cecotto |  | | BMW M3 Evolution | 3247.920 | 135.330 |  |  |
| 1991 | Anders Olofsson
David Brabham
Naoki Hattori |  | | Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R | 3587.980 | 149.456 |  |  |
| 1992 | Steve Soper
Jean-Michel Martin
Christian Danner |  | | BMW M3 Evolution | 3560.220 | 148.947 |  |  |
| 1993 | Uwe Alzen
Christian Fittipaldi
Jean-Pierre Jarier |  | | Porsche 911 RSR | 2154.904 | 144.667 |  | Race stopped after 15 hours due to the death of King Baudouin. |
| 1994 | Roberto Ravaglia
Thierry Tassin
Alexander Burgstaller |  | | BMW 318is | 3625.960 | 151.047 |  |  |
| 1995 | Joachim Winkelhock
Steve Soper
Peter Kox |  | | BMW 320i | 3612.532 | 150.531 |  |  |
| 1996 | Jörg Müller
Alexander Burgstaller
Thierry Tassin |  | | BMW 320i | 3507.821 | 145.956 |  |  |
| 1997 | Didier de Radiguès
Marc Duez
Éric Hélary |  | | BMW 320i | 3372.680 | 140.252 |  |  |
| 1998 | Alain Cudini
Marc Duez
Eric van de Poele |  | | BMW 318i | 3344.807 | 139.344 |  |  |
| 1999 | Frédéric Bouvy
Emmanuel Collard
Anthony Beltoise |  | | Peugeot 306 GTI | 3428.427 | 142.588 |  |  |
| 2000 | Didier Defourny
Frédéric Bouvy
Kurt Mollekens |  | | Peugeot 306 GTI | 3330.870 | 138.686 |  | Second team to win back-to-back races. Third win for Peugeot. Last race for touring cars. |
| 2001 | Marc Duez
Christophe Bouchut
Jean-Philippe Belloc | Larbre Compétition | | Chrysler Viper GTS-R | 3679.104 | 152.999 | FIA GT Championship | First race for GT cars. First American manufacturer to win. |
| 2002 | Christophe Bouchut
Sébastien Bourdais
David Terrien
Vincent Vosse | Larbre Compétition | | Chrysler Viper GTS-R | 3654.059 | 152.019 | FIA GT Championship | Third team to win back-to-back races. |
| 2003 | Romain Dumas
Stéphane Ortelli
Marc Lieb | Freisinger Motorsport | | Porsche 911 GT3-RS | 3327.613 | 138.557 | FIA GT Championship |  |
| 2004 | Luca Cappellari
Fabrizio Gollin
Lilian Bryner
Enzo Calderari | BMS Scuderia Italia | | Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello | 3888.144 | 161.974 | FIA GT Championship | Third win for Ferrari, and the first since 1958. First and only victory for a female driver. |
| 2005 | Michael Bartels
Timo Scheider
Eric van de Poele | Vitaphone Racing | | Maserati MC12 | 4000.896 | 166.638 | FIA GT Championship | First ever victory for Maserati. |
| 2006 | Eric van de Poele
Michael Bartels
Andrea Bertolini | Vitaphone Racing Team | | Maserati MC12 | 4092.961 | 171.034 | FIA GT Championship | Fourth team to win back-to-back races since Larbre Compétition in 2002. |
| 2007 | Fabrizio Gollin
Mike Hezemans
Jean-Denis Délétraz
Marcel Fässler | Carsport Holland
Phoenix Racing | | Chevrolet Corvette C6.R | 3726.660 | 155.241 | FIA GT Championship |  |
| 2008 | Michael Bartels
Andrea Bertolini
Stéphane Sarrazin
Eric van de Poele | Vitaphone Racing Team | | Maserati MC12 | 4041.885 | 168.096 | FIA GT Championship | Third win for the Maserati MC12. |
| 2009 | Anthony Kumpen
Kurt Mollekens
Mike Hezemans
Jos Menten | PK Carsport | | Chevrolet Corvette C6.R | 3915.236 | 163.128 | FIA GT Championship |  |
| 2010 | Romain Dumas
Martin Ragginger
Jörg Bergmeister
Wolf Henzler | BMS Scuderia Italia | | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | 3789.164 | 157.832 |  | First team to win with two different manufacturers. |
| 2011 | Timo Scheider
Greg Franchi
Mattias Ekström | Audi Sport Team WRT | | Audi R8 LMS | 3817.180 | 158.898 | Blancpain Endurance Series | First ever victory for Audi. |
| 2012 | Andrea Piccini
René Rast
Frank Stippler | Audi Sport Performance Team | | Audi R8 LMS ultra | 3565.036 | 148.543 | Blancpain Endurance Series |  |
| 2013 | Bernd Schneider
Maximilian Götz
Maximilian Buhk | HTP Motorsport | | Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 | 3950.256 | 164.594 | Blancpain Endurance Series | Third win for Mercedes-Benz, and the first since 1964. |
| 2014 | René Rast
Markus Winkelhock
Laurens Vanthoor
 | Belgian Audi Club Team WRT | | Audi R8 LMS ultra | 3691.108 | 153.732 | Blancpain Endurance Series | Red flag (1 hour). |
| 2015 | Nick Catsburg
Lucas Luhr
Markus Palttala | BMW Sports Trophy Team Marc VDS | | BMW Z4 GT3 | 3754.144 | 156.423 | Blancpain Endurance Series |  |
| 2016 | Philipp Eng
Maxime Martin
Alexander Sims | ROWE Racing | | BMW M6 GT3 | 3719.403 | 154.975 | Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge |  |
| 2017 | Jules Gounon
Christopher Haase
Markus Winkelhock | Audi Sport Team Saintéloc | | Audi R8 LMS | 3824.184 | 159.341 | Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge |  |
| 2018 | Tom Blomqvist
Philipp Eng
Christian Krognes | Walkenhorst Motorsport | | BMW M6 GT3 | 3579.044 | 149.127 | Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge |  |
| 2019 | Kévin Estre
Richard Lietz
Michael Christensen | GPX Racing | | Porsche 911 GT3 R | 2542.45 | 105.78 | Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge | First team from the Middle East to win. 18-hour race. Racing suspended from 4:00 AM to 11:30 AM (rain), initially by safety car, then red flag at 5:40 AM. |
| 2020 | Earl Bamber
Nick Tandy
Laurens Vanthoor | Rowe Racing | | Porsche 911 GT3 R | 3691.10 | 153.7 | GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge | Second team to win with two different manufacturers after BMS Scuderia Italia. |
| 2021 | Côme Ledogar
Nicklas Nielsen
Alessandro Pier Guidi | Iron Lynx | | Ferrari 488 GT3 Evo 2020 | 3894.22 | 162.0 | GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge | Fourth win for Ferrari, and the first since 2004. |
| 2022 | Jules Gounon
Daniel Juncadella
Raffaele Marciello | AMG Team AKKodis ASP | | Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo | 3754.14 | 156.2 | GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge |  |
| 2023 | Philipp Eng
Marco Wittmann
Nick Yelloly | ROWE Racing | | BMW M4 GT3 | 3761.14 | 156.7 | GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge | A record-extending twenty-fifth win for BMW. |
| 2024 | Mattia Drudi
Marco Sørensen
Nicki Thiim | Comtoyou Racing | | Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3 Evo | 3347.91 | 139.2 | GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup
Intercontinental GT Challenge | Centenary edition. First win for a Belgian team since 2015, and first win for Aston Martin since 1948. |
|

## Statistics

### By driver

Multiple wins by driver
| Wins | Driver | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | Eric van de Poele | 1987, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2008 |
| 4 | Jean-Michel Martin | 1979, 1980, 1987, 1992 |
| | Thierry Tassin | 1983, 1986, 1994, 1996 |
| 3 | Attilio Marinoni | 1928, 1929, 1930 |
| | Hans Heyer | 1982, 1983, 1984 |
| | Dieter Quester | 1973, 1986, 1988 |
| | Roberto Ravaglia | 1985, 1988, 1994 |
| | Marc Duez | 1997, 1998, 2001 |
| | Michael Bartels | 2005, 2006, 2008 |
| | Philipp Eng | 2016, 2018, 2023 |
| 2 | Francesco Severi | 1936, 1938 |
| | Luigi Chinetti | 1933, 1949 |
| | Helmut Kelleners | 1968, 1970 |
| | Jean Xhenceval | 1974, 1975 |
| | Philippe Martin | 1979, 1980 |
| | Eddy Joosen | 1977, 1982 |
| | Armin Hahne | 1982, 1983 |
| | Tom Walkinshaw | 1981, 1984 |
| | Altfrid Heger | 1986, 1988 |
| | Win Percy | 1984, 1989 |
| | Steve Soper | 1992, 1995 |
| | Alexander Burgstaller | 1994, 1996 |
| | Frédéric Bouvy | 1999, 2000 |
| | Christophe Bouchut | 2001, 2002 |
| | Fabrizio Gollin | 2004, 2007 |
| | Andrea Bertolini | 2006, 2008 |
| | Kurt Mollekens | 2000, 2009 |
| | Mike Hezemans | 2007, 2009 |
| | Romain Dumas | 2003, 2010 |
| | Timo Scheider | 2005, 2011 |
| | Bernd Schneider | 1989, 2013 |
| | René Rast | 2012, 2014 |
| | Markus Winkelhock | 2014, 2017 |
| | Laurens Vanthoor | 2014, 2020 |
| | Jules Gounon | 2017, 2022 |

### By manufacturer

Wins by manufacturer
| Wins | Manufacturer | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 25 | BMW | 1965, 1966, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987,
1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2023 |
| 8 | Porsche | 1967, 1968, 1969, 1993, 2003, 2010, 2019, 2020 |
| 7 | Alfa Romeo | 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1938 |
| 6 | Ford | 1971, 1972, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1989 |
| 4 | Audi | 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017 |
| | Ferrari | 1949, 1953, 2004, 2021 |
| | Mercedes-Benz | 1931, 1964, 2013, 2022 |
| 3 | Peugeot | 1926, 1999, 2000 |
| | Maserati | 2005, 2006, 2008 |
| 2 | Chrysler | 2001, 2002 |
| | Chevrolet | 2007, 2009 |
| | Aston Martin | 1948, 2024 |
| 1 | Nissan | 1991 |
| | Jaguar | 1984 |
| | Mazda | 1981 |
| | Bugatti | 1934 |
| | Excelsior | 1927 |
| | Chenard-Walcker | 1925 |
| | Bignan | 1924 |

1. UPI (28 July 1975), "2 Killed at Spa", *The New York Times*
2. Vincent Wouters (27 July 2015), *Spa Post-Race Notebook*, SportsCar360
3. Gricey's King's Cup Story (Spa 1986)
4. "SPORTS CAR RACING". *kolumbus.fi*. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
5. Greenhalgh, David (28 June 2024). "Breaking Down The History Of Belgium's Greatest Endurance Race". *Dailysportscar*. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
6. "1993 Spa 24 Hours". touringcarracing.net. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
7. "28 Jul 2014 – Belgian Audi Club Team WRT takes home win after nail-biting finish". total24hours.com. 28 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

## InfoBox

24 Hours of Spa
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| GT World Challenge Endurance
Intercontinental GT Challenge | |
| Venue | Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps |
| Corporate sponsor | CrowdStrike |
| First race | 1924 |
| Duration | 24 Hours |
| Most wins (driver) | Eric van de Poele (5) |
| Most wins (manufacturer) | BMW (25) |


title: Richmond Athletic FC

abstract: Richmond Athletic FC is a New Zealand football club, based in the South Island town of Richmond, Tasman, New Zealand. Their home ground is Jubilee Park.

text:
# Richmond Athletic FC

**Richmond Athletic FC** is a New Zealand football club, based in the South Island town of Richmond, Tasman, New Zealand. Their home ground is Jubilee Park.

## History

Formed in 1948, Richmond Athletic changed its name to Richmond City in 2005. In 2006 they won the local league and entered the play-offs for promotion to the Mainland Premier League, beating both Burnside FC and Avon United on aggregate. They lasted only two years before being relegated from the division following an aggregate loss to Christchurch United in the play-off. Following their demotion they reverted to their original name of Richmond Athletic.

Richmond Athletic again earned the right to a promotion play-off in 2010, losing on aggregate after a 4–2 1st leg home win, and an away loss of 3–0.

Richmond won the Nelson Pine Division 1 League back to back in 2010 and 2011 under coach Steve Bignall and Manager Rick Gower. The team was led by English imports Joe Green, Ben Wright, Jordan Yong, Che Wilson and Sam Mason Smith.

### Notable former players

The following former Richmond Athletic players have represented their respective countries at international level:

## InfoBox

| Full name | Richmond Athletic Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1948 |
| Ground | Jubilee Park, Richmond, Tasman |
| League | Nelson Premier Division 1 |
| 2024 | Nelson Premier Division 1, 6th of 8 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Drepanulatrix monicaria

abstract: Drepanulatrix monicaria is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Drepanulatrix monicaria is 6692.

text:
# Drepanulatrix monicaria

***Drepanulatrix monicaria*** is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Drepanulatrix monicaria* is 6692.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Drepanulatrix monicaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Caberini |
| Genus: | *Drepanulatrix* |
| Species: | ***D. monicaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Drepanulatrix monicaria***<br>(Guenée in Boisduval & Guenée, 1858) | |
|


title: Coilin Devlin

abstract: Coilin "Dook" Devlin is a Gaelic footballer who plays for the Derry county team, with whom he has won a National League title. He plays his club football for Ballinderry Shamrocks and has won two Derry Senior Football Championships with the club.

text:
# Coilin Devlin

**Coilin "Dook" Devlin** (born 19 February 1985) is a Gaelic footballer who plays for the Derry county team, with whom he has won a National League title. He plays his club football for Ballinderry Shamrocks and has won two Derry Senior Football Championships with the club.

## Playing career

### Inter-county

Devlin made his Derry Senior debut in 2005. He was part of the Derry panel that won the 2008 National League where Derry beat Kerry in the final.

### Club

Devlin has won Derry Championship medals with Ballinderry in 2006 and 2008.

## Honours

### Inter-county

## InfoBox

Coilin Devlin
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Coilín Ó Doibhilin* | | |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Corner forward | | |
| Born | (1985-02-19) 19 February 1985
Ballinderry, County Londonderry,
Northern Ireland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | | |
| Nickname | Dook | | |
| Occupation | Quantity surveyor | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 200x–present | Ballinderry | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Derry titles | 2 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 2005–present | Derry | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| NFL | 1 | | |


title: Editta Braun Company

abstract: The Editta Braun Company is a dance company founded in Salzburg, Austria in 1989 by the Austrian choreographer, dancer and dance instructor Editta Braun. Members of the multi-national team include dancers, composers, dramatic advisors and light designers. The Editta Braun Company’s work pursues political themes, including intercultural communication and feminist questions. The company is particularly known for the body theatre performance pieces Lufus, Luvos, vol. 2, planet LUVOS, Close Up, Close Up 2.0 and Fanghoumé. The Editta Braun Company has toured in Europe, Asia, Africa and performs at both large and specialty festivals.

text:
# Editta Braun Company

The **Editta Braun Company** is a dance company founded in Salzburg, Austria in 1989 by the Austrian choreographer, dancer and dance instructor Editta Braun. Members of the multi-national team include dancers, composers, dramatic advisors and light designers. The Editta Braun Company’s work pursues political themes, including intercultural communication and feminist questions. The company is particularly known for the *body theatre* performance pieces *Lufus*, *Luvos, vol. 2*, *planet LUVOS, Close Up, Close Up 2.0 and Fanghoumé*. The Editta Braun Company has toured in Europe, Asia, Africa and performs at both large and specialty festivals.

## History

Editta Braun was one of a group of students who formed the dance collective Vorgänge in 1982. She founded her own company shortly before the group broke up in 1989. In 1997, French composer and musician Thierry Zaboitzeff began creating sound tracks to accompany the group's productions; most have been released as albums. Thomas Hinterberger and Peter Thalhamer have designed the lighting for many pieces.

The company collaborated with Egyptian director Mahmoud Aboudoma and his drama ensemble to create *Coppercity 2001*, based on one of the tales from 1001 Nights.

In 2002, the company began to incorporate texts into their productions, for example, Manfred Wöhlcke’s sociological essay *Soziale Entropie* and literary variations of the Arthur myth. In 2004, Austrian author Barbara Neuwirth wrote the text for *Eurydike*, a piece which was commissioned for the Brucknerfest in Linz, and included a chamber orchestra, drama and dance ensemble.

In 2004, the company increased its staff of artistic directors and choreographers to include Arturas Valudskis, Rebecca Murgi, Shlomo Bitton, Teresa Ranieri, Mahmoud Aboudoma, Robert Pienz and Iris Heitzinger.

Over the years, outstanding artists from various disciplines (besides dance: drama, composition, direction, writing, dramaturgy, video, light design) have contributed their creative potential to the company. In the beginning, the company’s dance style was especially influenced by Céline Guillaume and Georg Blaschke, the work together with dance legend Jean Babilée, for whom Jean Cocteau and Roland Petit created Le jeune homme et la mort, was particularly sensational, immensely furthering the company’s international acclaim. Composer Peter Valentin contributed his work during this time.

For ten years, dancer Barbara Motschiunik played a main role in each production; in 2006, Anna Maria Müller and Tomaz Simatovic joined the group, together with Juan Dante Murillo Bobadilla.

Since 2010, several younger performers have joined the company, including Iris Heitzinger, Martyna Lorenc, Jerca Roznik Novak and others. Many performances have been developed with dramatist Gerda Poschmann-Reichenau.

## The *Luvos* series

*Luvos* is a series of body theater performances. The series premiered in 1985 as Kollektiv Vorgänge’s *Lufus*.

Between 2001 and 2012, *Luvos, vol.2* was performed worldwide before audiences totalling about 15,000 people, in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Novosibirsk and Moscow, Marseille, Limassol and Nicosia, Brussels, Tallinn, Kaunas, Riga, Vienna, Salzburg and Linz. In 2012, the piece was performed at the Manipulate Visual Theatre Festival in Edinburgh

*planet LUVOS* was performed in 2012 during the Brucknerfest in Linz and at Manipulate in 2014.

*Close Up* was performed at Manipulate in 2016.

The Editta Braun Company has mounted more than 100 performances of *Luvos*, and has been reviewed positively among others in *Neue Westfälische*, *Neue Kronenzeitung*, and *TV Bomb*

## Publication

In 2009, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Editta Braun Company, the volume Tanz Kunst Leben. 20 Jahre Editta Braun Company, edited by Gerda Poschmann-Reichenau and designed by Bettina Frenzel, was published. It contains reminiscences from people who have accompanied the company on its journey, descriptions and pictures from the dance-theater productions presented in the past 20 years in chronological order, as well as interviews with founder Editta Braun and participating artists.

## Selected full-length productions

* 1989: Die Jagd – dance quintet
* 1990: Materialien für Tanz & Musik - dance and live music
* 1991: Collision - duet
* 1992: but kind old sun will know ... – dance theater
* 1993: La Vie, c’est contagieux - dance theater
* Collision – dance short film
* 1994: Voyage à Napoli - dance & rock’n roll live
* La Vie, c’est contagieux – video documentation about the creative process involved in making the stage piece
* 1995: Titania – search image in movement about Sisi, Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary
* 1996: Im Dschungel des Pianisten – dance fable for young souls
* 1997: Heartbeat – concerto for dance & music, op. 1 - duo music and dance
* 1998: India – dance, quintet
* 1999: Miniaturen - dance and live music
* 2000: Nebensonnen - quartet
* 2001: Luvos, vol. 2 – body illusion theater
* 2002: manifest - drama, martial arts, dance
* Editta Braun Company in Dakar – video documentation about the creative process involved in making the stage piece manifest
* 2003: Tajine – improvisational project with dance, drama, live music
* 2004: Eurydike - symbiosis of three genres of the play ‚Eurydike’ from Barbara Neuwirth
* 2005: oXalis
* 2006: Matches of Time – dance theater
* 2007: Coppercity 1001 - dance and drama
* e.poration – short film
* 2008: Wenn ich einmal tot bin, komme ich ins Paradies - dance and song.
* 2009: Abseits – dance and drama
* 2010: König Artus – dance and drama
* 2011: schluss mit kunst – solo about migration
* 2012: planet LUVOS – a LUVOSmove® piece
* 2013: currently resident in
* 2014: Paula – dance solo
* 2015: Close Up – a LUVOSmove® piece
* 2016: LoSt – duo dance and drama
* 2017: Close Up 2.0 – a LUVOSmove® piece
* 2018: trails – dance quartet
* 2019: Fanghoumé – a LUVOSmove® piece, created for Senegal
* 2019: Layaz – duo
* 2020: Hydráos – a LUVOSmove® piece, trio
* 2021: long life – dance and drama, duo
* 2022: NaYma – dance and drama, solo
* 2022: LUVOS migrations - film by Editta Braun & Menie Weissbacher, AT 2022, 19 min.
* 2023: ALLES ANDERS – dance and drama, sextet

## Awards

* 1986: Second Prize and Award for Most Innovative Choreography at the Concours Chorégraphique International de Bagnolet in Paris for *Lufus* for the Kollektiv Vorgänge
* 1995: bronze medal at the New York Film Festival for *Collision*, director Othmar Schmiderer
* 2001: Award for Best Direction at the Cairo International Festival for Experimental Theatre for *Nebensonnen*
* 2014: Internationaler Preis für Kunst und Kultur der Stadt Salzburg
* 2017: Großer Kunstpreis des Landes Salzburg
* 2022: Best Ensemble Performance Prize and nominations for Best Director and Best Stage Design at the Cairo International Festival for Experimental Theatre / Egypt for the dance piece Hydráos
* 2023: Special Jury Music Award at the Breaking Walls Dance Films Festival Cairo/Egypt for the dance film LUVOS migrations
* 2023: 3rd place in the main category Best Overall Dance Film Winners at the FlorenceDanceOnScreen Festival/Italy for the dance film LUVOS migrations
* 2023:Best Visual Language Award at the Moving Body Festival in Varna/Bulgaria for the dance film LUVOS migrations


abstract: South Korea competed at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

text:
# South Korea at the 1976 Summer Paralympics

**South Korea** competed at the **1976 Summer Paralympics** in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Choi Tae-Am | Table tennis | Men's Singles 2 |
| Silver | Kim Yoon-Bae | Archery | Men's Short metric round open |
| Silver | Choi Tae-Am
Kim Young-Tae
Ko Gun-Hong | Table tennis | Men's Teams 2 |
| Bronze | Son Kum-Du | Table tennis | Men's Singles 2 |

## Archery

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank |
| Kim Yoon-Bae | Men's Short metric round open | 596 |  |
| Tu Sung-Kou | Men's Short metric round open | 520 | 7 |

## Athletics

| Athlete | Event | Heats | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Kim So-Boo | Men's Precision javelin throw 1C-5 | n/a | | 60 | 38 |

## Dartchery

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Victories | Rank |
| Kim Yoon-Bae
Tu Sung-Kou | Mixed pairs open | 0 | 15 |

## Table tennis

## InfoBox

| South Korea at the
1976 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | KOR |
| NPC | Korean Paralympic Committee |
| Website | www.kosad.or.kr (in Korean) |
| in Toronto | |
| Competitors | 9 in 4 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 27th | Gold 1 Silver 2 Bronze 1 Total 4 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Fatehah Mustapa

abstract: Fatehah Mustapa is a retired Malaysian track cyclist. She competed in the keirin race at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where she placed 15th. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, she reached the bronze medal race in the women's sprint which she lost 2–0 to Jess Varnish. She also finished 5th in the women's 500 m time trial. At the 2016 Olympics, she competed in the women's sprint. She finished at 21st place in qualification round.

text:
# Fatehah Mustapa

**Fatehah Mustapa** (born 12 March 1989 in Terengganu) is a retired Malaysian track cyclist.

She competed in the keirin race at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where she placed 15th.

At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, she reached the bronze medal race in the women's sprint which she lost 2–0 to Jess Varnish. She also finished 5th in the women's 500 m time trial.

At the 2016 Olympics, she competed in the women's sprint. She finished at 21st place in qualification round.

## Major results

2007 3rd 500m Time Trial SEA Games 3rd Women Sprint SEA Games 2011 1st 500m Time Trial SEA Games 2012 1st Keirin Asian Cycling Championships 2nd Sprint Asian Cycling Championships 3rd Time Trial 500m Asian Cycling Championships 3rd Sprint Grand Prix von Deutschland 3rd Keirin Grand Prix von Deutschland 2013 1st Sprint Asian Cycling Championships 1st Keirin Asian Cycling Championships 3rd Time Trial 500m Asian Cycling Championships 1st Sprint Southeast Asian Grand Prix 1st Time Trial 500m Southeast Asian Grand Prix 3rd Keirin, Melbourne Cup on Wheels 2014 1st Sprint, South East Asian GP Track (2) South East Asian GP Track (3) 1st Keirin 2nd Sprint 2nd Keirin 3rd round 2013-2014 UCI Track Cycling World Cup 2nd  Keirin, Asian Games South East Asian GP Track (1) 2nd Keirin 2nd Sprint 2nd Keirin, Cottbuser Nächte 3rd  500m Time Trial, Asian Track Championships 3rd Keirin, Austral 2015 Japan Track Cup 1st Keirin 1st Sprint 1st Sprint South East Asian GP Track 1st Keirin 1st Keirin 1st Sprint 1st Sprint Asian Track Championships 2nd 500m Time Trial 3rd Sprint 2017 3rd Keirin, ITS Melbourne - Hisense Grand Prix Austral 3rd Keirin 3rd Sprint

## InfoBox

Fatehah Mustapa
| Mustapa in 2016 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1989-03-12) 12 March 1989<br>Kuala Berang, Terengganu |
| Height | 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Track |
| Role | Rider |
| Rider type | Sprinter |
| Medal record      Representing  Malaysia  Women's track cycling  Asian Games  2014 Incheon  Keirin  Asian Championships  2013 New Delhi  Sprint  2012 Kuala Lumpur  Keirin  2016 Izu  Keirin  2015 Nakhon Ratchasima  500 m time trial  2013 New Delhi  Keirin  2012 Kuala Lumpur  Sprint  2008 Nara  500 m time trial  2008 Nara  Keirin  2020 Jincheon  500m time trial  2015 Nakhon Ratchasima  Sprint  2014 Astana  500 m time trial  2013 New Delhi  500 m time trial  2012 Kuala Lumpur  500 m time trial  2011 Nakhon Ratchasima  500 m time trial  2009 Tenggarong  Sprint  2009 Tenggarong  500 m time trial  Southeast Asian Games  2011 Jakarta / Palembang  Sprint  2011 Jakarta / Palembang  Team sprint  2011 Jakarta / Palembang  500 m time trial  2007 Nakhon Ratchasima  Sprint  2007 Nakhon Ratchasima  Team sprint  2007 Nakhon Ratchasima  500 m time trial | |


title: Rozkopaczew

abstract: Rozkopaczew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Lubelski, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Ostrów Lubelski, 19 km (12 mi) east of Lubartów, and 27 km (17 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Rozkopaczew

**Rozkopaczew** \[rɔskɔˈpat͡ʂɛf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Lubelski, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Ostrów Lubelski, 19 km (12 mi) east of Lubartów, and 27 km (17 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Rozkopaczew | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rozkopaczew | |
| Coordinates: 51°25′N 22°51′E / 51.417°N 22.850°E / 51.417; 22.850 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Lubartów |
| Gmina | Ostrów Lubelski |
| Population | 1,100 |


title: Sleeping (The Band song)

abstract: "Sleeping" is a song by The Band, first released on their 1970 album Stage Fright. It was also released as the B-side to the "Stage Fright" single. It was co-written by Robbie Robertson and Richard Manuel. This and “Just Another Whistle Stop” are the only two songs Manuel receives credit for on the album. Music critic Barney Hoskyns rates it as "one of Richard [Manuel's] liveliest performances" and "one of The Band's most intricate arrangements." The Band never featured the song on a live album. The song features Manuel on lead vocals and the piano, Rick Danko on backing vocals and bass, Levon Helm on drums, Robertson on electric guitar, and Garth Hudson on the Lowrey organ and accordion. "Sleeping" uses a waltz time signature. Following the style of “King Harvest,” the song has no true chorus. Instead, the verses that are sung softly are given greater importance. However, Robertson’s guitar solo comes in the middle of the song, rather than the end. Hoskyns rates this solo, played along with Hudson's "pitch-bending" organ, as "one of the most ecstatic passages on any Band record. Lyrically, the song is rather simple. According to music critic Nick DeRiso, the lyrics move from "a lament about 'the life we chose'" to "a confusingly lonesome period of guessing and searching." Manuel and Robertson dramatize how sleeping provides man with a necessary escape from the hustle of life. This motif can be traced back to “When You Awake,” another song co-written by Manuel and Robertson just a year earlier and released on the self-titled The Band album. The emotion of the song ranges between melancholy and "blissful escapism." Both DeRiso and Hoskyns see "Sleeping" as something of a sequel to the emotional mood from earlier Manuel-penned Band songs "In a Station" and "Whispering Pines". The song is featured in a karaoke scene in Rian Johnson's The Brothers Bloom (2008), sung by Rinko Kikuchi.

text:
# Sleeping (The Band song)

"**Sleeping**" is a song by The Band, first released on their 1970 album *Stage Fright*. It was also released as the B-side to the "Stage Fright" single. It was co-written by Robbie Robertson and Richard Manuel. This and “Just Another Whistle Stop” are the only two songs Manuel receives credit for on the album. Music critic Barney Hoskyns rates it as "one of Richard \[Manuel's\] liveliest performances" and "one of The Band's most intricate arrangements." The Band never featured the song on a live album.

The song features Manuel on lead vocals and the piano, Rick Danko on backing vocals and bass, Levon Helm on drums, Robertson on electric guitar, and Garth Hudson on the Lowrey organ and accordion.

"Sleeping" uses a waltz time signature. Following the style of “King Harvest (Has Surely Come),” the song has no true chorus. Instead, the verses that are sung softly are given greater importance. However, Robertson’s guitar solo comes in the middle of the song, rather than the end. Hoskyns rates this solo, played along with Hudson's "pitch-bending" organ, as "one of the most ecstatic passages on any Band record.

Lyrically, the song is rather simple. According to music critic Nick DeRiso, the lyrics move from "a lament about 'the life we chose'" to "a confusingly lonesome period of guessing and searching." Manuel and Robertson dramatize how sleeping provides man with a necessary escape from the hustle of life. This motif can be traced back to “When You Awake,” another song co-written by Manuel and Robertson just a year earlier and released on the self-titled *The Band* album. The emotion of the song ranges between melancholy and "blissful escapism." Both DeRiso and Hoskyns see "Sleeping" as something of a sequel to the emotional mood from earlier Manuel-penned Band songs "In a Station" (from *Music from Big Pink*) and "Whispering Pines" (from *The Band*).

The song is featured in a karaoke scene in Rian Johnson's *The Brothers Bloom* (2008), sung by Rinko Kikuchi.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Sleeping" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by The Band | |
| from the album  *Stage Fright* | |
| Released | August 17, 1970 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 3:10 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Songwriter(s) | Richard Manuel, Robbie Robertson |
| Producer(s) | The Band |


title: Spa Fields riots

abstract: The Spa Fields riots were incidents of public disorder arising out of the second of two mass meetings at Spa Fields, Islington, England on 15 November and 2 December 1816. The meetings had been planned by a small group of revolutionary Spenceans, who invited the popular radical speaker Henry Hunt to address the crowd. They hoped that the meetings would be followed by rioting, during which they would seize control of the government by taking the Tower of London and the Bank of England. The first meeting ended peacefully, with Hunt being elected to deliver a petition to the Prince Regent, requesting electoral reform and relief from hardship and distress. At the second meeting some of the Spenceans harangued the crowd before Hunt arrived and led away a section of it. The rioters raided a gunsmith's shop and exchanged gunfire with troops at the Royal Exchange. Other incidents took place at Snow Hill and Minories, but after soldiers refused to hand over the Tower of London the rioters dispersed. In the aftermath of the riots, four leading Spenceans, John Hooper, Thomas Preston, Arthur Thistlewood and James Watson, were arrested and charged with high treason. Watson was tried first and the chief prosecution witness was John Castle, a government spy who had infiltrated the Spenceans. Castle's evidence was discredited by defence counsel and Watson was acquitted, at which point the prosecution presented no evidence against the other defendants and all four were released.

text:
# Spa Fields riots

The **Spa Fields riots** were incidents of public disorder arising out of the second of two mass meetings at Spa Fields, Islington, England on 15 November and 2 December 1816.

The meetings had been planned by a small group of revolutionary Spenceans, who invited the popular radical speaker Henry Hunt to address the crowd. They hoped that the meetings would be followed by rioting, during which they would seize control of the government by taking the Tower of London and the Bank of England. The first meeting ended peacefully, with Hunt being elected to deliver a petition to the Prince Regent, requesting electoral reform and relief from hardship and distress. At the second meeting some of the Spenceans harangued the crowd before Hunt arrived and led away a section of it. The rioters raided a gunsmith's shop and exchanged gunfire with troops at the Royal Exchange. Other incidents took place at Snow Hill and Minories, but after soldiers refused to hand over the Tower of London the rioters dispersed.

In the aftermath of the riots, four leading Spenceans, John Hooper, Thomas Preston, Arthur Thistlewood and James Watson, were arrested and charged with high treason. Watson was tried first and the chief prosecution witness was John Castle, a government spy who had infiltrated the Spenceans. Castle's evidence was discredited by defence counsel and Watson was acquitted, at which point the prosecution presented no evidence against the other defendants and all four were released.

## Background

The ending of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 led to a sharp downturn in the British economy, bringing mass unemployment and distress. Radical leaders in London had organised petitions calling for parliament to relieve distress, but without success, and the Spenceans thought that more extreme action was needed. They called a mass public meeting at Spa Fields for 15 November 1816, with the object of marching to the Prince Regent's house to deliver their demands, which included universal (male) suffrage, annual parliaments, secret ballots and redistribution of land. They invited several leading radical speakers to attend, but Hunt was the only one to agree, and when he met the organisers prior to the meeting he persuaded them not to march to the house and to moderate their demands by dropping land reform. Hunt was a very popular speaker and the meeting was attended by around 10,000 people. He prevented any departure from the agreed plan and the meeting passed off peacefully, with Hunt and Sir Francis Burdett being elected to deliver the petition. However, when Hunt proposed that the meeting be adjourned until parliament next sat, Watson's son, also called James Watson, persuaded the crowd to support the earlier date of 2 December. Young Watson, Thistlewood and some of the other Spenceans had only reluctantly agreed to Hunt's terms for the first meeting and wanted the second to end in riots.

## Rioting

Hunt made two attempts to present the petition to the Prince Regent (without Burdett, who had declined to participate) but had been refused admittance. Meanwhile, the Spenceans advertised the second meeting with a number of inflammatory handbills, including one which quoted Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805:

> ENGLAND
> Expects every Man to do his Duty
> \___________________________
> The Meeting in Spa Fields
> Takes Place at 12 o'clock
> On Monday, December 2nd. 1816
> To receive the answer of the PETITION to the PRINCE REGENT,
> determined upon at the last meeting held in the same place,
> and for other important Considerations
> THE PRESENT STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN
> Four Millions in Distress !!!
> Four Millions Embarrassed !!!
> One Million-and-half fear Distress !!!
> Half-a-million live in splendid Luxury !!!
> Death would now be a relief to Millions –
> Arrogance, Folly, and Crimes – have brought affairs to this dread Crisis.
> Firmness and Integrity
> can only save the Country!!!

On 2 December another large crowd assembled in Spa Fields to hear Hunt. Before he arrived, however, both Watsons harangued the crowd and Watson junior picked up a tricolour flag, symbol of the French Revolution, and led off a section in the direction of the Tower. Most of the crowd stayed behind to listen to Hunt and the meeting passed off without incident.

The rioters robbed a gunsmith's shop in Snow Hill, during which shots were fired, the gunsmith wounded and a passer-by killed. At the Royal Exchange troops closed the gates and exchanged shots with the rioters. Further skirmishes took place at Fleet Market, Snow Hill and the Minories, which the rioters took under control for some hours. From there, Thistlewood led an armed band to the Tower of London, climbed a wall and invited the soldiers to surrender. They refused and the most serious public disturbance in London since the Gordon Riots of 1780 gradually petered out.

## Arrests and trials

Watson was arrested on the evening of 2 December, but his son and Thistlewood escaped. Young Watson fled to the United States but Thistlewood was arrested as he tried to escape on a boat at Gravesend. Hooper and John Cashman, a sailor, had been arrested during the Royal Exchange skirmish. Cashman was found guilty of theft of firearms and hanged on 12 March 1817. Hooper was acquitted but subsequently re-arrested and charged with high treason, along with Watson senior, Thistlewood and Preston. Young Watson's name was included on the charge sheet.

Watson was tried first and the hearing took over a week. The chief prosecution witness was Castle, who had been on the organising committee for both meetings. Hunt appeared as a defence witness and accused Castle of trying to make him commit treasonable acts on at least two occasions. Defence counsel exposed previous instances where Castle had entrapped others into committing crimes and, without naming him as a spy, presented him to the jury as an agent provocateur. The jury accepted the defence's case and Watson was found not guilty. No further evidence was presented against the other defendants and they were also acquitted.

## Aftermath

The riots marked the start of a period of mass anti-government meetings, marches and riots, including the subsequent march of the Blanketeers (March 1817), the Pentrich rising (June 1817) and the Peterloo Massacre (August 1819) and ending only after the failure of the Cato Street Conspiracy (February 1820) and the Radical War in Scotland later that year.

* Calder-Marshall, Arthur. "The Spa Fields Riots, 1816." *History Today* 21 (1971): 407-415 online.
* Gurney, William Brodie, *The Trial Of James Watson For High Treason At The Bar Of The Court Of King's Bench On Monday 9th June to Monday 16th June 1817* (London, 1817)
* Protheroe, Iorwerth, *Artisans & Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London*, (Dawson and Son, 1979)
* Thompson, E. P., *The Making of the English Working Class* (Penguin Books, 1963)
* Tilly, Charles. *Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834* (Routledge, 2015).


title: Right to Life New Zealand

abstract: Right to Life New Zealand is a nationwide but Christchurch-based anti-abortion group. It broke away from the New Zealand Society for Protection of the Unborn Child in 2000 following disagreements between the Christchurch branch spokesperson Ken Orr and the national leadership over lobbying tactics. Besides opposing abortion, Right to Life NZ opposes euthanasia, sex education, and specific policies around LGBT issues.

text:
# Right to Life New Zealand

**Right to Life New Zealand** is a nationwide but Christchurch-based anti-abortion group. It broke away from the New Zealand Society for Protection of the Unborn Child (now Voice for Life) in 2000 following disagreements between the Christchurch branch spokesperson Ken Orr and the national leadership over lobbying tactics. Besides opposing abortion, Right to Life NZ opposes euthanasia, sex education, and specific policies around LGBT issues.

## History

### Origins

Right to Life originated as the Christchurch branch of the New Zealand Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child (SPUC), now known as Voice for Life. In 2000, the Christchurch branch of SPUC was expelled from the national organisation due to disagreements between the executive of the Christchurch branch and the national organisation over lobbying tactics. While the Christchurch branch wanted to push for anti-abortion legislation, the national leadership wanted to wait for a strongly anti-abortion government. In September 2000, the Christchurch branch of SPUC formerly revamped itself as Right to Life New Zealand.

### Nikki's Case, 2002

In 2002, Right to Life won a court case known as "Nikki's Case" in which a fetus was made a ward of the court after the mother decided to allow the birth to be filmed for a pornographic movie. According to journalist Allison McCulloch, this court challenge was part of Right to Life's campaign to enshrine the right to life from conception in New Zealand law.

Between 2005 and 2012, Right to Life New Zealand's leader Ken Orr pursued a court case against the Abortion Supervisory Committee, New Zealand's abortion regulator since 2005, arguing that the Committee had failed in its statutory responsibility to monitor the legality of individual certifying consultant responsibilities under the Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion Act 1977, protect fetuses, and stop elective abortions. In 2008, Right to Life's case was upheld in part by Miller J, however he refused to issue a declaration that the Committee had failed in its duty.

On appeal, the Court of Appeal found against Right to Life on 1 June 2011. It dismissed their case against the Committee and upheld *Wall v Livingston*, an earlier Court of Appeal case that found that there was no statutory definition of embryo or fetus under New Zealand law in the context of abortion. The Court of Appeal also ruled that there was no fetal right to life.

Right to Life New Zealand Inc sought leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of New Zealand. In a decision on 26 August 2011 the Supreme Court granted Right to Life New Zealand Inc leave to appeal in relation to certain issues (including regarding the powers of the Abortion Supervisory Committee), but declined leave to appeal regarding the issues of the rights of the unborn child and independent counselling for women.

The appeal was heard in the Supreme Court on 13 March 2012. The Supreme Court delivered its judgment on 9 August 2012, declining Right to Life's appeal by a 3-2 majority decision and upholding the Wall v. Livingston decision. The Court ruled that the Abortion Supervisory Committee could not investigate the decision-making of certifying consultants in individual cases but also made it clear that the ASC could ask consultants how they were making their decisions in general. Orr claimed the latter ruling as a victory in holding consultants accountable for abortions that they authorised. Right to Life Inc applied to recall that part of the judgment which dealt with costs, but the recall application was declined by the Supreme Court on 25 October 2012.

### Recent campaigns

Since 2017, Right to Life New Zealand has also opposed efforts to legalise euthanasia and assisted suicide. As of 2019, the group is lobbying against ACT Party leader David Seymour's proposed End of Life Choice Bill, which passed its second reading in late June 2019. In addition, Right to Life also opposes contraception, In vitro fertilisation, and prenatal testing.

### Decriminalisation of Abortion: March 2020

In August 2019, Right to Life NZ urged supporters to make submissions opposing the Labour-led coalition government's proposed Abortion Legislation Act 2020, which intends to remove abortion from the Crimes Act 1961 and ease access to termination services. However, it failed to achieve that objective after the third and final reading of the Abortion Legislation Act on 23 March, 2020, after which it became law. Nor was Right to Life New Zealand any more successful in its concurrent campaign against the End of Life Choice Act 2019, which sought to ratify the decriminalisation of voluntary euthanasia. The End of Life Choice Act passed after a binding referendum was held alongside the New Zealand general election 2020 by a margin of 65.9% (support) compared to 34.1% (opposed).

## Further reading


title: Coca-Cola Coliseum

abstract: Coca-Cola Coliseum is an arena at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, used for agricultural displays, ice hockey, and trade shows. It was built for the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) and the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair in 1921. Since 1997 it has been part of the Enercare Centre exhibition complex. It serves as the home arena of the Toronto Sceptres of the Professional Women's Hockey League and the American Hockey League's Toronto Marlies, the farm team of the Toronto Maple Leafs. It will also serve as the home arena of the Toronto WNBA team when it debuts in 2026.

text:
# Coca-Cola Coliseum

**Coca-Cola Coliseum** (also or formerly known as **CNE Coliseum**, **Royal Coliseum**, **Ricoh Coliseum**, **Toronto Coliseum**, or **Coliseum**) is an arena at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, used for agricultural displays, ice hockey, and trade shows. It was built for the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) and the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair (the Royal) in 1921. Since 1997 it has been part of the Enercare Centre exhibition complex. It serves as the home arena of the Toronto Sceptres of the Professional Women's Hockey League and the American Hockey League's Toronto Marlies, the farm team of the Toronto Maple Leafs. It will also serve as the home arena of the Toronto WNBA team when it debuts in 2026.

## History

On January 1, 1920, Toronto voters approved by plebiscite a proposal by the Royal Agricultural Fair Association to construct, at a maximum cost of CA$1 million, a new arena for livestock. The City of Toronto government (City) made a call for tenders in the fall of 1920 but the lowest tender was CA$1.9 million, exceeding the mandate approved by plebiscite. The size of the planned building was reduced by half in an attempt to get the cost under CA$1 million and a new call for tenders was done. The lowest tender received was from Anglin-Norcross Ltd. of Montreal for CA$892,000 to build the building to City Architect F. W. Price's specifications. There was a reticence to hire a Montreal firm, and the city held off on awarding the contract while Price sought out construction offers from local firms to do the work using day labour, although the legality of this was questioned. Another issue raised was that the revised arena design needed to be expanded to meet the fair's needs. Anglin-Norcross offered to do the work at a further CA$31,000. It took two City Council votes, but Council finally approved the awarding of the contract to Anglin-Norcross on May 26, 1921. Demolition of existing buildings (likely the area with livestock stalls) on the site commenced a few days later and arena work commenced in June 1921. The cornerstone was laid by Toronto Mayor Thomas Church on July 27, 1921. Robert Fleming, President of the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) declared that the building would be the largest of its kind in the world, with a floor space of 8.5 acres (3.4 ha).

The Fair Association had hoped for the arena to be open by the fall of 1921 to inaugurate the new fair, but it was not ready. The CA$1 million (CA$13.8 million in 2023 dollars) building had its official public opening on December 16, 1921, attended by 5,000 persons to see an athletic meet put on by the "Sportsmen Patriotic Association." Upon completion, the building was billed as the largest of its kind in North America. The name "Coliseum" was given to the building in 1922, in time for the opening of the CNE. The main entrance was to the north, along Manitoba Drive. The southern side of the building was along the main TTC streetcar rail lines serving the CNE, which separated the Coliseum and Industry Buildings to the north, and the later Engineering and Electrical Building (1928) to the south. In 1926, additions were built and the complex was claimed to be the largest structure of its kind under one roof in the world. In 1931, the Horse Palace was built next door to provide a permanent building for the stables of the Winter Fair. From 1942 to 1945, the building was used as a training base for the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II and known as the 'Manning Depot'. A photo of it as the RCAF Manning Depot is in the New Westminster Museum and Archives # IHP9562-003. After the war, it mainly hosted equestrian events for the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair, the CNE and other events. The arena was also used as a horse barn.

In time for the 1963 CNE, the southern facade was reconstructed. As part of the renovation, the southern facade was reclad with black, grey and white siding and a new front plaza was built, with a large "COLISEUM" sign on top. The CNE spent CA$3 million from 1960 until 1963 on "face-lifting" the Coliseum. In 1997, the National Trade Centre (now the Enercare Centre) exhibition complex was built. The new project removed the 1963 entrance and cladding, restoring the original facade, although the cupola towers on the southern facade had been removed in the 1963 renovation. Access to the Coliseum was moved to the western entrance of the exhibition complex through a hall known as Heritage Court.

In November 2002, the City of Toronto agreed to an extensive renovation of the Coliseum to attract a professional ice hockey team to the arena. At a cost of CA$38 million, the arena's capacity was expanded from 6,500 to 9,700 by building a new higher roof, lowering the floor, adding new seats in the expanded area and the installation of 38 private suites. Borealis Infrastructure contributed CA$9 million up front and CA$20 million of borrowed funds in return for a 49-year lease to the arena. The City of Toronto invested CA$9 million in the project and guaranteed Borealis' loans, while remaining the owner of the building.

In 2003, Japanese office supply company Ricoh purchased the naming rights to the new facility for CA$10 million over ten years, with an optional five-year extension.

During the summer of 2015, a new scoreboard was installed at the Air Canada Centre, and the old scoreboard was installed at the Coliseum.

In 2018, MLSE announced that the Toronto Argonauts football operations offices and weight rooms would be relocated to the Coliseum in late June of that year. On July 11, 2018, at the end of Ricoh's partnership with the building, Coca-Cola purchased the naming rights to the facility for ten years, renaming it the "Coca-Cola Coliseum".

## Usage

Since November 1922, the Coliseum has been used by the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair held in November annually except during the years of World War II. The Fair uses the arena for the annual "Royal Horse Show" equestrian competition, as well as animal presentations.

Each year in August, the Coliseum is used by the CNE for exhibits and performances. It has in the past used for CNE cat, dog and horse shows. Until 2013, the CNE held the CNE Horse Show, a competitive event in the Coliseum. At one time run during the Ex, it changed to be a pre-CNE event in 2005. It has been used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Musical Ride. During the 2009, 2010 and 2011 CNE, it was used for a figure skating show.

The arena is also used for trade shows. The annual Boat Show builds an indoor pond over the arena floor.

### Hockey

As early as the 1970s, plans were floated to outfit CNE Coliseum for ice hockey. When the World Hockey Association's Ottawa Nationals moved to Toronto as the Toronto Toros, they initially wanted to play at a renovated CNE Coliseum. However, due to objections from Maple Leafs vice president Bill Ballard, the Toros played at Varsity Arena before briefly becoming tenants of the Leafs at Maple Leaf Gardens.

In the early 2000s, there were efforts to bring a minor professional hockey team to the Coliseum. Plans to move the dormant Phoenix Roadrunners of the International Hockey League to Toronto for the 2002–2003 season fell apart when the league dissolved and six teams, but not the Roadrunners, were absorbed by the American Hockey League (AHL) in the summer of 2001. The same group then attempted to purchase the Louisville Panthers AHL franchise, which had suspended operations for the 2001–2002 season, and relocate it to the Coliseum, but the AHL voted against the transaction in December 2001. The Toronto Maple Leafs pressured the Hamilton Bulldogs, who held territorial rights to Toronto since it fell within their 50-mile home territory, to veto the transaction. The Leafs reportedly did not want the Coliseum to be upgraded as it would compete with their newly opened Air Canada Centre. Next, the group began pursuing the Bulldogs, which were owned by their NHL affiliate the Edmonton Oilers. The Bulldogs did not require league approval to move to Toronto since the Coliseum was within their territory. An agreement was reached with the Oilers to relocate the Bulldogs to Toronto, and to rename them the Toronto Roadrunners. Borealis signed a 49-year sublease to the building with the Roadrunners for $9,500 per game.

On November 1, 2003, the Coliseum made its debut as an ice hockey venue, as the Roadrunners tied the Rochester Americans 1-1. However, the Roadrunners' lease was terminated in June 2004, following their first season, for defaulting on its rent. The Oilers chose to relocate the Roadrunners to Edmonton for the following season due to poor attendance and in anticipation of the impending NHL lockout, leaving the Coliseum without a hockey tenant.

In August 2004 Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announced that they would relocate their AHL farm team from St. John's, Newfoundland to Toronto to play in the Coliseum for the 2005–2006 season, after agreeing on a 20-year lease for the arena, with an option to extend the term for a further 10 years. Their lease calls for rent to cover debt financing charges, property taxes and generate a return to the arena investors, which exceeds $4 million annually. The team, which was subsequently renamed the Toronto Marlies, debuted in their new home on October 12, 2005, with a 5–2 victory over the Syracuse Crunch, in front of a crowd of 8,056. The Coliseum hosted the 2007 AHL All-Star Game on January 29, 2007. In 2023 the city approved amendments to MLSE's lease of the Coliseum including a 10 year extension starting in 2025, with an option for a further 10 year extension.

On October 27, 2021, the city of St. John's voted to evict the Newfoundland Growlers from their home arena of Mary Brown's Centre, citing workplace harassment of arena employees. The Growlers initially reached an agreement to relocate their first six home games to be at the Coca-Cola Coliseum in Toronto, however they subsequently came to an agreement with the nearby city of Conception Bay South to play in the games at their local arena.

On April 30, 2024, it was announced that the Toronto Sceptres of the Professional Women's Hockey League—which played most of its inaugural regular season out of Mattamay Athletic Centre—would host its playoff games at the Coliseum. The Sceptres hosted the first game of its first round series against the Minnesota Frost on May 8; the Sceptres won 4–0 in front of a sold-out crowd. On September 3, 2024, Coca-Cola Coliseum was officially announced as the Sceptres's primary venue for the 2024-25 PWHL season.

### Other sports

### Concerts

The Coliseum has been used for numerous musical concerts. Acts that have performed there include Playboi Carti, Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, The Who, Genesis, Bob Dylan, Vanilla Fudge, Mötley Crüe, G.E.M., Hatsune Miku and Kraftwerk. From 1922 to 1934, the CNE's Canadian National Exhibition Chorus performed in the arena. In 2007, the Coliseum hosted the first We Day concert.

### Professional wrestling

In March 2016, the Coliseum hosted the WWE Network special Roadblock.

All Elite Wrestling (AEW) scheduled its first ever Canadian shows at the Coliseum, with a live broadcast of *AEW Dynamite* on October 12, 2022, and a taping of *Rampage* the following night.

## InfoBox

Coca-Cola Coliseum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coca-Cola ColiseumLocation in TorontoCoca-Cola ColiseumLocation in OntarioCoca-Cola ColiseumLocation in Canada | |
| Former names | * CNE Coliseum (1921–2003) * Royal Coliseum * Ricoh Coliseum (2003–2018) * Toronto Coliseum (July 2015) |
| Address | 45 Manitoba Drive |
| Location | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Coordinates | 43°38′09″N 79°24′54″W / 43.63583°N 79.41500°W / 43.63583; -79.41500 |
| Public transit | Exhibition GO Station
Exhibition Loop |
| Owner | City of Toronto |
| Operator | Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment |
| Capacity | Centre Stage Mode: 9,000
Basketball: 8,500
Hockey: 8,100
Boxing/Wrestling: 7,600 |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | 1920 |
| Opened | December 16, 1921 |
| Renovated | 1963, 1997, 2003 |
| Construction cost | CA$1 million
$3 million (1963 renovation)
$38 million (2003 renovation) |
| Architect | George F.W. Price (original)
Brisbin Brook Beynon, Architects (renovation) |
| Tenants | |
| Toronto Marlies (AHL) (2005–present)
Toronto-Buffalo Royals (WTT) (1974)
Toronto Roadrunners (AHL) (2003–2004)
Toronto Triumph (LFL) (2011–2012)
Toronto Sceptres (PWHL) (2024–present)
Toronto WNBA team (WNBA) (starting in 2026) | |
| Website | |
| coca-colacoliseum.com | |


title: Tom Bostelle

abstract: Tom Bostelle was an American painter and sculptor.

text:
# Tom Bostelle

**Tom Bostelle** (November 16, 1921 – February 17, 2005) was an American painter and sculptor.

## Career

A native of Chester County, Pennsylvania, Bostelle won an N.C. Wyeth prize from the Chester County Art Association while still very young. He credited Cézanne as a major influence in his early career, and also admired the work of artists as diverse as Giacometti, Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.

In 1947, he had his first one-man exhibition and rose to prominence alongside Andrew Wyeth. The two artists—who lived only a couple of miles apart—frequently exhibited in the same shows.

His works are in the permanent collections of the )National Portrait Gallery Delaware Art Museum in Wilmington, Delaware, West Chester University in West Chester, Pa., the Brandywine River Museum in Chadds Ford, Pa.

## Collections

1. Brandywine River Museum presents "Lenape Jesus," a major painting by Tom Bostelle
2. Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery News - Summer 2001
3. Delaware Art Museum - Collections - Tom Bostelle


title: Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld

abstract: Louis François Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld, Viscount of La Rochefoucauld, 2nd Duke of Doudeauville GE, was a 19th-century French ultra-royalist politician. From 1814 to 1836, he was aide-de-camp to Charles, Count of Artois and from 1824 to 1830, the King's Director of Fine Arts. He served in the Chamber of Deputies in 1815 and from 1827 to 1830 during the Bourbon Restoration, until his retirement from public life after the July Revolution in 1830. From 1861 to 1864 he published his memoirs with his correspondence in fifteen volumes.

text:
# Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld

**Louis François *Sosthènes* I de La Rochefoucauld, Viscount of La Rochefoucauld**, 2nd Duke of Doudeauville GE (19 February 1785 – 5 October 1864), was a 19th-century French ultra-royalist politician. From 1814 to 1836, he was aide-de-camp to Charles, Count of Artois (future Charles X) and from 1824 to 1830, the King's Director of Fine Arts. He served in the Chamber of Deputies in 1815 and from 1827 to 1830 during the Bourbon Restoration, until his retirement from public life after the July Revolution in 1830. From 1861 to 1864 he published his memoirs with his correspondence in fifteen volumes.

## Early life

He was born in Paris on 19 February 1785. He was the son of Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld, 1st Duke of Doudeauville, and heiress Bénigne-Augustine Le Tellier de Louvois. His sister was Françoise Charlotte Ernestine de La Rochfoucauld, who married Pierre Jean Julie Chapt, Marquis of Rastignac.

His paternal grandparents were Anne-Sabine-Rosalie de Chauvelin (a daughter of Germain Louis de Chauvelin) and Brig. Jean-François de La Rochefoucauld, 5th Marquis of Surgères, who was Governor of Chartres. His maternal grandparents were Charlotte-Bénigne Le Ragois de Bretonvilliers and Charles-François-César Le Tellier de Louvois (a descendant of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois). His niece, Zénaïde Chapt de Rastignac, married François XIV de La Rochefoucauld, 9th Duke of La Rochefoucauld (eldest son and heir of François de La Rochefoucauld, 8th Duke of La Rochefoucauld) His aunt, Anne Alexandrine Rosalie de La Rochefoucauld, Countess of Durtal, was guillotined in Paris in 1794 during the Reign of Terror.

## Career

La Rochefoucauld was appointed aide-de-camp to General Jean Joseph Dessolles immediately after the Allies entered Paris in 1814. He was sent to Nancy to inform Charles, Count of Artois of the formation of the provisional government and the fall of Napoleon. Due to his role in the reestablishment of the "legitimate throne" after the fall of Napoleon, including attempting to bring down the statue of Napoleon on the Vendôme Column, he was excluded from the amnesty that Bonaparte promulgated, on his return from the island of Elba.

La Rochefoucauld accompanied King Louis XVIII to Ghent, and was appointed Colonel of the 5th Legion of the National Guard of Paris and aide-de-camp to Charles, Count of Artois during the Second Restoration.

On 22 August 1815, he was elected Deputy for Marne in the Chamber of Deputies, voting with the ultra-royalist majority of the "Chambre introuvable" He was unable to be re-elected in 1816 as he was under the newly required age, however, he remained aide-de-camp to the Count of Artois. As an intimate of Zoé Talon du Cayla, he continued his influence in favor of absolute monarchy by pushing her towards Louis XVIII.

### Director of Fine Arts

In August 1824, King Louis XVIII named him Director General of the Division of Fine Arts and Royal Theaters, a department within the Ministry of the Interior under Minister Jacques Joseph de Corbière. When the King died a few days later, he selected Victor Hugo as the official poet for the Coronation of Charles X of France.

As Director-General of Fine Arts, his duties included supervision of the Royal Theaters and Royal Museums. A number of decrees during his tenure were unpopular, including regulating the length of Opera dancer's skirts, and having plaster vine leaves applied to the middle of all the statues. With the help of Guillaume Capelle, he unsuccessfully tried to take control of the newspapers undertaking to remove Joseph-François Michaud, a highly critical royalist journalist, from overseeing *La Quotidienne*.

He was able to get Louis XVIII to authorize the purchase of David's *Intervention of the Sabine Women* and *Thermopyle* for the Louvre, and Théodore Géricault's *The Raft of the Medusa*, which was bought from the painter's heirs in 1824. In 1825, together with Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste de Forbin, he chose the subjects for the decorations of the ceilings of four rooms, intended for the Conseil d'État of the Jacques Lemercier wing of the Louvre.

After July 1830, the position of Director of Fine Arts remained vacant until journalist Edmond Cavé was appointed in 1833.

### Later years

He was promoted to *Maréchal de camp* in May 1825, before being elected to the Chamber of Deputies on 24 November 1827, as a Deputy of Marne. After the July Revolution of 1830, La Rochefoucauld remained in contact with the royal family in exile. The Duchess of Angoulême (the eldest child of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, and their only child to reach adulthood) asked him to investigate Karl Wilhelm Naundorff, who claimed to be her brother who died in Temple prison.

As a legitimist, La Rochefoucauld was opposed to the July Monarchy and was prosecuted for his pamphlet *Today and Tomorrow* (French:  *Aujourd'hui et demain*), published in 1832. He was defended by Pierre-Antoine Berryer but lost and was imprisoned for three months in the Sainte-Pélagie Prison in 1833.

Upon his father's death in 1841, he inherited the dukedom of Doudeauville and the marquisate of Surgères. From 1861 to 1864 he published his memoirs with his correspondence in fifteen volumes.

## Personal life

In 1807, he married Elisabeth-Hélène-Pierre de Montmorency Laval (1790–1834), a daughter of Minister of Foreign Affairs Mathieu de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency-Laval, and Pauline Hortense d'Albert de Luynes (a daughter of Louis Joseph d'Albert, 6th Duke of Luynes). To the marriage, Elisabeth brought the Château d'Esclimont at Saint-Symphorien-le-Château and the Château de Bonnétable in Bonnétable. Together, they were the parents of six children:

A widower, he remarried on 18 August 1841 to Angélique Herminie de La Brousse de Verteillac (1797–1881), daughter of François-Gabriel-Thibault of La Brousse de Verteillac, Marquis de Verteillac, Baron de La Tour Blanche, and Charlotte Félicité Élisabeth Tiercelin d'Appelvoisin. She was the widow of Félix de Bourbon-Conti (recognized natural son of Louis François, Prince of Conti). When her first husband died in 1840, she inherited Hôtel de Boisgelin (which later became known as the Hôtel de La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville).

La Rochefoucauld died at Château d'Armainvilliers in Seine-et-Marne on 5 October 1864.

### Descendants

Through his son Stanislas, he was a grandfather of Charles Marie Mathieu Sosthène de La Rochefoucauld (1855–1875) and Auguste François Marie Stanislas Mathieu de La Rochefoucauld (1863–1881). As both boys predeceased their father, without issue, the dukedom and titles reverted to the 2nd Duke's younger son, Sosthène II.

Notes Sources  1. Hoey, Mrs. C. (1878). *The Life of Madame de la Rochefoucauld, Duchesse de Doudeauville*. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
2. *Notice historique et généalogique sur la maison Chapt de Rastignac: Publiée par la famille* (in French). A. Wittersheim. 1858. p. 131. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
3. Gilbert, E. T. (1904). *Paris and the French*. p. 34. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
4. *Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Perigord* (in French). Société historique et archéologique du Perigord Périgueux. 1908. p. 395. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
5. Biré, Edmond (1896). *The Diary of a Citizen of Paris During 'the Terror'*. Chatto & Windus. p. 248. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
6. Courcelles, Jean Baptiste Pierre Jullien de (1822). *Histoire généalogique et héraldique des pairs de France: des grands dignitaires de la couronne, des principales familles nobles du royaume et des maisons princières de l'Europe, précédée de la généalogie de la maison de France* (in French). L'auteur. p. 31. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
7. Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de (1 January 1912). *Memoirs of Napoleon*. Library of Alexandria. p. 1527. ISBN 978-1-4655-3724-9. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
8. Forrest, Alan (13 February 2020). *The Death of the French Atlantic: Trade, War, and Slavery in the Age of Revolution*. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-956895-6. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
9. "Louis XIII". *The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Lor to Mun*. Encyclopaedia Britannica: 48. 1911. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
10. Holoman, D. Kern (24 February 2004). *The Société Des Concerts Du Conservatoire, 1828-1967*. University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-520-23664-6. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
11. Parker, Roger; Smart, Mary Ann (2001). *Reading Critics Reading: Opera and Ballet Criticism in France from the Revolution to 1848*. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-19-816697-9. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
12. *Bulletins Et Mémoires de la Société Médicale Des Hôpitaux de Paris* (in French). Masson. 1900. p. 90. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
13. Baudelaire, Charles (11 June 1981). *Baudelaire: Selected Writings on Art and Artists*. CUP Archive. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-521-28287-1. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
14. Knysak, Benjamin; Blažeković, Zdravko (4 February 2022). *Musical History as Seen through Contemporary Eyes: Essays in Honor of H. Robert Cohen*. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 195. ISBN 978-3-99012-974-6. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
15. *The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art*. John W. Parker and Son. 1864. p. 30. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
16. "Constitutional Charter of 1814". *www.napoleon-series.org*. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
17. Dorothée, Dino (16 March 2021). *Memoirs of the Duchesse De Dino (Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan), 1841-1850*. Litres. p. 460. ISBN 978-5-04-075685-8. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
18. *Annuaire de la noblesse de France et des maisons souveraines de l'Europe* (in French). Champion. 1867. p. 101. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
19. Courcelles, Jean Baptiste Pierre Jullien de (1827). *Histoire généalogique et héraldique des pairs de France: des grands dignitaires de la couronne, des principales familles nobles du royaume et des maisons princières de l'Europe, précédée de la généalogie de la maison de France* (in French). L'auteur. p. 114. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
20. Tellier, Luc-Normand (1987). *Face Aux Colbert: Les le Tellier, Vauban, Turgot... et L'Avènement du Libéralisme* (in French). PUQ. p. 701. ISBN 978-2-7605-2289-3. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
21. *Annuaire historique et biographique des souverains, des chefs et membres des maisons princières, des autres maisons nobles, et des anciennes familles, et principalement des hommes d'État, des membres des chambres législatives, du clergé, des hommes de guerre, des magistrats et des hommes de science de toutes les nations* (in French). Direction. 1844. p. 126. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

## InfoBox

| The Viscount of La Rochefoucauld | |
| --- | --- |
| *La Rochefoucauld, by Mayer Frères and Pierson, c.1860* | |
|  | |
| Deputy for Marne | |
| **In office**
5 February 1828  16 May 1830 | |
| **In office**
7 October 1815  5 September 1816 | |
| Director-General of Fine Arts | |
| **In office**
August 1824  July 1830 | |
| Preceded by | *Inaugural holder* |
| Succeeded by | Edmond Cavé *(in 1833)* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Louis François Sosthènes de La Rochefoucauld
(1785-02-19)19 February 1785
Paris, France |
| Died | 5 October 1864(1864-10-05) (aged 79)
Château d'Armainvilliers, Seine-et-Marne, France |
| Spouse(s) | Elisabeth de Montmorency Laval
(m. 1779; died 1841)
Angélique Herminie de La Brousse de Verteillac
(m. 1841; died 1864) |
| Children | 6 |
| Parent(s) | Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld
Bénigne-Augustine Le Tellier de Louvois |
| Awards | Order of Saint-Louis
Order of Saint Januarius |
|  | |


title: 1923 Turkish general election

abstract: General elections were held in Turkey in 1923. The Association for Defence of National Rights was the only party in the country at the time.

text:
# 1923 Turkish general election

General elections were held in Turkey in 1923. The Association for Defence of National Rights (later Republican People's Party) was the only party in the country at the time.

## Electoral system

The elections were held under the Ottoman electoral law passed in 1908, which provided for a two-stage process. In the first stage voters elected secondary electors (one for the first 750 voters in a constituency, then one for every additional 500 voters). In the second stage the secondary electors elected the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. However, a second law was passed on 3 April 1923 lowering the voting age to 18 and abolishing the tax-paying requirement.

## InfoBox

1923 Turkish general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 333 seats in the Grand National Assembly
167 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party   Leader Mustafa Kemal Pasha   Party ARMHC   Seats won **332** | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
Rauf Orbay
ARMHC **Elected Prime Minister**
Rauf Orbay
ARMHC | |


title: Charlene Liu

text:
# Charlene Liu

Born in Taiwan and raised in the American Midwest, Charlene Liu is an artist and educator based in Eugene, Oregon. Liu is a Professor of Art at the University of Oregon.

## Education

Charlene Liu received a M.F.A. in Visual Arts from Columbia University and a B.A. from Brandeis University.

## Career and Work

Liu’s paintings, prints, and mixed media installations weave together familial histories, cultural tropes, and decorative motifs to explore the malleable conditions of memory, heritage, and identity. Her imagery draws freely from nature, food, ephemera, still life paintings, Rococo ornamentation, and East Asian art and design. Liu’s luminous, layered compositions evoke multi-layered realities, fluid states, and imaginative realms through material process, vibrant colors, and playful juxtapositions. Her installation *China Palace* was recently featured in *Another Beautiful Country*, *Moving Images by Asian American Artists* curated by Jenny Lin, PhD at USC Pacific Asia Museum in Pasadena, CA. Liu is a 2024 Hallie Ford Fellow in the Visual Arts through The Ford Family Foundation.

Liu has exhibited work at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art at Portland State University, the Tacoma Art Museum, Crow’s Shadow Institute of the Arts, Schneider Museum of Art, Elizabeth Leach Gallery in Portland, Oregon, Shaheen Modern & Contemporary in Cleveland, Ohio, Andrea Rosen Gallery 2 in New York, Taylor de Cordoba Gallery in Los Angeles, and Galeria Il Capricorno in Venice, Italy. Her work has been reviewed in *The New York Times*, *Flash Art International*, *Los Angeles Times*, and is held in corporate collections and in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art (New York City), Progressive Art Collection (Cleveland), Tacoma Art Museum (Tacoma, Washington), and the New Museum (New York, NY).


title: Rozkochów, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Rozkochów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Babice, within Chrzanów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Babice, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Chrzanów, and 33 km (21 mi) west of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Rozkochów, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

**Rozkochów** \[rɔsˈkɔxuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Babice, within Chrzanów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Babice, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Chrzanów, and 33 km (21 mi) west of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Rozkochów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rozkochów | |
| Coordinates: 50°2′42″N 19°29′12″E / 50.04500°N 19.48667°E / 50.04500; 19.48667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Chrzanów |
| Gmina | Babice |
| Population | 778 |


title: Lijewo

abstract: Lijewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choceń, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Lijewo

**Lijewo** \[liˈjɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choceń, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Lijewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Lijewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°32′44″N 19°02′25″E / 52.54556°N 19.04028°E / 52.54556; 19.04028 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Włocławek |
| Gmina | Choceń |


title: Spa GAA

abstract: Spa GAA is a Gaelic football club based in Tullig, Killarney in County Kerry, Ireland. Founded in 1948, the club gets its name from a spa well in the townland of Tullig close to Killarney. The club won the Munster Intermediate Club Football Championship in 2009.

text:
# Spa GAA

**Spa GAA** is a Gaelic football club based in Tullig, Killarney in County Kerry, Ireland. Founded in 1948, the club gets its name from a spa well in the townland of Tullig close to Killarney. The club won the Munster Intermediate Club Football Championship in 2009.

## History

The club gets its name from the Spa Well, a source of water with reputed health giving properties, which is situated on the road side in the townland of Tullig, approximately three miles from Killarney town centre. The well was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, when the people of Killarney often took the mineral-rich water as a cure for various ailments.

Spa GAA Club was founded in 1948, and has since grown to have over 500 members. The club's colours are blue and gold. The catchment area of the club is Killarney Parish. The club's facilities are located in Tullig, 1.5 km east of Park Road Roundabout, Killarney. Indoor facilities consist of a 600 sq.m. sports hall which is used for indoor football, hurling, basketball, athletics and volleyball. An adjoining building of 800 sq.m. has four dressing rooms, plus a gym, first aid room, kitchen, dance studio and meeting rooms.

Several players from Spa have worn county colours at senior level. Among them are Donie O'Sullivan, Michael Gleeson, Paudie O'Mahony, Pat Casey, Tim Regan, Michael McAuliffe, James Cahill, Niall O'Mahony and Michael O'Donoghue.

The club caters for boys and girls from u8 to u18 and the adult section has teams at Senior, Junior and U21.

The club won promotion to Division 1 of the Senior County League in November 2008, and are second only to Dr. Crokes in terms of O'Donoghue Cup wins. In 2009, Spa won their second County Intermediate championship and subsequently won the Munster Intermediate championship before losing the All-Ireland Intermediate Club Football Championship final to Cookstown following a "controversial" penalty. They were relegated back to the intermediate grade the following year. They followed that with county final losses at intermediate grade in 2012, 2014 and 2015 to Finuge GAA (replay), Ardfert GAA and St. Mary's respectively. After the three final losses, the club eventually won the 2020 Kerry Intermediate Football Championship to regain their senior status, beating Beaufort in the final 4-18 to 1-19. Following the promotion, Spa are one of only 8 senior football teams in Kerry.

## Achievements

## Notable players

## InfoBox

Spa GAA
| *Spá CLG* | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded: | 1948 |
| County: | Kerry |
| Colours: | Blue and Gold |
| Grounds: | Tullig, Killarney |
| Coordinates: | 52°04′14.04″N 9°28′00.58″W / 52.0705667°N 9.4668278°W / 52.0705667; -9.4668278 |
| Playing kits | |
|  | |


title: The Squaw Man (1914 film)

abstract: The Squaw Man is a 1914 American silent Western film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar C. Apfel, and starring Dustin Farnum. It was DeMille's directorial debut and the first feature-length film to be shot in what is now Hollywood.

text:
# The Squaw Man (1914 film)

***The Squaw Man*** (known as ***The White Man*** in the United Kingdom) is a 1914 American silent Western film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar C. Apfel, and starring Dustin Farnum. It was DeMille's directorial debut and the first feature-length film to be shot in what is now Hollywood.

## Plot

James Wynnegate (Dustin Farnum) and his cousin, Henry (Monroe Salisbury), are upper class Englishmen and trustees for an orphans' fund. Henry loses money in a bet at a derby and embezzles money from "the fund" to pay off his debts. When war office officials are informed of the money missing they pursue James, but he successfully escapes to Wyoming. There, James rescues Nat-U-Ritch (Lillian St. Cyr), daughter to the chief of the Ute tribe, from local outlaw Cash Hawkins (William Elmer). Hawkins plans to exact his revenge on James, but has his plans thwarted by Nat-U-Ritch, who shoots him dead. Later, James has an accident in the mountains and needs to be rescued. Nat-U-Ritch discovers him and carries him back to safety. As she nurses him back to health, they fall in love and later have a child.

Meanwhile, during an exploration of the Alps, Henry falls off a cliff. Before he succumbs to his injuries, Henry signs a letter of confession proclaiming James's innocence in the embezzlement. Before Henry's widow, Lady Diana (Winifred Kingston) and others arrive in Wyoming to tell James about the news, the Sheriff recovers the murder weapon that was used against Cash Hawkins in James and Nat-U-Ritch's home. Realizing that their son is not safe, the couple sends him away, leaving them both distraught. Facing the possibilities of losing both her son and her freedom, Nat-U-Ritch decides to take her own life instead. The movie ends with both the chief of the Ute tribe and James embracing her body.

## Cast

## Production background

The only onscreen filmmaking credit is "Picturized by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar C. Apfel." The film was adapted by DeMille and Apfel from the 1905 stage play of the same name by Edwin Milton Royle, and produced by DeMille, Apfel, and Jesse L. Lasky for the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, its first film.

This first screen version of the story was the legendary DeMille's first movie assignment. It was also the first feature-length film shot in California, partly in what became Hollywood. Film historians agree that shorts had previously been filmed in Hollywood, with D. W. Griffith's *In Old California* (1910) considered the earliest. DeMille rented what is now known as the Lasky-DeMille Barn at the southeast corner of Selma and Vine Streets to serve as their studio and production office; today it is home to the Hollywood Heritage Museum. Shooting on *The Squaw Man* began December 29, 1913, and finished January 20, 1914.

DeMille wanted to emphasize the outdoors and wanted to shoot the movie in exotic scenery and great vistas. Initially he traveled to Flagstaff, Arizona to film the movie. After seeing the vast amount of mountains near Flagstaff, the production was moved to Los Angeles. Harbor scenes were shot in San Pedro, California and the western saloon set was built beside railroad tracks in the San Fernando Valley. Footage of cattle on the open range was shot at Keen Camp near Idyllwild, California, while snow scenes were shot at Mount Palomar. Cecil B. DeMille felt that lighting in a movie was extremely important and viewed it as the visual and emotional foundation to build his image. He believed that lighting was to a film as "music is to an opera".

*The Squaw Man* went on to become the only movie successfully filmed three times by the same director/producer, DeMille. He filmed a silent remake in 1918, and a talkie version in 1931. *The Squaw Man* was 74 minutes long and generated $244,700 in profit.

## Characters

The main character James Wynnegate played by Dustin Farnum, was cast as the hero for the film. Farnum was a notable Broadway star and his wife in real life Winifred Kingston was also a well-known actress. She played the English love interest. Red Wing (real name Lillian St. Cyr) was born into the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska on the Winnebago Reservation, and she played the American Indian wife.

## Controversies

Non-Native American actor Joseph Singleton played the role of Tabywana, Nat-U-Ritch's father. Lillian St. Cyr of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska was cast to play the role of Nat-U-Ritch, a member of the Ute tribe. She is also known as "Princess Redwing". St. Cyr along with her husband James Young Deer (of the Nanticoke people of Delaware) have been regarded as one of the first "Native American power couple" in Hollywood, along with Mona Darkfeather and her husband, director Frank E. Montgomery. DeMille had selected Lillian St. Cyr, but his first choice had been Darkfeather, who was not available.

During the early silent film era, films based on Native Americans were popular. The central theme of this film was miscegenation. In the state of California, anti-miscegenation laws existed until 1948; however, while African-Americans couldn't legally marry whites in California during filming, marriages between Native Americans and whites were permitted. Though there were Native American actors, whites were mostly cast as Native characters.

During the early teens, Young Deer and Lillian St. Cyr helped to transform how Native American characters were represented. The characters they created were sympathetic in complex ways, although other studios such as Kalem Company were also attempting to accurately portray Natives in film. However, other scholars argue that Native American-themed silent films did not alter in any way the dominant perception of Natives themselves. Many films displayed the Native American experience from many different perspectives and did involve Native American writers, filmmakers, and actors during this time period.

## InfoBox

| The Squaw Man | |
| --- | --- |
| A scene from *The Squaw Man* | |
| Directed by | Cecil B. DeMille
Oscar C. Apfel |
| Screenplay by | Cecil B. DeMille
Oscar C. Apfel |
| Based on | *The Squaw Man*
by Edwin Milton Royle |
| Produced by | Cecil B. DeMille
Oscar C. Apfel
Jesse L. Lasky |
| Starring | Dustin Farnum |
| Cinematography | Alfredo Gandolfi |
| Edited by | Mamie Wagner |
| Production
company | Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company |
| Distributed by | State Rights |
| Release date | * February 12, 1914 (1914-02-12) (United States) |
| Running time | 74 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |
| Budget | $40,000 |
| Box office | $533,446 |


title: Chris Sanigar

abstract: Chris Sanigar is a boxing manager, promoter, and trainer, and former boxer. In his career as a boxer he won the BBBofC Southern Area light welterweight title, and in his managerial career he has worked with several British and World champions.

text:
# Chris Sanigar

**Chris Sanigar** (born 7 July 1955) is a boxing manager, promoter, and trainer, and former boxer. In his career as a boxer he won the BBBofC Southern Area light welterweight title, and in his managerial career he has worked with several British and World champions.

## Career

Sanigar grew up in Bristol, and started his amateur career in 1974, reaching the ABA finals in 1977 and representing England three times.

He moved to London, where he was managed by George Francis, and turned professional in 1978, starting his pro career with a points win over Eric Purkis. After winning his first seven fights, he suffered successive defeats in 1979 to George McGurk and future Zambian champion Payson Choolwe. In June 1981 he challenged for his first professional title when he faced Sid Smith for the vacant BBBofC Southern Area light welterweight title; Sanigar was stopped with a cut in the third round. The two met again in November that year, this time with Sanigar knocking Smith out in the fourth round to take the title. In April 1982, Sanigar defended the title against Sylvester Mittee in a fight that was also an eliminator for the British title. Mittee stopped him in the ninth round. In October 1982, Sanigar faced Terry Marsh, losing via disqualification in the seventh round for hitting Marsh while he was down. Sanigar moved up a division in 1984 to face Rocky Kelly for the vacant Southern Area welterweight title, losing a narrow points decision. Sanigar subsequently retired from boxing.

He returned to Bristol and moved into training and management at Bristol Boxing Gym, home of his former club, Empire ABC. He received his manager and trainer's licence in 1989. Boxers he has managed (latterly along with his son Jamie) include Ross Hale, Dean Francis, Adrian Stone, Scott Dann, Glenn Catley, Jamie Arthur, Lee Haskins, Lee Selby, Andrew Selby, and Olympic silver medallist Fred Evans.

In October 2016, Sanigar received the Joe Bromley Award for Outstanding Services to Boxing at the Boxing Writers Club dinner.

## InfoBox

| Chris Sanigar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1955-07-07) 7 July 1955 |
| Nationality | British |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Light welterweight, welterweight |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) |
| Stance | Southpaw |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 31 |
| Wins | 18 |
| Wins by KO | 10 |
| Losses | 11 |
| Draws | 2 |
|  | |


title: Joseph Young House

abstract: The Joseph Young House is an historic home that is located in Newlin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

text:
# Joseph Young House

The **Joseph Young House** is an historic home that is located in Newlin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

## History and architectural features

This house was built in 1835, and is a two-story, five-bay, fieldstone dwelling that was designed in a Georgian/Federal style. It has a large, two-story, stone, rear kitchen and bedroom wing. It has a gable roof, and features a central entrance with semi-circular fanlight and dual gable end chimneys with parapets. Also located on the property are a banked milkhouse/smokehouse and a four-seat, Gothic-style outhouse.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Joseph Young House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Joseph Young House. July 2013. | |
|  | |
| Location | Creek Rd., Newlin Township, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°56′12″N 75°45′39″W / 39.93667°N 75.76083°W / 39.93667; -75.76083 |
| Area | 6.4 acres (2.6 ha) |
| Built | 1835 |
| Architectural style | Gothic, Georgian, Federal |
| MPS | West Branch Brandywine Creek MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002383 |
| Added to NRHP | September 16, 1985 |