title: Schizocosa ocreata

abstract: Schizocosa ocreata is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae that is found in North America. The Schizocosa ocreata is a spider that is most commonly known as the “brush-legged wolf spider” because of their distinct dark-colored fur-like coverings around their legs. The S. ocreata are commonly found in North American states, usually in the middle and eastern United States. They are predated, typically in areas of large forestry, by many organisms that are visually acute such as various birds, the American toad, and other large organisms. Similarly to other species, these spiders do not actually produce webs, but depend on their other acute senses, such as vision, to still exhibit elements of exploitative competition. Some interesting aspects of the S. ocreata are the female and male dynamics during mating and post-copulation. Females will frequently aggressively try to kill the males after mating and cause the males to use their venom as a mechanism of defense. Effects of early juvenile infection on the immunity of these spiders as adults are also currently being studied. Males that were exposed to P. aeruginosa as a juvenile were more likely to have higher adult encapsulation rates as well as have an increased density of melanization. The process of melanization is a key element in immunity because this process produces melanin and aids in wound healing by activating prophenoloxidase. The only spiders that are currently classified as “venomous spiders” by the Mayo Clinic include the black widow spider and the brown recluse spider; however, S. ocreata spiders are not definitively harmless. Hence, it is important to seek medical attention if you are unsure of the kind of spider bite you have, feel respiratory distress, or are in severe pain.

text:
# Schizocosa ocreata

***Schizocosa ocreata*** is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae that is found in North America. The *Schizocosa ocreata* is a spider that is most commonly known as the “brush-legged wolf spider” because of their distinct dark-colored fur-like coverings around their legs. The *S. ocreata* are commonly found in North American states, usually in the middle and eastern United States.

They are predated, typically in areas of large forestry, by many organisms that are visually acute such as various birds, the American toad (*Anaxyrus americanus*), and other large organisms. Similarly to other species, these spiders do not actually produce webs, but depend on their other acute senses, such as vision, to still exhibit elements of exploitative competition.

Some interesting aspects of the *S. ocreata* are the female and male dynamics during mating and post-copulation. Females will frequently aggressively try to kill the males after mating and cause the males to use their venom as a mechanism of defense. Effects of early juvenile infection on the immunity of these spiders as adults are also currently being studied.

Males that were exposed to *P. aeruginosa* as a juvenile were more likely to have higher adult encapsulation rates as well as have an increased density of melanization. The process of melanization is a key element in immunity because this process produces melanin and aids in wound healing by activating prophenoloxidase.

The only spiders that are currently classified as “venomous spiders” by the Mayo Clinic include the black widow spider and the brown recluse spider; however, *S. ocreata* spiders are not definitively harmless. Hence, it is important to seek medical attention if you are unsure of the kind of spider bite you have, feel respiratory distress, or are in severe pain.

## Description

The *S. ocreata* has dark furry legs that distinguish this spider from other spiders in the *Schizocosa* genus. In addition, the tufts of bristle pair on the male is a secondary sexual characteristic that is the only physical feature that distinguishes this spider from its sibling species.

## Taxonomy

*S. ocreata* was first described in 1844 by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz who placed the species in the *Lycosa* genus. The species was moved to the *Schizocosa* genus when it was erected in 1904 by Ralph Vary Chamberlin at which point its subspecies *"Lycosa" ocreata pulchra* was synonymized with *S. bilineata*.

## Diet

The *S. ocreata’s* diet mainly includes crickets (*Acheta domesticus*), many different insect species, and the Collembola, but it was found that diet can largely impact sexual behaviors as well. Females that were well-fed actually were a lot more receptive to the males during mating, while those that had limited food were much less receptive. A large amount of food available for consumption is thought to help aid the spiders to allocate their resources and energy to reproductive success.

## Webs

The *S. ocreata* wolf spiders do not make webs but do capture prey in different ways. There is usually limited food for the spiders that are found to build webs and wander. But, the spiders that do not build webs, such as the *Schizocosa ocreata*, show signs that they utilize exploitative competition in order to capture prey. Exploitative competition is when are not interacting directly with other individuals but instead compete by taking resources and decreasing the amount available to other individuals.

## Reproduction and life cycle

### Molting

During the process of molting, old outer layers of an animal are shed to allow for new growth to occur. This molting process is an important element for the animal to become sexually developed as well, and it was found to be an important process for the *S. ocreata*.

In addition, the process of molting, gonad development, and reproductive timing in females is all impacted by the female spiders’ feeding history. There is much variation in the number of instars, the time for development, the width of the cephalothorax, and mass varied with different dietary patterns. Instars refer to the phases between two molting periods when an invertebrate animal develops into sexual maturity. The females that were well-fed actually needed more moltings to become sexually mature, needed less time for sexual development and were found to be heavier than those that were starved long-term.

A common behavior for *S. ocreata* spiders is self-amputation in order to regenerate a damaged limb. However, the spiders that had regenerating legs needed about an additional 3.7 days to molt. Although the spiders that had regenerating legs need additional time to molt, when talking about the number of additional moltings that are needed, these spiders usually only need one more molting.

### Lifespan

The development of the *S. ocreata* spiders closely resembles most spiders; they start as an egg and develop physically into mini versions of their parents and live for a couple of years. They undergo multiple shedding of their skin throughout development and eventually undergo sexual development in order to reproduce and lay eggs. However, the eggs that the females lay are very much affected by the females’ diet history too. The number as well as the diameter of eggs was compared between well-fed females and food-limited females. It was found that the females treated with a low diet had lower egg numbers and both smaller egg diameter and volume than the well-fed females.

## Mating behavior

### Mate searching behavior

Cuticular hydrocarbons, which cover the cuticles on insects and are waterproof, have been discovered to play a major role as a sex pheromone in spiders. The chemical cues that the female *S. ocreata* uses contain information that is species-specific and are able to communicate their own mating status. This signal is also able to reveal the history of what they have eaten in order to present their honest states. Although the chemical cues tell a lot about the state of the female, there is no current research done to conclude that the male chemical cues can exhibit signals.

Female *S. ocreata* spiders were more receptive to the males they were more familiar with. Since males are the only ones that have tufts, which is the area on the forelegs covered in bristles, the usage of the multifactorial approach revealed how the female preferences are decided. The male’s tuft size phenotype is a significant factor that predicts how females will choose. Hence, females that were more exposed to the small-tufted males were more likely to be receptive to the small-tufted males. But, females that were more exposed to large-tufted males were more likely to be receptive to the large-tufted males. But, females are slightly more selective in that, in general, they have increased preferences for the large-tufted males more than the small-tufted male. For the species *S. ocreata*, the males that are smaller in size tend to be at more risk to be attacked and cannibalized. Additionally, the species' females will attack the males with smaller tufts. The males with the larger leg tufts are able to have increased chances of mating as well.

In addition to the effects of exposures on the choosiness of female during mating, the rate of courtship may also be attributed to males' eavesdropping behaviors. Males are more likely to exhibit courtship behaviors when there is a video showing another male also exhibiting courtship activities. These courting behaviors are not exhibited by *S. ocreata* spiders when the video is of a male that is simply walking (or non-courting). The male spiders are able to know where the females are simply by eavesdropping on the males that are close-by. However, these findings are only suggesting a possible eavesdropping behavior by the male spiders since the other male being eavesdropped on was only on a video screen.

### Female/male interactions

There are two main types of approaches to copulation between the male and female spiders. The two types are either coercive or cooperative. The males would sometimes use their fang-like teeth to scar and mark the females during copulation. Scar tissues were detected in the area below the cephalothorax, but above the coxa of the leg in females. This scarred area was consistent with the part of the female’s body that the males attached their fangs on. The control, the group where virgin females were studied, showed no scar tissues on the area below the cephalothorax.

### Sexual cannibalism

The S*. ocreata* females can exhibit aggressive behavior towards the male after copulation. But, if they become too aggressive, the male spiders will inject them with venom in order to reduce the possibility of post-mating cannibalism, where the females would attack and eat the males.

Even though it’s unknown how much impact the venom injections have on the females, there is a possibility that there is a cost for the male’s future reproductive success as well. The death of a female due to the injection of the male venom could impact them in some way that we do not yet know about.

## Enemies

### Predators

Some of the predators of the *S. ocreata* are organisms that are very visually keen and able to come from above the spiders, such as various bird species. The American toad (*Anaxyrus americanus*) and other large organisms also prey on the *S. ocreata* as well.

### Immunity

When various pathogens enter the *S. ocreata*, they have immunological mechanisms within their system to fight them off. However, it is still unclear the mechanism with which the *S. ocreata* is able to reduce the immunological inflammation and responses. In order to test whether the *S. ocreata* has immune functions, bacterial derivatives like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were injected to elicit immune responses. But, an issue with studies like these is that most spiders actually are exposed to various bacteria through oral ingestion. Spiders also digest their food externally, so therefore enzymes are being secreted externally, which causes the food to be broken down outside of their body. Much of the research studies reveal that a lot of spiders have antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to the gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. These AMPs are found mainly in hemocytes and sub-esophageal nerves.

When male *S. ocreata* spiders ingested around 600 Colony Forming Units/microliter, it was found that the spiders only had 291 Colony Forming Units in 3 microliters of their hemolymph. Hence, this suggested that there potentially is an immune system that works to prevent the ingested pathogens from getting into the hemolymph, which is the blood equivalent in most invertebrates. The CFU count in the hemolymph system shows that the spiders’ immune functions are working in some aspects to reduce the pathogens. However, further research needs to be done to determine the definite mechanism for how this occurs.

### Parasites

It was also found that adult males that had experience with a bacterial infection in their juvenile days, actually had a stronger response to encapsulation when measured as an adult. Encapsulation is a type of immune response that is dependent on phenoloxidase; it’s widely used as a defense against macro-parasites. However, encapsulation response strength was found to be significantly higher in males who had previous juvenile exposure. But this does not mean that all immune responses are stronger.

## Protective coloration and behavior

These spiders fight off attacks from their own species (ie. male fighting off female aggression after copulation), but they also have different techniques of protective coloration and ways of fighting different predators off as well. The courting males of the brush-legged wolf spider, *Schizocosa ocreata*, actually use their colorations to gain mates. But, their coloration and behavior heavily interact with one another. Since color helps them to be detected, the spiders that are in the state of courting are able to be detected at a much faster rate than the spiders that are simply walking. The stationary spiders, or those that are not moving, are detected much less than both the walking and courting spiders. But, the “freezing” technique, which is representative of the stationary spider, is a highly effective tactic when faced with predators.

In addition, the *S. ocreata* has a large stripe on the dorsal area of their body, which allows them to overlap visually with their territory and the dark color in the lateral area aids in providing some level of crypticity and protection from predators that are physically above them. Since behavior and predation are innately related, behavioral plasticity is important for reducing predation by those that have acute vision.

## Physiology

### Locomotion

The spiders that are courting move down a more winding path and also utilize their abdomens to move as well as use their legs. Although both the courting and walking spiders move in a similar way, the courting spiders tend to spend more time moving than the walking spiders. The courting spiders’ forelegs are also almost always constantly in motion. But, when there is loss of haemolymph fluids, that could also lead to reduced mobility.

### Digestion

These spiders use an external digestive system; they secrete the enzymes to digest the food, not within their gut, but outside themselves. These spiders have an exoskeleton, but when they have damage to their exoskeleton, there is a loss of haemolymph which can end up being consequential. A constant supply of blood volume will be needed for hydraulic locomotion, which is the process through which increased pressure in fluids from their cephalothorax stretch out their legs, and may cause reduced mobility.

## Bites to humans

### Venom

The only spiders that are found to have medically significant bites in the United States are the black widow and the brown recluse. Allergic reactions may still occur or develop from any spider bites. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

### Signs and symptoms

Prompt medical care should be sought if one is unsure whether the bite was from a venomous spider or not and if severe pain develops, or if problems with breathing occurs.

## InfoBox

| *Schizocosa ocreata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Schizocosa* |
| Species: | ***S. ocreata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schizocosa ocreata***<br>(Hentz, 1844) | |
|


title: Jonangi

abstract: The Jonangi, also known as Jonangi Jagilam or Kolleti Jagilam is an Indian dog breed, mostly found in the separated state of Andhra Pradesh, some parts of Karnataka, and all along the east coast from West Bengal to Tamil Nadu. It was once abundantly found in and around Kolleru Lake in West Godavari and Krishna Districts of Andhra Pradesh. This dog has very short, smooth hair. It is used as a hunting and herding dog by people who have this breed. The Jonangi is not recognized by major kennel clubs in India, but this breed is locally shown at beach festivals in Andhra Pradesh.

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# Jonangi

The **Jonangi**, also known as **Jonangi Jagilam** or **Kolleti Jagilam** is an Indian dog breed, mostly found in the separated state of Andhra Pradesh, some parts of Karnataka, and all along the east coast from West Bengal to Tamil Nadu. It was once abundantly found in and around Kolleru Lake in West Godavari and Krishna Districts of Andhra Pradesh. This dog has very short, smooth hair. It is used as a hunting and herding dog by people who have this breed.

The Jonangi is not recognized by major kennel clubs in India, but this breed is locally shown at beach festivals in Andhra Pradesh.

## Temperament

The Jonangi is a one-person or one-family dog. It is an agile dog, with long strides that can cover very large distances.

While a few dogs exhibit nervousness, most Jonangis make excellent working partners, guarding large farms and even houses.

They are known to coexist with farm animals such as poultry, goats, sheep and cattle.

Jonangis are known for digging decently sized ditches to lay in the dirt.

If properly socialized as puppies and trained with positive reinforcement, Jonangis grow up into confident adults. They can make excellent family companions and do well with children.

## Breeding

Females come into heat every six months, depending on their health. Typical litter size is 3–5 puppies.

Jonangi dams are excellent mothers and take good care of their pups. Their fertility rate is in line with other Indian dog breeds

## Use

Jonangi are used for hunting small game, as a watchdog, and for herding ducks.

## Near-extinction

The Jonangi was once commonly found around Kolleru Lake helping local duck farmers to herd their ducks. Farmers around Kolleru have turned towards more profitable aquaculture and the Jonangi that once helped them herd ducks no longer have a working function, and have been left in a semi-feral state to survive for themselves.

The Jonangi has developed unique fishing techniques for its survival, and is now considered a pest by local farmers, who went on killing these dogs to near-extinction.

## Breed revival

Once found around the entire coastal region of India, this breed is now found mostly in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Goa. Lately major Asil chicken breeders and farm owners in Andhra Pradesh are interested in keeping this breed to protect their asil birds and livestock from predators.

## InfoBox

| Jonangi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Origin | South India |
| Breed status | Not recognised as a breed by any major kennel club. |
| Traits  Height  Males  18–22 in (46–56 cm)  Females  18–22 in (46–56 cm)  Weight  Males  55–85 lb (25–39 kg)  Females  45–65 lb (20–29 kg)  Coat  Short, dense  Color  White, white with occasional black spots, black, grey, brindle  Life span  10–14 years | |
| Dog (domestic dog) | |


title: Battle of Héricourt

abstract: The Battle of Héricourt was fought on 13 November 1474 near Héricourt, Burgundy, as part of the Burgundian Wars. It resulted in victory for the Swiss Confederacy and its allies over the Burgundian State.

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# Battle of Héricourt

The **Battle of Héricourt** was fought on 13 November 1474 near Héricourt, Burgundy, as part of the Burgundian Wars. It resulted in victory for the Swiss Confederacy and its allies over the Burgundian State.

## Battle

The Swiss and their allies (Lower League, Austrian cities of Alsace, Swabian imperial cities) set out on their campaign immediately after war was declared on Charles the Bold. One army entered Alsace via Basel and a second via Porrentruy. On 8 November 1474 they besieged Héricourt, which controlled the road from the Sundgau to Burgundy. They were opposed by 12,000 troops (8,000 mounted fighters and 4,000 foot soldiers) under the command of Henri of Neuchâtel and Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont.

On the 13th November at noon, the Swiss received a report of the approaching reinforcements. They broke their siege and attacked the Burgundians under the leadership of Niklaus von Scharnachtal from Bern, north of Héricourt. With the help of the Habsburg cavalry, they beat the Burgundian cavalry in two battles with little losses. When the decimated troops withdrew, the main power of the allies followed them through the valley of the Lisaine. At the same time, a smaller corps of men from Bern and Lucerne moved through the forested hills and attacked the enemy troops at Chenebier. A final battle occurred at the height of Frahier. When a defeat threatened here, too, the Burgundians fled in all directions.

Subsequently, on 16 November Héricourt's garrison surrendered and was occupied by Austrian troops. The Burgundians had lost more than three thousand men in these battles, while the Swiss had few losses. The inhabitants of the city were allowed to leave the village and take their belongings with them. The castle was handed over to Duke Sigismund.

The battle was one of the first using hand-held guns.

47°35′N 6°46′E / 47.583°N 6.767°E / 47.583; 6.767

## InfoBox

| Battle of Héricourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Burgundian Wars | |
|
The battle as depicted in the *Zürcher Schilling* | |
| Date 13-14 November 1474  Location Héricourt  Result  Swiss-allied victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Burgundian State | Swiss Confederacy
Strasbourg
Basel
Colmar
Sélestat |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Jacques of Savoy
Henri of Neuchâtel | Niklaus von Scharnachtal |
| Strength | |
| 12,000 | ~18,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| ~1,600
At least 70 captured | Light |


title: Charm School (TV series)

abstract: Charm School is a reality television series airing on VH1; it is a spin-off of Flavor of Love created by executive producers Cris Abrego and Mark Cronin. The first season, called Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School, is hosted by comedian Mo'Nique and features thirteen contestants from the first two seasons of Flavor of Love. The second season, called Rock of Love: Charm School, is hosted by Sharon Osbourne and features fourteen contestants from the first two seasons of Rock of Love with Bret Michaels. The third season, called Charm School with Ricki Lake, is hosted by Ricki Lake and features contestants from Rock of Love Bus with Bret Michaels and Real Chance of Love. The show ostensibly acts as a finishing school for its contestants that helps develop proper etiquette. Season 1 offered a prize of $50,000, while Seasons 2 and 3 doubled the amount to $100,000. All three seasons offered the title of "Charm School Queen."

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# Charm School (TV series)

***Charm School*** is a reality television series airing on VH1; it is a spin-off of *Flavor of Love* created by executive producers Cris Abrego and Mark Cronin. The first season, called *Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School*, is hosted by comedian Mo'Nique and features thirteen contestants from the first two seasons of *Flavor of Love*. The second season, called *Rock of Love: Charm School*, is hosted by Sharon Osbourne and features fourteen contestants from the first two seasons of *Rock of Love with Bret Michaels*. The third season, called *Charm School with Ricki Lake*, is hosted by Ricki Lake and features contestants from *Rock of Love Bus with Bret Michaels* and *Real Chance of Love*. The show ostensibly acts as a finishing school for its contestants that helps develop proper etiquette. Season 1 offered a prize of $50,000, while Seasons 2 and 3 doubled the amount to $100,000. All three seasons offered the title of "Charm School Queen."

## Series overview

Seasons of *Charm School*
| Season | Headmistress | Season premiere | Finale | Reunion | No. of contestants | No. of episodes | Winner | Runner(s)-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season 1 | Mo'Nique | April 15, 2007 (5.07M viewers) | July 1, 2007 (4.1M viewers) | July 8, 2007 | 13 | 11 | Saaphyri Windsor | Leilene "Smiley" Ondrade |
| Season 2 | Sharon Osbourne | October 12, 2008 (2.4M viewers) | December 21, 2008 (2.1M viewers) | January 4, 2009 | 14 | 12 | Brandi Mahon | Destiney Sue Moore |
| Season 3 | Ricki Lake | May 11, 2009 | July 27, 2009 (2.1M viewers) | None | 14 | 11 | Ebony "Risky" Jones | Ashley and Marcia |

### *Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School*

*Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School* was hosted by comedian Mo'Nique and featured 13 contestants from the first two seasons of *Flavor of Love*, who were assigned the challenge of developing proper etiquette in a competition for $50,000 and the title of "Charm School Queen." Mo'Nique was assisted by talent agency president Keith Lewis and magazine beauty director Mikki Taylor. The series first aired weekly from April 15, 2007 to July 8, 2007. Saaphyri was ultimately named "Charm School Queen" and was awarded the $50,000.

### *Rock of Love: Charm School*

*Rock of Love: Charm School* was hosted by Sharon Osbourne and featured 14 contestants from the first two seasons of *Rock of Love*, who were assigned the challenge of developing proper etiquette in a competition for $100,000 and the title of "Charm School Queen." The series premiered on October 12, 2008, and the finale was aired on December 21, 2008. Brandi Mahon was ultimately named "Charm School Queen" and was awarded the $100,000.

### *Charm School with Ricki Lake*

*Charm School with Ricki Lake* is hosted by Ricki Lake and features 14 contestants from *Rock of Love Bus with Bret Michaels* and *Real Chance of Love*, who learn self-improvement through selfless acts and charity work. The headmistress, Ricki Lake, is assisted by deans Alani "La La" Vazquez and Stryker. The series premiered on May 11, 2009, and the finale was aired on July 27, 2009. Ebony "Risky" Jones was ultimately named "Charm School Queen" and was awarded the $100,000.

## DVD releases

Season 2 (*Rock of Love: Charm School*) was released in Australia by Shock Records in November 2010.

| Season | Release dates | Discs |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Region 0 | |
| 2 | 10 November 2010 | 3 |

## InfoBox

| *Charm School* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Cris Abrego
Mark Cronin |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| No. of episodes | 34 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Mark Cronin
Cris Abrego
Ben Samek |
| Running time | 60 minutes (including commercials) |
| Original release | |
| Network | VH1 |
| Release | April 15, 2007 (2007-04-15)
July 27, 2009 (2009-07-27) |
| Related | |
| *Flavor of Love*
*Rock of Love*
*Real Chance of Love*
*I Love Money* | |


title: Shalden

abstract: Shalden is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 2.3 miles (3.7 km) northwest of Alton and 1.9 miles (3.1 km) northeast of Bentworth, just off the A339 road. The parish covers an area of 1,536 acres (622 ha) and has an average elevation of 600 feet (180 m) above sea level. The nearest railway station is Alton, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast of the village. According to the 2011 census, it had a population of 435. Bronze Age and Roman remains have been found in the area. The manor of Shalden was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086, and was included in the Odiham Hundred. A Saxon church was in the village, but was destroyed and replaced with a newer church, which was constructed in 1863. The village contains twelve Grade II listed landmarks, including St Peter and St Paul's church, Shalden Lodge and Manor Farmhouse, a Grade II* listed building.

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# Shalden

**Shalden** is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 2.3 miles (3.7 km) northwest of Alton and 1.9 miles (3.1 km) northeast of Bentworth, just off the A339 road. The parish covers an area of 1,536 acres (622 ha) and has an average elevation of 600 feet (180 m) above sea level. The nearest railway station is Alton, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast of the village. According to the 2011 census, it had a population of 435.

Bronze Age and Roman remains have been found in the area. The manor of Shalden was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086, and was included in the Odiham Hundred. A Saxon church was in the village, but was destroyed and replaced with a newer church, which was constructed in 1863. The village contains twelve Grade II listed landmarks, including St Peter and St Paul's church, Shalden Lodge and Manor Farmhouse, a Grade II\* listed building.

## History

### Prehistory to Roman

The village name has been spelled in various ways, including Seldene (11th century), Schalden, Scaldeden, or Scaudedene (12th century), and Chalden or Scalden (13th century). There is evidence of Roman occupation in the village, with several Roman coins and pottery remains being found near Shalden school in 1905. There is further evidence to suggest that a Roman villa was once constructed in or near the village.

Bronze Age remains found in the area include a looped palstave and a cinerary urn. A Saxon church was formerly in the village; this was rebuilt in the nineteenth century, with flint with Bath stone.

### Medieval

The manor of Shalden was first mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086 by William Mauditt of Hanslope. It had formerly been in the ownership of four freemen of King Edward the Confessor as an "alod". Shalden was included in the Odiham Hundred. The ownership of the manor was eventually passed to the descendants of William Mauditt alongside the manor of the nearby hamlet, Hartley Mauditt, of which the manor of Shalden was held under. The manor was apparently held by the Mauditt family of Hartley Mauditt until near the end of the 12th century, when William Mauditt gave the manor to his brother Robert Mauduit of Warminster, to be held by William and his heirs for the service of half a knight's fee. Robert Mauditt died in 1191, and his son and successor Thomas was holding the manor between 1235 and 1236. He died in 1244, and was succeeded by his son, also named William.

William Mauditt left a son and heir, Warin, a minor, whose custody was assigned by Henry III to his brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall. During this time, Richard temporarily held the manor of Shalden from Henry until his death 1272. Consequently, Warin Mauditt held the manor until his death in either 1299 or 1300. Interest in the manor passed down to his son Thomas, in which he granted a sum of land at Shalden to a Knight named Walter Stoner and his freeman, in gratitude for his homage and services. At that time Sir Nicholas de Boys held the manor of Shalden as a tenant for life. In 1297 the Earl of Cornwall, in consideration of the services of Sir Nicholas, granted the manor to him and his heirs indefinitely. Sir Nicholas paid nothing for the manor, though his heirs were to pay £12 a year.

In 1309 Sir Nicholas de Boys granted the manor of Shalden to Robert de Kendale and his wife, Margaret, along with her heirs. The manor was then held by Ralph le Mareschal indefinitely. He was still holding it in 1310, however it had passed to Robert de Kendale sometime before 1316. Robert died in 1330, and his son Edward succeeded to the manor, but it was held by his widow Margaret until her death in 1347. Sir Edward de Kendale died in 1373, leaving a widow and a son as his heir for the manor of Shalden. Edwards's son and his brother, Thomas, both died without issue in 1375. Sir Robert Turk and his wife, Beatrice, conveyed the manor in 1376–7 to Sir William Croyser and William Bukbridge, trustees of Sir Edward de Kendale, to whom they transferred it in the same year. Edward's widow Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Croyser, soon married Sir Thomas Barre, and died in 1420. Her heir was her grandson, but the manor of Shalden passed to John de Kendale, who held it in 1428.

### Tudor to Georgian

Ownership of the manor was passed on to William Dyer in 1444, who was a trustee of a lord named Robert Lee. Ownership was then transferred in 1485 to Maud, Anne, Elizabeth, Jane, and Ellen, daughters of John Lee, who had claimed the issues of the manor was under the will of their father, and complained that they had been prevented from enjoying them by Reginald Sandes and Robert Norton, who were also trustees. In 1567, William Lee sold the manor to Anne Twynne, and in 1591 Richard Miller sold it to Sir William of Kingswll. It was sold again in 1628 by Sir William's son and successor Edward Kingswell to Sir Richard Young of Weybridge, of whom it was purchased in 1632 by Sir Humphrey Benett. Benett then compounded his estate in 1649, and sold the manor of Shalden in 1653 to Anne Mynne.

### 19th century

At the beginning of the 19th century, the manor of Shalden was passed to John Lewkenor and his wife, Anne, of whom it was eventually succeeded by their John, at an unknown point. The manor was then ceded on to the Knights of Chawton, in whose family it remained until 1840, when it was sold by Edward Knight to John Wood, the owner of Thedden Grange in Bentworth. Upon his death in 1871, it was finally renounced to his son John Gathorne Wood, who was the last owner of the manor from 1871 to some time after 1912. In 1870–72 the *Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales* by John Marius Wilson described Shalden as:

> ...  a parish in Alton district, Hants; 2½ miles N W of Alton r. station. Post-town, Alton. Acres, 1, 509. Real property, £1, 396. Pop., 185. Houses, 37. The manor belongs to J. Wood, Esq. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Winchester. Value, £331.\* Patron, the Lord Chancellor. The church is ancient.

## Geography and demographics

Shalden is located in the eastern central part of Hampshire, in South East England, 2.1 miles (3.4 km) northwest of Alton, its nearest town. The parish covers an area of 1,536 acres (622 ha), of which 194 acres (79 ha) are woodland. It has an average elevation of approximately 600 feet (180 m) above sea level, with some parts of the southern parish falling to heights of around 400 feet (120 m). The landscape is dominated by farms and woodland such as Shalden Manor, Glenville Farm and Oldale Wood. The soil is of clay and chalk, with a subsoil of chalk, and the prominent crops produced in the area are cereals. A large number of old chalk pits indicate that the chalk was once worked in the parish. The parish contains four individual hamlets; Stancombe, Shalden Green, Pountley and Golden Pot. According to the 2011 census, the parish of Shalden had a population of 435 people. In addition, there are 168 households in the parish with an average size of 2.59 people.

## Notable landmarks

Listed buildings and landmarks in Shalden

The following are the listed buildings in Shalden. The listings are graded:

* Aylesfield Farmhouse (II)
* Barn at Shalden Farm (II)
* Church of St Peter and St Paul (II)
* Garden wall extending from Shalden Lodge and including a service building (II)
* Greenmount Cottage (II)
* Honeycombe Cottage (II)
* Manor Farmhouse (II\*)
* Shalden Lodge (II)
* Stable near the Manor Farmhouse (II)
* The Old Cottage (II)
* The Old Forge (II)
* The Thatched Cottage (II)

The present church, St Peter and St Paul, was built in 1863, and is reminiscent of the 13th century in design. The bell-cot contains one modern bell. The old Saxon church stood a few feet to the south of the present one, and has been completely destroyed. The only piece of architecture that remains of the Saxon church is the font, which was re-used for the new church. The front dates from the 15th century and is of octagonal form, with a moulded octagonal stem and a panelled bowl.

The old Saxon church was given by William Mauditt to the prior and convent of Southwick between 1147 and 1153. The grant was confirmed by Pope Eugenius III and Pope Urban III in 1185. In the present church, a book of the registers contains baptisms from 1686 and marriages and burials from 1687, baptisms running to 1790, and marriages to 1753. The churchyard contains the Commonwealth war grave of a Machine Gun Corps soldier of World War I.

Shalden contains twelve Grade II listed buildings, in addition to one Grade II\* listed building. St Peter and St Paul's church is a Grade II building, and the Manor Farmhouse in Shalden Lane is a Grade II\* building. The Manor Farmhouse a late-medieval hall house, built with a timber-framed structure that covers two stories, dates from the 16th century, with early 19th-century cladding and 20th-century extensions. The house has a boarded door and a large porch. Inside are two wide fireplaces and a room with a Tudor arch. Shalden Lodge, another Grade II building, dates from the late 18th century, with early and late 19th-century alterations and additions.

## InfoBox

| Shalden | |
| --- | --- |
| View along the lane toward The Old Forge | |
| ShaldenLocation within Hampshire | |
| Population | 435 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SU696420 |
| Civil parish | * Shalden |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Alton |
| Postcode district | GU34 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Shop Assistants (album)

abstract: Shop Assistants is the only album released by Shop Assistants. It was released in November 1986 on the Chrysalis Records "indie" offshoot Blue Guitar. The album was critically acclaimed by Sounds staff who put Shop Assistants on the list of top 50 best albums of 1986. The album was reissued in 1997 by Overground Records under the title Will Anything Happen, and again on CD by Cherry Red in 2008 with two bonus tracks, both of which had originally appeared on the B-side of the single "I Don't Wanna Be Friends With You". The album was described by Allmusic's Jason Ankeny as "an essential artefact of its times".

text:
# Shop Assistants (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

***Shop Assistants*** is the only album released by Shop Assistants. It was released in November 1986 on the Chrysalis Records "indie" offshoot Blue Guitar. The album was critically acclaimed by *Sounds* staff who put *Shop Assistants* on the list of top 50 best albums of 1986.

The album was reissued in 1997 by Overground Records under the title *Will Anything Happen*, and again on CD by Cherry Red in 2008 with two bonus tracks, both of which had originally appeared on the B-side of the single "I Don't Wanna Be Friends With You". The album was described by *Allmusic'*s Jason Ankeny as "an essential artefact of its times".

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Shop Assistants; except where noted.

1. "I Don't Wanna Be Friends With You" - 2:18
2. "All Day Long" - 1:50
3. "Before I Wake" - 2:42
4. "Caledonian Road" - 2:13
5. "All That Ever Mattered" - 2:15
6. "Fixed Grin" - 2:51
7. "Somewhere in China" - 3:13
8. "Train from Kansas City" (Ellie Greenwich, Jeff Barry) - 3:42
9. "Home Again" - 1:41
10. "Seems to Be" - 2:22
11. "After Dark" - 2:36
12. "All of the Time" - 2:23
13. "What a Way to Die" (David Leone - uncredited) - 1:59
14. "Nature Lover" - 1:55
15. "Looking Back" (CD reissue only) - 1:45
16. "All Day Long" (slow version) (CD reissue only) - 2:27

"What a Way to Die" was credited to "unknown", but it is a cover of David Leone's small hit for Pleasure Seekers.

## Personnel

Shop Assistants * Alex Taylor - lead vocals, tambourine
* David Keegan - guitar, noises
* Sarah Kneale - bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "What a Day to Die"
* Laura MacPhail - drums, glockenspiel

with:

* Jon Hunter - trumpet on "All of the Time" and "Nature Lover"

Technical

## InfoBox

| Shop Assistants | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Shop Assistants | |
| Released | November 1986 |
| Recorded | August 1986 |
| Studio | Hart Street Studios, Edinburgh |
| Genre | Indie pop, noise pop |
| Label | Blue Guitar |
| Producer | Mayo Thompson, John Ryan, Shop Assistants |


title: Dissent!

abstract: Dissent! was the name adopted by an international network of local groups, which came together to organise opposition to the G8 summit held at Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire, Scotland, in July 2005. Most groups shared an anti-capitalist orientation and anti-authoritarian organizing methods and the network declares itself to be open to anyone prepared to work within the Hallmarks of Peoples' Global Action, an international co-ordination of radical social movements and grassroots campaigns. Dissent acted as a networking tool and created infrastructure which was used by groups with methods of protest ranging from anti-border city tours and street parties to road blockades, graffiti and confrontations with the police. The network was formed in the autumn of 2003 by a group of people who have previously been involved in radical ecological direct action, Peoples' Global Action, the anti-war movement and the global anti-capitalist movement which has emerged around meetings of those that rule over us. In the run-up to the summit itself, groups associated with Dissent! organised actions targeting a number of the preparatory meetings which brought together ministers from the G8 countries. Among these were the Environment and Development Ministerial in Derbyshire and the Justice and Interior Ministerial in Sheffield. The network set-up an "eco-camp" known as HoriZone in the town of Stirling to host protesters. This was organised along non-hierarchical lines conforming with the principles of direct democracy and broken down into largely autonomous "barrios". The camp was also run in such a way as to minimise its environmental impact; recycling, conserving water and utilising biodiesel in its vehicles. The Dissent! Network in Germany was one of the networks mobilising against the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany, since 2005. Since that time other Dissent! Networks were started in Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and France.

text:
# Dissent!

**Dissent!** was the name adopted by an international network of local groups, which came together to organise opposition to the G8 summit held at Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire, Scotland, in July 2005. Most groups shared an anti-capitalist orientation and anti-authoritarian organizing methods and the network declares itself to be open to anyone prepared to work within the Hallmarks of Peoples' Global Action, an international co-ordination of radical social movements and grassroots campaigns. Dissent acted as a networking tool and created infrastructure which was used by groups with methods of protest ranging from anti-border city tours and street parties to road blockades, graffiti and confrontations with the police.

The network was formed in the autumn of 2003 by a group of people who have previously been involved in radical ecological direct action, Peoples' Global Action, the anti-war movement and the global anti-capitalist movement which has emerged around meetings of those that rule over us.

In the run-up to the summit itself, groups associated with Dissent! organised actions targeting a number of the preparatory meetings which brought together ministers from the G8 countries. Among these were the Environment and Development Ministerial in Derbyshire (March 17–18) and the Justice and Interior Ministerial in Sheffield (June 15–18).

The network set-up an "eco-camp" known as HoriZone in the town of Stirling to host protesters. This was organised along non-hierarchical lines conforming with the principles of direct democracy and broken down into largely autonomous "barrios". The camp was also run in such a way as to minimise its environmental impact; recycling, conserving water and utilising biodiesel in its vehicles.

The Dissent! Network in Germany was one of the networks mobilising against the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany, since 2005. Since that time other Dissent! Networks were started in Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and France.

1. "Eco-village is model for us all". *BBC NEWS*.


title: David Sanger (organist)

abstract: David John Sanger was a British concert organist, professor and president of the Royal College of Organists.

text:
# David Sanger (organist)

**David John Sanger** (17 April 1947  28 May 2010) was a British concert organist, professor and president of the Royal College of Organists.

## Biography

Sanger was educated at Eltham College and the Royal Academy of Music. His teachers included Susi Jeans, Marie-Claire Alain and Anton Heiller.

His career as a performer was launched when he won first prize in two international competitions: St Albans, England in 1969 and Kiel, Germany in 1972. After this, he toured as a solo recitalist. His discography spans the music of several centuries, and includes the complete organ works of Franck, the complete organ symphonies of Louis Vierne, and works by Liszt and Lefébure-Wély. He also recorded the complete organ music of Bach for Meridian Records.

He toured many countries as recitalist – Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Italy, France, Russia, Iceland, the United States, Mexico and South Korea – as well as giving many recitals in the British Isles, notably at the BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall, The Royal Festival Hall, the City of London Festival, the Bath Festival, the Chester Festival, the West Riding Cathedrals' Festival, and many similar occasions. He gave Master Classes in many places including Copenhagen, Stockholm and Oslo, and was 'Headmaster' of the Church Music Seminar in Bergen for fourteen years. He was frequently partnered by Hans Fagius from Sweden for Organ Duet Concerts.

### Recording

As a recording artist he made over 20 CDs. His début on the organ was with Polydor (DG Début Series) with Bach and Franck recorded in Munich. He recorded the complete organ works of César Franck at the Katarina Church in Stockholm (before the fire) for BIS. His Meridian recordings of Vierne's Six Organ Symphonies received wide acclaim and he was close to completing his recordings of the complete organ works of Bach. The most recent Bach CDs were recorded on the newly constructed, historic-style, Carsten Lund organ in Copenhagen's Garnisons Church.

With Meridian he recorded a selection of trifles by Lefébure-Wély on the recent Cavaillé-Coll style instrument at Exeter College, Oxford, for which instrument Sanger also acted as Consultant. Other projects as consultant included new, rebuilt or restored organs at Bromley Parish Church, Haileybury School, St Cuthbert's, Edinburgh, Usher Hall, Edinburgh, Leeds Cathedral, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, Strathclyde University and Sheffield Cathedral.

### Teaching

In addition to his performing career, Sanger was a teacher of the organ. He was professor of organ at the Royal Academy of Music in London, and chairman of the organ department there from 1987 to 1989. Between 1989 and 1997 he was a Consultant Professor at the RAM. He was guest professor for two years at the Royal Danish Academy of Music, Copenhagen. He was a Visiting Tutor in organ studies at the Royal Northern College of Music, Birmingham Conservatoire, and teacher of organ at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. He was appointed as Consultant Tutor at the Birmingham Conservatoire. He had many successful students at international competition level, including two winners at the Calgary International Organ Competition.

### Competition juror

Sanger appeared in the jury of many international organ competitions; St Albans, Paisley, Speyer, Biarritz, Alkmaar, Odense Nűrnberg and Lucerne. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in 1985.

### President of the Royal College of Organists

After being a member since age 15, Sanger was appointed president of the Royal College of Organists in October 2008, a position he served in until his resignation a week before his death.

## Indecent assault charges and death

On 25 May 2010 Sanger appeared in court, charged with four counts of indecent assault and four of gross indecency, all against a boy under the age of 14 and under the age of 16 and all alleged to have taken place between 1978 and 1982. Sanger denied all charges and was released on conditional bail, pending a hearing scheduled for 21 July 2010. Three days later, on 28 May 2010, police announced that Sanger had been found dead at his converted former chapel (which housed a church organ) in Embleton, near Cockermouth, Cumbria.

After Sanger's body had been found, Police stated that they were not looking for anyone else in connection with the death. An inquest was opened 1 June 2010. The inquest subsequently ruled in January 2011 that the cause of death was asphyxia caused by a plastic bag and ligature and that Sanger had killed himself.

## Discography

* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. I – Meridian Records CDE 84081
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. II – Meridian Records CDE 84144
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. III – Meridian Records CDE 84203
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. IV – Meridian Records CDE 84209
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. V – Meridian Records CDE 84235
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. VI – Meridian Records CDE 84326
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. VII – Meridian Records CDE 84377
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. VIII – Meridian Records CDE 84378
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. IX – Euridice (unpublished recordings \[April 2010\] from Bodin Parish church, Norway. Organ 2003 by Heiko Lorenz, Wilhelmshaven)
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. X – Euridice (unpublished recordings \[April 2010\] from Bodin Parish church, Norway. Organ 2003 by Heiko Lorenz, Wilhelmshaven)
* The Complete Organ Works of J S Bach Vol. XI – Euridice (unpublished recordings \[April 2010\] from Bodin Parish church, Norway. Organ 2003 by Heiko Lorenz, Wilhelmshaven)
* Lefébure-Wély popular organ works – Meridian Records CDE 84296
* Carols from Salisbury – the Cathedral Choir conducted by Richard Seal, accompanied by Colin Walsh – Meridian Records CDE 84068
* Vierne Organ Symphonies 1 & 2 – Meridian Records CDE 84192
* Vierne Organ Symphonies 3 & 4 – Meridian Records CDE 84176
* Vierne Organ Symphonies 5 & 6 – Meridian Records CDE 84171
* Liszt organ works – Meridian Records CDE 84060
* "In the Pleasant Groves" music by Handel – Meridian Records CDE 84157
* César Franck complete organ works – BIS Records BIS CD 214/215
* Duets for organ with Hans Fagius – BIS Records BIS CD 273
* Boëllmann Suite Gothique, opus 25, Mulet "Tu es petra", Jongen Sonata Eroica, opus 94, Gigout menuetto – Saga Classics SDC 9033
* Widor Symphony 5 (complete), Symphony 6 (1st mvt), Symphony 8 (Adagio only) – Saga Classics SDC 9048 (Re-issued 1/2016 with the contents of SDC 9033 on Alto ALC 1292)
* Franck Grande Pièce Symphonique, opus 17 – Resonance 445 014 – 2

## Publications

* "Magnificat & Nunc Dimittis (St. Paul's Service)" (SSA & organ) – Banks Music Publications
* "Magnificat & Nunc Dimittis (St. Paul’s Service)" (SATB & organ) – Banks Music Publications
* "O Filii et Filiae" (SATB, Congregation & (two) organ(s)) – Banks Music Publications
* "Mass for the Parishes" (SATB and organ, with optional congregational participation) – Banks Music Publications
* "Missa Brevis" (SSA & organ) – United Music Publishers
* "Go Forth into the World in Peace (A Blessing)" (SATB & organ) – Banks Music Publications
* "Let All the World in Every Corner Sing" (SATB, baritone soloist and organ) – Banks Music Publications
* "Father, We Thank Thee for the Night" (S and optional A, and organ) – Banks Music Publications
* "Salve Regina" (SATB, unaccompanied) – Banks Music Publications
* "Spring Rising!" (SATB, soloists and piano) – Banks Music Publications
* "Sweet Was the Song the Virgin Sang" (SATB, unaccompanied) – Banks Music Publications
* "Shepherds, Shake Off Your Drowsy Sleep!" (SATB & organ) – Banks Music Publications
* "Whence is That Goodly Fragrance?" (SATB & organ) – Banks Music Publications
* "From East to West" (SATB & organ) – Oxford University Press
* "Christmas Day" (SATB & organ) – Oxford University Press
* "The Sun Has Got His Hat on" (close harmony arrangement) – Banks Music Publications
* "Sonata Forte Piano per Organo" – Banks Music Publications
* "Nocturne" – Banks Music Publications
* "Prelude and Fugue for St. Paul’s" – Banks Music Publications
* "Petite Suite Française" – Banks Music Publications
* "Four Miniature Ostinatos" – Banks Music Publications
* "Marche Européenne" – Banks Music Publications
* "A Christmas Rhapsody" – Banks Music Publications
* "Play the Organ, Volumes 1 & 2" – Novello
* "Lakeland String Suite" – Banks Music Publications
* "Introduction, Passacaglia & Fugue in E flat minor" Healey Willan – Oxford University Press
* "Voluntary in C by Johann Pepusch" – Oxford University Press
* *Favourite Organ Music* by J. A. Lefébure-Wély, 2 volumes – Oxford University Press

1. David Sanger's prior personal website. Unsigned, 31 May 2010,  Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 3 June 2010.
2. telegraph.co.uk, 29 May 2010. "Organist on child abuse charges found dead". Accessed 30 May 2010.
3. *RCO News*, 1 June 2010, "David Sanger 1947-2010". Accessed 2 June 2010.
4. *News & Star*, 27 May 2010, "Acclaimed Cumbrian organist on child sex charges Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 30 May 2010.
5. *Organ Survey*""
6. BBC News, 28 May 2010, "Acclaimed organist accused of sex offences found dead". Accessed 30 May 2010.
7. *News & Star*, 2 June 2010, "Inquest opened into death of Cumbrian child sex accused Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 15 June 2010.
8. "Ballet star shows off charity portraits". *timesandstar.co.uk*. 13 December 2000. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012.
9. "Organist Sanger killed himself 'over child sex charges'". BBC News. 18 January 2011.
10. "Banks Music Publishing". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2010.


title: Lake Iroquois (Illinois)

abstract: Lake Iroquois is a freshwater reservoir located in west Loda, Illinois in Iroquois County, 13.6 miles (21.9 km) from Onarga. The lake is 20–50 ft from Bayles Lake, the two lakes are separated by a road on the north side of Bayles Lake.

text:
# Lake Iroquois (Illinois)

**Lake Iroquois** is a freshwater reservoir located in west Loda, Illinois in Iroquois County, 13.6 miles (21.9 km) from Onarga. The lake is 20–50 ft from Bayles Lake, the two lakes are separated by a road on the north side of Bayles Lake.

## Fishing

**Lake Iroquois** is annually stocked with many fish species. Fishermen will find a variety of fish including muskie, whitefish, carp, channel catfish, blue catfish, sunfish, largemouth bass, walleye, smallmouth bass, white catfish, striped bass, flathead catfish, crappie, bluegill, white bass, rock bass, bullhead, panfish, white perch here. Fishing is well known in this area being **Lake Iroquois** or Bayles Lake,

## History

## InfoBox

| Lake Iroquois | |
| --- | --- |
| Lake IroquoisLake Iroquois | |
| Location | Iroquois County, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 40°32′24″N 88°05′42″W / 40.54000°N 88.09500°W / 40.54000; -88.09500 |
| Type | reservoir |
| Primary inflows | none (spring fed) |
| Primary outflows | none (spring fed) |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 0.5 mi (0.80 km) |
| Max. width | 0.3 mi (0.48 km) |
| Surface area | 65 acres (26 ha) |
| Average depth | 8–15 ft (2.4–4.6 m) |
| Max. depth | 35 ft (11 m) |
| Surface elevation | 718 feet (219 m) |
|  | |
| Frozen | winter |
| Settlements | Loda, Illinois |
| References |  |


title: Schizocosa stridulans

abstract: Schizocosa stridulans is a sibling species of S. ocreata and S. rovneri and is part of the wolf spider family. The name of the genus comes from the epigynum structure being lycosid and having a split T excavation. This spider is well-known for its specific leg ornamentation and courtship rituals and that is how it has been differentiated from its related species. The S. stridulans take systematic steps during its courtship ritual, which involves two independent signals. More specifically, female spiders will leave silk and pheromones to communicate that they are ready to mate.

text:
# Schizocosa stridulans

***Schizocosa stridulans*** is a sibling species of *S. ocreata* and *S. rovneri* and is part of the wolf spider family. The name of the genus comes from the epigynum structure (external female genitalia) being lycosid and having a split T excavation. This spider is well-known for its specific leg ornamentation and courtship rituals and that is how it has been differentiated from its related species. The *S. stridulans* take systematic steps during its courtship ritual, which involves two independent signals. More specifically, female spiders will leave silk and pheromones to communicate that they are ready to mate.

## Physical and anatomical characteristics

### Appearance

These are medium to large wolf spiders with strong legs and a sharp vision. Their body size ranges from less than 10 mm to about 35 mm. Wolf spiders have eight eyes present in 3 rows, with 4 small eyes in the bottom row, 2 large eyes in the middle, and 2 medium-sized eyes at the top. The *Schizocosa* genus is known for striking light and dark bands seen on the spider’s carapace (upper section of the exoskeleton) and abdomen. It was initially thought that this species was a hybrid of the *S. ocreata* and the *S. rovneri*, however studies conducted to compare behaviors of hybrids and *S. stridulans* emphasized that they are indeed separate species. *S. stridulans* males lack the bristles on the first leg pair when matured, however there are regions of dark pigmentation on the tibia, patella, and distal area of the femur. This species is also smaller in size compared to the sisters *S. ocreata* and *S. rovneri*. There are only minor differences in the appearances of the male and female, so there does not seem to be pronounced sexual dimorphism. The ornamental marking on the forelegs are important for courtship.

Males have a brown carapace with a pale middle band and yellow brown sternum; the margins are smooth and there is a narrowing in the posterior third region of the carapace. The brown chelicerae appendages are setaceous and they consist of three uneven teeth on the promargin and three even teeth on the retromargin of the fang furrow. The legs are usually yellow with dark streaks on the femur and tibia, and leg I commonly has black pigmentation of the tibia and patella, also known as a “five-o-clock shadow”. On the tibia, there are short black hairs present and the abdomen has a heart mark in most specimens. There is a median apophysis which is undulating and convex, and a thickened margin terminal apophysis.

Females have comparable coloration to the males of these species, the appearance of the sexes differing mainly in bands and excavations. The chelicerae (mouthparts) match those observed in the males. On the prosoma (cephalothorax), they display a pale median band behind the eyes. The transverse piece has marked paired excavations which meet at the midline and these excavation distances vary from nearly no space to about the width of one excavation.

## Speciation

*Schizocosa stridulans* and their sister species *S. ocreata* and *S. rovneri* are thought to be ethospecies that are distinctive in behavior but not easily distinguished morphologically. Since these sympatric pairs differ in courtship behaviors, they were provided with the status of being separate species from the results of interbreeding studies. Their speciation is thought to have originated due to allochrony.

## Distribution

### Habitat

This species shares the geographic distribution of its sister species *S. rovneri* and *S. ocreata*. Their general habitat is humid, moist areas in leaf litters, usually in oak or oak hickory forests. There is sometimes co-occurrence of *S. stridulans* with its sister species, otherwise most of the time the populations are found alone. It is usually courting behavior that allows for clear distinction between *S. stridulans* and *S. ocreata* and *S. rovneri* when the populations intermingle.

### Burrows

Wolf spiders do not spin webs, rather they create burrows in which they live. In order to move in and out of the burrows, silken doors are developed at the entrance to the burrows. During heavy rains, these spiders uses pebbles, turrets, and twigs to prevent flood water from entering their well built burrows. The distribution of *S. stridulans* in their range depends on the type of habitat and the level of disturbance. The intraspecific densities vary to some extent between post oak woodlands and disturbed habitats, however *S. stridulans* is less affected by these discrepancies compared to its sister species *S. rovneri* and *S. ocreata*.

### Range

The genus *Schizocosa* has been spotted in most continents including North America, South America, Asia, and Africa. *S. stridulans* have been found in southeast and midwest US, specifically in the states of Missouri, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.

## Diet

Spiderlings and adults generally share the same diet. Based on the type of prey available, their foraging behavior is adapted accordingly and most spiders have diverse diets and consume a variety of prey types. Some of the common prey are *Collembola*, *Diptera*, and *Ensifer*. *S. stridulans* has to balance its time and energy to forage based on availability of prey and predation frequency. Even during overwintering for both juveniles and adults, there is regular feeding. Something interesting about *S. stridulans* is that they consume the more abundant dietary resource at a lower rate and they focus more energy on foraging the less abundant prey.

### Hunting behavior

Wolf spiders typically are solitary dwellers and hunt for prey alone as well, usually not aggressively. At times, they are opportunistic in hunting and pounce on their desired prey, and they may even chase their prey depending on availability. It is also common for spiders to wait for prey to pass near the entrance of their burrow and then lure them in to eat them. High availability of prey reduces cannibalism rates, otherwise a hungry female will end up eating her male. This gives the female a dietary resource during times of less abundant prey, and also prevents that male of fertilizing other females’ eggs.

## Reproductive behaviors

### Courtship and mating success

The male courtship behavior of *S. stridulans* varies a lot from *S. ocreata* and *S. roverni*. *S. stridulans* males have a courtship ritual involving movements of the palp and first leg pair. This begins when mature females leave silk and pheromones to indicate to the mature males in the area and they are ready to mate. The two components of this ritual are revs and idles which are independent signals; the revs involve flexing the pedipalp and trembling of the abdomen, while the idles are percussive foreleg tapping sounds. Most of the time, the male spiders tend to alternate between stridulation (make noise by rubbing body parts together) and audibly tapping the forelegs. In the courtship display, the seismic courtship signal, which is based on the surrounding environment, is seen to prevail over the visual aspect in order for mating success. Visual signals have a significantly greater importance in the absence of a seismic signal, and this was concluded from experiments using video playbacks of the courtship signals. When there is visual signaling, the detectability of a male is significantly increased, and females are naturally more attracted to ornate displays along with the seismic signals.

Another factor observed to be affecting female choice is diet, and it was shown that high diet females usually mated more with high diet males, whereas low diet females did not differentiate much. In addition, one unique behavior of *S. stridulans* is that whenever courtship rates become especially high, females actively choose to mate with less ornate males because it is correlated to less aggression from the males. Females are more picky when there are high numbers of males available and missing out on copulations is not an issue. The attractive males have a strong advantage when courtship rates are low since they can quickly impress and mate with the female. The tap frequency and the volume of the pulses increases as mounting and copulation is about to happen. In some cases after mating, the female kills and eats her mate, otherwise the males survive to mate with other available females. Males of this species do not try to attract *S. ocreata* or *S. rovneri* females and likewise, females do not allow for courting from males from the sister species.

### Reproduction

The courtship period can range from 3 minutes and 45 seconds to over 43 minutes, as observed in studies. In order to demonstrate receptivity to the male, the female lowers her prosoma (head and thorax), rotates at least 90 degrees, and shakes her forelegs, walking away from and then back toward the male. In the copulation, the male inserts in his palp several times on one side and then continues inserting on the opposite side. The stridulation sounds of *S. stridulans* can be qualitatively distinguished from the bounces of *S. rovneri* and active jerky pulses of the *S. ocreata*. For *S. stridulans*, *S. ocreata*, and *S. rovneri*, the female behavior shares the common components of pivot, turn, and settle.

### Parental care

There is generally little parental care in these wolf spiders because their lifespan is of about 1 year, and parents tend to die within 1–2 months of their offsprings’ birth. These wolf spiders lay their 100 or so eggs in a safe and isolated location. During the short parental care time, female spiders carry around their spherical egg sacs on their spinnerets (organs that produce silk) so they protect them as much as possible. They prevent the egg sac from touching the ground while they move around to hunt by maintaining a raised position of their abdomen. At hatching time, the females rip open their egg sacs and the spiderlings swarm over the female’s body, specifically at the dorsal abdomen. After the spiderlings emerge from the eggs, they stay with their mother only for a few weeks, then they move on to live independently from their parents. *Schizocosa* and other wolf spiders do not carry spiderlings on their back at any point.

## Interspecies interactions

### Enemies

The main predators of wolf spiders are wasps, amphibians, small reptiles, shrews, coyotes, and some spider-eating birds. Several wasp species utilize wolf spiders as a means to incubate their eggs. Wasp mothers paralyze spiders with their stingers for some time and inject their eggs inside and once the larvae develop inside, they consume the spider inside-out. Shrews require constant dietary intake so even though wolf spiders are small meals, they are known to consume many such small spiders just like coyotes. In addition, wolf spiders are susceptible when they venture out alone to hunt, and can be attacked by birds during that time.

### Protective coloration and defense

They depend on camouflage for protection from predators, so their coloration is meant to match the leaf litter in their habitat. This is why the body coloration is dull and there is little flashy ornamentation to unnecessarily attract attention toward itself. *S. stridulans* is known for its agility and this helps them in escaping from predators. If they are attacked aggressively by predators or other competitors, then wolf spiders typically use their strong large jaws to bite. In a life or death situation, a wolf spider might let its leg get bitten off for survival at the moment, though it reduces their quickness and makes them susceptible to attack later on.

## Physiology

Wolf spiders are known for their large eyes which give them an advantage with their keen vision. They also have an abundance of sensitive sensory hairs all over the legs and bodies, adding to their strong sense of touch. Another special aspect of wolf spiders is their grate shaped tapetum lucidum, a reflective tissue present in their four secondary eyes, giving them a visible glow.

### Thermoregulation

#### Overwintering

*Schizocosa stridulans* are rather active in the winter and are seen gaining a considerable amount of weight throughout those months. In the studies conducted by Potts, the spiders had less fluctuating protein levels, however their lipid and carbohydrate counts decreased throughout the winter. During that time, *S. stridulans* accumulated glycerol and a few other previously known cryoprotectants. The spiders are more active on the warmer winter days, and are relatively vulnerable in extremely cold conditions.

## Bites

*Schizocosa stridulans* rarely bite and if they do, it is the result of consistent provocation. Other wolf spiders are known to inject venom, however they cause only mild symptoms such as swelling, rashes, and itching. Certain cases of necrotic bites, those that result in dead tissue, have been seen by South American and Australian spiders but this is infrequent.

## Interactions with humans and livestock

Wolf spiders eat a variety of small nuisance insects, and therefore they are essential to the naturally present population control of their prey and are beneficial to farmers and gardeners.

## InfoBox

| *Schizocosa stridulans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Schizocosa* |
| Species: | ***S. stridulans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schizocosa stridulans***<br>Stratton, 1984 | |
|


title: Battle of San Lorenzo River

abstract: The battle of the San Lorenzo River was the first engagement between Paraguayan and Argentine forces in the Paraguayan War. The combat took place near the San Lorenzo River, in Argentina, on April 28, 1865 during the Corrientes Campaign and ended with the victory of the Paraguayans.

text:
# Battle of San Lorenzo River

The **battle of the San Lorenzo River** was the first engagement between Paraguayan and Argentine forces in the Paraguayan War. The combat took place near the San Lorenzo River, in Argentina, on April 28, 1865 during the Corrientes Campaign and ended with the victory of the Paraguayans.

## The battle

A Paraguayan cavalry regiment of 50 horsemen under the command of Lieutenant José de Jesús Martínez was surrounded by 400 well-equipped Argentine horsemen, close to the San Lorenzo river. After the Paraguayan commander's refusal to surrender, the Argentines began a series of attacks on the regiment, with the Paraguayans resisting and breaking the siege, managing to escape. The number of casualties on the Argentine side is not known. Paraguay had 4 riders killed and several wounded.

## InfoBox

| Battle of San Lorenzo River | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Paraguayan War | |
| Date April 28, 1865  Location San Lorenzo River, Argentina  Result  Paraguayan victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Paraguay | Argentina |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| José de Jesús Matínez | Unknown |
| Strength | |
| 50 horsemen | 400 horsemen |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 4 killed | 200 killed and wounded |


title: Sirsiya Khalwatola

abstract: Sirsiya Khalwatola is a village development committee in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3674 people living in 544 individual households.

text:
# Sirsiya Khalwatola

**Sirsiya Khalwatola**  is a village development committee in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3674 people living in 544 individual households.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

## InfoBox

| Sirsiya Khalwatola सिर्सिया खलवाटोला | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| Sirsiya KhalwatolaLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 27°04′N 84°47′E / 27.06°N 84.79°E / 27.06; 84.79 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Narayani Zone |
| District | Parsa District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 3,674 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Catford loop line

abstract: The Catford loop line is a railway line in southeast London. It carries a suburban stopping passenger service from central London to Sevenoaks, and is also a relief route for the Chatham Main Line carrying passenger trains from London Victoria to the Kent coast. There is also much freight activity as this is the main route to Willesden and the north via Latchmere Junction. Freight traffic includes aggregates trains to and from locations along the Thames estuary, and Kent, aviation fuel running between Colnbrook and the Isle of Grain, and a small number of international workings from the Channel Tunnel via the yard at Dollands Moor. Until around 2013, a significant quantity of intermodal traffic from Thamesport used the line - however, the opening of London Gateway meant that the larger container ships stopped serving Thamesport and this traffic then ceased. The line begins at Brixton Junction, where it diverges from the Chatham Main Line, and ends when it rejoins the Chatham Main Line at Shortlands Junction, west of Shortlands station.

text:
# Catford loop line

The **Catford loop line** is a railway line in southeast London. It carries a suburban stopping passenger service from central London to Sevenoaks, and is also a relief route for the Chatham Main Line carrying passenger trains from London Victoria to the Kent coast. There is also much freight activity as this is the main route to Willesden and the north via Latchmere Junction. Freight traffic includes aggregates trains to and from locations along the Thames estuary, and Kent, aviation fuel running between Colnbrook (for Heathrow) and the Isle of Grain, and a small number of international workings from the Channel Tunnel via the yard at Dollands Moor. Until around 2013, a significant quantity of intermodal traffic from Thamesport used the line - however, the opening of London Gateway meant that the larger container ships stopped serving Thamesport and this traffic then ceased.

The line begins at Brixton Junction, where it diverges from the Chatham Main Line, and ends when it rejoins the Chatham Main Line (now extended to pairs of fast and slow lines) at Shortlands Junction, west of Shortlands station.

## Stations

## History

Incorporated as the Shortlands and Nunhead Railway in 1889 it was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway on 1 July 1892. The line left the former Crystal Palace High Level branch and the Nunhead to Lewisham link (the former Greenwich Park branch) at a junction east of Nunhead.

The five stations on the original route were:

The length of the Catford Loop is nearly eight miles (12.5 km).

The line was electrified with the other SECR urban routes on 12 July 1925 by the Southern Railway on its 660 DC third-rail system.

As of 12 January 2015, Southeastern operates an hourly service from London Victoria to Dover Priory over the line; Denmark Hill is the only station on the line called at by this service. All other services originate from London Blackfriars and Thameslink Core and call at all stations.

## Services

The service in June 2022 is:

Off-peak / weekends:

* 2tph London Blackfriars via Elephant and Castle
* 2tph Kentish Town via Elephant and Castle (currently suspended)
* 1tph London Victoria (calling only at Denmark Hill)
* 2tph Sevenoaks via Swanley
* 2tph Orpington (currently suspended)
* 1tph Gillingham via Chatham (calling only at Denmark Hill)

Peak

* 2tph Welwyn Garden City via Elephant and Castle
* 2tph Luton via London Blackfriars
* 2tph London Victoria (calling only at Denmark Hill)
* 2tph Sevenoaks via Swanley
* 2tph Orpington
* 2tph Gillingham via Chatham (calling only at Denmark Hill + some at Crofton Park and Bellingham)

## InfoBox

| Catford loop line | |
| --- | --- |
| Southeastern Class 465 at Peckham Rye in 2014 | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Operational |
| Owner | Network Rail |
| Locale | Greater London |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 8 |
| Service | |
| Type | Suburban rail, Heavy rail |
| System | National Rail |
| Services | 1 |
| Operator(s) |  |
| Depot(s) | Grove Park |
| Rolling stock | Class 700
Class 375 "Electrostar"
Class 465 "Networker"
Class 466 "Networker" |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 July 1892 |
| Technical | |
| Number of tracks | 2 |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Electrification | 750 V DC third rail |
| Operating speed | Maximum 60 mph (97 km/h) |
| Route map
(Click to expand) | |


title: Shop LC

abstract: Shop LC, formerly known as Liquidation Channel and The Jewelry Channel, is an American cable television network based in Austin, Texas, which mainly specializes in selling jewelry. The network is a subsidiary of the Indian-based Vaibhav Global Limited. The network's reach is approximately 77 million households in the United States. The network sells inventory in a reverse auction format. It additionally airs late nights on the American broadcast networks Retro TV, LATV, and TeleXitos through a time brokerage agreement, along with varied digital subchannel coverage nationwide. The channel primarily sells jewelry, beauty, fashion, home decor and lifestyle products.

text:
# Shop LC

**Shop LC**, formerly known as **Liquidation Channel** and **The Jewelry Channel**, is an American cable television network based in Austin, Texas, which mainly specializes in selling jewelry. The network is a subsidiary of the Indian-based Vaibhav Global Limited.

The network's reach is approximately 77 million households in the United States. The network sells inventory in a reverse auction format. It additionally airs late nights on the American broadcast networks Retro TV, LATV, and TeleXitos through a time brokerage agreement, along with varied digital subchannel coverage nationwide. The channel primarily sells jewelry, beauty, fashion, home decor and lifestyle products.

## History

Shop LC was originally launched as The Jewelry Channel in 2007.

In 2009, The Jewelry Channel was renamed as Liquidation Channel and switched over to a discount liquidation model in 2009 due to a lack of demand for luxury items in the Great Recession, and to reduce confusion with the already-existing Jewelry Television. The channel originally expected to liquidate merchandise and cease operations.

Jewelry Television sued Liquidation Channel for infringement of a reverse auction patent in June 2013. In October 2015, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board invalidated Jewelry Television's "abstract ideas" patent based on the previous *Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International* ruling. On May 28, 2015, two customers sued the channel over falsely advertised discounts.

On January 9, 2017, Liquidation Channel officially rebranded itself as Shop LC; it had already removed all uses of the Liquidation Channel branding in full throughout 2016, branding solely as "LC". The meaning of the LC abbreviation was also changed so the channel's name now stands for "Shop Low-Cost". Kevin Lyons, president of Shop LC, stated that the rebrand to Shop LC is "about evolution". In addition to the name change, Shop LC designed new broadcast studios, updated television and website graphics and expanded its corporate headquarters.

In early 2021, Vaibhav Global came to terms with Hearst Television to carry the network on that station group's subchannels in a number of major markets, and has also added other broadcast subchannel affiliates throughout the United States to extend its coverage. The Hearst deal ended on May 1, 2022.

On November 18, 2021, it was announced that Shop LC would relocate from Austin proper to suburban Cedar Park by 2024, with the encouragement of sales tax and job creation incentives to build a production, office, and warehouse facility planned to be 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2).

## InfoBox

Shop LC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | United States |
| Broadcast area | United States and Canada |
| Headquarters | Cedar Park, Texas |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Picture format | 1080i (HDTV)
480i (SDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Vaibhav Global |
| Sister channels | The Jewellery Channel (United Kingdom) |
| History | |
| Launched | 2007 (2007) |
| Former names | The Jewelry Channel (2007-09)
Liquidation Channel (2009-16) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.shoplc.com |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Available over the air in select markets | Check local listings |
| Streaming media | |
| Digital media receiver | Roku channel |
| Live stream | Watch live |
|  | |


title: Universidad de Morón

abstract: The Universidad de Morón is a private university located in Morón, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, and was founded in 1960. Ten faculties offer courses on Agronomy and Agro-alimentary Sciences; Architecture, Design, Art and Urbanism; Law, Political and Social Sciences; Exact, Chemical, and Material Sciences; Philosophy, Education Sciences, and Humanities; Information, Communication Sciences, and Special Techniques; Engineering; Medicine; Applied Tourism Sciences and Population.

text:
# Universidad de Morón

The **Universidad de Morón** (University of Morón) is a private university located in Morón, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, and was founded in 1960.

Ten faculties offer courses on Agronomy and Agro-alimentary Sciences; Architecture, Design, Art and Urbanism; Law, Political and Social Sciences; Exact, Chemical, and Material Sciences; Philosophy, Education Sciences, and Humanities; Information, Communication Sciences, and Special Techniques; Engineering; Medicine; Applied Tourism Sciences and Population.

## History

The Universidad de Morón was inaugurated on May 18, 1960. At the time of its inauguration, the university possessed two academic units: the School of Law and Social Sciences and the School of Arts.

34°38′48″S 58°37′12″W / 34.64667°S 58.62000°W / -34.64667; -58.62000

## InfoBox

University of Morón.
| Universidad de Morón | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1960 |
| Rector | Dr. Héctor Noberto Porto Lemma |
| Location | Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | http://www.unimoron.edu.ar/ |


title: The Horn Book Magazine

abstract: The Horn Book Magazine, founded in Boston in 1924, is the oldest bimonthly magazine dedicated to reviewing children's literature. It began as a "suggestive purchase list" prepared by Bertha Mahony and Elinor Whitney Field, proprietors of the country's first bookstore for children, The Bookshop for Boys and Girls. Opened in 1916 in Boston as a project of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union, the bookshop closed in 1936, but The Horn Book Magazine continues in its mission to "blow the horn for fine books for boys and girls" as Mahony wrote in her first editorial. In each bimonthly issue, The Horn Book Magazine includes articles about issues and trends in children's literature, essays by artists and authors, and reviews of new books and paperback reprints for children. Articles are written by the staff and guest reviewers, including librarians, teachers, historians and booksellers. The January issue includes the speeches of the winners of the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, and each July issue includes the same from the winners of the year's Newbery Medal and Caldecott Medal. The Fanfare list, published in December, is the editors' selection of the best children's and young adult books of the year. No lists were published from 1941 to 1945, or 1955 to 1958. The Horn Book Magazine also publishes The Horn Book Guide twice a year. Books are given a brief review and a rating from one to six. The Horn Book Guide reviews almost every children's book published in the U.S. The Horn Book was purchased in 2009 by Media Source Inc. (MSI), owner of the Junior Library Guild, Library Journal and School Library Journal in 2010.

text:
# The Horn Book Magazine

***The Horn Book Magazine***, founded in Boston in 1924, is the oldest bimonthly magazine dedicated to reviewing children's literature. It began as a "suggestive purchase list" prepared by Bertha Mahony and Elinor Whitney Field, proprietors of the country's first bookstore for children, The Bookshop for Boys and Girls. Opened in 1916 in Boston as a project of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union, the bookshop closed in 1936, but *The Horn Book Magazine* continues in its mission to "blow the horn for fine books for boys and girls" as Mahony wrote in her first editorial.

In each bimonthly issue, *The Horn Book Magazine* includes articles about issues and trends in children's literature, essays by artists and authors, and reviews of new books and paperback reprints for children. Articles are written by the staff and guest reviewers, including librarians, teachers, historians and booksellers. The January issue includes the speeches of the winners of the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, and each July issue includes the same from the winners of the year's Newbery Medal and Caldecott Medal. The Fanfare list, published in December, is the editors' selection of the best children's and young adult books of the year. No lists were published from 1941 to 1945, or 1955 to 1958.

*The Horn Book Magazine* also publishes *The Horn Book Guide* twice a year. Books are given a brief review and a rating from one to six. *The Horn Book Guide* reviews almost every children's book published in the U.S.

*The Horn Book* was purchased in 2009 by Media Source Inc. (MSI), owner of the Junior Library Guild, *Library Journal* and *School Library Journal* in 2010.

## InfoBox

*The Horn Book Magazine*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Editor | Roger Sutton |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Founder | Bertha Mahony Miller and Elinor Whitney Field |
| Founded | 1924 |
| Company | Media Source Inc. |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Boston |
| Language | English |
| Website | www.hbook.com |
| ISSN | 0018-5078 |


title: David Senior

abstract: David Senior is a former World Professional Rally co-driver. He competed at 115 WRC rallies. He was the winner of the British Rally Championship in 1995.

text:
# David Senior

**David Senior** (born 31 March 1964 in Barnsley, Yorkshire, England) is a former World Professional Rally co-driver. He competed at 115 WRC rallies. He was the winner of the British Rally Championship in 1995.

## Career

David Senior's rally career began in 1980 while rallying in local road rallies. He connected with David Young in a Mk II Ford escort and in 1986 the two joined the British Junior Rally Team. Senior met Alister McRae while co-driving for Andy Knight in 1988 and began a partnership with him in 1989 which lasted for 15 years. In 1992, they won the inaugural Shell Scholarship Competition and the British Group N title where many other winning groups participated. They also became the first crew to win a round of the National Rally Championship outright in a Group N car during the Granite City Rally.

Senior's first full-time contract came in 1993 when he signed for the Prodrive Junior Team, along with Alister and his teammates, Richard Burns and Robert Reid.

Senior joined Nissan team in 1994 and after teething problems with the car during that season, he went on to win the British Rally Championship in 1995.

1996 only brought a few one off outings in various cars, but in 1997, the pair signed for VW to do the BRC and selected World events. In a famous showdown in the Isle of Man, they looked on course to be heading for a second BRC title when suspension failure catapulted them into a spectacular roll in the yellow Sony VW Golf.

During 1998, they were approached by Hyundai who were building their first Formula Two car and would progress with a full WRC in 2000. On Rally New Zealand in 2000 Alister and David scored Hyundai's fastest time ever on the Te Akao south stage. In Portugal in 2001 they scored the first manufacturers point for Hyundai and the season ended with a fourth place overall on Rally GB.

In 2002 they signed for Mitsubishi Ralliart on a 2 year deal. However, Mitsubishi's first WRC car was never truly competitive and their best result was 5th in Sweden. In September Alister suffered a mountain bike accident and they missed the rest of the season.  In December 2002 Mitsubishi announced they were pulling out of competition in 2003 to test and develop the new car. In 2003 whilst developing the car they gained a 6th place finish on Rally New Zealand.

## InfoBox

David Senior
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | British |
| World Rally Championship record | |
| Active years | 1986–2009 |
| Driver | Alister McRae |
| Teams | Hyundai World Rally Team<br>Mitsubishi Ralliart |
| Rallies | 116 |
| Rally wins | 0 |
| Podiums | 0 |


title: 2017 Scottish Rally Championship

abstract: The Scottish Rally Championship is a rallying series run throughout Scotland over the course of a year, that comprises seven gravel surface events. The 2017 season began in the snow-covered forest tracks around Inverness on 18 February, with the season finale taking place around Castle Douglas on 9 September. Driver Jock Armstrong and regular co-driver Paula Swinscoe started the season as defending champions having won the 2016 Championship. Aberdeen based haulage company ARR Craib sponsored the series for the fifth year in a row. Following the Grampian Stages in August Euan Thorburn and regular co-driver Paul Beaton were declared champions in their Ford Fiesta R5. With only one event left to run the pair were uncatchable in the points table.

text:
# 2017 Scottish Rally Championship

The **Scottish Rally Championship** is a rallying series run throughout Scotland over the course of a year, that comprises seven gravel surface events.

The 2017 season began in the snow-covered forest tracks around Inverness on 18 February, with the season finale taking place around Castle Douglas on 9 September. Driver *Jock Armstrong* and regular co-driver *Paula Swinscoe* started the season as defending champions having won the 2016 Championship.

Aberdeen based haulage company *ARR Craib* sponsored the series for the fifth year in a row.

Following the Grampian Stages in August Euan Thorburn and regular co-driver Paul Beaton were declared champions in their Ford Fiesta R5. With only one event left to run the pair were uncatchable in the points table.

## 2017 calendar

For season 2017 there was seven events held predominantly on gravel surfaces.

| Round | Dates | Event | Rally HQ | Surface | Website |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 18 Feb | Snowman Rally | Inverness | Gravel / Snow | (website) |
| 2 | 18 Mar | Border Counties Rally | Jedburgh | Gravel | (website) |
| 3 | 22 Apr | Speyside Stages Rally | Elgin | Gravel | (website) |
| 4 | 20 May | RSAC Scottish Rally | Dumfries | Gravel | (website) |
| 5 | 24 Jun | Argyll Rally | Dunoon | Gravel | (website) |
| 6 | 12 Aug | Grampian Stages Rally | Banchory | Gravel | (website) |
| 7 | 9 Sep | Galloway Hills Rally | Castle Douglas | Gravel | (website) |

### Calendar changes

Due to calendar changes within the British Rally Championship, the *Scottish Rally*, usually held in June was brought forward to May. June, meanwhile welcomed a new event to the calendar, the *Argyll Rally* which saw a return to the forests of Cowal after an absence of 14 years.

## 2017 events podium

| Round | Rally name | Podium finishers | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Placing | Driver / Co-Driver | Car | Time /
Diff leader
 |
| 1 | Snowman Rally
(18 February) | 1 | David Bogie / Kevin Rae | Škoda Fabia R5 | 37:51 |
| | | 2 | Shaun Sinclair / Jamie Edwards | Subaru Impreza WRC | +0:58 |
| | | 3 | Euan Thorburn / Paul Beaton | Ford Fiesta R5 | +1:20 |
| |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Border Counties Rally
(18 March) | 1 | Jock Armstrong / Paula Swinscoe | Subaru Impreza | 43:32.4 |
| | | 2 | Euan Thorburn / Paul Beaton | Ford Fiesta R5 | +0:30.5 |
| | | 3 | Mike Faulkner / Peter Foy | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX | +0:30.5 |
| |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Speyside Stages
(22 April) | 1 | David Bogie / Andrew Roughead | Škoda Fabia R5 | 51:55 |
| | | 2 | Desi Henry / Liam Moynihan | Škoda Fabia R5 | +0:39 |
| | | 3 | Euan Thorburn / Paul Beaton | Ford Fiesta R5 | +0:42 |
| |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | RSAC Scottish Rally
(20 May) | 1 | Euan Thorburn / Paul Beaton | Ford Fiesta R5 | 42:10.1 |
| | | 2 | Jock Armstrong / Paula Swinscoe | Subaru Impreza | +0:35.2 |
| | | 3 | Shaun Sinclair / Jamie Edwards | Subaru Impreza WRC | +0:58.9 |
| |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Argyll Rally
(24 June) | 1 | Euan Thorburn / Paul Beaton | Ford Fiesta R5 | 32:38 |
| | | 2 | Jock Armstrong / Paula Swinscoe | Subaru Impreza | +0:04 |
| | | 3 | Shaun Sinclair / Jamie Edwards | Subaru Impreza WRC | +0:31 |
| |  |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Grampian Stages Rally
(12 August) | 1 | David Bogie / Kevin Rae | Škoda Fabia R5 | 41:17 |
| | | 2 | Euan Thorburn / Paul Beaton | Ford Fiesta R5 | +0:58 |
| | | 3 | Paul Bird / Stuart Louden | Ford Focus WRC | +1:21 |
| |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Galloway Hills Rally
(9 September) | 1 | Jock Armstrong / Cameron Fair | Subaru Impreza | 39:35 |
| | | 2 | Euan Thorburn / Paul Beaton | Ford Fiesta R5 | +0:03 |
| | | 3 | Shaun Sinclair / Jamie Edwards | Subaru Impreza WRC | +0:44 |
| |

Notes

## Drivers' championship standings

| Pos Driver Car TSR
 BCR
 SSR
 SCO
 ARG
 GSR
 GHR
  Points  1 Euan Thorburn Ford Fiesta R5 27 28 28 30 30 28 \** 171  2 Jock Armstrong Subaru Impreza 26 30 21\* 28 28 27 30 169  3 Shaun Sinclair Subaru Impreza WRC 28 3\* 26 27 27 26 28 162  4 Mike Faulkner Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 9 21 27 27 26 25 25 Ret 151  5 Mark McCulloch Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 9 22\* 25 23 24 26 24 26 148  6 Michael Binnie Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 5 Ret 19 17 21 21 21 25 124  7 Donnie Macdonald Ford Fiesta R5 20 12 22 23 DNS 22 24 123  8 Iain Wilson Subaru Impreza 16 22 14 Ret 19 18 23 112  9 Simon Hay Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 6 15 15 16 19 23 20 Ret 108  10 Rory Young Ford Fiesta R5 25 26 DNS 25 DNS DNS 27 103  Pos Driver Car TSR
 BCR
 SSR
 SCO
 ARG
 GSR
 GHR
  Points | Colour Result  Gold Winner  Silver 2nd place  Bronze 3rd place  Green Non-podium finish  Purple Did not finish (DNF)  Black Disqualified (DSQ)  Blank Did not start (DNS)  Blue Nominated dropped points |
| --- | --- |

\** Euan Thorburn finished second overall on the Galloway Hills Rally but, having already won the SRC title, was not registered for SRC points. This was to avoid affecting championship runner-up positions.

Points are awarded to the highest placed registered drivers on each event as follows: 30, 28, 27, 26, and so on down to 1 point. At the end of the season, competitors nominate their best 6 scores out of the 7 events as their final overall Championship score.

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2. "Armstrong takes second title as rallying gods curse Pearson". *SRC*. SRC. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
3. "Bogie grabs Grampian as Thorburn seals SRC title". *SRC*. SRC. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
4. "SACC Events Calendar 2017 Calendar". *SACC*. SACC. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
5. "Rally Results from Scotland & Beyond..." *FlyingFinish.co.uk*. Flying Finish. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
6. "Current Standings". *SRC*. Scottish Rally Championship. Retrieved 10 September 2017.