title: KRI Nanggala (402)

abstract: KRI Nanggala (402), also known as Nanggala II, was one of two Cakra-class Type 209/1300 diesel-electric attack submarines of the Indonesian Navy. It sank following an implosion in April 2021. Ordered in 1977, Nanggala was launched in 1980 and commissioned in 1981. It conducted intelligence gathering operations in the Indian Ocean and around East Timor and North Kalimantan. It was a participant of the international Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training naval exercise and conducted a passing exercise with USS Oklahoma City. The vessel underwent major refits by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) in 2012 and Indonesian state-owned shipyard PT PAL in 2020. On 21 April 2021, the ship went missing during a routine exercise in the Bali Sea. It was commanded by Colonel Harry Setyawan, and had 49 crewmembers and 3 weapon specialists on board. The Indonesian Navy, assisted by other countries, conducted a search, and three days later debris was discovered 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the point of last contact, and Nanggala was declared sunk. There were no survivors; all 53 people on board the ship died. On 26 April, the Indonesian government awarded posthumous promotions to everyone aboard the ship. The cause of the sinking is presumed to be a power outage. Nanggala had experienced outages before but recovered successfully. Lt. Col. Heri Oktavian, who was killed in the incident, had previously voiced his frustrations about the maintenance of the ship; he claimed that the workmanship quality and maintenance services performed by state-owned naval dockyard PT PAL were unsatisfactory.

text:
# KRI Nanggala (402)

**KRI *Nanggala* (402)**, also known as ***Nanggala II***, was one of two *Cakra*-class Type 209/1300 diesel-electric attack submarines of the Indonesian Navy. It sank following an implosion in April 2021.

Ordered in 1977, *Nanggala* was launched in 1980 and commissioned in 1981. It conducted intelligence gathering operations in the Indian Ocean and around East Timor and North Kalimantan. It was a participant of the international Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training naval exercise and conducted a passing exercise with USS *Oklahoma City*. The vessel underwent major refits by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) in 2012 and Indonesian state-owned shipyard PT PAL in 2020.

On 21 April 2021, the ship went missing during a routine exercise in the Bali Sea. It was commanded by Colonel Harry Setyawan, and had 49 crewmembers and 3 weapon specialists on board. The Indonesian Navy, assisted by other countries, conducted a search, and three days later debris was discovered 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the point of last contact, and *Nanggala* was declared sunk. There were no survivors; all 53 people on board the ship died. On 26 April, the Indonesian government awarded posthumous promotions to everyone aboard the ship.

The cause of the sinking is presumed to be a power outage. *Nanggala* had experienced outages before but recovered successfully. Lt. Col. Heri Oktavian, who was killed in the incident, had previously voiced his frustrations about the maintenance of the ship; he claimed that the workmanship quality and maintenance services performed by state-owned naval dockyard PT PAL were unsatisfactory.

## Name

The submarine was named after the *Nanggala*, a powerful, divine short spear wielded by Prabhu Baladewa, a Hindu god mentioned in the *Mahabharata* and a character in *wayang* puppet theatre. Legend states that the spear is capable of melting mountains and splitting oceans.

The vessel was also known as *Nanggala II* in order to differentiate it from RI *Nanggala* (S-02), an older Whiskey-class submarine sharing the same name.

## Design and construction

Periscope (above) and control room, in 2017 after South Korean refit

KRI *Nanggala* was ordered on 2 April 1977 and was financed as part of a US$625 million loan by the West German government to the Indonesian government. About $100 million was spent on the submarine and its sister vessel, KRI *Cakra*. The vessel was designed by Ingenieurkontor Lübeck of Lübeck, constructed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Kiel, and sold by Ferrostaal of Essen – all acting together as a West German consortium.

*Nanggala* was laid down on 14 March 1978 and launched on 10 September 1980. It was tested in West German waters before it was handed over to Indonesia on 6 July 1981.

*Nanggala* left West Germany in early August 1981 with 38 crew members under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Armand Aksyah. The submarine was first presented to the public on the 36th anniversary of the Indonesian National Armed Forces on 5 October 1981. Sixteen days later, it was commissioned by the Minister of Defense and Security, General M. Jusuf.

## Historical context

During the 1960s, Indonesia was known as one of the largest Asian naval powers, with 12 Soviet-made Whiskey-class submarines in its fleet. However, by 1981, during the New Order, when *Cakra* and *Nanggala* arrived in Indonesia to reinforce the country's naval defenses, only one of the 12 Whiskey-class submarines had still retained the ability to dive. The Indonesian government had planned to purchase a Type 206A submarine from Germany in the late 1990s, but was unable to do so due to funding issues.

During the beginning of the Reform Era, an embargo on military equipment imposed by the U.S., as well as continuing financial problems experienced as a result of the Asian financial crisis, meant that the Indonesian Navy was unable to procure any additional submarines until 2017. As a result, *Cakra* and *Nanggala* were the only active submarines in the Indonesian Navy between the decommissioning of KRI *Pasopati* in 1994 and the commissioning of KRI *Nagapasa* in 2017.

By 2020, Indonesia had made plans to own and operate eight submarines by 2024.

## Service history

*Nanggala* participated in several naval exercises, including the Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training exercises in 2002 and 2015. In 2004, the boat participated in the Joint Marine Operations Exercise held in the Indian Ocean, during which it sank the decommissioned KRI *Rakata*. In August 2012, the boat conducted a passing exercise with USS *Oklahoma City*, accompanied by KRI *Diponegoro* and a Bölkow-Blohm helicopter.

The submarine conducted a number of intelligence-gathering operations in the waters around Indonesia, including one in the Indian Ocean from April to May 1992, and another around East Timor from August to October 1999, in which the boat tracked the movements of the International Force East Timor as it landed in the region. During May 2005, the submarine was tasked with scouting, infiltrating, and hunting down strategic targets around Ambalat, after Indonesian KRI *Tedong Naga* and Malaysian KD *Rencong* were involved in a minor collision near the area.

*Nanggala* underwent a refit at Howaldtswerke that was completed in 1989. Roughly two decades later, the boat underwent a full refit for two years in South Korea by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) that was completed in January 2012. The refit cost US$63.7 million, replaced much of the submarine's upper structure, and upgraded its weaponry, sonar, radar, combat control and propulsion systems. After the refit, *Nanggala* became capable of firing four torpedoes simultaneously at four different targets and launching anti-ship missiles such as Exocet or Harpoon. Its safe diving depth was increased to 257 metres (843 ft), and its top speed was increased from 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h) to 25 knots (46 km/h). In November 2016, the submarine was equipped with an ASELSAN KULAÇ echosounder system.

In 2012, three crew members of the *Nanggala* died in a failed torpedo launch exercise. The submarine was then sent to South Korea for repair.

## Sinking

On 21 April 2021, Air Chief Marshal Hadi Tjahjanto, Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, reported that *Nanggala* was believed to have disappeared in waters about 95 km (51 nautical miles) north of Bali. Indonesian Navy spokesperson First Admiral Julius Widjojono stated that *Nanggala* had been conducting a torpedo drill, but failed to report its results as expected. Further details emerged that *Nanggala* had requested permission to dive to fire an SUT torpedo at 03:00 WIB (20:00 UTC, 20 April). At around 04:00, *Nanggala* should have been flooding its torpedo tubes in preparation for the firing of the torpedo. The last communication with *Nanggala* was at 04:25, when the commanding officer of the training task force would have authorized the firing of torpedo number 8. Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Yudo Margono reported that *Nanggala* had fired a live torpedo and a practice torpedo before contact was lost.

The navy sent a distress call to the International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office at around 09:37 to report the boat as missing and presumably sunk. The navy stated that it was possible that *Nanggala* experienced a power outage before falling to a depth of 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft). Widjojono stated that *Nanggala* was able to dive to a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft). The deepest areas of the Bali Sea are over 1,500 m (4,900 ft) below sea level. It was also reported that the underwater telephone (UWT) of the submarine was defective during the drill, hampering communications between the boat and rescue vessels in the area.

At the time it went missing, *Nanggala* had 53 people on board: 49 crew members, 1 commander, and 3 weapons specialists. The highest-ranking naval officer in the submarine was Colonel Harry Setyawan, the commander of the submarine unit of the 2nd Fleet Command. Subordinates with him were Lieutenant Colonel Heri Oktavian, the commander of the submarine, and Lieutenant Colonel Irfan Suri, an officer from the Weapons Materials and Electronics Service.

At noon on 22 April, Yudo Margono stated that the oxygen reserves on *Nanggala* would be sufficient for the entire crew and passengers for three days after it had submerged, noting that the oxygen would run out on Saturday, 24 April, at 03:00 (20:00 UTC, 23 April). Submarine experts stated that submarines have backup systems that may provide sufficient oxygen for some time depending on the state of the equipment. A crisis center equipped with an ambulance and a mobile hyperbaric chamber was established at the 2nd Fleet Command headquarters in Surabaya. The center was also a source of information for the media and families of the submarine crew members.

Indonesian president Joko Widodo stated that the safety of the crew of *Nanggala* was of top priority and invited everyone to pray for the crew's safety.

## Rescue efforts

On 21 April around 07:00, an aerial search revealed traces of an oil spill on the surface of the water near the location where the submarine was believed to have dived. Indonesian Navy deployed three warships—KRI *Diponegoro*, KRI *Raden Eddy Martadinata*, and KRI *I Gusti Ngurah Rai*—to search for *Nanggala*. Widjojono stated that a team of divers was searching for the boat. *Janes Defence News* also reported that the navy had sent a number of other warships to the area. The governments of Australia, Singapore, and India had responded to Indonesian requests for assistance.

On 22 April, the Indonesian Navy reported that an oil slick had been observed at multiple locations. Indonesian frigate *Raden Eddy Martadinata* had detected movement underwater at a speed of 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h) but was unable to obtain enough information to identify the contact before it disappeared. Admiral Yudo Margono, Chief Staff of Indonesian Navy, also reported that an Indonesian naval vessel had detected an object that was magnetic at a depth of 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 feet).

The Indonesian Navy had deployed six additional ships to the area: KRI *Dr. Soeharso*, KRI *Hasan Basri*, KRI *Karel Satsuitubun*, KRI *Singa*, KRI *Hiu* and KRI *Layang*. Yudo Margono also noted on Thursday that three submarines, five airplanes, and 21 warships had been deployed in the search effort. Submarine KRI *Alugoro* had also joined the search. KRI *Rigel*, a warship with more powerful sonar equipment, was expected to arrive on 23 April. The Republic of Singapore Navy deployed its submarine rescue vessel, MV *Swift Rescue* and the Royal Malaysian Navy sent its MV *Mega Bakti* respectively, to the scene. The Indian Navy announced that their deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) had departed naval facilities at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, en route to the search area. U.S. Department of Defense press secretary John Kirby stated that the department was sending airborne assets to assist in the search. These included a P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft.

On 23 April, the Indonesian National Police also sent four police ships equipped with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and sonar devices. Fleet Commander Australia, Rear Admiral Mark Hammond announced that HMAS *Ballarat* and HMAS *Sirius* would join the search operation. Other nations, including Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, and Thailand, offered assistance.

Lt. Col Heri Oktavian (left) and Colonel Harry Setyawan, commanders aboard *Nanggala* when it sank in 2021

### Discovery

The location where *Nanggala* was found

On 24 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy announced the finding of debris, including a part associated with torpedo tubes, a coolant pipe insulator, a bottle of periscope grease, and prayer rugs. Because the debris was found within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of the point of last contact and no other vessels were believed to be in the area, the debris was believed to have come from the submarine, and *Nanggala* was declared sunk. Yudo Margono stated that a sonar scan had shown the submarine at a depth of 850 m (2,800 ft), and its crush depth was presumed to be 500 m (1,600 ft). Due to the maximum operational depth limitation of 800 m (2,600 ft) of *Rigel*'s two underwater ROVs, *Rigel* was unable to launch them and was assisted by the submarine rescue ship MV *Swift Rescue* of the Republic of Singapore Navy, which launched its 1,000-metre (3,300 ft) depth-capable drone and located and made visual contact with *Nanggala* at 09:04.

On 25 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy confirmed that the Nanggala had imploded and that all 53 personnel on board were lost. Underwater scans identified parts of the submarine, including the rudder, diving plane, anchor, and external parts of the pressure hull, as well as items such as an MK11 submarine escape suit.

The ROV Super Spartan from *MV Swift Rescue* of the Singapore Navy first made visual contact with the wreck and determined that the submarine had split into three parts. Using a multibeam echosounder, KRI *Rigel* confirmed the final position of *Nanggala* at a depth of 838 m (2,749 ft) at the coordinates 7°48′56″S 114°51′20″E / 7.81556°S 114.85556°E / -7.81556; 114.85556, roughly 1,400 m (1,500 yd) from where *Nanggala* had dived.

## Analysis

### Cause

The Navy said *Nanggala* might have had a power outage. The boat had experienced a power outage before because of a blown electrical fuse, but the boat successfully recovered after the ship executed an emergency main ballast tank blow. After the finding of debris from *Nanggala*, Yudo Margono said the submarine might have cracked instead of exploded, as an explosion would have been detected by sonar.

Indonesian legislator and retired Major General Tubagus Hasanuddin suspected the refit, performed by the South Korean firm DSME in 2012, may not have been performed properly. He said that after the refit, the submarine had failed a torpedo firing test, which resulted in three deaths. Hasanuddin also said *Nanggala* had exceeded its design capacity of 38 with 53 people on board when it sank. Yudo Margono said the vessel was combat ready, had received a letter of acceptance, and had a history of successful firing exercises. Hasanuddin also questioned why 53 people were allowed on board the *Nanggala* when it sunk despite the ship only being designed for 34 crew.

### Alleged poor maintenance

*Nanggala* commander Lt. Col. Heri Oktavian, who died in the incident, had voiced his frustration with the maintenance status of the *Nanggala* to Edna C. Pattisna, a close friend, who is also a reporter with local news media Kompas, for which she published an article titled *Message from KRI Nanggala-402 Commander*. Oktavian claimed that the workmanship quality and maintenance services performed by state-owned shipyard PT PAL Indonesia were unsatisfactory and suffered from frequent delays. He lamented that an officer encountered criticism from his superiors for reporting the poor workmanship by PT PAL on the KRI *Alugoro*, a *Changbogo*-class submarine assembled by PT PAL's Surabaya yard and launched on 11 April 2019. Oktavian was also quoted as saying: "This submarine (the *Alugoro*) by PT PAL, there's nothing good about it". *Nanggala* was last serviced by PT PAL in 2020. No further refitting of *Nanggala* was requested to DSME after the 2012 refit despite the need for submarines to undergo maintenance at least once every six years.

## Aftermath

After the Indonesian Navy declared *Nanggala* lost with all hands, the People's Consultative Assembly recommended a posthumous promotion for all personnel on board. Hadi Tjahjanto stated that he would propose the promotions to Indonesian President Joko Widodo. A day later, on 26 April, Joko Widodo announced that the government would award a posthumous promotion and confer posthumously the *Bintang Jalasena* (Navy Meritorious Service Star) to everyone on board *Nanggala*. The ceremony conferring the awards and promotions was held on 29 April, attended by Joko Widodo, Minister of Defense Prabowo Subianto, Hadi Tjahjanto, and Yudo Margono.

Tubagus Hasanuddin recommended that the Indonesian Navy's remaining *Cakra*-class submarine be taken out of service. Parliamentarian Utut Adianto stated that Indonesia's defences required modernization. Frans Wuwung, former head of the engine room of *Nanggala*, stated that despite the submarine's age, its equipment was still in good condition due to proper maintenance and did not consider such a modernization necessary.

Two days after the sub had been declared sunk, Rahmat Eko Rahardjo, the commander of the 2nd Fleet Naval Combat Squad who had given permission for *Nanggala* to dive, and ING Sudihartawan, the commander of the 2nd Fleet, were relieved of their commands by Hadi Tjahjanto. Hadi appointed Iwan Isnurwanto, a former *Nanggala* crew member and chief of staff, to replace the latter. Iwan later appointed Wirawan Ady Prasetya — another *Nanggala* commander — to replace the position that Harry had left posthumously.

### Reactions

Condolences were expressed by the King of Malaysia, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, the South Korean Ministry of Defense, Singapore Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen and Senior Minister Teo Chee Hean, the UK's Minister of State for Asia, Nigel Adams, and ambassador to Indonesia, Owen Jenkins. United States Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin expressed his "heartfelt concern" in a call with Prabowo Subianto.

During the search, use of the hashtag #PrayForKRINanggala402 and #KRINanggala402 became popular on Twitter. After *Nanggala* had been declared sunk, the phrases "On Eternal Patrol" and "Rest In Peace", and the motto *Wira Ananta Rudira* (Sanskrit: Steadfast to the End), used by the submarine unit to which *Nanggala* belonged, saw increased usage.

## Salvage

On 3 May, two Chinese navy ships, ocean tug *Nantuo* (195) and ocean salvage and rescue ship *Yongxingdao* (863), arrived to assist with the recovery of the wreck. Scientific research vessel *Explorer 2* was scheduled to arrive the next day. There have also been discussions between the Indonesian Navy and state-owned oil regulator SKK Migas to raise the submarine.

By 18 May, the team had successfully recovered two life rafts that weighed approximately 700 kg (1,500 lb) each. However, they had yet to locate the submarine's pressure hull, and gave up on lifting the bridge after a sling was broken during a failed attempt, as the bridge likely weighed over 20 tonnes (20,000 kg; 44,000 lb).

## Government housing assistance for families

On 20 April 2022, Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto gave keys to housing built by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing to 53 families of the deceased crew.

## Notable former crew members

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## InfoBox

| KRI *Nanggala* underway in the Java Sea, August 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Indonesia | |
| Name | KRI *Nanggala* |
| Namesake | Divine spear of Prabhu Baladewa |
| Ordered | 2 April 1977 |
| Builder | Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft |
| Laid down | 14 March 1978 |
| Launched | 10 September 1980 |
| Completed | 6 July 1981 |
| Commissioned | 21 October 1981 |
| Out of service | 21 April 2021 |
| Identification | Pennant number 402 |
| Fate | Imploded during torpedo drill, 21 April 2021 (with all hands) |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Cakra*-class attack submarine |
| Displacement | * 1,285 tons surfaced * 1,390 tons submerged |
| Length | 59.5 m (195 ft 3 in) |
| Beam | 6.2 m (20 ft 4 in) |
| Draft | 5.4 m (17 ft 9 in) |
| Propulsion | * 4 × MTU 12V493 AZ80 GA31L diesel engines rated at 1.8 MW (2,400 hp) * 4 × Siemens alternators rated at 2,300 hp (1.7 MW) * 1 × Siemens motor rated at 3.4 MW (4,600 hp) * 1 × shaft |
| Speed | * 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) surfaced * 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) submerged |
| Range | 8,200 nmi (15,200 km; 9,400 mi) at 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) |
| Endurance | 50 days |
| Test depth | 240 m (790 ft) |
| Complement | 50 including special forces unit |
| Crew | 6 officers, 28 enlisted |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems |  |
| Electronic warfare <br>& decoys | * ESM : Thomson-CSF DR2000U * CMS : Kongsberg MSI-90U Mk 2 |
| Armament | * 8 × 533 mm (21 in) bow tubes * 14 × AEG SUT torpedoes |


title: Fordon, Bydgoszcz

abstract: Fordon, is a district in Bydgoszcz, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland with a number of residents around 75,000. However, at the beginning, the district had only 8,000 residents. Currently, Fordon is the biggest district of Bydgoszcz.

text:
# Fordon, Bydgoszcz

**Fordon**, is a district in Bydgoszcz, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland with a number of residents around 75,000. However, at the beginning, the district had only 8,000 residents. Currently, Fordon is the biggest district of Bydgoszcz.

## House estates

Fordon is subdivided into 16 house estates:

* Stary Fordon
* Akademickie
* Bajka
* Bohaterów
* Eskulapa
* Kasztelanka
* Łoskoń
* Mariampol
* Nad Wisłą
* Niepodległości
* Pałcz
* Powiśle
* Przylesie
* Szybowników
* Tatrzańskie
* Zofin

## History

A settlement in place of Fordon is mentioned in sources for the first time in 1112 as Wyszogród. In those times there was located an important defensive castle which was eventually fired and destroyed in 1330 by the Teutonic Knights.

At some point, Fordon belonged to the Grand Duchy of Posen and later under direct Prussian control. It was returned to Poland at the end of the First World War. In 1939 it was incorporated by the Nazi Germany. It is estimated that during World War II German soldiers killed from 1200 to 3000 people, mainly Poles and Jews, in the Death Valley of Fordon (Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)). The exact number stays unknown as historians have not found appropriate documents that would state the final number of deaths. In 1945 Fordon was liberated from Nazi occupation.

In 1950 Fordon was still a separate town from Bydgoszcz. At that time it was described as "seven miles east" of the latter city. It had a population of 3,514 people and manufactured such things as cement and paper. In 1973 Fordon became a part of the city of Bydgoszcz.

The prison in Fordon was established in 1780 and changed into a men's/women's prison several times. From 1939-1956 among others, there were kept and killed 180 Ukrainian women in the prison. A memorial plaque was placed on the prison on May 10, 1992.

## Buildings & places

* Valley of Death
* Fordon Bridge
* Neogothic Church
* Centre of Oncology (Hospital)
* Synagogue from 17th century
* Prison
* Millennium Park

## Education

**Universities**

* Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki - Ulica Fordońska 246
* Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Przedsiębiorczości w Bydgoszczy - Ulica Unii Lubelskiej
* Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego - Ulica Przemysłowa 34
* Politechnika Bydgoska im. Jana i Jędzrzeja Śniadeckich - Ulica Kaliskiego 7

**High Schools**

* Liceum Ogólnokształcące nr XIII (Zespoł Szkół nr 3) - Ulica Łowicka 45
* Liceum Ogólnokształcące nr XV (Zespoł Szkół nr 5) - Ulica Berlinga 13
* Liceum Ogólnokształcące nr XVI (Zespół Szkół Odzieżowych) - Ulica Fordońska 430
* Liceum Ogólnokształcące Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego - Ulica Pod Reglami 1

**Junior High Schools**

* Gimnazjum nr 1 - Ulica Sielska 34
* Gimnazjum nr 2 - Ulica Kromera 11
* Gimnazjum nr 3 - Ulica Gawędy 1
* Gimnazjum nr 4 - Ulica Duracza 7
* Gimnazjum nr 5 - Ulica Berlinga 17
* Gimnazjum nr 53 (Zespół Szkół nr 5) - Ulica Berlinga 13
* Gimnazjum nr 7 - Ulica Kapliczna 7

**Primary Schools**

* Primary School nr 27 - Ulica Sielska 34
* Primary School nr 29 - Ulica Gawedy 5
* Primary School nr 4 - Ulica Wyzwolenia 4
* Primary School nr 43 - Ulica Łowicka 45
* Primary School 65 (filia) - Ulica Rzeźniackiego 7
* Primary School 65 - Ulica Duracza 7
* Primary School nr 66 - Ulica Berlinga 3
* Primary School nr 67 - Ulica Kromera 11
* Primary School nr 9 - Ulica Tatrzanska 21
* Szkoła Podstawowa Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego - Ulica Salezjańska 1

## Sources

"Kujawsko-pomorskie dla każdego. Przewodnik turystyczny po najciekawszych miejscach województwa" Włodzimierz Bykowski, Wieńczysław Bykowski, wyd. Apeiron ISBN 83-919091-1-5 & Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Dolnej Wisły ISBN 83-919299-5-7, Bydgoszcz 2005

1. *Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer*, p. 626

My Odyssey "Моя Одисея" Irena Tymoszko-Kaminska, Chicago 2005 page 286, ISBN 83-86112-21-2, Oficyna Wydawnicza UKAR 02-588 Warszawa 48, skr.poczt.156

53°08′51″N 18°10′04″E / 53.14750°N 18.16778°E / 53.14750; 18.16778


title: Fordoche, Louisiana

abstract: Fordoche is a town in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 928 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Fordoche, Louisiana

**Fordoche** (pronounced four-DOASH) is a town in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 928 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

In 1854, the first post office was established at Fordoche, with Thomas Farrar designated as its first postmaster. There are two conflicting stories about how the town's name was derived. One story is that it received its name from a Caddo Indian word meaning "wild animal lair" (i.e., the bed of a wild beast) and the other suggests that it is named after a Louisiana French term for underbrush found in bayou bottom.

At least two American Civil War battles were fought in and around Fordoche. The Battle of Fordoche Bridge was fought in September 1863. Union troops were sent to prevent the Confederacy from operating in the upper Atchafalaya but the Confederates were successful in driving back the Union forces.

In May 1864, the Confederates were again victorious over the Union troops at the "Skirmish on Bayou Fordoche Road".

The area saw an influx of Italian immigrants after 1890.

Fordoche is the youngest incorporated community in Pointe Coupee Parish. It was incorporated as a village in 1961 and became a town in 1994.

## Geography

Fordoche is located at 30°35′29″N 91°36′31″W / 30.59139°N 91.60861°W / 30.59139; -91.60861 (30.591445, -91.608546).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.2 km2), all land.

### Major highways

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 488 |  |  |
| 1980 | 676 |  | 38.5% |
| 1990 | 869 |  | 28.6% |
| 2000 | 933 |  | 7.4% |
| 2010 | 928 |  | −0.5% |
| 2020 | 910 |  | −1.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 933 people, 341 households, and 285 families residing in the town. The population density was 383.8 inhabitants per square mile (148.2/km2). There were 361 housing units at an average density of 148.5 per square mile (57.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 90.68% White, 8.57% African American, 0.11% Asian, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75% of the population.

There were 341 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.4% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.4% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,364, and the median income for a family was $40,313. Males had a median income of $32,400 versus $21,146 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,223. About 12.1% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.6% of those under age 18 and 20.3% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Fordoche, Louisiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town of Fordoche | |
|  | |
| Location of Fordoche in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana. | |
| Location of Louisiana in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 30°35′29″N 91°36′31″W / 30.59139°N 91.60861°W / 30.59139; -91.60861 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Louisiana |
| Parish | Pointe Coupee |
| Incorporated | 1961 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Teddy Gros |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.43 sq mi (6.30 km2) |
| Land | 2.43 sq mi (6.30 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 30 ft (9 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 910 |
| Density | 374.02/sq mi (144.43/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 70732 |
| Area code | 225 |
| GNIS feature ID | 543211 |
| FIPS code | 22-26280 |
| Website | www.fordoche.org |


abstract: Elections to the newly created Tweeddale District Council were held on 7 May 1974, the same day as the other Scottish local government elections.

text:
# 1974 Tweeddale District Council election

**Elections to the newly created Tweeddale District Council** were held on 7 May 1974, the same day as the other Scottish local government elections.

## Results

1974 Tweeddale District Council election result
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Independent | 10 | - | - |  | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3,649 | *New* |

Source:

## Ward results

1. "Scottish Regional and District Elections 1974" (PDF). *Elections Centre*. Retrieved 16 August 2024.

## InfoBox

1974 Tweeddale District Council election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  All 10 seats to Tweeddale District Council<br>6 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party   Party Independent   Seats won 10   Popular vote 3,649   Percentage 100.0% | |


abstract: The 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships were held in Vienna, the capital city in Austria, on 24 and 25 February 1979. It was the second time the championships had been held in that city.

text:
# 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships

The **1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships** were held in Vienna, the capital city in Austria, on 24 and 25 February 1979. It was the second time the championships had been held in that city.

## Medal summary

### Men

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 60 metres
 | Marian Woronin (POL) | 6.57 =AR, CR | Leszek Dunecki (POL) | 6.62 | Petar Petrov (BUL) | 6.63 |
| 400 metres
 | Karel Kolář (TCH) | 46.21 CR | Stefano Malinverni (ITA) | 46.59 | Horia Toboc (ROM) | 46.86 |
| 800 metres
 | Antonio Páez (ESP) | 1:47.4a | Binko Kolev (BUL) | 1:47.8a | András Paróczai (HUN) | 1:48.2a |
| 1500 metres
 | Eamonn Coghlan (IRL) | 3:41.8a | Thomas Wessinghage (FRG) | 3:42.2a | John Robson (GBR) | 3:42.8a |
| 3000 metres
 | Markus Ryffel (SUI) | 7:44.43 CR | Christoph Herle (FRG) | 7:45.44 | Aleksandr Fedotkin (URS) | 7:45.50 |
| 60 metres hurdles
 | Thomas Munkelt (GDR) | 7.59 CR | Arto Bryggare (FIN) | 7.67 | Eduard Pereverzev (URS) | 7.70 |
| High jump
 | Vladimir Yashchenko (URS) | 2.26 | Gennadiy Belkov (URS) | 2.26 | Andre Schneider-Laub (FRG) | 2.24 |
| Pole vault
 | Władysław Kozakiewicz (POL) | 5.58 AR, CR | Konstantin Volkov (URS) | 5.45 | Vladimir Trofimenko (URS) | 5.45 |
| Long jump
 | Vladimir Tsepelyov (URS) | 7.88 | Valeriy Podluzhniy (URS) | 7.86 | Lutz Franke (GDR) | 7.80 |
| Triple jump
 | Gennadiy Valyukevich (URS) | 17.02 | Anatoliy Piskulin (URS) | 16.97 | Jaak Uudmäe (URS) | 16.91 |
| Shot put
 | Reijo Ståhlberg (FIN) | 20.47 | Geoff Capes (GBR) | 20.23 | Vladimir Kiselyov (URS) | 20.01 |

### Women

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 60 metres
 | Marlies Göhr (GDR) | 7.16 | Marita Koch (GDR) | 7.19 | Lyudmila Storozhkova (URS) | 7.22 |
| 400 metres
 | Verona Elder (GBR) | 51.80 | Jarmila Kratochvílová (TCH) | 51.81 | Karoline Käfer (AUT) | 51.90 |
| 800 metres
 | Nikolina Shtereva (BUL) | 2:02.6a | Anita Weiß (GDR) | 2:02.9a | Fiţa Lovin (ROM) | 2:03.1a |
| 1500 metres
 | Natalia Mărășescu (ROM) | 4:03.5a CR | Zamira Zaytseva (URS) | 4:03.9a | Svetlana Guskova (URS) | 4:07.4a |
| 60 metres hurdles
 | Danuta Perka (POL) | 7.95 | Grażyna Rabsztyn (POL) | 8.00 | Nina Morgulina (URS) | 8.09 |
| High jump
 | Andrea Mátay (HUN) | 1.92 | Urszula Kielan (POL) | 1.85 | Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG) | 1.80 |
| Long jump
 | Siegrun Siegl (GDR) | 6.70 | Jarmila Nygrýnová (TCH) | 6.42 | Lena Johansson (SWE) | 6.27 |
| Shot put
 | Ilona Slupianek (GDR) | 21.01 | Marianne Adam (GDR) | 20.11 | Judy Oakes (GBR) | 15.66 |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | East Germany (GDR) | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
| 2 | Soviet Union (URS) | 3 | 5 | 8 | 16 |
| 3 | Poland (POL) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
| 4 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 6 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 7 | Finland (FIN) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 | Romania (ROU) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 9 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | Ireland (IRL) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Spain (ESP) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 14 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 15 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (16 entries) | | 19 | 19 | 19 | 57 |

## Participating nations

## InfoBox

| 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Host venue (shown in 2007) | |
| Dates | 24–25 February 1979 |
| Host city | Vienna
Austria |
| Venue | Ferry Dusika Halle |
| Events | 19 |
| Participation | 210 athletes from
24 nations |
| Records set | 2 **AR**, 6 **CR** |
| 1978 Milan 1980 Sindelfingen | |


title: KHS Bicycles

abstract: KHS Bicycles is a bicycle manufacturer founded in 1974 with main operations in the United States and Taiwan. Its bicycles are distributed in over 30 countries. Although KHS' main focus has been in mountain bikes, it has offerings in road bikes, folding bikes, tandem bikes, cruiser bikes, single speed bikes and BMX bikes. Some of its products have been favorably reviewed.

text:
# KHS Bicycles

**KHS Bicycles** is a bicycle manufacturer founded in 1974 with main operations in the United States and Taiwan. Its bicycles are distributed in over 30 countries. Although KHS' main focus has been in mountain bikes, it has offerings in road bikes, folding bikes, tandem bikes, cruiser bikes (under the Manhattan brand name), single speed bikes and BMX bikes (under the FreeAgent brand name). Some of its products have been favorably reviewed.

## Overview

KHS Bicycles, Inc. of Los Angeles, California, is the designer and U.S. distributor of KHS Bicycles, Manhattan Cruisers and Free Agent BMX Bicycles. KHS stands for Knowledge, Health, and Strength. Founded in 1974 by Wen Hsieh, the KHS bicycle brand is a part of the KHS Co. Ltd., and UEC (United Engineering Cooperation) which manufactures bicycles, motorcycles and Yamaha musical instruments in wholly owned factories located in Taiwan. KHS, Inc. was founded and is located in Southern California. As of 2020 KHS makes more than 90 models of KHS bicycles, 24 models of Free Agent BMX Bicycles, and 25 models of Manhattan Cruisers to serve the needs of recreational as well as enthusiast cyclists in over 33 countries around the world. Making more than 130,000 bicycles a year, KHS Bicycles has many innovative models. Such as mountain & road bikes in XXL & XXXL models for the extra tall (6'4" and up) cycling enthusiasts. KHS employs 120 associates in Taiwan, as well as 55 associates in the USA. KHS Inc. is also a major distributor for various Parts and Accessories manufacturers in the USA. Featuring brands like Shimano, Park Tool, Maxxis tires, Hollywood Racks, Thule, Maxima Racing Products and ODI, just to name a few.

## History

KHS Co. Ltd. Was founded in 1953 as part of the KHS Group, privately held by the Hsieh Family. The initial product produced by KHS was motorcycles under Yamaha license. In 1974, the KHS bicycle division was established with technical cooperation from Sukosha of Japan. In 1987, the KHS Co. and Yamaha of Japan established a joint venture operation in order to increase production capacity and explore new markets around the world. Consequently, motorcycles are now exported to Greece, Portugal, Italy, India and Japan. United Engineering Corp. was established in 1988. Formerly known as the KHS Bicycle Factory, United Engineering Corp. now manufactures KHS bicycles, as well as bicycles for other companies throughout the world.

## Patents, awards and accomplishments

* KHS was the first Taiwan-made road bike to enter U.S. market with Reynolds 531 tubing. *Bicycling* *Magazine* tested this model in 1979 and rated it as good as a similar, French-made Motobecane model.
* KHS awarded the “Sears Partner in Progress” award in 1986
* KHS remains the only brand to have a finalist in *Mountain Biking Magazine's* “Bike of the Year” award every year since the inception of the award in 1992
* KHS Comp was awarded the “Bike of the Year” award by Mountain Biking Magazine in 1994 and 2001
* *Bicycling* *Magazine* awards the 1997 KHS Fleetwood its “Editor’s Choice Award” for best bike at the 1996 Interbike International Bicycle show
* In March 1998, the KHS FXT Sport is rated “Best Value” full suspension bike under $1000 by *Mountain Bike Action Magazine*
* KHS introduces suspension seatposts and semi-slick tires on its 1998 mountain bike line, a full year ahead of most other brands
* KHS is the first to introduce popularly priced Soft Tails to the market during 1999 giving Hard Tail and Full Suspension buyers a new alternative that incorporates the best of both designs
* Preferred Bicycle & Parts Distributor in the U.S. voted by U.S. bicycle dealers in 2002
* *Consumers Digest* Best Buy for the Urban Xpress bicycle in the July 2006 issue
* *Bicycling* Magazine’s “Editor’s Choice” for the 2006 XC604
* KHS introduces one of the first major production 650b wheel size mountain bike models in 2010
* Delta Linear, U.S. patent 5,842,712 issued on 12/1/98. KHS developed its Delta Linear Downtube in order to decrease weight and to increase strength, rigidity and long term durability of its frames. The teardrop-shaped Delta Linear tube is drawn to a round shape at the bottom bracket in order to reduce flex under aggressive pedaling and ovalized on the vertical axis at the headtube in order to increase frame rigidity by over 30% over conventional round tubes.
* Adjustable seat tower, patent pending. Found on the KHS LT3 frame, this seat tube Tower can be rotated via a cam to change the effective seat tube angle of the frame by four degrees. Ideal for downhill riders competing or riding in carried terrain.
* Brake Booster leverage converter, U.S. patent 5,660,082 issued August 26, 1997. This unique converter allows use of road bike brake levers with linear pull, “V” brakes. Found on all KHS road tandems.

## KHS & FREE AGENT Racing

KHS Bicycles and its BMX brand Free Agent have long histories of racing victories, including numerous national and world championships. Here is a brief list of some of the brands' top racing victories, sponsored riders and sponsored teams.

**Sponsored racers**:

* John Howard: World speed record holder @ 152 m.p.h., 24-hour distance record holder @ 539 miles, Ironman Triathlon winner, 3-time Olympian, 13-time U.S. National cycling champion, Master dual road & MTB XC champion in U.S.A.
* Logan Binggeli: U.S.A. National Champion DH Pro
* Quinton Spaulding: U.S.A. National Champion DH Pro
* Kevin Aiello: U.S.A. National Champion DH Pro
* Steven Walton: U.S.A. National DH Pro
* Nikolas Nestoroff: U.S.A. National DH Pro
* Dave Cullinan: World Champion Downhill and Dual Slalom medal winner
* Cindy Whitehead: U.S. National Cyclocross champion
* “Insane Wayne” Croasdale: Mammoth Mountain kamikaze down hill champion
* Cheri Elliot: U.S. National Cyclocross and Dual Slalom Champion
* Andrew Shandro: Canadian Downhill champion
* Katrina Miller: UCI Dual Slalom champion, Australian Downhill champion
* Melissa Buhl: UCI World Downhill champion, U.S. National 4X champion
* Maris Strombergs: 2008 Olympic Gold Medal, 2008 UCI World Champion, 2012 Olympic Gold Medal
* Kyle Bennett: 3-time UCI World Champion, Multi-time ABA and NBL National Champion
* Dale Holmes: 2-time UCI World Champion, Multi-time British National Champion
* Connor Fields: 2009 NBL National Champion, ABA National Age Group Champion
* Cristian Becerine: 9-time Argentine National Champion
* Romero Marino: 4-time Junior World Champion
* Mariana Pajon : 2009 UCI World Champion, Multi-time Colombian National Champion
* Nicole Callisto: 2005 Junior World Champion
* Tom Haugen: X-Games Pro
* Heath Pinter: X-Games Pro

**Sponsored teams**:

## InfoBox

KHS Bicycles
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Bicycles |
| Founded | 1974 (1974) |
| Headquarters | Taoyuan, Taiwan |
| Key people | Jack Cheng-Kuan Hsieh, Chairman |
| Products | Bicycles and related components |
| Website | www.khsbicycles.com (U.S.) |


title: Kabaro

abstract: Kabaro is a rural commune located in the region of Centre-Ouest in the Sissili Province of Burkina Faso.

text:
# Kabaro

**Kabaro** is a rural commune located in the region of Centre-Ouest in the Sissili Province of Burkina Faso.

1. Démographie on the site of communes of Burkina Faso.

## InfoBox

| Kabaro | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune | |
| KabaroLocation in Burkina Faso | |
| Coordinates: 11°21′54″N 2°31′33″W / 11.364934°N 2.525944°W / 11.364934; -2.525944 | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Ouest Region |
| Province | Sissili Province |
| Department | Niabouri Department |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 1,487 |


title: 1973–74 Magyar Kupa

abstract: The 1973–74 Magyar Kupa was the 34th season of Hungary's annual knock-out cup football competition.

text:
# 1973–74 Magyar Kupa

The **1973–74 Magyar Kupa** (English: *Hungarian Cup*) was the 34th season of Hungary's annual knock-out cup football competition.

## Final

| Ferencvárosi TC | 3–1 | Komlói Bányász SK |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Eipel  21' (o.g.) |

Népstadion, BudapestAttendance: 6,000Referee: Károly Palotai (Hungary)

## InfoBox

1973–74 Magyar Kupa
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Hungary |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Ferencvárosi TC |
| Runner-up | Komlói Bányász SK |
|  | |


title: 1981 Five Nations Championship squads

text:
# 1981 Five Nations Championship squads

## England

Head coach: Mike Davis

1. Bill Beaumont (c.)
2. Phil Blakeway
3. John Carleton
4. Maurice Colclough
5. David Cooke
6. Fran Cotton
7. Huw Davies
8. Paul Dodge
9. Dusty Hare
10. Bob Hesford
11. John Horton
12. Nick Jeavons
13. Mike Rafter
14. Marcus Rose
15. Gordon Sargent
16. John Scott
17. Austin Sheppard
18. Mike Slemen
19. Colin Smart
20. Steve Smith
21. Peter Wheeler
22. Clive Woodward

## France

Head coach: Jacques Fouroux

1. Pierre Berbizier
2. Roland Bertranne
3. Serge Blanco
4. Alain Caussade
5. Manuel Carpentier
6. Didier Codorniou
7. Philippe Dintrans
8. Pierre Dospital
9. Serge Gabernet
10. Jean-François Imbernon
11. Jean-Luc Joinel
12. Pierre Lacans
13. Yves Lafarge
14. Guy Laporte
15. Patrick Mesny
16. Robert Paparemborde
17. Laurent Pardo
18. Daniel Revailler
19. Jean-Pierre Rives (c.)
20. Bernard Vivies

## Ireland

Head coach: Tom Kiernan

1. Ollie Campbell
2. John Cantrell
3. Willie Duggan
4. Mick Fitzpatrick
5. Brendan Foley
6. Michael Gibson
7. Kenneth Hooks
8. David Irwin
9. Moss Keane
10. Hugo MacNeill
11. Freddie McLennan
12. Paul McNaughton
13. John O'Driscoll
14. Phil Orr
15. Francis Quinn
16. John Robbie
17. Fergus Slattery (c.)
18. Donal Spring
19. Tony Ward
20. Pa Whelan

## Scotland

Head coach: Jim Telfer

1. Jim Aitken
2. John Beattie
3. Jim Calder
4. Bill Cuthbertson
5. Colin Deans
6. Gordon Dickson
7. David Gray
8. Bruce Hay
9. Andy Irvine (c.)
10. Roy Laidlaw
11. David Leslie
12. Steve Munro
13. Jim Renwick
14. Keith Robertson
15. Norrie Rowan
16. John Rutherford
17. Alan Tomes

## Wales

Head coach: John Lloyd

1. Rob Ackerman
2. Clive Burgess
3. Gareth Davies
4. Clive Davis
5. Alun Donovan
6. Gwyn Evans
7. Steve Fenwick (c.)\*
8. Ray Gravell
9. Rhodri Lewis
10. Allan Martin
11. Peter Morgan
12. Dai Nicholas
13. Gary Pearce
14. Alan Phillips
15. Graham Price
16. Clive Rees
17. David Richards
18. Jeff Squire (c.)\**
19. Ian Stephens
20. Geoff Wheel
21. Brynmor Williams
22. Gareth Williams
23. Gerald Williams
24. J.P.R. Williams

* captain in the first two games
    + captain in the last two games


title: Fordwich

abstract: Fordwich is a market town and a civil parish in east Kent, England, on the River Stour, northeast of Canterbury. It is the smallest community by population in Britain with a town council. Its population increased by 30 between 2001 and 2011.

text:
# Fordwich

**Fordwich** /ˈfɔːrdwɪ/ is a market town and a civil parish in east Kent, England, on the River Stour, northeast of Canterbury.

It is the smallest community by population in Britain with a town council. Its population increased by 30 between 2001 and 2011.

## History

Fordwich is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book as a small village. The town grew in the Middle Ages as a port for boats on their way upriver to Canterbury. All of the Caen stone used by the Normans to rebuild Canterbury Cathedral in the 12th and 13th centuries was landed at Fordwich. It later became a limb of the Cinque Ports. It lost its status as a town in 1880 when it no longer had a Mayor and Corporation. However, in a reorganisation in 1974, Fordwich was again made a town. Fordwich Town Hall was rebuilt in or shortly before 1544.

The ancient Church of St Mary the Virgin, now redundant but open to the public, and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust, contains part of a carved sarcophagus reputed to have contained the remains of St Augustine of Canterbury. The 16th-century building next the Town Hall, now known as Watergate House, was the family home of John and Gregory Blaxland, early 19th-century pioneers of Australia.

## Palaeolithic archaeology

During the 1920s-1930s, a significant amount of Palaeolithic handaxes were discovered during industrial quarrying to the west side of Fordwich. In total, these handaxes numbered some 330 pieces, along with flakes from lithic construction. During 2020, Cambridge University dug exploratory trenches at the same western location, discovering deposits of Palaeolithic archaeology, counting 251 in-situ Lower-Palaeolithic flakes and scrapers from Acheulean industry. In 2022, Archaeologist Peter Knowles \[Professor David Bridgland Professor, Archaeology, Mark White \] of Durham University made a handaxe discovery from an area called *Moat Rough* in Fordwich. Moat Rough is of particular interest archaeologically because the ground there has been left fallow for decades with no quarrying or development. The new handaxe discovery at Moat Rough revealed that gravel terraces bearing Palaeolithic archaeology running underneath Fordwich are much more widespread than previously thought, indicating that there is much more research on early-man that needs to be done there.

## Community

There are two pubs in the town, the George & Dragon and Fordwich Arms, which boasts a Michelin star. Fordwich gained angling and fishing repute from Izaak Walton for its "Fordidge trout", one of the largest types found.

## Media

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South East and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Dover TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Kent, Heart South, and KMFM Canterbury, a community based station that broadcast from Canterbury. The town is served by the local newspaper, *Kentish Gazette*.

* Broughton in Furness with as few as 529 residents
* Stockbridge in Hampshire, with a population of 592
* Manningtree in Essex, another claimant for smallest town in England, with 700 people in 20 hectares
* Llanwrtyd Wells in Wales, another claimant for smallest town in Britain, has a population of 850

## InfoBox

| Fordwich | |
| --- | --- |
| Fordwich Town Hall | |
| FordwichLocation within Kent | |
| Area | 1.81 km2 (0.70 sq mi) |
| Population | 381 (civil parish 2011) |
| Density | 210/km2 (540/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TR179597 |
| London | 65.8 miles |
| Civil parish | * *Fordwich* |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CANTERBURY |
| Postcode district | CT2 |
| Dialling code | 01227 |
|  | |
| Police | Kent |
| Fire | Kent |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Robert Allan (footballer)

abstract: Robert Allan was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Sunderland.

text:
# Robert Allan (footballer)

**Robert Allan** was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Sunderland.

## InfoBox

Robert Allan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Cronberry Eglinton | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1907–1908 | Sunderland | 11 | (0) |
| 1908–19?? | Heart of Midlothian |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Forced draft urbanization

abstract: Forced draft urbanization was a policy elaborated by Samuel P. Huntington in a 1968 article "The Bases of Accommodation" published in the journal Foreign Affairs, which described a strategy of carpet-bombing and defoliating the rural lands and jungles of Vietnam, so that peasants there would be unable to support themselves and would be forced to move into the city, thus weakening the support base of the Viet Cong.

text:
# Forced draft urbanization

**Forced draft urbanization** (sometimes called "forced draft modernization") was a policy elaborated by Samuel P. Huntington in a 1968 article "The Bases of Accommodation" published in the journal *Foreign Affairs*, which described a strategy of carpet-bombing and defoliating the rural lands and jungles of Vietnam, so that peasants there would be unable to support themselves and would be forced to move into the city, thus weakening the support base of the Viet Cong.


title: Forced displacement in popular culture

abstract: Forced displacement and the experiences of refugees, asylum seekers and otherwise forcibly displaced people became of increasing interest in the popular culture since 2015 with the European migrant crisis.

text:
# Forced displacement in popular culture

**Forced displacement** and the experiences of refugees, asylum seekers and otherwise forcibly displaced people became of increasing interest in the **popular culture** since 2015 with the European migrant crisis.

## Books

### Fiction

#### Children's books

* *Where Will I Live?* by Rosemary McCarney, 2017
* *Stormy Seas. Stories of Young Boat Refugees* by Mary Beth Leatherdale, 2017
* *Stepping Stones. A Refugee Family's Journey* by Margriet Ruurs, 2016
* *Refugee* by Alan Gratz, 2016

#### Poems

### Non-fiction

## Film

### Drama

### Fantasy

### Documentary

### Short film

* *I am Rebecca* by Eve Doherty and Kate McCaslin, 2017
* *I felt it too* by Iamia Aboukheir, 2017
* *Only My Voice* by Myriam Rey, 2017
* *Refugee* by Joyce Chen and Emily Moore, 2016
* *Refugee* by Adam Tyler, 2016
* *Lifestories: The Lost Boys of Sudan* by J.D. Martin, 2008

### TV series

* *Exodus: Our Journey* was shown on BBC Two in 2017. It started with 3 episodes called *Exodus: Our Journey to Europe* and was followed by 3 episodes called *Exodus: Our Journey Continues*

## Theatre

## Painting


title: 1975 Pacific hurricane season

abstract: The 1975 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1975, in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1975, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1975. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The 1975 Pacific hurricane season was slightly above average, with 17 tropical storms forming. Of these, 9 became hurricanes, and 4 became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The only notable storms are Hurricane Olivia, which killed 30 people, caused $30 million in damage, and left thousands homeless when it made landfall in October; and an unnamed hurricane that developed at very high latitude, but had no effect on land. Hurricane Denise was the strongest storm of the year. Hurricanes Lily and Katrina passed close to Socorro Island and Tropical Storm Eleanor made landfall in Mexico. Hurricane Agatha sank a ship.

text:
# 1975 Pacific hurricane season

The **1975 Pacific hurricane season** officially started May 15, 1975, in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1975, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1975. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean.

The 1975 Pacific hurricane season was slightly above average, with 17 tropical storms forming. Of these, 9 became hurricanes, and 4 became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The only notable storms are Hurricane Olivia, which killed 30 people, caused $30 million (1975 USD) in damage, and left thousands homeless when it made landfall in October; and an unnamed hurricane that developed at very high latitude, but had no effect on land. Hurricane Denise was the strongest storm of the year. Hurricanes Lily and Katrina passed close to Socorro Island and Tropical Storm Eleanor made landfall in Mexico. Hurricane Agatha sank a ship.

## Season summary

The season began with the formation of Tropical Depression One on June 2 and ended with the extratropical transition of Tropical Storm Priscilla on November 7. No named systems formed in May, two in June, four in July, six in August, three in September, one in October, and one in November. The total length of the season, from the formation of the first depression to the dissipation of the last, was 158 days.

In the eastern Pacific (east of 140°W), sixteen tropical storms and eight hurricanes formed. Four of the hurricanes became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. These numbers are close to the long-term averages of fifteen tropical storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. There were also four unnamed tropical depressions. The only system to enter or form in the central Pacific (between 140°W and the international dateline) was an unusual high-latitude hurricane (north of 30°N), which went unnamed. This was the first occurrence on record of a mid-Pacific upper tropospheric low developing into a tropical cyclone, and the first hurricane on record within the central Pacific north of Hawaii.

The only systems to make landfall this year were Tropical Storm Eleanor and Hurricane Olivia. Besides these two systems, Hurricane Agatha caused the sinking of a ship carrying millions of dollars worth of cargo. Tropical Storm Eleanor caused no serious impact.

The most devastating storm of the season was Hurricane Olivia. A late-season major hurricane, Olivia came ashore near Mazatlán. The storm killed 30 people, left around 30,000 people homeless, and caused 20 million dollars (1975 USD) in damage.

## Systems

### Hurricane Agatha

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | June 2 – June 5 |
| Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
≤1005 mbar (hPa) |

An area of disturbed weather about 290 mi (467 km) southwest of Acapulco formed on June 1. It organized into a tropical depression the next day. After heading southwestward, it turned to the northwest and strengthened into Tropical Storm Agatha on June 2. Agatha maintained its course and steadily intensified. It reached hurricane intensity on June 3 while located about 170 mi (270 km) southwest of Zihuatanejo. Hurricane Agatha started weakening thereafter, becoming a tropical storm on June 4 and a depression on June 5. It dissipated shortly afterwards. At this time, Agatha was located about 140 mi (230 km) south of the Tres Marias Islands.

Even though Agatha passed close to Mexico as it weakened, no impact is known to have been caused. Waves caused by Agatha did impact a ship called the *Polynesian Diakan*. A Greek freighter en route from Pago Pago to Terminal Island, California, the *Polynesian Diakan* began flooding on June 3, forcing the 32-man crew to abandon the vessel. The exact cause of the initial flooding was unknown, but was speculated to be primarily due to cargo shifting and not the weather. The crew was rescued by the United States Coast Guard. Three members required hospitalization. After being reached on June 6 by a tugboat in a salvage attempt, the vessel capsized and sank near San Clemente Island on June 7, taking its multimillion-dollar cargo of 71 containers of canned tuna with it. The reason for the sinking was unknown.

### Tropical Storm Bridget

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | June 28 – July 3 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
 |

On June 27, a tropical depression formed about 575 mi (925 km) south of the tip of the Baja California Peninsula at a location atypical for tropical cyclogenesis. The depression moved generally westward, and intensified into Tropical Storm Bridget on June 28. It started accelerating as it turned towards the northwest, then west, and eventually to the southwest. Bridget weakened into a tropical depression on July 2 and dissipated the next day. It remnant circulation hung about in the area for a few more days. Bridget never came near land and thus, no deaths or damage were recorded.

### Hurricane Carlotta

| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 2 – July 11 |
| Peak intensity | 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min);
 |

A disturbance 480 mi (772 km) south of Acapulco organized into a tropical depression on July 2. It headed generally west-northwest and steadily intensified, becoming a tropical storm later on July 2. It became a hurricane on July 3 and ultimately peaked as a Category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Carlotta was first major hurricane, Category 3 or higher, of the season. It began weakening thereafter, and was a tropical storm by July 8. Carlotta became a depression on July 10 and dissipated the next day. The hurricane did not come near land and caused no significant impact.

### Hurricane Denise

| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 5 – July 15 |
| Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min);
 |

An unstable area developed a circulation and became a tropical depression on July 4. It headed west- northwest and became a tropical storm on July 7. The next day, it was a hurricane and turned to the west. Continuing to strengthen, it reached Category 4 intensity on July 9. This windspeed was the highest of the season. The hurricane turned to the southwest and gradually weakened. By July 11 it was nearly stationary. It then headed northwestward again and continued weakening, becoming a tropical storm on July 13. It weakened into a depression on July 14 and dissipated immediately thereafter. Denise brought winds of near-gale force to parts of Mexico, but otherwise caused no damage or casualties.

### Tropical Storm Eleanor

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 10 – July 12 |
| Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);
 |

An area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical depression on July 10, 100 mi (160 km) south of Acapulco. As its center of circulation became more pronounced and it was upgraded into Tropical Storm Eleanor. The tropical storm moved northwestward, and later curved northward. The system made landfall near Manzanillo on July 12. It quickly dissipated. Eleanor brought 20 mph (32 km/h) winds the Manzanillo, but damage from the storm is minor due to the lack of heavy rains.

### Tropical Storm Francene

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 27 – July 30 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
 |

A rapidly moving squally area of disturbed weather that was moving on a northwestward path was upgraded into Tropical Depression Seven on July 27. It intensified into a tropical storm later that day. Francene turned to the west and weakened into a tropical depression on July 28. It slowly weakened and ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone on July 30. Francene's remnants persisted as a tropical disturbance for another twelve hours, before completely dissipating. This tropical cyclone caused no known impact.

### Tropical Storm Georgette

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 11 – August 14 |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
 |

An area of disturbed weather about 800 mi (1,287 km) south-southwest of Cabo San Lucas organized a tropical depression on August 11. It was upgraded to tropical storm intensity the next day. After heading generally westward and peaking as a weak to moderate tropical storm on August 12, Georgette slowly weakened. It weakened into a depression on August 14 and underwent extratropical transition thereafter. The cyclone dissipated twelve hours later. Tropical Storm Georgette had no impact on land.

### Tropical Storm Hilary

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 13 – August 17 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
 |

A tropical disturbance formed on August 11 and gradually organized. The next day, an atmospheric circulation developed. Based on this, this system was classified as Tropical Depression Nine on August 13. The depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Hilary*. The system gradually accelerated to the northwest and reached its peak strength on August 15 with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Tropical Storm Hilary then started a gradual weakening trend. It became a depression on August 16, turned a little bit more westward, and dissipated on August 17. Hilary never came near land, and as such caused no death or damage.

### Hurricane Ilsa

| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 18 – August 26 |
| Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
 |

On August 18, a tropical depression formed south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec from a tropical wave that had entered the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean. It strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. The tropical storm moved westward, and became a hurricane on August 21. Ilsa became a Category 2 hurricane on August 22. It maintained that intensity for three days as it moved out to sea. On August 25, Ilsa turned westward and rapidly weakened. It fell to tropical storm intensity on August 26. Later that day, while still maintaining winds of gale-force, Ilsa ceased being a tropical cyclone. Ilsa's remnants continued out over the open Pacific Ocean. The remains of Ilsa eventually interacted with another weather system. That triggered the development of the unnamed hurricane of August 31–September 5

Hurricane Ilsa caused no casualties or damage. As the unnamed hurricane formed from Ilsa's remnants, Ilsa and the latter system are unofficially the same tropical cyclone. Indeed, this year's seasonal report from the Redwood City Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center, in the *Monthly Weather Review* includes a brief discussion of the unnamed hurricane in the report's section on Hurricane Ilsa. Neither the Central Pacific Hurricane Center nor the official HURDAT "best track" database of tropical cyclone location and intensity data explicitly considers them the same. Hence, as far as official records matter, Ilsa and the unnamed hurricane of August 31 – September 5 are different tropical cyclones.

### Hurricane Jewel

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 24 – August 31 |
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
 |

On August 24, a tropical depression formed from a tropical disturbance about 250 mi (400 km) south of Acapulco. It intensified into Tropical Storm Jewel the next day. The tropical cyclone headed generally northwest and paralleled the coast of Mexico. On August 27, Jewel became a hurricane for mere six hours, the minimum possible time in HURDAT. Jewel then turned to the west, and then back to the northwest. Jewel weakened to depression strength on August 31. Tropical Depression Jewel dissipated shortly after that, although its remnants remained distinct until September 3. There was no impact.

### Hurricane Katrina

| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 29 – September 7 |
| Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
 |

On August 29, an area of weather developed directly into a tropical storm, skipping the tropical depression stage. Katrina steadily intensified as it headed west-northwest, gradually turning to the northwest. It peaked in intensity on September 3 as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph (209 km/h), the second highest of the season. Katrina then headed westward and rapidly weakened. It was downgraded into a tropical storm on September 5 and a depression on September 6. The last advisory was issued on September 7 when Katrina dissipated. Although the hurricane brought Category 3-equivalent winds to Socorro Island on September 2, no damage was reported there or anywhere else.

### Unnamed hurricane

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 31 – September 5 |
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
990 mbar (hPa) |

The remnants of Hurricane Ilsa interacted with a mid-level trough to produce a new low-level circulation on August 31, about 930 miles (1,500 km) northeast of Hawaii. The new system absorbed the remnants of Ilsa as it moved westward. Thunderstorms increased around the low, resembling a subtropical cyclone by September 1. Its track over warmer waters caused the storm to transition into a tropical storm on September 2, by which time the convection organized into rainbands. By that time, the storm was about 685 miles (1,102 km) north of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The storm quickly developed a central dense overcast, and by 00:00 UTC on September 3 Dvorak classifications began on the cyclone. An approaching cold front turned the storm to the north and northeast. Around that time, the storm developed an eye in the center of the convection, suggesting that it intensified into a hurricane late on September 3, located about 1,170 miles (1,885 km) south of Alaska. It was a small system, measuring about 85 miles (140 km) in diameter. A nearby ship reported sustained winds of 63 mph (102 km/h), while another nearby ship reported a pressure of 1003 mbar (29.6 inHg), with a 3-hour tendency increase of 13.5 mbar (0.40 inHg), suggesting a minimum pressure of under 990 mbar (29 inHg). After maintaining hurricane status for about 18 hours, the storm weakened due to strong wind shear from the approaching cold front. Early on September 5, the cyclone became extratropical in the Gulf of Alaska, while located about 315 miles (510 km) southwest of Juneau, Alaska. On the same day, the circulation was rapidly absorbed by the frontal system, and the remnants quickly reached the coast of British Columbia. The remnants of the storm turned southeastward, and the low was last tracked definitively to a point north of Montana.

### Hurricane Lily

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 16 – September 21 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
 |

Rain and wind reports from the Acapulco weather station suggested that a tropical depression was developing. This was confirmed on September 16 from ship reports. It intensified into a tropical storm and was named Lily. Tropical Storm Lily headed northwest in a nearly straight path. By 0000 UTC September 18, the system was a moderate tropical storm located about 160 mi (260 km) south of Manzanillo Lily was upgraded to hurricane status on the same day and eventually reached its peak strength. After passing southwest of Socorro Island, Lily weakened, becoming a storm on September 20. Lily weakened into a depression on September 21, turned to the west-southwest, and dissipated. Its remnants remained visible until September 24, when they were no longer distinct via weather satellite. On September 19, the cyclone brought hurricane-force winds to Socorro Island. No damage or casualties were reported.

### Tropical Storm Monica

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 28 – October 2 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
 |

In late September, three tropical disturbances moved westward across the eastern Pacific Ocean. One of them organized into a tropical depression on September 28. The next day the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Monica. The tropical storm initially headed west-northwestward and gradually curved towards the north. It reached its peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h) on September 29. Monica then gradually weakened. It became a tropical depression on October 1. The cyclone dissipated shortly thereafter. No impact was reported in association with Tropical Storm Monica.

### Tropical Storm Nanette

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 28 – October 4 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
 |

On September 28, a system developed into a tropical depression, simultaneously with Tropical Storm Monica.. It headed generally westward and on September 29, 18 hours after Monica did it, strengthened into a tropical storm. Nanette continued out to sea and slowly strengthened. It peaked in windspeed of 50 mph (85 km/h) on October 3 and turned to the southwest. It then slowly weakened. On October 4, it weakened into a tropical depression and then degenerated into a disturbance that same day. No damage or deaths were reported.

### Hurricane Olivia

| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 22 – October 25 |
| Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);
 |

On October 22, Tropical Depression Eighteen formed from a cluster of three thunderstorms south of Mexico and then strengthened into a tropical storm. It moved northwestward initially, followed by a northeast turn. Olivia then intensified steadily. It reached Category 3 intensity and a peak of 115 mph (185 km/h) winds just before landfall. Early on October 25, Olivia moved ashore just south of Mazatlán causing major damage. Olivia destroyed 7,000 houses in the region, leaving 30,000 people homeless, and damage totaled $20 million (1975 USD, $113 million 2024 USD). The hurricane killed 30 people, 20 of them were from drownings in shrimp boats.

### Tropical Storm Priscilla

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | November 2 – November 7 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
 |

A nearly stationary cloudy area developed a circulation on November 2. The depression drifted north for a while before turning to the west-northwest on November 3. It intensified into a tropical storm on November 4. Priscilla then began turning to the north. However, the system failed to re-curve, instead, the tropical storm turned generally westward. The tropical storm peaked in windspeed as a 65 mph (100 km/h) high-end storm on November 5. It then turned to the northwest on a heading nearly directly at Clarion Island, but it dissipated on November 7 about 115 mi (185 km) short of landfall.

### Other systems

Besides the tropical storms and hurricanes this season, there were four additional tropical depressions within the eastern Pacific. None of them made landfall anywhere or crossed into the central Pacific. Tropical Cyclone Four formed on July 2 and dissipated the next day. Tropical Cyclone Thirteen formed on September 12 and lasted four days. Tropical Cyclone Seventeen formed October 16 and dissipated a day later. Tropical Cyclone Nineteen formed on November 1 and also dissipated the next day.

## Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1975. It was the same list used in the 1971 season. No names were retired following the season; however, an overhaul of the naming system in 1978 to include male names resulted in this list being discarded.

The season's unnamed hurricane was the only tropical cyclone reported in the North Pacific between 140°W and the International Date Line in 1975. Had the system been named, it would have been assigned one from the west Pacific's typhoon name list by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center on Guam.

## InfoBox

| 1975 Pacific hurricane season | |
| --- | --- |
| Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | June 2, 1975 |
| Last system dissipated | November 7, 1975 |
| Strongest storm | |
|  | |
| Name | Denise |
| Maximum winds | 140 mph (220 km/h)
(*1-minute sustained*) |
| Lowest pressure | 934 mbar (hPa; 27.58 inHg) |
|  | |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 21 |
| Total storms | 17 |
| Hurricanes | 9 |
| Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+) | 4 |
| Total fatalities | 30 total |
| Total damage | $20 million (1975 USD) |
| Related articles | |
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