title: Terminative case

abstract: In grammar, the terminative or terminalis case is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action.

text:
# Terminative case

In grammar, the **terminative** or **terminalis** case (abbreviated **TERM**) is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action.

## Assamese

In the Assamese language, the terminative case is indicated by the suffix -(অ)লৈকে *-(o)loike*:

আজিৰ

azir

পৰা

pora

পৰহি**লৈকে**

porohi**loike**

আজিৰ পৰা পৰহি**লৈকে**

azir pora porohi**loike**

'from today up to the-day-after-tomorrow'

মৰিগাঁৱৰ

morigaor

পৰা

pora

হোজাই**লৈকে**

hüzai**loike**

মৰিগাঁৱৰ পৰা হোজাই**লৈকে**

morigaor pora hüzai**loike**

'From Morigaon up to Hojai.'

নৈৰ

noir

ইপাৰৰ

iparor

পৰা

pora

সিপাৰ**লৈকে**

xipar**oloike**

নৈৰ ইপাৰৰ পৰা সিপাৰ**লৈকে**

noir iparor pora xipar**oloike**

'From this bank up to that bank of the river'

## Bashkir

In the Bashkir language, the terminative case is indicated by the suffix *-ğasa/-gäsä/-qasa/-käsä*:

киске

kiske

12-нән

12-nän

таңғы

tañğï

ете**гәсә**

yete**gäsä**

киске 12-нән таңғы ете**гәсә**

kiske 12-nän tañğï yete**gäsä**

'from 12 pm up to 7 am'

Был

Bïl

аҙнала

aðnala

32

32

градус**ҡаса**

gradus**qasa**

эҫетәсәк.

eśetäsäk

Был аҙнала 32 градус**ҡаса** эҫетәсәк.

Bïl aðnala 32 gradus**qasa** eśetäsäk

'This week, it will get hot up to 32 degrees (celsius).'

However, postpositions тиклем (*tiklem*), хәтлем (*xätlem*), ҡәҙәр (*qäðär*) 'till, up to' are more frequently used in Bashkir to convey this meaning.

## Classical Hebrew

T.J. Meek has argued that "the so-called locative " in Classical Hebrew "is terminative only and should be renamed terminative ."

## Estonian

In the Estonian language, the terminative case is indicated by the '-ni' suffix:

* *jõeni*: 'to the river'/'as far as the river'
* *kella kuueni*: 'until six o'clock'

## Hungarian

The Hungarian language uses the '-ig' suffix.

* *a házig*: 'as far as the house'
* *hat óráig/hatig*: 'until six o'clock'

If used for time, it can also show how long the action lasted.

* *hat óráig*: 'for six hours'/'six hours long'
* *száz évig*: 'for a hundred years'

It is not always clear whether the thing in terminative case belongs to the interval in question or not.

* *A koncertig maradtam.*: 'I stayed until the concert (ended or started?)' Here it is more likely that the person only stayed there until the concert began.
* *Mondj egy számot 1-től 10-ig!*: 'Say a number from 1 to (until) 10.' However here 10 can be said as well.

The corresponding question word is *meddig**?*, which is simply the question word *mi**?* ('what?') in terminative case.

## Sumerian

In Sumerian, the terminative case *-še* not only was used to indicate end-points in space or time but also end-points of an action itself such as its target or goal. In this latter role, it functioned much like an accusative case.

## Finnish

The use of the postposition *asti* (or synonymously *saakka*) with the illative (or allative or sublative) case in Finnish very closely corresponds to the terminative. These same postpositions with the elative (or ablative) case also express the opposite of a terminative: a limit in time or space of origination or initiation.

## Japanese

The Japanese particle まで (*made*) acts like a terminative case.

## Further reading

* Anhava, Jaakko (2015). "Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars". *journal.fi*. Helsinki: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.

1. Haspelmath, Martin (2008-11-27). Malchukov, Andrej L.; Spencer, Andrew (eds.). *Terminology of Case*. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199206476.013.0034.
2. Meek, Theophile James (1940). "The Hebrew Accusative of Time and Place". *Journal of the American Oriental Society*. **60** (2): 224–233. doi:10.2307/594010. JSTOR 594010.


title: Scopula nemoraria

abstract: Scopula nemoraria is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found from central to eastern Europe, east to Russia and China. The wingspan is 26–29 millimetres (1.0–1.1 in). Adults are on wing in June. The larvae feed on Hypericum perforatum and Lysimachia vulgaris.

text:
# Scopula nemoraria

***Scopula nemoraria*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found from central to eastern Europe, east to Russia and China.

The wingspan is 26–29 millimetres (1.0–1.1 in). Adults are on wing in June.

The larvae feed on *Hypericum perforatum* and *Lysimachia vulgaris*.

## InfoBox

| *Scopula nemoraria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Scopula* |
| Species: | ***S. nemoraria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scopula nemoraria***<br>(Hübner, \[1799\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Geometra nemoraria* Hubner, 1799 * *Acidalia aliata* Herrich-Schaffer, 1847 | |


title: Jorge Elich

abstract: Jorge Elich is a young Spanish lion tamer. He holds the Guinness World Record for being the youngest lion tamer in the world. His most recent documented performance was in the Circus Paris in El Ejido, near Almeria, Spain, in January 2008. Jorge, the youngest of six siblings, took over from his ailing father when he was 5 years old.

text:
# Jorge Elich

**Jorge Elich** (aged 8 as of January 31, 2008) is a young Spanish lion tamer. He holds the Guinness World Record for being the youngest lion tamer in the world. His most recent documented performance was in the Circus Paris in El Ejido, near Almeria, Spain, in January 2008. Jorge, the youngest of six siblings, took over from his ailing father when he was 5 years old.

* "Youngest person to be a lion tamer". *Records of the week: 1st - 7th February 2008*. Guinness World Records. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
* "Tiny Tamer Stars Learning his Lions". *Metro.co.uk*. January 31, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-30.


abstract: The 2018 Women's Under 18 Australian Championships was a field hockey tournament held in the Tasmanian city of Launceston from 13–21 March. NSW State won the gold medal, defeating WA 3–2 in the final. QLD Maroon won the bronze medal by defeating VIC 6–1 in the third place playoff.

text:
# 2018 Under 18 Women's Australian Championships

The **2018 Women's Under 18 Australian Championships** was a field hockey tournament held in the Tasmanian city of Launceston from 13–21 March.

NSW State won the gold medal, defeating WA 3–2 in the final. QLD Maroon won the bronze medal by defeating VIC 6–1 in the third place playoff.

## Teams

## Results

### Preliminary round

* Each team played one crossover match; points have been added to teams' respective pools.

#### Pool A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | QLD Maroon | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 31 | 7 | +24 | 12 | Advance to
Semi-finals |
| 2 | VIC | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 10 | +9 | | 10 |
| 3 | SA | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 14 | 15 | 1 | 6 |  |
| 4 | TAS | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 21 | 17 | | 2 |
| 5 | NT | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 24 | 22 | | 2 |

Source: Hockey Australia
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals for; 5) head-to-head result; 6) field goals scored.

| QLD Maroon  1–3  NSW State  Office  12' Report Bradley  20'
Schonell  44'
Tobbe  66' |
| --- |

| TAS  1–4  SA  Williams  38' Report Lewis  24'
Goldsmith  30'
De Broughe  44'
Hoffman  62' |
| --- |

| VIC  5–0  NT  Downes  24', 35+', 37'
Utri  46'
Lawton  67' Report |
| --- |

---

| TAS  0–3  NSW Blue  Report Askey  2'
Croker  33'
Watts  53' |
| --- |

| VIC  5–0  SA  Morris  17'
Hamilton-Smith  20'
Utri  40'
Florey  45'
Moore  68' Report |
| --- |

| QLD Maroon  9–0  NT  D. Dolkens  4', 58'
L-B. Smith  8'
Harris  14', 18', 45'
Office  31'
C. Dolkens  35+'
Mathison  42' Report |
| --- |

---

| VIC  4–3  WA  Downes  23', 38'
Florey  47'
Morris  47' Report Flynn  19', 41'
Dowd  61' |
| --- |

| TAS  0–11  QLD Maroon  Report Harris  10', 28', 49', 61'
D. Dolkens  27', 33', 59'
Office  35', 39'
J. Smith  42'
Mathison  66' |
| --- |

| SA  9–1  NT  Higgins  11', 19'
De Broughe  15', 32', 40'
Shand  21'
Cameron  24'
Lewis  35+'
Griffin  62' Report Knowles  16' |
| --- |

---

| VIC  3–5  QLD Maroon  Downes  13'
Moore  35', 70' Report J. Smith  11', 39'
Reid  29'
Office  52'
Fitzpatrick  63' |
| --- |

| NT  1–1  TAS  Kleidon  24' Report Phillips  67' |
| --- |

| SA  0–3  QLD Gold  Report S. Staples  31'
Walker  64'
Best  66' |
| --- |

---

| QLD Maroon  5–1  SA  Fitzpatrick  6'
Harris  9', 10'
J. Smith  17'
D. Dolkens  24' Report Hoffman  22' |
| --- |

| TAS  2–2  VIC  Bridley  14', 18' Report Colasurdo  51'
Lawton  60' |
| --- |

| NT  0–0  ACT  Report |
| --- |

#### Pool B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | NSW State | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 29 | 4 | +25 | 13 | Advance to
Semi-finals |
| 2 | WA | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 6 | +10 | | 10 |
| 3 | QLD Gold | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 13 | 5 | 9 |  |
| 4 | NSW Blue | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 17 | 10 | | 4 |
| 5 | ACT | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 13 | | 2 |

Source: Hockey Australia
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals for; 5) head-to-head result; 6) field goals scored.

| WA  5–0  ACT  Dowd  11', 40'
Snyman  25', 58'
Vanderzwan  49' Report |
| --- |

| NSW Blue  1–3  QLD Gold  Askey  49' Report S. Staples  19'
Reid  24'
Best  47' |
| --- |

| QLD Maroon  1–3  NSW State  Office  12' Report Bradley  20'
Schonell  44'
Tobbe  66' |
| --- |

---

| WA  4–1  QLD Gold  Flynn  7', 53'
Vanderzwan  38'
Sertorio  44' Report Best  45' |
| --- |

| NSW State  7–0  ACT  Smith  13', 41'
Toohey  28'
Kable  35+'
Schonell  38'
Callander  53'
Tobbe  66' Report |
| --- |

| TAS  0–3  NSW Blue  Report Askey  2'
Croker  33'
Watts  53' |
| --- |

---

| NSW Blue  2–10  NSW State  Askey  13'
Smith  24' Report Pickering  3'
Toohey  17', 56'
Schonell  20'
Callander  29', 54'
Young  37'
Smith  57'
Johnston  62'
Kable  70' |
| --- |

| QLD Gold  1–0  ACT  Chappell  70+' Report |
| --- |

| VIC  4–3  WA  Downes  23', 38'
Florey  47'
Morris  47' Report Flynn  19', 41'
Dowd  61' |
| --- |

---

| SA  0–3  QLD Gold  Report S. Staples  31'
Walker  64'
Best  66' |
| --- |

| WA  1–1  NSW State  DeSilva  4' Report Kable  7' |
| --- |

| ACT  1–1  NSW Blue  S. Sutherland  45' Report Osborne  29' |
| --- |

---

| NT  0–0  ACT  Report |
| --- |

| NSW State  8–0  QLD Gold  Schonell  20', 33', 58'
Johnston  42', 69'
Pickering  44'
Kable  45'
Smith  64' Report |
| --- |

| NSW Blue  0–3  WA  Report Snyman  17', 66'
Vanderzwan  51' |
| --- |

### Classification round

#### Fifth to tenth place classification

##### Ninth and tenth place

| NT  1–4  ACT  Cronje  58' Report Bowles  2'
Dooley  37'
Martin  66'
Sheargold  67' |
| --- |

##### Seventh and eighth place

| TAS  0–1  NSW Blue  Report Sandy  38' |
| --- |

##### Fifth and sixth place

| SA  1–5  QLD Gold  Cameron  52' Report Chappell  24'
Reid  25'
Best  27'
J. Staples  48'
Punch  55' |
| --- |

#### First to fourth place classification

##### Semi-finals

| QLD Maroon  2–2  WA  D. Dolkens  26'
J. Smith  38' Report Hutton  11'
Flynn  33'   Penalties  D. Dolkens
Mathison
Fitzpatrick
Brown  1–3  Hutton
Vanderzwan
Sertorio
Flynn |
| --- |

---

| NSW State  2–0  VIC  Callander  29'
Bradley  69' Report |
| --- |

##### Third and fourth place

| QLD Maroon  6–1  VIC  Fitzpatrick  2', 51'
Harris  19', 54'
L-B. Smith  49'
Brown  51' Report Colasurdo  54' |
| --- |

##### Final

| WA  2–3  NSW State  Vanderzwan  25'
Dowd  66' Report Kable  14'
Smith  45'
Tobbe  50' |
| --- |

## Statistics

### Final standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Final Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | NSW State | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 34 | 6 | +28 | 19 | Gold Medal |
|  | WA | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 20 | 11 | +9 | 11 | Silver Medal |
|  | QLD Maroon | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 39 | 10 | +29 | 16 | Bronze Medal |
| 4 | VIC | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 20 | 18 | +2 | 10 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | QLD Gold | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 14 | 1 | 12 |  |
| 6 | SA | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 20 | 5 | | 6 |
| 7 | NSW Blue | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 9 | | 7 |
| 8 | TAS | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 22 | 18 | | 2 |
| 9 | ACT | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 15 | 10 | | 5 |
| 10 | NT | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 28 | 25 | | 2 |

Source: Hockey Australia

## InfoBox

2018 Under 18 Women's
Australian Championships
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Host country | Australia |
| City | Launceston |
| Teams | 10 |
| Venue(s) | Launceston Hockey Centre |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | NSW State |
| Runner-up | WA |
| Third place | QLD Maroon |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 32 |
| Goals scored | 161 (5.03 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Ruby Harris (11 goals) |
| 2017 (previous) (next) 2019 | |


abstract: Small conductance mechanosensitive ion channels (MscS) provide protection against hypo-osmotic shock in bacteria, responding both to stretching of the cell membrane and to membrane depolarization. In eukaryotes, they fulfill a multitude of important functions in addition to osmoregulation. They are present in the membranes of organisms from the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, fungi and plants.

text:
# Small-conductance mechanosensitive channel

**Small conductance mechanosensitive ion channels (MscS)** provide protection against hypo-osmotic shock in bacteria, responding both to stretching of the cell membrane and to membrane depolarization. In eukaryotes, they fulfill a multitude of important functions in addition to osmoregulation. They are present in the membranes of organisms from the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, fungi and plants.

## Structure

There are two families of mechanosensitive (MS) channels: large-conductance MS channels (MscL) and small-conductance MS channels (MscS or YGGB). The MscS family is much larger and more variable in size and sequence than the MscL family. MscS family homologues vary in length between 248 and 1120 amino acyl residues and in topology, but the homologous region that is shared by most of them is only 200-250 residues long, exhibiting 4-5 transmembrane regions (TMSs). Much of the diversity in MscS proteins occurs in the number of TMSs, which ranges from three to eleven TMSs, although the three C-terminal helices are conserved.

Crystal structures of the *Escherichia coli* MscS in the open and closed conformations are available. *E. coli* MscS folds as a homoheptamer with a cylindrical shape, and can be divided into transmembrane and extramembrane regions: an N-terminal periplasmic region, a transmembrane region, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic region (middle and C-terminal domains). The transmembrane region forms a channel through the membrane that opens into a chamber enclosed by the extramembrane portion, the latter connecting to the cytoplasm through distinct portals.

## Function

MS channels function as electromechanical switches with the capability to sense the physical state of lipid bilayers. Interactions with the membrane lipids are responsible for the sensing of mechanical force for most known MS channels. In bacterial and animal systems, MS ion channels are thought to mediate the perception of pressure, touch, and sound. With numerous members now electrophysiologically characterized, these channels displays a breadth of ion selectivity with both anion- and cation-selective members. The selectivities of these channels may be relatively weak in comparison to voltage-gated channels. In addition, some MscS channels may function in amino acid efflux, Ca2+ regulation and cell division.

### Transport reaction

The generalized transport reaction proposed for MscS channels is:

Osmolytes (in) and ions (in) ⇌ osmolytes (out) and ions (out)

## Mechanism

Application of a ramp of negative pressure to a patch excised from an *E. coli* giant spheroplast gave a small conductance (MscS; ~1 nS in 400 mM salt) with a sustained open state, and a large conductance (MscL; ~3 nS) with faster kinetics, activated at higher pressure. MscS was reported to exhibit a weak anionic preference and a voltage dependency, tending to open upon depolarization. Activation by membrane-intercalating amphipathic compounds suggested that the MscS channel is sensitive to mechanical perturbations in the lipid bilayer.

Sensitivity towards tension changes can be explained as result of the hydrophobic coupling between the membrane and TMSs of the channel. Pockets in between TMSs were identified in MscS and YnaI that are filled with lipids. Fewer lipids are present in the open state of MscS than the closed. Thus, exclusion of lipid fatty acyl chains from these pockets, as a consequence of increased tension, may trigger gating. Similarly, in the eukaryotic MS channel TRAAK it was found that a lipid chain blocks the conducting path in the closed state.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR006685

*As of this edit, this article uses content from* "1.A.23 The Small Conductance Mechanosensitive Ion Channel (MscS) Family"*, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.*

## InfoBox

| MscS channel | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | MscS channel |
| Pfam | PF00924 |
| InterPro | IPR006685 |
| PROSITE | PDOC00959 |
| SCOP2 | 1mxm / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| TCDB | 1.A.23 |
| OPM superfamily | 11 |
| OPM protein | 5aji |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Ship disposal

text:
# Ship disposal

A number of different methods exist for disposing of a ship after it has reached the end of its effective or economic service life with an organisation.

## Options

Although many options are technically possible, some, such as deep water sinking, are not used for non-military vessels, or have come under increased scrutiny. Options currently available include:

## Description of options

* Hulking was a traditional method of converting a hull to another purpose after its usefulness as a ship had ended. The ship is stripped of its motive equipment (sails and rigging or motors) and is used for a variety of purposes. This practice is still in use to a limited extent.
* Ship breaking is the most common and most environmentally accepted method of ship disposal. According to various organisations, only facilities approved by the Basel Action Network's "Green Ship Recycling" program are environmentally sound options.
* Artificial reefing is the sinking of ships offshore to form reefs. Before sinking, the vessel needs to have all toxic components and electrical devices removed. Depending on the ship design this may be done relatively easily, although some designs present certain difficulties. Also the reef location needs to be determined. For these, approval must be obtained from the state authorities. According to the Rand Corporation, artificial reefing to form wreck diving sites is however still a profitable option, as the reefs are anticipated to be visited by tourists, thus generating an income.
* Donation, or sale for re-use, allows for the refurbishment and reuse of a vessel by a secondary party. Such uses can include further life as a ship, houseboat, office, hotel, museum, or conference center.
* Deep water sinking or SINKEX is the sinking of ships during target practice. Before the ships are sunk they are cleaned of all toxic components and devices, so that no environmental pollution should occur.
* Floating or drydock storage involves storing the boat on or off water for a period of time. Storage on water is an expensive method as after 30 years the ships need extensive repairs due to corrosion by the seawater. Storage in drydocks is also expensive. Regular storage on shore, outside a dock, is also a possibility.

## Illegal ship disposal

Some shipping companies have in the past attempted to dispose of their ships illegally, often due to the high costs of sanitizing these ships in a legal way as a result of the presence of large quantities of toxic compounds and materials. Prominent examples of where environmental concerns have complicated the planned disposal of ships have been the Norwegian Cruise Lines vessels SS *Norway* and SS *Oceanic*, as well as the French aircraft carrier *Clemenceau*. Although in the past there were few effective controls on ship disposal, and the risk of being caught was therefore limited, national authorities as well as environmental organisations are now more vigilant. Ships are sometimes tracked when they are nearing the end of their lifespan. Companies caught disposing of ships illegally face hefty fines.


title: Rhinns of Kells

abstract: The Rhinns of Kells are a range of hills in the Galloway Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The most easterly of three parallel ridges, they are neighboured to the west by the Range of the Awful Hand and the Dungeon Hills. The eastern portion of the Minnigaff Hills range lies immediately southwest of the range. In total, these four ranges are part of the Galloway Forest Park. The ridge is located entirely within Dumfries and Galloway, with the base of the western flanks being a northwestern boundary of the county. Although distant, the ridge is paralleled to the east by the A713 road. This road provides access to the majority of the starting points for walking the ridge. Most commonly, these are Garryhorn Farm and Forrest Estate. Unclassified roads, one of which follows the Southern Upland Way, and two others near Clatteringshaws Loch can be utilised, but are much less common due to the difficult terrain when ascending or descending from the south. Due to the linear nature of the ridge, a full traverse will normally require two modes of transport positioned at either end if to be walked in a day. Shorter, circular rounds from Forrest Lodge are, as a result, more popular. A bus service by Houston's Minicoaches runs from Dalmellington to Castle Douglas via Carsphairn and St. John's Town of Dalry multiple times a day.

text:
# Rhinns of Kells

The **Rhinns of Kells** are a range of hills in the Galloway Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The most easterly of three parallel ridges, they are neighboured to the west by the Range of the Awful Hand and the Dungeon Hills. The eastern portion of the Minnigaff Hills range lies immediately southwest of the range. In total, these four ranges are part of the Galloway Forest Park. The ridge is located entirely within Dumfries and Galloway, with the base of the western flanks being a northwestern boundary of the county.

Although distant, the ridge is paralleled to the east by the A713 road. This road provides access to the majority of the starting points for walking the ridge. Most commonly, these are Garryhorn Farm (the turnoff a few hundred metres north of Carsphairn) and Forrest Estate (accessed much further south a few kilometres north of St. John's Town of Dalry). Unclassified roads, one of which follows the Southern Upland Way, and two others near Clatteringshaws Loch can be utilised, but are much less common due to the difficult terrain when ascending or descending from the south. Due to the linear nature of the ridge, a full traverse will normally require two modes of transport positioned at either end if to be walked in a day. Shorter, circular rounds from Forrest Lodge are, as a result, more popular. A bus service by Houston's Minicoaches runs from Dalmellington to Castle Douglas via Carsphairn and St. John's Town of Dalry multiple times a day.

## The Hills

The hills of the range are the second-highest of the Galloway Hills, with the highest hill, Corserine, reaching 814 m. The terrain is similar to that of the Range of the Awful Hand in that the walking is predominantly along flat grass with occasional boggy sections, however the drops to the west and east are high, steep and often craggy. The ridge south of Corserine, which is named the Rhinns of Kells on OS maps – ignoring the northern portion, is notably rougher.

From north to south (ignoring all satellite ridges other than Cairnsgarroch) the hills are:

| Summit | Height (m) | Listing |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cullendoch Hill | 343 | Tu,3 |
| Craigencolon | 346 | Tu,3 |
| Black Craig | 528 | Tu,5,DDew |
| Knockower | 511 | Tu,5,DDew |
| Coran of Portmark | 623 | Tu,Sim, ,GT,DN |
| Bow | 613 | Tu,Sim,DT,GT,DN |
| Cairnsgarroch | 659 | Hu,Tu,Sim,D,GT,DN,Y |
| Meaul | 695 | Tu,Sim, ,GT,DN |
| Carlin's Cairn | 807 | Tu,Sim,D,sHu,CT,DN |
| Corserine | 814 | Ma,Hu,Tu,Sim, , ,DN,Y |
| Millfire | 716 | DT,sSim |
| Milldown | 738 | Tu,Sim, ,sHu,GT,DN |
| Meikle Millyea | 748.64 | Hu,Tu,Sim, ,GT,DN,Y |
| Little Millyea | 578 | Tu,5,DDew |
| Darrou | *c.* 470 | - |

## Ecology

The range forms part of the Silver Flowe-Merrick Kells Biosphere Reserve, which incorporates a considerable portion of both ranges to the west and east, and is a Natura 2000 site. The area is very popular with invertebrates and swarms of Odonata, Syrphidae and Lepidoptera during summer are common. The main lochs attributed to the range are Loch Dungeon, Loch Minnoch and Loch Harrow, all on the east side and in close proximity. Loch Dungeon was known to historically contain Arctic Charr which died out due to acidification; Brown trout populations, however, survived and the water quality has improved. There are currently ten Osprey pairs known to nest in Dumfries and Galloway; these lochs are a known feeding ground. The Lochans of Auchniebut, north of Meikle Millyea and at approximately 650m, may be the highest permanent water bodies in the Southern Uplands.

## Etymology

'Rhinns' derives from the Old Irish *rind*, later Ulster Irish and Scottish Gaelic *rinn*, meaning 'promontory' or 'point'. 'Kells' is a parish in the historic county of Stewartry of Kirkcudbright to the southeast of the range near New Galloway. Its name possibly derives from the Old Irish *cell*, later Irish and Scottish Gaelic *cill*, meaning 'church', but may instead be in reference to its heightened elevation or, historically, wooded land. Most of the hill names are of Scottish Gaelic or Scots origin, such as Meikle Millyea; (Scots: *meikle* \- 'large') (Scottish Gaelic: *meall liath* \- 'grey, round hill'), which translates fully to 'large, grey, round hill'.

55°09′20″N 4°21′30″W / 55.15556°N 4.35833°W / 55.15556; -4.35833


title: Ewen Gillies

abstract: Ewen Gillies, also known as 'California Gillies', was a pioneering adventurer and serial emigrant from the remote Scottish island of Hirta, St Kilda. During a lifetime punctuated by migration, he settled for periods of time in Australia, New Zealand, California and possibly Canada, but returned home on three separate occasions to live in the small remote community on Hirta, the only inhabited island in the small rocky St Kilda archipelago, which has been described as Scotland's most remote and isolated island community, located in the Atlantic Ocean over 40 miles west of the Outer Hebrides.

text:
# Ewen Gillies

**Ewen Gillies** (born 1825), also known as 'California Gillies', was a pioneering adventurer and serial emigrant from the remote Scottish island of Hirta, St Kilda. During a lifetime punctuated by migration, he settled for periods of time in Australia, New Zealand, California and possibly Canada, but returned home on three separate occasions to live in the small remote community on Hirta, the only inhabited island in the small rocky St Kilda archipelago, which has been described as Scotland's most remote and isolated island community, located in the Atlantic Ocean over 40 miles west of the Outer Hebrides.

## Early life

Ewen was born in 1825 into the Gillies family, a large clan whose origins can be traced to the settlers that came to St Kilda from the Isle of Skye and Harris in the eighteenth century after a smallpox outbreak had reduced the St Kilda population to 42. Ewen spent his childhood on the island and in 1849 he married Margaret McDonald, the beautiful daughter of a respected Island elder. In the 1851 census, Ewen is shown as 24 years old and Margaret as 19, and 33 of the St Kilda population of 110 were members of the Gillies family.

## First emigration (1852)

His first voyage started in 1852, when he, his wife and their baby daughter Mary were among 36 St Kildans who decided to emigrate to Australia with the help of the Highland and Island Emigration Society, reducing the population of the island to 70. He sold his croft, furniture and other belongings, raising £17, and they set off in September 1852, first by boat to Skye, then with 400 other emigrants to Glasgow on the steamer *Islay*, arriving on 1 October. On the following day they travelled by ship to Birkenhead. The owner of St Kilda, Sir John MacLeod, tried without success to persuade some of the group to return to the island, offering to pay for their passage plus two years' living allowance. When they were unconvinced, he generously paid for their voyage to Australia, and they boarded the ship *Priscilla* and sailed on 13 October 1852. Unfortunately, an epidemic onboard resulted in 80 passenger deaths, of whom 18 were members of the St Kilda group, including the Gillies's young daughter. The ship arrived at Port Phillip on 19 January 1853, but quarantine regulations delayed disembarkation.

Gillies and his wife settled near Melbourne in a new area called Little Brighton that had lost most of its labour force in the 1852 gold rush. Gillies worked for George Walstab as a brickmaker for six months, but is reported to have been sacked for laziness. They then set off for the goldfields, and during the next two years found sufficient gold to buy a large farm, but subsequently suffered financial problems, sold the farm and returned to Melbourne. Gillies went to New Zealand in search of more gold and his wife and two children remained with friends in Melbourne. He returned eighteen months later, only to find that his wife had remarried, assuming he would not return.

Gillies sailed to North America, joined the Union Army and fought in the American Civil War, but in 1861 he deserted and joined a gold rush in California, where he mined successfully for six years. He accumulated a considerable fortune and went back to Australia to reclaim his children, then sailed with them back to St Kilda in 1871, where they were enthusiastically welcomed. However, after five weeks he and his children became dissatisfied with the remote and isolated life on Hirta and decided to emigrate to America.

## Second emigration (1871)

In 1871, Gillies left St Kilda with his children and sailed to North America, where his priority was his children's future. Eleven years later, after settling his children, he returned to St Kilda, arriving in 1884. On 27 April 1885, at the age of 59, he married an island girl, Rachel MacQueen, aged 31 according to the certificate. Her silver ring was the only metal wedding ring on St Kilda; a piece of woollen thread was traditionally used.

During his stay he tried to persuade the islanders to emigrate, stirring up discontent and ill-feeling against their landlord. By October 1885 almost all the islanders were keen to relocate, either to the mainland or to Australia. However, in June 1886, Robert Connell visited the island and reported that they had changed their minds.

## Third emigration (1885)

Gillies and his new wife left St Kilda in 1885 and travelled to Australia, settling in Melbourne. His wife, however, was homesick and did not like the climate, so within eight months she brought him back to live in St Kilda. This time, the islanders quickly tired of his overpowering self-assurance and his attempts to make them change their ways and introduce modern methods, and they forced him to leave.

## Fourth emigration (1889)

Gillies and his wife took the first boat from St Kilda in summer 1889. Some sources state that they travelled to Canada, where they lived for the rest of their lives. Others suggest that they may have settled in California, where Gillies's children were living. It is possible that a gravestone in Downey District Cemetery in Los Angeles County, California, inscribed "*Ewen Gillies: Nov 11 1826 – May 10 1904*" and "*Rachel Gillies: died April 28 1905*" may mark their final resting place.


title: The Malay Junk

abstract: The Malay Junk is a 1924 German silent crime film directed by Max Obal and starring Ernst Reicher and Alexandra Sorina. It features the fictional detective Stuart Webbs, who was popular during the silent era. It was made at the Emelka Studios in Munich.

text:
# The Malay Junk

***The Malay Junk*** (German:***Die malayische Dschonke***) is a 1924 German silent crime film directed by Max Obal and starring Ernst Reicher and Alexandra Sorina. It features the fictional detective Stuart Webbs, who was popular during the silent era. It was made at the Emelka Studios in Munich.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Rainey, Buck. *Serials and Series: A World Filmography, 1912-1956*. McFarland, 2015.

## InfoBox

| The Malay Junk | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Max Obal |
| Written by | Viktor Klein
Paul Langenscheidt (novel) |
| Produced by | Ernst Reicher |
| Starring | Ernst Reicher
Alexandra Sorina |
| Production
company | Münchner Lichtspielkunst |
| Distributed by | Bavaria Film |
| Release date | * 24 October 1924 (1924-10-24) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: Defense Commissary Agency

abstract: The Defense Commissary Agency (DeCA), headquartered at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia, is an agency of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) that operates nearly 240 commissaries worldwide. American military commissaries sell groceries and household goods to active-duty, Guard, Reserve, and retired members of all eight uniformed services of the United States and eligible members of their families at cost plus surcharge, saving authorized patrons thousands of dollars compared to civilian supermarkets.

text:
# Defense Commissary Agency

The **Defense Commissary Agency** (**DeCA**), headquartered at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia, is an agency of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) that operates nearly 240 commissaries worldwide. American military commissaries sell groceries and household goods to active-duty, Guard, Reserve, and retired members of all eight uniformed services of the United States and eligible members of their families at cost plus surcharge, saving authorized patrons thousands of dollars compared to civilian supermarkets.

## History

The commissary benefit is not a recent innovation. Sales of goods from commissary department storehouses to military personnel began in 1825, when U.S. Army officers at specified posts could make purchases at cost for their personal use; by 1841, officers could also purchase items for members of their immediate families.

However, the modern era of sales commissaries is considered to have actually begun in 1867, when enlisted men received the same at-cost purchasing privileges officers had already enjoyed for four decades. No geographic restrictions were placed upon these sales; the commissary warehouse at every Army post could become a sales location, whether they were located on the frontier or near a large city. From the start, commissaries were meant to take on-post retail functions out of the hands of civilian vendors and post traders and allow the Army to "care for its own." The stores provided food beyond what was supplied in the official rations, and the savings they provided supplemented military pay. The modern concept of commissary sales stores, which were established to benefit military personnel of all ranks by providing healthful foods at cost, reached its 150th anniversary on July 1, 2017.

The commissary retail function developed and grew, roughly parallel to the development of the retail grocery industry. The commissaries’ 82-item stock list of 1868 was comparable to the stock assortment in a typical civilian dry goods grocery store at that time. Commissaries kept pace with developments in civilian supermarkets, and the average commissary today has more than 12,000 line items; the largest stores have several thousand more.

The list of eligible shoppers has also grown. Originally, only active-duty Army personnel could shop. Today, personnel in all services, including the Coast Guard and National Guard and Reserves, may shop in the commissary on any U.S. military installation, around the world. Military retirees – those who have served in uniform 20 years or more – were first allowed to make commissary purchases in 1878, and they continue to have shopping privileges. Spouses and dependent children of service personnel are authorized commissary privileges, as are recipients of the Medal of Honor, and veterans honorably discharged from service with 100% disability in connection with military service also have authorized commissary privileges.

As the role of the American military grew larger, commissaries began to spread around the world. The first overseas stores opened in Cuba, the Philippines and in China between 1898 and 1904. They were soon followed by commissaries in Panama and Puerto Rico. Eventually, all the services adopted the Army's concept of commissary sales stores and tailored the concept to their own needs. The Navy and Marine Corps opened their first commissaries in 1909 and 1910, and the Air Force inherited its stores from the Army Air Forces in 1947 and 1948. By the mid-1970s, each of the services ran its own commissary agency, with differing procedures and systems: the Army Troop Support Agency (TSA), the Navy Resale System Support Office (NAVRESSO), the Commissary Section of the Marine Corps Services Command, and the Air Force Commissary Service (AFCOMS).

## Separate systems combined

In 1989, Congress directed DoD to conduct a study of the separate military commissary systems. The ensuing report by the Jones Commission (headed by Army Lt. Gen. Donald E. Jones) recommended consolidating the service systems into one agency to improve service and save money. The Defense Commissary Agency (DeCA) was established May 15, 1990, by a memorandum from the deputy secretary of defense; this was the first DoD functional agency consolidation during the post-Cold War cutbacks and downsizing.

DoD appointed Army Maj. Gen. John P. Dreska as the agency's first director in June 1990. Shortly afterward, a transition team of commissary functional experts managed the consolidation of all the service systems into a single agency, and DeCA assumed full control of all commissaries on Oct. 1, 1991, at its headquarters in Fort Lee, Va.

After leading DeCA through its initial year of operation, Dreska retired in 1992, and Army Maj. Gen. Richard E. Beale Jr. became the new director. Beale retired from the military Sept. 30, 1996, but stayed on the job as the first civilian director of the agency. He was succeeded by Air Force Maj. Gen. Robert J. Courter Jr. (November 1999 to August 2002) and Air Force Maj. Gen. Michael P. Wiedemer (August 2002 to October 2004). Patrick B. Nixon, who served as director and CEO from October 2004 to October 2007, was the first person in U.S. history to become director of any commissary agency after beginning his career at store level and steadily rising through the commissaries' civilian career field. Following Nixon's retirement, Richard S. Page served as acting director until the arrival of director and CEO, Philip E. Sakowitz Jr., in June 2008. Thomas E. Milks was acting director and CEO, from Sakowitz's June 2010 retirement until Joseph H. Jeu succeeded Sakowitz 3 June 2011.

Joseph H. Jeu subsequently served as the director and CEO from January 2011 until his retirement in June 2017. Michael Dowling served as acting director and CEO following Jeu’s retirement. On Oct. 24, DOD announced retired Rear Adm. Robert J. Bianchi as the interim director and CEO. Bianchi is also the CEO of the Navy Exchange Service Command.

## Authorized commissary patrons

Authority to shop at Commissaries is normally determined by presentation of the U.S. Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Card or a Common Access Card. At some military bases authorized patrons are allowed to bring guests into the commissaries. Guests are not authorized to make commissary purchases, and patrons are not permitted to make commissary purchases for guests. Base commanders can order the restriction of guests to the commissaries.

Commissary privileges overseas are covered under Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Visiting Forces agreements, treaties, etc. Since products sold in overseas commissaries pass across international borders and are customs, duty, and tax free; there are shopping restrictions.

### Authorized patrons

* Active duty members of the United States Armed Forces.
* DeCA employees
* Members of the Reserve and National Guard.
* Retired members of Active Duty, Reserves, and the National Guard.
* Retired Reservist and National Guardsmen not yet age 60 (Gray Area).
* Honorably discharged veterans with 10-100 percent service-connected disability certified by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).
* Recipients of the Medal of Honor.
* Since Jan 2020, Recipients of the Purple Heart.
* Since Jan 2020, Disabled Veterans\*.
* Since Jan 2020, Caregivers for Disabled Veterans\*.
* Since Jan 2020, former POWs.

*Patron eligibility documentation required is primarily based on VA letter for caregivers and VA VID. Some newly categorized patrons receive an additional charge on top of regular Surcharge to satisfy U.S. Treasury fees to avoid a hit on taxpayers.

### Eligible dependents

* Spouses of Military Servicemembers, Military Retirees, Recipients of the Medal of Honor and Veterans with 40-100 percent service-connected disability are entitled to full commissary privileges.
* Children until their military-parent leaves the service (without a full combat related disability) or they reach the age of 21 or age 23 if enrolled in college full-time.

### Survivors

* Spouses of fallen Servicemembers in combat have unlimited commissary privileges.
* Unmarried children of the deceased servicemembers in the line of duty may use commissary privileges, until they are twenty-one, or twenty-three if enrolled in a full-time course of study in a secondary school or in a full-time course of study in an institution of higher education.

### Personal agent

Authorized Commissary patron may designate an agent or representative, on a temporary basis not to exceed one year, to accompany and assist an authorized patron to the commissary under the following conditions:

* In extreme hardship cases.
* When no adult dependent member is capable of shopping due to injury, illness, incapacitation or being stationed away from their household (i.e. deployment, TDY, school, training).
* Any person chosen by a blinded or other severely disabled eligible patron to assist the patron.

The personal agent will be provided official agent credentials or an approval letter, and then may enter any commissary to shop on behalf of the authorized patron. Only an installation commander can authorize agent privileges.

## Guard/Reserve On-Site Sales

Guard/Reserve On-Site Sales is a program that allows Guard/Reserve members and their families, and any authorized shopper living long distances from a commissary store. The sales which provide patrons significant savings; the same as active duty military personnel that shop regularly at the commissaries. Guard/Reserve On-Site Sales are held at Reserve Centers, National Guard armories and Air National Guard bases.

Exterior and interior views of the commissary at Naval Station Norfolk in August 2002.

## Commissaries today

Today's customers also pay a surcharge on their purchases, which was mandated by Congress in 1952 to make commissaries more self-sustaining. The surcharge, which has been set at 5 percent since April 1983, provides modern shopping facilities for service members at a reduced cost to taxpayers. Unlike a tax, surcharge funds go right back into the commissary to work for commissary customers, paying for the cost of building new stores, renovating and repairing existing ones and purchasing equipment and store-level information technology systems such as cash registers.

Commissary patrons worldwide save thousands of dollars annually on their grocery bills. Customers can use manufacturer's coupons to save even more on their commissary purchases. Annual sales now are nearly $5 billion.

Surveys consistently rate the commissaries as one of the military's top non-pay benefits. Many young service families, particularly those stationed in high cost-of-living urban areas, could not make ends meet without the price savings provided by the commissaries. DeCA has delivered more than $2 in savings to customers for every taxpayer dollar used to support the commissary system. In other words, preserving this level of compensation in direct dollar payments to military personnel would cost the government more than twice the current fund appropriation.

## InfoBox

Defense Commissary Agency
| DeCA Seal | |
| --- | --- |
| Cornucopia Logo | |
| <br>Flag of the Defense Commissary Agency | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1990–1991 (1991) |
| Headquarters | Fort Gregg-Adams, Prince George County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Agency executive | * William F. Moore, Director and Chief Executive Officer |
| Website | www.commissaries.com |


title: Campbell executive council of Ceylon

abstract: The Campbell executive council was 3rd executive council of British Ceylon. The government was led by Governor Colin Campbell.

text:
# Campbell executive council of Ceylon

The **Campbell executive council** was 3rd executive council of British Ceylon. The government was led by Governor Colin Campbell.

## Executive council members

| Portrait | Member of Council | Office | Took office | Left office | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Colin Campbell | Governor | 15 April 1841 | 19 April 1847 |  |
|  | Philip Anstruther | Colonial Secretary | 15 April 1841 | 1845 | Replaced by James Emerson Tennent |
|  | James Emerson Tennent | | 29 November 1845 | 19 April 1847 |  |
|  | Lieutenant general Colin Campbell | Commander of Troops | 16 April 1841 | ? |  |
|  | Arthur William Buller | Attorney General
as Queen's Advocate | 15 April 1841 | 19 April 1847 |  |
|  | Henry Wright | Auditor General | 15 April 1841 | 19 April 1847 |  |
|  | George Turnour | Treasurer | 15 April 1841 | 1843 | Replaced by Francis Templer |
|  | Francis Templer | | 1 November 1843 | 19 April 1847 |  |

## InfoBox

| Campbell executive council of Ceylon | |
| --- | --- |
|
3rd Cabinet of British Ceylon | |
| Date formed | 15 April 1841 |
| Date dissolved | 19 April 1847 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Queen Victoria |
| Head of government | Colin Campbell |
| No. of ministers | 6 |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Stewart-Mackenzie executive council of Ceylon |
| Successor | Torrington executive council of Ceylon |


title: Reginald Hewetson

abstract: General Sir Reginald Hackett Hewetson, was a senior British Army officer and a former Adjutant-General to the Forces.

text:
# Reginald Hewetson

General **Sir Reginald Hackett Hewetson**, GCB, CBE, DSO (4 August 1908 – 19 January 1993) was a senior British Army officer and a former Adjutant-General to the Forces.

## Military career

Educated at Repton School and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Reginald Hewetson was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1928. He served in India from 1929 to 1935.

During the Second World War Hewetson served in France, North Africa and Italy. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his service during the war. In 1942 he served in the Tunisian campaign as a General Staff Officer (GSO) with the lines of communication of the British First Army, before being made a GSO Grade 1 (with the 78th Infantry Division, also serving with the First Army in the fighting in Tunisia. The division later fought in the Allied invasion of Sicily in July–August 1943 but Hewetson left to take command of the 121st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, then fighting in Italy, before then assuming command of the 6th Field Regiment, also fighting in Italy, sometime in 1944. He returned again to the 78th Division, this time as the division's Commander, Royal Artillery. Once again, his stay was short as he was soon sent to X Corps as its Brigadier General Staff (BGS), a position he held until then end of the war in 1945.

Hewetson was BGS of the British Army in Austria from 1945 to 1947. In 1949 he attended the Imperial Defence College in London and then, in 1953, he was appointed was Commander, Royal Artillery within the 2nd Division in Germany and in March 1956 he became General Officer Commanding 11th Armoured Division. In April 1956 the 11th Armoured Division was reformed under his command as the 4th Division and in 1958 he became Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley. In 1961 he was appointed Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong and in 1963 he became General Officer Commanding Far East Land Forces, a post he held until 1964 when he became Adjutant General. He retired from the British Army in 1967.

Hewetson was also Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery from 1962 to 1973. He was ADC General to the Queen from 1966 to 1967. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1958, a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1962 and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1966. He was also appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1943 and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1945.

A service to commemorate his life was held on 12 February 1993. He lived in Uckfield, East Sussex.

Hewetson was also a first class cricket player who played for the Europeans in the Bombay Quadrangular in 1929.

## Family

Hewetson married Patricia Burkitt.

## InfoBox

| General
Sir Reginald Hewetson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1908-08-04)4 August 1908
Shortlands, Kent, England |
| Died | 19 January 1993(1993-01-19) (aged 84) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1928–1967 |
| Rank | General |
| Service number | 40386 |
| Unit | Royal Artillery |
| Commands | Far East Land Forces (1963–64)
British Forces in Hong Kong (1961–63)
Staff College, Camberley (1958–61)
4th Division (1956–57)
11th Armoured Division (1956)
6th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (1944)
121st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (1943–44) |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order |
| Spouse(s) | Patricia Burkitt |


abstract: The 2018 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship was the 51st instalment of the annual competition organised by Ulster GAA. It was one of the four provincial competitions of the 2018–19 All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship. Derry's Slaughtneil were the 2017 champions, but defeat in the Derry quarter-final meant they couldn't defend their title. Donegal champions Gaoth Dobhair became Ulster champions for the first time after beating Monaghan's Scotstown in the final.

text:
# 2018 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship

The **2018 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship** was the 51st instalment of the annual competition organised by Ulster GAA. It was one of the four provincial competitions of the 2018–19 All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.

Derry's Slaughtneil were the 2017 champions, but defeat in the Derry quarter-final meant they couldn't defend their title.

Donegal champions Gaoth Dobhair became Ulster champions for the first time after beating Monaghan's Scotstown in the final.

## Teams

The Ulster championship is contested by the winners of the nine county championships in the Irish province of Ulster. Ulster comprises the six counties of Northern Ireland, as well as Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland.

| County | Team | Last win |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Antrim | Erin's Own, Cargin |  |
| Armagh | Crossmaglen Rangers | 2015 |
| Cavan | Castlerahan |  |
| Derry | Eoghan Rua, Coleraine |  |
| Donegal | Gaoth Dobhair |  |
| Down | St Mary's, Burren | 1988 |
| Fermanagh | Derrygonnelly Harps |  |
| Monaghan | Scotstown | 1989 |
| Tyrone | Coalisland Na Fianna |  |

## Bracket

|  | Preliminary round | | |  |  | Quarter-finals | | |  |  | Semi-finals | | |  |  | Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | Erins Own, Cargin (Antrim) | | 1-13 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  |  | | |  |  | **Gaoth Dobhair (Donegal)** | | **3-11** |  | ||
|  |  | | |  |  |  | | |  |  | **Gaoth Dobhair (Donegal)** | | **4-11** |  | |
|  |  | | |  |  | |  |  | Crossmaglen Rangers (Armagh) | | 0-16 |  ||
|  |  | | |  |  | **Crossmaglen Rangers (Armagh)** | | **0-12** |  |  |  | | |  | |
|  |  | | |  |  | Coalisland (Tyrone) | | 0-10 |  | | || |
|  |  | | |  |  | | | | | | |  | **Gaoth Dobhair (Donegal)** | | | **0-13 (aet)** |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | | | | |  | |  |  | Scotstown (Monaghan) | | 0-12 (aet) |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | Castlerahan (Cavan) | | 0-11 |  | | |  |  | | |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | **Eoghan Rua (Derry)** | | **2-11** |  | | ||
|  |  | | |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | Eoghan Rua (Derry) | | | 2-10 |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | |  |  | **Scotstown (Monaghan)** | | | | **1-14** | |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | Burren (Down) | | 0-10 |  | | |  | | | | | |
|  | **Scotstown (Monaghan)** | | **2-17** |  |  | **Scotstown (Monaghan)** | | **0-13** |  | | ||
|  | Derrygonnelly Harps (Fermanagh) | | 1-11 |  |  | | | | | | ||

## Preliminary round

Preliminary round

| Scotstown
(Monaghan) | 2-17 – 1-11 | Derrygonnelly Harps
(Fermanagh) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Conor McCarthy 0-5 (0-3f), Damien McArdle 1-1, Shane Carey 0-3 (0-1f), Ross McKenna 1-0, Rory Beggan 0-2 (0-2f), Kieran Hughes 0-2, Orin Heaphey 0-2, Ryan O'Toole 0-1, Jack McDevitt 0-1 | Report | Conall Jones 1-2 (1-0 pen), Garvan Jones 0-4 (0-2f), Ryan Jones 0-2, Stephen McGullion 0-1, Leigh Jones 0-1, Paul Ward 0-1 |

St Tiernach's Park, ClonesReferee: Padraig Hughes (Armagh)

---

## Quarter-finals

Quarter-final

| Crossmaglen Rangers
(Armagh) | 0-12 – 0-10 | Coalisland
(Tyrone) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rían O'Neill 0-7 (0-2f, 0-1 45), Oisín O'Neill 0-2, Stephen Morris 0-1, Johnny McKeever 0-1, Mickey McNamee 0-1 | Report | Paddy McNeice 0-8 (0-8f), Stephen McNally 0-1, Bailey Leonard 0-1 |

Athletic Grounds, ArmaghReferee: Martin McNally (Monaghan)

---

Quarter-final

| Burren
(Down) | 0-10 – 0-13 | Scotstown
(Monaghan) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Donal O'Hare 0-5 (0-5f), Cathal Foy 0-2, Ryan Treanor 0-1 (0-1f), Eamonn Toner 0-1, Sean Murdock 0-1 | Report | Shane Carey 0-5 (0-2f), Rory Beggan 0-2 (0-1f), Kieran Hughes 0-2, Francis Maguire 0-2, Conor McCarthy 0-1 (0-1f), Donal Morgan 0-1 |

Páirc Esler, NewryReferee: Sean Hurson (Tyrone)

---

Quarter-final

| Erins Own, Cargin
(Antrim) | 1-13 – 3-11 | Gaoth Dobhair
(Donegal) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Paul McCann 1-1, Jamie Gribbin 0-3, Tomás McCann 0-2 (0-2f), Michael McCann 0-2, Martin Kane 0-1, Justin Crozier 0-1, James Laverty 0-1, Gerard McCann 0-1, Enda McGrogan 0-1 | Report | Kevin Cassidy 1-3, Michael Carroll 1-3, Cian Mulligan 1-1, Eamonn Collum 0-2, Séamus Ó Baoill 0-1 (0-1f), Eamon McGee 0-1 |

Corrigan Park, BelfastReferee: Paul Faloon (Down)

---

Quarter-final

| Castlerahan
(Cavan) | 0-11 – 2-11 | Eoghan Rua
(Derry) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Shane McSweeney 0-3, Cian Mackey 0-2 (0-1f), Oisin O'Connell 0-2, Sean Brady 0-1, Pauric Smith 0-1, Gavin Daly 0-1 | Report | Colm McGoldrick 2-1, Liam McGoldrick 0-2 (0-2f), Gavin McWilliams 0-2, Ciaran McGoldrick 0-2, Ciaran Mullan 0-1, Ruairi Mooney 0-1, Declan Mullan 0-1, Mark McTaggart 0-1 |

O'Raghallaigh Park, KingscourtReferee: Ciaran Branagan (Down)

---

## Semi-finals

Semi-final

| Eoghan Rua
(Derry) | 2-10 – 1-14 | Scotstown
(Monaghan) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ruairi Mooney 1-1, Ciaran Mullan 1-0, Declan Mullan 0-4, Gavin McWilliams 0-2 (0-1f), Barry Daly 0-1, Barry McGoldrick 0-1, Colm McGoldrick 0-1 | Report | Conor McCarthy 1-1, Rory Beggan 0-3 (0-3f), Shane Carey 0-2 (0-2f), Damien McArdle 0-2, Kieran Hughes 0-2, Ryan O'Toole 0-1, Darren Hughes 0-1, Francis Maguire 0-1, Orin Heaphey 0-1 |

Healy Park, OmaghReferee: Ciaran Branagan (Down)

---

Semi-final

| Gaoth Dobhair
(Donegal) | 4-11 – 0-16 | Crossmaglen Rangers
(Armagh) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dáire Ó Baoill 3-0 (1-0 pen), Kevin Cassidy 1-2, Odhrán Mac Niallais 0-4 (0-1f), Eamonn Collum 0-2 (0-1f), Niall Friel 0-1, Cian Mulligan 0-1, Shane Ferry 0-1 | Report | Rían O'Neill 0-8 (0-5f), Oisín O'Neill 0-3 (0-1f), Tony Kernan 0-2 (0-1f), Johnny Hanratty 0-2, Kyle Carragher 0-1 |

Healy Park, OmaghReferee: Joe McQuillan (Cavan)

---

## Final

Final

| Gaoth Dobhair
(Donegal) | 0-13 – 0-12 (a.e.t.) | Scotstown
(Monaghan) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Odhrán Mac Niallais 0-4 (0-3f), Kevin Cassidy 0-2, James Carroll 0-1 (0-1f), Cian Mulligan 0-1, Naoise Ó Baoill 0-1, Eamonn Collum 0-1, Michael Carroll 0-1, Shane Ferry 0-1, Ryan Kelly 0-1 | Report | Shane Carey 0-6 (0-3f), Rory Beggan 0-2 (0-1f, 0-1 45), Damien McArdle 0-1, Darren Hughes 0-1, Kieran Hughes 0-1, Conor McCarthy 0-1 |

Healy Park, OmaghReferee: Noel Mooney (Cavan)

## Championship statistics

### Top scorers

Overall

| Rank | Player | Club | Tally | Total | Matches | Average |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Shane Carey | Scotstown | 0-16 | 16 | 4 | 4.00 |
| 2 | Rían O'Neill | Crossmaglen Rangers | 0-15 | 15 | 2 | 7.50 |
| 3 | Kevin Cassidy | Gaoth Dobhair | 2-7 | 13 | 3 | 4.33 |
| 4 | Conor McCarthy | Scotstown | 1-8 | 11 | 4 | 2.75 |
| 5 | Daire Ó Baoill | Gaoth Dobhair | 3-0 | 9 | 3 | 3.00 |
| | Rory Beggan | Scotstown | 0-9 | 9 | 4 | 2.25 |
| 7 | Odhrán Mac Niallais | Gaoth Dobhair | 0-8 | 8 | 3 | 2.67 |
| | Paddy McNeice | Coalisland | 0-8 | 8 | 1 | 8.00 |
| 9 | Michael Carroll | Gaoth Dobhair | 1-4 | 7 | 3 | 2.33 |
| | Damien McArdle | Scotstown | 1-4 | 7 | 4 | 1.75 |
| | Kieran Hughes | Scotstown | 1-4 | 7 | 4 | 1.75 |

In a single game

| Rank | Player | Club | Tally | Total | Opposition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Daire Ó Baoill | Gaoth Dobhair | 3-0 | 9 | Crossmaglen Rangers |
| 2 | Rían O'Neill | Crossmaglen Rangers | 0-8 | 8 | Gaoth Dobhair |
| | Paddy McNeice | Coalisland | 0-8 | 8 | Crossmaglen Rangers |
| 4 | Colm McGoldrick | Eoghan Rua | 2-1 | 7 | Castlerahan |
| | Rían O'Neill | Crossmaglen Rangers | 0-7 | 7 | Coalisland |
| 6 | Kevin Cassidy | Gaoth Dobhair | 1-3 | 6 | Erin's Own, Cargin |
| | Michael Carroll | Gaoth Dobhair | 1-3 | 6 | Erin's Own, Cargin |
| | Shane Carey | Scotstown | 0-6 | 6 | Gaoth Dobhair |
| 9 | Kevin Cassidy | Gaoth Dobhair | 1-2 | 5 | Crossmaglen Rangers |
| | Conall Jones | Derrygonnelly Harps | 1-2 | 6 | Scotstown |
| | Conor McCarthy | Scotstown | 0-5 | 5 | Derrygonnelly Harps |
| | Shane Carey | Scotstown | 0-5 | 5 | Burren |
| | Donal O'Hare | Burren | 0-5 | 5 | Scotstown |

## InfoBox

2018 Ulster Club Senior Football Championship
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Province | Ulster |
| Year | 2018 |
| Trophy | Seamus McFerran Cup |
| Sponsor | Allied Irish Banks |
| Date | 20 October - 2 December |
| Teams | 9 (one from each of the 9 counties) |
| Defending champions | Slaughtneil |
| Winners | |
| Champions | Gaoth Dobhair (1st win) |
| Manager | Mervyn O'Donnell |
| Captain | Niall Friel |
| Qualify for | All-Ireland Club SFC |
| Runners-up | |
| Runners-up | Scotstown |
| Manager | Kieran Donnelly |
| Captain | Darren Hughes |
| Other | |
| Matches played | 8 |
| Total scored | 16-195 |
| Top Scorer | Shane Carey (Scotstown) (0-16) |
| Website | Ulster GAA |
|  | |


title: Small-eyed blind snake

abstract: The small-eyed blind snake is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

text:
# Small-eyed blind snake

The **small-eyed blind snake** (***Anilios micromma***) is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

## InfoBox

| Small-eyed blind snake | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | *Anilios* |
| Species: | ***A. micromma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anilios micromma***
(Storr, 1981) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ramphotyphlops micrommus* * *Austrotyphlops micrommus* * *Anilios micrommus* | |


title: Sheppey Crossing

abstract: The Sheppey Crossing is a bridge which carries the A249 road across the Swale, linking the Isle of Sheppey with the mainland of Kent. The four-lane crossing measures 21.5 m in width, at a height of 35 m over the water. The A249 links the M20 and M2 motorways to Sheppey. The bridge opened in 2006, and it provides an alternative highway to the neighbouring Kingsferry Bridge that was completed in 1959. The Sheppey Crossing is not open to pedestrians, bicycles, or horses, and these continue to use the older bridge, as does the railway line to Sheerness. Both bridges are monitored by an automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system to detect lawbreaking vehicles.

text:
# Sheppey Crossing

The **Sheppey Crossing** is a bridge which carries the A249 road across the Swale (a tidal strait of the Thames Estuary), linking the Isle of Sheppey with the mainland of Kent. The four-lane crossing measures 21.5 m (71 feet) in width, at a height of 35 m (115 feet) over the water. The A249 links the M20 and M2 motorways to Sheppey. The bridge opened in 2006, and it provides an alternative highway to the neighbouring Kingsferry Bridge that was completed in 1959.

The Sheppey Crossing is not open to pedestrians, bicycles, or horses, and these continue to use the older bridge, as does the railway line to Sheerness. Both bridges are monitored by an automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system to detect lawbreaking vehicles.

## Construction

The bridge was constructed as part of a £100 million plan to improve the A249 between the M2 and the port of Sheerness. The Kingsferry Bridge, which previously carried the A249, suffers from two major drawbacks:

* It has only one lane in each direction, and as traffic to and from the island increased over time it became a bottleneck.
* It is a vertical-lift bridge. It often needs to be raised to allow marine traffic to pass under it, leading to lengthy traffic delays.

Before its opening, it was estimated that 26,000 vehicles a day would use the new crossing.

A tunnel, as an alternative crossing, was advocated by the Council for the Protection of Rural England and others, on landscape and safety grounds. This was rejected primarily on environmental grounds, the site being within and near Special Protection Areas.

The bridge was designed by Cass Hayward and Capita Symonds, and won the 2007 IStructE Award for Transportation Structures. Around 10,000 tonnes of steel was used in construction, which was carried out by Carillion under a private finance initiative contract. Construction was difficult because many of the bridge's piers had to be built on marshland. A jacking mechanism was employed to move the sections of roadway into position from each end of the bridge, with the final two sections of deck lifted into place during November 2005.

The bridge was opened on 3 July 2006, by the Minister of Transport, Stephen Ladyman. A competition held to name the new bridge was won by lifelong Sheppey resident Reginald Grimwade, who was then invited to attend the opening ceremony and presented with an award by Ladyman.

## Incidents

On the morning of 5 September 2013, more than 130 vehicles were involved in a series of shunt crashes on the southbound carriageway of the crossing, which at the time was covered in heavy fog. Emergency services were called to the crossing at around 07:15 BST according to Kent Police, and the bridge was subsequently closed for nine hours. Inappropriate driving in conditions of very poor visibility was suggested as the cause. There were eight serious injuries and 60 minor injuries, but no life-threatening injuries or deaths.

Following the incident, questions were raised over the safety of the unlit bridge, with calls for speed restrictions and overhead lights. The AA suggested matrix warning signs "as a minimum".

The crossing was closed both ways on 1 July 2014 following the first fatal accident. A mother and her 8-year-old son died. Her 7-year-old son survived, but was airlifted to King's College Hospital, London.

The crossing was closed on 9 February 2020 over safety concerns during Storm Ciara.

## InfoBox

| Sheppey Crossing | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view of the Sheppey Crossing, with the older Kingsferry Bridge behind | |
| Coordinates | 51°23′26.20″N 00°44′49.76″E / 51.3906111°N 0.7471556°E / 51.3906111; 0.7471556 |
| Carries | Four lane dual carriageway highway |
| Crosses | The Swale (a strait in the North Sea) |
| Locale | Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | beam bridge |
| Total length | 1.3km |
| Width | 21 metres (70 feet) |
| Longest span | 92.5m |
| Clearance above | 35 metres (115 feet) |
| History | |
| Construction cost | £30 million |
| Opened | 3 July 2006 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Bayer process

abstract: The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer. Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30–60% aluminium oxide (Al2O3), the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide. The aluminium oxide must be further purified before it can be refined into aluminium. The Bayer process is also the main source of gallium as a byproduct despite low extraction yields.

text:
# Bayer process

The **Bayer process** is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer. Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30–60% aluminium oxide (Al2O3), the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide. The aluminium oxide must be further purified before it can be refined into aluminium.

The Bayer process is also the main source of gallium as a byproduct despite low extraction yields.

## Process

Bauxite ore is a mixture of hydrated aluminium oxides and compounds of other elements such as iron. The aluminium compounds in the bauxite may be present as gibbsite (Al(OH)3), böhmite (γ-AlO(OH)) or diaspore (α-AlO(OH)); the different forms of the aluminium component and the impurities dictate the extraction conditions. Aluminium oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric, meaning that they are both acidic and basic. The solubility of Al(III) in water is very low but increases substantially at either high or low pH. In the Bayer process, bauxite ore is heated in a pressure vessel along with a sodium hydroxide solution (caustic soda) at a temperature of 150 to 200 °C (302 to 392 °F). At these temperatures, the aluminium is dissolved as sodium aluminate (primarily \[Al(OH)4\]) in an extraction process. After separation of the residue by filtering, gibbsite is precipitated when the liquid is cooled and then seeded with fine-grained aluminium hydroxide crystals from previous extractions. The precipitation may take several days without addition of seed crystals.

The extraction process (*digestion*) converts the aluminium oxide in the ore to soluble sodium aluminate, NaAlO2, according to the chemical equation:

Al(OH)3\+ NaOH → NaAlO2 \+ 2 H2O

This treatment also dissolves silica, forming sodium silicate :

2 NaOH + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 \+ H2O

The other components of Bauxite, however, do not dissolve. Sometimes lime is added at this stage to precipitate the silica as calcium silicate. The solution is clarified by filtering off the solid impurities, commonly with a rotary sand trap and with the aid of a flocculant such as starch, to remove the fine particles. The undissolved waste after the aluminium compounds are extracted, bauxite tailings, contains iron oxides, silica, calcia, titania and some unreacted alumina. The original process was that the alkaline solution was cooled and treated by bubbling carbon dioxide through it, a method by which aluminium hydroxide precipitates:

2 NaAlO2 \+ 3 H2O + CO2 → 2 Al(OH)3 \+ Na2CO3

But later, this gave way to seeding the supersaturated solution with high-purity aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) crystal, which eliminated the need for cooling the liquid and was more economically feasible:

2 H2O + NaAlO2 → Al(OH)3 \+ NaOH

Some of the aluminium hydroxide produced is used in the manufacture of water treatment chemicals such as aluminium sulfate, PAC (Polyaluminium chloride) or sodium aluminate; a significant amount is also used as a filler in rubber and plastics as a fire retardant. Some 90% of the gibbsite produced is converted into aluminium oxide, Al2O3, by heating in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners to a temperature of about 1,470 K (1,200 °C; 2,190 °F).

2 Al(OH)3Al2O3 \+ 3 H2O

The left-over, 'spent' sodium aluminate solution is then recycled. Apart from improving the economy of the process, recycling accumulates gallium and vanadium impurities in the liquors, so that they can be extracted profitably.

Organic impurities that accumulate during the precipitation of gibbsite may cause various problems, for example high levels of undesirable materials in the gibbsite, discoloration of the liquor and of the gibbsite, losses of the caustic material, and increased viscosity and density of the working fluid.

For bauxites having more than 10% silica, the Bayer process becomes uneconomic because of the formation of insoluble sodium aluminium silicate, which reduces yield, so another process must be chosen.

1.7–3.3 tonnes (3,800–7,200 lb) of bauxite (corresponding to about 90% of the alumina content of the bauxite) is required to produce 0.91 tonnes (2,000 lb) of aluminium oxide. This is due to a majority of the aluminium in the ore being dissolved in the process. Energy consumption is between 7 to 21 gigajoules per tonne (0.88 to 2.65 kWh/lb) (depending on process), of which most is thermal energy. Over 90% (95-96%) of the aluminium oxide produced is used in the Hall–Héroult process to produce aluminium.

## Waste

Red mud is the waste product that is produced in the digestion of bauxite with sodium hydroxide. It has high calcium and sodium hydroxide content with a complex chemical composition, and accordingly is very caustic and a potential source of pollution. The amount of red mud produced is considerable, and this has led scientists and refiners to seek uses for it. It has received attention as a possible source of vanadium. Due to the low extraction yield much of the gallium ends up in the aluminium oxide as an impurity and in the red mud.

One use of red mud is in ceramic production. Red mud dries into a fine powder that contains iron, aluminium, calcium and sodium. It becomes a health risk when some plants use the waste to produce aluminium oxides.

In the United States, the waste is disposed in large impoundments, a sort of reservoir created by a dam. The impoundments are typically lined with clay or synthetic liners. The US does not approve of the use of the waste due to the danger it poses to the environment. The EPA identified high levels of arsenic and chromium in some red mud samples.

### Ajka alumina plant accident

On October 4, 2010, the Ajka alumina plant in Hungary had an incident where the western dam of its red mud reservoir collapsed. The reservoir was filled with 700,000 cubic metres (25 million cubic feet) of a mixture of red mud and water with a pH of 12. The mixture was released into the valley of Torna river and flooded parts of the city of Devecser and the villages of Kolontár and Somlóvásárhely. The incident resulted in 10 deaths, more than a hundred injuries, and contamination in lakes and rivers.

## History

In 1859, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in France developed a method for making alumina by heating bauxite in sodium carbonate, Na
2CO
3, at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F), leaching the sodium aluminate formed with water, then precipitating aluminium hydroxide by carbon dioxide, CO2, which was then filtered and dried. This process is known as the Deville process. In 1886, the Hall–Héroult electrolytic aluminium process was invented, and the cyanidation process was invented in 1887.

The Bayer process was invented in 1888 by Carl Josef Bayer. Working in Saint Petersburg, Russia to develop a method for supplying alumina to the textile industry (it was used as a mordant in dyeing cotton), Bayer discovered in 1887 that the aluminium hydroxide that precipitated from alkaline solution was crystalline and could be easily filtered and washed, while that precipitated from acid medium by neutralization was gelatinous and difficult to wash. The industrial success of this process caused it to replace the Le Chatelier process which was used to produce alumina from bauxite. The Deville process was abandoned in favor of the Bayer process, which marks the birth of the modern field of hydrometallurgy.

The engineering aspects of the process were improved upon to decrease the cost starting in 1967 in Germany and Czechoslovakia. This was done by increasing the heat recovery and using large autoclaves and precipitation tanks. To more effectively use energy, heat exchangers and flash tanks were used and larger reactors decreased the amount of heat lost. Efficiency was increased by connecting the autoclaves to make operation more efficient.

Today, the process produces nearly all the world's alumina supply as an intermediate step in aluminium production.

1. Harris, Chris; McLachlan, R. (Rosalie); Clark, Colin (1998). *Micro reform – impacts on firms: aluminium case study*. Melbourne: Industry Commission. ISBN 978-0-646-33550-6.
2. Hind, Andrew R.; Bhargava, Suresh K.; Grocott, Stephen C. (January 1999). "The surface chemistry of Bayer process solids: a review". *Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects*. **146** (1–3): 359–374. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00798-5.
3. Alessio Angelo Scarsella, Sonia Noack, Edgar Gasafi, Cornelis Klett, Andreas Koschnick (2015). "Energy in Alumina Refining: Setting New Limits". *Light Metals 2015*. pp. 131–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4\_24. ISBN 978-3-319-48610-9.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. "Energy efficiency". energy required by the Bayer Process is very much dependent on the quality of the raw material . average specific energy consumption is around 14.5 GJ per tonne of alumina, including electrical energy of around 150 kWh/t Al2O3
5. "The Aluminum Smelting Process". *Aluminum Production*. aluminumproduction.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
6. Hind, Andrew R.; Bhargava, Suresh K.; Grocott, Stephen C. (1999). "The Surface Chemistry of Bayer Process Solids: A Review". *Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects*. **146** (1–3): 359–374. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00798-5.
7. "TENORM: Bauxite and Alumina Production Wastes". *www.epa.gov*. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2015-04-22. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
8. Ruyters, Stefan; Mertens, Jelle; Vassilieva, Elvira; Dehandschutter, Boris; Poffijin, Andre; Smolders, Erik (2011). "The Red Mud Accident in Ajka (Hungary): Plant Toxicity and Trace Metal Bioavailability in Red Mud Contaminated Soil" (PDF). *Environmental Science & Technology*. **45** (4): 1616–1622. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.1616R. doi:10.1021/es104000m. PMID 21204523.
9. "Bayer's Process for Alumina Production: A Historical Production" (PDF). *scs.illinois.edu*. Fathi Habashi, Laval University. Retrieved 6 April 2018.


title: 1558 in music

text:
# 1558 in music

## Events

## Bands formed

## Publications

### Music

* Paolo Aretino*Li madrigali* for five to eight voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
* Cyprian Bazylik
    + *Nabożna piosnka a obiecna modlitwa człowieka krześciańskiego do Syna Bożego* for four voices (Kraków: Matthäus Siebeneicher)
    + *Pieśń nowa w ktorej jest dziękowanie Panu Bogu wszechmogącemu ze malutkim i prostakom raczył objawić tajemnice Krolestwa swego* for four voices (Kraków: Matthäus Siebeneicher)
    + *Pieśń o niebezpieczeństwie żywota csłowieczego (Wspominając początek żywota naszego)* for four voices (Kraków: Matthäus Siebeneicher)
    + Psalm 79. *Deus venerunt gentes in haereditatem tuam* for four voices (Kraków: Matthäus Siebeneicher)
    + Psalm 127. *Beati omnes qui timent Dominum* for four voices (Kraków: Matthäus Siebeneicher)
    + Psalm 129. *De profundis clamavi ad te Domine* for four voices (Kraków: Matthäus Siebeneicher)
* Simon Boyleau – Second book of madrigals and canzonas for four voices (Milan: Francesco Moscheni & Cesare Pozzo)
* Pierre Cadéac – 3 Masses for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
* Pierre Certon
    + *Missa pro defunctis* (Requiem mass) for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
    + *Missa* *Le temps qui court* for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
    + 3 Masses for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
* Jacob Clemens non Papa – Seventh book of masses: *Missa* *Languir my fault* for five voices (Leuven: Pierre Phalèse), published posthumously
* Giovanni Battista Conforti – First book of ricercars for four voices (Rome: Valerio Dorico)
* Claude Goudimel – 3 Masses for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
* Clément Janequin*Proverbes de Salomon* for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
* Jacobus de Kerle*Hymni totius anni secundum ritum Sanctae Rom. Eccl. et Magnificat* (Hymns for the whole year following the rite of the Holy Roman Church, and a Magnificat) for four and five voices (Rome: Antoine Barré)
* Jean Maillard*Missa super M'amie un jour* for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
* Jan Nasco – First book of *canzon villanesce alla Napolitana* for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
* Giaches de Wert*Il secondo libro delle muse*

### Theory

* Jan Blahoslav*Musica: to gest knjžka zpěwákům*, published in Olomouc, the first book on music theory in Czech
* Gioseffo Zarlino*Le istitutioni harmoniche* (Harmonic Foundations)

## Classical music

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in music (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Diuris inundata

abstract: Diuris inundata is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It usually has between three and six grass-like leaves and a flowering stem with one or two pale yellow to buttercup yellow flowers with a few rusty-red specks.

text:
# Diuris inundata

***Diuris inundata*** is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It usually has between three and six grass-like leaves and a flowering stem with one or two pale yellow to buttercup yellow flowers with a few rusty-red specks.

## Description

*Diuris inundata* is a tuberous, terrestrial herb usually with a loose tuft of pale green, linear leaves 60–100 mm (2.4–3.9 in) long and 2–6 mm (0.079–0.236 in) wide. One or two pale yellow to buttercup yellow flowers 15–25 mm (0.59–0.98 in) wide are borne on a flowering stem 100–350 mm (3.9–13.8 in) tall. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long, 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) wide, the lateral sepals linear, paper-thin, 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long, 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) wide and diverge from each other. The petals spread horizontally apart and are narrowly egg-shaped to narrowly elliptic, 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide. The labellum has three lobes, the middle lobe triangular, 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long and about 15 mm (0.59 in) wide and the side lobes triangular, about 2 mm (0.079 in) long and 1.5 mm (0.059 in) wide and fringed with red. There are two diverging, densely pimply calli ridges. Flowering occurs as the habitat dries after winter, from early September to late November.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Diuris inundata* was first formally described in 2017 by David Jones and Robert Bates in *Australian Orchid Review* from specimens collected near Penola in 2005. The specific epithet (*inundata*) means "inundated", referring to the winter-wet places preferred by this species.

## Distribution and habitat

This species of orchid usually grows among sedges and shrubs in winter-wet river red gum forest, in south-eastern South Australia and nearby areas of Victoria.

## InfoBox

| *Diuris inundata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Diurideae |
| Genus: | *Diuris* |
| Species: | ***D. inundata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diuris inundata***<br>D.L.Jones & R.J.Bates | |
|


title: Dekayia

abstract: Dekayia is an extinct genus of Ordovician bryozoans of the family Heterotrypidae. Its colonies can be branching, encrusting, or massive. All species have acanthopores in varying sizes and numbers. The autozooecia appear angular or sub-angular viewed through a cross-section of the colony, and their walls are distinctively undulating or crenulated. Maculae generally protrude from the colony surface very little or at all, and can contain unusually large autozooecia and a cluster of mesozooecia in their centers.

text:
# Dekayia

***Dekayia*** is an extinct genus of Ordovician bryozoans of the family Heterotrypidae. Its colonies can be branching, encrusting, or massive. All species have acanthopores in varying sizes and numbers. The autozooecia appear angular or sub-angular viewed through a cross-section of the colony, and their walls are distinctively undulating or crenulated. Maculae generally protrude from the colony surface very little or at all, and can contain unusually large autozooecia and a cluster of mesozooecia in their centers.

## InfoBox

| *Dekayia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Stenolaemata |
| Order: | Trepostomata |
| Family: | Heterotrypidae |
| Genus: | *Dekayia*<br>Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851 |
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title: Scott Holstein

abstract: Scott Holstein is an American country and bluegrass singer-songwriter. Holstein was born in Boone County, West Virginia and lives in Nashville, Tennessee. His bluegrass and country music is influenced by Ralph Stanley, Larry Sparks, and Keith Whitley. He writes his own music, and he is a baritone singer. He released his first full-length album, Cold Coal Town, in 2011. Contributing artists include Don Rigsby of the Lonesome River Band, Grammy Award winner Randy Kohrs, Clay Hess of Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder, Aaron Ramsey of Mountain Heart, Jay Weaver, Tim Crouch and Scott Vestal from the Sam Bush Band.

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# Scott Holstein

**Scott Holstein** (born May 5, 1974) is an American country and bluegrass singer-songwriter.

Holstein was born in Boone County, West Virginia and lives in Nashville, Tennessee. His bluegrass and country music is influenced by Ralph Stanley, Larry Sparks, and Keith Whitley. He writes his own music, and he is a baritone singer. He released his first full-length album, *Cold Coal Town,* in 2011. Contributing artists include Don Rigsby of the Lonesome River Band, Grammy Award winner Randy Kohrs, Clay Hess of Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder, Aaron Ramsey of Mountain Heart, Jay Weaver, Tim Crouch and Scott Vestal from the Sam Bush Band.

## Discography

* *Cold Coal Town*, Coal Records, Nashville, 2011


title: Reginald Henry Painter

abstract: Reginald Henry Painter was an American entomologist and agronomist who was a specialist on plant adaptations against insects and their use for agriculture. He outlined these ideas in the landmark textbook Insect Resistance in Crop Plants (1951), in which he identified three distinct mechanisms and popularized the idea of host-plant resistance in integrated pest management. Painter was born in Brownwood, Texas and studied at Howard Payne College followed by the University of Texas from which he received his BS in 1922 and a MA in 1924. He then went to Ohio State University and received a Ph.D. in 1926. His research work was on the resistance of plants to insect attack and he pursued the idea of incorporating traits that increased host plant resistance to pest attack in the breeding of crop varieties. His landmark text on plant resistance to insects was Insect Resistance in Crop Plants (1951). In this book he identified three ways in which plants avoided insect damage by not being preferred, through anti-biosis and by tolerating the damage caused by insects. Painter also introduced the phrase host-plant resistance which he defined as "characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same species." At Kansas State University, Painter helped breed wheat cultivars that were resistant to Hessian fly, stem borers, and aphids. Painter's technique was to scan heavily infested fields and select individual plants that appeared to stand up and select seeds from these for further breeding. Resistance for multiple pests has however always been a challenge to incorporate into a single variety.

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# Reginald Henry Painter

**Reginald Henry Painter** (12 September 1901 – 23 December 1968) was an American entomologist and agronomist who was a specialist on plant adaptations against insects and their use for agriculture. He outlined these ideas in the landmark textbook *Insect Resistance in Crop Plants* (1951), in which he identified three distinct mechanisms and popularized the idea of host-plant resistance in integrated pest management.

Painter was born in Brownwood, Texas and studied at Howard Payne College followed by the University of Texas from which he received his BS in 1922 and a MA in 1924. He then went to Ohio State University and received a Ph.D. in 1926. His research work was on the resistance of plants to insect attack and he pursued the idea of incorporating traits that increased host plant resistance to pest attack in the breeding of crop varieties. His landmark text on plant resistance to insects was *Insect Resistance in Crop Plants* (1951). In this book he identified three ways in which plants avoided insect damage by not being preferred, through anti-biosis (e.g. through toxicity to the insect) and by tolerating the damage caused by insects. Painter also introduced the phrase **host-plant resistance** which he defined as "*characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same species*."

At Kansas State University, Painter helped breed wheat cultivars that were resistant to Hessian fly, stem borers, and aphids. Painter's technique was to scan heavily infested fields and select individual plants that appeared to stand up and select seeds from these for further breeding. Resistance for multiple pests has however always been a challenge to incorporate into a single variety.