title: Frederick Davis (politician)

abstract: Frederick Davis was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council representing the Suburban Province from his election on 2 November 1911 until the end of his term in 1914. Davis was a member of the Labor Party.

text:
# Frederick Davis (politician)

**Frederick Davis** (8 July 1866 – 5 February 1950) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council representing the Suburban Province from his election on 2 November 1911 until the end of his term in 1914. Davis was a member of the Labor Party.

1. "Frederick Davis". *Biographical Register of Members of the Parliament of Western Australia*.

## InfoBox

| Frederick DavisMLC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for Suburban Province | |
| **In office**<br>2 November 1911  1914 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Fred Mango

abstract: Fred Mango is a retired French sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres. He competed at the 1998 European Indoor Championships, the 1998 European Championships and the 1999 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final. He became French indoor champion in 1997 and 1999. Competitors included Pierre-Marie Hilaire, Bruno Wavelet and Marc Raquil. In the 4 x 400 metres relay he won a bronze medal at the 1997 World Indoor Championships and a silver medal at the 1997 Mediterranean Games. The French team also finished sixth at the 1997 World Championships, did not start the final at the 1998 Athletics Championships, finished sixth at the 1999 World Indoor Championships and fifth at the 1999 World Championships. His personal best time was 45.73 seconds, achieved in August 1999 in Niort.

text:
# Fred Mango

**Fred Mango** (born 26 June 1973) is a retired French sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres.

He competed at the 1998 European Indoor Championships, the 1998 European Championships and the 1999 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final. He became French indoor champion in 1997 and 1999. Competitors included Pierre-Marie Hilaire, Bruno Wavelet and Marc Raquil.

In the 4 x 400 metres relay he won a bronze medal at the 1997 World Indoor Championships and a silver medal at the 1997 Mediterranean Games. The French team also finished sixth at the 1997 World Championships, did not start the final at the 1998 Athletics Championships, finished sixth at the 1999 World Indoor Championships and fifth at the 1999 World Championships.

His personal best time was 45.73 seconds, achieved in August 1999 in Niort.


title: François Spirito

abstract: François "Lydro" Spirito was a French gangster. He was one of the leaders of the French Connection, and inspired the film Borsalino, which featured Alain Delon and Jean-Paul Belmondo.

text:
# François Spirito

**François "Lydro" Spirito** (23 January 1900 – 9 October 1967) was a French gangster. He was one of the leaders of the French Connection, and inspired the film *Borsalino*, which featured Alain Delon and Jean-Paul Belmondo.

## Early life

Spirito was born in Marseilles on 23 January 1900 to Dominick Spirito and Rosina De Nola. By the age of 12 he already had a police record for theft. When he was 13 he moved into his own flat and adopted the French name François. He was part of a juvenile gang that terrorised and stole around the docks. When Spirito was 15 he started working for a gangster called Antoine la Rocca, and got involved in armed robbery and the white slave trade.

In 1913, whilst in Alexandria, Egypt, part of la Rocca's network that brought women from Paris to work in Egyptian brothels, Spirito rescued Paul Carbone. Three rival pimps had kidnapped Carbone and left him buried up to his neck in sand in the desert. Spirito and Carbone struck up a life-long friendship and business partnership.

Once recovered from his ordeal, Carbone wanted to leave Egypt, and persuaded Spirito to go to Shanghai with him. Here the pair got involved in opium smuggling. This lasted for about a year until the outbreak of WW1, when the pair returned to France to enlist.

## Inter-war years

After the end of the war, Carbone and Spirito left for South America. In Peru they started pimping and soon had 20 women working for them. The pair returned to Marseille in 1919, where they engaged in pimping and opium smuggling.

The Carbone-Spirito clan gained more and more influence in the Marseille underworld. By the late 1920s they were involved in prostitution, the white slave trade, protection rackets and various forms of trafficking. They were involved in drug trafficking, especially heroin and cocaine. They set up a laboratory in Bandol, near Marseille to refine the raw opium from Egypt, Turkey and Indochina into heroin, some of which was sent to Lucky Luciano in the United States. They owned a bar in rue pavilion, the Amical Bar, and the Beauvau restaurant in rue Beauvau. Their empire was run from these establishments. In Marseille alone they had more than 25 brothels, mostly staffed by young Jewish women forced into prostitution.

Carbone and Spirito were also active in Paris, where the Prefect of Police, Jean Chiappe, was a friend of Carbone. They initially set up an up-market brothel in Montmartre. At this time all the brothels in Paris were controlled by an obese Italian, Charles Codebo. Carbone and Spirito couldn't get him to lose weight so they muscled-in on his operation. With the money made in Paris they opened brothels all over France, staffing them with women from Europe and South America.

During the inter-war period, Carbone and Spirito allied themselves with the mayor of Marseilles, Simon Sabiani, and acted as his enforcers, and in return received political protection. When Carbone and Spirito were arrested for the murder of financial consultant Albert Prince in 1934, Sabiani came to their aid.

## World War II

During World War II, Carbone and Spirito joined the Carlingue which collaborated with the Germans in France; in return, the local civilian authorities in Marseilles were expected to ignore their criminal activities. They also profiteered from black marketeering, supplying German soldiers with hard to obtain goods.

Carbone died on 16 December 1943 in a train crash caused by the resistance sabotaging the train. Spirito carried on the clan's affairs. After the French Liberation, Spirito fled to Spain and thence to South America.

## Post-WWII

In 1946, Spirito moved to Montreal. From here he organised smuggling heroin shipments into New York. The distribution in New York was handled by the Lucchese Crime Family.

Spirito was arrested in New York on 23 August 1951, on suspicion of drug smuggling. Whilst he was in custody, on 24 October, the French Court of Appeal found him guilty, in his absence, of theft and sentenced him to 20 years of hard labour. The French authorities requested his extradition on November 15 of that year. In February 1952, a federal court in New York sentenced Spirito to two years in prison on drug trafficking charges. At the end of 1953, soon after his release from prison, Spirito was deported from the U.S. to France for entering the country illegally.

Spirito died on 9 October 1967 in Toulon, France.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

* *Une histoire du milieu*, Jérome Pierrat, 2003

## InfoBox

| François Spirito | |
| --- | --- |
| François Spirito | |
| Born | 23 January 1900
Marseilles, France |
| Died | 9 October 1967 (1967-10-10) (aged 67)
Toulon, France |
| Occupation | Criminal |
| Parent(s) | Dominick Spirito
Rosina De Nola |


title: François Spoerry

abstract: François Henry Spoerry was a French architect, developer, and urban planner who created the seaside town of Port Grimaud. He was an Officier of the Légion d'honneur and an Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

text:
# François Spoerry

**François Henry Spoerry** (28 December 1912 – 11 January 1999) was a French architect, developer, and urban planner who created the seaside town of Port Grimaud. He was an Officier of the Légion d'honneur and an Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

## Early years

He was born in Mulhouse to a large, industrious family that had moved from Switzerland to Mulhouse in 1848 to start up a textile business. The family had a holiday home at Partigon. His parents were Henry Spoerry (1879–1966) and Jeanne Schlumberger. Spoerry had three younger sisters: Anne-Marie, a physician, aviator and adventurer, Therese, and Martine.

After finishing school, Spoerry studied architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts, Strasbourg in 1930. He became an assistant to Jacques Couëlle during the period of 1932 through 1934. He graduated from Marseille's École des Beaux-Arts in 1943 .

During World War II, he used an architectural research project in Aix-en-Provence as a cover for working with the French Resistance. In April 1943, he was arrested and deported to Buchenwald and then Dachau.

## Career

> *"My ambition has been to produce a style of architecture that makes the heart sing."*

After the war ended, he opened his first architectural firm in Mulhouse where he associated with a significant number of reconstruction projects. In Mulhouse, he was the planner of the new town centre. He also built in Mulhouse the Tour of Europe, the largest structure in contemporary France whose top floor was a revolving restaurant. He also built several residential structures, including Wilson Tower (highest building in the city after the Tour of Europe), the Residence Clemenceau. Residence Pierrefontaine, and others. What is most significance about the work of Spoerry is that he broke with the first principles of Planning CIAM while rediscovering the principles of a dense urbanism. He built and developed several mixed-use, neo-traditional, developments in Europe and North America.

At the end of the 1980s, he was known as a member of Amiic (World Real Estate Investment Organization, Geneva) and was a lecturer, with Jean-Pierre Thiollet and other important people, of some international meetings of this organization (which was dissolved in 1997).

He is associated with the European Urban Renaissance movement. He was an advocate of "vernacular architecture". Spoerry is the author of *A gentle architecture, from Port-Grimaud to Port-Liberté*, published in 1991.

Apart from the creation of Port Grimaud in Var, Spoerry's major works in France include:

Outside France his major works were:

## Personal life

On 27 October 1945, Spoerry married Joy Pierrette Besse (1923–1952). Spoerry and his wife had two sons, Yves and Bernard.

His father-in-law, Antonin Besse, was a wealthy merchant with businesses in Aden and Beirut. Also a philanthropist, Antonin founded St Antony's College, Oxford, and saved Gordonstoun in Moray, Scotland from closure.

Spoerry was an avid sailor, owning the schooner Amphitrite between 1966 and 1969. He died at his home in Port Grimaud in 1999 and is buried at the church in Port Grimaud.

* "Une ville qui réduirait la violence" avec Paul Léauté, 1980, in *Sécurité et liberté*, La Documentation française (French)
* *L'Architecture douce*, 1977, Édition Robert Laffont (French)

## InfoBox

| François Spoerry | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1912-12-28)28 December 1912
Mulhouse, Alsace, France |
| Died | 11 January 1999(1999-01-11) (aged 86)
Port Grimaud, Var, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Known for | Tour de l'Europe |
| Spouse | Joy Pierrette Besse |
| Children | Yves Spoerry; Bernard Spoerry |


title: 1998–99 Scottish First Division

abstract: The 1998–99 Scottish First Division was won by Hibernian who bounced straight back up to the Scottish Premier League after relegation the previous season and finished 23 points ahead of nearest challengers Falkirk. Hamilton Academical and Stranraer were relegated to the Second Division. In the case of Stranraer, they didn't manage to compete well enough in this division following on from their promotion a year earlier.

text:
# 1998–99 Scottish First Division

The **1998–99 Scottish First Division** was won by Hibernian who bounced straight back up to the Scottish Premier League after relegation the previous season and finished 23 points ahead of nearest challengers Falkirk. Hamilton Academical and Stranraer were relegated to the Second Division. In the case of Stranraer, they didn't manage to compete well enough in this division following on from their promotion a year earlier.

## Stadia and locations

| Airdrieonians | Ayr United | Clydebank | Falkirk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Excelsior Stadium | Somerset Park | Boghead Park, Dumbarton | Brockville Park |
| Capacity: **10,101** | Capacity: **10,185** | Capacity: **2,500** | Capacity: **7,500** |
|  |  |  |  |
| Greenock Morton | AirdrieoniansAyr UnitedClydebankFalkirkMortonHamiltonHibernianRaith RoversSt MirrenStranraer | | Hamilton Academical |
| Cappielow Park | | Cliftonhill, Coatbridge |
| Capacity: **11,612** | | Capacity: **1,238** |
|  | |  |
| Hibernian | Raith Rovers | St Mirren | Stranraer |
| Easter Road | Stark's Park | Love Street | Stair Park |
| Capacity: **16,531** | Capacity: **9,031** | Capacity: **10,900** | Capacity: **4,178** |
|  |  |  |  |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hibernian (C, P) | 36 | 28 | 5 | 3 | 84 | 33 | +51 | 89 | Promotion to the Premier League |
| 2 | Falkirk | 36 | 20 | 6 | 10 | 60 | 38 | +22 | 66 |  |
| 3 | Ayr United | 36 | 19 | 5 | 12 | 66 | 42 | +24 | | 62 |
| 4 | Airdrieonians | 36 | 18 | 5 | 13 | 42 | 43 | 1 | | 59 |
| 5 | St Mirren | 36 | 14 | 10 | 12 | 42 | 43 | 1 | | 52 |
| 6 | Morton | 36 | 14 | 7 | 15 | 45 | 41 | +4 | | 49 |
| 7 | Clydebank | 36 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 36 | 38 | 2 | | 46 |
| 8 | Raith Rovers | 36 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 37 | 57 | 20 | | 35 |
| 9 | Hamilton Academical (R) | 36 | 6 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 62 | 32 | 28 | Relegation to the Second Division |
| 10 | Stranraer (R) | 36 | 5 | 2 | 29 | 29 | 74 | 45 | | 17 |

Source: "1998-1999 First Division - SPFL Archive". *SPFL*. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated

## InfoBox

Scottish First Division
| Season | 1998–99 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Hibernian |
| Promoted | Hibernian |
| Relegated | Hamilton Academical
Stranraer |
| Top goalscorer | Glynn Hurst (18) |
| Biggest home win | Ayr United 7-1 Stranraer, 19.09.1998 |
| Biggest away win | St Mirren 1-5 Airdrieonians, 12.12.1998
St Mirren 1-5 Morton, 10.04.1999 |
| 1997–98 1999–2000 | |


title: 1998–99 Scottish Premier League

abstract: The 1998–99 Scottish Premier League season was the inaugural season of Scottish Premier League football, the top division of Scottish football. It began on 1 August 1998 and concluded on 23 May 1999. The league was made up of the twelve clubs that broke away from the Scottish Football League at the end of the 1997–98 season. Celtic went into the season as the defending Scottish champions, having won the 1997–98 Scottish Premier Division. Rangers won the title with 3 matches still to play on 2 May 1999, after defeating Old Firm rivals Celtic 3–0 in controversial circumstances at Celtic Park. Three players were red-carded during the game and referee Hugh Dallas was struck by a coin thrown by a Celtic supporter and required treatment from paramedics on the field.

text:
# 1998–99 Scottish Premier League

The **1998–99 Scottish Premier League** season (also known as the **1998–99 Bank of Scotland Scottish Premier League** for sponsorship reasons from 11 March) was the inaugural season of Scottish Premier League football, the top division of Scottish football. It began on 1 August 1998 and concluded on 23 May 1999.

The league was made up of the twelve clubs that broke away from the Scottish Football League at the end of the 1997–98 season. Celtic went into the season as the defending Scottish champions, having won the 1997–98 Scottish Premier Division.

Rangers won the title with 3 matches still to play on 2 May 1999, after defeating Old Firm rivals Celtic 3–0 in controversial circumstances at Celtic Park. Three players were red-carded during the game and referee Hugh Dallas was struck by a coin thrown by a Celtic supporter and required treatment from paramedics on the field.

## Teams

On 8 September 1997, the clubs in the Premier Division decided to split from the Scottish Football League and form a Scottish Premier League (SPL). This followed an earlier example in England, which came into force during the 1992–93 season. This decision was fuelled by a desire by the top clubs in Scotland to retain more of the revenue generated by the game. Originally, league sponsorship money was divided proportionally between clubs in all four divisions. After the SPL was formed, its clubs retained all of its commercial revenues except for an annual payment to the SFL and a parachute payment to relegated clubs.

The new league followed the same format as the previous season's Premier Division, with the ten clubs playing each other four times, twice at home and twice away. Hibernian were relegated to the First Division after finishing bottom of the 1997–98 Scottish Premier Division. They were replaced by Dundee, the champions of the previous season's First Division.

AberdeenDundeeDundee UtdDunfermline AthleticHeartsKilmarnockRangersSt. JohnstoneCeltic Motherwellclass=notpageimage|Location of clubs in 1998–99 Scottish Premier League

### Stadia and locations

| Aberdeen | Celtic | Dundee |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pittodrie Stadium | Celtic Park | Dens Park |
| Capacity: **20,866** | Capacity: **60,411** | Capacity: **11,506** |
|  |  |  |
| Dundee United | Dunfermline Athletic | Heart of Midlothian |
| Tannadice Park | East End Park | Tynecastle Park |
| Capacity: **14,223** | Capacity: **11,480** | Capacity: **18,008** |
|  |  |  |
| Kilmarnock | Motherwell |
| Rugby Park | Fir Park |
| Capacity: **17,889** | Capacity: **13,677** |
|  |  |
| Rangers | St Johnstone |
| Ibrox Stadium | McDiarmid Park |
| Capacity: **50,817** | Capacity: **10,696** |
|  |  |

### Personnel and kits

| Team | Manager | Kit manufacturer | Shirt sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen | Paul Hegarty *(caretaker)* | Puma | Atlantic Telecom |
| Celtic | Jozef Vengloš | Umbro | Umbro |
| Dundee | Jocky Scott | Avec Sport | Scottish Hydro Electric |
| Dundee United | Paul Sturrock | Olympic Sports | Telewest |
| Dunfermline Athletic | Dick Campbell | Avec Sport | Landmark |
| Heart of Midlothian | Jim Jefferies | Olympic Sports | Strongbow |
| Kilmarnock | Bobby Williamson | Puma | Sports Division |
| Motherwell | Billy Davies | Xara | Motorola |
| Rangers | Dick Advocaat | Nike | McEwan's |
| St Johnstone | Sandy Clark | Xara | Scottish Hydro Electric |

#### Managerial changes

| Team | Outgoing manager | Date of vacancy | Manner of departure | Position in table | Incoming manager | Date of appointment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Celtic | Wim Jansen | 11 May 1998 | Resigned | *Pre-season* | Jozef Vengloš | 17 July 1998 |
| Rangers | Walter Smith | 31 May 1998 | Retired | | Dick Advocaat | 1 June 1998 |
| Dundee United | Tommy McLean | 5 September 1998 | Mutual consent | 9th | Paul Sturrock | 5 September 1998 |
| St Johnstone | Paul Sturrock | 5 September 1998 | Signed by Dundee United | 8th | Sandy Clark | 7 September 1998 |
| Motherwell | Harri Kampman | 4 October 1998 | Resigned | 8th | Billy Davies | 14 October 1998 |
| Aberdeen | Alex Miller | 8 December 1998 | Mutual consent | 10th | Paul Hegarty *(caretaker)* | 8 December 1998 |
| Dunfermline Athletic | Bert Paton | 6 January 1999 | Resigned | 10th | Dick Campbell | 6 January 1999 |

## Overview

The 1998–99 Scottish Premier League season ended in success for Rangers who, managed by Dutchman Dick Advocaat, won the title by six points from nearest rivals Celtic. Dunfermline Athletic were relegated after three seasons in the top division. As champions, Rangers qualified for the Champions League while Celtic were joined by St Johnstone in qualifying for the UEFA Cup. Fourth placed Kilmarnock also gained a UEFA Cup place via the UEFA Fair Play ranking.

The season began on 1 August 1998 with the first SPL goal scored by Aberdeen's Eoin Jess as they defeated newly promoted Dundee 2–0 at Dens Park. Also on the first day of the season, Craig Burley scored the SPL's first hat-trick as defending champions Celtic defeated Dunfermline Athletic 5–0 at Celtic Park.

1998–99 saw the introduction of a three-week break during January, which was well received by both players and managers. In its inaugural year, the SPL was broadcast to over 120 countries worldwide, while attendances increased and more money was invested in youth development than ever before. A new Scottish transfer record was also set as Rangers paid Fiorentina £5.5m for former Manchester United and Everton winger Andrei Kanchelskis.

Rangers clinched the SPL title on 2 May 1999 by beating Old Firm-rivals Celtic 3–0 at Celtic Park. Three players were red-carded during the game and referee Hugh Dallas was struck by a coin thrown by a Celtic supporter and required treatment from paramedics on the field.

Dunfermline Athletic were relegated to the Scottish First Division on 8 May 1999 after a 2–1 defeat to Celtic at East End Park.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rangers (C) | 36 | 23 | 8 | 5 | 78 | 31 | +47 | 77 | Qualification for the Champions League second qualifying round |
| 2 | Celtic | 36 | 21 | 8 | 7 | 84 | 35 | +49 | 71 | Qualification for the UEFA Cup qualifying round |
| 3 | St Johnstone | 36 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 39 | 38 | +1 | | 57 |
| 4 | Kilmarnock | 36 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 47 | 29 | +18 | | 56 |
| 5 | Dundee | 36 | 13 | 7 | 16 | 36 | 56 | 20 | 46 |  |
| 6 | Heart of Midlothian | 36 | 11 | 9 | 16 | 44 | 50 | 6 | | 42 |
| 7 | Motherwell | 36 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 35 | 54 | 19 | | 41 |
| 8 | Aberdeen | 36 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 43 | 71 | 28 | | 37 |
| 9 | Dundee United | 36 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 37 | 48 | 11 | | 34 |
| 10 | Dunfermline Athletic (R) | 36 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 28 | 59 | 31 | 28 | Relegation to the 1999–2000 Scottish First Division |

Updated to match(es) played on end of season. Source: Soccerway and SPL official website
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## Results

### Matches 1–18

During matches 1–18 each team plays every other team twice (home and away).

| Home \ Away | ABE | CEL | DND | DUN | DNF | HOM | KIL | MOT | RAN | STJ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen |  | 3–2 | 2–2 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 |
| Celtic | 2–0 |  | 6–1 | 2–1 | 5–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 0–1 |
| Dundee | 0–2 | 1–1 |  | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–4 | 0–1 |
| Dundee United | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 |  | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 |
| Dunfermline Athletic | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 2–1 |  | 1–1 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 |
| Heart of Midlothian | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 2–1 |  | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 |
| Kilmarnock | 4–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 3–0 |  | 0–0 | 1–3 | 2–2 |
| Motherwell | 2–2 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 0–0 |  | 1–0 | 1–0 |
| Rangers | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 |  | 4–0 |
| St Johnstone | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 5–0 | 0–7 |  |

Source: Soccerbase
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

### Matches 19–36

During matches 19–36 each team plays every other team a further two times (home and away).

| Home \ Away | ABE | CEL | DND | DUN | DNF | HOM | KIL | MOT | RAN | STJ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen |  | 1–5 | 1–2 | 0–4 | 3–1 | 2–5 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–4 | 1–0 |
| Celtic | 3–2 |  | 5–0 | 2–1 | 5–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 5–0 |
| Dundee | 1–2 | 0–3 |  | 1–3 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 |
| Dundee United | 3–0 | 1–2 | 0–2 |  | 1–1 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 0–1 |
| Dunfermline Athletic | 1–2 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 2–2 |  | 0–0 | 0–6 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 1–0 |
| Heart of Midlothian | 0–2 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 4–1 | 2–0 |  | 2–2 | 0–2 | 2–3 | 0–2 |
| Kilmarnock | 4–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 |  | 0–1 | 0–5 | 1–1 |
| Motherwell | 1–1 | 1–7 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–4 | 1–2 |  | 1–5 | 1–2 |
| Rangers | 3–1 | 2–2 | 6–1 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 |  | 1–0 |
| St Johnstone | 4–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 |  |

Source: Soccerbase
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Top scorers

| Player | Goals | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Henrik Larsson | 29 | Celtic |
| Rod Wallace | 19 | Rangers |
| Billy Dodds | 16 | Dundee United |
| Eoin Jess | 14 | Aberdeen |
| Robbie Winters | 13 | Aberdeen |
| Gary McSwegan | 11 | Hearts |
| Jörg Albertz | | Rangers |
| Craig Burley | 9 | Celtic |
| Eddie Annand | | Dundee |
| Stéphane Adam | | Hearts |
| Neil McCann | 8 | Hearts |
| Mark Burchill | | Celtic |
| Andy Smith | | Dunfermline Athletic |

Source: SPL official website

## Attendances

The average attendances for SPL clubs during the 1998–99 season are shown below:

| Team | Average |
| --- | --- |
| Celtic | 59,233 |
| Rangers | 49,094 |
| Hearts | 14,232 |
| Aberdeen | 12,713 |
| Kilmarnock | 11,184 |
| Dundee United | 9,187 |
| Motherwell | 8,533 |
| Dunfermline Athletic | 7,375 |
| Dundee | 7,178 |
| St Johnstone | 7,038 |

Source: SPL official website

1. "Scottish sponsorship deal is defended". *The Independent*. 1999-03-11. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
2. "Rangers make history out of chaos". *BBC News*. 1999-05-03. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
3. "Aberdeen Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
4. "Celtic Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
5. "Dundee Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
6. "Dundee United Academical Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
7. "Dunfermline Athletic Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
8. "Heart of Midlothian Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
9. "Kilmarnock Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
10. "Motherwell Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
11. "Rangers Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
12. "St Johnstone Football Club". Scottish Professional Football League. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
13. "Aberdeen". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
14. "Celtic". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
15. "Dundee". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
16. "Dundee United". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
17. "Dunfermline Athletic". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
18. "Heart of Midlothian". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
19. "Kilmarnock". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
20. "Motherwell". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
21. "Rangers". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
22. "St Johnstone". Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
23. "Jansen quits Celtic". *BBC News*. 11 May 1998. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
24. "Celtic appoints new coach". *BBC News*. 17 July 1998. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
25. "Walter Smith". Scotzine. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
26. "Dutch boss to take over at Ibrox". *BBC News*. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
27. "Davies to replace Kampman at Fir Park". *The Herald*. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
28. "Hegarty's hopes of Aberdeen job are higher with each victory". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
29. "Hearts sink". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
30. "Season Review - 1998-1999". spfl.co.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
31. "Kanchelskis move to Rangers". *BBC News*. 1998-07-15. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
32. "1999-05-08: Dunfermline 1-2 Celtic, Premier League". The Celtic Wiki. Retrieved 6 February 2018.

## InfoBox

Scottish Premier League
| Season | 1998–99 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 1 August 1998 – 23 May 1999 |
| Champions | Rangers
1st Premier League title
48th Scottish title |
| Promoted | Dundee |
| Relegated | Dunfermline Athletic |
| Champions League | Rangers |
| UEFA Cup | Celtic (via Scottish Cup)
St Johnstone
Kilmarnock (via Fair Play) |
| Matches played | 180 |
| Goals scored | 471 (2.62 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Henrik Larsson (29) |
| Biggest home win | Celtic 6–1 Dundee (7 November)
Rangers 6–1 Dundee (20 February) |
| Biggest away win | St Johnstone 0–7 Rangers (8 November) |
| Highest scoring | Motherwell 1–7 Celtic (21 February) |
| Highest attendance | 60,092, Celtic v St Johnstone (31 January) |
| Lowest attendance | 3,532, Dunfermline Athletic v Motherwell (23 May) |
| Average attendance | 18,577 (541) |
| 1997–98 *(Premier Division)* 1999–2000 | |


title: Keith Lampard

abstract: Christopher Keith Lampard was a professional baseball player. Born in Warrington, Cheshire, England, to English parents, Lampard and his family emigrated to Oregon when he was three years old. He grew up in Portland, where he played Little League baseball, and attended the University of Oregon. Lampard played in the 1958 Little League World Series, alongside fellow future major-leaguer, Rick Wise. An outfielder, Lampard was drafted by the Houston Astros in the second round of the 1965 Major League Baseball Draft and spent nine seasons in professional baseball, including the final weeks of 1969 and much of 1970 in the Major Leagues with the Astros. Lampard stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 197 pounds (89 kg), threw right-handed and batted left-handed. In his 1969 audition, in which he mostly served as a pinch hitter, Lampard collected three hits in 12 at bats — the biggest of which was a walk-off pinch-hit home run against Wayne Granger on September 19 that gave Houston a come-from-behind 3–2 victory over the Cincinnati Reds. The home run came in Lampard's fourth Major League game, and would be the only four-base blow of his 62-game MLB career. Altogether, Lampard had 20 hits, with eight doubles and one triple, as a Major Leaguer. Besides, Lampard was an outstanding Minor League batsman, hitting over 100 career home runs during his 1965–1973 career. Lampard died on August 30, 2020.

text:
# Keith Lampard

**Christopher Keith Lampard** (December 20, 1945 – August 30, 2020) was a professional baseball player.

Born in Warrington, Cheshire, England, to English parents, Lampard and his family emigrated to Oregon when he was three years old. He grew up in Portland, where he played Little League baseball, and attended the University of Oregon. Lampard played in the 1958 Little League World Series, alongside fellow future major-leaguer, Rick Wise.

An outfielder, Lampard was drafted by the Houston Astros in the second round of the 1965 Major League Baseball Draft and spent nine seasons in professional baseball, including the final weeks of 1969 and much of 1970 in the Major Leagues with the Astros.

Lampard stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 197 pounds (89 kg) (14 stone 1), threw right-handed and batted left-handed. In his 1969 audition, in which he mostly served as a pinch hitter, Lampard collected three hits in 12 at bats — the biggest of which was a walk-off pinch-hit home run against Wayne Granger on September 19 that gave Houston a come-from-behind 3–2 victory over the Cincinnati Reds. The home run came in Lampard's fourth Major League game, and would be the only four-base blow of his 62-game MLB career. Altogether, Lampard had 20 hits, with eight doubles and one triple, as a Major Leaguer.

Besides, Lampard was an outstanding Minor League batsman, hitting over 100 career home runs during his 1965–1973 career.

Lampard died on August 30, 2020.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Keith Lampard | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1945-12-20)December 20, 1945
Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom | |
| **Died:** August 30, 2020(2020-08-30) (aged 74)
Lincoln City, Oregon, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 15, 1969, for the Houston Astros | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 1, 1970, for the Houston Astros | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .238 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 7 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Keith Lancaster

abstract: Keith Lancaster is a singer, songwriter, composer, producer and executive at The Acappella Company. In 1982, Lancaster began pursuit of his dream to spread the Gospel through a cappella music by creating Acappella Ministries in his hometown of Paris, Tennessee. Through this ministry, a quartet was formed, that ultimately became known as the musical group Acappella. Acappella released its first album with the original name of His Image quartet in 1982, produced by Lancaster, who also sang lead. Acappella released several more albums through The Acappella Company before Lancaster stepped back from an on-stage role in 1988, to dedicate his time to song writing and production for the group. Al Pratt, who MC'd the 1994 Christian Acappella Music Awards credited Acappella and Boyz II Men with taking Christian a capella music "to a mainstream level." In 1986, Lancaster put together the vocal group Acappella Vocal Band (AVB) to augment the ministry of Acappella. By this time, both groups began recording and performing primarily original music, much of which was composed by Lancaster. Each group took a unique focus to spread the appeal of the ministry. Acappella focused on adult contemporary, while AVB was geared towards a more youthful market. The ministry Lancaster founded also formed The Acappella Company, which serves as an umbrella organization for all of his related projects, such as Praise And Harmony, Acappella, AVB, The Vocal Union and Durant. Lancaster continues to produce various projects, work as a worship minister at the Cullman Church of Christ in Cullman, Alabama, and is heavily involved with The Acappella Company's leadership, but is now focusing on traveling the world and presenting his "Praise & Harmony Workshops" at various churches who want to improve their singing and worship. Lancaster is married to Sharon, and has four children who are actively involved in the work of The Acappella Company's vocal bands. Lancaster was honored with the A Cappella Music Award for "Lifetime Achievement" on May 19, 2018.

text:
# Keith Lancaster

**Keith Lancaster** is a singer, songwriter, composer, producer and executive at The Acappella Company.

In 1982, Lancaster began pursuit of his dream to spread the Gospel through a cappella music by creating Acappella Ministries in his hometown of Paris, Tennessee. Through this ministry, a quartet was formed, that ultimately became known as the musical group Acappella.

Acappella released its first album with the original name of His Image quartet in 1982, produced by Lancaster, who also sang lead. Acappella released several more albums through The Acappella Company before Lancaster stepped back from an on-stage role in 1988, to dedicate his time to song writing and production for the group. Al Pratt, who MC'd the 1994 Christian Acappella Music Awards credited Acappella and Boyz II Men with taking Christian *a capella* music "to a mainstream level."

In 1986, Lancaster put together the vocal group Acappella Vocal Band (AVB) to augment the ministry of Acappella. By this time, both groups began recording and performing primarily original music, much of which was composed by Lancaster. Each group took a unique focus to spread the appeal of the ministry. Acappella focused on adult contemporary, while AVB was geared towards a more youthful market.

The ministry Lancaster founded also formed The Acappella Company, which serves as an umbrella organization for all of his related projects, such as Praise And Harmony, Acappella, AVB, The Vocal Union and Durant.

Lancaster continues to produce various projects, work as a worship minister at the Cullman Church of Christ in Cullman, Alabama, and is heavily involved with The Acappella Company's leadership, but is now focusing on traveling the world and presenting his "Praise & Harmony Workshops" at various churches who want to improve their singing and worship.

Lancaster is married to Sharon, and has four children (Melissa, Kimberly, Anthony, and Allison) who are actively involved in the work of The Acappella Company's vocal bands.

Lancaster was honored with the A Cappella Music Award for "Lifetime Achievement" on May 19, 2018.


abstract: Ross v New Brunswick School District No 15 [1996] 1 S.C.R. 825, is a Supreme Court of Canada decision.

text:
# Ross v New Brunswick School District No 15

***Ross v New Brunswick School District No 15*** \[1996\] 1 S.C.R. 825, is a Supreme Court of Canada decision.

## Background

In 1988, a local Jewish parent, David Attis, filed a human rights complaint against Ross's employers, New Brunswick School District 15, on the grounds that Ross's continued employment created a poisoned environment for Jewish students (including Attis's daughter, who, although not a student at Magnetic Hill School where Ross taught, had been intimidated out of attending interscholastic activities at Magnetic Hill).

After a lengthy hearing, during which Ross was represented by Doug Christie, the human rights commission ordered the District to remove Ross from the classroom, and to terminate his employment unless Ross's school could find a non-teaching position for him (and in fact, he was made the school librarian). In addition, the District warned Ross that, if he continued to publish or distribute antisemitic literature, his non-teaching position would be terminated as well. Attis was not awarded any damages.

The New Brunswick Court of Appeal subsequently ruled that these decisions were in violation of Ross's rights to freedom of religion and freedom of expression, and overturned the District's orders.

## Ruling

The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Ross's removal from the classroom was justifiable, on the grounds that, although it did constitute a violation of his freedoms, this was a reasonable limit, as schoolteachers must be held to a higher standard of behaviour. The Court further ruled that the District's "gag order" (that Ross be dismissed from his non-teaching position should he continue to publish and distribute antisemitic material) was invalid.

## Aftermath

In 1998, Ross filed a defamation lawsuit against Josh Beutel, an editorial cartoonist for the Telegraph-Journal, who had compared Ross to Joseph Goebbels; the Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick ruled that, as Nazism was an anti-religious philosophy, and Ross was profoundly religious, Ross's extreme degree of antisemitism could not fairly be labeled as Nazistic. Beutel was ordered to pay Ross $7500 in damages. However, a 2000 appeal overturned this decision.

In 2000, Ross' appeal to the UN Human Rights Committee was rejected, stating that "the removal of the author from a teaching position can be considered a restriction necessary to protect the right and freedom of Jewish children to have a school system free from bias, prejudice and intolerance".

## InfoBox

| Ross v New Brunswick School District No 15 | |
| --- | --- |
| **Supreme Court of Canada** | |
| Hearing: October 31, 1995
Judgment: April 3, 1996 | |
| Full case name | *Malcolm Ross v New Brunswick School District No 15* |
| Citations | \[1996\] 1 S.C.R. 825 |
| Docket No. | 24002 |
| Prior history | Judgment for Ross in the Court of Appeal for New Brunswick. |
| Ruling | The appeal should be allowed. |
| Court membership | |
| **Chief Justice:** Antonio Lamer
**Puisne Justices:** Gérard La Forest, Claire L'Heureux-Dubé, John Sopinka, Charles Gonthier, Peter Cory, Beverley McLachlin, Frank Iacobucci, John C. Major | |
| Reasons given | |
| Unanimous reasons by | La Forest J. |


title: Rossa, Piedmont

abstract: Rossa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Turin and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Vercelli. Rossa borders the following municipalities: Alto Sermenza, Balmuccia, Boccioleto, Cervatto, Cravagliana and Fobello.

text:
# Rossa, Piedmont

**Rossa** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Turin and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Vercelli.

Rossa borders the following municipalities: Alto Sermenza, Balmuccia, Boccioleto, Cervatto, Cravagliana and Fobello.

## InfoBox

| Rossa | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Rossa | |
|  | |
| Location of Rossa | |
| RossaLocation of Rossa in ItalyRossaRossa (Piedmont) | |
| Coordinates: 45°50′N 8°9′E / 45.833°N 8.150°E / 45.833; 8.150 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Province | Province of Vercelli (VC) |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.6 km2 (4.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 813 m (2,667 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2015) | |
| Total | 180 |
| Density | 16/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Rossesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 13020 |
| Dialing code | 0164 |
| Patron saint | Assumption of Mary |
| Saint day | 15 August |
| Website | Official website |


title: Ross v. Blake

abstract: Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that "special circumstances" cannot excuse an inmate's failure to exhaust administrative remedies before filing a lawsuit under the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995, but clarified that inmates are required to exhaust only administrative remedies that are genuinely available. In so doing, it vacated and remanded the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.

text:
# Ross v. Blake

***Ross v. Blake***, 578 U.S. \___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that "special circumstances" cannot excuse an inmate's failure to exhaust administrative remedies before filing a lawsuit under the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995, but clarified that inmates are required to exhaust only administrative remedies that are genuinely available. In so doing, it vacated and remanded the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.

## Facts and Procedural History

In 2007, Shaidon Blake, an inmate in a Maryland prison, was assaulted by guards James Madigan and Michael Ross while being moved from his regular cell to the segregation unit. Blake reported the incident to a senior corrections officer who referred it to the Maryland prison system's Internal Investigative Unit (IIU), which investigates employee misconduct. The IIU investigated for a year, and then issued a report that condemned Madigan but made no findings regarding Ross. Madigan then resigned.

After the IIU issued its report, Blake sued Madigan and Ross under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; he claimed that Madigan used excessive force and Ross failed to take protective action. A jury awarded Blake $50,000 as to his claim against Madigan.

Ross presented an affirmative defense: Blake had sued without first exhausting the prison's Administrative Remedy Procedure (ARP) process, and thus was barred from court under the PLRA. The PLRA, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) provides that “No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” Blake conceded that he had not submitted a formal grievance through the ARP, "because, he thought, the IIU investigation served as a substitute for that otherwise standard process."

### District Court Decision

Judge Alexander Williams, Jr. of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the case, reasoning that "the commencement of an internal investigation does not relieve prisoners from the \[PLRA's\] exhaustion requirement."

### Court of Appeals Decision

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed. It explained that the PLRA's "exhaustion requirement is not absolute." Rather, there are certain "special circumstances" that can justify an inmate's failure to exhaust available administrative remedies. One such circumstance, the Fourth Circuit panel held, was when an inmate failed to exhaust because he reasonably believed that he had already exhausted and no additional remedies were available. And here, the court held that Blake was entitled to the "special circumstances" exception because he thought the IIU investigation precluded him from pursuing remedies through the regular ARP process. Judge G. Steven Agee dissented, holding that judge-made exceptions to the PLRA's Congressionally-mandated exhaustion requirement were impermissible.

## Decision of the Court

Associate Justice Elena Kagan authored the majority opinion. The Supreme Court vacated the judgment of the Fourth Circuit and remanded for the lower court to determine whether the ARP process was, in fact, “available” to Blake.

The Court criticized the Fourth Circuit for making “no attempt to ground its analysis in the PLRA’s language.” It agreed with Blake's characterization of the Fourth Circuit's rule as an “extra-textual exception to the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement.” The PLRA's text, it held, “suggests no limits on an inmate’s obligation to exhaust – irrespective of any ‘special circumstances.’” While the Court acknowledged that judges can craft exceptions to *judge-made* exhaustion requirements, it emphasized that *statutory* exhaustion requirements are different, and only Congress can create exceptions. In this case, it explained, both Supreme Court precedent and the broader history of the PLRA supported the conclusion that Congress intended the exhaustion requirement to be mandatory.

The Court noted, however, that its rejection of the “special circumstances” exception did not decide the case, because “the PLRA contains its own, textual exception to mandatory exhaustion.” Inmates are required to exhaust only “such administrative remedies as are available.” In other words, inmates must only exhaust remedies that are capable of use to obtain some relief. The Court then outlined three situations in which an administrative remedy may be official policy, but yet is “not capable of use to obtain relief.” First, a remedy is unavailable when officers are consistently unable or unwilling to give inmates any sort of relief. Second, a remedy is unavailable if it is “so opaque” that “no ordinary prisoner can discern or navigate it.” Third, a remedy is unavailable if administrators “thwart inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process through machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation.”

In this case, the Court noted, the facts suggested it was possible (but not certain) that the ARP was not “available” for Blake to exhaust. While Maryland's Inmate Handbook provided that prisoners could use the ARP for all kinds of grievances, Blake maintained that “once the IIU commences such an inquiry, a prisoner *cannot* obtain relief through the standard ARP process – whatever the Handbook may say to the contrary.” Because the materials the Court had seen concerning the operation of the IIU and ARP processes were “not conclusive,” it remanded for the lower courts to “perform a thorough review of such materials, and then address the legal issues \[the Court\] has highlighted concerning the availability of administrative remedies.”

### Concurrence of Justice Thomas

Justice Thomas concurred in part and in the judgment. He joined the Court's opinion, except for its discussion of the interaction of the ARP and IIU systems, which involved consideration of documents lodged with the Supreme Court, but never previously raised in the lower courts. Justice Thomas opined that “\[t\]aking notice of the documents encourages gamesmanship and frustrates our review.”

### Concurrence of Justice Breyer

Justice Breyer concurred in part. Echoing his concurrence in *Woodford v. Ngo*, he wrote that the PLRA exhaustion requirement is subject to administrative law's “well-established exceptions” to exhaustion. While these do not include a “special circumstances” exception, other non-textual exceptions may apply.

## Implications

*Ross v. Blake* has been cited in nearly 2,000 cases as of March 2019. While it is sometimes described as limiting access to courts for prisoners by abrogating the “special circumstances” exception, it is also often characterized as expanding prisoner recourse by clarifying that, in certain circumstances, administrative remedies may be on the books but yet practically “unavailable.” Though *Ross* has been discussed extensively by courts, it has received limited attention from scholars and news outlets.

### Selected Supreme Court and Federal Courts of Appeals Cases

* Fry v. Napoleon Cmty. Sch., 137 S. Ct. 743, 753 (2017) (citing *Ross* for the proposition that administrative relief is only available when it is "accessible or may be obtained," and applying this principle in the context of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act).
* Williams v. Corr. Officer Priatno, 829 F.3d 118, 121 (2d Cir. 2016) (finding a prison grievance process unavailable in light of *Ross*, which "clarified the framework under which courts should assess whether a prisoner has complied with the PLRA exhaustion requirement").
* Rinaldi v. United States, 904 F.3d 257, 267-70 (3d Cir. 2018) (applying *Ross* and holding that intimidation by prison officials thwarted appellant from using the grievance process, rendering it unavailable to him).
* Ramirez v. Young, 906 F.3d 530, 538 (7th Cir. 2018) (holding that *Ross*’s three examples of when administrative remedies are unavailable were “not a closed list” and finding unavailability where the prison did not take reasonable steps to inform the inmate about his remedies).
* Townsend v. Murphy, 898 F.3d 780, 783-84 (8th Cir. 2018) (applying *Ross* and finding a formal grievance procedure unavailable where an inmate was denied access to the prison library that contained the only copy of the administrative directive).
* Fuqua v. Ryan, 890 F.3d 838, 849-50 (9th Cir. 2018) (concluding that a particular prison administrative remedy was so opaque as to be functionally unavailable based on the reasoning in *Ross*).

### Selected Scholarship

* Jacqueline Hayley Summs, Comment, *Grappling with Inmates' Access to Justice: The Narrowing of the Exhaustion Requirement in Ross v. Blake*, 69 ADMIN. L. REV. 467 (2017) (arguing that while “the immediate effect” of *Ross* may be “to create more obstacles” for inmates, “the larger significance of the case lies in the Court's decision to provide specific language to the PLRA's textual exception).
* Nicola A. Cohen, Note, *Why* Ross v. Blake *Opens a Door to Federal Courts for Incarcerated Adolescents*, 51 COLUM. J.L. & SOC. PROBS. 177 (2017) (arguing that adolescents incarcerated in adult facilities face increased difficulty comprehending grievance processes, which should excuse their failure to exhaust in light of *Ross*).
*

### Selected Treatises and Manuals

* 4 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PRACTICE § 12:21 (3d ed., February 2019)
* 15 AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE CIVIL RIGHTS § 124 (2d ed., February 2019)
* *Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA): Procedural Basics*, PRACTICAL LAW PRACTICE NOTE w-015-8501
* 14A CORPUS JURIS SECUNDUM CIVIL RIGHTS § 350 (March 2019 update)
*
*

### Selected News Articles and Blog Posts

1. *Ross v. Blake*, No. 15-339, 578 U.S. \___, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1857-58 (2016).
2. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1859-60.
3. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1862.
4. *Blake v. Ross*, 787 F.3d 693 (4th Cir. 2015).
5. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1855.
6. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a).
7. *Blake v. Maynard*, No. 8:2009cv02367, Doc. 110 (D. Md. Nov. 14, 2012), at 9.
8. *Blake*, 787 F.3d at 698.
9. *Blake*, 787 F.3d at 700.
10. *Blake*, 787 F.3d at 703 (Agee, J., dissenting).
11. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1856.
12. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1857.
13. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1858.
14. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1859.
15. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1860.
16. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1860-61.
17. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1861.
18. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1862 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
19. *Ross*, 136 S. Ct. at 1862-63 (Breyer, J., concurring in part).
20. https://1.next.westlaw.com (citing references for *Ross v. Blake*).

## InfoBox

| Ross v. Blake | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued March 29, 2016
Decided June 6, 2016 | |
| Full case name | *Michael Ross, Petitioner v. Shaidon Blake* |
| Docket no. | 15-339 |
| Citations | 578 U.S. \___ (*more*)136 S. Ct. 1850; 195 L. Ed. 2d 117 |
| Argument | Oral argument |
| Opinion announcement | Opinion announcement |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Blake v. Ross*, 787 F.3d 693 (4th Cir. 2015); cert. granted, 136 S. Ct. 614 (2015). |
| Holding | |
| The Prison Litigation Reform Act’s requirement to exhaust administrative remedies does not have a “special circumstances” exception, but inmates are only required to exhaust administrative remedies that are genuinely available to them. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy **·**  Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg **·**  Stephen Breyer
Samuel Alito **·**  Sonia Sotomayor
Elena Kagan | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Kagan, joined by Roberts, Kennedy, Ginsburg, Alito, Sotomayor |
| Concurrence | Thomas (in part) |
| Concurrence | Breyer (in part) |
| Laws applied | |
| Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 | |


title: Rossa, Switzerland

abstract: Rossa is a municipality in the Moesa Region in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Its official language is Italian.

text:
# Rossa, Switzerland

**Rossa** is a municipality in the Moesa Region in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Its official language is Italian.

## History

Rossa is first mentioned in 1694.

## Geography

Rossa has an area, as of 2006, of 58.9 km2 (22.7 sq mi). Of this area, 9.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 40.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (49.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

Before 2017, the municipality was located in the Calanca sub-district of the Moesa district, after 2017 it was part of the Moesa Region. It is the highest municipality of **Val Calanca**.

## Demographics

Rossa has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 151. As of 2008, 10.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -14.4%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian (84.1%), with German being second most common (11.4%) and French being third ( 3.0%).

As of 2000, the gender distribution of the population was 50.4% male and 49.6% female. The age distribution, as of 2000, in Rossa is; 5 children or 3.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 6 teenagers or 4.5% are 10 to 14, and 2 teenagers or 1.5% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 11 people or 8.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 9 people or 6.8% are 30 to 39, 23 people or 17.4% are 40 to 49, and 19 people or 14.4% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 17 people or 12.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 22 people or 16.7% are 70 to 79, there are 14 people or 10.6% who are 80 to 89, and there are 4 people or 3.0% who are 90 to 99.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 37.2% of the vote. The next two most popular parties were the SVP (21.5%) and the FDP (20.2%).

In Rossa about 69.3% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

Rossa has an unemployment rate of 2.22%. As of 2005, there were 4 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. 6 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 2 businesses in this sector. 8 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1683 | c. 450 |
| 1773 | 331 |
| 1850 | 186 |
| 1900 | 181 |
| 1950 | 117 |
| 1980 | 109 |
| 1990 | 108 |
| 2000 | 132 |
|

(in Italian)

## InfoBox

| Rossa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Rossa | |
| RossaRossa | |
| Coordinates: 46°22′N 9°8′E / 46.367°N 9.133°E / 46.367; 9.133 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Graubünden |
| District | Moesa |
| Area | |
| Total | 58.88 km2 (22.73 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,089 m (3,573 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 148 |
| Density | 2.5/km2 (6.5/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 6548 |
| SFOS number | 3808 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-GR |
| Surrounded by | Malvaglia (TI), Biasca (TI), Mesocco, Soazza, Cauco |
| Website | rossa.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Fred Larkin

abstract: Frederick Richard Larkin was an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Recruited from Ballarat.

text:
# Fred Larkin

**Frederick Richard Larkin** (21 March 1888 – 22 August 1969) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Recruited from Ballarat.

## InfoBox

| Fred Larkin | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Frederick Richard Larkin | | |
| Date of birth | (1888-03-21)21 March 1888 | | |
| Place of birth | Beechworth, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 22 August 1969(1969-08-22) (aged 81) | | |
| Place of death | Albury, New South Wales | | |
| Original team(s) | Ballarat | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1908 | Richmond | 2 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1908. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: 1997 Russian Top League

text:
# 1997 Russian Top League

In the 1997 season of the Russian Top League, the football team Spartak Moscow successfully defended the championship, winning their fifth Russian title.

## Overview

| Team | Head coach |
| --- | --- |
| FC Spartak Moscow | Oleg Romantsev |
| FC Rotor Volgograd | Viktor Prokopenko |
| FC Dynamo Moscow | Adamas Golodets |
| FC Shinnik Yaroslavl | Anatoli Polosin (until August)
Pyotr Shubin (from August) |
| FC Lokomotiv Moscow | Yuri Syomin |
| FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk | Oleg Dolmatov |
| FC Krylia Sovetov Samara | Aleksandr Averyanov |
| FC Zenit St. Petersburg | Anatoliy Byshovets |
| FC Baltika Kaliningrad | Leonid Tkachenko |
| FC Alania Vladikavkaz | Valery Gazzaev |
| FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow | Aleksandr Tarkhanov |
| PFC CSKA Moscow | Pavel Sadyrin |
| FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don | Sergey Andreyev |
| FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi | Arsen Naydyonov |
| FC Tyumen | Aleksandr Irkhin (until April)
Aleksandr Ignatenko (from April) |
| FC Fakel Voronezh | Sergei Savchenkov |
| FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod | Valeri Ovchinnikov |
| FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny | Benjaminas Zelkevičius |
|

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spartak Moscow (C) | 34 | 22 | 7 | 5 | 67 | 30 | +37 | 73 | Qualification to Champions League second qualifying round |
| 2 | Rotor Volgograd | 34 | 20 | 8 | 6 | 54 | 27 | +27 | 68 | Qualification to UEFA Cup second qualifying round |
| 3 | Dynamo Moscow | 34 | 19 | 11 | 4 | 50 | 20 | +30 | | 68 |
| 4 | Shinnik Yaroslavl | 34 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 38 | 35 | +3 | 55 | Qualification to Intertoto Cup second round |
| 5 | Lokomotiv Moscow | 34 | 15 | 9 | 10 | 47 | 37 | +10 | 54 | Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup first round |
| 6 | Chernomorets Novorossiysk | 34 | 13 | 14 | 7 | 40 | 26 | +14 | 53 |  |
| 7 | Krylia Sovetov Samara | 34 | 14 | 7 | 13 | 32 | 30 | +2 | | 49 |
| 8 | Zenit St. Petersburg | 34 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 28 | 29 | 1 | | 49 |
| 9 | Baltika Kaliningrad | 34 | 11 | 16 | 7 | 38 | 33 | +5 | 49 | Qualification to Intertoto Cup first round |
| 10 | Alania Vladikavkaz | 34 | 14 | 4 | 16 | 52 | 42 | +10 | 46 |  |
| 11 | Torpedo Moscow | 34 | 13 | 6 | 15 | 50 | 46 | +4 | | 45 |
| 12 | CSKA Moscow | 34 | 11 | 9 | 14 | 31 | 42 | 11 | | 42 |
| 13 | Rostselmash | 34 | 9 | 14 | 11 | 34 | 38 | 4 | | 41 |
| 14 | Zhemchuzhina Sochi | 34 | 11 | 7 | 16 | 38 | 51 | 13 | | 40 |
| 15 | Tyumen | 34 | 9 | 7 | 18 | 28 | 46 | 18 | | 34 |
| 16 | Fakel Voronezh (R) | 34 | 7 | 5 | 22 | 25 | 49 | 24 | 26 | Relegation to First Division |
| 17 | Lokomotiv N.N. (R) | 34 | 6 | 5 | 23 | 26 | 60 | 34 | | 23 |
| 18 | KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny (R) | 34 | 8 | 3 | 23 | 38 | 75 | 37 | | 21 |

Source: rsssf.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## Results

| Home \ Away | ALA | BAL | CHE | CSK | DYN | FAK | KAM | KRY | LOK | LNN | ROS | ROT | SHI | SPA | TOR | TYU | ZEN | ZHE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alania Vladikavkaz |  | 0–0 | 1–3 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 5–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 5–2 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 4–1 |
| Baltika Kaliningrad | 1–2 |  | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 |
| Chernomorets Novorossiysk | 1–2 | 2–2 |  | 0–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 |
| CSKA Moscow | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 |  | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–5 | 0–3 | 2–0 | 1–1 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 |  | 4–1 | 6–1 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 |
| Fakel Voronezh | 2–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 |  | 4–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 |
| KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny | 4–2 | 3–3 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 1–3 | 3–0 |  | 3–0 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 0–5 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–3 |
| Krylia Sovetov Samara | 1–3 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 4–0 |  | 1–0 | 4–0 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 |
| Lokomotiv Moscow | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 |  | 1–1 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 4–1 |
| Lokomotiv N.N. | 1–3 | 1–4 | 2–3 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–3 |  | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 |
| Rostselmash | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 |  | 1–1 | 1–2 | 3–5 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 2–3 | 0–0 |
| Rotor Volgograd | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–2 |  | 1–0 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 5–2 | 3–0 | 3–1 |
| Shinnik Yaroslavl | 3–0 | 4–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 |
| Spartak Moscow | 2–1 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 4–2 | 6–2 | 2–0 | 4–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 3–0 |  | 0–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 |
| Torpedo Moscow | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 4–2 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–3 |  | 1–1 | 1–2 | 3–1 |
| Tyumen | 1–4 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 2–1 |  | 0–1 | 2–2 |
| Zenit St. Petersburg | 1–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 2–0 |  | 2–0 |
| Zhemchuzhina Sochi | 1–0 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 2–3 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 4–3 | 1–3 | 1–0 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Season statistics

### Top goalscorers

*As of matches played on 9 November 1997.*

| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Oleg Veretennikov | Rotor | 22 |
| 2 | Oleg Teryokhin | Dynamo | 17 |
| 3 | Igor Yanovskiy | Alania | 13 |
| 4 | Lev Berezner | Chernomorets | 11 |
| | Aleksandr Zernov | Rotor | |
| | Valery Kechinov | Spartak Moscow | |
| 7 | Andrey Tikhonov | Spartak Moscow | 10 |
| | Edgaras Jankauskas | Torpedo-Luzhniki | |
| 9 | Aleksandr Gerasimov | Shinnik | 9 |
| | Aleksei Kosolapov | Lokomotiv Moscow | |
| | Vladimir Kulik | CSKA | |
| | Dmitry Khokhlov | Torpedo-Luzhniki | |

## Medal squads

| **1. FC Spartak Moscow** |
| --- |
| **Goalkeepers:** Aleksandr Filimonov (33), Ruslan Nigmatullin (2).
**Defenders:** Sergei Gorlukovich (31 / 2), Dmitri Khlestov (27 / 1), Dmitri Ananko (25), Miroslav Romaschenko  (24 / 4), Ramiz Mamedov (19 / 1), Vadim Evseev (18), Konstantin Golovskoy (14), Vasili Kulkov (6).
**Midfielders:** Dmitri Alenichev (33 / 2), Yegor Titov (31 / 8), Aleksei Bakharev (30 / 2), Aleksei Melyoshin (26 / 2), Andrey Tikhonov (24 / 10), Valery Kechinov (22 / 11), Ilya Tsymbalar (11 / 4), Andrei Konovalov (11 / 1), Robert Yevdokimov (4 / 1).
**Forwards:** Aleksandr Shirko (26 / 7), Maksim Buznikin (20 / 8), Luis Robson  (10 / 1), Sergey Dmitriev (6 / 1), Sergei Lutovinov (6).
*(league appearances and goals listed in brackets)*
One own goal scored by Vladimir Klontsak (FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny).
**Manager:** Oleg Romantsev.
**Transferred out during the season:** Vasili Kulkov (to FC Zenit St. Petersburg), Robert Yevdokimov (to FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny). |
| **2. FC Rotor Volgograd** |
| **Goalkeepers:** Platon Zakharchuk (34).
**Defenders:** Aleksandr Shmarko (33), Volodymyr Gerashchenko  (27), Sergei Zhunenko  (23), Valeri Burlachenko (22 / 1), Nikolai Olenikov (19), Albert Borzenkov (15).
**Midfielders:** Oleg Veretennikov (34 / 22), Aleksandr Berketov (33 / 3), Valery Yesipov (32 / 3), Vitaliy Abramov  (30 / 1), Andrei Krivov (25), Maksim Tishchenko (20), Ihor Korniyets  (12), Vladimir Smirnov (4), Mikhail Mysin (1), Hennadiy Orbu  (1).
**Forwards:** Denis Zubko (34 / 4), Vladimir Niederhaus  (33 / 8), Aleksandr Zernov (31 / 11), Sergei Ilyushin (1).
One own goal scored by Denis Koberskiy (FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi).
**Manager:** Viktor Prokopenko .
**Transferred out during the season:** Ihor Korniyets , Sergei Ilyushin (both to FC Arsenal Tula), Hennadiy Orbu  (to  FC Shakhtar Donetsk). |
| **3. FC Dynamo Moscow** |
| **Goalkeepers:** Dmytro Tyapushkin  (23), Andrei Smetanin (14).
**Defenders:** Sergei Shtanyuk  (33 / 2), Andrei Ostrovskiy  (32 / 4), Yuri Kovtun (28), Erik Yakhimovich  (16), Mikhail Zharinov (9), Yevgeni Korablyov (9), Vyacheslav Tsaryov (4), Maksim Povorov (1).
**Midfielders:** Andrey Kobelev (33 / 7), Vladimir Skokov (32 / 5), Sergei Nekrasov (32 / 1), Sergey Grishin (28 / 1), Aliaksandr Kulchiy  (26 / 3), Aleksandr Tochilin (23), Andrei Gordeyev (7 / 1), Rolan Gusev (7), Vitali Kulyov (6), Maksim Romaschenko  (4 / 4), Yuri Kuznetsov (4).
**Forwards:** Oleg Teryokhin (33 / 17), Aleksei Kutsenko (19 / 4), Eduard Kosolapov (8 / 1), Yuri Tishkov (4), Sergei Artyomov (2), Andrei Dyomkin (1), Oleg Sergeyev (1).
**Manager:** Adamas Golodets.
**Transferred out during the season:** Erik Yakhimovich  (on loan to  Vanspor), Andrei Dyomkin (to  R.S.C. Anderlecht). |

1. "Russia 1997". *RSSSF*. The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

## InfoBox

Russian Top League
| Season | 1997 |
| --- | --- |
| 1996 1998 | |


title: Rose Pizzo

abstract: Rose Pizzo is an Italian American author. She wrote the autobiography Growing Up Deaf with the help of her friend Judy Jonas, which tells the story of her life as a Deaf woman. This book was self-published through Xlibris. She is a prominent member of the Deaf Community and has won many awards for her efforts including the Fred Schreiber Golden Hands award.

text:
# Rose Pizzo

**Rose Pizzo** (born Easter 1932) is an Italian American author. She wrote the autobiography *Growing Up Deaf* with the help of her friend Judy Jonas, which tells the story of her life as a Deaf woman. This book was self-published through Xlibris. She is a prominent member of the Deaf Community and has won many awards for her efforts including the Fred Schreiber Golden Hands award.

## Early life

Rose Pizzo was born in Queens, New York, in 1932 during the Great Depression. She has an older sister by 13 months named Frances and a younger brother named Vincent. After her birth, her family moved from Queens to New Dorp, Staten Island because her parents could no longer afford to live in the city. However, her father had a shoemaking business in Queens and because the commute became too difficult, the family moved back to Queens for a short time. They moved to Corona and eventually settled in East Elmhurst.

She was born to a hearing family and though she did not become Deaf until age three, she has no recollection of hearing. She was sent to a mainstream kindergarten where she had no means of communication and was held back for two years. Then at age 8, she attended a public school for the deaf in Manhattan called P.S. 47. It was there that Pizzo first learned American Sign Language although the curriculum taught at P.S. 47 focused on writing and lip-reading skills and discouraged sign language, she picked it up from her peers. After P.S. 47, she attended Mabel Deaf Vocational High School, which was a mainstream program. No services were provided for Pizzo in the form of an interpreter or note taker so she was forced to lip-read in all her classes. She was able to pass by studying hard but eventually focused her studies in the vocational part of the school and studied sewing and dress-making.

## Career

Pizzo's first job out of high school was as a sewing machine operator where she worked for two years although she hated the job. She then worked as a data entry operator for many years. In 1978 she was one of the first students to attend the Adult Basic Education Program for the Deaf in Fair Lawn and received her high school equivalency diploma. After she graduated, she became a teacher's aide at the same school and held the position for over twenty years. She has also taught American Sign Language to hearing adults at the Fair Lawn Community School since the mid-1980s. Pizzo has been an active member of the North Jersey Community Center for the Deaf (NJCCD) and served on their Women's Auxiliary Group. She was appointed by the Governor to serve on the NJ Division of the Deaf Advisory Council. Pizzo also became very involved with the Union County College interpreting program and helped many students improve their interpreting skills. As a result, she was present with the Claudia Parson's Award by UCC for involvement in the Deaf community. She is also the recipient of the Fred Schreiber Golden Hands award.

## Personal life

Rose Pizzo first met her husband Vincent Pizzo when she was 7 years old on the bus going to their school for the Deaf P.S. 47. Their first date was not until 1950 when she was 18 and he was 24 and they were married on June 8, 1952. Vincent also was raised by hearing parents but unlike Rose, many of his siblings are also Deaf. They raised 3 children in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. Their oldest child Nancy was born in Barnet Hospital in 1956. Their daughter Karen was born in 1958 and their son Paul was born in 1962. They also have three grandchildren named Michelle, Vinnie, and Dominic.

## *Growing Up Deaf* (autobiography)

Rose Pizzo was encouraged to write a book about her life by her daughter-in-law Linda, who was fascinated with Rose's life as well as Deaf Culture. She originally struggled while writing the book in English because American Sign Language is her native language. To solve this problem, she asked her friend and founder of the Adult Basic Education Program for the Deaf in Fair Lawn, Judy Jonas for help. Rose told her story to Judy who interpreted it onto an audio tape. The tape was them transcribed and Judy edited and translated it into English.

The book begins by talking about Rose's life growing up and childhood memory such as the story her Aunt away told about her birth, vacations her family took, and holidays. The book also describes her education growing up and her lack of language until she attended a school for the Deaf. In fact Rose did not even know her own name until she attended this school at age 8. When she was attending a hearing kinder garden, Rose describes how she had no communication and was picked on by other students. She goes into detail about the communication issues she faced throughout her entire life. Such as asking a family member question about what was going on and either getting a summary of the information or told nothing at all; like when one of her favorite cousins died. When she began her education at a Deaf school Rose described the experience as "the beginning of my life as a Deaf Person" (Pizzo). American Sign Language was forbidden at this school and hands were slapped for signing but she learned from other students and from the first time had access to real communication. The book also includes several stories of her friend's family's rejections of ASL. Rose's parents never had a problem with ASL although they were ignorant of the Deaf world and she was forced to wear hearing aids. The book also provides cultural information about Deaf people, such as the importance of name signs and how they are chosen as well as explaining the benefits TTY's and captioning had on the Deaf community.

* McCain, Michael. (2009) "Self Published Release Reveals an Author's Struggle With Deafness in a Hearing World." Lee Stringer: Writing Resources and Tips.
* Miscia, Anthony. (2004) "Deaf Presenter Shares Story of her Life". The Signal.
* Pizzo, Rose. (2002) "Growing up Deaf: Issues of Communication in a Hearing World."
* 2011 ASDC Conference Presenters.

## InfoBox

| Rose Pizzo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | March 27, 1932<br>Queens, New York |
| Nationality | Italian American |
| Occupation | Author |
| Known for | Growing Up Deaf |


title: Rose Plays Julie

abstract: Rose Plays Julie is a 2019 Irish drama film written and directed by Christine Molloy and Joe Lawlor, known collectively as Desperate Optimists.

text:
# Rose Plays Julie

***Rose Plays Julie*** is a 2019 Irish drama film written and directed by Christine Molloy and Joe Lawlor, known collectively as Desperate Optimists.

## Plot

Rose is a veterinary student at university in Dublin. Adopted as a young child, Rose's adoptive mother has recently died and she has begun looking into who her biological parents are. She discovers her mother is an actress named Ellen who lives in London, and travels there to meet her. Rose calls Ellen on her mobile phone and reveals her birth name is Julie; Ellen realises who she is. She also follows Ellen to a film set and is noticed, but quickly walks off.

Finding that Ellen's house is for sale, Rose calls the estate agent posing as a potential buyer wanting to view the property. At the house, Ellen's teenage daughter Eva answers the door to Rose. Ellen recognises Rose during the viewing and takes her out into the woods to talk, a place she often goes to calm down. Ellen reveals to Rose that she was raped on a golf course, and that Rose (named Julie by her) was the result; she decided to give birth to her in order to focus on the positives of bringing a child into the world, but decided not to keep her. She tells Rose that her father is Peter Doyle, a celebrity archeologist.

Rose goes back to Dublin and attends the launch party for Peter's new book, but does not talk to him. She later volunteers on an archeological dig led by Peter, wearing a black wig over her red hair and pretending to be an actress named Julie researching for a role as an archeologist. Ellen comes to Dublin to work on a film and calls Rose, asking to meet with her; she later turns up at Rose's university flat. Rose tells her that she's seen Peter but not told him who she is. She admits that Peter living his life as if nothing happened angers her.

Peter gives Rose a copy of his book with his phone number written inside. Rose steals drugs used to put down sick animals from her university and fills a syringe with them, then goes to Peter's house while his family are out, intending to kill him. Peter is surprised by Rose's appearance, but lets her in. He quickly makes advances towards her, and when she tells him to stop he grabs her by the throat and pushes her up against a bookcase. She manages to get hold of a golfing award on the shelf and hits him over the head with it, then pulls the syringe from her jacket to find that it has broken; she shouts at Peter and reveals she is his daughter before fleeing, leaving him dazed and bloodied. When Peter's wife Teresa arrives home later he is forced to explain his head wound.

Rose goes to Ellen's hotel room and stays there while Ellen goes to her university flat to dispose of the veterinary drugs. Ellen finds Peter's book with his phone number in and calls him asking to meet at the golf course he raped her at; he agrees. Peter arrives before Ellen, who gets into his car to talk. She recounts the assault to him and then suddenly stabs him in the leg with the syringe; he at first attempts to stop her then accepts his fate and allows her to inject him with the drugs. He dies in the car within minutes. Ellen returns to her hotel room, waking a sleeping Rose, who tells her that she was dreaming about waiting by the sea for her.

## Cast

## Release

*Rose Plays Julie* premiered at the London Film Festival in 2019 and was released in UK cinemas by New Wave Films on 17 September 2021.

## Reception

Reception of *Rose Plays Julie* has been mainly very positive, with *The Guardian* listing it as one of the best films to see in the UK in Autumn 2021.

Film critic Sheila O'Malley has written of the "mythic" nature of the story and the "eerie" quality of *Rose Plays Julie*, something she describes as being not just a stylistic choice but also "an accurate depiction of the dissociative states of the three main characters, who move through their worlds like somnambulists". Jessica Kiang in *Variety* also highlighted the connections with myth alongside the contemporary relevance of the film, describing it as "a transgressive story \[that\] bides its time. It's a tale that feels ancient in structure, but terrifyingly modern in detail, mapping #MeToo-era revelations and a contemporary preoccupation with fractured identities onto a deceptively simple revenge plot that could have been plucked directly from a Greek drama, then plunged into liquid nitrogen to achieve its deep-freeze aesthetic." Critics such as Jonathan Romney have also highlighted parallels with Desperate Optimists' first film *Helen*, in that both feature young women who have been adopted, have a haunting "uncanny" quality and an interest in investigating the roles people play in life as well as films.

On *Taste of Cinema*, Justin Gunterman included *Rose Plays Julie* on his list of the 15 best films so far of 2021. He described it as "a triumph in every sense of the word. Considering the recent popularity of #MeToo inspired movies, this could have easily been a run-of-the-mill copycat. Instead, it's a hair-raising psychological thriller that refuses to sugar-coat its disturbing content."

## InfoBox

| Rose Plays Julie | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by | * Christine Molloy * Joe Lawlor |
| Produced by | * David Collins * Joe Lawlor * Cathleen Dore (line producer) * Celine Haddad (executive producer: Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland) * Eoin O'Faolain (co-producer) |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Stephen McKeon |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Countries | * Ireland * United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Roszkowo, Rawicz County

abstract: Roszkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miejska Górka, within Rawicz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Miejska Górka, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Rawicz, and 80 km (50 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Roszkowo, Rawicz County

**Roszkowo** \[rɔʂˈkɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miejska Górka, within Rawicz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Miejska Górka, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Rawicz, and 80 km (50 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Roszkowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Roszkowo | |
| Coordinates: 51°41′N 16°55′E / 51.683°N 16.917°E / 51.683; 16.917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Rawicz |
| Gmina | Miejska Górka |


title: Freddy Noguera

abstract: Freddy Ariel Noguera Rolon is a Paraguayan footballer who plays as a forward for the Under-20 team of Olimpia.

text:
# Freddy Noguera

**Freddy Ariel Noguera Rolon** (born 9 January 2004) is a Paraguayan footballer who plays as a forward for the Under-20 team of Olimpia.

## Club career

Born in Eusebio Ayala in the Cordillera Department of Paraguay, Noguera began his career with Cerro Porteño before a move to Olimpia. In a later interview, Noguera's father stated that during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay, Olimpia failed to communicate with players, and because of this, he began exploring the possibility of joining a new club.

In March 2022, he joined Grêmio, signing a four-year contract with a $30 million release clause. Following his departure, former Olimpia youth coach Enrique Landaida stated that the club did all they could to keep Noguera at the club. He scored on his debut for Grêmio's under-20 team; the only goal in their 1–0 win against Apafut. In July 2023, he was included in the first-team squad ahead of a Série A match against Atlético Mineiro. He made his professional debut in the 1–0 win on 22 July, coming on as a second-half substitute for André Henrique.

## International career

Noguera has represented Paraguay at under-20 level.

## Personal life

Noguera is the cousin of Ronaldo Martínez, a fellow footballer who also played for Cerro Porteño.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 4 September 2023.*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | State League | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Grêmio | 2023 | Série A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

1. Freddy Noguera at WorldFootball.net
2. Wernek, Jeremias (26 April 2022). "Grêmio aposta em centroavante paraguaio em novo time da base" \[Grêmio bets on Paraguayan center forward in new base team\]. *uol.com.br* (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
3. "Olimpia "lo descuidó en pandemia", lo dejó ir y ahora debuta en Gremio" \[Olimpia “neglected him in the pandemic”, let him go and now he debuts in Gremio\]. *d10.ultimahora.com* (in Spanish). 24 July 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
4. "Gremio le sopleó a Olimpia otra "joya" de sus formativas" \[Gremio gave Olimpia another “jewel” of her training\]. *cronica.com.py* (in Spanish). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
5. Pinto, Jorge (21 July 2023). "El paraguayo de 19 años que vale 30 millones y que debutará con Gremio" \[The 19-year-old Paraguayan who is worth 30 million and who will debut with Gremio\]. *elfutbolero.com.py* (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
6. "Brasil: Botafogo rescata agónico empate, pero sigue líder con 11 puntos de ventaja" \[Brazil: Botafogo rescues an agonizing draw, but remains leader with an 11-point advantage\]. *abc.com.py* (in Spanish). 24 July 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
7. Freddy Noguera at Soccerway

## InfoBox

Freddy Noguera
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Freddy Ariel Noguera Rolon | | |
| Date of birth | (2004-01-09) 9 January 2004 | | |
| Place of birth | Eusebio Ayala, Cordillera, Paraguay | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward, winger | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Olimpia U20 | | |
| Number | 11 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Cerro Porteño | | |
|  | Olimpia | | |
| 2022– | Grêmio | | |
| 2024– | Olimpia (loan) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2023 | Grêmio | 1 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2022 | Paraguay U20 | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 4 September 2023 | | | |


title: Rougemontot

abstract: Rougemontot is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Rougemontot

**Rougemontot** (French pronunciation: \[ʁuʒmɔ̃to\]) is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Geography

Rougemontot lies 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Marchaux.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 45 |  |
| 1968 | 54 | +20.0% |
| 1975 | 59 | +9.3% |
| 1982 | 67 | +13.6% |
| 1990 | 67 | +0.0% |
| 1999 | 72 | +7.5% |
| 2008 | 91 | +26.4% |
| 2012 | 87 | −4.4% |

## InfoBox

| Rougemontot | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Rougemontot | |
| Location of Rougemontot | |
| RougemontotRougemontot | |
| Coordinates: 47°23′54″N 6°15′48″E / 47.3983°N 6.2633°E / 47.3983; 6.2633 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Doubs |
| Arrondissement | Besançon |
| Canton | Baume-les-Dames |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jacques Denis |
| Area**1** | 4.25 km2 (1.64 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 90 |
| Density | 21/km2 (55/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 25506 /25640 |
| Elevation | 244–474 m (801–1,555 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rougeries

abstract: Rougeries is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Rougeries

**Rougeries** (French pronunciation: \[ʁuʒʁi\]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 268 |  |
| 1968 | 281 | +4.9% |
| 1975 | 288 | +2.5% |
| 1982 | 294 | +2.1% |
| 1990 | 257 | −12.6% |
| 1999 | 241 | −6.2% |
| 2008 | 230 | −4.6% |

## InfoBox

| Rougeries | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church of Rougeries | |
|  | |
| Location of Rougeries | |
| RougeriesRougeries | |
| Coordinates: 49°48′14″N 3°47′15″E / 49.8039°N 3.7875°E / 49.8039; 3.7875 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Vervins |
| Canton | Marle |
| Intercommunality | Thiérache du Centre |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Olivier Lamendin |
| Area**1** | 4.13 km2 (1.59 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 218 |
| Density | 53/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02657 /02140 |
| Elevation | 95–173 m (312–568 ft)
(avg. 104 m or 341 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: 1999 Hertsmere Borough Council election

abstract: The 1999 Hertsmere Borough Council election took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Hertsmere Borough Council in Hertfordshire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1998. The Conservative party gained overall control of the council from the Labour party.

text:
# 1999 Hertsmere Borough Council election

The **1999 Hertsmere Borough Council election** took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Hertsmere Borough Council in Hertfordshire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1998. The Conservative party gained overall control of the council from the Labour party.

## Election result

Hertsmere Local Election Result 1999
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | 20 |  |  | +9 | 51.3 |  |  |  |
|  | Labour | 13 |  |  | -9 | 33.3 |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 6 |  |  | 0 | 15.4 |  |  |  |


title: Cognitive assets

abstract: Cognitive assets are tangible and intangible organizational assets that constitute sources of the cognition that is necessary for action coordination. These assets allow for the integrity and efficiency of the multiple conversions of individual knowledge into organizational knowledge. The idea of the cognitive assets was the first attempt to address the most relevant organizational assets to be exploited by cognition-driven businesses. The concept of cognitive assets is a reflection on the belief that it is sufficient the acquisition of software, such as for business intelligence or competitive intelligence to ensure that organizations make good decisions. Organizational cognitive assets comprise four main dimensions: 1) the environmental mechanisms that foster the creation and sharing of explicit knowledge; 2) organizational members’ cognitive capacities; 3) organizational members´ transactional potential; and 4) Analytics and computational methods used by the organization to support decision-making processes.

text:
# Cognitive assets

**Cognitive assets** are tangible and intangible organizational assets that constitute sources of the cognition that is necessary for action coordination. These assets allow for the integrity and efficiency of the multiple conversions of individual knowledge into organizational knowledge.

The idea of the **cognitive assets** was the first attempt to address the most relevant organizational assets to be exploited by *cognition-driven businesses*. The concept of **cognitive assets** is a reflection on the belief that it is sufficient the acquisition of software, such as for business intelligence or competitive intelligence to ensure that organizations make good decisions.

Organizational **cognitive assets** comprise four main dimensions: 1) the environmental mechanisms that foster the creation and sharing of explicit knowledge; 2) organizational members’ cognitive capacities; 3) organizational members´ transactional potential (defined as their ability to interact and share knowledge with co-workers); and 4) Analytics and computational methods used by the organization to support decision-making processes.

## History

The term was first used in a paper presented in 2002 at the Twelfth International Conference on Management of Technology organized by the International Association for Management of Technology (IAMOT) and published in a collection of the best papers of the conference. The paper refers to the ideas of a master's thesis presented in 2001 at Ibmec Business School, which was first used in this sense.

## Fundamentals of cognitive assets

Although most works assume that organizational knowledge exists and that it is more than simply the sum of individual knowledge, the important question of how it becomes *“organizational”* has not been addressed in much depth. Most authors refer to the work of Nonaka and his co-authors, which remains the sole comprehensive view on organizational knowledge formation.

Although the idea of *“collective cognition”* has been contested by researchers on the grounds that *“cognition belongs to individuals, not organizations”*, there is a growing number of studies in management that address this phenomenon at a group or organizational level. These studies concentrate on cognitive phenomena in and by organizations that impact the organization as a whole. Some conceptualizations stress that the field must embrace the complexities of the two levels (individual and group), which co-exist though interactive processes.

Cognition research in organizations has taken two main approaches: one computational and one interpretive. The computational stream examines the process by which managers and organizations process information and make decisions; the interpretive approach investigates how meaning is created around information in a social context.

The concept of **cognitive assets** takes both perspectives into account; individuals´ cognitive capacities and organizational decision-making systems are linked to the computational view, whereas the environment and transactional elements are linked to interpretive efforts. As defended by Lant, putting together these two perspectives will deepen our understanding of organizational cognition.

## Definition

Analogous to the process of individual knowledge creation, **cognitive assets** represent to organizations what cognition potential is to individuals. The process of new knowledge generation at the individual level can be seen as the systematic and efficient combination of the information available to the individual with her cognitive potential. Similarly, we can model organizational knowledge creation as the systematic and efficient combination of information-based assets with **cognitive assets**.

Organizational **cognitive assets** comprise four main dimensions: 1) the environmental mechanisms that foster the creation and sharing of explicit knowledge; 2) organizational members’ cognitive capacities; 3) organizational members´ transactional potential (defined as their ability to interact and share knowledge with co-workers); and 4) Analytics and computational methods used by the organization to support decision-making processes.

## Environment

The most basic dimension of **cognitive assets** is the environment where cognition takes place. Differently from cognitive studies done in psychology, where laboratory experiments are used to address issues of individual cognition, researchers of cognition in management have stressed the role of the environment where decisions and actions are being taken and the interactions of people within this environment. Knowledge is seen as a function of the social and physical system in which it exists.

The environment provides regulative (rules) and normative (values and norms) dimensions that govern organizational life. It sets the pre-conditions that allow for the transformation of individual knowledge into collective knowledge put into action. Following Orlikowski, five sets of activities are important in the organizational environment: (1) sharing identity; (2) interacting face to face; (3) aligning effort; (4) learning by doing; and (5) supporting participation. Managers can increase the effectiveness of knowledge conversions by stimulating these five sets of activities in the areas under their control.

## Individual cognitive capacity

The individual cognitive capacity of organizational members corresponds to their ability to process information efficiently and effectively to attain goals. That ability contributes to more and better conversions of information into collective knowledge.

Humans have a knowledge structure (or schema), which *“represents organized knowledge about a given concept or type of stimulus”*. This knowledge structure is a mental template that individuals impose on an information environment to give it form and meaning and to enable subsequent action. That way, it has strong influence on the process of transforming information into action.

The two most commonly studied attributes of knowledge structures are differentiation (the number of dimensions within a knowledge structure) and integration (the degree of interconnectedness among the knowledge structure dimensions). The higher the differentiation and integration, the more effective the knowledge structure is. Little differentiation leads to a narrow vision, which results in ineffective managerial behavior. Differentiation and integration are influenced by personality variables (level of aspiration, job involvement, cognitive complexity) and organizational experience (position in hierarchy, work experience).

## Transactional capacity

Transactional capacity is ability individuals have to absorb, codify and share information and explicit knowledge in order to meet organizational objectives. Transactional capacity will be a function of personal and structural dimensions. For personal characteristics, Eric Berne's transactional analysis in psychology studies three important dimensions: (1) learning; (2) rationality; and (3) emotions.

The structural dimension of transactional capacity is linked to the various networks within the organization. Social networks and the role of social capital have received an increasing attention in sociology studies over the past few years. There are two main approaches: one that follows the work of Coleman, which defends that social capital occurs in networks with closure, where the value of social capital resource is communication among members; another approach, deriving from Granovetter and Burt, defends that social capital occurs in networks without closure where the value of social capital resource is derived from brokering information and exercising control. The seemingly conflicting predictions of these two approaches may be due to the fact that each one has analyzed different environments. But regardless of the closure of social networks, the existence of a network and individuals willing to share information within it (and capture from outside it) is important. Dyer and Nobeoka, for example, defend that a highly interconnected network benefits all members by facilitating knowledge sharing and learning and increasing productivity of members.

## Decision-making support

Organizations use different tools and systems to help their decision-making processes. These tools and systems are broadly defined as any activity that, based on explicit (but not necessarily formalized) models, helps decision-making agents to obtain solutions to their problems given their preferences and the uncertainty of the environment. Together with individuals’ cognitive capacities, they define the organization's capacity to process information and make decisions.

Operations research, management science and decision science methods can be seen as analytical cognitive processes that help decision-making. These methods serve to increase the efficiency of the knowledge conversion and mobilization processes, increasing managers´ ability to process information and make decisions. That way, they are also important constituents of **cognitive assets**.