title: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase

abstract:
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, PNP, PNPase or inosine phosphorylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NP gene. It catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - purine nucleoside + phosphate ⇌ purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are a purine nucleoside and phosphate, whereas its products are a purine and alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

text:
# Purine nucleoside phosphorylase

| Purine nucleoside phosphorylase | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | Purine\_phosphorylaseIPR011268 | | |
| External IDs | GeneCards: ; OMA:\- orthologs | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     n/a   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     n/a   n/a   Location (UCSC) n/a n/a  PubMed search n/a n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |

**Purine nucleoside phosphorylase**, **PNP**, **PNPase** or **inosine phosphorylase** (EC 2.4.2.1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *NP* gene. It catalyzes the chemical reaction

purine nucleoside + phosphate $\rightleftharpoons $ purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are a purine nucleoside and phosphate, whereas its products are a purine and alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

## Nomenclature

This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **purine-nucleoside:phosphate ribosyltransferase**.

Other names in common use include:

* inosine phosphorylase
* PNPase
* PUNPI
* PUNPII
* inosine-guanosine phosphorylase
* nucleotide phosphatase
* purine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase
* purine deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase
* purine nucleoside phosphorylase
* purine ribonucleoside phosphorylas

This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism.

## Function

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. PNP metabolizes inosine into hypoxanthine and guanosine into guanine, in each case creating ribose phosphate. Note: adenosine is first metabolized to inosine via the enzyme adenosine deaminase.

Nucleoside phosphorylase is an enzyme which cleaves a nucleoside by phosphorylating the ribose to produce a nucleobase and ribose 1 phosphate. It is one enzyme of the nucleotide salvage pathways. These pathways allow the cell to produce nucleotide monophosphates when the *de novo* synthesis pathway has been interrupted or is non-existent (as is the case in the brain). Often the de novo pathway is interrupted as a result of chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate or aminopterin.

All salvage pathway enzymes require a high energy phosphate donor such as ATP or PRPP.

Adenosine uses the enzyme adenosine kinase, which is a very important enzyme in the cell. Attempts are being made to develop an inhibitor for the enzyme for use in cancer chemotherapy.

## Enzyme regulation

This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.

## Clinical significance

PNPase, together with adenosine deaminase (ADA), serves a key role in purine catabolism, referred to as the salvage pathway. Mutations in ADA lead to an accumulation of (d)ATP, which inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, leading to a deficiency in (d)CTPs and (d)TTPs, which, in turn, induces apoptosis in T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, leading to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

PNP-deficient patients will have an immunodeficiency problem. It affects only T-cells; B-cells are unaffected by the deficiency.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| purine-nucleoside phosphorylase | |
| --- | --- |
| purine-nucleoside phosphorylase. PDB 1rct. | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.4.2.1 |
| CAS no. | 9030-21-1 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Pulsar-based navigation

abstract: X-ray pulsar-based navigation and timing (XNAV) or simply pulsar navigation is a navigation technique whereby the periodic X-ray signals emitted from pulsars are used to determine the location of a vehicle, such as a spacecraft in deep space. A vehicle using XNAV would compare received X-ray signals with a database of known pulsar frequencies and locations. Similar to GPS, this comparison would allow the vehicle to calculate its position accurately (±5 km). The advantage of using X-ray signals over radio waves is that X-ray telescopes can be made smaller and lighter. Experimental demonstrations have been reported in 2018.

text:
# Pulsar-based navigation

**X-ray pulsar-based navigation and timing (XNAV)** or simply **pulsar navigation** is a navigation technique whereby the periodic X-ray signals emitted from pulsars are used to determine the location of a vehicle, such as a spacecraft in deep space. A vehicle using XNAV would compare received X-ray signals with a database of known pulsar frequencies and locations. Similar to GPS, this comparison would allow the vehicle to calculate its position accurately (±5 km). The advantage of using X-ray signals over radio waves is that X-ray telescopes can be made smaller and lighter. Experimental demonstrations have been reported in 2018.

## Spacecraft navigation

### Studies

The Advanced Concepts Team of ESA studied in 2003 the feasibility of x-ray pulsar navigation in collaboration with the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya in Spain. After the study, the interest in the XNAV technology within the European Space Agency was consolidated leading, in 2012, to two different and more detailed studies performed by GMV AEROSPACE AND DEFENCE (ES) and the National Physical Laboratory (UK).

### Experiments

XPNAV 1On 9 November 2016, the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched an experimental pulsar navigation satellite called **XPNAV 1**. XPNAV-1 has a mass of 240 kg, and is in a 493 km × 512 km, 97.41° orbit. XPNAV-1 will characterize 26 nearby pulsars for their pulse frequency and intensity to create a navigation database that could be used by future operational missions. The satellite is expected to operate for five to ten years. XPNAV-1 is the first pulsar navigation mission launched into orbit. SEXTANT**SEXTANT** (**Station Explorer for X-ray Timing and Navigation Technology**) is a NASA-funded project developed at the Goddard Space Flight Center that is testing XNAV on-orbit on board the International Space Station in connection with the NICER project, launched on 3 June 2017 on the SpaceX CRS-11 ISS resupply mission. If this is successful, XNAV may be used as secondary navigation technology for the planned Orion missions. In January 2018, X-ray navigation feasibility was demonstrated using NICER/SEXTANT on ISS. It reported a 7 km accuracy (in 2 days).

## Aircraft navigation

In 2014, a feasibility study was carried out by the National Aerospace Laboratory of Amsterdam, for use of pulsars in place of GPS in navigation. The advantage of **pulsar navigation** would be more available signals than from satnav constellations, being unjammable, with the broad range of frequencies available, and security of signal sources from destruction by anti-satellite weapons.

## Types of pulsar for XNAV

Among pulsars, millisecond pulsars are good candidate to be space-time references. In particular, extraterrestrial intelligence might encode rich information using millisecond pulsar signals, and the metadata about XNAV is likely to be encoded by reference to millisecond pulsars. Finally, it has been suggested that advanced extraterrestrial intelligence might have tweaked or engineered millisecond pulsars for the goals of timing, navigation and communication.


title: Pterocerina nigricauda

abstract: Pterocerina nigricauda is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Pterocerina of the family Ulidiidae.

text:
# Pterocerina nigricauda

***Pterocerina nigricauda*** is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus *Pterocerina* of the family Ulidiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Pterocerina nigricauda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ulidiidae |
| Genus: | *Pterocerina* |
| Species: | ***P. nigricauda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterocerina nigricauda***<br>Blanchard, 1938 | |
|


title: Punctabyssia

abstract: Punctabyssia is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudococculinidae, the false limpets.

text:
# Punctabyssia

***Punctabyssia*** is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudococculinidae, the false limpets.

## Species

Species within the genus *Punctabyssia* include:

## InfoBox

| *Punctabyssia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Lepetellida |
| Superfamily: | Lepetelloidea |
| Family: | Pseudococculinidae |
| Genus: | *Punctabyssia*<br>McLean, 1991 |
|


title: Punctaconchus

abstract:
Punctaconchus is a genus of microconchid tubeworms. It was the last genus of microconchids, and the only genus to exist beyond the Triassic. Their tubes have large pores (punctae) penetrating the tube wall. Tubes lumen is covered by
ripplemark−like transverse ridges. Punctaconchus occurs in the Middle Jurassic of England, France and Poland.

text:
# Punctaconchus

***Punctaconchus*** is a genus of microconchid tubeworms. It was the last genus of microconchids, and the only genus to exist beyond the Triassic. Their tubes have large pores (punctae) penetrating the tube wall. Tubes lumen is covered by ripplemark−like transverse ridges. *Punctaconchus* occurs in the Middle Jurassic of England, France and Poland.

## InfoBox

| *Punctaconchus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Punctaconchus ampliporus* Vinn and Taylor, 2007 from the Bathonian, White Limestone Formation, Foss Cross Quarry, Gloucestershire, UK. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | *incertae sedis* |
| Class: | Tentaculita |
| Order: | Microconchida |
| Genus: | ***Punctaconchus***
Vinn and Taylor, 2007 |
|


title: Puerto Ricans in Chicago

abstract: Puerto Ricans in Chicago are individuals residing in Chicago with ancestral ties to the island of Puerto Rico. Over more than seventy years, they have made significant contributions to the economic, social, and cultural fabric of the city. As of 2023, there are 206,682 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area with Puerto Rican heritage, making it the fifth largest metropolitan Puerto Rican community in the mainland US following New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, and Miami, and just ahead of Tampa.

text:
# Puerto Ricans in Chicago

**Puerto Ricans in Chicago** are individuals residing in Chicago with ancestral ties to the island of Puerto Rico. Over more than seventy years, they have made significant contributions to the economic, social, and cultural fabric of the city.

As of 2023, there are 206,682 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area with Puerto Rican heritage, making it the fifth largest metropolitan Puerto Rican community in the mainland US following New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, and Miami, and just ahead of Tampa.

## History

The history of the Puerto Rican community in Chicago spans over 70 years. The initial migration in the 1930s was not directly from Puerto Rico but from New York City, with many settling on State Street near downtown hotels. However, the number of individuals joining this migration was relatively small.

A significant wave of migration occurred in the late 1940s, primarily settling in the La Clark neighborhood north of downtown Chicago around Dearborn, La Salle, and Clark Streets. These migrants were recruited as low-wage, non-union foundry workers and domestic workers by companies like Castle Barton Associates. As initial migrants established themselves in Chicago, many were joined by their spouses and families. The construction of the Kennedy Expressway in the late 1950s divided the Puerto Rican neighborhoods of Wicker Park and Lincoln, which were previously one unified neighborhood.

In the 1960s, urban redevelopment displaced the Puerto Rican community in Chicago, leading them to move to areas like Old Town, Lincoln Park, Lakeview, Wicker Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park on the city's West Side. They initially settled in Lincoln Park, but as city-sponsored gentrification took place in the area, the Puerto Rican community moved further north and west. Settlement also occurred in Lawndale on the West Side.

The Division Street riots, which took place from June 12 to 14, 1966, marked a significant urban rebellion by the Puerto Rican community in Chicago. These events coincided with the Chicago Police Department's implementation of precautionary measures to prevent unrest similar to what had happened in African American centers such as Harlem, Watts, and North Philadelphia.

In 1977, there was another conflict between the Puerto Rican community and the Chicago Police Department during the Humboldt Park riot.

| Year | Puerto Rican
population in
Chicago | % of Chicago
total population |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 112,074 | 3.7% |
| 1990 | 119,866 | 4.3% |
| 2000 | 113,055 | 3.9% |
| 2010 | 102,703 | 3.8% |
| 2020 | 93,193 | 3.3% |

## Present

The Puerto Rican community in Chicago is known for its established presence and political activism. With the community's support, Puerto Rican leaders in Chicago secured a lease for the historic Humboldt Park stables near Paseo Boricua, which now house the Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture. Renovation efforts for the building involved approximately $3.4 million for the exterior and an additional $3.2 million for the interior in 2006. The Puerto Rican Arts Alliance has also experienced growth and expanded to a second location in Avondale, occupying a former firehouse at the intersection of Central Park and Elbridge Avenues.

Based on the 2020 census, the total number of individuals with full or partial Puerto Rican descent in Chicago was 93,193, accounting for 3.3% of the city's population. This figure represents a decrease from the 102,703 recorded in 2010. A majority of Puerto Ricans in Illinois (53%) now reside outside of Chicago, with 109,351 individuals living in other areas of the state out of a total population of 207,109.

The decline of the Puerto Rican community in Chicago can be attributed to various factors, including:

* limited economic opportunities
* competition from new immigrants
* high crime rates
* high cost of living
* gentrification
* adverse weather conditions
* children relocate to the suburbs or other states
* intermarriage (with a 38.5% intermarriage rate among stateside Puerto Ricans).

Within Chicago, the remaining Puerto Rican community is primarily concentrated on the northwest side of the city. The largest numbers of Puerto Ricans can be found in the community areas of Humboldt Park, Logan Square, Hermosa, Avondale, Austin, Belmont Cragin, Portage Park, and West Town, with Humboldt Park serving as the cultural and commercial center. Areas immediately north and west of Humboldt Park have the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the Chicago area, according to the 2020 Census. Significant Puerto Rican populations are also present in suburban areas of Chicago, including Berwyn, Waukegan, Aurora, Cicero, and Elgin.

## Paseo Boricua

Paseo Boricua, situated on Division Street in the East Humboldt Park section of the West Town neighborhood, is a street section on the West Side of Chicago that represents the Puerto Rican community. It spans between Western Avenue and California Avenue. Paseo Boricua is recognized as the only officially designated Puerto Rican neighborhood in the United States, distinguishing it from New York City, which lacks such a designated area.

The prominent features of Paseo Boricua include two fifty-nine-foot-tall steel Puerto Rican flags that serve as gateways, flanking the street. Many businesses in the area are named after Puerto Rican towns. The street itself is dedicated to showcasing Puerto Rican pride and features a walk of fame honoring notable Puerto Ricans.

Humboldt Park's **Paseo Boricua** neighborhood holds significance as the flagship Puerto Rican enclave and serves as the political and cultural hub of the Puerto Rican community in the Midwest.

Over time, Paseo Boricua has evolved into a place where Puerto Ricans can explore and connect with their heritage. A culture center has been established, and local Puerto Rican politicians have relocated their offices to Division Street. The City of Chicago has also allocated funds to support the restoration of building facades along Paseo Boricua.

Visitors to Paseo Boricua can immerse themselves in the vibrant atmosphere, with salsa, reggaeton, bomba, plena, and merengue music resonating through the streets and the enticing aroma of carne guisada puertorriqueña filling the air. Some grocers in the area specialize in providing hard-to-find products from Puerto Rico, such as gandules verde, sazón, and naranja agria.

The visual appeal of Paseo Boricua is enhanced by numerous colorful and historically significant murals. Additionally, two affordable housing buildings with facades designed to mimic the Spanish colonial styles of Old San Juan contribute to the area's distinctive appearance. Near the high school named after Puerto Rican baseball slugger Roberto Clemente, there is a tile mosaic honoring him.

In June 2024, the part of the Humboldt Park neighborhood in Chicago known as Puerto Rico Town or Paseo Boricua officially changed its name to Barrio Borikén.

## Puerto Rican Parade

The Puerto Rican Parade Committee of Chicago has been actively involved in serving the community for more than 40 years. Currently in its 48th year, the festival held in Humboldt Park has grown to become the largest Latino festival in both the city of Chicago and the Midwest, attracting a significant number of attendees.

## Education and economy

According to Gina M. Pérez, the author of "*The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families*," Roberto Clemente Community Academy in Chicago is commonly referred to as "*the* Puerto Rican high school." In Jennifer Domino Rudolph's book, "*Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad*," she states that the school is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism. Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, the author of "*National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago*," mentions that the media has portrayed the school as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and as being connected to Puerto Rico.

As of 2023, only 22.6% of Chicagoland Puerto Ricans had attained a bachelor's degree or higher, though this was slightly higher than the average rate of 19.7% across all Latinos. Chicagoland employed Puerto Ricans over the age of 16 were most commonly employed in Management, business, science, and arts occupations (34.1%), followed by Sales and office occupations (24.1%) and Service occupations (19.7%). The median income among Chicago area Puerto Rican household was $65,459, lower than the $78,085 median among all Latinos.

## Further reading

* Betancur, John J. "The settlement experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, speculation, and the ecology model." *Social Forces* 74.4 (1996): 1299-1324.
* Burwell, Rebecca, et al. "The Chicago Latino Congregations Study (CLCS): Methodological Considerations" (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2010).
* Cruz, Wilfredo. *Puerto Rican Chicago* (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing, February 2, 2005. ISBN 1439631549, 9781439631546.
* Farr, Marcia. *Latino language and literacy in ethnolinguistic Chicago* (Routledge, 2005).
* Fernández, Lilia. *Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago* (2012). excerpt
* Mumm, Jesse Stewart. "When the white people come: Gentrification and race in Puerto Rican Chicago" (PhD diss. Northwestern University, 2014).
* Padilla, Felix M. *Latino ethnic consciousness: the case of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in Chicago* (University of Notre Dame Press, 1985).
* Pallares, Amalia, and Nilda Flores-González, eds. *¡ Marcha!: Latino Chicago and the immigrant rights movement* (University of Illinois Press, 2010).
* Paral, Rob, et al. "Latino demographic growth in metropolitan Chicago." (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2004) online.
* Rinaldo, Rachel. "Space of resistance: the Puerto Rican cultural center and Humboldt Park" *Cultural Critique* 50 (2002): 135-174.
* Roberts, Emma González. *Understanding Paseo Boricua: why the preservation of Chicago's Puerto Rican enclave matters* (Thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021). online
* Rúa, Mérida M. *A grounded identidad: Making new lives in Chicago's Puerto Rican neighborhoods* (Oxford University Press, 2012) excerpt
* Toro-Morn, Maura, Ivis García Zambrana, and Marixsa Alicea. "De bandera a bandera (from flag to flag): New scholarship about the Puerto Rican diaspora in Chicago." *Centro Journal* 28.2 (2016): 4+.


title: Dellamora gracilicauda

abstract: Dellamora gracilicauda is a species of beetle in the family Mordellidae. It was discovered in 1922.

text:
# Dellamora gracilicauda

***Dellamora gracilicauda*** is a species of beetle in the family Mordellidae. It was discovered in 1922.

## InfoBox

| *Dellamora gracilicauda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellistenini |
| Genus: | *Dellamora* |
| Species: | ***D. gracilicauda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dellamora gracilicauda***<br>(Blair, 1922) | |
|


title: Rahul Rawail

abstract: Rahul Rawail is an Indian film director and editor in Bollywood known for his films like Love Story (1981), Betaab (1983), Arjun (1985), Dacait (1987), Anjaam (1994), Arjun Pandit (1999) and the recent one Jo Bole So Nihaal (2005). He received nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Director for Betaab and Arjun. He is the son of renowned film director H. S. Rawail. Rawail has launched a few of the Bollywood actors through his films like Kumar Gaurav and Vijayeta Pandit in Love Story, Sunny Deol and Amrita Singh in Betaab, Kajol in Bekhudi (1992), and Aishwarya Rai in Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997). In his book “Raj Kapoor The Master at Work”, he goes down memory lane to document his revered 'front row seat' as an assistant director to him, the immortal master of Indian cinema. The book is as told to Pranika Sharma. In English the book is published by Bloomsbury and in Hindi by Prabhat Prakashan.

text:
# Rahul Rawail

**Rahul Rawail** is an Indian film director and editor in Bollywood known for his films like *Love Story* (1981), *Betaab* (1983), *Arjun* (1985), *Dacait* (1987), *Anjaam* (1994), *Arjun Pandit* (1999) and the recent one *Jo Bole So Nihaal* (2005). He received nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Director for *Betaab* and *Arjun*. He is the son of renowned film director H. S. Rawail. Rawail has launched a few of the Bollywood actors through his films like Kumar Gaurav and Vijayeta Pandit in *Love Story*, Sunny Deol and Amrita Singh in *Betaab*, Kajol in *Bekhudi* (1992), and Aishwarya Rai in *Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya* (1997).

In his book “Raj Kapoor The Master at Work”, he goes down memory lane to document his revered 'front row seat' as an assistant director to him, the immortal master of Indian cinema. The book is as told to Pranika Sharma. In English the book is published by Bloomsbury and in Hindi by Prabhat Prakashan.

## Career and personal life

Rahul Rawail is son of film director Harnam Singh Rawail (often credited as H. S. Rawail) who is known for his films *Mere Mehboob* (1963), *Sunghursh* (1968), *Mehboob Ki Mehndi* (1971) and *Laila Majnu* (1976). Rawail paid tribute to his father's 1968 film *Sunghursh* by titling one of his films as *Jeevan Ek Sanghursh* (1990). Rahul's son Bharat Rawail is an upcoming director, who had assisted Yash Chopra for the film *Jab Tak Hai Jaan* (2012).

Rawail began his career as assistant to Raj Kapoor and debuted as director with 1980 Bollywood film *Gunehgaar* starring Parveen Babi, Rishi Kapoor, Rajendra Kumar, and Asha Parekh. His first two films were not successful but his third film *Love Story* (1981) starring débutante Kumar Gaurav and Vijeta Pandit was a turning point for his career. The film was a musical love story and was a commercial success. Since then, Rawail has directed seventeen films and two television series. He has often collaborated with actor Sunny Deol who worked with Rawail on six of his films, including his debut film *Betaab* (1983) with Amrita Singh. The film was appreciated for Rawail's "breezy treatment" of the débutantes. Rawail launched two successful actresses of Bollywood, Kajol and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, through his films *Bekhudi* (1992) and *Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya* (1997) respectively. Both the films did not do well commercially. He received nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Director for his films *Betaab* (1983) and *Arjun* (1985).

In 2010, Rawail started an acting school in collaboration with the Stella Adler Studio of Acting, New York City. In spite of famous Bollywood personalities like Sunny Deol enrolling their children to the academy, it was shut down after 2 years in 2012. Rawail released his book "Master at Work" a biographical work written on his mentor Raj Kapoor at the 52nd International Film Festival of India in Goa in 2021. He has been appointed as Jury at the Moscow International Film Festival 2023.

## Filmography

Films
| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 1980 | *Gunahgaar* |
| 1981 | *Love Story* |
| 1981 | *Biwi-O-Biwi* |
| 1983 | *Betaab* |
| 1985 | *Arjun* |
| 1986 | *Samundar* |
| 1987 | *Dacait* |
| 1990 | *Jeevan Ek Sanghursh* |
| 1991 | *Mast Kalandar* |
| 1991 | *Yodha* |
| 1992 | *Bekhudi* |
| 1994 | *Anjaam* |
| 1997 | *Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya* |
| 1999 | *Arjun Pandit* |
| 2001 | *Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi* |
| 2005 | *Jo Bole So Nihaal* |
| 2007 | *Buddha Mar Gaya* |

TV series
| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 1988 | *Dharam Yuddh* |
| 1988 | *Honee Ahonee* |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Film | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | Filmfare Awards | Best Director | *Betaab* | Nominated |
| 1986 | | | *Arjun* | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Rahul Rawail | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1951-04-07) 7 April 1951 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Years active | 1968–2007 |
| Children | Bharat Rawail<br>Shiv Rawail |
| Father | H. S. Rawail |
| Relatives | Rajat Rawail (nephew) |


title: Beacon Hill (California)

abstract: Beacon Hill, formerly known as Chocolate Drop Mountain, is the tallest summit of a range of granite hills surrounding and running northeastward from Lake Norconian, at the extreme northwest of the Temescal Mountains, in Norco, California. Rex Clark, owner of the Norconian Resort, sought to draw attention to his resort by building a 38-feet tall lighthouse with a powerful revolving light atop the hill. That beacon gave the name to that hill known today as Beacon Hill but once known as Chocolate Drop Mountain, near what is now the town center of Norco.

text:
# Beacon Hill (California)

**Beacon Hill**, formerly known as **Chocolate Drop Mountain**, is the tallest summit of a range of granite hills surrounding and running northeastward from Lake Norconian, at the extreme northwest of the Temescal Mountains, in Norco, California.

Rex Clark, owner of the Norconian Resort, sought to draw attention to his resort by building a 38-feet tall lighthouse with a powerful revolving light atop the hill. That beacon gave the name to that hill known today as Beacon Hill but once known as Chocolate Drop Mountain, near what is now the town center of Norco.

## InfoBox

| Beacon Hill | |
| --- | --- |
| Beacon HillLocation in CaliforniaBeacon HillBeacon Hill (the United States) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,019 ft (311 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 377 ft (115 m) |
| Coordinates | 33°56′04″N 117°33′39″W / 33.934355964°N 117.560941261°W / 33.934355964; -117.560941261 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Riverside County, California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Temescal Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS Corona North, CA |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Cretaceous |
| Mountain type | Granitic |


title: Radio Dreams

abstract: Radio Dreams is a 2016 American film by Iranian-born film director Babak Jalali. Inspired by a group of real life Iranian Metallica fans, calling themselves the Persian Magnetic, and the realities of expatriate life of the Iranian diaspora in the United States. The film Radio Dreams won the 2016 Tiger Award at the International Film Festival Rotterdam, and Jalali won the Best Director Award at Andrey Tarkovsky Film Festival in Russia. In 2016 the film was shown at the 32nd Warsaw Film Festival in the "Discoveries" section.

text:
# Radio Dreams

**Radio Dreams** is a 2016 American film by Iranian-born film director Babak Jalali. Inspired by a group of real life Iranian Metallica fans, calling themselves the *Persian Magnetic*, and the realities of expatriate life of the Iranian diaspora in the United States.

The film *Radio Dreams* won the 2016 Tiger Award at the International Film Festival Rotterdam, and Jalali won the Best Director Award at Andrey Tarkovsky Film Festival in Russia. In 2016 the film was shown at the 32nd Warsaw Film Festival in the "Discoveries" section.

## Plot

Hamid Royani is the station manager at Pars-FM Radio, the Bay Area's premiere Persian language radio station. As everyone at Pars-FM looks forward to a continuously delayed jam session by Afghan rock band Kabul Dreams with metal legends Metallica, Royani despairs. As a respected man of the arts in his homeland, he must struggle against the commercial demands of the station's owners; erudite and eloquent in his own tongue, he must face the ups and downs of everyday life in a land where he can hardly speak the language.

## Cast

## Production

Marjaneh Moghimi, a producer of community documentaries, was looking to produce her first fictional feature and approached Babak Jalali to helm it. A personal friend of Mohsen Namjoo, Moghimi introduced him to Jalali; at the same time Kabul Dreams had just decided to relocate to the United States, and around these cast members the story was written. With a minimal budget of US$300,000, a virtue was made of necessity and the story that developed staged the action within the span of a day within the confines of a radio station. This setting in turn was to play a part in the lighting and camera setups used by cinematographer Noaz Deshe. The design of the film poster was made by design agency, Ceft and Company New York.

## Reception

Neil Young of *The Hollywood Reporter* described the film as, "presenting a nuanced, intelligent and consistently droll take on hot-button subjects of immigration, identity and cultural assimilation..." and that it "stand\[s\] comparison with the finest radio-themed enterprises of the current century..."

Writing in *Variety*, critic Catherine Bray called the film a "quietly satisfying gem..." and a "deserving Tiger competition winner at Rotterdam..."

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Result | Recipient | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | International Film Festival Rotterdam | Tiger Award | Won | *Radio Dreams* |  |
| 2016 | Seattle International Film Festival | Special Jury Mention | Won | *Radio Dreams* |  |
| 2016 | Durban International Film Festival | Best Actor: Mohsen Namjoo | Won | *Radio Dreams* |  |
| 2016 | Andrey Tarkovsky International Film Festival | Best Director | Won | *Radio Dreams* |  |
| 2016 | International Film Festival Rotterdam | Best Film | Won | *Radio Dreams* |  |

## InfoBox

| Radio Dreams | |
| --- | --- |
| *Radio Dreams* promotional poster | |
| رویاهای رادیویی | |
| Directed by | Babak Jalali |
| Written by | Babak Jalali, Aida Ahadiany |
| Produced by | Marjaneh Moghimi |
| Cinematography | Noaz Deshe |
| Production
company | Butimar |
| Distributed by | Reel Suspects |
| Release date | * February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01) (Rotterdam) |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Countries | United States
Iran |
| Languages | English, Persian |
| Budget | US$ 300,000 |


title: Robert Rogerson

abstract: Robert Rogerson was an early American industrialist. He was born in Taunton, Massachusetts, and died in the United States.

text:
# Robert Rogerson

**Robert Rogerson** was an early American industrialist. He was born in Taunton, Massachusetts, and died in the United States.

## Early career

Robert Rogerson was born in Taunton to parents who immigrated to the US from the UK. After leaving Taunton, he came to Uxbridge, Massachusetts, where he acquired the Clapp Mill in 1817, which had been established on the Mumford River about seven years earlier. This was the oldest cotton mill in Uxbridge. Rogerson then built two cotton mills at the Mumford River in Uxbridge in 1825. The complex became known as the Crown and Eagle Mills. The name derived from a tribute to both of his parents original (the Crown) and his families adopted (the Eagle) homelands. As well as the mills themselves, Rogerson built a village, acclaimed as an architectural masterpiece, designed and constructed with devotion and extravagance.

### Later history of the mills

It is known that Rogerson's ownership of the Crown and Eagle ended around 1837. The business had failed, partly due to the expense he had lavished on construction, and was acquired by James Whitin and the Whitin Family, who continued to operate the mill as the Uxbridge Cotton Mills.

The Crown and Eagle Mills were burned around 1975. They have been restored and converted into Senior Housing. Rogersons Village, built by Robert Rogerson, is now part of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Personal life

Rogerson's wife may have been Ann Rogerson, who is listed in the Douglas Vital Records as wife of Robert Rogerson, having died in Douglas, Massachusetts. His daughter, Elizabeth Slater Rogerson, died in Uxbridge at age 18 on January 19, 1842.

He was also a scholar, a musician and for many years, the president of Boston's Handel and Haydn Society. Rogerson did not die in Uxbridge, at least prior to 1850, but apparently lived there until at least the early 1840s.


title: Champsocephalus

abstract: Champsocephalus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes. They are native to the Southern Ocean.

text:
# Champsocephalus

***Champsocephalus*** is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes. They are native to the Southern Ocean.

## Taxonomy

*Champsocephalus* was first formally described as a genus in 1862 by the American ichthyologist Theodore Nicholas Gill as he thought that its type species, *Chaenichthys esox* which had been described in 1861 by Albert Günther, was distinct enough to be classified in its own genus. The genus name is a compound of *champsos* meaning “crocodile” and *cephalos* which means “head”, Gill did not explain the allusion but it is thought to be a reference to the clearly predatory snout, like a crocodile's.

## Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:

## Characteristics

*Champsocephalus* species do not have a spine on the snout. There are three radiating ridges on the operculum each ending in a spine. They have two lateral lines, upper and middle, and these have no bony plates. The bases of the first and second dorsal fins are almost continuous and the caudal fin is emarginate. The maximum standard lengths of these fishes are 33 cm (13 in) for *C. esox* and 66 cm (26 in) for *C. gunnari*.

## Distribution and habitat

*Chamsocephalus* icefishes are found in the Southern Ocean. They can be found off South America, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, the Antarctic Peninsula, Kerguelen, Heard and Bouvet Islands. They are pelagic.

## Biology

*Chamsocephalus* icefishes are predatory and are known to feed on krill, mysids and fishes.

## Fisheries

*Chamsocephalus* icefishes are fished for using trawls off South America, Kerguelen and South Georgia.

## InfoBox

| *Champsocephalus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mackerel Icefish *(C. gunnari)* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Channichthyidae |
| Genus: | *Champsocephalus*
T. N. Gill, 1862 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Chaenichthys esox*
Günther, 1861 | |


title: The Voice from the Minaret (play)

abstract: The Voice from the Minaret is a play by the British writer Robert Hichens. It premiered at the Globe Theatre in London's West End in 1919, with a cast including Marie Lohr, Arthur Wontner, Henry Vibart, Norman McKinnel, George Hayes and Vane Featherston. In 1922 it was staged on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre with Lohr and Herbert Marshall heading the cast, and Edmund Gwenn receiving the best reviews.

text:
# The Voice from the Minaret (play)

***The Voice from the Minaret*** is a play by the British writer Robert Hichens. It premiered at the Globe Theatre in London's West End in 1919, with a cast including Marie Lohr, Arthur Wontner, Henry Vibart, Norman McKinnel, George Hayes and Vane Featherston. In 1922 it was staged on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre with Lohr and Herbert Marshall heading the cast, and Edmund Gwenn receiving the best reviews.

## Synopsis

An unhappily married woman falls for a handsome religious student and has a brief romance before he dedicates himself to a career in the church.

## Film adaptation

In 1923 it was adapted into an American silent film *The Voice from the Minaret* directed by Frank Lloyd and starring Norma Talmadge, Eugene O'Brien and Winter Hall.

## Bibliography

* Bordman, Gerald. *American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1914-1930*. Oxford University Press, 1995.
* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| The Voice from the Minaret | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Written by | Robert Hichens |
| Date premiered | September 1919 |
| Place premiered | Globe Theatre, London |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Drama |
| Setting | Damascus, London |


title: Drumsite

abstract: Drumsite is a settlement administrated as part of the village of Flying Fish Cove on Christmas Island, Australia. It is located on the northeastern coast of the island. The ethnic composition of the population of Drumsite is Chinese and European. The area is in the path of the migration routes of Christmas Island red crabs. The Drumsite Village project, a new housing development, was approved by the Gillard administration amid concerns about the growing number of asylum seekers on the island, and is administered by a Queensland company. Two historic sites within the settlement, Bungalow 702 and the Drumsite Industrial Area, are listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List.

text:
# Drumsite

**Drumsite** is a settlement administrated as part of the village of Flying Fish Cove on Christmas Island, Australia. It is located on the northeastern coast of the island. The ethnic composition of the population of Drumsite is Chinese and European. The area is in the path of the migration routes of Christmas Island red crabs.

The Drumsite Village project, a new housing development, was approved by the Gillard administration amid concerns about the growing number of asylum seekers on the island, and is administered by a Queensland company.

Two historic sites within the settlement, Bungalow 702 and the Drumsite Industrial Area, are listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List.

## InfoBox

| Drumsite<br>Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of Christmas Island with marked Drumsite | |
| Drumsite | |
| Coordinates | 10°25′55″S 105°40′20″E / 10.43194°S 105.67222°E / -10.43194; 105.67222 |


title: Drupella cornus

abstract: Drupella cornus, common name : the horn drupe, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Drupella cornus

***Drupella cornus***, common name : the **horn drupe**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The shell size of an adult varies between 28 mm and 40 mm. This whitish shell shows four rows of spiny, pointed nodules with numerous smaller spines between. The oval aperture is yellow. The outer lip is with three to four teeth.

*Drupella cornus* lays benthic egg capsules, which hatch into free-swimming planktonic veliger larvae

*Drupella cornus* is a predator of living coral, grazing on the coral tissue. An abundance of this snail can cause significant destruction to the hard-coral cover on reefs. There is a possible link between coral diseases and an outbreak of this snail. The snail is attracted to *Montipora* corals when these corals secrete montiporic acids

## Habitat

*Drupella cornus* commonly occurs on or under tabular corals of the genera *Acropora* and *Montipora* or on hard substrates in the lower intertidal zone and shallow sublittoral zone. In areas where *Acropora* and *Montipora* coral are rare, *D. Cornus* has also been known to feed on other corals such as *Porites* in Kenya, and *Pocillopora* and *Porites* in Hawaii.

## Distribution

This species is distributed in the Red Sea and in the Indian Ocean along Aldabra, Chagos, Kenya, Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin, Mozambique, Tanzania, KwaZuluNatal, Gulf of Thailand, Japan, and the Indo-Pacific.

* Spry, J.F. (1961). *The sea shells of Dar es Salaam: Gastropods*. Tanganyika Notes and Records 56
* Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). *Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice*

## InfoBox

| *Drupella cornus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Drupella cornus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Drupella* |
| Species: | ***D. cornus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Drupella cornus***<br>(Röding, 1798) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Drupa cornus* Röding, 1798 * *Drupa elata* (Blainville, 1832) * *Drupa spectrum* (Reeve, 1846) * *Morula elata* (Blainville, 1832) * *Purpura (Ricinula) martiniana* Anton, 1839 * *Purpura baccata* Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854 * *Purpura elata* Blainville, 1832 * *Ricinula spectrum* Reeve, 1846 * *Sistrum elatum* (Blainville, 1832) * *Thais cornus* (Röding, 1798) | |


title: Drupina

abstract: Drupina is a genus of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Drupina

***Drupina*** is a genus of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Species

* Claremont M., Reid D.G. & Williams S.T. (2012) Speciation and dietary specialization in Drupa, a genus of predatory marine snails (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Zoologica Scripta 41: 137-149.
* Claremont M., Vermeij G.J., Williams S.T. & Reid D.G. (2013) Global phylogeny and new classification of the Rapaninae (Gastropoda: Muricidae), dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 91–102.

## InfoBox

| *Drupina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Drupina grossularia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Muricoidea |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Rapaninae |
| Genus: | *Drupina*
Dall, W.H., 1923 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ricinula digitata* Lamarck, 1816
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Drupa (Drupina)* Dall, 1923 * *Drupinia* | |


title: Their Hour

abstract: Their Hour is a 1928 American silent comedy film directed by Alfred Raboch and starring John Harron, Dorothy Sebastian and June Marlowe.

text:
# Their Hour

***Their Hour*** is a 1928 American silent comedy film directed by Alfred Raboch and starring John Harron, Dorothy Sebastian and June Marlowe.

## Premise

A shipping clerk falls under the spell of a socialite, but eventually returns to the girl from his own social class who really loves him.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Sharot, Stephen. *Love and Marriage Across Social Classes in American Cinema*. Springer, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Their Hour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alfred Raboch |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | John M. Stahl |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Faxon M. Dean |
| Edited by | Martin G. Cohn |
| Production<br>company | Tiffany Pictures |
| Distributed by | Tiffany Pictures |
| Release date | * March 1, 1928 (1928-03-01) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages |  |


title: Theodore Hallett

abstract: Vice Admiral Sir Theodore John Hallett KBE CB was a Royal Navy officer who became Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland.

text:
# Theodore Hallett

Vice Admiral **Sir Theodore John Hallett** KBE CB (10 January 1878 – 16 December 1956) was a Royal Navy officer who became Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland.

Hallett joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1894. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 31 December 1899, and on 15 February 1900 was lent to HMS *Edgar* for duty on voyage to Hong Kong, where he was appointed to serve in HMS *Phoenix*, recommissioned for the China station.

He served in the First World War as Commanding Officer of the light cruisers HMS *Blonde* and HMS *Chatham*, in the latter serving as Flag Captain of the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron.

He went on to be Naval Assistant to the Second Sea Lord in 1922, Captain of the Fleet for the Mediterranean Fleet in 1924 and Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland in 1929. He was then appointed Aide-de-Camp to the King and retired in 1933.

He was recalled during the Second World War to serve as a beachmaster for the Dunkirk evacuation in June 1940 and then became Commandant of the Combined Operations Training Centre in October 1940. He later saw action as a member of the expeditionary force to Narvik in Norway in 1942.

## Family

In 1908, he married Helen Blanche Dalkeyne; they had two children.

## InfoBox

| Sir Theodore Hallett | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 10 January 1878
Priors Hardwick, Warwickshire |
| Died | 16 December 1956 (1956-12-17) (aged 78) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1894  1933
1939  1945 |
| Rank | Vice admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Blonde*
HMS *Chatham*
HMS *Southampton*
HMS *Repulse*
Coast of Scotland |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companion of the Order of the Bath |


title: Theodore H. Von Laue

abstract: Theodore H. Von Laue was an American historian and professor emeritus of history at Clark University. He was a winner of Guggenheim Fellowship. After having studied at the University of Freiburg, Germany, in 1937 Von Laue was sent to Princeton University by his father Max von Laue, who did not want him to grow up "in a country run by gangsters". He finished his studies with a PhD about the social legislation of Otto von Bismarck. He then taught at Swarthmore College, the University of California, Riverside, and the Washington University in St. Louis, until he finally became professor of European History at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was there from 1970 until his retirement in 1982. In his obituary he is described as modest, humorous. Not many knew that he was a Quaker, co-initiated the anti-war-movement at Washington University in St. Louis and joined Martin Luther King Jr. in the Selma to Montgomery marches. One of Von Laue's first works was a biographical study about Leopold von Ranke showing that his "scientific objectivity" was much influenced by the romantics in the 19th century. He then switched to studies of German and especially Russian history, which lead him to consider the influences as the Western Civilization on other countries. An example for this is his book about Sergei Witte's failure to industrialize Russia, blocked by conservative forces including the last Russian tsar Nicholas II. Better known are the following books, which he wrote about this topic: "Why Lenin? Why Stalin?" published in 1964, expanded by "Why Lenin? Why Stalin? Why Gorbachev?" in 1993., and finally his "The World Revolution of Westernization", published in 1987, which, according to the obituary, by William H. McNeill, the historian from the University of Chicago, was called a fine and wise book — wise in a way few books are. A recension of his book The Global City in 1969 shows that he expected a global confluence, dominated by the West, with problems lasting beyond the 20th century. Von Laue's view about world history, which he presented in a paper at the conference of the New England Regional World History Association in Bentley College, Waltham, MA, USA, on April 23, 1994, can be summarized in the following points: 1. The western civilization is present world wide and its essential elements are dominant almost everywhere. 2. Other civilizations have problems to this cultural adaptation; resistance to it, cultural disorientation show up; political instability may lead to dictatorship. 3. Two contradicting movements arise: a. violent resistance against the foreign influence, and b. the need to use a lot of western elements to improve life conditions by using them peacefully. 4. On top of these world wide problems are the topics of population growth, resources of raw materials, ecology, and climate.

text:
# Theodore H. Von Laue

**Theodore H. Von Laue** (June 22, 1916 in Frankfurt, Germany – January 22, 2000 in Worcester, Massachusetts) was an American historian and professor emeritus of history at Clark University. He was a winner of Guggenheim Fellowship (1962 and 1974).

After having studied at the University of Freiburg, Germany, in 1937 Von Laue was sent to Princeton University by his father Max von Laue, who did not want him to grow up "in a country run by gangsters". He finished his studies with a PhD about the social legislation of Otto von Bismarck. He then taught at Swarthmore College, the University of California, Riverside, and the Washington University in St. Louis, until he finally became professor of European History at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was there from 1970 until his retirement in 1982. In his obituary he is described as modest, humorous. Not many knew that he was a Quaker, co-initiated the anti-war-movement at Washington University in St. Louis and joined Martin Luther King Jr. in the Selma to Montgomery marches.

One of Von Laue's first works was a biographical study about Leopold von Ranke showing that his "scientific objectivity" was much influenced by the romantics in the 19th century. He then switched to studies of German and especially Russian history, which lead him to consider the influences as the Western Civilization on other countries. An example for this is his book about Sergei Witte's failure to industrialize Russia, blocked by conservative forces including the last Russian tsar Nicholas II. Better known are the following books, which he wrote about this topic: "Why Lenin? Why Stalin?" published in 1964, expanded by "Why Lenin? Why Stalin? Why Gorbachev?" in 1993., and finally his "The World Revolution of Westernization", published in 1987, which, according to the obituary, by William H. McNeill, the historian from the University of Chicago, was called *a fine and wise book — wise in a way few books are.* A recension of his book *The Global City* in 1969 shows that he expected a global confluence, dominated by the West, with problems lasting beyond the 20th century.

Von Laue's view about world history, which he presented in a paper at the conference of the New England Regional World History Association in Bentley College, Waltham, MA, USA, on April 23, 1994, can be summarized in the following points:

1. The western civilization is present world wide and its essential elements are dominant almost everywhere. (1. phrase in ch. VI.)

2. Other civilizations have problems to this cultural adaptation; resistance to it, cultural disorientation show up; political instability may lead to dictatorship. (3rd paragraph in ch. VI.)

3. Two contradicting movements arise: a. violent resistance against the foreign influence, and b. the need to use a lot of western elements to improve life conditions by using them peacefully. (6th paragraph in ch. VII.)

4. On top of these world wide problems are the topics of population growth, resources of raw materials, ecology, and climate. (7th paragraph in ch. VII.)

## Further reading

Andreas Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan, eds., *The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide*, New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78238-985-9, including a short biography and list of publications.


title: Dumisani Meslane

abstract: Dumisani Kelvin Meslane is a South African rugby union player who last played for the Eastern Province Elephants in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is flanker.

text:
# Dumisani Meslane

**Dumisani Kelvin Meslane** (born 11 May 1985) is a South African rugby union player who last played for the Eastern Province Elephants in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is flanker.

## Career

### Youth

He played for Eastern Province Kings in the Under-21 Provincial Championship in 2005 and 2006 and for their Amateur side in 2007.

### Senior career

In 2008, he joined the Border Bulldogs. He was an unused substitute in the opening game of the season against Griquas, but he did make his first class debut a week later when he started the game against the Griffons in Welkom. He stayed at the Border Bulldogs for three seasons, making 42 appearances in total for them.

He then moved to George to join the SWD Eagles in 2011.

After spending three years playing for the Eagles, he joined the Boland Cavaliers for the 2014 season.

## InfoBox

Dumisani Meslane
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Dumisani Kelvin Meslane |
| Date of birth | (1985-05-11) 11 May 1985 |
| Place of birth | Port Elizabeth, South Africa |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 92 kg (14 st 7 lb; 203 lb) |
| School | Ithembelihle High School |
| University | Damelin |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Flanker  Youth career  2005–2006 Eastern Province Kings  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2015–present  Despatch  7  (10)  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2008–2010 Border Bulldogs  42  (35)  2011–2013 SWD Eagles  26  (40)  2014 Boland Cavaliers  10  (0)  2017–2018 Eastern Province Elephants  4  (0)  Correct as of 24 May 2018 | |


title: The Women (Boyle novel)

abstract: The Women is a 2009 novel by T. C. Boyle. It is a fictional account of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright's life, told through his relationships with four women: the young Montenegrin dancer Olgivanna; Miriam, the "morphine-addicted and obsessive Southern belle"; Mamah, whose life ended in a massacre at Taliesin, the home Wright built for his lovers and wives; and his first wife, Kitty, the mother of six of his children."

text:
# The Women (Boyle novel)

***The Women*** is a 2009 novel by T. C. Boyle. It is a fictional account of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright's life, told through his relationships with four women: the young Montenegrin dancer Olgivanna; Miriam, the "morphine-addicted and obsessive Southern belle"; Mamah, whose life ended in a massacre at Taliesin, the home Wright built for his lovers and wives; and his first wife, Kitty, the mother of six of his children."

## Book information

*The Women* by T. C. Boyle

## InfoBox

The Women
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | T. C. Boyle |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Viking Press |
| Publication date | February 10, 2009 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 464 pp |
| ISBN | 978-0-670-02041-6 |
| OCLC | 233548516 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 22 |
| LC Class | PS3552.O932 W66 2009 |


title: Dunany, Quebec

abstract: Dunany is a small community in Wentworth, Quebec, Canada. It is located just over an hour's drive west of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, some 10 to 15 kilometres north of Lachute. Its Dunany Golf and Country Club was founded in 1922. The club consists of a 9-hole course and a clubhouse surrounded by four small lakes: Black, Curran, Clear and Boyd.

text:
# Dunany, Quebec

**Dunany** is a small community in Wentworth, Quebec, Canada. It is located just over an hour's drive west of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, some 10 to 15 kilometres north of Lachute.

Its Dunany Golf and Country Club was founded in 1922. The club consists of a 9-hole course and a clubhouse surrounded by four small lakes: Black, Curran, Clear and Boyd.

45°44′47.1″N 74°20′18.1″W / 45.746417°N 74.338361°W / 45.746417; -74.338361


title: Dunans Castle

abstract: Dunans Castle is an historic structure located in Glendaruel, on the Cowal peninsula, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The property is owned by Charles and Sadie Dixon-Spain. A property at Dounens was shown on maps in 1590; Dunans House was elaborated into its present mock castle form in 1864. Once part of a much larger estate the property presently includes 16 acres (65,000 m⁲) of ground and in 2001 was ruined by fire.

text:
# Dunans Castle

**Dunans Castle** (/ˈdʌnənz/) is an historic structure located in Glendaruel, on the Cowal peninsula, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The property is owned by Charles and Sadie Dixon-Spain. A property at **Dounens** was shown on maps in 1590; **Dunans House** was elaborated into its present mock castle form in 1864. Once part of a much larger estate the property presently includes 16 acres (65,000 m2) of ground and in 2001 was ruined by fire.

## History

For over two centuries Dunans was home to the Fletcher Clan who moved to the site between 1715 and 1745 carrying with them the door of their previous home at Achallader Castle (the door was used for the private chapel and was reported missing in 1999). The original mansion-style house (to the left in the picture) was extended into its present dramatic Franco-baronial "castle" form by the architect Andrew Kerr with the additions consisting of four main apartments and 6 bedrooms. The building passed out of Fletcher hands in 1997 when the entire 3000 acre Dunans estate was sold off by Colonel Archibald Fletcher's heirs and subsequently split up. Following a number of financial problems, the Category B listed castle was gutted by fire on 14 January 2001 while being run as a hotel and the building was left as a ruin. The fire began in the attic space of the castle section and destroyed three floors with only the pre Victorian west wing surviving undamaged. The owner Ewa Lucas-Gardener had ignored fire safety experts warnings that the building's fireplaces were unsafe and abandoned the building after the insurers refused to pay out. Now under new ownership, the site, including a Victorian path network, has undergone some restoration supported by the Dunans Charitable Trust. The castle was reported to have three resident ghosts.

### Present day

Dunans Castle Limited, which runs the ScottishLaird.com website, published the Conservation Plan for Dunans in April 2014. Written by conservation architect Robin Kent, the book outlines the programme for the restoration of the castle and the bridge.

The regional blog ForArgyll.com is run from the site as is the Walking Theatre Company. The building remains in the at-risk category of the Buildings at Risk Register and is described as being in very poor condition.

## Bridge and mausoleum

Leading to the castle is Dunans Bridge, an A-listed structure, designed by Thomas Telford in 1815 and constructed to commemorate the battle of Waterloo by John Fletcher.

Once part of the Dunans estate, but still in the ownership of the Fletchers is the Fletcher of Dunans Mausoleum, a grade C listed structure located in the gardens of the neighbouring Stronardron house.

Further buildings once part of the estate but now privately owned include Dunans Lodge, the original gate house to the estate and Dunans Cottage, two workers' cottages combined into one dwelling.

## Scottish Laird fundraiser

The current owners operate a scheme whereby individuals can be given or can purchase "Laird or Lady packages" which entitle them to "own" a square foot of land in the grounds of Dunans Castle in Scotland and use the decorative title "Laird of Dunans" or "Lady of Dunans". The profits from the sale of these packages are used to restore this private property.

The Court of the Lord Lyon states that “ownership of a souvenir plot of land is not sufficient to bring a person otherwise ineligible within the jurisdiction of the Lord Lyon for seeking a coat of arms”, and indicated if these souvenir plots were being purchased for this purpose then they were as good as meaningless. The Scottish Land Register also does not recognise individual ownership of such small plots, meaning purchase of these titles holds no legal entitlement to ownership of the land nor use of it: they are simply decorative.

## Owners

| Name(s) | Ownership period | Notes | Sources |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Archibald Fletcher, 9th Chief | circa 1745-1763 | Recorded as resident in 1745, though the date of arrival could be any time between 1715 and 1745 |  |
| Angus Fletcher, 10th Chief | 1763-1807 |  |  |
| John Fletcher, 11th Chief | 1807-1822 | Commissioned the bridge from Thomas Telford |  |
| Angus Fletcher, 12th Chief | 1822-1875 | Commissioned the gothic elaboration from Andrew Kerr |  |
| Harriet Fletcher
Bernard James Cuddon-Fletcher | 1875-1889 | Cuddon took his wife's name, as did their children, keeping the estate in the Fletcher name |  |
| Bernard James Cuddon-Fletcher | 1889-1934 | Cuddon-Fletcher kept the estate in his own right between his wife's death and his own demise |  |
| Andrew William Fletcher
Ian Archibald Fletcher | 1934 | Shared between the previous owners 3rd and 4th sons |  |
| Ian Archibald Fletcher | 1934-1962 | Bought out his brother after the estate was left to them both |  |
| Colonel Archibald Ian Douglas "Archie" Fletcher | 1962-1997 | Upon his death his heirs sold the castle out of the Fletcher line |  |
| Jonathan Irving Hyslop
Pranee Hyslop | 1997-1999 |  |  |
| Robert David Lucas-Gardiner
Ewa Jheresa Lucas-Gardiner | 1999-2003 |  |  |
| Charles Selwyn Dixon-Spain
Sadie Michaela Dixon-Spain | 2003- | Bought the ruin for £230,000 |  |

## InfoBox

| Dunans Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| Dunans Castle viewed from the road, the still residential Dunans House is visible on the left. | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Fire damaged ruin |
| Type | Mock castle |
| Location | Glendaruel, Cowal Peninsula, Argyll and Bute |
| Town or city | Colintraive |
| Country | Scotland, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 56°04′21″N 5°08′59″W / 56.072485°N 5.1496005°W / 56.072485; -5.1496005, National grid reference NS 04064 91102 |
| Owner | Charles Selwyn Dixon-Spain & Sadie Michaela Dixon-Spain |


title: Duncan Gordon Boyes

abstract: Duncan Gordon Boyes VC was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The award was bestowed upon him for his actions during the Shimonoseki Expedition, Japan in 1864. He was later discharged from naval service as a result of ill-discipline and moved to New Zealand to work on his family's sheep station. Suffering from depression and alcoholism, he committed suicide at the age of 22 in Dunedin.

text:
# Duncan Gordon Boyes

**Duncan Gordon Boyes** VC (5 November 1846 – 26 January 1869) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The award was bestowed upon him for his actions during the Shimonoseki Expedition, Japan in 1864. He was later discharged from naval service as a result of ill-discipline and moved to New Zealand to work on his family's sheep station. Suffering from depression and alcoholism, he committed suicide at the age of 22 in Dunedin.

## Early life

Duncan Gordon Boyes was born on 5 November 1846 in Cheltenham, to John and Sabina Boyes, who had married in Hobart, Tasmania. His father was a merchant, and Boyes was one of nine children.

In 1860, Boyes' sister, Louisa Mary, married Thomas James Young, who received a Victoria Cross for his actions at Lucknow, India, in 1857. At least one of his brothers also served in the Royal Navy. Boyes' sister Helen was the wife of M. A. Bayfield.

Boyes completed his schooling at Cheltenham College before joining the Royal Navy at the age of 14. He was assigned to HMS *Euryalus*, joining the ship in 1862 when it was serving as part of the East Indies station.

## Victoria Cross

Boyes received his VC at the age of 17, for his part in action at Shimonoseki, Japan on 6 September 1864. During the fighting, he carried the Queen's Colour as part of the company leading the assault on the Japanese stockade. Boyes was credited with keeping the colours flying despite heavy fire that inflicted numerous casualties. Along with Colour Sergeant Thomas Pride who was badly wounded, Boyes continued pressing forward and only stopped his advance when ordered to do so.

The citation was published in the *London Gazette* of 21 April 1865 and read:

> Duncan Gordon Boyes, Royal Navy, Midshipman of Her Majesty's Ship Euryalus For the conspicuous gallantry, which, according to the testimony of Capt. Alexander CB, at that time Flag Captain to Vice-Admiral Sir Augustus Kuper KCB, Mr. Boyes displayed in the capture of the enemy's stockade. He carried a Colour with the leading company, kept it in advance of all, in the face of the thickest fire, his colour-sergeants having fallen, one mortally, the other dangerously wounded, and he was only detained from proceeding yet further by the orders of his superior officer. The Colour he carried was six times pierced by musket balls.

Sir Ernest Satow mentioned Duncan Boyes in his memoirs entitled *A Diplomat in Japan* (London, 1921) in the following terms: "Lieutenant Edwards and Crowdy of the Engineers were ahead with a middy \[midshipman\] named D.G. Boyes, who carried the colours most gallantly; he afterwards received the V.C. for conduct very plucky in one so young."

Boyes, William Seeley, and Thomas Pride were invested with their Victoria Crosses on 22 September 1865 by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour GCB (Commander-in-Chief to Portsmouth) on the Common at Southsea.

## Later life

After *Euralyus* was paid off, Boyes was reassigned to HMS *Wolverine*, a corvette serving in North American waters. On 9 February 1867, he and another midshipman, Marcus McCausland, were court-martialled for breaking into the Naval Yard at Bermuda. On the night of the incident, the two men had been ashore drinking and upon their return had been refused entry at the main gate as they did not have the required passes. Both men admitted they were guilty of the offence and were discharged from the Navy as a result of the incident.

Following this, Boyes suffered from depression and alcoholism. He subsequently moved to New Zealand to join two of his brothers on their sheep station at Kawarau Falls near Queenstown, but after his father died, he suffered a nervous breakdown. On 26 January 1869, Boyes committed suicide jumping to his death from the window of a house in Dunedin. He was aged 22 years and 2 months. The official cause of death was listed as delirium tremens.

He was buried locally in the Dunedin Southern Cemetery with a stone at his head and feet, though on 4 May 1954 the Dunedin branch of the Royal New Zealand Returned Services' Association (RSA), in consequence of his VC, reburied him in the servicemen's section of Andersons Bay Cemetery in Anglican Southern Section, Block 6, Plot 24.

## The medal

Between 1978 and 1998, the medal was held by Cheltenham College. The Boyes V.C. sold for 51,700 pounds at auction by Spink, the auctioneers in London, on behalf of Cheltenham College for the purpose of establishing a scholarship in Boyes' name.

Lord Michael Ashcroft bought the medal at the auction in 1998 for his collection. It is now in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum.

## Commemoration

A series of posters of Duncan Boyes VC and other medal recipients was put on view on the Victoria line in London on 11 November 2004.

## InfoBox

| Duncan Gordon Boyes | |
| --- | --- |
| Duncan Gordon Boyes VC in his midshipman's uniform | |
| Born | 5 November 1846
Cheltenham, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 26 January 1869 (aged 22)
Dunedin, New Zealand |
| Buried | Andersons Bay Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Midshipman |
| Battles/wars | Shimonoseki Expedition |
| Awards | Victoria Cross |
| Relations | Thomas James Young VC (brother-in-law) |


title: Thekkedesom

abstract: Thekkedesom is a village in the Palakkad district, state of Kerala, India. It forms a part of the Nalleppilly gram panchayat, which is itself subordinate to the Chittur taluk.

text:
# Thekkedesom

**Thekkedesom**  is a village in the Palakkad district, state of Kerala, India. It forms a part of the Nalleppilly gram panchayat, which is itself subordinate to the Chittur taluk.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Thekkedesom had a population of 12,871 with 6,293 males and 6,578 females.

## InfoBox

| Thekkedesom | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | kerala state |
| palakkad District | chittur taluk |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 12,871 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Regional | Malayalam, Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 678553 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-70 Chittur |
| Website | www.thekkedesom village.com |


title: Theophile Bigirimana

abstract: Theophile Bigirimana is a Rwandan long-distance runner. In 2019, he competed in the senior men's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. He finished in 47th place.

text:
# Theophile Bigirimana

**Theophile Bigirimana** (born 1 January 1993) is a Rwandan long-distance runner.

In 2019, he competed in the senior men's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. He finished in 47th place.

## InfoBox

Theophile Bigirimana
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1993-01-01) 1 January 1993 |
| Sport | |
| Country | Rwanda |
| Sport | Long-distance running |


title: Theophile Bruguier Cabin

abstract: The Theophile Bruguier Cabin is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. Bruguier was a Quebec native who was a trader with the American Fur Company. He was the first Caucasian settler in what would become Sioux City. He settled at the confluence of the Missouri and the Big Sioux Rivers in 1849. With him were his two wives, Dawn and Blazing Cloud, and his father-in-law War Eagle, a chief of Yankton tribe, and extended family. He built a number of log structures on his 560-acre (230 ha) claim. Bruguier took up farming and set up his own fur-trading company. War Eagle and his two daughters, Bruguier's wives, died in the 1850s. Bruguier sold a tract of land to Joseph Leonnais in 1855, and it became the original townsite for Sioux City. He built this single-room cabin for his home about 1860, and married Victoria Brunette in 1862. Bruguier and his wife moved to a farm near Salix, Iowa, where he died in 1895. In time the cabin was covered with a wood veneer on the outside and plaster on the inside. It was discovered when the Rev. John Hantla of the Wall Street Mission was tearing it down. Workers from the Civil Works Administration dismantled the cabin and rebuilt it in Riverside Park in 1934. Two years later it was dedicated as a memorial to the "friendly Indians of the Sioux nation who lived in peace with the early pioneers," and to "Theophile Bruguier, the first permanent white resident within the present boundary of Sioux City." The cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

text:
# Theophile Bruguier Cabin

The **Theophile Bruguier Cabin** is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. Bruguier was a Quebec native who was a trader with the American Fur Company. He was the first Caucasian settler in what would become Sioux City. He settled at the confluence of the Missouri and the Big Sioux Rivers in 1849. With him were his two wives, Dawn and Blazing Cloud, and his father-in-law War Eagle, a chief of Yankton tribe, and extended family. He built a number of log structures on his 560-acre (230 ha) claim. Bruguier took up farming and set up his own fur-trading company. War Eagle and his two daughters, Bruguier's wives, died in the 1850s. Bruguier sold a tract of land to Joseph Leonnais in 1855, and it became the original townsite for Sioux City. He built this single-room cabin for his home about 1860, and married Victoria Brunette in 1862. Bruguier and his wife moved to a farm near Salix, Iowa, where he died in 1895.

In time the cabin was covered with a wood veneer on the outside and plaster on the inside. It was discovered when the Rev. John Hantla of the Wall Street Mission was tearing it down. Workers from the Civil Works Administration dismantled the cabin and rebuilt it in Riverside Park in 1934. Two years later it was dedicated as a memorial to the "friendly Indians of the Sioux nation who lived in peace with the early pioneers," and to "Theophile Bruguier, the first permanent white resident within the present boundary of Sioux City." The cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Theophile Bruguier Cabin | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Riverside Park<br>Sioux City, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°29′48″N 96°28′30.7″W / 42.49667°N 96.475194°W / 42.49667; -96.475194 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1860 |
| Built by | Theophile Bruguier |
| NRHP reference No. | 00000918 |
| Added to NRHP | August 14, 2000 |


title: Theophile Meerschaert

abstract: Theophile Meerschaert was a Belgian-born prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the Bishop of the Diocese of Oklahoma in the United States from 1891 until his death in 1924.

text:
# Theophile Meerschaert

| Styles of
**Theophile Meerschaert** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Monsignor |
| Posthumous style | none |

**Theophile Meerschaert** (24 August 1847 – 21 February 1924) was a Belgian-born prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the Bishop of the Diocese of Oklahoma (and its predecessor) in the United States from 1891 until his death in 1924.

## Early life and education

Théophile Meerschaert was born on 24 August 1847 in Russignies, a farming village near Renaix, in the province of East Flanders in Belgium. He was the eighth of nine children of the peddler from Renaix, Pierre François Meerschaert, and his wife from Russeignies, Marie Therèse Gabreau. After studying at the College of Renaix (1859–1864) and the College of Audenarde (1864–1868), he entered the American College of Louvain in 1868, having been moved by word of the needs and opportunities in the American missions.

## Ordination and ministry

Meerschaert was ordained to the priesthood on 23 December 1871 in Mechelen, Belgium. He left for the United States in September 1872, arriving at Natchez, Mississippi in the following October. For the next 19 years he labored among the difficult circumstances of the Southern Reconstruction. He was appointed to Hancock and Harrison Counties in November 1872, and transferred to Ocean Springs in August 1874. In October 1875, Meerschaert was felled by yellow fever and his case thought hopeless, but he eventually recovered. He worked in Bay St. Louis for a year before returning to Natchez in August 1880. He became vicar general of the Diocese of Natchez on 18 April 1887, and later apostolic administrator (1888–1889) after Bishop Francis Janssens was promoted to Archbishop of New Orleans in 1888. He also served as rector of St. Mary's Cathedral.

## Vicar Apostolic in Oklahoma

On 2 June 1891, Meerschaert was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Indian Territory in Oklahoma and Titular Bishop of *Sidyma* by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 8 September from Archbishop Janssens, with Bishops Edward Fitzgerald and Thomas Heslin serving as co-consecrators, at St. Mary's Cathedral. En route to his new assignment, he celebrated the first Pontifical High Mass in Oklahoma Territory on 20 September 1891, at Guthrie.

At the time of his arrival, the vicariate had three diocesan priests, 23 Benedictine monks, 21 churches, seven day schools, five Indian boarding schools, one college, one monastery, six convents and about 5,000 Catholics. By the time of his death, the Church in Oklahoma had an elevenfold increase in Catholics, and churches and schools multiplied by some seven and five times respectively. Meerschaert also dedicated about 100 new churches and recruited around a dozen American-born clergy during his tenure.

## Bishop of Oklahoma

Meerschaert was named the first Bishop of Oklahoma on 23 August 1905, when Pope Pius X raised the vicariate to the rank of a diocese.

For thirty-two years as the Bishop, Meerschaert kept a detailed diary about his life and career in Oklahoma. It was edited and published as a book seventy years after his death.

Meerschaert died on 21 February 1924 at St. Anthony's Hospital in Oklahoma City, aged 76. Originally buried at Fairlawn Cemetery in Oklahoma City, his remains were transferred to the Bishops' Vault at Resurrection Cemetery, also in Oklahoma City.

## Writings

Theophile Meerschaert, author, and James D. White, editor, *Diary of a frontier bishop: The journals of Theophile Meerschaert* (Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sarto Press, 1994), ISBN 0964170205

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Theophile Meerschaert | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Oklahoma | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Archdiocese of Oklahoma |
| In office | 2 June 1891 (1891-06-02) – 21 February 1924 (1924-02-21) |
| Predecessor | Ignatius Jean, O.S.B. |
| Successor | Francis Kelley |
| Previous post(s) | Vicar Apostolic of Indian Territory
Titular Bishop of Sidyma |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 23 December 1847
by Charles Andre Anthonis |
| Consecration | 8 September 1891
by Francis Janssens |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1847-08-24)24 August 1847
Russignies, East Flanders, Belgium |
| Died | 21 February 1924(1924-02-21) (aged 76)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Signature |  |


title: Theophila Gwatkin

abstract: Theophila "Offy" Gwatkin was a British painter. She is described as an amateur artist and is best known for pictures painted of her by her uncle Sir Joshua Reynolds. She also compiled, added a preface, footnote glosses and a dictionary of dialect terms to her mother's, Mary Reynolds, A Devonshire Dialogue.

text:
# Theophila Gwatkin

**Theophila "Offy" Gwatkin** (née Palmer; 15 May 1757  4 July 1848) was a British painter. She is described as an amateur artist and is best known for pictures painted of her by her uncle Sir Joshua Reynolds. She also compiled, added a preface, footnote glosses and a dictionary of dialect terms to her mother's, Mary Reynolds, *A Devonshire Dialogue.*

## Life

Theophila Palmer was born on 15 May 1757 in Great Torrington, Devon.  She was the daughter of Mary Reynolds, author, and John Palmer.

Gwatkin’s mother had a passion for art and had a significant influence on her brother, Sir Joshua, when he was a boy. She paid for half of the cost of his apprenticeship to Thomas Hudson and also paid for his expenses while he was in Italy in 1749. When Gwatkin was 13 years old she and her sister, Mary (later Lady Thomond), lodged with Sir Joshua in Leicester Fields, London.

Sir Joshua had great affection for the two sisters. He gave Gwatkin the nickname "Offy", sometimes written as ‘Offee’ or ‘Offe’.

> She \[Gwatkin\] has been very pretty, and, though deaf, is very agreeable - enthusiastically and affectionately fond of her uncle – indignant at the idea of his not having himself written the Discourses; "Burke or Johnson, indeed! no such thing he wrote them himself. I am evidence, he used to employ me as his secretary." – Maria Edgeworth, 1831.

The sisters often sat when he was painting female figures. In particular, Gwatkin sat for many of Sir Joshua’s fancy subjects, notably for the *Strawberry Girl*, and whilst he was painting *David Garrick between the Tragic and Comic Muse*, Gwatkin sat for the *Comic*. She was very young at the time.

> Mrs. Gwatkin is not, at present, like the *Comic Muse* of Reynolds, nor ever was. She had never the embonpoint, or the archness there represented.  But she resembles *Hope* in the windows of New College. In *Hope* we see her figure, her features, and her air.  Not long since (as themselves informed me), the person who shewed those windows to Mr. and Mrs. G. observed to Mrs. Gwatkin: "This figure of *Hope*, Madam, is a portrait of a niece of Sir J. Reynolds." - Richard Polwhele, 1826.

Sir Joshua's was an artistic household. Robert Haydon recalled a conversation he had with Gwatkin, "Everybody in the house painted. Lady Thomond & herself, the coachman & the man servant Ralph \[Kirkley\] & his daughter \[Caroline Kirkley\], all painted, copied & talked about pictures". Gwatkin lived with Sir Joshua until, age 22, she married. Her sister lived with Sir Joshua until his death in 1792.

She married Robert Lovell Gwatkin in 1780. As a wedding gift Sir Joshua gave a portrait of her which he had started painting in 1776. She then became commonly known as Mrs. Gwatkin. They had ten children, seven daughters and three sons.

Her mother wrote *Devonshire Dialogue* which had circulated privately, in whole and in extract, before her mother died in 1794.  Gwatkin’s nephew, James Fredrick Palmer, combined some of his grandmother’s dialogues alongside his own glossary and published it in 1837.

In 1839, she compiled all of her mother’s dialogues and added a preface, footnote glosses and a dictionary of dialect terms.  This, Gwatkin’s, complete version, *A Devonshire Dialogue*, credits the appended glossary, for the most part, to the late Rev. John Phillips who had died a decade earlier. She died on 4 July 1848, aged 91, while visiting her daughter, at Ideford Rectory, Devonshire.


title: Duncan Lindsay (Australian footballer)

abstract: Duncan Lindsay was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Duncan Lindsay (Australian footballer)

**Duncan Lindsay** (4 April 1902 – 8 September 1967) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Duncan Lindsay | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Duncan Lindsay | | |
| Date of birth | (1902-04-04)4 April 1902 | | |
| Place of birth | Footscray, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 8 September 1967(1967-09-08) (aged 65) | | |
| Place of death | West Melbourne, Victoria | | |
| Height | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 71 kg (157 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1925–26 | North Melbourne | 27 (31) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1926. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Duncan Liddel

abstract: Duncan Liddel was a Scottish mathematician, physician and astronomer.

text:
# Duncan Liddel

**Duncan Liddel** (also **Duncan Liddell**; 1561 – 17 December 1613) was a Scottish mathematician, physician and astronomer.

## Life

Liddel was born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Having received an education in languages and philosophy at the local school and the University of Aberdeen, he went abroad at age 18. Moving to Gdańsk in Polish Prussia first, he arrived after a few months at the Viadrina European University (Frankfurt (Oder)), where a Scot, John Craig was teaching logic and mathematics; Craig superintended his studies.

Three years later Craig returned to Scotland to become physician to King James VI, and Liddel, on his advice, moved to Breslau in Silesia, where he studied mathematics under Paul Wittich, and encountered Andreas Dudith. In 1584 he returned to Frankfurt, took pupils in mathematics and philosophy, and took up the study of physic. In 1587 an epidemic drove him to the University of Rostock in Mecklenburg, where he became the friend of Johannes Caselius, Heinrich Brucaeus and Cornelius Martini; and received the degree of M.A. in philosophy. With the help of his new contacts, he visited Tycho Brahe in Ven in 1587 and again the following year.

Shortly after his return to Frankfurt in 1590, Liddel joined the new University of Helmstedt established by Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Caselius had already been appointed to the chair of philosophy there. Next year Liddel obtained the lower mathematical chair vacated by Franciscus Parcovius, and in 1594 he succeeded Erhardus Hoffmann in the higher mathematical chair. In 1596 he became M.D. of the university, and began publicly to teach physic and to act as præses at the recitation of medical dissertations. In 1599 he was dean of the faculty of philosophy; in 1603 he resigned his mathematical professorship, and in 1604 became pro-rector of the university.

Liddel returned to Scotland in 1607, financially secure. In 1612 he endowed the university of Aberdeen with lands for the education and support of six poor scholars; and in 1613 he endowed a professorship of mathematics in Marischal College. He died in Aberdeen on 17 December 1613, at age 51. His funeral sermon was given by Gilbert Gray of Marischal College.

## Legacy

Liddel bequeathed his books and instruments to Marischal College. A brass memorial figure of him was later set up in the Kirk of St Nicholas, Aberdeen.

Liddel bought the Pitmedden estate from the Leslie family around 1600. A substantial part of the Pitmedden estate was also gifted to the university, with the residue passing to Duncan's brother Peter Liddell in May 1614.

## Memorial

A four-sided memorial, the **Liddel Monument**, was erected on the Pitmedden estate in 1637 by the Senatus of Aberdeen to Liddell's memory. Now located south-east of Pitmedden railway station.

## Reputation

Liddel was reputed as a mathematician in Germany, where he was said to have been the first to teach the astronomy of Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe side by side with the Ptolemaic system. Caselius considered that Liddel was the first teacher of Brahe's system; and Brahe complained of plagiarism.

In theology, also, Liddel built a reputation. He found arguments against the Lutheran theologian Daniel Hofmann, who had deployed the doctrine of double truth at Helmstedt in a divisive fashion.

## Works

Liddel wrote medical books:

* *Disputationum Medicinalium Liber*, Helmstadt, 1605; medical theses maintained by himself and his pupils, 1592–1605: the volume is dedicated to John Craig. A posthumous edition, under the title *Universæ Medicinæ Compendium*, was published at Helmstadt in 1720.
* *Ars Medica*, Hamburg, 1608, in five books—I. *De Medicinæ Definitione et Principiis*; II. *De Physiologia*; III. *De Pathologia*; IV. *De Signorum Doctrina*; V. *De Therapeutica*:’\]—dedicated to James I of England. Another edition was published at Lyon in 1624 by Serranus; and in 1628 a third edition appeared at Hamburg. This and the next work were in the Galenic tradition of learned medicine, but admitted some Paracelsian doctrines.
* *De Febribus Libri tres*, Hamburg, 1610; republished by Serranus with the *Ars Medica* in 1624.
* *Tractatus de Dente Aureo*, Hamburg, 1628, an exposure of a supposed miracle—a boy having a golden tooth—which had imposed on the credulity of Gregor Horstius.
* *Artis Conservandi Sanitatem Libri duo*, Aberdeen, 1651; edited by Patrick Dun.

**Attribution**


title: Theora mesopotamica

abstract: Theora mesopotamica is a species of saltwater and brackish water clam, a bivalve mollusk in the family Semelidae. This species is known from the northwestern end of the Persian Gulf, and from subfossil remains in brackish deposits in the lower Tigris–Euphrates basin of Iraq.

text:
# Theora mesopotamica

***Theora mesopotamica*** is a species of saltwater and brackish water clam, a bivalve mollusk in the family Semelidae. This species is known from the northwestern end of the Persian Gulf, and from subfossil remains in brackish deposits in the lower Tigris–Euphrates basin of Iraq.

## Taxonomy

In 1918, this species was first described by Nelson Annandale, from specimens collected by W. H. Lane, which were placed in the Indian Museum. Annandale named the species *Corbula (Erodona) mesopotamica*, believing it to belong in the subgenus *Erodona* within the genus *Corbula*. Annandale believed this bivalve was most similar to *Corbula pfefferi* (now *Potamocorbula abbreviata*), an Indian species. The species epithet *mesopotamica* refers to the species having been found in the Mesopotamian region.

In 1957, F. E. Eames and G. D. Wilkins, biologists working for British Petroleum, described a new species with the name *Abra cadabra*. Eames later told S. Peter Dance that he chose the name because, as a species known from subfossils, it "had been dead for a long time, and could be described as a cadaver," and as a pun on the familiar magical incantation *abracadabra*. In 1995, *Abra cadabra* was moved to the genus *Theora* by P. G. Oliver. In 2005, J.-C. Plaziat and W. R. Younis discovered that the name was a junior synonym of Annandale's *Corbula mesopotamica* and those two authors changed the name of the species to the new combination, *Theora mesopotamica*.

## Description

The shell is small and thin, with inequally sized and asymmetric valves. It is about 1.5 times as long as high, rounded in the front, subtruncate behind and moderately swollen in the central region. The umbos are small and point out slightly; they are situated nearer to the anterior than the posterior end. The dorsal margin from the umbo to the upper end of the anterior margin is slightly convex, and from the umbo to the posterior region is straight and sloping. The lower margin is convex and evenly curved, and the surface of the upper part of the shell is striated with fine, irregular, transverse concentric markings. The right valve measures 8.5 mm (0.33 in) in breadth and 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in height, and the right valve 8.0 mm (0.31 in) and 5.4 mm (0.21 in).

## Distribution

Although the species was first found only as subfossil remains by Annandale, he believed it was probably not extinct, and that some of the deposits he saw were likely recent in age. Living specimens of the species have since been obtained from the northwestern part of the Persian Gulf, including in "muddy and silty substrates" around Failaka Island of Kuwait.

Within Iraq, Annandale collected his specimens from a sandy lake-bed deposit, in the vicinity of Nasiriyah on the Euphrates. Eames and Wilkins found the species in borings made in the Hammar Marshes, and Plaziat and Younis found it in other localities of the Hammar Formation; they described it as a typical species of this formation. The deposits in Iraq where the species has been found are in brackish habitat (although Annandale believed the deposits to be freshwater, this was due to reworking), toward the outer edge of tidal influence in the Euphrates and Tigris. Much of the species' former habitat, as evidenced by subfossil remains, is now less brackish than it was when the fossils were deposited, meaning it is less likely to be extant in such places.

## Ecology

In a study of fish diets in the Khor Al Zubair, this species was one of the two principal species of bivalve found in the stomach contents of common fish such as soles and croakers.

## Works cited

* Al-Yamani, Faiza Y.; Skryabin, Valeriy; Boltachova, Natalya; Revkov, Nikolai; Makarov, Mikhail; Grintsov, Vladimir; Kolesnikova, Elena (2012). *Illustrated Atlas on the Zoobenthos of Kuwait* (PDF) (1st ed.). Kuwait: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. ISBN 978-99906-41-40-0.
* Annandale, N. (1918). "XX. Freshwater Shells from Mesopotamia". *Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta*. **15**: 159–170.
* Dance, S. Peter (9 May 2009). "A name is a name is a name: some thoughts and personal opinions about molluscan scientific names" (PDF). *Zoologische Mededelingen*. **83** (7): 565–576. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
* Eames, F. E.; Wilkins, G. D. (1957). "Six new molluscan species from the alluvium of Lake Hammar near Basrah". *Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London*. **32** (5): 198–203.
* Huber, M. (2014). "*Corbula pfefferi* Preston, 1907". *World Register of Marine Species*. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
* Nasir, N. A. (2000). "The Food and Feeding Relationships of the Fish Communities in the Inshore Waters of Khor Al-Zubair, North-West Arabian Gulf" (PDF). *Cybium*. **24** (1): 89–99.
* Oliver, P. G. (1995). Bosch, D. T.; Dance, S. P.; Moolenbeek, R. G.; Oliver, P. G. (eds.). *Seashells of Eastern Arabia*. Dubai: Motivate Publishing.
* Plaziat, Jean-Claude; Younis, Woujdan R. (2005). "The modern environments of Molluscs in southern Mesopotamia, Iraq: A guide to paleogeographical reconstructions of Quaternary fluvial, palustrine and marine deposits". *Carnets de Géologie* (1): 1–18.

## InfoBox

| *Theora mesopotamica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Right (above) and left (below) valves, from Annandale 1918. Images are to scale with each other. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Cardiida |
| Family: | Semelidae |
| Genus: | *Theora* |
| Species: | ***T. mesopotamica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Theora mesopotamica***
(Annandale, 1918) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Corbula mesopotamica* Annandale, 1918
*Abra cadabra* Eames and Wilson, 1957
*Theora cadabra* (Eames and Wilson, 1957) P. G. Oliver, 1995
*Theora mesopotamica* (Annandale, 1918) Plaziat and Younis, 2005 | |