title: Faretta v. California

abstract: Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that criminal defendants have a constitutional right to refuse counsel and represent themselves in state criminal proceedings. The Court reasoned that, "The right to assistance of counsel and the correlative right to dispense with a lawyer's help are not legal formalisms... To deny an accused a choice of procedure in circumstances in which he, though a layman, is as capable as any lawyer of making an intelligent choice, is to impair the worth of great Constitutional safeguards by treating them as empty verbalisms...to deny him in the exercise of his free choice the right to dispense with some of these safeguards... is to imprison a man in his privileges, and call it the Constitution."

text:
# Faretta v. California

***Faretta v. California***, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that criminal defendants have a constitutional right to refuse counsel and represent themselves in state criminal proceedings.

The Court reasoned that, "The right to assistance of counsel and the *correlative right to dispense with a lawyer's help* are not legal formalisms... To deny an accused a choice of procedure in circumstances in which he, though a layman, is as capable as any lawyer of making an intelligent choice, is to impair the worth of great Constitutional safeguards by treating them as empty verbalisms...to deny him in the exercise of his free choice the right to dispense with some of these safeguards . . . is to imprison a man in his privileges, and call it the Constitution."

## Facts of the case

The defendant Anthony Faretta was accused of grand theft in Los Angeles County, California. Well before the trial began, the defendant requested permission to represent himself. Questioning by the judge revealed that he had once represented himself in a criminal case and that he believed that the public defender's office was under a heavy case load. The judge warned him that he was making a mistake and emphasized that he would receive no special treatment. The judge entered a preliminary ruling allowing Faretta to represent himself, however stating that he might reverse his decision if it seemed that he was unable to adequately represent himself.

Several weeks later, but still before the trial, the judge initiated a hearing to inquire into Faretta's ability to defend himself. After questioning him on numerous topics, including hearsay and juries, the judge ruled that his answers were inadequate and he had not made an intelligent decision to waive counsel. In addition he ruled that Faretta had no constitutional right to his own defense. Therefore, he rescinded his previous decision. During the trial the judge denied Faretta's motions to be co-counsel and other motions he attempted to make on his behalf. Subsequently, he was convicted by a jury and sentenced to time in prison.

The California Court of Appeal, which relied on a recent California Supreme Court decision that had expressly decided the issue, ruled that Faretta had no federal or state right to represent himself. Appeal to the Supreme Court of California was denied.

## Opinion of the court

In the opinion of the court by Justice Stewart, the Court held that a defendant in a state criminal trial has the constitutional right to refuse appointed counsel and conduct the trial when he or she voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so. However, such a defendant may not later complain that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. The court brought analogies to the Star Chamber, saying "the Star Chamber has, for centuries, symbolized disregard of basic individual rights. The Star Chamber not merely allowed, but required, defendants to have counsel. The defendant's answer to an indictment was not accepted unless it was signed by counsel. When counsel refused to sign the answer, for whatever reason, the defendant was considered to have confessed."

## Dissents

Chief Justice Burger wrote a dissent arguing there is no constitutional basis for a right to self-representation, in which Justice Blackmun and Justice Rehnquist joined.

Justice Blackmun wrote a dissent arguing that the Sixth Amendment does not support the right to self-representation and raised the additional procedural problems that would inevitably arise by the decision, arguing that such procedural problems would far outweigh whatever tactical advantage the defendant may feel he has gained by electing to represent himself. Blackmun concludes with the following: "If there is any truth to the old proverb 'one who is his own lawyer has a fool for a client,' the Court by its opinion today now bestows a *constitutional* right on one to make a fool of himself." Chief Justice Burger and Justice Rehnquist joined in this dissent.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Faretta v. California | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 19, 1974
Decided June 30, 1975 | |
| Full case name | *Anthony Pasquall Faretta v. State of California* |
| Citations | 422 U.S. 806 (*more*)95 S. Ct. 2525; 45 L. Ed. 2d 562; 1975 U.S. LEXIS 83 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | On writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeal of California, Second Appellate District, 415 U.S. 975 (1974). |
| Holding | |
| A criminal defendant in a state proceeding has a constitutional right to knowingly refuse the aid of an attorney. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William O. Douglas **·**  William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart **·**  Byron White
Thurgood Marshall **·**  Harry Blackmun
Lewis F. Powell Jr. **·**  William Rehnquist | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Stewart, joined by Douglas, Brennan, White, Marshall, Powell |
| Dissent | Burger, joined by Blackmun, Rehnquist |
| Dissent | Blackmun, joined by Burger, Rehnquist |


title: Ross Holmes

abstract: Elliott Ross Holmes is an American violinist, fiddler, composer and producer known for his progressive style that is genre fluid, mixing old and new world styles. Since 2018, Holmes has been a member of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.

text:
# Ross Holmes

**Elliott Ross Holmes** (born June 14, 1984) is an American violinist, fiddler, composer and producer known for his progressive style that is genre fluid, mixing old and new world styles. Since 2018, Holmes has been a member of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.

## Early life

Growing up in Fort Worth, Texas, Holmes was inspired by the Texas music scene and competitive fiddle playing. His Grandfather played the violin and that was Ross’s first introduction to the instrument. At the age of 8, his younger sister (Katie Shore from Asleep at the Wheel) started taking fiddle lessons and this quickly piqued Ross’s interest to learn the instrument for himself.

Holmes foundational training combined Texas contest fiddle and classical styles taught to him by his mentors, Texas fiddlers Jimmie Don Bates, Joey McKenzie and Dr. Kurt Sprenger of the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra. At the age of 11, Holmes enrolled in the Mark O’Connor string camp which acted as a major catalyst for him to pursue a career in music. Additionally, his background and training as a member of the Texas Boys Choir was Holmes first exposure as a touring musician across the U.S.

## Music career

Holmes has worked with famous bands and artists such as Mumford & Sons, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Bruce Hornsby and the Noisemakers, Warren Haynes, Ryan Bingham, Bela Fleck, Abigail Washburn, and Keith & Kristyn Getty. He is a founding member of progressive Bluegrass group, Cadillac Sky.

### Cadillac Sky

Cadillac Sky formed in 2002 when Holmes met founding members Bryan Simpson (vocals, mandolin), Matt Menefee (banjo) in Texas. The group’s early years reflected a more traditional bluegrass sound, which evolved to the progressive bluegrass style they were later acclaimed for.

The ensemble got a foothold touring regionally around the south. When their progress was interrupted in 2004, Holmes drove overnight to Nashville for an audition with fast-rising country traditionalist, Josh Turner. Holmes earned his first industry experience on the road with the baritone star.

Cadillac Sky became active again in 2006 with the group signing to the Skaggs Family label. They released their debut album, *Blind Man Walking*; which reached number two on the *US Grass Billboard Charts*. Later on in the winter of 2011 Cadillac Sky disbanded, declaring a hiatus.

### Mumford and Sons

With Cadillac Sky on hiatus, Mumford & Sons invited Ross to be their fiddle player. He toured globally as the band evolved to one of the largest pop sensations, making headline appearances for 250,000 people at the Glastonbury Festival, Lollapalooza in Chicago, and Red Rocks Amphitheatre.

Holmes joined Railroad Revival Tour, a multi-day jaunt that Mumford & Sons, Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros and Old Crow Medicine Show traveled by a 14-car train from Oakland to New Orleans, playing six concerts along the way. A documentary called Big Easy Express developed out of this tour, directed by Emmett Malloy premiered at *SXSW 2012* and won a Grammy Award in 2013.

Holmes became a deep contributor to Mumford & Sons where he acted as arranger for the string parts for the band’s anticipated second album *Babel*. The album went on to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2012 in which Holmes was recognized for his role by The Recording Academy.

### ChessBoxer

In 2010, Holmes's musical explorations with Cadillac Sky banjo player Matt Menefee evolved into a duo project called *ChessBoxer*. The style reflected a movement to the Newgrass sound by combining genres of bluegrass, folk and rock. In 2013 Holmes and Menefee self-released their debut EP *ChessBoxer.* In 2014, double bassist Royal Masat became a member of ChessBoxer. In 2015, the trio self-released their second recorded work, *Apollo EP,* while supporting guitarist Warren Haynes on the international Ashes & Dust Tour.

### Bruce Hornsby and the Noisemakers

In 2013 Holmes received a phone call from Bruce Hornsby who expressed interest in working with him. Holmes became a member of Hornsby’s touring band, the Noisemakers, and from 2014–2017 played fiddle and mandolin on tour and on Hornsby's latest studio release, *Rehab Reunion*. Holmes became indispensable to the new sound of the band but left in 2018 when he was invited to become a member of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.

### Nitty Gritty Dirt Band

In Jan 2018, Holmes was invited to join the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band for several shows as a substitute after John McEuen's departure from the band in the fall of 2017. After establishing a rapport with the band, Holmes was invited to become a member of NGDB along with Jaime Hanna, son of Jeff Hanna.

### Debut Release

On October 23, 2018, Holmes self-released his debut album, "Not Very Good at Winning," a collection of 12 Texas-style contest fiddle tunes recorded in 360° sound at Southern Ground Studios in Nashville, Tennessee. The album is the first solo unaccompanied recording of Texas-style contest fiddle tunes since Eck Robertson recorded in New York City June 30 and July 1, 1922.

## Discography

### Cadillac Sky (Band member – Fiddle, Vocals, Writer, and Misc instruments)

| Year | Work | Record Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Talent Show* | Self Release |
| 2007 | *Blind Man Walking* | Skaggs Family Records |
| 2009 | *Gravity's Our Enemy* | Self Release |
| 2010 | *Weary Angel EP* | Self Release |
| 2010 | *Letter's In The Deep* | Dualtone Records |
|

### Mumford & Sons (Touring member – Fiddle, Misc instruments, Arranger)

| Year | Work | Record Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Big Easy Express* | GathrFilms |
| 2012 | *Babel* | Glassnote Records |
| 2012 | *The Road to Red Rocks* | Glassnote Records |
|

### Bruce Hornsby and the Noisemakers (Band member – Fiddle, Mandolin, Vocals)

| Year | Work | Record Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Rehab Reunion* | 429 Records |
|

### ChessBoxer (Band member – Fiddle, Vocals, Writer, and Misc instruments)

| Year | Work | Record Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *ChessBoxer (Self Titled)* | Self Release |
| 2015 | *Apollo EP* | Self Release |
|

### Solo (Fiddle, Arranger, Producer)

| Year | Work | Record Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *Not Very Good At Winning* | Ross Holmes |

### Producer

| Year | Title | Artist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Fall Away* | Katie Shore |
| 2016 | *Unarmored* | Sam Burchfield |
| 2017 | *Wooden* | Ben Sparaco |
|

## InfoBox

| Ross Holmes | |
| --- | --- |
| Holmes with Nitty Gritty Dirt Band in 2024. | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1984-06-14) June 14, 1984<br>Fort Worth, Texas |
| Genres | Folk, Bluegrass, Classical, Folk rock |
| Occupation(s) | Violinist, Fiddler, Composer and Producer |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, fiddle, mandolin |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Member of | Nitty Gritty Dirt Band |
| Formerly of | Cadillac Sky |
|  | |
| Website | http://rossholmes.net/ |


title: Buffalo Municipal Airport (Oklahoma)

abstract: Buffalo Municipal Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located two miles north of the central business district of Buffalo, a city in Harper County, Oklahoma, United States. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned BFK by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

text:
# Buffalo Municipal Airport (Oklahoma)

**Buffalo Municipal Airport** (ICAO: **KBFK**, FAA LID: **BFK**) is a city-owned, public-use airport located two miles (3 km) north of the central business district of Buffalo, a city in Harper County, Oklahoma, United States.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **BFK** by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

## Facilities and aircraft

Buffalo Municipal Airport covers an area of 80 acres (32 ha) and has one runway designated 17/35 with a 4,000 x 60 ft (1,219 x 18 m) asphalt surface. For the 12-month period ending January 3, 2008, the airport had 200 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 17 per month.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for BFK PDF, effective 2008-04-10
2. "Great Circle Mapper: KBFK - Buffalo, Oklahoma (Buffalo Municipal Airport)". *gc.kls2.com*.

## InfoBox

| Buffalo Municipal Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Buffalo |
| Serves | Buffalo, Oklahoma |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,822 ft / 555 m |
| Coordinates | 36°51′48″N 099°37′07″W / 36.86333°N 99.61861°W / 36.86333; -99.61861 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  17/35 4,000 1,219 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2008) | |
| Aircraft operations 200 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Syed Gulam Farooq Mirranay

abstract: Dr. Syed Ghulam Farooq Mirranay was born in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan in 1950. He is a senior member of the Afghan Social Democratic Party and was an elected member of the House of the People from 2005 to 2010. Mirranay is the official spokesperson for the Afghan Mellat Party and speaks both official Afghanistan languages, Pashto and Dari, as well as English. Hiss brother, Sayed Yousuf Mirranay, was an Afghan patriot and prominent member of the Afghan Social Democratic Party who disappeared in August 1978 whilst imprisoned by Taraki's communist government.

text:
# Syed Gulam Farooq Mirranay

**Dr. Syed Ghulam Farooq Mirranay** was born in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan in 1950. He is a senior member of the Afghan Social Democratic Party (Afghan Mellat) and was an elected member of the House of the People from 2005 to 2010. Mirranay is the official spokesperson for the Afghan Mellat Party and speaks both official Afghanistan languages, Pashto and Dari, as well as English.

Hiss brother, Sayed Yousuf Mirranay, was an Afghan patriot and prominent member of the Afghan Social Democratic Party who disappeared in August 1978 whilst imprisoned by Taraki's communist government.

## Education

Dr. Mirranay graduated from Nangarhar Medical School, Kabul University in 1976 and worked as a medical officer in Kunar Province until the 1978 communist coup.

## The Saur Revolution

Following the Saur Revolution on 28 April 1978, Dr. Mirranay was imprisoned by Taraki's communist government. Upon his release in 1980, Dr. Mirranay fled Afghanistan to a refugee camp in Peshawar, Pakistan. Dr. Mirranay's two brothers, Sayed Yousuf Mirranay and Sayed Sheerin Mirranay were also imprisoned in 1978, and both disappeared whilst incarcerated.

## Life in Pakistan

Dr. Mirranay worked as a medical officer in Afghani refugee camps in Pakistan from 1980 to 1986 for the United Nations, providing humanitarian assistance to Afghan refugees, particularly in the fields of health care and medical education. He provided medical training to the Afghan mujahedeen fighting the former Soviet Union and former Afghan communist government. In 1980, he was a founding member of the Afghan Doctors and Health Personal Association in Peshawar.

Dr. Mirranay chaired the Afghan Aid Association non-governmental organization from 1986 to 1991. Based in Peshawar, Pakistan, it was funded by international aid agencies including the UNDP, FAO, UNICEF, UNHCR, WHO, UNFPA and the UN Development Front for Women. The projects included services for Afghan refugee camps and reconstruction of Afghanistan to delivering public health programs, medical, and gender/children services. This includes female and male medical and health support for public/community health, midwifery, nursing and child services. The Afghan Aid Association was regarded by the UN as one of the most credible and transparent Afghan organisations involved in the delivery of aid for the country.

## Life in Australia

In 1991 Dr. Mirranay took political asylum and migrated to Australia, after assassination attempts and threats to his family from extremist groups.

In Australia, Dr. Mirranay established and chaired the Afghan Australian Welfare Association from 1994 to 2001, and worked tirelessly to assist newly arrived Afghan refugees to resettle in Australia. In recognition of his humanitarian services, Dr. Mirranay was awarded the Centenary Medal by the Australian Government.

## After the fall of the Taliban

After the fall of the Afghan Taliban regime in October 2001 and collapse of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Dr. Mirranay returned to Afghanistan to assist in the reconstruction of Afghanistan, participating in the Bonn and Rome conferences.

In 2005 Dr. Mirranay was elected as a member of the House of the People. He was an active member of the Parliamentary Committee for Compliance and Petation. He has headed a number of delegations and participated in conferences with neighbouring countries on behalf of the Afghanistan Government. He also participated in various international conferences, including NATO forums for the reconstruction of Afghanistan.

## Career highlights

* Prominent and leading member of the Afghan Social Democratic Party, Afghan Mellat 1966
* Graduated from Nanagarhar Medical Faculty, Kabul University 1976
* Imprisoned for 18 months by the Afghan Communist Government 1978
* Established Afghan Doctors and Health Personal Association in Peshawar 1980
* Worked as a Medical Officer for the United Nations in Afghan refugee camps in Peshawar 80-86
* Chaired the NGO, Afghan Aid Association 1986-1991
* Chaired of the Afghan Australian Welfare Association 1994-2001
* Re-established the Afghan Mellat Party Newspaper 2003 after the fall of the Taliban regime
* Elected as a member of Afghanistan Parliament or Wolesi Jirga in 2005-2010
* Head of the Afghan Mellat Parliamentary group in Walsai Jirga 2005-2010
* Official Spokesman for the Afghan Mellat Party
* Participated in numerous conferences and workshops around the world on behalf of the Afghan Parliament and Afghan Mellat political party
* Outspoken politician in Afghan and the international media on Afghan political affairs

## Personal life

Dr. Mirranay is married and has three sons and three daughters. His family reside in Melbourne, Australia where he is a member of the Australian Afghan community.

## InfoBox

| Dr. Syed Ghulam Farooq Mirranay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1950<br>Nangarhar, Afghanistan |
| Political party | Afghan Social Democratic Party (Afghan Mellat) |
|  | |


title: GenerationS

abstract: GenerationS – is a Russian federal accelerator for technology start-ups. It is held by RVC since 2013 with the support of Russian companies, development institutions, representatives of venture infrastructure, Russian and international corporations.

text:
# GenerationS

**GenerationS** – is a Russian federal accelerator for technology start-ups. It is held by RVC since 2013 with the support of Russian companies, development institutions, representatives of venture infrastructure, Russian and international corporations.

## History

For the first time GenerationS took place in 2013. There were 1,600 applications from different companies collected, 70 of them were selected for the participating in acceleration program. 7 companies found investors, and 3 become Skolkovo’s residents.

In 2013, there were no industrial subdivision, the participants represented different areas of activity, such as IT, energy saving technologies, telecommunications, biotechnology and medicine, and others. 4 projects became the winners of GenerationS-2013 and divided the main prize 5 million rubles of .They are: a system of development and management of mobile applications Appercode (2,5 million), a water, soil and hard surfaces treatment technology of oil, oil products and heavy ions BioMikroGeli metals and a technology of 3D printing of metal products with high strength characteristics 3DMetalPrint (1 million rubles each), holographic navigation system WayRay (500 thousand rubles).

In 2014, the number of applications for participating in accelerator has risen to 1858 (142 cities in 13 countries). The largest number of applications came from Moscow (461), Kazan (198) and Saint Petersburg (183). More than 10% of the applicants of the project were members of the various programs, supporting startups or residents of the largest business incubators and technology parks, including the Skolkovo, IIDF, and more than 20 regional incubators.

As new feature, in 2014 participating projects were subdivided into 4 areas: IT - 725 projects, industrial solutions (Industrial direction) - 508 projects, resource-efficient technologies (CleanTech direction) - 302, biotech and medicine (BioTechMed direction) - 323 projects. Pre-selected projects participated in educational programs of acceleration and coaching directions’ sessions. Among the projects, submitted applications to participate in these programs, were selected about 200, and the best of them were invited to participate in the investment session during «Open Innovations» forum in Moscow.

For working with the projects during the accelerator a large number of authoritative experts were attracted. For example, in work of acceleration of the Industrial direction took part about 40 lecturers, among them were Boris Lipkin (former vice president of IBM), Thomas Gad, Bill Watkins (former head of Seagate Technology), Alena Vladimirskaya (founder Pruffi), Tim Hennessy (President Imergy Power Systems) and many other experienced entrepreneurs and experts.

Four winners of GenerationS-2014, one in each track, were chosen on October 15 during Moscow International Forum "Open Innovation". The best were: a robot-promoter Promobot (Industrial track), technology of processing keratin-waste in the high-protein feed additive Kera-Tech (BiotechMed track), bionanotechnology cleaning heating systems for buildings, pipelines, boilers, water heaters and other heating equipment from scale and other deposits NanoServ (Cleantech track) and service optimization of transport logistics VeeRoute (IT track)). The prize fund of GenerationS-2014 was 5 million rubles, and the value of prizes from partners for the winners and finalists of GenerationS-2014 was 40 million rubles. All finalists’ projects received grants in the amount of 1 million rubles from the Fund for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere.

In 2015 GenerationS was held in updated concept: the accelerator served as a solution for creating a platform for corporate and industry accelerators collaborating with corporations.

April 27, 2015, when GenerationS started, was published a list of accelerator corporate partners, they were RusHydro, MTS, Sberbank-Technology, NPO Saturn, GC Morton and other Russian and international companies.

Accelerator-2015 was held at seven directions (tracks):

* Power & Energy (modern power generation companies);
* Telecom Idea (telecommunications);
* Robotics (automatic and robotic systems);
* Aerospace (technology for the aerospace industry);
* SmartCity (technology for life, "smart city»);
* Oil & Gas (technologies and materials in the oil and gas sector);
* BiotechMed (biotechnology and medicine).

There were 2566 applications for participation in GenerationS-2015 from 140 cities of 14 countries. The accelerator was divided into several stages: till July, 1 projects applications collected, from July, 1 to September, 1 took place pre-acceleration program and the selection of projects to track accelerators. It was for the first time in Russia when on-line acceleration program were produced for such a number of projects. On September, 1 the tracks’ corporate accelerators started. The result of their work were 35 projects (5 representatives of each of the seven industrial tracks) selected to the final GenerationS-2015 . Seven super-finalists, one from each track, were chosen by Internet users. In few days of voting took part 45 thousand people. Super-final of GenerationS-2015 took place on 15 December at the Moscow School of Management "Skolkovo" in the framework of the III Corporate Venture Summit, seven super-finalists made presentations to the expert jury. The winners shared the prize fund in proportion to the number of votes of the members of the Supervisory Board GenerationS and Internet users.

The best projects in 2015 are:

* Gene therapy anticancer medicine AntionkoRAN-M. The medicine was developed under the guidance of Academician Yevgeny Sverdlov, on the basis of the three RAS institutes: molecular genetics, bio-organic chemistry and biology of the gene. AntionkoRAN M is a molecule of DNA, which contains the gene and gene-killer immune system stimulant. The team received the Grand Prix in the amount of 8,253 million rubles.
* Samocat Sharing System. Sharing system scooters, which involves a number of original technical solutions. The prize was 1,211 million rubles.
* Turbodiagnostika. Hardware-software complex for control of turbine blades. The prize was 536,000 rubles.

## Organisers, partners and government support

The organizer of GenerationS is RVC. Accelerator is a strategic partner of the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere. GenerationS is also supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Mass Communications and the Ministry of Economic Development. More than 10 companies joined as corporate partners, some large companies establish their own nominations and prizes. The Supervisory board of GenerationS includes CEO of RVC Igor Agamirzyan, director of "Young Professionals" ASI Dmitry Peskov, the rector of the "Skolkovo" Andrei Sharonov, head of the Robotics center of "Skolkovo" foundation Albert Efimov and others.

## Awards

GenerationS was named the event of the year at annual national venture industry nomination Venture Awards Russia-2014, organized by media projects Firrma and RusBase.

## Criticism

Some experts are skeptical about the prospects of projects-winners of GenerationS. Thus, an expert on mobile communication and content services Sergey Polovnikov thinks that some of the most promising technology start-ups involved in GenerationS 2015, did not win the main prize, but was withdrawn from the competition by the corporate partners for the purpose to not disclose the information about know-hows.


title: Campbell's Kids

abstract: The Campbell Kids are the advertising cartoon mascot of the Campbell Soup Company. Drawn by Grace Drayton in 1904, the characters became popular almost immediately, leading to the production of dolls, cookbooks, cards, plates, T-shirts, and many other items fashioned in their likeness. The Campbell Kids have spanned many generations and still represent the Campbell Soup Company today.

text:
# Campbell's Kids

**The Campbell Kids** are the advertising cartoon mascot of the Campbell Soup Company. Drawn by Grace Drayton in 1904, the characters became popular almost immediately, leading to the production of dolls, cookbooks, cards, plates, T-shirts, and many other items fashioned in their likeness. The Campbell Kids have spanned many generations and still represent the Campbell Soup Company today.

## History

One of the most prolific advertising decisions that the Campbell Soup Company made was the creation of the Campbell Kids. By 1904, the company realized they needed a character that would extol the virtues of Campbell soup. Grace Drayton, a freelance illustrator of children’s book and comic strips, was known for her chubby figures with round faces, wide-set eyes, and a pug nose. The artist modeled her characters after herself as she once stated in a newspaper interview in 1926, “I was much interested in my looks. I knew I was funny \[looking\].” The Campbell executives were delighted with her “round and jolly toddlers,” and thus the Campbell Kids were born.

These plump toddlers represented the era’s perception of health and wholesomeness. The public was introduced to them through streetcar advertisements beginning in 1905. Each ad featured a jingle at the top, a red-and-white can on the right, and a Campbell Kid on the left (Fig 4 and 5). Public reaction to the Kids was almost immediate. Requests for copies of the ads inundated the company, and it only charged customers fifteen cents to cover postage. These kinds of requests lasted for decades, demonstrating the continual popularity of the Campbell Kids (Fig 6). Mothers hung images of the Kids on nursery walls, and teachers placed them in classrooms.

In the same year, the Campbell company made its first appearance in magazine advertisements in *Ladies’ Home Journal* and later *Good Housekeeping*, and by 1909 it made its newspaper debut in the *Saturday Evening Post*. The Campbell Kids featured prominently in these ads as Campbell adopted the tots as the company emblems. The Campbell Kid imagery became so popular that they animated postcards, bridge tallies, place cards, and lapel pins. Children across the country announced, “I am a Campbell Kid.” The use of jingles and familiar characters were common in the early twentieth century. Company characters were cross-marketed with other objects in order to spread brand recognition. Through mass advertising, companies created consumer loyalty and a belief in a superior product. The Campbell company was not unique in its advertising strategies, but it was incredibly successful.

## Targeting Consumers

The Kids were attractive to children, but they also promoted prevailing societal ideologies as well, mirroring what adult consumers wanted to see in themselves. The early twentieth century saw the birth of modern America and her “relentless faith in progress and can-do spirit.” The Campbell Kids fit well into this framework as they espoused a message of optimism in progress and loyalty to brand and country. Advertising professionals claimed to contribute to progress by guiding consumers to wise product selection. These businesspeople saw themselves as agents of change through material production, and therefore, cultural progress. Advertisers identified women as the primary consumer of many products, so ads often depicted how women could use the advertised technologies to improve their families according to progressive bourgeois values. An important value within the progressive framework was health which resulted in an increasing importance in the purity and nutritional value of food.

### Sanitation Standards

In the twentieth century there was a campaign to improve sanitation standards in all spheres of American life. Advertising played a significant role in bringing the issue to the American public. Many companies during the period produced goods that they claimed would help fight disease. In Campbell’s early advertising campaigns, the company addressed women consumers and attempted to create insecurities about their roles as mothers and homemakers within a changing modern America. Campbell soup, the ads promised, would not only be convenient, but it also was a healthy choice for their children. The soups are “healthful, wholesome, and absolutely dependable” and “are the result of combining goodness and quality in materials, with conscience in the making,” an ad from 1906 explains (Fig 9). Previously women relied on local grocers to ensure the nutrition and safety of the food they fed their children, but in the modern age, advertising acquired the role. One of the most consistent food advertising messages that targeted mothers was about their children’s health. Chubby, happy, healthy children were used to advertise the health benefits of a product to mothers, as the woman would imagine her own child among the cheerful figures. The Campbell Kids epitomized this strategy, and they guaranteed that with help of Campbell’s soup, the consumer’s children would withstand disease.

Advertisers would also adopt scare tactics to persuade mothers into buying their food. Infant and child mortality was still a significant risk for mothers in the early twentieth century. Improvements in technology and medicine helped reduce this possibility, but during the warm summer months and in close quarters with urban neighbors, mothers were aware of the prospect. Within this context, advertisements led mothers to believe that their only hope to keep their children safe was to purchase the correct foods. Campbell used these same techniques to demonstrate to women consumers that their soup would not only be nutritionally good for their children, but their children would love the taste too.

### Social Darwinism

This discussion on children’s health came out of Social Darwinism, a common feature in advertisements in the early twentieth century. Social Darwinism emphasized how mothers could affect their children’s lives, for better or for worse. Within a competitive economic environment, even greater significance was given to making wise decisions when children were young in order to place them on a path to success. Mothers were responsible for their children’s health and for molding their characters, and advertisers suggested that they could do so through their food habits. Women’s “choices in the kitchen would shape not only their own children, but their community and their country.”

## Dolls

Campbell’s soup offered an avenue for the consumption of an American product, and in 1909 the company had a new product on the market: the Campbell Kid doll. The first Campbell Kid doll was a stuffed velvet character, but the more well-known dolls emerged in 1910, made by the E. I. Horsman company. The dolls were very popular, and by 1912, thousands were sold through Sears, Roebuck and Co. and Montgomery Ward catalogs. The Campbell Kid dolls came in a variety of sizes (eleven to sixteen inches in height), styles (little Dutch girl and boy, petite, peekaboo), and compositions (cloth, bisque, and composite material). The Dutch Campbell Kid was first advertised in the 1914 Sears, Roebuck and Co. catalog. The dolls were available throughout the teens and into the forties as premiums and purchased goods.

The consumer market of the early twentieth century incorporated the transformed toy trade into its marketing strategies. Toys and dolls became “name branded” in order to promote brand recognition. The Campbell Kid dolls are the epitome of the partnership between food product and toy product. The healthy, happy Campbell Kids that promoted the purity and nutritional value of their product took the form of doll, and parents gave them to their children. Because children were serving the psychological needs rather than the economic needs of adults by the twentieth century, cherished as emotional assets and bringing love into the family, parents showed their affection through “the number and cost of toys they gave to their children." The result was that children were becoming a larger part of the consumer market, and companies like the Campbell Soup Company understood this dynamic when promoting brand-named toys. The almost impish expressions of the Smithsonian’s Campbell Kid dolls, their soft cuddly bodies, and their stylish dress were all signals to consumers that they were a part of a new style of doll promoting personal relationships and the imagination.

## Evolution

Over time, the Campbell Kids changed in order to keep up with new cultural attitudes and changing standards of physical well-being. In the 1920s, Campbell girls donned flapper dresses and danced the Charleston. Other Campbell Kids were depicted talking on the telephone, flying airplanes, riding construction cranes, and visiting Egypt. These images reflected the increasingly ubiquitous telephone, Lindbergh’s famous transatlantic journey, the rise of skyscraper, and the discovery of King Tut’s tomb. The Campbell Kids were no longer in every Campbell advertisement.

In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, advertisers determined that the Campbell Kids were ill-suited for the sober economic times. However, advertisers introduced the slogan “M’m! M’m! Good!” and Campbell Kid voices were on the radio shows like Amos n’ Andy. In advertisements, the Kids were dressed as policemen, utility workers, circus trainers, drummer boys, and other roles in service and entertainment.

In the 1940s, during World War II, newsprint and tin rationing resulted in cuts in both advertising and soup production, so the Campbell Kids were not as visible as in past years. When they were depicted, they were engaged in wartime production as war bond salesmen and air raid wardens. In 1944, the Campbell Soup Company received an achievement award from the U.S. Department of War for its contributions to the war effort.

The 1950s brought on a revival of the Campbell Kids with the rising medium of television and the decade’s emphasis on domesticity. The spread of suburbia and the baby boom contributed to the Kids’ success, and Campbell Kid merchandise of all kinds filled shelves in grocery and department stores. To prepare for their television debut, the Kids were given larger eyes, new clothes, and slightly squarer heads. In commercials they sang “a song of soup sense”, and once again they were prominent in Campbell advertisements.\[6\] The Kids celebrated their 50th birthday in 1955.

The 1960s was a decade of social change in the United States, and although Andy Warhol inserted the Campbell soup can into the art world, the Campbell Kids were left largely out of the picture. The Kids were used to introduce the Campbell Soup Company’s new Bounty Line and Red Kettle soups and were seen in some television commercials.

In the 1970s the Campbell Kids remained on the side lines. Campbell merchandise did make sporadic comebacks, and the Kids commemorated the United States’ bicentennial event in colonial clothing.

The Campbell Kids became more active in the 1980s, promoting youth fitness and slimming down themselves. They participated in soccer, basketball, gymnastics, weightlifting, skiing, and ice skating. The Campbell Kids diversified as well, finally taking on different races and ethnicities. They still advocated for healthy living and were now promoting healthy self-esteem.

The Kids remained active in the 1990s, and they pursued more adventurous activities such as hiking up mountaintops and paragliding. They were also depicted studying hard at school and working at computers. The Campbell Kids enjoyed modern conveniences such as boom boxes and skateboards, but they were sometimes illustrated in their traditional early twentieth-century dress. The decade saw their transformation into digital animation.

The Campbell Kids were digitally rendered as 3-D figures at the start of the twenty-first century. The Campbell Soup Company’s creative team have begun to consider separating the Kids into three age groups ranging from toddlers to preteens. The Kids now take on various personalities from techno-geek and skater to fashionista, jock, artsy bohemian, and hip-hopper. One suggestion to make the Kids more relevant calls to depict them in more contemporary styles such as anime. With these changes, the Campbell Soup Company hopes that the tots will continue to charm the American public.


title: Ugbo Kingdom

abstract: The Ugbo Kingdom is a kingdom in Ilaje local government area of Ondo State, South West Nigeria, with its capital in Ode Ugbo. The people of Ugbo Kingdom are predominantly fishermen.

text:
# Ugbo Kingdom

The Ugbo Kingdom is a kingdom in Ilaje local government area of Ondo State, South West Nigeria, with its capital in **Ode Ugbo**. The people of Ugbo Kingdom are predominantly fishermen.

## History

*

## Administration

Ugbo Kingdom consists of sixteen quarters and is headed by appointed chiefs according to their traditions and customs. One of the heads of the quarters, called Chief Gbogunron, is responsible for putting the traditional ritual leaves on the newly appointed King on coronation day.

## Geography

Ugboland is located along the coastal shores of south-western Nigeria. Close neighbours of Ugbo people include the Ikales, the Itshekiris, the Ijaws, the Apois, the Ijebus, and the Edos. Ugboland occupies the coastline of the South-Western region of Nigeria in the current Ondo State. The entire area consist coastal landmarks, creeks, rivers and lagoons. It is within the western zone of the Niger Delta beginning from the Bight of Benin in the East, and all the way from Oghoye through several Ugboland creeks to Abetobo.

Ugboland is situated on an elevation of between 1.0 and 1.5 meters above sea level. It is plainly plain as there is no presence of any hill.

## Climate and vegetation

Ugboland is in the swampy mangrove forest zone, being located in this region therefore, the temperature fluctuates according to the frequency of rainfall. Usually, the area has two distinct seasons i.e. rain and dry season. The rainy season is usually lengthy because of the location of the area, it last for about nine months within a year with about 2500mm per annum of rainfall, which falls between February and November every year. The dry season last for three months because of the location of the region, it starts from November and end in February when the rainy season starts. The temperature of the area fluctuates between 22 °C in the rainy season and 28 °C in the dry season.

The climatic condition of Ugboland does encourage forest growing. The place is situated and serves areas which are largely in the tropical monsoon climate. The lands with three distinct seasons, (cold, hot and rainy) exert great influence on the appearance of the vegetation. The trees are fairly tolerant of local, physical and climatic conditions to survive. They grow rapidly in the rainy season, shed their leaves during the hot/dry season and remain comparatively inactive in the cool season. Trees are normally deciduous since they shed their leaves during the hot dry season to withstand excessive transpiration.

## Economy

Expectedly, the people of Ugboland are predominantly fishermen and salt-makers which make them depend very much on water and consequently their close attachment to water elements. The Ugbo people and their other Ilaje kinsmen are all over the world engaged in high seas as well as in shallow waters.

The Ugbo people are also into the timber trade. With the aid of the waterways, several logs of timber are ferried from the Ilaje and Ikale settlements through the lagoon route to the various sawmills situated along the water fronts of Ebute-Metta, Epe in Lagos State as well as Sapele in Delta State.

The amiable people of the Ilaje stock also engage themselves in other fishing-related activities such as the production of fish traps (Igere) with the raw materials solely from the raffia palms that are obtainable from palm trees that dot the entire landscape of Ugboland. The people are also into fishing net making as well as its repair.

The Ugbo-Ilaje use canoes in their several sizes, to transport people from one location to the other along the creeks and these are also used for buying and selling from one settlement to the other. Due to the industrious nature of the Ugbo people their trade, transportation and fishing activities go as far as Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Escravos, Bonny Island and other neighboring countries such as Cameroon, Gabon, Benin Republic, Togo, Ghana and up until Côte d'Ivoire.

Because of the availability and abundance of palm trees in their assorted forms, the Ugbo people, expectedly also engage in the distillation of alcoholic drinks. After production, the drinks are taken to other places such as the south-western and south-eastern parts of Nigeria where they are in high demand. This trade has really helped to boost the economy of the Ugbo people.

In addition to the occupations and economic activities listed above, there are numerous indigenes that are traders, tailors, barbers, hair-dressers, bricklayers, builders, drivers, drummers, musician, sailors, fishing trawler captains and engineers, ferry-captains/engineers and singers, herbalists, mechanics, diviners and fortune-tellers, hunters, blacksmiths, etc.

Unlike their forefathers who engaged in serious occupation of fishing, modern day Ugbo people are occupied with professions in the fields of banking, education, oil and gas, health, and so on. Several banks belonging to various generations are not in short supply in Ugboland. Oil and Gas installations abound in their numbers such as Chevron, Agip, express, Conoil etc. While schools and hospitals, both government and privately owned, dot the entire landscape of the kingdom.

Ugbo people are sociable and they enjoy relaxation in no small measure. Boat regatta is particularly cherished in Ugbo Kingdom.

## Settlements

The terrain of Ugbo broadly determines the kinds of settlements pattern as well as their predominant occupation which is fishing and salt-making. Accordingly, most towns and villages in Ugboland were operational fishing camps grown into large circuits. Also, many folklores myths and festivals celebrated by the people are associated with water, fishes, fishermen and the deep sea. The settlements of Ugboland are in three broad categories and could be itemised as:

1. Salt Water Area: this is by the coast of the sea and the settlement pattern here is linear. The sea shore is extensive and the people have a linear pattern of settlement along the coast.
2. Brackish Water Area: this is as you move away from the sea shore and approach the hinterland. The settlement pattern here is linear but broader than the salt water area.
3. Fresh Water Area: this is where the presence of vegetation is much more visible. More people settle in this zone making it more densely populated. Some call this area “Ilaje-Ugbo” i.e. “Ilaje of the forest” and it is usual to find Ugbo children learning the rudiments of swimming and fishing in this area.

The people of Ugboland as well as other Ilaje groups can be considered among the most migrating professionals in Africa and the West African coast in particular where they constantly look out for more amiable fishing areas. Due to their commitment to wholesale ocean fishing, they hold the ace as fishing experts in the coasts of Cameroon, Gabon, Benin Republic, Togo, Ghana up to Ivory Coast and beyond where they are the stock of the professional fishing groups.

Furthermore, in Nigeria, the people of Ugboland can be found as leaders of their trades in many fishing communities of Ogun State (Ode, Elefan, Makunetc), Lagos State (Badagry, Epe, Ajah, Ajegunle, Apapa, Ikorodu, Bariga, Makoko, Ijoraetc), Delta State (Ago-Kutu, Surulere, Agogboro, Costainetc). Large communities of Ugbo people can also be found in Rivers, Cross Rivers, Akwa-Ibom as well as in Lokoja, Shiroro and Kainji area, as well as other countries

The traditional ruler of Ugbo Kingdom is titled "Olugbo of Ugbo Kingdom" and the incumbent Olugbo of Ugbo Kingdom, Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan, is ranked by *Forbes* magazine as the 2nd richest king in Africa and the richest in Nigeria. He surpassed King Olubuse II, the Ooni of Ife, with $225 million and the billionaire King Mswati III of Eswatini by over $200 million to become Africa's second richest king in 2014.


title: Samah Safi Bayazid

abstract: Co-Founder of Light Art VR. Samah Safi Bayazid is a Jordanian filmmaker who lives in Washington DC-USA. She studied filmmaking and screenwriting at New York Film Academy.

text:
# Samah Safi Bayazid

Co-Founder of Light Art VR.

**Samah Safi Bayazid** is a Jordanian filmmaker who lives in Washington DC-USA. She studied filmmaking and screenwriting at New York Film Academy.

## Work

With her husband, director Muhammad Bayazid, she produced the first American drama series “Inspiration” that shows the morals of Muhammad through a dramatic plot. It went viral and got millions views on social media and TV platforms, it's been translated into 18 different languages and it won the best Creative project in ICDA Dubai Festival- 2016.

With her husband, Samah has directed many short films that have been critically acclaimed such as “Orshena”, “Fireplace” and “Telephone”.

Her film “Orshena”, a short film that addresses the refugees issue around the world and the hardship of losing their beloved ones has been officially selected for many international film festivals and won lately the Award of Excellence in Indie Film Festival in California- USA- 2016.

Her film “Fireplace”, a short film that addresses the issue of the children of war in Syria and around the world has been critically acclaimed as well and won lately an award for DAE Studio Film Festival in The United Kingdom and The Drama Award at Deep Cut Film Festival in Canada, both awards in 2017.

She is also known for other projects such as “Islamophobin” PSA that addresses the Islamphobia problem in the states, “Just like You” PSA that aims to empower Muslim women in the west, “Muhammad” Music video for the Sweden artist Maher Zain and many others.

Samah is also an advocate speaker who speaks for Muslims in the western media, women and youth empowerment and human justice. She was a guest speaker on different stages around the world like USA, UK, Turkey, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Samah gave a TEDx Talk in VA- USA in 2017, her talk was about building bridges between the east and the west and promoting love and mutual understanding between Muslims and people from other religions in the United States.

Since 2016, Samah Safi Bayazid and her husband Muhammad Bayazid sign their films which they direct together by “The Bayazids”.


title: Coprosma petriei

abstract: Coprosma petriei, commonly mirrorplant, is a mat-forming shrub native to New Zealand. It is a hardy wind pollinated plant that is 0.1 m (4 in) by 0.5 m (20 in). Seeds mature in August and the plants only produce either male or female seeds; they are not self-fertilizing.

text:
# Coprosma petriei

***Coprosma petriei***, commonly **mirrorplant**, is a mat-forming shrub native to New Zealand. It is a hardy wind pollinated plant that is 0.1 m (4 in) by 0.5 m (20 in). Seeds mature in August and the plants only produce either male or female seeds; they are not self-fertilizing.

## InfoBox

| *Coprosma petriei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Coprosma petriei* leaves | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Coprosma* |
| Species: | ***C. petriei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coprosma petriei***<br>Cheeseman, 1886 | |
|


title: Elvanpazarcık, Zonguldak

abstract: Elvanpazarcık is a town (belde) in the Zonguldak District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,789 (2022). It consists of 7 neighbourhoods: Cumhuriyet, Hayat, Elvan, Merkez, Tasmacı, Çalca and Celepcioğlu.

text:
# Elvanpazarcık, Zonguldak

**Elvanpazarcık** is a town (*belde*) in the Zonguldak District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,789 (2022). It consists of 7 neighbourhoods: Cumhuriyet, Hayat, Elvan, Merkez, Tasmacı, Çalca and Celepcioğlu.

## InfoBox

| Elvanpazarcık | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| ElvanpazarcıkLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°24′N 31°51′E / 41.400°N 31.850°E / 41.400; 31.850 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Zonguldak |
| District | Zonguldak |
| Population (2022) | 2,789 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Fan palm

abstract:
Fan palm as a descriptive term can refer to any of several different kinds of palms (Arecaceae) in various genera with leaves that are palmately lobed. Most are members of the subfamily Coryphoideae, though a few genera in subfamily Calamoideae also have palmate leaves. Fan palm genera include:
  - Bismarckia
  - Borassus
  - Coccothrinax
  - Copernicia
  - Hyphaene
  - Licuala
  - Pritchardia
  - Rhapidophyllum
  - Rhapis
  - Sabal
  - Thrinax
  - Trachycarpus
  - Trithrinax Fan palm can also be used as part of the common name of particular genera or species. Among the palms commonly known as fan palms are:
  - Chamaerops humilis
  - Hyphaene petersiana
  - Livistona
  - Washingtonia
  - Latania The travellers palm, Phenakospermum, white bird of paradise, and New Guinea fan palm are sometimes called fan palms, because of their leaves' distinctive shape; however none are members of the palm family (Arecaceae).

text:
# Fan palm

**Fan palm** as a descriptive term can refer to any of several different kinds of palms (Arecaceae) in various genera with leaves that are palmately lobed (rather than pinnately compound). Most are members of the subfamily Coryphoideae, though a few genera in subfamily Calamoideae (*Mauritia*, *Mauritiella* and *Lepidocaryum*) also have palmate leaves. Fan palm genera include:

**Fan palm** can also be used as part of the common name of particular genera or species. Among the palms commonly known as fan palms are:

The travellers palm (*Ravenala madagascariensis*), *Phenakospermum* (*P. guyannense*), white bird of paradise (*Strelitzia nicolai*), and New Guinea fan palm (*Cordyline fruticosa*) are sometimes called **fan palms,** because of their leaves' distinctive shape; however none are members of the palm family (Arecaceae).


title: Ross Horning

abstract: Ross Charles Horning Jr. was an American historian and baseball player. He played professional baseball in the minor leagues while completing his studies. Horning was a professor of Russian history at Creighton University.

text:
# Ross Horning

**Ross Charles Horning Jr.** (October 10, 1920 – April 1, 2005) was an American historian and baseball player. He played professional baseball in the minor leagues while completing his studies. Horning was a professor of Russian history at Creighton University.

## Early life

Horning was born in Watertown, South Dakota, to Ross Sr. and Harriet Horning. He had seven siblings. Horning attended Watertown High School, where he earned letters in basketball and football and was captain of the basketball team.

## Baseball career

In 1941, Horning made his professional baseball debut with the Sioux Falls Canaries of the Class D Western League. He returned to Sioux Falls, now in the Class C Northern League, in the 1942 season. During the season, he was sold to the Duluth Dukes of the Northern League for the money Sioux Falls needed to finance their next road trip. He objected to the trade because Sioux Falls would cover players' living expenses on the road trip, while Duluth was going to be starting a homestand, meaning Horning would need to find a place to rent. After spending a few weeks with Duluth, Horning enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps, leaving during the 1942 season. In March 1944, while he was still in the service, Horning's contract was transferred to the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League.

When he returned to baseball in 1946, Horning reported to spring training with Sacramento, but he was given his outright release in spite of the national law that permitted members of the armed services to reclaim their previous jobs after returning from war. Horning returned to the Canaries during the 1946 season. He played in the Northern League's all-star game. In 1947, he was traded from Sioux Falls to the Hutchinson Cubs of the Class C Western Association. Horning refused to report to Hutchinson, Kansas, due to his schooling at Augustana College in Sioux Falls. After holding out for a few weeks, Horning reported to Hutchinson, but also continued to pay his boarding costs in Sioux Falls. When Hutchinson tried to assign Horning to the Visalia Cubs of the Class C California League in 1948, he said that he would not report to the team until after he graduated in June. Instead, Horning was released.

Horning continued to play baseball as a semi-professional in Minnesota in 1948. He also played for the Quebec Braves of the Canadian–American League in 1949 and as player-manager for the Pierre Cowboys of the Basin League. In the meantime, Horning studied for his Doctor of Philosophy at George Washington University.

### Congressional testimony

In August 1951, Representative Emanuel Celler announced that he was calling Horning as a witness before the United States House Judiciary Committee to examine the anti-trust exemption granted to Major League Baseball (MLB). Celler entered the hearings believing that MLB needed laws to support the reserve clause. While star players, such as Lou Boudreau and Pee Wee Reese, indicated their support of the reserve clause. Horning described his experiences in baseball as more common for rank-and-file players and called for changing the reserve clause. Cy Block also testified regarding how the reserve clause limited his chances at playing in the major leagues. Celler's final report suggested that the U.S. Congress should take no action, allowing for the matter to be settled in the federal judiciary of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States upheld MLB's anti-trust exemption and the reserve clause in *Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc.* in 1953.

## Academic career

After Horning completed his Bachelor of Arts at Augustana College in 1948, he enrolled at George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs and studied for a Master of Arts in foreign affairs, which he earned in 1952. Horning began to pursue a Doctor of Philosophy in Russian history, international law, and European and American diplomacy. Horning completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree in October 1958 and became a professor at Wisconsin State College at Eau Claire that year. He also served as an assistant coach for their baseball team.

In September 1959, Horning became a faculty member of the history department at Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota. He also served as the head coach for their baseball in 1960, leaving the position in 1961. In 1961, he was a visiting professor at the University of Ottawa. Horning became a professor of Russian history and international diplomacy at Creighton University in 1964. In 1967, he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to spend two months studying in India. Horning was an unsuccessful candidate for a position on the University of Nebraska system's board of regents in 1970. In 1981, Horning won the Distinguished Faculty-Service Award from Creighton.

After his death, the Department of History at Creighton University launched the Annual Ross Horning Lecture in his honor. Speakers have included Chuck Hagel, George McGovern, Eric Schlosser, Margaret MacMillan, and Scott Simon.

## Personal life

His mother, Harriet Horning, was state auditor of South Dakota from 1959 to 1960. His brother, Bill, was a college baseball coach and worked in Creighton's athletic department. In 1980, Horning ran unsuccessfully to be Nebraska's member on the Democratic National Committee.

Horning married Maxine (née Spath), who was a classmate at Augustana College, on February 26, 1949. Horning died on April 1, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Ross Horning | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1920-10-10)October 10, 1920
Watertown, South Dakota, US |
| Died | April 1, 2005(2005-04-01) (aged 84)
Omaha, Nebraska, US |
| Awards | Fulbright scholarship |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Academic work | |
| Sub-discipline | Russian history |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: DEDI

abstract: DEDI is the first online encyclopedia of the natural and cultural heritage of Slovenia. It was set up in 2010 as a publicly accessible web site, allowing users to browse articles on immovable cultural heritage, movable cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage and natural heritage. The Triglav Lakes Valley, Žiče Charterhouse as well as the linden tree in Vrba and the short story Martin Krpan from Vrh from the advanced dediteka are some of the highlights of DEDI. Many Slovene heritage objects were previously found in a variety of different registries and inventories, fragmented, difficult to access or not digitised. DEDI web application aims to provide a single, integrated access point to all types of Slovene heritage, presented in the form of texts, photos, audio and video recordings and an interactive map. The goal was to create an open system where data could be easily inserted, various objects combined into virtual expeditions or data re-used through Europeana, Sharable Content Object Reference Model and other web sites. The DEDI web application was implemented by an interdisciplinary consortium of technological and content experts; XLAB – coordinator, Sinergise, Hruška, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Geodetic Institute of Slovenia, National and University Library of Slovenia, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute and University of Ljubljana. The first object descriptions and multimedia material were provided by experts from different fields while the general public has been encouraged to contribute their own material and enrich the existing content. The prototype was launched in February, 2010, giving access to more than 300 digital objects. Its use has reached up to 90,000 sessions per year, with over 450 entries of natural and cultural heritage sites.

text:
# DEDI

**DEDI** is the first online encyclopedia of the natural and cultural heritage of Slovenia. It was set up in 2010 as a publicly accessible web site, allowing users to browse articles on immovable cultural heritage, movable cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage and natural heritage. The Triglav Lakes Valley, Žiče Charterhouse as well as the linden tree in Vrba and the short story Martin Krpan from Vrh from the advanced dediteka are some of the highlights of DEDI.

Many Slovene heritage objects were previously found in a variety of different registries and inventories, fragmented, difficult to access or not digitised. DEDI web application aims to provide a single, integrated access point to all types of Slovene heritage, presented in the form of texts, photos, audio and video recordings and an interactive map. The goal was to create an open system where data could be easily inserted, various objects combined into virtual expeditions or data re-used through Europeana, Sharable Content Object Reference Model and other web sites.

The DEDI web application was implemented by an interdisciplinary consortium of technological and content experts; XLAB – coordinator, Sinergise, Hruška, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Geodetic Institute of Slovenia, National and University Library of Slovenia, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute and University of Ljubljana. The first object descriptions and multimedia material were provided by experts from different fields while the general public has been encouraged to contribute their own material and enrich the existing content.

The prototype was launched in February, 2010, giving access to more than 300 digital objects. Its use has reached up to 90,000 sessions per year, with over 450 entries of natural and cultural heritage sites.


title: Sam Hulbert

abstract: Samuel Foster Hulbert was an American scientist working in Ceramics Science and Biomaterials. He carried out biomaterial work in artificial knees, hips, and dental prostheses. He served as president of Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology for 28 years. He was born at Adams Center, New York.

text:
# Sam Hulbert

**Samuel Foster Hulbert** (April 12, 1936 – January 29, 2016) was an American scientist working in Ceramics Science and Biomaterials. He carried out biomaterial work in artificial knees, hips, and dental prostheses. He served as president of Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology for 28 years. He was born at Adams Center, New York.

## Early life

Hulbert grew up in Adams Center New York, where he spent most of his time in extracurricular activities and helping out on his family's milk delivery business. Hulbert described helping the milk delivery business as difficult and busy. In part due to his enjoyment of being active and as an effort to cope, he engaged in a wide variety of school activities including: baseball, football, and basketball and believed that it increased his knowledge about how to interact with others and his confidence. Hulbert's passion for sports even led him to try out for the Philadelphia Phillies; the try out ended with his receiving a concussion as result of a lack of protection and a hit from a professional pitcher. While he was grateful for his family, he felt driven to set his own course away from the strenuous life style he grew up with and thus wanted to pursue higher education. He was influenced to go to Alfred University by his chemistry teacher, Lyle Cady, who showed him the campus and helped convince his parents to let him go there.

## Education

Hulbert earned a B.S. in Ceramic Engineering in 1958 and a Ph.D. in Ceramic Science in 1964 both from Alfred University

## Career

Hulbert joined the faculty of Clemson University in 1964, eventually becoming the Associate Dean for Engineering Research and Interdisciplinary Studies in 1970. During his time at Clemson, he along with C. Clifford Fain and Michael J. Eitel, was given a grant by the Environmental Protection Agency to investigate the viability of water disposable/biodegradable glass and conducted a multiple year study that culminated in a report made to the EPA in 1971. 1973 he joined Tulane University as the Dean of Engineering. While at Tulane, Hulbert helped create their biomedical engineering program.

Hulbert was President of Rose-Hulman, situated in Terre Haute, Indiana, from 1976 to 2004, also teaching bioengineering classes. During this period, student enrollment doubled, $90 million in new buildings were constructed, the endowment increased to $180 million, and the school became co-educational. A campaign raised $250 million. Rose-Hulman was ranked at the top of the U.S. News & World Report rankings of undergraduate engineering programs whose highest degree is a Bachelor's or Master's.

He also became President of the Association of Independent Technological Universities, Chairman of the Second World Congress on Biomaterials, and Chairman of the 3rd International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, and founded the Society for Biomaterials.

## Awards

* 1973 Clemson Special Award
* 1996 Indiana Health Industry Forum Lifetime Achievement Award
* 1998 Ernst & Young Supporter of Entrepreneurship Award
* 1998 C. Williams Award from the Society of Biomaterials
* 1999 George Winters Award from the European Society for Biomaterials
* 2001 Founders Award from the Society for Biomaterials

Hulbert was a member of the Indiana Academy, the International Academy of Ceramics, a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and a fellow of biomaterials science and engineering from the World Biomaterials Congress.

## Family

Hulbert married Joy E. Husband 1960; they have three children: Greg (b. 1961); Samantha (b. 1962); Jeff (b. 1968) and ten grandchildren.


title: Scopula ambigua

abstract: Scopula ambigua is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Prout in 1935. It is endemic to China.

text:
# Scopula ambigua

***Scopula ambigua*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Prout in 1935. It is endemic to China.

## InfoBox

| *Scopula ambigua* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Scopula* |
| Species: | ***S. ambigua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scopula ambigua***<br>Prout, 1935 | |
|


title: Rainforest (novel)

abstract: Rainforest is a 1987 novel by Jenny Diski about a young female English academic whose ambitions are to lead a sane and sensible life and to contribute to humankind's understanding of the natural world but who eventually has a mental breakdown when faced with too many people surrounding her who, driven by desire and lust, behave irrationally, indifferently, and irresponsibly towards her, each other, society, and the planet. Rainforest is set in London and Borneo. Diski says that because of her arachnophobia she wrote the novel "based entirely on textbooks and three trips to Kew Gardens' tropical houses". James Hopkin called the novel a possible contemporary example of "texts in which the ecocritical aspect has been overlooked".

text:
# Rainforest (novel)

***Rainforest*** is a 1987 novel by Jenny Diski about a young female English academic whose ambitions are to lead a sane and sensible life and to contribute to humankind's understanding of the natural world but who eventually has a mental breakdown when faced with too many people surrounding her who, driven by desire and lust, behave irrationally, indifferently, and irresponsibly towards her, each other, society, and the planet.

*Rainforest* is set in London and Borneo. Diski says that because of her arachnophobia she wrote the novel "based entirely on textbooks and three trips to Kew Gardens' tropical houses".

James Hopkin called the novel a possible contemporary example of "texts in which the ecocritical aspect has been overlooked".

## Plot summary

Mo Singleton grows up in rural Sussex as the only child of John Singleton, a scientist and university lecturer, and Marjorie, a housewife. When Mo is still quite young, her father confides in her by telling her that he is betraying his incompetent and simplistic wife with a colleague at the university. Up to her father's premature death at 45 and beyond, Mo is able to keep their secret without once meeting her father's lover.

Following in his footsteps, Mo studies biology and moves to London, where she gets a job at a university. She enjoys teaching first-year students, especially challenging their faulty assumptions about nature and explaining to them what man's role in the big cycle of things really is. She visits her widowed mother in the country every once in a while and spends pleasant weekends with her, has a satisfactory relationship with her boyfriend Luke, a biochemist, and has started making plans for, and is very much looking forward to, her research project which will take her to an isolated spot in the tropical rainforest that covers large parts of the island of Borneo.

When, shortly before her departure, she meets Joe Yates, who has been hired as her replacement for the six-month period she will be gone, Mo is both appalled and attracted by his directness but rejects his overt sexual advances as well as his fatalistic philosophy of life. In Borneo, she behaves very professionally, fervently believing that through her academic work she will increase the sum total of human knowledge about the tropical rainforest.

Her mental breakdown is already looming but Mo is not yet aware of it. Her mind starts deteriorating rapidly when in the middle of her stay in Borneo, Joe Yates pays her a surprise visit. Questioning the validity and relevance of her findings, he eventually succeeds in seducing herthey have wild, unbridled sex in the wildernessonly to tell her afterwards that he is only passing through and his current girlfriend, one of his students, is actually waiting for him in the nearest town. Mo has to be flown back to England and is institutionalized. News of her beloved colleague Liam deserting his wife and young children for a first-year student only makes matters worse.

After her recovery, Mo gives up her academic career and becomes a cleaning lady, working to a fixed schedule and enjoying "the detail and planning involved." She sees a psychiatrist once a week and still has the occasional nightmare about the rainforest.

## InfoBox

Rainforest
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jenny Diski |
| Publisher | Penguin Books |
| Publication date | 1987 |


title: Bushwick Inlet Park

abstract: Bushwick Inlet Park is a public park in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. The park currently consists of two non-contiguous sections along the East River and is eventually planned to reach into Greenpoint at Quay Street. The park is named for the nearby Bushwick Inlet, which it is planned to encompass upon completion. Bushwick Inlet was originally at the mouth of Bushwick Creek, which was fed by two tributaries in Williamsburg. The site of the present-day park was used by manufacturing businesses in the mid-19th century, especially the Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal. By the late 19th century, Bushwick Creek had been used as a sewage outflow from the surrounding area. The creek itself was infilled through various stages, and the infill operations were completed by 1913. Plans for Bushwick Inlet Park were devised in 2005, during the rezoning of a 175-block area in Greenpoint and Williamsburg. However, acquisition of the land took several years and cost tens of millions of dollars. The city was able to complete the purchase of the land for the proposed park in 2016, after years of negotiations. The park has opened in stages, beginning with a series of soccer and football fields, which opened in 2010, and a community center, which opened in 2013. The community center, which also houses offices for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, includes features intended to be environmentally sustainable, such as a sloping green roof, solar panels, and geothermal heating. In 2022, an elevated lawn opened on the site of a former pop-up park between North 11th and North 12th Streets.

text:
# Bushwick Inlet Park

**Bushwick Inlet Park** is a public park in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. The park currently consists of two non-contiguous sections along the East River and is eventually planned to reach into Greenpoint at Quay Street. The park is named for the nearby Bushwick Inlet, which it is planned to encompass upon completion.

Bushwick Inlet was originally at the mouth of Bushwick Creek, which was fed by two tributaries in Williamsburg. The site of the present-day park was used by manufacturing businesses in the mid-19th century, especially the Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal. By the late 19th century, Bushwick Creek had been used as a sewage outflow from the surrounding area. The creek itself was infilled through various stages, and the infill operations were completed by 1913. Plans for Bushwick Inlet Park were devised in 2005, during the rezoning of a 175-block area in Greenpoint and Williamsburg. However, acquisition of the land took several years and cost tens of millions of dollars. The city was able to complete the purchase of the land for the proposed park in 2016, after years of negotiations.

The park has opened in stages, beginning with a series of soccer and football fields, which opened in 2010, and a community center, which opened in 2013. The community center, which also houses offices for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, includes features intended to be environmentally sustainable, such as a sloping green roof, solar panels, and geothermal heating. In 2022, an elevated lawn opened on the site of a former pop-up park between North 11th and North 12th Streets.

## Geography

Bushwick Inlet Park was named after the inlet of the same name, which stretches 1,000 feet (300 m) southeast of the East River shoreline. Bushwick Inlet, was originally at the mouth of *Bushwick Creek*, which provided it with two sources. One tributary extended to the present-day site of McCarren Park, while the other extended slightly south of that point. According to an 1854 account from the *Brooklyn Eagle*, the main tributary to McCarren Park formed the boundary between Williamsburg and Greenpoint. The branch leading to McCarren Park was once a marsh, but has since been filled in.

## History

### Early development

Dutch settlers acquired the present-day site of Bushwick Inlet Park from the Lenape in 1638. Seven years later, a married couple, Dirck Volkertsen de Noorman and Christina Vigne, started the area's first farm along the creek. The Noorman farm was believed to have been at the present-day intersection of Franklin and Calyer Streets, two blocks north of Bushwick Inlet. At the time, Bushwick Inlet was unofficially referred to as "Noorman's Kil" during its early years; that name is retained by a bar in Williamsburg. Later, the creek was renamed after the nearby town of Bushwick, to the east of Williamsburg. The town, in turn, was named for the Dutch *Boswijck*, which translated to "little town in the woods" or "heavy woods".

The first bridge over Bushwick Inlet was built by Neziah Bliss, who also developed much of Greenpoint, in 1838. The bridge connected First Street in Williamsburg (present-day Kent Avenue) with Franklin Street in Greenpoint. By the mid-19th century, the area had become largely industrial, and buildings were erected around Bushwick Inlet's mouth. Charles Pratt founded the Astral Oil Works factory at the mouth of Bushwick Inlet in 1857. The former site of Astral Oil Works was later developed as the location of the Bayside Fuel Oil depot. The *USS Monitor* was built in the Continental Iron Works at Bushwick Inlet, and it was launched in October 1861. Subsequently, *Monitor* fought against the *CSS Virginia* in the Battle of Hampton Roads during the American Civil War. Ship manufacturing at Bushwick Creek had largely dwindled by 1889.

As early as 1854, there were proposals to convert Bushwick Creek into either a sewer or a canal. The bridge over the creek was replaced in 1869. A proposal to fill in Bushwick Creek, and replace it with a park, was brought forward in 1896. By then, the creek was being used as an outflow point for the surrounding area's sewage system. Property owners initially objected to the sewer because they would have to pay for it, even though the stench from Bushwick Creek's standing water permeated nearby properties. Covering the creek was seen as a way to mitigate these smells. Part of Bushwick Creek was filled in soon afterward.

The wetlands of Franklin Street and Kent Avenue were gradually infilled beginning in the 19th century. In 1905, a 42-acre (17 ha) section of the former marshlands was ceded to McCarren Park. The infill operation was completed by 1913. The bridge connecting Franklin Street and Kent Avenue was demolished, and the marsh in McCarren Park was filled in. During Prohibition in the 1920s, when the consumption of alcoholic beverages was banned, the remaining part of Bushwick Inlet was used as a route to smuggle alcohol.

### Conversion into park

By the early 2000s, there were plans to develop the Williamsburg and Greenpoint waterfront. However, the city also required more electricity at the time, and a 1,100 megawatts (1,500,000 hp) power plant was being proposed for the Bayside Oil site. At the same time, the Greenpoint Monitor Museum was looking for funding to build a park and museum commemorating the *USS Monitor*. The museum would be at the former Continental Iron Works site on the northern shore of Bushwick Inlet. In 2003, the museum acquired one acre of parkland around Bushwick Inlet. The museum received $600,000 in funding in 2015, which was derived from a $19.2 settlement paid out as part of the cleanup of the Greenpoint oil spill in nearby Newtown Creek.

In 2005, a 175-block area in Greenpoint and Williamsburg was rezoned under a plan approved by the administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg. As a condition of the rezoning plan, the city promised to build a 28-acre (11 ha) public park around Bushwick Inlet, to be operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. This would be part of a combined system of waterfront parks in the two neighborhoods, with a total combined area of 54 acres (22 ha). The park would cost of $80 to $90 million. A shoreline esplanade between Newtown Creek and East River State Park would pass through the park and run around the inlet. The park would also contain a shared pedestrian and bicycle path. Under the 2005 rezoning plan, the park's programming would include a kayak launch, piers, and fishing areas, as well as the Monitor Museum on the northern side of the park. A subsequent plan in 2006 also called for the construction of athletic fields, a pedestrian-bike bridge, and a wildlife habitat. The original plans for the park included an Olympic-size swimming pool in or near Bushwick Inlet Park. There was also supposed to be a large central lawn near North 12th Street, a restaurant terrace near North 10th Street, and a scenic overlook at Bushwick Inlet. A boat launch would have been south of the Monitor Museum at Quay Street, leading into the inlet. In the northern portion of the park, along the north shore of Bushwick Inlet, there was to be a beach. Entrances would have been at North 9th and North 12th Streets, and a comfort station would have been at 9th Street.

In 2007, the city acquired two parcels for Bushwick Inlet Park west of Kent Avenue between North 7th and North 10th Streets, seizing the properties for public use through the process of eminent domain, and used it to create the first 11-acre (4.5 ha) part of the park. Over the next several years, plans for developing the park stalled. The largest impediment to developing the park was an 11-acre parcel occupied by a warehouse for the company CitiStorage, which was in the middle of the proposed parkland. The city had spent $95 million to acquire just the initial 8.7-acre (3.5 ha) plot of land for Bushwick Inlet Park; this amounted to about $10.9 million per acre. Another 2.5-acre (1.0 ha) parcel was purchased for $30 million. CitiStorage's owner, Norman Brodsky, was asking for a similar per-acre price for his land, which he had purchased in the 1990s for $5 million. Brodsky did not necessarily oppose the construction of Bushwick Inlet Park, but wanted to profit from the potential increases in land value that the construction of the park would provide. *The New York Times* estimated that at this rate, it would cost $120 million to acquire the CitiStorage parcel, and NYC Parks was not willing to pay this much. Brodsky later raised his sale price to a half-billion dollars. Moreover, the Monitor Museum would not cede its acre of land to the city.

Two park facilities were constructed starting in 2009. The soccer and football fields opened in summer 2010, and the community center opened three years later in October 2013. By 2015, the soccer and football fields and the community center were the only parts of the park that had been built. The construction of these two facilities cost $25.8 million, in addition to the $150 million cost of acquiring the land under these facilities. The rest of the proposed parkland that had already been purchased lay unused and was used as an illegal dumping space, while negotiations to purchase the rest of the park's land progressed. In April 2014, the city purchased a plot from gas an oil company Motiva Enterprises for $4.65 million. That December, the city allocated $4.6 million toward the cleanup of the Bushwick Inlet site for future conversion to parkland.

### Acquisition of final land plots

In January 2015, the CitiStorage warehouse suffered severe fire damage. After the fire, advocates again pushed the city to create a park on the site, and residents petitioned for the park to be completed. Initially, Mayor Bill de Blasio did not include the completion of Bushwick Inlet Park in his long-range plans for the city, but he ultimately acquiesced and made plans to purchase the remaining parcels after protests from activists. To date, the cost of acquiring land for Bushwick Inlet Park had reached $225 million. This was more than the entire cost for the High Line elevated park in Manhattan, and it was almost the same amount as the cost for Hudson River Park, also in Manhattan. Politicians proposed to cover the park's increasing price tag by levying property taxes on nearby developments. The city announced in 2015 that it had made tentative agreement with Bayside Fuel to purchase its 7-acre (2.8 ha) parcel. In March 2016, the city bought the Bayside Fuel plot for $53 million. De Blasio stated that he would not allow the land to be rezoned for residential use.

Meanwhile, negotiations with CitiStorage's owner Brodsky continued for over a year after the warehouse burned down. New York City Council members Joe Lentol and Steve Levin, who respectively represented Williamsburg and Greenpoint, acted as mediators between the city and Brodsky, who could not agree upon a final sale price. Levin stated that he would block any proposed rezoning of the CitiStorage site, because he intended for that site to become part of the completed Bushwick Inlet Park. Other politicians representing the area, including U.S. representative Carolyn Maloney, Brooklyn borough president Eric Adams, New York City public advocate Letitia James, and New York state senator Daniel Squadron also advocated for the park. Maloney stated that the city should forcibly acquire Brodsky's land through eminent domain. The ensuing discussions between Brodsky and the city brought the value of the land into question. According to *Crain's New York* magazine, real estate experts stated that a low estimate for the value of CitiStorage's land would be between $120 million and $180 million, while Brodsky himself was asking for up to $325 million for the land.

In July 2016, activists including U.S. representative Maloney held a "sleep-in" protest on the site of the CitiStorage lot, in an effort to convince the city into purchasing the CitiStorage land. Activists continued to hold protests and rallies to draw government officials' attention to the park proposal. In addition to the sleep-in protest, they also organized in kayaks and canoes, and held a mock funeral for the park. In November 2016, eleven years after Bushwick Inlet Park was first proposed, Brodsky and the city finally came to an agreement, and the city purchased the 11-acre CitiStorage site for $160 million. The city now had possession of all of the land for Bushwick Inlet Park, except for the Monitor Museum plot. Ultimately, the New York City government had spent $350 million on land acquisition for Bushwick Inlet Park, excluding the $25.8 million spent on developing the soccer and football fields and the community center.

### Completion of park

In 2016, a proposal for the ten Bayside Oil tanks on the site, entitled "Maker Park", was unveiled. The Maker Park plan would convert the oil tankers into attractions such as a theater and hanging gardens. It directly conflicted with the original plan for Bushwick Inlet Park, which would see the tankers demolished. The city stated that the oil tankers were heavily polluted, and that the site needed to be cleaned before it could be repurposed into a park. The Maker Park plan, rebranded as the Tanks at Bushwick Inlet Park, was ultimately declined, and the city started demolishing the tanks in late 2019.

In October 2017, the city allocated $17.5 million to develop the rest of Bushwick Inlet Park. The Bushwick Inlet Popup Park, a temporary public space between North 11th and North 12th Streets, opened in May 2018 and operated during the summer. The pop-up park consisted of a 1.8-acre (0.73 ha) lawn. A permanent design for the popup park, to cost $7.7 million, was approved in late 2018. The permanent replacement for the popup opened on weekends starting in April 2022, and it began operating on weekdays in June 2022.

In mid-2020, Brooklyn Community Board 1 approved Abel Bainnson Butz's design for parkland along the inlet. This plot occupies the former Motiva site on Kent Avenue between Quay and North 14th Streets. A previous design for that site had been declined because it had included too many paths. By January 2021, the Motiva plot was still in planning, but construction was proposed to start later in 2021. At the end of that year, the city government announced it would spend $75 million to demolish the CitiStorage warehouse and construct the park's next phase on that site. NYC Parks began redeveloping the Motiva site in March 2024, at which point that project was slated to be complete in 2026. The Motiva site was expected to cost $9.8 million to redevelop. When complete, it would include a beach, boulders, bike lanes, and paths. Work on clearing the CitiStorage site began in mid-2024 and was to be complete by the end of the year.

## Description

Map of current and future park site

Bushwick Inlet Park is part of a planned shoreline park area along Greenpoint and Williamsburg's industrial riverfront, which would stretch continuously from Newtown Creek to East River State Park at North Seventh Street. A 3.5-acre (1.4 ha) section of Bushwick Inlet Park between North 9th and North 10th Streets is open to the public. This section contains playing fields for soccer and American football, as well as playground and restrooms. The park also contains a community center building, which also houses administrative offices. The administrative offices occupy the northern section of the building, facing the East River to the west, while the community center occupies the southern section, facing Kent Avenue to the east. The community center is operated by the Open Space Alliance, a nonprofit organization. Both facilities are on the former site of a parking lot for car rentals.

A 1.89-acre (0.76 ha) northern section of the park, between North 11th and North 12th Street, opened to the public in 2022. It includes benches, paths, and an artificial hill with a elevated lawn. In addition, this section contains several thousand plantings, some stone seating, and a small water playground.

To the north, along the inlet, is a 1.9-acre (0.77 ha) section that would include a shoreline with a beach and kayak launch. The inlet contains plants such as *Ailanthus*, *Morus,* and a number of invasive or non-native plants, which support the local wildlife. At least one group has also proposed adding a sanctuary for feral cats within the park. As part of the original plan for Bushwick Inlet Park, there would have been a lookout boardwalk along the shore of Bushwick Inlet.

East River State Park, which is separately administered by the New York state government, is directly south of Bushwick Inlet Park, on the former Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal site. Both parks are close to the NYC Ferry system's North Williamsburg pier at North 6th Street.

### Environmental features

The roof of the 13,300-square-foot (1,240 m2) community center, designed by Kiss + Cathcart, contains a public landscape looking out to the East River and the Manhattan skyline. The new building adds venues for both community programs and park operations. The building is covered by a green roof that is accessible to the public. The roof slopes down to ground level on the western side of the building, facing the East River. A meandering path up the grassy slope serves a series of activity areas, and the top of the building contains a shaded overlook.

When it opened in 2013, the building had the highest percentage of on-site solar energy generation, green roof irrigation entirely from rainfall and reclaimed water, and zero stormwater discharge to the combined sewer. The building reduces energy consumption by using systems such as geothermal heat pumps. A 66-kilowatt photovoltaic array is atop the shade structure along Kent Avenue, and was designed to generate half of the building's annual energy usage. Although the building is under a hill, all public interior spaces are lit by skylights. In 2014, the Bushwick Inlet Park Community Center was listed on the American Institute of Architects' list of top ten sites for sustainable architecture.

## InfoBox

| Bushwick Inlet Park | |
| --- | --- |
| (2013) | |
|  | |
| Type | Urban park |
| Location | North 9th Street and Kent Avenue
Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City 11249
United States |
| Coordinates | 40°43′20″N 73°57′41″W / 40.7223°N 73.9613°W / 40.7223; -73.9613 |
| Area | 8.7 acres (3.5 ha) |
| Operated by | New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |
| Open | All year |
| Website | www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bushwick-inlet-park/ |


title: Coprosma rigida

abstract: Coprosma rigida, is a shrub that is native to New Zealand. C. rigida grows to 4 metres high and is found in shady, damp forest areas with poor drainage. Typical habitat for it is on river banks and forest edges. Coprosma rigida produces yellow fruit.

text:
# Coprosma rigida

***Coprosma rigida***, is a shrub that is native to New Zealand. *C. rigida* grows to 4 metres high and is found in shady, damp forest areas with poor drainage. Typical habitat for it is on river banks and forest edges.

*Coprosma rigida* produces yellow fruit.

## InfoBox

| *Coprosma rigida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Coprosma* |
| Species: | ***C. rigida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coprosma rigida***<br>Cheeseman, 1887 | |
|


title: Trichepectasis rufescens

abstract: Trichepectasis rufescens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Trichepectasis. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940.

text:
# Trichepectasis rufescens

***Trichepectasis rufescens*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Trichepectasis***. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940.

## InfoBox

| *Trichepectasis rufescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Trichepectasis*** |
| Species: | ***T. rufescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichepectasis rufescens***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|


title: Faroese Sheepdog

abstract: The Faroese Sheepdog is a breed of dog from the Faroe Islands, rather described as a landrace than a modern breed. It may be related to the Icelandic Sheepdog.

text:
# Faroese Sheepdog

The **Faroese Sheepdog** is a breed of dog from the Faroe Islands, rather described as a landrace than a modern breed. It may be related to the Icelandic Sheepdog.

## Appearance

The Faroese Sheepdog looks a lot like the Border Collie.

## Behaviour

The Faroese Sheepdog catches a sheep by a foreleg or the shoulder and holds it until it has been brought to the ground. They are trained not to bark while the sheep are being collected. They can also find and dig out sheep that get buried in the snow. The Faroese dog is also an efficient guard and watch dog.

## History

The breed's ancestors were Norse dogs that crossed with indigenous local dogs (which were probably originally brought there by Irish and Scottish monks). In addition, Collie type dogs (especially Border Collies) had a great influence on the development of the breed.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Faroese Sheepdog | |
| --- | --- |
| Faroese Sheepdog | |
| Origin | Faroese Islands |
| Dog (domestic dog) | |