title: Castle of Mey

abstract: The Castle of Mey is located in Caithness, on the north coast of Scotland, about 6 miles (10 km) west of John o' Groats. In fine weather there are views from the castle north to the Orkney Islands.

text:
# Castle of Mey

The **Castle of Mey** (also known for a time as **Barrogill Castle**) is located in Caithness, on the north coast of Scotland, about 6 miles (10 km) west of John o' Groats. In fine weather there are views from the castle north to the Orkney Islands.

## History

The lands of Mey belonged to the Bishops of Caithness. The Castle of Mey was built between 1566 and 1572, possibly on the site of an earlier fortification, by George Sinclair, 4th Earl of Caithness. According to a February 2019 report:

> "The castle was probably built between 1566 and 1572 by George Sinclair, 4th Earl of Caithness \[and\] includes a dominating tower with a series of tall ranges to the side and rear creating a three-sided courtyard open to the north and the sea."

Originally a Z-plan tower house of three storeys, it had a projecting wing at the south-east, and a square tower at the north-west. The castle passed to Lord Caithness's younger son William, founder of the Sinclairs of Mey, although it later became the seat of the earls. The castle's name was changed to Barrogill, and the structure was extended several times, in the 17th and 18th centuries, and again in 1821 when Tudor Gothic style alterations were made, to designs by William Burn. Barrogill passed out of the Sinclair family in 1889, on the death of George Sinclair, 15th Earl of Caithness, when it passed to F. G. Heathcote (Sinclair). In 1929 it was bought by Captain Frederic Bouhier Imbert-Terry.

The castle was used as an officers' rest home during the Second World War, and in 1950 the estate farms were sold off. By that time, only the tower was habitable.

### Royal residence

Barrogill Castle was in a semi-derelict state when, in 1952, the estate was bought by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, the widow of George VI, who had died earlier that year.

The Queen Mother set about restoring the castle for use as a holiday home, removing some of the 19th-century additions, and reinstated the castle's original name. As part of the restoration, the castle was for the first time supplied with electricity and water.

Other work done in 1953–1954 included making the castle weathertight and habitable, as well as painting and plastering. The castle interior was also refurbished over the next few years. The west wing restoration was not completed until 1960.

The Queen Mother hung several portraits of the previous owners, the Earls of Caithness, around the castle. She regularly visited it in August and October from 1955 until her death in March 2002; the last visit was in October 2001.

In July 1996, the Queen Mother made the property, the policies and the farm over to the Queen Elizabeth Castle of Mey Trust, which has opened the castle and garden to the public regularly since her death. It is now open seven days a week from 1 May until 30 September each year, with a closed period of ten days at the end of July and the beginning of August, when King Charles III and Queen Camilla usually stay at Mey. The Trust opened a new Visitor Centre in early 2007, and the visitor numbers for that year topped 29,000.

### The Castle of Mey Trust

The Castle of Mey Trust was established by a Deed of Trust executed on 11 June 1996. Its president was the then Prince of Wales. The Trust would manage the property; its mandate was "to secure the future of the building, advance historical and architectural education, to develop the native breeds of Aberdeen Angus and Cheviot sheep and to undertake projects for the benefit of the local community", according to one report. After 2002, the Trust opened the castle for five months each summer to generate revenue that would sustain the property. In 2018, nearly 30,000 visits were recorded.

As of March 2014, the Trustees included former royal equerry Ashe Windham (chairman), Malcolm Sinclair, 20th Earl of Caithness, John Thurso, 3rd Viscount Thurso, and Sir Ian David Grant. There are also a number of Honorary Patrons associated with the trust: Lady Elizabeth Anson, Ken Bruce, Susan Hampshire, Kirsty King, Khalid bin Mahfouz, and Alan Titchmarsh (who is noted as being the first Honorary Patron). The trust together with the Friends and Patrons helped to maintain and promote the castle and all fundraising events.

Maintenance work completed by the Trust in 2018, including roof repairs, rewiring of the interior and lime harling of the exterior.

#### New stewardship

On 1 January 2019, stewardship of the Trust passed to The Prince's Foundation. The president of the Foundation is Charles III. Since 1 January 2019, he has been not only the president of the Castle of Mey Trust but also its sole Trustee, through the Foundation. The Foundation stated its intention to retain the Trust's goals:

> "...the preservation of buildings and monuments; the promotion of historical and architectural education; the preservation of the Aberdeen Angus breed of cattle, and the championing of wider benefits to the community, while the Duke of Rothesay and The Prince's Foundation is certain to make the continuation of his grandmother’s legacy a priority."

#### The Granary Lodge bed and breakfast

In early May 2019, the Prince of Wales (now Charles III) formally opened a new building, Granary Lodge, as a 10-bedroom bed and breakfast on the castle grounds. This building combined the previous stables and granary. During the planning stages, it was decided to have "eco-heating" and to use local materials and craftsmen where possible.

Granary Lodge is one of the first ventures under the stewardship of The Prince's Foundation. The business is owned and operated by the Trust and planned to accept guests starting on 15 May 2019. Profits will go to maintaining and operating the estate as a tourist destination.

#### Public use

In January 2023, it was reported that the castle tearoom would be open to the public every Tuesday until March as a warming centre, an initiative by the Prince's Foundation.

The ruins of Barrogill Castle are the scene of a black mass in the Nick Carter-Killmaster series novel *Spy Castle* (1966).

The Queen Mother's purchase of the castle is featured in the Netflix show *The Crown* (episode 8 of the first season, "Pride & Joy").

## Further reading

* McCann, N. (2008), The Castle and Gardens of Mey, The Queen Elizabeth Castle of Mey Trust, ISBN 978-0-85101-891-1.

## InfoBox

| Castle of Mey | |
| --- | --- |
| Castle of Mey (2014) | |
| Location of Castle of Mey in Caithness | |
| Former names | Barrogill Castle |
| General information | |
| Country | Scotland |
| Coordinates | 58°38′49″N 3°13′29″W / 58.64708°N 3.22479°W / 58.64708; -3.22479 |
| Construction started | 1566 |
| Completed | 1572 |
| Renovated | 1950s |
| Owner | Castle of Mey Trust |


title: Short-haul flight ban

abstract: A short-haul flight ban is a prohibition imposed by governments on airlines to establish and maintain a flight connection over a certain distance, or by organisations or companies on their employees for business travel using existing flight connections over a certain distance, in order to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation. In the 21st century, several governments, organisations and companies have imposed restrictions and even prohibitions on short-haul flights, stimulating or pressuring travellers to opt for more environmentally friendly means of transportation, especially trains. A portion of air travelers in short-haul routes connect to other flights at their destination. A blanket ban would have a significant impact on these travelers, as inadequate rail connectivity between airports and main railway hubs of cities generally result in longer overall travel times and disruption to travellers overall.

text:
# Short-haul flight ban

A **short-haul flight ban** is a prohibition imposed by governments on airlines to establish and maintain a flight connection over a certain distance, or by organisations or companies on their employees for business travel using existing flight connections over a certain distance, in order to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation (most notably to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions which is the leading cause of climate change). In the 21st century, several governments, organisations and companies have imposed restrictions and even prohibitions on short-haul flights, stimulating or pressuring travellers to opt for more environmentally friendly means of transportation, especially trains.

A portion of air travelers in short-haul routes connect to other flights at their destination. A blanket ban would have a significant impact on these travelers, as inadequate rail connectivity between airports and main railway hubs of cities generally result in longer overall travel times and disruption to travellers overall.

## Definition

There is no consensus on what constitutes a 'short-haul flight'. In public discourse such as debates and surveys, the term is often not explicitly defined. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) defines a short-haul flight as "a flight with duration of 6 hours or fewer", and a long-haul flight takes longer than 6 hours. In practice, governments and organisations have set different standards, either according to the absolute distance between cities as the crow flies in hundreds of kilometres, or in terms of how many hours it would take a train to cover the same distance. As one example, the University of Groningen set limits according to both standards, namely prohibiting its personnel from flying distances shorter than 500 kilometres, or shorter than can be travelled by train in 6 hours. There was some confusion on how to calculate and reconcile both limits: as the crow flies, the distance between Groningen and Berlin is 465 km, but the road connection 577 km; moreover, the train travel time varies from 5.40 hours to 6.30 hours.

## Overview

### Governments

| Overview of short-haul flight bans * For everyone * For employees | |
| --- | --- |
| **Enacted by** | **Distance** |
| Austria | 3 hours train travel |
| France | 2.5 hours train travel |
| Netherlands | 150 kilometres
(proposed) |
| Wallonia (Belgium) | 100 kilometres |
| Greater London Authority | 6 hours train travel |
| BBC Worldwide | 3 hours train travel |
| Environment Agency | ≈7 hours train travel |
| CP University Linz | 8 hours train travel |
| Klarna Bank AB | All within Europe |
| Tilburg University | 500 kilometres |
| Ghent University | 6 hours train travel |
| University of Groningen | 6 hours train travel
OR 500 kilometres |
| University of Geneva | 4 hours train travel |
| Eberswalde University for
Sustainable Development | 10 hours train travel
OR 1000 kilometres |
| HTW Berlin | 6 hours train travel |
| Flemish Government | 6 hours land travel
OR 500 kilometres |
| SFB 1287 department of
University of Potsdam | 12 hours train travel
OR 1000 kilometres |
| Institut für Energietechnik of
Rapperswil University | 12 hours alt. travel
OR 1000 kilometres |
| Wageningen University | 6 hours train travel |
| Radboud University Nijmegen | 7 hours train travel |
| Canton of Basel-Stadt | 1000 kilometres |

Governments generally impose short-haul flight bans on all citizens and businesses operating within their territory. Some exceptions for emergency situations are granted.

* Austria: As part of its COVID-19 crisis support programme for Austrian Airlines in June 2020, the conservativegreen coalition government introduce a special tax of 30 euros on airline tickets for flights spanning less than 350 kilometres (an unprecedented environmental measure within the EU). The Lufthansa Group further agreed to drop domestic connections that could be travelled within three hours by train. As an example, as of November 2020, the train travel time between Vienna and Graz was still too long (3 hours and 1 minute) to replace flying (35 minutes, not counting security check and waiting times), but many other short-distance flights were replaced by train connections. Since Austrian Airlines was the only carrier to offer these short-haul connections at the time of the agreement, this constitutes a de-facto flight ban, even though no law has been enacted to ban such flights for airlines in general.
* France: On 3 June 2019, French MPs proposed to prohibit airline connections covering distances that could be travelled within 2.5 hours by train. French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire stated in April 2020 and repeated in May 2020 that negotiations between the government and Air France–KLM on such a 2.5 hour short-distance ban were underway. On 9 June 2020, as part of its COVID-19 crisis support programme for France's aviation sector, Le Maire confirmed that 2.5 hour short-distance flights would be prohibited, while Air France–KLM's domestic flights would be reduced by 40%.
* Netherlands: In June 2013, Dutch MP Liesbeth van Tongeren (GreenLeft, previously Greenpeace Netherlands director) proposed to prohibit domestic flights in the Netherlands with the argument that they are needlessly inefficient, polluting and expensive, but Environment Secretary Wilma Mansveld (Labour Party) said such a ban would violate EU regulations that allow airlines to fly domestically. In March 2019, the House of Representatives of the Netherlands voted to prohibit commercial flights between Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and Brussels Airport (Zaventem). This distance of about 150 kilometres was covered by five return flights a day, most of them feeder flights: passengers from Brussels go to Amsterdam to embark on a long-distance flight from there, or vice versa. However, Infrastructure Minister Cora van Nieuwenhuizen (VVD) stated that such a ban was contrary to the European Commission's free market regulations and was thus not implemented.
* Wallonia ( Belgium): In 2006, Walloon Minister of Transport André Antoine prohibited airline Jet4you from making a stopover in Liège during a CharleroiCasablanca flight, arguing that short-haul flights of fewer than 100 kilometres caused too much environmental damage. In December 2006, the European Commission confirmed that the ban did not violate any aviation agreements with Morocco, with Commissioner Jacques Barrot stating: 'The national authorities are allowed to take such measures, especially for environmental reasons.' Jet4you sued the Walloon Government, but in November 2008 the Court of First Instance in Namur confirmed the legality of the short-haul ban, rejecting Jet4you's damages claim and ordering the airline to pay 15,000 euros for court proceedings. Minister Antoine marked this as a victory and again urged the Federal Government of Belgium to introduce a countrywide prohibition on short-haul flights (which had been considered by the previous Federal Transport Minister, Renaat Landuyt).
* Sweden: There is no ban against short-haul flights, but several have disappeared due to lack of subsidy or competition from train and road travel. Several domestic air routes are subsidised by the government in order to have reasonable travel times between the capital and remote parts of the country. A principle has been set up when to subsidise air routes: only when no other way of travel, e.g. through a unsubsidised air route or any train route, allow four hours travel time between Stockholm Central station and any municipality centre. The idea is that same day business travel should be reasonably possible. Some air routes, and therefore airports, have been closed down due to this. Storuman Airport was closed because Vilhelmina Airport could be used for Storuman. Mora Airport was closed because train travel time went under 4 hours. More air routes have been unsubsidised, but remained on a commercial basis and municipal support, but closed during the period 2000-2020, such as from Stockholm to Borlänge, Jönköping, Karlstad, Linköping and Örebro. They have got competition from improved railways and roads or got Covid-problems. An air tax has also been introduced. Two commercially operated air routes have (as of 2023) competing train travel times below 3:30 and that is from Stockholm to Gothenburg and Växjö.

### Organisations and businesses

Organisations, including government organisations and NGOs, as well as commercial companies, sometimes impose short-haul restrictions on their own employees for work-related travelling, usually recommending or ordering personnel to take the train instead. Some exceptions may be granted for emergencies or destinations that are difficult to reach by train. If an employee's flight does not comply to the rules set by their employer, the travel costs will not be reimbursed.

* Greater London Authority: On 12 March 2008, Mayor of London Ken Livingstone banned short-haul flights for all 20,000 employees of the Greater London Authority (alias City Hall), Transport for London and London Development Agency. A City Hall report published that day stated that all travel within the UK and most continental European cities should be undertaken by rail, unless such a journey would take longer than 6 hours. A 2010 Transport for London report noted: "As train travel is less carbon-intensive than travelling by airplane many organisations now implement a ban on all short-haul flights where an equivalent journey by train of less than six hours is available".
* BBC Worldwide (now BBC Studios): The British Broadcasting Corporation decided in October 2009 that all BBC Worldwide staff members were no longer allowed to fly domestically or on short-haul flights on the company's expenses, unless when travelling by train added more than three hours to their journeys. Additionally, they had to formally explain why a meeting could not be held using one of the BBC's five videoconferencing suites before they were cleared to book a long-haul flight. The measures were taken to reduce environmental impact and cut costs.
* Environment Agency: The UK government's Bristol-based Environment Agency banned its staff from making short-haul flights in June 2010, covering all of England and Wales and several destinations in continental Europe including Paris and Brussels, mandating them to travel by train instead; Edinburgh and Glasgow would still be allowed by airplane "in exceptional circumstances". The Agency had already reduced its business car mileage by 24% in 2006–2010 and wanted to set the right example in aviation, too, in part addressing public criticism over the Department of Energy and Climate Change's many avoidable domestic flights.
* Catholic Private University Linz: Since 2010, the KU Linz is reimbursing staff flights "only if the most convenient train connection exceeds a travel time of 8 hours and if, in addition, CO2 emissions have been compensated via atmosfair".
* Klarna Bank AB: After the flight shame movement emerged in Sweden in 2017, the bank Klarna decided to prohibits all its employees from flying within Europe and discourage long-haul flights.
* Tilburg University: The 'TiU employees business travel compensation' as adopted on 1 January 2018 states that, "due to sustainability considerations", trips to destinations abroad until 500 kilometres are "in principle" performed by public transport (meaning bus or train) or one's own mode of transport (mostly cars); beyond 500 kilometres, airplanes may be used. In case the rules are not obeyed, the TiU will not reimburse the travel costs. A February 2019 inquiry showed that, amongst the employees top 10 destinations within Europe in 2018, only one (London at no. #7) was within the 500 kilometre limit, apparently demonstrating the policy's success, although central oversight to compliance appeared to be lacking.
* Ghent University: In June 2018, Ghent University introduced a sustainable travel policy to cut down its personnel's 5,300 annual flights (causing almost 15% of its CO2 emissions), most of which had destinations within Europe. Going forward, business flights were forbidden to 'green cities', meaning reachable by bus or train within 6 hours, or "if the travel time by train is no longer than the travel time by plane (duration of the flight + 2 hours, being the standard duration of travel time to the airport + duration of check-in + duration of transfer)"). For flights to 'orange cities', which are reachable by train within 8 hours, staff would be recommended but not required to take the bus or train as an alternative. Exceptions to these rules due to unusual circumstances might be granted after a formal request. All future business flights' carbon emissions had to be offset as well.
* University of Groningen: In May 2019, the university announced that henceforth it would prohibit its personnel from flying distances shorter than 500 kilometres, or shorter than can be travelled by train in 6 hours. The ban sought to slash the approximately 5,500 annual flights taken by university staff to attend congresses and symposia abroad, causing 15 million kilograms of CO2 emissions in the previous 3 years.
* University of Geneva: In September 2019, it was announced that the approximately 4,000 annual flights taken by university staff to attend conferences and meetings would be drastically reduced in order to contribute to CO2 emission cuts. Amongst other measures, more video conferencing would replace real-life events, flights over distances travelable by train in 4 hours and business class flights within Europe and the MENA region would be prohibited, and CO2 emissions created by unavoidable airplane travel would be compensated.
* Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development: On 19 September 2019, Eberswalde became the first university in Germany to mandate its staff to avoid flying distances under 1000 kilometres, unless the train trip took longer than 10 hours, or permission was granted for exceptional circumstances. As a university focused on sustainability, it concluded it should take a leading role in more sustainable transport, including eliminating the annual short-haul flight CO2 emissions, which accounted for 10% of all of its emissions in 2018.
* HTW Berlin: In late September 2019, the Berlin-based Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft announced it would scrap all staff short-haul flights travelable by train in 6 hours from 1 January 2020. The institutions' annual aviation emissions reportedly amounted to 263 tonnes; half of its business flights covered fewer than 750 kilometres.
* Flemish Government: Since 1 October 2019, civil servants of the Flemish Government are no longer allowed to travel by airplane to destinations closer than 500 kilometres, or travelable by land within 6 hours. Exceptions were only permissible if "serious reasons" could be demonstrated.
* SFB 1287 of the University of Potsdam: The 1287 Limits of Variability in Language department of the University of Potsdam no longer reimburses business flights shorter than 1000 kilometres or 12 hours train travel since 1 January 2020.
* Institut für Energietechnik of the Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil: 88% of Institut für Energietechnik members voted in favour (with 6% abstentions) of introducing a short-haul flight ban, defined as 1000 kilometres or travelable by alternative means of transport within 12 hours, for personnel by the end of January 2020.
* Wageningen University and Research: The WUR board announced a new sustainable travel policy in February 2020, mandating its staff (which flew 10,000 times in 2017, causing 200 tons of CO2) to travel by train for trips of 6 hours or less, with the train also being 'preferred' for trips taking 6 to 8 hours. Only "when there are 'exceptionally good reasons' and with the boss's approval", flying for shorter distances would be allowed; these reasons would be evaluated after a year.
* Radboud University Nijmegen: In March 2020, on the Radboud Green Office's recommendation, the board announced employees were no longer allowed to take business flights travelable by train in 7 hours, beginning in September 2020. It also planned to set up a partnership with an external travel agency to regulate its employees' travelling behaviour without violating their privacy, and invest in better video conferencing technology to make travel unnecessary. According to research by two HAN students, the plan would save Radboud University about 10% of all its CO2 emissions.
* Canton of Basel-Stadt: In June 2020, all government employees were prohibited from taking flights to destinations closer than 1000 kilometres to the city of Basel for environmental reasons.

## Public debate

### European Union

During a televised debate ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election in May 2019, European Commission presidential candidate Frans Timmermans proposed banning all short-haul flights in the European Union, with his opponent Manfred Weber partially agreeing that they should be reduced. Analysts pointed out that there was no agreed definition of the term 'short-haul flights', and that it could pose far-reaching implications for smaller regional airports that primarily serve domestic flights. In a September–October 2019 poll conducted by the European Investment Bank (EIB) amongst 28,088 EU citizens from the then 28 member states, 62% said they were in favour of banning 'short-haul flights'; the survey did not define the term.

### Flanders

In August 2010, activist group Wiloo (Werkgroep rondom de Impact van de Luchthaven van Oostende op de Omgeving) demanded a short-haul flight ban and a domestic kerosene tax in Flanders, similar to the ones imposed in Wallonia in 2006 and the Netherlands in 2005 respectively, due to the rapid increase of pollutive domestic flights. A spokesperson said 700 flights (20%) in or out of Ostend were only 300 kilometres or less, adding that it was 12 times more expensive to transport passengers from Ostend to Brussels by airplane than by bus.

On 9 June 2020, during a lull in the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium, Flemish Transport Minister Lydia Peeters participated in a short-haul flight of ASL Group from Brussels via Knokke to Antwerp, claiming she wanted to promote regional airports such as Antwerp, Ostend, Kortrijk during the aviation crisis, because she was "convinced that regional airports have a future in Flanders because of their economic importance." For several days, her action was fiercely criticised by citizens and environmental organisations, who argued regional airports were "not economically essential at all, but a source of damaging and perfectly avoidable CO2 emissions". Groen politician Imade Annouri remarked: "This is utterly sending the wrong signal. Several countries around us are abolishing short-haul flights and investing in high-speed rail instead. (...) Businessmen can perfectly take the train to European destinations." In light of the climate crisis, the Minister's decision was alleged to be "irresponsible to society". Peeters felt the need to apologise on three different occasions, first explaining she had accepted the proposal "to take part in a press flight because business flights are an essential pillar of our regional airports", eventually expressing regret and declaring she should not have embarked on the flight.

### Germany

Timmermans' proposal triggered a fierce debate in Germany about banning short-haul flights (meaning shorter than 1,500 kilometres), with some politicians agreeing with him, others saying it went too far, and others supporting measures they deemed more appropriate. In mid-October 2019, the German Finance Ministry announced that it would not restrict short-distance flights, but would almost double the short-haul air passenger taxes instead, from 7.50 to 13.03 euros; medium-haul taxes would increase from 23.43 to 33.01 and long-haul taxes from 42.18 to 59.43 euros. Meanwhile, train tickets would become 10% cheaper.

By July 2019, most political parties in Germany, including the Left Party, the Social Democrats, the Green Party and the Christian Democrats, started to agree to move all governmental institutions remaining in Bonn (the former capital of West Germany) to Berlin (the official capital since German Reunification in 1990), because ministers and civil servants were flying between the two cities about 230,000 times a year, which was considered too impractical, expensive and environmentally damaging. The distance of 500 kilometres between Bonn and Berlin could only be travelled by train in 5.5 hours, so either the train connections required upgrading, or Bonn had to be abolished as the secondary capital.

### Netherlands

Although in March 2019 almost all Dutch parliamentary parties agreed that train travel should replace short-distance aviation, there were also some practical problems to be solved before trains could become a viable alternative, such buying a combined train/plane ticket, the lack of a direct Thalys connection from Amsterdam Central and Paris-North to Brussels Airport (forcing passengers to switch trains in Brussels-South), and the fact that the Benelux train (which does directly connect Schiphol and Zaventem) takes over 2 hours (mostly due to the lack of a high-speed rail between Antwerp and Brussels). In November 2019, a Qatar Airways Boeing 777 cargo flight line from Doha to Mexico City with stopovers in Maastricht and Liège sparked controversy over "the most bizarre flight ever", as the distance between the latter two is only 38 kilometres and takes just 9 minutes, merely because a single Dutch customer requested their weekly package to be delivered in Maastricht rather than Liège. In response, two of the four Dutch government parties suggested prohibiting all flights shorter than 100 kilometres.

In September-October 2022, research by RTL Nieuws revealed that Dutch ministers, state secretaries and the royal couple Willem-Alexander and Máxima were increasingly making short business flights on the Dutch government aircraft PH-GOV (a Boeing 737-700), private aircraft or commercial airliners (a 38% increase compared to 2019), even though this was contrary to the January 2022 coalition agreement to discourage short flights. Moreover, many aircraft flew empty back and forth in inefficient and environmentally polluting ways, and most distances could in principle have been covered perfectly well by train, or, if necessary, scheduled flights. This was evident in part because some ministers such as Dijkgraaf (education) and Harbers (infrastructure) travelled by official car or train from The Hague to Luxembourg or Paris in the first eight months of 2022, but Prime Minister Rutte and Minister Hoekstra (foreign affairs) together made 8 out of 12 flights to Luxembourg or Paris, mostly by government aircraft PH-GOV. Aviation experts were critical of the needlessly polluting and expensive travel behaviour of the ministers who were supposed to set a good example, and private aviation was also unhappy with the many short flights because of the high costs. In response to RTL's findings, coalition parties D66 and ChristenUnie reacted critically to the cabinet. and coalition party CDA also raised parliamentary questions about short and environmentally polluting empty flights, for instance between Amsterdam and Rotterdam, for a limited gain of time for a minister. Opposition party GroenLinks wanted to field a motion to force the cabinet and the king to travel by train for trips shorter than 700 kilometres. The Ministry of Infrastructure confirmed that the climate impact of aviation needed to be reduced, although ministers also needed to be able to do their jobs efficiently. The Interior Ministry also said that short flights were often unnecessary: "The time savings with flying are very limited, flying has more logistical challenges and is less flexible in terms of time than a train connection." However, according to the State Information Service and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, alternative transport was not possible for all trips by commercial private jets, "because the government plane was not available and other means of transport did not fit agendas."

### Universities

#### Movements

In response to the 8 October 2018 IPCC report, more than 650 Danish academics from various disciplines published an open letter on 19 November 2018, calling on the managements of (Danish) universities to lead by example in combating climate change. Item number one on their five-point priority list was "drastically reducing flights and supporting climate-friendly alternatives". On 4 February 2019, 55 Dutch scientists, referring to the Danish initiative, published a similar "Climate Letter", including item no. #2: "Drastically reducing flights, with insightful targets, including through exercising critical consideration before travelling, using alternative modes of transport, and investing in climate-friendly alternatives and behavioural change to enable remote participation at academic consultations, conferences and exchanges." By 7 March 2019, all 14 Dutch universities (united in the VSNU) had expressed their support for the Climate Letter, which had been signed by almost 1,300 members of staff at that point. VSNU President Pieter Duisenberg stated: "The academic community can and must play a leading role in addressing climate change. This not only involves knowledge, but also whatever we as universities can do ourselves." Many Dutch universities were inspired by Ghent University's sustainable travel policy. In July 2019, Technische Universität Berlin professor Martina Schäfer similarly initiated a "Commitment to renounce short-haul (business) flights' (described as "travelable without flying in below 12 hours", or 1,000 kilometres), which was signed by over 1,700 German academics by 20 September 2019. The day before, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development became the first Germany university to make the voluntary commitment to avoid flying distances shorter than 1000 kilometres or 10 hours train travel mandatory for all employees.

#### Discussions

Aside from advocating for more sustainable short-distance travel and arguing that the scientific community should lead by example, some academics have questioned the necessity and thereby justifications for many international flights in order to attend scientific conferences or researchers' meetings. Liesbeth Enneking (Erasmus University Rotterdam) stated that congresses have little added value, as researchers can already access their colleagues around the world through the online publication of their papers, and meeting peers in real life and speaking to them face to face is rarely important for their work. "Attending congresses is sometimes mostly just stimulating your ego, and a nice trip, (...) but for the planet's sake, this is a privilege that we can no longer afford on this scale", Enneking stated; she stopped flying in 2017. Cody Hochstenbach (University of Amsterdam) narrated how many short (for example, two days) international research meetings are:

> great to catch up with each other and to discover a new city, but seldom they are actually productive. I was therefore enormously surprised that a Japanese professor had flown all the way to attend this meeting \[in Le Havre\]. Moreover, he had a heavy jet lag and regularly fell asleep during the sessions. It's obviously an expensive affair to have someone flown in across half the planet for just two days. I find it even more insane that universities facilitate and even encourage this behaviour.

Referring to arguments made by other academics, he added that this behaviour was a form of socioeconomic injustice towards many people with lower education and income who could never even afford such long flights. Individual scientists should take their responsibility and fulfil the burden of proof to demonstrate that their flights to such conferences are really useful, and cannot be replaced by trains. Climate lawyer Laura Burgers said: "Some scientific conferences abroad are no doubt useful, but we should be honest: often it's just fun to make a trip. Such advantages do not outweigh the environmental damage, however," recounting her experience of a conference where scientists discussed research that had already been published and thus "a waste of time and flight CO2 emissions".

While acknowledging that the current intensity should be reduced, other academics partially disagree, saying that, especially for young researchers, getting and staying in touch with their international colleagues in real life can really help to establish their network and advance their career, and make interactions easier and more complete than via video. Astrophysicist Ralph Wijers pointed out that his research projects, including trips he needed to make for them, were funded by several different organisations who required him to travel with the fewest expenses possible, often forcing him to take generally cheap plane tickets rather than relatively costly train tickets: 'We should address this on a larger scale: the more pollutive for the environment, the more expensive I think it should be.'

#### Alternate approaches

Some universities have consciously decided not to impose a formal ban on short-haul business flights, but instead encourage their employees to consider alternative modes of transportation, or to fully offset their carbon emissions, or to consider videoconferencing instead of flying to conferences and meetings, judging that such an alternate approach would still be sufficient to meet set environmental goals. For example, the University of Copenhagen's prorector stated in February 2020: "We're very keen to limit climate changes and we intend to reduce our total CO2 footprint even more. (...) The University's new travel policy does not impose a ban on air travelling, but sets out recommendations and suggestions for how to change travel habits. It is a matter of choice of transportation and providing alternatives to air travel. For example meetings and video conferences via digital platforms like Skype."

Leiden University has not introduced short-distance restrictions on flights, but set train travel as the norm for personnel journeys shorter than 6 hours or 500 kilometres since 2017. The university aimed to restrict thus-defined short-haul flights below 10% of all flights; since this was 5.7% in 2017 and further decreased to 4.5% in 2019, the policy was hailed as a success. In 2018, 90% of flight CO2 emissions were compensated by payments to, for example, the Fair Climate Fund.

In November 2019, Utrecht University chose not to impose a flight ban, but use various other measures, such as providing employees with information about alternatives, investing in better video conferencing facilities, a train zone map that calculates travel times, and compensation for train ticket purchases, to halve its number of flight kilometres by 2030. A flight carbon offset requirement was already imposed in 2018.


title: Ramsey Mill and Old Mill Park

abstract: The Ramsey Mill was built by Alexander Ramsey and Dr. Thomas Foster in 1856–1857 on the Vermillion River in the town of Hastings in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The river had a head of 19 feet (6 m) and a width of 50 feet (15 m) near the 4 story gristmill. An addition included a cooper shop and storage facility. Although Ramsey sold his interest in 1877, it retained his name. Maximum output was achieved in 1894, at 125 barrels per day. On December 22, 1894, the building burned, possibly due to arson.

text:
# Ramsey Mill and Old Mill Park

The **Ramsey Mill** was built by Alexander Ramsey and Dr. Thomas Foster in 1856–1857 on the Vermillion River in the town of Hastings in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The river had a head of 19 feet (6 m) and a width of 50 feet (15 m) near the 4 story gristmill. An addition included a cooper shop and storage facility. Although Ramsey sold his interest in 1877, it retained his name. Maximum output was achieved in 1894, at 125 barrels per day. On December 22, 1894, the building burned, possibly due to arson.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ramsey Mill and Old Mill Park | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The ruins of the Ramsey Mill in Old Mill Park | |
|  | |
| Location | Jct of 18th St. and Vermillion R., Hastings, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°43′36″N 92°50′35″W / 44.72667°N 92.84306°W / 44.72667; -92.84306 |
| Built | 1856–7, 1925 |
| Architect | Ira Parke |
| NRHP reference No. | 98000872 |
| Added to NRHP | July 15, 1998 |


title: Dingfelder's Delicatessen

abstract: Dingfelder's Delicatessen is a restaurant in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood, in the U.S. state of Washington.

text:
# Dingfelder's Delicatessen

**Dingfelder's Delicatessen** is a restaurant in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood, in the U.S. state of Washington.

## Description

The Jewish deli Dingfelder's operates in a brick building in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood. The menu has included bagels and corned beef and pastrami sandwiches.

For Hanukkah, the business has served latkes. For Passover, the delicatessen has served brisket, brisket gravy, whole roasted kosher lemon chicken, chicken soup, potato kugels, and smoked salmon, with mushroom barley, split pea, and cabbage soup as vegan options. The deli has also had a special menu for Rosh Hashanah.

## History

Dingfelder's began operating in 2018. Owners have included Vance Dingfelder and Stephanie Hemsworth.

## InfoBox

| Dingfelder's Delicatessen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The restaurant's exterior, 2024 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 2018 (2018) |
| Owner(s) | * Vance Dingfelder * Stephanie Hemsworth |
| City | Seattle |
| State | Washington |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 47°36′55″N 122°18′52″W / 47.6154°N 122.3144°W / 47.6154; -122.3144 |


title: 2018 Città di Caltanissetta

abstract: The 2018 Città di Caltanissetta was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 20th edition of the tournament which was a part of the 2018 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Caltanissetta, Italy between 11 and 17 June 2018.

text:
# 2018 Città di Caltanissetta

The **2018 Città di Caltanissetta** was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 20th edition of the tournament which was a part of the 2018 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Caltanissetta, Italy between 11 and 17 June 2018.

## Singles main-draw entrants

### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank1 | Seed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ITA | Paolo Lorenzi | 74 | 1 |
| URU | Pablo Cuevas | 75 | 2 |
| CZE | Jiří Veselý | 80 | 3 |
| ~~JPN~~ | ~~Taro Daniel~~ | ~~82~~ | ~~4~~ |
| SRB | Laslo Đere | 101 | 5 |
| ARG | Guido Andreozzi | 108 | 6 |
| BRA | Thiago Monteiro | 123 | 7 |
| ~~ITA~~ | ~~Stefano Travaglia~~ | ~~143~~ | ~~8~~ |

* 1 Rankings are as of 28 May 2018.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:

The following players received entry as lucky losers:

## Champions

### Singles

### Doubles

## InfoBox

| 2018 Città di Caltanissetta | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 11–17 June |
| Edition | 20th |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Surface | Clay |
| Location | Caltanissetta, Italy |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Jaume Munar | |
| Doubles | |
| Federico Gaio /  Andrea Pellegrino | |
|  | |


title: Camaraou noir

abstract: Camaraou noir is a red French wine grape variety that was historically grown in South West France but is now more widely planted in the Spanish wine region of Galicia where it is known as Espadeiro. However, despite its Spanish synonym Camaraou noir has no relationship to the Portuguese wine grape Espadeiro that is used to make red Vinho Verde. The grape may have some relation to the Jurançon and Béarn wine grape Camaralet de Lasseube which is also known as Camaraou blanc but DNA analysis has shown that the two varieties are distinct and not color mutations of one or the other.

text:
# Camaraou noir

**Camaraou noir** is a red French wine grape variety that was historically grown in South West France but is now more widely planted in the Spanish wine region of Galicia where it is known as **Espadeiro**. However, despite its Spanish synonym Camaraou noir has no relationship to the Portuguese wine grape Espadeiro that is used to make red Vinho Verde. The grape may have some relation to the Jurançon and Béarn wine grape Camaralet de Lasseube which is also known as *Camaraou blanc* but DNA analysis has shown that the two varieties are distinct and not color mutations of one or the other.

## History

Ampelographers believe that the name *Camaraou* derives from the Béarnese word *camarau* which may have, in turn, be derived itself from the Gascon word *cama* that means "leg, trunk" and could be a reference to viticultural practice of growing grapevines up trees as trellising. Another possibility is that the name has some connection to the commune of Camalès located in the Hautes-Pyrénées department of southwestern France.

A late 18th century document shows that a *Camarau* grape was growing in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, French Basque Country and in the País Vasco region of northern Spain, however the description of this grapes seems to indicate that it was more likely the white Camaraou blanc (Camaralet de Lasseube) grape. The first mention that was definitively of Camaraou noir was in Viala & Vermorel catalogue of grape varieties produced from 1901 to 1910 by the French ampelographers Pierre Viala and Victor Vermorel.

## Viticulture

Camaraou noir is a late-ripening variety that can be very vigorous and high yielding if not kept in check by winter pruning or green harvesting. The vine tends to produce small berries but as part of very large, compact clusters that can be susceptible to various viticultural hazards like mildew. Traditionally Camaraou noir is trained up tree trunks, an ancient practice that dates back to Roman winemaking days.

## Wine regions

While Camaraou noir is still a permitted variety in the *Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée* (AOC) wines of Jurançon and Béarn, the vine is very rarely planted there.

Today most of the world's Camaraou noir vines can be found in the northwestern Spanish wine region of Galicia where the grape is a permitted grape variety in the *Denominación de Origen* (DO) wines of Rías Baixas. Here the grape is known as *Espadeiro* and *Caíño Redondo* with a long history of being grown in the Pontevedra and Ourense provinces. In 2008, there were 137 hectares (339 acres) of Camaraou noir growing in Galicia where it was mostly blended with Mencía and Caíño tinto.

## Relationship to other grapes

Due to similarities in synonyms, Camaraou noir is often confused for the Portuguese wine grape Espadeiro but DNA analysis in 2003 confirmed that the two varieties are separate and that most of the Espadeiro grown in Galicia, as well as another variety known as Caiño Redondo, were in fact Camaraou noir.

DNA profiling has also clarified the relationship between Camaraou noir and Camaralet de Lasseube (also known as *Camaraou blanc*) showing the two varieties to be related but distinct and not color mutations. Both grapes appear to also related to the Jurançon grapes Ahumat, Arrouya noir and Penouille.

## Synonyms

Over the years Camaraou noir has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Caiño Redondo, Camaralet noir, Camaran, Camaras, Camarau, Camaraue rouge, Gros noir, Moustardet and Sparse Menue.


title: 1914 Peruvian coup d'état

abstract: The 1914 Peruvian coup d'état took place on January 4, 1914, headed by Colonel Óscar R. Benavides, who a day earlier was removed from his position as chief of the Army General Staff. The coup was aimed at preventing Guillermo Billinghurst's government from dissolving the Peruvian Congress, which opposed him. It was the first successful coup d'état of the 20th century in Peru.

text:
# 1914 Peruvian coup d'état

The **1914 Peruvian coup d'état** took place on January 4, 1914, headed by Colonel Óscar R. Benavides, who a day earlier was removed from his position as chief of the Army General Staff. The coup was aimed at preventing Guillermo Billinghurst's government from dissolving the Peruvian Congress, which opposed him. It was the first successful coup d'état of the 20th century in Peru.

## Overview

Guillermo Billinghurst's government was marked by a progressive confrontation with the Congress of the Republic, dominated by the opposition. The continuous labour reforms implemented by his populist government, such as the approval of the eight-hour day, created a climate of tension between political elites and businessmen. The first serious confrontation occurred in October 1913 when Billinghurst refused to call an Extraordinary Legislature so that Congress could approve the Budget Law, as it was required to do. Billinghurst approved this law by decree, thus usurping a constitutional power of Congress.

As Congress continued to be adverse, Billinghurst decided to dissolve it and then hold a plebiscitary consultation to reform the Constitution. His idea was to make the election of the President and the members of Parliament coincide, so that the former could have a congressional majority, in order to facilitate the work of the Executive. He also sought a reform of the electoral process, incorporating the Supreme Court, which was at that time a very prestigious institution. The inspiration for these advanced plans was the talented lawyer Mariano H. Cornejo.

The conflict between Billinghurst and Congress thus reached its highest point. Armed groups of the people hailed the President at night; It was even said that he had planned to arm the Billinghurist artisans and workers, in order to have a shock force ready to carry out his purposes.

To maintain constitutional formality, a group of congressmen, meeting at the house of deputy Arturo Osores, agreed to declare the vacancy of the Presidency of the Republic due to the moral incapacity of its holder (invoking an article of the 1860 Constitution), as well as to launch a Manifesto to the Nation expressing the rejection of the systematic attacks on the Constitution committed by Billinghurst and calling on the people to unite in the defense of constitutionality and legality. That document was signed by more than 80 congressmen. In addition to Osores, the conspiracy against the government included the journalist Alberto Ulloa Cisneros, director of the newspaper *La Prensa*, who was opposed to the government; the Montonero Augusto Durand; and the brothers Javier, Jorge and Manuel Prado Ugarteche. To ensure the effectiveness of the measure they were going to take, the conspirators initiated contacts with the military leaders, reaching an understanding with the Chief of the Army Staff, Colonel Óscar R. Benavides.

The conspiring parliamentarians furtively discussed when would be the opportune time to declare the presidential vacancy: before or after Billinghurst decreed the dissolution of Congress. While in this, a denunciation occurred from an army officer, who informed Billinghurst of the plot, thus beginning the government repression on February 2, 1914. Several opposition politicians and deputies were arrested, *La Prensa* was closed, Benavides was removed from his position as chief of staff, and the popular militias were armed to defend the government. All of which precipitated the events, when the armed forces intervened in defence of Congress.

In the early morning of February 4, 1914, the Lima garrison started the coup under the direction of Colonel Benavides. The Government Palace was attacked, and the presidential guard was reduced after a bloody confrontation. Billinghurst was taken prisoner, forced to resign and then deported to Iquique. Meanwhile, the Minister of War, General Enrique Varela Vidaurre, was murdered, shot while he slept in the Santa Catalina barracks.

Once Billinghurst was overthrown, a Government Junta chaired by Benavides was formed with the consent of Congress. A few months later, Congress elected Benavides as Provisional President.

The coup d'état broke the continuity of twenty years of civil governments, returning power to the oligarchy. Benavides met a convention of the Civil, Constitutional and Liberal parties that chose former president José Pardo y Barreda, leader of the civilistas, as a consensus candidate for early elections. Opposite his popular candidacy was that of Carlos de Piérola, for the Democratic Party. After the elections were held in 1915, Pardo won the elections with 131,289 votes compared to 13,151 for his opponent, governing until 1919.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| 1914 Peruvian coup d'état | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Aristocratic Republic | |
| <br>The Military Junta of 1914 | |
| Date 4 February 1914  Location Government Palace, Lima  Result Military victory: | |
| Belligerents | |
| Government of Peru | Peruvian Army |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Guillermo Billinghurst | Óscar R. Benavides |


abstract: Respiratory risks of indoor swimming pools can include coughing, wheezing, aggravated asthma, and airway hyper-responsiveness. The chemicals used for pool water disinfection can react with organic compounds in the water to create disinfection by-products or DBPs. Exposure to these DBPs are the potential cause for respiratory symptoms in swimmers. Multiple studies have shown the potential correlation between chronic exposure to DBPs and respiratory symptoms among competitive swimmers but more research is needed on the effects of these DBPs on recreational swimmers. The studies on recreational swimmers that have been done show a decreased risk for respiratory symptoms due to a decreased exposure to DBPs. Some studies have been done on the vulnerability of younger children and DBP exposure. Studies done on the vulnerability of younger children demonstrate that immature lungs are more likely to absorb more of these DBPs.

text:
# Respiratory risks of indoor swimming pools

**Respiratory risks of indoor swimming pools** can include coughing, wheezing, aggravated asthma, and airway hyper-responsiveness (spasms of the bronchial tubes in the lungs causing coughing and chest tightness). The chemicals used for pool water disinfection can react with organic compounds in the water to create disinfection by-products or DBPs. Exposure to these DBPs are the potential cause for respiratory symptoms in swimmers. Multiple studies have shown the potential correlation between chronic exposure to DBPs and respiratory symptoms among competitive swimmers but more research is needed on the effects of these DBPs on recreational swimmers. The studies on recreational swimmers that have been done show a decreased risk for respiratory symptoms due to a decreased exposure to DBPs. Some studies have been done on the vulnerability of younger children and DBP exposure. Studies done on the vulnerability of younger children demonstrate that immature lungs are more likely to absorb more of these DBPs.


title: Casiano Delvalle

abstract: Casiano Wilberto Delvalle Ruiz is a Paraguayan former footballer who played as a striker. Throughout his career he played for several Paraguayan and Asian teams, most specifically from China and Japan. Delvalle was called for the Paraguay national football team during 1995 for some matches, most of them, friendlies. Highlights of his career include winning the Chinese Football Association Golden Boot in 2000 and being the top-scorer in the 2005 Paraguayan Paraguayan second division while playing for Sport Colombia.

text:
# Casiano Delvalle

**Casiano Wilberto Delvalle Ruiz** (Spanish pronunciation: \[kaˈsjano ðelˈβaʎe\]; born 13 August 1970) is a Paraguayan former footballer who played as a striker.

Throughout his career he played for several Paraguayan and Asian teams, most specifically from China and Japan. Delvalle was called for the Paraguay national football team during 1995 for some matches, most of them, friendlies.

Highlights of his career include winning the Chinese Football Association Golden Boot in 2000 and being the top-scorer in the 2005 Paraguayan Paraguayan second division while playing for Sport Colombia.

## Honours

**Olimpia Asunción**

**Beijing Guoan**

1. 1995 SA matches Archived 8 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
2. Paraguay 2005 at RSSSF
3. "Delvalle, Casiano". National-football-teams.com. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.

## InfoBox

Casiano Delvalle
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Casiano Wilberto Delvalle Ruiz | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-08-13) 13 August 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Lambaré, Paraguay | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1990–1991 | Sport Colombia | ? | (?) |
| 1992–1993 | Cerro Corá | ? | (?) |
| 1994 | Olimpia Asunción | ? | (?) |
| 1995 | Cerro Corá | ? | (?) |
| 1996–1997 | Unión Española | ? | (?) |
| 1997 | Olimpia Asunción | ? | (?) |
| 1997–1998 | Beijing Guoan | 21 | (6) |
| 1998 | Sportivo Luqueño | ? | (?) |
| 1999 | Beijing Guoan | 12 | (9) |
| 2000–2001 | Shandong Luneng | 43 | (21) |
| 2002–2003 | Beijing Guoan | 22 | (11) |
| 2004 | Olimpia Asunción | 1 | (0) |
| 2005 | Sport Colombia | ? | (15) |
| 2005 | Shonan Bellmare | 11 | (0) |
| 2007 | Guangzhou Pharmaceutical | 7 | (2) |
| International career | | | |
| 1995 | Paraguay | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of March 2010 | | | |


abstract: Centerville Municipal Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located three miles north of the central business district of Centerville, a city in Hickman County, Tennessee, United States.

text:
# Centerville Municipal Airport (Tennessee)

**Centerville Municipal Airport** (IATA: **GHM**, ICAO: **KGHM**, FAA LID: **GHM**) is a city-owned public-use airport located three miles (5 km) north of the central business district of Centerville, a city in Hickman County, Tennessee, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Centerville Municipal Airport covers an area of 100 acres (40 ha) and contains one asphalt paved runway designated 2/20 which measures 4,002 x 75 ft (1,220 x 23 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2004, the airport had 6,350 aircraft operations, an average of 17 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% military. There are 14 aircraft based at this airport: 64% single-engine and 36% multi-engine.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for GHM PDF, effective 2007-12-20

## InfoBox

| Centerville Municipal Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Centerville |
| Serves | Centerville, Tennessee |
| Location | 2650 Airport Rd, Centerville, TN 37033 |
| Elevation AMSL | 768 ft / 234 m |
| Coordinates | 35°50′14″N 087°26′43″W / 35.83722°N 87.44528°W / 35.83722; -87.44528 |
| Map | |
| **GHM**Location of airport in Tennessee**GHM****GHM** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  2/20 4,002 1,220 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2004) | |
| Aircraft operations 6,350  Based aircraft 14 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: 1378

abstract: Year 1378 (MCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1378

1378 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1378
*MCCCLXXVIII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2131 |
| Armenian calendar | 827
ԹՎ ՊԻԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6128 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1299–1300 |
| Bengali calendar | 785 |
| Berber calendar | 2328 |
| English Regnal year | 1 Ric. 2  2 Ric. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1922 |
| Burmese calendar | 740 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6886–6887 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁巳年 (Fire Snake)
4075 or 3868
*to*
戊午年 (Earth Horse)
4076 or 3869 |
| Coptic calendar | 1094–1095 |
| Discordian calendar | 2544 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1370–1371 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5138–5139 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1434–1435 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1299–1300 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4478–4479 |
| Holocene calendar | 11378 |
| Igbo calendar | 378–379 |
| Iranian calendar | 756–757 |
| Islamic calendar | 779–780 |
| Japanese calendar | Eiwa 4
(永和４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1291–1292 |
| Julian calendar | 1378
*MCCCLXXVIII* |
| Korean calendar | 3711 |
| Minguo calendar | 534 before ROC
民前534年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −90 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1920–1921 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火蛇年
(female Fire-Snake)
1504 or 1123 or 351
*to*
阳土马年
(male Earth-Horse)
1505 or 1124 or 352 |

Year **1378** (**MCCCLXXVIII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

### JanuaryDecember

### Date unknown

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: The Great Masquerade

abstract: The Great Masquerade is a 1974 American mystery comedy film directed and co-written by Alan Ormsby, and stars Kaye Stevens, Roberts Blossom, Gay Perkins, Frank Logan, Robert Perault, Paul Cronin, and Anya Ormsby. The film's plot follows a detective who infiltrates a drag queen beauty contest aboard a cruise ship in order to solve a series of murders. It was shot in Miami, Florida, and was believed to be lost until circa 2014, when it was released on DVD by Vinegar Syndrome.

text:
# The Great Masquerade

***The Great Masquerade*** (also known as ***Murder on the Emerald Seas*** and ***The AC/DC Caper***) is a 1974 American mystery comedy film directed and co-written by Alan Ormsby, and stars Kaye Stevens, Roberts Blossom, Gay Perkins, Frank Logan, Robert Perault, Paul Cronin, and Anya Ormsby. The film's plot follows a detective who infiltrates a drag queen beauty contest aboard a cruise ship in order to solve a series of murders. It was shot in Miami, Florida, and was believed to be lost until circa 2014, when it was released on DVD by Vinegar Syndrome.

## Cast

* Kaye Stevens as Officer Fulton
* Roberts Blossom as Sherwood Gates
* Gay Perkins as Lucy McRae
* Frank Logan as Chief Willinghand
* Robert Perault as Dave Collins
* Paul Cronin as Casey
* Anya Ormsby as Cookie
* Dick Sterling as Gregory LaSalle
* Judy LaScala as Rita
* Lee Sandman as Vito
* John DeSanti as Paco (as John Di Santi)
* Jeff Gillen as Fancher
* Jennifer Michalover as Jenny Jordan
* Johnny Weissmuller as Sepy Debronvi
* Henny Youngman as Henny Youngman

## Home media

In October 2014, *The Great Masquerade* was released on DVD by Vinegar Syndrome—under the title *Murder on the Emerald Seas*—and was sold exclusively at the Cinema Wasteland convention and on the Vinegar Syndrome website, limited to 500 units.

## InfoBox

| The Great Masquerade | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional advertisement | |
| Directed by | Alan Ormsby |
| Written by | Alan Ormsby
Carolyn Wise |
| Produced by | Jack McGowan |
| Starring | Kaye Stevens
Roberts Blossom
Gay Perkins
Frank Logan
Robert Perault
Paul Cronin
Anya Ormsby |
| Production
company | Union Artists Productions |
| Release date | * 1974 (1974) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Scavenging (engine)

abstract: Scavenging is the process of replacing the exhaust gas in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine with the fresh air/fuel mixture for the next cycle. If scavenging is incomplete, the remaining exhaust gases can cause improper combustion for the next cycle, leading to reduced power output. Scavenging is equally important for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Most modern four-stroke engines use crossflow cylinder heads and valve timing overlap to scavenge the cylinders. Modern two-stroke engines use either Schnuerle scavenging or uniflow scavenging. The scavenge or scavenging port refers to that port through which clean air enters the cylinder, the exhaust port through which the combustible mix leaves.

text:
# Scavenging (engine)

**Scavenging** is the process of replacing the exhaust gas in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine with the fresh air/fuel mixture (or fresh air, in the case of direct-injection engines) for the next cycle. If scavenging is incomplete, the remaining exhaust gases can cause improper combustion for the next cycle, leading to reduced power output.

Scavenging is equally important for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Most modern four-stroke engines use crossflow cylinder heads and valve timing overlap to scavenge the cylinders. Modern two-stroke engines use either Schnuerle scavenging (also known as "loop scavenging") or uniflow scavenging.

The scavenge or scavenging port refers to that port through which clean air enters the cylinder, the exhaust port through which the combustible mix leaves.

## Origins

The first engines deliberately designed to encourage scavenging were gas engines built by Crossley Brothers Ltd in the United Kingdom in the early 1890s. These *Crossley Otto Scavenging Engines* were made possible by the recent change from slide valves to poppet valves, which allowed more flexible control over valve timing events. The closing of the exhaust valve occurred more than 30 degrees later than on earlier engines, giving a long 'overlap' period (when both the intake and exhaust valves are open). As these were gas engines they did not require a long period of valve closure during the compression stroke. The exhaust gases were drawn from the engine by a partial vacuum following in the wake of a 'slug' of exhaust gas from the previous combustion cycle.

This method requires that the exhaust pipe is long enough to contain the gas slug for the entire duration of the stroke. As the Crossley engine was so slow-revving, this resulted in an exhaust pipe with a length of 65 feet (20 m) between the engine and its cast-iron 'pot' silencer.

## Types of scavenging

### Crossflow Scavenging

Crossflow cylinder heads are used by most modern 4-stroke engines, whereby the intake ports are located on one side of the combustion chamber and the exhaust ports are on the other side. The momentum of the gases assists in scavenging during the 'overlap' phase (when the intake and exhaust valves are simultaneously open).

### Vertical loop Scavenging

For two-stroke engines, crossflow scavenging was used in early crankcase-compression engines, such as used by small motorcycles. The transfer port (where the fuel/air mixture enters the combustion chamber) and the exhaust port were located on opposite sides of the combustion chamber. This arrangement had the advantage of simplicity, but it also directed the incoming charge directly towards the exhaust port. To improve the emptying of the cylinder of exhaust gases and retain more of the incoming charge in the cylinder, a deflector piston was often used. This piston shape directed the intake gases towards the top of the cylinder to push the exhaust fumes down and out the exhaust port. However, the deflector piston was not very effective in practice - much of the gas flow took a shortcut path and still failed to reach the top of the cylinder - and the shape of the piston compromised the shape of the combustion chamber by causing long flame paths and excessive surface area. Therefore, vertical loop scavenging is rarely used in modern two-stroke engines.

### Schnuerle Scavenging

Schnuerle scavenging (sometimes called "loop scavenging" or "reverse scavenging") is a design used by most modern valveless two-stroke engines. The key difference compared to crossflow scavenging is that the transfer ports are located either side of the exhaust port and aimed at the opposite cylinder wall. As the fuel/air mixture enters the combustion chamber, it travels across the cylinder then up the cylinder wall opposite the exhaust port before looping over at the cylinder head and back down to the exhaust port. This long flow path and opposite directions of intake and exhaust flows minimizes the mixing of the fresh and spent gases and limits the amount of fresh charge which escapes the cylinder prior to the ports closing. This scavenging method does require a greater understanding of the 3-dimensional gas flow in the cylinder and more care in the placement, size, and angle of the various ports.

### Uniflow scavenging

Uniflow scavenging is a design in which the fresh intake charge and exhaust gases flow in the same direction. This requires that the intake and exhaust ports be at opposite ends of the cylinder. As used by some two-stroke engines, the fresh charge enters through piston-controlled ports near the bottom of the cylinder and flows upward, pushing the exhaust gases out through poppet valves located in the cylinder head. Other uniflow engines - such as the Ricardo Dolphin marine engine - use a downward flow direction, with the fresh air/fuel mixture entering at the top of the cylinder and the exhaust gases exiting at towards the bottom of the cylinder. Yet another design uses piston-controlled ports at both ends of the cylinder and two opposed pistons in each cylinder moving in opposite directions to compress the charge between them.

The uniflow method of scavenging has been often used for two-stroke diesel engines in motor vehicles, marine vessels, railway locomotives and as stationary engines. Its drawback is the additional complexity, mass, volume, and cost required to implement the poppet valvetrain (or the additional crankshaft or rocker arms required to control a second piston).


title: Jonal Saint-Dic

abstract: Jonal Saint-Dic is a former American football defensive end. He was signed by the Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Michigan State.

text:
# Jonal Saint-Dic

**Jonal Saint-Dic** (/ˈnɔːl ˈdk/ *JOH-nawl DEEK*; born March 2, 1985) is a former American football defensive end. He was signed by the Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Michigan State.

## Personal life

Saint-Dic is the son of Jonas and Marie Point du Jour. He was born in Haiti. He migrated to Linden, New Jersey then moved to nearby Elizabeth, New Jersey. He graduated from Michigan State majoring in sociology.

### Early years

Jonal attended Elizabeth High School in New Jersey, where he was a two-way starter, playing defensive end and tight end. In 2002, he earned second-team all-state honors as a senior after being credited with 24.5 sacks.

## College career

### Hudson Valley CC

Jonal played for Coach Bob Jojo at Hudson Valley Community College in Troy, New York. As a Sophomore, he was named Northeast JC Football Conference Defensive Player of the Year. In 2004, he led the league in tackles for losses (28 for 125 yards), sacks (11.5 for 63) and forced fumbles (6). His career totals include 118 tackles, including a school-record 21 sacks for 116 yards.

### Michigan State

During the 2005 season, Saint-Dic was granted a medical redshirt after missing the last seven games of the 2005 season with a groin injury. He made his only appearance of the 2005 season in the Big Ten opener vs. Illinois. As a Junior, Saint-Dic had 23 tackles, 3.5 of which were for losses. In 2007, as a Senior, Saint-Dic emerged as one of the top defensive lineman in the Big Ten. He was named a second-team All-American by the Walter Camp Football Foundation. He was also named one of eight finalists for the Ted Hendricks Award. Also in 2007, Jonal became a first-team All-Big Ten selection by the media and a second-team selection by the coaches. He set a Big Ten record with eight forced fumbles. Saint-Dic had 10 career forced fumbles, which ties him for seventh best in FBS history. He was named Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week after the Spartan's game against Pittsburgh. Saint-Dic was one of five MSU players who were suspended before the Champs Sports Bowl against Boston College, which the Spartans lost 24-21 on Dec. 28, 2007. He was suspended because he was academically ineligible to play.

## Professional career

### Kansas City Chiefs

After going undrafted in the 2008 NFL draft, Saint-Dic was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Kansas City Chiefs on July 31. He was cut by team in late August, 2008.

## InfoBox

Jonal Saint-Dic
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1985-03-02) March 2, 1985<br>Port-au-Prince, Haiti |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 253 lb (115 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Michigan State |
| Position: | Defensive end |
| Undrafted: | 2008 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Respiratory protective equipment

abstract: Respiratory protective equipment (RPE), also called protective breathing equipment (PBE) in the US, is a form of personal protective equipment designed to protect the wearer from a variety of airborne hazards in the form of a gas, fume, mist, dust or vapour. Respirators filter the air to remove harmful particles and alongside the breathing apparatus (BA) provides clean air for the worker to breathe.

text:
# Respiratory protective equipment

**Respiratory protective equipment** (**RPE**), also called **protective breathing equipment** (**PBE**) in the US, is a form of personal protective equipment designed to protect the wearer from a variety of airborne hazards in the form of a gas, fume, mist, dust or vapour. Respirators filter the air to remove harmful particles and alongside the breathing apparatus (BA) provides clean air for the worker to breathe.

## UK legislation

RPE is covered by a number of UK laws including:

The Health and Safety Executive advises that RPE should be appropriate for the needs of the wearer, the task they are undertaking and the environment in which it takes place.


title: Skeagh Cairn

abstract: Skeagh Cairn is a cairn and ring barrow and National Monument located in County Cork, Ireland. It is located 5.8 km northwest of Skibbereen. A ring barrow is located 20 m to the north. It is a large flat-topped cairn 19 m (62 ft) across and 2 m high. The cairn is believed to date to the Neolithic period. Festivals formerly took place here at midwinter.

text:
# Skeagh Cairn

**Skeagh Cairn** is a cairn and ring barrow and National Monument located in County Cork, Ireland. It is located 5.8 km (3.6 mi) northwest of Skibbereen. A ring barrow is located 20 m (70 ft) to the north. It is a large flat-topped cairn 19 m (62 ft) across and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high.

The cairn is believed to date to the Neolithic period. Festivals formerly took place here at midwinter.

## InfoBox

| Skeagh Cairn | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*
Irish: *Carn na Sceiche* | |
| Western side of the Skeagh Cairn | |
| Type | cairn |
| Location | Skeagh, Skibbereen,
County Cork, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 51°34′29″N 9°20′18″W / 51.574754°N 9.338472°W / 51.574754; -9.338472 |
| Elevation | 151 m (495 ft) |
| Height | 2 m |
| Built | c. 3000 BC |
|  | |
| Location of Skeagh Cairn in Ireland | |
|  | |
| National monument of Ireland | |
| Official name | Skeagh |
| Reference no. | 580 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Shaldon

abstract: Shaldon is a village and civil parish in the Teignbridge district, in south Devon, England, on the south bank of the estuary of the River Teign, opposite Teignmouth. The village is a popular bathing place and is characterised by Georgian architecture. At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,762. Its northern boundary follows the Teign estuary and its eastern boundary the English Channel. The village is part of the electoral ward of Shaldon and Stokeinteignhead, with a population in 2011 of 2,465. The village of Shaldon itself had a population of 1,716.

text:
# Shaldon

**Shaldon** is a village and civil parish in the Teignbridge district, in south Devon, England, on the south bank of the estuary of the River Teign, opposite Teignmouth. The village is a popular bathing place and is characterised by Georgian architecture.

At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,762. Its northern boundary follows the Teign estuary and its eastern boundary the English Channel. The village is part of the electoral ward of Shaldon and Stokeinteignhead, with a population in 2011 of 2,465. The village of Shaldon itself had a population of 1,716.

## History

Shaldon was in the hundred of Wonford. The original river settlement was upstream in Ringmore where the valley was farmed, and the inhabitants were hidden from the sea. Up to the beginning of the 20th century, Ringmore had many working farms, extensive apple and other orchards, including cider apples, watercress beds, and withy beds used for making lobster pots. There were also shipbuilding and repair yards on the waterfront.

Shaldon itself is built on reclaimed land, and there is a retaining wall, built around 1800, to prevent the river returning to its beaches. In 2012 a beach hut measuring 23 ft by 6 ft at Shaldon was put on the market for £245,000 and was at that time thought to be the most expensive beach hut in the UK.

## Local government

Shaldon is part of Teignbridge local government district, which was created in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The village had previously been in St Nicholas Parish. The parish contained Shaldon and part of the adjacent village of Ringmore, and became part of Teignmouth Urban District in 1881.

## Regatta

The Shaldon regatta is one of the oldest in England dating back to at least 1817, if not before. The modern regatta runs for 9 days each August.

## Homeyards Botanical Gardens

On a hillside above the village are gardens created by Maria 'Laetitia' Kempe Homeyard in the late 1920s and early 1930s and built by Thomas Rider, consisting of an informal terraced arboretum with a level walk along the top providing views of the Teign estuary and the Jurassic Coast. A feature of the gardens is a folly known as Shaldon Castle. First opened to the public in 1955 and currently under the stewardship of Teignbridge District Council, the gardens are open all year round.

## Notable people

* Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner \- WW2 Fleet Air Arm and Battle of Britain pilot, who settled in Shaldon in 1930 with his family after emigrating from Canada. He was killed in 1944 and is remembered on the Shaldon War Memorial.

## InfoBox

| Shaldon | |
| --- | --- |
| Shaldon as seen across the estuary from Teignmouth | |
| ShaldonLocation within Devon | |
| Population | 1,762 (2011 census) |
| Civil parish | * Shaldon |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: Shop Around

abstract: "Shop Around" is a song originally recorded by the Miracles on Motown Records' Tamla subsidiary label. It was written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson and Motown Records founder Berry Gordy. It became a smash hit in 1960 when originally recorded by the Miracles, reaching number one on the Billboard R&B chart, number one on the Cashbox Top 100 Pop Chart, and number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was the Miracles' first million-selling hit record, and the first-million-selling hit for the Motown Record Corporation. The single was a multiple award winner for the Miracles, having been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2006, inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll, and honored by Rolling Stone as #500 in their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, dropping it five spots from number 495 in the 2004 version.

text:
# Shop Around

"**Shop Around**" is a song originally recorded by the Miracles on Motown Records' Tamla subsidiary label. It was written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson and Motown Records founder Berry Gordy. It became a smash hit in 1960 when originally recorded by the Miracles, reaching number one on the *Billboard* R&B chart, number one on the *Cashbox* Top 100 Pop Chart, and number two on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It was the Miracles' first million-selling hit record, and the first-million-selling hit for the Motown Record Corporation.

The single was a multiple award winner for the Miracles, having been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2006, inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll, and honored by *Rolling Stone* as #500 in their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, dropping it five spots from number 495 in the 2004 version.

## The Miracles original version

### Background

The original version of "Shop Around" by the Miracles (credited as "The Miracles featuring Bill 'Smokey' Robinson"), was released in 1960 on Motown's Tamla label, catalog number T 54034. The song, written by Smokey Robinson and Berry Gordy, depicts a mother giving her now-grown son advice about how to find a woman worthy of being a girlfriend or wife ("My mama told me/'you better shop around'"). The original version of the song had a strong blues influence, and was released in the local area of Detroit, Michigan, before Gordy decided that the song needed to be re-recorded to achieve wider commercial appeal. At 3 a.m. one morning, the Miracles (Robinson, Claudette Rogers Robinson, Bobby Rogers, Ronnie White, and Pete Moore) recorded a new, poppier version of the song that became a major national hit. The original record label credits Robinson as the writer, with Berry Gordy as producer. On the *American Top 40* program of July 4, 1987, Casey Kasem reported that Gordy had previously rejected 100 songs by Robinson as "garbage" before accepting the 101st, "Shop Around," as "a hit."

The single was the first Motown record to be released in the UK, on Decca Records' London label. The subsequent EP release, coupled the "Shop Around" single with its follow-up, "Ain't It Baby". The two singles and the EP were the only Motown releases on the London label.

### Reception

"Shop Around" was a big hit for the Miracles, becoming the group's first number 1 hit on the *Billboard* R&B singles chart, spending eight weeks at the top, and also hitting No. 2 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, behind "Calcutta" by Lawrence Welk. "Shop Around" also reached No. 1 on the *Cashbox* magazine Top 100 pop chart and is also noted for being the first million-selling record for the Miracles and for the Motown Record Corporation, as well as a 2006 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. The B-side to "Shop Around", "Who's Lovin' You", also saw a plethora of covers, including a version by the Jackson 5 in 1969.

"Shop Around" inspired an answer record, "Don't Let Him Shop Around" by Debbie Dean. Dean's "Don't Let Him Shop Around" charted No. 92 on the Hot 100 in February 1961 and was Dean's only chart entry. Smokey Robinson later recorded a sequel song for his 1987 album *One Heartbeat*, entitled "It's Time to Stop Shopping Around".

### Awards and accolades

### Personnel

**The Miracles**

**Additional personnel**

### Chart performance

## Captain & Tennille version

| "Shop Around" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Captain & Tennille | |
| from the album  *Song of Joy* | |
| B-side | "Butterscotch Castle" |
| Released | 1976 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:29 |
| Label | A&M |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Daryl Dragon, Toni Tennille |
| Captain & Tennille singles chronology | |
| "Lonely Night (Angel Face)"
(1976) "**Shop Around**"
(1976) "Muskrat Love"
(1976) | |

### Background

In 1976, the American pop music duo Captain & Tennille released their version of "Shop Around" for their second studio album, *Song of Joy*, issued on the A&M Records label. Toni Tennille changed the lyrics slightly so that they were sung from a woman's perspective. The "Shop Around" single was produced by the duo and featured the song "Butterscotch Castle" as its B-side. The single first entered the US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart on May 1, 1976, at number 62.

### Reception

Released as the second single of Captain & Tennille from the *Song of Joy* album, their version of "Shop Around" was a success. The single reached number 4 in Canada on the *RPM* singles chart and peaked at number 4 on the US Hot 100 chart on July 9, 1976. While not out-charting The Miracles' original, their version became a gold record, and also topped the *Billboard* easy listening chart for one week in 1976.

### Chart performance

### Personnel

## Other versions

"Shop Around" has been covered many times, including versions by:

* *Hits of the Sixties: The Million Sellers* by Demitri Coryton & Joseph Murrells, Batsford Ltd., 1990, ISBN 978-0713458510, (pg 43).

## InfoBox

| "Shop Around" | |
| --- | --- |
| Side A of the US single | |
| Single by the Miracles | |
| from the album  *Hi... We're the Miracles* | |
| B-side | "Who's Lovin' You" |
| Released | September 27, 1960 (1960-09-27) |
| Recorded | 1960 |
| Studio | Hitsville USA (Studio A) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | * 3:04 (Detroit version) * 2:50 (national hit version) |
| Label | Tamla |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Berry Gordy |
| The Miracles singles chronology | |
| "Way Over There"
(1960) "**Shop Around**"
(1960) "Who's Lovin' You"
(1960) | |
|  | |
| Official audio | |
| "Shop Around" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: 137 BC

abstract: Year 137 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Porcina and Mancinus and the Fourth Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 137 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

text:
# 137 BC

137 BC in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 137 BC
*CXXXVII BC* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 617 |
| Ancient Egypt era | XXXIII dynasty, 187 |
| *\- Pharaoh* | Ptolemy VIII Physcon, 9 |
| Ancient Greek era | 160th Olympiad, year 4 |
| Assyrian calendar | 4614 |
| Balinese saka calendar | *N/A* |
| Bengali calendar | −729 |
| Berber calendar | 814 |
| Buddhist calendar | 408 |
| Burmese calendar | −774 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5372–5373 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit)
2561 or 2354
*to*
甲辰年 (Wood Dragon)
2562 or 2355 |
| Coptic calendar | −420 – −419 |
| Discordian calendar | 1030 |
| Ethiopian calendar | −144 – −143 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3624–3625 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | −80 – −79 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | *N/A* |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 2964–2965 |
| Holocene calendar | 9864 |
| Iranian calendar | 758 BP – 757 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 781 BH – 780 BH |
| Javanese calendar | *N/A* |
| Julian calendar | *N/A* |
| Korean calendar | 2197 |
| Minguo calendar | 2048 before ROC
民前2048年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1604 |
| Seleucid era | 175/176 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 406–407 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水兔年
(female Water-Rabbit)
−10 or −391 or −1163
*to*
阳木龙年
(male Wood-Dragon)
−9 or −390 or −1162 |

Year **137 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Porcina and Mancinus** (or, less frequently, **year 617 *Ab urbe condita***) and the **Fourth Year of Jianyuan**. The denomination 137 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

### By place

#### Roman Republic

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 1st millennium BC |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: The Great Maratha

abstract: The Great Maratha is an Indian historical drama television series directed by Sanjay Khan and produced by Numero Uno International Limited. The drama aired on DD National. The series is based on the life of Mahadaji Shinde. The show comprised 47 episodes. The music was composed by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam.

text:
# The Great Maratha

***The Great Maratha*** is an Indian historical drama television series directed by Sanjay Khan and produced by Numero Uno International Limited. The drama aired on DD National. The series is based on the life of Mahadaji Shinde. The show comprised 47 episodes. The music was composed by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam.

## Plot

The series starts with the events of 1759 in Delhi, during the declining Mughal empire under emperor Shah Alam II. Weakness of the Mughal empire leads to the invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani and his army faces the Maratha army on 14 January 1761. The cataclysmic defeat of the Marathas in this Third Battle of Panipat lead to the death of 50000 Marathas and many more. Witnessing this defeat, the Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao dies of mental depression. Then the show follows the life of Mahadji Shinde who was gravely wounded in the battle. But soon Maratha Empire, with his help, recovered Maratha power in North India, restoring Mughal emperor's moral authority as Mughal empire came under Maratha protection. He was awarded the title of grand visier by the Mughal emperor. There is a romance between Mahadji and princess Jumna, blossoming into marriage. Mahadji and Indore's queen Ahilya Bai Holkar develop attraction and have a sublime relationship where they help each other. The British are kept in check due to his efforts. The movie ends by depicting a fictional account of Mahadji being poisoned by jealous Maratha subordinates.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *The Great Maratha* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Historical drama |
| Written by | Sanjay Khan
Mohafiz Hyder
Reoti Saran Sharma
Manoher D. Malgonkar |
| Directed by | Sanjay Khan |
| Creative director | S.M.Sadiq |
| Starring | Shahbaz Khan
Parikshit Sahni
Farida Jalal
Tom Alter
Irrfan Khan
Mrinal Kulkarni
Kartika Rane
Mukesh Khanna |
| Composer | Mohammed Zahur Khayyam |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Hindi |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 47 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | S. Mirza Khan |
| Producer | Sanjay Khan |
| Production location | Samod |
| Cinematography | Tony Rode |
| Editors | Sushil Deshpande
Zahir Allauddin |
| Production company | Numero Uno International Limited |
| Original release | |
| Network | DD National |
| Release | 1 February (1994-02-01)
20 December 1994 (1994-12-20) |


title: David Nolan (American author)

abstract: David Nolan is an American author, civil rights activist, and historian.

text:
# David Nolan (American author)

**David Nolan** is an American author, civil rights activist, and historian.

## Biography

Nolan was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1946, the son of journalist Joseph T. Nolan and his artist wife Virginia.

He attended public schools in Bayside, New York and Waterbury, Connecticut, studied at the University of Virginia, and was active in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

Since 1977 he has made his home in St. Augustine, Florida, known as the "nation's oldest city." From 1978 to 1980 he worked on the first official survey of old buildings in the Ancient City.

His first book, *Fifty Feet in Paradise: The Booming of Florida*, dealing with the booms and busts in the state's colorful real estate history, was published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in 1984, and he received the annual author's award from the Council for Florida Libraries.

He was a contributor to a literary tour guide of the state called *The Book Lover's Guide to Florida* that was published by Pineapple Press in 1992.

In 1995 he collaborated with artist Jean Ellen Fitzpatrick and photographer Ken Barrett to produce *The Houses of St. Augustine*, which has become the bestselling book about the Ancient City and its historic buildings.

He was a founder in 2002 of ACCORD (an acronym for "Anniversary to Commemorate the Civil Rights Demonstrations"), a group designed to honor the participants in the St. Augustine movement during the Civil Rights Movement. Demonstrations in St. Augustine in 1963 and 1964 led by Dr.Robert Hayling and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. resulted in the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, one of the two great legislative accomplishments of the movement. ACCORD has launched a permanently marked Freedom Trail of historic sites of the civil rights movement that has gained international publicity. On July 2, 2014—the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964—ACCORD opened the first civil rights museum in Florida, at 79 Bridge Street in St. Augustine, the former dental office of Dr. Robert Hayling.

During Black History Month in 2009, Nolan received the Governor's Points of Light Award for outstanding community service.

On July 2, 2009, the 45th anniversary of the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, he received the President's Volunteer Service Award from Barack Obama.

He has served as president of the Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Society and trustee of the Fort Mose Historical Society.

He is a lecturer on historic, architectural, and literary subjects.

## Works

* Nolan, David, *Fifty Feet in Paradise: The Booming of Florida*, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984, ISBN 0-15-130748-2
* Nolan, David, with paintings by Jean Ellen Fitzpatrick and photographs by Ken Barrett Jr., *The Houses of St. Augustine*, Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 1995, ISBN 1-56164-069-7


title: Lake Iroquois (South Dakota)

abstract: Lake Iroquois is a lake in South Dakota, in the United States. Lake Iroquois takes its name from the city of Iroquois, South Dakota.

text:
# Lake Iroquois (South Dakota)

**Lake Iroquois** is a lake in South Dakota, in the United States.

Lake Iroquois takes its name from the city of Iroquois, South Dakota.

## InfoBox

| Lake Iroquois | |
| --- | --- |
| Lake Iroquois | |
| Location | Kingsbury County, South Dakota |
| Coordinates | 44°20′57″N 97°49′56″W / 44.34917°N 97.83222°W / 44.34917; -97.83222 |
| Type | lake |