title: Up-To-Date Store

abstract: The Up-To-Date Store is a heritage-listed former retail building and now museum at 127-129 Cowabbie Street, Coolamon, Coolamon Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It includes the Garth Jones Collection of Farm Machinery. The store was designed by William John Monks and built in 1909 by George Henry Mutch. The property is owned by Coolamon Shire Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 October 2006.

text:
# Up-To-Date Store

The **Up-To-Date Store** is a heritage-listed former retail building and now museum at 127-129 Cowabbie Street, Coolamon, Coolamon Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It includes the **Garth Jones Collection of Farm Machinery**. The store was designed by William John Monks and built in 1909 by George Henry Mutch. The property is owned by Coolamon Shire Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 October 2006.

## History

The history of the Up To Date Store is tied to the development of the township of Coolamon and the wheat industry of the surrounding district. Much of the store's business during its period of operation from 1909 to 1932 was supplying farmers with equipment and domestic goods and purchasing wheat and other local farm produce. The health of the rural economy of the district accounted for the success of the store. It closed in 1932, the worst year of the 1929-1935 depression.

The genesis of Coolamon township (gazetted on 3 October 1881) lay in the construction of the Junee-Narrandera railway (Hay railway line), completed that year, that opened up the south-western districts of NSW to wheat growing. Coolamon began life as "Cowabbie" siding (on the road to Cowabbie Station). The township, laid out where the Wyalong Road crossed the railway line, was on the boundaries of the Kittegora, Coolamon Holes and Kindra Creek runs. In the township's early years the railway station serviced a thriving timber industry but the primary catalyst for Coolamon's growth was the development of the wheat industry. Wheat dominated the agriculture of the Coolamon district and there was markedly increased wheat production (due to genetic advances in wheat-breeding and superphosphate use) in the period between the end of the crippling drought of 1895-1903 and World War I. In 1905 over 100,000 bags of wheat were despatched from Coolamon railway station. Coolamon's population trebled in two decades, reaching around 600 by 1906. The main street (Cowabbie Street) was on the stock route to Wagga Wagga and its 60.3 m width was designed to accommodate the wheat wagons. Coolamon's stores, hotels and offices lined Cowabbie Street on both sides, leading up the hill from the railway station. Building renewal was frequent, following major fires in 1912 and 1918.

The land on which the Up To Date Store is located, at the corner of Cowabbie and Loughnan Streets, was bought by Nicholas Mutton in 1908 and remained in Mutton family ownership until 1987. It was bought by Coolamon Shire Council in 1998. None of the store operators during the life of the store (1909–32) owned the property but operated their businesses there on lease. The history of the Up To Date Store demonstrates the interconnection of retail interests within Coolamon and with the neighbouring town of Ganmain.

A store has existed on the Up To Date store site from 1883. By 1893 it was a weatherboard building facing Cowabbie Street run by Frederick Hall that was referred to as the Up To Date Store in advertisements and newspaper reports, thought it did not display this name on its facade. The term "up to date" was a very common commercial descriptor of goods and services at the time.

Hall's store was taken over in September 1907 by Harold Charles Nadin (manager of Hall's drapery department until 1906 then briefly a partner in the general store at 104 Cowabbie Street), F. Alcock (newly arrived in Coolamon) and William Denoon (Hall's former 'confidential secretary').

The Up-To-Date Store land and property was bought by Nicholas Mutton on 23 May 1908. Mutton entered into a new lease with Nadin, Alcock and Denoon (a lease that he continued to renew with subsequent owners until the store ceased operation) (from annotations on the deeds).

Nicholas Mutton was most likely the instigator of the construction of the new Up-To-Date Store, presumably in liaison with the storekeepers. This proposal was presumably stimulated by the construction of an impressive two-storey brick store by Ashwood Brothers in Cowabbie Street in 1907, which replaced their old timber store. Ashwood Bros was the main competition for the Up-To-Date Store, and Hall's old premises were no match for the smart new Ashwood's emporium. Hence, perhaps, the emphasis on the increased use of the "Up-To-Date" tag for the store and its advertisements, and the introduction of modern conveniences such as the Lamson Cash Carrier.

The Ashwood store, which still outshone even the new Up-To-Date Store as a streetscape edifice, did not long remain a competitor for customer attention as it was burnt down (together with several other stores) in May 1912. Ashwoods moved into an existing timber store (formerly the D. Benjamin and Co. 'Railway Stores') lower down the hill, which was old and much smaller. This in turn was destroyed by fire in 1918 and a new store was built on the site of the original 1907 store. Though larger, this was closer in scale to the Up-To-Date Store and was eventually occupied by W.A. Iverach when he vacated the Up-To-Date Store in 1932.

Nicholas Mutton (1872–1949), the owner of the Up-To-Date Store, was born in Truro, Cornwall, where his father was a butcher. He migrated to Australia in 1893 to join his uncle, Tom Lockett, as co-owner of his butchery at Coolamon. Mutton subsequently sold the butchery to become a stock dealer and from 1910 or 1912 started dealing in hay and chaff, establishing a chaff cutting plant in Coolamon. Mutton foresaw the likely drought of 1920, and bought up large amounts of hay, making substantial profits on its resale the following year. He was involved in several notorious dealings, one in 1914 leading to a Royal Commission to investigate alleged (but unproven) bribery of government officials, and another in 1936 when he lost substantial amounts of money as victim of a European land speculation fraud. Mutton's business operations were taken over by his sons Oswald and Nicholas in 1936.

Work on the foundation trenches for the new Up To Date Store was reported underway in January 1909; the contractor, G. H. Mutch was 'pushing ahead with the erection of Messrs Nadin, Alcock and Denoon's new store' in March; and by the end of July 1909 the new "owners" were "comfortably settled in their fine new store", Alcock's share having been acquired by W.A. Iverach several weeks earlier.

The new building is built of load-bearing brick and is clearly not a simple facading of the earlier building. It is highly likely that the bricks used in the construction of the new store were produced locally. Ashwood Brothers had four brick kilns operating in Coolamon in 1908, with orders in hand for 600,000 bricks.

William John Monks, the architect of the new store, had one of the most successful and extensive architectural practices in country NSW. He was based in Wagga for over 40 years and designed buildings in practically every district in the southern half of the state. In the 1930s he was one of a team of architects employed by the brewery company, Tooth and Co. Buildings designed by Monks include: Lewisham Hospital in Sydney; Wagga Base Hospital; St Michael's Cathedral, Wagga; Public Hall, Ganmain; the Ganmain Hotel, Ganmain (destroyed by fire 1930, taking the former Nadin, Iverach and Wilson Ganmain store with it) and Meaker's Store, Ganmain.

The builder George Henry Mutch, who operated the "Central Timber Yards" in Junee, died in Junee in 1938.

The sign-writing came in for special mention in the local paper:

'Mr LB. Drane, signwriter, had given plenty of proof of his ability in both Coolamon and Ganmain. Messrs Nadin, Iverach and Denoon's new Up- To-Date Store had been finished in splendid style, as was Kelly and Ryan's Office window in Ganmain'. Nadin, Iverach and Denoon, 1909-1912

William Alfred Iverach (1879–1946) started work in Hall's store in 1896 as a "potato boy" weighing potatoes, rising to become manager of the hardware and grocery departments before leaving in 1906 to go into partnership with Nadin in a new store at 104 Cowabbie Street (which still stands) . He bought Nadin's share in 1907, and then sold this store to Sykes and Watson in 1909. Iverach then immediately rejoined his former partner, Nadin, when he bought Alcock's share in the Up To Date Store, Iverach's name first appearing in advertisements in the paper on 4 June 1909. Alcock left Coolamon in July and Iverach, Nadin and Denoon moved into the newly completed store in the same month. The new Up To Date Store was glowingly reported in the Coolamon-Ganmain Farmers Review on 30 July 1909:

'Nadin, Iverach and Denoon are now comfortably settled in their fine new store. The building is certainly true to its well known name, viz. "Up-to- date". The architect, Mr Monks, of Wagga, has given further proof of his ability to do good, creditable, all round work. The interior is replete with modem appliances on every side to suit the conveniences necessary to run a large and growing business. The exterior presents an appearance at once pleasing to the eye, and visitors to the town never fail to pass unstinted praise when viewing its pretentious dimensions. The four large windows allow of a fine display of stock to be made, and reflect a good deal of credit to those who took in hand the difficult task of dressing them. It would be almost impossible to enumerate the whole of the departments from memory, but extensive stocks of drapery, millinery, clothing, ironmongery, grocery, and saddlery are carried and neatly shelved. A large store room at the back of the premises was specially built to hold the goods in bulk and must provide a great amount of convenience to customers as well as to the proprietors. The contractor, Mr G. H. Mutch, of Junee, comes in for some well merited encomium owing to the faithful manner in which he completed his heavy and costly undertaking, and he must continue to be reckoned with whilst able to give such thorough satisfaction. In conclusion, let us wish Messrs Nadin, Iverach and Denoon a full measure of success and prosperity, and that they and Mr N. Mutton will be able to look back with pride to the day upon which the contract for the new premises was let.'

Several photographs of the store from 1909 to 1912 show the ornate facade, the gable dated 1909, and the names "Nadin, Iverach and Denoon" on both the gable end and on the corner billboard above the verandah.

William Alfred Iverach (usually simply known as 'W.A.'), was the part or sole operator of the present Up To Date Store from its construction in 1909 until its closure in 1932. He emigrated from Scotland with his family, arriving in Coolamon in 1889 and was in business initially as a blacksmith. By 1897 he was a committee member of the Coolamon Ploughing Match Committee, becoming President of the Committee in 1902. He remained in that position until at least 1907, and possibly until the last ploughing match was held in 1908.

Nadin, Iverach and Wilson, 1912-1914

William Denoon left Coolamon in 1911, and his share in the business was acquired by Hugh Charles Wilson. In what appears to have been a reciprocal deal, Nadin and Iverach acquired George Ashelford's share in Ashelford and Wilson's general store in Ganmain, which had been established in 1909. The Ganmain store consequently also traded as "Nadin, Iverach and Wilson".

William Denoon left the firm to enter into partnership with Mr C. Murnane in a patent horseshoe-making business in Sydney. Frederick Hall said of Denoon at his farewell reception that his former confidential secretary: "had a character which was to be envied", and was active in a number of community activities and institutions. He seems to have served overseas in the First World War, then apparently returned to Coolamon. A photograph, dated to 1925, shows a shop hoarding in Cowabbie Street for "W. Denoon, Auctioneer".

Nadin and Iverach, 1914-1925

Wilson sold his share in the Up To Date Store to Nadin and Iverach in 1914, and bought the Ganmain store outright. He sold the Ganmain store operation (but not the land) to Alan Gilbert in 1924, and the store was burnt down in the 1930 Ganmain Hotel fire (see photos in Gilmore 1992: 49, 73).

Nadin and Iverach became the agents for H. V. McKay Sunshine in 1917, and Iverach retained the dealership of the subsequent H.V. McKay Massey Harris Company created in 1930 until at least the 1950s. In 1933 alone, Iverach delivered 33 headers in the Coolamon district. At some point, as yet unknown, Nadin seems to have moved to Sydney, probably becoming a supplier to the Coolamon store.

W.A. Iverach, 1925-1932

In 1925 Iverach bought out Nadin (possibly on Nadin's death?), and continued to operate as "W.A. Iverach". In January 1933 W. A. Iverach moved his store to the former Ashwood and Coles store located at 113 - 115 Cowabbie St. Ashwood and Cole had gone into liquidation in the previous year (presumably in the depression) and Iverach purchased the store. He advertised a "removal price cutting" sale at the Up To Date Store in December 1932, indicating to customers that there were "hundreds of GENUINE BARGAINS" to be had. On 6 January 1933 it was reported that: "Mr W.A. Iverach closed, with the closing of the Old Year, his Up To Date store, opening for business on Tuesday his New Quality store, lately occupied by Ashwood and Cole. The interior of the premises had been thoroughly cleaned and renovated, and the exterior is being painted and decorated".

In 1936 W.A. Iverach took his sons Everard, Horace William (1905–1981) and Ormond Charles (1909–1979) into the firm, becoming W.A. Iverach and Sons. The firm became a limited liability company in 1947, following W.A.'s death in 1946. (CGFR 24/8/1956; Kingdon 1956; Coolamon and District Cemeteries).

The Up To Date Store after 1932

The Mutton family, owners of the store, operated agricultural businesses and ran a stock and station agency and chaff mill in town. When the Up To Date Store closed in 1932 they used the building for storage: chaff, grain, fencing materials and machinery (oral information, Ellie Lucas and Knocky Moore). The Muttons demolished the weatherboard extension at the back of the store, and replaced it with the present corrugated iron extension. They also removed the original stables located at the northern end of the block, and replaced them with a pole-framed corrugated iron work shed which contained a forge, used for repairing machinery.

The store had other intermittent uses that included roller skating, (probably in the 1940s in Room 2 with the counters pulled back against the shelving) as a fruit shop and for boxing (though possibly this was a youth activity rather than a spectator sport).

In 1998, the original timber work and storage shed fronting Cowabbie Street was demolished, and the new north-western shed built (steel-framed and iron), set back from Cowabbie Street with a garden in front.

In 2018, the building continues to operate as a museum and also houses the Coolamon Library.

Comparison with similar stores using Webber, Hoskins and McCann's studies indicates that the Up To Date Store is significant at the state level.

The Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery is fully documented and mostly provenanced to the Coolamon area and the family properties of Garth Jones. There is extensive supporting documentation and historic photographs of the properties and family life on the farm. Garth Jones's commentary provides a personal and insightful narrative to the collection, telling stories about working on the land. The contents of the Garth Jones Collection have been catalogued. A copy of the catalogue will be retained on file at the Heritage Office at H04/00016.

## Description

The Up To Date Store site includes the main store building with skillion roofed extension, and sheds to the north and north-west. The east and part of the south boundary is formed by a modern corrugated iron fence which encloses the rear service yard. The Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery (housed in the north and north-western sheds) represents one of the finest collections of its kind in New South Wales.

### Store building

The store is sited on the corner of Cowabbie and Loughnan Streets, Coolamon. It has two main facades addressing the street frontages with a wide, timber-framed and corrugated iron-roofed wrap-around verandah. The store is constructed of brick with a timber framed roof sheeted with corrugated iron, timber doors and windows.

The parapet features a rendered cornice, stucco finish above the cornice and a rendered moulding at the top of the parapet. Within the parapet are smooth rendered panels for signage. The parapet includes short vertical projections at intervals along its length, and the central section is formed into a curvilinear pediment. The easternmost vertical projection is also a chimney.

At the corner, the store is chamfered in plan with the corner entrance doors and above which is the focal feature of the parapet. This feature is styled similar to the southern elevation parapet but has a more prominent pediment rising to a small obelisk. The body of this section of the parapet has a blind arch element which is smooth rendered inside for signage. The date "1909" surmounts this.

The Store Building is an example of the Federation Free Style (the style dates from about 1890 until about 1915) and displays the following key features: prominent skyline feature, (especially the corner parapet element) and strongly contrasting materials, textures or colours, (such as the brickwork and rendered bands and parapet). Other features of the style displayed by the building include: projecting corner tower feature, (though in this case it is a corner projection of the parapet rather than a three dimensional feature); curvilinear parapet features; circular recess in the corner parapet element, and Art Nouveau motif in the verandah post brackets.

The store's interior has two large main spaces with three minor partitioned rooms and a short corridor at the rear of the building. The interior brick walls are painted and there are timber internal walls. The floor is timber as are the counters, benches and shelves. Rooms 1 and 2 originally had mirror fit outs. Room 1 contains its original counters and benches and most of its shelving (though not in their original locations). Room 2 contain one of its original four counters and many of its benches and shelving.

The store features the substantial surviving components of a Lamson Cash Carrier system that was gravity-operated with hollow wooden balls rolling down an inclined track. The system allowed money to be collected at four counters inside the store which would then be sent to an office for safekeeping and where, if necessary, change would be issued and sent back to the counter staff for delivery to a customer. The system operated between Rooms 1 and 2, (where sales would have been made at the counters), and Room 5 (where money would have been collected and change provided). The system is not operational, but could easily be made so. There are four pairs of tracks. All of the track system survives in Room 1 and about half in Room 2. Only one (of the original two) delivery/loading mechanisms is in place in each of Rooms 1 and 2. Room 1 contains a second disassembled delivery/loading mechanism. Room 5 contains intact delivery/loading mechanisms for all four tracks. Council holds several timber balls.

The north shed (that replaced the original stables after 1932) has early, possible original, components as well as later repairs and alterations. It contains an early blacksmith's forge. The north-western shed was built in 1998 and replaced an original timber and iron shed located in the present garden area.

### Garth Jones Collection: North and North-Western Sheds

The Garth Jones collection includes agricultural equipment, wagons, sulkies, fences, gates, an improvised wooden trough, plough, wheat pickler, wind mill, water cart, horse and bullock harnesses and other tools. The two wagons are highlights of the collection, being in exceptional condition. They were always kept in the shed and have retained most of their original paintwork. The collection is rare for its largely original condition, its fully documented provenance and its cohesiveness, being mostly sourced from the Coolamon area and the family properties of Garth Jones. The collection demonstrates important themes in the agricultural history of the district, such as water, land clearing, horse power, wheat, fencing and transport. Garth Jones's commentary provides a personal and insightful narrative to the collection, telling stories about working on the land. There is extensive supporting documentation and historic photographs of the properties and family life on the farm. The collection demonstrates the kind of farming enterprise the store serviced in the district.

The contents of the Garth Jones Collection have been catalogued. A copy of the catalogue is retained on file at the Heritage Office at H04/00016.

## Heritage listing

The Up To Date Store, an excellent example of a middle-sized country general store of the early twentieth century, is of state significance. It is in an exceptionally intact state for a store fitted out in 1909 despite the loss of some elements of the internal fit out. Associated with the store, and also of state significance, is the Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery which is one of the finest collections of its type in New South Wales.

The surviving shop fittings such as counters, benches and shelving; the open spaces of the two main rooms in the store; the intact partitioning creating smaller rooms at the rear of the store; the exposed roof trusses and varnished ceiling boards; the window show cases; the original timber floor with its evidence of wear patterns, and the verandahs on Cowabbie and Loughnan Streets are all integral elements contributing to this value. The store is significant for the legibility of its various spaces and rooms which highlights the different aspects of the retail business of a country general store, the comprehensive nature of the services it provided, and the society of the period. One element of the store's fit out, the Lamson Cash Carrier, is a rare surviving example of this early cash management system. It is unique in New South Wales in that it is still in its original location.

The rear skillion extension, the north shed (built after 1932 to replace the original stables) and the yard area are significant in continuing the spatial arrangement of the site that has existed since at least 1909.

The Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery (housed in the north and north-western sheds), represents one of the finest collections of its kind in New South Wales. The location of this collection on the site of the Up To Date Store reinforces the historic connection between the Up To Date Store and the agricultural development of the district whereby the store itself, (and its owner Nicholas Mutton through his other enterprises), played an important role in supplying goods and equipment to the farmers of the district and purchasing the local produce. The collection is rare for its largely original condition, its fully documented provenance and its cohesiveness, being mostly sourced from the Coolamon area and the family properties of Garth Jones. The collection demonstrates important themes in the agricultural history of the district and aspects of rural life such as water, land clearing, horse power, wheat, fencing and transport. Garth Jones's commentary provides a personal and insightful narrative to the collection, telling stories about working on the land. After the store closed in 1932, its sheds were used for the repair of farm tools and machinery. An in situ forge in the north shed, together with items in the Garth Jones collection related to blacksmithing, interprets this work and draws connections between the Up To Date Store and the farming enterprise of the district it serviced.

Up-To-Date Store and Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 October 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The Up To Date Store is significant at state level for its largely intact original fittings and for the Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery that it houses.

The Up To Date Store is an excellent example of a middle-sized country general store of the early twentieth century. It is in an exceptionally intact state for a store fitted out in 1909 despite the loss of some elements of the internal fit out. The surviving fittings such as counters, benches and shelving, the open spaces of the two main rooms in the store, the intact partitioning creating smaller rooms at the rear of the store, the exposed roof trusses and varnished ceiling boards, the window show cases, the original timber floor with its evidence of wear patterns, and the verandahs on Cowabbie and Loughnan Streets are all integral elements contributing to this value. The store is significant for the legibility of its various spaces and rooms which highlights the different aspects of the retail business of a country general store, the comprehensive nature of the services it provided, and the society of the period. One element of the store's fit out, the Lamson Cash Carrier, is a rare surviving example of this early cash management system. It is unique in New South Wales in that it is still in its original location.

The Up-To-Date Store has strong associations with the development of Coolamon township. The size, quality and scale of the store demonstrates confidence in the future of Coolamon as a centre of commerce and trade during the early twentieth century. The design of the large windows reflects the trend in shop design of this era. The use of the site as a store dates from 1883, just two years after the establishment of the town. The current store building replaced the original store in 1909 and operated continuously until 1932 when the business, now solely run by W.A Iverach, transferred to larger premises in the centre of the main street. The store was one of two or three major retail outlets in the town during most of this period.

The Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery, (housed in the north shed and the new north-western shed), represents one of the finest collections of its kind in New South Wales. The location of this collection on the site of the Up To Date Store reinforces the historic connection between the Up To Date Store and the agricultural development of the district whereby the store itself, (and its owner Nicholas Mutton through his other enterprises), played an important role in supplying goods and equipment to the farmers of the district and purchasing the local produce. The collection is rare for its largely original condition, its documented provenance and its cohesiveness, being mostly sourced from the Coolamon area and the family properties of Garth Jones. The collection demonstrates important themes in the agricultural history of the district and aspects of rural life such as water, land clearing, horse power, wheat, fencing and transport. Garth Jones's commentary provides a personal and insightful narrative to the collection, telling stories about working on the land. After the store closed in 1932, its sheds were used for the repair of farm tools and machinery. An in situ forge in the north shed, together with items in the Garth Jones collection related to blacksmithing, interprets this work and draws connections between the Up To Date Store and the farming enterprise of the district it serviced.

**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**

The Up To Date Store demonstrates local significance for its association with its architect and the group of individuals who owned and ran it.

The people involved with the store, including Frederick Hall, W.A. Iverach and the principal land owner Nicholas Mutton, have strong associations with the development of Coolamon township. They were prominent in both the physical building and the community development of Coolamon. They were intimately involved in town-based commercial activities, rural agricultural enterprise, and voluntary work within a number of community organisations. The store was a considerable employer within the town, having a staff estimated at ten people at any given time. The store is also an interesting surviving work of the prominent regional architect W.J. Monks.

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The Up To Date Store demonstrates local significance for its aesthetic values.

The Up To Date Store is located in a prominent position on a street corner at the top of the sloping main street. Because of its location and its architectural quality it makes a strong contribution to the Coolamon streetscape, which is one of considerable unity of scale and character and free of major modern infill buildings, except for the new (and relatively sympathetic) Royal Hotel, which replaced the original destroyed in the most recent of the town's fires.

The Up To Date Store acts as a final punctuation mark in the streetscape, particularly as it (alone among the Coolamon stores) addresses two streets (both Cowabbie and Loughnan Streets) by wrapping around the corner, and hence can be seen from a greater distance down the street than would be the case if it only addressed Cowabbie Street. While plantings form a strong element in the Cowabbie Street landscape south of Loughnan Street, plantings have never been associated with the Up To Date Store block, its commercial and then its workshop/storage functions being reflected in a treeless immediate landscape. This absence of trees and plantings (and any other form of formal landscaping) is characteristic of the place, and should be maintained.

The Up To Date Store is a good example of the Federation Free Style of architecture and is an important element in the Coolamon streetscape. This streetscape has a number of buildings with decorative facade treatments from the same and later periods (due to a number of major fires destroying earlier buildings). The streetscape's unity of scale and character is enhanced by the gentle slope down Cowabbie Street towards the railway, and the broad street with its central park.

The store is an interesting surviving work of the prominent regional architect William John Monks. The store building displays the following key features of the Federation Free Style: prominent skyline feature, (especially the corner parapet element) and strongly contrasting materials, textures or colours, (such as the brickwork and rendered bands and parapet). Other features of the style displayed by the building include: projecting corner tower feature, (though in this case it is a corner projection of the parapet rather than a three dimensional feature); curvilinear parapet features; circular recess in the corner parapet element, and Art Nouveau motif in the verandah post brackets.

**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The Up To Date Store has strong local significance for its association with the community of the Coolamon district. The store appears to have an established place in the communal memory of Coolamon, both as a store and because of the characters (in particular W.A. Iverach) who were associated with it. This is somewhat unusual, bearing in mind that the building has not been a store for nearly 60 years. The interest of the Up-To-Date Store Committee and the Coolamon Heritage and Advancement Society (CHAS), the site's continued use and appreciation by groups involved in its conservation and use, and its purchase by Coolamon Shire Council in 1998, all reflect a considerable degree of social significance.

**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The Up-To-Date Store is significant at state level for its surviving contents, and the Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery. These both provide rare cohesive evidence of the role and operations of a country general store in the townscape, development, society and farming enterprise of a country town in New South Wales during the early twentieth century.

**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

While some of the elements of the internal fit out have been lost, on balance the Up To Date Store can be said to be in an exceptionally intact state for a store fitted out in 1909.

The Lamson Cash Carrier is very rare, there being only two other examples of the early ball system as yet reported in Australia. One of these is a section only on display in a NSW museum, and the other is in pieces in store in Qld. The Up To Date Store's model is unique in remaining largely intact and in its original position. Enquiries to the Smithsonian Institution in the USA indicate that the ball model is not known to the specialists there, even though they have been undertaking research in connection with the company and their "flying fox" style cash carriers. Photographic evidence indicates that the ball cash carrier system was installed in other prominent stores in Sydney at least and may have been quite widespread. The Up To Date Store has the only known surviving example in Australia that is still in its original location.

The Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery (housed in the north and north-western sheds) is rare as one of the finest collections of its kind in New South Wales. It is rare for its largely original condition, its fully documented provenance and its cohesiveness, being mostly sourced from the Coolamon area and the family properties of Garth Jones.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**

The Up-To-Date Store is an excellent example of a middle-sized country general store of the early twentieth century, which has survived largely intact, including its surviving original furnishings and fittings.

The Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery, housed in the north and north-western sheds, represents one of the finest collections of its kind in New South Wales.

### Bibliography

* Attraction Homepage (2007). "Up-To-Date Store Museum" (PDF).
* Campbell, Jeanette. *Notes*.
* McCann, Joy (2002). *A Lot in Store: Celebrating our Shopping Heritage*.
* Kimberley Webber, Ian Hoskins (2003). *What's In Store? A History of Retailing in Australia*.
* Winkworth, Kylie (2002). *Draft Interpretation Plan for the Up to Date Store and the Garth Jones Collection, Coolamon*.
* M Brennan, ed. (1981). *Collamon '81: Coolamon Centenary Celebrations 1881 - 1981*.
* Michael Pearson, Duncan Marshall and Linda Young (1999). *Up-To-Date Store, Coolamon, Draft Conservation Management Plan*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Up-To-Date Store and Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery, entry number 01761 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on {{{accessdate}}}.

Media related to Up-To-Date Store at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Up-To-Date Store and Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 127-129 Cowabbie Street, Coolamon, Coolamon Shire, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 34°48′47″S 147°12′00″E / 34.8130°S 147.1999°E / -34.8130; 147.1999 |
| Built | 19091909 |
| Architect | William John Monks |
| Owner | Coolamon Shire Council |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Up-To-Date Store and Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery; Up To Date Store |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 13 October 2006 |
| Reference no. | 1761 |
| Type | Shop |
| Category | Retail and Wholesale |
| Builders | George Henry Mutch |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Up-To-Date Store and Garth Jones Collection of farm machinery in New South Wales | |


title: Chengdu West railway station

abstract: Chengdu West is a railway station located in Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. It also serves as a transfer station between Line 4 and Line 9 of the Chengdu Metro and Line T2 of the Chengdu Tram.

text:
# Chengdu West railway station

**Chengdu West** (Chinese: 成都西) is a railway station located in Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. It also serves as a transfer station between Line 4 and Line 9 of the Chengdu Metro and Line T2 of the Chengdu Tram.

## Chengdu Metro

| Chengdu West Railway Station
成都西站 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan
China |
| Operated by | Chengdu Metro Limited |
| Line(s) | Line 4
Line 9 |
| Platforms | 4 (2 island platforms) |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 December 2015 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Chengdu Metro Following station  Zhongbatowards Wansheng  Line 4  Qingjiang Road Westtowards Xihe  Peifengtowards Financial City East  Line 9  HuangtianbaTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |

**Chengdu West Railway Station** (Chinese: 成都西站) is a station on Line 4 and Line 9 of the Chengdu Metro in China. It serves the nearby Chengdu West railway station.

### Station layout

| **G** | Entrances and Exits | Exits A-C |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Concourse | Faregates, Station Agent |
| **B2** | Westbound | Line 4 towards Wansheng (Zhongba) |
| | Island platform, doors open on the left | |
| | Eastbound | Line 4 towards Xihe (Qingjiang Road West) |
| **B3** | Northbound | Line 9 towards Huangtianba (Terminus) |
| | Island platform, doors open on the left | |
| | Southbound | Line 9 towards Financial City East (Peifeng) |

## InfoBox

| Chengdu West
成都西
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Other names | Chengduxi railway station |
| Location | Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan
China |
| Operated by | Chengdu Railway Bureau, China Railway Corporation |
| Line(s) | Chengdu–Pujiang intercity railway
Chengdu–Ya'an railway |
| Other information | |
| Station code | * Telegraph code: CMW * Pinyin code: CDX |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 December 2018 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Odessa Jackalopes (1997–2011)

abstract: The Odessa Jackalopes were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Odessa, Texas. The team played in the Central Hockey League (CHL), and was an affiliate of the New York Islanders. The Jackalopes played their home games at Ector County Coliseum. All Jackalopes games were broadcast live on KMCM from the franchise's inaugural year until the 2009–10 season when KFZX took over the broadcasting rights to the live games and the Monday talk show called Hockey Talk.

text:
# Odessa Jackalopes (1997–2011)

The **Odessa Jackalopes** were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Odessa, Texas. The team played in the Central Hockey League (CHL), and was an affiliate of the New York Islanders. The Jackalopes played their home games at Ector County Coliseum.

All Jackalopes games were broadcast live on KMCM from the franchise's inaugural year until the 2009–10 season when KFZX took over the broadcasting rights to the live games and the Monday talk show called Hockey Talk.

## History

In October 1997, Odessa joined the Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL). In their first season the home games drew an average of 4,000 spectators. Over the next couple of seasons that number leveled off, and the team averaged just over 3,200 hockey fans each game. The team mascot, a jackalope, quickly became one of the most popular in hockey's minor leagues, and team merchandise featuring the snarling, antlered rabbit, has sold well throughout the United States and Canada.

### Leagues

The Jackalopes continued playing in the WPHL until 2001, when the league merged with the Central Hockey League. Beginning with the 2001–02 season, the Jackalopes played in the CHL.

On March 23, 2011, the ownership group confirmed that they would be leaving the CHL and joining the North American Hockey League (NAHL), by purchasing an existing NAHL franchise and moving it to Odessa and adopting the same name.

## Captains

Captain \- Sébastien Thinel
Alternate \- Philippe Plante
Alternate - Mike Ramsay

Note: Thinel named as captain replacing injured David van Drunen & Ramsay named alternate.

## InfoBox

| Odessa Jackalopes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Odessa, Texas |
| League | Central Hockey League
Western Professional Hockey League |
| Operated | 1997–2011 |
| Home arena | Ector County Coliseum |
| Affiliates | New York Islanders (NHL)
Bridgeport Sound Tigers (AHL) |
| Championships | |
| Regular season titles | 1 (2001–02) |
| Division titles | 3 (2001–02, 2002–03, 2005–06) |
| Conference titles | 1 (2001–02) |
| Ray Miron President's Cup | None |


title: Primary fissure of cerebellum

abstract: The monticulus of the cerebellum is divided by the primary fissure into an anterior, raised part, the culmen or summit, and a posterior sloped part, the clivus; the quadrangular lobule is similarly divided.

text:
# Primary fissure of cerebellum

The monticulus of the cerebellum is divided by the **primary fissure** (or **preclival fissure**) into an anterior, raised part, the culmen or summit, and a posterior sloped part, the clivus; the quadrangular lobule is similarly divided.

## Additional images

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 789 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Primary fissure of cerebellum | |
| --- | --- |
| Upper surface of the cerebellum. (Preclival fissure coloured in red.) | |
| The primary fissure demarcates the anterior lobe    and the posterior lobe   . | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *fissura prima* |
| NeuroNames | 648 |
| TA98 | A14.1.07.119 |
| TA2 | 5794 |
| FMA | 83729 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |


title: Dorothy Lyndall

abstract: Dorothy Lyndall was an American dancer and dance educator.

text:
# Dorothy Lyndall

**Dorothy Lyndall** (May 4, 1891 – May 11, 1979) was an American dancer and dance educator.

## Early life

Dorothy Stewart Lyndall was born in Los Angeles in 1891, the daughter of Charles Penny Lyndall and Deborah Stewart Lyndall. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Career

Lyndall was a dancer in Los Angeles, performing and touring in the 1910s as a leading member of the Norma Gould Dancers. Her frequent partner in dancing and teaching was dancer and model Bertha Wardell. She also had her own long-running school of dance in Los Angeles. Among her students in the 1930s were choreographer Myra Kinch and Yuriko Kikuchi, who later danced on Broadway and with Martha Graham. Another noted former student, Janet Collins, recalled Lyndall fondly: "Dorothy Lyndall was the greatest dance enthusiast and lover of the dance I have ever known. She loved the dance and loved dancers. She was literally a Socrates of the dance — she gathered dancers under her wings like a mother hen with her chicks." Adrienne Dore danced in 1931 programs directed by Lyndall.

In 1935, Lyndall and Myra Kinch taught a special course in eurhythmics at the University of Arizona's dance program, which was under the direction of Lyndall's student Genevieve Brown Wright. Lyndall was still teaching and touring in 1948, when she went to Hawaii to study children's dance programs, and was described as being frequently in Tucson, Arizona. In 1951 she visited Genevieve Wright in Arizona.

Lyndall was a member of the Dancers' League. She also wrote poetry, some of which was published in *The Lyric West*.

## Personal life

Dorothy Lyndall and Margaret Rees traveled together in the American Southwest, Hawaii, and Mexico. Their collection of photographs and postcards is in the University of California, Irvine Libraries. Lyndall died in 1979, in Fontana, California, aged 88 years. Her grave is in Mission City Memorial Park in Santa Clara, California.

*

## InfoBox

| Dorothy Lyndall | |
| --- | --- |
| Dorothy Lyndall in a bonnet and striped costume, from a 1916 newspaper. | |
| Born | May 4, 1891
Los Angeles, California, US |
| Died | May 11, 1979
Fontana, California, US |
| Occupation(s) | Dancer, dance educator |


title: Electricity sector in Macau

abstract: The electricity sector in Macau ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity in Macau, China.

text:
# Electricity sector in Macau

The **electricity sector in Macau** ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity in Macau, China.

## Regulator

Electricity sector in Macau is regulated by its electric power utility company Companhia de Electricidade de Macau (CEM), established in 1972 during the Portuguese rule.

## Generation

### Electricity generation in Macau

CEM's generation facility consists of two power stations, which are located on Coloane Island: Coloane A Power Station (CCA) and Coloane B Power Station (CCB). Together, CEM has a total installed capacity of 407.8 MW.

The predominant types of generation technology deployed are the low speed diesel generator using heavy fuel oil for CCA and the combined cycle gas turbine using natural gas for CCB.

### Electricity import from Mainland China

In 2012, CEM produced 376 GWh to supply 8% of Macau's 4,344 GWh gross energy demand, while the remaining 3,968 MW (92%) was imported from Mainland China through Guangdong Power Grid under China Southern Power Grid Company. In 2013, CEM generated 7.2% electricity for Macau, while the electricity import from Mainland China rose to 92.8%.

## Transmission and distribution

The Macau electrical transmission network comprises 20 primary substations with a total installed capacity of 1,260 MVA in 220/110 kV, 1,500 MVA in 110/66 kV and 1,752 MVA in 66/11 kV.

As of December 2012, the high voltage transmission network consists of 281 km line made up of 220 kV, 110 kV and 66 kV cables. The 11 kV medium voltage distribution network is composed of 35 switching stations and 1,245 customer substations (11/0.4 kV) connected by cables with a total length of 617 km. The low voltage distribution network is made up of 780 km of cables. Almost all CEM's power network is constituted by underground cables which mainly come from Europe, United States and South Korea.

Electrical grid in Macau has been linked to electrical grid of Guangdong since 1984.

In 2015, CEM announced that over the next three years, CEM will build another five new substations to power up the upcoming Macau Light Rail Transit, hospitals and Ilha Verde.

## Interconnection grid with Mainland China

Macau has also interconnection grids with Mainland China in Guangdong with Guangdong Power Grid of the China Southern Power Grid Company.

The first interconnection commissioned in June 2008 are the three 220 kV circuits connected at the 220/110 kV Canal dos Patos substation, with the importation capacity of 1,050 MVA. The second interconnection commissioned in June 2012 are the two 220 kV circuits connected at the 220/110 kV Lotus substation, with the importation capacity of 700 MVA. These five interconnection circuits give a total of 1,750 MVA importation electric capacity for Macau from Guangdong in Mainland China.

## Load, demand and customers

As of 2017, Macau has been experiencing an average 2.3% annual growth rate for their electricity demand. Their maximum daily electricity demand is 756.7 MW. As of 2016, total Macau power consumption reached 5,255 GWh. Macau's utility frequency is 50 Hz and at 400 V (three-phase) and 230 V (single-phase).

By the end of 2007, CEM was providing electricity to 211,238 customers, in which 75% of them are in the Macau Peninsula, while the remaining 21.9% are in Taipa and 3.1% in Coloane. Electricity reaches every individual in Macau.

In 2016, there are 71 charging stations for electric vehicles across 18 public car parks in Macau.

## Performances

CEM's power supply reliability maintains at world leading performance. The Average System Availability Index (ASAI) reached 99.9998% in 2010. In 2014, the System Average Interruption Duration Index was as low as 1.34 minutes. CEM has five mobile equipment units as contingency measures to deal with electricity blackouts. All of the underground installed cables undergo regular routine inspection and diagnosis every five years.

CEM has established and implemented an Integrated Management System with all three Management System Certifications ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and  OHSAS 18001\]. CEM was the first public utility company in Macau and the first power company in Hong Kong and Macau to obtain the certification ISO 14064-1 Greenhouse Gases Management System by taking systematic and genuine actions against greenhouse gases emissions.

## Environmental protection

In order to cope with the growing concern on environmental issues, CEM has invested more than MOP 450 million to improve CEM environmental performance, including investment in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems, Natural Gas Conversion, Air Quality Monitoring Systems, Scrap Yard, Noise Control Facilities etc.

## Power sector safety

Every year, CEM holds fire alarm and evacuation drills at different locations of its premises to test and evaluate the effectiveness of their contingency plans, further enhance the emergency response abilities of all the participating staffs and ensure the safety of the employees and facilities.

## InfoBox

Electricity sector of Macau
| Data | |
| --- | --- |
| Average electricity use (2016) | 5,255 GWh |
| Institutions | |
| Responsibility for transmission | Companhia de Electricidade de Macau |
| Responsibility for regulation | Companhia de Electricidade de Macau |


title: Portadown massacre

abstract: The Portadown massacre took place in November 1641 at Portadown, County Armagh, during the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Irish Catholic rebels, likely under the command of Toole McCann, killed about 100 Protestant settlers by forcing them off the bridge into the River Bann and shooting those who tried to swim to safety. The settlers were being marched east from a prison camp at Loughgall. This was the biggest massacre of Protestants during the rebellion, and one of the bloodiest during the Irish Confederate Wars. The Portadown massacre, and others like it, terrified Protestants in Ireland and Great Britain, and were used to justify the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and later to lobby against Catholic rights.

text:
# Portadown massacre

The **Portadown massacre** took place in November 1641 at Portadown, County Armagh, during the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Irish Catholic rebels, likely under the command of Toole McCann, killed about 100 Protestant settlers by forcing them off the bridge into the River Bann and shooting those who tried to swim to safety. The settlers were being marched east from a prison camp at Loughgall. This was the biggest massacre of Protestants during the rebellion, and one of the bloodiest during the Irish Confederate Wars. The Portadown massacre, and others like it, terrified Protestants in Ireland and Great Britain, and were used to justify the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and later to lobby against Catholic rights.

## Background

The Irish rebellion had broken out in Ulster on 23 October 1641. It began as an attempted *coup d'état* by Catholic gentry and military officers, who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland. They wanted to force King Charles I to negotiate an end to anti-Catholic discrimination, and greater Irish self-governance, and to partially or fully reverse the plantations of Ireland. Many of those involved in the rebellion had lost their ancestral lands over the past thirty years in the plantation of Ulster.

Most of the land at Portadown had belonged to the McCanns (*Mac Cana*), a Gaelic clan. As part of the plantation, this land was confiscated by the English Crown and colonized by English and Scottish Protestant settlers. Rebels, including the McCanns, captured Portadown on the first day of the rebellion along with nearby settlements such as Tandragee and Charlemont.

Some of the rebels began attacking and robbing Protestant settlers, although rebel leaders tried to stop this. Irish historian Nicholas Canny suggests that the violence escalated after a failed rebel assault on Lisnagarvey in November 1641, after which the settlers killed several hundred captured rebels. Canny writes, "the bloody mindedness of the settlers in taking revenge when they gained the upper hand in battle seems to have made such a deep impression on the insurgents that, as one deponent put it, 'the slaughter of the English' could be dated from this encounter".

## Massacre

Twenty-eight people made statements about the incident, but only one of them witnessed it. The others related what they had heard about it, including possibly from some of the rebels themselves.

William Clarke, the only survivor, stated that he had been held in a prison camp at Loughgall, where many of the prisoners were mistreated and some subjected to half-hangings. The rebels in the Loughgall area were commanded by Manus O'Cane. Clarke states that he and about 100 other prisoners were marched six miles to the bridge over the River Bann at Portadown. The wooden bridge had been broken in the middle. Threatened with swords and pikes, Clarke states the prisoners were stripped, and then forced off the bridge and into the cold river below. Those who tried to swim to safety were shot with muskets. Clarke claimed he was able to escape by bribing the rebels.

The massacre seems to have happened in mid-November. It is likely that the prisoners were being brought to the coast to be deported to Britain, and rebel leader Felim O'Neill had already sent other such convoys safely to Carrickfergus and Newry. Toole McCann was the rebel captain in charge of the Portadown area at the time, and several people made statements that he was responsible for the massacre. Hilary Simms writes: "The convoy entered his area of control and it would seem likely that even if he did not order it, he and his men could not have avoided being involved in it". Native Irish tenants had already been massacred at Castlereagh, but Pádraig Lenihan writes there is no direct evidence the Portadown massacre was retaliation for this.

## Aftermath

As word of the massacre spread, "elements of what happened were exaggerated, tweaked and fabricated". People who heard about the massacre gave a range of death tolls, from 68 to 196. As Clarke was a witness of the massacre his figure of 100 is taken as being the most credible. Nevertheless, the Portadown massacre was one of the bloodiest in Ireland during the Irish Confederate Wars. About 4,000 Protestant settlers were killed in Ulster in the early months of the rebellion. In County Armagh, recent research has shown that about 1,250 Protestants were killed, about a quarter of the settler population there. In County Tyrone, modern research has identified three blackspots for the killing of settlers, with the worst being near Kinard, "where most of the British families planted ... were ultimately murdered". There were also massacres of local Catholics, such as at Islandmagee in County Antrim, and on Rathlin Island by Scottish Covenanter soldiers. Though a supporter of British rule in Ireland, 19th-century historian William Lecky wrote "it is far from clear on which side the balance of cruelty rests".

The massacre terrified Protestant settlers and was used to support the view that the rebellion was a Catholic conspiracy to massacre all Protestants in Ireland, though in truth such massacres were mostly confined to Ulster. In 1642, a commission of inquiry was held into the killings of settlers. Protestant bishop Henry Jones led the inquiry and read out some of the evidence to the English parliament in March 1642, although most of his speech was based on hearsay. The massacre featured prominently in English Parliamentarian atrocity propaganda in the 1640s, most famously in John Temple's *The Irish Rebellion* (1646). Temple used the massacres at Portadown and elsewhere to lobby for the military re-conquest of Ireland and the segregation of Irish Catholics from Protestant settlers in Ireland. Accounts of the massacre strengthened the resolve of many Parliamentarians to re-conquer Ireland, which they did in 1649–52. Massacres were committed by Oliver Cromwell's army during this conquest, and it resulted in the confiscation of most Catholic-owned land and mass deportations. Temple's work was published at least ten times between 1646 and 1812. The graphic massacres depicted therein were used to lobby against granting more rights to Catholics.

After the massacre, stories spread of ghosts appearing in the river at Portadown, screeching and crying out for revenge. These stories were said to have struck fear into the locals. One woman stated that Irish Confederate commander Owen Roe O'Neill went to the site of the massacre when he returned to Ireland in 1642. She stated that a female ghost appeared, crying for revenge. O'Neill sent for a priest to speak to the ghost, but it would only speak to a Protestant cleric from an English regiment.

Toole McCann was later captured by English forces. He was questioned and made a statement in May 1653, saying he had not authorised nor seen the massacre, but had only heard of it. He was executed shortly after.

## InfoBox

| Portadown massacre | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 | |
| Engraving of the massacre by Wenceslaus Hollar, published in James Cranford's *Teares of Ireland* (1642) | |
|  | |
| Location | Portadown, County Armagh, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 54°25′16″N 6°27′30″W / 54.421027°N 6.458244°W / 54.421027; -6.458244 |
| Date | November 1641 |
| Attack type | Drowning, shooting |
| Deaths | c.100 |
| Perpetrators | Irish rebels |


title: Bilbster railway station

abstract: Bilbster was a railway station located in the village of Bilbster, in the Highlands region of Scotland. The station opened on 28 July 1874. The station buildings were destroyed by fire on 16 September 1877. It was one of a number of smaller stations on the Far North Line which were closed in 1960.

text:
# Bilbster railway station

**Bilbster** was a railway station located in the village of Bilbster, in the Highlands region of Scotland.

The station opened on 28 July 1874. The station buildings were destroyed by fire on 16 September 1877.

It was one of a number of smaller stations on the Far North Line which were closed in 1960.

## Sources

* Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). *The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present* (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
* Jowett, Alan (March 1989). *Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day* (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Watten
*Station closed; Line open* |  | Highland Railway
Sutherland and Caithness Railway |  | Wick
*Station and Line open* |

## InfoBox

| Bilbster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Bilbster, Highland
Scotland |
| Coordinates | 58°28′13″N 3°13′24″W / 58.4702°N 3.2233°W / 58.4702; -3.2233 |
| Grid reference | ND286541 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Sutherland and Caithness Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Highland Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 28 July 1874 | Opened |
| 13 June 1960 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Dalbergia oliveri

abstract: Dalbergia oliveri is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae which grows in tree form to 15 – 30 meters in height. The fruit is a green pod containing one to two seeds which turn brown to black when ripe. It is threatened by habitat loss and over-harvesting for its valuable red "rosewood" timber. University of Oxford published the transcriptomes of Dalbergia oliveri and five other Dalbergia spp. It was found that D. oliveri had more R genes than the co-occurring Dalbergia cochinchinensis.

text:
# Dalbergia oliveri

***Dalbergia oliveri*** is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae which grows in tree form to 15 – 30 meters in height (up to 100 ft.). The fruit is a green pod containing one to two seeds which turn brown to black when ripe. It is threatened by habitat loss and over-harvesting for its valuable red "rosewood" timber.

University of Oxford published the transcriptomes of *Dalbergia oliveri* and five other *Dalbergia* spp. It was found that *D. oliveri* had more R genes than the co-occurring *Dalbergia cochinchinensis*.

## Distribution naming and synonyms

The trees are found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Common names in S.E. Asia are: Cambodian: "Neang Nuon", Thai: "Mai Ching Chan" (ไม้ชิงชัน), Laos: "Mai Kham Phii" (ໄມ້ຄຳພີ), Myanmar: "tamalan" (တမလန်း).

In Vietnamese *cẩm lai* or *trắc lai* is a generic name for "rosewood" trees. Based at the Saigon Botanic Gardens, the French botanist JBL Pierre described a number of local variations in tree dimensions and characteristics of seed pods (which are usually glabrous). Species he named are now considered to be synonyms:

* *Dalbergia bariensis: cẩm lai bông, cẩm lai Bà Rịa* – 15-20 m trees – pods 25 x 120mm, usually 1 seeded
* *Dalbergia dongnaiensis: cẩm lai Ðồng Nai* – 10-15 m trees – pods 30-45 x 100-110mm, 1 seed
* *Dalbergia duperreana: trắc* (Cambodia) – 10-20 m trees – pods 27-40 x 120mm
* *Dalbergia mammosa: cẩm lai vú* \- 20 m trees – pods 22 x 100mm, not narrowing on 1-2 seeds
* *Dalbergia olivieri: cẩm lai bông* \- 25 m trees – pods 17 x 60-80mm, 1 or 2 (rarely 3) seeds

## Uses

The wood of this rosewood-family tree is valuable for ornamental work including Woodturning and furniture. The sapwood is yellowish-white with dark brown heartwood. The heartwood is very hard and heavy. The lumber is sold under the names **Burmese rosewood**, **Laos rosewood**, and **Asian rosewood**.

In contrast to the co-occurring *Dalbergia cochinchinensis*, *Dalbergia* *oliveri* avoids drought by chlorophyll content and compromise productivity. Its isohydric behaviour suggests it is suitable to be grown in deciduous forests.

## InfoBox

| *Dalbergia oliveri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Dalbergia* |
| Species: | ***D. oliveri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dalbergia oliveri***
Gamble ex Prain | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amerimnon bariense* Pierre * *Amerimnon dongnaiense* Pierre * *Amerimnon duperreanum* Pierre * *Amerimnon mammosum* Pierre * *Dalbergia bariensis* Pierre * *Dalbergia dongnaiensis* Pierre * *Dalbergia duperreana* Pierre * *Dalbergia mammosa* Pierre * *Dalbergia laccifera* Laness. * *Dalbergia prazeri* Prain | |


title: 1638 New Hampshire earthquake

abstract: The 1638 New Hampshire earthquake struck central New Hampshire on June 1, 1638. It was the first major earthquake to strike New England following the start of European colonization. Modern analysis places its epicenter somewhere near what is now central New Hampshire, with an estimated magnitude between 6.0 and 7.0. This makes it the largest earthquake on record in New Hampshire and New England, and the second strongest in northeastern North America after the 1663 Charlevoix earthquake.

text:
# 1638 New Hampshire earthquake

The **1638 New Hampshire earthquake** struck central New Hampshire on June 1, 1638 (Julian calendar). It was the first major earthquake to strike New England following the start of European colonization. Modern analysis places its epicenter somewhere near what is now central New Hampshire, with an estimated magnitude between 6.0 and 7.0 mbLg. This makes it the largest earthquake on record in New Hampshire and New England, and the second strongest in northeastern North America after the 1663 Charlevoix earthquake.

## InfoBox

1638 New Hampshire earthquake
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | June 1, 1638 (1638-06) |
| Local time | 1–2 p.m. |
| Magnitude | 6.5±0.5 mbLg |
| Epicenter | 43°18′N 71°36′W / 43.3°N 71.6°W / 43.3; -71.6 |
| Areas affected | British America |
| Max. intensity | MMI IX (*Violent*) |


title: Chen Hao (footballer, born 2002)

abstract: Chen Hao is a Chinese professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Hong Kong Premier League club HKFC.

text:
# Chen Hao (footballer, born 2002)

**Chen Hao** (Chinese: 陈灏; born 11 January 2002) is a Chinese professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Hong Kong Premier League club HKFC.

## Club career

Born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, Chen started playing football at the Haizhu District team while still in primary school. He joined Guangzhou City, before moving to Spain at the age of twelve to join the academy of Valencia, as part of the Wanda Group initiative to bring young Chinese players to Spanish clubs. In 2018, he transferred to Villarreal, after the Wanda Group terminated their deal with Valencia.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, Chen returned to Guangzhou, before moving to Hong Kong in November 2021.

On 8 August 2022, Chen joined Hong Kong Premier League club Sham Shui Po.

On 25 August 2024, HKFC head coach Chancey Cooke revealed that the club secured the signing of Chen in which he featured during a pre-season friendly fixture against Central & Western.

## International career

Chen is eligible to represent both China and Hong Kong at the international level, as his mother is from Hong Kong, and he has had a Hong Kong ID card since 2019.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 30 October 2022*.

| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | League Cup | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| North District | 2021–22 | First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Sham Shui Po | 2022–23 | Premier League | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 1 |
| Career total | | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 1 |

Notes   1. "廣州出生曾外流西班牙6年 陳灝：想第日代表香港隊踢波" \[Chen Hao who was born in Guangzhou and has been out in Spain for 6 years: I want to play football on behalf of the Hong Kong team on the first day\]. *today.line.me* (in Chinese). 10 July 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
2. 港超聯 深水埗簽11名新兵 高俊基：唔好包尾 on.cc 8 August 2022
3. 港超聯 友賽和中西區 港會主帥透露已簽陳灝 on.cc 25 August 2024
4. Chen Hao at Soccerway

## InfoBox

Chen Hao
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Chen Hao | | |
| Date of birth | (2002-01-11) 11 January 2002 | | |
| Place of birth | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | | |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | HKFC | | |
| Number | 7 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Guangzhou City | | |
| 2014–2018 | Valencia | | |
| 2018–2020 | Villarreal | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2022 | North District | 0 | (0) |
| 2022–2024 | Sham Shui Po | 28 | (1) |
| 2024– | HKFC | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 25 August 2024 | | | |


title: Odessa Offensive Soviet order of battle

abstract: The following Soviet units fought in the Odessa Offensive between 26 March and 30 April 1944. For the offensive, the 3rd Ukrainian Front included 57 rifle and three cavalry divisions, a tank corps and a mechanized corps. According to a postwar history, these totaled 470,000 men, 12,678 guns and mortars, 435 tanks and self-propelled guns. The front was supported by the 17th Air Army with 436 combat aircraft. The 3rd Ukrainian Front's report on the operation, drawn up in August 1944, provides figures for the operational strength of the front on 28 March: 243,074 men, 42,512 submachine guns, 4,824 machine guns, and 344 tanks and self-propelled guns, 2,112 mortars, 1,616 field guns, and 781 anti-aircraft guns.

text:
# Odessa Offensive Soviet order of battle

The following Soviet units fought in the Odessa Offensive between 26 March and 30 April 1944.

For the offensive, the 3rd Ukrainian Front included 57 rifle and three cavalry divisions, a tank corps and a mechanized corps. According to a postwar history, these totaled 470,000 men, 12,678 guns and mortars, 435 tanks and self-propelled guns. The front was supported by the 17th Air Army with 436 combat aircraft. The 3rd Ukrainian Front's report on the operation, drawn up in August 1944, provides figures for the operational strength of the front on 28 March: 243,074 men, 42,512 submachine guns, 4,824 machine guns, and 344 tanks and self-propelled guns (only counting those in the 23rd Tank Corps and Cavalry-Mechanized Group), 2,112 mortars, 1,616 field guns, and 781 anti-aircraft guns.

## Abbreviations used

### Military rank

* **LTG** = Lieutenant general (*General-leytenant*)
* **LTGAv** = Lieutenant General of Aviation
* **LTGTF** = Lieutenant General of Tank Forces
* **MG** = Major general (*General-mayor*)
* **MGAv** = Major General of Aviation
* **MGTF** = Major General of Tank Forces
* **COL** = Colonel (*Polkovnik*)
* **LTC** = Lieutenant Colonel (*Podpolkovnik*)
* **MAJ** = Major (*Mayor*)

### Other

* **k** = Killed
* **w** = Wounded

## Command

The Soviet forces involved in the offensive were part of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, commanded by Army General Rodion Malinovsky. Lieutenant General Fyodor Korzhenevich served as front chief of staff and Lieutenant General Aleksey Zheltov as front commissar.

## Ground forces

### 57th Army

Lieutenant General Nikolay Gagen

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9th Rifle Corps: MG Ivan Rosly (transferred from 28th Army) | 118th Rifle Division: COL Fyodor Dobrovolsky |  |  |
| | 230th Rifle Division: COL Iosif Kazakov |  |  |
| | 301st Rifle Division: COL Vladimir Antonov |  |  |
| 64th Rifle Corps: MG Mikhail Anashkin | 73rd Guards Rifle Division: MG Semyon Kozak |  |  |
| | 19th Rifle Division: MG Pavel Lazarev |  |  |
| | 52nd Rifle Division: COL Leonid Milyayev |  |  |
| 68th Rifle Corps: MG Nikolay Shkodunovich | 93rd Rifle Division: MG Apollon Kruze |  |  |
| | 113th Rifle Division: COL Pyotr Dmitriyev |  |  |
| | 223rd Rifle Division: COL Pyotr Tatarchevsky |  |  |
| Reserves and separate units | 96th Separate Tank Brigade: COL Valentin Kulibabenko |  |  |
| | 93rd Separate Antitank Rifle Battalion |  |  |

### 37th Army

Lieutenant General Mikhail Sharokhin

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6th Guards Rifle Corps: MG Grigory Kotov | 20th Guards Rifle Division: MG Nikolay Dreyer |  |  |
| | 195th Rifle Division: COL Ivan Kholodov |  |  |
| 57th Rifle Corps: MG Fyodor Ostashenko | 58th Guards Rifle Division: COL Vladimir Rusakov, succeeded by COL Vasily Katsurin 15 April |  |  |
| | 92nd Guards Rifle Division: COL Mitrofan Matveyev |  |  |
| | 228th Rifle Division: COL Pavel Kulikov, succeeded by COL Ivan Yesin 28 March |  |  |
| 82nd Rifle Corps: MG Pavel Kuznetsov | 10th Guards Airborne Division: MG Mikhail Mikeladze, succeeded by COL Andrey Petrushin 9 April |  |  |
| | 28th Guards Rifle Division: MG Georgy Chumayev |  |  |
| | 188th Rifle Division: COL Vasily Danilenko |  |  |
| Reserves and separate units | 15th Guards Rifle Division: MG Pyotr Chirkov |  |  |
| | 22nd Separate Armored Train Battalion |  |  |

### 46th Army

Lieutenant General Vasily Glagolev

The 31st Guards Rifle Corps was in the army's second echelon at the beginning of the offensive, engaging in battle from 6 April to 24 April.

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 31st Guards Rifle Corps: MG Arkhip Ruchkin | 4th Guards Rifle Division: COL Kuzma Parfyonov | 2,921 officers and men, 859 horses (6 April) |  |
| | 34th Guards Rifle Division: MG Filipp Braylyan | 3,949 officers and men, 830 horses (6 April) | 12 killed, 37 wounded (with 34th RC) |
| | 40th Guards Rifle Division: MG Grigory Panchenko | 3,009 officers and men, 683 horses (6 April) |  |
| 32nd Rifle Corps: MG Dmitry Zherebin | 60th Guards Rifle Division: MG Vasily Sokolov |  |  |
| | 259th Rifle Division: MG Aleksey Vlasenko |  |  |
| | 266th Rifle Division: COL Savva Fomichenko |  |  |
| 34th Rifle Corps: MG Ivan Kosobutsky | 236th Rifle Division: MG Ivan Fesin |  | 202 killed, 1,204 wounded (to 15 April) |
| | 394th Rifle Division: MG Aleksandr Lisitsyn |  | 338 killed, 1,371 wounded (to 15 April) |
| Reserves and separate units | 353rd Rifle Division: MG Fyodor Kolchuk |  | 81 killed, 209 wounded (with 34th RC) |

### 8th Guards Army

Colonel General Vasily Chuikov

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4th Guards Rifle Corps: LTG Vasily Glazunov | 35th Guards Rifle Division: MG Ivan Kulagin |  |  |
| | 47th Guards Rifle Division: MG Sergey Bobruk, COL Vasily Shugayev from 26 March |  |  |
| | 57th Guards Rifle Division: MG Afanasy Shemenkov |  |  |
| 28th Guards Rifle Corps: MG Stepan Morozov | 39th Guards Rifle Division: LTC Viktor Shtrigol |  |  |
| | 79th Guards Rifle Division: MG Leonid Vagin |  |  |
| | 88th Guards Rifle Division: MG Boris Pankov, COL Yefim Marchenko from 6 April |  |  |
| 29th Guards Rifle Corps: MG Ivan Kravtsov, LTG Sergey Bobruk from 28 March, LTG Yakov Fokanov from 13 April | 27th Guards Rifle Division: MG Gleb Baklanov |  |  |
| | 74th Guards Rifle Division: COL Dmitry Bakanov |  |  |
| | 82nd Guards Rifle Division: MG Ivan Makarenko, LTC Matvey Karnaukhov from 2 April |  |  |
| Reserves and separate units | 152nd Rifle Division: COL Andrian Kuzin |  |  |
| | 5th Guards Separate Tank Regiment |  |  |

### 6th Army

Lieutenant General Ivan Shlyomin

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 34th Guards Rifle Corps: MG Nikolay Makovchuk | 59th Guards Rifle Division: MG Georgy Karamyshev |  |  |
| | 61st Guards Rifle Division: MG Leonid Lozanovich |  |  |
| | 243rd Rifle Division: COL Makariy Togolev |  |  |
| 66th Rifle Corps: MG Dmitry Kupryanov | 203rd Rifle Division: MG Gavriil Zdanovich |  |  |
| | 244th Rifle Division: MG Georgy Afanasyev |  |  |
| | 333rd Rifle Division: MG Anisim Golosko |  |  |
|

### 5th Shock Army

Colonel General Vyacheslav Tsvetayev

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10th Guards Rifle Corps: MG Ivan Rubanyuk | 86th Guards Rifle Division: COL Vasily Pavlovich Sokolovsky | 3,998 personnel (1 April), 3,735 personnel (10 April) |  |
| | 109th Guards Rifle Division: COL Ilya Baldynov | 3,076 personnel (1 April), 2,899 personnel (10 April) |  |
| | 320th Rifle Division: MG Ilya Shvygin | 3,537 personnel (1 April), 3,382 personnel (10 April) |  |
| 37th Rifle Corps: MG Sergey Gorokhov | 49th Guards Rifle Division: COL Vasily Margelov | 3,961 personnel (1 April), 3,779 personnel (10 April) |  |
| | 108th Guards Rifle Division: COL Sergey Dunayev | 3,047 personnel (27 March), 2,994 personnel (1 April), 2,932 personnel (10 April) |  |
| | 248th Rifle Division: COL Nikolay Galay | 3,382 personnel (27 March), 3,304 personnel (1 April), 3,185 personnel (10 April) |  |
| | 416th Rifle Division: MG Dmitry Syzranov | 3,604 personnel (27 March), 3,462 personnel (1 April), 3,828 personnel (10 April) |  |
| Reserves and separate units | 295th Rifle Division: COL Aleksandr Dorofeyev | 4,474 personnel (1 April), 4,202 personnel (10 April) |  |
| | 1st Guards Fortified Region: COL Sergey Nikitin | 2,396 personnel (1 April), 2,408 personnel (10 April) |  |

### Cavalry-Mechanized Group

Lieutenant General Issa Pliyev

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4th Guards Mechanized Corps: LTGTF Trofim Tanaschishin (killed 31 March 1944), MGTF Vladimir Zhdanov | 13th Guards Mechanized Brigade: LTC Pyotr Arshinov, COL Yakov Trotsenko from 17 April |  |  |
| | 14th Guards Mechanized Brigade: COL Nikodim Nikitin |  |  |
| | 15th Guards Mechanized Brigade: LTC Mikhail Andrianov |  |  |
| | 36th Guards Tank Brigade: COL Pyotr Zhukov |  |  |
| | 37th Guards Tank Regiment (organic to 15th Guards Mechanized Brigade) |  |  |
| | 38th Guards Tank Regiment (organic to 13th Guards Mechanized Brigade) |  |  |  |
| | 39th Guards Tank Regiment (organic to 15th Guards Mechanized Brigade) |  |  |  |
| 4th Guards Cavalry Corps: LTG Issa Pliyev | 9th Guards Cavalry Division: MG Ivan Tutarinov |  | * Personnel: 135 killed, 367 wounded * Horses: 980 killed, 6 wounded |
| | 10th Guards Cavalry Division: COL Nikolay Gadalin, COL Sergey Shevchuk from 6 April (captured 11 April), COL Mikhail Poprikaylo from 12 April |  | * Personnel: 203 killed, 562 wounded * Horses: 1,856 killed, 60 wounded |
| | 30th Cavalry Division: MG Vasily Golovskoy |  | * Personnel: 227 killed, 499 wounded * Horses: 1,512 killed, 174 wounded |
| | 128th Separate Tank Regiment (attached to the 10th Guards Cavalry Division): LTC Mikhail Sazonov | 11 х М4А2 Sherman, 10 x Valentine Mk III (30 March) |  |
| | 134th Separate Tank Regiment (attached to the 30th Cavalry Division): COL Nikolay Ognev | 9 x M4A2 Sherman, 9 x Valentine Mk III (30 March) |  |
| | 151st Separate Tank Regiment (attached to 9th Guards Cavalry Division): MAJ Nikolay Savin (killed 10 April), MAJ Pavel Bakin | 9 x M4A2 Sherman, 10 x Valentine Mk III, (30 March) | * Equipment: 3 x M4A2, 2 x Mk III knocked out * Personnel: 5 killed, 4 wounded |

### Front reserves

#### Corps

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps: LTGTF Karp Sviridov | 4th Guards Mechanized Brigade: COL Mikhail Lyashchenko |  |  |
| | 5th Guards Mechanized Brigade: COL Fyodor Safronov |  |  |
| | 6th Guards Mechanized Brigade: COL Aleksandr Roslov |  |  |
| | 37th Guards Tank Brigade: LTC Ivan Kharin |  |  |
| | 23rd Guards Tank Regiment |  |  |
| | 24th Guards Tank Regiment |  |  |
| | 25th Guards Tank Regiment |  |  |
| 23rd Tank Corps: MGTF Aleksey Akhmanov | 3rd Tank Brigade: COL Ivan Devyatko |  |  |
| | 39th Tank Brigade: COL Aleksey Lyskin |  |  |
| | 135th Tank Brigade: COL Mikhail Beznoshchenko | 30 T-34 tanks (29 March) |  |
| | 56th Motor Rifle Brigade: LTC Filipp Shtanko | 1,349 men, including 700 active bayonets (29 March) | 139 killed, 576 wounded, 36 sick, 6 missing |

#### Smaller units

| Unit | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 10th Separate Automatic Weapons Battalion |  |  |
| 5th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade: LTC Nikolay Zavyalov |  |  |
| 28th Guards Separate Tank Regiment |  |  |
| 35th Separate Tank Regiment |  |  |
| 43rd Separate Tank Regiment |  |  |
| 52nd Separate Tank Regiment |  |  |
| 398th Guards Heavy Self-propelled Artillery Regiment |  |  |
| 864th Self-propelled Artillery Regiment |  |  |
| 1200th Self-propelled Artillery Regiment |  |  |
| 1201st Self-propelled Artillery Regiment |  |  |
| 1202nd Self-propelled Artillery Regiment |  |  |
| 1891st Self-propelled Artillery Regiment |  |  |
| 3rd Guards Motorcycle Regiment |  |  |
| 53rd Motorcycle Regiment |  |  |
| 67th Motorcycle Battalion |  |  |
| 26th Separate Armored Train Battalion |  |  |
| 28th Separate Armored Train Battalion |  |  |

## Air forces

### 17th Air Army

Colonel General of Aviation Vladimir Sudets

| Units | Component units | Strength | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Mixed Aviation Corps: MGAv Vladimir Shevchenko | 5th Guards Assault Aviation Division: COL Leonid Kolomeytsev |  |  |
| | 288th Fighter Aviation Division: COL Boris Smirnov |  |  |
| 9th Mixed Aviation Corps: LTGAv Oleg Tolstikov | 305th Assault Aviation Division: COL Nikolay Mikhevichev |  |  |
| | 306th Assault Aviation Division: COL Aleksandr Ivanov |  |  |
| | 295th Fighter Aviation Division: COL Anatoly Silverstov |  |  |
| Separate units | 244th Bomber Aviation Division: LTC Pavel Nedosekin |  |  |
| | 262nd Night Bomber Aviation Division: COL Gennady Belitsky |  |  |
| | 371st Night Bomber Aviation Regiment |  |  |
| | 39th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment |  |  |
| | 96th Corrective-Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment |  |  |
| | 282nd Separate Signal Aviation Regiment |  |  |
| | 3rd Medical Aviation Regiment |  |  |
| | 14th Aviation Regiment, Civil Air Fleet |  |  |

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Glantz, David M. (2007). *Red Storm Over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania, Spring 1944*. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700614653.
* Grylev, A. N. (1970). *Днепр-Карпаты-Крым. Освобождение Правобережной Украины и Крыма в 1944 году* \[*Dnieper, Carpathians, Crimea: The Liberation of Right-bank Ukraine and Crimea in 1944*\] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. OCLC 2791694.
* Morozov, M. E.; Yeliseyev, V. T.; Kulagin, K. L.; Lipatov, S. A.; Petrov, B. N.; Chernyayev, A. A.; Shabayev, A. A. (2010). *Великая Отечественная война 1941-1945 гг. Кампании и стратегические операции в цифрах* \[*The Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: Campaigns and strategic operations in figures*\] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Main Archival Directorate of the City of Moscow. ISBN 978-5-8129-0099-1.
* Tsapayev, D.A.; et al. (2014a). *Великая Отечественная: Комдивы. Военный биографический словарь* \[*The Great Patriotic War: Division Commanders. Military Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole. ISBN 978-5-9950-0382-3.
* Tsapayev, D.A.; et al. (2015). *Великая Отечественная: Комдивы. Военный биографический словарь* \[*The Great Patriotic War: Division Commanders. Military Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole. ISBN 978-5-9950-0602-2.
* Tsapayev, D. A.; et al. (2017). *Великая Отечественная: Комбриги. Военный биографический словарь* \[*Brigade Commanders of the Great Patriotic War: Military Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Nizhny Novgorod: Kirillitsa. ISBN 978-5-905603-67-9.
* Tsapayev, D. A.; et al. (2018). *Великая Отечественная: Комбриги. Военный биографический словарь* \[*Brigade commanders of the Great Patriotic: Military Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Mnogo knig. ISBN 978-5-521-15100-4.
* Tsapayev, D.A., ed. (2019). *Великая Отечественная: Комбриги. Военный биографический словарь* \[*Brigade commanders of the Great Patriotic: Military Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: Ripol Klassik. ISBN 978-5-386-13527-0.

**Military documents**


abstract: Edward Hyde was an English cricketer who played for Northamptonshire. He was born in Earls Barton and died in Cambridge. Hyde made a single first-class appearance, during the 1907 season, against Kent. From the tailend, he scored 3 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a duck in the second innings. Northamptonshire lost the match by an innings margin. Hyde took two catches during the match.

text:
# Edward Hyde (Northamptonshire cricketer)

**Edward Hyde** (18 March 1881 – 9 October 1941) was an English cricketer who played for Northamptonshire. He was born in Earls Barton and died in Cambridge.

Hyde made a single first-class appearance, during the 1907 season, against Kent. From the tailend, he scored 3 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a duck in the second innings. Northamptonshire lost the match by an innings margin.

Hyde took two catches during the match.


title: Elbert L. Kinser

abstract: Sergeant Elbert Luther Kinser was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life at the Battle of Okinawa during World War II. He threw himself on a grenade, absorbing the explosion with his body and protecting his men, for which he received the Medal of Honor. It was presented to his parents on July 4, 1946, in Greeneville, Tennessee.

text:
# Elbert L. Kinser

Sergeant **Elbert Luther Kinser** (October 21, 1922 – May 4, 1945) was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life at the Battle of Okinawa during World War II. He threw himself on a grenade, absorbing the explosion with his body and protecting his men, for which he received the Medal of Honor. It was presented to his parents on July 4, 1946, in Greeneville, Tennessee.

## Early years

Elbert Kinser was born in Greeneville, Tennessee on October 21, 1922. He worked on his father's farm prior to joining the Marine Corps.

## Marine Corps service

Kinser enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in December 1942 and received his recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina.

He sailed from the United States in March 1943, and joined the 7th Replacement Battalion in Pago Pago, Tutuila, American Samoa. Later, that battalion joined the 1st Marine Division in Melbourne, Australia, and Sgt Kinser was assigned to Company I, 1st Marines.

Action with the 1st Marines followed at Cape Gloucester, New Britain in Operation Cartwheel, and later at Battle of Peleliu in Peleliu, Palau Islands.

On Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945, Sgt Kinser landed with his unit on the Japanese island Okinawa. There Sergeant Kinser, acting as a leader of a rifle platoon, serving with Company I, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division, was subsequently killed in action on May 4, 1945. During a hand grenade battle, a Japanese grenade landed in the immediate vicinity, Kinser unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly grenade, absorbing the full charge of the shattering explosion in his own body and thereby protecting his men from serious injury and possible death. This won him the nation's highest military decoration.

Sergeant Kinser was buried in the 1st Marine Division Cemetery on Okinawa and his remains were returned to the United States in early 1949 for burial. His final resting place is the Solomon Lutheran Cemetery in Greeneville, Tennessee.

## Decorations

The Medal of Honor was presented to Sgt Kinser's parents by MajGen Clifton B. Cates (future Commandant of the Marine Corps) on July 4, 1946, in Greeneville, Tennessee. In addition, Sgt Kinser was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart; Presidential Unit Citation; Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal; and the World War II Victory Medal.

|  | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|

| Medal of Honor | | | Purple Heart | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Presidential Unit Citation | | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal | | World War II Victory Medal | |
|

### Medal of Honor citation

The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to SERGEANT ELBERT L. KINSER UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following citation:

> For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while acting as Leader of a Rifle Platoon, serving with Company I, Third Battalion, First Marines, First Marine Division, in action against Japanese forces on Okinawa Shima in the Ryūkyū Chain, May 4, 1945. Taken under sudden, close attack by hostile troops entrenched on the reverse slope while moving up a strategic ridge along which his platoon was holding newly won positions, Sergeant Kinser engaged the enemy in a fierce hand grenade battle. Quick to act when a Japanese grenade landed in the immediate vicinity, Sergeant Kinser unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly missile, absorbing the full charge of the shattering explosion in his own body and thereby protecting his men from serious injury and possible death. Stouthearted and indomitable, he had yielded his own chance of survival that his comrades might live to carry on the relentless battle against a fanatic enemy. His courage, cool decision and valiant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of certain death sustained and enhanced the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

HARRY S. TRUMAN

## Memorials

In Kinser's home county of Greene County, Tennessee several things are named in his honor. Downtown Greeneville, Tennessee has a historical marker about Kinser, south of Greeneville is Kinser Park and in the city of Tusculum a bridge over the Nolichucky River on Tennessee State Route 107 is named in his honor. The bridge collapsed following flooding from Hurricane Helene. Camp Kinser, a Marine Corps installation at Urasoe on Okinawa Island was named after him.

**Inline**

**General**

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.

## InfoBox

| Elbert Luther Kinser | |
| --- | --- |
| Elbert L. Kinser, Medal of Honor recipient | |
| Born | (1922-10-21)October 21, 1922
Greeneville, Tennessee, US |
| Died | May 4, 1945(1945-05-04) (aged 22)
Okinawa, Japan |
| Place of burial | initially the 1st Marine Division Cemetery on Okinawa
later Solomon Lutheran Cemetery Greeneville, Tennessee |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 1942–1945 |
| Rank | Sergeant |
| Unit | Company I, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division |
| Battles/wars | **World War II** |
| Awards | Medal of Honor
Purple Heart |


title: Poul S. Jessen

abstract: Poul S. Jessen holds the position of Professor of Optical Sciences with a joint appointment in Physics at the University of Arizona. He is a founding member of the Center for Quantum Information and Control. He has done experimental research in the areas of optical lattices, quantum information, quantum chaos, and quantum optics.

text:
# Poul S. Jessen

**Poul S. Jessen** holds the position of Professor of Optical Sciences with a joint appointment in Physics at the University of Arizona. He is a founding member of the Center for Quantum Information and Control. He has done experimental research in the areas of optical lattices, quantum information, quantum chaos, and quantum optics.

## Education

Jessen received a BSc in physics and chemistry from University of Aarhus, Denmark in 1987, and a PhD from Aarhus in 1993. While studying at Aarhus, Jessen travelled to the United States and worked with William Daniel Phillips at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. When his original doctoral thesis adviser at Aarhus retired, Phillips took over as his thesis adviser.

## Career

In 1990 and 1992, he was a guest researcher at NIST; in 1993, he was a postdoctoral fellow at University of Maryland; from 1993 to 1998, he was an assistant professor at the University of Arizona; from 1998 to 2002, he was associate professor at the University of Arizona; and from 2002 he has been a full professor at the University of Arizona.

He has co-authored more than twenty papers.

1. "Publications of the Quantum Information and Control Group". University of Arizona. Retrieved 2012-10-04.

## InfoBox

| Poul S. Jessen | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Alma mater | University of Aarhus |
| Awards | Research and Development Magazine, R&D 100 Award (1991) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physicist |
| Institutions | University of Arizona |
| Doctoral advisor | William D. Phillips |
|  | |