title: Ronald K. Richey

abstract: Ronald K. Richey was the chairman, president and chief executive officer of Torchmark Corporation.

text:
# Ronald K. Richey

**Ronald K. Richey** (June 16, 1926 – August 25, 2010) was the chairman, president and chief executive officer of Torchmark Corporation.

## Family and education

Richey was born in Erie, Kansas in 1926. The youngest of five boys, his brothers were Marion, Earle, Jr., Keith, and Leland. His father owned a drug store where Richey worked. After serving in the Army Air Corps during World War II, he received his undergraduate degree from Washburn University in 1949 and a law degree from Washburn Law in 1951. In 1989, the school awarded him an honorary doctorate of commerce. While an undergraduate he was initiated into the Kansas Beta chapter of Phi Delta Theta. During law school he was a member of the law fraternity Delta Theta Phi.

Richey was married to Florence (Kane) Richey. The Richeys met at Washburn where Florence was a member of Delta Gamma. Their children are Robert Richey, a retired insurance executive and founding member of the McHeadley Society, Chris Richey, CEO of Neosho Capital, and Linda Richey Graves. Linda is married to former Kansas Governor Bill Graves. The couple had six grandchildren.

## Career

After graduating from Washburn in 1951, Richey served as an attorney with the Kansas Insurance Department and later as legislative manager for the American Mutual Insurance Alliance of Chicago, Illinois. In 1964, he joined Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company in Oklahoma City as vice president and general counsel. He was eventually elected chairman and chief executive officer and maintained that position until 1980.

Globe Life was purchased by Torchmark Corporation (hereafter referred to as "Torchmark" or "The Company"), and in 1982 Richey was elected president of the Birmingham, Alabama-based Torchmark Corporation. On January 1, 1985, Richey was named president and chief executive officer of Torchmark Corporation. Under Richey’s leadership, Torchmark successfully integrated several of the companies it had spent more than half a billion dollars to acquire during a buying spree in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These acquisitions included Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company, Continental Investment Corporation, and United American Insurance Company. Continental owned Waddell & Reed and United Investors Life Insurance Company.

While many other insurance providers were lured into the high-return, high-risk junk bond, and commercial real estate markets of the 1980s, Torchmark maintained three-fourths of its invested assets in reliable, government-guaranteed securities and short-term investments. When the bottom fell out of the junk bond and real estate markets in the late 1980s, Torchmark emerged unscathed. Torchmark's conservative investment strategies earned its primary subsidiaries the industry's highest ratings. The national scandals, however, did affect The Company, in the form of increased contributions to the federal guaranty fund to bail out insolvent insurers.

The 1990s began promisingly for Torchmark, as 1992 marked The Company's forty-first consecutive year of growth. By then, its stock price had shot up an astronomical 1,675% from its 1980 levels. In 1994, however, The Company experienced some setbacks. In large part as a result of some poorly performing investments and the fallout from several different legal disputes in Alabama stemming from alleged misconduct by Agents at Liberty National Life Insurance Company, The Company's growth streak was snapped. Revenues declined to $1.9 billion from 1993's $2.2 billion and net income dropped $31 million from 1993's results, to $269 million.

1994 also saw some alterations in The Company's business balance as Torchmark made the strategic decision to focus more heavily on its life insurance operations at the expense of its health insurance ones (life insurance products tended to have higher operating margins, build better assets, and be under less year-to-year growth pressure). Buoyed by the acquisition of American Family Life Insurance Company for $552 million in November of that year, Torchmark's life insurance revenues jumped 16% from 1993's levels, while the health insurance sector contracted by 31.2% over the same period.

The restructuring of 1994 helped stanch the decline in Torchmark's revenues, as 1995 sales climbed to $2.1 billion, recouping nearly all of the 1993-94 drop. Net income, however, declined nearly 47% from 1994 ($143 million) as a result of poor growth in the Medicare supplemental insurance sector along with The Company's litigation exposure, heavy debt burden from the American Family Life acquisition, and underperforming oil and gas investments. (The Medicare business had been slumping ever since federal legislation enacted in 1992 capped the commissions that vendors of such policies could charge.) To remedy this situation as best it could, Torchmark opted to divest itself of its holdings in the energy industry to streamline its operations and dedicate itself more effectively to its core insurance, mutual fund, and asset management businesses. In 1995, Torchmark liquidated its investments in Torch Energy Advisors, Inc., the Black Warrior coal mine, and its holdings in Nuevo Energy Co.

Richey retired as CEO in March 1998 and chairman in 2002.

## Other activities and interests

Richey was active in a number of industry and charitable activities. He was a former president of the Association of Oklahoma Life Insurance Companies, a former director of the American Council of Life and Health Insurance and board member for the National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center.

From 1982 to 1999 he was a trustee of the Washburn Endowment Association and later a trustee emeritus. He was also a former member of the Washburn Law board of governors. Richey and his wife were the benefactors of the Richey Scholars Program at Washburn, making them one of the university's most generous donors in its history. Around the time of his graduation from law school, Richey joined together with eight other Phi Delta Theta fraternity brothers to form the "Free Society of GNIP-GNOP." For more than fifty years, this group has sponsored prizes for best note and comment at Washburn Law.

Richey previously served on the board of directors of Full House Resorts. From 1998 until 2004, Full House was led by CEO William P. McComas. McComas and Richey were fraternity brothers at Washburn.

## Honors and recognition

Richey received numerous awards for both his professional accomplishments and philanthropic endeavors including:

* Distinguished Service Award from Washburn University, 1993
* Bronze Award Winner, Insurance Diversified Category, CEO of the Year, 1993
* Bronze Award Winner, Insurance Diversified Category, CEO of the Year, 1992
* Silver Award Winner, Insurance Life/Health Category, CEO of the Year, 1991
* First Place Winner, Finance Industry CEO of the Year, Financial World, 1990
* Outstanding Insurance Executive, 1991
* Honorary Doctor of Commerce, Washburn University, 1989
* First Place Winner, CEO of the Decade, Financial World, 1989
* Kansan of Distinction, Topeka Capital Journal, 1987


title: CanWaCH

abstract: The Canadian Partnership for Women and Children's Health, most commonly known as CanWaCH, is an umbrella not for profit organization that unites Canadian organizations working on women and child's health. It has a focus on reproductive health.

text:
# CanWaCH

The **Canadian Partnership for Women and Children's Health**, most commonly known as **CanWaCH**, is an umbrella not for profit organization that unites Canadian organizations working on women and child's health. It has a focus on reproductive health.

## History

CanWaCH was co-founded by epidemiologist Helen Scott and international development practitioner Julia Anderson in 2010, simultaneous to the 36th G8 summit occurring in Canada. The board of directors is chaired by Onome Ako.

The organization was officially incorporated as a not for profit in 2015 in Peterborough, Ontario.

## Organization

As of 2018, CanWaCH had 94 members and 13 employees.

Activities are funded by the Government of Canada.

## Activities

In 2017, CanWaCH held the Global Adolescent Health conference which facilitated the launch of the World Health Organization's report *Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents.* The meeting was a forum for stakeholders, including youth representatives, to discuss challenges and opportunities to improve youth health.

In 2018, CanWaCH launched the *Canadian Collaborative in Global Health* initiative to improve collaboration between Canadian global health organizations working towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

In 2021, CanWaCH collaborated with the Canadian International Council and Global Canada on a 400-person collaborative democratic process called *Foreign Policy by Canadians.* The participants discussed issues including gender equity, social justice, the environment, Indigenous rights, and the environment. The process concluded that Canadians felt that Canada was not doing enough to improve women and children's health within its own borders.

Other activities include providing commentary on federal government spending.

## InfoBox

CanWaCH
| Canadian Partnership for Women and Children’s Health | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Formation | 2010 |
| Founder | Helen Scott and Julia Anderson |
| Headquarters | Peterborough |
| Membership | 94 |
| CEO | Julia Anderson |
| Board of directors | Onome Ako (chair), Margaret Biggs, Sian Fitzgerald, Mark Brender, William B. Chambers, Chris Dendys, Timothy Grant Evans, Lindsay Glassco, Danny Glenwright, Barbara Grantham, Jocelyn Mackie, Rowena Pinto, Eva Slawecki |
| Staff | 13 |
| Website | canwach.ca |


title: Cryptogene

abstract: A cryptogene is a gene that has had its transcript edited. This phenomenon is observed in various organisms, particularly in Kinetoplastids and Myxomycetes, where the process plays a crucial role in mitochondrial gene expression.

text:
# Cryptogene

A **cryptogene** is a gene that has had its transcript edited. This phenomenon is observed in various organisms, particularly in Kinetoplastids and Myxomycetes, where the process plays a crucial role in mitochondrial gene expression.

## In Kinetoplastids

Kinetoplastids, a group of protozoans including *Trypanosoma* and *Leishmania*, possess an unusual genetic system in their mitochondria. This system is characterized by an elaborate network of circular DNA, organized into two distinct types of rings: maxicircles and minicircles.

* **Maxicircles and Minicircles**: The maxicircles are analogous to the mitochondrial DNA seen in other eukaryotes and contain genes essential for mitochondrial function. However, the transcripts of these maxicircle genes often do not directly yield functional proteins. The minicircles, on the other hand, are small and numerous, encoding guide RNAs (gRNAs).
* **Role of Guide RNA**: The gRNAs coded in the minicircles are essential for the post-transcriptional modification of the maxicircle transcripts. This modification includes RNA editing, where nucleotides are added, deleted, or substituted in the RNA sequence, thereby creating functional mitochondrial mRNAs.
* **RNA Editing**: The editing process is extensive and often completely alters the original RNA sequence, making the mature RNA significantly different from its DNA template. This process is crucial for the correct expression and function of mitochondrial genes in Kinetoplastids.

## In Myxomycetes

Myxomycetes, a group of slime molds which includes species like *Physarum polycephalum*, also exhibit cryptogenes in their mitochondria.

* **Mitochondrial genes in *Physarum polycephalum***: The mitochondrial DNA of Physarum polycephalum comprises up to 81 genes, of which 43 are cryptogenes. These cryptogenes undergo a unique co-transcriptional editing process known as MICOTREM (Mitochondrial Insertional Cotranscriptional RNA Editing in Myxomycetes).
* **MICOTREM Process**: Unlike the RNA editing in Kinetoplastids, MICOTREM involves the insertional editing of RNA without the involvement of guide RNAs. Specific non-templated nucleotides are added to the RNA transcript at the editing sites by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. These insertions predominantly consist of cytidines, but uridines or a subset of dinucleotides are also added. This mechanism differs significantly from post-transcriptional insertional editing systems found in other organisms, which rely on guide RNAs and involve RNA backbone cleavage and subsequent nucleotide insertion and ligation. The exact mechanism and origin of the editing sites in MICOTREM are not fully understood, with hypotheses involving RNA-DNA duplex formation and potential triplex formation. This complexity offers insights into the evolution of mitochondrial DNA and the diversity of RNA editing mechanisms.


title: Contrast seeker

abstract: Optical contrast seekers, or simply contrast seekers, are a type of missile guidance system using a television camera as its primary input. The camera is initially pointed at a target and then locked on, allowing the missile to fly to its target by keeping the image stable within the camera's field of view. The first production missile to use a contrast seeker was the AGM-65 Maverick, which began development in the 1960s and entered service in 1972. The system has not been widely used, as other guidance technologies like laser guidance and GPS have become more common, but the same basic concept is used in cameras to track objects, including the systems used to aim the laser designators. Contrast seekers should be distinguished from television guidance systems, in which a live television signal is broadcast to the launch platform, which then uses manual direction to attack the target. Examples of TV guidance include the Martel and AGM-62 Walleye. The term "contrast contour" is sometimes used, but this may be confused with TERCOM systems.

text:
# Contrast seeker

**Optical contrast seekers**, or simply **contrast seekers**, are a type of missile guidance system using a television camera as its primary input. The camera is initially pointed at a target and then locked on, allowing the missile to fly to its target by keeping the image stable within the camera's field of view.

The first production missile to use a contrast seeker was the AGM-65 Maverick, which began development in the 1960s and entered service in 1972. The system has not been widely used, as other guidance technologies like laser guidance and GPS have become more common, but the same basic concept is used in cameras to track objects, including the systems used to aim the laser designators.

Contrast seekers should be distinguished from television guidance systems, in which a live television signal is broadcast to the launch platform, which then uses manual direction to attack the target. Examples of TV guidance include the Martel and AGM-62 Walleye. The term "contrast contour" is sometimes used, but this may be confused with TERCOM systems.

## Basic concept

Analog television cameras scan an image as a series of horizontal lines that are stacked vertically to form a grid or "frame". The camera's progression through the frame is carefully controlled by electronic timers, known as time base generators, that produce smoothly increasing voltages. As the camera scans the image, the brightness of the location currently being scanned is also represented as a voltage. The series of varying voltages from the sensor forms an amplitude modulated (AM) signal that encodes the brightness variations along any given scan line. Additional voltage spikes are added to the signal to indicate when the line or frame ends.

The contrast seeker is a simple device that can be implemented using basic analog electronics. It first uses some form of automatic gain control to adjust the image brightness until it contains some areas with high-contrast spots. This produces a bias voltage signal to represent the background brightness level, making brighter objects stand out. Any rapid change in contrast along a given scan line causes the voltage from the camera to suddenly change. If the change is greater than a selected threshold, it triggers a second circuit that sends the output of the two scanning time base generators into capacitors. Thus, the capacitors store a voltage value representing the Y and X locations of any high contrast spot within the image.

The image from the missile's camera is also sent into the cockpit where it appears on a small television screen, often one of the aircraft's multi-function displays. The missile is initially brought onto the target manually, normally using a small cueing input on the pilot's control stick, or by the weapons officer in a two-seat aircraft. When the trigger is pressed to *pickle* the target, the contrast threshold circuits are turned on when the camera is scanning locations close to the pickled location on the screen. Any high-contrast images within that area will then be memorized. Normally the recorded spot is indicated on the screen, normally with a square around the selected location. The operator can select other high-contrast spots within the image in an attempt to select one that is either on the target or very close to it.

Once a suitable target image has been selected, the seeker enters tracking mode. In this mode, the output from the camera is ignored except when it is scanning close to the original pickled location. In those locations the circuit triggers as normal, sending the output to a second set of capacitors. By comparing the voltages in the two sets of capacitors, the difference in location between the originally selected spot and the current spot is output as an error signal. This is sent into the seeker's gimbal mounting to turn the camera so it re-aligns with the original location. The guidance system then compares the angle of the camera to the angle of the missile body and sends commands to the aerodynamic controls to bring it back onto a collision course. To address the need to track moving targets, a proportional navigation system is normally used, which naturally produces the required *lead*.

## Problems

Contrast seekers are subject to problems when the contrast spot changes. This can occur quite easily if the target changes angle, causing the absolute brightness of the object to change, or if it moves, which can change the contrast relative to the surroundings. For instance, a tank on a roadway might provide a very high contrast tracking spot, only to have that disappear when it drives off the road into low bush. It can also be fooled by artificial lighting changes and similar effects. This is the reason that the timers are "gated", to limit the area in which the changes can take place without breaking lock.

One solution to this problem is to use infrared imaging instead of visible light. This is particularly well suited to long-wave infrared cameras that image the heat signature of the target. This is very effective against vehicles like tanks, where the engine produces an excellent high-contrast image to seek on, and few other objects in nature will generate a similar signal. However, this also greatly adds to the cost of the seeker, especially in the 1970s when this technology was new, and also limits it to uses against vehicles or other hot sources. This means the aircraft has to carry two types of missiles, ones with IR for vehicles, and ones with visible light seekers for attacking other targets like bridges or bunkers.

A more subtle problem is that the contrast seeker, unlike most seeker systems, loses accuracy as it approaches the target. This is due to the image of the tracking point growing as it approaches. What might have been a single pixel on the screen when the missile was launched from 10 km away might extend over dozens of pixels by the time it has reached a kilometer from the target. At that point the tracking logic no longer works as naturally, any area within the gated range will now return a positive signal, causing the seeker to track back and forth within the area.

Early contrast seekers thus used a second system that noticed the target spot beginning to spread over several pixels and lock the approach angle into a coasting phase once this happened. This means last-minute movements of the target or any remaining tracking error cannot be addressed. However, systems that aimed for the center of an extended target appeared even by the early 1970s, and modern systems can apply any required level of image processing desired to address this concern.

## Examples

The basic concept has been used in various forms since the 1940s. One of the earliest examples is the Aeronca GB-5 (GB for Glide Bomb) which was intended as an anti-shipping system. This was essentially a bomb equipped with short straight wings and small tail surfaces with a tracking system from Hammond-Crosley called the B-1. Unlike later examples, this used a mechanical scanning system, with two photocells examining changes in contrast as the seeker oscillated left and right. This worked well against ships, where the ship was the only thing breaking the horizon line. This was one of many different tracking systems carried out as part of the GB series, which also included television guidance, semi-active radar homing, infrared homing and any number of different MCLOS radio control systems.

The best-known example of a contrast seeking missile is the Maverick, which has been in continual use since the early 1970s. In some early combat uses in the Vietnam War, pilots on their very first mission "vaporized" a truck with a direct hit, only to be admonished by their commanding officer for using a $25,000 weapon against a $500 target. Despite this, the pilots were extremely enthusiastic about the weapon and it became a staple of the USAF during the 1970s. In total, 99 missiles were fired during the Linebacker raids in 1972, achieving an 88% hit rate.

Starting in 1967, the same basic seeker was also adapted as the basis for the Homing Bomb System, or HOBOS, which was a guidance package fit to a standard 2,000 pounds (910 kg) Mark 84 bomb. The guidance systems, the KMU-353 and KMU-390, were essentially re-packaged Maverick A-model seekers, while the KMU-359/B used the later IR imager version from the D-model Mavericks. When completely assembled, the seeker, guidance system and bomb were known as the GBU-8, or GBU-9 when used with the 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) Mark 118 bomb. An update program started in 1972 to address concerns about lock-on range, resulting in the GBU-15. This differed primarily in that it sent the image back to the launch aircraft while the missile was in flight, allowing the weapon officer to correct its trajectory in a fashion more similar to other television-guided systems.

A major problem discovered by the crews in early testing was that the image was often too small to lock onto from long range, requiring an approach to distances well into the missile's range. On other occasions, the missile would lock onto nearby targets, in one case breaking off from a tank to land in a bush, which the crew quickly christened a "tactical bush". The use of videotape of the seeker's target allowed new crews to learn from their experience and quickly learn what sort of targets and encounters would lead to success.

The contrast seeker had several operational problems as well. Because of the environment they flew in, contrast seekers were generally not suitable to launch from helicopters, which led to experiments using wire guidance (TOW) or laser homing (Hellfire). Ultimately these systems proved suitable for launch from many types of platforms, and laser guidance in particular has become much more widespread. These systems often use the same basic tracking system as part of the laser designator system on the aircraft, keeping the camera or FLIR roughly pointed at the locked target in the same way it worked in the missile seeker.

### Citations

### Bibliography


title: Radek Mynář

abstract: Radek Mynář is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for SK Rejšice. After playing in the Czech First League for Marila Příbram and Sparta Prague, he moved to Poland where he played for Dyskobolia Grodzisk and then Polonia Warsaw.

text:
# Radek Mynář

**Radek Mynář** (born 22 November 1974) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for SK Rejšice. After playing in the Czech First League for Marila Příbram and Sparta Prague, he moved to Poland where he played for Dyskobolia Grodzisk and then Polonia Warsaw.

## Honours

**Sparta Prague**

**Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski**

## InfoBox

Radek Mynář
| Mynář in 2011 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-11-22) 22 November 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Česká Lípa, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | SK Rejšice | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Vagónka Česká Lípa |  |  |
|  | Sokol Bolevec-Plzeň |  |  |
|  | Hasit Horažďovice |  |  |
| 1997–2000 | Dukla Příbram | 58 | (6) |
| 2000 | Marila Příbram | 5 | (0) |
| 2001–2003 | Sparta Prague | 21 | (2) |
| 2003–2008 | Dyskobolia Grodzisk | 92 | (3) |
| 2008–2012 | Polonia Warsaw | 73 | (2) |
| 2012–2015 | Sokol Dlouhá Lhota |  |  |
| 2016 | Lehner Oed/Zeillern |  |  |
| 2016–2018 | FC Horky nad Jizerou |  |  |
| 2018 | Union Saxen |  |  |
| 2018–2022 | Horky nad Jizerou |  |  |
| 2022– | SK Rejšice |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 22 November 2023 | | | |


title: Tour of Mersin

abstract: The Tour of Mersin is a multi-day cycling race held in Turkey. It is part of UCI Europe Tour as a category 2.2 event.

text:
# Tour of Mersin

The **Tour of Mersin** is a multi-day cycling race held in Turkey. It is part of UCI Europe Tour as a category 2.2 event.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | Ukraine | Oleksandr Polivoda | Kolss BDC Team |
| 2016 | Turkey | Nazim Bakirci | Torku Şekerspor |
| 2017 | Belarus | Stanislau Bazhkou | Minsk Cycling Club |
| 2018 | Russia | Eduard Vorganov | Minsk Cycling Club |
| 2019 | Netherlands | Peter Koning | Bike Aid |
| 2020–2023 | **No race** | | | |
| 2024 | Poland | Marcin Budziński | Mazowsze Serce Polski |

## InfoBox

Tour of Mersin
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI Europe Tour 2.2 |
| Type | Stage race |
| Web site | www.bisiklet.gov.tr |
| History | |
| First edition | 2015 (2015) |
| Editions | 6 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Oleksandr Polivoda (UKR) |
| Most wins | *No repeat winners* |
| Most recent | Marcin Budziński (POL) |


title: Saltatory conduction

abstract: In neuroscience, saltatory conduction is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials. The uninsulated nodes of Ranvier are the only places along the axon where ions are exchanged across the axon membrane, regenerating the action potential between regions of the axon that are insulated by myelin, unlike electrical conduction in a simple circuit.

text:
# Saltatory conduction

Dendrite Soma Axon Axon hillock Nucleus Node of
Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheathSaltatory conduction occurs only on myelinated axons.

In neuroscience, **saltatory conduction** (from Latin  **saltus** 'leap, jump') is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials. The uninsulated nodes of Ranvier are the only places along the axon where ions are exchanged across the axon membrane, regenerating the action potential between regions of the axon that are insulated by myelin, unlike electrical conduction in a simple circuit.

## Mechanism

Myelinated axons only allow action potentials to occur at the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier that occur between the myelinated internodes. It is by this restriction that saltatory conduction propagates an action potential along the axon of a neuron at rates significantly higher than would be possible in unmyelinated axons (150 m/s compared from 0.5 to 10 m/s). As sodium rushes into the node it creates an electrical force which pushes on the ions already inside the axon. This rapid conduction of electrical signal reaches the next node and creates another action potential, thus refreshing the signal. In this manner, saltatory conduction allows electrical nerve signals to be propagated long distances at high rates without any degradation of the signal. Although the action potential appears to jump along the axon, this phenomenon is actually just the rapid conduction of the signal inside the myelinated portion of the axon. If the entire surface of an axon were insulated, action potentials could not be regenerated along the axon resulting in signal degradation.

## Energy efficiency

In addition to increasing the speed of the nerve impulse, the myelin sheath helps in reducing energy expenditure over the axon membrane as a whole, because the amount of sodium and potassium ions that need to be pumped to bring the concentrations back to the resting state following each action potential is decreased.

## Distribution

Saltatory conduction occurs widely in the myelinated nerve fibers of vertebrates, but was later discovered in a pair of medial myelinated giant fibers of *Fenneropenaeus chinensis* and *Marsupenaeus japonicus* shrimp, as well as in a median giant fiber of an earthworm. Saltatory conduction has also been found in the small- and medium-sized myelinated fibers of *Penaeus* shrimp.

## Further reading


title: Bryan Hayes (radio host)

abstract: Bryan Hayes is a Canadian sports radio host who currently hosts OverDrive, TSN 1050's afternoon drive time sports radio show.

text:
# Bryan Hayes (radio host)

**Bryan Hayes** (born June 6, 1983) is a Canadian sports radio host who currently hosts *OverDrive*, TSN 1050's afternoon drive time sports radio show.

## Broadcasting career

Hayes worked at AM640 in Toronto early in his career, manning the 7:00 pm – 9:00 pm time slot and briefly served as co-host of *The Bill Watters Show* after his father, Bill Hayes, had been dismissed.

### TSN

#### The Bryan Hayes Show

In April 2011, Bryan Hayes joined Toronto sports radio station TSN 1050, initially hosting *The Bryan Hayes Show* weekdays from 10:00 am – 12:00 pm.

#### Leafs Lunch

Hayes later partnered with former NHL hockey players Jeff O'Neill and Jamie McLennan to host *Leafs Lunch* weekdays from 12:00 pm – 2:00 pm.

#### Overdrive

On February 22, 2016, TSN 1050 debuted a new lineup that featured Hayes alongside O'Neill and McLennan on *OverDrive*, a new drive time sports radio show airing weekdays from 4:00 pm – 7:00 pm. The show competed against Sportnet 590 The Fan's Prime Time Sports hosted by Bob McCown. *Overdrive* proved to be a success and gained ground for TSN 1050 in the ratings.

## Playing career

Hayes is a former hockey player who played in the Ontario Hockey League from 2000 to 2002 for the Barrie Colts and the Sarnia Sting. In 2017, the Colts honoured Hayes as part of "OverDrive night" at the Barrie Molson Centre.

## Personal life

Hayes was born on June 6, 1983, in Toronto, Ontario. He is the son of Bill Hayes a former radio personality. He is married to Erin Hayes and has two daughters.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2000–01 | Barrie Colts | OHL | | 43 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2001–02 | North York Rangers | OPJHL | | 17 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Barie Colts | OHL | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Sarnia Sting | OHL | | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Vaughan Vipers | OPJHL | | 21 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Bryan Hayes | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-06-06) June 6, 1983
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupation | Sports radio host |
| Employer | TSN |
| Known for | Host of TSN 1050's *OverDrive* |
| Father | Bill Hayes |
| **Ice hockey career** Height  6 ft 2 in (188 cm)  Weight  170 lb (77 kg; 12 st 2 lb)  Position Defence  Shot  Left  Played for Barrie Colts
Sarnia Sting  NHL draft  Undrafted  Playing career  20002002 | |


title: Bogotá grass mouse

abstract:
The Bogotá grass mouse or Bogotá akodont, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
It is found in the Andes eastern and central Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Alavarado-Serrano and D'Elía (2013) have assigned the species to a new genus, Neomicroxus along with Neomicroxus latebricola.

text:
# Bogotá grass mouse

The **Bogotá grass mouse** or **Bogotá akodont**, (*Neomicroxus bogotensis*) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in the Andes eastern and central Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Alavarado-Serrano and D'Elía (2013) have assigned the species to a new genus, *Neomicroxus* along with *Neomicroxus latebricola*.

## Literature cited

## InfoBox

| Bogotá grass mouse | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Neomicroxus* |
| Species: | ***N. bogotensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neomicroxus bogotensis***
(Thomas, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Akodon bogotensis* | |


title: Bruce W. Carr

abstract: Bruce Ward Carr was a highly decorated United States Air Force colonel. During World War II, he was shot down over Germany and, after evading capture for several days, snuck into a Luftwaffe airfield and stole an enemy plane which he flew back to Allied lines. He also became a flying ace credited with 14 or 15 aerial victories, including five in a single day, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.

text:
# Bruce W. Carr

**Bruce Ward Carr** (January 28, 1924 – April 25, 1998) was a highly decorated United States Air Force colonel. During World War II, he was shot down over Germany and, after evading capture for several days, snuck into a Luftwaffe airfield and stole an enemy plane which he flew back to Allied lines. He also became a flying ace credited with 14 or 15 aerial victories, including five in a single day, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.

## Early life and World War II

Bruce W. Carr was born on January 28, 1924, in Union Springs, New York. He began flying at the age of 15 in 1939, and enlisted into the United States Army Air Forces on September 3, 1942. Carr entered the Aviation Cadet Training Program, where his military flight instructor happened to be the very same person who taught him to fly in 1939.

Due to his previous flying experience, Carr was placed in an accelerated training program, flying the P-40 Warhawk at Spence Field, Georgia. Acquiring over 240 flight hours, Carr was promoted to flight officer on August 30, 1943.

Carr deployed to Europe in February 1944, where he was assigned to the 380th Fighter Squadron, 363rd Fighter Group, Ninth Air Force, at RAF Rivenhall in Essex, England. The 363rd was one of the first units to adopt the P-51 Mustang. Carr had never flown above 10,000 feet (3,000 m), but when he took the P-51 to an altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m), he was duly impressed and named his plane "Angel's Playmate."

### Ace status

On March 8, 1944, Flight Officer Carr scored his squadron's first kill, however, he was not given credit for it. Carr chased a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 to within a few feet off the ground, firing his guns the whole time. Only one bullet hit the enemy plane, and the pilot bailed out far too close to the ground and crashed. Carr said he scared the German pilot to death and caused him to kill himself.

Upon returning to the airfield, Carr was criticized by his leaders for being "overaggressive." In May, he was transferred to the 353rd Fighter Squadron, 354th Fighter Group, at RAF Lashenden in Kent. Claiming a probable kill over Normandy, France, on June 14, Carr scored his first official credit on June 17, when he assisted another pilot in downing an Focke-Wulf Fw 190. The next day, the squadron transferred to an airfield in France. On August 18, Carr was commissioned as a second lieutenant.

On September 12, Carr's flight strafed several Junkers Ju 88 bombers on an airfield in Germany. Later in that same mission, the flight spotted over 30 Fw 190s approximately 2,000 feet (610 m) below them. Carr personally shot three from the sky before escorting a fellow pilot, whose aircraft was badly damaged, back to base. Carr was awarded the Silver Star for his actions that day.

### Focke Wulf incident

On November 2, 1944, Carr took off on a mission and was shot down by flak while strafing ground targets over Czechoslovakia. He bailed out and landed near a Luftwaffe field with the intent of surrendering to the Luftwaffe troops, but it was becoming dark just as he got there. From the trees he watched as two mechanics fueled up an FW 190, and hatched a daring plan to escape by stealing that plane.

Near dawn he snuck out and jumped in the cockpit. Through experimentation, Carr was able to start the plane, and with Luftwaffe personnel already coming out to see what was going on he gunned it across a corner of the field on a path that had him pass between two hangars before he was airborne.

Managing to make it back to his home field in France, Carr was unable to lower the landing gear and was forced to make a belly up landing. Upon landing, he was presumed to be a hostile German pilot by the armed personnel at the airfield, until he was recognised by his group commander George R. Bickel.

### Further war service

On April 2, 1945, First Lieutenant Carr was leading three other aircraft on a reconnaissance mission near Schweinfurt, Germany, when he spotted 60 German fighters flying above them. Despite the enemy having an altitude advantage and outnumbering them, Carr led his flight in an attack and the pilots downed a total of 15 aircraft. Carr personally shot down two Fw 190s, three Bf 109s and damaged a sixth fighter. This feat made Carr the last ace in a day in the European Theater during the war and he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions.

Carr was promoted to captain on April 9, and claimed several more aerial victories that month, claiming two final victories on April 25. Carr flew a total of 172 combat missions during the war, accumulating 14 or 15 confirmed air-to-air victories. He had several more unconfirmed victories and multiple ground kills.

## Later career and life

After the war, Carr was assigned to the Acrojets as an F-80 Shooting Star pilot at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona. The Acrojets, which preceded the Thunderbirds, were the United States Air Force's first jet-powered aerobatic demonstration team.

Major Carr later flew the F-86 Sabre in 57 combat missions with the 336th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron while stationed at Kimpo (K-14) Air Base in South Korea during the Korean War. He then served as the commanding officer of the 336th at Misawa Air Base in Japan, from January 1955 to August 1956.

On November 3, 1968, Carr was promoted to colonel and deployed to South Vietnam later that month. He was assigned to the 31st Tactical Fighter Wing at Tuy Hoa Air Base. He flew the F-100 Super Sabre in 286 combat missions during the war, which mostly consisted of flying close air support bombing and strafing missions. Carr was awarded the Legion of Merit and three Distinguished Flying Crosses during his deployment, before he rotated back to the United States in November 1969.

Carr retired from the Air Force in 1973. He died of prostate cancer on April 25, 1998, in St. Cloud, Florida, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

## Awards and decorations

Carr's awards include the following:

| Command Pilot | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Distinguished Service Cross | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Silver Star | Legion of Merit | Distinguished Flying Cross
w/ 'V' device and three bronze oak leaf clusters |
| Air Medal
w/ four silver oak leaf clusters | Air Medal
w/ one silver and three bronze oak leaf clusters
*(second ribbon required for accoutrement spacing)* | Air Medal
*(third ribbon required for accoutrement spacing)* |
| Air Force Presidential Unit Citation
w/ bronze oak leaf cluster | American Campaign Medal | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
w/ four bronze campaign stars |
| World War II Victory Medal | National Defense Service Medal
w/ bronze service star | Korean Service Medal
w/ three bronze campaign stars |
| Vietnam Service Medal
w/ 2 bronze campaign stars | Air Force Longevity Service Award
w/ silver and bronze oak leaf clusters | Vietnam Air Service Medal
Honor Class |
| United Nations Service Medal for Korea | Vietnam Campaign Medal | Korean War Service Medal |

### Distinguished Service Cross

**Bruce W. Carr** 1st Lieutenant (Air Corps), U.S Army Air Forces 353d Fighter Squadron, 9th Air Force  Date of Action: April 2, 1945 Headquarters, U.S. Strategic Forces in Europe, General Orders No. 55 (May 27, 1945)

**Citation:**

> The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to First Lieutenant (Air Corps) Bruce Ward Carr, United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Pilot of a P-51 Fighter Airplane in the 353d Fighter Squadron, 354th Fighter Group, Ninth Air Force, in aerial combat against enemy forces on 2 April 1945, in the European Theater of Operations. On this date, while leading four aircraft on an armed reconnaissance mission near Schweinfurt, Germany, Lieutenant Carr observed more than sixty enemy fighters flying high above. Completely disregarding his personal safety and the enemy's overwhelming numerical superiority and tactical advantage of altitude, he led his element in a direct attack on the hostile force, personally destroying five enemy aircraft and damaging still another. The extraordinary heroism and determination of this officer to destroy the enemy are in keeping with the highest traditions of the Armed Forces of the United States.

1. "Bruce Ward Carr". *Military Times*.
2. Scott Baron (16 January 2019). *Valor of Many Stripes: Remarkable Americans in World War II*. McFarland. ISBN 9781476635088.
3. "Bruce Carr". RB-29. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021.
4. Blake, Steve (2008). *The Pioneer Mustang Group: The 354th Fighter Group in World War II*. Schiffer Military History. ISBN 978-0764329258.
5. "Valor: Thanks, Luftwaffe". *Air Force Magazine*.
6. Giles, Rosemary (2022-08-31). "Bruce Carr Was Shot Down Behind Enemy Lines and Flew Back In a Stolen Aircraft". *War History Online*. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
7. Arthur Wyllie (6 April 2009). *Army Air Force Victories*. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780615155494.
8. "Guide to Aces and Heroes" (PDF). *2014 USAF Almanac*.
9. *Burial detail: Carr, Bruce Ward*, Arlington National Cemetery, retrieved 2022-10-29
10. "Carr, Bruce W.(DSC), COL". *airforce.togetherwesreved.com*. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
11. "Bruce Ward Carr". *valor.militarytimes.com*. Retrieved March 30, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Bruce Ward Carr | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | January 28, 1924
Union Springs, New York, US |
| Died | April 25, 1998(1998-04-25) (aged 74)
St. Cloud, Florida, US |
| Buried | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army Air Forces
United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1942–1973 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Unit | 363rd Fighter Group
354th Fighter Group
4th Fighter-Interceptor Group
31st Tactical Fighter Wing |
| Commands | 336th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron |
| Battles/wars | **World War II**
**Korean War**
**Vietnam War** |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross
Silver Star
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross (4)
Air Medal (31) |


title: Facifica Falayfay

abstract: Facifica Falayfay is a 1969 Filipino movie starring Dolphy, adapted from Mars Ravelo’s series of superhero comics. A sequel, Mga Anak ni Facifica Falayfay, was released in 1987.

text:
# Facifica Falayfay

***Facifica Falayfay*** is a 1969 Filipino movie starring Dolphy, adapted from Mars Ravelo’s series of superhero comics. A sequel, *Mga Anak ni Facifica Falayfay*, was released in 1987.

## Plot

A young boy, Facifica (Dolphy) is raised as a girl by his mother, Aling Kobay (Dely Atay-atayan), who had been longing for a daughter. When Facifica’s mother dies, his brothers tries to teach him combat skills and how to act like a "real man." Later, he meets Pilar (Pilar Pilapil), a movie star that Facifica idolizes. He falls in love with her and feels the need to protect her.

## Cast

## Reception

Referred to as Dolphy's ultimate queer movie, critics preferred if Facifica did not become straight and ended up as best friends with Ligaya, his leading lady.

## InfoBox

| Facifica Falayfay | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Luciano B. Carlos |
| Based on | *Facifica Falayfay*
by Mars Ravelo |
| Produced by | Rodolfo V. Quizon |
| Starring | Dolphy |
| Cinematography | Manoling Bolutano |
| Music by | Restie Umali |
| Production
company | RVQ Productions |
| Release date | * June 15, 1969 (1969-06-15) |
| Country | Philippines |
| Language | Filipino |


title: Campaspero

abstract: is a Spanish town in the province of Valladolid, next to the borders with the province of Segovia. It is the highest municipality of the province of Valladolid, at more than 900 m over sea level. It belongs to the historical region of Castile, specifically Old Castile.

text:
# Campaspero

is a Spanish town in the province of Valladolid (Castile and León), next to the borders with the province of Segovia. It is the highest municipality of the province of Valladolid, at more than 900 m over sea level. It belongs to the historical region of Castile, specifically Old Castile.

## History

There are several theories about the origin of Campaspero's name, a leading one being from the Spanish phrase "Rough Field," which correctly describes the rocky terrain of the area.

Until 1833, the Campaspero belonged to the province of Segovia. It was closely linked to the province of Valladolid because of the proximity to the Comunidad de Villa y Tierra de Peñafiel (Valladolid). In 1833, Campaspero was made a part of Valladolid province.

## Campaspero today

Nowadays, Campaspero is the only town in Valladolid's province belonging to the Churrería, a region integrated by Segovian localities, with the sole exception of Campaspero. The parochial church of Guzmán's Santo Domingo is built on stone of its famous quarries. This building dates back to the 18th century, when it was decided to raise this temple due to the condition of ruin of the previous one, which is missing today. The church has a simple structure, and keeps within some carvings of notable interest, as that of the Ascension, made by Pedro Berrugete, a sculptor from the neighbour town of Peñafiel, in the second half of the 18th century.

The images of Santo Domingo of Guzmán (the church's patron saint) and San Buenaventura were carved in the same century. They share the major altarpiece with that of the Ascension. They also share the Baroque style, and were carved in wood for Pedro Ventosa, an artist from Sepúlveda (Segovia). On the left of the presbytery stands out a sculpture of Christ Crucificado, built in the endings of the 16th century. It was surely carved in Cuéllar by Roque Muñoz. In the side of the Epistle an altarpiece of dressing shows an image of the Virgin of the Rosario.

## Quarries

Campaspero sits on a seam of stone 30 meters thick, which the townspeople have used since they settled there. The stone of its quarries has long been an important source of work for the village.

Many buildings of the province were built with Campaspero's stone.

## InfoBox

| Campaspero | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Campaspero | |
| CampasperoLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°29′30″N 4°11′40″W / 41.49167°N 4.19444°W / 41.49167; -4.19444 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Valladolid |
| Comarca | Campo de Peñafiel |
| Judicial district | Valladolid |
| Commonwealth | Minguela |
| Founded | 11th century |
| Government | |
| Alcalde | Julio César García Hernando (20072011) (PP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 46.56 km2 (17.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 919 m (3,015 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,102 |
| Density | 24/km2 (61/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Campasperano/a |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 47310 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Crocus korolkowii

abstract: Crocus korolkowii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae. It is a cormous perennial with a native range from central Asia to northern Pakistan. It is found growing in stony and grassy areas ranging in altitude from 600 to 2600 meters; flowering occurs from February to May. In cultivation it is easy in a bulb frame but also grown outside in some areas.

text:
# Crocus korolkowii

***Crocus korolkowii*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Crocus* of the family Iridaceae. It is a cormous perennial with a native range from central Asia to northern Pakistan.

It is found growing in stony and grassy areas ranging in altitude from 600 to 2600 meters; flowering occurs from February to May.

In cultivation it is easy in a bulb frame but also grown outside in some areas.

## InfoBox

| *Crocus korolkowii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Crocus korolkowii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Crocus* |
| Species: | ***C. korolkowii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crocus korolkowii***<br>Maw & Regel | |
|


title: Contrast set learning

abstract: Contrast set learning is a form of association rule learning that seeks to identify meaningful differences between separate groups by reverse-engineering the key predictors that identify for each particular group. For example, given a set of attributes for a pool of students, a contrast set learner would identify the contrasting features between students seeking bachelor's degrees and those working toward PhD degrees.

text:
# Contrast set learning

**Contrast set learning** is a form of association rule learning that seeks to identify meaningful differences between separate groups by reverse-engineering the key predictors that identify for each particular group. For example, given a set of attributes for a pool of students (labeled by degree type), a contrast set learner would identify the *contrasting* features between students seeking bachelor's degrees and those working toward PhD degrees.

## Overview

A common practice in data mining is to classify, to look at the attributes of an object or situation and make a guess at what category the observed item belongs to. As new evidence is examined (typically by feeding a *training set* to a learning algorithm), these guesses are refined and improved. Contrast set learning works in the opposite direction. While classifiers read a collection of data and collect information that is used to place new data into a series of discrete categories, contrast set learning takes the category that an item belongs to and attempts to reverse engineer the statistical evidence that identifies an item as a member of a class. That is, contrast set learners seek rules associating attribute values with changes to the class distribution. They seek to identify the key predictors that contrast one classification from another.

For example, an aerospace engineer might record data on test launches of a new rocket. Measurements would be taken at regular intervals throughout the launch, noting factors such as the trajectory of the rocket, operating temperatures, external pressures, and so on. If the rocket launch fails after a number of successful tests, the engineer could use contrast set learning to distinguish between the successful and failed tests. A contrast set learner will produce a set of association rules that, when applied, will indicate the key predictors of each failed tests versus the successful ones (the temperature was too high, the wind pressure was too high, etc.).

Contrast set learning is a form of association rule learning. Association rule learners typically offer rules linking attributes commonly occurring together in a training set (for instance, people who are enrolled in four-year programs and take a full course load tend to also live near campus). Instead of finding rules that describe the current situation, contrast set learners seek rules that differ meaningfully in their distribution across groups (and thus, can be used as predictors for those groups). For example, a contrast set learner could ask, “What are the key identifiers of a person with a bachelor's degree or a person with a PhD, and how do people with PhD's and bachelor’s degrees differ?”

Standard classifier algorithms, such as C4.5, have no concept of class importance (that is, they do not know if a class is "good" or "bad"). Such learners cannot bias or filter their predictions towards certain desired classes. As the goal of contrast set learning is to discover meaningful differences between groups, it is useful to be able to target the learned rules towards certain classifications. Several contrast set learners, such as MINWAL or the family of TAR algorithms, assign weights to each class in order to focus the learned theories toward outcomes that are of interest to a particular audience. Thus, contrast set learning can be thought of as a form of weighted class learning.

### Example: Supermarket Purchases

The differences between standard classification, association rule learning, and contrast set learning can be illustrated with a simple supermarket metaphor. In the following small dataset, each row is a supermarket transaction and each "1" indicates that the item was purchased (a "0" indicates that the item was not purchased):

| *Hamburger* | *Potatoes* | *Foie Gras* | *Onions* | *Champagne* | *Purpose of Purchases* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Cookout |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Cookout |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Anniversary |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Cookout |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Frat Party |

Given this data,

* Association rule learning may discover that customers that buy onions and potatoes together are likely to also purchase hamburger meat.
* Classification may discover that customers that bought onions, potatoes, and hamburger meats were purchasing items for a cookout.
* Contrast set learning may discover that the major difference between customers shopping for a cookout and those shopping for an anniversary dinner are that customers acquiring items for a cookout purchase onions, potatoes, and hamburger meat (and *do not purchase* foie gras or champagne).

## Treatment learning

Treatment learning is a form of weighted contrast-set learning that takes a single *desirable* group and contrasts it against the remaining *undesirable* groups (the level of desirability is represented by weighted classes). The resulting "treatment" suggests a set of rules that, when applied, will lead to the desired outcome.

Treatment learning differs from standard contrast set learning through the following constraints:

* Rather than seeking the differences between all groups, treatment learning specifies a particular group to focus on, applies a weight to this desired grouping, and lumps the remaining groups into one "undesired" category.
* Treatment learning has a stated focus on minimal theories. In practice, treatment are limited to a maximum of four constraints (i.e., rather than stating all of the reasons that a rocket differs from a skateboard, a treatment learner will state one to four major differences that predict for rockets at a high level of statistical significance).

This focus on simplicity is an important goal for treatment learners. Treatment learning seeks the *smallest* change that has the *greatest* impact on the class distribution.

Conceptually, treatment learners explore all possible subsets of the range of values for all attributes. Such a search is often infeasible in practice, so treatment learning often focuses instead on quickly pruning and ignoring attribute ranges that, when applied, lead to a class distribution where the desired class is in the minority.

### Example: Boston housing data

The following example demonstrates the output of the treatment learner TAR3 on a dataset of housing data from the city of Boston (a nontrivial public dataset with over 500 examples). In this dataset, a number of factors are collected for each house, and each house is classified according to its quality (low, medium-low, medium-high, and high). The *desired* class is set to "high", and all other classes are lumped together as undesirable.

The output of the treatment learner is as follows:

```
Baseline class distribution:
low: 29%
medlow: 29%
medhigh: 21%
high: 21%

Suggested Treatment: [PTRATIO=[12.6..16), RM=[6.7..9.78)]

New class distribution:
low: 0%
medlow: 0%
medhigh: 3%
high: 97%
```

With no applied treatments (rules), the desired class represents only 21% of the class distribution. However, if one filters the data set for houses with 6.7 to 9.78 rooms and a neighborhood parent-teacher ratio of 12.6 to 16, then 97% of the remaining examples fall into the desired class (high-quality houses).

## Algorithms

There are a number of algorithms that perform contrast set learning. The following subsections describe two examples.

### STUCCO

The STUCCO contrast set learner treats the task of learning from contrast sets as a tree search problem where the root node of the tree is an empty contrast set. Children are added by specializing the set with additional items picked through a canonical ordering of attributes (to avoid visiting the same nodes twice). Children are formed by appending terms that follow all existing terms in a given ordering. The formed tree is searched in a breadth-first manner. Given the nodes at each level, the dataset is scanned and the support is counted for each group. Each node is then examined to determine if it is significant and large, if it should be pruned, and if new children should be generated. After all significant contrast sets are located, a post-processor selects a subset to show to the user - the low order, simpler results are shown first, followed by the higher order results which are "surprising and significantly different."

The support calculation comes from testing a null hypothesis that the contrast set support is equal across all groups (i.e., that contrast set support is *independent of group membership*). The support count for each group is a frequency value that can be analyzed in a contingency table where each row represents the truth value of the contrast set and each column variable indicates the group membership frequency. If there is a difference in proportions between the contrast set frequencies and those of the null hypothesis, the algorithm must then determine if the differences in proportions represent a relation between variables or if it can be attributed to random causes. This can be determined through a chi-square test comparing the observed frequency count to the expected count.

Nodes are pruned from the tree when all specializations of the node can never lead to a significant and large contrast set. The decision to prune is based on:

* The minimum deviation size: The maximum difference between the support of any two groups must be greater than a user-specified threshold.
* Expected cell frequencies: The expected cell frequencies of a contingency table can only decrease as the contrast set is specialized. When these frequencies are too small, the validity of the chi-square test is violated.
* $\chi ^{2}$ bounds: An upper bound is kept on the distribution of a statistic calculated when the null hypothesis is true. Nodes are pruned when it is no longer possible to meet this cutoff.

### TAR3

The TAR3 weighted contrast set learner is based on two fundamental concepts - the **lift** and **support** of a rule set.

The lift of a set of rules is the change that some decision makes to a set of examples after imposing that decision (i.e., how the class distribution shifts in response to the imposition of a rule). TAR3 seeks the smallest set of rules which induces the biggest changes in the sum of the weights attached to each class multiplied by the frequency at which each class occurs. The lift is calculated by dividing the score of the set in which the set of rules is imposed by the score of the baseline set (i.e., no rules are applied). Note that by reversing the lift scoring function, the TAR3 learner can also select for the remaining classes and reject the target class.

It is problematic to rely on the lift of a rule set alone. Incorrect or misleading data noise, if correlated with failing examples, may result in an overfitted rule set. Such an overfitted model may have a large lift score, but it does not accurately reflect the prevailing conditions within the dataset. To avoid overfitting, TAR3 utilizes a support threshold and rejects all rules that fall on the wrong side of this threshold. Given a target class, the support threshold is a user-supplied value (usually 0.2) which is compared to the ratio of the frequency of the target class when the rule set has been applied to the frequency of that class in the overall dataset. TAR3 rejects all sets of rules with support lower than this threshold.

By requiring both a high lift and a high support value, TAR3 not only returns ideal rule sets, but also favors smaller sets of rules. The fewer rules adopted, the more evidence that will exist supporting those rules.

The TAR3 algorithm only builds sets of rules from attribute value ranges with a high heuristic value. The algorithm determines which ranges to use by first determining the lift score of each attribute’s value ranges. These individual scores are then sorted and converted into a cumulative probability distribution. TAR3 randomly selects values from this distribution, meaning that low-scoring ranges are unlikely to be selected. To build a candidate rule set, several ranges are selected and combined. These candidate rule sets are then scored and sorted. If no improvement is seen after a user-defined number of rounds, the algorithm terminates and returns the top-scoring rule sets.


abstract: The Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition & Festival is an annual high school jazz festival and competition that takes place every May at Jazz at Lincoln Center in New York City. The festival is aimed at encouraging young musicians to play music by Duke Ellington and other jazz musicians.

text:
# Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival

The **Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition & Festival** is an annual high school jazz festival and competition that takes place every May at Jazz at Lincoln Center in New York City. The festival is aimed at encouraging young musicians to play music by Duke Ellington and other jazz musicians.

## Process

Every year Jazz at Lincoln Center transcribes arrangements of Ellington's music and sends them to participating high school band directors in the U.S. and Canada. During the year, band directors are sent a newsletter and given access to online educational materials to help with the arrangements. Students can email Jazz at Lincoln Center for help and send recordings of their band's finished performances to the Center for evaluation. These recordings can also count as applications to the Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition & Festival in New York City. Fifteen top bands are invited to the festival, which occurs every May at Frederick Rose Hall in Jazz at Lincoln Center. The festivals ends with an awards ceremony for the top three bands, then a concert by the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra led by Wynton Marsalis.

In 2013 a new selection process was introduced, under which the top three bands from five national regions compete in New York City. Another major change made that year was the opening up of the main competition to allow conglomerate bands (extra-curricular bands composed of students from more than one school, often sponsored by local performing arts organizations) to compete directly with the bands affiliated with schools, instead of one conglomerate band being chosen to appear outside the competition as a special guest in an exhibition performance, as was the case previously.

The 25th annual edition of the competition and festival was scheduled to feature classic Ellington charts re-released once again. It was also announced on “Acceptd”, the official application site, that, due to the 25th anniversary the region system has been eliminated, and a total of eighteen bands will be selected, three more than in years past. The disbanding of the regional system was a one-year-only event, while the increase in the numbers of bands selected remains ambiguous with regards to its permanence. However, due to concerns regarding the COVID-19 virus, Jazz At Lincoln Center announced that the “in person” aspects of the event were cancelled, with Wynton Marsalis presenting a Q&A session on the day of the festival, jam sessions, clinics, sectionals, concerts, and even the traditional cheer tunnel all being held virtually. No winners were announced, although honors to individual soloists and sections were given.

Also present for the first time in 2020 were five international youth jazz orchestras, from Japan, Scotland, Australia, Spain, and Cuba.

While the 2021 festival was originally scheduled to be an in-person event featuring music of pivotal arranger and pioneering electric guitarist Eddie Durham alongside the traditional Duke Ellington musical releases. However, the course of the COVID-19 pandemic meant that this arrangement simply wasn't feasible. The festival pushed back the release of new music until the 2021-2022 school year, and encouraged participating schools to submit one song from the entire Essentially Ellington library in either a synchronous or asynchronous fashion. Submission due dates were pushed back to March and the actual festival to early June.

The 2021 festival also introduced new rules regarding the submissions of conglomerate bands (extra-curricular bands composed of students from more than one school), a previously largely unregulated field. The festival provided and official definition of conglomerate bands, stating that they need to follow a specific course of study, as well as a scope and sequence, all in addition to weekly rehearsals and scheduled public performances. All-Star, All-State, and All-Region bands are barred from competition, as are bands created for the sole purpose of competing in Essentially Ellington.

## Background

When the program began in 1995, it was offered only to school bands in New York City. During the next few years, the program grew to include schools in all U.S. states and Canada. Over 4000 schools have received materials.

Beginning in early 2006, JALC announced the debut of the festival's first regional. The regional festivals are non-competitive and offer high school jazz bands of different levels the opportunity to play Ellington's music while also receiving professional feedback.

Starting in 2008, music by big band composers other than Ellington was used for the first time, three Count Basie selections. In succeeding years they have also released songs by: Benny Carter, Dizzy Gillespie, Mary Lou Williams, Gerald Wilson, Fletcher Henderson, and Benny Golson.

For the 2013 and 2015 competitions, Essentially Ellington returned to its original format of six Ellington charts. After the finalists are announced, clinicians are sent to each of the finalist schools to provide a jazz workshop and prepare the bands for competition. The clinicians are usually members of the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra. Notable alumni of the competition includes Grammy-nominated trombonist Nick Finzer who serves on the jazz faculty at UNT and founded The Outside The Music record label.

## Finalists

Several high school bands from the Seattle area have participated including repeat finalists: Roosevelt; Garfield; Shorewood; Mount Si; Edmonds-Woodway; Mountlake Terrace; Newport and Ballard high schools. In 2008, five of the fifteen bands to compete were from the greater Seattle area. Acknowledging the region's dominance at the competition, Marsalis, tongue only half in cheek, challenged the remaining schools/regions, "to do something about Seattle and Washington."

### Alabama

### Arizona

* Tucson Jazz Institute \- Tucson, Arizona, 2010\*, 2012\*, 2013 (1st), 2014 (1st), 2015 (2nd), 2016 (3rd), 2017 (1st), 2018 (3rd), 2021

### California

### Colorado

### Connecticut

### Florida

### Georgia

### Illinois

### Indiana

### Iowa

### Kansas

### Maryland

### Massachusetts

### Michigan

* Byron Center High School – Byron Center, Michigan, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
* Interlochen Center for the Arts – Interlochen, Michigan, 1998, 2003

### Missouri

### Nebraska

### New Jersey

### New York

### North Carolina

* Triangle Youth Jazz Ensemble – Raleigh, North Carolina, 2016 (2nd), 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024

### Ohio

### Oregon

### Pennsylvania

### Rhode Island

### Tennessee

### Texas

### Utah

### Virginia

### Washington

### West Virginia

### Wisconsin

### Canada

* Community Band Winner

## Composition Contest

In 2013, the Gerhard W. Vosshall Student Composition/Arranging Contest was added to the festival following a donation from the Vosshall family made in Gerhard's honor. The contest was renamed the "Dr. J. Douglas White Student Composition and Arranging Contest" in 2016. Each year, a winning composition is chosen from submissions sent from the US and Canada and is performed by the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra. The winning composer receives a cash prize, a trip to the competition in order to conduct their piece and a composition lesson. The lesson was originally with Ellington historian David Berger, but shifted to JLCO saxophonist Ted Nash in 2015.

| Year | Composer | School | City |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Devon Gillingham | Transcona Collegiate Institute | Winnipeg, Manitoba |
| 2014 | Jeric Rocamora | Rio Americano High School | Sacramento, California |
| 2015 | Matt Wong | San Francisco Independence High School | San Francisco, California |
| 2016 | Joseph Block | Germantown Friends School | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| 2017 | Ethan Moffitt | Verdugo Academy | Glendale, California |
| 2018 | Summer Camargo | Dillard Center for the Arts | Fort Lauderdale, Florida |
| 2019 | Miles Lennox | Dillard Center for the Arts | Fort Lauderdale, Florida |
| 2020 | Leo Steindawg | Lower Merion High School | Ardmore, Pennsylvania |
| 2021 | Daiki Nakajima | Prospect High School | Saratoga, California |
| 2022 | Skylar Tang | Crystal Springs Uplands School | Hillsborough, California |
| 2023 | Henry Koban Payne | Lower Merion High School | Ardmore, Pennsylvania |
| 2024 | Ori Moore | Durham Academy | Chapel Hill, North Carolina |


title: Tour of Nilgiris

abstract: The Tour of Nilgiris is a bicycle tour in India organised by Veloindians. The tour has been held every year since 2008. The aim of the tour is to promote cycling within the Nilgiris region passing through three Southern states of India Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and to revive the cycle culture by popularising cycle as a mode of transport for the twin benefits of easing traffic congestion and being environmental friendly. The event caters for both Charity Riders, Recreational Riders and those looking to move into competitive professional cycling.

text:
# Tour of Nilgiris

The **Tour of Nilgiris** is a bicycle tour in India organised by Veloindians.

The tour has been held every year since 2008. The aim of the tour is to promote cycling within the Nilgiris region passing through three Southern states of India Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and to revive the cycle culture by popularising cycle as a mode of transport for the twin benefits of easing traffic congestion and being environmental friendly. The event caters for both Charity Riders, Recreational Riders and those looking to move into competitive professional cycling.

## The Kalhatty challenge

The hardest part of the tour is the famous and gruelling Kalhatty climb. 12 km of climbing gradients and 36 hairpin bends to gain an altitude of 1,230 m. The average elevation gain is around 10 per cent with a few stretches going up to 15 per cent gradient.

Kalhatti is considered a Hors catégorie climb, which in cycling terms means "something that is beyond categorisation". It is perhaps one of the toughest climbs possible in the sub continent.

Kalhatti route is inside a Reserve forest and this route is subjected to changes dependending on the various department permissions.

## Participation

Tour snapshot
| Year | Dates | Distance | Participation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Dec 9 - Dec 16 | 860 km | 70 Cyclists from 3 countries. 3 women riders. Cyclists from India, Italy and US. |
|
| 2012 | Dec 16 - Dec 23 | 860 km | 85 Cyclists. 8 women riders. |
| 2015 | Dec 16 - Dec 23 | 876 km | 109 cyclists from 8 countries. India, China, Germany, Nepal, Netherlands, Singapore, UK, and the USA. |
| 2017 | Dec 10 - Dec 17 | 1000 km | 128 Cyclists from 8 countries. 18 international riders and 8 women riders. Cyclists were from India(110), Australia, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, Russia and the USA. |
| 2018 | Dec 9 - Dec 16 | 950 km | 110 Cyclists from 13 countries. 29 international riders and 17 women riders. India (81), Denmark(7), USA(4), Australia(3), Germany(3), UK(3), Belgium(2), Canada(2), Austria(1), Greece(1), Malaysia(1), Philippines(1) and Poland(1). |
| 2019 | Dec 8 - Dec 15 | 850+ km | 50 Cyclists including 6 Women Riders and 5 International Riders |
| 2022 | Dec 11 - Dec 18 | 850+ km | 107 Cyclists including 14 Women Riders and 10 International Riders |
| 2023 | Dec 10 - Dec 17 | 850+ km | 100 Cyclists including 16 Women Riders and 6 International Riders |
|

## InfoBox

Tour of Nilgiris
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | December |
| Region | South India |
| English name | Tour of Nilgiris |
| Discipline | Road Bike, MTB, Hybrid |
| Type | Eight Day Cyclosportive |
| Organiser | Breakaway Sports |
| Web site | tourofnilgiris.com |
| History | |
| First edition | 2008 (2008) |
| Editions | 14 (as of 2023) |


title: 2009 Jaipur fire

abstract: The Jaipur oil depot fire broke out on 29 October 2009 at 7:30 PM (IST) at the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) oil depot's giant tank holding 8,000 kilolitres (280,000 cu ft) of petrol, in Sitapura Industrial Area on the outskirts of Jaipur, Rajasthan, killing 12 people and injuring over 300. The blaze continued to rage out of control for over a week after it started and during the period half a million people were evacuated from the area. The oil depot is about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of the city of Jaipur. The incident occurred when petrol was being transferred from the Indian Oil Corporation's oil depot to a pipeline. There were at least 40 IOC employees at the terminal when it caught fire with an explosion. The Met department recorded a tremor measuring 2.3 on the Richter scale around the time the first explosion at 7:36 pm which resulted in shattering of glass windows nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the accident site.

text:
# 2009 Jaipur fire

The **Jaipur oil depot fire** broke out on 29 October 2009 at 7:30 PM (IST) at the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) oil depot's giant tank holding 8,000 kilolitres (280,000 cu ft) of petrol, in Sitapura Industrial Area on the outskirts of Jaipur, Rajasthan, killing 12 people and injuring over 300. The blaze continued to rage out of control for over a week after it started and during the period half a million people were evacuated from the area. The oil depot is about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of the city of Jaipur.

The incident occurred when petrol was being transferred from the Indian Oil Corporation's oil depot to a pipeline. There were at least 40 IOC employees at the terminal (situated close to the Jaipur International Airport) when it caught fire with an explosion. The Met department recorded a tremor measuring 2.3 on the Richter scale around the time the first explosion at 7:36 pm which resulted in shattering of glass windows nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the accident site.

## 2009 fire

The fire was a major disaster in terms of deaths, injury, loss of business, property and man-days, displacement of people, environmental impact in Jaipur, the capital city of the Indian state of Rajasthan and a popular tourist destination. As per eyewitnesses having factories and hotels around Indian Oil's Sitapura (Jaipur) Oil Terminal they felt presence of petrol vapour in the atmosphere around 4:00 p.m. on 29 October 2009. Within the next few hours the concentration of petrol vapour intensified making it difficult to breathe. The Ayush Hotel in the vicinity of the terminal asked all its guests to vacate the hotel to avert any tragedy. Adjacent to the terminal wall was the workshop of Morani Motors (P) Limited where as per eyewitnesses cars parked on the roof top were thrown up into the air to about 10 feet and 35 new Hyundai brand cars were completely destroyed. The police, civil administration and fire emergency services were oblivious to the situation developing in the Indian Oil Terminal.

Around half past six the staff in the terminal who had contained the leak and flow of petrol panicked and reported the matter to nearby Sanganer Sadar Police Station. Within the next 30 minutes the local police chief and District Collector were on the spot along with the terminal's general manager, but with no plan to deal with the situation. The nearby industries, which were running second shifts, were cautioned to vacate the area.

At 7:35 p.m. a huge ball of fire with loud explosion broke out engulfing the leaking petrol tank and other nearby petrol tanks with continuous fire with flames rising 30–35 m (98–115 ft) and visible from a 30 km (19 mi) radius. The traffic on adjacent National Highway No.12 was stopped leading to a 20 km (12 mi) long traffic jam. The Jaipur International Airport is just 5 km (3.1 mi) away from the accident site.

Both the army and experts from Mumbai were employed on 30 October 2009 to contain the fire in the Sitapura Industrial Area. The district administration disconnected electricity and evacuated nearby areas to limit the damage.

The fire still raged on 31 October. By then, the accident had already claimed eleven lives and seriously injured more than 150 people. The District Administration and Indian Oil Corporation had no disaster management plan to deal with this kind of calamity. The local fire officers were ill-equipped to deal with fire accidents of this magnitude. They remained onlookers and no efforts were made to breach the terminal wall to get closer to kerosene and diesel tanks to cool them with water jets.

The fire was blamed on non-observance of normal safety procedures. The depot fire raged for 11 days, killed 11 people in all and resulted in losses worth Rs 2.80 billion.

## 2012 fire

A major fire broke out at a petrol storage tank of state—owned Indian Oil Corp's (IOC) Hazira terminal in Gujarat. No casualties were reported immediately. Local authorities and the company rushed fire tenders to douse the fire.

Officials said the fire was reported in the afternoon at one of IOC's five petrol storage tanks at the Hazira depot. The tank had held almost 5,000 kilolitre of petrol, half of its capacity, when it caught fire. Senior IOC officials rushed to Hazira to supervise operations and an inquiry was ordered to ascertain its causes. The depot was a so-called 'white-oil terminal', housing a tank farm to store petrol and five diesel tanks.

Fire brigade personnel from Surat and nearby cities. IOC sent fire tenders from its Koyali refinery to help douse the fire.

"The fire has been isolated", a company official said. "A high-level team has been constituted to investigate the cause of the fire but our first priority is to put out the fire...efforts are on at war footing".

This was the second major fire at an IOC storage depots in three years.

## Inventory

The following products were stored in eleven tanks inside the terminal:

* Petrol (18,810 kl (664,000 cu ft))
* Kerosene (2,099 kl (74,100 cu ft))
* High Speed Diesel (39,966 kl (1,411,400 cu ft))
* Interface (2,809 kl (99,200 cu ft))

## Aftermath

About 12 people lost their lives due to burns and asphyxia and more than 300 suffered injuries. Many of the dead were the employees of Indian Oil Corporation.

## Disaster Management Plan

The Disaster Management Act, 2005 envisages that each revenue District must have a Disaster Management Plan. While 31 revenue Districts of Rajasthan had placed the Disaster Management Plan on Rajasthan Government website Jaipur District did not have any Disaster Management Plan. A Disaster Management Plan for Jaipur District has been put on Internet on 17 November 2009 i.e. 20 days after the accident took place on 29 October 2009. In the meanwhile Jaipur suffered two more disasters when Swine Flu infected a number of school children prompting Government to order closure of schools, and derailment of a **Mandore Express** train killing six persons and injuring more than 50 persons.

## Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board Report

A Legal Notice has been issued to Indian Oil Corporation for violating The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

## Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Report

Air pollution across Jaipur was way above maximum permitted limits when the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) depot on the edge of the city was caught fire. It significant effect on the air in Delhi or Agra, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported. Almost 60,000 kilolitres (2,100,000 cu ft) of oil in 11 storage tanks went up in flames on the evening of 29 Oct and the blaze raged till 6 Nov.

## Investigations

The Petroleum Minister of India Murli Deora had appointed a 5-member committee to investigate the causes of Fire and submit its report within 60 days. The Industries & Education Institutions in Sitapura Industrial Area have filed about 150 complaints with Sanganer Sadar police station about deaths, injury and loss of property due to negligence of Indian Oil Corporation Limited.

## Central Bureau of Investigation Case

Variation in stock of liquid petroleum products due to temperature variation, evaporation, handling (and also due to pilferage) result in what is known as *stock loss*. Percentage stock loss for every product for every depot is fixed based on historical operating data. Monitoring of stock loss is done on shift basis daily.

Abnormal variation in stock loss beyond permitted limit invites explanation and even disciplinary actions for the officers at the Depots and Terminals. The Competent Authorities for such chargesheeting for Depot level Officers for such lapses are Executive Director (Supplies) and Director (Marketing) who prefer to selectively issue chargesheets to defaulting officers to protect their favourites.

## First Information Report

The Chief Judicial Magistrate, Jaipur City, Jaipur Mr. Mahaveer Swami ordered registering of a number of **First Information Report** (FIR) against Indian Oil Corporation Limited officers and Civil Administration for non-performance of statutory duty and negligence.

## Civil Administration

The Director General of Police, Rajasthan to investigate against Mr. B. L. Soni, Inspector General of Police Jaipur Range I, Mr. Kuldeep Ranka, District Collector, Jaipur and Mr. Biju George Joseph, Superintendent of Police Jaipur (East) for commission of offences u/ss 120B, 166, 167, 201, 202, 203, 204, 217, 218, 221 IPC. The order was passed on 10 December 2009, a month after the fire got extinguished.

## Indian Oil Corporation Limited

As per the orders passed on 4 December 2009 by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Jaipur Mr. Mahaveer Swami, the Police Station Adarsh Nagar, Jaipur has registered FIR 337/09 under sections 166, 304A, 511, 120B against 20 accused;

1. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC), Through company secretary Mr. Raju Rangnathan,
2. Sarthak Behuria, Chairman IOC
3. B M Bansal, Director (Planning & Business Development) IOC
4. S V Narasimhan, Director (Finance) IOC
5. V C Agrawal, Director (Human Resources) IOC
6. G C Daga, Director (Marketing) IOC
7. B N Bankapur, Director (Refineries) IOC
8. Anand Kumar, Director (Research & Development) IOC
9. K. K. Jha, Director (Pipelines) IOC
10. S Sundareshan, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, & Director IOC
11. P K Sinha, Additional Secretary & Financial Advisor, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, & Director IOC
12. Prof.(Mrs.) Indira J. Parikh, Former Prof. IIM, Ahmedabad and President, FLAME, Pune, & Director IOC
13. Anees Noorani, managing director, Zodiac Clothing Company Ltd., & Director IOC
14. Michael Bastian, Former chairman & managing director, Syndicate Bank, & Director IOC
15. Dr.(Mrs.) Indu Shahani, Principal, HR College of Commerce & Economics, Mumbai and Sheriff of Mumbai, & Director IOC
16. Prof. Gautam Barua, director, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, & Director IOC
17. N.K. Poddar, Senior Advocate, Kolkata, & Director IOC
18. K. S. Kanoujiya Senior Terminal Manager IOC
19. Gautam Bose, general manager IOC, and
20. other unknown accused.

**Section 120B: Punishment of criminal conspiracy**

(1) Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit an offence punishable with death, 2\[imprisonment for life\] or rigorous imprisonment for a term of two years or upwards shall, where no express provision is made in this Code for the punishment of such a conspiracy, be punished in the same abetted such offence. (2) Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy other than a criminal conspiracy to commit an offence punishable as aforesaid shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding six months, or with fine or with both.\]

**Section 166: Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person** Whoever, being a public servant, knowingly disobeys any direction of the law as to the way in which he is to conduct himself as such public servant, intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will, by such disobedience, cause injury to any person, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

**Illustration** A, being an officer directed by law to take property in execution, to satisfy a decree pronounced in Z's favour by a Court of Justice, knowingly disobeys that direction of law, with the knowledge that he is likely thereby to cause injury to Z. A has committed the offence defined in this section.

**Section 304A: Causing death by negligence** Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.\]

**Section 511: Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment** Whoever attempts to commit an offence punishable by this Code with 1\[imprisonment for life\] or imprisonment, or to cause such an offence to be committed, and in such attempts does any act towards the commission of the offence, shall, where no express provision is made by this Code for the punishment of such attempt, be punished with 2\[imprisonment of any description provided for the offence, for a term which may extend to one-half of the imprisonment for life or, as the case may be, one-half of the longest term of imprisonment provided for that offence\], or with such fine as is provided for the offence, or with both.

## Sanganer Sadar Police Station

In addition to the above two more FIR 241/09 dated 2 November 2009 by Mr. Prit Pal Singh of Genus Overseas an Industrial unit in Sitapura and FIR 242/09 dated 3 November 2009 by Mr. B. L. Meharada of BLM Institute have been registered against Indian Oil by Police Station Sanganer Sadar.

## Sanganer Court

A city court in Sanganer has ordered registering of FIR on the complaint of Ayush Hotel Sitapura.

## Arrests

On 2 July 2010, eight months after the devastating fire at an Indian Oil Corp (IOC) fuel depot that killed 11 people, police arrested 9 senior company officials including its general manager on charges of criminal negligence. IOC general manager for Rajasthan Mr. Gautam Bose and 8 other officers were arrested under various sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) including section 304-II (culpable homicide not amounting to murder). Section 304-II of IPC carries a maximum prison term of 10 years. Those arrested in connection with the fire caused by leakage of petrol during transfer from storage tank, included chief of operations at IOC's Jaipur Office, Mr. Rajesh Sayal. The others arrested are Mr. Shashank Shekhar, Manager Operation, Mr. K S Kanojia, Senior Terminal Manager, Mr. Arun Poddar, Manager Terminal, Mr. Kapil Goyal, Deputy Manager Terminal, Mr. Ashok Gupta, Operation Officer, Mr. Kailash Nath Agarwal, Chargeman, and Mr. S S Gupta, DGM Pipeline who is presently posted in Ghaziabad. While eight accused have been enlarged on bail, Mr. Ashok Kumar Gupta is still in judicial custody after 4 months. The next hearing in the matter is fixed on 11 November 2010.

## Widows request compensation

Ms. Savita Saroha and Ms. Alka Kumar whose husbands Mr. S. K. Saroha and Mr. Ravindra Kumar died in the Fire on 29 October 2009 have moved to Rajasthan High Court for equitable and fair compensation. The duo allege that they were not given the compensation of Rs. 1,000,000 (One million rupees) promised by Mr. Murli Deora the Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. The widows are also upset that the company Indian Oil and the arrested officers have tried to pass on blame on their husbands. They are now opposing the accused officers in High Court against quashing of First Information Report and grant of bail to them.

## Compensation

The State Government promptly announced a cash compensation of Rs. 2,000,000.00 to the dead and in addition Indian Oil Corporation paid Rs. 10,000,000.00 to the next of the kin of dead and varied amount of compensation between Rs. 1,000,000.00 and 2,000,000.00 to the injured. It has been decided to review the location of all Oil Terminals throughout India and shift these terminals beyond city limits within a period of next 12–18 months.

### Sitapura Industries Association

The Sitapura Industries Association has 1383 units, consisting of 325 garment, 115 jewellers, 110 handicraft, and other units like chemical, cable, manufacturing, IT, BPO, Auto parts, Educational Institutes and Hospitals having an investment of over 750 billion. The SITAPURA INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION have played an important part in shaping the economy of the State of Rajasthan and generation of employment (approximately 1,000,000 direct/indirect workers). The Sitapura Industries Association has played an important role in exports and generation of foreign exchange. That on 29 October 2009 at about 4:00 p.m. some leakage of Petrol started in IOC Terminal and by 6:00 p.m. the fumes had spread far and wide in and around the Indian Oil Corporation terminal. That a huge explosion and fire erupted at 7:35 p.m. and the noise and shock waves were so intense that it gave an impression of an earthquake to the Industries of the area. The neighbouring industries adjacent to the Indian Oil Corporation terminal suffered major structural damages, loss of inventory, equipment, and finished goods. As a consequence of the Fire and associated hazards the District Collector, Jaipur declared a 5 km. zone as dangerous area and prohibited entry of the persons and vehicles in the area. The SITAPURA INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION claims to have lost Rs. 4000 million worth of property, equipment and inventory instantaneously on 29 October 2009. Thereafter the loss of production, dispatch and consequent loss of goodwill is valued at Rs. 2000 million per day. The industries were allowed free access to their units since 5 November 2009. The total estimated loss is valued at 18000 million. As an EPZ is part of the Sitapura Industrial Area it houses a number of export-oriented units. The peak season for the export oriented units was at handshake. Due to fire and subsequent pollution and dispersion of carbon soot particles in atmosphere almost 100% finished garments would fail in stringent quality test and would have to be dumped in the domestic market at throwaway prices. As the industries are most likely to falter on their export commitment, the loss of Goodwill will takes years to rebuild.

## Government report

On 10 December 2009, the Indian Minister of State of Petroleum and Natural Gas Jitin Prasada said the government today ruled out a C.B.I. / केंद्रीय अन्वेषण ब्यूरो probe into the November fires and informed the Lok Sabha and the Indian press that a Committee had- 'ruled out sabotage or terrorism', blamed both 'corporate neglect' and 'severe radiant heat' from the October fires, and denied any connection with a similar, but smaller blast that month in Kashmir.

## InfoBox

| Jaipur (Indian Oil) Fire. | |
| --- | --- |
| 2009 Jaipur fire. | |
| Location | Jaipur, Rajasthan, India |
| Coordinates | 26°55′34″N 75°49′25″E / 26.9260°N 75.8235°E / 26.9260; 75.8235 |
| Date | 29 October 2009 (2009-10-29) <br>7.35 PM (UTC+5.30) |
| Weapons | Accidental oil blast. |
| Deaths | 12 |
| Injured | 300+ |


abstract: Saint-Georges-du-Bois is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

text:
# Saint-Georges-du-Bois, Charente-Maritime

**Saint-Georges-du-Bois** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʒɔʁʒ dy bwa\]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 1,287 |  |
| 1968 | 1,330 | +3.3% |
| 1975 | 1,436 | +8.0% |
| 1982 | 1,389 | −3.3% |
| 1990 | 1,373 | −1.2% |
| 1999 | 1,466 | +6.8% |
| 2008 | 1,725 | +17.7% |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Georges-du-Bois | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Saint-Georges-du-Bois | |
| Location of Saint-Georges-du-Bois | |
| Saint-Georges-du-BoisSaint-Georges-du-Bois | |
| Coordinates: 46°08′33″N 0°44′03″W / 46.1425°N 0.7342°W / 46.1425; -0.7342 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Rochefort |
| Canton | Surgères |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean Gorioux |
| Area**1** | 27.90 km2 (10.77 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,838 |
| Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17338 /17700 |
| Elevation | 22–70 m (72–230 ft)
(avg. 45 m or 148 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Bojan Gorišek

abstract: Bojan Gorišek is a Slovenian pianist.

text:
# Bojan Gorišek

**Bojan Gorišek** (born June 6, 1962) is a Slovenian pianist.

## Education and career

Gorišek studied under the tutelage of Aci Bertoncelj at the Academy of Music of the University of Ljubljana, from which he graduated in 1986. He later studied in Cologne. His concert repertoire primarily consists of works by 20th and 21st-century composers. Among his recordings is the entire piano opus of Erik Satie. He has also premiered works by Slovenian composers such as Milko Lazar.

As of 2019, Gorišek has been interpreting works by American composer Philip Glass.

## Awards

List of Slovenian musicians

## InfoBox

| Bojan Gorišek | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-06-06) June 6, 1962<br>Celje, Slovenia |
| Occupation | Pianist |
|  | |
| Website | bojangorisek.com |


title: Brzeziny, Gmina Mokrsko

abstract: Brzeziny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mokrsko, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Mokrsko, 8 km (5 mi) south-west of Wieluń, and 96 km (60 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Brzeziny, Gmina Mokrsko

**Brzeziny** \[bʐɛˈʑinɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mokrsko, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Mokrsko, 8 km (5 mi) south-west of Wieluń, and 96 km (60 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Brzeziny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Brzeziny | |
| Coordinates: 51°9′29″N 18°31′34″E / 51.15806°N 18.52611°E / 51.15806; 18.52611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Wieluń |
| Gmina | Mokrsko |