title: Charles Abel (missionary)

abstract: Charles William Abel (1863–1930) was a Congregationalist who founded the Kwato mission in the Territory of Papua, in what is now the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG). He was the father of Sir Cecil Abel who played an important role in PNG at the time of its independence, and great-grandfather of Charles Abel, a government minister in PNG.

text:
# Charles Abel (missionary)

**Charles William Abel** (1863–1930) was a Congregationalist who founded the Kwato mission in the Territory of Papua, in what is now the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG). He was the father of Sir Cecil Abel who played an important role in PNG at the time of its independence, and great-grandfather of Charles Abel, a government minister in PNG.

## Early life

Charles William Abel was born on 25 September 1863 in Bloomsbury, London but his family later moved to Wandsworth in London. His father, William Abel, was a Congregationalist and worked for Mudie's Lending Library. Abel had two elder brothers and two sisters. At the age of 11 he went with his mother to the Islington Agricultural Hall to hear the American evangelists, Dwight L. Moody and Ira D. Sankey, and was very much affected by their message. At the age of 14, he joined his father in working at Mudie's Library. He and his brother, Robert, considered migrating to America, but had been discouraged by letters from other young men from their area who had failed to find opportunities in the US. Instead, Charles applied for an agricultural cadetship at the London office of a New Zealand firm, and sailed for New Zealand in late 1881. However, he was not very happy in his work and at some stage chose to join Māori gum workers in the Kauri forests north of Auckland. There he gave scripture lessons to young Maori boys and helped them to trade with Europeans.

## Early life as a missionary

Having decided to become a missionary, Abel returned to England and entered Cheshunt College in Hertfordshire, a theological college that trained missionaries and would later become part of Westminster College, Cambridge. In addition to theology, he obtained an elementary knowledge of ethnology. He took some medical lessons in London. He would sometimes go to hear the evangelist, Charles Spurgeon, speak in London. Spurgeon was skilled in oratory; an ability Abel also became known for. Abel was also a good cricketer and played county cricket for Hertfordshire.

In 1889 Abel applied to the London Missionary Society (LMS) to become a missionary and was ordained in 1890. He had heard about New Guinea from his friend William McFarlane, son of Samuel McFarlane, a pioneer missionary in New Guinea and the two asked James Chalmers of the LMS mission in Port Moresby to arrange for them to be appointed to New Guinea. In 1889, Abel was ordained as a Congregational minister and appointed to the New Guinea Mission.

Abel arrived in Port Moresby in October 1890 and briefly relieved James Chalmers at the mission. In August 1891 he joined another missionary, F. W. Walker, at Kwato Island, on the southeast tip of New Guinea in what is now Milne Bay Province. The 70 acres (28 ha) island had previously been used by Chinese and European traders, but was uninhabited by 1890. The LMS owned the freehold. Initially, he spent some time conducting an anthropological study of the people on Logea Island (also spelled Rogeia), immediately to the south of Kwato. In 1891, Abel went to Sydney and on 22 November 1891 married Elizabeth Beatrice Emma Moxon (1869–1939), known as Beatrice, the daughter of a wealthy Anglican family who he had met aboard ship, returning with her to Kwato.

At the mission, the couple began teaching elementary subjects and Bible-study, as well as carpentry, saw-milling and boat building for the boys, and sewing and lace work for girls, while Walker spent much of his time sailing around the islands to supervise local missionary teachers. The Abels enforced strict rules of sexual segregation, unless the couple chose to marry. They introduced sport, particularly cricket and association football. When Kwato later began to play cricket against other teams, particularly Samarai, the "classic formality of English cricket", with white clothing, pads, caps and a scoreboard was imitated exactly.

Walker fell out with the directors of the LMS and resigned in 1896. After that, the closest missionaries to the Abels were about 100 km to the west at Lawes College, a teacher-training college for local missionaries named after William George Lawes. Under the Abels, local children were separated from their parents as infants. They worked in the mission at the trades they had learnt, and their products were sold to the nearby trading centre of Samarai. Adults who had converted also worked for the mission and became lay evangelists. Although the system of putting children and adults to work was approved by the LMS, it was subject to some criticism by other missionaries and some of the lay preachers. In 1895, Abel and his wife began building a large house, with LMS funding, considered by some to be too ostentatious for a missionary.

When Abel took leave in England in 1900, he gave a series of popular lectures. These were supplemented by a small pamphlet, *Kwato, New Guinea, 1890-1900*, which gave further details. He was asked to write a children's gift book to be presented by LMS. *Savage Life in New Guinea* was published at the end of 1901. In it, he argued that some Melanesian customs were doomed to decay and others would have to be replaced. He deplored many of the customs of the Papuans, although he respected their practical skills such as canoe building. But he feared that they might be overwhelmed by European "civilization". Indeed, he became increasingly concerned for the future of the indigenous population under the Australian administration, considering that they might experience the same fate of being overwhelmed as the Maoris in New Zealand or the aboriginal Australians. To address this, he believed it important that the Papuans became economically self-sufficient.

## Relations with other Europeans and Australians

From 1901, he became widely known for championing the rights of Papuans in court cases against Europeans and Abel experienced increasing conflict with some Australian residents in the Milne Bay area. His disclosures of various scandals in 1901 made him unpopular amongst the traders in Samarai but earned him the trust of Papuans. Conflict arose from a court action for rape against an Australian in 1902, in which a Kwato mission teacher gave evidence for the prosecution. In the following year, following the murder of a white storekeeper, Abel claimed there had been a miscarriage of justice. He further alleged that a group of armed traders led by a government officer had shot several Milne Bay villagers and burned 38 houses. Noting the decline in the population of the Milne Bay area, he also became an opponent of the practice of blackbirding, a form of slavery in which islanders would be kidnapped and taken to work in Queensland and elsewhere. He also warned local people to avoid "selling" their land and advised them how to oppose expropriation.

Through the Australian prime minister Alfred Deakin, he met Atlee Hunt, Secretary of the Department of External Affairs, who encouraged him to continue reporting on affairs in Papua. When the acting administrator of the Territory of Papua, Judge Christopher Robinson, committed suicide after a royal commission into events on Goaribari Island, many Europeans felt that Abel had driven Robinson to his death with an anonymous attack on him in a Sydney newspaper. Robinson had led a reprisal mission to Goaribari after the islanders had killed Chalmers and another missionary, Oliver Tomkins, as well as ten trainee missionaries.

## Business activities

During his 1909 furlough visit to England, Abel persuaded the directors to let him plant coconuts. This was intended to provide work for Papuans on plantations managed by Abel's converts. 500 acres (200 ha) were planted within two years, with financing from people in Sydney. The main purpose of this was to protect the land of the people in Milne Bay from being taken over by Australians. However, other missionaries objected, so Abel agreed to sell the plantations at cost to the LMS. It soon became clear that the society could not afford to maintain the properties and a deputation, sent out in 1915–16 to investigate, recommended the sale of all but 100 acres (40 ha) for each mission and also recommended the reduction in the number of children per mission to 50. Abel would not accept this, and in 1917 sailed to London to confer with the directors. In early 1918, Abel left the LMS, taking the 560 members of the Milne Bay church with him to form the Kwato Extension Association (KEA). The Association would lease its land in Milne Bay from the LMS. Abel would remain nominally an LMS missionary but his salary ceased. He persuaded the society to convert the Kwato Extension Association into a company.

## Reliance on American funding

In 1921, Abel and his family went to England, leaving Kwato in the charge of Madge Parkin (1865-1939), his wife's cousin, who had been working there since 1896. The main purpose of the visit was to look for capital but three years after the end of World War I was not the best time for this purpose. He accepted an invitation from the evangelist W. L. Moody to tour the US. There he found financial supporters, who were organized as the New Guinea Evangelization Society. This society paid for the education of his four children, who had all decided to become missionaries, and sent him back to Kwato in 1924 with enough funds to continue and with the promise of building a hospital. The arrangement annoyed the LMS considerably and there were six years of negotiations before the LMS agreed to sell Kwato to the Evangelization Society.

## Family

Abel and his wife had four children, Phyllis, Cecil, Russell and Marjorie. With the American funds, they were trained at Cambridge University and the University of London to take over at Kwato. In fact, a high proportion of the money from America was spent on the children's education. During his lifetime, Abel had very little influence on Papua outside of the Kwato mission and it was only when his son, Sir Cecil Abel, took over the mission that missionaries from Kwato began to venture westwards along the coast. Cecil eventually moved to Port Moresby, where he became close to some of Papua New Guinea's early leaders, such as the country's first prime minister, Michael Somare, and was credited with writing the preamble to the Papua New Guinea constitution. Charles Abel's great-grandson, also called Charles Abel, is a PNG politician who has served as deputy prime minister and as minister for finance and rural development.

## Death

Abel travelled to America and England in 1929–30 to settle matters regarding the sale of Kwato by the LMS, but died after a motor accident in England on 10 April 1930. His ashes were returned to Kwato. In 1964 the Kwato mission rejoined the LMS.

## Bibliography

* Mary K. Abel. *Charles W. Abel : Papuan pioneer*. Zondervan. 1957.
* Russell William Abel. *Charles W. Abel of Kwato; forty years in dark Papua*. Fleming H. Revell Company. 1934.
* David Wetherell. *Charles Abel: and the Kwato Mission of Papua New Guinea, 1891-1975*. Melbourne University Press. 1996

## InfoBox

| Charles Abel | |
| --- | --- |
| Missionary to the Territory of Papua | |
| Born | 25 September 1863
Bloomsbury, London, England |
| Died | 10 April 1930(1930-04-10) (aged 66)
England |
| Occupation | Missionary |
| Known for | Establishing the Kwato mission in Papua |
| Spouse | Beatrice Moxon (1869–1939) |
| Children | Phyllis, Cecil, Russell and Marjorie |


title: Rational consequence relation

abstract: In logic, a rational consequence relation is a non-monotonic consequence relation satisfying certain properties listed below. A rational consequence relation is a logical framework that refines traditional deductive reasoning to better model real-world scenarios. It incorporates rules like reflexivity, left logical equivalence, right-hand weakening, cautious monotony, disjunction on the left-hand side, logical and on the right-hand side, and rational monotony. These rules enable the relation to handle everyday situations more effectively by allowing for non-monotonic reasoning, where conclusions can be drawn based on usual rather than absolute implications. This approach is particularly useful in cases where adding more information can change the outcome, providing a more nuanced understanding than monotone consequence relations.

text:
# Rational consequence relation

In logic, a **rational consequence relation** is a non-monotonic consequence relation satisfying certain properties listed below.

A rational consequence relation is a logical framework that refines traditional deductive reasoning to better model real-world scenarios. It incorporates rules like reflexivity, left logical equivalence, right-hand weakening, cautious monotony, disjunction on the left-hand side, logical and on the right-hand side, and rational monotony. These rules enable the relation to handle everyday situations more effectively by allowing for non-monotonic reasoning, where conclusions can be drawn based on usual rather than absolute implications. This approach is particularly useful in cases where adding more information can change the outcome, providing a more nuanced understanding than monotone consequence relations.

## Properties

A rational consequence relation $\vdash $ satisfies:

REFReflexivity $\theta \vdash \theta $

and the so-called **GabbayMakinson** rules:

LLELeft logical equivalence $\frac {\theta \vdash \psi \quad \quad \theta \equiv \phi }{\phi \vdash \psi }$ RWERight-hand weakening $\frac {\theta \vdash \phi \quad \quad \phi \models \psi }{\theta \vdash \psi }$ CMOCautious monotonicity $\frac {\theta \vdash \phi \quad \quad \theta \vdash \psi }{\theta \wedge \psi \vdash \phi }$ DISLogical or (i.e. disjunction) on left hand side $\frac {\theta \vdash \psi \quad \quad \phi \vdash \psi }{\theta \vee \phi \vdash \psi }$ ANDLogical and on right hand side $\frac {\theta \vdash \phi \quad \quad \theta \vdash \psi }{\theta \vdash \phi \wedge \psi }$ RMORational monotonicity $\frac {\phi \not \vdash \neg \theta \quad \quad \phi \vdash \psi }{\phi \wedge \theta \vdash \psi }$

## Uses

The rational consequence relation is non-monotonic, and the relation $\theta \vdash \phi $ is intended to carry the meaning *theta usually implies phi* or *phi usually follows from theta*. In this sense it is more useful for modeling some everyday situations than a monotone consequence relation because the latter relation models facts in a more strict boolean fashion—something either follows under all circumstances or it does not.

### Example: cake

The statement *"If a cake contains sugar then it tastes good"* implies under a monotone consequence relation the statement *"If a cake contains sugar and soap then it tastes good."* Clearly this doesn't match our own understanding of cakes. By asserting *"If a cake contains sugar then it **usually** tastes good"* a rational consequence relation allows for a more realistic model of the real world, and certainly it does not automatically follow that *"If a cake contains sugar and soap then it usually tastes good."*

Note that if we also have the information *"If a cake contains sugar then it usually contains butter"* then we may legally conclude (under CMO) that *"If a cake contains sugar and butter then it usually tastes good."*. Equally in the absence of a statement such as *"If a cake contains sugar then usually it contains no soap*" then we may legally conclude from RMO that *"If the cake contains sugar and soap then it usually tastes good."*

If this latter conclusion seems ridiculous to you then it is likely that you are subconsciously asserting your own preconceived knowledge about cakes when evaluating the validity of the statement. That is, from your experience you know that cakes that contain soap are likely to taste bad so you add to the system your own knowledge such as *"Cakes that contain sugar do not usually contain soap."*, even though this knowledge is absent from it. If the conclusion seems silly to you then you might consider replacing the word *soap* with the word *eggs* to see if it changes your feelings.

### Example: drugs

Consider the sentences:

* *Young people are usually happy*
* *Drug abusers are usually not happy*
* *Drug abusers are usually young*

We may consider it reasonable to conclude:

* *Young drug abusers are usually not happy*

This would not be a valid conclusion under a monotonic deduction system (omitting of course the word 'usually'), since the third sentence would contradict the first two. In contrast the conclusion follows immediately using the Gabbay–Makinson rules: applying the rule **CMO** to the last two sentences yields the result.

## Consequences

The following consequences follow from the above rules:

MPModus ponens $\frac {\theta \vdash \phi \quad \quad \theta \vdash \left(\phi \rightarrow \psi \right)}{\theta \vdash \psi }$ MP is proved via the rules AND and RWE. CONConditionalisation $\frac {\theta \wedge \phi \vdash \psi }{\theta \vdash \left(\phi \rightarrow \psi \right)}$ CCCautious cut $\frac {\theta \vdash \phi \quad \quad \theta \wedge \phi \vdash \psi }{\theta \vdash \psi }$ The notion of *cautious cut* simply encapsulates the operation of conditionalisation, followed by MP. It may seem redundant in this sense, but it is often used in proofs so it is useful to have a name for it to act as a shortcut. SCLSupraclassity $\frac {\theta \models \phi }{\theta \vdash \phi }$ SCL is proved trivially via REF and RWE.

## Rational consequence relations via atom preferences

Let $L=\\{p\_{1},\ldots ,p\_{n}\\}$ be a finite language. An atom is a formula of the form $\bigwedge \_{i=1}^{n}p\_{i}^{\epsilon }$ (where $p^{1}=p$ and $p^{-1}=\neg p$). Notice that there is a unique valuation which makes any given atom true (and conversely each valuation satisfies precisely one atom). Thus an atom can be used to represent a preference about what we believe ought to be true.

Let $At^{L}$ be the set of all atoms in L. For $\theta \in $ SL, define $S\_{\theta }=\\{\alpha \in At^{L}|\alpha \models ^{SC}\theta \\}$.

Let $\vec {s}=s\_{1},\ldots ,s\_{m}$ be a sequence of subsets of $At^{L}$. For $\theta $, $\phi $ in SL, let the relation $\vdash \_{\vec {s}}$ be such that $\theta \vdash \_{\vec {s}\phi }$ if one of the following holds:

1. $S\_{\theta }\cap s\_{i}=\emptyset $ for each $1\leq i\leq m$
2. $S\_{\theta }\cap s\_{i}\neq \emptyset $ for some $1\leq i\leq m$ and for the least such i, $S\_{\theta }\cap s\_{i}\subseteq S\_{\phi }$.

Then the relation $\vdash \_{\vec {s}}$ is a rational consequence relation. This may easily be verified by checking directly that it satisfies the GM-conditions.

The idea behind the sequence of atom sets is that the earlier sets account for the most likely situations such as *"young people are usually law abiding"* whereas the later sets account for the less likely situations such as *"young joyriders are usually not law abiding"*.

### Notes

1. By the definition of the relation $\vdash \_{\vec {s}}$, the relation is unchanged if we replace $s\_{2}$ with $s\_{2}\setminus s\_{1}$, $s\_{3}$ with $s\_{3}\setminus s\_{2}\setminus s\_{1}$ ... and $s\_{m}$ with $s\_{m}\setminus \bigcup \_{i=1}^{m-1}s\_{i}$. In this way we make each $s\_{i}$ disjoint. Conversely it makes no difference to the rational consequence relation $\vdash \_{\vec {s}}$ if we add to subsequent $s\_{i}$ atoms from any of the preceding $s\_{i}$.

## The representation theorem

It can be proven that any rational consequence relation on a finite language is representable via a sequence of atom preferences above. That is, for any such rational consequence relation $\vdash $ there is a sequence $\vec {s}=s\_{1},\ldots ,s\_{m}$ of subsets of $At^{L}$ such that the associated rational consequence relation $\vdash \_{\vec {s}}$ is the same relation: $\vdash \_{\vec {s}={\vdash }}$

### Notes

1. By the above property of $\vdash \_{\vec {s}}$, the representation of a rational consequence relation $\vdash $ need not be unique—if the $s\_{i}$ are not disjoint then they can be made so without changing the rational consequence relation and conversely if they are disjoint then each subsequent set can contain any of the atoms of the previous sets without changing the rational consequence relation.

* Hill, Lee C.E. (2002). "A new relationship between Maximum Entropy and the Rational Closure of a Conditional Knowledge Base". University of Manchester.
* D. Makinson (Mar 1994). "General Patterns in Nonmonotonic Reasoning". In D.M. Gabbay and C.J. Hogger and J.A. Robinson (ed.). *Deduction Methodologies*. Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–110. ISBN 978-0-19-853746-5.


title: Sheffy Bleier

abstract: Sheffy Bleier is an Israeli photographer and educator.

text:
# Sheffy Bleier

**Sheffy Bleier** (Hebrew: שפי בלייר) is an Israeli photographer and educator.

## Biography

Sheffy Bleier is an Israeli photographer and visual artist, mostly known for her provocative still life images primarily made of animal parts. Some of her works also research human relationships and motherhood, for example, the series "What remains" in which she exhibited images of still life objects related to her son Jonathan's early years.

Bleier was born and raised in Tel Aviv where she continues to work. In addition to being an artist, she is an educator, teaching at the HaMidrasha School of Art, Beit Berl College from 2001.

Bleier's works are in permanent collections of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, the Haifa Museum of Art, the Museum of Israeli Art in Ramat Gan and the Open Museum of Photography in Tel Hai.

## Exhibitions

She has exhibited her works at many solo and group shows around the world and in Israel.

### Solo

* 1995 "Photographs 1994," Limbus Gallery, Tel Aviv
* 1997 "My Mother and Father, My Brother, My Sister, My Little Sister, Me, My Husband, and My Son..." The Museum of Israeli Art, Ramat Gan
* 1999 "Bras, Pillows, and Used Condoms (Emotional Substitutes)," Limbus Gallery, Tel Aviv
* 2000 "Fooling Saucer" Haifa Museum of Art
* 2005 "My Mother and Father, My Brother, My Sister, My Little Sister, Me and My Son...", Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art
* 2009-2010 "Body of Love", Open Museum of Photography, Tel Hai

### Group

## Awards

* *1989* Sharet Scholarship Program, America-Israel Cultural Foundation
* *1997* Creativity Encouragement Prize for the Visual Arts, Department of Visual Art, The Council of Culture and Arts, Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture
* *2009* The Yehoshua Rabinovich Foundation for the Arts
* *2010* The Israel Lottery Council for The Arts Prize

## InfoBox

| Sheffy Bleier | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960)<br>Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Education | Tel Aviv University, Beit Berl College, Open University of Israel |
| Known for | Photography |
| Movement | Israeli art, Modern Art |


title: Świątkowizna

abstract: Świątkowizna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Fabianki, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Świątkowizna

**Świątkowizna** (Polish pronunciation: \[ɕfjɔntkɔˈvizna\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Fabianki, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Świątkowizna | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Świątkowizna | |
| Coordinates: 52°43′00″N 19°10′10″E / 52.71667°N 19.16944°E / 52.71667; 19.16944 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Włocławek |
| Gmina | Fabianki |


title: The Extermination of the American Bison

abstract: The Extermination of the American Bison is a book by William Temple Hornaday first published in 1889 by the Government Printing Office. It was reprinted from a report Hornaday wrote for the Smithsonian Institution in the years 1886–87. Extermination contains an exhaustive account of bison ecology and the story of the near-entire destruction of the bison population in the United States. The book argues for the consequent necessity of protecting the small number of bison then in Yellowstone National Park. The book is divided into three parts. The first relates to the habits, geographical distribution, and probable population of the bison before the European settlement of North America. The second describes the extermination of the animal by industrial-scale bison hunting. It argues that the speed of extermination has been increased by unnecessary slaughter and the lack of legal protection of the bison population, among other things. The third part describes the Smithsonian's 1886 expedition to Montana to obtain specimens for the National Museum of Natural History before bison went extinct in North America. A census of the animals known to exist in captivity on January 1, 1889, showed 256 specimens in the United States and abroad. One contemporary writer notes that a number of scholars consider Extermination to be "the first important text of the American wildlife conservation movement".

text:
# The Extermination of the American Bison

***The Extermination of the American Bison*** is a book by William Temple Hornaday first published in 1889 by the Government Printing Office. It was reprinted from a report Hornaday wrote for the Smithsonian Institution in the years 1886–87.

*Extermination* contains an exhaustive account of bison ecology and the story of the near-entire destruction of the bison population in the United States. The book argues for the consequent necessity of protecting the small number of bison then in Yellowstone National Park.

The book is divided into three parts. The first relates to the habits, geographical distribution, and probable population of the bison before the European settlement of North America. The second describes the extermination of the animal by industrial-scale bison hunting. It argues that the speed of extermination has been increased by unnecessary slaughter and the lack of legal protection of the bison population, among other things. The third part describes the Smithsonian's 1886 expedition to Montana to obtain specimens for the National Museum of Natural History before bison went extinct in North America. A census of the animals known to exist in captivity on January 1, 1889, showed 256 specimens in the United States and abroad.

One contemporary writer notes that a number of scholars consider *Extermination* to be "the first important text of the American wildlife conservation movement".

## Further reading


title: Darren Morfitt

abstract: Darren Morfitt is an English actor who has appeared in Dream Team (1997-1998), Grafters (1998-1999), Warriors (1999), Dalziel and Pascoe (2001), Dog Soldiers (2002), 55 Degrees North (2004), Making Waves (2004), The Government Inspector (2005), Doomsday (2008), and Doctor Who (2010).

text:
# Darren Morfitt

**Darren Morfitt** (born 12 September 1973) is an English actor who has appeared in *Dream Team* (1997-1998), *Grafters* (1998-1999), *Warriors* (1999), *Dalziel and Pascoe* (2001), *Dog Soldiers* (2002), *55 Degrees North* (2004), *Making Waves* (2004), *The Government Inspector* (2005), *Doomsday* (2008), and *Doctor Who* (2010).

## Early life

Morfitt was born 12 September 1973 in Hartlepool, England. After finishing his A-levels at Hartlepool Sixth Form College, Morfitt studied acting at Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts, London, graduating in 1997.

## Career

In 1997, Morfitt landed his first major television role as Dean Hocknell for 71 episodes of the football drama series *Dream Team* (1997-1998). He appeared as Simon Purvis in 15 episodes of *Grafters* (1998-1999). From 2004, he starred as D.S. Patrick Yates in 14 episodes of the Newcastle upon Tyne based Detective series *55 Degrees North* (2004).

In 2002, he starred in the werewolf horror film *Dog Soldiers* (2002), in a cast which included Sean Pertwee and Liam Cunningham.

In 2005, he appeared in the television movie *The Government Inspector* (2005), alongside Mark Rylance. In 2006, he portrayed Jesus in the Manchester Passion, a live dramatization of the Easter story using songs associated with Manchester. A year later, in 2008, he appeared in the science fiction action film *Doomsday* as Dr. Ben Stirling. He has also appeared in two 2010 episodes of science fiction programme *Doctor Who*, "The Time of Angels" and "Flesh and Stone" as Billy.

In 2017, Morfitt appeared as a Transport Deck Officer in *Star Wars: The Last Jedi*.

## Personal life

It was while at Mountview that Morfitt met his wife, the actress Helen Latham. They met in 1995 and were married in 2004.

## Filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Dog Soldiers* | 'Spoon' Witherspoon |  |
| 2008 | *Doomsday* | Dr. Ben Stirling |  |
| 2012 | *Now Is Good* | Mark |  |
| 2013 | *How I Live Now* | Sergeant |  |
| 2013 | *Harrigan* | Swift |  |
| 2016 | *K-Shop* | Steve |  |
| 2016 | *Una* | Barman |  |
| 2017 | *Star Wars: The Last Jedi* | Transport Deck Officer |  |

Television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 - 1998 | *Dream Team* | Dean Hocknell | Episodes |
| 2001 | *Dalziel and Pascoe* | Matthew Collingwood | Episode: "Home Truths" |
| 2004 | *55 Degrees North* | DS Patrick Yates | All 14 episodes |
| 2010 | *Doctor Who* | Billy | Episode: "The Time of Angels" and "Flesh and Stone" |
| 2011 | *Silent Witness* | Sgt Jason McDermott | Episode: "First Casualty" |
| 2011 | *Inspector George Gently* | Paul Collison | Episode: "Goodbye China" |
| 2012 | *Line of Duty* | Brackley | 3 episodes |
| 2013 | *Atlantis* | Nilas | Episode: "The Furies" |
| 2013 | *Casualty* | Marcus Leyton | Episode: "A History of Violence" |
| 2014 | *Scott & Bailey* | Barry Keane | Episode: "Damaged" |
| 2015 | *DCI Banks* | Jason McCready | Episode: "What Will Survive" |
| 2017 | *Silent Witness* | DCI Andy Steemson | Episode: "Discovery" |
| 2017 | *Holby City* | Jerry Farnell | Episode: "Keeping the Faith" |
| 2018 | *The Split* | Max Lacey | Episode: "Episode 5" |
| 2023 - present | *Coronation Street* | Dom Everett | Present; recurring |
|

## InfoBox

| Darren Morfitt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-09-12) 12 September 1973<br>Hartlepool, England |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Sanzo Wada

abstract: Sanzo Wada Sanzo Wada was a Japanese painter and costume designer who won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design for his work on the jidaigeki film Gate of Hell (1953). Wada reorganized the Japan Standard Color Association into the Japan Color Research Laboratory in 1945, and served as its president. He was a member of the Japan Art Academy. His painting South Wind and other works are part of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo collection.

text:
# Sanzo Wada

**Sanzo Wada** (和田 三造, *Wada Sanzō*, 3 March 1883  22 August 1967) was a Japanese painter and costume designer who won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design for his work on the jidaigeki film *Gate of Hell* (1953). Wada reorganized the Japan Standard Color Association into the Japan Color Research Laboratory in 1945, and served as its president.

He was a member of the Japan Art Academy.

His painting *South Wind* and other works are part of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo collection.

## Biography

Wada was born in Hyogo Prefecture, moving to Fukuoka with his family at age 13, and moved again to Tokyo at age 16 with the intention of becoming a painter. He began studying painting in 1899 with the famous painter Kuroda Seiki. In July 1904, he graduated from Tokyo School of Fine Arts. After graduating, he continued his studies in Europe between 1907 and 1915 as a Ministry of Education-sponsored art student. He traveled mainly to France, and studied Western painting as well as craft designs.

In 1932, he became a professor of design at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts, a position he held until 1944. In 1936, he designed the poster for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which was later canceled. The poster depicts athletes with a Nio statue in the background.

In 1945, he reorganized the Japan Standard Color Association into the Japan Color Research Institute and became its chairman. In 1951, he completed Japan's first comprehensive standard color chart, "Color Standards."

In 1953, he was in charge of color design and costume design for the Daiei film *Gate of Hell*, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design at the 27th Academy Awards in 1954. *Gate of Hell* was also highly praised for its beautiful colors at the 7th Cannes Film Festival in the same year, where it won the Palme d'Or.

He was named a Person of Cultural Merit in 1958.

Wada died of aspiration pneumonia on August 22, 1967 at the Tokyo Teishin Hospital at the age of 84.

### *A Dictionary of Color Combinations*

Between 1933 and 1934, Sanzo Wada published 6-volumes of color studies called *Haishoku Soukan* (配色辞典), documenting over a thousand color combinations. The books were intended to capture traditional Japanese perceptions of color, which differed from Western approaches, and included a wide range of subtle shades and hues.

In 2011, Seigensha published *A Dictionary of Color Combinations*, a book based on Wada’s original 6-volume work, containing 348 color combinations.

## Bibliography

* *A Dictionary of Color Combinations* (2011)
* *A Dictionary of Color Combinations, Volume II* (2020)

## InfoBox

| Sanzo Wada | |
| --- | --- |
| 和田 三造 | |
|  | |
| Born | (1883-03-03)March 3, 1883
Ikuno, Hyōgo, Japan |
| Died | August 22, 1967(1967-08-22) (aged 84)
Tokyo, Japan |
| Alma mater | Tokyo University of the Arts |
| Known for | *A Dictionary of Color Combinations* |
| Awards | Academy Award for Best Costume Design (1954)
Person of Cultural Merit (1958) |


title: 1910 Australian federal election

abstract: The 1910 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 13 April 1910. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Liberal Party led by Prime Minister Alfred Deakin was defeated by the opposition Australian Labor Party (ALP) led by Andrew Fisher. The election represented a number of landmarks: it was Australia's first elected federal majority government; Australia's first elected Senate majority; the world's first labour party majority government at a national level; after the 1904 Chris Watson minority and Fisher's former minority government the world's third labour party government at a national level; the first time it controlled both houses of a bicameral legislature; and the first time that a prime minister, in this case Deakin, was defeated at an election. It also remains the only election in Australia's federal history to have occurred following expiration of a full three-year parliamentary term by the "effluxion of time". This was the first time the Labor Party won a federal election. Two referendums to approve proposed amendments to the Constitution were held on the same day. The State Debts referendum was carried, but the Surplus Revenue referendum was not carried. Future Prime Minister James Scullin and future opposition leader Matthew Charlton both entered parliament at this election. Scullin lost his seat at the subsequent 1913 election and did not re-enter parliament until 1922.

text:
# 1910 Australian federal election

The **1910 Australian federal election** was held in Australia on 13 April 1910. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Liberal Party (formed by the fusion of the Protectionist Party and the Anti-Socialist Party in 1909) led by Prime Minister Alfred Deakin was defeated by the opposition Australian Labor Party (ALP) led by Andrew Fisher.

The election represented a number of landmarks: it was Australia's first elected federal majority government; Australia's first elected Senate majority; the world's first labour party majority government at a national level; after the 1904 Chris Watson minority and Fisher's former minority government the world's third labour party government at a national level; the first time it controlled *both* houses of a bicameral legislature; and the first time that a prime minister, in this case Deakin, was defeated at an election. It also remains the only election in Australia's federal history to have occurred following expiration of a full three-year parliamentary term by the "effluxion of time". This was the first time the Labor Party won a federal election.

Two referendums to approve proposed amendments to the Constitution were held on the same day. The State Debts referendum was carried, but the Surplus Revenue referendum was not carried.

Future Prime Minister James Scullin and future opposition leader Matthew Charlton both entered parliament at this election. Scullin lost his seat at the subsequent 1913 election and did not re-enter parliament until 1922.

## Background

After the 1906 election, the House of Representatives first met on 20 February 1907. Prime Minister Alfred Deakin allowed the parliament to run to its maximum permissible length under section 28 of the constitution (three years). Its final meeting ended on 8 December 1909, and it was then prorogued until 19 February 1910 at which point it expired by "effluxion of time". This remains the only occasion to date where the House has been allowed to expire, rather than being dissolved earlier by the Governor-General. The writs for the election were issued on 28 February, producing the longest gap between federal elections in Australian history.

## Results

### House of Representatives

House of Reps 1910–13 (FPTP) — Turnout 62.80% (Non-CV) — Informal 2.00%
| Party | | Votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | 649,538 | 49.12 | +12.48 | 42 | 16 |
|  | Liberal | 591,248 | 44.71 | −8.01 | 31 | 11 |
|  | Socialist Labor | 628 | 0.05 | +0.05 | 0 |  |
|  | Young Australia | 590 | 0.04 | +0.04 | 0 |  |
|  | Independent | 80,478 | 6.09 | −2.22 | 2 | 3 |
|  | Total | 1,322,482 |  |  | **75** |  |
|  | **Labor** | **Win** |  |  | **42** | +16 |
|  | Liberal |  |  |  | 31 | +31 |

---

Notes

| Popular vote   **Labor**  49.12%  Liberal  44.71%  Independent/Other  6.17% |
| --- |

| Parliament seats   **Labor**  56.00%  Liberal  41.33%  Independent  2.67% |
| --- |

### Senate

Senate 1910–13 (FPTP BV) — Turnout 62.16% (Non-CV) — Informal N/A
| Party | | Votes | % | Swing | Seats won | Seats held | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | 2,021,090 | 50.30 | +11.57 | 18 | 22 | +7 |
|  | Liberal | 1,830,353 | 45.55 | N/A | 0 | 14 | -6 |
|  | Independents | 134,976 | 3.36 | +2.46 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
|  | Other | 31,700 | 0.79 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Total | 4,018,119 |  |  | 18 | 36 |  |

## Seats changing hands

| Seat | Pre-1910 | | | | Swing | Post-1910 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Party | | Member | Margin | | Margin | Member | Party | |
| Bass, Tas |  | Liberal | David Storrer | 12.3 | 56.8 | 6.8 | Jens Jensen | Labor |  |
| Batman, Vic |  | Liberal | Jabez Coon | 1.3 | 15.3 | 13.6 | Henry Beard | Labor |  |
| Bendigo, Vic |  | Independent | John Quick | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 | John Quick | Liberal |  |
| Bourke, Vic |  | Liberal | James Hume Cook | 2.2 | 15.3 | 8.6 | Frank Anstey | Labor |  |
| Brisbane, Qld |  | Liberal | Justin Foxton | 11.3 | 12.5 | 1.2 | William Finlayson | Labor |  |
| Capricornia, Qld |  | Liberal | Edward Archer | 5.6 | 12.4 | 6.8 | William Higgs | Labor |  |
| Corangamite, Vic |  | Liberal | Gratton Wilson | 24.7 | 29.4 | 4.7 | James Scullin | Labor |  |
| Corio, Vic |  | Liberal | Richard Crouch | 100.0 | 54.4 | 4.4 | Alfred Ozanne | Labor |  |
| Dalley, NSW |  | Liberal | William Wilks | 2.7 | 9.3 | 6.6 | Robert Howe | Labor |  |
| Denison, Tas |  | Liberal | *Philip Fysh* | 6.5 | 18.6 | 8.1 | William Laird Smith | Labor |  |
| East Sydney, NSW |  | Liberal | *George Reid* | 4.9 | 12.0 | 7.1 | John West | Labor |  |
| Gippsland, Vic |  | Liberal | George Wise | 100.0 | 62.1 | 12.1 | George Wise | Independent |  |
| Hume, NSW |  | Liberal | William Lyne | 100.0 | 66.4 | 16.4 | William Lyne | Independent |  |
| Hunter, NSW |  | Liberal | Frank Liddell | 0.8 | 11.7 | 0.9 | Matthew Charlton | Labor |  |
| Indi, Vic |  | Liberal | Joseph Brown | 11.0 | 14.1 | 3.1 | Parker Moloney | Labor |  |
| Maribyrnong, Vic |  | Liberal | Samuel Mauger | 6.9 | 17.7 | 10.8 | James Fenton | Labor |  |
| Nepean, NSW |  | Liberal | Eric Bowden | 10.6 | 14.8 | 1.5 | George Cann | Labor |  |
| Perth, WA |  | Labor | James Fowler | 2.7 | 13.4 | 10.7 | James Fowler | Liberal |  |
| Riverina, NSW |  | Liberal | John Chanter | 100.0 | 57.0 | 7.0 | John Chanter | Labor |  |
| Robertson, NSW |  | Liberal | Henry Willis | 7.0 | 7.9 | 0.9 | William Johnson | Labor |  |
|

* Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election.
* Electorates listed as previously won by a margin of 100% were contested in 1906 as Anti-Socialists v Protectionists (Echuca and Hume) or by two Protectionists (Corio and Gippsland): these parties merged to form the Commonwealth Liberal Party on 26 May 1909.

## Post-election pendulum

| **Government seats** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australian Labor Party | | | |
| **Marginal** | | | |
| Robertson (NSW) | William Johnson | ALP | 00.9 |
| Brisbane (Qld) | William Finlayson | ALP | 01.2 |
| Nepean (NSW) | George Cann | ALP | 01.5 |
| New England (NSW) | Frank Foster | ALP | 02.7 |
| Indi (Vic) | Parker Moloney | ALP | 03.1 |
| Calare (NSW) | Thomas Brown | ALP | 03.6 |
| Wide Bay (Qld) | Andrew Fisher | ALP | 04.1 |
| Corio (Vic) | Alfred Ozanne | ALP | 04.4 |
| Werriwa (NSW) | David Hall | ALP | 04.6 |
| Corangamite (Vic) | James Scullin | ALP | 04.7 |
| Wannon (Vic) | John McDougall | ALP | 05.0 |
| **Fairly safe** | | | |
| Macquarie (NSW) | Ernest Carr | ALP | 06.5 |
| Dalley (NSW) | Robert Howe | ALP | 06.6 |
| Capricornia (Qld) | William Higgs | ALP | 06.8 |
| Bass (Tas) | Jens Jensen | ALP | 06.8 vs IND |
| East Sydney (NSW) | John West | ALP | 07.1 |
| Denison (Tas) | William Laird Smith | ALP | 08.1 |
| Riverina (NSW) | John Chanter | ALP | 08.5 |
| Bourke (Vic) | Frank Anstey | ALP | 08.6 |
| Gwydir (NSW) | William Webster | ALP | 09.6 |
| **Safe** | | | |
| Maribyrnong (Vic) | James Fenton | ALP | 10.8 |
| Hunter (NSW) | Matthew Charlton | ALP | 10.9 |
| Herbert (Qld) | Fred Bamford | ALP | 11.0 |
| Adelaide (SA) | Ernest Roberts | ALP | 13.3 |
| Darwin (Tas) | King O'Malley | ALP | 13.3 |
| Batman (Vic) | Henry Beard | ALP | 13.6 |
| Boothby (SA) | Lee Batchelor | ALP | 13.8 vs IND |
| Cook (NSW) | James Catts | ALP | 14.1 |
| Darling (NSW) | William Spence | ALP | 14.7 |
| Kennedy (Qld) | Charles McDonald | ALP | 14.8 |
| Melbourne (Vic) | William Maloney | ALP | 17.0 |
| Melbourne Ports (Vic) | James Mathews | ALP | 19.6 |
| **Very safe** | | | |
| Maranoa (Qld) | Jim Page | ALP | 21.0 |
| West Sydney (NSW) | Billy Hughes | ALP | 21.5 |
| South Sydney (NSW) | Edward Riley | ALP | 24.1 |
| Coolgardie (WA) | Hugh Mahon | ALP | 25.4 |
| Yarra (Vic) | Frank Tudor | ALP | 26.1 |
| Newcastle (NSW) | David Watkins | ALP | 26.7 |
| Kalgoorlie (WA) | Charlie Frazer | ALP | 31.4 |
| Barrier (NSW) | Josiah Thomas | ALP | 35.8 |
| Grey (SA) | Alexander Poynton | ALP | unopposed |
| Hindmarsh (SA) | William Archibald | ALP | unopposed |

| **Non-government seats** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Liberal Party | | | |
| **Marginal** | | | |
| Echuca (Vic) | Albert Palmer | LIB | 00.4 vs IND |
| Grampians (Vic) | Hans Irvine | LIB | 00.4 |
| Laanecoorie (Vic) | Carty Salmon | LIB | 00.8 |
| Wakefield (SA) | Richard Foster | LIB | 00.8 |
| Lang (NSW) | Elliot Johnson | LIB | 01.0 |
| Ballaarat (Vic) | Alfred Deakin | LIB | 01.1 |
| Bendigo (Vic) | John Quick | LIB | 01.3 |
| Mernda (Vic) | Robert Harper | LIB | 01.8 |
| Illawarra (NSW) | George Fuller | LIB | 02.0 |
| Franklin (Tas) | William McWilliams | LIB | 03.4 |
| Richmond (NSW) | Walter Massy-Greene | LIB | 04.2 vs IND |
| Fremantle (WA) | William Hedges | LIB | 04.5 |
| Parkes (NSW) | Bruce Smith | LIB | 05.1 |
| **Fairly safe** | | | |
| Kooyong (Vic) | William Knox | LIB | 06.3 vs IND |
| Wilmot (Tas) | Llewellyn Atkinson | LIB | 06.6 |
| Flinders (Vic) | William Irvine | LIB | 08.1 |
| Fawkner (Vic) | George Fairbairn | LIB | 08.9 |
| Barker (SA) | John Livingston | LIB | 09.5 |
| **Safe** | | | |
| Swan (WA) | John Forrest | LIB | 10.2 |
| Perth (WA) | James Fowler | LIB | 10.7 |
| Wentworth (NSW) | Willie Kelly | LIB | 11.0 |
| Moreton (Qld) | Hugh Sinclair | LIB | 11.1 |
| Balaclava (Vic) | Agar Wynne | LIB | 12.0 |
| Oxley (Qld) | Richard Edwards | LIB | 12.2 vs IND |
| North Sydney (NSW) | George Edwards | LIB | 15.8 |
| Wimmera (Vic) | Sydney Sampson | LIB | 16.0 |
| Parramatta (NSW) | Joseph Cook | LIB | 18.0 |
| Cowper (NSW) | John Thomson | LIB | 19.5 |
| Darling Downs (Qld) | Littleton Groom | LIB | 19.9 |
| **Very safe** | | | |
| Angas (SA) | Paddy Glynn | LIB | unopposed |
| Eden-Monaro (NSW) | Austin Chapman | LIB | unopposed |
| **Independents** | | | |
| Gippsland (Vic) | George Wise | IND | 12.1 vs LIB |
| Hume (NSW) | William Lyne | IND | 16.4 vs LIB |

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. Dissolution
2. "A Parliament". *House of Representatives Practice* (7th ed.). Parliament of Australia. 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

## InfoBox

1910 Australian federal election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  All 75 seats in the House of Representatives
38 seats were needed for a majority in the House
18 (of the 36) seats in the Senate | |
| Registered | 2,267,482 7.49% |
| Turnout | 1,349,626 (59.52%)
(12.04 pp) |
| First party Second party   Leader Andrew Fisher Alfred Deakin  Party Labour Liberal  Leader since 30 October 1907 26 May 1909  Leader's seat Wide Bay (Qld.) Ballaarat (Vic.)  Last election 26 seats *New party*  Seats before 27 seats 42 seats  Seats won **42 seats** 31 seats  Seat change 15 11  Popular vote **649,538** 591,248  Percentage **49.12%** 44.71%  Swing 13.33% 8.01 | |
| ---  Results by division for the House of Representatives, shaded by winning party's margin of victory. | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
Alfred Deakin
Liberal **Subsequent Prime Minister**
Andrew Fisher
Labour | |


title: Seringia saxatilis

abstract: Seringia saxatilis, commonly known as gorge fire-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family and is endemic to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia. It is a sprawling, open shrub with hairy young stems, oblong to broadly elliptic leaves and purple flowers arranged in groups of 3 to 6.

text:
# Seringia saxatilis

***Seringia saxatilis***, commonly known as **gorge fire-bush**, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family and is endemic to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia. It is a sprawling, open shrub with hairy young stems, oblong to broadly elliptic leaves and purple flowers arranged in groups of 3 to 6.

## Description

*Seringia saxatilis* is a sprawling, open shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.4–1 m (1 ft 4 in – 3 ft 3 in), about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide, and has hairy stems. The leaves are oblong to broadly elliptic, mostly 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long and 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide on a petiole up to 2.5 mm (0.098 in) long with stipules up to 2 mm (0.079 in) long at the base. The leaves are lobed, crinkled and undulating, with deeply impressed veins on the upper surface. The flowers are arranged in a cyme with 3 to 6 flowers on a peduncle 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long. The flowers are 15 mm (0.59 in) wide and purple with petal-like sepals joined at the base to form a tube with lobes 75% the length of the tube. Petals are absent and the stamens have yellow filaments, and dark coloured anthers. Flowering occurs from July to October.

## Taxonomy

In 1999, Carolyn F. Wilkins described *Seringia saxatilis* in the journal *Australian Systematic Botany* from specimens collected in Kalbarri National Park in 2010. The specific epithet (*saxatilis*) means "dwelling among rocks".

## Distribution and habitat

This species of seringia is only known from the Kalbarri area where it grows among sandstone boulders in the Geraldton Sandplains bioregions of Western Australia.

## Conservation status

*Seringia saxatilis* is listed as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.

## InfoBox

| *Seringia saxatilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Seringia* |
| Species: | ***S. saxatilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Seringia saxatilis***<br>C.F.Wilkins | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Keraudrenia saxatilis* C.F.Wilkins MS * *Keraudrenia hermanniifolia* auct. non J.Gay: Grieve, B.J. (1998) | |


title: Sir David Chapman, 3rd Baronet

abstract: Sir David Robert Macgowan Chapman, 3rd Baronet is a British businessman and investment banker, and Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Tyne and Wear.

text:
# Sir David Chapman, 3rd Baronet

**Sir David Robert Macgowan Chapman, 3rd Baronet** DL (16 December 1941) is a British businessman and investment banker, and Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Tyne and Wear.

## Early life

Chapman was born in Cleadon in County Durham (now Tyne and Wear) to Sir Robert Macgowan Chapman and Barbara May Tonks.

## Later life

Chapman inherited the Chapman baronetcy after the death of his father Sir Robert Macgowan Chapman on 2 August 1987. He was appointed High Sheriff of Tyne and Wear for 1993-1994, and in 1997 was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Tyne and Wear.

## Honours

* 2 August 1987: Baronet, 3rd Baronet Chapman of Cleadon

### Arms

Coat of arms of Sir David Chapman, 3rd Baronet
|  | CrestIssuant from a wreath of oak Proper a dexter arm embowed vested Gules cuffed Argent grasping in the hand a harpoon also Proper. EscutcheonPer chevron Argent and Gules a crescent counterchanged in dexter chief a portcullis chained Sable over all in pale a sword point downwards Proper pommel and hilt Or. MottoSuaviter Sed Fortiter |
| --- | --- |


title: Real Hospicio de San Fernando

abstract:
The Royal Hospice of San Fernando is a former hospice located in Madrid, Spain. The building now houses the Museo de Historia de Madrid.
It was first declared historical-artistic monument in 1919 and Bien de Interés Cultural in 1985. Among the boys from poor families living there in the 19th century was Pablo Iglesias, who would later become a founder of Socialism in Spain, and Iglesias' younger brother who would die young of tuberculosis.

text:
# Real Hospicio de San Fernando

The **Royal Hospice of San Fernando** (Spanish: *Real Hospicio de San Fernando*) is a former hospice located in Madrid, Spain.

The building now houses the Museo de Historia de Madrid. It was first declared historical-artistic monument in 1919 and *Bien de Interés Cultural* in 1985.

Among the boys from poor families living there in the 19th century was Pablo Iglesias, who would later become a founder of Socialism in Spain, and Iglesias' younger brother who would die young of tuberculosis.

## InfoBox

| Royal Hospice of San Fernando | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*<br>Spanish: *Real Hospicio de San Fernando* | |
|  | |
| Location | Madrid, Spain |
| Coordinates | 40°25′33″N 3°42′03″W / 40.42581°N 3.700837°W / 40.42581; -3.700837 |
| Built | 1726 |
| Architect | Pedro de Ribera |
| Architectural style(s) | baroque |
|  | |
| Spanish Cultural Heritage | |
| Official name | Real Hospicio de San Fernando |
| Type | Non-movable |
| Criteria | Monument |
| Designated | 1919 |
| Reference no. | RI-51-0000169 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Royal Hospice of San Fernando in Spain | |


title: Sharry Dodin

abstract: Sharry Marius Dodin is a Seychellois sprinter who specializes in the 100 metre and 200 metre distances.

text:
# Sharry Dodin

**Sharry Marius Dodin** (born 8 June 1998 in Victoria) is a Seychellois sprinter who specializes in the 100 metre and 200 metre distances.

## Career

Dodin's first international competition was the 2015 African Youth Athletics Championships where he competed in the 100 m and 200 m events. He was unable to make it past the semifinals in both events, running top times of 11.11 seconds for the 100 metres, and 22.65 seconds for the 200 metres.

In 2017, Dodin competed at the 2017 African U20 Championships in Athletics in Tlemcen, Algeria. He competed in the men's 100 m and 200 m events. His 200-metre run wasn't successful, running 21.43 seconds in his heat. In the 100 metres, Dodin made it to the finals running 10.58 seconds and earning the bronze medal. He was the Seychelles only medallist at the championships.

Also in 2017, Dodin competed in the Francophone Games in the 100 m event. He was running with another Seychellois sprinter, Dylan Sicobo, who later won the event and set a national record. Dodin, however, ran fourth in heat three in 10.77 seconds.

The 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Australia was Dodin's only major international competition in 2018. He competed in the 100 m and 200 m events. In the 100 metres, Dodin committed a false start and was disqualified. In the 200 metres, he ran 21.38 seconds, but this time couldn't carry him to the quarterfinals.

## InfoBox

Sharry Dodin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sharry Marius Dodin |
| Nationality | Seychellois |
| Born | (1998-06-08) 8 June 1998<br>Victoria, Seychelles |
| Height | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 74 kg (163 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Seychelles |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event(s) | 100 metre, 200 metre |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | 100 metre \- 10.47 seconds 200 metre \- 21.38 seconds |


title: Ralph Louis Cohen

abstract: Ralph Louis Cohen is an American mathematician, specializing in algebraic topology and differential topology.

text:
# Ralph Louis Cohen

**Ralph Louis Cohen** (born 1952) is an American mathematician, specializing in algebraic topology and differential topology.

## Career

Cohen received his bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1973 and his Ph.D. in 1978 from Brandeis University where he worked under the supervision of Edgar H. Brown, Jr. His thesis was titled *On Odd Primary Stable Homotopy Theory*. He did his postdoctoral training as an L.E. Dickson Instructor at the University Chicago, and then became an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University in 1980. In 1983, he became an Associate Professor and was promoted to Full Professor in 1987. Cohen is now the Barbara Kimball Browning Professor of Mathematics at Stanford. He was Chair of the Mathematics Department from 1992 to 1995, from 1999 to 2009 he was the Director of the Mathematics Research Center at Stanford, and from 2010 to 2016 was the Senior Associate Dean for the Natural Sciences in the School of Humanities and Sciences.

Cohen has been a visiting professor at Princeton University, the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, the University of Lille, and the University of Copenhagen. He was a founding editor of both the Journal of Topology and Geometry & Topology.

Cohen has been the Ph.D. supervisor to over 30 doctoral students, including Ulrike Tillmann and Ernesto Lupercio.

## Research

In 1985, Cohen proved the Immersion Conjecture, which says that each smooth, compact n-manifold has an immersion in Euclidean space of dimension $2n-\alpha (n)$, where $\alpha (n)$ is the number of ones in the binary expansion of $n$. In 1991, Cohen, together with Frederick Cohen, Benjamin Mann, and R. James Milgram gave a complete description of the algebraic topology of the space of rational functions, and in the following years he made several contributions to the study of related moduli spaces. In 1995 Cohen, John D. S. Jones, and Graeme Segal introduced an approach for understanding the homotopy theory underlying Floer homology theory in Symplectic geometry. Since 2002 Cohen has been one of the developers and contributors to the theory of String topology, which was introduced originally by Moira Chas and Dennis Sullivan.

In 1995, Cohen was a founder of the Stanford University Math Camp (SUMaC), a summer camp for mathematically talented high school students. In 2002 Cohen received the Distinguished Teaching Award from Stanford University, and in 2005 he became a Bass Fellow in Undergraduate Education at Stanford.

## Awards

In 1982 Cohen was a Sloan Research Fellow. In 1983 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Warsaw. In 1984 he received the Presidential Young Investigator Award. In 1988 he received an NSF International Award, in 2010 he served on the Executive Committee of the American Mathematical Society, and in 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

## Selected publications

* Cohen, Ralph L. (1985). "The immersion conjecture for differentiable manifolds". *Annals of Mathematics*. **122** (2): 237–328. doi:10.2307/1971304. JSTOR 1971304. MR 0808220.
* Cohen, Frederick R.; Cohen, Ralph L.; Mann, Benjamin M.; Milgram, R. James (1991). "The topology of rational functions and divisors of surfaces". *Acta Mathematica*. **166** (3–4): 163–221. doi:10.1007/bf02398886. MR 1097023.
* Cohen, Ralph L.; Jones, John D. S.; Segal, Graeme (1995), "Floer's infinite dimensional Morse theory and homotopy theory", *The Floer Memorial Volume*, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 133, Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 297–325, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-9217-9\_13, ISBN 978-3-0348-9948-2, MR 1362832
* Cohen, Ralph L.; Lupercio, Ernesto; Segal, Graeme B. (1999). "Holomorphic spheres in loop groups and Bott periodicity". *Asian Journal of Mathematics*. **3** (4): 801–818. doi:10.4310/ajm.1999.v3.n4.a5. MR 1797579.
* Cohen, Ralph L.; Jones, John D.S. (2002). "A homotopy theoretic realization of string topology". *Mathematische Annalen*. **324** (4): 773–798. arXiv:math/0107187. doi:10.1007/s00208-002-0362-0. MR 1942249. S2CID 16916132.
* A homotopy theoretic realization of string topology, (with John D.S Jones) Mathematische Annalen, vol. 324, 773-798 (2002)
* Cohen, Ralph L.; Jones, John D. S. (2016). "Gauge theory and string topology". *Boletín de la Sociedad Matemática Mexicana*. **23** (1): 233–255. arXiv:1304.0613. doi:10.1007/s40590-016-0134-6. MR 3633134. S2CID 118378937.
* with Kathryn Hess, Alexander A. Voronov: String Topology and Cyclic Homology, Birkhäuser 2006
* with Gunnar Carlsson: *The What, Where and Why of Mathematics. A handbook for Teachers*. 1991.
* with Gunnar Carlsson: *Topics in Algebra*. 1999.


title: Scott Starr

abstract: Scott Starr is the lead singer and founding member of Fever Marlene, Owner of Rev Pop, Check For Pulse, Manifold Printery, Super Volta, and Notch Co.

text:
# Scott Starr

**Scott Starr** (born October 28, 1981, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is the lead singer and founding member of Fever Marlene, Owner of Rev Pop, Check For Pulse, Manifold Printery, Super Volta, and Notch Co.

## Red Bird Foundation

Scott started the Red Bird foundation in 2009. The Red Bird is a non-profit foundation supporting music education in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

## Discography

* Caught in a Butterflynet (June 1999)
* Kadence - Autumn Let Me Know (May 2002)
* The People - EP (June 2005)
* Fever Marlene - Live in New York City (January 2007)
* Fever Marlene - Civil War (May 2007)
* Fever Marlene - White Chine (February 2008)
* Fever Marlene - Febrile State (November 2009)
* Fever Marlene - Medicated Friends (December 2012)

* Rev Pop
* Check For Pulse
* Manifold Printery
* Scott Starr
* Notch Co.
* Photography & Film

1. Ridin' Dirty
2. Dirty Earth is a Pretty Place to Shop
3. JS Online: Fever Marlene keeps it simple
4. Local band one of Milwaukee's best - Marquee Archived April 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
5. Rev Pop Cultivates Milwaukee's Creative Class
6. Fever Marlene Finally Releases Civil War
7. Milwaukee's Good Fortune
8. From MKE to NYC to MAD
9. Scott Starr Returns With Solo Project


title: The Exterminating Angel (opera)

abstract: The Exterminating Angel is an English-language opera in three acts, with music by Thomas Adès, and libretto by Tom Cairns in collaboration with Adès. The opera is based on the 1962 film of the same name by Luis Buñuel. The opera, Adès' third, was a joint commission between the Salzburg Festival, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera and the Royal Danish Opera. The opera received its world premiere on 28 July 2016, at the Haus für Mozart, Salzburg. Adès' first-ever commission for the Salzburg Festival, the Salzburg production received four performances. The UK premiere was at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 24 April 2017. The North American premiere took place on 26 October of the same year at the Metropolitan Opera. For all of these stagings, Cairns was the stage director, with sets and costumes by Hildegard Bechtler, lighting by Jon Clark, videography by Tal Yarden, and choreography by Amir Hosseinpour. Adès had been interested in adapting the film into an opera since 2000. Copyright issues over the film and the commission for Adès' second opera, The Tempest, delayed his eventual start on this opera. The role of Leticia required soprano Audrey Luna to sing an A above high C, which is the highest documented sung note in the history of the Metropolitan Opera. The Metropolitan Opera transmitted the 18 November 2017 performance of the opera to cinemas worldwide as part of the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD series; that performance has subsequently been issued on DVD and was streamed online on 5 June, 15 November, and 10 December 2020. The opera received a new staging at the Paris Opera in 2024, in a revised version by Adès.

text:
# The Exterminating Angel (opera)

***The Exterminating Angel*** is an English-language opera in three acts, with music by Thomas Adès, and libretto by Tom Cairns in collaboration with Adès. The opera is based on the 1962 film of the same name by Luis Buñuel. The opera, Adès' third, was a joint commission between the Salzburg Festival, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera and the Royal Danish Opera.

The opera received its world premiere on 28 July 2016, at the Haus für Mozart, Salzburg. Adès' first-ever commission for the Salzburg Festival, the Salzburg production received four performances. The UK premiere was at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 24 April 2017. The North American premiere took place on 26 October of the same year at the Metropolitan Opera. For all of these stagings, Cairns was the stage director, with sets and costumes by Hildegard Bechtler, lighting by Jon Clark, videography by Tal Yarden, and choreography by Amir Hosseinpour.

Adès had been interested in adapting the film into an opera since 2000. Copyright issues over the film and the commission for Adès' second opera, *The Tempest*, delayed his eventual start on this opera.

The role of Leticia required soprano Audrey Luna to sing an A above high C, which is the highest documented sung note in the history of the Metropolitan Opera. The Metropolitan Opera transmitted the 18 November 2017 performance of the opera to cinemas worldwide as part of the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD series; that performance has subsequently been issued on DVD and was streamed online on 5 June, 15 November, and 10 December 2020.

The opera received a new staging at the Paris Opera in 2024, in a revised version by Adès.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 28 July 2016
Haus für Mozart, Salzburg | UK premiere cast, 24 April 2017
Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London | North America premiere cast, 26 October 2017
Metropolitan Opera, New York City | Danish premiere cast, 23 March 2018
Royal Danish Opera, Copenhagen |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Edmundo de Nobile | tenor | Charles Workman | | Joseph Kaiser | Gert-Henning Jensen |
| Lucia de Nobile | soprano | Amanda Echalaz | | | Gisela Stille |
| Leticia Meynar | soprano | Audrey Luna | | | Kerstin Avemo |
| Leonora Palma | mezzo-soprano | Anne Sofie von Otter | | Alice Coote | Randi Stene |
| Silvia de Avíla | soprano | Sally Matthews | | | Sine Bundgaard |
| Francisco de Avíla | countertenor | Iestyn Davies | | | Morten Grove Frandsen |
| Blanca Delgado | mezzo-soprano | Christine Rice | | | Hanne Fischer |
| Alberto Roc | baritone | Thomas Allen | | Rod Gilfry | David Kempster |
| Beatriz | soprano | Sophie Bevan | | | Sofie Elkjær Jensen |
| Eduardo | tenor | Ed Lyon | | David Portillo | Alexander Sprague |
| Raúl Yebenes | tenor | Frédéric Antoun | | | Paul Curievici |
| Colonel Álvaro Gómez | tenor | David Adam Moore | | | Jens Søndergaard |
| Señor Russell | baritone | Sten Byriel | | Kevin Burdette | Simon Wilding |
| Doctor Carlos Conde | bass-baritone | John Tomlinson | | | Sten Byriel |
| Julio, the butler | baritone | Morgan Moody | | Christian van Horn | Simon Duus |
| Lucas, the footman | tenor | John Irvin | Hubert Francis | John Irvin | Magnus Gislason |
| Enrique, the waiter | tenor | Franz Gürtelschmied | Thomas Atkins | Ian Koziara | Jens Christian Tvilum |
| Pablo, the cook | baritone | Rafael Fingerlos | James Cleverton | Paul Corona | Magnus Ingemund Kjeldstad |
| Meni, a maid | soprano | Frances Pappas | Elizabeth Atherton | Mary Dunleavy | Sara Madeleine Swietlicki |
| Camila, a maid | mezzo-soprano | Anna Maria Dur | Anne Marie Gibbons | Edyta Kulczak/Catherine Cook | Elisabeth Halling |
| Servants |  |  | | Andrea Coleman, Marc Persing |  |
| Padre Sansón | baritone | Cheyne Davidson | Wyn Pencarreg | Jeff Mattsey | Kyungil Ko |
| Yoli | child role | Leonhard Radhauer | Jai Sai Mehta | Lucas Mann | Arthur Zacharias Ulf Greve |
| Musicians | | | | |  |
| Ondes Martenot |  | Cynthia Millar | | |  |
| Piano |  |  | Finnegan Downie Dear | Dimitri Dover |  |
| Orchestra |  | ORF Radio-Symphonieorchester Wien | Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden | Metropolitan Opera Orchestra |  |
| Chorus |  | Salzburger Bachchor
(Salzburg Bach Choir) | Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden | Metropolitan Opera Chorus |  |
| Conductor |  | Thomas Adès | | |  |

## Synopsis

The setting is the mansion of Lucía and Edmundo de Nobile, on the Calle de la Providencia in an unnamed city, in the 1960s.

**Act 1**

The Nobiles are expecting guests for a dinner at their mansion in honour of the opera singer Leticia Meynar. However, the footman Lucas runs away, and the butler Julio does not stop him. The maids Meni and Camila also try to leave. The Nobiles arrive after attending a performance at the opera. When the guests go into the dining room, Meni, Camila, and several other servants make their escape. The guests repeat their entrance, which momentarily disconcerts Edmundo de Nobile.

At dinner, Nobile toasts Leticia. As Lucía announces the first course, the waiter spills it on the floor. Lucía decides to postpone her other 'entertainments', and a performing bear and several lambs are removed to the garden. The rest of the servants, except for Julio, flee the house, despite Lucía's protestations.

In the drawing room, Blanca performs at the piano. The engaged couple Eduardo and Beatriz dance. Leonora flirts with Dr. Conde, who declines to dance with her. She kisses him instead. Conde then confides to the explorer Raúl Yebenes that Leonora is gravely ill and does not have long to live. The guests praise Blanca's performance, and then encourage Leticia to sing. Señor Russell protests that she has performed enough for the evening. Several guests proclaim that they will not leave the room until Leticia has sung for them.

Several guests prepare to depart, whilst Roc falls asleep. In the cloakroom, Lucía gives her secret lover, Colonel Álvaro Gómez, a fleeting kiss. The guests become lethargic and distracted. Although it is now very late, none of them attempts to leave. Though confused, Edmundo graciously offers lodging to those who wish to stay. Russell and Colonel Gómez are horrified as some guests remove their tailcoats, but eventually they too lie down to sleep. Eduardo and Beatriz retreat to a private corner to spend their first night together.

**Act 2**

The guests wake the following morning. Silvia says that she slept poorly. Conde examines Russell, and diagnoses him as terminally ill. Julio is supposed to prepare breakfast, but reports that no supplies have arrived at the mansion. When Lucía tries to take some of the ladies to her bedroom to freshen up, they cannot leave the dining room. Blanca frets about her children, but even she and her husband Alberto Roc, a conductor, cannot leave. Silvia finds this situation humorous, with the knowledge that her son Yoli is safe with his private tutor, Padre Sansón. Julio approaches with coffee and the leftovers from the previous evening's dinner. Leticia entreats Julio not to enter the drawing room, but in vain. Blanca is desperate, while Raúl sees no reason to get overly excited. Francisco complains that he cannot possibly stir his coffee with a teaspoon. When sent to procure coffee spoons, Julio now finds himself trapped in the drawing room.

Evening approaches. Russell's condition has worsened, as he has fallen into a coma and needs urgent medical care. When they have nothing left to drink, the guests begin to panic. Conde pleads for calm, although even he seems to be losing his composure. Raúl becomes aggressive and blames Edmundo for the situation. Francisco is frantic and resists all attempts to calm him. Russell unexpectedly regains consciousness, expressing relief that he will not live to experience the 'extermination'. The thought of dying amongst all these people, rather than alone with Eduardo, troubles Beatriz.

During the night, Russell dies. Conde and Colonel Gómez haul his corpse into the closet, as Eduardo and Beatriz watch secretly.

**Act 3**

Police guarding the mansion drive back a crowd of people gathered outside. Although some people break through the police ranks, no one can enter the house.

In the drawing room, Julio and Raúl burst a water pipe. The guests rush desperately to quench their thirst. Tormented with hunger, everyone begins to behave with increased irrationality. Blanca combs only one side of her hair, driving Francisco to distraction. Unable to find the pills for his stomach ulcer, Francisco thinks that someone has hidden them. Raúl goads Francisco about his relationship with his sister, and the two men exchange insults. Edmundo tries with difficulty to keep the peace. Leonora, in great pain, entreats the assistance of Dr Conde and the Virgin Mary. Blanca's smell nauseates Francisco, and he again loses his nerves.

Whilst delirious, Leonora sees a disembodied hand wandering around the drawing room. Trying to stop it, she stabs Blanca's hand with a dagger. In the closet, Eduardo and Beatriz decide to kill themselves. Roc assaults Leticia, but Raúl accuses Colonel Gómez instead. Edmundo is injured during the ensuing scuffle. The lambs wander from the garden into the drawing room.

The army has quarantined the mansion. Padre Sansón appears with Yoli, and the crowd demands that Yoli be sent inside. Encouraged by the crowd, Yoli tries to enter the mansion, but is unable to.

The guests have slaughtered the lambs and are cooking them on a makeshift fire. Leonora recalls a premonition from the night of the opera performance, and attempts a magic ritual with Blanca and Leticia. The ritual fails, but she declares that innocent blood is needed. Francisco discovers Eduardo and Beatriz's bodies in the closet. In a fresh quarrel, Raúl tosses Francisco's box of pills out of the drawing room. Silvia cradles the corpse of one of the lambs in her arms, thinking that she is rocking Yoli to sleep.

The bear appears across the threshold. Gradually the idea spreads among the guests that a sacrifice is required to secure their liberation, specifically the death of Edmundo. Conde and Colonel Gómez unsuccessfully try to dissuade this idea. Edmundo declares that he will sacrifice himself, but Leticia interrupts him. She realises that, at this moment, each of them is in exactly the same place as at the start of their strange captivity. With her encouragement, the others hesitantly repeat their actions from that first night, but one character acts differently at one key point. This change allows the characters to approach the threshold and finally to cross it. The guests and the crowd outside the mansion meet.

## Instrumentation

Pit Musicians

* 3 flutes (2nd doubles on piccolo I and bass flute; 3rd doubles on piccolo II and alto flute)
* 3 oboes (3rd doubles on cor anglais)
* 3 clarinets in A (3rd doubles on bass clarinet)
* 3 bassoons (3rd doubles on contraforte or contrabassoon with low A)
* 4 horns in F (optionally doubling Wagner tubas)
* 3 trumpets in B♭
* 3 trombones
* tuba
* percussion (4 players): timpani & roto-toms, glockenspiel, xylophone, tubular bells, 6 antique cymbals, small steel drum, 4 saucepans, 4 tunes gongs, 2 bell plates, bass bell (in B♭), newspaper, small mark tree, metal wind chimes, 2 pairs of castanets, machine-mounted castanets, small & large maracas, metal maracas, double guiro, cabasa, 3 small whips, door slam, small anvil, 2 small woodblocks, small ratchet, tambourine, 2 small bongos, deep log drum, tavola, washboard, lion's roar, 2 large stones, 2 spring coils, triangle, small cowbell, 2 pairs of clashed cymbals, 2 suspended cymbals, hi-hat, 2 sizzle cymbals, 2 tam-tams, 2 side drums, tenor drum, kick bass drum, bass drum with mounted cymbal
* piano
* harp
* guitar
* ondes Martenot
* strings (including 1/32 size violins)

Offstage Musicians

* percussion: 4 players playing 8 church bells or bass handbells, plus (minimum) 4 players playing mixture of bass, tenor and side drums. Parts can be double or played by the same four players as the church bells (optionally)

## Symphony

*The Exterminating Angel Symphony*, composed in 2020, is a four-movement orchestral rendering of music from the opera. It was first performed on 4 August 2021 at Symphony Hall, Birmingham, by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla. A repeat performance took place at the BBC Proms in London the next day.

## InfoBox

| The Exterminating Angel | |
| --- | --- |
| Opera by Thomas Adès | |
| Librettist | Tom Cairns |
| Based on | *The Exterminating Angel*
by Luis Buñuel |
| Premiere | 28 July 2016
Haus für Mozart, Salzburg Festival |


title: Darren Connell (comedian)

abstract: Darren Connell is a Scottish stand-up comedian, podcaster and actor. He is possibly best known for playing the role of Bobby Muir in the television series Scot Squad.

text:
# Darren Connell (comedian)

**Darren Connell** is a Scottish stand-up comedian, podcaster and actor. He is possibly best known for playing the role of Bobby Muir in the television series *Scot Squad*.

## Life and career

Connell grew up in Springburn in Glasgow. He started performing stand up gigs whilst juggling a full-time job at a supermarket until fellow comedian Kevin Bridges convinced him to quit and do comedy full time. Since then, Connell has gone on to host many solo shows across the UK including an appearance at the 2016 Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Writing about his show *No Filter*, Jay Richardson of Chortle wrote:

> "His off-stage naivety, which he channels into Bobby, makes Connell extremely likeable, as does his easy rapport with his audience and chunky, rather sadsack quality, extending him the credit for an occasional, more calculated, dark gag. Even if there aren't enough stories in this show yet, you trust in his accident-prone nature to deliver them soon."

In 2019, his show, *Abandon All Hope* played to a sell out audience at the 2019 edition of the Glasgow Comedy Festival.

Despite having very little acting experience, Connell was cast as Bobby in the BBC Scotland mockumentary series *Scot Squad*. The role earned him a best actor nomination at the 2015 British Academy Scotland New Talent Awards.

As of early 2019, he hosted the podcast *The Darren Connell Show* on Glasgow Live, which has featured guest appearances from Grado, Loki and Greg Hemphill.

In September 2021, he launched the podcast *Straight White Whale* with producer and co-host Paul Shields.

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Film | Director(s) | Character |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 – present | *Scot Squad* | Iain Davidson | Bobby Muir |
| 2017 | *The Glasgow Trip* | Jacob Bendod | Customer |
| 2017 | *Trust Me* | Amy Neil | Paul Longhurst |
|

### Film

| Year | Film | Director(s) | Character |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Autumn Never Dies* | Chris Quick | Alky Crow (voice) |
|

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominated Work | Award | Category | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Scot Squad* | British Academy Scotland New Talent Awards | Best Actor | Nominated |
| 2022 | *Autumn Never Dies* | Scotland International Festival of Cinema | Best Ensemble Cast in a Featurette<br>(Shared with All Cast) | Nominated |
|

## InfoBox

| Darren Connell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Occupation(s) | comedian, actor |
| Years active | 2014–present |


title: 1910 Belgian general election

text:
# 1910 Belgian general election

Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 22 May 1910. The result was a victory for the Catholic Party, which won 49 of the 87 seats up for election in the Chamber of Representatives.

Under the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders.

## Results

Liberal Adolphe May defeated Catholic Emile de Lalieux de La Rocq in Nivelles and socialist Joseph Bologne defeated liberal Léopold Gillard in Namur. All other representatives were either re-elected, or succeeded by candidates of the same party. Notably, Camille Huysmans (socialist of Antwerp) was elected for the first time.

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Won | | |
|  | Catholic Party | 676,849 | 53.11 | 49 |
|  | LiberalSocialist kartels | 243,063 | 19.07 | 17 |
|  | Liberal Party | 236,467 | 18.55 | 15 |
|  | Belgian Labour Party | 85,326 | 6.69 | 6 |
|  | Catholic dissidents | 13,688 | 1.07 | 0 |
|  | Christene Volkspartij | 11,494 | 0.90 | 0 |
|  | Democratic Party | 872 | 0.07 | 0 |
|  | Socialist dissidents | 99 | 0.01 | 0 |
|  | Independents | 6,641 | 0.52 | 0 |
| Total | | 1,274,499 | 100.00 | 87 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 1,274,499 | 97.53 |  |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 32,258 | 2.47 |  |
| Total votes | | 1,306,757 | 100.00 |  |
| Source: Belgian Elections | | | | |

## InfoBox

1910 Belgian general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  87 of the 166 seats in the Chamber of Representatives | |
| First party Second party   Leader Frans Schollaert   Party Catholic Liberal  Seats won 49 15  Popular vote 676,849 236,467  Percentage 53.11% 18.55%   ---  Third party Fourth party   Leader Georges Maes *N/A*  Party Labour LiberalSocialist  Seats won 6 17  Popular vote 85,326 243,063  Percentage 6.69% 19.07% | |
| ---  **Government before election**
Schollaert
Catholic **Government after election**
Schollaert
Catholic | |


title: Casalborgone

abstract: Casalborgone is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Turin. Casalborgone borders the following municipalities: San Sebastiano da Po, Lauriano, Castagneto Po, Rivalba, Tonengo, Aramengo, Berzano di San Pietro, and Cinzano.

text:
# Casalborgone

**Casalborgone** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Turin.

Casalborgone borders the following municipalities: San Sebastiano da Po, Lauriano, Castagneto Po, Rivalba, Tonengo, Aramengo, Berzano di San Pietro, and Cinzano.

## InfoBox

| Casalborgone | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Casalborgone | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Casalborgone | |
| CasalborgoneLocation of Casalborgone in ItalyCasalborgoneCasalborgone (Piedmont) | |
| Coordinates: 45°8′N 7°56′E / 45.133°N 7.933°E / 45.133; 7.933 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Metropolitan city | Turin (TO) |
| *Frazioni* | Ceriaglio, Borganino, Val Chiapini, Val Frascherina |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Francesco Cavallero |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.13 km2 (7.77 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 205 m (673 ft) |
| Population (1-1-2017) | |
| Total | 1,920 |
| Density | 95/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Casalborgonese(i) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 10020 |
| Dialing code | 011 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Sir David Baxter, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir David Baxter, 1st Baronet (1793–1872), was a linen manufacturer in Dundee, Scotland, and a baronet. He also performed a considerable amount of philanthropic work, benefiting his home city of Dundee and more widely Scottish education.

text:
# Sir David Baxter, 1st Baronet

**Sir David Baxter, 1st Baronet** (1793–1872), was a linen manufacturer in Dundee, Scotland, and a baronet. He also performed a considerable amount of philanthropic work, benefiting his home city of Dundee and more widely Scottish education.

## Early life

Baxter was the second son of William Baxter, of Balgavies, Angus, and was born in Dundee on 15 February 1793. He was educated at the Dundee Academy.

## Business career

While still a young man, he became manager of the Dundee Sugar Refining Company. The concern was never prosperous, and notwithstanding his prudent and energetic management it collapsed in 1826.

Thereupon he became partner in the linen manufacturing firm of Baxter brothers, which included his father William and his two younger brothers. William had begun business with a mill in Glamis and in 1822 had started business in Dundee with his eldest son Edward, who left the company in 1825 to commence the business of a general merchant. From the time that David Baxter joined the firm he was practically its head, and on the death of his two brothers and his father within a few years afterwards he and the former manager of the works Peter Carmichael remained the sole partners. They were later joined by William Ogilvie Dalgleish, who was married to David Baxter's niece.

In 1828 an attempt had been made by him to introduce power-loom weaving, but after a short trial it was abandoned until 1836, when its revival was followed by complete and extraordinary success. Through the mechanical skill of his partner Peter Carmichael in perfecting the machinery, and the business capacity and tact of David Baxter, the firm speedily became one of the largest manufacturing houses in the world; and to its remarkable success may be in a large degree ascribed the position which Dundee attained as the chief seat of the linen manufacture in Britain in the nineteenth century.

Sir David Baxter was also a partner in Turnbull & Co, later Boase & Co, which operated a bleachfield at Claverhouse, and was later fully taken over by Baxter Brothers.

## Public affairs and philanthropy

Although much immersed in the cares of business, Baxter took an active, if not very prominent, share in public affairs. In 1825 he was chosen a police commissioner, and in 1828 a guild councillor and member of the harbour board. A liberal in politics, he took a lively interest in parliamentary elections, both in Dundee and in the county of Fife, where in 1856 he purchased the estate of Kilmaron.

His enlightened regard for the welfare of his native town was, however, manifested chiefly in noble and generous benefactions which have given his name one of the highest places of honour in its annals. The most notable of these was perhaps his presentation, along with his sisters, of thirty-seven acres of land to Dundee as a pleasure garden and recreation ground, which, under the name of the Baxter Park, was opened by Earl Russell in September 1863. A £20,000 bequest on his death in 1872 led to the foundation of a mechanics' institute in 1888. Known then as the Dundee Technical Institute, it was the fore-runner of Abertay University.

The foundation of the Albert Institute of Literature, Science, and Art (now the McManus Galleries) was due also chiefly to his liberality and that of his relatives; and in connection with Dundee Royal Infirmary he erected a convalescent home at Broughty Ferry at a cost of £30,000.

More important than his benefactions to Dundee were his gifts in behalf of higher education in Scotland. Besides building and endowing at Cupar, Fife a seminary for the education of young ladies, he established several important foundations in the University of Edinburgh, including scholarships in mathematics, philosophy, physical science, and natural science, each of the annual value of £60; and a chair of engineering, with an endowment of £5,000, which was supplemented by an annual parliamentary vote of £200.

On 24 January 1863 he was created a baronet 'of Kilmaron in the County of Fife'.

Soon thereafter he acquired 5 Moray Place, a huge Georgian townhouse on the Moray Estate in western Edinburgh.

## Death and legacies

He died 13 October 1872. Of Baxter's heritable and personal property, valued at £1,200,000, one half was divided among near relatives, and the other among distant relations and public institutions, the largest legacies being £50,000 to the Free Church of Scotland, £40,000 to the University of Edinburgh, and £20,000 towards the foundation of a mechanics' institute in Dundee, later Abertay University.

Before his last illness Baxter's attention was occupied with a scheme for linking Dundee with the neighbouring University of St Andrews, and although he did not survive to carry out his plans, his relatives helped found University College, Dundee. Towards the purchase of buildings and general equipment of this college one of his sisters Mary Ann Baxter who died unmarried on 19 December 1884, contributed £150,000.

## Family

In 1833 Baxter married to Elizabeth (1801–1882), daughter of R. Montgomerie, of Barrahill, Ayrshire. She survived him, and they had no children. She was buried with him in the old churchyard in the centre of Cupar in Fife, just west of the church.

**Attribution:**


title: Ravenswood (Brentwood, Tennessee)

abstract: Ravenswood is a historic property in Brentwood, Tennessee. Ravenswood was built by James Hazard Wilson II between 1821 and 1825. It was named to honor Sam Houston, the best man at Wilson's wedding. Houston was known as "the Raven" to the Cherokee. Ravenswood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 2010, the city of Brentwood acquired the surrounding acreage and created Marcelle Vivrette Smith Park, which in 2014 became the largest park in Brentwood. After creating the park, the city restored the grounds and opened Ravenswood mansion for tours and special events. The plantation was one of several homes owned by the Wilson family. It comprised more than 1,000 acres and was one of the largest in Williamson County prior to the Civil War. Records from the 1860 census show that there were 55 enslaved people at Ravenswood. The plantation contained as many as 13 cabins for enslaved people, and the Wilson family also had enslaved people at their plantations in Louisiana and Mississippi. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Wilson hosted one of the area's two Confederate training camps at his Midway Plantation, which today is the Brentwood County Club. In 2010, the city of Brentwood purchased Ravenswood and the surrounding 325 acres, agreeing to name the resulting park as Marcella Vivrette Smith Park. In 2013, the city purchased an additional 80 acres to add to the park. It is now the largest park in Brentwood. The property includes Greek Revival and Federal architecture. When listed on the NRHP, the property included five contributing buildings and three non-contributing buildings on an area of 52 acres (21 ha).

text:
# Ravenswood (Brentwood, Tennessee)

**Ravenswood** is a historic property in Brentwood, Tennessee. Ravenswood was built by James Hazard Wilson II between 1821 and 1825. It was named to honor Sam Houston, the best man at Wilson's wedding. Houston was known as "the Raven" to the Cherokee. Ravenswood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 2010, the city of Brentwood acquired the surrounding acreage and created Marcelle Vivrette Smith Park, which in 2014 became the largest park in Brentwood. After creating the park, the city restored the grounds and opened Ravenswood mansion for tours and special events.

The plantation was one of several homes owned by the Wilson family. It comprised more than 1,000 acres and was one of the largest in Williamson County prior to the Civil War. Records from the 1860 census show that there were 55 enslaved people at Ravenswood. The plantation contained as many as 13 cabins for enslaved people, and the Wilson family also had enslaved people at their plantations in Louisiana and Mississippi. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Wilson hosted one of the area's two Confederate training camps at his Midway Plantation, which today is the Brentwood County Club.

In 2010, the city of Brentwood purchased Ravenswood and the surrounding 325 acres, agreeing to name the resulting park as Marcella Vivrette Smith Park. In 2013, the city purchased an additional 80 acres to add to the park. It is now the largest park in Brentwood.

The property includes Greek Revival and Federal architecture. When listed on the NRHP, the property included five contributing buildings and three non-contributing buildings on an area of 52 acres (21 ha).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ravenswood | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Ravenswood, January 2015. | |
|  | |
| Location | Wilson Pike, Brentwood, Tennessee 35°56′45″N 86°46′13″W |
| Coordinates | 35°56′45″N 86°46′13″W / 35.94583°N 86.77028°W / 35.94583; -86.77028 |
| Area | 52 acres (21 ha) |
| Built | 1825 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival and Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 83003073 |
| Added to NRHP | July 7, 1983 |


title: Shapwick Manor

abstract: Shapwick Manor at Shapwick in the county of Somerset, England, is a medieval manor house, largely remodelled in the 19th century by Henry Strangways on his return from South Australia in 1871. It is a Grade II* listed building. It is not to be confused with Shapwick House, formerly an hotel, and more recently a rental property, which lies to the north of the village.

text:
# Shapwick Manor

**Shapwick Manor** at Shapwick in the county of Somerset, England, is a medieval manor house, largely remodelled in the 19th century by Henry Strangways on his return from South Australia in 1871.

It is a Grade II\* listed building.

It is not to be confused with Shapwick House, formerly an hotel, and more recently a rental property, which lies to the north of the village.

## History

The manor of Shapwick originally belonged to Glastonbury Abbey, forming part of its Pouholt (Polden) estate in 729.

The building that is known as Shapwick House, not the Manor, was built for the Almoner of Glastonbury Abbey in the Middle Ages. A survey in 1327 includes a 5 acres (2.0 ha) garden, moat and fishponds.

Between 1956 and 1980, Shapwick Manor was an outlying boarding house for boys at Millfield School, and was later home to Shapwick School, which closed in March 2020.

## Architecture

Shapwick Manor is a two-storey stone building that has an asymmetrical frontage, formerly with a glazed veranda supported on iron columns to one side of the building.

The stable block, which was built in the 17th century, is also Grade II\* listed.

The dovecote is medieval but was restored in the 18th and 19th centuries; it was re-roofed in the 20th century.

The stone screen (illustrated) and flanking walls were built around 1658.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Shapwick Manor | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Shapwick Manor in Somerset | |
| Location | Shapwick, Somerset, England |
| Coordinates | 51°08′32″N 2°50′03″W / 51.1422°N 2.8341°W / 51.1422; -2.8341 |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Shapwick Manor |
| Designated | 29 March 1963 |
| Reference no. | 1190512 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ralph Lomma

abstract: Ralph John Lomma is often credited, along with his brother, Al, with popularizing miniature golf in the mid-1950s through their design and manufacture of now famous obstacles such as castles, clown heads and windmills. Lomma Enterprises, which Ralph Lomma founded, is still in business today.

text:
# Ralph Lomma

**Ralph John Lomma** (March 13, 1924 – September 12, 2011) is often credited, along with his brother, Al, with popularizing miniature golf in the mid-1950s through their design and manufacture of now famous obstacles such as castles, clown heads and windmills. Lomma Enterprises, which Ralph Lomma founded, is still in business today.

## History

In 1959, he engineered the development of Elk Mountain, Pennsylvania into a ski resort and in 1961, Lomma founded the Village of Four Seasons, Pennsylvania. Lomma Enterprises is the world's largest supplier for the pint-size sport, with courses in all 50 states and five continents. Lomma claimed that one course was built in a federal penitentiary and another aboard an aircraft carrier, nearly 6,000 miniature golf courses in all.

In the 1980s, Lomma was appointed by Ronald Reagan to the Coast Guard Commission and sat on the board of directors of Allied Artists Pictures Corporation, at that time involved with the production of *The Wild Geese*, starring Richard Harris, and *Cabaret* starring Liza Minnelli.


title: Scott Stauch

abstract: Scott Stauch is a former professional American football player who played running back for one season for the New Orleans Saints.

text:
# Scott Stauch

**Scott Stauch** (born January 3, 1959) is a former professional American football player who played running back for one season for the New Orleans Saints.

## InfoBox

Scott Stauch
| No. 32 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1959-01-03) January 3, 1959<br>Seattle, Washington |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 204 lb (93 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Grants Pass |
| College: | UCLA |
| Undrafted: | 1981 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: The Fox, York

abstract: The Fox is a pub in Holgate, York, England. The pub was purpose-built in 1878, replacing an earlier pub on the site. The York Carriage Works were built nearby a few years later, and it long provided the main source of patrons for the business. It was long owned by Tetley's Brewery. In 1985, it was restored under the architect George Williamson, and was then branded as a Tetley's Heritage Pub. It was Grade II listed in 1994, following a study by the Campaign for Real Ale. The pub was later sold to Punch Taverns, but closed in 2013 after the rent was increased. A proposal to bring the pub into community ownership suggested opening a post office in the building and selling bacon sandwiches during the day, but this was not taken forward. Instead, it was leased to the Ossett Brewery, which removed the kitchen and children's play area, and redecorated throughout. Each of the four rooms has a different theme: foxes, Holgate, travel, and railways. One room aims to replicate the feel of a railway carriage. On opening, the pub offered nine cask ales, including several from Ossett. By 2022, the pub was listed in the Good Beer Guide. The two-storey building is built of brick, and is three bays wide. A panel in the centre reads "THE FOX INN REBUILT 1878". The main entrance is through a brick porch, while a secondary entrance, formerly for off-sales, is now blocked. Inside, many original fittings survive, including the bar, benches, fireplaces, corridor hatch, and staircase. It is listed on Camra's Yorkshire Regional Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

text:
# The Fox, York

**The Fox** is a pub in Holgate, York, England.

The pub was purpose-built in 1878, replacing an earlier pub on the site. The York Carriage Works were built nearby a few years later, and it long provided the main source of patrons for the business. It was long owned by Tetley's Brewery. In 1985, it was restored under the architect George Williamson, and was then branded as a Tetley's Heritage Pub. It was Grade II listed in 1994, following a study by the Campaign for Real Ale.

The pub was later sold to Punch Taverns, but closed in 2013 after the rent was increased. A proposal to bring the pub into community ownership suggested opening a post office in the building and selling bacon sandwiches during the day, but this was not taken forward. Instead, it was leased to the Ossett Brewery, which removed the kitchen and children's play area, and redecorated throughout. Each of the four rooms has a different theme: foxes, Holgate, travel, and railways. One room aims to replicate the feel of a railway carriage. On opening, the pub offered nine cask ales, including several from Ossett. By 2022, the pub was listed in the *Good Beer Guide*.

The two-storey building is built of brick, and is three bays wide. A panel in the centre reads "THE FOX INN REBUILT 1878". The main entrance is through a brick porch, while a secondary entrance, formerly for off-sales, is now blocked. Inside, many original fittings survive, including the bar, benches, fireplaces, corridor hatch, and staircase. It is listed on Camra's Yorkshire Regional Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

53°57′19″N 1°06′23″W / 53.95536°N 1.10631°W / 53.95536; -1.10631