title: Ross Homan

abstract: Ross Homan is a former American football linebacker. After playing college football for Ohio State, he was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL draft. He was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

text:
# Ross Homan

**Ross Homan** (born March 5, 1987) is a former American football linebacker. After playing college football for Ohio State, he was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL draft. He was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

## Early life

Homan played high school football at his hometown Coldwater High School, where he recorded more than 300 solo tackles and 182 assists, including 25 tackles for lost yardage. He also was Ohio's 2005 Division IV Player of the Year and led Coldwater to the 2005 Ohio Division IV State Championship. In his career at Coldwater, he also played running back where he recorded 2,418 yards and 40 touchdowns on 382 carries and caught 43 passes for 737 yards and nine touchdowns.

## College career

During his college career, he had a major impact on the defense of the Ohio State Buckeyes. He recorded 253 tackles, two forced fumble, and seven interceptions. Asked by recruiters why he had "only" 120 tackles his senior year he admitted he had played with a broken collarbone.

## Professional career

Homan was selected with the 200th overall pick in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings. He was released by the Vikings on September 3 during final roster cuts.

On September 14, 2011, he was signed to the practice squad of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was released on September 18. He subsequently retired due to concussions suffered during his career.

## Personal life

He is the son of David and Alice Homan of Coldwater, Ohio. He is the middle of two brothers. Adam played fullback for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He also is the cousin of former Buckeyes Bobby and Tommy Hoying. Ross graduated from Ohio State in the spring of 2011 with a marketing degree and currently resides in Lexington, Kentucky working in medical sales.

## InfoBox

Ross Homan
| No. 57 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1987-03-05) March 5, 1987<br>Coldwater, Ohio, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 240 lb (109 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Coldwater (OH) |
| College: | Ohio State |
| NFL draft: | 2011 / round: 6 / pick: 200 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Olga Gulazyan

abstract: Olga Gulazyan was a Soviet–Armenian actress of film and theater. Laureate of the Stalin Prize (1952) and the State Prize of the Armenian SSR (1967).

text:
# Olga Gulazyan

**Olga Gulazyan** (Armenian: Օլգա Նիկողայոսի Գուլազյան; 8 January 1886 – 27 May 1970) was a SovietArmenian actress of film and theater. Laureate of the Stalin Prize (1952) and the State Prize of the Armenian SSR (1967).

## Career

She was born on January 8, 1886, in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia). She graduated from the parish school of the Kharpukhi district in Tiflis.

She began her stage career at the age of 15. In 1900, she played the role of Nato in the play *Another Victim* by Gabriel Sundukian, receiving the author's encouragement. She began her professional career in 1901 in Petros Adamian State Drama Theatre in Tbilisi. Took part in performances at the Zubalov People's House, Araksi theater and in the Avjalyan auditorium. She later toured to Baku, New Nakhichevan, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yerevan, Alexandropol and Shusha.

Gulazyan's distinctive art was formed as a result of joint work with great Armenian actors: Hovhannes Abelian, Siranush, G. Petrosyan and O.Maysuryan.

In 1926, Gulazyan moved to Yerevan and became the actress of the Gabriel Sundukyan State Academic Theater.

In 1955, she was elected deputy of the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR of the IV convocation.

She died on May 27, 1970, in Yerevan. She was buried at the Tokhmakhskoye cemetery.

## Works

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1926 | *Zare* | Lyatif-Khanum |  |
| 1955 | *Ghosts Leave the Peaks* | Asmik |  |
| 1958 | *The Song of First Love* | Vartush, Varuzhan's mother |  |

### Theatre

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | *Another victim* | Nato |  |
| 1922 | *Pepo* | Epemia |  |
| 1924 | *Tartuffe* | Dorina |  |
| 1927 | *Hatabala* | Natalia |  |
| 1927 | *Uncle Bagdasar* |  |  |
| 1929 | *A Profitable Position* | Felisata Gerasimovna Kukushkina |  |
| 1933 | *The Imaginary Invalid* | Tuanet |  |
| 1936 | *Namus* |  |  |
| 1944 | *The Cliff* |  |  |
| 1946 | *Without a Dowry* | Kharita Ignatievna Ogudalova |  |
| 1950 | *Daring* |  |  |
| 1952 | *Egor Bulychov and others* | Ksenia |  |
| 1957 | *The trees are dying standing* | Grandmother |  |

## Sources

* *Olga Gulazyan. "Memories"* (1957)*.* Yerevan.
* *Bagdasaryan N. Olga Gulazyan (Collection-album about the People's Artist of the Armenian SSR) (1979).* Yerevan: ATO.

## InfoBox

| Olga Gulazyan | |
| --- | --- |
| Օլգա Նիկողայոսի Գուլազյան | |
|  | |
| Born | (1886-01-08)January 8, 1886
Tiflis, Russian Empire |
| Died | May 27, 1970(1970-05-27) (aged 84)
Yerevan, Armenian SSR, USSR |
| Nationality | Armenian |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1900–1963 |
| Employer | Sundukyan State Academic Theatre |
| Spouse | David Galuzyan |


title: Edwards Center Inc.

abstract: Edwards Center Inc., is a private, nonprofit organization serving adult Oregonians with developmental disabilities with 20 locations in both Washington County and Clackamas Counties.

text:
# Edwards Center Inc.

**Edwards Center Inc.** (founded 1972 in Oregon by author Dr. Jean Edwards), is a private, nonprofit organization serving adult Oregonians with developmental disabilities with 20 locations in both Washington County and Clackamas Counties.

## History

1972 – Jean Edwards, a University of Oregon graduate with a passion for special education founds the Edwards Center and makes a promise to six families that the fledgling center would take care of their children once the parents were gone.

1975 – Oregon passes legislation allowing developmentally disabled children access to public schooling—the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Dr. Jean Edwards opens the first group home in Washington County housing disabled adults in the community.

2012 – Edwards Center provides resources, homes, jobs, and recreational opportunities for over 300 Oregonians with disabilities.

2013 – According to the Oregon Department of Human Services' Seniors and People With Disabilities, the number of people with developmental disabilities receiving in-home services has climbed from just under 2,000 to 9,000 between 2001 and 2010. Allen Cress, (executive leader of Edwards Center Inc.), begins a building project at the Edwards Community Center in Beaverton, Oregon, a pocket neighborhood of ten homes which offers a unique care model for families. The facility provides families a community, allowing parents to age in place with their children—then takes over permanent care of the children, with caregivers available on an as-needed basis, costing a fraction of what it takes to hire an in-home care provider.

2014 – The "Tree of Life" campaign begins for the Edwards Center and includes the Tree of Life benefit concert series, held twice a year at the Edwards Aloha Community Center, as well as recordings and music videos which document stories of adults surmounting the challenges of developmental disabilities. Performers at the live concert series and recordings feature internationally acclaimed Oregon musicians and artists and include Esperanza Spalding, Gino Vannelli, Tom Grant, Oregon Poet Laureate Paulann Petersen, Janet Chvatal and Marc Gremm. The series is sponsored by the Fournier Insurance Group.

2015 – Two homes are completed at the Community Center in Beaverton. Edwards Center Inc. establishes a partnership with Meals on Wheels and Washington County Disabled, Aging, and Veteran's Services to serve lunches to seniors and veterans providing new community connections for several groups that might otherwise become isolated.

## Sources

* Edwards, Jean Parker. *We are people first, our handicaps are secondary*. Foreword by Robert Perse. Photography by John Stewart. Portland, Or. Ednick, c1982. 90 pages. Dewey 362.4/06/01.
* Edwards, Jean Parker. *Sara and Allen: the right to choose*. 2nd Edition. Portland, Or. Ednick, c1976. 85 pages. Dewey 362.386.

## InfoBox

Edwards Center Inc.
| Formation | 1972 |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Dr. Jean Edwards |
| Headquarters | Oregon |
| Website | www.edwardscenter.org |


title: Elbert Krasniqi

abstract: Elbert Krasniqi is a Kosovar politician and leader of the Kosovo–Egyptian community, who is currently serving as minister of local government administration and leader of the New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo. Prior to his position, Krasniqi was a member of parliament.

text:
# Elbert Krasniqi

**Elbert Krasniqi** (born September 22, 1986) is a Kosovar politician and leader of the Kosovo–Egyptian community, who is currently serving as minister of local government administration and leader of the New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo. Prior to his position, Krasniqi was a member of parliament.

## Early life and career

Krasniqi was born and raised in Peja, where he completed his primary and secondary education. He graduated from the Faculty of Law of the University of Prishtina and obtained a master's degree in diplomacy in Skopje.

He became involved in community and local government affairs as early as 2007, promoting and implementing regional and international projects. He worked with the Italian *Associazione Trentino con i Balcani*, serving as legal representative and office director for Kosovo and the Balkans. In 2011, he was selected as a delegate of the Agency for Local Democracy in Kosovo, part of the network of the Association of Local Democracy Agencies – ALDA Europe.

## Politics

Nominated by IRDK, Krasniqi won a seat in the municipal assembly of Peja and served as the body's deputy chairman from 2014 to 2016. Krasniqi also served as a president of the Balkan Network for Local Democracy from 2018 to 2019.

A longstanding activist of IRDK, Krasniqi was elected president of the party in 2017. In the 2019 parliamentary election, he won a seat reserved for the Egyptian community. He caucused with the Vetëvendosje Movement, and served on the Committee on Economy, Employment, Trade, Industry, Entrepreneurship and Strategic Investments. As a representative of the Egyptian community, Krasniqi has criticized Serbia's efforts to undermine Kosovar elections and usurp seats reserved for non-Serb minorities.

Reelected to parliament in the 2021 snap election, Krasniqi gave up his seat to serve as minister in the second Kurti government. Fridon Lala was sworn in as new member of parliament.

Krasniqi's ministerial portfolio includes legal review of municipal acts, including a high-profile plan to grant Dua Lipa's family public land for her annual Sunny Hill festival.

In 2022, Krasniqi was elected to a second term as president of IRDK.

## Personal

Krasniqi speaks Albanian, English, German, Italian and Serbo-Croatian. He is married and has two children.

## InfoBox

| Elbert Krasniqi | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait (2021) | |
|  | |
| Minister of Local Government Administration | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
22 March 2021 | |
| President | Glauk Konjufca (acting)
Vjosa Osmani |
| Prime Minister | Albin Kurti |
| Deputy | Arbër Vokrri |
| Preceded by | Goran Rakić |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1986-09-22) 22 September 1986
Peja, SAP Kosovo, Yugoslavia
(now Kosovo) |
| Political party | New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo |
|  | |


title: Psocomorpha

abstract: Psocomorpha is a suborder of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea. There are more than 20 families and 5,300 described species in Psocomorpha.

text:
# Psocomorpha

**Psocomorpha** is a suborder of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera). There are more than 20 families and 5,300 described species in Psocomorpha.

## Phylogeny

The below cladogram of Psocodea shows the position of Psocomorpha:

## Fossil record

The oldest fossil record of the suborder is *Burmesopsocus lienhardi* from the mid-Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) Burmese amber, which is not assigned to any family.

## Classification

Psocomorpha contains 6 infraorders and 26 families:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Psocomorpha
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Abelopsocus basipunctatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| (unranked): | Paraneoptera |
| Order: | Psocodea |
| Suborder: | Psocomorpha
Roesler, 1944 |
|
| Infraorders | |
|  | |


title: El Burgo

abstract: El Burgo is a village and municipality in the province of Málaga, located in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. It is located in the Parque Natural Sierra de las Nieves which was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. In February they have a carnaval. Saint Augustine is celebrated at the end of August with traditional costumes, music, food and religious singing.

text:
# El Burgo

**El Burgo** is a village and municipality in the province of Málaga, located in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. It is located in the Parque Natural Sierra de las Nieves which was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.

In February they have a carnaval. Saint Augustine is celebrated at the end of August with traditional costumes, music, food and religious singing.

36°46′59″N 4°55′59″W / 36.783°N 4.933°W / 36.783; -4.933

## InfoBox

| El Burgo | |
| --- | --- |
| El Burgo from a hilltop to the west | |
|  | |
| Sovereign state | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Andalusia |
| Province | Málaga |
| Area | |
| Total | 118.35 km2 (45.70 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 591 m (1,939 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,823 |
| Density | 15/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | www.elburgo.es |


title: Purdue University Horticulture Gardens

abstract: The Purdue University Horticulture Gardens are botanical gardens at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana in the United States.

text:
# Purdue University Horticulture Gardens

The **Purdue University Horticulture Gardens** are botanical gardens at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana in the United States.

## History

The gardens were founded in 1982. In 2019, following substantial improvements to the garden, it was named in honor of internationally renowned horticulturist and Purdue Distinguished Professor Jules Janick. Today, the garden is maintained by Purdue University Horticulture Department and Master Gardens students and volunteers. The gardens are financially supported by the Friends of the Gardens.

## Gardens

The gardens are located onsite at Purdue University's Horticulture Building. The garden features vegetables, perennials and annuals. The most notable collections on display are ornamental grasses, bulbs, hostas, peonies and daylilies. In total, there are over 300 cultivars and 200 perennial species on display.

### Exhibitions

There is a pavilion made of cedar which features temporary exhibitions designed by students. Today, visitors can take self-guided and guided tours, including a walking tour that documents the over 100 types of trees growing within and beyond the confines of the gardens, on campus.

### Special events

The annual Purdue Garden Day Open House features special garden tours and events.

## InfoBox

| Purdue University Horticulture Gardens | |
| --- | --- |
| Purdue Horticulture Gardens, Fall 2010 | |
|  | |
| Type | Botanical garden |
| Location | Purdue University |
| Nearest city | West Lafayette, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 40°25′26″N 86°54′54″W / 40.42389°N 86.91500°W / 40.42389; -86.91500 |
| Area | 0.5 acres |
| Created | 1982 |
| Operated by | Purdue University |
| Open | Year-round<br>Donations accepted |


title: Purdue University Global

abstract: Purdue University Global, Inc. is a public online university that is a separately accredited part of the Purdue University system. Its primary focus is educating working adults. Purdue Global was created in 2018 by Purdue University's acquisition and rebranding of for-profit Kaplan University. Kaplan Higher Education, a division of Graham Holdings Company(GHC), provides non-academic support services such as recruitment, admissions, human resources, marketing, and technology support. As such, GHC maintains an ongoing financial interest in the success of Purdue Global. The university specializes in educating working adults who have life experience and often some college credits. Its programs focus on career-oriented fields of study at the certificate, associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels. Purdue Global serves about 10,000 military-affiliated students consisting of uniformed personnel, veterans, and eligible dependents. Purdue Global is led by an emeritus Purdue faculty member and administrator, and is overseen by the Purdue system's leadership, specifically the university president and five members of the system's board of trustees. Its main campus is in West Lafayette, Indiana, and its online law school is based out of California.

text:
# Purdue University Global

**Purdue University Global, Inc.** (**Purdue Global**) is a public online university that is a separately accredited part of the Purdue University system. Its primary focus is educating working adults.

Purdue Global was created in 2018 by Purdue University's acquisition and rebranding of for-profit Kaplan University. Kaplan Higher Education, a division of Graham Holdings Company(GHC), provides non-academic support services such as recruitment, admissions, human resources, marketing, and technology support. As such, GHC maintains an ongoing financial interest in the success of Purdue Global.

The university specializes in educating working adults who have life experience and often some college credits. Its programs focus on career-oriented fields of study at the certificate, associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels. Purdue Global serves about 10,000 military-affiliated students consisting of uniformed personnel, veterans, and eligible dependents.

Purdue Global is led by an emeritus Purdue faculty member and administrator, and is overseen by the Purdue system's leadership, specifically the university president and five members of the system's board of trustees. Its main campus (for accreditation purposes) is in West Lafayette, Indiana, and its online law school is based out of California.

## History

Prior to Purdue's acquisition, Kaplan University had undergone enrollment decline from 39,800 students in 2015 to just 32,000 students enrolled in April 2017. By the time Kaplan University became Purdue University Global in April 2018, enrollment was "approximately 30,000".

Following several years of government scrutiny, media criticism, and significant enrollment decline, Graham Holdings Company sold Kaplan University to the Purdue University system for one dollar in March 2018. Purdue rebranded the institution as Purdue University Global and agreed to employ Kaplan, Inc., a subsidiary of GHC, as the exclusive provider of nonacademic functions. Kaplan, Inc. agreed to assume responsibility for liabilities resulting before the transaction. According to the contract terms, Kaplan would receive 12.5-13 percent of the university's revenue, in addition to reimbursement for its costs of providing support to the school, as long as funds are available after all operating expenses and guaranteed payments to Purdue have been covered.

Purdue University president Mitch Daniels announced the intent to acquire Kaplan University in April 2017. From 2017 to January 2018, the school's temporary placeholder name was NewU. Purdue University Global's lineage is rooted in a series of for-profit colleges: American Institute of Commerce (1937–1999), Quest College (1999–2000), and Kaplan College (2000–2004), later renamed Kaplan University (2004–2017). In the years prior to its sale to Purdue University, Kaplan University's parent company, Kaplan Inc., closed or sold several schools, including Kaplan College (a primarily brick and mortar vocational school, not to be confused with the online university that became Kaplan University in 2004), and Kaplan Career Institute, which were purchased by Education Corporation of America in 2015. Kaplan University was the last accredited higher education institution owned by Kaplan, Inc.

In 2017, Daniels stated that the Purdue University deal with Kaplan incurred "virtually no financial risk", and had a "strong upside potential". Critics and analysts disagreed with Daniels' assessment, and in order to obtain regulatory approval, the U.S. Department of Education required Purdue to assume responsibility for Kaplan University's debt and liability "whether they are known or unknown, and whether they accrue prior to, or after the closing of the transaction" noting the debts and liabilities backed by Purdue "constitute an instrumentality of the state of Indiana for the purpose of the department's regulations". In the acquisition agreement Kaplan agreed to assume responsibility for liabilities resulting before the transaction, however the U.S. Department of Education "ultimately holds Purdue and the state of Indiana responsible for liabilities resulting from the operation of Kaplan University". Through the acquisition, Kaplan guaranteed Purdue priority payments of $10 million a year for the first five years following the transaction, of which $20 million was paid upon closing.

Daniels also said in 2017 that the contrast between the typical Purdue West Lafayette student and the targeted Purdue Global student was "stark". According to Purdue Global, 60 percent of Kaplan's students were over age 30, and the mean student income at enrollment was $22,323. For 55 percent of the students, neither parent had attended college.

According to Purdue University, Purdue Global had an $18 million loss in FY 2018, its first year of operation. Purdue University Treasurer Bill Sullivan said in regards to the 2018 finances, "losses are likely to continue another year, maybe two" and this was "a deliberate strategic choice and was, importantly, prefunded by Kaplan Higher Education (KHE) through the assets it brought to Purdue at acquisition" valued at more than $66 million in cash. Sullivan also stated that he expected "elevated startup costs to continue into 2019 and more modestly in 2020".

In 2020, following a $130 million marketing spend, the university claimed to have begun to reverse the enrollment decline in its first year of operation, growing 5 percent or 1,422 students to a total of 31,042 enrolled with 11 percent growth for bachelor's and graduate students, along with a 17 percent decline in certificate students, and a 5 percent decline in associate degree students. Indiana residents are offered discounted tuition and Purdue employees and their families are offered free tuition.

In February 2020, Purdue University announced that Purdue Global would be holding a virtual reality component to its Los Angeles graduation ceremony. In March 2020, Frank Dooley replaced Betty Vandenbosch as chancellor of Purdue University Global. In May 2020, Jon Harbor took over as provost of Purdue Global and Marilyn Wideman, dean of the School of Nursing, announced her retirement.

Purdue University Global reported a gain of $5.25 million in fiscal year 2021 and $10 million in fiscal 2022, according to Purdue's 2022 financial report.

### Campus closings

At least ten Purdue Global physical locations closed since Purdue took over from Kaplan. Following the management change that put Purdue in charge, six physical classroom spaces were closed in 2019, including Hagerstown, Maryland; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; St. Louis, Missouri; Cedar Falls, Iowa; Mason City, Iowa; and Omaha, Nebraska. Its Lewiston, Maine campus closed in March 2021, attributing the closure to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The campus in Lincoln, Nebraska also closed.

As a requirement of the purchase of Kaplan University from Graham Holdings, Purdue University Global is required to employ Kaplan Higher Education, Inc., for 30 years as the exclusive provider of "marketing and advertising, front-end student advising, admissions support, financial aid and student finance, international student recruitment, test preparation, business office, technology support, human resources, finance and accounting functions". The Purdue trustees retain management control and responsibility over these areas.

According to the contract terms, Kaplan would receive 12.5-13 percent of the university's revenue, and reimbursement for its costs of providing support to the school as long as funds were available after all operating expenses and guaranteed payments to Purdue have been covered. Kaplan guaranteed Purdue $10 million every year for the first five years. Kaplan would make up the difference if PG revenues were insufficient. At the time of purchase, Kaplan's owners paid $20 million to Purdue, pursuant to that agreement. The agreement also stipulated that if Purdue altered the university's operations in a way that significantly reduces the school's revenues, Kaplan could seek reimbursement for 12.5 percent of the lost revenue. An independent financial analyst would be tasked to adjudicate the issue. Since the acquisition, Purdue's leadership made several changes including closing several physical locations where Kaplan University had operated.

If Purdue Global were to incur $25 million in cash operating losses for three consecutive years, or total cash operating losses of more than $75 million at any point, either Purdue or Kaplan Higher Education could terminate the contract.

According to Graham Holdings Company, "After the sixth year, Purdue Global has the right to terminate the agreement upon payment of an early termination fee equal to 125% of Purdue Global's total revenue earned during the preceding 12-month period..."

Upon termination, Purdue University Global would retain the assets that Kaplan contributed, but would also assume responsibility for any liability arising from the operation of the institution.

Kaplan Higher Education is also an online program manager (OPM) of the Purdue University system.

## Academic relationships within Purdue System

Purdue Global operates as a separately accredited institution within the Purdue University system, is the only institution in the system operating as a public-benefit corporation, and the only in which 12.5-13 percent of operating revenue are redirected to its prior for-profit owner Graham Holdings Company.

Each campus of the Purdue University system has its own accreditation, leadership, faculty, programs, and admissions policies. As a result, transfers between the campuses are highly limited. Purdue Global is classified by the U.S. Department of Education as a four-year public university but it does not receive state tax dollars due to its public benefit corporation status, and it is exempt from some of the public records disclosure requirements of public universities in Indiana. According to the 2017 law that enabled Purdue or any other Indiana university to create an affiliated education institution, it still must report financial, academic and student success data to Indiana regulators, and any decisions made by the traditional side of Purdue or emails received by Purdue's administration remain eligible to the open records law, even if they pertain to Purdue Global.

With the exception of Purdue Global, all degrees from all Purdue University campuses and Purdue degree programs offered through Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis and Purdue Polytechnic Institute share a similar diploma bearing the name of the institution granting the degree and the city in which it is given. Purdue Global graduates receive a diploma that uses the name "Purdue University Global" instead of the system name, and bears the Purdue Global logo in place of the Purdue University seal. Purdue University and Purdue University Global share the same alumni association.

In July 2019, Purdue Polytechnic Institute announced it had received a $12 million grant from the US Department of Labor to enable 5,000 students to go through a cybersecurity apprenticeship program over the next four years. The Polytechnic Institute will partner with Purdue Global to offer online instruction nationwide for "nontraditional students" seeking work in the cybersecurity industry.

## Campus and learning site locations

Purdue University Global operates primarily online. The university's main office is located in West Lafayette, Indiana.

## Finances

Global receives revenues from student tuition, tuition from corporate partners, grant or scholarship aid, Title IV funds, GI Bill funds, and Department of Defense Tuition Assistance. Title IV funds include Pell Grants and federal student loans. The 2017–18 statistics are:

* Federal student loans: $78,642,648
* Grant or scholarship aid: $64,847,510
* Pell Grants: $55,790,475

On November 1, 2023, Graham Holdings stated that Purdue Global owed Kaplan Higher Education $127.8 million.

## Offerings, enrollment, and student body

Purdue Global is academically organized into seven schools:

* School of Business and Information Technology
* Purdue Global Law School Purdue Global Law School is not accredited by the American Bar Association. As such, California is the only state allowing Purdue Global's graduates to take the state bar exam. Purdue Global Law School's pass rate for the July 2018 sitting of the California bar exam was 29% for first-time takers and 9% for repeat takers, compared to 55% and 16% overall pass rates, respectively.
* School of General Education
* School of Health Sciences
* School of Nursing
* Open College
* College of Social and Behavioral Sciences

### Student body

Approximately 17 percent of Purdue Global's student body are full-time students. The demographics of the student population are 65 percent female, 57 percent white, 21 percent black, 12 percent Hispanic, 2 percent Asian, 1 percent Pacific Islander, and 1 percent Native American. While the socio-economic diversity of Purdue University is 17 percent, the federal government has not yet reported a diversity number for Purdue Global. According to former Purdue Global Chancellor Betty Vandenbosch, more than 28 percent of the student body is affiliated with the military, 52 percent are the first in their family to pursue a higher education degree, and 63 percent have a child or other dependent. About 4000 of Purdue Global's students are residents of Indiana.

#### Military servicemembers and veterans

In 2019, Purdue Global ranked seventh in Department of Defense Tuition Assistance funding, with 6825 servicemembers using the benefits. Total DOD funding was $14,875,918. Purdue Global's student body in 2020 included about 7000 servicemembers and 5000 veterans. Members of the US Army, National Guard, Reserves, and veterans can obtain an AAS degree in small group management with six courses, a bachelor's degree in liberal studies with seven additional courses and a master's in management with 10 additional courses. In 2020, the National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education designated Purdue Global as a member school. PG is one of about 200 members. In 2023, Purdue Global opened an extension at Vandenberg Space Force Base.

### Corporate partnerships

In February 2019, Papa John's Pizza announced that all its employees would receive free tuition at Purdue Global. In June 2019, Walmart announced that Purdue Global would be one of six schools in their Live Better U education benefit program. The program is being marketed with the "chance to get a degree for the cost of a dollar a day." In June 2019, security services firm Securitas announced an arrangement to cover at least 90% of the tuition costs toward four custom certificate programs developed in partnership with Purdue Global. In October 2019, ManTech began offering its employees tuition-free access to Purdue Global's Bachelor of Science in analytics degree. Other organizations that have announced partnerships with Purdue Global to offer their employees a tuition-free or reduced-tuition college degree include New Balance. In September 2020, Purdue Global announced an agreement with Gallup "to develop and deliver an academic program to support Gallup's Straight to Business initiative...an undergraduate microcredential, aligned with and stackable into bachelor's degree opportunities in analytics, business administration, communication, and industrial/organizational psychology."

#### Guild Education

In January 2020, Disney Aspire added Purdue University Global to its Network of Educational Providers. The program is managed by Guild Education. Guild Education also provides student workers from Walmart, Discover, Chipotle, and other Fortune 1000 companies.

## Academics

Purdue University Global is an open admissions school that offers both traditional programs and standardized competency-based learning. This allows Purdue Global to offer college credit to students who can demonstrate they have mastered certain learning outcomes through professional and military training.

### Accreditation

Like Purdue's other campuses, Purdue Global is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Specific degree programs are accredited by the ACBSP, ABET, CCNE, AHIMA, NALA, and others. Its Master of Science degree in finance is also registered with the Certified Financial Planner board and qualifies graduates to sit the CFP examination. Purdue Global's law school, Purdue Global Law School, is the only fully online law school in the country. Given that the American Bar Association does not accredit online universities, the school is unaccredited by the ABA, but is accredited by the State Bar of California, allowing students to sit for the bar exam in that state. Purdue Global Law School students may also pursue an executive JD, designed for executives and others who seek graduate level training in law, but do not wish to become attorneys.

### Faculty and learning systems

Following the acquisition, all Kaplan faculty became Purdue Global faculty which now include approximately 337 full-time faculty and 1,552 part-time faculty. Purdue University faculty were expected to become increasingly involved in launching programs and courses in the Purdue Global online system. To date, three new programs have been approved to be created in collaboration with Purdue's West Lafayette faculty including programs in pharmacy, and aviation.

Purdue University Global uses ExcelTrack, a competency-based learning program. The individualized computer program is used to cut costs and speed up student progress. Students may take as many courses as they want "all for one flat price."

### Student outcomes

According to the College Scorecard, Purdue University Global has a 33 percent graduation rate. Median salary after attending ranges from $21,000 (AA, teacher education) to $74,000 (BSN, nursing). Two years into student loan repayment, with Purdue Global students 32 percent were in forbearance, 29 percent were not making progress, 12 percent were in deferment, 11 percent defaulted, 6 percent were making progress, 6 percent were delinquent, 2 percent had their loans discharged, and 1 percent had paid in full.

College Navigator reports an overall graduation rate of 20 percent.

## Rankings

U.S. News & World Report ranks Purdue Global 395th-435th among national universities.

In January 2023, Purdue Global ranked 176th out of 442 schools in the Washington Monthly list of national universities, with a social mobility ranking of 95th out of 442 schools.

## Leadership and administration

Mung Chiang is the president of Purdue University Global. He reports to Purdue Global's board of trustees, which is appointed by the Purdue University board of trustees. Five of Purdue's University's trustees also serve on the Purdue Global board. Dr. Frank Dooley serves as chancellor of Purdue Global and reports to the president of Purdue University and the six-member Purdue Global board of trustees. Dooley previously was senior vice provost for teaching and learning at Purdue University. Christopher Ruhl is the chief financial officer. Ruhl served as the senior vice president, chief financial officer, and general counsel at Ivy Tech Community College from 2012 to 2017. He also was director of the Indiana Office of Management & Budget (OMB), director of the Indiana State Budget Agency, and policy director and general counsel for the Indiana OMB under Governor Mitch Daniels.

## Praise and criticism of acquisition

In May 2017, the Purdue University Senate passed a resolution condemning the deal between Kaplan Higher Education and Purdue University. In September 2017, Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL) and Sherrod Brown (D-OH) warned that Purdue's acquisition of Kaplan University posed major risks for Purdue University's students and reputation. They added that Kaplan has a "shameful record" as a "predatory" school. Mitch Daniels, president of Purdue University, stated that the two senators were "misinformed". Regarding criticisms of Kaplan's for-profit days, Daniels quotes former Democratic senator Tom Harkin who led a massive 2011 investigation into the for-profit education sector but praised Kaplan for standing "alone among the large, for-profit education companies for having taken what are, in my opinion, real and significant steps to reduce high withdrawal rates and high default rates by implementing the Kaplan Commitment program."

In January 2018, the former Under Secretary of Education under Barack Obama, Ted Mitchell, praised the university that would become Purdue Global for its massive investments "in a learning platform that is, in my estimation, among the best in the country ... It is a 'lab' whose continued work promises insights not only for \[Purdue Global\] but for \[Purdue University\] and the wider field..." and that "Kaplan has been a pioneer in creating protections for students." Mitchell, the force behind Obama's Gainful Employment rules, also praised Kaplan for strong results and for taking action when they came up short, saying "Kaplan's results have been strong, and where they haven't, as in the failure of a number of their programs to meet the Gainful Employment thresholds, they have taken action to either remediate or close the programs...That's how we want institutions to react to troubling outcomes." Arne Duncan, the former U.S. Secretary of Education under Obama who, with Mitchell, led a crackdown on the for-profit sector, praised the potential behind Purdue's acquisition of Kaplan University, saying "...I'm excited by this opportunity for a world-class university to expand its reach and help educate adult learners by acquiring a strong for-profit college. This is a first, and if successful, could help create a new model for what it means to be a land-grant institution." Harvard researcher Todd Rogers praised the launch of Purdue Global for its potential to generate "more learning and greater scaled implementation of interventions that help students succeed" and that the university had "...a genuine commitment to using learning and motivational sciences to improve student outcomes, and to conducting high quality research to become a leader in contributing to those sciences".

On January 16, 2018, the Purdue Exponent editorial board stated that the Purdue University Global name was "downright deceitful" for using the Purdue name and not including the Kaplan name. In August 2018, former deputy undersecretary of education Bob Shireman called Purdue University Global "a for-profit college masquerading as a public university." Daniels pointed out that Shireman has been accused of misrepresenting facts in his criticisms and had been forced to leave the U.S. Department of Education under a cloud of accusations that he had colluded with short-sellers attempting to reduce stock values in the for-profit sector. PG initially required students to waive most rights to sue the school and submit disputes to arbitration. The American Association of University Professors called this policy "the stuff of predatory for-profit colleges, not a leading public research institution". The AAUP petitioned the Higher Learning Commission, the school's accrediting body, on this issue. In September 2018, Senators Durbin and Brown called for Purdue to get rid of that policy, which came from the Kaplan rulebook. The policy was eliminated within the first year of the acquisition.

### Continued objections from Purdue faculty and stakeholders

In January 2019, the *Purdue Exponent* stated that faculty were not consulted on the deliberations for the Purdue Global acquisition. Biologist David Sanders, a Purdue professor, university senate member, and local Democratic politician, hypothesized that the deal was enacted to help pay for the tuition freeze at the West Lafayette campus or that "'certain people see this as the future. I refer to it as the Walmart-ization of higher education....It's cheap, it's fast, but in two years, it'll be broken. The same thing is true with this sort of education.'" Sanders added he was concerned about Purdue University Global's $100 million marketing budget.

That same month, professors at Purdue University complained that Purdue Global was enrolling traditional students, which was in opposition to what Global had originally promised. The PG chancellor responded while there was no formal policy that prevented a full-time, traditional student from enrolling in a course as a non-degree seeking student, it was not the university's intent to enroll such students, and that only five of PG's 29,000 students enrolled in a single course in 2018. In May 2019, three professors claimed that Purdue University Global was draining Purdue University's branch campuses, and the deal with Kaplan Higher Education was "online folly. Purdue University CFO Bill Sullivan responded that the degree to which the piece "misread Purdue's financial statements and distorted both the financial state and mission of Purdue Global is truly disappointing and unfortunate." Sullivan added that "In negotiating the acquisition of Kaplan University, we crafted an agreement that provided a nearly impenetrable defense of Purdue's finances.

In January 2020, the Chronicle of Higher Education published a report on Purdue Global titled "Purdue Global Has Had a Rocky Start. Is It Growing Pains or a Sign of Trouble?". In September 2020, the Century Foundation "raised questions about the documents Purdue University Global presented to the Internal Revenue Service when it applied for tax-exempt status in August 2019." Purdue University denied the claims.

In the February issue of Emergency Medical News, two doctors questioned the vetting process of Purdue Global's nursing master's degree programs, which admitted all 500 applicants in Fall, 2019.

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## InfoBox

Purdue University Global
| Logo since 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public online university |
| Established | April 2, 2018 (2018-04-02) |
| Parent institution | Purdue University system |
| Accreditation | HLC |
| Chancellor | Frank Dooley |
| Academic staff | c. 3,600 |
| Students | 45,125 (fall 2022) |
| Undergraduates | 33,192 |
| Postgraduates | 10,735 |
| Website | www.purdueglobal.edu |


title: Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum

abstract: Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum is an endophytic fungus that might be a canker pathogen, specifically for Adansonia gibbosa (baobab). It was isolated from said trees, as well as surrounding ones, in the Kimberley.

text:
# Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum

***Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum*** is an endophytic fungus that might be a canker pathogen, specifically for *Adansonia gibbosa* (baobab). It was isolated from said trees, as well as surrounding ones, in the Kimberley (Western Australia).

## Further reading

* Sakalidis, Monique L., Giles E. StJ Hardy, and Treena I. Burgess. "Endophytes as potential pathogens of the baobab species Adansonia gregorii: a focus on the Botryosphaeriaceae." Fungal Ecology 4.1 (2011): 1–14.
* Sakalidis, Monique L., et al. "Pathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Mangifera indica in the Kimberley region of Western Australia." European journal of plant pathology 130.3 (2011): 379–391.
* Burgess, T. I., et al. "Movement of pathogens between horticultural crops and endemic trees in the Kimberleys." (2009): 36.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Botryosphaeriales |
| Family: | Botryosphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | *Pseudofusicoccum* |
| Species: | *P. ardesiacum* |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum***<br>Pavlic et al., 2008 | |
|


title: Pterocephalus lasiospermus

abstract: Pterocephalus lasiospermus is a species of shrub in the family Caprifoliaceae.

text:
# Pterocephalus lasiospermus

***Pterocephalus lasiospermus*** (**rosalillo de cumbre**) is a species of shrub in the family Caprifoliaceae.

## Etymology

**lasiospermus**: *lasios* from the Greek, meaning "hairy" and *sperma*, meaning "seed", referring to it pappus. The Spanish common name means "summit rosebush" in English.

## Geographic distribution

Endemic to Cañadas del Teide depression on Tenerife and the scrub of the upper zones of the surrounding pine forest. Before the creation of the Teide National Park it was very scarce due to the damage from livestock pasturing.

## Description

Form is a shrub up to one meter in height. Its stems are grey, with simple leaves of pale green-grey, both are hairy. The inflorescence is a cushion-like head of pale pink flowers at the end of long stems. It blooms in early summer, which is late with respect to other species in its environment. As summer progresses, the flower head becomes a ball of whitish chaffy seeds.

## InfoBox

| *Rosalillo de cumbre* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
| Genus: | *Pterocephalus* |
| Species: | ***P. lasiospermus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterocephalus lasiospermus***<br>Link ex Buch | |
|


title: Bromhof

abstract: Bromhof is a mostly residential suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region C of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Bromhof is bordered by several other suburbs: in the west by Boskruin, in the north by Northwold, in the southeast by Melanshof, and in the east by Strydompark. Also, Bromhof is bordered by the town of Randburg in the northeast. In the southeastern part of Bromhof, the N1 Western Bypass crosses underneath the M6 Metropolitan Route. The N1 runs between north and south, whereas the M6 runs between east and west.

text:
# Bromhof

**Bromhof** is a mostly residential suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region C of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

Bromhof is bordered by several other suburbs: in the west by Boskruin, in the north by Northwold, in the southeast by Melanshof, and in the east by Strydompark. Also, Bromhof is bordered by the town of Randburg in the northeast.

In the southeastern part of Bromhof, the N1 Western Bypass (having four lanes in each direction) crosses underneath the M6 Metropolitan Route (which is also called Hans Schoeman Street in Bromhof). The N1 runs between north and south, whereas the M6 runs between east and west.

## InfoBox

| Bromhof | |
| --- | --- |
| BromhofBromhof | |
| Coordinates: 26°05′11″S 27°57′51″E / 26.08639°S 27.96417°E / -26.08639; 27.96417 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Gauteng |
| Municipality | City of Johannesburg |
| Main Place | Randburg |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.91 km2 (0.74 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 6,302 |
| Density | 3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 25.1% |
| Coloured | 3.4% |
| Indian/Asian | 12.9% |
| White | 57.7% |
| Other | 0.9% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| English | 65.7% |
| Afrikaans | 16.9% |
| Zulu | 3.1% |
| Xhosa | 2.2% |
| Other | 12.1% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 2188 |
| PO box | 2154 |


title: Elysée Loustallot

abstract: Elysée Loustallot was a French lawyer, journalist, and editor of the Revolutions of Paris during the French Revolution. He is remembered as one of the major Parisian opinion journalists during the era of the National Assembly and subsequent National Constituent Assembly. A fervent republican, his journalistic writings were anti-royalist in tone and bourgeois in sympathy. As a student trained in philosophy and the French Enlightenment, Loustallot is generally considered by historians to have been a principal proponent of revolution, while cautioning its readership against violence and ideological extremism. This is notably in contrast to the opinion journalism of Jean-Paul Marat's proletariat appeal to the sans-culottes. On the one hand, Loustallot writing articulates the need to reconcile the legitimacy of the Third Estate's call for less taxation and more civil rights, with the necessity of keeping in check the superstition, ignorance, and error of the Parisian masses underpinning the revolutionary fervor of the Third Estate. In particular, Loustallot wrote extensively on issues of social and economic justice, including the price of bread and the unaffordability of foodstuffs and basic staples. He died from illness at the age of 28.

text:
# Elysée Loustallot

**Elysée Loustallot** (December 25, 1761 – September 19, 1790) was a French lawyer, journalist, and editor of the *Revolutions of Paris* during the French Revolution. He is remembered as one of the major Parisian opinion journalists during the era of the National Assembly and subsequent National Constituent Assembly. A fervent republican, his journalistic writings were anti-royalist in tone and bourgeois in sympathy. As a student trained in philosophy and the French Enlightenment, Loustallot is generally considered by historians to have been a principal proponent of revolution, while cautioning its readership against violence and ideological extremism. This is notably in contrast to the opinion journalism of Jean-Paul Marat's proletariat appeal to the sans-culottes. On the one hand, Loustallot writing articulates the need to reconcile the legitimacy of the Third Estate's call for less taxation and more civil rights, with the necessity of keeping in check the superstition, ignorance, and error of the Parisian masses underpinning the revolutionary fervor of the Third Estate. In particular, Loustallot wrote extensively on issues of social and economic justice, including the price of bread and the unaffordability of foodstuffs and basic staples. He died from illness at the age of 28.

## Early life

Loustallot was a member of a Protestant family native to Guyenne, France. He was born into a wealthy bourgeois family, as the son of d'Elisee Loustallot, a lawyer in Saint-Jean-d'Angely, and Marie-Marguerite-Louise Caffin. The family traces it origins in Saint Jean d'Angely for nearly two centuries, where a number of Loustallot's ancestors served as prosecutors or lawyers in the Seneschal.

Loustallot studied the humanities in a college run by the Benedictines. In 1778, he studied philosophy and physics at Poitiers, where he defended a thesis in philosophy. In 1780, he attended law school for three years in Bordeaux. He graduated on February 5, 1783, becoming a lawyer in Saint Jean d'Angely, like his father. However, he left a year later for Bordeaux, settling into the city on January 22, 1784. Having attacked the Seneschal of his hometown, Loustallot was suspended for six months by the Parliament of Bordeaux. In early 1787, he moved to Paris, where he wrote anonymous pamphlets and translations.

## *Revolutions of Paris*

Loustallot left Bourdeaux and arrived in Paris in 1787. The year 1788 marked the largest crop failure in France in the 18th century, exacerbating pre-existing tensions. During this time, Loustallot worked in the authorship and translation of pamphlets. On June 17, 1789, the Third Estate voted in the Hotel des Menus Plaisirs 490-90 to form the National Constituent Assembly. This act is taken to mark the political birth of the French Revolution. Shortly thereafter, J. L. Prudhomme founded and financed the *Revolutions of Paris*, where Loustallot joined as the founding editor and a major author. Loustallot's *Revolutions of Paris* printed its inaugural issue on July 17, 1789, three days after the sans-culotte rebels succeeded in storming the Bastille. In its first fourteen months of publication, he personally wrote the first sixty issues of the newspaper. In 1790, with the recent lax in censorship laws and the tide of revolutionary sensationalism, Paris had 133 journals being published. The *Revolutions of Paris* was considered to be among the most distinguished and impartial of the lot.

## Death and legacy

Loustallot became seriously ill and frail in 1790. However, he still managed to publish his last issue of the *Revolutions of Paris* on September 4, 1790, two weeks before his death. His final work was a commentary on the Nancy mutiny. He died on September 19, 1790, at the age of 28. After learning of his death, the Jacobins sent Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Sébastien Mercier as representatives to his funeral. The Jacobin and Cordelier clubs mourned his death for three days.

Loustallot was the main contributor of the *Revolutions of Paris* up until his death. Prudhomme continued publishing the paper, with later writers Chaumette, Sylvain Maréchal, Fabre d'Eglantine, and Saintonax continuing on the journalistic standards of Loustallot. He is remembered as being a moderating voice against bloodshed, while passionately prescribing to republicanism in the early stages of Revolutionary France.

## Bibliography and further reading

## InfoBox

| Elysée Loustallot | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1761-12-25)December 25, 1761
Saint-Jean-d'Angély, Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Died | September 19, 1790(1790-09-19) (aged 28)
Paris, France |
| Occupation | * Lawyer * Journalist * Editor of *Revolutions of Paris* |
| Nationality | French |


title: Duminda Wickramasinghe

abstract: Duminda Wickramasinghe is a Sri Lankan former cricketer. He played in 131 first-class and 32 List A matches between 1990/91 and 2006/07. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Galle Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.

text:
# Duminda Wickramasinghe

**Duminda Wickramasinghe** (born 1 October 1968) is a Sri Lankan former cricketer. He played in 131 first-class and 32 List A matches between 1990/91 and 2006/07. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Galle Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.

## InfoBox

Duminda Wickramasinghe
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Duminda Dharmin Wickramasinghe |
| Born | (1968-10-01) 1 October 1968 |
| Source: Cricinfo, 21 April 2021 | |


title: Solariella rhina

abstract: Solariella rhina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

text:
# Solariella rhina

***Solariella rhina*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 10 mm. The shell has a conical shape, with a broad and tumid base and a wide narrowed umbilicus. The surface is cross-hatched like a file. When fresh, the shell is translucent with a pearly sheen.

Spirals: There are three to five slightly raised remotely beaded threads, of which one lies a little below the suture and one at the periphery forming a carina, of which the beads are much smaller and closer set, sometimes evanescent. Another one with beads like the first, defines the umbilicus. Within the umbilicus there is a strong spiral ridge. The whole surface is covered with fine rather sharp threads, whose partings are twice as broad as themselves. Of these finer spirals, the one which meets the outer lip often rises into prominence and defines the base, while another above the carina sometimes stands out more strongly and more beaded than the rest.

Longitudinals: The whole surface is close-set with these, which are crossed by the spirals, than which they are broader but less sharp, closer-set, and more irregular and interrupted, especially near the upper line of tubercles and near the umbilicus.

The color of the shell is a bluish white when alive, with a translucent calcareous layer through which the nacre shines.

The high spire is a little scalar. The small apex is a little flattened, with the embryonic 1¼ whorl barely projecting in the middle. The spire contains 6–7 whorls, the last is of rapid increase, full rounded and a little tumid. The preceding ones are a little roundedly shouldered below the suture, flat on the contour, angulated at the carina, and slightly contracted into the suture. The apical whorls are simply rounded and longitudinally ribbed. The suture is linear, but strongly, not acutely defined by the perpendicular rise of the whorl above it and the slight sloping shoulder below. The aperture is round, scarcely oblique, with a translucent porcelaneous edge, and pearly within. The sharp outer lip is not descending. Its inner edge is beveled outwards at the expense of the pearly layer. The columellar lip bends over the umbilicus. It is a little reverted, and expands into a tooth at the intra-umbilical ridge. The funnel-shaped umbilicus is, wide and pervious, but narrowed within by the spiral ridge. The operculum consists of very many narrow whorls, which on their outer edge overlap as a narrow gleaming flange.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the upper bathyal zone of the Gulf of Mexico and in the Atlantic Ocean off the Azores

* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. *Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico*, pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.

## InfoBox

| *Solariella rhina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with an apertural view of shell | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Solariellidae |
| Genus: | *Solariella* |
| Species: | ***S. rhina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Solariella rhina***<br>(R. B. Watson, 1886) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calliotropis rhina* Watson, 1886 * *Margarita lima* Watson, R.B., 1879 (basionym) * *Solariella aeglees* var. *rhina* Watson, 1886 * *Trochus lima* Watson, 1879 * *Trochus (Margarita) rhina* Watson, 1886 | |


title: Raucaffricine beta-glucosidase

abstract:
The enzyme raucaffricine β-glucosidase catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
  - raucaffricine + H2O ⇌ D-glucose + vomilenine This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is raucaffricine β-D-glucohydrolase. Other names in common use include raucaffricine β-D-glucosidase, and raucaffricine glucosidase. This enzyme participates in indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis.

text:
# Raucaffricine beta-glucosidase

The enzyme **raucaffricine β-glucosidase** (EC 3.2.1.125) catalyzes the following chemical reaction:

raucaffricine + H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ D-glucose + vomilenine

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse *O*\- and *S*-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **raucaffricine β-D-glucohydrolase**. Other names in common use include **raucaffricine β-D-glucosidase**, and **raucaffricine glucosidase**. This enzyme participates in indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis.

* Lee BI, Min KD, Choi HS, Kim JB, Kim ST (2006). "Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the tibial-remnant preserving technique using a hamstring graft". *Arthroscopy*. **22** (3): 340.e1–7. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.11.010. PMID 16517320.

## InfoBox

| Raucaffricine β-glucosidase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.2.1.125 |
| CAS no. | 102925-37-1 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Roseberry Parkway railway station

abstract: Roseberry Parkway railway station is a proposed railway station which would be between Nunthorpe and Great Ayton railway stations on the Esk Valley Line, in North Yorkshire, England. The station was proposed in August 2019 by a joint project between Redcar & Cleveland and Middlesbrough Councils and the Tees Valley Combined Authority. The project is "aimed at easing road congestion and improving access to East Cleveland". A parkway station near Nunthorpe has been proposed since at least 2009 when central government funding was made available for studies into improving transport links in the East Cleveland area. The station was listed as Nunthorpe Parkway in the Tees Valley Metro Project documentation of 2010, though this maintained that any future station would be constructed after 2014. Roseberry Parkway station would serve an estimated population of 70,000 people and seek to encourage 30,000 car journeys away from the Marton Crawl, a name applied to the gridlock along the A-roads leading northwards into Middlesbrough. Although an exact site is not yet proposed, it is suggested that the station is situated in the shadow of Roseberry Topping and would be a transport hub connecting pedestrians, bikes, cars and buses with trains. Trains to Middlesbrough would run half-hourly, with the prospect of trains to Whitby being doubled. Local opinion on the proposals was mixed, with some suggesting a revamp of the station at Teesside Airport as a preferred option for a rail and bus interchange.

text:
# Roseberry Parkway railway station

**Roseberry Parkway railway station** (also known as **Nunthorpe Parkway**) is a proposed railway station which would be between Nunthorpe and Great Ayton railway stations on the Esk Valley Line, in North Yorkshire, England. The station was proposed in August 2019 by a joint project between Redcar & Cleveland and Middlesbrough Councils and the Tees Valley Combined Authority. The project is "aimed at easing road congestion and improving access to East Cleveland".

A parkway station near Nunthorpe has been proposed since at least 2009 when central government funding was made available for studies into improving transport links in the East Cleveland area. The station was listed as *Nunthorpe Parkway* in the Tees Valley Metro Project documentation of 2010, though this maintained that any future station would be constructed after 2014. Roseberry Parkway station would serve an estimated population of 70,000 people and seek to encourage 30,000 car journeys away from the *Marton Crawl*, a name applied to the gridlock along the A-roads (A172 and A171) leading northwards into Middlesbrough.

Although an exact site is not yet proposed, it is suggested that the station is situated in the shadow of Roseberry Topping and would be a transport hub connecting pedestrians, bikes, cars and buses with trains. Trains to Middlesbrough would run half-hourly, with the prospect of trains to Whitby being doubled. Local opinion on the proposals was mixed, with some suggesting a revamp of the station at Teesside Airport as a preferred option for a rail and bus interchange.

| Preceding station |  | National Rail |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nunthorpe |  | NorthernEsk Valley Line |  | Great Ayton |

## InfoBox

| Roseberry Parkway | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Nunthorpe, Middlesbrough<br>England |
| Coordinates | 54°31′26″N 1°08′43″W / 54.5240°N 1.1452°W / 54.5240; -1.1452 |
| Managed by | Northern (Proposed) |
| Platforms | 1 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Costa Rica at the 2022 World Games

abstract: Costa Rica competed at the 2022 World Games held in Birmingham, United States from 7 to 17 July, 2022. Athletes representing Costa Rica won one gold medal and the country finished in 47th place in the medal table.

text:
# Costa Rica at the 2022 World Games

**Costa Rica** competed at the **2022 World Games** held in Birmingham, United States from 7 to 17 July, 2022. Athletes representing Costa Rica won one gold medal and the country finished in 47th place in the medal table.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Andrés Acuña | Racquetball | Men's singles | 13 July |

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bowling | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Cue sports | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Powerlifting | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Racquetball | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Road speed skating  ---  Track speed skating | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 7 | 2 | 9 |

## Bowling

Costa Rica competed in bowling.

## Cue sports

Costa Rica competed in cue sports.

## Powerlifting

Costa Rica competed in powerlifting.

| Athlete | Event | Exercises | | | Total weight | Total points | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Squat | Bench
press | Deadlift | | | |
| Manuel Campos | Men's super heavyweight | 395.0 | 295.0 | 360.0 | 1050.0 | 95.58 | 8 |

## Racquetball

Costa Rica won one gold medal in racquetball.

## Road speed skating

Costa Rica competed in road speed skating.

## Track speed skating

Costa Rica competed in track speed skating.

## InfoBox

| Costa Rica at the
2022 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | CRC |
| NOC | Costa Rican Olympic Committee |
| in Birmingham, United States
7 July 2022 (2022-07-07) – 17 July 2022 (2022-07-17) | |
| Competitors | 9 (7 men and 2 women) in 6 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 47th | Gold 1 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| World Games appearances | |
|  | |


title: Edward Spurway

abstract: Edward Popham Spurway was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who made two first-class appearances for Somerset County Cricket Club in the late 19th century, and served as the Rector of Heathfield from 1896 until 1914.

text:
# Edward Spurway

**Edward Popham Spurway** (4 April 1863 – 8 February 1914) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who made two first-class appearances for Somerset County Cricket Club in the late 19th century, and served as the Rector of Heathfield from 1896 until 1914.

## Early and personal life

Edward Popham, the son of The Reverend Edward Bryan Coombe Spurway, was born in Heathfield, Somerset. He attended Charterhouse School, and appeared for the school's cricket team in a number of fixtures between 1880 and 1882. He took over from his father as Rector of Heathfield, and continued until his own death. He married Gertrude Mary Bagnall, and the couple had five sons and a daughter. Three of their sons were killed in the First World War: two of the boys, George Vyvan Spurway (1893-1918) and Richard Popham Spurway (1890-1915), attended Sherborne School and their names are recorded in the School's Book of Remembrance.

The Spurway family had close connections with Somerset County Cricket Club; Edward's father was noted in his *Wisden Cricketers' Almanack* obituary as being "a well-known member" of the club, while two of his sons, Francis Edward and Michael Vyvyan played first-class cricket for the county, as did his brother, Robert Spurway.

## Cricket career

He played the first of his two first-class matches for Somerset in 1885. Playing against Hampshire, he scored ten runs for the county in the first innings, batting at number three, and one run in the second innings at number six. Somerset lost the match by eight wickets. His next, and final first-class appearance was made almost thirteen years later, when he played as wicket-keeper for the county in a County Championship match against Gloucestershire in Bristol. In an innings defeat for Somerset, Spurway scored 15 runs after opening the batting in the first innings, but was run out for a duck in the second innings. He played regularly for Wellington Cricket Club, and for the Somerset Stragglers.

## InfoBox

Edward Spurway
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Edward Popham Spurway |
| Born | (1863-04-04)4 April 1863
Heathfield, Somerset, England |
| Died | 8 February 1914(1914-02-08) (aged 50)
Heathfield, Somerset, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1885–1914 | Somerset |
|  | |
| First-class debut | 20 August 1885 Somerset v Hampshire |
| Last First-class | 14 July 1898 Somerset v Gloucestershire |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 26  Batting average 6.50  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 15  Catches/stumpings 1/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 11 November 2010 | |


title: Edward Spry

abstract: Edward James Spry was an English cricketer active from 1889 to 1921. Born in Bristol, Spry was a right-handed batsman and leg break bowler. He made nearly ninety appearances in first-class cricket for Gloucestershire.

text:
# Edward Spry

**Edward James Spry** (31 July 1881  18 November 1958) was an English cricketer active from 1889 to 1921. Born in Bristol, Spry was a right-handed batsman and leg break bowler. He made nearly ninety appearances in first-class cricket for Gloucestershire.

## Career

Spry played for Westbury for a short time before joining the Imperial Cricket Club. Between 1910 and 1929 he completed 225 innings with an average of over 35 and took 1,329 wickets at a cost of 10.9 runs each. On three occasions he took more than 100 wickets in a season (Saturdays only) - a great feat when one remembers that it was achieved in a little over 20 games per year. He played many times for Gloucestershire and on retirement from active participation in the game continued to serve the game he, loved in a variety of capacities.

Spry first played for Gloucestershire. in 1899, which was the last season in which W. G. Grace captained the county. He played his final four matches in 1909 but returned in 1921 when he was a month shy of forty.

He played twice against London County in 1903 and had the pleasure of getting W. G. out caught and bowled when he had scored 150 at Crystal Palace. However, Spry's taxing performance must have been in that 1902 season at Old Trafford when he took 6 wickets in the first Lancashire innings and 8 in the second, bowling over 66 overs in the match.

He died on 18 November 1958 at his home in Knowle, Bristol, at age 77.

## InfoBox

Edward Spry
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Edward James Spry |
| Born | 31 July 1881
Bristol, England |
| Died | 18 November 1958(1958-11-18) (aged 77)
Bristol, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Leg break |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 18991921 | Gloucestershire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 89  Runs scored 1,447  Batting average 11.13  100s/50s /2  Top score 76  Balls bowled 7,137  Wickets 149  Bowling average 28.89  5 wickets in innings 13  10 wickets in match 3  Best bowling 8/52  Catches/stumpings 45/ | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 20 July 2013 | |


title: Prissé

abstract: Prissé is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Prissé

**Prissé** (French pronunciation: \[pʁise\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Prissé | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Chateau of *La Combe* | |
|  | |
| Location of Prissé | |
| PrisséPrissé | |
| Coordinates: 46°19′17″N 4°44′40″E / 46.3213°N 4.74440°E / 46.3213; 4.74440 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Mâcon |
| Canton | Hurigny |
| Intercommunality | Mâconnais Beaujolais Agglomération |
| Area**1** | 10.85 km2 (4.19 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,883 |
| Density | 170/km2 (450/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71360 /71960 |
| Elevation | 192–401 m (630–1,316 ft)
(avg. 205 m or 673 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Princess Tabu

abstract: Princess Tabu is the second studio album by Australian vocal duo, and sisters, Vika & Linda Bull. It was released in August 1996 and debuted and peaked at number 30 on the Australian ARIA albums chart. According to Vika and Linda's website, the title is inspired by fairytale or fable about twin sisters. Their mother died in childbirth, and they were separated for ten years, they grew up alone, and apart. One was called Princess 'Ta', and the other, Princess 'Bu'. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1997, the album was nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album, but lost to Good Luck by My Friend The Chocolate Cake.

text:
# Princess Tabu

***Princess Tabu*** is the second studio album by Australian vocal duo, and sisters, Vika & Linda Bull. It was released in August 1996 and debuted and peaked at number 30 on the Australian ARIA albums chart. According to Vika and Linda's website, the title is inspired by fairytale or fable about twin sisters. Their mother died in childbirth, and they were separated for ten years, they grew up alone, and apart. One was called Princess 'Ta', and the other, Princess 'Bu'.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1997, the album was nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album, but lost to *Good Luck* by My Friend The Chocolate Cake.

## Track listing

1. "The Parting Song" – 4:01
2. "The Honey Bee" – 3:56
3. "Grandpa's Song" – 4:39
4. "Only in My Dreams" – 4:11
5. "Mama Shake That Thing" – 3:20
6. "Love Comes Easy" – 3:54
7. "Princess Tabu" – 3:56
8. "Don't Wanna Be a Nutcase" – 2:58
9. "Carry Me" – 4:31
10. "Between Two Shores" – 4:09
11. "Akilotoa" – 3:54
12. "Malo" – 1:35

**1997 bonus disc**

1. "Mama Shake That Thing" – 3:16
2. "The Honey Bee" – 4:09
3. "When Will You Fall for Me" – 3:56
4. "Grandpa's Song" (Spoken Word Introduction) – 3:02
5. "Grandpa's Song" – 4:46
6. "Hard Love" – 5:24
7. "Brand New Ways" – 5:19
8. "Princess Tabu" – 3:50
9. "The Parting Song" – 4:56

## Charts

Chart performance for *Princess Tabu*
| Chart (1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 30 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 39 |

## InfoBox

| Princess Tabu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Vika and Linda | |
| Released | August 1996 (1996-08) |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Mushroom |
| Producer |  |
| Vika and Linda chronology | |
| *At the Mouth of the River*
(1996) ***Princess Tabu***
(1996) *Two Wings*
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Vika and Linda* | |
| 1. "Love Comes Easy"
Released: September 1996 2. "The Parting Song"
Released: December 1996 3. "Grandapa's Song"
Released: 1997 | |
|  | |


title: Edward T. Lewis (college president)

abstract: Edward T. Lewis, born in 1936, more commonly known as Ted Lewis, is a college administrator, educator and poet. He was the fourth President St. Mary's College of Maryland, serving from 1982 to 1996. He is credited with leading St. Mary's College of Maryland to achieve official public honors college status, at the time only one of two such colleges in the nation. He is also credited with playing many key and decisive roles in transforming the school into a nationally prominent institution. He was later President of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts where he was credited for advancing the institution in numerous ways. He was also a poet in his early life and has been widely published in literary magazines and newspapers.

text:
# Edward T. Lewis (college president)

**Edward T. Lewis**, born in 1936, more commonly known as **Ted Lewis**, is a college administrator, educator and poet. He was the fourth President St. Mary's College of Maryland, serving from 1982 to 1996.

He is credited with leading St. Mary's College of Maryland to achieve official public honors college status, at the time only one of two such colleges in the nation. He is also credited with playing many key and decisive roles in transforming the school into a nationally prominent institution.

He was later President of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts where he was credited for advancing the institution in numerous ways.

He was also a poet in his early life and has been widely published in literary magazines and newspapers.

## Early life

Lewis was born and raised in Warwick, Rhode Island, the son of an insurance salesman who only had an eight grade education. He initially did not maintain an interest in higher education, dropping out of North Carolina State University without graduating. He then joined the army and served for two years during the Korean War.

Later he completed an undergraduate degree at Union College and them went on to earn a master's degrees from Boston University, where he was a teaching fellow, and later received a doctorate from the University of Denver.

Lewis has also been a lifelong poet and has been widely published in newspapers and literary magazines. He has published more than 500 poems and essays. As a young man he was also involved in circles of some very well known poets.

He later became a college educator and then moved on to work in college and university administration.

## Legacy

### Public Honors College designation for St. Mary's College of Maryland

It was under the leadership of Ted Lewis that the college rose to national prominence, securing the designation of "Public Honors College" for the school, which at the time was only one of two such public colleges in the nation. Lewis has been widely credited with overseeing an enormous advance of the institution in curriculum, faculty and student achievement, as well as national standing and recognition. The school has since attained numerous top national rankings.

### Edward T. Lewis Poetry Award

The Edward T. Lewis Poetry Award was established in his honor at St. Mary's College of Maryland.

### Lewis Quadrangle

Also called the Lewis Quad, is a set of buildings on the campus of St. Mary's College of Maryland which are named in his honor.

### Portraits of Lewis

* An oil painting of Lewis hangs in Calvert Hall, the main administration building of St. Mary's College of Maryland. It was painted by his son.
* There is a mixed-media, modern art portrait of Lewis, created at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he served as President after his time of service at St. Mary's College. The portrait uses a technique sometimes called "digital impressionism".


title: Prodegeeria

abstract: Prodegeeria is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Prodegeeria

***Prodegeeria*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Prodegeeria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Blondeliini |
| Genus: | *Prodegeeria*
Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1895 |
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| Type species | |
| *Prodegeeria javana*
Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1895 | |
| Synonyms | |
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