title: Reamer

abstract: A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking. Precision reamers are designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides. There are also non-precision reamers which are used for more basic enlargement of holes or for removing burrs. The process of enlarging the hole is called reaming. There are many different types of reamer and they may be designed for use as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill press.

text:
# Reamer

A **reamer** is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking. Precision reamers are designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides. There are also non-precision reamers which are used for more basic enlargement of holes or for removing burrs. The process of enlarging the hole is called **reaming**. There are many different types of reamer and they may be designed for use as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill press.

## Construction

A typical reamer consists of a set of parallel straight or helical cutting edges along the length of a cylindrical body. Each cutting edge is ground at a slight angle and with a slight undercut below the cutting edge. Reamers must combine both hardness in the cutting edges, for long life, and toughness, so that the tool does not fail under the normal forces of use. They should only be used to remove small amounts of material. This ensures a long life for the reamer and a superior finish to the hole.

The spiral may be clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on usage. For example, a tapered hand reamer with a clockwise spiral will tend to self feed as it is used, possibly leading to a wedging action and consequent breakage. A counter-clockwise spiral is therefore preferred even though the reamer is still turned in the clockwise direction.

For production machine tools, the shank type is usually one of the following: a standard taper (such as Morse or Brown & Sharpe), a straight round shank to be held by a collet, or a straight round shank with a flat for a set screw, to be held by a solid toolholder. For hand tools, the shank end is usually a square drive, intended for use with the same type of wrench used to turn a tap for the cutting of screw threads.

## Reaming versus drilling to size

The geometry of a hole drilled in metal by a twist drill may not be accurate enough (close enough to a true cylinder of a certain precise diameter) and may not have the required smooth surface finish for certain engineering applications. Although modern twist drills can perform excellently in many cases—usually producing sufficiently accurate holes for most applications—sometimes the stringency of the requirements for the hole's geometry and finish necessitate two operations: a drilling to slightly undersize, followed by reaming with a reamer. The planned difference between the drill diameter and the reamer diameter is called an *allowance*. (It allows for the removal of a certain small amount of material.) The allowance should be \< 0.2 mm (.008 in) for soft materials and \< 0.13 mm (.005 in) for hard materials. Larger allowances can damage the reamer. The drilled hole should not be enlarged by more than 5% of the drilled diameter. Drilling followed by reaming generally produces hole geometry and finish that is as close to theoretical perfection as possible. (The other methods of hole creation that approach nearest to perfection under certain conditions are boring \[especially single-point boring\] and internal cylindrical grinding.)

## Types

### Chucking reamer

Chucking reamers, or machine reamers, are the most common type of reamer used in lathes, drill presses, and screw machines that provide a smooth finish to the hole. They come in a variety of flutes and cuts (e.g. right hand cut, left hand spiral, straight flute) as well as different shank types. Chucking reamers can be manufactured with a straight shank or morse taper shank.

### Adjustable hand reamer

An adjustable hand reamer can cover a small range of sizes. They are generally referenced by a letter which equates to a size range. The disposable blades slide along a tapered groove. The act of tightening and loosening the restraining nuts at each end varies the size that may be cut. The absence of any spiral in the flutes restricts them to light usage (minimal material removal per setting) as they have a tendency to chatter. They are also restricted to usage in unbroken holes. If a hole has an axial split along it, such as a split bush or a clamping hole, each straight tooth will in turn *drop* into the gap causing the other teeth to retract from their cutting position. This also gives rise to chatter marks and defeats the purpose of using the reamer to *size* a hole.

### Straight reamer

A straight reamer is used to make only a minor enlargement to a hole. The entry end of the reamer will have a slight taper, the length of which will depend on its type. This produces a self centering action as it enters the raw hole. The larger proportion of the length will be of a constant diameter.

Reamed holes are used to create holes of precise circularity and size, for example with tolerances of -0/+0.02 mm(.0008") This will allow the force fitting of locating dowel pins, which need not be otherwise retained in the body holding them. Other holes, reamed slightly larger in other parts, will fit these pins accurately, but not so tightly as to make disassembly difficult. This type of alignment is common in the joining of split crankcase halves such as are used in motorcycle motors and boxer type engines. After joining the halves, the assembled case may then be line bored (using what is in effect a large diameter reamer), and then disassembled for placement of bearings and other parts. The use of reamed dowel holes is typical in any machine design, where any two locating parts have to be located and mated accurately to one another - typically as indicated above, to within 0.02 mm or less than .001".

Another use of reamed holes is to receive a specialized bolt that has an unthreaded shoulder - also called a shoulder bolt. This type of bolt is commonly used to replace hot peened rivets during the seismic retrofit of structures.

#### Hand reamer

A hand reamer has a longer taper or *lead in* at the front than a machine reamer. This is to compensate for the difficulty of starting a hole by hand power alone. It also allows the reamer to start straight and reduce the risk of breakage. The flutes may be straight or spiral.

#### Machine reamer

A machine reamer only has a very slight lead in. Because the reamer and work piece are pre-aligned by the machine there is no risk of it wandering off course. In addition the constant cutting force that can be applied by the machine ensures that it starts cutting immediately. Spiral flutes have the advantage of clearing the swarf automatically but are also available with straight flutes as the amount of swarf generated during a reaming operation should be very small.

### Rose reamer

A rose reamer has no relief on the periphery and is offset by a front taper to prevent binding. They are secondarily used as softing reamers.

### Shell reamer

Shell reamers are designed for reaming bearing and other similar items. They are fluted almost their whole length.

### Tapered reamer

A precision tapered reamer is used to make a tapered hole to later receive a tapered pin. A taper pin is a self tightening device due to the shallow angle of the taper. They may be driven into the tapered hole such that removal can only be done with a hammer and punch. They are *sized* by a number sequence (for example, a No.4 reamer would use No.4 taper pins). Such precision joints are used in aircraft assembly and are frequently used to join the two or more wing sections used in a sailplane. These may be re-reamed one or more times during the aircraft's useful life, with an appropriately oversized pin replacing the previous pin.

#### Morse taper reamer

A morse taper reamer is used manually to finish morse taper sleeves. These sleeves are a tool used to hold machine cutting tools or holders in the spindles of machines such as a drill or milling machine. The reamer shown is a finishing reamer. A roughing reamer would have serrations along the flutes to break up the thicker chips produced by the heavier cutting action used for it.

### Combination reamer

A combination reamer has two or more cutting surfaces. The combination reamer is precision ground into a pattern that resembles the part's multiple internal diameters. The advantage of using a combination reamer is to reduce the number of turret operations, while more precisely holding depths, internal diameters and concentricity. Combination reamers are mostly used in screw machines or second-operation lathes, not with Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines because G-code can be easily generated to profile internal diameters.

Combination reamers can be made out of cobalt, carbide, or high speed steel tooling. When using combination reamers to ream large internal diameters made out of material with lower surface feet per minute, carbide tips can be brazed onto a configured drill blank to build the reamer. Carbide requires additional care because it is very brittle and will chip if chatter occurs. It is common to use a drill bit or combination drill to remove the bulk of material to reduce wear, or the risk of the part pulling off on the combination reamer.

### Tapered reamer (non-precision)

A tapered reamer may be used for cleaning burrs from a drilled hole, or to enlarge a hole. The body of the tool tapers to a point. This type of reamer consists of a body which, typically, is up to 1/2 inch in diameter, with a rod cross piece at the large end acting to form a handle. It is especially useful for working softer metals such as aluminum, copper, and mild steel. Another name for it is "maintenance reamer", referring to its use in the miscellaneous deburring and enlarging tasks often found in MRO work. A similar tool can be seen on select Swiss Army knives, such as the electrician model, to be used on conduit.

## Process

To achieve highly accurate and consistent diameters with a reamer, one must consider process variables that can influence the overall quality of the hole being reamed. Variables such as reamer material, reamer design, material being reamed, temperature at the reamed surface, reamer speed, machine or operator movement, etc. must be addressed. By controlling these variables to the best extent possible, the reaming process can easily produce highly accurate and consistently sized holes.

Reamers should not be reversed in use as this will tend to dull the cutting edges.

### Size – accuracy and repeatability

The final hole size that is achieved by a reamer subsequently depends on the reaming process being used in conjunction with the reamer design and materials involved. Studies have been conducted which demonstrate the effect of coolant use during reaming. The continuous use of a coolant stream during the reaming process has been shown to consistently (75% of the time) result in hole sizes that are 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm) larger than the reamer itself, with a process spread of +/- 0.0002 in. the remainder of the time. Similarly, using a semi-wet reaming process often results in hole sizes that are 0.0004 in. larger than the reamer itself, approximately 60% of the time, with a process spread of 0.0006 in. favoring an increase in size. Dry reaming should be discouraged due to its low level of repeatability (20%) in size and wide process spread of sizes up to 0.0012 in. (0.030 mm) larger than the reamer size.

### Surface finish and longevity

When properly designed and used, reamers can experience an extended service life of up to 30,000 holes. A properly controlled process is also capable of maintaining a consistent size down the entire length of the hole while minimizing the hour-glass effect. Reamed holes may typically have a surface finish of 10 to 25 μin (250 to 640 nm) Ra.

### Setup and equipment

Generally, reaming is done using a drill press. However, lathes, machining centers and similar machines can be used as well. The workpiece is firmly held in place by either a vise, chuck or fixture while the reamer advances.

### Tool materials

Like other cutting tools, there are two categories of materials used to build reamers: heat treated and hard. Heat treated materials are composed by different steels, most notably plain carbon (unalloyed, considered obsolete today) and high-speed steels. The most common hard material is tungsten carbide (solid or tipped), but reamers with edges of cubic boron nitride (CBN) or diamond also exist.

The main difference between both categories is that hard materials are usually unaffected by the heat produced by the machining process and may actually benefit from it. The down side is that they are usually very brittle, requiring slightly blunt cutting edges to avoid fracture. This increases the forces involved in machining and for this reason hard materials are usually not recommended for light machinery. Heat treated materials, on the other side, are usually much tougher and have no problem holding a sharp edge without chipping under less favourable conditions (like under vibration). This makes them adequate for hand tools and light machines.

| Common tool materials | Applications |
| --- | --- |
| High-speed steels | Most commonly used. Inexpensive. |
| | Hardness up to HRC 67. Sharp cutting edges, meaning less cutting force. |
| | The high cobalt versions are very resistant to heat and thus excellent for reaming abrasive<br>and/or work hardening materials such as titanium and stainless steel. |
| Tungsten carbide | More expensive than high-speed steels. |
| | Hardness up to HRC 92. Will outlast high-speed steels (usually by about 10:1) when reaming steel. |
| | Required to ream hardened materials. |
| | Cast aluminium (due to high silicon content). |

### Workpiece materials

Aluminum and brass are typical workpieces with good to excellent machinability ratings. Cast iron, mild steel and plastic have good ratings. Stainless steel has a poor rating because of its toughness and it tends to work harden as it is machined.

### Lubrication

During the process of reaming friction causes the part and the tool to heat up. Proper lubrication cools the tool, which increases the life of the tool. Another benefit of lubrication includes higher cutting speeds. This decreases production times. Lubrication also removes chips and contributes to a better workpiece finish. Mineral oils, synthetic oils, and water-soluble oils are used for lubrication and applied by flooding or spraying. In the case of some materials only cold air is needed to cool the workpiece. This is applied by air jet or vortex tube.

| Work Material | Cutting Fluid | Application |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aluminum | Soluble oil, kerosene, synthetic fluid | Flood |
| Brass | None, soluble oil | Flood |
| Cast Iron | Cold air, none | Air jet |
| Mild steel | Soluble oil, sulfurized oil | Flood |
| Stainless steel | Soluble oil, sulfurized oil | Flood |
| Plastics | None, mineral oil, synthetic oil | Flood, spray |

National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions and classifications used for reamers (either based on construction or based on method of holding or driving). Selection of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the reamer. In the United States, ASME has developed the B94.2 Standard, which establishes requirements methods for specifying the classification of reamers.

### Bibliography


title: Sha Mohammed Alikhel

abstract:
Sha Mohammed Alikhel is a Pakistani who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
On 8 May 2003, Muhammad was released at the same time as two other Pakistanis, Jehan Wali and Sahibzada Usman Ali. He was 20 years old. Muhammad is a baker from Dir, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Only one other Pakistani detainee, elderly Mohammed Saghir, had been released prior to his release. Shah reported that he felt despair, and made four suicide attempts during his time in Guantanamo, even though suicide was against the tenets of Islam. When The Guardian interviewed Muhammad, a year after his release, Muhammad reported ongoing after-effects from his incarceration:
"The biggest damage is to my brain. My physical and mental state isn't right. I'm a changed person. I don't laugh or enjoy myself much." The Guardian reports that Muhammad's first suicide attempt followed a month of solitary confinement in a punishment cell. Muhammad was not confined there because he had broken any of the camp rules — rather the camp's expansion meant they had run short of ordinary cells. Muhammad reported having his suicidal impulses treated by involuntary injections with extremely powerful, long-lasting, psychoactive drugs. The Department of Defense released a list of all the captives who had been detained in Guantanamo, in military custody on 15 May 2006.
Muhammad Shah's name is missing from that list. Mark Bowden, writing in The Philadelphia Inquirer, described traveling to Pakistan to interview Shah Muhammad and Shabidzada Usman, another young Pakistani who was among the first captives to be released.
Bowden described being met by "warmth and elaborate courtesy" by the two released men, who he described as "uneducated, unworldly, and dirt poor". Bowden believed their accounts that they were rounded up and sold to the Americans by undiscriminating warlords, for a bounty, who didn't care if they were innocent. On an official list of the captives' departure dates from Guantanamo published in November 2008, his name was published as "Sha Mohammed Alikhel".

text:
# Sha Mohammed Alikhel

**Sha Mohammed Alikhel** (born 1981) is a Pakistani who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. On 8 May 2003, Muhammad was released at the same time as two other Pakistanis, Jehan Wali and Sahibzada Usman Ali. He was 20 years old.

Muhammad is a baker from Dir, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Only one other Pakistani detainee, elderly Mohammed Saghir, had been released prior to his release.

Shah reported that he felt despair, and made four suicide attempts during his time in Guantanamo, even though suicide was against the tenets of Islam.

When *The Guardian* interviewed Muhammad, a year after his release, Muhammad reported ongoing after-effects from his incarceration: "The biggest damage is to my brain. My physical and mental state isn't right. I'm a changed person. I don't laugh or enjoy myself much."

The Guardian reports that Muhammad's first suicide attempt followed a month of solitary confinement in a punishment cell. Muhammad was not confined there because he had broken any of the camp rules — rather the camp's expansion meant they had run short of ordinary cells.

Muhammad reported having his suicidal impulses treated by involuntary injections with extremely powerful, long-lasting, psychoactive drugs.

The Department of Defense released a list of all the captives who had been detained in Guantanamo, in military custody on 15 May 2006. Muhammad Shah's name is missing from that list.

Mark Bowden, writing in *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, described traveling to Pakistan to interview Shah Muhammad and Shabidzada Usman, another young Pakistani who was among the first captives to be released. Bowden described being met by "warmth and elaborate courtesy" by the two released men, who he described as "uneducated, unworldly, and dirt poor". Bowden believed their accounts that they were rounded up and sold to the Americans by undiscriminating warlords, for a bounty, who didn't care if they were innocent.

On an official list of the captives' departure dates from Guantanamo published in November 2008, his name was published as "Sha Mohammed Alikhel".

## Claim that he was killed fighting U.S. forces

On 7 April 2009, the Defense Intelligence Agency drafted a report, published on 27 May 2009, that listed a "Shah Mohammed" as having been "killed while fighting U.S. forces in Afghanistan". Despite the report, there are tens of thousands of "Shah Mohammeds" in Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| Sha Mohammed Alikhel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1981 (age 4243)<br>Swaat, Pakistan |
| Detained at | Guantanamo |
| Other name(s) | Shah Muhammad |
| ISN | 19 |
| Charge(s) | No charge (extrajudicial detention) |
| Status | Repatriated 8 May 2003 |


title: Charhyphus

abstract:
Charhyphus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species:
  - Charhyphus arizonensis Herman, 1972
  - Charhyphus brevicollis Sharp, 1887
  - Charhyphus coeni
  - Charhyphus paradoxus
  - Charhyphus picipennis

text:
# Charhyphus

***Charhyphus*** is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.

The species of this genus are found in Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Charhyphus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | *Charhyphus*<br>Sharp, 1887 |
|


abstract: Rathcormack was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons from 1611 to 1800. It was a mix of potwalloping and a Manor Borough established by charter and remained tied to the borough and surrounding area. The franchise was vested in the £5 and until 1793, Protestant freeholders and after 1782 a year's residence was necessary. It was disenfranchised on the 1 January 1801 on the coming into force of the Acts of Union 1800 and compensation of £15,000 was paid to the representatives of the Tonson family.

text:
# Rathcormack (Parliament of Ireland constituency)

**Rathcormack**  was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons from 1611 to 1800. It was a mix of potwalloping and a Manor Borough established by charter and remained tied to the borough and surrounding area. The franchise was vested in the £5 and until 1793, Protestant freeholders and after 1782 a year's residence was necessary. It was disenfranchised on the 1 January 1801 on the coming into force of the Acts of Union 1800 and compensation of £15,000 was paid to the representatives of the Tonson family.

## Borough

This constituency was the borough of Rathcormack in County Cork. After its establishment in 1611 it had a sovereign, 12 burgesses and freemen.

## Members of Parliament

| Election |  | First member | First party |  | Second member | Second party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1689 *Patriot Parliament* |  | James Barry |  |  | Edward Powel |  |
| 1692 |  | James Barry |  |  | Robert Foulke |  |
| September 1703 | | | |  | Daniel Gahan |  |
| 1703 | | | |  | John Silver |  |
| 1713 |  | James Barry |  |  | Edward Corker |  |
| November 1715 | | | |  | Jephson Busteed |  |
| 1715 | | | |  | James Tynte |  |
| 1727 |  | James Barry |  |  | Redmond Barry |  |
| 1728 | | | |  | William FitzHerbert |  |
| 1743 | | | |  | Joseph Leeson |  |
| 1743 | | | |  | Brettridge Badham |  |
| 1745 | | | |  | John Magill |  |
| 1757 | | | |  | Abraham Devonsher |  |
| 1761 | | | |  | James Dennis |  |
| 1768 | | | |  | James Barry |  |
| 1776 |  | William Tonson |  |  | Francis Bernard Beamish |  |
| 1783 |  | Charles Francis Sheridan |  |  | Sackville Hamilton |  |
| 1784 | | | |  | Thomas Orde |  |
| 1790 |  | Henry Duquerry |  |  | John Philpot Curran | Patriot |
| January 1798 |  | Charles McDonnell |  |  | Henry Boyle, Viscount Boyle |  |
| 1798 | | | |  | William Bagwell |  |
| 1801 |  | *Constituency disenfranchised* | | | | |

### Notes

* Johnston-Liik, E. M. (2002). History of the Irish Parliament, 1692 – 1800, Publisher: Ulster Historical Foundation (28 Feb 2002), ISBN 1-903688-09-4,
* T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin, F. J. Byrne, *A New History of Ireland 1534-1691*, Oxford University Press, 1978
* Tim Cadogan and Jeremiah Falvey, A Biographical Dictionary of Cork, 2006, Four Courts Press ISBN 1-84682-030-8
* Leigh Rayment's historical List of Members of the Irish House of Commons. Cites: Johnston-Liik, Edith Mary (2002). *The History of the Irish Parliament 1692-1800 (6 volumes)*. Ulster Historical Foundation.

## InfoBox

| Rathcormack | |
| --- | --- |
| Former borough constituency<br>for the Irish House of Commons | |
| County | County Cork |
| Borough | Rathcormac |
| 1611 (1611) (1611 (1611))–1801 (1801) | |
| Replaced by | Disfranchised |


title: Cautatha

abstract: Cautatha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1910.

text:
# Cautatha

***Cautatha*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1910.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Cautatha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Cautatha*<br>Hampson, 1910 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Enispades* Bethune-Baker, 1911 | |


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 875, adopted unanimously on 16 October 1993, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993) and 873 (1993), the council, aware of the continued failure of parties in Haiti implement the Governors Island Agreement, widened international sanctions and imposed a naval blockade against the country. The sanctions were a further measure aimed at removing the military junta in Haiti and restoring democracy. Acting under Chapter VII and Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter, the Council called upon member states to halt inward maritime shipping as necessary in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations, as well as implement restrictions on petroleum and liquefied natural gas in accordance with previous resolutions. The resolution concluded by stating that further measures would be taken if necessary to ensure compliance.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 875

**United Nations Security Council resolution 875**, adopted unanimously on 16 October 1993, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993) and 873 (1993), the council, aware of the continued failure of parties in Haiti implement the Governors Island Agreement, widened international sanctions and imposed a naval blockade against the country.

The sanctions were a further measure aimed at removing the military junta in Haiti and restoring democracy. Acting under Chapter VII and Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter, the Council called upon member states to halt inward maritime shipping as necessary in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations, as well as implement restrictions on petroleum and liquefied natural gas in accordance with previous resolutions.

The resolution concluded by stating that further measures would be taken if necessary to ensure compliance.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 875 | |
| --- | --- |
| USS *Tempest* (PC-2) patrolling as part of maritime embargo against Haiti | |
| Date | 16 October 1993 |
| Meeting no. | 3,293 |
| Code | S/RES/875 (Document) |
| Subject | **Haiti** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Scrobipalpa costimacula

abstract: Scrobipalpa costimacula is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1960. It is found in South Africa.

text:
# Scrobipalpa costimacula

***Scrobipalpa costimacula*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1960. It is found in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Scrobipalpa costimacula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Scrobipalpa* |
| Species: | ***S. costimacula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scrobipalpa costimacula***<br>Janse, 1960 | |
|


title: Dick Rudolph

abstract:
Richard Rudolph was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Giants and Boston Braves through 13 seasons spanning 1910–1927. He attended Fordham University. Though he stood only 5' 9.5" and weighed just 160 lbs., Rudolph was a large contributor for the 1914 "Miracle Braves" team that went from last place to first place of the National League in two months, becoming the first team to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July. The Braves then went on to sweep Connie Mack's heavily favored Philadelphia Athletics in the 1914 World Series, becoming the first MLB club ever to win a series in just four games, as Rudolph pitched complete-game victories in Games 1 and 4. Rudolph won 12 straight games during the regular season. In doing this, he turned in a 12-game consecutive winning streak from July 4 through August 24. Overall, he posted a 26–10 record with a 2.35 ERA in 42 games, including 31 complete games and six shutouts in 336.1 innings of work.. Though Rudolph never reached his 1914 peak again, he collected 22 wins in 1915 and 19 in the next season. As a hitter, Rudolph posted a.188 batting average (131-for-698) with 46 runs, 2 home runs, 56 RBI, 9 stolen bases and 53 bases on balls. He had 17 RBI for the 1915 Boston Braves. Defensively, he recorded a.970 fielding percentage
which was 14 points higher than the league average at his position. Rudolph is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

text:
# Dick Rudolph

**Richard Rudolph** (August 25, 1887 – October 20, 1949) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Giants and Boston Braves through 13 seasons spanning 1910–1927. He attended Fordham University.

Though he stood only 5' 9.5" and weighed just 160 lbs., Rudolph was a large contributor for the 1914 "Miracle Braves" team that went from last place to first place of the National League in two months, becoming the first team to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July. The Braves then went on to sweep Connie Mack's heavily favored Philadelphia Athletics in the 1914 World Series, becoming the first MLB club ever to win a series in just four games, as Rudolph pitched complete-game victories in Games 1 and 4.

Rudolph won 12 straight games during the regular season. In doing this, he turned in a 12-game consecutive winning streak from July 4 through August 24. Overall, he posted a 26–10 record with a 2.35 ERA in 42 games (36 starts), including 31 complete games and six shutouts in 336.1 innings of work. (A team record that stood until Tom Glavine won 13 straight in 1992). Though Rudolph never reached his 1914 peak again, he collected 22 wins in 1915 and 19 in the next season.

As a hitter, Rudolph posted a .188 batting average (131-for-698) with 46 runs, 2 home runs, 56 RBI, 9 stolen bases and 53 bases on balls. He had 17 RBI for the 1915 Boston Braves. Defensively, he recorded a .970 fielding percentage which was 14 points higher than the league average at his position.

Rudolph is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

## InfoBox

| Dick Rudolph | |
| --- | --- |
| (circa 1914) | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1887-08-25)August 25, 1887
New York City, New York, U.S. | |
| **Died:** October 20, 1949(1949-10-20) (aged 62)
The Bronx, New York, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 30, 1910, for the New York Giants | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 11, 1927, for the Boston Braves | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 121–109 |
| Earned run average | 2.66 |
| Strikeouts | 786 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Tame, Arauca

abstract: Tame is a town and municipality in the Arauca Department, Colombia. The municipality has a total area of around 5,419 square kilometres or 2,090 square miles.

text:
# Tame, Arauca

**Tame** is a town and municipality in the Arauca Department, Colombia. The municipality has a total area of around 5,419 square kilometres or 2,090 square miles.

## History

The region was explored by the German conquistador Jorge de Espira in 1536. There he encountered several Indian tribes from the Arawakan and the Goajiboan language families; Arauca, Caquetio, Lucalia, Girara, Chiricoa, Cuiba, Guahibo and Achagua. The Girara people lived at the exact location of the modern town (or closest to).

Tame was founded by Alonso Pérez de Guzmán on June 12, 1628. He also founded "Espinosa de las Palmas" nearby, for civilian Spaniards. The village was destroyed a few years later by the natives in confrontations in which Pérez de Guzmán and his soldiers were killed by the Girara Indians of Tame in revenge for the slavery treatment.

## Geography

The municipality of Arauca borders to the north with the municipality of Fortul, to the northeast with the municipality of Arauquita, to the east with the municipality of Puerto Rondón, to the south with the Casanare Department and to the west with the Boyacá Department.

## Climate

Tame has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen *Am*) with moderate to little rainfall from December to March and heavy to very heavy rainfall from April to November.

| Climate data for Tame, elevation 350 m (1,150 ft), (1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.0
(89.6) | 32.1
(89.8) | 32.0
(89.6) | 32.3
(90.1) | 31.5
(88.7) | 31.1
(88.0) | 30.9
(87.6) | 31.2
(88.2) | 31.5
(88.7) | 32.1
(89.8) | 32.1
(89.8) | 31.8
(89.2) | 31.6
(88.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.5
(79.7) | 26.7
(80.1) | 26.2
(79.2) | 26.0
(78.8) | 25.5
(77.9) | 25.4
(77.7) | 25.5
(77.9) | 25.7
(78.3) | 26.0
(78.8) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26
(79) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.9
(73.2) | 22.9
(73.2) | 22.9
(73.2) | 22.7
(72.9) | 22.5
(72.5) | 22.0
(71.6) | 22.1
(71.8) | 22.0
(71.6) | 22.2
(72.0) | 22.5
(72.5) | 22.6
(72.7) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.5
(72.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28.3
(1.11) | 36.9
(1.45) | 69.7
(2.74) | 187.2
(7.37) | 289.7
(11.41) | 303.7
(11.96) | 294.4
(11.59) | 247.1
(9.73) | 211.0
(8.31) | 205.5
(8.09) | 110.2
(4.34) | 32.3
(1.27) | 1,903.3
(74.93) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm 3) | 3 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 4 | 120 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 80 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 84 |
| Source: Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

6°28′N 71°44′W / 6.467°N 71.733°W / 6.467; -71.733

## InfoBox

| Tame, Arauca | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality and town of Tame, Arauca in the Arauca Department of Colombia | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Arauca Department |
| Founded | June 12, 1628 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Anibal Mendoza Bohorquez (2020-2023) |
| Area | |
| Municipality and town | 5,419 km2 (2,092 sq mi) |
| Urban | 9.46 km2 (3.65 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 340 m (1,115.49 ft) |
| Population (2018 census) | |
| Municipality and town | 43,932 |
| Density | 8.1/km2 (21/sq mi) |
| Urban | 26,784 |
| Urban density | 2,800/km2 (7,300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) |
| Climate | Am |


title: Saranamanthram

abstract: Saranamanthram is a Hindu Devotional Songs album in Malayalam. The songs dedicated to Lord Ayyappa, is composed and arranged by aspiring Music Director Kamalan. The album is crafted with a strong base of Carnatic Music, complemented by the flawless lyrics written by B. K. Harinarayanan. The album is released in Kerala state in India. The prominent south Indian Singer Unni Menon is the lead singer in this record. Blessed voices of noted singers like Sriram, Classmates fame Devanand, Viswanath and Idea Star Singer Sannidhanandan are also featured in this album.

text:
# Saranamanthram

**Saranamanthram** is a Hindu Devotional Songs album in Malayalam. The songs dedicated to Lord Ayyappa, is composed and arranged by aspiring Music Director Kamalan. The album is crafted with a strong base of Carnatic Music, complemented by the flawless lyrics written by B. K. Harinarayanan. The album is released in Kerala state in India.

The prominent south Indian Singer Unni Menon is the lead singer in this record. Blessed voices of noted singers like Sriram (Palghat Sriram), Classmates fame Devanand, Viswanath and Idea Star Singer Sannidhanandan are also featured in this album.

## Tracks

## InfoBox

| Saranamanthram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kamalan | |
| Released | November 17, 2009 |
| Genre | Devotional |
| Length | 55 Mins |
| Label | Maruthi Cassets |
| Producer | Madhu Vijayan, Jais, Music Factory |


# 1910–11 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team

The 1910–11 team finished with a record of 4–8. It was the 2nd and last year for head coach Clare Hunter. The school yearbook list former coach Wilbur P. Bowen as the head coach. The team captain was L. Hindelang and Clare Milton was the manager.

## Roster

| Number | Name | Position | Class | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Leonard D'Ooge | Center |  |  |
|  | R. Rynearson | Guard |  |  |
|  | L. Mumford | Guard |  |  |
|  | R. Paddock | Forward |  |  |
|  | L. Hindelang | Forward |  |  |
|  | George P. Becker | Reserve | Junior |  |
|

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| January 14, 1911*
 |  | at Detroit Central | **L** 24-44 | 0-1
 |
Detroit, MI |
| January 18, 1911*
 |  | Detroit Mercy | **L** 20-52 | 0-2
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 3, 1911*
 |  | at Alma | **L** 23-32 | 0-3
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 6, 1911*
 |  | Ann Arbor YMCA | **L** 33-46 | 0-4
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 10, 1911*
 |  | Hillsdale College | **L** 25-31 | 0-5
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 11, 1911*
 |  | Trine | **W** 33-18 | 1-5
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 18, 1911*
 |  | at Detroit Mercy | **L** 32-71 | 1-6
 |
Detroit, MI |
| February 22, 1911*
 |  | Central Michigan | **L** 32-35 | 1-7
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 25, 1911*
 |  | Andrews University | **W** 38-20 | 2-7
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| March 2, 1911*
 |  | Adrian College | **L** 30-33 | 2-8
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| March 2, 1911*
 |  | Olivet College | **W** 34-32 | 3-8
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| March 11, 1911*
 |  | at Andrew University | **W** 36-32 | 4-8
 |
Berrien Springs, MI |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Game Notes

### January 18, 1911

Aurora list score of 24–52.

### February 18, 1911

Aurora list score of 32–68.

### February 25, 1911

Aurora list score of 36–32.

### March 2, 1911 (Olivet)

EMU Media Guide has the date of 3/2, Olivet Media Guide has the date of 3/3 and the Aurora has the date of 3/4.

### March 11, 1911

Aurora list date of 3/12.

## InfoBox

| 1910–11 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 4–8 |
| Head coach | * Clare Hunter (2nd season) |
| Assistant coaches | * Wilbur P. Bowen * Clare Milton |
| Home arena | Gymnasium |
|


title: Sha Po Tsuen

abstract: Sha Po Tsuen is a walled village in Kam Tin, Yuen Long District, Hong Kong.

text:
# Sha Po Tsuen

**Sha Po Tsuen** (Chinese: 沙埔村) is a walled village in Kam Tin, Yuen Long District, Hong Kong.

## Administration

Sha Po Tsuen is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy.

## Education

Sha Po is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 74. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and one government school: Yuen Long Government Primary School (元朗官立小學).

22°27′12″N 114°03′17″E / 22.453374°N 114.054795°E / 22.453374; 114.054795


title: Chari-Baguirmi (prefecture)

abstract: Chari-Baguirmi was one of the 14 prefectures of Chad. Located in the west of the country, Chari-Baguirmi covered an area of 82,910 square kilometers and had a population of 720,941 in 1993. Its capital was Ndjamena.

text:
# Chari-Baguirmi (prefecture)

**Chari-Baguirmi** was one of the 14 prefectures of Chad. Located in the west of the country, Chari-Baguirmi covered an area of 82,910 square kilometers and had a population of 720,941 in 1993. Its capital was Ndjamena.

## InfoBox

| Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture*Préfecture du Chari-Baguirmi*
محافظة شاري باقرمي | |
| --- | --- |
| Prefecture of Chad | |
| 1960–1999 | |
| Flag | |
|
 | |
| Capital | Fort-Lamy
(1960–1973)  ---  N'Djamena
(1973–1999) |
| Area |  |
| Coordinates | 12°06′N 15°2′E / 12.100°N 15.033°E / 12.100; 15.033 |
|  | |
| 1960 | 100,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi) |
| 1993 | 82,910 km2 (32,010 sq mi) |
| Population |  |
|  | |
| 1960 | 300,043 |
| 1993 | 720,941 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Prefecture |
|  | |
| Historical era | Cold War |
|  | |
| Established | 13 February 1960 |
| Disestablished | 1 September 1999 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Political subdivisions | Sub-prefectures (1993)  ---  * Bokoro * Bousso * Massakory * Massénya * N'Djamena-Rural * N'Djamena-Urban |
|  | |
| Area and population source: | |


title: Rađenovići

abstract: Rađenovići is a village in the municipality of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Rađenovići

**Rađenovići** is a village in the municipality of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## InfoBox

| Rađenovići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rađenovići | |
| Coordinates: 43°58′00″N 19°22′59″E / 43.96667°N 19.38306°E / 43.96667; 19.38306 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Municipality | Srebrenica |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: She Got Me

abstract: "She Got Me" is a song recorded by Swiss singer Luca Hänni. It was written by Hänni, Laurell Barker, Frazer Mac, Jenson Vaughan, Jon Hällgren, and Lukas Hällgren, while production was helmed by the latter two. It was released for digital download as a single on 8 March 2019. "She Got Me" represented Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv. It was performed during the second semi-final, where it qualified for the final. It finished in fourth place with 364 points, though this became Hänni's internationally successful song.

text:
# She Got Me

"**She Got Me**" is a song recorded by Swiss singer Luca Hänni. It was written by Hänni, Laurell Barker, Frazer Mac, Jenson Vaughan, Jon Hällgren, and Lukas Hällgren, while production was helmed by the latter two. It was released for digital download as a single on 8 March 2019. "She Got Me" represented Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv. It was performed during the second semi-final, where it qualified for the final. It finished in fourth place with 364 points, though this became Hänni's internationally successful song.

## Eurovision Song Contest

The song represented Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, after Luca Hänni was internally selected by the Swiss broadcaster. On 28 January 2019, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Switzerland was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 16 May 2019, and was scheduled to perform in the first half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2019 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the show's producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Switzerland performed in position 4. It qualified for the final, which took place on 18 May 2019. It finished in fourth place with 364 points. It became Switzerland's first Top 5 finish since 1993.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "She Got Me" | 3:01 |
| 2. | "She Got Me" (instrumental) | 3:02 |

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 26 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 20 |
| Estonia (Eesti Tipp-40) | 5 |
| Euro Digital Songs (*Billboard*) | 6 |
| Finland Digital Song Sales (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 62 |
| Greece International Digital Singles (IFPI) | 10 |
| Iceland (Tónlistinn) | 3 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 77 |
| Lithuania (AGATA) | 4 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 47 |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 38 |
| Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) | 42 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 45 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 65 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 35 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 1 |
| Switzerland (Media Control Romandy) | 1 |
| UK Singles Downloads (OCC) | 32 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2019) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Iceland (Tónlistinn) | 47 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 10 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Platinum | 20,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 8 March 2019 | Digital download | Muve Recordings |  |

## InfoBox

| "She Got Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Luca Hänni | |
| from the album  *110 Karat* | |
| Released | 8 March 2019 |
| Genre | Dance-Pop |
| Length | 3:01 |
| Label | Muve |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Jon Hällgren * Lukas Hällgren |
| Luca Hänni singles chronology | |
| "Signs"
(2018) "**She Got Me**"
(2019) "Bella Bella"
(2019) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "She Got Me" on YouTube | |
| Eurovision Song Contest 2019 entry | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Artist(s) | Luca Hänni |
| Language | English |
| Composer(s) |  |
| Lyricist(s) | * Laurell Barker * Frazer Mac * Luca Hänni * Jenson Vaughan * Jon Hällgren * Lukas Hällgren |
| Finals performance | |
| Semi-final result | 4th |
| Semi-final points | 232 |
| Final result | 4th |
| Final points | 364 |
| Entry chronology | |
| **◄ "Stones" (2018)** | |
| **"Répondez-moi" (2020) ►** | |
|  | |


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 870, adopted unanimously on 1 October 1993, after reaffirming Resolution 743 (1992) and subsequent resolutions relating to the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), the council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, extended UNPROFOR's mandate for additional period terminating 5 October 1993. The council reiterated its determination to ensure the security of UNPROFOR and its freedom of movement for all its missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 870

**United Nations Security Council resolution 870**, adopted unanimously on 1 October 1993, after reaffirming Resolution 743 (1992) and subsequent resolutions relating to the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), the council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, extended UNPROFOR's mandate for additional period terminating 5 October 1993.

The council reiterated its determination to ensure the security of UNPROFOR and its freedom of movement for all its missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 870 | |
| --- | --- |
| Neum in Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Date | 1 October 1993 |
| Meeting no. | 3,285 |
| Code | S/RES/870 (Document) |
| Subject | **Former Yugoslavia** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Scrobipalpa dagmaris

abstract: Scrobipalpa dagmaris is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1987. It is found in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia. Although the type location is northern Italy, the species is probably not found in Europe. The type location was probably mistakenly given as Italy. The length of the forewings is about 6 mm (0.24 in). The larvae feed on Haloxylon persicum.

text:
# Scrobipalpa dagmaris

***Scrobipalpa dagmaris*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1987. It is found in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia. Although the type location is northern Italy, the species is probably not found in Europe. The type location was probably mistakenly given as Italy.

The length of the forewings is about 6 mm (0.24 in).

The larvae feed on *Haloxylon persicum*.

## InfoBox

| *Scrobipalpa dagmaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Scrobipalpa* |
| Species: | ***S. dagmaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scrobipalpa dagmaris***<br>Povolný, 1987 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scrobipalpa (Euscrobipalpa) dagmaris* Povolný, 1987 * *Scrobipalpa rezniki* Piskunov, 1990 * *Scrobipalpa rezniki turkmenica* Piskunov, 1990 | |


title: Dick Rozek

abstract: Richard Louis Rozek was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1950 to 1954 for the Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Athletics. A native of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, who attended Immaculate Conception High School in that city, he signed with the Indians prior to the 1947 season. In the minor leagues, Rozek struggled with his command, leading the Class A Eastern League in bases on balls in 1948, and walking 146 men in 163 innings the following year in the Double-A Texas League. Rozek then spent three full seasons in the Major Leagues, although he worked in only 29 games over that span. On September 28, 1952, he recorded his only Major League decision, a victory over the Detroit Tigers. In his only starting assignment of the year, Rozek went six innings, allowing one run, five hits, all singles, and two bases on balls. He left for a pinch hitter with his Indians ahead, 3–1, in a game they ultimately won, 8–2. It was also Rozek's last game in a Cleveland uniform. Not quite three months later, on December 19, 1952, he was traded to the Athletics with a minor leaguer for pitcher Bob Hooper. Apart from in four appearances as a relief pitcher for the A's over the next two seasons, he spent the rest of his career in the minors, leaving the game after the 1955 season. In 33 total big-league games, and 65+1⁄3 innings pitched, Rozek allowed 65 hits and 55 bases on balls, with 26 strikeouts.

text:
# Dick Rozek

**Richard Louis Rozek** (March 27, 1927 – September 27, 2001) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1950 to 1954 for the Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Athletics.

A native of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, who attended Immaculate Conception High School in that city, he signed with the Indians prior to the 1947 season. In the minor leagues, Rozek struggled with his command, leading the Class A Eastern League in bases on balls (with 180 in 198 innings pitched) in 1948, and walking 146 men in 163 innings the following year in the Double-A Texas League (he led the league in strikeouts, with 145). Rozek then spent three full seasons in the Major Leagues, although he worked in only 29 games (four as a starting pitcher) over that span.

On September 28, 1952, he recorded his only Major League decision, a victory over the Detroit Tigers. In his only starting assignment of the year, Rozek went six innings, allowing one run, five hits, all singles, and two bases on balls. He left for a pinch hitter with his Indians ahead, 3–1, in a game they ultimately won, 8–2. It was also Rozek's last game in a Cleveland uniform. Not quite three months later, on December 19, 1952, he was traded to the Athletics with a minor leaguer for pitcher Bob Hooper. Apart from in four appearances as a relief pitcher for the A's over the next two seasons, he spent the rest of his career in the minors, leaving the game after the 1955 season.

In 33 total big-league games, and 65+13 innings pitched, Rozek allowed 65 hits and 55 bases on balls, with 26 strikeouts.

## InfoBox

| Dick Rozek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1927-03-27)March 27, 1927
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S. | |
| **Died:** September 27, 2001(2001-09-27) (aged 74)
Indio, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 29, 1950, for the Cleveland Indians | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 16, 1954, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 1–0 |
| Earned run average | 4.55 |
| Strikeouts | 26 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Tame Keva?

abstract: Tame Keva? is a 2018 Gujarati social drama film starring Jakir Khan and Anand Devmani produced by Dr K R Films. This film is based on urban casteism.

text:
# Tame Keva?

***Tame Keva?*** is a 2018 Gujarati social drama film starring Jakir Khan and Anand Devmani produced by Dr K R Films. This film is based on urban casteism.

## Plot

Ramji, an old Dalit man, is frustrated and annoyed because of casteism around his personal and professional life. Ramji wants to give up his religion but his wife is against it. In the second story, Vishesh is a boy from rich but lower caste family. He wants to marry his girlfriend Vasundhara but Vasundhara's father is against this marriage because of Vishesh's lower caste.

## Cast

* Jakir Khan
* Anand Devmani
* Shraddha Suthar
* Jaikrishna Rathod

## Release

The film was released on 27 April 2018 across Gujarat

## InfoBox

| Tame Keva? | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Dr K R Devmani |
| Written by | Milan Devmani
Dr K R Devmani |
| Starring | * Jakit Khan * Anand Devmani * Ashish Kakkad * Shraddha Suthar |
| Cinematography | Milan Devmani |
| Music by | Richardson Macwan |
| Production
company | Dr K R Films |
| Country | India |
| Language | Gujarati |


title: Sardar Gulab Singh

abstract: Sardar Gulab Singh was the founder of Dallewalia Misl, one of the sovereign states of the Sikh confederacy that rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region. The Dallewalia and Nishanwalia Misl were stationed as a reserve force at Amritsar to protect the holy city and tackle any emergency. The Amritsar and the Punjab region was subject to raids by the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Abdali therefore the Sikhs had created misls to defend the Punjab region and push back the invaders.

text:
# Sardar Gulab Singh

**Sardar Gulab Singh** was the founder of Dallewalia Misl, one of the sovereign states of the Sikh confederacy that rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region. The Dallewalia and Nishanwalia Misl were stationed as a reserve force at Amritsar to protect the holy city and tackle any emergency. The Amritsar and the Punjab region was subject to raids by the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Abdali therefore the Sikhs had created misls to defend the Punjab region and push back the invaders.

## Early life

Gulab Singh was the son of Shardha Ram of village Dallewal Since Gulab Singh was a resident of the village of Dallewal, hence the name of his misl that was established near Dera Baba Nanak, in Doaba Bist Jalandhar. He had a grocery store in his village Dallewal (also called Bora Dalla) where all his goods were stolen by thieves and this incident made him rebel against the Mughal administration. As a middle-aged man with a family to feed, he moved to Amritsar where he trained under Nawab Kapur Singh and became a Sikh after baptism.

### Pahul

In 1726, Nawab Kapur Singh administered pahul to Gulab Singh on Diwali at Amritsar. Sikhs regarded Nawab Kapur Singh as a leader and general par excellence. He was the organizer of Dal Khalsa and an integral link between two sections of the Nihang Sikhs, Budha dal (veterans-handling administrative functions, taking care of missionary work, Gurudwaras, and protection of religion) and Taruna Dal (the young group-fighters, defenders, and protectors of the community).

#### Taruna Dal

Gulab Singh became an active member of the taruna dal by late 1726 A.D. and launched into a chivalry career, fighting against Punjab's oppressive Mughal government. Initially, he was having 10-15 companions and commenced plundering slowly; he added 150 comrades. One day, he attacked Jalandhar and, won big booty, returned safely to their jungle camp.

### Dallewalia Misl

In 1748, Gulab Singh was declared to be the head of the Dallewalias Misl with two deputies Gurdyal Singh and Tara Singh Ghaiba.

Detail of the Dallewalia Misl
|
|  |
| SN | Name | Founding Clan | Capital | Key Leaders | Strength in Regular Horseman (1780) | Misl Period Territory by 1759 | Corresponding Current Area |
| 1 | Dallewalia Misl | Khatri | Sardar Gulab Singh and Sardar Tara Singh Ghaiba | 5,000 | Nakodar, Talwan, Badala, Rahon, Phillaur, Ludhiana etc. | Ludhiana district, Jalandhar district |
|

## Death

Gulab Singh lost his life in 1759 at the Battle of Kalanaur by the forces of Zain Khan Sirhindi. Hence the command of the misl came to Sardar Gurdiyal Singh and later it was headed by Sardar Tara Singh Ghaiba.


title: 1902 Dewsbury by-election

abstract: The 1902 Dewsbury by-election was a by-election held in England on 28 January 1902 for the House of Commons constituency of Dewsbury in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

text:
# 1902 Dewsbury by-election

The **1902 Dewsbury by-election** was a by-election held in England on 28 January 1902 for the House of Commons constituency of Dewsbury in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

## Vacancy

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), Mark Oldroyd. Oldroyd, a woollen manufacturer, had first been elected for Dewsbury at a by-election in 1888. In September 1901, Oldroyd announced his intention to stand down. In his letter of resignation, Oldroyd cited ill-health as the principal cause of his decision, stating that the coming session of Parliament, in what he called the 'extraordinary and complex state of politics' would require regular attendance and many late night sittings. Oldroyd had not been one of the most diligent of attenders in the House of Commons having many demands on his time as the head of a great manufacturing concern. Despite his cries of ill-health however, Oldroyd continued to run his giant business, (albeit scaling down his responsibilities as the years progressed), until he retired in as Chairman in 1920. He was knighted in 1909.

## Seat

Dewsbury was a safe Liberal seat. It had been Liberal since its creation in 1868, reflecting the predominantly urban and industrial nature of the constituency. Oldroyd had held the seat with over 50% of the poll at each election since his by-election win in 1888 and his majority over the Conservatives at the previous general election in 1900 was 2,148, having taken 60.8% of the poll.

General election 1900: Dewsbury
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Mark Oldroyd** | **6,045** | **60.1** |  |
|  | Conservative | F. St J. Morrow | 3,897 | 39.2 |  |
| Majority | | | 2,148 | 20.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 9,942 | 20.2 |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Candidates

### Labour

A candidate dedicated to the labour interest had contested Dewsbury only once since the seat's creation in 1868. In 1895, Edward Hartley stood for the Independent Labour Party, the ILP, coming third with just 10.5% of the poll.

However, by the time Oldroyd decided to resign, the Labour Representation Committee had been formed and the future Labour Party announced their intention to bring forward a candidate. Their possible candidates included Edward Hartley, Ben Turner from Batley, J A Parr, a Justice of the Peace also from Batley and Peter Francis Curran, a Glasgow-born trade union official from London, who was later Labour MP for Jarrow. The local Labour Party and affiliated trade unions found themselves in financial difficulty however and could not afford to run a candidate of their own. It was reported that a journalist from London, the editor of the publication Justice, Harry Quelch, one of Britain's first Marxists, had arranged a well-attended public meeting in Dewsbury market-place. As a result, he was said to have gained the support of the Dewsbury working-men. Quelch was duly nominated as the candidate of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF).

In early October 1901, the Press Association received a communication from the Parliamentary committee of the Trade Union Congress to the effect that Sam Woods, a leading light in the Miners Federation and Lib-Lab MP for Ince (1892–95) and for Walthamstow (1897–1900), had been approached unofficially to stand as Lib-Lab candidate in Dewsbury. Woods indicated he would be willing to do so if formally invited by the Liberals and the trades council.

Other sections of organised labour nevertheless kept up their search for a candidate and election funding for a while longer. A special meeting of the Dewsbury and District Labour council was held on 22 October 1901 and four men were invited to put their names forward to a joint conference of the Trades Council, the ILP and what was described as "other progressive bodies" with a view to the adoption of one of them as Trade Union and Socialist candidate at the by-election. The favoured men did not include Sam Woods and the Trades Unions obviously had a preference for the candidature of Edward Hartley. They called on the Labour Representation Committee to arbitrate with the SDF to secure a candidate whose nomination was agreed by the united forces of labour.

In the end it seems that both the ILP and the Labour Party were obliged to bow to the inevitable and support Quelch to avoid splitting the labour vote. The Labour Party were indignant enough to put out a statement calling it 'sharp practice' on the part of the SDF to go forward with Quelch's nomination without the consent of all the groups representing organised labour. It was disunity of this kind which the Labour Representation Committee had been formed to eliminate. Such disputes increasingly disappeared in the years leading up to the 1906 general election, reinforcing Labour as the growing force in British politics but in 1901–02 in Dewsbury there was not yet any such harmony.

### Conservatives

The first man the Conservative Party wished to consider was George Sheard, a Batley JP and one of the town's successful "shoddy barons" who headed his own cloth manufacturing firm. Mr Sheard had apparently been approached to stand as a Conservative candidate a number of times but had always declined. If he turned them down again (as indeed he chose to do on the grounds of advancing age) they were likely to turn to either, Joe Haley, a three time Mayor of Dewsbury, Alderman Edmund Kilburn, JP who had also been Mayor of Dewsbury on two occasions, or, although not a local man, to Forbes St John Morrow, a barrister, the candidate opposing Oldroyd at the 1900 general election, and later to serve as Municipal Reform member on the London County Council between 1907–1922. Later, a new name was also put forward, that of Frank Whiteley. Whiteley had been mayor of Mafeking in South Africa during the famous Boer War siege.

Eventually however the Dewsbury Conservatives selected Joe Haley as their man. Haley was by profession a blanket and rug manufacturer with the firm of Hepworth and Haley of Dewsbury and Mirfield, one of the oldest such businesses in the area and one which employed several hundred workers. A former Mayor of the town, he had recently stepped down from being a member of the council. He formally accepted nomination as candidate in a letter to the president of Dewsbury Conservative and Unionist Association, Major Fox, on Christmas Day 1901.

### Liberals

With Dewsbury being a hitherto safe Liberal seat, the likelihood was that the local party would be spoiled for choice for potential candidates. It was reported that a number of local worthies were in line for consideration including Mr E Talbot, a member of the local school board, Alderman J Anty of Batley (described as an extreme teetotaler), Mr G Thorpe a director of the Cooperative Wholesale Society, Mr J Brown a chemical manufacturer from Savile Town and Mr W Wilson JP, a card manufacturer from Mirfield. So the local Association clearly felt they should take their time before coming to a decision. On meeting in early October 1901 they confined themselves to passing a resolution thanking Oldroyd for past services and regretting his decision to resign. They did not seem to have been attracted to the idea of inviting Sam Woods to stand as a Lib-Lab.

The ambitions of any local Liberals were soon scuppered also, as the Dewsbury Liberal Association turned its attentions to Walter Runciman, a businessman from Newcastle upon Tyne and had soon invited him to be their candidate. Runciman was the son of another Walter Runciman, a shipping magnate who would also go on to be a Liberal MP. Runciman had gone into the family shipping business and he had married into another industrial Liberal family, that of James Cochran Stevenson. He had been Liberal MP for Oldham, winning a by-election there in 1898 but lost the seat at the general election of 1900 being beaten by Winston Churchill.

## Campaign

Runciman began his campaign with a public meeting in Dewsbury. While supporting the prosecution of the Boer War, he attacked the government's handling of it, accusing them of a policy of drift which could not deliver a decisive military victory, the foundation for a lasting peace. He also attacked the government on coal tax, sugar tax and the Agricultural Rates Act. He said that as government expenditure rose there was a danger that there might be a tax on wheat in the next budget. Finally, he declared himself as still being fully in favour of Irish home rule. According to reports, it seemed Runciman and his messages were being well received and that he had received the support of a number of local Labour leaders. As the campaign wore on, it was reported as a given that Runciman could count on the miners' vote and that of the Irish community, which taken together was estimated to be worth about 1500 votes; the executive committee of the local Irish community having formally voted to endorse Runciman. However, it was by no means certain that the miners would endorse the Liberal candidate. The previous Liberal MP had gone against the miners by opposing the eight-hour day, nationalisation and the abolition of fines, which he thought would lessen discipline in the industry and the local trades council refused to recommend any candidate to their members.

The Unionists did not open their campaign proper until January 1902, with Haley addressing meetings first in Dewsbury and then in other parts of the constituency. It was reported that they had held a large number of organisational meetings over the period since the announcement of Oldroyd's resignation and that, despite the large Liberal majority last time, they had a chance of capturing the seat. Haley sought to build on his reputation as a strong local candidate, a large employer of labour in the district who therefore knew the local economic and industrial conditions well. His hand-bills described him as 'home-made' as opposed to Runciman, who was called a 'carpet-bagger' and a 'stranger' to Dewsbury. He supported the war and his views on education and temperance were said to be going down well with his audiences.

Quelch's supporters were initially quite buoyant. Their candidate had been on the ground in the constituency for longer than Runciman or Haley and they claimed he was gaining ground. By January however it was being reported that despite the vigour of the SDF campaign, their public meetings were not being well attended but by the middle of the month Quelch's events were attracting larger numbers, although it was believed they found his socialist views too advanced or extreme. In his election address Quelch proposed the nationalisation of the land and railways as well as the mines. He spoke in support of the Boers, opening himself to accusations of a lack of patriotism and fell out with the local nonconformists over a book he had jointly authored which was interpreted as advocating free love. It seemed too that SDF support was not widespread enough to enable them to undertake a full canvas of the constituency, with some districts being neglected entirely due to lack of manpower. It was clear that the history of disunity in the labour movement was preventing Quelch from making the impact he needed, the working class Irish vote was following the lead of its political organisers and supporting Runciman not Quelch and a lack of funds was making it difficult for him to campaign as extensively as he wanted.

## Election formalities

The Writ of election writ for the by-election was not moved in Parliament until Friday 17 January 1902 and formal nominations were received and accepted on 23 January. Polling took place on Tuesday 28 January.

## Result

The result was a win for Runciman. This was a reduction in the Liberal majority from the general election of 1900 and on a higher turnout but that had not been a three-cornered contest.

Dewsbury by-election, 1902
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Walter Runciman** | **5,660** | **48.1** | **−12.0** |
|  | Conservative | Joe Haley | 4,512 | 38.3 | −0.9 |
|  | Social Democratic Federation | Harry Quelch | 1,597 | 13.6 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 1,148 | 9.8 | −10.4 |
| Turnout | | | 11,769 | 87.3 | −10.4 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | -5.5 |  |

All parties could therefore take some comfort from the result. The Liberals had held the seat with an outside candidate at a time when the country was at war and with their traditional constituencies among the working class and the Irish being targeted by labour. The Conservatives, with a strong local candidate, had reduced the Liberal majority and secured more votes than they had ever previously done in Dewsbury. The SDF had improved on the only previous labour candidacy in the seat at a time when the socialist political parties were disunited in the town and in spite of their candidate's radical opinions. Over the next few years the by-election record of the Conservative government would worsen considerably but for now and until the end of the Boer War was in sight, support for the government appeared to be holding.

## Aftermath

General election 1906: Dewsbury Electorate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Walter Runciman** | **6,764** | **54.8** | **+6.7** |
|  | Conservative | W. B. Boyd-Carpenter | 2,954 | 24.0 | −14.3 |
|  | Labour Repr. Cmte. | Ben Turner | 2,629 | 21.2 | +7.6 |
| Majority | | | 3,810 | 30.8 | +21.0 |
| Turnout | | | 12,347 | 89.0 | +1.7 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +10.4 |  |

## InfoBox

1902 Dewsbury by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate Runciman Haley Quelch  Party Liberal Conservative Social Democratic Federation  Popular vote **5,660** 4,512 1,597  Percentage **48.1%** 38.3% 13.6% | |
| ---  **MP before election**
Mark Oldroyd
Liberal **Subsequent MP**
Walter Runciman
Liberal | |


title: Carposina nigronotata

abstract: Carposina nigronotata is a moth of the family Carposinidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Hawaii. The larvae feed in fruit and seeds of Myrsine lessertiana.

text:
# Carposina nigronotata

***Carposina nigronotata*** is a moth of the family Carposinidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Hawaii.

The larvae feed in fruit and seeds of *Myrsine lessertiana*.

## InfoBox

| *Carposina nigronotata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Carposinidae |
| Genus: | *Carposina* |
| Species: | ***C. nigronotata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Carposina nigronotata***<br>(Walsingham, 1907) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Heterocrossa nigronotata* Walsingham, 1907 | |


title: Chapter 22 (Legion)

abstract: "Chapter 22" is the third episode of the third season of the American cable television series Legion, based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller, and connected to the X-Men film series. It is the 22nd overall episode of the series and was written by co-executive producer Nathaniel Halpern and directed by executive producer John Cameron. It originally aired on FX on July 8, 2019. The series follows David Haller, a "mutant" diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age. Struggling to differentiate reality from fantasy, Haller tries to control his mutant powers and the sinister forces trying to control them while evading a government agency, Division 3. Summerland and Division 3 eventually team up in order to catch Amahl Farouk from finding his original body. While Farouk was captured, David is now labeled as a threat and hunted down, prompting him to escape. In the episode, the background behind David's biological parents, Gabrielle Haller and Charles Xavier is explored. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.370 million household viewers and gained a 0.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the character development, the introduction to Xavier, performances, cinematography and pacing.

text:
# Chapter 22 (Legion)

"**Chapter 22**" is the third episode of the third season of the American cable television series *Legion*, based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller, and connected to the *X-Men* film series. It is the 22nd overall episode of the series and was written by co-executive producer Nathaniel Halpern and directed by executive producer John Cameron. It originally aired on FX on July 8, 2019.

The series follows David Haller, a "mutant" diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age. Struggling to differentiate reality from fantasy, Haller tries to control his mutant powers and the sinister forces trying to control them while evading a government agency, Division 3. Summerland and Division 3 eventually team up in order to catch Amahl Farouk from finding his original body. While Farouk was captured, David is now labeled as a threat and hunted down, prompting him to escape. In the episode, the background behind David's biological parents, Gabrielle Haller and Charles Xavier is explored.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.370 million household viewers and gained a 0.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the character development, the introduction to Xavier, performances, cinematography and pacing.

## Plot

Thirty years prior to the events of the series, Gabrielle Haller (Stephanie Corneliussen) cares for her son David in a mansion, while her husband Charles Xavier (Harry Lloyd) constantly leaves for an important trip.

Charles is a mutant, able to read peoples' minds. A World War II veteran, he met Gabrielle at an asylum, a Holocaust survivor who suffered from catatonia. As her condition improved, they fell in love and married, having David as their only child. Charles is working on a prototype Cerebro, which allows him to detect mutants. One of these mutants turns out to be Farouk (Navid Negahban), and Charles sets off to Morocco to find him. Alone in the mansion, Gabrielle starts experiencing delusions as well as to hearing voices, which turn out to be from the future versions of David (Dan Stevens) and Switch (Lauren Tsai). Despite managing to travel too far in the past, they are unable to properly communicate.

Gabrielle's sanity worsens, feeling that the house is haunted by the voices. To complicate matters, a shadow has been lurking over her and the baby David. She is later called by a panicked Charles, who states that meeting Farouk was a mistake and is coming home. The delusions worsen for Gabrielle, who is tormented by Farouk and David's attempts to hit back at his tricks. In a desperate attempt, David appears as a ghost projection, causing her to faint. Charles arrives, sees David's ghosts and telepathically expels him and Switch back to the present day.

David wants to go back, but Switch is physically and mentally drained from such extreme time travel. She loses consciousness while a desperate David asks her to wake up. Back in the mansion, Xavier tries to comfort Gabrielle, realizing that she reverted to her catatonic state, devastating him. Unaware to him, Farouk has entered David's mind, effectively possessing him.

## Production

### Development

In June 2019, it was reported that the third episode of the season would be titled "Chapter 22", and was to be directed by executive producer John Cameron and written by co-executive producer Nathaniel Halpern. This was Halpern's twelfth writing credit, and Cameron's second directing credit.

### Casting

Since the series' inception, Noah Hawley intended to explore David's relationship with his father, Charles Xavier / Professor X, indicating that the character may appear in the series. During an appearance at *The Late Late Show with James Corden*, Dan Stevens invited Patrick Stewart to reprise his role from the *X-Men* film franchise, with Stewart affirming that he would absolute reprise it.

In February 2019, it was announced that Harry Lloyd would play Xavier, making his debut with the third episode of the season. Hawley felt that the character was essential in forming the origin story of David, explaining "David is an adopted boy who needs to know who he really is, so we're definitely going to tell that story." Lloyd described his version of the character as a more ambiguous figure, explaining, "The way we play that leading scene he kind of abandons his wife. And that was very purposely done so you don't think Charles is the hero. Because we know the fallout out of the battle is terrible, and he ruins the life of a young baby."

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "Chapter 22" was seen by an estimated 0.370 million household viewers and gained a 0.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.1 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a slight decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.381 million viewers with a 0.1 in the 18-49 demographics.

### Critical reviews

"Chapter 22" received extremely positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 9.0/10 for the episode, based on 6 reviews.

Alex McLevy of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a "B+" grade and wrote, "'Chapter 22' occasionally achieves a kind of tone-poem beauty, a finely textured character study of the sort that made for the high points of seasons one and two."

Nick Harley of *Den of Geek* wrote, "'Chapter 22' is a fine reintroduction to Charles Xavier, but an even better episode of *Legion*. It's able to tell a compelling love story while working in some patented psychedelic and disconcerting imagery. Utilizing non-linear storytelling, we're able to watch as Charles makes the mistake of engaging a monster and how that monster takes away all that is truly important to him. I also love the cinematography in the episode and how *Legion* is always changing up its look based on the tone or setting of the story. As someone who has been annoyed with this show at times in the past, an episode like 'Chapter 22' reminds me why I fell for this series in the first place." Kevin Lever of *Tell Tale TV* gave the episode a perfect 5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "The portrayal of time travel, of the longing in David's pleas for his mother's attention throughout the timeline and the mess he may cause himself, is some of the most compelling work the show has done. Coupled with the human and touching story of Charles and Gabrielle falling in love, 'Chapter 22' finds itself as one of the very best of *Legion*, and one well worth revisiting to uncover its secrets."

## InfoBox

| "**Chapter 22**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Legion* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 3 |
| Directed by | John Cameron |
| Written by | Nathaniel Halpern |
| Featured music | Jeff Russo |
| Cinematography by | Dana Gonzales |
| Editing by | Regis Kimble |
| Production code | XLN03003 |
| Original air date | July 8, 2019 (2019-07-08) |
| Running time | 46 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


abstract: She Gets Out the Scrapbook: The Best of Furniture is a compilation album by the new wave band Furniture, released in 1991. The LP version features twelve tracks and the CD version fourteen with the addition of "Robert Nightman's Story" and "Bullet". The compilation features two new studio tracks: "Farewell" and "How I've Come to Hate the Moon". To promote the album, "Brilliant Mind" was given a re-issue by Survival Records on 7" and 12" vinyl. It featured the exclusive B-side "On a Bus with Peter Nero".

text:
# She Gets Out the Scrapbook: The Best of Furniture

***She Gets Out the Scrapbook: The Best of Furniture*** is a compilation album by the new wave band Furniture, released in 1991. The LP version features twelve tracks and the CD version fourteen with the addition of "Robert Nightman's Story" and "Bullet". The compilation features two new studio tracks: "Farewell" and "How I've Come to Hate the Moon".

To promote the album, "Brilliant Mind" was given a re-issue by Survival Records on 7" and 12" vinyl. It featured the exclusive B-side "On a Bus with Peter Nero".

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *NME* | 8/10 |
| *Newcastle Evening Chronicle* | favourable |
| *Select* |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music* |  |

On its release, Chris Roberts of *Melody Maker* considered Furniture to have left "an eloquent and admirable legacy" and noted that, in addition to their run of bad luck with "labels folding \[and\] legal wrangles", their "versatility and ambition cost them dear \[and\] made them hard to sell". He concluded, "Only a fool could ignore these songs; perhaps only a lovesick fool could fully appreciate them. *She Gets Out the Scrapbook* is about as magnificent a monument as the average Michelangelo." Simon Williams of *NME* described it as a collection of "14-odd (in both senses of the word) anthems for bedsit-bound romantics and musical masochists" and added, "Alongside the traditional gizmos of pop, you'll find tongue drums, synclaviers and something called a Yans Ci'in, all of which are deployed as weaponry in the kind of emotional warfare that makes Furniture's love lives appear as battle-scarred as miniature Vietnams." He noted "several bona fide reasons for buying this album in your millions and forcing Furniture to reform forthwith" including "Brilliant Mind", "Make Believe I'm Him", "She Gets Out the Scrapbook" and "Slow Motion Kisses".

Gordon Barr of *Newcastle Evening Chronicle* commented, "This "best of" album is the definitive collection of Furniture tracks. Hits may not be the right word as the only real one they had was 'Brilliant Mind'. But one listen to this shows how unfair the pop world can be - there should have been more hits!" Nick Duerden of *Select* wrote, "A lament-laden compilation from a mid-'80s band who were never rewarded with the recognition they so obviously deserved. Records like the poetic hit single 'Brilliant Mind' never date. They just improve with age." Peter Buckley, in his 2003 book *The Rough Guide to Rock*, described the compilation as "a posthumous summary of much-neglected talents". AllMusic recommended the album by picking it as an AMG Album Pick.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Brilliant Mind" | Jim Irvin, Tim Whelan, Hamilton Lee, Sally Still | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Make Believe I'm Him" | Whelan, Irvin | 3:35 |
| 3. | "Farewell" | Irvin, Whelan, Still, Lee | 3:40 |
| 4. | "Song for a Doberman" | Whelan | 2:32 |
| 5. | "Dancing the Hard Bargain" | Whelan, Irvin, Lee | 2:41 |
| 6. | "Love Your Shoes" | Whelan, Irvin, Lee | 3:27 |
| 7. | "Robert Nightman's Story" | Whelan, Irvin, Lee | 3:52 |
| 8. | "Slow Motion Kisses" | Whelan, Irvin | 3:47 |
| 9. | "I Miss You" | Whelan, Irvin, Lee | 4:33 |
| 10. | "How I've Come to Hate the Moon" | Still, Irvin, Lee | 4:24 |
| 11. | "Bullet" | Whelan, Irvin, Lee | 5:09 |
| 12. | "Turnupspeed" | Whelan, Irvin, Lee, Still | 4:58 |
| 13. | "One Step Behind You" | Whelan | 4:15 |
| 14. | "She Gets Out The Scrapbook" | Whelan, Irvin | 6:00 |

## Personnel

Furniture * Jim Irvin \- vocals
* Tim Whelan - guitar, vocals
* Maya Gilder - keyboards
* Sally Still - bass
* Hamilton Lee \- drums

Production * Furniture (tracks 3, 7, 9–10, 12)
* Mick Glossop (tracks 1–2, 6, 14)
* Mike Thorne (tracks 4, 8, 13)
* Tim Parry (track 5)
* Sid Wells (track 11)

Other * Ryan Art - sleeve
* Becky Jones - cover illustration
* Steve Double - photography

## InfoBox

| She Gets Out the Scrapbook: The Best of Furniture | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Furniture | |
| Released | September 1991 |
| Length | 56:33 |
| Label | Survival Records |
| Producer | Furniture (tracks 3, 7, 9–10, 12)
Mick Glossop (tracks 1–2, 6, 14)
Mike Thorne (tracks 4, 8, 13)
Tim Parry (track 5)
Sid Wells (track 11) |
| Furniture chronology | |
| *Food, Sex & Paranoia*
(1990) ***She Gets Out the Scrapbook: The Best of Furniture***
(1991) | |


title: Świątkowice, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Świątkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lututów, within Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Lututów, 24 km (15 mi) east of Wieruszów, and 86 km (53 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Świątkowice, Łódź Voivodeship

**Świątkowice** (Polish pronunciation: \[ɕfjɔntkɔˈvit͡sɛ\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lututów, within Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Lututów, 24 km (15 mi) east of Wieruszów, and 86 km (53 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## History

The territory became a part of the emerging Polish state under its first historic ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century. The village was mentioned in a document in 1357. In 1406, the local church became a filial church of the parish in Lututów.

In 1827, Świątkowice had a population of 309.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1940–1941, the German gendarmerie carried out expulsions of Poles, who were either deported to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland or enslaved as forced labour in the region or in Germany. Houses and farms of expelled Poles were handed over to German colonists as part of the *Lebensraum* policy.

## InfoBox

| Świątkowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Old manor in Świątkowice | |
| Świątkowice | |
| Coordinates: 51°19′N 18°29′E / 51.317°N 18.483°E / 51.317; 18.483 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Wieruszów |
| Gmina | Lututów |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | EWE |


title: Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation

abstract: Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in Watersmeet Township of southeastern Gogebic County, in the western part of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It is the landbase for the Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. According to the United States Census Bureau in 2020, the reservation has a land area of 0.419 square miles. The reservation consists of two sections in eastern Watersmeet Township. There were 221 people living on the reservation in the 2020 census.

text:
# Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation

**Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation** is an Indian reservation located in Watersmeet Township of southeastern Gogebic County, in the western part of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It is the landbase for the Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. According to the United States Census Bureau in 2020, the reservation has a land area of 0.419 square miles (268.16 acres; 1.09 km2). The reservation consists of two sections in eastern Watersmeet Township. There were 221 people living on the reservation in the 2020 census.

## Demographics

### 2020 census

As of the census of 2020, the population of the Lac Vieux Desert Reservation was 221. The population density was 527.4 inhabitants per square mile (203.6/km2). There were 82 housing units at an average density of 195.7 per square mile (75.6/km2). The racial makeup of the reservation was 85.5% Native American, 6.8% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 1.4% from other races, and 5.9% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 1.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race. The 2020 census results may be inaccurate for places like the Lac Vieux Desert Reservation owing to the Census Bureau's implementation of differential privacy protections.

Of the total reservation population, 205 people were living on the northern section in the unincorporated community of Watersmeet, Michigan. Some 16 persons lived in the southern section located on the north shore of Lac Vieux Desert, on the Michigan-Wisconsin border.

### 2000 census

The 2000 census reported a total population of 135 residents. Most of the population lived in the 232.78-acre (0.9420 km2) northern section in the unincorporated community of Watersmeet, near the junction of US routes 45 (US 45) and . Some 26 persons lived in the 95.26-acre (385,500 m2) southern section, which is located on the north shore of Lac Vieux Desert, on the Michigan-Wisconsin border.

## InfoBox

| Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian reservation | |
| Location within Gogebic County | |
| Lac Vieux DesertLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 46°16′10″N 89°10′40″W / 46.26944°N 89.17778°W / 46.26944; -89.17778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Gogebic |
| Established | 1988 |
| Government | |
| Type | Tribal Council |
| Chairman | James Williams, Jr. |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.419 sq mi (1.09 km2) |
| Land | 0.419 sq mi (1.09 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 221 |
| Density | 527.4/sq mi (203.6/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49969 (Watersmeet) |
| Area code | 906 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Dick Rude

abstract: Dick Rude is a director, actor and writer known for his appearances in and contributions to many Alex Cox films including a starring role in 1986's Straight to Hell, for which he also served as a writer and contributed to the soundtrack. Rude directed the Red Hot Chili Peppers music videos "Catholic School Girls Rule", "Fight Like a Brave", and "Universally Speaking" as well as their live concert DVD Off the Map. His most recent film is Let's Rock Again!, a 2004 documentary that documented the final tour of musician Joe Strummer shortly before his death in 2002.

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# Dick Rude

**Dick Rude** (born 1964) is a director, actor and writer known for his appearances in and contributions to many Alex Cox films including a starring role in 1986's *Straight to Hell*, for which he also served as a writer and contributed to the soundtrack. Rude directed the Red Hot Chili Peppers music videos "Catholic School Girls Rule", "Fight Like a Brave", and "Universally Speaking" as well as their live concert DVD *Off the Map*.

His most recent film is *Let's Rock Again!*, a 2004 documentary that documented the final tour of musician Joe Strummer shortly before his death in 2002.

## Filmography

### Actor

### Director


title: 1910 Australian referendum

abstract: The 1910 Australian referendum was held on 13 April 1910, in conjunction with the 1910 federal election. It contained two referendum questions.

text:
# 1910 Australian referendum

The **1910 Australian referendum** was held on 13 April 1910, in conjunction with the 1910 federal election. It contained two referendum questions.

Result
| Question | NSW | Vic | Qld | SA | WA | Tas | States in favour | Voters in favour | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (2) State Debts | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 5:1 | 55% | **Carried** |
| (3) Surplus Revenue | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 3:3 | 49% | **Not carried** |

## Results in detail

### State Debts

*This section is an excerpt from 1910 Australian referendum (State Debts) § Referendum results*

**Question:** *Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (State Debts) 1909?*

Result
| State | Electoral roll | Ballots issued | For | | Against | | Informal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Vote | % | Vote | % | |
| New South Wales | 834,662 | 512,802 | 159,275 | 33.34 | 318,412 | 66.66 | 34,060 |
| Victoria | 703,699 | 468,535 | 279,392 | 64.59 | 153,148 | 35.41 | 33,824 |
| Queensland | 279,031 | 170,634 | 102,705 | 64.57 | 56,346 | 35.43 | 9,971 |
| South Australia | 207,655 | 110,053 | 72,985 | 73.18 | 26,742 | 26.82 | 10,252 |
| Western Australia | 134,979 | 83,893 | 57,367 | 72.80 | 21,437 | 27.20 | 4,324 |
| Tasmania | 98,456 | 57,609 | 43,329 | 80.97 | 10,186 | 19.03 | 3,778 |
| Total for Commonwealth | 2,258,482 | 1,403,976 | 715,053 | 54.95 | 586,271 | 45.05 | 96,209 |
| Results | *Obtained majority in 5 states and an overall majority of 128,782 votes.* **Carried**. | | | | | | | |

### Surplus Revenue

*This section is an excerpt from 1910 Australian referendum (Surplus Revenue) § Referendum results*

**Question:** *Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Finance) 1909'?*

Result
| State | Electoral roll | Ballots issued | For | | Against | | Informal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Vote | % | Vote | % | |
| New South Wales | 834,662 | 512,802 | 227,650 | 47.35 | 253,107 | **52.65** | 31,411 |
| Victoria | 703,699 | 468,535 | 200,165 | 45.26 | 242,119 | **54.74** | 24,299 |
| Queensland | 279,031 | 170,634 | 87,130 | **54.58** | 72,516 | 45.42 | 9,489 |
| South Australia | 207,655 | 110,503 | 49,352 | 49.06 | 51,250 | **50.94** | 9,679 |
| Western Australia | 134,979 | 83,893 | 49,050 | **61.74** | 30,392 | 38.26 | 3,890 |
| Tasmania | 98,456 | 57,609 | 32,167 | **59.99** | 21,454 | 40.01 | 3,669 |
| Total for Commonwealth | 2,258,482 | 1,403,976 | 645,514 | 49.04 | 670,838 | **50.96** | 82,437 |
| Results | *Obtained majority in three states and an overall minority of 25,324 votes.* **Not carried** | | | | | | | |

## Further reading


title: Seringia undulata

abstract: Seringia undulata, commonly known as wavy-leaf fire-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family and is endemic to a small area of inland Western Australia. It is a suckering, upright shrub with hairy, rust-coloured young stems, oblong, wavy leaves and purple flowers arranged in groups of 6 to 8.

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# Seringia undulata

***Seringia undulata***, commonly known as **wavy-leaf fire-bush**, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family and is endemic to a small area of inland Western Australia. It is a suckering, upright shrub with hairy, rust-coloured young stems, oblong, wavy leaves and purple flowers arranged in groups of 6 to 8.

## Description

*Seringia undulata* is a suckering, upright shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.4–1.5 m (1 ft 4 in – 4 ft 11 in), about 0.5–2 m (1 ft 8 in – 6 ft 7 in) wide, and has rust-coloured, hairy stems. The leaves are oblong, 2–7 mm (0.079–0.276 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide on a petiole up to 3 mm (0.12 in) long with tiny stipules at the base. The edges of the leaves are curved downwards and wavy, the upper surface more or less glabrous and the lower surface densely covered with rust-coloured and white, star-shaped hairs. The flowers are arranged in a cyme about 30 mm (1.2 in) long with 6 to 8 flowers on a peduncle 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long. The flowers are 20 mm (0.79 in) wide and purple with petal-like sepals joined at the base to form a tube with lobes two-thirds the length of the tube. Petals are absent and the stamens have yellow filaments, and dark coloured anthers. Flowering occurs from May to October.

## Taxonomy

*Seringia undulata* was first formally described by Carolyn F. Wilkins in the journal *Australian Systematic Botany* from specimens collected in the Bremer Range in 2003. The specific epithet (*undulata*) refers to the leaf margins.

## Distribution and habitat

This species of seringia is only known from the Bremer Range area where it grows on roadsides or in sandy or loamy soils over ironstone in the Coolgardie bioregion bioregion of inland Western Australia.

## Conservation status

*Seringia undulata* is listed as "Priority One" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk.

## InfoBox

| *Seringia undulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Seringia* |
| Species: | ***S. undulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Seringia undulata***<br>C.F.Wilkins | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Keraudrenia cacaobrunnea* subsp. *undulata* C.F.Wilkins MS | |