title: Real Pro Wrestling

abstract: Real Pro Wrestling was a professional sports league of wrestling, similar to the amateur wrestling found in the Olympic Games and at the college and high school level. The term "real" was meant to emphasize that it was professional and it was wrestling, but that it was not professional wrestling in the traditional sense; modern professional wrestling features predetermined outcomes and operates under a very different set of rules from amateur wrestling. Real Pro Wrestling, Inc was founded in 2002 by former Northwestern University wrestling teammates Matt Case and Toby Willis, of The Willis Family. The company was based in Nashville, Tennessee with branch offices in New York and Virginia. RPW was a television production company and a producer of live events. The league began operations in March 2005 and consisted of eight teams. Although the teams had various city and state names, all matches were taped on a soundstage in Nashville and Los Angeles. According to the official website, "In RPW, classic meets the future as the matches are conducted in a specially designed coliseum which showcases a raised circular mat to facilitate better camera angles and to afford the live audience a better viewing experience. The circular mat allows for 360 degree camera angles and aids in covering the close quarters that wrestlers frequently find themselves in as they maneuver for position." Numerous similar projects were announced before RPW, but none had gotten off the ground. Lanny Bryant, the Montana-based editor of Wrestling USA magazine, proposed a similar league in the early 1990s, as one example. RPW folded in 2007, after two seasons. In the spring of 2013, the Association of Career Wrestlers formed a new series offering competitions with financial incentives for post-collegiate wrestlers called Tour ACW. This new series has a new set of rules building on the RPW rules with an emphasis on scoring.

text:
# Real Pro Wrestling

**Real Pro Wrestling** (also known as **RPW** or **RealPro Wrestling**) was a professional sports league of wrestling, similar to the amateur wrestling found in the Olympic Games and at the college and high school level. The term "real" was meant to emphasize that it was professional and it was wrestling, but that it was not professional wrestling in the traditional sense; modern professional wrestling features predetermined outcomes and operates under a very different set of rules from amateur wrestling.

Real Pro Wrestling, Inc was founded in 2002 by former Northwestern University wrestling teammates Matt Case and Toby Willis, of The Willis Family. The company was based in Nashville, Tennessee with branch offices in New York and Virginia. RPW was a television production company and a producer of live events.

The league began operations in March 2005 and consisted of eight teams (see below). Although the teams had various city and state names, all matches were taped on a soundstage in Nashville and Los Angeles (Los Angeles Center Studios).

According to the official website, "In RPW, classic meets the future as the matches are conducted in a specially designed coliseum which showcases a raised circular mat to facilitate better camera angles and to afford the live audience a better viewing experience. The circular mat allows for 360 degree camera angles and aids in covering the close quarters that wrestlers frequently find themselves in as they maneuver for position."

Numerous similar projects were announced before RPW, but none had gotten off the ground. Lanny Bryant, the Montana-based editor of *Wrestling USA* magazine, proposed a similar league in the early 1990s, as one example.

RPW folded in 2007, after two seasons (2004 and 2006-7).

In the spring of 2013, the Association of Career Wrestlers formed a new series offering competitions with financial incentives for post-collegiate wrestlers called Tour ACW. This new series has a new set of rules building on the RPW rules with an emphasis on scoring.

## Wrestling style

The style of wrestling that is used in *RPW* is a combination of freestyle, American Folkstyle, sumo wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling. Because of this, wrestlers of many styles competed in the league. Greco-Roman and Freestyle were the most common wrestling backgrounds in the leagues, due largely to the Olympic experience of the wrestlers in the league. In fact, the team rosters consists of numerous Olympians and NCAA champions.

## Rules

The rules were similar to freestyle wrestling but were modified to encourage risk and intensity. The goal is to dominate the opponent and pin his shoulders to the mat. This is called a fall. Points are also awarded during the six-minute match for controlling the opponent, placing him in danger, or escaping the opponent's control. If there is no fall, then the wrestler with the most points wins the match. Some of the most noticeable changes were as follows:

1. Two 3-minute periods instead of 3 periods totaling 7 minutes
2. If a wrestler pushed his opponent out of the ring he would get a point.
3. **The Bonus** \- if a wrestler manages to stay in the center of the mat and stay aggressive, their *bonus meter* would go up. If they got the bonus, they would get to go into a special position in which they couldn't lose any points and could gain points by throwing their opponents.
4. **TV Challenge** \- the coach of each wrestler is allowed once per individual match to challenge a call made by the *Ref* using video from multiple video angles.

## Teams

* California Claw
* Chicago Groove
* Iowa Stalkers
* Minnesota Freeze
* New York Outrage
* Oklahoma Slam
* Pennsylvania Hammer
* Texas Shooters

## League structure

Despite the existence of eight "franchises" in RPW, all tournaments were conducted in a classic elimination bracket format. No actual dual meets were held.

## Television coverage

In the league's first season, 2005–06, matches were televised on PAX TV (now ION Television) on Sunday evenings and on Fox Sports Net affiliates at various times. Rulon Gardner, one of the most famous figures in amateur wrestling in the United States, was the color analyst. Veteran Radio and Television Sports Announcer Chip Hoback from Nashville, TN did the Voice Over and Highlights.

Due to executive reorganizations at both networks, both PAX and FSN pulled the show. RPW then decided to syndicate coverage of the second season on various broadcast stations.

In an interview with The Wrestling Mall co-founder Toby Willis also revealed that although sponsors and investors were already lined up for Season 2 a few employees had attempted a "take over" of the company which also added to the downfall of the league. In the same series of articles Mr. Willis stated his wish that wrestling would adopt more of a martial arts mentality to draw in more kids. Mr. Willis said, "Wrestling desperately needs to rebrand itself as a martial art not just another arbitrary sport. We need to use military terminology and martial art vocabulary. We need to teach it as self defense. So instead of the high school coach walking up to a kid in the hallways of school and asking them to try wrestling, they should ask the kid if he wants to learn self defense. What kid says they want to be defenseless? Then when the kid shows up for practice, the coach has to teach wrestling from a martial arts perspective."

## Notable participants

* Jesse Jantzen \- NCAA Division I wrestling champion and MOW Winner for Harvard University, 3x NCAA Division I All-American, Freestyle wrestling University World Games champion. Hollywood producer, Philanthropist and Financier.
* Muhammed Lawal \- Season 1 Champion, NCAA Division II champion and Freestyle World Championships competitor (7th place), current mixed martial artist with Bellator, and former Strikeforce Light Heavyweight Champion.
* Andy Hrovat \- wrestled at 2008 Olympics and defeated Muhammed Lawal at the 2008 U.S. Olympic Trials.
* Daniel Cormier \- Season 1 Champion, two-time Olympic Freestyle Wrestler and 2008 U.S. team captain, King of the Cage Champion, Strikeforce Heavyweight Grand Prix Champion and the former UFC light heavyweight, and heavyweight champion.
* Teague Moore \- U.S. Open Champion, College Wrestling Coach, & Founder of the Association of Career Wrestlers.
* Aaron Simpson \- 11 UFC veteran, competing in both the Middle Weight and Welterweight division. Also a former competitor on American Gladiators.
* Joe Warren \- 2006 Greco-Roman World Championships gold medalist, current mixed martial artist with Bellator Fighting Championships, and Bellator Season 2 Featherweight Tournament winner and former Bellator Featherweight Champion.
* Patrick Cummins (born November 16, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist.\[5\] He currently competes in the Light Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As of August 3, 2015, Cummins is #12 in official UFC Light Heavyweight rankings. \[6\]

## Champions

* Season 1:

| Weight Division | Champion | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 121 lb (55 kg) | Sammie Henson | Pennsylvania Hammer |
| 132 lb (60 kg) | Tony Deanda | New York Outrage |
| 145 lb (66 kg) | Doug Schwab | Iowa Stalkers |
| 163 lb (74 kg) | Joe Williams | Chicago Groove |
| 184 lb (83 kg) | Muhammed Lawal | Oklahoma Slam |
| 211 lb (96 kg) | Daniel Cormier | Oklahoma Slam |
| 264 lb (120 kg) | Patrick Cummins | Pennsylvania Hammer |
|


title: Real Quiet Stakes

abstract: The Real Quiet Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood, California. Open to two-year-olds, the stakes race is contested over a distance of 1 1/16 miles on Cushion Track synthetic dirt. Run in mid November, the race offers a purse of $100,000 Added. Inaugurated in 2005, the race is named in honor of Real Quiet, the 1998 American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse and winner of that year's Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. In 1999, Real Quiet won the Hollywood Gold Cup at Hollywood Park Racetrack.

text:
# Real Quiet Stakes

The **Real Quiet Stakes** is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood, California. Open to two-year-olds, the stakes race is contested over a distance of 1 1/16 miles (8.5 furlongs) on Cushion Track synthetic dirt. Run in mid November, the race offers a purse of $100,000 Added.

Inaugurated in 2005, the race is named in honor of Real Quiet, the 1998 American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse and winner of that year's Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. In 1999, Real Quiet won the Hollywood Gold Cup at Hollywood Park Racetrack.

## Records

**Speed record:**

## Winners

| **Year**
 | **Winner**
 | **Jockey**
 | **Trainer**
 | **Owner**
 | **Time**
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Tamarando | Rafael Bejarano | Jerry Hollendorfer |  | 1:44.22 |
| 2012 | Carving | Martin Garcia | Bob Baffert | Pegasus Syndicate #4 | 1:46.04 |
| 2011 | Liaison |  | Bob Baffert | Arnold Zetcher | 1:44.72 |
| 2010 | Comma to the Top | Corey Nakatani | Peter Miller | Barber, Birnbaum & Tsujihara | 1:43.56 |
| 2009 | *NO RACE* | | | | |
| 2008 | Chocolate Candy | Garrett Gomez | Jerry Hollendorfer | Jenny Craig | 1:42.25 |
| 2007 | Colonel John | Corey Nakatani | Eoin G. Harty | WinStar Farm | 1:42.92 |
| 2006 | Roman Commander | Isaias Enriquez | Gary Stute | Kerndall Mann | 1:44.77 |
| 2005 | Genre | Martin Pedroza | Ben Cecil | David & Paula Meuller | 1:43.99 |
|


title: Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal

abstract: "Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal" is an essay about computer programming written by Ed Post of Tektronix, Inc., and published in July 1983 as a reader's contribution in Datamation.

text:
# Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal

"**Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal**" (a parody of the bestselling 1982 tongue-in-cheek book on stereotypes about masculinity *Real Men Don't Eat Quiche*) is an essay about computer programming written by Ed Post of Tektronix, Inc., and published in July 1983 as a reader's contribution in *Datamation*.

## History

Widely circulated on Usenet in its day, and well known in the computer software industry, the article compares and contrasts *real programmers*, who use punch cards and write programs in FORTRAN or assembly language, with modern-day "quiche eaters" who use programming languages such as Pascal which support structured programming and impose restrictions meant to prevent or minimize common bugs due to inadvertent programming logic errors. Also mentioned are feats such as Seymour Cray, the inventor of the Cray-1 supercomputer, using manual control switches to load the first operating system for the CDC 7600 without notes.

The next year Ed Nather’s *The Story of Mel*, also known as *The realest programmer of all*, extended the theme. Immortalized in the piece is Mel Kaye of the Royal McBee Computer Corporation. As the story famously puts it, "He wrote in machine code—in 'raw, unadorned, inscrutable hexadecimal numbers. Directly.'"

Since then, the computer folklore term *Real Programmer* has come to describe the archetypical "hardcore" programmer who eschews the modern languages and tools of the day in favour of more direct and efficient (for the machine, decidedly not for the programmer) solutions—closer to the hardware. The term is used in many subsequent articles, webcomics and in-jokesalthough the alleged defining features of a "Real Programmer" differ with time and place.

1. Volume 29 number 7


abstract: Reading South was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency covered an area in and around the town of Reading in the county of Berkshire.

text:
# Reading South (UK Parliament constituency)

**Reading South** was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency covered an area in and around the town of Reading in the county of Berkshire.

## History

The Reading South parliamentary constituency was first created for the 1950 general election by splitting the previous parliamentary constituency of Reading into North and South divisions. These constituencies were merged back into a single Reading constituency in for the 1955 general election.

The Reading South constituency was recreated in 1974, when the majority comprised areas outside the County Borough. In 1983 the constituencies in Reading were reorganised, creating the new constituencies of Reading East and Reading West.

## Boundaries

### 1950–1955

The County Borough of Reading wards of Church, East, Katesgrove, Minster, Redlands, and West.

It was then abolished and absorbed into the re-established constituency of Reading, with the exception of the East ward, which was transferred to Wokingham.

### 1974–1983

* The County Borough of Reading wards of Christchurch, Park, Redlands, and Whitley; and
* The Rural District of Wokingham parishes of Arborfield and Newland, Barkham, Earley, Finchampstead, Shinfield, Sonning, Swallowfield, Winnersh, and Woodley and Sandford.

*The Park ward of the County Borough of Reading was transferred from Wokingham, along with western parts of the Rural District thereof. The remaining wards of the County Borough were previously part of the abolished constituency of Reading.*

The constituency was abolished again for the 1983 general election, with the majority forming the basis of the new County Constituency of Reading East. The north-western areas transferred back to Wokingham.

## Members of Parliament

### MPs 1950–1955

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1950 | Ian Mikardo | Labour |
|  | 1955 | *constituency abolished – see Reading* | |

### MPs 1974–1983

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Feb 1974 | Gerard Vaughan | Conservative |
|  | 1983 | *constituency abolished – see Reading East and Reading West* | |

## Election results

### Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: Reading South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Gerard Vaughan** | **30,067** | **53.85** | **+11.32** |
|  | Labour | Bernard Gale | 14,422 | 25.83 | −2.01 |
|  | Liberal | Keith Ernest Vincent Watts | 10,642 | 19.06 | −10.56 |
|  | Ecology | Peter George Chaloner Dunn | 700 | 1.25 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 15,645 | 28.02 | +15.11 |
| Turnout | | | 55,831 | 76.48 | +1.77 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +6.67 |  |

General election October 1974: Reading South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Gerard Vaughan** | **21,959** | **42.53** | **−0.26** |
|  | Liberal | Paul Richard Burall | 15,293 | 29.62 | −3.51 |
|  | Labour | Lawrence Silverman | 14,375 | 27.84 | +3.76 |
| Majority | | | 6,666 | 12.91 | +3.25 |
| Turnout | | | 51,627 | 74.71 | −6.23 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +1.63 |  |

General election February 1974: Reading South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Gerard Vaughan** | **23,735** | **42.79** |  |
|  | Liberal | Paul Richard Burall | 18,376 | 33.13 | *New* |
|  | Labour | Gerd Hugo Kaufman | 13,358 | 24.08 |  |
| Majority | | | 5,349 | 9.66 |  |
| Turnout | | | 55,469 | 80.94 |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

### Elections in the 1950s

General election 1951: Reading South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Ian Mikardo** | **18,570** | **51.40** | **+2.73** |
|  | Conservative | Harold Pryce | 17,561 | 48.60 | +6.13 |
| Majority | | | 1,009 | 2.80 | −3.40 |
| Turnout | | | 36,131 | 86.86 | −1.41 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election 1950: Reading South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Ian Mikardo** | **17,704** | **48.67** |  |
|  | Conservative | DC Rissik | 15,450 | 42.47 |  |
|  | Liberal | Gerald Laurence Opperman | 3,225 | 8.87 |  |
| Majority | | | 2,254 | 6.20 |  |
| Turnout | | | 36,379 | 88.07 |  |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |

## Politics and history of the constituency

The Reading South parliamentary constituency was first created for the 1950 general election by splitting the previous parliamentary constituency of Reading into North and South divisions. The seat was contested and won for the Labour Party by Ian Mikardo, the sitting MP for the Reading constituency, who held the seat until it was merged back into a single Reading constituency for the 1955 general election.

The Reading South constituency was recreated in 1974, when it was contested and won for the Conservative Party by Gerard Vaughan, the sitting MP for the Reading constituency. For the 1983 general election the constituencies in Reading were reorganised, creating the new constituencies of Reading East and Reading West. Gerard Vaughan went on to hold the Reading East constituency until he stood down at the 1997 general election.

## InfoBox

| Reading South | |
| --- | --- |
| Former borough constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| Boundary of Reading South in Berkshire, boundaries 1974-83 | |
| County | Berkshire |
| Major settlements | Reading |
| 19501955 | |
| Created from | Reading |
| Replaced by | Reading |
| 1974 (1974)1983 | |
| Type of constituency | Borough constituency |
| Created from | Reading |
| Replaced by | Reading East, Reading West and Wokingham |


title: Reading Room West

abstract:
Reading Room West or The Research Reading Room at The Royal Danish Library is a part of The Danish National Library and is located in Black Diamond, the Royal Library's modern extension on Slotsholmen in Copenhagen. The history of the reading room has its roots in the foundation of The Royal Library by King Frederik III and it has been relocated several times since then. The purpose of the reading room is:
  - To make it possible for users to study materials from the library’s collection, which are restricted to the premises
  - To make a large reference collection available for the users
  - To house reserved desks for researchers Target group:
  - The University of Copenhagen
  - Researchers from Denmark and abroad
  - Others who seek knowledge at a higher level The reference collection in Reading Room West consists of 2 levels with a combined capacity of 65.000 volumes. It covers several of the subject areas of The Royal Library, but there is an emphasis on the humanities and theology.

text:
# Reading Room West

**Reading Room West** (Danish: Læsesal Vest) or The Research Reading Room at The Royal Danish Library is a part of The Danish National Library and is located in Black Diamond, the Royal Library's modern extension on Slotsholmen in Copenhagen. The history of the reading room has its roots in the foundation of The Royal Library by King Frederik III and it has been relocated several times since then.

The purpose of the reading room is:

* To make it possible for users to study materials from the library’s collection, which are restricted to the premises
* To make a large reference collection available for the users
* To house reserved desks for researchers

Target group:

* The University of Copenhagen
* Researchers from Denmark and abroad
* Others who seek knowledge at a higher level

The reference collection in Reading Room West consists of 2 levels with a combined capacity of 65.000 volumes. It covers several of the subject areas of The Royal Library, but there is an emphasis on the humanities and theology.


title: Reason/Never Lose

abstract: "Reason/Never Lose" is Tomohisa Yamashita's first double A-side single. It features two theme songs: "Reason" and "Never Lose", which were used as opening themes for the Ace Attorney anime series.

text:
# Reason/Never Lose

"**Reason/Never Lose**" is Tomohisa Yamashita's first double A-side single. It features two theme songs: "Reason" and "Never Lose", which were used as opening themes for the *Ace Attorney* anime series.

## Background

This is the first single in about 5 years since the previous work "Summer Nude '13". It is the first single after transferring to SME Records, and Yamashita's first double A-side single. It was released in three forms: first press limited edition A, first press limited edition B, and regular edition. There is a first press version of the regular edition.

Both title songs are from the Yomiuri TV/Nippon Television anime series *Ace Attorney* opening theme. "Never Lose" is used as the first opening theme of the first season while "Reason" is instead used as the second one. Upon learning it would be used in the anime, Yamashita expressed thanks and wanted his fans to enjoy its execution the anime.

The music video for the coupling song "Like a Movie" was directed and produced by Yamashita himself. As a bonus for the first edition of the regular edition, a flyer with a serial code for viewing the original video was included, and it was available for viewing for a limited time. Purchase bonus design decided! /Information on the addition of regular edition first specification benefits. Later, it was included as a bonus video in the regular edition of the DVD and Blu-ray *Tomohisa Yamashita Live Tour 2018 Unleashed –Feel the Love–*. The CD sold 74,432 units in Japan.

## Track listing

1. "Reason"
2. "Never Lose"
3. "Reason" (instrumental)
4. "Never Lose" (instrumental)

DVD * "Reason" (music video)

### First production limited edition

1. "Never Lose"
2. "Reason"
3. "Never Lose" (instrumental)
4. "Reason" (instrumental)

DVD * "Never Lose" (music video)

### Regular edition

1. "Reason"
2. "Never Lose"
3. "Like a Movie"
4. "Without You"

## InfoBox

| "Reason/Never Lose" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Tomohisa Yamashita | |
| B-side | * "Like a Movie" * "Without You" |
| Released | February 13, 2019 (2019-02-13) |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | SME Records |
| Tomohisa Yamashita singles chronology | |
| "Summer Nude '13"
(2013) "**Reason/Never Lose**"
(2019) "Change"
(2019) | |


title: Rebecca Todd Peters

abstract: Rebecca Todd Peters is a feminist and Christian social ethicist who serves as a professor of Religious Studies at Elon University. Peters' scholarship focuses on questions related to economics, the environmental crisis, globalization, poverty, and women's access to abortion. She claimed to have felt God's presence while receiving both of her abortions.

text:
# Rebecca Todd Peters

**Rebecca Todd Peters** is a feminist and Christian social ethicist who serves as a professor of Religious Studies at Elon University. Peters' scholarship focuses on questions related to economics, the environmental crisis, globalization, poverty, and women's access to abortion. She claimed to have felt God's presence while receiving both of her abortions.

## Education and career

Peters received her B.A. in Art and English from Rhodes College and her M.Div. and Ph.D. in Christian Social Ethics from Union Theological Seminary in New York. She was also ordained as a Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) minister and worked in the PCUSA national office of Women's Ministries for six years.

Peters is the past President of the American Academy of Religion, Southeast Region, and was Elon University's 2011–12 Distinguished Scholar. She also served as the Founding Director of the Poverty and Social Justice program at Elon.

## Publications

Her books include:

* *In Search of the Good Life: The Ethics of Globalization* (Continuum, 2004), which won the 2003 Trinity Book Prize.
* *Justice in a Global Economy: Strategies for Home, Community and World* (Westminster/John Knox, 2006)
* *To Do Justice: A Guide for Progressive Christians* (Westminster/John Knox, 2008)
* *Solidarity Ethics: Transformation in a Globalized World* (Fortress Press, 2014)
* *Trust Women: A Progressive Christian Argument for Reproductive Justice* (Beacon Press, 2018)

Dominican University of California Professor Laura Stivers has stated that in her book *Solidarity Ethics*, Peters "lays the groundwork... for how we can come together in solidarity across lines of difference to create movements for justice and structural change."

Peters' book *Trust Women* has been described as offering "a Christian argument for abortion" and as "shifting the conversation \[about abortion\] to reproductive justice." Cecile Richards, president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America and president of the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, has said: “In *Trust Women*, Rebecca Todd Peters lays bare the real question underlying the abortion debate: whether or not women can be trusted to make their own decisions. She is compassionate and clear-eyed in constructing her faith-based case for abortion, and her voice cuts through the noise to affirm what we at Planned Parenthood have long believed: the best arbiter of a woman’s reproductive destiny is herself.”

## Abortion

Peters has been widely noted for her framing of abortion as "a moral good."

## Other writing

Peters also writes about current events, theology, justice, and social change on her blog, “To Do Justice," on the Patheos website, and her op-eds have been printed in a variety of newspapers on topics including racism and sex education.


title: Rebecca Trehearn

abstract: Rebecca Trehearn is an actress, best known for her work in musical theatre. She trained at Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts, graduating in 2004.

text:
# Rebecca Trehearn

**Rebecca Trehearn** is an actress, best known for her work in musical theatre. She trained at Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts, graduating in 2004.

## Career

In 2013, she played Molly in the UK tour of *Ghost the Musical*. In 2014 she played Marcy in the Southwark Playhouse production of *Dogfight*. She also played Caroline in *The Confession Room* at the St. James Theatre in 2014.

She won the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical for her performance as Julie LaVerne in *Show Boat*, which played at the New London Theatre. She had previously played the role at the Sheffield Crucible prior to the West End transfer.

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Trehearn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | U.K. |
| Genres | Musical theatre |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actress |
|  | |
| Website | www.rebeccatrehearn.com |


title: Recortes

abstract: Recortes are a style of Spanish bullfighting where the bull is not harmed and recortadores must dodge charging bulls acrobatically without the use of capes or props, i.e. solely with their own body's movements. It is traditional to the Spanish regions near the Ebro river, Basque Country, Madrid, Extremadura and Valencia. It has been proposed as an alternative to traditional bullfighting corridas as the animal is not harmed or killed. It is also considered easier to market. As opposed to traditional bullfighting, recortadores do not wear elaborate outfits and instead usually wear jerseys. It is also cheaper to become a recortador than a traditional bullfighter, although prizes are also lower.

text:
# Recortes

***Recortes*** are a style of Spanish bullfighting where the bull is not harmed and *recortadores* must dodge charging bulls acrobatically without the use of capes or props, i.e. solely with their own body's movements. It is traditional to the Spanish regions near the Ebro river, Basque Country, Madrid, Extremadura and Valencia.

It has been proposed as an alternative to traditional bullfighting *corridas* as the animal is not harmed or killed. It is also considered easier to market.

As opposed to traditional bullfighting, *recortadores* do not wear elaborate outfits and instead usually wear jerseys. It is also cheaper to become a *recortador* than a traditional bullfighter, although prizes are also lower.

## Types

* *Concurso de Recorte Libre* (i.e. "free trim competition"), where the recortadores take turns leaping and dodging over various different bulls;
* *Concurso de Cortes* (i.e. "competition of cuts"), where only some types of dodges (the ones called recortes) are allowed;
* *Concurso de recortadores con anillas* (i.e. "competition of recortadores with rings), which is usually done in couples and where recortadores compete to place as many rings as possible in a bull's horns within the allotted time.

Course camarguaise, where the competitors try to retrieve a white rosette from between the bull's horns.


title: Recourse debt

abstract: Recourse debt is a debt that is backed by collateral from the borrower. Also known as a recourse loan, this type of debt allows the lender to collect from the debtor and the debtor's assets in the case of default as opposed to foreclosing on a particular property or asset as with a home loan or auto loan. Nonpayment of recourse debt allows the lender the right to collect assets or pursue legal action. While mortgages in the US are typically nonrecourse debt, a foreclosure or bankruptcy can trigger the loan to become recourse debt at the request of the lending institution.

text:
# Recourse debt

**Recourse debt** is a debt that is backed by collateral from the borrower. Also known as a **recourse loan**, this type of debt allows the lender to collect from the debtor and the debtor's assets in the case of default as opposed to foreclosing on a particular property or asset as with a home loan or auto loan. Nonpayment of recourse debt allows the lender the right to collect assets or pursue legal action. While mortgages in the US are typically nonrecourse debt, a foreclosure or bankruptcy can trigger the loan to become recourse debt at the request of the lending institution.

## Classification

Recourse debt can either be full or limited recourse debt. A full recourse debt gives the granter the right to take any and all assets of the debtor, up to the full amount of the debts. The lender will sell the seized assets, including the asset acquired through the original loan. Limited, or partial recourse debt, relies on the original loan contract, where named assets are the extent to which a lender may take action.


title: Recoupment

abstract: For recoupment in terms of U.S. tax law, see equitable recoupment. Recoupment, in the music industry, is when a record label pays for a musical artist's expenses, such as for recording and marketing, and later deducts an equal amount from the artist's royalties, which are between 15 and 20 percent of sales revenue. The practice is common, and most new artists have little choice but to accept it since they lack the negotiating power to obtain a better contract.

text:
# Recoupment

*For recoupment in terms of U.S. tax law, see equitable recoupment.*

**Recoupment**, in the music industry, is when a record label pays for a musical artist's expenses, such as for recording and marketing, and later deducts an equal amount from the artist's royalties, which are between 15 and 20 percent of sales revenue. The practice is common, and most new artists have little choice but to accept it since they lack the negotiating power to obtain a better contract.

## Examples

Suppose that a music label gives a band a $250,000 advance to record an album. The label agrees to do so in return for 90% of the sales. In addition, the label will specify certain standards for production of the album, for example, which studios the band will engage. The label may even hold the advance and make all disbursements on the band's behalf, ensuring the funds are used exactly as agreed. In other words, the $250,000 advance is not simply pocketed by the band -- it is to be spent on album production and the band's reasonable expenses during production. The album is recorded, and sells 301,000\* copies at $10 each, yielding $3.01m. The record company takes 90% of this as agreed, leaving the band with $301,000 of their own. This is the situation without recoupment.

With recoupment, the label advances the band $250,000 as before. As before, the band (or the label, on the band's behalf) spends substantially all of the advance to produce an album meeting the label's specifications. The album again sells 301,000 copies at $10 each, yielding $3.01m. The record company recoups $250,000 off the artistes' royalties from sales (artistes royalties are $301,000), and then the label takes 90% of all further sales, as agreed. The band's net is effectively $51,000 while the label's net is $2,709,000.

*Recoupment deals primarily involve new artists, or those without a proven sales history, so selling 301,000 copies would be fairly unusual. More typically, 10,000 or fewer copies are sold by a new artist. In this more typical case, the label recoups only $100,000 of the $250,000 advance, along with other non-recoupable expenses incurred in getting the album out into the world.

## Further reading

Donald Passman, *All You Need To Know About The Music Business* ISBN 978-1668011065.


title: Rectified Gaussian distribution

abstract: In probability theory, the rectified Gaussian distribution is a modification of the Gaussian distribution when its negative elements are reset to 0. It is essentially a mixture of a discrete distribution and a continuous distribution as a result of censoring.

text:
# Rectified Gaussian distribution

In probability theory, the **rectified Gaussian distribution** is a modification of the Gaussian distribution when its negative elements are reset to 0 (analogous to an electronic rectifier). It is essentially a mixture of a discrete distribution (constant 0) and a continuous distribution (a truncated Gaussian distribution with interval $(0,\infty )$) as a result of censoring.

## Density function

The probability density function of a rectified Gaussian distribution, for which random variables *X* having this distribution, derived from the normal distribution $\mathcal {N}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2}),$ are displayed as $X\sim {\mathcal {N}^{\textrm {R}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}}$, is given by $f(x;\mu ,\sigma ^{2})=\Phi {\left(-{\frac {\mu }{\sigma }\right)}\delta (x)+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi \sigma ^{2}\\;e^{-{\frac {(x-\mu )^{2}{2\sigma ^{2}{\textrm {U}(x).}}}}}}}}}$

Here, $\Phi (x)$ is the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the standard normal distribution: $\Phi (x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }\int \_{-\infty }^{x}e^{-t^{2}/2}\\,dt\quad x\in \mathbb {R} ,}}$ $\delta (x)$ is the Dirac delta function $\delta (x)={\begin{cases}+\infty ,&x=0\\0,&x\neq 0\end{cases}}$ and, $\textrm {U}(x)$ is the unit step function: $\textrm {U}(x)={\begin{cases}0,&x\leq 0,\\1,&x\>0.\end{cases}}$

## Mean and variance

Since the unrectified normal distribution has mean $\mu $ and since in transforming it to the rectified distribution some probability mass has been shifted to a higher value (from negative values to 0), the mean of the rectified distribution is greater than $\mu .$

Since the rectified distribution is formed by moving some of the probability mass toward the rest of the probability mass, the rectification is a mean-preserving contraction combined with a mean-changing rigid shift of the distribution, and thus the variance is decreased; therefore the variance of the rectified distribution is less than $\sigma ^{2}.$

## Generating values

To generate values computationally, one can use

$$s\sim {\mathcal {N}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2}),\quad x={\textrm {max}(0,s),}}$$

and then

$$x\sim {\mathcal {N}^{\textrm {R}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2}).}}$$

## Application

A rectified Gaussian distribution is semi-conjugate to the Gaussian likelihood, and it has been recently applied to factor analysis, or particularly, (non-negative) rectified factor analysis. Harva proposed a variational learning algorithm for the rectified factor model, where the factors follow a mixture of rectified Gaussian; and later Meng proposed an infinite rectified factor model coupled with its Gibbs sampling solution, where the factors follow a Dirichlet process mixture of rectified Gaussian distribution, and applied it in computational biology for reconstruction of gene regulatory networks.

## Extension to general bounds

An extension to the rectified Gaussian distribution was proposed by Palmer et al., allowing rectification between arbitrary lower and upper bounds. For lower and upper bounds $a$ and $b$ respectively, the cdf, $F\_{R}(x|\mu ,\sigma ^{2})$ is given by:

$$F\_{R}(x|\mu ,\sigma ^{2})={\begin{cases}0,&x\<a,\\\Phi (x|\mu ,\sigma ^{2}),&a\leq x\<b,\\1,&x\geq b,\\\end{cases}}$$

where $\Phi (x|\mu ,\sigma ^{2})$ is the cdf of a normal distribution with mean $\mu $ and variance $\sigma ^{2}$. The mean and variance of the rectified distribution is calculated by first transforming the constraints to be acting on a standard normal distribution:

$$c={\frac {a-\mu }{\sigma },\qquad d={\frac {b-\mu }{\sigma }.}}$$

Using the transformed constraints, the mean and variance, $\mu \_{R}$ and $\sigma \_{R}^{2}$ respectively, are then given by:

$$\mu \_{t}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }\left(e^{\left(-{\frac {c^{2}{2}\right)}-e^{\left(-{\frac {d^{2}{2}\right)}\right)+{\frac {c}{2}\left(1+{\textrm {erf}\left({\frac {c}{\sqrt {2}\right)\right)+{\frac {d}{2}\left(1-{\textrm {erf}\left({\frac {d}{\sqrt {2}\right)\right),}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

$$\begin{aligned}\sigma \_{t}^{2}&={\frac {\mu \_{t}^{2}+1}{2}\left({\textrm {erf}\left({\frac {d}{\sqrt {2}\right)-{\textrm {erf}\left({\frac {c}{\sqrt {2}\right)\right)-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }\left(\left(d-2\mu \_{t}\right)e^{\left(-{\frac {d^{2}{2}\right)}-\left(c-2\mu \_{t}\right)e^{\left(-{\frac {c^{2}{2}\right)}\right)\\\&+{\frac {\left(c-\mu \_{t}\right)^{2}{2}\left(1+{\textrm {erf}\left({\frac {c}{\sqrt {2}\right)\right)+{\frac {\left(d-\mu \_{t}\right)^{2}{2}\left(1-{\textrm {erf}\left({\frac {d}{\sqrt {2}\right)\right),\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

$$\mu \_{R}=\mu +\sigma \mu \_{t},$$

$$\sigma \_{R}^{2}=\sigma ^{2}\sigma \_{t}^{2},$$

where erf is the error function. This distribution was used by Palmer et al. for modelling physical resource levels, such as the quantity of liquid in a vessel, which is bounded by both 0 and the capacity of the vessel.


title: Red Kross (EP)

abstract: Red Kross is the debut EP of Benestrophe, self-released in 1990.

text:
# Red Kross (EP)

***Red Kross*** is the debut EP of Benestrophe, self-released in 1990.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Dwayne Dassing, Gary Dassing and Richard Mendez

Side one
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sensory Deprivation" |  |
| 2. | "Red Kross" |  |
| 3. | "Liberty City" (Edit) |  |

Side two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Churchyard" |  |
| 2. | "Downed Cow" (Crystal Methane Mix) |  |
| 3. | "L.S.D." (Edit) |  |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Red Kross* liner notes.

**Benestrophe**

## InfoBox

| Red Kross | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Benestrophe | |
| Released | 1990 (1990) |
| Studio | Churchyard Studios
(San Antonio, Texas) |
| Genre | EBM |
| Benestrophe chronology | |
| ***Red Kross***
(1990) *Sensory Deprivation*
(1994) | |
|  | |
| Mentallo & The Fixer chronology | |
| ***Red Kross***
(1990) *Wreckage + Ruin + & + Regrets + (Redemption)*
(1992) | |
|  | |


title: Red Lady of Huntingdon College

abstract: The Red Lady of Huntingdon College is a ghost said to haunt the former Pratt Hall dormitory at Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. Her story is told in Huntingdon alumnus Kathryn Tucker Windham's book 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey.

text:
# Red Lady of Huntingdon College

The **Red Lady of Huntingdon College** is a ghost said to haunt the former Pratt Hall dormitory at Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. Her story is told in Huntingdon alumnus Kathryn Tucker Windham's book *13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey*.

## The first "Red Lady"

According to Windham and historian Daniel Barefoot, there have actually been two ghosts alleged to have haunted Huntingdon College. They first appeared in the late nineteenth century, while the college was still located in the town of Tuskegee, Alabama. She was described as a young woman wearing a scarlet dress and carrying a scarlet parasol who walked wordlessly up and down the halls of a women's dormitory late one night, bathed in a red glow. This apparition, according to Windham, ultimately left the residence hall and disappeared from view as she passed through a gateway outside. The alleged identity or origin of this wraith has never been determined, and she was apparently never seen again.

## The second "Red Lady"

### Martha arrives at Huntingdon

The second Red Lady, according to Windham, was a former student named Martha (according to Windham) or Margaret (according to another source; no last name for this alleged person has ever been offered) who had reluctantly come to Huntingdon from New York, because her father's mother had attended Huntingdon when it was in Tuskegee, and his will specified that she must attend his mother's alma mater. Martha did not especially want to come to Alabama, but her father's fortune was large and she knew his deep love for his home state. Martha, according to the legend, was dressed in red when she arrived, and she brought with her red draperies for her windows and a red spread for her bed together with other accessories of the same color. Although many of her fellow students asked her to explain her apparent obsession with the color red, Martha always demurred.

### Coping problems

Being a stranger and shy, as well as unhappy in her unfamiliar surroundings, Martha could not make friends among the students. They sensed that she was different from them, and having heard she was wealthy, they mistook her shyness for disdain. Martha sat alone and apart from them in the dining hall, and seldom spoke to her roommate. When other girls (Huntingdon was an all-female institution at this time) dropped in to visit, she seemed so cold and unfriendly that they eventually stopped coming. Truthfully, many of them had only come out of curiosity to see the red prayer rug Martha had bought in Turkey and the odd little red figurines on her bookshelves.

Martha's roommate, according to Windham's story, ultimately found the situation unbearable and asked the housemother if she could move out. The housemother granted this request and put someone else in the room with Martha, who became increasingly aloof and irritable. This second girl also left her after only a week. This procedure happened again and again as one roommate after another found it impossible to live with the surly girl. At last the president of the dormitory, who was known for her ability to get along with everybody, moved in with Martha and did everything she could to make friends with her, but all efforts were futile. Martha had become embittered as well as withdrawn, and she seemed to resent the presence of this kindhearted girl.

After all her efforts at friendship had failed and after she found herself growing depressed and despondent, the dormitory president packed her belongings and prepared to leave. Just as she was about to go, Martha, who had not known of her imminent departure, returned to the room. With a look of defiance she said (according to Windham's story), "So you couldn't stand me either - like all the rest of your stuck up friends. I was beginning to think you really wanted me to be your friend but you hate me just like the rest. Well, I'm glad to be rid of you! Take your things and go! But I'll tell you one thing, my dear: for the rest of your life you'll regret leaving this room." The house president was disturbed by this bitter outburst but in the midst of her many activities she soon forgot about Martha's prophetic words.

### Odd behavior

The sad girl, abandoned by the one person she had believed to be her only friend, allegedly formed the habit of wandering into rooms where the other girls were congregating, but her presence cast a chill upon the groups and they would soon find flimsy excuses for leaving her alone. Then, with a feeling of alienation from all humankind, she would return to her solitary sleeping quarters, where she would wrap herself in her red bedspread and retreat from the whole world.

Later, Martha's behavior allegedly became even more strange: She would wait until the lights were out, and then she would visit one dormitory after another, never saying a word but staring into space as if she were in a trance. As time passed, she took to walking up and down the halls during the darkest hours of the night. Often she would alarm the girls by opening and closing their doors, then hurrying away to resume her pitiful promenade.

### Suicide and alleged ghostly activities

One evening after Martha had not appeared for classes or meals all day, her former roommate, the dormitory president, had a guilty feeling and decided to go see her, thinking that this time she might be able to help Martha in some way. As she neared Martha's room at an isolated corridor at the top floor of the building, she is said to have noticed flashes of red shooting out into the corridor from the room's transom. Opening the door, she screamed and fainted. Girls from all over the fourth floor of Pratt rushed from their rooms to see what was wrong. Martha, or so the story goes, was found on the floor of her room, dressed in her red robe and draped in her red bedspread, having committed suicide by slashing her wrists.

This happened "a long time ago", according to Windham, but students at Huntingdon have alleged that on the date of Martha's suicide each year rays of crimson light flash down from the transom of her room, and the Red Lady returns to haunt the corridors of Pratt Hall. Students have allegedly reported seeing Martha's ghost on Pratt Hall's fourth floor, claiming to have seen it pass through walls or closed doors.

### Commemoration

Today, Pratt Hall has been converted from a dormitory to the college's Department of Education and Psychology.

In October every year, the Chi Omega, Phi Mu, and Alpha Omicron Pi sororities at Huntingdon take part in "The Red Lady Run," painting their faces, wearing all black, and running around the campus.

## Other alleged ghosts

In addition to the Red Lady, Huntingdon College is allegedly haunted by the restless spirit of a young male student who supposedly shot himself on the college green sometime during the 1970s after being jilted by a former girlfriend. Students have allegedly reported feeling unseen forces tugging on their clothes as they walk across the green at night, or mussing their hair, or blowing in their ears. Other spirits alleged to haunt portions of the Huntingdon campus include those of a murdered co-ed, a young boy who allegedly drowned in the college pond, a female student clad only in a towel, and a poltergeist known as "Frank the Library Ghost".

## Further reading

* Windham, Kathryn Tucker (1969). *13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey*. Huntsville, Alabama, Strode Publishers. ISBN 0-87397-008-X.
* Barefoot, Daniel: Haunted Halls of Ivy: The Red Lady, pp. 11–15.

32°21′00″N 86°17′06″W / 32.350°N 86.285°W / 32.350; -86.285


title: Recantation

abstract: Recantation is a public denial of a previously published opinion or belief. The word is derived from the Latin re cantare. It is related to repentance and revocation.

text:
# Recantation

**Recantation** is a public denial of a previously published opinion or belief. The word is derived from the Latin *re cantare* ("sing again"). It is related to repentance and revocation.

## Philosophy

In philosophy, recantation is linked to a genuine change of opinion, often caused by a serious event which reveals a better or more complete representation of a presumed truth. For example, *Retractationes* was the title of a 5th-century book by Bishop Augustine of Hippo correcting his former writings as an ordinary teacher of rhetoric prior to his becoming a cleric which he described as "a recantation of opinion with admission of error".

In classical Roman poetry, after deliberately describing something extravagantly or hyperbolically for memorable dramatic effect, recantation was used to briefly redefine the material subject fairly and honestly.

## Religion

In religion, recantation may be required to avoid punishment or imposed to obtain pardon from a sin such as:

* Heresy (wrong choice) which means questioning or doubting dogmatic established beliefs
* Blasphemy (evil-speaking) which is the act of insulting or showing contempt for a religious deity.
* Apostasy which implies either revolt against or renunciation or abandonment of a prescribed religious duty, especially disloyalty sedition and defection

In Protestantism, recantation may be requested by or ordered from an ecclesiastical authority such as a synod or ecumenical council. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Inquisition, Holy Office, or even on rare occasion the contemporary Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith required an act of renunciation to enforce an orthodoxy.

In a secular state, if ordered to recant by religious authority, one who refused to recant may be anathematized or excommunicated or subject to social exclusion. In a theocracy, an order to recant may include threats of physical punishment such as prison or corporal punishment which may include death or lethal cruelty such as the burning at the stake suffered by Joan of Arc.


title: Recurvidris pickburni

abstract: Recurvidris pickburni is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae, which can be found from Sri Lanka.

text:
# Recurvidris pickburni

***Recurvidris pickburni*** is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae, which can be found from Sri Lanka.

* "Recurvidris pickburni - Facts". *AntWeb*. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
* "Recurvidris pickburni". at *antwiki.org*
* Animaldiversity.org
* Itis.org

## InfoBox

| *Recurvidris pickburni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Recurvidris* |
| Species: | ***R. pickburni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Recurvidris pickburni***<br>Bolton, 1992 | |
|


title: Rectina

abstract: Rectina was a friend of the Roman author Pliny the Elder. During the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE, Pliny received a message from her, which prompted him to set sail with galleys and a cutter to observe what was happening at closer range, and to attempt to rescue some of the people of the towns at the foot of the volcano. Pliny's ships were unable to approach the shore to rescue Rectina. It is not documented whether she survived. Pliny himself died after putting ashore further down the coast. Pliny the Younger says that Rectina was married to a man named Bassus or Tascius or Tascus; the name is rendered differently by different translators. Nothing is known for certain about either Rectina or her husband's identity.

text:
# Rectina

**Rectina** was a friend of the Roman author Pliny the Elder. During the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE, Pliny received a message from her, which prompted him to set sail with galleys and a cutter to observe what was happening at closer range, and to attempt to rescue some of the people of the towns at the foot of the volcano. Pliny's ships were unable to approach the shore to rescue Rectina. It is not documented whether she survived. Pliny himself died after putting ashore further down the coast.

Pliny the Younger says that Rectina was married to a man named Bassus or Tascius or Tascus; the name is rendered differently by different translators. Nothing is known for certain about either Rectina or her husband's identity.

## In modern literature

Rectina appears as a character in book 2 of Caroline Lawrence's dramatic fiction series "The Roman Mysteries" written for children. In that story, she appears as wife of Tascius Pomponianus of Stabia.

Several scenes in Robert Harris' bestselling novel Pompeii are set in the Villa of the Papyri, just before the eruption engulfed it. In this story, the villa is claimed to belong to Roman aristocrat Pedius Cascus and his wife Rectina. At the start of the eruption, Rectina prepares to have the library evacuated and sends urgent word to her old friend, Pliny the Elder, who commands the Roman Navy at Misenum on the other side of the Bay of Naples. Pliny immediately sets out in a warship, and gets in sight of the villa, but the eruption prevents him from landing and taking off Rectina and her library – which is thus left for modern archaeologists to find.


title: Reference scenario

abstract: A reference scenario is an imagined situation where a library patron brings a question to a librarian and there is then a conversation, called in the field a reference interview, where the librarian works to help the patron find the information they want. These scenarios are used in training future librarians in how to help patrons. A scenario can be as short as a couple of sentence; it includes a question and a situation that underlies that question. Scenarios focus the library student on the interaction with a patron. In class practice sessions, one student acts as the patron and the other as the librarian; the one practicing as the librarian shouldn't know the whole scenario in advance. Scenarios are valued because often the question asked is not the end of the patron's information search, but the start. Patrons often start by voicing a question that they think the library can answer, rather than the question they are actually seeking to answer; or, they pose a question that the librarian doesn't understand. Reference librarian skills are about mediating a gap between what the patron wants and what the library can provide. This can involve the librarian making themselves a partner in the patron's search, showing them what the library has to offer, or sometimes just clarifying a confusing word.

text:
# Reference scenario

A **reference scenario** is an imagined situation where a library patron brings a question to a librarian and there is then a conversation, called in the field a reference interview, where the librarian works to help the patron find the information they want. These scenarios are used in training future librarians in how to help patrons. A scenario can be as short as a couple of sentence; it includes a question and a situation that underlies that question.

Scenarios focus the library student on the interaction with a patron. In class practice sessions, one student acts as the patron and the other as the librarian; the one practicing as the librarian shouldn't know the whole scenario in advance.

Scenarios are valued because often the question asked is not the end of the patron's information search, but the start. Patrons often start by voicing a question that they think the library can answer, rather than the question they are actually seeking to answer; or, they pose a question that the librarian doesn't understand. Reference librarian skills are about mediating a gap between what the patron wants and what the library can provide. This can involve the librarian making themselves a partner in the patron's search, showing them what the library has to offer, or sometimes just clarifying a confusing word.


title: Reference surface

abstract: In fiber optic technology, a reference surface is that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component such as a connector or mechanical splice. For telecommunications-grade fibers, the reference surface is the outer surface of the cladding. For plastic-clad silica (PCS) fibers, which have a strippable polymer cladding, the reference surface may be the core.

text:
# Reference surface

In fiber optic technology, a **reference surface** is that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component such as a connector or mechanical splice. For telecommunications-grade fibers, the reference surface is the outer surface of the cladding. For plastic-clad silica (PCS) fibers, which have a strippable polymer cladding (not to be confused with the polymer overcoat of an all-silica fiber), the reference surface may be the core.

* This article incorporates public domain material from *Federal Standard 1037C*. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.


title: Reg Gregory

abstract: George Richard "Reg" Gregory was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in sixteen first-class matches for Canterbury from 1922 to 1929. Gregory was a solid opening batsman. He had his best Plunket Shield season in 1927–28, when he was Canterbury's leading scorer, with 247 runs at an average of 41.16, including his highest first-class score of 67 against Auckland, when Canterbury won by 11 runs. He was the highest scorer in Christchurch senior club cricket in 1926–27, with 806 runs at an average of 62.00. For many years he managed Quill Morris liquor merchants in Christchurch.

text:
# Reg Gregory

**George Richard** "**Reg**" **Gregory** (1 February 1892 – 17 August 1970) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in sixteen first-class matches for Canterbury from 1922 to 1929.

Gregory was a solid opening batsman. He had his best Plunket Shield season in 1927–28, when he was Canterbury's leading scorer, with 247 runs at an average of 41.16, including his highest first-class score of 67 against Auckland, when Canterbury won by 11 runs. He was the highest scorer in Christchurch senior club cricket in 1926–27, with 806 runs at an average of 62.00.

For many years he managed Quill Morris liquor merchants in Christchurch.

## InfoBox

Reg Gregory
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | George Richard Gregory |
| Born | (1892-02-01)1 February 1892
Madeley, Shropshire, England |
| Died | 17 August 1970(1970-08-17) (aged 78)
Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1922–23 to 1928–29 | Canterbury |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 16  Runs scored 631  Batting average 22.53  100s/50s 0/5  Top score 67  Balls bowled 57  Wickets 1  Bowling average 52.00  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 1/0  Catches/stumpings 5/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 28 December 2021 | |


title: Reddy Row

abstract: Reddy Row,, was an Indian administrator who served as the Diwan of Travancore from 1817 to 1821 and 1843 to 1845.

text:
# Reddy Row

**Reddy Row**, (born **Venkata Row**, also known as **Reddy Royar**), was an Indian administrator who served as the Diwan of Travancore from 1817 to 1821 and 1843 to 1845.

## Early life

Reddy Row was born in a Thanjavur Marathi Deshastha Madhva Brahmin family at Kumbakonam. When John Munroe became the Diwan of Travancore in 1811, Reddy Row joined the Travancore service as accountant and helped reorganise the Accounts Department of the kingdom.

## Diwan of Travancore

Reddy Row became the Diwan of Travancore in September 1817. He was a protégé of John Munroe and worked on his behalf to introduce reforms. Soon after taking over, Reddy Row passed royal proclamations relieving Christians from compulsory donations towards Hindu ceremonies and exempting them from working on Sundays.He also removed restrictions on low-caste Hindus from wearing gold and silver ornaments and jewellery and introduced coffee cultivation and vaccination. However, when the princess Rukmini Bayi married in 1820, Reddy Row made lavish arrangements for the wedding and was given the villages of Shambhur and Vadakar in Shencottah taluk by the Rani in return. This scandalised the Travancore court and Venkata Rao complained about the Diwan to the new resident Col. Newall thereby forcing him to resign.

When Subha Rao resigned as Diwan in 1843, his protégé Krishna Row was made Acting Diwan. He was supported by the British resident at Travancore. But as the Maharaja was not satisfied with him, he expressed his opinion on Krishna Row to the Governor of Madras who instructed the appointment of Reddy Row as Diwan once again to the chagrin of the Resident.

Reddy Row served his second term as Diwan from 1843 to 1845. This period was characterized by increasing bitterness between the Maharaja and the Resident. In 1845, General Cullen allegedly engineered the downfall of the Diwan by charging him with receiving bribes and presents. An inquiry was launched in the Diwan's conduct and he was compelled to resign.

## InfoBox

| Reddy Row | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Diwan of Travancore | |
| **In office**
September 1817  1821 | |
| Monarch | Swathi Thirunal |
| Preceded by | Raman Menon |
| Succeeded by | T. Venkata Rao |
| **In office**
1843–1845 | |
| Monarch | Swathi Thirunal |
| Preceded by | Krishna Rao |
| Succeeded by | Srinivasa Rao |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Regional jet

abstract: A regional jet (RJ) is a jet-powered regional airliner with fewer than 100 seats. The first one was the Sud-Aviation Caravelle in 1959, followed by the widespread Yakovlev Yak-40, Fokker F-28, and BAe 146. The 1990s saw the emergence of the Canadair Regional Jet and its Embraer Regional Jet counterpart, then the larger Embraer E-Jet and multiple competing projects. In the US, they are limited in size by scope clauses. The market was consolidated as Bombardier Aviation sold its airliner programs between 2017 and 2019, leaving Embraer as the sole large independent regional jet manufacturer, while emerging players try to push competitors: the Mitsubishi SpaceJet, Sukhoi Superjet 100, Comac ARJ21, and Antonov An-148.

text:
# Regional jet

A **regional jet** (RJ) is a jet-powered regional airliner with fewer than 100 seats. The first one was the Sud-Aviation Caravelle in 1959, followed by the widespread Yakovlev Yak-40, Fokker F-28, and BAe 146. The 1990s saw the emergence of the Canadair Regional Jet and its Embraer Regional Jet counterpart, then the larger Embraer E-Jet and multiple competing projects. In the US, they are limited in size by scope clauses.

The market was consolidated as Bombardier Aviation sold its airliner programs between 2017 and 2019, leaving Embraer as the sole large independent regional jet manufacturer, while emerging players try to push competitors: the Mitsubishi SpaceJet, Sukhoi Superjet 100, Comac ARJ21, and Antonov An-148.

## Definition

*Regional Jet* is a term in industry jargon and not a regulatory category. Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University defines the regional jet as up to 100 seats in capacity. This is also the limit capacity for two flight attendants. FlightGlobal sort the 66- to 146-seat Embraer E-Jet/E2 as a regional aircraft, but the 116- to 141-seat Airbus A220 (ex Bombardier CSeries) as a mainline airliner. Boeing defines regional jets as below 90 seats.

*Regional Jet* is used in the name of multiple airliners:

* the 50-seat Canadair Regional Jet CRJ-100/200 was introduced in 1992 and evolved from 2001 in the 70- to 100-seat CRJ700/900/1000;
* the 70- to 112-seat BAe 146 was renamed as the *Avro Regional Jet* in 1993;
* the 34- to 50-seat Embraer Regional Jet ERJ-135/140/145 entered service in 1996;
* the later 66- to 124-seat Embraer E-Jet, introduced in 2004, still carries the ERJ type certificate name;
* the 98-seat Sukhoi Superjet 100, introduced in 2011, was initially known as the Russian Regional Jet, and is still called RRJ-95 in its type certificate;
* the 78- to 98-seat Comac ARJ21, introduced in 2016, stands for Advanced Regional Jet;
* the 78- to 92-seat Mitsubishi SpaceJet, marketed as the *Mitsubishi Regional Jet* before 2019

The scope clauses, limiting the aircraft size and number in US regional airlines, are often a design point for regional jets. Since 2012, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines cap their regional airlines' jets at 76 seats and maximum take-off weight at 86,000 lb (39 t).

For an EASA assessment of aircraft noise, regional jets were defined by ICAO/CAEP experts as 30–50 t (66,000–110,000 lb) MTOW aircraft.

These aircraft are widely used by commuter airlines such as SkyWest and American Eagle. The low rate of fuel consumption, which translates to low cost of operation, makes regional jets ideal for use as commuter aircraft or to connect lower traffic airports to large or medium hub airports. Regional jets are heavily used in the US Essential Air Service program.

## History

### 1960s–1970s

The Sud Aviation Caravelle (80 to 140 seats), introduced in 1959 and ordered by many European flag carriers, was the first purpose-built short-haul jetliner. It was a twin turbojet design for inter-European routes. The Caravelle used the forward fuselage nose section of the de Havilland Comet, the first commercial jetliner, not effective for continental-European flights. The BAC One-Eleven (89 to 119 seats) was then introduced in 1965.

In 1968, Aeroflot introduced the 32-seat Yakovlev Yak-40 and the 65- to 85-seat Fokker F28 Fellowship was introduced in 1969. In 1975, the 40- to 44-seat VFW-Fokker 614 saw service entry with its distinctive overwing engines, 19 were built. Some business jets like the British Aerospace 125 (first delivery: 1964) and Dassault Falcon 20 (1965) were operated by small airlines from the 1960s, and the small Aerospatiale Corvette (1974) was used as a regional airliner from the 1970s.

### 1980s

In 1978, the US Airline Deregulation Act led to route liberalization, favouring small airliners demand. US passengers were disappointed by these, lacking aircraft lavatories or flight attendants of larger jet aircraft. As feeder routes grew, regional airlines replaced these small aircraft with larger turboprop airliners to feed larger airline hubs. These medium airliners were then supplanted by faster, longer range, regional jets like the first Bombardier CRJ100/200. Early small jets had higher operating costs than turboprops on short routes. The gap narrowed with better turbofans, and closed with the higher utilization due to higher speeds.

In 1983 British Aerospace introduced its BAe 146 short-range jet, produced in three sizes between 70 and 112 seats: the -100, -200, and the largest -300, later renamed the Avro Regional Jet. Low aircraft noise and short takeoffs were suited to city-center to city-center service, a small market niche, like the de Havilland Canada Dash 7, but four engines led to higher maintenance costs than twin-engine designs and BAe did not produce a lower operating cost twin-engine design, unlike the Dash 8.

In 1988, the 97- to 122-seat Fokker 100, a stretched F28, was introduced, followed by the shorter, 72– to 85-seat Fokker 70 in 1994.

### 1990s

Low fuel prices drove the development of the regional jet: in the 1990s oil prices were around $10–20 per barrel. Turboprop manufacturers wanted to develop their portfolio. Canadair's purchase by Bombardier in 1986 enabled a 50-seat stretched development of its Challenger business jet, green-lighted by then chief executive Laurent Beaudoin in March 1989. The first Bombardier four-abreast Canadair Regional Jet was delivered in October 1992 to Lufthansa CityLine.

Embraer then developed the 50-seat three-abreast ERJ 145 from the EMB-120 Brasilia turboprop, which was introduced in December 1996. They replaced the turboprops thanks to their better perceived image and larger range. On small-capacity long routes, they could offer a better service by increasing frequencies at a smaller capacity and could replace mainline jet airliners like McDonnell Douglas DC-9s and Boeing 737s. They can be used for direct airport-to-airport flights, to the detriment of the hub-and-spoke model.

Since 1999, the Fairchild Dornier 328JET was also competing but the type did not enter large scale production as Fairchild Dornier went bankrupt, also ending the larger Fairchild Dornier 728 family development. The CRJ/ERJ also resulted in the end of the BAe 146 line.

The CRJ and ERJ success also played a minor part in the failure of Fokker, whose Fokker 100 found itself squeezed on both sides by new models of the Boeing 737 and Airbus A319 on the "large" side and the RJs on the "small side". On 5 February 1996, Bombardier started looking at a takeover of a struggling Fokker, producer of the Fokker 100 100-seater. After evaluating Fokker's opportunities and challenges, Bombardier dropped the prospect on 27 February. Bombardier was feeling that the 100-seat market was already saturated by designs like the A319, a decision that looked foolish with the successful introduction of the E-Jets.

### 2000s

The share of US domestic passengers flying in 32- to 100-seat regional jets grew to one-third from 2000 to 2005, as network carriers subcontracted low-volume routes to cheaper commuter airlines with smaller planes. Amid regional jet usage saturation, bankruptcy of regional airlines and shrinking of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines, cramped 50-seaters were evolving into more spacious 70- to 100-seaters, limited by union rules.

In late 2005, Bombardier suspended its CRJ-200 production line.

Between 2000 through 2006, 385 large planes were grounded while 1,029 regional jets were added. By June 2007, nearly a third of US domestic flights on major airlines were late, as using more smaller jets led to more crowded skies and runways in an already saturated system.

US major carriers high pilots' wages led them to subcontract flights to regional airlines with lower labor costs. Pilot unions then demanded to regulate subcontracted aircraft size to a 50 seats maximum scope clause. In turn, large routes were served by sub-optimal 50-seat jets which accelerated demand for those types in North America. Embraer envisioned a market for more than 500 aircraft and planned to produce up to 80 a year, but at peak delivered 157 ERJs in 2000 while Bombardier delivered 155 CRJs in 2003.

After 9/11, high fuel prices returned and jets had to grow to keep seat-mile costs down. Airlines renegotiated scope clause to limit jets to 70 seats as the market consolidated. Larger aircraft came back on regional routes for their efficiency, and on shorter routes turboprops were not much slower for a lower cost, reversing the 1990s trend. Bombardier delivered its last 50-seat CRJ in 2006 and Embraer delivered its last ERJ in 2011.

Bombardier switched to its lengthened 70- to 100-seat CRJ700/900/1000, while Embraer launched the four-abreast E-Jet series 170/175/190/195. 50-seat jet demand is lower with high fuel prices, and this reflects on their lower market value. A majority of them will be scrapped.

Bombardier and Embraer have started a series of lawsuits over export taxes and subsidies.

Although not as economical as the turboprop, by flying directly to and from smaller airports, regional jets reduced the need for low-cost regional airliners.

The 68- to 99-seat Antonov An-148, designed and produced by Antonov in Ukraine, made its maiden flight on 17 December 2004 after a development started in the 1990s. It was certified on 26 February 2007 and introduced in 2009. The stretched An-158 can seat 99 passengers.

### 2010s

United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Sukhoi developed the Superjet 100, it made its maiden flight on 19 May 2008 and was introduced in April 2011 with Armavia. It typically seats 98 passengers and is powered by 2 PowerJet SaM146 turbofans from a Safran/NPO Saturn joint venture.

Many CRJ100/200 were retired since 2003 and in 2013 the first Embraer ERJ were disassembled: 50-seaters' value was dwindling as US carriers were dropping them. The ERJ retirements could be exacerbated because Rolls-Royce plc restricts parts choice, making engine maintenance more expensive, but its TotalCare agreements provide cost predictability.

The Comac ARJ21 is a 78- to 90-seat jet manufactured by the Chinese state-owned aerospace company Comac. Development began in March 2002, the first prototype was rolled out on 21 December 2007, and made its maiden flight on 28 November 2008. It received its CAAC Type Certification on 30 December 2014 and was introduced on 28 June 2016 by Chengdu Airlines. Resembling the McDonnell Douglas MD-80/MD-90 produced under licence in China, it features a 25° swept, supercritical wing designed by Antonov and twin rear-mounted General Electric CF34 engines.

Bombardier Aerospace developed the 108- to 160-seat CSeries powered by two Pratt & Whitney PW1000G geared turbofans. The smaller CS100 entered service in July 2016 with Swiss Global Air Lines and the larger CS300 entered service with airBaltic in December. After the April 2016 CSeries dumping petition by Boeing, Airbus acquired a 50.01% majority stake in the program in October 2017 and renamed it the A220-100/300 in July 2018.

In 2017, Embraer started calling large, almost narrowbody regional jets "crossover" jets, for the Embraer E-Jet E2 and the CSeries. While those rival the A320neo, the smaller MRJ and SSJ100 could be stretched. They are often the largest airliners which can access city airports like London City Airport, benefiting from their longer range and lower fuel burn to open new markets while making lower noise for better local community acceptance.

In 2019, after attempting to renegotiate scope clauses, United Airlines ultimately decided to order fifty CRJs for its regional affiliates; the aircraft will be sourced from existing CRJ700 airframes and reconfigured with 50 seats in 3 classes. Bombardier will recertify the aircraft as the CRJ550 model, with a lower MTOW to comply with the scope clauses, and hopes to sell this new configuration to replace up to 700 existing 50-seaters with US regional airlines.

By August 2019, there were 1,100 50-seat jets operated worldwide including 700 in the US, many more than 20 years old. SkyWest wants to replace 150 of its 200 ageing Bombardier CRJ200s and ERJs and while many have logged 30,000 cycles, their life may be extended to 60,000 cycles for 10-15 more years of service. SkyWest asked Bombardier, Embraer and Mitsubishi Aircraft to develop a new aircraft but the market is regulated by scope clauses.

The Mitsubishi SpaceJet (ex MRJ), seating 70–90 passengers and manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, made its first flight on 11 November 2015. After several delays, the program was canceled in February 2023. After Bombardier Aviation divested its CSeries and Dash 8 programmes, it sold the CRJ programme to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, in a deal that closed on 1 June 2020.

## Operations

### Costs

A smaller airplane is more costly per seat mile than a larger plane, but it mostly depends on the airline: in 2005, Bombardier was estimating regional jet costs at 9 to 10 US cents per seat mile while flying a Boeing 737 costs less than 8 cents per seat mile at Southwest Airlines but 15 cents at Continental Airlines.

### Routes

While designed primarily for medium stage lengths, regional jets may now be found supplementing major trunk routes alongside traditional larger jet aircraft. RJs allow airlines to open new "long, thin" routings with jet equipment which heretofore did not exist, such as Atlanta to Monterrey, Nuevo León. RJs have also meant a return of jet service to cities where full-size jet service had departed over a decade ago, such as Macon, Georgia, and Brownsville, Texas.

The idea that regional jets would provide point-to-point service and bypass the hub-and-spoke system is debated. As of January 2003, 90% of all regional jet flights in the United States had a hub or major airport at one end of that flight, and this number has been gradually increasing since 1995. However an International Center for Air Transportation Report in 2004 noted that regional jets were no longer used solely for hub feeder operations. As such they filled a gap in the market by flying on longer routes than turboprops, but shorter than the narrow body jets.

## Models

| Model | Seats | Seats
/Row | Intro. | Prod.
end | Built | State |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sud Aviation Caravelle | 80–140 | 5 | 1959 | 1972 | 282 | France |
| Yakovlev Yak-40 | 32 | 4 | 1968 | 1981 | 1011 | USSR |
| Fokker F28 Fellowship | 55–70 | 5 | 1969 | 1987 | 241 | Netherlands |
| VFW-Fokker 614 | 40–44 | 4 | 1975 | 1977 | 19 | Germany |
| Yakovlev Yak-42 | 120 | 6 | 1977 | 2003 | 187 | USSR, Russia |
| BAe 146/Avro RJ | 70–112 | 5 | 1983 | 2001 | 394 | UK |
| Fokker 100 | 97–122 | 5 | 1988 | 1997 | 283 | Netherlands |
| Bombardier CRJ100/200 | 50 | 4 | 1992 | 2006 | 1021 | Canada |
| Fokker 70 | 72–85 | 5 | 1994 | 1997 | 48 | Netherlands |
| Embraer ERJ family | 37–50 | 3 | 1997 | 2020 | 1240 | Brazil |
| Fairchild-Dornier 328JET | 30–33 | 3 | 1999 | 2004 | 110 | Germany |
| Bombardier CRJ700/900/1000 | 66–104 | 4 | 2001 | 2020 | 924 | Canada |
| Embraer E-Jet family | 66–124 | 4 | 2004 | in prod. | 1687 | Brazil |
| Antonov An-148 | 68–99 | 5 | 2009 | 2015 | 44 | Ukraine |
| Sukhoi Superjet 100 | 87–108 | 5 | 2011 | suspended in 2022 restart planned | 232 | Russia |
| Comac ARJ21 | 78–105 | 5 | 2016 | in prod. | 137 | China |
| Embraer E-Jet E2 family | 80–146 | 4 | 2018 | in prod. | 123 | Brazil |
| Mitsubishi SpaceJet family (MRJ) | 69–92 | 4 | never | N/A | 7 | Japan |

### Fleet

Aircraft in Service \[Backlog\]
| Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2018 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| E-Jet | 167 | 252 | 390 | 537 \[295\] | 631 \[245\] | 723 \[248\] | 835 | 917 \[246\] | 1002 \[249\] | 1102 | 1146 | 1349 \[286\] |
| CRJ700 | 260 | 373 | 441 | 497 \[116\] | 545 \[73\] | 580 \[61\] | 592 | 600 \[89\] | 649 \[87\] | 696 | 751 | 777 \[54\] |
| CRJ100/200 | 938 | 954 | 950 | 925 | 923 | 824 | 788 | 723 | 648 | 563 | 560 | 498 |
| ERJ | 848 | 854 | 859 | 841 | 776 | 763 | 738 | 722 | 695 | 620 | 553 | 505 |
| F100/F70 | 272 | 273 | 268 | 272 | 256 | 228 | 201 | 200 | 183 | 174 | 154 | 132 |
| BAE146 | 310 | 284 | 291 | 284 | 250 | 208 | 183 | 176 | 172 | 160 | 152 | 118 |
| SSJ100 |  |  |  | \[122\] | \[137\] | 2 \[165\] | 9 | 13 \[206\] | 28 \[242\] | 50 | 63 | 114 \[27\] |
| 328JET |  | 70 | 68 | 59 | 54 | 38 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 11 |
| An-148 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 \[49\] | 5 \[67\] | 8 | 11 | 16 | 14 \[17\] | 13 | 13 | 7 \[1\] |
| ARJ21 |  |  |  | \[55\] | \[87\] | \[189\] |  | \[252\] | \[306\] |  | 2 | 5 \[103\] |
| Spacejet |  |  |  | \[65\] | \[15\] | \[15\] |  | \[165\] | \[223\] |  | \[203\] |

### Aircraft prices

May 2016 market prices
| Aircraft | List ($m) | Mkt Value ($m) | Discount | Seats | Mkt/Seat |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| E-195 | 52.7 | 34.8 | 34% | 106 | 328302 |
| E-190 | 49.8 | 33.1 | 34% | 94 | 352128 |
| E-175 | 45.0 | 29.4 | 35% | 78 | 376923 |
| CRJ1000 | 49.0 | 25.5 | 43% | 97 | 262887 |
| SSJ100-95 | 35.0 | 25.3 | 28% | 87 | 290805 |
| CRJ900 | 46.0 | 25.0 | 46% | 76 | 328947 |
|


title: Reha Mota

abstract: Reha Mota is a village in Bhuj Taluka of Kutch at a distance of about 15 km from Bhuj town, the capital of Kachchh District of Gujarat in India.

text:
# Reha Mota

**Reha Mota** is a village in Bhuj Taluka of Kutch at a distance of about 15 km from Bhuj town, the capital of Kachchh District of Gujarat in India.

## History

Reha is one of the 18 villages founded by Mistri community of Kutch in late 12th century. These group of warriors were also skilled architects and have contributed to the erection of many historical monuments of Kutch.

During the years of laying of Railway lines in British India around 1850-1930 many members of Mistris moved out and made themselves into big railway contractors throughout British India. Some entered into the coal mines business. The Mistris of these villages have built and developed the old infrastructure around the villages in late 1890 from their earnings during those time. However, majority of old houses of Mistris with unique architect were destroyed in the earthquake of 26 January 2001.

## Temples

Kuldevi Temples of many clans of these Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya community & Popat (Thakkar) family are also there in this village. Kuldevi Temple of Kamdhajiya branch of Rathor clan of Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya is located in Reha village. Kuldevi Temple of Shri Hansvahini Bhramani Mata of Chauhan clan of Kutch Gurjar Kshitriyas is located in Reha village

## About Village

Reha village has at present two residing blocks one known as Moti Reha and other as Nana Reha or Chhota Reha. Reha is famous for knife making from over a century.

There are Ramayana reliefs in the village.

## InfoBox

| Reha Mota Reha Mota | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Reha MotaLocation in Gujarat, IndiaReha MotaReha Mota (India) | |
| Coordinates: 23°09′06″N 69°45′00″E / 23.151725°N 69.750086°E / 23.151725; 69.750086 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Kachchh |
| Languages | |
| Official | Gujarati, Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 02832 |
| Vehicle registration | GJ-12- |
| Nearest city | Bhuj \- 370001 |
| Website | gujaratindia.com |


title: Regurgitate (band)

abstract: Regurgitate was a Swedish goregrind band that included members from both Stockholm and Mjölby. The band formed in 1990 and ended in 2009, and released four full-length albums. They were one of the most notable practitioners in the goregrind genre, with their most famous album being Carnivorous Erection (2000).

text:
# Regurgitate (band)

**Regurgitate** was a Swedish goregrind band that included members from both Stockholm and Mjölby. The band formed in 1990 and ended in 2009, and released four full-length albums. They were one of the most notable practitioners in the goregrind genre, with their most famous album being *Carnivorous Erection* (2000).

## Tribute

In 2001, Bizarre Leprous Productions released a 46-band tribute to Regurgitate entitled *Comeback of Goregods: Tribute to Regurgitate*, with bands such as Inhume, Last Days of Humanity, Lymphatic Phlegm, Gore Beyond Necropsy, Haemorrhage, and Neurovisceral Exhumation taking part.

## Band members

### Final lineup

* Rikard Jansson – vocals (1990–2009) bass (1992–1994)
* Urban "Ubbe" Skytt – guitar (1993–2009)
* Jocke Pettersson – drums (1999–2009)
* Johan Jansson – bass (2006–2009)

### Previous members

* Johan "Joppe" Hanson – bass (1990–1998)
* Mats Nordrup – drums, guitar (1990–1993)
* Peter Stjärnvind – drums (1993–1998)
* Glenn Sykes – bass (2002–2006)

## Discography

### Full-length albums and EPs

### Demos and promos

* 1991 – *Demo 91*
* 1994 – *Concrete Human Torture*
* 1999 – *Promo CD 1999*

### Splits

* 1992 – Split with Vaginal Massaker (Poserslaughter Records)
* 1993 – Split with Psychotic Noise (Glued Stamps Records)
* 1994 – Split with Grudge (Obliteration Records)
* 1994 – Split with Dead (Poserslaughter Records)
* 1996 – *Flesh Mangler* Split with Intestinal Infection (Noise Variations)
* 2000 – Split with Filth (Panic Records)
* 2001 – *Sodomy and Carnal Assault* Split with Gore Beyond Necropsy (No Weak Shit Records)
* 2001 – *Scream Bloody Whore* Split with Realized (Stuhlgang Records)
* 2002 – Split with Cripple Bastards (E.U.'91 Produzioni)
* 2003 – *Bonesplicer* Split with Entrails Massacre (Towerviolence Records)
* 2003 – *Corruptured* Split with Noisear (Regurgitated Semen Records)
* 2003 – *3-Way Live* Split with Entrails Massacre and Suppository (Blastwork Records)
* 2003 – *Bonesplicer/Baltic Thrash Corps* Split 5" with Entrails Massacre
* 2004 – Split with Suppository (Badger Records)
* 2008 – Split with Skullhog
* 2009 – Split with Dead Infection

## InfoBox

| Regurgitate | |
| --- | --- |
| Regurgitate performing in 2007 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Genres | Goregrind |
| Years active | 1990–2009 |
| Labels | Relapse |
|  | |
| Past members | Rikard Jansson
Urban Skytt
Johan Jansson
Jocke Pettersson
Peter Stjärnvind
Johan Hanson
Mats Nordrup
Glenn Sykes |
|  | |
| Website | www.regurgitate.net |


title: Reelin'

abstract: "Reelin'" is a song by Australian musician Matt Corby, announced on 10 January 2023 and released two days later as the second single from his third studio album, Everything's Fine. In an interview with Atwood Magazine, Corby said "Reelin'" was one of the first songs written with Chris Collins and Nat Dunn. "Nat is an incredible writer. She co-wrote most of the record with me and Chris [Collins]. She has a way of listening to what I'm feeling and trying to say and just delivering these killer lines. So frequently I was blown away by her insight and ability to know what I was saying. I love working with her. The song itself is a simple one. It's a super important song for me on this record. Just me, Nat and Chris in a room. Simple and understated." At the APRA Music Awards of 2024, the song was shortlisted for Song of the Year.

text:
# Reelin'

"**Reelin'**" is a song by Australian musician Matt Corby, announced on 10 January 2023 and released two days later as the second single from his third studio album, *Everything's Fine*.

In an interview with *Atwood Magazine*, Corby said "Reelin'" was one of the first songs written with Chris Collins and Nat Dunn. "Nat is an incredible writer. She co-wrote most of the record with me and Chris \[Collins\]. She has a way of listening to what I'm feeling and trying to say and just delivering these killer lines. So frequently I was blown away by her insight and ability to know what I was saying. I love working with her. The song itself is a simple one. It's a super important song for me on this record. Just me, Nat and Chris in a room. Simple and understated."

At the APRA Music Awards of 2024, the song was shortlisted for Song of the Year.

## Music video

A Niqui Toldi illustrated lyric video, directed by Brae Fisher was released on 12 January 2023.

A live at Rainbow Valley Studios version was released on 31 January 2023.

## Reception

Michael Major from *BroadwayWorld* said "Propelled by warm horns and light percussion, Matt reflects on the cornerstone of every successful commitment: communication and compromise. The song's sentiments like 'settle in for the healing' are indicative of his latest settled-down life phase, and continue to see his voice captivate the world over."

Al Newstead from *Triple J* called "Reelin'" "a soulful, unhurried jam that goes down smoothly thanks to Corby's buttery vocals and some deft brass."

Conor Lochrie from *Rolling Stone Australia* called the song "an honest consideration of the fraught dynamics of long-term romantic relationships. Propelled by hopeful horns and tender percussion, Corby's distinctive vocals soar as he discusses the importance of communication and compromise when dealing with a loved one."

*Wonderland Magazine* said "Reelin'" is "a song that epitomises the soul, charisma and artistic nuance of Matt (and) it's a track that allows Matt to open up on his romantic life, richly reflecting on the joys of love and commitment atop the warm and soulful instrumental."

Mitch Mosk from *Atwood Magazine* said "Simple, understated, and utterly intoxicating, 'Reelin' pulls us deep into the throes of Corby's moody mind. Its fire is soft, but even the softest fire burns – and without a doubt, I'll be taking this song, and its healthy punch of emotions, with me as the year gets underway."

## InfoBox

| "Reelin'" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Matt Corby | |
| from the album  *Everything's Fine* | |
| Released | 12 January 2022 (2022-01-12) |
| Studio | Rainbow Valley Studios |
| Length | 3:28 |
| Label | Universal Music Australia |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Matt Corby * Chris Collins * Nat Dunn |
| Matt Corby singles chronology | |
| "Problems"
(2022) "**Reelin'**"
(2022) "Big Smoke"
(2023) | |


abstract: Reeling: The Chicago LGBTQ+ International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Chicago, Illinois, dedicated to LGBT film. The inaugural festival took place in April 1981, and is one of the oldest festivals of its kind in the world. Each year, Reeling showcases a variety of LGBT-themed films, including both features and shorts. The festival is a production of Chicago Filmmakers, a not-for-profit media arts organization that serves the independent film community in Chicago.

text:
# Reeling: The Chicago LGBTQ+ International Film Festival

**Reeling: The Chicago LGBTQ+ International Film Festival** is an annual film festival held in Chicago, Illinois, dedicated to LGBT film. The inaugural festival took place in April 1981, and is one of the oldest festivals of its kind in the world.

Each year, Reeling showcases a variety of LGBT-themed films, including both features and shorts. The festival is a production of Chicago Filmmakers, a not-for-profit media arts organization that serves the independent film community in Chicago.

## Films

| Reeling Fest # | Dates | Opening Gala | Closing Film | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 | November 4–13, 2010 |  |  |  |
| 30 | November 3–12, 2011 |  |  |  |
| * | 2012 - Fest on hiatus |  |  |  |
| 31 | November 7–14, 2013 |  |  |  |
| 32 | September 18–25, 2014 |  |  |  |
| 33 | September 17–24, 2015 |  |  |  |
| 34 | September 22–29, 2016 | *Hurricane Bianca* | *King Cobra* |  |
| 35 | September 21–28, 2017 | *Hello Again* | *Palace of Fun* |  |
| 36 | September 20–30, 2018 | *Freelancers Anonymous* | *Studio 54* |  |
| 37 | September 19–29, 2019 | *The Shiny Shrimps* | *Scream, Queen!* |  |
| 38 | September 24 – October 7, 2020 | *Breaking Fast* | *Ahead of the Curve* |  |
| 39 | September 23 – October 7, 2021 | *Firebird* | *The Sixth Reel* |  |
| 40 |  |  |  |  |
| 41 | September 21 - October 8, 2023 | *The Mattachine Family* |  |  |


title: Reigning Queens

abstract: Reigning Queens is a 1985 series of silkscreen portraits by American artist Andy Warhol. The screen prints were presented as a portfolio of sixteen; four prints each of the four queens regnant. The subjects were Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Queen Ntfombi Twala of Swaziland and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.

text:
# Reigning Queens

***Reigning Queens*** is a 1985 series of silkscreen portraits by American artist Andy Warhol. The screen prints were presented as a portfolio of sixteen; four prints each of the four queens regnant. The subjects were Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Queen Ntfombi Twala of Swaziland and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.

## Description

*Reigning Queens* only includes ruling queens. The series portrays four queens at that time: Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, Queen Beatrix of Netherlands, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Queen Ntfombi Twala of Swaziland. The images used by Warhol that to make the screen prints were derived from official photographs. The images were then overlaid with Warhol's trademark abstract blocks of color.

A separate 'Royal edition' was issued of the portfolio; with the portraits featuring diamond dust or 'ground up glass' applied to the portrait when wet. Tate Galleries described the dust as having "a sparkly, extravagant effect". Thirty sets of the Royal edition were produced.*Time* wrote that Warhol's portraits of Queen Elizabeth II "treat her like any other celebrity, frozen in time and bright colours".

The portrait of Queen Elizabeth II was based on the official photograph released for her Silver Jubilee in 1977, taken by Peter Grugeon at Windsor Castle on April 2, 1975. The British Royal Collection wrote in a description that "Warhol has simplified Grugeon's portrait so that all that remains is a mask-like face. All character has been removed and we are confronted by a symbol of royal power".

Four prints from the Royal edition of Queen Elizabeth II from the *Reigning Queens* series were acquired by the Royal Collection of the British royal family in 2012. These prints are the only ones in the Royal Collection that Queen Elizabeth did not sit for or commission.

## Critical reception

*Reigning Queens* was shown at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City from September 1985 to October 1985. Warhol was upset about the exhibition. He wrote in the *Andy Warhol Diaries*, "I just hate George Mulder for showing here in America. They were supposed to be only for Europe—nobody here cares about royalty and it'll be another bad review."

According to art critic Wayne Koestenbaum, the show represented, in Warhol's eyes, his "rock bottom."

Alfredo Jaar felt the series was a "monument to kitsch" in a 2012 interview for the book *Regarding Warhol: Sixty Artists, Fifty Years*. Anthony Haden-Guest wrote that the series "had been correctly seen as a shameless assault on the rich kitsch market" in his 1998 book *True Colors: The Real Life of the Art World*.


title: Reinoso

abstract: Reinoso is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 22 inhabitants.

text:
# Reinoso

**Reinoso** is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 22 inhabitants.

42°31′N 3°23′W / 42.517°N 3.383°W / 42.517; -3.383

## InfoBox

| Reinoso | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| Municipal location of Reinoso in Burgos province | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Burgos |
| Comarca | La Bureba |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.51 km2 (3.29 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 11 |
| Density | 1.3/km2 (3.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 09248 |
| Website | http://www.reinoso.es/ |


title: Remembrance Nyathi

abstract: Remembrance Nyathi is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Centrals cricket team in the 2006–07 Logan Cup on 12 April 2007. In December 2020, he was selected to play for the Rhinos in the 2020–21 Logan Cup.

text:
# Remembrance Nyathi

**Remembrance Nyathi** (born 10 December 1986) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Centrals cricket team in the 2006–07 Logan Cup on 12 April 2007. In December 2020, he was selected to play for the Rhinos in the 2020–21 Logan Cup.

## InfoBox

Remembrance Nyathi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1986-12-10) 10 December 1986<br>Bulawayo, Zimbabwe |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 24 February 2017 | |