title: SableCC

abstract:
SableCC is an open-source compiler generator in Java. Stable version is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). Rewritten version 4 is licensed under Apache License 2.0. SableCC includes the following features:
  - Deterministic finite automaton (DFA)-based lexers with full Unicode support and lexical states.
  - Extended Backus–Naur form grammar syntax..
  - LALR(1) based parsers.
  - Automatic generation of strictly-typed abstract syntax trees.
  - Automatic generation of tree-walker classes.

text:
# SableCC

**SableCC** is an open-source compiler generator (or interpreter generator) in Java. Stable version is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). Rewritten version 4 is licensed under Apache License 2.0.

SableCC includes the following features:

1. SableCC / Files / 4-beta.4 2011-09-29

## InfoBox

SableCC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stable release | 3.7 |
| Preview release | 4-beta.4 |
|  | |
| Written in | Java |
| Platform | Java Virtual Machine |
| Type | Parser/scanner generator |
| License | GNU Lesser General Public License |
| Website | http://www.sablecc.org/ |


title: Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth

abstract: "Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth" is an English poem by Arthur Hugh Clough. It was written in 1849, and first published in The Crayon, an American art journal, in August 1855, under the title "The Struggle". Clough published the poem without a title in 1862. In The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough, 1869, the poem was titled "Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth". There was probably no specific event in the poet's mind, although the failed revolutions of 1848 and 1849 may have been an inspiration.

text:
# Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth

**"Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth"** is an English poem by Arthur Hugh Clough. It was written in 1849, and first published in *The Crayon*, an American art journal, in August 1855, under the title **"The Struggle"**. Clough published the poem without a title in 1862. In *The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough*, 1869, the poem was titled **"Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth"**.

There was probably no specific event in the poet's mind, although the failed revolutions of 1848 and 1849 may have been an inspiration.

## Text

| Say not the struggle naught availeth, |  |
| --- | --- |
| The labour and the wounds are vain, |  |
| The enemy faints not, nor faileth, |  |
| And as things have been they remain. |  |
|  |
| If hopes were dupes, fears may be liars; |  |
| It may be, in yon smoke conceal’d, |  |
| Your comrades chase e’en now the fliers, |  |
| And, but for you, possess the field. |  |
|  |
| For while the tired waves, vainly breaking, |  |
| Seem here no painful inch to gain, |  |
| Far back, through creeks and inlets making, |  |
| Comes silent, flooding in, the main. |  |
|  |
| And not by eastern windows only, |  |
| When daylight comes, comes in the light; |  |
| In front the sun climbs slow, how slowly! |  |
| But westward, look, the land is bright! |

1. Nims, Margaret Frances. "Say not the Struggle nought Availeth". Representative Poetry Online. University of Toronto. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
2. "Featured Poem: Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth by Arthur Hugh Clough". The Reader (online ed.). 9 October 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2023.

## InfoBox

| Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth | |
| --- | --- |
| by Arthur Hugh Clough | |
| Meter | Long metre |
| Publication date | August 1855 |
| Lines | 16 |
| **Full text** | |
| Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth at Wikisource | |


title: Praeantarctia

abstract: Praeantarctia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Praeantarctia

***Praeantarctia*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Praeantarctia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Praeantarctia*** |
|


title: Tatsumigaoka Station

abstract: Tatsumigaoka Station is a railway station in the city of Chita, Aichi, Japan, operated by Meitetsu.

text:
# Tatsumigaoka Station

**Tatsumigaoka Station** (巽ケ丘駅, *Tatsumigaoka-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Chita, Aichi, Japan, operated by Meitetsu.

## Lines

Tatsumigaoka Station is served by the Meitetsu Kōwa Line, and is located 7.1 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Ōtagawa.

## Station layout

The station has two opposed side platforms connected by a level crossing. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| **1** | Meitetsu Kōwa Line | For Chita Handa, Kōwa, and Utsumi |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Meitetsu Kōwa Line | For Ōtagawa and Kanayama |

## Adjacent stations

|  |  | Service |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Meitetsu Kōwa Line | | | | |
| Minami Kagiya |  | Limited Express (some trains) |  | Agui |
| Minami Kagiya |  | Rapid Express |  | Agui |
| Minami Kagiya |  | Express |  | Agui |
| Minami Kagiya |  | Semi Express |  | Agui |
| Yawata-shinden |  | Local |  | Shirasawa |

## Station history

Tatsumigaoka Station was opened on July 10, 1955. In July 2006, the Tranpass system of magnetic fare cards with automatic turnstiles were implemented.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 6,463 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Shinden Elementary School

Media related to Tatsumigaoka Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|
Tatsumigaoka Station
巽ケ丘駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tatsumigaoka Station in 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Tatsumigaoka 3-134, Chita-shi, Aichi-ken 478-0012
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°57′44″N 136°54′55″E / 34.9622°N 136.9154°E / 34.9622; 136.9154 |
| Operated by | Meitetsu |
| Line(s) | Meitetsu Kōwa Line |
| Distance | 7.1 kilometers from Ōtagawa |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Station code | KC05 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | July 10, 1955 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2017 | 6463 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tatsumigaoka StationLocation within Aichi PrefectureTatsumigaoka StationTatsumigaoka Station (Japan) | |


title: Serres F.C.

abstract: Serres Football Club is a Greek football club, based in Serres. The association was founded in 1951 as Ethnikos Gazoros. In the 2011-12 season the club became champion Gazoros Group C Northern League and is currently participating in the Football League, with temporary headquarters in Serres Municipal Stadium.

text:
# Serres F.C.

**Serres Football Club** (Greek: Μ.Γ.Σ. Εθνικός Γαζώρου) is a Greek football club, based in Serres.

The association was founded in 1951 as Ethnikos Gazoros. In the 2011-12 season the club became champion Gazoros Group C Northern League (Football League 2) and is currently participating in the Football League, with temporary headquarters in Serres Municipal Stadium.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Serres FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Podosfairiki Anonimi Eteria Serres Football Club
*(Ποδοσφαιρική Ανώνυμη Εταιρεία Σέρρες)* |
| Founded | 1951 as *Ethnikos Gazoros*
2014 as *Serres F.C.* |
| Ground | Sports Facilities "Omonoia" Park |
| League |  |
| 2023-24 |  |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Kumi Nakada

abstract: Kumi Nakada is a former professional volleyball player and former coach of Hisamitsu Springs. She was a setter who led Japan to the bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at 18 years of age.

text:
# Kumi Nakada

**Kumi Nakada** (中田 久美, *Nakada Kumi*, born 3 September 1965) is a former professional volleyball player and former coach of Hisamitsu Springs. She was a setter who led Japan to the bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at 18 years of age.

## Coaching

In October 2016, Nakada became the Japan women's national volleyball team's head coach. She retired from the position in August 2021, after the team finished in 10th place in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

## Personal life

After brief stints as a fashion model and motivational speaker, Nakada currently provides colour commentary and makes guest appearances in a wide range of sports and variety media in Japan. She is represented by Sports Biz in Tokyo.

## National team

## InfoBox

| Kumi Nakada | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1965-09-03) 3 September 1965
Tokyo, Japan |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Setter |
| Number | 12 (1984)
8 (1988)
2 (1992) |
| National team | |
| 1982–1992  Japan | |
| Honours      Women's volleyball  Representing  Japan  Olympic Games  1984 Los Angeles  Team  Asian Games  1982 New Delhi  Team  1986 Seoul  Team | |


title: John Ringo bibliography

text:
# John Ringo bibliography

This is the complete list of works by American military science fiction writer John Ringo.

## Bibliography

### Series

#### *Black Tide Rising*

Series based on a zombie apocalypse, but dealing with living, near-rabid, infected humans rather than the living dead. The story centers around a family of survivalists (mother, father, and two teenage daughters) who get early warning of the plague; they escape by boat, only to realize that they are the best hope for others stranded at sea.

* *Under a Graveyard Sky* (September 2013) (ISBN 1-4516-3919-8)
* *To Sail a Darkling Sea* (February 2014) (ISBN 1-4767-3621-9)
* *Islands of Rage and Hope* (August 2014) (ISBN 978-1-4767-3662-4)
* *Strands of Sorrow* (January 2015) (ISBN 978-1-4767-3695-2)
* *Black Tide Rising* (June 2016) (ISBN 978-1-4767-8151-8), anthology co-edited with Gary Poole
* *The Valley of Shadows* (November 2018) (ISBN 978-1-4814-83551), co-written with Mike Massa
* *Voices Of The Fall* (March 2019) (ISBN 978-1-9821-2558-5), anthology co-edited with Gary Poole
* *River of Night* (July 2019) (ISBN 978-1-4814-8421-3), co-written with Mike Massa
* *We Shall Rise (June 2021)* (ISBN 978-1-9821-2558-5), anthology co-edited with Gary Poole 978-1982125585

Additionally and for completeness, the following books are included in the series but are not written by John Ringo:

#### *Troy Rising*

The *Troy Rising* series was inspired by Howard Tayler's webcomic *Schlock Mercenary* and its universe. It was created with Tayler's approval, but is not considered canon for the webcomic series. The series is set in the early days of human-alien contact, with humans forced to defend the Earth from the alien invasion.

#### *Legacy of the Aldenata*

Also known as the **"Posleen Series"** and **"Posleen War Series"** after the name of the invading species besetting and successfully conquering much of Earth.

##### Posleen War—Central storyline

##### Hedren War

##### Posleen War sidestories

##### *Cally's War* spinoff series

Co-written with Julie Cochrane, this series is more cloak-and-dagger spy-genre fiction, with humans striving to overcome the game rigged by the Darhel race, which has the rest of the galaxy's races in virtual thralldom—except for the Posleen and humans, whom they fear. The Darhel systematically use humans to combat the Posleen, while bleeding the humans whenever and wherever possible by underhanded clandestine acts to weaken the future options of humanity.

##### Spinoff books

This sequel is set about a millennium after the other main Posleen Series works.

#### *Empire of Man*

Also known as the **"Prince Roger Series"**

Co-written with David Weber, with multiple books still under contract

1. *March Upcountry* (May 2001) (ISBN 0-671-31985-X)
2. *March to the Sea* (Aug 2001) (ISBN 0-671-31826-8)
3. *March to the Stars* (2003) (ISBN 0-7434-3562-1)
4. *We Few* (2005) (ISBN 0-7434-9881-X)

Omnibus collections 1. *Empire of Man* (February 2014) ISBN 1476736243; collects *March Upcountry* and *March to the Sea*
2. *Throne of Stars* (August 2014) (ISBN 978-1-4767-3666-2); collects *March to the Stars* and *We Few*

#### *The Council Wars*

#### *Paladin of Shadows*

This is a series of contemporary-era techno-thrillers, much like Tom Clancy's works but with less politics and a closer-to-the-ground level and action focus.

Ringo has stated that these novels stemmed from a nagging idea between contracted books. He believed that the concept was too over-the-top and offensive to be of much interest to his usual audience, and so wrote the first book with no intention of publishing it, as a way to get the idea out of his head. However, during interactions with fans, he mentioned the unpublished story and was surprised that the premise was met with enthusiasm. The *Paladin of Shadows* series contain graphic scenes of rape, bondage, torture, and underage sex, as Ringo's protagonist's anti-terrorism missions butt heads with harsh economic realities of commercial sexual slavery in Eastern Europe and its connection to funding arms for terrorist organizations.

The central hero, Michael Harmon (A.K.A. Mike Jenkins, A.K.A. Ghost), is a self-proclaimed sadist, repressed rapist, former United States Navy Boatswain's Mate 1st Class, and a trainer of US Navy SEALs. While walking after a class on the campus of the University of Georgia, he witnesses a woman being kidnapped. He impulsively follows the kidnapper and rescues several abducted women and earns the gratitude of several nations, a small fortune, and a series of high-level political connections in the process of experiencing a life change. The work is, in fact, three connected anti-terrorism novellas spanning about a year, backstory omitted from the last two, where "Jenkins" takes on a certain James Bond–style sole operator/loose cannon role. The work features scenes involving the interception of two nuclear devices, saving Paris and Washington, D.C., while featuring a travelogue through part of the seamier sides of the Balkans and European parts of the former Soviet Union.

In the second work, Harmon buys an estate in the eastern Europe country of Georgia that has an entailed ancient warrior tribe, called the Keldara, who bestow on him the honorific "The Kildar" (Warlord, Baron, or similar title). The Keldara aid him in reducing tensions in the Caucasus. Again the book shows a life transition, this time from a sole shooter to a, politically connected local warlord. In subsequent books, the tribe, now being trained up into a superb light company, goes operational and is employed as a deniable black-ops force by the United States for the next several works. By *A Deeper Blue*, some of the Keldaran force has been trained in both SCUBA and HALO jumps, while *Tiger by the Tail* shows the force on an extended training mission in the Pacific, gradually being transformed *en toto* into a force equivalent to U.S. Navy SEAL Teams—but in company strength.

Other major/recurring characters in the *Paladin of Shadows* series include Charles Adams, a retired SEAL Master Chief, intel specialist and former USMC Sergeant Patrick Vanner, United States Army War College graduate Colonel David Nielson, a retired Special Ops Civil Affairs Specialist who serves as Mike's de facto Chief of Staff and the only American officer on his senior staff, Captains Kasey Bathlick and Tamara Wilson (call signs Dragon and Valkryie), two Marine Corps helicopter pilots, Captain John Hardesty, a charter pilot for Chatham Aviation in England/former Royal Air Force major/squadron leader who frequently flies Mike around the globe, Colonel Bob Pierson, the Office of Strategic Operations Liaison at the Pentagon who serves as one of Mike's primary contacts within the United States government, 2nd Lieutenant Britney "Bambi" Harder, who was rescued by Mike in *Ghost* and by *A Deeper Blue* is a junior intelligence officer at United States Special Operations Command Headquarters, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, Anastasia Rakovitch, a masochistic 26-year-old Russian-born woman given to the Kildar by an Uzbek sheikh who now serves as his harem manager, Daria Koroleva, the Kildar's personal assistant, Katya "Cottontail" Ivanova, the sociopathic man-hating whore-turned-spy and assassin, and David and Amanda Cliff, the President and First Lady of the United States.

#### *Voyage of the Space Bubble*

Also called the *Looking Glass* series

All books titles in the series are phrases taken from the poem "Jabberwocky", which is mentioned repeatedly in the later novels.

#### *Special Circumstances*

These novels describe the Foundation for Love and Universal Faith (FLUF), an organization whose members include Druids, Wiccans, Asartru, Buddhists, and other non-traditional religions. They assist the FBI and other law enforcement agencies worldwide in investigating events and crimes involving the supernatural, which is termed 'Special Circumstances' by the FBI.

#### *Monster Hunter Memoirs*

Co-written with Larry Correia

A prequel series set in the Monster Hunter International universe during the 1980s.

#### *Last Judgment’s Fire*

Co-written with Kacey Ezell and Christopher L. Smith

A post apocalyptic series centered on a young farmer in search of his destiny while trying to prevent a cataclysmic war. Set thirty years after giant electrovoric ants and pterodons came through a rift in space-time, killing millions of people and disrupting nearly all electrical power systems and generation worldwide.

### Non-series novels

### Short stories


title: ULPower UL350i

abstract: The ULPower UL350i is a Belgian aircraft engine, designed and produced by ULPower Aero Engines of Geluveld for use in ultralight and homebuilt aircraft.

text:
# ULPower UL350i

The **ULPower UL350i** is a Belgian aircraft engine, designed and produced by ULPower Aero Engines of Geluveld for use in ultralight and homebuilt aircraft.

## Design and development

The engine is a four-cylinder, four-stroke, horizontally-opposed, 3,503 cc (213.8 cu in), air-cooled, direct drive, gasoline engine design. It employs dual electronic ignition, multi-point EFI and produces 118 hp (88 kW) at 3300 rpm.

## Variants

UL350i Base model that produces 118 hp (88 kW) at 3300 rpm. UL350iS Higher compression model that produces 130 hp (97 kW) at 3300 rpm. UL350iSA Same as UL350iS but with inverted oil system for aerobatic use. UL350iHPS Special version for helicopter use. It produces 150 hp (112 kW) at 3500 rpm.

## Applications

## Specifications (ULPower UL350i)

*Data from* World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12 and manufacturer

### General characteristics

* **Type:** Four cylinder, four stroke aircraft engine
* **Bore:** 105.6 mm (4.2 in)
* **Stroke:** 100 mm (3.9 in)
* **Displacement:** 3,503 cc (213.8 cu in)
* **Length:** 553 mm (21.8 in)
* **Width:** 735 mm (28.9 in)
* **Height:** 500 mm (19.7 in)
* **Dry weight:** 80 kg (176.4 lb)

### Components

* **Fuel type:** Regular unleaded automotive gasoline, minimum 95 Octane RON (87 MON = 91 AKI) or 100LL avgas may be used
* **Cooling system:** air

### Performance

* **Power output:** 118 hp (88 kW) at 3300 rpm
* **Compression ratio:** 8.0:1 and 8.7:1 (S versions)

**Related development**

**Related lists**

## InfoBox

| UL350i | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Aircraft engine |
| National origin | Belgium |
| Manufacturer | ULPower Aero Engines |


title: Cuvierina columnella

abstract: Cuvierina columnella is a species of gastropod in the family Cuvierinidae.

text:
# Cuvierina columnella

***Cuvierina columnella*** is a species of gastropod in the family Cuvierinidae.

## InfoBox

| *Cuvierina columnella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| *Clade*: | Euopisthobranchia |
| Order: | Pteropoda |
| Family: | Cuvierinidae |
| Genus: | *Cuvierina* |
| Species: | ***C. columnella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cuvierina columnella***<br>(Rang, 1827) | |
|


title: Brigitte Plateau

abstract: Brigitte Plateau is a French computer scientist. A former student of the École Normale Supérieure at Fontenay-aux-Roses majoring in Mathematics, she is a Doctor of Information Studies. A University Professor at Grenoble Institute of Technology since 1988, since February 2012 she has been the General Administrator of the Grenoble INP cluster. Plateau is president of the AFDESRI since September 2014 and Allistene since November 2014.

text:
# Brigitte Plateau

**Brigitte Plateau** is a French computer scientist. A former student of the École Normale Supérieure at Fontenay-aux-Roses majoring in Mathematics (option in Probability Theory), she is a Doctor of Information Studies. A University Professor at Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP) since 1988, since February 2012 she has been the General Administrator of the Grenoble INP cluster.

Plateau is president of the AFDESRI (Association of Women Leaders of Higher Education, Research and Innovation) since September 2014 and Allistene (Alliance of the Digital Sciences and Technologies) since November 2014.

## Childhood

Born to a father who was an engineer and a mother who was a teacher, as a child of 7 or 8, Plateau enjoyed solving maths problems.

## Career

At the age of 18, Plateau had wanted to become a medical doctor, but her father advised against it. After studying at the École Normale Supérieure and Aggregation of Mathematics, Brigitte Plateau submitted in 1980 a postgraduate thesis (DEA) in computer science at the University of Paris XI and in 1984, a state computer thesis. She obtained a tenured research position<sup>(fr)</sup> at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), then taught as a visiting scholar at the University of Maryland in the United States. In 1988, she was appointed full professor by Grenoble Polytechnic Institute, assigned to Ensimag and to the laboratory of Computer Engineering. In 1999, she created the IT and distribution Laboratory (Grenoble INP-UJF-CNRS) that she headed until 2004. In January 2007 Plateau created the Grenoble Informatics Laboratory associated with the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA). As of 2014, Plateau was in charge of 500 computer scientists at the laboratory. Her research work is on the performance of computer systems, in particular distributed and parallel systems. She is studying queueing models, distributed algorithms and massively parallel computers (by simulation and observation). She is an expert in high speed calculations using massive parallelism.

In 2010, Brigitte Plateau became director of the Ensimag school in Grenoble-INP. In February 2012, she was elected director of the group Grenoble-INP, the first woman to have this position. She was re-elected for a term of 4 years in February 2016.

In November 2014, she became president of the AFDESRI whose goal is to fight against the glass ceiling that affects women in the academic field. She also directs the Allistene, making her the first woman president of a research alliance.

She has participated in the national scientific bodies CNRS, ANR, INRIA, and the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (MESR).

## Awards and distinctions

## Selected publications

* Plateau, Brigitte. "On the stochastic structure of parallelism and synchronization models for distributed algorithms." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review. Vol. 13. No. 2. ACM, 1985.
* Plateau, Brigitte, and Karim Atif. "Stochastic automata network of modeling parallel systems." Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 17.10 (1991): 1093-1108.
* Fernandes, Paulo, Brigitte Plateau, and William J. Stewart. "Efficient descriptor-vector multiplications in stochastic automata networks." Journal of the ACM 45.3 (1998): 381-414.
* Plateau, Brigitte, and Jean-Michel Fourneau. "A methodology for solving Markov models of parallel systems." Journal of parallel and distributed computing 12.4 (1991): 370-387.
* Baccelli, François, Erol Gelenbe, and Brigitte Plateau. "An end-to-end approach to the resequencing problem." Journal of the ACM 31.3 (1984): 474-485.

## Further reading

* "BRIGITTE PLATEAU, mathématicienne connectée". *La Tribune - Acteurs de l’économie* (in French). 1 October 2014.   via Factiva (subscription required)

## InfoBox

| Brigitte Plateau | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigitte Plateau in 2020 | |
| Alma mater | University of Paris XI |
| Occupation(s) | computer scientist and university administrator |


title: Say Nothing (album)

abstract: Say Nothing is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Theory of a Deadman, released on January 31, 2020, through 604 Records in Canada and Atlantic and Roadrunner Records in the United States. The record contains lyrics about such issues as domestic violence and racism. The band opted to continue their collaboration with Swedish music producer Martin Terefe—who worked with them on their previous album Wake Up Call—returning to London in April 2019. Their prior album marked the group's departure from their usual hard rock sound to a more pop- and pop rock-infused style and was met with mixed reviews from critics.

text:
# Say Nothing (album)

***Say Nothing*** is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Theory of a Deadman, released on January 31, 2020, through 604 Records in Canada and Atlantic and Roadrunner Records in the United States. The record contains lyrics about such issues as domestic violence and racism. The band opted to continue their collaboration with Swedish music producer Martin Terefe—who worked with them on their previous album *Wake Up Call*—returning to London in April 2019. Their prior album marked the group's departure from their usual hard rock sound to a more pop- and pop rock-infused style and was met with mixed reviews from critics.

## Background and development

Theory of a Deadman's sound had been firmly rooted in the alternative and hard rock genres since the band signed a record deal with Chad Kroeger's 604 Records in 2001. Lead singer Tyler Connolly stated that after the release of their fourth studio album, *The Truth Is...*, in 2011, the band was receiving pressure from their record label to create an album that was "more poppy". He believed the label was "getting tired of \[their\] fun rock stuff" and "wanted to hear something different". The band responded to this pressure with the release of their fifth studio album, *Savages*, in 2014, which Connolly described as the "opposite" of their record label's wishes. Los Angeles-based music producer Howard Benson worked with the band on *Savages* as well as three of their previous albums, but the group felt they wanted something different for their future records. Connolly stated that their A&R team mentioned Swedish music producer, Martin Terefe, who was known for working with pop rock music artists such as Jason Mraz, James Blunt, and Train, and was interested in collaborating with the group. Theory of a Deadman spent seven weeks in London in 2016, recording at Terefe's Kensaltown Studios.

The band's sixth studio album *Wake Up Call*, released in October 2017, has been described by critics as a departure from Theory of a Deadman's usual hard rock foundation, moving into pop and pop rock territory. The band credited this shift to Connolly, the group's primary songwriter, acquiring and learning how to play the piano prior to the album's recording. Connolly expressed feeling creatively exhausted, stating, "For some reason, \[on\] this album, I felt tapped on the guitar side. I felt like every riff was written." Bassist Dean Back agreed, saying, "During the writing process, Tyler’s go-to was to always pick up a guitar and write with that. He pushed himself through and instead of writing with the guitar he used a piano he has in his house. ... I think writing on the piano opened up another creative realm in him." The album was met with mixed reviews from critics with some praising the lyrical maturity that was lacking in previous albums, and others criticizing it for the sudden change in genre.

## Music and lyrics

*Say Nothing* has been described by the band as a "continuation of the last record", and Connolly acknowledged a sense of anxiety while recording the album due to the pressure created by the success of *Wake Up Call'*s lead single, "Rx (Medicate)" (a song that addresses prescription drug abuse). Although Theory of a Deadman have avoided having their lyrics surround social and political issues, the positive feedback they received for "Rx (Medicate)" influenced their decision to speak about important topics related to domestic violence, racism, depression and anxiety, and politics. Connolly said, "This album allowed me to say all of the things that were on my mind earlier, but I was too afraid to say. Our previous material was pretty much all relationship-driven. Everything was about me being unhappy. This one was about what's going on in the world, the state of American politics, and everything else. It was a completely different way of writing for us." Guitarist Dave Brenner added, "I look at the record as a microcosm of our current era. It's a reminder to look inward at what's happening and what we're becoming. ... Maybe we can give the world a little solace and encourage everyone to treat each other better."

The album adds elements of brass instruments, gospel choirs, and piano to its sound. Connolly commented on the musical composition: "We're trying to do something we haven't done before on this album and continue to be inspired, and we found that in new instrumentation and different production." The band found further inspiration after participating in a private tour of Abbey Road Studios in London, specifically referencing The Beatles' album *Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band*, which contained tracks recorded there in 1967.

*Say Nothing'*s lead single, "History of Violence", talks about domestic abuse, and was released concurrently with its music video on September 25, 2019. In an interview with *Alternative Press*, Connolly stated, "I think with the #MeToo movement, there's been a lot of empowerment of women, which has been fantastic. We wanted to have a video that not only reflected the lyrics of the track but also left the viewer feeling like there's something they can do if they've been affected by something like this. That's a big issue—a lot of women don't come forward. I think it's important for people to feel like there's other people out there that can help."

"Strangers" is a song that examines the polarizing effect of politics on society and how political and social events created a new generation of activists; Connolly stressed his beliefs in not making the politically charged song seem biased. The record's title track—"Say Nothing"—vocalizes the lack of communication seen in relationships, which is one issue that Connolly admits led to his divorce from ex-wife Christine.

Exploring the topic of depression and anxiety, "World Keeps Spinning", Connolly's goal with this song's lyrics was to reflect on his personal experiences of depression, and to provide consolation to those experiencing despair. He found the writing process more complicated when touching on sensitive and personal subjects.

## Recording

Production took place at Kensaltown Recording Studios, an establishment owned and run by the producer of *Say Nothing*, Martin Terefe. The band recorded the 10 tracks for the record from April to May 2019 in London, spending six weeks in an Airbnb. Additional recording was completed by Connolly at The Panic Room in Burbank, California and by Nikolaj Torp Larsen at Eastcote Studio 4 in London.

## Promotion and singles

In an effort to promote the album, three songs were released to the public before the official release of *Say Nothing*—"History of Violence" on September 25, 2019, "Strangers" on November 8, and the title track on December 13. "World Keeps Spinning" was released on January 31, 2020, in concurrence with the album; the music video premiered on the band's official YouTube channel. Pre-orders for *Say Nothing* were made available on September 25, with "History of Violence" included as an instant grat download; "Strangers" was also included starting on November 8.

The band headlined a Canadian tour, beginning on January 31, 2020, to coincide with the release of the album. An American tour with 10 Years was to officially commence on April 9; with respects to the suspensions of large-scale gatherings due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tour was postponed to an unannounced date. The group was scheduled to tour in the United States with Breaking Benjamin, Bush, Saint Asonia, and Canadian musician Cory Marks, beginning on July 15 in Bristow, VA, and culminating on September 8 in Mountain View, CA; in May 2020, this tour was also canceled on account of the pandemic.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 54/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *American Songwriter* |  |
| *Classic Rock Magazine* | Positive |
| *Kerrang!* |  |

The album received mostly mixed reviews according to four critics on Metacritic.

## Track listing

*Say Nothing* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Black Hole in Your Heart" | Tyler Connolly, Dave Brenner, Dean Back, Joey Dandeneau, Christine Connolly | 3:34 |
| 2. | "History of Violence" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau, C. Connolly | 3:55 |
| 3. | "Affluenza" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau, C. Connolly | 3:37 |
| 4. | "Say Nothing" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau, C. Connolly | 3:36 |
| 5. | "Strangers" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau, C. Connolly | 3:26 |
| 6. | "Ted Bundy" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau | 3:32 |
| 7. | "World Keeps Spinning" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau | 3:35 |
| 8. | "Quicksand" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau, C. Connolly | 3:01 |
| 9. | "White Boy" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau | 4:11 |
| 10. | "It's All Good" | T. Connolly, Brenner, Back, Dandeneau | 2:34 |
| Total length: | | | 35:01 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Say Nothing* and AllMusic.

**Theory of a Deadman**

* Tyler Connolly – vocals, guitar, piano
* Dave Brenner – guitar, backing vocals
* Dean Back – bass, backing vocals
* Joey Dandeneau – drums, backing vocals

**"Black Hole in Your Heart", "Quicksand", and "Say Nothing"**

* David Davidson – violin, strings arrangement
* David Angell – violin
* Monisa Angell – viola
* Carole Rabinowitz – cello

**Production**

**"Ted Bundy"**

* David Davidson – violin, strings arrangement
* Oskar Winberg – horns arrangement, strings arrangement
* Sven Lindvall – horns arrangement, tuba
* David Angell – violin
* Monisa Angell – viola
* Carole Rabinowitz – cello
* Leif Lindvall – trumpet

**Locations**

## Charts

Sales chart performance for *Say Nothing*
| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Digital Albums (ARIA) | 35 |
| Canadian Albums (*Billboard*) | 51 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 116 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (*Billboard*) | 5 |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 14 |
|

## InfoBox

| Say Nothing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Theory of a Deadman | |
| Released | January 31, 2020 (2020-01-31) |
| Recorded | April–May 2019 |
| Studio | Kensaltown, The Panic Room, Eastcote Studio 4 |
| Length | 35:01 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Martin Terefe |
| Theory of a Deadman chronology | |
| *Wake Up Call*
(2017) ***Say Nothing***
(2020) *Dinosaur*
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Say Nothing* | |
| 1. "History of Violence"
Released: September 25, 2019 2. "World Keeps Spinning"
Released: January 24, 2020 3. "Strangers"
Released: November 1, 2020 | |
|  | |


title: Praeapodroma

abstract: Praeapodroma is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Praeapodroma

***Praeapodroma*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Praeapodroma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Praeapodroma*** |
|


title: Dave Raun

abstract:
Dave Raun a resident of Fresno, California, is the drummer for the seminal California punk rock band Lagwagon. He also filled in on drums for a short period for Sean "SC" Sellers of Good Riddance. Additionally, Raun drums for the punk rock cover band/supergroup Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, with fellow Lagwagon member Joey Cape. Me First and the Gimme Gimmes also features
members of NOFX, Swingin' Utters, and Foo Fighters. Raun, a native of San Mateo, California, began his career in the mid to late '80's drumming in numerous bands before joining California hardcore punk band Rich Kids on LSD in 1992. Raun joined Lagwagon in 1996, replacing original drummer Derrick Plourde. Most recently, he has been seen drumming for Hot Water Music and Black President. Raun is married to Laura Slippy.

text:
# Dave Raun

**Dave Raun** (born June 7, 1970) a resident of Fresno, California, is the drummer for the seminal California punk rock band Lagwagon. He also filled in on drums for a short period for Sean "SC" Sellers of Good Riddance. Additionally, Raun drums for the punk rock cover band/supergroup Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, with fellow Lagwagon member Joey Cape. Me First and the Gimme Gimmes also features members of NOFX, Swingin' Utters, and Foo Fighters. Raun, a native of San Mateo, California, began his career in the mid to late '80's drumming in numerous bands before joining California hardcore punk band Rich Kids on LSD in 1992. Raun joined Lagwagon in 1996, replacing original drummer Derrick Plourde. Most recently, he has been seen drumming for Hot Water Music and Black President. Raun is married to Laura Slippy.

## InfoBox

| Dave Raun | |
| --- | --- |
| Dave Raun drumming for Lagwagon on October 16, 2012 at Middle East Club, Cambridge, MA. | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1970-06-07) June 7, 1970 |
| Genres | Skate punk, punk rock, pop punk |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument(s) | Drums, percussion |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Labels | Fat Wreck Chords, Epitaph Records |


title: John Ringham

abstract: John Henry Ringham was a British actor who appeared on both television and stage. Among his roles was that of Norman Warrender in the 1980s sitcom Just Good Friends.

text:
# John Ringham

**John Henry Ringham** (10 February 1928 – 20 October 2008) was a British actor who appeared on both television and stage. Among his roles was that of Norman Warrender in the 1980s sitcom *Just Good Friends*.

## Early life

Ringham was born in Cheltenham, where his father was a travelling book salesman. He was educated at the Cheltenham Grammar School for Boys (now called Pate's Grammar School). As a teenager he was a member of a drama group run by a retired professional actor. He was then called up for National Service and served from 1946 until 1948 in Mandatory Palestine.

After leaving the army he spent four years as a member of a touring theatre company called *The Compass Players* based in Gloucestershire.

## Career

He appeared throughout BBC Television's Shakespeare adaptation *An Age of Kings* in 1960, most prominently as Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, the brother of Henry the Fifth. Other appearances over the years include several parts in *Z-Cars*; *Softly, Softly*, and *Barlow at Large*; *Flambards*; *Poldark*; the *War and Peace* dramatisation in 1972; *Birds of a Feather*; *The Bill*; *Bless Me Father*; *Taggart*; *Bergerac*; *The Tripods*; *Juliet Bravo*; *Minder*; *All Creatures Great and Small*; *Dixon of Dock Green*; *Dad's Army*; *Are You Being Served?*; *Catweazle*; *Up Pompeii!*; *The Avengers*; *The Piglet Files*, *When the Boat Comes In*, *London's Burning*, Rosie (TV series), and *Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em*.

Ringham played Inspector Lanner in the 1985 Sherlock Holmes adaptation of *The Resident Patient*. In *Dad's Army* he played two different characters – Private Bracewell in the pilot (he was set to become a major recurring character, but this was later dropped), then Captain Bailey in four later episodes.

He appeared in the long-running show *Doctor Who* three times, first as the bloodthirsty priest Tlotoxl in the story *The Aztecs* (1964). He returned in the stories *The Smugglers* (1966) and *Colony in Space* (1971).

Ringham also appeared as the by-the-book Commander Tri-S in the unsold pilot of The Solarnauts, created by Roberta Leigh (1967).

## Playwright and author

He was also a playwright and the author of three books, including a biography of the composer George Frideric Handel.

## Death

Ringham died of cancer in 2008 aged 80.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1959 | *Ivy League Killers* | Inspector |  |
| 1961 | *Very Important Person* | P / O G S 'Plum' Pouding |  |
| 1964 | "Doctor Who - The Aztecs" | Tlotoxl |  |
| 1973 | *The Zoo Robbery* | Smythe's associate | Uncredited |
| 1976 | *The Twelve Tasks of Asterix* | Narrator, Additional Voices | Voice, English version |
| 2005 | *V for Vendetta* | Old Man |  |

## InfoBox

| John Ringham | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | John Henry Ringham
(1928-02-10)10 February 1928
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England |
| Died | 20 October 2008(2008-10-20) (aged 80)
London, England |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Spouses | * Elizabeth Shepherd  (m. 1959; div. 1962) * Hedwig Nowacki (m. 1966) |
| Children | 4 |


title: Canada Bay, New South Wales

abstract: Canada Bay is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of City of Canada Bay. Canada Bay is also a bay on Parramatta River between Concord and Five Dock. The suburb of Canada Bay sits on the southern shore and is bordered by the suburbs of Burwood, Croydon and Five Dock. The City of Canada Bay takes its name from the bay but its administrative centre is located in the suburb of Drummoyne.

text:
# Canada Bay, New South Wales

**Canada Bay** is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of City of Canada Bay.

Canada Bay is also a bay on Parramatta River between Concord and Five Dock. The suburb of Canada Bay sits on the southern shore and is bordered by the suburbs of Burwood, Croydon and Five Dock. The City of Canada Bay takes its name from the bay but its administrative centre is located in the suburb of Drummoyne.

## History

The name Canada Bay honours a link between Australia and Canada. Following the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 to 1838, two Irish and 58 French Canadian rebels were deported to Australia. At the request of the local Catholic bishop, they were brought to Sydney. Imprisoned at Longbottom Stockade (which was located at what is now Concord Oval), the convicts broke stone for the construction of Parramatta Road and collected oyster shells for making lime. In 1842, the French Canadians were allowed to work outside the prison. Between 1843 and 1844, all received pardons and, except for two people who died and one (Joseph Marceau) who settled in Dapto, all returned to Canada.

After the rebellions, John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, Governor General and Lord High Commissioner to British North America recommended that Britain grant responsible self-government to the Union of Upper and Lower Canada. Many parts of Canada Bay are a reminder of this history: Exile Bay, France Bay, Durham Street, Marceau Drive, Polding Street and Gipps Street. Bayview Park has a plaque that honours the exiles and marks the point of disembarkation.

The City of Canada Bay was formed in December 2000 by the merger of Concord and Drummoyne councils.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, there were 1,308 residents in Canada Bay. 66.2% of people were born in Australia, the next most common countries of birth included Italy at 6.5%, China (excluding Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan) at 4.3%, England at 2.8%, New Zealand at 1.3%, and Vietnam at 1.1%. 64.5% of people spoke only English at home; other languages spoken at home included Italian at 11.2%, Mandarin at 4.7%, Cantonese at 3.4%, Greek at 2.1%, and Arabic at 1.7%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 43.2%, No Religion, so described 27.3%, Anglican 7.1% and Eastern Orthodox 4.9%; a further 3.4% of respondents elected not to disclose their religion.

The median household income was $2,473 compared to the national average of $1,746.

33°52′02″S 151°06′50″E / 33.8671°S 151.1139°E / -33.8671; 151.1139

## InfoBox

| Canada Bay<br>Sydney, New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Bay | |
|  | |
| Population | 1,308 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 2046 |
| Location | 11 km (7 mi) west of Sydney CBD |
| LGA(s) | City of Canada Bay |
| State electorate(s) | Drummoyne |
| Federal division(s) | Reid |
| **Suburbs around Canada Bay:**  Concord  Five Dock  Concord Canada Bay Five Dock  Burwood Croydon Croydon | |


title: ULN2003A

abstract: The ULN2003A is an integrated circuit produced by Texas Instruments. It consists of an array of seven NPN Darlington transistors capable of 500 mA, 50 V output. It features common-cathode flyback diodes for switching inductive loads. It can come in PDIP, SOIC, SOP or TSSOP packaging. In the same family are ULN2002A, ULN2004A, as well as ULQ2003A and ULQ2004A, designed for different logic input levels. The ULN2003A is also similar to the ULN2001A and the ULN2801A, ULN2802A, ULN2803A, ULN2804A and ULN2805A, only differing in logic input levels and number of in/outputs (4/7/8).

text:
# ULN2003A

The **ULN2003A** is an integrated circuit produced by Texas Instruments. It consists of an array of seven NPN Darlington transistors capable of 500 mA, 50 V output. It features common-cathode flyback diodes for switching inductive loads (such as servomotors). It can come in PDIP, SOIC, SOP or TSSOP packaging. In the same family are ULN2002A, ULN2004A, as well as ULQ2003A and ULQ2004A, designed for different logic input levels.

The ULN2003A is also similar to the ULN2001A (4 inputs) and the ULN2801A, ULN2802A, ULN2803A, ULN2804A and ULN2805A, only differing in logic input levels (TTL, CMOS, PMOS) and number of in/outputs (4/7/8).

## Darlington Transistor

A Darlington transistor (also known as Darlington pair) achieves very high current amplification by connecting two bipolar transistors in direct DC coupling so the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one. The resultant current gain is the product of those of the two component transistors:

$\beta \_{\mathrm {total} }\approx \beta \_{1}\cdot \beta \_{2}$

The seven Darlington pairs in ULN2003 can operate independently except the common cathode diodes that connect to their respective collectors.

## Features

The ULN2003 is known for its high-current, high-voltage capacity. The drivers can be paralleled for even higher current output. Even further, stacking one chip on top of another, both electrically and physically, has been done. Generally it can also be used for interfacing with a stepper motor, where the motor requires high ratings which cannot be provided by other interfacing devices.

Main specifications:

* 500 mA rated collector current (single output)
* 50 V output (there is a version that supports 100 V output)
* Includes output flyback diodes
* Inputs compatible with TTL and 5-V CMOS logic

## Applications

Typical usage of the ULN2003A is in driver circuits for relays, solenoids, lamp and LED displays, stepper motors, logic buffers and line drivers.


title: Cuvier–Geoffroy debate

abstract: The Cuvier–Geoffroy debate of 1830 was a scientific debate between the two French naturalists Georges Cuvier and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. For around two months the debate occurred in front of the French Academy of Sciences. The debate centered primarily on animal structure; Cuvier asserted that animal structure was determined by an organism's functional needs while Geoffroy suggested an alternative theory that all animal structures were modified forms of one unified plan. In terms of scientific significance, the discussion between the two naturalists showed stark differences in scientific methods as well as general philosophy. Cuvier is generally considered the winner of the debate, as he always came better prepared to the debate with overwhelming amounts of evidence and more logical arguments, as well as having more political and academic influence. Despite this, Geoffroy's philosophy is seen as early support of evolution theory and parts of the theory of the "unity of composition" are generally more accepted over Cuvier's fixed species philosophy.

text:
# Cuvier–Geoffroy debate

The **Cuvier–Geoffroy debate** of 1830 was a scientific debate between the two French naturalists Georges Cuvier and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. For around two months the debate occurred in front of the French Academy of Sciences. The debate centered primarily on animal structure; Cuvier asserted that animal structure was determined by an organism's functional needs while Geoffroy suggested an alternative theory that all animal structures were modified forms of one unified plan. In terms of scientific significance, the discussion between the two naturalists showed stark differences in scientific methods as well as general philosophy. Cuvier is generally considered the winner of the debate, as he always came better prepared to the debate with overwhelming amounts of evidence and more logical arguments, as well as having more political and academic influence. Despite this, Geoffroy's philosophy is seen as early support of evolution theory and parts of the theory of the "unity of composition" are generally more accepted over Cuvier's fixed species philosophy.

## Early lives

Both naturalists had a love for classification and description but grew up with different influences. Geoffroy came to Paris to study medicine, law and philosophy in early 1789, but shifted to the study of zoology not long after. When a priest mentor of Geoffroy's became caught up in the political turmoil of the revolution of 1789, it was through Geoffroy's testimony that the priest was released from prison. Making friends in the church led to his eventual appointment as a zoology professor in the Royal Garden (later became the Museum of Natural History), when a post was vacated due to more political problems. Although he was only twenty-one years old at the time, this position gave Geoffroy access to resources and natural collections in which he built his future theories on nature. He was even able to accompany Napoleon on an expedition to Egypt in 1798 where he studied mummies and made hypotheses on change over time in humans and other organisms. Geoffroy agreed with Buffon that any classification system was arbitrary and thus somewhat empty, but he nonetheless attempted to find the general laws that applied to all organisms in nature.

Before their well-known rivalry developed, the two scientists began as close colleagues and friends. Cuvier met a member of the Academy of Sciences, Henri-Alexandre Tessier, in Normandy in 1794 while he was a young man tutoring the children of the wealthy. Tessier was impressed by Cuvier's talent and skill, and soon after wrote glowing letters to established scientists like Geoffroy and another, Jussier. Geoffroy was charmed by Cuvier's detailed descriptions of animals and his precise sketches and decided to invite him to "come to Paris. Come play among us the role of another legislator of natural history." When Cuvier joined him at the Museum, other colleagues warned Geoffroy against mentoring him, suggesting that this brilliant young scientist would eventually surpass him. Despite this premonition, both scientists worked side by side and wrote five papers together on the classification of mammals, the two-horned African rhinoceros, species of elephants, descriptions of the tarsier, and the biology of the orangutan. It was not long before Cuvier began to make a name for himself individually too, as he was highly skilled at reaching out to patrons, networking and acquiring funding for his research. By 1796 Cuvier was working on his papers on extinction, merely two years after joining the Museum, while Geoffroy had barely begun to publish. One of the most significant events that solidified the split between the two scientists was Cuvier's appointment to the Academy of Sciences on December 17, 1795 as one of the six original members of anatomy and zoology. Cuvier was only twenty-six years old (three years Geoffroy's junior) and the youngest member at the time, while Geoffroy was not given admittance to the Academy for another twelve years.

## Differing viewpoints

Prior to the debate, biological scientists were generally split into two major factions: whether animal structure was determined by functional needs of an animal or the "conditions of existence" (Cuvier), or a basic unified form that was modified across all animal forms (Geoffroy). By determining the answer to this question, scientists could also shed light on the mechanisms of the evolution of species, as well as potentially finding a useful system to classify species to better understand the order of nature. Cuvier was an influential scientist with significant political power and many prominent positions: permanent secretary at the French Academie of Science, a professorship at the Museum of Natural History and the College of France, as well as a Council member at the University of France. Cuvier stuck to "positive facts" of science and refused to flirt with hypotheses and unsupported ideas. This attitude sprang from worries that this kind of thinking would lead to unrest and disorder in France as the French Revolution had torn through only a few decades before. Cuvier encouraged young scientists to stick with facts and often won them over easily due to his strong reputation as a good ally to have in science. His political ties and academic connections gave his ideas a broader audience and generally more historical recognition. Geoffroy was heavily influenced by Buffon and Lamarck. It was in his memoir *Philosophie anatomique*, published in 1818, that he first put his ideas on animal form and structure into print. Here he attempted to answer his own question, "Can the organization of vertebrated animals be referred to as one uniform type?" Cuvier on the other hand was known as Lamarck's greatest critic, as Cuvier felt Lamarck was too speculative without enough facts to back up his theories. Cuvier grew up reading the works of Linnaeus and was mostly self-taught through dissection and measurements of organisms. Geoffroy thought of facts as building blocks to science while new ideas would lead to real discovery, occasionally dipping more into philosophical hypotheses instead of testable or demonstrated research. Geoffroy kept his unpopular ideas under wraps when advantageous to his career but found it increasingly difficult to stay passive as he got older and more well known.

## The debate (1830)

While the two biologists had disagreed on animal structure subtly through their publications, talks with other scientists at Academy meetings, and in private, a paper on mollusks written by two relatively unknown scientists drew Geoffroy and Cuvier at arms. The paper, written by Meyranx and Laurencet, was assigned to Geoffroy and Pierre André Latreille to review and report to the Academy. Meyranx and Laurencet's conclusions grabbed Geoffroy's attention by suggesting a link between vertebrate and mollusk internal anatomy. With thousands of drawings of mollusks and multiple essays, the authors argued that the organ arrangement of a mollusk resembled vertebrate organ arrangement, if the vertebrate bent backwards so that the neck was connected to the backside. Geoffroy found support for his unity of composition which would unite the vertebrates and mollusks -two of Cuvier's published embranchments of animals- on one common plan.

### Geoffroy's initial report

On February 15, 1830, Geoffroy presented his report to the Academy. In an epilogue that was eventually removed from the final report at Cuvier's insistence, Geoffroy made a clear attack at Cuvier by quoting from a work of Cuvier's from 1817, "Memoir on the Cephalopods and on Their Anatomy", though the author and actual manuscript name were not mentioned. Geoffroy ridiculed the old-fashioned way of describing nature by focusing on differences instead of similarities, presenting his unity of composition theory as a better alternative. Cuvier disagreed vehemently with the report and paper's findings, promising to further explain his argument in future writings.

### Cuvier's first response

At the next meeting of the Academy on February 22, Cuvier came fully prepared with detailed, labeled, colorful drawings, in particular one of an octopus and another of a duck bent backwards, and a new memoir called "Considerations on the Mollusks and in Particular on the Cephalopods". He attacked Geoffroy's argument carefully and strategically. First, he argued for clear definitions in science and no ambiguity in language. Cuvier then proposed that composition was defined as the arrangement of parts. By this definition, to imagine that all organisms consisted of the same organs arranged in the same manner was illogical and false. Cuvier called Geoffroy's unity of composition more of a vague analogy for the composition of animals than true science. He emphasized how analogies did not belong in real science. Next Cuvier gave his own report on Meyranx and Laurencet's paper, showing example after example of how vertebrate and mollusk organ arrangement differed, whether by physical location or orientation in the body. By overwhelming the audience with his plethora of knowledge on cephalopod anatomy, he undercut Geoffroy's credibility and made a convincing argument of his own. After this point the debate became less about the mollusk data and more an argument between two differing scientific philosophies.

### Further discussion

On March 1, 1830, Geoffroy returned with his rebuttal, "On the Theory of Analogues, to Establish Its Novelty as a Doctrine, and Its Practical Utility as an Instrument". In response to Cuvier's comments about unity of composition being poorly defined, Geoffroy claimed that he was seeking more "philosophical resemblances" other than actual, observable similarities between animals. This vague explanation of unity of composition and the claim that others did not understand what unity of composition really meant did not satisfy Cuvier or his other critics. Geoffroy went on to defend his analogical theory, stressing the methodology of it all to align it to the scientific method. His theory looked at the connections between animals, and therefore was still applicable to making discoveries in science. To illustrate his points, Geoffroy used the example of the hyoid bone in vertebrates. He compared multiple animals with differing numbers of pieces making up the hyoid bone. In the cat with 9 hyoid pieces and humans with 5, Geoffroy made hypotheses for where the extra pieces had gone in humans, suggesting shifts to the ligaments and other bones of the jaw. Cuvier in response compared the hyoid bones across multiple species, where he saw different numbers of parts, different arrangements of the parts and in some, no hyoid at all. To Cuvier these differences suggested different functional needs and did not support unity of composition as Geoffroy said. To counter Cuvier's very analytical approach, Geoffroy said his rival was simply getting too bogged down in the details and forgetting the main issue of differences in philosophy. Cuvier continued to supply examples of differences amongst animal form, insisting Geoffroy explain why nature would be constrained to using the same parts similarly across all species.

### End of the debate

By April 1830, the Academy was getting bored with the debate. At this point it had become far too personal and less about the ideas discussed but rather a continuous opportunity to bash each other publicly and academically. Geoffroy finally declined to provide further comment on April 5, 1830. His reasons for ending the debate are not entirely known, but it's generally believed Cuvier won the debate with his commanding presence and overwhelming amounts of evidence.

## Results of the debate

After Geoffroy's initial inflammatory report, some other scientists in the Academy felt pressed to choose a side. In an effort to protect his reputation, the co-author on the report, Latreille, wrote to Cuvier to deny his participation in the report presented to the Academy, as well as to disassociate himself from Geoffroy's unity of composition theory. Cuvier had just the year before helped Latreille, a rather old man of sixty-seven, replace Lamarck as a professor in the Museum. Both authors of the original cephalopod paper wrote to Cuvier as well to apologize for the trouble their paper had caused. However, the damage to Meyranx and Laurencet's careers may already have been done, as no future works by the authors have been recorded, nor is their cephalopod paper to be found.

After the debate officially ended, both naturalists continued to throw in snide mentions to each other's works in Academy discussion, though neither Geoffroy nor Cuvier openly engaged each other again. The press and scientific journals followed their volatile disagreements up until Cuvier's death by cholera a mere two years after the debate. While the two naturalists were unable to reconcile their ideas in life, Geoffroy spoke at Cuvier's funeral quite fondly of his former friend, feeling pleased "to have been the first to recognize and reveal to the learned world the scope of genius who did not yet know it himself", as well as saying anyone who studied the science of nature/natural history owed it to Cuvier for laying the foundation with his genius and massive knowledge of the natural world. While neither Geoffroy or Cuvier's ideas were fully adopted in future science theory, both unity of composition and functional morphology can be seen as influences to further works on the natural world. Geoffroy's ideas of unity of composition and development of more complex organisms from a common, less complex plan often recognize Geoffroy as one of the first to accept evolution theory.


title: Sabrang Tourism Park

abstract: Sabrang Tourism Park is a tourism special economic zone located in Cox's Bazar district of Chittagong division, Bangladesh. It is being developed by Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA) on a land of 940 acres in Sabrang union of Teknaf upazila. Situated approximately 96 kilometers away from Cox's Bazar Airport and accessible via the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf Marine Drive road, the park is planned to include special facilities for transportation to St. Martin's Island, a floating jetty, hotels and resorts, alongside amenities like a children's park, eco-cottages, an oceanarium, an underwater restaurant, and a floating restaurant, among others. The economic zone will reportedly allocate an area of approximately 100 acres exclusively for foreign tourists. Several companies are collectively proposing to invest approximately $413 million in the project, with expectations of generating around 15,000 jobs.

text:
# Sabrang Tourism Park

**Sabrang Tourism Park** is a tourism special economic zone located in Cox's Bazar district of Chittagong division, Bangladesh. It is being developed by Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA) on a land of 940 acres (3.8 km2) in Sabrang union of Teknaf upazila. Situated approximately 96 kilometers away from Cox's Bazar Airport and accessible via the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf Marine Drive road, the park is planned to include special facilities for transportation to St. Martin's Island, a floating jetty, hotels and resorts, alongside amenities like a children's park, eco-cottages, an oceanarium, an underwater restaurant, and a floating restaurant, among others. The economic zone will reportedly allocate an area of approximately 100 acres exclusively for foreign tourists. Several companies are collectively proposing to invest approximately $413 million in the project, with expectations of generating around 15,000 jobs.

20°48′37″N 92°17′36″E / 20.8102°N 92.2934°E / 20.8102; 92.2934


title: Save Democracy Group Africa

abstract: Save Democracy Group Africa (SDGA), is a Non-governmental organization (NGO) of past Presidents in Africa, aim at bringing past and Present African political leaders together so as to Foster unity and better Transition of power.

text:
# Save Democracy Group Africa

**Save Democracy Group Africa** (SDGA), is a Non-governmental organization (NGO) of past Presidents in Africa, aim at bringing past and Present African political leaders together so as to Foster unity and better Transition of power.

## History

The group was formed in Nigeria 2008 to ensure the survival of Democracy in Africa and create a leadership succession culture in the country.

**SDGA** has helped to expand the frontiers of engagement of political stakeholders, to create and exchange ideas that would re-engineer the polity and strengthen good governance and enhancing continuous dialogue among leaders in African political, ethnic and religious divides.

## Awards

Nelson Mandela Leadership awards is an award organised by the group to honour past Presidents or political office holder in Africa like Olusegun Obasanjo, Goodluck Jonathan, Jonathan Zwingina, Senator Ben Obi, Umaru Tanko Al-Makura, Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar, Joseph Boakai etc. who ensures that there is respect for constitutionally stipulated tenure of office while in leadership in the African continent.

The effect of the award is to encourage the political class in the continent to change their concept and perception of leadership, promote principle of peace and forgiveness, good and transparent governance as well as respect to constitutional term limits.


title: Praecepta Militaria

abstract: The Praecepta Militaria is the Latin conventional title given to a Byzantine military treatise, written in ca. 965 by or on behalf of Eastern Roman emperor Nikephoros Phokas. Its Greek title is Στρατηγικὴ ἔκθεσις καὶ σύνταξις Νικηφόρου δεσπότου Strategikè ékthesis kaì syntaxis Nikephórou despótou. The treatise comprises six chapters and presents the Byzantine army as it had evolved by the mid-10th century, during the campaigns of the "Byzantine Reconquest" against the Arabs in the East. As such, the treatise contains several novel aspects not touched upon in other Byzantine military manuals, such as an exact account of the formation and use of the cataphracts wedge, the new mixed infantry brigade (taxiarchia), the proper formation of intervals between units and of how they should be guarded, and the use of the menavlon spear. The treatise generally emphasizes on the practical aspects of warfare: various operational scenarios are discussed, as well as the setting up of camps, reconnaissance and the use of spies. The army's religious ceremonies are also emphasized, reflecting Phokas' own religious zeal. The chapters are included and partially amended to account for the early 11th-century situation in the later Tactica of Nikephoros Ouranos.

text:
# Praecepta Militaria

The ***Praecepta Militaria*** is the Latin conventional title given to a Byzantine military treatise, written in ca. 965 by or on behalf of Eastern Roman emperor Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963-969). Its Greek title is Στρατηγικὴ ἔκθεσις καὶ σύνταξις Νικηφόρου δεσπότου *Strategikè ékthesis kaì syntaxis Nikephórou despótou* ("Presentation and Composition on Warfare of the Lord Nikephoros").

The treatise comprises six chapters and presents the Byzantine army as it had evolved by the mid-10th century, during the campaigns of the "Byzantine Reconquest" against the Arabs in the East. As such, the treatise contains several novel aspects not touched upon in other Byzantine military manuals, such as an exact account of the formation and use of the cataphracts wedge, the new mixed infantry brigade (*taxiarchia*), the proper formation of intervals between units and of how they should be guarded, and the use of the *menavlon* spear. The treatise generally emphasizes on the practical aspects of warfare: various operational scenarios are discussed, as well as the setting up of camps, reconnaissance and the use of spies. The army's religious ceremonies are also emphasized, reflecting Phokas' own religious zeal. The chapters are included and partially amended to account for the early 11th-century situation in the later *Tactica* of Nikephoros Ouranos.

## Contents

* Chapter I - On the Infantry
* Chapter II - On the Heavy Infantry
* Chapter III - On the *Kataphraktoi*
* Chapter IV - Ordinance on Cavalry Deployment
* Chapter V - On the Encampment
* Chapter VI - Concerning Spies

## Tactics

The treatise begins by describing the equipment, deployment, and tactics of the infantry. It then discusses the tactics for both infantry and cavalry in battle situations against a combined enemy force of infantry and cavalry. The focus then turns to the deployment of the *kataphraktoi* and general tactics for cavalry fighting independently against both infantry and cavalry. Three aspects of battle have particular attention paid to them: how infantry were to defend against cavalry, how the *kataphraktoi* were to attack infantry, and how an army should pursue a defeated enemy.

### Infantry

The standard infantry formation described in the treatise is a hollow square with intervals purposely placed in the lines of heavy infantry so that cavalry could enter or exit the square. The intervals were protected by light infantry, such as javeliners, slingers, and archers, who would engage and disrupt approaching enemies to allow time for the heavy infantry to form up properly. Some of the tactical changes Phokas introduced to improve the infantry’s ability to defend against heavy cavalry are detailed in the treatise. One of the most significant of these changes was to place *menavlatoi*, or heavy spearmen, within the front ranks.

### Cavalry

The deployment and formation of cavalry is highly detailed in the treatise, outlining the structure and placement of each unit within the entire cavalry force and defining the individual tactical role for each unit. The most significant tactic detailed in the treatise is the deployment of the *kataphraktoi* in a wedge, or triangle formation. The front and outside lines of the wedge was made up of men armed with either a mace or a lance while the inside of the wedge was made up of mounted archers. During a charge, the archers would fire at the enemy’s front line to weaken it before the wedge arrived. This tactic was used as an attempt to break down the enemy both physically and morally.

## Historical Context

Praecepta Militaria was made by Nikephoros Phokas to be a manual for his army’s offensive campaigns against Cilicia and northern Syria in the 960s. These offensive campaigns were part of the Byzantine-Hamdanid wars that occurred in the mid-10th century. This treatise marks a change in strategy during the wars as it was distributed around the time the Byzantine Empire began to act more aggressive and took the offensive.

*Praecepta militaria* was not a treatise that introduced completely original tactics. Instead, Phokas revised existing tactics by combining them with his own experience and observations. Many of the infantry tactics from *Praecepta Militaria* were likely based on those found in *Syntaxis Armatorum Quadrata* (ca. 950). Even more influential was the *Sylloge Tacticorum* (compiled ca. 950), which was a collection of tactics and strategems. This collection likely provided many of the sources for *Praecepta militaria*’s instructions regarding equipment and deployment for both infantry and cavalry. *Praecepta Militaria* acted as an update to existing Byzantine military tactics in order to stay up to date with its enemies. Later Byzantine military treatises, such as Nikephoros Ouranos’ *Tactica*, would continue this process by using, and revising, the tactics of *Praecepta Militaria* as well.

### Bibliography

* McGeer, Eric (1991). "Tradition and reality in the *Taktika* of Nikephoros Ouranos". *Dumbarton Oaks Papers*. **45**: 129–140. doi:10.2307/1291697. JSTOR 1291697.
* McGeer, Eric (1995). *Sowing the Dragon's Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century*. Dumbarton Oaks Studies. Vol. 33. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.


title: David Budbill

abstract: David Wolf Budbill was an American poet and playwright. He was the author of eight books of poems, eight plays, two novels, a collection of short stories, a children's picture book, and dozens of essays.

text:
# David Budbill

**David Wolf Budbill** (June 13, 1940 – September 25, 2016) was an American poet and playwright. He was the author of eight books of poems, eight plays, two novels, a collection of short stories, a children's picture book, and dozens of essays.

## Early life

David Wolf Budbill was born on June 13, 1940, in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied philosophy and art history at Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio. In 1967, he graduated from college with a degree in theology, and from the Union Theological Seminary in New York City, where he was influenced by the writings of Thomas Merton.

## Career

His three most recent books of poems are "Tumbling toward the End" (Copper Canyon Press, 2017), *Happy Life* (Copper Canyon Press, 2011), and *While We've Still Got Feet* (Copper Canyon Press, 2005). His collection of narrative poems, *Judevine*, was republished in an expanded edition by Chelsea Green Publishing Company in 1999.

His play *Judevine*, a stage version of his narrative poems, had 65 productions in 22 states since the early 1980s. Among Budbill's other plays are *Little Acts of Kindness*, *Thingy World!*, *Two for Christmas*, and his latest, first produced in 2010, *A Song for My Father*. *Zen Mountains/Zen Streets* and *Songs for a Suffering World*, both, audio CDs of his poetry, with the music of jazz bassist and composer William Parker and drummer Hamid Drake were released on the Boxholder Records label in 1999 and 2003. Inspired by ancient Chinese and Japanese reclusive poets, Budbill kept alive a discourse about his struggles living a simple life in a complex modern time. Garrison Keillor read frequently from David's poems on *The Writer's Almanac* on National Public Radio (NPR).

Among his honors and prizes were his first Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from New England College, in Henniker, New Hampshire, in January 2009. His other prizes and honors include: a Guggenheim Fellowship in Poetry in 1981, a National Endowment for the Arts Play Writing Fellowship in 1991, The Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award in 1980, and The Vermont Arts Council's Walter Cerf Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Arts in 2002. In November 2009, Budbill was inducted as a Fellow into the Vermont Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2011, he received the Kjell Meling Memorial Award for Distinction in the Arts & Humanities, presented by Pennsylvania State University/Altoona. He was also the recipient of a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in playwriting, a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship in poetry, and a Dorothy Canfield Fisher Award for fiction.

## Personal life and death

Budbill lived in the mountains of northern Vermont with his wife, painter Lois Eby; their daughter is the poet Nadine Wolf Budbill. His papers are held at University of Vermont.

In 1968, Budbill signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

Budbill died at the age of 76 with his family by his side at his home in Montpelier at 12:30am September 25, 2016 from Parkinson's disease. He was posthumously named The People's Poet of Vermont by the Vermont legislature.

## Selected works

### Poetry

* *Barking Dog* (Barking Dog Press, 1968)
* *The Chain Saw Dance* (Crow's Mark Press, 1977; Countryman Press, 1983)
* *From Down to the Village* (The Ark, 1981)
* *Why I Came to Judevine* (White Pine Press, 1987)
* *Judevine: The Complete Poems* (Chelsea Green, 1991, 1999)
* *Moment to Moment: Poems of a Mountain Recluse* (Copper Canyon Press, 1999)
* *While We've Still Got Feet* (Copper Canyon Press, 2005)
* *Happy Life* (Copper Canyon Press, 2011)
* *Park Songs* (Exterminating Angel Press, 2012)
* *Tumbling toward the End* (Copper Canyon Press, 2017)

### Compact discs

* *Zen Mountains-Zen Streets: A Duet for Poet and Improvised Bass* (with bassist William Parker) (Boxholder Records, 1999)
* *Songs for a Suffering World: A Prayer for Peace, a Protest Against War* (with bassist William Parker and drummer Hamid Drake) (Boxholder Records, 2003)

### Plays

* *Mannequins' Demise* (1965)
* *Knucklehead Rides Again* (1966)
* *Pulp Cutters' Nativity* (Countryman Press, 1981)
* *Judevine: The Play* (New American Play 2, Heinemann, 1990)
* *Thingy World* (1991)
* *Little Acts of Kindness: A Poem for Fourteen Voices and Blues Band* (1993)
* *Two For Christmas* (1997)
* *A Song For My Father* (2010)

### Opera librettos

* *A Fleeting Animal: An Opera from Judevine* (with composer Erik Nielsen) (2000)

### Cyberzines

* *The Judeville Mountain Emailite: An On-line and On-going Journal of Politics and Opinion*

### Short stories

* *Snowshoe Trek to Otter River* (The Dial Press, 1976; Onion River Press, 2005)

### Novels

* *Broken Wing* (Green Writers Press, 2016; Beyond Words, 2019)
* *The Bones on Black Spruce Mountain* (The Dial Press, 1978; Onion River Press, 2004)

### Children's books

* *Christmas Tree Farm* (Macmillan, 1974)

### Edited volumes

* *Danvis Tales: Selected Stories by Rowland E. Robinson* (University Press of New England, 1995)

## InfoBox

| David Budbill | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1940-06-13)June 13, 1940
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | September 25, 2016(2016-09-25) (aged 76)
Montpelier, Vermont, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Poet, playwright |
| Spouse | Lois Eby |
| Children | 1 |


title: Carver Academy

abstract: IDEA Carver Academy is a public charter school located in San Antonio, Texas, USA. Initially established as a Christian private school, Carver Academy was founded by David Robinson, former NBA basketball player with the San Antonio Spurs, and his wife Valerie. The school was founded in 2001 and is named after George Washington Carver. In 2012, the Carver Academy converted to a tuition-free, charter school as part of the IDEA Public Schools network. In April 2019, Carver became the first IDEA graduating class in San Antonio.

text:
# Carver Academy

**IDEA Carver Academy** is a public charter school located in San Antonio, Texas, USA. Initially established as a Christian private school, Carver Academy was founded by David Robinson, former NBA basketball player with the San Antonio Spurs, and his wife Valerie. The school was founded in 2001 and is named after George Washington Carver. In 2012, the Carver Academy converted to a tuition-free, charter school as part of the IDEA Public Schools network. In April 2019, Carver became the first IDEA graduating class in San Antonio.

29°25′16″N 98°28′22″W / 29.421213°N 98.472912°W / 29.421213; -98.472912


title: Þórunn Arna Kristjánsdóttir

abstract: Þórunn Arna Kristjánsdóttir is an Icelandic actress and singer. A prominent stage actress, she appeared as Sophie in Reykjavík City Theatre performance of the Mamma Mia! musical. In 2014, she appeared in the TV show Ævar vísindamaður and in 2021, she appeared as a fictional version of herself in the comedy series Vegferð.

text:
# Þórunn Arna Kristjánsdóttir

**Þórunn Arna Kristjánsdóttir** (born 1983) is an Icelandic actress and singer. A prominent stage actress, she appeared as Sophie in Reykjavík City Theatre performance of the *Mamma Mia!* musical. In 2014, she appeared in the TV show *Ævar vísindamaður* and in 2021, she appeared as a fictional version of herself in the comedy series *Vegferð*.

## Early life

Þórunn was born and raised in Ísafjörður where she attended Menntaskólinn á Ísafirði. In 2006, she graduated from the Iceland University of the Arts.

## Filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Metalhead* | Elsa |  |
| 2015 | *Blóðberg* | Sunna |  |

Television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *Ævar vísindamaður* | Mary Shelley / Caroline Herchel / Marie Curie | 3 episodes |
| 2021 | *Vegferð* | Þórunn Arna | 3 episodes |
| 2022 | *Blackport* | District Commissioner representative | 1 episode |

## InfoBox

| Þórunn Arna Kristjánsdóttir | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1983<br>Ísafjörður, Iceland |
| Citizenship | Icelandic |
| Alma mater | Iceland University of the Arts |
| Occupations | * Actress * singer |
| Known for | *Vegferð* |


# Candidates of the 1908 Victorian state election

The 1908 Victorian state election was held on 29 December 1908.

## Retiring Members

### United Liberal

## Legislative Assembly

Sitting members are shown in bold text. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. Where there is possible confusion, an asterisk (\*) is also used.

| Electorate | Held by | Labour candidates | Liberal candidates | United Liberal candidates | Other candidates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Abbotsford | Labor | **William Beazley** |  |  |
| Albert Park | Labor | **George Elmslie** | Ernest Wells |  |  |
| Allandale | United Liberal |  | **Alexander Peacock** |  |  |
| Ballarat East | United Liberal | Archibald Stewart | **Robert McGregor** |  |  |
| Ballarat West | United Liberal | Andrew McKissock |  | **Joseph Kirton** |  |
| Barwon | United Liberal | Daniel McNamara | Robert Robertson | **James Farrer** |  |
| Benalla | United Liberal |  | **John Carlisle***
John Elshaug |  |  |
| Benambra | United Liberal | Abraham Wright |  | **Albert Craven** |  |
| Bendigo East | Labor | **Thomas Glass** | Walter Hamilton |  |  |
| Bendigo West | Labor | **David Smith** |  |  |  |
| Boroondara | United Liberal |  | Alfred Lumsden | **Frank Madden** |  |
| Borung | United Liberal |  |  | **William Hutchinson** |  |
| Brighton | United Liberal |  |  | **Thomas Bent** |  |
| Brunswick | Labor | **Frank Anstey** |  |  |  |
| Bulla | United Liberal |  |  | **Andrew Robertson** |  |
| Carlton | Labor | **Robert Solly** |  |  |  |
| Castlemaine and Maldon | United Liberal |  |  | **Harry Lawson** |  |
| Collingwood | Labor | **Martin Hannah** | Harry Evans |  | Percy Laidler (VSP)
Edgar Wilkins (Ind. Min) |
| Dalhousie | United Liberal |  |  | **Reginald Argyle** | John Duffy (Ind) |
| Dandenong | United Liberal |  | **William Keast** | James Wilson |  |
| Daylesford | United Liberal | William Young | Hugh Ross | **Donald McLeod** |  |
| Dundas | United Liberal | Albert Blakey |  | **John Thomson** |  |
| Eaglehawk | Labor | **Tom Tunnecliffe** | Henry Williams |  |  |
| East Melbourne | United Liberal |  | **Henry Weedon** |  |  |
| Essendon | United Liberal | James Fenton | **William Watt** | Harry Hall |  |
| Evelyn | United Liberal |  | James Rouget | **Ewen Cameron** |  |
| Fitzroy | Labor | **John Billson** | Alexander McNair |  |  |
| Flemington | Labor | **Edward Warde** | Alexander McDonald |  |  |
| Geelong | Labor | **William Plain** |  | William Gurr
Albyn Morley |
| Gippsland East | United Liberal |  | **James Cameron***
Pelling Conant |  |  |
| Gippsland North | Labor | **James McLachlan** | Hubert Keogh | Walter Lyon |  |
| Gippsland South | United Liberal |  | **Thomas Livingston** |  |  |
| Gippsland West | United Liberal |  |  | **John Mackey** |  |
| Glenelg | United Liberal |  |  | **Hugh Campbell** |  |
| Goulburn Valley | United Liberal |  |  | **George Graham** |  |
| Grenville | Labor | **Charles McGrath** | David Kerr |  |  |
| Gunbower | United Liberal |  |  | **John Cullen** |  |
| Hampden | United Liberal | Patrick McMahon | **David Oman** |  |  |
| Hawthorn | United Liberal |  | Frederick Dawborn | **George Swinburne** |  |
| Jika Jika | United Liberal | Henry Beard | **James Membrey** |  |  |
| Kara Kara | United Liberal |  |  | **Peter McBride** |  |
| Korong | United Liberal |  | **Thomas Langdon** |  |  |
| Lowan | United Liberal |  |  | **Robert Stanley** |  |
| Maryborough | Labor | **Alfred Outtrim** |  |  |  |
| Melbourne | United Liberal | Alexander Rogers | **James Boyd** | John Hamilton | Angus McDonell (VSP) |
| Mornington | United Liberal |  |  | **Alfred Downward** |  |
| North Melbourne | Labor | **George Prendergast** |  |  |  |
| Ovens | United Liberal | Parker Moloney | **Alfred Billson** |  |  |
| Polwarth | United Liberal | Thomas Carey | John Hancock | **Charles Forrest** |  |
| Port Fairy | United Liberal | Jeremiah Wall |  | **James Duffus** |  |
| Port Melbourne | Labor | **George Sangster** |  |  |  |
| Prahran | United Liberal | Patrick McCarthy | **Donald Mackinnon** |  |  |
| Richmond | Labor | **Ted Cotter** |  |  | George Freeman (Ind) |
| Rodney | United Liberal |  |  | **Hugh McKenzie** |  |
| St Kilda | United Liberal |  |  | Frederick Gray | **Robert McCutcheon** |
| Stawell and Ararat | United Liberal | William Sewell | **Richard Toutcher** | Hugh Menzies |  |
| Swan Hill | United Liberal |  | **John Gray** |  |  |
| Toorak | United Liberal |  |  |  | **Norman Bayles*** (Ind. Lib)
Frank Cornwall (Ind. Lib) |
| Upper Goulburn | United Liberal |  | George Cookson | **Thomas Hunt** |  |
| Walhalla | United Liberal |  |  | **Albert Harris** |  |
| Wangaratta | United Liberal |  |  | **John Bowser** |  |
| Waranga | United Liberal |  | Henry Thomas | Martin Cussen\*
John Gordon | Arthur Chanter (Ind)
John Gordon (Ind) |
| Warrenheip | United Liberal | Christopher Fitzgerald | **George Holden** |  | Michael Honan (Ind) |
| Warrnambool | United Liberal | Charles Gray | **John Murray** |  |  |
| Williamstown | Labor | **John Lemmon** | Joseph Gates |  |  |
|


abstract: Québec-Est was a former provincial electoral district in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. It was located in the general area of Quebec City. It elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. It was created for the 1867 election. Its final election was in 1962. It disappeared in the 1966 election and its successor electoral district was Limoilou.

text:
# Québec-Est (provincial electoral district)

**Québec-Est** was a former provincial electoral district in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. It was located in the general area of Quebec City. It elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

It was created for the 1867 election. Its final election was in 1962. It disappeared in the 1966 election and its successor electoral district was Limoilou.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

## InfoBox

Québec-Est
| Quebec electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | National Assembly of Quebec |
| District created | 1867 |
| District abolished | 1965 |
| First contested | 1867 |
| Last contested | 1962 |


title: Cyana ellipsis

abstract: Cyana ellipsis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Timm Karisch and Ugo Dall'Asta in 2010. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Cyana ellipsis

***Cyana ellipsis*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Timm Karisch and Ugo Dall'Asta in 2010. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| *Cyana ellipsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Cyana* |
| Species: | ***C. ellipsis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cyana ellipsis***<br>Karisch & Dall'Asta, 2010 | |
|


title: Sabran

abstract: Sabran is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.

text:
# Sabran

**Sabran** (French pronunciation: \[sabʁɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.

## Geography

### Climate

Sabran has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification *Csa*). The average annual temperature in Sabran is 13.9 °C (57.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is 785.0 mm (30.91 in) with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 23.3 °C (73.9 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Sabran was 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) on 11 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −7.8 °C (18.0 °F) on 14 December 2001.

| Climate data for Sabran (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1988−2008) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.5
(65.3) | 21.1
(70.0) | 26.2
(79.2) | 29.4
(84.9) | 32.0
(89.6) | 35.7
(96.3) | 37.3
(99.1) | 40.7
(105.3) | 33.2
(91.8) | 27.9
(82.2) | 19.3
(66.7) | 18.2
(64.8) | 40.7
(105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.7
(47.7) | 10.4
(50.7) | 14.2
(57.6) | 16.8
(62.2) | 21.7
(71.1) | 25.7
(78.3) | 28.8
(83.8) | 28.5
(83.3) | 23.0
(73.4) | 17.8
(64.0) | 11.7
(53.1) | 8.4
(47.1) | 18.0
(64.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.8
(42.4) | 6.7
(44.1) | 9.9
(49.8) | 12.3
(54.1) | 16.8
(62.2) | 20.5
(68.9) | 23.3
(73.9) | 23.1
(73.6) | 18.5
(65.3) | 14.3
(57.7) | 8.8
(47.8) | 5.8
(42.4) | 13.9
(57.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9
(37.2) | 3.0
(37.4) | 5.6
(42.1) | 7.7
(45.9) | 12.0
(53.6) | 15.3
(59.5) | 17.8
(64.0) | 17.7
(63.9) | 13.9
(57.0) | 10.9
(51.6) | 5.9
(42.6) | 3.2
(37.8) | 9.7
(49.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.8
(19.8) | −5.6
(21.9) | −6.6
(20.1) | 0.3
(32.5) | 3.4
(38.1) | 8.0
(46.4) | 9.3
(48.7) | 10.6
(51.1) | 4.6
(40.3) | 1.1
(34.0) | −4.5
(23.9) | −7.8
(18.0) | −7.8
(18.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.8
(2.63) | 34.9
(1.37) | 37.1
(1.46) | 71.6
(2.82) | 68.3
(2.69) | 43.6
(1.72) | 33.0
(1.30) | 47.4
(1.87) | 118.3
(4.66) | 125.1
(4.93) | 87.3
(3.44) | 51.6
(2.03) | 785.0
(30.91) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 5.8 | 67.6 |
| Source: Météo-France | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,006 |  |
| 1975 | 1,108 | +1.39% |
| 1982 | 1,243 | +1.66% |
| 1990 | 1,437 | +1.83% |
| 1999 | 1,683 | +1.77% |
| 2009 | 1,751 | +0.40% |
| 2014 | 1,739 | −0.14% |
| 2020 | 1,610 | −1.28% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Sabran | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Chapel of Saint-Julien-de-Pistrin | |
|  | |
| Location of Sabran | |
| SabranSabran | |
| Coordinates: 44°09′07″N 4°32′55″E / 44.1519°N 4.5486°E / 44.1519; 4.5486 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Gard |
| Arrondissement | Nîmes |
| Canton | Bagnols-sur-Cèze |
| Intercommunality | CA Gard Rhodanien |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Sylvie Nicolle |
| Area**1** | 35.64 km2 (13.76 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,600 |
| Density | 45/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 30225 /30200 |
| Elevation | 39–285 m (128–935 ft)
(avg. 284 m or 932 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saurauia polysperma

abstract: Saurauia polysperma is a species of flowering plant in the family Actinidiaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. In the Philippines it is also known as tsuke. Francisco Manuel Blanco, the Augustinian friar who first formally described the species, using the basionym Gordonia polysperma, named it after its many seeds.

text:
# Saurauia polysperma

***Saurauia polysperma*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Actinidiaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. In the Philippines it is also known as ***tsuke***. Francisco Manuel Blanco, the Augustinian friar who first formally described the species, using the basionym *Gordonia polysperma*, named it after its many seeds (Latinized form of Greek σπέρμα, spérma).

## Description

It is a small tree reaching about 1.5 meters in height. Its leaves are narrow and tapering with serrated margins and are almost hairless. Its petioles are very short. Its Inflorescences are organized as panicles each bearing a few flowers. Its inflorescences are axillary. Its flowers have a calyx with 5 oval-shaped sepals fused at their base. Its corolla has 5 oval lobes that are fused at their base. Each lobe has a notched tip. Its flowers have up to 30 stamens. Its fertilized ovaries have chambers, each containing numerous seeds.

## Reproductive biology

The pollen of *Saurauia polysperma* is shed as permanent tetrads.

## InfoBox

| *Saurauia polysperma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Herbarium specimen of *Saurauia polysperma*. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Actinidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Saurauia* |
| Species: | ***S. polysperma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Saurauia polysperma***
(Blanco) Merr. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Saurauia subglabra* Merr.
*Gordonia polysperma* Blanco
 | |