title: Roberto Tapia

abstract: Roberto Tapia is an American singer of Mexican ancestry. He was born in San Diego, California and raised in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico. He adopted the Regional Mexican genre and in August 2012, his album El Muchacho hit #1 on Billboard's Top Latin Albums chart. Tapia was one of three coaches on the first two seasons of La Voz Kids, a Spanish-language version of The Voice featuring American Spanish-speaking children on the Telemundo Network. He inclusively became a business man in the year of 2013, promoting restaurants, and still continuing with his singer life.

text:
# Roberto Tapia

**Roberto Tapia** (born February 3, 1981) is an American singer of Mexican ancestry. He was born in San Diego, California and raised in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico. He adopted the Regional Mexican genre and in August 2012, his album *El Muchacho* hit #1 on *Billboard*'s Top Latin Albums chart. Tapia was one of three coaches on the first two seasons of La Voz Kids (The Voice Kids), a Spanish-language version of *The Voice* featuring American Spanish-speaking children on the Telemundo Network. He inclusively became a business man in the year of 2013, promoting restaurants, and still continuing with his singer life.

## Early life

Hailing from Lake Forest, California, Tapia's parents migrated to the United States before his birth. Tapia was born in San Diego. His family then decided to relocate to Mexico. Tapia spent much of his youth in Culiacán, Sinaloa, where, at age 9, he entered the Difocur School of music in Culiacan, now known as the Instituto Sinaloense de Cultura (ISIC). Tapia specialized in clarinet, but also learned guitar and percussion instruments. During this time, Tapia gained public playing experience by performing with acts such as the Symphony of Sinaloa.

At 13, the Tapia family again migrated to the US. Initially reluctant, Tapia was convinced by family and friends to perform at local venues such as dance halls and receptions. Before signing with a professional label, Tapia went door to door at record shops attempting to sell his recordings. At 17, Tapia's professional debut performance came in Tijuana, Baja California alongside fellow Sinaloan artist, El Lobito de Sinaloa. Tapia signed with Sony International and began his first album, blending his regional Norteña music with hints of electronica and hip hop.

## Career

Roberto Tapia performances include the Nokia Theater in Los Angeles, California and the Oregon Convention Center in Portland.

He appeared on Latin Billboard Awards, LATV, and Universal Music Latino.

In 2011, Tapia appeared at the Plaza Mexico in Lynwood, CA to celebrate Mexico's Independence.

In honor of his hometown, Roberto performed at El Palanque Culiacán to celebrate the *Feria Ganadera de Culiacán* (Culiacán Cattle Fair), an annual traditional festival celebrating the Mexican Revolution, where everyone shares music, culture and food.

## Discography

### 2002- *Roberto Tapia* (Self-Titled) \[Sony International\]

Released: March 18, 2002

#### Tracks

* Entrega de Amor (2:29) *Love's Delivery*
* Loco, Loco (3:10) *Crazy, Crazy*
* Celos (2:51) *Jealousy*
* Por Una Mentira (3:14) *For a Lie*
* Inolvidable (3:13) *Unforgettable*
* Te Amo, Te Amo (3:35) *I Love You, I Love You*
* Que el Mundo Ruede (2:49) *May The World Revolve*
* Incompleto (3:48) *Incomplete*
* Cuando un Amor (2:47) *When a Love*
* Que Locura (3:47) *What Crazyness*
* Te Traigo Ganas (2:44) *I’ve Been Wanting You*
* Amores Como el Nuestro (2:51) *Love Like Ours*

### 2008- *Los Amigos del M* (Machete Music)

Released: January 29, 2008

#### Tracks

* Pensé Que Te Había Olvidado (2:59) *Thought I Had Forgotten You*
* Los Amigos del M (3:39) *The Friends of M*
* Las Edades (2:51) *Ages*
* Mi Gran Tesoro (3:17) *My Grand Treasure*
* El Corrido de Chalo Araujo (3:43) *The Ballad of Chalo Araujo*
* Le Semana Completita (3:04) *The Week Completely*
* Corrido del Frankie (2:28) *Frankies’ Ballad*
* Por Verte Felíz (3:25) *To SeeYou Happy*
* El Hijo del Mayo (2:36) *The Son of Mayo*
* Pa' Que Quieres Que Vuelva (2:28) *Why Do You Want Me To Return*
* El Corrido del Ranchero (3:20) *The Ballad of the Rancher*
* El Amanecido (3:05) *The Waker*
* El Corrido del Bitache (2:58) *The Ballad of Bitache*

### 2009- *El Nino De la Tuna* (Fonovisa)

Released: May 26, 2009 The ballad "El Nino de la Tuna" described Chapo Guzman’s life story and was his first hit single.

#### Tracks

* Mi Gran Amor (2:58) *My Great Love*
* El Niño de la Tuna (3:39)
* Como Me Engañaste (3:46) *How Did You Deceive Me*
* Pancho Loco (3:25) *Crazy Pancho*
* Desilusión (2:46) *Delusion*
* El Maserati (2:30) *The Maserati*
* Caminos Differentes (2:56) *Different Paths*
* Gente de Guzmán (3:30) *Guzman's People*
* La Tambora (2:29) *The Drum*
* Iván el Chapito (3:32) *Ivan the Shortie*
* Cuando Me Dices Mi Amor (2:40) *When You Tell Me Love*
* El Animal (2:39) *The Animal*
* Skit (1:20)
* El Gallo de Sinaloa (3:02) *The Rooster from Sinaloa*

### 2010- *La Batalla* (Fonovisa)

Released: September 7, 2010

#### Tracks

* Brazo Armado (3:02) *Armed Arm*
* No Fue Fácil (3:27) *It Wasn't Easy*
* El Cachorro del Animal (3:45) *The Animal's Offspring*
* No Pensaba Enamorarme (3:19) *I Didn't Think Of Falling In Love*
* La Batalla (3:33) *The Battle*
* Me Duele (3:22) *It Hurts*
* Bandera del Chapo (3:49) *Chapo's Flag*
* Qué Te Faltó (3:12) *What Else Did You Need*
* El Jefe de la Familia (3:04) *The Boss of the Family*
* Tal Vez (3:06) *Perhaps*
* Las Calaveras del Chino (2:25) *The Chinamans Skeletons*
* Tú También Fallaste (3:05) *You Too Failed*
* Comandos del Yupo (3:42) *Yupo's Commandments*
* La Charla (3:36) *The Charla*

### 2011-El Corrido del niño (La Disco Music /Twins Enterprise)

Released: October 11, 2011. While this album included narcocorridos, the related death of his cousin reduced his use of such lyrics.

#### Tracks

* Amor Limosnero (2:17) *Love Beggers*
* El Corrido del niño (2:22) *The Ballad of the Boy*
* Estúpido Por Ti (3:09) *Stupid For You*
* Flor Hermosa (2:36) *Beautiful Flower*
* Me Dan Miedo Las Noches (2:28) *The Nights Scare Me*
* Me Importa Poco La Muerte (2:05) *I careless about Death*
* Me Las Vas A Dar (2:31) *You Will Give Them To Me*
* Pechos Calientes (2:44) *Hot Breasts*
* Sin Hablar (2:31) *Without Speaking*
* Te Quiero Como La Boca (2:42) *I Love You Like the Mouth*
* Una Noche No (2:23) *One Night, No*
* Ya Sabías Que Era Casado (2:38) *You Already Knew I Was Married*

### 2011- *Live* (Fonovisa)

Recorded during his sold-out concert at the Los Angeles Nokia Theatre. This album was awarded the Regional Mexican Album and Top Latin Albums in 2011.

#### Tracks

* Me Duele (3:56) "It Hurts"
* Por Verte Feliz (3:15) "To See You Happy"
* Amigos Del M (3:34) "M's Friends"
* Ivan El Chapito (3:29) "Ivan The Shorty"
* Edades (6:07) "Ages"
* Como me Engañaste (4:29) "How did You Deceive Me"
* Pancho Loco (3:49) "Crazy Pancho"
* Mazerati (2:35) "The Maserati"
* Niño De La Tuna (3:43) "Child of the Prickly Pear"
* Animal (2:32) "Animal"
* Hijo Del Mayo (2:50)
* Caminos Differentes (5:12) "Different Paths"
* Comandos Del Yupo (3:45) "Yupo's Commandments"

### 2012- *El Muchacho* (Fonovisa)

Released Date: July 24, 2012 *El Muchacho* reached first place in the “Hot Latin Albums” and “Regional Mexican Sales” Billboard charts. *El Muchacho* earned titles including Top Latin Albums, Regional Mexican Albums, The Billboard 200 and Top Latin Albums. Los Premios de la Radio (The Radio Awards) nominated Roberto Tapia as Artist of the year, male artist of the year and the best song with banda ‘Mirando al Cielo’ in 2012.

#### Tracks

* El Muchacho (4:25) *The Guy*
* Crei (3:14) *I Thought*
* La Carta Fuerte (3:19) *The Strong Letter*
* Le Pregunte Al Corazon (3:24) *I Asked the Heart*
* El Mini Lic (3:04) *The Mini Lic*
* Mirando Al Cielo (3:59) *Looking at the Sky*
* La posada (3:41) *The Shelter*
* Amor Perdido (3:29) *Lost Love*
* El Michoacano (2:55) *The Michoacano*
* Que Raro Se Siente Todo (3:01) *How Weird It All Feels*
* Ahora Que Te Conoci (3:02) *Now That I’ve Met You*
* Ya Me Siento Como Nuevo (3:22) *I Already Feel Like New*
* El Muchacho(4:26) *The Guy*
* El Minic Lic (3:04) *The Mic Lic*

## InfoBox

| Roberto Tapia | |
| --- | --- |
| Tapia interviewed by Dulce Osuna in 2016 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Carlos Roberto Aguirre Tapia |
| Born | (1981-02-03) February 3, 1981<br>San Diego, California, U.S. |
| Origin | Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico |
| Genres | Banda, Pacific Norteño, Mariachi |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, record producer |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | Universal Music Group (2008-present) |
|  | |
| Website | Universal Music/Roberto Tapia Página oficial |


title: Ždrijelovići

abstract: Ždrijelovići is a village in the municipality of Trebinje, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Ždrijelovići

**Ždrijelovići** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ждријеловићи) is a village in the municipality of Trebinje, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

42°50′N 18°17′E / 42.833°N 18.283°E / 42.833; 18.283

## InfoBox

| Ždrijelovići Ждријеловићи | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ždrijelovići | |
| Coordinates: 42°50′N 18°17′E / 42.833°N 18.283°E / 42.833; 18.283 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Trebinje |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Oak Hill Cemetery (Lawrence, Kansas)

abstract: The Oak Hill Cemetery is a cemetery in Lawrence, Kansas. It was first constructed as a way for the people of Lawrence to remember those who were killed in Quantrill's Raid. Several prominent Kansans are buried there, including Charles L. Robinson, John P. Usher, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, James H. Lane, and the grandparents of Langston Hughes - Charles and Mary Langston. It was built in 1866.

text:
# Oak Hill Cemetery (Lawrence, Kansas)

The **Oak Hill Cemetery** is a cemetery in Lawrence, Kansas. It was first constructed as a way for the people of Lawrence to remember those who were killed in Quantrill's Raid. Several prominent Kansans are buried there, including Charles L. Robinson, John P. Usher, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, James H. Lane, and the grandparents of Langston Hughes \- Charles and Mary Langston. It was built in 1866.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Oak Hill Cemetery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1605 Oak Hill Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas |
| Coordinates | 38°57′31″N 95°12′44″W / 38.95861°N 95.21222°W / 38.95861; -95.21222 |
| NRHP reference No. | 100001287 |
| Added to NRHP | July 10, 2017 |


title: Chawton House

abstract: Chawton House is a Grade II* listed manor house in Hampshire on the South side of Chawton village, and the present building was started in 1580. In the late 18th century it was the home of Edward Austen Knight a wealthy brother of the novelist Jane Austen. Into the late 20th century, it remained in private ownership. It was then purchased by a charitable trust, extensively restored, and opened as a research centre. The centre runs study programmes in association with the nearby University of Southampton. a collection of over 9000 books and related manuscripts. It also houses the research library of The Centre for the Study of Early Women's Writing, 1600–1830. The house is open to visitors and library readers, for tours and during public events. The surrounding parkland to the south of the house is open at all times to walkers and nourishes a herd of sheep.

text:
# Chawton House

**Chawton House** is a Grade II\* listed manor house in Hampshire on the South side of Chawton village, and the present building was started in 1580.

In the late 18th century it was the home of Edward Austen Knight a wealthy brother of the novelist Jane Austen. Into the late 20th century, it remained in private ownership. It was then purchased by a charitable trust, extensively restored, and opened as a research centre.

The centre runs study programmes in association with the nearby University of Southampton. a collection of over 9000 books and related manuscripts. It also houses the research library of **The Centre for the Study of Early Women's Writing, 1600–1830**.

The house is open to visitors and library readers, for tours and during public events. The surrounding parkland to the south of the house is open at all times to walkers and nourishes a herd of sheep.

## The house

The present Chawton House was built starting in 1580 by John Knight, based on an older manor house. The estate had been owned by the Knight family since 1551. Alterations to the house were made in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The house is built of flint with stone dressings and a tiled roof. The South front has two main storeys with an attic and three gables that can be seen on the picture on the left.

John Knight served as MP for Lymington from 1593 to 1597 and was High Sheriff of Hampshire for 1609–10.

The house then passed down the family until the male line died out with the death of Sir Richard Knight. After this, it was passed to a relative by marriage, Richard Martin, who changed his name to Knight (possibly having to change his name to gain the inheritance).

It then passed to Thomas Brodnax, a relative, who did the same. His son, Thomas Knight, died childless and bequeathed the house to his relative Edward Austen, the elder brother of Jane Austen, who also added Knight to his name.

The estate then continued in the Knight family until inherited by Richard Knight in 1987.

The house was then in poor condition and Richard Knight sold it in 1992.

The house is in 275 acres (1.11 km2) of Hampshire countryside, and after extensive refurbishment is now open to visitors, for conferences, a venue for weddings, and has also been used for some films.

## The Church

Between the house and the public road is St Nicholas church.

The present building dates from 1872 but an inscription states that a church has been on this site since 1289. It also states that the main part of the present structure was funded by Sir Arthur Blomfield after a fire in 1871.

In the churchyard are the graves of Cassandra Austen (elder sister of the novelist Jane Austen) and their mother.

## The Library

In 1992 a 125-year lease on the house was purchased for £1.25 million by a foundation established by Sandra Lerner and Leonard Bosack, co-founders of Cisco Systems.

The Library was opened in 2003 to specialist scholars. It has a collection of over 9,000 books together with related original manuscripts.

The Library works in partnership with the University of Southampton, and provides an important resource for the university's MA in 18th Century Study.

In 2015 the house opened to general visitors in addition to specialist scholars.

In 2016 Lerner left the board and the foundation now includes other projects.

The Library is now **The Centre for the Study of Early Women's Writing, 1600–1830**.

### Women Writers

Chawton House Library is an independent research library and study centre which focuses on women's writing in English from 1600 to 1830. The library's main aim is to promote and facilitate study in the field of early women's writing.

Below is a list of some of the female authors whose works are to be found at the Library. The full on-line catalogue is searchable, and can be accessed via the Chawton House website.

### Knight Collection

The Library also houses the Knight Collection, a private collection of books belonging to the Knight family who owned and lived at Chawton House for 400 years. This collection of books was once owned by Edward Austen Knight, the brother of Jane Austen, and it is known that she used this collection of books. The library was started by Sandra Lerner, co-founder of Cisco Systems and philanthropist.

### Novels Online project

The *Novels Online* ongoing project makes freely accessible the full-text transcripts of some of the rarest works in the Chawton House Library collection to stimulate interest in these works amongst a new generation of readers. These texts explore broad-ranging themes including satire, slavery, marriage, witchcraft and piracy.

The texts are completely unedited, and have been copied from the originals as accurately as possible. Even printer errors have been retained.

### Chawton House Library: Women's Novels

Routledge has published, to date, thirty-two novels from the Chawton Library collections as part of their Chawton House Library: Women's Novels series.

* \[Anon.\] *Celia in Search of a Husband: By a Modern Antique*. Ed. Caroline Franklin, 2022. ISBN 9780367758356
* \[Anon.\] *The Histories of Some of the Penitents in the Magdalen House*. 1759. Ed. Jennie Batchelor and Megan Hiatt, 2016. ISBN 9781138235922
* Marguerite Blessington. *Marmaduke Herbert; or, the Fatal Error*. 1847. Ed. Susanne Schmid, 2018. ISBN 9781848935884
* Frances Brooke. *The History of Lady Julia Mandeville*. 1763. Ed. Enit Karafili Steiner, 2016. ISBN 9781138235403
* Mary Brunton. *Discipline*. 1814. Ed. Olivia Murphy, 2018. ISBN 9781138629578
* Mary Brunton. *Self-Control*. 1811. Ed. Anthony Mandal, 2016. ISBN 9781138235540
* Sarah Harriet Burney. *The Romance of Private Life*. 1839. Ed. Lorna Clark, 2016. ISBN 9781138235953
* Mary Charlton. *Rosella, or Modern Occurrences*. Ed. By Natalie Neill, 2023. ISBN 9781032007724
* Sophie Cottin. *Malvina*. 1803. Ed. Marijn S. Kaplan, 2015. ISBN 9781848934603
* Charlotte Dacre. *Confessions of the Nun of St Omer*. 1805. Ed. Lucy Cogan, 2016. ISBN 9781848935303
* Dorothea Du Bois. *Theodora, A Novel*. 1770. Ed. Lucy Cogan, 2021. ISBN 9780367714215
* Sarah Fielding. *The History of the Countess of Dellwyn*. 1759. Ed. Gillian Skinner, 2022. ISBN 9781138544482
* E. M. Foster. *The Corinna of England, or a Heroine in the Shade; A Modern Romance*. Ed. Sylvia Bordoni, 2016. ISBN 9781138236028
* Stephanie-Felicite De Genlis. *Adelaide and Theodore*. Ed. Gillian Dow, 2016. ISBN 9781138235946
* Phebe Gibbes. *The History of Lady Louisa Stroud, and the Honourable Miss Caroline Stretton*. 1764. Ed. Mike Franklin, 2022. ISBN 9781032002279
* Ann Gomersall. *The Citizen*. 1790. Ed. Margaret S. Yoon, 2016. ISBN 9781138235397
* Sarah Green. *The Private History of the Court of England*. 1808. Ed. Fiona Price, 2016. ISBN 9781138235687
* Sarah Green. *Romance Readers and Romance Writers*. 1810. Ed. Christopher Goulding, 2016. ISBN 9781138235717
* Anna Maria Hall. *Sketches of Irish Character*. 1829; 1844. Ed. Marion Durnin, 2016. ISBN 9781138235489
* Elizabeth Ham. *The Ford Family in Ireland*. 1845. Ed. Jennifer Martin. Forthcoming, 2022. ISBN 9780367710088
* Mary Hays. *Family Annals, or the Sisters*. 1817. Ed. Li-ching Chen. Forthcoming, 2022. ISBN 9781032059525
* Eliza Haywood. *The Invisible Spy*. 1755. Ed. Carol Stewart, 2016. ISBN 9781138235557
* Eliza Haywood. The Rash Resolve *and* Life's Progress. 1724; 1748. Ed. Carol Stewart, 2016. ISBN 9781138235472
* Elizabeth Hervey. *The History of Ned Evans*. Ed. Helena Kelly, 2016. ISBN 9781138235694
* Christian Isobel Johnstone. *Clan-Albin: A National Tale*. 1815. Ed. Juliette Shields. Forthcoming, 2022. ISBN 9781032300856
* Elizabeth Hays Lanfear. *Fatal Errors; or Poor Mary-Anne. A Tale of the Last Century*. 1819. Eds. Timothy Whelan and Felicity James, 2019. ISBN 9781138544611
* Alicia LeFanu. *Strathallan*. 1816. Ed. Anna M Fitzer, 2016. ISBN 9781138236042
* Isabelle de Montolieu. *Caroline of Lichtfield*. Trans. Thomas Holcroft, 1816. Ed. Laura Kirkley, 2016. ISBN 9781138235502
* Sydney Owenson. *Florence Macarthy: An Irish Tale*. 1818. Ed. Jenny McAuley, 2016. ISBN 9781138235410
* *Translations and Continuations: Riccoboni and Brooke, Graffigny and Roberts*. Ed. Marijn S Kaplan, 2016. ISBN 9781138235380
* Elizabeth Sophia Tomlins. *The Victim of Fancy*. 1787. Ed. Daniel Cook, 2016. ISBN 9781138235588
* Helen Maria Williams. *Julia*. 1790. Ed. Natasha Duquette, 2016. ISBN 9781138235915

## The Gardens

The Gardens are open to the public when the house is open, and there is access to The Old Kitchen Tearoom. The restoration programme for the Gardens was extensive, and focused in particular on the restoration of the Walled Garden. Edward Knight had the idea to build a new walled garden during Jane Austen's lifetime. In 1813, she wrote to her brother Frank, "He \[Knight\] talks of making a new Garden; the present is a bad one & ill situated, near Mr Papillon's; — he means to have the new, at the top of the Lawn behind his own house." Knight's original walls are mostly still intact, but the glasshouses and potting sheds, had to be rebuilt. The gardens have been restored using Edward Austen Knight's original planting scheme. The central space is used for the production of vegetables, soft fruits, herbs and flowers. Chawton House is registered with the Soil Association, and is now certified as an organic producer. Everything grown in the walled garden is for use by the Library, with any surplus being sold locally in aid of the charity.

The park and Gardens of Chawton House are Grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

## The Jane Austen connection

Chawton house is situated about 400m away from the cottage where Austen lived for the last eight years of her life. This now houses the Jane Austen's House Museum, which is a large 17th-century house in the centre of the village of Chawton, owned by the Jane Austen Memorial Trust since 1947 and preserved in her memory. The two houses, Chawton House and Jane Austen's House, are separately run charities.

Austen is known to have been a frequent visitor to what she knew as the 'Great House', and she references it a number of times in her letters. Edward Austen also loaned it to his brother, Francis Austen. Edward Austen himself resided at Godmersham Park, but his son, Edward Knight II, moved to Chawton House following his marriage, and sold Godmersham Park following his father's death.

Chawton House is the venue of the Annual General Meeting of the Jane Austen Society of the United Kingdom. In 2003 the Jane Austen Society of North America held its 25th Anniversary AGM in the grounds of Chawton House.

## Visiting Chawton House

Chawton House & Gardens is open to the public up to seven days a week in the summer. Access to the Library itself is also available to members of the public who would like to use the library collections.

## Events

Events are held regularly at the library, covering a range of topics relating to the House and Gardens, and material held by the Library; these include:

* Lectures and Talks by Visiting Fellows and other experts
* Exhibitions
* Arts Events
* Other Events, including Heritage Open Days, Garden Tours, and Early Morning Rambles.

The Library also offers educational visits to schools, colleges and universities allowing the chance for teachers and students to engage with a variety of themes within a working, historic building. Both a formal programme of sessions and a bespoke service, to study specific areas in more detail, can be provided.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Chawton House | |
| --- | --- |
| Chawton House from the North West, 2008 | |
| Location | Chawton, England |
| Coordinates | 51°07′42″N 0°59′17″W / 51.128305475522914°N 0.988142492436439°W / 51.128305475522914; -0.988142492436439 |
|  | |


title: Physicalization

abstract:
Physicalization of computer hardware, is a way to place multiple physical machines in a rack unit.
It can be a way to reduce hardware costs, since in some cases, server processors cost more per core than energy efficient laptop processors, which may make up for added cost of board level integration. While Moore's law makes increasing integration less expensive, some jobs require much I/O bandwidth, which may be less expensive to provide using many less-integrated processors. Applications and services that are I/O bound are likely to benefit from such physicalized environments. This ensures that each operating system instance is running on a processor that has its own network interface card, host bus and I/O sub-system unlike in the case of a multi-core servers where a single I/O sub-system is shared between all the cores / VMs.

text:
# Physicalization

**Physicalization** of computer hardware (the opposite of virtualization), is a way to place multiple physical machines in a rack unit. It can be a way to reduce hardware costs, since in some cases, server processors cost more per core than energy efficient laptop processors, which may make up for added cost of board level integration. While Moore's law makes increasing integration less expensive, some jobs require much I/O bandwidth, which may be less expensive to provide using many less-integrated processors.

Applications and services that are I/O bound are likely to benefit from such physicalized environments. This ensures that each operating system instance is running on a processor that has its own network interface card, host bus and I/O sub-system unlike in the case of a multi-core servers where a single I/O sub-system is shared between all the cores / VMs.


title: East Weatogue Historic District

abstract: The East Weatogue Historic District is a 490-acre (200 ha) historic district in the town of Simsbury, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It then included 102 contributing buildings, 10 contributing sites, 11 contributing structures, and one other contributing object. The district encompasses a largely agrarian rural village centered at the junction of Hartford Road and East Weatogue Street, whose early development dates to the late 17th century, with the oldest surviving buildings dating to 1730. Most of the properties in the district are Colonial, Federal, or Greek Revival in character, with only a few later Victorian houses. In the early 20th century Colonial Revival houses sympathetic to the earlier buildings.

text:
# East Weatogue Historic District

The **East Weatogue Historic District** is a 490-acre (200 ha) historic district in the town of Simsbury, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It then included 102 contributing buildings, 10 contributing sites, 11 contributing structures, and one other contributing object. The district encompasses a largely agrarian rural village centered at the junction of Hartford Road and East Weatogue Street, whose early development dates to the late 17th century, with the oldest surviving buildings dating to 1730. Most of the properties in the district are Colonial, Federal, or Greek Revival in character, with only a few later Victorian houses. In the early 20th century Colonial Revival houses sympathetic to the earlier buildings.

## Description and history

The town of Simsbury was settled in the 17th century and incorporated in 1670. None of its early buildings survived the ravages of King Philip's War in 1676, and it was not resettled until the early 18th century. East Weatogue, located in the plains between the Farmington River to the west and a low mountain ridge to the east, is one of three early village settlements from that period. Three houses from the first map of the area (dated about 1730) are still standing. The area has remained largely agricultural, and its land use is still reflective of early methods of use. At that time, farmers built houses in a village cluster, and typically worked land that was nearby; this resulted in the present arrangement of the village.

The historic district is roughly centered on the junction of East Weatogue Street and Hartford Road (Connecticut Route 185). Houses are set lining these two roads, having in a few instances grown into substantial farm complexes. Most of the principal buildings in the district are wood-frame houses, between one and 2+12 stories in height. The largest single architectural style is the colonial-era Georgian style, which continued to be built here into the 19th century. There are smaller numbers of Federal and Greek Revival houses, and later Victorian and 20th styles appear in only a few instances.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| East Weatogue Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Folly Farm in Simsbury | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly, properties on East Weatogue St. from just N of Riverside Dr. to Hartford Rd., and Folly Farm property to S, Simsbury, Connecticut |
| Coordinates | 41°50′51″N 72°47′58″W / 41.84750°N 72.79944°W / 41.84750; -72.79944 |
| Area | 490 acres (200 ha) |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Greek Revival, Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 90001107 |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 1990 |


title: Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company

abstract: Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. is an electricity company that was incorporated on 15 September 2003 by Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB). The Company obtained the Certificate of the Commencement of Business on 15 October 2007. The company was one of several created as a part of efforts towards restructuring of the power sector in the state of Gujarat in India.

text:
# Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company

**Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Ltd.** is an electricity company that was incorporated on 15 September 2003 by Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB). The Company obtained the Certificate of the Commencement of Business on 15 October 2007. The company was one of several created as a part of efforts towards restructuring of the power sector in the state of Gujarat in India.

## Description

DGVCL, Surat. The company is involved in electricity sub-transmission distribution and retail supply in the State of Gujarat or outside the State. Their mandate is to establish and use a power system network and to buy and sell electrical energy, and to collect information with an eye towards further system improvements.

The Gujarat Electricity Industry (Re-Organization & Regulation) Act 2003 paved the way for comprehensive reform and restructuring of the State Electricity Board with an aim to restructure the Electricity Industry in a manner that will ensure the long term viability and sustainability of the power sector in the state. As a part of the reform process, the GEB was disaggregated into several autonomous entities.

The Electricity Act 2003 introduced competition by way of open access in the transmission and distribution of electricity. The Act also provided for reorganization of the Electricity Boards through appropriate transfer schemes being formulated by the state governments. The Government of Gujarat reorganized the GEB functionally into a Generation Company, a Transmission Company and four Distribution Companies. Thereby Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited became functional on 1 April 2005.

* Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited GUVNL
* Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited GSEC
* Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation limited Getco
* State Load Dispatch Center SLDC
* Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited MGVCL
* Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Limited PGVCL
* Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Limited UGVCL
* Gujarat Energy Training and Research Institute GETRI

## InfoBox

Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Public Limited (subsidiary of GUVNL) |
| Industry | Power Distribution |
| Genre | Corporate |
| Predecessor | Gujarat Electricity Board \[GEB\] |
| Founded | Vadodara, INDIA (May 1999 (May 1999)) |
| Headquarters | Corporate Office, Surat, Surat, INDIA |
| Number of locations | Many 2008-03-31 |
| Area served | Gujarat \[INDIA\] |
| Services | Power Distribution |
| Owner | GUVNL |
| Number of employees | 4,500+ (2011) |
| Parent | Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. |
| Website | www.dgvcl.com |


title: Brachyleptura dehiscens

abstract: Brachyleptura dehiscens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1859.

text:
# Brachyleptura dehiscens

***Brachyleptura dehiscens*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1859.

## InfoBox

| *Brachyleptura dehiscens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Brachyleptura* |
| Species: | ***B. dehiscens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brachyleptura dehiscens***<br>(LeConte, 1859) | |
|


title: Proddatur railway station

abstract: Proddatur railway station is the primary railway station serving Proddatur city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The station comes under the jurisdiction of Guntakal railway division of South Coastal Railway zone. A new railway line connecting Nandyal city commissioned recently

text:
# Proddatur railway station

**Proddatur railway station** is the primary railway station serving Proddatur city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The station comes under the jurisdiction of Guntakal railway division of South Coastal Railway zone. A new railway line connecting Nandyal city commissioned recently

## Structure and amenities

The station has roof top solar panels installed by the Indian railways, along with various railway stations and service buildings in the country, as a part of sourcing 500 MW solar energy.

## InfoBox

| Proddatur railway station | |
| --- | --- |
| Express train and Passenger train station | |
| Proddatur railway station sign board | |
| General information | |
| Location | Proddatur, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh<br>India |
| Coordinates | 14°45′N 78°33′E / 14.75°N 78.55°E / 14.75; 78.55 |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | Guntakal(gtl) |
| Line(s) | Nandyal–Yerraguntla section |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | On-ground |
| Parking | available |
| Accessible |  |
| Other information | |
| Status | functioning |
| Station code | PRDT |
| Fare zone | South Central Railway zone |
| History | |
| Opened | 2016 (2016) |
| Electrified | No |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  ProddaturLocation in Andhra PradeshProddaturLocation in India | |


title: Pseudohynobius

abstract:
Pseudohynobius is a genus of salamanders in the family Hynobiidae and is endemic to China. It contains these species:
  - Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus
  - Pseudohynobius guizhouensis Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010
  - Pseudohynobius jinfo Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009
  - Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis Xu and Zeng, 2007
  - Pseudohynobius puxiongensis
  - Pseudohynobius shuichengensis Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998

text:
# Pseudohynobius

***Pseudohynobius*** is a genus of salamanders in the family Hynobiidae and is endemic to China. It contains these species:

## InfoBox

| *Pseudohynobius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Hynobiidae |
| Subfamily: | Hynobiinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudohynobius*<br>Fei & Yang, 1983 |
|


title: Roberto Tenga

abstract:
Roberto Tenga is an Italian rugby union player.
His usual position is as a Prop and he currently plays for Fiamme Oro in Top12. Tenga played for Zebre from 2017 to 2020. In 2016 and 2017, Tenga was named in the Emerging Italy squad for the 2016 World Rugby Nations Cup and 2017 World Rugby Nations Cup.

text:
# Roberto Tenga

**Roberto Tenga** (born 25 January 1990) is an Italian rugby union player. His usual position is as a Prop and he currently plays for Fiamme Oro in Top12.

Tenga played for Zebre from 2017 to 2020.

In 2016 and 2017, Tenga was named in the Emerging Italy squad for the 2016 World Rugby Nations Cup and 2017 World Rugby Nations Cup.

## InfoBox

Roberto Tenga
| Date of birth | (1990-01-25) 25 January 1990 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Benevento, Italy |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (14 st 2 lb; 198 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Prop  **Current team** Zebre  Youth career  Rugby San Giorgio  Union Rugby Sannio  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Amatori Rugby Capoterra   ()  2013−2014 I Cavalieri Prato  13  (2)  2014−2015  Pro Recco   ()  2015−2016 Rovigo Delta  18  (0)  2016−2017 Fiamme Oro  18  (0)  2017−2020 Zebre  28  (5)  2020− Fiamme Oro   ()  Correct as of 10 Jan 2020  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2016−2017 Emerging Italy  6  (0)  Correct as of 17 May 2020 | |


title: Oak Hill Cemetery (Lewistown, Illinois)

abstract: Oak Hill Cemetery is located in the city of Lewistown, Illinois. It lies along Illinois Route 97 and 100 in the 1000 block of North Main Street. The south part of the cemetery is on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Oak Hill Cemetery (Lewistown, Illinois)

**Oak Hill Cemetery** is located in the city of Lewistown, Illinois. It lies along Illinois Route 97 and 100 in the 1000 block of North Main Street. The south part of the cemetery is on the National Register of Historic Places.

## History

The first cemetery in Lewistown, Illinois, was located on city lot 16, on land donated for this purpose by Ossian M. Ross, the founder of Lewistown. This cemetery was abandoned after a few years due to pressures from commercial development, and many of the bodies were reinterred in what is now Oak Hill Cemetery. The first tract of land in Oak Hill Cemetery was located in what is now the southeast corner and was approximately one acre in size. The second tract of land, north and west of the original section, was deeded to the Lewistown Cemetery Association in 1865 by Reuben R. and Ruth McDowell. Subsequent additions have brought the total size to approximately 30 acres. Only the south portion of the cemetery, an area of approximately 13 acres, is included in the National Register of Historic Places.

The first interment in Oak Hill Cemetery was Maria (Ross) Coulter, sister of Lewistown's founder, Ossian Ross. However, the dates of her death and interment are unknown. The earliest date of death on a headstone in Oak Hill Cemetery is 1829, but it is unclear whether that date refers to a new burial or to a body being reinterred from the first cemetery.

Oak Hill Cemetery is still in active use. As of 2015, there are more than 5,000 individuals interred there. Among them are some of the early settlers of the Lewistown area, including members of the Beadles, Davidson, Phelps, Ross, and Walker families.

## Edgar Lee Masters connection

Oak Hill Cemetery provided the inspiration for Edgar Lee Masters' *Spoon River Anthology,* and many of the characters in this work have been linked to individuals interred in the cemetery. Oak Hill Cemetery is often referred to as "The Hill," in reference to the first section of Masters' *Anthology.*

A walking tour brochure is available from the City of Lewistown that lists the characters in the verse and their counterparts in the cemetery. This brochure also includes a map of the cemetery layout and the location of the gravesites of individuals linked to the *Anthology.* The gravesites of these individuals are indicated by numbered markers that are located beside the corresponding gravestones and are shaped in the silhouette of Edgar Lee Masters. There are 40 such markers, representing 52 characters from the *Anthology* (some of the individuals interred in the cemetery correspond to more than one character in the *Anthology*). However, there is still some uncertainty as to the exact relationship between the individuals interred in the cemetery and the characters in the *Spoon River Anthology.* According to Masters, 66 of the anthology characters correspond to persons buried in the cemetery.

Civil War memorial with two sandstone columns from the old Fulton County courthouse.William Cullen Bryant memorial.

## Prominent cemetery features

Located at the south entry of the cemetery is a memorial to Edgar Lee Masters, highlighting his close relationship to the cemetery. Nearby is a "Looking for Lincoln" exhibit that is devoted to Masters. In a central part of the cemetery there is a Civil War memorial that includes a pair of sandstone columns (the so-called "Lincoln pillars") that were quarried from the Spoon River bottom. These columns were salvaged from the old Fulton County courthouse (actually, the third courthouse in Lewistown), which was burned by a fire of uncertain origin on December 13, 1894. On separate occasions, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas each gave speeches from between the columns when the columns were in their original location in front of the courthouse. Lincoln's famous "Back to the Declaration of Independence" speech was given there on August 17, 1858.

Perhaps the tallest monument in the cemetery is the memorial for William Cullen Bryant. This was not the poet William Cullen Bryant, but a distant relative who was the inspiration for the character "Percy Bysshe Shelley" in the *Spoon River Anthology.* The memorial consists of a marble shaft that is topped by a statue of a woman.

## Notable interments

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Oak Hill Cemetery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Edgar Lee Masters memorial at the south entrance to Oak Hill Cemetery | |
|  | |
| Location | 1000 Blk. N. Main Street, Lewistown, Illinois, US |
| Coordinates | 40°24′08″N 90°09′24″W / 40.40222°N 90.15667°W / 40.40222; -90.15667 |
| Area | Approximately 30 acres |
| NRHP reference No. | 95001240 |
| Added to NRHP | November 13, 1995 |


title: Chawton

abstract: Chawton is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. The village lies within the South Downs National Park and is famous as the home of Jane Austen for the last eight years of her life.

text:
# Chawton

**Chawton** is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. The village lies within the South Downs National Park and is famous as the home of Jane Austen for the last eight years of her life.

## History

Chawton's recorded history begins in the Domesday survey of 1086. The village held nineteen free residents, eight smallholders, six slaves (part of the sixty-seven slaves in the area from Alresford to the ridge parishes) and woodland with fifty pigs. In the 13th century, there was a royal manor house. The owner, John St John, served as deputy to Edward I in Scotland. Henry III visited the manor on over forty occasions. The descendants of John Knight, who built the present Chawton House at the time of the Armada (1588), added to it and modified the landscape in ways that reflect changes in politics, religion and taste. One of those descendants was Elizabeth Knight, whose progresses were marked by the ringing of church bells and whose two husbands both had to adopt her surname. Later in the 18th century, Jane Austen's brother Edward Austen Knight (who had been adopted by the Knights) succeeded, and in 1809 was able to move his mother and sisters to a cottage in the village.

Chawton never developed into a settlement of substance, ‘possibly because the lords of the manor wished to keep the area for themselves’. Chawton’s private parliamentary enclosure took place in 1740-1 when a bad harvest followed a severe winter and eighteen food riots were recorded over large parts of the country. However, the Chawton act was mostly about sheep and its private act was merely the confirmation of an agreement already made. There is no mention at Chawton of encroachments, peasants’ cottages, or peasants’ rights of common forage and the rest. This was entirely an arrangement between the owners of the land for their individual benefit. From lists in Leigh’s book of Chawton Manor, one might have expected over thirty families to have held an interest, but all but one were already gone, not just from the Commons, but, soon, from the village entirely. ‘A thick cultural and social wedge was inserted between the improving husbandmen, the better sort of the parish, and the poor.’

Enclosure was nothing new in Chawton. In 1605, a court held by John Knight recognised that for the last thirty or forty years a ‘great part’ of the commons had been enclosed by tenants with the consent of the lord. However, these tenants still kept the same number of sheep on the reduced common land to everyone’s detriment. The enclosed lands at Chawton in 1740 came from the 312 acres of Common and from 309 acres made up of seven common fields: Ridgefield, Southfield, Northfield, Upper and Lower Eastfield, Whitedown and Winstreetfield. The lord, Thomas Knight, newly in position, did very well. His existing local estate already comprised fifteen houses and 1,569 acres: 734 of arable land, 108 of pasture, 56 meadow, 615 woodland and 55 rough heath. Now, through enclosure, he added 156 acres from the common and 143 acres from the common fields, 48 per cent of the available total, and almost 2,000 acres altogether in Hampshire. Knight’s allotment was increased by the herbage of all the highways on the Common, and, because he was the lord, ‘free liberty’ by June 1742 to ‘sell, cut down, grub up, take, cart, and carry away’ all the timber trees, pollard trees, bushes and wood, anywhere on the Common for which his workmen could enter any allotment at any time.

## Visitor attractions

### Chawton Cottage

Chawton Cottage, Jane Austen's house and garden are open to the public.

### Chawton House

Chawton House, the 400-year-old Grade II\* listed Elizabethan manor house that once belonged to Jane Austen's brother and 275 acres (1.11 km2) of land, has been restored as part of a major international project to establish the new Centre for the Study of Early Women's Writing, 1600–1830. It houses a collection of over 9,000 volumes, together with some related manuscripts. Visitors can see the relationship between the library, the house, the estate and a working farm of the 18th and early 19th centuries.

In 1992 a 125-year lease on the house was purchased for £1.25 million by a foundation established by Sandra Lerner, co-founder of Cisco Systems.

### St Nicholas' Church

Chawton has a single church, St Nicholas. A church has stood on the site in Chawton since at least 1270 when it was mentioned in a diocesan document. The church suffered a disastrous fire in 1871 which destroyed all but the chancel. The rebuilt church was designed by Sir Arthur Blomfield and is now listed Grade 2\*.

The churchyard was reserved for burial for the Knight family, and the graves include that of Jane Austen's mother and sister, both called Cassandra.

Inside the tower are a total of eight bells, six of which were cast in 2009 by the firm Taylors, Eayre & Smith at Loughborough Bellfoundry in Leicestershire, and these form a ring of bells for traditional English change ringing. These replaced an earlier ring of bells, two of which remain in the tower for chiming.

## Services

Chawton C of E Primary School is the only school in Chawton. It is within the Diocese of Winchester and accepts children from ages four to eleven, and has close ties with St Nicholas's church. There has been a school on the site since about 1840, and the site sits opposite the village green and cricket field.

On Winchester Road, which runs through the village, there is a tea shop and small shop opposite Jane Austen's house called Cassandra's Cup, which is named after Jane Austen's sister. Just down the road from this is a Fuller's pub called The Greyfriar which has an oak beamed traditional bar, a secluded beer garden and a large car park. Also on Winchester Road is the Village Hall.

Adjacent to Gosport Road lies a green containing a cricket pitch and the home of Chawton Cricket Club, a newly refurbished playground and a set of allotments.

### Transport

Chawton has two road exits, one leading to a roundabout connected to the A31 and the A32, and the other to the A339/B3006 Selborne Road.

The nearest railway station is 1.7 miles (2.7 km) northeast of the village, at Alton.

## Further reading

* Heal, Chris (2021). *Ropley's Legacy: The Ridge Enclosures, 1709 to 1850: Chawton, Farringdon, Medstead, Newton Valence and Ropley and the birth of Four Marks*. Four Marks: Chattaway and Spottiswood. ISBN 9781916194434., with transcripts in the appendices of the Chawton enclosure act and award.
* Hurst, Jane (Autumn 2005). "Baigens, Chawton". *Hampshire Field Club and Archaeology Society Newsletter*. **44**.
* Leigh, William Austen; Knight, Montagu George (1911). *Chawton Manor and its Owners: A Family History*. London: Smith, Elder.
* Montgomery, Roy. *The Village of Chawton and the Parish of St Nicholas*. Vol. 47. Hampshire Genealogical Society.
* Munby, Julian, ed. (1982). *Domesday Book: 4: Hampshire*. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 9780850331578.
* Willoughby, Rupert (2003). *Chawton: Jane Austen's Village* (2nd ed.). Sherborne St John: Rupert Willoughby. ISBN 0953442845.

## InfoBox

| Chawton | |
| --- | --- |
| Jane Austen's House | |
| ChawtonLocation within Hampshire | |
| Population | 445 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SU710373 |
| Civil parish | * Chawton |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ALTON |
| Postcode district | GU34 |
| Dialling code | 01420 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Pholiota communis

abstract: Pholiota communis is a species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Southeastern Australia. The small brown mushrooms appear in leaf litter of pines and eucalypts in autumn and winter.

text:
# Pholiota communis

***Pholiota communis*** is a species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Southeastern Australia. The small brown mushrooms appear in leaf litter of pines and eucalypts in autumn and winter.

## Taxonomy

The species was originally named *Flammula californica* var. *communis* by Cleland and Steel in 1918, its varietal epithet being the Latin adjective *communis* "common". Australian mycologist Cheryl Grgurinovic transferred the species to *Pholiota* in 1997.

## Description

The fungus produces fruit bodies with caps that are up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in diameter, convex when young and flattening out with maturity. The cap surface is orange-brown with flat brown scales, and initially viscid (sticky) before becoming dry. The gills on the underside of the cap are initially bright yellow before turning a duller tan in maturity. The stem has brown scales on its lower half. The spore print is dark brown. Measuring 8.5 x 5.5 micrometres, the spores are elliptical in shape. The flesh has no taste.

## Distribution and habitat

*Pholiota communis* mushrooms appear from April to July, and have been recorded from the Mount Lofty Ranges, Kuitpo Forest, Beck Valley off Inman Valley, Bangham and Kalangadoo in South Australia, as well as New South Wales, and the Yarra Valley in Victoria.

The habitat is eucalypt and pine forest, the mushrooms growing in clumps or tufts (caespitose), or groups in leaf litter, though sometimes grows up the trunks of trees for a few feet. Species associated include messmate stringybark (*Eucalyptus obliqua*) and white ironbark (*E. leucoxylon*).

## InfoBox

| *Pholiota communis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Strophariaceae |
| Genus: | *Pholiota* |
| Species: | ***P. communis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pholiota communis***<br>(Cleland & Cheel) Grgur. (1997) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Flammula californica* var. *communis* Cleland & Cheel (1918) | |


title: Ed Gein (band)

abstract:
Ed Gein was an American grindcore band, based in Syracuse, New York. The band consisted of Graham Reynolds, Aaron Jenkins and Jesse Daino. The band takes its name from the American murderer of the same name. The band is best known for its second album, Judas Goats and Dieseleaters (2005). The follow-up record, titled Bad Luck, was released in 2011. Ed Gein's music has been labeled as grindcore, metalcore, mathcore and noise rock, featuring influences from thrash metal.
On their third album, Bad Luck, the band shifted from their previous technical grindcore in favor of a more hardcore punk-influenced sound. The band's lyrics, primarily written by bassist Aaron Jenkins, are politically charged and features social commentary, on topics including racism in the United States, sexism, homophobia and bureaucracy. On April 11, 2018, it was announced the band had split up and the members would be forming a new band called Shadow Snakes.

text:
# Ed Gein (band)

**Ed Gein** was an American grindcore band, based in Syracuse, New York. The band consisted of Graham Reynolds (guitar, vocals), Aaron Jenkins (bass, vocals) and Jesse Daino (drums, vocals). The band takes its name from the American murderer of the same name. The band is best known for its second album, *Judas Goats and Dieseleaters* (2005). The follow-up record, titled *Bad Luck*, was released in 2011.

Ed Gein's music has been labeled as grindcore, metalcore, mathcore and noise rock, featuring influences from thrash metal. On their third album, *Bad Luck*, the band shifted from their previous technical grindcore in favor of a more hardcore punk-influenced sound. The band's lyrics, primarily written by bassist Aaron Jenkins, are politically charged and features social commentary, on topics including racism in the United States, sexism, homophobia and bureaucracy.

On April 11, 2018, it was announced the band had split up and the members would be forming a new band called Shadow Snakes.

## Band members

* Graham Reynolds – guitar, vocals
* Aaron Jenkins – bass, vocals
* Jesse Daino – drums, vocals

## Discography

**Studio albums**

* *It's a Shame That a Family Can Be Torn Apart by Something as Simple as a Pack of Wild Dogs* (2002)
* *Judas Goats and Dieseleaters* (2005)
* *Bad Luck* (2011)

**EPs**

* *Ed Gein* (2002)
* *Smoked* (2016)

**Compilations**

* *It's a Shame* (2005)

## InfoBox

| Ed Gein | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Syracuse, New York, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2001 (2001)–2018 |
| Labels | Black Market Activities |
|  | |
| Members | * Graham Reynolds * Aaron Jenkins * Jesse Daino |
|  | |
| Website | edgein.bandcamp.com |


title: T. F. Much Ballroom

abstract: The T. F. Much Ballroom or Too Fucking Much Ballroom was a music and cultural institution in Melbourne from 1970 to 1974. The venue was promoted by Bani McSpedden and John Pinder, initially to raise money for a Carlton youth club. Its successors were Much More Ballroom and Stoned Again.

text:
# T. F. Much Ballroom

The **T. F. Much Ballroom** or **Too Fucking Much Ballroom** was a music and cultural institution in Melbourne from 1970 to 1974. The venue was promoted by Bani McSpedden and John Pinder, initially to raise money for a Carlton youth club. Its successors were Much More Ballroom and Stoned Again.

## History

The full name of the music venue was Too Fucking Much Ballroom, which was usually abbreviated to T. F. Much Ballroom, and began in 1970 at Central Hall in Brunswick Street, Fitzroy with Bani McSpedden and John Pinder as promoters. Later incarnations included the Much More Ballroom, and Stoned Again.

Bands which frequently performed at the venue were Sons of the Vegetal Mother (and its offshoot, Daddy Cool), Spectrum (and its offshoot, Indelible Murtceps), and Tamam Shud. Solo artists included the wizard-like magician, Jeff Krozier (Crozier), the blues and soul singer, Wendy Saddington, and Australia's first synthesiser performer, Steve Dunstan.

According to Duncan Kimball of *MilesAgo* website, "events were usually held monthly and typically featured long concert-style performances, with multiple musical acts on the bill, interspersed with comedy, poetry readings, theatrical, dance and novelty performances."

Pinder later described the hall, "it belonged to the Catholic Church. And in fact, it was the sort of hall for the Catholic Cathedral. And I think they had no idea what we were up to. But I used pay the rent to whatever they call the office of the Archbishop of Melbourne."

Central Hall became part of the Australian Catholic University's St. Patrick campus. As from March 2012 the original ballroom still existed, and was used for some university functions.

## InfoBox

| TF Much Ballroom | |
| --- | --- |
| Central Hall or T. F. Much Ballroom | |
|  | |
| Former names | Cathedral Hall |
| General information | |
| Address | Brunswick Street |
| Town or city | Fitzroy, Victoria |
| Country | Australia |
| Coordinates | 37°48′25.5″S 144°58′38″E / 37.807083°S 144.97722°E / -37.807083; 144.97722 |
| Opened | 1970 |
| Closed | 1974 |
| Client | Bani McSpedden, John Pinder |


title: Brachyleptura vagans

abstract: Brachyleptura vagans is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Guillaume-Antoine Olivier in 1795.

text:
# Brachyleptura vagans

***Brachyleptura vagans*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Guillaume-Antoine Olivier in 1795.

## InfoBox

| *Brachyleptura vagans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Brachyleptura* |
| Species: | ***B. vagans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brachyleptura vagans***<br>(Olivier, 1795) | |
|


title: Elaphromyia fissa

abstract: Elaphromyia fissa is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Elaphromyia of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Elaphromyia fissa

***Elaphromyia fissa*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Elaphromyia* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Elaphromyia fissa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Tephrellini |
| Genus: | *Elaphromyia* |
| Species: | ***E. fissa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaphromyia fissa***<br>Munro, 1957 | |
|


abstract: The Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year is a college softball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding coach. The award has been given annually since 1985.

text:
# Big Ten Conference Softball Coach of the Year

The **Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year** is a college softball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding coach. The award has been given annually since 1985.

## Key

## Winners

| Season | Player | School | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | Carol Hutchins | Michigan |  |
| 1986 | Gloria Becksford | Michigan State | |
| 1987 | Sharon Drysdale | Northwestern | |
| 1988 | Linda Wells | Minnesota | |
| 1989 | Gayle Blevins | Iowa | |
| 1990 | Gail Davenport | Ohio State | |
| 1991 | Teresa Wilson | Minnesota | |
| 1992 | Carol Hutchins (2) | Michigan | |
| 1993 | Carol Hutchins (3) | Michigan | |
| 1994 | Diane Stephenson | Indiana | |
| 1995 | Sharon Drysdale (2) | Northwestern | |
| 1996 | Carol Hutchins (4) | Michigan | |
| 1997 | Gayle Blevins (2) | Iowa | |
| 1998 | Carol Hutchins (5) | Michigan | |
| 1999 | Carol Hutchins (6) | Michigan | |
| 1999 | Robin Petrini | Penn State | |
| 2000 | Gayle Blevins (3) | Iowa | |
| 2001 | Carol Hutchins (7) | Michigan | |
| 2002 | Linda Kalafatis | Ohio State | |
| 2003 | Jacquie Joseph | Michigan State | |
| 2004 | Carol Hutchins (8) | Michigan |  |
| 2005 | Carol Hutchins (9) | Michigan |  |
| 2005 | Kate Drohan | Northwestern | |
| 2006 | Kate Drohan (2) | Northwestern |  |
| 2007 | Linda Kalafatis (2) | Ohio State |  |
| 2008 | Carol Hutchins (10) | Michigan |  |
| 2009 | Carol Hutchins (11) | Michigan |  |
| 2010 | Terri Sullivan | Illinois |  |
| 2011 | Carol Hutchins (12) | Michigan |  |
| 2012 | Carol Hutchins (13) | Michigan |  |
| 2013 | Carol Hutchins (14) | Michigan |  |
| 2014 | Rhonda Revelle | Nebraska |  |
| 2015 | Carol Hutchins (15) | Michigan |  |
| 2016 | Carol Hutchins (16) | Michigan |  |
| 2017 | Jessica Allister | Minnesota |  |
| 2018 | Carol Hutchins (17) | Michigan |  |
| 2019 | Kate Drohan (3) | Northwestern |  |
| 2021 | Carol Hutchins (18) | Michigan |  |
| 2022 | Kate Drohan (4) | Northwestern |  |
| 2023 | Kate Drohan (5) | Northwestern |  |
| 2024 | Kate Drohan (6) | Northwestern |  |

## Winners by school

| School | Winners | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Michigan | 18 | 1985, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2021 |
| Northwestern | 8 | 1987, 1995, 2005, 2006, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024 |
| Iowa | 3 | 1989, 1997, 2000 |
| Minnesota | 3 | 1988, 1991, 2017 |
| Ohio State | 3 | 1990, 2002, 2007 |
| Michigan State | 2 | 1986, 2003 |
| Indiana | 1 | 1994 |
| Illinois | 1 | 2010 |
| Nebraska | 1 | 2014 |
| Penn State | 1 | 1999 |
| Maryland | 0 |  |
| Purdue | 0 |  |
| Rutgers | 0 |  |
| Wisconsin | 0 |  |

## InfoBox

Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | the most outstanding softball coach in the Big Ten Conference |
| Country | United States |
| History | |
| First award | 1985 |
| Most recent | Kate Drohan, Northwestern |


title: Ohio State Route 276

abstract: State Route 276 is a 6.46-mile (10.40 km) long state highway located entirely in Clermont County, Ohio. The route runs from an intersection with West Main Street and 5th Street in Williamsburg to US 50 and SR 132 in Owensville.

text:
# Ohio State Route 276

**State Route 276** (**SR 276**) is a 6.46-mile (10.40 km) long state highway located entirely in Clermont County, Ohio. The route runs from an intersection with West Main Street (SR 133) and 5th Street in Williamsburg to US 50 and SR 132 in Owensville.

## Route description

SR 276 begins at an intersection with West Main Street and 5th Street in downtown Williamsburg. In this area, SR 133 is routed along West Main Street; Fifth Street west of here and Main Street east of here formerly carried SR 32 before it was rerouted onto the Corridor D expressway in the 1970s. SR 133 and SR 276 travel concurrently heading northwest through Williamsburg. After 0.5 miles (0.80 km), SR 133 turns north onto Tollgate Road leaving SR 276 to continue northwest into Williamsburg Township. After passing through the residential neighborhoods of Williamsburg, the road enters into a mixture of houses and farmland. SR 276 passes under the SR 32 expressway just outside the village but without a direct interchange. After about 5 miles (8.0 km), SR 276 curves to the north towards Owensville. About 0.3 miles (0.48 km) before its terminus, SR 132 joins SR 276 from the southwest at the Owensville village limits. In the center of Owensville, the two routes intersect US 50 (Main Street). At this intersection, SR 276 ends, but SR 132 continues by turning left onto US 50 west.

No part of SR 276 is a part of the National Highway System.

## History

The highway connecting Williamsburg and Owensville has been a part of the state highway system since 1915. The former route numbers of this highway include SR 480 (c. 1915–1922), SR 132 (1923–1925), and SR 133 (1926–1929). By 1930, the route designation became SR 276. Within one year, the entire route became paved. Since then, no major changes have affected the route.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Clermont County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Williamsburg | 0.00 | 0.00 |
SR 133 south (West Main Street) / 5th Street | Southern end of SR 133 concurrency |
| | 0.51 | 0.82 |

SR 133 north (Tollgate Road) to SR 32 Blanchester, Batavia | Northern end of SR 133 concurrency |
| Owensville | 6.10 | 9.82 |
SR 132 south / Jackson Pike Batavia | Southern end of SR 132 concurrency |
| | 6.46 | 10.40 |
US 50 / SR 132 north (Main Street) / North Broadway Street | Northern end of SR 132 concurrency |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 276KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 276 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 6.46 mi (10.40 km) |
| Existed | 1930–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SR 133 in Williamsburg |
| North end | US 50 / SR 132 in Owensville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Counties | Clermont |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Ohio State Highway System** | |
| SR 275   I-277 | |


title: Dorcadion maradense

abstract: Dorcadion maradense is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Holzschuh in 2007. It is known from Iran.

text:
# Dorcadion maradense

***Dorcadion maradense*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Holzschuh in 2007. It is known from Iran.

## InfoBox

| *Dorcadion maradense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Lamiini |
| Genus: | *Dorcadion* |
| Species: | ***D. maradense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dorcadion maradense***<br>Holzschuh, 2007 | |
|


title: Dalaly Kafumu

abstract: Dr. Dalaly Peter Kafumu is a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Igunga constituency since 2011.

text:
# Dalaly Kafumu

**Dr. Dalaly Peter Kafumu** (born 4 August 1957) is a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Igunga constituency since 2011.

## Early life and education

Kafumu was born on 4 August 1957 at Itumba Village in Igunga District. He was educated at the Itumba Primary School for Primary Education and Milambo Secondary School for his Ordinary Level Secondary Education. He attended Mkwawa High School for his Advanced Level Secondary Education. Kafumu obtained a B.Sc. Degree in Geology from the University of Dar es Salaam in 1983; and in 1987 Kafumu obtained a Postgraduate Diploma in Education from the University of Dar es Salaam. He also studied a Postgraduate Diploma in Mineral Exploration at the Institute of Aerospace Science in Delft, the Netherlands in 1991. He then obtained an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. Degrees in Geology from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels) obtained in 1995 and 2000 respectively.

## Career

He worked at the Geological Survey of Tanzania as an economic geologist responsible for mineral exploration and mining project evaluation, mapping and environmental management from 1983 until 1986. He became Vice Principal of the Mineral Resources Institute between 1986 and 1988 and went back to the Geological Survey of Tanzania as a Mineral Exploration Geologist until 2002. From 2002 to 2004 he worked as Head of Promotion and Statistics at the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, responsible for the promotion of investment in the Tanzania extractive industries sector. In 2004 he became the Communication Officer of the Ministry of Energy and Minerals with the responsibility of managing Government communication with stakeholders, partners and the public. In October 2006 he was appointed as the Commissioner for Minerals for the country to manage the fast-growing mineral sector, a post he held until August 2011 when he became a Member of Parliament.

### Commissioner for Minerals

He became the Commissioner for Minerals in Tanzania for 6 years managing the mineral sector of Tanzania as per the Tanzania Mineral Policy of 2009 and the Mining Act of 2010 and its Regulations of 2010. Dr. Kafumu was responsible for issuing prospecting licenses, mines regulation and control and mining dispute resolutions while adhering to Government procedures and protocols. As a Commissioner for Minerals he acquired wide knowledge on how the extractive industries (particularly oil, gas and minerals) operate in Tanzania. This include policies and statues that govern the extractive industries; the programs implemented to develop the energy and mineral sectors; as well as the challenges encountered in executing governance, accountability and transparency in the extractive industries in promoting investment opportunities in the country. He was responsible for the establishment of the Tanzania Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative TEITI in Tanzania since its inception in 2008 and is proud to consider TEITI as one of his legacies. As part of the TEITI working Group he acquired knowledge, skills and insights on the EITI processes and activities. Kafumu was also a kingpin on advising the Government to review the Mineral Policy of Tanzania, 1997 and the Mining Act of 1998 into the Mineral Policy of Tanzania of 2009 and the Mining Act of 2010 and Mining Regulations of 2010, statutes that brought bigger benefits of mining industry in Tanzania. From 2006 to date at different times he was a Part-time lecturer in geology and environmental geomorphology at the Sokoine University of Agriculture and the University of Dodoma.

### Political career

Ink point Stationery , Sinza Dar es salaam 0655152468 0785237381

## Selected publications

**Books**

* Macheyeki, A. S., Kafumu, P. D., Xiaohui, L., and Feng Y. (2020). Applied Geochemistry: Advances in Mineral exploration Techniques. 1st ed, Elsevier, 210p
* Kafumu, P. D. (2012a). Moyo Adili Dawa ya Rushwa: Ushairi wa Ngw’izukulushilinde. ; Graphic Solutions Ltd, 38p.
* Kafumu, P. D. (2012b). A Crying Voice: Personal Reflections. Graphic Solutions Ltd, 96p.

**International journals, magazines and brochures**

* Kafumu P. D. (2020.) The Geochemical Compositions and Origin of Sand Dunes in the Olduvai Gorge–Eastern Serengeti Plains, Northern Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 46 (2), 241-253.
* Kafumu, P. D., (2019). Invest in the Land of Tanzanite. 39th SADC Summit, Tanzania Magazine, August 17 – 18 2019, 33-34.
* Kafumu, P. D., (2005). Golden Returns for Tanzania: Mining Magazine 193(2) (pp20 – 30).
* Semkiwa, P. M., Kafumu, P. D., Ayub, S. Y., Petro, F. N., Kalemani, M. C., Nyelo, G. M., Rutaihwa, A. K., Ndonde, P. B., Ntulanalwo, V. B., Temu, E. B., Minde, A. B., and Salim, S. S., (Eds) (2005). Tanzania: – Opportunities for Mineral Resources Development. The Ministry of Energy and minerals; the United Republic of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam.
* Kafumu, P. D., (2004). Tanzania: Six mines in six years. Mining Journal, London, 4 June 2004; (pp18 – 20)
* Kafumu, P. D. (2004). Paleoclimatological significance of paleosol levels occurring in the Miocene – Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Manonga – WembereValley in Central Tanzania. Episodes 27(2), 107 – 111.
* Kafumu, P. D. and Paepe, R. (2003).The Quaternary stratigraphy and its associated fossil fauna and flora of the Holili area, NE Tanzania. *Journal of African Earth Sciences* 36, 245 – 250.
* Paepe, R., Van Overloop, E., Hoover, R. B., Nassopoulou, S., Kafumu, P. D. and Wang, D. (2003). Red Soils on Earth and their significance for Mars; In Richard B. Hoover, Alexei Yu Razanov and Roland Paepe (Eds) Instruments, Methods and Missions for Astrobiology; Proceedings of SPIE, Volume 4859, pp. 93 –107.
* Kafumu, P. D. (2002). Discussion: "Mineralogy and chemistry of bentonite(?) deposits of Minjingu, LakeManyara, North Tanzania" \[By M K D Mutakyahwa, Vol 34(3–4) pp 213 – 221\], Journal of African Earth Sciences 35(4) 523.
* Van Overloop, E., Paepe, R, Ilunga, L. P., Kaseba, S., Kafumu, P. D. and Musisi, J. (1998). The Quaternary geology around the Great Lakes in Central Africa: Pluvials and Interpluvials are not the equivalent of Glacials and Interglacials. In G. Demarree, J. Alexandre and M. De Dapper (eds); Climatology, Meteorology and hydrology in memory of Franz Bulton (1924–1995) pp 142 – 175. Brussels; Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium and Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
* Muhongo, S., Kafumu, P. D. and Mfaume, P. (1996). Technical notes ; List of geological sites (geo-sites) from East Africa; 9p: World Geological Heritage List: UNESCO,

## InfoBox

| Honourable DrDalaly Peter KafumuMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Igunga | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
November 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Rostam Aziz |
| Majority | 26,484 (50.45%) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-08-04) 4 August 1957
Itumba, Igunga, Tanganyika Territory |
| Political party | CCM |
| Alma mater | Milambo Secondary School
Mkwawa High School
University of Dar Es Salaam (Bsc), (PG Dip – Ed)
Université libre de Bruxelles (Msc), DSc
Institute of Aeralspace Sciences (PG Dip – Mex) |
| Profession | Geologist |
| Committees | Energy and Minerals |
|  | |


title: Brachyleptura vexatrix

abstract: Brachyleptura vexatrix is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mannerheim in 1853.

text:
# Brachyleptura vexatrix

***Brachyleptura vexatrix*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mannerheim in 1853.

## InfoBox

| *Brachyleptura vexatrix* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Brachyleptura* |
| Species: | ***B. vexatrix*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brachyleptura vexatrix***<br>(Mannerheim, 1853) | |
|


title: Effenbergerite

abstract:
Effenbergerite is the natural occurrence of the color Han blue.It was first found in the Wessels mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa.
Effenbergerite was approved as a valid mineral species by the IMA in 1993. Effenberergite has the chemical formula BaCuSi4O10. The mineral was named after Dr. Herta S. Effenberger, a mineralogist and crystallographer at the University of Vienna.

text:
# Effenbergerite

**Effenbergerite** is the natural occurrence of the color Han blue.It was first found in the Wessels mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa. Effenbergerite was approved as a valid mineral species by the IMA in 1993.

Effenberergite has the chemical formula BaCuSi4O10.

The mineral was named after Dr. Herta S. Effenberger, a mineralogist and crystallographer at the University of Vienna.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | BaCuSi4O10 |
| Strunz classification | 09.EA.05 |
| Dana classification | 71.02.03.03 |
| Crystal system | tetragonal |
| Crystal class | *P*4/*ncc* |
| Structure | |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 473.21 |
| Colour | blue |
| Luster | vitreous |
| Streak | pale blue |
| Diaphaneity | transparent |
| Density | 3.57 - 3.52 |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (-) |
| Refractive index | e=1.593, w=1.633 |


title: Pulaski Bridge

abstract: The Pulaski Bridge in New York City connects Long Island City in Queens to Greenpoint in Brooklyn over Newtown Creek. It was named after Polish military commander and American Revolutionary War fighter Casimir Pulaski in homage to the large Polish-American population in Greenpoint. It connects 11th Street in Queens to McGuinness Boulevard in Brooklyn.

text:
# Pulaski Bridge

The **Pulaski Bridge** in New York City connects Long Island City in Queens to Greenpoint in Brooklyn over Newtown Creek. It was named after Polish military commander and American Revolutionary War fighter Casimir Pulaski in homage to the large Polish-American population in Greenpoint. It connects 11th Street in Queens to McGuinness Boulevard (formerly Oakland Street) in Brooklyn.

## Description

Designed by Frederick Zurmuhlen, the Pulaski Bridge is a bascule bridge, a type of drawbridge. Its span crosses Newtown Creek, Long Island Rail Road tracks, and the entrance to the Queens-Midtown Tunnel from south to north. The bridge carries six lanes of traffic and a pedestrian sidewalk; the pedestrian sidewalk is on the west or downstream side of the bridge, and has views of the industrial areas surrounding Newtown Creek, the skyline of Manhattan, and of a number of other bridges, including the Williamsburg Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Kosciuszko Bridge. The bridge was reconstructed between 1991 and 1994.

Located just over 13 miles (21 km) from the start of the New York City Marathon at the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, the Pulaski Bridge serves as the approximate halfway point in the race.

## History

The Pulaski Bridge opened to traffic on September 10, 1954. It served as a replacement for the nearby Vernon Avenue Bridge, which had linked Vernon Avenue (now Vernon Boulevard) in Long Island City with Manhattan Avenue in Greenpoint.

From 1979 until 1990, a message reading "Wheels Over Indian Trails" was painted on the Pulaski Bridge over the approach to the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. The artwork was created by John Fekner as a tribute to the thirteen Native American tribes who inhabited Long Island and referred to the changing traffic patterns on Vernon Boulevard, a former Indian trail.

In 2012, in response to the lack of adequate bicycle facilities currently on the Pulaski Bridge, the NYC Department of Transportation began studying the possibility of installing dedicated bicycle lanes on the bridge. Since the Pulaski is a drawbridge with an open section in the middle, it presents several challenges not faced by other bridges. First, physical dividers must be lightweight yet securely installed so they don't come loose when the drawbridge is opened. Secondly, the joints where the two leaves come together must be somehow protected to make them more bicycle wheel-friendly. In April 2013, in a letter to Assembly Member Joe Lentol, the NYC Department of Transportation Commissioner stated that the proposal for a two-way dedicated bike lane, which would convert the existing walkway to a pedestrian-only path, had met the requirements of a traffic analysis and that an engineering study and recommendations would be made by the end of the year. On October 25, 2013, Lentol announced that the DOT was in the process of designing a dedicated bike lane and that the final design would be presented to community board 1 in Brooklyn and Community Board 2 in Queens before the end of the year. Bike lane construction was originally projected to occur late spring or early summer of 2014. Construction occurred during the winter of 2015 and the bike lane opened at the end of April 2016.

## InfoBox

| Pulaski Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| View from downstream, looking East | |
| Coordinates | 40°44′21″N 73°57′9″W / 40.73917°N 73.95250°W / 40.73917; -73.95250 |
| Carries | Five (5) lanes of motor vehicles, pedestrian/bicycle paths |
| Crosses | Newtown Creek |
| Locale | Brooklyn and Queens, New York City |
| Maintained by | New York City Department of Transportation |
| Followed by | Greenpoint Avenue Bridge |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Four-leaf bascule bridge |
| Material | Steel, reinforced concrete |
| Total length | 2,810 feet (860 m) |
| Longest span | 177 feet (54 m) |
| Clearance below | 39 feet (12 m) |
| History | |
| Opened | September 10, 1954 (September 10, 1954) |
| Statistics | |
| Daily traffic | 40,722 (2016) |
| Location | |
|  | |


abstract: The Big Ten Conference Pitcher of the Year is a baseball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding pitcher. The award was first given following the 1994 season.

text:
# Big Ten Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year

The **Big Ten Conference Pitcher of the Year** is a baseball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding pitcher. The award was first given following the 1994 season.

## Key

| * | Awarded a College National Player of the Year award:
the Dick Howser Trophy or the Golden Spikes Award |
| --- | --- |
|  | Major League Baseball Player |
|  | Major League Baseball All-Star |

## Winners

| Season | Player | School | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | Matt Beaumont | Ohio State |  |
| 1995 | Chad Schroeder | Northwestern |  |
| 1996 | Nate Bump | Penn State |  |
| 1997 | Justin Fry | Ohio State |  |
| 1998 | James Tow | Illinois |  |
| 1999 | Justin Fry (2) | Ohio State |  |
| 2000 | Jason Anderson | Illinois |  |
| 2001 | Andy Dickinson | Illinois |  |
| 2002 | C.J. Woodrow | Minnesota |  |
| 2003 | Scott Lewis | Ohio State |  |
| 2004 | Glen Perkins | Minnesota |  |
| 2005 | Jim Brauer | Michigan |  |
| 2006 | Dan Brauer | Northwestern |  |
| 2007 | Cory Luebke | Ohio State |  |
| 2008 | Zach Putnam | Michigan |  |
| 2009 | Eric Arnett
Alex Wimmers | Indiana
Ohio State |  |
| 2010 | Alex Wimmers (2) | Ohio State |  |
| 2011 | Kurt Wunderlich | Michigan State |  |
| 2012 | Joe Haase | Purdue |  |
| 2013 | Aaron Slegers | Indiana |  |
| 2014 | Joey DeNato | Indiana |  |
| 2015 | Tyler Jay | Illinois |  |
| 2016 | Cody Sedlock | Illinois |  |
| 2017 | Brian Shaffer | Maryland |  |
| 2018 | Patrick Fredrickson | Minnesota |  |
| 2019 | Andrew Saalfrank | Indiana |  |
| 2021 | Trenton Wallace | Iowa |  |
| 2022 | Adam Mazur | Iowa |  |
| 2023 | Connor O'Halloran | Michigan |  |

## Winners by school

| School (year joined) | Winners | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ohio State (1912) | 7 | 1994, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010 |
| Illinois (1896) | 5 | 1998, 2000, 2001, 2015, 2016 |
| Indiana (1900) | 4 | 2009, 2013, 2014, 2019 |
| Michigan (1896) | 3 | 2005, 2008, 2023 |
| Minnesota (1896) | 3 | 2002, 2004, 2018 |
| Iowa (1900) | 2 | 2021, 2022 |
| Northwestern (1896) | 2 | 1995, 2006 |
| Maryland (2014) | 1 | 2017 |
| Michigan State (1953) | 1 | 2011 |
| Penn State (1993) | 1 | 2000 |
| Purdue (1896) | 1 | 2012 |
| Nebraska (2011) | 0 |  |
| Rutgers (2014) | 0 |  |
| Wisconsin (1896)**a** | 0 |  |

## Footnotes

* **a**  Wisconsin discontinued its baseball program after the 1991 season.

## InfoBox

| Big Ten Conference Pitcher of the Year | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Awarded for | the most outstanding baseball pitcher in the Big Ten Conference |
| Country | United States |
| First awarded | 1982 |
| Currently held by | Connor O'Halloran, Michigan |


title: John Pulleine

abstract: John James Pulleine was an Anglican Suffragan Bishop in the latter part of the 19th and earliest part of the 20th century. John James Pulleine was born in Spennithorne, Yorkshire on 10 September 1841, son of the Reverend Robert Pulleine, sometime Rector of Kirby Wiske. He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge and ordained in 1868. He began his career with a curacy at St Giles-in-the-Fields after which he was appointed Rector of his father's old parish. Appointed Suffragan to assist the Bishop of Ripon in 1888 he initially took the title of Bishop of Penrith as this was one of the 26 titles permitted by the Act passed by Henry VIII but this was changed to the more relevant Bishop of Richmond when the Bishops Suffragan Nominations Act was passed. “A man whose long experience rendered his counsel invaluable in diocesan affairs”, he died on 15 April 1913. He married and had children, including a son John James Pulleine.

text:
# John Pulleine

**John James Pulleine** (10 September 1841, Spennithorne, Yorkshire \- 15 April 1913) was an Anglican Suffragan Bishop in the latter part of the 19th and earliest part of the 20th century.

John James Pulleine was born in Spennithorne, Yorkshire on 10 September 1841, son of the Reverend Robert Pulleine, sometime Rector of Kirby Wiske. He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge and ordained in 1868. He began his career with a curacy at St Giles-in-the-Fields after which he was appointed Rector of his father's old parish. Appointed Suffragan to assist the Bishop of Ripon in 1888 he initially took the title of Bishop of Penrith as this was one of the 26 titles permitted by the Act passed by Henry VIII but this was changed to the more relevant Bishop of Richmond when the Bishops Suffragan Nominations Act was passed. “A man whose long experience rendered his counsel invaluable in diocesan affairs”, he died on 15 April 1913.

He married and had children, including a son John James Pulleine.


title: Oberkirche, Arnstadt

abstract: The Oberkirche in the Thuringian town of Arnstadt, Germany, is a former Franciscan monastery church mainly built in the 13th century. Since 1538, it has been used by the Lutheran parish of Arnstadt, which today belongs to the Arnstadt-Ilmenau church district of the Protestant Church in Central Germany. It is a listed building.

text:
# Oberkirche, Arnstadt

The **Oberkirche** (pronounced \[ˈoːbɐˌkɪʁçə\], "Upper Church") in the Thuringian town of Arnstadt, Germany, is a former Franciscan monastery church mainly built in the 13th century. Since 1538, it has been used by the Lutheran parish of Arnstadt, which today belongs to the Arnstadt-Ilmenau church district of the Protestant Church in Central Germany. It is a listed building.

## Building description

The church stands on a hill on the southern edge of Arnstadt's historical centre. It is a long, rectangular, single-aisle building made of unplastered quarrystone and a gable roof. The interior measures 60 by 11 metres (197 ft × 36 ft) and is closed off at the top by a wooden barrel vault. The straight east wall has three high windows with tracery ends. The central one is three-light and is flanked by two lower, two-light windows. At the corners of the east wall are four-stepped buttresses. The north side has several two-light lancet windows, while the south wall – except for two windows in the choir area – is windowless because of the adjoining convent buildings. In the western part of the north wall, there is a walled Late Romanesque window from around 1250, possibly from a previous building. On the north side, there is a church tower added subsequently. On the south side, there is an inner courtyard with a small cloister from which the convent buildings were accessed.

Today, the interior is characterised above all by the large Early Baroque altar, the lords' seats and galleries as well as the baptismal font, all of which date from the 17th century. Numerous paintings from the same period show biblical scenes and decorate the balustrades of the galleries.

## History

The first friars of the Franciscan Order, founded in 1210, came to Arnstadt in 1246 from Gotha, where they had to leave their settlement founded in 1225. The Franciscans, also known as the Discalced (meaning "barefoot", *Barfüßer* in German), who belonged to the Saxon Province of the Order (*Saxonia*), were apparently well received in Arnstadt and began to build a church and monastery on a hill in the old part of the town; the monastery was first mentioned in a document in 1266. The buildings were kept plain – as a mendicant church – in accordance with the rules of the Order. A tower was initially dispensed with. The construction of the convent building dragged on until the 14th century. In 1461, a bell tower was built into the north wall, which also helped to counteract the severe deformation of the north wall of the nave. In 1498, the church obtained an elaborately carved Gothic winged altar, which today stands in the Liebfrauenkirche.

After the introduction of the Reformation in Arnstadt in 1533, the Franciscans were granted a short period of time to consider professing the Reformation in 1538. However, they refused and then had to vacate the monastery in "great anger". In 1539, the church fell to the town of Arnstadt and the monastery to the count's house. On the initiative of Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg, a count's educational institution was opened in 1540. His son Count Günther XLI closed the institution in 1561 and gave the monastery to Leo von Packmor, the count's colonel, as a retirement home.

After the town fire in 1581, von Packmor released the monastery building first as emergency accommodation, later after his death (1583) in his will for the church and school. Since St Boniface's Church (predecessor of the Bach Church) had fallen victim to the town fire, the former *Barfüßerkirche*, now called Oberkirche ("Upper Church", referring to its location), became the town's main church. The organ was renewed for the first time in 1588. The pulpit, donated by von Packmor among others, was consecrated in 1589. His bequest also formed the basis for the church's valuable library. At the end of the 16th century, the basement of the nobility's chamber to the left of the altar and the lower galleries were built. In 1609 to 1610, the ceiling was renovated. In 1611, a new organ was built by Ezechiel Groitzscher from Eisleben. Afterwards, the valuable and today still essentially existing furnishings above the upper part of the nobility seat, the prince's seat, the pulpit (1625), the baptismal font (1639) through to the three-storey high altar (1641) were installed in the church interior. After the Baroque furnishing of the pulpit and altar by the Arnstadt artist Burchard Röhl, the old pulpit was moved to the Liebfrauenkirche in 1624 and the Gothic altar in 1642, where they can still be found today.

From 1640 until his death in 1692, Heinrich Bach was organist at the Oberkirche. In 1715, further galleries were installed and the pulpit was altered. In 1725, the current barrel vault and the mansard windows were installed by the master carpenter Lange, who also made the necessary interventions in the roof construction (additional construction timbers on the inside of the spar to fix the barrel formwork with a new and narrower radius). The second Bach at the organ of the Oberkirche was Johann Ernst (1683–1739), who also played the organ in the Liebfrauenkirche from 1728 until his death. In 1746, the tower received a Baroque cupola in place of the steep pyramid roof that it probably had before. Two years later, the church was presumably re-roofed. The installation of a new organ by Johann Stephan Schmaltz, which lasted from 1751 to 1756 or 1760, marked the end of an era of substantial building activity.

At the end of the 19th century, an extremely poor structural condition of the Oberkirche was reported. As a result, comprehensive restoration work was begun in 1899 and lasted until 1901. Many church stalls were removed, the barrel ceiling was plastered, the gravestones and epitaphs lying in the floor were raised, the concrete floor was inserted and the church was painted. In 1902, a new organ was installed by the Wilhelm Sauer company. In 1909, the church was equipped with steam heating.

In 1942, the bell, cast in 1587 by Melchior Möring, had to be delivered for war purposes. In 1946, by decision of the parish church council, the "Klengel" from the Liebfrauenkirche was hung in the Oberkirche. During the Second World War, a bomb hit partially uncovered the roof and knocked through about ten square metres (110 sq ft) of the barrel vault; in addition, there was a wall penetration of about one square metre (11 sq ft), and four altar windows were completely smashed. After the necessary work and the removal of the galleries from 1715, the church was put back into use in 1947 and the parish was staffed again in 1949.

Only 25 years later, severe damage to the substance became apparent again. Leaks in the roof harmed the construction and furnishings, so that the Oberkirche had to be closed in 1977. Backlogs in renovation and penetrating rain led to serious decay of the interior furnishings over the years. The northern nobility seat and the pulpit were removed and put into storage, as were the figures of the baptismal font. The Sauer organ from the *Gründerzeit* era was no longer functional.

After the German reunification in 1990, the church was renovated step by step. The historical furnishings were reinstalled in their original places after the masonry was refurbished. Other buildings of the former monastery now serve the Lutheran parish of Arnstadt as offices, housing and a community centre.

## Interior

### Works of art

* Gothic wooden wall crucifix (*c.* 1350)
* Celebrant seats
* Seat of the nobility (*c.* 1590)
* Princely seat (1595)
* Countess Katharina's seat (1595)
* Galleries with painting (*c.* 1600), after the model of woodcuts of a picture bible printed by Johann Krafft from Wittenberg in 1547; painting on the gallery on the west side of the church with pictures from the childhood of Jesus
* Pulpit, consecrated Easter 1625
* Crucifix by Burchard Röhl from Arnstadt (*c.* 1630), which had its location on the altar step
* Baptismal font made of wood and metal by Burchard Röhl (1639)
* High altar, donated by Count Günther XLII, created in 1641 by Burchard Röhl and consecrated at Easter 1642, with a total of 33 figures and six pictures
* Small countess seat (1645)
* Various paintings of clergymen as well as Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon from different periods, currently in storage
* Paintings of the superintendent Johann Gottfried Olearius (1635–1711) as well as two paintings (after 1737) by the court painter Gottfried Wunderlich
* Portrait (*c.* 1810) of the deacon Johann Carl Umbreit (died 1820)
* Organ by the Wilhelm Sauer company (1902)

### Epitaphs and tomb slabs

#### North wall

* Epitaph of D. Nicolaus Scheller, Schwarzburg councillor (died 1581), three-winged altarpiece donated to the church by Countess Katharina in 1594 from the inventory of Neideck Castle. The painting by the Dutch painter Frans Floris (died 1572) makes it probably the most important work of art in the Oberkirche. An added memorial plaque commemorates Count Günther XLI.
* Epitaph of Catharina Güttich (died 1628, 34 years), wife of the chancellor Johann Caspar Güttich (designed by Burchard Röhl, Arnstadt 1629).
* Tomb slabs of Katharina von Witzleben (died 1501); chancellor Dr. Andreas Gerhard, Schwarzburg councillor (died 1623); Sophia Elisabeth Tentzel (died 1694); children of superintendent Tentzel (died 1685); superintendent Dr. Jacob Tentzel (died 1673); *Obristleutnant* Hartenack Christian von Wangelin auf Vilis Braunschweig-Lüneburg (died 1678); Utha von Schwarzburg, née von Henneberg-Hartenberg (died 1346); tomb slab presumably of a Knight of Witzleben (died 1520).

#### East wall

* Epitaph of chancellor Hieronymus Hedenus (died 1670).
* Epitaph of mayor Erasmus Kilian, 1545 mayor (died 1576, buried in the Old Cemetery), resurrection image: risen Christ, flag of victory, sleeping guards, below angel with Kilian's coat of arms; by stonemason Donath Fritzsch (sign top right).
* Tomb slab of chancellor Dr. Heinrich Schneidewein (died 1580), work by Cranach.
* Gravestone of Georg Fischer (died 1505), owner of the smelting works (Am Kupferrasen, Arnstadt). It is the most artistically significant stone; it depicts the Gregory Mass.
* Tomb slabs of Catharina (died 1492); chancellor Hieronymus Hedenus (died 1670), Luther rose with bronze plate.

#### South wall

* Epitaphs of *Landrentmeister* Christoph Kirchberger (died 1593), Schwarzburg councillor; *Landrentmeister* Ludwig Koch (died 1620), Schwarzburg councillor; Leo von Packmor (died 1583), Colonel under Count Günther XLI (dislocated).
* Tomb slabs of *Landrentmeister* Ludwig Koch (died 1621); *Landrentmeister* Christoph Kirchberger (died 1593); chancellor Johannes Börner (died 1587); Knight Rudolf von Hopfgarten (died 1529); Leo von Packmor (died 1583).

## Bibliography

* Bötefür, Oliver (2008). *Die Oberkirche zu Arnstadt* (in German). Arnstadt.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Orban, Hans-Ulrich (2008). *Chronik der Oberkirche* (in German). Arnstadt.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Dehio, Georg (1998). *Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Thüringen* (in German). München/Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag. ISBN 3-422-03050-6.

## InfoBox

| Oberkirche | |
| --- | --- |
| "Upper Church" | |
|  | |
| OberkircheOberkirche | |
| 50°49′57″N 10°56′45″E / 50.832589°N 10.945707°E / 50.832589; 10.945707 | |
| Location | Arnstadt, Thuringia |
| Country | Germany |
| Denomination | Lutheran |
| Previous denomination | Roman Catholic |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Founded | around 1250 |
| Founder(s) | Franciscans |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Style | Gothic |
| Years built | 13th to 15th century |
| Specifications | |
| Number of towers | 1 |
| Administration | |
| Province | Protestant Church in Central Germany |