title: 2009 Roger Federer tennis season

abstract: Roger Federer won two Majors in 2009, the French Open, defeating Robin Söderling in the final, and Wimbledon, defeating Andy Roddick in the final. In addition, Federer made the two other Grand Slam finals, Australian Open losing to Rafael Nadal, and the US Open, losing to Juan Martín del Potro. Federer went on to win two Master Series 1000 tournaments: in Madrid over Rafael Nadal, and in Cincinnati over Novak Djokovic. He lost in one 500 level event final in Basel to Djokovic. During the year, Federer completed the Career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title, and won a record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title, surpassing Pete Sampras's mark of fourteen.

text:
# 2009 Roger Federer tennis season

**Roger Federer** won two Majors in 2009, the French Open, defeating Robin Söderling in the final, and Wimbledon, defeating Andy Roddick in the final. In addition, Federer made the two other Grand Slam finals, Australian Open losing to Rafael Nadal, and the US Open, losing to Juan Martín del Potro. Federer went on to win two Master Series 1000 tournaments: in Madrid over Rafael Nadal, and in Cincinnati over Novak Djokovic. He lost in one 500 level event final in Basel to Djokovic. During the year, Federer completed the Career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title, and won a record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title, surpassing Pete Sampras's mark of fourteen.

## Year summary

### Early hard-court season

In preparation for the Australian Open, Federer played two exhibition tournaments and one official tournament. He lost to Murray in the semifinals of the Capitala World Tennis exhibition tournament in Abu Dhabi. He then lost in the semifinals of the ATP World Tour 250 series tournament in Doha, Qatar to Murray. Federer won the AAMI Classic exhibition in Melbourne, when he defeated Stanislas Wawrinka in the final.

Federer defeated each of his first three opponents in straight sets at the Australian Open. In the fourth round, Federer rallied from two sets down to defeat Tomáš Berdych. Federer reached his record 19th consecutive Grand Slam semifinal by defeating eighth-seeded Juan Martín del Potro in the quarterfinals in only 80 minutes. In his 18th Grand Slam final, Federer was defeated by long-time rival Nadal in their first meeting on a hard court in a Grand Slam tournament. The match lasted over four hours, with Nadal victorious in five sets. Federer broke down in tears during the trophy presentation and struggled to make his runner-up speech. Federer blamed the defeat on a lack of rhythm in his first serve.

Federer withdrew from the Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships and from Switzerland's Davis Cup tie against the U.S. because of a back injury he sustained in late 2008. He stated it was "a precautionary measure" to make sure his back is "fully rehabilitated ... for the rest of the 2009 season". On 4 March, Federer's agent, Tony Godsick, announced that the Australian tennis coach Darren Cahill was working with Federer on a trial basis at Federer's training base in Dubai. One week later, Cahill opted out of the coaching position, citing the travel commitment needed.

Federer played both of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments in the United States. At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, California, Federer lost to Murray in the semifinals. At the Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne, Florida, Federer defeated his first three opponents in straight sets, after receiving a first round bye. In the semifinals against Novak Djokovic, Federer lost a match that included Federer's smashing his racket in frustration after missing a forehand approach shot by hitting it into the net, which is the same shot that cost him the 2008 Wimbledon final.

### Clay season and French Open titles

After initially deciding not to participate, Federer accepted a last-minute wildcard entry at the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, his first clay-court event of the year. He lost to Stanislas Wawrinka for the first time in the third round.

In the semifinals of the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, another ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series event on clay, Federer lost to Djokovic for the first time on clay.

Federer received a first-round bye in the Mutua Madrilena Madrid Open, the last ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series event on clay for the year. He defeated Nadal in the final. This ended Nadal's 33-match winning streak on clay, and for the second time Federer prevented Nadal from becoming the first man to win all three Masters Series on clay in the same year.

In the 2009 French Open, in a fourth-round encounter, Federer had to come back from two sets to love down to defeat Tommy Haas. He defeated Gaël Monfils in the quarterfinals to reach his 20th consecutive Grand Slam semifinal. He reached his fourth straight final in Paris by outlasting del Potro after coming back from 2–1 down. He won the French Open for the first time by beating Robin Söderling in the final. With this win, Federer equaled Pete Sampras's men's record of 14 Grand Slam titles and Ivan Lendl's record of 19 Grand Slam finals, and also became the sixth man in history to complete a Career Grand Slam. The call by Eurosport on match point was thus: "Federer wins the French Open for the first time in his career; and in addition must surely be regarded now as the greatest male player of all-time."

Owing to the overwhelming emotions and fatigue brought by the tournament, Federer withdrew from the Gerry Weber Open, his usual pre-Wimbledon tournament.

### Grass season: Channel Slam, and smashing the all-time record

Federer became the highest seed for Wimbledon, after defending champion Nadal withdrew from the tournament due to tendinitis. Federer defeated Lu Yen-hsun in the first round. He moved safely into the third round with a win over Guillermo García-López. In the third round, Federer defeated Philipp Kohlschreiber. Federer then booked a place in the quarterfinals by defeating Söderling. In the quarterfinals, Federer cruised past Ivo Karlović, to extend his all-time record of consecutive Grand Slam semifinals to 21. In the semifinals, Federer defeated Tommy Haas to reach his seventh consecutive Wimbledon final, an all-time record. With this win, he also reached his 20th Grand Slam final, surpassing the previous record of 19 set by Lendl. In a match that took 4 hours and 17 minutes to complete, he beat Roddick in the final in the latest chapter of their long, though lopsided rivalry, regaining the world no. 1 spot from Rafael Nadal. The 30 total games in the fifth set was a new Grand Slam record. The match was also the longest men's singles final (in terms of games played) in Grand Slam history, with 77 games played, and the fifth set alone lasted 95 minutes. The match has been called an "instant classic" by ESPN, and received the highest TV ratings in the UK for any Wimbledon final since 2001. With the win, he also became the fourth man in the open era to win both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year (the "Channel Slam"), following Nadal in 2008, Borg in 1978–1980, and Laver in 1969. He also joined Nadal as the only players to simultaneously hold Grand Slams on clay, grass, and hard court (2008 US Open, 2009 French Open, 2009 Wimbledon).

### Summer hard-court season

Federer won his first match after a five-week break at the second round of the 2009 Rogers Cup against Frédéric Niemeyer following a first-round bye. He then defeated countryman Stanislas Wawrinka after coming back from three games down in the second set; in doing so, he made more history by contributing to the first occasion where the top 8 ranked men had all made the quarterfinals of a single tournament, joining the other seven players: Nadal, Murray, Djokovic, Roddick, del Potro, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, and Davydenko. However, in the quarterfinals, he lost to Tsonga despite leading by four games in the final set.

Despite the relatively early exit in Montreal, Federer started off well at the 2009 Cincinnati Open, beating José Acasuso in the second round (after having another bye in the first round like the other top seeds) and David Ferrer in the third round. He then beat Lleyton Hewitt in the quarterfinals, followed by Murray in the semifinals to reach the final, where he defeated Novak Djokovic.

Federer began his US Open campaign well with a victory over unseeded Devin Britton. He advanced to the third round with a second-round win over Simon Greul. His third-round match was against Hewitt, against whom he lost his first set of the tournament, but eventually rallied to win the match. After this match, Federer held a 16–7 lead over Hewitt, continuing a fourteen match winning streak against him. Federer next defeated Tommy Robredo to book a quarterfinal berth against Robin Söderling for the third Grand Slam in a row, which he won in four sets after saving a set point in the fourth set. Federer reached his 21st Grand Slam final by defeating fourth seed Novak Djokovic for the third straight year. He triumphed and, in doing so, reached match point by performing a between-the-legs passing shot, which he later described as "...the greatest shot I ever hit in my life." He lost to del Potro in the final in five sets. The loss broke Federer's streak of forty consecutive wins at the US Open. It also marked the first time Federer had lost in a Grand Slam final to an opponent other than Rafael Nadal.

### Fall indoor season

Federer went on to play in the Davis Cup tie with Italy, and in his first match on the red clay courts at Valletta Cambiaso Club, in Genoa, won in a match against Simone Bolelli. He sealed Switzerland's qualification for the World Group with a victory over Potito Starace. Following the match, Federer was quoted as saying "I was able to play very well. I have to go on holiday badly. I have a problem with my leg, I have a problem with my arm – everything is hurting. And I've got to do some baby-sitting." He later withdrew from the 2009 Japan Open and the Shanghai ATP Masters 1000.

At the Davidoff Swiss Indoors, Federer defeated Olivier Rochus, Andreas Seppi, Evgeny Korolev, and his childhood friend Marco Chiudinelli in straight sets, before losing in the finals to Novak Djokovic.

Federer's next tournament was the Paris Masters, where his six previous appearances had never extended past the quarterfinals. After a first-round bye, Federer continued his Paris Open struggles with an early exit to second-round opponent Julien Benneteau.

Federer's final tournament of the year was the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals. He beat Fernando Verdasco in the first of his round-robin matches, followed by a victory over Andy Murray, which secured him the year-end no. 1 ranking for the fifth year. However, he lost to del Potro once more, but he won enough games to qualify for the semifinals. In the semifinals, he met Nikolay Davydenko, who beat Federer for the first time in their 13 encounters. This loss ended Roger Federer's 2009 tennis season.

The year saw Federer accomplishing three major goals: winning his first French Open title, breaking Pete Sampras's record of 14 Grand Slam wins, and regaining the no. 1 ranking from Rafael Nadal.

## Matches

### Grand Slam tournament performance

### All matches

#### Singles

| Tournament | Match | Round | Opponent (seed or key) | Rank | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Qatar ExxonMobil Open**
Doha, Qatar
ATP Tour 250
Hard, outdoor
5 – 11 January 2009 |
| | 1 / 767 | 1R | Potito Starace | 71 | Win | 6–2, 6–2 |
| | 2 / 768 | 2R | Andreas Seppi | 34 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 3 / 769 | QF | Philipp Kohlschreiber (8) | 28 | Win | 6–2, 7–6(8–6) |
| | 4 / 770 | SF | Andy Murray (3) | 4 | Loss | 7–6(8–6), 2–6, 2–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Australian Open**
Melbourne, Australia
Grand Slam tournament
Hard, outdoor
19 January – 1 February 2009 |
| | 5 / 771 | 1R | Andreas Seppi | 35 | Win | 6–1, 7–6(7–4), 7–5 |
| | 6 / 772 | 2R | Evgeny Korolev (Q) | 118 | Win | 6–2, 6–3, 6–1 |
| | 7 / 773 | 3R | Marat Safin (26) | 27 | Win | 6–3, 6–2, 7–6(7–5) |
| | 8 / 774 | 4R | Tomáš Berdych (20) | 21 | Win | 4–6, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 6–4, 6–2 |
| | 9 / 775 | QF | Juan Martín del Potro (8) | 6 | Win | 6–3, 6–0, 6–0 |
| | 10 / 776 | SF | Andy Roddick (7) | 9 | Win | 6–2, 7–5, 7–5 |
| | 11 / 777 | F | Rafael Nadal (1) | 1 | Loss (1) | 5–7, 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 6–3, 2–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **BNP Paribas Open**
Indian Wells, United States
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Hard, outdoor
9 – 22 March 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 12 / 778 | 2R | Marc Gicquel | 52 | Win | 7–6(7–4), 6–4 |
| | 13 / 779 | 3R | Ivo Karlović (27) | 28 | Win | 7–6(7–4), 6–3 |
| | 14 / 780 | 4R | Fernando González (17) | 17 | Win | 6–3, 5–7, 6–2 |
| | 15 / 781 | QF | Fernando Verdasco (10) | 10 | Win | 6–3, 7–6(7–5) |
| | 16 / 782 | SF | Andy Murray (4) | 4 | Loss | 3–6, 6–4, 1–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Sony Ericsson Open**
Miami, United States
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Hard, outdoor
23 March – 5 April 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 17 / 783 | 2R | Kevin Kim (Q) | 107 | Win | 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 18 / 784 | 3R | Nicolas Kiefer (28) | 29 | Win | 6–4, 6–1 |
| | 19 / 785 | 4R | Taylor Dent (Q) | 467 | Win | 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 20 / 786 | QF | Andy Roddick (5) | 6 | Win | 6–3, 4–6, 6–4 |
| | 21 / 787 | SF | Novak Djokovic (3) | 3 | Loss | 6–3, 2–6, 3–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Monte Carlo Rolex Masters**
Monte Carlo, Monaco
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Clay, outdoor
13 – 19 April 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 22 / 788 | 2R | Andreas Seppi | 40 | Win | 6–4, 6–4 |
| | 23 / 789 | 3R | Stanislas Wawrinka (13) | 16 | Loss | 4–6, 5–7
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Internazionali BNL d'Italia**
Rome, Italy
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Clay, outdoor
27 April – 3 May 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 24 / 790 | 2R | Ivo Karlović | 24 | Win | 6–4, 6–4 |
| | 25 / 791 | 3R | Radek Štěpánek (16) | 19 | Win | 6–1, 6–1 |
| | 26 / 792 | QF | Mischa Zverev (Q) | 76 | Win | 7–6(7–3), 6–2 |
| | 27 / 793 | SF | Novak Djokovic (3) | 3 | Loss | 6–4, 3–6, 3–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open**
Madrid, Spain
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Clay, outdoor
11 – 17 May 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 28 / 794 | 2R | Robin Söderling | 23 | Win | 6–1, 7–5 |
| | 29 / 795 | 3R | James Blake (14) | 16 | Win | 6–2, 6–4 |
| | 30 / 796 | QF | Andy Roddick (6) | 6 | Win | 7–5, 6–7(5–7), 6–1 |
| | 31 / 797 | SF | Juan Martín del Potro (5) | 5 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 32 / 798 | **W** | Rafael Nadal (1) | 1 | **Win (1)** | 6–4, 6–4
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **French Open**
Paris, France
Grand Slam tournament
Clay, outdoor
25 May – 7 June 2009 |
| | 33 / 799 | 1R | Alberto Martín | 98 | Win | 6–4, 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 34 / 800 | 2R | José Acasuso | 45 | Win | 7–6(10–8), 5–7, 7–6(7–2), 6–2 |
| | 35 / 801 | 3R | Paul-Henri Mathieu (32) | 35 | Win | 4–6, 6–1, 6–4, 6–4 |
| | 36 / 802 | 4R | Tommy Haas | 63 | Win | 6–7(4–7), 5–7, 6–4, 6–0, 6–2 |
| | 37 / 803 | QF | Gaël Monfils (11) | 10 | Win | 7–6(8–6), 6–2, 6–4 |
| | 38 / 804 | SF | Juan Martín del Potro (5) | 5 | Win | 3–6, 7–6(7–2), 2–6, 6–1, 6–4 |
| | 39 / 805 | **W** | Robin Söderling (23) | 25 | **Win (2)** | 6–1, 7–6(7–1), 6–4
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **The Championships, Wimbledon**
London, United Kingdom
Grand Slam tournament
Grass, outdoor
22 June – 5 July 2009 |
| | 40 / 806 | 1R | Lu Yen-hsun | 65 | Win | 7–5, 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 41 / 807 | 2R | Guillermo García-López | 42 | Win | 6–2, 6–2, 6–4 |
| | 42 / 808 | 3R | Philipp Kohlschreiber (27) | 32 | Win | 6–3, 6–2, 6–7(5–7), 6–1 |
| | 43 / 809 | 4R | Robin Söderling (13) | 12 | Win | 6–4, 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–5) |
| | 44 / 810 | QF | Ivo Karlović (22) | 36 | Win | 6–3, 7–5, 7–6(7–3) |
| | 45 / 811 | SF | Tommy Haas (24) | 34 | Win | 7–6(7–3), 7–5, 6–3 |
| | 46 / 812 | **W** | Andy Roddick (6) | 6 | **Win (3)** | 5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Rogers Cup**
Montreal, Canada
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Hard, outdoor
10 – 16 August 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 47 / 813 | 2R | Frédéric Niemeyer (WC) | 487 | Win | 7–6(7–3), 6–4 |
| | 48 / 814 | 3R | Stanislas Wawrinka | 22 | Win | 6–3, 7–6(7–5) |
| | 49 / 815 | QF | Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (7) | 7 | Loss | 6–7(5–7), 6–1, 6–7(3–7)
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **W&S Financial Group Masters**
Cincinnati, United States
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Hard, outdoor
17 – 23 August 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 50 / 816 | 2R | José Acasuso | 51 | Win | 6–3, 7–5 |
| | 51 / 817 | 3R | David Ferrer | 19 | Win | 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 52 / 818 | QF | Lleyton Hewitt | 42 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 53 / 819 | SF | Andy Murray (3) | 2 | Win | 6–2, 7–6(10–8) |
| | 54 / 820 | **W** | Novak Djokovic (4) | 4 | **Win (4)** | 6–1, 7–5
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **US Open**
New York City, United States
Grand Slam tournament
Hard, outdoor
31 August – 13 September 2009 |
| | 55 / 821 | 1R | Devin Britton (WC) | 1370 | Win | 6–1, 6–3, 7–5 |
| | 56 / 822 | 2R | Simon Greul | 65 | Win | 6–3, 7–5, 7–5 |
| | 57 / 823 | 3R | Lleyton Hewitt (31) | 32 | Win | 4–6, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4 |
| | 58 / 824 | 4R | Tommy Robredo (14) | 15 | Win | 7–5, 6–2, 6–2 |
| | 59 / 825 | QF | Robin Söderling (12) | 12 | Win | 6–0, 6–3, 6–7(6–8), 7–6(8–6) |
| | 60 / 826 | SF | Novak Djokovic (4) | 4 | Win | 7–6(7–3), 7–5, 7–5 |
| | 61 / 827 | F | Juan Martín del Potro (6) | 6 | Loss (2) | 6–3, 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 2–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Davis Cup, World Group play-offs**
Genoa, Italy
Davis Cup
Clay, outdoor
18 – 20 September 2009 |
| | 62 / 828 | PO
R2 | Simone Bolelli | 64 | Win | 6–3, 6–4, 6–1 |
| | 63 / 829 | PO
R4 | Potito Starace | 90 | Win | 6–3, 6–0, 6–4
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Davidoff Swiss Indoors**
Basel, Switzerland
ATP Tour 500
Hard, indoor
2 – 8 November 2009 |
| | 64 / 830 | 1R | Olivier Rochus (Q) | 61 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 65 / 831 | 2R | Andreas Seppi | 51 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 66 / 832 | QF | Evgeny Korolev (Q) | 58 | Win | 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 67 / 833 | SF | Marco Chiudinelli (WC) | 73 | Win | 7–6(9–7), 6–3 |
| | 68 / 834 | F | Novak Djokovic (2) | 3 | Loss (3) | 4–6, 6–4, 2–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **BNP Paribas Masters**
Paris, France
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Hard, indoor
9 – 15 November 2009 |
| | – / – | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 69 / 835 | 2R | Julien Benneteau | 49 | Loss | 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 4–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **ATP World Tour Finals**
London, United Kingdom
ATP Finals
Hard, indoor
23 – 29 November 2009 |
| | 70 / 836 | RR | Fernando Verdasco (7) | 8 | Win | 4–6, 7–5, 6–1 |
| | 71 / 837 | RR | Andy Murray (4) | 4 | Win | 3–6, 6–3, 6–1 |
| | 72 / 838 | RR | Juan Martín del Potro (5) | 5 | Loss | 2–6, 7–6(7–5), 3–6 |
| | 73 / 839 | SF | Nikolay Davydenko (6) | 7 | Loss | 2–6, 6–4, 5–7 |

#### Exhibition matches

| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Capitala World Tennis Championship**
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Exhibition
Hard, outdoor
1 – 3 January 2009 | QF | Bye | | |
| | SF | Andy Murray | Loss | 6–4, 2–6, 6–7(6–8) |
| **AAMI Classic**
Kooyong, Australia
Exhibition
Hard, outdoor
14 – 17 January 2009 | QF | Carlos Moyá | Win | 6–2, 6–3 |
| | SF | Fernando Verdasco | Win | 6–3, 3–6, 7–6(7–5) |
| | **W** | Stanislas Wawrinka | Win | 6–1, 6–3 |
| **Masters Guinot-Mary Cohr**
Paris, France
Exhibition
Clay, outdoor
20 – 22 May 2009 | **W**
R3 | Stanislas Wawrinka | Win | 6–2, 6–4 |

#### Doubles

| Tournament | Match | Round | Opponents (seed or key) | Ranks | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **BNP Paribas Open**
Indian Wells, United States
ATP Tour Masters 1000
Hard, outdoor
9 – 22 March 2009
Partner:  Yves Allegro |
| | 1 | 1R | Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan (1) | #1 / #1 | Loss | 2–6, 0–6
 |
|  | | | | | | |
| **Davidoff Swiss Indoors**
Basel, Switzerland
ATP Tour 500
Hard, indoor
2 – 8 November 2009
Partner:  Marco Chiudinelli |
| | 2 | 1R | James Cerretani /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi | #67 / #71 | Loss | 4–6, 3–6 |

## Yearly records

### Finals

#### Singles: 7 (4–3)

| Legend  Grand Slam (2–2)  ATP World Tour Finals (0–0)  ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (2–0)  ATP World Tour 500 Series (0–1)  ATP World Tour 250 Series (0–0) | Titles by surface  Hard (1–3)  Clay (2–0)  Grass (1–0) | Titles by surface  Outdoors (4–2)  Indoors (0–1) |
| --- | --- | --- |

| Result | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 22. | 1 February 2009 | Australian Open, Australia | Hard | Rafael Nadal | 5–7, 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 6–3, 2–6 |
| Win | 58. | 17 May 2009 | Madrid Open, Spain (2) | Clay | Rafael Nadal | 6–4, 6–4 |
| Win | 59. | 7 June 2009 | French Open, Paris, France | Clay | Robin Söderling | 6–1, 7–6(7–1), 6–4 |
| Win | 60. | 5 July 2009 | Wimbledon, London, England, UK (6) | Grass | Andy Roddick | 5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14 |
| Win | 61. | 23 August 2009 | Cincinnati Masters, United States (3) | Hard | Novak Djokovic | 6–1, 7–5 |
| Loss | 23. | 14 September 2009 | US Open, New York City, United States | Hard | Juan Martín del Potro | 6–3, 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 2–6 |
| Loss | 24. | 8 November 2009 | Swiss Indoors, Switzerland | Hard (i) | Novak Djokovic | 4–6, 6–4, 2–6 |

## InfoBox

2009 Roger Federer tennis season
| Calendar prize money | $8,768,110 |
| --- | --- |
| Singles | |
| Season record | 61–12 |
| Calendar titles | 4 |
| Year-end ranking | **1** |
| Ranking change from previous year | 1 |
| Grand Slam & significant results | |
| Australian Open | F |
| French Open | **W** |
| Wimbledon | **W** |
| US Open | F |
| Other tournaments | |
| Tour Finals | SF |
| Davis Cup | |
| Davis Cup | WG PO
(adv. to 2010 WG) |
| 2008 2010 | |


title: Body image law

abstract: Body image law is the developing area of law that, according to Dr Marilyn Bromberg of the University of Western Australia Law School and Cindy Halliwell, a law student at Deakin University, "encompasses the bills, laws and government actions that may help to improve the body image of the general public, and particularly of young people". Among the reasons for implementing law in this area is to prevent the images of unhealthily thin women causing poor body image which can, along with other factors, lead to an eating disorder.

text:
# Body image law

**Body image law** is the developing area of law that, according to Dr Marilyn Bromberg of the University of Western Australia Law School and Cindy Halliwell, a law student at Deakin University, "encompasses the bills, laws and government actions (such as establishing parliamentary inquiries and creating policies) that may help to improve the body image of the general public, and particularly of young people". Among the reasons for implementing law in this area is to prevent the images of unhealthily thin women causing poor body image which can, along with other factors, lead to an eating disorder.

## Laws

The Israeli government passed a body image law in 2012 which became operational the following year. The law requires models to have a minimum body mass index to work and if an image was photoshopped to make the model appear thinner, it must have a warning. The warning must state that the image was modified and it must take up at least seven percent of the image. Breaches can result in a civil lawsuit.

The French Government passed a similar law in 2015 which came into effect in 2017. This law requires that models provide their employers with a "medical certificate, valid for up to two years, confirming their general physical well-being and the fact that they are not excessively underweight." The BMI of models older than 16 will also be taken into consideration, when determining their overall health.

In contrast to the Israeli law, breaching it attracts criminal sanctions. Additionally, any photo that has been digitally altered must be labeled as such; failure to label these photos will result in a "fine of 37,500 euros, or more than $41,000," and hiring a model without the verified medical certificate and requirements "carries a fine of €75,000 and six months in jail." The law dictates that digitally altered images must be labeled "applies only to advertising, not to editorial images in magazines or newspapers."

The Greater London Authority banned advertisements that promote unhealthy body image on Transport for London public transport in 2016. Similarly, Trondheim in Norway banned advertisements that promote unhealthy body image in public places in 2017.

The Australian Government's position in this area is that it is up to industry to solve the problem of poor body image. Likewise, the previous Labor Government created a non-binding Voluntary Industry Code of Conduct on Body Image.


title: Blood (Lianne La Havas album)

abstract: Blood is the second studio album by English singer Lianne La Havas. It was released on 31 July 2015 by Warner Bros. Records. Following the release of her critically acclaimed debut Is Your Love Big Enough? (2012), La Havas embarked on a variety of tours and festivals before traveling to Jamaica. During La Havas' time in Jamaica, she attempted to regain a connection with her roots; the exploration inspired La Havas to begin writing the follow-up to her debut. During her stay in Jamaica, La Havas met with reggae producer Stephen McGregor, who would subsequently go on to help produce the album. As well as working with McGregor, La Havas reunited with past collaborator Matt Hales. La Havas co-wrote each of the album's songs and was credited as a co-producer on one. Havas cited the album as an homage towards her Jamaican and Greek bloodline, which in turn inspired the album's title. Blood was seen as a departure from the acoustic musical leanings of her debut Is Your Love Big Enough? (2012), taking on a neo soul and jazz style, with elements of R&B, doo-wop, reggae and gospel music. The album's songs were characterised as having heavy basses with electronic flourishes and lyrics focusing on love, relationships, and identity. Upon release Blood was met with positive reviews from music critics, who praised the musical transition and its overall progression from La Havas' debut album. Commercially the album was successful, peaking at number two in the United Kingdom and number one in the Netherlands and Norway as well as making appearances on other charts. In order to promote the album La Havas ventured on numerous tours and supported Blood with the release of two singles—"Unstoppable" and "What You Don't Do"—both of which fared moderately. It received a nomination for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 2016 Grammy Awards.

text:
# Blood (Lianne La Havas album)

***Blood*** is the second studio album by English singer Lianne La Havas. It was released on 31 July 2015 by Warner Bros. Records. Following the release of her critically acclaimed debut *Is Your Love Big Enough?* (2012), La Havas embarked on a variety of tours and festivals before traveling to Jamaica. During La Havas' time in Jamaica, she attempted to regain a connection with her roots; the exploration inspired La Havas to begin writing the follow-up to her debut. During her stay in Jamaica, La Havas met with reggae producer Stephen McGregor, who would subsequently go on to help produce the album.

As well as working with McGregor, La Havas reunited with past collaborator Matt Hales. La Havas co-wrote each of the album's songs and was credited as a co-producer on one. Havas cited the album as an homage towards her Jamaican and Greek bloodline, which in turn inspired the album's title. *Blood* was seen as a departure from the acoustic musical leanings of her debut *Is Your Love Big Enough?* (2012), taking on a neo soul and jazz style, with elements of R&B, doo-wop, reggae and gospel music. The album's songs were characterised as having heavy basses with electronic flourishes and lyrics focusing on love, relationships, and identity.

Upon release *Blood* was met with positive reviews from music critics, who praised the musical transition and its overall progression from La Havas' debut album. Commercially the album was successful, peaking at number two in the United Kingdom and number one in the Netherlands and Norway as well as making appearances on other charts. In order to promote the album La Havas ventured on numerous tours and supported *Blood* with the release of two singles—"Unstoppable" and "What You Don't Do"—both of which fared moderately. It received a nomination for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 2016 Grammy Awards.

## Background

Following La Havas' signing to Warner Bros. Records in 2010, she spent the following two years developing her songwriting skills before releasing any music publicly. Her official debut single "Lost & Found" was released in the UK on 30 April 2012, and her debut album, *Is Your Love Big Enough?* was released on 9 July 2012 on Warner Bros. The album was released to universal acclaim from music critics, later winning the Album of the Year at iTunes UK as well as receiving nominations for a Barclaycard Mercury Prize and Ivor Novello Best Album. Following the release of the album La Havas supported it with numerous tour dates and festivals including the RockNess music festival, Glastonbury Festival 2013. and the Isle of Wight Festival in June 2013.

## Recording

Following the touring La Havas embarked on in order to promote her debut album, she traveled to Jamaica along with her mother in order to regain a connection with her roots. During her time in Jamaica La Havas played music for her family alongside dancehall and reggae producer Stephen McGregor (known under his production name Di Genius), who would later go on to produce the majority of the songs on *Blood*. The exploration of La Havas' roots inspired her to begin writing; she stated that the album's writing process and the songs were all related to "the feeling of who you are and where you come from", whilst the album's music was inspired by Jamaica's love of grooves, rhythms, and syncopation.

During the album's recording process La Havas, took inspiration from her mixed Greek and Jamaican heritage and the "clarity" she discovered when revisiting her youth. Besides Stephen McGregor, La Havas worked with a variety of other producers; the album's lead single "Unstoppable" was produced by Paul Epworth and built upon an instrumental recording by Ninja Tune-signed trio The Invisible, and was written in order to help La Havas repair a relationship that she had previously ended. As well as Epworth, *Blood* featured production work from Mark Batson, while Aqualung's Matt Hales co-wrote the song "Wonderful" with La Havas and Disclosure's Howard Lawrence. '

"Green & Gold" was co-produced and co-written by Jamie Lidell. The song was also co-produced by La Havas herself and was described by her as being completely literal and true. During the recording of "Midnight" Havas stated that she was able to perform a style of singing that she did not think she could do. The song was written in Jamaica, something La Havas said was necessary because she would not have been able to create the lyrics if she was anywhere else.

## Music and lyrics

> Her songs remain smooth, teetering on the fringes of jazz, only this time, as well as gloss, there is defiance – a leap from the sweet acoustic stories of her 2012 debut, *Is Your Love Big Enough?*. There are moments on *Blood* that recall the artistry and ambition of Jill Scott or Lauryn Hill, comparisons that have led to La Havas being described as a neo or nu-soul artist.

— Harriet Gibsone, *The Guardian*

*Blood* was seen as departure from the acoustic sound of her debut *Is Your Love Big Enough?* (2012), taking on a neo soul style that was compared to the work of Lauryn Hill and Jill Scott. *Blood* was described as a seamless album, one where the songs flow into one another with fluidity and serenity. The album takes numerous influences from musical genres including pop, reggae and old-school jazz whilst its production has been characterised as containing light chimes and heavy brass. According to Sasha Geffen, the album's production leans towards "upbeat, clever production" that contains flourishes; the songs are built over reversed drums, bold instrumentation, muted guitar fingerpicking, electronic outlier, organic sounds, classical guitars, and twisting electric sounds.

Lyrically *Blood* primarily focuses on love, relationships and identity; La Havas's lyrics were also described as being expressive and combusting. *Blood* also lyrically speaks about La Havas' roots and speaks of her secondhand culture, nostalgia and the longing for something she had never really experienced. Reviewer Sasha Geffen believed that the album's lyrical content and themes reflect on what it means for La Havas to come into her own as an adult and an artist, with other lyrics revolving around loneliness and "belonging to a sense of unbelonging, coming away with a clearer image of who she is by parsing out who she's not."

## Songs

The album opens with "Unstoppable", a jazz and pop song that opens with breezy chimes and is built over gentle bass riffing, strings, piano, and a subtle electric guitar. The song features an easy-going instrumental as well as uplifting lyrics. Caitlin White of the publication *Stereogum* described the song's production as "sweeping", accompanied by "flickers of rich, velvety rhythm guitar". White continued to note the song's lyrical content as glorifying the "kind of relationship that spurs both parties to unspeakable heights". "Green & Gold" is a jazz-infused song that is built over a cascading guitar, finger-snapping rhythm and summery keyboards and horns. Lyrically "Green & Gold" sees La Havas recalling a childhood identity crisis, examining her features in the looking glass and coming up with answers relating to the colours of her mother's Jamaican flag, her Greek father and her London upbringing.

"What You Don't Do" is an R&B song with elements of doo-wop and jazz that builds gradually, and focuses on La Havas' voice. The song's arrangements take a backseat, whilst the song's production is described as having a "canned sound for the verses", before picking up on the choruses. The track features horns, gospel-choir style backing vocals, a jittering piano and bursts of brass. Lyrically the song features wit and honesty, with La Havas declaring her security in her relationship. It relies on turning the negative phrase "What You Don't Do" into a positive message, talking about the games La Havas is not "forced to endure" during her relationship. "Tokyo" contains a slow groove built over a hazy effect, lyrically the song sees La Havas yearning and in state of disorientation. La Havas wrote "Tokyo" based on the feeling of loneliness and moving from one place to another. The song was titled after the city of Tokyo due to it being a bustling city, but La Havas stated that "you can feel so alone there". The song also drew some inspiration from the movie Lost in Translation, which La Havas used as inspiration when writing the song.

"Wonderful" has a sleepy production that is similar to a lullaby. The song is a slow tempo track built over finger snaps, prickles of string, and drums subtly played in reverse with lyrics involving themes of sadness. "Midnight" is an upbeat neo soul song that features brassy accents. "Midnight" was written in Jamaica and was inspired by La Havas' Greek and Jamaican heritage. La Havas stated that lyrically the song represents a "newfound confidence" in who she is as an artist, her heritage, and her musical style. "Grow" is a reggae-derived song that features the use of an acoustic guitar. Lyrically it sees La Havas attempting to resist evil, followed by a climatic chorus that hears Havas using the height of her vocal range. According to Havas, "Grow" was inspired by personal growth;

> I wanted it to be hopeful. I wanted it to be joyous, I guess. I seemed to feel better as I did each part of this album. I was using music to discover what I liked. Womanhood, feeling like an adult, but not being quite mature yet – I wanted to celebrate that.

## Release and promotion

*Blood* was released on 31 July 2015 through Warner Bros. Records. The album was distributed in six release formats including two 12-inch vinyl records, one of which included an exclusive signing; the CD, which was released as a standard version and an exclusively signed version; and the digital download, which was released in a standard format and an iTunes mastered format. The album was titled *Blood* due to La Havas gravitating towards the word when songwriting. La Havas also stated that the album was titled *Blood* because it was at the heart of the album due to her inspiration from her heritage and her family's Jamaican and Greek bloodline.

Prior to the album's release La Havas previewed tracks from *Blood* at various intimate shows, starting in Brigton Komedia on 18 May, followed by London's Wilton's Music Hall on 19 May, and then dates in Amsterdam and Berlin later in that month, before going on to tour festivals. The album's lead single "Unstoppable" was made available to stream on 21 April 2015 and was released for digital download on 1 June in the United Kingdom. "What You Don't Do" was released as the album's second single along with a music video, and was sent for digital release on 7 August 2015.

La Havas promoted the album further throughout the summer of 2015 with appearances in Swansea and Manchester as a special guest to Paolo Nutini. Her summer festival appearances commenced with a Glastonbury set followed by appearances at How the Light Gets In, Latitude, Gentlemen of the Road, curated by Mumford and Sons, and Bestival. La Havas later announced she would be embarking on a month-long North American tour beginning 23 September 2015 with stops in Washington, DC; Chicago; Boston; San Francisco; and Austin, among others. The tour followed previously announced performances at the Essence Festival in New Orleans and a sold-out pair of intimate evenings at the Troubadour in Los Angeles and Bowery Ballroom in New York in July. Tickets for the fall shows went on sale on 26 June, and included a digital download of *Blood* in its entirety using a code sent by email. Additionally, a limited amount of VIP packages that included a ticket to the show, custom merchandise items, and priority entry at participating venues were made available.

Following her performance at Glastonbury and the announcement of her North American tour, La Havas confirmed she would embark on a tour across Ireland and the United Kingdom. The tour took place during December 2015 and visited Dublin, Olympia Theatre; Birmingham, The Institute; Bournemouth, O2 Academy; Cambridge, Corn Exchange; Bristol, O2 Academy; Glasgow, O2 Academy; Manchester, Albert Hall; Leeds, O2 Academy; and Brixton, O2 Academy.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 72/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *DIY* |  |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The Guardian* (Charlottetown) |  |
| Inyourspeakers Media | 80/100 |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.7/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

Upon its release, *Blood* received generally positive reviews from most music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album received an aggregate score of 72 from Metacritic. Tshepo Mokoena of *The Guardian* gave the album three out of five stars and praised La Havas' vocals, stating that it makes "for addictive listening". *Rolling Stone*'s Joe Levy gave the album three-and-a-half stars, describing La Havas' new musical direction as "bass, and plenty of it" and the songs "Unstoppable" and "What You Don't Do" as its standouts. *Entertainment Weekly*'s Jessica Goodman gave it a B+ rating and complimented La Havas' vocals and her ability to take bigger risks musically.

AllMusic's Andy Kellman gave it four out of five stars and called it "impressive", continuing to state that *Blood* leaves Havas' debut in the "dust". In a mixed review by the *Chicago Tribune*'s Greg Kot, he described the album's content as "bloodiness" and claimed that La Havas' vocals do not make an impact as an "emotional imperative". *The Star*'s Chester Chin meanwhile, said the album showcases La Havas' ability as "a masterful vocalist capable of both sophistication and soul".

## Commercial performance

*Blood* was a commercial success, debuting at number two on the UK Albums Chart, missing out on the top spot by 1,300 copies. Five singles were released from the album, including "Unstoppable" on 21 April 2015, and "What You Don't Do" on 7 August. "Unstoppable" performed poorly, only making an appearance on the Belgium Flanders Ultratip chart. The second single "What You Don't Do" experienced more success than its predecessor, peaking at number fifty-four on the Flanders Ultratip chart and peaking at number twenty-nine on the US *Billboard* Adult R&B Songs chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Unstoppable" |  | Epworth | 5:29 |
| 2. | "Green & Gold" |  | * La Havas * Lidell * Hales\[a\] | 4:38 |
| 3. | "What You Don't Do" |  |  | 3:41 |
| 4. | "Tokyo" | * La Havas * Hales | Hales | 4:29 |
| 5. | "Wonderful" |  | Hales | 4:16 |
| 6. | "Midnight" |  | Di Genius | 3:30 |
| 7. | "Grow" |  | Batson | 3:39 |
| 8. | "Ghost" | * La Havas * Hales | Hales | 3:44 |
| 9. | "Never Get Enough" | * La Havas * Batson | Batson | 3:22 |
| 10. | "Good Goodbye" | * La Havas * Hales | Hales | 3:49 |
| Total length: | | | | 40:37 |

**Notes**

* **^\[a\]**  signifies an additional producer
* Credits adapted from *Blood* liner notes

### *Blood (Solo)*

***Blood (Solo)*** is an EP by Lianne La Havas, released on 12 February 2016. The EP includes stripped-down versions of songs previously released on *Blood*, and also includes a new song, "Fairytale". In some countries, a reissued version of the album was released with the *Solo* tracks added to the original track listing.

*Blood Solo* – EP
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Unstoppable" (Solo) | * La Havas * Epworth | Epworth | 4:29 |
| 2. | "Fairytale" (Solo) | La Havas |  | 4:41 |
| 3. | "Green & Gold" (Solo) | * La Havas * Lidel * Hales | * La Havas * Lidell * Hales\[a\] | 3:54 |
| 4. | "Wonderful" (Solo) | * La Havas * Hales * Lawrence | Hales | 4:21 |
| 5. | "Grow" (Solo) | * La Havas * Batson | Batson | 3:53 |
| 6. | "Green & Gold (Interlude)" (Solo) | * La Havas * Lidel * Hales | * La Havas * Lidell * Hales\[a\] | 0:32 |
| 7. | "Midnight" (Solo) | * La Havas * McGregor * Taylor * Dew | McGregor | 3:29 |

**Notes**

* **^\[a\]**  signifies an additional producer

## Formats

Release formats adapted from La Havas official websites.

* *Blood* standard CD
* *Blood* standard CD exclusively signed
* *Blood* limited CD soft pack
* *Blood* standard 12" vinyl
* *Blood* standard 12" vinyl exclusively signed
* *Blood* standard digital download
* *Blood* mastered for iTunes

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Edition | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 31 July 2015 |  | * Standard * deluxe | Warner Bros. |  |
| | United States | | | Digital download |  |

## InfoBox

| Blood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lianne La Havas | |
| Released | 31 July 2015 (2015-07-31) |
| Recorded | 2013–2015 |
| Genre | Neo soul |
| Length | 40:37 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Lianne La Havas chronology | |
| *Is Your Love Big Enough?*
(2012) ***Blood***
(2015) *Lianne La Havas*
(2020) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Blood* | |
| 1. "Unstoppable"
Released: 21 April 2015 2. "What You Don't Do"
Released: 7 August 2015 3. "Green & Gold"
Released: 2 November 2015 4. "Midnight"
Released: 7 August 2016 5. "Tokyo"
Released: 7 August 2016 | |
|  | |


title: Bobicești

abstract: Bobicești is a commune in Olt County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Bechet, Belgun, Bobicești, Chintești, Comănești, Govora, Leotești and Mirila.

text:
# Bobicești

**Bobicești** is a commune in Olt County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Bechet, Belgun, Bobicești, Chintești, Comănești, Govora, Leotești and Mirila.

## InfoBox

| Bobicești | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Olt County | |
| BobiceștiLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 44°24′N 24°8′E / 44.400°N 24.133°E / 44.400; 24.133 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Olt |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 3,063 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | OT |


title: Ron Penny

abstract: Ronald Penny, was an Australian immunologist who made the first diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Australia in 1982.

text:
# Ron Penny

**Ronald Penny**, AO, FRACP (28 December 1936 – 21 December 2019) was an Australian immunologist who made the first diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Australia in 1982.

## Early life

Penny was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1936, and in 1938 his Jewish family settled in Australia as religious refugees.

## Medical career

In 1960, Penny graduated with honours from Sydney Medical School, and undertook further study in haematology, oncology and immunology in Britain and the United States. In 1967, he returned to Australia and began work at Sydney's Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, where he set up the first clinical immunology unit in New South Wales. Two years later, the unit was transferred to St Vincent's Hospital.

In October 1982, Penny and his team at St Vincent's made the first diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Australia, just over a year after the first clinical reporting of the disease in the United States.

In 1983, Penny conducted a survey in New South Wales to better understand the connection between the spread of AIDS, sexual behaviour, and drug usage. He used anonymization methods to protect the respondents from legal jeopardy based on their responses. In addition to identifying sources of primary HIV infection, Penny also worked to address the community and public health aspects of the epidemic, from debunking misconceptions about the transmission of HIV and the resulting discrimination against homosexual men, and adjusting community behaviour to better control transmission such as condom use and safer intravenous drug use.

## Awards and honours

In the 1993 Queen's Birthday Honours, Penny was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for "service to medical research and education particularly in the field of clinical immunology".

## InfoBox

| Ron PennyAO | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1936-12-28)28 December 1936
Warsaw, Poland |
| Died | 21 December 2019(2019-12-21) (aged 82)
Sydney, Australia |
| Education | University of New South Wales
Sydney Medical School |
| **Medical career** | |
| Field | Immunology |
| Institutions | St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney
University of New South Wales |
| Research | HIV/AIDS |
|  | |


title: Bocchoris darsanalis

abstract: Bocchoris darsanalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1895. It is found in Mexico (Jalapa) and Panama. The forewings and hindwings are white, crossed with very fine brown lines from the costal to the inner margin. The first two near the base, the others beyond. The forewings have a dark spot on the middle of the costal margin.

text:
# Bocchoris darsanalis

***Bocchoris darsanalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1895. It is found in Mexico (Jalapa) and Panama.

The forewings and hindwings are white, crossed with very fine brown lines from the costal to the inner margin. The first two near the base, the others beyond. The forewings have a dark spot on the middle of the costal margin.

## InfoBox

| *Bocchoris darsanalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Bocchoris* |
| Species: | ***B. darsanalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bocchoris darsanalis***<br>(H. Druce, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agrotera darsanalis* H. Druce, 1895 | |


title: Bocchoris chalcidiscalis

abstract: Bocchoris chalcidiscalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are golden brown with white margins, as well as a white speck in the cell and one on the discocellulars. The hindwings are white.

text:
# Bocchoris chalcidiscalis

***Bocchoris chalcidiscalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Espírito Santo, Brazil.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are golden brown with white margins, as well as a white speck in the cell and one on the discocellulars. The hindwings are white.

## InfoBox

| *Bocchoris chalcidiscalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Bocchoris* |
| Species: | ***B. chalcidiscalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bocchoris chalcidiscalis***<br>Hampson, 1898 | |
|


title: Bobby Dalziel

abstract: Robert Dalziel was a Scottish amateur football inside left who made over 110 appearances in the Scottish League for Queen's Park. He also played for Third Lanark and Kilmarnock.

text:
# Bobby Dalziel

**Robert Dalziel** was a Scottish amateur football inside left who made over 110 appearances in the Scottish League for Queen's Park. He also played for Third Lanark and Kilmarnock.

## InfoBox

Bobby Dalziel
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert Dalziel | | |
| Place of birth | Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Inside left | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Craigmark Bruntonians | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1948–1949 | Kilmarnock | 1 | (0) |
| 1949–1950 | Third Lanark | 4 | (1) |
| 1950–1956 | Queen's Park | 119 | (30) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Bob Brockie

abstract: Robert Ellison Brockie is a New Zealand cartoonist, scientist, columnist and graphic artist. He was an editorial cartoonist for the National Business Review from 1975 to 2018, specialising in political satire. As a biologist he is interested in animal populations, animal behaviour and diseases and did his PhD on hedgehog ecology. He has published material on butterfly evolution in Sicily, behaviour of sparrows, magpies, possums, starlings, mange mites, animal roadkill, flax flowering, cabbage tree disease. He was science columnist for Wellington's Dominion Post newspaper from 2001 to 2018. Brockie takes a strong interest in refuting popular myths, like danger to humans from 1080 poison used to control possum populations. Brockie is a member of New Zealand Skeptics. In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours, Brockie was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to science and cartooning. He was elected a Companion of the Royal Society of New Zealand, but resigned his companionship in 2022. He has twice been named New Zealand Cartoonist of the Year. In 2018, Brockie was dropped from the Fairfax Media chain and the National Business Review for his positions on the Treaty of Waitangi and climate change.

text:
# Bob Brockie

**Robert Ellison Brockie** MNZM (born 1932 in Christchurch) is a New Zealand cartoonist, scientist, columnist and graphic artist.

He was an editorial cartoonist for the *National Business Review* from 1975 to 2018, specialising in political satire. As a biologist he is interested in animal populations, animal behaviour and diseases and did his PhD on hedgehog ecology. He has published material on butterfly evolution in Sicily, behaviour of sparrows, magpies, possums, starlings, mange mites, animal roadkill, flax flowering, cabbage tree disease.

He was science columnist for Wellington's *Dominion Post* newspaper from 2001 to 2018.

Brockie takes a strong interest in refuting popular myths, like danger to humans from 1080 poison used to control possum populations.

Brockie is a member of New Zealand Skeptics.

In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours, Brockie was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to science and cartooning. He was elected a Companion of the Royal Society of New Zealand, but resigned his companionship in 2022. He has twice been named New Zealand Cartoonist of the Year.

In 2018, Brockie was dropped from the Fairfax Media chain and the National Business Review for his positions on the Treaty of Waitangi and climate change.

## Selected bibliography

* *I was there!: dramatic first-hand accounts from New Zealand’s history*
* *City Nature: Everyday Plants and Animals in NZ Cities*
* *Dr Bob's amazing nature facts*
* *Brockie’s Bones of contention: a selection of cartoons*, ISBN 9780473002008
* Brockie, Bob; Mayne, Warren (1983). *Brockie's bones of contention: a selection of cartoons*. Wellington, N.Z.: Fourth Estate Books. ISBN 9780473002008.
* *Don't Vote – It Only Encourages Them*
* Brockie, Bob (2002). Brockie, Bob (ed.). *The Penguin eyewitness history of New Zealand: dramatic first-hand accounts from New Zealand's history* (Updated and extended ed.). Albany, Auckland: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143018254.
* *A Living New Zealand Forest: A Community of Plants and Animals* (1992), David Bateman Publishing, ISBN 186953039X, presents results of a 25-year study of the Orongorongo range near Wellington
* Brockie, Bob, *Brockie: A Memoir in Words, Cartoons & Sketches* (2015), Fraser Books, ISBN 9780958232074

## InfoBox

| Bob BrockieMNZM | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert Ellison Brockie
1932 (age 9192)
Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Occupation(s) | Cartoonist, scientist, columnist, |
| Years active | 1975–2018 |


title: Bob Brinkworth

abstract: Robert J. "Bob" Brinkworth is a Canadian retired ice hockey Center and coach who was a two-time All-American and ECAC Player of the Year for Rensselaer.

text:
# Bob Brinkworth

**Robert J. "Bob" Brinkworth** (born May 10, 1942) is a Canadian retired ice hockey Center and coach who was a two-time All-American and ECAC Player of the Year for Rensselaer.

## Career

Brinkworth was recruited to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by the legendary Ned Harkness and began playing with the varsity team in 1961. As a sophomore he led the team in scoring, recording more than three points per game, and finished second in the nation with 71 points. He made the inaugural First Team All-ECAC roster and was a major reason for the Engineers making the ECAC Tournament. The team lost their quarterfinal match and ended their season in a disappointing fashion. As a junior Brinkwork again led the team in scoring and was third in the nation with 75 points. This time he received increasing attention for his efforts and was named an All-American as well as the ECAC Player of the Year. Despite his performance, Rensselaer played rather poorly during the season and did not even make the conference tournament.

Harkness left prior to Brinkworth's senior season to take over at Cornell. The coach was replaced by Rube Bjorkman (who would leave after the 1964 season) and the team rebounded with a much better campaign. Brinkworth was named team co-captain with Jerry Knightley and got the team to post an 18–8 record and return to the conference tournament. Brinkworth helped the team with its first ECAC tournament game but could not overcome the stout defense of St. Lawrence in the semifinal. RPI won what they thought was Brinkworth's final college game over long-time rival Clarkson to finish third in the tournament and Brinkworth was named to the All-Tournament First Team. When the NCAA selection committee passed over St. Lawrence in favor of RPI for the NCAA Tournament, Brinkworth had one last chance to make an impact with the Engineers. While the team lest to Denver in the semifinal, they recovered for a 2–1 win over Providence in the consolation game and Brinkworth able to end on a high note. He finished the season as the second highest scorer in the nation for the second time, behind only Knightley with 70 points.

After graduating, Brinkworth turned to a professional career, joining the Omaha Knights in the second season of the CPHL. The following year Brinkworth jumped up to the AHL, playing with the Providence Reds and Baltimore Clippers over four seasons. He was never able to get a call-up to the NHL, however, and moved to the IHL in 1970. In his first season with the Port Huron Flags the team finished 6th out of 7 teams but made the postseason and went on a stunning run. The Flags won the championship with Brinkworth leading the way, scoring 10 goals and 18 points in 14 games. The next season the team finished second in their division and went on a second postseason run to capture their second consecutive Turner Cup. Brinkworth spent two more seasons with Port Huron before retiring as a player.

Brinkworh began his second career as a coach, working with amateur and professional teams for many seasons. In 2004 he became the head coach for Florida Gulf Coast and headed the school's club team for 15 seasons. He was the American Collegiate Hockey Association Division II coach of the year in 2009. He was inducted into the RPI Athletic Hall of Fame in 1968.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular Season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1961–62 | Rensselaer | ECAC Hockey | | 22 | 41 | 30 | 71 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1962–63 | Rensselaer | ECAC Hockey | | 23 | 34 | 41 | 75 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1963–64 | Rensselaer | ECAC Hockey | | 26 | 35 | 35 | 70 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1964–65 | Omaha Knights | CPHL | | 67 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 10 | | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 |
| 1965–66 | Providence Reds | AHL | | 57 | 11 | 12 | 23 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1966–67 | Baltimore Clippers | AHL | | 56 | 9 | 14 | 23 | 12 | | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 1967–68 | Baltimore Clippers | AHL | | 23 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1968–69 | Baltimore Clippers | AHL | | 73 | 24 | 19 | 43 | 30 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1970–71 | Port Huron Flags | IHL | | 70 | 22 | 39 | 61 | 12 | | 14 | 10 | 8 | 18 | 0 |
| 1971–72 | Port Huron Wings | IHL | | 70 | 29 | 47 | 76 | 6 | | 15 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 2 |
| 1972–73 | Port Huron Wings | IHL | | 55 | 26 | 32 | 58 | 25 | | 11 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 2 |
| 1973–74 | Port Huron Wings | IHL | | 14 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NCAA Totals | | | | 71 | 110 | 106 | 216 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| AHL Totals | | | | 209 | 50 | 53 | 103 | 54 | | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| IHL Totals | | | | 209 | 82 | 120 | 202 | 43 | | 40 | 19 | 20 | 39 | 4 |

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| All-ECAC Hockey First Team | 1961–62 |  |
| All-ECAC Hockey First Team | 1962–63 |  |
| AHCA East All-American | 1962–63 |  |
| All-ECAC Hockey First Team | 1963–64 |  |
| AHCA East All-American | 1963–64 |  |
| ECAC Hockey All-Tournament First Team | 1964 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Bob Brinkworth | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-05-10) May 10, 1942
Toronto, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) | | |
| Weight | 165 lb (75 kg; 11 st 11 lb) | | |
| Position | Center | | |
| Played for | Rensselaer
Omaha Knights
Providence Reds
Baltimore Clippers
Port Huron Flags | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 19611974 | | |


title: Bruno Ducol

abstract: Bruno Ducol was a French pianist, composer and teacher of contemporary music.

text:
# Bruno Ducol

**Bruno Ducol** (22 March 1949 – 11 January 2024) was a French pianist, composer and teacher of contemporary music.

## Life and career

Born on 22 March 1949 in Annonay, Ducol trained as a pianist and also studied philosophy and musicology at the University of Montpellier from 1967 to 1970. He then studied at the Conservatoire de Lyon. From 1973 to 1980 he studied at the Conservatoire de Paris, analysis with Claude Ballif, electroacoustic with Pierre Schaeffer, and composition with Olivier Messiaen and André Boucourechliev.

He taught analysis and orchestration as professor at the Conservatoire national de région de Reims from 1978 to 1998, and also at the summer school of the State University of Campinas in 1980. He was resident at the Villa Medici from 1981 to 1983, and at the Casa Velázquez in Madrid from 1985 to 1987. He was a fellow of the Fondation Beaumarchais in the Chartreuse de Villeneuve-lez-Avignon from 1990 to 1992. He was composer in residence at the Conservatoire de Lyon in 1994 and 1995, and then taught analysis at the Conservatoire de Paris until 2014. He travelled repeatedly to Greece, South America, Moscow and China. His compositions were influenced by encounters with artists such as choreographer Rocco, writer Clarisse Nicoïdski, stage director Jean-Claude Penchenat and visual artist Olivier Turpin.

In 2015 he won the René Dumesnil Composition Prize from the Académie des beaux-arts.

Ducol died in Paris on 11 January 2024, at the age of 74, after a battle with illness for two years.

## Work

Ducol was influenced by Greek music, particularly rhythm and meter. He defined music as "the manifestation of a natural pulsation and rhythm". His compositions, for different ensembles, are inspired by Antiquity, exotic music, nature, poetry and visual arts.

His works include the orchestral *Métalayi I* (1976), *Des Scènes d’Enfants* for flute and guitar (1984), the opera *Praxitèle* (1986), *A Korinne* for string quartet (1988), *Six études de rhythme* for piano (1992), *Éclats de lune* (1995), *Les Cerceaux de feu* (2000), *Vibrations chromatics* for two pianos (2001 - including 'Nu descendant un escalier'), *Fantasme en rouge* for female chorus (2006), *Treize fenêtres*, rhythmic studies for two pianos (2006), *Une griffure de lumière* for orchestra (2009) and *Für die Jugend* for voice and percussion (2010).

## Recordings

* *Le cri*, for countertenor, tenor, baritone and bass, in *L'écrit du cri* of vocal music from the Renaissance and the 19th to 21st centuries, Ensemble Clément-Janequin, conducted by Dominique Visse (2008, HM) OCLC 378339268
* *Vibrations chromatiques*, Op. 26; *Treize fenêtres*, Op. 33 – Charlotte Gauthier, Tanguy de Williencourt, Delphine Armand, Yun-ho Chen, pianos; Fred Cacheux, voince; Charlotte Gauthier, Tanguy de Williencourt, Florian Chabbert, Marie Duquesnois, Victor Hanna, pianos; Adele Carlier, percussion; Bruno Ducol, bande (2019, Hortus) OCLC 1137323051
* *Adonaïs ou l'air et les songes*, Op. 47 four voice and string quartet; *À Corinna n° II*, Op. 18 for string quartet; *Hymne au soleil*, Op. 46 for flute and string trio; *Tout le jaune se meurt*, Op. 48bis for soprano – Quatuor Bela; Laura Holm, soprano; Julie Brunet-Jailly, flute (2020, Klarthe K092) OCLC 1245184115

## InfoBox

| Bruno Ducol | |
| --- | --- |
| Bruno Ducol, c.2000 | |
| Born | (1949-03-22)22 March 1949
Annonay, France |
| Died | 11 January 2024(2024-01-11) (aged 74)
Paris, France |
| Education | Conservatoire de Paris |
| Occupations | * Composer * Academic teacher |


title: Ezio Brevi

abstract: Ezio Brevi is an Italian association football manager and former player, currently serving as head coach of Serie D side Voluntas Spoleto. Throughout his playing career, he played as a midfielder.

text:
# Ezio Brevi

**Ezio Brevi** (born 20 January 1970, in Rome) is an Italian association football manager and former player, currently serving as head coach of Serie D side Voluntas Spoleto. Throughout his playing career, he played as a midfielder.

## Career

### Player

He played from 1991 to 2010 for Corsico, Pro Sesto, Fiorenzuola, Triestina, Ternana, Reggina, Genoa, Catania, Siena, Venezia and Como.

### Coach

He passed his category 2 coaching exam in 2011 (UEFA A License), which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams or below. He also obtained a UEFA B License in 2008.

In the 2010–11 season Brevi was the coach of Sporting Terni in Serie D.

Since the 2011–12 season he has serves as the head coach of Serie D side Voluntas Spoleto

## Personal life

Ezio's older brother, Oscar, was also a footballer and is also currently a manager, who last served as head coach of Cremonese.

## InfoBox

Ezio Brevi
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ezio Brevi | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-01-20) 20 January 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Rome, Italy | | |
| Height | 5 ft 12 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Voluntas Spoleto (head coach) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991–1993 | Corsico | 61 | (7) |
| 1993–1996 | Pro Sesto | 61 | (3) |
| 1995–1996 | Fiorenzuola | 18 | (1) |
| 1996–1997 | Triestina | 30 | (2) |
| 1997–1999 | Ternana | 46 | (5) |
| 1999–2001 | Reggina | 57 | (1) |
| 2001–2002 | Ternana | 15 | (1) |
| 2001–2002 | Genoa *(loan)* | 19 | (2) |
| 2002–2004 | Ternana | 76 | (6) |
| 2004–2005 | Genoa | 29 | (0) |
| 2005–2006 | Catania | 26 | (1) |
| 2006–2007 | Siena | 9 | (1) |
| 2007–2008 | Venezia | 27 | (2) |
| 2008–2010 | Como | 54 | (4) |
| Total |  | **528** | **(36)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2010–2011 | Sporting Terni | | |
| 2011– | Voluntas Spoleto | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Sables et Grès à Trigonia gibbosa

abstract: The Sables et Grès à Trigonia gibbosa is a geological formation in northwestern France. It dates back to the Late Jurassic. It is named after Trigonia gibbosa, which can be found in abundance in the formation.

text:
# Sables et Grès à Trigonia gibbosa

The **Sables et Grès à Trigonia gibbosa** is a geological formation in northwestern France. It dates back to the Late Jurassic. It is named after *Trigonia gibbosa*, which can be found in abundance in the formation.

## Vertebrate fauna

### Ornithischians

| **Dinosaurs** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Taxa | Presence | Description | Images |
| Iguanodontia | Indeterminate remains. | Geographically located in Département du Pas-de-Calais, France. |  |  |
| Nodosauridae | Indeterminate remains. | Geographically located in Département du Pas-de-Calais, France. |  | |
| Ornithischia | Possible indeterminate ornithischian remains. | Geographically located in Département du Pas-de-Calais, France. |  | |
||

### Saurischians

| **Dinosaurs** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Taxa | Presence | Description | Images |
| *Neosodon* | Indeterminate remains. | Geographically located in Département du Pas-de-Calais, France. |  |
| Theropoda | Indeterminate remains. | Geographically located in Département du Pas-de-Calais, France. |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Sables et Grès à Trigonia gibbosa | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Late Tithonian<br>~ | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Gravel, sandstone |
| Location | |
| Region | Pas de Calais |
| Country | France |


title: Credit Union Service Centers

abstract: Credit Union Service Centers is an organization of credit unions that allows members of participating credit unions to process transactions at any participating branch. Members are generally free to conduct normal transactions and day-to-day operations away from their home branch. As of November 2023, the network included 5,700 participating locations. While mostly composed of US based credit unions, the network is international. Shared branches are useful for domestic or international traveling, changing credit unions, and easily using a credit union that is closer to a customer versus their own branch.

text:
# Credit Union Service Centers

**Credit Union Service Centers** (commonly known as **shared branching**) is an organization of credit unions that allows members of participating credit unions to process transactions at any participating branch. Members are generally free to conduct normal transactions and day-to-day operations away from their home branch. As of November 2023, the network included 5,700 participating locations. While mostly composed of US based credit unions, the network is international. Shared branches are useful for domestic or international traveling, changing credit unions, and easily using a credit union that is closer to a customer versus their own branch.

## Transactions

The types of transactions that can be done at a shared branch can vary. Some may have fees based on an established schedule. The types of transactions generally available to customers include:

## Restrictions

Shared branches do not act as replacements for a customer's own branch. Different branches have some restrictions on what cannot be done at that branch. The most common restrictions include:

* Opening or closing accounts
* Applying for loans or credit cards
* Changing customer account information
* Potentially complex transactions
* Resolving issues with a transaction


title: Raashid Alvi

abstract: Raashid Alvi is an Indian politician who served as a member of the Indian Parliament from both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. He is currently a member of the Indian National Congress party.

text:
# Raashid Alvi

**Raashid Alvi** () is an Indian politician who served as a member of the Indian Parliament from both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. He is currently a member of the Indian National Congress party.

## Early life

Raashid Alvi was born in Chandpur, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, on 15 April 1956, to Islama Khatoon and Malik Irfan Ahmad Alvi, a freedom fighter

## Political career

He served as the All India general secretary of the Janata Dal In 1999, he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Amroha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, defeating former Test cricketer and Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Chetan Chauhan by over 90,000 votes. He had unsuccessfully contested the same seat in the 1996 elections. He served as the Parliamentary Party leader of the Bahujan Samaj Party from 1999 to 2004. He was expelled from the Bahujan Samaj Party in 2004 after he had accused party president Mayawati of working under BJP pressure and taking bribes for allotting party tickets.

He later joined the Congress party and was twice elected to the Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh and served in the Indian Parliament from 2004 to 2012. He also served as an official spokesperson of the Indian National Congress. Alvi failed to get a Rajya Sabha renomination and was dropped as the party spokesperson in 2013.

## Controversies

In 2009, he stoked a major controversy when he said that he saw 'no reason' to celebrate the Kargil victory. "Kargil isn't a thing to be celebrated. The war was fought within our territory. We didn't even come to know when the Pakistani army crossed over and built bunkers inside our territory. It's only the NDA which may celebrate," he said. The then opposition BJP was swift to take criticize the ruling Congress over Alvi's comments. "The UPA should not think along political lines. We (BJP) celebrate every day of national importance and respect everybody, right from Pt Jawaharlal Nehru, who contributed to the country. There should be a similar approach from the Congress," said BJP leader Prakash Javadekar. National Conference leader Farooq Abdullah also opined that the issue was above party politics. "Kargil should be celebrated by everyone," he said.

## InfoBox

| Raashid Alvi | |
| --- | --- |
| Raashid Alvi in Malappuram, Kerela | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
1999–2004 | |
| Preceded by | Chetan Chauhan |
| Succeeded by | Harish Nagpal |
| Constituency | Amroha |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
2004–2012 | |
| Constituency | Andhra Pradesh |
| National Spokesperson
Indian National Congress | |
| **In office**
2011–2013 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1956-04-15) 15 April 1956
Chandpur, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Parent(s) | Malik Irfan Ahmad Alvi
Islama Khatoon |
| Education | B.Sc., LLB |
| Profession | Politician, Social Worker, Advocate |
| Source: | |


title: El Dorado Gate

abstract: El Dorado Gate (エルドラドゲートシリーズ) is a series of role-playing video games for the Dreamcast, released in Japan. Its seven volumes were released on a bi-monthly basis in Japan from October 10, 2000, through October 10, 2001.

text:
# El Dorado Gate

***El Dorado Gate*** (エルドラドゲートシリーズ) is a series of role-playing video games for the Dreamcast, released in Japan. Its seven volumes were released on a bi-monthly basis in Japan from October 10, 2000, through October 10, 2001.

## Story

The story involves twelve characters, each of whom must overcome personal quests on their way to finding the other eleven while aided by a mysterious man named Bantross. Relying heavily on elemental weapons, equipment, and magic spells, the game features many common RPG elements such as dungeon-exploring, weapon-upgrading, and turn-based battles. After surmounting their personal battles the twelve heroes first face the terrible Bals, Dios' most powerful servant and then descend into the underworld to face Dios and resurrect Razin.

## Reception

*IGN* gave volume 1 a 7.9 score.

*Gamespot* gave volume 1 a score of 6.7.

Three reviewers for *Famitsu DC* reviewed volume 5, giving it scores of 7/7/7, for a total of 21 out of 30.

## InfoBox

| El Dorado Gate | |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Dreamcast cover arts from Volumes 1 through 7 | |
| Developer(s) | Capcom |
| Publisher(s) | Capcom |
| Designer(s) | Yoshinori Takenaka |
| Artist(s) | Yoshitaka Amano |
| Platform(s) | Dreamcast |
| Release | **Volume 1*** JP: October 10, 2000 **Volume 2*** JP: December 12, 2000 **Volume 3*** JP: February 2, 2001 **Volume 4*** JP: April 12, 2001 **Volume 5*** JP: June 6, 2001 **Volume 6*** JP: August 8, 2001 **Volume 7*** JP: October 10, 2001 |
| Genre(s) | Role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Gary May (footballer)

abstract: Gary Colin May is an English former footballer who played twice as a midfielder in the Football League for Darlington before a broken leg forced his retirement. He worked as a holiday rep and as a flight attendant on a major commercial airline, and published a book about his experiences in the latter role. He went on to keep a pub.

text:
# Gary May (footballer)

**Gary Colin May** (born 7 May 1967) is an English former footballer who played twice as a midfielder in the Football League for Darlington before a broken leg forced his retirement. He worked as a holiday rep and as a flight attendant on a major commercial airline, and published a book about his experiences in the latter role. He went on to keep a pub.

## InfoBox

Gary May
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gary Colin May | | |
| Date of birth | (1967-05-07) 7 May 1967 | | |
| Place of birth | Darlington, England | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Darlington | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1986–1987 | Darlington | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ronald Rivett

abstract: Ronald A. Rivett was a Canadian politician who served on the Yukon Territorial Council from 1970 to 1974. He was elected in the 1970 Yukon general election for the district of Mayo, and served as speaker of the council during his term. He was a bookkeeper. On March 6, 1972, Rivett accepted the Yukon Territorial Mace as a gift from Governor General Roland Michener. Rivett died at a hospital in Whitehorse in 1977 at the age of 59.

text:
# Ronald Rivett

**Ronald A. Rivett** (1918 – August 7, 1977) was a Canadian politician who served on the Yukon Territorial Council from 1970 to 1974. He was elected in the 1970 Yukon general election for the district of Mayo, and served as speaker of the council during his term. He was a bookkeeper. On March 6, 1972, Rivett accepted the Yukon Territorial Mace as a gift from Governor General Roland Michener. Rivett died at a hospital in Whitehorse in 1977 at the age of 59.

## InfoBox

| Ronald Rivett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Yukon Territorial Council | |
| **In office**
1970–1974 | |
| Preceded by | Jean Gordon |
| Succeeded by | Gordon McIntyre |
| Constituency | Mayo |
| Speaker of the Yukon Territorial Council | |
| **In office**
1970–1974 | |
| Preceded by | John Livesey |
| Succeeded by | Donald Taylor |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1918
Rio Tinto, Spain |
| Died | (aged 59)
Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada |
| Political party | None |
| Occupation | bookkeeper |
|  | |


title: Credit Union of Richmond

abstract: Credit Union of Richmond, formerly Richmond Postal Credit Union is the oldest continuously open credit union in the U.S. state of Virginia. In June 2017, the credit union changed its name. The change came due to the need to reach those in the city of Richmond. Accredited in November 1923, the credit union was started by Richmond area postal workers. Operations began in the basement at the historical Brook Road postal headquarters. Richmond Postal Credit Union filed an application on September 22, 2004 with the Virginia Bureau of Financial Institutions of the State Corporation Commission to expand its field-of-membership to include the City of Richmond, which qualified as a "Distressed Community/Investment Area" based on Year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau data. The estimated U.S. Census population of Richmond in 2004 was 194,729. On November 19, 2004, Richmond Postal Credit Union was approved to expand membership to the city of Richmond.

text:
# Credit Union of Richmond

**Credit Union of Richmond, formerly Richmond Postal Credit Union** is the oldest continuously open credit union in the U.S. state of Virginia. In June 2017, the credit union changed its name. The change came due to the need to reach those in the city of Richmond.

Accredited in November 1923, the credit union was started by Richmond area postal workers. Operations began in the basement at the historical Brook Road postal headquarters.

Richmond Postal Credit Union filed an application on September 22, 2004 with the Virginia Bureau of Financial Institutions of the State Corporation Commission to expand its field-of-membership to include the City of Richmond, which qualified as a "Distressed Community/Investment Area" based on Year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau data. The estimated U.S. Census population of Richmond in 2004 was 194,729.

On November 19, 2004, Richmond Postal Credit Union was approved to expand membership to the city of Richmond.


title: Susa weddings

abstract: The Susa weddings were arranged by Alexander the Great in 324 BCE, shortly after he conquered the Achaemenid Empire. In an attempt to wed Greek culture with Persian culture, he and his officers held a large gathering at Susa and took Persian noblewomen in matrimony. The collective weddings involved 80 couples and blended various Greek and Persian traditions. Celebrating his own Persian wife, Alexander intended for these new unions to help him begin identifying himself as a son of Persia and thereby legitimize his claim as the heir of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty. It was also expected that any children produced from these marriages would, as the progeny of both Greece and Persia, serve as a symbol of the two civilizations coming together under Alexander's Macedonian Empire.

text:
# Susa weddings

The **Susa weddings** were arranged by Alexander the Great in 324 BCE, shortly after he conquered the Achaemenid Empire. In an attempt to wed Greek culture with Persian culture, he and his officers held a large gathering at Susa and took Persian noblewomen in matrimony. The collective weddings involved 80 couples and blended various Greek and Persian traditions. Celebrating his own Persian wife, Alexander intended for these new unions to help him begin identifying himself as a son of Persia and thereby legitimize his claim as the heir of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty. It was also expected that any children produced from these marriages would, as the progeny of both Greece and Persia, serve as a symbol of the two civilizations coming together under Alexander's Macedonian Empire.

## Purpose

### Bonding the Greek and Persian civilizations

Alexander intended to symbolically unite the Persian and Greek cultures, by taking a Persian wife himself and celebrating a mass wedding with Persian ceremony along with his officers, for whom he arranged marriages with noble Persian wives. The union was not merely symbolic, as their prospective offspring were intended to be the children of both civilizations.

### Political significance

By marrying the daughters of Darius and Artaxerxes, Alexander was both identifying himself with the Persians and also making his own position more secure. He could now claim to be the son and rightful heir of both previous Persian kings. He also wanted to honour Hephaestion by making him his brother-in-law.

## Arrangement of the spouses

Alexander was already married to Roxana, the daughter of a Bactrian chief, but Macedonian and Persian customs allowed several wives. Alexander himself married Stateira (sometimes called Barsine, but not to be confused with Barsine, wife of Memnon), the eldest daughter of Darius, and, according to Aristobulus, another wife in addition, Parysatis, the youngest daughter of Artaxerxes III. To Hephaestion he gave Drypetis; she too was the daughter of Darius, his own wife's sister, for he wanted Hephaestion's children to be his own nephews and nieces (This can also be linked to Alexander and Hephaestion's close relationship). To Seleucus he gave Apama, the daughter of Spitamenes the Bactrian, and likewise to the other Companions the daughters of the most notable Medes and Persians, eighty in all. Ptolemy I Soter married Artakama, daughter of Artabazus of Phrygia.

### Order of precedence

The weddings were solemnized in the Persian fashion: chairs were placed for the bridegrooms in order of precedence; after the toasts the brides entered and sat down each by her groom, who took them by the hand and kissed them. The king was the first to be married, for all the weddings were celebrated in the same manner, and in this ceremony, he showed even more than his customary approachability and comradeship.

> The bridegrooms after receiving their brides led them away, each to his own home, and to all Alexander gave a dowry. And as for all the Macedonians who had already married Asian women, Alexander ordered a list of their names to be drawn up; they numbered over 10,000, and Alexander offered them all gifts their wedding
>
> Arrian

## Aftermath

What the Macedonians thought of these marriages is evident from the fact that the nobles all divorced their wives after Alexander's death, except Hephaestion, who died before Alexander, and Seleucus. So in spite of Alexander's precedent, the Macedonians were no more inclined to share equally with the Persians than before.

Branko F. van Oppen de Ruiter explains that this affirmation in unfounded and that not a single ancient source makes such claim.


title: Cross-domain solution

abstract: A cross-domain solution (CDS) is an integrated information assurance system composed of specialized software or hardware that provides a controlled interface to manually or automatically enable and/or restrict the access or transfer of information between two or more security domains based on a predetermined security policy. CDSs are designed to enforce domain separation and typically include some form of content filtering, which is used to designate information that is unauthorized for transfer between security domains or levels of classification, such as between different military divisions, intelligence agencies, or other operations which depend on the timely sharing of potentially sensitive information. The goal of a CDS is to allow a trusted network domain to exchange information with other domains, either one-way or bi-directionally, without introducing the potential for security threats. CDS development, assessment, and deployment are based on comprehensive risk management. Every aspect of an accredited CDS is usually evaluated under what is known as a Lab-Based Security Assessment (LBSA) to reduce potential vulnerabilities and risks. The evaluation and accreditation of CDSs in the United States are primarily under the authority of the National Cross Domain Strategy and Management Office (NCDSMO) within the National Security Agency (NSA). CDS filter for viruses and malware; content examination utilities; in high-to-low security transfer audited human review. CDS sometimes has security-hardened operating systems, role-based administration access, redundant hardware, etc. The acceptance criteria for information transfer across domains or cross-domain interoperability is based on the security policy implemented within the solution. This policy may be simple or complex. Unidirectional networks are often used to move information from low-security domains to secret enclaves while assuring that information cannot escape. Cross-domain solutions often include a High Assurance Guard. Though cross-domain solutions have, as of 2019, historically been most typical in military, intelligence, and law enforcement environments, one example is the flight control and infotainment systems on an airliner.

text:
# Cross-domain solution

A **cross-domain solution** (**CDS**) is an integrated information assurance system composed of specialized software or hardware that provides a controlled interface to manually or automatically enable and/or restrict the access or transfer of information between two or more security domains based on a predetermined security policy. CDSs are designed to enforce domain separation and typically include some form of content filtering, which is used to designate information that is unauthorized for transfer between security domains or levels of classification, such as between different military divisions, intelligence agencies, or other operations which depend on the timely sharing of potentially sensitive information.

The goal of a CDS is to allow a trusted network domain to exchange information with other domains, either one-way or bi-directionally, without introducing the potential for security threats. CDS development, assessment, and deployment are based on comprehensive risk management. Every aspect of an accredited CDS is usually evaluated under what is known as a Lab-Based Security Assessment (LBSA) to reduce potential vulnerabilities and risks. The evaluation and accreditation of CDSs in the United States are primarily under the authority of the National Cross Domain Strategy and Management Office (NCDSMO) within the National Security Agency (NSA).

CDS filter for viruses and malware; content examination utilities; in high-to-low security transfer audited human review. CDS sometimes has security-hardened operating systems, role-based administration access, redundant hardware, etc.

The acceptance criteria for information transfer across domains or cross-domain interoperability is based on the security policy implemented within the solution. This policy may be simple (e.g., antivirus scanning and whitelist (also known as an "allowlist") check before transfer between peer networks) or complex (e.g., multiple content filters and a human reviewer must examine, redact, and approve a document before release from a high-security domain). Unidirectional networks are often used to move information from low-security domains to secret enclaves while assuring that information cannot escape. Cross-domain solutions often include a High Assurance Guard.

Though cross-domain solutions have, as of 2019, historically been most typical in military, intelligence, and law enforcement environments, one example is the flight control and infotainment systems on an airliner.

## Types

There are three types of cross-domain solutions (CDS) according to Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 854001p. These types are broken down into Access, Transfer, and Multi-level solutions (MLS) and all must be included in the cross-domain baseline list before Department of Defense-specific site implementations.  **Access Solution** "An access solution describes a user’s ability to view and manipulate information from domains of differing security levels and caveats. In theory, the ideal solution respects separation requirements between domains by preventing overlapping data between domains, which ensures data of different classifications cannot ‘leak’ (i.e. data spill) between networks at any host layer of the OSI/TCP model. In practice, however, data spills are an ever-present concern that system designers attempt to mitigate within acceptable risk levels. For this reason, data transfer is addressed as a separate CDS". **Transfer Solution** offers the ability to move information between security domains that are of different classification level or different caveat of the same classification level. **Multi-level Solutions** "Access and transfer solutions rely on multiple security levels (MSL) approaches that maintain the separation of domains; this architecture is considered multiple single levels. A multi-level solution (MLS) differs from MSL architecture by storing all data in a single domain. The solution uses trusted labeling and integrated Mandatory Access Control (MAC) schema as a basis to mediate data flow and access according to user credentials and clearance to authenticate read and write privileges. In this manner, an MLS is considered an all-in-one CDS, encompassing both access and data transfer capabilities."

## Unintended consequences

In previous decades, multilevel security (MLS) technologies were developed. These enforced mandatory access control (MAC) with near certainty. Automated information systems sometimes share information contrary to the need to avoid sharing secrets with adversaries. When the ‘balance’ is decided at the discretion of users, the access control is called discretionary access control (DAC), that is more tolerant of actions that manage risk where MAC requires risk avoidance.

These documents provide standards guidance on risk management:

1. "Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems & Organizations". *Computer Security Division - Computer Security Resource Center*. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2011-11-16., SP 800-53 Rev3
2. "Security Categorization and Control Selection for National Security Systems" (PDF). *The Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS)*., Instruction No. 1253


title: Susan L. Shirk

abstract: Susan L. Shirk is an American political scientist and China specialist currently serving as a research professor at University of California, San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy. She was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs at the U.S. State Department from 1997 to 2000 during the Clinton administration.

text:
# Susan L. Shirk

**Susan L. Shirk** is an American political scientist and China specialist currently serving as a research professor at University of California, San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy. She was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs at the U.S. State Department from 1997 to 2000 during the Clinton administration.

## Early life and education

Shirk received a BA in political science from Mount Holyoke College in 1967, a MA in Asian studies from UC Berkeley in 1968, and a PhD in political science from MIT in 1974. She also attended Princeton's Critical Languages Program from 1965 to 1966.

She first traveled to China in 1971 as a member of the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars.

## Career

Shirk is the Ho Miu Lam Endowed Chair of China and Pacific Relations in the School of Global Policy and Strategy at UCSD and Director of the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. She formerly directed the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue, a track II diplomatic initiative.

## Awards

Shirk is the recipient of the 2024 Association for Asian Studies' Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies Award.

## Selected books

* *Overreach: How China Derailed Its Peaceful Rise,* 2022. ISBN 978-0190068516.
* *China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise*, 2007. ISBN 978-0195373196.
* *How China Opened Its Door: The Political Success of the PRC's Foreign Trade and Investment Reform*, 1994. ISBN 978-0815778530.
* *The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China*, 1993. ISBN 978-0520077072.
* *The Challenge of China and Japan: Politics and Development in East Asia*, 1985. ISBN 978-0030717994
* *Competitive Comrades: Career Incentives and Student Strategies in China*, 1982. ISBN 978-0030717994.

## InfoBox

| Susan L. Shirk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other names | 谢淑丽 |
| Alma mater | Mount Holyoke College (BA)
University of California, Berkeley (MA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD) |
| Occupation(s) | Political scientist; sinologist |
| Employer | UCSD |
| Spouse | Samuel L. Popkin |


title: Super Rider (video game)

abstract: Super Rider is an arcade game created by Daiei Seisakusho for Taito in 1983. The game was licensed to Venture Line for U.S. distribution.

text:
# Super Rider (video game)

***Super Rider*** is an arcade game created by Daiei Seisakusho for Taito in 1983. The game was licensed to Venture Line for U.S. distribution.

## Gameplay

The player takes the role of a biker boy who must cross a road with obstacles and a very blocky background in order to buy a present for his girlfriend. The bike is able to jump to avoid the obstacles (cans, logs, police cars, etc.) and gaps in the road.

Sixty seconds are given to finish the course. After buying the present, the player is given 30 seconds plus the remaining time to cross the course again and go back home.

After this, the player will have a chance of crossing a bonus course with many money bags. Finishing the course without crashing any vehicle will be awarded with extra points. If the player manages to score 200.000 points, a credit is added.

## Reception

In Japan, *Game Machine* listed *Super Rider* on their June 15, 1983 issue as being the fifth most-successful new table arcade unit of the month.