title: Pierre-Albert Chapuisat

abstract: Pierre-Albert 'Gabet' Chapuisat is a Swiss retired football defender and manager.

text:
# Pierre-Albert Chapuisat

**Pierre-Albert 'Gabet' Chapuisat** (born 5 April 1948) is a Swiss retired football defender and manager.

## Playing career

During his extensive professional career, Lausanne-born Chapuisat played mainly for hometown's FC Lausanne-Sport, having three different spells with the club. In the 1972–73 season he had his first and single abroad experience, representing Paris FC of France, then of Ligue 1.

Chapuisat finished his Lausanne career at 36, then moved to lowly Vevey Sports (helping the side retain its Super League status during his two-year spell), and retired after one season with FC Renens. He was capped 34 times by the Swiss national team, the first game being on 14 May 1969 in a 0–1 home loss against Romania for the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, in Lausanne.

## Coaching career

A manager immediately after his 1987 retirement (starting with his main club's youth teams), Chapuisat coached mainly in the lower leagues of his country. In the 2006–07 campaign, however, he helped FC Sion to the third place in the top division.

## Personal life

Chapuisat's son, Stéphane, was also a professional footballer. A forward, he also represented Lausanne, but played mainly in Germany for Borussia Dortmund, appearing 103 times for Switzerland.

## InfoBox

Gabet Chapuisat
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Pierre-Albert Chapuisat | | |
| Date of birth | (1948-04-05) 5 April 1948 | | |
| Place of birth | Lausanne, Switzerland | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1966–1972 | Lausanne-Sport |  |  |
| 1972–1973 | Paris FC | 34 | (4) |
| 1973–1976 | Lausanne-Sport |  |  |
| 1976–1980 | FC Zürich |  |  |
| 1980–1984 | Lausanne-Sport | 97 | (3) |
| 1984–1986 | Vevey Sports | 34 | (1) |
| 1986–1987 | Renens |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1969–1979 | Switzerland | 34 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1987–1988 | Lausanne-Sport (youth) | | |
| 1988–1990 | FC Bulle | | |
| 1990–1992 | Montreux Sports | | |
| 1992–1993 | Renens | | |
| 1993–1994 | Locarno | | |
| 1994–1995 | Winterthur | | |
| 1995–1997 | Renens | | |
| 1998–2000 | Étoile Carouge | | |
| 2000 | Epalinges | | |
| 2001–2003 | Yverdon-Sport | | |
| 2003–2004 | Chênois | | |
| 2005–2006 | Lausanne-Sport (assistant) | | |
| 2006 | Malley | | |
| 2006–2007 | Sion | | |
| 2007–2009 | Malley | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Cheshire Medical Center

abstract: Cheshire Medical Center is the only hospital in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The 115-bed hospital is located in the city of Keene, the Cheshire County seat. It is part of the Dartmouth–Hitchcock health care network. It was built in 1973 and replaced the Elliot Community Hospital on Main Street which had served as the city's hospital since 1892.

text:
# Cheshire Medical Center

**Cheshire Medical Center** is the only hospital in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The 115-bed hospital is located in the city of Keene, the Cheshire County seat. It is part of the Dartmouth–Hitchcock health care network.

It was built in 1973 and replaced the Elliot Community Hospital on Main Street which had served as the city's hospital since 1892.

## InfoBox

| Cheshire Medical Center | |
| --- | --- |
| Cheshire Medical Center | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Keene, New Hampshire, United States |
| Coordinates | 42°56′57″N 72°17′29″W / 42.94917°N 72.29139°W / 42.94917; -72.29139 |
| Organization | |
| Funding | Non-profit hospital |
| Type | Community |
| Network | Dartmouth Health |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Yes |
| Beds | 115 |
| Helipads | |
| Helipad | FAA LID: **14NH** |
| Number Length Surface  ft m  H1 50 15 Asphalt | |
| Public transit access | City Express  1, 5 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1973 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.cheshiremed.org |
| Lists | Hospitals in New Hampshire |


title: Pycnodytis erebaula

abstract: Pycnodytis erebaula is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is found in South Africa. The wingspan is 11–12 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous, in one specimen with the dorsal half suffused with brownish. The stigmata are black, the plical obliquely before the first discal, indistinct or obsolete. The hindwings are light grey.

text:
# Pycnodytis erebaula

***Pycnodytis erebaula*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is found in South Africa.

The wingspan is 11–12 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous, in one specimen with the dorsal half suffused with brownish. The stigmata are black, the plical obliquely before the first discal, indistinct or obsolete. The hindwings are light grey.

## InfoBox

| *Pycnodytis erebaula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Pycnodytis* |
| Species: | ***P. erebaula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pycnodytis erebaula***<br>Meyrick, 1918 | |
|


title: Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle

abstract: In developmental economics, the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle refers to the idea that a country's change in poverty can be fully determined by its change in income growth and income inequality. According to the model, a development strategy must then also be based on income growth and income inequality. The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle model was created by François Bourguignon, the former Chief Economist (2003-2007) of the World Bank.

text:
# Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle

In developmental economics, the **Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle** (also called the **Growth-Inequality-Poverty Triangle** or **GIP Triangle**) refers to the idea that a country's change in poverty can be fully determined by its change in income growth and income inequality. According to the model, a development strategy must then also be based on income growth and income inequality. The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle model was created by François Bourguignon, the former Chief Economist (2003-2007) of the World Bank.

## Background

The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle was originally introduced by Bourguignon in a paper presented at the Conference on Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Paris on November 13, 2003. A modified version of the paper was presented at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations in New Delhi on February 4, 2004.

Economists working for international organizations like the World Bank use the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle to create poverty reduction strategies that include both steps to reduce inequality and stimulate growth. Economists have used the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle to study poverty in both developing countries and developed countries, including China, Egypt, India, Mexico, and Nigeria.

In 2013, a study of the 138 countries over the period 2005 to 2010 found that the basic ideas of Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle hold and that both growth and inequality impact absolute poverty as Bourguignon described.

## Model

The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle can be drawn as a triangle with arrows pointing out of each corner. At the top of the triangle is "absolute poverty." This refers to the percent of the population below the income poverty line. At the bottom left of the triangle is "inequality" or "distribution." This refers to differences in income across a population. At the bottom right of the triangle is "growth." This refers to the change in income for a population (for example, a change in GDP).

The arrows pointing out of "absolute poverty," "growth," and "inequality" in the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle represent cause and effect. In the model, inequality and growth affect each other and both of them affect absolute poverty.

Bourguignon defines the change in poverty as a function of growth, distribution, and changes in distribution: Δ poverty ≡ F(growth, distribution, Δ distribution). This equation assumes small changes in poverty. Bourguignon uses per capita income (GDP per capita) as the measure of growth and the Gini Index as the measure of inequality in his model.

## Significance

The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle model differs from previous models of poverty in that it looks at the interactions between growth and inequality, rather than considering the two separately. On the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle, the bottom points of the triangle are boxed together under the heading of "development strategy," because Bourguignon believed the mix of policies to reduce poverty should depend on that relationship between growth and inequality.

The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle model suggests that effectively reducing poverty necessitates implementing comprehensive country-wide policies aimed at fostering economic growth and reducing inequality simultaneously. Strategies that prioritize only one of these dimensions may overlook potential opportunities to alleviate absolute poverty comprehensively. The model describes that a change in inequality affects absolute poverty in two ways. First, a change in relative poverty affects absolute poverty by immediately changing the number of people below the poverty line. Second, a change in relative poverty changes the growth elasticity of poverty. A redistribution of income means more poverty reduction for a given amount of growth. The consequence of this is that policies that focus only on growth without considering distribution limit poverty reduction in two ways. Economists theorize that for this reason sub-Saharan Africa and other less developed countries will not be able to meet poverty goals like the Millennium Development Goals through growth alone.

## Controversy

Critics argue that the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle looks at aggregate concepts in a way that ignores the processes behind those concepts. Critics say terms like "poverty," "inequality," and "growth" are too broad. Instead, critics suggest that poverty should be traced back to individual behavior. Developmental economists Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo argue that cross-country data cannot be used to give any meaningful insight on topics like poverty and inequality.

Critics also argue that the simplified nature of the model means that it misses factors that affect absolute poverty. Poverty itself can be considered a barrier for economic growth, meaning that the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle would need to consider the effect of poverty on growth. Other economists argue that the triangle should include financial instability, crises, the business cycle, and their effects on poverty. Finally, many economists believe that there is a strong link between education, literacy rates, and poverty, and that the focus on decreasing poverty should lie in targeting these areas in addition to inequality and growth.


title: Prompto Argentum

abstract: Prompto Argentum is a character from Square Enix's Final Fantasy series. He first appears in the anime web series Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV as a schoolmate of the crown prince of the Kingdom of Lucis, Noctis Lucis Caelum. In the 2016 mainline title Final Fantasy XV, Prompto accompanies Noctis on his journey by road to meet and marry a noblewoman from another nation, and fights alongside him as they oppose the Niflheim empire. He is the title character of the post-launch downloadable content (DLC) pack Episode Prompto, which delves into the character's backstory and origin as a pawn of Niflheim. Prompto was created and co-designed by Tetsuya Nomura for Final Fantasy Versus XIII, a spin-off title of the Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy series which was later reworked as Final Fantasy XV. A major element of Prompto's character is his humble origins when compared to the aristocratic families of Gladiolus and Ignis, the other members of Noctis' retinue, with his less cultured mannerisms being an obvious embodiment of that. Prompto is associated with the in-game photography mechanic of XV, which led to the development of a virtual reality (VR) demo starring the character which never saw a public release. Outside of Final Fantasy XV, Prompto is featured in adaptations of the game's universe in other media, as well as several crossover appearances. Prompto was initially unpopular with series fans. This led to his visual design being revised, and the adaptation of the in-game photography mechanic as an extension of Prompto's personality in order to broaden his appeal as a character. Critical and fan reception towards Prompto following the release of XV improved significantly, with some critics citing him as one of the best characters of the XV universe.

text:
# Prompto Argentum

**Prompto Argentum** (Japanese: プロンプト・アージェンタム, Hepburn: *Puronputo Ājentamu*) is a character from Square Enix's *Final Fantasy* series. He first appears in the anime web series *Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV* as a schoolmate of the crown prince of the Kingdom of Lucis, Noctis Lucis Caelum. In the 2016 mainline title *Final Fantasy XV*, Prompto accompanies Noctis on his journey by road to meet and marry a noblewoman from another nation, and fights alongside him as they oppose the Niflheim empire. He is the title character of the post-launch downloadable content (DLC) pack *Episode Prompto*, which delves into the character's backstory and origin as a pawn of Niflheim.

Prompto was created and co-designed by Tetsuya Nomura for *Final Fantasy Versus XIII*, a spin-off title of the *Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy* series which was later reworked as *Final Fantasy XV*. A major element of Prompto's character is his humble origins when compared to the aristocratic families of Gladiolus and Ignis, the other members of Noctis' retinue, with his less cultured mannerisms being an obvious embodiment of that. Prompto is associated with the in-game photography mechanic of *XV*, which led to the development of a virtual reality (VR) demo starring the character which never saw a public release. Outside of *Final Fantasy XV*, Prompto is featured in adaptations of the game's universe in other media, as well as several crossover appearances.

Prompto was initially unpopular with series fans. This led to his visual design being revised, and the adaptation of the in-game photography mechanic as an extension of Prompto's personality in order to broaden his appeal as a character. Critical and fan reception towards Prompto following the release of *XV* improved significantly, with some critics citing him as one of the best characters of the *XV* universe.

## Concept and design

Prompto was originally created by Tetsuya Nomura as a main cast member of *Final Fantasy Versus XIII*, a spin-off title meant to be part of the *Fabula Nova Crystallis* sub-series. His facial features and hairstyle underwent multiple redesigns, with the more recent ones were largely based on negative feedback from fans. The final version of Prompto's attire consists of three different patterns made from what appears to be several different kind of fabrics. He wears a sleeveless top and the cuffs of his leopard print jeans are rolled up to impart a sense of proportion. As the only civilian member of the group, his casual outfit appears to reflect his personal style unlike the regimented clothing worn by his friends. The development team designed his photography hobby—and its subsequent gameplay and story interactions—as a way of making him useful and enabling each player to chronicle their journey throughout the game. Director Hajime Tabata defined Prompto's camera as a manifestation of Prompto's wish to record Noctis and Lunafreya's journey. Prompto's photography, directed by the game's artificial intelligence which take pictures of the players' exploits on their behalf, also serves as a form of involuntary recall function as the aforementioned pictures are offered to the player during each rest period with the option of preservation.

Prompto is voiced by Tetsuya Kakihara in Japanese and Robbie Daymond in English. Prompto's younger self is voiced by Aki Kaneda in Japanese and Griffin Burns in English. Daymond did not expect his audition for a role in *XV* to be successful as he had just concluded voice work for the English localization of *Final Fantasy Type-0*, and was pleasantly surprised when he learned that he secured a lead role in Prompto. Daymond noted that localization team and the voice actor decided to stop using the original Japanese audio as a reference early in the recording process outside of some limited applications such as technical matters. For Daymond, it was important for him to place his trust in the guidance provided by the game's director and producers, and being able to work with them to find the right voice for the character he plays.

The leader of the localiation team Dan Inoue based the English version of Prompto on the titular protagonist of *Ferris Bueller's Day Off*. When he first read for Prompto, Daymond realized that he represents the archetype of an upbeat stock character frequently used as a trope in the *Final Fantasy* series. Daymond and Inoue agreed that it was important to focus on presenting his relatability as a character, and Daymond decided not to consistently portray him as straightforward comedy relief throughout the entirety of his story arc, even though that is the character's designated role within the context of the game's narrative. Daymond felt that Prompto's characterization in the English localization ended up being more "grounded and human" compared to the original Japanese recording. While he acknowledged that *XV* is at its core a coming-of-age story for Noctis, Daymond said Prompto also undergoes a journey of self discovery himself for the duration of the game's narrative.

Prompto proved to be the starting point for *Brotherhood*, as he is producer Akio Ofuji's favorite character. Ofuji conceived the series based around wanting to expand upon a backstory surrounding his difficult childhood created during the game's development. Drawing from the character sheets created by the writers of *XV*, he created Prompto's scenario for *Brotherhood* from his background characteristics like his childhood obesity and loneliness. Another project centered on Prompto was *Final Fantasy XV: VR Experience*, a tech demo for a virtual reality (VR) simulation video game. At E3 2016, players had the opportunity to assume Prompto's perspective using a PlayStation VR headset, where they were driven around the game's world and could engage enemies in shooting sections. Originally slated to become available for free at an unspecified date following the release of *XV*, by August 2017 *VR Experience* was not released to the public as the developers wanted to avoid a thematic overlap with the then-upcoming *Episode Prompto*, which also features Prompto as its titular lead character. The project was reworked from a first-person shooter scenario into a fishing simulation title, *Monster of the Deep: Final Fantasy XV*.

## Appearances

### *Final Fantasy XV*

Alongside Ignis Scientia and Gladiolus Amicitia, prompto acompanies Noctis Lucis Caelum, crown prince of the Kingdom of Lucis, as Noctis embarks on a road journey to meet and marry his fiance Lunafreya Nox Fleuret. A friend of Noctis from high school, Prompto is the most playful of the quartet: throughout *XV*, he continuously makes lighthearted quips, burst out into song, make puns, and even make comments that breaks the fourth wall. He is particularly fascinated with chocobos and easily becomes smitten with women. On the other hand, he suffers from an inferiority complex next to his friends, due to his lack of noble heritage and self-esteem. Prompto is associated with the game's photography mechanic, where he constantly takes selfies and/or photos of others, and offers the player an opportunity to preserve them at the end of each rest day. Prompto wields a variety of firearms and machine-based ranged weaponry; when controlling Noctis, the player can issue him commands and co-opt moves with him.

Late in the game's narrative, Prompto is knocked off a train that is en route to Gralia, the capital city of the Niflheim empire, separating him from the group for a time. He is later discovered and rescued by his friends within an installation facility in Gralia, where he reveals that he is in fact the result of Niflheim's cloning experimentations to power its robotic army of magically-infused Magitek infantry. Soon afterwards, Prompto is separated from Noctis for nearly a decade, and the world is overwhelmed by a plague of darkness and monstrous daemons unleashed by Ardyn Izunia, the chancellor of the Niflheim empire. Following their reunion a decade later, Prompto accompanies Noctis to his final confrontation with Ardyn in the ruins of Insomnia, the former Lucian capital.

Prompto's backstory is explored in further detail in the titular DLC expansion, *Episode Prompto*, where he is retrieved by Niflheim forces after he fell from the train and detained in a research facility. Prompto discovers that he is a clone of Niflheim's chief scientist, Verstael Besithia, and was stolen from the laboratory that created him by Lucian spies. A barcode on Prompto's wrist, which he kept concealed at all times, is a reminder of his true origin. Alongside the mercenary Aranea Highwind, a former agent of Niflheim whom he befriends, Prompto confronts and defeats Verstael, who had transferred his consciousness into a gigantic war machine. Prompto continues his journey to Gralia in the aftermath, but is unaware that he is followed by Ardyn.

### Other appearances

*Episode 2: Dogged Runner* from *Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV* tells the story of Prompto's lonely childhood and how he meets Noctis at school. Raised by foster parents in Lucis, Prompto is portrayed as an obese child who meets one of Lunafreya's canine companions, Pryna, by chance and cares for her. After receiving a letter of appreciation from Lunafreya, Prompto decides to improve his situation by adopting an upbeat outlook towards life, and build his self-esteem by losing weight and becoming a more confident person in the process. By the end of the episode, Prompto properly befriends Noctis as a teenager.

Prompto has appeared in numerous video games outside of *Final Fantasy XV* and its associated downloadable content.

## Promotion and reception

In early 2016, action figures of Prompto alongside Noctis, Gladiolus and Ignis were produced by Play Arts Kai and distributed for sale by Square Enix on its online store to promote the then-upcoming release of *Final Fantasy XV*.

Shortly after the release of the *Final Fantasy XV: Episode Duscae* demo in March 2015, Tabata and his team discovered that Prompto came last in a popularity survey, falling behind several minor characters featured alongside the main cast, and was generally disliked by series fans. This motivated the development team to put more effort into redesigning Prompto's appearance and redefining his in-game role, as they wanted all four members of the group to be equally popular or likeable. The team later realized that the game's photography feature is a viable approach to bring him closer to players, and made it a part of his character. The character's reception with players would improve following the launch of *XV* in November 2016. For example, Prompto ranked No. 38 in the Top 75 of NHK's "All-Final Fantasy Grand Poll of Japanese players" in 2020, which tallied over 468,000 votes. Critics like Brendan Caldwell from *Rock, Paper, Shotgun* have observed that fans have reacted very positively to Prompto's role as an in-game photographer. Prompto is recognized as one of Robbie Daymond's most iconic or notable characters. His decision to record a complimentary personalized Christmas greeting dedicated to the daughter of a fan as Prompto in 2016 received media attention and was met with praise.

Several critics from numerous video game publications have expressed their appreciation for the character. Dennis Carden from *Destructoid* chose Prompto as his favourite video game character from 2016. He described him as an example of a well-executed comic relief character, because his antics are used judiciously without hindering the overall experience. Carden also found that Prompto always reacts appropriately whenever the story of *XV* takes a darker turn, which is balanced by the brief moments of levity provided by Prompto's friendly and upbeat personality. Ethan Gach from *Kotaku* observed that he stood out among the voiced characters of the *Final Fantasy* series, as few have had a fleshed out backstory or has been as charming with the sense of fun they impart as Prompto. Ed Thorn from *Rock, Paper, Shotgun* said he is very fond of Prompto, more than any other AI-controlled video game companion character he had encountered, and suggested that he would be a welcome presence in every game he plays. Andrew Webster from *The Verge* said Prompto’s photos are a critical narrative tool, which help players tell their own stories while creating a deeper connection with the game's cast. Salvatore Pane from *Paste Magazine* considered Prompto to be the "heart" of the group; he wrote at length about how Prompto's antics helped him recall happier memories of his younger years, and how deeply the character's desperate need for validation resonated with him. Allegra Frank and Simone de Rochefort from *Polygon* as well as Gita Jackson from *Kotaku* have expressed their appreciation for the character's visual appeal and physical attractiveness.

Some critics have singled out Prompto's character development and story arc across multiple media for praise. Michelle Nguyen from *Geek.com* was impressed with the character work for Prompto in *Episode 2: Dogged Runner*, and elaborate how it turned an unlikable character who comes across as a blonde stereotype on first impression into a "multi-dimensional, interesting guy" who earned his place in the main cast. Carden liked the scenes where Prompto confides in Noctis about his insecurities, which in his opinion makes the character far more relatable then he could have otherwise be. Jason Schreier and Ash Parrish, who have both written for *Kotaku*, opined that individuals like Prompto who hide their insecurity and emotional fragility beneath an outward veneer of cheerfulness and pluckiness are very common in real life friend groups, which reinforces the character's relatability. Reviews of *Episode Prompto* generally praised Prompto's portrayal and storyline despite some clichéd or clashing elements, and all lauded his interactions with Aranea. Parrish was surprised by how closely she identified with a character whose physical appearance differs greatly from her, as on an emotional level she claimed to have experienced the same feelings of anxiety and self-loathing as Prompto when it comes to her social interactions. A criticism she offered was that the side story of Prompto's discovery of his true origin was entirely absent in the base game, which she argued undercuts the narrative impact of the disclosure of his identity following his reunion with his friends.

## Further reading

* Jennifer Smith (2021). "Voices, Combat, and Music: Identity, Camaraderie, and Relationships in Final Fantasy XV". *Journal of Sound and Music in Games*. **2** (2): 42–62. doi:10.1525/jsmg.2021.2.2.42. S2CID 235546271.

**Attribution**

## InfoBox

| Prompto Argentum | |
| --- | --- |
| *Final Fantasy* character | |
| Prompto Argentum, as depicted in *Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire*. | |
| First appearance | *Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV* (2016) |
| First game | *Final Fantasy XV* (2016) |
| Created by | Tetsuya Nomura |
| Designed by | Tetsuya Nomura<br>Hiromu Takahara |
| Voiced by | English  Japanese |
| Motion capture | Yuichi Ito |


title: Dale Benkenstein

abstract: Dale Martin Benkenstein is a South African former cricketer who was an all-rounder. He is currently first-team coach at Lancashire, having previously held the same role at Gloucestershire. Benkenstein was a member of the South Africa team that won the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy, the only ICC trophy the country has won till date.

text:
# Dale Benkenstein

**Dale Martin Benkenstein** (born 9 June 1974) is a South African former cricketer who was an all-rounder. He is currently first-team coach at Lancashire, having previously held the same role at Gloucestershire. Benkenstein was a member of the South Africa team that won the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy, the only ICC trophy the country has won till date.

## Early life

Benkenstein was born in Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe), the son of Martin Benkenstein, who had played for Rhodesia in the Currie Cup in the 1970s. In 1980, around the time of Zimbabwean independence, Martin moved his family to Durban, South Africa. There, Benkenstein attended Durban Preparatory High School, Durban High School and Michaelhouse schools. He captained the SA Schools side in 1992, and led the SA Colts team to the West Indies in the same year.

## Domestic career

### Natal

Benkenstein made his debut at the age of 18 for Natal in the 1993/94 season, playing under the tutelage of Malcolm Marshall. Marshall's analytical captaincy style made an impression on the young Benkenstein, who was later quoted as saying "In my eyes, he took the art of captaincy to another level." When Marshall left Natal at the end of the 1996 season, Benkenstein, still only 22, was selected to succeed him as captain. While he got off to an unsteady start as captain, with Natal being heavily defeated by Border in his first game at the helm, he later recovered and led the team to win both the four-day and one-day domestic competitions.

### Durham

When Benkenstein joined Durham for the 2005 season, he collected the club's player of the year award during his first attempt. During this time he also filled in as skipper for the absent Mike Hussey and Paul Collingwood. He went on to score 1,427 runs, which was a run scoring record at Durham until his mark was overtaken by Michael Di Venuto in 2009.

Dale has been quoted as to saying 2008 may be his last season in the sport as he wants to spend more time with his wife Jacqueline and children in Consett.

### International career

Benkenstein had represented his country many times as a junior, including a stint as captain of the South African Schools side, and in the under-19 development team. Benkenstein's senior ODI debut for South Africa came against England at Dhaka in 1998/99, when the teams were playing in the quarter-final of the Wills International Cup. Despite some useful contributions, including 69 against the West Indies at Cape Town in 1998 and 3/5 against Kenya in the 2002/03 ICC Champions Trophy tournament, he never managed to establish himself as a permanent member of the team. Benkenstein later admitted that he had not taken full advantage of the opportunities that came his way at the international level.

## Coaching career

Benkenstein was named coach of Hampshire in February 2014, having worked as a batting coach for the South African side Dolphins. He left his coaching role at Hampshire in July 2016 due to family reasons. After returning to South Africa he became head coach at Hilton College where he worked with 2019 Hilton head boy, and future Hampshire County Cricket Club bowler, John Turner.

In May 2021, Benkenstein joined Lancashire as batting coach on a short-term contract. In November 2021 he was named head coach of Gloucestershire on a three-year contract.

He was appointed head coach of Lancashire in 2023.

## Awards

Benkenstein was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2009, based on his work with Durham in the English county championship.

## Style

Benkenstein was a right-handed batsman, and a right-arm off-break or right-arm medium pace bowler.

## Career best performances

*Updated 19 July 2011*

|  | Batting | | | | Bowling | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Score | Fixture | Venue | Season | Score | Fixture | Venue | Season |
| ODI | 69 | South Africa v West Indies | Cape Town | 1999 | 3–5 | South Africa v Kenya | Colombo (RPS) | 2002 |
| FC | 259 | KwaZulu-Natal v Northerns | Durban | 2005 | 4–16 | Dolphins v Warriors | Durban | 2005 |
| LA | 107\* | Natal v North West | Fochville | 1997 | 4–16 | Durham v Surrey | Chester-le-Street | 2005 |
| T20 | 60 | Durham v Lancashire | Chester-le-Street | 2011 | 3–10 | Durham v Yorkshire | Leeds | 2005 |

## InfoBox

Dale Benkenstein
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Dale Martin Benkenstein |
| Born | (1974-06-09) 9 June 1974<br>Salisbury, Rhodesia |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right arm medium, off break |
| Relations | Luc Benkenstein (son) |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| ODI debut (cap 51) | 25 October 1998 v England |
| Last ODI | 6 October 2002 v Bangladesh |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1993–2004 | Natal |
| 2004–2010 | Dolphins |
| 2005–2014 | Durham |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition ODI FC LA T20  Matches 23 264 300 99  Runs scored 305 15,962 7,308 1,769  Batting average 17.94 44.21 35.13 24.23  100s/50s 0/1 38/86 1/44 0/6  Top score 69 259 107 60  Balls bowled 65 7,577 3,197 468  Wickets 4 100 87 21  Bowling average 11.00 36.15 30.81 27.57  5 wickets in innings 0 0 0 0  10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0  Best bowling 3/5 4/16 4/16 3/10  Catches/stumpings 3/– 169/– 113/– 32/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 13 February 2014 | |
| Medal record      Representing  South Africa  Men's Cricket  Commonwealth Games  1998 Kuala Lumpur List-A cricket | |


title: SEAT Córdoba

abstract: The SEAT Córdoba is the saloon, estate and coupé version of the SEAT Ibiza supermini car, built by the Spanish automaker SEAT. It was manufactured between 1993 and 2008, and was related to the second and third generations of the Ibiza.

text:
# SEAT Córdoba

The **SEAT Córdoba** is the saloon, estate and coupé version of the SEAT Ibiza supermini car, built by the Spanish automaker SEAT. It was manufactured between 1993 and 2008, and was related to the second and third generations of the Ibiza.

## First generation (*Typ* 6K; 1993)

| First generation (6K) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Also called | Volkswagen Citi Golf (China)
Volkswagen Derby (Mexico)
Volkswagen Polo Classic (Philippines) |
| Production | 1993–2002 |
| Assembly | Spain: Martorell, Catalonia
Poland: Poznań
Argentina: General Pacheco (2000–2002)
China: Changchun (FAW-VW) (1995–2001, Citi Golf)
Mexico: Puebla (1996–2002, Derby)
South Africa: Uitenhage (1996–2002, Polo Classic) |
| Designer | Giorgetto Giugiaro at Italdesign |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 2-door coupé
4-door saloon
5-door estate |
| Platform | Volkswagen Group A03 |
| Related | SEAT Ibiza Mk2
Volkswagen Polo Classic
Volkswagen Polo Mk3
Volkswagen Golf Mk3
Volkswagen Vento |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1.4  I4 (petrol)
1.4 L I4 16V (petrol)
1.6 L I4 (petrol)
1.8 L I4 (petrol)
1.8 L I4 16V (petrol)
2.0 L I4 (petrol)
2.0 L I4 16V (petrol)
1.9 L I4  (diesel)
1.9 L I4 TD (diesel)
1.9 L I4 SDI (diesel)
1.9 L I4 TDI (diesel) |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,440 mm (96 in) |
| Length | 4,109 mm (161.8 in) |
| Width | 1,640 mm (65 in) |
| Height | 1,408 mm (55.4 in) |
| Curb weight | 990 kg (2,180 lb) |

The first-generation Córdoba was presented at the 1993 Frankfurt Motor Show and launched that summer. Designed by Italian Giorgetto Giugiaro, it was based on the chassis of the SEAT Ibiza Mk2. Its 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0-litre petrol engines were also found in the Volkswagen Polo and Ibiza, as was the 1.9 TDI.

The vehicle featured a boot space of 455 litres (16.1 cu ft), which could be extended up to 762 litres (26.9 cu ft) by folding rear seats.

### Variants

In 1996, the Córdoba range was extended with a coupé (Córdoba SX) and an estate (Córdoba Vario).

#### SX

The Córdoba SX was a two-door coupé version of the Córdoba. It came with five engine variants: 1.6 litre 100 bhp (75 kW; 101 PS); 1.9 litre turbodiesel; 1.8 litre, 16 valve; 2.0 litre, 8 valve (which was also used in the Córdoba GTi); and a 2.0 litre, 16 valve. The top of the range engine delivers 150 horsepower. The 2.0 litre ABF engine in this model was also used in the third-generation Golf GTi and the first Ibiza Cupra.

### Facelift

The Córdoba was facelifted in 1999, with changes focusing on the bumpers, headlights, taillights and front grille, as well as in the interior, with new materials and upholstery. In the engine range, the 16-valve ABF engine was replaced with a 1.8-litre 156 bhp (116 kW; 158 PS) turbo engine and joined the Cupra range.

The SX was no longer available in the United Kingdom, and limited numbers are known to exist in the Republic of Ireland in RHD format. The "Córdoba Vario" estate variant dropped the "Cordóba" and became simply the "Vario".

### Motorsport

#### Rally

The Córdoba WRC was SEAT's rally car in the World Rally Championship from 1998 to 2000. It featured a 2.0-litre turbocharged engine and achieved a total of three podium finishes.

#### Rallycross

A Córdoba has also been used in the FIA World Rallycross Championship. Danish driver Dennis Rømer contested the 2014 World RX of Germany, finishing 40th out of 41 entrants in the heat stage. To date this is, and most likely will remain, the only time a Córdoba has been used in World Championship rallycross. However, the SEAT Ibiza has been used as a manufacturer entry.

### Rebadged versions

The contemporary Volkswagen Polo Classic (saloon) and estate variant were rebadged versions of the SEAT Córdoba Mk1 and Córdoba Vario respectively, and were not based on the Volkswagen Polo hatchback.

FAW-Volkswagen, Volkswagen's partner in China, manufactured the Córdoba Mk1 under the Volkswagen Citi Golf name between 1994 and 2001. The Citi Golf had the same exterior as the pre-facelift Córdoba and the 1.4-litre ABD engine was standard paired with a five-speed manual gearbox. When it was new in 1995, pricing was 240,000 yuan (US$35,640 - October 2020 exchange rate).

In Mexico it was rebadged as the Volkswagen Derby. In 1995, it was imported from Spain, but the 1996 model was assembled in the Volkswagen de México assembly plant in Puebla, Mexico. In 1998, the Spanish-made Polo Classic was introduced in Mexico as the new Volkswagen Derby.

The Volkswagen Polo Classic was also sold in the Philippines from 1996 to 1999, and in South Africa from 1996 to 2002.

### Engines

| Engine | Code | Type | Displacement | Max. power at rpm | Max. torque at rpm | Top speed | Years | Coupé | Saloon | Estate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Petrol engines (Typ 6K; 1992–1999) | | | | | | | | | | |
| **1.4 i** | ABD | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,391 cc | 60 PS (44 kW; 59 hp) at 5,200 | 107 N⋅m (79 lb⋅ft) at 2,400–2,800 | 145 km/h (90 mph) | 1993–1995 |  |  |  |
| **1.4 MPI** | AEX/APQ | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,390 cc | 60 PS (44 kW; 59 hp) at 4,700 | 116 N⋅m (86 lb⋅ft) at 2,800–3,200 | 145 km/h (90 mph) | 1995–1999 |  |  |  |
| **1.4 MPI** | AFH | I4 DOHC 16V | 1,390 cc | 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) at 6,000 | 128 N⋅m (94 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 | 165 km/h (103 mph) | 1996–1999 |  |  |  |
| **1.6 i** | ABU | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,598 cc | 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 5,200 | 125 N⋅m (92 lb⋅ft) at 3,400 | 155 km/h (96 mph) | 1993–1994 |  |  |  |
| **1.6 i** | 1F | | 1,595 cc | 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 5,500 | 125 N⋅m (92 lb⋅ft) at 2,600 | 155 km/h (96 mph) | 1994–1997 |  |  |  |
| **1.6 MPI** | AEE | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,598 cc | 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 4,800 | 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) at 2,800–3,600 | 155 km/h (96 mph) | 1997–1999 |  |  |  |
| **1.6 MPI** | AFT | I4 DOHC 16V | 1,595 cc | 101 PS (74 kW; 100 hp) at 5,800 | 140 N⋅m (103 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 | 165 km/h (103 mph) | 1996–1999 |  |  |  |
| **1.8 i** | ABS/ADZ/ACC | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,781 cc | 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 5,500 | 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 2,700–2,900 | 186 km/h (116 mph) | 1993–1996 |  |  |  |
| **1.8 MPI** | ADL | I4 DOHC 16V | 1,781 cc | 129 PS (95 kW; 127 hp) at 6,000 | 165 N⋅m (122 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 | 195 km/h (121 mph) | 1994–1996 |  |  |  |
| **2.0 MPI** | 2E/AGG | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,984 cc | 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) at 5,400 | 165 N⋅m (122 lb⋅ft) at 3,200 *(2E)*/2,600 *(AGG)* | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 1993–1999 |  |  |  |
| **2.0 MPI** | ABF | I4 DOHC 16V | 1,984 cc | 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 6,000 | 180 N⋅m (133 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–5,000 | 210 km/h (130 mph) | 1996–1999 |  |  |  |
| Petrol engines (Typ 6K2; 1999–2002) | | | | | | | | | | |
| **1.0 MPI** | ALD/ANV/AUC | I4 SOHC 8V | 999 cc | 50 PS (37 kW; 49 hp) at 5,000 | 86 N⋅m (63 lb⋅ft) at 3,000–3,600 | 145 km/h (90 mph) | 08.1999–08.2002 |  |  |  |
| **1.4 MPI** | AKK/ANW/AUD | | 1390 cc | 60 PS (44 kW; 59 hp) at 4,700 | 116 N⋅m (86 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 | 157 km/h (98 mph) | |  |  |  |
| | APE/AUA | | I4 DOHC 16V | 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 5,000 | 128 N⋅m (94 lb⋅ft) at 3,300 | 170 km/h (106 mph) | |  |  |  |
| | | | AQQ/AUB | 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) at 6,000 | 128 N⋅m (94 lb⋅ft) at 4,500 | 188 km/h (117 mph) | 05.2000–08.2002 |  |  |  |
| **1.6 MPI** | ALM | I4 SOHC 8V | 1598 cc | 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 4,800 | 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) at 3,200 | 170 km/h (106 mph) | 08.1999–04.2000 |  |  |  |
| | AEH/AKL/APF/AUR | | 1595 cc | 101 PS (74 kW; 100 hp) at 5,600 | 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 3,800 | 194 km/h (121 mph) | 08.1999–08.2002 |  |  |  |
| **20VT, 1.8T Cupra** | AQX/AYP | I4 DOHC 20V turbo | 1781 cc | 156 PS (115 kW; 154 hp) at 5,800 | 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 | 215 km/h (134 mph) | 05.2000–08.2002 |  |  |  |
| Diesel engines (Typ 6K; 1992–1999) | | | | | | | | | | |
| **1.9** | 1Y | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 64 PS (47 kW; 63 hp) at 4,400 | 124 N⋅m (91 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,000 | 150 km/h (93.2 mph) | 1993–1999 |  |  |  |
| **1.9 TD** | AAZ | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 4,200 | 150 N⋅m (111 lb⋅ft) at 2,400–3,400 | 155 km/h (96.3 mph) | 1993–1996 |  |  |  |
| **1.9 SDI** | AEY | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 64 PS (47 kW; 63 hp) at 4,200 | 125 N⋅m (92 lb⋅ft) at 2,200–2,800 | 150 km/h (93.2 mph) | 1996–1999 |  |  |  |
| **1.9 TDI** | 1Z/AHU | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 4,000 | 202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 1,900 | 160 km/h (99.4 mph) | 1996–1999 |  |  |  |
| **1.9 TDI** | AFN/AVG | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) at 4,150 | 235 N⋅m (173 lb⋅ft) at 1,900 | 193 km/h (119.9 mph) | 1996–1999 |  |  |  |
| Diesel engines (Typ 6K2; 1999–2002) | | | | | | | | | | |
| **1.9 SDI** | AGP/AQM | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 68 PS (50 kW; 67 hp) at 4,200 | 133 N⋅m (98 lb⋅ft) at 2,200–2,600 | 161 km/h (100.0 mph) | 08.1999–08.2002 |  |  |  |
| **1.9 TDI** | AGR/ALH | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 4,000/3,750 | 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 1,900 | 180 km/h (111.8 mph) | |  |  |  |
| **1.9 TDI** | ASK/ASV | I4 SOHC 8V | 1,896 cc | 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) at 4,150 | 235 N⋅m (173 lb⋅ft) at 1,900 | 193 km/h (119.9 mph) | |  |  |  |

## Second generation (*Typ* 6L; 2002)

| Second generation (6L) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Production | 2002–2008 |
| Assembly | Spain: Martorell, Catalonia |
| Designer | Walter de Silva |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 4-door saloon |
| Platform | Volkswagen Group A04 (PQ24) |
| Related | SEAT Ibiza Mk3
Volkswagen Polo Mk4
Škoda Fabia Mk1
Škoda Fabia Mk2 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |  |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,460 mm (96.9 in) |
| Length | 4,280 mm (168.5 in) |
| Width | 1,698 mm (66.9 in) |
| Height | 1,441 mm (56.7 in) |
| Curb weight | 1,260 kg (2,780 lb) |

The second-generation Córdoba was presented at the 2002 Paris Motor Show as the four-door saloon version of the SEAT Ibiza Mk3 hatchback. It featured a boot capacity of 485 litres (17.1 cu ft), which could be increased to 800 litres (28 cu ft) by folding the rear seats. No estate or coupé versions of the second generation were developed.

The Córdoba Mark II shares its chassis and engines with the Volkswagen Polo Mk4 and Škoda Fabia Mk1 and Mk2.

In Mexico, Córdoba production continued for a moment longer at the Volkswagen de México Puebla assembly plant. It had the four-cylinder, 2.0-litre 85 kW (115 PS; 113 hp) engine combined with a five-speed manual or an optional six-speed Tiptronic transmission.

The Córdoba was withdrawn from sale in the UK in 2006 and shortly afterwards was removed from SEAT UK's website. In other European countries, sales ended in 2009, after production had ceased in November 2008.

### Engines

| Model | Engine code | Max. power | Dates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Petrol engines | | | | | | | | | | |
| **1.2 12V** | AZQ/BME | 47 kW (64 PS; 63 hp) | 10/02–06/06 |
| **1.2 12V** | BXV | 51 kW (70 PS; 69 hp) | 05/06–11/08 |
| **1.4 16V** | BBY/BKY | 55 kW (75 PS; 74 hp) | 09/02–12/07 |
| **1.4 16V** | BXW | 63 kW (85 PS; 84 hp) | 05/06–11/08 |
| **1.4 16V** | BBZ | 74 kW (100 PS; 99 hp) | 10/02–11/08 |
| **1.6 8V** | BAH | 74 kW (100 PS; 99 hp) | 04/03–11/08 |
| **1.6 16V** | BTS | 77 kW (105 PS; 104 hp) | 11/06–11/08 |
| **2.0 8V** | AZL/BBX | 85 kW (115 PS; 113 hp) | 09/02–11/08 |
| Diesel engines | | | | | | | | | | |
| **1.4 TDI** | BNM | 51 kW (70 PS; 69 hp) | 05/05–11/08 |
| **1.4 TDI** | AMF | 55 kW (75 PS; 74 hp) | 10/02–12/05 |
| **1.4 TDI** | BMS/BNV | 59 kW (80 PS; 79 hp) | 05/05–11/08 |
| **1.9 SDI** | ASY | 47 kW (64 PS; 63 hp) | 09/02–12/05 |
| **1.9 TDI** | ATD/AXR/BMT | 74 kW (100 PS; 99 hp) | 09/02–11/08 |
| **1.9 TDI** | ASZ/BLT | 96 kW (130 PS; 128 hp) | 10/02–07/08 |

## Sales and production figures

The total production per year of SEAT Córdoba cars, manufactured in SEAT and other Volkswagen group's plants, is shown below:

| Model | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Total annual production | 108,749 | 111,894 | 97,685 | 78,770 | 58,646 | 59,348 | 46,821 | 37,568 | 31,058 | 29,747 | 20,439 | 4,861 |

A total of 1,034,465 Córdobas have been produced.

## InfoBox

| SEAT Córdoba | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | SEAT |
| Production | 1993–2008 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Supermini () |
| Platform | Volkswagen Group A0 series |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | SEAT Málaga |
| Successor | SEAT Ibiza ST (wagon)
SEAT Toledo (saloon) |


title: Rapid Deployment Unit

abstract: Rapid Deployment Unit is a special police unit in North Macedonia.

text:
# Rapid Deployment Unit

**Rapid Deployment Unit** is a special police unit in North Macedonia.

## Notable domestic missions

## Weapons

Glock 17 Zastava М-70 X95-S Zastava М-92 Zastava М-76 Zastava М-93 (nicknamed "black lighting") AR-M1 Dragunov sniper rifle McMillan Tac 50 Sako TRG PK machine gun  Special Operations Unit - Tigers Lions (police unit) Alpha (Police Unit) Border Police Special Support Unit Ministry of Internal Affairs Police of North Macedonia Lake Patrol

## InfoBox

| Rapid Deployment Unit
Единица за брзо распоредување | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo of Rapid Deployment Unit | |
| Abbreviation | EBR (MKD; cyr: ЕБР) |
| Motto | Always, everywhere
Секогаш, секаде |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 26 August, 2001 |
| Preceding agency | * Lions (police unit) |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | North Macedonia |
| Legal jurisdiction | Ministry of Internal Affairs |
| Governing body | Government of North Macedonia |
| Operational structure | |
| Overseen by | Ministry of Internal Affairs |
| Headquarters | Gjorche Petrov Base Skopje |
| Elected officer responsible |  |
| Parent agency | Government of North Macedonia |
| Website | |
| www.mvr.gov.mk | |


title: Eldon B. Mahon United States Courthouse

abstract: The Eldon B. Mahon United States Courthouse is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit located in Fort Worth, Texas. Built in 1933, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and was renamed in honor of district court judge Eldon Brooks Mahon in 2003.

text:
# Eldon B. Mahon United States Courthouse

The **Eldon B. Mahon United States Courthouse** is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit located in Fort Worth, Texas. Built in 1933, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and was renamed in honor of district court judge Eldon Brooks Mahon in 2003.

## Building history

Completed in 1934 during the Great Depression, the courthouse symbolized growth and renewed optimism in Fort Worth. Akin to other buildings of the 1930s, its design and construction fit the pattern of the New Deal-era federal building programs enacted to relieve widespread unemployment. Recognizing that the city's existing federal building was inadequate for the burgeoning federal agencies, Congress appropriated $1.215 million in June 1930 for the construction of a new U.S. Courthouse.

The building's forward-looking design makes a significant contribution to the city's impressive collection of Depression-era architecture. Renowned Philadelphia architect Paul Philippe Cret, in association with prominent local architect Wiley G. Clarkson, designed the building under the direction of the Office of the Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury Department. Clarkson, a native Texan, designed many buildings in Fort Worth during the 1920s and 1930s, including the Trinity Episcopal Church, the Woolworth Building, and the Texas Christian University Library.

In 1938, artist Frank Mechau was commissioned under the Public Works Administration's art programs to paint three oil-on-canvas panels in the fourth-floor Court of Appeals. Mechau, a realistic painter who romanticized the American West, is a key figure of the western genre-with work on public view in Federal buildings and art museums across the country. Mechau's paintings were installed in 1940, becoming the only New Deal art commission sponsored in Fort Worth.

The U.S. Courthouse was named in honor of Judge Eldon B. Mahon in 2003 for his service in the Northern District of Texas. Mahon presided over some of the most influential social and political cases in north Texas, including overseeing the racial integration of the Fort Worth School District-a 19-year endeavor.

The Courthouse remains an important landmark in downtown Fort Worth and is a symbol of the continued Federal presence in Tarrant County.

## Architecture

The building is an impressive five-story structure, creating the illusion of a solid limestone mass rising to a height of 94 feet. It is designed in the Art Moderne style, incorporating classical elements. A steel and concrete structure faced with limestone veneer, each elevation adheres to classical principles of symmetry and articulation by a regular rhythm of bays with a centralized principal entrance. Art Moderne elements are embodied by the sharp angles and zigzag surfaces seen in the stacked fenestration of the upper stories, and in the geometric, low-relief abstraction of the ornamentation.

The first three floors of the courthouse form a rectangular block, while upper floors are E-shaped, opening to the south to form two, three-sided light wells. Original access to the building was gained through three sets of bronze and glass double doors, flanked by Art Deco lanterns of aluminum and glass fronting West Tenth Street. Aluminum grilles in Mayan ziggurat, zigzag, Plains Indian arrows, and Egyptian lotus motifs are set over each pair of doors. Metal trim with Pueblo designs accentuates the windows of the second, third, and fourth floors. The smooth stone walls of the first story rise to a flattened, dentiled stringcourse before a shallow setback to the upper-story block. The outer bays of the second story have semicircular balconies of corbelled stone and metal railings. In between, eleven sets of three-story, stacked windows are each angled outward to the central mullion, creating a distinctive zigzag pattern across the surface of the facade. The window spandrels separating each floor feature moldings incised with black designs in Pueblo Indian motifs. The elongated bays are capped by horizontal windows at the fifth story, as the stone walls terminate to a flat roof. The east and west elevations are mirror images of each other and vary little from the facade, except in their width.

Sumptuous finishes, crafted of marble and bronze, and Native American and Art Deco-influenced detailing create eye-catching public spaces on the interior. The former postal lobby and the second- and fourth-floor courtrooms are the most architecturally enriched. The north lobby retains its original terrazzo floor, composed of multicolored marble, forming a zigzag pattern bordered by rectangular designs in pink Lepanto marble along the wall perimeter.

The Federal District Court, located on the second floor, displays finishes of the highest quality. Leather-sheathed doors open onto a room with 21-foot-high walls of rich oak paneling framed by dark Cedar Tennessee marble. Art Deco applications at the judge's white-oak bench and the plaster ornament of the ceiling are decorative focal points.

The Court of Appeals on the fourth floor exhibits similar finishes and motifs, featuring 22-foot-high walls clad in American black walnut paneling that is rounded at the corners in a streamlined effect. The doorjambs and engaged columns are Yellow Kasota Fleuri marble, while the plaster ceiling displays a circular band of geometric patterns. At the rear of this room hang Frank Mechau's dramatic murals: "Texas Rangers in Camp," "The Taking of Sam Bass," and "Flags over Texas." Depicting cowboys, rangers and scenic views of Texas, they are recognized for their skillfully executed abstract and linear style.

Extensive renovations in 1994 to create a bankruptcy courtroom and offices partially reversed remodeling done in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently the south half of the lobby has been incorporated into the new courtroom, keeping the original north postal lobby intact. The U.S. Courthouse remains an outstanding example of the 1930s Art Moderne style.

## Significant events

* 1933: Courthouse constructed
* 1934: The building opens to the public.
* 1940: Murals painted by Frank Albert Mechau are installed in the fourth-floor Court of Appeals.
* 1956: First floor remodeled, removing most of the original postal substation features.
* 1994: First-floor lobby renovated to include a new bankruptcy court and associated offices.
* 2001: Courthouse listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
* 2003: Renamed in honor of Judge Eldon B. Mahon.

## Building facts

* Architect: Paul Philippe Cret; Wiley G. Clarkson
* Location: 501 West Tenth Street
* Architectural Style: Art Moderne
* Primary Materials: Limestone veneer, concrete, steel, marble
* Prominent Features: Multicolored terrazzo flooring; Art Deco detailing; courtroom wood paneling and murals

## Attribution

1. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
2. Cohen, Judith Singer (1988). *Cowtown Moderne: Art Deco Architecture of Fort Worth, Texas* (1st ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 113–119. ISBN 0-89096-313-4. OCLC 18556286.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fort Worth US Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Courthouse in 2016 | |
| Fort Worth US CourthouseFort Worth US Courthouse | |
| Interactive map showing the location for Fort Worth US Courthouse | |
| Location | 501 W. 10th St.,<br>Fort Worth, Texas |
| Coordinates | 32°44′56″N 97°20′2″W / 32.74889°N 97.33389°W / 32.74889; -97.33389 (Fort Worth US Courthouse) |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1934 (1934) |
| Architect | Paul Philippe Cret, Wiley G. Clarkson, et al. |
| Architectural style | Modern Movement, Moderne |
| NRHP reference No. | 01000437 |
| Added to NRHP | April 25, 2001 |


title: Edenthorpe

abstract: Edenthorpe is a village and civil parish on the eastern edge of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 4,752, increasing slightly to 4,776 at the 2011 Census. The village lies 4 miles (6.4 km) to the north east of Doncaster city centre.

text:
# Edenthorpe

**Edenthorpe** is a village and civil parish on the eastern edge of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 4,752, increasing slightly to 4,776 at the 2011 Census. The village lies 4 miles (6.4 km) to the north east of Doncaster city centre.

## History

Edenthorpe is mentioned in the Domesday Book as a Saxon manor called Stirestrop, later known as Tristrop. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, it became Streethorpe, a village on the street, a road from Doncaster to Goole. The modern derivation of the name came about because of the *Eden* family (the Eden's of Streethorpe), whose influence in the 1920s, resulted in a shortening of the address into just *Edenthorpe*. Another story states that Lord Auckland, a member of the Eden family, bought the manor house in 1874 and renamed the estate *Edenthorpe*, from where the village took its new name.

The village's first major residents were the Swyfts, who built the Manor House. In 1605. After the family fortune passed to Mary Swyft, she married Beau Fielding, a member of Charles II's court. Fielding enjoyed the high life; he squandered his wife's money and as a result Streethorpe was sold. After Mary's death, Fielding remarried to a rich widow in the hope of continuing his lavish lifestyle. The widow was an impostor- Fielding had been tricked. On discovering this, he married a third time, to the Duchess of Cleveland, a former mistress of Charles II. Fielding was tried at the Old Bailey for Bigamy, found guilty and subsequently pardoned by the queen.

Streethrpe's new owner was a wealthy London Merchant, Daniel Baker; his grandson John Baker-Holroyd, inherited it and sold it to George Cooke-Yarborough in 1769. Between the years of 1770 and 1786 Cooke-Yarborough built the villages Georgian hall. In Victorian times the North and South wings were added and this was all that remained when fire destroyed the Central section in the 1920s. The south wing was converted into a house for Lord and Lady Moncrief, now owners of the estate, on returning to Scotland; the estate was leased to the Eden family.

After the Second World War, the two wings came into the ownership of the Hodkins, who converted the north wing into flats. On the death of Mr Hodkin, the estate agents "Bell Watson" bought the North wing; a Primary school was established in the South wing in 1958. When the flats in the North wing required a considerable amount of money spending on them, the site was sold to the then "West Riding County Council", who demolished the building and used the land to expand the school.

The parish church is the Church of the Good Shepherd, part of a group based in Kirk Sandall which adjoins the village to the north. Village pubs are the *Eden Arms* on *Eden Field Road*, the *Holly Bush* on *Church Balk*, the *Ridgewood* (named after the 1949 winner of the St Leger) and the *Beverley Inn* both on *Thorne Road* (A18). The Edenthorpe Canon Popham C of E and Hungerhill School are in the village. There is another primary school, Edenthorpe Hall.

47th Edenthorpe Scouts are an active scout group. Pegasus ESU is the Explorer Scout Unit.

## Geography

Edenthorpe is bi-sected by the A18. The A630 passes the south of the village from junction 4 of the M18 and meets the A18 to the west of the village at a roundabout. There is the Kirk Sandall railway station less than a mile away on the Hull and Doncaster Branch and the South Humberside Main Line. From this station you can go direct to Doncaster town centre and to Cleethorpes amongst other destinations.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Edenthorpe | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Edenthorpe Playing Field | |
| EdenthorpeLocation within South Yorkshire | |
| Area | 1.24 sq mi (3.2 km2) |
| Population | 4,776 (2011 census) |
| Density | 3,852/sq mi (1,487/km2) |
| OS grid reference | SE618063 |
| Civil parish | * Edenthorpe |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Doncaster |
| Postcode district | DN3 |
| Dialling code | 01302 |
|  | |
| Police | South Yorkshire |
| Fire | South Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
|


title: Product naming

abstract:
In marketing, product naming is the discipline of deciding what a product will be called, and is very similar in concept and approach to the process of deciding on a name for a company or organization. Product naming is considered a critical part of the branding process, which includes all of the marketing activities that affect the brand image, such as positioning and the design of logo, packaging and the product itself.
The process involved in product naming can take months or years to complete. Some key steps include specifying the objectives of the branding, developing the product name itself, evaluating names through target market testing and focus groups, choosing a final product name, and finally identifying it as a trademark for protection.

text:
# Product naming

In marketing, **product naming** is the discipline of deciding what a product will be called, and is very similar in concept and approach to the process of deciding on a name for a company or organization. Product naming is considered a critical part of the branding process, which includes all of the marketing activities that affect the brand image, such as positioning and the design of logo, packaging and the product itself. The process involved in product naming can take months or years to complete. Some key steps include specifying the objectives of the branding, developing the product name itself, evaluating names through target market testing and focus groups, choosing a final product name, and finally identifying it as a trademark for protection.


title: Prajna Chowta

abstract: Prajna Chowta is an Indian conservationist, wildlife researcher, writer and filmmaker specialised in the Asian elephant. She is the co-founder and managing trustee of the Aane Mane Foundation, founded in Bangalore, India, in 2000.

text:
# Prajna Chowta

**Prajna Chowta** (born in 1970, Accra, Ghana) is an Indian conservationist, wildlife researcher, writer and filmmaker specialised in the Asian elephant. She is the co-founder and managing trustee of the Aane Mane Foundation, founded in Bangalore, India, in 2000.

## Studies and research

Prajna Chowta graduated in 1993 from the School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS, University of London, with a Masters in anthropology. She spent the last two decades in elephant camps and communities of mahouts in south and north-east India and is one of the rare women mahouts in Asia. Since 1995, she has focused on the migration of Asian elephants on the Indo-Myanmar(Burma) border; the communities and traditional techniques of mahouts in India and Burma; and the management of elephants in their natural habitat. Since 2011, she developed ElephanTTrackinG, a remote monitoring system for elephants using GPS collars currently deployed in India, Bhutan, Thailand. Prajna Chowta has recently been researching the history of the Andaman elephants.

## Early life

Prajna Chowta was born in Ghana, grew up in Nigeria and later in Bombay and Bangalore, India. She is the daughter of D. K. Chowta, a Kannada author and businessman, and the sister of music director Sandeep Chowta.

## Awards

In 2016, Prajna Chowta was made Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite (Knight in the National Order of Merit), by the President of the French Republic.

## Publications

* Chowta P., Gautier P. (2000) Hathi, l'éléphant (French) Published by Les 400 Coups, Montreal, Canada ISBN 978-2-921620-55-0
* Chowta P. (2000) The Old Elephant Route, A Research on Elephant Migration between Myanmar and India, Asian Elephant Conservation Fund Report, Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington D.C., USA
* Chowta P. (2010) Elephant Code Book, revised by S.S. Bist, R. Sukumar, B.C. Chittiappa, published by Asian Nature Conservation Foundation & Aane Mane Foundation, Bangalore, India ISBN 978-81-909731-0-6
* Chowta P., Ledoux S. (2014) Enfant d'Eléphants (French), published by Elytis Editions, France. ISBN 978-2-35639-144-5
* Chowta P. (2016) A Brief History of the Andaman Elephants, Aane Mane Foundation, India.
* Chowta P. (2022) Cultural Aberrations in the Management of Captive Elephants in The SOAS Elephant Reader, edited by Ed Emery, SOAS, London, UK. ISBN 978-0-906305-16-4

## Filmography

* Hathi (1998) directed by Philippe Gautier, written by Prajna Chowta and Philippe Gautier, produced by Rock Demers, Les Productions La Fête, Montréal, Québec, Canada
* The Old Elephant Route (2000) directed by Philippe Gautier, written by Prajna Chowta and Philippe Gautier, produced by Les Films d'Ici (Paris) & GA&A (Rome), Discovery Channel, USA.
* Elephas Maximus (2005) documentary trilogy directed by Philippe Gautier, written by Prajna Chowta and Philippe Gautier, Produced by Les Films d'Ici & 24images, Arte Television, France.

Episode 1: Of Elephants and Men Episode 2: Meetings with Remarkable Animals Episode 3: God and the Elephant

* Elephant Blues (2014) directed by Philippe Gautier, written by Prajna Chowta and Philippe Gautier, produced by 24images & Les Films d'Ici, France. Distributed by DigiNext, New York City.

## InfoBox

| Prajna Chowta | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1970<br>Accra, Ghana |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Conservationist, wildlife researcher, writer and filmmaker |


title: Eilema simplex

abstract: Eilema simplex is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found in Myanmar and on Borneo.

text:
# Eilema simplex

***Eilema simplex*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found in Myanmar and on Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Eilema simplex* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eilema* |
| Species: | ***E. simplex*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eilema simplex***<br>(Walker, 1862) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lithosia simplex* Walker, 1862 * *Lithosia microxantha* Hampson, 1894 | |


title: Eldon Arthur Johnson

abstract: Eldon Arthur Johnson was a farmer, engineer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Kerrobert-Kindersley from 1956 to 1964 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member. He was born in Kindersley, Saskatchewan, the son of R.A. Johnson, and received a BEng from the University of Saskatchewan. Johnson served as a captain in the North Saskatchewan Regiment. In 1950, he married Charlotte Heinricks. Johnson was defeated by William S. Howes when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1964. During his time in the assembly, he helped develop provincial legislation to protect the province's archaeological heritage. After retirement, Johnson earned an MA in prehistoric lithic source studies. He served as president of the provincial archaeological society.

text:
# Eldon Arthur Johnson

**Eldon Arthur Johnson** (October 18, 1919  December 29, 2001) was a farmer, engineer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Kerrobert-Kindersley from 1956 to 1964 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.

He was born in Kindersley, Saskatchewan, the son of R.A. Johnson, and received a BEng from the University of Saskatchewan. Johnson served as a captain in the North Saskatchewan Regiment. In 1950, he married Charlotte Heinricks. Johnson was defeated by William S. Howes when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1964. During his time in the assembly, he helped develop provincial legislation to protect the province's archaeological heritage. After retirement, Johnson earned an MA in prehistoric lithic source studies. He served as president of the provincial archaeological society.


title: Eduard Swoboda

abstract: Eduard Swoboda was an Austrian portrait, history and genre painter. His younger brother, Rudolf, was a landscape and animal painter.

text:
# Eduard Swoboda

**Eduard Swoboda** (14 November 1814, in Vienna – 13 September 1902, in Hallstatt) was an Austrian portrait, history and genre painter. His younger brother, Rudolf, was a landscape and animal painter.

## Biography

His father was a wool merchant. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, with Anton Petter. In 1833, as a member of the "Schule der historischen Zeichnungsgründe", he was awarded the Gundel-Prize, for his excellence in the six major art categories. Later, he learned fresco painting from Friedrich Schilcher.

His first exhibit was held in 1834. The following year, he left Austria for Bohemia, where he initially painted portraits in Karlsbad, then continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Prague, with Christian Ruben. This was followed by extended stays in Pest (1836), Preßburg (1842) and Frankfurt am Main (1848). He also belonged to the Albrecht Dürer Association and, in 1861, became a member of the Vienna Künstlerhaus.

In 1843, he married Josefa Janscha, daughter of the porcelain painter, Franz Janscha (1784-1860). She died in 1854 and he remarried, in 1857, to Josefine Müller; daughter of the lithographer, Leopold Müller (1807-1862) and sister of the Orientalist painter, Leopold Carl Müller. Two of the children from his second marriage, Rudolf and Josefine, also became artists.

He died while vacationing near Salzkammergut and was interred at the Wiener Zentralfriedhof.

A large cycle of portraits of artists living in Vienna became very popular, through a series of lithographs. Some of his best known works are frescoes; including wall paintings at churches in Trumau, Reichenau and Schemnitz. He also restored frescoes in the Great Orangery at Schönbrunn Castle, and at various locations in Laxenburg. A major retrospective of his work was held in 1916 at the Künstlerhaus.

## Sources

Media related to Eduard Swoboda at Wikimedia Commons


title: Elephant's Eggs in a Rhubarb Tree

abstract: Elephant's Eggs in a Rhubarb Tree is a 1971 British children's television show which featured a variety of poems, songs, and comedy sketches.

text:
# Elephant's Eggs in a Rhubarb Tree

***Elephant's Eggs in a Rhubarb Tree*** is a 1971 British children's television show which featured a variety of poems, songs, and comedy sketches.

## Premise

The show featured recitations of works from such writers as T.S Eliot, Hilaire Belloc, and Spike Milligan. The cast of the show would often dress up as the characters in the poems and songs that were being recited.

## Cast

## Production

The series was recorded at Teddington Studios in Studio 2.

## Episodes

Three of the six episodes of *Elephant's Eggs in a Rhubarb Tree* were filmed in black and white due to the Colour Strike in 1971. All six episodes are missing, believed wiped.

## InfoBox

| *Elephant's Eggs in a Rhubarb Tree* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Children's |
| Written by |  |
| Directed by | Robert Reed |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Pamela Lonsdale |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Production company | Thames Television |
| Original release | |
| Release | 29 March (1971-03-29TUK) <br>3 May 1971 (1971-05-03TUK) |


title: Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2006

abstract: The 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe was the 59th Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

text:
# Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2006

**The 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe** was the 59th Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

## Events

2006 was the first Fringe following the introduction of the new legislation banning smoking indoors. During a photocall at the Assembly Rooms for a play in which he was playing Winston Churchill, the actor Mel Smith lit a cigar, flouting the ban. Controversy arose when Smith insisted he would smoke onstage during the first performance - he did not go through with this claim.

## Venues

2006 was the first year that the udderBELLY, an offshoot of the Underbelly venues in the shape of an upside-down purple cow, was erected on Bristo Square.

## Awards


title: Elfriede Reichelt

abstract: Elfriede Klara Emma Reichelt was a German fine-art photographer.

text:
# Elfriede Reichelt

**Elfriede Klara Emma Reichelt** (30 January 1883 – 22 August 1953) was a German fine-art photographer.

## Life

Elfriede Klara Emma Reichelt was born in Breslau, the second of three daughters of the merchant Oswald Reichelt and Emma Reichelt, née Streit. Her father ran a porcelain shop in the main shopping street of Breslau.

Reichelt was one of the first women to study from 1906 to 1908 at the Staatliche Fachakademie für Fotodesign München and was a student of the well-known German-American pictorialist Frank Eugene.

After her training, the photographer returned to her Silesian homeland to open a studio for artistic portrait photography in Wroclaw. Until the beginning of the 1930s, the professional photographer took portraits of both the national celebrities of the time as well as well-known personalities from Wroclaw, who often came from the circles of the academy and local collectors and aristocrats.

Landscape, still-life and nude photographs were also part of her range of motifs.

Reichelt was often allowed to portray Wilhelm II and his family in exile in the Netherlands in the 1920s. A large number of her portrait photos are inventoried in the Deutsche Fotothek. Among them, for example, one showing the ex-monarch with his little stepdaughter Henriette (1918-1972). It is entitled "Doorn. Kaiser Wilhelm II with Princess Henriette Schoenaich-Carolath in his arms". Another portrait photograph by Reichelt shows Henriette von Schönaich-Carolath with the family dog: "Princess Henriette von Schoenaich-Carolath with shepherd dog "Arno"". This was shown, among others, in Reichelt's exhibition at the Silesian Museum of Fine Arts in 1925 and published at the time in the Illustrated Weekly Supplement of the Silesian *Zeitung*.

She participated in important photo exhibitions of the era and published her pictures in renowned journals. The photographer was a member of the German Deutscher Werkbund and the Gesellschaft Deutscher Lichtbildner (GDL).

In 1927 she married the Ulm industrialist Hans Wieland and retired from active professional photography in the mid-1930s. After a few years in Ulm, Reichelt lived in Grünwald near Munich after separating from her husband in 1936.

She lived there in a spacious house with a housekeeper and gardener. During the war years, when her estate also suffered bomb damage, she took in her great-niece Dörte Schreiber there from 1941 to 1943. In her last years, Reichelt was ill with bladder cancer of which she died aged 70.

## Further reading

* Verena Faber: *Elfriede Reichelt (1883-1953). Atelierfotografie zwischen Tradition und Moderne: Mit einem Verzeichnis der Werke.* Dissertation, LMU München: Fakultät für Geschichts- und Kunstwissenschaften, 2011 (Online at Hochschulschrift LMU Munich)


title: Edinburgh Festival Theatre

abstract: The Edinburgh Festival Theatre is a performing arts venue located on Nicolson Street in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is used primarily for performances of opera and ballet, large-scale musical events, and touring groups. After its most recent renovation in 1994, it seats 1,915. It is one of the major venues of the annual summer Edinburgh International Festival and is the Edinburgh venue for the Scottish Opera and the Scottish Ballet.

text:
# Edinburgh Festival Theatre

The **Edinburgh Festival Theatre** (originally **Empire Palace Theatre** and later shortened to **Empire Theatre**) is a performing arts venue located on Nicolson Street in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is used primarily for performances of opera and ballet, large-scale musical events, and touring groups. After its most recent renovation in 1994, it seats 1,915. It is one of the major venues of the annual summer Edinburgh International Festival and is the Edinburgh venue for the Scottish Opera and the Scottish Ballet.

## Theatre background and history

The present theatre's location is Edinburgh's longest continuous theatre site, for there has been a theatre in that location since 1830. From being Dunedin Hall, the Royal Amphitheatre, Alhambra Music Hall, the Queen's Theatre, Pablo Fanque's Amphitheatre, and Newsome's Circus, the site became the **Empire Palace Theatre**, the first of the famous Moss Empires’ chain, opening on 7 November 1892. Designed by the great British theatre architect, Frank Matcham, (who built the London Coliseum, among others) its décor was lavish, with elephants with Nubian riders, nymphs and cherubs in abundance on the plasterwork, and it seated 3000 people on four levels.

### 1911 fire

For the following twenty years all the top artists of the day played at the Empire Palace until, on 9 May 1911, there was a disastrous fire on stage. While all 3000 theatre goers escaped safely in about 2.5 minutes, there were eleven backstage deaths, including illusionist Sigmund Neuberger, who was then taking his final bow as The Great Lafayette; his body double; and the lion from his act. Film of the aftermath of the fire is held by the National Library of Scotland. The theatre reopened three months after the fire.

Nevertheless, given the long term competition from the growth of film as a popular medium, the theatre had to be re-equipped to present bigger and more spectacular shows. Reusing some of Matcham's original design concepts, the theatre reopened on 1 October 1928 with the first production, the musical *Show Boat*. Between 1928 and 1963 the Empire was a variety, musical and opera house, often including ice shows.

Big names like Harry Lauder, Charles Laughton, Fats Waller, Joe Loss, and Laurel and Hardy appeared, while English comedians Max Wall, Morecambe and Wise and Harry Worth established themselves at the Empire.

In addition to the music hall and popular entertainers who appeared at the Empire, the theatre became a principal venue of the Edinburgh International Festival between 1947 and 1963. It was particularly associated with international ballet and, during the first Festival in 1947, Margot Fonteyn danced in *The Sleeping Beauty*, while in subsequent years, performances by the Old Vic theatre company, the Royal Ballet and the Royal Opera were presented.

However, for nearly thirty years after 1963 the theatre became a bingo hall, only temporarily serving as a Festival venue. In the early 1970s the venue shortened its name to simply the **Empire Theatre** and hosted live music events. Bands did not appear until after 11pm - once the bingo players had gone. Emerson, Lake & Palmer (18 December 1971), Free (14 September 1972), Wishbone Ash (9 December 1972) and Focus (11 May 1973) were among the acts appearing. Finally, after its third major remodeling, the Empire Theatre reopened in June 1994 with a glass-fronted structure for the new entrance (created by Law & Dunbar-Nasmith Architects), as the now-renamed *Edinburgh Festival Theatre*. In 1997, the theatre manager and artistic director Stephen Barry was appointed to shape the rejuvenated venue's future. With the restoration of the Empire Theatre's former 1928 glory, plus a dramatic mix of art nouveau, beaux arts and neo-classicism, and including adequate acoustics, the new theatre serves the artistic needs of the community.

Duncan Hendry, Chief Executive of Festival City Theatres Trust, which later became Capital Theatres, from 2012 to 2019, brought West End productions such as *War Horse* and *Hamilton* to the Festival Theatre for the first time. He persuaded Cameron Mackintosh to bring shows such as *Miss Saigon*, *Mary Poppins*, and *Les Misérables* to the theatre too.

## Legend

The theatre is said to be haunted by a tall, dark stranger rumoured to be the famous illusionist Sigmund Neuberger, a.k.a. The Great Lafayette, who was one of those who burned to death in the fire at the Empire in 1911.

## InfoBox

Edinburgh Festival Theatre
| The Festival Theatre building on Nicolson Street in Edinburgh. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Empire Palace Theatre<br>Empire Theatre |
| Address | 13/29 Nicolson Street |
| Location | Edinburgh, Scotland, UK |
| Coordinates | 55°56′48.12″N 3°11′10.24″W / 55.9467000°N 3.1861778°W / 55.9467000; -3.1861778 |
| Operator | Capital Theatres |
| Capacity | 1,915 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 7 November 1892 |
| Reopened | 1911, 1994 |
| Website | |
| www.capitaltheatres.com/festival | |


title: Dale Berra

abstract: Dale Anthony Berra is an American former Major League Baseball player who primarily played as an infielder from 1977 to 1987. He is the son of Hall of Fame catcher Yogi Berra and brother of former Baltimore Colts return specialist Tim Berra.

text:
# Dale Berra

**Dale Anthony Berra** (born December 13, 1956) is an American former Major League Baseball player who primarily played as an infielder from 1977 to 1987. He is the son of Hall of Fame catcher Yogi Berra and brother of former Baltimore Colts return specialist Tim Berra.

## Early years

Dale was named after Dale Mitchell, who had made the final out in Don Larsen's perfect game two months earlier, when he took a called third strike that was caught by Yogi.

Berra was a highly sought prospect upon his graduation from Montclair High School in Montclair, New Jersey. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates with the twentieth overall pick in the 1975 Major League Baseball draft, and made his major-league debut on August 22, 1977, at the age of twenty.

## Pittsburgh Pirates

Berra was a member of the 1979 World Series champion Pirates, though he did not receive an at-bat in the post season. A third baseman in the minor leagues, Berra earned playing time at third, second and shortstop his first five seasons in the majors before being handed the starting shortstop job in 1982. That season, he enjoyed career highs in batting average (.263), hits (139), runs scored (64) and runs batted in (61). In 1983, he set the record for reaching base on catcher's interference with seven.

## New York Yankees

Yogi Berra was named manager of the Yankees prior to the start of the 1984 season. Following the season, the Yankees acquired the younger Berra, along with Jay Buhner and Alfonso Pulido for Steve Kemp and Tim Foli, whom Berra had replaced as the Pirates starting shortstop. Dale became the first son to play for his father in the major leagues since Earle Mack who appeared in a total of 5 games for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1910 through 1914 under Connie Mack. Dale was batting .343 until his father was fired sixteen games into the 1985 season and replaced by Billy Martin. Under Martin, Dale was returned to a back-up infielder role, and his batting average fell to .229 for the season.

The most notable play of Berra's career was a bizarre baserunning gaffe which also involved Bobby Meacham in an 11-inning 65 loss to the Chicago White Sox at Yankee Stadium on August 2, 1985. With Meacham and Berra the runners at second and first base respectively in the seventh inning of a game tied at three, Rickey Henderson hit a ball that rolled to the farthest reaches of left-center field. When Meacham slipped between second and third base, both runners ended up approaching home plate in synchronized fashion, one on the heels of the other. After catching the relay throw from shortstop Ozzie Guillén, catcher Carlton Fisk tagged out Meacham to his right, then turned to his left just a split second later to do the same to Berra to complete the double play. Martin commented, "I've never seen that in grammar school, much less a major-league game."

## Pittsburgh drug trials

On September 9, 1985, Berra testified during the cocaine distribution trial of Curtis Strong that he shared cocaine with other members of the Pirates.

On February 28, 1986, Baseball Commissioner Peter Ueberroth suspended several players including Berra. The suspensions were waived with a commitment for community service and donations of 10% of their salaries for one year.

## Houston Astros

Lou Piniella was named the Yankees' manager in 1986 and Berra was released on July 27. Shortly afterwards, he was signed by the Houston Astros where Yogi Berra was a coach. Dale spent the rest of the 1986 season with Houston's triple-A affiliate.

After spending most of 1987 with triple-A Tucson, Berra debuted with the Astros on August 15. He batted .178 in 19 games for the Astros, and was released at the end of the season. He spent the 1988 season in the Baltimore Orioles' system before retiring.

## Personal life

A resident of Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Berra was charged in April 1989 with cocaine possession as part of an investigation into a drug ring that was distributing as much as $20,000 in cocaine weekly in northern New Jersey. After three years in the Pretrial Intervention Program, the charges were dismissed.

In 1990, Berra was running a construction company in Cranford, New Jersey. He is one of the principals of LTD Enterprises, which controls the brand image of his father.

Berra played more games than any son of a Hall-of-Famer, topping Dick Sisler (853 to 799). His older brother, Larry, played briefly in the New York Mets organization, and his older brother, Tim, played with the Baltimore Colts in 1974.

## InfoBox

| Dale Berra | |
| --- | --- |
| Berra with the Pirates in 1984 | |
| **Shortstop / Third baseman** | |
| **Born:**  (1956-12-13) December 13, 1956<br>Ridgewood, New Jersey, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 22, 1977, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 4, 1987, for the Houston Astros | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .236 |
| Home runs | 49 |
| Runs batted in | 278 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Protonitazepyne

abstract: Protonitazepyne is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects, which has been sold as a designer drug over the internet, first being mentioned in mid 2022 and definitively identified in drug seizures in Canada in early 2023 and Ireland in late 2023. It is an analogue of etonitazene where the ethoxy group has been extended to propoxy, and the N,N-diethyl substitution has been cyclised into a pyrrolidine ring. While formal studies into its pharmacology have yet to be carried out, it is believed to be slightly less potent than the ethoxy analogue etonitazepyne but still a potent opioid.

text:
# Protonitazepyne

**Protonitazepyne** (***N*-pyrrolidino protonitazene**) is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects, which has been sold as a designer drug over the internet, first being mentioned in mid 2022 and definitively identified in drug seizures in Canada in early 2023 and Ireland in late 2023. It is an analogue of etonitazene where the ethoxy group has been extended to propoxy, and the *N*,*N*-diethyl substitution has been cyclised into a pyrrolidine ring. While formal studies into its pharmacology have yet to be carried out, it is believed to be slightly less potent than the ethoxy analogue etonitazepyne but still a potent opioid.

## InfoBox

Protonitazepyne
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 5-nitro-2-(4-propoxybenzyl)-1-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-benzo\[d\]imidazole | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C23H28N4O3 |
| Molar mass | 408.502 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CC2=NC3=C(N2CCN4CCCC4)C=CC(=C3)\[N+\](=O)\[O-\] | |
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title: Edgar Scherick

abstract: Edgar J. Scherick was an American television executive and producer of television miniseries, made-for-television films, and theatrical motion pictures.

text:
# Edgar Scherick

**Edgar J. Scherick** (October 16, 1924 – December 2, 2002) was an American television executive and producer of television miniseries, made-for-television films, and theatrical motion pictures.

## Life and career

Scherick was born in New York City, the son of Jennie (née Friedman) and Jacob J. Scherick. He was raised in Long Beach, NY and graduated Long Beach High School in 1941.

Widely credited as a pioneer in network sports broadcasting, Scherick created the television program *ABC's Wide World of Sports* at his company Sports Programs, Inc. which he started in 1956 with $600.00. In February 1960, Scherick sold Sports Programs to the American Broadcasting Company for $500,000 in ABC stock, where it became ABC Sports, the sports division of the network. With the acquisition, Scherick was appointed head of the ABC Sports division, then Vice President in charge of Network Sales. In June 1963, Scherick became Vice President of Programming for the ABC Television Network, where he created many popular shows including *Bewitched*, *Batman*, *That Girl*, *The Hollywood Palace*, and *Peyton Place*.

After his television career, Edgar Scherick became a film and television producer and executive producer of 75 theatrical films, television movies and mini-series through his company Palomar Pictures International and other entities.

In 1983, Scherick had a cameo role as Wilson Crockett, a network television executive, in the Martin Scorsese film, *The King of Comedy*.

By January 2, 1990, Scherick had gone to work with Saban Entertainment through its Saban/Scherick Productions division, which was for mostly television movies and mini-series

Scherick hired and served as a mentor to many famous television and theatrical producers and industry executives including Roone Arledge, Brian Grazer, Scott Rudin, Michael Barnathan, Robert Lawrence and David Nicksay.

He died of complications from leukaemia on December 2, 2002.

## Awards and nominations

Scherick's television body of work includes 6 Emmy nominations and one winning Emmy:

* 2002: Outstanding Made For Television Movie – Path To War
* 1990: Outstanding Miniseries – The Kennedys of Massachusetts
* 1986: Outstanding Miniseries – On Wings of Eagles
* 1984: Outstanding Children's Program – He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' (Winner)
* 1983: Outstanding Drama Special – Little Gloria...Happy at Last
* 1977: Outstanding Special – Drama or Comedy – Raid on Entebbe The Big Event

Many of the theatrical releases that Scherick produced or credited as Executive Producer were nominated for an Academy Award:

* 1968: Best Song (original for the picture) – For Love of Ivy (Quincy Jones, Bob Russell)
* 1972: Best Actor – Sleuth (Michael Caine)
* 1972: Best Actor – Sleuth (Laurence Olivier)
* 1972: Best Director – Sleuth (Joseph L. Mankiewicz)
* 1972: Best Original Dramatic Score - Sleuth (John Addison)
* 1972: Best Actor in a Supporting Role - The Heartbreak Kid (Eddie Albert)
* 1972: Best Actress in a Supporting Role - The Heartbreak Kid (Jeannie Berlin)
* 1977: Best Screenplay (based on material from another medium) – I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (Gavin Lambert, Lewis John Carlino)
* 1983: Best Documentary - He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' (Emile Ardolino, Producer)
* 1991: Best Actress in a Leading Role - Rambling Rose (Laura Dern)
* 1991: Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Rambling Rose (Diane Ladd)

The film "He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'" is unique as it was for 31 years, the only production to win both an Oscar and an Emmy. Scherick won the Emmy for Outstanding Children's Program as Executive Producer but due to Academy rules, only the credited "Producer" (not Executive Producer) is eligible for a Best Picture Oscar award.

One film that Scherick was credited as Executive Producer, Path to War from 2002' was nominated for the Global Globe Award for Best Television Motion Picture. It was the last film Scherick produced during his lifetime.

In 1997, the Producers Guild of America presented Scherick with their "Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television," recognizing his outstanding body of work and lifetime achievement in this medium.

Scherick also served as chair of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Hall of Fame beginning in 1988.

## Select filmography

He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.

### Film

| Year | Film | Credit | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | *For Love of Ivy* |  |  |
| | *The Birthday Party* | Executive producer |  |
| 1969 | *Ring of Bright Water* | Executive producer |  |
| | *A Touch of Love* | Executive producer |  |
| | *Take the Money and Run* | Executive producer | Uncredited |
| 1970 | *Jenny* |  |  |
| | *Homer* | Executive producer |  |
| 1972 | *What Became of Jack and Jill?* | Executive producer |  |
| | *To Kill a Clown* | Executive producer |  |
| | *The Darwin Adventure* | Executive producer |  |
| | *Sleuth* | Executive producer | Remade in 2007 |
| | *The Heartbreak Kid* |  | Remade in 2007 |
| 1973 | *Gordon's War* | Executive producer |  |
| 1974 | *The Taking of Pelham One Two Three* |  | Remade in 1998 for television and 2009 as a theatrical film |
| | *Law and Disorder* | Executive producer |  |
| 1975 | *The Stepford Wives* |  | Remade in 2004 |
| 1977 | *I Never Promised You a Rose Garden* |  |  |
| 1979 | *Fish Hawk* | Executive producer |  |
| 1980 | *The American Success Company* |  |  |
| 1982 | *Shoot the Moon* | Executive producer |  |
| | *I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can* |  |  |
| | *White Dog* | Executive producer |  |
| 1983 | *He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'* | Executive producer | Film won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature |
| 1984 | *Reckless* |  |  |
| | *Mrs. Soffel* |  |  |
| 1991 | *Rambling Rose* | Executive producer | Final film as a producer |
| 2004 | *The Stepford Wives* |  | Posthumous credit |

As an actor

| Year | Film | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | *The King of Comedy* | Wilson Crockett |

Miscellaneous crew

| Year | Film | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1979 | *Fish Hawk* | Presenter |

### Television

| Year | Title | Credit | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1953 | *Major League Baseball on ABC* |  |  |
| 1970 | *The Man Who Wanted to Live Forever* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1972 | *When Michael Calls* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1974 | *Ann in Blue* |  | Television film |
| 1975 | *The Silence* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1976 | *Jeremiah of Jacob's Neck* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Raid on Entebbe* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1977 | *A Circle of Children* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Panic in Echo Park* |  | Television film |
| | *ABC Weekend Special* |  |  |
| 1978 | *Zuma Beach* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Thou Shalt Not Commit Adultery* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1979 | *An American Christmas Carol* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1980 | *Mother and Daughter: The Loving War* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *The Seduction of Miss Leona* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Revenge of the Stepford Wives* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1982 | *Thou Shalt Not Kill* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Little Gloria... Happy at Last* | Executive producer |  |
| 1983 | *He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'* | Executive producer | Won Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program |
| 1985 | *Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Evergreen* | Executive producer |  |
| 1986 | *On Wings of Eagles* | Executive producer |  |
| | *The High Price of Passion* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1987 | *Stranger in My Bed* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *The Stepford Children* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Hands of a Stranger* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Uncle Tom's Cabin* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Home Fires* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1988 | *Stranger on My Land* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Lovers, Partners & Spies* | Executive producer | Television pilot |
| | *Unholy Matrimony* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1990 | *Anything to Survive* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *The Kennedys of Massachusetts* | Executive producer |  |
| | *The Secret Life of Ian Fleming* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *The Phantom of the Opera* | Executive producer |  |
| | *The Girl Who Came Between Them* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *The Rock* | Executive producer |  |
| 1991 | *Fever* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *The Rape of Doctor Willis* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1992 | *Till Death Us Do Part* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Scorch* | Executive producer |  |
| | *Quiet Killer* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Nightmare in the Daylight* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Four Eyes and Six Guns* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1994 | *Betrayed by Love* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *A Passion for Justice: The Hazel Brannon Smith Story* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1995 | *The Good Old Boys* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *Tyson* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1996 | *The Stepford Husbands* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *The Siege at Ruby Ridge* | Executive producer | Television film |
| | *We the Jury* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 1998 | *The Wall* | Executive producer | Television film |
| 2002 | *Path to War* | Executive producer | Television film |

As an actor

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | *Murder: By Reason of Insanity* | Howard Norton | Television film |
| 1988 | *A Year in the Life* | Gottlieb |  |
| 1995 | *Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning* | McLaughlin | Television film |
| | *It Was Him or Us* | None | Television film |

As writer

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 1992 | *Scorch* |

Miscellaneous crew

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | *The Scarlet Pimpernel* | Production consultant | Television film |

## InfoBox

| Edgar Scherick | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Edgar J. Scherick
(1924-10-16)October 16, 1924
New York City, US |
| Died | December 2, 2002(2002-12-02) (aged 78)
Los Angeles, California, US |
| Occupation(s) | Film producer, television producer |
| Spouses | * Margaret Iwasaki * Carol Romann |