title: Tell That Girl

abstract: "Tell That Girl" is a 2017 single released by Scottish alternative rock band Texas as the second single from their ninth studio album Jump on Board (2017). The song was released in March 2017 through PIAS Records and was written by Sharleen Spiteri, Johnny McElhone, Karen Overton, with McElhone serving as the songs producer.

text:
# Tell That Girl

**"Tell That Girl"** is a 2017 single released by Scottish alternative rock band Texas as the second single from their ninth studio album *Jump on Board* (2017). The song was released in March 2017 through PIAS Records and was written by Sharleen Spiteri, Johnny McElhone, Karen Overton, with McElhone serving as the songs producer.

## Background and recording

The song was written by two members of the band, Spiteri and McElhone, with McElhone serving as the producer for the song. The song also had writing input from Karen Overton, who had previously collaborated with the band during writing sessions for their eighth studio album *The Conversation* (2013).

## Promotion and release

The song received its first airplay on BBC Radio 2 on 28 March 2017.

## Music video

The music video for "Tell That Girl" was filmed within a few hours at The Poetry Club in Glasgow. The video features members of the band joined by *Game of Thrones* actor Rory McCann on drums, along with Sharleen filming scenes for the video in Paris.

## Commercial performance

"Tell That Girl" appeared on the Ultratip Wallonia charts in Belgium, where it charted at number 45 during the week of 27 May 2017.

## Chart performance

Chart performance for "Tell That Girl"
| Chart (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 45 |

## InfoBox

| "Tell That Girl" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Texas | |
| from the album  *Jump on Board* | |
| Released | 28 March 2017 (2017-03-28) |
| Recorded | 2016 |
| Studio | Abbey Road Studios, London |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 3:23 |
| Label | PIAS |
| Songwriter(s) | Sharleen Spiteri, Johnny McElhone, Karen Overton |
| Producer(s) | Johnny McElhone |
| Texas singles chronology | |
| "Let's Work It Out"
(2017) "**Tell That Girl**"
(2017) "Midnight"
(2017) | |


title: Cristopher Meléndez

abstract: Cristopher Aarón Meléndez Suazo is a Honduran professional footballer who plays as a defender for Motagua.

text:
# Cristopher Meléndez

**Cristopher Aarón Meléndez Suazo** (born 25 November 1997) is a Honduran professional footballer who plays as a defender for Motagua.

## International career

He made his debut for Honduras national football team on 12 November 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Panama.

## Honours

**Honduras Youth**

## InfoBox

Cristopher Meléndez
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Cristopher Aarón Meléndez Suazo | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-11-25) 25 November 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | La Ceiba, Honduras | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Motagua | | |
| Number | 35 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Motagua | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016– | Motagua | 63 | (2) |
| International career | | | |
| 2019–2021 | Honduras U23 | 9 | (0) |
| 2021– | Honduras | 1 | (0) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Honduras  Pan American Games  2019 Lima Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 2 August 2021<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 12 November 2021 | | | |


title: Christophia tessulata

abstract: Christophia tessulata is a species of snout moth in the genus Christophia. It was described by Mark I. Falkovitsh in 1999 and is known from Uzbekistan. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Caroxylon orientalis.

text:
# Christophia tessulata

***Christophia tessulata*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Christophia*. It was described by Mark I. Falkovitsh in 1999 and is known from Uzbekistan.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on *Caroxylon orientalis*.

## InfoBox

| *Christophia tessulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Christophia* |
| Species: | ***C. tessulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Christophia tessulata***<br>Falkovitsh, 1999 | |
|


title: Christophia triceratops

abstract: Christophia triceratops is a species of snout moth in the genus Christophia. It was described by Mark I. Falkovitsh in 1999 and is known from Uzbekistan. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Climacoptera species.

text:
# Christophia triceratops

***Christophia triceratops*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Christophia*. It was described by Mark I. Falkovitsh in 1999 and is known from Uzbekistan.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on *Climacoptera* species.

## InfoBox

| *Christophia triceratops* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Christophia* |
| Species: | ***C. triceratops*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Christophia triceratops***<br>Falkovitsh, 1999 | |
|


title: Christopher Liljewall

abstract: Christopher Liljewall is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played with Timrå IK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

text:
# Christopher Liljewall

**Christopher Liljewall** (born December 27, 1989) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played with Timrå IK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

## Playing career

Liljewall made his Elitserien (now the SHL) debut playing with Rögle BK during the 2008–09 Elitserien season.

Liljewall captained Rögle BK for two seasons before leaving the club at the conclusion of the 2016–17 season, to join finalists Brynäs IF on a two-year contract on May 17, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Christopher Liljewall | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1989-12-27) December 27, 1989
Ängelholm, Sweden | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 203 lb (92 kg; 14 st 7 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| SHL team
Former teams | *Free Agent*
Rögle BK
Brynäs IF
Timrå IK | | |
| Playing career | 2008present | | |


title: South Ozone Park, Queens

abstract: South Ozone Park is a neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Queens. It is just north of John F. Kennedy International Airport, between Aqueduct Racetrack to the west and the Van Wyck Expressway to the east. Adjacent neighborhoods include Ozone Park to the west; Richmond Hill to the north; Jamaica, South Jamaica, and Springfield Gardens to the east; and Howard Beach and Old Howard Beach to the southwest. Rockaway Boulevard is South Ozone Park's main business strip. There is also a high concentration of small businesses along Liberty Avenue, which is also one of South Ozone Park's main source of revenue. South Ozone Park is located in Queens Community District 10 and its ZIP Code is 11420. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 106th Precinct. Politically, South Ozone Park is represented by the New York City Council's 28th and 32nd Districts.

text:
# South Ozone Park, Queens

**South Ozone Park** is a neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Queens. It is just north of John F. Kennedy International Airport, between Aqueduct Racetrack to the west and the Van Wyck Expressway to the east. Adjacent neighborhoods include Ozone Park to the west; Richmond Hill to the north; Jamaica, South Jamaica, and Springfield Gardens to the east; and Howard Beach and Old Howard Beach to the southwest.

Rockaway Boulevard is South Ozone Park's main business strip. There is also a high concentration of small businesses along Liberty Avenue, which is also one of South Ozone Park's main source of revenue.

South Ozone Park is located in Queens Community District 10 and its ZIP Code is 11420. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 106th Precinct. Politically, South Ozone Park is represented by the New York City Council's 28th and 32nd Districts.

## Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of South Ozone Park was 75,878, a change of -3,028 (-4%) from the 78,906 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,878.12 acres (760.05 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 40.4 inhabitants per acre (25,900/sq mi; 10,000/km2).

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 6.9% (5,213) White, 25.7% (19,477) African American, 1.4% (1,064) Native American, 23.3% (17,691) Asian, 0.2% (152) Pacific Islander, 10.5% (7,999) from other races, and 11% (8,337) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21% (15,945) of the population.

The entirety of Community Board 10, which comprises Howard Beach, southern Ozone Park, and South Ozone Park, had 125,603 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.7 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 22% are between the ages of between 0–17, 28% between 25–44, and 28% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 13% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 10 was $73,891. In 2018, an estimated 19% of South Ozone Park and Howard Beach residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in ten residents (10%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 56% in Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, higher than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, South Ozone Park and Howard Beach are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

South Ozone Park has many Indians, Pakistani, Indo-Caribbean Americans (mostly Indo-Guyanese and Indo-Trinidadians), and African Americans living in the area, in addition to the area's longtime Italian-American population.

## Police and crime

Howard Beach, South Ozone Park, and South Richmond Hill are patrolled by the 106th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 103-53 101st Street. The 106th Precinct ranked 26th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The rate of car thefts is high because of the area's proximity to the Belt Parkway, a major travel corridor. As of 2018, with a non-fatal assault rate of 32 per 100,000 people, Howard Beach and South Ozone Park's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 381 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 106th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 81.3% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 16 rapes, 183 robberies, 246 felony assaults, 133 burglaries, 502 grand larcenies, and 97 grand larcenies auto in 2018.

## Fire safety

South Ozone Park contains a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 308/Battalion 51, at 107-12 Lefferts Boulevard.

## Health

As of 2018, preterm births are more common in South Ozone Park and Howard Beach than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, there were 97 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 14.2 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). South Ozone Park and Howard Beach have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 8%, lower than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in South Ozone Park and Howard Beach is 0.0068 milligrams per cubic metre (6.8×10−9 oz/cu ft), less than the city average. Twelve percent of South Ozone Park and Howard Beach residents are smokers, which is lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, 27% of residents are obese, 19% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 22%, 8%, and 23% respectively. In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-three percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", about equal to the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, there are 8 bodegas.

The nearest major hospitals are Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center in Brooklyn and Jamaica Hospital in Jamaica.

## Post offices and ZIP Code

South Ozone Park is covered by the ZIP Code 11420. The United States Post Office operates two post offices nearby: the South Richmond Hill Station at 117-04 101st Avenue, and the Ozone Park Station at 91-11 Liberty Avenue.

## Education

South Ozone Park and Howard Beach generally have a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018. While 28% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 23% have less than a high school education and 49% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of South Ozone Park and Howard Beach students excelling in math rose from 33% in 2000 to 61% in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 37% to 48% during the same time period.

South Ozone Park and Howard Beach's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is less than the rest of New York City. In Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, 18% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, lower than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 82% of high school students in South Ozone Park and Howard Beach graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

### Schools

* P.S. 63Q Old South educates students from Pre Kindergarten to fifth grade. It is located on 90-15 Sutter Avenue.
* Our Lady's Catholic Academy Our Lady's Catholic Academy is a diverse, child-centered Catholic elementary school with 2 campuses that serves the South Ozone Park community. The first school campus located on 126th Street and Rockaway Boulevard, was founded in September 2009, under the direction and guidance of the Board of Directors. The school expanded to a second campus in September 2012 and is located on 128th Street and 111th Avenue
* Our Lady of Perpetual Help School is the parish school for the church of the same name. It is located on 115th Street and is within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn. Established on September 12, 1927, it educates in grades PK-.
* P.S. 108Q \- Captain Vincent G. Fowler is an elementary school that educates an average of 1400 students from Pre K-5th Grade. It is located across from the Aqueduct Racetrack.
* Virgil I Grissom, J.H.S. 226, Rockaway Blvd and 122nd Street. This middle school is named for the late astronaut, it features Grades 6-8 and specializes in several areas of general education practices. It is a zoned school.
* P.S. 124 Osmond A Church
* P.S. 45 The Clarence E. Witherspoon School, at 126-28 150th Street, serves grades K-6.
* P.S 121 is located at 126-10 109th Avenue.

### Library

The Queens Public Library operates the South Ozone Park branch at 128-16 Rockaway Boulevard.

## Transportation

South Ozone Park is served by the Q7, Q9, Q10, Q37, Q41 and QM18 buses. The nearest New York City Subway station is 111th Street, served by the  train.

## InfoBox

| South Ozone Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Queens | |
| Rockaway Boulevard | |
| Location within New York City | |
| Coordinates: 40°40′34″N 73°48′43″W / 40.676°N 73.812°W / 40.676; -73.812 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| City | New York City |
| County/Borough | Queens |
| Community District | Queens 10 |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 75,878 |
| Ethnicity | |
| Black | 25.7% |
| Asian | 23.3 |
| Hispanic | 21.0 |
| Two or more races | 11.0 |
| Other | 29.0 |
| Economics | |
| Median income | $73,891 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Code | 11420 |
| Area codes | 718, 347, 929, and 917 |


title: Southampton Evening Cricket League

abstract: The Southampton Evening Cricket League, formed in 1931, is one of the oldest cricket leagues in the United Kingdom. The current format of the league consists of three divisions of six to eight teams, playing each other once at "home" and once "away". Matches were played in a timed format until 1949 but are now scheduled to start at 6.30 pm, and are limited to sixteen overs per side, with no bowler permitted to bowl more than four overs. The evening format means that matches may be played during the week after work; many teams represent workplaces in and around the city of Southampton. The league is won by the team with the highest average points total, rather than overall points or wins, given the nature of the team composition, availability of pitches and the great British weather means that not all fixtures can be fulfilled. Matches are played at various sites around the city, including Southampton Sports Centre, Riverside Park & Millbrook. As of 30 May 2012, matches have been temporarily moved away from the league's most famous venue - Hoglands Park. There are also 2 Cup competitions - the Presidents Cup and the Harold Diaper Trophy. An indoor league also runs during the winter months, although not all teams play in both versions of the league.

text:
# Southampton Evening Cricket League

The **Southampton Evening Cricket League**, formed in 1931, is one of the oldest cricket leagues in the United Kingdom. The current format of the league consists of three divisions of six to eight teams, playing each other once at "home" and once "away". Matches were played in a timed format until 1949 but are now scheduled to start at 6.30 pm, and are limited to sixteen overs per side, with no bowler permitted to bowl more than four overs. The evening format means that matches may be played during the week after work; many teams represent workplaces in and around the city of Southampton.

The league is won by the team with the highest average points total, rather than overall points or wins, given the nature of the team composition, availability of pitches and the great British weather means that not all fixtures can be fulfilled.

Matches are played at various sites around the city, including Southampton Sports Centre, Riverside Park & Millbrook. As of 30 May 2012, matches have been temporarily moved away from the league's most famous venue - Hoglands Park.

There are also 2 Cup competitions - the Presidents Cup and the Harold Diaper Trophy. An indoor league also runs during the winter months, although not all teams play in both versions of the league.

## Famous players

Several notable Test and county cricketers have played in the league, including Robin Smith, Kevin Shine, Gary Brent and Adrian Aymes.

Other famous players in the league include footballers Matt Le Tissier, Kevin Keegan, Ted Drake, Ted Bates & Jason Dodd.


title: Christian Ehler

abstract: Jan Christian Ehler is a German politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2004. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

text:
# Christian Ehler

**Jan Christian Ehler** (born 17 August 1963) is a German politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2004. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

## Early life and education

Ehler grew up in Munich and graduated from Staatliches Landschulheim Marquartstein in 1984.

1989/1990 Studies in the field of macroeconomics at the American University Washington D.C., research associate for the United States House Committee on Financial Services

During his studies, he completed internships with Otto Graf Lambsdorff and Senator John Heinz.

## Early career

* Managing Director, Biotech GmbH - biotechnology centre Hennigsdorf (since 2000)
* Managing Director, Projektgesellschaft Bahnerprobungs- und Technologiezentrum (special testing and technology company) Berlin/Brandenburg GmbH (GBT) (1998–2000)
* Member of staff, project head and subsequently Managing Director of the Aigner group of companies (1992–1997)
* Assistant to the Managing Director, ddp/ADN (1990–1991)

## Political career

### Career in state politics

Ehler was first elected into the State Parliament of Brandenburg in the 1999 state elections. A member of the CDU parliamentary group, he served as spokesperson on industry and technology policies. He was a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and the Committee on European Affairs and Development Policies. In addition, he served as substitute member of the Committee on Budgetary and Financial Affairs.

### Member of the European Parliament, 2004–present

Ehler has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2004 European elections. A member of the European People's Party group, he first served on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) from 2005 until 2009 before joining the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) and the Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE). In this capacity, he has been one of the Parliament's rapporteurs on Horizon Europe, the EU research and innovation framework programme, and the European Innovation Council. Since 2022, he has been chairing the parliament’s Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA).

In addition to his committee assignments, Ehler has served as member of the Parliament's delegations for relations with the countries of South Asia and the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (2004-2007), India (2007-2009) and the United States (since 2012). He also chairs the European Parliament Intergroup on Creative Industries.

## Political memberships

* MIT, Germany (October 2003-November 2007), Federal Vice-Chairman
* CDU Regional Executive Board, Brandenburg (since Mai 2003), Member
* Executive Board of the EPP Small and Medium Entrepreneurs' Union, Brussels (March 2003- Mai 2007), Member
* CDU District Executive Board, Oberhavel (since December 2001), Member
* CDU small businesses association (MIT), Brandenburg (since November 2000), Regional Chairman

## Other activities

* *Atlantik-Brücke*, Member
* Cyber-Security Council Germany, Associate Member
* European Security Research and Innovation Forum (ESRIF), Member (since September 2007)
* European Security Research Advisory Board (ESRAB), Member (until December 2006)
* German European Security Association (GESA), Member of the Advisory Board
* International Society for Human Rights (IGFM), Member of the Godparenthood Program for Political Prisoners in Cuba
* Künstlerhaus Schloss Wiepersdorf, Member of the Advisory Board
* *lit:potsdam* Literature Festival, Member of the Board
* Jerusalem Foundation, Member

1. European parliament website
2. Dominic Körner (26 September 2021), A family affair: How the Kaili sisters intertwined lobbying and politics *Politico Europe*.

## InfoBox

| Christian EhlerMEP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
20 July 2004 | |
| Constituency | Germany |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jan Christian Ehler
(1963-08-17) 17 August 1963
Munich, Germany |
| Political party | ***German***
Christian Democratic Union
***EU***
European People's Party |
| Alma mater | University of Berlin |
| Website | www.christian-ehler.de |
|  | |


title: Christian Ehregott Weinlig

abstract: Christian Ehregott Weinlig was a German composer and cantor of Dresden's Kreuzkirche. Born in Dresden, Weinlig received his musical training at the city's Kreuzschule from Gottfried August Homilius, and from the University of Leipzig in 1765. From 1767 to 1773 he was organist of the Reformed Church in Leipzig. From 1780 he was an accompanist for Italian opera and an organist for the Frauenkirche in Dresden. From 1785 to his death he served as Cantor of the Kreuzkirche and Kreuzschule in Dresden. Weinlig wrote several operas, oratorios, cantatas ("Augusta"), hymns, pieces for piano, and sonatas in a sentimental style. His nephew, Christian Theodor Weinlig, was also a composer.

text:
# Christian Ehregott Weinlig

**Christian Ehregott Weinlig** (September 30, 1743 – March 14, 1813) was a German composer and cantor of Dresden's Kreuzkirche.

Born in Dresden, Weinlig received his musical training at the city's Kreuzschule from Gottfried August Homilius, and from the University of Leipzig in 1765. From 1767 to 1773 he was organist of the Reformed Church in Leipzig. From 1780 he was an accompanist for Italian opera and an organist for the Frauenkirche in Dresden. From 1785 to his death he served as Cantor of the Kreuzkirche and Kreuzschule in Dresden.

Weinlig wrote several operas, oratorios ("Der Christ am Grabe Jesu"), cantatas ("Augusta"), hymns, pieces for piano, and sonatas in a sentimental style.

His nephew, Christian Theodor Weinlig, was also a composer.


title: Christopher Nevile

abstract: Sir Christopher Nevile, of Haddington, Aubourn, Lincolnshire, was an English Member of Parliament. He was the eldest son of Sir Gervase Nevile of Haddington and Katherine Hutton, daughter of Sir Richard Hutton of Goldsborough Hall. He was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (1650) and Gray's Inn (1653). He succeeded his father in 1654 and was knighted 15 December 1674. He was a Justice of the Peace for Kesteven from 1675 until his death and was appointed High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1680–81. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Lincoln in 1689. He married twice: firstly Katherine, the daughter of Thomas Estoft of Eastoft, Yorkshire, with whom he had a son and secondly Katherine, the daughter of Sir Arthur Ingram of Temple Newsam, Yorkshire. His son predeceased him.

text:
# Christopher Nevile

**Sir Christopher Nevile** (c. 1631 – 18 November 1692), of Haddington, Aubourn, Lincolnshire, was an English Member of Parliament.

He was the eldest son of Sir Gervase Nevile of Haddington and Katherine Hutton, daughter of Sir Richard Hutton of Goldsborough Hall. He was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (1650) and Gray's Inn (1653). He succeeded his father in 1654 and was knighted 15 December 1674.

He was a Justice of the Peace for Kesteven from 1675 until his death and was appointed High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1680–81. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Lincoln in 1689.

He married twice: firstly Katherine, the daughter of Thomas Estoft of Eastoft, Yorkshire, with whom he had a son and secondly Katherine, the daughter of Sir Arthur Ingram of Temple Newsam, Yorkshire. His son predeceased him.


abstract: The South Street Historic District is a primarily residential historic district located along South Street between Oakland Drive and Westnedge Avenue, along West Lovell Street from Oakland Drive to Pearl Street, and Academy Street East of Oakland in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The portion of the district along South Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and the remainder was listed in 1995.

text:
# South Street Historic District (Kalamazoo, Michigan)

The **South Street Historic District** is a primarily residential historic district located along South Street between Oakland Drive and Westnedge Avenue, along West Lovell Street from Oakland Drive to Pearl Street, and Academy Street East of Oakland in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The portion of the district along South Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and the remainder was listed in 1995.

## History

Kalamazoo was first settled in 1829, and the acreage that makes up the current South Street Historic District was platted in 1839. Most of the first plots were purchased by speculators, but in the later 1840s some modest Greek Revival houses were constructed in the district. In the 1850s and 1860s, the neighborhood rapidly became a fashionable and upscale place to live, and larger and more elegant houses appeared in the district as upper-class citizens moved in. Important local residents who lived in the district in the late 1800s included Allen Potter, the first mayor of Kalamazoo, Frank B. Lay, owner of the Michigan Buggy Company, Oscar K. Buckhout, a local produce wholesaler, and Albert M. Todd, owner of a large peppermint oil distilling company.

As the twentieth century progressed, some additional houses were constructed in the rear of what had been through-yards for the larger houses on South Street. In addition, several houses were converted to duplexes or apartments, and a few of the latest structures were built as duplexes. In the later 20th century, the district remained cohesive, as very few buildings were demolished or even significantly altered. The handful of post-1945 infill houses are consistent in scale with the remainder of the neighborhood. Preservation activities have ensured that the neighborhood retains its historic character.

## Description

The original portion of the South Street Historic District contains twenty-nine 19th- and early 20th-century single-family houses dating from the 1840s to the 1910s. Architectural styles range from Greek Revival and Gothic Revival to Italianate, Queen Anne, Georgian Revival, and English Tudor. many of the houses are large, and most possess considerable architectural merit.

The second portion of the district contains 87 single- and two-family houses. These are of the same architectural styles as the original South Street houses, but also include early 20th-century Prairie and Craftsman examples.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| South Street Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in MichiganLocation in United States | |
| Location | South St. between Oakland Dr. and Westnedge Ave., W. Lovell St. from Oakland Dr. to Pearl St., and Academy St. E of Oakland, Kalamazoo, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°17′22″N 85°35′32″W / 42.28944°N 85.59222°W / 42.28944; -85.59222 (South Street Historic District) |
| Area | 27.9 acres (11.3 ha) |
| Architectural style | Italianate, Gothic Revival, Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 79001159 (original)<br>95000447 (increase) |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 28, 1979 |
| Boundary increase | April 14, 1995 |


title: South Ossetia national football team

abstract: The South Ossetia National Football Team is the national team of South Ossetia. They are not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA and therefore cannot compete for the FIFA World Cup or the UEFA European Championship. South Ossetia made its debut against Abkhazia in Sukhumi on 23 September 2013 where they suffered a 3–0 defeat. South Ossetia competed at the first ConIFA World Football Cup in 2014 finishing in fourth place overall and won the 2019 ConIFA European championship.

text:
# South Ossetia national football team

The **South Ossetia National Football Team** is the national team of South Ossetia. They are not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA and therefore cannot compete for the FIFA World Cup or the UEFA European Championship. South Ossetia made its debut against Abkhazia in Sukhumi on 23 September 2013 where they suffered a 3–0 defeat.

South Ossetia competed at the first ConIFA World Football Cup in 2014 finishing in fourth place overall and won the 2019 ConIFA European championship.

## History

The Football Federation of South Ossetia was created in 1997 and its futsal team made its official debut in the 2010 UEFS Futsal Men's Championship, finishing seventh. Two years later, it finished eighth.

The football team played its first match ever on 23 September 2013. It was a friendly match against Abkhazia and it was defeated by 0–3. One year later, it was admitted in the Confederation of Independent Football Associations and made their international debut in the 2014 ConIFA World Football Cup, where they finished in the fourth place overall.

In 2015, South Ossetia was going to make their debut in the CONIFA European Football Cup in Hungary, but their players were not allowed to travel due to pressures of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia.

On 9 June 2019, South Ossetia won its first European Championship by defeating Western Armenia in the final.

## International record

### At CONIFA World Football Cup

| Year | Position | GP | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | **4th** | **5** | **1** | **1** | **3** | **21** | **10** |
| 2016 | *did not qualify* | | | | | | |
| 2018 | |
| 2020 | *Tournament Suspended* | | | | | | |
| Total | | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 10 |

### At CONIFA European Football Cup

| Year | Position | GP | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *did not enter* | | | | | | |
| 2017 | 8th | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 16 |
| 2019 |  | **5** | **3** | **2** | **0** | **7** | **4** |
| 2021 | *Qualify* | | | | | | |
| Total | | 9 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 20 |

## Current squad

The following 23 players were called up to the squad for the 2019 CONIFA European Football Cup.

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Ruslan Murtazov | (2003-03-11)11 March 2003 (aged 16) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 2 | 2DF | Akhsar Dzhioev | (1987-12-19)19 December 1987 (aged 31) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 3 | 2DF | Aleksei Muldarov | (1984-04-24)24 April 1984 (aged 35) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 4 | 2DF | Atsamaz Bekoev | (1994-01-07)7 January 1994 (aged 25) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 5 | 3MF | Georgy Kabulov | (1989-11-23)23 November 1989 (aged 29) |  |  | FC Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk |
| 6 | 3MF | Radion Vazagov | (1999-02-22)22 February 1999 (aged 20) |  |  | Spartak Vladikavkaz |
| 7 | 4FW | Batradz Gurtsiev | (1998-12-12)12 December 1998 (aged 20) |  |  | FC Chayka Peschanokopskoye |
| 8 | 3MF | Soslan Djidjoev | (1997-08-10)10 August 1997 (aged 21) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 9 | 2DF | Stanislav Tedeev | (1996-07-06)6 July 1996 (aged 22) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 10 | 3MF | Gamat Doguzov | (2002-05-19)19 May 2002 (aged 17) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 11 | 4FW | Dzambolat Khastsayev | (1995-02-22)22 February 1995 (aged 24) |  |  | Spartak Vladikavkaz |
| 12 | 1GK | Muharbeg Buraev | (1997-04-29)29 April 1997 (aged 22) |  |  | Spartak Vladikavkaz |
| 13 | 2DF | Azamat Kokoyev | (1998-01-22)22 January 1998 (aged 21) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 14 | 2DF | Timur Sokolov | (1983-06-02)2 June 1983 (aged 35) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 15 | 3MF | Marat Beteev | (1993-01-08)8 January 1993 (aged 26) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 16 | 3MF | Soslanbeg Dzagoev | (1998-02-12)12 February 1998 (aged 21) |  |  | Kyzyltash Bakhchisaray |
| 17 | 3MF | Mirza Alborov | (1987-12-17)17 December 1987 (aged 31) |  |  | Ossetia Shield |
| 18 | 2DF | Arsen Kaytov | (1989-07-02)2 July 1989 (aged 29) |  |  | FC Armavir |
| 19 | 2DF | Soslan Kabulov | (1993-08-15)15 August 1993 (aged 25) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 20 | 4FW | Mikhail Gagloev | (1997-07-16)16 July 1997 (aged 21) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |
| 21 | 3MF | Batradz Tedeev | (1995-11-01)1 November 1995 (aged 23) |  |  | Inkomsport Yalta |
| 22 | 4FW | Ibragim Bazayev | (1989-08-30)30 August 1989 (aged 29) |  |  | Spartak Tskhinvali |

## Top goalscorers

Only matches at CONIFA tournaments are counted.

| # | Player | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Artur Elbaev | 9 |
| 2 | Batradz Gurtiev | 5 |
| | Rustam Khutiev | 5 |
| 4 | Ibrahim Bagayev | 2 |
| | Vladimir Salbiev | 2 |
|

## Matches played

| 23 September 2013 Friendly | **Abkhazia** | **3–0** | **South Ossetia** | Sukhumi |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Dzeniya
Bondarenko  (pen.)
Tania | Report |  | Stadium: Republican Stadium |

| 2 June 2014 2014 ConIFA WC GS | **Darfur** | **0–19** | **South Ossetia** | Östersund |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:00 |  |  | Elbaev  10', 39', 42', 62', 75', 76', 82', 88'
Salbiev  13', 40'
Kobaladze  45'
Khutiev  56', 59', 70', 79', 90'
Kudziev  63'
Kulov  68'
Tskhovrebov  90+1' | Stadium: Jämtkraft Arena |

| 3 June 2014 2014 ConIFA WC GS | **South Ossetia** | **1–3** | **Padania** | Östersund |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:00 | Elbaev  46' |  | Innocenti  6'
Mussi  37'
Enoch Barwuah  86' | Stadium: Jämtkraft Arena |

| 4 June 2014 2014 ConIFA WC QF | **Abkhazia** | **0–0**
(**0–2** ) | **South Ossetia** | Östersund |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Jämtkraft Arena |
|  | **Penalties** | | |  |
| | Agrba
Tsveyba
Dmitri Akhba
Zhanava |  | Khadarzev
Siukaev
Karatsev
Kudziev | |

| 6 June 2014 2014 ConIFA WC SF | **County of Nice** | **3–0** | **South Ossetia** | Östersund |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 | Tchokounte  3', 28'
Puyoo  83' |  |  | Stadium: Jämtkraft Arena |

| 8 June 2014 2014 ConIFA WC 3rd | **South Ossetia** | **1–4** | **Arameans Suryoye** | Östersund |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10:00 | Siukaev  92' |  | Kacho  9', 24', 73'
Percin  47' | Stadium: Jämtkraft Arena |

| 5 June 2017 2017 ConIFA EC GS | **Abkhazia** | **2–1** | **South Ossetia** | Kyrenia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 | Kortava  1'
Shoniya  90+1' |  | Kadjaev  61' | Stadium: Mete Adanır Stadium |

| 6 June 2017 2017 ConIFA EC GS | **South Ossetia** | **0–8** | **Northern Cyprus** | Kyrenia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 |  |  | Yaşınses  13'
Taşkıran  15', 20', 58'
Çıdamlı  57', 68'
Turan  62' (pen.)
Gök  88' | Stadium: Mete Adanır Stadium |

| 7 June 2017 2017 ConIFA EC GS | **South Ossetia** | **1–4** | **Kárpátalja** | Famagusta |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 | Kochiev  85' |  | Mile  20'
Baksa  33'
Barta  45+1'
Kész  62' | Stadium: Dr. Fazıl Küçük Stadium |

| 9 June 2017 2017 ConIFA EC PR | **South Ossetia** | **0–2** | **Felvidék** | Famagusta |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 |  |  | Molnár  5', 42' | Stadium: Dr. Fazıl Küçük Stadium |

| 2 June 2019 2019 ConIFA EC GS | **Western Armenia** | **1–2** | **South Ossetia** | Martuni |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 | Aslanyan  79' |  | Gurtsiev  29', 56' | Stadium: Avakyan Arena
Attendance: 1,080
Referee: Ahmed Sabah Radha Ahmed |

| 3 June 2019 2019 ConIFA EC GS | **South Ossetia** | **2–1** | **Padania** | Stepanakert |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 | Gurtsiev  55'
Bazayev  80' | Report | Ravasi  89' (pen.) | Stadium: Stepanakert Republican Stadium
Attendance: 5,000
Referee: Dmitrii Zhukov |

| 4 June 2019 2019 ConIFA EC GS | **South Ossetia** | **2–2** | **Székely Land** | Askeran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 | Gurtsiev  72', 84' |  | Vékás  54'
Kovács  82' | Stadium: Askeran City Stadium
Attendance: 500
Referee: Arkadi Akobyan |

| 6 June 2019 2019 ConIFA EC SF | **South Ossetia** | **0–0**
(**6–5** ) | **Chameria** | Askeran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 |  |  |  | Stadium: Askeran City Stadium
Attendance: 500
Referee: Ahmed Sabah Radha Ahmed |

| 9 June 2019 2019 ConIFA EC F | **Western Armenia** | **0–1** | **South Ossetia** | Stepanakert |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 |  |  | Bazayev  65' | Stadium: Stepanakert Republican Stadium
Attendance: 12,000
Referee: Dmitrii Zhukov |

| 27 August 2019 Friendly | **Luhansk** | **4–3** | **South Ossetia** | Luhansk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Avanhard Stadium |

| 22 September 2019 Friendly | **South Ossetia** | **2–0** | **Luhansk** | Tskhinvali |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Guram Tskhovrebov Stadium |

## Managers

| Manager | Period | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | Win % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pukhaev Ruslan | 2013–2017 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 010.0 |
| Soslan Kochiev | 2017– | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 057.1 |
| **Totals** | | **17** | **5** | **3** | **9** | **29.41** |

## President

| President | Year(s) |
| --- | --- |
| Dzhioev Alan Amiranovich | 2012–present |
|

## Honours

### Non-FIFA competitions

## InfoBox

South Ossetia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Association | Football Federation of the Republic of South Ossetia |
| Confederation | ConIFA |
| Head coach | Soslan Kochiev |
| Top scorer | Artur Elbaev (9) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| First international | |
| Abkhazia 3–0 **South Ossetia**
(Sukhumi, Abkhazia; 23 September 2013) | |
| Biggest win | |
| Darfur 0–19 **South Ossetia**
(Östersund, Sapmi; 2 June 2014) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
| **South Ossetia** 0–8 Northern Cyprus
(Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus; 6 June 2017) | |
| ConIFA World Football Cup | |
| Appearances | 1 (*first in 2014*) |
| Best result | 4th place (2014) |
| ConIFA European Football Cup | |
| Appearances | 2 (*first in 2017*) |
| Best result | Champion (2019) |


title: South Ossetian State University

abstract: The South Ossetian State University, also known as Alexander Tibilov State University is a private university located in the city of Tskhinvali, the capital of the breakaway region of South Ossetia, in Georgia. The university was heavily damaged in the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, but has since been rebuilt.

text:
# South Ossetian State University

The **South Ossetian State University**, also known as **Alexander Tibilov State University** (in Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстоны паддзахадон университет, in Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთის პედაგოგიური ინსტიტუტი; Russian: Юго-Осетинский государственный университет) is a private university located in the city of Tskhinvali, the capital of the breakaway region of South Ossetia, in Georgia. The university was heavily damaged in the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, but has since been rebuilt.

## History

Its history begins in 1932 when, on the basis of a decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a decision was made to open a pedagogical institute in what was then Stalinir, in the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast of the Soviet Union. Classes began on October of the same year under the name **Stalinirsky Agricultural Institute**. Between 1937 and 1938 there were 133 students, and a year later 255 people joined.

On December 30, 1961, the institute was renamed to the **South Ossetian State Pedagogical Institute**, a name that remained until 1989, where it was renamed after Alexander Arsenievich Tibilov, which in turn remained until the institute was transformed into a university in October 1993 on the initiative of then rector and head of the Supreme Council of South Ossetia, Ludwig Chivirov, creating its current name.

On 2008, the university was heavily damaged as a result of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, where the original buildings were damaged by artillery and caught on fire. However, it has been rebuilt and updated since, and today, the 12 faculties of the university house approximately 3,000 students.

Since reopening, the university has established international relations with several faculties in Russia, and equally unrecognized territories, such as Shevchenko Transnistria State University, Donetsk National University, and the University of Luhansk.

In 2020, the South Ossetian State University established the *Great Caucasus* format together with the Abkhazian State University, the Russian North-Caucasus Federal University and the Armenian National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia. The four universities will work more together and spread the use of the Russian language.

## InfoBox

South Ossetia State University
| Хуссар Ирыстоны паддзахадон университет (Ossetian), სამხრეთ ოსეთის პედაგოგიური ინსტიტუტი (Georgian), Юго-Осетинский государственный университет (Russian) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other name | Alexander Tibilov State University |
| Former name | Stalinirsky Agricultural Institute, South Ossetian Pedagogical Institute |
| Type | Private |
| Established | January 1, 1932 (1932-01-01) |
| Founders | Alexander Razhenovich Khubov (Soviet institute), Leonid Tibilov (Current university) |
| Rector | Vadim Tedeev Botazovich |
| Students | ≈3,000 |
| Address | Путина (бывшая ул. Московская), 8, г., Tskhinvali, Tskhinvali, 100001, South Ossetia<br>42°13'44.4"N 43°58'00.4"E |
| Campus | Urban |
| Language | Ossetian, Russian |
| Website | http://xipu.ru/ |
|  | |


title: Chuck Cabot

abstract: Chuck Cabot (né Carlos Guillermo Cascales; 16 May 1915 Querétaro, Mexico – 27 December 2007) was an American saxophonist and big band leader. The Chuck Cabot Orchestra launched in 1937 while Cabot (Cascales) was a student at the University of Southern California. He later transferred to the University of California at Los Angeles where he became a member of the legendary UCLA 1939 football team along with Jackie Robinson, Kenny Washington, and Woody Strode. In the early 1940 he was athletic coach at El Monte, Jefferson, and Hamilton High Schools. His orchestra played to capacity crowds in the 1940s and 1950s in ballrooms such as Roseland in New York, the Palladium in Hollywood, and the Catalina Island Casino. He co-partnered with Arthur Benson in the forming of Hollywood International Talents. He was instrumental in discovering and securing recording contracts for 'Los Nomadas,' the first inter-racial rock and roll band. He recognized the individual talents of the band's lead guitarist Bill Aken. Changing Aken's name to 'Zane Ashton,' he was instrumental in launching the young singer/guitarist's solo career. He lived long enough to see his young protege inducted into the Musician's Hall of Fame as a member of 'The Wrecking Crew' in November, 2007. Beginning in the 1960s until shortly before his death, Cascales booked performances for The Coasters, The Drifters, and The Shirelles. He also organized the Rolling Stones' first West Coast concert tour. Cabot and His Orchestra recorded on the Atomic label in Hollywood in the 1940s. His brothers, Johnny Richards, Jose Luis Cascales (Joe), and Juan Adolfo Cascales (Jack) were also professional musicians.

text:
# Chuck Cabot

**Chuck Cabot** *(né* Carlos Guillermo Cascales; 16 May 1915 Querétaro, Mexico – 27 December 2007) was an American saxophonist and big band leader. The Chuck Cabot Orchestra launched in 1937 while Cabot (Cascales) was a student at the University of Southern California. He later transferred to the University of California at Los Angeles where he became a member of the legendary UCLA 1939 football team along with Jackie Robinson, Kenny Washington, and Woody Strode. In the early 1940 he was athletic coach at El Monte, Jefferson, and Hamilton High Schools.

His orchestra played to capacity crowds in the 1940s and 1950s in ballrooms such as Roseland in New York, the Palladium in Hollywood, and the Catalina Island Casino.

He co-partnered with Arthur Benson in the forming of Hollywood International Talents. He was instrumental in discovering and securing recording contracts for 'Los Nomadas,' the first inter-racial rock and roll band. He recognized the individual talents of the band's lead guitarist Bill Aken. (Adopted son of Cabot's friends Francisco & Lupe Mayorga) Changing Aken's name to 'Zane Ashton,' he was instrumental in launching the young singer/guitarist's solo career. He lived long enough to see his young protege inducted into the Musician's Hall of Fame as a member of 'The Wrecking Crew' in November, 2007.

Beginning in the 1960s until shortly before his death, Cascales booked performances for The Coasters, The Drifters, and The Shirelles. He also organized the Rolling Stones' first West Coast concert tour.

Cabot and His Orchestra recorded on the Atomic label in Hollywood in the 1940s.

His brothers, Johnny Richards, Jose Luis Cascales (Joe), and Juan Adolfo Cascales (Jack) were also professional musicians.

## Selected discography

**Chuck Cabot and His Orchestra**
**Atomic Records** (78 rpm)

* A-1001 *Psychopathic Sally from the San Fernando Valley* OCLC 84483297
* B-1001 *Swan Lake* OCLC 84483752
* A–1002 *Part time Sweetheart*
* B–1002 *Bewitched*
* A–1003 *I Used to Call Her Baby*
* B–1003 *Ruth*
* A–1004 *In San Francisco (Long Ago)*
* B–1004 *Wedding Waltz*
* A–1005 *Come into My Arms*
* B–1005 *Down the Lane*


title: Christie Front Drive

abstract: Christie Front Drive was an emo band from Denver, Colorado active between 1993 and 1997. The lineup consisted of Eric Richter, Jason Begin (guitar), Kerry McDonald (bass) and Ron Marschall (drums). Bands such as Superchunk, Jawbreaker, Jawbox, Buffalo Tom, and Drive Like Jehu were cited as influences.

text:
# Christie Front Drive

**Christie Front Drive** was an emo band from Denver, Colorado active between 1993 and 1997. The lineup consisted of Eric Richter (vocals and guitar), Jason Begin (guitar), Kerry McDonald (bass) and Ron Marschall (drums). Bands such as Superchunk, Jawbreaker, Jawbox, Buffalo Tom, and Drive Like Jehu were cited as influences.

## History

The band released a self-titled EP and a 7-inch on Freewill Records in 1994. The two Freewill Records albums and several 7-inch were later combined and released as a self-titled full-length album (commonly referred to as *Anthology*). In 1995, Christie Front Drive released split records with Jimmy Eat World, Sineater, and Boys Life. They also contributed to several compilation albums including *(Don't Forget To) Breathe* from Crank! Records. The band broke up in 1997 and their only official full length, a self-titled album (commonly referred to as *Stereo*) was released posthumously by Caulfield Records.

Despite their short tenure, Christie Front Drive became a major influence on emo music in the 1990s. Eric Richter resurfaced in the bands Antarctica, The 101, and Golden City, and both Marschall and Begin went on to form The Blue Ontario. Marschall was also credited as an engineer on The Apples in Stereo's album, *The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone* and plays in Phoenix-based Tierra del Fuego. Jason Begin is currently performing under the name This Body as well as the Portland-based band Pireate Radio Deluxe and the random appearance with Modernstate. Bassist Kerry McDonald would go on to form The Mighty Rime, who released a self-titled record on Caulfield Records in 2002.

Christie Front Drive reunited on September 1, 2007, at the Marquis Theater in Denver as part of DenverFest III. All four original members participated. Magic Bullet Records, home of Eric Richter's current band Golden City, announced plans to re-release the entire Christie Front Drive discography. The label began with releasing a remastered version of their final self-titled album (also known as Stereo) on June 15, 2010, along with a DVD of the band's final show in 1996. In April 2019, Dark Operative records, formerly Magic Bullet Records, re-released the band's self-titled 7-inch and self-titled 12-inch on vinyl.

In March 2014, it was announced that Christie Front Drive would reunite for a show on May 17, 2014, as part of Pouzza Fest.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *Christie Front Drive* (commonly referred to as *Stereo*) | Caulfield | CD / 12-inch vinyl | Reissued with DVD on June 15, 2010, on Magic Bullet. |

### EPs

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *Christie Front Drive* (self-titled 12-inch) | Freewil | CD / 12-inch vinyl | All tracks reissued in 1995 on *Anthology*. Reissued as remastered edition on May 21, 2013, on Magic Bullet. |
| 1995 | *Christie Front Drive / Boy's Life split EP* | Crank! | CD / 10-inch vinyl |  |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *Christie Front Drive* (self-titled 7-inch) | Freewill | 7-inch vinyl | Out of print. Both tracks reissued in 1995 on *Anthology*. |
| 1995 | *Christie Front Drive / Sineater split* 7-inch | Hellkite | 7-inch vinyl | Out of print. Track reissued in 1995 on *Anthology*. |
| 1995 | *Christie Front Drive / Jimmy Eat World split* 7-inch | Wooden Blue | 7-inch vinyl | Out of print. Track reissued in 1995 on *Anthology*. |

### Compilation albums

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Christie Front Drive* (commonly referred to as *Anthology*) | Caulfield | CD | Includes all songs from the self-titled 12-inch, the self-titled 7-inch and the split 7-inches with Sineater and Jimmy Eat World. |

### Non-album tracks

| Year | Album / Source | Label | Song(s) | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Shmowballs* | Sh-mow | "Bag" | Compilation released on CD. Out of print. |
| 1995 | *Punk TV* | Red Dawg | "Mary Tyler Moore Theme" | Compilation released on 12-inch vinyl. Out of print. |
| 1996 | *Stealing the Pocket* | Positively Punk | "Field" | Compilation released on 12-inch vinyl. Out of print. |
| 1996 | *For Want Of...* | X-Mist | "After the Parade" | Compilation released on double 7-inch vinyl. Out of print. |
| 1997 | *Bread: The Edible Napkin* | No Idea | "Bag" | Compilation released on CD and double 12-inch vinyl. Out of Print. |
| 1997 | *(Don't Forget To) Breathe* | Crank! | "Field" | Compilation released on CD and double 10-inch vinyl. Out of Print. |

## InfoBox

| Christie Front Drive | |
| --- | --- |
| Christie Front Drive playing at a reunion show in 2007 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Denver, Colorado, U.S. |
| Genres | Emo |
| Years active | 1993–1997, 2007, 2014 |
| Labels | Freewill, Magic Bullet, Caulfield, Crank!, Wooden Blue, Dark Operative |
|  | |
| Past members | Eric Richter (guitar, vocals)
Jason Begin (guitar, screams)
Kerry McDonald (bass, vocals)
Ron Marschall (drums) |


title: Christine Berrie

abstract: Christine Berrie is a Scottish illustrator and artist based in Glasgow. She is known for her industrial-themed illustrations, including such objects as wall plates, gas meters, dials, buttons and switches, control boxes, electrical objects, machinery, and appliances. Berrie, who has been active since 2003, received her Bachelor of Arts degree in visual communication from Glasgow School of Art, and her Master of Arts degree from the Royal College of Art in London. She began developing an interest in industrial designs as a child when her father, a draughtsman, brought technical drawings home from work. These drawings, by her own account, fascinated her. After graduating from RCA in 2002, Angus Hyland of Pentagram Design Studio attended her degree show, purchased one of her books, and invited her to contribute to Hand to Eye: Contemporary Illustration, a book he published in 2003. Hyland then organised a display of her work at Pentagram's London offices; the show consisted of drawings Berrie created of common office objects and implements found throughout the Pentagram office itself. Her illustrations have been featured in a number of publications including The Guardian, The Big Issue, German magazine Forum, New Scientist, Nature, The New York Times, Creative Review, Design Week, Esquire, Computer Arts, Digital Arts, and Vogue, among others. One of her illustrations, a drawing of an "emergency stop" button, appeared on the cover of New Scientist. Her exhibitions have appeared at DesignersBlock and AOI Images UK tour.

text:
# Christine Berrie

**Christine Berrie** is a Scottish illustrator and artist based in Glasgow. She is known for her industrial-themed illustrations, including such objects as wall plates, gas meters, dials, buttons and switches, control boxes, electrical objects, machinery, and appliances.

Berrie, who has been active since 2003, received her Bachelor of Arts degree in visual communication from Glasgow School of Art, and her Master of Arts degree from the Royal College of Art in London. She began developing an interest in industrial designs as a child when her father, a draughtsman, brought technical drawings home from work. These drawings, by her own account, fascinated her. After graduating from RCA in 2002, Angus Hyland of Pentagram Design Studio attended her degree show, purchased one of her books, and invited her to contribute to *Hand to Eye: Contemporary Illustration*, a book he published in 2003. Hyland then organised a display of her work at Pentagram's London offices; the show consisted of drawings Berrie created of common office objects and implements found throughout the Pentagram office itself.

Her illustrations have been featured in a number of publications including *The Guardian*, *The Big Issue*, German magazine *Forum*, *New Scientist*, *Nature*, *The New York Times*, *Creative Review*, *Design Week*, *Esquire*, *Computer Arts*, *Digital Arts*, and *Vogue*, among others. One of her illustrations, a drawing of an "emergency stop" button, appeared on the cover of *New Scientist*. Her exhibitions have appeared at DesignersBlock and AOI Images UK tour.

## InfoBox

| Christine Berrie | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Glasgow School of Art<br>Royal College of Art |
| Known for | Illustration |
| Movement | Industrial |
|  | |
| Patron(s) | Angus Hyland |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.christineberrie.com |


title: Christine Benning

abstract: Christine Benning is an English former middle-distance runner who competed mainly in the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres. In the 1500 m, she represented Great Britain at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, finishing fifth in the final. She won a silver medal at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton. She also broke the UK record in 1979, with 4:01.53. As of 2022, she still ranks in the UK all-time top ten (outdoors) for the mile.

text:
# Christine Benning

**Christine Benning** (née **Tranter**, born 30 March 1955) is an English former middle-distance runner who competed mainly in the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres. In the 1500 m, she represented Great Britain at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, finishing fifth in the final. She won a silver medal at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton. She also broke the UK record in 1979, with 4:01.53. As of 2022, she still ranks in the UK all-time top ten (outdoors) for the mile.

## Early life

Benning was born in Urmston, Lancashire, England. She grew up in Swinton, and attended Stand Grammar School.

## Career

In 1971, as Christine Tranter, she won the AAAs Under 17 800 metres title. In 1974, still a teenager, she was 15th at the World Cross Country Championships and won a gold medal in the team event. In 1975, she was 18th. She finished fifth in the 1500 m final at the 1977 World Student Games (Universiade) in Sofia in 4:09.7.

In 1978, Benning was 12th at the World Cross Country Championships in Glasgow. In the summer, she won the AAA Championships 3000 m title in 8:52.33. Then at the Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, she won a silver medal in the 1500 m final behind Mary Stewart, running 4:07.53; at the time she worked as a teacher in London. In 1979, she broke Sheila Carey's seven-year-old UK record in the 1500 metres, running 4:01.53 in Zurich. The record would stand for five years.

In the early 1980s, Benning achieved two more top twenty finishes at the World Cross Country Championships, with 14th in 1981 and 18th in 1983. At the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki, she reached the 3000 metres final, finishing thirteenth in 8:58.01.

Benning achieved her highest placement at the World Cross Country Championships in 1984, finishing sixth in New Jersey. Then in the summer, she added the AAAs 1500 m title to her previous wins at 800 m and 3000 m. At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, she reached the 1500 m final, finishing fifth in 4:04.70. She ended the 1984 season by running her best ever times in both the 3000 metres and the mile, with 8:44.46 in Zurich and 4:24.57 in London.

In 1986, Benning won the AAAs 3000 m title, going on to place fourth at the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. At the 1987 IAAF World Cross Country Championships she finished 20th, her seventh top twenty finish in the event. In the summer, she won the UK Championships 1500 m title. Then at the World Championships in Rome in September, she reached the 3000 m final for the second time, finishing 12th in 8:57.92.

Benning is the only woman to have won AAAs Senior National titles at 800 m, 1500 m and 3000 m. On the UK all-time lists, she ranks 15th in the 1500 m (4:01.53), 11th in the mile (4:24.57) (10th excluding indoor performances) and 18th in the 3000 m (8:44.46).

## National titles

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Great Britain /  England | | | | | |
| 1974 | World Cross Country Championships | Monza, Italy | 15th |  |  |
| 1975 | World Cross Country Championships | Rabat, Morocco | 18th |  |  |
| 1977 | World Student Games (Universiade) | Sofia, Bulgaria | 5th | 1500 m | 4:09.7 |
| 1978 | World Cross Country Championships | Glasgow, Scotland | 12th |  |  |
| | Commonwealth Games | Edmonton, Canada | 2nd | 1500 m | 4:07.53 |
| 1981 | World Cross Cross Country Championships | Madrid, Spain | 14th |  |  |
| 1983 | World Cross Country Championships | Gateshead, England | 18th |  |  |
| | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 13th | 3000 m | 8:58.01 |
| 1984 | World Cross Country Championships | East Rutherford, United States | 6th |  |  |
| | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | 5th | 1500 m | 4:04.70 |
| 1986 | Commonwealth Games | Edinburgh, Scotland | 4th | 3000 m | 9:03.85 |
| 1987 | World Cross Country Championships | Warsaw, Poland | 20th |  |  |
| | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 12th | 3000 m | 8:57.92 |

**Note:** At the World Cross Country Championships, representing England, Benning won three team medals, gold in 1974, bronze in 1978 and
silver in 1984.

## InfoBox

Christine Benning
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women's athletics | | |
| Representing  England | | |
| Commonwealth Games | | |
|  | 1978 Edmonton | 1500 m |


title: South Umpqua River

abstract: The South Umpqua River is a tributary of the Umpqua River, approximately 115 miles (185 km) long, in southwestern Oregon in the United States. It drains part of the Cascade Range east of Roseburg. The river passes through a remote canyon in its upper reaches then emerges in the populated South Umpqua Valley east of Canyonville.

text:
# South Umpqua River

The **South Umpqua River** is a tributary of the Umpqua River, approximately 115 miles (185 km) long, in southwestern Oregon in the United States. It drains part of the Cascade Range east of Roseburg. The river passes through a remote canyon in its upper reaches then emerges in the populated South Umpqua Valley east of Canyonville.

## Course

It rises in the high Cascades north of Fish Mountain, formed by the confluence of two short forks in eastern Douglas County approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Crater Lake. It flows generally southwest through a remote canyon in the Umpqua National Forest to Tiller, then west past Milo and Days Creek. It emerges into the South Umpqua Valley at Canyonville, passing under Interstate 5 and flowing north along the highway past Tri-City, Myrtle Creek, and Roseburg. It joins the North Umpqua from the south to form the Umpqua approximately 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Roseburg.

It receives Cow Creek from the south approximately 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Tri-City.

One of the main tributaries of the South Umpqua River is Cow Creek, which also flows west from the Cascade Mountains, but South of Canyonville. On its westward journey, the Cow Creek more or less runs parallel to the South Umpqua River, with an east–west mountain ridge separating them.

Cow Creek runs further west, swings around north and makes its confluence with the South Umpqua River at Tri City. The Cow Creek has such a significant flow that it is almost a toss-up as to which should be called the river and which the creek.

## History

For centuries the South Umpqua River and Cow Creek were the homelands for the Umpqua Indians. However, gold was discovered on the South Umpqua River in 1848 causing an influx of gold miners and the homesteaders found the rich agricultural land of the area desirable.

In 1853 a treaty was negotiated between Joel Palmer, Superintendent of Indians, representing the Government of the United States and Chief Quintioosan and others, representing the Cow Creek Band of the Umpqua people. Although the US Government ratified the treaty, the terms agreed upon in the treaty were never honored.

Beginning in the 1820s, trappers and traders of the Hudson's Bay Company began using the South Umpqua River valley to move along what became known as the Siskiyou Trail. The Siskiyou Trail was based on existing Indian footpaths, and became an important link between the Pacific Northwest and California's Central Valley.

In 1846, spurred by the desire to create a safer trail for emigrants to use to reach the Willamette Valley, Jesse and Lindsay Applegate, Levi Scott, and 13 other companions explored a new route through the valley that connected the southern Willamette Valley with Goose Lake in Northern California. This trail became known as the Applegate Trail, and linked up with the northernmost branch of the California Trail.

Interstate 5 closely follows the original Siskiyou Trail route through the valley today.

## Economic importance

The South Umpqua River valley became an important timber-producing region in the 20th century. In the 21st century, tourism became important to the South Umpqua Valley.

The Cow Creek Band of the Umpqua Tribe of Indians received a land claims settlement from the US federal government in 1988.

Using the land claims settlement of $1.5 million, the Cow Creek Band operates a casino, hotel, convention center, and other businesses in Canyonville on the South Umpqua River.

South Umpqua Falls near Tiller is the site of a popular picnic area and United States Forest Service campground near the river. Open from May 1 to October 31, the campground has 16 sites suitable for tents or trailers.

## Works cited

* McArthur, Lewis A., and McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) \[1928\]. *Oregon Geographic Names*, 7th ed. Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.

## InfoBox

| South Umpqua River | |
| --- | --- |
| The South Umpqua near its confluence with the North Umpqua | |
| Location of the mouth of the South Umpqua River in Oregon | |
| Etymology | Indigenous people's name for the region near the river |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Douglas |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Confluence of forks near Fish Mountain |
| location | Northwest of Crater Lake, Cascade Range |
| coordinates | 43°06′26″N 122°35′22″W / 43.10722°N 122.58944°W / 43.10722; -122.58944 |
| elevation | 2,009 ft (612 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Confluence with North Umpqua River |
| location | Near Roseburg |
| coordinates | 43°16′04″N 123°26′46″W / 43.26778°N 123.44611°W / 43.26778; -123.44611 |
| elevation | 361 ft (110 m) |
| Length | 115 mi (185 km) |
| Basin size | 1,800 sq mi (4,700 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | near Winston, about 20 miles (32 km) from the mouth |
| average | 2,747 cu ft/s (77.8 m3/s) |
| minimum | 16 cu ft/s (0.45 m3/s) |
| maximum | 125,000 cu ft/s (3,500 m3/s) |
|  | |


title: South African Class G 4-8-2T

abstract: The South African Railways Class G 4-8-2T of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Colony of Natal. In 1904, the Natal Government Railways placed 25 Class E 4-8-2T tank steam locomotives in service. In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and designated Class G.

text:
# South African Class G 4-8-2T

The **South African Railways Class G 4-8-2T** of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Colony of Natal.

In 1904, the Natal Government Railways placed 25 Class E 4-8-2T tank steam locomotives in service. In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and designated Class G.

## Manufacturer

The first locomotive to be designed for the Natal Government Railways (NGR) by D.A. Hendrie, who had succeeded G.W. Reid as Locomotive Superintendent of the NGR on 8 January 1903, was a 4-8-2 tank locomotive. It was built by the newly established North British Locomotive Company (NBL) in the former Dübs shops in Glasgow, Scotland.

Twenty-five of these locomotives were delivered in 1904, numbered in the range from 250 to 274. Until they were designated Class E at some stage between 1904 and 1908, they were known on the NGR as the Dübs B or Improved Dübs, even though Dübs and Company had already ceased to exist when the locomotives were built, having been merged into the NBL.

## Characteristics

The locomotive was intended for use on mainline work and Hendrie used the Reid Tenwheeler (NGR Class C) and the Dübs A (NGR Class D) as basis for its design. The result was an engine which looked like a smaller version of the Reid Tenwheeler locomotive. With a larger boiler and working at a higher boiler pressure, the Class E was a more powerful locomotive than the NGR Class D, but Hendrie had made no radical changes in the basic design to the work of his predecessors.

The engine had inclined cylinders, arranged outside the plate frames. Its balanced slide valves were arranged above the cylinders and were actuated by Stephenson link motion through rocker shafts. The locomotives were the first in South Africa to have "H" section coupling rods and connecting rods.

## South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, NGR and Central South African Railways) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.

In 1912, these locomotives were designated Class G on the South African Railways (SAR) and renumbered in the range from 197 to 221.

## Service

The locomotives entered service working the mainline passenger Corridor Trains out of Durban, but they were soon replaced by the NGR Class B 4-8-0 tender locomotives, Hendrie's second locomotive design, which entered service later in 1904. They were then used as banking engines from Ladysmith up the Van Reenen Pass on the rail connection between Natal and Harrismith in the Orange River Colony. They remained in use there as well as in general service on some of the heavier branch lines until the loads became too heavy for them.

By 1944, six of them were still working in light shunting at various marshalling yards in the Union. The last pair were withdrawn from shunting service around Pietermaritzburg in 1962. Several were sold to mines and other industrial concerns.

## Preservation

The last of the Class to be built, ex NGR no. 274, SAR no. 221, was moved from Millsite in Krugersdorp to the Outeniqua Transport Museum in George during August 2014. another G class NLC 2 survives at Witbank Loco Depot.

## InfoBox

| NGR Class E 4-8-2T
South African Class G 4-8-2T | |
| --- | --- |
| NGR Class E no. 250, later SAR Class G no. 197 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Natal Government Railways
(D.A. Hendrie)  Builder North British Locomotive Company  Serial number 16060-16084  Build date 1904  Total produced 25 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-8-2T (Mountain)  UIC 2'D1'n2t  Driver 2nd coupled axle  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Leading dia. 25+34 in (654 mm)  Coupled dia. 42 in (1,067 mm)  Trailing dia. 25+34 in (654 mm)  Wheelbase 26 ft 9+12 in (8,166 mm)   Leading 5 ft 4 in (1,626 mm)  Coupled 11 ft 9 in (3,581 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers 35 ft 5 in (10,795 mm)  Height 12 ft 5+58 in (3,800 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load 11 LT 10 cwt (11,680 kg)   Leading 11 LT 12 cwt (11,790 kg)  1st coupled 10 LT 7 cwt 2 qtr (10,540 kg)  2nd coupled 11 LT 10 cwt (11,680 kg)  3rd coupled 10 LT 9 cwt (10,620 kg)  4th coupled 10 LT 6 cwt 2 qtr (10,490 kg)  Trailing 6 LT 1 cwt (6,147 kg)  Adhesive weight 42 LT 13 cwt (43,330 kg)  Loco weight 109,080 lb (49,480 kg) empty
60 LT 6 cwt (61,270 kg)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 2 LT 10 cwt (2.5 t)  Water cap. 1,560 imp gal (7,090 L)  Firebox:   Type Round-top  Grate area 19 sq ft (1.8 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 7 ft (2,134 mm)  Diameter 4 ft 4+78 in (1,343 mm)  Tube plates 10 ft 4 in (3,150 mm)  Small tubes **232:** 1+34 in (44 mm)  Boiler pressure 175 psi (1,207 kPa)  Safety valve Ramsbottom  Heating surface:   Firebox 125 sq ft (11.6 m2)  Tubes 1,098 sq ft (102.0 m2)  Total surface 1,223 sq ft (113.6 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 18 in (457 mm) bore
22 in (559 mm) stroke  Valve gear Stephenson  Valve type Balanced slide  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin
AAR knuckle (1930s) | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 22,280 lbf (99.1 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators Natal Government Railways
South African Railways  Class NGR Class E, SAR Class G  Number in class 25  Numbers NGR 250-274, SAR 197-221  Delivered 1904  First run 1904  Withdrawn 1962 | |
| The leading coupled axle had flangeless wheels | |


title: Christopher Steel (diplomat)

abstract: Sir Christopher Eden Steel was a British diplomat who was permanent representative to NATO and ambassador to West Germany.

text:
# Christopher Steel (diplomat)

**Sir Christopher Eden Steel** GCMG MVO (12 February 1903 – 17 September 1973) was a British diplomat who was permanent representative to NATO and ambassador to West Germany.

## Career

Christopher Steel was educated at Wellington College and Hertford College, Oxford (he held scholarships at both) and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1927. He served at Rio de Janeiro, Paris, The Hague, Berlin and Cairo. For a year in 1935–36 he was assistant private secretary to the Prince of Wales. He was British political officer at SHAEF 1945–47, political adviser to the British Commander-in-Chief, Germany, 1947–49 and deputy British High Commissioner, Germany, 1949–50. He was Minister (deputy head of mission) at the British Embassy, Washington, D.C., 1950–53, UK Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council 1953–57 and Ambassador to West Germany 1957–63. He retired from the Diplomatic Service in 1963 and was chairman of the Anglo-German Association 1966–73.

> He was held in high admiration by many foreigners and particularly by the Germans, among whom he spent a major part of his career, for the accuracy with which he corresponded to the conventional image of an Englishman: his tall military figure, his ruddy complexion and neat moustache, his skill as a shot, fisherman and golfer, and his straightforward and occasionally outspoken manner. He also inspired deep affection among those who knew the warmth of hs friendship, his charm as a host and his kindly but firm leadership as a Head of Mission.
> Sir Denis Greenhill

## Honours

Christopher Steel was appointed MVO in the King's Birthday Honours of 1936 and CMG in the King's Birthday Honours of 1946. He was knighted KCMG in the King's Birthday Honours of 1951 and promoted to GCMG in the 1960 New Year Honours.

## Offices held


title: Southern Shaolin Monastery

abstract: The Southern Shaolin Monastery or Nan-Shaolin (南少林) is the name of a Buddhist monastery whose existence and location are both disputed although associated ruins have been identified. By tradition, it is considered a source of Nanquan.

text:
# Southern Shaolin Monastery

The **Southern Shaolin Monastery** or Nan-Shaolin (南少林) is the name of a Buddhist monastery whose existence and location are both disputed although associated ruins have been identified. By tradition, it is considered a source of Nanquan.

## History

The following account is based on legend or folklore, with little, if any, documentary evidence to support it.

During the Tang dynasty in the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, warrior monks from Henan Shaolin were deployed from the Shaolin temple to combat piracy. With the pirates suppressed, the monks remained in support of the local garrison and established the Southern Shaolin Monastery. During the Tang dynasty, Shaolin warriors were used in support of the regular army, and at its peak, there were nine subsidiary Shaolin monasteries. With the demise of the Shaolin warrior units, the subsidiary Shaolin monasteries disappeared, so that by the end of the Qing dynasty only the temple at Henan remained.

The Southern Shaolin Temple gained a reputation for being a revolutionary center and the abbot refused to become a part of the emperor's army or take orders from him. In an effort to crush the growing rebellion, the Qing army attacked and burned the Southern Shaolin Monastery during middle of the 19th century. Only the most skilled Shaolin monks escaped the attack.

## Modern perspectives

Professor Barend J. ter Haar has suggested "that stories on the burning of a real or mythological Shaolin monastery were circulating in southern China towards the end of the eighteenth century, which were then taken up in different ways by martial arts specialists and by the Triads."

The book *Martial Arts of the World: Regions and individual arts* gives these stories of a Southern temple as an example of the unverifiable claims often made for the establishment of Chinese martial art styles. It says "One example involves a Shaolin monastery in Fujian Province. During the nineteenth century, Heaven and Earth Society documents referred to a southern Shaolin monastery in Fujian Province from whence so-called southern Shaolin martial arts styles such as Hong Quan reportedly originated. Although this assertion has been repeated many times, and claimants from three locations (Quanzhou, Putian, and Fuqing) have each made a case for their location, none of the claimants has been able to provide much evidence to support their claims."

In some accounts of the burning of the Shaolin Temple, it was the Southern temple that was burnt and destroyed by the Qing authorities, not the Northern temple. In these accounts with the Southern temple destroyed there remained just the Five Elders to continue the traditions of the Southern temple, and as the elders fled and dispersed throughout Southern China they established the lineages that gave rise to the Hung, Lau, Choi, Lee, Mok and Wing Chun styles and those styles that derive from them such as Cai Li Fo. It is said that after the government destroyed the first temple Chee Seen, one of the Five Elders went on to build a second southern Shaolin Temple at Jiulian Shan (Nine Lotus Mountain) which was also later destroyed by the Qing government with the help of Pak Mei and Fung Dou Dak, two of Five Elders who defected from the Shaolin.

## Controversy

The Southern Shaolin Monastery is considered by some to be a construct of fiction and folklore. Shi Yongxin, the abbot of the Shaolin Monastery has said "In all the records of the Shaolin Monastery, I have never seen the words 'Southern Shaolin'." In response, the abbot of the Shaolin Monastery at Quanzhou said "Shaolin is definitely present in Fujian, it is not up to anyone to say it does or does not, its history can be found, its history can be proven, in this kind of argument these are of no consequence."


title: Christopher Joseph Weldon

abstract: Christopher Joseph Weldon was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts from 1950 to 1977. In 2020, an investigation by the diocese determined that an accusation of sexual abuse of a minor against Weldon was highly credible.

text:
# Christopher Joseph Weldon

**Christopher Joseph Weldon** (September 6, 1905 – March 19, 1982) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts from 1950 to 1977.

In 2020, an investigation by the diocese determined that an accusation of sexual abuse of a minor against Weldon was highly credible.

## Biography

### Early years

Christopher Weldon was born on September 6, 1905, in the Bronx section of New York City to Patrick and Mary (née Dwyer) Weldon. After graduating from Public School 9 in Manhattan in 1918, he entered the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Montreal, Quebec. In 1924, Weldon returned to New York to study at St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers.

### Priesthood

Weldon was ordained to the priesthood on September 21, 1929, at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan. Weldon then completed his graduate studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. His first pastoral assignment was as assistant pastor at St. John the Evangelist Parish in White Plains, New York, followed by a term at St. Francis of Assisi Parish in Mount Kisco, New York.

From 1931 to 1935, Weldon served as spiritual director at the Newman School in Lakewood, New Jersey. He left New Jersey in 1935 to become pastor at St. John Chrysostom Church in Bronx, New York. After one year, he was moved to Blessed Sacrament Church in Manhattan. In 1942, after the outbreak of World War II, Weldon left New York to serve in the United States Navy Chaplain Corps. Discharged from the Navy in 1946, he returned to New York, where he became master of ceremonies to Cardinal Francis Spellman. Serving as executive director of Catholic Charities from 1947 to 1950, he was raised to the rank of a papal chamberlain in 1947 and a domestic prelate in 1948.

### Bishop of Springfield

On January 28, 1950, Weldon was appointed the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Springfield by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on March 24, 1950, from Cardinal Spellman, with Archbishop Richard Cushing and Bishop Stephen Joseph Donahue serving as co-consecrators.

During his tenure, Weldon oversaw the construction of Cathedral High School and Our Lady of Lourdes School in Springfield, added a wing to Farren Memorial Hospital in Montague, Massachusetts, and built Mont Marie, the motherhouse of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Springfield. He erected 10 new parishes, and constructed 11 new churches and several parish centers. Weldon established a center for the Hispanic apostolate in Springfield, and a diocesan newspaper in 1954. He attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, and served as president of Elms College from 1958 to 1977.

### Retirement and legacy

After 27 years as bishop, Weldon resigned on October 15, 1977. Christopher Weldon died on March 19, 1982, at Mercy Hospital in Springfield at age 76.

In September 2018, a diocesan Review Board notified Bishop Mitchell T. Rozanski that it had found an allegation of sexual abuse by Weldon credible. The board cited a Chicopee, Massachusetts, resident who said that Weldon had abused him a child. The board later split on the case, with several members saying that the victim did not name Weldon directly, while three others present maintained they had witnessed otherwise. In June 2019, Rozanski met with the victim, saying he found the allegations "deeply troubling". In June 2020, an investigation by retired Superior Court Judge Peter A. Velis found the victim's claim "to be unequivocally credible."

After Velis' findings were released, Rozanski asked Trinity Health of New England to remove Weldon's name from its rehabilitation center, the former Farren Memorial Hospital in Montague. Weldon's remains were disinterred and moved to more secluded spot in the cemetery. He ordered the removal of all photographs, memorials and other mentions of Weldon from all diocesan facilities, schools and churches.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
Christopher Joseph Weldon | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Springfield in Massachusetts |
| In office | March 24, 1950 to
October 15, 1977 |
| Predecessor | Thomas Michael O'Leary |
| Successor | Joseph Francis Maguire |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | September 21, 1929 |
| Consecration | March 24, 1950
by Francis Spellman |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1905-09-06)September 6, 1905
New York City, New York, US |
| Died | March 19, 1982(1982-03-19) (aged 76)
Springfield, Massachusetts, US |
| Education | Grand Seminary of Montreal
St. Joseph's Seminary
Catholic University of America |


title: South Bar Lake

abstract: South Bar Lake is located near Empire, Michigan. It is approximately 69 acres (28 ha) in size and has a maximum depth of 13 feet (4.0 m). It is used for recreational purposes, and there is a public swimming beach on the west side of the lake in a village park. The lake contains various fish including bluntnose minnow, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, yellow perch, Johnny darter, and Iowa darter.

text:
# South Bar Lake

**South Bar Lake** is located near Empire, Michigan. It is approximately 69 acres (28 ha) in size and has a maximum depth of 13 feet (4.0 m). It is used for recreational purposes, and there is a public swimming beach on the west side of the lake in a village park. The lake contains various fish including bluntnose minnow, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, yellow perch, Johnny darter, and Iowa darter.

## InfoBox

| South Bar Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| South Bar Lake (right) and Lake Michigan (left) | |
| South Bar LakeSouth Bar Lake | |
| Location | Empire, Michigan, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 44°49′09″N 86°03′49″W / 44.8193°N 86.0635°W / 44.8193; -86.0635 |
| Type | Lake |
| Primary outflows | Lake Michigan |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 69 acres (28 ha) |
| Max. depth | 13 ft (4.0 m) |
| Surface elevation | 581 ft (177 m) |


title: Elizabeth Diller

abstract: Elizabeth Diller, also known as Liz Diller, is an American architect and partner in Diller Scofidio + Renfro, which she co-founded in 1981. She is also an architecture professor at Princeton University.

text:
# Elizabeth Diller

**Elizabeth Diller**, also known as Liz Diller, is an American architect and partner in Diller Scofidio + Renfro, which she co-founded in 1981. She is also an architecture professor at Princeton University.

## Life

Elizabeth Diller was born in 1958 in Łódź, Poland, to Jewish parents. The family emigrated to the United States in 1960 when she was two years old.

Diller earned her B.Arch in 1979 from the Cooper Union School of Architecture. She met Ricardo Scofidio during her studies; he was her teacher then her tutor. After earning her degree and working as an assistant professor, they later married in the 1980s. Since the 2000s, she has become well-known for her work with conceptual architecture, museums and other cultural institutions.

## Awards and honors

Diller is considered among the most influential designers of cultural spaces and in 1999 received the first MacArthur Foundation fellowship in architecture. In 2002, Diller designed the Blur Building for the Swiss Expo with this money.

In 2000 she was awarded the James Beard Award for Outstanding Restaurant Design.

The studio that Diller co-founded was awarded *WSJ.* magazine's 2017 Architecture Innovator of the Year Award. It also received the Smithsonian Institution National Design Award.

In 2018 she was named to the *Time* magazine most-influential list for the second time, and was the only architect on that list.

In 2019, Diller became the winner of the Jane Drew Prize, and the eighth winner of the annual Women in Architecture award. She was also awarded the Second Royal Academy Architecture Prize.

In 2022 she was awarded the Wolf Prize in Arts in the category "Architecture".

## Works

## Further reading

* "Architecture Is a Technology That Has Not Yet Discovered Its Agency", by Elizabeth Diller and Anthony Vidler addresses the underlying reliance modern architects have on technology and the effects of this technology on architecture itself. In this work she explains the problems associated with technology and its use in architecture, yet also defines architecture as a certain type of technology that applies various systems in the world as a whole.
* "Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio: 'The city is a public resource'" was written by London architect and designer Edwin Heathcote in May 2019. Heathcote interviewed Diller and Scofidio about some of their larger works, projects before they became known in the architectural sphere, and explains their experimental process when designing buildings-specifically in New York City and Manhattan.

* Dimendberg, Edward, "Elizabeth Diller". *Architectural Review* Volume, no. 1459 (Mar 2019): p. 98-101.
* Gilmartin, Benjamin et al., "Democratizing Space". *A+U: Architecture and Urbanism* Volume, no. 6 (June 2019): p. 7-17.
* Kim, Narae, and Elizabeth Diller, "Dreamer, Doer, Creator". *Space* Volume, no. 596 (July 2017): p 28-33.


title: English translations of Catullus

text:
# English translations of Catullus

This is an incomplete list of English translations and adaptations of and from the poetry of Catullus.

## 16th century

| Translator | Poems | Written | Published | Sources | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philip Sidney | 70 |  |  | Sidney, Philip (1922). Feuillerat, Albert (ed.). *The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney*. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 307. | "A metrical experiment and the first Catullus in English". |

## 17th century

| Translator | Poems | Written | Published | Sources | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Walter Raleigh | 5 |  |  | Tomlinson, Charles, ed. (1980). *The Oxford Book of Verse in English Translation*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 51. |  |
| Ben Jonson | 5 | in or before 1605 |  | *Volpone* 3.6 (1607; 1616) |  |
| Ben Jonson | 7 |  |  | *The Forest* (1616) |  |
| Thomas Campion | 5 |  | 1601 | Campion, Thomas (1601). *A Booke of Ayres*. London: Peter Short. |  |
| Thomas Campion | 13 |  | 1613 | Campion, Thomas (1613). *Two Bookes of Ayres*. London: Tho. Snodham. |  |
| Abraham Cowley | 45 | before 1667 | 1668 | Poole, Adrian; Maule, Jeremy, eds. (1995). *The Oxford Book of Classical Verse in Translation*. Oxford University Press. pp. 271–2. |  |
| John Dryden | 5, 70 |  | 1685 | *Sylvæ: Or, the Second Part of Poetical Miscellanies*. London: Jacob Tonson. 1685. |  |
| William Bowles | 64 |  | 1685 | *Sylvæ: Or, the Second Part of Poetical Miscellanies*. London: Jacob Tonson. 1685. |  |
| John Oldham | 7 |  | 1684 | Oldham, John (1684). *The Works of Mr. John Oldham, Together with his Remains*. London: Jo. Hindmarsh. pp. 97–98. |  |
| John Chatwin | 5 | c.1685 |  | Elliot, Alistair (2003). "Catullus by Several Hands". *Translation and Literature*. **12** (2): 252–62. JSTOR 40339948. | *MS. Rawl. poet. 94*, p. 191. |

## 18th century

| Translators | Poems | Written | Published | Sources | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jonathan Swift | 92 | 1736 | 1746 | Swift, Jonathan (1937). Williams, Harold (ed.). *The Poems of Jonathan Swift*. p. 264. |  |
| Nicholas Amhurst | 58 |  |  | Amhurst, Nicholas (1723). *Poems on Several Occasions*. London: R. Francklin. p. 35. |  |
| Anonymous | 4 |  | 1717 | McPeek, James A. S. (1939). *Catullus in Strange and Distant Britain*. Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature XV. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 250–251. |  |
| John Langhorne | 5 | before 1778 | 1790 | Garrod, H. W., ed. (1912). *The Oxford Book of Latin Verse*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 455–456. |  |
| William Wordsworth |  | c.1786–7 |  | Tomlinson, Charles, ed. (1980). *The Oxford Book of Verse in English Translation*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 338. |  |

## 19th century

| Translators | Poems | Written | Published | Sources | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Walter Savage Landor | 2, 5, 7, 39, 61, 75, 85 |  |  | Wheeler, Stephen, ed. (1935). *The Complete Works of Walter Savage Landor*. Vol. 15. Chapman and Hall Ltd.Wheeler, Stephen, ed. (1936). *The Complete Works of Walter Savage Landor*. Vol. 16. Chapman and Hall Ltd. |  |
| Thomas Moore | 31 |  |  | Moore, Thomas (1823). *The Works of Thomas Moore*. Vol. 8. Paris: Paris. pp. 70–71. |  |
| George Lamb | almost complete |  | 1821 | Lamb, George (1821). *The Poems of Caius Valerius Catullus*. London: John Murray. |  |
| Leigh Hunt | 31, 61 |  |  | Hunt, Leigh (1849). *The Poetical Works of Leigh Hunt* (New ed.). London: Edward Moxon. pp. 197–198. |  |
| William Ewart Gladstone | 51 |  |  | Lyttelton, Lord; Gladstone, William Ewart (1861). *Translations*. London: B. Quaritch. pp. 79–81, 102–105. |  |
| Robinson Ellis | almost complete |  | 1871 | Ellis, Robinson (1871). *The Poems and Fragments of Catullus, Translated in the Metres of the Original*. London: Bradbury, Evans, and Co. |  |
| John Hookham Frere | 3, 4, 10, 31, 39, 61 |  |  | Frere, John Hookham (1874). *The Works of the Right Honourable John Hookham Frere, in Verse and Prose*. Vol. 2. London: Basil Montagu Pickering. pp. 382–397. |  |
| Theodore Martin | almost complete |  |  | Martin, Theodore (1875). *The Poems of Catullus, Translated into English Verse with an Introduction and Notes* (2nd ed.). Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. |  |
| Richard Francis Burton Leonard Charles Smithers | complete |  | 1894 | Burton, Richard Francis; Smithers, Leonard C. (1894). *The Carmina of Caius Valerius Catullus*. London: Printed for the Translators. |  |
| Aubrey Beardsley | 101 |  | 1896 | Beardsley, Aubrey (November 1896). "Catullus. Carmen CI". *The Savoy*. No. 7. p. 52. |  |
| Charles Stuart Calverley | 31 |  |  | Calverley, Charles Stuart (1901). Sendell, Walter J. (ed.). *The Complete Works of Charles Stuart Calverley*. London: George Bell & Sons. pp. 278–279. |

## 20th century

| Translators | Poems | Written | Published | Sources | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Walter George Headlam | 34 |  | 1901 | Headlam, Walter George. *A Book of Greek Verse*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–231. |  |
| Thomas Hardy | 31 |  |  | Hardy, Thomas (1923). *Collected Poems of Thomas Hardy*. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. p. 166. |  |
| Arthur Symons | 86 |  | 1913 | Symons, Arthur (1913). *Knave of Hearts. 1894–1908*. London: William Heinemann. p. 140. |  |
| G. S. Davies | 3 |  |  | Garrod, H. W., ed. (1912). *The Oxford Book of Latin Verse*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 454–455. |  |
| Francis Warre-Cornish | complete |  | 1913 | Warre-Cornish, Francis (1921). *Catullus, Tibullus, and Pervigilium Veneris*. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann. |  |
| Frank O. Copley | complete |  | 1957 | Copley, Frank O. (1957). *Gaius Valerius Catullus: The Complete Poetry*. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. LCCN 57010149. |  |
| Charles Hubert Sisson | complete |  | 1966 | Sisson, Charles Hubert (1966). *Catullus*. London: MacGibbon and Kee. ASIN B000PHOUEU. |  |
| Frederic RaphaelKenneth McLeish | complete |  | 1978 | Raphael, Frederic; McLeish, Kenneth (1978). *The Poems of Catullus*. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-01599-8. |  |
| Charles Martin | complete |  | 1990 | Martin, Charles (1990). *The Poems of Catullus*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3925-2. |  |

## 21st century

| Translators | Poems | Written | Published | Sources | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| David Mulroy | complete |  | 2002 | Mulroy, David (2002). *The Complete Poetry of Catullus*. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-17770-6. |  |
| Josephine Balmer | the shorter poems |  | 2004 | Balmer, Josephine (2004). *Catullus: Poems of Love and Hate*. Highgreen, Tarset, Northumberland: Bloodaxe Books. ISBN 978-1-85224-645-7. |  |

## Sources

## Further reading