title: Dog of Osu

abstract: The Dog of Osu is an old Korean folktale about a loyal dog that sacrificed himself to save his owner's life, or that particular dog.

text:
# Dog of Osu

The **Dog of *Osu*** (오수; 獒樹, literally translated as 'the tree of a dog') (오수의 개; 오수개) is an old Korean folktale about a loyal dog that sacrificed himself to save his owner's life, or that particular dog.

## Description

According to the book *Bohanjip* (보한집; 補閑集) written by a *Goryeo*-era writer *Choi Ja* (최자; 崔滋) in 1230, a man named *Kim Kae In* (김개인; 金蓋仁) residing in *Kyeorung-Hyun* (거령현) (modern day *Imsi-Gun* (임실군), *Osu-Myun* (오수면), *Jeolla* province) of Korea had a very loyal dog. One day, Kim went to a party at a nearby town with his dog, got very drunk, and fell asleep on a nearby grassland on his way home. At that time, a forest fire started near the place where Kim was sleeping.

The loyal dog, that could not wake up his owner but still kept trying to save his life, soaked himself in a nearby stream and extinguished the fire near Kim. The dog repeated this behavior until he saved Kim's life, but died of burns. Kim woke up after a while and found that there was a fire and that his dog was burnt to death near him, but that the grassland on and around which he slept was still wet, safe from the fire. Kim realized what his dog had done for him, cried bitterly, buried his dog in a nearby sunny place, and stuck his walking staff in front of the grave instead of a tombstone. The story states that the wooden staff became a very large tree after several years, resulting in the name of the story (the Tree of a Dog). There still stands a huge tree in *Osu-Myun* to this day, aged about a thousand years.

## Tributes

As a tribute to the loyal dog, the region where the dog died was renamed as Osu in 1992. The people of Osu-Myun made a monument for the loyal dog called Uigyeonbi (a Monument for the Loyal Dog) near the large tree in the legend. The monument was refurbished in April 1955. The statue was modeled after a Jindo Dog. However, a recent study revealed that the Dog of *Osu* was not a Jindo Dog, but a dog more similar to Tibetan Mastiff. Reflecting this finding, the Research Committee on Osu Dog replaced the old statue in 1997 with a new one that was more accurate according to the research result.


# Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre free rifle, standing

The men's 300 metre free rifle standing event was one of five free rifle events of the competitions in the Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics events in Paris. It was held from August 3 to August 5, 1900. 30 shooters from 6 nations competed, with five shooters per team. Medals were given for individual high scores in each of the three positions, overall individual high scores, and the scores of the five shooters were summed to give a team score. The standing position was won by Lars Jørgen Madsen of Denmark, with Ole Østmo of Norway taking silver and Charles Paumier of Belgium bronze.

## Background

This was the only appearance of the men's 300 metre standing rifle event. A three-positions event was also included in 1900 (summing the scores of the standing, kneeling, and prone competitions); the three-positions event continued, but future Games would not have separate standing-position events in this format.

Eight of the nine medalists at the world championships since the world championships began in 1897 were competing. The world champions were Ole Østmo of Norway (1897), Achille Paroche of France (1898), and Franz Böckli of Switzerland (1899). The Olympic event doubled as the 1900 world championship.

## Competition format

The competition had each shooter fire 40 shots from the standing position. The target was 1 metre in diameter, with 10 scoring rings; targets were set at a distance of 300 metres. Thus, the maximum score possible was 400 points. The scores from this event were combined with the other two positions (kneeling and prone) to give a three-positions individual score as well as a team score.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Friday, 3 August 1900
Saturday, 4 August 1900
Sunday, 5 August 1900 |  | **Final** |

## Results

Each shooter fired 40 shots, for a total possible of 400 points.

| Rank | Shooter | Nation | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lars Jørgen Madsen | Denmark | 305 |
|  | Ole Østmo | Norway | 299 |
|  | Charles Paumier | Belgium | 298 |
| 4 | Paul Van Asbroeck | Belgium | 297 |
| 5 | Franz Böckli | Switzerland | 294 |
| 6 | Emil Kellenberger | Switzerland | 292 |
| 7 | Jules Bury | Belgium | 282 |
| | Alfred Grütter | Switzerland | 282 |
| 9 | Helmer Hermandsen | Norway | 280 |
| 10 | Auguste Cavadini | France | 278 |
| 11 | Viggo Jensen | Denmark | 277 |
| | Anders Peter Nielsen | Denmark | 277 |
| 13 | Tom Seeberg | Norway | 275 |
| 14 | Marcus Ravenswaaij | Netherlands | 272 |
| | Konrad Stäheli | Switzerland | 272 |
| 16 | Olaf Frydenlund | Norway | 271 |
| 17 | Léon Moreaux | France | 269 |
| | Louis Richardet | Switzerland | 269 |
| 19 | Maurice Lecoq | France | 268 |
| | Achille Paroche | France | 268 |
| 21 | Edouard Myin | Belgium | 265 |
| 22 | Axel Kristensen | Denmark | 261 |
| | Uilke Vuurman | Netherlands | 261 |
| 24 | René Thomas | France | 254 |
| 25 | Henrik Sillem | Netherlands | 249 |
| 26 | Ole Sæther | Norway | 239 |
| | Solko van den Bergh | Netherlands | 239 |
| 28 | Laurids Jensen-Kjær | Denmark | 238 |
| | Antonius Bouwens | Netherlands | 238 |
| 30 | Joseph Baras | Belgium | 233 |

## InfoBox

| Men's 300 metre standing free rifle
at the Games of the II Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics | |
| Venue | Satory |
| Dates | August 3–5 |
| Competitors | 30 from 6 nations |
| Winning score | 305 |
| Medalists | |
| Lars Jørgen Madsen
Denmark  Ole Østmo
Norway  Charles Paumier
Belgium | |


title: Solariella peristicta

abstract: Solariella peristicta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae.

text:
# Solariella peristicta

***Solariella peristicta*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off the Three Kings Islands at depths between 40 m and 805 m.

## InfoBox

| *Solariella peristicta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Solariellidae |
| Genus: | *Solariella* |
| Species: | ***S. peristicta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Solariella peristicta***<br>Marshall, 1999 | |
|


title: Düsseldorf-Hafen

abstract: Düsseldorf-Hafen is an urban quarter of Düsseldorf, Germany, part of Borough 3, located on the river Rhine and the location of the city's docks. The quarter covers 3.79 km⁲ (1.46 sq mi), and is predominantly commercial and industrial in nature, with a very small residential population. It had 110 residents in the year 2020, making it the Düsseldorf quarter with the lowest population density. The docks prospered for decades but lost much of their trade when Mannesmann closed its nearby pipe factory. As a result the eastern part of the docks started to be redeveloped, attracting businesses in the service sector such as media, design and fashion companies. One of the first new residents to the so-called Media Harbour was Westdeutscher Rundfunk with its current affairs TV and radio studios. Düsseldorf local radio station Antenne Düsseldorf is also based in the harbour area. One of the largest cinemas of Düsseldorf is in the Hafen. The Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Rheinturm are situated right next to the harbour. Within the Hafen district is the Neuer Zollhof an ensemble of three warped-looking buildings by architect Frank Gehry and other postmodernist buildings. There are also many restaurants, bars, and a few clubs, which make the Hafen a prominent lifestyle district. The western part of the area still has actively used docks for barges that transport materials on the Rhine. There are plans for further redevelopment with the construction of high end apartment buildings. In 2003 the port company merged with the port of Neuss on the opposite bank of the Rhine to form Neuss-Düsseldorfer Häfen GmbH & Co. KG.

text:
# Düsseldorf-Hafen

**Düsseldorf-Hafen** is an urban quarter of Düsseldorf, Germany, part of Borough 3, located on the river Rhine and the location of the city's docks.

The quarter covers 3.79 km2 (1.46 sq mi), and is predominantly commercial and industrial in nature, with a very small residential population. It had 110 residents in the year 2020, making it the Düsseldorf quarter with the lowest population density.

The docks prospered for decades but lost much of their trade when Mannesmann closed its nearby pipe factory. As a result the eastern part of the docks started to be redeveloped, attracting businesses in the service sector such as media, design and fashion companies. One of the first new residents to the so-called Media Harbour was Westdeutscher Rundfunk with its current affairs TV and radio studios. Düsseldorf local radio station Antenne Düsseldorf is also based in the harbour area. One of the largest cinemas of Düsseldorf is in the Hafen. The Landtag (State parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Rheinturm are situated right next to the harbour.

Within the Hafen district is the Neuer Zollhof an ensemble of three warped-looking buildings by architect Frank Gehry and other postmodernist buildings. There are also many restaurants, bars, and a few clubs, which make the Hafen a prominent lifestyle district.

The western part of the area still has actively used docks for barges that transport materials on the Rhine. There are plans for further redevelopment with the construction of high end apartment buildings.

In 2003 the port company merged with the port of Neuss on the opposite bank of the Rhine to form Neuss-Düsseldorfer Häfen GmbH & Co. KG.

## InfoBox

| Düsseldorf-Hafen | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadtteil of Düsseldorf | |
| The Rheinturm tower and Neuer Zollhof buildings | |
| Map of Düsseldorf, showing **Hafen** (in red) within Borough 3 (in pink) | |
| Düsseldorf-Hafen Düsseldorf-Hafen | |
| Coordinates: 51°13′09″N 6°45′28″E / 51.21917°N 6.75778°E / 51.21917; 6.75778 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| District | Urban district |
| City | Düsseldorf |
| Borough | Borough 3 |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.79 km2 (1.46 sq mi) |
| Population (2020-12-31) | |
| Total | 110 |
| Density | 29/km2 (75/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |


abstract: The 2023–24 Japan Rugby League One – Division 1 season is the thirteenth top flight league season played from December 2023 through to May 2024, in the newly rebranded Japan Rugby League One. The competition consisted of twelve teams, including one promoted team from Division 2, the Mie Heat.

text:
# 2023–24 Japan Rugby League One – Division 1

The **2023–24 Japan Rugby League One – Division 1** season is the thirteenth top flight league season played from December 2023 through to May 2024, in the newly rebranded Japan Rugby League One. The competition consisted of twelve teams, including one promoted team from Division 2, the Mie Heat.

## Format

The format and schedule was announced on 6 September 2023. It will consist of a round-robin fixture, before entering into a knockout style play-off for the final four teams. It featured two conferences (A, B). Teams in each conference played the teams in their respective conference twice (one at home, one away), and six matches against all the teams in the other conference, three being at home and three away. Each team played a total of sixteen seasonal fixtures, plus additional play-off matches, including relegation play-offs.

## Teams and personnel

## Ladder

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | PD | TF | TA | TB | LB | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Saitama Wild Knights | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 747 | 275 | +472 | 106 | 39 | 11 | 0 | 75 | Qualification for Play-off Semi-finals |
| 2 | Brave Lupus Tokyo (C) | 16 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 554 | 373 | +181 | 81 | 49 | 7 | 0 | | 65 |
| 3 | Tokyo Sungoliath | 16 | 10 | 1 | 5 | 584 | 425 | +159 | 83 | 58 | 5 | 3 | | 50 |
| 4 | Yokohama Eagles | 16 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 518 | 446 | +72 | 75 | 63 | 6 | 3 | | 49 |
| 5 | Kobe Steelers | 16 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 647 | 459 | +188 | 89 | 59 | 5 | 2 | 45 |  |
| 6 | Spears Tokyo Bay | 16 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 554 | 447 | +107 | 78 | 63 | 5 | 5 | | 44 |
| 7 | Toyota Verblitz | 16 | 9 | 0 | 7 | 498 | 450 | +48 | 72 | 59 | 5 | 2 | | 43 |
| 8 | Shizuoka Blue Revs | 16 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 501 | 513 | 12 | 71 | 76 | 3 | 2 | | 33 |
| 9 | Sagamihara DynaBoars | 16 | 6 | 0 | 10 | 457 | 637 | 180 | 62 | 93 | 0 | 3 | | 27 |
| 10 | Black Rams Tokyo (O) | 16 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 321 | 503 | 182 | 46 | 69 | 1 | 4 | 17 | Qualification for relegation play-offs |
| 11 | Mie Heat (O) | 16 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 242 | 744 | 502 | 32 | 112 | 0 | 3 | | 7 |
| 12 | Hanazono Liners (R) | 16 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 353 | 704 | 351 | 51 | 102 | 0 | 2 | | 6 |

Updated to match(es) played on unknown. Source: league-one.jp
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Number of wins; 3) Point difference
(C) Champion; (O) Play-off winner(s); (R) Relegated

## Fixtures

Each team will play five teams twice and six teams once for a total of sixteen home and away matches.

| Home \ Away | BRT | BLT | HL | KS | MH | SDB | SWK | SBR | STB | TSG | TV | YE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Black Rams Tokyo |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26–50 | 29–36 |  |  | 18–45 |  |
| Brave Lupus Tokyo | 40–33 |  |  | 40–40 | 40–12 | 41–19 |  | 43–30 | 24–20 | 36–27 |  | 27–7 |
| Hanazono Liners | 34–23 | 32–50 |  |  | 19–20 | 36–46 | 0–49 |  | 19–56 |  | 14–47 | 33–52 |
| Kobe Steelers |  | 39–46 | 60–17 |  | 80–15 |  | 18–28 | 63–19 | 34–38 | 27–36 | 57–22 |  |
| Mie Heat | 14–24 | 7–8 |  | 31–33 |  | 26–31 |  | 13–62 | 0–75 | 16–34 |  | 21–50 |
| Sagamihara DynaBoars | 24–31 |  | 30–29 | 14–43 |  |  | 21–81 | 53–45 |  |  | 20–34 | 35–40 |
| Saitama Wild Knights | 44–17 | 36–24 | 33–24 |  |  | 53–12 |  |  |  | 24–20 | 43–27 | 53–12 |
| Shizuoka Blue Revs |  | 20–59 |  | 26–30 | 43–14 |  | 19–45 |  | 31–31 | 25–29 | 24–8 |  |
| Spears Tokyo Bay |  | 20–22 |  | 39–29 | 61–24 | 28–34 | 22–55 | 19–23 |  | 26–52 | 27–31 |  |
| Tokyo Sungoliath | 62–0 | 19–26 | 34–14 | 44–36 | 60–10 |  |  | 31–31 | 26–45 |  |  | 35–37 |
| Toyota Verblitz | 15–8 |  | 47–30 |  | 54–7 | 54–40 | 7–40 |  |  | 38–39 |  | 35–31 |
| Yokohama Eagles | 24–8 |  | 66–26 |  |  | 43–19 | 14–43 | 34–17 | 26–29 |  | 24–22 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on 5 May 2024. Source: league-one.jp
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Promotion/Relegation play-offs

The relegation play-offs will take place in May 2024.

### Overview

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (D1) **Black Rams Tokyo** | 95–21 | Green Rockets Tokatsu (D2) | 40–21 | 55–0 |
| (D1) **Mie Heat** | 72–63 | Shuttles Aichi (D2) | 57–39 | 15–24 |
| (D1) Hanazono Liners | 42–56 | **Urayasu D-Rocks** (D2) | 12–21 | 30–35 |

### Matches

*All times Japan Standard Time (JST) (UTC+9)*

**Black Rams Tokyo v Green Rockets Tokatsu**

| Green Rockets Tokatsu | 21–40 | Black Rams Tokyo |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Black Rams Tokyo | 55–0 | Green Rockets Tokatsu |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

**Mie Heat v Shuttles Aichi**

| Shuttles Aichi | 39–57 | Mie Heat |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Mie Heat | 15–24 | Shuttles Aichi |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

**Hanazono Liners v Urayasu D-Rocks**

| Urayasu D-Rocks | 21–12 | Hanazono Liners |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Hanazono Liners | 30–35 | Urayasu D-Rocks |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

## Season play-offs

**Bracket**

### Semi-finals

| Saitama Wild Knights | 20–17 | Yokohama Eagles |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Brave Lupus Tokyo | 28–20 | Tokyo Sungoliath |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

### 3rd Place Playoff

| Tokyo Sungoliath | 40 - 33 | Yokohama Eagles |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

### Final

| Saitama Wild Knights | 20 - 24 | Brave Lupus Tokyo |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

## InfoBox

| 2023–24 Japan Rugby League One – D1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Countries | Japan |
| Number of teams | 12 |
| Date | 9 December 2023 – 26 May 2024 |
| Champions | Brave Lupus Tokyo |
| Promoted | Mie Heat |
| Relegated | Hanazono Liners |
| Matches played | 106 |
| Attendance | 972,434 <br>(average 9,174 per match) |
| Highest attendance | 56,486 (Saitama Wild Knights vs. Brave Lupus Tokyo, 26 May 2024) |
| Top point scorer | Bryn Gatland (217) |
| Top try scorer | Malo Tuitama (15) |
| Official website | |
| league-one.jp/en | |
|  | |


title: Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic

abstract: Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic is a Hot Tuna album released in 1996 and is an expansion of the A-side of the previous vinyl release Historic Live Tuna. The B-side of the previous release was expanded as Classic Hot Tuna Electric and released at the same time as this album. The tracks are taken from a live acoustic performance played on KSAN radio in 1971.

text:
# Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic

***Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic*** is a Hot Tuna album released in 1996 and is an expansion of the A-side of the previous vinyl release *Historic Live Tuna*. The B-side of the previous release was expanded as *Classic Hot Tuna Electric* and released at the same time as this album. The tracks are taken from a live acoustic performance played on KSAN radio in 1971.

## Track listing

1. "Never Happen No More" (Blind Blake) – 6:08
2. "Candy Man" (Rev. Gary Davis) – 4:35
3. "New Song (for the Morning)" (Jorma Kaukonen) – 5:08
4. "Hesitation Blues" (Traditional) – 5:17
5. "Been So Long" (Kaukonen) – 4:22
6. "Oh Lord, Search My Heart" (Rev. Gary Davis) – 4:45
7. "Uncle Sam Blues" (Traditional) – 5:24
8. "Space Jam" (Jack Casady, Kaukonen) – 0:26
9. "True Religion" (Traditional) – 7:09
10. "Death Don't Have No Mercy" (Davis) – 9:58

## Personnel

### Production

* Michael Falzarano – producer
* Leslie D. Kippel – executive producer
* Jorma Kaukonen archives – photography
* Relix archives – photography

## InfoBox

| Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Hot Tuna | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Recorded | April 30, 1971 |
| Venue | KSAN (San Mateo, California) |
| Genre | Blues rock |
| Label | Relix |
| Producer | Michael Falzarano
Leslie D. Kippel (executive) |
| Hot Tuna chronology | |
| *Live at Sweetwater Two*
(1993) ***Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic***
(1996) *Classic Hot Tuna Electric*
(1996) | |


title: Social web

abstract: The social web is a set of social relations that link people through the World Wide Web. The social web encompasses how websites and software are designed and developed in order to support and foster social interaction. These online social interactions form the basis of much online activity including online shopping, education, gaming and social networking services. The social aspect of Web 2.0 communication has been to facilitate interaction between people with similar tastes. These tastes vary depending on who the target audience is, and what they are looking for. For individuals working in the public relation department, the job is consistently changing and the impact is coming from the social web. The influence held by the social network is large and ever changing. As people's activities on the Web and communication increase, information about their social relationships become more available. Social networking services such as Facebook enable people and organizations to contact each other with persistent human-friendly names. Today hundreds of millions of Internet users are using thousands of social websites to stay connected with their friends, discover new "friends", and to share user-created content, such as photos, videos, social bookmarks, and blogs, even through mobile platform support for cell phones. By the second quarter in 2017, Facebook reported 1.86 billion members, and, in 2008, MySpace occupied 100 million users and YouTube had more than 100 million videos and 2.9 million user channels, and these numbers are consistently growing. The social Web is quickly reinventing itself, moving beyond simple web applications that connect individuals to live an entirely new way of life.

text:
# Social web

The **social web** is a set of social relations that link people through the World Wide Web. The social web encompasses how websites and software are designed and developed in order to support and foster social interaction. These online social interactions form the basis of much online activity including online shopping, education, gaming and social networking services. The social aspect of Web 2.0 communication has been to facilitate interaction between people with similar tastes. These tastes vary depending on who the target audience is, and what they are looking for. For individuals working in the public relation department, the job is consistently changing and the impact is coming from the social web. The influence held by the social network is large and ever changing.

As people's activities on the Web and communication increase, information about their social relationships become more available. Social networking services such as Facebook enable people and organizations to contact each other with persistent human-friendly names. Today hundreds of millions of Internet users are using thousands of social websites to stay connected with their friends, discover new "friends", and to share user-created content, such as photos, videos, social bookmarks, and blogs, even through mobile platform support for cell phones. By the second quarter in 2017, Facebook reported 1.86 billion members, and, in 2008, MySpace occupied 100 million users and YouTube had more than 100 million videos and 2.9 million user channels, and these numbers are consistently growing. The social Web is quickly reinventing itself, moving beyond simple web applications that connect individuals to live an entirely new way of life.

## History

Like the telephone, the Internet was not created as a communication tool to interact socially, but evolved to become a part of everyday life. However, social interaction has been facilitated by the web for nearly the entire duration of its existence, as indicated by the continuing success of social software, which at its core centers around connecting individuals virtually with others whom they already have relationships with in the physical world. Email dates from the 1960s, and was one of the first social applications to connect multiple individuals through a network, enabling social interaction by allowing users to send messages to one or more people. This application, which some have argued may be the most successful social software ever, was actually used to help build the Internet. The web got its start as a large but simple Bulletin Board System (BBS) that allowed users to exchange software, information, news, data, and other messages with one another. Ward Christensen invented the first public BBS in the late 1970s, and another (named "The WELL") in the late 80's and early '90s arose as a popular online community. The Usenet, a global discussion system similar to a BBS that enabled users to post public messages, was conceived in 1979; the system found tremendous popularity in the 1980s as individuals posted news and articles to categories called "newsgroups". By the late 1990s, personal web sites that allowed individuals to share information about their private lives with others were increasingly widespread. On this fertile period of the web's development, its creator Sir Tim Berners-Lee wrote that:

> The Web is more a social creation than a technical one. I designed it for a social effect—to help people work together—and not as a technical toy. The ultimate goal of the Web is to support and improve our weblike existence in the world. We clump into families, associations, and companies. We develop trust across the miles and distrust around the corner. What we believe, endorse, agree with, and depend on is representable and, increasingly, represented on the Web.

The term "social Web" was coined by Howard Rheingold for this network in 1996; Rheingold was quoted in an article for *Time* on his website "Electric Minds", described as a "virtual community center" that listed online communities for users interested in socializing through the Web, saying that "The idea is that we will lead the transformation of the Web into a social Web".

The social Web developed in three stages from the beginning of the '90s up to the present day, transforming from simple one-way communication web pages to a network of truly social applications. During the "one-way conversation" era of online applications in the mid '90s, most of the nearly 18,000 web pages in existence were "read only", or "static web sites" with information flowing exclusively from the person or organization that ran the site; although the web was used socially at this time, communication was difficult, achieved only through individuals reacting to each other's posts on one web page by responding to them on their own personal web page. In the mid '90s, Amazon and other pioneers made great progress in advancing online social interaction by discovering how to link databases to their web sites in order to store information as well as to display it; in concert with other innovations, this led to the rise of read-write web applications, allowing for a "two-way conversation" between users and the individual or organization running the site. As these web applications became more sophisticated, people became more comfortable using and interacting with them, bandwidth increased, and access to the Internet became more prevalent, causing designers to begin implementing new features that allowed users to communicate not only with a site's publishers, but with others who visited that site as well. Despite being a small step forward technologically, it was a huge step socially, enabling group interaction for the first time, and it has been claimed that this social exchange between many individuals is what separates a web application from a *social Web* application.

The first social networking services, including Classmates.com (1995) and SixDegrees.com (1997), were introduced prior to social media sites. It has been argued that the transition towards social media sites began after the world's first online interactive diary community Open Diary was founded on December 19, 1998; currently still online after ten years, it has hosted over five million digital diaries. Open Diary successfully brought online diary writers together into one community as an early social networking service, and it was during this time that the term "weblog" was coined (later to be shortened to the ubiquitous "blog" after one blogger jokingly turned weblog into the sentence "we blog"). Some claim that this marked the beginning of the current era of social media, with "social media" being a term that entered into both common usage and prominence as high-speed Internet became increasingly available, growing in popularity as a concept and leading to the rise of social networking services such as Myspace (2003) and Facebook (2004). It has been argued that this trend towards social media "can be seen as an evolution back to the Internet's roots, since it re-transforms the World Wide Web to what it was initially created for: a platform to facilitate information exchange between users."

## Evolution

The social web is a way of life: many people visit social networking services at least once per day, and in 2008 the average amount of time per visit to MySpace hovered around twenty-six minutes (the length of a sitcom). Furthermore, the astoundingly rapid growth of the social Web since the '90s is not projected to slow down anytime soon: with less than 20% of the world's population using the Internet, the social Web is felt by some to still be in its infancy. The line between social networking and social media is becoming increasingly blurred as sites such as Facebook and Twitter further incorporate photo, video, and other functionalities typical of social media sites into users' public profiles, just as social media sites have been integrating features characteristic of social networking services into their own online frameworks. One notable change that has been brought about by the merging of social networking/media is the transformation of social web applications into egocentric software that put people at the center of applications. Although there had been discussion about a sense of community on the web prior to these innovations, modern social web software makes a wider set of social interactions available to the user, such as "friending" and "following" individuals, even sending them virtual gifts or kisses. Social Web applications are typically built using object oriented programming, utilizing combinations of several programming languages, such as Ruby, PHP, Python, ASP.NET and/or Java. Often APIs are utilized to tie non-social websites to social websites, one example being Campusfood.com.

### Blogs and wikis

Both blogs and Wikis are prime examples of collaboration through the Internet, a feature of the group interaction that characterizes the social Web. Blogs are used as BBS for the 21st century on which people can post discussions, whereas Wikis are constructed and edited by anyone who is granted access to them. Members of both are able to see the recent discussions and changes made, although for many blogs and Wikis such as Wikipedia this is true even for non-members. Blogs and Wikis allow users to share information and educate one another, and these social interaction are focused on content and meaning. Blogs and Wikis are used by both those writing them and those who reference them as resources. Blogs allow members to share ideas and other members to comment on those ideas, while Wikis facilitate group collaboration: both of these tools open a gateway of communication in which social interaction allows the web to develop. These sites are used by teachers and students alike to accomplish the goal of sharing education, and working in a community with other scholars enables the users to see different interpretations of similar subjects as well as to share resources that might not be available to them otherwise.

### Mobile connectivity support

Most social networking services offer mobile apps and internet phone connectivity. Popular social web sites such Facebook Mobile, Orkut, Twitter, and YouTube have led the way for other sites to enable their users to post and share new content with others, update their statuses and receive their friends' updates and uploaded content via mobile platforms.The central aim for both sites offering these mobile services and for those who use them is for the user to maintain contact with their friends online at all times; it allows them to update their profiles and to communicate with each other even when they are away from a computer. It is predicted that this trend will continue in the future, not as other sites follow suit to offer similar services, but as they are extended to other mobile devices that social web users will carry with them in years to come. Social web mobile applications can also allow for augmented reality gaming and experiences; examples of such include SCVGR and Layar.

### Social features added to non-social sites

Web sites that are not built around social interaction nevertheless add features that enable discussion and collaboration out of an interest in expanding their user bases—a trend that is projected to continue in the coming years. As early as 1995 electronic retailer Amazon had implemented such features, especially the customer review, to great success; Joshua Porter, author of *Designing for the Social Web,* writes:

> At Amazon, customer reviews act like a magnet, pulling people down the page. That's the content people want...They keep scrolling until they hit the reviews, which in some cases are up to 6000 pixels down from the top of the page! Nobody seems to mind...Customer reviews allow people to learn about a product from the experience of others without any potentially biased seller information. No wonder everyone wanted to shop at Amazon. They had information that no other site had: they had the *Truth*. And that truth, interestingly enough, arose from simply aggregating the conversation of normal people.

These customer reviews contribute valuable information that individuals seek out, and are written by users for free simply out of a desire to share their experiences with a product or service with others; the quality and value of each review is further determined by other users, who rate them based upon whether or not they found the feedback helpful, "weeding out the bad (by pushing them to the bottom \[of the page\])."

Non-retailer, special interest websites have also implemented social web features to broaden their appeal: one example is Allrecipes.com, a community of 10 million cooks that share ideas and recipes with one another. In addition to exchanging recipes with others through the website, users are able to rate and post reviews of recipes they have tried, and to provide suggestions as to how to improve or alter them; according to the website, "The ratings/reviews...are a valuable resource to our community because they show how the members and their families feel about a recipe. Does the recipe get raves—or does it never get made again? Your opinion counts". This feedback is used to evaluate and classify recipes based upon how successfully they passed through the site's "editorial process" and to what extent they were approved by site members, potentially resulting in receiving "Kitchen approved" status that is comparable to Wikipedia's "good article" nomination process. The site has also augmented its services by including social features such as user blogs and connecting with other social networking/media sites like Facebook to expand its presence on the social Web. The recipes found on this website become part of the social web as other members rank them, comment and provide feedback as to why the recipe was good or bad, or to share ways in which they would change it.

The integration of "social" features has also begun to extend into non-Web media forms including print and broadcast. Increasingly prevalent mobile devices have offered a platform for media companies to create hybridised media forms which draw upon the social web, such as the Fango mobile app offered by Australian partnership Yahoo!7 which combines traditional TV programming with live online discussions and existing social networking channels.

### Social art

Artists use the social Web to share their art, be it visual art on sites like deviantART, video art on YouTube, musical art on YouTube or iTunes, or physical art, such as posting and selling crafted items on Craigslist. Artists choose to post their art online so that they can gain critiques on their work, as well as just have the satisfaction of knowing others can experience and enjoy their work. With this social web generation, students spend more time using social tools like computers, video games, video cameras and cell phones. These tools allow the art to be shared easily, and aid in the discussion.

### Collaborative efforts facilitated by the social web

#### Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing has become one of the ways in which the social Web can be used collaborative efforts, particularly in the last few years, with the dawn of the semantic web and Web 2.0. Modern web applications have the capabilities for crowdsourcing techniques, and consequently the term is now used exclusively for web-based activity. Examples include sites such as SurveyMonkey.com and SurveyU.com; for example, SurveyMonkey enables users to administer surveys to a list of contacts they manage, then collect and analyze response data using basic tools provided on the website itself and finally export these results once they are finished.

Crowdsourcing is used by researchers in order to emulate a traditional focus group, but in a less expensive and less intimate atmosphere. Due to the nature of the social Web, people feel more open to express what their thoughts are on the topic of discussion without feeling as though they will be as heavy scrutinized by the rest of the group when compared to a traditional setting. The Internet serves as a screen, helping to evoke the purest feedback from the participants in the group, as it removes much of a mob mentality.

Facebook has also been a mode in which crowdsourcing can occur, as users typically ask a question in their status message hoping those that see it on his or her news feed will answer the question, or users may opt to use the poll option now available to obtain information from those within their friends network.

#### Community-based software projects

Through the use of the social Web, many software developers opt to participate in community-based open-source software projects, as well as hacking projects for proprietary software, kernel (computing) modifications, and freeware ports of games and software. Linux iterations are perfect examples of how effective and efficient this sort of collaboration can be. Google's Android operating system is another example, as many coders work on modifying existing hardware kernels and ROMs to create customized forms of a released Android version. These collaborative efforts for Android take place typically through xda-developers and androidforums.com.

### Mobile application development

Most of the modern mobile applications, and indeed even browser applications, come from released software development kits to developers. The developers create their applications and share them with users via "app markets". Users can comment on their experiences with the applications, allowing all users to view the comments of others, and thus have a greater understanding of what is to be expected from the application. Typically there is also a rating a system in addition to comments.

Mobile social Web applications are built using various APIs. These APIs allow for the interaction and interconnection of data on one social database, be it Facebook, Twitter, or Google Account, thus creating a literal web of data connections. These applications then add to the user experience specific to the application itself. Examples include TweetDeck and Blogger.

## From the social web to real life

The way in which individuals share intimate details, and perform tasks such as dating, shopping, and applying for jobs is very different from in previous generations. Now, one's preferences, opinions, and activities are routinely shared with a group of friends with whom they may or may not ever meet were it not for the social web.

Many social websites use online social interaction to create a bridge to real life interaction. Relationships are formed between individuals via the internet and then become more personal through other forms of communication. An example of this type of interaction is found on eBay: with more than 94 million active users globally, eBay is the world's largest online marketplace, where anyone can buy and sell practically anything. This website allows individuals to sell items and other to bid on these items. At the end of the auction, the buyer pays the seller; the buyer then sends the purchased product to the winner of the auction. The relationship begins on the internet, but extends into real life interaction. Ways in eBay facilitates this interaction include Skype, a leading online communications service that enables people to communicate through voice or video online for free. eBay Inc. acquired Skype in 2005 and significantly expanded its customer base to more than 480 million registered users in nearly every country on earth. The result of all eBay transactions is a seller providing the buyer with a product, most commonly via mail: web interaction ending in a real world exchange.

The relationship that is formed with eBay users is similar to the users of Craigslist. Users place items that they want to sell on the website, and other users that are looking to purchase these items contact the seller. Craigslist is used to bring together individuals and organizations and connect them to the resources, tools, technology and ideas they need to effectively engage in community building and see the impact of their actions. This is done via email or over the telephone. The buyer and the seller form a meeting in which goods are exchanged for money. Without this type of website, the buyer would not know that the product was available by the seller. This type of website allows members of a physical community to network with the other members of their community to exchange goods and services.

The transaction from web to real life is seen on a macro scale most recently on dating websites, which are used to search and match other users. These websites allow members with a common interest, to find others with this same interest. Academics who have studied the industry believe that it and other forms of electronic communication such as e-mail and social networks are starting to have a significant effect on the ways in which people find love. Users are able to interact with one another and find if they have common interests. Many sites have been developed that target many different interest groups, and relationships form and develop using the internet. If the users decide that they share a mutual bond, they are able to interact via the telephone, and eventually in person. The relationship begins on the internet, but can lead to real life dating and eventually even marriage.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Where the Social Web Meets the Semantic Web, Tom Gruber | |


title: Fajã de Além

abstract: The Fajã de Além is a permanent debris field, known as a fajã, built from the collapsing cliffs on the northern coast of the civil parish of Norte Grande, in the municipality of Velas, island of São Jorge, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

text:
# Fajã de Além

The **Fajã de Além** is a permanent debris field, known as a fajã, built from the collapsing cliffs on the northern coast of the civil parish of Norte Grande, in the municipality of Velas, island of São Jorge, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

## Geography

The fajã is situated between Fajã da Ponta Nova and Fajã da Fajanzinha at the mouth of the Ribeira das Queijadas, and can be reached by the E.R.1-2ª regional roadway, between the villages of Santo António and Norte Grande. It is not completely accessible by vehicles, but reachable by a trail beginning in Ermida (Santo António), that extends to the cliff. The trails then continues along a long, accented winding route down the escarpment, through stone staircases, to the isolated shoreline.

Normally abandoned throughout the year, the residents of the Fajã d'Além normally return to the fajã in the summer months, resulting in a population of about 40 people. During three months out of the year, is difficult to observe the Sun, owing to the very steep slopes of the escarpment.

## InfoBox

| Fajã de Além | |
| --- | --- |
| Fajã | |
| Fajã de Além | |
| Coordinates: 38°40′44″N 28°4′27″W / 38.67889°N 28.07417°W / 38.67889; -28.07417 | |
| Location | Norte Grande, Velas, São Jorge Island |
| Access | Accessible by foot, yet restricted during periods of unfavourable weather |


title: Dodan Barracks

abstract: Dodan Barracks is a military barrack located in Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria. The barrack was the Supreme Military Headquarters during the Nigerian Civil War and from 1966 to 1979 and 1983 to 1985, Dodan Barracks was the official residence of the military heads of state of the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99, and also the Supreme Military Headquarters from 1966 until the move to Abuja in 1991.

text:
# Dodan Barracks

**Dodan Barracks** is a military barrack located in Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria. The barrack was the Supreme Military Headquarters during the Nigerian Civil War and from 1966 to 1979 and 1983 to 1985, Dodan Barracks was the official residence of the military heads of state of the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99, and also the Supreme Military Headquarters from 1966 until the move to Abuja in 1991.

## Name

The name "Dodan" originated from the site of a battle fought during the Burma campaign of World War II by the 82nd West African Division.

## Military headquarters

Dodan Barracks was one of the bases of a group of Nigerian Army majors who overthrew the First Nigerian Republic in January 1966. The coup was suppressed by the army whose commander, Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, then became head of state. In July 1966, Dodan Barracks became the seat of power in Nigeria after a counter-coup in which Ironsi was killed and his chief of staff, General Yakubu Gowon was made head of state, moving into the Federal Guard officer's mess. The Barracks was the location where Gowon received the formal Biafran surrender at the end of the Nigerian Civil War in January 1970. Subsequent rulers kept their base at the barracks for the next quarter of a century.

Gowon was overthrown in a July 1975 coup, succeeded by General Murtala Mohammed. In an attempted coup in February 1976, Murtala was killed when his convoy was ambushed. Obasanjo moved into the barracks for security reasons.

In 1977, troops invaded the compound of the influential musician Fela Kuti, called the father of Afrobeat, who was critical of the military regime. They beat up the men, raped the women and threw Fela into detention. His 78-year-old mother died later of injuries from being thrown from a second story window. On his release, he recorded an album titled *Coffin For Head of State*. Fela and his supporters marched his mother's empty coffin to Dodan Barracks and left it there to shame Obasanjo.

The Dodan Barracks was the location for a meeting in April 1978 between US President Jimmy Carter and Olusegun Obasanjo.

In the successful December 1983 coup, when General Muhammadu Buhari seized power from President Shehu Shagari, the troops in the barracks initially resisted, only to yield the day after. A palace coup in August 1985 orchestrated by General Ibrahim Babangida, seized power from under Buhari. In January 1986, a Special Military Tribunal was established to try suspects accused of plotting to overthrow General Babangida. The tribunal conducted the trial at the Dodan Barracks, finding 17 of the defendants guilty of treason.

Dodan Barracks was one of the key locations seized in the April 1990 coup attempt by Major Gideon Orkar against General Ibrahim Babangida. Babangida was resident when the barracks were attacked, but escaped by a back route. The guards thwarted the coup attempt, losing five members in defence of Dodan Barracks. Babangida's wife, Maryam, who was also present with her children at the time of the coup attempt, recalled that when she moved into the barracks in 1985 she had to arrange for considerable renovations to make the rooms more suitable for formal receptions.

## Civilian rule

After the move of army headquarters to Abuja in 1991, and the resumption of civilian power in 1999, funding for maintenance of the barracks was greatly reduced. By late 2003 the grounds were dirty and unkempt, sewage was leaking from broken pipes, the walls of some buildings were cracked and most were abandoned. In 2004 the then civilian President Olusegun Obasanjo \- as a gesture of a departure from past military dictatorship finally ordered Dodan Barracks and all other military barracks not in use across the country be handed over to the country's Police Force.

In August 2006, the Lagos Environment and Sanitation Network identified a heavily polluted drainage channel in the Obalende mammy market, behind the State House and Dodan Barracks. An August 2007 analysis found the water was heavily contaminated with faecal material. People living and working in the market, Dodan Barracks and the State House were at risk from diseases such as typhoid fever, diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera. In January 2009, it was reported that President Umaru Yar'Adua would spend part of his vacation at the barracks.

6°26′58″N 3°25′1″E / 6.44944°N 3.41694°E / 6.44944; 3.41694


title: Cephalotes peruviensis

abstract: Cephalotes peruviensis is a species of arboreal ant of the genus Cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. Giving their name also as gliding ants. They can be found in Peru, Costa Rica, and the Osa Peninsula.

text:
# Cephalotes peruviensis

***Cephalotes peruviensis*** is a species of arboreal ant of the genus *Cephalotes*, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. Giving their name also as gliding ants. They can be found in Peru, Costa Rica, and the Osa Peninsula.

## InfoBox

| *Cephalotes peruviensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Cephalotes* |
| Species: | ***C. peruviensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cephalotes peruviensis***<br>De Andrade, 1999 | |
|


abstract: The Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013 was a sudden credit crunch affecting China's commercial banks evidenced by a rapid rise on 20 June 2013 in the Shanghai interbank overnight lending rates to a high of 30 percent from its usual rate of less than 3%. The ensuing panic affected gold markets and stock. China's regulation of the foreign exchange market had caused a decline in inflow of cash. On 19 June 2013, instead of injecting additional funds and easing its monetary policy, China's central bank People's Bank of China (PBOC) told commercial banks to "make full use of incremental funds and revitalize stock options." On 24 June 2014 the PBOC told commercial banks to "control the risk associated with credit expansion" effectively increasing the scrutiny of shadow banks' lending practices. This resulted in a sudden shortfall in the cash market resulting in short term repo rates in excess of 25%. In effect China was using market forces to manage the economy.

text:
# Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013

The **Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013** was a sudden credit crunch affecting China's commercial banks evidenced by a rapid rise on 20 June 2013 in the Shanghai interbank overnight lending rates to a high of 30 percent from its usual rate of less than 3%. The ensuing panic affected gold markets and stock. China's regulation of the foreign exchange market had caused a decline in inflow of cash. On 19 June 2013, instead of injecting additional funds and easing its monetary policy, China's central bank People's Bank of China (PBOC) told commercial banks to "make full use of incremental funds and revitalize stock options." On 24 June 2014 the PBOC told commercial banks to "control the risk associated with credit expansion" effectively increasing the scrutiny of shadow banks' lending practices. This resulted in a sudden shortfall in the cash market resulting in short term repo rates in excess of 25%. In effect China was using market forces to manage the economy.

## Context

China's 2008 monetary stimulus package contributed to China's subsequent economic boom. By 2011 China's local government debts was already under scrutiny from national regulators. There were concerns even that the "massive, shady trade" in over-the-counter credit could place China's financial security and social stability, at risk. By 2011 half of the loans in China were in shadow banking with no regulatory scrutiny. In March 2013 Li Keqiang, an economist by training, was elected as Premier. In 2010 Li Keqiang had called for a global governance structure that was "more reflective of the changes in the global political and economic landscape." By 2013 China was concerned about shadow banking, which includes hedge fund, private financing, trust loans, private funds and other non-bank financial institutions.

A Bank of America Merrill Lynch Global Research report published in January 2014 cautioned that "local government financing vehicles and shadow banking" remained a concern and if not addressed could lead to costly defaults.

## Market Reaction

Following PBOC intervention in June 2013, the loss of liquidity from shadow banks caused the blue-chip Shanghai Composite Index (CSI300) to plummet 5.3% the largest daily decline in nearly 4 years. As result, the credit rating agency Moody's issued a warning on Chinese and Hong Kong debt obligations.

## PBOC Reaction

Following the market's reaction, the PBOC refused to inject additional funds to cover the liquidity shortfall implying a dramatic policy change from rapid growth to quality growth. Analysts predict the sudden tightening of lending rates served as a warning to overzealous banks to control their lending practices.


title: Düsseldorf-Gerresheim station

abstract: Düsseldorf-Gerresheim station is a through station in the district of Gerresheim in the city of Düsseldorf in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The station was opened along with the Düsseldorf–Elberfeld railway from Düsseldorf to Erkrath by the Düsseldorf-Elberfeld Railway Company on 20 December 1838. It has two platform tracks and it is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station. Its station building, which has been refurbished as Kulturbahnhof is the oldest extant station building in Germany. The station is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn lines S 8 between Mönchengladbach and Wuppertal-Oberbarmen or Hagen every 20 minutes, S 28 between Mettmann Stadtwald or Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof and Kaarster See every 20 and several S 68 services between Wuppertal-Vohwinkel and Langenfeld in the peak hour. It is also served by Stadtbahn line U73 and four bus routes: 730 (10), 736 (20), 736 (20/40) and 737 (20), all operated by Rheinbahn.

text:
# Düsseldorf-Gerresheim station

**Düsseldorf-Gerresheim station** is a through station in the district of Gerresheim in the city of Düsseldorf in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The station was opened along with the Düsseldorf–Elberfeld railway from Düsseldorf to Erkrath by the Düsseldorf-Elberfeld Railway Company on 20 December 1838. It has two platform tracks and it is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station. Its station building, which has been refurbished as *Kulturbahnhof* (culture station) is the oldest extant station building in Germany.

The station is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn lines S 8 between Mönchengladbach and Wuppertal-Oberbarmen or Hagen every 20 minutes, S 28 between Mettmann Stadtwald or Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof and Kaarster See every 20 and several S 68 services between Wuppertal-Vohwinkel and Langenfeld in the peak hour.

It is also served by Stadtbahn line U73 (every 10 minutes) and four bus routes: 730 (10), 736 (20), 736 (20/40) and 737 (20), all operated by Rheinbahn.

## InfoBox

| Düsseldorf-Gerresheim station | |
| --- | --- |
| Through station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Heyestr. 194, Düsseldorf, Gerresheim, North Rhine-Westphalia<br>Germany |
| Coordinates | 51°13′13″N 6°51′51″E / 51.220172°N 6.864098°E / 51.220172; 6.864098 |
| Line(s) | Düsseldorf–Elberfeld (KBS 450.8 |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 1413 |
| DS100 code | KDGE |
| IBNR | 8001590 |
| Category | 5 |
| Fare zone | * VRR: 430 and 530 * VRS: 1430 and 1530 (VRR transitional tariff) |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 20 December 1838 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn Following station  Düsseldorf-Flingerntowards Mönchengladbach Hbf  S8  Erkrathtowards Hagen Hbf  Düsseldorf-Flingerntowards Kaarster See  S28  Erkrath Nordtowards Wuppertal Hbf  Düsseldorf-Flingerntowards Langenfeld  S68  Erkrathtowards Wuppertal-Vohwinkel  Preceding station Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn Following station  Morper Straßetowards Universität Ost/Botanischer Garten  U73  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Simulated growth of plants

abstract:
The simulated growth of plants is a significant task in of systems biology and mathematical biology, which seeks to reproduce plant morphology with computer software.
Electronic trees (e-trees) usually use L-systems to simulate growth. L-systems are very important in the field of complexity science and A-life.
A universally accepted system for describing changes in plant morphology at the cellular or modular level has yet to be devised.
The most widely implemented tree-generating algorithms are described in the papers "Creation and Rendering of Realistic Trees", and Real-Time Tree Rendering The realistic modeling of plant growth is of high value to biology, but also for computer games.

text:
# Simulated growth of plants

The **simulated growth of plants** is a significant task in of systems biology and mathematical biology, which seeks to reproduce plant morphology with computer software. Electronic trees (e-trees) usually use L-systems to simulate growth. L-systems are very important in the field of complexity science and A-life. A universally accepted system for describing changes in plant morphology at the cellular or modular level has yet to be devised. The most widely implemented tree-generating algorithms are described in the papers "Creation and Rendering of Realistic Trees", and Real-Time Tree Rendering

The realistic modeling of plant growth is of high value to biology, but also for computer games.

## Theory + Algorithms

A biologist, Aristid Lindenmayer (1925–1989) worked with yeast and filamentous fungi and studied the growth patterns of various types of algae, such as the blue/green bacteria *Anabaena catenula*. Originally the L-systems were devised to provide a formal description of the development of such simple multicellular organisms, and to illustrate the neighbourhood relationships between plant cells. Later on, this system was extended to describe higher plants and complex branching structures. Central to L-systems, is the notion of rewriting, where the basic idea is to define complex objects by successively replacing parts of a simple object using a set of rewriting rules or productions. The rewriting can be carried out recursively. L-Systems are also closely related to Koch curves.

### Environmental interaction

A challenge for plant simulations is to consistently integrate environmental factors, such as surrounding plants, obstructions, water and mineral availability, and lighting conditions. Essentially, attempting to build virtual environments with as many parameters as computationally feasible, thereby, not only simulating the growth of the plant, but also the environment it is growing within, and, in fact, whole ecosystems. Changes in resource availability influence plant growth, which in turn results in a change of resource availability. Powerful models and powerful hardware will be necessary to effectively simulate these recursive interactions of recursive structures.

## Software

*see Comparison of tree generators and A Survey of Modeling and Rendering Trees*


title: Clairaudience

abstract: In the field of parapsychology, Clairaudience is a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a person acquires information by paranormal auditory means. It is often considered to be a form of clairvoyance. Clairaudience is essentially the ability to hear in a paranormal manner, as opposed to paranormal seeing (clairvoyance) and feeling (clairsentience). Clairaudient people have psi-mediated hearing. Clairaudience may refer not to actual perception of sound, but may instead indicate impressions of the "inner mental ear" similar to the way many people think words without having auditory impressions. But it may also refer to actual perception of sounds such as voices, tones, or noises which are not apparent to other humans or to recording equipment. For instance, a clairaudient person might claim to hear the voices or thoughts of the spirits of persons who are deceased. Clairaudience may be positively distinguished from the voices heard by the mentally ill when it reveals information unavailable to the clairaudient person by normal means, and thus may be termed "psychic" or paranormal.

text:
# Clairaudience

In the field of parapsychology, **Clairaudience** (from late 17th century French *clair* (clear) & audience \[hearing\]) is a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a person acquires information by paranormal auditory means. It is often considered to be a form of clairvoyance. Clairaudience is essentially the ability to hear in a paranormal manner, as opposed to paranormal seeing (clairvoyance) and feeling (clairsentience). Clairaudient people have psi-mediated hearing. Clairaudience may refer not to actual perception of sound, but may instead indicate impressions of the "inner mental ear" similar to the way many people think words without having auditory impressions. But it may also refer to actual perception of sounds such as voices, tones, or noises which are not apparent to other humans or to recording equipment. For instance, a clairaudient person might claim to hear the voices or thoughts of the spirits of persons who are deceased. Clairaudience may be positively distinguished from the voices heard by the mentally ill when it reveals information unavailable to the clairaudient person by normal means (including cold reading or other magic tricks), and thus may be termed "psychic" or paranormal.

*Clairaudience* is also the title of a 2005 electronic music composition by Canadian composer Pat McNeil.


title: Cheval, Florida

abstract: Cheval is a census-designated place in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. The population was 10,702 at the 2010 census, up from 7,602 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Cheval, Florida

**Cheval** is a census-designated place in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. The population was 10,702 at the 2010 census, up from 7,602 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

Cheval is located in northwestern Hillsborough County at 28°8′47″N 82°30′56″W / 28.14639°N 82.51556°W / 28.14639; -82.51556 (28.146418, -82.515623). It is bordered to the east by the Lutz, to the south by Northdale, to the west by Keystone, and to the north by Pasco County. Florida State Road 597 (Dale Mabry Highway) forms part of the CDP eastern border, and State Road 589 (Suncoast Parkway) forms part of the western border. The community is 17 miles (27 km) north of Tampa.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Cheval CDP has a total area of 6.8 square miles (17.6 km2), of which 5.9 square miles (15.4 km2) are land and 0.85 square miles (2.2 km2), or 12.30%, are water.

Cheval CDP is made up of a few subdivisions but derives its name from the large gated subdivision that makes up the majority of the CDP. It is located within the boundaries of the unincorporated community of Lutz.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 7,602 |  |  |
| 2010 | 10,702 |  | 40.8% |
| 2020 | 12,522 |  | 17.0% |
| source: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,602 people, 3,407 households, and 2,047 families residing in the community. The population density was 1,137.5 inhabitants per square mile (439.2/km2). There were 3,659 housing units at an average density of 547.5 units per square mile (211.4 units/km2). The racial makeup of the community was 85.86% White, 4.63% African American, 0.18% Native American, 5.01% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 2.12% from other races, and 2.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.02% of the population.

There were 3,407 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the community the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 37.5% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.

The median income for a household in the community was $46,888, and the median income for a family was $65,960. Males had a median income of $45,551 versus $29,161 for females. The per capita income for the community was $32,444. About 2.5% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Cheval, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location in Hillsborough County and the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 28°8′47″N 82°30′56″W / 28.14639°N 82.51556°W / 28.14639; -82.51556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Hillsborough |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.79 sq mi (17.58 km2) |
| Land | 5.95 sq mi (15.41 km2) |
| Water | 0.84 sq mi (2.17 km2) |
| Elevation | 59 ft (18 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 12,522 |
| Density | 2,104.18/sq mi (812.47/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 813 |
| FIPS code | 12-11912 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1853241 |


title: Richard Bowyer Smith

abstract: Richard Bowyer Smith was an Australian inventor.

text:
# Richard Bowyer Smith

**Richard Bowyer Smith** (2 September 1837 in London, England – 4 February 1919 in Subiaco, Western Australia) was an Australian inventor.

## Career

Smith migrated from London to South Australia with his parents Owen and Mary Ann Smith (née Lee), arriving on 15 May 1838.

He is reported to have served an apprenticeship as a wheelwright with J. G. Ramsay & Co. of Strathalbyn, South Australia.

Under Smith's direction, his brother Clarence Herbert Smith created the first stump-jump plough, entitled the *Vixen*, in 1876. The South Australian government had offered a reward of 200 to anyone who could develop an effective mechanical stump puller, due to the difficulties farmers encountered on newly cleared land.

The plough consisted of a number (originally three) of hinged shares: when any blade encountered an underground obstacle, it would rise out of the ground. Attached weights forced the blade back into the ground after the root was passed, allowing as much of the ground to be furrowed as possible. Although a little unorthodox, it proved remarkably effective, and was dubbed the "stump-jump" plough.

Smith took out a patent in 1877 for the design, but allowed it to lapse, though one report has him selling the patent rights to Mellor Brothers. R. B. Smith was later credited as the inventor of the design by the Parliament of South Australia in 1882, despite controversy over the claim, and was awarded £500. He relocated to Western Australia in 1884, where he demonstrated and marketed the plough with little sales success and minimal profits. His brother made parts for the plough in South Australia.

R. B., dubbed "Stump Jump" Smith, was manager of the Freemasons Hotel in Beverley, Western Australia from 1893 to 1895, and the Railway Refreshment Rooms between 1895 and 1899. He then leased 181.5 acres (0.735 km2) of farmland at Beverley, where he resumed his passion for creating agricultural tools. He opened a workshop in the Perth suburb of Highgate in 1912, having relinquished his lease of the land.

## Tributes

On 2 September 2008, Google celebrated the birthday of Richard B. Smith with a doodle.

## InfoBox

| Richard Bowyer Smith | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1837-09-02)2 September 1837
London, England |
| Died | 4 February 1919(1919-02-04) (aged 81)
Subiaco, Western Australia |
| Resting place | Karrakatta Cemetery |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Spouse | Margaret Hunter Smith (nee Smith) (1843–1915) |
| Parent(s) | Smith Owen Smith (1807–1890) and Mary Ann Smith (nee Lee) |


title: Fang Wenping

abstract: Fang Wenping is a general in the People's Liberation Army of China. Fang obtained the rank of major general in 2002. He was investigated by the PLA's anti-graft agency in March 2014. Previously he served as Commander of Shanxi Military District and a Standing Committee of the CCP Shanxi Provincial Committee.

text:
# Fang Wenping

**Fang Wenping** (Chinese: 方文平; pinyin: *Fāng Wénpíng*; born October 1950) is a general in the People's Liberation Army of China. Fang obtained the rank of major general in 2002. He was investigated by the PLA's anti-graft agency in March 2014. Previously he served as Commander of Shanxi Military District and a Standing Committee of the CCP Shanxi Provincial Committee.

## Life and career

Fang was born and raised in Beijing, capital of China. He began his political career in February 1968, and joined the Chinese Communist Party in March 1970. He served in various posts in the 27th Army and over a period of six years worked his way up to the position of Head of the Rear-service Department. In 2000, he was appointed Chief of Staff of Hebei Military District, he remained in that position until 2005, when he was transferred to Shanxi and appointed Commander of Shanxi Military District, a year later, he concurrently served as a Standing Committee of the CCP Shanxi Provincial Committee. In March 2014, he was placed under investigation by the PLA's anti-corruption agency. In May 2014, he was transferred to judicial organs.

## InfoBox

| Fang Wenping | |
| --- | --- |
| 方文平 | |
|  | |
| Commander of Shanxi Military District | |
| **In office**
December 2005  September 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Zheng Chuanfu |
| Succeeded by | Liu Yunhai |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | October 1950 (age 7374)
Beijing, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | People's Republic of China |
| Branch/service | People's Liberation Army Ground Force |
| Rank | Major general |
|  | |


title: Domain (KSI song)

abstract: "Domain" is a song by British YouTuber and rapper KSI from his debut studio album, Dissimulation (2020). The song was released for digital download and streaming by RBC Records and BMG on 22 May 2020. A powerful and pumped-up hip hop track, its lyrics are about KSI's dominance over the YouTube platform. An accompanying music video was released on 25 December 2020. The video is an action film that features a fast-paced fight sequence.

text:
# Domain (KSI song)

"**Domain**" is a song by British YouTuber and rapper KSI from his debut studio album, *Dissimulation* (2020). The song was released for digital download and streaming by RBC Records and BMG on 22 May 2020. A powerful and pumped-up hip hop track, its lyrics are about KSI's dominance over the YouTube platform. An accompanying music video was released on 25 December 2020. The video is an action film that features a fast-paced fight sequence.

## Writing and production

The instrumental was produced by British singer and record producer S-X. He played the instrumental to KSI, who "became obsessed with it". KSI wrote and recorded a chorus and two verses for the song at the beginning of 2019. KSI recalled, "The beat was actually meant for \[British rapper\] Ghetts. I think it was sent to Ghetts and either he didn't want it or he just ignored it."

## Music and lyrics

"Domain" is a powerful and pumped-up hip hop track. KSI described "Domain" as a "hybrid of rap, grime and rock". He said, "It's just so powerful. I know \[that\] whenever I perform this track \[live\], it's going to go off... It's going to do a madness." The song's lyrics are about KSI’s dominance over the YouTube platform. KSI called "Domain" a "YouTube song". He explained, "This \[song\] is major KSI... \[It\] really, really show\[s\] my dominance." KSI said, "I wanted to make a song to show that I’m on a different level when it comes to wordplay." He continued, "I know \[that\] I killed that song; lyrically; the bars; the flow." KSI has stated that "Domain" is his favourite track from his debut studio album, *Dissimulation* (2020). He called "Domain" his "fucking jam" and said that he has "been raving about \[the song\]" since he recorded it."

## Commercial performance

In the United Kingdom, "Domain" was excluded from the week's published UK Singles Chart under Official Charts Company rules, along with six other tracks from *Dissimulation*. "Domain" debuted at number 38 on the UK Audio Streaming Chart and number 28 on the UK Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart.

## Music video

On 12 September 2020, KSI tweeted, "Next Friday, I’m gonna drop the best music video I’ve ever done. The best music video any YouTuber has ever done. And possibly the best music video in the world this year." On 15 September 2020, KSI posted a trailer for the music video for "Domain" to his social media pages and announced that the music video would be released on 18 September 2020. However, one day before its scheduled release, KSI decided to postpone the release of the music video, tweeting, "No video this Friday. Sorry I got you hyped up for nothing. The 'Domain' video can’t drop for many reasons." On 27 November 2020, KSI announced that the music video would be released on Christmas Day, calling it "the best \[and\] most unexpected Christmas present \[for his fans\]".

The music video was co-directed by Konstantin and Guy Davies. It was released to KSI's YouTube channel on 25 December 2020 at 11:00 UTC. The music video is an action film that features an insanely fast-paced and action-packed fight sequence which will keep you gripped throughout. It is a sequel to the music video for KSI's song "Killa Killa" (2020), which was previously released on 17 July 2020. Before the music video shoot, KSI spent three days in a studio, learning the fight choreography. The shoot itself spanned over two days. A behind-the-scenes video of the music video shoot was released to Konstantin's YouTube channel on 13 January 2021.

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.

* KSI  songwriting, vocals
* S-X  production, songwriting
* Michalis Michael  mixing
* Henkka Niemistö  mastering

## Charts

Chart performance for "Domain"
| Chart (2020) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Audio Streaming (OCC) | 38 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 28 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 11 |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Domain"
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 22 May 2020 |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "Domain" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by KSI | |
| from the album  *Dissimulation* | |
| Released | 22 May 2020 (2020-05-22) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 3:00 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | S-X |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Domain" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Shujauddin Siddiqi

abstract: Shujauddin Siddiqi was an Indian first-class cricketer. After independence, he was a first-class and Test cricket umpire in Pakistan. Siddiqi was born in Delhi. He played in seven Ranji Trophy matches for Delhi between 1939/40 and 1945/46, scoring 138 runs at a batting average of 12.54, and taking 12 wickets as a leg spinner at a bowling average of 28.75. He umpired one first-class match in March 1946, the Ranji Trophy semi-final between Southern Punjab and Baroda. After nearly four days of play, the match was tied - Southern Punjab scored 167 in their first innings, and Baroda replied with 106. After Southern Punjab's second innings of 146, Baroda were bowled out for 207. Baroda won a coin toss to decide which team should go forward to meet Holkar in the final. He moved to Pakistan after independence, where he continued to umpire in first-class matches, and also became a Test and ODI umpire. He appeared in 22 Tests spread over nearly 24 years, all played in Pakistan. His first Test as umpire was the match between Pakistan and India at Bahawalpur in January 1955. His last was also between Pakistan and India, at Karachi in November 1978. He stood in all three Tests in the MCC tour of Pakistan in 1968/9 which was marred by a series of riots. The final match, in Karachi, was abandoned during the third day due to crowd trouble, after England reached an imposing total of 502 for 7. Alan Knott was stranded on 96*, four runs short of his maiden Test century, as rioting crowds stormed the ground. He umpired one ODI match, between Pakistan and India in Quetta in 1978, standing with Mahboob Shah. He died in Karachi.

text:
# Shujauddin Siddiqi

**Shujauddin Siddiqi** (10 May 1919  21 July 2003) was an Indian first-class cricketer. After independence, he was a first-class and Test cricket umpire in Pakistan.

Siddiqi was born in Delhi. He played in seven Ranji Trophy matches for Delhi between 1939/40 and 1945/46, scoring 138 runs at a batting average of 12.54, and taking 12 wickets as a leg spinner at a bowling average of 28.75.

He umpired one first-class match in March 1946, the Ranji Trophy semi-final between Southern Punjab and Baroda. After nearly four days of play, the match was tied - Southern Punjab scored 167 in their first innings, and Baroda replied with 106. After Southern Punjab's second innings of 146, Baroda were bowled out for 207. Baroda won a coin toss to decide which team should go forward to meet Holkar in the final.

He moved to Pakistan after independence, where he continued to umpire in first-class matches, and also became a Test and ODI umpire. He appeared in 22 Tests spread over nearly 24 years, all played in Pakistan. His first Test as umpire was the match between Pakistan and India at Bahawalpur in January 1955. His last was also between Pakistan and India, at Karachi in November 1978. He stood in all three Tests in the MCC tour of Pakistan in 1968/9 which was marred by a series of riots. The final match, in Karachi, was abandoned during the third day due to crowd trouble, after England reached an imposing total of 502 for 7. Alan Knott was stranded on 96\*, four runs short of his maiden Test century, as rioting crowds stormed the ground.

He umpired one ODI match, between Pakistan and India in Quetta in 1978, standing with Mahboob Shah.

He died in Karachi.


title: Bloodie

abstract: Bloodie is a 1998 Czech puzzle video game for MS-DOS.

text:
# Bloodie

***Bloodie*** is a 1998 Czech puzzle video game for MS-DOS.

## Development

The game began life as a demo program and variation of *Boovie*, and it uses the same graphics engine as the other game. The game is similar to the *Moorhuhn* series.

## Reception

Bonusweb.cz felt the game was great and entertaining as few games are. Doupe.cz felt the graphics and music were decent and held up in the 2010s.

## InfoBox

| Bloodie | |
| --- | --- |
| Platform(s) | MS-DOS |
| Genre(s) | Puzzle |


title: Song for Someone

abstract: "Song for Someone" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the fourth track from their thirteenth studio album, Songs of Innocence, and was released as its third single on 11 May 2015. It was produced by Ryan Tedder and Flood. Lyrically, "Song for Someone" is a love song dedicated by lead vocalist Bono to his wife Ali.

text:
# Song for Someone

"**Song for Someone**" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the fourth track from their thirteenth studio album, *Songs of Innocence*, and was released as its third single on 11 May 2015. It was produced by Ryan Tedder and Flood. Lyrically, "Song for Someone" is a love song dedicated by lead vocalist Bono to his wife Ali.

## Composition

Lead vocalist Bono described it as a love song dedicated to his wife, Ali. He told *Rolling Stone*, "Before I even knew what commitment was, I ended up as a young man in the arms of this young woman, in a world somewhat hostile to the concept of the childhood sweetheart and a first love." *Rolling Stone* compared the track to the band's single "Walk On", stating that the song "begins with gentle acoustic guitars before gradually building up to a "Walk On"-style crescendo."

The song "13 (There Is a Light)" on the group's subsequent album, *Songs of Experience*, features a reprise of the chorus from "Song for Someone".

## Music video

The music video for the song is a short film featuring Woody Harrelson and his daughter Zoe. A second video was released 27 August 2015 and premiered exclusively on Facebook for 24 hours. The clip quickly amassed close to a million views. The video was directed by Matt Mahurin, who had worked with the band on previous videos such as "Love Is Blindness" and "With Or Without You".

## Release and promotion

To promote the single, the band performed "Song for Someone" on *The Graham Norton Show*.

Chris Milk and his company Vrse produced a 360-degree virtual reality video for "Song for Someone" that was released in October 2015. Presented by Apple Music, the video was promoted in an Apple-branded bus, dubbed "The Experience Bus", that was located outside The O2 Arena prior to the band's London concerts on the Innocence + Experience Tour. The bus was equipped with Oculus Rift headsets and Beats Solos headphones for fans to use to view the video. It was also released through Vrse's mobile app. The video combines footage of U2 performing "Song for Someone" inside an empty Toronto venue with clips of fans worldwide also playing the song. Production on the project began two months before Apple Music's launch and saw filming take place in 11 countries.

The song has peaked at number 21 on the *Billboard* Adult Top 40 chart, number 13 on the *Billboard* Adult Alternative Songs chart, number 19 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and number 30 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs Chart.

## Reception

*Consequence of Sound* cited "Song For Someone" as one of the "essential tracks" of *Songs of Innocence*.

## Live performances

The song was performed in every show during the Innocence + Experience Tour. During performances, the video screens displayed a recreation of Bono's childhood home, with his son portraying a childhood version of him trying to write a song. The song was also played on opening night of the Experience + Innocence Tour in Tulsa, in 2018.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Slovenia (SloTop50) | 44 |
| US Adult Alternative Songs (*Billboard*) | 13 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 19 |
| US Adult Pop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 21 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) | 2× Diamond | 500,000 |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 25,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Song for Someone" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by U2 | |
| from the album  *Songs of Innocence* | |
| Released | 11 May 2015 (2015-05-11) |
| Recorded | 2010–2014 in California and New York |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 3:46 |
| Label | Island |
| Composer(s) | U2 |
| Lyricist(s) | Bono and the Edge |
| Producer(s) | Ryan Tedder and Flood |
| U2 singles chronology | |
| "Every Breaking Wave"
(2014) "**Song for Someone**"
(2015) "You're the Best Thing About Me"
(2017) | |


title: Düsseldorf-Flingern station

abstract: Düsseldorf-Flingern station is a through station in the district of Flingern in the city of Düsseldorf in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The station was opened on 29 May 1988 on the new line opened by the Prussian state railways on 1 October 1891 between the Hamm Railway Bridge and Gerresheim as part of the construction of Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof. It has two platform tracks and it is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station. The station is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn lines S 8 between Mönchengladbach and Wuppertal-Oberbarmen or Hagen every 20 minutes, S 28 between Mettmann Stadtwald or Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof and Kaarster See every 20 and several S 68 services between Wuppertal-Vohwinkel and Langenfeld in the peak hour. It is also served by two tram lines: 706 and 709, operated by Rheinbahn at 10-minute intervals.

text:
# Düsseldorf-Flingern station

**Düsseldorf-Flingern station** is a through station in the district of Flingern in the city of Düsseldorf in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The station was opened on 29 May 1988 on the new line opened by the Prussian state railways on 1 October 1891 between the Hamm Railway Bridge and Gerresheim as part of the construction of Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof. It has two platform tracks and it is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.

The station is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn lines S 8 between Mönchengladbach and Wuppertal-Oberbarmen or Hagen every 20 minutes, S 28 between Mettmann Stadtwald or Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof and Kaarster See every 20 and several S 68 services between Wuppertal-Vohwinkel and Langenfeld in the peak hour.

It is also served by two tram lines: 706 and 709, operated by Rheinbahn at 10-minute intervals.

## InfoBox

| Düsseldorf-Flingern station | |
| --- | --- |
| Through station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Dorotheenstr. 81, Flingern, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia<br>Germany |
| Coordinates | 51°13′34″N 6°48′41″E / 51.226211°N 6.811489°E / 51.226211; 6.811489 |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 1410 |
| DS100 code | KDFL |
| IBNR | 8001598 |
| Category | 5 |
| Fare zone |  |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 29 May 1988 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn Following station  Düsseldorf Hbftowards Mönchengladbach Hbf  S8  Düsseldorf-Gerresheimtowards Hagen Hbf  Düsseldorf Hbftowards Kaarster See  S28  Düsseldorf-Gerresheimtowards Wuppertal Hbf  Düsseldorf Hbftowards Langenfeld  S68  Düsseldorf-Gerresheimtowards Wuppertal-Vohwinkel | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Düsseldorf-Flingern stationLocation within North Rhine-Westphalia | |


title: Clairac

abstract: Clairac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

text:
# Clairac

**Clairac** (French pronunciation: \[klɛʁak\]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 2,552 |  |
| 1975 | 2,332 | −1.28% |
| 1982 | 2,393 | +0.37% |
| 1990 | 2,338 | −0.29% |
| 1999 | 2,385 | +0.22% |
| 2007 | 2,464 | +0.41% |
| 2012 | 2,505 | +0.33% |
| 2017 | 2,622 | +0.92% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## People

Clairac is the birthplace of the 17th century poet and dramatist Théophile de Viau and of François de Labat.

## InfoBox

| Clairac | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Clairac | |
|  | |
| Location of Clairac | |
| ClairacClairac | |
| Coordinates: 44°21′38″N 0°22′47″E / 44.3606°N 0.3797°E / 44.3606; 0.3797 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Lot-et-Garonne |
| Arrondissement | Marmande |
| Canton | Tonneins |
| Intercommunality | Val de Garonne Agglomération |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Michel Perat |
| Area**1** | 33.78 km2 (13.04 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,568 |
| Density | 76/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 47065 /47320 |
| Elevation | 27–185 m (89–607 ft)
(avg. 54 m or 177 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract:
Société Industrielle Pour l’Aéronautique (SIPA) was a French aircraft manufacturer established in 1938 by Georges Volland. From 1938-1940, SIPA principally manufactured parts for other French aircraft companies.
After World War II, it began developing a series of trainers for the French Air Force. In 1947, SIPA won a competition for a new two-seat touring and trainer aircraft for France's aero clubs and 113 were produced as the SIPA S.90 series. The SIPA S.1000 Coccinelle was built in small numbers in 1956/57. The SIPA S.200 Minijet, first flown in 1952, was the world's first all-metal two-seat light jet. SIPA was taken over by Aérospatiale in 1975.

text:
# Société Industrielle pour l'Aéronautique

**Société Industrielle Pour l’Aéronautique** (**SIPA**) was a French aircraft manufacturer established in 1938 by Georges Volland. From 1938-1940, SIPA principally manufactured parts for other French aircraft companies. After World War II, it began developing a series of trainers for the French Air Force.

In 1947, SIPA won a competition for a new two-seat touring and trainer aircraft for France's aero clubs and 113 were produced as the SIPA S.90 series. The SIPA S.1000 Coccinelle was built in small numbers in 1956/57. The SIPA S.200 Minijet, first flown in 1952, was the world's first all-metal two-seat light jet. SIPA was taken over by Aérospatiale in 1975.

## Aircraft

Notes Bibliography   * Gunston, Bill (1993). *World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
* Simpson, Rod (2005). *The General Aviation Handbook*. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-222-5.


title: Verónica Linares

abstract: Verónica Linares Cotrina is a Peruvian journalist, television and radio presenter.

text:
# Verónica Linares

**Verónica Linares Cotrina** (born 13 June 1976) is a Peruvian journalist, television and radio presenter.

## Early life and education

Linares was born in Lima, and raised in Arequipa. She studied Communication Sciences at the Women's University of the Sacred Heart, where she obtained the Bachelor's degree and then she earn Bachelor of Arts in the University of San Diego.

After graduating, She began as a reporter for *24 Horas* and *Good Morning Peru*, on the television channel Panamericana Television. Likewise, in 2003 she began hosting the morning newscast of América Televisión *Un Nuevo Día* (along with Federico Salazar). In 2004, this program was renamed *Primera edición*.

From 2003 to 2012, she hosted the midday edition of América Noticias, and from 2003 to 2004 she also hosted the Saturday edition of América Noticias. In addition, from 2013 to 2021, together with Mario Ghibellini, she hosted Canal N *N portada*. In 2010, she created a YouTube channel called La Linares, where she interviews different showbiz characters and Peruvian politics.

## Career timeline

* *24 horas* and *Buenos días, Perú* (Panamericana Televisión, 2000-03), reporter.
* *Un nuevo día* (América Televisión, 2003-04), presenter.
* *América Noticias: Midday* Edition (América Televisión, 2003-2012), presenter.
* *América Noticias: Saturday Edition* (América Televisión, 2003-2004), presenter.
* *América Noticias: First edition* (América Televisión, 2004-present), presenter.
* *N portada* (Canal N, 2013-2021), presenter.

## InfoBox

| Veronica Linares | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Verónica Linares Cotrina
(1976-06-13) 13 June 1976
Lima, Peru |
| Alma mater | University of San Diego
Women's University of the Sacred Heart |
| Occupations | * Journalist * television presenter * radio presenter |
| Children | 2 |


title: Fang Wong

abstract: Fang A. Wong is a retired United States Army warrant officer who served as the National Commander of The American Legion from 2011 to 2012.

text:
# Fang Wong

**Fang A. Wong** (born February 27, 1948) is a retired United States Army warrant officer who served as the National Commander of The American Legion from 2011 to 2012.

## Early life and career

Fang A. Wong was born in Canton, China, and immigrated to the United States in 1960 at the age of 12. Wong's military career began in 1969 when he enlisted in the United States Army and deployed to the Republic of Vietnam, serving for 25 months. Wong retired from the Army as a Chief Warrant Officer 3 in 1989.

## The American Legion

Wong was elected National Commander on September 1, 2011, and promptly set out on a whirlwind tour of the 55 state-level departments of The American Legion. Issues he lobbied for included promoting participation in the Legion for younger veterans and healthcare for older veterans. Other initiatives included improving the efficiency of the VA disability claims process through greater digitization of paperwork and speeding up the transition between military training and civilian employment qualifications like requirements for a commercial truck driving license ("Don't tell me they can't drive a truck down an interstate").

## InfoBox

| Fang Wong | |
| --- | --- |
| Joe Donnelly and Wong in 2011 | |
| Born | Fang A. Wong
(1948-02-27) February 27, 1948
Canton, China |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | New York Institute of Technology (BS) |
| Title | National Commander of
The American Legion |
| Term | 2011–2012 |
| Predecessor | Jimmie L. Foster |
| Successor | James E. Koutz |
| Spouse | Barbara Lam |
| Children | Eric Wong (son) |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Years of service | 1969–1989 |
| Rank | Chief Warrant Officer 3 |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
| Awards | Bronze Star Medal |
|  | |


title: The Magic Eye

abstract: The Magic Eye is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Rae Berger and starring Henry A. Barrows, Claire Du Brey and Zoe Rae.

text:
# The Magic Eye

***The Magic Eye*** is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Rae Berger and starring Henry A. Barrows, Claire Du Brey and Zoe Rae.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* John T. Soister, Henry Nicolella & Steve Joyce. *American Silent Horror, Science Fiction and Fantasy Feature Films, 1913-1929*. McFarland, 2014.

## InfoBox

| The Magic Eye | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Rae Berger |
| Written by | Frank Howard Clark
Norris Shannon |
| Starring | Henry A. Barrows
Claire Du Brey
Zoe Rae |
| Cinematography | John W. Brown |
| Production
company | Universal Pictures |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * April 1, 1918 (1918-04-01) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Central Park (Santa Clarita)

abstract: Central Park is a large municipal park located near the geographic center of Santa Clarita, California. The park was developed on 105 acres (42 ha) of land leased by the Santa Clarita Valley Water Agency to the City of Santa Clarita. It is accessible via Bouquet Canyon Road, which parallels Bouquet Creek along the northern edge of the park.

text:
# Central Park (Santa Clarita)

**Central Park** is a large municipal park located near the geographic center of Santa Clarita, California. The park was developed on 105 acres (42 ha) of land leased by the Santa Clarita Valley Water Agency to the City of Santa Clarita. It is accessible via Bouquet Canyon Road, which parallels Bouquet Creek along the northern edge of the park.

## Facilities

The park features a variety of recreational facilities, including four outdoor basketball courts, four baseball diamonds, several multipurpose fields, and a children's playground. In addition, the park features an extensive trail system linking the park with the surrounding highlands and the city's bikeway network.

### Conservatory garden

Near the top of the Central Park hill lies the headquarters of the Santa Clarita Valley Water Agency, which include a Conservatory Garden and Learning Center with over 350 species of drought-resistant plants including flowers and grasses. The facility overlooks Newhall Ranch Road.

## Memorials

### Youth Grove

The **Santa Clarita Youth Grove** is a memorial dedicated to local youth who were the victims of various traffic-related incidents. The memorial was built in 2005 and takes the form of a large plinth surrounded by over 50 canted wood pillars bearing the names of each victim. An annual "Evening of Remembrance" is held at the memorial to honor the victims and promote safe driving habits.

### Saugus High School shooting

On February 18, 2021, the words "In Memoriam Gracie Muehlberger and Dominic Blackwell" were added to the sign at the entrance to the park to honor the victims of the 2019 Saugus High School shooting, following a decision by the Santa Clarita Water Board on December 15, 2020. Saugus High School is across Bouquet Canyon Road from Central Park.

## InfoBox

| Central Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Central Park, looking northeast toward Saugus High School | |
|  | |
| Location | 27150 Bouquet Canyon Road<br>Santa Clarita, California 91350 |
| Coordinates | 34°25′59″N 118°31′16″W / 34.433°N 118.521°W / 34.433; -118.521 |
| Area | 105 acres (42 ha) |
| Operated by | City of Santa Clarita |


title: Bloodied, but Unbowed

abstract: Bloodied, but Unbowed is the debut album by the American hard rock band Desperado. It was released by Destroyer Records in 1996. Re-titled under its original title, Ace, it was re-issued in 2006 by Angel Air Records in the UK and Deadline Records in the U.S. with the songs "Easy Action" and "Heart of Saturday Night" cut from the track listing. Argentina's Del Imaginario Discos also released the album in 2007. "Gone Bad", "Calling for You", "Emaheeval", and "Easy Action" were re-recorded by Snider's next band, Widowmaker, for their 1992 debut album, Blood and Bullets.

text:
# Bloodied, but Unbowed

***Bloodied, but Unbowed*** is the debut album by the American hard rock band Desperado. It was released by Destroyer Records in 1996.

Re-titled under its original title, ***Ace***, it was re-issued in 2006 by Angel Air Records in the UK (including extensive sleeve notes by Record Collector magazine's Joe Geesin, featuring interviews by Bernie Tormé and Dee Snider) and Deadline Records in the U.S. with the songs "Easy Action" and "Heart of Saturday Night" cut from the track listing. Argentina's Del Imaginario Discos also released the album in 2007.

"Gone Bad", "Calling for You", "Emaheeval", and "Easy Action" were re-recorded by Snider's next band, Widowmaker, for their 1992 debut album, *Blood and Bullets*.

## Track listing

All songs written by Dee Snider and Bernie Tormé, except "Heart of Saturday Night" by Tom Waits.

1. "Hang 'Em High" - 4:51
2. "Gone Bad" - 3:44
3. "The Maverick" - 5:06
4. "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter" - 7:11
5. "Calling for You" - 4:54
6. "See You at Sunrise" - 5:53
7. "There's No Angels Here" - 4:54
8. "Made for Trouble" - 3:45
9. "Ride Thru the Storm" - 4:30
10. "Son of a Gun" - 5:34
11. "Emaheevol" - 4:25
12. "Easy Action" - 3:52
13. "Heart of Saturday Night" - 3:53

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Bloodied, but Unbowed | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Desperado | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Recorded | 1988 |
| Genre | Hard rock, heavy metal |
| Length | 62:32 |
| Label | Destroyer |