title: China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303

abstract: China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 was a domestic flight from Xi'an to Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. On June 6, 1994, the aircraft operating the flight, a Tupolev Tu-154M, broke up in-flight and crashed as a result of an autopilot malfunction which caused violent shaking and overstressed the airframe. All 160 people on board were killed. As of 2024, it remains the deadliest airplane crash ever in mainland China.

text:
# China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303

**China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303** was a domestic flight from Xi'an to Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. On June 6, 1994, the aircraft operating the flight, a Tupolev Tu-154M, broke up in-flight and crashed as a result of an autopilot malfunction which caused violent shaking and overstressed the airframe. All 160 people on board were killed. As of 2024, it remains the deadliest airplane crash ever in mainland China.

## Aircraft

The aircraft was a Tupolev Tu-154M (registration B-2610, factory 86A740, serial no. 0740). It was completed by the Kuibyshev Aviation Plant (KuAPO) on December 22, 1986, and was immediately transferred to the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). On July 1, 1988, due to reorganization, CAAC transferred the aircraft to China Northwest Airlines. The aircraft was powered with three Soloviev D-30KU-154-II low-bypass turbofan engines from the Rybinsk Engine Plant. On the day of the accident, the aircraft had 12,507 flying hours and 6,651 takeoff and landing cycles.

## Passengers and crew

### Crew

The flight crew consisted of captain Li Gangqiang, instructor captain Xin Tiancai, first officer Yang Min, navigator Zhang Nanjing, and flight engineer Kang Youfa. There were also nine flight attendants on board.

### Passengers

| Nationality | Passengers | Crew | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| China | 133 | 14 | 147 |
| Italy | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Hong Kong | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| United States | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| United Kingdom | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Taiwan | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Switzerland | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| **Total** | **146** | **14** | **160** |

## Accident

The aircraft took off from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport at 8:13 on June 6, 1994. At the time, it was raining, but this did not cause a delay in departure.

Twenty-four seconds after take-off, the crew reported that the aircraft was "floating" and making an abnormal sound, but were still able to maintain a speed of 400 km/h (220 kn; 250 mph). Three minutes after take-off, the plane flew over Xi'an City and turned southeast. The crew then reported an unstable pitch-up to 20° and 30° at 8:16:24 and 8:16:58, respectively.

At 8:17:06, while over Mingdu Township, Chang'an County, Shaanxi, the aircraft became unable to maintain its assigned altitude. The crew then temporarily engaged the autopilot, which unexpectedly caused the aircraft to turn right. At 8:22:27, with the aircraft travelling at 373 kilometres per hour (232 mph), the stall warning activated. The aircraft then banked dangerously to the left, and dropped from 4,717 metres (15,476 ft) to 2,884 metres (9,462 ft) in 12 seconds, at a speed of 747 km/h (403 kn; 464 mph).

At 8:22:42, the aircraft disintegrated in mid-air above the suburb of Tsuitou Village, Mingyu Township. All 146 passengers and 14 crew died, most on impact. Wreckage landed to the southeast of the airport, scattered over 18 miles (29 km) of farmland.

## Investigation

Poor maintenance was the probable cause of the accident. The previous evening, the autopilot yaw-channel had been erroneously connected to the bank control, and the bank-channel to the yaw controls, while undergoing maintenance at an unapproved facility. After takeoff, the faulty damper immediately caused the plane to experience violent roll oscillations, overstressing the airframe beyond its structural limits. This led to its break up in mid-air.

## Aftermath

This crash, as well as the crash of China Southwest Airlines Flight 4509 in 1999, resulted in China's decision to retire the Tupolev Tu-154. All Tu-154s in China were removed from service on October 30, 2002. In 2003, China Northwest airlines merged into China Eastern Airlines. Flight 2303 is still in use by China Eastern Airlines for their Xian-Guangzhou flight.

## InfoBox

China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303
| B-2610, the aircraft involved, in CAAC livery in 1988 | |
| --- | --- |
| Accident | |
| Date | June 6, 1994 |
| Summary | In-flight break up due to improper maintenance |
| Site | Near Xi'an, China <br>34°16′N 108°54′E / 34.267°N 108.900°E / 34.267; 108.900 |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Tupolev Tu-154M |
| Operator | China Northwest Airlines |
| IATA flight No. | WH2303 |
| ICAO flight No. | CNW2303 |
| Call sign | CHINA NORTHWEST 2303 |
| Registration | B-2610 |
| Flight origin | Xianyang Airport (XIY/ZLXY), China |
| Destination | Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former) (CAN/ZGGG), China |
| Occupants | 160 |
| Passengers | 146 |
| Crew | 14 |
| Fatalities | 160 |
| Survivors | 0 |


title: SS Cristoforo Colombo

abstract: SS Cristoforo Colombo was an Italian ocean liner built in the 1950s, sister ship of the SS Andrea Doria.

text:
# SS Cristoforo Colombo

**SS *Cristoforo Colombo*** (Italian pronunciation: \[kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo\]) was an Italian ocean liner built in the 1950s, sister ship of the SS *Andrea Doria*.

## History

### Origins and construction

World War II was devastating to the Italian Line. Their two newest and largest transatlantic liners, the SS *Rex* and the SS *Conte di Savoia*, had been destroyed. In the aftermath of the war, the Italian Line decided to build moderately-sized ships that would be luxurious, comfortable, and stylish.

The *Andrea Doria* and her sister ship the *Cristoforo Colombo* were built in Genoa at the Ansaldo Shipyards. The Doria was launched in 1951 and made her maiden voyage in January 1953, while the *Cristoforo Colombo* was launched five months later, in May 1953, and made her maiden voyage in July 1954. The *Cristoforo Colombo* was slightly larger than the *Andrea Doria*, making her the largest merchant ship in Italian service.

### Italian Line service

The *Andrea Doria* sank in 1956, following a collision with the MS *Stockholm*. The *Cristoforo Colombo* sailed on her own until 1960, when she was joined by the *Andrea Doria'*s replacement, SS *Leonardo da Vinci*.

In the spring of 1964, the *Cristoforo Colombo* carried the *Pietà* from the Vatican to the 1964 New York World's Fair. The *Pietà* was put in a crate filled with plastic foam, which was lowered onto a rubber base in the first class pool where the least damage was likely to happen to it. If the *Cristoforo Colombo* sank during the voyage, the crate would float free from the pool. Only easily removable snap hooks secured the crate so that it could be released in case of accident. During loading, the *Cristoforo Colombo* was put in dry dock, so she would not move and jeopardize the crate and its contents. In New York, the crate was lifted by a heavy-lift floating crane onto a barge alongside the ship.

The *Cristoforo Colombo* and the *Leonardo da Vinci* served as the flagships of the Italian Line on the North Atlantic until 1965, when the new SS *Michelangelo* and SS *Raffaello* entered service. The hull of the *Cristoforo Colombo* was painted entirely in 1966, matching the other ships in the Italian Line, which had abandoned black as a hull color. The ship brought many Italian postwar immigrants to the United States and Canada, calling at Halifax and New York in the last decades of large-scale ocean liner immigration to North America. *Cristoforo Colombo* was the last ship to bring immigrants to the historical Canadian immigration terminal Pier 21 on March 30, 1971, the day before the Pier closed its doors.

In 1973, the *Cristoforo Colombo* was reassigned from the New York service to the Genoa-Barcelona-Lisbon-Rio-Montevideo-Buenos Aires service, replacing the MS *Giulio Cesare*, which had suffered serious mechanical problems. The South American service accepted older ships with a lower standard of maintenance.

### Later years

In 1977, the Italian Line sold the vessel to the government of Venezuela, where she was used as an accommodation ship for workers during the construction of the planned city of Ciudad Guayana. She arrived at Puerto Ordaz in September 1977 and was anchored in the Orinoco River and renamed *Residencias Cristóbal Colón*.

In 1981, the vessel was sold to Taiwanese scrappers. However, upon arrival at Kaohsiung, the *Cristoforo Colombo* was towed to Hong Kong with hopes of returning to service. As the ship was expensive to operate (she was designed to operate on an Italian subsidy) and was in poor condition after her time in Venezuela, the *Cristoforo Colombo* was towed back to Kaohsiung in the autumn of 1982 and scrapped in 1983.

The *Cristoforo Colombo* is prominently featured in the 1962 Warner Brothers film *Rome Adventure* starring Suzanne Pleshette, Troy Donahue and Rossano Brazzi. The opening titles of the 1971 film *The Burglars* ("Le Casse") by Henri Verneuil shows the *Cristoforo Colombo* at dock in Athens, Greece. The ship's name is clearly seen.

## InfoBox

| SS *Cristoforo Colombo* photographed in the port of Venice, in October 1972 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Italy | |
| Name | SS *Cristoforo Colombo* |
| Namesake | Christopher Columbus |
| Owner | Italian Line |
| Port of registry | Italy |
| Builder | Ansaldo Shipyards of Genoa, Italy |
| Launched | 10 May 1953 |
| Maiden voyage | 1954 |
| Fate | Scrapped in 1982 at Kaohsiung, Taiwan |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Andrea Doria*-class Ocean liner |
| Tonnage | 29,191 gross register tons |
| Length | 700 feet (216.6 m) |
| Beam | 90 feet (27.9 m) |
| Installed power | Steam turbines |
| Propulsion | Twin screws |
| Speed | 23 knots |
| Capacity | * **Passengers:** * 229 First Class * 222 Cabin Class * 604 Tourist Class * 1,055 total |


title: Štichovice

abstract: Štichovice is a municipality and village in Plzeň-North District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. Štichovice lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of Plzeň and 81 km (50 mi) west of Prague.

text:
# Štichovice

**Štichovice** is a municipality and village in Plzeň-North District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

Štichovice lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of Plzeň and 81 km (50 mi) west of Prague.

## Administrative parts

The village of Křečov is an administrative part of Štichovice.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 336 |  |
| 1880 | 291 | −13.4% |
| 1890 | 307 | +5.5% |
| 1900 | 280 | −8.8% |
| 1910 | 266 | −5.0% |
| 1921 | 264 | −0.8% |
| 1930 | 240 | −9.1% |
| 1950 | 190 | −20.8% |
| 1961 | 175 | −7.9% |
| 1970 | 164 | −6.3% |
| 1980 | 131 | −20.1% |
| 1991 | 118 | −9.9% |
| 2001 | 125 | +5.9% |
| 2011 | 122 | −2.4% |
| 2021 | 105 | −13.9% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Štichovice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of Saints Peter and Paul | |
|  | |
| ŠtichoviceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°58′40″N 13°18′10″E / 49.97778°N 13.30278°E / 49.97778; 13.30278 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Plzeň |
| District | Plzeň-North |
| First mentioned | 1454 |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.20 km2 (4.32 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 458 m (1,503 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 120 |
| Density | 11/km2 (28/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 331 41 |
| Website | www.stichovice.cz |


title: Tabernaemontana phymata

abstract: Tabernaemontana phymata is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in northern Madagascar.

text:
# Tabernaemontana phymata

***Tabernaemontana phymata*** is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in northern Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Tabernaemontana phymata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Tabernaemontana* |
| Species: | ***T. phymata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tabernaemontana phymata***<br>Leeuwenb. | |
|


title: Eliahu

abstract: Eliahu or Eliyahu is a masculine Hebrew given name and surname of biblical origin. It means "My God is Yahweh" and derives from the prophet Elijah who, according to the Bible, lived during the reign of King Ahab. People named Eliahu or Eliyahu, include:

text:
# Eliahu

**Eliahu** or **Eliyahu** is a masculine Hebrew given name and surname of biblical origin. It means "My God is Yahweh" and derives from the prophet Elijah who, according to the Bible, lived during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BCE).

People named **Eliahu** or **Eliyahu**, include:

## Given name

### Eliahu

* Eliahu Eilat (1903–1990), Israeli diplomat, Orientalist and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
* Eliahu Gat (1919–1987), Israeli landscape painter
* Eliahu Inbal (born 1936), Israeli conductor
* Eliahu Nissim (1933-2020), Israeli former professor of aeronautical engineering and former President of the Open University of Israel
* Eliahu Stern (born 1948), Israeli professor emeritus of geography and planning

### Eliyahu

* Eliyahu Bet-Zuri (1922–1945), Jewish Lehi member and assassin
* Eliyahu Berligne (1866–1959), a founder of Tel Aviv, a member of the Yishuv in Mandate Palestine and a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence
* Eli Cohen (1924–1965), Israeli spy
* Eliyahu Golomb (1893–1945), leader of the Jewish defense effort in Mandate Palestine and chief architect of the Haganah
* Eliyahu Hakim (1925–1945), Jewish Lehi member and assassin
* Eli Ohana (born 1964), Israeli former football player and coach, and current Chairman of Israeli club Beitar Jerusalem
* Eliyahu Moshe Panigel (1850–1919), Sephardi chief rabbi of the Ottoman Empire, Palestine and Jerusalem
* Eliyahu Sasson (1902–1978), Israeli politician and cabinet minister
* Eli Suissa (born 1956), Israeli former politician and cabinet minister

## Surname

### Eliahu

* Shlomo Eliahu (born 1936), Israeli businessman, billionaire and former politician

### Eliyahu

* Eitan Ben Eliyahu (born 1944), retired Israel Defense Forces major general and Israeli Air Force commander
* Lior Eliyahu (born 1985), Israeli basketball player
* Mordechai Eliyahu (1929–2010), Israeli rabbi, posek and Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Shmuel Eliyahu (born 1956), Israeli Orthodox Chief Rabbi of Safed and member of the Chief Rabbinate Council (son of Mordechai Eliyahu)
* Amihai Eliyahu (born 1971), Israeli politician from the Otzma Yehudit party (son of Shmuel Eiyahu and grandson of Mordechai Eliyahu)
* Tomer Eliyahu (born 1975), Israeli retired footballer


title: Prospect, New York

abstract: Prospect is a hamlet in the town of Trenton, in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 291 at the 2010 census. The hamlet is located at the junction of NY 365 and Reference Route 920V west of West Canada Creek. It was an incorporated village from 1890 to 2015.

text:
# Prospect, New York

**Prospect** is a hamlet in the town of Trenton, in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 291 at the 2010 census. The hamlet is located at the junction of NY 365 and Reference Route 920V west of West Canada Creek. It was an incorporated village from 1890 to 2015.

## History

The village was founded in 1803 and incorporated in 1890. Residents voted 91–7 to dissolve to village on July 21, 2015. This was primarily due to a lengthy dispute regarding worker's compensation claims from two firefighters. The village officially dissolved on December 31, 2015. It should be classified as a census-designated place by the U.S. Census Bureau within the next couple years. All government activities previously managed by the village are now handled by the Town of Trenton.

The volunteer fire department disbanded in 2014, also due to the said dispute. The volunteer ambulance still remains in service.

## Geography

Prospect is located at 43°18′13″N 75°9′8″W / 43.30361°N 75.15222°W / 43.30361; -75.15222 (43.303671, -75.152190).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the hamlet has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 326 |  |  |
| 1900 | 333 |  |  |
| 1910 | 278 |  | −16.5% |
| 1920 | 282 |  | 1.4% |
| 1930 | 277 |  | −1.8% |
| 1940 | 285 |  | 2.9% |
| 1950 | 318 |  | 11.6% |
| 1960 | 348 |  | 9.4% |
| 1970 | 392 |  | 12.6% |
| 1980 | 368 |  | −6.1% |
| 1990 | 312 |  | −15.2% |
| 2000 | 330 |  | 5.8% |
| 2010 | 291 |  | −11.8% |
| 2020 | 248 |  | −14.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 330 people, 123 households, and 87 families residing in what was then a village. The population density was 1,621.2 inhabitants per square mile (625.9/km2). There were 138 housing units at an average density of 678.0 per square mile (261.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.09% White, 0.61% African American, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.

There were 123 households, of which 39.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no male present, and 28.5% were non-families. 23.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.18.

Of the population, 29.4% were under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.

The median annual income for a household in the village was $49,167, and the median income for a family was $50,625. Males had a median income of $32,708 versus $28,333 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,579. About 3.4% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under 18, but none of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Prospect, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Location in Oneida County and the state of New York. | |
| Coordinates: 43°18′13″N 75°9′8″W / 43.30361°N 75.15222°W / 43.30361; -75.15222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Oneida |
| Settled | 1803 |
| Incorporated | 1890 |
| Dissolved | December 31, 2015 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.44 sq mi (1.15 km2) |
| Land | 0.43 sq mi (1.11 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,184 ft (361 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 248 |
| Density | 576.74/sq mi (222.54/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13435 |
| Area code | 315 |
| FIPS code | 36-59883 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0961155 |


title: Coristine, Ontario

abstract: Coristine is an unincorporated place and former railway point in geographic Pentland Township in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Coristine is located within Algonquin Provincial Park on Kioshkokwi Lake on the Amable du Fond River, on the right bank of the outlet of that river from the lake and opposite the settlement of Kiosk. It lies on the now abandoned Canadian National Railway Alderdale Subdivision, a section of track that was originally constructed as the Canadian Northern Railway main line, between Kilrush to the west and Kiosk to the east.

text:
# Coristine, Ontario

**Coristine** is an unincorporated place and former railway point in geographic Pentland Township in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Coristine is located within Algonquin Provincial Park on Kioshkokwi Lake on the Amable du Fond River, on the right bank of the outlet of that river from the lake and opposite the settlement of Kiosk.

It lies on the now abandoned Canadian National Railway Alderdale Subdivision, a section of track that was originally constructed as the Canadian Northern Railway main line, between Kilrush to the west and Kiosk to the east.

Other map sources:

## InfoBox

| Coristine | |
| --- | --- |
| CoristineLocation of Coristine in Ontario | |
| Coordinates: 46°05′27″N 78°53′26″W / 46.09083°N 78.89056°W / 46.09083; -78.89056 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Northeastern Ontario |
| District | Nipissing |
| Part | Nipissing, Unorganized South |
| Elevation | 310 m (1,020 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern Time Zone) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern Time Zone) |
| Postal code FSA | P0H |
| Area codes | 705, 249 |


title: Oleh Oriekhov

abstract: Oleh Borysovych Oryekhov is a former Ukrainian football referee in the Ukrainian Premier League. He also officiated at international matches.

text:
# Oleh Oriekhov

**Oleh Borysovych Oryekhov** (born 20 August 1967) is a former Ukrainian football referee in the Ukrainian Premier League. He also officiated at international matches.

## InfoBox

Oleh Oryekhov
| Full name | Oleh Borysovych Oryekhov | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1967-08-20) 20 August 1967<br>Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR | | |
| Domestic | | | |
| Years | **League** | **Role** |
| 2002–2009 | Ukrainian Premier League | Referee |
| International | | | |
| Years | **League** | **Role** |
| 2003-2010 | FIFA listed | Referee |


title: Oktoberfest tents

abstract: There are a series of tents at the Oktoberfest, which are operated by different Wiesn-hosts and in which some come from a long tradition. Some tents belong to the local breweries. The setup work for the tents often begins three months before the start of the festival.

text:
# Oktoberfest tents

There are a series of tents (often called *beer tents*) at the Oktoberfest, which are operated by different Wiesn-hosts and in which some come from a long tradition. Some tents belong to the local breweries. The setup work for the tents often begins three months before the start of the festival.

## Big marquees

### Armbrustschützenzelt

The Armbrustschützenzelt (crossbow firing tent) has been around since 1895. It has 5,830 indoor and 1,620 outdoor seats. Festwirt (tent operator) is Peter Inselkammer, brother of the owner of the Ayinger Brewery. What is poured however, come from the Paulaner Brewery, since only beer from Munich breweries is served at the Oktoberfest. The German Championship for crossbow, 30m national discipline, takes place traditionally every year in the Armbrustschützenzelt.

### Augustiner-Bräu

The Augustiner brewery is the only Munich brewery that still delivers the beer in wooden barrels to the Oktoberfest. The tent has 6000 indoor and 2500 outdoor seats. The tent operators are Manfred and Thomas Vollmer, who also operate two large Augustiner restaurants in Munich (Landsberger Straße and Neuhauser Straße).

### Bräurosl / Pschorrbräu-Festhalle

The Bräurosl is the tent of Peter Reichert, who also runs the large restaurant Donisl in Munich's Marienplatz. This tent traditionally holds the "Gay Sunday" ("Rosa Wiesn") every year on the first Sunday of the Oktoberfest, which emerged from a club event of the MLC (Münchner Löwen Club).

The Bräurosl tent are two almost 20-meter-high Maibäume (Maypoles) placed at the front of the tent. In 2004 a new tent was opened with 6,000 indoor seats and 2,500 outdoor seats. In 2010, the Bräurosl tent had 6,200 indoor seats and 2,200 outdoor seats. In 2022, the tent was rebuilt from scratch and now sits 7050 people indoor and 1200 outdoors.

Hacker-Pschorr beer is served there.

### Fischer-Vroni

The Fischer-Vroni - among the 14 large tents at the Oktoberfest is one of the smallest - received a new tent in 2006 with side galleries, which another gallery above the main entrance was added in 2011 and in 2013 expanded to include a wooden barrel stock. It has 3080 indoor and 700 outdoor seats. Like the Augustiner tents, here Augustiner beer is served on tap. Specialties here are the Steckerlfisch, a grilled spit fish. For several years now on second festival Monday it has come to tradition that the gays and lesbians "occupy" the tent. This tradition goes back to the now deceased gay host of the Prosecco bar who simply reserved some tables for his guests, and many other gays and lesbians joined in. Meanwhile, this tradition is so well known, that guests need to come early in order to be able to get a place to join the celebration.

### Hacker-Tent

The 90.5 × 43 meter Hacker-Tent offers indoor seating for 6,950 people, and another 2,350 outdoor seats. The tent was redesigned in 2004 by Rolf Zehetbauer in order to fit in with the advertising slogan of the Hacker brewery, "Himmel der Bayern" (Heaven of the Bavarians), in which the tent interior ceiling was elaborately decorated. In addition, a 5x5 meter opening was installed in the beer tent ceiling, to which the operator called a “Convertible roof”. The revolving stage located inside the tent was also renewed. The Schlager group *Die Kirchdorfer* have been playing there since 1994 as the official festival band daily from noon until 22:30. As a show act, the Munich party band "Cagey Strings" plays daily from 19:00 till 20:30. The "Festwirt" (Festival Manager) from the Hacker-tent is Toni Roiderer, spokesmen for the festival hosts and innkeeper in Straßlach.

### Hippodrom

The Hippodrom was first erected at the Oktoberfest by Carl Gabriel in 1902 as a snack and show booth. Until the 1980s, special features in the tent was a horse riding track, a hippodrome, where visitors could ride. During this time a barker stood outside. In the Hippodrom, beer from the Spaten-Franziskaner Brewery was served. It was located right next to the main entrance of the Oktoberfest. Festwirt (Festival Manager) was Sepp Krätz, from 1995 till 2013, a tenant of the Waldwirtschaft in Großhesselohe. The concession was taken from him following a conviction of tax evasion. The succeeding tent was the Marstall.

Bands played regularly in the Hippodrom. There were 3,300 seats in the tent and 1,000 outside. The Schlager group "Münchner Zwietracht" (Munich Discord) played for more than ten years every evening at the Hippodrome. Linda Jo Rizzo was presented as a "star guest".

### Marstall

The Marstall took over the place of the Hippodrom as of the Oktoberfest 2014. The host of the tent is the Able family. The Marstall offers 3200 seats. Another 1100 people find room in the beer garden and at the bar. Providing brewery, as by the predecessor Hippodrom, is the Spaten-Franziskaner brewery. Even musically the Marstall follows in the tradition of the Hippodrom, with performances from the "Münchner Zweitracht" and "Die Oberbayern", along with others.

### Hofbräu tent

The Hofbräu tent is, with a total of almost 10,000 seats, the largest beer tent at the Oktoberfest (6,018 seats and 1,000 standing places indoors, and an additional 3,022 seats outdoor). It has been under the leadership of the Steinberg family since the 1980s, to which is also the tenant of the Hofbräuhaus cellar's since 1995. Under the leadership of the family, significant structural change were carried out in the tent. The only standing area with 1,000 places can be found in the Hofbräu-festival tent. In the tent, 12 quintal hop vines, the harvest an entire hop filed, are hung as decoration. The tent is erected on an area of over 7,000 m2. In the almost two weeks of the festival, more than 782,400 liters of beer, 70,700 BBQ chicken halves, 4,200 pork hocks and 6,200 pork sausage servings are consumed.

In 2005 the tent was extended a bit, and was given a new façade.

Because of the world-famous Hofbräuhaus, it is by far the most popular tent for tourists and many celebrities.

### Käfer Wiesn Schänke

The Käfer Wiesn Schänke festival pub, which first made its appearance in 1971, is one of the smaller companies at the Oktoberfest. The festival pub is not a tent, but a large log house, constructed in the style of a Bavarian farm. The house offers enough space for 1,400 guests, with an additional 1,900 seats located outside.\[16\] As a branch from Feinkost Käfer, unlike the other tents, here special dishes are offered. Often encounters with celebrity athletes, actors, and other famous people occur in the pub. Service in the Käfer-Schänke ends at 0:30 at night (other tents end at 22:30); wine and champagne is also served here.

### Löwenbräu tent

A notable aspect of this tent, with 8,500 seats both inside and out, is the 37-meter-high (121 ft) Löwenbräu tower with a movable lion who used to speak with help from a recording. The tent sky is lit up by 16,000 light bulbs. Since 1989, the *Ladies Wiesn* takes place inside the Löwenbrau tent, and is a meeting place for female celebrities. Initiator is the millionaire Regine Sixt, wife of Erich Sixt

It is the world's first beer tent with an ISO 9001 certificate. The managers are Christa Ludwig Hagn and Stephanie Spendler.

### Ochsenbraterei

In the Ochsenbraterei (German for ox rotisserie) tent, Spaten beer is served. In September 1881, butcher Johann Rössler, had the first roasted ox on a skewer at the Oktoberfest and offered it in a snack venue. The business had to stop in 1882, since he was unable to serve beer. Starting in 1898, he was able to reopen his Ochsenbraterei. In 1901 his 200th ox was roasted.

The tent has a floor area of 4,200 m2, offering 5950 seats (to which 1660 seats are in the pit); next to which is a self serve area covering a total of 1700 m2 and includes 1600 seats. The tent has 5 serving areas where beer is served on tap.

The current tent was manufactured in 1980; set up takes 10 weeks, and disassembly takes 5 weeks.

### Schottenhamel

The history of the tent as a gastronomical facility dates back to 1867, when the Schottenhamel was a shack behind the Kings Royal tent. Today's festival managers are Michael F. and Christian Schottenhammel. The tent exists since 1953 and has an area of 4,800 m2 with 6,000 seats and two galleries. 4,000 Seats are located outdoors in an area of 2,200 m2. The first tapping of the keg, by the Munich mayor, every Oktoberfest is held in the Schottenhamel tent. The tent is traditionally the home for the Munich student organizations, which can be seen also on the coat of arms with a compass located on the one the tent side walls. The crowds here are mostly young.

In the Schottenhamel tent, Spaten Beer is also served. A special feature is the attire of the female waitresses; classic waitress aprons and caps (instead of a Dirndl). The benches in Schottenhammel are shorter and placed around the square tables. The Schottenhammel is nicknamed "The tent of youth".

### Schützen Festzelt

The Schützen Festzelt belongs to the smaller beer tents, with its 5,361 seats (approximately 4,300 inside and approximately 1,090 outside). Judging by the ground coverage, it is the biggest tent of the Oktoberfest. It is located next to the Bavaria and therefore away from the big 'Bierstraße' (Beer Street). Many tourists overlook the tent, since the entrance is not that of a typical beer tent. The audience here on average used to be older, and the atmosphere more cozy that in the other tent. Due to the evening performances from "Die Niederalmer", which play Rock and Pop, the mood in the tent has changed, and the audience in the recent years has become younger. The Schützen tent is located next to the Hacker tent and the Schottenhamel tent, creating a meeting point for the youth of Munich.

One of the oldest tents at the Oktoberfest, it has a special feature: in 110 shooting range spots, the Oktoberfest-Landesschießen of marksmen takes place. The tent is also famous for its geranium balcony. The innkeepers are Claudia and Eduard Reinbold. The specialty of the tent is malt beer marinated roasted pig.

### Weinzelt

In the Weinzelt (Wine Tent) of Roland, Doris and Stephan Kuffler, weissbier is served until 21:00, after which the alcoholic beverages only include wine, sparkling wine, and champagne. The tent has been operating since 1984, with a total of 2,500 seats, and is one of the smaller tents at the Oktoberfest. In 2005, the wine tent was completely redesigned, and is rebuilt every year. The old tent was auctioned off in October 2006 on eBay. Paulaner brewery is the supplier for the tent, as well as various Vineyards and the Nymphenburg Sektkellerei (Champagne Cellar). Special feature of the tent: open until 1 am. The other tents (except the Käfer tent) stop serving at 2230.

### Winzerer Fähndl - Paulaner festival hall

The Winzerer Fähndl can be seen from afar, with its large tower with a six-meter-high (20 ft) rotating Paulaner beer mug on top. The name "Winzerer Fähndl" for the Paulaner festival hall comes from the time, where the crossbow shooting club, which carried the same name, had its headquarters there and even fired their crossbows in the tent. Later, the crossbowmen moved to the then new Armbrustschützenzelt. The name of the guild - Winzerer Fähndl – remained the name of the Paulaner festival hall with its 8,450 indoor seats and 2,450 seats in the garden. In 2010, the old tent was replaced by a self-supporting structure, which has no support columns inside the tent. Hosts are Peter and Arabella Pongratz.

## Smaller festival tents

In addition to the 15 large tents found at the Oktoberfest, there are also the smaller tents, which are mainly the rotisserie chicken stands like Wienerwald, Cafe Kaiserschmarrn (Rischart), Vinzenz Murr, Poschners, Heimer, Cafe Mohrenkopf, Bodos café tent, the Inn in Schichtl and the Ammer chicken and duck rotisserie that, since 2000, only sells organic products.


title: Oktogon (Zagreb)

abstract: Oktogon is an urban passageway in central Zagreb, Croatia, connecting Petar Preradović Square with Ilica street through the building of the former First Croatian Savings Bank. It was designed by architect Josip Vancaš and built as part of the savings bank building between 1898 and 1900. The structure consists of two passageways connecting a middle octagonal atrium to the city streets. The passage used to contain the only monument to a dog in Zagreb, hidden from view in the back yard. A stray dog called Pluto kept the workers company during the building of Oktogon and the surrounding building. The dog died around the end of the construction, and Vancaš and the workers decided to erect a basrelief in its memory. In 2013, the monument was moved to Mirko Bogović Street.

text:
# Oktogon (Zagreb)

**Oktogon** is an urban passageway in central Zagreb, Croatia, connecting Petar Preradović Square with Ilica street through the building of the former First Croatian Savings Bank. It was designed by architect Josip Vancaš and built as part of the savings bank building between 1898 and 1900. The structure consists of two passageways connecting a middle octagonal atrium (lending the passageway its name) to the city streets.

The passage used to contain the only monument to a dog in Zagreb, hidden from view in the back yard. A stray dog called Pluto kept the workers company during the building of Oktogon and the surrounding building. The dog died around the end of the construction, and Vancaš and the workers decided to erect a basrelief in its memory. In 2013, the monument was moved to Mirko Bogović Street.


title: Okuōikojō Station

abstract: Okuōikojō Station is a train station in Kawanehon, Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Ōigawa Railway.

text:
# Okuōikojō Station

**Okuōikojō Station** (奥大井湖上駅, *Okuōikojō-eki*) is a train station in Kawanehon, Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Ōigawa Railway.

## Lines

Okuōikojō Station is served by the Ikawa Line, and is located 13.9 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at Senzu.

## Station layout

The station has one side platforms serving a single track, with a small shelter on the platform for passengers. The station is unattended.

## Station history

Okuōikojō Station was opened on October 2, 1990, when part of the Ikawa Line was re-routed to avoid the rising waters of the lake created by the Nagashima Dam. Located on a cliff next to the Okuōi Reservoir created by the Nagashima Dam, the station platform partially extends onto a bridge spanning the reservoir.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 16 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

## In media

The 3rd episode of the TV series "Tetsu Ota Michiko, 20,000 km" is dedicated to this station

Media related to Okuoikojo Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Okuōikojō Station
奥大井湖上駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Okuōikojō Station in March 2005 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Baichi, Kawanehon Town, Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°10′04.51″N 138°10′51.4″E / 35.1679194°N 138.180944°E / 35.1679194; 138.180944 |
| Elevation | 490 m (1,607 ft 7 in) |
| Operated by | Ōigawa Railway |
| Line(s) | Ikawa Line |
| Distance | 13.9 km (8.6 mi) from Senzu |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| History | |
| Opened | October 2, 1990 (1990-10-02) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 79 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Ōigawa Railway Following station  Hirandatowards Senzu  Ikawa Line  Sessokyō-Onsentowards Ikawa | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Okuōikojō StationLocation within Shizuoka PrefectureOkuōikojō StationOkuōikojō Station (Central Japan)Okuōikojō StationOkuōikojō Station (Japan) | |


title: Okwanuchu language

abstract: Okwanuchu is an extinct Shastan language formerly spoken in northern California. Kroeber described the language as "peculiar. Many words are practically pure Shasta; others are distorted to the very verge of recognizability, or utterly different." Golla speculates at length that the language may have mixed in another, non-Shasta language. Du Bois, interviewing a survivor of a group that the Wintu called Waymaq, who she believed were probably identical to the Okwanuchu, recorded some words, including atsa ("water"). Golla writes that eighteen more words are found, under the name "Wailaki [also meaning 'North People'] on McCloud", in an 1884 work by Jeremiah Curtin; he too recorded atsa ("water"), and five words not found elsewhere in Shastan.

text:
# Okwanuchu language

**Okwanuchu** is an extinct Shastan language formerly spoken in northern California. Kroeber described the language as "peculiar. Many words are practically pure Shasta; others are distorted to the very verge of recognizability, or utterly different." Golla speculates at length that the language may have mixed in another, non-Shasta language. Du Bois, interviewing a survivor of a group that the Wintu called Waymaq ("north people"), who she believed were probably identical to the Okwanuchu, recorded some words, including *atsa* ("water"). Golla writes that eighteen more words are found, under the name "Wailaki \[also meaning 'North People'\] on McCloud", in an 1884 work by Jeremiah Curtin; he too recorded *atsa* ("water"), and five words not found elsewhere in Shastan.

## Sources

* Mithun, Marianne (1999), *The Languages of Native North America*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

## InfoBox

| Okwanuchu | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | northern California |
| Ethnicity | Okwanuchu |
| Era | last attested 1930s |
| Language family | Hokan ? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | *None* (`mis`) |
| *Glottolog* | `okwa1235` |
| Okwanuchu | |


title: Cormac Ó Ceallaigh

abstract: Cormac Ó Ceallaigh was an Irish physicist who worked in the fields of cosmic ray research and elementary particle physics.

text:
# Cormac Ó Ceallaigh

**Cormac Ó Ceallaigh** (29 July 1912 in Dublin  10 October 1996 in Dublin) was an Irish physicist who worked in the fields of cosmic ray research and elementary particle physics.

## Education and career

Ó Ceallaigh entered University College, Dublin (UCD) to study physics in 1930 and graduated with First Class Honours in Experimental Physics and Chemistry (Inorganic and Physical) in 1933. He got his MSc and an NUI Travelling Studentship in Experimental Physics in 1934 and worked for one year in Paris with the eminent cosmic ray physicist Pierre Auger. From 1935 to 1938 he did postgraduate research at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, where he was mentored by Lord Rutherford and concentrated on nuclear physics. He got a lectureship at University College Cork in 1937 and returned to Ireland in 1938.

Ó Ceallaigh remained at Cork until 1947, during which time he was conferred with the degree of Ph.D., and then took a position at the University of Bristol working in a group assembled by the Nobel Prize winning particle physicist C F Powell. Bristol was at the time the worldwide centre of cosmic ray research, and O'Ceallaigh, nurtured by Rutherford and Powell, two of the greatest experimental physicists in history, soon became one of its leading figures. Their research into cosmic rays, involving pions, kaons, and neutrinos, helped to establish The Standard Model of particle physics.

The Bristol facility had frequently co-operated with the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), and in 1953 Ó Ceallaigh became a Senior Professor and Head of the Cosmic Ray Section at that institution. Unlike at Bristol, where the source of the particles he studied was exclusively from cosmic rays, at DIAS he also used man-made particle accelerators. Ó Ceallaigh remained at DIAS for 29 years until his retirement in 1982.

## Personal life

Cormac Ó Ceallaigh was born in Dublin in 1912 to prominent obstetrician and early Irish historian Seamus Ó Ceallaigh and his wife Maire Cecilia. He married Millie Carr in 1939; they had three daughters. He was an expert sailer and cabinet maker. He spoke at least five languages. When speaking at conferences, he was known for his sparkling wit.

## Awards and honours

In 1936 Ó Ceallaigh was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. In 1951, he became a member of the Royal Irish Academy. He was also a Council Member of the European Physical Society. He was awarded the Boyle Medal in 1979.

In 1999 DIAS and the estate of Cormac Ó Ceallaigh jointly established a medal in his name. The medal recognises scientists who have made important contributions to Cosmic Ray Physics and is presented at the opening ceremony of the biennial International Cosmic Ray Conference.

## Papers


title: Cormac Ó Gráda

abstract: Cormac Ó Gráda is an Irish economic historian and professor emeritus of economics at University College Dublin. His research has focused on the economic history of Ireland, Irish demographic changes, the Great Irish Famine, and the history of the Jews in Ireland.

text:
# Cormac Ó Gráda

**Cormac Ó Gráda** (born 1945) is an Irish economic historian and professor emeritus of economics at University College Dublin. His research has focused on the economic history of Ireland, Irish demographic changes, the Great Irish Famine (as well as other famines), and the history of the Jews in Ireland.

## Life and career

After getting his undergraduate degree at the University College Dublin, Ó Gráda got his Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University in 1973, where he wrote his dissertation on the Irish economy before and after the Great Famine. He described his early academic career as being "a kind of jack-of-all-trades economic historian of Ireland". He credits fellow economist Joel Mokyr, whom he met in 1977 through Michael Edelstein, his graduate thesis advisor at Columbia, as the "greatest influence" his academic work. Mokyr also sharpened his interest in the Great Irish Famine, which "led eventually to the study of famines elsewhere".

He is a member of the Cliometric Society, the Economic History Society, the European Historical Economics Society, the Irish Economic and Social History Society, and the Royal Irish Academy. He has served on the editorial boards of *Journal of Economic History*, *Explorations in Economic History*, and the *Agricultural History Review*, and is a former coeditor for the *European Review of Economic History*. He is the President of the Economic History Association.

In fall 2007, he was a member at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study as a member of the School of Historical Studies. In 2010, he won a Gold Medal from the Royal Irish Academy, of which he has been a member since 1994. He has been a visiting professor to a number of universities around the world, including the University of British Columbia, New York University, Carleton College, the University of Copenhagen, and Princeton University. In 2019, Trinity College Dublin awarded him with an honorary doctorate.

## Publications

Ó Gráda is a prolific writer. He has written and published seven books in addition to numerous journal articles and collaborations, with over 100 academic papers available online. He has contributed to the "Irish Economy" blog, where he commented on the Irish financial crisis. Earlier in 2008, he gave an open verdict on the future of the Celtic Tiger economy that was about to wind down.

He was also interviewed in an *In Our Time* (BBC) discussion programme on the Great Irish Famine in April 2019.

### Books

* *Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780-1939*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 9780198205982.
* *A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s*. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780719045844.
* *Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0691070155.
* *Famine Demography: Evidence from the Past and the Present*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 9780199251919.
* *Jewish Ireland in the Age of Joyce: A Socioeconomic History*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780691127194.
* *Famine: A Short History*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2009. ISBN 9780691147970.
* *Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2015. ISBN 9781400865819.

The American Conference for Irish Studies awarded the James S. Donnelly, Sr. Prize to two of his books, *Black '47 and Beyond* (1999) and *Jewish Ireland in the Age of Joyce* (2006).

### Journal articles

## InfoBox

| Cormac Ó Gráda | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1945 (age 7879) |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Alma mater | University College Dublin<br>Columbia University |
| Occupation | Economic historian |
| Known for | Economic history of the Irish famine |


title: Cost of equity

abstract:
In finance, the cost of equity is the return a firm theoretically pays to its equity investors, i.e., shareholders, to compensate for the risk they undertake by investing their capital. Firms need to acquire capital from others to operate and grow. Individuals and organizations who are willing to provide their funds to others naturally desire to be rewarded. Just as landlords seek rents on their property, capital providers seek returns on their funds, which must be commensurate with the risk undertaken. Firms obtain capital from two kinds of sources: lenders and equity investors. From the perspective of capital providers, lenders seek to be rewarded with interest and equity investors seek dividends and/or appreciation in the value of their investment. From a firm's perspective, they must pay for the capital it obtains from others, which is called its cost of capital. Such costs are separated into a firm's cost of debt and cost of equity and attributed to these two kinds of capital sources. A firm's overall cost of capital, which consists of the two types of capital costs, is then determined as the weighted average cost of capital. Knowing a firm's cost of capital is needed in order to make better decisions. Managers make capital budgeting decisions while capital providers make decisions about lending and investment. Such decisions can be made after quantitative analysis that typically uses a firm's cost of capital as a model input. While a firm's present cost of debt is relatively easy to determine from observation of interest rates in the capital markets, its current cost of equity is unobservable and must be estimated. At the least, though, as a firm's risk increases/decreases, its cost of capital increases/decreases: capital providers expect reward for offering their funds to others. Such providers are usually rational and prudent preferring safety over risk. They naturally require an extra reward as an incentive to place their capital in a riskier investment instead of a safer one. If an investment's risk increases, capital providers therefore demand higher returns or they will place their capital elsewhere. Finance theory offers various models for estimating a particular firm's cost of equity:
  - The capital asset pricing model, or CAPM, is prototypical.
  - The Gordon Model, is a discounted cash flow model based on dividend returns and eventual capital return from the sale of the investment.
  - The Bond Yield Plus Risk Premium (BYPRP), adds a subjective risk premium to the firm's long-term debt interest rate.
  - The cost of equity can be calculated using the discounted residual income model to estimate the market implied cost-of-capital, and the cost of equity can then be backed-out.

text:
# Cost of equity

In finance, the **cost of equity** is the return (often expressed as a rate of return) a firm theoretically pays to its equity investors, i.e., shareholders, to compensate for the risk they undertake by investing their capital. Firms need to acquire capital from others to operate and grow. Individuals and organizations who are willing to provide their funds to others naturally desire to be rewarded. Just as landlords seek rents on their property, capital providers seek returns on their funds, which must be commensurate with the risk undertaken.

Firms obtain capital from two kinds of sources: lenders and equity investors. From the perspective of capital providers, lenders seek to be rewarded with interest and equity investors seek dividends and/or appreciation in the value of their investment (capital gain). From a firm's perspective, they must pay for the capital it obtains from others, which is called its cost of capital. Such costs are separated into a firm's **cost of debt** and **cost of equity** and attributed to these two kinds of capital sources.

A firm's overall cost of capital, which consists of the two types of capital costs, is then determined as the weighted average cost of capital. Knowing a firm's cost of capital is needed in order to make better decisions. Managers make capital budgeting decisions while capital providers make decisions about lending and investment. Such decisions can be made after quantitative analysis that typically uses a firm's cost of capital as a model input.

While a firm's present cost of debt is relatively easy to determine from observation of interest rates in the capital markets, its current cost of equity is unobservable and must be estimated. At the least, though, as a firm's risk increases/decreases, its cost of capital increases/decreases: capital providers expect reward for offering their funds to others. Such providers are usually rational and prudent preferring safety over risk. They naturally require an extra reward as an incentive to place their capital in a riskier investment instead of a safer one. If an investment's risk increases, capital providers therefore demand higher returns or they will place their capital elsewhere.

Finance theory (and practice) offers various models for estimating a particular firm's cost of equity:

* The capital asset pricing model, or CAPM, is prototypical.
* The Gordon Model, is a discounted cash flow model based on dividend returns and eventual capital return from the sale of the investment.
* The Bond Yield Plus Risk Premium (BYPRP), adds a subjective risk premium to the firm's long-term debt interest rate.
* The cost of equity can be calculated using the discounted residual income model to estimate the market implied cost-of-capital, and the cost of equity can then be backed-out.

## Further reading

* Fama, Eugene F.; French, Kenneth R. (1997). "Industry costs of equity". *Journal of Financial Economics*. **43** (2): 158–193. doi:10.1016/S0304-405X(96)00896-3.
* Francis, Jennifer; Lafond, Ryan; Olsson, Per M.; Schipper, Katherine (2004). "Costs of Equity and Earnings Attributes". *The Accounting Review*. **79** (4): 967–1010. doi:10.2308/accr.2004.79.4.967.
* Gebhardt, William; Lee, Charles; Swaminathan, Bhaskaran (2001). "Toward an Implied Cost of Capital". *Journal of Accounting Research*. **39** (1): 135–176. doi:10.1111/1475-679X.00007.


title: Cost of carry

abstract: The cost of carry or carrying charge is the cost of holding a security or a physical commodity over a period of time. The carrying charge includes insurance, storage and interest on the invested funds as well as other incidental costs. In interest rate futures markets, it refers to the differential between the yield on a cash instrument and the cost of the funds necessary to buy the instrument. If long, the cost of carry is the cost of interest paid on a margin account. Conversely, if short, the cost of carry is the cost of paying dividends, or rather the opportunity cost; the cost of purchasing a particular security rather than an alternative. For most investments, the cost of carry generally refers to the risk-free interest rate that could be earned by investing currency in a theoretically safe investment vehicle such as a money market account minus any future cash flows that are expected from holding an equivalent instrument with the same risk. Storage costs should be added to the cost of carry for physical commodities such as corn, wheat, or gold.

text:
# Cost of carry

The **cost of carry** or **carrying charge** is the cost of holding a security or a physical commodity over a period of time. The carrying charge includes insurance, storage and interest on the invested funds as well as other incidental costs. In interest rate futures markets, it refers to the differential between the yield on a cash instrument and the cost of the funds necessary to buy the instrument.

If long, the cost of carry is the cost of interest paid on a margin account. Conversely, if short, the cost of carry is the cost of paying dividends, or rather the opportunity cost; the cost of purchasing a particular security rather than an alternative. For most investments, the cost of carry generally refers to the risk-free interest rate that could be earned by investing currency in a theoretically safe investment vehicle such as a money market account minus any future cash flows that are expected from holding an equivalent instrument with the same risk (generally expressed in percentage terms and called the convenience yield). Storage costs (generally expressed as a percentage of the spot price) should be added to the cost of carry for physical commodities such as corn, wheat, or gold.

## Formula

The cost of carry model expresses the forward price (or, as an approximation, the futures price) as a function of the spot price and the cost of carry.

$$F=Se^{(r+s-c)t}\\,$$

where

$F$ is the forward price, $S$ is the spot price, $e$ is the base of the natural logarithms, $r$ is the risk-free interest rate, $s$ is the storage cost, $c$ is the convenience yield, and $t$ is the time to delivery of the forward contract (expressed as a fraction of 1 year).

The same model in currency markets is known as interest rate parity.

For example, a US investor buying a Standard and Poor's 500 e-mini futures contract on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange could expect the cost of carry to be the prevailing risk-free interest rate (around 5% as of November, 2007) minus the expected dividends that one could earn from buying each of the stocks in the S&P 500 and receiving any dividends that they might pay, since the e-mini futures contract is a proxy for the underlying stocks in the S&P 500. Since the contract is a futures contract and settles at some forward date, the actual values of the dividends may not yet be known so the cost of carry must be estimated.


title: Cost of delay

abstract: Cost of Delay is "a way of communicating the impact of time on the outcomes we hope to achieve". More formally, it is the partial derivative of the total expected value with respect to time. Cost of Delay combines an understanding of value with how that value leaks away over time. It is a tactic that helps communicate and prioritize development decisions by calculating the impact of time on value creation & capture. More simply, it is the answer to the question: "What would it cost us if this was delayed by 1 month?". Or, alternatively, "what would it be worth to us if we could get this 1 month earlier?" Cost of Delay has the units of $/time. The Delay Cost incurred is found by integrating Cost of Delay over a specific time period.

text:
# Cost of delay

**Cost of Delay** is "a way of communicating the impact of time on the outcomes we hope to achieve". More formally, it is the partial derivative of the *total expected value* with respect to *time*. Cost of Delay combines an understanding of value with how that value leaks away over time. It is a tactic that helps communicate and prioritize development decisions by calculating the impact of time on value creation & capture.

More simply, it is the answer to the question: "What would it cost us if this was delayed by 1 month?". Or, alternatively, "what would it be worth to us if we could get this 1 month earlier?"

Cost of Delay has the units of $/time. The Delay Cost incurred (as a result of a delay) is found by integrating Cost of Delay over a specific time period.

## Cost of Delay in Product Development

Cost of Delay is described by Don Reinertsen as being the "one thing" to quantify. "We need Cost of Delay to evaluate the cost of queues, the value of excess capacity, the benefit of smaller batch sizes and the value of variability reduction. Cost of Delay is the golden key that unlocks many doors. It has an astonishing power to totally transform the mind-set of a development organisation."

Reinertsen reports that ~85% of product managers do not know the Cost of Delay. He also reports that intuition of Cost of Delay is poor, with the spread of intuitive estimates differing by 50 to 1. For this reason it is worth making the effort to *quantify* the Cost of Delay.

Cost of Delay is also useful for making better decisions wherever there is an opportunity to sacrifice time for other key variables of the product. Another common usage is as the weighting in a Weighted Shortest Job First (WSJF) scheduling algorithm, for improved prioritisation. This is sometimes referred to as "CD3" – Cost of Delay Divided by Duration. The CD3 algorithm works by maximising the total value delivered in any given time period by a scarce development capacity.

## Cost of Delay in Finance

From a financial investment perspective, a delay in making an investment can lead to a loss. The accrued interest on the investment for the duration of the delay can have a significant effect on the net returns. The cost grows with the period of the investment; the longer the investment is delayed, the higher the cost is.

### A simple delayed investment example

Alberto is planning to invest $6,000 at an expected interest rate of 10%, compounded annually. He needs the money 5 years from now.

If there is a delay in making this investment, Alberto incurs a Delay Cost, depending on how long the investment is delayed, as shown in the chart – up to $600 for an 8-month delay.

**Investment**

| Amount | Period | Interest rate | Compounding | Delay period |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6000.00 USD | 5 Year | 10.00% | Annually | 8 Month |

**Returns**

| Interest Accrued | Maturity Amount |
| --- | --- |
| US$3,068.17 | US$9,068.17 |


title: Education in Ivory Coast

abstract: Education in Ivory Coast continues to face many challenges. Among sub-Saharan African countries, Ivory Coast has one of the highest literacy rates. According to The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency as of facts. The literacy rate for adults remains low: in 2000, it was estimated that only 48.7% of the total population was literate. Many children between 6 and 10 years are not enrolled in school, mainly children of poor families. The majority of students in secondary education are male. At the end of secondary education, students can sit the Baccalauréat examination. The country has universities in Abidjan, Bouaké, and Yamoussoukro. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that the Ivory Coast is fulfilling only 65.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration the Ivory Coast's income level, the nation is achieving 85.1% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 45.1% for secondary education.

text:
# Education in Ivory Coast

**Education in Ivory Coast** continues to face many challenges. Among sub-Saharan African countries, Ivory Coast has one of the highest literacy rates. According to The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency as of (2019, 89.9% of the population age 15 and over can read and write in Ivory Coast were respectively literate) facts. The literacy rate for adults remains low: in 2000, it was estimated that only 48.7% of the total population was literate (60.8% of males and 38.6% of females). Many children between 6 and 10 years are not enrolled in school, mainly children of poor families. The majority of students in secondary education are male. At the end of secondary education, students can sit the Baccalauréat examination. The country has universities in Abidjan (Université de Cocody), Bouaké (Université de Bouaké), and Yamoussoukro (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny).

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that the Ivory Coast is fulfilling only 65.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration the Ivory Coast's income level, the nation is achieving 85.1% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 45.1% for secondary education.

## Education system

Since the 2010s, the Ivorian government has implemented reforms to expand access to secondary and higher education, with a focus on STEM fields and teacher training. The education system comprised three stages: primary school lasted six years, leading to a certificate of primary studies; secondary school lasted seven years, leading to a certificate or baccalauréat. University education, available only in Abidjan, culminated in a university degree. A large number of technical and teacher-training institutions also provided post primary and post secondary education. There was no system of adult education, although many adults attended night courses or, in rural areas, received literacy and other instruction via radio.

Most public schools were tuition free, although students pay an entrance fee and buy uniforms. Most supplies were free, and some students received government scholarships, usually in return for a period of government employment after graduation.

In 1980 approximately 14 percent of primary schools and 29 percent of secondary schools were private. Most of these were Catholic, staffed by religious and lay teachers, with salaries partially subsidized by government funding. Catholic schools operated primarily in the south and east but were also located throughout the country. Religious instruction was not permitted in government schools. Quranic schools were common in the north and were tolerated, but not supported, by the government. Some students attended both public and Quranic schools.

The school year was divided into three terms, beginning in September and separated by short Christmas and Easter holidays and a two-month summer recess. The average week consisted of approximately 30 hours of classes, Monday through Saturday morning. Most instruction encouraged mental discipline more than analytical thinking or creativity, by emphasizing rote memorization and oral recitation.

### Primary education

Approximately 9.5 million pupils attended primary school in 1987, representing about 75% of boys and 50% of girls below age 15. Primary-school enrollments increased at a rate of about 7.2% per year from 1960 to 1980, climbing to 9.1% between 1976 and 1980. This rate slowed after 1980, averaging 4.2% from 1981 to 1984 and 2.2% in 1999.

In 2009, 79.6% of children attended secondary school. By 2012, this figure had risen to 94.2%, meaning that Côte d'Ivoire was on track to reach the Millennium Development Goal of primary education for all.

Children entered primary school at the age of seven or eight and passed through six grades, divided into preparatory, elementary, and intermediate levels. In the first six months, students mastered French, the language of instruction. Classes in reading, writing, and arithmetic were taught, gradually supplemented by history, geography, natural sciences, music, art, and physical education. Rural schools required students to work in school gardens and learn basic agricultural methods. Standard school-leaving exams led to the certificate of elementary education (certificat d'étude primaires élémentaires—CEPE) and determined entrance to secondary institutions.

### Secondary education

About 250,000 students, or about 19 percent of primary-school graduates, attended government-funded secondary schools in 1987. Most of those preparing for university attended a collège or lycée, both of which included seven years of study divided into two cycles. Significant differences between these two institutions almost disappeared in the decades following their introduction by the French, but the lycée was generally administered by the national government and the collège by the municipal government with national funding.

After the first cycle or four years of secondary school, students took exams and were awarded the certificate of the lower cycle of secondary study (brevet d'étude du premier cycle—BEPC). This qualification generally allowed them to continue at the collège or lycée, enter a teacher-training institution, or find an entry-level job in commerce or government. After the second cycle of three years of study, graduates earned the baccalauréat, which indicated a level of learning roughly equivalent to one or two years of university study in the United States. In Ivory Coast, as in France, it qualified a student for university entrance.

Secondary-school enrollments grew at a rate of about 11 percent per year from 1960 to 1984, but that rate has declined since 1984. The dropout rate was especially high for girls, who made up only 18 percent of the student body during the last two years of secondary school. An average of one-fourth of secondary students received the baccalauréat.

Complementary courses were the most common type of alternative secondary education, administered as four-year programs to improve the academic education of those who did not qualify for collège or lycée. Complementary courses were established during the 1950s, when expanding educational opportunities was a high priority. They were held throughout the country to compensate for the urban bias in secondary education. Complementary courses often provided a combination of academic and practical training, leading to an elementary certificate (brevet élémentaire—BE) or the BEPC, and enabled some students to enter the second cycle at a collège, lycée, or vocational training institution.

Additional secondary-level courses were administered by religious organizations, most often the Catholic Church. These courses consisted of seven years of study divided into two cycles, with a certificate of completion awarded after each cycle. Teacher training was available, often as an alternative to academic university preparation, at a variety of postprimary levels. Secondary-level teacher training could lead to a BE certificate and admission to a normal school (école normale), which might be attended by students who left lycées or collèges after the first four years of study.

Vocational training, attended by 47,000 students in 1982–83, was available at postprimary institutions. This training included courses in agriculture, engineering, public works, transportation management, secretarial and commercial subjects, and building trades. Graduates often worked as apprentices or pursued further training at higher technical institutes.

In 2013, 39.08% of children attended secondary school.

### Higher education

#### Université de Côte d'Ivoire

The national Université de Côte d'Ivoire was founded in Abidjan in 1959 as the Center for Higher Education. It was renamed the Université d'Abidjan in 1964. In 1987, the university had a student roll of 18,732, including 3,200 women. Among students, about 10,000 were Ivoirian citizens. Heavily dependent on French assistance, the university had faculties of law, sciences, and letters and schools of agriculture, public works, administration and fine arts. Other institutions of higher learning, known as grandes écoles, awarded certificates of training in specialized fields in cooperation with, but not as part of, the national university. Other universities have since been founded.

#### National tertiary enrollment

In 2012, there were 57,541 students enrolled at post-secondary diploma level, 23,008 students studying for a bachelor's or master's degree and 269 PhD students. Enrollment in tertiary education suffered during the political crisis, dropping from 9.03% to 4.46% of the 18-25-year cohort between 2009 and 2012. Whereas there were 156,772 students enrolled in higher education in 2007 (including post-secondary diplomas), this figure had halved to 80,818 by 2012. The drop was greatest among students enrolled in a bachelor's, master's or PhD degree, where numbers shrank from 95,944 in 2007 to just 23,277 in 2012.

### Teachers

In the mid-1980s, five classes of teachers were distinguished by their educational preparation and salary level: professors, who taught at the secondary or university level; assistant professors at the secondary level; and instituteurs, instituteurs adjoint, and monitors at the primary level. Teachers' salaries were generally higher than salaries of civil servants with similar qualifications in the mid-1980s, although many people left teaching for more lucrative professions. The government responded to teacher shortages with training programs and short courses and by recruiting expatriates to teach at the secondary and postsecondary levels.

Teachers were organized into unions, most of them incorporated into the government-controlled central union federation (General Workers Union in Côte d'Ivoire—UGTCI). The National Union of Secondary School Teachers of Ivory Coast (SYNESCI) and two smaller unions remained outside the UGTCI and were outspoken in their criticism of government education policies and education finances in particular. Despite this tradition of criticism, many government officials achieved political office through leadership positions in the teachers' union.

During the early 1980s, Ivory Coast spent a higher share of its gross national product and of its national budget on education than any other country in the world. Although this served as an indication of the nation's high regard for education, expatriate teachers' salaries accounted for a disproportionate share of expenditure, reducing the benefits to the nation. Generous scholarships for secondary school students reduced funds available for younger children.

In 2000, Ivory Coast devoted 3.7% of GDP to public education. By 2015, the government had increased this share to 5.03% of GDP, according to an estimation by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Higher education receives more than one-quarter of public education spending: 0.82% of GDP in 2000 and 1.08% of GDP in 2015.

## Challenges in education

In the 1980s, the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research assigned highest priority to problems of financing education development and reducing the number of school dropouts. Reducing regional inequities was also important; in 1986 enrollments in the south averaged about four times those in the north. The government employed innovative methods to improve the education system—including the use of televised instruction in primary schools in the 1970s—a project that was abandoned as too expensive. Computers and automated data processing equipment were used at the national university in 1987 and were to be introduced at lower levels of the education system by 1990. By the late 1980s, the government was producing its own text books, previously purchased in France, to reflect local cultural values.

The internal efficiency of the education system was relatively low, partly because of the large number of students who repeated courses and the high dropout level. The number of school-age children was expected to grow at an average annual rate of 4.3 percent by 1995, increasing the school-aged population by 50 percent. Unfortunately, teacher-training programs could not keep pace with these changes, and education planners were in particular demand. The link between education and employment was weak, exacerbated by the economic recession of the 1980s. Graduates, in effect, expected more than society could give them.

As in many countries, academic institutions and personnel often annoy government officials with their criticism of national policies. Mechanisms are used to co-opt or intimidate dissident leaders, although a few of their criticisms have been received favorably and have produced policy changes. Some outspoken teachers have been offered government jobs, in effect to receive the brunt of criticism they have generated.

Some students have been expelled from the university. The campus was closed down following antigovernment demonstrations in 1982, and campus organizations were banned. Secondary-school teachers who protested against the elimination of their housing benefits in 1983 found their professional organizations banned as well.

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from *UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030*, 511, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.


title: Bolbena maraisi

abstract: Bolbena maraisi is a species of praying mantis in the family Nanomantidae.

text:
# Bolbena maraisi

***Bolbena maraisi*** is a species of praying mantis in the family Nanomantidae.

## InfoBox

| *Bolbena maraisi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Nanomantidae |
| Genus: | *Bolbena* |
| Species: | ***B. maraisi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bolbena maraisi***<br>Kaltenbach, 1996 | |
|


abstract: The China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation (中国国核海外铀资源开发公司) is a Chinese Government owned corporation involved in prospecting, and eventually mining, overseas sources of uranium. In late 2006, SinoU was spun off from the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), China's state owned nuclear processing, mining, plant operation, and research agency, where it was previously the Overseas Uranium Exploitation Department of the CNNC.

text:
# China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation

The **China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation** (中国国核海外铀资源开发公司) (abbreviated as **Sino-U** or **SinoU**) is a Chinese Government owned corporation involved in prospecting, and eventually mining, overseas sources of uranium.

In late 2006, SinoU was spun off from the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), China's state owned nuclear processing, mining, plant operation, and research agency, where it was previously the Overseas Uranium Exploitation Department of the CNNC.

## Operations

Its first major contract was to build the Teguida, Niger-based Azelik mine and ore process plant as a joint venture with the Nigerien government run Société Minière d'Azelik. Initial estimates were that the mine would be operational in 2010. The deal struck in 2007 was part of a policy shift by then Nigerien president Mamadou Tandja to break the four decade de facto monopoly held by Areva, a French state owned nuclear company, by bringing in Sino-U as a competitor. The *Financial Times* described the entry of Sino-U as a "battle for resources" between China and France and illustrated a competition view held by some that saw "China’s pursuit of Africa’s resources as a direct – and potentially destabilising – threat to western interests".

In June 2007, one of SinoU's officials was kidnapped by rebels opposed to the building of the mine, but released shortly after. With the advent of the Second Tuareg Rebellion, work on the Teguida site was stopped as of August 2007.


title: Piula Cave Pool

abstract: Piula Cave Pool is a natural freshwater pool by the sea beneath the historic Methodist Chapel at Piula on the north coast of Upolu island in Samoa. It is situated at Lufilufi in the political district of Atua, 26 km east from the capital Apia, along the scenic coastal road. Entry is by the main road through the painted stone wall of Piula Theological College with steps leading down to the pool. A popular swimming hole for locals and visitors, the pool is formed by a natural spring flowing out of a cave and out to sea. Inside the main cave opening on the north side is a short submerged tunnel leading to a smaller cave opening on the east side of the pool. It is open Mondays to Saturdays and there are small fale and changing rooms for visitors. The monastery charges a small visitor's fee. Freshwater pools are fairly common around the coastlines of Savai'i and Upolu islands which were formed from volcanic activity. Cooling lava flows from volcanic eruptions resulted in lava-tunnels that have become conduits for water.

text:
# Piula Cave Pool

**Piula Cave Pool** (also known as **Fatumea Pool**) is a natural freshwater pool by the sea beneath the historic Methodist Chapel at Piula on the north coast of Upolu island in Samoa. It is situated at Lufilufi in the political district of Atua, 26 km east from the capital Apia, along the scenic coastal road. Entry is by the main road through the painted stone wall of Piula Theological College with steps leading down to the pool.

A popular swimming hole for locals and visitors, the pool is formed by a natural spring flowing out of a cave and out to sea. Inside the main cave opening on the north side is a short submerged tunnel leading to a smaller cave opening on the east side of the pool. It is open Mondays to Saturdays and there are small *fale* and changing rooms for visitors. The monastery charges a small visitor's fee.

Freshwater pools are fairly common around the coastlines of Savai'i and Upolu islands which were formed from volcanic activity. Cooling lava flows from volcanic eruptions resulted in lava-tunnels that have become conduits for water.

## History

The Methodist Mission in Samoa purchased the land for a training institution at Lufilufi in 1868 and named it Piula Theological College. The name *Piula* is a transliteration of the biblical name *Beulah.*

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

1. Stanley, David (2004). *Moon Handbooks South Pacific*. David Stanley. p. 518. ISBN 1-56691-411-6. Retrieved 31 January 2010. Piula cave pool.
2. Fairbairn-Dunlop, Peggy (2003). *Samoan women: widening choices*. University of the South Pacific. p. 127. ISBN 982-02-0360-0. Retrieved 2 February 2010.

## InfoBox

| Piula Cave Pool | |
| --- | --- |
| Piula Cave Pool | |
| Coordinates | 13°52′24″S 171°35′49″W / 13.873209°S 171.597078°W / -13.873209; -171.597078 |
| Basin countries | Samoa |


title: SK Union Čelákovice

abstract: SK Union Čelákovice is a football club located in Čelákovice, Czech Republic. It currently plays in the I.A třída skupina B, which is in the sixth tier of the Czech football system. The club reached the last 16 stage of the 1999–2000 Czech Cup, losing to Slavia Prague in the fourth round.

text:
# SK Union Čelákovice

**SK Union Čelákovice** is a football club located in Čelákovice, Czech Republic. It currently plays in the I.A třída skupina B, which is in the sixth tier of the Czech football system. The club reached the last 16 stage of the 1999–2000 Czech Cup, losing to Slavia Prague in the fourth round.

## InfoBox

SK Union Čelákovice
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | SK Union Čelákovice |
| Founded | 1921 |
| League | Středočeský I.A třída skupina B (level 6) |
| 2022–23 | 14th |


title: John Stocks (politician)

abstract: John C. Stocks is the former executive director of the National Education Association (NEA). He began his career as a community organizer, political strategist, and state legislator in Idaho before taking roles at the Wisconsin Education Association Council and the NEA. He stepped down from the NEA in 2019. He is the chairman of the board of directors of the Democracy Alliance.

text:
# John Stocks (politician)

**John C. Stocks** is the former executive director of the National Education Association (NEA). He began his career as a community organizer, political strategist, and state legislator in Idaho before taking roles at the Wisconsin Education Association Council and the NEA. He stepped down from the NEA in 2019. He is the chairman of the board of directors of the Democracy Alliance.

## Career

In 1988, Stocks ran for the Idaho Senate, defeating a four-term incumbent. In his one session in the Idaho Legislature, Stocks joined with Republican Sen. Rachel Gilbert to protect people from losing their homes if they are made indigent by medical costs. In 1990, Stocks joined the Wisconsin Education Association Council as assistant director. Early in his career he was also a volunteer firefighter, community organization, and executive director of Idaho Fair Share, a grassroots citizen action organization.

In 2007, Stocks was honored by the Midwest Academy, a grassroots training institute. He was also honored by the Ballot Initiative Strategy Center for his work in ballot measure campaigning.

From 2003 to 2019, Stocks served as an official of the National Education Association.

In 2011, President Barack Obama's campaign manager Jim Messina said, "He's one of the smartest political operatives in the country."

In 2019, Stocks received the Distinguished Alumni Award from The Evergreen State College.

## Personal life

A native of New Orleans, Louisiana, Stocks is a graduate of the Evergreen State College. He and his wife, Connie, have two children.

## InfoBox

| John Stocks | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Occupation | Former executive director of the National Education Association |


title: Daniel Garrett

abstract: Daniel Garrett was a British architect who worked on the Burlington Estate, Culloden Tower, Raby Castle, and Banqueting House.

text:
# Daniel Garrett

**Daniel Garrett** (died 1753) was a British architect who worked on the Burlington Estate, Culloden Tower, Raby Castle, and Banqueting House.

## History

Garrett started as a clerk of works, then in 1735 set up his own practice in the North of England. He worked on Hawksmoor's mausoleum at Castle Howard, Yorks from 1737 to 42, as well as streets on the Burlington Estate, such as Savile Row and on Horton Hall in Northamptonshire until 1753.

He wrote the first book on farm-buildings, *Designs and Estimates of Farm-Houses, etc.* in 1747.

## Style

He is thought to have been influenced by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, his patron. He also used Rococo plasterwork, and some Gothic details in buildings such as Hylton Castle and Gibside Banqueting House in 1751.


title: Prospect, Illinois

abstract: Prospect is an unincorporated community in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Prospect is west of Rantoul.

text:
# Prospect, Illinois

**Prospect** is an unincorporated community in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Prospect is west of Rantoul.

## InfoBox

| Prospect, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Prospect, IllinoisProspect, Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 40°19′10″N 88°12′46″W / 40.31944°N 88.21278°W / 40.31944; -88.21278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Champaign |
| Elevation | 722 ft (220 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 217 |
| GNIS feature ID | 423089 |


title: Pry (software)

abstract: Pry is an interactive shell for the Ruby programming language. It is notable for its Smalltalk-inspired ability to start a REPL within a running program. This lets programmers debug and modify the current state of a system.

text:
# Pry (software)

**Pry** is an interactive shell for the Ruby programming language. It is notable for its Smalltalk-inspired ability to start a REPL within a running program. This lets programmers debug and modify the current state of a system.

## Features

Pry exposes most of its introspective capabilities using a filesystem metaphor. For example, it has a `cd` command to start interacting with a particular object, and uses `ls` to list methods and variables.

It is possible to start Pry at any point inside a running program. Due to the reflective nature of Ruby, this lets the programmer inspect the program, change its current state, or correct the source code without restarting the process.

A number of third party plugins are available for Pry, these add tighter integration with other Ruby projects, enhance the abilities of Pry itself, and make Pry available over a remote connection.

1. The Pry Ecosystem — John Mair, 2012 link
2. Pry — Reuven M. Lerner, LinuxJournal, July 2012, pp28 link, or
3. Interactive Debugging With Pry — Alan MacDougall, 2012 link, or

## InfoBox

Pry REPL
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | John Mair (banisterfiend), Conrad Irwin, …many more |
|  | |
| Stable release | 0.11.1 / September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | Ruby |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Platform | Ruby interpreter |
| Type | Ruby shell |
| License | <br>MIT License |
| Website | pry.github.io |


title: Prvoslav Mihajlović

abstract: Prvoslav Mihajlović was a Serbian-Yugoslav footballer and head coach.

text:
# Prvoslav Mihajlović

**Prvoslav Mihajlović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Првослав Михајловић; 13 April 1921 – 28 June 1978) was a Serbian-Yugoslav footballer and head coach.

## Biography

On the national level he played for Yugoslavia national team (13 matches/6 goals) and was a participant at the 1948 Olympic Games, where his team won a silver medal, and at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. With Partizan he won 2 national championships (1947, 1949) and 4 Yugoslav cups (1947, 1952, 1954, 1957). During 1951. Mihajlović played 10 friendly matches on loan for Red Star in two months and after that he came back to Partizan.

Mihajlović later worked as a football manager and coached several teams, including OFK Beograd and Yugoslavia national team, which he led at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He also worked as assistant coach in Partizan (1959–1963) and won 3 national championships (1961, 1962, 1963).

He was the secretary and technical director of FK Partizan (1959–1963), then worked in Alexandria, Egypt (1963–1966) and Karşıyaka, Turkey (1966) and Münster, West Germany (1966–1967). He also worked in Kuwait.

## InfoBox

Prvoslav Mihajlović
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1921-04-13)13 April 1921 | | |
| Place of birth | Valjevo, Kingdom of SCS | | |
| Date of death | 28 June 1978(1978-06-28) (aged 57) | | |
| Place of death | Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1938–1941 | Valjevo SK |  |  |
| 1941 | Obilić |  |  |
| 1942–1944 | BSK Beograd |  |  |
| 1945–1950 | Partizan | 56 | (32) |
| 1951 | Red Star Belgrade (loan) | 10 | (2) |
| 1951–1957 | Partizan | 83 | (28) |
| International career | | | |
| 1946–1950 | Yugoslavia | 13 | (6) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1957–1959 | OFK Beograd | | |
| 1959–1961 | Partizan (technical adviser) | | |
| 1961–1963 | Yugoslavia (jointly) | | |
| 1963–1966 | Alexandria | | |
| 1966 | Karşıyaka | | |
| 1966–1967 | Preußen Münster | | |
| Medal record      Representing  Yugoslavia  Men's football  1948 London Team Competition | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Prvoslav Radojević

abstract: Prvoslav Radojević was a Serbian nobleman in the service of Queen Helen of Anjou, with the title of kaznac. The title-holder was among the foremost at the Serbian court, taking care of state finances. He was a provincial kaznac, as opposed to the royal (statewide) veliki kaznac. Queen Helen was the consort of king Stefan Uroš I and mother of kings Stefan Dragutin and Stefan Milutin. The Queen governed Zeta and Trebinje during the rule of her sons, until 1309. Prvoslav Radojević is mentioned as serving the Queen in Trebinje in a document dated 8 February 1280. This also shows that Queen Helen had her own kaznac in Trebinje. His office was succeeded by Mrnjan, who is known to have held that office between 1288 and 1290.

text:
# Prvoslav Radojević

**Prvoslav Radojević** (Serbian Cyrillic: Првослав Радојевић; fl. 1280) was a Serbian nobleman in the service of Queen Helen of Anjou (consort 1245–76; dowager 1276–1314), with the title of *kaznac* (chamberlain, *camerarius*). The title-holder was among the foremost at the Serbian court, taking care of state finances. He was a provincial *kaznac*, as opposed to the royal (statewide) *veliki kaznac*. Queen Helen was the consort of king Stefan Uroš I (r. 1243–76) and mother of kings Stefan Dragutin (r. 1276–82) and Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321). The Queen governed Zeta and Trebinje during the rule of her sons, until 1309. Prvoslav Radojević is mentioned as serving the Queen in Trebinje in a document dated 8 February 1280 (*Pervosclavus Radoevich camerarius Domine Regine in Tribigna*). This also shows that Queen Helen had her own *kaznac* in Trebinje. His office was succeeded by Mrnjan, who is known to have held that office between 1288 and 1290 (possibly somewhat earlier).

## Sources

* Blagojević, Miloš (2001). *Državna uprava u srpskim srednjovekovnim zemljama* (in Serbian). Službeni list SRJ. pp. 20, 21, 39, 40. ISBN 9788635504971.
* Dinić, Mihailo; Ćirković, Sima (1978). Српске земље у средњем веку: историјско-географске студије (in Serbian). Српска књижевна задруга. pp. 134, 138.
* Purković, Miodrag (1985). *Srpska kultura srednjega veka* (in Serbian). Izd. Srpske pravoslavne eparhije za zapadnu Evropu.
* SANU (1991). *Arhiepiskop Danilo II i njegovo doba: Međunarodni naučni skup povodom 650 godina od smrti : decembar 1987* (in Serbian). Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. p. 144. ISBN 9788670251373.


title: Pseudopeziza trifolii

abstract: Pseudopeziza trifolii is a plant pathogen infecting red clover.

text:
# Pseudopeziza trifolii

***Pseudopeziza trifolii*** is a plant pathogen infecting red clover.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopeziza trifolii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | Dermateaceae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopeziza* |
| Species: | ***P. trifolii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopeziza trifolii***
(Biv.) Fuckel, (1870) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ascobolus trifolii* Biv., (1816)
*Mollisia trifolii* (Biv.) W. Phillips, (1887)
*Phacidium trifolii* (Biv.) Boud., (1869) | |


title: El Potrero, Coclé

abstract: El Potrero is a corregimiento in La Pintada District, Coclé Province, Panama. It has a land area of 73.9 square kilometres (28.5 sq mi) and had a population of 3,165 as of 2010, giving it a population density of 42.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (111/sq mi). Its population as of 1990 was 2,672; its population as of 2000 was 2,815.

text:
# El Potrero, Coclé

**El Potrero** is a corregimiento in La Pintada District, Coclé Province, Panama. It has a land area of 73.9 square kilometres (28.5 sq mi) and had a population of 3,165 as of 2010, giving it a population density of 42.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (111/sq mi). Its population as of 1990 was 2,672; its population as of 2000 was 2,815.

8°31′00″N 80°32′00″W / 8.5167°N 80.5333°W / 8.5167; -80.5333

## InfoBox

| El Potrero | |
| --- | --- |
| Corregimiento | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Coclé |
| District | La Pintada |
| Area | |
| Land | 73.9 km2 (28.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 3,165 |
| Density | 42.8/km2 (111/sq mi) |
|  | Population density calculated based on land area. |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |


title: Przemysław Prusinkiewicz

abstract: Przemysław (Przemek) Prusinkiewicz is a Polish computer scientist who advanced the idea that Fibonacci numbers in nature can be in part understood as the expression of certain algebraic constraints on free groups, specifically as certain Lindenmayer grammars. Prusinkiewicz's main work is on the modeling of plant growth through such grammars.

text:
# Przemysław Prusinkiewicz

**Przemysław (Przemek) Prusinkiewicz** \[ˈpʂɛmɛk pruɕiŋˈkjevit͡ʂ\] is a Polish computer scientist who advanced the idea that Fibonacci numbers in nature can be in part understood as the expression of certain algebraic constraints on free groups, specifically as certain Lindenmayer grammars. Prusinkiewicz's main work is on the modeling of plant growth through such grammars.

## Early life and education

in 1978 Prusinkiewicz received his PhD from Warsaw University of Technology .

## Career

As of 2008 he was a professor of Computer Science at the University of Calgary.

## Awards

Prusinkiewicz received the 1997 SIGGRAPH *Computer Graphics Achievement Award* for his work.

## Influences

In 2006, Michael Hensel examined the work of Prusinkiewicz and his collaborators - the Calgary team - in an article published in Architectural Design. Hensel argued that the Calgary team's computational plant models or "virtual plants" which culminated in software they developed capable of modeling various plant characteristics, could provide important lessons for architectural design. Architects would learn from "the self-organisation processes underlying the growth of living organisms" and the Calgary team's work uncovered some of that potential. Their computational models allowed for a "quantitative understanding of developmental mechanisms" and had the potential to "lead to a synthetic understanding of the interplay between various aspects of development."

Prusinkiewicz's work was informed by that of the Hungarian biologist Aristid Lindenmayer who developed the theory of L-systems in 1968. Lindenmayer used L-systems to describe the behaviour of plant cells and to model the growth processes, plant development and the branching architecture of plant development.

## Publications

* Prusinkiewicz, Przemysław; James Hanan (1989). *Lindenmayer Systems, Fractals, and Plants (Lecture Notes in Biomathematics)*. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97092-9.
* Meinhardt, Hans; Przemysław Prusinkiewicz; Deborah R. Fowler (2003-02-12). *The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells* (3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-44010-9.


title: Ehud Ben Zvi

abstract: Ehud Ben Zvi is a historian of ancient Israel with a focus on the Achaemenid period and a scholar of the Hebrew Bible with a focus on Social Memory. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, Classics and Religion at the University of Alberta.

text:
# Ehud Ben Zvi

**Ehud Ben Zvi** (born 1951) is a historian of ancient Israel with a focus on the Achaemenid period and a scholar of the Hebrew Bible with a focus on Social Memory. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, Classics and Religion at the University of Alberta.

## Biography

Ehud Ben Zvi graduated from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem with a BSc, the Open University of Israel with a BA, and Tel Aviv University, MA before obtaining his PhD from Emory University under Gene Tucker.

## Academic scholarship

Ben Zvi’s is the author of *Social Memory among the Literati of Yehud* (BZAW, 509; Berlin: de Gruyter 2019), *History, Literature and Theology in the Book of Chronicles* (London: Equinox, 2006), *Hosea*, (FOTL 21A, part 1; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005), *Signs of Jonah: Reading and Rereading in Ancient Yehud* (JSOTSupS 367; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press/Continuum, 2003), and *Micah*, (FOTL 21b; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000).

He has also edited and co-edited a substantial number of collected essays volumes (e.g., *Remembering Biblical Figures in the Late Persian & Early Hellenistic Periods: Social Memory and Imagination* \[co-edited with Diana Edelman; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013\]; *Centres and Peripheries in the Early Second Temple Period* \[co-edited with Christoph Levin; FAT, 108; Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 2016\]) and some special issues of journals (e.g., *HebAI* 9/4 (2020); *Thematical Issue: Tōrâ-centred Israel. When a Yehudite Concept Met Ptolemaic Egypt* \[co-edited with Sylvie Honigman\]). He has published numerous essays on social memory studies as they pertain to Ancient Israel, the historical and prophetic books of the Hebrew Bible. A list of his works can be accessed at https://sites.ualberta.ca/~ebenzvi/ebz-publications.html and at Ben Zvi's ORCID page.

Ben Zvi founded the *Journal of Hebrew Scriptures* in 1996 and served as its general editor until 2013. He was one of the founders and served as first chair of the SBL International Cooperation Initiative, 2006-2013, and was one of the two founding co-editors of Ancient Near Eastern Monographs (SBL).

He served as president of the European Association of Biblical Studies from 2016 to 2018, and as president of the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies, 2001-2002 .

In 2015, a *Festschrift* was published in his honor. *History, Memory, Hebrew Scriptures: A Festschrift for Ehud Ben Zvi* included contributions by Yairah Amit, Athalya Brenner-Idan, and Gary Knoppers.