title: Cheyenne South High School

abstract: Cheyenne South High School is a public secondary school located in Cheyenne, Wyoming, United States. It serves Laramie County School District #1. Cheyenne South High School officially opened in August 2009, with freshmen only. The freshmen attended classes at Johnson Junior High School, but participated in activities and competed athletically as South High School. A new state-of-the-art building opened in the fall of 2010. During the 2010–2011 school year, South High consisted of about 480 freshmen and sophomores. South High became a grade 9–12 school in the fall of 2012 with an enrollment of approximately 1,200 students. The school has an auditorium that seats 743 people. The entire school has wireless Internet. Kitchens are built off foreign language rooms, so students can cook ethnic foods. Industrial-style stoves are provided in the culinary class kitchens. South High also has classrooms and equipment for welding, construction, drafting, auto mechanics and health occupations. The school's cheer squad won first place in the Wyoming State Spirit competition in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2018. The school's two gyms display its gold and black colors. There is also an eight-lane 25-meter swimming pool. The pool is surrounded with spectator seats and a viewing area. They are the first school in the state of Wyoming to do a lip dub. The theatre team took first place in proscenium in 2013 at State Theatre. The school also has outdoor tennis courts and a football stadium. The Cheyenne South Speech and Debate team qualified three students to the national tournament in the 2012–2013 season.

text:
# Cheyenne South High School

**Cheyenne South High School** is a public secondary school (grades 9–12) located in Cheyenne, Wyoming, United States. It serves Laramie County School District #1.

Cheyenne South High School officially opened in August 2009, with freshmen only. The freshmen attended classes at Johnson Junior High School, but participated in activities and competed athletically as South High School. A new state-of-the-art building opened in the fall of 2010. During the 2010–2011 school year, South High consisted of about 480 freshmen and sophomores. South High became a grade 9–12 school in the fall of 2012 with an enrollment of approximately 1,200 students.

The school has an auditorium that seats 743 people. The entire school has wireless Internet. Kitchens are built off foreign language rooms, so students can cook ethnic foods. Industrial-style stoves are provided in the culinary class kitchens. South High also has classrooms and equipment for welding, construction, drafting, auto mechanics and health occupations.

The school's cheer squad won first place in the Wyoming State Spirit competition in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2018. The school's two gyms display its gold and black colors. There is also an eight-lane 25-meter swimming pool. The pool is surrounded with spectator seats and a viewing area. They are the first school in the state of Wyoming to do a lip dub. The theatre team took first place in proscenium in 2013 at State Theatre. The school also has outdoor tennis courts and a football stadium.

The Cheyenne South Speech and Debate team qualified three students to the national tournament in the 2012–2013 season.

41°06′34″N 104°49′09″W / 41.10944°N 104.81917°W / 41.10944; -104.81917

## InfoBox

| Cheyenne South High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1213 W Allison Rd
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82007
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public secondary |
| Established | 2009 |
| School district | Laramie County School District #1 |
| Principal | Kerri Gentry |
| Teaching staff | 84.18 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 1,187 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.10 |
| Color(s) | Vegas gold and black |
| Athletics conference | WHSAA Class 4A |
| Mascot | Bison |
| Website | south.laramie1.org |


title: Thomas Forster (mathematician)

abstract: Thomas Edward Forster is a British set theorist and philosopher. His work has focused on Quine's New Foundations, the theory of well-quasi-orders and better-quasi-orders, and various topics in philosophy.

text:
# Thomas Forster (mathematician)

**Thomas Edward Forster** (born 12 April 1948) is a British set theorist and philosopher. His work has focused on Quine's New Foundations, the theory of well-quasi-orders and better-quasi-orders, and various topics in philosophy.

## Career

Forster completed a PhD at the University of Cambridge in 1977, with the dissertation *NF* on New Foundations, jointly supervised by Adrian Mathias and Maurice Boffa.

Forster is an Affiliated Lecturer at DPMMS, Cambridge, a bye-fellow at Queens' College, and holds honorary appointments for many other organisations worldwide, including the Center for Philosophy of Science in Pittsburgh, the Centre National de Recherches de Logique in Belgium, and the Centre for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science at the University of Auckland. Amongst his undergraduate supervisees are Phebe Mann, Rosi Sexton, Richard Taylor, Rebecca Kitteridge, Doug Gurr, Sarah Flannery and Ursula Martin.

## Recognition

Forster was awarded the J.T. Knight Prize as a PhD student at Cambridge in 1974. His article "The Iterative Conception of Set" was recognised by the Philosophers' Annual as one of the ten best philosophy articles of 2008.

## Books

Forster's books include:

* *Quine's New Foundations: An Introduction* (Cabay, 1983)
* *Set Theory with a Universal Set: Exploring an Untyped Universe* (Clarendon, 1992; 2nd ed., 1996)
* *Reasoning about Theoretical Entities* (World Scientific, 2003)
* *Logic, Induction and Sets* (Cambridge University Press, 2003)

## InfoBox

| DrThomas Forster | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1948-04-12) 12 April 1948 |
| Alma mater | Cambridge |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | DPMMS, Cambridge |
| Thesis | *NF*  (1977) |
| Doctoral advisor | Adrian Mathias, Maurice Boffa |
|  | |


title: Vadans, Haute-Saône

abstract: Vadans is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Vadans, Haute-Saône

**Vadans** (French pronunciation: \[vadɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Vadans | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Vadans | |
|  | |
| Location of Vadans | |
| VadansVadans | |
| Coordinates: 47°20′55″N 5°35′16″E / 47.3486°N 5.5878°E / 47.3486; 5.5878 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Haute-Saône |
| Arrondissement | Vesoul |
| Canton | Marnay |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Richard Rousselle |
| Area**1** | 12.95 km2 (5.00 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 131 |
| Density | 10/km2 (26/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 70510 /70140 |
| Elevation | 193–243 m (633–797 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Sporotrichosis

abstract: Sporotrichosis, also known as rose handler's disease, is a fungal infection that may be localised to skin, lungs, bone and joint, or become systemic. It presents with firm painless nodules that later ulcerate. Following initial exposure to Sporothrix schenckii, the disease typically progresses over a period of a week to several months. Serious complications may develop in people who have a weakened immune system. Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi of the S. schenckii species complex. Because S. schenckii is naturally found in soil, hay, sphagnum moss, and plants, it most often affects farmers, gardeners, and agricultural workers. It enters through small cuts in the skin to cause a fungal infection. In cases of sporotrichosis affecting the lungs, the fungal spores enter by inhalation. Sporotrichosis can be acquired by handling cats with the disease; it is an occupational hazard for veterinarians. Treatment depends on the site and extent of infection. Topical antifungals may be applied to skin lesions. Deep infection in the lungs may require surgery. Systemic medications used include Itraconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B. With treatment, most people will recover, but an immunocompromised status and systemic infection carry a worse prognosis. S. schenkii, the causal fungus, is found worldwide. The species was named for Benjamin Schenck, a medical student who, in 1896, was the first to isolate it from a human specimen. Sporotrichosis has been reported in cats, mules, dogs, mice and rats.

text:
# Sporotrichosis

**Sporotrichosis**, also known as **rose handler's disease**, is a fungal infection that may be localised to skin, lungs, bone and joint, or become systemic. It presents with firm painless nodules that later ulcerate. Following initial exposure to *Sporothrix schenckii*, the disease typically progresses over a period of a week to several months. Serious complications may develop in people who have a weakened immune system.

Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi of the *S. schenckii* species complex. Because *S. schenckii* is naturally found in soil, hay, sphagnum moss, and plants, it most often affects farmers, gardeners, and agricultural workers. It enters through small cuts in the skin to cause a fungal infection. In cases of sporotrichosis affecting the lungs, the fungal spores enter by inhalation. Sporotrichosis can be acquired by handling cats with the disease; it is an occupational hazard for veterinarians.

Treatment depends on the site and extent of infection. Topical antifungals may be applied to skin lesions. Deep infection in the lungs may require surgery. Systemic medications used include Itraconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B. With treatment, most people will recover, but an immunocompromised status and systemic infection carry a worse prognosis.

*S. schenkii*, the causal fungus, is found worldwide. The species was named for Benjamin Schenck, a medical student who, in 1896, was the first to isolate it from a human specimen.

Sporotrichosis has been reported in cats, mules, dogs, mice and rats.

## Signs and symptoms

* *Cutaneous or skin sporotrichosis*

This is the most common form of this disease. Symptoms of this form include nodular lesions or bumps in the skin, at the point of entry and also along lymph nodes and vessels. The lesion starts off small and painless, and ranges in color from pink to purple. Left untreated, the lesion becomes larger and look similar to a boil and more lesions will appear, until a chronic ulcer develops. Usually, cutaneous sporotrichosis lesions occur in the finger, hand, and arm. * *Pulmonary sporotrichosis*

This rare form of the disease occurs when *S. schenckii* spores are inhaled. Symptoms of pulmonary sporotrichosis include productive coughing, nodules and cavitations of the lungs, fibrosis, and swollen hilar lymph nodes. Patients with this form of sporotrichosis are susceptible to developing tuberculosis and pneumonia * *Disseminated sporotrichosis*

When the infection spreads from the initial site to secondary sites in the body, the disease develops into an uncommon and potentially life-threatening form, called disseminated sporotrichosis. The infection can spread to joints and bones (called *osteoarticular sporotrichosis*) as well as the central nervous system and the brain (called *sporotrichosis meningitis*). Some symptoms of disseminated sporotrichosis include weight loss, anorexia, and bone lesions.

### Complications

Open sporotrichosis lesions on the skin will on occasion become superinfected with bacteria. Cellulitis may also occur.

## Diagnosis

Sporotrichosis is an acute infection with slow progression and often subtle symptoms. It is often difficult to diagnose, as many other diseases share similar symptoms and therefore must be ruled out.

Patients with sporotrichosis will have antibodies against the fungus *S. schenckii*; however, due to variability in sensitivity and specificity, antibody detection may not be a reliable diagnostic test for this disease. The confirming diagnosis remains culturing the fungus from the skin, sputum, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. Smears should be taken from any draining fistulas or ulcers.

Cats with sporotrichosis are unique in that the exudate from their lesions may contain numerous infectious organisms. This makes cytological evaluation of exudate a valuable diagnostic tool in this species. Exudate is pyogranulomatous, and phagocytic cells may be packed with yeast forms. These yeast cells are variable in size; many are cigar-shaped.

### Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnoses includes: leishmaniasis, nocardiosis, mycobacterium marinum, cat-scratch disease, leprosy, syphilis, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.

## Prevention

The majority of sporotrichosis cases occur when the fungus is introduced through a cut or puncture in the skin while handling vegetation containing the fungal spores. Prevention of this disease includes wearing long sleeves and gloves while working with soil, hay bales, rose bushes, pine seedlings, and sphagnum moss.

The risk of sporotrichosis in cats is increased in male cats that roam outdoors. Accordingly, the risk may be reduced by keeping cats indoors or neutering them. Isolating infected animals can also be a preventive measure. The risk of spread from infected cats to humans can be reduced by appropriate biosafety measures, including wearing personal protective equipment when handling a cat with suspected sporotrichosis and by washing hands, arms and clothing after handling the cat.

## Treatment

Treatment of sporotrichosis depends on the severity and location of the disease. The following are treatment options for this condition:

Potassium iodide is an anti-fungal drug that is widely used as a treatment for cutaneous sporotrichosis. Despite its wide use, there is no high-quality evidence for or against this practice. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of oral potassium iodide in the treatment of sporotrichosis. These are antifungal drugs. Itraconazole is currently the drug of choice and is significantly more effective than fluconazole. Fluconazole should be reserved for patients who cannot tolerate itraconazole. This antifungal medication is delivered intravenously. Many patients, however, cannot tolerate Amphotericin B due to its potential side effects of fever, nausea, and vomiting. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are usually recommended instead of amphotericin B deoxycholate because of a better adverse-effect profile. Amphotericin B can be used for severe infection during pregnancy. For children with disseminated or severe disease, amphotericin B deoxycholate can be used initially, followed by itraconazole. In case of sporotrichosis meningitis, the patient may be given a combination of Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine/Flucytosine. 500mg and 1000mg daily dosages of terbinafine for twelve to 24 weeks has been used to treat cutaneous sporotrichosis. Several studies have shown that posaconazole has in vitro activity similar to that of amphotericin B and itraconazole; therefore, it shows promise as an alternative therapy. However, voriconazole susceptibility varies. Because the correlation between in vitro data and clinical response has not been demonstrated, there is insufficient evidence to recommend either posaconazole or voriconazole for treatment of sporotrichosis at this time. In cases of bone infection and cavitary nodules in the lungs, surgery may be necessary. Heat creates higher tissue temperatures, which may inhibit fungus growth while the immune system counteracts the infection. The "pocket warmer" used for this purpose has the advantage of being able to maintain a constant temperature of 44 degrees-45 degrees C on the skin surface for several hours, while permitting unrestricted freedom of movement. The duration of treatment depends on the type of lesion, location, depth, and size. Generally, local application for 1-2 h per day, or in sleep time, for 5-6 weeks seems to be sufficient.

## Other animals

Sporotrichosis can be diagnosed in domestic and wild mammals. In veterinary medicine it is most frequently seen in cats and horses. Cats have a particularly severe form of cutaneous sporotrichosis. Infected cats may exhibit abscesses, cellulitis, or draining wounds that fail to respond to antibiotic treatment.

Sporotrichosis can spread from nonhuman animals to humans (zoonosis). Infected cats in particular exude large quantities of *Sporothrix* organisms from their skin leasions and can spread the infection to people who handle them. Although cats are the most common animal source, the infection has also been known to spread to humans from dogs, rats, squirrels, and armadillos.

## InfoBox

| Sporotrichosis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Rose thorn disease, rose gardener's disease, rose handler's disease |
|  | |
| Cytologic preparation from a case of feline sporotrichosis; phagocytic cells show numerous variably-shaped yeast forms within | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Firm painless nodules that later ulcerate. |
| Causes | *Sporothrix schenckii* |
| Diagnostic method | * Serology * Culture: Skin, sputum, CSF, joint aspirate |
| Differential diagnosis | Leishmaniasis, nocardiosis, mycobacterium marinum, cat-scratch disease, syphilis, leprosy, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis |
| Treatment | Antifungals, surgery |
| Medication | Itraconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B |
| Prognosis | Good with treatment, poor if widespread disease |


title: Sidi Hsaine

abstract: Sidi Hsaine is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7507 people living in 1222 households.

text:
# Sidi Hsaine

**Sidi Hsaine** is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7507 people living in 1222 households.

## InfoBox

| Sidi Hsaine | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Souss-Massa-Drâa |
| Province | Taroudant Province |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 7,507 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Cavognathidae

abstract: Cavognathidae is a family of beetles, in the superfamily Cucujoidea. It contains a single genus, Taphropiestes with around a dozen species known from South America, Australia and New Zealand. In Australian and New Zealand species adults and larvae have been found living in bird nests, but their ecology is unclear, but they are possibly scavengers.

text:
# Cavognathidae

**Cavognathidae** is a family of beetles, in the superfamily Cucujoidea. It contains a single genus, ***Taphropiestes*** (Reitter 1875) (= *Neocercus* Broun, 1921, *Cavognatha* Crowson 1964 and *Zeonidicola* Crowson, 1973) with around a dozen species known from South America, Australia and New Zealand. In Australian and New Zealand species adults and larvae have been found living in bird nests, but their ecology is unclear, but they are possibly scavengers.

1. "Australian Faunal Directory". Archived from the original on 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
2. nomen.at
3. Slipinski, Adam; Tomaszewska, Wioletta (2010). "Revision of the family Cavognathidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)". *Australian Journal of Entomology*. **49** (3): 256–267. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2010.00762.x. ISSN 1440-6055.
4. Ślipinśki, Adam; Tomaszewska, Wioletta (2010-12-31), Kükenthal, Willy; Leschen, Richard A.B.; Beutel, Rolf G.; Lawrence, John F. (eds.), "10.17. Cavognathidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966", *Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 2, Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia partim)*, DE GRUYTER, pp. 357–360, doi:10.1515/9783110911213.357, ISBN 978-3-11-019075-5, retrieved 2022-10-02

## InfoBox

| Cavognathidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Taphropiestes electa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Superfamily: | Cucujoidea |
| Family: | Cavognathidae<br>Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 |
|


title: Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão

abstract: Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão was a Portuguese poet, dramatist, translator and essayist.

text:
# Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão

**Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão** (15 August 1938  19 January 2007) was a Portuguese poet, dramatist, translator and essayist.

## Life

Born in Lisbon, she lived in Carcavelos until the age of 18. She was educated at St. Julian's School and studied German philology at the University of Lisbon. She worked as a theatre critic and translated works from German, English and French literature. She also did historical and literary research on the Portuguese 16th century. In 1974, she was one of the founders of the "Teatro Hoje" theatre company. and directed Garcia Lorca’s ‘Marina Pineda’ there.

Her first book, *Em Cada Pedra Um Voo Imóvel*, was published in 1958. In 1961 she participated in the collective publication *Poesia 61*, together with Gastão Cruz, Casimiro de Brito, Luiza Neto Jorge and Maria Teresa Horta. She was married to Gastão Cruz.

Some of her most admired works appeared late in her life, including *Epístolas e memorandos* (1996) and *Cenas vivas* (2000). Both in 1996 and 2000, Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão was distinguished with the Portuguese Writers Association's Poetry Prize.

## Works

Poetry:

* *Morfismos* (1961)
* *Barcas Novas* (1967)
* *Novas visões do passado* (1975)
* *Homenagemàliteratura* (1976)
* *F de Fiama* (1986)
* *Três Rostos* (1989)
* *Movimento Perpétuo* (1992)
* *Epístolas e Memorandos* (1996)
* *Cenas Vivas* (2000)
* *As Fábulas* (2002)

Theatre:

* *Os Chapéus de Chuva* (1961)
* *A Campanha* (1965)
* *Quem Move as Árvores* (1979)
* *Teatro-Teatro* (1990)

Prose:

* *Em Cada Pedra Um Voo Imóvel* (1958)
* *Movimento Perpétuo* (1991)
* *Sob o Olhar de Medeia* (1998)

Essay:

* *O Labirinto Camoniano e Outros Labirintos* (1985)

English translations:

* In *Contemporary Portuguese Poetry* (Carcanet Press,1988)
* In *Literary Olympians* (USA,1997)
* In *Anthology of Magazine Verse* (USA, 1997)

1. Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer, eds. (2006). "Brandão, Fiama Hasse País (1938–)". *Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages*. Retrieved 11 November 2023  via Encyclopedia.com.
2. Lusofonia Poética website, ‘’Fiama Pais Brandão’’
3. Poetry International website,
4. Mendes, Victor K., "Portuguese" section of "Literature" article in *Britannica Book of the Year 2007*, published by the Encyclopædia Britannica, online version retrieved January 14, 2009


title: The Independent (Katoomba)

abstract: The Independent of Katoomba in the Blue Mountains in New South Wales began publication on Wednesday 14 May 1930.

text:
# The Independent (Katoomba)

***The Independent*** of Katoomba in the Blue Mountains in New South Wales began publication on Wednesday 14 May 1930.

## History

*The Independent* was owned, published and edited by Thomas Walter Guest and printed at the offices of Joseph Bennett & Son. It began publication on Wednesday 14 May 1930, appeared weekly and circulated through Katoomba, Blackheath and Leura. It appears to have survived for just under a year.

## Digitisation

*The Independent* has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia.


title: Slalom Consulting

abstract: Slalom is a business and technology consulting firm headquartered in Seattle, Washington. The company, which is a division of Slalom, Inc, employs more than 12,000 people in 45 markets and 16 Build Centers across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. Slalom's annual revenue exceeds two billion dollars.

text:
# Slalom Consulting

**Slalom** is a business and technology consulting firm headquartered in Seattle, Washington. The company, which is a division of Slalom, Inc, employs more than 12,000 people in 45 markets and 16 Build Centers across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. Slalom's annual revenue exceeds two billion dollars.

## History

The company that is incorporated today as Slalom, Inc was formed in Denver, Colorado, as Accounting Quest, LLC in 1993. It began as a team that helped place permanent and temporary accounting and finance professionals to clients in the Denver area. In 1995, the company opened its Seattle office and focused on permanent placements and contract resources. The name was then changed to Two Degrees, LLC. In 2010, the company rebranded and formally changed their name to Slalom, LLC. In 2023, the company changed from Slalom, LLC to Slalom, Inc.

September 7, 2023 Slalom announced it would be laying off 7% of its staff, impacting over 900 people.

## InfoBox

Slalom
|
|  |
| Company type | Inc. |
| Industry | Professional services |
| Founded | 2001 (2001) |
| Headquarters | Seattle, U.S.
Offices in Atlanta, Auckland (New Zealand), Austin, Boise, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, East Bay, Fort Worth, Hartford, Houston, London (UK), Los Angeles, Manchester (UK), Melbourne (Australia), Miami, Minneapolis, Montréal (Canada), Nashville, New York City, Orange County, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, Silicon Valley, Sydney (Australia) Tokyo (Japan), Toronto (Canada), Vancouver (Canada), White Plains, NY, Washington, DC |
| Key people | Brad Jackson, Co-founder and Chief Executive Officer
Tony Rojas, President |
| Services | Consulting |
| Number of employees | 12000 |
| Website | www.slalom.com |


title: Cheyenne South Side Historic District

abstract: Cheyenne South Side Historic District is a 107.4-acre (43.5 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It is roughly bounded by Warren Avenue, Russell Avenue, E. Tenth Street, and E. Fifth Street. The listing included 393 contributing buildings and 175 non-contributing ones. It is a residential area next to Union Pacific Railway yards on the south side of Cheyenne, separated by the railroad tracks from Cheyenne's original downtown and residential areas.

text:
# Cheyenne South Side Historic District

**Cheyenne South Side Historic District** is a 107.4-acre (43.5 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It is roughly bounded by Warren Avenue, Russell Avenue, E. Tenth Street, and E. Fifth Street. The listing included 393 contributing buildings and 175 non-contributing ones.

It is a residential area next to Union Pacific Railway yards on the south side of Cheyenne, separated by the railroad tracks from Cheyenne's original downtown and residential areas.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Cheyenne South Side Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Warren Ave., Russell Ave., E. Tenth St., and E Fifth St., Cheyenne, Wyoming |
| Coordinates | 41°07′38″N 104°48′13″W / 41.127222°N 104.803611°W / 41.127222; -104.803611 |
| Area | 107.4 acres (0.435 km2) |
| Architectural style | Late 19th And Early 20th Century American Movements, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 06000939 |
| Added to NRHP | October 11, 2006 |


title: Vadamattam

abstract: Vadamattam is a small agriculture-based village on the Keerthiman River in the Kudavasal taluk of Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India. The village is located next to Konerirajapuram on Kumbakonam - Karikal road i.e. 23 km from Kumbakonam Town. The village is accessible by road and frequent transportation services are available from Kumbakonam, Mayiladuthurai, Aduthurai and Thiruvarur; just some of the major towns with transportation. Konerirajapuram has a post office, commercial bank, and a historic palace. The region was once ruled by Cholas, who constructed a large Siva temple there. The origin of Vadamattam is derived from vadam-muttum, the end of a thick string which is used to pull a big chariot over the river bridge of Keerthiman (Konerirajapuram) is the village of Vadamattam Panchayat' (administrative), which is in the Vayalur region. In the heartland of the Cauvery Delta region, the village depends on agriculture for its economic livelihood. The village has many small and well-maintained Hindu temples. It is surrounded by other small villages including Paravakari, Vayalur, Kalaparakaram, Sivanaragaram, Poongudi, Koneirajaouram, Mustagudi, and Karuveli. In addition to Hindus, Muslims and Christians are also present in the region. Many inhabitants are Vellalars and Padayachis who farm. Others are goldsmiths, carpenters, potters, nayudus, chettiyars (merchants) muthaliyars (weavers) and Scheduled people. One of the well maintained temples is the temple of Varadharaja Perumal, alias Betha Perumal, is located at the east end of Kumbabishegam village. The temple was completed in 2005. The main gods of the temple are Pethapermumal and Vadapathira Kali. These are the deities of some 200 families who live in and around Vadamattam.

text:
# Vadamattam

**Vadamattam** is a small agriculture-based village on the Keerthiman River in the Kudavasal taluk of Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

The village is located next to Konerirajapuram on Kumbakonam \- Karikal road i.e. 23 km from Kumbakonam Town (Bus & Train Terminus). The village is accessible by road and frequent transportation services are available from Kumbakonam, Mayiladuthurai, Aduthurai and Thiruvarur; just some of the major towns with transportation. Konerirajapuram has a post office (PIN code 612201), commercial bank, and a historic palace.

The region was once ruled by Cholas, who constructed a large Siva temple there. The origin of Vadamattam is derived from vadam-muttum, the end of a thick string which is used to pull a big chariot over the river bridge of Keerthiman (Konerirajapuram) is the village of Vadamattam Panchayat' (administrative), which is in the Vayalur region.

In the heartland of the Cauvery Delta region, the village depends on agriculture for its economic livelihood. The village has many small and well-maintained Hindu temples. It is surrounded by other small villages including Paravakari, Vayalur, Kalaparakaram, Sivanaragaram, Poongudi, Koneirajaouram, Mustagudi, and Karuveli. In addition to Hindus, Muslims and Christians are also present in the region. Many inhabitants are Vellalars and Padayachis who farm. Others are goldsmiths, carpenters, potters, nayudus, chettiyars (merchants) muthaliyars (weavers) and Scheduled people.

One of the well maintained temples is the temple of Varadharaja Perumal, alias Betha Perumal, is located at the east end of Kumbabishegam village. The temple was completed in 2005. The main gods of the temple are Pethapermumal and Vadapathira Kali. These are the deities of some 200 families who live in and around Vadamattam.

## History

The roots of these families are believed to have been started around this Vadamattam village and adjoining villages. Many families up to Thirubuvanam village are linked to the temples of this vadamattam village. Thirubuvanam village is known traditionally for its Silk Sarees which are hand woven by the people of the village. The Ancestry of these families began from these surroundings here in the Vadamattam Village. Now these families have multiplied and are spread across the state of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and the whole of India as well. Some of the families have emigrated abroad including the United States, Europe and Australia.

During the 1960s, the village was under the control of zameen/jameen (rich land lords), but was later managed by the elected members.

## Vadabathira Kali

The temple has other similarities to Vinayagar: Karupanna samy, Vazikarayan, Utthandrayan, Kathavarayan, Pechiamman, Kamachiamman and Pidariamman. The annual festival of "Theemithi Thiruviza" is celebrated by the villagers during the first or second week of May every year in a grand manner. The festival lasts 15 days with poocherithal, sakthi karagam, kavadi, pal-kudam, thee-mithi, annadhanam, folk dances with religious katha, dramas, and Tamil religious discourses, etc. and ends with manchal vilayattu. The village folks panchayath, nattanmai and the poojari organize a group of people to share the responsibility of putting on the function in a grand manner.

The bethaperumal temple priest is striving to find out the total number of families related to this temple by maintaining a register of the families who physically come to the temple after a long gap in order to pray to their family deity enshrined here. The collection of the data is yet to be completed.

The temple of betha Perumal (also known as the representative deity of the original deity in the Kanchipuram Varadharaja Perumal Temple) was renovated and Mahakumbabishekam was performed in August 2005. Mahakumbabishekam for temples should be done once in twelve years according to Hindu methodology of temple construction and maintenance. Many deities including the Vadapathra Kaliamman are present in this temple. Though their respective idols installed during the Mahakumbabishekam as is the primary deity Varadharaja Perumal, alias betha Perumal. The temple requires continuous maintenance to maintain its originality. The state of the temples originality remains unspoken for as different officials see regulatory action on decision making about the temple as an over-complicated regulation system.

## Betha Perumal alias Varadharaja swamy

The Bethapermual (Varadharajaswamy) is a very ancient deity for many villages near Vadamattam. The Boodevi and Sridevi with Pethaperumal is very beautiful in the form of *Urchaver*. The annual festival comes in the month of May first week. In 2016 it happened on 9 May.

## Kathayee Amman

The village has another big temple, *Kathaye amman,* at the south end of the village on the way to Paravakari Village and on the banks of the Kaliyankulm pond. It is believed by village folk that the giant statue of Illuminati (Sri vazi) is one of the powerful deities who saves the village folk from all evils. Seven Muni's are in the sitting posture, something very rare in the region. The other deities in the temple are Pachhaivaziamman, Veeran, Agni veeran, Sivan, Subramanyar and Saptha kannigais. The temple's main festivals are Periya Kruthikai, Thai Poosam and Subramanyar Kalyanam. Aadi Puram, special poojas on the third day of Thai Pongal (Kannipongal) and Kuladeiva Pooja, to Munnieswaran by the Pangalies and Muralalies is a regular affair.

## Others

The village has a sizable mosque on the north end where the local Muslim population practices. The annual celebration of the festival of Santhanakudam is especially noteworthy. Savior Church is on the west end of the village and Christians practice here.

The village has other temples of Mariyamman, Viswalingaswamy (Siddhar Samathi), Vinayagar (5 temples), Iyanar Yellaiamman and other deities. Raja Neethi Vinayagar is a special temple which was established during Raja Raja Chola period. The temple Raja Neethi Vinayagar is under renovation. This temple was constructed by "Raja Raja Chola's Mother". According to the legend, Raja Neethi Vinayakar blessed her while she struggled with family issues and salvation was given to her by the Lord. Now, the temple awaits renovation which has been pending for several years.

## Health

There is a Government Primary Hospital in the west, but it requires maintenance and service-oriented doctors. There is a veterinary hospital as well, which is near the bus stand and opposite to the Primary Hospital.

## Education

Vadamattam has a government-aided school in the name of the village called the "Vadamattam High School". The school is very old and many prominent pupils have studied at the institution. The school was established by AA VEE NA (A.V. Narayanaswamy Pillai and their family).

There is a bazaell, which is near the bus stand and opposite to the Primary Hospital.

10°58′05″N 79°32′12″E / 10.968157°N 79.536545°E / 10.968157; 79.536545


title: Sporowo

abstract: Sporowo is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Gronowo Elbląskie, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Gronowo Elbląskie, 9 km (6 mi) west of Elbląg, and 87 km (54 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Sporowo

**Sporowo** \[spɔˈrɔvɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Gronowo Elbląskie, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Gronowo Elbląskie, 9 km (6 mi) west of Elbląg, and 87 km (54 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Sporowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Sporowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°4′15″N 19°16′49″E / 54.07083°N 19.28028°E / 54.07083; 19.28028 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Elbląg |
| Gmina | Gronowo Elbląskie |


title: Lentorata

abstract: Lentorata is a planned railway line in Finland, designed to link Helsinki Airport to the Finnish long-distance railway network and to complement the current airport connection via the Ring Rail Line. Construction of the line is not expected to start until 2030, with the line operational several years later.

text:
# Lentorata

**Lentorata** (Airport Line) is a planned railway line in Finland, designed to link Helsinki Airport to the Finnish long-distance railway network and to complement the current airport connection via the Ring Rail Line. Construction of the line is not expected to start until 2030, with the line operational several years later.

## History

Lentorata has been included in the Finnish Transport Agency's plans since 2010. Following the opening of the Ring Rail Line in 2015, Helsinki Airport gained its first railway connection through the Helsinki commuter rail network. Long-distance trains stop at Tikkurila railway station where frequent commuter trains take passengers to the airport. However, a need has also been identified for a rail link at the airport for long-distance traffic, with support from Finavia, the mayors of Helsinki and Tampere and the chief executive of the state-owned national rail company VR Group.

## Route

The line is planned to travel in a 30 kilometres (19 mi) long tunnel under built-up areas and to serve the underground Helsinki Airport station, allowing direct access to the airport terminal from long-distance rail services, as well as to free the rail capacity taken up by long-distance traffic in the current main corridor (the Helsinki–Riihimäki railway) for the increasing local commuter traffic. The tunnel would surface at Kerava railway station, and the line would then continue northward to Tampere as either an upgraded Riihimäki–Tampere railway or a brand new parallel line; and eastward to Kouvola using the planned new Itärata railway.

## Cost

In 2019, *Helsinki Times* reported that, as part of a new rail connection with an expected travel time of one hour from Helsinki to Tampere via the airport, the project would cost a total of €5.5 billion.

60°18′57″N 24°58′18″E / 60.3158869°N 24.97172319°E / 60.3158869; 24.97172319

## InfoBox

| Lentorata | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Helsinki<br>Vantaa |
| Termini |  |
| Website | lentorata.fi/en/ |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 30 km (19 mi) |
| Number of tracks | Double track |
| Track gauge | 1,524 mm (5 ft) |
| Electrification | 25 kV @ 50 Hz |


title: Cavolinia labiata

abstract:
Cavolinia labiata is a species of pteropod in the family Cavoliniidae. It is a tropical species occurring in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. It can reach 0.7 cm (0.28 in) in length. There are two subspecies:
  - Cavolinia labiata labiata
  - Cavolinia labiata robusta Rampal, 2002

text:
# Cavolinia labiata

***Cavolinia labiata*** is a species of pteropod in the family Cavoliniidae. It is a tropical species occurring in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. It can reach 0.7 cm (0.28 in) in length.

There are two subspecies:

* *Cavolinia labiata labiata*  (d'Orbigny, 1835)
* *Cavolinia labiata robusta*  Rampal, 2002

## InfoBox

| *Cavolinia labiata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| *Clade*: | Euopisthobranchia |
| Order: | Pteropoda |
| Family: | Cavoliniidae |
| Genus: | *Cavolinia* |
| Species: | ***C. labiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cavolinia labiata***<br>(d'Orbigny, 1835) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hyalaea labiata* d'Orbigny, 1835 | |


title: Rochester Street Historic District

abstract: Rochester Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Scottsville in Monroe County, New York. The district encompasses 41 residential structures, over half of which date from the 1830s through 1850s and are distinct examples of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

text:
# Rochester Street Historic District

**Rochester Street Historic District** is a national historic district located at Scottsville in Monroe County, New York. The district encompasses 41 residential structures, over half of which date from the 1830s through 1850s and are distinct examples of Greek Revival architecture.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rochester Street Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Both sides of Rochester St., Scottsville, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°1′25″N 77°44′49″W / 43.02361°N 77.74694°W / 43.02361; -77.74694 |
| Area | 20 acres (8.1 ha) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 73001205 |
| Added to NRHP | October 25, 1973 |


title: Rich Johnson (American football)

abstract: Richard Lewis Johnson is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the Houston Oilers in the third round of the 1969 NFL/AFL draft. Johnson played college football at Illinois.

text:
# Rich Johnson (American football)

**Richard Lewis Johnson** (born May 13, 1947) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the Houston Oilers in the third round of the 1969 NFL/AFL draft. Johnson played college football at Illinois.

## College career

Johnson was a member of the Illinois Fighting Illini for four seasons, playing his final three years and starting the last two at fullback. He rushed for 768 yards and six touchdowns on 195 carries in his junior season. As a senior, Johnson finished 20th in the nation with 973 rushing yards and was named second team All-Big Ten Conference and the team Most Valuable Player. He finished his collegiate career with 2,058 rushing yards, fourth-most in school history at the time, and 11 touchdowns.

## Professional career

Johnson was selected in the third round (78th overall) of the 1969 NFL/AFL draft by the Houston Oilers. He played in all of the Oilers games during the 1969 season, rushing 11 times for 42 yards with two receptions for 17 yards and one touchdown in his lone professional season.

## InfoBox

Rich Johnson
| No. 38 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1947-05-13) May 13, 1947<br>Canton, Illinois, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 225 lb (102 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Canton (Canton, Illinois) |
| College: | Illinois |
| NFL draft: | 1969 / round: 3 / pick: 78 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 14  Rushing yards: 42 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Slalom printre cretini

abstract: Slalom printre cretini is the ninth studio album by Romanian rap group Paraziții. It was released on November 22, 2007.

text:
# Slalom printre cretini

***Slalom printre cretini*** ("Drifting Among Morons") is the ninth studio album by Romanian rap group Paraziții. It was released on November 22, 2007.

## Track list

| No. | Title | Text | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mesaj pentru Europa" (Message for Europe) | Cheloo | 3:05 |
| 2. | "Vreau să vă doară" (I Want It Hurt You) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:12 |
| 3. | "Dușmăniți-mă toți" (You All Can Hate Me) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:29 |
| 4. | "Din colțul blocului" (From The Block's Corner) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:49 |
| 5. | "Slalom printre cretini" (Drifting Among Morons) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:12 |
| 6. | "Cu microfonul deschis" (Open Mic Session – feat. Killa Kela, MC Tripp) | Killa Kela, MC Tripp, Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:14 |
| 7. | "Mereu la subiect" (Always To The Point – feat. Shabazz the Disciple) | Shabazz the Disciple, Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:25 |
| 8. | "La limita penibilului" (To The Limit of Ridicule) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 0:55 |
| 9. | "Goana după iluzii" (Chasing Illusions) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:42 |
| 10. | "Total dubios" (Totally Shady – feat. Cilvaringz) | Cilvaringz, Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:13 |
| 11. | "Tu nu contezi" (You Don't Matter) | Cheloo | 1:05 |
| 12. | "De ziua ta" (On Your Birthday) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 4:44 |
| 13. | "Fără resentimente" (No Hard Feelings) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:18 |
| 14. | "Something to say" (feat. Raekwon) | Raekwon, Cheloo, Ombladon | 4:31 |
| 15. | "Concentrați în metropole" (Clumped Together in Metropolises) | Cheloo | 2:57 |
| 16. | "Unu pentru toți" (One For All) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:03 |
| 17. | "Moartea întreabă de tine" (Death Is Asking About You – feat. Mihai Mărgineanu) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 4:01 |
| 18. | "Needitat" (Uncut) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 1:02 |
| 19. | "Drogurile schimbă tot" (Drugs Change Everything) | Cheloo, Ombladon | 3:43 |
| 20. | "Pabibabum" | Cheloo, Ombladon | 1:34 |
| 21. | "Politicianul român" (Romanian Politician – feat. Mircea Badea) | Mircea Badea | 4:15 |
| Total length: | | | 60:03 |

## InfoBox

| Slalom printre cretini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Paraziții | |
| Released | November 22, 2007 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 60:03 |
| Label | Cat Music |
| Paraziții chronology | |
| *Confort 3*
(2005) ***Slalom printre cretini***
(2007) *Tot ce e bun tre' să dispară*
(2010) | |


title: Sofi Needs a Ladder

abstract: "Sofi Needs a Ladder" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer Deadmau5, featuring vocals from German singer SOFI. It was released as the third single from deadmau5's fifth studio album, 4×4=12.

text:
# Sofi Needs a Ladder

"**Sofi Needs a Ladder**" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer Deadmau5, featuring vocals from German singer SOFI. It was released as the third single from deadmau5's fifth studio album, *4×4=12*.

## Background

The song was originally an instrumental track, "You Need a Ladder", which Deadmau5 previously performed, but vocals were added on afterward to allow the song to be published and avoid any copyright infringement (the song previously included an intro and outro featuring a slightly remixed version of "Overworld theme" from the NES game *The Legend of Zelda*). The song was first played on the radio by Annie Mac on BBC Radio 1 on October 22, 2010. The song won a 2011 Juno Award for Best Dance Recording.

The single is featured on the soundtrack to the video game *Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit*. A remix of the song was featured as downloadable content in the video game *DJ Hero 2*. During the finals of the seventh series of British show *The X Factor*, contestant Cher Lloyd performed a variation of the first verse of the song mashed up into "What a Feeling". "Sofi Needs a Ladder" is also played in the background during a club scene in the film *The Hangover Part II*, and was featured in a 2011 Virgin Mobile commercial. Sofi Needs a Ladder is also featured in the hit series *Entourage* during the season 8 house party for Vinnie Chase.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sofi Needs a Ladder" | 6:41 |

Digital download - Pig & Dan Remix
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sofi Needs a Ladder" (Pig & Dan Remix) | 7:41 |

Digital download - MosDam Remix
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sofi Needs a Ladder" (MosDam Remix) (Deadmau5 Ultimate Remix Challenge Winner) | 9:12 |

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 73 |
| UK Dance (OCC) | 10 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 68 |

## InfoBox

| "Sofi Needs a Ladder" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Deadmau5 featuring SOFI | |
| from the album  *4×4=12* | |
| Released | November 1, 2010 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 6:41 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Deadmau5 |
| Deadmau5 singles chronology | |
| "Animal Rights"
(2010) "**Sofi Needs a Ladder**"
(2010) "Raise Your Weapon"
(2011) | |


title: Thomas Bracken

abstract: Thomas Bracken was an Irish-born New Zealand poet, journalist and politician. He wrote "God Defend New Zealand", one of the two national anthems of New Zealand, and was the first person to publish the phrase "God's Own Country" as applied to New Zealand. He also won the Otago Caledonian Society's prize for poetry. His mother Margaret died in 1846 and his father Thomas in 1852. He was sent to Australia at the age of 12 to join his uncle, John Kiernan, at Geelong, Victoria. Bracken was apprenticed to a pharmacist in Bendigo, later moved around to work on farms as a shearer and drover, and for a time was a gold fossicker and store keeper. At that time he began writing tales over the activities of the diggers involved in the goldrush, and about stock men and sheep men. He also established Thomas Bracken and Co with Alexander Bathgate to buy and operate the Evening Herald until it was superseded in 1890 by the liberal Globe.

text:
# Thomas Bracken

**Thomas Bracken** (c. December 1843 – 16 February 1898) was an Irish-born New Zealand poet, journalist and politician. He wrote "God Defend New Zealand", one of the two national anthems of New Zealand, and was the first person to publish the phrase "God's Own Country" as applied to New Zealand. He also won the Otago Caledonian Society's prize for poetry.

His mother Margaret died in 1846 and his father Thomas in 1852. He was sent to Australia at the age of 12 to join his uncle, John Kiernan, at Geelong, Victoria.

Bracken was apprenticed to a pharmacist in Bendigo, later moved around to work on farms as a shearer and drover, and for a time was a gold fossicker and store keeper. At that time he began writing tales over the activities of the diggers involved in the goldrush, and about stock men and sheep men. He also established Thomas Bracken and Co with Alexander Bathgate to buy and operate the *Evening Herald* until it was superseded in 1890 by the liberal *Globe*.

## Literary career

In early 1869 at the age of 25 he moved to Dunedin in New Zealand, where a volume containing a selection of poems he had written in Australia was published. While working as a shearer and at various odd jobs, he carried on writing, and published a small book of verses, *Flights among the Flax*. This was noticed in literary circles, and he won the Otago Caledonian Society's prize for poetry.

Determined to enter journalism, Bracken took a staff position on the *Otago Guardian*. While at the *Guardian* he met John Bathgate who soon after, in 1875, established the *Saturday Advertiser* "to foster a national spirit in New Zealand and encourage colonial literature". Bracken also wrote for the *Morning Herald* and the Catholic *The New Zealand Tablet*. He was born into a Catholic family, but lapsed, and was a freethinker and a freemason.

Bracken became editor and immediately began to encourage local writers; the *Advertiser’s* circulation reached 7,000 copies which was a notable achievement for that era. Encouraged by this literary and commercial success, Bracken contributed some of his own satire, humour and verse, including *God Defend New Zealand*, published in 1876, which became the national anthem. He wrote *Not Understood* in 1879.

Although he often used the pseudonyms Paddy Murphy and Didymus, the prolific works under his own name soon became published worldwide and he became famous throughout Australia and New Zealand. Later publications of his works in bound editions included *Flowers of the Freeland*, *Behind the Tomb and Other Poems* (1871), *The Land of the Maori and the Moa* (or *Lays of the Land of the Maori and Moa*), *Musings in Maoriland* and *Lays and Lyrics: God’s Own Country and Other Poems* (1893).

A supporter of the egalitarian policies of Governor Sir George Grey, Bracken championed sovereignty for the native Māori people, and later criticised the government for what he saw to be breaches of its obligations to the Treaty of Waitangi.

He had arrived in New Zealand when colonial troops were engaged in war with Te Kooti, who went into battle under his own distinctive flag. It had three symbols that some claim were meant to signify stars. Bracken's national anthem asks God to "guard Pacific’s triple star", and some historians have reasoned that refers to Te Kooti's flag and is his oblique support for Māori. It has also been suggested that "Pacific’s triple star" simply means the three main islands of New Zealand – Northern, Middle and Stewart as they were referred to at that time. Bracken never explained what he meant, so there is no definitive clarification today. (There have been suggestions that Bracken was referring to Alpha Centauri, the very bright triple star in the Milky Way, visible only in the Southern Hemisphere. That is impossible because Proxima Centauri, the third star in Alpha Centauri, was not discovered until 1915, some 39 years after Bracken wrote his anthem.)

## Political career

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | List | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18811884 | 8th | Dunedin Central | |  | Independent |
|  | | | | | |
| 18861887 | 9th | Dunedin Central | |  | Independent |

Vitally interested in current events and politics, Bracken stood for Parliament in the City of Dunedin electorate in the 1879 election. He was unsuccessful at that time.

Bracken won the Dunedin Central electorate at the 1881 election. He lost the seat by three votes to James Bradshaw at the 1884 election, but when Bradshaw died in 1886, he won the 1886 by-election and resumed his seat until the end of the term in 1887, when he retired.

Bracken was not a prudent person and eventually became financially embarrassed. He became a bill reader in Parliament in May 1894, but was forced to leave Wellington and return to Dunedin when his health deteriorated.

## Death

Bracken died on the night of 16 February 1898, and is buried in the Dunedin Northern Cemetery. A lookout nearby, with views across the city, is named in his honour.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Bracken | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | c. December 1843
Clonee, County Meath, Ireland |
| Died | 16 February 1898 (aged 54)
Dunedin, New Zealand |
| Occupation | Poet, journalist, politician |
| Nationality | New Zealander |
| Citizenship | Irish-New Zealand |
| Notable works | God Defend New Zealand |
| Spouse | Helen Hester Copley |
| Children | Charles Copley Bracken |


title: Johnsville station

abstract: Johnsville was a station on the Reading Company's New Hope Branch. The station is currently on the line used by the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad. Per the source, there are no remnants of this station surviving today. A photo exists showing a shelter.

text:
# Johnsville station

**Johnsville** was a station on the Reading Company's New Hope Branch. The station is currently on the line used by the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad. Per the source, there are no remnants of this station surviving today. A photo exists showing a shelter.

## InfoBox

| Johnsville | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Reading Railroad station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Street Road, Warminster, Pennsylvania |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Shelter |
| Accessible | No |
| History | |
| Opened | March 21, 1891 |
| Closed | 1920s |
| Rebuilt | 1892 |
| Electrified | No |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station Reading Railroad Following station  Bonairtoward Philadelphia  New Hope Branch  Ivylandtoward New Hope | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sporostigena

abstract: Sporostigena is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. The genus was erected by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1904.

text:
# Sporostigena

***Sporostigena*** is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. The genus was erected by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1904.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Sporostigena* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lasiocampidae |
| Genus: | ***Sporostigena***<br>Bethune-Baker, 1904 |
|


title: Lentz Park

abstract: Lentz Park is a 3.4-acre (1.4 ha) urban park in the Haughville neighborhood of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The park is named after Sarah Lentz, who sold the land to Indianapolis for $1.00 in 1928. Located at 700 North Traub Avenue, Lentz Park is five blocks west of the White River. Lentz Park was once a locale for amateur and semi-professional baseball, formerly playing host to a segregated baseball team. In addition to a baseball field, the park also had a rest station, tennis court, and horseshoe pit. In 1970, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development funds were used to renovate the park with new basketball and baseball areas, balancing beams, rope swings, and sculptural trees. After decades of subsequent decline, Lentz Park has been left with a small children's play area and a decrepit basketball court.

text:
# Lentz Park

**Lentz Park** is a 3.4-acre (1.4 ha) urban park in the Haughville neighborhood of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The park is named after Sarah Lentz, who sold the land to Indianapolis for $1.00 in 1928. Located at 700 North Traub Avenue, Lentz Park is five blocks west of the White River. Lentz Park was once a locale for amateur and semi-professional baseball, formerly playing host to a segregated baseball team. In addition to a baseball field, the park also had a rest station, tennis court, and horseshoe pit.

In 1970, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development funds were used to renovate the park with new basketball and baseball areas, balancing beams, rope swings, and sculptural trees. After decades of subsequent decline, Lentz Park has been left with a small children's play area and a decrepit basketball court.

39°46′39″N 86°11′45″W / 39.77750°N 86.19583°W / 39.77750; -86.19583


title: Cecil Birch

abstract: Cecil Birch was a British film director of the silent era. He directed more than a hundred short and feature films. He directed the 1915 hit melodrama Paula for Holmfirth Films.

text:
# Cecil Birch

**Cecil Birch** was a British film director of the silent era. He directed more than a hundred short and feature films. He directed the 1915 hit melodrama *Paula* for Holmfirth Films.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *History of the British Film, 1914-1918*. Routledge, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Cecil Birch | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Years active | 1914 - 1916 (film) |


title: Rhadinomyia conjuncta

abstract: Rhadinomyia conjuncta is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Rhadinomyia of the family Ulidiidae.

text:
# Rhadinomyia conjuncta

***Rhadinomyia conjuncta*** is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus *Rhadinomyia* of the family Ulidiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Rhadinomyia conjuncta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Section: | Schizophora |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Tephritoidea |
| Family: | Ulidiidae |
| Genus: | *Rhadinomyia* |
| Species: | *R. conjuncta* |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhadinomyia conjuncta***<br> | |
|


title: The Long Rain

abstract: "The Long Rain" is a science fiction short story by American writer Ray Bradbury. This story was originally published in 1950 under a different title in the magazine Planet Stories, and then in the collection The Illustrated Man. The story tells of four men who have crashed on Venus, where it is always raining. The story was republished in several collections and was incorporated into a film also titled The Illustrated Man.

text:
# The Long Rain

"**The Long Rain**" is a science fiction short story by American writer Ray Bradbury. This story was originally published in 1950 under a different title in the magazine *Planet Stories*, and then in the collection *The Illustrated Man*. The story tells of four men who have crashed on Venus, where it is always raining.

The story was republished in several collections and was incorporated into a film also titled *The Illustrated Man*.

## Plot

A lieutenant leads three other survivors of a rocket crash — Simmons, Pickard, and another man — through a gray Venusian jungle in endless heavy rain that renders them sleepless and nervous. Their goal is a Sun Dome, a rest and supply station warmed by a miniature sun, but after a month they find that they have made a circle back to the crash site where they arrived. An immense electrical storm approaches and the men hunker down to avoid its lightning. The unnamed man jumps up in panic and is electrocuted as he runs.

The three remaining men make their way to a Sun Dome, but find that it has been destroyed by Venusians. They eat their last rations and stop to rest the night before heading for another dome. In the middle of the night Pickard begins shouting and firing his gun, then becomes catatonic with his mouth open to the sky, starting to drown. Simmons recognizes this as a terminal stage of rain fatigue and shoots him. By morning Simmons can no longer hear anything but the rain and, realizing that he will soon go insane, tells the lieutenant to leave him to commit suicide.

The lieutenant continues alone, steadily growing more desperate, until he sees a Sun Dome. He stumbles toward it, nagged by urges to begin drinking the rain, and opens the door to a scene of luxury: freshly prepared sandwiches and hot chocolate, a change of uniform, and a phonograph in mid-song. He blinks for a moment and then sees only the sun, warming him in silence.

## Publishing history

The story was originally published in 1950 as "Death-by-Rain" in the magazine *Planet Stories*. It was one of the first group of stories selected to be part of the collection *The Illustrated Man*. It was later re-published in 1962 in *R is for Rocket*, again in 1980 in *The Stories of Ray Bradbury*, and in the 1990 omnibus *The Golden Apples of the Sun*. It was also included in *Bradbury Stories: 100 of His Most Celebrated Tales* (2005).

## Reception

Rob Fletcher uses the opening paragraph, in which Bradbury describes the rain of Venus with phrases like: "It was a hard rain, a perpetual rain, a sweating and steaming rain; it was a mizzle, a downpour, a fountain, a whipping in the eyes, an undertow at the ankles; it was a rain to drown all rains and the memory of rains" to illustrate the fact that Bradbury turns the rain into an "ominous force" that "threatens \[the character's\] very survival".

"The Long Rain", as a story, is a "typical Bradbury space yarn". His presentation of Venus as being rain-soaked has been proven wrong by more modern science, but was in line with the scientific views of the time. The story was one in a large number of stories by many science fiction writers of the time that presented an "orthodoxy" that although it would be much more difficult than Mars, humans would fight to colonize Venus. While his description of Venus is not scientifically accurate, "Bradbury's power of description makes it real enough".

## Adaptations

In 1969, Jack Smight directed a film adaptation of *The Illustrated Man* in which "The Long Rain" was one of three Bradbury stories placed within the framing story. The film, starring Rod Steiger who was an acquaintance of Bradbury, was both a critical and financial failure.

In 1992, the story was adapted for television, appearing as an episode in the series *The Ray Bradbury Theater* and starring Marc Singer, with Bradbury providing the introduction. As the original setting of Venus was no longer credible, the story was instead set on a planet in another solar system.

## InfoBox

| "The Long Rain" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Ray Bradbury | |
| Original title | *Death-by-Rain* |
| Country | United States of America |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Science fiction |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *Planet Stories* |
| Publication type | Short story |
| Publication date | 23 September 1950 |


title: Slalom skiing

abstract: Slalom is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline, involving skiing between poles or gates. These are spaced more closely than those in giant slalom, super giant slalom and downhill, necessitating quicker and shorter turns. Internationally, the sport is contested at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships, and at the Olympic Winter Games.

text:
# Slalom skiing

**Slalom** is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline, involving skiing between poles or gates. These are spaced more closely than those in giant slalom, super giant slalom and downhill, necessitating quicker and shorter turns. Internationally, the sport is contested at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships, and at the Olympic Winter Games.

## History

The term **slalom** comes from the Morgedal/Seljord dialect of the Norwegian word "slalåm": "sla", meaning "slightly inclining hillside", and "låm", meaning "track after skis". The inventors of modern skiing classified their trails according to their difficulty. *Slalåm* was a trail used in Telemark by boys and girls not yet able to try themselves on the more challenging runs. *Ufsilåm* was a trail with one obstacle (*ufse*) like a jump, a fence, a difficult turn, a gorge, a cliff (often more than 10 metres (33 ft) high), et cetera. *Uvyrdslåm* was a trail with several obstacles. A Norwegian military downhill competition in 1767 included racing downhill among trees "without falling or breaking skis". Sondre Norheim and other skiers from Telemark practiced *uvyrdslåm* or "disrespectful/reckless downhill" where they raced downhill in difficult and untested terrain (i.e., off piste). The 1866 "ski race" in Oslo was a combined cross-country, jumping and slalom competition. In the slalom participants were allowed use poles for braking and steering, and they were given points for style (appropriate skier posture). During the late 19th century Norwegian skiers participated in all branches (jumping, slalom, and cross-country) often with the same pair of skis. Slalom and variants of slalom were often referred to as hill races. Around 1900 hill races were abandoned in the Oslo championships at Huseby and Holmenkollen. Mathias Zdarsky's development of the Lilienfeld binding helped change hill races into a specialty of the Alps region.

The rules for the modern slalom were developed by Arnold Lunn in 1922 for the British National Ski Championships, and adopted for alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics. Under these rules gates were marked by pairs of flags rather than single ones, were arranged so that the racers had to use a variety of turn lengths to negotiate them, and scoring was on the basis of time alone, rather than on both time and style.

## Course

A course is constructed by laying out a series of gates, formed by alternating pairs of red and blue poles. The skier must pass between the two poles forming the gate, with the tips of both skis and the skier's feet passing between the poles. A course has 55 to 75 gates for men and 40 to 60 for women. The vertical drop for a men's course is 180 to 220 m (591 to 722 ft) and measures slightly less for women. The gates are arranged in a variety of configurations to challenge the competitor.

Because the offsets are relatively small in slalom, ski racers take a fairly direct line and often knock the poles out of the way as they pass, which is known as blocking. (The main blocking technique in modern slalom is cross-blocking, in which the skier takes such a tight line and angulates so strongly that he or she is able to block the gate with the outside hand.) Racers employ a variety of protective equipment, including shin pads, hand guards, helmets and face guards.

## Clearing the gates

Traditionally, bamboo poles were used for gates, the rigidity of which forced skiers to maneuver their entire body around each gate. In the early 1980s, rigid poles were replaced by hard plastic poles, hinged at the base. The hinged gates require, according to FIS rules, only that the skis and boots of the skier go around each gate.

The new gates allow a more direct path down a slalom course through the process of cross-blocking or shinning the gates. Cross-blocking is a technique in which the legs go around the gate with the upper body inclined toward, or even across, the gate; in this case the racer's outside pole and shinguards hit the gate, knocking it down and out of the way. Cross-blocking is done by pushing the gate down with the arms, hands, or shins. By 1989, most of the top technical skiers in the world had adopted the cross-block technique.

## Equipment

With the innovation of shaped skis around the turn of the 21st century, equipment used for slalom in international competition changed drastically. World Cup skiers commonly skied on slalom skis at a length of 203–207 centimetres (79.9–81.5 in) in the 1980s and 1990s but by the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, the majority of competitors were using skis measuring 160 cm (63.0 in) or less.

The downside of the shorter skis was that athletes found that recoveries were more difficult with a smaller platform underfoot. Out of concern for the safety of athletes, the FIS began to set minimum ski lengths for international slalom competition. The minimum was initially set at 155 cm (61.0 in) for men and 150 cm (59.1 in) for women, but was increased to 165 cm (65.0 in) for men and 155 cm (61.0 in) for women for the 2003–2004 season.

The equipment minimums and maximums imposed by the International Ski Federation (FIS) have created a backlash from skiers, suppliers, and fans. The main objection is that the federation is regressing the equipment, and hence the sport, by two decades.

American Bode Miller hastened the shift to the shorter, more radical sidecut skis when he achieved unexpected success after becoming the first Junior Olympic athlete to adopt the equipment in giant slalom and super-G in 1996. A few years later, the technology was adapted to slalom skis as well.

## Men's slalom World Cup podiums

In the following table men's slalom World Cup podiums in the World Cup since first season in 1967.

| Season | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1967 | Jean-Claude Killy | Guy Perillat | Heinrich Messner |
| 1968 | Dumeng Giovanoli | Jean-Claude Killy | Patrick Russel |
| 1969 | Alain Penz
Alfred Matt
Jean-Noel Augert
Patrick Russel |  | |
| 1970 | Alain Penz | Jean-Noël Augert
Patrick Russel |  |
| 1971 | Jean-Noël Augert | Gustav Thöni | Tyler Palmer |
| 1972 | Jean-Noël Augert | Andrzej Bachleda | Roland Thöni |
| 1973 | Gustav Thöni | Christian Neureuther | Jean-Noël Augert |
| 1974 | Gustav Thöni | Christian Neureuther | Johann Kniewasser |
| 1975 | Ingemar Stenmark | Gustav Thöni | Piero Gros |
| 1976 | Ingemar Stenmark | Piero Gros | Gustav Thöni
Hans Hinterseer |
| 1977 | Ingemar Stenmark | Klaus Heidegger | Paul Frommelt |
| 1978 | Ingemar Stenmark | Klaus Heidegger | Phil Mahre |
| 1979 | Ingemar Stenmark | Phil Mahre | Christian Neureuther |
| 1980 | Ingemar Stenmark | Bojan Križaj | Christian Neureuther |
| 1981 | Ingemar Stenmark | Phil Mahre | Bojan Križaj
Steve Mahre |
| 1982 | Phil Mahre | Ingemar Stenmark | Steve Mahre |
| 1983 | Ingemar Stenmark | Stig Strand | Andreas Wenzel |
| 1984 | Marc Girardelli | Ingemar Stenmark | Franz Gruber |
| 1985 | Marc Girardelli | Paul Frommelt | Ingemar Stenmark |
| 1986 | Rok Petrovič | Bojan Križaj
Ingemar Stenmark
Paul Frommelt |  |
| 1987 | Bojan Križaj | Ingemar Stenmark | Armin Bittner |
| 1988 | Alberto Tomba | Günther Mader | Felix McGrath |
| 1989 | Armin Bittner | Alberto Tomba | Marc Girardelli
Ole Kristian Furuseth |
| 1990 | Armin Bittner | Alberto Tomba
Ole Kristian Furuseth |  |
| 1991 | Marc Girardelli | Ole Kristian Furuseth | Rudolf Nierlich |
| 1992 | Alberto Tomba | Paul Accola | Finn Christian Jagge |
| 1993 | Thomas Fogdö | Alberto Tomba | Thomas Stangassinger |
| 1994 | Alberto Tomba | Thomas Stangassinger | Jure Košir |
| 1995 | Alberto Tomba | Michael Tritscher | Jure Košir |
| 1996 | Sebastien Amiez | Alberto Tomba | Thomas Sykora |
| 1997 | Thomas Sykora | Thomas Stangassinger | Finn Christian Jagge |
| 1998 | Thomas Sykora | Thomas Stangassinger | Hans Petter Buraas |
| 1999 | Thomas Stangassinger | Jure Košir | Finn Christian Jagge |
| 2000 | Kjetil André Aamodt | Ole Kristian Furuseth | Matjaž Vrhovnik |
| 2001 | Benjamin Raich | Heinz Schilchegger | Mario Matt |
| 2002 | Ivica Kostelić | Bode Miller | Jean-Pierre Vidal |
| 2003 | Kalle Palander | Ivica Kostelić | Rainer Schönfelder |
| 2004 | Rainer Schönfelder | Kalle Palander | Benjamin Raich |
| 2005 | Benjamin Raich | Rainer Schönfelder | Manfred Pranger |
| 2006 | Giorgio Rocca | Kalle Palander | Benjamin Raich |
| 2007 | Benjamin Raich | Mario Matt | Jens Byggmark |
| 2008 | Manfred Mölgg | Jean-Baptiste Grange | Reinfried Herbst |
| 2009 | Jean-Baptiste Grange | Ivica Kostelić | Julien Lizeroux |
| 2010 | Reinfried Herbst | Julien Lizeroux | Silvan Zurbriggen |
| 2011 | Ivica Kostelić | Jean-Baptiste Grange | André Myhrer |
| 2012 | André Myhrer | Ivica Kostelić | Marcel Hirscher |
| 2013 | Marcel Hirscher | Felix Neureuther | Ivica Kostelić |
| 2014 | Marcel Hirscher | Felix Neureuther | Henrik Kristoffersen |
| 2015 | Marcel Hirscher | Felix Neureuther | Alexander Khoroshilov |
| 2016 | Henrik Kristoffersen | Marcel Hirscher | Felix Neureuther |
| 2017 | Marcel Hirscher | Henrik Kristoffersen | Manfred Mölgg |
| 2018 | Marcel Hirscher | Henrik Kristoffersen | André Myhrer |
| 2019 | Marcel Hirscher | Clément Noël | Daniel Yule |
| 2020 | Henrik Kristoffersen | Clément Noël | Daniel Yule |
| 2021 | Marco Schwarz | Clément Noël | Ramon Zenhäusern |
| 2022 | Henrik Kristoffersen | Manuel Feller | Atle Lie McGrath |
| 2023 | Lucas Braathen | Henrik Kristoffersen | Ramon Zenhäusern |
| 2024 | Manuel Feller | Linus Straßer | Timon Haugan |


title: Sobo-Katamuki Quasi-National Park

abstract: Sobo-Katamuki Quasi-National Park Sobo-Katamuki Quasi-National Park was a Quasi-National Park in Ōita and Miyazaki Prefectures, Japan. It was in 2017 incorporated in to the Sobo, Katamuki and Okue Biosphere Reserve. Established in 1965, the park derived its name from Mount Sobo and Mount Katamuki (傾山). The Quasi-National Park borders two homonymous Prefectural Parks, namely the Sobo Katamuki Prefectural Natural Park (Ōita) and Sobo Katamuki Prefectural Natural Park (Miyazaki).

text:
# Sobo-Katamuki Quasi-National Park

**Sobo-Katamuki Quasi-National Park** (祖母傾国定公園, *Sobo-Katamuki Kokutei Kōen*) was a Quasi-National Park in Ōita and Miyazaki Prefectures, Japan. It was in 2017 incorporated in to the Sobo, Katamuki and Okue Biosphere Reserve.

Established in 1965, the park derived its name from Mount Sobo (1,756 m (5,761 ft)) and Mount Katamuki (傾山) (1,602 m (5,256 ft)). The Quasi-National Park borders two homonymous Prefectural Parks, namely the Sobo Katamuki Prefectural Natural Park (Ōita) and Sobo Katamuki Prefectural Natural Park (Miyazaki).

## InfoBox

| Sobo-Katamuki Quasi-National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| 祖母傾国定公園 | |
| Mount Sobo | |
| Map of Japan | |
| Location | Ōita/Miyazaki Prefectures, Japan |
| Coordinates | 32°43′41″N 131°24′36″E / 32.728°N 131.41°E / 32.728; 131.41 |
| Area | 220 km2 (85 sq mi) |
| Established | 25 March 1965 |


title: Dynamite! (song)

abstract: "Dynamite!" is a song produced by Narada Michael Walden, co-written by Walden and Bunny Hull, and recorded by Stacy Lattisaw for her second studio album Let Me Be Your Angel (1980). The song was released as the lead single from Let Me Be Your Angel in 1980.

text:
# Dynamite! (song)

"**Dynamite!**" is a song produced by Narada Michael Walden, co-written by Walden and Bunny Hull, and recorded by Stacy Lattisaw for her second studio album *Let Me Be Your Angel* (1980). The song was released as the lead single from *Let Me Be Your Angel* in 1980.

## Chart performance

In the United States, "Dynamite!" did not make the *Billboard* Hot 100, but it hit number one on the Dance Club Songs chart (where it was her only number-one hit in general), and it peaked at number eight on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart. Lattisaw was just 13 years old when she made it to number-one and was the youngest act to have a number-one single on the Dance Club Songs chart at that time.

## Track listings and formats

**7" single**

1. "Dynamite!" – 4:20
2. "Dreaming" – 4:45

**12" single**

1. "Dynamite!" – 5:58
2. "Dreaming" – 4:45

## Charts

| Chart (1980) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (Official Charts Company) | 51 |
| US Disco Top 100 (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Hot Soul Singles (*Billboard*) | 8 |

## InfoBox

| "Dynamite!" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Stacy Lattisaw | |
| from the album  *Let Me Be Your Angel* | |
| B-side | "Dreaming" |
| Released | 1980 |
| Recorded | 1980 |
| Genre | Post-disco, funk |
| Length | 6:07 |
| Label | Cotillion |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Narada Michael Walden |
| Stacy Lattisaw singles chronology | |
| "When You're Young and in Love"
(1979) "**Dynamite!**"
(1980) "Jump to the Beat"
(1980) | |


title: Johnsville Meetinghouse

abstract: Johnsville Meetinghouse, also known as Johnsville Old German Baptist Meetinghouse, is a historic Old German Baptist Brethren meeting house located near Catawba, Roanoke County, Virginia. It was built in 1874, and is a simple, one story, one room building with five bays and a partial basement. It has a metal gable roof and features hand-planed clapboard siding and handmade window frames and glass. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

text:
# Johnsville Meetinghouse

**Johnsville Meetinghouse**, also known as Johnsville Old German Baptist Meetinghouse, is a historic Old German Baptist Brethren meeting house located near Catawba, Roanoke County, Virginia. It was built in 1874, and is a simple, one story, one room building with five bays and a partial basement. It has a metal gable roof and features hand-planed clapboard siding and handmade window frames and glass.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Johnsville Meetinghouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 8860 Johnsville Church Rd., Catawba, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°18′55″N 80°14′53″W / 37.31528°N 80.24806°W / 37.31528; -80.24806 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1874 (1874) |
| Architect | Holsinger, John |
| NRHP reference No. | 98001308 |
| VLR No. | 080-0122 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 30, 1998 |
| Designated VLR | September 14, 1998 |


title: Signéville

abstract: Signéville is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France. It had a population of 90 in 2019.

text:
# Signéville

**Signéville** (French pronunciation: \[siɲevil\]) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France. It had a population of 90 in 2019.

## InfoBox

| Signéville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Signéville | |
| SignévilleSignéville | |
| Coordinates: 48°16′01″N 5°16′27″E / 48.2669°N 5.2742°E / 48.2669; 5.2742 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Haute-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Chaumont |
| Canton | Bologne |
| Intercommunality | Meuse Rognon |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Julien Volot |
| Area**1** | 8.08 km2 (3.12 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 89 |
| Density | 11/km2 (29/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 52473 /52700 |
| Elevation | 355 m (1,165 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Spirochaete

abstract: A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota, which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) Gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm. Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella, or periplasmic flagella, which are sometimes called axial filaments. Endoflagella are anchored at each end (pole) of the bacterium within the periplasmic space where they project backwards to extend the length of the cell. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. Spirochaete bacteria are diverse in their pathogenic capacity and the ecological niches that they inhabit, as well as molecular characteristics including guanine-cytosine content and genome size.

text:
# Spirochaete

A **spirochaete** (/ˈsprˌkt/) or **spirochete** is a member of the phylum **Spirochaetota** (also called **Spirochaetes** /ˌsprˈktz/), which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) Gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.

Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called **endoflagella**, or **periplasmic flagella**, which are sometimes called *axial filaments*. Endoflagella are anchored at each end (pole) of the bacterium within the periplasmic space (between the inner and outer membranes) where they project backwards to extend the length of the cell. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. Spirochaete bacteria are diverse in their pathogenic capacity and the ecological niches that they inhabit, as well as molecular characteristics including guanine-cytosine content and genome size.

## Pathogenicity

Many organisms within the Spirochaetota phylum cause prevalent diseases. Pathogenic members of this phylum include the following:

Salvarsan, the first partially organic synthetic antimicrobial drug in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes and primarily used to cure syphilis. Additionally, oral spirochaetes are known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease.

## Taxonomy and molecular signatures

The class currently consists of 14 validly named genera across 4 orders and 5 families. The orders *Brachyspirales*, *Brevinematales* and *Leptospirales* each contain a single family, *Brachyspiraceae*, *Brevinemataceae* and *Leptospiraceae*, respectively. The *Spirochaetales* order harbours two families, *Spirochaetaceae* and *Borreliaceae*. Molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) and CSPs have been found specific for each of the orders, with the exception of *Brevinimetales*, that provide a reliable means to demarcate these clades from one another within the diverse phylum. Additional CSIs have been found exclusively shared by each family within the *Spirochaetales*. These molecular markers are in agreement with the observed phylogenetic tree branching of two monophyletic clades within the *Spirochaetales* order. CSIs have also been found that further differentiate taxonomic groups within the *Borreliaceae* family that further delineate evolutionary relationships that are in accordance with physical characteristics such as pathogenicity (viz. *Borrelia* emend. *Borreliella* gen. nov.). However, this study has been criticized, and other studies using different approaches do not support the proposed split. The new naming system for the Lyme and relapsing fever *Borrelia* has not been adopted by the scientific literature.

A CSI has also been found exclusively shared by all Spirochaetota species. This CSI is a 3 amino acid insert in the flagellar basal body rod protein FlgC which is an important part of the unique endoflagellar structure shared by Spirochaetota species. Given that the CSI is exclusively shared by members within this phylum, it has been postulated that it may be related to the characteristic flagellar properties observed among Spirochaetota species.

Historically, all families belonging to the Spirochaetota phylum were assigned to a single order, the *Spirochaetales*. However, the current taxonomic view is more connotative of accurate evolutionary relationships. The distribution of a CSI is indicative of shared ancestry within the clade for which it is specific. It thus functions as a synapomorphic characteristic, so that the distributions of different CSIs provide the means to identify different orders and families within the phylum and so justify the phylogenetic divisions.

## Phylogeny

| 16S rRNA based LTP\_08\_2023 | 120 single copy marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

## Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

## InfoBox

| Spirochaetes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Treponema pallidum*, a spirochaete which causes syphilis | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Spirochaetota
Garrity and Holt 2021 |
| Class: | Spirochaetia
Paster 2020 |
|
| Orders | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * Spirochaetota:     + "Protozoobacteriales" Prévot 1958     + "Spirochaetae" Cavalier-Smith 2002     + "Spirochaetaeota" Oren et al. 2015     + "Spirochaetes" Garrity and Holt 2001     + "Spirochaetota" Whitman et al. 2018 * Spirochaetia:     + Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002     + "Spirochaetia" Cavalier-Smith 2020     + "Leptospiria" Cavalier-Smith 2020 | |


title: Ced-9

abstract: Cell death abnormality gene 9 (CED-9), also known as apoptosis regulator CED-9, is a gene found in Caenorhabditis elegans that inhibits/represses programmed cell death (apoptosis). The gene was discovered while searching for mutations in the apoptotic pathway after the discovery of the apoptosis promoting genes CED-3 and CED-4. The gene gives rise to the apoptosis regulator CED-9 protein found as an Integral membrane protein in the mitochondrial membrane. The protein is homologous to the human apoptotic regulator Bcl-2 as well as all other proteins in the Bcl-2 protein family. CED-9 is involved in the inhibition of CED-4 which is the activator of the CED-3 caspase. Because of the pathway homology with humans as well as the specific protein homology, CED-9 has been used to represent the human cell apoptosis interactions of Bcl-2 in research.

text:
# Ced-9

Cell death abnormality gene 9 (*CED-9*), also known as apoptosis regulator *CED-9*, is a gene found in *Caenorhabditis elegans* that inhibits/represses programmed cell death (apoptosis). The gene was discovered while searching for mutations in the apoptotic pathway after the discovery of the apoptosis promoting genes *CED-3* and *CED-4*. The gene gives rise to the apoptosis regulator CED-9 protein found as an Integral membrane protein in the mitochondrial membrane. The protein is homologous to the human apoptotic regulator Bcl-2 as well as all other proteins in the Bcl-2 protein family. CED-9 is involved in the inhibition of CED-4 which is the activator of the CED-3 caspase. Because of the pathway homology with humans as well as the specific protein homology, *CED-9* has been used to represent the human cell apoptosis interactions of Bcl-2 in research.

## Discovery

The *CED-9* gene was discovered in 1992 while searching the genome of *C. elegans* for mutations affecting cell death. The first mutation identified was a dominant gain of function mutation referred to as n1950 that allowed cells to survive when they were fated to die. The observed phenotype was similar to that observed in *CED-3* and *CED-4* loss of function mutants (known proteins from the apoptotic pathway). It was also observed that loss of function mutations in *CED-3* and *CED-4* were able to rescue cells with a *CED-9* loss of function mutation. These observations suggested that CED-9 functioned upstream of the CED-3 and CED-4 proteins in the same pathway.

## Structure

### Gene

The *CED-9* gene is located on chromosome 3 of the *C. elegans* genome. *CED-9* is transcribed from a polycistronic locus that also contains genes required for the mitochondrial Oxidative phosphorylation. The *CED-9* gene has been identified in two distinct transcripts, both transcribed from this locus. The first was identified as a 1.3 kb transcript encoding only the *CED-9* sequence. The second being a rare 2.1 kb bicistronic transcript containing the 1.3 kb transcript and an additional 0.75 kb transcript from an upstream gene found in the gene locus. this 0.75 kb transcript corresponds to the cytochrome protein *cyt-1* that functions in the electron transport chain within the mitochondria. The bicistronic transcript is then spliced giving rise to the two distinct mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for both genes. The most prevalent transcript however, is the 1299-nucleotide (~1.3kb) long transcript that encodes an 843-nucleotide mRNA containing 4 exons.

### Protein

*CED-9* encodes the apoptosis regulator CED-9 protein which is an important negative regulator protein in the apoptosis pathway of *C. elegans*. The protein consists of 280 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 31824.42 Da. The structure of this protein has been solved using X-ray diffraction revealing 9 Helices, 2 Beta strands, and 2 turn motifs. The CED-9 protein belongs to the Bcl-2-like protein family. This refers to the homology between the ced-9 protein and the B-cell lymphoma proteins (Bcl) found in humans, specifically the Bcl-2 protein. CED-9 contains a BCL domain homologous to Bcl-2 domains BH1, BH2, and part of BH3 as well as a separate domain homologous to BH4 located near the N-terminus. CED-9 also includes a transmembrane domain on the C-terminal end of the structure that anchors the protein to the mitochondrial membrane. However, research shown that the C-terminal domain is not necessary for the protein's main function as an inhibitor of the CED-4 protein found in the same apoptosis signalling pathway.

## Function

Cell death, or apoptosis during early development is crucial for the correct morphology and refractivity of adult *C. elegans*. This process involves a signal and interaction cascade of proteins leading to the engulfment and death of the targeted cell. Proteins in this cascade can be categorized into two groups; pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic. Pro-apoptotic proteins activate the apoptosis pathway while anti-apoptotic proteins suppress the pathway. CED-9 is classified as an anti-apoptotic protein.

Apoptosis in *C. elegans* is often simplified to interactions between four major proteins in the pathway; EGL-1, CED-9, CED-4, and CED-3. CED-3 is the final protease in the interaction network and is responsible for activating the proteins involved in cell disassembly. CED-9 is said to protect cells from the apoptosis pathway. Under normal conditions, in a cell not experiencing apoptotic signalling, CED-9 forms a complex with CED-4 at the membrane of the mitochondria. This interaction sequesters the pro-apoptotic signalling of CED-4. CED-4 consists of an asymmetric dimer of CED-4a and CED-4b proteins in which CED-9 can specifically recognize and bind CED-4a. This interaction is a highly specific recognition and binding interaction between the N-terminal tails of both proteins. When the cell receives an apoptotic signal via a receptor commonly referred to as a "death receptor", the protein EGL-1 is activated. The active EGL-1 binds CED-9 causing a Conformational change that interrupts and inhibits the CED-9 - CED-4 interaction. CED-4 is free to dissociate and activate the CED-3 protease effectively triggering the final stages for apoptosis.

### Mutations

The cells developed during embryogenesis and early life in *C. elegans* have one of two fates, to live and differentiate or apoptose. Apoptosis during development is highly regulated and only occurs in specific cells at specific times. Every cell division and cell death in the development of *C. elegans* from embryo to adult has been studied and documented to reveal a fixed pattern between individual organisms. Apoptosis during development is important for the proper morphology and refractivity of C. elegans, but it is not always essential for survival. Thus, over 100 mutations have been observed and documented as affecting the apoptotic pathway of *C. elegans*. Many proteins involved in the interaction cascade were discovered because of these mutations and their resulting phenotype. *CED-9* mutants are among the mutations that affect this pathway. *CED-9* gain of function mutations are unresponsive to apoptosis signalling and allow cells fated to die, to survive. A notable example of a *CED-9* dominant gain of function mutation would be the *n1950* mutation which was the first mutation documented for *CED-9* and responsible for the gene's discovery. Loss of function mutations cause inappropriate cell death in the absence of apoptosis stimuli. Mutations in *CED-9* also reveal its maternal effect; where the genotype of the mother determines the phenotype of the progeny. Homozygous, loss of function mutants from a heterozygous mother experience some unpredictable cell death, however, give rise to unviable progeny themselves.

## Significance

The apoptotic pathway has been conserved in evolutionary history and is vital for the maintenance of multicellular organisms such as humans. A parallel pathway to the one found in *C. elegans* is also observed in mammals involving a number of homologous proteins. Disruptions to this pathway often lead to diseases that, in humans, include various cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disease. *Bcl-2* in particular is often found mutated in many human cancers. Due to the conserved nature of the apoptotic pathway and the extensive knowledge and understanding available for *C. elegans*, the organisms apoptotic pathway can be used as a proxy for the human equivalent. *CED-9* is the homologue of *Bcl-2* which can provide researchers with information including the pathways the protein is involved in and the consequences of mutation that may parallel pathways or abnormalities in humans.

## Interactions

## InfoBox

| CED-9 (gene) | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Organism | Caenorhabditis elegans |
| Symbol | CED-9 |
| Entrez | 3565776 |
| HomoloGene | 80344 |
| PDB | 1OHU |
| RefSeq (mRNA) | NM\_066883 |
| RefSeq (Prot) | NP\_499284 |
| UniProt | P41958 |
| Other data | |
| Chromosome | *III: 10.34 - 10.34 Mb* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |