title: European Fund for the Balkans

abstract: The European Fund for the Balkans is an organisation based in Belgrade. It was founded in 2008 as a joint initiative by the Robert Bosch Stiftung, the ERSTE Foundation, the King Baudouin Foundation and the Compagnia di San Paolo in order to support countries from the former Yugoslavia during their EU association process. The EFB coordinated the Civil Society Forum within the framework of the Berlin Process. On its 10th anniversary of the foundation launched the Declaration of a European Balkans Partnership, a document signed by numerous Balkan actors which calls for more engagement by the EU in the former Yugoslavia to complete the region's socio-economic transformation. Declaration was authored by Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BiEPAG) who consulted Balkans state officials, representatives of European Union, representatives of civil society and renowned experts and intellectuals.

text:
# European Fund for the Balkans

The **European Fund for the Balkans** (Serbian Cyrillic: Европски фонд за Балкан; abbreviation: **EFB**) is an organisation based in Belgrade. It was founded in 2008 as a joint initiative by the Robert Bosch Stiftung, the ERSTE Foundation, the King Baudouin Foundation and the Compagnia di San Paolo in order to support countries from the former Yugoslavia during their EU association process.

The EFB coordinated the Civil Society Forum within the framework of the Berlin Process. On its 10th anniversary of the foundation launched the Declaration of a European Balkans Partnership, a document signed by numerous Balkan actors which calls for more engagement by the EU in the former Yugoslavia to complete the region's socio-economic transformation. Declaration was authored by Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BiEPAG) who consulted Balkans state officials, representatives of European Union, representatives of civil society and renowned experts and intellectuals.

## Programmes

The European Fund for the Balkans (EFB) had two main programs aimed at developing human capital. One is the *Fellowship Programme for Government Officials from the Western Balkans* launched in 2008 which aims to educate civil servants about European political and social systems. The other is a series of *Policy Hackathons*, events aiming to create new solutions for issues faced by the citizens in the Balkans.

The Think and Link Regional Policy Programme was launched in 2008. Its aim is to support Balkan civil society organisations and independent institutes in the fields of public analysis, research and public policy proposals.

A project aimed at improving regional cooperation is the Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BiEPAG), which represents a group of experts engaged in researching political, economic and social trends in the Balkans. EFB established this group together with the Centre for Southeast European Studies at the University of Graz in 2013.

### 10th anniversary

On 16 April 2018, its 10th anniversary, the foundation launched the Declaration of a European Balkans Partnership, a document signed by numerous Balkan actors that calls for more engagement by the EU in the Yugoslav successor states in order to complete the region's socio-economic transformation.

### Balkanoscope

On 26 March 2018 a new project called "Balkanoscope" was presented in Brussels. It is a joint initiative of *European Western Balkans* and European Fund for the Balkans. Aim of the project is to "present the Balkans from a different viewpoint...where real people are struggling with real issues" by publishing different stories and interviews.

As of 7 August 2018 there are English and French version of the portal.

## InfoBox

European Fund for the Balkans
| Европски фонд за Балкан | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Formation | 16 April 2008 |
| Founded at | Belgrade, Serbia |
| Type | Foundation |
| Legal status | Active |
| Purpose | Justice, public administration reform, civil society, international cooperation, European integration; |
| Headquarters | Majke Jevrosime 20, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia |
| Location |  |
| Region | Southeastern Europe |
| Official language | English |
| Executive Director | Aleksandra Tomanic |
| Website | www.balkanfund.org |


title: European Fusion Development Agreement

abstract: EFDA has been followed by EUROfusion, which is a consortium of national fusion research institutes located in the European Union and Switzerland. The European Union has a strongly coordinated nuclear fusion research programme. At the European level, the so-called EURATOM Treaty is the international legal framework under which member states cooperate in the fields of nuclear fusion research. The European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) is an agreement between European fusion research institutions and the European Commission to strengthen their coordination and collaboration, and to participate in collective activities in the field of nuclear fusion research. In Europe, fusion research takes place in a great number of research institutes and universities. In each member state of the European Fusion Programme at least one research organisation has a "Contract of Association" with the European Commission. All the fusion research organisations and institutions of a country are connected to the program through this (these) contracted organisation(s). After the name of the contract, the groups of fusion research organisations of the member states are called "Associations".

text:
# European Fusion Development Agreement

**EFDA** (1999 — 2013) has been followed by EUROfusion, which is a consortium of national fusion research institutes located in the European Union and Switzerland.

The European Union has a strongly coordinated nuclear fusion research programme. At the European level, the so-called EURATOM Treaty is the international legal framework under which member states cooperate in the fields of nuclear fusion research.

The European Fusion Development Agreement (**EFDA**) is an agreement between European fusion research institutions and the European Commission (which represents Euratom) to strengthen their coordination and collaboration, and to participate in collective activities in the field of nuclear fusion research.

In Europe, fusion research takes place in a great number of research institutes and universities. In each member state of the European Fusion Programme at least one research organisation has a "Contract of Association" with the European Commission. All the fusion research organisations and institutions of a country are connected to the program through this (these) contracted organisation(s). After the name of the contract, the groups of fusion research organisations of the member states are called "Associations".

## History

The European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) was created in 1999. Until 2008 EFDA was responsible for the exploitation of the Joint European Torus, the coordination and support of fusion-related research & development activities carried out by the Associations and by European Industry and coordination of the European contribution to large scale international collaborations, such as the ITER-project.

2008 has brought a significant change to the structure of the European Fusion Programme. The change was triggered by the signature of the ITER agreement at the end of 2006. The ITER parties had agreed to provide contributions to ITER through legal entities referred to as "Domestic Agencies". Europe has fulfilled its obligation by launching the European Domestic Agency called "Fusion for Energy", also called F4E, in March 2007.

With the appearance of F4E EFDA´s role has changed and it has been reorganised. A revised European Fusion Development Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2008 focuses on research coordination with two main objectives: to prepare for the operation and exploitation of ITER and to further develop and consolidate the knowledge base needed for overall fusion development and in particular for DEMO, the first electricity producing experimental fusion power plant being built after ITER.

## Organisation

EFDA has two locations, which each house a so-called Close Support Unit (CSU), responsible for part of EFDA's activities. The EFDA-CSU Garching is located in Garching, near Munich (Germany), and is hosted by the German Max-Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik. EFDA-CSU Culham is hosted by the CCFE Archived 2020-10-28 at the Wayback Machine laboratory in Culham (UK), home of the Joint European Torus facilities.

A large number of scientists and engineers from the associated laboratories work together on different projects of EFDA. The main task of the Close Support Units is to ensure that these diverse activities are integrated in a coordinated European Fusion Programme.

The EFDA management consists of the EFDA Leader (Dr. Francesco Romanelli) and the EFDA-Associate Leader for JET (Dr. Francesco Romanelli).

## Activities

In order to achieve its objectives EFDA conducts the following group of activities:

* Collective use of JET, the world's largest fusion experiment
* Reinforced coordination of fusion physics and technology research and development in EU laboratories.
* Training and carrier development of researchers, promoting links to universities and carrying out support actions for the benefit of the fusion programme.
* EU contributions to international collaborations outside F4E

EFDA coordinates a range of activities to be carried out by the Associations in 7 key physics and technology areas. The implementation of these activities benefits from structures so called Task Forces and Topical Groups. The European Task Forces on Plasma Wall Interaction (PWI) and on Integrated Tokamak Modelling (ITM) set up respectively in 2002 and 2003. To strengthen the co-ordination in other key areas five Topical Groups have been set up in 2008: on Fusion Materials Development, Diagnostics, Heating and Current Drive, Transport and Plasma Stability and Control.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

European Fusion Development Agreement
|
|  |
| Successor | EUROfusion |
| Formation | 1999 |
| Dissolved | 2013 |
| Headquarters | Culham, United Kingdom;<br>Garching, Germany |
| Leader | Francesco Romanelli |
| Website | efda.org |


title: Euros Lyn

abstract: Euros Lyn is a Welsh film and television director, best known for his work in Doctor Who, Sherlock, Black Mirror, Daredevil, His Dark Materials and Heartstopper.

text:
# Euros Lyn

**Euros Lyn** (Welsh pronunciation: \[ˈɛɨ̯.rɔs ˈlɪn\]; born 1971) is a Welsh film and television director, best known for his work in *Doctor Who*, *Sherlock*, *Black Mirror*, *Daredevil*, *His Dark Materials* and *Heartstopper*.

## Early life

Lyn was born in Cardiff. His family moved to north Wales and later back south to Swansea. He was educated at Ysgol Gyfun Ystalyfera and studied Drama at the University of Manchester.

## Career

Lyn started his career directing Welsh-language programmes broadcast on S4C, such as *Pam Fi Duw?*, *Iechyd Da* and *Y Glas*.

He directed nine episodes of *Doctor Who* and won the BAFTA Cymru award for Best Director for "Silence in the Library" and the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form for "The Girl in the Fireplace". He also directed David Tennant's (first)last episodes of *Doctor Who*.

In 2007, he directed the pilot of *George Gently*, based on the *Inspector Gently* novels by Alan Hunter, for BBC One. He has also directed four episodes of the long-running BBC medical drama *Casualty*.

In 2008, he directed *Children of Earth*, the five-episode *Torchwood* mini-series (often called series 3 of the show).

Lyn won the BAFTA Cymru for Best Director three times, most recently for the first series of *Sherlock* with Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman, which also won RTS and BAFTA Best Drama awards. He also directed *Fifteen Million Merits*, an episode of the anthology series *Black Mirror* for Channel 4, which won an International Emmy for Best Drama Series. In 2013 he directed three episodes of *Broadchurch* with David Tennant and Olivia Colman, and a further three episodes of the second instalment of BAFTA-winning series *Last Tango in Halifax*, after directing three episodes of the first series.

The crime series *Happy Valley*, which Lyn directed, was shown on BBC One in 2014. In 2015 the show won the BAFTA award for Best Drama Series. He also directed episodes of *Gracepoint* (FOX USA), *Cucumber* (Channel 4) and *Daredevil* (Netflix USA).

In 2015 Lyn received the Siân Phillips Award at the BAFTA Cymru ceremony for his contributions to the industry. In the same year, he directed the three-part BBC series *Capital* based on John Lanchester's novel of the same name.

In 2016 Lyn directed his first feature film, the Welsh-language *Y Llyfrgell*, which was released with English subtitles as *The Library Suicides* and was based on Fflur Dafydd's book *Y Llyfrgell*. The film starred Ryland Teifi, Catrin Stewart, Dyfan Dwyfor and Sharon Haf Morgan.

## Personal life

A Welsh speaker, Lyn resides in Llangennith, Gower, with his husband Craig Hughes.

## Credits

| Year | Title | Notes | Broadcaster |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *Pam fi Duw?* | Series 1 | S4C |
| 2000 | *Diwrnod Hollol Mindblowing Heddiw* (cy) | TV movie | S4C |
| 2000 | *Belonging* | 4 episodes | BBC One Wales |
| 2002 | *A Mind to Kill* | Episode: "The Little House in the Forest" | Channel 5/S4C |
| 2002–2003 | *Casualty* | 4 episodes | BBC One |
| 2004 | *Cutting It* | 1 episode | BBC One |
| 2005–2006;
2008–2010 | *Doctor Who* | 12 episodes | BBC One |
| 2005 | *All About George* | 2 episodes | ITV1 |
| 2006 | *Jane Hall* | 3 episodes | ITV1 |
| 2007 | *George Gently* | Pilot | BBC One |
| 2008 | *Fairy Tales* | Episode: "Billy Goat" | BBC One |
| | *Phoo Action* | Pilot | BBC Three |
| 2009 | *Torchwood* | 5 episodes | BBC One |
| 2010 | *Sherlock* | Episode: "The Blind Banker" | BBC One |
| | *Upstairs, Downstairs* | 2 episodes | BBC One |
| 2011 | *Black Mirror* | Episode: "Fifteen Million Merits" | Channel 4 |
| 2012–2013 | *Last Tango in Halifax* | 6 episodes | BBC One |
| 2013 | *Broadchurch* | 3 episodes | ITV1 |
| 2014 | *Happy Valley* | 3 episodes | BBC One |
| | *Gracepoint* | 2 episodes | Fox |
| 2015 | *Cucumber* | 2 episodes | Channel 4 |
| 2015–2016 | *Daredevil* | 2 episodes | Netflix |
| 2015 | *Capital* | Series | BBC One |
| 2016 | *Y Llyfrgell / The Library Suicides* | Film | S4C, Blinc Media |
| | *Damilola, Our Loved Boy* | TV movie | BBC One |
| 2017 | *Let the Right One In* | Pilot | TNT |
| 2018 | *Kiri* | Miniseries | Channel 4 |
| 2019 | *His Dark Materials* | Episode: "The Daemon-Cage" | BBC One |
| 2020 | *Dream Horse* | Film |  |
| 2022–2023 | *Heartstopper* | 16 episodes | Netflix |
| 2024 | *The Radleys* | Film |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Euros Lyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Lyn at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con | |
| Born | 1971 (age 5253)
Cardiff, Wales |
| Occupation(s) | Film and television director |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Spouse | Craig Hughes (m. 2015) |


title: Euler's rotation theorem

abstract: In geometry, Euler's rotation theorem states that, in three-dimensional space, any displacement of a rigid body such that a point on the rigid body remains fixed, is equivalent to a single rotation about some axis that runs through the fixed point. It also means that the composition of two rotations is also a rotation. Therefore the set of rotations has a group structure, known as a rotation group. The theorem is named after Leonhard Euler, who proved it in 1775 by means of spherical geometry. The axis of rotation is known as an Euler axis, typically represented by a unit vector ê. Its product by the rotation angle is known as an axis-angle vector. The extension of the theorem to kinematics yields the concept of instant axis of rotation, a line of fixed points. In linear algebra terms, the theorem states that, in 3D space, any two Cartesian coordinate systems with a common origin are related by a rotation about some fixed axis. This also means that the product of two rotation matrices is again a rotation matrix and that for a non-identity rotation matrix one eigenvalue is 1 and the other two are both complex, or both equal to −1. The eigenvector corresponding to this eigenvalue is the axis of rotation connecting the two systems.

text:
# Euler's rotation theorem

In geometry, **Euler's rotation theorem** states that, in three-dimensional space, any displacement of a rigid body such that a point on the rigid body remains fixed, is equivalent to a single rotation about some axis that runs through the fixed point. It also means that the composition of two rotations is also a rotation. Therefore the set of rotations has a group structure, known as a *rotation group*.

The theorem is named after Leonhard Euler, who proved it in 1775 by means of spherical geometry. The axis of rotation is known as an **Euler axis**, typically represented by a unit vector **ê**. Its product by the rotation angle is known as an axis-angle vector. The extension of the theorem to kinematics yields the concept of instant axis of rotation, a line of fixed points.

In linear algebra terms, the theorem states that, in 3D space, any two Cartesian coordinate systems with a common origin are related by a rotation about some fixed axis. This also means that the product of two rotation matrices is again a rotation matrix and that for a non-identity rotation matrix one eigenvalue is 1 and the other two are both complex, or both equal to −1. The eigenvector corresponding to this eigenvalue is the axis of rotation connecting the two systems.

## Euler's theorem (1776)

Euler states the theorem as follows:

> ***Theorema.*** *Quomodocunque sphaera circa centrum suum conuertatur, semper assignari potest diameter,* *cuius directio in situ translato conueniat cum situ initiali.*

or (in English):

> When a sphere is moved around its centre it is always possible to find a diameter whose direction in the displaced position is the same as in the initial position.

### Proof

Euler's original proof was made using spherical geometry and therefore whenever he speaks about triangles they must be understood as spherical triangles.

#### Previous analysis

To arrive at a proof, Euler analyses what the situation would look like if the theorem were true. To that end, suppose the yellow line in **Figure 1** goes through the center of the sphere and is the axis of rotation we are looking for, and point **O** is one of the two intersection points of that axis with the sphere. Then he considers an arbitrary great circle that does not contain **O** (the blue circle), and its image after rotation (the red circle), which is another great circle not containing **O**. He labels a point on their intersection as point **A**. (If the circles coincide, then **A** can be taken as any point on either; otherwise **A** is one of the two points of intersection.)

Now **A** is on the initial circle (the blue circle), so its image will be on the transported circle (red). He labels that image as point **a**. Since **A** is also on the transported circle (red), it is the image of another point that was on the initial circle (blue) and he labels that preimage as **α** (see **Figure 2**). Then he considers the two arcs joining **α** and **a** to **A**. These arcs have the same length because arc **αA** is mapped onto arc **Aa**. Also, since **O** is a fixed point, triangle **αOA** is mapped onto triangle **AOa**, so these triangles are isosceles, and arc **AO** bisects angle **αAa**.

#### Construction of the best candidate point

Let us construct a point that could be invariant using the previous considerations. We start with the blue great circle and its image under the transformation, which is the red great circle as in the **Figure 1**. Let point **A** be a point of intersection of those circles. If **A**’s image under the transformation is the same point then **A** is a fixed point of the transformation, and since the center is also a fixed point, the diameter of the sphere containing **A** is the axis of rotation and the theorem is proved.

Otherwise we label **A**’s image as **a** and its preimage as **α**, and connect these two points to **A** with arcs **αA** and **Aa**. These arcs have the same length. Construct the great circle that bisects **αAa** and locate point **O** on that great circle so that arcs **AO** and **aO** have the same length, and call the region of the sphere containing **O** and bounded by the blue and red great circles the interior of **αAa**. (That is, the yellow region in **Figure 3**.) Then since **αA** = **Aa** and **O** is on the bisector of **αAa**, we also have **αO** = **aO**.

#### Proof of its invariance under the transformation

Now let us suppose that **O′** is the image of **O**. Then we know **αAO** = ∠**AaO′** and orientation is preserved, so **O′** must be interior to **αAa**. Now **AO** is transformed to **aO′**, so **AO** = **aO′**. Since **AO** is also the same length as **aO**, then **aO** = **aO′** and **AaO** = ∠**aAO**. But **αAO** = ∠**aAO**, so **αAO** = ∠**AaO** and **AaO** = ∠**AaO′**. Therefore **O′** is the same point as **O**. In other words, **O** is a fixed point of the transformation, and since the center is also a fixed point, the diameter of the sphere containing **O** is the axis of rotation.

#### Final notes about the construction

Euler also points out that **O** can be found by intersecting the perpendicular bisector of **Aa** with the angle bisector of **αAa**, a construction that might be easier in practice. He also proposed the intersection of two planes:

* the symmetry plane of the angle **αAa** (which passes through the center **C** of the sphere), and
* the symmetry plane of the arc **Aa** (which also passes through **C**).

**Proposition**. These two planes intersect in a diameter. This diameter is the one we are looking for. **Proof**. Let us call **O** either of the endpoints (there are two) of this diameter over the sphere surface. Since **αA** is mapped on **Aa** and the triangles have the same angles, it follows that the triangle **OαA** is transported onto the triangle **OAa**. Therefore the point **O** has to remain fixed under the movement. **Corollaries**. This also shows that the rotation of the sphere can be seen as two consecutive reflections about the two planes described above. Points in a mirror plane are invariant under reflection, and hence the points on their intersection (a line: the axis of rotation) are invariant under both the reflections, and hence under the rotation.

Another simple way to find the rotation axis is by considering the plane on which the points **α**, **A**, **a** lie. The rotation axis is obviously orthogonal to this plane, and passes through the center **C** of the sphere.

Given that for a rigid body any movement that leaves an axis invariant is a rotation, this also proves that any arbitrary composition of rotations is equivalent to a single rotation around a new axis.

## Matrix proof

A spatial rotation is a linear map in one-to-one correspondence with a 3 × 3 rotation matrix **R** that transforms a coordinate vector **x** into **X**, that is **Rx** = **X**. Therefore, another version of Euler's theorem is that for every rotation **R**, there is a nonzero vector **n** for which **Rn** = **n**; this is exactly the claim that **n** is an eigenvector of **R** associated with the eigenvalue 1. Hence it suffices to prove that 1 is an eigenvalue of **R**; the rotation axis of **R** will be the line *μ***n**, where **n** is the eigenvector with eigenvalue 1.

A rotation matrix has the fundamental property that its inverse is its transpose, that is

$$\mathbf {R} ^{\mathsf {T}\mathbf {R} =\mathbf {R} \mathbf {R} ^{\mathsf {T}=\mathbf {I} ,}}$$

where **I** is the 3 × 3 identity matrix and superscript T indicates the transposed matrix.

Compute the determinant of this relation to find that a rotation matrix has determinant ±1. In particular,

$$\begin{aligned}1=\det(\mathbf {I} )&=\det \left(\mathbf {R} ^{\mathsf {T}\mathbf {R} \right)=\det \left(\mathbf {R} ^{\mathsf {T}\right)\det(\mathbf {R} )=\det(\mathbf {R} )^{2}\\\Longrightarrow \qquad \det(\mathbf {R} )&=\pm 1.\end{aligned}}}$$

A rotation matrix with determinant +1 is a proper rotation, and one with a negative determinant −1 is an *improper rotation*, that is a reflection combined with a proper rotation.

It will now be shown that a proper rotation matrix **R** has at least one invariant vector **n**, i.e., **Rn** = **n**. Because this requires that (**R****I**)**n** = 0, we see that the vector **n** must be an eigenvector of the matrix **R** with eigenvalue *λ* = 1. Thus, this is equivalent to showing that det(**R****I**) = 0.

Use the two relations

$$\det(-\mathbf {A} )=(-1)^{3}\det(\mathbf {A} )=-\det(\mathbf {A} )\quad $$

for any 3 × 3 matrix **A** and

$$\det \left(\mathbf {R} ^{-1}\right)=1\quad $$

(since det(**R**) = 1) to compute

$$\begin{aligned}&\det(\mathbf {R} -\mathbf {I} )=\det \left((\mathbf {R} -\mathbf {I} )^{\mathsf {T}\right)\\\{}={}&\det \left(\mathbf {R} ^{\mathsf {T}-\mathbf {I} \right)=\det \left(\mathbf {R} ^{-1}-\mathbf {R} ^{-1}\mathbf {R} \right)\\\{}={}&\det \left(\mathbf {R} ^{-1}(\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {R} )\right)=\det \left(\mathbf {R} ^{-1}\right)\\,\det(-(\mathbf {R} -\mathbf {I} ))\\\{}={}&-\det(\mathbf {R} -\mathbf {I} )\\\\[3pt\]\Longrightarrow \ 0={}&\det(\mathbf {R} -\mathbf {I} ).\end{aligned}}}$$

This shows that *λ* = 1 is a root (solution) of the characteristic equation, that is,

$$\det(\mathbf {R} -\lambda \mathbf {I} )=0\quad {\hbox{for}\quad \lambda =1.}$$

In other words, the matrix **R****I** is singular and has a non-zero kernel, that is, there is at least one non-zero vector, say **n**, for which

$$(\mathbf {R} -\mathbf {I} )\mathbf {n} =\mathbf {0} \quad \Longleftrightarrow \quad \mathbf {R} \mathbf {n} =\mathbf {n} .$$

The line *μ***n** for real μ is invariant under **R**, i.e., *μ***n** is a rotation axis. This proves Euler's theorem.

## Equivalence of an orthogonal matrix to a rotation matrix

Two matrices (representing linear maps) are said to be equivalent if there is a change of basis that makes one equal to the other. A proper orthogonal matrix is always equivalent (in this sense) to either the following matrix or to its vertical reflection:

$$\mathbf {R} \sim {\begin{pmatrix}\cos \phi &-\sin \phi &0\\\sin \phi &\cos \phi &0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix},\qquad 0\leq \phi \leq 2\pi .}$$

Then, any orthogonal matrix is either a rotation or an improper rotation. A general orthogonal matrix has only one real eigenvalue, either +1 or −1. When it is +1 the matrix is a rotation. When −1, the matrix is an improper rotation.

If **R** has more than one invariant vector then *φ* = 0 and **R** = **I**. *Any* vector is an invariant vector of **I**.

### Excursion into matrix theory

In order to prove the previous equation some facts from matrix theory must be recalled.

An *m* × *m* matrix **A** has *m* orthogonal eigenvectors if and only if **A** is normal, that is, if **A****A** = **AA**. This result is equivalent to stating that normal matrices can be brought to diagonal form by a unitary similarity transformation:

$$\mathbf {A} \mathbf {U} =\mathbf {U} \\;\operatorname {diag} (\alpha \_{1},\ldots ,\alpha \_{m})\quad \Longleftrightarrow \quad \mathbf {U} ^{\dagger }\mathbf {A} \mathbf {U} =\operatorname {diag} (\alpha \_{1},\ldots ,\alpha \_{m}),$$

and **U** is unitary, that is,

$$\mathbf {U} ^{\dagger }=\mathbf {U} ^{-1}.$$

The eigenvalues *α*1, ..., *αm* are roots of the characteristic equation. If the matrix **A** happens to be unitary (and note that unitary matrices are normal), then

$$\left(\mathbf {U} ^{\dagger }\mathbf {A} \mathbf {U} \right)^{\dagger }=\operatorname {diag} \left(\alpha \_{1}^{\*},\ldots ,\alpha \_{m}^{\*}\right)=\mathbf {U} ^{\dagger }\mathbf {A} ^{-1}\mathbf {U} =\operatorname {diag} \left({\frac {1}{\alpha \_{1},\ldots ,{\frac {1}{\alpha \_{m}\right)}}}}$$

and it follows that the eigenvalues of a unitary matrix are on the unit circle in the complex plane:

$$\alpha \_{k}^{\*}={\frac {1}{\alpha \_{k}\quad \Longleftrightarrow \quad \alpha \_{k}^{\*}\alpha \_{k}=\left|\alpha \_{k}\right|^{2}=1,\qquad k=1,\ldots ,m.}}$$

Also an orthogonal (real unitary) matrix has eigenvalues on the unit circle in the complex plane. Moreover, since its characteristic equation (an mth order polynomial in λ) has real coefficients, it follows that its roots appear in complex conjugate pairs, that is, if α is a root then so is *α*. There are 3 roots, thus at least one of them must be purely real (+1 or −1).

After recollection of these general facts from matrix theory, we return to the rotation matrix **R**. It follows from its realness and orthogonality that we can find a **U** such that:

$$\mathbf {R} \mathbf {U} =\mathbf {U} {\begin{pmatrix}e^{i\phi }&0&0\\0&e^{-i\phi }&0\\0&0&\pm 1\\\end{pmatrix}}$$

If a matrix **U** can be found that gives the above form, and there is only one purely real component and it is −1, then we define $\mathbf {R} $ to be an improper rotation. Let us only consider the case, then, of matrices R that are proper rotations (the third eigenvalue is just 1). The third column of the 3 × 3 matrix **U** will then be equal to the invariant vector **n**. Writing **u**1 and **u**2 for the first two columns of **U**, this equation gives

$$\mathbf {R} \mathbf {u} \_{1}=e^{i\phi }\\,\mathbf {u} \_{1}\quad {\hbox{and}\quad \mathbf {R} \mathbf {u} \_{2}=e^{-i\phi }\\,\mathbf {u} \_{2}.}$$

If **u**1 has eigenvalue 1, then *φ* = 0 and **u**2 has also eigenvalue 1, which implies that in that case **R** = **I**. In general, however, as $(\mathbf {R} -e^{i\phi }\mathbf {I} )\mathbf {u} \_{1}=0$ implies that also $(\mathbf {R} -e^{-i\phi }\mathbf {I} )\mathbf {u} \_{1}^{\*}=0$ holds, so $\mathbf {u} \_{2}=\mathbf {u} \_{1}^{\*}$ can be chosen for $\mathbf {u} \_{2}$. Similarly, $(\mathbf {R} -\mathbf {I} )\mathbf {u} \_{3}=0$ can result in a $\mathbf {u} \_{3}$ with real entries only, for a proper rotation matrix $\mathbf {R} $. Finally, the matrix equation is transformed by means of a unitary matrix,

$$\mathbf {R} \mathbf {U} {\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {-i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}=\mathbf {U} \underbrace {{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {-i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&0\\\{\frac {-i}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix} \_{=\\;\mathbf {I} }{\begin{pmatrix}e^{i\phi }&0&0\\0&e^{-i\phi }&0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {-i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

which gives

$$\mathbf {U'} ^{\dagger }\mathbf {R} \mathbf {U'} ={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \phi &-\sin \phi &0\\\sin \phi &\cos \phi &0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}\quad {\text{ with }\quad \mathbf {U'} =\mathbf {U} {\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}&{\frac {-i}{\sqrt {2}&0\\0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}.}}}}}}}}}}}$$

The columns of **U** are orthonormal as it is a unitary matrix with real-valued entries only, due to its definition above, that $\mathbf {u} \_{1}$ is the complex conjugate of $\mathbf {u} \_{2}$ and that $\mathbf {u} \_{3}$ is a vector with real-valued components. The third column is still $\mathbf {u} \_{3}=$ **n**, the other two columns of **U** are perpendicular to **n**. We can now see how our definition of improper rotation corresponds with the geometric interpretation: an improper rotation is a rotation around an axis (here, the axis corresponding to the third coordinate) and a reflection on a plane perpendicular to that axis. If we only restrict ourselves to matrices with determinant 1, we can thus see that they must be proper rotations. This result implies that any orthogonal matrix **R** corresponding to a proper rotation is equivalent to a rotation over an angle φ around an axis **n**.

## Equivalence classes

The trace (sum of diagonal elements) of the real rotation matrix given above is 1 + 2 cos *φ*. Since a trace is invariant under an orthogonal matrix similarity transformation,

$$\mathrm {Tr} \left\[\mathbf {A} \mathbf {R} \mathbf {A} ^{\mathsf {T}\right\]=\mathrm {Tr} \left\[\mathbf {R} \mathbf {A} ^{\mathsf {T}\mathbf {A} \right\]=\mathrm {Tr} \[\mathbf {R} \]\quad {\text{ with }\quad \mathbf {A} ^{\mathsf {T}=\mathbf {A} ^{-1},}}}}$$

it follows that all matrices that are equivalent to **R** by such orthogonal matrix transformations have the same trace: the trace is a *class function*. This matrix transformation is clearly an equivalence relation, that is, all such equivalent matrices form an equivalence class.

In fact, all proper rotation 3 × 3 rotation matrices form a group, usually denoted by SO(3) (the special orthogonal group in 3 dimensions) and all matrices with the same trace form an equivalence class in this group. All elements of such an equivalence class *share their rotation angle*, but all rotations are around different axes. If **n** is an eigenvector of **R** with eigenvalue 1, then **An** is also an eigenvector of **ARA**T, also with eigenvalue 1. Unless **A** = **I**, **n** and **An** are different.

## Applications

### Generators of rotations

Suppose we specify an axis of rotation by a unit vector \[*x*, *y*, *z*\], and suppose we have an infinitely small rotation of angle Δ*θ* about that vector. Expanding the rotation matrix as an infinite addition, and taking the first order approach, the rotation matrix Δ*R* is represented as:

$$\Delta R={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}+{\begin{bmatrix}0&z&-y\\\-z&0&x\\y&-x&0\end{bmatrix}\\,\Delta \theta =\mathbf {I} +\mathbf {A} \\,\Delta \theta .}}$$

A finite rotation through angle θ about this axis may be seen as a succession of small rotations about the same axis. Approximating Δ*θ* as *θ*/*N* where *N* is a large number, a rotation of θ about the axis may be represented as:

$$R=\left(\mathbf {1} +{\frac {\mathbf {A} \theta }{N}\right)^{N}\approx e^{\mathbf {A} \theta }.}$$

It can be seen that Euler's theorem essentially states that *all* rotations may be represented in this form. The product **A***θ* is the "generator" of the particular rotation, being the vector (*x*,*y*,*z*) associated with the matrix **A**. This shows that the rotation matrix and the axis–angle format are related by the exponential function.

One can derive a simple expression for the generator **G**. One starts with an arbitrary plane (in Euclidean space) defined by a pair of perpendicular unit vectors **a** and **b**. In this plane one can choose an arbitrary vector **x** with perpendicular **y**. One then solves for **y** in terms of **x** and substituting into an expression for a rotation in a plane yields the rotation matrix **R** which includes the generator **G** = **ba**T**ab**T.

$$\begin{aligned}\mathbf {x} &=\mathbf {a} \cos \alpha +\mathbf {b} \sin \alpha \\\mathbf {y} &=-\mathbf {a} \sin \alpha +\mathbf {b} \cos \alpha \\\\[8pt\]\cos \alpha &=\mathbf {a} ^{\mathsf {T}\mathbf {x} \\\sin \alpha &=\mathbf {b} ^{\mathsf {T}\mathbf {x} \\\\[8px\]\mathbf {y} &=-\mathbf {ab} ^{\mathsf {T}\mathbf {x} +\mathbf {ba} ^{\mathsf {T}\mathbf {x} =\left(\mathbf {ba} ^{\mathsf {T}-\mathbf {ab} ^{\mathsf {T}\right)\mathbf {x} \\\\[8px\]\mathbf {x} '&=\mathbf {x} \cos \beta +\mathbf {y} \sin \beta \\\&=\left(\mathbf {I} \cos \beta +\left(\mathbf {ba} ^{\mathsf {T}-\mathbf {ab} ^{\mathsf {T}\right)\sin \beta \right)\mathbf {x} \\\\[8px\]\mathbf {R} &=\mathbf {I} \cos \beta +\left(\mathbf {ba} ^{\mathsf {T}-\mathbf {ab} ^{\mathsf {T}\right)\sin \beta \\\&=\mathbf {I} \cos \beta +\mathbf {G} \sin \beta \\\\[8px\]\mathbf {G} &=\mathbf {ba} ^{\mathsf {T}-\mathbf {ab} ^{\mathsf {T}\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

To include vectors outside the plane in the rotation one needs to modify the above expression for **R** by including two projection operators that partition the space. This modified rotation matrix can be rewritten as an exponential function.

$$\begin{aligned}\mathbf {P\_{ab} &=-\mathbf {G} ^{2}\\\mathbf {R} &=\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {P\_{ab} +\left(\mathbf {I} \cos \beta +\mathbf {G} \sin \beta \right)\mathbf {P\_{ab} =e^{\mathbf {G} \beta }\end{aligned}}}}$$

Analysis is often easier in terms of these generators, rather than the full rotation matrix. Analysis in terms of the generators is known as the Lie algebra of the rotation group.

### Quaternions

It follows from Euler's theorem that the relative orientation of any pair of coordinate systems may be specified by a set of three independent numbers. Sometimes a redundant fourth number is added to simplify operations with quaternion algebra. Three of these numbers are the direction cosines that orient the eigenvector. The fourth is the angle about the eigenvector that separates the two sets of coordinates. Such a set of four numbers is called a **quaternion**.

While the quaternion as described above, does not involve complex numbers, if quaternions are used to describe two successive rotations, they must be combined using the non-commutative quaternion algebra derived by William Rowan Hamilton through the use of imaginary numbers.

Rotation calculation via quaternions has come to replace the use of direction cosines in aerospace applications through their reduction of the required calculations, and their ability to minimize round-off errors. Also, in computer graphics the ability to perform spherical interpolation between quaternions with relative ease is of value.

## Generalizations

In higher dimensions, any rigid motion that preserves a point in dimension 2*n* or 2*n* \+ 1 is a composition of at most n rotations in orthogonal planes of rotation, though these planes need not be uniquely determined, and a rigid motion may fix multiple axes. Also, any rigid motion that preserves *n* linearly independent points, which span an *n*-dimensional body in dimension 2*n* or 2*n* \+ 1, is a single plane of rotation. To put it another way, if two rigid bodies, with identical geometry, share at least *n* points of 'identical' locations within themselves, the convex hull of which is *n*-dimensional, then a single planar rotation can bring one to cover the other accurately in dimension 2*n* or 2*n* \+ 1.

A rigid motion in three dimensions that does not necessarily fix a point is a "screw motion". This is because a composition of a rotation with a translation perpendicular to the axis is a rotation about a parallel axis, while composition with a translation parallel to the axis yields a screw motion; see screw axis. This gives rise to screw theory.

1. Novi Commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae 20, 1776, pp. 189–207 (E478)
*This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Euler's theorem (rotation)", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.* * Euler's theorem and its proof are contained in paragraphs 24–26 of the appendix (*Additamentum*. pp. 201–203) of L. Eulero *(Leonhard Euler)*, *Formulae generales pro translatione quacunque corporum rigidorum* (General formulas for the translation of arbitrary rigid bodies), presented to the St. Petersburg Academy on October 9, 1775, and first published in *Novi Commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae* **20**, 1776, pp. 189–207 (E478) and was reprinted in *Theoria motus corporum rigidorum*, ed. nova, 1790, pp. 449–460 (E478a) and later in his collected works *Opera Omnia*, Series 2, Volume **9**, pp. 84–98.
* Palais, Bob; Palais, Richard; Rodi, Stephen (2009). "A Disorienting Look at Euler's Theorem on the Axis of a Rotation". *American Mathematical Monthly*. **116** (10): 892–909. doi:10.4169/000298909x477014.


title: Eumelio Palacios

abstract: Eumelio Ramón Palacios Cristaldo is a former striker and football coach.

text:
# Eumelio Palacios

**Eumelio Ramón Palacios Cristaldo** (born 15 September 1964 in Asunción, Paraguay) is a former striker and football coach.

## InfoBox

Eumelio Palacios
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Eumelio Ramón Palacios Cristaldo | | |
| Date of birth | (1964-09-15) 15 September 1964 | | |
| Place of birth | Asunción, Paraguay | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1982-1989 | Libertad |  |  |
| 1990-1991 | Cerro Porteño |  |  |
| 1992-1993 | Deportivo Pereira |  |  |
| 1993 | Deportivo Cali |  |  |
| 1994–1995 | Cerro Cora |  |  |
| 1995 | Atlético Huila |  |  |
| 1995 | Estudiantes L.P. |  |  |
| 1996 | Atlético Huila |  |  |
| 1997 | Guarani |  |  |
| 1997-2000 | Cerro Cora |  |  |
| 2001 | Atlético Colegiales |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1987-1989 | Paraguay | 32 | (4) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Euryphagus

abstract: Euryphagus is a genus of longhorn beetles native to tropical Asia. It is classified in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and the tribe Trachyderini. The generic name is derived from Greek εὐρύς and φαγεῖν referring to the broad mandibles of the males.

text:
# Euryphagus

***Euryphagus*** is a genus of longhorn beetles native to tropical Asia. It is classified in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and the tribe Trachyderini. The generic name is derived from Greek εὐρύς (**eurús**, "wide") and φαγεῖν (**phageîn**, "to eat") referring to the broad mandibles of the males.

## Species

*Euryphagus* includes the following species, along with their synonyms and distribution ranges:

*Euryphagus nigripes* (Olivier) Pascoe, 1866  *Euryphagus chinensis* Gressitt, 1939  *Euryphagus pictus* (Voet, 1778) (permanently unavailable) *Euryphagus quadrimacula* (Voet, 1806) (permanently unavailable) *Euryphagus bipunctatus* (Schoenherr, 1817) *Euryphagus nigricollis* (Heller, 1913)

## InfoBox

| *Euryphagus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Euryphagus maxillosus* (female) from Mindanao, Philippines | |
|  | |
| *Euryphagus lundii* (female) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Trachyderini |
| Genus: | *Euryphagus*
J. Thomson, 1864 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cerambyx lundii*
Fabricius, 1793 | |
| Species | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Euptera ducarmei

abstract: Euptera ducarmei is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the north-eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic.

text:
# Euptera ducarmei

***Euptera ducarmei*** is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the north-eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic.

## InfoBox

| *Euptera ducarmei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Euptera* |
| Species: | ***E. ducarmei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euptera ducarmei***<br>Collins, 1998 | |
|


abstract: The Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference (EMMC) is an evangelical body of Mennonite Christians, organized on July 1, 1959. The EMMC was formed from the Rudnerweider Mennonite Church, which was organized in 1937. The Rudnerweider Mennonite Church arose in a revival that placed great emphasis on personal conversion, evangelism and missions, and split the Sommerfelder Mennonite Church in Manitoba. The conference is currently (2017) made up of 23 congregations in Canada, three in Belize, and two in Mexico. Offices are in Winnipeg, Manitoba. A convention is held annually. The EMMC is a member of the Mennonite World Conference.

text:
# Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference

The **Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference** **(EMMC)** is an evangelical body of Mennonite Christians, organized on July 1, 1959.

The EMMC was formed from the *Rudnerweider Mennonite Church*, which was organized in 1937. The *Rudnerweider Mennonite Church* arose in a revival that placed great emphasis on personal conversion, evangelism and missions, and split the Sommerfelder Mennonite Church in Manitoba. The conference is currently (2017) made up of 23 congregations in Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan), three in Belize, and two in Mexico. Offices are in Winnipeg, Manitoba. A convention is held annually. The EMMC is a member of the Mennonite World Conference.

1. Balmer, Randall Herbert (2004). Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. p. 242. ISBN 1-932792-04-X
2. "EMMC - Our History". 2018-07-24. Archived from the original on 2018-07-24. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
3. Regehr, T. D. (1996). Mennonites in Canada, 1939-1970: A People Transformed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 427. 0-8020-0465-2
4. "Churches – EMMC". Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
5. "Membership | Mennonite World Conference". 2019-12-01. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-28.

## Further reading


title: Evangelical Methodist Church in Bolivia

abstract: Evangelical Methodist Church in Bolivia is a Christian denomination which was founded by American Methodist missionaries in 1906. The work progressed and in 1969 it became autonomous. In 2006, IEMB received the ‘Order of the Condor’ from the Bolivian government. At that time, the denomination had 9,000 members and 188 congregations. In 2023, the denomination had 9,190 members across 194 congregations. The majority of members are from indigenous groups including Aymaras, Quechuas, Tupiguarinies, and other peoples. In 2023, the denomination is part of the World Methodist Council and the World Federation of Methodist and Uniting Church Women.

text:
# Evangelical Methodist Church in Bolivia

**Evangelical Methodist Church in Bolivia** (*Iglesia Evangélica Metodista Bolivia*) is a Christian denomination which was founded by American Methodist missionaries in 1906. The work progressed and in 1969 it became autonomous.

In 2006, IEMB received the ‘Order of the Condor’ from the Bolivian government. At that time, the denomination had 9,000 members and 188 congregations.

In 2023, the denomination had 9,190 members across 194 congregations. The majority of members are from indigenous groups including Aymaras, Quechuas, Tupiguarinies, and other peoples.

In 2023, the denomination is part of the World Methodist Council and the World Federation of Methodist and Uniting Church Women.


title: Evelyn Hooker

abstract: Evelyn Hooker was an American psychologist most notable for her 1956 paper "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual" in which she administered several psychological tests to groups of self-identified male homosexuals and heterosexuals and asked experts to identify the homosexuals and rate their mental health. The experiment, which other researchers subsequently repeated, found that homosexuality was not a mental disorder, as there was no detectable difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of mental adjustment. Hooker argued that a false correlation between homosexuality and mental illness had formed the basis of classifying homosexuality as a mental disorder. The correlation was the result of earlier researchers studying sample groups that contained homosexual men with a history of treatment for mental illness. Hooker's work was of critical importance in refuting cultural heterosexism because it found that homosexuality was not developmentally inferior to heterosexuality. Her work led the way to the eventual removal of homosexuality from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

text:
# Evelyn Hooker

**Evelyn Hooker** (/ˈɛvəln ˈhʊkər/; née **Gentry**, September 2, 1907 – November 18, 1996) was an American psychologist most notable for her 1956 paper "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual" in which she administered several psychological tests to groups of self-identified male homosexuals and heterosexuals and asked experts to identify the homosexuals and rate their mental health. The experiment, which other researchers subsequently repeated, found that homosexuality was not a mental disorder, as there was no detectable difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of mental adjustment.

Hooker argued that a false correlation between homosexuality and mental illness had formed the basis of classifying homosexuality as a mental disorder. The correlation was the result of earlier researchers studying sample groups that contained homosexual men with a history of treatment for mental illness. Hooker's work was of critical importance in refuting cultural heterosexism because it found that homosexuality was not developmentally inferior to heterosexuality. Her work led the way to the eventual removal of homosexuality from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

## Life

Hooker was born Evelyn Gentry in North Platte, Nebraska, in her grandmother's house and grew up with eight brothers and sisters in the Colorado Plains. When she was 13, her family moved to Sterling, Colorado. The journey to Sterling would be one of Hooker's fondest memories.

Hooker's mother, Jessie Bethel, who had a third grade education, told her to pursue an education because that was the only thing that could not be taken away from her. The Gentry family was not wealthy in the least, and Hooker was further stigmatized by her nearly 6-foot (1.8 m) stature. Still an advocate of education, Jessie Bethel enrolled her daughter at Sterling High School, which was large and unusually progressive for the time. There, Hooker was in an honors program and was able to take a course in psychology. Hooker wanted to go to a teachers college, but her instructors saw her potential and encouraged her to go to the University of Colorado. By the time she was ready to graduate, she had obtained a scholarship to the University of Colorado Boulder (UCB).

In 1924 she became a student at UCB while working as a maid for a rich Boulder family. Her mentor, Karl Munzinger, guided her in her challenge of the then-prevalent psychological theory of behaviourism. She wrote her thesis paper on trial-and-error learning in rats. He invited her to write her own case history. After receiving her master's degree, she became one of 11 women involved in the PhD program in psychology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, having been refused referral from the chairman of Yale for being a female. She studied with Knight Dunlap, who also generally did not approve of women doctorates. She was awarded her PhD in 1932.

In her early career, she was not especially interested in the psychology of homosexual people. After teaching for only one year at the Maryland College for Women, she contracted tuberculosis and spent the next year in a sanatorium in Arizona. After her recovery she began teaching at Whittier College in Southern California. Then in 1937 Gentry received a fellowship to the Berlin Institute of Psychotherapy, at which point she left Whittier. Hooker lived with a Jewish family while she studied in Europe. While there, she got a first-hand look at the rise of Adolf Hitler and witnessed such events as the Kristallnacht. She learned later that the Jewish family she lived with was killed in concentration camps. Before returning home, Hooker went on a group tour to Russia, arriving just after a major purge. The events that Hooker would see in Europe ultimately sparked her desire to help overcome social injustice.

When Hooker was ready to return to work at Whittier, she found that she could not return. The heads at Whittier were afraid of her because she had spent a year living in a totalitarian Europe. She and several other staff were let go because they were suspected of subversive behavior. As a result, she applied for work in the psychology department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The chair of the psychology department at UCLA at the time was Knight Dunlap, Hooker's mentor from Johns Hopkins. Dunlap said he would like to give her a job, but they already had three female faculty members and they were “cordially disliked”. She was able to get a position as a research associate, however. Hooker quickly gained a reputation as a brilliant teacher and researcher. She stayed at UCLA for 31 years, where she conducted research and taught experimental and physiological psychology until 1970 when she went into private practice.

However, during the 1940s, she first became interested in what would turn out to be her life's work. Hooker was teaching an introductory psychology class in 1944 when a student approached her after class. He identified himself as Sam From; he confided in her that he was gay and so were most of his friends. She realized Sam was one of the brightest students in the class and quickly became friends with him. They would spend time between and after classes to talk and get to know each other. Sam introduced Hooker to his circle of homosexual friends. They would go to clubs, bars, and parties where Hooker was able to fraternize with more homosexuals. Sam's closest friends included Christopher Isherwood and Stephen Spender, a writer and a poet. He challenged her to scientifically study "people like him".

Sam proposed a question to Hooker: Why not conduct research on homosexuals to determine whether homosexuality was some sort of disease or disorder and not relevant to a person's psychological makeup? Sam urged her to conduct research on homosexuals, saying it was "her scientific duty to study people like us". Hooker was intrigued by the question and further persuaded by her experience with social rejection as a child, witnessing the effects of racial and political persecution in her travels, and discrimination in her professional life.

Over the next two decades she became established professionally. In 1948 she moved to a guest cottage at the Salter \[more likely Saltair\] Avenue home of Edward Hooker, professor of English at UCLA and poetry scholar. They married in London in 1951, and she took his surname. In the mid-fifties Christopher Isherwood became their neighbor. She was against the relationship of Isherwood with the much younger Don Bachardy; they were not welcome at her house. Sam From died in a car accident in 1956, just before Hooker's ground-breaking research was published. Hooker's husband died in January 1957 of cardiac arrest.

The 1960s saw her work find a wider audience, and her conclusions were taken up by the gay rights movement. In 1961 Hooker was invited to lecture in Europe and in 1967, the director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) asked her to produce a report on what the institution should do about homosexual men. Richard Nixon's election in 1969 delayed the publication of the report, which was published by a magazine, without authorization, in 1970. The report recommended the decriminalization of homosexuality and the provision of similar rights to both homosexual and heterosexual people. The burgeoning gay rights movement seized on this.

She retired from her research at UCLA in 1970 at the age of 63 and started a private practice in Santa Monica. Most of her clients were gay men and lesbians. In her later life she would be awarded with the Distinguished Contribution in the Public Interest Award. The University of Chicago opened the Evelyn Hooker Center for Gay and Lesbian Studies in her honor. She was also the subject of the 1992 Academy Award–nominated film *Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker*.

Hooker died at her home in Santa Monica, California, in 1996, at the age of 89.

## Projective tests study

Although Hooker had collected data about her homosexual friends since 1954, she felt this was of little value because of the lack of scientific rigor attached to the gathering of these data. She applied for a grant from the NIMH even though she was warned that it was highly unlikely she would receive it due to the controversy of the topic. After all, the 1950s was at the height of the McCarthy era, and homosexuality was considered to be a mental disorder by psychologists, a sin by the church, and a crime by the law. The man in charge of awarding the grants, John Eberhart, personally met with Hooker and, convinced by her charm, he awarded her the grant.

She gathered two groups of men: one group would be exclusively homosexual, the other exclusively heterosexual. She contacted the Mattachine Society to find a large portion of homosexual men. The Mattachine Society was an organization whose purpose was to integrate homosexuals into society. She had greater difficulty finding heterosexual men for the study. She gathered a sample of 30 heterosexual men and 30 homosexual men and paired them based on equivalent IQ, age, and education. For the interest of the study, it was required that none of the men from either group have previously been seen for psychological help, in disciplinary barracks in the armed services, in prison, showed evidence of considerable disturbance, or who were in therapy. She also had to use her home to conduct the interviews to protect the participants' anonymity.

Hooker used three projective psychological tests for her study: the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Make-a-Picture-Story test (MAPS test), and the Rorschach inkblot test. The Rorschach was used due to the belief of clinicians at the time that it was the best method for diagnosing homosexuality.

After a year of work, Hooker presented a team of three expert evaluators with 60 unmarked psychological profiles. She decided to leave the interpretation of her results to other people, to avoid any possible bias.

First, she contacted Bruno Klopfer, an expert on Rorschach tests, to see if he would be able to identify the sexual orientation of people through their results at those tests. His ability to differentiate between the two groups was no better than chance. Then Edwin Shneidman, creator of the MAPS test, also analyzed the 60 profiles. It took him six months and he, too, found that both groups were highly similar in their psychological make-up. The third expert was Dr. Mortimer Mayer, who was so certain he would be able to tell the two groups apart that he went through the process twice.

The assumption was that these tests would prompt respondents to reveal their innermost anxieties, fears, and wishes. Each test response would be submitted in random order, with no identifying information, to Klopfer, Meyer, and Shneidman. The judges had two tasks: to arrive at an overall adjustment rating on a five-point scale, and to distinguish in pairs which participant was homosexual and heterosexual. The three evaluators concluded that in terms of adjustment, there were no differences between the members of each group.

In 1956, Hooker presented the results of her research in a paper at the American Psychological Association's convention in Chicago. The NIMH was so impressed with the evidence Hooker found they granted her the NIMH Research Career Award in 1961 to continue her work.

Her studies contributed to a change in the attitudes of the psychological community toward homosexuality and to the American Psychiatric Association's decision to remove homosexuality from its handbook of disorders in 1973. This in turn helped change the attitude of society at large. One element that did stay in the handbook of disorders was ego-dystonic homosexuality. Experts became concerned about using psychoanalytic approaches and behavior modification conversion therapy. In 1987 ego-dystonic homosexuality was also eliminated from the handbook when it was determined that psychological therapies could not cure homosexuality.

## Publications

* Evelyn Hooker, "The adjustment of the male overt homosexual", Journal of projective techniques, XXI 1956, pp. 18–31.
* Evelyn Hooker, "The homosexual community". Proceedings of the XIV International congress of applied psychology, Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1961.
* Evelyn Hooker, "Homosexuality: Summary of studies". In Evelyn Duvall and Sylvanus Duvall (curr.), Sex ways in fact and faith, Association Press, New York 1961.
* Evelyn Hooker, "Male homosexual life styles and venereal disease". In: Proceedings of the World forum on syphilis and other treponematoses (Public Health Service Publication No. 997), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1962.
* Evelyn Hooker, "Male homosexuality". In: N. L. Farberow (cur.), Taboo topics, Atherton, New York 1963, pp. 44–55.
* Evelyn Hooker, "An empirical study of some relations between sexual patterns and gender identity in male homosexuals". In J. Money (cur.), Sex research: new development, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York 1965, pp. 24–52.
* Evelyn Hooker, "Male homosexuals and their worlds". In: Judd Marmor (cur.), Sexual inversion: the multiple roots of homosexuality, Basic Books, New York 1965, pp. 83–107). Traduzione italiana in: Judd Marmor, Inversione sessuale.
* Evelyn Hooker, "Homosexuality". In: The international encyclopedia of the social sciences, Macmillan and Free Press, New York 1968.
* Evelyn Hooker, "Parental relations and male homosexuality in patient and non-patient samples", Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, XXXIII 1969, pp. 140–142.
* Evelyn Hooker, Foreword to: C. J. Williams and M. S. Weinberg, Homosexuals and the military: a study of less than honorable discharge, Harper & Row, New York 1971, pp. vii–ix.

## Legacy

In 2010, actor/playwright Jade Esteban Estrada portrayed Hooker in the solo musical *ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 4.*

Season 1, episode 4 of the podcast *Making Gay History* is about her.

## Honors and awards

* In 1967, Hooker became Chair of the NIMH Task Force on Homosexuality.
* In 1991, she received the Award for Distinguished Contribution to Psychology in the Public Interest presented by the American Psychological Association.
* In 1992, she received The Lifetime Achievement Award, APA's highest honor.

1. "Evelyn Hooker, Ph.D.: September 2, 1907 – November 18, 1996". UC Davis. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
2. *Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker* at IMDb
3. Jackson, K. T., Markoe, A., Markoe, K. (2001). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Charles Scribner’s Sons. 4, 251–253.
4. Milite, G. A. (2001). The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. Gale Group. 307–308.
5. "Feminist Voices - Evelyn Gentry Hooker". *Feminist Voices*. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
6. Shneidman, E. S. (1998). "Evelyn Hooker (1907–1996)". *American Psychologist*. **53** (4): 480–481. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.4.480.
7. Minton, H. L. (2002). Departing From Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America. The University of Chicago Press. 219–236.
8. "Chris & Don, A love story", a film by Guido Santi and Tina Mascara, 2009.
9. "Evelyn Hooker: In Memoriam". *lgbpsychology.org*. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
10. Hooker, Evelyn (20 Oct 1956). "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual". *Journal of Projective Techniques*. **21** (1): 18–31. doi:10.1080/08853126.1957.10380742. PMID 13417147.
11. Brookey, R. A. (2005). Homosexuality Debate. In C. Mitcham (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics (Vol. 2, pp. 934-935)
12. Cochran, Susan D.; Drescher, Jack; Kismödi, Eszter; Giami, Alain; García-Moreno, Claudia; Atalla, Elham; Marais, Adele; Meloni Vieira, Elisabeth; Reed, Geoffrey M. (2014). "Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the *International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems* (ICD-11)". *Bulletin of the World Health Organization*. **92** (9): 672–679. doi:10.2471/BLT.14.135541. PMC 4208576. PMID 25378758.
13. "Season One". Making Gay History. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
14. Marmor, J (1997). "Evelyn Hooker: In memoriam (1907–1996)". *Archives of Sexual Behavior*. **25** (5): 577–578. doi:10.1023/A:1024568108358. S2CID 187997549.

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Hooker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Evelyn Gentry
(1907-09-02)September 2, 1907
North Platte, United States |
| Died | November 18, 1996(1996-11-18) (aged 89)
Santa Monica, California, US |
| Resting place | Woodlawn Cemetery, Santa Monica, California |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Psychologist |


title: Evelyn Hubbard

abstract: The Honourable Evelyn Hubbard was a British businessman and Conservative politician.

text:
# Evelyn Hubbard

The Honourable **Evelyn Hubbard** (18 March 1852 – 24 August 1934) was a British businessman and Conservative politician.

## Life

He was the fifth son of John Gellibrand Hubbard (later Baron Addington), a director and governor of the Bank of England, and Member of Parliament for the City of London.

He was educated at Radley School and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1870, graduating B.A. in 1874, and M.A. in 1878. He entered the family business of John Hubbard & Co., Russia Merchants in 1875. He subsequently became the last governor of the Russia Company, a director of the Bank of England and a member of the lieutenancy commission for the City of London.

The family home was Addington in Buckinghamshire and when a vacancy occurred for the parliamentary constituency of North Buckinghamshire in 1889, he was chosen as the Conservative candidate. He failed to hold the seat for the Conservatives, and was defeated by his Liberal opponent, Edmund Hope Verney by 208 votes. Two years later there was another by-election in the constituency, and he again stood in the Conservative interest. He was again defeated, with the new Liberal MP increasing the majority to 381 votes.

In the meantime, Hubbard had moved to London, and in March 1892 he was elected an alderman on London County Council, as a member of the Conservative-backed Moderate Party. He held the seat until 1898.

In 1894 Hubbard was chosen to fight Plymouth at the next general election in 1895. Later that year the Conservative MP for Brixton, George Osborne succeeded to his father's title as Duke of Leeds. Hubbard was the selected to contest the resulting by-election by the Brixton Conservative Association. The by-election was held on 30 January 1896 and was elected as MP with a majority over his Radical opponent of 2,362 votes. He retired from the Commons in March 1900, on the advice of his doctors.

He was a great supporter of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, helping the society to gain its royal charter, and serving as its honorary treasurer.

He married Eveline Portal in 1881, and they had three sons. He died suddenly while on holiday at Harrogate, Yorkshire in August 1934, aged 82.


title: Eva Calvo (taekwondo)

abstract: Eva Calvo Gómez is a Spanish taekwondo practitioner who competes in the 57 kg division. She was the European champion in 2014 and won silver medals at the 2015 World Championships and 2016 Olympics. In 2015, she was named Best Female Athlete of the Year by the Spanish National Taekwondo Federation. Calvo first trained in athletics and took up taekwondo in 2006, aged 15. Her younger sister Marta Calvo also competes internationally, but in the heavier 62 kg division. Calvo studies computer engineering and mathematics at the Autonomous University of Madrid.

text:
# Eva Calvo (taekwondo)

**Eva Calvo Gómez** (born 29 July 1991) is a Spanish taekwondo practitioner who competes in the 57 kg division. She was the European champion in 2014 and won silver medals at the 2015 World Championships and 2016 Olympics. In 2015, she was named Best Female Athlete of the Year by the Spanish National Taekwondo Federation.

Calvo first trained in athletics and took up taekwondo in 2006, aged 15. Her younger sister Marta Calvo also competes internationally, but in the heavier 62 kg division. Calvo studies computer engineering and mathematics at the Autonomous University of Madrid.

## InfoBox

Eva Calvo
| Calvo at the 2016 Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Eva Calvo Gómez |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Born | (1991-07-29) 29 July 1991<br>Leganés, Spain |
| Height | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Spain |
| Sport | Taekwondo |
| Club | Club Sanchez Elez |
| Coached by | Jose Maria Martin |
| Medal record      Olympic Games  2016 Rio de Janeiro 57 kg  World Championships  2015 Chelyabinsk 57 kg  2013 Puebla 57 kg  Grand Prix  2013 Manchester 57 kg  2014 Suzhou 57 kg  2014 Astana 57 kg  2014 Manchester 57 kg  2014 Querétaro 57 kg  2014 Manchester 57 kg  2014 Mexico City 57 kg  European Games  2015 Baku 57 kg  European Championships  2014 Baku 57 kg  Mediterranean Games  2013 Mersin 57 kg  Universiade  2011 Shenzhen 62 kg  European U21 Championships  2010 Kharkiv 62 kg | |


title: Evert Hoek

abstract: Evert Hoek FREng was a Zimbabwean-Canadian mechanical engineer specializing in Geotechnical Engineering and a leading international expert in rock mechanics.

text:
# Evert Hoek

**Evert Hoek** FREng (23 August 1933 – 6 July 2024) was a Zimbabwean-Canadian mechanical engineer specializing in Geotechnical Engineering and a leading international expert in rock mechanics.

## Life and career

Hoek was born in Southern Rhodesia on 23 August 1933. He began his research for Rock Mechanics in 1958 (due to problems with brittle rock in deep gold mines in South Africa) and in 1965 at the University of Cape Town PhD (rock fracture under static stress conditions). From 1965, he was at Imperial College, where he set up one faculty-wide center for rock mechanics at the Royal School of Mines. He developed there, among others in 1968, a triaxial test for Rock Mechanics. Later, he became a professor at the University of Toronto in 1975 for twelve years as a senior consulting engineer at Golder Associates (where he was Senior Principal and Chairman) in Vancouver, then an independent consulting engineer with a private engineering firm in Vancouver.

Hoek was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 for major worldwide contributions in the development and application of rational design procedures for engineered systems in rock. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Canadian Academy of Engineering. He received a doctorate degree (D. Sc.) from the University of London and honorary doctorates in the University of Toronto and the University of Waterloo. He received the first prize of the Mueller International Society of Rock Mechanics and was the 1983 Rankine Lecturer (Strength of jointed rock masses) and 2000 Terzaghi Lecturer (Big tunnels in bad rock). Dr. Hoek has published more than 100 papers and 3 books. His classic *Rock Slope Engineering* has been updated by Duncan Wyllie to a 5th edition, published by CRC Press in 2017. He died on 6 July 2024, at the age of 90.


title: Exaeretia ascetica

abstract: Exaeretia ascetica is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1926. It is found in Colombia. The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are pale greyish ochreous, slightly sprinkled grey, streaked posteriorly between the veins with dull flesh colour and with a dark grey dot on the base of the costa, as well as a few dots of blackish scales on some veins on the costal half. The discal stigmata are blackish and there is a marginal series of dark grey dots around the apical part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are pale greyish.

text:
# Exaeretia ascetica

***Exaeretia ascetica*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1926. It is found in Colombia.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are pale greyish ochreous, slightly sprinkled grey, streaked posteriorly between the veins with dull flesh colour and with a dark grey dot on the base of the costa, as well as a few dots of blackish scales on some veins on the costal half. The discal stigmata are blackish and there is a marginal series of dark grey dots around the apical part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are pale greyish.

## InfoBox

| *Exaeretia ascetica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Exaeretia* |
| Species: | ***E. ascetica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Exaeretia ascetica***<br>(Meyrick, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Depressaria ascetica* Meyrick, 1926 | |


title: Eva Cherono

abstract: Eva Cherono is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner. Cherono represented Kenya at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and was a team silver medallist at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2019. She has a personal best of 14:40.25 minutes for the 5000 metres.

text:
# Eva Cherono

**Eva Cherono** (born 15 August 1996) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner. Cherono represented Kenya at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and was a team silver medallist at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2019. She has a personal best of 14:40.25 minutes for the 5000 metres.

## Career

Born in Kericho, she took up running from a young age and made her first appearance at the Kenyan Athletics Championships at age 14. She was encouraged to take up the sport by her uncle, Johnstone Simotwo, who was a middle-distance runner seven years her senior. Focusing on middle-distance and the steeplechase, she made her international debut at the 2013 African Youth Athletics Championships, placing fifth in the 800 metres and taking a silver medal in the 1500 metres. She gradually moved up the national rankings, with third over 1500 m at the Kenyan under-20 championships in 2014, then runner-up the following year, which led to selection and a fourth-place finish at the 2015 African Junior Athletics Championships.

Cherono moved into the senior ranks in 2016. She was runner-up in the 5000 metres at the Kenyan Championships, but did not replicate that form at the Kenyan World Championships Trials, ending up in eighth. She began to compete on the professional circuit that year, coming second at the Cross de l'Acier. A shift up to longer distances saw her career take off. She was runner-up to world champion Hellen Obiri at the 2018 Kenyan trials for the 2018 Commonwealth Games and finished seventh at the competition in Gold Coast, Australia. She served as a pacemaker for the 2018 European 10,000m Cup before debuting on the European track circuit, competing at the London Grand Prix and British Grand Prix meets plus pacemaking duties at the Weltklasse Zürich final for the 2018 Diamond League. She ended the track season with new personal bests of 8:41.69 minutes for the 3000 metres and 15:09.42 minutes for the 5000 metres. She also had victories over 10,000 metres at the Leiden Gouden Spike (32:34.03 minutes) and the Singelloop Utrecht (31:17 minutes). She closed the year with a win at the Cross Internacional de la Constitución.

A fifth-place finish at the 2019 Kenyan Cross Country Championships earned her selection for the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. On her world championship debut she placed eighth in the senior race. As the third fastest Kenyan behind winner Hellen Obiri and seventh-placed Beatrice Chepkoech, she helped her country to the team silver medals. Cherono was the winner at the Würzburger Residenzlauf in April, then turned her attention to the track. She greatly improved her 5000 m best to 14:40.25 minutes in London, was third at the Kenyan Championships, and ran in the 2019 Diamond League final at the 2019 Memorial Van Damme. After the track season, she repeated as winner at both the Singelloop Utrecht and Cross Internacional de la Constitución.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | African Youth Championships | Warri, Nigeria | 5th | 800 m | 2:13.47 |
| | | | 2nd | 1500 m | 4:28.47 |
| 2015 | African Junior Championships | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | 4th | 1500 m | 4:29.43 |
| 2018 | Commonwealth Games | Gold Coast, Australia | 7th | 5000 m | 15:36.10 |
| 2019 | World Cross Country Championships | Aarhus, Denmark | 8th | Senior race | 37:13 |
| | | | 2nd | Team | 25 pts |

## Circuit wins

## Personal bests

## InfoBox

Eva Cherono
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1996-08-15) 15 August 1996<br>Kericho |
| Height | 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 41 kg (90 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Kenya |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | 5000 metres |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | 5000 m: 14:40.25 (2019) |
| Medal record      World Athletics Cross Country Championships  2019 Aarhus Team | |


title: Bruce McWilliams

abstract: Bruce Marshall McWilliams was an American business executive and serial entrepreneur specializing in technology. He co-founded and managed multiple companies in the field of electronics, semiconductor, packaging and display. At the time of his death, McWilliams was Chief Executive Officer of Bossa Nova Robotics, the leading developer of service robots for the global retail industry and Chairman of TetraVue.

text:
# Bruce McWilliams

**Bruce Marshall McWilliams** (June 19, 1956 – September 26, 2023) was an American business executive and serial entrepreneur specializing in technology. He co-founded and managed multiple companies in the field of electronics, semiconductor, packaging and display. At the time of his death, McWilliams was Chief Executive Officer of Bossa Nova Robotics, the leading developer of service robots for the global retail industry and Chairman of TetraVue.

## Early life and education

Bruce McWilliams was born on June 19, 1956, in Cincinnati, Ohio, and grew up in St. Louis, Missouri.

McWilliams became interested in physics at an early age. Playing with electronic kits and taking electronic equipment apart, he built circuits and discovered the transistor. He wanted to understand how it was working. Later in high-school he studied The Feynman Lectures on Physics and knew that Physics was his passion. As a teenager, McWilliams was inspired to submit the solution to a complex math problem to a professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. He was quickly admitted with a full scholarship to Carnegie Mellon, where he finished his undergraduate and doctoral studies in physics in just seven years. McWilliams obtained a B.S. (1978), M.S. (1978) and Ph.D. (1981) degrees in physics from Carnegie Mellon University.

## Career

### Mellon Institute

McWilliams started his career as a Senior Fellow at the Mellon Institute where he worked on Solid State Sensors and Infrared Systems.

### Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)

McWilliams led early research and development efforts at LLNL for space-based missile defense intercept technology (“Brilliant Pebbles” program). He led the development of critical technologies for integrated circuit manufacturing, electronic system integration, wide-field target tracking systems, and radiation hardening technologies for electronics. While working at LLNL on the “Brilliant Pebbles” space-based missile defense program, McWilliams led a team focused on the laser processing of semiconductors, optical systems for target tracking and electronics packaging, including packaging to miniaturize electronic systems – a key enabler of the electronics revolution.

### nChip

McWilliams left Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to co-found nCHIP, a company developing semiconductor packaging solutions based on a technology licensed from LLNL. nCHIP received funding from major investors including Kleiner Perkins, Mohr Davidow, and Mayfield. The technology was used by Sun Microsystems for the Spark Station II. nCHIP was acquired by Flextronics International in 1995.

### Flextronics International

As Senior Vice President McWilliams led product engineering and prototype production at sites in San Jose, Boston and Singapore. He was the lead technical officer for the acquisitions strategy.

### S-Vision

Following his yearning for entrepreneurship, McWilliams left Flextronics and S-Vision, a silicon integrated circuit-based display company in 1996. The company developed a liquid crystal-on-silicon based reflective display technology for video projectors and high resolution monitors. In 1999, the operations were sold to companies in the display and related manufacturing segments.

### Tessera

McWilliams was President and CEO of Tessera Technologies from 1999 to 2008 and Chairman and CSO until 2009. McWilliams was recruited by Tessera to turn around the chip packaging business into a profitable and growing company. McWilliams changed the strategic direction away from manufacturing and built a successful licensing business model focused on the mobile phone and semiconductor memory market. Tessera has licensed its chip packaging technology to numerous semiconductor manufacturers, including Intel and Samsung Electronics. McWilliams took Tessera public in 2003. During McWilliams’ tenure, Tessera experienced remarkable compounded revenue and operating profit growth which led to Tessera being cited by Business Week as the Second Hottest Growing Company in America in 2006 and the 20th Hottest Growing Company in 2007. In 2006, Electronic Business cited Tessera as the 4th Best Small Electronics Company in the US.

### USVP

McWilliams joined U.S. Venture Partners, a leading Silicon Valley–based venture capital firm as executive-in-residence.

### SuVolta

McWilliams was President and CEO of Suvolta from 2009 to 2014. SuVolta was a start-up backed by Silicon Valley venture capital firms including KPCB, August Capital, DAG Ventures and NEA. Formerly DSMSolutions, the company had the vision to develop a new transistor technology to enable low power devices. As CEO, McWilliams changed the strategy from a solution based on JFet technology to a more commonly used CMOS solution. The technology was licensed to Fujitsu Semiconductor for their 55 nm process and used in MB86S22AA Milbeaut image processor IC.

### Intermolecular

McWilliams was President and Chief Executive Officer of Intermolecular, Inc. Under McWilliams’s leadership, Intermolecular changed its business model and introduced IMI Labs.

### Bossa Nova Robotics

McWilliams was Chief Executive Officer of a company developing autonomous service robots for the global retail industry. Bossa Robotics platform automates the collection and analysis of on-shelf inventory data.

## Personal life and death

Bruce was married three times with all his marriages ending in divorce. He was a racing car fanatic with most of his time spent on that hobby or on his businesses. He enjoyed keeping up with the latest developments in cosmology.

Bruce McWilliams died on September 26, 2023, at the age of 67 of a cerebral stroke.

## Recognition and awards

Received the 2005 Ernst & Young’s Northern California Entrepreneur of the Year award.

McWilliams was nominated to the Lawrence Livermore Hall Entrepreneurs' Hall of Fame for his contribution to developing semiconductor packaging technology and founding and leading multiple technologies companies (Note:nCHIP and S-Vision, and for leadership at Tessera Technologies and Suvolta).


title: Browns Run (Peters Run tributary)

abstract: Browns Run is a 1.91 mi (3.07 km) long 2nd order tributary to Peters Run in Ohio County, West Virginia.

text:
# Browns Run (Peters Run tributary)

**Browns Run** is a 1.91 mi (3.07 km) long 2nd order tributary to Peters Run in Ohio County, West Virginia.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:

* Brown's Run

## Course

Browns Run rises in a pond about 2.5 miles northeast of Wheeling, West Virginia, in Ohio County and then flows southeast to Peters Run at Eden.

## Watershed

Browns Run drains 1.37 square miles (3.5 km2) of area, receives about 41.0 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 275.95, and is about 58% forested.

## InfoBox

| Browns Run
Tributary to Peters Run | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Browns Run mouthBrowns Run (Peters Run tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Ohio |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Waddles Run divide |
| location | pond about 2.5 miles northeast of Wheeling, West Virginia |
| coordinates | 40°05′20″N 080°39′00″W / 40.08889°N 80.65000°W / 40.08889; -80.65000 |
| elevation | 1,160 ft (350 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Peters Run |
| location | Eden, West Virginia |
| coordinates | 40°03′59″N 080°38′18″W / 40.06639°N 80.63833°W / 40.06639; -80.63833 |
| elevation | 830 ft (250 m) |
| Length | 1.96 mi (3.15 km) |
| Basin size | 1.37 square miles (3.5 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Peters Run |
| average | 1.76 cu ft/s (0.050 m3/s) at mouth with Peters Run |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Peters RunLittle Wheeling CreekWheeling CreekOhio RiverMississippi RiverGulf of Mexico |
| River system | Ohio River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaries |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | Browns Run Road (x4), Peters Run Road |


title: Brookula enderbyensis

abstract: Brookula enderbyensis is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

text:
# Brookula enderbyensis

***Brookula enderbyensis*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

## Distribution

This species is found only at the Auckland Islands, New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Brookula enderbyensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Brookula* |
| Species: | ***B. enderbyensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brookula enderbyensis***<br>Powell, 1931 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Brookula (Aequispirella) enderbyensis* *Powell, A.W.B., 1931* | |


title: Brookula contigua

abstract: Brookula contigua is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

text:
# Brookula contigua

***Brookula contigua*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

## Distribution

This species is only known to occur at the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Brookula contigua* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Brookula* |
| Species: | ***B. contigua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brookula contigua***<br>Powell, 1940 | |
|


title: Brookula coronis

abstract: Brookula coronis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

text:
# Brookula coronis

***Brookula coronis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

## InfoBox

| *Brookula coronis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Seguenzioidea |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Brookula* |
| Species: | ***B. coronis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brookula coronis***<br>Barnard, 1963 | |
|


title: Brookula corula

abstract: Brookula corula is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

text:
# Brookula corula

***Brookula corula*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

## Distribution

This species is found off North and South Islands, New Zealand

* Iredale, T. (1912). *New generic names and new species of marine Mollusca.* Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London. 10(3): 217-228, pl. 9.
* Powell A. W. B., *New Zealand Mollusca*, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1

## InfoBox

| *Brookula corula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Brookula* |
| Species: | ***B. corula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brookula corula***<br>(Hutton, 1885) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Brookula (Aequispirella) corulum* (Hutton, 1885) * *Scalaria corulum* Hutton, 1885 | |


title: British flat racing Champion Trainer

abstract: The Champion Trainer of flat racing in Great Britain is the trainer whose horses have won the most prize money during a season. The list below shows the Champion Trainer for each year since 1896. The Championship was originally run from November until the end of the following October but since 2016 it has spanned from January until December.

text:
# British flat racing Champion Trainer

The **Champion Trainer** of flat racing in Great Britain is the trainer whose horses have won the most prize money during a season. The list below shows the Champion Trainer for each year since 1896. The Championship was originally run from November until the end of the following October but since 2016 it has spanned from January until December.

---

## Championship winners by trainer

| **Rank** | **Based** | **Trainer** | **Titles** | **Winning Years** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | England | Alec Taylor, Jr. | 12 | 1907, 1909, 1910, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1925 |
| 2. | England | Sir Henry Cecil | 10 | 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993 |
|  | England | Sir Michael Stoute | | 1981, 1986, 1989, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009 |
| 4. | England | Noel Murless | 9 | 1948, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1973 |
| 5. | England | Frank Butters | 8 | 1927, 1928, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1944, 1946, 1949 |
| 6. | England | Fred Darling | 6 | 1926, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1947 |
|  | Ireland | Aidan O'Brien | | 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2016, 2017 |
|  | England | John Gosden | | 2012, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023 |
| 9. | England | Cecil Boyd-Rochfort | 5 | 1937, 1938, 1954, 1955, 1958 |
| 10. | England | Dick Hern | 4 | 1962, 1972, 1980, 1983 |
|  | England | Richard Hannon Sr. | | 1992, 2010, 2011, 2013 |
|  | England | Saeed bin Suroor | | 1996, 1998, 1999, 2004 |
| 13. | England | Richard Marsh | 3 | 1897, 1898, 1900 |
|  | England | George Lambton | | 1906, 1911, 1912 |
|  | England | Dick Dawson | | 1916, 1924, 1929 |
|  | England | Jack Jarvis | | 1939, 1951, 1953 |
|  | Ireland | Paddy Prendergast | | 1963, 1964, 1965 |
| 18. | England | Joseph Lawson | 2 | 1931, 1936 |
|  | Ireland | Vincent O'Brien | | 1966, 1977 |
|  | England | Peter Walwyn | | 1974, 1975 |
|  | England | Charlie Appleby | | 2021, 2022 |
| 22. | England | Alfred Hayhoe | 1 | 1896 |
|  | England | John Porter | | 1899 |
|  | United States | John Huggins | | 1901 |
|  | England | Bob Sievier | | 1902 |
|  | England | George Blackwell | | 1903 |
|  | England | Peter Gilpin | | 1904 |
|  | England | Jack Robinson | | 1905 |
|  | England | Charles Morton | | 1908 |
|  | England | Richard Wootton | | 1913 |
|  | England | Charles Peck | | 1915 |
|  | England | Atty Persse | | 1930 |
|  | England | Walter Nightingall | | 1943 |
|  | England | Walter Earl | | 1945 |
|  | France | Charles Semblat | | 1950 |
|  | England | Marcus Marsh | | 1952 |
|  | England | Charles Elsey | | 1956 |
|  | England | Arthur Budgett | | 1969 |
|  | England | Ian Balding | | 1971 |
|  | England | Paul Cole | | 1991 |
|  | England | John Dunlop | | 1995 |
|  | England | Richard Hannon Jr. | | 2014 |
|  | England | Thady Gosden | | 2023 |

## Championship winners by year

## Records

* **Most titles** \- 12, Alec Taylor, Jr.
* **Most consecutive titles** \- 7, Alec Taylor, Jr. (1917-1923)
* **Father/Son Winners** \- Richard March (1897, 1998 & 1900) and Marcus March (1952), Richard Hannon Sr (1992, 2010, 2011 & 2013) and Richard Hannon Jr (2014), John Gosden (2012, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023) and Thady Gosden (2023)
* **Longest time between first and last win** \- Sir Michael Stoute 28 years (1981-2009)
* **Nationality** \- Irish based trainers have won the championship 3 times Paddy Prendergast (1963-65), Vincent O'Brien (1966 & 1977) and Aidan O'Brien (2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2016 & 2017) while French based Charles Semblat won the championship in 1950. In 1901 American trainer John Huggins was the first trainer from outside England to win the championship. Championship winner Cecil Boyd-Rochfort who trained out of Newmarket was Irish born while Frank Butters who was also Newmarket based was born in Vienna, Austria. Saeed bin Suroor is of Emirati nationality having been born in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 1913 Champion trainer Richard Wootton who was born in Australia trained horses in Australia, the UK, and South Africa. Walter Earl was born in Bohemia in the present-day Czech Republic. Ian Balding the 1971 winner was born in the US, but his family returned to the UK in 1945.


title: British folklore

abstract: British folklore includes topics such as the region's legends, recipes, and folk beliefs. British folklore includes English folklore, Scottish folklore and Welsh folklore.

text:
# British folklore

**British folklore** includes topics such as the region's legends, recipes, and folk beliefs. British folklore includes English folklore, Scottish folklore and Welsh folklore.

* Chainey, Dee Dee. 2018. *A Treasury of British Folklore: Maypoles, Mandrakes, & Mistletoe*. National Trust.

## Further reading

* Robinson, Sarah (2022) Kitchen Witch: Food, Folklore & Fairy Tale. Womancraft Publishing. ISBN 978-1910559697
* Briggs, Katharine Mary and Tongue, Ruth L (1966) Folktales of England. Routledge.
* Woolf, Jo. Britain's Trees: A Treasury of Traditions, Superstitions, Remedies and Literature.


title: Sabahat Rasheed

abstract: Sabahat Rasheed is a Pakistani former cricketer who played as a right-arm off break bowler. She appeared in 13 One Day Internationals for Pakistan between 2005 and 2007. She played domestic cricket for Lahore, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Saif Sports Saga. Sabahat made her ODI debut in the 2005–06 Women's Asia Cup which was held in Pakistan. She also represented the national women's cricket team in the 2006 Women's Asia Cup. Sabahat Rasheed was also the member of the Pakistan team which emerged as runners-up to South Africa in the 2008 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier.

text:
# Sabahat Rasheed

**Sabahat Rasheed** (born 11 December 1982) is a Pakistani former cricketer who played as a right-arm off break bowler. She appeared in 13 One Day Internationals for Pakistan between 2005 and 2007. She played domestic cricket for Lahore, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Saif Sports Saga.

Sabahat made her ODI debut in the 2005–06 Women's Asia Cup which was held in Pakistan. She also represented the national women's cricket team in the 2006 Women's Asia Cup. Sabahat Rasheed was also the member of the Pakistan team which emerged as runners-up to South Africa in the 2008 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier.

## InfoBox

Sabahat Rasheed
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sabahat Rasheed |
| Born | (1982-12-11) 11 December 1982<br>Lahore, Pakistan |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off break |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| ODI debut (cap 39) | 28 December 2005 v Sri Lanka |
| Last ODI | 28 January 2007 v South Africa |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2005/06–2012/13 | Lahore |
| 2011/12 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| 2012/13 | Balochistan |
| 2014 | Saif Sports Saga |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WODI WLA WT20  Matches 13 54 17  Runs scored 10 316 9  Batting average 5.00 15.04 1.50  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 4 42 6  Balls bowled 613 2,125 324  Wickets 12 79 14  Bowling average 33.83 16.60 22.28  5 wickets in innings 0 3 0  10 wickets in match 0 0 0  Best bowling 2/30 7/42 2/12  Catches/stumpings 3/– 20/– 3/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 2 January 2022 | |


title: Saint-Denis-de-Gastines

abstract: Saint-Denis-de-Gastines is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

text:
# Saint-Denis-de-Gastines

**Saint-Denis-de-Gastines** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ dəni  ɡastin\]) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

## Notable person

* Pierre Fauchard (1679–1761), the "father of modern dentistry", was born in Saint-Denis-de-Gastines

## InfoBox

| Saint-Denis-de-Gastines | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Denis-de-Gastines | |
| Location of Saint-Denis-de-Gastines | |
| Saint-Denis-de-GastinesSaint-Denis-de-Gastines | |
| Coordinates: 48°20′34″N 0°51′22″W / 48.3428°N 0.8561°W / 48.3428; -0.8561 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Mayenne |
| Arrondissement | Mayenne |
| Canton | Ernée |
| Intercommunality | Ernée |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Thierry Chrétien |
| Area**1** | 48.01 km2 (18.54 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,412 |
| Density | 29/km2 (76/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 53211 /53500 |
| Elevation | 128–247 m (420–810 ft)
(avg. 176 m or 577 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saint-Denis-d'Authou

abstract: Saint-Denis-d'Authou is a former commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Saintigny.

text:
# Saint-Denis-d'Authou

**Saint-Denis-d'Authou** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ dəni dotu\]) is a former commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Saintigny.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 355 |  |
| 1968 | 453 | +27.6% |
| 1975 | 390 | −13.9% |
| 1982 | 343 | −12.1% |
| 1990 | 380 | +10.8% |
| 1999 | 438 | +15.3% |
| 2008 | 500 | +14.2% |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Denis-d'Authou | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Saintigny | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Denis-d'Authou | |
| Saint-Denis-d'AuthouSaint-Denis-d'Authou | |
| Coordinates: 48°20′43″N 0°59′15″E / 48.3453°N 0.9875°E / 48.3453; 0.9875 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Nogent-le-Rotrou |
| Canton | Nogent-le-Rotrou |
| Commune | Saintigny |
| Area**1** | 22.23 km2 (8.58 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 465 |
| Density | 21/km2 (54/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 28480 |
| Elevation | 174–286 m (571–938 ft)
(avg. 238 m or 781 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |