title: Robert Forby

abstract: Robert Forby (1759–1825) was an English philologist.

text:
# Robert Forby

**Robert Forby** (17591825) was an English philologist.

## Career

Forby, born in 1759 of poor parents at Stoke Ferry, Norfolk, was educated at the free school of Lynn Regis, and at Caius College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship (B.A. 1781, M.A. 1784). Sir John Berney, bart., induced him to leave the university, and to become tutor of his sons, presenting him in 1787 to the small living of Horningtoft, Norfolk. Afterwards he fixed his residence at Barton Bendish, where he took pupils; and on their number increasing, he removed to Wereham. Two years subsequently, in 1789, by the death of his uncle, the Rev. Joseph Forby, he came into possession of the valuable rectory of Fincham, Norfolk. He removed thither in 1801, and continued to reside in his parish till his death, which occurred suddenly while he was taking a warm bath, on 20 Sept. 1825, aged 66. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1798, and was a distinguished scholar. At one time, though at what period is uncertain, he was resident at Aspall, Suffolk, as tutor to the children of Mr. Chevallier.

## Works

He published some small pieces of ephemeral interest, and an important philological work entitled *The Vocabulary of East Anglia ; an attempt to record the Vulgar Tongue of the twin sister counties, Norfolk and Suffolk, as it existed in the last twenty years of the Eighteenth Century, and still exists: with Proof of its Antiquity from Etymology and Authority*, 2 vols. London, 1830, 8vo. This was edited by the Rev. George Turner of Kettleburgh. Prefixed to vol. i. is the author's portrait, engraved from a painting by M. Sharp. Vol. iii., being a supplementary volume by the Rev. William Tylney Spurdens, was published at London in 1858. Later, Spurdens would claim that he supplied most of the information used by Forby.

Forby also assisted Mr. Mannings in his "Pursuits of Agriculture", and in 1824 wrote the prospectus of a continuation of, as supplement to, the new edition of Blomefield's *Norfolk*.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Forby, Robert". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Robert Megarry

abstract: Sir Robert Edgar Megarry, PC, FBA was an eminent British lawyer and judge. Originally a solicitor, he was requalified as a barrister and also pursued a parallel career as a legal academic. He later became a High Court judge and served as Vice-Chancellor of the Chancery Division from 1976 to 1981. Afterwards he served as Vice-Chancellor of the Supreme Court from 1982 until his retirement in 1985. A prolific legal writer, he is known for such works as The Law of Real Property, Lectures on the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, and A Manual of the Law of Real Property, as well as a series of legal miscellanies.

text:
# Robert Megarry

**Sir Robert Edgar Megarry**, PC, FBA (1 June 1910 – 11 October 2006) was an eminent British lawyer and judge. Originally a solicitor, he was requalified as a barrister and also pursued a parallel career as a legal academic. He later became a High Court judge and served as Vice-Chancellor of the Chancery Division from 1976 to 1981. Afterwards he served as Vice-Chancellor of the Supreme Court from 1982 until his retirement in 1985.

A prolific legal writer, he is known for such works as *The Law of Real Property*, *Lectures on the Town and Country Planning Act 1947*, and *A Manual of the Law of Real Property*, as well as a series of legal miscellanies.

## Early life and career

Megarry's father was a solicitor in Belfast; his mother's father was a Major General. Megarry was born in Croydon, Surrey and was educated at Lancing and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He did not concentrate on his academic studies at university, writing for the student newspaper *Varsity* as its first music critic, playing football and tennis for his college, and obtaining a pilot's licence; he ended up with a third class degree. He married his wife, Iris Davies, in 1936, and they had three daughters. His wife died in 2001, but he was survived by his daughters.

Having trained as a solicitor, he practised as one from 1935 to 1941. He also taught law students, and lectured at Cambridge from 1939 to 1940. He worked at the Ministry of Supply during World War II, rising to Assistant Secretary by 1946. With encouragement from Arthur Lehman Goodhart, Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University, he retrained as a barrister, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1944, and left the Civil Service to practise as a barrister in 1946, specialising in equity and land law. In parallel to his legal career, he also taught law at Cambridge University, becoming a fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1945, and rising to become a university Reader by 1967. He was elected as a member of the Bar Council in 1948. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1956, was a bencher at Lincoln's Inn in 1962, and was Treasurer in 1981.

Megarry was also highly regarded as a legal scholar, publishing numerous articles in the *Law Quarterly Review*, of which he was an assistant editor. He was president of the Society of Public Teachers of Law between 1965 and 1966. In 1970, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy.

He was prosecuted at the Old Bailey for submitting false income tax returns in 1954. The prosecuting counsel was Sir Harry Hylton-Foster, the Solicitor General and later Speaker of the House of Commons; counsel for the defence was Frederick Lawton, later a senior judge. Megarry's tax affairs were complex, with his earnings as a lecturer dealt with by his wife and his self-employed income from his legal practice dealt with by his clerk. Each assumed that the other was dealing with certain items of income, but in fact neither did, so they were omitted from Megarry's tax returns. The judge directed the jury to acquit Megarry, on the grounds that the error was a genuine mistake with no intention to defraud the tax authorities.

## Judicial career

Megarry was appointed as a High Court judge in 1967, assigned to the Chancery Division, and received the customary knighthood. He became Vice-Chancellor of that Division in 1976, effectively its head, as the deputy of the absent Lord Chancellor. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1978, and held the new post of Vice-Chancellor of the Supreme Court from 1982 to 1985.

He had a traditional view of the law, and was unwilling to set new legal precedent. In *Gaiman v National Association for Mental Health*, he ruled that the National Association for Mental Health was able to expel 302 suspect members, to prevent a suspected take-over by the Church of Scientology. In *Midland Cold Storage v Steer* he denounced picketing by dock workers as "the law of the jungle", but held that he had no jurisdiction to ban it, deferring to the National Industrial Relations Court. He was the first Chancery judge to sit outside London, when he attended a mock funeral in Iken in Suffolk to test how easy it would be to carry a coffin along an alleged right of way in *St Edmundsbury and Ipswich Diocesan Board of Finance v Clark*.

Megarry sat in the case of *Tito v Waddell (No 2)*, brought by the former residents of Banaba Island, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, whose island was all but destroyed by phosphate mining. Sympathetic to the grievances of the Banaban people, he described the 1947 transaction between the Banabans and the British Phosphate Commission as a "major disaster" for the Banabans. He took the court on a 3-week trip to the south Pacific, to visit the island. After sitting for 206 days, he delivered a judgment containing 100,000 words. He asked the Crown to do its duty to the islanders, but found that he was unable to require it to do anything.

He was appointed as vice-chancellor in 1976. In 1977, he declined to grant The Beatles an injunction to prohibit the sale of an unauthorised record based on informal and unrehearsed tapes. In 1979, he upheld a worldwide playing ban imposed on George Best by FIFA arising from a complaint by Best's former employer, Fulham Football Club. Also in 1979, he was unable to uphold a complaint in *Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner*, regarding phone tapping during a police investigation. However, in 1984 the European Court of Human Rights decided that it was a contravention of the European Convention on Human Rights. Megarry ordered Granada Television to disclose the name of a confidential source in 1980, following leaks of information from British Steel Corporation.

He ruled in two cases involving the National Union of Mineworkers in 1984. In the first case, *Cowan v Scargill* he declined a request from the National Coal Board for a mandatory order to direct union representative how to act as trustees of a pension fund, but gave directions on the representatives' fiduciary duties instead, saying that in his opinion the trustees were obliged to consider investment outside the UK and in industries that compete with coal. He would have said breach of the former would have risked the miners leaders being in contempt of court; breach of the latter would simply enable them to be removed as trustees. In the second case, a month later, he prohibited the NUM from calling a strike in Nottinghamshire, because a ballot had not been held, and then declared that an NUM plan to discipline non-striking miners was illegal.

He was chairman of the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for 15 years, from 1972 to 1987.

Megarry was also an accomplished legal writer, publishing several leading textbooks. He is perhaps best known as joint author of *The Law of Real Property* with William Wade, first published in 1957 and usually known as *Megarry and Wade*. A 6th edition, edited by Charles Harpum, was published in 1999. Megarry also wrote a handbook to the Rent Acts in 1939, which ran to 11 editions by 1988. His *Lectures on the Town and Country Planning Act 1947* was published in 1949, shortly after the new town planning legislation was passed, and he also published *A Manual of the Law of Real Property* (1946), which ran to 8 editions. He was the sole editor of the 23rd edition of *Snell's Equity* (1947); he then edited the 24th edition (1954) to the 27th edition (1973) jointly with Paul Vivian Baker. His works broke new ground, in presenting technical areas of the law in a clear and systematic way, to the benefit of generations of law students.

His love of the minutiae of legal practice led him to publish several legal miscellanies, including *Miscellany-at-law* (1955), *Arabinesque-at-law* (1969), *Inns Ancient and Modern* (1972), *A Second Miscellany-at-Law* (1973) and *A New Miscellany-At-Law* (2005). In 2014, The Green Bag published a "rump" chapter, titled "Contempt," that Megarry had written but not readied for publication before his death, and had entrusted to renowned legal lexicographer Bryan A. Garner to see into print.

He was also a book review and assistant editor of the *Law Quarterly Review* from 1944 to 1967, and a consultant for the BBC's radio programme *Law in Action* from 1953 to 1966. He also published *An Introduction to Lincoln's Inn* in 1971.

## Retirement

He retired as a judge in 1985, but occasionally sat until 1991. He was a member of the panel of judges of the Privy Council that decided the important negligence case of *Yuen Kun Yeu* in 1987. In retirement, he lectured in law in North America, and was Visitor at the University of Essex and in Cambridge.

He was an active member of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies into the 1990s. His last book, *A New Miscellany-at-Law*, was published in December 2005.

He died in London.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Robert Megarry
|  | MottoBe True |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableSir Robert MegarryFBA | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Vice-Chancellor | |
| **In office**
12 January 1976  1 June 1985 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Anthony Plowman |
| Succeeded by | Sir Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson |
| Justice of the High Court | |
| **In office**
2 October 1967  1 January 1982 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1 June 1910
Croydon, Surrey |
| Died | 11 October 2006 (2006-10-12) (aged 96)
London |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Trinity Hall, Cambridge |
|  | |


title: Bieker-Wilson Village Site

abstract: The Bieker-Wilson Village Site is an archaeological site in the far southeastern section of the U.S. state of Illinois. Inhabited during multiple periods over more than five hundred years, the village has been designated a historic site.

text:
# Bieker-Wilson Village Site

The **Bieker-Wilson Village Site** is an archaeological site in the far southeastern section of the U.S. state of Illinois. Inhabited during multiple periods over more than five hundred years, the village has been designated a historic site.

## Geographic context

Bieker-Wilson occupies river bottomland near the mouth of the Wabash River. It was previously located on the riverside, but the river has shifted and now flows farther to the east; the old river is now a slow-moving bayou locally known as Sandy Slough. Today, the site is farmland; it lies about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of the small community of New Haven. One of numerous archaeological sites on the Illinois side of the lower Wabash valley, it lies in a region inhabited for thousands of years before Columbus.

## Archaeological work

In the 1960s, regional interests proposed the construction of the Cross Wabash Valley Waterway, which would have required extensive construction projects along the river in order to make it more accessible to riverine shipping. Before the project was cancelled, the Corps arranged with the University of Illinois to conduct a field survey of the river valley. Under the direction of Robert Clouse, surveyors discovered the Bieker-Wilson Site in 1972, and further study was performed one year later by Southern Illinois University scholar Ronald Pulcher. While neither survey conducted any excavations, simple observation of the site and collection of artifacts from the surface has shown it to have been a significant settlement at one time: a portion of the site slightly less than 4 acres (1.6 ha) in area has soil much darker in color than the rest of the field, which the surveyors interpreted as evidence of a substantial midden in the darkened area.

## Research conclusions

Although the site has not been excavated, the surface collections performed by the original surveyors have enabled scholars to form some conclusions about Bieker-Wilson's inhabitants. It is known that the site was occupied during the Middle and Late Woodland Period as well as by peoples of the later Mississippian culture; the site was inhabited for at least five hundred years, and occupation for more than a millennium is possible. Multiple major Woodland sites have been found in the immediate vicinity; two such sites, Hubele and Wilson, are located about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the northeast. During the succeeding Late Woodland period, people of a culture known as the Duffy Complex lived on the Illinois side of the Wabash near its mouth; Bieker-Wilson, like Hubele, is one of the few sites that has been identified as a potential Duffy village site. Because the Duffy Complex is known from so few sites, comparatively little is known about its people; their distinctively plain pottery is well attested, but their chronological place in relation to other Woodland cultures is uncertain, as is their relationship (if any) with other peoples living at the same time period. Even the cursory surveys performed at Bieker-Wilson were able to demonstrate that Duffy peoples lived there, and as such it is deemed important because of the possibility that excavation of its large midden could clarify much that remains unknown about the culture. The site's uses were apparently minimal during the Middle Woodland; it was seemingly employed for toolworking purposes or used as a campsite, but even such a slight occupation has the chance of expanding current knowledge about Middle Woodland campsites. Finally, because the site was used during multiple phases of prehistory, the surveyors suggested that it would hold clues to cultural transitions: how did the Late Woodland peoples of the area come to participate in what today is known as the Mississippian culture? The chance that Bieker-Wilson might be able to answer this and similar questions was central to its importance for regional archaeology.

## Preservation

Immediately after the site's discovery, when no formal protection had been applied to it, Bieker-Wilson was being well maintained; the owner was employing it as part of his farm, and no substantial evidence of damage could be found. In order to give the site additional protection, the Illinois Archaeological Survey produced an application in June 1977 for the site to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the National Park Service granted this designation in November 1978. While National Register designation does not infringe on private landowners' rights to use their properties as they wish, it prohibits federal agencies and federally funded projects undertaken by other agencies from damaging the property without first engaging in a lengthy review process. Bieker-Wilson is one of eleven National Register-listed locations in White County; the Hubele and Wilson village sites are among the other ten, and most of the remainder are located in the city of Carmi.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bieker-Wilson Village Site | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Fields at the site on a rainy day | |
|  | |
| Location | Sandy Slough, southeast of the junction of County Road 300N and 1650E |
| Nearest city | New Haven, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 37°55′2″N 88°4′34″W / 37.91722°N 88.07611°W / 37.91722; -88.07611 |
| Area | 40 acres (16 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 78001197 |
| Added to NRHP | November 21, 1978 |


title: Beulah, Mississippi

abstract: Beulah is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 242. Beulah is served by Mississippi Highway 1. Lake Beulah, an oxbow lake formerly connected to the Mississippi River, is west of the town. The Illinois Central Railroad had a station in Beulah, but the line is now abandoned. Beulah is named after the Christian hymn Beulah Land, a favorite of Frank A. Montgomery, an early settler to western Bolivar County.

text:
# Beulah, Mississippi

**Beulah** is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 242.

Beulah is served by Mississippi Highway 1. Lake Beulah, an oxbow lake formerly connected to the Mississippi River, is west of the town. The Illinois Central Railroad had a station in Beulah, but the line is now abandoned.

Beulah is named after the Christian hymn *Beulah Land*, a favorite of Frank A. Montgomery, an early settler to western Bolivar County.

## History

The land southwest of Beulah was owned by a Choctaw family in the 1830s. A series of lawsuits caused them to lose their land, and Charles Clark took ownership. Clark established the Doro Plantation during the late 1840s and early 1850s, which grew to over 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) and became the most prosperous slave-owning plantation in the region. It continued to operate after the end of slavery until 1913. During that time, the Mississippi River flowed next to Beulah along "Beulah Bend" (now Lake Beulah), and Clark was often visited by Mark Twain while writing *Life on the Mississippi*.

In 1858, Frank A. Montgomery purchased a tract of land along the river north of the Doro Plantation and established a plantation. Beulah was one of its villages.

Mississippi River boats landed at points in the community, and there was a noted river trade. Freshwater clam harvesting  "clammin"  enabled a thriving pearl button industry.

In 1863, Union soldiers altered the course of the river by constructing a channel to avoid Beulah Bend, and the town became shut off from river commerce. The pearl button industry declined, as freshwater clams tend to concentrate in the bends of rivers, though many families still participate in clam harvesting at places they can access the river. Altering the river's course also destroyed the nearby towns of Prentiss and Napoleon.

In 1866, Montgomery donated the village of Beulah to the county, and gave $1,600 to build a courthouse. A two-room log jail was also built. Beulah became the first county seat, and had a Masonic Lodge, church, school, bank, stores, and post office. The *Bolivar Times* newspaper was also edited there. In 1872, the county seat was moved to Floreyville (now called Rosedale).

After the Civil War, numerous freedmen bought and cleared land in the bottomlands away from the river. By 1910, declining financial and social conditions had caused most to lose their land, forcing them to work as sharecroppers and laborers. Beginning in the early 1900s, thousands of blacks left Mississippi as part of the Great Migration north by railroad to Chicago and other northern industrial cities, but others remained, with strong local ties.

Blues musician W. C. Handy once invited Charley Patton to watch his band perform in Beulah. Patton got in free, and when he observed that Handy's musicians were all strict score-reading performers, he gave up all ambition of playing with their band.

Beulah was mentioned in Eudora Welty's *Death of a Traveling Salesman*:

> Bowman had wanted to reach Beulah by dark, to go to bed and sleep off his fatigue. As he remembered, Beulah was fifty miles away from the last town, on a graveled road. This was only a cow trail. How had he ever come to such a place? One hand wiped the sweat from his face, and he drove on.

In 1970, Beulah was chosen as the site for a large event by the Southern Female Rights Union.

Part of the movie *Crossroads* was filmed in Beulah.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2), all land.

### Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Beulah has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 506 |  |  |
| 1940 | 347 |  | −31.4% |
| 1950 | 342 |  | −1.4% |
| 1960 | 421 |  | 23.1% |
| 1970 | 443 |  | 5.2% |
| 1980 | 431 |  | −2.7% |
| 1990 | 460 |  | 6.7% |
| 2000 | 473 |  | 2.8% |
| 2010 | 348 |  | −26.4% |
| 2020 | 242 |  | −30.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2010 2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

**Beulah town, Mississippi – Racial and ethnic composition**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 25 | 13 | 7.18% | 5.37% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 317 | 218 | 91.09% | 90.08% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | 0.41% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 2 | 4 | 0.57% | 1.65% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 0 | 3 | 0.00% | 1.24% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 4 | 3 | 1.15% | 1.24% |
| **Total** | **348** | **242** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

### 2000 Census

As of the census of 2000, there were 473 people, 139 households, and 108 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,027.5 inhabitants per square mile (396.7/km2). There were 151 housing units at an average density of 328.0 per square mile (126.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 2.54% White, 95.98% African American, 0.85% Asian, 0.21% Pacific Islander, and 0.42% from two or more races.

There were 139 households, out of which 46.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.1% were married couples living together, 38.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40 and the average family size was 3.83.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 38.9% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 12.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $24,861, and the median income for a family was $25,341. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $19,205 for females. The per capita income for the town was $8,631. About 31.8% of families and 33.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.3% of those under age 18 and 44.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Beulah is served by the West Bolivar School District.

## InfoBox

| Beulah, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Main Street in Beulah | |
| Location of Beulah, Mississippi | |
| Beulah, MississippiLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 33°47′26″N 90°58′50″W / 33.79056°N 90.98056°W / 33.79056; -90.98056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Bolivar |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.46 sq mi (1.20 km2) |
| Land | 0.46 sq mi (1.20 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 144 ft (44 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 242 |
| Density | 522.68/sq mi (201.71/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 38726 |
| Area code | 662 |
| FIPS code | 28-05820 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0667037 |


title: Robert Kelton

abstract: Robert Kelton Jr. was an American blues guitarist and banjo player, influential in the development of jump blues and early rock and roll.

text:
# Robert Kelton

**Robert Kelton Jr.** (January 1, 1908  May 19, 1996) was an American blues guitarist and banjo player, influential in the development of jump blues and early rock and roll.

## Early life

Kelton was born in Kansas City, Kansas, and learned to play ukulele as a child, playing in cabarets in Turner by the mid-1920s. After becoming proficient on the banjo, he moved to Chicago in 1926 and the following year to St. Louis, Missouri, where he worked with Dewey Jackson's band on river boats. He next moved to Denver, Colorado, and then Phoenix, Arizona, where he married and played in George Morrison's band, before relocating to Los Angeles in 1932, and taking up the guitar.

## Career

Around 1935, he became one of the first to play electric guitar, in Boot Wiley's band at Riverside, California, where he influenced Charlie Christian. Over the next few years Kelton also played with Jack McVea, before playing in Happy Johnson's band in San Diego between 1939 and 1942. In 1943, he met Jimmy McCracklin, but then entered military service in the US Navy. In 1946 Kelton, McCracklin, and drummer Little Red formed the Blues Blasters, recording for the Cava-tone and Down Town labels with Kelton providing solos that "were highly unusual and most effective", on tracks such as "Blues Blasters Shuffle" (1948). He continued to perform with McCracklin over the following decade, leaving soon after Lafayette Thomas joined. Kelton also worked as a session musician, and recorded some tracks under his own name for Aladdin Records.

## Last days

He performed and recorded intermittently in the 1960s and 1970s, while also working in the post office in Richmond, California, and also wrote songs, some of which he sold to Don Robey. He recorded a single on the Rhodes-Way label in 1979, but his final recording session in 1981 was never completed. He died at home in Richmond in 1996, aged 88.


title: Robert Kelly (surgeon)

abstract: Sir Robert Ernest Kelly was a British surgeon and professor of surgery at the University of Liverpool. He was the younger son of iron merchant Robert Kelly of Liverpool and received his education at Liverpool Institute and University College, which was then part of Victoria University. He was among the first medical graduates of the newly established University of Liverpool and received his clinical training at Liverpool Royal Infirmary. He held positions as house surgeon and surgeon at the infirmary before becoming a consulting surgeon. During World War I, he served as a consulting surgeon to the British Forces in Salonika holding the temporary rank of colonel. In recognition of his services, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath CB in 1916 and later served on the Army Council Medical Advisory Board. He became part of the teaching staff of Liverpool University as lecturer in surgery and from 1922 to 1939 as professor of surgery. He was elected to the council of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1928, where he served for sixteen years, including acting as vice-president for 1938–40. He delivered the Bradshaw lecture in 1938 on "Recurrent peptic ulceration, causes of, and design for second operation on the stomach". On his retirement he was granted the title of emeritus professor and created a Knight Bachelor in the 1939 Birthday Honours. Kelly died in Liverpool in 1944. He was married to Averill Edith Irma, the daughter of James Edlington M'Dougall, and their daughter was the renowned art historian Alison Kelly.

text:
# Robert Kelly (surgeon)

**Sir Robert Ernest Kelly** CB FRCS (7 April 1879 – 16 November 1944) was a British surgeon and professor of surgery at the University of Liverpool.

He was the younger son of iron merchant Robert Kelly of Liverpool and received his education at Liverpool Institute and University College, which was then part of Victoria University. He was among the first medical graduates of the newly established University of Liverpool and received his clinical training at Liverpool Royal Infirmary. He held positions as house surgeon and surgeon at the infirmary before becoming a consulting surgeon.

During World War I, he served as a consulting surgeon to the British Forces in Salonika holding the temporary rank of colonel. In recognition of his services, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath CB in 1916 and later served on the Army Council Medical Advisory Board.

He became part of the teaching staff of Liverpool University as lecturer in surgery and from 1922 to 1939 as professor of surgery. He was elected to the council of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1928, where he served for sixteen years, including acting as vice-president for 1938–40. He delivered the Bradshaw lecture in 1938 on *"Recurrent peptic ulceration, causes of, and design for second operation on the stomach"*.

On his retirement he was granted the title of emeritus professor and created a Knight Bachelor in the 1939 Birthday Honours.

Kelly died in Liverpool in 1944. He was married to Averill Edith Irma, the daughter of James Edlington M'Dougall, and their daughter was the renowned art historian Alison Kelly.


title: Biblioteca Marucelliana

abstract: The Marucelliana Library or Biblioteca Marucelliana, is a public library, founded by the mid-18th century, and located on Via Camillo Cavour # 43, in Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy.

text:
# Biblioteca Marucelliana

The **Marucelliana Library** or **Biblioteca Marucelliana**, is a public library, founded by the mid-18th century, and located on Via Camillo Cavour # 43, in Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy.

## History

The library was opened to the public on September 18, 1752. It was willed by Abbot Francesco Marucelli, (died in Rome, 1703), as a library of general knowledge open to a wide audience, as indicated by the inscription on the facade: "Marucellorum Bibliotheca publicae maxime pauperum utilitati". The core of the collection derives from the library of Abbot Francesco.

Funded by the income of various abbeys, Francesco lived in Rome, where he was sometimes consulted as an expert in the Canon Law. His only publication, was a bibliographic compendium in fifteen volumes, *Mare Magnum*, of the contents of his library and or those of his acquaintance.

The building was commissioned by the grandson of the founder, Alessandro Marucelli (died 1751). Also a bibliophile himself, Alessandro expanded the entries in *Mare Magnum* to 24 volumes, and fulfilled his grandfather's will by selecting the site for the library on Via Condotti. He also donated his own books and appointed Angelo Maria Bandini as first librarian, a post he held for the fifty years. Alessandro died before the construction was complete. The original collection numbered about 6000 manuscripts, in all disciplines.

Bandini established the first alphabetic catalogues of the works, by author and by title. *Mare Magnum* was expanded to 111 volumes. Bandini concurrently served as the librarian for the Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence. In 1776, the suppression of the Jesuits, brought their large collections into the library, consisting of more than one hundred and fifty works, including a dozen manuscripts.  In 1783, Bandini brought into the collection the drawings and prints of Francesco di Ruberto, and also those of the Marucelli family. He purchased the manuscript collection of Anton Francesco Gori, and obtained the library of the naturalist Antonio Cocchi and a portion of the library of the antiquarian Filippo Stosch.

The second librarian, Francesco Del Furia (1777-1856), held the post for the next fifty years. In the second half of the nineteenth century and the first of the next century by collections from the Martelli and Bonamici families and the correspondence of Nencioni, as well as many other documents and manuscripts. The 19th century suppressions of convents also enlarged their collections, including most of their sixteenth-century incunabula.

The late nineteenth-century English novelist George Gissing used the library on a number of occasions in early January 1889.

In 1910, a law demanded that nearly all printed public works from Florence and nearby provinces also be deposited in the Marucelliana.

## Art and architecture

The edifice was built to house the library. A public contest to create the design had two main submissions, one by the Roman architect Alessandro Dori, and by the Florentine architect Giovanni Filippo Ciocchi. Dori had chosen Via Cavour as a main entrance, while Ciocchi chose a side street. A committee, which had access to the compelling wooden model, ultimately chose the less costly Dori model.

Construction (1747–1751) was directed by Dori; and by the late eighteenth century, space appeared tight. Currently, the complex has expanded beyond the original premises, into the adjacent Palaces Della Stufa and Pegna, and the ground floor of the Palazzo Fenzi Dardinelli.

The wooden model of the Library is on display, 104 cm high, 55 wide and 135 long. The model is detailed complete with the interior plans, including the Reading Room, as well as that of the access staircase.

The main reading room has a bust of *Francesco Marucelli* (1749) by Pietro Bracci and a plaster portrait of Giacomo Leopardi (1885) by Adriano Cecioni. A portrait of Francesco Marucelli has been attributed to Davide Canoniche.

At the base of the grand staircase there is a marble statue of *Minerva*, donated to the library by Giovanni Filippo Marucelli, bailiff of Malta.

## Collections

The library presently contains over a million volumes, including 490 incunabula and 7,995 cinquecentine, 2,927 manuscripts, and 69,345 personal letters and papers of interest. It contains nearly 53,000 etchings, and 3,200 drawings from the 16th-19th centuries, and 9,000 librettos of melodrammas, and numerous series of journals and newspapers. Among its treasures are the papers of the anatomist Francesco Redi, the naturalist Giacinto Cestoni, and some of the letters of Antonio Vallisneri. The collection includes the "Luigi Beuf" Italian Cryptogamic Herbarium, with nearly 3000 independent samples of dried cryptogams.

43°46′39″N 11°15′27″E / 43.7775°N 11.2575°E / 43.7775; 11.2575


title: Robert Lamezan de Salins

abstract: Robert Lamezan de Salins (1869–1930), also known as Robert Graf von Lamezan-Salins, was a Polish military officer and diplomat of aristocratic descent. An heir to a mighty Austro-Hungarian family of distant French roots, Robert Franz Lamezan-Salins was born August 14, 1869, in Mödling near Vienna to Eduard Graf Lamezan-Salins, a notable statesman and lawyer, president of district court for Vienna and founder of Austrian Olympic Committee. His grandfather was another Austrian general, Anton Graf von Lamezan-Salins. In 1890 Robert Lamezan-Salins joined the Austro-Hungarian Army and initially served as an NCO in the 6th Dragoon Regiment. Stationed in predominantly Polish Galicia, in 1903 he married Irena Countess Wolańska of the Przyjaciel coat of arms, heiress of a Polish aristocratic family. He graduated from the General Staff Academy and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel (Oberstleutnant) in 1911. Promoted to full colonel at the outbreak of the Great War, he served as a commanding officer of a cavalry regiment and then cavalry brigade. Following the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, in December 1918 he joined the Polish Army and was accepted in the rank of Brigadier General. Although officially in active service, initially he served as a diplomat, heading Polish military missions to Bucharest and Berlin, and as a liaison to Inter-Allied Military Mission to Eastern Lesser Poland during the Polish-Ukrainian War. Following his return from Berlin in December 1919 he briefly served as the commanding officer of the 12th Infantry Division, but was dismissed as early as January 1920 and headed the Polish military mission charged with taking over the region of Pomerania from German administration. In this capacity he took part in Poland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony. In March 1920 he became the commanding officer of the Lwów Corps Area and in August and September of that year he briefly commanded the entire South-Western Front of the Polish Army, as well as the 6th Army. Due to health problems he was dismissed from service in August 1921 and the following year he was honourably discharged. He briefly returned to active duty in 1923, but was again discharged in 1926. According to his post-war evaluation by Marshal Józef Piłsudski, he was a mediocre commander at best. "Completely inept at operational level in my honest opinion. His command would always be very, very bad. In dire need he could be used as a corps commanding officer, but – God forbid – not in Galicia, where he would instantly become victim of his numerous friends, colleagues and relatives. Easy-going, he is best used in diplomatic missions, but rather those, where observation rather than action or character are needed". He settled in his family's manor in Świrz near Przemyślany. He died in Lwów November 29, 1930. A couple of months prior to his death his daughter Irena married another Polish military officer, Tadeusz Komorowski, who later became the Commander-in-Chief of Polish Armed Forces.

text:
# Robert Lamezan de Salins

**Robert Lamezan de Salins** (1869–1930), also known as **Robert Graf von Lamezan-Salins**, was a Polish military officer and diplomat of aristocratic descent.

An heir to a mighty Austro-Hungarian family of distant French roots (his ancestors came to Austria in 1709), Robert Franz Lamezan-Salins was born August 14, 1869, in Mödling near Vienna to Eduard Graf Lamezan-Salins, a notable statesman and lawyer, president of district court for Vienna and founder of Austrian Olympic Committee. His grandfather was another Austrian general, Anton Graf von Lamezan-Salins.

In 1890 Robert Lamezan-Salins joined the Austro-Hungarian Army and initially served as an NCO in the 6th Dragoon Regiment. Stationed in predominantly Polish Galicia, in 1903 he married Irena Countess Wolańska of the Przyjaciel coat of arms, heiress of a Polish aristocratic family. He graduated from the General Staff Academy and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel (*Oberstleutnant*) in 1911. Promoted to full colonel at the outbreak of the Great War, he served as a commanding officer of a cavalry regiment and then cavalry brigade.

Following the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, in December 1918 he joined the Polish Army and was accepted in the rank of Brigadier General. Although officially in active service, initially he served as a diplomat, heading Polish military missions to Bucharest (where he negotiated the return of the Romanian-held region of Pokutia to Poland) and Berlin, and as a liaison to Inter-Allied Military Mission to Eastern Lesser Poland during the Polish-Ukrainian War. Following his return from Berlin in December 1919 he briefly served as the commanding officer of the 12th Infantry Division, but was dismissed as early as January 1920 and headed the Polish military mission charged with taking over the region of Pomerania from German administration. In this capacity he took part in Poland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony.

In March 1920 he became the commanding officer of the Lwów Corps Area (military administration of the city of Lwów and its region) and in August and September of that year he briefly commanded the entire South-Western Front of the Polish Army, as well as the 6th Army. Due to health problems he was dismissed from service in August 1921 and the following year he was honourably discharged. He briefly returned to active duty in 1923, but was again discharged in 1926. According to his post-war evaluation by Marshal Józef Piłsudski, he was a mediocre commander at best. "Completely inept at operational level in my honest opinion. His command would always be very, very bad. In dire need he could be used as a corps commanding officer, but – God forbid – not in Galicia, where he would instantly become victim of his numerous friends, colleagues and relatives. Easy-going, he is best used in diplomatic missions, but rather those, where observation rather than action or character are needed".

He settled in his family's manor in Świrz near Przemyślany. He died in Lwów November 29, 1930. A couple of months prior to his death his daughter Irena married another Polish military officer, Tadeusz Komorowski, who later became the Commander-in-Chief of Polish Armed Forces.

1. (in Polish) Jan Rydel, *W służbie cesarza i króla: generałowie i admirałowie narodowości polskiej w siłach zbrojnych Austro-Węgier w latach 1868–1918*. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. ISBN 83-7188-235-1. pp. 218–219
2. (in Polish) Tadeusz Kryska-Karski, Stanisław Żurakowski, *Generałowie Polski Niepodległej* (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Editions Spotkania, 1991. p. 45.
3. Mieczysław Cieplewicz (1966). "Generałowie polscy w opinii J. Piłsudskiego". *Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny* (in Polish). **37** (1). Warsaw: 324.

## InfoBox

| Robert Lamezan de Salins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1869-08-14)14 August 1869
Mödling, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 29 November 1930(1930-11-29) (aged 61)
Lwów, Poland |
| Allegiance | Austria-Hungary (to 1918)
Poland |
| Service/branch | Heer |
| Years of service | 1890–18 (Austria)
1918–26 (Poland) |
| Rank | Major General (Austria)
generał dywizji (Poland) |
| Commands | South-Eastern Front |
| Battles/wars | World War I
Polish–Soviet War |


title: Robert Lambert (academic)

abstract: Robert Lambert, D.D. was a priest and academic in the second half of the 18th and the first decades of the 19th centuries. Lambert educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1697, and M.A. in 1700; and was a Fellow of St John's from then until his appointment as Master in 1727. Ordained in 1706, he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1727 until 1728, and again from 1729 until 1730.

text:
# Robert Lambert (academic)

**Robert Lambert**, D.D. (b Beverley 21 April 1677 - d Cambridge 25 January 1735) was a priest and academic in the second half of the 18th and the first decades of the 19th centuries.

Lambert educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1697, and M.A. in 1700; and was a Fellow of St John's from then until his appointment as Master in 1727. Ordained in 1706, he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1727 until 1728, and again from 1729 until 1730.


title: Robert Boyd (physicist)

abstract:
Sir Robert Lewis Fullarton Boyd was a pioneer of British space science and founding director of the Mullard Space Science Laboratory. Robert Boyd was born in Saltcoats, Ayrshire as one of two twin boys. He was a pupil at Whitgift School and studied at Imperial College and University College London. His scientific career started at the Admiralty Mining Establishment in 1943 where he
worked with some notable scientists, including Francis Crick, Thomas Gaskell and Harrie Massey. Massey would later encourage Boyd to engage in atmospheric physics research at UCL. His thesis was
on New Techniques for the Study of Ionised Gases. In addition to helping create the MSSL, Boyd played an instrumental role in the founding of the European Space Research Organization and its subsequent incarnation the European Space Agency (1974/75). Boyd succeeded Harrie Massey as the chair of the British National Committee for Space Research in 1976. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1969 and was knighted in 1983 in recognition of his services to space science. Boyd was a committed Christian and he saw no conflict but subtle complementarity between science and religion. His 1950s and 1960s writings and lectures on this relationship helped Christians to be more influential in science, through the Research Scientists' Christian Fellowship.

text:
# Robert Boyd (physicist)

**Sir Robert Lewis Fullarton Boyd** (19 October 1922 – 5 February 2004) was a pioneer of British space science and founding director of the Mullard Space Science Laboratory (part of University College London).

Robert Boyd was born in Saltcoats, Ayrshire as one of two twin boys. He was a pupil at Whitgift School and studied at Imperial College (BSc(Eng) 1943) and University College London (PhD 1949; Fellow 1988).

His scientific career started at the Admiralty Mining Establishment in 1943 where he worked with some notable scientists, including Francis Crick, Thomas Gaskell and Harrie Massey. Massey would later encourage Boyd to engage in atmospheric physics research at UCL. His thesis was on *New Techniques for the Study of Ionised Gases*.

In addition to helping create the MSSL, Boyd played an instrumental role in the founding of the European Space Research Organization and its subsequent incarnation the European Space Agency (1974/75). Boyd succeeded Harrie Massey as the chair of the British National Committee for Space Research in 1976.

He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1969 and was knighted in 1983 in recognition of his services to space science.

Boyd was a committed Christian and he saw no conflict but subtle complementarity between science and religion. His 1950s and 1960s writings and lectures on this relationship helped Christians to be more influential in science, through the Research Scientists' Christian Fellowship.

## Career

* Experimental Officer at Admiralty Mining Establishment, 1943–46
* DSIR (UK) Research Assistant, 1946–49
* ICI Research Fellow, 1949–52
* Lecturer in Physics, UCL, 1952–58; Reader 1959-62
* Professor of Astronomy (part-time), Royal Institution, 1961–67
* Professor of Physics in the University of London, 1962–83, then Emeritus Professor
* Director, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, 1965–83.

## Other activities

## Honours


title: Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial

abstract: The Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial is an outdoor memorial commemorating Robert Louis Stevenson, in Portsmouth Square, San Francisco, California.

text:
# Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial

The **Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial** is an outdoor memorial commemorating Robert Louis Stevenson, in Portsmouth Square, San Francisco, California.

## InfoBox

| Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial | |
| --- | --- |
| The memorial in 2013 | |
| Robert Louis Stevenson MemorialLocation in San Francisco | |
| Location | San Francisco, California |
| Coordinates | 37°47′42″N 122°24′21″W / 37.79512°N 122.40574°W / 37.79512; -122.40574 |


title: Biddy Jenkinson

abstract: Biddy Jenkinson is an Irish poet, short story writer and dramatist who writes in the Irish language. She was born in 1949 in Dublin and attended University College Cork. She has published several collections of verse, two collections of short stories and two plays. It has been said of Jenkinson that she seeks to recreate a sense of the sacral world of nature and women’s role in sustaining it. She has a deep interest in literary tradition. Her chosen creative language is Irish and she has expressed her opposition to ‘the insistence that everything written in Irish be translated immediately into English’. Her work has been praised for its passion, humour and variety. She was editor of Éigse Éireann/Poetry Ireland Review from 2000 to 2001.

text:
# Biddy Jenkinson

**Biddy Jenkinson** (a pseudonym) is an Irish poet, short story writer and dramatist who writes in the Irish language. She was born in 1949 in Dublin and attended University College Cork. She has published several collections of verse, two collections of short stories and two plays.

It has been said of Jenkinson that she seeks to recreate a sense of the sacral world of nature and women’s role in sustaining it. She has a deep interest in literary tradition. Her chosen creative language is Irish and she has expressed her opposition to ‘the insistence that everything written in Irish be translated immediately into English’. Her work has been praised for its passion, humour and variety.

She was editor of *Éigse Éireann/Poetry Ireland Review* from 2000 to 2001.

## Published work

### Poetry

*Sceilg na Scál* (Coiscéim 2017)

*TáinRith* (Coiscéim 2013)

*Oíche Bhealtaine* (Coiscéim 2005)

*Mis* (Coiscéim 2001)

*Rogha dánta* (anthology) ed. Siobhán Ní Fhoghlú and Seán Ó Tuama (Cork University Press 1999)

*Amhras Neimhe* (Coiscéim 1997)

*Dán na hUidhre* (Coiscéim 1991)

*Uiscí Beatha* (Coiscéim 1988)

*Baisteadh Gintlí* (Coiscéim 1986)

### Short stories

*Duinnín - Bleachtaire - Ar An Sceilg* (Coiscéim 2011)

*An tAthair Pádraig Ó Duinnín - Bleachtaire* (Coiscéim 2008)

*An Grá Riabhach - Gáirscéalta*  (Coiscéim 2000)

### Plays

*Mise, Subhó agus Maccó* (Cló Iar-Chonnacht 2000)

*Oh, Rahjerum!* (Coiscéim 1998)

### Books for Children

*An Bhanríon Bess agus Gusaí Gaimbín* (Coiscéim 2007), in association with Ribó

*Mo Scéal Féin xx Púca* (Coiscéim 2004), illustrated by Ribó

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1949 (age 7475)<br>Dublin, Ireland |
| Pen name | Biddy Jenkinson |
| Occupation | * Poet * short story writer |
| Language | Irish |
| Alma mater | University College Cork |


abstract: Bilaspur is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in India. It is part of Bilaspur district.

text:
# Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency

**Bilaspur** is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in India.

It is part of Bilaspur district.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

### Madhya Pradesh assembly

| Election | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | Shivdulare |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1957 | | | |
| 1962 | Ramcharan Rai | | |
| 1967 | | | |
| 1972 | Shridhar Mishra | | |
| 1977 | B. R. Yadav | | |
| 1980 | |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1990 | Moolchand Khandelwal |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1993 | B. R. Yadav |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1998 | Amar Agrawal |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |

### Chhattisgarh assembly

| Election | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Amar Agrawal |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2008 | | | |
| 2013 | | | |
| 2018 | Sailesh Pandey |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2023 | Amar Agrawal |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results

### 2023

Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023: Bilaspur
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Amar Agrawal** | **83,022** | **57.94** | **+15.72** |
|  | INC | Sailesh Pandey | 54,063 | 37.73 | −12.84 |
|  | AAP | Ujwala Karade | 1,801 | 1.26 | *New* |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 866 | 0.60 | −0.26 |
| Majority | | | 28,959 | 20.21 | +11.86 |
| Turnout | | | 143,300 | 57.04 | −4.55 |
|  | BJP **gain** from INC | | Swing |  |  |

### 2018

Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018: Bilaspur
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Sailesh Pandey** | **67,896** | **50.57** |  |
|  | BJP | Amar Agrawal | 56,675 | 42.22 |  |
|  | JCC | Brijesh Sahu | 3,641 | 2.71 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 1153 | 0.86 |  |
| Majority | | | 11,221 | 8.35 |  |
| Turnout | | | 134251 | 61.59 |  |
|  | INC **gain** from BJP | | Swing |  |  |

22°05′N 82°08′E / 22.08°N 82.14°E / 22.08; 82.14

## InfoBox

| Bilaspur | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 30 for the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Central India |
| State | Chhattisgarh |
| District | Bilaspur |
| LS constituency | Bilaspur |
| Established | 1951 |
| Total electors | 251,210 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 6th Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Amar Agrawal** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2023 |


title: Bilambil Heights

abstract: Bilambil Heights is a town located in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, in the Tweed Shire.

text:
# Bilambil Heights

**Bilambil Heights** is a town located in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, in the Tweed Shire.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census, Bilambil Heights recorded a population of 3,491 people, 51.9% female and 48.1% male.

The median age of the Bilambil Heights population was 44 years, 6 years above the national median of 38.

78.7% of people living in Bilambil Heights were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 4.3%, New Zealand 3.5%, Germany 1.0%, Scotland 0.5%, and South Africa 0.5%.

88.0% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% German, 0.6% Portuguese, 0.4% Italian, 0.3% Spanish, and 0.3% Greek.

## InfoBox

| Bilambil Heights<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Bilambil Heights | |
| Coordinates | 28°12′50″S 153°29′06″E / 28.214°S 153.485°E / -28.214; 153.485 |
| Population | 3,491 (2021 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2486 |
| Elevation | 1 m (3 ft) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) |
| • Summer (DST) | AEDT (UTC+11) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Tweed Shire |
| State electorate(s) | Tweed |
| Federal division(s) | Richmond |


title: Robert Picht

abstract: Robert Picht was a German academic.

text:
# Robert Picht

**Robert Picht** (27 September 1937 – 24 September 2008) was a German academic.

## Biography

Son of Professor Georg Picht and his wife Edith Axenfeld, Robert Picht studied sociology and Romance studies at the universities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Paris, Madrid and Freiburg. In 1964 he obtained a Magister Artium degree in French literature in Hamburg. at the Sorbonne in 1972, he passed the exam to earn a Dr. phil. In 1990 he was appointed professor of sociology at the University of Hagen.

From 1965 to 1972 he served at the office of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) in Paris. During this time he was also a lecturer for German language and politics at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques and Ecole Nationale d’Administration in Paris.

For 30 years, from 1972 to 2002, he took the position of director at the Franco-German Institute in Ludwigsburg. He also served as Vice President and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the European Cultural Foundation in Amsterdam from 1976 to 1995.

He was rector ad interim of the College of Europe from 2002 to 2003 and vice-rector of the College of Europe campus in Natolin (Warsaw) from 2004 to 2007 (ad interim 2004-2005), focusing his scholarly attention on Europe in a globalising world order.

## Works

* *Kommentierte Bibliographie: Deutschland nach 1945*, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, 1972
* *Französische Germanistikstudenten*, Bad Godesberg 1974
* *Perspektiven der Frankreichkunde: Ansätze zu einer interdisziplinär orientierten Romanistik*, Tübingen 1974
* *Deutschlandstudien II*, Bonn 1975
* *Fallstudien und didaktische Versuche*, Bad Godesberg, 1975
* *Kulturpolitik für Europa: Planungsansätze europäischer Stiftungsarbeit*, Bonn 1977
* *Deutschland, Frankreich, Europa: Bilanz einer schwierigen Partnerschaft*, München 1978
* *Das Bündnis im Bündnis. Deutsch-französische Beziehungen im internationalen Spannungsfeld*, Berlin 1982
* *Deutsch-französische Beziehungen.* Hagen 1984
* *Die rätselhaften Deutschen. Die Bundesrepublik von außen gesehen.* Mit Brigitte Sauzay, Stuttgart 1985
* *Einführung in die Frankreichforschung.* Hagen 1986
* *Esprit/ Geist: 100 Schlüsselbegriffe für Deutsche und Franzosen* mit Jaques Leenhardt, München 1989 & 1993 ISBN 3492039561
    + veränd. Fassung: *Fremde Freunde. Deutsche und Franzosen vor dem 21. Jahrhundert* (Essays zu der versch. Bedeutung von Kernbegriffen in beiden Sprachen, Titel sehr irreführend) Hg. mit Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot, René Lasserre & Peter Theiner; Piper, München 1997 & 2002 ISBN 3492039561
    + Französ. Fassung: Mit Jacques Leenhardt *Au jardin des malentendus. Le Commerce franco-allemand des idées* Actes Sud, Arles 1992 ISBN 2868694411 & ebd. 1997 ISBN 2742713778
* *Motor für Europa? Deutsch-französischer Bilateralismus und europäische Integration* Bonn 1990
* *De Gaulle, Deutschland und Europa.* Mit Wilfried Loth, Opladen 1991
* *L'Identite europénne: analyses et propositions pour le renforcement d'une Europe pluraliste: une étude de la Trans European Policy Studies Association* Brüssel 1994
* *Deutsch-französischer Hochschulaustausch. Stand und Perspektiven* Ludwigsburg 1998
* *A pilot study on innovating education and learning the role of foundations and corporate funders*, Brüssel 1998
* *Education funding in Europe*, Brüssel 1998
* *Integrating youth into a changing society: the role of foundations and corporate funders*, Brüssel 1999
* Dieter Mahncke, Léonce Bekemans, Robert Picht, *The College of Europe. Fifty years of service to Europe*, College of Europe, Bruges, 1999. ISBN 9080498319
* *Generation Erasmus. Zum Europabild junger Europäer*, in: Merkur (Zeitschrift) Jg. 58, Bd. 4, 2004, S. 306

## InfoBox

| Robert Picht | |
| --- | --- |
| Picht in 2005 | |
|  | |
| Vice-Rector of College of Europe | |
| **In office**
2004–2007 | |
| Preceded by | Piotr Nowina-Konopka |
| Succeeded by | Ewa Ośniecka-Tamecka |
| Rector ad interim of College of Europe | |
| **In office**
2002–2003 | |
| Preceded by | Piet Akkermans |
| Succeeded by | Paul Demaret |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Picht
(1937-09-27)27 September 1937
Berlin, Germany |
| Died | 24 September 2008(2008-09-24) (aged 70)
Hinterzarten, Germany |
| Profession | Academic |
|  | |


title: Robert Philp (missionary)

abstract: The Reverend Robert Anderson Philp was a Church of Scotland missionary in Kenya and acted as interpreter during the trial of Jomo Kenyatta in 1952.

text:
# Robert Philp (missionary)

The Reverend **Robert Anderson Philp** (25 February 1913 – 1 March 2008) was a Church of Scotland missionary in Kenya and acted as interpreter during the trial of Jomo Kenyatta in 1952.

## Early life

Robert Anderson Philp, born on 25 February 1913, was the only child of a Scottish missionary doctor, the Rev Dr Horace Philp, founder of Tumutumu Hospital near Nyeri, Kenya in the foothills of Mount Kenya. He was raised amongst the Kikuyu people of central Kenya, and was known for his mastery of the Gikuyu language as well as for the authenticity of his accent.

## Education

After his formative years, he went to George Watson's School in Edinburgh, Scotland and went to study divinity at the University of Edinburgh, after which he spent a year studying at the Budapest College of the Reformed Church in Hungary.

## Ministry in Kenya

In 1937 he returned to Kenya as a missionary, where his first station was at his birthplace Tumutumu. While there, he lived and worked as a missionary and also served as a chaplain in the British Army throughout World War II. In 1946 he married Jeane Caddick whom he had met while a student at the University of Edinburgh and after returning to Kenya set up home at Tumutumu.

He was well known for his love and identification with, the Kikuyu people of Kenya. During the Mau Mau insurgency, many of the Kikuyu who refused to take the Mau Mau oath were in danger of being killed. Philp successfully acted as a mediator on behalf of some of the Kikuyu to the British authorities.

Philp taught at St. Paul's University, Limuru, where he was active in preparing and equipping Africans to become ministers. He later became the first Church of Scotland missionary at Nakuru in the Great Rift Valley, and then worked at Thogoto, a village near Nairobi. He was well regarded for his work in encouraging close partnerships with his African colleagues, and was tireless in his efforts to foster good relations between Kenyans and Europeans.

## Kenyatta trial

In 1952 while serving as a missionary in Kenya he acted as interpreter during the trial of Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta was charged with "managing and being a member" of Mau Mau, the insurgency rebellion against British rule in Kenya. Although he knew English well, Kenyatta determined to speak only in his native language, Kikuyu. The role of court translator was initially given to the archaeologist Louis Leakey, but due to challenges to his translation, Leakey resigned and was replaced by Philp. After a guilty verdict was rendered in April 1953, Kenyatta received a sentence of seven years' hard labour and he remained in prison until 1959.

## Later ministry in the United Kingdom

After 23 years as a second-generation missionary, personal circumstances caused Philp reluctantly to resign in 1960, from the Church of Scotland Mission and leave Kenya. Philp became a Church of Scotland minister at Stepps, Scotland near Glasgow. Due to his influence, several of his congregation became missionaries or ministers. Philp retired in 1981, at the age of 69. He and his wife lived in Leeds, England where they became involved with a Congregational church, and later in Bath, where they became part of an Anglican church community.

In 1988 the Presbyterian Church of East Africa celebrated the 90th anniversary of the first Scottish missionaries' arrival in Kenya, and requested Philp to attend as guest of honour. While there, he returned to his birthplace, Tumutumu, and he discovered that he had retained his fluency in Kikuyu after 28 years in Britain.

The Presbyterian Church of East Africa's service of celebration at Thogoto was attended by more than 5,000 people, including President Daniel Arap Moi, and in his speech, as Philp spoke in Kikuyu, without notes, the attendees broke into spontaneous applause.

## Last days

After his wife Jeanne died in 2005, he lived for the rest of his life at Bybrook Nursing Home near Bath, but he always had a love for Kenya, and it was his Kikuyu Bible that he chose to read, rather than an English one. He and his wife had three daughters, Mary, Joan and Dorothy.

Philp died on 1 March 2008. His funeral service was held at All Saints' Church, Weston, England. On 18 March 2008 and his ashes were buried in Kenya, among the Kikuyu people, because, as he once said, "after all, that is where I am from."


title: Robert Priseman

abstract: Robert Priseman is a British artist, collector, writer, curator and publisher who lives and works in Essex, England. Over 200 works of art by Priseman are held in art museum collections around the world including the V&A, Museum der Moderne Salzburg, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Musée de Louvain la Neuve, The Royal Collection at Windsor Castle, The Allen Memorial Art Museum, The Mead Art Museum, Honolulu Museum of Art and The National Galleries of Scotland. Priseman read Aesthetics and Art Theory at the University of Essex under art theorist Professor Michael Podro and began his working life as a book designer for Longman publishers (1989-1992). While there he started painting portraits in oils, with sitters including the Dalai Lama, Phil Collins, Jeremy Paxman and Cardinal Basil Hume. Work from this period is held in number of public collections including The Royal Collection at Windsor Castle, Corpus Christi College Cambridge and Cranfield University. In 2004 he gave up portrait painting and embarked on thematic series of works aimed to engage the viewer in dialogue on provocative psychological and socio-political issues. Such works include The Hospital Paintings, Subterraneans, The Francis Bacon Interiors, No Human Way to Kill, The Troubles and Nazi Gas Chambers. In 2013 Priseman, in partnership with artist, Simon Carter established Contemporary British Painting. In 2013 he donated a collection of twenty paintings by contemporary British artists, known as 'The Robert Priseman Gift', to the Falmouth Art Gallery, England. Robert Priseman and Simon Carter established 'East Contemporary Art: A collection of 21st Century Practice' at University Campus Suffolk, England. Priseman also collects paintings by British artists he admires and owns the ‘Priseman Seabrook Collection of 21st Century British Painting’ which first went on museum display at Huddersfield Art Gallery in 2014. In 2010 he was appointed Fellow at the Human Rights Centre, University of Essex in 2015 Visiting Professor in Fine Art at the Department of Art and Humanities, University Campus Suffolk, and in 2017 a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Leeds

text:
# Robert Priseman

**Robert Priseman** (born in Spondon, Derbyshire in 1965) is a British artist, collector, writer, curator and publisher who lives and works in Essex, England. Over 200 works of art by Priseman are held in art museum collections around the world including the V&A, Museum der Moderne Salzburg, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Musée de Louvain la Neuve, The Royal Collection at Windsor Castle, The Allen Memorial Art Museum, The Mead Art Museum, Honolulu Museum of Art and The National Galleries of Scotland.

Priseman read Aesthetics and Art Theory at the University of Essex under art theorist Professor Michael Podro and began his working life as a book designer for Longman publishers (1989-1992). While there he started painting portraits in oils, with sitters including the Dalai Lama, Phil Collins, Jeremy Paxman and Cardinal Basil Hume. Work from this period is held in number of public collections including The Royal Collection at Windsor Castle, Corpus Christi College Cambridge and Cranfield University. In 2004 he gave up portrait painting and embarked on thematic series of works aimed to engage the viewer in dialogue on provocative psychological and socio-political issues. Such works include The Hospital Paintings, Subterraneans, The Francis Bacon Interiors, No Human Way to Kill, The Troubles and Nazi Gas Chambers.

In 2013 Priseman, in partnership with artist, Simon Carter established Contemporary British Painting. In 2013 he donated a collection of twenty paintings by contemporary British artists, known as 'The Robert Priseman Gift', to the Falmouth Art Gallery, England. Robert Priseman and Simon Carter established 'East Contemporary Art: A collection of 21st Century Practice' at University Campus Suffolk, England. Priseman also collects paintings by British artists he admires and owns the ‘Priseman Seabrook Collection of 21st Century British Painting’ which first went on museum display at Huddersfield Art Gallery in 2014. In 2010 he was appointed Fellow at the Human Rights Centre, University of Essex in 2015 Visiting Professor in Fine Art at the Department of Art and Humanities, University Campus Suffolk, and in 2017 a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Leeds

## Contemporary British Painting

In 2013 Priseman founded Contemporary British Painting in partnership with artist Simon Carter \- a platform for contemporary painting in the UK. Formed to explore and promote critical context and dialogue in current painting practice through solo and group exhibitions; talks, publications and an art prize, Contemporary British Painting also facilitates the donation of paintings to art collections, galleries and museums in the UK and around the world.

## Priseman Seabrook Collection of 21st Century British Painting

In 2012 Robert Priseman assembled a private collection of work by contemporary British painters which formed the foundation of The Priseman Seabrook Collection of 21st Century British Painting. As well as emerging artists, the collection contains works by artists of national significance including: Tracey Emin, Matthew Krishanu, Mary Webb, Peter Blake, Susan Gunn, Graham Sutherland, Nicholas Middleton, Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon, Simon Burton, Alex Hanna, Alan Davie, Pen Dalton, Susie Hamilton, Julie Umerle, Simon Carter, Judith Tucker, Marguerite Horner, Claudia Böse, Stephen Newton, Alison Pilkington, James Quin, Nathan Eastwood, Paula MacArthur, Greg Rook, Annabel Dover and David Hockney. The collection, owned by Priseman and his wife, was exhibited for the first time in 2014 at Huddersfield Art Gallery and now includes over 100 works of art.

## Selected art work by Robert Priseman

### The Francis Bacon Interiors

'The Francis Bacon Interiors' were painted between 20062008 and depict the Paris hotel room where Francis Bacon's lover and muse George Dyer committed suicide, the room in a Catholic hospital in Madrid where Bacon himself died, and a series of studios where he painted. 'The Francis Bacon Interiors' formed part of 'The Subconscious Revealed', an exhibition curated by Priseman at Huddersfield Art Gallery in 2009. Other work in the exhibition included Bacon’s ‘Figure Study Two’ and works by Freud, Auerbach, Sutherland, Kossof and Richard Hamilton.

### No Human Way to Kill

In 2007 Priseman began work on the No Human Way to Kill series of paintings which present the five different methods of execution used in the USA (Hanging, Firing Squad, Gassing, Lethal Injection and Electrocution), alongside the paintings, twelve etchings look at other methods of state sanctioned execution used around the world. The series examined how different countries have adopted different techniques to execute condemned prisoners, which in turn argue execution to be a socially constructed act of group catharsis. No Human Way to Kill was exhibited at The Dazed Gallery in London in 2008 and at The White Box in New York in 2010 and 2011. The original paintings and drawings are held at the Mead Art Museum at Amherst College, Massachusetts, USA with a set of twelve etchings at the V&A, London.

### Nazi Gas Chambers: From Memory To History

Following on from 'No Human Way to Kill' Priseman produced the 'Gas Chambers' series which were first exhibited at The Minories Galleries, Colchester, UK. The project has three parts and focuses on the developmental steps taken in Nazi Germany that began with the gassing of the mentally ill and ended in genocide. The first part comprises portraits of the participants of the Wannsee Conference of 20 January 1942, the second part comprises six pencil drawings which are designed to look like hand coloured postcards and show the outsides of the hospitals in Germany and Austria where the T4 Euthanasia programme took place between 1939 and 1941. The third part consists of five large oil paintings (each 6 ft x 9 ft) which trace the movement taken by the Nazis towards an industrialised killing process which culminated in Auschwitz. The project was also exhibited at CoCA, Christchurch, New Zealand in 2010 and Arch 402 Gallery, London in 2012. The Wannsee portraits are held by the Tweed Museum of Art, Duluth, Minnesota, USA and the remainder of the collection at the Museum der Moderne, Salzburg, Austria.

### Omagh

In 2010 Priseman completed two paintings on the Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland. 'Omagh 15.00' is based on a photograph of Market Street taken shortly before the explosion and 'Omagh Bombing 15.10' is based on a still from a video looking the opposite direction along Market Street towards the Omagh Courthouse and depicts the scene just after the explosion. The paintings are held at Wolverhampton Art Gallery, England.

### Fame

Priseman purchased one hundred damaged religious icons from eBay and over-painted each with a 20th-century celebrity who died prematurely from suicide or as a result of a self-destructive lifestyle. The over-painting seeks to mimic the replacement in contemporary culture of faith with fame and of saints with ‘stars’, exploring Jarvis Cocker’s idea that people believe fame is a kind of heaven that can “sort things out”. Priseman explores the territory of the cult of the celebrity, focusing on those amongst the celebrated who are troubled and at times unable to cope with the pressures of modern living. Fame exhibited at Art Exchange, Colchester, England in 2013, WhiteBox Art Center, New York in 2014 and St Marylebone Crypt, London in 2015. Over seventy of the originals are held in the permanent collection of The University of Arizona Museum of Art. The balance of the project is held in the collections of Honolulu Museum of Art, MOMA Wales, Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art, Wayne State University Art Collection, Michigan, UMMA, Michigan, The Dennos Museum Center, Michigan and The Allen Memorial Art Museum, Michigan.

## Selected solo exhibitions

2018- *The Longue Duree*, Yantai Art Gallery, Yantai, Tai’an Art Museum, Tai’an, Weihai Art Museum, Weihai City and Yantai Suochengli Library, Shandong Province, China.

2017- *Fame*, The University of Arizona, Museum of Art, USA

2016 - *Never Knowing Why*, Waterfront Gallery, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

2015 - *Outlaws*, SE9 Container Gallery, London

2014 - *Fame*, The Crypt, St. Marylebone Parish Church, London

2014 - *Fame*, Whitebox Art Center, New York

2013 - *Fame*, Art Exchange, Colchester, England

2012 - *Nazi Gas Chambers: From Memory to History*, Arch 402, London

2011 - *No Human Way to Kill, Part II*, Whitebox Art Center, New York

2010 - *Gas Chambers*, CoCA, New Zealand

2010 - *No Human Way to Kill*, WhiteBox Art Center, New York

2009 - *Gas Chambers*, The Minories Galleries, Colchester, England

2009 - *American Execution*, The University of Essex, Colchester, England

2009 - *No Human Way to Kill*, European Commission 12 Star Gallery, London

2009 - *The Francis Bacon Interiors*, Huddersfield Art Gallery, England

2008 - *American Execution,* Dazed Gallery, London

## Selected publications

Priseman, R, (2017) Contemporary Masters From Britain, Colchester, Seabrook Press, ISBN 978-1543281620

Priseman, R, (2015) *Priseman Seabrook collection of 21st Century British Painting Catalogue 2015.* Colchester: Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1505537239.

Priseman, R, & Boland, M, (2015) *Fame.* Colchester, Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1505888416.

Priseman, R., Bowman, M. & Pryor, J-P. (2015) *Sumac: An Art Project by Robert Priseman.* Colchester: Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1505987300.

Priseman, R., Vergo, P. & Schulze, R. (2015) *Nazi Gas Chambers: From Memory to History*. Colchester: Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1507747063.

Priseman, R., Cummings, S. & O'Kane, P. (2015) *Documentary Realism: Painting In A Digital Age*. Colchester: Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1507664261.

Priseman, R., Channer, O. & Livingstone, T. (2014) *Outlaws: An Art Project by Robert Priseman.* Colchester: Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1505492224.

Priseman, R., Iverson, M. & Cranfield, B. (2015) *Hospital: An Art Project by Robert Priseman.* Colchester: Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1506196749.

Priseman, R. (2013) Painting the Holocaust: Can there be Art after Auschwitz? in R. Schulze (ed.) *The Arts and the Holocaust.* The Holocaust in History and Memory Vol. 6. Colchester: University of Essex.

Priseman, R., Rodley, N., Willett, J., Harrington, C. & Ross, A. (2009) *No Human Way To Kill.* Colchester: Seabrook Press and University of Essex. ISBN 978-0956208248.

Peppiatt, M. & Priseman, R. (2011) *The Francis Bacon Interiors*. Colchester, Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-0956208224.

1. Peppiatt, M. & Priseman, R. (2011). *The Francis Bacon Interiors*. Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-0956208224.
2. Priseman, R.; et al. (2009). *No Human Way To Kill*. Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-0956208248.
3. "Modern Means of Execution; No Human Way to Kill | Priseman, Robert | V&A Search the Collections". *collections.vam.ac.uk*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
4. "Mortuary, (2005) by Robert Priseman :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". *www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
5. "Biography of Robert Priseman". *www.biographies.net*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
6. Priseman, R.; et al. (2015). *Hospital Paintings by Robert Priseman*. Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1506196749.
7. Douglas, Joanne (20 August 2009). "Art: Francis Bacon exhibition at Huddersfield Art Gallery". *huddersfieldexaminer*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
8. "Madison Museum of Fine Art minutes from Atlanta, Athens, Augusta, Macon, and Miiledgeville, Georgia - Priseman Gift". *mmofa.org*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
9. "contemporary british painting". *www.contemporarybritishpainting.com*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
10. "Gift : The Robert Priseman Gift | The Permanent Collection". *Falmouth Art Gallery*. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
11. "University Campus Suffolk, UCS | East Contemporary Art Collection at the Waterfront Gallery". *www.ucs.ac.uk*. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
12. "Department of Art and Humanities, University Campus Suffolk". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
13. "The Priseman Seabrook Collection of 21st Century British Painting contemporary british painting". *www.contemporarybritishpainting.com*. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
14. "University of Essex :: Human Rights Centre :: Fellow :: Mr Robert Priseman". *www.essex.ac.uk*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
15. "University of Leeds :: Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Cultures :: Visiting Research Fellow :: Robert Priseman". *www.design.leeds.ac.uk*. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
16. Artlyst. "Art Event: Contemporary British Painting- The Priseman-Seabrook Collection". *Artlyst London*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
17. "Contemporary British Painting: The Priseman Seabrook Collection". *Yorkshire Art Journal*. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
18. Priseman, R. (2015). *Priseman Seabrook Collection of 21st Century British Painting*. Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1505537239.
19. Dazed (16 June 2008). "Robert Priseman at the Dazed Gallery". *Dazed*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
20. "NO HUMAN WAY TO KILL – PART I | WhiteBox". *whiteboxnyc.org*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
21. "NO HUMAN WAY TO KILL – Part II | WhiteBox". *whiteboxnyc.org*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
22. "Collections Database". *museums.fivecolleges.edu*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
23. Dazed (8 October 2009). "Gas Chambers / Robert Priseman". *Dazed*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
24. Priseman, R., Vergo, P.; et al. (2015). *Nazi Gas Chambers: From Memory To History*. Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1507747063.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
25. Corp., absolutearts.com, World Wide Arts Resources. "Most challenging art show of 2010 opens 16 March NY - absolutearts.com". *www.absolutearts.com*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
26. "Amelia's Magazine | Gas Chambers: Robert Priseman at Arch 402 Gallery". *www.ameliasmagazine.com*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
27. "Nazi Gas Chambers: From Memory to History". *Robert Priseman*. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
28. "Ulster Museum - National Museums Northern Ireland". *nmni.com*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
29. "Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Collections". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
30. "Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Collections". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
31. "Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Collections". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
32. "Art Exchange". *www.artexchange.org.uk*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
33. Priseman, R. & Boland, M (2015). *Fame*. Seabrook Press. ISBN 978-1505888416.
34. "FAME – Robert Priseman | WhiteBox". *whiteboxnyc.org*. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
35. "Paintings by Robert Priseman". *www.ytmsbwg.com*. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
36. "Fame: Paintings by Robert Priseman - The University of Arizona Museum of Art and Archive of Visual Arts". *The University of Arizona Museum of Art and Archive of Visual Arts*. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
37. Mooney, Bernadette (17 January 2017). "Never Knowing Why: An exhibition at the University's Waterfront Gallery". *University of Suffolk*. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
38. Gallery, SE9 Container (14 March 2015). "Archive and Past Shows". *SE9 Container Gallery*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
39. "University of Essex - Painting the American Execution « Human Rights Centre". *blogs.essex.ac.uk*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
40. "Reprieve—No Human Way to Kill: Book Launch". *reprieve.webfactional.com*. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
41. "The Holocaust in History and Memory, Volume 6, 2013, The Arts and the Holocaust". *www.essex.ac.uk*. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
42. Schulze, R. (2013). "The Arts and The Holocaust". *The Holocaust in History and Memory Vol 6*.

## InfoBox

| Robert Priseman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Education | University of Essex |
| Occupation(s) | British artist, collector, writer and curator |
| Known for | Contemporary British Painting The Priseman-Seabrook Collection of 21st Century British Painting |
| Notable work | 'No Human Way To Kill' 'Nazi Gas Chambers: From Memory To History' |
| Website | Robert Priseman |


title: Biel–Magglingen Funicular

abstract: The Biel–Magglingen Funicular is a funicular railway in the bilingual city of Biel/Bienne in the Swiss canton of Bern. The funicular links Biel/Bienne at 435 m with Magglingen/Macolin at 873 m in the Jura mountains above the town. The line with a length of 1693 m has a maximum incline of 32% and a difference of elevation of 442 m. The funicular with two cars has a single track with a passing loop. The line is owned and operated by Verkehrsbetriebe Biel/Transports publics biennois since 2014, when it absorbed "FUNIC AG" that also operated nearby Bienne–Evilard Funicular.Initially it was built by Drahtseilbahn-Gesellschaft Biel-Magglingen in 1887. The funicular isn't operating in spring 2023.

text:
# Biel–Magglingen Funicular

The **Biel–Magglingen Funicular** (German: ***Magglingenbahn***; French: ***Funiculaire Bienne–Macolin***) is a funicular railway in the bilingual city of Biel/Bienne in the Swiss canton of Bern. The funicular links Biel/Bienne at 435 m with Magglingen/Macolin at 873 m in the Jura mountains above the town. The line with a length of 1693 m has a maximum incline of 32% and a difference of elevation of 442 m. The funicular with two cars has a single track with a passing loop.

The line is owned and operated by Verkehrsbetriebe Biel/Transports publics biennois (short: VB/TPB) since 2014, when it absorbed "FUNIC AG" that also operated nearby Bienne–Evilard Funicular.Initially it was built by *Drahtseilbahn-Gesellschaft Biel-Magglingen* in 1887.

The funicular isn't operating in spring 2023.

## Operation

The line has the following parameters:

| Feature | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Number of cars | 2 |
| Number of stops | 2 (at terminals) |
| Configuration | Single track with passing loop |
| Track length | 1,693 metres (5,554 ft) |
| Track gauge | (?) |
| Rise | 442 metres (1,450 ft) |
| Maximum gradient | 32% |
| Maximum speed | 6 metres per second (19.7 ft/s) |
| Travel time | 9 minutes |
|

47°08′15″N 7°13′28″E / 47.137366°N 7.224541°E / 47.137366; 7.224541

## InfoBox

| Biel–Magglingen Funicular | |
| --- | --- |
| lower station (before 1910) | |
| Overview | |
| Other name(s) | Drahtseilbahn Biel–Magglingen; Seilbahn Biel–Magglingen; Funiculaire Bienne–Macolin; Standseilbahn Biel–Magglingen; Magglingenbahn |
| Status | In operation |
| Owner | Verkehrsbetriebe Biel/Transports publics biennois (since 2014); *FUNIC AG* (2000-2013); *Drahtseilbahn-Gesellschaft Biel-Magglingen* |
| Locale | Biel/Bienne, Switzerland |
| Termini | * "Biel/Bienne Magglingenb.(Funi)" at Seevorstadt 21 * "Magglingen/Macolin" |
| Stations | 2 |
| Service | |
| Type | Funicular |
| Operator(s) | Verkehrsbetriebe Biel/Transports publics biennois (short: VB/TPB) |
| Rolling stock | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 2 June 1887 (1887-06-02) |
| Enhancements | 1923, 1954, 2001, 2019 |
| Technical | |
| Track length | 1,693 m (5,554 ft) |
| Number of tracks | 1 with passing loop |
| Rack system | \- (initially Riggenbach) |
| Electrification | 1923 (water counterbalancing before) |
| Operating speed | 6 metres per second (19.7 ft/s) |
| Maximum incline | 32% |


title: Robert Puleston (MP)

abstract: Robert Puleston was a Welsh politician. He was the eldest surviving son of Sir John Puleston of Caernarvon and Bersham, who was MP for Caernarvon and Caernarvonshire. He succeeded his father in 1551. He was a Justice of the Peace for Denbighshire in 1555–61, Justice of the Peace of the Quorum from 1562 until his death, and appointed High Sheriff of Denbighshire for 1558-59 and 1569–70. He was also High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire for 1571-72 and from 1573 to his death a J.P. for Caernarvonshire. He was elected a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Caernarvon Boroughs in 1547 and for Denbighshire in March 1553 and 1571. He married Ellen, the daughter of William Williams of Cochwillan, Caernarvonshire; they had 6 sons and 2 daughters.

text:
# Robert Puleston (MP)

**Robert Puleston** (by 1526 – 15 August 1583) was a Welsh politician.

He was the eldest surviving son of Sir John Puleston of Caernarvon and Bersham, who was MP for Caernarvon and Caernarvonshire. He succeeded his father in 1551.

He was a Justice of the Peace for Denbighshire in 1555–61, Justice of the Peace of the Quorum from 1562 until his death, and appointed High Sheriff of Denbighshire for 1558-59 and 1569–70. He was also High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire for 1571-72 and from 1573 to his death a J.P. for Caernarvonshire.

He was elected a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Caernarvon Boroughs in 1547 and for Denbighshire in March 1553 and 1571.

He married Ellen, the daughter of William Williams of Cochwillan, Caernarvonshire; they had 6 sons and 2 daughters.

* "PULESTON, Robert (by 1526-83), of Plas ym Mers, Denb". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 17 July 2013.


title: Robert Redmayne Parker

abstract: Robert Redmayne Parker is a British rural business adviser, land manager, and ceremonial officer. He worked with the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, prior to its merger into the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and for the Country Land and Business Association. Since 1975, he has been the owner of Browsholme Hall, his family seat in Bowland Forest Low. In 2010, Parker was appointed as Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland by William Bowland, 16th Lord of Bowland, becoming the first bowbearer of Bowland in almost one hundred and fifty years.

text:
# Robert Redmayne Parker

**Robert Redmayne Parker** (born 1954) is a British rural business adviser, land manager, and ceremonial officer. He worked with the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, prior to its merger into the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and for the Country Land and Business Association. Since 1975, he has been the owner of Browsholme Hall, his family seat in Bowland Forest Low. In 2010, Parker was appointed as Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland by William Bowland, 16th Lord of Bowland, becoming the first bowbearer of Bowland in almost one hundred and fifty years.

## Early life

Parker was born in 1954 to Edmund Christopher Parker and Diana Elizabeth Marriott. Through his father, he is a member of the landed gentry, descending from a branch of the Parker family that once owned Alkincoats Hall. His mother was the former governor of Addenbrooke’s Hospital and secretary to the Earl of Cranbrook. Parker's maternal grandfather was William Marriott, the Swiss-born engineer and railway superintendent who founded the North Norfolk Railway. He has two half siblings, Simon and Carolina, from his mother's first marriage to Captain John Swynfen Jervis.

Parker inherited Browsholme Hall, his family seat, in 1975 after the death of his fourth cousin once removed and godfather, Colonel Robert Goulbourne Parker DSO.

## Career

Parker has worked for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom) and the Country Land and Business Association as a rural business advisor.

## Bowbearer of Bowland

In 2010, William Bowland, Lord of Bowland appointed Parker as the Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland, an ancient ceremonial title of an attendant who, by tradition, accompanies the Lord of Bowland (also known as the Lord of the Fells) during hunts and serves as an officer in the Lord's forest courts. Parker was the first Bowbearer of Bowland to be appointed in nearly one hundred and fifty years. Parker's ancestors had claimed the office as a hereditary right, with successive generations holding the title between the 17th and 18th centuries.

In April 2011, Bowland accompanied the 16th Lord of Bowland, along with other representatives from the Bowland Higher Division Parish Council, the Forest authorities, and community leaders and dignitaries, on an official visit to the village of Dunsop Bridge.

In October 2012, Parker was formally presented with his Bowbearer's "wand of office" by Lord of Bowland at a public ceremony in Slaidburn. This ceremony marked the 90th anniversary of the final meeting of the manorial court at the town's Tudor courthouse.

## Personal life

Parker married Amanda Jane Backhouse in 1985. His wife served as High Sheriff of Lancashire in 2015. They have two children.

In 2010, he and his wife restored the estate's 17th-century tithe barn for use as an event space.

## InfoBox

| Robert Parker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2010 | |
| Monarchs | Elizabeth II (2010-2022)
Charles III (2022-present) |
| Preceded by | Richard Eastwood |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1954 |
| Nationality | British |
| Spouse | Amanda Jane Backhouse (m.1985) |
| Children | 2 |
| Parent(s) | Edmund Christopher Parker
Diana Elizabeth Marriott |
| Relatives | William Marriott (grandfather) |
| Occupation | rural business advisor, land manager, ceremonial officer |
|  | |