title: Discovery and development of triptans

abstract:
Triptans are a family of tryptamine-based drugs used as abortive medication in the treatment of migraines and cluster headaches. They are selective 5-hydroxytryptamine/serotonin1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D) agonists. Migraine is a complex disease which affects about 15% of the population and can be highly disabling.
Triptans have advantages over ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, such as selective pharmacology, well established safety record and evidence-based prescribing instructions. Triptans are therefore often preferred treatment in migraine.

text:
# Discovery and development of triptans

**Triptans** are a family of tryptamine-based drugs used as abortive medication in the treatment of migraines and cluster headaches. They are selective 5-hydroxytryptamine/serotonin1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D) agonists. Migraine is a complex disease which affects about 15% of the population and can be highly disabling. Triptans have advantages over ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, such as selective pharmacology, well established safety record and evidence-based prescribing instructions. Triptans are therefore often preferred treatment in migraine.

## History

Search for a new anti-migraine drug started at Glaxo in 1972. Studies in the 1960s showed that vasoconstriction from 5-HT, ergotamine and noradrenaline could reduce migraine attacks. Research also showed that platelet 5-HT level is reduced during migraine. Because there are too many side-effects for 5-HT to be used as a drug, scientists started research on the receptors of 5-HT in order to discover and develop a more specific agonist for 5-HT receptors. Research on the 5-HT receptors and their effect led to discovery of several types and subtypes of 5-HT. AH24167 showed a vasodilation effect instead of vasoconstriction due to the agonist effect on another type of 5-HT receptors later assigned the name 5-HT7. AH25086 was the second compound developed and showed a vasoconstriction effect but was not released as a drug due to low per oral bioavailability. Continued research led to the discovery of the first triptan drug, sumatriptan, that had both vasoconstriction effect, as well as better oral bioavailability. Sumatriptan was first launched in the Netherlands in 1991 and became available in the United States during 1993.

## Mechanism

Triptans are specific and selective agonists for the 5-HT1 receptors. Sumatriptan binds to 5-HT1D receptors, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, naratriptan, almotriptan, and frovatriptan binds to 5-HT1B/1D and eletriptan binds to 5-HT1B/1D/1F receptors. Triptans are believed to exert their effects through vasoconstriction, leading to reduced carotid arterial circulation without affecting cerebral blood flow, peripheral neuronal inhibition, or inhibition of transmission through second order neurons of the trigeminocervical complex.

## Receptors

5-HT receptors are all G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) except for 5-HT3 which is a ligand gated ion channel. The receptors that have been found to be involved in migraine are 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D and 5-HT1F receptors. 5-HT1B are found in meningeal arteries, agonism of 5-HT1B causes vasoconstriction in cranial nerves. The 5-HT1D receptors are located primarily in the trigeminal nerve in the central nervous system (CNS). They are also found in vascular smooth muscles, mediating contraction. Agonism of 5-HT1D receptors subdues the release of inflammatory mediators. It has been shown that both 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in humans have a very similar amino acid structures, from which the similarities in binding properties can be expected.

## Design

All triptans have an indole structure identical to the neurotransmitter 5-HT. Classic triptan structure contain side chain on the indole ring, and a basic nitrogen in a similar distance from the indole structure. The main structural difference of the triptans is the position of the sulfonamide and the side chain attached to it (see figure 1 and table 1). Rizatriptan and zolmitriptan have instead of a sulfonamide a triazole and 2-oxazolidone respectively. Another exception to the classic structure is seen on eletriptan where the nitrogen-alkyl chain connected to the indole ring is replaced with a dimethyl-pyrrolidine, and in naratriptan where the nitrogen-alkyl chain is replaced with a 1-methyl-piperidine ring.

One of the frovatriptan side chains forms an additional ring with the indole, resulting in a carbazole ring system.

### Structures of the triptans

Table 1. Side groups of triptans
| Triptan | R1 | R2 | Triptan | R1 | R2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sumatriptan |  |  | Eletriptan |  |  |
| Rizatriptan |  |  | Naratriptan |  |  |
| Almotriptan |  |  | Frovatriptan |  |  |
| Zolmitriptan |  |  |  |  |  |

### The 5-HT1B/D pharmacophore

5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors are considered very similar, they share amino acid homology and their ligands expose similar binding properties thus they have similar pharmacophore. The pharmacophore model for these receptors ligands is qualitative and defines the relative positions of important groups. It is defined with following five main features: an aromatic group (usually the indole), protonated amine (a donor of hydrogen bond), acceptor of hydrogen bond, additional hydrogen bond site (both donor and acceptor) and hydrophobic region located between both hydrogen bond sites, see figure 2. The main binding points were concluded to be the protonated amine and the hydrogen bond site. It was observed that the double bond region in the indole was necessary for the agonism in this series of compounds. Figure 3 shows how different drugs fit the pharmacophore, with a C and N linked analogues of 5-HT1D agonist. The marked sites on the figure are responsible for the affinity. The pharmacophore can be characterized as amphipathic, that means that the structure has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups.

### Relevant structural features of triptans and binding to the receptor

Triptan structures were designed from the structure of 5-HT to attain affinity to 5-HT receptors, hence the identical indole structure. The hydroxyl group (-OH) on the hexane of the indole core and the alkyl-amine side chain on position C3 on 5-HT have been replaced with other compounds, such as sulfonamides or azol-ring structured derivatives and different amine-alkyl side chains. An electro-negative group can form a hydrogen bond with Thr in the pocket of the receptor. Sulfonamide derivatives attached to the hexane ring of the indole structure have electro-negative properties, as well as the triazole and 2-oxazolidone on rizatriptan and zolmitriptan respectively. This can increase binding ability of the compound and the efficacy, especially with the 5-HT1D receptor.

A schematic drawing of the binding of sumatriptan to 5-HT1D receptor can be seen in figure 4. One study showed that sumatriptan fits better in the binding site of the receptor when the side chain with the protonated nitrogen atom is folded back over the indole structure. This alignment contributes to the hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen in the sulfonamine and the Ser138 in the binding site. It is also favorable to the formation of the hydrogen bond between the oxygen of the sulfonamine and Thr202. Other binding in the pocket of the binding site occurs with the nitrogen atom in the pentene ring of the indole structure of the triptan and the amino acid Ser352. This energetically favorable position of the agonist makes it possible for additional binding of the ligand to other Ser in the binding site, along with additional anchoring between Phe in the pocket of the binding site and the indole of the agonist. The binding of Phe and the triptan is caused by π stacking interactions of the indole and amino acid and an additional effect on this interaction is because of dispersive effect of amino acid leucine (Leu; not shown in figure 4). The amino acids Trp343 and Tyr346 both have electron rich π-systems in their aromatic structures. With their position in the binding site they create a sort of aromatic cage around the protonated nitrogen atom of the side chain on position C3 on the triptans (this nitrogen atom is protonated at physiological condition), and thereby stabilizes the ion bond the nitrogen atom has formed with a carboxylate on aspartic acid. Side chains of the surrounding amino acids can have an effect on the binding of the nitrogen atom, mainly three Phe can affect the methyl groups bound to the nitrogen atom (not shown in figure 4).

Eletriptan has higher affinity for the receptor, which is probably a result of the bulky substituents of the structure. The amine is protonated at physiological pH condition, triggering better uptake. The uptake rate of the agonist is different depending on whether the amine in R2 is primary, secondary or tertiary but the latter seem to give the best results. For the R1 substituent an electron rich sulfonamide groups and amide group has shown the best results in receptor binding and activity. It has been observed that a relationship is between absorption and molecular size hence larger hydrophilic molecules tended to have poor absorption. A small R1 substituent is necessary to maintain the rapid oral bioavailability of triptans.

By placing an electron-withdrawing group or large group on position C2 on the indole structure the 5-HT agonist is conversed into an antagonist. This is thought to be because the indole ring is unable to occupy the aromatic part of the binding site.

## Triptan drugs

### Properties of formulations

Sumatriptan was the pioneer drug in this class. The second generation's triptans such as zolmitriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, almotriptan, eletriptan and frovatriptan soon became available. Different triptans are available in different formulations and in different strengths (see table 2). They have been formulated as subcutaneous injections, oral tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, nasal spray and as rectal suppositories. Delivery system of the triptans may play an important role in the onset of action. The selection of anti-migraine drug for patients depends on their symptoms. The first selective 5-HT1B/1D agonist, sumatriptan, was first synthesized as a subcutaneous injection, then as an oral tablets and more recently as a nasal spray, it is also available in some countries as suppositories. The subcutaneous injection is the fastest way to stop a rapidly progressing migraine attack. The sumatriptan nasal spray provides faster onset of action than the tablets but it produces a similar headache response at 2 hours. Some patients prefer the nasal spray as it works more rapidly than the tablets and does not have as many adverse effects as the subcutaneous injection. Nasal spray is although not suitable for all patients, because some patients experience bad taste and lack of consistency of response. Zolmitriptan was developed with the strategy to create a more lipophilic compound, with faster absorption and better ability to cross the blood brain barrier than sumatriptan. It is available as tablets, orally disintegrating tablets and as nasal spray in some countries. Rizatriptan is available as tablets and orally disintegrating tablets but naratriptan, almotriptan, eletriptan and frovatriptan are only available in tablets, for now.

Table 2: Properties of triptan formulations
|
|  |
| Generic | Formulations | Doses (mg) | Maximum
daily dose (mg) | Onset
of action (min)
 | Duration of action | Affinity (pKI in nM) | Metabolism | Excretion |
| **Sumatriptan** | Tablets
Nasal spray
Subcutaneous injection
Suppositories | 25, 50, 100
5, 20
6
25
 | 200
40
12
50
 | 30–60
15–30
10–15
30–60 | Short | 7.9–8.5 | MAO-A | Urine (57%),
Feces (38%) |
| **Zolmitriptan** | Tablets
Orally disintegrating tablets
Nasal spray | 2.5, 5
2.5, 5
2.5, 5
 | 10
10
10
 | 45

10–15
 | Short | 9.2 | CYP1A2
MAO-A | Urine (65%),
Feces (30%) |
| **Naratriptan** | Tablets | 1, 2.5
 | 5
 | 60–180 | Long | 8.3 | CYPa
Renal
MAO-A | Urine |
| **Rizatriptan** | Tablets
Orally disintegrating tablets | 5, 10
5, 10
 | 30
30
 | 30–120

 | Short | 7.7 | MAO-A | Urine |
| **Almotriptan** | Tablets | 6.25, 12.5 | 25 | 60–180 | Short | 7.8 | MAO-A
CYP2D6
CYP3A4 | Urine (40%),
Feces (13%) |
| **Eletriptan** | Tablets | 20, 40 | 80 | \<60 |  | 8.9 | CYP3A4 |  |
| **Frovatriptan** | Tablets | 2.5 | 7.5 | 60–120 | Long | 8.4 | CYP1A2 | Urine (40%) |
|

a Specific enzyme not yet reported.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new drug April 15, 2008, which is a combination of sumatriptan 85 mg and naproxen 500 mg (NSAID). Triptans and NSAIDs work on distinct mechanism involved in migraine and therefore may offer improved treatment when administrated together.

### Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetic properties (see table 3) are important when new drugs are developed.

Patients seek rapid onset of action to relief the headache. Relatively short tmax, good bioavailability and lipophilicity are pharmacokinetic properties that have been associated with rapid onset of action. It has been speculated that good ability to cross the blood brain barrier and relatively long terminal elimination half-life may result in a lower incidence of headache recurrence. Sumatriptan and rizatriptan undergo first pass hepatic metabolism and result in lower bioavailability.

Table 3: Pharmacokinetic properties of triptans in tablet formulation
| Generic | Bioavailability (%) | Lipophilicity | Protein
binding (%) | t1/2 (h) | tmax (h) | ClR
(mL min-1) | Log DpH7.4 | VD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Sumatriptan** | 14 | Low | 10–21 | 2–2.5 | 2–2.5 | 260 | -1.5 | 2.4–3.3 L/kg |
| **Zolmitriptan** | 40 | Moderate | 25 | 3 | 2 | 193 | -1.0 | 7.0 L/kg |
| **Naratriptan** | 63(M) / 74(F) | High | 28–31 | 5–6 | 2–3 | 220 | -0.2 | 2.4 L/kg |
| **Rizatriptan** | 47 | Moderate | 14 | 2–2.5 | 1.3 | 414 | -0.7 | 140(M) / 110(F) L |
| **Almotriptan** | 69 |  | 35 | 3.6 | 1.4–3.8 |  | -2.1 | 180–200 L |
| **Eletriptan** | 50 | High | 85 | 4–5 | 1–2 | 597 | 0.5 | 138 L |
| **Frovatriptan** | 24(M) / 30(F) | Low | 20–30 | 25 | 2–4 | 216(M) / 132(F) | -1.0 | 4.2(M) / 3.0(F) L/kg |

**t1/2** = Elimination half-life; **tmax** = Time to reach peak plasma drug concentration; **ClR** = Renal Clearance; **LogDpH7.4** = Measure of lipophilicity at pH 7.4. Increasing number indicate greater solubility; **VD** = Volume of distribution
**M** = Male; **F** = Female

## Future research

Most triptans were developed and introduced in the 1990s. Further studies have not shown much promise regarding the development of new triptans with better duration of action, efficacy and safety profile. Therefore, it is unlikely that further variations will be developed and new anti-migraine drugs are likely to have another mechanism of action.


title: Chenab College Jhang

abstract: Chenab College Jhang is a public college in Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established on self-help basis in 1991. Chenab College Jhang is a main campus of Chenab College group that is 12 km (7.5 mi) from the District Courts of Jhang Saddar on Jhang-Chiniot Road. The college estate covers an area of 208 acres (84 ha), out of which more than 150 acres (61 ha) is enclosed by the boundary walls.

text:
# Chenab College Jhang

**Chenab College Jhang** (also known as **CCJ**) is a public college in Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established on self-help basis in 1991. Chenab College Jhang is a main campus of Chenab College group that is 12 km (7.5 mi) from the District Courts of Jhang Saddar on Jhang-Chiniot Road. The college estate covers an area of 208 acres (84 ha), out of which more than 150 acres (61 ha) is enclosed by the boundary walls.

## Colleges in this group

Following are the colleges that are part of Chenab College group:

## Board of trustees (Jhang Educational Trust)

Jhang Educational Trust is the monitoring authority of all the Chenab Colleges (Jhang, Shorkot, Ahmed Pur Sial and Athara Hazari) and is responsible to approve major decisions relating to all matters of the institutions. Deputy Commissioner Jhang is the ex officio chairman of Jhang Educational Trust (JET).

The members of the trust are:

* Deputy Commissioner (DC), Jhang (chairman)
* Additional deputy commissioner (revenue), Jhang (vice-chairman)
* Assistant commissioner (AC), Jhang (secretary)
* Justice Manzoor Hussain Sial, former justice of Supreme Court of Pakistan (member)
* Sahibzada Sultan Hameed, former federal secretary, labour and manpower (member)
* Additional deputy commissioner (finance & planning)
* Assistant commissioner, Ahmed Pur Sial (member)
* Assistant commissioner, Shorkot (member)
* Assistant commissioner, Athara Hazari (member)
* CEO, District Education Authority, Jhang (member)
* Deputy director (colleges), Jhang (member)
* Principal, Government Post Graduate College, Jhang (member)

## InfoBox

Chenab College Jhang
| چناب کالج جھنگ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other name | CCJ |
| Motto | Aspire and Achieve |
| Type | Independent/Semigovt/Punjab |
| Established | 1991 |
| Parent institution | Chenab College |
| Affiliation | Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Faisalabad
Cambridge Assessment International Education |
| Chairman | Muhammad Umair |
| Superintendent | Fazal |
| Principal | Azam Maqbool Sidique |
| Location | Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan
31°20′16″N 72°22′21″E / 31.33778°N 72.37250°E / 31.33778; 72.37250 |
| Campus | 150 acres (0.61 km2) |
| Colors | Blue and yellow |
| Website | www.chenab.edu.pk |


title: Rodney Faraon

abstract: Rodney Faraon is a former CIA senior intelligence officer.

text:
# Rodney Faraon

**Rodney Faraon** is a former CIA senior intelligence officer.

## Biography

Faraon is also a partner and Chief Creative Officer at Crumpton Global LLC, a business intelligence, political risk, and public strategy firm, founded by Hank Crumpton. He was a briefer and speechwriter for the Director of Central Intelligence, George J. Tenet during both the President Bill Clinton and President George W. Bush administrations and was awarded the Director's Medal for his work. He is also the President of Aardwolf Creative, a company that produces CIA-themed shows and movies. He was the executive producer of and inspiration for *State of Affairs*, a 13-episode NBC series about a CIA analyst starring Katherine Heigl and Alfre Woodard. As of 2019, Faraon became a partner with private equity firm Crumpton Ventures.

In July 2021, Faraon appeared as a contestant on the inaugural season of BravoTV show "Top Chef Amateurs."

## Early life and education

Faraon was born in Kansas City, KS, then later relocated to Iowa for his teen years. After graduating from Valley High School (West Des Moines, Iowa) in 1988 he moved to Washington, DC to attend Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service.


title: Chick-Angrolli

abstract: Chick-Angrolli is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

text:
# Chick-Angrolli

**Chick-Angrolli** is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

## InfoBox

| Chick-Angrolli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Belgaum |
| Talukas | Khanapur |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA |


title: Dynaudio

abstract: Dynaudio is a Danish loudspeaker maker, founded in 1977. Dynaudio builds speakers using only their own drivers. Dynaudio has a subsidiary called Dynaudio Acoustics that focuses on professional studio monitor loudspeakers. Dynaudio speakers are installed in more than ten thousand recording studios worldwide and have been chosen as reference monitors by BBC Radio & Music. Dynaudio was previously the OEM audio supplier to Swedish automaker Volvo Cars Corporation, in addition to German automaker Volkswagen. Volkswagen followed Volvo by employing Dynaudio as its OEM speaker maker, but not all Volkswagen models came equipped with Dynaudio Sound Systems. While Volkswagen has switched to a different audio supplier for most of their new vehicles, the Volkswagen Touareg is still available with a Dynaudio sound system from the factory. Bugatti has also employed Dynaudio as their OEM audio supplier. Bugatti's Dynaudio system is called The Puccini Sound System. BYD also uses Dynaudio in their premium NEVs such as the Seal performance sedan. Dynaudio has also worked with computing OEM Micro-Star International in producing the sound system for their GX660 notebook range, released in 2010. During this time it was allegedly the best audio system available in a notebook computer. Dynaudio was acquired by Goertek in 2014, and subsequently purchased the Danish audio company AM3D A/S in December 2015.

text:
# Dynaudio

**Dynaudio** is a Danish loudspeaker maker, founded in 1977. Dynaudio builds speakers using only their own drivers.

Dynaudio has a subsidiary called *Dynaudio Acoustics* that focuses on professional studio monitor loudspeakers. Dynaudio speakers are installed in more than ten thousand recording studios worldwide and have been chosen as reference monitors by BBC Radio & Music. Dynaudio was previously the OEM audio supplier to Swedish automaker Volvo Cars Corporation, in addition to German automaker Volkswagen. Volkswagen followed Volvo by employing Dynaudio as its OEM speaker maker, but not all Volkswagen models came equipped with Dynaudio Sound Systems. While Volkswagen has switched to a different audio supplier for most of their new vehicles, the Volkswagen Touareg is still available with a Dynaudio sound system from the factory.

Bugatti has also employed Dynaudio as their OEM audio supplier. Bugatti's Dynaudio system is called The Puccini Sound System.

BYD also uses Dynaudio in their premium NEVs such as the Seal performance sedan.

Dynaudio has also worked with computing OEM Micro-Star International in producing the sound system for their GX660 notebook range, released in 2010. During this time it was allegedly the best audio system available in a notebook computer.

Dynaudio was acquired by Goertek in 2014, and subsequently purchased the Danish audio company **AM3D A/S** in December 2015.

## Dynaudio Professional

The pro audio division of the company, Dynaudio Professional, focuses on recording studio loudspeaker equipment such as studio monitors. In 1999, Dynaudio became partners with TC Electronic. Some major recording studios that use Dynaudio Professional products are Air Lyndhurst, NRG Studios, and The Hit Factory. Record producers Mike Hedges, Trevor Horn, Steve Lipson, and Mutt Lange do as well. Tom Holkenborg states, "For monitoring my stereo and surround mixes I rely on my Dynaudio Acoustics AIR 25 midfield systems."

## InfoBox

Dynaudio A/S
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Founded | 1977 |
| Headquarters | Skanderborg, Denmark |
| Parent | Goertek |
| Website | dynaudio.com |


title: Sierra de la Giganta

abstract: The Sierra de la Giganta is a mountain range of eastern Baja California Sur state, located on the southern Baja California Peninsula in northwestern Mexico. It is a mountain range of the Peninsular Ranges System, which extends 1,500 km (930 mi) from Southern California, through the Baja California Peninsula in Baja California and Baja California Sur states.

text:
# Sierra de la Giganta

The **Sierra de la Giganta** is a mountain range of eastern Baja California Sur state, located on the southern Baja California Peninsula in northwestern Mexico.

It is a mountain range of the Peninsular Ranges System, which extends 1,500 km (930 mi) from Southern California, through the Baja California Peninsula in Baja California and Baja California Sur states.

## Geography

The Sierra de la Giganta extends along the southeastern Baja California Peninsula, parallel and close to the coast of the Gulf of California—Sea of Cortez. The highest point is Cerro de la Giganta at 3,858 feet (1,176 m) in elevation, located near Loreto

The range runs from Loreto in Loreto Municipality west of Loreto, southwards to La Paz Municipality northwest of La Paz.

## Ecology

The range is predominantly covered in dry (or xeric) shrubland. The Baja California desert ecoregion covers the Pacific (western) slope of the range, and the Gulf of California xeric scrub ecoregion covers the gulf (eastern) slope. Stream valleys with year-round water sustain palm oases, with groves of the native palm *Washingtonia robusta* and other moisture-loving plants.

26°11′N 111°37′W / 26.19°N 111.61°W / 26.19; -111.61

## InfoBox

| Sierra de la Giganta | |
| --- | --- |
| Eastern face, seen from the Gulf of California | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Cerro de la Giganta |
| Elevation | 3,858 ft (1,176 m) |
| Prominence | 1,380 m (4,530 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Sierra de la GigantaSierra de la Giganta | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Baja California Sur |
| Municipality | La Paz Municipality and Loreto Municipality |


title: City Challenge

abstract: City Challenge was an event organisation that holds motorsports, arts and entertainment events in major city centres. It had its headquarters in Berlin, Germany.

text:
# City Challenge

**City Challenge** was an event organisation that holds motorsports, arts and entertainment events in major city centres. It had its headquarters in Berlin, Germany.

## History

City Challenge CEO Hartmut Beyer started to plan a race circuit downtown Bucharest, Romania, in 2004. After fulfilling the role as organiser and promoter for the FIA GT Championship rounds in Bucharest 2007, 2008 (under the name of Bucharest Ring) and Budapest, Hungary, in 2009, Mr. Beyer and his team performed negotiations with multiple cities around the world in order to establish its own GT championship that will take place from 2013 onwards.

## Baku City Challenge

The inaugural Baku City Challenge event was being held in Baku, Azerbaijan, during 26–28 October 2012. The event attracted 42,000 spectators over the weekend, about 150 national and international journalists were reporting about the event and 100 crew members of the TV production provided the footage either live or as highlight in over 120 countries, reaching a total of 650 million households.

On day time, the Historic Grand Prix and the Gymkhana Drift Series acted as support races of the Baku event. The evening show programme included the “CoGo show”, featuring international artists, and on-stage performances by, among others, DJ Pancho and Rafet el Roman.

A total of 13 teams, 24 cars of the makes BMW, McLaren, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Ferrari, Lamborghini and Chevrolet participated during the City Challenge event on the 2,144-metre-long racetrack that was homologated with FIA grade 3. Among the drivers were five times DTM champion Bernd Schneider, former Formula 1 driver and 2008 Le Mans class winner Jos Verstappen, 1997 F1 World Champion and Indy 500 winner Jacques Villeneuve and Mathias Lauda, son of three-time F1 World Champion Niki Lauda.

The City Challenge GT main race was won by drivers Frédéric Makowiecki and Stef Dusseldorp, driving the McLaren MP4-12C GT3 for HEXIS Racing. Frank Kechele and Mathias Lauda driving the BMW Z4 GT3 for Vita4One Racing Team were ranked second and the podium was concluded by Yelmer Buurman and Nicolaus Mayr-Melnhof, also driving a BMW Z4 GT3 for Vita4One Racing Team.

## Future

City Challenge would have the ambition to grow to a stable event calendar that would contain a minimum of five events in Europe, Middle East, America and Asia.


title: 1944 Cleveland Rams season

abstract: The 1944 Cleveland Rams season was the team's seventh year with the National Football League. The Rams went into recess for 1943 due to the exodus of players and other team personnel to serve in World War II.

text:
# 1944 Cleveland Rams season

The **1944 Cleveland Rams season** was the team's seventh year with the National Football League.

The Rams went into recess for 1943 due to the exodus of players and other team personnel to serve in World War II.

## Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Attendance | Recap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 24 | at **Card-Pitt** | **W** 30–28 | 1–0 | Forbes Field | 20,698 | Recap |
| 2 | October 8 | **Chicago Bears** | **W** 19–7 | 2–0 | League Park | 15,750 | Recap |
| 3 | October 15 | at **Detroit Lions** | **W** 20–17 | 3–0 | Briggs Stadium | 21,115 | Recap |
| 4 | October 22 | at **Green Bay Packers** | **L** 21–30 | 3–1 | City Stadium | 18,780 | Recap |
| 5 | October 29 | at **Chicago Bears** | **L** 21–28 | 3–2 | Wrigley Field | 23,644 | Recap |
| 6 | November 5 | at Washington Redskins | **L** 10–14 | 3–3 | Griffith Stadium | 35,540 | Recap |
| 7 | November 12 | **Green Bay Packers** | **L** 7–42 | 3–4 | League Park | 17,166 | Recap |
| 8 | November 19 | at **Card-Pitt** | **W** 33–6 | 4–4 | Comiskey Park | 2,910 | Recap |
| 9 | November 26 | **Detroit Lions** | **L** 14–26 | 4–5 | League Park | 7,462 | Recap |
| 10 | December 10 | at Philadelphia Eagles | **L** 13–26 | 4–6 | Shibe Park | 24,123 | Recap |
| **Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text. | | | | | | | |

## Standings

| NFL Western Division | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | DIV | PF | PA | STK |
| Green Bay Packers | 8 | 2 | 0 | .800 | 7–1 | 238 | 141 | W1 |
| Chicago Bears | 6 | 3 | 1 | .667 | 4–3–1 | 258 | 172 | W2 |
| Detroit Lions | 6 | 3 | 1 | .667 | 4–3–1 | 216 | 151 | W4 |
| Cleveland Rams | 4 | 6 | 0 | .400 | 4–4 | 188 | 224 | L2 |
| Card-Pitt | 0 | 10 | 0 | .000 | 0–8 | 108 | 328 | L10 |

**Note:** Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.

## InfoBox

| 1944 Cleveland Rams season | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | Dan Reeves |
| General manager | Charles Walsh |
| Head coach | Aldo Donelli |
| Home field | League Park |
| Local radio | WGAR |
| Results | |
| Record | 4–6 |
| Division place | 4th NFL Western |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|


title: Shi Ren

abstract: Shi Ren, courtesy name Junyi, was an official serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty.

text:
# Shi Ren

**Shi Ren** (fl. 200s–220), courtesy name **Junyi**, was an official serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty.

## Life

Shi Ren was from Guangyang Commandery (廣陽郡), which is located southwest of present-day Daxing District, Beijing. He served at Gong'an County in Jing Province as a subordinate of the general Guan Yu, who was appointed by the warlord Liu Bei to guard Jing Province. Following a dispute with Guan Yu, Shi Ren and Mi Fang defected to the warlord Sun Quan when Guan Yu was away at the Battle of Fancheng. Shi Ren and Mi Fang allowed Sun Quan's forces to overrun Jing Province, leading to Guan Yu's defeat and death.

## In *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*

In the 14th-century historical novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, Shi Ren is referred to **Fu Shiren** (傅士仁). Despite this misspelling, his role is relatively consistent with history. In the novel, before the Battle of Fancheng, Guan Yu appoints Mi Fang and Fu Shiren as the commanders of the vanguard force, but that night they carelessly allow a fire to break out in the camp. Guan Yu wants to execute them for their negligence, but spares them after Fei Shi pleads on their behalf. He then orders them to be flogged and reassigned to guard Nan Commandery and Gong'an County respectively while he is away at Fancheng.

During the invasion of Jing Province, Lü Meng sends Yu Fan, a childhood friend of Fu Shiren, to persuade Fu Shiren to surrender. Fu Shiren agrees to surrender after reading a letter from Yu Fan. After that, Lü Meng sends Fu Shiren to convince Mi Fang to surrender as well. Although Mi Fang is initially reluctant to do so, he defects to the enemy as well after he hears that a threat from Guan Yu to execute him if he fails to deliver supplies to the frontline in time.

Fu Shiren and Mi Fang appear in the novel again before the Battle of Yiling. They overhear a plot to kill them, so they assassinate Ma Zhong (馬忠), who captured Guan Yu in an ambush, and bring his head along when attempting to return to Liu Bei's side. However, Liu Bei refuses to accept them and orders Guan Xing (Guan Yu's son) to execute them for betraying his father.

## InfoBox

| Shi Ren
士仁 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Unknown
Daxing District, Beijing |
| Died | Unknown |
| Other names | Junyi (君義) |
| Occupation | Official |


title: The Lotus Caves

abstract: The Lotus Caves is a juvenile science fiction novel by John Christopher, first published in 1969. It is clearly inspired by the Lotus-eaters of Greek Mythology.

text:
# The Lotus Caves

***The Lotus Caves*** is a juvenile science fiction novel by John Christopher, first published in 1969.

It is clearly inspired by the Lotus-eaters of Greek Mythology.

## Plot synopsis

Two teenage boys, Marty and Steve, live in a colony on the Moon, "The Bubble", in the year 2068. Exploring outside the dome of "The Bubble" is strictly controlled. Although they live comfortably, reliance on expensive transport from Earth makes most resources expensive, and careful avoidance of waste is a priority for the colony.

The boys grow bored and decide to borrow a lunar vehicle. They discover someone has forgotten to remove their key, which makes it possible for them to explore beyond proscribed boundaries without restriction. They go on a journey to an old and abandoned base, where they find the diary of Andrew Thurgood, a missing early lunar settler. The diary contains coordinates to a place Thurgood claimed he saw something that looked like a huge flower, and the boys decide to go there and do some investigating themselves.

They crash through the Moon's surface into a series of caverns containing fluorescent plants, many of them able to move, which is a part of and controlled by a single intelligent alien life form. They also meet Thurgood, who has become enthralled by the alien and does not seem to have aged during the seventy years since his disappearance. The boys are torn between staying in the caves, within which the alien provides an idyllic life fulfilling all their needs, and escaping. The longer they stay, the more their minds are affected, a fact they notice and suspect is related to the food the alien provides. They eventually escape, but the man decides to stay, having lost any desires beyond worshipping the alien.

On the way back to the base, the boys discuss what would happen to the caves if they became common knowledge. They agree to keep them a secret, believing that the alien and Thurgood deserve to be left in peace.

## Theme

The novel's main theme is that of the development of a young person's will and independence, and the conflict between benevolent authority and individual conscience. This theme occurs in several other novels by Christopher, such as the "Tripods" sequence, although the authority is far from benevolent. However in *The Lotus Caves* an important aspect of this theme is the invitation to devote a human life to the worship of a non-human force, comparable to religious devotion to god. The human devotee is promised a kind of immortality, but it is also a form of enslavement.

## Adaptations

### Film

A film adaptation of the book was in development in 2007, from Walden Media, to be written by Brian Klugman and Lee Sternthal and directed by Rpin Suwannath.

### Television

In 2010, the US television network Syfy ordered a pilot episode based on the story. They finally commissioned a series in 2012. The series was called *High Moon*. Principal photography for the pilot began on August 26, 2013, in Vancouver. The episode was directed by Adam Kane and was written by Jim Gray from an adaptation by Bryan Fuller and Gray.

Syfy ultimately passed on the series, but the pilot was released as a TV movie and aired on September 15, 2014.

## InfoBox

The Lotus Caves
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Christopher |
| Genre | science fiction, young adult literature |
| Publisher | Hamish Hamilton |
| Publication date | 1969 |
| Pages | 156 |


title: Smart Cell

abstract: Smart Cells are radio access nodes that provide wireless connectivity across multiple spectrum ranges and technologies. As of January 2014, Macrocells, Small Cells, and Wi-Fi connections were the primary means of data connectivity. For these types of cells, the spectrum utilized is static and is based on the antenna installed. A Smart Cell may transmit multiple frequencies and technologies which are controlled by the software and not the hardware (antenna). Smart Cells are currently in the research and development stage, but support software-defined networks, which are proliferating the current mobile network structure, are being supported. It's possible that Smart Cells will lower capital and operational costs due to reduced equipment and manual manipulations needed to modify cell site coverage. The term Smart Cell is also used to identify other technologies that enhance cell sites where it has reduced the need to manually manipulate radio access equipment or add additional carriers at a radio access node.

text:
# Smart Cell

**Smart Cells** are radio access nodes that provide wireless connectivity across multiple spectrum ranges and technologies. As of January 2014, Macrocells, Small Cells, and Wi-Fi connections were the primary means of data connectivity. For these types of cells, the spectrum utilized is static and is based on the antenna installed. *A Smart Cell may transmit multiple frequencies and technologies which are controlled by the software and not the hardware* (antenna).

*Smart Cells* are currently in the research and development stage, but support software-defined networks, which are proliferating the current mobile network structure, are being supported.

It's possible that *Smart Cells* will lower capital and operational costs due to reduced equipment and manual manipulations needed to modify cell site coverage. The term *Smart Cell* is also used to identify other technologies that enhance cell sites where it has reduced the need to manually manipulate radio access equipment or add additional carriers at a radio access node*.*


title: Roger Sims

abstract: Sir Roger Edward Sims is a British Conservative politician.

text:
# Roger Sims

**Sir Roger Edward Sims** JP (born 27 January 1930) is a British Conservative politician.

## Early life and education

Sims was the son of Herbert William Sims and Annie Amy Savidge. He was educated at City Boys' Grammar School in Leicester, and St Olave's Grammar School in London.

## Political career

Sims fought Shoreditch and Finsbury at the 1966 and 1970 general elections. He was MP for Chislehurst between February 1974 and May 1997, when he retired.

He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Whitelaw during Margaret Thatcher's government.

## Outside Parliament

Between 1960 and 1972, Sims was a justice of the peace in Bromley. He was deputy chairman from 1970 to 1972, and Chairman of the Juvenile Panel from 1971 to 1972.

## Honours

Sims was knighted in 1996.

## Personal life

In 1957, Sims married Angela Mathews; the couple had two sons and a daughter. His wife died in 2015.

He lives in Petts Wood, Bromley; his recreations are swimming and music, especially singing. He was a member of the Royal Choral Society from 1950 to 2008.

## InfoBox

| Roger Sims | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Chislehurst | |
| **In office**<br>1974-1997 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1930-01-27) 27 January 1930 |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Angela Mathews  (m. 1957; died 2015) |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |


title: Chick (1936 film)

abstract: Chick is a 1936 British comedy crime film directed by Michael Hankinson and starring Sydney Howard, Betty Ann Davies and Fred Conyngham. It is based on the 1923 novel of the same title by Edgar Wallace, which had previously been made into a 1928 silent film. The film was made at Elstree Studios. The hall porter at an Oxbridge College inherits an Earldom and enjoys a series of adventures.

text:
# Chick (1936 film)

***Chick*** is a 1936 British comedy crime film directed by Michael Hankinson and starring Sydney Howard, Betty Ann Davies and Fred Conyngham. It is based on the 1923 novel of the same title by Edgar Wallace, which had previously been made into a 1928 silent film. The film was made at Elstree Studios. The hall porter at an Oxbridge College inherits an Earldom and enjoys a series of adventures.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985. ISBN 0047910216.

## InfoBox

| Chick | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Michael Hankinson |
| Written by | Edgar Wallace (novel)
Daniel Wheddon
D. B. Wyndham-Lewis
Gerard Fairlie
Cyril Gardner
Irving Leroy |
| Produced by | Jack Raymond |
| Starring | Sydney Howard
Betty Ann Davies
Fred Conyngham
Cecil Humphreys |
| Cinematography | Francis Carver |
| Edited by | John E. Morris |
| Music by | Percival Mackey |
| Production
company | British & Dominions Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * September 1936 (1936-09) |
| Running time | 72 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Leonard Isitt (minister)

abstract: Rev. Leonard Monk Isitt was a Member of Parliament of the New Zealand Liberal Party. He was a Methodist minister and an advocate of prohibition (temperance), in association with Tommy Taylor and his brother, Rev. Frank Isitt.

text:
# Leonard Isitt (minister)

Rev. **Leonard Monk Isitt** (4 January 1855 – 29 July 1937) was a Member of Parliament of the New Zealand Liberal Party. He was a Methodist minister and an advocate of prohibition (temperance), in association with Tommy Taylor and his brother, Rev. Frank Isitt.

## Early life

He was born in Bedford, England, in 1855. His parents were James Isitt, a butcher, and Rebecca Isitt (née Cole). He lost his father at age two and his mother when he was twelve. He was educated at Bedford Modern School. His brother Frank emigrated to New Zealand in 1870 as a Methodist minister, and in 1875, Leonard Isitt followed him. His brother's daughter, Kate Isitt, later worked for him as his private secretary.

## Member of Parliament

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1911 | 17th | Christchurch North | |  | Independent Liberal |
| 19111914 | 18th | Christchurch North | |  | Independent Liberal |
| 19141919 | 19th | Christchurch North | |  | Liberal |
| 19191922 | 20th | Christchurch North | |  | Liberal |
| 19221925 | 21st | Christchurch North | |  | Liberal |

Leonard Isitt took over Taylor's parliamentary electorate of Christchurch North in a 1911 by-election after Tommy Taylor died. He held the seat, first as an Independent then as a Liberal until he retired in 1925.

Isitt was a member of the Legislative Council from 1925 to his death in 1937. Isitt and George Witty were both appointed to the Legislative Council by Gordon Coates on 28 October 1925; shortly before the 1925 election on 4 November. Both were Liberals but their retirement removed "a source of some bitterness from the Party’s ranks". Gordon Coates was Reform, and both of their former seats went to Reform candidates.

After Witty, Henry Holland of the Reform Party represented the Christchurch North electorate.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.

## Family and death

Isitt married Agnes Caverhill on 14 May 1881 at New Plymouth. Her parents were Frances and John Caverhill. They had two sons and one daughter. Frances Isitt (1889–1960) was their eldest child. Sir Leonard Isitt (1891–1976) became a prominent Air Force commander. Willard Isitt (1894–1916), a rifleman in the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, was killed during World War I in France on 31 October 1916. Their daughter was the mother to Sir Leonard Thornton who became Chief of Defence Staff for the New Zealand Defence Force.

Leonard Isitt died on 29 July 1937 in Christchurch and was buried at Linwood Cemetery. His wife died a year later at their residence in Cashmere.

## Footnotes

1. Obituary in *The Times*, *Mr L. M. Isitt*, 15 September 1937, p.17
2. *The Eagle*, vol. XVI no.1 (March, 1926), p. 55.
3. Davidson, Allan K. "Isitt, Leonard Monk". *Dictionary of New Zealand Biography*. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
4. Bassett 1982, p. 66.
5. Wilson 1985, p. 155.
6. Bassett 1982, p. 35.
7. "Official jubilee medals". *The Evening Post*. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
8. "Marriage". *Taranaki Herald*. Vol. XXIX, no. 3736. 18 May 1881. p. 2. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
9. Crooks, David M. "Isitt, Leonard Monk". *Dictionary of New Zealand Biography*. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
10. "Personal notes : Private Willard Isitt". *Lyttelton Times*. Vol. CXVII, no. 17326. 15 November 1916. p. 8. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
11. Pugsley, Chris. "Thornton, Leonard Whitmore". *Dictionary of New Zealand Biography*. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
12. "Christchurch City Council Cemeteries Database". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
13. "Deaths". *The Press*. Vol. LXXIV, no. 22519. 29 September 1938. p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
* Bassett, Michael (1982). *Three party politics in New Zealand, 1911–1931*. Auckland: Historical Publications. ISBN 0-86870-006-1.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First published in 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

## Further reading

### Works by Isitt

* Isitt, Leonard M. (1891–1904), *\[Leonard M. Isitt: prohibition leader\]*, n.p.: n.p.
* Diggens, Canon, ed. (1895), *Gothic gossip: a medley of fact, fiction and fun*, n.p.: L.M. Isitt and P.F. Peirson
* Isitt, Leonard M. (1908), *The liberty of the subject*, Christchurch: L.M. Isitt Book Depot. ; Fraser
* Isitt, Leonard M. (1914), *Bible in schools: extract from a speech by Mr. L.M. Isitt, at Rugby Street Schoolroom on Nov. 18th, 1914*, Christchurch: Lyttelton Times
* Isitt, Leonard M. (1919), *Two lectures*, Christchurch: L.M. Isitt Ltd.
* Isitt, Leonard M. (c. 1924), *Kahu, a Maori boy*, Wellington: L.M. Isitt Ltd.
* Isitt, Leonard M. (c. 1925), *Five reasons for supporting the Bible in Schools Bill*, Wellington: Isitt-Wildey Print
* Isitt, Leonard M. (1925), *Religious exercises in schools: a bill intituled: an act to provide for the performance of certain religious exercises in schools*, Wellington: Isitt-Wildey Print
* Isitt, Leonard M. (1925), *Religious exercises in schools bill: excerpts from speech delivered by L.M. Isitt, in the House of Representatives, on Thursday, 20th August, 1925*, Wellington: Government Printer

### Works about Isitt

### Further reading notes

1. This is a collection of newspaper clippings
2. Isitt was a contributor to this book; the *Gothic* was a ship
3. This is a prohibition tract
4. These lectures were on the recently ended war and on the church's relations with both labour and pacifism
5. A discourse delivered in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland, on 14 August 1927, a few hours after Dr. Cleary's return from Europe; Cleary was the then-Roman Catholic bishop of Auckland

## InfoBox

| The ReverendLeonard Isitt | |
| --- | --- |
| Isitt in 1911 | |
|  | |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Christchurch North | |
| **In office**
19111925 | |
| Preceded by | Tommy Taylor |
| Succeeded by | Henry Holland |
| New Zealand Legislative Councillor | |
| **In office**
28 October 1925  29 July 1937† | |
| Appointed by | Gordon Coates |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1855-01-04)4 January 1855
Bedford, England |
| Died | 29 July 1937(1937-07-29) (aged 82)
Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Resting place | Linwood Cemetery |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Agnes Caverhill |
| Relations | Frank Isitt (brother)
Kate Isitt (niece) |
| Children | 2 inc. Sir Leonard Isitt |
| Profession | Minister of religion |
|  | |


title: Square (slang)

abstract: Square is slang for a person who is conventional and old-fashioned, similar to a fuddy-duddy. This sense of the word "square" originated with the American jazz community in the 1940s in reference to people out of touch with musical trends. Older senses of the term square, referring positively to someone or something honest and upstanding, date back to the 16th century.

text:
# Square (slang)

***Square*** is slang for a person who is conventional and old-fashioned, similar to a fuddy-duddy. This sense of the word "square" originated with the American jazz community in the 1940s in reference to people out of touch with musical trends. Older senses of the term *square*, referring positively to someone or something honest and upstanding, date back to the 16th century.

## History

The English word *square* dates to the 13th century and derives from the Old French *esquarre*. By the 1570s, it was in use in reference to someone or something honest or fair. This positive sense is preserved in phrases such as "fair and square", meaning something done in an honest and straightforward manner, and "square deal", meaning an outcome equitable to all sides. A West Country variant on the phrase, "fairs pears", bears the same meaning and was first traced by Cecil Sharp in 1903 when visiting his friend (and lyrics editor) Charles Marson in Hambridge, South Somerset.

The sense of *square* as a derogatory reference to someone conventional or old-fashioned dates to the jazz scene of the 1940s; the first known reference is from 1944. There it applied to someone who failed to appreciate the medium of jazz, or more broadly, someone whose tastes were out of date and out of touch. It may derive from the rigid motion of a conductor's hands in a conventional, four-beat rhythm. It is used as both an adjective and a noun. A square contrasted with someone who was *hip*, or in the know. The cub scout promise included the pledge "to be square" from the 1950s to the 1970s. In contemporary language, U.S. branches of the military refer to "squared away" to describe things that are ordered.


abstract: The women's team foil competition of the fencing event at the 2015 SEA Games is being held on 6 June 2015 at the OCBC Arena Hall 2 in Kallang, Singapore.

text:
# Fencing at the 2015 SEA Games – Women's team foil

The **women's team foil** competition of the fencing event at the 2015 SEA Games is being held on 6 June 2015 at the OCBC Arena Hall 2 in Kallang, Singapore.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saturday, 6 June 2015 | **13:00** | **Quarterfinals** |
| | **16:15** | **Semifinals** |
| | **18:45** | **Gold medal match** |

## Results

Source:

## Final standing

Source:

| Rank | Team |
| --- | --- |
| Finals | |
|  | Singapore (SIN)
Wang Wenying
Wong Cheryl Ye Han
Wong Nicole Mae Hui Shan
Wong Ye Ying Liane |
|  | Vietnam (VIE)
Đỗ Thị Anh
Lê Thị Bích
Lưu Thị Thanh Nhàn
Nguyễn Thị Hoài Thu |
|  | Philippines (PHI)
Lozada Wilhelmina
Pangilinan Keren
Tinio Justine Gail
Estimada Anna Gabriella |
|  | Indonesia (INA)
Flodesa Flodesa
Pua Chintya Amreiny
Purnamawati Herlin Erviana
Rihandini Verdiana |
| Quarterfinals | |
| 5 | Thailand (THA)
Chantasuvannasin Nunta
Limvattana Chidchanok
Nateethorn Sirithorn
Phimkaeo Nuanchan |
| 6 | Malaysia (MAS)
Ab Hamid Shaidatul Shafiqah
Abu Bakar Natasha Ezzra
Cheah Ivy Hsiao Yong
Fong Tyanne |
| 7 | Myanmar (MYA)
Aung Phyu Phyu
Kyaw May Tinzar
Naing Aye Chan Htet
Naing Nyo Me |

## InfoBox

| Fencing – Women's team foil
at the 2015 SEA Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | OCBC Arena Hall 2 |
| Date | 6 June 2015 |
| Competitors | 28 from 7 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Singapore  Vietnam  Philippines  Indonesia | |
|


abstract: The Joint Stock Companies Winding-Up Act 1844 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. Section 1 enabled a company to be made bankrupt in the same way as an individual. The result was that remedies were available only against a company's property.

text:
# Joint Stock Companies Winding-Up Act 1844

The **Joint Stock Companies Winding-Up Act 1844** (7 & 8 Vict. c. 111) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Section 1 enabled a company to be made bankrupt in the same way as an individual. The result was that remedies were available only against a company's property.

## InfoBox

Joint Stock Companies Act 1844
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act for facilitating the winding up the Affairs of Joint Stock Companies unable to meet their pecuniary Engagements. |
| Citation | 7 & 8 Vict. c. 111 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 5 September 1844 |
| Commencement | 1 November 1844 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 |
| Relates to |  |
| Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |


title: Ceair (Urluia)

abstract: The Ceair is a left tributary of the river Urluia in Romania. It flows into the Urluia near Tufani. Its length is 24 km (15 mi) and its basin size is 160 km⁲ (62 sq mi).

text:
# Ceair (Urluia)

The **Ceair** is a left tributary of the river Urluia in Romania. It flows into the Urluia near Tufani. Its length is 24 km (15 mi) and its basin size is 160 km2 (62 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Ceair | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Constanța County |
| Villages | Dumbrăveni |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Urluia |
| coordinates | 44°00′26″N 27°58′21″E / 44.0072°N 27.9726°E / 44.0072; 27.9726 |
| Length | 24 km (15 mi) |
| Basin size | 160 km2 (62 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | UrluiaDanubeBlack Sea |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | Cerchez |
| River code | XIV.1.40.1 |


title: Doc Evans

abstract: Paul Wesley "Doc" Evans was an American jazz cornetist. Evans was born in Spring Valley, Minnesota. the son of a Methodist minister. He learned piano and drums as a child, and played saxophone in high school. He graduated from Carleton College with a B.A. in English, and played with the Carleton Collegians dance band there. He gave up saxophone in the late 1920s for cornet, and played Dixieland jazz regularly in Minneapolis at that time. Evans continued to play through the Great Depression, turning down offers to play outside of the Midwest. In 1947, he led the band that played for the opening of Chicago's Jazz, Ltd. club upon being persuaded by clarinetist Bill Reinhardt. He worked in Chicago until 1952, and then embarked on nationwide tours, recording frequently along the way. Evans recorded as a leader for Disc Records in 1947, and for Joco Records, based in Northfield, Minnesota, in 1949-1950. In August, 1953, Evans gave a series of concerts at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. These concerts were recorded, and issued on LP by Soma Recording Company, based in Minneapolis. Evans also recorded extensively for Audiophile Records. He returned to Minneapolis and continued playing jazz up until his last recordings in 1975. He also founded the Bloomington Symphony Orchestra and conducted it until his death, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In 1999, a yearly Doc Evans Jazz Festival was founded in Minnesota that ran for nine years. A website, docevans.com is maintained by his son, Allan Evans.

text:
# Doc Evans

**Paul Wesley "Doc" Evans** (June 20, 1907 – January 10, 1977) was an American jazz cornetist.

Evans was born in Spring Valley, Minnesota. the son of a Methodist minister. He learned piano and drums as a child, and played saxophone in high school. He graduated from Carleton College with a B.A. in English, and played with the Carleton Collegians dance band there. He gave up saxophone in the late 1920s for cornet, and played Dixieland jazz regularly in Minneapolis at that time.

Evans continued to play through the Great Depression, turning down offers to play outside of the Midwest. In 1947, he led the band that played for the opening of Chicago's Jazz, Ltd. club upon being persuaded by clarinetist Bill Reinhardt. He worked in Chicago until 1952, and then embarked on nationwide tours, recording frequently along the way. Evans recorded as a leader for Disc Records in 1947, and for Joco Records, based in Northfield, Minnesota, in 1949-1950. In August, 1953, Evans gave a series of concerts at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. These concerts were recorded, and issued on LP by Soma Recording Company, based in Minneapolis. Evans also recorded extensively for Audiophile Records.

He returned to Minneapolis and continued playing jazz up until his last recordings in 1975. He also founded the Bloomington Symphony Orchestra and conducted it until his death, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

In 1999, a yearly Doc Evans Jazz Festival was founded in Minnesota that ran for nine years.

A website, docevans.com is maintained by his son, Allan Evans.


title: Black Elk Wilderness

abstract: The Black Elk Wilderness is a nature preserve located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The wilderness was designated by an act of Congress in 1980. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service, Black Elk Wilderness is part of Black Hills National Forest. This 13,426 acre (54 km⁲) region is considered sacred to Native Americans, especially the Sioux and is named after Black Elk, an Oglala Sioux holy man. Mount Rushmore National Memorial is immediately to the north and much of the rest of the wilderness is bordered by other protected land under the jurisdiction of state and federal agencies. Black Elk Peak, which at 7,242 feet is the tallest mountain in South Dakota, is located in the wilderness, and one can see into four different states from the summit. Craggy peaks and rocky slopes mixed with ponderosa pine, spruce and fir trees make for a varied ecosystem. Mountain goats and bighorn sheep inhabit the more rugged mountain slopes, while mule deer, whitetail deer, and elk are more common in the forested valleys. A sizeable population of hawks and falcons also inhabit the wilderness. U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season. By 2010, 80 percent of the trees in the wilderness had been killed by the Mountain pine beetle.

text:
# Black Elk Wilderness

The **Black Elk Wilderness** is a nature preserve located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The wilderness was designated by an act of Congress in 1980. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service, Black Elk Wilderness is part of Black Hills National Forest. This 13,426 acre (54 km2) region is considered sacred to Native Americans, especially the Sioux and is named after Black Elk, an Oglala Sioux holy man. Mount Rushmore National Memorial is immediately to the north and much of the rest of the wilderness is bordered by other protected land under the jurisdiction of state and federal agencies.

Black Elk Peak, which at 7,242 feet (2,207 m) is the tallest mountain in South Dakota, is located in the wilderness, and one can see into four different states from the summit. Craggy peaks and rocky slopes mixed with ponderosa pine, spruce and fir trees make for a varied ecosystem. Mountain goats and bighorn sheep inhabit the more rugged mountain slopes, while mule deer, whitetail deer, and elk are more common in the forested valleys. A sizeable population of hawks and falcons also inhabit the wilderness.

U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season. By 2010, 80 percent of the trees in the wilderness had been killed by the Mountain pine beetle.

## InfoBox

| Black Elk Wilderness | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category Ib (wilderness area) | |
| View looking towards the Black Elk Wilderness. Horsethief Lake, on the edge of the wilderness area, is seen in the foreground. | |
|  | |
| Location | Pennington / Custer counties, South Dakota, USA |
| Nearest city | Rapid City, SD |
| Coordinates | 43°51′N 103°32′W / 43.850°N 103.533°W / 43.850; -103.533 |
| Area | 13,426 acres (54.33 km2) |
| Established | 1980 |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service |


title: Chile men's national field hockey team

abstract: The Chile men's national field hockey team represents Chile in men's international field hockey competitions and is controlled by the Federación Chilena de Hockey Sobre Césped. It is affiliated with the International Hockey Federation and the Pan American Hockey Federation. Hockey arrived in Chile in the mid-20th century. Chile has never qualified for the Hockey World Cup until 2021, but it has had success at the youth level, as in Versailles 1979. In the Pan American Games, Chile has been present in all years except the year 1967, obtaining a 3rd-place finish in 1983, 2007, 2011 and 2015. By reaching the final of the 2022 Men's Pan American Cup, they qualified for the 2023 World Cup where they will be making their World Cup debut.

text:
# Chile men's national field hockey team

The **Chile men's national field hockey team** represents Chile in men's international field hockey competitions and is controlled by the Federación Chilena de Hockey Sobre Césped. It is affiliated with the International Hockey Federation and the Pan American Hockey Federation.

Hockey arrived in Chile in the mid-20th century. Chile has never qualified for the Hockey World Cup until 2021, but it has had success at the youth level, as in Versailles 1979. In the Pan American Games, Chile has been present in all years except the year 1967, obtaining a 3rd-place finish in 1983, 2007, 2011 and 2015. By reaching the final of the 2022 Men's Pan American Cup, they qualified for the 2023 World Cup where they will be making their World Cup debut.

## Tournament history

### World Cup

| Men's FIH Hockey World Cup record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | D* | L | GF | GA |
| 2023 | Classification round | 15th | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 32 |
| Total | | 1/15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 32 |

### Pan American Games

| Pan American Games record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Host | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 1967 | Winnipeg, Canada | *did not participate* | | | | | | |
| 1971 | Cali, Colombia | 4th | 10 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 |
| 1975 | Mexico City, Mexico | 5th | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 13 |
| 1979 | San Juan, Puerto Rico | 5th | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 10 |
| 1983 | Caracas, Venezuela | **3rd** | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 9 |
| 1987 | Indianapolis, United States | 4th | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 13 |
| 1991 | Havana, Cuba | 5th | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 8 |
| 1995 | Mar del Plata, Argentina | 6th | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 19 |
| 1999 | Winnipeg, Canada | 4th | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 22 |
| 2003 | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 4th | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 28 | 10 |
| 2007 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | **3rd** | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 12 |
| 2011 | Guadalajara, Mexico | **3rd** | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 16 |
| 2015 | Toronto, Canada | **3rd** | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 13 |
| 2019 | Lima, Peru | 4th | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 10 |
| 2023 | Santiago, Chile | **2nd** | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 23 | 7 |
| Total | | 2nd place | 85 | 38 | 10 | 37 | 191 | 174 |

### Pan American Cup

| Pan American Cup record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Host | Position | Pld | W | D* | L | GF | GA |
| 2000 | Havana, Cuba | 4th | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 27 | 19 |
| 2004 | London, Canada | **3rd** | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 34 | 10 |
| 2009 | Santiago, Chile | 4th | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 20 | 11 |
| 2013 | Brampton, Canada | 5th | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 28 | 10 |
| 2017 | Lancaster, United States | 6th | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 19 | 15 |
| 2022 | Santiago, Chile | **2nd** | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 9 |
| 2025 | Montevideo, Uruguay | *to be determined* | | | | | | |
| Total | | 2nd place | 33 | 17 | 4 | 12 | 139 | 74 |

### South American Games

| South American Games record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | D* | L | GF | GA |
| 2006 | **Final** | **2nd** | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 7 |
| 2014 | **Final** | **2nd** | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 21 | 16 |
| 2018 | **Final** | **2nd** | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 1 |
| 2022 | **Final** | **2nd** | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 53 | 3 |
| Total | Best: 2nd | 4/4 | 21 | 15 | 1 | 5 | 121 | 27 |

### South American Championship

| South American Championship | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Position | Pld | W | D* | L | GF | GA |
| 2003 | **2nd** | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 62 | 3 |
| 2008 | **2nd** | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 4 |
| 2010 | **2nd** | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 35 | 10 |
| 2013 | **2nd** | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 45 | 11 |
| 2016 | **1st** | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0 |
| Total | 1 title | 28 | 22 | 0 | 6 | 213 | 28 |

### Defunct competitions

#### Hockey World League

| Hockey World League record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Position | Round | Pld | W | D* | L | GF | GA |
| 2012–13 | 20th | Round 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 6 |
| | | Round 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 13 |
| 2014–15 | 26th | Round 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2 |
| | | Round 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 19 |
| 2016–17 | 32nd | Round 1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0 |
| | | Round 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 16 |
| Total | Best: 20th | Round 2 | 28 | 15 | 4 | 9 | 108 | 56 |

#### Champions Challenge II

| Champions Challenge II record | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Position | Pld | W | D* | L | GF | GA |
| 2009 | 8th | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 15 |
| 2011 | *did not participate* | | | | | | |
| Total | Best: 8th | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 15 |

*\*Draws include matches decided on a penalty shoot-out.*

## Team

### Current squad

The squad for the 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup.

Head coach: Jorge Dabanch

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | GK | Agustín Araya | (1999-08-02)2 August 1999 (aged 23) | 25 | Manquehue |
| 4 | DF | Pablo Purcell | (1993-06-23)23 June 1993 (aged 29) | 80 | PWCC |
| 5 | GK | Adrián Henríquez | (1986-07-14)14 July 1986 (aged 36) | 130 | Manquehue |
| 6 | MF | Vicente Goñi | (1995-11-30)30 November 1995 (aged 27) | 58 | Tilburg |
| 8 | MF | Fernando Renz *(Captain)* | (1994-02-15)15 February 1994 (aged 28) | 82 | Manquehue |
| 9 | DF | José Maldonado | (1994-11-04)4 November 1994 (aged 28) | 99 | PWCC |
| 10 | FW | Martín Rodríguez | (1990-03-26)26 March 1990 (aged 32) | 170 | Sport Francés |
| 11 | MF | Kay Gesswein | (1999-08-28)28 August 1999 (aged 23) | 24 | Manquehue |
| 13 | DF | Andrés Pizarro | (1999-12-07)7 December 1999 (aged 23) | 45 | PWCC |
| 14 | DF | Juan Amoroso | (1997-07-08)8 July 1997 (aged 25) | 68 | Royal Uccle |
| 15 | MF | José Hurtado | (1999-03-18)18 March 1999 (aged 23) | 55 | Manquehue |
| 17 | FW | Felipé Renz | (1997-04-29)29 April 1997 (aged 25) | 55 | Victoria |
| 18 | FW | Ignacio Contardo | (1994-06-13)13 June 1994 (aged 28) | 59 | PWCC |
| 20 | FW | Raimundo Valenzuela | (2002-05-10)10 May 2002 (aged 20) | 16 | Almere |
| 24 | DF | Axel Richter | (1994-11-08)8 November 1994 (aged 28) | 54 | Manquehue |
| 26 | MF | Axel Troncoso | (1997-02-25)25 February 1997 (aged 25) | 55 | Manquehue |
| 28 | FW | Nils Strabucchi | (1999-04-28)28 April 1999 (aged 23) | 34 | UHC Hamburg |
| 31 | FW | Franco Beccera | (1997-12-02)2 December 1997 (aged 25) | 41 | Manquehue |

### Recent call–ups

The following players have also represented Chile in the last 12 months.

| Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club | Latest call-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DF | Agustín Valenzuela | (2000-09-30) 30 September 2000 | 5 | 0 | PWCC | v.  Spain; 15 August 2022 |
| --- | | | | | | |
| FW | Vicente Gabilondo | (1996-12-13) 13 December 1996 | 6 | 0 | Manquehue | v.  Spain; 15 August 2022 |
| FW | William Enos | (1992-06-07) 7 June 1992 | 20 | 4 | Catalònia Hoquei Club | v.  Spain; 15 August 2022 |

## InfoBox

Chile
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | **La Roja* (The Red)* |
| Association | Federación Chilena de Hockey Sobre Césped |
| Confederation | PAHF (Americas) |
| Head Coach | Jorge Dabanch |
| Assistant coach(es) | Emiliano Monteleone |
| Manager | Cristian González |
| Captain | Fernando Renz |
|  | |
| FIH ranking | |
| Current | 22  (13 August 2024) |
| World Cup | |
| Appearances | 1 (*first in 2023*) |
| Best result | 15th (2023) |
| Pan American Games | |
| Appearances | 14 (*first in 1971*) |
| Best result | 2nd (2023) |
| Pan American Cup | |
| Appearances | 6 (*first in 2000*) |
| Best result | 2nd (2022) |
| Medal record       Event 1st 2nd 3rd  Pan American Games 0 1 4  Pan American Cup 0 1 1  South American Games 0 4 0  South American Championship 1 4 0  Total 1 10 5   Pan American Games  2023 Santiago Team  1983 Caracas Team  2007 Rio de Janeiro Team  2011 Guadalajara Team  2015 Toronto Team  Pan American Cup  2022 Santiago   2004 London   South American Games  2006 Buenos Aires Team  2014 Santiago Team  2018 Cochabamba Team  2022 Asunción Team  South American Championship  2016 Chiclayo   2003 Santiago   2008 Montevideo   2010 Rio de Janeiro   2013 Santiago | |


title: Thomas Roberts (painter)

abstract: Thomas Roberts was an Irish landscape artist.

text:
# Thomas Roberts (painter)

**Thomas Roberts** (circa 1748-1778) was an Irish landscape artist.

## Early life

Born into a family of artists in County Waterford, he was the eldest son and fourth child of architect John Roberts and his wife Mary Susannah Sautelle, who was of Huguenot descent. Roberts was baptised on 22 May 1748 in Waterford. Roberts enrolled in the Dublin Society Schools in 1763, winning an award in his first year. He studied landscape painting under James Mannin.

## Career

Thomas would become a student of the Cork painter John Butts and an apprentice of landscape painter George Mullins. He lived in Temple Bar, above the public house that belonged to Mullins' wife, the *Horseshoe and Magpie*. He went on to exhibit at the Society of Artists in 1766, at age 18, and continued to exhibit there until 1777. Between 1766 and 1773, he exhibited 56 paintings. From 1769, he lived at Shaw's Court, 2 Dame Street. His output declined in 1773 as his tuberculosis worsened. We won premiums in 1769, 1772 and 1777.

Roberts work was primarily landscapes, usually featuring a country house. Among his surviving works are 4 views of Dawson Grove owned by Viscount Cremorne, a view of Lord Charlemont's Casino, Beau Park, County Meath, and 4 views of Carton House, County Kildare. In the style of Italian classical landscapes, Roberts also painted imaginary landscapes. He was commissioned by Sir Watkin Williams Wynn in 1775 to paint a pair of pictures for this home on St. James's Square, London, which are still in place. Anthony Pasquin noted that he "gained more reputation as a landscape painter than any other Irishman", and fellow artist, John Warren thought that Roberts was the finest landscape painter in Britain or Ireland. Among Thomas Roberts' patrons were William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster and Richard Wingfield, 3rd Viscount Powerscourt.

## Death and legacy

Roberts was living in Bath and Bristol in 1776, and for a short time recovered. Later in 1776 or early 1777 he left for Lisbon where he died in March 1778.

After Roberts' death, his younger brother, Sautelle Roberts, adopted his first name, thus becoming Thomas Sautelle Roberts. The younger Roberts, an architect, finished some of his elder brother's paintings and became a successful artist in the early 19th century.

After his death, a number of Roberts works were attributed to William Ashford, but a retrospective on his bicentenary in 1978 renewed interest in his work. In 2009, the National Gallery of Ireland exhibited 50 of his works to coincide with a new book on Roberts.

## List of paintings

* *Lucan House and Demense*, c. 1770  Oil on canvas commissioned by Agmondisham Vesey of Lucan House, County Dublin; now owned by the National Gallery of Ireland.
* *Stormy Sea*, c. 1770  Oil on canvas; private collection, owned not named (1985).
* *Landstorm*, 1780  Oil on canvas; owned by Richard Wood (1985).
* *A River in Spate by a Ruined Tower and Bridge*, c. 1780  Oil on canvas; owned by Francis D. Murnaghan, Jr. (1985).

## InfoBox

| Thomas Roberts | |
| --- | --- |
| Only known portrait of Roberts by Hugh Douglas Hamilton circa 1769 | |
| Born | circa 1748
County Waterford, Ireland |
| Died | March 1778(1778-00-00) (aged 29–30)
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Known for | landscape painter |


title: Lepidophanes

abstract: Lepidophanes is a genus of lanternfishes found in the Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Lepidophanes

***Lepidophanes*** is a genus of lanternfishes found in the Atlantic Ocean.

## Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Lepidophanes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A drawing of a *Ledidophanes guentheri* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Myctophiformes |
| Family: | Myctophidae |
| Genus: | *Lepidophanes*<br>Fraser-Brunner, 1949 |
|


abstract: Springfield Road station is a stop on the Media–Sharon Hill Line in Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It is located on Springfield Road between Windsor Circle and North Brookside Road, although SEPTA gives the address as being near Springfield and Rolling Roads. Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania and Orange Street in Media, Pennsylvania. The major SEPTA 101 line improvement project of 2008-2010 expanded, modernized, and refurbished this facility. Inbound trolleys stop for passengers on the north side of Springfield Road at a platform equipped with a large shed with an overhanging roof. A second, smaller shelter was added to the inbound platform. Outbound trolleys stop along a new (2009) platform along the south side of Springfield Road, adjacent to the sizeable station parking lot. This long platform has two open-air metal benches and a bench in a small, roofed shelter to protect waiting passengers during inclement weather. The lighted, landscaped, free parking lot by this platform offers parking for approximately 30 vehicles, and includes spaces for handicapped drivers and a bicycle rack. Several additional free parking spaces for cars line the outbound tracks along North Rolling Road on the north side of Springfield Road across from Windsor Circle.

text:
# Springfield Road station (SEPTA Route 101)

**Springfield Road station** (soon to be known as **Brookside–Springfield station**) is a stop on the Media–Sharon Hill Line in Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It is located on Springfield Road between Windsor Circle and North Brookside Road, although SEPTA gives the address as being near Springfield and Rolling Roads.

Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania and Orange Street in Media, Pennsylvania. The major SEPTA 101 line improvement project of 2008-2010 expanded, modernized, and refurbished this facility. Inbound (toward 69th Street Transportation Center) trolleys stop for passengers on the north side of Springfield Road at a platform equipped with a large shed with an overhanging roof. A second, smaller shelter was added to the inbound platform. Outbound trolleys stop along a new (2009) platform along the south side of Springfield Road, adjacent to the sizeable station parking lot. This long platform has two open-air metal benches and a bench in a small, roofed shelter to protect waiting passengers during inclement weather. The lighted, landscaped, free parking lot by this platform offers parking for approximately 30 vehicles, and includes spaces for handicapped drivers and a bicycle rack. Several additional free parking spaces for cars line the outbound tracks along North Rolling Road on the north side of Springfield Road across from Windsor Circle.

## InfoBox

| Springfield Road | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Springfield Road at Windsor Circle<br>Springfield, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°56′04″N 75°19′47″W / 39.9344°N 75.3296°W / 39.9344; -75.3296 |
| Owned by | SEPTA |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | Yes |
| History | |
| Electrified | Overhead lines |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  SEPTA Following station  Saxer Avenuetoward Orange Street  Route 101  Scenic Roadtoward 69th Street T.C. | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Future services (2024)   Preceding station  SEPTA Metro Following station  Saxer Avenuetoward Orange Street/Media    Scenic Roadtoward 69th Street | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: 1943 in Brazilian football

abstract: The following article presents a summary of the 1943 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 42nd season of competitive football in the country.

text:
# 1943 in Brazilian football

The following article presents a summary of the **1943 football (soccer) season in Brazil**, which was the 42nd season of competitive football in the country.

## Campeonato Paulista

**Final Standings**

| Position | Team | Points | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | For | Against | Difference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | São Paulo | 33 | 20 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 63 | 22 | 41 |
| 2 | Corinthians | 32 | 20 | 15 | 2 | 3 | 71 | 28 | 43 |
| 3 | Palmeiras | 31 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 3 | 53 | 20 | 33 |
| 4 | Juventus | 23 | 20 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 49 | 31 | 18 |
| 5 | Ypiranga-SP | 23 | 20 | 11 | 1 | 8 | 41 | 40 | 1 |
| 6 | Santos | 21 | 20 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 45 | 39 | 6 |
| 7 | Portuguesa | 21 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 39 | 34 | 5 |
| 8 | Comercial-SP | 12 | 20 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 37 | 53 | -16 |
| 9 | Portuguesa Santista | 10 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 14 | 32 | 81 | -49 |
| 10 | São Paulo Railway | 9 | 20 | 4 | 1 | 15 | 38 | 77 | -39 |
| 11 | Jabaquara | 5 | 20 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 30 | 73 | -43 |

São Paulo declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

## State championship champions

| State | Champion |  | State | Champion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Acre | - |  | Paraíba | Ástrea |
| Alagoas | not disputed |  | Paraná | Atlético Paranaense |
| Amapá | - |  | Pernambuco | Sport Recife |
| Amazonas | Rio Negro |  | Piauí | Flamengo-PI |
| Bahia | Galícia |  | Rio de Janeiro | Icaraí |
| Ceará | Maguari |  | Rio de Janeiro (DF) | Flamengo |
| Espírito Santo | Vitória-ES |  | Rio Grande do Norte | Santa Cruz-RN |
| Goiás | - |  | Rio Grande do Sul | Internacional |
| Maranhão | Maranhão |  | Rondônia | - |
| Mato Grosso | Mixto |  | Santa Catarina | Avaí |
| Minas Gerais | Cruzeiro |  | São Paulo | São Paulo |
| Pará | Paysandu |  | Sergipe | Sergipe |

## Other competition champions

| Competition | Champion |
| --- | --- |
| Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais | Rio de Janeiro (DF) |

## Brazil national team

The Brazil national football team did not play any matches in 1943.

## InfoBox

Football in Brazil
| Season | 1943 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: Joint Strike Fighter program

abstract: Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) is a development and acquisition program intended to replace a wide range of existing fighter, strike, and ground attack aircraft for the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and formerly Turkey. After a competition between the Boeing X-32 and the Lockheed Martin X-35, the latter aircraft was selected for a contract award and developed into the F-35 Lightning II, which will replace various tactical aircraft, including the US F-16, A-10, F/A-18A-D, AV-8B, EA-6B and British Harrier GR7, GR9s and Tornado GR4. The projected average annual cost of the program is $12.5 billion in 2012 with an estimated cost in 2024 of $2 trillion over its lifespan.

text:
# Joint Strike Fighter program

**Joint Strike Fighter** (**JSF**) is a development and acquisition program intended to replace a wide range of existing fighter, strike, and ground attack aircraft for the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and formerly Turkey. After a competition between the Boeing X-32 and the Lockheed Martin X-35, the latter aircraft was selected for a contract award and developed into the F-35 Lightning II, which will replace various tactical aircraft, including the US F-16, A-10, F/A-18A-D, AV-8B, EA-6B and British Harrier GR7, GR9s and Tornado GR4. The projected average annual cost of the program is $12.5 billion in 2012 with an estimated cost in 2024 of $2 trillion over its lifespan.

## Project formation

The JSF program was the result of the merger of the Common Affordable Lightweight Fighter (CALF) and Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) projects. The merged project continued under the JAST name until the engineering, manufacturing and development (EMD) phase, during which the project became the Joint Strike Fighter.

The CALF was a DARPA program to develop a STOVL strike fighter (SSF), originally under the Advanced Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing (ASTOVL) project, for the United States Marine Corps and replacement for the F-16 Fighting Falcon. The United States Air Force passed over the F-16 Agile Falcon in the late 1980s, essentially an enlarged F-16, and continued to mull other designs. In 1992, the Marine Corps and Air Force agreed to jointly develop the Common Affordable Lightweight Fighter, which continued development efforts under ASTOVL. CALF project was chosen after Paul Bevilaqua persuaded the Air Force that his team's concept (if stripped of its lift system) had potential as a complement to the F-22 Raptor.

The Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) program was created in 1993, implementing one of the recommendations of a United States Department of Defense (DoD) "Bottom-Up Review to include the United States Navy in the Common Strike Fighter program." The review also led the Pentagon to continue the F-22 Raptor and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet programs, cancel the Air Force's Multi-Role Fighter (MRF) and the Navy's Advanced Attack/Fighter (A/F-X) programs, and curtail F-16 and F/A-18C/D procurement. The JAST program office was established on 27 January 1994 to develop aircraft, weapons, and sensor technology with the aim of replacing several disparate US and UK aircraft with a single family of aircraft; the majority of those produced would replace F-16s. Merrill McPeak, former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, has complained that Defense Secretary Les Aspin's decision to force all three services to use a single airframe greatly increased the costs and difficulty of the project.

In November 1995, the United Kingdom signed a memorandum of understanding to become a formal partner, and agreed to pay $200 million, or 10% of the concept demonstration phase.

In 1997, Canada's Department of National Defence signed on to the Concept Demonstration phase with an investment of US$10 million. This investment allowed Canada to participate in the extensive and rigorous competitive process where Boeing and Lockheed Martin developed and competed their prototype aircraft.

## JSF competition

Studies supporting JAST/JSF started in 1993 and led to STOVL submissions to the DOD by McDonnell Douglas, Northrop, Lockheed and Boeing:

1. McDonnell Douglas proposed an aircraft powered by a reheated turbofan, with a remote gas-driven fan to augment lift in the STOVL mode. This configuration was called Gas-Driven Lift Fan (GDLF). Later, General Electric did a ground demonstration of this engine configuration.
2. The Northrop aircraft featured an auxiliary lift engine augmenting the dry thrust from a reheated turbofan fitted with a pair of thrust-vectoring nozzles. This configuration was called Lift-Plus-Lift/Cruise (LPLC).
3. The Lockheed aircraft concept used a reheated turbofan with thrust augmentation from a remote shaft-driven lift fan. This engine configuration was called Shaft-Driven Lift Fan (SDLF) and eventually led to the YF119-PW-611 which powered the X-35B JSF demonstrator.
4. Boeing decided against thrust augmentation. They proposed an aircraft powered by a reheated turbofan that could be reconfigured (in the STOVL mode) into a direct lift engine with a pair of thrust-vectoring nozzles located near the aircraft center-of-gravity. This led to the YF119-PW-614S which powered the X-32B JSF demonstrator.

Two contracts to develop prototypes were awarded on November 16, 1996, one each to Lockheed Martin and Boeing. Each firm would produce two aircraft to demonstrate conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL), carrier takeoff and landing (CV version), and short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL). McDonnell Douglas' bid was rejected in part due to the complexity of its design. Lockheed Martin and Boeing were each given $750 million to develop their concept demonstrators and the definition of the Preferred Weapon System Concept (PWSC). The aim of this funding limit was to prevent one or both contractors from bankrupting themselves in an effort to win such an important contract.

Also in 1996, the UK Ministry of Defence launched the Future Carrier Borne Aircraft project. This program sought a replacement for the Sea Harrier (and later the Harrier GR7); the Joint Strike Fighter was selected in January 2001.

During concept definition, two Lockheed Martin airplanes were flight-tested: the X-35A (which was later converted into the X-35B), and the larger-winged X-35C. Arguably the most persuasive demonstration of the X-35's capability was the final qualifying Joint Strike Fighter flight trials, in which the X-35B STOVL aircraft took off in less than 500 feet (150 m), went supersonic, and landed vertically – a feat that Boeing's entry was unable to achieve.

### Outcome

The contract for System Development and Demonstration (SDD) was awarded on 26 October 2001 to Lockheed Martin, whose X-35 beat the Boeing X-32. One of the main reasons for this choice appears to have been the method of achieving STOVL flight, with the Department of Defense judging that the higher performance lift fan system was worth the extra risk. When near to the ground, the Boeing X-32 suffered from the problem of hot air from the exhaust circulating back to the main engine, which caused the thrust to weaken and the engine to overheat.

The United States Department of Defense officials and William Bach, the UK Minister of Defence Procurement, said the X-35 consistently outperformed the X-32, although both met or exceeded requirements. The development of the JSF was jointly funded by the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Norway and Denmark. In July 2019 United States removed Turkey from the Joint Strike Fighter program, following the country's acquisition of the Russian S-400 missile system. Turkey had planned to buy 100 F-35 Lightning II jets.

Lockheed Martin's X-35 would become the basis of the F-35 Lightning II, currently in production and service; Pratt & Whitney's YF119-PW-611 would be the basis for the F135-PW-600 on the production F-35B. On April 6, 2009, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that the US would buy a total of 2,443 JSFs.

## Program issues

### Alleged Chinese espionage

In April 2009, the *Wall Street Journal* reported that computer spies, allegedly Chinese but acknowledged to be from uncertain sources, had penetrated the database and acquired terabytes of secret information about the fighter, possibly compromising its future effectiveness.

The state-run Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) has been alleged to incorporate the data into China's Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang FC-31 fighters.

### Cost overruns

On February 1, 2010, Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced that, due to delays and other problems with the JSF development program, he was removing Major General David R. Heinz from command of the program and would withhold $614 million in bonuses from Lockheed Martin. On February 16, 2010, Deputy Defense Secretary Bill Lynn announced that the program will be delayed one year. According to some estimates, overruns could increase the program's total costs to $388 billion, a 50% increase from the initial price tag. Many of the program's financial and technical complications result from the Marine version of the JSF, capable of vertical take-offs and landings.

On 11 March 2010, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services investigated the progress of the JSF program in a meeting with Pentagon officials, emphasizing cost due to the risk of a Nunn-McCurdy process. According to the Government Accountability Office, F-35A cost has risen from $50m in 2002, via $69m in 2007 to $74m in 2010, all measured in 2002 dollars.

Canada reviewed their commitment to the project in December 2012, due to the cost overruns. The decision was made following a report by auditing firm KPMG that showed that Canada's purchase would cost C$45bn over 42 years. Rona Ambrose, Canada's public works minister said: “We have hit the reset button and are taking the time to do a complete assessment of all available aircraft.” Defence Minister Peter MacKay announced Canada's plan to buy the F-35 in 2010 saying that the purchase price was $9 billion, but did not provide operating cost estimates. During an election campaign in 2011, the Conservatives declared that the total cost over 20 years would be $16 billion. On 19 October 2015 the Liberal Party of Canada under Justin Trudeau won a majority in part on a campaign promise to not purchase the F-35, but instead "one of the many, lower-priced options that better match Canada's defence needs".

### Performance concerns

Concerns about the F-35's performance have resulted partially from reports of simulations by RAND Corporation in which three regiments of Chinese Sukhoi Su-27 fighters defeat six F-22s by denying tanker refueling.

As a result of these media reports, then Australian defence minister Joel Fitzgibbon requested a formal briefing from the Australian Department of Defence on the simulation. This briefing stated that the reports of the simulation were inaccurate and that it did not compare the F-35's performance against that of other aircraft.

Andrew Hoehn, Director of RAND Project Air Force, made the following statement: "Recently, articles have appeared in the Australian press with assertions regarding a war game in which analysts from the RAND Corporation were involved. Those reports are not accurate. RAND did not present any analysis at the war game relating to the performance of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, nor did the game attempt detailed adjudication of air-to-air combat. Neither the game nor the assessments by RAND in support of the game undertook any comparison of the fighting qualities of particular fighter aircraft."

Furthermore, Maj. Richard Koch, chief of USAF Air Combat Command's advanced air dominance branch is reported to have said that "I wake up in a cold sweat at the thought of the F-35 going in with only two air-dominance weapons" with an *Aviation Week* article casting an extremely skeptical eye over the (USAF) source of claims that the F-35 would be "400% more effective" than projected opponents.

The experience of the JSF program has led to a more conservative and open-ended Future Vertical Lift program.

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| Official JSF program videos | |

## InfoBox

| Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) | |
| --- | --- |
| Boeing X-32 (left) and Lockheed Martin X-35 (right) JSF demonstrators. | |
| General information | |
| Project for | Strike Fighter |
| Issued by | Multiple services |
| Prototypes | Boeing X-32
Lockheed Martin X-35 |
| History | |
| Outcome | X-35 selected for production as F-35 Lightning II |
| Predecessors | Common Affordable Lightweight Fighter (CALF)
Joint Advanced Strike Technology |


abstract: The Shiloh House is a historic house at 700 Lodge Dr. in Sulphur Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. Built in 1927, it is one of the largest examples of Bungalow and Craftsman-style architecture in Benton County.

text:
# Shiloh House (Sulphur Springs, Arkansas)

The **Shiloh House** is a historic house at 700 Lodge Dr. in Sulphur Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. Built in 1927, it is one of the largest examples of Bungalow and Craftsman-style architecture in Benton County.

## History

### 1927‒1951: John Elward Brown

In 1924, John E. Brown Sr. had already established a school in nearby Siloam Springs, Arkansas, and he purchased a large number of hotels and businesses in Sulphur Springs to open a second school. He built this home on a hill overlooking what would be the school campus. The home was built with royalties from books he wrote, and although he originally planned a more modest home he added to it until it was much larger than originally planned; one of his evangelistic friends estimated that the building was worth $40,000 (equivalent to almost $700,000 in 2024). As he did when founding the school in Siloam Springs, he deeded his home to the new school.

The large home later became a point of conflict, as some of the town's people accused Brown of valuing the home at only $800 (equivalent to about $14,000 in 2024) to avoid paying more taxes on it. This spurred Brown to have an independent audit conducted to prove his innocence to the community, and the audit's findings that Brown was not guilty of financial improprieties were publicly published.

Brown closed the financially struggling Sulphur Springs school in 1951, and sold the campus and this home for little money, to William Cameron Townsend. His school in Siloam Springs remains today, as John Brown University.

### 1951‒1964: SIL International

William Townsend established the Summer Institute of Linguistics, or SIL International in Sulphur Springs in 1935, to train missionaries in linguistics and Biblical translation. By the 1950s, it had grown substantially and had training schools in several other English-speaking countries. They expanded in Sulphur Springs by buying the entire campus from Brown, including the home.

In 1964, they prepared move to Huntington Beach, California, and sold their Arkansas property. It first sold to a development company that went bankrupt, and then it sold to Shiloh Trust.

### 1968‒present: Shiloh Church and Trust

Shiloh Communities was a religious intentional community in Sherman, New York that supported itself with proceeds from several food-related businesses including a bakery, farm, and ranch, organized as a corporation named Shiloh Trust.

In 1968, looking for a more central area of the country from which to conduct their businesses, Shiloh Communities and Shiloh Trust bought the entire campus and the home. In 1972, they became Church of Shiloh. The home was used as a parsonage.

In 1988, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2017, Shiloh decided to use it for Shiloh Ministries, to foster boys age 14 to 21, and for a bakery business.

## Features

This home is one of the largest examples of Bungalow/Craftsman-style architecture in the county. It is notable for its size, which was quite large for the time and location of its build: the house has a total of almost 5,000 square feet (464.5 square meters), and it sits on an 11.5 acre (4.65 hectare) property.

Set on a steeply sloping lot above Cliff Road, it is two stories at the front and three at the back, with a broad single-story porch which extends over a carport to the right. The porch is supported by supports that are a combination of brick piers and boxed columns, joined by a brick balustrade.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Shiloh House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 700 Lodge Dr., Sulphur Springs, Benton County, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 36°28′34″N 94°27′16″W / 36.47611°N 94.45444°W / 36.47611; -94.45444 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1927 (1927) |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman |
| MPS | Benton County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 87002364 |
| Added to NRHP | January 28, 1988 |


title: Doc Faustina

abstract: Leonard “Doc” Faustina was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver who competed from 1971 to 1976.

text:
# Doc Faustina

**Leonard “Doc” Faustina** (February 1, 1939 -January 23, 2022) was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver who competed from 1971 to 1976.

## Career

Faustina competed in 1502 laps, earned $7,995 in winnings (over $36,500 when adjusted for inflation), and raced 2,693.3 miles (4,334.4 km). On average, Faustina started in 31st place and ended in 28th place. Although he never won a championship or a race, Faustina competed in ten events during his four-year NASCAR Cup Series career. At age 60, Faustina competed in the 1999 season at the K&N Pro Series West.

Faustina was a NASCAR owner from 1971–1976. He employed race car drivers Richard Childress (who eventually became the owner of Richard Childress Racing), Neil Castles, Jim Vandiver, James Hylton, Wendell Scott and Dave Marcis and J.D. McDuffie .

## InfoBox

| Doc Faustina | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1939-02-01)February 1, 1939
New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Died | (2022-01-23)January 23, 2022
Las Vegas, Nevada |
| NASCAR Cup Series career | |
| 10 races run over 4 years | |
| Best finish | 61st – 1972 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season |
| First race | 1971 Winston 500 (Alabama International Motor Speedway) |
| Last race | 1976 Mason-Dixon 500 (Dover Downs International Speedway) |
| Wins Top tens Poles  0 0 0 | |
|  | |