title: Spieloper

abstract: In the 19th century, Spieloper was understood to mean a light opera genre, developed from Singspiel. Works typical of the genre include those by Albert Lortzing, such as Zar und Zimmermann, and Otto Nicolai's The Merry Wives of Windsor. A key difference between Spieloper and Singspiel on the one hand, and opera buffa on the other, is that the two former genres contain spoken dialogues instead of recitatives, which is why Conradin Kreutzer's Das Nachtlager in Granada and Friedrich von Flotow's Martha do not belong to this genre. Technically, a Spieloper is an opera with a comic plot and light, pleasant music, differentiating it from more serious opera. Similarly, there are special role types such as Spieltenor or Spielbass for singers with lighter voices and the ability to act in comedies. The Spieloper was also inspired by the French opéra comique of the late 18th century, a narrowly defined form of opera. The boundaries between Spieloper and a form of German drama "Posse mit Gesang" and operetta are not well distinguished.

text:
# Spieloper

In the 19th century, **Spieloper** (German: \[ˈʃpiːlʔoːpɐ\], 'opera play') was understood to mean a light opera genre, developed from Singspiel. Works typical of the genre include those by Albert Lortzing, such as *Zar und Zimmermann*, and Otto Nicolai's *The Merry Wives of Windsor*. A key difference between Spieloper and Singspiel on the one hand, and opera buffa on the other, is that the two former genres contain spoken dialogues instead of recitatives, which is why Conradin Kreutzer's *Das Nachtlager in Granada* and Friedrich von Flotow's *Martha* do not belong to this genre.

Technically, a Spieloper is an opera with a comic plot and light, pleasant music, differentiating it from more serious opera. Similarly, there are special role types such as Spieltenor or Spielbass for singers with lighter voices and the ability to act in comedies.

The Spieloper was also inspired by the French opéra comique of the late 18th century, a narrowly defined form of opera. The boundaries between Spieloper and a form of German drama "Posse mit Gesang" (melodramatic comedy with musical interludes) and operetta are not well distinguished.

## Sources

* Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), *The Oxford Dictionary of Opera*, 782 pages, ISBN 0-19-869164-5
* Some of the material in this article is from the German Wikipedia article


title: Spielfeld

abstract: Spielfeld is a former municipality in the district of Leibnitz in Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Straß in Steiermark. It was an Austria-Slovenia border crossing checkpoint until 21 December 2007, when all immigration and customs checks ended after Slovenia joined the Schengen Area. The Slovene town opposite Spielfeld is Šentilj. In 2015, a new Austrian border barrier was erected at Spielfeld.

text:
# Spielfeld

**Spielfeld** (Slovene: *Špilje*) is a former municipality in the district of Leibnitz in Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Straß in Steiermark. It was an Austria-Slovenia border crossing checkpoint until 21 December 2007, when all immigration and customs checks ended after Slovenia joined the Schengen Area. The Slovene town opposite Spielfeld is Šentilj.

In 2015, a new Austrian border barrier was erected at Spielfeld.

## InfoBox

| Spielfeld | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| SpielfeldLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 46°42′20″N 15°38′14″E / 46.70556°N 15.63722°E / 46.70556; 15.63722 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Leibnitz |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.11 km2 (3.90 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 266 m (873 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2016) | |
| Total | 968 |
| Density | 96/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8471 |
| Area code | 03453 |
| Vehicle registration | LB |
| Website | Gemeinde Spielfeld |


title: City of Bunbury

abstract: The City of Bunbury is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia, covering an area of 65.7 square kilometres (25.4 sq mi) along the coast about 180 kilometres (112 mi) south of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. The City of Bunbury is one of four local governments comprising the Greater Bunbury urban area. As at the 2016 Census, the City of Bunbury had an estimated population of almost 32,000.

text:
# City of Bunbury

33°20′24″S 115°38′31″E / 33.340°S 115.642°E / -33.340; 115.642

The **City of Bunbury** is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia, covering an area of 65.7 square kilometres (25.4 sq mi) along the coast about 180 kilometres (112 mi) south of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. The City of Bunbury is one of four local governments comprising the Greater Bunbury urban area. As at the 2016 Census, the City of Bunbury had an estimated population of almost 32,000.

## History

The **Municipality of Bunbury** was established on 21 February 1871. It absorbed part of the abolished Bunbury Road District, which had surrounded the municipality, on 20 January 1950, leading to the formation of a new Suburban Ward. It gained town status on 1 July 1961, becoming the **Town of Bunbury**, and assumed its current name when it was granted city status on 8 October 1979.

## Indigenous people

The City of Bunbury is located on the traditional land of the Wardandi (also spelled Wadandi) people, of the Noongar nation.

## Wards

The town has 12 councillors and no wards. Each councillor serves a four-year term, and half-elections are held every two years. The mayor is directly elected.

## Twin towns and sister cities

The City of Bunbury has a sister/friendship city relationship with:

In 2009, Bunbury-Jiaxing Business Office was established to boost business opportunities between the two regions by assisting with communications and facilitating trade.

## Suburbs

The suburbs of the City of Bunbury with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

| Locality | Population | Area | Map |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bunbury | 3,948 (SAL 2021) | 4.8 km2 (1.9 sq mi) |  |
| Carey Park | 5,155 (SAL 2021) | 4.1 km2 (1.6 sq mi) |  |
| College Grove | 1,821 (SAL 2021) | 5.7 km2 (2.2 sq mi) |  |
| Davenport | 8 (SAL 2021) | 11.7 km2 (4.5 sq mi) |  |
| East Bunbury | 4,019 (SAL 2021) | 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi) |  |
| Glen Iris | 3,143 (SAL 2021) | 4.9 km2 (1.9 sq mi) |  |
| Pelican Point | 929 (SAL 2021) | 2.4 km2 (0.93 sq mi) |  |
| Picton | 31 (SAL 2021) | 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) |  |
| South Bunbury | 8,810 (SAL 2021) | 6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi) |  |
| Usher | 2,137 (SAL 2021) | 3.9 km2 (1.5 sq mi) |  |
| Vittoria | 0 (SAL 2021) | 8.3 km2 (3.2 sq mi) |  |
| Withers | 2,979 (SAL 2021) | 4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi) |  |

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1971  17,779       1976  19,513 +1.88%  1981  21,749 +2.19%  1986  23,031 +1.15%  1991  25,657 +2.18%  1996  26,490 +0.64% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  2001  28,564 +1.52%  2006  29,336 +0.53%  2011  31,348 +1.34%  2016  31,919 +0.36%  2021  32,987 +0.66% |
| --- | --- |

## Heritage-listed places

As of 2023, 336 places are heritage-listed in the City of Bunbury, of which 46 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, among them the Old Bunbury railway station, St Patrick's Cathedral and the Rose Hotel.

## List of mayors

## InfoBox

| City of Bunbury
Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| The Council building in 2007 | |
| Location in Western Australia | |
|  | |
| Population | 32,987 (LGA 2021) |
| Established | 1871 |
| Area | 65.7 km2 (25.4 sq mi) |
| Mayor | Jaysen de San Miguel |
| Council seat | Bunbury |
| Region | South West |
| State electorate(s) | Bunbury |
| Federal division(s) | Forrest |
|  | |
| Website | City of Bunbury |
| **LGAs around City of Bunbury:**  Harvey Harvey  *Indian Ocean* City of Bunbury Dardanup  Capel Capel | |


title: City of Cairns

abstract: The City of Cairns was a local government area centred on the Far North Queensland city of Cairns. Established in 1885, for most of its existence it consisted of approximately 51.5 square kilometres (19.9 sq mi) around Cairns itself, with much of the metropolitan area being located in the Shire of Mulgrave. The Shire amalgamated into the City on 22 March 1995, as did small sections of neighbouring shires. In 2008, the City amalgamated with the Shire of Douglas to become the Cairns Region.

text:
# City of Cairns

The **City of Cairns** was a local government area centred on the Far North Queensland city of Cairns. Established in 1885, for most of its existence it consisted of approximately 51.5 square kilometres (19.9 sq mi) around Cairns itself, with much of the metropolitan area being located in the Shire of Mulgrave. The Shire amalgamated into the City on 22 March 1995, as did small sections of neighbouring shires.

In 2008, the City amalgamated with the Shire of Douglas to become the Cairns Region.

## History

Following a petition by local residents, on 28 May 1885, the Borough of Cairns was established under the *Local Government Act 1878*, being excised from the Cairns Division.

With the passage of the *Local Authorities Act 1902*, the Borough of Cairns became the Town of Cairns on 31 March 1903.

On 12 October 1923, the Town of Cairns was proclaimed City of Cairns.

On 21 November 1991, the Electoral and Administrative Review Commission, created two years earlier, produced its second report, and recommended that local government boundaries in the Cairns area be rationalised, and that the Shire of Mulgrave be dissolved and amalgamated with the City of Cairns. The Shire at that stage had a population of 54,783 (1991) while the City had 49,361. Both authorities had chambers in the Cairns CBD. The old City Council chambers were located on Abbott Street, and have since been converted into a city library. The old Mulgrave Shire Chambers were located on Cairns Esplanade.

The *Local Government (Cairns, Douglas, Mareeba and Mulgrave) Regulation 1994* was gazetted on 16 December 1994, additionally mandating that small sections of the Shire of Mareeba around Redlynch and Barron Gorge and Ellis Beach in the Shire of Douglas also be amalgamated. It further specified that the new Council would have an elected mayor and 12 councillors each representing one of 12 divisions.

On 22 March 1995, the new City came into existence, and Tom Pyne, previously the Chairman of the Mulgrave shire council, was elected as its first mayor. He retired in 2000, and Kevin Byrne of the *Cairns Unity* grouping served two full terms until the council's dissolution in 2008. In a controversial decision, new council chambers were constructed on previously industrial contaminated land in the mainly industrial suburb of Portsmith.

On 15 March 2008, under the *Local Government (Reform Implementation) Act 2007* passed by the Parliament of Queensland on 10 August 2007, the City of Cairns merged with the Shire of Douglas to form the Cairns Region. Byrne was narrowly defeated by Val Schier of *Cairns 1st* for the mayoralty of the new Regional Council.

In 2012, a proposal was made to de-amalgamate the Shire of Douglas from the Cairns Region. On 6 December 2012, the Queensland Minister for Local Government, the Hon. David Crisafulli, granted the people of the former Douglas Shire a vote on possible de-amalgamation from the Cairns Regional Council, even though the Queensland Treasury Corporation had calculated the costs to be too high a burden on the few ratepayers of this small shire, and the shire to be unviable in the long term. Despite strong opposition from many parties, on 9 March 2013 the citizens of the former Douglas shire voted in a referendum to de-amalgamate. As of 1 January 2014 Douglas Shire is no longer part of the Cairns Regional Council.

## Suburbs and localities

The City of Cairns included the following settlements:

1 \- shared with Cassowary Coast Region
2 \- not to be confused with White Rock in City of Ipswich
3 \- shared with shared with Cassowary Coast Region and Tablelands Region

## Population

| Year | Cairns (C) | Mulgrave (S) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1933 | 11,993 | 10,303 |
| 1947 | 16,644 | 10,485 |
| 1954 | 21,020 | 13,477 |
| 1961 | 25,204 | 14,427 |
| 1966 | 26,696 | 15,312 |
| 1971 | 30,288 | 16,985 |
| 1976 | 34,857 | 23,025 |
| 1981 | 39,096 | 31,335 |
| 1986 | 42,227 | 41,711 |
| 1991 | 49,361 | 54,783 |
| 1996 | 116,718 | |
| 2001 | 119,937 | |
| 2006 | 136,460 | |
| 2011 | 156,169 | |

## Mayors

16°55′49″S 145°46′11″E / 16.93028°S 145.76972°E / -16.93028; 145.76972

## InfoBox

| City of Cairns
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Queensland | |
| Population | 156,169 (2011) |
| • Density | 92.3312/km2 (239.137/sq mi) |
| Established | 1885 |
| Area | 1,691.4 km2 (653.1 sq mi) |
| Council seat | Cairns City |
| Region | Far North Queensland |
|  | |
| Website | City of Cairns |
| **LGAs around City of Cairns:**  Mareeba *Coral Sea* *Coral Sea*  Atherton City of Cairns Yarrabah  Eacham Johnstone *Coral Sea* | |


title: City of Burnside

abstract: The City of Burnside is a local government area in the South Australian city of Adelaide stretching from the Adelaide Parklands into the Adelaide foothills with an area of 2,753 hectares. It was founded in August 1856 as the District Council of Burnside, the name of a property of an early settler, and was classed as a city in 1943. The LGA is bounded by Adelaide, Adelaide Hills Council, Campbelltown, Mitcham, Norwood Payneham and St Peters and Unley. A primarily residential upper middle class area, Burnside has little to no industrial activity and a small commercial sector. Over 257 hectares of its area is dedicated to Parks and Reserves, the result being one of the greenest areas in Adelaide. It was one of the first areas outside of Adelaide to be settled, with the early villages of Magill, Burnside, Beaumont and Glen Osmond now inner suburbs. At the 2021 census, City of Burnside was considered the most relatively socio-economically advantaged LGA in South Australia, and the suburb of Skye the third most advantaged locality in the state, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' SEIFA indexes.

text:
# City of Burnside

The **City of Burnside** is a local government area in the South Australian city of Adelaide stretching from the Adelaide Parklands into the Adelaide foothills with an area of 2,753 hectares (6,800 acres). It was founded in August 1856 as the District Council of Burnside, the name of a property of an early settler, and was classed as a city in 1943. The LGA is bounded by Adelaide, Adelaide Hills Council, Campbelltown, Mitcham, Norwood Payneham and St Peters and Unley.

A primarily residential upper middle class area, Burnside has little to no industrial activity and a small commercial sector. Over 257 hectares (640 acres) of its area is dedicated to Parks and Reserves, the result being one of the greenest areas in Adelaide.

It was one of the first areas outside of Adelaide to be settled, with the early villages of Magill, Burnside, Beaumont and Glen Osmond now inner suburbs.

At the 2021 census, City of Burnside was considered the most relatively socio-economically advantaged LGA in South Australia, and the suburb of Skye the third most advantaged locality in the state (behind nearby Springfield and Mount George), according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' SEIFA indexes.

## History

Prior to the British colonisation of South Australia in 1836, Burnside was inhabited by the Kaurna, an Aboriginal people who lived around the creeks of the River Torrens during the summer months and in the Adelaide Hills during the wintertime. The area was first settled in 1839 by Peter Anderson, a Scots migrant, who named it Burnside after his property's location adjacent to Second Creek (in Scots, "Burn" means creek or stream). The Village of Burnside was established shortly thereafter and the **District Council of Burnside** was gazetted in 1856, being separated from the larger East Torrens Council. The council's first chairman was Dr. Christopher Rawson Penfold, of Penfolds Wines fame.

The present Council Chambers were built in 1927/28 in Tusmore, with the council becoming a municipality in 1935. With strong growth and development throughout the region, Burnside was then proclaimed a city in 1943. The 1960s brought Burnside Library, built next to the Council chambers, and the George Bolton Swimming Centre in Hazelwood Park. Both were further expanded and upgraded between 1997 and 2001.

Beaumont House, a historic structure, was constructed for the first bishop of Adelaide, Augustus Short, during 1851. Wineries, mining and olive groves were the mainstay of an early Burnside economy; Glen Osmond boasted substantial mineral deposits and world-class vineyards were established at Magill. The first council chamber was designed by chairman George Soward and built in 1869 by Thomas Hill and William Yateman.

## Geography and environment

Burnside has an area of 2,753 hectares (6,800 acres) and is located from the east to the south-east of the Adelaide city centre and parklands, extending east to the Cleland National Park in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Two creeks of the River Torrens run through a gradually sloping plain from the ranges; there is much variation in land use and topography.

Before European Settlement in South Australia, much of the Adelaide Plains were swamps and woodland. In what became Burnside, plains leading out to Unley hosted the large Black Forest of Grey Box woodland. To the north and the floodplains of First and Second Creeks, there were Blue Gums and River Red Gums. Nearer to the foothills, in Mount Osmond and Waterfall Gully, a more diverse range of plant species existed, however Manna Gums and Blue Gums were predominant. With colonisation, much of the native foliage was cut down to enable crops and grazing. Market Gardens in the Adelaide Hills lowered the amount of water flowing down the creeks and some of the Hills Face was used for quarrying. Early crops included olives, grapes for winemaking, wheat and barley. Over the years agriculture greatly declined and only vineyards survive today in Magill and Waterfall Gully.

With new suburbs being gazetted in the 20th century, the Burnside Council undertook ambitious tree-planting, beautification and conservation schemes to slow and then reverse the negative impact on the natural environment. 190 hectares (470 acres) of the council area is held in reserves and parks and some 35,000 trees line the streets. A "Second Generation Tree Planting Program" started in 1993. The council launched its Urban Tree Strategy in 2014, with a strategic plan covering the period to 2025. In February 2020, it won a Tree Cities of the World designation from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Arbor Day Foundation. It was one of three suburban Adelaide councils to be awarded the designation, along with the City of Mitcham and the City of Unley, which as of July 2020 are the only three in Australia.

Notable parks and reserves include Chambers Gully, Langman Reserve and Hazelwood Park.

## Council

Council consists of 13 Elected Members comprising a Mayor, and 12 Ward Councillors. The Council area is divided into six wards, with two Councillors elected from each ward. The wards are as follows:

The current council as of November 2022 is:

| Ward | Party Affiliation | | Councillor | First Elected | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mayor |  | Independent | Anne Monceaux | 2010 |  |
| Beaumont Ward |  | Independent | Paul Huebl | 2018 |  |
| |  | Liberal | Harvey Jones | 2018 |  |
| Burnside Ward |  | Independent | Mike Daws | 2018 |  |
| |  | Independent | Jenny Turnbull | 2018 |  |
| Eastwood & Glenunga Ward |  | Independent | Ted Jennings | 2022 |  |
| |  | Liberal | Di Wilkins | 2003 |  |
| Kensington & Magill Ward |  | Independent | Kerry Hallett | 2022 |  |
| |  | Independent | Jo Harvey | 2022 |  |
| Kensington Park Ward |  | Labor | Jane Davey | 2003 |  |
| |  | Independent | Andy Xing | 2022 |  |
| Rose Park & Toorak Gardens Ward |  | Independent | Peter Cornish | 2010 |  |
| |  | Independent | Lilian Henschke | 2018 |  |

### Council Chairmen/Mayors of Burnside

Council Chairmen/Mayors since 1856 have been as follows:
Prior to 1935, the head of the Elected Members was the Chairman of the District Council.

| Years | Chairmen |
| --- | --- |
| 1856-1857 | C R Penfold |
| 1857-1858 | A Fergusson |
| 1858-1863 | D Ferguson |
| 1863-1869 | G R Debney |
| 1869-1871 | G Soward |
| 1872-1874 | H Hughes |
| 1874-1879 | E Birkin |
| 1879-1881 | M Goldsack |
| 1881-1883 | G F Cleland |
| 1883-1885 | E Markey |
| 1885-1894 | G F Cleland |
| 1894-1913 | J R Osborn |
| 1913-1918 | P Wood |
| 1920-1935 | J A Harper |

| Years | Mayor |
| --- | --- |
| 1935-1936 | J A Harper |
| 1936-1938 | A W F Webb |
| 1938-1940 | W C N Waite |
| 1940-1943 | F L Parsons |
| 1943-1946 | P R Claridge |
| 1946-1948 | T R Mellor |
| 1948-1950 | A R Burnell |
| 1950-1952 | W H Holmes |
| 1952-1954 | G J H Bolton |
| 1954-1956 | J H Parkinson |
| 1956-1959 | P R Claridge |
| 1959-1962 | T A Philps |
| 1962-1967 | G J H Bolton |
| 1967-1969 | W W Langman |
| 1969-1973 | W H W Roney |
| 1973-1975 | M G R Perry |
| 1975-1979 | M E Bond |
| 1979-1982 | C J Soward |
| 1982-1987 | D J Batt |
| 1987-1989 | J C Wickham |
| 1989-1991 | J G Schaeffer |
| 1991-1993 | H V Shearn |
| 1993-1995 | J W Jacobsen |
| 1995-2000 | A J Taylor |
| 2000-2010 | W S Greiner |
| 2010-2018 | D T Parkin |
| 2018-*current* | D A Monceaux |

## Governance

### Politics

For State Government Burnside is part of the Electoral Districts of Adelaide, Bragg, Morialta, Hartley, Heysen, Norwood and Unley. Bragg takes in most of the city; it is the strongest Liberal Party district in the Adelaide Metropolitan Area and the third strongest in the state. Liberal strength is strongest in the wealthy hills suburbs to the south-east around Beaumont and weakest around Norwood in the north where the Labor Party dominates. Before their catastrophic collapse in recent years, the Democrats polled impressive results in the western near-city suburbs. The Greens gained much of the previous Democrats vote in recent elections. Bragg has been held by Jack Batty of the Liberal Party, since the 2022 by-election following Vickie Chapman's resignation.

Burnside forms the southern part of the Federal Division of Sturt, which takes in much of Adelaide's eastern suburbs, stretching from Paradise to Glen Osmond. Up until the 2007 Federal Election, it was a safe Liberal seat for over thirty years. At the election, on a two-party preferred basis, the Liberal Party gained 50.94% of the vote and the Labor Party 49.06%, a difference of only 1,712 votes. Christopher Pyne held the seat for the Liberal Party from 1993 to 2019 when he retired. He was followed by James Stevens who was elected in the 2019 Australian federal election. Stevens previously served as the chief of staff to Steven Marshall, the premier of South Australia, and prior to that as the general manager of Michell Australia.

An inquiry was launched in 2009 by the then state Local Government Minister Gail Gago into allegations of "harassment, bullying and misconduct" by then members of the City Council. After about $200,000 of expenditure by the council and $1.3 million by the state government, legal action by former councilors prevented the release of the report. A Supreme Court ruling on 27 May 2011, found that the report could be partially released, after material related to parts of the terms of reference deemed inappropriate was redacted.

## Council facilities

### Library

Burnside Library, established in 1961, is the only public library in the city of Burnside. The present library building was built in 2000, and is situated adjacent to the Council offices and is part of the civic centre at 401 Greenhill Road, Tusmore. As of 2022 the library is open seven days a week, from 9.30am-6pm on weekdays, except Thursday when it closes at 9pm, and on the weekend from 10am-4pm on Saturday and 2pm-5pm on Sunday.

### Town Hall

The Burnside Town Hall, designed by prolific South Australian architect Charles Rutt (father of Bevan Rutt; died 17 February 1932). It was built in 1927, was identified as one of South Australia's 120 most significant 20th-century buildings by the Australian Institute of Architects. There is a large hall providing 260 m2 (2,800 sq ft) of floor space, with wooden floors, decorative windows, and a high ceiling. The building underwent modifications after Burnside Ballroom was built, and it became used for storage, office space, and as a rehearsal room for the Burnside Symphony Orchestra and Burnside Youth Concert Band. In 2019 it was fully refurbished, with ongoing work in the following two years to upgrade adjacent amenities. Situated right on the corner of Greenhill and Portrush Roads, its entrance is from the Portrush side.

### Ballroom

Burnside Ballroom, adjacent to the civic centre, is also an architecturally significant building, built in 1954 by Greg Bruer and Jack Bruer, of Evans, Bruer, & Hall, who were also responsible for the Piccadilly Cinema in North Adelaide as well as several other notable buildings in Adelaide. It is heritage-listed on the South Australian Heritage Register, described as "an excellent example of a 1950s interior demonstrating characteristics of a modernist design", and it is noted that "There are no other known examples of this style of civic interior intact". It has a large ground floor as well as a mezzanine, totalling 500 m (1,600 ft) of floor space. It also has an entrance foyer, ladies' powder rooms and gentlemen's cloak rooms, bars, and a kitchen. It is available for hire.

The Burnside Symphony Orchestra is based in the council area, and performs up to four concerts annually in the Burnside Ballroom.

## Demographics

The population of the City of Burnside, at the time of the 2001 census, was 40,398. This was an increase of 1,308 from the 1996 census. 53.3% of the population is female and 73.6% were born in Australia. Burnside is characterised by what is called an 'urban mix' by demographers; it contains a diverse range of age, family and household types. There are 16,835 households in Burnside, 10,917 of these are self-described families. 45% of families represent a couple with children, 11.% represent a sole-parent family and 43.1% are couples without children (or whose children have left home). The large number of couples without children (5.6% higher than the Adelaide average) owes to the sizeable elderly population. Almost a quarter (23.7%) of the population is aged 60 or over, almost a third (29.9%) is 24 or younger; mature adults are the largest population group at 46.4%. This would indicate a structure primarily of mature families and retirees, young adults are hugely unrepresented (although this is not unique to Burnside, this phenomenon is common throughout the majority of the Adelaide region); the 18-24 age group suffered a loss of 330 people between 1996 and 2001.

26.3% of the population was born abroad, less than the Adelaide average. 9% of the population came from English-speaking countries, while 14.3% did not. In decreasing order, the foreign-born population was from the United Kingdom, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, China and South Africa. These patterns are broadly in-line with that of Australia as a whole; they reflect traditional immigration from Commonwealth countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, later waves of Mediterranean migrants and more recent arrivals from Asia.

Religious adherence in Burnside is higher than the Adelaide and Australian average, standing at 71.7%. Of this adherence, 67.6% represents traditional Christian denominations. Common across Australia and many developed countries, there has been a substantial decline in religiosity; this is evident but less marked in Burnside; 17.7% of residents profess no religious belief (atheism, agnosticism, etc.). The ten strongest religions/denominations in decreasing order are: Catholic, Anglican, Uniting, Orthodox, Lutheran, Baptist, Buddhism, Presbyterian, Judaism and Hinduism. Catholicism is unique for its marked increase (575 persons) in believers between 1996 and 2001, most other religions' numbers remained stable or saw a slight decrease.

## Economy

Burnside has no manufacturing industries and a small number of agricultural plots still exist in the form of vineyards. It does however contain a sizeable amount of service industry; high-technology and commercial offices line the streets opposite the Adelaide park lands.

Burnside workers are employed in the Industries of Education, Health and Community Services (27%); Finance, insurance and business services (22.5%); wholesale and retail trade (16%); recreation and personal services (11.2%) and manufacturing (7.7%). In these industries they are employed as: Professionals (35.5%); clerks, salespersons and service (26.2%); Associate Professionals (13.7%); Managers and Administrators (12.4%) and tradespersons (4.8%).

## Education

Burnside has two public high schools, Glenunga International High School and Norwood International High School, in its boundaries. Glenunga High remains at capacity through student enrolment from overseas and outside the local area. Its beginnings can be traced back to 1898; it was first established as the South Australian School of Mines and Industries on North Terrace, its original buildings there are now part of the University of Adelaide campus. It changed name to Adelaide Technical High School in 1918. With the move to its current location at Glenunga in 1963 the name was eventually changed to Glenunga High School a decade later. The school attained International Baccalaureate accreditation in 1990 and 'International' was added to its title. Marryatville High School is also on the boundaries of Burnside and draws most of its students from Burnside. There are also Burnside Primary School and Linden Park Primary School, both years Rec-7 public schools.

## Infrastructure

### Health

The Burnside War Memorial Hospital is the only community hospital in Burnside. Otto Georg Ludwig van Rieben offered his Attunga property for use as a community hospital free of charge in 1944. The council had first suggested building a community hospital in August 1943 as part of its Post-War Reconstruction and Development Committee; it was to cost no more than 100,000 pounds and be a memorial to honour Burnside's war dead. In April 1949 the first conversion of van Rieben's home was complete and the hospital was caring for 21 patients. The hospital closed for a month in 1956 and when it reopened was given its present name: The Burnside War Memorial Hospital. The hospital is not-for-profit and reinvests all surplus into upgrading facilities, equipment and services.

The Queen Victoria Hospital on the corner of Fullarton Road and Grant Avenue in Rose Park opened in 1902 with a grant of 2,550 pounds. It was originally known as "The Queen's Home" as it opened on the birth day of Queen Victoria, (24 May). It was renamed in 1939 to the "Queen Victoria Maternity Hospital" and under the *Hospital Benefits Act of 1946* became a public hospital. It operated until 1995 when it was amalgamated with the Women's and Children's Hospital and the original building was sold and converted into apartments. Over 250,000 South Australians began their lives at the hospital.

### Transport

The area was originally served by horse-drawn buses and trolleys but it was electric trams and trolley buses that led to the development of Burnside as a suburban residential area.

Burnside is located at a transport crossroads for national freight movements. Freight traffic from Victoria diverges down Glen Osmond and Portrush Roads upon entering the metropolitan area via the South Eastern Freeway (formerly Mount Barker Road). Both roads carry an almost equal amount of freight traffic, Glen Osmond leads to Adelaide Airport and Outer Harbor while Portrush Road connects to the northern industrial suburbs, the state's north, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. In addition, they act as major commuter arteries for the Adelaide Hills and form the eastern part of Adelaide's outer bypass route. The current South Eastern Freeway was completed in 1999 and Portrush Road saw an extensive upgrade throughout 2003–2004.

Other major commuter roads include Kensington, Magill and Greenhill Roads, which run east–west. Glynburn and Fullarton Roads provide secondary north–south corridors, the former runs close to the foothills and alleviates congestion on Portrush while the latter forms part of Adelaide's inner bypass route. Maintenance of the extensive road network is a State Government responsibility; the Federal Government provides funding for nationally important AusLink routes. Council provides recommendations to projects and participates in the upkeep of the curbs, frontage, footpaths and minor signage.

Burnside residents rely overwhelmingly on cars as a means to travel to work; 64.3% drive their own vehicle and 5.6% are a regular passenger in one. 5.8% use public transport, in the form of Adelaide Metro buses, for their commute; 1.2% bicycle and 2.3% walk. Non-vehicular travel is on the rise, with usage higher than the Adelaide average and an increase in persons doing so between 1996 and 2001. 38% of Burnside households own one vehicle, 26.8% own two and 12.3% own three vehicles or more. Burnside and suburbs east of the city were served by an excellent tramway system that was shut down in the 1950s.

With the advent of widespread automobile travel in the mid-20th century there was a tendency for motorists to use local roads in suburbs adjacent to the CBD for their commute home. 'Rat trails' of cars sneaked through narrow side-streets, presenting traffic bottlenecks. This was a particular problem for some western Burnside suburbs because of their location. Various traffic control methods were put in place (closing streets, speed bumps, lowered speed limits, roundabouts) to counter these problems; this forced the re-routing of traffic onto major thoroughfares.

### Utilities

Burnside is connected to the Adelaide water, power and gas mains. Until recently, many of the foothills suburbs did not have access to sewage systems and used septic tanks. This had been rectified in the last decade in a partnership between SA Water and the Burnside Council.

SA Power Networks is the Electricity Distributor, with approximately 10 retailers. Burnside derives its electricity via the Adelaide grid from a gas-fired plant at Torrens Island. Burnside's water supply is gained from the Adelaide area reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, Myponga, Millbrook, Hope Valley, Little Para and South Para. Further water demands result in the pumping of water from the River Murray. The provider of water services is by the government-owned SA Water. In early times, Burnside's creeks contributed to Adelaide's water supply. With enlarged market gardens upstream in the Adelaide Hills the water level and quality dropped and this was no longer feasible.

Council maintenance services are located at the Council Depot on Glynburn Road in the suburb of Burnside.

## Further reading

34°56′S 138°40′E / 34.933°S 138.667°E / -34.933; 138.667

## InfoBox

| City of Burnside
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| • Density | 1,672/km2 (4,330/sq mi) |
| Established | 1856 |
| Area | 27.53 km2 (10.6 sq mi) |
| Mayor | Anne Monceaux |
| Council seat | Tusmore |
| Region | Eastern Adelaide |
| State electorate(s) | Adelaide, Bragg, Dunstan, Morialta, Hartley, Heysen |
| Federal division(s) | Adelaide, Sturt |
|  | |
| Website | City of Burnside |
| **LGAs around City of Burnside:**  Adelaide Norwood Payneham St Peters Campbelltown  Unley City of Burnside Adelaide Hills  Mitcham Mitcham Adelaide Hills | |


title: Cinema (Andrea Bocelli album)

abstract: Cinema is the fifteenth studio album by Italian classical tenor recording artist Andrea Bocelli. The album, featuring renditions of classic film soundtracks and scores, was released on 23 October 2015 through Sugar Music and Universal Music Group. A Spanish-language version of the album was also released and has been nominated Album of the Year at the 17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Cinema received a nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards held in February 2017.

text:
# Cinema (Andrea Bocelli album)

***Cinema*** is the fifteenth studio album by Italian classical tenor recording artist Andrea Bocelli. The album, featuring renditions of classic film soundtracks and scores, was released on 23 October 2015 through Sugar Music and Universal Music Group. A Spanish-language version of the album was also released and has been nominated Album of the Year at the 17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. *Cinema* received a nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards held in February 2017.

## Background

The album was produced by David Foster, Humberto Gatica, and Tony Renis who also worked together on Bocelli's *Amore* in 2006.

Bocelli said of *Cinema*: "With the album *Cinema*, I'm fulfilling a wish that I've harboured for decades. I've never made a secret of my dream of bringing to life a recording project associated with soundtracks, as I truly believe that it's an exceptional artistic treasure trove."

## Commercial performance

*Cinema* entered the Official UK Albums Chart at No. 3, behind 5 Seconds of Summer's *Sounds Good Feels Good* and Bryan Adams's *Get Up!*. The tally was Bocelli's highest UK chart position in over a decade, since 2001's *Cieli di Toscana*, and his tenth Top 10 album on the UK album chart, a record for a classical music artist.

The album also debuted at No. 10 on the *Billboard* 200, with 30,000 units sold, marking his eighth Top 10 effort. In addition, the album topped the Classical Crossover Albums chart, making *Cinema* Bocelli's 11th No. 1, and extending his record for the most chart-topping albums among all artists on that chart.

## PBS special

*Cinema* was also made into a PBS special, filmed on 18 September 2015 at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.

The program began airing on THIRTEEN's Great Performances series on 27 November 2015 on PBS stations nationwide, featuring Bocelli and Foster with additional guests including Nicole Scherzinger, as well as film stars John Travolta, Ali MacGraw, Ryan O'Neal and Andy García. The Blu-ray was released on 29 April 2016.

## Singles

"E Più Ti Penso", a song written by Italian composer Ennio Morricone from the film *Once Upon a Time in America*, was re-recorded as a duet between Bocelli and American singer Ariana Grande. The song debuted at No. 1 on the *Billboard* Classical Digital Songs chart. A music video for the song was released on 13 October 2015.

## Track listing

Standard version
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Maria" (from *West Side Story*) | Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim | Bernstein | 3:13 |
| 2. | "La chanson de Lara" (from *Doctor Zhivago*) | Paul Francis Webster, Ithier Hubert | Maurice Jarre | 3:15 |
| 3. | "Moon River" (from *Breakfast at Tiffany's*) | Johnny Mercer | Henry Mancini | 3:49 |
| 4. | "E più ti penso" (duet with Ariana Grande) (from *Once Upon a Time in America* and *Malèna*) | Mogol, Tony Renis | Ennio Morricone | 4:28 |
| 5. | "Be My Love" (from *The Toast of New Orleans*) | Sammy Cahn | Nicholas Brodszky | 2:54 |
| 6. | "The Music of the Night" (from *The Phantom of the Opera*) | Charles Hart, Richard Stilgoe | Andrew Lloyd Webber | 3:57 |
| 7. | "Por una cabeza" (from *Scent of a Woman*) | Alfredo Le Pera | Carlos Gardel | 3:22 |
| 8. | "Sorridi amore vai" (from *Life Is Beautiful*) | Noa, Gil Dor, Roberto Benigni | Nicola Piovani | 3:22 |
| 9. | "Mi mancherai" (from *Il Postino*) | Marco Marinangeli | Luis Bacalov, Riccardo del Turco, Paolo Margheri | 5:06 |
| 10. | "Cheek to Cheek" (duet with Veronica Berti) (from *Top Hat*) | Irving Berlin | Berlin | 2:56 |
| 11. | "Brucia la Terra" (from *The Godfather*) | Giuseppe Rinaldi | Giovanni Rota | 4:16 |
| 12. | "No Llores Por Mi Argentina" (duet with Nicole Scherzinger) (from *Evita*) | Webber, Tim Rice, J. Carreras, I. Artime Granda, J. Azpilicuieta Perez | Webber, Tim Rice | 4:24 |
| 13. | "*Nelle tue mani* (Now We Are Free)" (from *Gladiator*) | Matteo Curallo | Lisa Gerrard, Klaus Badelt, Hans Zimmer | 4:21 |

Deluxe version
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Maria" (from *West Side Story*) | Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim | Bernstein | 3:13 |
| 2. | "La chanson de Lara" (from *Doctor Zhivago*) | Paul Francis Webster, Ithier Hubert | Maurice Jarre | 3:15 |
| 3. | "Moon River" (from *Breakfast at Tiffany's*) | Johnny Mercer | Henry Mancini | 3:49 |
| 4. | "E più ti penso" (duet with Ariana Grande) (from *Once Upon a Time in America*) | Mogol, Tony Renis | Ennio Morricone | 4:28 |
| 5. | "Be My Love" (from *The Toast of New Orleans*) | Sammy Cahn | Nicholas Brodszky | 2:54 |
| 6. | "The Music of the Night" (from *The Phantom of the Opera*) | Charles Hart, Richard Stilgoe | Andrew Lloyd Webber | 3:57 |
| 7. | "Brucia la Terra" (from *The Godfather*) | Giuseppe Rinaldi | Giovanni Rota | 4:16 |
| 8. | "Por una cabeza" (from *Scent of a Woman*) | Alfredo Le Pera | Carlos Gardel | 3:22 |
| 9. | "No Llores Por Mi Argentina" (duet with Nicole Scherzinger) (from *Evita*) | Webber, Tim Rice, J. Carreras, I. Artime Granda, J. Azpilicuieta Perez | Webber, Tim Rice | 4:24 |
| 10. | "L'amore è una cosa meravigliosa" (from *Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing*) | Paul Francis Webster, Alberto Curci | Sammy Fain | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Mi mancherai" (from *Il Postino*) | Marco Marinangeli | Luis Bacalov, Riccardo del Turco, Paolo Margheri | 5:06 |
| 12. | "Cheek to Cheek" (duet with Veronica Berti) (from *Top Hat*) | Irving Berlin | Berlin | 2:56 |
| 13. | "Sorridi amore vai" (from *La vita è bella*) | Noa, Gil Dor, Roberto Benigni | Nicola Piovani | 3:22 |
| 14. | "Historia de Amor" (from *Love Story*) | Francis Lai, Andy Williams | Lai | 4:29 |
| 15. | "Ol' Man River" (from *Show Boat*) | Oscar Hammerstein II | Jerome Kern | 4:07 |
| 16. | "*Nelle tue mani* (Now We Are Free)" (from *Gladiator*) | Matteo Curallo | Lisa Gerrard, Klaus Badelt, Hans Zimmer | 4:21 |

*Cinema (Edición en Español)*
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Maravilloso Amor" (from *Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing*) | Paul Francis Webster, Alberto Curci | Sammy Fain | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Lara" (from *Doctor Zhivago*) | Paul Francis Webster, Ithier Hubert | Maurice Jarre | 3:15 |
| 3. | "Brucia la Terra" (from *The Godfather*) | Giuseppe Rinaldi | Giovanni Rota | 4:16 |
| 4. | "E più ti penso" (duet with Ariana Grande) (from *Once Upon a Time in America*) | Mogol, Tony Renis | Ennio Morricone | 4:28 |
| 5. | "Historia de Amor" (from *Love Story*) | Francis Lai, Andy Williams | Lai | 4:29 |
| 6. | "Me Faltarás" (from *Il Postino*) | Marco Marinangeli | Luis Bacalov, Riccardo del Turco, Paolo Margheri | 5:06 |
| 7. | "La Vida es Bella" (from *La vita è bella*) | Noa, Gil Dor, Roberto Benigni | Nicola Piovani | 3:22 |
| 8. | "No Llores Por Mi Argentina" (duet with Nicole Scherzinger) (from *Evita*) | Webber, Tim Rice, J. Carreras, I. Artime Granda, J. Azpilicuieta Perez | Webber, Tim Rice | 4:24 |
| 9. | "Maria" (from *West Side Story*) | Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim | Bernstein | 3:13 |
| 10. | "Por una cabeza" (from *Scent of a Woman*) | Alfredo Le Pera | Carlos Gardel | 3:22 |
| 11. | "Moon River" (from *Breakfast at Tiffany's*) | Johnny Mercer | Henry Mancini | 3:49 |
| 12. | "*Nelle tue mani* (Now We Are Free)" (from *Gladiator*) | Matteo Curallo | Lisa Gerrard, Klaus Badelt, Hans Zimmer | 4:21 |

*Cinema (Versión Deluxe en Español)*
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Maravilloso Amor" (from *Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing*) | Paul Francis Webster, Alberto Curci | Sammy Fain | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Lara" (from *Doctor Zhivago*) | Paul Francis Webster, Ithier Hubert | Maurice Jarre | 3:15 |
| 3. | "Brucia la Terra" (from *The Godfather*) | Giuseppe Rinaldi | Giovanni Rota | 4:16 |
| 4. | "E più ti penso" (duet with Ariana Grande) (from *Once Upon a Time in America*) | Mogol, Tony Renis | Ennio Morricone | 4:28 |
| 5. | "Historia de Amor" (from *Love Story*) | Francis Lai, Andy Williams | Lai | 4:29 |
| 6. | "Me Faltarás" (from *Il Postino*) | Marco Marinangeli | Luis Bacalov, Riccardo del Turco, Paolo Margheri | 5:06 |
| 7. | "La Vida es Bella" (from *La vita è bella*) | Noa, Gil Dor, Roberto Benigni | Nicola Piovani | 3:22 |
| 8. | "No Llores Por Mi Argentina" (duet with Paty Cantú) (from *Evita*) | Webber, Tim Rice, J. Carreras, I. Artime Granda, J. Azpilicuieta Perez | Webber, Tim Rice | 4:24 |
| 9. | "Maria" (from *West Side Story*) | Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim | Bernstein | 3:13 |
| 10. | "Por una cabeza" (from *Scent of a Woman*) | Alfredo Le Pera | Carlos Gardel | 3:22 |
| 11. | "The Music of the Night" (from *The Phantom of the Opera*) | Charles Hart, Richard Stilgoe | Andrew Lloyd Webber | 3:57 |
| 12. | "Moon River" (from *Breakfast at Tiffany's*) | Johnny Mercer | Henry Mancini | 3:49 |
| 13. | "Be My Love" (from *The Toast of New Orleans*) | Sammy Cahn | Nicholas Brodszky | 2:54 |
| 14. | "*Nelle tue mani* (Now We Are Free)" (from *Gladiator*) | Matteo Curallo | Lisa Gerrard, Klaus Badelt, Hans Zimmer | 4:21 |
| 15. | "No Llores Por Mi Argentina" (duet with Nicole Scherzinger) (from *Evita*) | Webber, Tim Rice, J. Carreras, I. Artime Granda, J. Azpilicuieta Perez | Webber, Tim Rice | 4:24 |

*Cinema (Versión Japanese Bonus)*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "Don't Cry for Me, Argentina" (duet with Sarah Àlainn) (from *Evita*) | 4:24 |

*Cinema (Versión Taiwanese Bonus)*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "Cheek to Cheek" (duet with Karen Mok) (from *Top Hat*) | 2:55 |

## Charts

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 40,000^ |
| Hungary (MAHASZ) | Platinum | 2,000^ |
| Italy (FIMI) | Platinum | 50,000* |
| Poland (ZPAV) | 3× Platinum | 60,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 177,609 |
| Summaries | | |
| Worldwide |  | 700,000 |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Cinema | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Andrea Bocelli | |
| Released | 23 October 2015 (2015-10-23) |
| Genre |  |
| Language | * English * French * Italian * Spanish |
| Label | Sugar, Universal, Decca (UK), Verve (US) |
| Producer | David Foster, Humberto Gatica, Tony Renis |
| Andrea Bocelli chronology | |
| *Passione*
(2013) ***Cinema***
(2015) *Romanza (20th Anniversary Edition)*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Cinema* | |
| 1. "E Più Ti Penso"
Released: 1 October 2015 | |
|  | |


title: Cinema (The Cat Empire album)

abstract: Cinema is the fifth studio album of eclectic Australian band, the Cat Empire. It was released in Australia on 25 June 2010 by EMI and débuted at No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was released more than two years and nine months after their previous album, So Many Nights (2007) - the longest gap between albums releases by the band at that time. The work was co-produced by Steve Schram with the group.

text:
# Cinema (The Cat Empire album)

***Cinema*** is the fifth studio album of eclectic Australian band, the Cat Empire. It was released in Australia on 25 June 2010 by EMI and débuted at No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was released more than two years and nine months after their previous album, *So Many Nights* (2007) - the longest gap between albums releases by the band at that time. The work was co-produced by Steve Schram with the group.

## Background

The Cat Empire's fifth studio album, *Cinema*, was issued on 25 June 2010 by EMI in Australia. It was followed by releases in Canada, United States, and then Europe. It was co-produced by Steve Schram and the group. According to the band's lead vocalist and percussionist, \[Felix Riebl\], its title was due to the content, which "is very cinematic, simply put ... Another way to describe it is that it is like a soundtrack to a movie that we might make one day. When \[Schram\] and I were sitting around and trying to come up with a title we thought that the name we eventually chose would suit the atmosphere".

*Cinema* débuted at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart. The track, "Beyond All", was featured on national radio station, Triple J's *New Music with Richard Kingsmill* in April. The lead single, "Feeling's Gone", had been released in May ahead of the album. A promotional copy of *Cinema* had been leaked to eBay about three weeks before its due date and sold for $200; EMI provided a statement regarding the leak. To promote the album the group undertook a tour on North America in July followed by a national tour in August and September.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Waiting" |  | 3:08 |
| 2. | "Falling" |  | 4:09 |
| 3. | "Feeling's Gone" |  | 2:33 |
| 4. | "Only Light" |  | 4:38 |
| 5. | "All Hell" | * Angus * Riebl | 3:05 |
| 6. | "Shoulders" | * Angus * Will Hull-Brown * McGill * Monro * Riebl | 5:05 |
| 7. | "The Heart Is a Cannibal" | * Angus * McGill | 4:05 |
| 8. | "Reasonably Fine" | Riebl | 3:59 |
| 9. | "Call Me Home" | * Riebl * Irwin | 4:05 |
| 10. | "On My Way" | * Angus * Hull-Brown * McGill * Monro * Riebl | 3:17 |
| 11. | "Beyond All" | * Angus * Hull-Brown * Jamshid Khadiwala * McGill * Monro * Riebl | 4:09 |
| Total length: | | | 42:08 |

## Personnel

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 3 |

## InfoBox

| Cinema | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Cat Empire | |
| Released | 25 June 2010 (2010-06-25) |
| Recorded | February–March 2010, Sing Sing Studios, Melbourne |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:08 |
| Label | EMI |
| Producer | * Steve Schram * The Cat Empire |
| The Cat Empire chronology | |
| *So Many Nights*
(2007) ***Cinema***
(2010) *Steal the Light*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Cinema* | |
| 1. "Feeling's Gone"
Released: 14 May 2010 2. "On My Way"
Released: 15 June 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Split Tooth

abstract: Split Tooth is a 2018 novel by Canadian musician Tanya Tagaq. Based in part on her own personal journals, the book tells the story of a young Inuk woman growing up in the Canadian Arctic in the 1970s. The book has been described as a blend of fiction, memoir, poetry and Inuit folklore. Characterized by the publisher as magic realism, it has also been characterized as an example of Daniel Heath Justice's critical concept of "wonderworks" or literature by Indigenous writers that defies conventional Western notions of literary genres. The book won the Indigenous Voices Award for English Prose in 2019. The novel was also longlisted for the 2018 Scotiabank Giller Prize, and was shortlisted for the 2019 Amazon.ca First Novel Award.

text:
# Split Tooth

***Split Tooth*** is a 2018 novel by Canadian musician Tanya Tagaq. Based in part on her own personal journals, the book tells the story of a young Inuk woman growing up in the Canadian Arctic in the 1970s.

The book has been described as a blend of fiction, memoir, poetry and Inuit folklore. Characterized by the publisher as magic realism, it has also been characterized as an example of Daniel Heath Justice's critical concept of "wonderworks" or literature by Indigenous writers that defies conventional Western notions of literary genres.

The book won the Indigenous Voices Award for English Prose in 2019. The novel was also longlisted for the 2018 Scotiabank Giller Prize, and was shortlisted for the 2019 Amazon.ca First Novel Award.

## Background

Split Tooth was written by Tanya Tagaq based on journal entries, poems, and short stories that she had written over the previous 20 years. Tagaq was raised in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, and attended high school in Yellowknife before finding success in Toronto performing Inuit throat singing. At 43 years old in 2018 when *Split Tooth*, Tagaq's first and only book was published, she had already released four studio albums and was appointed to be a Member of the Order of Canada.

## Summary

Through a series of alternating short prose, poems and illustrations, the Inuk narrator recollects aspects of growing up in a small Nunavut town in the 1970s. The unnamed adolescent girl protagonist lives in the tundra landscape, spends time with friends, copes with sexual abuse, witnesses domestic violence, experiences Inuit culture and religion, and gives birth.

## Style and themes

The book is divided by unnumbered chapters with poems and illustrations in between pieces of short prose. The prose is written with a poetic quality and moves the narratives along. The poems include one written in Inuinnaqtun, a dialect of an Inuit language. The illustrations are all full-page, black-and-white drawings by Chicano artist Jaime Hernandez. The book integrates some of the author's real life background and experiences, fiction and Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit. For example, the story of Sedna is related as a counterpoint to the 1970s Panarctic Oils seismic testing. The publisher categorizes the genre as magical realism, as the author noted Gabriel García Márquez as being an influence, though it also fits within the genre of Bildungsroman. The book has been cited as an example of the genre "wonderwork" as described by literary academic Daniel Heath Justice, being Indigenous literature that defies conventional Western notions of literary genre.

Among the themes is that of interconnectedness: "life and death, tenderness and violence, everyday existence and the spectacular spirituality inherent in nature are one and the same". The setting cycles through alternating the "24-hour day and perpetual night" of the high arctic. Like her last album Retribution the theme of rape is also prevalent throughout the work: "the rape of women, of children, of traditional lands, the shame brought on Indigenous people by these assaults, by the residential school system...lost languages, grinding poverty, generational trauma."

## Publication and reception

*Split Tooth* was published by Penguin Books imprint Viking Press and released on September 25, 2018. An excerpt was published in *The Walrus* and it charted for several weeks on *The Globe and Mail'*s Canadian fiction bestseller list. It was awarded an Indigenous Voices Award, longlisted for the 2018 Giller Prize, the 2019 Sunburst Award and nominated for the Amazon.ca First Novel Award while the author was shortlisted for the Kobo Emerging Writer Prize and the book designer Jennifer Griffiths was given to the Alcuin Society Award for Excellence in Book Design in Canada. At the same time, an audiobook version voiced by Tagaq was released and nominated for an Audie Award| and a version translated into French by Sophie Voillot was published by Alto, titled *Croc Fendu*, and longlisted for the Prix des libraires du Québec.

The review in the *Quill & Quire* stated "Like a smirking teenager, Split Tooth blithely gives typical literary expectations the finger, daring us to see and experience narrative as chaotic, emotional, and deeply instinctive. And it succeeds." The review in the *Winnipeg Free Press* concluded that the book's "triumph" is describing a real life that "overflows with the supernatural, the unexplained, the unknown". In *La Presse*, the reviewer wrote "Tanya, she likes the right words, the precise, the poetic." Another reviewer stated "This is definitely a work to admire for how the author has told the story and what it has to offer, rather than one to enjoy." *Quill & Quire* editor, Sue Carter, writing in the *Toronto Star*, noted that *Split Tooth*, along with Cherie Dimaline's *The Marrow Thieves* also released in 2018, shows that there is now "a broad demand for Indigenous-authored books."

## InfoBox

Split Tooth
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tanya Tagaq |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Magic realism |
| Publisher | Viking Press |
| Publication date | September 25, 2018 |
| Publication place | Canada |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover), audiobook |
| ISBN | 9780143198055 |
| OCLC | 1076787054 |


title: Sport (British magazine)

abstract: Sport was a free weekly sports magazine based in London which covered a wide range of events such as football, rugby, tennis and cricket as well as giving exclusive interviews with various sports personalities.

text:
# Sport (British magazine)

***Sport*** was a free weekly sports magazine based in London which covered a wide range of events such as football, rugby, tennis and cricket as well as giving exclusive interviews with various sports personalities.

## Overview

It started in France in 2003 as a free monthly and in March 2004 as a weekly. The London edition started on 29 September 2006, the first of its type in the UK and was sold to talkSPORT owners UTV Media (now Wireless Group) in 2009. Primarily aimed at males aged 13–45, *Sport* had a circulation of 304,700 making it the largest sports magazine in the UK. It was given to commuters outside London Underground and railway stations on Friday mornings and was also available in sports clubs and centres as well as hotels.

In 2011 the magazine launched an iPad app version, with the full print edition available for download each week plus video and audio features. The last edition of *Sport* was no. 484 that was released on 3 February 2017.

## InfoBox

*Sport*
| Cover of *Sport*, Issue No. 230 | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Tony Hodson |
| Categories | Sports magazine |
| Frequency | Weekly (Fridays) |
| Publisher | Wireless Group |
| Total circulation<br>(June 2013) | 305,684 |
| First issue | 29 September 2006 |
| Final issue | 3 February 2017 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Based in | London |
| Language | English |
| Website | www.sport-magazine.co.uk |


title: SportTV

abstract: Sport TV is a Hungarian sports television channel, associated with AMC Networks.

text:
# SportTV

**Sport TV** is a Hungarian sports television channel, associated with AMC Networks.

## InfoBox

SportTV
| Programming | |
| --- | --- |
| Picture format | 576i (SDTV 16:9, 4:3), <br>1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | AMC Networks International Central Europe AMC Networks International |
| History | |
| Launched | 2 April 2001 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.sport1tv.hu |


title: Cianjin District, Kaohsiung

abstract: Cianjin District is an urban district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It is the third smallest district in Kaohsiung City, with a land area of 1.8573 square kilometers, or 0.7171 square miles. It has a population of 27,053, as of October 2023, making it the 12th least populated district of Kaohsiung.

text:
# Cianjin District, Kaohsiung

22°37′43.7″N 120°17′41.6″E / 22.628806°N 120.294889°E / 22.628806; 120.294889

**Cianjin District** (Chinese: 前金; Hanyu Pinyin: *Qiánjīn Qū*; Tongyong Pinyin: *Ciánjin Cyu*; Wade–Giles: *Ch'ien2-chin1 Ch'ü1*) is an urban district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It is the third smallest district in Kaohsiung City, with a land area of 1.8573 square kilometers, or 0.7171 square miles. It has a population of 27,053, as of October 2023, making it the 12th least populated district of Kaohsiung.

## Geography

Cianjin District borders Yancheng District to the west, Sinsing District to the east, Sanmin District to the north, and Lingya District to the south.

## Administrative divisions

Cianjin District consists of 20 villages and 263 neighborhoods. The villages in the district are Sanchuan, Caojiang, Zhangcheng, Beijin, Tungjin, Xinsheng, Houjin, Zhangxing, Jingshan, Minsheng, Fuyuan, Lintou, Guomin, Shetung, Shexi, Zhangsheng, Rongfu, Wenxi and Wentung Village.

## Institutions

## Tourist attractions

## Transportation

The district is accessible from City Council Station and Central Park Station of the Kaohsiung MRT.

The district is also served by Provincial Highway 17.

## InfoBox

| Cianjin 前金區Chienchin, Qianjin | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Cianjin District | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Cianjin District in Kaohsiung City | |
| Country | Taiwan |
| Region | Southern Taiwan |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.8573 km2 (0.7171 sq mi) |
| Rank | 36 |
| Population (October 2023) | |
| Total | 27,053 |
| Rank | 27 |
| Density | 15,000/km2 (38,000/sq mi) |
| Website | chiengin.kcg.gov.tw/en/ |


abstract: Cianjhen Senior High School is a station on the Red line of Kaohsiung MRT in Cianjhen District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It will be a future transfer station with the Yellow line. The station is a two-level, underground station with an island platform and three exits. It is 199 meters long and is located at the intersection of Jhongshan 4th Rd., Wujia 3rd Rd. and Jhenjhong Rd.

text:
# Cianjhen Senior High School metro station

**Cianjhen Senior High School** is a station on the Red line of Kaohsiung MRT in Cianjhen District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It will be a future transfer station with the Yellow line.

The station is a two-level, underground station with an island platform and three exits. It is 199 meters long and is located at the intersection of Jhongshan 4th Rd., Wujia 3rd Rd. and Jhenjhong Rd.

## Around the station

22°35′19″N 120°19′15″E / 22.58861°N 120.32083°E / 22.58861; 120.32083

## InfoBox

| Cianjhen Senior High School
R5/Y23 前鎮高中 | |
| --- | --- |
| Cianjhen Senior High School station exit 1 | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 前鎮高中車站 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Qiánzhèn Gāozhōng Chēzhàn  Bopomofo ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄓㄣˋ ㄍㄠ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄔㄜ ㄓㄢˋ  Wade–Giles Ch'ien2-chen4 Kao1-chung1 Ch'ê1-chan4  Tongyong Pinyin Ciánjhèn Gaojhong Chejhàn | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Other names | Wujia; 五甲 |
| Location | Cianjhen, Kaohsiung
Taiwan |
| Operated by |  |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | One island platform |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | 2008-03-09 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 6,608 daily (Jan. 2011) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Kaohsiung Metro Following station  Kaisyuantowards Gangshan  Red line  Caoyatowards Siaogang | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Cireșu

abstract:
Cireșu may refer to several places in Romania:
  - Cireșu, Brăila, a commune in Brăila County
  - Cireșu, Mehedinți, a commune in Mehedinți County
  - Cireșu, a village in Căteasca Commune, Argeș County
  - Cireșu, a village in Mânzălești Commune, Buzău County
  - Cireșu and Cireșu Mic, villages in Criciova Commune, Timiș County
  - Cireșu, a village in Stroești Commune, Vâlcea County
  - Cireșu, a tributary of the Latorița in Vâlcea County
  - Cireșu, a tributary of the Putna in Vrancea County

text:
# Cireșu

**Cireșu** may refer to several places in Romania:

* Cireșu, Brăila, a commune in Brăila County
* Cireșu, Mehedinți, a commune in Mehedinți County
* Cireșu, a village in Căteasca Commune, Argeș County
* Cireșu, a village in Mânzălești Commune, Buzău County
* Cireșu and Cireșu Mic, villages in Criciova Commune, Timiș County
* Cireșu, a village in Stroești Commune, Vâlcea County
* Cireșu, a tributary of the Latorița in Vâlcea County
* Cireșu, a tributary of the Putna in Vrancea County


title: Cikarang Dry Port

abstract: Cikarang Dry Port (CDP) is a dry port in Kota Jababeka of the town of Cikarang, West Java, Indonesia. With a total area of 200 hectares, CDP was founded in 2010. It is operated as Indonesia's first and only Integrated Customs Services Zone by PT Cikarang Inland Port, a division of the publicly traded PT Jababeka Tbk. As an inland dry port model, CDP acts as a port extension, that addresses ongoing traffic jams and delays at Tanjung Priok, a significant import/export gateway. The primary goal is to reduce the dwelling time from 3.2 days to the government-mandated 2.5 days. To optimize its operations, the government involves CDP in order to expedite the 2.5-day dwelling time. Its design integrates with Tanjung Priok. The idea is that CDP handles the next step, port clearance, after Tanjung Priok has finished all loading and unloading operations. A freight train will transport containers from the seaport to CDP for administration, quarantine, and inspection in order to expedite the process. A similar procedure can also be used for export. Up to 8 million TEUs can be handled annually at the port because of Tanjung Priok and CDP's integration. Productivity is a critical factor in the development of an industrial business, and is facilitated by the coordination and synchronization of the entire supply chain through CDP. The CDP has a capacity of 250,000 TEUs.

text:
# Cikarang Dry Port

6°16′03″S 107°09′54″E / 6.267390°S 107.164976°E / -6.267390; 107.164976

**Cikarang Dry Port (CDP)** is a dry port in Kota Jababeka of the town of Cikarang, West Java, Indonesia. With a total area of 200 hectares, CDP was founded in 2010. It is operated as Indonesia's first and only Integrated Customs Services Zone by PT Cikarang Inland Port, a division of the publicly traded PT Jababeka Tbk. As an inland dry port model, CDP acts as a port extension, that addresses ongoing traffic jams and delays at Tanjung Priok, a significant import/export gateway. The primary goal is to reduce the dwelling time from 3.2 days to the government-mandated 2.5 days.

To optimize its operations, the government involves CDP in order to expedite the 2.5-day dwelling time. Its design integrates with Tanjung Priok. The idea is that CDP handles the next step, port clearance, after Tanjung Priok has finished all loading and unloading operations. A freight train will transport containers from the seaport to CDP for administration, quarantine, and inspection in order to expedite the process. A similar procedure can also be used for export. Up to 8 million TEUs can be handled annually at the port because of Tanjung Priok and CDP's integration. Productivity is a critical factor in the development of an industrial business, and is facilitated by the coordination and synchronization of the entire supply chain through CDP. The CDP has a capacity of 250,000 TEUs.

## Traffic solutions

The government is aware that reducing traffic between ports and industrial estates, is another additional value that CDP can provide. Integrating CDP with Tanjung Priok could result in a 30% decrease in traffic congestion. The fuel consumption efficiency that results from this contribution is estimated to be worth 190 billion rupiahs annually.

## Access

The government provides access to toll roads and the railway system to support the CDP. Furthermore, new CDP access is presently in development. Inland waterways are to be constructed by the Indonesia Port Corporation region II (Pelindo II) and the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas). The goal of the project is to widen Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL), an existing river in order to maximize its potential. The route will be used as a new means of transportation and extends from Tanjung Priok Port to CDP. It will be more economical, energy-efficient, and time-efficient. There is no need for trucking operations, and traffic congestion can be minimized, particularly on the Jakarta - Cikampek and Inner Jakarta toll roads. By using the river, the government avoids building a new toll road. The primary objective of the Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) inland waterway development is to maximize the river channel's potential as a substitute transportation route that connects rural areas and the offshore Tanjung Priok area.

## Product and services

* Container Yard (CY): With an annual capacity of 400,000 TEUs, the container yard has the potential to grow to 2.5 million TEUs.
* Reefer Plugs: 128 reefer plugs with a backup generator and uninterruptible power supply are available.
* Container Freight Station (CFS) for Import – 3,888 sqm of consolidation warehouse is available for Less than Container Load Cargo handling.
* Bonded Logistics Center – 11,960 sqm of cotton warehouse is available. Second warehouse is targeted to be 82,293 sqm large.
* Empty Container Depot – Empty container depot is available for picking up empty containers for export stuffing or storing empty containers after import.
* Integrated Customs – To support CDP as Integrated Customs Service Zone (KPPT – Kawasan Pelayanan Pabean Terpadu), Cikarang Customs Office is available in CDP area providing needed customs services and monitoring cargo movement at the gate 24/7 and 365 days.
* Integrated Quarantine – Animal, plant, and fish quarantine services are available and integrated within CDP's area.
* Physical Inspection – The facility is prepared for Red Line cargo inspection under customs supervision, and also quarantine inspection if required. Located inside the terminal brings cost and time efficiency. Joint inspection could be arranged for cargos those need both customs and quarantine inspections to save even more time and cost.
* Mobile X-Ray (Hi-Co Scan) – TMobile X-Ray for container scanning is available for physical inspection.
* Electronic Seal – Bonded transfer between sea port and dry port is equipped with Electronic Seal for security, monitoring and tracking.
* Railway Connection – Railway connection is available connecting CDP to the sea port up to Surabaya in East Java. Connection to other major cities of Java connection would be developed later.
* Trucks – Trucks are available for bonded transfer and feeder services to factories and warehouses.
* Container Tracking – Online container tracking is available.
* Indonesia National Single Windows (INSW) – Cikarang Dry Port is one of several ports connected to INSW.

## Stakeholders

As CDP offers services in cargo handling and logistics, it deals much with the customs. But not merely with the customs, the logistics service handled involves many stakeholders from both the government and the private sector. These stakeholders include exporters, importers, vessels providers, terminal operators, container freight stations, bonded warehouses, trucking and forwarding agents, third-party logistics (3PL), empty container depots as well as banking and other supporting facilities.

## International port code

CDP is legally permitted to deliver exported goods as well as receipt of imported goods to and from all over the world. This possibility is due to CDP having been registered in an international port network and already has a special and unique code which is IDJBK. This allows CDP to become an official Port of Origin and Port of Destination.

## InfoBox

| Cikarang Dry Port | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view of Cikarang Dry Port | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Location | Cikarang, West Java |
| Details | |
| Opened | 2010 |
| Operated by | PT Cikarang Inland Port |
| Owned by | Jababeka Group |
| Type of harbour | dry port |
| Statistics | |
| **Website**<br>cikarangdryport.com | |


title: Sport Águila

abstract: Sport Águila is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Huancayo, Junín.

text:
# Sport Águila

**Sport Águila** is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Huancayo, Junín.

## History

In the 2007 Copa Perú, the club qualified to the National Stage, but was eliminated by Juan Aurich of Chiclayo in the finals.

In May 2010, IDUNSA and Sport Águila withdrew before the start of the 2010 Segunda División Peruana season being relegated to the Copa Perú.

## Honours

### National

Runner-up (1): 2007

### Regional

**Winners (2)**: 2007, 2014 **Winners (2)**: 2013, 2016 Runner-up (1): 2007 Runner-up (1): 2013 **Winners (2)**: 2007, 2013

## InfoBox

Sport Águila
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Club Sport Águila |
| Nickname(s) | *Los Aguileros* |
| Founded | December 25, 1947 |
| Ground | Estadio Huancayo, <br>Huancayo |
| Capacity | 20,000 |
| Chairman | Héctor Quispe Bernaola |
| Manager | Miguel Guzmán |
| League | Copa Perú |
| 2016 | Eliminated in Round of 16 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sport climbing at the 2013 World Games

abstract: The sport climbing competition at the World Games 2013 took place from August 3 to August 4, in Cali in Colombia, at the Velodrome Exterior. 68 sportsmen from 21 nations participated in the event.

text:
# Sport climbing at the 2013 World Games

The **sport climbing** competition at the World Games 2013 took place from August 3 to August 4, in Cali in Colombia, at the Velodrome Exterior. 68 sportsmen from 21 nations participated in the event.

## Schedule

All times are in Colombia Time (UTC-05:00).

Saturday, 3 August 2013 * 17:30 Men's Speed qualification
* 18:00 Women's Speed qualification
* 20:12 Men's & Women's Speed final

Sunday, 4 August 2013 * 08:30 Men's & Women's Lead semifinal
* 13:10 Men's & Women's Lead final

## Participating nations

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Men** | | | |
| Speed
 | Dmitrii Timofeev
Russia | Stanislav Kokorin
Russia | Zhong Qixin
China |
| Lead
 | Ramón Julián Puigblanqué
Spain | Jakob Schubert
Austria | Magnus Midtbø
Norway |
| **Women** | | | |
| Speed
 | Alina Gaidamakina
Russia | Mariia Krasavina
Russia | Iuliia Kaplina
Russia |
| Lead
 | Mina Markovič
Slovenia | Kim Ja-in
South Korea | Dinara Fakhritdinova
Russia |

## Medals table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia (RUS) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2 | Slovenia (SLO) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Spain (ESP) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | South Korea (KOR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | China (CHN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Norway (NOR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (7 entries) | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |

## InfoBox

| Sport climbing
at the 2013 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Velodrome Exterior |
| Location | Cali |
| Dates | 3–4 August 2013 |
| Competitors | 68 from 21 nations |
|


title: Civil code

abstract: A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations. A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code.

text:
# Civil code

A **civil code** is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations.

A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code.

## History

The history of codification dates back to ancient Babylon. The earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Ur-Nammu, written around 2100–2050 BC. The Corpus Juris Civilis, a codification of Roman law produced between 529 and 534 AD by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, forms the basis of civil law legal systems that would rule over Continental Europe.

Other codified laws used since ancient times include various texts used in religious law, such as the Law of Manu in Hindu law, Islamic Sharia law, the Mishnah in Jewish Halakha law, and the Canons of the Apostles in Christian Canon law.

### European codes and influences on other continents

The idea of codification re-emerged during the Age of Enlightenment, when it was believed that all spheres of life could be dealt with in a conclusive system based on human rationality, following from the experience of the early codifications of Roman Law during the Roman Empire.

The first attempts at modern codification were made in the second half of the 18th century in Germany, when the states of Austria, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony began to codify their laws. The first statute that used this denomination was the *Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis* of 1756 in Bavaria, still using the Latin language. It was followed in 1792 by a legal compilation that included civil, penal, and constitutional law, the *Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preussischen Staaten* (General National Law for the Prussian States) promulgated by King Frederick II the Great. In Austria, the first step towards fully-fledged codification were the yet incomplete Codex Theresianus (compiled between 1753 and 1766), the Josephinian Code (1787) and the complete West Galician Code (enacted as a test in Galicia in 1797). The final Austrian Civil Code (called *Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch*, ABGB) was only completed in 1811 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire under the influence of the Napoleonic Wars. One of the first countries to follow up through legal transplants in codification was Serbia, the Serbian Civil Code (1844).

Meanwhile, the French Napoleonic code (*Code Civil*) was enacted in 1804 after only a few years of preparation, but it was a child of the French Revolution, which is strongly reflected by its content. The French code was the most influential one because it was introduced in many countries standing under French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars. In particular, countries such as Italy, the Benelux countries, Spain, Portugal (with the Civil Code of 1867, later replaced by the Civil Code of 1966, which is strongly influenced by the German BGB), the Latin American countries, the province of Quebec in Canada, and all other former French colonies which base their civil law systems to a strong extent on the Napoleonic Code. It is a misconception that the state of Louisiana in the United States based their civil code on the Napoleonic code. Rather, the drafters of the code were instructed to write a civil code based on the current laws, and the laws that were in effect at the time were Spanish laws based on Las Siete Partidas.

The late 19th century and the beginning 20th century saw the emergence of the School of Pandectism, whose work peaked in the German Civil Code (BGB), which was enacted in 1900 in the course of Germany's national unification project, and in the Swiss Civil Code (*Zivilgesetzbuch*) of 1907. Those two codes had been most advanced in their systematic structure and classification from fundamental and general principles to specific areas of law (e.g. contract law, labour law, inheritance law). While the French Civil Code was structured in a "casuistic" approach attempting to regulate every possible case, the German BGB and the later Swiss ZGB applied a more abstract and systematic approach. Therefore, the BGB had a great deal of influence on later codification projects in countries as diverse as Japan, Greece, Turkey, Portugal (1966 Civil Code) and Macau (1999 Civil Code).

Since 2002 with the First law of the Civil Code of Catalonia, Parliament of Catalonia's several laws have approved the successive books of the Civil Code of Catalonia. This has replaced most of the Compilation of the Civil Law of Catalonia, several special laws and two partial codes. Only the Sixth book, relating to obligations and contracts, has to be approved.

In Europe, apart from the common law countries of the United Kingdom and Ireland, only Scandinavia remained untouched by the codification movement. The particular tradition of the civil code originally enacted in a country is often thought to have a lasting influence on the methodology employed in legal interpretation. Scholars of comparative law and economists promoting the legal origins theory of (financial) development usually subdivide the countries of the civil law tradition as belonging either to the French, Scandinavian or German group (the latter including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Japan, China, Taiwan, South Korea and Ukraine).

### Civil codes in the Americas

The first civil code promulgated in Canada was that of New Brunswick of 1804, inspired by the 1800 project of the French civil code, known as the *Projet de l'an VIII* (project of the 8th year); nevertheless, in 1808 a *Digeste de la loi civile* was sanctioned.

In the United States, codification appears to be widespread at a first glance, but U.S. legal codes are actually collections of common law rules and a variety of *ad hoc* statutes; that is, they do not aspire to complete logical coherence. For example, the California Civil Code largely codifies common law doctrine and is very different in form and content from all other civil codes. Another unique example is the Louisiana Civil Code, based on Spanish law Las Siete Partidas, but incorrectly credited to be based on French Law.

In 1825, Haiti promulgated a *Code Civil*, that was simply a copy of the Napoleonic one; while Louisiana abolished its *Digeste*, replacing it with the *Code Civil de l'État de la Louisiane* the same year.

The Mexican state of Oaxaca promulgated the first Latin American civil code in 1827, copying the French civil code.

Later on, in 1830, the civil code of Bolivia, a summarized copy of the French one, was promulgated by Andrés de Santa Cruz. The latest, with some changes, was adopted by Costa Rica in 1841.

The Dominican Republic, in 1845, put into force the original Napoleonic code, in French language (a translation in Spanish was published in 1884).

In 1852, Peru promulgated its own civil code (based on a project of 1847), which was not a simple copy or imitation of the French one, but presented a more original text based on the Castillan law (of Roman origin) that was previously in force on the Peruvian territory.

Chile promulgated its civil code in 1855, an original work in confront with the French code both for the scheme and for the contents (similar to the Castillan law in force in that territory) that was written by Andrés Bello (begun in 1833). This code was integrally adopted by Ecuador in 1858; El Salvador in 1859; Venezuela in 1862 (only during that year); Nicaragua in 1867; Honduras in 1880 (until 1899, and again since 1906); Colombia in 1887; and Panama (after its separation from Colombia in 1903).

In 1865, the Code Civil du Bas-Canada (or Civil Code of Lower Canada) was promulgated in Lower Canada (later the Canadian province of Quebec). It was replaced in 1991 by a new Civil Code of Quebec, which came into effect in 1994.

Uruguay promulgated its code in 1868, and Argentina in 1869 (work by Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield). Paraguay adopted its code in 1987, and in 1877 Guatemala adopted the Peruvian code of 1852.

Nicaragua in 1904 replaced its civil code of 1867 by adopting the Argentine code. In 1916 Brazil enacted its civil code (project of Clovis Bevilacqua, after rejecting the project by Teixeira de Freitas that was translated by the Argentines to prepare their project), that entered into effect in 1917 (in 2002, the Brazilian Civil Code was replaced by a new text). Brazilian Civil Code of 1916 was considered, by many, as the last code of the 19th century despite being adopted in the 20th century. The reason behind that is that the Brazilian Code of 1916 was the last of the important codes from the era of codifications in the world that had strong liberal influences, and all other codes enacted thereafter were deeply influenced by the social ideals that emerged after World War I and the Soviet Socialist Revolution.

Panama in 1916 decided to adopt the Argentine code, replacing its code of 1903.

Cuba had the old Civil Code of Spain until the year 1987 when the National Assembly of People's Power approved the Cuban Civil Code, Law 59.

### Civil codes in Asia

The Portuguese Civil Code of 1868 was introduced in the Portuguese overseas territories of Asia (Portuguese India, Macau and Portuguese Timor) from 1870, with local modifications being latter introduced. It continued to be in effect in the former Portuguese India even after the end of the Portuguese rule in 1961. It is still in force in the present Indian territories of Goa (locally referred as the Goa civil code), Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. As Macau and Portuguese Timor were still under Portuguese rule when the Portuguese Civil Code of 1868 was replaced by that of 1966, this later was adopted by these territories. In East Timor (ex-Portuguese Timor), the Portuguese Code was replaced by the Indonesian Code when Indonesia occupied that territory in 1975. Macau adopted its own Civil Code in 1999, although this being based in the Portuguese Code of 1966.

Also the civil code of Spain of 1889 would be enforced in its colony, the Philippines, and this would remain in effect even after the end of Spanish rule until the Philippines enacted its own Civil Code in 1950 after almost fifty years of U.S. rule.

Many legal systems of other countries in Asia are within the civil law tradition and have enacted a civil code, mostly derived from the German civil code; that is the case of China, Japan, Korea, Thailand (the Civil and Commercial Code), Taiwan and Indonesia (which is influenced by the Dutch Civil Code, *Burgerlijke Wetboek*).

The Indian Constitution in its Directive Principles of State Policy recommends to a Uniform Civil Code in ts Article 44. The Indian parliament is yet to pass a law in this regard.

## Contents of a civil code

A typical civil code deals with the fields of law known to the common lawyer as law of contracts, torts, property law, family law and the law of inheritance. Commercial law, corporate law and civil procedure are usually codified separately.

The older civil codes such as the French, Egyptian, Austrian and Spanish ones are structured under the Institutional System of the Roman jurist Gaius and generally have three large parts:

The newer codes such as the ones of Germany, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Catalonia are structured according to the Pandectist System:

The civil code of the state of Louisiana, following the institutions system, is divided into five parts:

* Preliminary Title
* Of Persons
* Things and Different Modifications of Ownership
* Of Different Modes of Acquiring the Ownership of Things
* Conflict of Laws

Pandectism also had an influence on the earlier codes and their interpretation. For example, Austrian civil law is typically taught according to the Pandect System (which was devised by German scholars in the time between the enactment of the Austrian and the German Codes), even though this is not consistent with the structure of the Code.

## Important civil codes

The following is the list of national or regional civil codes by alphabetic order of names of countries or regions:

| Country/region | Name | Year of promulgation | Status | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Austria | *Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch* | 1812 | In force |  |
| Albania | *Civil Code of the Republic of Albania* | 1994 | |  |
| Armenia | *Armenian Civil Code* | 1998 | |  |
| Bavaria | *Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis* | 1756 | Defunct |  |
| Brazil | *Código Civil* (1916 Civil Code) | 1916 | |  |
| Brazil | *Código Civil* (2002 Civil Code) | 2002 | In force | Replaced the previous 1916 Civil Code |
| Cuba | *Código Civil* (1987 Civil Code) | 1987 | | Replaced the previous Spanish Civil Code |
| California | California Civil Code | 1872 | |  |
| Catalonia | *Codi civil de Catalunya* (Civil Code of Catalonia) | * First Book: 2002 * Second Book: 2010 * Third Book: 2008 * Fourth Book: 2008 * Fifth Book: 2006 * Sixth Book: 2018 | |  |
| Chile | *Código Civil* (Civil Code) | 1855 | | Drafted mostly by Andrés Bello and the basis of the codes of Colombia, Ecuador and other Latin American countries |
| Czech Republic | *Občanský zákoník* (Civil Code) | 2012 | | * On 1 January 2014 was replaced by new Občanský zákoník (Civil Code) enacted in 2012 * Replaced an earlier code from 1964 * English translation by Ministry of Justice of Czech Republic available () |
| China | 民法典, *Minfadian* (Civil Code) | 2020 | The legislation of the Civil Code of China was started in 1954, after the first Constitution was adopted. However, legislation was stopped and resumed for several times, while China adopted several civil laws instead. In 2014, the current legislation procedure started, and the first part, the General Provisions, was adopted in 2017 National People's Congress. Despite the delay of the 2020 National People's Congress due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Congressmen gathered in Beijing on May 22 to discuss and vote for the Civil Code. It was passed on May 28 and came into force on January 1, 2021. |
| Denmark | *Codex Holmiensis* | 1241 | Defunct |  |
| Egypt | Egyptian Civil Code | 1948 | In force |  |
| France | *Code civil des Français* (French Civil Code) | 1804 | | Later *Code Napoléon* and today *Code civil*. Replaced the Custom of Paris. Inspired by Justinian's sixth-century codification of Roman law. Differ with comprehensive rewrite including earlier rules, in a rational structure rather than a religious content. This made laws clearer and more accessible and superseded the conflict between royal and judges legislative power. This code prohibits judges from deciding a case by way of introducing a general rule — an exercise of legislative — thus, there is no rule of stare decisis (binding precedent) in French law, but some jurisprudence *constante*, to interpret the law. It might also had influenced other countries. |
| Germany | *Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch* (Civil Code) | 1900 | |  |
| Greece | *Αστικός Κώδικας* (Civil Code) | 1946 | | Replaced the *Hexabiblos* and the Civil Law of 1856; also locally the 1841 Ionian Civil Code, 1899 Civil Code of Samos, and the 1904 Cretan Civil Code |
| Indonesia | *Burgerlijk Wetboek* (Civil Code of 1838) | 1848 | | Still in force in Indonesia since 1848, while its replaced by Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek in The Netherlands. This Civil Code as known as Civil Code of Indonesia. |
| Italy | *Codice Civile* (Civil Code) | 1942 | |  |
| Japan | 民法, *Minpō* (Civil Code) | * Parts 1–3: 1896 * Parts 4–5: 1898 | |  |
| South Korea | 민법, *Minbeop* (Civil Code) | 1958 | |  |
| Latvia | Civillikums (Civil law) | 1937 | |  |
| Louisiana | Louisiana Civil Code | 1825 | | Replaced the Louisiana Civil Code Digest of 1808 |
| Macau | *Código Civil* (Civil Code) | 1999 | Replaced the 1966 Portuguese Civil Code |  |
| Mesopotamia | Code of Hammurabi | c. 1780 BC | Defunct |  |
| Nepal | Muluki Ain (Civil Code) Act, 2018 (Civil Code) | 2018 | In force |  |
| Netherlands | *Burgerlijk Wetboek* (Civil Code of 1838) | 1838 | Defunct | Still in force in Indonesia since 1848, as the Indonesian Civil Code. It was also applied in Timor-Leste, *de facto* from 1976 to 2002 and *de jure* from 2002 to 2011. |
| Netherlands | *Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek* (Civil Code of 1992) | 1992 | In force | Replaced the 1838 Civil Code in its entirety; came into force in 1992, replacing the Napoleonic-based code with a German-influenced code |
| Philippines | Civil Code of the Philippines | 1950 | | Replacing the Civil Code of Spain which had been in force from 1889 to 1949 |
| Poland | *Kodeks cywilny* (Civil Code) | 1964 | | Official text in Polish Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine |
| Portugal | *Código Civil* (1868 Civil Code) | 1868 | | Replaced in Portugal itself by the 1966 Civil Code. However, it is still in force in the territories of the former Portuguese India (now part of the Republic of India), since it was introduced there in 1870, namely in Goa (referred as the Goa civil code), Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. It was proposed to serve as the basis for the establishment of a common uniform civil code of India. |
| Portugal | *Código Civil* (1966 Civil Code) | 1968 | | Replaced the Civil Code of 1868 in Portugal and its overseas territories. Besides being in force in Portugal, it is also in force in Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has a marked influence in the Macau Civil Code of 1999, the Brazilian Civil Code of 2002 and the Timor-Leste Civil Code of 2011. |
| Prussia | *Allgemeines Landrecht* (General Law of the Land) | 1794 | Defunct | An incredibly casuistic, and thus unsuccessful, code of 11000 sections |
| Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico Civil Code | 1930 | In force | Reproduction of the Spanish Civil Code, with the inclusion of some articles from the Louisiana Civil Code. Title 31 of the Laws of Puerto Rico. |
| Quebec | Civil Code of Lower Canada | 1865 | Defunct | In force in Quebec until being replaced by the Civil Code of Quebec in 1994. Replaced the Custom of Paris. |
| Quebec | *Code civil du Québec* (Civil Code of Quebec) | 1994 | In force | Replaced the former Civil Code of Lower Canada |
| Romania | Civil Code of Romania | 2011 | | Replaced the Civil Code of 1865 |
| Russia | Civil Code of Russia | 1994 | |  |
| Serbia | Грађански законик, *Građanski zakonik* (Civil Code) | 1844 | Defunct | Drafted by Jovan Hadžić; officially defunct in 1946 but mostly repealed in 1978 by a new Obligations Act; some articles which have no legal equivalent in current day Serbian law are still in force |
| Spain | *Código Civil* (Civil Code) | 1889 | In force |  |
| Switzerland | *Zivilgesetzbuch* (Civil Code) | 1907 | |  |
| Taiwan | *民法 (中華民國)* (Civil Code) | * PART I General Principles: May 23, 1929 * PART II Obligations: November 22, 1929 * PART III Rights In Rem: November 30, 1929 * PART IV Family: December 26, 1930 * PART V Succession: December 26, 1930 | |  |
| Thailand | Civil and Commercial Code | * Books 1–2: 1923 * Book 3: 1925 * Book 4: 1930 * Book 5: 1935 * Book 6: 1935 | |  |
| Turkey | *Türk Medeni Kanunu* (Civil Code) | 2001 | | Replaced the 1926 Turkish Civil Code |
| Ukraine | Civil Code of Ukraine | 2004 | |  |


title: Spilarctia congruenta

abstract: Spilarctia congruenta is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Thomas in 1993. It is found on Sumatra and Java.

text:
# Spilarctia congruenta

***Spilarctia congruenta*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Thomas in 1993. It is found on Sumatra and Java.

## InfoBox

| *Spilarctia congruenta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Spilarctia* |
| Species: | ***S. congruenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spilarctia congruenta***<br>(Thomas, \[1993\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spilosoma congruenta* Thomas, \[1993\] | |


title: Spilarctia casigneta

abstract: Spilarctia casigneta is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in northern Pakistan, the Himalayas, Nepal and Bhutan.

text:
# Spilarctia casigneta

***Spilarctia casigneta*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in northern Pakistan, the Himalayas, Nepal and Bhutan.

## InfoBox

| *Spilarctia casigneta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Spilarctia* |
| Species: | ***S. casigneta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spilarctia casigneta***<br>(Rothschild, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euprepia casigneta* Kollar, \[1844\] * *Spilosoma sanguinalis* Moore, 1865 | |