title: USS Bauer

abstract: USS Bauer (DE-1025) was a Dealey-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy. She was named for Lieutenant Colonel Harold William Bauer, naval aviator and recipient of the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism and conspicuous courage as Commander of Marine Fighting Squadron 212 in the South Pacific between 10 May and 14 November 1942.

text:
# USS Bauer

**USS *Bauer* (DE-1025)** was a *Dealey*-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy. She was named for Lieutenant Colonel Harold William Bauer, naval aviator and recipient of the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism and conspicuous courage as Commander of Marine Fighting Squadron 212 in the South Pacific between 10 May and 14 November 1942.

## Operational service

Built as a mobilization test platform, *Bauer* was designed to meet the mass production requirements that a war with the Soviet Union might generate and to counter the growing threat from advanced Russian submarines. Assigned to Escort Squadron (CortRon) 3 at San Diego, she underwent six months of preparatory training exercises. On 12 June 1958, she departed San Diego for duty with 7th Fleet in the Far East. Arriving at Yokosuka, Japan, on 2 July, she joined the antisubmarine warfare (ASW) task group on its patrols in the East China Sea. For the next five months, the destroyer escort cruised western Pacific waters, visiting ports in Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan, before returning to San Diego on 4 December.

*Bauer* resumed training with CortRon 3, conducting local operations out of San Diego until 9 September 1959, when she sailed again for the western Pacific. On this deployment - which included port visits to Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan the destroyer escort participated in President Eisenhower's "People to People" program. This included offering tours of the vessel to civilians, contributing to local charities, and participating in competitive sports with members of foreign military units. In mid-October, *Bauer* visited Tacloban City, in the Philippines, for the anniversary celebration of the Leyte landings on 20 October 1944 during World War II.

### 1960s

The destroyer escort remained in Far Eastern waters into the new year before returning to San Diego in mid-February 1960. Normal training, including weapons firing drills and sonar tracking exercises, continued until 1 July when the warship was assigned to the newly formed CortDiv 31. Together with her sister ships *Evans*, *Bridget*, and *Hooper*, *Bauer* continued to practice submarine hunting and to test new tactics and equipment out of San Diego. In March 1961, the destroyer escort sailed for her third 7th Fleet deployment. Much as in her previous overseas assignment, the warship conducted ASW exercises with 7th Fleet warships, patrolled Far Eastern waters, and participated in the ongoing "People to People" program.

Returning to San Diego on 18 September, the warship resumed a regular schedule of local operations. Drills with submarines, such as a mid-January 1962 sonar training exercise with *Redfish* and *Queenfish*, kept her busy until 6 March when she entered drydock at the Naval Repair Facility, San Diego. During the ensuing upgrade, part of the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program, the warship lost her after 3-inch/50 twin mount to the initial flight deck modifications for the drone antisubmarine helicopter (DASH), but received a modern SQS-23 sonar and two triple-mount lightweight ASW torpedo tubes.

On 6 June, *Bauer* returned to ASW training out of San Diego. Over the next several months, the warship held sonar tracking exercises with nuclear submarine *Scamp* and provided underway services for the antisubmarine warfare support carrier *Yorktown* in September. The following month, she made preparations to return to the Far East and sailed from San Diego on 26 October. The destroyer escort, in company with Yorktown and the other escorts of CortDiv 31, moored at Pearl Harbor on 1 November. After two ASW exercises held near the islands, the task group left Hawaii on 26 November for Japan. Arriving at Yokosuka on 6 December, *Bauer* spent the next four months conducting operations with 7th Fleet units. In January 1963, she operated in the waters off Japan, training with submarine *Charr* and providing screen services for *Yorktown*. In February and March, the warship patrolled in the South China Sea before joining the nuclear submarine *Swordfish* on 9 April for tracking exercises in Philippine waters.

After anchoring at Manila on 13 April, the destroyer escort spent 11 days in port before returning to sea again on 24 April. Bauer steamed to the South China Sea, where she joined British, Australian, Thai, and Pakistani warships, for Operation "Sea Serpent." During this exercise, she helped the foreign warships to practice convoy-screening operations and to learn US naval tactics. She returned to the Philippines on 8 May but put to sea again almost immediately with orders to the site of an Australian helicopter crash just outside Manila harbor. *Bauer* found no sign of the flight crew. The following day, the warship set course for Japan, arriving in Sasebo on 13 May. After local exercises and screening duty with *Yorktown*, she departed Yokosuka on 6 June to return to the United States.

Arriving at San Diego on 18 June, *Bauer* operated out of that port through the end of the year. Underway training filled much of her time, including a hold-down exercise with radar picket submarine *Salmon* in August, shore bombardment practice in September, and an electronic counter-measures test with auxiliary submarine *Catfish* in December. In January 1964, the warship provided screening services for antisubmarine warfare support carrier *Kearsarge*, and conducted ASW training in February with nuclear submarine *Permit* and submarine *Pomodon*. These exercises ended on 19 March when the destroyer escort entered the Naval Repair Facility at San Diego for a three-week overhaul. On 13 April, she began two months of refresher training, preparatory to another Far Eastern deployment, upon which she embarked on 19 June.

On 26 June 1964, *Bauer* stopped at Pearl Harbor for three weeks of training. Designed to familiarize her crew with Vietnam-theater operating procedures, this training continued until 20 July when she headed for Japan. Arriving at Yokosuka 10 days later, the destroyer escort remained in port until 5 August when she set out for Vietnamese waters. Taking up a position at "Yankee Station" on 11 August, the warship provided ASW protection for the growing number of US carriers operating in the South China Sea. These duties included ASW patrol, sonar contact investigation, and lifeguard station watch. This assignment—broken only by brief stops at Subic Bay, Sasebo, and Hong Kong—lasted until 30 November when she sailed for home.

Following her 16 December arrival, the destroyer escort spent the holidays in port at San Diego. She began a heavy schedule of local operations on 25 January 1965. These ranged from sonar exercises, with 12 trainees from the Pacific Fleet ASW school on board, to screening operations for attack carrier *Oriskany* and antisubmarine warfare support carrier *Bennington*. Various other drills, with submarines, escorts, and amphibious forces, also took place out of San Diego. In early March, the destroyer escort twice encountered a Russian trawler snooping around the exercise area. At the end of the month, the warship conducted two days of ASW drills off Coronado Island with the Greek submarine *Triaina*.

In mid-June, following a sonar project for the Fleet ASW School, the destroyer escort began preparations for a drydock period at Long Beach Naval Shipyard. After receiving services from *Dixie*, the warship moved to the shipyard on 30 June. She entered drydock on 27 July, left it again on 26 August, but continued to receive repairs until 10 October. Underway the next day, *Bauer* commenced refresher training and remained so employed until 11 January 1966 when she returned to Long Beach Naval Shipyard for modifications. These repairs lasted until 26 January when the warship returned to San Diego.

Following two months of preparatory training, *Bauer* got underway for Alaskan waters on 29 March 1966. The destroyer escort stopped at Esquimalt, British Columbia and at Juneau and Kodiak in Alaska before anchoring off Adak Island on 15 April. She steamed to Attu on 17 April and conducted special operations in the Bering Sea for the next five weeks. After refueling at Adak on 26 May, the warship sailed for a visit to Pearl Harbor before returning to San Diego on 13 June. For the next five months, she conducted only local exercises out of that port before sailing for the Far East on 4 November.

Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 11 November, *Bauer* joined *Bennington* for training exercises before setting out for Japan on 28 November. After mooring at Yokosuka on 8 December, the destroyer escort headed for Kaohsiung, Taiwan, on 10 December. A week later, she began patrolling the Taiwan Strait. These patrols occupied her until 12 January 1967 when she moved on to Vietnamese waters. Arriving on "Yankee Station" on 18 December, *Bauer* provided screen and plane guard services to the carriers for the next 10 weeks. On 7 March, she steered for Sasebo, putting into that port on 12 March. The warship entered S.S.K. Shipyard for eight weeks of repairs on 3 April. The work was completed on 30 May and she steamed for home.

*Bauer* sailed via Midway and Pearl Harbor and arrived at San Diego on 16 June. Following leave and upkeep, the warship conducted local training operations, including a few DASH flights, until 5 September when she sailed for Alaskan waters. Mooring at Adak on 13 September, *Bauer* remained in that port owing to a severe storm that crossed into the area. The next day, the storm swept medium harbor tug *Pawtucket* into the warship, punching a small hole in *Bauer*'s hull. The destroyer escort suffered more damage on 15 September when rough seas drove her against the pier. Although she moved to Amchitka the following day, the weather conditions allowed only one day of Arctic sonar tracking training before forcing her south for calmer waters. The warship refueled at Pearl Harbor on 30 September and made San Diego on 8 October.

After repairing the hull damage received in the Aleutians, *Bauer* conducted normal training exercises out of San Diego for the next 11 months. These activities were interrupted in early January 1968 when the warship helped track California gray whales with sono-buoys while off Baja, Mexico. On 30 August, *Bauer* moved to the Reserve Training Compound, San Diego. Reassigned to Reserve Destroyer Squadron (ResDesRon) 27, she carried out training missions with reservists through the end of the year.

In January 1969, *Bauer* participated in Exercise "Bellcurve", during which she conducted raider surface attacks against an ASW task group, before resuming reservist training out of San Diego. In April, the warship embarked two groups of naval reservists for active duty training; and, in early May, the destroyer escort conducted ASW exercises for the Pacific Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare School. On 21 May, she entered Long Beach Naval Shipyard, for a regular overhaul but continued to train reservists throughout the overhaul period. With repairs and alterations complete on 26 August, *Bauer* returned to reserve training out of San Diego, which occupied her time through the end of the year and into 1970.

### 1970s

On 24 March 1970, *Bauer* got underway for a two-week training cruise, including a port visit to Mazatlan, Mexico, before returning to her usual schedule of weekend drills and underway exercises. For the next three years, Bauer continued this pattern of reserve training operations. Highlights included training cruises to San Francisco, Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, and even one voyage to Hawaii in June and July 1972. Target ship services were provided to such fleet units as the submarine *Darter*, and the reserve crew provided planeguard services for the carriers *Ticonderoga* and *Coral Sea* in January 1973. During this time period, she also served as the training ship for the Parche Division of the United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps (USNSCC), whose members trained at sea alongside the reserve contingent. On 13 July, however, the destroyer escort failed her service inspections. Material deficiencies such as inadequate communications systems, worn out machinery, and poor habitability, combined with a lack of environmental and crew safety gear, led to a recommendation for disposal.

Following a final reserve cruise on the last weekend in September, the warship stood down at San Diego on 1 October. *Bauer* was decommissioned on 3 December 1973, and her name was struck from the Navy List that same day. After a possible Military Assistance Program transfer to the Turkish Navy was cancelled, she was sold for scrap to the National Metal & Steel Corp., Terminal Island, California, on 22 August 1974.

*Bauer* received two battle stars for Vietnam service.

## In fiction

The *Bob's Burgers* episode "Frigate Me Knot" revolves around the decommissioning of a frigate which had the hull number of DE-1025 but was named USS *Gertrude Stein*.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Bauer* |
| Namesake | Harold W. Bauer |
| Builder | Bethlehem Shipbuilding, San Francisco |
| Laid down | 1 December 1955 |
| Launched | 7 June 1957 |
| Commissioned | 21 November 1957 |
| Decommissioned | 3 December 1973 |
| Stricken | 3 December 1973 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Dealey*-class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | 1,877 long tons (1,907 t) full load |
| Length | 314 ft 6 in (95.86 m) |
| Beam | 36 ft 9 in (11.20 m) |
| Draft | 18 ft (5.5 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × Foster-Wheeler boilers * 1 × De Laval geared turbine * 20,000 shp (15 MW) * 1 shaft |
| Speed | 27 knots (31 mph; 50 km/h) |
| Range | 6,000 nmi (11,000 km) at 12 kn (14 mph; 22 km/h) |
| Complement | 170 |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Operations: | Vietnam War |
| Awards: | 2 Battle stars |


title: Swithwulf (bishop of Rochester)

abstract: Swithwulf was a medieval Bishop of Rochester. He was consecrated between 868 and 880. He died between 893 and 896.

text:
# Swithwulf (bishop of Rochester)

**Swithwulf** was a medieval Bishop of Rochester. He was consecrated between 868 and 880. He died between 893 and 896.

## Citations

* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

## InfoBox

| Swithwulf | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Rochester | |
| Appointed | between 868 and 880 |
| Term ended | between 893 and 896 |
| Predecessor | Cuthwulf |
| Successor | Ceolmund |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | between 868 and 880 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | between 893 and 896 |
| Denomination | Christian |


title: Sagittranstilla

abstract: Sagittranstilla is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

text:
# Sagittranstilla

***Sagittranstilla*** is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Razowski, J. & V.O. Becker, 1999: Descriptions of new Neotropical Euliini genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and their species. *Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, Polish Journal of Entomology* **68** (4): 407–414.

## InfoBox

| *Sagittranstilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Subfamily: | Tortricinae |
| Genus: | ***Sagittranstilla***<br>Razowski & Becker, 1999 |
|


title: Priyanka

abstract: Priyanka is a popular female given name in Hindu and Buddhist cultures. It is a name derived from the Sanskrit word 'Priyankera' or 'Priyankara', meaning someone or something that is sweet, lovable, or her presence makes the place more happy and the one who has lovely eyes. In its adverb form it can also mean endearing behavior, for example an act of showing kindness or happiness or excitement; or kind agree-ability. The Sanskrit word Priyankara is also used to describe the white variety of the 'Kantakari' flower. Some of the earliest mentions of the Kantakari flower can be found in the ancient Hindu Ayurveda text from the mid-second millennium BCE.

text:
# Priyanka

***Priyanka*** is a popular female given name in Hindu and Buddhist cultures. It is a name derived from the Sanskrit word 'Priyankera' or 'Priyankara', meaning someone or something that is sweet, lovable, or her presence makes the place more happy and the one who has lovely eyes (priya ank). In its adverb form it can also mean endearing behavior, for example an act of showing kindness or happiness or excitement; or kind agree-ability.

The Sanskrit word Priyankara is also used to describe the white variety of the 'Kantakari' flower (Sweta kantakari). Some of the earliest mentions of the Kantakari flower can be found in the ancient Hindu Ayurveda text from the mid-second millennium BCE.

## Notable people

## Other uses

1. SpokenSanskrit.de Dictionary translation of the word 'priyamkar'.


title: De Sterrenberg, Nijeveen

abstract: De Sterrenberg is a smock mill in Nijeveen, Drenthe the Netherlands. It was built in 1977. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 30957.

text:
# De Sterrenberg, Nijeveen

**De Sterrenberg**  is a smock mill in Nijeveen, Drenthe the Netherlands. It was built in 1977. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 30957.

## History

The windmill in Nijeveen was demolished in 1928. In the 1970s, it was decided that Nijeveen should have a windmill again, and a search was made for a suitable replacement. *De Sterrenberg* was originally built at Weener, Lower Saxony, Germany in 1786. The mill was dismantled in 1976 and rebuilt brick by brick in Nijeveen. The mill is named for its former owners in Germany, the Sterrenberg family. On 13 January 1977, the smock was placed on the new brick base. The millwright responsible for the rebuild was the firm Schakel of Exmorra, Friesland. The base was built by the firm Elphenhof of De Wijk. The official opening ceremony on 11 August 1977 was performed by Prince Claus. The mill was damaged in a storm in March 1995 with various shutters being blown out of the sails. The mill was repaired by the end of that year. Major repairs to the sails were undertaken in 2002-03.

## Description

*De Sterrenberg* is what the Dutch describe as an *achtkante stellingmolen*, or "octagonal tower mill". It is a smock mill with a stage on a three-storey brick base. The stage is 6.15 metres (20 ft 2 in) above ground level. The smock and cap are thatched. The cap is winded by a fantail, the only windmill in Drenthe so equipped. The four Patent sails have a span of 23.00 metres (75 ft 6 in). They are carried in a wooden *windshaft* with a cast iron poll end. The *windshaft* also carries the *brake wheel*, which has 61 cogs. The *brake wheel* drives the *wallower* (30 cogs) at the top of the *upright shaft*. At the bottom of the *upright shaft*, the *great spur wheel*, which has 86 cogs, drives the two *lantern pinion stone nuts*, which have 28 staves each. These drive the millstones. One pair are Cullen stones of 1.30 metres (4 ft 3 in) diameter. The other pair have a French Burr runner stone on a Cullen bedstone, both 1.50 metres (4 ft 11 in) diameter.

## Public access

*De Sterrenberg* is open every Saturday from 09:00 to 12:30.

## InfoBox

| De Sterrenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| De Sterrenberg, June 2008 | |
|  | |
| Origin | |
| Mill name | De Sterrenberg |
| Mill location | Burgemeester Weimalaan 1, 7948 AL, Nijeveen |
| Coordinates | 52°43′56″N 6°10′06″E / 52.73222°N 6.16833°E / 52.73222; 6.16833 |
| Operator(s) | Gemeente Meppel |
| Year built | 1977 |
| Information | |
| Purpose | Corn mill |
| Type | Smock mill |
| Storeys | Three-storey smock |
| Base storeys | Three-storey base |
| Smock sides | Eight sides |
| No. of sails | Four sails |
| Type of sails | Patent sails |
| Windshaft | Wood with cast iron poll end |
| Winding | Fantail |
| Fantail blades | Eight blades |
| No. of pairs of millstones | Two pairs |
| Size of millstones | 1.50 metres (4 ft 11 in) and 1.30 metres (4 ft 3 in) diameter |


title: She'll be right

abstract: She'll be right is a frequently used idiom in Australian and New Zealand culture that expresses the belief that "whatever is wrong will right itself with time", which is considered to be either an optimistic or apathetic outlook.

text:
# She'll be right

**She'll be right** (often followed by a friendly term of address such as *mate*) is a frequently used idiom in Australian and New Zealand culture that expresses the belief that "whatever is wrong will right itself with time", which is considered to be either an optimistic or apathetic outlook.

## Background

The term can also be used to refer to a situation or object which is not perfect but is good enough to fulfil its purpose.

In this usage, "she" represents everything, allowing the phrase to be used both in circumstances of extreme hardship and in casual speech referring to everyday events. Related terms also used with the same meaning include *She'll be apples* (Australia) and *She's good* (New Zealand).


title: Kuruva Gorantla Madhav

abstract: Kuruva Gorantla Madhav is a politician from Andhra Pradesh. He won the Hindupur seat in the Indian general election, 2019 as a YSR Congress Party candidate. His parents are K Madhava Swamy and K Ramulamma. Earlier, he worked as a Circle Inspector in the Kadiri.

text:
# Kuruva Gorantla Madhav

**Kuruva Gorantla Madhav** (born 1 June 1969) is a politician from Andhra Pradesh. He won the Hindupur seat in the Indian general election, 2019 as a YSR Congress Party candidate. His parents are K Madhava Swamy and K Ramulamma. Earlier, he worked as a Circle Inspector in the Kadiri.

## Career

Madhav worked as general secretary of Anantapur police union. In September 2018, J. C. Diwakar Reddy and his followers fought against probhodananda swami of Tadipatri. At that time police department failed to maintain law and order in Tadipatri. For this J. C. Diwakar Reddy blamed DSP and police department of Anantapur for their failure. To counter this Madhav warned J. C. Diwakar Reddy for his harsh comments on police department. At that time he was the circle inspector for Kadiri urban

With this Gorantla Madhav becomes famous in Anantapur and also in the state. At end of December 2018, he applied for VRS with interest in politics. He entered into politics by joining YSR Congress Party in January 2019. Surprisingly On March 16 2019, Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy announced him as YSR Congress Party candidate for Hindupur. But his VRS was rejected by AP police department Then he went to both AP tribunal court and High court for Justice got successful in his efforts and relieved with immediate effect. And on results day, he won as MP of Hindupur, with majority of 140748, by defeating Kristappa Nimmala of Telugu Desam Party.

## InfoBox

| Kuruva Gorantla Madhav | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
24 May 2019  04 June 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Kristappa Nimmala |
| Succeeded by | B K Parthasarathi |
| Constituency | Hindupur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1969-06-01) 1 June 1969
Rudravaram, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh |
| Political party | YSRCP |
| Spouse | Smt Savitha |
| Children | 3 |
| Residence(s) | Hindupur Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh |
| Source: | |


title: 1267

abstract: Year 1267 (MCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1267

1267 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1267
*MCCLXVII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2020 |
| Armenian calendar | 716
ԹՎ ՉԺԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6017 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1188–1189 |
| Bengali calendar | 674 |
| Berber calendar | 2217 |
| English Regnal year | 51 Hen. 3  52 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1811 |
| Burmese calendar | 629 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6775–6776 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙寅年 (Fire Tiger)
3964 or 3757
*to*
丁卯年 (Fire Rabbit)
3965 or 3758 |
| Coptic calendar | 983–984 |
| Discordian calendar | 2433 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1259–1260 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5027–5028 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1323–1324 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1188–1189 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4367–4368 |
| Holocene calendar | 11267 |
| Igbo calendar | 267–268 |
| Iranian calendar | 645–646 |
| Islamic calendar | 665–666 |
| Japanese calendar | Bun'ei 4
(文永４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1177–1178 |
| Julian calendar | 1267
*MCCLXVII* |
| Korean calendar | 3600 |
| Minguo calendar | 645 before ROC
民前645年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −201 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1809–1810 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳火虎年
(male Fire-Tiger)
1393 or 1012 or 240
*to*
阴火兔年
(female Fire-Rabbit)
1394 or 1013 or 241 |

Year **1267** (**MCCLXVII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

### By topic

#### War and politics

#### Culture

* Roger Bacon completes his work *Opus Majus* and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes *Opus Minus*, a summary of *Opus Majus*, later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the *Opus Tertium*, written in 1267, that *"forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet"*. The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.
* The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear *Pileum cornutum*, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.
* In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.

### By place

#### Asia and Africa

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Capt. James Moore Homestead

abstract: The Capt. James Moore Homestead is an archaeological site in rural Tazewell County, Virginia. The site is located near Boissevain, and has both colonial and Native American significance. There was once a palisaded Native village from the Late Woodland period on the site, and it was chosen by James Moore, a local militia captain who was one of Tazewell County's early settlers, as the site of his homestead in 1772. Sixteen years later (1786) he was killed by a Shawnee party that also took his family prisoner. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

text:
# Capt. James Moore Homestead

The **Capt. James Moore Homestead** is an archaeological site in rural Tazewell County, Virginia. The site is located near Boissevain, and has both colonial and Native American significance. There was once a palisaded Native village from the Late Woodland period on the site, and it was chosen by James Moore, a local militia captain who was one of Tazewell County's early settlers, as the site of his homestead in 1772. Sixteen years later (1786) he was killed by a Shawnee party that also took his family prisoner.

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Capt. James Moore Homestead | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Site of the homestead | |
|  | |
| Location | VA 644, Boissevain, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°16′7″N 81°23′38″W / 37.26861°N 81.39389°W / 37.26861; -81.39389 |
| Area | 4.7 acres (1.9 ha) |
| Built | 1772 (1772) |
| NRHP reference No. | 02001363 |
| Added to NRHP | November 24, 2002 |


title: Radeon 300 series

abstract: The Radeon 300 series is a series of graphics processors developed by AMD. All of the GPUs of the series are produced in 28 nm format and use the Graphics Core Next (GCN) micro-architecture. The series includes the Fiji and Tonga GPU dies based on AMD's GCN 3 or "Volcanic Islands" architecture, which had originally been introduced with the Tonga based R9 285 slightly earlier. Some of the cards in the series include the Fiji based flagship AMD Radeon R9 Fury X, cut-down Radeon R9 Fury and small form factor Radeon R9 Nano, which are the first GPUs to feature High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) technology, which AMD co-developed in partnership with SK Hynix. HBM is faster and more power efficient than GDDR5 memory, though also more expensive. However, the remaining GPUs in the series outside the Tonga based R9 380 and R9 380X are based on previous generation GPUs with revised power management, and therefore only feature GDDR5 memory. The Radeon 300 series cards including the R9 390X were released on June 18, 2015. The flagship device, the Radeon R9 Fury X, was released on June 24, 2015, with the dual-GPU variant, the Radeon Pro Duo, being released on April 26, 2016.

text:
# Radeon 300 series

The **Radeon 300 series** is a series of graphics processors developed by AMD. All of the GPUs of the series are produced in 28 nm format and use the Graphics Core Next (GCN) micro-architecture.

The series includes the Fiji and Tonga GPU dies based on AMD's GCN 3 or "Volcanic Islands" architecture, which had originally been introduced with the Tonga based (though cut-down) R9 285 slightly earlier. Some of the cards in the series include the Fiji based flagship AMD Radeon R9 Fury X, cut-down Radeon R9 Fury and small form factor Radeon R9 Nano, which are the first GPUs to feature High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) technology, which AMD co-developed in partnership with SK Hynix. HBM is faster and more power efficient than GDDR5 memory, though also more expensive. However, the remaining GPUs in the series outside the Tonga based R9 380 and R9 380X are based on previous generation GPUs with revised power management, and therefore only feature GDDR5 memory (something Tonga does as well). The Radeon 300 series cards including the R9 390X were released on June 18, 2015. The flagship device, the Radeon R9 Fury X, was released on June 24, 2015, with the dual-GPU variant, the Radeon Pro Duo, being released on April 26, 2016.

## Micro-architecture and instruction set

The R9 380/X along with the R9 Fury & Nano series were AMD's first cards (after the earlier R9 285) to use the third iteration of their GCN instruction set and micro-architecture. The other cards in the series feature first and second gen iterations of GCN. The table below details which GCN-generation each chip belongs to.

## Ancillary ASICs

Any ancillary ASICs present on the chips are being developed independently of the core architecture and have their own version name schemes.

### Multi-monitor support

The AMD Eyefinity branded on-die display controllers were introduced in September 2009 in the Radeon HD 5000 series and have been present in all products since.

### AMD TrueAudio

AMD TrueAudio was introduced with the AMD Radeon Rx 200 series, but can only be found on the dies of GCN 2nd gen and later products.

### Video acceleration

AMD's SIP core for video acceleration, Unified Video Decoder and Video Coding Engine, are found on all GPUs and are supported by AMD Catalyst and by the open-source Radeon graphics driver.

### Frame limiter

A new feature to the lineup allows users to reduce power consumption by not rendering unnecessary frames. It is user configurable.

### LiquidVR support

LiquidVR is a technology that improves the smoothness of virtual reality. The aim is to reduce latency between hardware so that the hardware can keep up with the user's head movement, eliminating the motion sickness. A particular focus is on dual GPU setups where each GPU now renders for one eye individually of the display.

### Virtual super resolution support

Originally introduced with the previous generation R9 285 and R9 290 series graphics cards, this feature allows users to run games with higher image quality by rendering frames at above native resolution. Each frame is then downsampled to native resolution. This process is an alternative to supersampling which is not supported by all games. Virtual super resolution is similar to Dynamic Super Resolution, a feature available on competing Nvidia graphics cards, but trades flexibility for increased performance.

### OpenCL (API)

OpenCL accelerates many scientific Software Packages against CPU up to factor 10 or 100 and more. Open CL 1.0 to 1.2 are supported for all chips with Terascale and GCN Architecture. OpenCL 2.0 is supported with GCN 2nd Gen. and higher. For OpenCL 2.1 and 2.2 only Driver Updates are necessary with OpenCL 2.0 conformant Cards.

### Vulkan (API)

API Vulkan 1.0 is supported for all GCN architecture cards. Vulkan 1.2 requires GCN 2nd gen or higher with the Adrenalin 20.1 and Linux Mesa 20.0 drivers and newer.

## Chipset tables

### Desktop models

| Model
(Codename) | Release Date
& Price | Architecture
(Fab) | Transistors
Die Size | Core | | Fillrate | | Processing power
(GFLOPS) | | Memory | | | | TBP () | Bus interface |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Config | Clock (MHz) | Texture (GT/s) | Pixel (GP/s) | Single | Double | Size (MiB) | Bus type
& width | Clock (MT/s) | Band-
width (GB/s) | | |
| Radeon
R5 330
(Oland Pro) | May 2015
OEM | GCN 1st gen
(28 nm) | 1040×106
90 mm2 | 320:20:8 | Unknown
*855* |
*17.1* |
*6.84* |
*547.2* |
*34.2* | 1024
2048 | DDR3
128-bit | 1800 | 28.8 | 30 | PCIe 3.0 x4 x8 ×16 |
| Radeon
R5 340
(Oland XT) | | | May 2015
OEM | 384:24:8 | Unknown
*825* |
*19.8* |
*6.6* |
*633.6* |
*39.6* | 1024
2048 | DDR3
GDDR5
128-bit | 1800
4500

 | 28.8
72

 | | 75 |
| Radeon
R7 340
(Oland XT) | | | May 2015
OEM | 384:24:8 | 730
*780* | 17.5
*18.7* | 5.8
*6.2* | 560.6
*599* | 32.7
*35* | 1024
2048
4096 | DDR3
GDDR5
128-bit | 1800
4500

 | 28.8
72

 | | 75 |
| Radeon
R5 340X
(Oland XT) | | | May 2015
OEM | 384:24:8 | 1050 | 25.2 | 8.4 | 806 | 50.4 | 2048 | DDR3
64-bit | 2000 | 16 | | 65 |
| Radeon
R7 350
(Oland XT) | | | May 2015
OEM | 384:24:8 | 1000
*1050* | 24
*25.2* | 8
*8.4* | 768
*806.4* | 48
*50.4* | 1024
2048 | DDR3
GDDR5
128-bit | 1800
4500

 | 28.8
72

 | | 75 |
| Radeon
R7 350
(Cape Verde XTL) | | February 2016
$89 USD | 1500×106
123 mm2 | 512:32:16 | 925 | 29.6 | 14.8 | 947.2 | 59.2 | 2048 | GDDR5
128-bit | 4500 | 72 | | 75 |
| Radeon
R7 350X
(Oland XT) | | May 2015
OEM | 1040×106
90 mm2 | 384:24:8 | 1050 | 25.2 | 8.4 | 806 | 50.4 | 4096 | DDR3
128-bit | 2000 | 32 | | 30 |
| Radeon
R7 360
(Bonaire Pro) | June 2015
$109 USD | GCN 2nd gen
(28 nm) | 2080×106
160 mm2 | 768:48:16 | 1050 | 50.4 | 16.8 | 1612.8 | 100.8 | 2048 | GDDR5
128-bit | 6500 | 104 | | 100 |
| Radeon
R9 360
(Bonaire Pro) | | | May 2015
OEM | 768:48:16 | 1000
*1050* | 48
*50.4* | 16
*16.8* | 1536
*1612.8* | 96
*100.8* | 2048 | GDDR5
128-bit | 6500 | 104 | | 85 |
| Radeon
R7 370
(Pitcairn Pro) | June 2015
$149 USD | GCN 1st gen
(28 nm) | 2800×106
212 mm2 | 1024:64:32 | 975 | 62.4 | 31.2 | 1996.8 | 124.8 | 2048
4096 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5600 | 179.2 | | 110 |
| Radeon
R9 370
(Pitcairn Pro) | | | May 2015
OEM | 1024:64:32 | 950
*975* | 60.8
*62.4* | 30.4
*31.2* | 1945.6
*1996.8* | 121.6
*124.8* | 2048
4096 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5600 | 179.2 | | 150 |
| Radeon
R9 370X
(Pitcairn XT) | | | August 2015
$179 USD | 1280:80:32 | 1000 | 80 | 32 | 2560 | 160 | 2048
4096 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5600 | 179.2 | | 185 |
| Radeon
R9 380
(Tonga Pro) | May 2015
OEM | GCN 3rd gen
(28 nm) | 5000×106
359 mm2 | 1792:112:32 | 918 | 102.8 | 29.4 | 3290 | 206.6 | 4096 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5500 | 176 | | 190 |
| Radeon
R9 380
(Tonga Pro) | | | June 2015
$199 USD | 1792:112:32 | 970 | 108.6 | 31.0 | 3476.5 | 217.3 | 2048
4096 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5700 | 182.4 | | 190 |
| Radeon
R9 380X
(Tonga XT) | | | November 2015
$229 USD | 2048:128:32 | 970 | 124.2 | 31.0 | 3973.1 | 248.3 | 4096 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5700 | 182.4 | | 190 |
| Radeon
R9 390
(Grenada Pro) | June 2015
$329 USD | GCN 2nd gen
(28 nm) | 6200×106
438 mm2 | 2560:160:64 | 1000 | 160 | 64 | 5120 | 640 | 8192 | GDDR5
512-bit | 6000 | 384 | | 275 |
| Radeon
R9 390X
(Grenada XT) | | | June 2015
$429 USD | 2816:176:64 | 1050 | 184.8 | 67.2 | 5913.6 | 739.2 | 8192 | GDDR5
512-bit | 6000 | 384 | | 275 |
| Radeon
R9 Fury
(Fiji Pro) | July 2015
$549 USD | GCN 3rd gen
(28 nm) | 8900×106
596 mm2 | 3584:224:64 | 1000 | 224 | 64 | 7168 | 448 | 4096 | HBM
4096-bit | 1000 | 512 | | 275 |
| Radeon
R9 Nano
(Fiji XT) | | | August 2015
$649 USD | 4096:256:64 | 1000 | 256 | 64 | 8192 | | | | | 512 | | 175 |
| Radeon
R9 Fury X
(Fiji XT) | | | June 2015
$649 USD | 4096:256:64 | 1050 | 268.8 | 67.2 | 8601.6 | | | | | 537.6 | | 275 |
| Radeon
Pro Duo
(Fiji XT) | | April 2016
$1499 USD | 8900×106
2× 596 mm2 | 2× 4096:256:64 | 1000 | 512 | 128 | 16384 | 1024 | 2× 4096 | HBM
4096-bit | 1000 | 2× 512 | | 350 |
| Model
(Codename) | Release Date
& Price | Architecture
(Fab) | Transistors
Die Size | Config | Clock (MHz) | Texture (GT/s) | Pixel (GP/s) | Single | Double | Size (MiB) | Bus type
& width | Clock (MT/s) | Band-
width (GB/s) | TBP () | Bus interface |
| | | | | Core | | Fillrate | | Processing power
(GFLOPS) | | Memory | | | | | |

### Mobile models

| Model
(Codename) | Launch | Architecture
(Fab) | Core | | Fillrate | | Processing power
(GFLOPS) | Memory | | | | TDP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Config | Clock (MHz) | Texture (GT/s) | Pixel (GP/s) | | Size (GiB) | Bus type
& width | Clock (MT/s) | Band-
width (GB/s) | |
| Radeon
R5 M330
(Exo Pro) | 2015 | GCN 1st gen
(28 nm) | 320:20:8 | Unknown
1030 | 8.2 | 20.6 | 659.2 | 2
4 | DDR3
64-bit | 1800
2000 | 14.4
16 | 18 W |
| Radeon
R5 M335
(Exo Pro) | | 2015 | 320:20:8 | Unknown
1070 | 8.6 | 21.4 | 684.8 | 2
4 | DDR3
64-bit | 2200 | 17.6 | Unknown |
| Radeon
R7 M360
(Meso XT) | | 2015 | 384:24:8 | Unknown
1125 | 9 | 27 | 864 | 2
4 | DDR3
64-bit | 2000 | 16 | Unknown |
| Radeon
R9 M365X
(Strato Pro) | | 2015 | 640:40:16 | Unknown
925 | 14.8 | 37 | 1184 | 4 | GDDR5
128-bit | 4500 | 72 | 50 W |
| Radeon
R9 M370X
(Strato Pro) | | May 2015 | 640:40:16 | 800 | 12.8 | 32 | 1024 | 2 | GDDR5
128-bit | 4500 | 72 | 4045 W |
| Radeon
R9 M375
(Strato Pro) | | 2015 | 640:40:16 | Unknown
1015 | 16.2 | 40.6 | 1299.2 | 4 | GDDR5
128-bit | 4400 | 35.2 | Unknown |
| Radeon
R9 M375X
(Strato Pro) | | 2015 | 640:40:16 | Unknown
1015 | 16.2 | 40.6 | 1299.2 | 4 | GDDR5
128-bit | 4500 | 72 | Unknown |
| Radeon
R9 M380
(Strato Pro) | | 2015 | 640:40:16 | Unknown
900 | 14.4 | 36 | 1152 | 4 | GDDR5
128-bit | 6000 | 96 | Unknown |
| Radeon
R9 M385X
(Strato) | 2015 | GCN 2nd gen
(28 nm) | 896:56:16 | Unknown
1100 | 17.6 | 61.6 | 1971.2 | 4 | GDDR5
128-bit | 6000 | 96 | ~75 W |
| Radeon
R9 M390
(Pitcairn) | June 2015 | GCN 1st gen
(28 nm) | 1024:64:32 | Unknown
958 | 30.7 | 61.3 | 1962 | 2 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5460 | 174.7 | ~100 W |
| Radeon
R9 M390X
(Amethyst XT) | 2015 | GCN 3rd gen
(28 nm) | 2048:128:32 | Unknown
723 | 23.1 | 92.5 | 2961.4 | 4 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5000 | 160 | 125 W |
| Radeon
R9 M395
(Amethyst Pro) | | 2015 | 1792:112:32 | Unknown
834 | 26.6 | 93.4 | 2989.0 | 2 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5460 | 174.7 | 125 W |
| Radeon
R9 M395X
Amethyst XT) | | 2015 | 2048:128:32 | Unknown
909 | 29.1 | 116.3 | 3723.3 | 4 | GDDR5
256-bit | 5460 | 174.7 | 125 W |

1. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in *italic*.
2. Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of **Texture Mapping Units** multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
3. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of **Render Output Units** multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
4. Precision performance is calculated from the base (or boost) core clock speed based on a FMA operation.
5. Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units

## Radeon Feature Matrix

The following table shows features of AMD/ATI's GPUs (see also: List of AMD graphics processing units).

| Name of GPU series | Wonder | Mach | 3D Rage | Rage Pro | Rage 128 | R100 | R200 | R300 | R400 | R500 | R600 | RV670 | R700 | Evergreen | Northern
Islands | Southern
Islands | Sea
Islands | Volcanic
Islands | Arctic
Islands/Polaris | Vega | Navi 1x | Navi 2x | Navi 3x |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Released | 1986 | 1991 | Apr
1996 | Mar
1997 | Aug
1998 | Apr
2000 | Aug
2001 | Sep
2002 | May
2004 | Oct
2005 | May
2007 | Nov
2007 | Jun
2008 | Sep
2009 | Oct
2010 | Jan
2012 | Sep
2013 | Jun
2015 | Jun 2016, Apr 2017, Aug 2019 | Jun 2017, Feb 2019 | Jul
2019 | Nov
2020 | Dec
2022 |
| Marketing Name | Wonder | Mach | 3D
Rage | Rage
Pro | Rage
128 | Radeon
7000 | Radeon
8000 | Radeon
9000 | Radeon
X700/X800 | Radeon
X1000 | Radeon
HD 2000 | Radeon
HD 3000 | Radeon
HD 4000 | Radeon
HD 5000 | Radeon
HD 6000 | Radeon
HD 7000 | Radeon
200 | Radeon
300 | Radeon
400/500/600 | Radeon
RX Vega, Radeon VII | Radeon
RX 5000 | Radeon
RX 6000 | Radeon
RX 7000 |
| AMD support |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |
| Kind | 2D | | 3D | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Instruction set architecture | Not publicly known | | | | | | | | | | TeraScale instruction set | | | | | GCN instruction set | | | | | RDNA instruction set | | |
| | Microarchitecture | TeraScale 1
(VLIW) | | | TeraScale 2
(VLIW5) | TeraScale 2
(VLIW5)
up to 68xx TeraScale 3
(VLIW4)
in 69xx | GCN 1st
gen | GCN 2nd
gen | GCN 3rd
gen | GCN 4th
gen | GCN 5th
gen | RDNA | RDNA 2 | RDNA 3 |
| Type | Fixed pipeline | | | | | | Programmable pixel & vertex pipelines | | | | Unified shader model | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Direct3D |  | | 5.0 | 6.0 | | 7.0 | 8.1 | 9.0
11 (9\_2) | 9.0b
11 (9\_2) | 9.0c
11 (9\_3) | 10.0
11 (10\_0) | 10.1
11 (10\_1) | | 11 (11\_0) | | 11 (11\_1)
12 (11\_1) | 11 (12\_0)
12 (12\_0) | | | 11 (12\_1)
12 (12\_1) | | 11 (12\_1)
12 (12\_2) | |
| Shader model |  | | | | | | 1.4 | 2.0+ | 2.0b | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | | 5.0 | | 5.1 | 5.1
6.5 | | | 6.7 | | | |
| OpenGL |  | | | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | | 2.1 | | | 3.3 | | | 4.5 | | 4.6 | | | | | | | |
| Vulkan |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.0 | 1.2 | | 1.3 | | | | |
| OpenCL |  | | | | | | | | | | Close to Metal | | 1.1 (not supported by Mesa) | 1.2+ (on Linux: 1.1+ (no Image support on clover, with by rustiCL) with Mesa, 1.2+ on GCN 1.Gen) | | | 2.0+ (Adrenalin driver on Win7+)
(on Linux ROCM, Mesa 1.2+ (no Image support in clover, but in rustiCL with Mesa, 2.0+ and 3.0 with AMD drivers or AMD ROCm), 5th gen: 2.2 win 10+ and Linux RocM 5.0+ | | | | 2.2+ and 3.0 windows 8.1+ and Linux ROCM 5.0+ (Mesa rustiCL 1.2+ and 3.0 (2.1+ and 2.2+ wip)) | | |
| HSA / ROCm |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | ? | | |
| Video decoding ASIC |  | | | | | | | | | | Avivo/UVD | UVD+ | UVD 2 | UVD 2.2 | UVD 3 | UVD 4 | UVD 4.2 | UVD 5.0 or 6.0 | UVD 6.3 | UVD 7 | VCN 2.0 | VCN 3.0 | VCN 4.0 |
| Video encoding ASIC |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | VCE 1.0 | VCE 2.0 | VCE 3.0 or 3.1 | VCE 3.4 | | | | VCE 4.0 |
| Fluid Motion |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | |  | | ? |
| Power saving | ? | | | | | | | | | | PowerPlay | | | | PowerTune | PowerTune & ZeroCore Power | | | | | ? | | |
| TrueAudio |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Via dedicated DSP | | Via shaders | | | | |
| FreeSync |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1
2 | | | | | | |
| HDCP | ? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.4 | | 2.2 | | 2.3 | | |
| PlayReady |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3.0 |  | 3.0 | | |
| Supported displays |  |  |  |  |  | 1–2 | 2 | | | | | | | 2–6 | | | | | | | ? | | |
| Max. resolution | ? | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2–6 ×
2560×1600 | | 2–6 ×
4096×2160 @ 30 Hz | | | 2–6 ×
5120×2880 @ 60 Hz | 3 ×
7680×4320 @ 60 Hz |
7680×4320 @ 60 Hz PowerColor | | 7680x4320 @165 HZ |
| `/drm/radeon` |  |  |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | |
| `/drm/amdgpu` |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Experimental | Optional |  | | | | | |

1. The Radeon 100 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.
2. R300, R400 and R500 based cards do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power of two (NPOT) textures.
3. OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.
4. The UVD and VCE were replaced by the Video Core Next (VCN) ASIC in the Raven Ridge APU implementation of Vega.
5. Video processing for video frame rate interpolation technique. In Windows it works as a DirectShow filter in your player. In Linux, there is no support on the part of drivers and / or community.
6. To play protected video content, it also requires card, operating system, driver, and application support. A compatible HDCP display is also needed for this. HDCP is mandatory for the output of certain audio formats, placing additional constraints on the multimedia setup.
7. More displays may be supported with native DisplayPort connections, or splitting the maximum resolution between multiple monitors with active converters.
8. DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) is a component of the Linux kernel. AMDgpu is the Linux kernel module. Support in this table refers to the most current version.

## Graphics device drivers

### Proprietary graphics device driver Catalyst

AMD Catalyst is being developed for Microsoft Windows and Linux. As of July 2014, other operating systems are not officially supported. This may be different for the AMD FirePro brand, which is based on identical hardware but features OpenGL-certified graphics device drivers.

AMD Catalyst supports all features advertised for the Radeon brand.

### Free and open-source graphics device driver `radeon`

The free and open-source drivers are primarily developed on and for Linux, but have been ported to other operating systems as well. Each driver is composed out of five parts:

1. Linux kernel component DRM
2. Linux kernel component KMS driver: basically the device driver for the display controller
3. user-space component libDRM
4. user-space component in Mesa 3D
5. a special and distinct 2D graphics device driver for X.Org Server, which is finally about to be replaced by Glamor

The free and open-source `radeon` kernel driver supports most of the features implemented into the Radeon line of GPUs.

The `radeon` kernel driver is *not* reverse engineered, but based on documentation released by AMD. This driver still requires proprietary microcode to operate DRM functions and some GPUs may fail to launch the X server if not available.

### Free and open-source graphics device driver `amdgpu`

This new kernel driver is directly supported and developed by AMD. It is available on various Linux distributions, and has been ported to some other operating systems as well. Only GCN GPUs are supported.

### Proprietary graphics device driver AMDGPU-PRO

This new driver by AMD was still undergoing development in 2018, but could be used on a few supported Linux distributions already (AMD officially supports Ubuntu, RHEL/CentOS). The driver has been experimentally ported to ArchLinux and other distributions. AMDGPU-PRO is set to replace the previous AMD Catalyst driver and is based on the free and open source `amdgpu` kernel driver. Pre-GCN GPUs are not supported.

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31. "AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards". *HWlab*. hw-lab.com. 19 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022. New VLIW4 architecture of stream processors allowed to save area of each SIMD by 10%, while performing the same compared to previous VLIW5 architecture
32. "GPU Specs Database". *TechPowerUp*. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
33. "NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)". *Khronos Group*. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
34. "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta". *AMD*. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
35. "Mesamatrix". *mesamatrix.net*. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
36. "RadeonFeature". *X.Org Foundation*. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
37. "AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs". *TechPowerUp*. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
38. "AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs". *Phoronix*. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
39. "AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte". *TopCPU.net* (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
40. Killian, Zak (22 March 2017). "AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux". Tech Report. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
41. Larabel, Michael (15 September 2020). "AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding". Phoronix. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
42. Edmonds, Rich (4 February 2022). "ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals". *Windows Central*. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
43. "Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture" (PDF). Radeon Technologies Group (AMD). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
44. Larabel, Michael (7 December 2016). "The Best Features of the Linux 4.9 Kernel". Phoronix. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
45. "AMDGPU". Retrieved 29 December 2023.
46. "AMD Developer Guides". Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
47. "Radeon Software for Linux Release Notes". *support.amd.com*. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
48. "AMDGPU - ArchWiki". *wiki.archlinux.org*. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

## InfoBox

Radeon 300 series
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Release date | June 16, 2015 (June 16, 2015) |
| Codename | Caribbean Islands
Sea Islands
Volcanic Islands |
| Architecture | GCN 1st gen
GCN 2nd gen
GCN 3rd gen |
| Transistors | * 690M (Exo) 28 nm * 950M (Oland) 28 nm * 1.500M (Cape Verde) 28 nm * 1.550M (Meso) 28 nm * 2.080M (Bonaire) 28 nm * 2.800M (Pitcairn) 28 nm * 5.000M (Tonga) 28 nm * 6.200M (Grenada) 28 nm * 8.900M (Fiji) 28 nm |
| Cards | |
| Entry-level | Radeon R5 310
Radeon R5 330
Radeon R5 340
Radeon R5 340X
Radeon R7 340
Radeon R7 350
Radeon R7 350X |
| Mid-range | Radeon R7 360
Radeon R7 370
Radeon R9 360
Radeon R9 370
Radeon R9 370X
Radeon R9 380
Radeon R9 380X |
| High-end | Radeon R9 390
Radeon R9 390X |
| Enthusiast | Radeon R9 390 X2
Radeon R9 Nano
Radeon R9 Fury
Radeon R9 Fury X
Radeon Pro Duo |
| API support | |
| DirectX |  |
| OpenCL | OpenCL 2.1 |
| OpenGL | OpenGL 4.5 (4.6 Windows 7+ and Adrenalin 18.4.1+) |
| Vulkan |  |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Radeon 200 series |
| Successor | Radeon 400 series |
| Support status | |
| Unsupported | |


title: D'Andra Moss

abstract: D'Andra Yvette Moss is a basketball player who currently players for Mersin Büyükşehir. Born in the United States, she has played for the Ukrainian national team since September 2016. She participated at the EuroBasket Women 2017.

text:
# D'Andra Moss

**D'Andra Yvette Moss** (born February 21, 1988) is a basketball player who currently players for Mersin Büyükşehir. Born in the United States, she has played for the Ukrainian national team since September 2016.

She participated at the EuroBasket Women 2017.

## Virginia Commonwealth statistics

Source

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

| Year | Team | GP | Points | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006–07 | Virginia Commonwealth | 26 | 167 | 41.3% | 37.5% | 77.0% | 3.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 |  | 6.4 |
| 2007–08 | Virginia Commonwealth | 34 | 214 | 40.6% | 31.0% | 72.6% | 6.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 6.3 |
| 2008–09 | Virginia Commonwealth | 22 | 217 | 44.7% | **37.9%** | **88.5%** | 5.9 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 9.9 |
| 2009–10 | Virginia Commonwealth | **35** | **618** | **43.2%** | 35.7% | 81.3% | **6.6** | **2.0** | **1.9** | **0.2** | **17.7** |
| Career |  | 117 | 1216 | 42.7% | 11.1% | 80.0% | 12.3 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 10.4 |

## InfoBox

D'Andra Moss
| No. 24  Mersin Büyükşehir | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Point guard |
| League | TKBL |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1988-02-21) February 21, 1988
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Nationality | American (until 2016)
Ukrainian (since 2016) |
| Listed height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Career information | |
| College | VCU (2006–2010) |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * First-team All-CAA (2010) | |
|  | |


title: Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent

abstract: Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

text:
# Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent

**Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ maʁtɛ̃  sɛ̃ mɛksɑ̃\], literally *Saint-Martin of Saint-Maixent*) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent | |
| Saint-Martin-de-Saint-MaixentSaint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent | |
| Coordinates: 46°23′49″N 0°12′02″W / 46.3969°N 0.2006°W / 46.3969; -0.2006 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Deux-Sèvres |
| Arrondissement | Niort |
| Canton | Saint-Maixent-l'École |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Angélique Camara |
| Area**1** | 12.64 km2 (4.88 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,068 |
| Density | 84/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 79276 /79400 |
| Elevation | 47–141 m (154–463 ft)
(avg. 128 m or 420 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Scare quotes

abstract: Scare quotes are quotation marks that writers place around a word or phrase to signal that they are using it in an ironic, referential, or otherwise non-standard sense. Scare quotes may indicate that the author is using someone else's term, similar to preceding a phrase with the expression "so-called"; they may imply skepticism or disagreement, belief that the words are misused, or that the writer intends a meaning opposite to the words enclosed in quotes. Whether quotation marks are considered scare quotes depends on context because scare quotes are not visually different from actual quotations. The use of scare quotes is sometimes discouraged in formal or academic writing.

text:
# Scare quotes

**Scare quotes** (also called **shudder quotes**, and **sneer quotes**,) are quotation marks that writers place around a word or phrase to signal that they are using it in an ironic, referential, or otherwise non-standard sense. Scare quotes may indicate that the author is using someone else's term, similar to preceding a phrase with the expression "so-called"; they may imply skepticism or disagreement, belief that the words are misused, or that the writer intends a meaning opposite to the words enclosed in quotes. Whether quotation marks are considered scare quotes depends on context because scare quotes are not visually different from actual quotations. The use of scare quotes is sometimes discouraged in formal or academic writing.

## History

Elizabeth Anscombe coined the term *scare quotes* as it refers to punctuation marks in 1956 in an essay titled "Aristotle and the Sea Battle", published in *Mind*. The use of a graphic symbol on an expression to indicate irony or dubiousness goes back much further: Authors of ancient Greece used a mark called a *diple periestigmene* for that purpose. Beginning in the 1990s, the use of scare quotes suddenly became very widespread. Postmodernist authors in particular have theorized about bracketing punctuation, including scare quotes, and have found reasons for their frequent use in their writings. In 2014, *Slate* declared hashtags to be "the new scare quotes" in the sense that both are used for "announcing distance". Just like scare quotes, hashtags such as #firstworldproblems or #YOLO signal that the phrase is not one's own.

## Usage

Writers use scare quotes for a variety of reasons. They can imply doubt or ambiguity in words or ideas within the marks, or even outright contempt. They can indicate that a writer is purposely misusing a word or phrase or that the writer is unpersuaded by the text in quotes, and they can help the writer deny responsibility for the quote. Megan Garber in *The Atlantic* writes: "to put terms like 'identity politics' or 'rape culture' or, yes, 'alt-right' in scare quotes is ... to make, in that placement, a political declaration." In general, the punctuation expresses distance between the writer and the quote.

For example:

Some "groupies" were following the band.

The scare quotes could indicate that the word is not one the writer would normally use, or that the writer thinks there is something dubious about the word *groupies* or its application to these people. The exact meaning of the scare quotes is not clear without further context.

The term *scare quotes* may be confusing because of the word *scare*. An author may use scare quotes not to convey alarm, but to signal a semantic quibble. Scare quotes may suggest or create a problematization with the words set in quotes.

## Criticism

Some experts encourage writers to avoid scare quotes because they can distance the writer and confuse the reader.

Editor Greil Marcus, in a talk at Case Western Reserve University, described scare quotes as "the enemy", adding that they "kill narrative, they kill story-telling . . . They are a writer's assault on his or her own words." Scare quotes have been described as ubiquitous, and the use of them as expressing distrust in truth, reality, facts, reason and objectivity.

Political commentator Jonathan Chait wrote in *The New Republic*,

> The scare quote is the perfect device for making an insinuation without proving it, or even necessarily making clear what you're insinuating.

In 1982, philosopher David Stove examined the trend of using scare quotes in philosophy as a means of neutralizing or suspending words that imply cognitive achievement, such as *knowledge* or *discovery*.

Scare quotes can be replaced by writing text to make the insinuation explicit.

## In speech

In spoken conversation, a stand-in for scare quotes is a hand gesture known as *air quotes* or *finger quotes*, which mimics quotation marks. A speaker may alternatively say "quote" before and "unquote" after quoted words, or say "quote unquote" before or after the quoted words, or pause before and emphasize the parts in quotes. These spoken methods are also used for literal and conventional quotes.


title: Princess Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg

abstract: Princess Eleonore Philippina of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg was the consort of John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach, whose two children were both by his first wife, Maria Henriette de La Tour d'Auvergne.

text:
# Princess Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg

**Princess Eleonore Philippina of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg** (Eleonore Philippina Christina Sophia; 17 October 1712  23 May 1759) was the consort of John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach, whose two children were both by his first wife, Maria Henriette de La Tour d'Auvergne.

## Biography

Born at the Landgrave’s Palace in Rotenburg an der Fulda she was the seventh child of Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg by his wife, Countess Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort. Her parents were first cousins, both being grandchildren of Ferdinand Karl, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort. Her father, head of the only Roman Catholic branch of the House of Hesse, became ruler of Hesse-Rotenburg in 1725. She travelled to Turin where her sister Polyxena was the consort of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Her husband had previously been married to Maria Henriette de La Tour d'Auvergne, who had died in 1728 after childbirth. He, too, was his wife's first cousin, Eleonore's father being a brother of John Christian's mother Maria Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg. She married John Christian in Mannheim on 21 January 1731. The next year, her husband succeeded as ruler of Sulzbach. The marriage remained childless and she became a widow in 1733. She traveled to Neuburg an der Donau where she died in 1759.

## Ancestry

## Bibliography

* Huberty, Michel; Giraud, F. Alain; Magdelaine, F. & B (1976), *L'Allemagne Dynastique (Tome I Hesse-Reuss-Saxe)*, Le Perreux: A. Giraud, ISBN 2-901138-01-2

## InfoBox

| Eleonore | |
| --- | --- |
| *Countess Palatine of Sulzbach* | |
|  | |
| Born | 17 October 1712
Schloss Rotenburg |
| Died | 23 May 1759(1759-05-23) (aged 46)
Neuburg an der Donau |
| Spouse | John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach |
| Father | Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg |
| Mother | Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort |


title: Shannon Conservation Park

abstract: Shannon Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula in the gazetted locality of Karkoo about 95 kilometres (59 mi) north of Port Lincoln and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Lock. It was proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 2007 on land all in Section 100 of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Shannon which was previously dedicated as a conservation reserve on 2 September 1993 under the Crown Lands Act 1929. As of 2007, the Shannon Conservation Park was reported as being “dominated by mallee” and included a River Red Gum woodland which was considered to be “a regionally threatened community.” As of 2007, there was no access for visitors into the interior of the conservation park and nor was there any plans to create such access. The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

text:
# Shannon Conservation Park

**Shannon Conservation Park** (formerly the Shannon Conservation Reserve) is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula in the gazetted locality of Karkoo about 95 kilometres (59 mi) north of Port Lincoln and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Lock.

It was proclaimed under the *National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972* in 2007 on land all in Section 100 of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Shannon which was previously dedicated as a conservation reserve on 2 September 1993 under the *Crown Lands Act 1929*.

As of 2007, the Shannon Conservation Park was reported as being “dominated by mallee” and included a River Red Gum woodland which was considered to be “a regionally threatened community.”

As of 2007, there was no access for visitors into the interior of the conservation park and nor was there any plans to create such access.

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

## InfoBox

| Shannon Conservation Park
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) | |
| Shannon Conservation Park | |
| Nearest town or city | Karkoo |
| Coordinates | 33°57′32″S 135°37′12″E / 33.9589°S 135.6199°E / -33.9589; 135.6199 |
| Established | 2 September 1993 (1993-09-02) |
| Area | 5.44 km2 (2.1 sq mi) |
| Managing authorities | Department for Environment and Water |
| See also | Protected areas of South Australia |


title: University of British Columbia Library

abstract: The University of British Columbia Library is the library system of the University of British Columbia (UBC). The library is one of the 124 members of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL). In 2017, UBC Library ranked 29th among members of the ARL for the number of volumes in library, making it the third largest Canadian academic library after the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta. However, UBC Library ranked 23rd for the titles held and second in Canada, and had a materials expenditures of $13.8 million, placing it 44th. UBC Library is one of the largest research libraries in Canada, with 13 branches and divisions at UBC and at other locations, including branches at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, and one at the UBC Okanagan campus. As of 2019, UBC Library's collection comprises 8.3 million items, including 2.8 million e-books, 5.3 million microforms, 440,000 journal titles and more than 923,000 maps, videos and other multimedia materials. During the year 2018–2019, the UBC community downloaded 3.4 million ebooks and 7.4 million journal articles, the equivalent of 89 journal article downloads and 41 ebook downloads per person. UBC Library has the largest collection of Asian-language materials in North America and the largest biomedical collection in Western Canada. It is a depository library for publications of the governments of British Columbia (BC), Canada, Japan and the United Nations. The Library's collections of special and unique materials include the archives of Canadian author and artist Douglas Coupland, the Uno Langmann Family Collection of B.C. Photographs, the H. Colin Slim Stravinsky Collection and the Wallace B. Chung and Madeline H. Chung Collection, containing more than 25,000 rare and one-of-a-kind items relating to the discovery of BC, the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and Chinese immigration to Canada. The collection includes documents, books, maps, posters, paintings, photographs, silver, glass, ceramic ware and other artifacts. In October 2015, UBC Library opened its newest facility, Library Preservation and Archives (PARC), a new modular storage facility designed to accommodate the future growth of library collections. The building is located at UBC Vancouver's South Campus and provides 2,280 square metres of high-density collection storage. It can store about 1.6 million volumes and the facility also houses a campus-wide records management service.

text:
# University of British Columbia Library

The **University of British Columbia Library** is the library system of the University of British Columbia (UBC). The library is one of the 124 members of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL). In 2017, UBC Library ranked 29th among members of the ARL for the number of volumes in library (physical volumes), making it the third largest Canadian academic library after the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta. However, UBC Library ranked 23rd for the titles held (physical and online documents) and second in Canada, and had a materials expenditures of $13.8 million, placing it 44th.

UBC Library is one of the largest research libraries in Canada, with 13 branches and divisions at UBC and at other locations, including branches at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, and one at the UBC Okanagan campus.

As of 2019, UBC Library's collection comprises 8.3 million items, including 2.8 million e-books, 5.3 million microforms, 440,000 journal titles and more than 923,000 maps, videos and other multimedia materials. During the year 2018–2019, the UBC community downloaded 3.4 million ebooks and 7.4 million journal articles, the equivalent of 89 journal article downloads and 41 ebook downloads per person.

UBC Library has the largest collection of Asian-language materials in North America and the largest biomedical collection in Western Canada. It is a depository library for publications of the governments of British Columbia (BC), Canada, Japan and the United Nations.

The Library's collections of special and unique materials include the archives of Canadian author and artist Douglas Coupland, the Uno Langmann Family Collection of B.C. Photographs (consisting of more than 18,000 rare and unique early photographs of British Columbia), the H. Colin Slim Stravinsky Collection (the largest collection of its kind in Canada, including more than 130 items documenting the work and life of Igor Stravinsky) and the Wallace B. Chung and Madeline H. Chung Collection, containing more than 25,000 rare and one-of-a-kind items relating to the discovery of BC, the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and Chinese immigration to Canada. The collection includes documents, books, maps, posters, paintings, photographs, silver, glass, ceramic ware and other artifacts.

In October 2015, UBC Library opened its newest facility, Library Preservation and Archives (PARC), a new modular storage facility designed to accommodate the future growth of library collections. The building is located at UBC Vancouver's South Campus (in the Research Precinct) and provides 2,280 square metres of high-density collection storage. It can store about 1.6 million volumes and the facility also houses a campus-wide records management service.

## Major branches

### Asian Library

Since 1959, the Asian Library, located in the Asian Centre since 1981, houses one of the largest research collection in Asian languages in North America. Its holdings in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Tibetan, Persian, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Urdu and Indonesian exceed 710,000 volumes as of June 2020. As of April 2022, the library includes 203,000 Chinese language books and ebooks, 250,000 Japanese language books and ebooks, 42,000 Hindi language books and ebooks and 38,000 Korean language books and ebooks.

Subject material about Asia in English and other European languages, as well as Asian materials in non-Asian languages, are kept in Koerner Library and other branches. Asia-related law materials are located in the Law Library. Monographs in Tamil, Malayalam, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Marathi, Rajasthani, Assamese, Nepali and Tibetan are shelved in the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre.

Special materials include Japanese government publications, research materials on Chinese Canadian settlement in British Columbia and the Pearl Delta Area as well as Japanese Canadian studies collections. The Asian Library's rare book collection, mainly from the Puban collection, ranks first in North America. The Chinese collection ranked third in North America in number of volumes at the time of publication of Endymion Wilkinson's *Chinese History: A Manual* in 2000.

### Irving K. Barber Learning Centre/Main Library

UBC's Main Library underwent major renovations beginning in 2002. In phase one, the north wing was demolished and rebuilt. It now houses the bookstacks of the facility. Once the renovated north wing opened, the old south wing and "heritage core" of the Main Library was closed, with the south wing being demolished and the heritage core stripped to the original frame and exterior from 1925. The South Wing was officially opened to the public on February 25, 2008, with the heritage core opening in late March 2008. The building is now known as the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre, named in honour of donor Irving K. Barber.

Notable features include the first Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) in Canada, referred to as the "library robot." The system increases the amount of storage space available, but has been criticized for preventing browsing.

The Irving K. Barber Learning Centre houses the Rare Books and Special Collections (RBSC) and University Archives divisions (level one) and the Music, Art and Architecture Library (levels three and four). The Chung Collection, a designated national treasure, is located in the RBSC space, and focuses on the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Asian experience in Canada, and West Coast history and exploration. The Learning Centre is also home to the Chapman Learning Commons on level three, located in the restored historic core of the old Main Library.

Artwork on display around the Learning Centre includes pieces from noted artists such as John Nutter, Kevin DuBois and First Nations artist Brent Sparrow. The Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at the UBC Main Library.

### Okanagan Libraries

UBC Library also serves the university's Okanagan campus in Kelowna. Two library buildings on campus are interconnected with the southern "Library" building containing the Okanagan Library with open collections and access to Okanagan Regional Library, while the northern "The Commons" building containing media labs, special collections and archives.

In 2014–15, the Okanagan campus Library had 688,000 library visits and answered more than 17,000 in-person inquiries at their Library Service Desk.

The Okanagan Library assumed responsibility for campus writing services in 2014, and launched a new Writing & Research Services unit. 2014 also marked the launch of UBC Okanagan's special collections program, with collections relating to the history, literature and culture of the Okanagan Valley.

In 2014, UBC Okanagan's students voted in a referendum to contribute up to $10 million toward the expansion of the campus’ Library and Learning Centre. The renovations will add 45,000 square feet of space, more than doubling the size of the existing library.

In Fall 2015, the Innovation Library - a collaboration between the UBC Okanagan Library and the Okanagan Regional Library \- opened to support the Okanagan campus' students, faculty, and staff, as well as community researchers in the Okanagan. The Innovation Library is located downtown in the Okanagan Regional Library's Kelowna Branch.

In 2017, UBC Okanagan partnered with numerous local museums and archives throughout the Okanagan region to initiate the Digitized Okanagan History project. The project digitizes historical photographs and records related to the history of B.C.'s Southern Interior, and provides access to them online.

### Walter C. Koerner Library

Koerner Library, designed by Arthur Erickson, was built in 1997, replacing Sedgewick Library. Koerner houses humanities and social sciences, government publications, journals and microforms, and numeric data files, the Map & Atlas Collection, and the UBC Research Commons. It is home to nearly 1.3 million items. Its postmodern architecture contrasts with the Gothic revival design of the original Main Library (now the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre) on the other side of Main Mall. Koerner is also home to the university's Interlibrary loan program.

### Woodward Library

The Woodward Library's collection covers a broad range of disciplines in support of learning and research in the Faculties of Applied Science, Dentistry, Forestry, Land & Food Systems, Medicine, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Science. The collection covers a range of subject areas, including agriculture, animal welfare, biology, botany, chemistry, computer science, dentistry, earth and ocean sciences, engineering, food science, forestry, mathematics, medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, physics, public health, statistics, wood science and zoology. Woodward Library has the largest biomedical collection in Western Canada and a strong history of medicine and science collection.

### X̱wi7x̱wa Library

X̱wi7x̱wa (pronounced whei-wha) Library is one of the only Aboriginal branches of a university library in Canada. Located adjacent to the First Nations Longhouse, it houses a collection of 12,000 items, including to 6,000 books and 450 videos relating to First Nations in British Columbia, and resources on Indigenous peoples from across Canada and internationally. The name comes from the Squamish Nation word meaning "echo." The name was gifted by Chief Simon Baker of the Squamish Nation. Established in May 1993, the X̱wi7x̱wa Library became a branch of the UBC Library in 2005. The library is the result of a 1984 Stauffer Foundation Grant to the Native Indian Teacher Education Program (NITEP) that provided funds to build the collection. This collection was then gifted to the X̱wi7x̱wa Library when opening in 1993. The library also received a $1 million gift by William and June Bellman the same year. The classification used by the library reflects efforts to decolonize the current library classification systems. The library uses a British Columbia variant of the Xwi7xwa classification system, developed by Kahnawake librarian, Brian Deer, for the National Indian Brotherhood in the 1970s.

## Other branches and units

* The Biomedical Branch Library is located at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre.
* The David Lam Management Research Library houses materials relating to commerce and business administration, and the Canaccord Learning Commons.
* The Education Library houses curriculum materials and other education materials, including children's books.
* The Innovation Library a collaboration between UBC Okanagan Library and the Okanagan Regional Library (ORL) and located at ORL's Kelowna branch.
* The Law Library houses law-related materials, and is located in the Allard Hall, the new UBC Faculty of Law building.
* The University Archives is the official repository of the university's corporate records and information
* The Digitization Centre preserves, collects, organizes, disseminates and provides access to the Library's collections
* cIRcle is the university's digital open access institutional repository for research and teaching materials created by the UBC community
* The Library Preservation and Archives (PARC), is a storage facility for low-circulation items

There are also several theological libraries associated with Regent College and the Vancouver School of Theology. The John Richard Allison Library at Regent College houses 185,000 items, including 140,000 print books, with a strong representation of biblical studies, pastoral studies, and Protestant intellectual thought.

## Partnerships and collaboration

The Library is a member of the Canadian Association of Research Libraries and the Association of Research Libraries; CRKN / RCDR; the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions; the Council of Prairie and Pacific University Libraries; the Center for Research Libraries; the Council of Post-Secondary Library Directors, British Columbia; the BC Electronic Library Network; and SPARC.

## InfoBox

| University of British Columbia Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 49°16′00″N 123°15′13″W / 49.2665707°N 123.2535571°W / 49.2665707; -123.2535571 | |
| Location | Vancouver, BC |
| Type | Academic library system of the University of British Columbia (UBC) |
| Established | 1914 |
| Branches | 13 |
| Collection | |
| Items collected | more than 15.8 million items, including 7.8 million physical items (including 5.3 million microforms, 923,000 maps, videos and other multimedia materials.), 3.6 million e-books, and 440,000 journal titles. |
| Size | 8.3 million (2019) |
| Legal deposit | depository library for publications of the governments of British Columbia (BC), Canada, Japan and the United Nations. |
| Other information | |
| Budget | CAD 54.6 million (2022, Vancouver Campus), with 47% for collections, 31% for salaries, 15% for other costs, and 7% for benefits. |
| Employees | 290 total, including 139 Professional Staff, 129 Support Staff, and 22 student assistants (2021) |
| Website | www.library.ubc.ca |


title: Capt. Howard B. Jeffries House

abstract: The Capt. Howard B. Jeffries House is a historic house in Zephyrhills, Florida, United States. It is located in the Zephyrhills Downtown Historic District at 38537 5th Avenue.

text:
# Capt. Howard B. Jeffries House

The **Capt. Howard B. Jeffries House** is a historic house in Zephyrhills, Florida, United States. It is located in the Zephyrhills Downtown Historic District at 38537 5th Avenue.

## Description and history

On November 29, 1995, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The house was built in 1911, enlarged in the 1920s and 1940, and was the home of city founder, Captain Jeffries. Jeffries served in the Union army and established Zephyrhills as a retirement area for old Union soldiers. (Unfortunately, the 1995 application to add this site to the National Register of Historic Places incorrectly gave his first name as Harold. The National Register has corrected the listing, but the error persists on the Internet.

Media related to Capt. Howard B. Jeffries House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Capt. Howard B. Jeffries House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 38537 5th Avenue,<br>Zephyrhills, Pasco County, Florida, USA |
| Coordinates | 28°14′5.5″N 82°10′45″W / 28.234861°N 82.17917°W / 28.234861; -82.17917 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1911 |
| Architectural style | Vernacular |
| NRHP reference No. | 95001370 |
| Added to NRHP | 29 November 1995 |


title: RCA Dimensia

abstract: Dimensia was RCA's brand name for their high-end models of television systems and their components produced from 1984 to 1989, with variations continuing into the early 1990s, superseded by the ProScan model line. After RCA was acquired by General Electric in 1986, GE sold the RCA consumer electronics line to Thomson SA which continued the Dimensia line. They are significant for their wide array of advanced features and for being the first television receiver systems to feature a built in computer, somewhat of an early incarnation of a smart TV, but without internet access. In 1985, RCA released the Digital Command Component System, a fully integrated audio system that permitted the full functionality of Dimensia audio components without a Dimensia monitor. The name "Dimensia" actually dates back to the early 1970s when RCA used the term for an enhanced spatial stereo effect which they called "Dimensia IV". The tagline for the Dimensia was The Next Dimension in Sight and Sound.

text:
# RCA Dimensia

***Dimensia*** (/dɪˈmɛnsiə/ *dih-MEN-see-uh*) was RCA's brand name for their high-end models of television systems and their components (tuner, VCR, CD player, etc.) produced from 1984 to 1989, with variations continuing into the early 1990s, superseded by the ProScan model line. After RCA was acquired by General Electric in 1986, GE sold the RCA consumer electronics line to Thomson SA which continued the Dimensia line. They are significant for their wide array of advanced features and for being the first television receiver systems to feature a built in computer, somewhat of an early incarnation of a smart TV, but without internet access (see Technological convergence). In 1985, RCA released the Digital Command Component System, a fully integrated audio system that permitted the full functionality of Dimensia audio components without a Dimensia monitor. The name "Dimensia" actually dates back to the early 1970s when RCA used the term for an enhanced spatial stereo effect which they called "Dimensia IV". The tagline for the Dimensia was *The Next Dimension in Sight and Sound.*

## Features

The RCA Dimensia systems had a wide array of high-end features that were novel for its time and are still not common anywhere.

### Computer

The main unique feature of the Dimensia system was the MRT 003, a 32-kilobyte built-in computer module which allowed the monitor to communicate with all Dimensia components and the remote functions. All components were connected via the control bus found on the I/O panel on the back of the TV. The control bus was a unique RCA connector which was colored black. All Dimensia branded components had this control jack and they all interconnected by using RCA plugs that could piggy-back, resulting in a daisy chain which simplified wiring. This was known as the SystemLink, a communication system that had 16 kilobytes of computer memory (after the discontinuation of the Dimensia product line, RCA reused the SystemLink term for their universal remotes).

### Input/Output

One of the main features of the Dimensia's was the large input/output panel on the back. This included several RCA composite video terminals as well as multiple unbalanced and balanced RF antenna/cable inputs. This enabled easy connection of all Dimensia system components, each on their own channel. Additionally, the RCA cables were able to be connected piggy-back, resulting in daisy-chain wiring. The components were also connected to the control bus data link via the same piggy-back style RCA connectors. All Dimensia-Intelligent components could interact with the monitor's built-in computer. The first generation console Dimensia I/O panel shown to the left also has a SCART interface, an early multiport A/V interface which was popular in Europe (called EIA Multiport-Stereo Connector by RCA).

### Universal Remote

The Dimensia system came with a very large and advanced universal remote, called *Dimensia Intelligent Audio Video* or *Dimensia Digital Control,* variations of the Digital Command Center. The capabilities of this remote were far more advanced than many (perhaps any) other remotes at that time. For example, with other universal remotes you can control everything separately by controlling one component at a time; one command at a time. With the Dimensia remote, just pushing the VCR button will turn on the VCR, turn on the monitor and then play the tape in the VCR, assuming there is one in the VCR.

The Dimensia remote was not programmable like most universal remotes today. It was only fully compatible with Dimensia components. These components were referred to as *Dimensia Intelligent,* hence the name, *Dimensia Intelligent Audio Video.*

### Television

Dimensia televisions had many unique features that were state of the art at the time and some that are still rare today, including:

#### 1984–1986

* Cable-compatible Quartz tuning
* 26" screen
* greater than 350 lines of luminance resolution
* integral contrast enhancement filter

#### 1987 features

* 27" screen
* Comb Filter (for better quality picture)
* Parental Control
* SAP Channel
* Automatic Light Sensor (measured ambient light in area around TV and adjusted picture and brightness automatically to match room brightness)
* Sleep Timer
* Two antenna inputs
* On-screen Time Display

### VHS (1987)

* FS Tuner
* VHS Hi-Fi stereo
* Headphone Jack
* HQ VHS Picture (better than normal VHS but inferior to S-VHS)
* Slow Motion
* Timer Recording
* Ability to record one program while watching a different program at the same time (Dimensia only)
* Record both the normal stereo audio and SAP audio on the same tape

### Dual Auto-Reverse Cassette Deck (1987)

* One-Touch Dubbing
* Record Mute
* Random Memory Play

### Audio-Video Control Center (1987)

* Dimensia Remote Control
* Automatic switching between components (TV, VCR, turn table, CD, etc. Dimensia only)
* Manual tone controls
* 20-station memory

## Variations

There are different models of the Dimensia, and there were two "generations" of the console and full Dimensia systems.

### Basic/console

This variation of the Dimensia featured just the TV monitor mounted in a heavy wood grain veneer with a large input/output panel. It was on a swivel mount. It was not as commercial as the monitor for the full component-based Dimensia system; however, it was still considered high-end and had the control bus. In other words, the console Dimensia system was intended to be more stand-alone television set than the full Dimensia system. The second generation console version of the Dimensia had the speakers located on the sides rather than underneath the screen (e.g. Model GPR2750P). It had three coaxial cable/antenna posts for separate RF inputs and one output.

**Audio**: Since the console Dimensia monitor was intended to stand alone (the full system had a 100 or 200 watt amplifier and 3-way tower speakers), but was still a high-end system, it featured a more complete built-in audio system than most monitors of the time. It had both woofers and tweeters in the TV cabinet, whereas almost all standard CRT television sets featured just one (mono) or two (stereo) low fidelity mid-range speaker drivers. It also had selectable external speaker connectors to be powered by the internal amp.

### Commercial

The commercial models featured a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) grounded power cord and BNC high-end commercial coaxial inputs. These models were around before the Dimensia system and were called the RCA Lyceum TV. These units were often used in educational facilities or other institutions and had the same chassis as the Colortrak 2000 and Dimensia tabletop model (the primary one). The commercial models had many extensive features such as automatic color balance and an automatic screen brightness adjuster which varied according to the ambient light in the room; at night or with the lights off it would lower its brightness.

### Full Dimensia system

Retailed at over $5,000 USD upon its release in October 1984, it came with all the matching Dimensia-intelligent components, including the VCR, CED player (canceled just before release, with the Digital Command Center remote's "DISC" button being relabeled "VID2", though some of the manuals for Dimensia components continued to show the original "DISC" button; some CED players released before the Dimensia system hit the market have the special control jack and can be used with the system), amplifier, equalizer, speakers, tuner, cassette recorder, CD player and turntable. This was the most remarkable system, as all the components were compatible with the TV's computer and almost any operation could be executed with just the push of a button on the Digital Command Center.

The two TV sets that were the center of this system (FKC2600E and FKC2601T) were physically identical to the Colortrak 2000 chassis. These monitors were where the systems 32 kilobyte microprocessors were located. They sat in a dedicated entertainment center that suited all the components of this fully integrated system. The system was available in two color schemes; a woodgrain veneer and a black exterior from 1984 to 1986. These monitors featured BTSC system three-channel audio which had just been adopted by the Federal Communications Commission as the U.S. standard for stereo television transmission in 1984, the same year as the release of Dimensia.

In 1985, RCA released a 40-inch projection monitor for the system with the 32 kilobyte microprocessors. This was otherwise identical to the 26 inch displays that were initially released.

## Sound system

The initial 1984 Dimensia system came with one of several three-way stereo loudspeaker systems. The first one was the SPK375 which were made to go on optional speaker stands. They were rated at 60 watts RMS and 120 watts maximum and were in a 36-pound acoustic suspension enclosure. These were initially meant to be used with the 100 watt MSA-100 amplifier; then later in 1985 the 200 watt MSA-200 amplifier was released which was compatible with the MGE-160 graphic equalizer. The impedance of the SPK-375 was six ohms and their sensitivity was 91 dB/watt/meter. The frequency response of the speakers built into the TV chassis was 50-15000 Hertz, a standard range for mid-range audio components; the external speakers and amplifiers increased this range to 35-20000 Hertz, a high fidelity range.

The second-generation Dimensia audio components were also made for the Digital Command Component System.

### Digital command component system

In 1985, RCA released a fully integrated audio system known as the "RCA Audio System" that used the MSR-140 stereo receiver as its center for control over all the components. This allowed all Dimensia audio components to be controlled and fully functional without the need of a Dimensia television set. The price of this system started at $1,500 and included the Digital Command Center remote control. It also used the Colortrak 2000 monitor.

The SPK400 and SPK500, released in 1987, were second generation three-way speaker systems. Also released in 1987 for the second generation Dimensia system and for the Digital Command Component System were the MPA-100 and MPA-120 amplifiers; released to replace the MSA-100 and MSA-200, respectively.

In 1987, RCA released the MSP400 for the second-generation Dimensia audio system, an early Dolby Pro Logic surround sound decoder.

Various images of a 1987 console model GPR2740T

**General**: