title: Charlie Louvin

abstract: Charles Elzer Loudermilk, known professionally as Charlie Louvin, was an American country music singer and songwriter. He is best known as one of the Louvin Brothers, and was a member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1955.

text:
# Charlie Louvin

**Charles Elzer Loudermilk** (July 7, 1927  January 26, 2011), known professionally as **Charlie Louvin**, was an American country music singer and songwriter. He is best known as one of the Louvin Brothers, and was a member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1955.

## Biography

Born in Section, Alabama, Louvin was one of seven children and grew up working on the family farm in nearby Henagar. He started singing when he was eight years old.

Louvin began singing professionally with his brother Ira as a teenager on local radio programs in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The boys sang traditional and gospel music in the harmony style they had learned while performing in their church's choir.

After Charlie left the act briefly in 1945 to serve in the Army Air Forces during World War II, the brothers moved first to Knoxville and later to Memphis, working as postal clerks by day, while making appearances in the evening. Another brief disbandment due to Charlie's service in the Korean War led to the brothers' relocation to Birmingham, Alabama.

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| Country Music Performer Charlie Louvin, interviewed by Terry Gross on *Fresh Air*, 22:00, October 24, 2003. | |

Primarily known as gospel artists, the Louvins were convinced by a sponsor, "you can't sell tobacco with gospel music," and began adding secular music to their repertoire. They began making appearances on the famed *Grand Ole Opry* during the 1950s, becoming official members in 1955. The Louvin Brothers released numerous singles, such as "When I Stop Dreaming", with over 20 recordings reaching the country music charts. Their rich harmonies served as an influence for later artists, such as Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, and The Byrds.

By the 1960s, Charlie and Ira's popularity had waned and the brothers split up in 1963. In 1965, Ira was killed in a car accident. Charlie continued to perform solo, making numerous appearances on the *Grand Ole Opry* and in later years acting as an elder statesman for country music.

In 2001, the Louvin Brothers were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

In the 2000s, Charlie had begun rebuilding his career. Although he readily admitted he was never much of a writer, Louvin released a disc of classics containing one new song, a tribute to Ira, and a gospel album on Tompkins Square Records produced by Mark Nevers. The songs mainly pair Louvin with other singers, such as George Jones, Jeff Tweedy of Wilco, Alex McManus of Bright Eyes, Elvis Costello and Derwin Hinson. He also wrote two songs with Rockabilly Hall of Famer Colonel Robert Morris, one of which is on Morris' trucking CD, *Highway Hero*.

As of 2003, Louvin lived in Manchester, Tennessee. He closed his Louvin Brothers museum in Nashville and was looking to open another one in Monteagle, Tennessee, near Chattanooga. He was a cousin of songwriter John D. Loudermilk.

After his July 2010 cancer surgery, Louvin made his first public appearance, and second to last, at Nashville's Americana Music Conference, Sept. 10th. He performed with Emmylou Harris and longtime Harris and Gram Parsons accompanist Al Perkins on steel guitar.

Louvin made one final public appearance on RFD-TV's *The Marty Stuart Show*, alongside his son, Sonny Louvin. He performed "See the Big Man Cry", after which country music icon Connie Smith spoke of her admiration for Louvin, before performing "I Don't Love You Anymore". Leroy Troy, alongside Lester Armistead and Dan Kelly, then performed "Bald Knob, Arkansas", which was written by Charlie's brother, Ira Louvin. Marty Stuart and his Fabulous Superlatives then performed the Louvin Brothers gospel song "The Family Who Prays". The show then closed with Louvin singing the Tom T. Hall song "Back When We Were Young", with Stuart accompanying him on mandolin. The show aired on January 29, 2011, three days after Louvin's death. The show ended with a memorial message: "This episode was taped on December 2, 2010. It was to be Mr. Louvin's last televised performance."

Louvin underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer on July 22, 2010. Doctors expected a full recovery, but "the surgery did not go as planned," according to Louvin's son Sonny, and "he will begin using alternative methods of treatment, going forward". Louvin died from its complications in the early morning of January 26, 2011, in his Wartrace, Tennessee, home, aged 83.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | US Country | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1965 | *Less and Less & I Don't Love You Anymore* | 6 | Capitol |
| 1966 | *The Many Moods of Charlie Louvin* | 9 | |
| | *Lonesome Is Me* | 13 | |
| 1967 | *I'll Remember Always* | 22 | |
| | *I Forgot to Cry* | 25 | |
| 1968 | *Will You Visit Me On Sundays?* |  | |
| 1969 | *Hey Daddy* | 37 | |
| | *The Kind of Man I Am* | 32 | |
| 1970 | *Here's a Toast to Mama* | 44 | |
| | *Ten Times Charlie* |  | |
| 1971 | *Something to Brag About* (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 45 | |
| | *Baby, You've Got What It Takes* (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 45 | |
| 1972 | *The Best of Charlie Louvin* |  | |
| 1974 | *It Almost Felt Like Love* |  | United Artists |
| 1982 | *Jim and Jesse and Charlie* (w/ Jim & Jesse) |  | Soundwaves |
| 1996 | *The Longest Train* (w/ Julian Dawson and Steuart Smith) |  | Watermelon |
| 2006 | *Echoes of the Louvin Brothers* |  | Varèse Sarabande |
| 2007 | *Charlie Louvin* |  | Tompkins Square |
| | *Live at Shake It Records* |  | |
| 2008 | *Steps to Heaven* |  | |
| | *Sings Murder Ballads and Disaster Songs* |  | |
| 2009 | *Hickory Wind: Live at the Gram Parsons Guitar Pull* |  | True North Records |
| 2010 | *The Battles Rage On* |  | |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart Positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country | CAN Country | |
| 1964 | "I Don't Love You Anymore" | 4 | 1 | *Less and Less / I Don't Love You Anymore* |
| 1965 | "Less and Less" | 27 |  | |
| | "See the Big Man Cry" | 7 |  | |
| | "Think I'll Go Somewhere and Cry Myself to Sleep" | 26 |  | *The Many Moods of Charlie Louvin* |
| 1966 | "You Finally Said Something Good (When You Said Goodbye)" | 15 |  | *Lonesome Is Me* |
| | "Something's Wrong" |  |  | |
| | "The Proof Is in the Kissing" | 58 |  | *Will You Visit Me On Sundays?* |
| 1967 | "Off and On" | 38 |  | *I Forgot to Cry* |
| | "On the Other Hand" | 44 |  | |
| | "I Forgot to Cry" | 46 |  | |
| | "The Only Way Out (Is to Walk Over Me)" | 3 |  | *Will You Visit Me On Sundays?* |
| 1968 | "Will You Visit Me On Sundays?" | 20 | | 22 |
| | "Hey Daddy" | 15 | 21 | *Hey Daddy* |
| 1969 | "What Are Those Things (With Big Black Wings)" | 19 |  | *The Kind of Man I Am* |
| | "Let's Put Our World Back Together" | 27 |  | |
| | "Little Reasons" | 29 |  | *Here's a Toast to Mama* |
| 1970 | "Here's a Toast to Mama" | 42 | |  |
| | "Tiny Wings" |  |  | *Ten Times Charlie* |
| | "Come and Get It Mama" | 47 | |  |
| | "Something to Brag About" (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 18 | 26 | *Something to Brag About* |
| | "Sittin' Bull" | 54 |  | single only |
| 1971 | "Did You Ever" (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 26 |  | *Baby, You've Got What It Takes* |
| | "Love Has to Die by Itself" |  |  | *The Best of Charlie Louvin* |
| | "Baby, You've Got What It Takes" (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 30 |  | *Baby, You've Got What It Takes* |
| | "I'm Gonna Leave You" (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 60 |  | singles only |
| 1972 | "I Placed a Call" |  | |  |
| | "Just in Time (To Watch Love Die)" | 70 | |  |
| | "Baby, What's Wrong with Us" (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 66 | |  |
| 1973 | "A Man Likes Things Like That" (w/ Melba Montgomery) | 59 | |  |
| | "Bottom of the Fifth" |  | |  |
| | "Funny Man" |  | |  |
| 1974 | "You're My Wife, She's My Woman" | 36 |  | *It Almost Felt Like Love* |
| | "It Almost Felt Like Love" | 76 |  | |
| | "I Want to See You (One More Time)" |  |  | singles only |
| 1975 | "I Just Want a Happy Life" |  | |  |
| | "Is I Love You That Easy to Say" |  | |  |
| 1976 | "Sweet Texas" |  | |  |
| | "Store Up Love" |  | |  |
| 1978 | "When I Was Your Man" |  | |  |
| 1979 | "Two of a Kind" |  | |  |
| | "Love Don't Care" (w/ Emmylou Harris) | 91 | |  |
| 1982 | "North Wind" (w/ Jim & Jesse) | 56 |  | *Jim and Jesse and Charlie* |
| | "Showboat Gamblin'" (w/ Jim & Jesse) |  |  | |
| 1989 | "The Precious Jewel" (w/ Roy Acuff) | 87 |  | singles only |
| | "He Keeps Crying Over You" |  |  | |
| 2007 | "Ira" |  |  | *Charlie Louvin* |
| 2010 | "Back When We Were Young" |  |  | "Single Only" |

Footnotes Works cited * Gutterman, Jimmy. (1998). "The Louvin Brothers". In *The Encyclopedia of Country Music*. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–6.

## InfoBox

| Charlie Louvin | |
| --- | --- |
| Charlie Louvin at Banjo Jim's NYC 2008 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Charles Elzer Loudermilk |
| Born | (1927-07-07)July 7, 1927
Section, Alabama, U.S. |
| Died | January 26, 2011(2011-01-26) (aged 83)
Wartrace, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, vocals |
| Years active | 1940s2000s |
| Labels | MGM, Capitol, United Artists, First Generation Records, Playback, Watermelon, Tompkins Square, Audiograph |
| Formerly of | The Louvin Brothers, Melba Montgomery |


title: Sports in upstate New York

abstract: Upstate New York is a storied region in North American athletics. Upstate New York has a large community centered around a variety of sports, in all seasons.

text:
# Sports in upstate New York

**Upstate New York** is a storied region in North American **athletics**.

Upstate New York has a large community centered around a variety of sports, in all seasons.

## Sports

### Hockey

Ice hockey is a fairly large part of culture in Upstate New York. This is due in part to upstate having strong cultural ties to Canada, and Southern Ontario. Binghamton, New York was branded Hockeytown in the mid 1970s. The city of Buffalo, New York also has been branded as "hockey town", due to the large presence of the game in the area. Although certain areas of upstate may have larger followings of the sport than others, it is present all over the state.

It is played by many at the youth and high school level. Junior hockey also is present in the region, particularly the USPHL & OHL.

It is also played by many at the collegiate level, with NCAA D1, D2, and D3 ice hockey teams in the region. SUNYAC houses several college ice hockey powerhouses, including the Oswego Lakers and Plattsburgh Cardinals, who share a heated rivalry. Additionally, the ACHA has a large presence in Upstate New York. Many teams play in the Upstate New York Club Hockey League.

Professionally, ice hockey has a large presence in Upstate New York. Aside from the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League, the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League are located in Rochester, New York. The AHL has a long history throughout upstate. Other professional leagues such as the ECHL and Federal Prospects Hockey League have a presence in upstate.

### Lacrosse

The sport of lacrosse is largely present in Upstate New York. Much of this is due to the long history of Native Americans in Upstate New York with lacrosse being a Native American game. Known as "the creators game", it is a growing game throughout the region. Syracuse, New York is known nationally as a lacrosse hotbed.

Like hockey, upstate and its presence of lacrosse was also influenced by the cultural connections with Canada where the game is one of Canada's national sports.

While field lacrosse is played at the youth, high school, and collegiate level - it is not the only form of the game played. Box lacrosse is also played, and the NLL's Buffalo Bandits are located in Buffalo, New York.

### Baseball

The report of the 1905-1907 Mills Commission, charged with investigating the origins of baseball, named Cooperstown, New York as the place where baseball was invented in the 1830s or 1840s by Abner Doubleday. Cooperstown is the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

Baseball is played across the state at the youth, high school, and collegiate level.

### Basketball

The first away game in the sport of basketball was played at the Albany YMCA gymnasium in 1892, the year after the sport was invented in nearby Springfield College in Massachusetts.

### Football

The New York Pro Football League was an informal circuit of teams based in various cities across Upstate New York.

The NYPFL would compete primarily in local circuits before participating in what is believed to be the first playoff tournament in professional football, which culminated in a Thanksgiving championship at Buffalo Baseball Park. The NYPFL was one of several regional leagues that foreshadowed the formation of the National Football League.

As of 2023, the only professional football team in the territory is the Buffalo Bills of the NFL. Although the region has hosted indoor football teams in the past, no teams currently play in the region.

### Auto racing

In auto racing, Watkins Glen International Speedway is the major race track in the area and hosts annual races in the NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series as well as the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship and the Sports Car Club of America.

Holland Speedway in Holland hosts races in the Whelen All-American Series. In addition, numerous smaller speedways and dirt tracks exist in Little Valley, Freedom, Humphrey, Granby, Oswego, Lancaster, Ransomville and numerous other cities and towns.

## Professional, collegiate & native athletics

### Notable minor league teams

Upstate is no stranger to minor league sports. Rochester, New York as one example is home to several minor league sports teams, such as the AHL's Rochester Americans, and baseball's Rochester Red Wings.

Other Upstate New York minor league professional sports teams include:

The Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League and New York Collegiate Baseball League operate within Upstate New York.

### Major league teams

Upstate New York was **formerly** the home to major league sports teams such as:

Currently in 2023, the only teams in North America's major leagues that call Upstate New York home are:

### Collegiate athletics

Numerous SUNY and private colleges call Upstate New York home. Cornell University's Big Red intercollegiate sports program is known for their NCAA D1 prestigious hockey program in Ithaca, New York, while Syracuse University's Syracuse Orange intercollegiate sports program in Syracuse, New York is known for their notable NCAA D1 basketball program.

In Western New York, the UB Bulls are the most widely known college football team, while in basketball, the regional "Big 4" rivalry between UB, the Canisius Golden Griffins, the Niagara Purple Eagles and St. Bonaventure Bonnies takes prominence.

Siena College located in Loudonville, New York men's basketball team in 2008 (Vanderbilt) as a 13-seed and in 2009 (Ohio St.) as a 9-seed, upset major programs to advance to second of their respected NCAA Tournaments. The St. Bonaventure women's basketball team reached the Sweet 16 of the 2012 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament, and the Buffalo Bulls women's basketball team reach the Sweet 16 of the 2018 NCAA D1 Women's Basketball Tournament.

Upstate New York's numerous SUNY colleges compete in the State University of New York Athletic Conference. Most recently, the Le Moyne Dolphins representing Le Moyne College in Syracuse, began a transition from NCAA Division II to Division I in 2023 as the newest member of the Northeast Conference. Le Moyne's men's basketball team has a storied history. Playing as a Division II/small college team, they had 64 wins over Division I/major programs between 1950 and 1977.

### Native American athletics

The First Nations Lacrosse Association organizes the Iroquois Nationals (men) and Haudenosaunee Nationals (women), which are the national lacrosse teams of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy that competes in international competition. It represents the Iroquois reservations in the United States, the Grand River reservation in Ontario and the Seven Nations in Quebec. The team was admitted to the International Lacrosse Federation (ILF), since superseded by the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL), in 1990 and is the only Native American/First Nations team sanctioned to compete in any sport internationally.

## Athletes

## Athletic events

## Athletic leagues


title: 55th Tony Awards

abstract: The 55th Annual Tony Awards was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 3, 2001 and broadcast by CBS. "The First Ten" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick. The Producers won 12 awards, breaking the 37-year-old record set by Hello, Dolly! to become the most awarded show in Tony Awards history. Mel Brooks's win made him the eighth person to become an EGOT.

text:
# 55th Tony Awards

The **55th Annual Tony Awards** was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 3, 2001 and broadcast by CBS. "The First Ten" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television . The event was co-hosted by Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick. *The Producers* won 12 awards (every award it was eligible to win), breaking the 37-year-old record set by *Hello, Dolly!* to become the most awarded show in Tony Awards history. Mel Brooks's win made him the eighth person to become an EGOT.

## Eligibility

Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2000–01 season before May 3, 2001 are eligible.

## The ceremony

Presenters: Joan Allen, Dick Cavett, Kristin Chenoweth, Glenn Close, Dame Edna, Edie Falco, Kathleen Freeman, Gina Gershon, Heather Headley, Cherry Jones, Jane Krakowski, Marc Kudisch, Eric McCormack, Audra McDonald, Reba McEntire, Donna McKechnie, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Gwyneth Paltrow, Sarah Jessica Parker, Bernadette Peters, Natasha Richardson, Doris Roberts, Gary Sinise, Lily Tomlin, Henry Winkler, and three "Broadway Babies" (Meredith Patterson, Bryn Bowling, and Carol Bentley).

The musicals that performed were:

Plays were also presented:

## Winners and nominees

Winners are in **bold**

Source: BroadwayWorld

| Best Play | Best Musical |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| Best Revival of a Play | Best Revival of a Musical |
|  |  |
| Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play | Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play |
|  |  |
| Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical | Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical |
|  |  |
| Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play | Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play |
|  |  |
| Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical | Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical |
|  |  |
| Best Book of a Musical | Best Original Score (Music and/or Lyrics) Written for the Theatre |
|  |  |
| Best Scenic Design | Best Costume Design |
|  |  |
| Best Lighting Design | Best Orchestrations |
|  |  |
| Best Direction of a Play | Best Direction of a Musical |
|  |  |
| Best Choreography |
|  |

## Special awards

Regional Theatre Award

Special Theatrical Event

Special Lifetime Achievement Tony Award

Tony Honors for Excellence in the Theatre

### Multiple nominations and awards

## InfoBox

| 55th Tony Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | June 3, 2001 |
| Location | Radio City Music Hall, New York City, New York |
| Hosted by | Matthew Broderick and Nathan Lane |
| Most awards | *The Producers* (12) |
| Most nominations | *The Producers* (15) |
| Website | tonyawards.com |
| Television/radio coverage | |
| Network | CBS |
| Viewership | 8.9 million |
| Produced by | Ricky Kirshner<br>Gary Smith |
| Directed by | Glenn Weiss |
|


title: The World's Greatest Super-Heroes

abstract:
{{Infobox comic book title |image = The World's Greatest Super-Heroes.png
|format = |publisher = DC Comics |date= July 6, 2005 |
|main_char_team =Superman, Batman, Captain Marvel, Wonder Woman, Justice League of America |writers = Paul Dini and Alex Ross |artists = Alex Ross | TPB = Hardcover
| ISBN = 1401202543
| TPB1 = Trade Paperback
| ISBN1 = 1401202551
| TPB2 = Absolute Edition
| ISBN2 = 140127370X
| sort = World's Greatest Super-Heroes
}} The World's Greatest Super-Heroes is a hardcover anthology collection of six oversized graphic novels published by DC Comics and created by artist Alex Ross and writer Paul Dini. The collection was released on July 6, 2005.

text:
# The World's Greatest Super-Heroes

{{Infobox comic book title

```
|image = The World's Greatest Super-Heroes (DC Comics).png
|format =
```

|publisher = DC Comics |date= July 6, 2005 |

```
|main_char_team =Superman, Batman, Captain Marvel, Wonder Woman, Justice League of America
```

|writers = Paul Dini and Alex Ross |artists = Alex Ross | TPB = Hardcover | ISBN = 1401202543 | TPB1 = Trade Paperback | ISBN1 = 1401202551 | TPB2 = Absolute Edition | ISBN2 = 140127370X | sort = World's Greatest Super-Heroes }}

***The World's Greatest Super-Heroes*** is a hardcover anthology collection of six oversized graphic novels published by DC Comics and created by artist Alex Ross and writer Paul Dini. The collection was released on July 6, 2005.

## Publication history

Beginning in 1998, DC published special one-shot oversized graphic novels to celebrate the 60th anniversary of some of its main characters: *Superman: Peace on Earth* was the first of these in 1998, followed by *Batman: War on Crime* in 1999. These first two works won Harvey and Eisner Awards for Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (Ross) and Best Graphic Album. In addition, *Peace on Earth* also won a Reuben Award for best Superman comic. Following these, DC released *Shazam!: Power of Hope* in 2000 and finally *Wonder Woman: Spirit of Truth* in 2001.

The following year, DC Comics also published one extra book: *JLA: Secret Origins*. The work presented the origins of the four main characters already published in the previous books as well as the origins of other Justice League members: Atom, Green Lantern, Flash, Green Arrow, Black Canary, Martian Manhunter, Hawkman, Hawkgirl and Plastic Man. Every origin was present in two-pages layout based on Joe Shuster's origin of Superman from *Action Comics* #1.

The final book, published in 2003, *JLA: Liberty and Justice* presented a full story featuring the entire group, the first time that Ross was able to use all characters in the current timeline. The artwork is of Ross' very own photorealism, and the books themselves were created after the success of Ross' and writer Mark Waid's famous *Kingdom Come*.

*The World's Greatest Super-Heroes* was released on August 1, 2005 on dust-jacket slipcase hardcover edition (9.6" x 13") and got paperback reprint (8.2" x 11") on September 28, 2010. Both collected versions are smaller than the original Treasury Editions (10" x 13.5"). The book was rereleased in 2017 as *Absolute Justice League: The World's Greatest Super-Heroes*.

## Collected issues

## Reception

The work was critically lauded for its realistic depiction of the heroes as well as Ross' photorealistic art. IGN critic Hilary Goldstein, however, noted that the writing was "dry" and "monotone", especially in the Superman story.


title: Steamcon

abstract: Steamcon was one of the largest steampunk conventions/symposia in the United States. Located in the Seattle area of Washington state, Steamcon held its first symposium in 2009. Steamcon grew out of the desire of its founders to host a steampunk event in greater Seattle. The idea to start the event was hatched at the local science fiction convention Norwescon in 2008 when multiple people expressed an interest to hold an event devoted exclusively to steampunk. Although the idea for a Seattle area Steampunk convention referred to as SteamCon was first used as the basis for a panel at Anglicon 6 in Seattle in May 1993.

text:
# Steamcon

**Steamcon** was one of the largest steampunk conventions/symposia in the United States. Located in the Seattle area of Washington state, Steamcon held its first symposium in 2009.

Steamcon grew out of the desire of its founders to host a steampunk event in greater Seattle. The idea to start the event was hatched at the local science fiction convention Norwescon in 2008 when multiple people expressed an interest to hold an event devoted exclusively to steampunk. Although the idea for a Seattle area Steampunk convention referred to as SteamCon was first used as the basis for a panel at Anglicon 6 in Seattle in May 1993.

## Past symposia

### 2009

The first Steamcon was held October 23–25, 2009 at the Seattle Airport Marriott in Seatac, Washington. The convention in its first year had 1,350 people attend, making it one of the largest, if not the largest, steampunk devoted conventions in North America.

**Guests of Honor**

* Author Guest of Honor: Tim Powers
* Artist Guest of Honor: Paul Guinan
* Musical Guests of Honor: Abney Park

### 2010

The second annual Steamcon was held November 19–21, 2010. The host venues were the Hilton Seattle Airport Hotel and the Seattle Airport Marriott. The theme was "Weird Weird West." Approximately 1,950 guests were in attendance.

**Guests of Honor**

### 2011

The third annual Steamcon was held October 14–16, 2011. The host venue was the Bellevue Hyatt Regency Bellevue. The theme was "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". About 2,250 guests were in attendance.

**Guests of Honor**

### 2012

The fourth annual Steamcon was held October 26–28, 2012. The host venue was the Bellevue Hyatt Regency. The theme was "Victorian Monsters".

**Guests of Honor**

* Author Guest of Honor: Kim Newman (unable to attend)
* Artist Guest of Honor: Joe Benitez
* Musical Guests of Honor: Rasputina
* Monster Hunters of Honor: The League of S.T.E.A.M.

### 2013

The fifth annual Steamcon was held from October 25–27, 2013. The theme was "Around the World". The venue was the Bellevue Hyatt Regency.

**Guests of Honor**

## Cancelled symposium

### 2014

On March 9, 2014, a post on the Steamcon official Facebook page revealed that Steamcon VI would be cancelled due to a debt of at least $41,500 to Bellevue Hyatt Regency and other organizations.

The 6th annual Steamcon was to be held on October 3–5, 2014. The theme was to be "Mechanical World". The venue would have been the Bellevue Hyatt Regency.

## InfoBox

| Steamcon | |
| --- | --- |
| Official Steamcon Logo | |
| Status | Inactive |
| Genre | Steampunk |
| Venue | Bellevue Hyatt Regency |
| Location(s) | Bellevue, Washington |
| Country | USA |
| Organized by | Steampunk Conventions |
| Website | http://www.steamcon.org/ |


title: Church of Saint Cecilia in Cos

abstract: The church of Sainte-Cécile de Cos is a pre-Romanesque and Romanesque church built between the 9th and 11th centuries in Le Tech, in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales. Sainte-Cécile de Cos is a small, disused rural chapel. It has twelve meters long and is built on a simple plan: a rectangular nave extended to the east by a flat apse, all lit by a few narrow, single-splayed windows. Devoid of any furnishings, its ruins were restored in the 20th century. The history of Sainte-Cécile began in the 9th century under the patronage of Saint Mary, when it became a possession of the abbey of Sainte-Marie d'Arles-sur-Tech. As Cos' territory grew, it was enlarged and embellished, and became a parish church in 1159. This status was lost around 1600, and the chapel was gradually abandoned. It was looted during the Roussillon war. By the 1990s, as it fell into disuse and ruin, its walls were raised and a concrete vault erected to protect it.

text:
# Church of Saint Cecilia in Cos

The **church of Sainte-Cécile de Cos** (Catalan: *Santa Cecília de Cos* or *Santa Cecília de Coç*) is a pre-Romanesque and Romanesque church built between the 9th and 11th centuries in Le Tech, in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

Sainte-Cécile de Cos is a small, disused rural chapel. It has twelve meters long and is built on a simple plan: a rectangular nave extended to the east by a flat apse, all lit by a few narrow, single-splayed windows. Devoid of any furnishings, its ruins were restored in the 20th century.

The history of Sainte-Cécile began in the 9th century under the patronage of Saint Mary, when it became a possession of the abbey of Sainte-Marie d'Arles-sur-Tech. As Cos' territory grew, it was enlarged and embellished, and became a parish church in 1159.

This status was lost around 1600, and the chapel was gradually abandoned. It was looted during the Roussillon war (late 18th century). By the 1990s, as it fell into disuse and ruin, its walls were raised and a concrete vault erected to protect it.

## Location

The Canigou massif is the most eastern of the Pyrenean massifs, rising above 2,000 m. Located in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales, it separates the natural and historic Catalan regions of Vallespir to the south and Conflent to the north.

On the southern flank of this massif, at an altitude of around 650 m, stands the church of Sainte-Cécile de Cos, on a south-facing shoulder overlooking the valley of the river Tech by 150 m, in the commune also known as Le Tech. It is overlooked by a small plateau known as *pla de Cos*, and a stony spur on top of which stands the tower of Cos.

The church stands on the D44 departmental road between Le Tech and Montferrer, between *Mas Sainte-Cécile* and *Mas de Cos*.

## Toponymy

In the name Cos, the s is pronounced as in "*cosse*".

In the 9th century, the various known forms of the name Cos are Cotsio (in 869), Cotso (in 881), and Cotxo. *Cocio* appears in a text from 1036. The Catalan name is Cos according to Lluís Basseda and the *Nomenclàtor toponímic de la Catalunya del Nord* from the University of Perpignan, while the *Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana* and *Catalunya romànica* use Coç.

This name probably derives from that of a person and a domain: either the Germanic *Cottio*, or the Latin *Coccius*. These two forms may have given rise to *Cotx*, then *Cox* and finally *Cos*. Other origins have been proposed: the Latin words *Cotis* ("stones") or *Cursus* ("passage"), but these forms, according to the rules of evolution of the Romance language, would not have given Cotx, but *Cots* or *Cors*.

According to Aymat Catafau, the first mention of Sainte-Cécile church in a text dates back to 1159. According to Jean Ribes, the church was previously dedicated to Saint Mary.

## History

### La *cella* de Cos

In the context of the Catalan Middle Ages, a *cella* (modern Catalan: *cel-la*) is a place where a small monastic community lives, first independently and then, from the Carolingian period onwards, under the sway of an abbey. Monks lived there, celebrated mass, cleared and cultivated the land. It was under the impetus of the Benedictine monks that, in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the retreat of the Moors, the population of Vallespir grew, with the *cellae* and monasteries crystallizing around them centers of population.

In the 9th century, the cella of Cos is mentioned in three diplomas granted by the Carolingian kings to the abbey of Arles-sur-Tech. A precept from Charles II the Bald, dated February 23, 869, lists the *cella quae vocatur Cotsio* ("cella called Cotsio") among the abbey's possessions, granting it the privilege of free movement for monks and immunity. In 878, Louis the Stammerer confirmed this immunity for Abbot Castellan II, and granted the Arles monastery free election of its abbot. This text also defined the limits of Cos' territory. On August 30, 881, Carloman II again confirmed the immunity of the abbot of Arles, named Suniefred, and his possessions, including the *Cella de Cotso*.

The site of the cella is on a relatively important route at the time, connecting the Conflent, from Vinça, to Vallespir and extending from Cos towards the southern Pyrenees, either via the Notre-Dame-du-Coral hermitage, or via the Sainte-Marguerite chapel on the Col d'Ares, where there is a hospice. The cella of Cos, like Notre-Dame-del-Coral and the chapel on the Col d'Ares, served as a refuge for travelers on this route, both pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostela and migrants seeking work in the region. Indeed, throughout the Middle Ages, the Vallespir and Canigou massif were in great demand, particularly for ironworking (mines, forges, trade), so much so that part of the route was called "*la route du fer*" (*el cami del ferro*).

At this time, according to Jean Ribes, the *cella* chapel was dedicated to St. Mary.

It was probably during the second half of the 9th century that a very small place of worship (of which only the apse remains today) was built, along with a building used as a refuge for travelers. This sanctuary was extended by a triumphal arch and a vaulted nave around the year 1000.

### The parish of Sainte-Cécile

In the 11th century, living conditions continued to improve for the region's inhabitants, with the emergence of a cloth and fabric industry in Vallespir: weaving workshops and mills were set up, and textile plants were cultivated.

The growth of the population around the Cos cella led to the creation of a parish. The church was consecrated once again (perhaps the third time), becoming a parish church under the patronage of Saint Cecilia on October 21, 1159. The bishop of Elne, Artal III, consecrated other churches belonging to the Arles abbey at this time, in a short time: Saint-Martin de Corsavy, on October 12, 1158; Saint-Étienne d'Arles, on October 19 of the same year; Saint-Pierre de Riuferrer, on November 15, 1159; the chapel of Saint-Laurent in the parish of Coustouges, on November 22, 1159.

In addition to the bishop of Elne, the ceremony was attended by numerous notables from the entire region: Abbot Raymond d'Arles-sur-Tech, who was behind the new consecration, the canon of Elne cathedral, as well as the lords of Cos, Montferrer, Brouilla, Passa and Villelongue, and, according to Jean Ribes, "a multitude of faithful, some from very far away". The current portal may have been rebuilt on this occasion, as was a porch added in front of the church to accommodate the large number of worshippers.

The house annexed to the church was donated to the parish, along with an income equal to one-third of the tithes collected on its territory. Various privileges were granted to the parish priest, including the right to report directly to the abbot of Arles, rather than to the village batlle (equivalent to mayor or bailiff). A cemetery, where the inhabitants were to be buried, was created next to the church. The founding text of the parish also defined its territory. It comprises four large farms named La Font, Puig Rodon, Manyacas and Cos, as well as several isolated dwellings, and extends as far as the village of Le Tech. The village is divided between two parishes: the rue d'Amont (or carrer d'Amunt) belongs to the parish of Sainte-Cécile, and the rest to the parish of Sainte-Juste-et-Sainte-Ruffine de Prats-de-Mollo. The parish's territory is bounded by the Coll de Maures pass and the three rivers Coumelade, Fou and Tech.

In the 13th century, a signal tower (known as the Tour de Cos) was erected atop the rocky spur overlooking the church.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, the four farmhouses in the parish of Sainte-Cécile were no longer generating sufficient income for their owners, who had to pay heavy charges to the Abbey of Arles. They changed hands several times, sometimes in the form of simple donations.

In 1547, a newcomer settled in the parish. He was a merchant from the Ossau valley (at the other end of the Pyrenees), named Joanoto de Trescases. As early as 1548, he began buying up land. After his death in 1559, his estate was extended by his son Jacques, who owned almost the entire parish. In 1623, Jacques' son Jean-Michel obtained relief from the Abbey of Arles from the numerous taxes and servitudes.

### Decay and ruin

In 1603 or earlier, the parish of Sainte-Cécile was merged with that of Saint-Étienne d'Arles-sur-Tech. The parish priest of both parishes now resided in Arles-sur-Tech, and came to Cos only for funerals and Sunday mass, which was celebrated only irregularly. Parishioners sometimes turn to other, more accessible priests. This was particularly the case for the inhabitants of the village of Le Tech, who had a church nearby that was better served by the ecclesiastical authorities of the parish of Prats-de-Mollo. At the same time, the Arles abbey was weakening. The head of the Trescases family, who had settled at Mas de Cos, began selling land. He obtained the title of batlle. The direct consequences of this disaffection are a lack of maintenance of the building adjoining the church, which is gradually falling into ruin, and a gradual abandonment of the cemetery. For example, Cos' victims of the 1763 floods were buried in the Saint-Étienne parish cemetery.

In 1711, Jean-Pierre Trescases, a descendant of Joanoto, declared in his will that he wished to be buried in the church of Sainte-Cécile, which he referred to as the "tomb of his ancestors".

When the communes were created in 1790, neither the parish of Cos nor the village of Le Tech were deemed suitable for elevation to the rank of commune, due to a lack of inhabitants, despite their request. The whole area became part of Prats-de-Mollo.

After the French Revolution, the church of Sainte-Cécile was looted and burned by Spanish soldiers during the raids they carried out in the département after Napoleon's troops withdrew from Spain. The floor tiles were lifted, and the remains of the Trescases family desecrated. According to oral tradition, the bell was stolen and sold to a scrap dealer. Tradition has it that parishioners, having spotted the thief, intercepted him and ordered him to take the object of his misdeed back to the Tech. Although the anecdote is not attested to in historical texts, the Sainte-Cécile bell did indeed end up hanging in the church at Le Tech, from where it disappeared, swept away with the entire church by the catastrophic floods of 1940.

Le Tech was established as a parish in 1826, and was granted commune status in 1859. Its territory included the Coumelade river valley and the former parish of Sainte-Cécile. Michel Trescases, a direct descendant of Juanoto, great-grandson of the aforementioned Michel Trescases and owner of Cos, obtained this status. He was the first mayor of Le Tech, from 1862 until his death in 1909. He built a road lined with platanus trees between Cos and the village of Le Tech.

The building fell into disrepair and became overgrown. To limit the extent of the damage, the owners cleared the rubble and cleared the immediate vicinity of the church, including the interior, where trees had grown in the mid-1960s.

In 1984, Jean Ribes described the vaulting of the Sainte-Cécile church as "completely collapsed", whereas it was "still intact at the beginning of this century", and pointed out traces of fresco on the triumphal arch, as well as a staircase to the left of the entrance leading to a gallery. Only a section of wall remains from the apse. The last remnants of the starry sky painting on the triumphal arch disappeared before the year 2000.

In 1996 and 1997, partial restoration work was carried out under the direction of historian Pierre Ponsich. The work initially involved rebuilding the collapsed walls. The vaults were also rebuilt, in concrete for the nave and in stone for the apse.

## Architecture

The plan of Sainte-Cécile de Cos is typical of pre-Romanesque churches in the region: oriented east/west, the building comprises a simple, approximately rectangular nave, extended to the east by a flat, trapezoidal apse whose axis is slightly offset from that of the nave. A final pre-Romanesque feature is provided by the sparse, simply splayed windows and by the location of the only doorway in the south wall of the nave. The whole structure is barrel-vaulted. At the level of the separation between the nave and the apse are the remains of a bell-gable, which must once have had one or two bays.

The nave is 8.70 m long and 5.80 m wide. The apse is a quadrilateral 4.50 m wide and 3.50 m deep. The stonework is made up of roughly hammered rubble stones bonded with abundant lime mortar, reinforced at the corners with larger, more precisely-cut stones. The walls are very thick. The irregularity of the masonry, which is more pronounced in the apse than in the nave, suggests an earlier construction. The stones used are of local origin, larger and more regular in the nave than in the apse. The north wall houses two rectangular niches.

Inside, the south and north walls are flanked by a stone bench. Two steps lead up to the apse, whose floor is higher than that of the nave. The two parts of the building are linked by a centring triumphal arch built of very fine stoneware, also bonded with abundant mortar, on which traces of the planks used to hold it together during construction remain. A well-worn, ovoid-shaped granite baptismal font may date from the Romanesque period.

1. "Canigó | enciclopedia.cat". *www.enciclopedia.cat*. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
2. Carte IGN sous Géoportail.
3. *Nomenclàtor toponímic de la Catalunya del Nord*. Barcelone: Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Université de Perpignan. 2007.
4. Basseda (1990, p. 711)
5. Sagnes (1985, pp. 579–1133)
6. "Coç". *Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana*. Barcelone: Edicions 62.
7. "Santa Cecília de Coç". *Catalunya romànica*. Barcelone: Fundació Enciclopèdia Catalana. 1996.
8. Catafau (1998, p. 312.)
9. Ribes (1984, pp. 169, 170.)
10. "Cel·la". *Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana* (in Catalan). Barcelone: Edicions 62.
11. Basseda (1990, pp. 247, 248.)
12. Martinez & Rossignol (1975, pp. 148–150.)
13. Carrière (2000–2001, p. 107.)
14. d'Abadal i de Vinyals (1950, pp. 30, 31)
15. d'Abadal i de Vinyals (1950, pp. 33, 36.)
16. Ribes (1984, pp. 164, 165.)
17. d'Abadal i de Vinyals (1950, pp. 37, 39.)
18. Mallet (2003, pp. 297, 298.)
19. Ribes (1984, p. 168.)
20. Capeille, Jean (1914). *Dictionnaire de biographies roussillonnaises*. Perpignan. pp. 33 and 505.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
21. Ribes (1984, p. 179.)
22. Ribes (1984, pp. 178, 179.)
23. Ribes (1984, pp. 184–186.)
24. Ribes (1984, p. 180.)
25. Ribes (1984, pp. 180, 181.)
26. Ribes (1984, pp. 187–189.)
27. Carrière (2000–2001, p. 110.)
28. Ribes (1984, pp. , p. 166–168.)
29. Ribes (1984, p. légende de la photo n°80.)
30. Carrière (2000–2001, p. 114.)
31. Carrière (2000–2001, p. 111.)
32. Carrière (2000–2001, p. 113.)
33. Carrière (2000–2001, p. 108.)
34. Carrière (2000–2001, p. 109.)

## Bibliography

* Basseda, Lluís (1990). "Toponymie historique de Catalunya Nord". *Revista Terra Nostra*. **1**.
* Catafau, Aymat (1998). *Les Celleres et la naissance du village en Roussillon*. Perpignan: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan. ISBN 2-905828-97-8.
* Carrière, Laurence (2000–2001). "Deux chapelles du haut-Vallespir inscrites dans la tradition préromane: Saint-Guillem de Combret et Sainte-Cécile de Cos". *Études roussillonnaises* (XVIII): 107–116.
* Gibrat, Joseph (1916). *La paroisse de Sainte-Cécile de Cos*. Perpignan: Barrière et Cie. p. 38.
* Gineste, Roger (1993). *Le Tech, Haut Vallespir: La mémoire d'un village, mille ans d'histoire*. Perpignan: du Castillet.
* Mallet, Géraldine (2003). *Églises romanes oubliées du Roussillon*. Montpellier: Les Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 978-2-8599-8244-7.
* Martinez, Catherine; Rossignol, Nicole (1975). "Le peuplement du Roussillon, du Conflent et du Vallespir aux ixe et xe siècles". *Annales du Midi: Revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale*. **87** (122): 139–156. doi:10.3406/anami.1975.1595.
* Ribes, Jean (1984). *Haut et moyen Vallespir au fil du temps: Antiques paroisses et ermitages, mille ans de ferveur populaire*. Perpignan: Éditions du Castillet.
* Sagnes, Jean (1985). *Le pays catalan*. Société nouvelle d'éditions régionales. pp. 579–1133. ISBN 2904610014.
* Vivier, Julie; Lapique, Sylvain (2011). *Guide des Pyrénées romanes*. Toulouse: Éditions Privat. ISBN 978-2-7089-6902-5.

### In Catalan

* "Canigó". *Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana*. Barcelone: Edicions 62.
* "cel·la". *Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana*. Barcelone: Edicions 62.
* "Coç". *Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana*. Barcelone: Edicions 62.
* d'Abadal i de Vinyals, Ramon (1950). "Catalunya carolingia". *eLS Diplomes Carolingis a Catalunya (Primera Part)*. **2**. Barcelone: Institut d'Estudis catalans.
* "Santa Cecília de Coç". *Catalunya romànica: El Vallespir. El Capcir. El Donasà. La Fenolleda*. Fundació Enciclopèdia Catalana. 1996.

### Further reading

42°25′01″N 2°33′33″E / 42.41681°N 2.55916°E / 42.41681; 2.55916

## InfoBox

| Church of Sainte-Cécile de Cos | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of Sainte-Cécile de Cos seen from the east | |
| Religion | |
| District | Le Tech |
| Province | Pyrénées-Orientales |
| Region | Occitanie |
| Deity | Saint Cecilia |
| Type | Church |
| Location | |
| Country | France |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Pre-Romanesque art |
| Completed | 10th or early 12th century |


title: Topola (selo)

abstract: Topola (selo) is a village in the municipality of Topola, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1363 people.

text:
# Topola (selo)

**Topola (selo)** is a village in the municipality of Topola, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1363 people.

44°15′54″N 20°40′20″E / 44.26500°N 20.67222°E / 44.26500; 20.67222

## InfoBox

| Topola (selo) Топола (село) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Šumadija District |
| Municipality | Topola |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 1,363 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: 1935–36 FAI Cup

abstract: The FAI Cup 1935–36[A] was the fifteenth edition of Ireland's premier cup competition, The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup. The tournament began on 1 January 1936 and concluded on 19 April with the final held at Dalymount Park, Dublin. An official attendance[B] of 30,946 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim their seventh title by defeating Cork.

text:
# 1935–36 FAI Cup

The **FAI Cup 193536**\[A\] was the fifteenth edition of Ireland's premier cup competition, **The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup** or FAI Cup. The tournament began on 1 January 1936 and concluded on 19 April with the final held at Dalymount Park, Dublin. An official attendance\[B\] of 30,946 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim their seventh title by defeating Cork.

## First round

|
|  |
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Date |
| 1 | GSR | 1-4 | **Reds United** | 1 January 1936 |
| 2 | **Bohemians** | 7-0 | Waterford | 11 January 1936 |
| 3 | Cork | 2-2 | Bray Unknowns | 12 January 1936 |
| **replay** | Bray Unknowns | 1-6 | **Cork** | 15 January 1936 |
| 4 | Dolphin | 1-0\[C\] | Drumcondra | 12 January 1936 |
| **refix**\[C\] | Dolphin | 3-6 | **Drumcondra** | 16 January 1936 |
| 5 | **Dundalk** | 7-1 | B&I | 12 January 1936 |
| 6 | Hospitals Trust | 2-5 | **Sligo Rovers** | 12 January 1936 |
| 7 | Shamrock Rovers | 1-1 | St James's Gate | 12 January 1936 |
| **replay** | St James's Gate | 1-2 | **Shamrock Rovers** | 15 January 1936 |
| 8 | Tramore Rookies | 1-5 | **Brideville** | 12 January 1936 |

## Second round

|
|  |
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Date |
| 1 | Bohemians | 1-1 | Cork | 8 February 1936 |
| **replay** | **Cork** | 3-2 | Bohemians | 19 February 1936 |
| 2 | **Dundalk** | 2-1 | Reds United | 8 February 1936 |
| 3 | Drumcondra | 1-1 | Sligo Rovers | 9 February 1936 |
| **replay** | Sligo Rovers | 1-1 | Drumcondra | 12 February 1936 |
| **replay(2)** | **Drumcondra** | 3-2 | Sligo Rovers | 19 February 1936 |
| 4 | **Shamrock Rovers** | 5-1 | Brideville | 9 February 1936 |

## Semi-finals

| Shamrock Rovers | 22 | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moore
Glen(pen) |  | Morgan
McCourt |

Dalymount Park, Dublin

---

| Cork | 52 | Drumcondra |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Turnbull(3)
King
O'Reilly |  | Meehan
Donnelly |

The Mardyke, Cork

### Replay

| Shamrock Rovers | 21 | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ward
Scully |  | O' Neill(pen) |

Iveagh Grounds, Crumlin, Dublin

## Final

| Shamrock Rovers | 21 | Cork |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moore  46'
Reid  53' |  | Turnbull  80' |

Dalymount Park, DublinAttendance: 30,946

| Winner of FAI Cup 193536 |
| --- |
|
| **Shamrock Rovers**
**7th Title** |

A.   From 1923 to 1936, the FAI Cup was known as the Free State Cup.

B.   Attendances were calculated using gate receipts which limited their accuracy as a large proportion of people, particularly children, attended football matches in Ireland throughout the 20th century for free by a number of means.

C.  **a**  Fixture abandoned due to encroachment of spectators. Re-Fixture played on 16 January.

General * Terry O'Rourke, Sean Ryan (1985). *Gillette book of the FAI CUP*. Irish Soccer Co-op.

## InfoBox

1935–36 FAI Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Republic of Ireland |
| Dates | 1 January – 19 April 1936 |
| Teams | 16 |
| Defending champions | Bohemian |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Shamrock Rovers |
| Runner-up | Cork |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 22 |
| Goals scored | 101 (4.59 per match) |
|  | |


title: Sixth Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet

abstract: The Sixth Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet is the sixth Cabinet of Singapore. Formed by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew on 6 January 1981 following the 1980 general election, it governed Singapore until its dissolution on 1 January 1985.

text:
# Sixth Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet

The **Sixth Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet** is the sixth Cabinet of Singapore. Formed by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew on 6 January 1981 following the 1980 general election, it governed Singapore until its dissolution on 1 January 1985.

## Cabinet

The Sixth Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet consisted of the following members.

| Portfolio | Name | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Lee Kuan Yew | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| First Deputy Prime Minister | Goh Keng Swee | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Second Deputy Prime Minister (Foreign Affairs) | S. Rajaratnam | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister | Lim Chee Onn | 6 January 1981 | 1 August 1983 |
| Minister | Ong Teng Cheong | 9 May 1983 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Finance | Hon Sui Sen | 6 January 1981 | 14 October 1983 |
| | Lee Kuan Yew | 15 October 1983 | 23 October 1983 |
| | Tony Tan | 24 October 1983 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for the Environment | Ong Pang Boon | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Law | Edmund W. Barker | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Second Minister for Law | S. Jayakumar | 1 June 1984 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister of Science and Technology | Edmund W. Barker | 6 January 1981 | 31 March 1981 |
| Minister for Home Affairs | Chua Sian Chin | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Second Minister for Home Affairs | S. Jayakumar | 1 June 1984 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Communications | Ong Teng Cheong | 6 January 1981 | 8 May 1983 |
| | Ong Pang Boon | 9 May 1983 | 6 September 1983 |
| | Yeo Ning Hong | 7 September 1983 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Labour | Ong Teng Cheong | 6 January 1981 | 8 May 1983 |
| | Edmund W. Barker | 9 May 1983 | 6 September 1983 |
| | S. Jayakumar | 7 September 1983 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Defence | Howe Yoon Chong | 6 January 1981 | 31 May 1982 |
| | Goh Chok Tong | 1 June 1982 | 1 January 1985 |
| Second Minister for Defence | Goh Chok Tong | 1 June 1981 | 31 May 1982 |
| | Yeo Ning Hong | 1 June 1984 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for National Development | Teh Cheang Wan | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Trade and Industry | Goh Chok Tong | 6 January 1981 | 31 May 1981 |
| | Tony Tan | 1 June 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Health | Goh Chok Tong | 6 January 1981 | 31 May 1982 |
| | Howe Yoon Chong | 1 June 1982 | 1 January 1985 |
| Second Minister for Health | Goh Chok Tong | 1 June 1982 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs | S. Dhanabalan | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Culture | S. Dhanabalan | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Education | Tony Tan Keng Yam | 6 January 1981 | 31 May 1981 |
| | Goh Keng Swee | 1 June 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Minister for Social Affairs | Ahmad Mattar | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |

**Notes**

## Ministers of State and Parliamentary Secretaries

The following were appointed as Ministers of State and Parliamentary Secretaries.

### Senior Ministers of State

| Portfolio | Name | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister's Office | Lee Khoon Choy | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Foreign Affairs | Abdul Rahim Ishak | 6 January 1981 | 1 May 1981 |
| Culture | Chai Chong Yii | 6 January 1981 | 1 May 1981 |

### Ministers of State

| Portfolio | Name | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Finance | Lee Yock Suan | 24 October 1983 | 1 January 1985 |
| Law | S. Jayakumar | 21 September 1981 | 31 May 1984 |
| Home Affairs | S. Jayakumar | 21 September 1981 | 31 May 1984 |
| Labour | Sia Kah Hui | 6 January 1981 | 1 May 1981 |
| | Wong Kwei Cheong | 6 January 1981 | 6 September 1983 |
| Defence | Bernard Chen | 6 January 1981 | 1 May 1981 |
| | Yeo Ning Hong | 1 April 1981 | 31 May 1984 |
| National Development | Lee Yock Suan | 21 September 1981 | 23 October 1983 |
| Trade and Industry | Wong Kwei Cheong | 7 September 1983 | 1 January 1985 |
| Culture | Fong Sip Chee | 2 May 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Education | Tay Eng Soon | 1 April 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Without portfolio | Wan Soon Bee | 7 September 1983 | 1 January 1985 |

### Senior Parliamentary Secretaries

| Portfolio | Name | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister's Office | Ch'ng Jit Koon | 2 January 1982 | 1 January 1985 |
| Environment | Chor Yeok Eng | 6 January 1981 | 31 December 1982 |
| Home Affairs | Chin Harn Tong | 1 May 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Labour | Fong Sip Chee | 6 January 1981 | 2 May 1981 |
| Defence | Phua Bah Lee | 6 January 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| National Development | Lee Yiok Seng | 1 May 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Trade and Industry | Chan Chee Seng | 6 January 1981 | 31 December 1982 |
| Social Affairs | Chan Chee Seng | 6 January 1981 | 2 May 1981 |

### Parliamentary Secretaries

| Portfolio | Name | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Environment | Teo Cheong Tee | 3 May 1983 | 1 January 1985 |
| Communications | Sidek Saniff | 6 January 1981 | 1 May 1981 |
| Labour | Eugene Yap Giau Cheng | 1 June 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| National Development | Lee Yiok Seng | 6 January 1981 | 30 April 1981 |
| Trade and Industry | Sidek Saniff | 2 May 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Health | Wan Hussin Zoohri | 21 September 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Culture | Sidek Saniff | 6 January 1981 | 1 May 1981 |
| | Wan Hussin Zoohri | 21 September 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Education | Ow Chin Hock | 6 January 1981 | 1 May 1981 |
| | Ho Kah Leong | 2 May 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| Social Affairs | Sidek Saniff | 2 May 1981 | 1 January 1985 |
| | Teo Cheong Tee | 21 September 1981 | 1 January 1985 |

1. "FIFTH PARLIAMENT OF SINGAPORE" (PDF). Parliament of Singapore. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

## InfoBox

| Sixth Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
6th Cabinet of Singapore | |
|  | |
| Date formed | 6 January 1981 |
| Date dissolved | 1 January 1985 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Benjamin Sheares
(2 January 1971 – 12 May 1981)
Devan Nair (since 23 October 1981) |
| Head of government | Lee Kuan Yew |
| Deputy head of government | Goh Keng Swee
S. Rajaratnam |
| Member party | People's Action Party |
| Status in legislature | Supermajority
75 / 75 |
| Opposition party | Workers' Party |
| Opposition leader | J. B. Jeyaretnam |
| History | |
| Election | 1980 |
| Legislature term | 5th Parliament of Singapore |
| Predecessor | Fifth Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet |
| Successor | Seventh Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet |


title: Rudy Pompilli

abstract: Rudolph Clement Pompilii was an American musician best known for playing tenor saxophone with Bill Haley and His Comets. He was usually credited under the alternate spelling Rudy Pompilli and occasionally as Rudy Pell.

text:
# Rudy Pompilli

**Rudolph Clement Pompilii** (April 16, 1924 – February 5, 1976) was an American musician best known for playing tenor saxophone with Bill Haley and His Comets. He was usually credited under the alternate spelling **Rudy Pompilli** and occasionally as **Rudy Pell**.

## Biography

Pompilli was born in Chester, Pennsylvania. Occasional sources spell his first name as "Rudi", although Pompilli himself never used this form.

Pompilli was skilled at playing both saxophone and clarinet, and spent the beginning of his career playing in jazz bands. In 1953, he was with the Ralph Marterie Orchestra. That orchestra coincidentally scored a hit with a cover version of Haley's "Crazy Man, Crazy", though research by Haley historian Chris Gardner found no evidence that Pompilli performed on that recording.

Pompilli was invited to join the Comets in September 1955, after Haley's previous sax player, Joey Ambrose, quit along with two other Comets to form The Jodimars. According to Haley, the young horn player had a dislike for rock and roll musicians, but he nonetheless accepted the offer. Ambrose gave Pompilli a crash course in the Haley style of saxophone playing, and he also learned the stage antics pioneered by Ambrose and bass player Marshall Lytle, including playing the sax while lying flat on his back and jumping all over the bass player. (Lytle also left for the Jodimars and was replaced by Al Rex.)

At Haley's request, the new band member changed the spelling of his last name from "Pompilii" to "Pompilli", as Haley was concerned that the former looked like a typographical error. Pompilli also frequently used the alias "Rudy Pell" and many of his autographs from the 1950s have this name rather than Pompilli.

Within a few months of joining The Comets, Pompilli had become the band's most visible member (aside from Haley himself), becoming the focus of "Rudy's Rock", a show-stopping instrumental co-written by Pompilli and Haley that debuted in the 1956 film *Rock Around the Clock*. When released as a single, "Rudy's Rock" reached #34 on the *Billboard* singles chart and #38 on the Cashbox Top Singles list, spending 4 weeks on that chart, and making it the first instrumental record of the rock and roll era to chart. Other acclaimed, but less commercially successful instrumentals followed, most notably "Calling All Comets" which was performed in the band's next film, 1957's *Don't Knock the Rock*.

In 1958, Rudy's cousin, Al Pompilli, joined the Comets for a year, playing bass after the departure of Al Rex.

Rudy Pompilli co-wrote the hit "Week End" with Franny Beecher and Billy Williamson, which reached No. 35 on the Billboard pop chart when released as a single in 1958 as by The Kingsmen on East West Records, East West 115. He also co-wrote the B-side, "Better Believe It", with Johnny Grande and Ralph Jones. A follow-up single was released on East West, "Conga Rock", written by drummer Ralph Jones, backed with "The Catwalk", written by Franny Beecher and Billy Williamson, as East West 120. Pompelli composed the hit "Florida Twist" with Anthony Caruso, which reached No. 3 as an Orfeon 45 on the Mexican pop singles chart in 1962 based on the Billboard Hits of the World chart. "Florida Twist" has since become a party standard in Latin America and has been covered by many artists in rock and roll, Tex-Mex and other genres.

Bill Haley's band would undergo many changes of personnel over the next two decades, but the one constant was Rudy Pompilli, who would become the band's road manager, taking care of paying the bills and arranging for the hiring of new musicians when required. (Pompilli did briefly quit the Comets during 1960-61 and was replaced by Al Dean, but soon returned to the band.) Pompilli also did solo work, performing regularly in Philadelphia area nightclubs, either by himself or with members of the Comets.

## Illness, final years and death

Soon after a 1974 tour of Europe, Pompilli was diagnosed with lung cancer. He was not a smoker himself, and is believed to have contracted the disease through passive smoking. The ailing musician continued to tour with Haley throughout 1975 (including a tour of Brazil in October 1975), and that year also recorded his first and only solo album, *Rudy's Rock: The Sax That Changed the World*, which was recorded with session musicians and members of The Comets. He also continued to perform at the Nite Cap, a club in Chester, Pennsylvania; at one of his very last performances he performed with his former Comets bandmate Franny Beecher as well as then-current Comets guitarist Bill Turner.

Pompilli died from lung cancer on February 5, 1976, in Philadelphia. His death affected Haley deeply. After fulfilling touring commitments for the year with a replacement sax player, at the end of 1976 Haley announced his retirement from performing and moved full-time to Harlingen, Texas. Haley would return to touring and recording in 1979 and would dedicate a part of every show to Pompilli's memory with a performance of "Rudy's Rock".

## Birth date

During research for an article on the 30th anniversary of Pompilli's death, researcher Chris Gardner uncovered documents that showed Pompilli was actually born in 1924, not 1926 as had commonly been believed (like Haley, Pompilli also shaved two years off his age).

## Awards and honors

He was named Sax Player of the Year by *Down Beat* magazine in 1957.

In 2012, Pompilli was inducted as a member of the Comets into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by a special committee, aimed at correcting the previous mistake of not inducting the band with Bill Haley in 1987.

## Compositions

He co-wrote "Week End" with Franny Beecher and Billy Williamson and the B side, "Better Believe It", with Johnny Grande and Ralph Jones. He co-wrote "Rudy's Rock" with Bill Haley and "Calling All Comets" with Bill Haley and Milt Gabler. He co-wrote "Hey Then, There Now" with Ralph Jones. He wrote "Florida Twist" with Anthony Caruso. He also co-wrote "Lean Jean". His other compositions were "China Twist", "Happy Twist", "Tacos de Twist", and "Twist del Dia" in 1962.

## Other sources

* Chris Gardner, "The Sax That Rocked the World", *Now Dig This* magazine, Issue 275, February 2006.

## InfoBox

| Rudy Pompilli | |
| --- | --- |
| Pompilli in 1958 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Rudolph Clement Pompilii |
| Also known as | Rudy Pell, Rudi |
| Born | (1924-04-16)April 16, 1924
Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | February 5, 1976(1976-02-05) (aged 51)
Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Genres | Rock and roll, jazz Rockabilly |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Instruments | Saxophone, clarinet |
| Years active | 1951-1976 |


title: Sports information director

abstract: A sports information director is a type of public relations worker who provides statistics, team, and player notes, as well as other information about a college or university's sports teams to the news media and public. Abbreviated as "SID," sports information directors often have varying titles, such as media relations director, director of athletics communications, and communications director. SIDs are generally responsible for a number of external publicity efforts by an athletics department. This ranges from updating and maintaining the content on the school's athletics website and social media accounts to statistics management to historical records keeping. SIDs also are often responsible for the production of official publications, most notably media guides, game notes and game programs. Media guides are used both as a resource for the news media and as a recruiting piece for the individual teams. The College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) provides an organizational structure for SIDs at all collegiate levels in the United States and Canada. The organization has named Academic All-Americans since 1952. CoSIDA also provides career resources for potential SIDs such as job postings and résumé exchanges. Some schools offer academic programming aimed at training future sports information directors. Duquesne University, for example, offers a major and a minor in "Sports Information and Media."

text:
# Sports information director

A **sports information director** is a type of public relations worker who provides statistics, team, and player notes, as well as other information about a college or university's sports teams to the news media and public. Abbreviated as "SID," sports information directors often have varying titles, such as media relations director, director of athletics communications, and communications director.

SIDs are generally responsible for a number of external publicity efforts by an athletics department. This ranges from updating and maintaining the content on the school's athletics website and social media accounts to statistics management to historical records keeping. SIDs also are often responsible for the production of official publications, most notably media guides, game notes and game programs. Media guides are used both as a resource for the news media and as a recruiting piece for the individual teams.

The College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) provides an organizational structure for SIDs at all collegiate levels in the United States and Canada. The organization has named Academic All-Americans since 1952. CoSIDA also provides career resources for potential SIDs such as job postings and résumé exchanges.

Some schools offer academic programming aimed at training future sports information directors. Duquesne University, for example, offers a major and a minor in "Sports Information and Media."


title: 733rd Military Airlift Squadron

abstract: The 733rd Military Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was activated as the 333rd Bombardment Squadron during World War II. After training in the United States, it deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation. It was inactivated in England following V-E Day. The squadron was reactivated in reserve in 1947. In 1951,it was mobilized for the Korean War, but was soon inactivated and its personnel used as fillers for other units. It was reactivated in reserve in June 1952. In 1957, it became the 733rd Troop Carrier Squadron. It was again mobilized in 1962, and continued to serve as a reserve airlift unit until it was inactivated at Hill Air Force Base, Utah on 1 January 1973.

text:
# 733rd Military Airlift Squadron

The **733rd Military Airlift Squadron** is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was activated as the **333rd Bombardment Squadron** during World War II. After training in the United States, it deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation. It was inactivated in England following V-E Day.

The squadron was reactivated in reserve in 1947. In 1951,it was mobilized for the Korean War, but was soon inactivated and its personnel used as fillers for other units. It was reactivated in reserve in June 1952. In 1957, it became the **733rd Troop Carrier Squadron**. It was again mobilized in 1962, and continued to serve as a reserve airlift unit until it was inactivated at Hill Air Force Base, Utah on 1 January 1973.

## History

### World War II

#### Initial organization and training

The squadron was activated at MacDill Field, Florida, on 15 June 1942 as the **332nd Bombardment Squadron**, one of the original squadrons of the 94th Bombardment Group. The AAF had decided to concentrate training of heavy bomber units under Second Air Force, and the squadron moved to Pendleton Field, Oregon, one of that command's bases, two weeks later to begin training with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. The squadron cadre received its initial training at Pendleton. It moved to different bases for Phase I (individual training) and Phase II (crew training), completing Phase III (unit training) at Pueblo Army Air Base, Colorado. The air echelon of the squadron began ferrying their aircraft to the European Theater of Operations around the first of April 1943. The ground echelon left Pueblo on 18 April for Camp Kilmer, New Jersey and the New York Port of Embarkation on 18 April. They sailed aboard the RMS *Queen Elizabeth* on 5 May, arriving in Scotland on 13 May.

#### Combat in the European Theater

The squadron began assembling at RAF Earls Colne in mid May, but Eighth Air Force decided to transfer its new Martin B-26 Marauder units from VIII Bomber Command to VIII Air Support Command and concentrate them on bases closer to the European continent. As a result, the 323d Bombardment Group moved to Earls Colne on 14 June, forcing the 94th Group and its squadrons to relocate to RAF Bury St. Edmunds, which would be its combat station for the rest of the war. It flew its first combat mission (and what would be its only mission from Earls Colne) on 13 June against the airfield at Saint-Omer, France. Until the end of the war, the squadron participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It attacked port facilities at Saint Nazaire, shipyards at Kiel, an aircraft plant at Kassel, oil facilities at Merseburg and ball bearing facilities at Eberhausen.

During an attack on the Messerschmitt factory at Regensberg on 17 August 1943, the squadron was without escort after its escorting Republic P-47 Thunderbolts reached the limit of their range. It withstood repeated attacks, first by enemy Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 interceptors, then by Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Junkers Ju 88 night fighters, to strike its target, earning its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). This was a "shuttle" mission, with the squadron recovering on bases in north Africa, rather than returning to England.

On 11 January 1944, it attacked a Messerschmitt aircraft parts manufacturing plant at Brunswick/Waggum Airfield. Weather conditions deteriorated during the flight to the target, preventing part of the escorting fighters from reaching the bombers and resulting in the squadron's bombers being recalled. However, the wing leader was unable to authenticate the recall message and continued to the target. In contrast, fair weather to the east of the target permitted the Luftwaffe to concentrate its fighter defenses into one of its largest defensive formations since October 1943. Despite heavy flak in the target area, the squadron bombed accurately and earned its second DUC for this action. The squadron participated in Big Week, the concentrated campaign against the German aircraft manufacturing industry from 20 to 25 February 1944. It bombed transportation, communication and petroleum industrial targets during Operation Lumberjack the final push across the Rhine and into Germany.

The squadron was occasionally diverted from its strategic mission to perform air support and interdiction missions. In the preparation for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, it flew Operation Crossbow attacks on V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites. On D-Day, it attacked enemy positions near the beachhead. It attacked enemy troops and artillery batteries during Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo in July 1944, and at Brest, France the following month. It attacked marshalling yards, airfields and strong points near the battlefield during the Battle of the Bulge in late December 1944 through early January 1945.

The squadron flew its last mission on 21 April 1945. Following V-E Day it dropped leaflets to displaced persons and German civilians on what were called "Nickling" flights The squadron was scheduled to be part of the occupation forces, but those plans were cancelled in September 1945. Starting in November, its planes were transferred to other units or flown back to the United States. Its remaining personnel sailed on the SS *Lake Champlain* on 12 December 1945. Upon reaching the Port of Embarkation, the squadron was inactivated.

### Air Force reserve

The squadron was again activated under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Marietta Army Air Field, Georgia in May 1947 as a air reserve unit and again assigned to the 94th Bombardment Group. Although nominally a very heavy bomber unit, It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped. In 1948 Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC. As Greenville was scheduled to go into standby status and as the reserves reorganized under the Wing Base Organization, the squadron moved to join its parent wing at Marietta.

In June 1949, the squadron was redesignated as a light bomber unit. Reserve wings were authorized four operational squadrons, rather than the three of active duty wings. However, the squadrons were manned at 25% of normal strength. The squadron began to equip with the Douglas B-26 Invader. All reserve combat units were mobilized for the Korean War. The 331st was called to active duty on 10 March 1951. Its personnel and equipment were used to bring other units up to strength, and the squadron was inactivated ten days later.

Reactivated in the reserves in 1952 as a tactical reconnaissance squadron. Inactivated in 1955, but reactivated in 1957 as a Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar squadron; Activated during Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962; returned to reserve status after crisis was resolved. Equipped with Douglas C-124 Globemaster II strategic transports and performed strategic airlift until inactivated in 1973 with the final phaseout of the C-124.

## Lineage

* Constituted as the **333d Bombardment Squadron** (Heavy) on 28 January 1942

Activated on 15 June 1942 Redesignated **333d Bombardment Squadron**, Heavy c. 20 August 1943 Inactivated on 1 December 1945 * Redesignated **333d Bombardment Squadron**, Very Heavy on 13 May 1947

Activated in the reserve on 29 May 1947 Redesignated **333d Bombardment Squadron**, Light on 26 June 1949 Ordered to active service on 10 March 1951 Inactivated on 20 March 1951 * Redesignated **333d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron** on 26 May 1952

Activated in the reserve on 14 June 1952 Inactivated on 18 May 1955 * Redesignated **733d Troop Carrier Squadron**, Medium on 24 October 1957

Activated in the reserve on 16 November 1957 Ordered to active service on 28 October 1962 Relieved from active duty on 28 November 1962 Redesignated **733d Military Airlift Squadron** (Associate) on 1 January 1966 Inactivated on 1 January 1973

### Assignments

### Stations

### Aircraft

* Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
* Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1962–1965
* Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1965–1973

### Notes

Explanatory notes Citations  1. Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 410–411
2. Watkins, pp. 40–41
3. White, pp. 11-13, 27
4. Maurer, *Combat Units*, pp. 162-163
5. White, pp. 27-28
6. Freeman, p. 245
7. Freeman, p. 50
8. Freeman, p. 68
9. Freeman, pp. 104-105
10. *See* Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 407-408 (no aircraft listed as assigned to the squadron)
11. "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
12. Cantwell, p. 74
13. Cantwell, p. 87
14. Cantwell, pp. 97, 137
15. Ravenstein, pp.132-133
16. Lineage information, including assignments and aircraft through May 1963 in Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 410–411.
17. Station number in Anderson, p. 25.
18. Station number in Anderson, p. 31.
19. Station information through May 1963 in Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 410–411, except as noted.

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| 733d Military Airlift Squadron | |
| --- | --- |
| Air Force Reserve C-124 Globemaster | |
| Active | 1942–1945; 1947–1951; 1952–1955; 1957–1973 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Role | Airlift |
| Motto(s) | The Only Way to Fly |
| Engagements | European Theater of Operations |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation |
| Insignia | |
| Patch with 733d Troop Carrier Squadron emblem |  |
| 333d Bombardment Squadron emblem World War II |  |
| World War II Fuselage code | **TS** |


title: The White Family

abstract: The White Family is a novel by English author Maggie Gee, published in 2002 in London by Saqi Books. It was shortlisted for both the 2003 Orange Prize and the 2004 International Dublin Literary Award.

text:
# The White Family

***The White Family*** is a novel by English author Maggie Gee, published in 2002 in London by Saqi Books. It was shortlisted for both the 2003 Orange Prize and the 2004 International Dublin Literary Award.

## Plot introduction

It is set in Hillesden, a thinly disguised Willesden in north-west London. Alfred White, a park keeper, collapses while on duty, and his family gather round his hospital bed and reflect on issues of love, hatred, sex and death.

## Reception

* Maya Jaggi in *The Guardian* writes: "An audacious, groundbreaking condition-of-England novel that delves for the roots of xenophobic hatred and violence in the English hearth" and concludes, "*The White Family* is finely judged and compulsively readable. Its head-on scrutiny of the uglier face of fair Albion is the more impressive for its rarity in British fiction."
* Hephzibah Anderson in *The Observer* is more critical: 'Gee is unflinching in her exploration of the causes and consequences of racism, but too often she delves beneath the skin of her archetypes to come up with near stereotypes, and for all that it aims at up-to-the-minute, the book remains curiously, naïvely dated. As *White Teeth*, that other multi-cultural Brent novel, showed, today's racial landscape is coloured less in blacks and whites than myriad shades of grey."

## Sequel

Characters in *The White Family* appear in Gee's 2004 novel *The Flood*, set in an unspecified future date.

## InfoBox

The White Family
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Maggie Gee |
| Cover artist | Robert Taylor |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Saqi Books |
| Publication date | 2002 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 416 |
| ISBN | 0-86356-380-5 |


title: Steamed bread

abstract: Steamed bread is a kind of bread, typically made from wheat, that is prepared by steaming instead of baking. Steamed bread is produced and consumed all around the world. In Chinese cuisine, mantou is a staple food of northern China, where up to 70% of flour production in the region is used to make it. There are now many variations of mantou in China, for example wholemeal mantou, milk mantou, and sweet potato mantou. Wotou is another steamed bread found in northern China. In South African cuisine, a number of groups produce steamed bread, such as the Zulu ujeqe which can be eaten alone or with tomato soup. South African steamed breads are typically made at home for consumption on the same day, but research on commercial production continues to advance, aided by earlier developments in the mass production of Chinese steamed bread. In the cuisine of the United States, one example of steamed bread is Boston brown bread. The South African variety known as ujeqe is prepared by having the bread steam in its own fluids. While all steamed breads undergo this process to some degree, ujeqe is especially sealed off from external steam and is not allowed to lose its moisture in the cooking process. As a result, the very fibres of the bread have moisture sealed within them. Subsequently, ujeqe is also known to spoil quickly for that very reason. The bread is marked by a distinct golden skin. Ingredients typically include wheat flour, sugar, salt, yeast, and water. Oil is unnecessary as the bread retains its moisture for days, and would typically spoil first before drying out. This also makes ujeqe suitable for low calorie/low fat diets. Maize meal is sometimes added to the dough for a fuller texture.

text:
# Steamed bread

**Steamed bread** is a kind of bread, typically made from wheat, that is prepared by steaming instead of baking. Steamed bread is produced and consumed all around the world. In Chinese cuisine, *mantou* is a staple food of northern China, where up to 70% of flour production in the region is used to make it. There are now many variations of mantou in China, for example wholemeal mantou, milk mantou, and sweet potato mantou. Wotou is another steamed bread found in northern China. In South African cuisine, a number of groups produce steamed bread, such as the Zulu *ujeqe* which can be eaten alone or with tomato soup. South African steamed breads are typically made at home for consumption on the same day, but research on commercial production continues to advance, aided by earlier developments in the mass production of Chinese steamed bread. In the cuisine of the United States, one example of steamed bread is Boston brown bread.

The South African variety known as ujeqe is prepared by having the bread steam in its own fluids. While all steamed breads undergo this process to some degree, ujeqe is especially sealed off from external steam and is not allowed to lose its moisture in the cooking process. As a result, the very fibres of the bread have moisture sealed within them. Subsequently, ujeqe is also known to spoil quickly for that very reason. The bread is marked by a distinct golden skin (or thin crust). Ingredients typically include wheat flour, sugar, salt, yeast, and water. Oil is unnecessary as the bread retains its moisture for days, and would typically spoil first before drying out. This also makes ujeqe suitable for low calorie/low fat diets. Maize meal is sometimes added to the dough for a fuller texture.

## InfoBox

Steamed bread
| Steaming bread in Xi'an's Muslim Quarter | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Bread |
| Main ingredients | Wheat flour |
| Variations | Boston brown bread, mantou |


title: 1972–73 FIRA Nations Cup

abstract: The Nations Cup 1972-73 was the 13th edition of a European rugby union championship for national teams, and eighth with the formula and the name of "Nations Cup". The tournament was won by France, who won all their three games, with Romania, Spain and Morocco.

text:
# 1972–73 FIRA Nations Cup

The **Nations Cup 1972-73** was the 13th edition of a European rugby union championship for national teams, and eighth (and last) with the formula and the name of "Nations Cup".

The tournament was won by France, who won all their three games, with Romania, Spain and Morocco.

## First division

* **Table**

| Place | Nation | Games | | | | Points | | | Table
points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | played | won | drawn | lost | for | against | difference | |
|
| 1 | **France** | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 118 | 35 | 83 | **9** |
| 2 | Romania | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 91 | 37 | 54 | 7 |
| 3 | Spain | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 56 | 55 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | *Morocco* | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 24 | 162 | -138 | 3 |

* **Results**

| 27 November 1972 | **Romania** | **6 - 15** | **France** | Constanta |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | **Pen:** Nica 2
 |  | **Try:** Trillo
**Con:** Romeu
**Pen:** Romeu 3
 | Referee: J. Young |
| **Romania**:15.Radu Durbac, 14.Gheorghie Nica, 13.Gheorghie Dragomirescu-Rahtopol, 12.I. Marica, 11.Mihai Suciu, 10.Mihai Nicolescu, 9.D. Rascanu, 8.Nicolae Postolachi, 7.Gheorgie Rascanu (cap.), 6.Constantin Fugigi, 5.Gheorghie Daraban, 4.Constantin Serban, 3.Mircea Ciornei, 2.Mircea Ortelecan, 1.Constantin Dinu - *replacements:* 16.Sergiu Bargaunas, 17.Alexandru Pop | | | | |
| **France**:15.Michel Droitecourt, 14.Jean-Pierre Lux, 13.Claude Dourthe, 12.Jean Trillo, 11.Andre Campaes, 10.Jean-Pierre Romeu, 9.Jacques Fouroux, 8.Walter Spanghero (cap.), 7.Pierre Biemouret, 6.Michel Yachvili, 5.Alain Esteve, 4.Elie Cester, 3.Jean Iracabal, 2.Rene Benesis, 1.Jean-Louis Azarete | | | |

| Morocco | 6 - 73 | France B |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

| Morocco | 9 - 20 | Spain |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

| Romania | 16 - 13 | Spain |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

| Romania | 69 - 9 | Morocco |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

| Spain | 23 - 30 | France B |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

## Second Division

### Pool 1

| Poland | 23 - 9 | Czechoslovakia |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

| Czechoslovakia | 6 - 16 | Poland |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

* Aggregate: **Poland** 39- Czechoslovakia 15

### Pool 2

* **Table**

| Place | Nation | Games | | | | Points | | | Table
points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | played | won | drawn | lost | for | against | difference | |
|
| 1 | **Portugal** | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 9 | 3 | **5** |
| 2 | Italy | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 21 | -2 | 4 |
| 3 | Yugoslavia | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 16 | -1 | 3 |

* **Results**

| 26 November 1972 | **Italy** | **13 - 12** | **Yugoslavia** | Aosta |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |

| 25 February 1973 | **Portugal** | **9 - 6** | **Italy** | Coimbra |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |

| Yugoslavia | 3 - 3 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

### Final

| Poland | 35 - 13 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

| Portugal | 13 - 3 | Poland |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

---

* Aggregate: **Poland** 38 - Portugal 26
* Poland promoted to division 1

## Bibliography

* (in Italian) Francesco Volpe, Valerio Vecchiarelli (2000), *2000 Italia in Meta, Storia della nazionale italiana di rugby dagli albori al Sei Nazioni*, GS Editore (2000) ISBN 88-87374-40-6
* (in Italian) Francesco Volpe, Paolo Pacitti (Author), *Rugby 2000*, GTE Gruppo Editorale (1999).

## InfoBox

| 1972-73 Nations Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 27 November 1972 - 3 June 1973 |
| Countries | France
Morocco
Romania
Spain |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Champions | France |
| Matches played | 6 |
| 1971-1972 (Previous) (Next) 1973–1974 | |


title: Speed, North Carolina

abstract: Speed is a town in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Rocky Mount, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 80 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Speed, North Carolina

**Speed** is a town in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Rocky Mount, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 80 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 95 |  |  |
| 1940 | 127 |  | 33.7% |
| 1950 | 103 |  | −18.9% |
| 1960 | 142 |  | 37.9% |
| 1970 | 142 |  | 0.0% |
| 1980 | 95 |  | −33.1% |
| 1990 | 88 |  | −7.4% |
| 2000 | 70 |  | −20.5% |
| 2010 | 80 |  | 14.3% |
| 2020 | 63 |  | −21.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 70 people, 28 households, and 15 families residing in the town. The population density was 247.3 inhabitants per square mile (95.5/km2). There were 60 housing units at an average density of 212.0 per square mile (81.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 51.43% White, 45.71% African American, 2.86% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.86% of the population.

There were 28 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.6% were married couples living together, and 42.9% were non-families. 42.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.50.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 30.0% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $25,938, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,079. There were 22.2% of families and 26.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 46.2% of those over 64.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Speed, North Carolina
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Speed, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location in Edgecombe County and the state of North Carolina. | |
| Coordinates: 35°58′07″N 77°26′40″W / 35.96861°N 77.44444°W / 35.96861; -77.44444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Edgecombe |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.30 sq mi (0.79 km2) |
| Land | 0.30 sq mi (0.79 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 56 ft (17 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 63 |
| Density | 207.24/sq mi (80.07/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 27881 |
| Area code | 252 |
| FIPS code | 37-63720 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2407379 |


title: Tornyospálca

abstract: Tornyospálca is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

text:
# Tornyospálca

**Tornyospálca** is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

## Geography

It covers an area of 43.66 km2 (17 sq mi) and has a population of 2770 people (2015).

## History

The village was built in the form of a spindle around the former water level, encircling the predecessor of today's Reformed church in the middle. A number of Stone and Bronze Age finds have been unearthed on the outskirts of the settlement, such as the case tomb and the bronze sword from the area called “Sírkutgaz”.

His name was first mentioned in documents in **1212**. In the Middle Ages, the Bánffy and then the Losonczi family owned a village of 15-20 serf plots. From the 18th century it was owned by the family of Count Forgách until the 20th century.

The village still has a living Kuruc tradition. II. Ferenc Rákóczi spent 9 days (January 3--11) in the village in 1706, many locals, whose names are also known, joined the regiment of Tamás Esze.

During the Revolution of 1848-49 and the War of Independence, a very significant number of soldiers and officers from Tornyospálca fought.

In World War I, 50 soldiers died heroic deaths. In 1923, the village erected the very first heroic monument of Felső-Szabolcs from public donations. At the end of World War II, the village mourned more than half a hundred heroic dead; the names of the deceased were engraved on the World War I memorial.

When the Soviet troops withdrew in 1991, a military loading base was established in Tornyospálca, where tactical equipment, transport vehicles and the building elements of the demolished Soviet barracks were transferred from the standard-gauge Hungarian trains to the wide-gauge Soviet wagons.

## Economy

The first cooperative was established in 1949 under the name Lenin. In 1961, Tornyospálca became a “production cooperative village” again, and the cooperative II. He took the name of Ferenc Rákóczi. From 1972, under the leadership of President Béla Agárdy, the cooperative achieved national success. Through its activities, it became a nationwide economy four times between 1976 and 1980. In 1992, in political overheating after the regime change, the cooperative was liquidated. Currently, locals farm several smaller and larger plots of land. Apple cultivation plays a major role, with nearly one and a half million apple trees on the outskirts of the village, but other fruits are also grown.

## InfoBox

| Tornyospálca | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| TornyospálcaLocation of Tornyospálca in Hungary | |
| Coordinates: 48°16′N 22°11′E / 48.27°N 22.18°E / 48.27; 22.18 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Region | Northern Great Plain |
| County | Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg |
| Area | |
| Total | 43.65 km2 (16.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 2,770 |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4642 |
| Area code | +36 45 |
| Website | http://tornyospalca.hu/ |


title: Rhiwbina (electoral ward)

abstract: Rhiwbina is the name of an electoral ward in the north of Cardiff, capital city of Wales. It covers the community of the same name.

text:
# Rhiwbina (electoral ward)

**Rhiwbina** is the name of an electoral ward in the north of Cardiff, capital city of Wales. It covers the community of the same name.

## Background

Rhiwbina became a ward to Cardiff City Council in 1967, after it was transferred from the Cardiff Rural District. It elected Conservative councillors for 28 years, until the 1995 elections to the new City and County of Cardiff Council saw Labour win all three seats.

## Description

Rhiwbina is both an electoral ward, and a community. There is no community council for the area.

The Rhiwbina ward is bordered to the west by the Whitchurch & Tongwynlais, to the east by the Llanishen and Lisvane wards. To the south is Cardiff's Heath ward, while Caerphilly's St Martins ward is immediately to the north.

The Rhiwbina ward elects three councillors to Cardiff Council. Since 1999 it has been represented by the Conservative Party or ex-Conservative Party members standing as Independents. In May 2012 independent councillor Jayne Cowan attracted more votes (3,808) than any other local election candidate in Wales. In June 2015 she rejoined the Conservative Party in the hope of standing in the Welsh Assembly elections. Fellow Rhiwbina councillor (also husband of Cllr Cowan) Adrian Robson also rejoined the Tories, in the hope of taking control of Cardiff Council from the Labour Party.

## County councillors

| Representation 1995  date | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Election |  | Conservative |  | Independent |  | Labour |
| 2017 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |
| 2012 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |
| 2008 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |
| 2004 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |
| 1999 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |
| 1995 |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
|

### May 2017

2017 Cardiff Council election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Jayne Louise Cowan \**** | **3,595** | **22%** |  |
|  | **Conservative** | **Adrian Robert Robson \**** | **3,230** | **20%** |  |
|  | **Conservative** | **Oliver William Owen** | **2,565** | **16%** |  |
|  | Independent | Eleanor Sanders \** | 1,565 | 10% |  |
|  | Labour | Meurig Williams | 1,524 | 9% |  |
|  | Labour | Clare Frances Jones | 1,500 | 9% |  |
|  | Labour | Alan Golding | 1,159 | 7% |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | Stephen Edward Lake | 402 | 2% |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Jonathan Land | 371 | 3% |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Philippa Wendy Willmot | 198 | 1% |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Dale Hargrove | 170 | 1% |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 62% |  |

\** = sitting councillor prior to the election, elected as an Independent at the previous election

## InfoBox

| Rhiwbina ward | |
| --- | --- |
| Community/Electoral ward | |
| Location of Rhiwbina ward within Cardiff | |
| Population | 11,369 (2011 census) |
| Principal area |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CARDIFF |
| Postcode district | CF14 |
| Dialling code | +44-29 |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
| Councillors | 3 |
|


title: Russell Taylor (cartoonist)

abstract: Russell Philip Taylor MBE is a British writer, journalist and composer. He is best known as half of the team that created the comic strip Alex.

text:
# Russell Taylor (cartoonist)

**Russell Philip Taylor** MBE (born 8 July 1960) is a British writer, journalist and composer. He is best known as half of the team (with Charles Peattie) that created the comic strip Alex.

## Education

Taylor studied at Abingdon School from 1973–1978. During his time at the school he was on the editorial board of *The Abingdonian*. He then read Russian and Philosophy at St Anne's College, Oxford.

## Alex

Alex was created by Taylor and Charles Peattie and it first appeared in the *London Daily News* which ran from 24 February to 23 July 1987. The cartoon then appeared in *The Independent* during 1987 before moving to *The Daily Telegraph* in 1992.

The cartoon strip was so popular that it was subject to a nationwide billboard campaign before it switched to *The Daily Telegraph*. Taylor is a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur football club, and as a private joke (and to avoid libel accusations) always names characters who are fired in the *Alex* strip after Tottenham footballers.

Alex was turned into a stage play by Peattie and Taylor and was performed at the Arts Theatre, London in October, 2007. Robert Bathurst portrayed the titular character.

## Other works

He also writes TV and film music with Steve Cooke. Among others, they composed the music for the documentaries *The Dying Rooms* in 1995 and *Saving Africa's Witch Children* – both of which won BAFTAs in 1996 and 2009 respectively.

He has also written books on Russia and marathon running and was appointed Member of the British Empire in the 2002 New Year Honours.

1. "Friday, 19 October 2018". Alex cartoon.com.
2. "Editorial Board" (PDF). The Abingdonian. June 1979. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
3. "Russell Taylor Column" (PDF). St Annes.
4. "Concise History of the British Newspaper in the Twentieth Century", British Library Help for Researchers
5. "ALEX (CHARLES PEATTIE AND RUSSELL TAYLOR)". Original political cartoon.com.
6. ""The Spurs Show 2 April 2009 episode". Spurs.wippit.com. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
7. "To the point funny: the men drawn to Alex". The Daily Telegraph. 24 February 2012.
8. Shenton, Mark (30 August 2008). "Alex, Live Stage Version of Newspaper Cartoon, to Tour Prior to London Season". *Playbill*. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
9. "Television Craft in 1996". Bafta.
10. "Television Current Affairs in 2009". Bafta.
11. "New Year Honours". *The Guardian*. 31 December 2002. Retrieved 1 November 2022.

## InfoBox

| Russell Philip Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1960-07-08) 8 July 1960 |