title: Charles Maude

abstract: Charles Bulmer Maude was an Anglican priest in the last third of the nineteenth century and the first third of the twentieth. Maude was born in Chapel Allerton, Potternewton, Leeds, son of Edmund Maude, of Middleton Lodge, Leeds. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School and Exeter College, Oxford where he graduated Bachelor of Arts (B.A) in 1871 and Master (M.A.) in 1872. He was ordained in 1872 by the Bishop of Ripon. After a curacy in Leeds (1872–75) he served as the third incumbent at St Cyprian's Church, Kimberley, South Africa (1877–1881). After further incumbencies at Wilnecote (1881–86), Leek (1886–1896; and Shrewsbury he was Archdeacon of Salop until 1917. He died on 11 May 1927, aged 79.

text:
# Charles Maude

**Charles Bulmer Maude** (29 April 1848 - 11 May 1927) was an Anglican priest in the last third of the nineteenth century and the first third of the twentieth.

Maude was born in Chapel Allerton, Potternewton, Leeds, son of Edmund Maude, of Middleton Lodge, Leeds.

He was educated at Leeds Grammar School and Exeter College, Oxford where he graduated Bachelor of Arts (B.A) in 1871 and Master (M.A.) in 1872.

He was ordained in 1872 by the Bishop of Ripon. After a curacy in Leeds (1872–75) he served as the third incumbent at St Cyprian's Church, Kimberley, South Africa (1877–1881). After further incumbencies at Wilnecote (1881–86), Leek (1886–1896; and Shrewsbury (1896–1906) he was Archdeacon of Salop until 1917.

He died on 11 May 1927, aged 79.

## St Cyprian's, Kimberley

Maude was one of four priests (the others being Fathers Borton, Balfour and Tobias) brought by Bishop Allan Becher Webb to the Diocese of Bloemfontein in 1876. Maude succeeded Fr Neville Borton as Rector of St Cyprian's Church in Kimberley in 1877, having gone there with Maude upon their arrival from England. He left an account of the still primitive conditions that prevailed in the diamond mining town which was then still less than a decade old. Concerning the rectory, Maude related that: "We have a canvas house for our sitting room and a wooden one for our bedroom. The floors are made of brick dried in the sun, but the legs of beds or tables make holes in them."

"The church floor is of mud and so is very dusty. It is a low building with an iron roof and when it rains we have to give up the service as we cannot be heard! But do not think we are badly off. We have a surpliced choir, 12 boys and 8 men, and a fully choral service. Every Sunday the church is crowded. It holds about 400. I hope we shall soon be able to build one more worthy of the worship of God. At present, too, we are without a school-house and are obliged to have both day and Sunday school in church."

It was during Maude's incumbency that a church building was imported from England to be assembled in Kimberley. The foundation stone was laid in 1879 by Sir Charles Warren. His wife described a calamity which occurred as it neared completion: "Our new church which we were all looking forward to moving into for our Christmas services, and that seemed to be getting on so nicely, was blown over by a whirlwind and is lying a pitiable heap of ruins…it happened one Sunday morning. Our people were having services in the Odd Fellows’ Hall stifling under the heat of an unlined iron building when the crash came. Those who saw it say it was lifted three feet from the ground and dropped, utterly shapeless, like a street of cardhouses! And all our money gone, diamonds are down, and times are bad!" The situation was however salvaged and on Low Sunday 1880 Bishop Webb of Bloemfontein dedicated the "re-erected 'church-like' church" and instituted C.B. Maude as Rector of Kimberley.

Ill health soon forced him to resign, however, and he returned to England.

Maude Street in Kimberley is named after him.

## St Edward's, Leek

Maude served subsequently as Vicar of Leek in Staffordshire. The Maude Institute was built and presented for use by St Edward’s Church, Leek by parishioners, as a memento of Maude’s vicariate, in 1896.

## Shrewsbury

Maude moved in 1896 from Leek to Shrewsbury in Shropshire when he was appointed by the Bishop of Lichfield both Vicar of St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury and Archdeacon of Salop. During his incumbency at St Chad's the church was fitted with electric light and a new organ, and new parish schools were built. He resigned his incumbency in 1906 because of the weight of his other duty as Archdeacon (responsible for a territory of parishes then covering north east and east Shropshire). He remained Archdeacon, while living at Swan Hill House, Shrewsbury, until retiring in 1917.

He was during that period also Chaplain to the Shrewsbury Borough Corporation for some ten years; Chaplain from 1901 and governor of the Royal Salop Infirmary; Chaplain to the 1st Shropshire and Staffordshire Royal Garrison Artillery Volunteers; Vice-Chairman of the Shrewsbury School Board (abolished 1902) and its successor the Shrewsbury Local Education Authority.

## Personal life

Maude married, at Bloemfontein Anglican Cathedral, in January 1878, Geraldine, daughter of Alexander Donovan, of Framfield Place, Sussex, England. The couple had no children, she survived him.

## Retirement and death

Following his retirement as Archdeacon, he moved from Shrewsbury to Ludlow, where he lived in a house attached to Ludlow Castle. Locally he became a governor of both Ludlow Grammar School and Ludlow High School for Girls. He died at home aged 79 after a long illness, and was buried at Shrewsbury General Cemetery on 14 May 1927 after a funeral service in St Laurence's Church, Ludlow.

1. National Archives
2. Mate, C.H. (1907). *Shropshire, Historical, Descriptive, Biographical: Part II, Biographical*. Mate. p. 99.
3. The Morning Post (London, England), Tuesday, September 24, 1872; pg. 2; Issue 30825
4. Crockford's Clerical Directory 1908 p964: London, Horace Cox, 1908
5. 'ECCLESIASTICAL NEWS' Yorkshire Herald (York, England), Thursday, June 25, 1896; pg. 3; Issue 14057. British Library Newspapers, Part II: 1800-1900
6. ‘MAUDE, Ven. Charles Bulmer’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 11 Feb 2017
7. *The Rev. C. B. Maude.* The Times (London, England), Thursday, May 12, 1927; pg. 16; Issue 44579
8. Lewis, C & Edwards, G.E. 1934. *Historical records of the Church of the Province of South Africa*. London: SPCK, p. 420
9. Lewis, C & Edwards, G.E. 1934. *Historical records of the Church of the Province of South Africa.* London: SPCK, p 485
10. Lewis, C & Edwards, G.E. 1934. *Historical records of the Church of the Province of South Africa*. London: SPCK, p 485
11. Crisp, William. 1895. *Some Account of the Diocese of Bloemfontein in the Province of South Africa from 1863 to 1894*. Oxford: James Parker.
12. *Braby's Street Map for Kimberley*
13. Reference to Maude Institute building Archived June 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
14. "Archdeacon Maude, Popular Clergyman. Death at Ludlow, Former Vicar of St Chad's, Shrewsbury". *Shrewsbury Chronicle*. 13 May 1927. p. 7.
15. "Funeral of Archdeacon Maude". *Shrewsbury Chronicle*. 20 May 1927. p. 4.


title: The Gatehouse Mausoleum

abstract: The Gatehouse Mausoleum is a building located in Parkville, Melbourne, Australia. It was designed by Philip Harmer of Harmer Architecture, and sits tucked under the existing historical gatehouse along College Crescent in Parkville. It was constructed in 2004 and took 9 months to complete. It is the fourth mausoleum built by Harmer Architecture, built to extend the Melbourne General Cemetery, the first modern burial site in Melbourne with over 500,000 interments since its inception in the 1850s. The Gatehouse Mausoleum adds an addition 618 burial spaces and was designed with Melbourne Italian community in mind. The adjacent gate to which it connects was built by John Growler from 1934 to 1935 and opens onto College Crescent.

text:
# The Gatehouse Mausoleum

The **Gatehouse Mausoleum** is a building located in Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.

It was designed by Philip Harmer of Harmer Architecture, and sits tucked under the existing historical gatehouse along College Crescent in Parkville. It was constructed in 2004 and took 9 months to complete.

It is the fourth mausoleum built by Harmer Architecture, built to extend the Melbourne General Cemetery, the first modern burial site in Melbourne with over 500,000 interments since its inception in the 1850s. The Gatehouse Mausoleum adds an addition 618 burial spaces and was designed with Melbourne Italian community in mind. The adjacent gate to which it connects was built by John Growler from 1934 to 1935 and opens onto College Crescent.

## Description

The site is awkward, tucked into the area between the existing gatehouse and the curve of Princess Park Drive, which guides the curve of the fan-shaped roof. From Princess Park Drive visitors can experience the undulating angles of the roof, which comes to a point as the site tightens. The roof is corrugated, a nod towards traditional Australian architecture, and is punctuated with irregular skylights that serve as the only light for the interior space. This creates a sense of otherworldly light within the space, emphasizing the spiritual aspects of the crypts.

The ceiling is made of plywood panels which emphasize the angles of the fan roof, blurring the line between interior and exterior space within the site. The crosses on the ceiling were designed by Philip Harmer and Andrew Ferguson, of Stained Glass Art, and were made handmade or mouth-blown stained glass. The only source of electronic light in the space are security lights.

Between the gatehouse and the mausoleum is an expanse of glass punctuated with thin vertical columns. The glass ceiling is frosted and patterned with clear crosses. As the light passes through these and falls upon the paved floor it invokes images of military burial sites and their rows of pale crosses. The mausoleum itself is tucked just under the roof line of the gatehouse creating a connection between the two separate structures, yet encouraging flow between them.

The exterior is composed primarily of polished granite and custom made pyramid shaped bricks which add a contrasting set of textures to the façade. Three rows of walls run from east to west on the site and demarcate and divide the galleries within, while the colour of the pyramid bricks is reminiscent of the tiles on the historical gatehouse beside the mausoleum creating a visual connection between the two exteriors. From the gate the view is of three overlapping walls distinguished by a series of cast bronze panels, each its own gallery. The galleries offer serene views of the cemetery beyond. Each has a stainless steel mesh gate with black steel frames to close it at the end of the day, the only real means of dividing the crypts from the outside.

The granite shutters of the crypts are made of the same blocks of granite as the exterior, but polished to a higher shine to demarcate a change in space. Each features area enough for a plaque and small holders for flowers to honor those who are resting within.

## Design Intent

The main parties interested in the construction of the site included Heritage Victorian, the Melbourne City Council Planning and Urban Design Departments, and the National Trust. As well as this, the mausoleum was intended for the Italian community in Melbourne. In the brief it was required that the site have the maximum return within the constraints of both the site and the heritage trustees who oversaw the project.

The result is a structure with a “strong simplicity of structure infuse with fine architectural details”. For spiritual and serene places like this there is a need for minimal maintenance, through the highly refined yet solid surfaces and structure, as well as permanence and weight, as for many a mausoleum needs to stand strong as a symbol of permanence and life in a place intended to house the dead. There is a stillness in the solidity of the granite and brick, while the ceiling points continuously upward in silent reverence.

## Awards

* RAIA Award for Institutional Alterations and Extensions

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37°47′29″S 144°57′43″E / 37.791421°S 144.961906°E / -37.791421; 144.961906


title: Leah Rachel Yoffie

abstract: Leah Rachel Clara Yoffie was an American writer, educator, and folklorist. She was a teacher in St. Louis, Missouri, earned a Ph.D. in English in her fifties, and published both poetry and folklore studies influenced by her Jewish immigrant experience.

text:
# Leah Rachel Yoffie

**Leah Rachel Clara Yoffie** (April 15, 1883 – May 9, 1956) was an American writer, educator, and folklorist. She was a teacher in St. Louis, Missouri, earned a Ph.D. in English in her fifties, and published both poetry and folklore studies influenced by her Jewish immigrant experience.

## Early life and education

Yoffie was born in Ekaterinoslav, Russian Empire (now known as Dnipro in eastern Ukraine), the daughter of Abraham Yoffie. Her family was Jewish. She moved to the United States with her family as a girl in 1891, and became a naturalized United States citizen in 1909. She earned a bachelor's degree from Washington University in St. Louis in 1911, then earned a master's degree at the University of Pennsylvania. In her fifties, she earned a Ph.D. in English from the University of North Carolina. Her dissertation was titled "Creation, the angels, and the fall of man in Milton's *Paradise lost* and *Paradise regained* and in the work of Sir Richard Blackmore" (1942).

## Career

Yoffie taught night classes in English for immigrants in St. Louis, Missouri while she was in college. She taught English and civics from 1915 to 1931 at Soldan High School in St. Louis. From 1944 to 1949 she was a professor of English and political science at Cottey College in Missouri. During her teaching career and in retirement, she also published poems and articles on folklore, many of them in national publications. She was encouraged by anthropologist Franz Boas to study Jewish immigrant culture in St. Louis, and many of her scholarly writings are on this subject.

A collection of Yoffie's poems was published in 1926, under the title *Dark Altar Stairs*. "There is a completeness and crystal clearness about each poem that is worthy of mention in this day of fragmentary poetry," wrote one reviewer in a St. Louis newspaper. "Miss Yoffie has attained a singing quality and a certain sweep and power in some of her lyrics, rare in this day of poetic fads and unpoetic fancies." She wrote further poetry and took photographs during her several visits to Palestine.

## Publications

### Poetry and fiction

* "Ad Gloriam" (1913, poem)
* "The Immigrant" (1913, poem)
* "Russia" (1916, poem)
* "A Cry of the Foreign Born" (1920, poem)
* "A Prayer for the Great White Fast" (1920, poem)
* "Faith" (1920, poem)
* "Sarah Miriam Goes to College" (1922, short story)
* "Reb Sholom Dovid" (1923, short story)
* "A Voice" (1923, poem)
* "The Lost Vision" (1924, poem)
* *Dark Altar Stairs* (1926, poetry collection)
* "Poems of Palestine" (1929, five short poems and five photographs by Yoffie)

### Scholarship

* "Present-Day Survivals of Ancient Jewish Customs" (1916)
* "Yiddish Proverbs, Sayings, etc., in St. Louis, Mo." (1920)
* "Popular Beliefs and Customs among the Yiddish-Speaking Jews of St. Louis, Mo." (1925)
* "Three Generations of Children's Singing Games in St. Louis" (1947)
* "Songs of the 'Twelve Numbers' and the Hebrew Chant of 'Echod mi Yodea'" (1949)
* "Chaucer's 'White Paternoster,' Milton's Angels, and a Hebrew Night Prayer" *(*1951)

## Personal life and legacy

Yoffie was a short person, under five feet in height. She retired to Florida in 1955. She died in Clearwater, Florida, in 1956, at the age of 73. She left her estate, over US$14,000 (equivalent to $156,896 in 2023), to the Jewish Federation of St. Louis, to fund scholarships.

## InfoBox

| Leah Rachel Yoffie | |
| --- | --- |
| Leah Rachel Yoffie, from the 1927 yearbook of Washington University in St. Louis | |
| Born | April 15, 1883
Ekaterinoslav, Russian Empire (now Dnipro, Ukraine) |
| Died | May 9, 1956(1956-05-09) (aged 73)
Clearwater, Florida, US |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Washington University in St. Louis
University of Pennsylvania
University of North Carolina |
| Thesis | *Creation, the angels, and the fall of man in Milton's Paradise lost and Paradise regained and in the work of Sir Richard Blackmore* (1942) |
| Influences | Franz Boas |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Folklore, poetry, political science, Jewish American culture |
| Institutions | Cottey College |
|  | |


title: The Whitehouse, Liverpool

abstract: The Whitehouse was a pub in a Grade II listed building in Duke Street, Liverpool, England. The side of the building had an image of a giant rat holding a marker pen by graffiti artist Banksy. In February 2010, the building sold for £114,000 at auction, and has since been turned into a restaurant called Petit Cafe du Coin, following the removal and sale of the rat mural.

text:
# The Whitehouse, Liverpool

**The Whitehouse** was a pub in a Grade II listed building in Duke Street, Liverpool, England. The side of the building had an image of a giant rat holding a marker pen by graffiti artist Banksy. In February 2010, the building sold for £114,000 at auction, and has since been turned into a restaurant called Petit Cafe du Coin, following the removal and sale of the rat mural.

53°24′01″N 2°58′36″W / 53.40019°N 2.97659°W / 53.40019; -2.97659

## InfoBox

| The Whitehouse | |
| --- | --- |
| The Whitehouse, April 2010 | |
| Location | 183-185 Duke Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, England |
| Built | c. 1800 |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Designated | 6 July 2004 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Casimir Pfyffer

abstract: Casimir Pfyffer von Altishofen was a Swiss politician and jurist. He was mayor of Lucerne (1832–1835), President of the Swiss National Council (1854/1855) and five times President of the Federal Supreme Court. Kasimir-Pfyffer-Strasse in Lucerne is named for him.

text:
# Casimir Pfyffer

**Casimir Pfyffer von Altishofen** (10 October 1794, in Rome – 11 November 1875) was a Swiss politician and jurist. He was mayor of Lucerne (1832–1835), President of the Swiss National Council (1854/1855) and five times President of the Federal Supreme Court.

*Kasimir-Pfyffer-Strasse* in Lucerne is named for him.

## Works

* Pfyffer, Kasimir (1850). *Geschichte der Stadt und des Kantons Luzern: Vom Ursprunge bis zur Staatsumwälzung im Jahr 1798* (in German). Zürich: Orell, Füssli & Co.
* Pfyffer, Kasimir (1852). *Geschichte der Stadt und des Kantons Luzern: Geschichte des Kantons Luzern während der letzten 50 Jahre: Staatsumwälzung im Jahr 1798 bis zur neuen Bundesverfassung im Jahr 1848* (in German). Zürich: Orell, Füssli.
* *Der Kanton Luzern historisch-geographisch-statistisch geschildert ; ein Hand- und Hausbuch für Jedermann*. 2 volumes, St. Gallen: Huber 1858/59.


title: Chuffilly-Roche

abstract: Chuffilly-Roche is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. It was created, in 1828, by amalgamating the communes of Chuffilly-et-Coigny and Roche-et-Méry.

text:
# Chuffilly-Roche

**Chuffilly-Roche** is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. It was created, in 1828, by amalgamating the communes of Chuffilly-et-Coigny and Roche-et-Méry.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 120 |  |
| 1968 | 126 | +5.0% |
| 1975 | 116 | −7.9% |
| 1982 | 84 | −27.6% |
| 1990 | 100 | +19.0% |
| 1999 | 91 | −9.0% |
| 2008 | 89 | −2.2% |

## Personalities

Arthur Rimbaud, French poet, lived for a while in Roche, where his family had a farm. He wrote several works there, notably *Une saison en enfer* (*A Season in Hell*) and *Le bateau ivre* (*The Drunken Boat*).

## InfoBox

| Chuffilly-Roche | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Chuffilly-Roche | |
|  | |
| Location of Chuffilly-Roche | |
| Chuffilly-RocheChuffilly-Roche | |
| Coordinates: 49°26′53″N 4°36′28″E / 49.4481°N 4.6078°E / 49.4481; 4.6078 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Ardennes |
| Arrondissement | Vouziers |
| Canton | Attigny |
| Intercommunality | Crêtes Préardennaises |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Guy Morlet |
| Area**1** | 7.67 km2 (2.96 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 67 |
| Density | 8.7/km2 (23/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 08123 /08130 |
| Elevation | 107 m (351 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Robert Campbell (frontiersman)

abstract: Robert Campbell was an Irish immigrant who became an American frontiersman, fur trader and businessman. His St. Louis home is now preserved as a museum: the Campbell House Museum.

text:
# Robert Campbell (frontiersman)

**Robert Campbell** (February 12, 1804 – October 16, 1879) was an Irish immigrant who became an American frontiersman, fur trader and businessman. His St. Louis home is now preserved as a museum: the Campbell House Museum.

## Early life

Robert Campbell was born on February 12, 1804. Campbell was a Presbyterian of Scottish descent. He was born in his family's home, Aughalane (pronounced "Ochalane"). The house was built by Hugh Campbell in 1786 near Plumbridge, County Tyrone, in modern-day Northern Ireland. Hugh placed a pair of stone plaques above the door, inscribing one with his name and the other with the coat of arms of the Duke of Argyll and Chief of Clan Campbell in Scotland. Aughalane is today preserved by the Ulster American Folk Park near Omagh, County Tyrone.

Campbell was the youngest child of his father's second wife and therefore was due to inherit next to nothing. This prompted him to follow his older brother Hugh to America, arriving in Philadelphia on June 27, 1822. How he spent his first year is largely unknown, but a meeting with John O'Fallon in 1823 offered potential. Like Robert, O'Fallon was an immigrant from Ireland who now lived in St. Louis, and he was employed as a sutler at Council Bluffs. Robert was offered the position of assistant clerk, working the winter at Bellevue on the Missouri River (near present-day Omaha, Nebraska). Robert, who had lung issues as a child, suffered greatly through the winter, and he moved to O'Fallon's St. Louis store. O'Fallon introduced him to Doctor Bernard Farrar, who advised Robert, "your symptoms are consumptive and I advise you to go to the Rocky Mountains. I have before sent two or three young men there in your condition, and they came back restored to health and healthy as bucks."

## Initial western expedition (1825–1829)

Campbell joined fur trader Jedediah S. Smith in an expedition leaving St. Louis for the Rocky Mountains on November 1, 1825. With the financial backing of William H. Ashley and his Rocky Mountain Fur Company, Smith assembled a group of sixty men, including experienced explorers and traders Hiram Scott, Jim Beckwourth, Moses Harris, and Louis Vasquez. After becoming aware of Campbell's skills and education, Smith asked him to act as clerk for the expedition.

Campbell's initial journey into the American west included a harsh winter spent with Pawnee tribesmen south of the Republican River. After the spring thaw, the group traveled north of the Platte River to the traders' Rendezvous in Cache Valley, in modern Utah and southern Idaho. There Ashley sold his percentage of the expedition to Smith, David Edward Jackson, and William Sublette. The expedition then split into two branches. Smith struck off to the southwest while Jackson and Sublette moved northwest to the Teton Range and the Snake River. Campbell traveled with the Jackson/Sublette party, and later wrote that the group "…hunted along the forks of the Missouri, following the Gallatin, and trapped along across the headwaters of the Columbia." The group wintered, once again together, in Cache Valley during the winter of 1826-27.

In late 1827, Campbell led a party into Flathead territory and suffered losses to Indian attack. Many survivors of his small group decided to winter in Flathead territory, but Campbell and two others left to contact the larger party wintering in Cache Valley. Traveling slowly due to harsh weather, they arrived at the Hudson's Bay Company camp of Peter Skene Ogden on the Snake River in February 1828. After leaving word of their whereabouts, Campbell returned and finished the winter with his men in Flathead territory.

In the spring of 1828 the group trapped along Clark's Fork and Bear Lake. They were attacked by Blackfeet on their way to the summer rendezvous, but suffered light losses and brought in their beaver pelts. After the summer trading, Campbell joined Jim Bridger in a trapping expedition to Crow country in northeastern Wyoming, wintering in the Wind River area. In the spring of 1829, Campbell decided to return briefly to Ireland to see to family affairs. Entrusted with forty-five packs of beaver skins by the larger group, he arrived in St. Louis in late August. He sold the furs for "…$22,476 dollars and received payment for his services amounting to $3,016."

## Pierre's Hole and Fort William (1832–1835)

When Campbell returned to the west, he was asked by William Sublette to form a partnership. Sublette even agreed to an odd relationship for the first year, making Robert a lieutenant but having him purchase his own goods for rendezvous, using the sale of this merchandise as the stake he needed to officially join the business. William Clark granted Robert and William Sublette's new company a nominally legal liquor license, enabling them to carry 450 gallons of extremely valuable whiskey to the next rendezvous.

The successful trapping season in 1832 concluded with the famous Battle of Pierre's Hole. As the rendezvous at Pierre's Hole was breaking up, a group of Gros Ventres (sometimes mistaken as Blackfeet), who had been dogging the trappers as they arrived, bumped into a trapping brigade as it left the valley, sparking a full-fledged battle. The Gros Ventres built quick fortifications out of downed logs as trapper reinforcements arrived, commencing a day-long siege. Between three and twelve trappers were killed, and nine to fifty Gros Ventres. The Natives were able to retreat during the night. Robert, who was interrupted in the middle of writing a letter to his brother, joined the fighting. Sublette and Robert agreed to dispose of each other's property, in the event of one's death. Both men led a charge on the Indian defenses, with Robert at one point believing he had been wounded, and Sublette taking a bullet in the arm. Robert helped Sublette from the field. The Battle of Pierre's Hole was later dramatized in Washington Irving's The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837).

Sublette and Robert shifted their focus from the rendezvous to challenging John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company by building forts adjacent to Astor's. Robert built Fort William in 1833 near the mouth of the Yellowstone River. The fort dealt primarily in buffalo robes from local Native American tribes, primarily the Assiniboine, Cree, and Gros Ventres. Fort William and its nearby rival, Fort Union, competed for loyalty from the Chiefs through gifts, generous deals, and alcohol. Robert proved an able diplomat, notably securing the loyalty of a Cree chief named Sonnant (*Mahsette-Kuiuab*, called “le Sonnant” by the French), but he was otherwise frustrated and depressed during his time at Fort William. Their company was successful, however, and Astor's company paid them to leave the area.

The fur trade was quickly dying, and Sublette and Campbell opted to close down their last outpost and concentrate on the buffalo robe trade and dry goods. They left at just the right time: in 1835, their robes sold for more than beaver pelts for the first time. Robes had risen to $6 each by the end of the decade, while beaver had fallen to $2.50 as the beaver population plummeted and the market turned increasingly to silk.

## Sublette and Campbell (1836–1845)

St. Louis, as the base of operations for the fur trade, was a natural place for Sublette and Campbell to open their business. In September 1836 the partners purchased a brick building at 7 Main Street for $12,823. From here, they engaged in the dry goods business, frequently selling on credit. Robert demonstrated a keen knowledge of affairs of money. In the age of unbridled capitalism, Robert proved to be firm yet just, pursuing payments of debts owed, but always paying his own debts. He never really pursued the robber baron practices of later in the century.

Campbell and Sublette amassed large amounts of real estate in the upper Mississippi valley, served as loan agents for several banks, and invested in the St. Louis Insurance Company, the St. Louis Hotel Company, and the Marine Insurance Company. All of this investment, however, threatened to overextend the partners. They frequently teetered on the edge of bankruptcy because of difficulty in collecting from their debtors. Despite these issues, Campbell continued to rise through the ranks of society. He was elected by the state legislature to the Missouri State Bank's board of directors in December 1839. Although he rarely had much cash on hand, he was financially sound enough to purchase a large tract of land in what is today Kansas City's downtown.

1842 saw the end of "Sublette and Campbell," as the partners decided not to renew their partnership. Both remained good friends, however, and the store was simply divided down the center by a wall. An economic crisis in the 1840s threatened to ruin Campbell, but the timely influx of cash from Scottish Laird (Lord) Sir William Drummond Stewart, a good friend, prevented much worse. Sublette became seriously ill and died in 1845, depriving Robert of a close friend and ally.

## Expansion (1845–1860)

Campbell was highly successful in the remainder of the 1840s. He was elected as the President of the State Bank of Missouri in 1846, increasing its deposits and value of its notes. Robert's stewardship of the bank was highly successful, and bank notes signed by him were accepted across the nation. The position also came with a $3,000 annual salary. Robert succeeded in finding a new partner as well, William Campbell (no relation), forming the firm "R. and W. Campbell" in 1848. The new firm invested in railroads and steamboats, and was also successful at placing allies as sutlers in several western forts.

Campbell was long recognized as a man capable of understanding the West. Thus, when the Mexican–American War broke out in 1846, Robert was appointed a state militia colonel charged with raising and outfitting 400 cavalry volunteers. Victory for the United States enabled Campbell to begin expanding his business into the American Southwest along the El Paso Trail. Campbell also outfitted John C. Fremont's 1843 Expedition of exploration in the region. His involvement with famous figures of the west extended beyond military matters as well. Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, the famous Jesuit missionary, had several interactions with Campbell throughout the years. Because of his experiences in the west, the United States government called upon Campbell to participate in the negotiations for the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. The fort had in fact once been owned by Campbell and Sublette, under the name Fort William (this is not to be confused with the 1833 Fort William, on the Yellowstone River).

Twin disasters in 1849 threatened the prosperity of St. Louis. First, a cholera epidemic hit the city. In July, a fire broke out along the waterfront and quickly spread. The fire destroyed $6.1 million in property, including Campbell's store. Robert Campbell rebounded his business quite well, using the insurance money to pay off the lingering debts of "Sublette and Campbell," as well as purchase a new site for R. & W. Campbell. St. Louis continued to prosper as well. The boom brought Robert to new fields of exploitation. The robe trade on the upper Missouri continued to reap profits, and Campbell's credit was accepted more regularly by western traders than that of the United States government, largely because Campbell was deemed more trustworthy. Steamboats continued to rise in importance. Campbell purchased the "A. B. Chambers" in 1858 for $833.32, paid in three installments. This boat was the first piloting job of Samuel Clemens. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers were risky to invest heavily in, and the "A. B. Chambers" had snagged and sunk by 1860. Even then, Robert was able to turn a profit, benefitting from the $9,480 insurance claim.

## The Civil War

Living in Missouri in the American Civil War required a delicate balancing act between pro-Southern and Unionist forces and interests. As the pivotal election of 1860 approached, Robert dismissed the fire-eating southerners as noisy and full of empty bombast. When the Secession Crisis began, Campbell declared early on as a Conditional Unionist, supporting Union with slavery. He was thus a backer of the Crittenden Compromise of 1861, intended to avoid the full outbreak of war. Campbell was influential enough that he was elected as President of the Conditional Unionists at a city convention on January 12, 1861. The convention voted to support slavery as a constitutional right, and urging the Federal government to restrain from using force during the crisis.

While Robert supported the right of men to own slaves, he himself had emancipated his final slave several years before. In 1857, Robert freed his slave Eliza and her two sons, apparently because his wife Virginia had grown distasteful of the institution. Robert therefore occupied a complicated point of view common to many at the time, viewing slavery as necessary and the law, but not morally pure. After the initial crisis in 1861, Campbell undertook few overt political roles for most of the war, instead focusing on business. He supplied troops for most of the war, including a large contract dispensing payroll to troops in New Mexico. The disruption of Mississippi River traffic slowed business, and even when it had reopened, the government sometimes requisitioned Robert's ships. On one such trip, the *Robert Campbell* was apparently sabotaged and destroyed by a Confederate partisan.

When Robert did involve himself in politics, it was generally in opposition to radical Republican policy. Robert supported his neighbor and commander of Union forces in Missouri, General William Harney, and also his successor and friend, General John Frémont. Robert also attempted to secure freedom for friends arrested under the strict martial law. Such activities were not without their dangers. Several St. Louis citizens expressed doubts over the loyalty of Robert and his brother Hugh. Adding to the doubts was the fact both Campbells had married Southern women. Despite the political strength of the Republicans, both Campbells were able to emerge from the war with their reputations intact. Although Robert probably disliked the loyalty oaths required by Special Order No. 80, he signed his in September 1862, ensuring he remained in the upper echelons of society.

## Later career

Robert's businesses continued to expand to ever further extents in the later years of his life. In 1871, the Campbell business empire extended all the way to El Paso, Texas, where Robert purchased land at a bankruptcy auction. Unfortunately for him, the land became entangled in courts, bedeviling Robert's efforts to do something with it for the remainder of his life. More successful business ventures included a foray into gold mining. Miners would send Robert gold dust, which he would then ship east to Stuart & Brothers of Philadelphia to be converted into coinage. Robert shipped about 497+14 pounds of gold dust between 1867 and 1870, worth $102,915.02.

In 1866, Robert also purchased the Southern Hotel, making it the flagship of his real estate empire. The hotel had taken 15 years to develop, and had generally underperformed for years. After purchasing it, the hotel underwent a major renovation costing $60,000. Robert improved nearly every room, and the St. Louis Republican declared that it was the finest hotel in the city. Unfortunately for Robert, he also installed a steam heating system in the hotel. Just after midnight on April 11, 1877, the system started a fire that soon engulfed the entire six-story structure. Every fire engine in the city was involved in the effort to save the 150 staff and guests. 14 guests were killed, and property damage was estimated at $1.5 million. One fireman, Phelim O'Toole, was singled out for his bravery. Robert was left to lament the destruction of the hotel. He remarked shortly after that the $492,000 insurance check was at least $100,000 shy of the building's value. While he planned to redevelop the site, he was unable to formalize plans before his death.

The late 1860s and 1870s saw the Campbell family at the height of their political and social influence. General Ulysses Grant was elected president in 1868, and the Campbell family enjoyed close relationships with the Grant family. The Campbells hosted Grant and other guests on at least three occasions (although Robert was absent for one), and Robert also visited the White House. Robert's connections to Grant, coupled with his extensive experience with the Native American tribes of the West, led to his appointment in 1869 to the Board of Indian Commissioners. Men on the board were supposed to be honest and wealthy enough to not be tempted to abuse their position, so as to help root out corruption. Campbell travelled through the west, meeting various tribes including the Ute, Cherokee, and the Oglala chief Red Cloud. The commissioners ultimately recommended that the Native Americans be assimilated into white society, encouraging the abolition of tribal sovereignty and more extensive cultural retraining. They also charged the high level of corruption of the Indian Bureau as problematic. With the Commission unable to make any headway against that corruption, every member, including Robert, resigned in protest in May 1874.

Robert's health declined considerably throughout the 1870s. His lung problems, which had never fully been resolved, continued to plague him. A particularly bad attack afflicted him during a dinner party for General William Sherman, forcing Robert to be confined to his bed for a month. In an effort to recover his strength, the Campbells travelled to Saratoga Springs. Despite these efforts, his health continued to deteriorate. On October 16, 1879, Robert had difficulty breathing and was suffering from severe pains. He died that evening, and was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery on October 19. The funeral crowd was so large that it could not fit in the parlor, and so spilled into the hallway and the morning room.

## Personal life

Campbell met his future wife Virginia Campbell in Philadelphia in 1835. Virginia Kyle's cousin, Mary Kyle, was married to Hugh Campbell, Robert's older brother. At the time they met, Robert was in poor health, and Virginia helped to nurse him. He soon became smitten, and they exchanged letters in a lengthy courtship strained by the age difference (Campbell was 31, Virginia 13) and distance. They also fought the disapproval of family and friends. Neither Hugh Campbell nor William Sublette believed that anything good would come of this relationship. In 1838, Robert asked Virginia for her hand in marriage, and she accepted. Robert joyfully asked permission from her mother, Lucy Ann Winston Kyle, who refused, declaring that Virginia was too young at the age of 16 to be married. She did allow Virginia and Robert to continue corresponding.

In the summer of 1839, Virginia abruptly asked to be released from the engagement. In what was undoubtedly a heartfelt letter for Robert, he consented even as he wrote, "You have blighted the happiness through life of a heart that loved only you." Robert's feelings never wavered, and Mrs. Kyle grew increasingly wary of Virginia's new suitors. Mrs. Kyle signaled her preference of Robert in December 1840, mere days before Robert penned a letter to Virginia that indicated his still-flaming love for her. The pair of letters evidently did the trick, as Virginia accepted his renewed proposal for marriage. Robert and Virginia were married in North Carolina on February 25, 1841.

Robert and Virginia first lived at the Planter's House on 4th Street, in a suite that cost $13.75 per week. The Planter's House Hotel was the first-class hotel of St. Louis, unrivaled for a dozen years. The Campbell household began expanding as well. The first son, named James Alexander, was born on May 14, 1842. James was followed by Hugh in 1843; however, Hugh did not live to his first birthday, as he died of pneumonia. Several more children followed, and as typical of the time, the family reused names, resulting in a second Hugh. With the family expanding, the Campbells began renting a house on 5th Street in 1843. The owners of the property took a number of loans that they were unable to pay back, resulting in the land being seized in 1847 and put up for sale. Robert was concerned enough about the fate of his house that he purchased the property directly. Despite the larger house, the Campbells continued to suffer loss. Two years later, the Campbell life—and the rest of the city of St. Louis—were challenged, for in 1849 a cholera epidemic swept through the city. The disease peaked in July, killing 145 people in one day, 722 in one week, and, from January to the end of July, 4,547. Among those who fell was the Campbell's firstborn, James, who died on June 18. The disease also nearly took the second Hugh, but he managed to survive.

Many residents of the city now desired to leave the unhealthy conditions downtown, paving the way for the rise of Lucas Place in the 1850s. Robert purchased 20 Lucas Place on November 8, 1854, paying $13,677 to live in the exclusive, elite neighborhood. Despite the move, the Campbells' health woes did not abate. All told, the Campbells had have 13 children, of whom only three survived to adulthood. Together, Hugh, Hazlett, and James owned and lived in their father's house for the remainder of their lives. The Campbells were also joined by several family members. Lucy Kyle accepted their invitation to move in and joined the family in 1856. Robert's brother Hugh joined the family in St. Louis in 1859, when he and his wife moved into a house on Washington Avenue. Other family members, including Eleanor Otey (Virginia's sister) and several of Robert's Irish relations, also resided at the house for various periods. Hugh then became Robert's unofficial business partner.

Robert died on October 16, 1879, followed by Virginia in 1882. They are buried with their children in Bellefontaine Cemetery. The three surviving children never married and remained at the Campbell House at 20 Lucas Place (now 1508 Locust St) until the death of the final son in 1938. The home is now preserved as the Campbell House Museum, complete with the original furnishings and decorations.

## Writings

During his expeditions and explorations of the Rocky Mountains, Campbell wrote a series of letters to his brother between the years 1832 and 1836 which were published in a Philadelphia newspaper titled *The National Atlas and Tuesday Morning Mail* in a series of issues numbering 14-19, Nov 1 - Dec 6, 1836. These letters described his travels in the Rockies, the appearances and customs of the Natives he became acquainted with and even the deaths of some comrades. The letters were first reprinted in 1955 as *The Rocky Mountain letters of Robert Campbell* for Frederick W. Beinecke.

* Carter, Harvey L. (1983). "Robert Campbell". In Leroy R. Hafen (ed.). *Trappers of the Far West* Sixteen Biographical Sketches. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7218-9.originally published in Leroy R. Hafen, ed. (1971). *Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West vol. VIII*. Glendale: The Arthur H Clark Company.
* The Campbell House Museum Website
* Aughalane House
* Significant Scots: Robert Campbell
* Nester, William R. From Mountain Man to Millionaire: The 'Bold and Dashing' Life of Robert Campbell. Revised Edition. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011.
* Buckley, Jay H. "Rocky Mountain Entrepreneur: Robert Campbell as a Fur Trade Capitalist." Journal of the Wyoming Historical Society. Summer 2003. 8-23.
* Campbell, Robert. "The Rocky Mountain Letters of Robert Campbell." The National Atlas and Tuesday Morning Mail. 1836. Republished 1955.
* Brooks, George R., editor. "The Private Journal of Robert Campbell." Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, Oct. 1963. 3-24. Jan. 1964. 107-118.
* Brooks, George R., editor. "Journal of Hugh Campbell." Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society. April 1967. 241-268.
* Primm, James Neal. Lion in the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri 1764-1980. Third Edition. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1998.
* Gerteis, Louis S. Civil War St. Louis. United States: University Press of Kansas, 2001.

## Further reading

* Campbell, Robert (April 24, 2017). *The Rocky Mountain Letters: of Robert Campbell (1832-1836)*. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1545574003.

## InfoBox

| Robert Campbell | |
| --- | --- |
| Photograph of Campbell circa 1860 | |
| Born | February 12, 1804 (1804-02-12)<br>County Tyrone, Ireland |
| Died | October 16, 1879 (1879-10-17) (aged 75)<br>St. Louis, Missouri, US |
| Known for | Exploration of Rocky Mountains, Head of two Missouri Banks, Owner of Steamboats, Real Estate Mogul in St. Louis, Missouri, and Kansas City, Missouri |
| Website | Campbell House Museum Website |
| Signature | |
|  | |


abstract: Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Barnawa, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The Current CMD is Dr. Aishatu Yushau Armaya'u.

text:
# Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna

**Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna** is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Barnawa, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The Current CMD is Dr. Aishatu Yushau Armaya'u.

## History

Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna was established in 1975. The hospital was formerly known as Psychiatric Hospital Kakuri. The institution was one of the 52 federal hospitals to get 60 billionaire intervention from federal government during COVID'19 pandemic in 2022. Aside the federal government intervention, the hospital was also supported by the Kaduna state governor who launched the Coronavirus intervention building, named after professor Jika in 2023.

## Facilities and programs

The Psychiatric hospital in Kaduna caters for mental health of indigenes as stated by the former Chief Medical Director, Professor Abdulkareem Jika Yusuf at the Mental health Day in 2019.

In February, 2024,Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna collaborated with the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Kaduna to carry out a compulsory mental health assessment for all motorist in the state, an initiative to reduce the number of road accident.

Also, in February, 2024, A toxicology ward was created in the hospital, a facility that cater for patients with substance abuse and drug disorder, the ward also differentiate the other mental issues from those caused by drug misuse, drug abuse and substance disorder.

## InfoBox

| Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Barnawa, Kaduna State, Nigeria |
| Links | |
| Website | fnphkaduna.gov.ng |
| Lists | Hospitals in Nigeria |


title: Uralerpeton

abstract: Uralerpeton is an extinct genus of chroniosuchid reptiliomorph from upper Permian deposits of Vladimir Region, European Russia. It was first named by V. K. Golubev in 1998, from skull fragments and trunk scutes. The type species is Uralerpeton tverdokhlebovae, it was a large predator with a 50 – 55 cm skull and a total length that probably exceeded 3 m (9.3 ft).

text:
# Uralerpeton

***Uralerpeton*** is an extinct genus of chroniosuchid reptiliomorph from upper Permian (upper Tatarian age) deposits of Vladimir Region, European Russia. It was first named by V. K. Golubev in 1998, from skull fragments and trunk scutes. The type species is *Uralerpeton tverdokhlebovae*, it was a large predator with a 50 – 55 cm skull and a total length that probably exceeded 3 m (9.3 ft).

## InfoBox

| *Uralerpeton*
Temporal range: Upper Permian, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Uralerpeton tverdokhlebovae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Reptiliomorpha (?) |
| Order: | Chroniosuchia |
| Family: | Chroniosuchidae |
| Genus: | *Uralerpeton*
Golubev, 1998 |
|
| Species | |
| * ***U. tverdokhlebovae***  Golubev, 1998 (type) | |


title: Dilip Madan

abstract: Dilip B. Madan is an American financial economist, mathematician, academic, and author. He is Professor Emeritus of Finance at the University of Maryland. Madan is most known for his work on the variance gamma model, the fast Fourier transform method for option pricing, and the development of Conic Finance. Madan is a recipient of the 2006 Humboldt Research Award. He has authored several books including Applied Conic Finance and Nonlinear Valuation and Non-Gaussian Risks in Finance.

text:
# Dilip Madan

**Dilip B. Madan** is an American financial economist, mathematician, academic, and author. He is Professor Emeritus of Finance at the University of Maryland.

Madan is most known for his work on the variance gamma model, the fast Fourier transform method for option pricing, and the development of Conic Finance. Madan is a recipient of the 2006 Humboldt Research Award. He has authored several books including *Applied Conic Finance* and *Nonlinear Valuation and Non-Gaussian Risks in Finance.*

## Education

Madan completed his Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting from the University of Bombay in 1967. In 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Maryland, followed by another PhD in mathematics in 1975 from the same university.

## Career

Madan began his academic career in 1972 as an assistant professor of economics at the University of Maryland. In 1976, he joined the University of Sydney and held various positions, including Lecturer in Economic statistics from 1976 to 1979 and Senior Lecturer in Econometrics from 1980 to 1988. Subsequently, he rejoined the University of Maryland, where he was appointed as assistant professor of Finance between 1989 and 1992, served as an Associate Professor of Finance between 1992 and 1997, and held an appointment as a professor of Finance between 1997 and 2019. Currently, he is Professor Emeritus of Finance at the University of Maryland since 2019.

Madan has been a Director and Treasurer of the Scientific Association of Mathematical Finance since 2021.

## Research

Madan's quantitative finance research has won him the 2021 Northfield Financial Engineer of the Year Award from the International Association for Quantitative Finance. He has authored numerous publications spanning the areas of financial markets, general equilibrium theory, and mathematical finance including books and articles in peer-reviewed journals.

### Valuation model

Madan's valuation model research has contributed to the improvement and development of valuation models in various fields including business and finance. In his analysis of the impact of model risk on the valuation of barrier options, he highlighted the divergent pricing outcomes of up-and-out call options resulting from the use of different stochastic processes to calibrate the underlying vanilla options surface. He conducted pricing comparisons between Sato processes and conventional models, revealing that Sato processes exhibit relatively higher pricing for cliquets, while effectively preserving the value of long-dated out-of-the-money realized variance options. Focusing his research efforts on credit value adjustments, his study proposed a theory of capital requirements to address the problem of cross-default exposures. Furthermore, he presented a Markov chain-based method for valuing structured financial products, offering financial institutions a tool to assess locally capped and floored cliquets, as well as unhedged and hedged variance swap contracts. He also introduced a conic finance-based nonlinear equity valuation model, which integrated risk charges contingent upon measure distortions. More recently in 2016 and 2022, he co-authored with Wim Schoutens two books titled Applied Conic Finance and Nonlinear valuation and non-Gaussian risks in finance, which provided an overview of the newly established conic finance theory, including its theoretical framework and various applications.

### Options pricing

Madan's options pricing research has focused on conducting empirical studies to test the performance of various option pricing models using real-world data. While exploring the valuation of European call options employing the Vasicek-Gaussian stochastic process, his research proposed an approach to approximate and determine the equilibrium change of measure in incomplete markets, using log return mean, variance, and kurtosis. In a collaborative study with Robert A. Jarrow, he demonstrated the application of term-structure-associated financial instruments in formulating dynamic portfolio management tactics, specifically aimed at mitigating distinct systematic jump hazards inherent in asset returns. In his early works, he introduced the variance gamma process, a stochastic model for log stock price dynamics, highlighting its symmetric statistical density with some kurtosis and negatively skewed risk-neutral density with higher kurtosis. His study further proposed using Markov Chains and homogeneous Levy processes, specifically the variance gamma process, as a robust modeling approach for financial asset prices, thereby facilitating the computation of option and series prices. His research work on pricing European options involved exploring self-similar risk-neutral processes and proposing two parameter stability-based models, highlighting their usefulness in studying the time variation of option prices. Concentrating his research on risk premia in options markets, he used the variance gamma model for density synthesis, revealing mean reversion and predictability in premia, with particular emphasis on short-term market crashes and long-term market rallies. His recent work in 2021 has contributed to the understanding of risk-neutral densities and jump arrival tails by introducing theoretical examples and practical models based on quasi-infinitely divisible distributions.

### Asset pricing

Madan's contributions to asset pricing research have resulted in the development of asset pricing models. His early research examined the minimum variance estimator to achieve a singular optimal power and provided approximations for estimating the scalar diffusion coefficient through the application of Ito calculus and Milstein methods. He also addressed the paradox posed by Artzner and Heath, offering a solution determining that completeness pertains to the topology of the cash flow space and is associated with the singular nature of the price functional in the topological dual space. In 2001, he proposed a modeling approach for asset price processes and illustrated that asset price dynamics are more suitably represented by pure jump processes, devoid of any continuous martingale component. In his analysis of equilibrium asset pricing, his work established that factor prices are influenced by exponentially tilted prices due to non-Gaussian factor risk exposures, which can be determined from the univariate probability distribution of the factor exposure. Moreover, with Wim Schoutens, he co-developed a technique that uses historical data to establish upper and lower valuations, leading to enhanced risk evaluation in the stock market through the integration of risk attributes into required returns.

## Awards and honors

* 2006 – Humboldt Research Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
* 2021 – Northfield Financial Engineer of the Year Award, International Association for Quantitative Finance

## Bibliography

### Books

* *Mathematical Finance – Bachelier Congress 2000* (2002) ISBN 9783540677819
* *Structured Products* (2008) ISBN 9781904339618
* *Stochastic Processes, Finance and Control: A Festschrift in Honor of Robert J Elliott* (2012) ISBN 9789814383301
* *Applied Conic Finance* (2016) ISBN 9781107151697
* *Nonlinear Valuation and Non-Gaussian Risks in Finance* (2022) ISBN 9781316518090

### Selected articles

* Madan, D. B., & Seneta, E. (1990). The variance gamma (VG) model for share market returns. Journal of business, 511–524.
* Madan, D. B., Carr, P. P., & Chang, E. C. (1998). The variance gamma process and option pricing. Review of Finance, 2(1), 79–105.
* Carr, P., & Madan, D. (1999). Option valuation using the fast Fourier transform. Journal of computational finance, 2(4), 61–73.
* Carr, P., Geman, H., Madan, D. B., & Yor, M. (2002). The fine structure of asset returns: An empirical investigation. The Journal of Business, 75(2), 305–332.
* Bakshi, G., Kapadia, N., & Madan, D. (2003). Stock return characteristics, skew laws, and the differential pricing of individual equity options. The Review of Financial Studies, 16(1), 101–143.
* Carr, P., Geman, H., Madan D. B., and Yor, M. (2007). Self-Decomposability and Option Pricing. Mathematical Finance 17, 31-57.
* Cherny, A., and Madan, D. B. (2009). New Measures of Performance Evaluation. Review of Financial Studies. 12, 213-230.
* Eberlein, E., Madan, D. B., Pistorius, M., and Yor, M. (2014). Bid and Ask Prices as Non-Linear Continuous Time G-Expectations Based on Distortions. Mathematics and Financial Economics 8, 265-289.
* Elliott, R. J., Madan, D. B., and Wang K. (2022). High Dimensional Markovian Trading of a Single Stock. Forntiers of Mathematical Finance 1, 375-396.

## InfoBox

| Dilip B. Madan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1946-12-12) December 12, 1946 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Financial economist, mathematician, academic, and author |
| Awards | Humboldt Research Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (2006) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | BComm, Accounting
PHD, Economics
PhD, Mathematics |
| Alma mater | University of Bombay
University of Maryland |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Maryland |
|  | |


title: The Whitechapel Horrors

abstract: The Whitechapel Horrors is a 1992 mystery pastiche novel written by Edward B. Hanna, featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson investigating the Jack the Ripper murders. Titan Books reprinted the book in 2010, as part of its The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series, which collects a number of noted Holmesian pastiches.

text:
# The Whitechapel Horrors

***The Whitechapel Horrors*** is a 1992 mystery pastiche novel written by Edward B. Hanna, featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson investigating the Jack the Ripper murders.

Titan Books reprinted the book in 2010, as part of its *The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes* series, which collects a number of noted Holmesian pastiches.

## Plot

A sadistic murderer stalks the streets of Whitechapel in London's East End. Sherlock Holmes is called in to investigate, but as the investigation into the grisly named Jack The Ripper continues, Holmes realizes there's more at stake than just stopping a serial killer.

## Reception

*Kirkus Reviews* felt that the revelation of Jack the Ripper's identity was "inventive and original" and the best part of the novel. *Publishers Weekly* called it "remarkably fresh and inventive" and praised the authenticity of the novel. Dread Central felt that it was the "first misstep" in Titan Books *Further Adventures* series and found it overly detailed and devoid of a satisfying resolution. Blasting News was in agreement calling it "too long, and not dramatic enough to warrant the length."

## InfoBox

The Whitechapel Horrors
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Edward B. Hanna |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Mystery |
| Published | 1992 (Carroll & Graff)<br>29 October 2010 (Titan Books) |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Novel |
| Pages | 480 |
| ISBN | 078670019X (first edition) |


title: Seven Keys Lodge

abstract: Seven Keys Lodge is a historic hotel located in Estes Park, Colorado. It has designations on the National Register of Historic Places and the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties. The property has changed hands several times, always under a private family's proprietorship. In 2020, the property was purchased and the new owners changed the name to the Seven Keys Lodge.

text:
# Seven Keys Lodge

**Seven Keys Lodge** (formerly known as **The Baldpate Inn**) is a historic hotel located in Estes Park, Colorado. It has designations on the National Register of Historic Places and the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties. The property has changed hands several times, always under a private family's proprietorship. In 2020, the property was purchased and the new owners changed the name to the Seven Keys Lodge.

## History

The hotel was founded in 1917 by Anglo-American brothers Charles Mace (combat and commercial photographer, 1889-1973), and Gordon Mace, and their families. The Inn is known especially two reasons: the hotel was named for the popular mystery novel, play and films *Seven Keys to Baldpate* by Earl Derr Biggers, and was eventually accepted to be the "true" Baldpate by the author. While the hotel originally gave away keys as curios, today it is known for its collection of more than 20,000 keys, usual, unusual and figurative, that have been offered to the inn by visitors, hotel guests, and dignitaries from all over the world.

Keys are catalogued in a database, supported by a grant from American History Savers and maintained by rotating curators who offer insight into the collections through a lecture series and blog.

The hotel structurally survived the 2013 Colorado floods, although the road leading to the property, which also connects to local trailheads, was severely damaged due to erosion. The hotel received support from the History Colorado State Historical Fund and Colorado Preservation.


title: South African Class GK 2-6-2+2-6-2

abstract: The South African Railways Class GK 2-6-2+2-6-2 of 1923 was an articulated steam locomotive from the New Cape Central Railway era. In 1923, the New Cape Central Railway placed two Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 2-6-2+2-6-2 Double Prairie type wheel arrangement in service. In 1925, when the New Cape Central Railway was amalgamated into the South African Railways, the two Garratts were renumbered and designated Class GK.

text:
# South African Class GK 2-6-2+2-6-2

The **South African Railways Class GK 2-6-2+2-6-2** of 1923 was an articulated steam locomotive from the New Cape Central Railway era.

In 1923, the New Cape Central Railway placed two Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 2-6-2+2-6-2 Double Prairie type wheel arrangement in service. In 1925, when the New Cape Central Railway was amalgamated into the South African Railways, the two Garratts were renumbered and designated Class GK.

## New Cape Central Railway

The New Cape Central Railway (NCCR) was an independent privately owned railway company who operated between Worcester and Mossel Bay. It was formed in January 1893 when it purchased all the assets of the bankrupted Cape Central Railway (CCR) who had constructed a railway from Worcester via Robertson to Roodewal.

In 1894, the NCCR began work to extend the railway to Swellendam. From there it continued via Heidelberg to Riversdale, which was reached on 3 December 1903. Voorbaai, outside Mossel Bay, was reached in 1906.

When the Cape Government Railways linked up with the NCCR at Mossel Bay on 23 September 1907, the NCCR undertook to operate the 32+12-mile long (52.3-kilometre) section to George.

Unlike many other privately owned railways in South Africa, the NCCR prospered and was well and efficiently run. Prior to 1917 dividends were small, but from 1917 to 1925 dividends of 4½% were declared each year. The NCCR was the last component railway to be added to the South African Railways (SAR) when it was liquidated and amalgamated in May 1925. All the NCCR locomotives which came onto the SAR roster continued to give good service for many years.

## Manufacturer

Increasing traffic and heavier loads led to the decision by the NCCR in 1922 to place an order with Beyer, Peacock and Company for two Garratt 2-6-2+2-6-2 Double Prairie type locomotives. The locomotives were built to the design of the Class GB of the SAR and were also superheated, with Belpaire fireboxes, plate frames, piston valves and Walschaerts valve gear, but they were heavier and had larger cylinders. They were delivered in 1923 and were initially numbered 12 and 13, but were later renumbered G1 and G2. The Garratts were the last new locomotives to be acquired by the company.

## Service

### New Cape Central Railway

In service on the NCCR, each Garratt could replace two of the railway’s older Class 7 locomotives, one 95 long tons (97 tonnes) Garratt being able to do the work of altogether 166 long tons (169 tonnes) worth of tender locomotives while saving 5 long tons (5 tonnes) of coal and one crew's wages in the process. The Garratts eliminated the need to double-head passenger trains which often consisted of eight bogie carriages.

### South African Railways

When the NCCR was amalgamated into the SAR in 1925, the two Garratt locomotives were renumbered 2340 and 2341 on the SAR roster and designated Class GK.

The locomotives were initially transferred to Cape Town and later joined the Class GD Garratts on the Overberg branch line to Caledon for a brief period. Since they were much lighter than the Class GD, they were less useful as traffic engines. They were then sent to Natal where they remained in service on the Donnybrook to Underberg branch until they were withdrawn from service by 1957.

## Illustration

## InfoBox

| New Cape Central Garratt 2-6-2+2-6-2
South African Class GK 2-6-2+2-6-2 | |
| --- | --- |
| NCCR no. G2, later SAR Class GK no. 2341, c. 1925 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Beyer, Peacock and Company  Builder Beyer, Peacock and Company  Serial number 6135-6136  Model NCCR G  Build date 1923  Total produced 2 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 2-6-2+2-6-2 (Double Prairie)  UIC 1’C1’+1’C1’h4  Driver 3rd & 4th coupled axles  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Leading dia. 28+12 in (724 mm)  Coupled dia. 42+34 in (1,086 mm)  Trailing dia. 28+12 in (724 mm)  Wheelbase 56 ft 8 in (17,272 mm)   Engine 17 ft 8 in (5,385 mm) each  Coupled 8 ft (2,438 mm) each  Pivot centres 29 ft 8 in (9,042 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers 63 ft 2+34 in (19,272 mm)  Height 12 ft 3 in (3,734 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load 10 LT 10 cwt (10,670 kg)   Leading 8 LT 7 cwt (8,484 kg) front
8 LT 16 cwt (8,941 kg) rear  Coupled 10 LT 10 cwt (10,670 kg)  Trailing 6 LT 16 cwt (6,909 kg) front
7 LT 19 cwt (8,078 kg) rear  Adhesive weight 63 LT (64,010 kg)  Loco weight 94 LT 18 cwt (96,420 kg)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 4 LT (4.1 t)  Water cap. 1,900 imp gal (8,640 L) front
1,100 imp gal (5,000 L) rear  Firebox:   Type Belpaire  Grate area 34 sq ft (3.2 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 7 ft 3+38 in (2,219 mm)  Diameter 5 ft 2 in (1,575 mm)  Tube plates 11 ft 3+14 in (3,435 mm)  Small tubes **225:** 1+34 in (44 mm)  Large tubes **24:** 5+14 in (133 mm)  Boiler pressure 180 psi (1,241 kPa)  Safety valve Ramsbottom  Heating surface:   Firebox 156 sq ft (14.5 m2)  Tubes 1,531 sq ft (142.2 m2)  Total surface 1,687 sq ft (156.7 m2)  Superheater:
   Heating area 300 sq ft (28 m2)  Cylinders Four  Cylinder size 15 in (381 mm) bore
22 in (559 mm) stroke  Valve gear Walschaerts  Valve type Piston  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin
AAR knuckle (1930s) | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 31,260 lbf (139.1 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators New Cape Central Railways
South African Railways  Class Class GK  Number in class 2  Numbers NCCR 12-13, renumbered G1-G2
SAR 2340-2341  Delivered 1923  First run 1923  Withdrawn 1957 | |


title: Bill Agnew

abstract: Bill Agnew was a Scotland international rugby union footballer. He played for Stewart's College FP at the Lock position.

text:
# Bill Agnew

**Bill Agnew** (14 April 1910 – 27 March 1961) was a Scotland international rugby union footballer. He played for Stewart's College FP at the Lock position.

## Rugby Union career

### Amateur career

Agnew played for Stewart's College FP at the Lock position.

### Provincial career

Agnew represented Edinburgh District. He played in the 1930 Inter-City match against Glasgow District.

### International career

Agnew played for Scotland twice.

He played in two matches of the 1930 Five Nations tournament.

He made his debut against Wales on 1 February 1930 at Murrayfield Stadium Scotland won that match 12 - 9. He second and final appearance was against Ireland at Murrayfield Stadium on 22 February 1930. Ireland won that match 14 - 11.

## InfoBox

Bill Agnew
| Birth name | William Craigie Agnew |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1910-04-15)15 April 1910 |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Date of death | 27 March 1961(1961-03-27) (aged 50) |
| Place of death | London, England |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  - Stewart's College FP   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  - Edinburgh District   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1930 Scotland  2  (0) | |


abstract: Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kware is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Kware, Sokoto State, Nigeria. The current chief medical director is Shehu Sale.

text:
# Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kware

**Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kware** is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Kware, Sokoto State, Nigeria. The current chief medical director is Shehu Sale.

## CMD

The current chief medical director is Shehu Sale.

## InfoBox

| Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kware | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Kware, Sokoto State, Nigeria |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in Nigeria |


title: Utricularia cornigera

abstract: Utricularia cornigera is a large perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. cornigera was described in 2009 by Miloslav Studnička based on his study of the variation in cultivated plants labeled Utricularia reniformis and apparent different geographic ranges. U. cornigera is found on Serra dos Órgãos in south-eastern Brazil and as of the new species' description, was not found in the presence of U. reniformis. Utricularia cornigera has been grown in cultivation under the name U. reniformis and with the cultivar name 'Big Sister'. It differs from U. reniformis by having 6-8 primordial leaves emerging from the seed during germination with a float and whorl of leaves. Utricularia cornigera also produces two distinct types of bladder traps that are dimorphic and it generally has larger leaves.

text:
# Utricularia cornigera

***Utricularia cornigera*** is a large perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. *U. cornigera* was described in 2009 by Miloslav Studnička based on his study of the variation in cultivated plants labeled *Utricularia reniformis* and apparent different geographic ranges. *U. cornigera* is found on Serra dos Órgãos in south-eastern Brazil and as of the new species' description, was not found in the presence of *U. reniformis*. *Utricularia cornigera* has been grown in cultivation under the name *U. reniformis* and with the cultivar name 'Big Sister'. It differs from *U. reniformis* by having 6-8 primordial leaves emerging from the seed during germination with a float and whorl of leaves. *Utricularia cornigera* also produces two distinct types of bladder traps that are dimorphic and it generally has larger leaves.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia cornigera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Utricularia* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Orchidioides* |
| Species: | ***U. cornigera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia cornigera***<br>Studnička | |
|


abstract: Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School is a public high school located in the Fallingbrook neighbourhood within the suburb of Orléans in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The school is under the jurisdiction of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board. Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School was originally located on Carsons Road which was then part of the City of Gloucester. The school primarily served the neighbourhoods of Carson Grove and Pineview. In 1992, the school relocated to their current location on Tenth Line Road in Orleans which was then part of Cumberland Township. The former location is now used by Collège catholique Samuel-Genest. The school is directly connected to the Ray Friel Recreational Complex which features a swimming pool, skating rink, a branch of the Ottawa Public Library, a branch of the Eastern Ottawa Resource Centre, and the River Heights Children Centre. Each school day consists of four seventy-five minute periods. Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School offers a number of special academic opportunities for students such as a co-operative education program, Specialist High Skills Major (SHSM) programs, and dual course programs with Algonquin College. The school also offers special education for students who require additional support including in-class IEPs and specially trained educators. Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School offers a variety of varsity and intramural sports including golf, football, cross-country running, basketball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, ultimate, rugby, badminton, ice hockey, cross-country skiing, curling, downhill skiing/snowboarding, swimming, touch football, track and field, baseball, and softball.

text:
# Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School (Ottawa)

**Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School** (formerly **Sir Wilfrid Laurier High School**) is a public high school located in the Fallingbrook neighbourhood within the suburb of Orléans in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The school is under the jurisdiction of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School was originally located on Carsons Road which was then part of the City of Gloucester. The school primarily served the neighbourhoods of Carson Grove and Pineview. In 1992, the school relocated to their current location on Tenth Line Road in Orleans which was then part of Cumberland Township. The former location is now used by Collège catholique Samuel-Genest.

The school is directly connected to the Ray Friel Recreational Complex which features a swimming pool, skating rink, a branch of the Ottawa Public Library, a branch of the Eastern Ottawa Resource Centre, and the River Heights Children Centre.

Each school day consists of four seventy-five minute periods. Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School offers a number of special academic opportunities for students such as a co-operative education program, Specialist High Skills Major (SHSM) programs, and dual course programs with Algonquin College. The school also offers special education for students who require additional support including in-class IEPs and specially trained educators.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School offers a variety of varsity and intramural sports including golf, football, cross-country running, basketball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, ultimate, rugby, badminton, ice hockey, cross-country skiing, curling, downhill skiing/snowboarding, swimming, touch football, track and field, baseball, and softball.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1515 Tenth Line Road
Ottawa, Ontario, K1E 3E8
Canada | |
| Coordinates | 45°28′23″N 75°29′36″W / 45.473059°N 75.493391°W / 45.473059; -75.493391 |
| Information | |
| Motto | We Strive for the Highest |
| Opened | 1966 |
| School board | Ottawa Carleton District School Board |
| Superintendent | Mary Jane Farrish |
| Area trustee | Keith Penny |
| Principal | Tim Hawes |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 995 (2022) |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Colour(s) | Maroon, white and navy
 |
| Team name | Lancers |
| Feeder schools | Dunning-Foubert Elementary, Fallingbrook Community Elementary, Maple Ridge Elementary, Trillium Elementary, Summerside Public |
| Website | sirwil.ca |


title: Diemeniana

abstract: Diemeniana is a genus of cicada in the cicadettini tribe of the Cicadinae subfamily native to Australia. Five species have been described.

text:
# Diemeniana

***Diemeniana*** is a genus of cicada in the cicadettini tribe of the Cicadinae subfamily native to Australia. Five species have been described.

## InfoBox

| *Diemeniana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Diemeniana frenchi* specimen in the Australian Museum | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Cicadomorpha |
| Family: | Cicadidae |
| Genus: | ***Diemeniana***<br>Distant, 1905 |
|
| Species | |
| *See text.* | |


title: Legal status of striptease

abstract: The legal status of striptease varies considerably among different countries and the various jurisdictions of the United States. Striptease is considered a form of public nudity and subject to changing legal and cultural attitudes on moral and decency grounds. Some countries do not have any restrictions on performances of striptease. In some countries, public nudity is outlawed directly, while in other countries it may be suppressed or regulated indirectly through devices such as restrictions on venues through planning laws, or licensing regulations, or liquor licensing and other restrictions.

text:
# Legal status of striptease

The **legal status of striptease** varies considerably among different countries and the various jurisdictions of the United States. Striptease is considered a form of public nudity and subject to changing legal and cultural attitudes on moral and decency grounds. Some countries do not have any restrictions on performances of striptease. In some countries, public nudity is outlawed directly, while in other countries it may be suppressed or regulated indirectly through devices such as restrictions on venues through planning laws, or licensing regulations, or liquor licensing and other restrictions.

## National issues

### Canada

There have been annual attempts to amend the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA), passed in 2001. The 2009 version of the bill (Bill C-45: An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act) had specific provisions related to tightening the issuance of Exotic Dancer Visas as a means to combat human trafficking. In addition to Canada, the Irish and Japanese governments had at one time special visa categories for 'entertainers' which enabled the trafficking of women for strip clubs and prostitution.

### Cyprus

The former immigration chief in Cyprus was found guilty in 2001 of accepting bribes to issue work permits to foreign women (from Ukraine) who worked as strippers in clubs, some of whom were forced into prostitution.

### Iceland

In March 2010, Iceland outlawed striptease under a law made by the Icelandic Parliament (Alþingi). It is now an offence for any business to profit from the nudity of its employees. No other European country has subsequently implemented a strip club ban. Strip clubs and nudity among their employees remains legal in most of Europe.

Around 15 strip clubs had been operating in Iceland in the late 1990s and early 2000s, mostly in and around Reykjavík, and stripping was a multimillion-dollar business. At that time nude dancing was regulated and stripping was generally considered to be illegal, although a small number of clubs had been given a legal exemption to feature striptease. Those exemptions were rescinded when the ban officially took effect on 31 July 2010 and Iceland's strip clubs all closed. A few "champagne clubs" subsequently opened in an old strip club district, providing a private area in the back where clients could purchase private time with a female worker. In 2015, a women's crisis center, Stígamót, campaigned against these clubs and accused them of trafficking and prostitution. The clubs were subsequently raided by the police and closed.

Siv Friðleifsdóttir of the Progressive Party was the first presenter of the bill. Kolbrún Halldórsdóttir, the politician behind the bill, was concerned about alleged links with drugs and prostitution. She was also of the opinion that strip clubs violated women's rights. She said: "It is not acceptable that women or people in general are a product to be sold". Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, then Iceland's Prime Minister, said: "The Nordic countries are leading the way on women's equality, recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale". Another politician, Steinunn Valdís Óskarsdóttir, spoke in support of the ban, saying: "Women who work at strip clubs are in many cases the victims of human trafficking and other kinds of abuse" and "I have been working in this field for almost 15 years and not yet have I met one woman who dances at strip clubs because she wants to". Club operators dispute the notion that strippers are unwilling victims. They argue that Icelandic police have found no evidence of organised crime or prostitution at their clubs.

The decision to pass the law was seen as a victory for anti-pornography feminists, and criticized by sex-positive feminists. In 2015 Stígamót made a presentation on the results of their activities in Iceland at a sideline event of the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women.

### United Kingdom

In the 1930s, when the Windmill Theatre, London, began to present nude shows, British law prohibited performers moving whilst in a state of nudity. To get around that rule, models appeared naked in stationary tableaux vivants. To keep within the law, sometimes devices were used which rotated the models without them moving themselves. Fan dances were another device used to keep performances within the law. These allowed a naked dancer's body to be concealed by her fans or those of her attendants, until the end of an act, when she posed naked for a brief interval whilst standing stock still, and the lights went out or the curtain dropped to allow her to leave the stage. The Lord Chamberlain's rules prohibiting moving nude dancers did not apply to private members club, a loophole exploited by the “Raymond Revuebar” in Soho, London at the start of the 1960s. Changes in the law in that decade brought about a boom of strip clubs in Soho, with "fully nude" dancing and audience participation.

A 2003 United Kingdom study reported statistics which said that in the London Borough of Camden the number of rapes increased by 50% and indecent assaults by 57% after four lap dancing venues opened. According to the *Lilith Report on Lap Dancing and Striptease in the Borough of Camden*, these statistics were calculated from information published by the Metropolitan police relating to the years 1998-99 and 2001–02. The percentages however were incorrectly calculated and Metropolitan police provided the UK Guardian newspaper with the following figures: 72 rapes and 162 indecent assaults in the borough in 1998–99, and 96 rapes and 251 indecent assaults in 2001–02; a 33% increase in rape and a 55% increase in indecent assault. The overall crime rate decreased over the same period. However, in 2011 Brooke Magnanti published a statistical re-analysis criticizing the Lilith report for its lack of incidence rate calculation, lack of control population, and using results from too short of a time period.

The authors of *Government Regulation of "Adult" Businesses Through Zoning and Anti-Nudity Ordinances: Debunking the Legal Myth of Negative Secondary Effects*, a meta-analysis of 110 studies looking at the impact of strip clubs and other adult businesses, have concluded that the studies that favored prohibiting exotic dancing suffered from research flaws, and that in the papers that did not contain fatal flaws, there was no correlation between adult-oriented business and any crime. Ethnographic work also supports the conclusion that there is no relationship between adult entertainment and crime.

During the 21st century the legislative trend in the UK has been toward a more conservative treatment of striptease, in contrast to many areas in Europe and the US which have more liberal sexual attitudes. In 2009, the United Kingdom passed the Policing and Crime Act following government concerns about an increase in the number of striptease venues in the country. The act defines "sexual entertainment venues" as those venues in England & Wales (and later Scotland) which have been licensed for the performance of nudity for profit where the primary intention of the entertainment is sexual gratification or titillation. Most of the venues licensed in this way are lap dance or gentleman's clubs specialising in female striptease for an assumed male audience, but some offer more general sexual entertainment, burlesque, or male striptease. Any strip club where live entertainment takes place more than 11 times a year must now apply for a license from its local authorities. Such clubs are routinely opposed by those who feel that these 'lower the tone' of particular neighbourhoods, and the introduction of licensing legislation under the 2009 Policing and Crime Act (in England and Wales) and the 2015 Air Weapons and Licensing Act (Scotland) has reduced the number of relevant premises to fewer than 200 across the UK, significantly down on the 350 or so existing in the early 2000s. The reasons for licence refusal vary, but usually it is on grounds of the club being in an inappropriate locality.

The London Borough of Hackney council used the Act to introduce a "nil" policy on adult entertainment in early 2011. However, the council's own consultation found that over 75% of the people in Shoreditch (where most of Hackney's existing clubs were located) opposed the ban. Police noted that crime and antisocial behaviour around the existing clubs was extremely low compared to late-night bars. Trade unions estimated that up to 450 jobs could be lost and the TUC argued that dancers who worked in the existing establishments should be better protected instead.

### United States

Many U.S. jurisdictions have various laws related to striptease, public nudity and related issues. For example, the "six foot rule" in some jurisdictions requires strippers to maintain a six-foot distance from customers while performing topless or nude. This rule does not apply when in a bikini or other work outfit, but is indicative of the level of scrutiny prevailing in some jurisdictions on dancer-customer interaction. Other rules forbid "full nudity". In some parts of the United States, laws forbid exposure of female nipples, but does not apply if a stripper wears pasties.

#### Social attitudes

A relatively liberal social climate keeps many jurisdictions in the United States from passing stricter legislation against strip clubs, or from enforcing it fully. However, in recent years, many cities, such as New York City and San Francisco, have enacted ordinances prohibiting "adult entertainment" businesses from within a certain distance of houses, schools and churches, and perhaps each other. Often, a distance of nearly half-a-mile is stipulated, which ensure that new strip clubs can not open in many major cities. Courts have generally upheld these zoning laws.

#### Decency regulations

Many United States jurisdictions have laws pertaining to striptease or public nudity. In some parts of the United States, laws forbid exposure of female nipples, but does not apply if a stripper wears pasties. In early 2010, the city of Detroit banned fully exposed breasts in its strip clubs, following the example of Houston which began enforcing a similar ordinance of 2008. The city council has since softened the rules eliminating the requirement for pasties but kept other restrictions.

#### Topless and fully nude clubs

In several parts of the United States, local laws classify strip clubs as either *topless* or *all/fully nude*. Dancers in topless clubs can expose their breasts, but not their genitals. Topless dancers typically perform in a G-string and, depending on local laws, may be required to wear pasties covering their nipples. *Fully nude* clubs may be subject to additional requirements such as restrictions on alcohol sales or *no-touch rules* between customers and dancers.

To get around these rules two "separate" bars—one topless and one fully nude—may open adjacent to one another. In a small number of states and jurisdictions, where it is legal for alcohol to be consumed but not for alcohol to be sold, some clubs allow customers to bring their own beverages. These are known as BYOB clubs.

#### Independent contractors

In the U.S., striptease dancers are generally classified as independent contractors. While a few smaller strip clubs may pay a weekly wage, for the most part all of a dancer's income is derived from tips and other fees they collect from customers. In most clubs, dancers have to pay a "stage fee" or "house fee" to work a given shift. In addition, most clubs take a percentage of each private dance. It is customary—and often required in the United States—for dancers to also pay a "tip out", which is money (either a set fee or a percentage of money earned) paid to staff members of clubs, such as DJs, house moms, make-up artists, servers, bartenders, and bouncers, at the end of their shift.

#### Touching of strippers

In many states it is illegal for customers to touch strippers. However, some dancers and some clubs condone the touching of dancers during private dances. This touching often includes the fondling of breasts, buttocks, and in rare cases, vulvae. In some locales, dancers may give a customer a "lap dance", whereby the dancer grinds against a fully clothed customer's crotch in an attempt to arouse them.

One of the more specific and strict local ordinances is San Diego Municipal Code 33.3610, created in response to allegations of corruption among local officials involving contacts in the nude entertainment industry. Among its provisions is the "six foot rule", copied by other municipalities, which requires that dancers maintain a six-foot (1.8 m) distance from customers while performing topless or nude. The rule is not in effect when dancers are wearing bikinis or other work outfits. The existence of this rule is indicative of the level of scrutiny of dancer-customer interaction prevailing in some locations.

#### Status of underage dancers

In July 2009, it was discovered that, in addition to not having a prostitution law (prostitution in Rhode Island was outlawed in 2009), Rhode Island also does not have a law to stop underage girls from being exotic dancers. The Mayor of Providence, David Cicilline signed an executive order, effective July 31, prohibiting the city Board of Licenses from issuing adult entertainment licenses to establishments that employ minors. The club owners also made a pledge to not employ underage girls.

#### Court cases

In 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in *Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.* that nudity in itself is not "expressive conduct" (or "symbolic speech") entitled to free speech protection of the First Amendment. It also ruled that topless or nude dancing may be expressive but that a state may nevertheless outlaw public nudity (i.e., not the dance itself) on the basis of furthering public's interest in maintaining morality and order.

In 2000, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its finding in *Erie v. Pap's A. M.* ruling that nude dancing was expressive conduct "marginally" protected by the First Amendment, but that it could be regulated to limit the "secondary effects", such as crime.

## Prostitution in strip clubs

Rules governing strip clubs and the overall adult entertainment industry vary around the world, and formats sometimes are combined under a single roof or complex. For example, in Bangkok, Thailand, the Nana Entertainment Plaza is a large four-floor compound with over 40 bars. Most of the bars are go-go bars where girls dance in various stages of nudity. They are not formal brothels, since customers must negotiate with the female workers for services up to and including sex without an intermediary. The Zona Norte red light district in Tijuana, Mexico has a number of legal brothels which are modeled on strip clubs and feature U.S.-style striptease performed by its prostitutes. Zurich, Switzerland also has legalized prostitution, and its strip clubs throughout the city offer sex among their services. Differing from Zurich brothels, sex services in the strip clubs are typically performed off site. Eastern European strip clubs have a similar model. A "sex zone" in Tokyo, Japan which is only 0.34 square kilometers had approximately 3,500 sex facilities as of 1999. These included strip theaters, peep shows, "soaplands," "lover's banks," porno shops, telephone clubs, karaoke bars, clubs and more all offering adult entertainment services. Filipino red light districts contain go-go bars and strip clubs tightly concentrated with other types of businesses and each other similar to the U.S. In Dubai, a city governed by very strict cultural norms and laws, there are several Indian strip clubs offering at least partial-nudity. Newspaper reports indicate that customers can occasionally purchase sex in some American strip clubs. Both the U.S. municipalities of Detroit, Michigan and Houston, Texas were reputed to have rampant occurrences of illicit activity including prostitution linked to its striptease establishments within their city limits. Prostitution is illegal in all states except in some rural counties in Nevada. Prostitution in Rhode Island was outlawed in 2009.