title: Sisely Treasure

abstract: Sisely Dove Treasure is an American singer and dancer, notable for the song "All Around the World" released by Dreamworks Records in July 2003 and appearing in Billboard Magazine's Top 40 Dance charts the same year. "Morning Star", another song off the Punk Debutante album, made top ten on Billboards dance chart. In 2008, she became one of three vocalists for the rock group Shiny Toy Guns. In 2011, she released her solo single, "That You Like." On November 28, a preview video of a new single titled "Million Hands" was released on her official YouTube page. She was born in Long Beach, California and currently lives in Los Angeles.

text:
# Sisely Treasure

**Sisely Dove Treasure** (born November 28, 1982) is an American singer and dancer, notable for the song "All Around the World" released by Dreamworks Records in July 2003 and appearing in Billboard Magazine's Top 40 Dance charts the same year. "Morning Star", another song off the *Punk Debutante* album, made top ten on *Billboard*s dance chart. In 2008, she became one of three vocalists for the rock group Shiny Toy Guns. In 2011, she released her solo single, "That You Like." On November 28, a preview video of a new single titled "Million Hands" was released on her official YouTube page. She was born in Long Beach, California and currently lives in Los Angeles.

## Career

### Cooler Kids

Before Treasure's appearance on the Pussycat Dolls reality TV show, she formed the music group Cooler Kids with producer and performer Kaz Gamble. Treasure had the opportunity to work with several record labels, including DreamWorks Recordings, Audacious Records and Teenacide Records, and released a debut album, entitled *Punk Debutante*, in which the chart-entering single "All Around the World" was published. She has co-written and sung on songs "The Grass is Greener" and "Common Ground" by Dave Audé and Tall Paul. Sisely Treasure was also a member of all the all-girl pop-punk, j-pop-ish group The Holograms, at which time they had a chart buster on Billboard top garage Hits "Are you ready for it".

### Dancing career

She was among the first original crew of kids that made up the dance troupe Sparkids performing at the Forum during the LA Sparks games and Laker games. In her early teens she was part of one of the premier young dance companies in the world, under the wing of renowned choreographer Marguerite Derricks. She has also danced in various commercials and for several other major choreographers and dancers such as Terry Beeman, Wade Robson, Wes Veldink and Galen Hooks.

### The Search for the Next Doll

Treasure appeared in the first season of the CW reality show *Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll*. Sisely was often praised by Robin Antin for her uniqueness and individuality. On the show, she was a couple years older than the others and said she at times felt like an outsider. She was the third girl eliminated after being told her vocals were off and she didn't live up to her rock persona. She shook up the show's fanbase and fellow contestant and eventual winner Asia Nitollano when she responded to the contestants' discussion of each other's dancing abilities by stating that she thought that Asia danced "like a drag queen", shortly before she was eliminated, causing the other contestants (with the exception of Nitollano) to burst out laughing. She then very briefly joined the Paradiso Girls.

### Sisely and the Safety Pin-ups

After *Search for the Next Doll* she joined another group named Sisely and the Safety Pin-ups and released a cover of "Do the Robot" which was voted coolest garage song by Garage Rock. She was also featured in a Yahoo article which named her the "Punkycat Doll". She was also one of the members of the Gunn Metal Grey dance group.

### Shiny Toy Guns (2008 - 2010)

On August 12, 2008, it was announced that Sisely Treasure was the new female vocalist for the band Shiny Toy Guns, replacing Carah Faye Charnow. Her vocals are featured on the band's second album *Season of Poison*, released on November 4, 2008, and the band's covers of "Burnin' for You" and "Major Tom (Coming Home)" that were featured in commercials for Lincoln cars. Prior to the release of Shiny Toy Guns' third album III, former band member Carah Faye Charnow returned to resume the role of lead female singer for the band, and Treasure was not featured on the album.

### Solo Career Development (2010 - Present)

Early February 2011, Sisely Treasure released a single as a solo artist on her website. The single, "That You Like", is available to listen for free on her website (https://soundcloud.com/siselytreasure).

In March 2013, Sisely was featured on the track "Into Vapor" by culineR.

In July 2013, Sisely was the featured on Audacious Records' release "Shadow of the Sun" by Ikon & Exodus.

In December 2016, Sisley was featured as her new project "SISTERWIFE" on the Release "Kick In The Bass" by Darku J & Styles & Complete.

## InfoBox

| Sisely Treasure | |
| --- | --- |
| Sisely Treasure performing at the Folsom Street Fair in 2008 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Sisely Dove Treasure |
| Born | (1982-11-28) November 28, 1982<br>Long Beach, California, USA |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Genres | Pop, rock, dance, electronic |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, dancer |
| Instrument(s) | Bass, keyboards, vocals |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels | Audacious, Dreamworks, Teenacide |
|  | |
| Website | www.siselytreasure.com |


title: Chrome, Smoke & BBQ

abstract: Chrome, Smoke & BBQ is a 4-CD box set by American rock band ZZ Top. Released in 2003, it is a compilation album of material from the band's tenures with London Records and Warner Bros. Records, recorded from 1967 to 1992. An abbreviated 2-CD version of this compilation, Rancho Texicano: The Very Best of ZZ Top (2004), was released the following year.

text:
# Chrome, Smoke & BBQ

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***Chrome, Smoke & BBQ*** is a 4-CD box set by American rock band ZZ Top. Released in 2003, it is a compilation album of material from the band's tenures with London Records and Warner Bros. Records, recorded from 1967 to 1992. An abbreviated 2-CD version of this compilation, *Rancho Texicano: The Very Best of ZZ Top* (2004), was released the following year.

## Release of original mixes

At the time of its release in 2003, *Chrome, Smoke & BBQ* was noteworthy because it was the only CD release, except for the greatest hits album *The Best of ZZ Top* (1977/CD 1984), which used the original mixes of tracks from the band's first five studio albums. Other track or whole album CD releases for those five albums used remixed versions from 1987. (See *The Six Pack* box set.) These remixed versions displeased many fans because they significantly changed the sound from the original albums.

*The Best of ZZ Top* (1977) was first released on CD in 1984, and uses the original track mixes for the CD. It includes one track from *ZZ Top's First Album*, two from *Rio Grande Mud*, four from *Tres Hombres* and three from *Fandango!*. *Tres Hombres* and *Fandango!* were reissued on CD in 2006, and were remastered using the original mixes. *Chrome, Smoke & BBQ* is the first ZZ Top track compilation release to include anything from the *Tejas* album.

In 2013, Warner Bros. Records released the CD box set *The Complete Studio Albums 1970–1990*, which includes the first ten ZZ Top studio albums, all with their original mixes. The timeframe of that ten album box set corresponds basically with the timeframe of *Chrome, Smoke & BBQ*, that is, the London Records and Warner Bros. Records recording years.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill and Frank Beard, except where noted.

Disc one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Make Me Shake" (by Moving Sidewalks) | Gibbons | *Flash* (1969) | 3:02 |
| 2. | "Joe Blues" (by Moving Sidewalks) | Gibbons, Dan Mitchell, Tom Moore, Don Summers | *Flash* | 7:36 |
| 3. | "Crimson Witch" (by Moving Sidewalks) | Gibbons | *Flash* | 3:03 |
| 4. | "Miller's Farm" | Gibbons | B-side of "Salt Lick" single (1970) | 2:36 |
| 5. | "Salt Lick" | Gibbons | Non-album single (1970) | 2:46 |
| 6. | "Brown Sugar" | Gibbons | *ZZ Top's First Album* (1971) | 5:22 |
| 7. | "Goin' Down to Mexico" | Gibbons, Hill, Bill Ham | *ZZ Top's First Album* | 3:22 |
| 8. | "Just Got Back from Baby's" | Gibbons, Ham | *ZZ Top's First Album* | 4:10 |
| 9. | "Francine" | Gibbons, Kenny Cordray, Steve Perron | *Rio Grande Mud* (1972) | 3:34 |
| 10. | "Just Got Paid" | Gibbons, Ham | *Rio Grande Mud* | 4:28 |
| 11. | "Ko Ko Blue" |  | *Rio Grande Mud* | 4:32 |
| 12. | "Chevrolet" | Gibbons | *Rio Grande Mud* | 3:21 |
| 13. | "Bar-B-Q" | Gibbons, Ham | *Rio Grande Mud* | 3:28 |
| 14. | "Sure Got Cold After the Rain Fell" | Gibbons | *Rio Grande Mud* | 7:20 |
| 15. | "Whiskey 'n' Mama" | Gibbons, Hill, Beard, Ham | *Rio Grande Mud* | 3:22 |
| 16. | "La Grange" |  | *Tres Hombres* (1973) | 3:53 |
| 17. | "Waitin' for the Bus" | Gibbons, Hill | *Tres Hombres* | 2:53 |
| 18. | "Jesus Just Left Chicago" |  | *Tres Hombres* | 3:30 |
| 19. | "Beer Drinkers & Hell Raisers" |  | *Tres Hombres* | 3:25 |
| 20. | "Master of Sparks" | Gibbons | *Tres Hombres* | 3:30 |

Disc two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Precious and Grace" |  | *Tres Hombres* | 3:11 |
| 2. | "Shiek" | Gibbons, Hill | *Tres Hombres* | 4:06 |
| 3. | "Thunderbird" (live) |  | *Fandango!* (1975) | 3:04 |
| 4. | "Jailhouse Rock" (live) | Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller | *Fandango!* | 1:55 |
| 5. | "Nasty Dogs and Funky Kings" |  | *Fandango!* | 2:45 |
| 6. | "Heard It on the X" |  | *Fandango!* | 2:26 |
| 7. | "Blue Jean Blues" |  | *Fandango!* | 4:45 |
| 8. | "Mexican Blackbird" |  | *Fandango!* | 3:06 |
| 9. | "Tush" |  | *Fandango!* | 2:18 |
| 10. | "It's Only Love" |  | *Tejas* (1976) | 4:23 |
| 11. | "Arrested for Driving While Blind" |  | *Tejas* | 3:06 |
| 12. | "El Diablo" |  | *Tejas* | 4:22 |
| 13. | "Enjoy and Get It On" |  | *Tejas* | 3:25 |
| 14. | "She's a Heartbreaker" |  | *Tejas* | 3:03 |
| 15. | "Asleep in the Desert" | Gibbons | *Tejas* | 3:29 |
| 16. | "I Thank You" | Isaac Hayes, David Porter | *Degüello* (1979) | 3:26 |
| 17. | "Cheap Sunglasses" |  | *Degüello* | 4:48 |
| 18. | "I'm Bad, I'm Nationwide" |  | *Degüello* | 4:49 |
| 19. | "A Fool for Your Stockings" |  | *Degüello* | 4:15 |
| 20. | "*Degüello* album radio spot" |  |  | 1:02 |
| 21. | "Manic Mechanic" |  | *Degüello* | 2:38 |
| 22. | "She Loves My Automobile" |  | *Degüello* | 2:24 |
| 23. | "Leila" |  | *El Loco* (1981) | 3:16 |
| 24. | "Tube Snake Boogie" |  | *El Loco* | 3:02 |

Disc three
| No. | Title | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Wanna Drive You Home" | *El Loco* | 4:48 |
| 2. | "It's So Hard" | *El Loco* | 5:11 |
| 3. | "Pearl Necklace" | *El Loco* | 4:06 |
| 4. | "Heaven, Hell or Houston" | *El Loco* | 2:33 |
| 5. | "Gimme All Your Lovin'" | *Eliminator* (1983) | 4:00 |
| 6. | "Got Me Under Pressure" | *Eliminator* | 4:01 |
| 7. | "TV Dinners" | *Eliminator* | 3:51 |
| 8. | "Sharp Dressed Man" | *Eliminator* | 4:14 |
| 9. | "Legs" (single mix) | *Eliminator* | 3:36 |
| 10. | "I Got the Six" | *Eliminator* | 2:53 |
| 11. | "Dirty Dog" | *Eliminator* | 4:03 |
| 12. | "If I Could Only Flag Her Down" | *Eliminator* | 3:42 |
| 13. | "Sleeping Bag" | *Afterburner* (1985) | 4:04 |
| 14. | "Stages" | *Afterburner* | 3:34 |
| 15. | "Woke Up with Wood" | *Afterburner* | 3:47 |
| 16. | "Rough Boy" | *Afterburner* | 4:52 |
| 17. | "Can't Stop Rockin'" | *Afterburner* | 3:05 |
| 18. | "Planet of Women" | *Afterburner* | 4:09 |
| 19. | "Velcro Fly" | *Afterburner* | 3:31 |
| 20. | "Delirious" | *Afterburner* | 3:40 |

Disc four
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Concrete and Steel" |  | *Recycler* (1990) | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Lovething" |  | *Recycler* | 3:26 |
| 3. | "Penthouse Eyes" |  | *Recycler* | 3:50 |
| 4. | "My Head's in Mississippi" |  | *Recycler* | 4:20 |
| 5. | "Give It Up" |  | *Recycler* | 3:32 |
| 6. | "Doubleback" |  | *Recycler* | 3:58 |
| 7. | "2000 Blues" |  | *Recycler* | 4:42 |
| 8. | "Reverberation (Doubt)" | Roky Erickson, Tommy Hall, Stacy Sutherland | *Where the Pyramid Meets the Eye: A Tribute to Roky Erickson* (1990) | 3:03 |
| 9. | "Viva Las Vegas" | Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman | *Greatest Hits* (1992) | 4:46 |
| 10. | "Gun Love" |  | *Greatest Hits* | 3:42 |
| 11. | "Francine" (Spanish version) | Gibbons, Cordray, Perron | "Francine" single (1972) | 2:56 |
| 12. | "Cheap Sunglasses" (live) |  | "Cheap Sunglasses" single (1979) | 5:14 |
| 13. | "Legs" (dance mix) |  | "Legs" single (1984) | 7:57 |
| 14. | "Viva Las Vegas" (12" remix) | Pomus, Shuman | "Viva La Vegas" single (1992) | 8:39 |
| 15. | "Give It Up" (2,800 Mile remix) |  | "Give It Up" single (1990) | 6:25 |
| 16. | "Velcro Fly" (12" remix) |  | "Velcro Fly" single (1986) | 6:38 |

## Personnel

### ZZ Top

### Production and engineering

* Steve Ames – Producer
* James Austin – Liner Notes, Compilation Producer
* Robin Brian – Engineer
* Neal Ceppos – Mixing
* Bert Frilot – Engineer
* Bill Ham – Producer, Executive Producer
* Joe Hardy – Engineer
* Doyle E. Jones – Engineer
* Terry Kane – Engineer
* Bob Ludwig – Engineer
* Terry Manning – Engineer
* Larry Nix – Engineer
* Jim Reeves – Engineer

### Photography

* Bob Alford – Photography
* Hugh Brown – Photography
* George Craig – Photography
* George DuBose – Photography
* Ross Halfin – Photography
* Mika Hashimoto – Photography
* Lee – Photography
* Dee Lippingwell – Photography
* Tony Mottram – Photography
* Bill Reitzel – Photography
* Bill Straus – Photography
* Jodi Summers – Photography
* Charlyn Zlotnik – Photography

### Other

## InfoBox

| Chrome, Smoke & BBQ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by ZZ Top | |
| Released | October 14, 2003 |
| Recorded | 1967–1992 |
| Genre | Rock, blues |
| Length | 5:12:20 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer | Bill Ham |
| ZZ Top chronology | |
| *Mescalero*
(2003) ***Chrome, Smoke & BBQ***
(2003) *Rancho Texicano: The Very Best of ZZ Top*
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Limited Edition box set | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Jungle Island

abstract: Jungle Island, formerly Parrot Jungle, is a relaunched eco-adventure park on Watson Island, Miami, Florida, United States. The park is re-opened following a series of major renovations after the park incurred damage from Hurricane Irma. The park features new pop-up waterslides, an outdoor wind tunnel flight experience, zip lines, escape rooms, a Nerf battle stadium and other attractions. Originally named Parrot Jungle, it was moved from its original suburban location in Pinecrest, Florida to its present location just east of downtown Miami after the previous site was purchased for Pinecrest Gardens in 2002. It was renamed as Parrot Jungle Island. In 2007, the park was again renamed, to Jungle Island.

text:
# Jungle Island

**Jungle Island**, formerly **Parrot Jungle**, is a relaunched eco-adventure park on Watson Island, Miami, Florida, United States. The park is re-opened following a series of major renovations after the park incurred damage from Hurricane Irma. The park features new pop-up waterslides, an outdoor wind tunnel flight experience, zip lines, escape rooms, a Nerf battle stadium and other attractions.

Originally named Parrot Jungle, it was moved from its original suburban location in Pinecrest, Florida to its present location just east of downtown Miami after the previous site was purchased for Pinecrest Gardens in 2002. It was renamed as Parrot Jungle Island. In 2007, the park was again renamed, to Jungle Island.

## History

Parrot Jungle was a zoological park south of Miami on 20 acres (8.1 ha) of property at Killian Drive and South Red Road.

Founded in 1936 by Francis "Franz" & Louise Scherr, Parrot Jungle is one of the oldest tourist attractions established in the Miami area. Scherr would often visit another attraction, Monkey Jungle, owned by Joe Drummond. On one visit when Scherr was again making one of his many suggestions for improvement, Drummond became fed up and told him, "Go start your own jungle." Scherr, who owned and operated a feed and supply store in Homestead, became intrigued with the idea of building an attraction where birds would "fly free". Scherr leased 20 acres (81,000 m2) of hammock land for US$25 (equivalent to about $549 in 2023). The site was previously a naturist resort. Parrot Jungle was built as a winding nature trail dug through the coral rock and hammock land, indigenous to the area. All the natural plants were left undisturbed, and the entrance was built on Red Road.

The attraction opened on December 20, 1936, to about 100 visitors. Each person paid 25 cents to see and hear Scherr talk about his birds, trees and flowers. Since 1936, over a million visitors have visited Parrot Jungle. Among its many famous visitors were Sir Winston Churchill, film director Steven Spielberg, and former US President Jimmy Carter.

In 1988 Bern Levine purchased Parrot Jungle from the Scherr family. On December 17, 2002, the Village of Pinecrest purchased the Parrot Jungle site with the aim of developing the site as Pinecrest Gardens. On March 8, 2003 Pinecrest Gardens opened as a municipal park. The original site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 as the Parrot Jungle Historic District. The actual attraction moved to a new waterfront location on Watson Island, between downtown Miami and South Beach. It opened on June 28, 2003 as Parrot Jungle Island. Until 2004 exotic birds were sold. On June 28, 2007, four years after the park first opened at its bayfront location, Jungle Island became the official name.

## Features

As of 2003 there were 1,000 varieties of parrots among the 3,000 animals at Parrot Jungle Island. The theme park's landmark is the sails covering the Jungle Theater, an arena where "Tale of the Tiger", featuring large cats and wildlife and other shows are presented. Hercules, a 900-pound liger, a cross between a lion and a tiger, is housed near the Jungle Theater. In the Parrot Bowl, the "Winged Wonders" show highlights birds from around the world, including the Andean condor, cassowary (the only trained cassowary in the world), and king vulture. In the "Serpentarium" (named in honor of Bill Haast's famed Miami Serpentarium), a wide spectrum of animals are presented from African penguins to alligator snapping turtles, boa constrictor snakes to lemurs.

Various other animal feedings, keeper talks and casual presentations occur throughout the park daily. There is a petting zoo where visitors can interact with a number of domestic and exotic animals, including an experience with red kangaroos. The park's "Everglades Habitat" recreates the ecosystem of the Florida Everglades, featuring much of the natural flora and fauna found in the natural environment.

A $20 million redesign with zip lines, swimming facilities and other new attractions and restaurants was planned for late 2017.

## Parrot Cove Beach

Jungle Island opened up a water park for guests with a view of downtown Miami. The water park features several obstacle courses, riptide rapids, slides, and a climbing wall. During summer months, the park offers their "Summer Savings Ticket," granting entry into both the main park and the water park. Occupancy of the water park is usually restricted to 60 people at a time, with a duration of one to two hours. The section of the beach is privately owned by Jungle Island and is currently closed due to Hurricane Irma.

## Environmental efforts

The landscaping for the new 18 acre (7.3 ha) site was begun in 2000 with a four foot elevation change. The four year site development was designed to be environmentally sustainable, minimizing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In well-traveled areas, vegetation was planted that stays healthy, green and stable despite heavy foot traffic, without the use of fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides. Jungle Island also uses an integrated pest management system which employs biological controls, reducing the need for pesticides.

Jungle Island has taken on a role in the greater Miami and the beaches environmental movement. Jungle Island purchased carbon credits to offset a special event. Jungle Island also hosts environmental conferences and events including Gateway To Green, Energy Smart Florida, and Earth Miami. Some of the proceeds from the Earth Miami event were to be donated to the Everglades Foundation.

## InfoBox

| Jungle Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Jungle Island along the MacArthur Causeway | |
|  | |
| 25°47′10″N 80°10′27″W / 25.78611°N 80.17417°W / 25.78611; -80.17417 | |
| Date opened | December 20, 1936 (December 20, 1936) (as Parrot Jungle)
June 28, 2003 (June 28, 2003) (at current location) |
| Location | Miami, Florida |
| Website | www.jungleisland.com |
|  | |


title: Doug Watsford

abstract: John Douglas Watsford was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Doug Watsford

**John Douglas Watsford** (27 February 1876 – 4 December 1915) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Doug Watsford | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | John Douglas Watsford | | |
| Date of birth | (1876-02-27)27 February 1876 | | |
| Place of birth | Sebastopol, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 4 December 1915(1915-12-04) (aged 39) | | |
| Place of death | Kangaroo Flat, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Dandenong | | |
| Height | 184 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 82 kg (181 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1899–1900 | Collingwood | 21 (7) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1900. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


abstract: Cochrane North was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1914 as the riding of Cochrane. In 1926 the riding was split into Cochrane North and Cochrane South. It was abolished in 1996 before the 1999 election. From the 1987 election until its abolition, the riding included most of the District of Cochrane. The riding also included the two geographic townships in Algoma District immediately south of Hearst and all of Kenora District east of the prolongation of the westerly border of Cochrane District. The riding was abolished in 1998 into Timmins—James Bay, Algoma—Manitoulin and Timiskaming—Cochrane. Prior to 1926, the riding was known as Cochrane.

text:
# Cochrane North (provincial electoral district)

**Cochrane North** was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1914 as the riding of Cochrane. In 1926 the riding was split into Cochrane North and Cochrane South. It was abolished in 1996 before the 1999 election.

From the 1987 election until its abolition, the riding included most of the District of Cochrane (except Timmins, the geographic townships bordering Timmins on the west, Iroquois Falls, and all the communities and townships south of a line extending east from the northern boundary of Iroquois Falls to Lake Abitibi and then all communities and townships south of Lake Abitibi). The riding also included the two geographic townships in Algoma District immediately south of Hearst and all of Kenora District east of the prolongation of the westerly border of Cochrane District. The riding was abolished in 1998 into Timmins—James Bay, Algoma—Manitoulin and Timiskaming—Cochrane. Prior to 1926, the riding was known as Cochrane.

## Members of Provincial Parliament

| Cochrane North | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| ***Cochrane*** | | | | |
| 14th | 1914–1919 |  | Malcolm Lang | Liberal |
| 15th | 1919–1923 | | | |
| 16th | 1923–1926 | | | |
| ***Cochrane North*** | | | | |
| 17th | 1926–1929 |  | Albert Waters | Conservative |
| 18th | 1929–1934 | | | |
| 19th | 1934–1937 |  | Joseph-Anaclet Habel | Liberal |
| 20th | 1937–1943 | | | |
| 21st | 1943–1945 |  | John Joseph Kehoe | Co-operative Commonwealth |
| 22nd | 1945–1948 |  | Joseph-Anaclet Habel | Liberal |
| 23rd | 1948–1948 |  | John Carrère | Progressive Conservative |
| | 1949–1951 | | Marcel Léger | |
| 24th | 1951–1955 | | Philip Kelly | |
| 25th | 1955–1958 | ||
| | 1958–1959 | | René Brunelle | |
| 26th | | | 1959–1963 | |
| 27th | | | 1963–1967 | |
| 28th | | | 1967–1971 | |
| 29th | | | 1971–1975 | |
| 30th | | | 1975–1977 | |
| 31st | | | 1977–1981 | |
| 32nd | 1981–1985 | | René Piché | |
| 33rd | 1985–1987 |  | René Fontaine | Liberal |
| 34th | 1987–1990 | | | |
| 35th | 1990–1995 |  | Len Wood | New Democratic |
| 36th | 1995–1999 | | | |
| **Sourced from the Ontario Legislative Assembly** | | | | |
| ***Merged into Timmins—James Bay, Algoma—Manitoulin<br>and Timiskaming—Cochrane before the 1999 election*** | | | | |

## InfoBox

Cochrane North
| Ontario electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Ontario |
| District created | 1914 |
| District abolished | 1996 |
| First contested | 1914 |
| Last contested | 1995 |


title: Façade (ballet)

abstract: Façade is a ballet by Frederick Ashton, to the music of William Walton; it is a balletic interpretation of items from Façade – an Entertainment (1923) by Walton and Edith Sitwell. The ballet was first given by the Camargo Society at the Cambridge Theatre, on 26 April 1931. It has been regularly revived and restaged all over the world.

text:
# Façade (ballet)

***Façade*** is a ballet by Frederick Ashton, to the music of William Walton; it is a balletic interpretation of items from *Façade – an Entertainment* (1923) by Walton and Edith Sitwell. The ballet was first given by the Camargo Society at the Cambridge Theatre, on 26 April 1931. It has been regularly revived and restaged all over the world.

## Background

In 1923 *Façade – an Entertainment* was first given in public. It consisted of poems by Edith Sitwell recited by the author over music composed for the purpose by William Walton, performed by an ensemble of six players. The work was regarded as *avant-garde* and caused some controversy. In 1926 Walton arranged a suite of five of the numbers, omitting the spoken verses and expanding the orchestration. In 1929 the choreographer Günter Hess created a *Façade* ballet for the German Chamber Dance Theatre, using Walton's orchestral suite; Sitwell declined to allow her words to be used. Hess visited London in 1930 and is believed to have exchanged ideas with Ashton.

Ashton's ballet was premiered by the Camargo Society, established the previous year to foster the work of British dancers and choreographers. The work was set to the five items of Walton's suite, and orchestrations of two other numbers from the original entertainment, which are thought to have been made for the purpose by Constant Lambert, who conducted the premiere.

## Synopsis

*Façade* is a one-act ballet of seven to ten divertissements, described by the ballet critic Debra Crane as "choreographic satires on popular dance forms and their dancers". There is no plot. The numbers as danced in the original production are:

* Scotch Rhapsody
* Jodelling Song
* Polka
* Valse
* Popular Song
* Tango-Pasodoble
* Finale – Tarantella Sevillana.

Ashton revised the ballet over the years. "Country Dance" was added in 1935; "Noche espagnola" and "Foxtrot" in 1940.

## Original cast

Source: Ashton Archive.

## Critical reception

*The Times* commented that the piece admirably translated the spirit of the original poems, but warned, "If the Ballet is going to laugh at itself so freely, it must take care in future that we do not laugh at it in the wrong place." The paper did not consider *Façade* the highlight of the quintuple bill in which it appeared: that honour went to "Mme Karsavina's Valse Fantasie with music by Glinka". *The Manchester Guardian* also rated Karsavina's dance as the best thing in the evening, but praised the wit of Ashton's ballet, and singled out Lopokova for the subtlety of her comic performance.

Reviewing a 2005 production by Scottish Ballet, *The Times* called Ashton's ballet a masterpiece, and *The Guardian* commented, "The big treat is the company's acquisition of Frederick Ashton's Façade, a perennial audience favourite. This frothy Bright Young Things frolic, dating from 1931, captures the high spirits of the Brideshead world in sparklingly playful comedic vignettes."

## Revivals

The ballet was revived in 1932 at the Savoy Theatre. For a new production by the Vic-Wells Ballet in 1935, Ashton added the Country Dance. Among those appearing in this production were Margot Fonteyn and Robert Helpmann. Ashton further expanded the work in 1940, adding the Foxtrot ("Old Sir Faulk") and the Noche espagnola ("Nocturne péruvienne"). The three later additions were sometimes included and sometimes omitted from the Sadler's Wells (later the Royal Ballet) revivals in 1946, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1956 and 1958–9.

In 1972 Ashton prepared a production for the Aldeburgh Festival using the original chamber score with Sitwell's verses recited by Peter Pears. This production was later seen in London, at Sadler's Wells Theatre.

Among the revivals of Ashton's ballet have been those by the Borovansky Ballet (1946), New Zealand Ballet (1960), PACT Ballet (South Africa, 1966), Joffrey Ballet (1969), Australian Ballet (1972), Chicago Ballet (1975), Houston Ballet (1978), Washington Ballet (1983), Royal Winnipeg Ballet (1984), Ballet of the Teatro Regio, Turin (1992) and Scottish Ballet (2005).

## Notes and references

Notes References  1. Kennedy, pp. 29–31
2. Kennedy, p. 62
3. "Camargo Society: Third Production of Ballet", *The Manchester Guardian*, 27 April 1931, p. 13
4. Palmer, Christopher. "Façade. Ballet suite". Hyperion Records, 1990, accessed 2 April 2013
5. Craine, Debra and Judith Mackrell. "Façade", *The Oxford Dictionary of Dance*, Oxford University Press, accessed 2 April 2013
6. Kennedy, p. 291
7. Vaughan, David. "Frederick Ashton and His Ballets, 1931" Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ashton Archive, accessed 2 April 2013
8. "The Camargo Society", *The Times* 27 April 1931, p. 10
9. Robertson Allen. "Scottish Ballet", *The Times*, 20 April 2005; and Bain, Alice. "Dance: Scottish Ballet", *The Guardian*, 16 April 2005
10. "The Ballet Season at the Savoy Theatre", *The Manchester Guardian*, 22 June 1932, p. 7
11. Kennedy, p. 254

## Sources

* Kennedy, Michael (1989). *Portrait of Walton*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816705-9.

## InfoBox

| Façade | |
| --- | --- |
| Choreographer | Frederick Ashton |
| Music | William Walton |
| Based on | *Façade, an Entertainment* |
| Premiere | 26 April 1931<br>Cambridge Theatre, London |
| Design | John Armstrong |


title: Sophie Zelmani

abstract: Sophie Zelmani, later raised with the surname Edkvist, is a Swedish singer-songwriter who released her first single in 1995, called "Always You".

text:
# Sophie Zelmani

**Sophie Zelmani** (born 12 February 1972), later raised with the surname **Edkvist**, is a Swedish singer-songwriter who released her first single in 1995, called "Always You".

## Early life

Zelmani was born in the suburbs of Stockholm in 1972. Her father bought the family a guitar when Zelmani was 14. Despite no professional music training, Zelmani became a songwriter and recorded some songs at a local studio. After she mailed the demos to three record companies, Zelmani was offered a record deal by Sony Music Sweden.

## Career

Sophie Zelmani recorded her debut, eponymous album with Sony in 1995. The album was produced and arranged by Lars Halapi and co-produced by Patrik Sventelius. She described the process of making the album: "In the beginning Lars and I spent a few months in the studio. We had fun and then picked the musicians. We recorded in two weeks but the whole thing took half a year." By 1997, Zelmani's debut album had sold 200,000 copies in Europe and Asia Pacific, before moving to the US market, distributed by Columbia Records. Zelmani said, "I had no ambitions to go abroad. I knew I wanted to make a record. That's all I wanted." Columbia's marketing campaign included CD sampler giveaways, consumer press, and rotation on Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) flights between Scandinavia and the US.

Zelmani has continued to record albums while making only a small number of public appearances due to shyness. She won a best newcomer award in Sweden's Grammy awards in 1996.

Zelmani has also contributed music to the TV series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and *Dawson's Creek*. Her cover of Bob Dylan's "Most of the Time" appears on the soundtrack to *Masked and Anonymous*.

Her song "Stand By" appeared in the film *Independence Day* (1996). Her song "Always You" appeared in the film *My Best Friend's Wedding* (1997).

Zelmani's "Going Home" from *Sing and Dance* was covered in Mandarin Chinese as "乘客" (Passenger) and Cantonese as "花事了" (Withered Flower) by 王菲 (Faye Wong) in a 2003 album *将爱 (To Love)*.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Peak positions | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | SWE
 | BEL
(Fl)
 | BEL
(Wa)
 | FR
 | GER | SWI
 |
| 1995 | *Sophie Zelmani* | 4 | 27 | 27 | 48 |  |  |
| 1998 | *Precious Burden* | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999 | *Time to Kill* | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002 | *Sing and Dance* | 3 |  |  |  |  | 88 |
| 2003 | *Love Affair* | 2 |  |  |  |  | 33 |
| 2005 | *A Decade of Dreams 1995-2005* | 2 |  |  |  |  | 65 |
| 2007 | *Memory Loves You* | 2 |  |  |  | 90 | 9 |
| 2008 | *The Ocean and Me* | 1 |  |  |  |  | 13 |
| 2010 | *I'm the Rain* | 3 |  |  |  |  | 21 |
| 2011 | *Soul* | 12 |  |  |  |  | 69 |
| 2014 | *Going Home* | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014 | *Everywhere* | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2015 | *Bright Eyes \[EP\]* |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017 | *My Song* | 8
 |  |  |  |  | 54 |
| 2019 | *Sunrise* | 23
 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2022 | *The World Ain't Pretty* | 40
 |  |  |  |  |  |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | SWE
 | |
| 1996 | "So Good" | 53 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Sophie Zelmani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Sophie Edkvist |
| Born | (1972-02-12) 12 February 1972 |
| Origin | Sweden |
| Genres | Adult alternative, folk |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 1995–present |
|  | |
| Website | www.sophie-zelmani.com |


title: Singled Out (Shakin' Stevens album)

abstract: Singled Out: The Definitive Singles Collection is a compilation album by Welsh singer Shakin' Stevens, released in November 2020. It peaked at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart. It was released as a 3-CD and a 2-LP set. The 3-CD release contains 54 tracks, featuring every single released by Stevens throughout his solo career after splitting from the Sunsets in 1977. The 2-LP release contains 26 tracks personally selected by Stevens and came with a card to download all 54 tracks.

text:
# Singled Out (Shakin' Stevens album)

***Singled Out: The Definitive Singles Collection*** is a compilation album by Welsh singer Shakin' Stevens, released in November 2020. It peaked at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart.

It was released as a 3-CD and a 2-LP set. The 3-CD release contains 54 tracks, featuring every single released by Stevens throughout his solo career after splitting from the Sunsets in 1977. The 2-LP release contains 26 tracks personally selected by Stevens and came with a card to download all 54 tracks.

## Track listing

### CD

Disc one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Never" | Terry Fell | 2:50 |
| 2. | "Somebody Touched Me" | Ahmet Ertegun | 2:40 |
| 3. | "Justine" |  | 3:04 |
| 4. | "Treat Her Right" |  | 3:34 |
| 5. | "Endless Sleep" |  | 3:32 |
| 6. | "Spooky" |  | 3:34 |
| 7. | "Hot Dog" |  | 2:36 |
| 8. | "Hey Mae" |  | 2:35 |
| 9. | "Marie, Marie" | Dave Alvin | 2:47 |
| 10. | "Shooting Gallery" | * Tom Colton * Brian Hodgson | 3:14 |
| 11. | "This Ole House" | Stuart Hamblen | 3:07 |
| 12. | "You Drive Me Crazy" | Ronnie Harwood | 2:51 |
| 13. | "Green Door" |  | 3:13 |
| 14. | "It's Raining" | Allen Toussaint | 3:19 |
| 15. | "Oh Julie" | Shakin' Stevens | 2:35 |
| 16. | "Shirley" |  | 2:51 |
| 17. | "Give Me Your Heart Tonight" | Billy Livsey | 3:08 |
| 18. | "I'll Be Satisfied" |  | 3:12 |
| Total length: | | | 54:42 |

Disc two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "It's Late" | Dorsey Burnette | 2:04 |
| 2. | "Cry Just a Little Bit" | Bob Heatlie | 3:14 |
| 3. | "Your Ma Said You Cried in Your Sleep Last Night" |  | 3:26 |
| 4. | "A Rockin' Good Way" (with Bonnie Tyler) |  | 2:58 |
| 5. | "A Love Worth Waiting For" | * Gary Sulsh * Stuart Leathwood | 3:23 |
| 6. | "A Letter to You" | Dennis Linde | 3:14 |
| 7. | "Teardrops" | Stevens | 3:58 |
| 8. | "Breaking Up My Heart" | Heatlie | 3:59 |
| 9. | "Lipstick Powder & Paint" | Jesse Stone | 2:46 |
| 10. | "Turning Away" | Tim Krekel | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Because I Love You" | Gordon Campbell | 3:20 |
| 12. | "A Little Boogie Woogie (In the Back of My Mind)" |  | 2:51 |
| 13. | "Come See About Me" | Holland–Dozier–Holland | 3:25 |
| 14. | "What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For" |  | 2:52 |
| 15. | "Feel the Need in Me" | Abrim Tilmon | 3:03 |
| 16. | "How Many Tears Can You Hide" |  | 3:40 |
| 17. | "True Love" | Cole Porter | 2:43 |
| Total length: | | | 54:20 |

Disc three
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Jezebel" (re-mix) | Wayne Shanklin | 2:58 |
| 2. | "Love Attack" | * Stephen Taylor * Heather Taylor | 3:12 |
| 3. | "I Might" | * Barry Guard * Sulsh * Leathwood | 3:05 |
| 4. | "Yes I Do" | * Barry Guard * Sulsh * Leathwood | 3:06 |
| 5. | "Pink Champagne" | * S. Taylor * H. Taylor | 3:22 |
| 6. | "My Cutie Cutie" | * Stevens * Harwood | 2:35 |
| 7. | "Radio" | * Heatlie * Campbell | 3:30 |
| 8. | "I Can Help" | Billy Swan | 2:45 |
| 9. | "Trouble" |  | 3:01 |
| 10. | "Now Listen" |  | 3:25 |
| 11. | "Last Man Alive" (radio mix) | * Richard Hymas * Ben Waters | 3:29 |
| 12. | "Down into Muddy Water" (radio mix) | Linde | 3:20 |
| 13. | "Down in the Hole" (radio mix) |  | 3:15 |
| 14. | "Wild at Heart" (Neros single version) | * Bo Walton * David | 3:12 |
| 15. | "Blue Christmas" | * Billy Hayes * Jay W. Johnson | 2:43 |
| 16. | "Merry Christmas Everyone" | Heatlie | 3:40 |
| 17. | "The Best Christmas of Them All" | * Stevens * Ron Anderson | 3:25 |
| 18. | "I’ll Be Home This Christmas" | * Stevens * Harwood | 2:48 |
| 19. | "Echoes of Merry Christmas Everyone" | Heatlie | 3:00 |
| Total length: | | | 59:51 |

### LP

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Never" | Fell | 2:50 |
| 2. | "Somebody Touched Me" | Ertegun | 2:40 |
| 3. | "Treat Her Right" | * Head * Kurtz | 3:34 |
| 4. | "Hot Dog" | * Owens * Denny Dedmon | 2:36 |
| 5. | "Marie, Marie" | Alvin | 2:47 |
| 6. | "This Ole House" | Hamblen | 3:07 |
| 7. | "You Drive Me Crazy" | Harwood | 2:51 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Green Door" | * Davie * Moore | 3:13 |
| 2. | "It's Raining" | Toussaint | 3:19 |
| 3. | "Oh Julie" | Stevens | 2:35 |
| 4. | "Give Me Your Heart Tonight" | Livsey | 3:08 |
| 5. | "It's Late" | Burnette | 2:04 |
| 6. | "Cry Just a Little Bit" | Heatlie | 3:14 |
| 7. | "A Love Worth Waiting For" | * Sulsh * Leathwood | 3:23 |

Side three
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "A Letter to You" | Linde | 3:14 |
| 2. | "Teardrops" | Stevens | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Turning Away" | Krekel | 3:24 |
| 4. | "Come See About Me" | Holland–Dozier–Holland | 3:25 |
| 5. | "Feel the Need in Me" | Tilmon | 3:03 |
| 6. | "Love Attack" | * S. Taylor * H. Taylor | 3:12 |

Side four
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Radio" | * Heatlie * Campbell | 3:30 |
| 2. | "Trouble" | * Moore * Armstrong | 3:01 |
| 3. | "Now Listen" | * Stevens * Masterson * Tim Woodcock | 3:25 |
| 4. | "Last Man Alive" (radio mix) | * Hymas * Waters | 3:29 |
| 5. | "Down in the Hole" (radio mix) | * Stevens * Davies * David | 3:15 |
| 6. | "Merry Christmas Everyone" | Heatlie | 3:40 |
| Total length: | | | 81:57 |

## Charts

| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 68 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 88 |
| Irish Albums (IRMA) | 86 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 8 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 10 |

## Certifications

Certifications and sales for *Singled Out*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Singled Out | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Shakin' Stevens | |
| Released | 27 November 2020 (2020-11-27) |
| Recorded | 1977–2020 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 168:53 (CD)
81:57 (LP) |
| Label | BMG |
| Producer | Various |
| Shakin' Stevens chronology | |
| *Echoes of Our Times*
(2016) ***Singled Out***
(2020) *Fire in the Blood*
(2020) | |


title: Rossland, Norway

abstract: Rossland or Vikebø is a village area in Alver municipality, in Vestland county, Norway. The village sits on the northern part of the island of Holsnøy, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northeast of the coastal village of Io. The village lies along the shores of the Rosslandspollen bay, and it is the largest village area on the northern part of the island of Holsnøy. The 0.39-square-kilometre (96-acre) village has a population (2019) of 333 and a population density of 854 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,210/sq mi).

text:
# Rossland, Norway

**Rossland** or **Vikebø** is a village area in Alver municipality, in Vestland county, Norway. The village sits on the northern part of the island of Holsnøy, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northeast of the coastal village of Io. The village lies along the shores of the *Rosslandspollen* bay, and it is the largest village area on the northern part of the island of Holsnøy.

The 0.39-square-kilometre (96-acre) village has a population (2019) of 333 and a population density of 854 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,210/sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Rossland Vikebø | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| RosslandLocation of the villageRosslandRossland (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 60°34′03″N 05°03′13″E / 60.56750°N 5.05361°E / 60.56750; 5.05361 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Western Norway |
| County | Vestland |
| District | Nordhordland |
| Municipality | Alver |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.39 km2 (0.15 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 30 m (100 ft) |
| Population (2019) | |
| Total | 333 |
| Density | 854/km2 (2,210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 5917 Rossland |


title: Lifan X60

abstract: The Lifan X60 is a Chinese four-door compact crossover SUV produced by the Lifan Motors, division of Lifan Group.

text:
# Lifan X60

The **Lifan X60** is a Chinese four-door compact crossover SUV produced by the Lifan Motors, division of Lifan Group.

## Overview

The Lifan X60 was initially unveiled as a preview at the 2010 Shanghai Auto Show as the Lifan CUV concept, and the production version was formally launched at the 2011 Beijing Auto Show as the X60.

### China Offroad Championship

After the motor sport events participated by the Lifan 320, Lifan has been preparing for the X60 to participate in the China Offroad Championship from April 2013.

### Powertrain

The Lifan X60 is powered by a 4-cylinder 1.8 L (1794cc) engine producing 98 kW (133 PS; 131 bhp) and torque of 168 N⋅m (124 lb⋅ft).

### Overseas markets

The Lifan X60 was also assembled in Iran and had many problems. One of the major drawbacks of the car gearbox is a steep first-gear ratio, causing vibration on initial acceleration. The drivetrain of the Lifan X60 was originally designed for the Lifan 620, and the engine was later shared with the heavy body of the X60, and as a result, it performed poorly. The clutch of the X60 heats up and burns when driving uphill due to the tall first-gear ratio of the gearbox.

*

Lifan Motors website

## InfoBox

| Lifan X60 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Lifan Motors, part of Lifan Group |
| Also called | Lifan SUV |
| Production | 2011–2018 |
| Assembly | Myanmar (MGM CO..LTD) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Compact crossover SUV |
| Body style | 4-door wagon |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1.8 L *LFB479Q* I4 |
| Transmission |  |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,600 mm (102.4 in) |
| Length | 4,325 mm (170.3 in) |
| Width | 1,790 mm (70.5 in) |
| Height | 1,690 mm (66.5 in) |
| Curb weight | 1,330 kg (2,930 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Lifan X50 |
| Successor | Lifan X70 |


title: First secessio plebis

abstract: The first secessio plebis was a significant event in ancient Roman political and social history that occurred between 495 and 493 BC. It involved a dispute between the patrician ruling class and the plebeian underclass, and was one of a number of secessions by the plebs and part of a broader political conflict known as the conflict of the orders. The secession was initially sparked by discontent about the burden of debt on the poorer plebeian class. The failure of the patrician rulers, including the consuls and more generally the Senate, to address those complaints and, subsequently, the Senate's outright refusal to agree to debt reforms, caused the issue to flare into a more widespread concern about plebeian rights. As a result, the plebeians seceded and departed to the nearby Mons Sacer. Ultimately, a reconciliation was negotiated and the plebs were given political representation by the creation of the office of the tribune of the plebs.

text:
# First secessio plebis

The **first *secessio plebis*** was a significant event in ancient Roman political and social history that occurred between 495 and 493 BC. It involved a dispute between the patrician ruling class and the plebeian underclass, and was one of a number of secessions by the plebs and part of a broader political conflict known as the conflict of the orders.

The secession was initially sparked by discontent about the burden of debt on the poorer plebeian class. The failure of the patrician rulers, including the consuls and more generally the Senate, to address those complaints and, subsequently, the Senate's outright refusal to agree to debt reforms, caused the issue to flare into a more widespread concern about plebeian rights. As a result, the plebeians seceded and departed to the nearby Mons Sacer (the Sacred Mountain).

Ultimately, a reconciliation was negotiated and the plebs were given political representation by the creation of the office of the tribune of the plebs.

## Background

The last king of Rome had been expelled in 509 BC and the Roman Republic had been established. In the place of the kings, the city-state was governed by two consuls, elected annually and serving in office for twelve months. Other government institutions included the senate and various assemblies of the people.

At this time, the consuls were elected from amongst the patricians, who were the upper class in Rome. Likewise the Senate was composed only of patricians. The consuls and the senate together exercised the executive and majority of the legislative functions in Rome. The patricians therefore possessed most of the political powers, and were also generally wealthier. The plebeians on the other hand were the majority of the population, and also made up the majority of soldiers serving in the Roman army.

## Prelude

In 495 BC, shortly after the significant Roman victory over the Latins at the Battle of Lake Regillus, rumours had reached Rome of the threat of war from the Volsci. A Roman army under the consul Publius Servilius Priscus Structus entered and then returned from the Volscian lands, seemingly having averted war without shedding any blood.

Upon the army's return from war, the people of Rome began to complain about the terrors to which they were subject on account of debt. Debtors, they complained, were being imprisoned and beaten by certain money-lenders. Roman historian Livy records that a former army officer, now advanced in years, threw himself into the Forum. His clothes were dirty, his body pale and thin, and he bore also a long beard and hair which gave him an impression of wildness. He was recognised by the people, and they recalled the honours he had achieved in battle, and he displayed his battle-scars. Then he told them how he had come to such a state: that whilst serving in war against the Sabines the enemy had ravaged his rural property, burnt his house, pillaged his possessions and stolen his cattle. Furthermore, a tax had then been imposed on him, and he had borrowed money to pay the tax, but due to usury he had been forced to give up his grandfather's farm, then his father's, and then another final property. When he was able to pay no more, he had been taken by the creditors into a prison and threatened with death. He then displayed the whip-marks upon his back. The people were outraged, and uproar spread throughout Rome. Debtors from around the city hurried into the streets and implored the people for protection, and a great crowd gathered in the forum.

The consuls Servilius and Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis attended the Forum, and the people demanded that the Senate be convened. However, so many senators refused to attend out of fear that there were too few of them to come to any decision. The people became suspicious that their demands were being stymied, and violence was so close to breaking out that the senators felt compelled to act, and they eventually convened in the Senate house. Nevertheless the Senate remained struck by indecision. One of the consuls, Appius, because of his harsh temper, called for the uprising to be quelled by the authority of the consuls. The other consul, Servilius, who was of a more mild disposition, called for some concession to be granted to the populace to convince them to retire from the Forum.

## First interlude

A number of foreign disturbances now intervened. Some Latin horsemen arrived in Rome to announce that a Volscian army had invaded their territories, and requested Roman assistance. The Roman people refused to enroll as soldiers on account of their outstanding complaints. The Senate, dejected, sent the consul Servilius to attempt to break the impasse. Servilius proceeded to the assembly, and advised the people that the Senate had been giving consideration to measures to alleviate the public concerns, but had been interrupted by news of the invasion. He exhorted the people to put aside their complaints momentarily to allow Rome united to face the common enemy. Further, he announced an edict that no Roman citizen should be detained, either in chains or in prison, from enrolling to fight, and that no soldier should, whilst serving in the army, have his goods seized or sold, nor his children or grandchildren arrested. Immediately the debtors who had been under arrest were released, and enrolled their names and, following them, crowds of the Roman people congregated in the Forum to take the military oath. Immediately afterwards, Servilius led out the army to face the Volsci. The Volsci initially sought to take advantage of the Roman divisions by making an attempt on the Roman camp in the night in order to elicit some treachery or desertions; however, the Romans remained united, and on the following day the Volsci were defeated and the town of Suessa Pometia plundered.

There were further military engagements against the Sabines, in which the Roman cavalry led by Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis and the infantry led by Servilius achieved a speedy victory, and against the Aurunci in which the Romans again led by Servilius achieved the victory.

## Tensions increase

The troops returned to Rome, and the people anticipated the consuls and the Senate taking steps to address the popular concerns relating to debt. However, the situation was inflamed by the consul Appius who acted contrary to popular expectations by issuing severe decrees regarding debt, with the effect that debtors who had previously been released from imprisonment were delivered back to their creditors, and further persons were taken into custody. A soldier to whom the new decree applied made appeals to the other consul Servilius, and a crowd gathered to remind Servilius of his previous promises, and also of the people's service in war, and called upon him to bring the matter before the Senate. But the mood of the patricians was in favour of the approach of Appius, and so Servilius was left in a position where he could take no steps to intervene on behalf of the people, and earned the disfavour of both factions as a result: the senators thought him weak and a populist, whereas the people thought he had betrayed their trust.

Meanwhile the consuls were unable to decide upon which of them should dedicate a new temple to Mercury. The Senate referred the decision to the popular assembly, and also decreed that whichever consul was chosen should also exercise additional duties, including presiding over the markets, establishing a merchants' guild, and exercising the functions of the pontifex maximus. The people, in order to spite the Senate and the consuls, instead awarded the honour to the senior military officer of one of the legions named Marcus Laetorius.

The Senate was outraged at this turn of events, as was one of the consuls in particular. However, the people were not restrained. Upon seeing a debtor being led to the courts, a mob formed and violence erupted. The crowd protected the debtors and turned instead upon the creditors. The consul's decrees were barely heard, and ignored, and the creditors were harassed within sight of one of the consuls.

Hostilities with the Sabines now led to a decree from the Senate for enrolment of the army levies. However, the decree was ignored, and nobody enlisted. Appius was incensed. He blamed Servilius and said that Servilius, by his silence had betrayed the Republic by failing to pass sentence upon the debtors and to enrol the army levies. Appius vowed that by himself he would uphold the Republic, and the dignity of his office and of the Senate. He sought to intervene by ordering the arrest of one of the ringleaders of the sedition. The lictors seized the man and sought to carry him away; however, he sought to exercise his right of appeal to the people. Appius sought to prevent the appeal, but was convinced otherwise by the leading men. This impasse, and an increased level of sedition and secret meetings, continued until the conclusion of the consuls' term of office.

Beginning in March 494 BC, the elected consuls were Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus and Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus. Meanwhile the people held regular nightly meetings, sometimes on the Esquiline Hill and other times upon the Aventine Hill. The consuls got wind of these meetings, and put the matter before the Senate. However the Senate was so outraged that the consuls had not used the authority of their office to prevent these meetings that it was not at first possible to hold any vote. The senators rebuked the consuls for failing to act, and the consuls enquired as to the will of the Senate. In response, the Senate decreed that the army levies should be enrolled as quickly as possible, in order to distract the people from their sedition.

The consuls therefore ascended the rostra, and summoned young men by name to enlist. None responded. Instead, a crowd of the people gathered, and told the consul that nobody would do so until the public rights and liberties were restored. The consuls were at a loss, and fearing some great disturbance if the issue were pressed, instead returned to the Senate for further guidance. Upon their return, the younger senators were highly critical of the consuls for what they said was a lack of courage, and called on them to resign. But the consuls told the Senate that the disturbances were more serious and more advanced than the Senate realised, and invited the senators to attend the forum to observe the difficulties faced by the consuls in enrolling the levies. The consuls, accompanied by some senators, then returned to the rostra, and again called for the enlistment of one man who, the consuls knew, was most unwilling to agree. The man, surrounded by his supporters, did not respond. The consuls sent a lictor to seize the man, but the man's supporters threw the lictor back. The senators, shocked at this, tried to help, but were also pushed away, and a greater disturbance was only averted by the timely intervention of the consuls.

The Senate was then recalled. Those senators who had been involved in the incident called for a criminal inquiry, and there was a great deal of tumult and shouting particularly amongst the most extreme elements of the Senate. The consuls upbraided them for being as unruly as the people in the forum, and a vote was held. Three propositions were considered. The consul of the previous year, Appius Claudius, said that the people's licentiousness and lack of fear of the consequences of their behaviour came from their right of appeal to the popular assembly. He called for the appointment of a dictator from whom no appeal could be made. On the other hand Titus Larcius advocated that measures should be put in place for the relief of the debt issues which had given rise to the people's complaints. As a middle ground, another senator Publius Virginius (it is unclear whether he was related to the consul) proposed that the relief suggested by Larcius should only be extended to those persons who served in the army in the recent wars against the Aurunci and the Sabines. The suggestion of Appius was supported by a majority, and although Appius himself was almost chosen as dictator, instead the Senate chose a man of more moderate temper, Manius Valerius Maximus.

Valerius was the brother of Publius Valerius Publicola who held the agnomen 'Publicola' ('friend of the people') because after the overthrow of the monarchy he had, as consul, instituted the right of appeal to the people's assembly. As a result, the people did not fear being subjected to any harsh treatment from the dictator Valerius.

## Second interlude

Shortly after his appointment, with the threat of war looming from a number of foreign enemies, the Aequi, Sabines and the Volsci, Valerius issued an edict in relation to debt which was in effect similar to that which had been issued by Servilius in the previous year, and the people were convinced to enlist in the army. Ten legions were raised, a greater number than had ever been raised previously. Three were assigned to each of the consuls, and the dictator took four legions to deal with the greatest threat which was posed by the Sabines.

The consul Verginius led his legions against the Volsci. He defeated the Volscian army, and pursued the enemy to Velitrae where the Volscian army was slaughtered. The lands of Velitrae were seized for Rome. The dictator led his troops against the Sabine army and won a great victory, only exceeded at this time by the battle of Lake Regillus in its renown, and celebrated a triumph as a result. Meanwhile the consul Veturius took his legions into Latin territory to deal with the marauding Aequi. However, the Aequi fled to the safety of the mountains. The consul pursued them, but found the Aequi camped on a strategically advantageous site which was difficult to approach. He proposed to wait; however, his troops complained that they desired to return to Rome because of the ongoing political and social unrest, and forced the consul to launch an attack. The boldness of the attack was such that the Aequi were frightened into flight from their camp, and the Romans thereby achieved a victory without shedding blood, and with the capture of much booty in the Aequian camp.

## Climax and secession

The armies returned to Rome. The dictator, determined to deal with the outstanding problem of debt, asked the Senate to address the problem, but the Senate refused. The dictator, frustrated, then harangued the Senate for its obstinacy and its opposition to concord. He refused to remain dictator whilst the Senate refused to act, and therefore resigned from office. As he returned to his home, the people applauded him for his efforts.

The Senate was then compelled by fear of further sedition to take some action. Accordingly, on the pretext of some renewed hostilities by the Aequi, the Senate ordered the legions to be led out of the city. The people were outraged by this turn of events. In order to avoid their military oath, the people contemplated murdering the consuls, however it was observed that a criminal act could not absolve them of their oath which was holy in its nature.

One plebeian, Lucius Sicinius Vellutus, proposed that the people should leave the city *en masse* and go to *Mons Sacer*, the Sacred Mountain, three miles from the city beyond the river Anio. The people followed his advice. Livy records another version set out in the history of Piso that the people instead proceeded to the Aventine Hill, however Livy doubts Piso's version on the basis that the Mons Sacer is preferred by the majority of historians. When they arrived they set up camp and fortified it with ramparts and trenches and waited there for a number of days.

## Reconciliation and reform

The Senate, fearing what might come next, was finally spurred to negotiate with the plebeians. They sent the former consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus as an envoy, on account of his eloquence and also because of his popularity which was due, Livy says, to his being descended from plebeians (although precisely what is meant by this is unclear).

When he arrived, Menenius told the plebeians a fable about the necessity of all the parts of the body to work together, because all parts depend upon each other for their own success and survival. This impressed upon them the importance of each part of the Roman Republic to each other part, and the need for a reconciliation. At the request of Menenius the plebeians sent three envoys to conclude a treaty with the Senate; Marcus Decius, Spurius Icilius and Lucius Junius Brutus.

The resolution that was agreed to provided for the appointment of a new class of magistrates, called tribunes, elected from amongst the plebeians and designed to represent their interests against the power of the patrician consuls. There were initially five tribunes selected (Livy says initially two were chosen, and those two selected an additional three). They included Lucius Albinius Paterculus, Gaius Licinius, and Lucius Sicinius Vellutus (who had led the people to the Mons Sacer) and the plebeian envoy Lucius Junius Brutus. Additionally, the person of a tribune was made sacrosanct, so that any person who harmed them was subject to punishment by death.

Other traditions ascribe the Senate sending a group of ten envoys, all consular with the exception of one, to negotiate with the plebeians. This group is sometimes described as led by Menenius or in some accounts by the former dictator Manius Valerius Maximus. This group of ten consisted of: Agrippa Menenius Lanatus (consul 503 BC), Manius Valerius Maximus (dictator 494 BC), Publius Servilius Proscus Structus (consul 495 BC), Publius Postumius Tubertus (consul 505 & 503 BC), Titus Aebutius Helva (consul 499 BC), Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus (consul 500 BC), Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis (consul 496), Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus (consul 494 BC), Titus Lartius Flavus (consul 501 & 498 BC) and a tenth member who remains unknown.

## Aftermath

Livy reports that there was famine in Rome in 492 BC, which came about because the plebeian farmers had not sown their crops during the secession. The consuls arranged for the import of grain from Etruria to address the shortage. An even greater amount of grain was imported the following year from Sicily, and the question of how it should be distributed amongst the Roman citizens, together with tensions arising from the secession, led to the exile and defection of Gaius Marcius Coriolanus after he unsuccessfully advocated the reversal of the reforms which arose from the secession, including the creation of the office of the tribunes.

## Bibliography


title: Doug Warhit

abstract: Douglas M. Warhit is an author, director, actor, acting instructor, licensed psychotherapist, and life coach in Los Angeles, California. He has appeared in the films Beverly Hills Cop, Look Who's Talking, and Christine. He has guest starred on the television shows as NYPD Blue, ALF, and as the Ferengi Kazago in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Battle". Warhit has written three books, Book the Job: 143 Things Actors Need to Know to Make It Happen, The Actor's Audition Checklist, and Warhit's Guidebook For The Actor. He has been named "One of the Top Ten Acting Coaches in Los Angeles" by Backstage magazine. and The Hollywood Reporter. Warhit has an undergraduate degree from New York University and a master's degree from Antioch University.

text:
# Doug Warhit

**Douglas M. Warhit** is an author, director, actor, acting instructor, licensed psychotherapist, and life coach in Los Angeles, California. He has appeared in the films *Beverly Hills Cop*, *Look Who's Talking*, and *Christine*. He has guest starred on the television shows as *NYPD Blue*, *ALF*, and as the Ferengi Kazago in the *Star Trek: The Next Generation* episode "The Battle".

Warhit has written three books, *Book the Job: 143 Things Actors Need to Know to Make It Happen*, *The Actor's Audition Checklist*, and *Warhit's Guidebook For The Actor*. He has been named "One of the Top Ten Acting Coaches in Los Angeles" by *Backstage* magazine. and The Hollywood Reporter.

Warhit has an undergraduate degree from New York University and a master's degree from Antioch University.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | *The Chosen* | Sam |  |
| 1983 | *Private School* | Dorm Boy |  |
| 1983 | *Christine* | Bemis |  |
| 1984 | *Body Double* | Video Salesman |  |
| 1984 | *Toy Soldiers* | Larry |  |
| 1984 | *Beverly Hills Cop* | Bonded Warehouse Clerk #2 |  |
| 1986 | *Playing for Keeps* | Larry Diamond |  |
| 1986 | *Moonlighting* | Doug |  |
| 1990 | *Look Who's Talking Too* | Male Client |  |

## InfoBox

| Doug Warhit | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Author
Actor
Acting instructor
director
psychotherapist |


title: Cochrane South

abstract: Cochrane South was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1926 to 1999. It encompassed the southern part of the Cochrane District, including the city of Timmins. For the 1999 election, in which all electoral districts in the province were realigned to match their federal counterparts, Cochrane South was divided between the new districts of Timmins—James Bay and Timiskaming—Cochrane.

text:
# Cochrane South

**Cochrane South** was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1926 to 1999. It encompassed the southern part of the Cochrane District, including the city of Timmins.

For the 1999 election, in which all electoral districts in the province were realigned to match their federal counterparts, Cochrane South was divided between the new districts of Timmins—James Bay and Timiskaming—Cochrane.

## Members of Provincial Parliament

| Cochrane South | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| 17th | 1926–1929 |  | Alfred Franklin Kenning | Conservative |
| 18th | 1929–1934 | | | |
| 19th | 1934–1937 |  | John Rowlandson | Liberal |
| 20th | 1937–1943 | | Charles Vincent Gallagher | |
| 21st | 1943–1945 |  | Bill Grummett | Co-operative Commonwealth |
| 22nd | 1945–1948 | | | |
| 23rd | 1948–1951 | | | |
| 24th | 1951–1955 | | | |
| 25th | 1955–1959 |  | Wilf Spooner | Progressive Conservative |
| 26th | 1959–1963 | | | |
| 27th | 1963–1967 | | | |
| 28th | 1967–1971 |  | Bill Ferrier | New Democratic |
| 29th | 1971–1975 | | | |
| 30th | 1975–1977 | | | |
| 31st | 1977–1981 |  | Alan Pope | Progressive Conservative |
| 32nd | 1981–1985 | | | |
| 33rd | 1985–1987 | | | |
| 34th | 1987–1990 | | | |
| 35th | 1990–1995 |  | Gilles Bisson | New Democratic |
| 36th | 1995–1999 | | | |
| **Sourced from the Ontario Legislative Assembly** | | | | |
| ***Merged into Timmins—James Bay before the 1999 election*** | | | | |

## Election results

| 1995 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | New Democratic | Gilles Bisson | 12,114 | 50.48 | +1.27 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Gord Miller | 6,587 | 27.45 | +23.07 |
|  | Liberal | Jim Brown | 4,958 | 20.66 | -19.54 |
|  | Independent | Joel Vien | 339 | 1.41 | N/A |
| Total valid votes | | | 23,098 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots | | | 192 | 0.83 |
| Turnout | | | 23,290 | 60.36 |
| Eligible voters | | | 38,584 |
|  | New Democratic **hold** | | Swing | | +1.27 |
|  | | | | | | |

| 1990 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | New Democratic | Gilles Bisson | 11,460 | 49.21 |  |
|  | Liberal | Frank Krznaric | 9,361 | 40.20 |  |
|  | Confederation of Regions | Ken Metsala | 2,229 | 9.26 |  |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Tina Positano | 1,019 | 4.38 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 24,069 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots | | | 153 | 0.63 |
| Turnout | | | 24,222 | 62.95 |
| Eligible voters | | | 38,479 |
|  | New Democratic **gain** | | Swing | |  |
|  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Cochrane South
| Ontario electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Ontario |
| District created | 1926 |
| District abolished | 1999 |
| First contested | 1926 |
| Last contested | 1995 |
| Demographics | |
| Census division(s) | Cochrane District |
| Census subdivision(s) | Black River-Matheson, Iroquois Falls, Timmins |


title: Edmund Conen

abstract: Edmund Conen was a German footballer who played as a striker.

text:
# Edmund Conen

**Edmund Conen** (10 November 1914 – 5 March 1990) was a German footballer who played as a striker.

## Career

Conen was born in Ürzig, Germany. He played with FV 03 Saarbrücken, Stuttgarter Kickers, Mülhausen 93, HSV Groß Born (Pommern) and a couple of smaller clubs. In 1934, he was approached by Werder Bremen but, instead of joining them, told the DFB that Werder were dishing out financial offers to players. At that time football was still strictly amateur in Germany (officially) and payments to players were not permitted. The affair ended in the club and some of their officials, players and the team manager being fined and suspended.

With four goals in the 1934 FIFA World Cup in Italy, Conen was the joint second top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy, behind Oldřich Nejedlý of Czechoslovakia who had five goals.

He played from 1934 to 1942 in 28 international matches for Germany and scored 27 goals.

Just 19 year old, Germany youngster Conen made quite an impact at the second FIFA World Cup with his three goals in his first match of the tournament against Belgium on 27 May. The game was tied at 2–2 before the powerful forward netted three times in the final 17 minutes to hand the Germans a 5–2 win in Florence, Italy. This achievement could only be equalized by Gerd Müller in 1970 against Peru. He managed to hit the winner when the Germans took the bronze medal with a 3–2 win in the play-off for third place against Austria.

Two years later as a 21-year-old, Conen's career was halted due to illness. This kept him away from football for three and a half years. Conen was courageous and battled through to return to the national team on 25 June 1939. On this date in Copenhagen against Denmark Conen made the perfect comeback, with a goal in the 2–0 victory. During World War II in 1942, he played his last international match. The Germany national team won this final match 5–3 Budapest against Hungary. Conen and Fritz Walter performed well for Sepp Herberger's team.

After end of war Conen worked as a coach, in the middle of the 1950s, with Eintracht Braunschweig in the North and Wuppertaler SV in the West. He later coached Bayer Leverkusen and later other teams from the city of Leverkusen like SV Schlebusch and BV Opladen. Conen died in the spring of 1990 in Leverkusen, only months before West Germany were to win their third World Cup championship.

## Career statistics

### Club

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals |
| Stuttgarter Kickers | 1945–46 | Oberliga | 16 | 8 |
| | 1946–47 | | 29 | 20 |
| | 1947–48 | | 35 | 18 |
| | 1948–49 | | 21 | 7 |
| | 1949–50 | | 24 | 4 |
| Total | | | 125 | 57 |

### International

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 1934 | 5 | 5 |
| | 1935 | 9 | 9 |
| | 1936 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1937 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1938 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1939 | 4 | 3 |
| | 1940 | 5 | 8 |
| | 1941 | 2 | 2 |
| | 1942 | 3 | 0 |
| Total | | 28 | 27 |

## InfoBox

Edmund Conen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1914-11-10)10 November 1914 | | |
| Place of birth | Ürzig, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 5 March 1990(1990-03-05) (aged 75) | | |
| Place of death | Leverkusen, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1924–1928 | SV Ürzig | | |
| 1928–1932 | FV 03 Saarbrücken | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1932–1935 | FV 03 Saarbrücken |  |  |
| 1938–1944 | Stuttgarter Kickers |  |  |
| 1943–1944 | Mulhouse (guest player) |  |  |
| 1943–1944 | HSV Groß Born (guest player) |  |  |
| 1945–1950 | Stuttgarter Kickers | 129 | (57) |
| 1950–1952 | Young Fellows Zürich |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1934–1942 | Germany | 28 | (27) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1950–1952 | Young Fellows Zürich (player manager) | | |
| 1952–1956 | Eintracht Braunschweig | | |
| 1956–1957 | Wuppertaler SV | | |
| 1957–1959 | Bayer Leverkusen | | |
|  | SV Schlebusch | | |
| 1970–1973 | BV Opladen | | |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Germany  FIFA World Cup  1934 Italy | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: "Reunion" is the 81st episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It is the seventh episode of the fourth season. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, ambassador K'Ehleyr returns to the Enterprise to advise Captain Picard, who has been chosen as a neutral party to arbitrate the selection of the new Klingon leader from two candidates, Gowron and Duras, one of whom is suspected to be a traitor.

text:
# Reunion (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"**Reunion**" is the 81st episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series *Star Trek: The Next Generation*. It is the seventh episode of the fourth season.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship *Enterprise-D*. In this episode, ambassador K'Ehleyr returns to the *Enterprise* to advise Captain Picard, who has been chosen as a neutral party to arbitrate the selection of the new Klingon leader from two candidates, Gowron and Duras, one of whom is suspected to be a traitor.

## Plot

The starship *Enterprise* is met by a Klingon Vor'cha class battlecruiser, and Ambassador K'Ehleyr (Suzie Plakson) requests to speak to Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) on an "urgent matter". When she beams aboard, she brings a young Klingon boy (Jon Paul Steuer); based on previous romantic encounters with K'Ehleyr, Lt. Worf (Michael Dorn) suspects the boy is his son. K'Ehleyr warns the senior staff of a power struggle occurring within the Klingon Empire and implores Picard to meet Chancellor K'mpec (Charles Cooper) aboard the battlecruiser. On the Klingon ship, K'mpec reveals that he has been poisoned and is slowly dying, and insists that Picard become the Arbiter of Succession and identify his assassin. He suspects that it is either Gowron or Duras, the two challengers for the succession, and warns Picard that allowing a Klingon who would use poison to become chancellor could result in war between the Klingon Empire and the Federation (as killing anonymously is seen as dishonorable).

Worf finally meets and spends time with the Klingon boy, and is troubled by the boy's lack of interest in becoming a warrior. In a private moment with Worf, K'Ehleyr confirms that the boy is his son, Alexander, but hid him from Worf in fear that Worf would ask her to take the Klingon oath of marriage. Worf, already burdened by his discommendation, fears for Alexander's future, given the stigma of his family name.

The two challengers for leadership of the council, Gowron (Robert O'Reilly) and Duras (Patrick Massett), arrive for the Rites of Succession. The rites begin with Picard, Duras, Gowron, and K'Ehleyr confirming that K'mpec has died, but a bomb detonates in the assembly hall, resulting in the deaths of two unnamed Klingons. Picard decides to draw out the Rites using an archaic ceremony to give the *Enterprise* crew time to complete a forensic analysis on the dead Klingons. Though both resent the longer form, Gowron and Duras have little choice but to agree to continue the Rites.

The *Enterprise* crew discovers that the explosion came from a Romulan bomb worn by one of Duras' guards. Due to Picard's refusal to explain the circumstances of Worf's discommendation, K'Ehleyr begins her own investigation and discovers that Duras's father was the true traitor in the Khitomer massacre. Duras, notified of K'Ehleyr's access to the records, confronts her and mortally wounds her. Worf and Alexander discover K'Ehleyr in time for her to reveal that Duras attacked her; before she dies, she has Worf promise to look after Alexander. Worf takes a bat'leth from his quarters and transports to Duras's ship, where he challenges Duras to combat under the Right of Vengeance. Duras initially rejects the challenge, but accepts it when Worf claims K'Ehleyr was his mate. Riker, Data, and another *Enterprise* officer board Duras's ship to stop Worf, but are unable to prevent him from killing Duras in combat. With Duras dead and no other challengers present, Gowron is named Chancellor of the Empire.

After the Klingons leave, Picard reprimands Worf for killing Duras. Though Worf defends his actions as valid under Klingon law, Picard reminds him he is first of all a Starfleet officer and places a formal reprimand on Worf's record. Though Duras's death means that there is no longer any reason to hide the truth of the Khitomer masscare, Worf explains to Picard that the High Council will not admit their actions and vows he and his brother will convince them to speak the truth. Worf and Alexander mourn their loss, and Worf places the boy in the care of his adoptive parents Sergey and Helena Rozhenko.

## Production

This episode introduced a Klingon spacecraft to the *Star Trek* franchise, the "Vor'cha", which was designed by Rick Sternbach; the model was built by Greg Jein. This was also the first episode with the Klingon recurring character Gowron, who would appear in subsequent episodes of both *TNG* and *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*; the character was played by Robert O'Reilly.

The Bat'leth prop, a Klingon weapon, was designed by Dan Curry for this episode. Dan Curry was the visual effects producer. The Bat'leth later appeared many times and became known in pop culture.

## Reception

In 2016, the story of K'Ehleyr in "Reunion" was noted as one of the saddest conclusions in *Star Trek* franchise. In 2017, *Den of Geek* ranked Suzie Plakson's role as K'Ehleyr as one of the top ten guest stars on *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, noting her performance in this episode and earlier episode which introduced the character, "The Emissary".

In 2017, *Den of Geek* ranked this episode as one of top 25 "must watch" episodes of *Star Trek: The Next Generation*.

In 2017, Comic Book Resources ranked Worf and K'Ehleyr as the ninth best romantic relationship of the *Star Trek* franchise up to that time, noting their introduction in the previous episode "The Emissary". They note that in this episode she returns with Worf's son, but is killed by Duras.

Keith R. A. DeCandido of *Tor.com* rated the episode ten out of ten. Zach Handlen of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a grade of B+.

## Legacy

K'Ehleyr was suggested as the inspiration for later *Star Trek* main cast character B'Elanna Torres. In terms of the continuity in the show, it provides an origin story for Worf's son Alexander.

The episode introduced the bat'leth to the series, which became the iconic weapon of the Klingons.

## Releases

"Reunion" was released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the *Star Trek: The Next Generation* Season 4 season four DVD box set.

## InfoBox

| "**Reunion**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Star Trek: The Next Generation* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 4<br>Episode 7 |
| Directed by | Jonathan Frakes |
| Story by | * Drew Deighan * Thomas Perry * Jo Perry |
| Teleplay by |  |
| Featured music | Ron Jones |
| Cinematography by | Marvin Rush |
| Production code | 181 |
| Original air date | November 5, 1990 (1990-11-05) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Sound speed profile

abstract:
A sound speed profile shows the speed of sound in water at different vertical levels. It has two general representations:
  - tabular form, with pairs of columns corresponding to ocean depth and the speed of sound at that depth, respectively.
  - a plot of the speed of sound in the ocean as a function of depth, where the vertical axis corresponds to the depth and the horizontal axis corresponds to the sound speed. By convention, the horizontal axis is placed at the top of the plot, and the vertical axis is labeled with values that increase from top to bottom, thus reproducing visually the ocean from its surface downward. Table 1 shows an example of the first representation; figure 1 shows the same information using the second representation. Although given as a function of depth, the speed of sound in the ocean does not depend solely on depth. Rather, for a given depth, the speed of sound depends on the temperature at that depth, the depth itself, and the salinity at that depth, in that order. The speed of sound in the ocean at different depths can be measured directly, e.g., by using a velocimeter, or, using measurements of temperature and salinity at different depths, it can be calculated using a number of different sound speed formulae which have been developed. Examples of such formulae include those by Wilson, Chen and Millero,and Mackenzie. Each such formulation applies within specific limits of the independent variables. From the shape of the sound speed profile in figure 1, one can see the effect of the order of importance of temperature and depth on sound speed. Near the surface, where temperatures are generally highest, the sound speed is often highest because the effect of temperature on sound speed dominates. Further down the water column, sound speed also decreases as temperature decreases in the ocean thermocline, and sound speed also decreases. At a certain point, however, the effect of depth, i.e., pressure, begins to dominate, and the sound speed increases to the ocean floor. Also visible in figure 1 is a common feature in sound speed profiles: the SOFAR channel. The axis of this channel is found at the depth of minimum sound speed. Sounds emitted at or near the axis of this channel propagate for very long horizontal distances, owing to the refraction of the sound back to the channel's center. Sound speed profile data are necessary for underwater acoustic propagation models, especially those based on ray tracing theory.

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# Sound speed profile

A **sound speed profile** shows the speed of sound in water at different vertical levels. It has two general representations:

1. tabular form, with pairs of columns corresponding to ocean depth and the speed of sound at that depth, respectively.
2. a plot of the speed of sound in the ocean as a function of depth, where the vertical axis corresponds to the depth and the horizontal axis corresponds to the sound speed. By convention, the horizontal axis is placed at the top of the plot, and the vertical axis is labeled with values that increase from top to bottom, thus reproducing visually the ocean from its surface downward.

Table 1 shows an example of the first representation; figure 1 shows the same information using the second representation.

Table 1. A sound speed profile in tabular form.
| Depth (m) | Sound speed (m/s) | Depth (m) | Sound speed (m/s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1540.4 | 500 | 1517.2 |
| 10 | 1540.5 | 600 | 1518.2 |
| 20 | 1540.7 | 700 | 1519.5 |
| 30 | 1534.4 | 800 | 1521.0 |
| 50 | 1523.3 | 900 | 1522.6 |
| 75 | 1519.6 | 1000 | 1524.1 |
| 100 | 1518.5 | 1100 | 1525.7 |
| 125 | 1517.9 | 1200 | 1527.3 |
| 150 | 1517.3 | 1300 | 1529.0 |
| 200 | 1516.6 | 1400 | 1530.7 |
| 250 | 1516.5 | 1500 | 1532.4 |
| 300 | 1516.2 | 1750 | 1536.7 |
| 400 | 1516.4 | 2000 | 1541.0 |

Although given as a function of depth, the speed of sound in the ocean does not depend solely on depth. Rather, for a given depth, the speed of sound depends on the temperature at that depth, the depth itself, and the salinity at that depth, in that order.

The speed of sound in the ocean at different depths can be measured directly, e.g., by using a velocimeter, or, using measurements of temperature and salinity at different depths, it can be calculated using a number of different sound speed formulae which have been developed. Examples of such formulae include those by Wilson, Chen and Millero ,and Mackenzie. Each such formulation applies within specific limits of the independent variables.

From the shape of the sound speed profile in figure 1, one can see the effect of the order of importance of temperature and depth on sound speed. Near the surface, where temperatures are generally highest, the sound speed is often highest because the effect of temperature on sound speed dominates. Further down the water column, sound speed also decreases as temperature decreases in the ocean thermocline, and sound speed also decreases. At a certain point, however, the effect of depth, i.e., pressure, begins to dominate, and the sound speed increases to the ocean floor. Also visible in figure 1 is a common feature in sound speed profiles: the SOFAR channel. The axis of this channel is found at the depth of minimum sound speed. Sounds emitted at or near the axis of this channel propagate for very long horizontal distances, owing to the refraction of the sound back to the channel's center.

Sound speed profile data are necessary for underwater acoustic propagation models, especially those based on ray tracing theory.

1. John J. Audet, Jr. & Gregory G. Vega, (1974) *AESD Sound-Speed Profile Retrieval System (RSVP)*, AESD Technical Note TN-74-03, 14.
2. Caruthers, Jerald W. (1977) *Fundamentals of Marine Acoustics*. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
3. Stewart, Robert H. (2008) *Introduction to Physical Oceanography*. College Station: Texas A&M University.
4. Wilson, W.D. (1960) Equation for the speed of sound in sea water. *J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.*, **32**, 1357.
5. Chen, C.-T. and Millero, F.J. (1977) Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures. *J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.*, **62**, 1129-35.
6. Mackenzie, K.V. (1981) Nine-term equation for sound speed in the oceans. *J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.*, **70**, 807-12.
7. Etter, Paul C. (1996) *Underwater Acoustic Modeling: Principles, techniques and applications*. Cambridge: University Press.
8. Talley, L.D et al. (2011) *Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction*. Academic Press.


title: Charles-Joseph Sax

abstract: Charles-Joseph Sax was a Belgian musical instrument maker. His son was Adolphe Sax, who invented the saxophone, the saxhorn and the saxotromba. Sax was the son of Françoise Élisabeth (Maréchal) and Antoine Joseph Sax. He was a maker of wind and brass instruments, as well as of pianos, harps, and guitars. Sax was a great instrument maker, and made sure his son had a good education and a leg to stand on for his future. He was a careful, strict, and kind father to his son, Adolphe Sax, and played a big part in his son's successful career. Instruments built by Charles-Joseph are held in some museum collections.

text:
# Charles-Joseph Sax

**Charles-Joseph Sax** (1 February 1790  26 April 1865) was a Belgian musical instrument maker. His son was Adolphe Sax, who invented the saxophone, the saxhorn and the saxotromba.

Sax was the son of Françoise Élisabeth (Maréchal) and Antoine Joseph Sax. He was a maker of wind and brass instruments, as well as of pianos, harps, and guitars. Sax was a great instrument maker, and made sure his son had a good education and a leg to stand on for his future. He was a careful, strict, and kind father to his son, Adolphe Sax, and played a big part in his son's successful career.

Instruments built by Charles-Joseph are held in some museum collections.

## InfoBox

| Charles-Joseph Sax | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1790-02-01)1 February 1790
Dinant, Wallonia, Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium) |
| Died | 26 April 1865(1865-04-26) (aged 75)
Paris, France |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Occupation(s) | Inventor, musical instrument designer |
| Known for | Father of Adolphe Sax |


title: Rossland City

abstract: Rossland City was the name of a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia, located in the West Kootenay region. It is named after the town of Rossland, near Trail, B.C. It made its first appearance on the hustings in the election of 1903 and lasted only until 1912, after which the revised riding was simply Rossland. For other current and historical electoral districts in the Kootenay region, please see Kootenay.

text:
# Rossland City

**Rossland City** was the name of a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia, located in the West Kootenay region. It is named after the town of Rossland, near Trail, B.C. It made its first appearance on the hustings in the election of 1903 and lasted only until 1912, after which the revised riding was simply Rossland.

For other current and historical electoral districts in the Kootenay region, please see Kootenay (electoral districts).

## Demographics

| Population, 1911 |  |
| --- | --- |
| Population change, 19011911 |  |
| Area (km²) |  |
| Population density (people per km²) |  |

## Electoral history

*Note: Winners of each election are in* **bold**.

10th British Columbia election, 1903
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Arthur Samuel Goodeve | 343 | 44.03% |  | unknown |
|  | **Liberal** | **James Alexander MacDonald** | **436** | **55.97%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 779 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |
| 1 Parr may have been a Labour candidate although Gosnell labels him a Liberal; he may have campaigned as both. | | | | | | |

11th British Columbia election, 1907
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Socialist | Archibald Francis Berry | 98 | 18.67% |  | unknown |
|  | Conservative | Lorne Argyle Campbell | 186 | 35.43% |  | unknown |
|  | Liberal | **James Alexander MacDonald** | **241** | **45.90%** |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 525 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

12th British Columbia election, 1909
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **William Robert Braden** | **237** | **38.60%** |  | unknown |
|  | Socialist | George Bernard Casey | 160 | 26.06% |  | unknown |
|  | Liberal | John M. English | 217 | 35.34% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 614 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

13th British Columbia election, 1912
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Lorne Argyle Campbell** | **336** | **56.09%** |  | unknown |
|  | Socialist | George Bernard Casey | 95 | 15.86% |  | unknown |
|  | **Liberal** | Louis Denison Taylor | 168 | 28.05% |  | unknown |
| Total valid votes | | | 599 | 100.00% |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | % |  |  |

Redistribution following the 1912 election resulted in the renaming of the riding to Rossland.

## Sources