title: Silverstream Priory

abstract: Silverstream Priory is a Roman Catholic monastery in Stamullen, County Meath, Ireland, founded in 2012. The monastery is an autonomous diocesan priory of the Benedictine Monks of Perpetual Adoration. Mark Daniel Kirby is the founder and was the first superior of the priory until his resignation in 2020. As of March 2023, Fr. Basil Mary McCabe was its prior.

text:
# Silverstream Priory

**Silverstream Priory** is a Roman Catholic monastery in Stamullen, County Meath, Ireland, founded in 2012. The monastery is an autonomous diocesan priory of the Benedictine Monks of Perpetual Adoration.

Mark Daniel Kirby (b. 1952) is the founder and was the first superior of the priory until his resignation in 2020. As of March 2023, Fr. Basil Mary McCabe was its prior.

## History

The community's history began in Oklahoma in 2007, when Bishop Edward James Slattery of the Diocese of Tulsa invited Mark Daniel Kirby, then a Cistercian monk, to form a monastery with the mission of prayer for priests. In 2009, a year designated by Pope Benedict XVI as a "year of the priest", the bishop inaugurated the community under the title *Monastery of Our Lady of the Cenacle*. In 2011, flooding in Tulsa made the community's residence uninhabitable, and Fr. Kirby obtained Bishop Slattery's permission to move the community.

In autumn 2011 the monks were invited by Bishop Michael Smith to relocate to the Diocese of Meath. In March 2012, the community moved into a former religious house in the village of Stamullen in County Meath. Based on a local geographical name, they adopted the name *Silverstream Priory* for the monastery.

In February 2017, the community reached a milestone with the formal approval of its constitutions by the Holy See, leading to the canonical establishment of the Benedictine Monks of Perpetual Adoration as a monastic institute of consecrated life in the diocese of Meath. This made Silverstream Priory the first new monastery in the county since the abolition of monasteries under Henry VIII in 1536.

In 2020, the *National Catholic Reporter* and *The Tablet* reported that the priory underwent a diocesan visitation, ordered by Thomas Deenihan, Bishop of Meath, and conducted from 9 to 12 June 2020 by Brendan Coffey, the Benedictine Abbot of Glenstal Abbey, Richard Purcell, the Trappist Abbot of Mount Mellaray Abbey, and Gearoid Dullea, a priest of the Diocese of Cork and Ross. Kirby also resigned his position as superior, and Coffey was named administrator.

## Life

The monastery describes its historical inspiration in these terms:

Silverstream Priory is a providential realisation of the cherished project of Abbot Celestino Maria Colombo, O.S.B. (1874–1935), who, following the impetus given by Catherine–Mectilde de Bar in the 17th century, sought to establish a house of Benedictine monks committed to ceaseless prayer before the Most Holy Sacrament of the Altar in a spirit of reparation.

The monastery hence places a special emphasis on Eucharistic Adoration for the sanctification of Catholic priests. The monks celebrate the traditional Benedictine liturgy (Divine Office and the Mass) in the pre-Vatican II form, in Latin and with Gregorian chant.

As of 2020, the monastery has 15 members, of whom three are priests. Of the monks, ten are professed members, while five are novices.

## Priory buildings

The priory house was originally built in 1843 by the Preston family (the Viscounts Gormanston), and from 1941 to 1955 was inhabited by the Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God, who added a church in 1952 named in honor of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. Contemplative nuns of the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary resided at the house from 1955 to 2010. In 2018 the former church was converted into a wing for the priory's novitiate.

53°38′17″N 6°17′23″W / 53.638092°N 6.289846°W / 53.638092; -6.289846

## InfoBox

Silverstream Priory
| Location in 2010 | |
| --- | --- |
| Monastery information | |
| Order | Benedictines |
| Established | 2012 |
| Diocese | Meath |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | Mark Daniel Kirby |
| Prior | Basil Mary McCabe |
| Architecture | |
| Status | Active |
| Site | |
| Location | Stamullen, County Meath, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 53°38′17″N 6°17′23″W / 53.63806°N 6.28972°W / 53.63806; -6.28972 |
| Public access | Yes |
| Website | http://cenacleosb.org/ |


title: Chapman H. Hyams

abstract: Chapman Henry Hyams, Sr. was an American stockbroker, art collector, and philanthropist.

text:
# Chapman H. Hyams

**Chapman Henry Hyams, Sr.** (21 July 1838, in Charleston – 19 April 1923, in New York) was an American stockbroker, art collector, and philanthropist.

## Family

On April 26, 1893, Hyams' son, Chapman Henry Hyams, Jr. married Violet Victoria Hildreth. Their wedding took place in New York City. On August 21, 1899, their son, Chapman Henry, 3rd, was born in New London, Connecticut.

## New Orleans Museum of Art

When the New Orleans Museum of Art opened in 1911 Hyams loaned over 20 paintings for the opening, some of which were later donated outright.

### Donated paintings

The donated paintings include the following:

## Mausoleum

Hyams had a mausoleum built to house family remains in the Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans, the marble statuary monument to his sisters based on William Wetmore Story's *Angel of Grief*. Hyams was eventually interred in the family mausoleum himself. The mausoleum, designed by Favrot & Livaudais is in the style of a Greek temple with Ionic columns on all sides, and a pediment, with Hyams' name below. The interior is illuminated by four blue stained glass windows, with floral theme.


title: Dorstenieae

abstract: Dorstenieae is a tribe within the plant family Moraceae. The tribe includes eight genera and about 120 species.

text:
# Dorstenieae

**Dorstenieae** is a tribe within the plant family Moraceae. The tribe includes eight genera and about 120 species.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Dorstenieae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Dorstenia gigas* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Tribe: | Dorstenieae<br>Dumort. |
|


title: Depewal

abstract: Depewal is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 30 kilometres (19 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

text:
# Depewal

**Depewal** is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 30 kilometres (19 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

## List of cities near the village

## Air travel connectivity

The closest International airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.

## InfoBox

| Depewal | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| DepewalLocation in Punjab, IndiaDepewalDepewal (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°11′24″N 75°12′15″E / 31.189968°N 75.204147°E / 31.189968; 75.204147 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Kapurthala |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Other spoken | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144626 |
| Telephone code | 01822 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-09 |
| Website | kapurthala.gov.in |


title: Sektensaurus

abstract: Sektensaurus is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur, possibly an elasmarian, from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Patagonia, Argentina. Its remains were uncovered in the fluvial tuffs of the Lago Colhué Huapí Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin. The type and only species is S. sanjuanboscoi. Sektensaurus is the first non-hadrosauroid ornithopod of central Patagonia. The discovery of the genus increases the anatomical knowledge of ornithopods and adds new data on the compositions of dinosaur faunas that lived in Patagonia close to Antarctica at the end of the Cretaceous.

text:
# Sektensaurus

***Sektensaurus*** (meaning "island lizard", *sekten* meaning "island" in Tehuelche) is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur, possibly an elasmarian, from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Patagonia, Argentina. Its remains were uncovered in the fluvial tuffs of the Lago Colhué Huapí Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin. The type and only species is ***S. sanjuanboscoi***.

*Sektensaurus* is the first non-hadrosauroid ornithopod of central Patagonia. The discovery of the genus increases the anatomical knowledge of ornithopods and adds new data on the compositions of dinosaur faunas that lived in Patagonia close to Antarctica at the end of the Cretaceous.

## InfoBox

| *Sektensaurus*
Temporal range: Campanian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Ornithischia |
| *Clade*: | Neornithischia |
| *Clade*: | Ornithopoda |
| *Clade*: | Elasmaria |
| Genus: | *Sektensaurus*
Ibiricu *et al.* 2019 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Sektensaurus sanjuanboscoi***
Ibiricu *et al.* 2019 | |


# 1900 United States House of Representatives election in Hawaii Territory

On November 6, 1900 Hawaii elected their first representative.

In 1898 Hawaii was annexed by the United States and became a territory in 1900. Robert William Wilcox won the election over former minister of affairs, Samuel Parker and prince David Kawānanakoa with 42.8% of the vote.

## Results

Hawaii non-voting delegate election, 1900
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Home Rule Party of Hawaii** | **Robert William Wilcox** | **4,108** | **42.75** |
|  | Republican | Samuel Parker | 3,845 | 40.02 |
|  | Democratic | David Kawānanakoa | 1,656 | 17.23 |
| Total votes | | | **9,609** | **100.00** |

## InfoBox

1900 United States House of Representatives election in Hawaii Territory
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Robert William Wilcox** Samuel Parker David Kawānanakoa  Party Home Rule Republican Democratic  Popular vote **4,108** 3,845 1,656  Percentage **42.75%** 40.02% 17.23% | |
| ---  County results
**Wilcox:**      40–50% | |
| ---  **Elected Representative**
Robert William Wilcox
Home Rule | |


title: 2020 in the European Union

abstract: Events from 2020 in the European Union.

text:
# 2020 in the European Union

Events from 2020 in the European Union.

## Incumbents

## Events

### January

### July

* July - The European Union refuses an offer of 500 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine from Pfizer-BioNTech.

### November

* 17 November – Hungary and Poland veto the seven-year EU budget, over attempts to link funding to respect for rule of law. They both said that linking funding to rule of law will mean a loss to their nation's sovereignty.

### December

### Country overviews

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Chitry-les-Mines

abstract: Chitry-les-Mines is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.

text:
# Chitry-les-Mines

**Chitry-les-Mines** (French pronunciation: \[ʃitʁi le min\]) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.

## InfoBox

| Chitry-les-Mines | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Chitry-les-Mines | |
| Chitry-les-MinesChitry-les-Mines | |
| Coordinates: 47°15′41″N 3°39′10″E / 47.2614°N 3.6528°E / 47.2614; 3.6528 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Nièvre |
| Arrondissement | Clamecy |
| Canton | Corbigny |
| Intercommunality | Tannay-Brinon-Corbigny |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jacky Germain |
| Area**1** | 6.19 km2 (2.39 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 221 |
| Density | 36/km2 (92/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 58075 /58800 |
| Elevation | 175–259 m (574–850 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Ringed salamander

abstract: The ringed salamander is a species of mole salamander native to hardwood and mixed hardwood-pine forested areas in and around the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. This species of salamander has slander body, small head, and long tail. They are usually found to have various dorsal color from dark gray to dark brown. Various close relatives are found such as marbled salamander and spotted salamander. This species of salamander has cannibal behavior especially those in large body size. It is found in damp, forested areas, usually under leaves, rotting logs, or in abandoned ground holes of other organisms, near shallow ponds. Highly fossorial, adults are often found in subterranean refuges. This salamander is increasingly rare and perhaps endangered. This is likely a result of its restricted range and specific breeding habit needs. The world population is thought to be around 100,000 animals. Its conservation status is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN. This salamander can perform embryotic learning and social-facilitated learning.

text:
# Ringed salamander

The **ringed salamander** (***Ambystoma annulatum***) is a species of mole salamander native to hardwood and mixed hardwood-pine forested areas in and around the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. This species of salamander has slander body, small head, and long tail. They are usually found to have various dorsal color from dark gray to dark brown. Various close relatives are found such as marbled salamander (*A. opacum*) and spotted salamander (*A. maculatum*). This species of salamander has cannibal behavior especially those in large body size.

It is found in damp, forested areas, usually under leaves, rotting logs, or in abandoned ground holes of other organisms, near shallow ponds. Highly fossorial (adapted to digging), adults are often found in subterranean refuges. This salamander is increasingly rare and perhaps endangered. This is likely a result of its restricted range and specific breeding habit needs. The world population is thought to be around 100,000 animals. Its conservation status is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN. This salamander can perform embryotic learning and social-facilitated learning.

## Description

The Ringed Salamander has a slender body shape with a small head and a long tail. This species has 15 costal (along the ribs) grooves and a depressed round snout. There are two arrays of vomerine teeth—teeth along a thin bone that form the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum and divide the nostrils. Each series contains 7 - 11 teeth. Each of their hind feet has five toes. The dorsal color of adults can range from dark gray to blackish brown decorated with white to yellowish bands and light-colored dots. Ventral sides are generally grayish-yellow. Newly metamorphosed juveniles have black backs and white bellies. A row of light spots extended from their forelimbs to the tails. Soon after metamorphosis yellow bands started to appear, and complete adult colorations form within two months after metamorphosis.

## Habitat and distribution

### Habitat

Ringed salamander is strictly terrestrial and has been found in hardwood and mixed hardwood-pine forests. During non-breeding seasons, adults hide under leaves, rotting logs, or abandoned holes on the ground in damp forest areas. Larvae and juveniles exist in small, fishless semi-permanent ponds. Most ringed salamanders are found in the vicinity of Hot Springs, Arkansas, and the Missouri portion of the Ozark Plateau. Small populations have also been found in western Illinois and eastern Oklahoma.

### Geographic distribution

Ringed salamander is endemic to the Ozark plateau and the Ouachita Mountains of southern Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma. This is a much more restricted range of distribution compared to other species in the same genus, such as *A. maculatum* and *A. opacum*.

## Conservation

### Habitat loss

While drying of ponds during late summer has significant impacts on spring breeding species such as spotted salamanders, it does not affect ringed salamanders much. However, a reduction of rain and numbers of filling ponds during September and October can cause a great decrease in ringed salamander's breeding efforts and egg depositions. Although average canopy cover and leaf litter depth do not significantly relate to ringed salamander's occupancy, continuous forests are highly associated with its breeding wetlands. Clear-cut timber harvest also has a negative effect on ringed salamander distribution. Forest sites after a clear-cut harvest have more open canopies, which results in higher ground temperatures. In order to survive, ringed salamanders either retreat underground into burrows or move to other places. Thus, juveniles and adults with small body sizes are more vulnerable as they have lower dispersal abilities.

### Conservation efforts

There are two major areas of focus for maximizing the proliferation of ringed salamanders, which concentrate on minimizing the local extinction of both juveniles and adults and maintaining metapopulation dynamics respectively. Protecting permanent fishless ponds is crucial for the survival of metamorphosing juveniles. Maintaining terrestrial habitat around the breeding ponds is important for reproducing adults. A study has shown that a core terrestrial habitat with a radius of 200-500m from the pond edge must be established to provide enough space for the survival of breeding adults, especially during their first reproduction. Connectivity between ponds is critical for keeping sufficient gene flows among multiple populations. A suitable habitat should have breeding ponds no more than 300m from each other, and rescue-recolonization management is recommended.

## Population structure

### Close relatives

Ringed salamander (*A. annulatum*), marbled salamander (*A. opacum*), and spotted salamander (*A. maculatum*) are sympatric close relatives, and they are all terrestrial. They all belong to a famous genus of salamanders called mole salamanders (*Ambystoma*). Spotted salamanders and marbled salamanders have much larger distributions and are more well-studied than ringed salamanders. Similar to ringed salamanders, marbled salamanders also breed in fall, while the other species spotted salamander breeds in spring.

### Genetic population structure

Molecular evidence from nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA analysis shows that populations of ringed salamanders in the Central Interior Highlands ecoregion are separated into two. One population lives on the Ozark plateau in the north, while the other population lives in the Ouachita Mountain in the south. The separation first occurred during the Cretaceous to mid-Miocene and was further bisected by the development of the Arkansas River system during the Pleistocene. Genetic differentiation is also largely influenced by human-induced habitat fragmentation since European settlement.

## Diet

Common preys for ringed salamander larvae include microcrustaceans, dipteran larvae, larval chironimids, and many larval and adult insects such as beetles, snails, earthworms, and eggs of other salamanders and frogs. Ringed salamanders usually serve as the top predator in their breeding ponds. This is likely due to the fall breeding timing of ringed salamanders, which allows them to prey on individuals of other spring breeding species that are still in their early life stages such as spotted salamanders, marbled salamanders, red-spotted newts, and many other anuran species, thus decreases their abundances.

### Cannibalism

Although larvae of all sizes eat other prey species, those with larger body sizes can be cannibalistic. Cannibalism can be beneficial as conspecific preys are large, might contain growth-promoting hormones, and lack toxic substances in heterospecific preys. However, there is also a risk of pathogen and endoparasite transmissions. The cannibals differ from their conspecific prey by having twice longer mean body lengths and slightly broader heads. The long breeding season leads to increasing larvae size variation, which contributes to the possibility of cannibalism. Larvae hatched later in the season have smaller sizes, so early spawn breeders may gain a selective advantage by producing large offspring with higher fitness, but this advantage may be offset by more unpredictable pond conditions. The cannibalism of ringed salamanders is an opportunistic behavior that is more likely to occur in conditions of high larvae density, the coexistence of larvae of various sizes, or insufficient alternate food choice. Larvae that commit cannibalism have been shown to have wider mouths and a larger size than their noncannibal counterparts. This adds to the evidence that cannibalism is an opportunistic enterprise based no having an advantageous size. Ringed salamander larvae have intermediate-level cannibalism compared to other species in the same genus. Spotted salamanders only show cannibalism in extreme conditions, while tiger salamanders (*A. tigrinum*) have really high tendencies of cannibalism.

## Reproduction and life cycle

### Breeding migration and oviposition

Ringed salamander is an autumn breeding species. Males and females both reach their reproductive maturity at 1 year old, but most individuals return for breeding at 2–3 years old. Migration to breeding ponds usually started at night after or during rain in mid-September, and individuals tend to stick with specific ponds every year. Annual cycle of air and soil temperatures ensures that adults enter reproductive conditions in time, but autumn rainfall is the major factor that triggers breeding migration, and the precipitation threshold must be at least 1.27 cm. A huge variation of breeding population size exists across ponds and years, which is positively correlated with the amount of rainfall during migration season. Males start to migrate to breeding ponds as early as August, which is earlier than females with the earliest record in September. The end date of migration is in early November, which is similar for both sexes.

After mating, egg laying begins on the night of courtship or the next day and is completed within two days. The female extends her rear legs laterally and arches their backs to get the cloacae onto a substrate. She stays motionless after climbing onto a suitable object until muscular contractions start. The contraction spread posteriorly from a point 2.5 from the front to the rear legs, depositing eggs from the cloaca one at a time in a row. Shapes of egg masses can be strings, clumps, or large clusters, which largely depend on what are the available supporting materials, such as sticks, for oviposition. Adults leave the pond right after breeding but could remain active above-ground for several days before getting back to their resting places.

### Larval and juvenile development

Larvae start to present in ponds in September and October. Based on eggs hatched in the laboratory environment, the average total length of larvae just hatched is 11.5mm. Unlike spring breeding species, ringed salamander larvae overwinter under the ice in their birth ponds. The larval period ranges from 7 to 9 months, which is similar to that of marbled salamanders. Larvae mortality can be caused by freezing, drying, low pH, predation including cannibalism, and disease. Premetamorphic mortality can be as high as 99.9% and peaks during the first two months post-hatching and during metamorphic periods.

Juveniles generally emerge in April the following spring. The average survival rate of juveniles from eggs to metamorphosis is only 0.2%, which is really low and doesn't vary much among ponds or years. The mean snout-vent length of metamorphosing juveniles is 39.2mm, which is about 50% of that of breeding adults, but the largest juvenile can be 76% of the adult size. Juveniles that metamorphosed in early spring are usually larger than those that metamorphose later in the summer. A larger body size corresponds to a high probability of surviving, a younger age at first reproduction, and a longer lifespan. This is the opposite trend compared to spotted salamanders, of which juveniles metamorphose later are larger, and have higher fitness.

## Limb regeneration loss of adults

The limb regeneration time of larval salamanders shortens with development, and postmetamorphic adult larval salamanders exhibit little or no limb regeneration. Through experiments looking at regeneration times for larval salamanders at different age (40 days), axolotl (30+ days), newt (44 days) and adult salamanders (155 to 370 days), it was found that the limb regeneration time of each stage has a huge difference. Based on two criteria: each stage is similar to the sequences of previous stages of newt, while these stages must be easily identifiable by examining the external morphology of living organisms, the results revealed 11 well-defined regeneration phases. There is a saying that environmental conditions cause salamanders to lose the ability to express their intrinsic ability. Regeneration was observed in the following conditions for the adult salamanders: *A. annulatum*, 324 to 370 dpa; *A. maculatum*, 255 to 300 dpa; *A. texanum*, 215 to 250 dpa; and *A. tigranum*, 155 to 180 dpa.

## Mate behavior

Ringed salamanders are sexually dimorphic. Breeding females are larger than males, with the mean snout-vent length being 96.3mm and 84.2mm respectively. At each breeding pond, the adult sex ratio is consistently male-biased with a 2.05:1 ratio.(2) A mass courtship happens when a large number of males and some females arrived at a pond. Initially, one male approaches a female and nudges her cloaca and sides of the body with his snout. After that, he quickly deposits a spermatophore somewhere nearby. A male usually deposits one spermatophore at a time but could also lay up to four in succession. This behavior is repeated and reaches a peak that lasts for 10–15 minutes. As more and more males join, a crowd of male forms around a female, where each male begin to nose the female and other males indiscriminately, and lots of spermatophores are laid at the same spot. Multiple males tend to lay their spermatophores next to or on top of each other. There can be as many as 10 or more spermatophores within a 1.6 cm2 area. Researchers didn't observe any female participation in the courtship. Females lay fertilized eggs after the mass courtship, so they might pick one or more spermatophores after the courtship as do female *A. macualtum,* the sympatric relative of ringed salamander. Another possibility is females may follow a chosen male and pick up his spermatophores specifically.

## Social behavior

Ringed salamanders can learn what are predators and foods from chemical stimuli as early as embryos. This allows larvae to avoid predation and have a higher foraging efficiency right after hatching. Lab experiments have proved that embryos exposed to odors of prey species like shrimp and mussel show attraction to those stimuli post-hatching. Embryotic exposures to chemical stimuli from cannibalistic larvae or predators, such as Eastern newt (*Notophthalmus viridescens*) and dragonfly nymphs, resulted in increasing use of habitat refuge (vegetation cover) and decreasing activities post-hatching. These are signs of anti-predator responses. Decreasing activity is especially effective for avoiding the detection of visual predators and reducing encountering possibilities. The underlying physiological mechanism might be that the stimuli can shape the developing olfactory system in a different way to cause either olfactory imprinting or sensitization. Because of the plasticity of ringed salamander's diet, researchers think that sensitization is a more plausible explanation as it means a temporary response to a stimulus, while olfactory imprinting means showing a long-term response.

Young larvae are also able to distinguish between predator and prey after observing other larvae that are known as conspecific models. Social learning is commonly thought to exist only in group-living organisms, but it can happen in non-gregarious species like ringed salamanders as well. Ringed salamander larvae can form temporary high-density groups during a short period after hatching, which provides the environment for social learning. A study on ringed salamanders has demonstrated that a larva can successfully recognize dragonfly nymph as a danger after watching the anti-predator reactions of four conspecific demonstrators. This socially facilitated learning and the former embryotic learning are both beneficial in a way that it minimizes costs due to direct samplings of different foods and random encounters with predators.

## Enemies

Fish is a predator of ringed salamanders at all life stages in ponds. Aquatic insects, salamanders, snakes, and wading birds, such as, can all be potential predators of ringed salamander larvae. Studies have recorded many insect predators including *Odonata, Hemiptera,* and *Thanmophis Proximus*. Bird predators include great blue herons and American bittern, snake predators include *Nerodia sipedon,* and turtle predators include *Chelydra serpentina*.

Larvae's anti-predator responses gradually decrease with increasing body sizes. Large larvae are less vulnerable to gap-limited predators such as newts. They are either too big as preys or have swifter fleeing reactions with stronger muscles. Ringed salamanders that are one month before metamorphosis are completely immune to newt predation.

Ringed salamanders also suffer from lots of endoparasites. The most common parasite species is ascarid nematode (*Cosmocercoides variabilis*). This parasite is not only commonly found in ringed salamander, but also spreads widely in the family *Ambystomatidae*. Rhabditid nematodes (*Rhabdias ranae*) are the second most common parasite that infests *A. annulatum's* lungs and body cavities. Other relatively rare parasites include gall bladder myxosporean (*Myxidium serotinum*) and tissue-dwelling spirurids that are usually en-cysted in ringed salamanders' stomach walls.

## InfoBox

| Ringed salamander | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Ambystomatidae |
| Genus: | *Ambystoma* |
| Species: | ***A. annulatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ambystoma annulatum***
Cope, 1886 | |
|
|  | |
| Ringed salamander distribution | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Linguaelapsus annulatum* (Cope, 1887) | |


title: Silverstripe shiner

abstract: The silverstripe shiner is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish endemic to the United States where it is widespread in Mobile Bay drainage in Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia.

text:
# Silverstripe shiner

The **silverstripe shiner** (***Notropis stilbius***) is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish endemic to the United States where it is widespread in Mobile Bay drainage in Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia.

## InfoBox

| Silverstripe shiner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Leuciscinae |
| *Clade*: | Pogonichthyinae |
| Genus: | *Notropis* |
| Species: | ***N. stilbius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Notropis stilbius***
D. S. Jordan, 1877 | |
|


title: Chandrapura Junction railway station

abstract: Chandrapura Junction Railway Station is a railway junction station at the junction of Gomoh–Barkakana branch line and Chandrapura–Muri branch line mainly a part of Railways in Jharia Coalfield. It is located in Bokaro district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

text:
# Chandrapura Junction railway station

**Chandrapura Junction Railway Station** is a railway junction station at the junction of Gomoh–Barkakana branch line and Chandrapura–Muri branch line mainly a part of Railways in Jharia Coalfield. It is located in Bokaro district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

## History

In 1913, Chandrapura was connected to Mahuda and merged to Gomoh–Mahuda–Adra–Kharagpur (BNR) line and then became a Railways in Jharia Coalfield. In 1927, the Central India Coalfields Railway opened the Gomoh–Barkakana line. Later, the line was amalgamated with East Indian Railway. The construction of the 143 kilometres (89 mi) long Chandrapura–Muri–Ranchi–Hatia line started in 1957 and was completed in 1961.

## Electrification

Railway lines in the Chandrapura area (including Bokaro Steel City Yard) were electrified in 1986–89.

## InfoBox

| Chandrapura Junction | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways junction station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Chandrapura, Bokaro district, Jharkhand
India |
| Coordinates | 23°45′19″N 86°07′11″E / 23.7554°N 86.1197°E / 23.7554; 86.1197 |
| Elevation | 227 metres (745 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | East Central Railway |
| Line(s) | Gomoh–Barkakana branch line
Chandrapura–Muri branch line Mahuda–Adra–Kharagpur Railways in Jharia Coalfield |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Tracks | 6 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on ground station) |
| Parking | Yes |
| Bicycle facilities | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | CRP |
| Zone(s) | East Central Railway zone |
| Division(s) | Dhanbad |
| History | |
| Opened | 1913 (1913) |
| Rebuilt | 1927 |
| Electrified | 1986–89 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Indian Railways Following station  Telotowards ?   East Central Railway zoneGomoh–Barkakana branch line  Bhandaridahtowards ?   Jamuniatandtowards ?   East Central Railway zoneChandrapura–Muri branch line Dhanbad-Chandrapura line  Rajaberatowards ? | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Chandrapura JunctionLocation in JharkhandChandrapura JunctionLocation in India | |


title: John Purvis (Royal Navy officer)

abstract: Vice Admiral John Brett Purvis was a Royal Navy officer who became Commander-in-Chief, South East Coast of America Station.

text:
# John Purvis (Royal Navy officer)

Vice Admiral **John Brett Purvis** (12 August 1787 – 1 October 1857) was a Royal Navy officer who became Commander-in-Chief, South East Coast of America Station.

Born the son of Admiral John Child Purvis, Purvis joined the Royal Navy in 1799. Promoted to commodore, he became Commander-in-Chief, South East Coast of America Station in March 1842. Promoted to rear admiral on 9 November 1846, he went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Queenstown in June 1852 and was promoted to vice admiral on 4 July 1853.

## InfoBox

| John Brett Purvis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 12 August 1787 |
| Died | 1 October 1857 (1857-11) (aged 70)
Gosport |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1799–1857 |
| Rank | Vice admiral |
| Commands | South East Coast of America Station
Queenstown |


title: Dora Yu

abstract: Dora Yu was a prominent Chinese evangelist in China in the first part of 20th century.

text:
# Dora Yu

**Dora Yu** (Chinese: 余慈度; pinyin: *Yú Cídù*; 1873–1931) was a prominent Chinese evangelist in China in the first part of 20th century.

## Biography

Yu was trained in western medicine in Suzhou, which she practiced briefly. She also took her medical training for work in evangelism. As a Bible woman, Yu and Josephine Campbell in 1897 became the first two female medical missionaries from the Southern Methodist Church to do work in Korea.

After working in Korea for six years, Yu returned to China and became a well-known revivalist preacher. She was invited to preach in many parts of China and, in 1927, spoke at the Keswick Convention in northern England. Her preaching was said to have had a great impact on many Chinese, who devoted their lives to Christian work. For instance, in a 1920 revival meeting in Church of Heavenly Peace, Fuzhou, Yu influenced a woman by the name of Lin Heping (Peace Lin) to have a conversion experience and, a few months later, also Lin's son, Watchman Nee, both of whom would become well-known revivalists themselves.

## Writings

* Yu, Dora. *God's Dealings with Dora Yü, a Chinese messenger of the Cross*. London: Morgan and Scott, 1928.

## Further reading

* Wu, Silas H. L. *Dora Yu and Christian Revival in 20th-Century China*. Boston, MA: Pishon River Publications, 2002. ISBN 0970341229.
* 吳秀良 (Wu, Xiuliang). 復興先鋒 : 余慈度舆廿世紀的中國教會 (Fu Xing Xian Feng: Yu Cidu Yu Nian Shi Ji De Zhongguo Jiao Hui). Boston, MA.: Bixun He chu ban she, 2004.


title: Dephasing

abstract: In physics, dephasing is a mechanism that recovers classical behaviour from a quantum system. It refers to the ways in which coherence caused by perturbation decays over time, and the system returns to the state before perturbation. It is an important effect in molecular and atomic spectroscopy, and in the condensed matter physics of mesoscopic devices. The reason can be understood by describing the conduction in metals as a classical phenomenon with quantum effects all embedded into an effective mass that can be computed quantum mechanically, as also happens to resistance that can be seen as a scattering effect of conduction electrons. When the temperature is lowered and the dimensions of the device are meaningfully reduced, this classical behaviour should disappear and the laws of quantum mechanics should govern the behavior of conducting electrons seen as waves that move ballistically inside the conductor without any kind of dissipation. Most of the time this is what one observes. But it appeared as a surprise to uncover that the so-called dephasing time, that is the time it takes for the conducting electrons to lose their quantum behavior, becomes finite rather than infinite when the temperature approaches zero in mesoscopic devices violating the expectations of the theory of Boris Altshuler, Arkady Aronov and David E. Khmelnitskii. This kind of saturation of the dephasing time at low temperatures is an open problem even as several proposals have been put forward. The coherence of a sample is explained by the off-diagonal elements of a density matrix. An external electric or magnetic field can create coherences between two quantum states in a sample if the frequency corresponds to the energy gap between the two states. The coherence terms decay with the dephasing time or spin–spin relaxation, T2. After coherence is created in a sample by light, the sample emits a polarization wave, the frequency of which is equal to and the phase of which is inverted from the incident light. In addition, the sample is excited by the incident light and a population of molecules in the excited state is generated. The light passing through the sample is absorbed because of these two processes, and it is expressed by an absorption spectrum. The coherence decays with the time constant, T2, and the intensity of the polarization wave is reduced. The population of the excited state also decays with the time constant of the longitudinal relaxation, T1. The time constant T2 is usually much smaller than T1, and the bandwidth of the absorption spectrum is related to these time constants by the Fourier transform, so the time constant T2 is a main contributor to the bandwidth. The time constant T2 has been measured with ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy directly, such as in photon echo experiments. What is the dephasing rate of a particle that has an energy E if it is subject to a fluctuating environment that has a temperature T? In particular what is the dephasing rate close to equilibrium (E~T), and what happens in the zero temperature limit? This question has fascinated the mesoscopic community during the last two decades.

text:
# Dephasing

In physics, **dephasing** is a mechanism that recovers classical behaviour from a quantum system. It refers to the ways in which coherence caused by perturbation decays over time, and the system returns to the state before perturbation. It is an important effect in molecular and atomic spectroscopy, and in the condensed matter physics of mesoscopic devices.

The reason can be understood by describing the conduction in metals as a classical phenomenon with quantum effects all embedded into an effective mass that can be computed quantum mechanically, as also happens to resistance that can be seen as a scattering effect of conduction electrons. When the temperature is lowered and the dimensions of the device are meaningfully reduced, this classical behaviour should disappear and the laws of quantum mechanics should govern the behavior of conducting electrons seen as waves that move ballistically inside the conductor without any kind of dissipation. Most of the time this is what one observes. But it appeared as a surprise to uncover that the so-called **dephasing time**, that is the time it takes for the conducting electrons to lose their quantum behavior, becomes finite rather than infinite when the temperature approaches zero in mesoscopic devices violating the expectations of the theory of Boris Altshuler, Arkady Aronov and David E. Khmelnitskii. This kind of saturation of the dephasing time at low temperatures is an open problem even as several proposals have been put forward.

The coherence of a sample is explained by the off-diagonal elements of a density matrix. An external electric or magnetic field can create coherences between two quantum states in a sample if the frequency corresponds to the energy gap between the two states. The coherence terms decay with the dephasing time or spin–spin relaxation, *T*2.

After coherence is created in a sample by light, the sample emits a polarization wave, the frequency of which is equal to and the phase of which is inverted from the incident light. In addition, the sample is excited by the incident light and a population of molecules in the excited state is generated. The light passing through the sample is absorbed because of these two processes, and it is expressed by an absorption spectrum. The coherence decays with the time constant, *T*2, and the intensity of the polarization wave is reduced. The population of the excited state also decays with the time constant of the longitudinal relaxation, *T*1. The time constant *T*2 is usually much smaller than *T*1, and the bandwidth of the absorption spectrum is related to these time constants by the Fourier transform, so the time constant *T*2 is a main contributor to the bandwidth. The time constant *T*2 has been measured with ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy directly, such as in photon echo experiments.

What is the dephasing rate of a particle that has an energy *E* if it is subject to a fluctuating environment that has a temperature *T*? In particular what is the dephasing rate close to equilibrium (*E~T*), and what happens in the zero temperature limit? This question has fascinated the mesoscopic community during the last two decades (see references below).

1. Altshuler, B L; Aronov, A G; Khmelnitsky, D E (1982-12-30). "Effects of electron-electron collisions with small energy transfers on quantum localisation". *Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics*. **15** (36): 7367–7386. Bibcode:1982JPhC...15.7367A. doi:10.1088/0022-3719/15/36/018. ISSN 0022-3719.

### Other


title: Car wash (disambiguation)

abstract: A car wash is a facility for cleaning automobiles. It may also refer to:

text:
# Car wash (disambiguation)

A **car wash** is a facility for cleaning automobiles. It may also refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media

### Films and soundtracks

### Television

(Alphabetical by series title)

### Other arts, entertainment, and media

* Car Wash, a character in the BBC television series *Willo the Wisp*
* "Car Wash", a song by Bruce Springsteen of his rarities collection boxset *Tracks* (1998)
* "Car Wash", a skit on Rob Schneider's comedy album *Registered Offender* (2010)

## Law enforcement

* Operation Car Wash (Portuguese: *Operação Lava Jato*), an anti-corruption investigation in Brazil


title: 1900 United States elections

abstract: The 1900 United States elections elected the 57th United States Congress. The election was held during the Fourth Party System. Republicans retained control of the presidency and both houses of Congress, while third parties suffered defeats. In a re-match of the 1896 presidential election, Republican President William McKinley defeated Democratic former Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska. McKinley's previous running mate, Vice President Garret Hobart, had died in office, so the Republicans nominated New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as their vice presidential candidate. McKinley again won by a comfortable margin in both the popular vote and the electoral college, and he picked up a handful of states in the West and the Midwest. McKinley's win made him the first sitting president to win re-election since Ulysses S. Grant in 1872. Republicans won minor gains in the House, maintaining their majority. In the Senate, the Democrats made moderate gains while the Populist Party lost three seats. Republicans continued to maintain a commanding majority in the chamber.

text:
# 1900 United States elections

The **1900 United States elections** elected the 57th United States Congress. The election was held during the Fourth Party System. Republicans retained control of the presidency and both houses of Congress, while third parties suffered defeats.

In a re-match of the 1896 presidential election, Republican President William McKinley defeated Democratic former Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska. McKinley's previous running mate, Vice President Garret Hobart, had died in office, so the Republicans nominated New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as their vice presidential candidate. McKinley again won by a comfortable margin in both the popular vote and the electoral college, and he picked up a handful of states in the West and the Midwest. McKinley's win made him the first sitting president to win re-election since Ulysses S. Grant in 1872.

Republicans won minor gains in the House, maintaining their majority.

In the Senate, the Democrats made moderate gains while the Populist Party lost three seats. Republicans continued to maintain a commanding majority in the chamber.

## Further reading

* Bailey, John W. Jr. (1973). "The Presidential Election of 1900 in Nebraska: McKinley over Bryan". *Nebraska History*. **54** (4): 561–584. ISSN 0028-1859.
* Bailey, Thomas A. (1937). "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?". *Mississippi Valley Historical Review*. **24** (1): 43–52. doi:10.2307/1891336. JSTOR 1891336.
* Beeby, James M. "Red Shirt Violence, Election Fraud, and the Demise of the Populist Party in North Carolina's Third Congressional District, 1900." *North Carolina Historical Review* 85.1 (2008): 1-28. online
* Bloch, Herman D. "The New York Afro-American's Struggle for Political Rights and the Emergence of Political Recognition, 1865–1900." *International Review of Social History* 13.3 (1968): 321-349. online
* Brands, Henry William. *The reckless decade: America in the 1890s* (U of Chicago Press, 2002).
* Brown, M. Craig, and Barbara D. Warner. "Immigrants, urban politics, and policing in 1900." *American Sociological Review* (1992): 293-305. online
* Coletta, Paolo E. (1964). *William Jennings Bryan*. Vol. 1. University of Nebraska Press.
* Connolly, James J. *The Triumph of Ethnic Progressivism: Urban Political Culture in Boston, 1900-1925* (Harvard UP, 2009).
* Fishel, Leslie H. "The Negro in Northern Politics, 1870-1900." *Mississippi Valley Historical Review* 42.3 (1955): 466-489. online
* Hair, William Ivy. *Bourbonism and Agrarian Protest: Louisiana Politics, 1877--1900* (LSU Press, 1969).
* Harrington, Fred H. (1935). "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898–1900". *Mississippi Valley Historical Review*. **22** (2): 211–230. doi:10.2307/1898467. JSTOR 1898467.
* Hilpert, John M. (2015) *American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign* (U Press of Mississippi, 2015), 349 pp.
* Kalisch, Philip A. "The Black Death in Chinatown: Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900-1904." *Arizona and the West* 14.2 (1972): 113-136. online
* McKinney, Gordon B. *Southern Mountain Republicans 1865-1900: Politics and the Appalachian Community* (U North Carolina Press, 1978).
* Moneyhon, Carl H. "Black Politics in Arkansas during the Gilded Age, 1876-1900." *Arkansas Historical Quarterly* 44.3 (1985): 222-245. online
* Morgan, H. Wayne (1966). "William McKinley as a Political Leader". *Review of Politics*. **28** (4): 417–432. doi:10.1017/S0034670500013188. JSTOR 1405280. S2CID 145544412.
* Quince, Charles. *Resistance to the Spanish-American and Philippine Wars: Anti-imperialism and the Role of the Press, 1895-1902* (McFarland, 2017).
* Schlup, Leonard (1986). "In the Shadow of Bryan: Adlai E. Stevenson and the Resurgence of Conservatism at the 1900 Convention". *Nebraska History*. **67** (3): 224–238. ISSN 0028-1859.
* Thelen, David Paul. *The new citizenship: Origins of progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885-1900* (U of Missouri Press, 1972).
* Tompkins, E. Berkeley (1967). "Scilla and Charybdis: the Anti-imperialist Dilemma in the Election of 1900". *Pacific Historical Review*. **36** (2): 143–161. doi:10.2307/3636719. JSTOR 3636719.

### Primary sources

* Bryan, William Jennings. "The Election of 1900," pp. 788–801 Bryan gives his analysis of why he lost
* Stevenson, Adlai E., et al. "Bryan or McKinley? The Present Duty of American Citizens," *The North American Review* Vol. 171, No. 527 (Oct. 1900), pp. 433–516 in JSTOR political statements by politicians on all sides, including Adlai E. Stevenson, B. R. Tillman, Edward M. Shepard, Richard Croker, Erving Winslow, Charles Emory Smith, G. F. Hoar, T. C. Platt, W. M. Stewart, Andrew Carnegie, and James H. Eckels

## InfoBox

1900 United States elections
| 1898          1899          **1900**          1901          1902
*Presidential election year* | |
| --- | --- |
| Election day | November 6 |
| Incumbent president | William McKinley (Republican) |
| Next Congress | 57th |
| Presidential election | |
| Partisan control | Republican hold |
| Popular vote margin | Republican +6.1% |
| **Electoral vote** | |
| William McKinley (R) | **292** |
| William Jennings Bryan (D) | 155 |
|  | |
| 1900 presidential election results. Red denotes states won by McKinley, blue denotes states won by Bryan. Numbers indicate the electoral votes won by each candidate. | |
| Senate elections | |
| Overall control | Republican hold |
| Seats contested | 30 of 90 seats |
| Net seat change | Democratic +2 |
|  | |
| **Results of the elections:**
Democratic gain      Democratic hold
Republican gain      Republican hold
Silver Republican gain      Silver Republican hold
Legislature failed to elect | |
| House elections | |
| Overall control | Republican hold |
| Seats contested | All 357 voting members |
| Net seat change | Republican +13 |
| Gubernatorial elections | |
| Seats contested | 34 |
| Net seat change | Republican +3 |
|  | |
| 1900 gubernatorial election results Democratic gain   Democratic hold

Republican gain   Republican hold | |


abstract: Lautoka Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006.. The electorate covered the rural hinterland of Lautoka City in the west of the main island of Viti Levu. The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.

text:
# Lautoka Rural (Indian Communal Constituency, Fiji)

**Lautoka Indian Communal** is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 52 seats, 27 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the rural hinterland of Lautoka City in the west of the main island of Viti Levu.

The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.

## Election results

In the following tables, the *primary vote* refers to first-preference votes cast. The *final vote* refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see *electoral fusion*), which may be customized by the voters (see *instant run-off voting*).

### 1999

| Candidate | Political party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Anand Kumar Singh | Fiji Labour Party (FLP) | 5,422 | 65.92 |
| Asmat Khan | National Federation Party (NFP) | 2,387 | 34.08 |
| Total | | 8,225 | 100.00 |
|

### 2001

| Candidate | Political party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Udit Narayan | Fiji Labour Party (FLP) | 5,205 | 71.08 |
| Vishwa Nandan | National Federation Party (NFP) | 2,104 | 28.73 |
| Naren Prasad | Germit Heritage Party (GHP) | 14 | 0.19 |
| Total | | 7,323 | 100.00 |

### 2006

| Candidate | Political party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Udit Narayan | Fiji Labour Party (FLP) | 6,832 | 77.18 |
| Naren Prasad | National Federation Party (NFP) | 1,643 | 18.56 |
| Mohammed Shameem | Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) | 252 | 2.85 |
| Deo Kumar | National Alliance Party (NAPF) | 125 | 1.41 |
| Total | | 8,852 | 100.00 |

## Sources


title: Chisumbanje

abstract: Chisumbanje is an area located in the province of Manicaland in Zimbabwe. Chisumbanje is situated in Chipinge District, one of seven districts in the province. It is located in the Dowoyo communal land on the eastern bank of the Save River, about 95 km (59 mi) south of Birchenough Bridge.

text:
# Chisumbanje

**Chisumbanje** is an area located in the province of Manicaland in Zimbabwe. Chisumbanje is situated in Chipinge District, one of seven districts in the province. It is located in the Dowoyo communal land on the eastern bank of the Save River, about 95 km (59 mi) south of Birchenough Bridge.

## Governance

Chisumbanje is under the traditional leadership of Chief Garahwa. Other districts in the region of the Manicaland Province include Mutare, Chimanimani, Nyanga and Mutasa.

## Culture

Muchongoyo is a dance popular in the region. Besides entertaining villagers, the dance is also a source of unity and love amongst the locals.

## Climate

The area is arid because it lies in a valley and crop yields are generally poor, leaving residents prone to food insecurity. It is different from the other northern parts of Chipinge district that lie in Zimbabwe's region.

## Demographics

While Chipinge is rural, Chisumbanje has a population of roughly 300,000 people.

## Transport

Chisumbanje is linked by a tarred road to the Manicaland provincial capital, Mutare, and the district capital, Chipinge town. It reaches to Lowveld and to the South African border crossing at Beitbridge.

## Cities and towns

Nearby cities and towns include Chisumbanje, Mabhiza, Machona, Vheneka, Chitepo, Cosmo, Matikwa, Munepasi, and Manzvire. The closest major city is Mutare.

## Economy

Their economy is largely agricultural. The most common crops are maize, millet, rapko, cotton, and sugarcane. It is a taboo to grow millet in Chief Musikavanhu's area. The local varieties of crops contrast sharply with the commercial estates where coffee, tea, and bananas are grown. The area is rich in gold, coal, zinc, manganese, uranium, and little deposits of platinum.

### Ethanol Plant

The Chisumbanje Ethanol Project, is a national project, In which, ethanol can be produced from sugarcane. It is seen as one of Africa's largest ethanol projects. The project consists of sugarcane plantations in Chisumbanje and Middle Sabi, placing the ethanol plant in Chisumbanje. It is also a consortium of local investors in partnership with the government's Agriculture and Rural Development Authority, ARDA.

At its peak, the Chisumbanje ethanol project – and ARDA's cane-growing adjacent farms operated by the private investors trading as Rating (at Middle Sabi) and Macdom (at Chisumbanje) – has been projected to create employment for more than 8,000 people, becoming one of the single largest job creation ventures in Zimbabwe in recent years.

## Irrigation

Irrigation infrastructure is available with an ethanol-producing plant constructed.

## Health centers

Chisumbanje has eight clinics that are run by the Ministry of Health. The Clinics are St Peters, Madhuku, Arda, Chisumbanje, Veneka, Mabee, Matandwa, Chisuma, Mutandahwe, and Mahenye.

## Primary schools

Chisumbanje has about 20 primary schools and 12 secondary schools that is run by the Ministry of Education. These are located in the various wards in the Chisumbanje area.


title: Ringed map turtle

abstract: The ringed map turtle or ringed sawback is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae endemic to the southern United States.

text:
# Ringed map turtle

The **ringed map turtle** or **ringed sawback** (***Graptemys oculifera***) is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae endemic to the southern United States.

## Geographic range

It is frequently found in the Pearl River system in Louisiana and Mississippi. It shares this range with the Pearl River map turtle (*G. pearlensis*).

## Description

Male turtles may attain a carapace length of 10 cm (4 in). Females are larger, and may attain a carapace length of 22 cm (8.5 in). On the carapace are light-colored rings, which are thicker than the rings on *Graptemys nigrinoda*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Ringed map turtle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Testudines |
| Suborder: | Cryptodira |
| Superfamily: | Testudinoidea |
| Family: | Emydidae |
| Genus: | *Graptemys* |
| Species: | ***G. oculifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Graptemys oculifera***
(Baur, 1890) | |
|
|  | |
| Range map | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Malacoclemmys oculifera* Baur, 1890 * *Graptemys oculifera* — Baur, 1893 * *Malaclemys lesueurii oculifera*
Siebenrock, 1909 * *Graptemys pseudogeographica oculifera* Stejneger & Barbour, 1917 * *Graptemys oculifera oculifera*
Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * *Malaclemys oculifera*
— McDowell, 1964 * *Malaclemys oculifer*
Cochran & Goin, 1970 * *Graptemys ocalifera* Nutaphand, 1979 *(ex errore)* * *Graptemys oculifera*
H.M. Smith & Brodie, 1982 | |


title: Silver Key Press

abstract: Silver Key Press is the anglophone imprint of the French non-profit small press La Clef d'Argent specializing in weird fiction, fantastique, fantasy and science fiction. It was named as an explicit homage to H. P. Lovecraft, referring to the short-story «The Silver Key» he wrote in 1926. Since 1987, La Clef d'Argent has published contemporary stories and essays, classic English-language stories in French translation and long-forgotten stories from French masters of the genre. La Clef d'Argent now publishes books in English under the imprint Silver Key Press, in Esperanto, as La Arĝenta Ŝlosilo, and in Spanish, as La Llave de Plata.

text:
# Silver Key Press

**Silver Key Press** is the anglophone imprint of the French non-profit small press **La Clef d'Argent** specializing in weird fiction, fantastique, fantasy and science fiction.

It was named as an explicit homage to H. P. Lovecraft, referring to the short-story «The Silver Key» he wrote in 1926.

Since 1987, **La Clef d'Argent** has published contemporary stories (Jean-Pierre Andrevon, Jonas Lenn) and essays (S.T. Joshi, Lionel Dupuy), classic English-language stories in French translation (Clark Ashton Smith, George Sylvester Viereck) and long-forgotten stories from French masters of the genre (Édouard Ganche, Charles de Coynart, Théo Varlet, Gabriel de Lautrec).

**La Clef d'Argent** now publishes books in English under the imprint **Silver Key Press**, in Esperanto, as **La Arĝenta Ŝlosilo**, and in Spanish, as **La Llave de Plata**.

## English books published by Silver Key Press


title: Characters of the Jak and Daxter series

abstract: This is a list of characters in the Jak and Daxter series, a video game franchise originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation 2. Currently, six games in the series have been released, with Jak as the primary playable character in all except Daxter for the PlayStation Portable.

text:
# Characters of the Jak and Daxter series

This is a list of characters in the *Jak and Daxter* series, a video game franchise originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation 2. Currently, six games in the series have been released, with Jak as the primary playable character in all except *Daxter* for the PlayStation Portable.

## Character development

Initial character design began in the year 2000, when Naughty Dog commissioned various artists to "scribble characters" for their next PlayStation 2 title. After several revisions, from wolf-like characters to various human concepts, Naughty Dog animator John Kim drew a concept of a "tall, slender, and agile" character that "sported jaunty, spiky hair," with an "exaggeration, weight, and thickness" that Kim described as "BAM!"; an internal mantra that served to describe the characteristics of the new personalities in the title. Bob Rafei proceeded with this concept and designed various concept art poses that would eventually depict a 15-year-old boy with spiky green-blond hair, a blue tunic, athletic physical attributes and excellent vehicular skills. Jak's character was described to have a clear "racer" design, sporting goggles and other aviator's equipment throughout the series.

## Main characters

### Jak

In *The Precursor Legacy*, Jak is a mute, headstrong, often troublemaking boy. His personality would take a dramatic turn in *Jak II* and he would also gain a voice actor. He grows angry, impatient and reckless due to his desire for revenge from Dark Eco experiments. However, he still has some good left in him. In *Jak 3*, he came to handle dark eco more effectively, and is also granted light eco as a gift, which acts a counterbalance.

Jak was born in Haven City where he lived as a young child until he was taken from his father Damas by Count Veger, only to have him lost to the Underground movement, which was headed by a Young Samos and Torn; this led to the events in *Jak II*. Young Samos then took Jak back in time to Sandover Village in *The Old World* in the hope of protecting him. There he raised and guarded him until the events of *The Precursor Legacy* took place. Soon after, Jak, his friend Daxter, Samos, and his daughter Keira activated the Rift Gate found at the end of *The Precursor Legacy*. They were sent through the warp gate, as many metal heads came swarming out, including a large figure. They arrive in Haven City and Jak is then arrested and integrated into the dark warrior program, where he is experimented upon with Dark Eco for two years until he is freed by Daxter. Afterwards, they come across a young boy and Kor, who is later revealed to be the metal heads leader. Kor takes them to the Underground, where they meet a younger Samos. While doing jobs for the Underground, Jak learns that Haven City was built on the ruins of his old home Sandover Village. He later finds Keira and the older Samos, and discovers that Baron Praxis is working with the metal heads, in an attempt to keep them at bay. Jak finds Praxis as he is killed by Kor in his metal head form. Jak later finds Kor in the Metal Head Nest, where another Rift Gate is found, along with the young boy. Before being decapitated by Jak, Kor reveals that the young boy is Jak. Young Samos and the young boy then head through the rift gate back in time to Sandover Village, which leads to the events in *The Precursor Legacy*.

Jak has a special relationship with an energy called eco that allows him to harness certain abilities. In *The Precursor Legacy*, he absorbs different colors of eco that give him different powers, such as speed, strength, life, and ranged bursts of eco. In *Jak II*, he is experimented on with dark eco by Baron Praxis, giving him the ability to turn into a form called Dark Jak. Throughout the game, talking to a Precursor oracle allows him to gain certain abilities when in Dark Jak form, being dark blasts and bombs, invincibility, and a giant form. In *Jak 3*, he gains a new set of dark powers including invisibility and a powerful strike. He is also blessed by the Precursors with a Light Jak form, which gives him abilities such as flight, slowing time, healing, and a shield. In *The Lost Frontier*, Jak gets new eco powers, such as the Rocket Jump, and the Construct Power, which allows him to create platforms to leap from. He is unable to use his Dark Jak and Light Jak forms in this game, however, due to unstable eco.

Jak, alongside Daxter, appears as a playable character in the PlayStation 3 and Vita title, *PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale*. He and Daxter are also featured in PlayStation Move Heroes.

In an interview, Naughty Dog's creative director said, "Jak is the hero you want to be…Jak is the stellar guy who is going to make it happen, who is going to save the world."

Jak was listed 26th on the *Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition*'s "top 50 characters of all time". IGN mentioned that they liked Jak's character better in *Jak 3* than in *Jak II*, because in *Jak II* he was a "whiny, brooding emo figure". In a poll conducted by Game Informer, Jak was voted as the 28th best character of the decade. IGN also listed Daxter and him the fifth best duo in gaming.

The character was originally voiced by an uncredited voice actor in 2001's *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy*. Mike Erwin took over the role for *Jak II* (2003), *Jak 3* (2004), *Jak X: Combat Racing* (2005), and *PlayStation Move Heroes* (2011). Josh Keaton voiced the character in *Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier* and *PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale*.

### Daxter

Daxter is Jak's sidekick and closest friend. He is turned into an ottsel (half otter, half weasel) during *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy*, falling into a pool of dark eco. Daxter's accident would lead the story's plot as he seeks help from Gol to turn him back to normal. Before Daxter's accident, he was an orange-haired, buck-toothed coward that seemed to be the opposite to Jak's courageous and trouble-making personality. Daxter often tries to persuade women using lousy pick-up lines, much to Jak's dismay. Although Daxter is something of a coward, he exaggerates his stories to make himself seem heroic. Daxter has alternatively shown plenty of courage, even rescuing Jak in his own game, *Daxter*, which directly precedes the events of *Jak II*. Daxter gets a love interest of his own in *Jak II*, Tess, a spy working for the Underground. It is revealed in *Jak 3* that his transformation had been into a Precursor, a group of ancient beings. In *The Lost Frontier*, Daxter is further changed by dark eco and has a transformation known as Dark Daxter, similar to Dark Jak. While as Dark Daxter, Daxter grows above Jak's height, can shoot dark eco blasts, and can spin around like a tornado. His personality also changes while in this form as he has the desire to smash and break things. In all his appearances, Daxter is voiced by actor Max Casella.

## Supporting characters

### Samos the Sage

Samos the Sage, most prominently featured in *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy*, serves as a guide throughout the series and is the father of Keira. He first appears in *The Precursor Legacy* as the Sage of green eco, as well as a rough fatherly figure to Jak and Daxter. He is deeply fascinated with the Precursors and has devoted his life to studying them. His appearance is often mocked by Daxter, most commonly the fact that he is green and that he wears a log in his hair. A yellow and blue bird is commonly seen sitting on the log. He has the power of levitation, though he is only seen using it during *The Precursor Legacy*. In *Jak II*, it's revealed that Samos is from the future, along with Jak as Samos was responsible for taking him back into the past to protect him from the Metal Heads and became Jak's unofficial father. In *Jak X*, he was the only part of the crew that was not poisoned. He tried to forbid Keira from racing, but she eventually disobeys him, wanting to help save her friends. He is voiced by Warren Burton.

### Keira

Keira is Samos' daughter and Jak's love interest. An expert mechanic, Keira is responsible for most of the technology Jak uses, including his jet board and other means of transportation. In *Jak X*, she maintains the team's vehicles while begging Samos to race. He denies her, but she eventually goes against his wishes and races in the final race series. In *Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier*, Keira aspires to become a sage, and travels with Jak and Daxter in a quest to save the world by finding out the source of the eco shortage. There's a running gag that at the end of every game (with the exception of *Jak 3*) Keira and Jak try to kiss, only to be loudly interrupted by Daxter. However, at the end of *Jak X*, the two finally share a kiss. She is voiced by Anna Garduño in the first two games and by Tara Strong in the rest of the series.

### Torn

Torn is the Underground's second in command in *Jak II* and a Freedom League General in the war in *Jak 3*. In *Jak II*, Torn frequently sends Jak on missions to uncover information on the city, or more often than not, to carry out strikes on the Baron's forces. As an ex-Krimzon Guard of high authority he has witnessed the Baron's evil deeds. His hatred of Baron Praxis stems from a battle against the Metal Heads when they invaded the city. Rather than fight on and push the Metal Heads back, Praxis sealed off the section of the city leaving everyone outside the wall to die. After this Torn left the guard and joined the underground to fight back. Initially distrusting and disrespectful of Jak and Daxter, Torn does show signs of trust and respect after the Shadow/Samos decides to meet them. In Jak 3, Torn needs Jak's help many times and trusts him with vital missions in order to destabilize the new KG Death Bots and Cyber Erol. In *Jak X*, Torn is one of the characters who became poisoned and was forced with everyone else to race for the championship and the antidote. He is voiced by Cutter Garcia.

### Ashelin

Ashelin was a member of the Krimzon Guard, who first appeared in *Jak II*, and daughter to Baron Praxis and Torn's love interest. Ashelin becomes a close friend to Jak after warming up to him and starting to trust him more. After Praxis died, Ashelin took position of Governor of Haven City and began a relationship with Torn. Later in *Jak 3*, she became the main love interest for Jak, where she continually struggles to give Jak support and aid after his banishment from Haven City to the Wasteland and eventual return. She later has a kiss with Jak at the end of *Jak 3* off screen. Naughty Dog was originally going to put the two of them together, but several fans were not pleased with this and the creators put her back with Torn and Jak with Keira. In *Jak X*, she accompanied Jak to the reading of Krew's will which saw the group poisoned, bitter at the situation and more so at Rayn she was determined not to trust her life to anyone but herself, although she still kept her relationship with Torn. She is voiced by Susan Eisenberg.

### The Precursors

The Precursors are an ancient race consisting of ottsels (half otter, half weasel), they are the central deities of the Jak universe. The Precursors assumed that if the people knew that their "gods" were merely fuzzy little rats, they wouldn't be admired or venerated. Therefore, they created exaggerated myths in which they depicted themselves as humanoid beings made of Light Eco (that pilot huge robots that look like Anteaters and communicate with Jak through statues with the same design) The Precursors are worshiped by the Precursor Monks, who protect Precursor technology from the Metal Heads. They communicate with Jak through most of the games (except *Jak X*) and give him advice and various powers. They are voiced by David Herman and Richard McGonagle.

## Antagonists

### Gol and Maia Acheron

Warped by their long exposure to dark eco prior to the events of *The Precursor Legacy*, Gol and Maia Acheron planned to break open the dark eco silos with a modified Precursor robot in order to flood the world with dark eco and reshape it to their own twisted vision. After being defeated by Jak, they fell into one of the many silos that contain dark eco. Samos the Sage claims that they were "probably" killed. They are voiced by Dee Snider and Jennifer Hagood, respectively.

### Kor

Kor is seen at the beginning of *Jak II* with the kid as an elderly man working with the Underground, directing Jak and Daxter to Torn. He later appears giving help and missions to Jak. He is well-trusted by the members of the underground rebellion. However, he later betrays Jak, tries to kill Vin, and allows the Metal Heads into the city. He then goes to the construction site, reveals himself as the Metal Head Leader, and kills Baron Praxis and several members of the Krimzon Guard. Jak goes to the Metal Head nest, where Kor reveals secrets about Jak, his past, Mar, and the Precursors and tries to kill him, but is ultimately killed by Jak instead. His head would later be taken back to Daxter's new pub, the Naughty Ottsel, as a trophy. He is voiced by Sherman Howard.

### Baron Praxis

Baron Praxis is the tyrannical and corrupt ruler ("Grand Protector") of Haven City who antagonizes Jak and Daxter during the events of *Jak II*. He is the father of Ashelin, and was directly responsible for Jak's acquisition of dark eco powers. Praxis is a strongly-built middle-aged man; half of his head is mechanically replaced due to injuries he sustained during an attack on the Metal Head Nest. He wears a royal Krimzon Guard uniform and has a glowing green eco sword which once belonged to Damas. He is a tyrannical ruler who cares little for the people other than his own gratitude and is willing to abandon his men should he be left no choice. He is killed by Kor after the latter tries to double-cross him. Jak's motive was to get revenge against what he did to him, but chooses to save the city from the Baron's rule. He is voiced by Clancy Brown.

### Krew

Krew is a gang boss, black marketeer, and weapons enthusiast in Haven City in *Jak II*. Extremely obese, he achieves mobility with the aid of a hover chair. His customers include Brutter and Baron Praxis. He is killed during the course of *Jak II* at the weapons factory after fighting Jak. Despite his death, Krew continues to play an important role in the future events due to his connections in the underground world and to Jak's life. In *Jak 3*, Jak is banished to the Wasteland after it was believed his association with Krew helped the Metal Heads invade Haven City. In *Jak X*, it is revealed that Krew is obsessed with racing as much as weapons. He sets up a reading of his will before he dies and poisons the main characters' drinks, forcing them to race in and win the Kras City Grand Championship for the antidote. It is revealed that he has a daughter named Rayn who is almost just like her father and makes sure he gets his trophy. He is voiced by William Minkin.

### Erol

Erol, alternatively spelled Errol, is one of the major villains of *Daxter*, *Jak II*, and *Jak 3*. During the events of *Daxter* and *Jak II*, he is the commander of the Krimzon Guard in Haven City, serving under Baron Praxis, and the Grand Champion of Haven City's racing circuit. He seems mostly to care for showing off at the races, pursuing Jak and lusting after Keira. He is seemingly killed after crashing into a pile of dark eco barrels after the championship race in a suicidal charge at Jak. In *Jak 3*, however, Erol returns, heavily reconstructed and speaking with a digital voice. Since his last appearance, he seems to have become bent on causing mindless destruction. He uses the technology in his body like a satellite to communicate with the Dark Makers, seeking their power. After being tracked down to the Dark Maker ship, he escapes from Jak and takes a dark machine (called a Terraformer), which is taken down by Jak's peacemaker, resulting in a massive explosion that kills him. He is voiced by David Herman.

### Kaeden

Kaeden is a Metal Head that works for Kor and is the leader of the Metal Bugs. He appears in *Daxter* (and as a secret racer in *Jak X*). His job was to discourage Osmo into shutting down the Critter Ridder extermination company. After they have an argument about the establishment, Kaeden kills Tik (Daxter's little sidekick) and blows up the building. After Daxter finds Kaeden, he transforms into a huge metal bug and fights Daxter. Before he dies, he tells Daxter that Kor will be meeting him and Jak outside, that the Metal Heads are too powerful, and that the city will be theirs. He is voiced by Phil LaMarr.

### Count Veger

Count Veger debuted in *Jak 3*. Due to his past history with Jak, he is considered to be a major villain in the series, even though he only appeared in one game. When there was a big Metal Head invasion, he blamed Jak and sent him to the Wasteland. Count Veger had hidden the fact that Jak is Mar for as long as he knew him. Veger had an obsession with Precursors and their light eco powers. His plans were to destroy the palace at Haven, travel down to the planetary defense system that housed the power of the precursors, and transform into one. Veger is dismayed at the fact they are ottsels. Having just wished to become a Precursor, he is transformed into one himself. He is voiced by Phil LaMarr.

### G.T. Blitz / Mizo

Mizo, the main antagonist of *Jak X*, is a major crime lord in Kras City and a rival of the deceased Krew. His true identity is that of G.T. Blitz, the commentator of the Kras City Grand Championship, whose neglectful father was once the best racer on the planet until he was killed on the Dethdrome circuit in an "accident" arranged by his son. Throughout the game, Blitz reports the races on his own television show. In the final tournament, Mizo reveals himself and steals the poison antidote from the gang. After being hunted down by Jak, he is killed in a large explosion. He is voiced by Phil LaMarr.

### Duke Skyheed

Duke Skyheed is the leader of the Aeropans, a group of people living near the edge of Jak's world. Despite his friendly appearance, the player may almost immediately realize or suspect that he is the villain of the game. Like Gol and Maia, he believes dark eco is a key to accelerating evolution, and has experimented on many creatures, twisting them using means similar to those of Baron Praxis' experiments on Jak. He is not afraid to make some "worthwhile casualties" to achieve his goal of making the Aeropans a new dominant species, and has already infected all of his people with dark eco, though not enough to cause more than a sickly pigmentation on their skin. Towards the end of the game, he absorbs so much dark eco he becomes like Jak's "Dark Jak" form, only much taller and with even more brute strength. He refers to Jak as "mainlander", at first as if an affectionate nickname, but later as a derogatory term. He is later killed after Jak avenges Phoenix's sacrifice. He is voiced by Phil LaMarr.

### Enemies

* **Lurkers** – Lurkers are the main enemies of *The Precursory Legacy*. The most common species are Lurker soldiers. They were in service to Gol and Maia and sported metal collars to signify it. There is also a Lurker Shark whose presence prevents Jak from swimming out to sea. There are many species of Lurker, with the only common trait being tusks protruding from their lower jaw. In *Jak II*, they have been enslaved by the Krimzon Guard, and the few free ones live at the dig site. The Lurkers unite with Jak to help him fight the Metal Heads.

* **The Metal Heads** – The Metal Heads are an ancient race of violent creatures. They waged a massive war with the Precursors and won. After Jak, Daxter, Keira, and Samos opened the Rift Gate, they spread across the universe and destroyed most of the Precursor civilization. Haven City has been at war with the Metal Heads since before the time of the games chronologically. Mar constructed Haven City with a large energy shield for the purpose of protecting the people and precursor artifacts from the Metal Heads. It's later revealed that Baron Praxis made a deal with the Metal Heads: the Metal Heads get their eco so long as they make staged attacks to make it look like Praxis is winning' however, the eco supply and the Metal Head leader's patience is waning by the events of *Jak II*, and it's only a matter of time until the Metal Heads invade. Metal Heads have diverse physiology, ranging from forms similar to a colossal squid to massive Tyrannosaurs and Pterodactyl with mortars on their back. Their biology is mainly a combination of reptilian and insectoid characteristics. The Metal Heads are cyborgs equipped with numerous weapons and devices easily accommodated by their diverse physiology. All Metal Heads have a characteristic gem embedded in their skulls. These gems, referred to as 'Metal Head Skull Gems', are dropped whenever a player kills a Metal Head. These gems are a collectible item in *Jak II* and *Jak 3*. They are used to grant Jak new dark eco abilities and open challenges. The real name of the Metal Heads are the Hora-quan.

* **The Krimzon Guard** – Known as the KG, the Krimzon Guard were Haven City's military police leading up to and during *Jak II*. They used brutality to police the city and provoked random arrests and apprehensions. They arrested Jak when he arrived in Haven City from the past at the start of *Jak II*. During the events of *Jak II*, the Krimzon Guard reported to Baron Praxis, and his second in command, Erol. By the events of *Jak 3*, the Krimzon Guard were under Torn's control and had been reformed into The Freedom League. The Freedom League uses blue armor and technology. The group was then transformed into the 'KG Death Bots' faction during *Jak 3*. They consist entirely of droids, similar to the robots found in the weapons factory in *Jak II*, and are led by Cyber Erol. The original Krimzon Guard were voiced by Phil LeMarr and David Herman, while the Freedom League were voiced by Brian Bloom, Chris Cox, and Cutter Garcia.

* **The Dark Makers** – The Dark Makers are a group of Precursors that have been corrupted by dark eco. They appear only in *Jak 3*, where they send dark satellites down upon the planet. Later, their spaceship, known as the Day Star or the Dark Maker ship, begins approaching the planet. They make an alliance with the KG and Metal Heads and begin to attack Spargus City. Erol, the leader of the KG and Metal Heads, attempts to communicate with them. After Jak destroys their ship, Erol steals a huge Dark Maker Terraformer and attacks Jak. After he is defeated the Dark Makers leave. They may have a connection to the Metal Heads; Jak hints they may have tried making an alliance with them ("The Dark Makers don't play nicely with others. Just ask the Metal Heads."). Onin says that they have conquered many planets. Varieties include the Dark Troopers, Dark Fliers, Dark Spores, and Dark Flowers.

* **Marauders** – Marauders are a clan of violent people that live in the Wasteland. They consist of people so evil that Spargus itself has banished them. They drive around in dune buggies and attack Jak when he drives near them. On foot they wear masks and fight with swords. Captured Marauders fight in the Spargus arena. They have a small island base in the southern Wasteland, and a huge base in the Icelands. At one point during *Jak 3* they attack Spargus, using regular vehicles, flaming vehicles, and huge bombardment vehicles.

* **Aeropans** – The Aeropans, led by Duke Skyheed, are the main enemies in *Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier*. Their home town is Aeropa which is on the brink of the world. Skyheed infected the whole city with dark eco making the Aeropan soldiers use it as a weapon. They make regular attacks on the eco pirates using the ACS *Behemoth* III.

* **Sky Pirates** – In *The Lost Frontier*, Sky Pirates are Jak's enemies until he meets Phoenix. The Sky Pirates look for eco so they can sell it at the Eco Market. They also steal valuable items. Their ships are not fast but have fast firing rate. Most of them are not on Phoenix's ship, so Jak faces them in Barter's Bar.

* **Tym's Robots** – In *The Lost Frontier*, Tym built robots to take back what the Dark Project has done. On Brink Island, the robots betrayed him and attacked who ever comes on the island. Most of the robots have saws or lasers.

* **Dark Eco Mutants** – In *The Lost Frontier*, the dark eco mutants are subjects used to control dark so the Aeropans can see the side effects, releasing them if there are none.

## Other characters

* **Brutter** – Brutter was a Lurker and a trinket salesman in Haven City's bazaar area in *Jak II*. His connections with Krew allowed him to ask Jak to rescue Lurkers enslaved by Praxis. He is intelligent enough to speak, but his grammar is poor. He had been appointed Captain by Ashelin after Praxis is dethroned and killed, but has not made any more appearances in the series. He appears in the prequel game *Daxter* in which he worked at a large fishery before being connected with Krew's business. He is voiced by Alan Blumenfeld.

* **Cutter, Shiv, and Edje** – Cutter, Shiv, and Edje are three of Mizo's henchmen in *Jak X*, who race early in the series. They are first seen at the first race, and then frequently race against Jak's crew. Cutter is also known to wear a hockey mask over his face, while Shiv has tattoos on his face. Cutter remained silent, while Shiv and Edje had speaking roles in the opening cut-scene, where they talked with Daxter and constantly tried to kill him with poisoned beer (although Daxter only blabs about his heroics and never drinks up), before Razer arrives. As they prepare to kill him, Jak arrives and saves Daxter. They race early in the series, but are then replaced by better drivers. However, they continue to serve Mizo. It is unknown what happened to them after Mizo's death.

* **Damas** – Damas, first appearing in *Jak 3*, was the king of Haven City before Baron Praxis took overthrew him and took the throne. He later founded and became king of Spargus City, a place of refuge for those banished from Haven City, but at a price: only the strong can stay. He forces Jak to do jobs for him to prove his worth as a Wastelander and as a citizen of Spargus, all the while growing to respect Jak and even viewing him as a son. He later arrives as Jak is trying to find the Catacombs, but their vehicle is overturned, and Damas is mortally wounded. When Damas was dying, he revealed he was Mar's father, causing Jak to realize he is Damas' son; Damas dies in Jak's arms before Jak can tell him. He is voiced by Bumper Robinson.

* **Blue, Red, and Yellow Sages** – The Blue, Red, and Yellow Sages, like Samos the Green Sage, are masters of blue, red, and yellow eco, respectively. They are kidnapped by Gol and Maia, but are later freed by Jak and Daxter. They combine their powers with Samos' to create light eco, which Jak uses to defeat Gol and Maia. They are voiced by John Di Crosta, Sherman Howard, and Jason Harris, respectively.

* **Jinx** – Jinx was a former member of the Underground and one of Krew's former henchmen who Jak helped escort through the sewers in *Jak II*. In *Jak 3*, he helped Torn and the Freedom League fight the Metal Heads and the KG, and he and Jak were assigned to destroy several Metal Head eggs. He has not made any appearances since then. He is voiced by Cutter Garcia.

* **Kleiver** – Kleiver is a tough, obese, and scarred leader of the Wasteland mercenaries. He disrespects Jak, and often challenges him to prove his skills as a driver, usually awarded with a new car if he wins. He also has morbid jokes and often quotes that he will eat Daxter sometime. In the beginning of *Jak 3*, Kleiver openly states that he dislikes and distrusts Jak and Daxter, but he eventually grows to like and trust the pair more, as they continue to prove themselves loyal to the cause over time. Kleiver was the one who found Jak in the Wasteland after he passed out in the desert due to exhaustion, and brought him to Spargus City to Damas himself. He also appears in *Jak X*, arriving in Kras City from the Wasteland after hearing about the championship and that Jak participates, and then joins Mizo's team to challenge Jak again. He is voiced by Brian Bloom.

* **Osmo** – Osmo is the elderly manager of the Critter Ridder Extermination Company in *Daxter*, and has the appearance of an old man with a white beard. He is the only exterminator who has not been driven out of business by Kaeden. He also has a son who helps Daxter later in the game. At the beginning of the game Daxter escape a Krimzon Guard while Osmo watches intrigued, and later hires Daxter to help him. He is voiced by Dana Kelly.

* **Pecker** – Pecker is a Spanish-accented moncaw (half monkey, half macaw) who served as an interpreter for Onin. He has little regard for Onin's words, often twisting them to his preference and summarizing them in a disrespectful manner. He and Daxter have a bitter rivalry from the moment they meet, often fighting and yelling obscenities at each another. In *Jak II*, he is simply Onin's interpreter, but in *Jak 3*, he joins Jak and Daxter out in the Wasteland and briefly becomes Damas' advisor before returning to Onin. In *Jak X: Combat Racing*, Pecker becomes the co-host on the Kras City Racing Championship with G.T. Blitz, who is annoyed by Pecker's loud-mouthed attitude. He is voiced by Chris Cox.

* **Phoenix** – Phoenix is captain of the sky pirates in *Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier*. In the intro, Phoenix went with his normal routine but got distracted by Keira's beauty and the fact Jak has eco powers. Later in the game, he sends the crew to attack the ACS *Behemoth*. After Jak saves the Behemoth, he gets invited to Aeropa, where Phoenix takes the eco seeker and kidnaps Keira. When Jak boards the Phantom Blade (Phoenix's pirate ship) Phoenix and Keira are friends but still Jak dislikes Phoenix and vice versa. At the end of the game Phoenix sacrifices himself and the Phantom Blade to stop Skyheed absorbing dark eco so Jak can destroy the Behemoth. He was apparently "showing Jak up" as he said. He is voiced by Robin Atkin Downes.

* **Rayn** – Rayn is a main character in *Jak X: Combat Racing* and is the daughter of Krew. Rayn is introduced as a very polite, kind, very attractive and well brought up individual (completely different from her rude, morbidly obese and ugly evil father). She was presumed poisoned along with everyone else at her father's will reading, however due to a planned scheme she was the only one free of any poison (known as Black Shade: A rare and deadly plant found in the Wasteland) Upon winning the championship she left the group at the bar and possible purposely left her father's journal which revealed the plan laid out by Krew. Rayn was then the dominant crime lord of Kras City. However, she didn't let the others get killed having viewed them as friends, but may likely return as a villain. She is voiced by Jeannie Elias.

* **Razer** – Razer is the former Kras City Champion, and he raced on the tracks decades ago all over the planet, considered himself one of the best of the racers ever. However, he is actually evil in nature. After he retired from the racing world, he started to work for Mizo as one of his top drivers. After Jak refused to back off from the championship, he assembled a crew, considering of Krew's goons, Cutter, Shiv and Edje. After that, he hired many other drivers, including a Krimzon Guard robot named UR-86, then he hired Kleiver (who only wanted to eliminate Jak) and after no choice, he returned himself into the world of racing to eliminate Jak. It is unknown what happened to him after Mizo's death. He is voiced by David Herman.

* **Seem** – Seem is the leader of the monks of the Precursor Order. Her primary mission is to find and protect any artifacts of the Precursors. At first, she despises and distrusts Jak, and upon seeing his dark powers, she refers to him as "dark one." However, Seem comes to realize his heroic qualities, eventually trusting him with a very important Precursor artifact that Erol tried to steal from the temple. She is voiced by Tara Strong.

* **Sig** – Sig is a Wastelander who first appeared in *Jak II* and later becomes a good friend of Jak and Daxter. He was Krew's supposed right-hand man, occasionally helping Jak in his missions. His last mission for Krew was opening a door in the Underport; unfortunately, this was a trap set up by Krew and Metal Kor to infiltrate Haven City. Almost swarmed by Metal Heads, he was rescued by Jak but seemingly killed by a Metal Head, although it was revealed in the end he had survived. In *Jak 3*, he is known to be Spargus City's spy in Haven City, giving Damas valuable information on the whereabouts of his son Mar. Following Damas' death, he becomes the new king of Spargus. In *Jak X*, he joins in on the racing action in an attempt to help Jak and the others win the championship and gain the antidote for the poison from Krew's henchmen. He is voiced by Phil LaMarr.

* **Tess** – Tess appears very soon after the beginning of *Jak II*, talking to Torn when Jak and Daxter arrive at the Underground hideout. She becomes the love interest of Daxter due to her finding Daxter cute. Sent by Torn to spy on Krew, she works undercover as the barmaid of the Hip Hog Haven Saloon. In *Jak 3*, Tess reunites with Jak and Daxter in the Gun Course, where she designs and creates new guns to help out with the war effort. When Daxter is granted his pair of pants at the end of the game, Tess says that she wishes that she had a pair just like them; the Precursor Leader responds by turning her into an Ottsel. Her only appearance in *Jak X* is during a short film that can be bought from the Secrets Shop. She is voiced by Britton A. Hill.

* **UR-86** is one of the racers recruited by Razer in *Jak X.* He is a Krimzon Guard droid who managed to develop his own sense and became a racer. Since he is a droid, he has perfect senses and incredible reaction in his driving, making him one of the toughest racers on the planet, although he doesn't have a speaking role. It is unknown what happened to him after Mizo's death.

* **Vin** – Vin is a paranoid scientist who first appears in *Jak II* as an informant for the underground, where Torn sends Jak and Daxter on a mission to rescue him. After they find him, Vin works on the city defense grid and asks for Jak's help several times. He is deeply afraid of the Metal Heads. During the final events of the game he is fatally wounded by Kor (who is revealed to be the leader of the Metal Heads); before dying he tells Jak that Kor is at the construction site. In *Jak 3*, he makes a brief appearance where he reveals that he survived his death by placing his brain in the control grid; this makes him happy due to believing that the Metal Heads can't get him if he's in the grid (although he ponders if they actually can). He then allows Daxter to download himself into the computer to retrieve the access code to the War Factory. He is voiced by Robert Patrick Benedict.

* **Osmo** \- He is an old man who owned an extermination business called Kridder Ridder founded by his grandfather Ozmar Itchy Drawers III, until it got destroyed by Kaeden during the events of *Daxter*.

* **Taryn** \- A woman Daxter first met at the construction site and gave him a Sprayer and upgrades for it throughout the game.

* **Ximon** \- Ximon is Osmo's son and has helped Daxter on certain missions and sneak into Baron Praxis’s palace and fortress to rescue Jak.

## Reception

The main characters of the *Jak and Daxter* series have had a varied reception. Jak was listed 26th on the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 's "Top 50 Characters of All Time", and in a poll conducted by Game Informer, Jak was voted 28 in the top 30 video game characters of the decade. He and his sidekick Daxter were listed in the top 25 best duo in gaming, coming in fifth place by IGN. However, IGN also noted that they liked Jak better in *Jak 3* than in *Jak II* due to his apparent transition to a more mature personality." Opinion from critics and players are divided on Daxter; some found him funny, while others consider him to be annoying.

## InfoBox

| Jak | |
| --- | --- |
| *Jak and Daxter* character | |
| First appearance | *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy* (2001) |
| Last appearance | *PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale* (2012) |
| Created by | Naughty Dog |
| Designed by | Bob Rafei |
| Voiced by | Mike Erwin (2003–2005; 2011)<br>Josh Keaton (2009; 2012) |


title: Evloghios (Hessler)

abstract: Evloghios (Hessler) was Archbishop of Milan and Longobardia and Metropolitan of Aquileia and Western Europe, and Primate of the Holy Synod of Milan. He was ordained a deacon in 1971; he was a bishop by 1986 and was elected Metropolitan in 1990. The Holy Synod of Milan is not recognized by any mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church, therefore the church and its members are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox denomination worldwide.

text:
# Evloghios (Hessler)

**Evloghios (Hessler)** (secular name Klaus Augustin Hessler; February 21, 1935 – January 20, 2019) was Archbishop of Milan and Longobardia and Metropolitan of Aquileia and Western Europe, and Primate of the Holy Synod of Milan.

He was ordained a deacon in 1971; he was a bishop by 1986 and was elected Metropolitan in 1990.

The Holy Synod of Milan is not recognized by any mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church, therefore the church and its members are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox denomination worldwide.