title: Timiș County

abstract: Timiș is a county (județ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.

text:
# Timiș County

**Timiș** (Romanian pronunciation: \[ˈtimiʃ\]) is a county (*județ*) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.

## Name

The name of the county comes from the Timiș River, known in Roman antiquity as *Tibisis* or *Tibiscus*. According to Lajos Kiss' etymological dictionary, the name of the river probably comes from the Dacian language: *thibh-isjo* ("marshy"). In Hungarian, Timiș County is known as *Temes megye*, in German as *Kreis Temesch*, in Serbian as Тамишки округ/*Tamiški okrug*, in Ukrainian as Тімішський повіт, and in Banat Bulgarian as *okrug Timiš*.

## Geography

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Timiș is the largest county in Romania, occupying 8,696.7 km2, i.e. 3.65% of the country's area. It is crossed by the 46th parallel north, the 21st meridian east and the 22nd meridian east. On its territory is the westernmost point of Romania, i.e. Beba Veche, at 20°15'44", in the *Triplex Confinium* point.

Timiș County is part of the West Development Region along with the counties of Arad, Caraș-Severin and Hunedoara, being located in the center of the historical province of Banat. Due to its geographical position, almost a third of the county's borders are at the same time state borders. Thus, in the northwestern part, it borders Csongrád-Csanád County (Hungary), 18 km of this border being on the Mureș River. To the southwest, between Beba Veche and Lățunaș, Timiș County borders the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). The land connection with the counties of the neighboring countries is ensured by the border crossing points from Cenad, Moravița and Jimbolia. The neighboring Romanian counties with Timiș County are Arad to the north, Hunedoara to the east and Caraș-Severin to the southeast.

### Relief

The relief is characterized by the predominance of plains, which cover the western part (low plain) and the central part (high plain) of the county. Timiș County features all landforms, with altitudes between 75 m in Banat Plain and 1,374 m in Poiana Ruscă Mountains. Proportionally, the plain covers about 6,700 km2, representing 77.2% of the county's area; the hills cover about 1,650 km2, i.e. 19.01%; and the mountains cover a relatively small area of 300 km2, i.e. 3.45%.

The plain penetrates in a gulf-like manner the hilly areas, on the valleys of Timiș (towards Lugoj) and Bega (towards Făget). In the east of the county lie the pre-mountain hills of Buziaș and the southern sector of the Lipova Plateau, whose peaks rise to altitudes between 200 and 400 m. The hills of Lăpugiu, Făget, Lugoj, Lipova, Silagiu and Sacoș are rich in pastures, orchards of fruit trees, vineyards, but also in cereal crops. The relief in the eastern part of the county is dominated by the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, with deep valleys and steep slopes, with heights that rarely exceed 1300 m (Padeș peak – 1374 m, Rusca peak – 1355 m).

### Natural resources

Located in the southeastern part of the Pannonian Plain, the subsoil of Timiș County there are deposits of lignite (Sinersig), basalt (LucarețȘanovița), manganese (Pietroasa), clay (Biled, Cărpiniș, Jimbolia, Lugoj and Sânnicolau Mare), crude oil and gas (in the western part of the county), sand (Șag) and glass sand (GroșiFăget, Tomești and Gladna Montană). Mineral waters are also exploited in Buziaș, Călacea, Ivanda, Bogda and Timișoara. The soil of Timiș County offers extremely favorable conditions for the cultivation of agricultural plants, especially for the cultivation of cereals, but also for technical and fodder plants, as well as for fruit growing and viticulture. The forests are relatively few. In the eastern part there are forests of fir, spruce and beech. In the other parts of the county there are small forests of oak, Austrian oak, Hungarian oak, and in the meadows – poplars and willows.

### Hydrography

The hydrographic network of Timiș County, spread over 3,104 km, is composed of two hydrographic basins: Bega–Timiș–Caraș and Mureș. The most important rivers in size and hydropower potential in the county, which cross the territory through the center, dividing it into two halves, south and north, are Timiș and Bega. Timiș is the largest inland river in Banat, which has its sources on the eastern slopes of the Semenic Mountains, in Caraș-Severin County. The river is formed at the confluence of three branches: Semenic, Grădiște and Brebu. It crosses the whole of Timiș County, then passes into Serbia where it flows into the Danube, to Pančevo. Bega River springs from the Poiana Ruscă Mountains and flows into the Tisza after a route of 244 km, being its southernmost tributary. Downstream, towards the western edge, up to the border, the course of the Bega River is completely canalized. The Bega Canal is navigable both in Romania and in Serbia, having a length of 44 km only in Romania.

The natural lakes, with small areas and depths, are represented by the lake complex of Satchinez (40 ha; 1.5 m deep), the two lakes of Becicherecu Mic (one of 33 ha and another of 13 ha), the Petra pond of Jebel, etc. Between 1969 and 1975, pond-like lakes for flood control, irrigation and fishing were arranged on the courses of both Timiș and Bega. The largest of these, Lake Surduc, was arranged on Gladna stream, a tributary of the Bega, and has an area of 460 ha and a volume of 51 million m3. In the county there are also two lakes with hot (20 °C) and mineral water at Românești, with an area of 50 m2 and the muddy volcano from Ohaba-Forgaci, in the Magheruș valley, of 50 m2.

The high density of the hydrographic network, the low slopes of the riverbeds in the plain sector, the reduced depth of the groundwater, the presence of ultisols, all favor the floods and marshes. To reduce the amplitude of these phenomena, since the first half of the 18teenth century, large engineering works (damming, canalization, draining etc.) were made in the region, most of which are still functional today. Among the major flash floods and floods in the Banat Plain, the most important were those of May 1912, June 1966 and April 2005.

### Flora

The natural vegetation, strongly influenced by human activities, is characterized by the small-scale presence of forest-steppe plants and by a higher frequency of hydro- and hygrophilous vegetation in low plains and meadows with excess moisture. The extensive agricultural crops in the plain alternate with small areas of secondary meadows dominated by fescue associations (*Festuca valesiaca*, *Festuca rupicola* and *Festuca pseudovina*) mixed with wormwood (*Artemisia austriaca*) and others. The deciduous forests, made up of pedunculate oak (*Quercus robur*), Austrian oak (*Quercus cerris*) and Hungarian oak (*Quercus frainetto*), occupy insularly or on compact areas the Lipova Plateau, the Lugoj and Pogăniș Hills and partly the Gătaia Plain. In the eastern extremity of Timiș County there are sessile oak forests (*Quercus petraea*) mixed with Austrian oak (*Quercus cerris*), beech forests (*Fagus sylvatica*) mixed with hornbeam (*Carpinus betulus*), and the upper slopes of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains are covered with spruce forests mixed with fir and beech.

In Timiș County there are 45 nature reserves that total 134,766.49 ha or about 13% of the county's area.

### Fauna

The fauna, adapted to the relief and vegetation conditions, includes steppe species (hares, ground squirrels, polecats, field mice, moles, rollers, quails, partridges, larks, starlings, lizards, various insects), forest species (deer, squirrels, bears, wolves, foxes, wild boars, wildcats, dormice, jays, salamanders, etc.) and water species (herons, mallards, geese, storks, frogs and a wide variety of fish, such as pike, barbel, Prussian carp, wels, perch, carp, etc.).

### Climate

The climate has a moderate temperate continental character, with hot summers and mild winters due to both the influences of the oceanic (from the west) and Mediterranean (from the south and southwest) air masses and the fact that over 85% of the territory belongs to the plain climate (the remaining 15% belongs to the climate of hilly and mountainous regions). The western area of the Banat Plain is classified according to Köppen's guide as Cfa, and the mountainous area in the east of the county as Dfb. Due to the high uniformity of the relief, the average annual temperatures are poorly differentiated on the territory of Timiș County. The annual averages are close to 11 °C in the region with plain climate and decrease by 1–2 °C on the hills in the east of the county. The averages of the warmest month (July) exceed 21 °C in the plain and fall below 18 °C in the east. The averages of the coldest month (January) are higher than –2 °C in the plain and rise to values higher than –1 °C in the east of the county. The absolute maximum temperature (42 °C) was recorded in Banloc (24 July 2007), and the absolute minimum temperature (–35.3 °C) in Timișoara (29 January 1963).

The average multiannual precipitation amounts to increasing quantities from west to east, i.e. 569 mm in Jimbolia, 620.6 mm in Timișoara, 734 mm in Făget and over 1,200 mm on the ridges of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. The maximum rainfall occurs in June, as a result of the intensification of cyclonic activity in the North Atlantic or in the Mediterranean basin. On the other hand, the lowest average monthly amounts fall in February–March. The snow layer is unstable and has insignificant thicknesses.

Predominant winds blow from the north (16.9%), east (15%), northwest (9.1%) and south (8.4%), with average annual speeds between 1.2 and 3.8 m/s. Local winds include *austru* (dry wind from the south), *coșavă* (high-speed cold wind), *rușavăț* (in the Banat Plain) and mountain breezes (in the east).

Characteristic parameters of the topoclimates of Banat
| Territory | | Plain | | Hills | Mountains |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Topoclimate | | Low plain | High plain | Banat Hills | Poiana Ruscă |
| Average annual temperature (°C) | | 10…11 | 10…11 | 8…11 | 2…6 |
| Average temperature (°C) in | January | \>–2 | \<–2 | \<–3 | –4…–6 |
| | July | \>21 | 20…21 | 18…19 | 14…17 |
| Average annual amplitude (°C) | | \>23 | 22…23 | 21…22 | 20…21 |
| No. of days with frost | | \<90 | \<90 | 100…110 | \>180 |
| No. of days without frost | | 190 | 180…190 | 160…180 | 120…160 |
| No. of tropical days | | \>40 | 30…40 | 20…30 | \<5 |
| Average annual rainfall (mm) | | \<600 | 600…700 | 800…1,000 | \>1,200 |
| No. of days with snow cover | | \<40 | 40…50 | 50…75 | 75…100 |
| Relative humidity in July (%) | | \<64 | \<64 | \<64…\>72 | 72…80 |
| No. of clear days | | \>60 | \>60 | \>50 | 40…50 |
| Sources: | | | | | |

## History

## Demographics

Ethnic composition of Timiș County (2021)

Romanians (74.44%)  Hungarians (3.27%)  Romani (1.19%)  Serbs (0.99%)  Germans (Banat Swabians) (0.72%)  Ukrainians (0.64%)  Bulgarians (0.5%)  Slovaks (0.14%)  Others (17.39%)

Religious composition of Timiș County (2021)

Romanian Orthodox (79.12%)  Roman Catholics (7.66%)  Pentecostals (5.13%)  Baptists (1.57%)  Reformed (1.28%)  Serbian Orthodox (1.04%)  Greek Catholics (0.98%)  Others (1.47%)  Irreligious, atheists and agnostics (1.73%)

According to the 2021 census, Timiș County had a population of 650,533 (or 3.4% of the country's population), being the sixth most populous county in Romania. The population density was 74.8/km2 (193.7/sq mi).

Timiș County has an urbanization rate of 61.8%, above the national rate but decreasing amid an expanding suburbanization.

|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Census | | Ethnic group | | | | | | | | |
| Year | Population | Romanians | Hungarians | Germans | Jews | Roma | Ukrainians | Serbs | Slovaks | Bulgarians |
| 1880 | 454,145 | 200,834 (44.2%) | 33,947 (7.5%) | 171,539 (37.8%) |  |  | 64 (\<0.1%) | 31,316 (6.9%) | 3,549 (0.8%) |  |
| *1890** | 502,582 | 211,748 (42.1%) | 45,998 (9.2%) | 195,588 (38.9%) |  |  | 49 (\<0.1%) | 31,467 (6.3%) | 2,869 (0.6%) |  |
| *1900** | 541,849 | 221,305 (40.8%) | 70,338 (13%) | 201,795 (37.2%) |  |  | 69 (\<0.1%) | 30,939 (5.7%) | 2,911 (0.5%) |  |
| *1910** | 560,258 | 223,816 (39.9%) | 96,364 (17.2%) | 188,440 (33.6%) |  |  | 296 (0.1%) | 32,430 (5.8%) | 3,269 (0.6%) |  |
| 1920 | 512,891 | 217,056 (42.3%) | 74,324 (14.5%) | 168,605 (32.9%) | 11,779 (2.3%) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1930 | 559,591 | 236,305 (42.2%) | 84,756 (15.1%) | 178,238 (31.9%) | 9,768 (1.7%) | 8,090 (1.4%) | 1,399 (0.3%) | 27,075 (4.8%) | 3,919 (0.7%) | 7,527 (1.3%) |
| 1941 | 578,881 | 263,474 (45.5%) | 74,745 (12.9%) | 176,732 (30.5%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1956 | 568,881 | 325,834 (57.3%) | 77,530 (13.6%) | 114,194 (20.1%) | 7,378 (1.3%) | 6,089 (1.1%) | 1,405 (0.2%) | 23,781 (4.2%) | 2,667 (0.5%) | 7,440 (1.3%) |
| 1966 | 607,596 | 378,183 (62.2%) | 76,183 (12.5%) | 109,315 (18%) | 2,909 (0.5%) | 4,637 (0.8%) | 1,780 (0.3%) | 22,709 (3.7%) | 2,300 (0.4%) | 7,509 (1.2%) |
| 1977 | 696,884 | 472,912 (67.9%) | 77,525 (11.1%) | 98,296 (14.1%) | 1,799 (0.3%) | 9,828 (1.4%) | 3,773 (0.5%) | 20,891 (3%) | 2,128 (0.3%) | 7,151 (1%) |
| 1992 | 700,033 | 561,200 (80.2%) | 62,866 (9%) | 26,722 (3.8%) | 625 (0.1%) | 14,836 (2.1%) | 6,468 (0.9%) | 17,144 (2.4%) | 2,229 (0.3%) | 6,466 (0.9%) |
| 2002 | 677,926 | 565,639 (83.4%) | 50,556 (7.5%) | 14,174 (2.1%) | 441 (0.1%) | 16,084 (2.4%) | 7,321 (1.1%) | 13,273 (2%) | 1,908 (0.3%) | 5,562 (0.8%) |
| 2011 | 683,540 | 550,836 (80.6%) | 35,295 (5.2%) | 8,504 (1.2%) | 220 (\<0.1%) | 14,525 (2.1%) | 5,950 (0.9%) | 10,344 (1.5%) | 1,424 (0.2%) | 4,478 (0.7%) |
| 2021 | 650,533 | 484,243 (74.44%) | 21,285 (3.27%) | 4,684 (0.72%) | 144 (0.02%) | 12,438 (1.91%) | 4,131 (0.64%) | 6,447 (0.99%) | 939 (0.14%) | 3,244 (0.5%) |
| \*Censuses in *italics* are based on mother tongue and not ethnicity. | | | | | | | | | | |

According to the 2011 census, Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority in Timiș County, numbering 35,295 people or 5.2% of the county's population. Significant concentrations of the Hungarian population follow the areas where the policy of colonization of the Kingdom of Hungary manifested itself in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. At the 2011 census, there were 16 localities – all rural – that had at least 20% Hungarian population. However, their total population represents only 12.6% of the Hungarian population in the county. This is explained by the migration of Hungarians from rural to urban areas after 1990. By weight, the largest Hungarian communities are found in Otelec (*Ótelek*; 75.1%), Cherestur (*Pusztakeresztúr*; 69.7%), Bodo (*Nagybodófalva*; 64%), Tormac (*Végvár*; 60.6%) and Otvești (*Ötvösd*; 52.6%).

Roma are the second largest minority, with 14,525 people (or 2.1% of the county's population) at the 2011 census, although unofficial estimates put the figure at 45,000. Măguri, a component locality of Lugoj municipality, is the only village in the county where the Roma have an absolute majority (69.4% in 2011).

The largest communities of Serbs, Germans and Bulgarians in Romania also live in Timiș County. The number of Serbs living in Timiș exceeds 10,000. Most of them are located in Timișoara and in the localities near the border with Serbia: Cralovăț (Краљевац/*Kraljevac*; 64.5%), Petrovaselo (Петрово Село/*Petrovo Selo*; 48.4%), Sânmartinu Sârbesc (Српски Семартон/*Srpski Semarton*; 35.6%), Cenei (Ченеј/*Čenej*; 24.2%), Diniaș (Дињаш/*Dinjaš*; 21.8%), etc. Up to the 20th century, the Germans (specifically Banat Swabians) were a very large community. They were colonized here at the end of the 17th century and during the 18th century, in three successive waves, during the reigns of Charles VI, Maria Theresa and Joseph II. They came from different areas of Germany, especially Rhineland, the Palatinate and Swabia, but also Luxembourg, Lorraine, Alsace, Westphalia, Hesse, East Franconia and Bavaria. Deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor after 1945 and subjected to nationalization and collectivization during the communist period, most Germans in Timiș County left for Germany and Austria, with one last wave after 1990. At present, they account for merely 1/24 of the number at the 1900 census, when the highest number of Germans was recorded. Banat Bulgarians, a Bulgarian Catholic minority, began settling in Banat in the late 17th century from the north and northwest of today's Bulgaria. The largest communities of Banat Bulgarians in Timiș County live in Breștea (*Brešća*; 80.3%), Dudeștii Vechi (*Stár Bišnov*; 66.5%) and Denta (*Dénta*; 5.2%).

### Religion

In Timiș County there are over 300 places of worship. Timisoara is the seat of the Archbishopric of Timișoara, the see of the Metropolis of Banat. The archbishopric has jurisdiction over the territory of Timiș County, which is divided into 273 parishes organized in six deaneries (Timișoara I, Timișoara II, Lugoj, Făget, Deta and Sânnicolau Mare). Timișoara is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Timișoara and the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara and one of the nine deaneries of the Reformed Eparchy of Piatra Craiului. Lugoj is the seat of the Greek Catholic Archbishopric of Lugoj and one of the two deaneries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Vicarage.

## Politics and administration

Timiș County is administered by a county council (*consiliu județean*) consisting of 36 councilors. Following the 2020 local elections, the council is chaired by Alin Nica from PNL, and the political composition of the council is as follows:

|  | Party | Seats | Current County Council | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National Liberal Party (PNL) | **16** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Save Romania Union (USR) | **10** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Social Democratic PartySocial Liberal Humanist Party (PSD–PUSL) | **7** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | PRO Romania (PRO) | **3** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Administrative divisions

Timiș County is divided into two municipalities (*municipiu*), eight towns (*oraș*) and 89 communes (*comună*) with 313 villages:

Municipalities * Timișoara – county seat; population: 319,279 (as of 2011)
* Lugoj – population: 40,361 (as of 2011)

Towns  * Sânnicolau Mare – population: 12,312 (as of 2011)
* Jimbolia – population: 10,808 (as of 2011)
* Recaș – population: 8,336 (as of 2011)
* Buziaș – population: 7,023 (as of 2011)
* Făget – population: 6,761 (as of 2011)
* Deta – population: 6,260 (as of 2011)
* Gătaia – population: 5,861 (as of 2011)
* Ciacova – population: 5,348 (as of 2011)

Communes

### Official symbols

The flag of Timiș County has a rectangular shape, with its width equal to ⅔ of its length and consists of the county coat of arms superimposed on a white background. White chosen for the flag signifies purity and peace. Above the coat of arms is inscribed in capital letters in vermilion the word "Romania", and below it is inscribed with the same characters in cobalt blue the words "Timiș County". The county flag was approved in 2021.

The coat of arms was approved in 2002 and consists of a cut shield; at the top, on the red field, a golden lion coming out of the battlements of a wall of built gold; the lion holds a bent sword, with a wide point, made of silver; in the upper right-hand corner is a golden sun, and in the upper left, a rising silver moon. At the bottom, on the blue field, is a wavy silver band. The lion with armed arm, characteristic of Banat of Temeswar, symbolizes the defenders of the land and of Christianity against the Ottoman armies; the lion carries the victorious sword of Pál Kinizsi, Count of Temes County. The gold wall symbolizes the fortress of Timișoara. The golden sun symbolizes, through its position, the lofty goals for which the heroes of this land fought. The silver moon represents the pair of the sun. The wavy silver band on the blue field symbolizes the Timiș River, which gives the county its name.

Historical variants

## Economy

Timiș County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. The county's economy gradually transformed from a predominantly industrial one, sometimes with significant losses due to the non-use of labor and capital endowments, into a tertiary one (based mainly on services). The specialization of Timiș County stands out in the computer, automotive and electrical equipment industry, these registering high values of the location quotient (as of 2019).

In 2021, Timiș County had a GDP per capita of 31,519 euros, 40% above the national average, and an annual growth rate of 5–10%. At national level, it ranks third in terms of GDP, reaching 62.5 billion lei in 2021, with a contribution of 6.5% of Romania's total GDP, having a developed economy and among the highest entrepreneurial rates in the country (36 SMEs per 1,000 inhabitants in 2019). The most important sector represented locally is the automotive industry, supported by large companies such as Continental, Delphi Packard, Hella, Mahle, Dräxlmaier, Flex, etc. In recent years, certain high tech know-how-intensive services, such as IT&C, have seen strong growth. Timiș has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country – 0.8% in 2019. Most employees are in manufacturing (27%), trade (15.2%) and agriculture (15.1%).

Timiș stands out as the second business pole at national level, after Bucharest–Ilfov, with a turnover of companies of 72 billion lei, which constitutes about 5% of the turnover of 1,400 billion lei of all companies in Romania. The county's exports stood at over 39.05 billion lei, Timiș being among the few counties in the country with a positive trade balance. Timiș County's exports consist mainly of the following groups of goods: electrical machines, appliances and equipment (37%), plastics and rubber (14%), means of transport (11%), footwear (9%), optical instruments and appliances (7%), furniture (5%). Timiș County is also the largest importer of consumer goods, after Bucharest.

### Industry

The industry of Timiș County is strong and diversified, due to the high rate of greenfield and brownfield investments, the western location of the county, the high qualification of the labor force, as well as the entrepreneurial tradition. The most significant share in the total production of the county is held by the manufacturing industry, having as sub-branches: electronics industry, food industry, chemical industry, textile industry, metal and wood processing industry and construction. Although with only 8% of the number of companies in Timiș, the manufacturing industry registers a turnover of 40% of the county's total.

### Agriculture

Timiș County ranks first in the country in terms of both agricultural and arable land. Timiș County has an agricultural area of 691,299 ha, of which 531,472 ha is arable land, 118,671 pastures, 28,632 hayfields, 4,121 vineyards and vine nurseries and 8,403 orchards and fruit nurseries.

One of the oldest and most important agricultural activities in the county, with favorable climatic conditions, is the cultivation of cereals and technical plants, and viticulture is practiced in most of the communes in the plain and hill area of the county. Places like Recaș, Buziaș and Giarmata are renowned for their wine production. The production of vegetables in individual micro-farms is also a traditional economic activity, especially in the rural localities in the vicinity of urban centers. By cultivated area, the main crops are maize (165,643 ha), wheat and rye (133,657 ha), sunflower (78,242 ha), perennial fodder (38,060 ha) and soybeans (21,200 ha). Livestock farming is also an important, traditional branch of Timiș agriculture, and in recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of animals in the private sector. As of 2019, livestock in Timiș County consisted of 1,524,625 birds, 612,638 sheep, 605,619 swine, 45,332 bee families, 37,305 cattle, 21,890 goats and 5,659 horses.

Unlike industry, trade and construction, which also generates a large part of the gross value added (GVA) of the county economy, agriculture stands out with a very high share of employment correlated with a low share in GDP (5%), although that it places the county on the first place at national level from the perspective of the GVA obtained in agriculture.

### Banking

With several units of national and international banks operating here (BCR, Raiffeisen Bank, BT, BRD, CEC Bank, OTP Bank, UniCredit Bank, Alpha Bank, Citibank, Credit Europe Bank, Garanti BBVA, ING Bank, Intesa Sanpaolo Bank, etc.), Timiș County is a national leader in the field of financial intermediation. As of 2021, the turnover of companies with financial and insurance activities was 69 million euros in Timișoara alone.

### Tourism

The geographical position of the county in the immediate vicinity of the border with Hungary and Serbia leads to a high transit tourism, but with short and medium length of stay. The main form of tourism practiced in the county is business tourism, followed by recreational, shopping and gastronomic tourism. The tourist infrastructure of Timiș County consists of 56 hotels, 14 hostels, two motels, a campsite, four tourist villas, 49 tourist pensions, 27 agritourism pensions and two camps for students and preschoolers with an accommodation capacity of 7,746 places. In 2019, Timiș County had 396,644 tourists, of which 30% were foreigners.

Cultural-historical tourism includes many objectives in historical and archeological sites, architectural monuments and museums. Timișoara has the largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (about 14,500), consisting of the urban heritage of the Cetate, Iosefin, Fabric and Elisabetin districts. In addition, there are 31 castles and mansions in Timiș County. Notable are the Swabian-specific localities in the western Banat Plain (Jimbolia, Sânnicolau Mare, Șandra, Lovrin, Lenauheim, etc.), in the past important settlements of colonists from the German lands of the Habsburg Empire. Religious tourism includes many places of worship, churches and historic monasteries. Among the monastic ensembles are the historic wooden churches in Țara Făgetului, all built after the liberation of Banat from Ottoman occupation (1716), the 11th-century Morisena Monastery (the first monastery in Romania), the 14th-century Partoș Monastery with the relics of St. Joseph of Partoș, the 15th-century Săraca Monastery, the 15th-century Serbian Orthodox St. George Monastery of Birda, the 18th-century Cebza Monastery and, more recently, the Izvorul Miron Monastery (1912; nicknamed the "Voroneț of Banat") and the Timișeni Monastery (1944).

Ecotourism is practiced mainly in the mountainous area in the east of the county, where Lake Surduc is located (the largest lake in western Romania), but also a series of waterfalls and caves. Areas with a rich hunting fund, as well as those with a diversified fishing fund are suitable for sport hunting and fishing. On the territory of Timiș County there are 86 hunting funds and 30 fishing funds. Canoeing and kayaking can be practiced on the Bega Canal, and rafting on the Timiș River. Spa tourism is practiced in Buziaș (declared a spa resort in 1911), Timișoara, Deta, as well as Călacea, Teremia Mare and Lovrin. Wine tourism is represented by the RecașBuziaș area, renowned both in the country and abroad for its wines.

## Culture

### Music

Timiș County has a rich musical history. Notable in this respect are the choirs of Banat *Bauer*. Banat choirs have their origins in church music, learned in schools, where the teacher was both organist, choir conductor, and not infrequently, composer. The choirs, which were to become a real movement in Banat, were an important means of national manifestation of the people of Banat, through which the Romanian language and culture were promoted. The oldest Romanian choir in Banat was the plowmen's vocal choir, founded in 1857 in Chizătău, which was born from the old church choir. It was also the most famous and appreciated choral formation in the area, which had resounding success at various competitions and festivals, along with other Banat choirs. Banat choirs had a rich repertoire, consisting of national, folk songs or choral works composed by Ion Vidu, Filaret Barbu or Iosif Velceanu.

Timișoara was a reputed city of music in the 19th century. Many famous musicians performed here, including Franz Liszt (1846), Johann Strauss II (1847), David Popper (1867), Leopold Auer (1867), Pablo de Sarasate (1877), Henryk Wieniawski (1877), Johannes Brahms (1879) and Joseph Joachim (1879). The only philharmonic in the county, the Banatul Philharmonic, was founded in 1947 and organizes, in addition to the music season, events in unconventional spaces and successful festivals, such as *Timișoara muzicală*, the longest-lived cultural festival in Timișoara, which debuted in 1968. The first music school in the county was founded by the Hungarian administration in 1907 in Timișoara. Until 1907, music education was exclusively private.

### Cuisine

Banat cuisine has been strongly influenced by the Austro-Hungarian one, but to a large extent by Greek, Italian and French cuisines too. The dishes prepared in Banat are mostly made of pork, chicken or beef, with vegetables fried in lard or oil, with flour sauces, to make them more consistent, seasoned with pepper, thyme, paprika or caraway. Broadly speaking, Banat cuisine is characterized by fatty, wholesome and tasty food; it can be individualized by the unusual association of salty and sweet taste, by the prevalence of soup to the detriment of stew and by showy desserts with multiple influences. Among the traditional dishes in this area are noodle soup, goulash, papricache, sauerkraut, sarme, pljeskavica, rasol, cotoroage and fresh pork preparations and semi-preparations (caltaboș, sângerete, maioș, sausages, slănină, șonc, tobă, etc.). Desserts include krofne, scovergi, bejgli with walnuts or poppy seeds, Cremeschnitte, Apfelküchle, knedles, dobostorta, ischler and vargabéles.

## Education

In the school year 2019/2020, Timiș County had a school population of 177,301: 25,266 children in pre-school education, 97,934 pupils in pre-university education and 54,101 students in university, post-university, academic and continuing education. In Timiș County, 617 educational units are accredited and authorized, of which 580 are state-funded. Timișoara is one of the four national university centers, together with Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and Iași, as established by the Ministry of Education, gathering about 8% of the total number of students at national level. Higher education takes place in eight universities in the county, four public and four private:

| University | Location | Founded | Faculties | Students
(2019/2020) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Public universities | | | | |
| West University | Timișoara | 1944 | 11 | 15,032 |
| Politehnica University | Timișoara | 1920 | 10 | 12,613 |
| Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy | Timișoara | 1944 | 3 | 7,326 |
| Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine | Timișoara | 1945 | 6 | 5,530 |
| Private universities | | | | |
| Ioan Slavici University | Timișoara | 2000 | 2 |  |
| Tibiscus University | Timișoara | 1991 | 4 |  |
| Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University | Timișoara | 1991 | 1 |  |
| Drăgan European University | Lugoj | 1992 | 2 |  |

## Healthcare

At the county level, there are 22 hospitals (15 public and seven private), five medical dispensaries, three mental health centers, 522 medical offices (school, student and family medicine), 846 dental offices, 115 medical laboratories, 87 dental laboratories and a transfusion center. Regarding the pharmaceutical network in Timiș County, in 2019 there were 295 pharmacies (16 public and 279 private), seven pharmaceutical points and 34 pharmaceutical warehouses.

Timișoara is nationally recognized as a center of excellence in medicine. Timișoara has made several breakthroughs in Romanian medicine, including the first in vitro fertilization, the first laser heart surgery and the first stem cell transplant. The Pius Brînzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital and the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases from Timișoara were included by the Ministry of Health in the first class of competence (out of five possible). Première Hospital, run by Regina Maria private health network, is the largest private hospital in the west of the country.

## Transport

### Road transport

A1 motorway (up) near Timișoara. It is part of the Pan-European Corridor IV (down).

Timiș County is connected to the European transport network by the Central and Global TEN-T networks, so the main corridor that serves it is the Rhine–Danube Corridor, which provides the connection with Vienna, with the central-southern part of Germany (Munich, Stuttgart and Nuremberg and with Strasbourg. The Orient/East–Med Corridor also crosses the county's territory and connects with Budapest.

Inter- and intra-county connections are provided by the main and secondary national roads from which a dense network of local roads emerges. The public road network of Timiș County has a length of about 2,930 km, with a density of 33.7 km/100 km2. More detailed, there are about 563 km of national roads, 1,145 km of county roads and 1,222 km of communal roads. Also, Timiș County is served by almost 108 km of motorways, represented by the A1 and A6 motorways. In 2019, Timiș County had a motorization index of 361.64 vehicles/1,000 inhabitants, being among the highest in the country.

### Rail transport

The railway network totals 795 km, of which 113 are electrified railways. With 91.4 km of railway per 1,000 km2, Timiș County has the densest railway network in the country. On the territory of Timiș County, the railway network consists of a main line (900) and 18 secondary lines belonging to the CFR lines 900 (BucharestTimișoara), 200 (BrașovCurtici) and 300 (BucharestEpiscopia Bihor). The railway line 900, whose route is Bucharest (north)–Roșiori (north)–CraiovaFiliașiCaransebeșTimișoara (north), crosses the county on the LugojTimișoara relation. It is part of the Pan-European Corridor IV.

In Timiș County there are 133 stations operated by state and private railway operators such as Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Astra Trans Carpatic and Regio Călători. The busiest of them is Timișoara North, with over 1.7 million passengers in 2011.

### Air transport

Timiș County is served by Traian Vuia International Airport, located northeast of Timișoara, about 10 km from the city center. With 1.5 million passengers in 2019, it is the third busiest Romanian airport, after Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport and Cluj-Napoca's Avram Iancu International Airport. Traian Vuia Airport concentrates 17.2% of the total number of passengers boarded at Romanian airports, 35.5% of the total tons of goods loaded and 13.7% of the total number of flights.

Cioca Airfield, used as an airport for a short period of time, between 1941 and 1942, serves today as airfield for recreational aircraft, air taxis and utility aircraft and venue for various festivals. It is located in the northwest of Timișoara, about 5 km from it.

Timiș County is crossed by one of the few artificially arranged waterways in Romania, the Bega Canal. The Bega Canal is part of the Rhine–Main–Danube system, making possible the connection between the North Sea and the Black Sea. The length of the canal on the Romanian territory is about 44.5 km and 74 km on the Serbian territory. The navigable part of the canal starts from Timișoara from where it continues to the southwest until it flows into the Tisza, located on Serbian territory. The Bega Canal is the first navigable canal built in Romania. Originally built for the sanitation of floodplains around Timișoara, it was later arranged for navigation.

Timișoara is the only Romanian city with public transport by water, made with vaporetto-like boats along the nine stations on the Bega Canal.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Timiș County Județul Timiș | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
|  | |
| Etymology: Timiș River | |
| Location of Timiș County in Romania | |
| OpenStreetMap | |
| Coordinates: 45°41′34.08″N 21°24′19.8″E / 45.6928000°N 21.405500°E / 45.6928000; 21.405500 | |
| Country | Romania |
| Historical region | Banat |
| Development region | West |
| Established | 1968 |
| County seat | Timișoara |
| Government | |
| Body | Timiș County Council |
| President | Alfred Simonis (PSD) |
| Prefect | Mihai Ritivoiu (PSD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 8,696.7 km2 (3,357.8 sq mi) |
| Rank | 1st |
| Population (2021-12-01) | |
| Total | 650,533 |
| Rank | 6th |
| Density | 75/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | *timișean* (male), *timișeană* (female) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| SIRUTA code | 350 |
| Registration plate | TM |
| Website | County Council
County Prefecture |


title: East Yorkshire Regiment

abstract: The East Yorkshire Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, first raised in 1685 as Sir William Clifton's Regiment of Foot and later renamed the 15th Regiment of Foot. It saw service for three centuries, before eventually being amalgamated with the West Yorkshire Regiment in 1958, to form the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire. Subsequently, the regiment amalgamated with the Green Howards and the Duke of Wellington's Regiment to form the Yorkshire Regiment on 6 June 2006.

text:
# East Yorkshire Regiment

The **East Yorkshire Regiment** was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, first raised in 1685 as **Sir William Clifton's Regiment of Foot** and later renamed the **15th Regiment of Foot**. It saw service for three centuries, before eventually being amalgamated with the West Yorkshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Own) in 1958, to form the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire. Subsequently, the regiment amalgamated with the Green Howards and the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) to form the Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot) on 6 June 2006.

## History

### Early wars

Raised in 1685 in Nottingham by Sir William Clifton, 3rd Baronet, the regiment was originally, like many British infantry regiments, known by the name of its current Colonel. It took part in the Battle of Killiecrankie in July 1689 and the Battle of Cromdale in April 1690 during the Jacobite rising of 1689 to 1692.

The regiment embarked for Flanders in spring 1694 for service in the Nine Years' War and took part in the capture of Huy in autumn 1694, the attack of Fort Knokke in June 1695 and the Siege of Namur in summer 1695 before returning home in 1697.

The regiment was sent to Holland in 1701 for service in the War of the Spanish Succession and fought at the siege of Kaiserswerth in 1702, the siege of Venlo later that year and the Battle of Blenheim in August 1704. It went on to fight at the Battle of Ramillies in May 1706, the Battle of Oudenarde in July 1708 and the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709. It returned to England in 1714. It was sent to Scotland and took part in the Battle of Glen Shiel in June 1719 during Jacobite rising.

The regiment was deployed to South America, where it took part in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias in March 1741 during the War of Jenkins' Ear. It also saw action at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 during the next Jacobite rising. In 1751, when the numerical system of designation of Regiments of Foot was adopted, it became the **15th Regiment of Foot**.

The regiment went on to take part in the capture of Île-d'Aix in 1757 and, having sailed for North America in 1758, fought at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759 during the Seven Years' War. In 1782 the regiment became the **15th (The Yorkshire East Riding) Regiment of Foot**.

The regiment was sent to North America again in spring 1776 for service in the American Revolutionary War. It saw action at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, the Battle of White Plains in October 1776 and the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776. It also took part in the Battle of Brandywine in September 1777, the Battle of Germantown in October 1777 and the Battle of White Marsh in December 1777.

### Napoleonic Wars

The regiment was deployed to the West Indies in 1795 for service in the French Revolutionary Wars and fought at attacks on Martinique and Guadeloupe before returning to England in 1796. The regiment returned to the West Indies in 1805 for service in the Napoleonic Wars and took part in the invasion of Martinique in January 1809 and the invasion of Guadeloupe in January 1810.

### The Victorian era

The regiment spent most of the 19th century on garrison duty, both at home and throughout the Empire. The 1st Battalion was shipped to New Brunswick in 1862 at the time of the Trent Affair, when Britain and the United States came close to war. The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Victoria Barracks, Beverley from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. Under the reforms the regiment became **The East Yorkshire Regiment** on 1 July 1881. The 1st battalion was stationed at Gibraltar in 1885, moved to the West Indies in 1886, then to South Africa in 1888 and to Egypt in 1893. From 1895 the battalion was stationed in British India, where they had various postings, including at Belgaum and Fort St. George in Madras Presidency until late 1902 when it was posted to Shwebo in Burma.

The 2nd Battalion was stationed in British India from 1875 to February 1888, and fought in the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879–80). After six months in Aden that year, the battalion was back in England until November 1894, when it was stationed in Ireland. The Second Boer War started in South Africa in October 1899. After a series of defeats in the early months of the war, the British government sent large number of troops there as reinforcements in early 1900, including the 2nd Battalion East Yorkshire. 870 officers and men embarked on the SS *Nile* from Southampton in March 1900, and arrived in South Africa the following month. The battalion stayed in South Africa throughout the war, returning home in late 1902 when they were stationed at Aldershot.

The 3rd (Militia) battalion, formed from the East York Militia in 1881, was a reserve battalion. It was embodied in May 1900, disembodied in December that year, and later re-embodied for service in South Africa during the Second Boer War. About 560 officers and men returned to Southampton on the SS *Greek* in early October 1902, following the end of the war, when the battalion was disembodied at Beverley.

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve; the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.

### First World War

#### Regular Army

The 1st Battalion landed at Saint-Nazaire as part of the 18th Brigade in the 6th Division in September 1914 for service on the Western Front. The 2nd Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division in January 1915 also for service on the Western Front before moving to Salonika in October 1915 for service on the Macedonian front.

#### Territorial Force

The 1/4th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the York and Durham Brigade in the Northumbrian Division in April 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 2/4th Battalion served in the garrison of the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda (where the Right Wing, 15th Regiment of Foot had been stationed from 1819 to 1821, and the 1st Battalion, 15th Regiment of Foot had been stationed from 1868 to 1870) from November, 1916, through the end of the war, and the 3/4th Battalion remained at home and trained reinforcements. The 5th (Cyclist) Battalion served on coastal defence duties for the whole war.

#### New Armies

The 6th (Service) Battalion landed at Suvla Bay in Gallipoli as the pioneer battalion for the 11th (Northern) Division in August 1915; the battalion was evacuated in January 1916 and then landed at Marseille in July 1916 for service on the Western Front. The 7th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of 50th Brigade in the 17th (Northern) Division in July 1915 also for service on the Western Front. The 8th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 62nd Brigade in the 21st Division in September 1915 also for service on the Western Front, later serving with 3rd Division. The 9th (Reserve) Battalion remained at home supplying drafts to the New Army battalions serving overseas.

The 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th (Service) Battalions were raised in September 1914 from men volunteering in Kingston upon Hull. These units were additionally entitled 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th City of Hull battalions and were known as the Hull Pals, nicknamed the 'Hull Commercials', 'Hull Tradesmen', 'Hull Sportsmen' and 'T'others' respectively. They formed 92nd Brigade in 31st Division, landed in Egypt in December 1915 and then moved to France in March 1916 also for service on the Western Front. Their depot companies became the 14th (Reserve) and 15th (Reserve) Battalions.

There were also a 1st Garrison Battalion that served in India and a 2nd (Home Service) Garrison Battalion.

### Between the wars

In 1935, the regiment was renamed **The East Yorkshire Regiment (The Duke of York's Own)**, after its Colonel-in-Chief.

### Second World War

The 1st Battalion was serving in British India on the outbreak of war in 1939 and did not see active service until 1942. In 1944, the Battalion was based in Bethamangala as part of the 150th Indian Infantry Brigade, where it was reorganised and trained in jungle warfare at the Jungle Warfare Training Center, Gudalur, in the Mysore jungle and then played its part in the Burma Campaign. It moved into Burma, crossing the Chindwin River at Kalewa and the Irrawaddy River at Sameikkon in April 1945 and joined the 99th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 17th Indian Division at Meiktila after the siege by the Japanese had been broken.

The 2nd Battalion served with the 8th Infantry Brigade (which included the 1st Suffolks and 1st South Lancs), attached to the 3rd Infantry Division throughout the whole war. At the time, the 3rd Division was commanded by Major-General Bernard Montgomery, who would later command the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group. The battalion and division were sent to France in late 1939 as part of the British Expeditionary Force and remained there until May 1940 when they fought in the Battle of France and were evacuated at Dunkirk. After Dunkirk, the battalion and division spent many years on home defence anticipating a German invasion of England. After late 1942, when the threat of invasion had receded, they then started training for offensive operations and, in mid-1944, invaded Normandy, France.

The 4th Battalion was a 1st Line Territorial Army unit serving in the 150th Infantry Brigade in the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and, like the 2nd Battalion, served in France 1940, were evacuated at Dunkirk to England and remained in the United Kingdom with the division until mid-1941 when it was sent to the Middle East. It was captured at the Battle of Gazala.

The 5th Battalion was formed in June 1939 as a 2nd Line Territorial Army duplicate of the 4th Battalion. It served with the 69th Infantry Brigade in the 23rd (Northumbrian) Division and was evacuated from Dunkirk. It later served with 50th (Northumbrian) Division through the Western Desert, Tunisian and Sicily campaigns before landing in the first wave on Gold Beach on D Day and then fighting through Normandy and North West Europe.

In the Second World War, three hostilities-only battalions were raised. The 6th (Home Defence) Battalion, which was formed in November 1939, was redesignated as the 30th Battalion in December 1941 and disbanded in September 1943.

The 7th Battalion was formed in 1940 and assigned to 203 Infantry Brigade. The battalion was transferred to 73 Infantry Brigade in July 1941 and to 162 Infantry Brigade in September 1942. It was disbanded in October 1944, having never left the UK.

The 50th (Holding) Battalion was formed in May 1940. In October, it was redesignated as the 8th battalion and assigned to 217 Infantry Brigade. In November 1941, the battalion was transferred to 224 Infantry Brigade, which was disbanded the following month. The battalion was then converted to 115 LAA Regiment, RA and assigned to the 46th Infantry Division, with which it served in North Africa, Italy and Palestine.

### After the War

The regiment was in Mandatory Palestine during the Zionist insurgency and then took part in the Malayan Emergency in 1953–56 before returning to Germany as part of the British Army of the Rhine. In 1958, it was amalgamated with The West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own), to form the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.

## Regimental Museum

The regimental collection is held by the York Army Museum which is based at the Tower Street drill hall in York.

## The Snappers

The London and North Eastern Railway named one of its V2 locomotives, No. 4780 (later No 809 and then British Railways 60809) as The Snapper. The East Yorkshire Regiment. The Duke of York's Own

## Battle honours

The regiment's battle honours were as follows:

* Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Louisburg, Quebec 1759, Martinique 1762, Havannah, St. Lucia 1778, Martinique 1794 1809, Guadeloupe 1810, Afghanistan 1879–80, South Africa 1900–02.
* *The Great War (21 battalions)*: Aisne 1914 '18, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1915 '17 '18, Gravenstafel, St. Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Hooge 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Thiepval, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Oppy, Messines 1917 '18, Pilckem, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Rosières, Lys, Estaires, Hazebrouck, Kemmel, Scherpenberg, Amiens, Hindenburg Line, Épéhy, Canal du Nord, St. Quentin Canal, Selle, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Struma, Doiran 1917, Macedonia 1915–18, Suvla, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915, Egypt 1915–16.
* *The Second World War*: Withdrawal to Escaut, Defence of Escaut, Defence of Arras, French Frontier 1940, Ypres-Comines Canal, Dunkirk 1940, Normandy Landing, Tilly sur Seulles, Odon, Caen, Bourguébus Ridge, Troarn, Mont Pincon, St. Pierre la Vielle, Gheel, Nederrijn, Aam, Venraij, Rhineland, Schaddenhof, Brinkum, Bremen, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Gazala, Mersa Matruh, Defence of Alamein Line, El Alamein, Mareth, Wadi Zigzaou, Akarit, North Africa 1942–43, Primosole Bridge, Sicily 1943, Sittang 1945, Burma 1945.

## Victoria Cross recipients

The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:

## Colonels of the Regiment

Colonels of the regiment included:

### The 15th Regiment of Foot

### The 15th (York, East Riding) Regiment

### The East Yorkshire Regiment

## Sources

## InfoBox

| East Yorkshire Regiment (The Duke of York's Own) | |
| --- | --- |
| Cap badge | |
| Active | 1685–1958 |
| Country | Kingdom of England (1685–1707)
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
United Kingdom (1801–1958) |
| Branch | British Army |
| Type | Line infantry |
| Role | Infantry |
| Size | 1–2 Regular battalions
1 Militia Battalion
2 Territorial battalions
Up to 16 Hostilities-only battalions |
| RHQ | Victoria Barracks, Beverley |
| Nickname(s) | The Snappers
The Poona Guards |
| Anniversaries | Quebec (13 September) |


title: Time Machine Nante Iranai

abstract: "Time Machine Nante Iranai" is the third solo single by former AKB48 headliner Atsuko Maeda; it was released in Japan on September 18, 2013. It is the first single she has released since she formally left AKB48. She first performed the song at an AKB48 concert in Sapporo Dome where she made a special guest appearance.

text:
# Time Machine Nante Iranai

"**Time Machine Nante Iranai**" (タイムマシンなんていらない, *Taimu Mashin Nante Iranai*) is the third solo single by former AKB48 headliner Atsuko Maeda; it was released in Japan on September 18, 2013. It is the first single she has released since she formally left AKB48. She first performed the song at an AKB48 concert in Sapporo Dome where she made a special guest appearance.

## Promotion

Maeda first performed the song at an AKB48 concert on July 31 at the Sapporo Dome where she made a special guest appearance. On August 15, Maeda released a promotional video for the single.

Maeda spent a week in New York City for the filming of the single's music video as well as posing for the jacket covers for the four different editions (Type-A to Type-D). The Type-A and Type-D jacket covers have Maeda at an old diner where she holds a tall shake or eyes a giant hamburger. The Type-B jacket was taken at Times Square. The Type-C jacket has her on a bicycle and was taken at Brooklyn Heights.

A promotion was held at Shibuya Tatsuya where over-the-counter purchasers of the single would receive a lottery ticket for a chance at an autographed poster. That same week, Maeda appeared on NHK shows *Hemp 1*, *I dreamed Shi Asaki* and *Music Japan*; and NTV's *Music Dragon*.

## Tie-in

"Time Machine Nante Iranai" was selected to be the theme song for the live-action adaptation of *Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches*. Maeda described the song as "cheerful and fun" and hopes it will liven up the show.

## Track listings

### Type-A

CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai" (タイムマシンなんていらない) |  |
| 2. | "Kowareta Shigunaru" (壊れたシグナル) |  |
| 3. | "Kaze no Accordion" (風のアコーディオン) |  |
| 4. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai (off vocal ver.)" (タイムマシンなんていらない (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 5. | "Kowareta Shigunaru (off vocal ver.)" (壊れたシグナル (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 6. | "Kaze no Accordion (off vocal ver.)" (風のアコーディオン (off vocal ver.)) |  |

DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai Music Video" (タイムマシンなんていらない Music Video) |  |
| 2. | "Making of Atsuko in NY" |  |

### Type-B

CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai" (タイムマシンなんていらない) |  |
| 2. | "Kowareta Shigunaru" (壊れたシグナル) |  |
| 3. | "Yasashii Kimochi" (やさしい気持ち) |  |
| 4. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai (off vocal ver.)" (タイムマシンなんていらない (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 5. | "Kowareta Shigunaru (off vocal ver.)" (壊れたシグナル (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 6. | "Yasashii Kimochi (off vocal ver.)" (やさしい気持ち (off vocal ver.)) |  |

DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai Music Video" (タイムマシンなんていらない Music Video) |  |
| 2. | "Making of Atsuko in SAPPORO（2013.07.31）" |  |

### Type-C

CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai" (タイムマシンなんていらない) |  |
| 2. | "Kowareta Shigunaru" (壊れたシグナル) |  |
| 3. | "I'm free" |  |
| 4. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai (off vocal ver.)" (タイムマシンなんていらない (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 5. | "Kowareta Shigunaru (off vocal ver.)" (壊れたシグナル (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 6. | "I'm free (off vocal ver.)" |  |

DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai Music Video" (タイムマシンなんていらない Music Video) |  |
| 2. | "Atsuko Maeda, I fish the Tokyo Bay!!" (前田敦子 東京湾を釣る!) |  |

### Type-D

CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai" (タイムマシンなんていらない) |  |
| 2. | "Kowareta Shigunaru" (壊れたシグナル) |  |
| 3. | "Tsumetai Honō" (冷たい炎) |  |
| 4. | "Time Machine Nante Iranai (off vocal ver.)" (タイムマシンなんていらない (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 5. | "Kowareta Shigunaru (off vocal ver.)" (壊れたシグナル (off vocal ver.)) |  |
| 6. | "Tsumetai Honō (off vocal ver.)" (冷たい炎 (off vocal ver.)) |  |

## Charts

"Time Machine Nante Iranai" debuted at number two on the Oricon Daily charts, behind Exile's hit, "EXILE PRIDE ~Konna Sekai wo Aisuru Tame~ (こんな世界を愛するため)". It would later peak at number one on the daily, and number two on the weekly chart. On *Billboard*'s *Japan Hot 100* chart, it debuted at number one.

### Billboard charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| *Billboard* Japan Hot 100 | 1 |
| Japan Hot 100 for 2013 | - |
| Japan Hot Singles Sales for 2013 | 75 |
|

### Oricon charts

| Release | Oricon Singles Chart | Peak position | Debut sales (copies) | Sales total (copies) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 18, 2013 | Daily Chart | 1 | 28,137 | 74,293 |
| | Weekly Chart | 2 | 60,687 | |
| | Monthly Chart | 7 | 70,853 | |

### G-music (Taiwan)

| Chart | Peak Position |
| --- | --- |
| Combo | 15 |

## Release history

| Date | Version | Catalog | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 18, 2013 | Type-A | KIZM-207~8 | CD+DVD | King Records |
| | Type-B | KIZM-209~10 | | |
| | Type-C | KIZM-211~12 | | |
| | Type-D | KICM-1474 | CD | |

Releases  1. タイムマシンなんていらない＜Type-A＞（マキシ＋DVD複合） (in Japanese). King Records. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
2. タイムマシンなんていらない＜Ｔｙｐｅ−Ｂ＞（マキシ＋ＤＶＤ複合） (in Japanese). King Records. 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
3. タイムマシンなんていらない＜Ｔｙｐｅ−Ｃ＞（マキシ＋ＤＶＤ複合） (in Japanese). King Records. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
4. タイムマシンなんていらない＜Type-D＞ 前田敦子 ﾏｴﾀﾞｱﾂｺ (in Japanese). King Records. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
Other references  1. "Atsuko Maeda makes guest appearance at AKB48 concert". *Japan Today*. 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
2. 前田敦子、NY撮影MVは英語で交流 ニュース-ORICON STYLE. Oricon.co.jp. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
3. 前田敦子、NY撮影ジャケ写で笑顔弾ける ミニスカもひらり ニュース-ORICON STYLE. *Oricon* (in Japanese). 2013-08-27. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
4. 「タイムマシンなんていらない」発売記念 店頭抽選会実施決定！. *Atsuko Maeda Official Site*. September 17, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
5. "Schedule - TV". *Atsuko Maeda Official Site*. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
6. 前田敦子：AKB48卒業後初シングルがドラマ「山田くんと7人の魔女」主題歌に - MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） (in Japanese). Mantan-web.jp. 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
7. 「タイムマシンなんていらない」全ジャケット写真を公開！. *Atsuko Maeda Official Website* (in Japanese). August 27, 2013.
8. CDシングル デイリーランキング-ORICON STYLE ランキング. Oricon.co.jp. 2013-09-17. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
9. CDシングル デイリーランキング-ORICON STYLE ランキング. Oricon.co.jp. 2013-09-20. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
10. CDシングル 週間ランキング-ORICON STYLE ランキング. Oricon.co.jp. 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
11. "Billboard Japan Hot 100" (in Japanese). Japan: Billboard. September 30, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
12. "Billboard Japan Hot 100 Year End - Charts - Japan". *Billboard-Japan.com*. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
13. "Billboard Japan Hot Singles Sales Year End - Charts - Japan". *Billboard-Japan.com*. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
14. 2013年09月のCDシングル月間ランキング（2013年09月度）. Oricon. September 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
15. G-Music 風雲榜 (綜合榜). 2012-09-09. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2019-09-16.

## InfoBox

| "Time Machine Nante Iranai" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Atsuko Maeda | |
| Released | September 18, 2013 (2013-09-18) |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | You, Be Cool! / King |
| Songwriter(s) | Yasushi Akimoto |
| Producer(s) | Yasushi Akimoto |
| Atsuko Maeda singles chronology | |
| "Kimi wa Boku da"
(2012) "**Time Machine Nante Iranai**"
(2013) "Seventh Chord"
(2014) | |


title: Tishreen Park

abstract: Tishreen Park is the largest park in Damascus, Syria. It is located near Umayyad Square and Tishreen Palace. A large Syrian flag was installed in the park in July 2010 to mark the tenth anniversary of Bashar Al Assad becoming president. The park hosts the annual Damascus International Flower Show, which at its peak before the war would be visited by hundreds of thousands of people per year.

text:
# Tishreen Park

**Tishreen Park** is the largest park in Damascus, Syria. It is located near Umayyad Square and Tishreen Palace.

A large Syrian flag was installed in the park in July 2010 to mark the tenth anniversary of Bashar Al Assad becoming president.

The park hosts the annual Damascus International Flower Show, which at its peak before the war would be visited by hundreds of thousands of people per year.

1. Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2013). *Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture*. ABC-CLIO. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
2. "Tishreen Park | Tourist Attractions in Damascus City". *www.lovedamascus.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
3. "Elevation of Tishreen Park, Jawaher Lal Nahro, Damascus, Syria". *elevation.maplogs.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
4. Dagher, Sam (2019). *Assad or we burn the country : how one family's lust for power destroyed Syria* (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-316-55672-9. OCLC 1101180175.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
5. Sayyid, Leen; Abdulssattar Ibrahim, Mohammad; Al Maleh, Alice (2018-07-16). "After eight years, Damascus International Flower Festival returns to a changed capital". *Syria Direct*. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
6. "اختتام فعاليات معرض الزهور الدولي بدمشق". *www.aljazeera.net* (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-03-14.
7. "Syrian children paint the national flag in different shapes on a..." *Getty Images*. Retrieved 2022-03-14.


title: Titus II Mar Thoma

abstract: Titus II Mar Thoma XVI was the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church with its center in Kerala state in south-western India. He was known as Thithoos Dwitheeyan Mar Thoma Metropolitan among his people. It was in the Malabar Coast in the 1st century CE, Thomas the Apostle arrived to preach the gospel to the Jews and non-Jewish locals, from whom emerged the Nasrani people and their Malankara Church. They followed a unique Hebrew-Syriac Christian tradition which included several Jewish elements and Indian customs. The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church is still a part of this Malankara Church community.

text:
# Titus II Mar Thoma

**Titus II Mar Thoma XVI** (6 May 1866  6 July 1944) was the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church with its center in Kerala state in south-western India. He was known as *Thithoos Dwitheeyan Mar Thoma Metropolitan* among his people. (Thithoos is Aramaic and Malayalam)

It was in the Malabar Coast in the 1st century CE, Thomas the Apostle arrived to preach the gospel to the Jews and non-Jewish locals, from whom emerged the Nasrani people and their Malankara Church. They followed a unique Hebrew-Syriac Christian tradition which included several Jewish elements and Indian customs. The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church is still a part of this Malankara Church community.

## Early days

### Palakunnathu Family

In the 17th century, a member of the Panamkuzhy family (a branch of the Pakalomattam family), came and settled in Kozhencherry on the banks of river Pampa. Later they moved to Maramon, and lived at Chackkalyil, on the other side of the river. The second son in that family, Mathen moved to a nearby house at Palakunnathu. He had six sons and a daughter. The daughter was married to Mallapally Pavoothikunnel family and the first four sons moved to Themoottil, Neduvelil (Kozhenchery), Periyilel and Punamadom (Othera). The fifth son was a hermit priest (sanyasi achen). As was the custom, the youngest son Mathew lived at Palakunnathu family house. (This house still exists). Abraham Malpan, leader of reformation in Malankara church was the second son of Mathew. Thomas Mar Athanasius Metropolitan and Titus I Mar Thoma Metropolitan (Marthoma Metropolitan I) were the sons of Abraham Malpan.

A number of other Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church leaders were also born in this family. Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan and Titus I Mar Thoma Metropolitan (Marthoma Metropolitan I) were from this family. The present head of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan (Marthoma Metropolitan VII), is also from this family.

### Early age

P.J. Dethos (the Aramaic form of the name *Titus*) was born on 6 May 1866 as the youngest son of Maramon Palakunnathu Joseph (brother of Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan) and Mavelikara Vadakkethalackal Mariamma.

After primary education at Maramon he joined Kottayam seminary. He was at C.M.S. High school, Kottayam and at St. Joseph's school, Trivandrum, before returning home to study Syriac.

### Ordination

He was ordained by Thomas Mar Athanasius Metropolitan in 1889 and was appointed as assistant vicar in his home parish at Maramon church.

He was elected as a member of the Managing Committee (now known as Sabha Council) and a Representative Assembly (now known as Prathinidhi Mandalam) of the church. During this period he took active participation in the consecration of Titus I Mar Thoma.

## Consecration

### Malankara throne

After the great swearing – Coonen Cross Oath in 1653, it became necessary to appoint a bishop. For this purpose, a special chair was made and Mar Thoma I the first bishop of Malankara church was enthroned. This throne, used for the consecration of Mar Thoma I, is in the possession of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church and is kept at Tiruvalla, It has been used in the installation of every Mar Thoma Metropolitan, to this day, so that the continuity of the throne of Mar Thoma is ensured. This was the throne used for the consecration of Mar Thoma XVI, Titus II Mar Thoma Metropolitan.

In 1896, the Representative Assembly of the church decided to consecrate Rev. P.J. Dethos as the successor of Titus I Mar Thoma. On 9 December 1896, Rev. P.J. Dethos was consecrated by Titus I Mar Thoma with the assistance of Geevarghese Mar Koorilose V (Karumamkuzhi Pulikkottil) Metropolitan of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church with the Episcopal title Thithoos Dwitheeyan Mar Thoma Metropolitan (Titus II Mar Thoma). It was held in Puthencavu palli, one of the biggest churches in Kerala at that time.

### As suffragan Metropolitan

He was given proper training and guidance by Titus I Mar Thoma. It was a period when the church was growing. This continued until the end of his life in 1944. For eleven years he was suffragan Metropolitan and was able to consecrate 33 new parishes.

### Enthronement

Titus I Mar Thoma, died on 20 October 1909. The enthronement of Titus II Mar Thoma took place on 20 October 1909 at puthencavu church

## Administration

### Church

A number of important decisions were taken during this time.

The faction of the Malankara church that was known as Bava Kakshi decided to have the name Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church.(*Synonym*: Mar Thoma Church.*Eponym* of St. Thomas disciple of Jesus Christ) Poolatheen, residence of the Metropolitan was built at Tiruvalla on 1919. After losing the Seminary case in 1889, the church lost possession of most of the churches. So most of the parishioners had their worship services in temporary sheds. During the time of Titus II permanent buildings were constructed for the parishes.

### Parishes

Many of the parishes of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church were established by the laity. After forming a congregation, they inform the Metropolitan for approval as a parish and to send a priest. The first such parish formed outside India was the Klang parish in Malaysia in 1936.

## Finance

In 1937, Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church made an unusual decision, that all activities of the Church should be carried out by voluntary contributions from its members. Though there was some skepticism in the beginning, it was a great leap forward for the church.

### Organizations

A number of organizations were started during his tenure. Mar Thoma Evangelistic Association (1888), Maramon Convention (1895), Mar Thoma Sunday School Samjam (1905), Mar Thoma Suvisesha Sevika Sanghom (1919), Mar Thoma Voluntary Evangelists' Association (1924), Mar Thoma Yuvajana Sakhyam (1933).

### Schools & colleges

Some of the schools that were opened during his time: S.C. Seminary School, Tiruvalla (1902), Kozhencherry School (1904), Maramon School (1918, Kottayam Theological College (1923) Tiruvalla S.C. Training School (1925).

Union Christian College Aluva, one of the prominent educational institutions in Kerala state in South India was founded in 1921 as a joint effort of four churches in Kerala: Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Church of South India and Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church.

## Successors

Even before Marett Rev. M. N. Abraham was ordained as a deacon in 1911, the church leaders unanimously decided to select him as a bishop of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church. He was consecrated as an episcopa on 27 December 1917 at Tiruvalla and was given the episcopal title, Abraham Mar Thoma Suffragan Metropolitan.

Because the number of parishes increased, the Representative Assembly (Mandalam) decided to have two more bishops. They selected Ayroor Cherukara Rev. C. M. John and Ayroor Kurudamannil Rev. C. T. Mathew. They were consecrated as episcopal on 30 December 1937 at Tiruvalla. Rev. C. M. John was given the title Juhanon Mar Timotheos and Rev. C. T. Mathew was given the title Mathews Mar Athanasius.

## Last days

Titus II Metropolitan was a diabetic for a long time. By 1941 he lost his eyesight also. At this time, he was helped by the other Metropolitans. On Thursday 6 July 1944, Titus II Metropolitan died. He was interred in the Bishops' cemetery in the SCS Compound, Tiruvalla.

## Further reading

* Juhanon Marthoma Metropolitan, The Most Rev. Dr. (1952). *Christianity in India and a Brief History of the Marthoma Syrian Church*. Pub: K.M. Cherian.
* Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). *Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History*. London, England. ISBN 8190085441.
* Chacko, T. C. (1936) *Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charithra Samgraham* (Concise History of Marthoma Church), Pub: E.J. Institute, Kompady, Tiruvalla.
* Eapen, Prof. Dr. K. V. (2001). *Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram* (History of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, Kottayam.
* Mathew, N. M. *Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram* (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1 (2006), Volume II (2007), Volume III (2008). Pub. E.J.Institute, Thiruvalla.

## InfoBox

| His Beatitude The Most Reverend Aboon
Titus II Mar Thoma XVI
Mar Thoma Metropolitan | |
| --- | --- |
| of the Apostolic Throne of St Thomas | |
|  | |
| Installed | 5 November 1909 |
| Term ended | 6 July 1944 |
| Predecessor | Titus I Mar Thoma |
| Successor | Abraham Mar Thoma |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1889 |
| Consecration | 9 December 1894 |
| Rank | Mar Thoma Metropolitan (Ecclesiastical Title of the Head of the Ancient Indian Church) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Joseph Titus Palakunnathu
6 May 1866
Maramon |
| Died | 6 July 1944(1944-07-06) (aged 78)
Tiruvalla |
| Buried | Tiruvalla |


title: Titus Herminius Aquilinus

abstract: Titus Herminius, surnamed Aquilinus, was one of the heroes of the Roman Republic. He participated in two of the most famous conflicts that attended the birth of the Republic, and was elected consul in 506 BC. However, his greatest fame was won as one of the defenders of the Sublician bridge against the army of Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium.

text:
# Titus Herminius Aquilinus

**Titus Herminius**, surnamed **Aquilinus** (died 498/496 BC), was one of the heroes of the Roman Republic. He participated in two of the most famous conflicts that attended the birth of the Republic, and was elected consul in 506 BC. However, his greatest fame was won as one of the defenders of the Sublician bridge against the army of Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium.

## Background

The Herminii were a patrician family at Rome during the early years of the Republic. The Romans themselves regarded the family as Etruscan, and they were one of the few Roman *gentes* to use distinctly Etruscan *praenomina*; Lars Herminius held the consulship in 448 BC. However, in the legend of the Sublician bridge, Titus Herminius may have represented the Sabine element of the Roman people.

## War with Clusium

Following the expulsion of the king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus from Rome in 509 BC, Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium, resolved to conquer Rome, either to restore the Etruscan monarchy, or possibly for himself. The following year he went to war with Rome, and advanced with his army upon the city. After successfully capturing those parts of the city on the Etruscan side of the Tiber, including the Janiculum, the Clusian army approached the *Pons Sublicius*, a wooden bridge leading into the city proper. The Roman forces withdrew to the eastern side of the river, as engineers began the work of destroying the bridge's supports. Three Romans remained on the bridge to fend off the Etruscans: Publius Horatius Cocles, Spurius Larcius, and Herminius.

Niebuhr suggests a symbolic importance to these three men: each represented one of the three ancient *tribes* making up the Roman populace: the *Ramnes*, or Latins, represented by Horatius; the *Titienses*, or Sabines, represented by Herminius, and the *Luceres*, or Etruscans, represented by Lartius.

The bridge was too narrow for more than a few of the approaching army to advance upon its defenders at once, and according to the legend, they held their ground until the bridge was about to collapse. Horatius then urged his colleagues to retreat to safety, leaving him alone on the bridge. There he remained, fighting off one attacker after another, until the bridge at last gave way and plunged into the river. Horatius then jumped into the river. Accounts vary as to whether Horatius survived and swam to shore, or was drowned in the Tiber; in most accounts he survived, but according to Polybius, he defended the bridge alone, and perished in the river.

Lartius and Herminius appear again in the war with Clusium, commanding troops as part of a trap devised by the consul Publius Valerius Publicola to capture Etruscan raiding parties.

## Consulship

Herminius was elected consul in 506 BC, the fourth year of the Republic, with Spurius Lartius, his companion on the bridge, as his colleague. No significant events occurred during their year of office, and Niebuhr suggests that their names may have been inserted in the consular fasti to fill the gap of one year (perhaps due to Lars Porsena holding the city). Their successors sent a delegation to meet with the envoys of Porsena, and established a treaty, by which the Etruscan King gave up his claims to Rome.

## Battle of Lake Regillus

In 498/496 BC, war erupted between Rome and the Latins. Many of the Latin towns had been allies of Rome during the final days of the Roman monarchy; some continued this alliance, while others sided with the Tarquins, who sought to regain the throne. The Latin league was led by Octavius Mamilius, a prince of Tusculum, and the son-in-law of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last King of Rome. To meet the Latin army, the Romans appointed a dictator, Aulus Postumius Albus, and his *magister equitum*, Titus Aebutius Elva. Herminius was a general officer in the Roman expeditionary force, which encountered the army near Lake Regillus.

During the course of the battle, Aebutius, the *magister equitum*, spotted Mamilius and engaged him on horseback. The two men met with great fury, and each suffered serious injuries. Aebutius was forced to retire from the battle, and direct his cavalry from a distance, while Mamilius was taken to the rear. The Latin commander returned to the fray in order to save a company of Roman exiles, who were about to be cut off by Postumius, and in so doing he was recognized by Herminius.

In the ensuing charge, described by the historian Livy as occurring with even greater ferocity than the clash with Aebutius, Herminius killed the Latin dictator with a single thrust through the body. He then stooped to strip the armour from the fallen prince, but was mortally wounded by a javelin. He was carried living to the rear, but he died as his wounds were being dressed.

## In literature

The stand of Herminius and his companions against Lars Porsena at the Sublician Bridge in 508 BC is celebrated in Macaulay's *Lays of Ancient Rome*, the most famous of which is *Horatius*.

## Footnotes

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology*. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)

## InfoBox

| Titus Herminius Aquilinus | |
| --- | --- |
| Lars Porsena (in chariot), flanked by Octavius Mamilius, surveys Rome before the Battle of the Sublician Bridge (508 BC), at which Herminius won everlasting fame. Herminius would slay Mamilius at the Battle of Lake Regillus (498/496 BC). Illustration by John Reinhard Weguelin for Macaulay's *Lays of Ancient Rome*. | |
|  | |
| Consul of the Roman Republic | |
| **In office**
506 BC  505 BCServing with Spurius Larcius | |
| Preceded by | Publius Valerius Publicola, Marcus Horatius Pulvillus |
| Succeeded by | Marcus Valerius Volusus, Publius Postumius Tubertus |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Ancient Rome |
| Died | 498 BC
Ancient Rome |
|  | |


title: Ed Flanagan (baseball)

abstract: Edward F. Flanagan, was an American professional baseball player who played first base in the Major Leagues during the 1887 and 1889 seasons. He played in the minor leagues through 1899.

text:
# Ed Flanagan (baseball)

**Edward F. Flanagan** (September 15, 1861 – November 10, 1926), was an American professional baseball player who played first base in the Major Leagues during the 1887 and 1889 seasons. He played in the minor leagues through 1899.

## InfoBox

| Ed Flanagan | |
| --- | --- |
| **First baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1861-09-15)September 15, 1861
Lowell, Massachusetts | |
| **Died:** November 10, 1926(1926-11-10) (aged 65)
Lowell, Massachusetts | |
| **Batted:** Unknown**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 16, 1887, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 8, 1889, for the Louisville Colonels | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .250 |
| Hits | 168 |
| Runs batted in | 23 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Ebodina lagoana

abstract: Ebodina lagoana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nigeria.

text:
# Ebodina lagoana

***Ebodina lagoana*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nigeria.

## InfoBox

| *Ebodina lagoana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Ebodina* |
| Species: | ***E. lagoana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ebodina lagoana***<br>Razowski & Tuck, 2000 | |
|


title: Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg

abstract: Count Phillip III of Hanau-Münzenberg ruled the County of Hanau-Münzenberg from 1529 until his death.

text:
# Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg

Count **Phillip III of Hanau-Münzenberg** (30 November 1526  14 November 1561) ruled the County of Hanau-Münzenberg from 1529 until his death.

## Life

Philipp III was the second son of Philipp II (born: 17 August 1501; died: 28 March 1529) and his wife, Countess Juliana of Stolberg (born: 15 February 1506; died: 18 June 1580). Philipp III's elder brother died young; Philipp III was only three years old when he inherited the county. His mother and relatives petitioned the Reichskammergericht to establish a regency council. The council consisted of:

* Countess Juliana of Stolberg, Philipp III's mother
* Count William "the Rich" of Nassau-Siegen. He was Philipp's first cousin twice removed (a grandson of John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Philipp's great-great-grandfather). He married Philipp's mother during the regency.
* Count Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, Philipp's uncle (a younger brother of Philipp II). He appears to have done most of the work in the council, however, he died in 1534.
* Count Reinhard I of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, Philipp's first cousin once removed.

There was a problem: Philipp II had demanded that his younger brother Balthasar would waive his claims on Hanau-Münzenberg before he could become a regent. A deed to this effect had been prepared, but Philipp II had died before he could seal the deed. It was argued that this deed was not legally valid, because it had not been sealed, and that Balthasar therefore had a claim to rule Hanau-Münzenberg himself and that this potential claim stood in the way of his becoming a regent. This problem was resolved by arguing that Philipp II, by not sealing the deed before his death, had implicitly withdrawn his demand.

Philipp III and his younger brother Reinhard of Hanau-Münzenberg studied at the universities of Mainz and Ingolstadt. They then made a Grand Tour to Antwerp, Mechelen, Leuven, Brussels, Breda and Strasbourg and then to Buchsweiler (now: Bouxwiller in France), the "capital" of Hanau-Lichtenberg, where they visited their relatives. From Buchsweiler, they travelled to France, where they studied at Orléans and Bourges.

## Reign

### Reformation

During his reign  in fact, while the regency council was ruling on his behalf  the Reformation took hold in the County of Hanau-Münzenberg. Among his regency council, his uncle Balthasar was supporting the reformation, while Count Reinhard I of Solms-Lich-Hohensolms was opposed to it. Initially, the reformation was introduced gradually: when church staff retired, their successor would be a Lutheran. As early as 1523, the pastor Adolf Arborgast was included in the chapter of the St. Mary's church. When he was appointed, he explained that he wanted to spend little effort on vespers and the daily mass, but would instead concentrate on his sermons and putting forward the Gospel. The real reformer of Hanau was his successor Philipp Neunheller MA; during his time in office, the new faith gained more and more ground. The Catholic faith was never officially banned. The number of Catholic priests steadily decreased, as they were not replaced when they retired.

### Ruling on his own

In 1544, Count Philipp was declared an adult, although he was only 18 years old and the age of consent was 25 under the Jus commune. Apparently, his guardians wanted to liberate themselves from this annoying task, even if they still had to act as guardians for Philipp's younger brother Reinhard.

In 1561, Count Philipp III purchased Naumburg Castle, the former Naumburg Abbey in Wetterau, including the Jus patronatus of Bruchköbel, Oberissigheim and Kesselstadt, villages within the county of Hanau-Münzenberg.

During his reign, the renovation of Hanau City Castle and the construction of Fortress Hanau were completed. He also paid the imperial tax for the Turkish War.

### Inheriting Rieneck

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

Count Philipp III of Rieneck co-operated closely with Count Philipp III of Hanau-Münzenberg on the issue of the Reformation and on other issue. As it was foreseeable that the Count of Rienieck would die without a male heir, he asked Emperor Karl V for permission to bequeath Rieneck to Hanau. Permission was granted in 1555. One argument used for this permission was the similarity between the coats of arms of Rieneck and Hanau, which suggested that they had from a common ancestor, which was actually not the case.

Since Emperor Karl V abdicated in the same year, Count Philipp III of Hanau-Münzenberg attempted to ask his successor Emperor Ferdinand I to confirm the permission at the Diet of Augsburg of 1558. He had, however, forgotten to bring the charter sealed by Karl, to that Ferdinand could not confirm it. Philipp III of Rieneck died on 3 September 1559, before this error could be corrected. His territory fell back to the Archbishopric of Mainz and the Bishopric of Würzburg. Philipp III of Hanau could only inherit the coat of arms and the title of "Count of Rieneck".

## Death

Count Philipp III died on 14 November 1561 after six years of illness and was buried before the high altar of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau on the right side. Two Renaissance epitaphs, for Philipp and his wife, were created by Johann von Trarbach and mounted on the southern wall of the choir. These epitaphs were preserved until this day.

The Counts of Hanau-Münzenberg usually died between the ages of 20 and 40, leaving an underage son as their successor. Presumably, they suffered from some hereditary disease - which disease is unknown. Nine successive counts died of a disease before the age of 40; this is unlikely to be a coincidence.

## Marriage and issue

On 22 November 1551 Count Philipp III married Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern. They had five children:

1. Philipp Ludwig I (21 November 1553  4 February 1580).
2. Dorothea (4 February 1556  September 1638), married firstly Count Anton of Oldenburg and secondly Count Volrad of Gleichen-Kranichfeld-Ehrenstein-Blankenhain.
3. Reinhard Wilhelm (28 September 1557  17 February 1558); he was buried in the choir of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau.
4. Johann Philipp (6 November 1559  22 April 1560), also buried in the choir of St. Mary's Church in Hanau
5. Maria (20 January 1562  15 February 1605), born posthumously, died unmarried.

The coats of arms of Count Philipp III and Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern can be seen at the main entrance to St. Mary's Church in Hanau  unfortunately, due to environmental weathering, they are in a poor condition.

## Ancestors

* Adrian Willem Eliza Dek: *De Afstammelingen van Juliana van Stolberg tot aan het jaar van de vrede van Munster*, Zaltbommel, 1968.
* Reinhard Dietrich: *Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen*, in: *Hanauer Geschichtsblätter*, vol. 34, Hanau, 1996, ISBN 3-9801933-6-5.
* Reinhard Suchier: *Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses*, in: *Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894*, Hanau, 1894.
* Reinhard Suchier: *Die Grabmonumente und Särge der in Hanau bestatteten Personen aus den Häusern Hanau und Hessen*, in: *Programm des Königlichen Gymnasiums zu Hanau*, Hanau 1879, pp. 1–56.
* Ernst J. Zimmermann: *Hanau Stadt und Land*, 3rd ed., Hanau, 1919, reprinted 1978.

## Footnotes

1. Theodor Ruf: *Hanau und Rieneck. Über das wechselhafte Verhältnis zweier benachbarter Adelsgeschlechter im Mittelalter*, in: *Neues Magazin für Hanauische Geschichte*, vol. 8, issue 6, p. 300-311 (308)
2. After his funeral, a funeral sermon for him appeared in Hanau: Hessian State Archive Marburg, file 81, Hanau Government, A 28,3(2)

## InfoBox

| Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Epitaph of Philipp III in the St. Mary's Church in Hanau | |
| Born | (1526-11-30)30 November 1526 |
| Died | 14 November 1561(1561-11-14) (aged 34) |
| Noble family | House of Hanau |
| Spouse(s) | Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern |
| Father | Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg |
| Mother | Juliana of Stolberg |


title: Rhabdoblennius papuensis

abstract: Rhabdoblennius papuensis, the Papuan blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western Pacific ocean, around Papua New Guinea. This species reaches a length of 3.9 centimetres (1.5 in) SL. In 2004, this species along with Rhabdoblennius nigropunctatus, became the most recently described members of the genus Rhabdoblennius.

text:
# Rhabdoblennius papuensis

***Rhabdoblennius papuensis***, the **Papuan blenny**, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western Pacific ocean, around Papua New Guinea. This species reaches a length of 3.9 centimetres (1.5 in) SL. In 2004, this species along with *Rhabdoblennius nigropunctatus*, became the most recently described members of the genus *Rhabdoblennius*.

## InfoBox

| *Rhabdoblennius papuensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Blenniidae |
| Genus: | *Rhabdoblennius* |
| Species: | ***R. papuensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhabdoblennius papuensis***
Bath, 2004 | |
|