title: Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Bridge

abstract: The Kentucky & Indiana Bridge is one of the first multi modal bridges to cross the Ohio River. It is for both railway and common roadway purposes together. Federal, state, and local law state that railway, streetcar, wagon-way, and pedestrian modes of travel were intended by the cites of New Albany and Louisville, the states of Kentucky and Indiana, the United States Congress, and the bridge owners. The K&I Bridge connects Louisville, Kentucky, to New Albany, Indiana. Constructed from 1881 to 1885 by the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge Company, the original K&I Bridge opened in 1886. It included a single standard gauge track and two wagon ways, allowing wagons and other animal powered vehicles to cross the Ohio River by a method other than ferry for the first time. At that time, motorized vehicles were virtually nonexistent. The K&I Bridge company also owned a ferry boat operation during both the first and second bridge; eventually that operation was sold as the bridge's success largely outmoded boat usage.

text:
# Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Bridge

The **Kentucky & Indiana Bridge** is one of the first multi modal bridges to cross the Ohio River. It is for both railway and common roadway purposes together. Federal, state, and local law state that railway, streetcar, wagon-way, and pedestrian modes of travel were intended by the cites of New Albany and Louisville, the states of Kentucky and Indiana, the United States Congress, and the bridge owners. The K&I Bridge connects Louisville, Kentucky, to New Albany, Indiana. Constructed from 1881 to 1885 by the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge Company, the original K&I Bridge opened in 1886. It included a single standard gauge track and two wagon ways, allowing wagons and other animal powered vehicles to cross the Ohio River by a method other than ferry for the first time. At that time, motorized vehicles were virtually nonexistent. The K&I Bridge company also owned a ferry boat operation during both the first and second bridge; eventually that operation was sold as the bridge's success largely outmoded boat usage.

## Original bridge

### Purpose of the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge

The Kentucky & Indiana Bridge, which spans the Ohio River at the Falls of the Ohio, was designed to connect the cities of New Albany, Indiana and Louisville, Kentucky, and to bring their residents closer together. Citizens of New Albany and Louisville who conceived the bridge described its purpose in the Articles of Association for the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge Company filed with the recorder of Floyd County, Indiana, on March 7, 1881. The bridge founders declared that the object and purpose of the Kentucky & Indiana Bridge Company was to construct, own, and operate a bridge from a point in the city of New Albany, Indiana, across the Ohio River to a point in the city of Louisville, Kentucky, for both railway and common roadway purposes together*.* The bridge and its approaches cost $1,500,000.

### Alignment with existing roads

The alignment of the K&I is along America's ancient roads known as the Great Buffalo Trace and Wilderness Road. People have crossed at the limestone and coral rapids for 8,000 years. This strategic location has the only waterfall cascade on the 1,000-mile (1,600 km) Ohio and Mississippi River.

In Louisville, this route offered the most rapid connection to U.S. Route 150 or Dixie Highway heading southwest and Lexington Road heading southwest. In Indiana between Vincennes and New Albany, the road follows the original route of the Buffalo Trace.

### Public right of way

Each level of government, federal, state, and city, preserved its right of way and established speed limits across the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge. In doing that, Louisville city leaders also mandated that the purpose of the bridge was for four modes of transportation: railroad, streetcar, vehicle, and pedestrian purposes. The city of Louisville and Federal Government also declared the K&I Bridge a postal route and retained its right of way in perpetuity.

### Safety in design

Designer Mace Moulton, a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, highlighted the K&I Bridge design, which included safety innovations, at the National Conference of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1887. He chose Ohio River location in Louisville across the Falls of the Ohio, where it has the least width. This gave residents of New Albany and Louisville a shorter and independent entrance to their cities.

The railroad track was placed in the center between two trusses with a roadway on the outside of each truss, supported on projecting brackets, and with sidewalks on either side of the railroad track and inside the main trusses. Designers used high visual screens along the roadway to calm horses and livestock and to keep drivers focused on the roadway and not distracted by trains.

On both the Louisville and New Albany sides, the common roadway and railway tracks are grade separated or completely independent.

### Publicity for opening

Publicity for the opening of the Kentucky and Indiana bridge was substantial as even the Library of Congress joined in advertising the grand opening of the bridge. They wrote: "There is in the course of construction at this time (1885), and about completed, a bridge across the Ohio, between Louisville and New Albany, Indiana. The bridge at Louisville is to have a railroad track, a passageway for the vehicles, streetcars, and a walk-way for foot passengers."

### Safety of the common roadway in use

Kentucky & Indiana Bridge had a remarkable safety rating. Experts at the time ranked it among the safest of any major bridge in the United States. This was due to the narrow roadway lanes that induced slow driving speed and grade-separated crossings that kept the trains and roads on different vertical elevations where the road and rail routes crossed. The K&I Bridge Board of Directors reported, "The common roadway has been operated with remarkable freedom from accidents. The few that have occurred have been of trivial character with no loss of life or limb to any person."

### Light rail

Upon opening, the bridge company also offered the Daisy Line, an early steam locomotive commuter train service. In 1893, the Daisy Line trains became electrified, the first steam to electric conversion in the U.S. The train was subject of feature articles in technical journals and was pictured in *Engineering News*. Louisville's heavy rail electrification even preceded the electrification of the famous Chicago's 'L' trains by two years.

Passengers traveled in multi-unit three-car elevated electric trains from 1st, 4th, and 7th Street elevated stations and other stations en route between Louisville and New Albany. This rapid transit service was wildly popular, with its 15-minute service and convenient schedules from 6am to midnight, ridership soared exponentially from day one. By 1906, a ridership survey found 3,425 commuter passengers crossing daily and 1,250,000 passengers per year, crossing the K&I Bridge on these rapid electric trains. Even by modern standards this would be considered a heavily used line.

Expenditures for replacing wooden bridge railings and retrofitting the west Louisville wooden elevated segments with steel resulted in receivership for the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge Company. The company reorganized in 1899 as the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge and Railroad Company. There was no interruption of the electric commuter train or other bridge heavy rail, line hauled freight and passenger trains.

In late 1907, the new company sold its commuter train equipment to another company, completely exiting the commuter rail business. By spring of 1908, the elevated line in west Louisville, the downtown Louisville elevated trackage and elevated stations were no longer used.

In March 1908, the new operator changed all of the equipment gauge, making crossings via a broad gauge gauntlet track over the bridge, with a down ramp immediately afterward, to connect to Louisville's 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge streetcar tracks. The 1908 version of service was essentially converted to trolleys including single car runs, but two car trains were retained for rush hour to meet the heavy patronage and ridership expectations built up over the decades.

## Replacement bridge

In 1910, the bridge company was renamed the Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Railroad Co. From 1910 to 1912, a new, heavier bridge was built on new piers just upstream from the original one, after which the old bridge was demolished. The new bridge was double tracked to handle increasingly heavier train and now automobile traffic, eventually receiving the U.S. 31W designation.

The bridge also featured a rotating swing span opening for the passage of ships in high water. The bridge was opened only four times, twice for testing in 1913 and 1915, then in 1916 for the passage of the steamer *Tarascon* and in 1920 for passage of the Australian convict ship *Success*. In 1948, the company refused to open the span for passage of the steamer *Gordon C. Greene*, citing inconvenience and costs of cutting power and communication lines, an action for which K&I and LG&E both paid damages to that ship's company. In 1955, the K&I sought and received permission to permanently tie down the swing span from the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. In 1952, creosoted wood block roadways of the second bridge were eliminated and replaced by a steel gridwork roadway.

### Roadway closure, proposed reopening

On February 1, 1979, an overweight dump truck caused a small segment of the steel grate roadway on the bridge to sag about 1 foot (0.30 m). A quick survey promised to reopen the roadway, but automotive traffic was banned thereafter by the railroad.

Since that time, various groups have sought to reopen the vehicle lanes, either for motor vehicles or for pedestrians. In 2011 and 2012, the nearby Sherman Minton Bridge was closed when inspectors found cracks in some of the primary load-bearing parts of the superstructure, leading to inquiries as to whether the K&I Bridge roadways could be reopened. The inquiries increased when news media saw trucks using the closed roadways. Norfolk Southern said that the trucks were used by their maintenance crews, and that the bridge is "unavailable for public use".

Proposals to turn the roadway lanes into pedestrian-only usage have also been rebuffed by Norfolk Southern, citing liability concerns. One proposal would include the K&I Bridge as part of a larger trail along the Ohio River, which would include the Big Four Bridge that was converted to pedestrian use between Louisville and Jeffersonville, Indiana.

### Train fire

On June 30, 2014, a Norfolk Southern freight train crossing the bridge caught fire, closing the bridge for more than 17 hours and backing up traffic on NS lines as far away as Cincinnati, Ohio, and Somerset, Kentucky. The fire occurred in containers loaded with tea bags and children's toys. The fire was fought from both the bridge itself and from the river below the bridge. The train was eventually pulled off the bridge to fully contain the fire.

* Kleber, John E. *Encyclopedia of Louisville*. (University Press of Kentucky). pp. 460–461.

## InfoBox

| Kentucky & Indiana Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| The bridge seen from the Indiana side in 2006 | |
| Coordinates | 38°16′58.21″N 85°48′5.83″W / 38.2828361°N 85.8016194°W / 38.2828361; -85.8016194 |
| Crosses | Ohio River |
| Locale | Louisville, Kentucky and New Albany, Indiana |
| Maintained by | Norfolk Southern Railway |
| Characteristics | |
| Total length | 6,000 ft (1,830 m) |
| Width | 70 ft (21 m) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1912 (current bridge); 1885 (original bridge) |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Kentucky (Black Stone Cherry album)

abstract: Kentucky is the fifth studio album by American band Black Stone Cherry. It was released on April 1, 2016, through Mascot Records.

text:
# Kentucky (Black Stone Cherry album)

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 80/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Revolver Magazine |  |

***Kentucky*** is the fifth studio album by American band Black Stone Cherry. It was released on April 1, 2016, through Mascot Records.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Black Stone Cherry unless stated otherwise

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Way of the Future" |  | 3:53 |
| 2. | "In Our Dreams" |  | 3:49 |
| 3. | "Shakin' My Cage" |  | 4:10 |
| 4. | "Soul Machine" |  | 4:01 |
| 5. | "Long Ride" |  | 4:03 |
| 6. | "War" (Edwin Starr cover) | Norman Whitfield, Barrett Strong | 4:07 |
| 7. | "Hangman" |  | 3:57 |
| 8. | "Cheaper to Drink Alone" |  | 3:51 |
| 9. | "Rescue Me" |  | 3:47 |
| 10. | "Feelin' Fuzzy" |  | 3:15 |
| 11. | "Darkest Secret" |  | 4:01 |
| 12. | "Born to Die" |  | 4:33 |
| 13. | "The Rambler" |  | 5:09 |
| Total length: | | | 52:32 |

iTunes Deluxe Edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "I Am the Lion" | 3:35 |
| 15. | "Evil" (Cactus cover) | 4:11 |

Exclusive Edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14. | "Love Runs Out" (OneRepublic cover) | Ryan Tedder, Brent Kutzle, Drew Brown, Zach Filkins, Eddie Fisher | 4:15 |
| 15. | "Coyote" |  | 4:43 |
| 16. | "Mississippi Queen" (Mountain cover) | Corky Laing, Felix Pappalardi, David Rea, Leslie West | 3:21 |

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 13 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 81 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 82 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 100 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 21 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 92 |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 97 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 14 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 5 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 40 |
| US Digital Albums (*Billboard*) | 18 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 5 |

## InfoBox

| Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Black Stone Cherry | |
| Released | April 1, 2016 |
| Recorded | Barrick Recording Studio, Glasgow |
| Genre | Hard rock, Southern rock, alternative metal, post-grunge |
| Length | 52:32 |
| Label | Mascot |
| Producer | Black Stone Cherry |
| Black Stone Cherry chronology | |
| *Magic Mountain*
(2014) ***Kentucky***
(2016) *Black to Blues*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Kentucky* | |
| 1. "The Way of the Future"
Released: December 18, 2015 2. "In Our Dreams"
Released: January 22, 2016 3. "The Rambler"
Released: February 25, 2016 4. "Soul Machine"
Released: August 24, 2016 5. "Cheaper to Drink Alone"
Released: March 14, 2017 | |
|  | |


title: Rubie Drummond-Nairne Warner

abstract: Rubie Drummond-Nairne Warner, known also by her marital name Mrs. Somerset, was a pioneer female scholar of medieval English and Old Norse.

text:
# Rubie Drummond-Nairne Warner

**Rubie Drummond-Nairne Warner** (1886–27 December 1977), known also by her marital name **Mrs. Somerset**, was a pioneer female scholar of medieval English and Old Norse.

## Early life

Warner was born in 1886 to William Redston Warner, a resident of Marlow, Buckinghamshire; she had a younger brother, Douglas (1887–1916), who died in the First World War. Rubie's parents died before she turned ten.

Rubie attended Bedford High School, before proceeding to Lady Margaret Hall at the University of Oxford, under its principal Elizabeth Wordsworth. She studied 1905–7, interrupted her studies for a year due to illness, and resumed them in 1908–9, taking a third-class honours B.A. in English; Charles Lock has inferred that she would have gained a higher classification had her health been better. In her final year, she specialised in philology and Icelandic, studying with Arthur Napier and William Craigie. She was unable formally to graduate due to Oxford's prohibition at the time against women graduating.

## Career

In 1909–10, Warner worked as an assistant to the Oxford legal historian Paul Vinogradoff, enjoying financial independence for the first time. In the summer of 1910 she visited Iceland and long maintained Icelandic-language correspondence with her former hosts there. In January 1911 she began teaching as an assistant lecturer at Queen’s University, Belfast, which had recently received independent university status, through the invitation of A. O. Belfour (1883–1975), whom she had studied alongside at Oxford. Her first students included Helen Waddell, with whom she formed a lifelong friendship. At Queen's she was also to meet another lifelong friend, Maude Clarke. Initially, her employment was precarious, and she spent much of her time at home in England. In the academic year 1913–14 she visited Germany; Charles Lock remarks that "it took some courage for an English lady to travel, apparently unaccompanied, through an already hostile Germany".

With A. O. Belfour's mobilisation as a corporal in the First World War, Warner was appointed in November 1914 to the role of deputy lecturer at Queen's, acting as Head of English Language, a position she held until 1919 (at which time she was the university's highest paid woman), when Belfour resumed the role and Warner was made redundant.

In 1915 she was admitted for a BLitt at Oxford, initially under Napier (who died in 1916), which led to her 1917 Early English Text Society publication though, in the event, no qualification. However, Queen's awarded her an MA degree—the only degree from which she formally graduated—at the time of her departure in 1919.

In 1919–20 she became an Assistant Tutor at St Hilda's College, Oxford, but was unable to secure a further position, partly because of her marriage in 1921. She nonetheless continued to teach undergraduates privately from her home at Oxford until her husband's retirement in 1945.

## Family life

In 1921 Warner married the Bodleian librarian William Horace Boscawen Somerset (1880–1946), whom she had met when she engaged him to teach her ancient Greek in an effort to bolster her job prospects. The couple had a son and a daughter, FitzRoy Douglas Boscawen Somerset (1923–) and Helen Jane Boscawen Somerset (1925–).

## Major publications

* *Early English Homilies from the Twelfth-Century M.S. Vespasian D. XIV*, Early English Text Society, Original Series, 115 (London: Early English Text Society, 1917)
* *Some Important Points in Historical English Grammar* (Oxford: Blackwell, 1928).


title: Roter See (Brüel)

abstract: Roter See is a lake in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of 23.1 m, its surface area is 0.071 km⁲.

text:
# Roter See (Brüel)

**Roter See** is a lake in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of 23.1 m, its surface area is 0.071 km2.

## InfoBox

| Roter See | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Roter See | |
| Location | Ludwigslust-Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
| Coordinates | 53°43′9.35″N 11°43′29.8″E / 53.7192639°N 11.724944°E / 53.7192639; 11.724944 |
| Primary outflows | *none* |
| Basin countries | Germany |
|  | |
| Surface area | 0.071 km2 (0.027 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 10 m (33 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 23.1 m (76 ft) |


title: Roter Sand Lighthouse

abstract: Roter Sand is a lighthouse in the North Sea, in the Weser estuary. It entered service in 1885. The light was deactivated in 1986 but the tower still serves as a day beacon. Roter Sand Lighthouse was the first building ever to be erected directly on the sea floor.

text:
# Roter Sand Lighthouse

**Roter Sand** is a lighthouse in the North Sea, in the Weser estuary. It entered service in 1885. The light was deactivated in 1986 but the tower still serves as a day beacon. Roter Sand Lighthouse was the first building ever to be erected directly on the sea floor.

## Description

Including the foundation, Roter Sand Lighthouse is 52.5 metres (172 ft) tall. At low tide, it measures 30.7 metres (101 ft) above sea level. Its focal height is 24 metres (79 ft) above mean high tide, while the tower as such is 28 metres (92 ft) tall.

The foundation is cylindrical and protrudes 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) from the sea at low tide. The tower above is conical. It is painted with red and white bands above a black base. The order of colours is white-red-white-red-white whereby the coloured section also marks the five floors inside the tower. The entrance is located at the lower rim of the lowest white band.

The basement serves as a storage. A stairway leads from there to the sleeping room. Further up is the kitchen with a coal-heated oven, and a living and service room. The latter has three oriel windows, two of which have the same height as the room itself while the third one leads even higher. The oriels used to host minor lights and point towards North-west, South and North-east. From the service room, a balcony around the lantern can be reached via a stairway. However, it is not possible to walk all around the lantern because the higher oriel window blocks one part of the balcony.

During the 1940s, the rooms used to be different with the inside of the black sector being accessible as storage. At the entrance level, there used to be the equipment for the generation of electrical power.

## Tourism

Day trips to the lighthouse, from Bremerhaven via the vessel *Lev Taifun*, can be taken in June, July, and August. Staying overnight is also possible.

On 1 October 2010, the structure was awarded the title "Historical Monument of Engineering in Germany" (*Historisches Wahrzeichen der Ingenieurbaukunst in Deutschland*) by the Federal Chamber of Engineers.

## InfoBox

Roter Sand Lighthouse
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Offshore, mouth of the Weser River<br>German Bight |
| Coordinates | 53°51′18″N 8°04′45″E / 53.855°N 8.079167°E / 53.855; 8.079167 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1885 |
| Foundation | steel caisson basement |
| Construction | cast iron |
| Height | 28 metres (92 ft) |
| Shape | tapered cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | tower with horizontal white and red bands, black basement, lantern and roof |
| Operator | Förderverein Leuchtturm Roter Sand |
| Heritage | kulturdenkmal |
|  | |
| Light | |
| Deactivated | 1986 |
| Focal height | 24 metres (79 ft) |
|  | |


title: Kenny Dwan

abstract: Kenneth Victor Dwan is a British former rower who competed in the Olympic Games in 1968 and 1972 and won the Wingfield Sculls six times.

text:
# Kenny Dwan

**Kenneth Victor Dwan** (born 6 July 1948) is a British former rower who competed in the Olympic Games in 1968 and 1972 and won the Wingfield Sculls six times.

## Rowing career

Dwan was born in Rotherhithe, London to a family of lightermen in the Port of London. He joined Poplar Blackwall and District Rowing Club at the age of 12, initially as a cox but soon as an oarsman. When he was 15 he was apprenticed as lighterman to his grandfather Williams and this allowed him to enter the novice sculls in the National Dock Labour Board (NDLB) regatta at Putney. He won the race which included contestants of that year's Doggett's Coat and Badge Race. While he was sculling he continued working as a lighterman and worked for Humphrey & Grey starting as a boy in the tug Sir John. After two year with Humphrey & Grey he obtained his lighterman's licence and went on the dock labour pool to experience a variety of firms. During 1967 the decasualisation scheme following Devlin's report was implemented and all dock workers had to be allocated to an employer. Dwan was allocated to F.T. Everard at Greenhithe, of whom he said “The management were very good to me in allowing me time to train. I could not have wished for better employers”.

In 1968 Dwan was runner-up in the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta. He also competed for Great Britain in the single scull in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico. He reached the final and came 6th overall. Also in 1968 he won the Wingfield Sculls for the first time. He won the Wingfield Sculls again in 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1972, and won Doggett's in 1971. In 1972 he won the inaugural national single sculls title, at the 1972 National Championships before he competed again for Great Britain in the single scull in the Summer Olympics in Munich when he came ninth.

The following year he won a second single sculls title at the 1973 National Championships and then went on to win a third consecutive title at the 1974 National Championships. Dwan was runner up in the Diamond Challenge Sculls in 1974 and won the Wingfield Sculls for the sixth time in 1975 and the national single sculls for a fourth time at the 1975 National Championships (a record equalled in 1990 by Simon Larkin).

## Business career

In 1977 Dwan was accepted as one of Royal Watermen during the Queen's Jubilee Year. Dwan continued to work as a lighterman, but with severance at the docks, he decided to work for himself and withdrew from lighterage and rowing at the same time. For a while he worked on the building of the Thames Barrier, and then on pleasure boats on the River Thames. He then went into business with Bill Ludgrove and set up their own company Thames Cruises. The business grew and they bought a repair yard at Eel Pie Island. Thames Cruises owned the pleasure boat Marchioness which was sunk with loss of life in the Marchioness disaster when the pleasure boat collided with a dredger ""Bowbelle" in August 1989. The disaster was found by the Marine Accident Investigation Branch to have been caused by the poor visibility from each ship's wheelhouse, the fact that both vessels were using the centre of the river, and that no clear instructions were given to the look-out at the bow of the *Bowbelle*. Twelve years later another report by Lord Clarke also blamed poor lookouts on both vessels for the collision and criticised the owners and managers of both vessels for failing to properly instruct and monitor their crews. In 2004 Dwan was appointed Queen's Bargemaster, being responsible for the safety of the Queen when she travelled by water. However in the light of protests because of his involvement with the Marchioness disaster, he resigned.

In 2020 Dwan was hospitalized due to becoming ill from COVID-19 and recovered.

## InfoBox

Kenny Dwan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Kenneth Victor Dwan |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1948-07-06) 6 July 1948<br>Rotherhithe, London |
| Sport | |
| Club | Poplar Blackwall and District Rowing Club |


title: Frederick Ellsworth Mather

abstract: Frederick Ellsworth Mather was an American military officer, lawyer and philanthropist

text:
# Frederick Ellsworth Mather

**Frederick Ellsworth Mather** (May 23, 1809  November 9, 1900) was an American military officer, lawyer and philanthropist

## Early life

The son of Ellsworth and Laura (Wolcott) Mather, he was born in Windsor, Connecticut. He was a lineal descendant of the nonconformist, Rev. Richard Mather, who came from England to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1635, and on his father's side he was the grandson of the sister of Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth.

His father died when he was five years of age, and he was reared as a farmer's boy by his grandfather, Colonel Oliver Mather. At the age of eleven years he rescued a man and boy from drowning in a freshet.

## Education

After the death of his grandfather in 1829, he spent a few months in the office of Judge Miller, of Ellington, Connecticut, but desiring a college training he soon commenced a preparatory course, and was admitted to Yale in the second term of Sophomore year. He was a founding member of the Skull and Bones Society.

## Career

After graduation he resumed the study of law in the office of Judge Parsons and of Governor William W. Ellsworth of Hartford, Connecticut, and then entered the Yale Law School. Toward the close of 1835 he became law clerk in a New York office, and after his admission as Counselor at Law in 1838 he immediately began practice by himself. After thirty-five years of successful practice he partially withdrew from business in 1872.

In 1837 he entered the 264th Regiment, 64th Brigade, New York State Infantry, of which he was commissioned successively First Lieutenant, Captain, Lieutenant Colonel, and in 1842 General.

In 1845 he was a Democratic member of the New York State Assembly, from 1854 to 1857 a member of the Common Council of New York City, and for a number of years inspector and later trustee of the public schools.

For many years he devoted much attention to the conduct of public charities, and was an officer of the Prison Association, the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, the Sanitary Association, the Rose Beneficent Association, and others. But he was most deeply interested in medical charities. From 1851 to the close of 1889 he was President of the Demilt Dispensary, of which he was the originator. The results of a tour of inspection of hospitals and dispensaries abroad were embodied in the 25th Annual Report of this institution. He was one of the founders of the Roosevelt Hospital, and served many years as a trustee. He aided in starting the Northeastern and Northwestern Dispensaries.

## Later life

He was a member of the American Geographical Society, of the Wisconsin Historical Society, and an officer of several important business enterprises.

He was one of the originators of the New York Yale Alumni Association, and assisted in the organization of the Yale Law School Alumni Association, and of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York.

In 1882 he retired from his law practice entirely, and made a long visit abroad.

## Family

He married, in Hartford, Conn., on May 3, 1837, Ellen Pomeroy Goodrich, who died in 1871, by whom he had two sons and six daughters. He afterward married Charlotte Foster of Cumberland County, England, who died in 1884.

## Death

General Mather died of paralysis at his home in New York City, in his 92nd year. He had been unable to leave his house for six years, but had retained full possession of his faculties and a keen interest in current events until the last week.


title: Frederick Ellsworth Sickels

abstract: Frederick Ellsworth Sickels was an American inventor, best known for the invention of a cut-off valve for steam engines in 1841. Sickels grew up in New York City, where his father was Chief Health Officer. After having worked for a year for the Harlem Railroad, he apprenticed at the age of 17 at the Allaire shops, where he developed a new type of steam cut-off valve for steam engines. He had perfected his invention by 1841. Sickels obtained a patent for this invention, which he called 'Manner of constructing the apparatus for lifting, tripping, and regulating the closing of valves of steam engines' on March 20, 1842. Thurston (1878:317) relates "It was introduced by the inventor in a form which especially adapted it to use with the beam-engine used on the Eastern waters of the United States, and was adapted to stationary engines by Messrs. Thurston, Greene & Co., of Providence, R. I., who made use of it for some years before any other form of "drop cut-off" came into general use. The Sickels cut-off consisted of a set of steam-valves, usually independent of the exhaust-valves, and each raised by a catch, which could be thrown out, at the proper moment, by a wedge with which it came in contact as it rose with the opening valve. This wedge, or other equivalent device, was so adjusted that the valve should be detached and fall to its seat when the piston reached that point in its movement, after taking steam, at which expansion was to commence. From this point, no steam entering the cylinder, the piston was impelled by the expanding vapor. The valve was usually the double-poppet.". As described by Somerscales (1990:283) it was 'a quick-closing valve gear using poppet valves, and a trip gear to control the cut-off... with gravity assisted closure... Sickels used a water-filled dashpot to decelerate the valve smoothly as it approached the end of its travel.'. The device was not applied to the slide valve, which later became so ubiquitous in steam engines, but to poppet valves. These were first used by Watt for his beam engines in the 1770s or 1780s. Watt had fitted two conical valves to the upper steam passage to the steam cylinder and two to the lower passage. This is well illustrated in the text by Lardner (1840). This arrangement of two such valves per steam passage was described as the 'double-beat', 'balanced' or 'equilibrium' poppet valve by various authors. A schematic of equilibrium poppet valves appears in Buchanan and Watkins (1976) reproduced with further discussion in connection with Sickels by Somerscales (1990). However to reiterate, it is not the double poppet valve that can be attributed to Sickels, but a particular manner of its operation. In 1843 and 1845 he further improved his design. Sickel's new type of valve made high-pressure steam engines possible, and it was copied extensively and appeared soon also in the Corliss engine. Sickels sued Corliss and later others for patent infringement, but although he won these court cases, they ultimately just consumed his own modest fortune: by the time the Corliss case was decided, the patents had expired, and in at least one other case, the defendant company failed shortly before the judgment is Sickels's favor was entered. In the late 1840s, he began working on a steam-powered steering device for ships, on which he obtained U.S. patent 9713 on May 10, 1853. While the device worked, he did not succeed to find a buyer. Sickels even went to England, where he also obtained patents on his steering device, but having failed to sell his invention there either, he returned in 1867 to the U.S. In 1891 he patented a cam-operated actuating mechanism for steam poppet valves, superseding the complex mechanism he patented in 1845 and had re-issued with further documentation in 1860. Subsequently, Sickels worked as a civil engineer in the American west, building bridges and railroads. In 1891, he became the head of the National Water Works in Kansas City. On January 7 of the same year, he became a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Sickels is one of the people shown on the famous painting Men of Progress. In 2007, he was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

text:
# Frederick Ellsworth Sickels

**Frederick Ellsworth Sickels** (September 20, 1819; Gloucester County, New Jersey  March 8, 1895; Kansas City) was an American inventor, best known for the invention of a cut-off valve for steam engines in 1841.

Sickels grew up in New York City, where his father was Chief Health Officer. After having worked for a year for the Harlem Railroad, he apprenticed at the age of 17 at the Allaire shops, where he developed a new type of steam cut-off valve for steam engines. He had perfected his invention by 1841.

Sickels obtained a patent for this invention, which he called 'Manner of constructing the apparatus for lifting, tripping, and regulating the closing of valves of steam engines' on March 20, 1842 (U.S. patent number 2631). Thurston (1878:317) relates "It was introduced by the inventor in a form which especially adapted it to use with the beam-engine used on the Eastern waters of the United States, and was adapted to stationary engines by Messrs. Thurston, Greene & Co., of Providence, R. I., who made use of it for some years before any other form of "drop cut-off" came into general use. The Sickels cut-off consisted of a set of steam-valves, usually independent of the exhaust-valves, and each raised by a catch, which could be thrown out, at the proper moment, by a wedge with which it came in contact as it rose with the opening valve. This wedge, or other equivalent device, was so adjusted that the valve should be detached and fall to its seat when the piston reached that point in its movement, after taking steam, at which expansion was to commence. From this point, no steam entering the cylinder, the piston was impelled by the expanding vapor. The valve was usually the double-poppet.". As described by Somerscales (1990:283) it was 'a quick-closing valve gear using poppet valves, and a trip gear to control the cut-off ... with gravity assisted closure ... Sickels used a water-filled dashpot to decelerate the valve smoothly as it approached the end of its travel.'.

The device was not applied to the slide valve, which later became so ubiquitous in steam engines, but to poppet valves (also known as 'puppet valves' and 'drop valves'). These were first used by Watt for his beam engines in the 1770s or 1780s. Watt had fitted two conical valves to the upper steam passage to the steam cylinder and two to the lower passage. This is well illustrated in the text by Lardner (1840). This arrangement of two such valves per steam passage was described as the 'double-beat', 'balanced' or 'equilibrium' poppet valve by various authors (see e.g. Clark 1891). A schematic of equilibrium poppet valves appears in Buchanan and Watkins (1976) reproduced with further discussion in connection with Sickels by Somerscales (1990). However to reiterate, it is not the double poppet valve that can be attributed to Sickels, but a particular manner of its operation.

In 1843 and 1845 he further improved his design. Sickel's new type of valve made high-pressure steam engines possible, and it was copied extensively and appeared soon also in the Corliss engine. Sickels sued Corliss and later others for patent infringement, but although he won these court cases, they ultimately just consumed his own modest fortune: by the time the Corliss case was decided, the patents had expired, and in at least one other case, the defendant company failed shortly before the judgment is Sickels's favor was entered.

In the late 1840s, he began working on a steam-powered steering device for ships, on which he obtained U.S. patent 9713 on May 10, 1853. While the device worked, he did not succeed to find a buyer. Sickels even went to England, where he also obtained patents on his steering device, but having failed to sell his invention there either, he returned in 1867 to the U.S. In 1891 he patented a cam-operated actuating mechanism for steam poppet valves (relating back to his 1842 patent), superseding the complex mechanism he patented in 1845 and had re-issued with further documentation in 1860.

Subsequently, Sickels worked as a civil engineer in the American west, building bridges and railroads. In 1891, he became the head of the National Water Works in Kansas City. On January 7 of the same year, he became a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Sickels is one of the people shown on the famous painting *Men of Progress*. In 2007, he was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

1. National Portrait Gallery: *Men of Progress*. URL last accessed 2010-03-26.
2. *The San Francisco Call*, March 9, 1895. URL last accessed 2010-03-26.
3. Day, L.; McNeil, I.: *Biographical dictionary of the history of technology*, p. 641. Routledge 1995, ISBN 0-415-06042-7.
4. The New York Times: *Others gathered his Fruit*, obituary, April 8, 1895.
5. The Free Dictionary: *Sickels, Frederick Ellsworth*. URL last accessed 2010-03-26.
6. "Sickels".
7. Thurston, R.H. (1878). *A History of the Growth of the Steam Engine*. New York: Appleton & Co. pp. 317.
8. Somerscales, E.F.C. (1990). McNeil, Ian McNeil (ed.). *"Steam and Internal Combustion Engines" in "An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology"*. Routledge. pp. 282–83.
9. Lardner, Dionysius (1840). *The steam engine explained and illustrated*. London: Taylor and Walton. pp. 189–91.
10. Clark, Daniel K. (1891). *The Steam Engine*. London: Blackie & Son. pp. Half-vol.3, p.40.
11. Buchanan, R.A.; Watkins, G. (1976). *The Industrial Archaeology of the Stationary Steam Engine*. London: Allen Lane.
12. Somerscales 1990 op.cit.
13. "Fredk".
14. National Museum of American History: *Steam steering gear patent model Archived 2011-07-01 at the Wayback Machine*. URL last accessed 2010-03-26.
15. "And controlling the rudders oe steam vessels".
16. "Improvement in steam engines".
17. *Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Volumes 20-21*, p. 96, 1895. URL last accessed 2010-03-26.
18. National Inventors Hall of Fame: *Frederick Ellsworth Sickels Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine*. URL last accessed 2010-03-26.

Media related to Frederick Ellsworth Sickels at Wikimedia Commons


abstract: This article documents the official results of the Men's Hammer Throw event at the 1999 World Championships in Seville, Spain. There were a total number of 39 participating athletes, with the final held on Sunday 22 August 1999.

text:
# 1999 World Championships in Athletics – Men's hammer throw

This article documents the official results of the **Men's Hammer Throw** event at the **1999 World Championships** in Seville, Spain. There were a total number of 39 participating athletes, with the final held on Sunday 22 August 1999.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Karsten Kobs
*Germany (GER)* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Zsolt Németh
*Hungary (HUN)* |
| **Bronze** | Vladyslav Piskunov
*Ukraine (UKR)* |

## Schedule

| Qualification Round | |
| --- | --- |
| Group A | Group B |
| 21.08.1999  10:00h | 21.08.1999  12:00h |
| Final Round | |
| 22.08.1999  21:45h | |

## Abbreviations

* *All results shown are in metres*

| **Q** | automatic qualification |
| --- | --- |
| **q** | qualification by rank |
| **DNS** | did not start |
| **NM** | no mark |
| **WR** | world record |
| **AR** | area record |
| **NR** | national record |
| **PB** | personal best |
| **SB** | season best |

## Records

| Standing records prior to the 1999 World Athletics Championships | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| World Record | Yuriy Sedykh (URS) | **86.74 m** | August 30, 1986 | Stuttgart, West Germany |
| Event Record | Sergey Litvinov (URS) | **83.06 m** | September 1, 1987 | Rome, Italy |
| Season Best | Karsten Kobs (GER) | **82.78 m** | June 26, 1999 | Dortmund, Germany |

## Qualification

### Group A

| Rank | Overall | Athlete | Attempts | | | Distance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 1 | 1 | Karsten Kobs (GER) | **78.91** |  |  | **78.91 m** |
| 2 | 3 | Zsolt Németh (HUN) | X | 76.18 | **77.56** | **77.56 m** |
| 3 | 6 | Vladyslav Piskunov (UKR) | 76.09 | **76.99** | 76.67 | **76.99 m** |
| 4 | 8 | Olli-Pekka Karjalainen (FIN) | 74.23 | 75.11 | **75.89** | **75.89 m** |
| 5 | 9 | Nicola Vizzoni (ITA) | 75.55 | X | **75.81** | **75.81 m** |
| 6 | 12 | Vadim Khersontsev (RUS) | 71.90 | 74.29 | **75.42** | **75.42 m** |
| 7 | 13 | Lance Deal (USA) | 73.28 | 73.66 | **75.29** | **75.29 m** |
| 8 | 15 | Andrey Abduvaliyev (UZB) | 72.36 | **75.12** | 72.91 | **75.12 m** |
| 9 | 17 | Vasiliy Sidorenko (RUS) | 73.01 | **74.85** | 73.04 | **74.85 m** |
| 10 | 20 | Balázs Kiss (HUN) | **74.61** | 73.96 | X | **74.61 m** |
| 11 | 22 | Raphaël Piolanti (FRA) | 72.76 | 73.38 | **74.23** | **74.23 m** |
| 12 | 23 | Szymon Ziółkowski (POL) | 72.90 | X | **74.12** | **74.12 m** |
| 13 | 26 | András Haklits (CRO) | 71.67 | 72.89 | **73.28** | **73.28 m** |
| 14 | 27 | Alexandros Papadimitriou (GRE) | X | **72.97** | X | **72.97 m** |
| 15 | 28 | Pavel Sedláček (CZE) | 70.66 | **72.63** | 72.48 | **72.63 m** |
| 16 | 30 | Chris Harmse (RSA) | X | **71.57** | 65.06 | **71.57 m** |
| 17 | 32 | Libor Charfreitag (SVK) | X | 69.92 | **70.20** | **70.20 m** |
| 18 | 36 | Stuart Rendell (AUS) | **67.55** | X | X | **67.55 m** |
|  |  | Holger Klose (GER) | X | X | X | **NM** |

### Group B

| Rank | Overall | Athlete | Attempts | | | Distance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 1 | 2 | Igor Astapkovich (BLR) | 76.11 | **77.75** |  | **77.75 m** |
| 2 | 4 | Andriy Skvaruk (UKR) | **77.42** |  |  | **77.42 m** |
| 3 | 5 | Tibor Gécsek (HUN) | 76.47 | 75.35 | **77.27** | **77.27 m** |
| 4 | 7 | Christos Polychroniou (GRE) | 76.55 | **76.82** | Ab | **76.82 m** |
| 5 | 10 | Vladimír Maška (CZE) | **75.78** | 72.62 | 74.93 | **75.78 m** |
| 6 | 11 | Ilya Konovalov (RUS) | 74.18 | 74.63 | **75.72** | **75.72 m** |
| 7 | 14 | Koji Murofushi (JPN) | 74.04 | **75.18** | 73.68 | **75.18 m** |
| 8 | 16 | Marko Wahlman (FIN) | 74.32 | **75.04** | 74.58 | **75.04 m** |
| 9 | 18 | Heinz Weis (GER) | 74.71 | **74.71** | 72.98 | **74.71 m** |
| 10 | 19 | Kevin McMahon (USA) | **74.62** | 73.84 | X | **74.62 m** |
| 11 | 21 | Loris Paoluzzi (ITA) | 72.75 | **74.26** | X | **74.26 m** |
| 12 | 24 | David Chaussinand (FRA) | 71.64 | 72.83 | **74.02** | **74.02 m** |
| 13 | 25 | Gilles Dupray (FRA) | **73.32** | 71.70 | 69.62 | **73.32 m** |
| 14 | 29 | Maciej Pałyszko (POL) | 69.60 | **72.05** | 71.57 | **72.05 m** |
| 15 | 31 | Juan Ignacio Cerra (ARG) | 69.72 | **71.24** | 69.83 | **71.24 m** |
| 16 | 33 | Vítor Costa (POR) | 68.35 | 67.44 | **69.28** | **69.28 m** |
| 17 | 34 | Paddy McGrath (IRL) | 66.51 | **68.96** | 65.80 | **68.96 m** |
| 18 | 35 | Vadim Kolesnik (UKR) | X | **68.14** | 67.96 | **68.14 m** |
| 19 | 37 | Nikolay Davydov (KGZ) | **66.87** | 64.76 | 65.08 | **66.87 m** |
|  |  | Jan Bielecki (DEN) |  |  |  | **DNS** |

## Final

| Rank | Athlete | Attempts | | | | | | Distance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|  | Karsten Kobs (GER) | **80.24** | 78.87 | 79.90 | X | 79.12 | 78.00 | **80.24 m** |
|  | Zsolt Németh (HUN) | 74.52 | 76.15 | X | X | 77.72 | **79.05** | **79.05 m** |
|  | Vladyslav Piskunov (UKR) | 77.38 | 77.94 | 77.92 | 77.25 | **79.03** | 76.39 | **79.03 m** |
| 4 | Tibor Gécsek (HUN) | X | X | 78.16 | X | **78.95** | 73.77 | **78.95 m** |
| 5 | Andrey Skvaruk (UKR) | **78.80** | 77.35 | 77.14 | 77.87 | X | X | **78.80 m** |
| 6 | Christos Polychroniou (GRE) | 76.43 | **78.31** | X | 77.01 | 77.15 | 76.84 | **78.31 m** |
| 7 | Nicola Vizzoni (ITA) | 76.54 | 77.07 | 74.89 | 74.76 | **78.31** | X | **78.31 m** |
| 8 | Vadim Khersontsev (RUS) | 76.17 | 76.73 | X | **76.96** | 76.30 | 74.05 | **76.96 m** |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 9 | Igor Astapkovich (BLR) | 74.98 | **76.02** | 75.50 |  | | | **76.02 m** |
| 10 | Ilya Konovalov (RUS) | X | 74.52 | **75.63** |  | | | **75.63 m** |
| 11 | Olli-Pekka Karjalainen (FIN) | X | **75.59** | X |  | | | **75.59 m** |
| 12 | Vladimír Maška (CZE) | X | **75.26** | X |  | | | **75.26 m** |

* "Sevilla 99 Start Lists and Results". Archived from the original on 2000-08-16. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
* hammerthrow.wz
* trackandfieldnews


title: 2000 Football League Trophy final

abstract: The 2000 Football League Trophy Final was the 17th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Second and Third Division of the Football League. The match was played at Wembley on 16 April 2000, and was the last Football League Trophy final to be played there before the stadium closed for redevelopment. The match was contested by Bristol City and Stoke City. The match was won by Stoke City, with Graham Kavanagh and Peter Thorne scoring in the 2–1 victory.

text:
# 2000 Football League Trophy final

The **2000 Football League Trophy Final** (known as the **Auto Windscreens Shield** for sponsorship reasons) was the 17th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Second and Third Division of the Football League. The match was played at Wembley on 16 April 2000, and was the last Football League Trophy final to be played there before the stadium closed for redevelopment. The match was contested by Bristol City and Stoke City. The match was won by Stoke City, with Graham Kavanagh and Peter Thorne scoring in the 2–1 victory.

## Background

The 1999–2000 season saw both Bristol City and Stoke City involved in the race for promotion to the First Division. Stoke had been in the top six for most of the campaign whilst Bristol battled with city rivals Bristol Rovers to gain a play-off spot. The two sides had played each other twice before the final. Firstly on 14 November 1999 at Stoke's Britannia Stadium the score ending 1–1 with goals from Nicky Mohan and Brian Tinnion. The second match at Ashton Gate also ended in a draw this time 2–2 with goals from Kyle Lightbourne, Graham Kavanagh and a brace from Tony Thorpe.

## Route to the final

Both sides had a fairly easy route to the final, Bristol City were handed a first round bye whilst Stoke over came Darlington 3–2 thanks to a Kyle Lightbourne golden goal. Bristol City beat Cheltenham Town 3–1 in the second round and Stoke overcame Oldham Athletic again via a golden goal. In the quarters Bristol City eased past Bournemouth on penalties as Stoke beat Blackpool 2–1. The semi-finals saw Bristol City cruise past Reading 4–0 whilst Stoke needed a late goal from James O'Connor to progress. In the area finals Bristol City beat Exeter City 5–1 over two legs and Stoke won equality as easily beating Rochdale 4–1.

## Match review

Over 75,000 fans packed into Wembley to see Bristol City take on Stoke City in the Football League Trophy final for which Stoke fans dedicated to Stanley Matthews who had died in February 2000. Stoke made the bright start of the two sides enjoying a decent amount of possession and took the lead through Graham Kavanagh after 32 minutes after his shot beat the Robins 'keeper Billy Mercer at his near post. Leading 1–0 Stoke dropped deeper in the second half as they looked to cancel out the threat from the dangerous Scott Murray and Tony Thorpe. It looked to be working but with 15 minutes left Paul Holland headed in a corner to make the scores 1–1. However it was Stoke who had the final say, a counterattack by Stoke was halted when Bjarni Guðjónsson was fouled by Louis Carey to conceded a free-kick. Whilst Bristol complied about the awarding of the free-kick, Guðjónsson played a quick pass to Kavanagh who crossed in to Peter Thorne to earn Stoke their third win at Wembley.

## Match details

| Bristol City | 1–2 | Stoke City |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Holland  74' |  | Kavanagh  32' <br>Thorne  82' |

Wembley, LondonAttendance: 75,057Referee: K.M.Lynch

| GK **2**  Billy Mercer  DF **6**  Louis Carey  87'  DF **27**  Andy Jordan  DF **46**  Keith Millen  DF **3**  Michael Bell  MF **17**  Aaron Brown  68'  MF **26**  Scott Murray   MF **10**  Paul Holland  MF **11**  Brian Tinnion  FW **20**  Peter Beadle  FW **21**  Tony Thorpe  **Substitutes:**  GK **15**  Steve Phillips  DF **43**  Kevin Amankwaah  87'  DF **32**  Matt Hill  MF **33**  Joe Burnell  FW **34**  Damian Spencer  68'  **Manager:**  David Burnside | GK **1**  Gavin Ward  DF **5**  Nicky Mohan  DF **15**  Mikael Hansson  DF **22**  Clive Clarke  MF **2**  Brynjar Gunnarsson  MF **8**  Graham Kavanagh  MF **17**  James O'Connor   MF **25**  Bjarni Guðjónsson  MF **36**  Arnar Gunnlaugsson   62'  FW **9**  Peter Thorne  FW **12**  Kyle Lightbourne  89'  **Substitutes:**  GK **14**  Carl Muggleton  DF **32**  Anders Jacobsen  DF **34**  Richard Dryden  62'  MF **35**  Steve Melton  FW **31**  Chris Iwelumo  89'  **Manager:**  Guðjón Þórðarson |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

2000 Football League Trophy Final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1999–2000 Football League Trophy |
|  | |
| Date | 16 April 2000 |
| Venue | Wembley, London |
| Referee | K.M.Lynch (Kirk Hammerton) |
| Attendance | 75,057 |
|


title: 1999 Manenberg tornado

abstract: The 1999 Manenberg tornado was a rare tornado that occurred in the Cape Town neighborhood of Manenberg, South Africa killing five people on the night of 29 August 1999. Wind speeds were recorded reaching over 150 km per hour. The tornado killed five people and injured an additional 220. Over 5,000 residents were left homeless with 40 flats being "totally gutted". R1 million was allocated by City of Cape Town's disaster relief fund for rebuilding.

text:
# 1999 Manenberg tornado

The **1999 Manenberg tornado** was a rare tornado that occurred in the Cape Town neighborhood of Manenberg, South Africa killing five people on the night of 29 August 1999. Wind speeds were recorded reaching over 150 km per hour. The tornado killed five people and injured an additional 220. Over 5,000 residents were left homeless with 40 flats being "totally gutted". R1 million (roughly equivalent to R2.6 million in 2017) was allocated by City of Cape Town's disaster relief fund for rebuilding.

## InfoBox

1999 Manenberg tornado
| Meteorological history | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | c.4:00 a.m. (UTC)<br>August 29, 1999 |
| Dissipated | August 29, 1999 |
| F1 tornado | |
| *on the Fujita scale* | |
| Highest winds | 150 km/h (93 mph) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 5 |
| Injuries | 200+ |
| Areas affected | Manenberg, Cape Town, South Africa |
| ---  Part of the **tornado outbreaks of 1999** | |


title: Kentucky Route 226

abstract: Kentucky Route 226 is a 1.303-mile-long (2.097 km) rural, secondary state highway located entirely in Grayson County, Kentucky.

text:
# Kentucky Route 226

**Kentucky Route 226** (**KY 226**) is a 1.303-mile-long (2.097 km) rural, secondary state highway located entirely in Grayson County, Kentucky.

## Route description

It runs from Kentucky Route 259 in the Meredith community to Kentucky Route 88 in Peonia, both communities are southeast of Leitchfield.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Grayson County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Meredith | 0.000 | 0.000 |
KY 259 (Anneta Road) to Western Kentucky Parkway Brownsville, Leitchfield | Western terminus |
| Peonia | 1.303 | 2.097 | KY 88 (Peonia Road) Clarkson, Munfordville | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Kentucky Route 226KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| St. Anthony Road | |
| --- | --- |
| KY 226 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by KYTC | |
| Length | 1.303 mi (2.097 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | KY 259 in Meredith |
| East end | KY 88 near Peonia |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| Counties | Grayson |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Kentucky State Highway System** | |
| KY 225   US 227 | |


title: 1 Samuel 31

abstract: 1 Samuel 31 is the thirty-first chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition, the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of Saul's repeated attempts to kill him. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.

text:
# 1 Samuel 31

**1 Samuel 31** is the thirty-first (and the last) chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition, the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of Saul's repeated attempts to kill him. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.

## Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 13 verses.

### Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–4. Plate XIII of 4Q51 contains traces of verse 13, separated to 2 Samuel 1:1 with an open line.

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (**B**; $\mathfrak {G}$B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (**A**; $\mathfrak {G}$A; 5th century).

### Old Testament references

## Places

BethshanJabesh-GileadMount GilboaHebronclass=notpageimage|Places mentioned in this chapter

## The death of Saul and his three sons (31:1–10)

While David defeated the Amalekites, Saul and his army were defeated by the Philistines, contrasting David's success (with divine guidance and protection) in saving the lives of his own family and others with Saul's failure resulting in the death of his family, with many others, in battle. Toward the end of the battle on Mount Gilboa Saul's three sons, Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua were killed and Saul himself was wounded. He asked his trustworthy personal armor-bearer to kill him before the Philistines came, but due to his respect for Saul as YHWH's anointed, the armor-bearer refused, so Saul committed suicide. Saul's dishonorable end was followed by the total defeat to his troops, while other Israelites not in battle (suggesting that Saul did not have all Israel behind him) fled from the neighboring areas leaving their towns and villages for the Philistines to occupy, and the disrespectful fate of his body: beheaded, his armor taken into the temple of Astarte (the chief goddess of Beth-shan) then hanged to the wall of Bethshan for public display (1 Chronicles 10:10 states that his head was fastened to the temple of Dagon).

### Verse 2

*Then the Philistines followed hard after Saul and his sons. And the Philistines killed Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua, Saul’s sons*

### Verse 4

*Then Saul said to his armorbearer, "Draw your sword, and thrust me through with it, lest these uncircumcised men come and thrust me through and abuse me."* *But his armorbearer would not, for he was greatly afraid. Therefore Saul took a sword and fell on it.* * "Abuse": or "torture".

## Jabesh-gilead’s tribute to Saul (31:11–13)

The men of Jabesh-gilead, remembering Saul's action on their behalf (1 Samuel 11:1–13), came to take the bodies of Saul and his sons for cremation and burial, a more honorable treatment than that of the Philistines to the bodies of Saul and his sons.

### Verses 12–13

*12 All the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Bethshan, and came to Jabesh, and burnt them there.* *13 And they took their bones, and buried them under a tree at Jabesh, and fasted seven days.*

The brave action of the men, marching from Jabesh-Gilead to Beth-Shan and back (about 13 miles (21 km) one way), recalls the high point of Saul's leadership at the beginning of his reign when he saved the people of Jabesh-Gilead from foreign attacks (1 Samuel 11).

1. Halley 1965, p. 183.
2. Hirsch, Emil G. "SAMUEL, BOOKS OF". *www.jewishencyclopedia.com*.
3. Knight 1995, p. 62.
4. Jones 2007, p. 197.
5. Jones 2007, p. 209.
6. Coogan 2007, p. 433 Hebrew Bible.
7. Jones 2007, p. 207.
8. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
9. Ulrich 2010, p. 289.
10. Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel
11. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
12. 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
13. Fincke, Andrew (2001). *The Samuel Scroll from Qumran : 4QSam(a) restored and compared to the Septuagint and 4QSam(c)*. Leiden: Brill. p. 272. ISBN 978-9004123700.
14. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
15. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
16. 1 Samuel 31, Berean Study Bible
17. Jones 2007, p. 214.
18. Evans 2018, p. 300.
19. 1 Samuel 31:2 NKJV
20. Benson, Joseph, *Commentary on the Old and New Testaments*: 1 Samuel 31, accessed 9 July 2019
21. 1 Samuel 31:4 NKJV
22. Note on 1 Samuel 31:4 in NKJV
23. 1 Samuel 31:12–13 KJV
24. Evans 2018, p. 302.

## Sources

### Commentaries on Samuel

### General

## InfoBox

| 1 Samuel 31 | |
| --- | --- |
| chapter 302 Samuel 1 | |
| The pages containing the Books of Samuel (1 & 2 Samuel) in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). | |
| Book | First book of Samuel |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 3 |
| Category | Former Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 9 |


title: 1 Samuel 5

abstract: 1 Samuel 5 is the fifth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter describes how the Ark of Covenant was taken by the Philistines, a part of the "Ark Narrative" within a section concerning the life of Samuel.

text:
# 1 Samuel 5

**1 Samuel 5** is the fifth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter describes how the Ark of Covenant was taken by the Philistines, a part of the "Ark Narrative" (1 Samuel 4:1–7:1) within a section concerning the life of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:1–7:17).

## Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 12 verses.

### Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 8–12.

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (**B**; $\mathfrak {G}$B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (**A**; $\mathfrak {G}$A; 5th century).

## Places

ShilohEbenezerAshdodGathEkron*Dead Sea**Mediterranean Sea*class=notpageimage|Places mentioned in this chapter

## Period

The events in this chapter happened at the end of judges period in Israel, about 1100 BC.

## Analysis

The power of Ark of the Covenant on its own was demonstrated over the Philistines by the destruction of Dagon's image (verses 1–5) as well as the sickness and death of the people in Philistine cities (verses 6–12), implying that the ark actually possesses the necessary power for Isralite's victory, so the military defeat was with God's permission and the capture of the ark was a punishment for Israel's disrespect of it. This chapter gives prominence to 'the hand of YHWH' (verses 6, 7, 9, 11) that struck the Philistines with 'tumors', recalling the 'Exodus tradition' (Exodus 9:15–16) on the 'supremacy of YHWH over other gods'. The events refer back to 1 Samuel 2:1–10, while also provide 'a bridge between the conquest of the ark in chapter 4 and its return to Israel in chapter 6.

## The Ark in Ashdod (5:1–7)

In the ancient Near East it was customary to carry idols of the gods of those who had been vanquished to the temple of the victors and to place them beside the idols of their gods, indicating the latter's supremacy over the former. However, here the power of YHWH over Dagon is displayed (verses 2–5) with Dagon twice humiliated in his own temple in Ashdod: on the first day, Dagon's statue was thrown down in front of the ark, and on the second statue's head and hands were cut off and were lying on the threshold (introducing an aetiological motif to explain why Ashdodites did not tread on the threshold of their temple).

### Verse 1

*And the Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it from Ebenezer unto Ashdod.* * "Philistines": a group of people coming from the northeastern Mediterranean area (which includes the island of Crete; cf. Amos 9:7) and entering "Palestine" (which is derived from "Philistine") around 1200 BCE.
* "Ebenezer": literally, "the stone, the help", where 'the second noun is in apposition to the first one'; apparently forming the name by which the stone was known. The expression is used here and in 1 Samuel 7:12, but unlike in 1 Samuel 4:1, the first word lacks the definite article.
* "Ashdod": (Greek: "Azotus", Acts 8:40; now "Es-dûd"), one of the five major cities of the Philistines, situated on near the sea, about 35 miles (56 km) west of Jerusalem, 12 miles (19 km) north of Ashkelon. It was assigned to Judah (Joshua 15:47), but was only conquered in the reign of Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:6). Jonathan Maccabaeus destroyed the city (1 Maccabee 10:84), but it was rebuilt after the Roman conquest of Judea.

### Verse 2

*When the Philistines took the ark of God, they brought it into the house of Dagon, and set it by Dagon.* * "Dagon": a Philistine idol, also a Semitic deity, identified in Ugaritic texts as the father of Baal.

### Verse 6

*But the hand of the Lord was heavy on the people of Ashdod, and He ravaged them and struck them with tumors, both Ashdod and its territory.* * "Tumors" (KJV: emerods): or "bleeding piles", or more probably "boils". The mention of "mice" in the next chapter together with "tumors" indicates that this outbreak could be bubonic plague.

Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate contain an addition "*And in the midst of their land rats sprang up, and there was a great death panic in the city.*"

## The Ark in Gath (5:8–9)

Gath may have been chosen to host the ark, because there was no temple of Dagon there, as 'the Philistines attributing the plague to the antagonism between YHWH and Dagon'.

### Verse 8

*So they sent and gathered all the lords of the Philistines unto them, and said, “What shall we do with the ark of the God of Israel?”* *And they answered, “Let the ark of the God of Israel be carried around to Gath.” And they carried the ark of the God of Israel there.''* * "Lords": from Philistine plural word סַרְנֵ֨י, *sar-nê*; the singular form "*seren*" is cognate with the Greek word "*tyrannos*" (English: "tyrant").
* "Gath": now called "Tell-es-Sâfi", 12 miles (19 km) east of Ashdod, located at the foot of the mountains of Judah. It was the hometown of Goliath (1 Samuel 17:4), and where David took refuge from the persecutions of Saul (1 Samuel 21:10, 1 Samuel 27:3).

## The Ark in Ekron (5:10–12)

The description of the plagues inflicted on Ekron seems to indicate a greater severity than those on Ashdod and Gath. The underlying message could be that the longer the Philistines retained the ark, the harder the punishment from the God of Israel would be.

### Verse 10

*Therefore they sent the ark of God to Ekron.* *And it came about that as the ark of God came to Ekron, that the Ekronites cried out, saying, “They have brought about the ark of the God of Israel to slay us and our people.”* * "Ekron": now "Tel Miqne" (Hebrew) or "Khirbet el-Muqanna" (Arabic), the most northerly of the five major Philistine cities, about 11 miles (18 km) north of Gath, 22 miles (35 km) west of Jerusalem. It was allotted to the tribe of Judah (Joshua 15:45-46), and was occupied in a short period by the Israelite (Judges 1:18).
* "To slay us and our people": in Hebrew literally "to me, to slay my people" (also in 1 Samuel 5:11); the singular form seems to denote the 'lord' of the city acting as a spokesperson.

1. Halley 1965, p. 179.
2. Hirsch, Emil G. "SAMUEL, BOOKS OF". *www.jewishencyclopedia.com*.
3. Knight 1995, p. 62.
4. Jones 2007, p. 197.
5. Chapman 2016, p. 90.
6. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
7. Ulrich 2010, pp. 265–266.
8. Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel
9. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
10. 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
11. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
12. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
13. Chapman 2016, p. 93.
14. Jones 2007, p. 203.
15. 1 Samuel 5:1 KJV
16. Coogan 2007, p. 405 Hebrew Bible.
17. NET Bible, Note on 1 Samuel 4:1
18. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. 1 Samuel 5. Accessed 28 April 2019.
19. 1 Samuel 5:2 KJV
20. Note on 1 Samuel 5:2 in NKJV
21. 1 Samuel 5:6 NKJV
22. Coogan 2007, p. 406 Hebrew Bible.
23. Note on 1 Samuel 5:6 in NKJV
24. 1 Samuel 5:8 MEV
25. 1 Samuel 5:8 Hebrew text analysis. Biblehub
26. Coogan 2007, p. 407 Hebrew Bible.
27. Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz. *Commentary on the Old Testament* (1857-1878). 1 Samuel 5. Accessed 24 Juni 2018.
28. 1 Samuel 5:10 MEV

## Sources

### Commentaries on Samuel

### General

## InfoBox

| 1 Samuel 5 | |
| --- | --- |
| chapter 4chapter 6 | |
| The pages containing the Books of Samuel
(1 and 2 Samuel) in the Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). | |
| Book | First book of Samuel |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 3 |
| Category | Former Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 9 |


title: Roy Nelson (cartoonist)

abstract: Roy Nelson was a cartoonist and caricaturist. His talent for drawing was recognized at an early age, and after high school in Virginia, Minnesota, he was accepted into the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts (1922-1925). After graduation, Roy joined the staff of The Chicago Daily News as an artist-reporter, contributing caricatures, cartoons and comics. He created caricatures of many celebrities who visited Chicago. During this period, Roy also contributed many cartoons to Esquire magazine starting with the first issue in October 1933. Roy left the Chicago Daily News briefly in the early 1930s and joined the staff of The Walt Disney Studios, producing publicity artwork and assisting in drawing the daily Mickey Mouse newspaper strip. After several months he returned to Chicago and the Daily News. Roy worked for the Chicago Daily News for over 14 years before entering the Army in 1943. He served for 2+1⁄2 years, stationed in southern California creating illustrations for army training books, and after the end of the war returned to the Chicago Daily News. In 1950, Roy married Marcella Colberg and returned to his home town in Virginia, Minnesota for one year where he resumed his career as a cartoonist, working freelance for various clients including The Sporting News, Hearst Newspapers and Saalfield books. In 1951 they moved to Sarasota, Florida for one year, creating a daily cartoon strip called Dot, Mot and Tot. After they moved to Minneapolis, MN, Roy created a series of children's coloring books. Three years after their marriage, Roy was diagnosed with lung cancer and entered a VA hospital for treatment. Roy died in 1956 as reported in the Tower News upon Marcella's recent death. Roy Nelson's work is currently showcased on the webpage Cartoonretro.com. Cartoonretro president Shane Glines, author of Tophats and Flappers: The Art of Russell Patterson, is currently writing a major monograph on the life and work of Roy Nelson titled Roy Nelson: The Art of Appeal.

text:
# Roy Nelson (cartoonist)

**Roy Nelson** (May 17, 1905  September 14, 1956) was a cartoonist and caricaturist. His talent for drawing was recognized at an early age, and after high school in Virginia, Minnesota, he was accepted into the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts (1922-1925). After graduation, Roy joined the staff of *The Chicago Daily News* as an artist-reporter, contributing caricatures, cartoons and comics. He created caricatures of many celebrities who visited Chicago.

During this period, Roy also contributed many cartoons to *Esquire* magazine starting with the first issue in October 1933.

Roy left the *Chicago Daily News* briefly in the early 1930s and joined the staff of The Walt Disney Studios, producing publicity artwork and assisting in drawing the daily Mickey Mouse newspaper strip. After several months he returned to Chicago and the *Daily News*.

Roy worked for the *Chicago Daily News* for over 14 years before entering the Army in 1943. He served for 2+12 years, stationed in southern California creating illustrations for army training books, and after the end of the war returned to the *Chicago Daily News*.

In 1950, Roy married Marcella Colberg and returned to his home town in Virginia, Minnesota for one year where he resumed his career as a cartoonist, working freelance for various clients including *The Sporting News*, Hearst Newspapers and Saalfield books. In 1951 they moved to Sarasota, Florida for one year, creating a daily cartoon strip called *Dot, Mot and Tot*. After they moved to Minneapolis, MN, Roy created a series of children's coloring books. Three years after their marriage, Roy was diagnosed with lung cancer and entered a VA hospital for treatment. Roy died in 1956 as reported in the *Tower News* upon Marcella's recent death (March 2011).

Roy Nelson's work is currently showcased on the webpage Cartoonretro.com. Cartoonretro president Shane Glines, author of *Tophats and Flappers: The Art of Russell Patterson*, is currently writing a major monograph on the life and work of Roy Nelson titled *Roy Nelson: The Art of Appeal*.


title: Rubus suppar

abstract: Rubus suppar is an uncommon North American species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found only in the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in eastern Canada. The genetics of Rubus is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.

text:
# Rubus suppar

***Rubus suppar*** is an uncommon North American species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found only in the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in eastern Canada.

The genetics of *Rubus* is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.

## InfoBox

| *Rubus suppar* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Rubus* |
| Species: | ***R. suppar*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rubus suppar***<br>L.H.Bailey | |
|


title: Sporothrix

abstract: Sporothrix is a ubiquitous genus of soil-dwelling fungus discovered by Schenck in 1898, and studied in more detail by Hektoen and Perkins. The first described and best known species is Sporothrix schenckii, the causative agent of rose handler's disease. New environmental, and pathogenic, species have been discovered with the potential for more to be found as molecular techniques advance. Other species in this genus include Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix globosa.

text:
# Sporothrix

***Sporothrix*** is a ubiquitous genus of soil-dwelling fungus discovered by Schenck in 1898, and studied in more detail by Hektoen and Perkins. The first described and best known species is *Sporothrix schenckii*, the causative agent of rose handler's disease. New environmental, and pathogenic, species have been discovered with the potential for more to be found as molecular techniques advance.

Other species in this genus include *Sporothrix brasiliensis* and *Sporothrix globosa*.

## Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;

## InfoBox

| *Sporothrix* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conidiophores and conidia of *Sporothrix schenckii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Ophiostomatales |
| Family: | Ophiostomataceae |
| Genus: | *Sporothrix*
Hektoen & C.F.Perkins, (1900) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Sporothrix schenckii*
Hektoen & C.F.Perkins, (1900) | |


title: Presidente Bernardes, Minas Gerais

abstract: Presidente Bernardes is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The population is 5,341 in an area of 237 km⁲. The elevation is 591 m. Presidente Bernardes is named after President Artur Bernardes.

text:
# Presidente Bernardes, Minas Gerais

**Presidente Bernardes** is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The population is 5,341 (2020 est.) in an area of 237 km2. The elevation is 591 m. Presidente Bernardes is named after President Artur Bernardes.

## InfoBox

| Presidente Bernardes | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location in Minas Gerais state | |
| Presidente BernardesLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 20°46′8″S 43°11′16″W / 20.76889°S 43.18778°W / -20.76889; -43.18778 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Area | |
| Total | 237 km2 (92 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 5,341 |
| Density | 23/km2 (58/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: E-6 process

abstract: The E-6 process is a chromogenic photographic process for developing Ektachrome, Fujichrome and other color reversal photographic film. Unlike some color reversal processes that produce positive transparencies, E-6 processing can be performed by individual users with the same equipment that is used for processing black and white negative film or C-41 color negative film. The process is highly sensitive to temperature variations: a heated water bath is mandatory to stabilize the temperature at 100.0 °F (37.8 °C) for the first developer and first wash to maintain process tolerances.

text:
# E-6 process

The **E-6 process** (often abbreviated to **E-6**) is a chromogenic photographic process for developing Ektachrome, Fujichrome and other color reversal (also called slide or transparency) photographic film.

Unlike some color reversal processes (such as Kodachrome K-14) that produce positive transparencies, E-6 processing can be performed by individual users with the same equipment that is used for processing black and white negative film or C-41 color negative film. The process is highly sensitive to temperature variations: a heated water bath is mandatory to stabilize the temperature at 100.0 °F (37.8 °C) for the first developer and first wash to maintain process tolerances.

## History

The E-6 process superseded Kodak's E-3 and E-4 processes. The E-3 process required fogging with light to accomplish image reversal and produced transparencies that faded quickly. The E-4 process used polluting chemicals, such as the highly toxic reversal agent borane tert-butylamine (TBAB).

Non-Kodak color reversal films introduced in the 1980s were compatible with the E-6 process, including variants of *Fujichrome* and *Agfachrome*, sold by Fujifilm and Agfa-Gevaert, respectively; one notable exception was Fujichrome 1600 Professional D, which was compatible with E-6 but used a customized PZ process for best results. The PZ process was similar to E-6, but used a different fog-suppressing chemical.

## Process variations

There are two versions of the E-6 process. Commercial laboratories use a six-bath chemical process. The 'hobby' type chemistry kits, such as those produced by Tetenal, use three chemical baths that combine the color developer and fogging (reversal) bath solutions, and the pre-bleach, bleach and fixer bath solutions. Rinses, washes, stop baths and stabilizer/final rinse (the final step of the process) are not counted as baths when describing both the conventional six bath and hobbyist three bath processes.

### Six-bath process

E-6 film structure and exposureStructureSample exposure to various colors

The structure of E-6 film has three separate light-sensitive layers; each layer is sensitive to a different group of wavelengths corresponding to red, green, and blue colors. When the film is exposed, each layer records a latent image based on its sensitivity. A yellow filter prevents blue light from exposing the green- and red-sensitive layers, which have some sensitivity to blue light.

Kodak Publication Z-119 provides instructions for various methods to carry out the E-6 process, including the use of continuous processors, roller-transport processors, rack-and-tank processors, batch processing, and rotary-tube processors; however, they largely share the same steps and recommendations for time and temperature with the exception of rotary-tube processors. The first developer, first wash, and reversal bath must be carried out in darkness.

Process E-6
| Step | | | | Time (min.) | Temp. | Schematic | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | First developer bath | Bath 1 | 6 | 98–103 °F (36.7–39.4 °C) |  | This uses a potassium hydroquinone monosulfonate–phenidone black & white film developer, with the preferred form of phenidone being 4-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone (13047-13-7). The first developer forms a negative silver image in each layer of the film. The first developer is time and temperature sensitive because it controls contrast. |
| | 2 | First wash | |  | 2 | 92–103 °F (33.3–39.4 °C) | This step once used an acetic acid stop bath, but was replaced with a water-only bath for process economy, with concomitant slight reduction of first developer strength. |
| | 3 | Reversal bath | Bath 2 | 2 | 75–103 °F (23.9–39.4 °C) |  | This bath prepares the film for the color developer step. A chemical reversal agent is absorbed into the emulsion, which is instantly effective. The reversal step can also be carried out using 800 footcandle-seconds (8.6 klx·s) of lightthis variation is used by process engineers to troubleshoot reversal bath chemistry problems such as contamination and issues of low tank turnover as process volumes decline. |
|  | 4 | Color developer bath | Bath 3 | 6 | 98–103 °F (36.7–39.4 °C) |  | This step is carried out to completion. The developer contains CD-3 developing agent, and acts upon the chemically exposed silver halide that was not developed in the first developer to form a positive silver image. The metallic negative silver image formed in the first developer has no part in the reaction of this step. As the color development progresses, a metallic positive silver image is formed and the color developing agent is oxidized. Oxidized color developer molecules react with the color couplers and color dyes are formed in each of the three layers of the film. Each layer of the film contains different color couplers, which react with the same oxidized developer molecules but form different color dyes. Variation in color developer pH causes color shifts on the green-magenta axis with Kodak E100G & E100GX and Fujichrome films and on the yellow-blue axis with older Ektachrome films. |
| | 5 | Pre-bleach bath | Bath 4 | 2 | 75–103 °F (23.9–39.4 °C) |  | This bath was previously called "conditioner", but was renamed pre-bleach in the mid-1990s to reflect the removal of formaldehyde from the process used in the final rinse. In this solution, formaldehyde acts as a dye preservative and EDTA is used to "kick off" the bleach. The pre-bleach bath relies on carry-over of the color developer to function properly, therefore there is no wash step between the color developer and pre-bleach baths. |
| | 6 | | Bleach bath | Bath 5 | 6 | 92–103 °F (33.3–39.4 °C) | This is a process-to-completion step, and relies on carry-over of pre-bleach to initiate the bleach. The bleach converts metallic silver into silver bromide, which is converted to soluble silver compounds by the fixer. During bleaching, iron (III) EDTA is converted to iron (II) EDTA (Fe3+ EDTA + Ag + Br→ Fe2+ EDTA + AgBr) before fixing. Kodak also has a process variant which uses a higher concentration of bleach and a 4:00 bath time; but with process volumes declining, this variant has become uneconomical. |
| | 7 | | Wash step |  | (optional) | | Rinses off the bleach and extends the life of the fixer bath. This wash step is recommended for rotary tube, sink line and other low volume processing. |
| | 8 | Fixer bath | Bath 6 | 4 | 92–103 °F (33.3–39.4 °C) |  | This is a process-to-completion step. |
| | 9 | | Second fixer stage |  | (optional) | | Using fresh fixer. The archival properties of film and paper are greatly improved using a second fixing stage in a reverse cascade. Many C-41RA (rapid access) minilab processors also use 2 stage reverse cascade fixing for faster throughput. |
| | 10 | | Final wash |  | 4 | 92–103 °F (33.3–39.4 °C) |  |
| | 11 | | Final rinse |  | 1 | Ambient | Up until the mid-1990s, the final rinse was called a stabilizer bath, since it contained formaldehyde. Currently, the final rinse uses a surfactant, and miconazole, an anti-fungal agent. |
| | 12 | | Drying |  | var. | \<145 °F (63 °C) | Drying in a dust-free environment. |

### Three-bath process

Tetenal nearly closed in 2019, but was rescued through a management buyout, and relaunched its online store in 2020, operating as Tetenal 1847 GmbH. However, the chemical production part of Tetenal 1847 was spun off as Norderstedter Chemiewerke in 2022, which filed for bankruptcy in February 2023 and the three-bath process is no longer available.

Tetenal Colortec E-6
| Step | | | | Time (min:sec) | Temp. | Schematic | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | First developer (FD) | Bath 1 | 6:15 to 6:45 | 100 ± 0.5 °F (37.8 ± 0.3 °C) |  | The first developer bath is a black & white film developer, which forms a negative silver image in each layer of the film. The first developer is time and temperature sensitive because it controls contrast. The amount of time depends on the quantity of developer solution and the number of films present. Exposures may be pushed by increasing the time in the first bath, pulled by reducing the time in the first bath, with an adjustment of approximately 25% for a one-step change. |
| | 2 | Wash | |  | 2:30 | 100 ± 1 °F (37.8 ± 0.6 °C) | Rinse with running water, change water after 30 seconds, or extend rinsing time if necessary. |
| | 3 | Color developer (CD) | Bath 2 | 6 to 8 | 100 ± 1 °F (37.8 ± 0.6 °C) |
 | This bath combines the reversal / fogging bath, which chemically sensitizes silver halide left unsensitized during the exposure, with the color developer (dye formation) bath. When this step is complete, a positive silver image is formed with the chemically exposed silver halide. The metallic negative silver image formed in the first developer has no part in the reaction of this step. As the color development progresses, a metallic positive silver image is formed and the color developing agent is oxidized. Oxidized color developer molecules react with the color couplers and color dyes are formed in each of the three layers of the film. Each layer of the film contains a specific, complementary (subtractive color) dye coupler; for example, the blue-sensitive layer forms a yellow (minus-blue) image. |
|  | 4 | | Wash |  | 2:30 | 97 ± 5 °F (36.1 ± 2.8 °C) | Rinse with running water, change water after 30 seconds, or extend rinsing time if necessary. |
| | 5 | Bleach & fix (BX) | Bath 3 | 6 to 8 | 97 ± 5 °F (36.1 ± 2.8 °C) |  | Bleach converts metallic silver into silver bromide, which is converted to soluble silver compounds by the fixer. |
| | 6 | | Wash |  | 4 | 97 ± 5 °F (36.1 ± 2.8 °C) | Rinse with running water, change water after 30 seconds, or extend rinsing time if necessary. |
| | 7 | Stabilizer |  | 1 | 68–77 °F (20.0–25.0 °C) |  | The film is taken out of the tank for the finishing stabilizer step. |


title: Cognitive ethology

abstract: Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology concerned with the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behaviour of an animal. Donald Griffin, a zoology professor in the United States, set up the foundations for researches in the cognitive awareness of animals within their habitats. The fusion of cognitive science and classical ethology into cognitive ethology "emphasizes observing animals under more-or-less natural conditions, with the objective of understanding the evolution, adaptation (function), causation, and development of the species-specific behavioral repertoire". According to Jamieson & Bekoff (1993), "Tinbergen's four questions about the evolution, adaptation, causation and development of behavior can be applied to the cognitive and mental abilities of animals." Allen & Bekoff attempt to show how cognitive ethology can take on the central questions of cognitive science, taking as their starting point the four questions described by Barbara Von Eckardt in her 1993 book What is Cognitive Science?, generalizing the four questions and adding a fifth. Kingstone, Smilek & Eastwood (2008) suggested that cognitive ethology should include human behavior. They proposed that researchers should firstly study how people behave in their natural, real world environments and then move to the lab. Anthropocentric claims for the ways non-human animals interact in their social and non-social worlds are often used to influence decisions on how the non-human animals can or should be used by humans.

text:
# Cognitive ethology

**Cognitive ethology** is a branch of ethology concerned with the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behaviour of an animal. Donald Griffin, a zoology professor in the United States, set up the foundations for researches in the cognitive awareness of animals within their habitats.

The fusion of cognitive science and classical ethology into cognitive ethology "emphasizes observing animals under more-or-less natural conditions, with the objective of understanding the evolution, adaptation (function), causation, and development of the species-specific behavioral repertoire" (Niko Tinbergen 1963).

According to Jamieson & Bekoff (1993), "Tinbergen's four questions about the evolution, adaptation, causation and development of behavior can be applied to the cognitive and mental abilities of animals." Allen & Bekoff (1997, chapter 5) attempt to show how cognitive ethology can take on the central questions of cognitive science, taking as their starting point the four questions described by Barbara Von Eckardt in her 1993 book *What is Cognitive Science?*, generalizing the four questions and adding a fifth. Kingstone, Smilek & Eastwood (2008) suggested that cognitive ethology should include human behavior. They proposed that researchers should firstly study how people behave in their natural, real world environments and then move to the lab. Anthropocentric claims for the ways non-human animals interact in their social and non-social worlds are often used to influence decisions on how the non-human animals can or should be used by humans.

## Relation to laboratory experimental psychology

Traditionally, cognitive ethologists have questioned research methods that isolate animals in unnatural surroundings and present them with a limited set of artificial stimuli, arguing that such techniques favor the study of artificial issues that are not relevant to an understanding of the natural behavior of animals. However, many modern researchers favor a judicious combination of field and laboratory methods.

## Relation to ethics

Bekoff, M and Allen, C (1997) "identify three major groups of people (among some of whose members there are blurred distinctions) with different views on cognitive ethology, namely, slayers, skeptics, and proponents." The latter seemingly convergent with animal rights thinking in seeing animal experience as worthy in itself.

Ethicist Peter Singer is an example of a "proponent" in this sense, as is biologist E. O. Wilson who coined the term biophilia to describe the basis of a direct moral cognition, that 'higher' animals would use to perceive moral implications in the environment directly.

## Three views

According to Marc Bekoff, there are three different views towards whether a science of cognitive ethology is even possible. Slayers deny any possibility of success in cognitive ethology, proponents keep an open mind about animal cognition and the utility of cognitive ethological investigation, and skeptics stand somewhere in between.

## Sources


title: Blockage discount

abstract: Blockage discount is an art-business-related and legal term of art for referring to the money discount assigned to a group of artworks by a single artist when that group of works is to be released to market as a group rather than individually. A blockage discount adjusts the fair market value of the works downward because of the risks of depreciation when a large volume of art is released into the market all at once.

text:
# Blockage discount

**Blockage discount** is an art-business-related and legal term of art for referring to the money discount assigned to a group of artworks by a single artist when that group of works is to be released to market as a group rather than individually. A blockage discount adjusts the fair market value of the works downward because of the risks of depreciation when a large volume of art is released into the market all at once.

## Tax issues

A blockage discount adjusting fair market value also affects the tax consequences of a sale in the U.S., and is frequently a subject of litigation when an artist dies while holding a large collection of her or his own work. For instance, when Georgia O'Keeffe died she had over 400 of her own works in her estate, and when Andy Warhol died he had over 90,000 works, including 4,100 paintings, 9,000 drawings, 19,000 prints and 63,000 photographs. In Georgia O'Keeffe's case, her estate's appraisers established blockage discounts based on solid evidence of market sales, but the IRS used its own valuation and the Tax Court assessed a resulting tax of more than the valuation of the collected works at her death. In Andy Warhol's case Surrogate Court of New York rejected the proposed discounts of Christie's, which averaged 60%. Instead, the court applied an average discount of 25%. The court failed to articulate the specific rationale for its determination, but did state that Warhol was more famous than Smith & O'Keeffe. The court's application of an average discount of 25% has been criticized by attorneys and appraisers because, inter alia, it ignored the necessary time it would take to sell 90,000 pieces of art. Therefore, accountants and estate planners for artists plan with such eventualities in mind.

The IRS has stated that carrying costs and opportunity costs are relevant factors for consideration in blockage discounts, along with time to market.

1. In re Warhol, No. 824/87, 1994 WL 245246 * 1 (Surr. Ct., N.Y. Co. 1994).
2. Grosz v. Serge Sabarsky, Inc., 24 A.D.3d 264, 806 N.Y.S.2d 498, 500 (1st Dep’t 2005).
3. Lerner and Bresler, Art Law: The Guide for Collectors, Investors, Dealers, and Artists, Practising Law Institute, 1998, p.1157 et seq.. (ISBN 978-1402406508, 3d edition)
4. Saliba, R. Gary; Chung, Jason; Hall, Thomas (March 2004). "Credit Guaranties: Fair Value and Fair Market Value". *Business Valuation Review*. **23** (1): 25–30. doi:10.5791/0882-2875-23.1.25. ISSN 0897-1781.
5. Inde, Vilis, Art in the Courtroom, Praeger, 1998, p. 158. ISBN 978-0-275-95971-5
6. Establishing a Value is Important!, Planned Giving Design Center, LLC. 2009.
7. Englebrecht, Valuation of Art Objects for Estate Tax Purposes, The CPA Journal, 09/02/2002.
8. Lerner and Bresler, pp. 1354, 1364.

## External resources

Wadler, The Heirs of George Grosz Battle His Dealer's Ghost; A Protracted Lawsuit Outlives Its Target, But Not Its Anger, The New York Times, August 27, 2001.