title: Christine Benoit

abstract: Christine Benoit is the first woman in the Seychelles to be ordained as an Anglican priest.

text:
# Christine Benoit

**Christine Benoit** (born 13 August 1972) is the first woman in the Seychelles to be ordained as an Anglican priest.

## Early life

Christine Benoit was born on 13 August 1972.

## Education

She earned a Diploma in Business Studies and Accounting from Seychelles Polytechnic in 1993.

In 2002, she earned a Diploma in Theology and Diplomas in Ministry with distinction, from the College of the Transfiguration in Grahamstown, South Africa.

## Career

From April 1993 to January 2000, she worked in the Internal Audit Division of the Seychelles' Ministry of Finance.

In 2004, Benoit became the first woman to be ordained as an Anglican deacon in the Diocese of Seychelles.

On 26 November 2006, Benoit became the first woman to be ordained as an Anglican priest in the Diocese of Seychelles, during a consecration service that took place at St. Paul's Cathedral in Victoria, Seychelles, in a service led by Bishop Santosh Marray.

In March 2017, she was named one of "14 inspiring women of Seychelles".

In July 2017, she was appointed a member of the National AIDS Council of Seychelles.

As of 2017, Benoit is the "only female Reverend in the Indian Ocean" and is based at Holy Saviour's Church at Anse Royale, Seychelles.

## InfoBox

| Christine Benoit | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Anglican priest |


abstract: Following the first round of the 2024 French legislative election on 30 June 2024, runoff elections in each constituency where no candidate received a vote share greater than 50 percent were scheduled for 7 July. Candidates permitted to stand in the runoff elections needed to either come in first or second place in the first round or achieve more than 12.5 percent of the votes of the entire electorate.

text:
# Results of the 2024 French legislative election in Alpes-Maritimes

Following the first round of the 2024 French legislative election on 30 June 2024, runoff elections in each constituency where no candidate received a vote share greater than 50 percent were scheduled for 7 July. Candidates permitted to stand in the runoff elections needed to either come in first or second place in the first round or achieve more than 12.5 percent of the votes of the entire electorate (as opposed to 12.5 percent of the vote share due to low turnout).

## Alpes-Maritimes

### 1st constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Éric Ciotti | Union of the far right |  | The Republicans | 20,809 | 41.04 | 22,584 | 45.14 |
|  | Olivier Salerno | New Popular Front |  | La France Insoumise | 13,499 | 26.62 | 16,077 | 32.13 |
|  | Graig Monetti | Ensemble |  | Horizons | 11,558 | 22.79 | 11,374 | 22.73 |
|  | Virgile Vanier-Guérin | The Republicans | | | 2,933 | 5.78 |  | |
|  | Lalla Chama Ben Moulay | Ecologists |  | Independent | 1,427 | 2.81 |  | |
|  | Alain Angoulet | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 313 | 0.62 |  | |
|  | Jean-Claude Wahid Spach | Regionalists |  | Independent | 136 | 0.27 |  | |
|  | Maxime Bovis | Independent | | | 34 | 0.07 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 50,709 | 100.00 | 50,035 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 50,709 | 98.01 |  |  |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 362 | 0.70 |  |  |
| Blank votes | | | | | 667 | 1.29 |  |  |
| Total votes | | | | | 51,738 | 100.00 |  |  |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 81,879 | 63.19 |  |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

### 2nd constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Lionel Tivoli | National Rally | | | 28,676 | 48.08 | 28,409 | 65.50 |
|  | Leïla Tonnerre | New Popular Front |  | La France Insoumise | 11,339 | 19.01 | 14,964 | 34.50 |
|  | David Varrone | Ensemble |  | Horizons | 9,856 | 16.53 |  | |
|  | Simon Darragone | The Republicans | | | 6,162 | 10.33 |  | |
|  | Patrice Miran | Ecologists |  | Independent | 2,296 | 3.85 |  | |
|  | Indiana Poret-Rinck | Far-right |  | Independent | 931 | 1.56 |  | |
|  | Florent Imbert | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 381 | 0.64 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 59,641 | 100.00 | 43,373 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 59,641 | 97.66 |  |  |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 430 | 0.70 |  |  |
| Blank votes | | | | | 996 | 1.63 |  |  |
| Total votes | | | | | 61,067 | 100.00 |  |  |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 90,381 | 67.57 |  |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

### 3rd constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Bernard Chaix | Union of the far right |  | The Republicans | 23,983 | 41.47 | 28,884 | 53.71 |
|  | Laure Quignard | New Popular Front |  | Socialist Party | 15,754 | 27.24 | 24,897 | 46.29 |
|  | Philippe Pradal | Ensemble |  | Horizons | 14,670 | 25.36 | 0 | 0.00 |
|  | Marie Françoise Caussin | Ecologists |  | Independent | 1,675 | 2.90 |  | |
|  | Thibault Delhez | Sovereigntist right |  | Debout la France | 883 | 1.53 |  | |
|  | Estelle Jaquet | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 438 | 0.76 |  | |
|  | Marjorie Vivo | Ecologists |  | Independent | 434 | 0.75 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 57,837 | 100.00 | 53,781 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 57,837 | 98.01 | 53,781 | 93.57 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 412 | 0.70 | 794 | 1.38 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 763 | 1.29 | 2,904 | 5.05 |
| Total votes | | | | | 59,012 | 100.00 | 57,479 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 91,724 | 64.34 | 91,728 | 62.66 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

### 4th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Alexandra Masson | National Rally | | | 30,528 | 56.27 |
|  | Anne-Pascale Guedon | Ensemble |  | Renaissance | 11,190 | 20.63 |
|  | Virginie Parent | New Popular Front |  | Communist Party | 9,861 | 18.18 |
|  | Christine Beyl | Ecologists |  | Independent | 1,717 | 3.17 |
|  | Joseph Markiel | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 953 | 1.76 |
| Total | | | | | 54,249 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 54,249 | 97.10 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 637 | 1.14 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 985 | 1.76 |
| Total votes | | | | | 55,871 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 85,660 | 65.22 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### 5th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Christelle d'Intorni | Union of the far right |  | The Republicans | 29,804 | 50.35 |
|  | Fabrice Decoupigny | New Popular Front |  | The Ecologists | 12,233 | 20.66 |
|  | Gaël Nofri | Ensemble |  | Horizons | 8,473 | 14.31 |
|  | Patrice Benoit | Independent | | | 6,375 | 10.77 |
|  | Axel Hvidsten | Ecologists |  | Independent | 1,876 | 3.17 |
|  | Agnès Benkemoun | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 436 | 0.74 |
| Total | | | | | 59,197 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 59,197 | 97.34 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 503 | 0.83 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 1,114 | 1.83 |
| Total votes | | | | | 60,814 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 91,232 | 66.66 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### 6th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bryan Masson | National Rally | | | 27,705 | 50.85 |
|  | Laurence Trastour-Isnart | The Republicans | | | 16,213 | 29.76 |
|  | Nicole Mazzella | New Popular Front |  | La France Insoumise | 8,281 | 15.20 |
|  | Pierre Piacenti | Ecologists |  | Independent | 1,927 | 3.54 |
|  | Daniele Bartoli | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 359 | 0.66 |
| Total | | | | | 54,485 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 54,485 | 97.83 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 231 | 0.41 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 980 | 1.76 |
| Total votes | | | | | 55,696 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 80,186 | 69.46 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### 7th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Thierry Ferrand | National Rally | | | 23,921 | 37.25 | 26,672 | 41.27 |
|  | Eric Pauget | The Republicans | | | 16,389 | 25.52 | 37,955 | 58.73 |
|  | Aline Abravanel | Ensemble |  | Renaissance | 11,510 | 17.92 |  | |
|  | Arthur Meyer-Abbatucci | New Popular Front |  | La France Insoumise | 10,974 | 17.09 |  | |
|  | David Quintela | Reconquête | | | 932 | 1.45 |  | |
|  | Christian Petard | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 264 | 0.41 |  | |
|  | Enzo Dewasmes | Independent | | | 225 | 0.35 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 64,215 | 100.00 | 64,627 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 64,215 | 98.43 | 64,627 | 97.28 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 261 | 0.40 | 276 | 0.42 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 761 | 1.17 | 1,534 | 2.31 |
| Total votes | | | | | 65,237 | 100.00 | 66,437 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 96,284 | 67.75 | 96,288 | 69.00 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

### 8th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Dorette Landerer | National Rally | | | 23,010 | 42.74 | 25,278 | 47.43 |
|  | Alexandra Martin | The Republicans | | | 15,284 | 28.39 | 28,012 | 52.57 |
|  | Lucia Soudant | New Popular Front |  | La France Insoumise | 7,837 | 14.56 |  | |
|  | Mike Castro Demaria | Ensemble |  | Renaissance | 6,508 | 12.09 |  | |
|  | Anne Itty | Ecologists |  | Independent | 950 | 1.76 |  | |
|  | Marie-José Pereira | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 181 | 0.34 |  | |
|  | Christophe Neutzler | Miscellaneous centre |  | Independent | 66 | 0.12 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 53,836 | 100.00 | 53,290 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 53,836 | 98.47 | 53,290 | 97.89 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 257 | 0.47 | 240 | 0.44 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 581 | 1.06 | 906 | 1.66 |
| Total votes | | | | | 54,674 | 100.00 | 54,436 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 84,414 | 64.77 | 84,401 | 64.50 |

### 9th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Franck Galbert | National Rally | | | 22,921 | 42.31 | 25,206 | 47.01 |
|  | Michèle Tabarot | The Republicans | | | 18,334 | 33.84 | 28,407 | 52.99 |
|  | José Garcia Abia | New Popular Front |  | Socialist Party | 9,987 | 18.43 |  | |
|  | Henriette Palmers | Ecologists |  | Independent | 1,742 | 3.22 |  | |
|  | Sylvain Lienhardt | Far-right |  | Reconquête | 900 | 1.66 |  | |
|  | Liliane Pécout | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 294 | 0.54 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 54,178 | 100.00 | 53,613 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 54,178 | 98.33 | 53,613 | 97.03 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 237 | 0.43 | 338 | 0.61 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 684 | 1.24 | 1,301 | 2.35 |
| Total votes | | | | | 55,099 | 100.00 | 55,252 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 82,396 | 66.87 | 83,404 | 66.25 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |


title: Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 2nd Baronet

abstract: Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 2nd Baronet of Wickham and of Northbrooke, Oxfordshire,was the son of Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 1st Baronet, and probably inherited the baronetcy on the death of his father on 6 October 1643. The title being void under the Act of Parliament then in force, on 6 October 1657 he accepted another baronetcy from the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, to whose Attorney General, Edmund Prideaux he was son-in-law. This creation became invalid after the Restoration, while his previous one was reinstated. He died late September or early November 1682. The baronetcy passed to James Chamberlayne, 3rd Baronet.

text:
# Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 2nd Baronet

**Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 2nd Baronet** (c. 1635–1682) of Wickham and of Northbrooke, Oxfordshire,was the son of Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, 1st Baronet, and probably inherited the baronetcy on the death of his father on 6 October 1643. The title (one conferred after 4 January 1642) being void under the Act of Parliament (4 February 1652) then in force, on 6 October 1657 he accepted another baronetcy from the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, to whose Attorney General, Edmund Prideaux he was son-in-law. This creation became invalid after the Restoration, while his previous one was reinstated. He died late September or early November 1682. The baronetcy passed to James Chamberlayne, 3rd Baronet.

## Family

On 8 April 1657, at St. Dionis, Backchurch, London, Chamberlayne married Margaret, daughter of Edmund Prideaux, of Ford Abbey, Devon, by his second wife Margaret, daughter of William Ivert, of Gotthay, Somerset. They had two daughters and coheirs:

1. Cokayne 1902, p. 206.
2. Cokayne 1903, p. 4.
* Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1902). *Complete Baronetage 1625–1649*. Vol. 2. Exeter: William Pollard and Co. p. 206.
* Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1903). *Complete Baronetage 1649–1664*. Vol. 3. Exeter: William Pollard and Co. p. .


title: Botnnuten

abstract: Botnnuten is an isolated rock peak, 1,460 metres (4,790 ft) high, located south of Havsbotn and 22 nautical miles (40 km) southwest of Shirase Glacier in Queen Maud Land. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Botnnuten, presumably in association with Havsbotn and because it is the farthest south peak in the immediate vicinity.

text:
# Botnnuten

**Botnnuten** (70°24′S 38°1′E / 70.400°S 38.017°E / -70.400; 38.017) is an isolated rock peak, 1,460 metres (4,790 ft) high, located south of Havsbotn and 22 nautical miles (40 km) southwest of Shirase Glacier in Queen Maud Land. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Botnnuten (the bottom peak), presumably in association with Havsbotn and because it is the farthest south peak in the immediate vicinity.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Botnnuten". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Speewah, Queensland

abstract: Speewah is a locality in the Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Speewah had a population of 850 people.

text:
# Speewah, Queensland

**Speewah** is a locality in the Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Speewah had a population of 850 people.

## Geography

The Kennedy Highway is the north-west boundary of the locality.

The terrain is mountainous with individual peaks including Yalbogie Hill at 645 metres (2,116 ft), North Peak at 670 metres (2,200 ft) and Mount Williams at 1,017 metres (3,337 ft).

The south-eastern part of the locality are in Dinden National Park and Speewah Conservation Park.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Speewah had a population of 855 people.

In the 2021 census, Speewah had a population of 850 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Speewah. Kuranda District State College in neighbouring Kuranda offers both primary and secondary schooling.

## InfoBox

| Speewah
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Speewah | |
| Coordinates | 16°53′29″S 145°37′34″E / 16.8913°S 145.6261°E / -16.8913; 145.6261 |
| Population | 850 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 24.08/km2 (62.4/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4881 |
| Area | 35.3 km2 (13.6 sq mi) |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Mareeba |
| State electorate(s) | Barron River |
| Federal division(s) | Leichhardt |
| **Suburbs around Speewah:**  Kuranda Kuranda Kuranda  Koah Speewah Barron Gorge  Koah Koah Lamb Range | |


title: 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment

text:
# 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment

The 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment was a group, in the United States Army that served during World War II. This unit became active on January 5th, 1943, with its main directive being to provide engineering assistance to the Allied forces in the European Theater of Operations. The regiment consisted of soldiers who received training in various engineering skills, including construction, road building and mine clearance.

Throughout World War II, the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment played a role in significant battles. They were involved in events such as the Normandy invasion and the Liberation of Paris. Additionally they contributed to the construction of the Mulberry harbours, which played a part in the invasion of Normandy.

Despite their valuable contributions to the war effort, discrimination and segregation were experienced by soldiers serving in the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment during and, after the war. It took until the 1990s for their accomplishments to achieve full recognition and acknowledgement.

## Activation and Training

The United States Army played a role in activating and preparing the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment during World War II. According to records this regiment was established on October 15 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana as part of the armys American units (United States Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers).

As a unit specializing in engineering and construction work the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment underwent training, in aspects of building and road development. As per Ganoes research (1992) initial training for the regiment took place at Camp Claiborne in Louisiana until January 1943. Subsequently they were relocated to Fort Devens in Massachusetts for instruction, on construction techniques and road building.

## Deployment in the United Kingdom

After completing their training the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment was sent to the United Kingdom in 1944 as part of the European Theater of Operations, during World War II. Based on records the regiment arrived in the United Kingdom on March 22 1944. Was stationed at various locations across the country to assist in the Allied war efforts (United States Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers).

The main responsibilities of the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment included building and maintaining roads, bridges, airfields and other essential infrastructure for the Allied forces during the war. In addition they provided support to combat troops during both D Day on June 6 1944 and throughout the advancement, through France and Germany.

## Engineer Group

During World War II the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment served as a unit, within the 1185th Engineer Group. According to records the activation of the Engineer Group took place on December 1 1942 at Fort Belvoir in Virginia. This activation was part of the United States Armys initiative to mobilize engineering and construction units for their war efforts (United States Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers).

The 1185th Engineer Group consisted primarily of soldiers and encompassed various regiments such as the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment, the 97th Engineer General Service Regiment and the 366th Engineer General Service Regiment. The group had responsibilities, in engineering and construction tasks like constructing roads, bridges, airfields and other essential infrastructure required by Allied forces during the war.

## Invasion of Normandy

During World War II the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment as a part of the forces, in Europe played a role in the invasion of Normandy on June 6 1944. According to records from the United States Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers this regiment was responsible for providing support to combat troops by constructing and maintaining essential infrastructure such as roads, bridges and other necessary facilities required by the Allied forces.

Throughout Normandy, the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment was strategically stationed at locations with the objective of offering engineering and construction assistance to the Allied forces during the invasion. Additionally they extended their support throughout France and Germany during Allied advancements. This included constructing transportation networks such as roads, bridges and airfields that were crucial, for facilitating operations in those regions by troops.

## Railway Bridge Construction

During World War II the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment had a role, in constructing railway bridges to assist the efforts of the Allied forces. According to records from the United States Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers this regiment was responsible for building railway bridges across Europe including one over the Moselle River in France.

The completion of the Moselle River Bridge by the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment in October 1944 marked a milestone. This bridge served as an infrastructure project that played a role in supporting the supply line and facilitating the transportation of troops and equipment during the final stages of warfare, in Europe.

United States Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers. "332nd Engineer General Service Regiment." National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland, Record Group 77, Box 175.

Ganoe, William A. The Engineers of the Southwest Pacific, 1941-1945. Washington, D.C., Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, 1992.

United States Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers. "332nd Engineer General Service Regiment." National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland, Record Group 77, Box 175. Ganoe, William A. The Engineers of the Southwest Pacific, 1941-1945. Washington, D.C., Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, 1992.


title: Fish Ain't Bitin'

abstract: Fish Ain't Bitin' is the second album by the American musician Corey Harris, released in 1997 through Alligator Records. Harris supported the album with a North American tour that included shows opening for B.B. King. Fish Ain't Bitin' won a W. C. Handy Award for the best acoustic blues album of 1997.

text:
# Fish Ain't Bitin'

***Fish Ain't Bitin'*** is the second album by the American musician Corey Harris, released in 1997 through Alligator Records. Harris supported the album with a North American tour that included shows opening for B.B. King. *Fish Ain't Bitin'* won a W. C. Handy Award for the best acoustic blues album of 1997.

## Production

The album was co-produced by Larry Hoffman, who also arranged the horns. Harris was inspired by the music of New Orleans, where he had lived for several years. He used a National steel guitar. Harris used a tuba and two trombones on some of the tracks. "God Don't Ever Change" is a cover of the Blind Willie Johnson song. "Bumble Bee Blues" is a cover of the Memphis Minnie song. "Jack O'Diamonds" is a version of the song popularized by Blind Lemon Jefferson. "Worried Life Blues" was written by Big Maceo. "5-0 Blues" is about police brutality. The title track was influenced by Harris's childhood catfishing excursions.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | A− |
| *DownBeat* |  |
| *Orlando Sentinel* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings* |  |
| *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette* |  |
| *(The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* | B+ |
| *Uncut* |  |

The *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette* called Harris "more than an imitator," writing that "like many of his musical ancestors, Harris has turned the stuff of his life into a musical anthology." The *Orlando Sentinel* noted that, "in addition to a distinctive, gravelly baritone with wonderful sustain, he has an exceptionally strong sense of rhythm and knows how to write a good tune." The *Calgary Herald* deemed the album "a delicious acoustic blues disc that captures that back porch blues feel of old and yet remains completely contemporary."

The *Times Colonist* determined that "Harris throws everything from New Orleans brass bands to rap into his unique, and it all comes out majestic and inspired country blues." The *Michigan Chronicle* concluded that the album "demonstrates the same haunting majesty that powered the \[blues\] during its pre-World War II, pre-electric phase." Robert Christgau opined that "as much as Harris's cross-rhythms and vocal panoply honor his readings of the classics, his virtuosity springs to life on originals."

The *Chicago Tribune* listed *Fish Ain't Bitin'* as the best blues album of 1997. *OC Weekly* included the album on its list of the best of the 1990s.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "High Fever Blues" |  |
| 2. | "Frankie and Johnnie" |  |
| 3. | "Berry Owens Blues" |  |
| 4. | "Take Me Back" |  |
| 5. | "Fish Ain't Bitin'" |  |
| 6. | "Preaching Blues" |  |
| 7. | "Bumble Bee Blues" |  |
| 8. | "God Don't Ever Change" |  |
| 9. | "5-0 Blues" |  |
| 10. | "Mama Got Worried" |  |
| 11. | "Worried Life Blues" |  |
| 12. | "High Fever Blues (Solo Version)" |  |
| 13. | "Jack o'Diamonds" |  |
| 14. | "If You Leave Me" |  |
| 15. | "Moosemilk Blues" |  |
| 16. | "You've Got to Move" |  |
| 17. | "Clean Rag" |  |

## InfoBox

| Fish Ain't Bitin' | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Corey Harris | |
| Released | 1997 |
| Genre | Blues, country blues |
| Label | Alligator |
| Producer | Larry Hoffman, Corey Harris |
| Corey Harris chronology | |
| *Between Midnight and Day*
(1995) ***Fish Ain't Bitin'***
(1997) *Greens from the Garden*
(1999) | |


title: Statutory instrument (UK)

abstract: A statutory instrument (SI) is the principal form in which delegated legislation is made in Great Britain. Statutory instruments are governed by the Statutory Instruments Act 1946. They replaced statutory rules and orders, made under the Rules Publication Act 1893, in 1948. Most delegated legislation in Great Britain is made in the form of a statutory instrument. The advent of devolution in 1999 resulted in many powers to make statutory instruments being transferred to the Scottish and Welsh governments, and oversight to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Parliament. Instruments made by the Scottish Government are now classed separately as Scottish statutory instruments.

text:
# Statutory instrument (UK)

A **statutory instrument** (**SI**) is the principal form in which delegated legislation is made in Great Britain.

Statutory instruments are governed by the Statutory Instruments Act 1946. They replaced statutory rules and orders, made under the Rules Publication Act 1893, in 1948.

Most delegated legislation in Great Britain is made in the form of a statutory instrument. (In Northern Ireland, delegated legislation is organised into statutory rules, rather than statutory instruments.) The advent of devolution in 1999 resulted in many powers to make statutory instruments being transferred to the Scottish and Welsh governments, and oversight to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Parliament. Instruments made by the Scottish Government are now classed separately as Scottish statutory instruments.

## When a statutory instrument is required

A statutory instrument is used when an Act of Parliament passed after 1947 confers a power to make, confirm or approve delegated legislation on:

1. the King and states that it is to be exercisable by Order in Council; or
2. a Minister of the Crown and states that it is to be exercisable by statutory instrument.

*Minister of the Crown* includes the Welsh Ministers and various Acts provide that delegated legislation, although made by another person (for example, the General Dental Council), is also to be made by statutory instrument. Often the Minister authorised to issue a statutory instrument is "the Secretary of State", which the Interpretation Act 1978 defines as "one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State"; this form effectively allows the Prime Minister to create new departments and define or redefine their responsibilities at will.

A statutory instrument is also used when the King in Council or a Minister exercises a power under an Act passed before 1947 which is legislative, rather than executive, in character.

Use of a statutory instrument is not required where the parent Act does not specify it. This may be the case where delegated legislation is of only limited application and therefore not of general importance. Instead, other provisions may be made for publishing the legislation. So, for example, an Order providing for the transfer of contracts from one National Health Service body to another may only be notified to the affected bodies, and by-laws made by a local council may be publicised through an announcement in local newspapers.

## Features

The main effect of delegated legislation being made by statutory instrument is that it is effective as soon as it is made, numbered, catalogued, printed, made available for sale and published on the Internet. This ensures that the public has easy access to the new laws.

Numbers are assigned by His Majesty's Stationery Office and are sequential within the year of making. The number provides a means of citing the statutory instrument in addition to the title given by the instrument itself. So, for example, The Income Tax (Exemption of Minor Benefits) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 are numbered and may be cited as SI 2003 No. 1434 or SI 2003/1434.

In addition to the main numbering system, there are a number of subsidiary numbering systems which may indicate an instrument's position within a particular series of instruments (in the following list *n* indicates the number):

* (C *n*): Commencement and/or Appointed Day orders which bring into force an Act or part of an Act.
* (L *n*): legal series: relating to fees or procedures in courts in England and Wales.
* (S *n*): Scottish series: instruments made by the United Kingdom Government which apply to Scotland only (these are different from Scottish statutory instruments made by the Scottish Government under its devolved powers).
* (NI *n*): Northern Ireland series: Orders in Council made by the United Kingdom Government under its "direct rule" powers (delegated legislation made by Northern Ireland Departments is made by statutory rules).
* (W *n*): Wales series: statutory instruments made by the Welsh Government and applying to Wales only. Welsh language versions are numbered (Cy *n*).

Statutory instruments will be classified by subject heading in the annual edition printed by His Majesty's Stationery Office.

Printed copies of a statutory instrument will generally be on sale within a week of the date it is made.

## Parliamentary control

Most statutory instruments (SIs) are subject to one of two forms of control by Parliament, depending on what is specified in the parent Act. Parliament's control is limited to approving, or rejecting, the instrument as laid before it: it cannot (except in very rare cases) amend or change it. Whether or not a statutory instrument is subject to affirmative or negative resolution procedure is dictated by the parent act.

### Negative resolution procedure

The more common form of control is the negative resolution procedure. This requires that the instrument is either:

* laid before Parliament in draft, and can be made once 40 days (excluding any time during which Parliament is dissolved or prorogued, or during which both Houses are adjourned for more than four days) have passed unless either House passes a resolution disapproving it, or
* laid before Parliament after it is made (but before it comes into force), but will be revoked if either House passes a resolution annulling it within 40 days.

A motion to annul a statutory instrument is known as a "prayer" and uses the following wording:

> That an humble address be presented to His Majesty praying that the \[name of statutory instrument\] be annulled.

Any member of either House can put down a motion that an instrument should be annulled, although in the Commons, unless the motion is signed by a large number of Members, or is moved by the official Opposition, it is unlikely to be debated, and in the Lords such a motion is seldom actually voted upon.

If a resolution to annul an instrument is passed, it will be revoked by the King through an Order-in-Council. Between the date of the resolution to annul and the date when the Order-in-Council is made, the instrument remains law but ineffective. Anything done under the instrument whilst it was in force remains valid, and the Government is free to make a new statutory instrument.

The last occasion on which a statutory instrument was annulled was on 22 February 2000, when the House of Lords passed a motion to annul the Greater London Authority Elections Rules. The last time the House of Commons annulled a statutory instrument was in 1979 when it rejected the Paraffin (Maximum Retail Prices) (Revocation) Order 1979 (SI 1979/797).

### Affirmative resolution procedure

Statutory instruments which are subject to affirmative resolution are less common, making up about 10% of the total. This is the more stringent form of parliamentary control as it requires positive approval, rather than the absence of a decision to annul. Accordingly, it is used where the delegated legislation may be more controversial.

The parent Act may require that the proposed statutory instrument be approved by both Houses of Parliament (or, in the case of an instrument which relates to financial matters, by the House of Commons only) either:

* before it is made (i.e. in draft form),
* after it is made, but before it can come into force, or
* after it is made and has come into force, but it cannot remain in force for longer than a specified period (usually 28 days, excluding periods when Parliament is dissolved, prorogued or adjourned for more than four days) unless approved within that period.

Once the instrument is laid before Parliament, the Government will move a motion in each House that the instrument be approved.

The last time a draft statutory instrument subject to affirmative procedure was not approved by the House of Commons was on 12 November 1969 when the House rejected four draft Orders relating to parliamentary constituencies.

### Regulatory reform orders and legislative reform orders

The Regulatory Reform Act 2001 enables the Government to make an Order to change Acts of Parliament so as to remove burdens on business or others, so long as it can be done without removing "necessary protections". Because of the extensive powers given to the Government to amend primary legislation as part of the Act, a special form of affirmative procedure has been introduced.

Firstly, the Government must produce a draft proposal and consult interested organisations. It must then lay the proposal and the results of the consultation, along with a detailed explanation, before Parliament for 60 days. Select committees of both Houses then debate the proposal and examine it against criteria including maintenance of "necessary protection" for those who may be affected, the adequacy of public consultation, the extent of the burden to be lifted, financial implications and compliance with European law. The Committees then report their findings to the House. The Government has to take those findings into account when deciding whether to proceed with the proposal. If it does, it then lays a draft Order before Parliament along with an explanation of any changes made, which is again considered by the Committees before finally being put to a vote of each House for approval.

One example of the use of Regulatory Reform Orders have included the Regulatory Reform (Sunday Trading) Order 2004 which repealed section 26 of the Revenue Act 1889, and so re-legalised the selling of methylated spirits on a Saturday night or a Sunday. Another example is the Regulatory Reform (Trading Stamps) Order 2005 which repealed the entirety of the Trading Stamps Act 1964.

The 2001 Act was repealed and replaced by the Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006, which created significantly wider powers and has been the subject of considerable concern. The powers have been described by David Howarth MP as the "Abolition of Parliament Bill" and by Daniel Finkelstein as the "Bill to End All Bills".

### Remedial orders under the Human Rights Act 1998

The Human Rights Act 1998 created a procedure under which, if the courts find that an Act of Parliament contravenes the European Convention on Human Rights, the Government can make a remedial order to correct the Act in question.

Before making a remedial order, the Government must lay a proposal before Parliament for 60 days, during which time it will be considered and reported upon by the Joint Committee of both Houses on Human Rights. After the 60 days have passed, the Government may then lay a draft Order before Parliament, following which there is another 60-day period in which the Joint Committee will make a recommendation to both Houses whether the Order should be approved.

An emergency procedure allows for remedial orders to be made immediately and debated afterwards; they must be approved within 120 days or will cease to have effect.

### Henry VIII clauses

Some statutory instruments are made under provisions of Acts which allow the instrument to change the parent Act itself, or to change other primary legislation. These provisions, allowing primary legislation to be amended by secondary legislation, are known as **Henry VIII clauses**, or Henry VIII powers, because an early example of such a power was conferred on King Henry VIII by the Statute of Proclamations 1539. After the enactment of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (which permitted the Secretary of State to make changes using Henry VIII powers), the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Select Committee of the House of Lords issued a report concerning the use and drafting of such clauses, which its chairman remarked go "right to the heart of the key constitutional question of the limits of executive power". Such clauses have often proved controversial, because they allow changes to the law without a vote in Parliament at any stage.

Lord Judge spoke strongly against such clauses when he was Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales: "You can be sure that when these Henry VIII clauses are introduced they will always be said to be necessary. William Pitt warned us how to treat such a plea with disdain. 'Necessity is the justification for every infringement of human liberty: it is the argument of tyrants, the creed of slaves.'"

The government (specifically the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) controversially used Henry VIII powers to abolish EU rules on state aid (which had been incorporated into UK domestic law after Brexit). In 2021, the Good Law Project has challenged this move, arguing that the use of Henry VIII powers for such a purpose is constitutionally questionable.

### Supervision by parliamentary committees

There are three Committees which have a general supervisory role in relation to statutory instruments.

The Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments (a Committee of both Houses of Parliament) checks that an instrument is being made in accordance with the powers granted to the Minister making it. It does not consider the policy of instruments, but is concerned only with technical matters. The Joint Committee may draw the attention of both Houses to an instrument if it:

* imposes a cost on the public finances,
* requires payments of fees to a public authority,
* is made under powers which prevent it from being challenged in the courts,
* attempts to have retrospective effect (i.e. to change the law from a date before the date on which it is made) when the parent Act does not explicitly empower it to do so,
* makes an unexpected or unusual use of the powers conferred by the parent Act, or it may be *ultra vires* (outside the powers granted by the parent Act, and so unlawful),
* requires further explanation,
* has been published or laid before Parliament late, or
* appears to contain mistakes.

Where an instrument is required to be laid before the House of Commons only, then the Commons' Select Committee on Statutory Instruments undertakes a similar examination.

The House of Lords Committee on the Merits of Statutory Instruments considers the policy of statutory instruments and would draw the attention of the House of Lords to a statutory instrument if it:

* is politically or legally important,
* is no longer appropriate due to changes in circumstances since the parent Act was passed,
* implements European law inappropriately, or
* fails to achieve its intended purpose.

In addition, the House of Commons may refer a statutory instrument to a Standing Committee for detailed debate on the merits of the legislation if a motion to annul (in the case of an instrument subject to negative resolution) or approve (in the case of an instrument subject to affirmative resolution) is made. The Committee will report its conclusions to the House which will then vote on the motion to annul or approve (as the case may be).

### Instruments not subject to parliamentary control

Most Acts of Parliament stipulate that their provisions shall not come into force until a date to be fixed by one or more Commencement Orders made by the Government, thereby giving the authorities time to make necessary preparations. Commencement Orders are laid before Parliament but are not subject to either the affirmative or negative procedure.

Many statutory instruments (indeed, the largest group after those subject to the negative resolution procedure) are not required to be laid before Parliament at all, and are therefore not subject to any parliamentary control.

## Judicial controls

As with all delegated legislation, because statutory instruments are made by a person exercising a power conferred by an Act of Parliament for a specified purpose, rather than by Parliament exercising its sovereign law-making powers, they can be struck down by the courts if it is concluded that they are *ultra vires* (literally, "beyond the powers" conferred by the parent Act). This would be the case if the Government attempts to use delegated legislation for a purpose not envisioned by the parent Act, or if the legislation is an unreasonable use of the power conferred by the Act, or if pre-conditions imposed by the Act (for example, consultation with certain organisations) have not been satisfied.

In 1987, the case *re Woolwich Equitable Building Society* led the courts to strike down SI 1986 No 482 regulation 11 which related to payments of dividends by building societies. More recently the Court of Appeal struck down SI 2014 No 2604, known as the Fast Track Rules, which relates to asylum appeals. This was held to be *ultra vires* Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 section 22.

## Bibliography

* All United Kingdom Acts of Parliament from 1988 onwards and Statutory Instruments from 1987 onwards are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/
* Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Statutory Instruments are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms from HMSO at http://www.scotland-legislation.hmso.gov.uk
* The "Henry VIII clause" refers to a type of clause that enables the UK government to use secondary legislation to amend primary legislation without going through the lengthy Parliamentary approval process. However, it is seen as an erosion of Parliamentary sovereignty as it allows ministers to make changes without proper scrutiny, though parliamentary scrutiny can be called upon if needed. Learn more at https://www.campionssolicitors.co.uk/henry-viii-clause


title: Eekwol

abstract: Eekwol is a Canadian rapper and singer from the Muskoday First Nation in Saskatchewan. She is a graduate of the University of Regina and the University of Saskatchewan (M.A.). Her master's thesis, completed through the Department of Native Studies, examines past and present Indigenous music and how both are interconnected. She later worked as a lecturer in the Native Studies department for University of Saskatchewan Native Studies department. She is currently a Ph.D. student in the Indigenous Studies Department at the University of Saskatchewan and was the university's first Indigenous storyteller-in-residence.

text:
# Eekwol

**Eekwol** (born Lindsay Knight) is a Canadian rapper and singer from the Muskoday First Nation in Saskatchewan.

She is a graduate of the University of Regina and the University of Saskatchewan (M.A.). Her master's thesis, completed through the Department of Native Studies, examines past and present Indigenous music and how both are interconnected. She later worked as a lecturer in the Native Studies department for University of Saskatchewan Native Studies department. She is currently a Ph.D. student in the Indigenous Studies Department at the University of Saskatchewan and was the university's first Indigenous storyteller-in-residence.

## Personal life

Eekwol was born as Lindsay Knight and has two children. She is a musician as well as an academic.

She is the niece of musician Chester Knight.

## Music career

Eekwol started studying hip-hop at age 16 and launched her first album in 1998. She won Best Hip Hop/Rap Album at the 2005 Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards for the *Apprentice to the Mystery* album, along with Mils (her brother and producer, with whom she co-owns the indie label Mils Production). The same album was nominated at the Indian Summer Music Awards in 2005, and the Aboriginal Peoples’ Choice Music Awards in 2006. Her video for "Too Sick" has been featured on the Aboriginal Peoples' Television Network, MTV Canada and Muchmusic. She served on the panel of adjudicators for the Saskatchewan Lieutenant Governor's Arts Awards in 2008.

Eekwol works as a youth mentor and has participated in songwriting workshops focused on Cree youth education in arts. She has also been an instructor for LIVE Arts Saskatchewan.

## Political activism

She is known for "a passionate stance on indigenous culture and struggle" in her lyrics, and for political and social activities. These activities include sitting on an Indigenous Advisory Council, and as of 7 December 2015, becoming the Program Consultant for Aboriginal Arts and Community Engagement for the Saskatchewan Arts Board.

After attending one of the events in Saskatoon regarding Truth and Reconciliation \[Canada's mandated organization that acknowledges and documents residential schools where she performed, she was deeply affected after hearing the stories of residential school survivors. Her reaction was to write about it, which is reflected in her song, "Ghosts".

## Quotes

"I rap for the desire to make something powerful and creative."

## Discography

* 1998 – *Eekwol*
* 1999 – *Frequent Flyers of a Higher Science*
* 2001 – *Best Kept Secret*
* 2002 – *Soundsick*
* 2004 – *Apprentice to the Mystery*
* 2007 – *The List (with Mils)*
* 2009 – *Niso*
* 2015 – *Good Kill*
* 2019 - *F.W.B.W* (with T-Rhyme)

## InfoBox

| Eekwol | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Lindsay Knight |
| Also known as | Eekwol |
| Born | Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * rapper |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Labels | innersoulflow, Independent |
|  | |
| Website | www.myspace.com/eekwol |


title: Joseph Lafont

abstract: General Michel Laurent Marie Joseph Lafont (1874–1961) was the third Chief Scout of Scouts de France from 1936 to 1948, the first and only Chief Scout of Scoutisme Français from 1940 to 1948, and member of the International Committee of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). he is buried in Saint-Étienne Cemetery in Bayonne.

text:
# Joseph Lafont

General **Michel Laurent Marie Joseph Lafont** (1874–1961) was the third Chief Scout of Scouts de France from 1936 to 1948, the first and only Chief Scout of Scoutisme Français from 1940 to 1948, and member of the International Committee of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). he is buried in Saint-Étienne Cemetery in Bayonne.

## Background

LaFont was a French General who in his retirement devoted his work to Scouting.

## Bibliography

* Christophe Carichon (2021). *Grandes figures du scoutisme* (in French). Artège. pp. 145–155. ISBN 9791033611806.


title: Royal National Children's Foundation

abstract: The Royal National Children's Foundation (RNCF) is a British charity which helps children facing abuse, neglect or trauma at home by providing them with the opportunity to move into a supported education environment. The RNCF currently enables nearly 400 vulnerable and disadvantaged children to attend state and independent boarding schools and day schools. As well as paying school fees, the RNCF also funds counselling, educational school trips and holidays for vulnerable children, many of whom have never had a holiday.

text:
# Royal National Children's Foundation

The **Royal National Children's Foundation** (**RNCF**) is a British charity which helps children facing abuse, neglect or trauma at home by providing them with the opportunity to move into a supported education environment. The RNCF currently enables nearly 400 vulnerable and disadvantaged children to attend state and independent boarding schools and day schools. As well as paying school fees, the RNCF also funds counselling, educational school trips and holidays for vulnerable children, many of whom have never had a holiday.

## History

The RNCF is the successor charity to an organisation founded as an orphanage by Dr Andrew Reed in 1827. From 1842 (when Queen Victoria became the first Patron), it was successively known as the **Infant Orphan Asylum**, the **Royal Infant Orphanage**, the **Royal Wanstead School**, and the **Royal Wanstead Children's Foundation**. The school was based at Wanstead on the edge of Epping Forest in grand buildings that today house the Snaresbrook Crown Court. The charity was merged in December 2010 with the **Joint Educational Trust** (JET), with which it has been closely collaborating for some 25 years. JET was founded in the 1970s by a group of prep school head teachers. The first JET chairman was wartime hero Group Captain Douglas Bader.

The Royal National Children's Foundation no longer operates its own boarding schools but helps to support vulnerable children at a range of boarding schools throughout the United Kingdom. These young people have one or no active parents and have suffered some degree of abuse, neglect, fear and disruption in their home, family or school environment such as to be seriously prejudicial to their normal development.

RNCF has supported 3,000 vulnerable, disadvantaged children at some 150 different boarding schools since the closure of its own schools in 1971. It describes this work as Assisted Boarding but it also supports some vulnerable children (up to the age of 13) at independent day schools.

## Today

It funds the schooling of these beneficiaries by putting together packages with the support of other charities and the schools themselves. In this way, RNCF leverages its own funds some seven times, so that a RNCF grant of c.£4,000 can effectively secure the fees for a vulnerable young person at an independent boarding school for a whole year. Coupled with the charity's low administrative costs, this helps ensure that a very large proportion of all donations and legacies go direct to paying fees for these disadvantaged young people.

The Royal National Children's Foundation helps to support some 400 children at more than 100 state and independent boarding and prep day schools. These children benefit from the high levels of pastoral care and individual attention available especially at many boarding schools. Royal National supports its beneficiaries for either the duration of their secondary schooling or until they no longer need the charity's support. In many cases, therefore, the charity is supporting these vulnerable young people for 7–8 years. The charity's invested endowment helps underwrite its commitment and ensures the continuity of schooling and care for young people who have already suffered so much disruption in their short lives.

Between 2001 and July 2016, the RNCF's Chairman was Colin Morrison, a publisher who was formerly a beneficiary of the charity. Morrison was succeeded by Kevin Parry.

The RNCF's Patron is the Princess Royal. During a speech at the charity's annual conference in 2010, The Princess Royal said: "Boarding school will , by no means, suit every child vulnerable or not. But our case studies show that, for the right child in the right school at the right time, Assisted Boarding really can help transform a young person's life and prospects. I commend the Royal National Children's Foundation as a highly-effective charity deserving of support."

RNCF has been active in campaigning for the Government to recognise and incentivise the 'vital welfare role' of boarding schools at a time when (he says) the number of boarding places has declined by up to 40% in less than 25 years. It has also called for local authorities to use 'foster boarding' to help solve the acute shortage of carers. He has advocated that local authorities could more readily recruit as foster parents some working couples where the children were in boarding schools. RNCF has said: "It's not for all children, and not for all foster carers, but it's an idea to consider when local authorities are trying to secure the future of a child in care. Boarding schools can and should be part of the solution for many more vulnerable children than they are currently. Modern boarding schools have so much to offer vulnerable children."

The charity's "Breaking Through" research for the charity shows how – over the long term – these Assisted Boarders tend to be among their schools' star performers across a range of social, emotional and academic criteria. He ascribes at least some of this success to the way in which these young people grasp their "golden opportunity" with both hands: they appreciate their good fortune in being able to develop a promising new life after a particularly troubled start.

In 2011, Colin Morrison launched the Assisted Boarding Network to promote the effectiveness of Assisted Boarding for vulnerable young people in the care of local authorities. The Network, which is now being jointly promoted both by the RNCF and Buttle UK, was launched at a Westminster conference in June 2012, addressed by Tim Loughton, the Under Secretary of State for Children & Families and by Lord (Andrew) Adonis his predecessor in the former Labour government. The conference was attended by representatives from more than 60 local authorities throughout England and Wales.

The Foundation is now seeking increases in donations, legacies and subscriptions to help it expand Assisted Boarding. It is also seeking to persuade more grant-making charities and other organisations to help provide long-term support for these vulnerable children.

With the merger of Royal Wanstead Children's Foundation and the Joint Educational Trust (JET) — to form the Royal National Children's Foundation — the charity declared its aim to increase to 500 the number of vulnerable young people supported within five years. The appeal was launched with a dinner in February 2011 hosted by The Princess Royal at Buckingham Palace.

The RNCF has offices at King Edward's School, Witley and the Cobham, Surrey campus at Reed's School, another charitable institution founded in the early 19th century by Dr Andrew Reed. The Directors of the charity are Mrs Christine Hughes (Director of Operations) and David Bassom (Director of Marketing and Fundraising). Kevin Parry is the Chairman of the RNCF. Presidents of the charity include: the Archbishops of Canterbury, York and Westminster, Lord Adonis, and the Bishop of London.


title: Special Constables Act 1914

abstract: The Special Constables Act 1914 was a British act of parliament, given royal assent on 28 August 1914, weeks after the outbreak of the First World War. It enabled the monarch to make regulations by Orders in Council regarding special constables for the duration of that conflict under the Special Constables Act 1831 or a section of the Municipal Corporations Act 1882 or under similar legislation in Scotland and Ireland. The Act waived the 1831 Act's requirement for a "tumult, riot, or felony" to have occurred or be imminent before special constables could be appointed, made any regulation made by those Orders in Council binding on those appointed as special constables and extended to special constables the gratuities and allowances for constables injured in the line of duty or dependents of constables killed in the line of duty from the Police Acts between 1839 and 1910. The Act was later made permanent by the Special Constables Act 1923.

text:
# Special Constables Act 1914

The **Special Constables Act 1914** (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 61; *An Act to enable His Majesty, by Order in Council, to make regulations with respect to Special Constables appointed during the present war.*) was a British act of parliament, given royal assent on 28 August 1914, weeks after the outbreak of the First World War. It enabled the monarch to make regulations by Orders in Council regarding special constables for the duration of that conflict under the Special Constables Act 1831 or a section of the Municipal Corporations Act 1882 or under similar legislation in Scotland and Ireland.

The Act waived the 1831 Act's requirement for a "tumult, riot, or felony" to have occurred or be imminent before special constables could be appointed, made any regulation made by those Orders in Council binding on those appointed as special constables and extended to special constables the gratuities and allowances for constables injured in the line of duty or dependents of constables killed in the line of duty from the Police Acts between 1839 and 1910.

The Act was later made permanent by the Special Constables Act 1923.

1. "Legislation.gov.uk - Special Constables Act 1914".
2. "PDF copy of the Act" (PDF).

## InfoBox

Special Constables Act 1914
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | An Act to enable His Majesty, by Order in Council, to make regulations with respect to Special Constables appointed during the present war. |
| Citation | 4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 61 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 28 August 1914 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | Special Constables Act 1923 |


title: 4 Deserts

abstract: The 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series is an annual series of four 250-kilometer (155-mile) races across deserts around the globe. The races were recognized as the world's leading endurance footrace series by TIME magazine in 2009 and 2010, as the "Ultimate test of human endurance". The series was founded by American Mary K Gadams who founded RacingThePlanet in 2002. The Gobi March, the series' inaugural race, was held in the Gobi Desert of western China in 2003. Over the following three years, an additional race was introduced in a new location each year. In 2004, the Atacama Crossing was held in the Atacama Desert of Chile. This was followed by the Sahara Race in the Sahara Desert of Egypt in 2005. In 2006 a fourth race, called The Last Desert, took place in Antarctica and was the first year in which all 4 Deserts races were held in the same calendar year. Competitors can enter any of the individual multiday races within the 4 Deserts Race Series, but if they wish to take part in The Last Desert (Antarctica) they must successfully finish at least two of the other races in the series. To date, more than seventy races have been staged with more than 10,000 individuals representing 100+ countries in the races. Many participants return to compete in additional events, and there is a growing list of members in the 4 Deserts Club and 4 Deserts Grand Slam Club. In 2013, a documentary film about 4 Deserts was released. Desert Runners, directed by Jennifer Steinman, follows four participants as they attempt to complete the series in 2010. The Desert Runners documentary received many film awards.

text:
# 4 Deserts

The **4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series** is an annual series of four 250-kilometer (155-mile) races across deserts around the globe. The races were recognized as the world's leading endurance footrace series by *TIME* magazine in 2009 and 2010, as the "Ultimate test of human endurance". The series was founded by American Mary K Gadams who founded RacingThePlanet in 2002.

The Gobi March, the series' inaugural race, was held in the Gobi Desert of western China in 2003. Over the following three years, an additional race was introduced in a new location each year. In 2004, the Atacama Crossing was held in the Atacama Desert of Chile. This was followed by the Sahara Race in the Sahara Desert of Egypt (Eastern Desert) in 2005. In 2006 a fourth race, called The Last Desert, took place in Antarctica and was the first year in which all 4 Deserts races were held in the same calendar year.

Competitors can enter any of the individual multiday races within the 4 Deserts Race Series, but if they wish to take part in The Last Desert (Antarctica) they must successfully finish at least two of the other races in the series.

To date, more than seventy races have been staged with more than 10,000 individuals representing 100+ countries in the races. Many participants return to compete in additional events, and there is a growing list of members in the 4 Deserts Club and 4 Deserts Grand Slam Club.

In 2013, a documentary film about 4 Deserts was released. Desert Runners, directed by Jennifer Steinman, follows four participants as they attempt to complete the series in 2010. The Desert Runners documentary received many film awards.

## 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series

The events that combine to make the 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series are:

### Atacama Crossing (Chile)

The Atacama Crossing crosses Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth. The Atacama Desert has a unique landscape of salt lakes, volcanoes, lava flows and sand dunes. Moreover, owing to its otherworldly appearance, the landscape has been compared to that of Mars and has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes, most notably in the television series *Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets*.

The Atacama Crossing is gruelling because of its terrain, harsh climate and altitude that averages 2,500 meters (8,000 feet) during the race. The race typically begins at its highest point of more than 3,000 meters in the Arcoiris Valley.

San Pedro de Atacama is the host town of the Atacama Crossing.

### Gobi March (Mongolia)

Originally located in the Gobi Desert of China, since 2018 the race now takes place in various locations around the Mongolian area of the Gobi Desert, and is usually held in late August.

The Gobi March's challenges include the changes in temperature from the hot highlands to the oppressive cold in sand dunes, the open sun, potential sandstorms and variety of terrain – soft sand-dunes, rocky tracks, steep hills, ridges and riverbeds.

A Shanghai-based competitor died of heatstroke after competing in the 2010 Gobi March. His brother (who was not at the race) claimed Racing the Planet was "reckless" to set such a course for non-professional athletes, and ill-prepared.

### Namib Race (Namibia)

Originally hosted in the Sahara Desert of Egypt, the race is now located along the Skeleton Coast of Namibia. The Namib segment takes place, usually in late April, in the oldest desert in the world. Competitors have to contend with a variety of terrains, both rock and sand, but will face endless miles of sand dunes up to 122 metres (400 feet) high. Daytime temperatures reach 50 °C (122 °F).

In 2012 the race took place for the third time in the Western Desert around the region around Al Fayuum, Wadi El-Rayan Protected Area and The Valley of the Whales or Wadi Al-Hitan, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Due to political unrest the 2014 edition of the race was moved to Jordan where it crossed four deserts; Wadi Rum, Kharaza, Humaima and Wadi Araba before finishing in the ancient city of Petra. The 2016 event was relocated to the Namib Desert where it is expected to remain for some time.

### The Last Desert (Antarctica)

The race uses a polar expedition ship as its base, traveling to the different course locations on the Antarctic Peninsula and offshore islands based on the prevailing sea and weather conditions, with competitors transferred from ship to shore by zodiacs. Since 2010, this segment has been held biannually in order to minimise its environmental impact, and usually takes place around the end of November.

The unique challenges of The Last Desert (Antarctica) include having to cope with the severity of the weather conditions that can include gale force blizzards and temperatures down to −20 °C (-4 °F). Competitors also have to deal with the unpredictability of daily stage lengths and start-times, as the prevailing environmental conditions dictate where and when stages might begin.

Fifteen individuals from around the world completed the inaugural event in 2006 becoming the first in the world to complete a 250 km footrace on the Antarctic continent. The Last Desert 2010 took place in November of that year in King George Island, Deception Island, and Dorian Bay. The Last Desert 2010 was featured 3 times on IMG's *Transworld Sport*.

## RacingThePlanet Series

The RacingThePlanet Ultramarathon was introduced in 2008 as the 4 Deserts saw a desire for multi-day, multi-stage races in new countries. The concept was to supplement with 4 Deserts Race Series with one-off races in new locations each year. These locations did not have to be deserts, but it was preferred that they would retain some of the most desirable elements of the races in the original series including locations that were off the beaten track and where beautiful, cultural and physically challenging courses could be set. So far, the RacingThePlanet Ultramarathon has been held in Vietnam (2008), Namibia (2009), Australia (2010), Nepal (2011), Jordan (2012), Iceland (2013), Madagascar (2014), Ecuador (2015), Sri Lanka (2016), Patagonia (2017), Zealand (2019), Georgia (2021) and Lapland (2022). In 2023, RacingThePlanet will celebrate 20 years with a special race in Jordan called "RacingThePlanet: The 20-Year Race. This special race will finish in front of the Treasury Building in Petra.

## Event format

The 250-kilometer (155-mile) races take place over seven days and six stages. A campsite is raised each night for competitors where they are provided with a place in a tent to sleep, access to hot water, a campfire, medical assistance and the CyberTent where they can view and send messages to family and friends and update their race blog.

Competitors race from campsite to campsite each day following marker flags that have been planted the preceding day. They must pass through a series of checkpoints where they collect drinking water and can seek medical treatment.

Other than the access to the services described competitors must race completely self-supported, carrying all their food, supplies and equipment for the week. Each competitor must carry a selection of mandatory items at all times to help ensure their safety out on course.

Competitors must start each stage at the appointed time and on certain stages cut-off times are set which racers must meet in order to remain active in the event.

The results of the race are based on the cumulative time taken for the competitor to complete all the stages, and a competitor must successfully pass through every checkpoint in order to collect a finisher's medal.

Should a competitor withdraw from a particular stage, they may not continue in the race.

## Charitable causes

About 50% of competitors choose to support causes when racing at the 4 Deserts.

Because of the remote locations of many of the races RacingThePlanet choose to support a specific charity at almost every event, that provides support to the local community in which the event takes place. The company has a long running partnership with Operation Smile, and has raised over US$500,000 for the charity for projects in Vietnam, China and Egypt, often funding missions and surgeries in the local communities through which competitors race.

The company has donated books and sports equipment to schools in Xinjiang province where the Gobi March is held through the Esquel Y. L. Yang Education Fund who they have also supported for a number of years.

In 2008, the Gobi March took place just one month after the devastating earthquake in Sichuan Province on 12 May, so that year RacingThePlanet put together a special auction whereby friends and families of competitors could bid to buy a hot shower for three competitors at the end of the 90 km Stage 5 of the event. An unheard of and never-to-be-repeated luxury. The auction raised almost US$30,000 for the Red Cross disaster fund.

Again in 2010 another earthquake affected a country that plays host to a 4 Deserts race. The Chilean earthquake of 27 February occurred just one week before the start of the Atacama Crossing. RacingThePlanet and the community of competitors and friends raised US$15,000 for Habitat for Humanity in the weeks to follow.

## 4 Deserts Champions

4 Deserts Champions are crowned in the male and female categories at the end of every edition of The Last Desert (Antarctica). Since 2010, champions have been recognized in an official Awards Ceremony at the conclusion of the Antarctic race; champions from previous years have been crowned retrospectively.

4 Deserts Champions are determined by adding the finishing rankings of every The Last Desert competitor over each of the four races in the series. For this reason, only 4 Deserts Club members are eligible for the award. The lowest aggregate score in the male and female categories is named a 4 Deserts Champion.

In 2010, Ryan Sandes of South Africa recorded the lowest and unbeatable aggregate score of 4 points as he had won each of the 4 Deserts races he had entered. In 2012, Spanish racer Vicente Juan Garcia Beneito and German competitor Anne-Marie Flammersfeld repeated this feat by winning all four races in the same calendar year and qualifying for the 4 Deserts Grand Slam.

**4 Deserts Champions:**

**2018**

Male : Wong Ho-chung (Hong Kong)

**2014**

Male: José Manuel Martínez Fernandez (Spain)

Female: Isis Breiter (Mexico)

**2012**

Male: Vicente Juan Garcia Beneito (Spain)

Female: Anne-Marie Flammersfeld (Germany)

**2010**

Male: Ryan Sandes (South Africa)

Female: Mirjana Pellizzer (Croatia)

**2008**

Male: Dean Karnazes (United States)

Female: Laura Corti (Italy)

**2007**

Male: Francesco Galanzino (Italy)

Female: none

**2006**

Male: Yi Chieh (Kevin) Lin (Taiwan)

Female: Lisanne Dorian (United States)

## 4 Deserts Grand Slam

The 4 Deserts Grand Slam has been so named by competitors attempting to complete all the events in the 4 Deserts Race Series in one calendar year.

The first Grand Slam was first attempted in 2008 when five competitors set out to complete the task and two were ultimately successful. The first two competitors to be named Grand Slammers were famed endurance athlete Dean Karnazes of the United States and Paul Liebenberg of South Africa. In 2010, fourteen competitors attempted to complete the feat and nine, including the first three women, were successful. The Grand Slam has become increasingly popular in the years in which all 4 Deserts take place.

**4 Deserts Grand Slammers:**

**2014**

Juan Carlos Albarran (Spain), Asger Bech-Thomsen (Denmark), Paul Borlinha (Canada), Isis Breiter (Mexico), Chris Calimano (United States), Arthur Chu (Philippines), Brett Foote (Australia), Michael Gilgen (Switzerland), Jose Luis Gomez Alciturri (Spain), Andrzej Gondek (Poland), Kyungpyo Hong (South Korea), Linh Huynh (Canada), Daniel Lewczuk (Poland), Andres Lledo Lopez (Spain), Jose Manuel Martinez Fernandez (Spain), Atul Patki (India), Inia Raumati (New Zealand), Rob Trepa (United States), Marek Wikiera (Poland)

**2012**

Jess Baker (Australia), Cécile Bertin (France), Gyouyoung Choi (South Korea), Christian Colque (Argentina), Alper Dalkilic (Turkey), Greg Donovan (Australia), Matthew Donovan (Australia), Jeison Duarte da Costa (Brazil), Anne-Marie Flammersfeld (Germany), Vicente Juan Garcia Beneito (Spain), James Gaston (United States), Tara Gaston (United States), Roger Hanney (Australia), Sanghyeon Kim (South Korea), Dan Leiner (Luxembourg), Ron Schwebel (Australia), Shayne Stoik (Canada), Seung Chul Youn (South Korea)

**2010**

Paul Acheson (England), Samantha Gash (Australia), Peter Jong (Australia), Stan Lee (Canada), Terumasa Mori (Japan), David O'Brien (Ireland), Linda Quirk (United States) Lucy Rivers-Bulkeley (England), Philip Tye (England)

**2008**

Dean Karnazes (United States), Paul Liebenberg (South Africa)

## Individual race results

Times are shown in hours:minutes:seconds

### Atacama Crossing (Chile)

| Year | Men's Winner | Winning Time | Women's Winner | Winning Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | José Manuel Martínez Fernandez, Spain | 25:57:58 | Emily Woodland, England | 34:18:39 |
| 2013 | Daniel Rowland, Zimbabwe | 26:17:51 | Rebecca Pattinson, England | 35:38:09 |
| 2012 | Vicente Juan Garcia Beneito, Spain | 23:46:51 | Anne-Marie Flammersfeld, Germany | 29:49:53 |
| 2011 | Anders Jensen, Denmark | 30:49:05 | Nahila Hernandez San Juan, Mexico | 38:16:25 |
| 2010 | Ryan Sandes, South Africa | 23:58:39 | Joanna Zakrzewski, England | 33:37:30 |
| 2009 | Mehmet Danis, Canada | 31:56:27 | Fleur Grose, Australia | 37:31:54 |
| 2008 | Dean Karnazes, United States | 31:49:44 | Mimi Anderson, England | 43:15:16 |
| 2007 | Robert Jarvis, New Zealand | 35:12:09 | Emma Dawber, England | 47:09:35 |
| 2006 | Mark Tamminga, Canada | 32:16:06 | Sandra McCallum, Canada | 44:14:38 |
| 2004 | Yi Chieh (Kevin) Lin, Taiwan | 27:36:29 | Lisanne Dorion, United States | 41:04:37 |

### Gobi March (China)

| Year | Men's Winner | Winning Time | Women's Winner | Winning Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | José Manuel Martínez Fernandez, Spain | 25:56:34 | Isis Breiter, Mexico | 37:02:06 |
| 2013 | Stefano Gregoretti, Italy | 27:09:28 | Shiri Leventhal, United States | 31:34:55 |
| 2012 | Vicente Juan Garcia Beneito, Spain | 23:12:33 | Anne-Marie Flammersfeld, Germany | 27:53:21 |
| 2011 | Damon Goerke, Australia | 26:28:39 | Jennifer Madz, Australia | 34:41:19 |
| 2010 | Dan Parr, England | 24:53:36 | Denvy Lo, Singapore | 33:25:49 |
| 2009 | Eric LaHaie, United States | 26:43:50 | Diana Hogan-Murphy, Ireland | 36:26:25 |
| 2008 | Ryan Sandes, South Africa | 24:38:20 | Lia Farley, United States | 32:09:35 |
| 2007 | Mark Tamminga, Canada | 29:06:55 | Lucy Brooks, England | 29:09:05 |
| 2006 | Byeung Sik Ahn, Taiwan | 27:46:41 | Kazuko Kaihata, Japan | 33:00:16 |
| 2005 | Evgeniy Gorkov, Russia | 35:43:14 | Lisanne Dorion, United States | 42:00:55 |
| 2003 | Charles Engle Jr, United States | 30:58:22 | Ms Aletengtya, China | 48:25:37 |

### Sahara Race (Egypt)

| Year | Men's Winner | Winning Time | Women's Winner | Winning Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Salameh Al Aqra, Jordan | 22:44:09 | Sandy Suckling, Australia | 31:29:00 |
| 2012 | Vicente Juan Garcia Beneito, Spain | 25:36:12 | Anne-Marie Flammersfeld, Germany | 30:48:33 |
| 2011 | Dan Parr, England | 25:13:22 | Sophie Collett, England | 38:02:26 |
| 2010 | Anders Jensen, Denmark | 26:56:28 | Katia Figini, Italy | 32:03:29 |
| 2009 | Paolo Barghini, Italy | 28:14:38 | Erica Terblanche, South Africa | 38:15:02 |
| 2008 | Ryan Sandes, South Africa | 27:09:17 | Nina Breith, Germany | 32:50:37 |
| 2007 | Andrew Murray, Scotland | 30:11:44 | Sandy McCallum, Canada | 39:55:24 |
| 2006 | Jimmi Olsen, Denmark | 26:55:04 | Claire Price, England | 32:58:00 |
| 2005 | Ray Zahab, Canada | 26:24:45 | Theresa Schneider, United States | 32:18:54 |

### Last Desert (Antarctica)

Overall results are calculated differently for The Last Desert (Antarctica) as weather and sea conditions make it difficult to cover a full 250 kilometers. In these cases, overall rankings are based on total distance covered rather than overall time.

| Year | Men's Winner | Winning Distance | Women's Winner | Winning Distance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | José Manuel Martínez Fernandez, Spain | 163.30 km | Isis Breiter, Mexico | 121.60 km |
| 2012 | Vicente Juan Garcia Beneito, Spain | 200.35 km | Anne-Marie Flammersfeld, Germany | 186.95 km |
| 2010 | Ryan Sandes, South Africa | 230.50 km | Diana Hogan-Murphy, Ireland | 165.00 km |
| 2008 | Paul Liebenberg, South Africa | 76.98 km | Louise Cooper, United States | 59.68 km |
| 2007 | Joseph Holland, United States | 133.60 km |  |  |
| 2006 | Scott Smith, United States | 29:06:37 | Lisanne Dorian, United States | 35:35:40 |

### Roving Races

| Year | Location | Men's Winner | Winning Time | Women's Winner | Winning Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Madagascar | Ryan Sandes, South Africa | 22:46:42 | Maki Izuchi Suban, Japan | 32:35:38 |
| 2013 | Iceland | Mo Foustok, Saudi Arabia | 23:04:08 | Lia Farley, United States | 27:12:26 |
| 2012 | Jordan | Paolo Barghini, Italy | 27:11:03 | Katia Figini, Italy | 29:37:03 |
| 2011 | Nepal | Ryan Sandes, South Africa | 25:15:25 | Stephanie Case, Canada | 30:15:09 |
| 2010 | Australia | Salvador Calvo Redondo, Spain | 31:25:00 | Lia Farley, United States | 32:34:18 |
| 2009 | Namibia | Salvador Calvo Redondo, Spain | 25:47:32 | Lucy Hilton, England | 29:17:45 |
| 2008 | Vietnam | Salvador Calvo Redondo, Spain | 28:17:50 | Stephanie Case, Canada | 32:53:22 |

## InfoBox

| 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series and RacingThePlanet Series | |
| --- | --- |
| The company logo of 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series and RacingThePlanet Ultramarathon. | |
| Genre | Ultramarathon stage race |
| Begins | March |
| Ends | December |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Location(s) | Chile, Mongolia, Namibia, Antarctica |
| Years active | 22 |
| Attendance | Max 200 competitors |
| Website | www.racingtheplanet.com |


title: Florida Platform

abstract: The Florida Platform is a flat geological feature with the emergent portion forming the Florida peninsula.

text:
# Florida Platform

The **Florida Platform** is a flat geological feature with the emergent portion forming the Florida peninsula.

## Structure

The platform forms an escarpment between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The platform's western edge, or **Florida Escarpment**, is normally defined where water depths at 300 feet (91 m) drop dramatically and in a short distance to 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The Florida peninsula is located on the eastern side of the platform, where in places it lies only 3 to 4 miles (4.8 to 6.4 km) from the platform's edge. On the gulf side the platform ends over 100 miles (160 km) to the west of the modern shoreline, where a massive cliff rises over 6,000 feet (1,800 m) from the 10,600 feet (3,200 m) depth of the gulf floor. The western reaches of the platform just off Tampa were explored by the submersible DSV *Alvin*. Examination has placed the depth of carbonate rocks at greater than 20,000 feet (6,100 m).

## Geology

The platform's basement rocks include PrecambrianCambrian igneous rocks, OrdovicianDevonian sedimentary rocks, and TriassicJurassic volcanic rock. Florida's igneous and sedimentary foundation separated from what is now the African Plate when the supercontinent Pangaea rifted apart in the middle Triassic and possibly early-middle Jurassic. It then secured to the North American craton. One of the early geologic structures is the Peninsular Arch which formed during the Jurassic.

The oldest sediments that are exposed are Eocene carbonates found in the Avon Park Formation. Most of the state of Florida is covered by Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene siliciclastic-bearing sediments deposited during sea-level fluctuations and filling in of the Gulf Trough beginning in the late Tertiary and Quaternary.

27°39′44″N 84°01′44″W / 27.6622°N 84.0289°W / 27.6622; -84.0289


title: Drew Parsons (cricketer)

abstract: Robert Andrew "Drew" Parsons is a Scottish cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium pace bowler. He has played two first-class and 14 List A matches for Scotland and has represented his country 52 times in all since making his debut against Durham in 1997. His last appearance for Scotland to date was at the 2001 ICC Trophy. In 2016, Parsons was working as a sales manager.

text:
# Drew Parsons (cricketer)

**Robert Andrew "Drew" Parsons** (born 26 July 1975 in Ayrshire, Scotland) is a Scottish cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium pace bowler. He has played two first-class and 14 List A matches for Scotland and has represented his country 52 times in all since making his debut against Durham in 1997. His last appearance for Scotland to date was at the 2001 ICC Trophy. In 2016, Parsons was working as a sales manager.


title: State roads in Florida before 1945

text:
# State roads in Florida before 1945

## History

The earliest evidence found of the old state road system is on a 1917 State Road Department map; in 1923 the Florida State Legislature began writing the routes into law. Every two years, when the legislature met, new roads were added, at first by number, and later giving the SRD the ability to choose a number. Many routes, specifically SR 2, had not only a main route, but spurs and loops to different places. These were mostly caused by the legislature. Even when a road was also a U.S. Highway, the State Road number was signed.

Up to and including 1939, every road written into law by the legislature was given a number by the SRD. This included the range from SR 397 to SR 449, which included most of the 1926 Bond Issue Roads in Orange County and some other major roads. The 1939 numbering ended with SR 545; 546 to 549 were skipped.

In 1941, many laws were passed assigning not only the main roads, as had been done in Orange County, but a lot of minor roads, to the State Road System in many counties. FDOT did not give these all numbers. Information about which were assigned is sparse. Very few roads were added in 1943 and 1945 due to World War II; the system got to at least SR 625, added in 1945. A state law passed in 1941 authorized a renumbering; this didn't happen until 1945, also because of the war.

## Table

Not all routes after 545 are in the table, since that information is much more limited.

Current Florida State Roads are on a separate page.

|  | 1A 1 Alt 1B | 2 2A | 3 3A | 4A | 5A 5SE |  |  | 8A |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 10A 10B 10C 10D | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 14A | 15 15A | 16 16A | 17 | 18 18A 18B | 19 19A |
| 20 20A 20B 20C 20D | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 26A | 27 27A | 28 28A | 29 |
| 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 35A | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 |
| 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 47A | 48 | 49 |
| 50 | 51 | 52 52A | 53 53A | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 |
| 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 67A | 68 68A 68B | 69 |
| 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 77A 77B | 78 | 79 |
| 80 80A | 81 81A | 82 | 83 | 84 84W | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 |
| 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 |
| 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 |
| 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 116E | 117 | 118 | 119 119A |
| 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | 129 |
| 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 | 139 |
| 140 140A | 141 | 142 | 143 | 144 | 145 | 146 | 147 | 148 | 149 |
| 150 | 151 | 152 | 153 | 154 | 155 | 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 |
| 160 | 161 | 162 162A | 163 | 164 | 165 | 166 | 167 | 168 | 169 |
| 170 | 171 | 172 | 173 | 174 | 175 | 176 | 177 | 178 | 179 |
| 180 | 181 | 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | 186 | 187 | 188 | 189 |
| 190 | 191 | 192 | 193 | 194 | 195 | 196 | 197 | 198 | 199 |
| 200 | 201 | 202 | 203 | 204 | 205 | 206 | 207 | 208 | 209 |
| 210 | 211 | 212 212W | 213 | 214 | 215 | 216 | 217 | 218 | 219 |
| 220 | 221 | 222 | 223 | 224 | 225 | 226 | 227 | 228 | 229 |
| 230 | 231 | 232 | 233 | 234 | 235 | 236 | 237 | 238 | 239 |
| 240 | 241 | 242 | 243 | 244 | 245 | 246 | 247 | 248 | 249 |
| 250 | 251 | 252 | 253 | 254 | 255 | 256 | 257 | 258 | 259 |
| 260 | 261 261A | 262 | 263 | 264 | 265 | 266 | 267 | 268 | 269 |
| 270 | 271 | 272 | 273 | 274 | 275 | 276 | 277 | 278 | 279 |
| 280 | 281 | 282 | 283 | 284 | 285 | 286 | 287 | 288 | 289 |
| 290 | 291 | 292 | 293 | 294 | 295 | 296 | 297 | 298 | 299 |
| 300 | 301 | 302 | 303 | 304 | 305 | 306 | 307 | 308 | 309 |
| 310 | 311 | 312 | 313 | 314 | 315 | 316 | 317 | 318 | 319 |
| 320 | 321 | 322 | 323 | 324 | 325 | 326 | 327 | 328 | 329 |
| 330 | 331 | 332 | 333 | 334 | 335 | 336 | 337 | 338 | 339 |
| 340 | 341 | 342 | 343 | 344 | 345 | 346 | 347 | 348 | 349 |
| 350 | 351 | 352 | 353 | 354 | 355 | 356 | 357 | 358 | 359 |
| 360 | 361 | 362 | 363 | 364 | 365 | 366 | 367 | 368 | 369 |
| 370 | 371 | 372 | 373 | 374 | 375 | 376 | 377 | 378 | 379 |
| 380 | 381 | 382 | 383 | 384 | 385 | 386 | 387 | 388 | 389 |
| 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 394 | 395 | 396 | 397 | 398 | 399 |
| 400 | 401 | 402 | 403 | 404 | 405 | 406 | 407 | 408 | 409 |
| 410 | 411 | 412 | 413 | 414 | 415 | 416 | 417 | 418 | 419 |
| 420 | 421 | 422 | 423 | 424 | 425 | 426 | 427 | 428 | 429 |
| 430 | 431 | 432 | 433 | 434 | 435 | 436 | 437 | 438 | 439 |
| 440 | 441 | 442 | 443 | 444 | 445 | 446 | 447 | 448 | 449 |
| 450 | 451 | 452 | 453 | 454 | 455 | 456 | 457 | 458 | 459 |
| 460 | 461 | 462 | 463 | 464 | 465 | 466 | 467 | 468 | 469 |
| 470 | 471 | 472 | 473 | 474 | 475 | 476 | 477 | 478 | 479 |
| 480 | 481 | 482 | 483 | 484 | 485 | 486 | 487 | 488 | 489 |
| 490 | 491 | 492 | 493 | 494 | 495 | 496 | 497 | 498 | 499 |
| 500 | 501 | 502 | 503 | 504 | 505 | 506 | 507 | 508 | 509 |
| 510 | 511 | 512 | 513 | 514 | 515 | 516 | 517 | 518 | 519 |
| 520 | 521 | 522 | 523 | 524 | 525 | 526 | 527 | 528 | 529 |
| 530 | 531 | 532 | 533 | 534 | 535 | 536 | 537 | 538 | 539 |
| 540 | 541 | 542 | 543 | 544 | 545 |  |  |  |  |
| 550 | 551 | 552 | 553 | 554 | 555 | 556 | 557 | 558 | 559 |
| 560 | 561 | 562 | 563 | 564 | 565 | 566 | 567 | 568 | 569 |
| 570 | 571 | 572 | 573 | 574 | 575 | 576 | 577 | 578 | 579 |
| 580 | 581 | 582 | 583 | 584 | 585 | 586 | 587 | 588 | 589 |
| 590 | 591 | 592 | 593 | 594 | 595 | 596 | 597 | 598 | 599 |
| 600 | 601 | 602 | 603 | 604 | 605 | 606 | 607 | 608 | 609 |
| 610 | 611 | 612 | 613 | 614 | 615 | 616 | 617 | 618 | 619 |
| 620 | 621 | 622 | 623 | 624 | 625 |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Original State Road shield, used until a bit before the renumbering | |
| --- | --- |
| System information | |
| Notes | State Roads are generally state-maintained. |
| Highway names | |
| Interstates | Interstate X (I-X) |
| US Highways | U.S. Highway X (US X) |
| State | State Road X (SR X) |
| County: | County Road X (CR X) |
| System links | |
|  | |


title: Edwin J. Fehrenbach

abstract: Edwin J. Fehrenbach was an American politician who served in the New York State Assembly from Nassau's 4th district from 1957 to 1965.

text:
# Edwin J. Fehrenbach

**Edwin J. Fehrenbach** (March 19, 1919 – August 15, 1992) was an American politician who served in the New York State Assembly from Nassau's 4th district from 1957 to 1965.

## InfoBox

| Edwin J. Fehrenbach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New York State Assembly from Nassau's 4th district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1957  December 31, 1965 | |
| Preceded by | John Burns |
| Succeeded by | *District abolished* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1919-03-19)March 19, 1919
Brooklyn, New York City, New York |
| Died | August 15, 1992(1992-08-15) (aged 73) |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Christopher Stanger

abstract: Christopher Stanger was an English physician.

text:
# Christopher Stanger

**Christopher Stanger** (1759 – 21 September 1834) was an English physician.

## Biography

Stanger was the son of a merchant of Whitehaven. He was born in 1759. His family had for several centuries owned estates near Keswick, and a township to the west of Derwentwater once bore their name (Nicolson and Burn, History of Westmoreland and Cumberland, ii. 68). Stanger, after having been apprenticed to a surgeon at Newcastle-on-Tyne, graduated M.D. at Edinburgh on 24 June 1783. His dissertation bore the title ‘De iis quæ ad Sanitatem conservandam plurimum conferre videntur.’ He next studied for four years at the chief medical schools of the continent, including Paris, Vienna, Montpellier, Göttingen, and Leyden. On his return he established a practice in London, and was admitted L.R.C.P. on 30 September 1789. Next year he was appointed Gresham professor of medicine, and in 1792 became physician to the Foundling Hospital.

In June 1793 Stanger was chosen to act with John Cooke and William Charles Wells on a committee formed by the licentiates of the Royal College of Physicians to present an address to the college claiming to be admitted fellows. Among the signatories was John Aikin, the biographer, who was in consequence refused the use of the college library (Memoir, ed. Lucy Aikin, p. 178). The petitioners were excluded under a by-law which declared that fellows should be graduates of Oxford or Cambridge, despite the eminence of the medical school of Edinburgh. The college refused to receive the address, and Stanger applied to the law-courts. On 27 January 1796 the court of king's bench granted a rule to compel the president and fellows to show cause why they should not admit Stanger. On 23 April, when Erskine appeared for the defendants, the rule was discharged by Lord Chief-justice Kenyon on the ground of an informality in Stanger's application. The case was reopened in the autumn, and was argued by Adair, Law, Chambre, and Christian for the plaintiffs, with Erskine, Warren, and Gibbs for the defendants, 13–16 May 1797; but the court unanimously refused the mandamus. In 1798 Stanger appealed to the public in ‘A Justification of the Right of every well-educated Physician of fair character and mature age, residing within the Jurisdiction of the College of Physicians of London, to be admitted a fellow if competent.’ In this able pamphlet it was shown that Lord Mansfield had decided in 1767 that the college were bound under their charter to admit as fellows all duly qualified licentiates of whatever university. But Stanger's efforts produced little effect. Isaac Schomberg had unavailingly put forth a somewhat similar claim in 1753. Stanger, who possessed extensive attainments and great energy, also published ‘Remarks on the Necessity and Means of suppressing Contagious Fevers in the Metropolis,’ 1802, 12mo, and contributed a paper on ‘Coughs’ to the ‘Transactions of the Medical and Chirurgical Society.’ He died in London on 21 September 1834.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Norgate, Gerald le Grys (1898). "Stanger, Christopher". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 53. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

## InfoBox

| Christopher Stanger | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1759 |
| Died | 21 September 1834<br>London |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Physician |


title: Fatima Ibrahim Shema

abstract: Fatima Ibrahim Shema in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. She was the First Lady and wife to the former Executive Governor of Katsina State, Alhaji Ibrahim Shehu Shema. She is a humanitarian and has often been referred to as the Iron Lady due to her resolute character and intolerance, and she was awarded the Most Valuable Governor's Wife in the North-West award. Fatima has never worked with the government but rather ran personal businesses until becoming the First Lady in 2007.

text:
# Fatima Ibrahim Shema

**Fatima Ibrahim Shema** (born in 1962) in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. She was the First Lady and wife to the former Executive Governor of Katsina State, Alhaji Ibrahim Shehu Shema. She is a humanitarian and has often been referred to as the Iron Lady due to her resolute character and intolerance, and she was awarded the Most Valuable Governor's Wife in the North-West award. Fatima has never worked with the government but rather ran personal businesses until becoming the First Lady in 2007.

## Early life and education

Fatima was born in Zaria, Kaduna in the year 1962. Her educational career started at Ja’afaru Primary School in Sabon Gari Zaria, between 1969 and 1974. She was a student at Government Girls Secondary School, Kawo Kaduna State between 1971 and 1981. She then joined the famous Katsina College of Arts, Science and Technology between 1981 and 1984. She acquired a B.sc. Degree in Business Administration from Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.

## Career

She was the First Lady of Katsina State from 2007 to 2015 as wife and immensely supported her husband's political success. She is engaged in personal business of poultry and fish farming. She initiated a foundation for empowering women and children called "Service to Humanity". Fatima was reported to sack a Supervisory Councillor for Water and Sanitation in Matazu Local Government on the 27th December, 2012.

## Personal life

Fatima is the wife to the ex-Executive Governor of Katsina State Alhaji Ibrahim Shehu Shema and they have four children.

## Bibliography

* Kabir, Hajara Muhammad, *Northern women development*. \[Nigeria\]. ISBN 978-978-906-469-4. OCLC 890820657.