abstract: South Bar Congregational Church, Lincoln is a former congregational church in the city of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, England. It was built originally in 1905 as a Congregational Church but was partly demolished at some point. The church continued to be in use until the 1990s when in 1991, it was declared redundant and was later converted for office and storage space for a Peugeot dealership as part of the Abacus Motors Group. The garage was closed in 2018 and the site of the garage along with the chapel became subject to vandalism and attracting drug dealers. Both the garage and showroom of the former dealership were demolished and the surrounding extensions to the church. The church is still in situ due to it being located in a conservation area and is awaiting conversion for residential purposes along with the surrounding site of the former dealership and garage.

text:
# South Bar Congregational Church, Lincoln

**South Bar Congregational Church, Lincoln** is a former congregational church in the city of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, England. It was built originally in 1905 as a Congregational Church but was partly demolished at some point. The church continued to be in use until the 1990s when in 1991, it was declared redundant and was later converted for office and storage space for a Peugeot dealership as part of the Abacus Motors Group. The garage was closed in 2018 and the site of the garage along with the chapel became subject to vandalism and attracting drug dealers. Both the garage and showroom of the former dealership were demolished and the surrounding extensions to the church. The church is still in situ due to it being located in a conservation area and is awaiting conversion for residential purposes along with the surrounding site of the former dealership and garage.

## InfoBox

| United Reform Church, Lincoln | |
| --- | --- |
| South Bar Congregational Church, High Street, Lincoln | |
| South Bar Congregational Church, Lincoln | |
|  | |
| 53°12′56″N 0°32′45″W / 53.215646°N 0.545784°W / 53.215646; -0.545784 | |
| Location | Lincoln, Lincolnshire |
| Country | England |
| Previous denomination | United Reform |
| History | |
| Status | Redundant church, currently under conversion for residential purposes |
| Dedicated | 1905 |
| Consecrated | 1905 |


title: South Bar

abstract: South Bar is a small community near Sydney, Nova Scotia. It derives its name from the nearby Southeast Bar which extends over 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) out into Sydney Harbour, sheltering the community and its small fishing harbour from the open waters of Spanish Bay. The community's harbour is managed by the South Bar Fishermen's Harbour Authority. The local Fire Department, the South Bar Volunteer Fire Department, was established in 1982.

text:
# South Bar

**South Bar** is a small community near Sydney, Nova Scotia. It derives its name from the nearby Southeast Bar which extends over 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) out into Sydney Harbour, sheltering the community and its small fishing harbour from the open waters of Spanish Bay. The community's harbour is managed by the South Bar Fishermen's Harbour Authority. The local Fire Department, the South Bar Volunteer Fire Department, was established in 1982.

46°12′40.5″N 60°11′21.5″W / 46.211250°N 60.189306°W / 46.211250; -60.189306

## InfoBox

| South Bar | |
| --- | --- |
| Community | |
| South BarLocation in Nova Scotia | |
| Coordinates: 46°12′40.5″N 60°11′21.5″W / 46.211250°N 60.189306°W / 46.211250; -60.189306 | |


title: Church of St. John the Baptist, Plungė

abstract: The St John the Baptist church buildings are the main cultural objects of Plungė Old Town. The church was built in the Romanesque revival style, with a Latin cross layout and two towers. The predecessor of the present-day church was the wooden 1797 St John the Baptist church, which did not survive to present times. The building of the new church began in 1899.

text:
# Church of St. John the Baptist, Plungė

**The St John the Baptist church buildings** are the main cultural objects of Plungė Old Town. The church was built in the Romanesque revival style, with a Latin cross layout and two towers. The predecessor of the present-day church was the wooden 1797 St John the Baptist church, which did not survive to present times. The building of the new church began in 1899.

## History

In 1902, the building of the church stopped when Michał Mikołaj Ogiński, the sponsor of the church, died. The contributions of funds and building materials that had been gathered were insufficient to complete the building, and due to difficult socio-economic circumstances the collection of additional funds was unsuccessful.

The masonry of the St John the Baptist church was only completed in 1933, the year when it was consecrated by the Telšiai bishop, Justinas Staugaitis. Presently, the church and the bell tower belong to the Plungė St John the Baptist church building complex. The bell tower in a Classical style is bound to the fence of the sacred ground surrounding the church and is an inseparable part of the complex. However, the Lourdes replica with the sculpture of the Holy Virgin Mary was built at an earlier time, on the initiative of the wife of Mykolas Mikalojus Oginskis – Marija Skuževskė-Oginskienė. In 1903, she invited the Grey Ursulines (nuns of the Congregation of the Ursulines of the Agonising Heart of Jesus) and the leader of the congregation from Krakow to visit. When they decided to build the Lourdes replica here, the duke's wife donated 5000 roubles to the project. After two years, the nun Sofija Zakževska brought over the sculpture of the Holy Virgin Mary for the Lourdes site. During the Soviet era, the Plungė Lourdes replica was destroyed and the sculpture was partially damaged and thrown into the river. Nonetheless, the local residents rescued it and the Lourdes replica was rebuilt and consecrated in 1990. The old sculpture from the original Lourdes site has stayed in the Plungė church.

1. "Telšių vyskupija. Plungė". *telsiuvyskupija.lt*. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
2. "Šv. Jono Krikštytojo bažnyčia | Visitplunge.lt". *www.visitplunge.lt*. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
3. "Istorija | Plungės Šv. Jono Krikštytojo parapija". *plungesparapija.lt*. Retrieved 2020-02-26.

## InfoBox

| Plungė St John the Baptist church | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Plungė, Lithuania |
| Coordinates | 55°54′49″N 21°50′19″E / 55.913738°N 21.838567°E / 55.913738; 21.838567 |
| Website | |
| www. | |


title: Chromoxylography

abstract: Chromoxylography was a colour woodblock printing process, popular from the mid-19th to the early-20th century, commonly used to produce illustrations in children's books, serial pulp magazines, and cover art for yellow-back and penny dreadfuls. The art of relief engraving and chromoxylography was perfected by engravers and printers in the 19th century, most notably in Victorian London by engraver and printer Edmund Evans who was particularly good with the process, producing a wide range of hues and tones through color mixing. Chromoxylography was a complicated technique, requiring intricate engraving and printing for the best results. Less expensive products, such as covers for pulp magazines, had to be produced with few colours, often only two or three, whereas more intricate and expensive books and reproductions of paintings used as many as a dozen or more colors. For each colour used, a separate woodblock had to be carved of the image being reproduced.

text:
# Chromoxylography

**Chromoxylography** (/ˌkrmzˈlɒɡrəfi/) was a colour woodblock printing process, popular from the mid-19th to the early-20th century, commonly used to produce illustrations in children's books, serial pulp magazines, and cover art for yellow-back and penny dreadfuls. The art of relief engraving and chromoxylography was perfected by engravers and printers in the 19th century, most notably in Victorian London by engraver and printer Edmund Evans who was particularly good with the process, producing a wide range of hues and tones through color mixing. Chromoxylography was a complicated technique, requiring intricate engraving and printing for the best results. Less expensive products, such as covers for pulp magazines, had to be produced with few colours, often only two or three, whereas more intricate and expensive books and reproductions of paintings used as many as a dozen or more colors. For each colour used, a separate woodblock had to be carved of the image being reproduced.

## Background

Full-colour printing in the 19th century relied on the relief process and colour wood engraving. Bamber Gascoigne explains that the "vast majority of colour wood engravings are reproductive work of the second half of the nineteenth century, at which time they were often referred to as chromoxylographs—meaning colour from wood, just as chromolithograph means colour from stone." Relief prints were made by printing with engraved and coloured wood blocks. In the 1830s, George Baxter repopularized colour relief printing, then called chromoxylography, using a "background detail plate printed in aquatint intaglio, followed by colours printed in oil inks from relief plates—usually wood blocks".

Chromoxylography became a popular technique in the production of inexpensive books, such as children's toy books and serialized stories into the early-20th century. The process was used simplistically in the mid-19th century to produce covers and illustrations for dime novels, penny dreadfuls, and children's books that were usually rendered, often ineffectively, only in primary colours, using one colour per wood block. The process became much more elaborate with Edmund Evans's work, London's premier engraver and printer of children's books, as he perfected the process, often using as many as ten colour blocks, mixing and combining primary colours to create a broad palette of colours and hues.

## Methods and uses

To make a relief print, the printer began with a wood block, engraved the image on the block by carving out areas that were not to be printed (or inked). A wood block was carved for each primary colours, with the coloured ink coating the areas left in relief. Gascoigne explains that the process required a "master craftsman \[to sit\] with an original painting in front of him and work out which areas of the image should be printed in which of the available colours to achieve the desired effect." The printer engraved the image to the finer end grain of the woodblock. For more complicated work the carver worked on the end grain of the wood, and with the use of fine hatchings to the wood that were inked separately achieved the look of blended colours. For the children's book market, which had lower profit margins, the printer would use fewer ink colours, which could be optimised by mixing colours such as blue and yellow to create green.

The blocks were skillfully carved with extremely fine lines to create stippling and variations in tone. Areas intended to be printed in a solid colour were marked, and then hatching lines of various thickness were carved into the wood so that colours could be overprinted, creating a variety of hues and tones. To create a blend of colours, blocks were hatched horizontally and diagonally to allow applications of multiple colours that resulted in browns, greens and greys. Gascoigne explains that a "blockmaker would know whether to engrave thin white lines (for an almost solid tone), medium white lines (a mid-tone) or crosshatchings (leaving larger or smaller lozenges of colour to achieve sometimes little more than a faint tint when seen at a normal viewing distance)." Overlapping diagonal lines were carved to create dot-like shapes on the surface that took less ink and resulted in paler tones.

Thicker hatchings were less expensive and easier to produce, but the result was not as attractive. Books that were to be produced as inexpensively as possible showed less engraving work and colour separation. The chief problem was to maintain correct register so that the design on the block matched the design on the paper. To achieve a precise register small holes were drilled along each block, and the paper was pinned to it. When done correctly, the block's colour registers matched printed paper, although sometimes ink squash is visible along the edges of an illustration. An electroplate was produced for each engraved wood block, inked according to the block, thereby tinting the paper in specified areas. The colour was applied as a solid, or in stripes of various of thickness, allowing for changes in hue.

According to Gascoigne, 19th century chromoxylographs are identified by embossing on the back of the paper, distinctly delineated outlines, created by pressing the paper against the engraved blocks, and the presence of crosshatchings. He writes that "an impossibly and perfect and delicate area of crosshatching will suggest at first that the graver could not possibly have scooped out such small and regular interstices, but on closer inspection the lines in the two directions will be found to be of slightly different colours."

Because the process was inexpensive, and commonly used to illustrate covers of inexpensive books such as mysteries and romances ("yellow backs" or "dime store novels") or magazines, and in rare instances, newspaper covers, complicated colour combinations generally were not necessary. Most often the printer only used primary colors and black. The inexpensive technique of chromoxylography allowed publishers and printers to design covers as an attraction to purchase the book.

The process was also used to produce higher quality children's books and toy books. Evans considered full colour printing a technique well-suited to the simple illustrations in children's books. Evans reacted against crudely coloured children's book illustrations, which he believed could be beautiful and inexpensive if the print run was large enough to maintain the costs. In doing so, Evans collaborated with Walter Crane, Kate Greenaway and Randolph Caldecott. Books illustrated by Kate Greenaway, Walter Crane and Randolph Caldecott, engraved and printed by Evans, became popular and remain as classic examples of illustrations for children's literature.

Chromoxylography was additionally used to illustrate natural history books and to reproduce paintings. To achieve realistic reproductions an engraver often used 12 or more colour blocks.

### Examples of chromoxylography

### Detail of a chromoxylograph

## Sources

* Fraser, Tom and Adam Banks. *Designer's Color Manual: The Complete Guide to Color Theory and Application*. (2004). Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-4210-5
* Hardie, Martin. *English Coloured Books*. (1906). New York: Putnam
* Gascoigne, Bamber. *How to Identify Prints*. (1986) New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23454-X
* McNair, John R. "Chromolithography and Color Woodblock: Handmaidens to Nineteenth Century Children's Literature. *Children's Literature Association Quarterly*. Volume 11, Number 4, Winter 1986-1987, pp. 193–197
* Pankow, David. *Tempting the palette: a survey of colour printing processes* (2005). Rochester NY:Rochester Institute of Technology. ISBN 1-933360-00-3
* Ray, Gordon Norton. *The Illustrator and the book in England from 1790 to 1914*. (1991) New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-26955-8

## Further reading

* Lundin, Anne. *Literature and the child: romantic continuations, postmodern contestations*. (1996) Iowa City: Iowa University Press. ISBN 0-87745-690-9


title: Chromotypograph

abstract: Chromotypograph refers to any number of obsolete graphic arts or printing processes which used cold and warm rinse etching baths to create surfaces by which color images could be relief printed from zinc plates in the letterpress manner. Such processes, as pioneered by Firmin Gillot represent a prototyping and experimental stage between the manual and process printing eras and are characterized by their utilization of various hand-originated textures and photographically transferred tones or outlines, which when combined with other color plates produced in a like manner could produce continuous tone color images unlike those found in similar technologies such as chromolithography. Chromotypograph is the preferred description for a number of process which include but are not limited to photo color relief, gillotage, chromotype, color relief etching, zincography, chromoxylography, color line block, glyptotype, Dallastint, Dallastype.

text:
# Chromotypograph

**Chromotypograph** refers to any number of obsolete graphic arts or printing processes which used cold and warm rinse etching baths to create surfaces by which color images could be relief printed from zinc plates in the letterpress manner.

Such processes, as pioneered by Firmin Gillot represent a prototyping and experimental stage between the manual and process printing eras and are characterized by their utilization of various hand-originated textures and photographically transferred tones or outlines, which when combined with other color plates produced in a like manner could produce continuous tone color images unlike those found in similar technologies such as chromolithography.

Chromotypograph is the preferred description for a number of process which include but are not limited to photo color relief, gillotage, chromotype, color relief etching, zincography, chromoxylography, color line block, glyptotype, Dallastint, Dallastype.


abstract: The FSU Southwest Campus (SWC) of Florida State University (FSU) is located in Tallahassee about a mile to the southwest of the Main Campus on approximately 740 acres (3.0 km⁲) remaining out of a large parcel often called "The Farm", a nickname derived from a dairy farm that once operated on the site. Over the years portions of The Farm have been converted to other uses, such as housing, research, golf, mass media and academics. The Southwest campus includes the FSU Foundation and Research buildings, College of Engineering and the new Advanced Materials Research building. Two athletic complexes are found here; the Morcorm Aquatics Center and Don Veller Golf Course as well as the WFSU Public Broadcast Center. To the east and northwest, the SWC abuts residential neighborhoods. The north side adjoins and intermingles with Innovation Park, the research park of which FSU is a participant and within which FSU owns the property on which the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory is located. Orange Avenue defines the southern border and Rankin Avenue denotes the far west. Large parcels of the SWC are occupied by venerable Alumni Village on the east side, a student housing complex, the par 73, Don Veller Seminole Golf Course in the middle, and the new Intramural Fields in the northwest corner. Innovation Park was carved out of the original "Farm" property. FSU retains ownership of the parcels for the prestigious National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Along Levy Street, FSU has begun development of a series of academic-oriented research facilities to house pure research and related centers, institutes, and technology transfer organizations.

text:
# Southwest Campus of Florida State University

The **FSU Southwest Campus** (SWC) of Florida State University (FSU) is located in Tallahassee about a mile to the southwest of the Main Campus on approximately 740 acres (3.0 km2) remaining out of a large parcel often called "The Farm", a nickname derived from a dairy farm that once operated on the site. Over the years portions of The Farm have been converted to other uses, such as housing, research, golf, mass media and academics.

The Southwest campus includes the FSU Foundation and Research buildings, College of Engineering and the new Advanced Materials Research building. Two athletic complexes are found here; the Morcorm Aquatics Center and Don Veller Golf Course as well as the WFSU Public Broadcast Center (WFSU-TV and WFSU-FM).

To the east and northwest, the SWC abuts residential neighborhoods. The north side adjoins and intermingles with Innovation Park, the research park of which FSU is a participant and within which FSU owns the property on which the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory is located. Orange Avenue defines the southern border and Rankin Avenue denotes the far west.

Large parcels of the SWC are occupied by venerable Alumni Village on the east side, a student housing complex, the par 73, Don Veller Seminole Golf Course in the middle, and the new Intramural Fields in the northwest corner.

Innovation Park was carved out of the original "Farm" property. FSU retains ownership of the parcels for the prestigious National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Along Levy Street, FSU has begun development of a series of academic-oriented research facilities to house pure research and related centers, institutes, and technology transfer organizations.

30°25′23″N 84°19′01″W / 30.423°N 84.317°W / 30.423; -84.317


title: Soğucak, Vezirköprü

abstract: Soğucak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Vezirköprü, Samsun Province, Turkey. Its population is 320 (2022).

text:
# Soğucak, Vezirköprü

**Soğucak** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Vezirköprü, Samsun Province, Turkey. Its population is 320 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Soğucak | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| SoğucakLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°05′00″N 35°12′00″E / 41.0833°N 35.2000°E / 41.0833; 35.2000 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Samsun |
| District | Vezirköprü |
| Population (2022) | 320 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Spatial Data Transfer Standard

abstract: Spatial Data Transfer Standard, or SDTS, is a standard used to describe earth-referenced spatial data. It was designed to easily transfer and use spatial data on different computer platforms. The FGDC has proposed to withdraw the standard. The USGS made an effort to promulgate the standard by making a large volume of data available at no cost and many companies supported the standard by writing translators to transform the data into different formats.

text:
# Spatial Data Transfer Standard

**Spatial Data Transfer Standard**, or **SDTS**, is a standard used to describe earth-referenced spatial data. It was designed to easily transfer and use spatial data on different computer platforms. The FGDC has proposed to withdraw the standard.

The USGS made an effort to promulgate the standard by making a large volume of data available at no cost and many companies supported the standard by writing translators to transform the data into different formats.


title: Spatial Development in Cameroon

text:
# Spatial Development in Cameroon

Generally, spatial development is linked to include all the techniques used by planners, geographers and other actors of decision making to facilitate integrated balanced development. Spatial planning for development has no territorial barrier, ranging across continents, regions, nations and local communities. Various forms of spatial development qualities have been attributed mainly by the Developed World, while the Developing World and Cameroon in particular, are still trying to integrate the formula into their system. As such, to understand better spatial development in Cameroon, a brief notion of the African context is necessary.

## Summary of Spatial Development in the Africa context

Today, programmes that promotes spatial equity in national development are being given increased attention by international agencies and governments of developing nations, including Cameroon. Industrial expansion within the metropolitan centres is now given the same priority as agricultural policies. However, the inability to build a productive spatial system that integrates urban centres and rural hinterlands into mutual networks of production and exchange has led to a growing number of poor people in the developing nations.

One of the greatest challenges facing Africa today is to upgrade sustainable development in areas where poverty and other economic problems are pronounced. The issue of environmental development needs to be enforced, especially as the world is today speaking the environmental language. It might be surprising to note that, only a few countries in Africa have concrete spatial development plans, most of them situated in the extreme South and North of the continent. Good examples are seen in the Republic of South Africa where there is a development plan at the national level called Spatial Development Initiative (SDI), presently known as, the National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP). The main aim of these plans is to encourage integrated development within a given space defined by its economic potential rather than by political boundaries. Most of the present day spatial development policies in African countries are linked to their colonial history. That is, development plans mainly in the form of transport and infrastructure were focused along the coast and other sources of raw materials in the hinterlands. This is one of the reasons for spatial inequality in most African countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new approaches of spatial development to obtain equity in enhancement.

## Cameroon and Spatial Development

### History

Spatial development in Cameroon dates as far back as the German colonial era. The influence of the Germans through trade and commerce, created a number of trading ports which later became townships. Development plans were purely aimed at export and recruiting areas for soldiers and labourers. Townships whose growth and development could be attributed to this include amongst others, Buea, Kumba, Bamenda, Yaoundé and Douala. Apart from the above policies, the Germans used zoning and racial residential segregation as instruments of land use in the country.

Like the Germans, when the British took over the Western part of Cameroon, they spent no time in establishing growth and development of settlements. Most of the government buildings were on hill tops, overlooking the remote indigenous settlements. Good examples are the GRAs (Government Residential Areas) in Limbe and Buea, and the hilltop station buildings in Bamenda, meant for high class residential only.

History of Cameroon has made it understandable that Cameroon’s experience in spatial planning began in 1966 and span up to 1976 with the introduction of the first and second Five Year Social and Economic Development Plans. The objective was to equitably share the economic resources and fruits of economic progress. The 1961 constitutions placed the spatial planning machinery exclusively into the hands of the Presidency and the National Assembly. In his capacity as the Chief of State of the United Republic of Cameroon, the President had to define the main lines of planning in a Presidential Circular and takes the major decision. On its part, the National Assembly debates and votes on laws to approve the plans.

Planning at the national level was carried out by the Ministry of Planning and Territorial Development. Together with its various departments the ministry was responsible for planning medium and long term development. At the provincial level, the Economic service collected, centralised and handed data to the Governor and the Minister and also organised social development plans at the Provincial Planning Board. At the Divisional level, the Divisional Development Committee was chaired by the Prefect and comprised Mayors, Deputies and private individuals.

### Present Situation

Recent spatial planning and development policies in Cameroon are a legacy of its colonial history. Most of the land use plans initiated by the colonial masters have been maintained and strengthened by the country’s planning authorities. This has greatly increased the developmental gap between the colonial townships that are presently urban towns and the rural areas.

Cameroon cannot boast of a real National Spatial Development Plan. Most of the documents emphasising spatial development exist at the regional and local levels but are faced by problems of implementation. The country has a fashionable 'integrated', 'basic need-oriented', 'bottom-up' and 'development-from-within' regional policy programmes. In discussing such a programme and proposing elements of a modified development strategy, it can, however, be argued that even the first step of creating a basic regional development project has been far from satisfactory. Furthermore, in spite of government public speaking, no regional development policy as normally defined exists. What do exist are regional effects of development projects. This prompts the question of whether it may be preferable to replace the term 'regional development policy', with regional 'project policy'.

Ambe J Njoh, 1998. Colonial spatial development policies, economic instability, and urban public transportation in Cameroon. College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida

Ambe J Njoh, 1999, The State, urban development policy and society in Cameroon. College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida

Denis A. and Kenneth R. 1977. Local Organization for Integrated Rural Development. Implementing Equity Policy in Developing Countries. International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol.43, No.1, 20-30.

Minang A. (2003) Assessing Participatory Geographic Information System For Community Forest Planning in Cameroon: A Local Governance Perspective. International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede. The Netherlands.

Ndongko.A Regional Economic Planning in Cameroon, Intereconomics, No 5, 1974, pg 154.

Walter H. Rambousek 2002. Regional policy in Cameroon: The case of planning without facts Elsevier Ltd.

Wilfried A. Ndongko (2008) Regional economic planning in Cameroon, Intereconomics, Vol.9, No 5. May 1974, 154-157


title: Chung Hsing Cultural and Creative Park

abstract: The Chung Hsing Cultural and Creative Park is a multi-purpose park in Wujie Township, Yilan County, Taiwan.

text:
# Chung Hsing Cultural and Creative Park

The **Chung Hsing Cultural and Creative Park** (traditional Chinese: 中興文化創意園區; simplified Chinese: 中兴文化创意园区; pinyin: *Zhōngxìng Wénhuà Chuàngyì Yuánqū*) is a multi-purpose park in Wujie Township, Yilan County, Taiwan.

## History

The building was originally constructed in 1935 as a paper manufacturing company. They produced papers using silvergrass and sugarcane waste pulping technology. In 1959, the company became a state-owned enterprise and was renamed **Taiwan Chung Hsing Paper Corporation**. They modernized their paper manufacturing process by using chemical processes. Their main products were newsprint, banknotes, lottery paper, toilet paper and wood-free paper. In 2001, the factory ceased operations and was taken over by Yilan County Government in 2014. It was then transformed into **Chung Hsing Cultural and Creative Park**.

## Activities

The park regularly hosts various exhibitions, stage performances and group tours of the old factory buildings.

## Transportation

The park is accessible within walking distance west from Zhongli Station of Taiwan Railways.

## InfoBox

Chung Hsing Cultural and Creative Park
| 中興文化創意園區 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former names | Taiwan Chung Hsing Paper Corporation |
| Location | Wujie, Yilan County, Taiwan |
| Coordinates | 24°41′39.5″N 121°46′11.2″E / 24.694306°N 121.769778°E / 24.694306; 121.769778 |
| Public transit | Zhongli Station |
| Owner | Yilan County Government |
| Type | Former paper mill |
| Construction | |
| Built | 1935 |
| Closed | 2001 |
| Website | |
| Official website | |


title: Soviet submarine tender Batur

abstract: Batur was a Don-class submarine tender of the Soviet Navy.

text:
# Soviet submarine tender Batur

***Batur*** was a Don-class submarine tender of the Soviet Navy.

## Development and design

The project of the submarine tenders was developed in the central design bureau "Baltsudoproekt" under the leadership of the chief designer V. I. Mogilevich. The main observer from the Navy was Captain 1st Rank G.V. Zemlyanichenko. The construction of the lead ship was completed in Nikolaev at the Black Sea shipyard in 1958. In total, seven tenders of project 310 were built for the Soviet Navy between 1958 and 1963.

Don-class submarine tenders had a total displacement of 7,150 t (7,040 long tons) and 5,030 t (4,950 long tons) while they were empty. Their main dimensions were a maximum length of 140 m (459 ft 4 in), a beam of 17.67 m (58 ft 0 in) and a draft of 5.6 m (18 ft 4 in). They had a two-shaft diesel-electric main power plant with a capacity of 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) which provided the ship with a full speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). The cruising range reached 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at a speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) and an endurance of 40 days. The crew consisted of 350 people, including 28 officers.

They could serve four submarines of Project 611 or Project 613. The equipment of the floating base was capable of providing navigational and emergency repair of the hull, mechanisms and weapons and storage of 42 533 millimetres (21.0 in) torpedoes in a special room. A 100-ton crane was housed at the bow of the ship.

The defensive armaments of the ships consisted of four single-barreled 100 mm (3.9 in) artillery mounts B-34USMA and four 57 mm (2.2 in) twin installations ZIF-31 with the Ryf control radar, the sonar station was not provided. After modernization, on two ships, instead of two aft 100 mm installations, a take-off and landing pad was equipped for basing one Ka-25 helicopter. On the last floating base of the series, the Osa-M air defense missile system was installed.

## Construction and career

The ship was built at the Black Sea Shipyard in Mykolaiv and was launched on 29 November 1956 and commissioned into the Black Sea Fleet on 28 March 1958.

In 1960, she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet.

She was renamed ***Kamchatsky Komsomolets*** on 12 March 1966.

She was renamed ***PB-9*** on 15 February 1992.

She was decommissioned on 28 April 1998 and later scrapped.

### Pennant numbers

| Date | Pennant number |
| --- | --- |
|  | 991 |
|  | 920 |
| 1972 | 803 |
| 1974 | 944 |
| 1981 | 833 |
| 1984 | 800 |
| 1987 | 817 |
| 1990 | 801 |
| 1997 | 806 |

## InfoBox

| A Don-class submarine tender of Soviet Navy in 1967 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Russia | |
| Name | * *Batur* * (Батур) |
| Builder | Black Sea Shipyard |
| Yard number | 614 |
| Laid down | 6 October 1955 |
| Launched | 29 November 1956 |
| Commissioned | 28 March 1958 |
| Decommissioned | 28 April 1998 |
| Renamed | * *Kamchatsky Komsomolets* (1966) * (Камчатский комсомолец) * *PB-9* (1992) |
| Namesake | Kamchatka Komsomolets |
| Identification | *See Pennant numbers* |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Don-class submarine tender |
| Displacement | * 2,316 tonnes (2,279 long tons) standard * 3,066 tonnes (3,018 long tons) full load |
| Length | 140 m (459 ft 4 in) |
| Beam | 17.7 m (58 ft 1 in) |
| Draught | 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in) |
| Propulsion | 4 × diesel engines, 8,000 hp (6,000 kW) |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Range | 21,000 nmi (39,000 km; 24,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 300 |
| Sensors and
processing systems | * Hawk Screech * Slim Net * Rys-1 |
| Electronic warfare
& decoys | * 2 × Watch dog ECM systems * Vee cone communication system |
| Armament | * 4 × single 100 mm (4 in) guns * 4 × dual 57 mm (2.2 in) guns |


abstract: The Church of the Holy Apostles, Oneida, Wisconsin, United States, is a mission congregation of the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac located on the Oneida Reservation of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin.

text:
# Church of the Holy Apostles (Oneida, Wisconsin)

**The Church of the Holy Apostles**, Oneida, Wisconsin (formerly known as John Henry Hobart Church), United States, is a mission congregation of the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac located on the Oneida Reservation of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin.

## History

The Church of the Holy Apostles is the oldest Indian mission of the Episcopal Church, tracing its roots to the earliest Anglican missionaries from the Church of England and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in the area that later became central New York, around Oneida Lake. As early as November, 1702, the Rev. John Talbot reported "even the Indians themselves have promised obedience to the faith" with five Five Nations Indians Sachems or Kings having said they "were glad to hear that the Sun shined in England again, since King William's death" and admired that there was now a "woman king \[Queen Anne\]." They hoped she would "send them some to teach them Religion and establish traffic amongst them, that they might be able to purchase a coat and not to go to Church in bear skins." Over the next century, the Oneida people accepting Christianity, coming to practice the Christian faith by expression as Anglicans and Methodists.

About 1815, Bishop John Henry Hobart of New York licensed Mr. Eleazer Williams, at the earnest request of the Oneida chiefs, as Lay Reader, Catechist, and Schoolmaster to the Oneida. Williams, who would become the first Episcopal missionary in Wisconsin, played a major role in the removal of the Oneida from New York to Wisconsin. He claimed later in life to be the lost Dauphin of France. After removing from New York in the 1820s, the Oneida Indians settled and built a log church building in 1825 in the vicinity of Duck Creek, about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Green Bay. Williams also translated parts of the Prayer Book and certain hymns into the Mohawk tongue.

On December 2, 1822, Williams wrote a letter to the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society (the missionary arm of the Episcopal Church) requesting establishment of a mission. On May 22, 1823, the Rev. Norman Nash was appointed as an official missionary for the area around Green Bay, but did not arrive until 1825. Williams had been ordained deacon in 1824 and undoubtedly held services at Oneida among the Indians.

After out-growing the log church, a larger, wood frame "Gothic" church building was built by the Oneidas. The laying of the cornerstone on August 7, 1838 was by Bishop Jackson Kemper, the first Missionary Bishop of the Episcopal Church and his first official act in the territory. The consecration by Bishop Kemper on September 2, 1839 made it the first consecrated non-Roman Catholic church building in what would become Wisconsin. In the fall of 1839, It was in this structure that Dr. William Adams and the Rev. James Lloyd Breck, founders of Nashotah Seminary were ordained. It had a barrel-organ, which was later donated to the public museum in Green Bay.

The now third and present stone church building was due to tireless efforts of the Rev. E. A. Goodnough. In 1870, the Oneidas gave one day a week to quarry the stone. An excellent building plan was prepared by the Rev. Charles Babcock, who was also an architect, as a gift to the mission. The building was to be in the early English style, with low massive walls, heavy buttresses, and a steep roof. It was to be 48 feet (15 m) by 68 feet (21 m), exclusive of porch and chancel. In 1886 the cornerstone was laid, and the building was consecrated in 1887 and named Holy Apostles. In 1895 the chancel was erected. On July 17, 1920 the stone church was struck by lightning and destroyed by the fire, but then rebuilt on the old foundations and re-consecrated by the Rt. Rev. R. H. Weller, Bishop of Fond du Lac on June 11, 1922. The church bell, dedicated to the "Glory of God in pious memory of John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York" was re-cast after the fire.

The Episcopal Mission was part of Oneida Reservation land held in trust by the United States and continued as such under the various land permutations until title was transferred by the United States to the Trustees of the Diocese of Fond du Lac by an Act of Congress through a patent deed in 1909.

## Oneida Mission Highlights

* 1820s, a parochial day school was founded by Eleazer Williams and continued operations until the late 1960s. It was originally a one-room school, but by the 20th century had expanded to two rooms and in the 1940s added a third. It served grades one through eight. At a time when there were no district schools nearby, it served an important function for the community, and even served hot lunch. There was also a library maintained.
* 1825, Bishop John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York, has an official visitation with the Oneida.
* 1837 Solomon Davis published extracts from the Prayer Book in Oneida
* 1893, a hospital was built just north of the church building after the Rev. Solomon Burleson, persuaded the federal government to establish it. The Hospital closed in the 1940s due to financial pressures.
* 1894, the Sisters of the Holy Nativity began a long service to the mission, building a house next to the stone church that no longer exists. In addition to their parochial work in religious instruction and as licensed lay leaders, they also worked in the Oneida Hospital. They also helped to establish the lace industry on the Reservation.
* 1895, Oneida Chief Cornelius Hill, last of the old Oneida chiefs, is ordained to the Sacred Order of Deacons on June 27 by the Second Bishop of Fond du Lac, the Rt. Rev. Charles Chapman Grafton.
* 1901, Mission Creamey opens with one customer bringing milk.
* 1903, Oneida Chief Cornelius Hill is ordained to the Sacred Order of Priests.
* 1905, Oneida Hospital converted into a dispensary.
* 1906, the Grafton Parish House was built. This functioned as a community center and included a basketball court and movie projection equipment. In the late 1990s the building had fallen into disrepair and was deeded by the Diocese of Fond du Lac to the Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin who made a complete renovation so it could continue to be used by the Oneida community.
* 1908, Indian Claim 141 is purchased from the Powles family to allow for expansion of the cemetery.
* 1930, Vicarage, a church-owned home for the priest, was erected.
* 1939, Boy Scout and Girl Scout Troops are formed at Holy Apostles.
* 1946, the Sisters of St. Anne arrived and took over the work of the Sisters of the Holy Nativity.
* 1947, the remains of Eleazer Williams were removed from St. James Cemetery at Hogansburg, New York and re-interred on the grounds of the church.
* 1940s, 10 acres (40,000 m2) of land located directly behind the church were deeded to the Oneida Tribe for recreational purposes.
* 1960s, 25 acres (100,000 m2) of land located between the athletic fields and Duck Creek were deeded to the Oneida Tribe for them to build housing units.
* 1967, Oneida Mission school closed.
* 1977, Parish Hall closed. Community events held in church basement. In the 1990s ownership was transferred to the Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin who renovated the structure for community use.
* In the late 1990s, a small altar and a podium were purchased from St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Oconto which was closed and later demolished. The two items were of dark wood matched the rest of the Altar furniture. Both were artistically carved with the podium having an eagle carved right at the top of the stand.

## Prominent Lay People

* Chief Schenando, last of the New York chiefs who headed up the Oneidas when they came west. A descendant of the famous Chief Schenando who was a friend of George Washington, he was a noted orator. He died in 1897 and is buried in the Holy Apostles cemetery.
* Chief Daniel Bread was a famous Council Chief and prominent in the affairs of the Oneida, both in New York and Wisconsin. He died in 1873 and is buried in the Holy Apostles cemetery.
* Nancy Cornelius, the first trained Indian nurse in the United States.

## Clergy Serving

This is listing of clergy who have served as missionaries, vicars or deacons.

* 1821-32 Eleazer Williams.
* 1825-27 Richard Nash.
* 1827-36 Richard Fish Cadle. Also Rector of Christ Church, Green Bay.
* 1836-47 Solomon Davis.
* 1847-52 Franklin R. Haff.
* 1853-90 Edward A. Goodnough. Early graduate of Nashotah House Seminary, sent to serve Oneida by Bishop Kemper as friend and pastor. Buried in the Holy Apostles Cemetery.
* 1891-96 Solomon S. Burleson. Lawyer, dentist, and doctor of medicine, built the Oneida Hospital. Buried in the Holy Apostles Cemetery.
    + 1896 John K. Burleson, *Assistant*.
    + 1896-1903 Cornelius Hill, *Deacon*. Ordained at Holy Apostles.
* 1897-1906 Frank W. Merrill.
    + 1901 John C. Jetter, *Assistant*.
    + 1903-06 Cornelius Hill, *Assistant*. Ordained at Holy Apostles.
    + 1905 R.E. Grubb, *Assistant*.
* 1906-08 A. Parker Curtiss.
* 1908-20 William B. Thorn.
* 1920-27 William Watson.
    + 1924 Harry Kerstetter, *Assistant*.
    + 1925 F.W. Sherman, *Assistant*.
* 1928-37 Lawrence Herbert Grant, brother of California State Senator Edwin Grant.
* 1938-56 William F. Christian.
    + 1951-53 Richard Becker, *Assistant*.
* 1956-57 Phillip I. Livingston.
* 1957-60 G. Colyn Brittain.
* 1960-63 Harold L. Goetz.
    + 1960 C.B. Russell, *Assistant*.
* 1963-67 Harry C. Vedder. Ordained at Holy Apostles.
    + 1963 Nelson Skinner, *Assistant*.
* 1967 Phillip I. Livingston
    + 1967 Robert A. Good, *Assistant*.
* 1968-76 Larry A. Westlund
    + 1970 Jon E. Hanshew, *Assistant*.
    + 1974 John E Walker, III, *Assistant*.
    + 1975 Michael W. Minter, *Assistant*.
    + 1976 Paul A. Cheek, *Assistant*. Ordained at Holy Apostles.
* 1977-78 Charles P. Wallis
* 1978 Thomas Sewall.
* 1978-82 Paul A. Cheek.
    + 1979 Russell S. Northway, *Assistant*.
* 1980-93 James H. Dolan.
    + 1983 William J.M. Smith, *Assistant*. Ordained at Holy Apostles.
    + 1990-2009 Edmund Powless, *Deacon*. Buried in the Holy Apostles Cemetery.
* 1994-98 John F. Splinter.
* 1998-2001 Brad McIntyre.
* 2002-07 Dewey Silas. Buried in the Holy Apostles Cemetery.
    + 2005–present Deborah Heckel, *Deacon*.
* 2008–11 Kristina Henning
* 2011–12 Robert Clarke, *Priest-in-Charge*
* 2017-present Rodger Patience, *Vicar*

Pascoe, Charles Frederick (1895). *Classified Digest of the Records of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts: 1701-1892 (With Much Supplementary Information), Fifth Edition*. London: The Society's Office. ISBN 9780665136375. Digest of the S.P.G. records

Curtiss, A. Parker (1925). *History of the Diocese of Fond du Lac and Its Several Congregations*. Fond du Lac, Wisconsin: P.B. Haber Printing. Compiled Under The Direction of The Bishop, in Commemoration of its FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY

Bloomfield, Julia Keen (1907). *The Oneidas*. New York: Alden Brothers.

44°29′45.2″N 88°10′54.0″W / 44.495889°N 88.181667°W / 44.495889; -88.181667


title: Spanish frigate Numancia

abstract: Numancia (F83) is the third of the six Spanish-built Santa Maria-class frigates of the Spanish Navy, based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry class design. The frigate was constructed in Spain by Bazan and laid down on 8 January 1986; launched on 29 January 1987; and entered service with the Spanish Navy on 17 November 1989. Based at Rota, Numancia has been deployed to the Indian Ocean to fight piracy in Somalia as part of Operation Atalanta and to the Mediterranean Sea to intercept illegal trafficking of migrants as part of Operation Sophia.

text:
# Spanish frigate Numancia

***Numancia* (F83)** is the third of the six Spanish-built *Santa Maria*-class frigates of the Spanish Navy, based on the American *Oliver Hazard Perry* class design. The frigate was constructed in Spain by Bazan and laid down on 8 January 1986; launched on 29 January 1987; and entered service with the Spanish Navy on 17 November 1989. Based at Rota, *Numancia* has been deployed to the Indian Ocean to fight piracy in Somalia as part of Operation Atalanta and to the Mediterranean Sea to intercept illegal trafficking of migrants as part of Operation Sophia.

## Design and description

The *Santa María* class is a series of six guided missile frigates based on the American *Oliver Hazard Perry* class. The *Oliver Hazard Perry* class had been conceived as a way to reduce unit costs while maintaining an anti-air warfare (AAW) platform with anti-submarine (ASW) and anti-surface warfare capabilities. The *Oliver Hazard Perry* class came in two forms: short-hulled and long-hulled, with the *Santa María* class being the later, with an additional beam to allow for more top weight for future modifications. The class came in two batches, with the first four being from batch one and the final two from batch two. The first batch of ships had a displacement of 2,851 tonnes (2,806 long tons) light, 3,160 t (3,110 long tons) standard, and 4,017 t (3,954 long tons) at full load. The second batch has the same light and standard displacements, with a full load displacement of 4,107 t (4,042 long tons). The frigates measure 138.8 metres (455 ft 5 in) long overall and 125.9 m (413 ft 1 in) at the waterline with a beam of 14.3 m (46 ft 11 in) and a standard draught of 4.52 m (14 ft 10 in) and a maximum draught at the sonar dome of 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in). The ships have a complement of 223 sailors including 13 officers.

The *Santa María* class is propelled by a controllable pitch propller powered by two General Electric LM2500 gas turbines creating 41,000 shaft horsepower (31,000 kW), giving the vessels a maximum speed of 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph). The frigates stow 587 t (578 long tons; 647 short tons) of fuel and have a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) or 4,500 nmi (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). The ships have four 1,000 kW Kato-Allison 114-DOOL diesel generator sets creating a total of 4,000 kW. These can power two 260 kW (350 shp) retractable, rotatable auxiliary propulsion motors. The vessels have fin stabilisers fitted.

### Armament and sensors

Frigates of the *Santa María* class are armed with a single-armed Mk 13 missile launcher serviced by a 40-round magazine that can handle 32 SM-1MR anti-air/ship missiles and 8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles. The Harpoon missiles have a range of 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) at Mach 0.9 carrying a 227-kilogram (500 lb) warhead. The SM-1R missiles have a range of 20.5 nmi (38.0 km; 23.6 mi) at Mach 2. The vessels also mount a single OTO Melara 76-millimetre (3.0 in)/62 calibre naval gun capable of firing 85 rounds per minute up to 8.7 nmi (16.1 km; 10.0 mi) with each shell carrying a 6 kg (13 lb) warhead. For AAW defence, the ships mount a single Meroka 20 mm (0.79 in)/120 12-barrelled close-in weapons system (CIWS) capable of firing 3,600 rounds per minute up to 2 km (1.2 mi). For ASW, the frigates are armed with two triple-mounted Mark 32 torpedo tubes for Mod 5 Mark 46 torpedoes.

The vessels are equipped with AN/SPS-49(V)4 2-D air search radar, RAN-12L (being replaced by RAN-30) 2-D low horizon air search radar for the Meroka CIWS, SPS-55 surface search radar and a Mk 92 fire-control radar. For ASW, the ships have SQS-56 sonar and SQR-19(V) towed arrays. For weapons fire control, they have Mk 13 weapons control, Mk 92 and SPG-60 STIR missile control, and SQQ-89 ASW systems. For electronic warfare they have a Nettunel intercept, a SLQ-25 Nixie towed torpedo decoy, and Mk36 SROC decoy launchers.

### Aircraft

As long-hulled versions of the *Oliver Hazard Perry* class, the *Santa María*-class frigates have twin hangars to accommodate up to two Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) III helicopters though only one is usually embarked. The helicopter deck, located aft, is equipped with the RAST helicopter deck-handling system designed to handle LAMPS helicopters.

## Construction and career

The frigate was ordered on 29 June 1977. The ship was laid down on 8 January 1986, at Izar's shipyard in Ferrol, Spain. Delays in construction followed as the Spanish Navy deferred the frigate's construction in order to focus on the construction of a new aircraft carrier. *Numancia* was launched on 29 January 1987, and commissioned into service on 17 November 1989. The vessel is homeported at Rota, Spain, as part of the 41st Escort Squadron.

On 27 April 2009, *Numancia* seized the nine Somali pirates that tried to board the cruise ship *MSC Melody* after a short chase. From March to August 2013, *Numancia* deployed to the Indian Ocean as part of Operation Atalanta. In 2016, the frigate was deployed as part of Operation Sophia, intercepting the illegal trafficking of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea. In 2022, *Numancia* returned to the Indian Ocean, escorting food relief ships through the area as part of Operation Atalanta.

## Citations

1. Saunders 2009, p. 745.
2. Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon 1995, p. 600.
3. Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon 1995, pp. 436, 600.
4. Wertheim 2013, p. 672.
5. Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon 1995, p. 436.
6. "La fragata española 'Numancia' apresa a 9 piratas somalíes acusados de atacar un crucero italiano" \[The Spanish frigate 'Numancia' apprehends 9 Somali pirates accused of attacking an Italian cruise ship\] (in Spanish). rtve.es. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
7. "Spanish Frigate Numancia Returns Home". *Naval Today*. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
8. "La fragata Numancia vuelve a Rota tras cuatro meses en la operación Sophia" \[The frigate Numancia returns to Rota after four months in Operation Sophia\]. *El Correo de Andalucía* (in Spanish). 28 May 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
9. "La fragata "Numancia" regresa a la Base Naval de Rota tras cinco mese como buque insignia en la Operación Atalanta" \[The frigate "Numancia" returns to the Rota Naval Base after five months as flagship in Operation Atalanta\]. *Defensa.com* (in Spanish). 26 November 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
* Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
* Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). *Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010* (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0-7106-2888-6.
* Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). *The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World* (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5.

## InfoBox

| *Numancia* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Spain | |
| Name | *Numancia* |
| Builder | Bazan |
| Laid down | 8 January 1986 |
| Launched | 29 January 1987 |
| Commissioned | 17 November 1989 |
| Homeport | Rota, Cádiz |
| Identification |  |
| Status | in active service |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Santa Maria*-class frigate |
| Displacement | 3,160 t (3,110 long tons) standard |
| Length | 138.8 m (455 ft 5 in) |
| Beam | 14.3 m (46 ft 11 in) |
| Draught | 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) max |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph) |
| Complement | 223 |
| Sensors and
processing systems | * **Radar:** AN/SPS-49(V)4 2-D air search ((V)5 in F-85 & F-86), RAN-12L (being replaced by RAN-30) 2-D low horizon air search radar for Meroka, SPS-55 surface search radar, Mk 92 fire control system, * **Sonar:** SQS-56, SQR-19(V) Towed Array (-19(V)2 in F-85 & F-86), * **Fire control:** Mk 13 weapons control, Mk 92 and SPG-60 STIR missile control, SQQ-89 ASW |
| Electronic warfare
& decoys | Nettunel (F-85 & F-86: Mk-3000) intercept, SLQ-25 Nixie, Mk36 SROC decoy launchers |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 2 × Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk LAMPS III helicopters |


title: Chu Ka Mong

abstract: Chu Ka Mong is a fencer from Hong Kong. She competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Chu Ka Mong

**Chu Ka Mong** (born 14 May 1995) is a fencer from Hong Kong. She competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Chu Ka Mong
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Hong Kong |
| Born | (1995-05-14) 14 May 1995 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Event | Women's team épée |
| Medal record      Women's Epee  Representing  Hong Kong  Asian Games  2022 Hangzhou Team  2014 Incheon  Team  2018 Jakarta  Team  Asian Championships  2018 Bangkok Team  2013 Shanghai Team  2014 Suwon Team  2015 Singapore Team  2016 Wuxi Team  2017 Hong Kong Team  2019 Chiba Team  East Asian Games  2013 Tianjin Team | |


title: Chubu University

abstract: Chubu University is a private university in Kasugai, Aichi, Japan. Chubu University was established as the Chubu Institute of Technology in 1964 with the motto "Acta, non Verba", but its institutional history begins with the Nagoya Daichi High School established in 1938. It was renamed as Chubu University in 1984, and has been subsequently expanded to comprise seven schools and six graduate schools, with about 11,000 students and twenty research institutions.

text:
# Chubu University

**Chubu University** (中部大学, *Chūbu Daigaku*) is a private university in Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.

Chubu University was established as the Chubu Institute of Technology in 1964 with the motto "Acta, non Verba" (Actions, not Words), but its institutional history begins with the Nagoya Daichi High School established in 1938. It was renamed as Chubu University in 1984, and has been subsequently expanded to comprise seven schools and six graduate schools, with about 11,000 students and twenty research institutions.

## Location

It is located on a hill with full of green trees in City of Kasugai neighboring in the north of City of Nagoya with the population of 2.3 million, the central city of Chubu (meaning Central Japan). There are Japanese major industries such as automobile industry including Toyota and Honda, aerospace industry including Heavy Industries of Mitsubishi and Kawasaki as well as small high skill manufacturers producing one-third of parts of Boeing jets and Mitsubishi Regional Jet, textile industry including Toray producing carbon fiber. Chubu University has strong connections with these big and small industries.

## Sustainability sciences

Whilst, Chubu University has promoted sustainability sciences including certified as a Regional Center of UNESCO ESD (Education for Sustainable Development), and the connections with NASA in digital earth research, with Club of Rome and United Nations Center for Regional Development in global critical issues, SDGs and quality of life and with JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in smart transport and city planning in developing countries.

## Distinguished scholars and their research

Chancellor Atsuo Iiyoshi, the plasma physicist, was the leader of Japan team in international competition in nuclear fusion method in 80’s and President of National Institute for Fusion Science. President Osamu Ishihara, also plasma physicist, has experienced to teach in US for 25 years and Life fellow of IEEE. Okitsugu Yamashita, Ex President, is an entomologist and received prizes such as Louis Pasteur Prize.

Institute of Science and technology are gathering eminent researchers including Hisashi Yamamoto (Catalyst Chemistry, President of Japan Society of Chemistry, awarded including Japan Academy Prize, Roger Adams Prize), Mitsuo Sawamoto (Molecule Chemistry, awarded including Benjamin Franklin Medal) and Yoshitsugu Hayashi (Sustainable and Well-being City, Full Member of Club of Rome, President of World Conference on Transport Research Society).

Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies has also excellent researchers including Takaho Ando (History of Philosophy, awarded Japan Academy Prize), Hiromichi Fukui (Digital Earth) and Kimitaka Kawamura (Atmospheric Chemistry, awards including Geochemical Society Geochemical Fellow).

Center for Applied Superconductivity and Sustainable Energy Research directed by Sakutaro Yamaguchi has achieved the world top performance in electricity transmission, i.e. 1 million kw by a coil only in 5 cm diameter covered by a 30 cm pipe for cooling at minus 196 degrees in Celsius. This technology will bring a revolution in electricity transmission by replacing huge infrastructure of several 100m high pylons by a pipe in 30 cm diameter. Electric companies in Europe and Asia have much interest in it.

## Visiting Scholars

Chubu University gathers eminent visiting professors including Kōichirō Matsuura (Emeritus Member of the Club of Rome, former Director-General of UNESCO), Alexander Likhotal (Full Member of Club of Rome, Ex.President of Green Cross International, Spokesman under President Gorbachev of Soviet Union), Timothy Foresman (Principal Researcher for Digital Earth Project under Vice-President Al Gore), etc.

## Outreaching activities to local society

Outreach activities of the university are extended to local society very actively. A competitive fund was awarded for the revitalization of Kozoji New Town, which was constructed as one of the big new towns built in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka metropolitan areas in 1970’s and has been recently declining due to the aging of inhabitants. Cultural events such as Chubu University Music Festival, Adult College, and Kids Seminar are popular among the local citizens.

## Sports

Chubu University is active also in sports, particularly in handball, kendo and baseball, of which teams have been always selected to Japanese university championship. The Handball club became the Champion in 2014. Also, professional baseball players have been produced. It has excellent sports facilities including all-weather 400m x 6 lane track, 4-story budo (kendo, judo) arena, one of the best among Japanese universities.

## International Affiliations

Chubu University has 44 international affiliations as listed below. Amongst them, 40 years long special cooperation with Ohio University since 1977 is worthy of special mention. PASEO (Preparation for Academic Study in English Overseas) in Chubu University was originally started in 1991 in which lecturers sent by Ohio University are teaching. Student exchange has counted several hundred during 40 years. Yamada House in Ohio University campus was donated by Chubu University and Cupola in Chubu University campus was donated by Ohio University.

USA

* Ohio University
* West Virginia University
* Michigan State University

Canada

* University of British Columbia

Mexico

* Universidad de Guanajuato

Germany

* Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
* Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

France

* ENSEIRB-MATMECA (École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique, Télécommunications, Mathématique et Mécanique de Bordeaux)
* Université de La Rochelle

Switzerland

* University of Zurich

UK

* Eckersley Oxford

Russia

* Research and Development Center at Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System

Lithuania

* Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas

Australia

* University of New England

Korea

* Wonkwang University

Thailand

* Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Engineering
* King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
* Asian Institute of Technology

Malaysia

* Universiti Sains Malaysia

Indonesia

* Universitas Gadjah Mada
* Syiah Kuala University, Faculty of Agriculture

India

* Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
* Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

China

* Harbin University of Science and Technology
* China Foreign Affairs University
* East China Normal University
* Tongji University
* Harbin Institute of Technology
* Anhui University of Science and Technology
* China Huadian Electric Power Research Institute
* Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science
* Tongji Zhejiang College
* Northeastern University, Institute of Materials and Metallurgy
* Jiaxing University
* Shaoxing University

Nepal

* Kathmandu University
* ICIMOD: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development

Bhutan

* The Council for Renewable Natural Resources Research of Bhutan

Fiji

* Fiji National University

Morocco

* Université Mohammed V

Tunisia

* University of Tunis El Manar

Algeria

* University of Science and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf

## InfoBox

Chubu University
| 中部大学 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1964 (1964) |
| Location | Kasugai, Aichi, Japan<br>35°16′27″N 137°00′58″E / 35.2742°N 137.016°E / 35.2742; 137.016 |
| Website | www.chubu.ac.jp/english/index.html |


title: Space Foundation

abstract: The Space Foundation is an American nonprofit organization, the mission of which is to advocate for all sectors of the global space industry through space awareness activities, educational programs, and major industry events. It was founded in 1983.

text:
# Space Foundation

The **Space Foundation** is an American nonprofit organization, the mission of which is to advocate for all sectors of the global space industry through space awareness activities, educational programs, and major industry events. It was founded in 1983.

## Locations

Located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the foundation's headquarters includes team offices, as well as conference and other facilities. Other offices are in Washington, D.C., Texas, and Florida.

## Education

The Space Foundation delivers K-12 student programs in laboratory, classroom and after-school settings. Programs include STEM, social studies, history, the arts and literature and are available to individual classes, school districts, public and private school, colleges and universities offering education curriculum and homeschool organizations.

## Space Symposium

The Space Foundation hosts the annual Space Symposium in Colorado Springs at the Broadmoor Hotel. The Space Symposium features presentations and panels that provide insight into space developments and the latest on critical industry issues. Each year, several awards are presented at the Space Symposium recognizing achievements in various space arenas.

The symposium includes an annual fundraiser called "Yuri's Night", named in honour of Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. In 2022, the foundation renamed the fundraiser as "A Celebration of Space: Discover What’s Next" due to the invasion of Ukraine by Russia.

## Awards

### General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award

The General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award is the highest honor bestowed by the Space Foundation, presented annually at a special luncheon held during the Space Symposium. The award recognizes outstanding individuals who have distinguished themselves through lifetime contributions to the welfare or betterment of humankind through the exploration, development and use of space, or the use of space technology, information, themes or resources in academic, cultural, industrial or other pursuits of broad benefit to humanity. Nominations are solicited throughout the global space industry and the honoree is selected by the Space Foundation's Board of Directors. Recipients of the General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award include:

| Year |  | Recipient |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 |  | Daniel Goldin |
| 2022 |  | Joanne M. Maguire |
| 2021 |  | Patti Grace Smith |
| 2020 |  | Gene Kranz |
| 2019 |  | Thomas P. Stafford |
| 2018 |  | Christopher Columbus "Chris" Kraft Jr. |
| 2017 |  | Piers Sellers |
| 2016 |  | VADM Richard H. Truly, USN (Ret.) |
| 2015 |  | Jean-Jacques Dordain, Director General of the European Space Agency (ESA) |
| 2014 |  | A. Thomas Young |
| 2013 |  | NASA Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Sally Ride |
| 2012 |  | General Thomas S. Moorman Jr., USAF (Retired) |
| 2011 |  | Charles Elachi, Ph.D. |
| 2010 |  | Captain John W. Young, USN (Retired) |
| 2009 |  | The Honorable Peter B. Teets |
| 2008 |  | Hans Mark, Ph.D. |
| 2007 |  | Simon Ramo, Ph.D. |
| 2006 |  | Buzz Aldrin, Ph.D. |
| 2005 |  | The Honorable Edward C. Aldridge Jr. |
| 2004 |  | General Bernard A. Schriever, USAF (Retired) |
| 2003 |  | Captain James A. Jim Lovell Jr., USN (Retired) |
| 2002 |  | Norman R. Augustine |

### Alan Shepard Technology in Education Award

The Space Foundation, in conjunction with the Astronauts Memorial Foundation (AMF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), annually presents the Alan Shepard Technology in Education Award to recognize outstanding contributions to creative and innovative use of technology in education by K-12 educators or district-level education personnel. Winners of the Alan Shepard Technology in Education Award include:

| Year | Winner |
| --- | --- |
| 2023 | Rachel Harrington |
| 2022 | Dan Saldana |
| 2021 | N/A |
| 2020 | Kaci Heins |
| 2019 | Jill Gilford |
| 2018 | Diego Martinez |
| 2017 | Ashlie Blackstone Smith |
| 2016 | Margaret Rhule Baguio |
| 2015 | June Scobee Rodgers, Ph.D. |
| 2014 | Lynne F. Zielinski |
| 2013 | Daniel R. Newmyer, a science and math teacher for Center High School in rural southern Colorado. |
| 2012 | Dr. Cynthia Waters, director of aviation for The Aviation Academy at T.W. Andrews High School in High Point, N.C. |
| 2011 | Charles County (Md.) Public Schools Superintendent James E. Richmond |
| 2010 | Allen V. Robnett |
| 2009 | Ricardo V. Soria |
| 2008 | Kevin L. Simmons |
| 2007 | Luther W. Richardson |
| 2006 | Kathy R. Brandon |
| 2005 | Ronald F. Dantowitz |
| 2004 | Charles Geach |
| 2003 | Brian Copes |
| 2002 | Thomas F. Hunt, Frank E. Waller |
| 2001 | Lori Byrnes |

### Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award

The Space Foundation annually presents the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award in memory of Douglas S. Morrow, renowned Academy Award-winning writer and producer, space advocate and former Space Foundation Board Member, to an individual or organization who has made significant contributions to the public awareness and understanding of space programs. Winners of the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award include:

| Year | Winner |
| --- | --- |
| 2023 | United States Postal Service (USPS) |
| 2022 | Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin and SpaceX |
| 2021 | Bill Ingalls |
| 2020 | Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum (NASM) |
| 2019 | National Space Council and its Chair, U.S. Vice President Mike Pence |
| 2018 | Margot Lee Shetterly |
| 2017 | DigitalGlobe and The Associated Press |
| 2016 | Andy Weir, author |
| 2015 | NASA/Industry Exploration Flight Test 1 team |
| 2014 | Col. Chris Hadfield (Ret.), former Canadian astronaut |
| 2013 | Bill Nye the Science Guy and chief executive officer of the Planetary Society |
| 2012 | NASA Social Media Team |
| 2011 | Space Journalists Jay Barbree (NBC News), Marcia Dunn (The Associated Press) and Bill Harwood (CBS News) |
| 2010 | Leonard Nimoy |
| 2009 | Neil deGrasse Tyson, Ph.D. |
| 2008 | Delaware North Companies Parks & Resorts |
| 2007 | Colonel Eileen M. Collins, USAF (Retired) |
| 2006 | Tom Hanks |
| 2005 | The Ansari X-Prize Foundation |
| 2004 | *Life* magazine |
| 2003 | Robert T. McCall |
| 2002 | Gene Roddenberry and Majel Barrett Roddenberry |
| 2001 | *Popular Science* Magazine |
| 2000 | Space Awareness Alliance |
| 1999 | The Crew of Space Shuttle Mission STS-95 |
| 1998 | NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
| 1997 | The Cable News Network (CNN) |
| 1996 | The *Apollo 13* film team |
| 1995 | Discovery Communications, Inc. |

### Space Achievement Award

The Space Foundation's Space Achievement Award recognizes individuals or organizations for space achievement, a breakthrough space technology or program or other achievements representing critical milestones in the evolution of space exploration and development. Winners of the Space Achievement Award include:

| Year | Winner |
| --- | --- |
| 2023 | NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) team |
| 2022 | International Astronautical Federation |
| 2021 | United States Space Force (USSF) |
| 2020 | International Space Station partners |
| 2019 | Peter Wilhelm, former director, Naval Center for Space Technology Virgin Galactic and The Spaceship Company |
| 2018 | Space Security and Defense Program |
| 2017 | The Space Mission of Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko |
| 2016 | SpaceX |
| 2015 | Boeing X-37 Team |
| 2014 | U.S. Air Force GPS team |
| 2013 | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
| 2012 | Dr. Junichiro Kawaguchi, JAXA |
| 2011 | SpaceX and Télécoms Sans Frontières |
| 2010 | Hubble Space Telescope Repair Mission team |
| 2009 | China's Shenzhou 7 Mission |
| 2008 | United States Air Force |
| 2007 | Bigelow Aerospace |
| 2006 | The U.S. Titan Launch Vehicle Team: Lockheed Martin, United States Air Force, The Aerospace Corporation, NASA |
| 2005 | SpaceShipOne team |
| 2004 | Ariane 4 launch team |
| 2003 | U.S. Air Force Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Team; Lockheed Martin Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Team; The Boeing Company Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Team |
| 2002 | NASA/Industry *Galileo* space probe team and the men and women of United States Space Command and its component organizations |
| 2001 | Hubble Space Telescope team |
| 2000 | Sea Launch |
| 1999 | NASA-Boeing International Space Station team |
| 1998 | General Thomas S. Moorman Jr., USAF (Retired) |
| 1997 | Captain James Jim Lovell, USN (Retired) |
| 1996 | American Astronautical Society |
| 1995 | Air University (United States Air Force) |

### John L. Jack, Swigert Jr., Award for Space Exploration

The John L. "Jack" Swigert Jr., Award for Space Exploration recognizes extraordinary accomplishments by a company, space agency or consortium of organizations in the realm of space exploration and discovery. The award is in memory of astronaut John L. 'Jack' Swigert Jr., one of the inspirations for creating the Space Foundation. Winners of the John L. Jack Swigert Jr., Award for Space Exploration include:

| Year | Winner |
| --- | --- |
| 2023 | James Webb Space Telescope team |
| 2022 | NASA and the University of Arizona OSIRIS-REx team |
| 2021 | NASA JPL Mars *Ingenuity* helicopter team |
| 2020 | NASA JPL InSight-Mars Cube One |
| 2019 | NASA *Dawn* mission |
| 2018 | *Cassini* mission team |
| 2017 | No award |
| 2016 | Pluto *New Horizons* exploration team |
| 2015 | *Rosetta* comet exploration team |
| 2014 | No award |
| 2013 | NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission team |
| 2012 | NASA Kepler Mission |
| 2011 | No award |
| 2010 | The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission team |
| 2009 | NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander team |
| 2008 | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| 2007 | The California Institute of Technology |
| 2006 | Buzz Aldrin, Ph.D. |
| 2005 | NASA's Mars Exploration Team from Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
| 2004 | President George W. Bush |

## Space Technology Hall of Fame

The Space Technology Hall of Fame was created in 1988 by the Space Foundation with cooperation from NASA and is administered by the Space Foundation. The foundation annually honors groups and individuals that, according to the organization, "transform technology originally developed for space exploration into products that help improve the quality of life here on Earth".

Since 1988, it has been inducting dozens of technologies and honoring hundreds of organizations and individuals that transform technology originally developed for space exploration into products that help improve the quality of life on Earth.

| Year | Inductee |
| --- | --- |
| 2018 | Evinrude/BRP MSFC-398 and Miniaturized Laser Communication Terminals by Mynaric and DLR |
| 2017 | ActivePure RCI and Florikan E.S.A. SNR Fertilizer |
| 2016 | Medtronic LaRC S-I and WATEX |
| 2015 | Chronos Vision Technology and Seismic Damper Technology |
| 2014 | International Cospas-Sarsat Programme and NeuroArm-Symbis Space Robotics |
| 2013 | GATR Inflatable Satellite Communication System a portable, rapidly deployed, inflatable antenna that targets a geostationary satellite to establish critical communications links and Mediphan DistanceDoc and MedRecorder, compact low-power ultrasound devices that can be used as a diagnostic tool where large scanning equipment is impractical. |
| 2012 | Flexible Aerogel (Aspen Aerogels, Aspen Systems and NASA Kennedy Space Center) and high-resolution optical sensing fire detection (FireWatch system from the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and IQ Wireless) |
| 2011 | Commercial Earth-Imaging Satellites (GeoEye and DigitalGlobe) and Intrifuge CellXpansion (NASA Johnson Space Center, Regenetech and Synthecon) |
| 2010 | Eagle Eyes and Digital Fly-By-Wire |
| 2009 | Aerodynamic Vehicle Design and Micro Algae Nutritional Supplements |
| 2008 | ArterioVision, Petroleum Remediation Product and ResQPOD |
| 2007 | Umpqua Research Company, Emulsified Zero-Valent Iron and Microbial Check Valve |
| 2006 | iRobot PackBot Tactical Mobile Robot and Novariant AutoFarm RTK AutoSteer |
| 2005 | Hyperspectral Imaging Systems, NanoCeram Superfilters, InnerVue Diagnostic Scope System, InnerVue Diagnostic Scope System and Outlast Technologies, Inc. Smart Fabric Technology |
| 2004 | Multi-Junction (MJ) Space Solar Cells, LADARVision 4000, Precision Global Positioning System (GPS) Software and MedStar Monitoring System |
| 2003 | Cochlear Implant, Virtual Window, VisiScreen (Ocular Screening System, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Technology, Humanitarian Demining Device and Digital Latching Valve |
| 2002 | Satellite Radio Technology |
| 2001 | Data Matrix Symbology, Video Image Stabilization and Registration (VISAR) and Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIP) |
| 2000 | X-1R Advanced Lubricants, DirecTV and Light-Emitting Diodes for medical applications |
| 1999 | Heart Defibrillator Energy Source, Miniature Accelerometer, Active Pixel Sensor and DeBakey Blood Pump |
| 1998 | Global Positioning System and Tempur Foam |
| 1997 | ACTS Gigabit Satellite Network and Stereotactic Breast Biopsy Technology |
| 1996 | Radiant Barrier, Anti-Shock Trousers and Fire-Resistant Aircraft Seats |
| 1995 | Parawings or Hang Gliders and Anti-Corrosion Coatings |
| 1994 | Excimer Laser Angioplasty System and Digital Image Processing - Medical Applications |
| 1993 | Physiological Monitoring Instrumentation and Liquid-Cooled Garments |
| 1992 | Earth Resources Laboratory Applications Software and Direct Readout Satellite System |
| 1991 | Automatic Implantable Cardiovertor Defibrillator and PMR-15 Polymide Resin |
| 1990 | Heat Pipe Systems & Safety Grooving |
| 1989 | Cordless Tools, Scratch Resistant Lenses and Fabric Roof Structures |
| 1988 | Improved Firefighter's Breathing System, NASA Structural Analysis Computer Software, Sewage Treatment With Water Hyacinths, Programmable Implantable Medication System and Power Factor Controller. |

## InfoBox

Space Foundation
| Formation | 1983 |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Colorado Springs, Colorado |
| Website | https://www.spacefoundation.org/ |


title: Chuck Rosenthal (author)

abstract: Chuck Rosenthal is an American novelist and short story writer. Since the 1980s, he has published seven novels and a memoir. He is married to the poet Gail Wronsky and has one child, Marlena Rosenthal. He is a Professor of English at Loyola Marymount University.

text:
# Chuck Rosenthal (author)

**Chuck Rosenthal** (sometimes writes as *C.P. Rosenthal*) is an American novelist and short story writer. Since the 1980s, he has published seven novels and a memoir. He is married to the poet Gail Wronsky and has one child, Marlena Rosenthal. He is a Professor of English at Loyola Marymount University.

## Bibliography

### Loop Trilogy

1. *Loop's Progress* (Hollyridge Press) ISBN 0-9772298-7-4
2. *Experiments in Life and Deaf* (Hollyridge Press) ISBN 0-9772298-8-2
3. *Loop's End* (Hollyridge Press) ISBN 0-9772298-9-0

### Other Fiction

### Nonfiction

* *Never Let Me Go: A Memoir* (Red Hen Press) ISBN 1-888996-93-5
* *West of Eden: A Life in 21st Century Los Angeles* (What Books Press) ISBN 978-0984578283
* *Are We Not There Yet? Travels in Nepal, North India, and Bhutan* (What Books Press) ISBN 978-0982354209
* *Tomorrow You'll Be One of Us: Sci Fi Poems with Gail Wronsky* (What Books Press) ISBN 978-0988924802


title: Chuck Russell

abstract: Charles Russell is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer, best known for his genre films. His best-known works include the fantasy slasher film A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, the 1988 remake of the 1958 monster horror film The Blob, the Jim Carrey superhero comedy film The Mask, the Arnold Schwarzenegger action film Eraser, and the Dwayne Johnson action-adventure The Scorpion King.

text:
# Chuck Russell

**Charles Russell** (born May 9, 1958) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer, best known for his genre films. His best-known works include the fantasy slasher film *A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors,* the 1988 remake of the 1958 monster horror film *The Blob,* the Jim Carrey superhero comedy film *The Mask,* the Arnold Schwarzenegger action film *Eraser,* and the Dwayne Johnson action-adventure *The Scorpion King.*

## Career

Russell entered the film industry as a production manager and assistant director on independent films, while writing screenplays. During the production of the film *Hell Night*, he met writer Frank Darabont, with whom he would become a close collaborator. His first produced script was the 1984 film *Dreamscape*, directed by Joseph Ruben and starring Dennis Quaid.

Russell made his directorial debut in 1987 with *A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors.* At that time, New Line Cinema was uncertain about the future of the Elm Street franchise. Russell convinced them that the series could take a step further into Freddy's nightmare world through advanced visual effects and dramatize the bond among Freddy's youthful victims with the concept of *Dream Warriors.* The success of the film redefined the franchise for New Line, earning more at the box office than the first two films put together.

Russell went on to write and direct the cult horror film, *The Blob* in 1988, once again stretching the boundaries of visual effects on a limited budget. He then found international acclaim with the blockbuster *The Mask* about a bank clerk who discovers an ancient mask that transforms him into a malicious prankster who uses practical jokes to fight crime. Russell created groundbreaking digital technologies for *The Mask* with George Lucas's Industrial Light and Magic, combining live action performance with radically new concepts in visual effects. Russell's work earned the film an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. *The Mask* also created international stardom for both Jim Carrey and Cameron Diaz. With a production budget of $18 million, *The Mask* earned more than $350 million in worldwide box office.

Russell then went on to direct the action films *Eraser* with Arnold Schwarzenegger, which grossed over $240 million internationally, and *The Scorpion King,* which was the first leading role for WWE star Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Both films were #1 box office hits upon their release.

Russell was originally attached to direct the 2004 film *Collateral,* though ultimately the production was passed onto Michael Mann. Russell retained an executive producer credit, while Darabont was an uncredited script doctor.

After a fourteen year hiatus from directing (save for a 2010 episode of the television series *Fringe*), Russell's next film was 2016's *I Am Wrath* starring John Travolta. In 2019, he directed *Junglee,* an Indian action-adventure film that released on March 29, 2019. For *Junglee,* the 60-year-old director worked with elephants and the song-and-dance tradition unique to Indian cinema for the first time. Both were inspiring, he told Scroll.in during a recent visit to Mumbai.

In 2022, Russell directed *Paradise City,* starring Bruce Willis and Travolta.

In 2024, Russell wrote and directed a remake of the 1986 film *Witchboard*.

Russell is the co-founder of A-Nation, a film production company utilizing blockchain technology.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | *Dreamscape* | No | Yes | Associate |  |
| 1987 | *A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors* | Yes | Yes | No | Directorial debut
Co-writer with Frank Darabont, Wes Craven and Bruce Wagner |
| 1988 | *The Blob* | Yes | Yes | No | Co-writer with Frank Darabont |
| 1994 | *The Mask* | Yes | No | Executive |  |
| 1996 | *Eraser* | Yes | No | Executive |  |
| 2000 | *Bless the Child* | Yes | No | No |  |
| 2002 | *The Scorpion King* | Yes | No | No |  |
| 2016 | *I Am Wrath* | Yes | No | No |  |
| 2019 | *Junglee* | Yes | No | No |  |
| 2022 | *Paradise City* | Yes | Yes | No | Co-writer with Corey Large and Edward John Drake |
| 2024 | *Witchboard* | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |

### Producer only

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | *The Hearse* | George Bowers | Line producer |
| 1981 | *Hell Night* | Tom DeSimone | Executive producer |
| 1982 | *The Seduction* | David Schmoeller | |
| 1984 | *Body Rock* | Marcelo Epstein |  |
| 1985 | *Girls Just Want to Have Fun* | Alan Metter |  |
| 1986 | *Back to School* | |  |
| 2004 | *Collateral* | Michael Mann | Executive producer |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Fringe* | Episode: "The Abducted" (S3E7) |
|

## InfoBox

| Chuck Russell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Charles Russell
(1958-05-09) May 9, 1958
Park Ridge, Illinois, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Illinois Chicago |
| Occupations | * Film director * producer * screenwriter * actor |
| Years active | 1973–present |


title: Spazz (band)

abstract: Spazz was an American powerviolence band active between 1992 and 2000. The trio released numerous records within this time, many of which are now highly collectible due to their relative rarity. The band's releases often showcased their unusual sense of humour: absurdly long and nonsensical song titles, audio samples from B movies and kung fu films between songs and the occasional use of hip hop beats as well as saxophones, banjos and other instruments rarely associated with hardcore punk. All three of the members shared vocal duties, usually changing in sequence from line to line. The group would typically play at all ages venues. 2015 saw the release of a tribute LP to Spazz by Scottish record label Mind Ripper Collective titled "Spazzin' To The Oldies - A Tribute To Spazz". In 2016, it was announced that Tankcrimes will reissue the out-of-print Spazz albums Sweatin' To The Oldies and Sweatin' 3: Skatin', Satan & Katon.

text:
# Spazz (band)

**Spazz** was an American powerviolence band active between 1992 and 2000. The trio released numerous records within this time, many of which are now highly collectible due to their relative rarity. The band's releases often showcased their unusual sense of humour: absurdly long and nonsensical song titles, audio samples from B movies and kung fu films between songs and the occasional use of hip hop beats as well as saxophones, banjos and other instruments rarely associated with hardcore punk. All three of the members shared vocal duties, usually changing in sequence from line to line. The group would typically play at all ages venues. 2015 saw the release of a tribute LP to Spazz by Scottish record label Mind Ripper Collective titled "Spazzin' To The Oldies - A Tribute To Spazz". In 2016, it was announced that Tankcrimes will reissue the out-of-print Spazz albums *Sweatin' To The Oldies* and *Sweatin' 3: Skatin', Satan & Katon*.

## After Spazz

Spazz vocalist and bassist Chris Dodge's record label, Slap-a-Ham Records, was a fixture during the rapid rise and decline of powerviolence in the late '80s and early '90s, releasing influential records by the likes of Man Is the Bastard, No Comment, Crossed Out, Infest and Spazz, amongst others.

The label's Fiesta Grande was an annual power violence festival held at 924 Gilman Street during its heyday, from 1992 to the band's demise in 2000. Since then, he has been involved in several musical projects, most notably East West Blast Test with highly regarded extreme metal drummer Dave Witte, formerly of Discordance Axis, Melt-Banana and many others. In recent years, he has performed with bands like Despise You, Lack Of Interest, Infest, and To The Point.

Spazz vocalist and drummer Max Ward's label, 625 Thrashcore, has started their own festival, 'Super Sabado Gigante', in a similar vein. Spazz vocalist and guitarist Dan Bolleri makes hip hop music under the alias DJ Eons One.

## Discography

Studio albums * *Dwarf Jester Rising* (1994, Clearview)
* *La Revancha* (1997, Sound Pollution)
* *Crush Kill Destroy* (1999, Slap-a-Ham)
* *Crush Kill Destroy* Cassette Tape,Re-Issue (2015, Grindtoday Records,Indonesia)

Extended plays * *Blasted In Bangkok* demo tape (1993, Self-released)
* *Spazz* 7-inch (1993, Slap-a-Ham)
* *Funky Ass Lil' Platter* 1-inch (1996, Slap-a-Ham) (Unplayable toy 1-inch with no actual music)
* *Tastin' Spoon* 5-inch (1997, Clean Plate)
* *The Jeb* 7-inch (2002, Jeb Records)

Split records * Spazz/Floor 7-inch (1994, Bovine)
* Spazz/Brutal Truth 7-inch (1995, Bovine/Rhetoric)
* *Bible Studies* split CD with Subversion (1995, Deported)
* Spazz/Romantic Gorilla 7-inch (1996, Sound Pollution)
* Spazz/Toast 7-inch (1996, HG Fact)
* Spazz/Jimmie Walker 7-inch (1996, Slap-a-Ham)
* *The Network Of Friends Project Part 1* split 7-inch with Öpstand (1997, Coalition)
* Spazz/Black Army Jacket 7-inch (1997, Dogprint)
* Spazz/Slobber 7-inch (1997, Sacapuntas)
* Spazz/Monster X 7-inch (1997, Reservoir)
* *Raging Violence* split 7-inch with Hirax (1997, Theologian/Pessimiser)
* *Skinny Top, Heavy Bottom* split 5-inch with Gob (1997, 702/Satans Pimp)
* *Double Whammy* split 7-inch with Lack Of Interest (1997, Deep Six)
* Spazz/25 Ta Life 7-inch (1999, Edison Recordings)

Compilation albums * *Sweatin' To The Oldies* (1997, Slap-a-Ham)
* *Sweatin' To The Oldies* Cassette Tapes,Re-Issue (2015,Grindtoday Records,Indonesia)
* *Sweatin' 2: Deported Live Dwarf* (2001, 625 Thrashcore)
* *Sweatin' 3: Skatin', Satan & Katon* (2001, Slap-a-Ham)

Compilation appearances * *Cry Now, Cry Later Vol. 1* \- "Loach" (1993, Theologian/Pessimiser)
* *El Guapo* \- "Enterslavement", "Hardboiled", and "Burning Tongue" (1994, 625 Thrashcore)
* *Audio Terrorism* \- "Gas Pump", "MPS", "Running Man", and "Slow Death" (1994, Chaotic Noise Productions)
* *Antisocial People Underground Compilation #1* \- "No Thought" (1995)
* *Pigs Suck* \- "In The Name Of.../Might For Right" (1995, Clean Plate)
* *Kamakazi Attacked America/America Bombed Hiroshima, Nagasaki* \- "DJ Tinkle Fingers/Diplomatic Services" (1995, MCR/Sound Pollution)
* *Left Back/Let Down* \- "Spudboy", "Smoking Don's Crack Hole", "Dirt The Purity", "Knuckle Scraper", and "Box II (Yates Goes To Africa)" (1995, Theologian/Pessimiser)
* *Reality* \- "Gnome Servant" (1996, Deep Six)
* *Better Read Than Dead (A Benefit For AK Press)* \- "Mighty Morphin Power Violence" (1996, Epitaph)
* *Cry Now, Cry Later Vol. 4* \- "White Glove Test" (1996, Theologrian/Pessimiser)
* *Tomorrow Will Be Worse* \- "Sanrio Soldier", "Connie The Mack", "Plastic Grandma Cackling At The Frozen Lemonade Fishbowl, Baby", "Bastard Tomb Ride", and "Beattie And The Beat" (1997, Sound Pollution)
* *Gummo* \- "Gummo Love Theme" (1997, London)
* *Fiesta Comes Alive!* \- "Might For Right" (1997, Slap-a-Ham)
* *Reality Part 2* \- "Animal Liberation Now" (1997, Deep Six)
* *Possessed To Skate* \- "Billy Pepper's Fist In The Glass Eye Of Jake Phelps", "Sir War Alot", "Skatin' And Satan Go Hand In Hoof", "Town Center", "Crazy Eddie", "B-Street Butta" (1997, 625 Thrashcore/Theologian/Pessimiser)
* *A Product Of Six Cents* \- "Danliftingbanner (Live)" (1997, A Product Of Six Cents)
* *Audio Terrorism: The Soundtrack For Weirdness And Blind Hostility* \- "Caught In The Net" (1998, Chaotic Noise Production/Satans Pimp/Heartplug Records)
* *Reproach: 8 Modern Hardcore Bands Cover Negative Approach* \- "Lost Cause" (1998, Ugly Pop)
* *Ham Slappin' Hits!* \- "Gertie", "Hardboiled", "4 Times A Day" (1998, Slap-a-Ham)
* *The Good, The Bad And The Ugly* \- "7 Deadly Finns" (1998, Insolito)
* *Short Music For Short People* \- "A Prayer For The Complete And Utter Eradication Of All Generic Pop-Punk" (1999, Fat Wreck Chords)
* *Question Of Tolerance?* \- "Let's Fucking Go" (2002, Front Rock)
* *Necrotardation* \- "Raise Your Sword To The Dark Lord" (2002, Deplorable/Ghostmeat)
* *You Call This Music?! Vol. 2* \- "Typical Hardcore Song #1" (2002, Geykido Comet)
* *Bay Area Checking In With The World* \- "Crocket" (2007, Coldfront)
* *A Product Of Sex Cents 2* \- "Jeb Song (Live At Last Show)" (2009, A Product Of Six Cents)

1. LUEDTKE, CHRISTOPHER (27 November 2017). "The Monday Grind: GOD'S AMERICA Grinds You To A Pulp As They Merge With The Infinite". *Metal Injection*. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
2. "Dan Lactose". *Discogs*.
3. "The Strange and Enduring Afterlife of Spazz, Powerviolence, and Slap a Ham Records".
4. Adams, Mason. "The Strange and Enduring Afterlife of Spazz, Powerviolence, and Slap a Ham Records". *noisey.vice.com*. Vice. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
5. Rameriz, Carlos. "Spazz Guitarist Dan Lactose Recalls His Days in the Band". *noisecreep.com*. Noise Creep. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
6. Kaminski, Karol (26 January 2016). "Spazz Re-releases albums on March 11". *idioteq.com*. Idioteq. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
7. Timbercrest, David (31 May 2013). "Chris Dodge (Spazz, Slap-a-Ham) Interview". *neufutur.com*. Neufutur.
8. "Interview with Chris Dodge". *lefttostarve.wordpress.com*. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-30  via Wordpress.
9. www.discogs.com notes on this say it is "completely unplayable with no sound on it". Retrieved 24 February 2015.

## InfoBox

| Spazz | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Redwood City, California |
| Genres | Powerviolence |
| Years active | 1992–2000 |
| Labels | Slap-a-Ham, 625 Thrashcore, Tankcrimes |
|  | |
| Past members | Chris Dodge
Max Ward
Dan Bolleri "Lactose" |


title: Special Assignment (radio serial)

abstract: Special Assignment is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It starred Richard Davies as agent Max Mallenson.

text:
# Special Assignment (radio serial)

***Special Assignment*** is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It starred Richard Davies as agent Max Mallenson.

## Premise

"Follow the exciting adventures of Max Mallenson, Special Agent for the British Foreign Office. Special assignments take him to Tangiers, Bankok. Shanghai, Paris, Berlin, Dublin — in fact, all over the world. Each episode is packed with breathtaking adventure."

## InfoBox

| Genre | drama serial |
| --- | --- |
| Running time | 15 mins (7:45 pm  8:00 pm) |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Language(s) | English |
| Written by | Morris West |
| Recording studio | Melbourne |
| Original release | 1953 |


title: Richards Independent School District

abstract: Richards Independent School District is a public school district based in the unincorporated community of Richards, Texas, United States. Located in Grimes County, the district also serves northwestern Montgomery County and a small portion of southwestern Walker County. The district has one campus with a main building housing both Richards High and Richards Elementary, a gym, and an agriculture building. In 2018–2019, the district received a score of 82 out of 100 from the Texas Education Agency. The district received a score of 72 the previous year.

text:
# Richards Independent School District

**Richards Independent School District** is a public school district based in the unincorporated community of Richards, Texas, United States. Located in Grimes County, the district also serves northwestern Montgomery County and a small portion of southwestern Walker County. The district has one campus with a main building housing both Richards High (Grades 7-12) and Richards Elementary (Grades K-6), a gym, and an agriculture building.

In 2018–2019, the district received a score of 82 out of 100 from the Texas Education Agency. The district received a score of 72 the previous year.

## InfoBox

| Richards Independent School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 9477 Panther Dr Richards, Texas, 77873<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Motto | Where Excellence is Expected |
| Grades | PK–12 |
| Governing agency | Texas Education Agency |
| Schools | 2 |
| NCES District ID | 4836990 |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 179 (2018–2019) |
| Teachers | 17.01 (on an FTE basis) |
| Staff | 12.18 (on an FTE basis) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 10.52 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.richardsisd.net |