title: The Gift That Keeps Giving

abstract: "The Gift That Keeps Giving" is a song by Super Furry Animals taken from their 2007 album, Hey Venus!. It was given away as a free download single from the band's official website on Christmas Day 2007. The song was conceived as a Christmas single as part of the band's plans to make a "pop record" in parent album Hey Venus! The title stems from sessions in 2004 for the extended live version of "The Man Don't Give a Fuck", at which the group's engineer repeatably used the phrase. Critical response to "The Gift That Keeps Giving" was generally positive with the NME claiming it to be one of the best songs on Hey Venus! and BBC Wales describing the track as "brain-bendingly catchy". A Team D.A.D.D.Y. directed music video was made to accompany the track's release as a single. The video features a spoilt child being showered with Christmas presents while poorer children are shown in tears due to their lack of gifts. Two different endings for the video were produced - in one Santa Claus is shown crucified on a cross while another sees Santa laid on the floor with an arrow through his head.

text:
# The Gift That Keeps Giving

"**The Gift That Keeps Giving**" is a song by Super Furry Animals taken from their 2007 album, *Hey Venus!*. It was given away as a free download single from the band's official website on Christmas Day 2007.

The song was conceived as a Christmas single as part of the band's plans to make a "pop record" in parent album *Hey Venus!* The title stems from sessions in 2004 for the extended live version of "The Man Don't Give a Fuck", at which the group's engineer repeatably used the phrase. Critical response to "The Gift That Keeps Giving" was generally positive with the *NME* claiming it to be one of the best songs on *Hey Venus!* and BBC Wales describing the track as "brain-bendingly catchy".

A Team D.A.D.D.Y. directed music video was made to accompany the track's release as a single. The video features a spoilt child being showered with Christmas presents while poorer children are shown in tears due to their lack of gifts. Two different endings for the video were produced - in one Santa Claus is shown crucified on a cross while another sees Santa laid on the floor with an arrow through his head.

## Origins and recording

In a 2008 interview with *Uncut* singer Gruff Rhys stated that "The Gift That Keeps Giving" was written as an "AOR Christmas single" following a visit to Japan where "they celebrate Christmas as a commercial holiday with all the decorations .. in one store they had Santa on a cross hanging from the wall ... so the Christmas single was just an excuse to have Santa on a cross on the cover". Although the cover art did not in the end feature this scene, a crucified Santa does appear in the accompanying music video.

Speaking to British music magazine *Artrocker* Rhys offered another explanation as to the origins of the song:

> Geoff Travis asked us for one of our pop records, so we thought a pop record should have a Christmas single. And we'd been playing around with this phrase, because we'd had a Scottish engineer who helped us make the 22 minute version of "The Man Don't Give a Fuck" and er... he always used to say 'it's the gift that keeps giving!' He was just referring to the length of the song... but we found out it's also a popular American shopping phrase.

The track was recorded at Miraval Studios, France along with the rest of *Hey Venus!*

## Musical structure

"The Gift That Keeps Giving" is 3 minutes 20 seconds long and is in the key of D minor. The track begins with a phased guitar melody backed only by synthesizer, hi-hat and occasional guitar chords. Cian Ciaran's piano joins the mix as the song builds up with the introduction of drums at 25 seconds. Gruff Rhys begins singing after 39 seconds and is joined by sleighbells which accompany the lines "all the bells started ringing" shortly before the first chorus which features harmony backing vocals (the first of many in the "falsetto-laden" track) singing the title phrase. Another verse and chorus follow before an instrumental verse at 1 minute 46 seconds featuring a trumpet solo playing around the vocal melody. The song "crescendos tenderly" with a double chorus before entering the outro which initially includes spoken word backing vocals chanting "giving again" and is "enhanced by a horn section that the Furries seem to be able to utilise more effectively than anyone else".

## Critical response

Critical reaction to "The Gift That Keeps Giving" was generally positive with the *New Musical Express* rating it as one of the best on parent album *Hey Venus!*; "\[it doesn't so much raise\] the bar, as balances it on top of Mount Snowdon" going on to state: "From a foundation of ELO guitar cloud-swells, Gruff's Elvis Costello-in-a-bubblegum-bath voice wraps around tender trombone parps to create the band's most beautiful moment since "Demons". BBC Wales commented on the track's Christmas links, describing "The Gift That Keeps Giving" as a "mellow, mellifluous, slow ode to the joys of the festive season ... lyrically incredibly simple ... brain-bendingly catchy". *The Guardian* meanwhile, stated that the song "might sound more California than Christmas" but still possesses the "obligatory sleighbells ... shaken throughout". Much was made of the 'retro' nature of the track with Yahoo Music UK claiming that the song is "a pure blue-eyed soul tune, of the sort that Dan Penn and Spooner Oldham used to churn out four decades ago" and *The Guardian* describing it as a "gorgeous, Bacharach-tinged haze". In contrast the *UCSD Guardian* described "The Gift That Keeps Giving" as "jazzy" and "lo-fi" and saw it as "a throw-back to 2000's experimental *Mwng*".

*Billboard* noted that "the group's penchant for sonic flourishes is used to subtle effect" on "The Gift That Keeps Giving" and went on to suggest that the track is representative of *Hey Venus!* as a whole. *Cokemachineglow*, however, thought that the song "will be cast into the void, one daring, lonely piece of the first Super Furry Animals album to not succeed as a thorough unit" and, in their single review of "The Gift That Keeps Giving", the *NME* suggested that the track wasn't one of the group's best.

The band's decision to employ Japanese surrealist Keiichi Tanaami to produce the cover for *Hey Venus!* and its singles received some criticism, not least because the artist had already used similar designs. In a 2005 interview with German magazine *Komakino*, keyboard player Cian Ciaran stated that the artwork for "The Gift..." *was* unique, however, and praised the artist.

## Music video

The video for "The Gift That Keeps Giving" was directed by Team D.A.D.D.Y. and revolves around a festive theme in keeping with the track's release date of Christmas day.

The video opens with a spoilt child opening numerous Christmas presents including a toy train, a box full of kittens and a copy of *Hey Venus!* (which he throws over his shoulder in disgust). Towards the end of the video less privileged children are shown crying at their lack of presents before we cut back to the initial child who is surrounded by gifts while Santa Claus is seen in front of a log fire, crucified on a cross. An alternative ending instead features Santa lying on the floor with an arrow through his head.

Despite the apparently cynical nature of the video, BBC Wales asserts that it is "not meant to be read in any deeper level than 'ain't Christmas brilliant?'"

## Track listing

All songs by Super Furry Animals.

* 1. "The Gift That Keeps Giving" – 3:20

Although the track was initially reported to come with an "exclusive b-side" this turned out not to be the case and only "The Gift That Keeps Giving" was made available.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "The Gift That Keeps Giving" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Super Furry Animals | |
| from the album  *Hey Venus!* | |
| Released | 25 December 2007 |
| Recorded | Miraval Studios, France |
| Genre | Experimental rock |
| Length | 3:20 |
| Label | Rough Trade Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Super Furry Animals |
| Producer(s) | Super Furry Animals with David Newfeld |
| Super Furry Animals singles chronology | |
| "Run-Away"
(2007) "**The Gift That Keeps Giving**"
(2007) "Inaugural Trams"
(2009) | |


title: Dieter Nuhr

abstract: Dieter Herbert Nuhr is a German kabarett artist, comedian, author and television presenter. Nuhr's stage program nuhr in Berlin is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix. Nuhr is one of the most successful cabaret artists in Germany, with more than 200.000 viewers per year. Nuhr is regarded as a mediator between classical comedy and intelligent Stand-up comedy. In his work, he gives a critical glance to social behaviour in society and media, often satirising relationships and families. Nuhr has also been known to caricature the typical German know-it-all. A saying of Nuhr is frequently quoted in forums and newsgroups due to its provocative nature: "Wenn man keine Ahnung hat: Einfach mal Fresse halten", which roughly translates to, "If you haven't got a clue: Shut your puss for once."

text:
# Dieter Nuhr

**Dieter Herbert Nuhr** (born 29 October 1960) is a German kabarett artist, comedian, author and television presenter.

Nuhr's stage program *nuhr in Berlin* (the title is a pun; for explanation, see below) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix.

Nuhr is one of the most successful cabaret artists in Germany, with more than 200.000 viewers per year. Nuhr is regarded as a mediator between *classical* comedy and *intelligent* Stand-up comedy. In his work, he gives a critical glance to social behaviour in society and media, often satirising relationships and families. Nuhr has also been known to caricature the typical German know-it-all.

A saying of Nuhr is frequently quoted in forums and newsgroups due to its provocative nature (and use of the semi-offensive word *Fresse*): "*Wenn man keine Ahnung hat: Einfach mal Fresse halten*", which roughly translates to, "*If you haven't got a clue: Shut your puss for once.*"

## Early life and education

Nuhr was born in Wesel but his family moved to Düsseldorf when he was four years old. Growing up he attended the secondary school Leibniz-Gymnasium.

In 1981 he started to study art and history at the University of Duisburg-Essen and received his teaching degree in 1988. From 1981 to 1989, Nuhr studied art and history at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen.

## Career

His first appearance on stage was with a school theater group where he also started to write his first own texts. In 1986, he and Frank Küster founded the cabaret-duo V.E.V.-K.Barett. Their first official appearance on stage was part of their program called "Haben Sie sich ihre Schranknummer gemerkt?", which can be translated as "Have you memorized your locker-number?". In 1987, he appeared for the first time as a cabaretist. In 1989, the duo developed their second stage program "Pralle Pracht" (lit. bulging opulence) and after a name change in 1990 to V.E.V.Kabarett the duo performed their third stage program "Schrille Stille" (lit. sharp silence). The last project of the group called "Zipfeltreffen", which is a play on words in German (Gipfeltreffen = summit conference whereas Zipfeltreffen = summit of dicks), followed. In 1994, Nuhr started his first solo-project called "Nuhr am Nörgeln". (This program title contains, like most of Nuhr's titles, two different meanings. It could be literally translated as "just grumbling" or as "Mr. Nuhr is grumbling" because the German word "nur", meaning "just", is homophonic to Nuhr's last name.) From 1982 to 1992, he was an active artist, and several of his works were exhibited in the Rhineland. He has since gained notoriety for his numerous television appearances on *Die Harald Schmidt Show*, *Genial daneben*, *Schillerstraße*, *Quatsch Comedy Club* (Channel Pro7) and *7 Tage, 7 Köpfe* (lit. *7 days, 7 heads*) on the channel RTL.

In an interview with the newspaper Westdeutsche Zeitung in 2006, Nuhr was asked how he had developed his unique style: "I started my solo career because the manager of a theater in Mönchengladbach had talked me into it. He allowed me to perform on his stage and directed me. While I was practicing my program more and more requisites went missing because he took more and more of them away. So when the day of my first performance came close there were no requisites left anymore. I just stood there and talked to the audience. This is how my very own style was born. At first I thought that this could not work at all, but the fewer requisites I used, the better it finally worked out for me. So I thought that this is what I should do: not use any requisites but talk to the audience in my own way." (28 January 2006).

In 1998, the stage program "Nuhr weiter so" (lit. "Simply go on") received an award: the Deutsche Kleinkunstpreis in the category cabaret and in 2003, he received the Deutscher Comedypreis (German comedy award) for best live performance, making him the only person who received both of these well-known German awards.

His performance "Ich bin's Nuhr" was visited by approximately half a million people. After presenting a humorous review of the year's events in 2004, he has been broadcast on ZDF with a similar TV show at the end of every following year. Nuhr presented the German comedy award for the first time on 24 October 2008 and did so over the course of the following five years. Since 3 October 2009 his four-part comedy series has been shown live on ZDF on four Tuesday evenings.

In 2009, Nuhr was asked whether he would like to participate in the album "A Tribute to Die Fantastischen Vier" for the 20th anniversary of the group Die Fantastischen Vier. It is a compilation album with varied artists covering songs of the hip hop group from Stuttgart. Nuhr recorded the song "Buenos Dias Messias" in his office room. In this song he played all the instruments himself and recorded it with his equipment, which he uses for radio shows otherwise. In addition to that, the album includes a conversation between Nuhr and the initiator of the album project Andreas "Bär" Läsker.

From 20 January 2011 until 2014, he presented the TV show "Satire Gipfel" on ARD. He replaced Mathias Richling, whose contract ended in 2010. In October 2014, this TV format was replaced by "Nuhr im Ersten" which was presented by him as well. Nuhr produced a two-part TV special concerning the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In doing so he referred to the topic soccer in an ironical way. Furthermore, he produced weekly cabaret segments for the radio station WDR 2. Together with Ralph Casper he presented the quiz show "Null gewinnt" in the early evening time slot of ARD from July to March 2013. In the year 2012, Dieter Nuhr was mentor for the "ARD-Themenwoche" (a special TV format, covering a weekly particular topic) with an emphasis on the topic: living with death. To this TV format he contributed the television show "Nuhr am Leben" which was recorded in the St. Elisabeth church in Berlin Mitte and broadcast on ARD on 19 November 2012. In 2013, he took part in the "ARD-Themenwoche" again, when the topic "fortunately/I'm glad that..." was concerned. His broadcast "Nuhr im Glück" was recorded in the orangery of the tropical Botanical Garden, Potsdam and was aired on 22 November 2013.

The ARD-Themenwoche 2014 will be about tolerance and Nuhr will perform his stage program "Nuhr mit Respekt" (Only with respect) and will be broadcast from the Jewish museum Berlin. Nuhr can also be seen regularly on the TV show "Mario Barth deckt auf!" in which he and the German comedian Mario Barth show examples of projects which only wasted tax money. In 2014, Nuhr received the Jacob-Grimm-Award. The Jury praised Nuhrs way of performing and his intelligent form of cabaret. His stage programs were eloquent and his punch lines hit. Though the main aspect of his work was not the extraordinary quality of his speeches but also his ability to perform critique with and through language and the way Nuhr invites the audience to think about how language is able to influence our thoughts and emotions.

Nuhr's stage program *nuhr in Berlin* (the title is a pun on *nur* which is German for *only*) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix. On 15 November 2016, it became available on Netflix in several countries (optionally with subtitles), including the United States and the United Kingdom.

Nuhr was one of the first signers of the Open Letter to the German Position on Russo-Ukraining War on late April 2022, who demanded not to support Ukraine with arms in order to "prevent a third world war".

## Islamic cabaret controversy

Dieter Nuhr is one of the few German cabaret artists who deals with the topic of radical sides of Islam in his programmes and books. In October 2014, a suspected Salafist pressed charges against Nuhr because he was allegedly insulting creeds and religious communities. Erhat Toka (board member of the former Muslimisch Demokratischen Union – MDU, now Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit (BIG)) initiated the process and denoted Nuhr to be a hatemonger who agitates against Islam and invoked people to boycott Nuhr's event in Osnabrück. The Islamic scholar Bülent Ucar of the University of Osnabrück argued that Nuhr uses generalizations, feeds prejudice and brings himself up to tendentious interpretations of the Koran. The emeritus professor of theology Reinhold Mokrosch who is also speaker of the Round Table of the Religions could understand the criticism of Nuhr since he felt that it encouraged Islamophobia. Aiman Mazyek, chairman of the non-representative Central Council of Muslims in Germany was also upset about Nuhr's utterances but advised to keep calm. Mazyek declared: "If Mr. Nuhr thinks he can interpret the Koran in a fundamentalist way for the sake of satire then he has to take responsibility for this. However, it is not worth suing him and thus giving him free advertising."

Lawyer Klaus Staeck, recent president of the Academy of Arts, Berlin, said at the time he did not expect the complaint against Nuhr would be successful, and believed Nuhr only exercised his freedom of opinion, which is taken seriously by German courts. Nuhr objected to the accusation that he would be stirring up hatred against Islam. He told *Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung* he would continue discussing the dangers of radical Islam. He is not interested in insulting Muslims, but still wants to deal critically with Islam, he told the *Welt am Sonntag*. The cabaret artist warned of not publicly criticizing Islam just because of fearing the possible reactions and to not leave the protest only to the right-wingers. Nuhr, on his part, criticized the report of the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung, which related the term "hate preacher-image" to Nuhr in their online issue. The Tagesspiegel cited Nuhr's entry from his Facebook site: "Been accused as "hate preacher" by Islamists because I quoted the Quran correctly. Please come visit me in jail! Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung only asks for the opinion of the Islamists and shows understanding. The question is: Does a country, that has that kind of newspapers, even need Islamists?"

Richard Herzinger commented that there were some concerns and that the complaint would especially harm the image of Muslims. On 5 November 2014, the Prosecution Office of Osnabrück announced that the proceedings against Nuhr would be closed. The prosecution justified this with the lack of "xenophobic sentiment" in the works of Dieter Nuhr as well as the circumstance, that it obviously is satire.

## Political statements

In 2020, Nuhr signed the "Appeal for Free Debate Spaces" („Appell für freie Debattenräume“) together with right-wing conservatives Peter Hahne, Vera Lengsfeld and others. The declaration was directed against a supposed "cancel culture" in German society.

## Awards

* 1998: Deutscher Kleinkunstpreis
* 2000: Bayerischer Kabarettpreis (Bavarian Cabaret Awards) and Morenhovener Lupe
* 2003: Deutscher Comedy-Preis: Bester Liveact (German Comedy-Prize: best Live Act)
* 2008: IQ Award
* 2009/10: Deutscher Comedy-Preis: Bester Komiker (German Comedy-Prize: best comedian)

## Personal life

As of 2010, Nuhr lives in Ratingen, North Rhine-Westphalia.

## Productions

### CD albums

Since "nur" means *only*, *simply* or *just* in German, the titles of his stand-up programs and CDs often involve puns.

* *Nuhr am Nörgeln*, lit. *Nuhr grousing* or *Just grousing* (1994)
* *Nuhr weiter so*, lit. *Nuhr, go on* or *Just going on* (1996)
* *Nuhr nach vorn*, lit. *Nuhr, go ahead* or *Just going ahead* (1998)
* *www.nuhr.de* (2000)
* *www.nuhr.de/2* (2002)
* *Ich bin's Nuhr*, lit. *It's me, Nuhr* or *It's just me* (2004)
* *Nuhr die Wahrheit*, lit. *Nuhr the truth* or *Only the truth* (2007)
* *Nuhr die Ruhe*, lit. *Nuhr the calmness* or *Stay calm* (2009)

### DVDs

* *Quatsch Comedy Club 1&2*
* *Nuhr vom Feinsten*, lit. *The Best of Nuhr* or *Only the best* (2004)
* *Ich bin's nuhr*, lit. *It's me, Nuhr* or *It's just me* (2006)

### Books

* *Gibt es intelligentes Leben?* lit. *Does intelligent life exist ?*
* *Wer's glaubt, wird selig* lit. *Don't you believe it!*

## Literature

* "Dieter Nuhr erklimmt den 'Satire Gipfel'" \[Dieter Nuhr reaches 'satire peak'\]. *Spiegel Online* (in German). 28 September 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2011.

## InfoBox

| Dieter Nuhr | |
| --- | --- |
| Nuhr in 2017 | |
| Born | Dieter Herbert Nuhr
(1960-10-29) 29 October 1960
Wesel, West Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Kabarett artist, comedian, author, television presenter |
| Website | nuhr.de |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Dinatural transformation

abstract:
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a dinatural transformation α between two functors
  - S, T : C o p × C → D, written
  - α : S → ¨ T, is a function that to every object c of C associates an arrow
  - α c : S → T of D and satisfies the following coherence property: for every morphism f : c → c ′ of C the diagram commutes. The composition of two dinatural transformations need not be dinatural.

text:
# Dinatural transformation

In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a **dinatural transformation** $\alpha $ between two functors

$$S,T:C^{\mathrm {op} }\times C\to D,$$

written

$$\alpha :S{\ddot {\to }T,}$$

is a function that to every object $c$ of $C$ associates an arrow

$\alpha \_{c}:S(c,c)\to T(c,c)$ of $D$

and satisfies the following coherence property: for every morphism $f:c\to c'$ of $C$ the diagram

commutes.

The composition of two dinatural transformations need not be dinatural.


title: Ding Dong (disambiguation)

abstract: Ding Dong is a chocolate snack cake marketed under the Hostess brand name. Ding dong is an onomatopoeia for the sound that a standard doorbell makes. Ding Dong or Dingdong may also refer to:

text:
# Ding Dong (disambiguation)

**Ding Dong** is a chocolate snack cake marketed under the Hostess brand name.

*Ding dong* is an onomatopoeia for the sound that a standard doorbell makes.

**Ding Dong** or **Dingdong** may also refer to:

## Music

### Groups

### Albums

### Songs

## People

## Places

## Other uses

* "Ding Dong" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), the seventh episode of the seventh season of American sitcom *Brooklyn Nine-Nine*
* Sir Dudley Ding Dong, a title character of *Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding Dong*, an Australian-Canadian animated children's television series
* The Ding Dongs, a masked professional wrestling tag team played by Greg Evans and Richard Sartain, formerly The Rock n Roll Rebels


title: Ding Dong!

abstract: Ding Dong! is the debut studio album by Finnish pop singer Krista Siegfrids. The album was released in Finland on 10 May 2013 by Universal Music Finland. The first single from the album was "Marry Me," and it was released on 1 January 2013. The album peaked at number 19 on the Finnish Albums Chart.

text:
# Ding Dong!

***Ding Dong!*** is the debut studio album by Finnish pop singer Krista Siegfrids. The album was released in Finland on 10 May 2013 by Universal Music Finland. The first single from the album was "Marry Me," and it was released on 1 January 2013. The album peaked at number 19 on the Finnish Albums Chart.

## Critical reception

The album drew comparisons to the music of Katy Perry and Ke$ha. James Sayer of ESC Views reviewed the album, describing it as being "full of the same quirky, high-octane pop that has quickly characterized Krista's musical style".

## Commercial performance

The album entered the Finnish Albums Chart at number 24, and it climbed to number 19 in its second week. The album spent five weeks on the chart, peaking at number 19.

## Singles

* "Marry Me" was released as the lead single from the album on 1 January 2013. She performed the song at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. In the semifinal, she finished 9th and scored 64 points, and in the final, she finished 24th and scored 13 points.
* "Amen!" was released as the second single from the album.
* "Can You See Me?" was released as the third single on 30 September 2013.

## Track listing

Standard listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "More Is More" |  | 3:04 |
| 2. | "Marry Me" |  | 3:09 |
| 3. | "Money" |  | 3:03 |
| 4. | "Amen!" |  | 2:57 |
| 5. | "Can You See Me?" |  | 3:53 |
| 6. | "Seventeen" |  | 3:03 |
| 7. | "Your Boyfriend" |  | 2:56 |
| 8. | "Under My Skin" |  | 3:14 |
| 9. | "Lipstick It" |  | 3:11 |
| 10. | "Stupid Love" |  | 3:43 |

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) | 19 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Finland | 10 May 2013 | * CD * Digital download | Universal Music Finland |
|

## InfoBox

| Ding Dong! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Krista Siegfrids | |
| Released | 10 May 2013 |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Dance-pop |
| Label | Universal Music Finland |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Ding Dong!* | |
| 1. "Marry Me"
Released: 1 February 2013 2. "Amen!"
Released: 2013 3. "Can You See Me?"
Released: 30 September 2013 | |
|  | |


abstract: Diffusing Alpha-emitters Radiation Therapy or DaRT is an alpha-particle-based radiation therapy for the treatment of solid tumors. This therapy was developed at Tel Aviv University in Israel, by Professors Itzhak Kelson and Yona Keisari. The treatment is delivered by the intratumoral insertion of metal tubes called “seeds”, which have Radium-224 atoms fixed to their surface. When the radium decays, its short-lived daughter Radon-220 is released from the seed through recoil energy. The daughters of Radon-220, in particular Pb-212, disperse in the tumor, and emit high-energy alpha particles, which destroy the tumor. Because the alpha-emitting atoms diffuse only a few millimeters in tissue, the DaRT eradicates the tumor cells and spares the surrounding healthy tissue.

text:
# Diffusing alpha emitters radiation therapy

**Diffusing Alpha-emitters Radiation Therapy** or **DaRT** is an alpha-particle-based radiation therapy for the treatment of solid tumors.

This therapy was developed at Tel Aviv University in Israel, by Professors Itzhak Kelson and Yona Keisari. The treatment is delivered by the intratumoral insertion of metal tubes called “seeds”, which have Radium-224 atoms fixed to their surface. When the radium decays, its short-lived daughter Radon-220 is released from the seed through recoil energy. The daughters of Radon-220, in particular Pb-212, disperse in the tumor, and emit high-energy alpha particles, which destroy the tumor. Because the alpha-emitting atoms diffuse only a few millimeters in tissue, the DaRT eradicates the tumor cells and spares the surrounding healthy tissue.

## Alpha radiation

Alpha radiation is a nuclear phenomenon in which a heavy radionuclide emits an energetic alpha particle (consisting of two protons and two neutrons) and transmutes to a different radionuclide. The emitted alpha particle has a range in tissue of only 40-90 microns, which minimizes collateral damage when used for treatment purposes. However, this also limits its ability to destroy tumors that are many millimeters in diameter. Alpha radiation possesses a potent cell-killing capability because it has a high linear energy transfer (LET) which translates into a high Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE).

### Treatment of cancer

The invention of DaRT makes possible the use of alpha radiation for treating solid tumors, because it overcomes the range limitation of alpha particles in tissue. The daughter atoms of Radium-224 can each diffuse several millimeters in tumor tissue, while emitting alpha particles. The tumor-killing capability of DaRT comes mainly from the ability of alpha radiation to irreparably break the double stranded DNA in tumor cells. This capability does not seem to be dependent on the stage of the cell cycle or the level of oxygenation of the cancer cell.

## Preclinical studies in multiple tumor types

Preclinical studies have demonstrated that DaRT can effectively damage all solid tumor types. Studies of 10 different tumor types in mice demonstrated that all responded to DaRT.

## Combination therapy of DaRT with either chemotherapy or immunotherapy

In preclinical studies, DaRT effectiveness was enhanced when combined with standard chemotherapies such as 5-FU. In addition, DaRT was able to turn the tumor into its own vaccine and stimulate a systemic anti-tumor immune response. This immune response was effectively augmented by addition of immunostimulants and/or inhibitors of immunosuppressive cells. This immune effect was observed not only as enhanced local tumor destruction at the primary tumor site, but also by elimination of tumor metastases in the lungs. These results suggest that DaRT combined with immunotherapy induces a tumor-specific systemic immune response.

## Treatment of solid tumors in human patients with DaRT

The first results of the DaRT in human patients, from a pilot study of 28 patients by Prof. Popovtzer (Israel) and Dr. Bellia (Italy), were published in 2020. From among this cohort of elderly patients (median age, 80.5 years), 61% had recurrent and previously treated tumors, including 42% who were radioresistant from prior therapy. Patients were diagnosed with histopathologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or head and neck. One-hundred percent of tumors responded to DaRT, with complete responses occurring in greater than 78% of cases, and no major toxicity was noted. Thirty days after treatment, there was no measurable radioactivity in the blood or urine of patients. Additional studies in larger populations are now ongoing to strengthen support regarding the safety and effectiveness of this technique of intratumoral alpha radiation-based tumor ablation.


title: The Great Momentum

abstract: The Great Momentum is the ninth studio album by Austrian symphonic metal band Edenbridge. It was released on 17 February 2017 on the SPV label. Bassist Wolfgang Rothbauer left Edenbridge in 2016, so Lanvall performed the bass in the recording of this album. Drummer Max Pointner had also quit in 2016, being replaced by new drummer Johannes Jungreithmeier.

text:
# The Great Momentum

***The Great Momentum*** is the ninth studio album by Austrian symphonic metal band Edenbridge. It was released on 17 February 2017 on the SPV label. Bassist Wolfgang Rothbauer left Edenbridge in 2016, so Lanvall performed the bass in the recording of this album. Drummer Max Pointner had also quit in 2016, being replaced by new drummer Johannes Jungreithmeier.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Metal Hammer* Italy | 64/100 |
| *Soundscape* | 5/10 |

*The Great Momentum* received mixed professional reviews. While the *Sonic Seducer* was very positive about the production of the album, the musical diversity and drummer Jungreithmeier's debut, the Italian edition of *Metal Hammer* called the album "almost disappointing". The reviewer wrote that it was far away from the class of previous releases like *The Bonding*. According to the *Soundscape* magazine, there was "not a lot of variety within the songs" and the album did not contain any new ideas.

*The Great Momentum* reached position 82 of the German album charts being the band's second album to chart in Germany.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Lanvall. Tracks 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 also written by Sabine Edelsbacher

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Shiantara" | 5:51 |
| 2. | "The Die Is Not Cast" | 5:14 |
| 3. | "The Moment Is Now" | 4:23 |
| 4. | "Until the End of Time" | 4:35 |
| 5. | "The Visitor" | 5:53 |
| 6. | "Return to Grace" | 5:13 |
| 7. | "Only a Whiff of Life" | 3:45 |
| 8. | "A Turnaround in Art" | 7:30 |
| 9. | "The Greatest Gift of All" | 12:16 |
| Total length: | | 54:40 |

The album also contains a bonus disc featuring the instrumental versions of all tracks.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Edenbridge's official website.

### Edenbridge

* Sabine Edelsbacher – vocals
* Lanvall – lead and rhythm guitars, bass guitar, keyboards, piano, acoustic guitars, hammered dulcimer, bouzouki
* Dominik Sebastian – lead and rhythm guitars
* Johannes Jungreithmeier – drums

### Guest musicians

* Erik Martensson – lead vocals on "Until the End of Time"
* Thomas Strübler – backing vocals and choirs
* Alexander "LX" Koller – backing vocals on "The Die Is Not Cast" and "The Greatest Gift Of All"
* Junge Philharmonie Freistadt – orchestra

### Production

* Lanvall – producer, music, vocal melodies, orchestral arrangement, orchestral score, recording, drum recording, mixing, orchestra recording
* Drums recorded by Frank Pitters and Lanvall
* Drum recordings assisted by Anton Konrath
* Orchestra recorded by Matthias Kronsteiner and Lanvall
* Mixed by Karl Groom
* Mastered by Mika Jussila at Finnvox Studios
* Cover design by Anthony Clarkson
* Cover and layout design by Johannes Jungreithmeier

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 82 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 80 |

## InfoBox

| The Great Momentum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Edenbridge | |
| Released | 17 February 2017 |
| Recorded | 2016 |
| Genre | Symphonic metal, power metal |
| Length | 54:40 |
| Label | SPV |
| Producer | Arne "Lanvall" Stockhammer |
| Edenbridge chronology | |
| *The Bonding*
(2013) ***The Great Momentum***
(2017) *Dynamind*
(2019) | |


title: The Great Moment (1921 film)

abstract: The Great Moment is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by Sam Wood and starring Gloria Swanson, Alec B. Francis, and Milton Sills. The film is now considered lost though a fragment exists and is preserved at the BFI National Archive.

text:
# The Great Moment (1921 film)

***The Great Moment*** is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by Sam Wood and starring Gloria Swanson, Alec B. Francis, and Milton Sills. The film is now considered lost though a fragment exists and is preserved at the BFI National Archive.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine, Sir Edward Pelham (Francis), who has married a Russian Gypsy named Nada (Swanson), fears that his daughter Nadine (Swanson) will follow in her mother's footsteps and arranges a marriage with her cousin Eustace (Butler), whom she does not love. Her father takes her and Eustace on a trip to America to look over some mines in Nevada. During the journey she meets Bayard Delaval (Sills), a young engineer in her father's employ, and a warm friendship grows between them. While returning with Bayard to the hotel from the mine she is bitten on her breast by a rattlesnake. Bayard uses his pocketknife to open the wound and sucks out the poison. He takes her to his nearby shack and makes her drink some whiskey. Her father finds her with Bayard in his cabin and demands Bayard marry her at once. After the ceremony, Nadine is taken to the hotel and placed under the care of a physician. The father, disregarding all explanations, leaves for home. Recovering from the effects of the liquor, Nadine upbraids Bayard. Believing that Nadine does not love him, Bayard leaves her and prepares to sue for divorce. Sometime later in Washington, Bayard and Nadine meet again on the night of her engagement ball. Nadine has reconciled with her father and has agrees to marry Howard Hopper (Hull), a millionaire who is a cad and the talk of Washington society. Her father arrives and seeing Bayard and Nadine together and told that she loves him, does not stand in the way of their reunion.

## Cast

Media related to The Great Moment (1921 film) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| The Great Moment | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Sam Wood |
| Written by | Monte Katterjohn (scenario) |
| Story by | Elinor Glyn |
| Produced by | Jesse L. Lasky |
| Starring | Gloria Swanson
Alec B. Francis
Milton Sills |
| Cinematography | Alfred Gilks |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * September 4, 1921 (1921-09-04) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: The Harrow

abstract: The Harrow was an online magazine for fantasy and horror fiction, poetry, and reviews, launched in January 1998 by founder and editor-in-chief Dru Pagliassotti. The magazine has an all-volunteer editorial staff and reviewer pool and uses a double blind review system that provides authors with individualized feedback on their submissions. In 2008, The Harrow was published on the first of each month using Open Journal Systems software. From 2009, The Harrow staff are taking a break and the journal is not in production at the moment.

text:
# The Harrow

***The Harrow*** was an online magazine for fantasy and horror fiction, poetry, and reviews, launched in January 1998 by founder and editor-in-chief Dru Pagliassotti. The magazine has an all-volunteer editorial staff and reviewer pool and uses a double blind review system that provides authors with individualized feedback on their submissions.

In 2008, *The Harrow* was published on the first of each month using Open Journal Systems software. From 2009, *The Harrow* staff are taking a break and the journal is not in production at the moment.

## Awards and recognition

*The Harrow* has placed within the top 10 in the Preditors and Editors Best Fiction Magazines/E-Zines poll every year since 2003.

Pieces first published in the magazine have received recognition in several other venues. First-place *Harrow* contest winner "Harming Obsession" by Bev Vincent received an honorable mention in *The Year's Best Fantasy & Horror* (16th Ed.); "The Pickup", a short story by Jim Schutte was a 2005 nominee for the Gaylactic Spectrum Award. M. Frost's poem, "Removing the Bloodstain", from the November 2006 issue was reprinted in the March 2007 newsletter from the Horror Writers Association.

Well-known authors published in *The Harrow* include Gemma Files, Peter Crowther and Marlys Pearson. Editor Pagliassotti's fantasy novel, *Clockwork Heart*, was published by Juno Books in March 2008. Other authors published in *The Harrow* who also have novels or collections out include Brian Ames and Chris Howard.

## Anthologies

In 2006, *The Harrow* produced *Fear of the Unknown*, published by Echelon Press, with an introduction by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro and including stories by Poppy Z Brite, Owl Goingback and Jack Ketchum. In 2007, it followed up with *Midnight Lullabies*, published by The Harrow Press, with an introduction by Tim Wynne-Jones.

## InfoBox

*The Harrow*
| Editor-in-chief | Dru Pagliassotti |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Fantasy and Horror |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Publisher | Dru Pagliassotti |
| Founded | 1998 |
| First issue | January 1998 |
| Final issue | 2009 |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Thousand Oaks, CA |
| Language | English |
| Website | http://theharrow.com |
| ISSN | 1528-4271 |


title: The Girl at the Cupola

abstract: The Girl at the Cupola is a 1912 American silent short film produced by the Selig Polyscope Company. It was directed by Oscar Eagle and featured Kathlyn Williams. A copy survives in the Library of Congress collection. The film is also on home video/dvd.

text:
# The Girl at the Cupola

***The Girl at the Cupola*** is a 1912 American silent short film produced by the Selig Polyscope Company. It was directed by Oscar Eagle and featured Kathlyn Williams.

A copy survives in the Library of Congress collection. The film is also on home video/dvd.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Girl at the Cupola | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Oscar Eagle |
| Written by | Hugh King Harris |
| Produced by | William Selig |
| Starring | Kathlyn Williams |
| Distributed by | General Film Company
Harpodeon, 2010 DVD
Grapevine Video, VHS (USA) |
| Release date | * August 8, 1912 (1912-08-08) |
| Running time | short; 1 reel |
| Country | USA |
| Language | English intertitles |


title: Dilip Dhawan

abstract: Dilip Dhawan was an Indian film and television actor. He started his career as a child in Sangharsh (1968), featuring Dilip Kumar, Dhawan acted in over 50 films.

text:
# Dilip Dhawan

**Dilip Dhawan** (1955 – 15 February 2000) was an Indian film and television actor.

He started his career as a child in *Sangharsh* (1968), featuring Dilip Kumar, Dhawan acted in over 50 films.

## Career

He acted as the lead in the film *Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan* in 1978. He is known for his role as "Guru" in the television serial *Nukkad*, Dhawan also acted in serials such as *Janam*, *Deewar* and *Tere Mere Sapne*. He also acted in films like *Ek Baar Kaho* (1980), *Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai* (1980), *Sazaye Maut* (1981), *Saaheb* (1985), *Dak Bangla* (1987), *Hero Hiralal* (1988), *Swarg* (1990), *Izzatdaar* (1990), *Heena* (1991), *Madhosh* (1994), *Yash* (1996), *Virasat* (1997), *Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United* (1999) and *Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya* (2000).

He was also the producer of the film *Saath Saath*, in 1982.

## Personal life

He was the son of character actor Krishan Dhawan. He died on 15 February 2000, in Mumbai, at the age of 45, of a heart attack.

## Filmography

### Films

| Year | Film | Role | Other notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | *Sangharsh* |  | Child artist |
| 1976 | *Murder at Monkey Hill* | Woodcutter | Cameo appearance |
| 1978 | *Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan* | Arvind Desai |  |
| 1980 | *Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai* | Dominic Pinto |  |
| | *Ek Baar Kaho* |  |  |
| 1981 | *Sazaye Maut* | Anil Suri |  |
| 1982 | *Aagman* |  |  |
| | *Meri Kahani* |  |  |
| 1983 | *Bade Dilwala* | Dr Ali Khan |  |
| | *Do Gulab* |  |  |
| 1984 | *Pratibha* |  |  |
| 1985 | *Saaheb* |  |  |
| | *Khoon Aur Sazaa* |  |  |
| 1987 | *Dak Bangla* |  |  |
| 1988 | *Hero Hiralal* | Robin - Autorickshaw driver |  |
| 1989 | *Shiva* | Shiva's brother |  |
| | *Doosra Kanoon* |  | Television movie |
| 1990 | *Chhottur Pratishodh* |  | Bengali film |
| | *Swarg* | Ravi |  |
| | *Izzatdaar* | Tony |  |
| 1991 | *Henna* | Razzak |  |
| 1992 | *Geet Milan Ke Gaate Rahenge* |  |  |
| | Tahalka | Captain Wilson D'Costa |  |
| 1993 | *Hum Hain Kamaal Ke* | Manish |  |
| 1994 | *Madhosh* |  |  |
| | *Chauraha* | Raman |  |
| 1996 | *Aurat Aurat Aurat* |  |  |
| | *Yash* | Balraj Sahay |  |
| 1997 | *Virasat* | Shakti's brother |  |
| 1998 | *Badmash* |  |  |
| 1999 | *Kabhi Paas Kabhi Fail* |  |  |
| | *Hum Saath-Saath Hain* | Anurag |  |
| | *Rasmon Ki Zanjeer* |  |  |
| 2000 | *Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya* | Rohit Kumar |  |

### Television

| Year | Serial | Role | Channel | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986-87 | *Nukkad* | Guru | DD National |  |
| 1992-1993 | *Pukar* |  |  |  |
| 1993 | *Log Kya Kahengay* |  |  |  |
| 1993-94 | Naya Nukkad | Guru |  | Sequel to Nukkad |

## InfoBox

| Dilip Dhawan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1955 (1955) |
| Died | 15 February 2000(2000-02-15) (aged 44–45)<br>Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1968 – 2000 |


title: Diopsoidea

abstract: The Diopsoidea are a small but diverse cosmopolitan superfamily of acalyptrate muscoids, especially prevalent in the tropics. Some flux exists in the family constituency of this group, with the Strongylophthalmyiidae and Tanypezidae formerly being in this group but now in the Nerioidea.

text:
# Diopsoidea

The **Diopsoidea** are a small but diverse cosmopolitan superfamily of acalyptrate muscoids, especially prevalent in the tropics. Some flux exists in the family constituency of this group, with the Strongylophthalmyiidae and Tanypezidae formerly being in this group but now in the Nerioidea.

## Description

As flies, Diopsoidea undergo complete metamorphosis with the four life stages of egg, larva, pupa and adult. The adult stage has three body segments (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of legs and one pair of wings.

Some features that distinguish adult Diopsoidea from other flies are: a well-sclerotised face, antennae usually deflexed to strongly elbowed (if not, then either the fore or hind femur is entirely swollen), ocelli positioned near the vertex of the head, no katepisternal setae, wing veins R2+3 and R4+5 subparallel or slightly convergent apically, and the wing anal cell being comparable in size to the subcostal cell.

## InfoBox

| Diopsoidea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A stalk-eyed fly from Cameroon | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| (unranked): | Cyclorrhapha |
| Section: | Schizophora |
| Superfamily: | Diopsoidea |
|
| Families | |
| Diopsidae \- stalk-eyed flies
Gobryidae
Megamerinidae
Nothybidae
Psilidae \- rust flies
Somatiidae
Syringogastridae
 | |


title: Dimerocostus

abstract:
Dimerocostus is a group of flowering plants in the Costaceae described as a genus in 1891. It is native to Central and South America. Dimerocostus can be can be distinguished from Costus, Monocostus, and Chamaecostus by its two chambered ovary.
  - Species
  - Dimerocostus argenteus Maas - Peru, Bolivia
  - Dimerocostus cryptocalyx N.R.Salinas & Betancur - Colombia
  - Dimerocostus strobilaceus Kuntze - Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia

text:
# Dimerocostus

***Dimerocostus*** is a group of flowering plants in the Costaceae described as a genus in 1891. It is native to Central and South America.

*Dimerocostus* can be can be distinguished from *Costus*, *Monocostus*, and *Chamaecostus* by its two chambered ovary (rather than three chambered).

Species

## InfoBox

| *Dimerocostus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Dimerocostus strobilaceus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Zingiberales |
| Family: | Costaceae |
| Genus: | *Dimerocostus*<br>Kuntze |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mulfordia* Rusby | |


title: Sot's Hole Local Nature Reserve

abstract: Sot's Hole is a local nature reserve in West Midlands, England. It is on the west side of Sandwell Valley, and north-east of West Bromwich.

text:
# Sot's Hole Local Nature Reserve

**Sot's Hole** is a local nature reserve in West Midlands, England. It is on the west side of Sandwell Valley, and north-east of West Bromwich.

## Description

The site, area 5.5 hectares (14 acres) is owned and managed by Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, and was declared a local nature reserve in 1996.

The main entrance is on Church Vale, West Bromwich. A surfaced path leads through the reserve, linking to paths leading to Sandwell Valley Country Park. There is a picnic site.

The reserve is situated on a geological fault line, so that the terrain has steep sides and has remained undeveloped. There are woods, in both damp and dry conditions; there is a small stream and areas of marsh. Some of the woodland is described as semi-ancient woodland. The varied habitats are home to a range of plants, insects and birds; the marsh areas support plants such as water horsetail and marsh thistle.

The name Sot's Hole may relate to a pub in the 18th century, in Church Vale next to the site, of which the publican Richard Reeves was known to be an alcoholic; or to heavy drinkers at a nearby pub The Bear and Ragged Staff in the 18th century.

A gate to the woodland, designed by Tim Tolkien, was erected in 2008. Since the site is known particularly for bluebells in spring, there is a Bluebell sculpture, also by Tolkien.

### Friends of Sot's Hole

The Friends of Sot's Hole was established in 2005. The work of the group includes raising public awareness of the nature reserve, planning and running events, and carrying out work on the site. To alleviate the danger of the ground drying out, tree felling has been carried out to open the canopy, and oak and hazel saplings have been planted.

## InfoBox

| Sot's Hole | |
| --- | --- |
| Gate to the nature reserve, by Tim Tolkien | |
| Location in West Midlands | |
| Location | Sandwell Valley |
| OS grid | SP 012 923 |
| Coordinates | 52°31′44.5″N 1°59′01.1″W / 52.529028°N 1.983639°W / 52.529028; -1.983639 |
| Area | 5.5 hectares (14 acres) |
| Operated by | Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council |
| Designation | Local nature reserve |
| Website | www.sotshole.co.uk/index.html |


title: Ed Cristofoli

abstract: Edmund James Cristofoli is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. In the 1989–90 season, he played in 9 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens. Before playing pro hockey, Cristofoli played four seasons at the University of Denver where he set a Denver record for career games played.

text:
# Ed Cristofoli

**Edmund James Cristofoli** (born May 14, 1967) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. In the 1989–90 season, he played in 9 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens. Before playing pro hockey, Cristofoli played four seasons at the University of Denver where he set a Denver record for career games played.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1983–84 | Penticton Knights | BCJHL | | 55 | 18 | 46 | 64 | 89 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1984–85 | Penticton Knights | BCJHL | | 48 | 36 | 34 | 70 | 58 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1985–86 | University of Denver | WCHA | | 46 | 10 | 9 | 19 | 32 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1986–87 | University of Denver | WCHA | | 40 | 14 | 15 | 29 | 52 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1987–88 | University of Denver | WCHA | | 38 | 12 | 27 | 39 | 64 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988–89 | University of Denver | WCHA | | 43 | 20 | 19 | 39 | 50 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Montreal Canadiens | NHL | | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Sherbrooke Canadiens | AHL | | 57 | 16 | 19 | 35 | 31 | | 12 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 14 |
| 1990–91 | Fredericton Canadiens | AHL | | 34 | 7 | 16 | 23 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990–91 | Kansas City Blades | IHL | | 22 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| AHL totals | | | | 91 | 23 | 35 | 58 | 55 | | 12 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 14 |
| NHL totals | | | | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Ed Cristofoli | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1967-05-14) May 14, 1967
Trail, British Columbia, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 203 lb (92 kg; 14 st 7 lb) | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Montreal Canadiens | | |
| NHL draft | 142nd overall, 1985
Montreal Canadiens | | |
| Playing career | 19891991 | | |


title: Robin Kakati

abstract: Robin Kakati (1909-1996) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Assam in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Janata Party.

text:
# Robin Kakati

**Robin Kakati** (1909-1996) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Assam in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Janata Party.

## InfoBox

| Robin Kakati | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
1978–1984 | |
| **In office**
1962-1968 | |
| Constituency | Assam |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1909-09-09)9 September 1909 |
| Died | 6 March 1996(1996-03-06) (aged 86) |
| Political party | Janata Party |
| Other political
affiliations | Indian National Congress |
| Source: | |


title: Phonemic contrast

abstract: Phonemic contrast refers to a minimal phonetic difference, that is, small differences in speech sounds, that makes a difference in how the sound is perceived by listeners, and can therefore lead to different mental lexical entries for words. For example, whether a sound is voiced or unvoiced matters for how a sound is perceived in many languages, such that changing this phonetic feature can yield a different word; see Phoneme. Another example in English of a phonemic contrast would be the difference between leak and league; the minimal difference of voicing between [k] and [g] does lead to the two utterances being perceived as different words. On the other hand, an example that is not a phonemic contrast in English is the difference between and. In this case the minimal difference of vowel length is not a contrast in English and so those two forms would be perceived as different pronunciations of the same word seat.

text:
# Phonemic contrast

**Phonemic contrast** refers to a minimal phonetic difference, that is, small differences in speech sounds, that makes a difference in how the sound is perceived by listeners, and can therefore lead to different mental lexical entries for words. For example, whether a sound is voiced or unvoiced (consider /b/ and /p/ in English) matters for how a sound is perceived in many languages, such that changing this phonetic feature can yield a different word (consider *bat* and *pat* in English); see Phoneme. Another example in English of a phonemic contrast would be the difference between *leak* and *league;* the minimal difference of voicing between \[k\] and \[g\] does lead to the two utterances being perceived as different words. On the other hand, an example that is not a phonemic contrast in English is the difference between \[sit\] and \[siːt\]. In this case the minimal difference of vowel length is not a contrast in English and so those two forms would be perceived as different pronunciations of the same word *seat*.

## Phonemes and allophones

Different phonetic realizations of the same phoneme are called allophones. Specific allophonic variations, and the particular correspondences between allophones (realizations of speech sound) and phonemes (underlying perceptions of speech sound) can vary even within languages. For example, speakers of Quebec French often express voiceless alveolar stops (/t/) as an affricate. An affricate is a stop followed by a fricative and in this case sounds like the English 'ch' sound. While this is an allophone of a single phoneme to speakers of Quebec French, to speakers of Belgian French this is heard as a stop followed by a fricative, or in other words as two different phonemes. This was accomplished by asking Belgian French speakers to repeat an utterance containing this affricate backwards, which resulted in the production of two separate sounds. If these speakers understood the affricate as a single sound, an allophone meant to stand in for the standard pronunciation \[t\], and not as two consecutive sounds, they would have reproduced the affricate exactly as is when they repeated the utterance backwards.

It is important not to confuse allophones, which are different manifestations of the same phoneme in speech, with allomorphs, which are morphemes that may sound different in different contexts. An example of allomorphy would be the English plural marker /s/, which can manifest as \[s\], \[z\], and \[əz\] (cats \[kæts\], dogs \[dɒgz\], and horses \[hoɹsəz\]).

## Phonological gaps

An accidental gap is a phenomenon in which a form that could plausibly be found in a given language according to its rules is not present. In phonology, this is called a phonological gap, and it refers to instances in which a set of related segments containing various contrasts, e.g. between voicing (whether or not the vocal cords vibrate) or aspiration (whether a puff of air is released), is lacking a particular member. A contrast that the language could have had is then not realized within the actual language. For example, Thai has several sets of stop consonants that differ in terms of voicing and aspiration, yet the language has no voiced velar consonant \[ɡ\], as shown in the table of Thai stop contrasts below.

Thai stop consonants
| plain voiceless | aspirated voiceless | voiced consonant |
| --- | --- | --- |
| p |  | b |
| t |  | d |
| k |  |  |

## Acquisition of contrasts

### In infants

When infants acquire a first language, at first they are sensitive to all phonetic contrasts, including those that constitute phonemic contrasts not found in the language they are presently acquiring. Sensitivity to phonemic contrasts is important for word learning, and so infants will have to figure out which contrasts are important for their language and which are not. Some contrasts will confer a change in meaning between words, and others will not. Over the first year of life, infants become less sensitive to those contrasts not found in their native language. Studies have shown, however, that infants do not necessarily pay attention to phonemic differences when acquiring new lexical entries, e.g., 14-month-olds given the made-up labels "daw" and "taw" for new objects used these labels interchangeably to refer to the same object, even though they were capable of perceiving the phonetic difference between /d/ and /t/ and recognizing these as separate phonemes.

In bilingual infants (those acquiring two languages simultaneously), contrasts must be both acquired and kept separate for the two languages, as contrasts present in one language may be allophonic in the other, or some of the phonemes of one language may be absent entirely in the other. The necessity of this separation has implications for the study of language acquisition and in particular simultaneous bilingualism, as it relates to the question of whether infants acquiring multiple languages have separate systems for doing so or whether there is a single system in place to handle multiple languages. (See Crosslinguistic influence.)

### In L2

Generally speaking those talented in learning new phonemic contrasts will retain at least some of their talent throughout their lives. In other words, someone who began becoming bilingual early in life will have similar aptitudes or difficulties that they would have if becoming bilingual later in life according to their individual capabilities. These individual abilities are not related to one's ability to process psychoacoustic information but are actually tied to parts of the brain that are specifically meant to process speech. These areas are where an individual's talent or lack thereof for pronouncing and distinguishing non-native phonemes comes from. Distinguishing between different phonemes in one's L2 can be a difficult task. For example, Dutch L2 English speakers were less capable of distinguishing between English /æ/ and /ɛ/ than Dutch-English bilinguals. Native speakers of Japanese hear English /l/ and English /r/ as a single sound whereas for English speakers there is a significant difference, distinguishing ‘long’ from ‘wrong’ and ‘light’ from ‘right’.

Native English speaking L2 learners also have difficulty learning to hear the difference between sounds that are to them one and the same but to speakers of other languages are different phonemes. Take for instance the presence of aspirated and unaspirated alveolar stops that both appear frequently in English, oftentimes without the speaker knowing about the existence of two allophones instead of one. In other languages the difference between these two allophones is obvious and significant to the meaning of the word. There is also the example of Arabic, which has two sounds that an English speaker would hear and classify as a voiced glottal fricative, only one of which is actually a voiced glottal fricative. The other, written as ⟨ħ⟩, is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Distinguishing Hindi retroflex sounds can also be very difficult for English speakers.

## Contradicting contrasts for bilinguals

Bilingual speakers often find themselves in situations where a pair of phonemes are contrasted in one of their languages but not in the other. Babies are born with the ability to differentiate all phonemes, but as they age their ability to perceive phoneme boundaries lessens in ways specifically tailored to the language they hear as their input. In order to perceive a particular phonemic contrast, then, the pair must be contrastive in one's input. Generally, the earlier a language and/or phonemic contrast is learned, or is part of the input, the more sensitive a listener is to the phonemic boundaries of that pair and therefore better able to perceive the difference between the contrasting sounds. It is still possible, though, for late learners to acquire the ability to perceive contrasts that are not part of their first language.

Consider a study of Japanese-English speakers: Japanese speakers with minimal English exposure were asked to listen to the sounds /r/ and /l/ and discriminate between them. Because there is no contrast between these sounds in Japanese participants did not show an ability to make the discrimination. Japanese speakers who had frequent English exposure were able to discriminate /r/ and /l/ much more effectively, nearly at the rate of native speakers. Consider also a study of Spanish monolingual, Catalan monolingual, and Spanish-Catalan bilingual children: Catalan utilizes two vowels that are similar to, and partly correspond to, a single vowel in Spanish. This means that a speaker of Catalan needs to recognize /e/ and /ε/ as different, contrasting sounds, while a Spanish speaker only need recognize one phoneme, /e/ (\[ɛ\] is an allophone of /e/ in Spanish). Spanish-Catalan bilinguals, then, need to be able to recognize the contrast to accommodate their Catalan language. In one study, Catalan monolingual infants appeared to accurately discriminate between the two vowels while Spanish monolingual infants did not appear to make discriminations. Spanish-Catalan bilingual infants also did not appear to discriminate between the two vowels at 8 months of age.

Researchers suggest that input plays a large role in this discrepancy; perhaps the infants had not yet received enough input to have gained the ability to make the discrimination, or perhaps their dual input, Spanish and Catalan, both spoken with accents affected by the other as their parents were bilingual speakers, had made the contrast more difficult to detect. There was evidence, however, that by 12 months of age the bilingual infants were able to discriminate the sounds that were contrastive only in Catalan. Thus, it appears that bilinguals who have a particular phonemic contrast in one of their languages but not in the other are, in fact, able to gain the ability to make the discrimination between the contrasting phonemes of the language that has the pair, but that age and especially input are major factors in determining ability to make the discrimination.

## Diaphonemic contrast

An interlanguage phonemic contrast (diaphonemic contrast) is the contrast required to differentiate between two cognate forms coming from two compared varieties or dialects. Within languages that have particular phonemic contrasts there can be dialects that do not have the contrast or contrast differently (such as American South dialect pin/pen merger, where the two are not contrasted, but in other American dialects they are).

## Neutralization

Some speech phenomena may lead to the neutralization of phonemic contrasts, which means that a contrast that exists in the language is not utilized in order to differentiate words due to sound change. For example, due to final-obstruent devoicing, Russian бес ('demon', phonemically /bʲes/) and без ('without', phonemically /bʲez/) are pronounced identically in isolation as \[bʲɛs\].

## Bibliography

* Gimson, A.C. (2008), Cruttenden, A. (ed.), *The Pronunciation of English* (7 ed.), Hodder, ISBN 978-0-340-95877-3


title: Richard Nugee

abstract: Lieutenant General Richard Edward Nugee, CB, CVO, CBE is a retired senior British Army officer. He served in several senior roles including Defence Services Secretary (2015–2016) and Chief of Defence People (2016–2020), before ending his career leading a review into climate change policy in the Ministry of Defence between March 2020 and May 2021.

text:
# Richard Nugee

Lieutenant General **Richard Edward Nugee**, CB, CVO, CBE (born 3 June 1963) is a retired senior British Army officer. He served in several senior roles including Defence Services Secretary (2015–2016) and Chief of Defence People (2016–2020), before ending his career leading a review into climate change policy in the Ministry of Defence between March 2020 and May 2021.

## Early life and education

Nugee was born on 3 June 1963 in Hampstead, England. He is the son of Edward Nugee, a notable barrister, and his wife Rachel, a Bletchley codebreaker and active lay Anglican. He was educated at Radley College, an all-boys public school near Radley, Oxfordshire. He studied anthropology at Durham University, where he was a member of Grey College, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1985. He later studied military affairs at King's College London, and completed a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1995.

## Military career

Nugee was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1985. He became commanding officer of 40th Regiment Royal Artillery in 2003 and was deployed to Iraq in that role. Promoted to brigadier, he was deployed with Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps to Afghanistan in 2006.

He went on to be Director of Manning (Army) in March 2009, Director General of Army Personnel in June 2012 and Chief of Staff (Operations) in October 2013: in the latter role he was deployed as Chief of Staff, Combined Force Command, Afghanistan in November 2013. He was appointed Defence Services Secretary and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel) in March 2015. Nugee was awarded the US Legion of Merit in the Degree of Officer on 18 March 2016 for services in Afghanistan.

Nugee was promoted to lieutenant general on 29 April 2016. On 12 May 2016, it was announced that Nugee would become the next Chief of Defence People. Nugee handed over to then Major-General James Swift in February 2020. Since March 2020, he has led a review into climate change policy and sustainability in the Ministry of Defence. Nugee retired from the army on 12 May 2021.

He was a Colonel Commandant of the Royal Regiment of Artillery from 8 June 2012 until 21 April 2023.

Nugee was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours, a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2016 Special Honours, and a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2020 New Year Honours.

Nugee is the current Chief Executive of The Scar Free Foundation, a medical research charity.

## InfoBox

| Richard Nugee | |
| --- | --- |
| Lieutenant General Nugee in 2017 | |
| Born | (1963-06-03) 3 June 1963
Hampstead, London, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1985 – 2021 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Service number | 515778 |
| Unit | Royal Artillery |
| Commands | 40th Regiment Royal Artillery |
| Battles/wars | Iraq War
War in Afghanistan |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Legion of Merit (United States) |
| Relations | Edward Nugee (father)
Sir Christopher Nugee (brother)
Emily Thornberry (sister-in-law) |


title: Phoneme Media

abstract: Phoneme Media is a Los Angeles–based nonprofit publishing house sponsored by PEN Center USA. Phoneme was founded in 2013 by translators Brian Hewes and David Shook. The aim of the company was to increase the availability of books and videos from countries and languages underrepresented in English translation. In 2019, Phoneme was acquired by Deep Vellum Publishing.

text:
# Phoneme Media

**Phoneme Media** is a Los Angeles–based nonprofit publishing house sponsored by PEN Center USA. Phoneme was founded in 2013 by translators Brian Hewes and David Shook. The aim of the company was to increase the availability of books and videos from countries and languages underrepresented in English translation. In 2019, Phoneme was acquired by Deep Vellum Publishing.

## Notable authors

## Source languages

* Phoneme Media in the American Literary Translators Association Publishers Database

## InfoBox

Phoneme Media
| Parent company | Deep Vellum |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2013 |
| Founders | Brian Hewes and David Shook |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | Los Angeles |
| Publication types | Books |
| Fiction genres | Works in translation |
| Official website | www.phonememedia.org |


title: Douglas C. McDougal

abstract: Douglas C. McDougal was a U.S. Marine Corps major general who held several senior posts, including as the tenth assistant commandant of the Marine Corps from 1934 to 1935 and as the second commander of the Fleet Marine Force from 1935 to 1937.

text:
# Douglas C. McDougal

**Douglas C. McDougal** (April 23, 1876 – January 20, 1964) was a U.S. Marine Corps major general who held several senior posts, including as the tenth assistant commandant of the Marine Corps from 1934 to 1935 and as the second commander of the Fleet Marine Force from 1935 to 1937.

## Early years

Douglas C. McDougal was born 23 April 1876, in San Francisco, California, and was a resident of Mare Island, California. He was appointed a Naval Cadet 19 May 1893, and resigned 16 June 1894. On the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in April 1898, he enlisted in the Navy, was appointed an Ensign the following month and served in the latter capacity until October 1898, when he was honorably discharged. During the Spanish-American War, he served on the USS *St. Paul* while that vessel was engaged in scouting for and locating the Spanish fleet at Santiago, Cuba, and later on the USS *Hist* and USS *Marblehead*, participating in the Cuban blockade and in an engagement with shore batteries at Manzanillo.

In October 1898, he was appointed a Cadet, U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, but resigned in June 1899, to prepare for his examination for appointment as a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps. He was appointed a second lieutenant, 12 March 1900; was promoted first lieutenant, 14 October 1903; captain, 23 January 1908; major, 26 April 1917; lieutenant colonel (temporary), 1 July 1918; lieutenant colonel, 4 June 1920; colonel, 1 October 1926; brigadier general, 1 March 1934; and major general, 1 October 1939.

## Marine Corps service

As a lieutenant, he served in the Far East for almost four years (1900-1904), in the Philippine Islands, China, and Korea. He participated in operations incident to the Boxer Rebellion, and commanded the Legation Guard at Seoul, Korea. From 1906 to 1909, he commanded the Marine Detachment, USS *Colorado*, and was then ordered to Headquarters Marine Corps where he served until the early part of 1911. His principal duty while at Headquarters was an instructor in rifle marksmanship, and he was captain of the first Marine Corps Rifle Team to win the National Match.

He attended the Naval War College during the school year 1913-1914, but before the course was completed, he was detached for expeditionary service in Mexico. He participated in the occupation of Vera Cruz in April 1914. In 1915 and 1916, he participated in operations in the field in Haiti, and also served in Santo Domingo in 1916.

From August 1917 to July 1918, he was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps as Inspector of Target Practice. In July 1918, he was ordered to Quantico, Virginia, for duty with the 13th Regiment, and in September of that year sailed for France, as second in command. He returned to the United States in August 1919, and from September 1919 to January 1921, was in charge of ordnance material at the Depot of Supplies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

From April 1921 to April 1925, General McDougal served as Chief of the Gendarmerie d'Haiti. In recognition of his services, the President of Haiti conferred upon him the Haitian Distinguished Service Medal. Following his return from Haiti, and until February 1929, he was in charge of War Plans Section, Headquarters Marine Corps, and during the period (in 1928) he was captain of the American International Rifle Team which competed at Rotterdam. Also, during the period (in 1926), he was appointed Aide to the President of Haiti during the latter's visit to Washington, and received the Haitian Medal of Honor and Merit for his contribution to the success of the mission.

From March 1929 to January 1931, General McDougal was Director-in-Chief of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, and for his outstanding services was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the President of the United States, and the Medal of Distinction and Medal of Merit by the President of Nicaragua.

From May 1931 to April 1934, General McDougal served at Headquarters Marine Corps as Director of Operations and Training, and from April 1934 to April 1935, as Assistant to the Major General Commandant. In May 1935, he joined the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California, as Commanding General, and in September of the same year was assigned the additional duty of Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, in which capacity he served until May 1937, when ordered to the Marine Barracks, Parris Island, South Carolina, where he served as Commanding General, and acted as State Administrator of the Works Progress Administration.

## Later life

He completed his tour at Parris Island in the late summer of 1939 and was slated to assume command of the Department of the Pacific in the fall. Before the latter assignment came to pass, however, General McDougal was recommended for retirement by reason of physical disability. He retired on 1 January 1940 with the rank of Major General. General McDougal died on 20 January 1964.

## Awards and decorations

Haiti  Nicaragua  United States   This article incorporates public domain material from *Major General Douglas C. McDougal, USMC*. United States Marine Corps.

## InfoBox

| Douglas C. McDougal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1876-04-23)April 23, 1876
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Died | January 20, 1964(1964-01-20) (aged 87) |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy
United States Revenue Cutter Service
United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 1898–1899
1900–1940 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps
Fleet Marine Force, San Diego
National Guard of Nicaragua
Gendarmerie of Haiti |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Photochemistry

abstract: Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet, visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm). In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. It is also responsible for the appearance of DNA mutations leading to skin cancers. Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics.

text:
# Photochemistry

**Photochemistry** is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).

In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. It is also responsible for the appearance of DNA mutations leading to skin cancers.

Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics.

## Concept

### Grotthuss–Draper law and Stark–Einstein law

Photoexcitation is the first step in a photochemical process where the reactant is elevated to a state of higher energy, an excited state. The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthuss–Draper law (for chemists Theodor Grotthuss and John W. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place. According to the second law of photochemistry, known as the Stark–Einstein law (for physicists Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein), for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction, as defined by the quantum yield.

### Fluorescence and phosphorescence

When a molecule or atom in the ground state (S0) absorbs light, one electron is excited to a higher orbital level. This electron maintains its spin according to the spin selection rule; other transitions would violate the law of conservation of angular momentum. The excitation to a higher singlet state can be from HOMO to LUMO or to a higher orbital, so that singlet excitation states S1, S2, S3... at different energies are possible.

Kasha's rule stipulates that higher singlet states would quickly relax by radiationless decay or internal conversion (IC) to S1. Thus, S1 is usually, but not always, the only relevant singlet excited state. This excited state S1 can further relax to S0 by IC, but also by an allowed radiative transition from S1 to S0 that emits a photon; this process is called fluorescence.

Alternatively, it is possible for the excited state S1 to undergo spin inversion and to generate a triplet excited state T1 having two unpaired electrons with the same spin. This violation of the spin selection rule is possible by intersystem crossing (ISC) of the vibrational and electronic levels of S1 and T1. According to Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity, this T1 state would be somewhat more stable than S1.

This triplet state can relax to the ground state S0 by radiationless ISC or by a radiation pathway called phosphorescence. This process implies a change of electronic spin, which is forbidden by spin selection rules, making phosphorescence (from T1 to S0) much slower than fluorescence (from S1 to S0). Thus, triplet states generally have longer lifetimes than singlet states. These transitions are usually summarized in a state energy diagram or Jablonski diagram, the paradigm of molecular photochemistry.

These excited species, either S1 or T1, have a half-empty low-energy orbital, and are consequently more oxidizing than the ground state. But at the same time, they have an electron in a high-energy orbital, and are thus more reducing. In general, excited species are prone to participate in electron transfer processes.

### Experimental setup

Photochemical reactions require a light source that emits wavelengths corresponding to an electronic transition in the reactant. In the early experiments (and in everyday life), sunlight was the light source, although it is polychromatic. Mercury-vapor lamps are more common in the laboratory. Low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps mainly emit at 254 nm. For polychromatic sources, wavelength ranges can be selected using filters. Alternatively, laser beams are usually monochromatic (although two or more wavelengths can be obtained using nonlinear optics), and LEDs have a relatively narrow band that can be efficiently used, as well as Rayonet lamps, to get approximately monochromatic beams.

The emitted light must reach the targeted functional group without being blocked by the reactor, medium, or other functional groups present. For many applications, quartz is used for the reactors as well as to contain the lamp. Pyrex absorbs at wavelengths shorter than 275 nm. The solvent is an important experimental parameter. Solvents are potential reactants, and for this reason, chlorinated solvents are avoided because the C–Cl bond can lead to chlorination of the substrate. Strongly-absorbing solvents prevent photons from reaching the substrate. Hydrocarbon solvents absorb only at short wavelengths and are thus preferred for photochemical experiments requiring high-energy photons. Solvents containing unsaturation absorb at longer wavelengths and can usefully filter out short wavelengths. For example, cyclohexane and acetone "cut off" (absorb strongly) at wavelengths shorter than 215 and 330 nm, respectively.

Typically, the wavelength employed to induce a photochemical process is selected based on the absorption spectrum of the reactive species, most often the absorption maximum. Over the last years, however, it has been demonstrated that, in the majority of bond-forming reactions, the absorption spectrum does not allow selecting the optimum wavelength to achieve the highest reaction yield based on absorptivity. This fundamental mismatch between absorptivity and reactivity has been elucidated with so-called photochemical action plots.

### Photochemistry in combination with flow chemistry

Continuous-flow photochemistry offers multiple advantages over batch photochemistry. Photochemical reactions are driven by the number of photons that are able to activate molecules causing the desired reaction. The large surface-area-to-volume ratio of a microreactor maximizes the illumination, and at the same time allows for efficient cooling, which decreases the thermal side products.

### Principles

In the case of photochemical reactions, light provides the activation energy. Simplistically, light is one mechanism for providing the activation energy required for many reactions. If laser light is employed, it is possible to selectively excite a molecule so as to produce a desired electronic and vibrational state. Equally, the emission from a particular state may be selectively monitored, providing a measure of the population of that state. If the chemical system is at low pressure, this enables scientists to observe the energy distribution of the products of a chemical reaction before the differences in energy have been smeared out and averaged by repeated collisions.

The absorption of a photon by a reactant molecule may also permit a reaction to occur not just by bringing the molecule to the necessary activation energy, but also by changing the symmetry of the molecule's electronic configuration, enabling an otherwise-inaccessible reaction path, as described by the Woodward–Hoffmann selection rules. A \[2+2\] cycloaddition reaction is one example of a pericyclic reaction that can be analyzed using these rules or by the related frontier molecular orbital theory.

Some photochemical reactions are several orders of magnitude faster than thermal reactions; reactions as fast as 10−9 seconds and associated processes as fast as 10−15 seconds are often observed.

The photon can be absorbed directly by the reactant or by a photosensitizer, which absorbs the photon and transfers the energy to the reactant. The opposite process, when a photoexcited state is deactivated by a chemical reagent, is called quenching.

Most photochemical transformations occur through a series of simple steps known as primary photochemical processes. One common example of these processes is the excited state proton transfer.

## Photochemical reactions

### Examples of photochemical reactions

### Organic photochemistry

Examples of photochemical organic reactions are electrocyclic reactions, radical reactions, photoisomerization, and Norrish reactions.

Alkenes undergo many important reactions that proceed via a photon-induced π to π\* transition. The first electronic excited state of an alkene lacks the π-bond, so that rotation about the C–C bond is rapid and the molecule engages in reactions not observed thermally. These reactions include cis-trans isomerization and cycloaddition to other (ground state) alkene to give cyclobutane derivatives. The cis-trans isomerization of a (poly)alkene is involved in retinal, a component of the machinery of vision. The dimerization of alkenes is relevant to the photodamage of DNA, where thymine dimers are observed upon illuminating DNA with UV radiation. Such dimers interfere with transcription. The beneficial effects of sunlight are associated with the photochemically-induced retro-cyclization (decyclization) reaction of ergosterol to give vitamin D. In the DeMayo reaction, an alkene reacts with a 1,3-diketone reacts via its enol to yield a 1,5-diketone. Still another common photochemical reaction is Howard Zimmerman's di-π-methane rearrangement.

In an industrial application, about 100,000 tonnes of benzyl chloride are prepared annually by the gas-phase photochemical reaction of toluene with chlorine. The light is absorbed by chlorine molecules, the low energy of this transition being indicated by the yellowish color of the gas. The photon induces homolysis of the Cl-Cl bond, and the resulting chlorine radical converts toluene to the benzyl radical:

Cl2 \+ hν → 2 Cl· C6H5CH3 \+ Cl· → C6H5CH2· + HCl C6H5CH2· + Cl· → C6H5CH2Cl

Mercaptans can be produced by photochemical addition of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to alpha olefins.

### Inorganic and organometallic photochemistry

Coordination complexes and organometallic compounds are also photoreactive. These reactions can entail cis-trans isomerization. More commonly, photoreactions result in dissociation of ligands, since the photon excites an electron on the metal to an orbital that is antibonding with respect to the ligands. Thus, metal carbonyls that resist thermal substitution undergo decarbonylation upon irradiation with UV light. UV-irradiation of a THF solution of molybdenum hexacarbonyl gives the THF complex, which is synthetically useful:

Mo(CO)6 \+ THF → Mo(CO)5(THF) + CO

In a related reaction, photolysis of iron pentacarbonyl affords diiron nonacarbonyl (see figure):

2 Fe(CO)5 → Fe2(CO)9 \+ CO

Select photoreactive coordination complexes can undergo oxidation-reduction processes via single electron transfer. This electron transfer can occur within the inner or outer coordination sphere of the metal.

### Types of photochemical reactions

Here are some different types of photochemical reactions-

* Photo-dissociation: AB + h*ν* → A\* + B\*
* Photo induced rearrangements, isomerization: A + h*ν* → B
* Photo-addition: A + B + h*ν* → AB + C
* Photo-substitution: A + BC + h*ν* → AB + C
* Photo-redox reaction: A + B + h*ν* → A− + B+

### Historical

Although bleaching has long been practiced, the first photochemical reaction was described by Trommsdorff in 1834. He observed that crystals of the compound α-santonin when exposed to sunlight turned yellow and burst. In a 2007 study the reaction was described as a succession of three steps taking place within a single crystal.

The first step is a rearrangement reaction to a cyclopentadienone intermediate (**2**), the second one a dimerization in a Diels–Alder reaction (**3**), and the third one an intramolecular \[2+2\]cycloaddition (**4**). The bursting effect is attributed to a large change in crystal volume on dimerization.

## Specialized journals

## Learned societies

## International conferences

The organization of these conferences is facilitated by the International Foundation for Photochemistry.

## Further reading


title: Dos hijos desobedientes

abstract: Dos hijos desobedientes is a 1960 Mexican Western musical comedy film directed by Jaime Salvador and starring Pedro Armendáriz, Antonio Aguilar, Elvira Quintana and María Duval. The film's sets were designed by art director Jesús Bracho.

text:
# Dos hijos desobedientes

***Dos hijos desobedientes*** (English: "Two Disobedient Sons") is a 1960 Mexican Western musical comedy film directed by Jaime Salvador and starring Pedro Armendáriz, Antonio Aguilar, Elvira Quintana and María Duval.

The film's sets were designed by art director Jesús Bracho.

## Plot

Two brothers fight to buy a ranch, but the new owners are two young women with whom they fall in love. To buy the ranch and be able to marry them, they must learn to control their behavior.

## Cast

## Production and release

The film was shot in 1958. It was released on 17 March 1960 on the Olimpia cinema, for four weeks.

## InfoBox

| Dos hijos desobedientes | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jaime Salvador |
| Screenplay by | Jaime Salvador |
| Story by | Jaime Salvador |
| Produced by | Emilio Gómez Muriel |
| Starring | Pedro Armendáriz
Antonio Aguilar
Elvira Quintana
María Duval |
| Cinematography | Jack Draper |
| Edited by | Jorge Bustos |
| Music by | Gustavo César Carrión |
| Production
company | Producciones Corsa |
| Release date | * 17 March 1960 (1960-03-17) (Mexico) |
| Country | Mexico |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Phyllonorycter extincta

abstract: Phyllonorycter extincta is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tunisia. The larvae feed on Quercus coccifera and Quercus suber. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter extincta

***Phyllonorycter extincta*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tunisia.

The larvae feed on *Quercus coccifera* and *Quercus suber*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter extincta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. extincta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter extincta***<br>(Deschka, 1974) | |
|


title: Phyllonorycter fagifolia

abstract: Phyllonorycter fagifolia is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the islands of Hokkaidō and Kyūshū in Japan. The wingspan is 5.5-6.5 mm. The larvae feed on Fagus crenata. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter fagifolia

***Phyllonorycter fagifolia*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the islands of Hokkaidō and Kyūshū in Japan.

The wingspan is 5.5-6.5 mm.

The larvae feed on *Fagus crenata*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter fagifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. fagifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter fagifolia***<br>(Kumata, 1963) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lithocolletis fagifolia* Kumata, 1963 | |


title: PicDial

abstract: PicDial was a mobile service created by IQzone Inc. and based in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States. PicDial provides users with the ability to automatically see their friends' Facebook and MySpace profile pictures and status messages as Full Screen Caller ID on their mobile phone. The software automatically keeps contacts social networking information current, allowing the most recent profile pictures and status messages to be displayed on incoming and outgoing calls or texts. The PicDial application provides users with a "Favorites Screen," a visual grid that allows users to call or text by selecting a friends social networking profile picture. This Mobile social address book platform allows users to link multiple social networks. The application also enables users to determine which picture will display when a call or text is made to a PicDial friend, giving the user control over the picture seen by friends. This defined picture can either be taken from the users camera on the phone, or pulled from their profile pictures on Facebook or MySpace. When a user changes their picture, this new image will be updated to their friends' phones. The service also backs up contacts that reside on the mobile phone. If the phone is lost or stolen, PicDial subscribers have the capability to retrieve contact information. PicDial is available for download on all the major US mobile networks, AT&T, Verizon, Sprint Nextel, T Mobile, Boost Mobile, Cellular South, and U.S. Cellular. The software is compatible with BlackBerry, iPhone, Java, Android, Symbian and Windows Mobile devices. It can be downloaded from various off deck sites, including Android Market, BlackBerry World, Apple Inc.'s App Store, and GetJar. Additionally, PicDial has been pre-loaded on a number of AT&T devices, including the Samsung Eternity II and Samsung Flight II.

text:
# PicDial

**PicDial** was a mobile service created by IQzone Inc. and based in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States. PicDial provides users with the ability to automatically see their friends' Facebook and MySpace profile pictures and status messages as Full Screen Caller ID on their mobile phone. The software automatically keeps contacts social networking information current, allowing the most recent profile pictures and status messages to be displayed on incoming and outgoing calls or texts. The PicDial application provides users with a "Favorites Screen," a visual grid that allows users to call or text by selecting a friends social networking profile picture. This Mobile social address book platform allows users to link multiple social networks. The application also enables users to determine which picture will display when a call or text is made to a PicDial friend, giving the user control over the picture seen by friends. This defined picture can either be taken from the users camera on the phone, or pulled from their profile pictures on Facebook or MySpace. When a user changes their picture (and status message), this new image will be updated to their friends' phones.

The service also backs up contacts that reside on the mobile phone. If the phone is lost or stolen, PicDial subscribers have the capability to retrieve contact information.

PicDial is available for download on all the major US mobile networks, AT&T, Verizon, Sprint Nextel, T Mobile, Boost Mobile, Cellular South, and U.S. Cellular. The software is compatible with BlackBerry, iPhone, Java, Android, Symbian and Windows Mobile devices. It can be downloaded from various off deck sites, including Android Market, BlackBerry World, Apple Inc.'s App Store, and GetJar. Additionally, PicDial has been pre-loaded on a number of AT&T devices, including the Samsung Eternity II and Samsung Flight II.

## History

IQzone Inc. is a privately held company, that was founded in 2006 by a team of mobile veterans and entrepreneurs. IQzone's flagship product, PicDial, officially launched in July, 2010. The mobile application was first launched with wireless carrier AT&T on the AT&T Media Mall website. Shortly thereafter, PicDial launched with a number of carrier storefronts, including the Verizon V Cast Apps Store and Boost Mobile.

## Services

PicDial's mobile platform creates a social community among PicDial users, giving them the capability to:

* Text (SMS) Popup Notification with Facebook photo – Receive instant SMS popups with your friends profile picture and status. Includes quick reply capability.
* Text (SMS) Picture Carousel – Displays your friend's social network picture and status on the top half of the screen and the text thread on the bottom half.
* Full Screen Picture Caller ID – See FULL SCREEN profile pictures & status messages as caller ID every time you make or receive a call.
* Favorite Screen – Speed dial or text your friends by selecting their image from the PicDial favorite screen.
* Choose which picture of your friends that you want to see – either social network profile pic or from your phones gallery. Crop, fix, or change any picture.
* Address Book Backup – contacts are automatically backed up to the cloud
* Full SMS and MMS support coupled with integrated spell checking and additional message composition tools.
* Support for vCards (contact cards) allowing you increased MMS functionality.
* Speech to Text button
* Landscape Mode texting

## Privacy

PicDial is a registered mark of IQzone, Inc. More details on Terms of Use and Privacy Policy can be found under the legal section on PicDial's privacy policy pages.

1. "Mobile App Functionality". Archived from the original on 2012-09-09.
2. "PicDial Supported Phones". Archived from the original on 2010-09-08.
3. *PicDial* Archived 2012-06-19 at the Wayback Machine at the BlackBerry World
4. "PicDial iTunes". *iTunes*.
5. "PicDial GetJar".
6. "Samsung Eternity II and Samsung Flight II coming to AT&T".
7. "IQzone Capital raised".
8. "AT&T Media Mall".
9. "Verizon V Cast Apps". Archived from the original on 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
10. "Boost Mobile Apps". Archived from the original on 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
11. "PicDial Registration".
12. "PicDial's Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-06.

## InfoBox

IQzone Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Mobile/Wireless |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Headquarters | Scottsdale |
| Key people | John Kuolt & Michael Bates, Founders<br>Jim Wolfinger, President |
| Website | www.picdial.com blog.picdial.com |