title: Bodegas Marqués de Riscal

abstract: Herederos del Marqués de Riscal, S.A., better known as Marqués de Riscal is a large Spanish winery located in Elciego, in the Rioja Alavesa. The company was founded by Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga, 6th Marquess of Riscal in 1858 after inheriting a series of wineries in Elciego from his father. In 2006 the Elciego wineries were transformed into the City of Wine, a complex that includes the primary wineries, the most modern ones, the vineyards and a leisure complex that includes the Marqués de Riscal Hotel, an emblematic building designed by the architect Frank Gehry and inaugurated by Juan Carlos I in 2003. Since its origin in the 19th century, Marqués de Riscal has produced Rioja wine, but in 1972 it also settled in Rueda to produce white wine that in 1980 would receive the designation of origin of Rueda wine. Riscal was the first non-French wine to receive a Honorific Diploma at the International Wine Exposition of Bordeaux, in 1895.

text:
# Bodegas Marqués de Riscal

**Herederos del Marqués de Riscal, S.A.**, better known as **Marqués de Riscal** is a large Spanish winery located in Elciego, in the Rioja Alavesa.

The company was founded by Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga, 6th Marquess of Riscal in 1858 after inheriting a series of wineries in Elciego from his father.

In 2006 the Elciego wineries were transformed into the City of Wine, a complex that includes the primary wineries, the most modern ones, the vineyards and a leisure complex that includes the Marqués de Riscal Hotel, an emblematic building designed by the architect Frank Gehry and inaugurated by Juan Carlos I in 2003.

Since its origin in the 19th century, Marqués de Riscal has produced Rioja wine, but in 1972 it also settled in Rueda to produce white wine that in 1980 would receive the designation of origin of Rueda wine. Riscal was the first non-French wine to receive a Honorific Diploma at the International Wine Exposition of Bordeaux, in 1895.

## History

The company owes its name to the eponymous hereditary peerage title, which had been granted by Philip V of Spain to Baltasar Hurtado de Amézaga, a lieutenant general that was governor of Málaga and was distinguished in service in Spanish Flanders and in the Battle of Zenta.

It was Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga, 6th Marquess of Riscal, who was the driving force behind the creation of the wineries that bear the name of "Herederos del Marqués de Riscal" (Heirs of the Marquess of Riscal). He was residing in Bordeaux when he received the order from the Provincial Council of Álava to hire an oenologist who could teach the region's growers the techniques used in the Médoc, to produce wines according to the French system. The chosen expert was Jean Pineau, cellar master of the Château Lanessan cellars, with whom he signed, representing the Provincial Council, a contract to advise Álava producers. Hurtado then sent "9,000 fully guaranteed vine shoots" to the Rioja Alavesa, of the following types: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec and Pinot noir, to experiment in their vineyards, where grapes had been grown of the Tempranillo and Graciano varieties.

In 1858 Hurtado, who had inherited some wineries in Elciego from his father, founded the wineries applying the techniques used in France, and hired Pineau full-time, who had stopped working for the deputation. In the 1895 edition of the International Exposition of Bordeaux, Marqués de Riscal became the first non-French winery to receive the Diploma of Honor.

## Production

In 2021, the company had revenues of €72m, employed 310 people and exported to over 110 countries around the world. It puts on the market more than 7 million bottles of red and white wine, in addition to 200,000 of Laurent-Perrier sparkling wine.

Within the Rioja designation of origin, Marqués de Riscal sells red wine with the labels Frank Gehry Selection 2001, Barón de Chirel, Marqués de Riscal 150 Anniversary, Marqués de Riscal Gran Reserva, Finca Torrea, Marqués de Riscal Reserva, Marqués de Riscal Rosado and Marqués de Arienzo.

The white wine of the Rueda designation of origin is made up of the brands Marqués de Riscal Limousin, Finca Montico, Marqués de Riscal Sauvignon Blanc and Marqués de Riscal Rueda Verdejo.

Additionally, within the Vinos de la Tierra de Castilla y León denomination, it markets Riscal 1860, the only red wine it produces outside of La Rioja.


title: Bodegraven-Reeuwijk

abstract: Bodegraven-Reeuwijk is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland with a population of 35,278 in 2021. It was established by a merger of Bodegraven and Reeuwijk on 1 January 2011. The municipality covers 88.64 km⁲ (34.22 sq mi) of which 13.26 km⁲ (5.12 sq mi) is water.

text:
# Bodegraven-Reeuwijk

**Bodegraven-Reeuwijk** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈboːdəɣraːvə(n) ˈreːuʋɛik\]) is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland with a population of 35,278 in 2021. It was established by a merger of Bodegraven and Reeuwijk on 1 January 2011. The municipality covers 88.64 km2 (34.22 sq mi) of which 13.26 km2 (5.12 sq mi) is water.

## Population centres

The new merger also includes the historic municipalities of Waarder, Middelburg, Oukoop, Sluipwijk, Wiltenburg, Vrijhoef en Kalverbroek, parts of Zwammerdam, Lange Ruige Weide, Hekendorp, Land van Stein, Rietveld and Barwoutswaarder, as well as the communities of Driebruggen, Hogebrug, Langeweide, Meije, Nieuwerbrug, Oud-Reeuwijk, Platteweg, Randenburg, Reeuwijk-Brug, Reeuwijk-Dorp, Tempel, Oud-Bodegraven (Vrijenes), Weijpoort and Reeuwijk-Westeinde.

### Topography

*Dutch Topographic map of the municipality of Bodegraven-Reeuwijk, June 2015.*

## Paedophilia rumours

In 2020, false allegations were circulated online, that in the 1980s the town had been the site of the sexual abuse and murder of a number of children. In 2022, this led the town's authorities to take legal action to have the allegations removed from Twitter. The council lost the case.

## Notable people

### Sport

## InfoBox

| Bodegraven-Reeuwijk | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church in Bodegraven | |
|  | |
| Location in South Holland | |
| Coordinates: 52°5′N 4°45′E / 52.083°N 4.750°E / 52.083; 4.750 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | South Holland |
| Established | 1 January 2011 |
| Government | |
| Body | Municipal council |
| Mayor | Erik van Heijningen (acting) (VVD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 88.64 km2 (34.22 sq mi) |
| Land | 75.38 km2 (29.10 sq mi) |
| Water | 13.26 km2 (5.12 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (January 2021) | |
| Total | 35,278 |
| Density | 468/km2 (1,210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postcode | 2410–2415, 2810–2811, 3465–3466 |
| Area code | 0182, 0348 |
| Website | www.bodegraven-reeuwijk.nl |


title: Bolberry Down

abstract: Bolberry Down is a clifftop area on the coast of Devon, England. The headland of Bolt Tail lies to the west and Bolt Head and the town of Salcombe to the east. It is one of the longest coastal areas owned by the National Trust and lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The down provides views across the English Channel. Bolberry Down was the site of a Decca Navigator station in the SOUTH WEST BRITISH 1B chain which operated from 1952 until 31 March 2000, covering the south-west approaches. The visible sign of this system were three 150ft tubular masts and these were located to the east of the access road to Bolberry Down, together with the former bungalows for the staff. One mast remains in use today for other purposes.

text:
# Bolberry Down

50°13′54″N 3°50′36″W / 50.231694°N 3.843282°W / 50.231694; -3.843282

class=notpageimage|The location of Bolberry Down within Devon
(grid reference SX685385)

**Bolberry Down** is a clifftop area on the coast of Devon, England. The headland of Bolt Tail lies to the west and Bolt Head and the town of Salcombe to the east. It is one of the longest coastal areas owned by the National Trust and lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The down provides views across the English Channel.

*Bolberry Down* was the site of a Decca Navigator station in the SOUTH WEST BRITISH 1B chain which operated from 1952 until 31 March 2000, covering the south-west approaches. The visible sign of this system were three 150ft tubular masts and these were located to the east of the access road to Bolberry Down, together with the former bungalows for the staff. One mast remains in use today for other purposes.


title: Rosanna Lambertucci

abstract: Rosanna Lambertucci is an Italian author, and television presenter.

text:
# Rosanna Lambertucci

**Rosanna Lambertucci** (born 30 November 1945) is an Italian author, and television presenter.

## Biography

Born in Rome, in 1978 she began working in radio as an author. In 1981, she debuted on national TV as presenter of the program *Più sani e più belli* (*More Healthy and More Beautiful*), created by herself. The show, which dealt with topics relating to well-being, medicine and lifestyle, was very popular and successful. It continued to air for seventeen seasons, until 1997. Lambertucci became a journalist and, following the success of her broadcasts, she became a widely followed author. Starting in the 1980s, she published numerous volumes dedicated to health and diets.

In addition to her work as a life coach, Rosanna also hosted entertainment television programs. From 1994 to 1997 she was one of the presenters of the popular game show *Luna Park* and its spin-off *La zingara* (*The Gypsy*).

In 2004 she was among the hosts of the morning show *Unomattina Estate*. Between 2004 and 2009 she hosted her own regular column on the Sunday show *Domenica in*. Subsequently, she worked for some satellite and thematic broadcasters including Alice TV and QVC.

In 2023, she took part as a contestant in the eighteenth edition of the dance talent show *Ballando con le stelle*; eliminated during the fifth episode, she was then brought back in the semi-final, thus reaching the final.

In 1965 she married the television executive Alberto Amodei. They separated in 1988 and had a daughter, Angelica. Over the course of their marriage, Rosanna had five miscarriages and a newborn baby girl who suddenly died. Alberto Amodei died in 2014. Since 2015, Rosanna Lambertucci has been romantically linked to the businessman Mario Di Cosmo, whom she married in 2023.

She considers herself Roman Catholic.

## Television

* *DSE - Viaggio nella notte secca* (Rete 2, 1979)
* *DSE - La salute del bambino* (Rete 3, 1981)
* *DSE - Francesco, ieri e oggi* (Rete 2, 1981)
* *Più sani e più belli* (Rete 2, 1981; Rai 1 1982–1997)
* *Esse - Settimanale della Salute* (Rai 2, 1982)
* *Luna Park* (Rai 1, 1994–1997)
* *La zingara* (Rai 1, 1995–1996)
* *Unomattina Estate* (Rai 1, 2004)
* *Domenica in* (Rai 1, 2004–2009)
* *Miss Italia* (La7, 2016–2017) - Jury
* *La salute vien mangiando* (Alice TV, 2016–2023)
* *Home Shopping* (QVC, 2017–2023)
* *In gran forma* (Alma TV, 2022–2023)
* *Ballando con le Stelle* (Rai 1, 2023) – Contestant
* *BellaMa'* (Rai 2, 2024)

## InfoBox

| Rosanna Lambertucci | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1945-11-30) 30 November 1945<br>Rome, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupations | * Author * television presenter * nutrition divulgator |
| Years active | 1978–present |
| Spouses | *   Alberto Amodei (m. 19652014) *   Mario Di Cosmo (m. 2023) |
| Children | Angelica Amodei |


title: Boletellus dissiliens

abstract: Boletellus dissiliens is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in Singapore, it was originally described as Boletus dissiliens by E.J.H. Corner in 1972, and transferred to Boletellus in 1981.

text:
# Boletellus dissiliens

***Boletellus dissiliens*** is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in Singapore, it was originally described as *Boletus dissiliens* by E.J.H. Corner in 1972, and transferred to *Boletellus* in 1981.

## InfoBox

| *Boletellus dissiliens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | *Boletellus* |
| Species: | ***B. dissiliens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boletellus dissiliens***<br>(Corner) Pegler & T.W.K.Young (1981) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Boletus dissiliens* Corner (1972) | |


title: Boletellus deceptivus

abstract: Boletellus deceptivus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Boletellus deceptivus

***Boletellus deceptivus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Boletellus deceptivus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | *Boletellus* |
| Species: | ***B. deceptivus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boletellus deceptivus***<br>Halling & N.A. Fechner (2015) | |
|


title: Bombshell (video game)

abstract: Bombshell is a multidirectional shooter developed by Interceptor Entertainment and published by 3D Realms. The game was released on January 29, 2016, for Microsoft Windows. The game runs on Unreal Engine 3.

text:
# Bombshell (video game)

***Bombshell*** is a multidirectional shooter developed by Interceptor Entertainment and published by 3D Realms. The game was released on January 29, 2016, for Microsoft Windows. The game runs on Unreal Engine 3.

## Plot

The game allows the player to control Shelly "Bombshell" Harrison, a colonel in the Global Defense Force. Her career is abruptly brought to an end after an event titled "the Washington Incident", which caused her to lose her arm and her team. Shelly is then offered a new contract by a private military contractor and offered a second chance and a new mechanical arm.

## Development

The game was conceived during Gearbox Software's lawsuit against Interceptor regarding the video game *Duke Nukem: Mass Destruction*, as they did not authorize any new development. Interceptor was working on the game for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows; however, due to a lawsuit by Gearbox Software, who owns the right to the Duke Nukem franchise, the game's name was changed to *Bombshell* and the main character was changed to Shelly Harrison, who was originally meant to play a supporting role in the Duke Nukem game. In April 2014, a website NoGumNeeded.com was launched by Interceptor Entertainment that showed a countdown. The game was revealed with the title *Bombshell* in development for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 on May 14, 2014, along with a trailer and was scheduled to be released in 2015. Some details about the gameplay and the protagonist Shelly "Bombshell" Harrison were revealed in the announcement. It was also announced that the game utilised the Unreal Engine and it will launch with modding tools. Due to the negative reception to the trailer, 3D Realms started the development of the game from scratch. The gameplay trailer was released on March 2, 2015, during Game Developers Conference. The E3 2015 trailer was released on June 25, 2015. On July 23, a ten-minute long video showing gameplay of the game was released during QuakeCon 2015. On August 27, a game trailer of the boss battle against "Zeroth Guardian" was released during PAX Prime 2015. In January 2016, the game's voice cast was announced, including Valerie Arem as Bombshell and Duke Nukem voice actor Jon St. John as Professor Jadus Heskel. The release of the Windows version of the game was delayed to January 29, 2016, so as to give additional time for the developer to fix bugs.

## Reception

GameSpot awarded it a score of 2.0 out of 10, calling it a "buggy, bland game with some of the worst writing you're likely to hear in some time." Hardcore Gamer rated the game a 2 out of 5 saying "What once began as something that had potential to become a so-stupid-it's-awesome classic ended up being merely... well, it isn't even really that stupid as a whole, just dull." PC Gamer awarded it 30%, saying "An \[action role-playing game\] with weak combat and too many bugs, *Bombshell* isn't worth your click-click-clicks." IGN rated the game 6.9 out of 10 saying the game "*Bombshell* is a fast-paced, energetic, deliberately absurd action shooter that's mostly competent at everything it tries to do". Leo Espada of GoneWithTheWin rated it 6/10 and stated, "Bombshell features a solid core of combat mechanics, visual design, and a genius soundtrack. It is light on the RPG side, with little depth to sink your teeth into". It has a score of 44% on Metacritic.

## Legacy

A prequel for Harrison's story, entitled *Ion Fury*, was developed by Voidpoint and released in 2019 by 3D Realms. It uses an updated version of the original Build engine. Harrison will also appear in the upcoming game *Phantom Fury*. This game serves as sequel to Ion Fury and it is developed by Slipgate Ironworks (the new name of Interceptor Entertainment).

## InfoBox

| Bombshell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Interceptor Entertainment |
| Publisher(s) | 3D Realms |
| Director(s) | Frederik Schreiber |
| Producer(s) | Khaled Ibrahimi |
| Designer(s) | Daniel Hedjazi
Leon Zawada
Vitaliy Bondarenko
Jacob Ostergaard
Paulo Rosa |
| Programmer(s) | Grzegorz Zawadzki |
| Artist(s) | Chris Pollitt
Simon Rance
Arturo Pahua |
| Writer(s) | Adam Meadows |
| Composer(s) | Andrew Hulshult |
| Engine | Unreal Engine 3 |
| Platform(s) | Windows |
| Release | * WW: January 29, 2016 |
| Genre(s) | Multidirectional shooter |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Boonville, Indiana

abstract: Boonville is a city in Boon Township, Warrick County, Indiana, United States. The population was 6,246 at the 2010 census. The city is the largest community in and the county seat of Warrick County.

text:
# Boonville, Indiana

**Boonville** is a city in Boon Township, Warrick County, Indiana, United States. The population was 6,246 at the 2010 census. The city is the largest community in and the county seat of Warrick County.

## History

Boonville was founded in 1818 and named for Jesse Boon, father of Ratliff Boon. A post office has been in operation at Boonville since 1820. Boonville was incorporated in 1858.

President Abraham Lincoln studied law in Boonville. When Abraham Lincoln and his family moved from Kentucky to present-day Spencer County in 1816, their homestead was then considered to be within Boonville's Warrick County boundaries. The future president frequently walked to Boonville to borrow books and watch local attorney John Brackenridge argue cases, thus earning Boonville the distinction of being "where Lincoln learned the law."

## Points of interest

The Boonville post office contains a casein tempera-on-canvas mural titled *Boonville Beginnings*, painted in 1941 by Ida Abelman. Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department.

The Boonville Public Square Historic District and Old Warrick County Jail are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

WBNL is an AM/FM (1540 AM, 99.9 FM) radio station operated in Boonville. Owned by Ralph Turpin, WBNL has been on air for decades. WBNL has broadcast sporting events for not only Boonville High School, but also Tecumseh High School. Most livestreams are hosted by BHS Teacher Jim Little, and he is usually accompanied by Rick Madden, Jay Miller, Allen Buck, or Tom Presley.

## Geography

Boonville is located at 38°2′46″N 87°16′21″W / 38.04611°N 87.27250°W / 38.04611; -87.27250 (38.046231, -87.272544).

According to the 2010 census, Boonville has a total area of 3.013 square miles (7.80 km2), of which 3 square miles (7.77 km2) (or 99.57%) is land and 0.013 square miles (0.03 km2) (or 0.43%) is water.

### Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Boonville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

| Climate data for Boonville, Indiana (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–1901, 1990–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 70
(21) | 79
(26) | 84
(29) | 90
(32) | 96
(36) | 105
(41) | 107
(42) | 102
(39) | 101
(38) | 94
(34) | 84
(29) | 74
(23) | 107
(42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 63.4
(17.4) | 69.3
(20.7) | 77.1
(25.1) | 84.3
(29.1) | 89.9
(32.2) | 94.6
(34.8) | 95.8
(35.4) | 95.0
(35.0) | 92.1
(33.4) | 85.4
(29.7) | 74.6
(23.7) | 65.7
(18.7) | 97.1
(36.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 42.1
(5.6) | 47.4
(8.6) | 57.7
(14.3) | 69.9
(21.1) | 78.5
(25.8) | 86.3
(30.2) | 88.6
(31.4) | 87.5
(30.8) | 81.7
(27.6) | 70.3
(21.3) | 56.7
(13.7) | 45.8
(7.7) | 67.7
(19.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 33.8
(1.0) | 38.0
(3.3) | 47.0
(8.3) | 58.0
(14.4) | 67.3
(19.6) | 75.4
(24.1) | 78.3
(25.7) | 76.7
(24.8) | 70.0
(21.1) | 58.6
(14.8) | 46.6
(8.1) | 37.5
(3.1) | 57.3
(14.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 25.4
(−3.7) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 36.4
(2.4) | 46.1
(7.8) | 56.2
(13.4) | 64.5
(18.1) | 67.9
(19.9) | 65.8
(18.8) | 58.3
(14.6) | 47.0
(8.3) | 36.5
(2.5) | 29.2
(−1.6) | 46.8
(8.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 3.2
(−16.0) | 8.4
(−13.1) | 17.2
(−8.2) | 28.3
(−2.1) | 39.1
(3.9) | 50.4
(10.2) | 57.4
(14.1) | 54.9
(12.7) | 42.3
(5.7) | 29.5
(−1.4) | 19.7
(−6.8) | 9.4
(−12.6) | −0.5
(−18.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −24
(−31) | −25
(−32) | −1
(−18) | 22
(−6) | 32
(0) | 42
(6) | 49
(9) | 48
(9) | 28
(−2) | 24
(−4) | 8
(−13) | −11
(−24) | −25
(−32) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.52
(89) | 3.59
(91) | 4.93
(125) | 5.52
(140) | 5.14
(131) | 4.56
(116) | 4.69
(119) | 3.22
(82) | 3.80
(97) | 3.75
(95) | 4.22
(107) | 4.23
(107) | 51.17
(1,300) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 3.4
(8.6) | 3.2
(8.1) | 1.6
(4.1) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.1
(0.25) | 0.3
(0.76) | 2.7
(6.9) | 11.3
(29) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.3 | 9.1 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 11.7 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 9.1 | 10.4 | 112.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 6.8 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1850 | 196 |  |  |
| 1860 | 621 |  | 216.8% |
| 1870 | 1,039 |  | 67.3% |
| 1880 | 1,182 |  | 13.8% |
| 1890 | 1,881 |  | 59.1% |
| 1900 | 2,849 |  | 51.5% |
| 1910 | 3,934 |  | 38.1% |
| 1920 | 4,451 |  | 13.1% |
| 1930 | 4,208 |  | −5.5% |
| 1940 | 4,526 |  | 7.6% |
| 1950 | 5,092 |  | 12.5% |
| 1960 | 4,801 |  | −5.7% |
| 1970 | 5,736 |  | 19.5% |
| 1980 | 6,300 |  | 9.8% |
| 1990 | 6,724 |  | 6.7% |
| 2000 | 6,834 |  | 1.6% |
| 2010 | 6,246 |  | −8.6% |
| 2020 | 6,712 |  | 7.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 6,246 people, 2,549 households, and 1,647 families living in the city. The population density was 2,082.0 inhabitants per square mile (803.9/km2). There were 2,867 housing units at an average density of 955.7 per square mile (369.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.7% White, 0.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 2,549 households, of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.4% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the city was 39.4 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 18% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.

### 2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 6,834 people, 2,688 households, and 1,854 families living in the city. The population density was 2,318.9 inhabitants per square mile (895.3/km2). There were 2,910 housing units at an average density of 987.4 per square mile (381.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.51% White, 0.64% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.

There were 2,688 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,913, and the median income for a family was $42,096. Males had a median income of $32,264 versus $22,227 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,869. About 6.5% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

The government consists of a mayor and a city council. The mayor is elected in citywide vote. The city council consists of five members. Four are elected from individual districts. One is elected at-large.

## Transportation

The Boonville Airport is located two nautical miles (2.3 mi, 3.7 km) west of the central business district. Boonville also has the Warrick Area Transit System (WATS), a public bus line which connects with the nearby Metropolitan Evansville Transit System (METS).

## Education

The town has a lending library, the Boonville-Warrick County Public Library. Additionally, within city limits there are two elementary schools: Oakdale Elementary and Loge Elementary. Boonville Middle School and Boonville High School also serve the residents.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Boonville, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| The downtown historic district in Boonville is listed on the National Register of Historic Places | |
| Location of Boonville in Warrick County, Indiana. | |
| Coordinates: 38°02′44″N 87°17′27″W / 38.04556°N 87.29083°W / 38.04556; -87.29083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Warrick |
| Township | Boon |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Charlie Wyatt () |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.77 sq mi (14.94 km2) |
| Land | 5.73 sq mi (14.84 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.09 km2) |
| Elevation | 390 ft (120 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 6,712 |
| Density | 1,171.17/sq mi (452.22/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 47601 |
| Area code | 812 |
| FIPS code | 18-06616 |
| GNIS ID | 2394221 |
| Website | cityofboonvilleindiana.com |


title: Bonita Mersiades

abstract: Bonita Mersiades is an Australian corporate affairs practitioner, sports administrator and writer. Until 24 January 2010, Mersiades was Head of Corporate and Public Affairs with the Football Federation Australia and was also a member of the Senior Management Team for the Australian 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid.

text:
# Bonita Mersiades

**Bonita Mersiades** is an Australian corporate affairs practitioner, sports administrator and writer. Until 24 January 2010, Mersiades was Head of Corporate and Public Affairs with the Football Federation Australia and was also a member of the Senior Management Team for the Australian 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid.

## Football administration and FIFA reform

In the late 1990s, Mersiades was team manager for the Australian national football team. In 2001 Mersiades was part of a delegation that lobbied Frank Lowy to return to football administration.

In 2007, Mersiades was appointed Head of Corporate and Public Affairs with the Football Federation Australia. She left on 24 January 2010.

She is a FIFA whistleblower and has written and spoken extensively on the need for reform of the world governing body of football, FIFA. In November 2014, she was identified as a whistleblower in the summary report of the Garcia Report. She was one of the featured people in the 2016 documentary film *Dirty Games* by Benjamin Best.

Mersiades became co-founder of an advocacy group campaigning for independent reform of FIFA, #NewFIFANow along with British MP, Damian Collins, and Australian-Swiss businessman, Jaimie Fuller. #NewFIFANow held their first forum at the European Parliament in Brussels in January 2015, in where Mersiades spoke along with Harold Mayne-Nicholls and Lord David Triesman.

In 2020, former politician Robert Cavallucci was hired on nearly double the pay of the last chief executive of Football Queensland at almost A$320,000 a year. The CEO was recruited via a two-month consultancy that earned the president of the board Ben Richardson $44,000. Mersiades is being sued by Football Queensland (FQ) chairman Ben Richardson and its CEO, Robert Cavallucci, for a total of $800,000 over an article she published in January this year on her website Football Today.

## Corporate affairs

In the early 2000s, Mersiades worked with the government company National Food Industry Strategy. Mersiades later worked as National Public Affairs Manager for the Australian Red Cross Blood Service. She previously worked in the senior executive service with the federal public sector in Canberra and Brisbane.

## Writing

Mersiades in 1998 ghost-wrote a biography of Australian footballer Frank Farina. In 2004, Mersiades edited an anthology of stories by women in the food industry. Mersiades was a contributor to football fansite ozfootball.net. and has written for *Sports Business Insider*, *The Guardian*, *World Football Insider* and others. She is publisher of an Australian curated football news site.

In 2018, Mersiades published a book titled "Whatever It Takes: The Inside Story of the FIFA Way", an investigative piece detailing the bidding process into the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups to Russia and Qatar respectively, and what ultimately led to Australia's failed World Cup bid.


title: Bong-4

abstract: Bong-4 is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The constituency covers Panta District, nine communities of Zota District and three communities of Sanoyea District.

text:
# Bong-4

**Bong-4** is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The constituency covers Panta District, nine communities of Zota District (Gbansue Sulonmah, Shamkpallai, Belefana, Jarkai, Nyansue, Gbansue, Pelelei, Farvey and Yowee) and three communities of Sanoyea District (Gou, Laryea and Gbonota).

## Elected representatives

| Year | Representative elected | Party | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | George S. Mulbah |  | NPP |  |
| 2011 | Lester M. Paye |  | Ind. |  |
| 2017 | Robert Womba |  | UP |  |
| 2023 | Robert Womba |  | UP |  |

## InfoBox

| Bong-4 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency<br>for the House of Representatives of Liberia | |
|  | |
| Electorate | 30,029 (2023) |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 2011 |
| Representative | Robert Womba |


title: Bong-1

abstract: Bong-1 is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The constituency covers Kpaai District, Boinsen District, Tukpahblee District and Kokoyah District.

text:
# Bong-1

**Bong-1** is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The constituency covers Kpaai District, Boinsen District, Tukpahblee District and Kokoyah District.

## Elected representatives

| Year | Representative elected | Party | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Corpu G. Barclay |  | UP |  |
| 2011 | Tokpah J. Mulbah |  | CDC |  |
| 2017 | Albert B. Hills, Jr. |  | ALP |  |
| 2023 | Prince K. Koinah |  | IND |  |

## InfoBox

| Bong-1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency<br>for the House of Representatives of Liberia | |
|  | |
| Electorate | 37,046 (2023) |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 2011 |
| Representative | Prince K. Koinah |


title: Bong, Maasbree

abstract: Bong is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Peel en Maas, about 1 km west of Baarlo.

text:
# Bong, Maasbree

**Bong** (Dutch pronunciation: \[bɔŋ\]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Peel en Maas, about 1 km west of Baarlo.

1. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
2. *VUGA's Alfabetische Plaatsnamengids van Nederland* (13th edition), VUGA, 1997.
3. *ANWB Topografische Atlas Nederland*, Topografische Dienst and ANWB, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Bong | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| BongLocation in the NetherlandsBongLocation in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands | |
| Coordinates: 51°19′57″N 6°4′50″E / 51.33250°N 6.08056°E / 51.33250; 6.08056 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Limburg |
| Municipality | Peel en Maas |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.12 km2 (0.43 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 715 |
| Density | 640/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 5991 |
| Dialing code | 077 |


title: Bong-5

abstract: Bong-5 is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The constituency covers Suakoko District and five communities of Yeallequelleh District.

text:
# Bong-5

**Bong-5** is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The constituency covers Suakoko District and five communities of Yeallequelleh District (i.e. Gbartala, Palala, Fenutoli, Garyea and Tomgbeyah).

## Elected representatives

| Year | Representative elected | Party | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Tokpah J. Mulbah |  | CDC |  |
| 2011 | Edward W. Karfia |  | NDC |  |
| 2017 | Edward W. Karfia |  | PUP |  |
| 2023 | Eugine J. M. Kollie |  | CDC |  |

## InfoBox

| Bong-5 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency<br>for the House of Representatives of Liberia | |
|  | |
| Electorate | 32,051 (2023) |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 2011 |
| Representative | Eugine J. M. Kollie |


title: Ross Smith (ice hockey)

abstract: Ross Smith is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA). Smith played part of the 1974–75 WHA season with the Indianapolis Racers. He played the role of Barclay Donaldson in the 1977 comedy film Slap Shot.

text:
# Ross Smith (ice hockey)

**Ross Smith** (born November 20, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA). Smith played part of the 1974–75 WHA season with the Indianapolis Racers. He played the role of Barclay Donaldson in the 1977 comedy film *Slap Shot*.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1971–72 | Victoria Cougars | WCHL | | 18 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 65 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1971–72 | Calgary Centennials | WCHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1972–73 | Calgary Centennials | WCHL | | 57 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 111 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1973–74 | Columbus Owls | IHL | | 70 | 23 | 26 | 49 | 183 | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 1974–75 | Indianapolis Racers | WHA | | 15 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 19 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1974–75 | Mohawk Valley Comets | NAHL-Sr. | | 45 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 58 | | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 1975–76 | Mohawk Valley Comets | NAHL-Sr. | | 49 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 103 | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
|| |
| WHA totals | | | | 15 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 19 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Ross Smith | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-11-20) November 20, 1953<br>Westlock, Alberta, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 184 lb (83 kg; 13 st 2 lb) | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Indianapolis Racers | | |
| NHL draft | *Undrafted* | | |
| WHA draft | *Undrafted* | | |
| Playing career | 19731976 | | |


title: Bonnie Scotland (horse)

abstract: Bonnie Scotland was a British Thoroughbred racehorse, who finished second in the St Leger Stakes and won the Doncaster Stakes, after which he broke down. After one season at stud in England, he was exported to America where he stood in Ohio. Relatively late in his career, Bonnie Scotland was relocated to Tennessee and became the leading sire in North America, with notable offspring including Hall of Famer Luke Blackburn and Belmont Stakes winner George Kinney. Through his grandson Ben Brush, Bonnie Scotland's sire line produced multiple American Classic winners in the early 20th century.

text:
# Bonnie Scotland (horse)

**Bonnie Scotland** (foaled 1853) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse, who finished second in the St Leger Stakes and won the Doncaster Stakes, after which he broke down. After one season at stud in England, he was exported to America where he stood in Ohio. Relatively late in his career, Bonnie Scotland was relocated to Tennessee and became the leading sire in North America, with notable offspring including Hall of Famer Luke Blackburn and Belmont Stakes winner George Kinney. Through his grandson Ben Brush, Bonnie Scotland's sire line produced multiple American Classic winners in the early 20th century.

## Background

Bonnie Scotland was a bay horse who was sired by Iago out of Queen Mary by Gladiator. Although Iago was a relatively obscure sire, Queen Mary came to be one of the most influential mares of her time, founding thoroughbred family 10-a. On the racetrack, Queen Mary's best foal was Blink Bonny, who won the Derby and Oaks in 1857. Four of Queen Mary's foals became major producers themselves, with Braxey and Blooming Heather founding families 10-d and 10-e respectively.

Bonnie Scotland stood 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and was said to be an attractive horse with good conformation. According to horseman Henry Herbert, "he has the longest shoulder, deepest heart-place, best forehand, shortest saddle-place, and the most powerful quarters of any horse now before the public."

## Racing career

Bonnie Scotland made only four career starts, recording two wins and one second-place finish. His first win came in the Liverpool St Leger, followed by a second-place finish in the St Leger Stakes at Doncaster. His last start was in the Doncaster Stakes at a distance of 12 furlongs. He won the race but then broke down, prompting his retirement.

## Stud career

Bonnie Scotland stood his first year at stud in England but got little support – he sired only two foals in his first crop. He was sold to Eugene Leigh and was imported to the United States in 1857. He stood at Fashion Stud in Ohio from 1858 to 1867, then moved to Kentucky, then Illinois. In 1873 at the advanced age of 20, he was purchased by William G. Harding of Belle Meade Stud in Tennessee, one of the major breeding operations of the time. Bonnie Scotland remained at Belle Meade for the rest of his life, dying on February 1, 1880.

Bonnie Scotland was the leading sire in North America of 1880 and 1882, and finished second in both 1868 and 1871. He is credited with 21 stakes winners, including Belmont Stakes winner George Kinney and Hall of Fame inductee Luke Blackburn. Another son, Bramble, had a solid racing career but is most famous as the sire of champion and leading sire Ben Brush. Ben Brush, himself a winner of the Kentucky Derby, established a sire line that produced Classic winners such as Regret, Sweep and Whiskery. Bonnie Scotland was also a successful broodmare sire, most notably through his daughter Bourbon Belle who produced champion and leading sire Hanover.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Bonnie Scotland (GB), bay horse, foaled 1853
| Sire
Iago | Don John | Waverley | **Whalebone** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Margaretta |
| | Comus Mare | Comus |
| | Marciana |
| | Scandal | Selim | Buzzard |
| | | Alexander Mare |
| | Haphazard Mare | Haphazard |
| | Princess |
| Dam
Queen Mary | Gladiator | Partisan | Walton |
| | | Parasol |
| | Pauline | Moses |
| | Quadrille |
| | Plenipotentiary Mare | Plenipotentiary | Emilius |
| | | Harriet |
| | Myrrha | **Whalebone** |
| | Gift (family 10-a) |

Bonnie Scotland is input 4S x 4D to Whalebone, meaning Whalebone appears in the fourth generation on both the sire's and dam's sides of the pedigree.

## InfoBox

| Bonnie Scotland | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Iago (GB) |
| Grandsire | Don John (GB) |
| Dam | Queen Mary (GB) |
| Damsire | Gladiator (GB) |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1853 |
| Died | February 1, 1880
Belle Meade Stud, Nashville, Tennessee |
| Country | Great Britain |
| Color | Bay |
| Breeder | William l'Anson |
| Record | 4: 2-1-0 |
| Major wins | |
| Liverpool St Leger (1856)
Doncaster Stakes (1856) | |
| Awards | |
| Leading sire in North America (1880, 1882) | |


title: Bonny Light Horseman (song)

abstract: "Bonny Light Horseman", also known as "Broken Hearted I Will Wander", is a folk song. The singer's romantic interest was killed while fighting against Napoleon in the Peninsular War. It has been recorded by musicians including Nic Jones, Planxty, Lal and Norma Waterson, Rebecca Fox, Todd Menton, Oisin, Eliza Carthy, James Keelaghan and Nancy Kerr. The band Bonny Light Horseman was named after the song.

text:
# Bonny Light Horseman (song)

"**Bonny Light Horseman**" (Roud 1185), also known as "**Broken Hearted I Will Wander**", is a folk song. The singer's romantic interest was killed while fighting against Napoleon in the Peninsular War. It has been recorded by musicians including Nic Jones, Planxty, Lal and Norma Waterson, Rebecca Fox, Todd Menton, Oisin, Eliza Carthy, James Keelaghan and Nancy Kerr. The band Bonny Light Horseman was named after the song.


title: Borbogou

abstract: Borbogou is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

text:
# Borbogou

**Borbogou**  is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

1. Maplandia world gazetteer
2. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Togo".

## InfoBox

| Borbogou | |
| --- | --- |
| BorbogouLocation in Togo | |
| Coordinates: 9°32′N 0°36′E / 9.533°N 0.600°E / 9.533; 0.600 | |
| Country | Togo |
| Region | Kara Region |
| Prefecture | Bassar |
| Time zone | UTC \+ 0 |


title: Stoneman Lake

abstract: Stoneman Lake is a small lake located in northern Arizona, about 30 mi (48 km) south of the city of Flagstaff. Like the nearby Mormon Lake, it is one of the few natural lakes in Arizona. Stoneman Lake is small and shallow, with an average surface area of less than 100 acres (40 ha) and depth of less than 10 ft (3.0 m). As such, it is subject to considerable fluctuations due to local rainfall and snowmelt conditions, and may even dry up completely. Due to the lake intermittently drying up, the availability of fish in the lake is unreliable. Nevertheless, in wet years northern pike and yellow perch are stocked here, and the lake is the location of the state record yellow perch caught in 1984. Recreational activities are generally limited to boating, wildlife viewing and camping. Of particular interest to geologists and of some minor debate is the origin of the lake. The lake fills a nearly circular basin in a region with some historical volcanic activity, leading to the possibility that the lake is either a crater lake or a filled in sinkhole. Evidence exists to support both conclusions, as the lake lies in the middle of the Mormon volcanic field. In Stoneman Lake, there are some traces of fungal prions. They aren't too harmful to the environment or to the tourists who go into the lake.

text:
# Stoneman Lake

**Stoneman Lake** is a small lake located in northern Arizona, about 30 mi (48 km) south of the city of Flagstaff. Like the nearby Mormon Lake, it is one of the few natural lakes in Arizona.

Stoneman Lake is small and shallow, with an average surface area of less than 100 acres (40 ha) and depth of less than 10 ft (3.0 m). As such, it is subject to considerable fluctuations due to local rainfall and snowmelt conditions, and may even dry up completely. Due to the lake intermittently drying up, the availability of fish in the lake is unreliable. Nevertheless, in wet years northern pike and yellow perch are stocked here, and the lake is the location of the state record yellow perch caught in 1984. Recreational activities are generally limited to boating, wildlife viewing and camping.

Of particular interest to geologists and of some minor debate is the origin of the lake. The lake fills a nearly circular basin in a region with some historical volcanic activity, leading to the possibility that the lake is either a crater lake or a filled in sinkhole. Evidence exists to support both conclusions, as the lake lies in the middle of the Mormon volcanic field.

In Stoneman Lake, there are some traces of fungal prions. They aren't too harmful to the environment or to the tourists who go into the lake.

## InfoBox

| Stoneman Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Stoneman LakeStoneman Lake | |
| Location | Coconino County, Arizona,<br>United States |
| Coordinates | 34°46′59.3″N 111°31′17.2″W / 34.783139°N 111.521444°W / 34.783139; -111.521444 |
| Type | crater lake (possible) |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 80 acres (32 ha) |
| Max. depth | 10 ft (3.0 m) |
| Surface elevation | 6,719 ft (2,048 m) |


title: Bryn Harrison

abstract: Bryn Harrison is a British experimental composer. His works have been widely performed by international ensembles and he was a recipient of the 2013 Paul Hamlyn Foundation Award for Composers. He is currently Reader in Composition at the University of Huddersfield. His music deals with ideas of repetition and memory by using "recursive musical structures" and sometimes extended durations, such as the 45-minute ensemble work Repetitions in Extended Time (2008) and the 76-minute piano piece Vessels (2013).

text:
# Bryn Harrison

**Bryn Harrison** (born 1969 in Bolton, England) is a British experimental composer. His works have been widely performed by international ensembles and he was a recipient of the 2013 Paul Hamlyn Foundation Award for Composers. He is currently Reader in Composition at the University of Huddersfield.

His music deals with ideas of repetition and memory by using "recursive musical structures" and sometimes extended durations, such as the 45-minute ensemble work *Repetitions in Extended Time* (2008) and the 76-minute piano piece *Vessels* (2013).

## Education

Harrison initially studied at the Leeds College of Music (1988–91), before completing a master's degree under composer Gavin Bryars at De Montfort University, Leicester. In 1999 he was selected to compete for the Gaudeamus International Composers Award in the Netherlands. He also studied briefly with Christian Wolff and Alvin Lucier in 2001 at the Ostrava Days in the Czech Republic. He was awarded a PhD degree by the University of Huddersfield in 2007.

## Career

Harrison established an early relationship with the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, where his music was presented in 1993 and 1995, before he received festival commissions in 1999 and was the festival's featured composer in 2008. Ensembles and soloists who have performed his music include Ensemble recherche, Klangforum Wien, the London Sinfonietta, the London Symphony Orchestra, Apartment House, Plus-Minus, Asamisimasa, ELISION, EXAUDI, the pianists Philip Thomas and Mark Knoop, and the violinist Aisha Orazbayeva.

## Style

Harrison's work is influenced by the music of Morton Feldman. Feldman and Harrison's works share a general quietness and contemplativeness, a static texture and a concern with repetition or, in Harrison's words, "use of recursive musical forms which challenge our perceptions of time and space by viewing the same material from different angles and perspectives." Other composers for whom Harrison has expressed an admiration include John Cage, Laurence Crane, Tim Parkinson, James Saunders, Richard Glover, Howard Skempton, Christopher Fox, Linda Catlin Smith, Martin Arnold, and Cassandra Miller.

Harrison has also been influenced by visual artists such as Brice Marden, Agnes Martin, James Hugonin and the painter and printmaker Mike Walker, with whom he has collaborated. The artwork of Bridget Riley has been an especially important source for Harrison's work, in works such as *Six Symmetries* (2004), in which Harrison traced musical notation from geometric contours similar to those in Riley's 1960s paintings.

## Significant works

* *Passing Light* (2014) for ensemble and electronics. 40-minute work commissioned by the London Sinfonietta for the Spitalfields Festival.
* *Receiving the Approaching Memory* (2014) for violin and piano. 40-minute work for violinist Aisha Orazbayeva and pianist Mark Knoop, released on the label Another Timbre.
* *Vessels* (2012) for piano. Revised to a 76-minute version in 2013, released on the label Another Timbre.
* *Surface forms (repeating)* (2009) for ensemble. Written for ELISION.
* *Repetitions in Extended Time* (2008) for ensemble. 43-minute work commissioned by Plus Minus.


title: Bismarck-Roon cabinet

abstract: The Bismarck-Roon Cabinet formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King William I, and his successors Frederick III, and William II, from September 23, 1862, to March 30, 1890.

text:
# Bismarck-Roon cabinet

The **Bismarck-Roon Cabinet** formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King William I, and his successors Frederick III, and William II, from September 23, 1862, to March 30, 1890.

## History

After the previous government failed due to the Prussian constitutional conflict with the liberal majority in the chamber over the state parliament's participation in military affairs and fundamentally over the parliamentarization of Prussia, William I appointed a conflict minister, Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck successfully ended the constitutional conflict for the crown through the successes of his policies in the wars against Denmark in 1864 and Austria and its German allies in 1866, which enabled him to have the subsequent tax approval in the Indemnity Act (*Indemnitätsgesetz*) approved by the House of Representatives as a reconciliation offer to the Liberals. The right-wing part of the Liberals now split off from the Progress Party as the National Liberal Party and supported it from then on. During the cabinet's term in office, the German Empire was founded under Prussian hegemony in 1871, which, however, also meant that Prussia was incorporated into the empire as a federal state. Albrecht von Roon replaced Bismarck as Prussian Prime Minister in 1873 in order to relieve the German Chancellor. The separation proved to be unsuccessful so Bismarck returned to the Prime Minister's office at the end of 1873.

## Cabinet members

| Portfolio | Minister | Tookoffice | Leftoffice | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Minister President | Otto von Bismarck | October 8, 1862 | December 21, 1872 |
| | Albrecht von Roon | January 1, 1873 | November 9, 1873 |
| | Otto von Bismarck | November 9, 1873 | March 30, 1890 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Otto von Camphausen | November 9, 1873 | March 23, 1878 |
| | Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode | 1 June 1878 | 20 June 1881 |  | DRP |
| | Robert Viktor von Puttkamer | October 8, 1881 | June 8, 1888 |  | DKP |
| | Karl Heinrich von Boetticher | August 16, 1888 | March 30, 1890 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Albrecht von Bernstorff | September 23, 1862 | October 8, 1862 |
| | Otto von Bismarck | October 8, 1862 | March 30, 1890 |
| Minister of Finance | August von der Heydt | September 23, 1862 | September 30, 1862 |
| | Carl von Bodelwickelh | September 30, 1862 | June 2, 1866 |  | Conservative |
| | August von der Heydt | June 2, 1866 | October 26, 1869 |  |  |
| | Otto von Camphausen | October 26, 1869 | March 23, 1878 |  | Liberals |
| | Arthur Hobrecht | March 30, 1878 | July 5, 1879 |  | NLP |
| | Carl Hermann Bitter | July 5, 1879 | June 28, 1882 |  |  |
| | Adolf von Scholz | June 28, 1882 | March 30, 1890 |  | DRP |
| Minister of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs | Heinrich von Mühler | September 23, 1862 | January 17/22, 1872 |  |  |
| | Adalbert Falk | January 22, 1872 | July 13, 1879 |  | Old Liberals |
| | Robert Viktor von Puttkamer | July 13, 1879 | June 17, 1881 |  | DKP |
| | Gustav von Goßler | June 17, 1881 | March 30, 1890 |  | DKP |
| Minister of Justice | Leopold zur Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld | September 23, 1862 | December 5, 1867 |  | Conservative |
| | Adolph Leonhardt | December 5, 1867 | October 29, 1879 |
| | Heinrich von Friedberg | October 29, 1879 | January 16, 1889 |
| | Hermann von Schelling | January 31, 1889 | March 30, 1890 |
| Minister of Trade, Commerce and Public Works
(until April 17, 1878, then Trade and Commerce) | Heinrich Wilhelm von Holtzbrinck | September 30, 1862 | October 8, 1862 |  | KP |
| | Heinrich Friedrich von Itzenplitz | October 8/December 8, 1862 | April 23/May 13, 1873 |  | Conservative |
| | Heinrich von Achenbach | April 23/May 13, 1873 | March 30, 1878 |  | DRP |
| | Albert von Maybach | March 30, 1878 | March 14/July 14, 1879 |  |  |
| | Karl von Hofmann | March 14/July 14, 1879 | August 23, 1880 |  |  |
| | Otto von Bismarck | September 13, 1880 | January 31, 1890 |  |  |
| | Hans Hermann von Berlepsch | January 31, 1890 | March 30, 1890 |  |  |
| Minister of Public Works
(from April 17, 1878) | Heinrich von Achenbach | April 17, 1878 | March 3, 1879 |  | DRP |
| | Albert von Maybach | July 14, 1879 | March 30, 1890 |  |  |
| Minister of Interior Affairs | Gustav von Jagow | September 23, 1862 | December 8, 1862 |  | KP |
| | Friedrich zu Eulenburg | December 8, 1862 | March 30, 1878 |  |  |
| | Botho zu Eulenburg | March 30, 1878 | February 25, 1881 |  | DKP |
| | Robert Viktor von Puttkamer | June 17, 1881 | June 8, 1888 |  | DKP |
| | Ernst Ludwig Herrfurth | July 2, 1888 | March 30, 1890 |  |  |
| Minister of War | Albrecht von Roon | September 23, 1873 | January 1/November 9, 1873 |  | Conservative |
| | Georg von Kameke | January 1/November 9, 1873 | March 3, 1883 |  |  |
| | Paul Bronsart von Schellendorff | March 3, 1883 | April 8, 1889 |  |  |
| | Julius von Verdy du Vernois | April 8, 1889 | March 30, 1890 |  |  |
| Minister of Agriculture
(until March 13, 1879, then Agriculture, Domains and Forestry) | Heinrich Friedrich von Itzenplitz | September 23, 1862 | December 8, 1862 |  | Conservative |
| | Werner von Selchow | December 8, 1862 | January 13, 1873 |  | Conservative |
| | Otto von Königsmarck | January 13, 1873 | December 8, 1873 |  | Conservative |
| | Heinrich von Achenbach | December 8, 1873 | September 19, 1874 |  | DRP |
| | Karl Rudolf Friedenthal | September 19, 1874 | July 13, 1879 |  | DRP |
| | Robert Lucius von Ballhausen | July 13, 1879 | March 30, 1890 |  | DRP |
| Naval Minister
(until December 31, 1871) | Albrecht von Roon | October 8, 1862 | March 30, 1890 |  |  |

1. Holtz, Bärbel (2003). *Die Protokolle des Preussischen Staatsministeriums 1817-1934/ 38*. Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann. pp. 698–702. ISBN 3-487-11825-4. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
2. Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto Graf zu. "Bismarck, Otto Fürst von (seit 1871) - Deutsche Biographie". *www.deutsche-biographie.de* (in German). Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 29 January 2024.

## InfoBox

| Bismarck-Roon Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
Cabinet of the Kingdom of Prussia | |
| 1862–1890 | |
| Minister President Bismarck | |
| Date formed | September 23, 1862 |
| Date dissolved | March 30, 1890
(27 years, 6 months and 1 week) |
| People and organisations | |
| King | William I (1862–1888)
Frederick III (1888)
William II (1888–1890) |
| Minister President | Otto von Bismarck
Albrecht von Roon |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen cabinet |
| Successor | Caprivi cabinet |


title: Stavros Karampelas

abstract: Stavros Karampelas is a Greek politician and currently the President of the Greek political party Enosi Dimokratikou Kentrou.

text:
# Stavros Karampelas

**Stavros Karampelas** is a Greek politician and currently the President of the Greek political party Enosi Dimokratikou Kentrou (Union of the Democratic Centre).

## Biography

He was born in Petroupoli (Athens) in July 1973. He studied Political Sciences and Public Administration at the Panteion University of Athens and currently he is a PhD candidate at the same University in the Department of Sociology (specialization: Modern Greek Society). He joined the E.DI.K. Youth wing in 1989 and he became president of the organisation on the 13/08/1993. He had a close collaboration with Yannis Zighdis and Professor Neoklis Sarris, who were the precedent leaders of the E.DI.K party. Stavros Karampelas was elected as President of the Union of the Democratic Centre by the 3rd Congress (9 March 2012). He had previously been a member of the Executive Committee, the Organising Secretary and the General Secretary of the Party. He has worked as an executive member in the private sector, in the field of Management Communication but also as a contact person of the Dodecanese Cultural Foundation 'Kleovoulos Lindos".

Today is working as columnist and he is member of the Greek Chamber of Commerce. He was among the founders of the National Youth Council (E.SY.N.) and elected president of the same organisation for the years 2001-2003.


abstract: Edward George Younger, 3rd Viscount Younger of Leckie was a Scottish nobleman.

text:
# Edward Younger, 3rd Viscount Younger of Leckie

**Edward George Younger, 3rd Viscount Younger of Leckie** (21 November 1906 – 25 June 1997) was a Scottish nobleman.

## Family background

Lord Younger of Leckie came from a Scottish family which had been making money from brewing since the 18th century, and which entered the aristocracy in the early years of the 20th century. His great-great-great-great-grandfather, George Younger (baptised 1722), was the founder of the family's brewing business, George Younger and Son. This George Younger's great-great-grandson, also named George Younger (1851-1929), entered politics, and was created Viscount Younger of Leckie in 1923. This peerage has passed in an unbroken line from father to son ever since.

## Birth and early life

Younger was the elder son of James Younger, 2nd Viscount Younger of Leckie (1880–1946) by his wife Maud Gilmour (daughter of Sir John Gilmour, 1st Baronet). He was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford.

His brother Sir Kenneth Younger was the Labour Member of Parliament for Grimsby 19451959.


title: Qambar

abstract: Qambar, is the headquarter of the Qambar Shahdadkot District of Sindh. It has a district court and district level government offices. The town is also famous due to a large following of the living saint Saien Hussain Shah.

text:
# Qambar

**Qambar**, is the headquarter of the Qambar Shahdadkot District of Sindh. It has a district court and district level government offices. The town is also famous due to a large following of the living saint Saien Hussain Shah.

## History

Qamber town was part of Larkana District until December 2004 when the Sindh government announced the creation of a new district and made it the capital of the new Qambar-Shahdad Kot District.

27°59′N 68°39′E / 27.983°N 68.650°E / 27.983; 68.650


title: Birmingham Town Hall

abstract: Birmingham Town Hall is a concert hall and venue for popular assemblies opened in 1834 and situated in Victoria Square, Birmingham, England. It is a Grade I listed building. The hall underwent a major renovation between 2002 and 2007. It now hosts a diverse programme of events including jazz, world, folk, rock, pop and classical concerts, organ recitals, spoken word, dance, family, educational and community performances, as well as annual general meetings, product launches, conferences, dinners, fashion shows, graduation ceremonies and broadcasts.

text:
# Birmingham Town Hall

**Birmingham Town Hall** is a concert hall and venue for popular assemblies opened in 1834 and situated in Victoria Square, Birmingham, England. It is a Grade I listed building.

The hall underwent a major renovation between 2002 and 2007. It now hosts a diverse programme of events including jazz, world, folk, rock, pop and classical concerts, organ recitals, spoken word, dance, family, educational and community performances, as well as annual general meetings, product launches, conferences, dinners, fashion shows, graduation ceremonies and broadcasts.

## History

The building was created as a home for the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival established in 1784, the purpose of which was to raise funds for the General Hospital, after St Philip's Church (later to become a cathedral) became too small to hold the festival, and for public meetings.

Two sites were considered by the Birmingham Street Commissioners for the construction of a concert hall in the city; Bennetts Hill and the more expensive Paradise Street site. The latter was chosen and a design competition was launched which resulted with the submission of 67 designs including one by Charles Barry, whose design for the King Edward's School on New Street was then under construction.

Joseph Hansom, of Hansom cab fame, and Edward Welch were chosen as the architects and they expressed that they expected the construction cost to be £8,000 (equivalent to £940,000 in 2023). The first of the monumental town halls that would come to characterise the cities of Victorian England, Birmingham Town Hall was also the first significant work of the 19th-century revival of Roman architecture, a style chosen here in the context of the highly charged radicalism of 1830s Birmingham for its republican associations. The design was based on the proportions of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum. "Perfect and aloof" on a tall, rusticated podium, it marked an entirely new concept in English architecture.

Hill of London was hired to build the 6,000 pipe organ for £6,000. Construction began on 27 April 1832 with an expected completion date of 1833. However, Hansom went bankrupt during construction, having tendered too low. The contractors were also losing money. Three guarantors donated money for the building; W. P. Lloyd, John Welch and Edward Tench. With the injection of this money, the building was successfully opened for the delayed Music Festival on 7 October 1834.

During construction, on 26 January 1833, two workers were killed when a 70-foot crane constructed to install the roof trusses broke and the pulley block failed. John Heap died instantly and William Badger died a few days later from his injuries. They were buried in St Philip's churchyard and a memorial, consisting of a pillar base made by one of the workmen for the Town Hall, was dedicated to them. Architect Charles Edge was commissioned in 1835 to repair weaknesses to the design of the building. He was also commissioned for the extension of the building in 1837 and again in 1850.

At Christmas 1853, Charles Dickens gave the first of his public readings of his own works in the building, repeating this to raise money for the Birmingham and Midland Institute; and Mendelssohn's *Elijah* (August 1846), Elgar's *The Dream of Gerontius* (October 1900) and Arthur Sullivan's *Overture di Ballo* (August 1870) received their premieres in the hall as part of the Triennial Musical Festival which commissioned new works for every season. The hall was the home venue for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra from 1918 until 1991 when they moved to Symphony Hall.

In November 1880, the Hall was filled to capacity for a Birmingham public protest meeting in support of Revd. Richard Enraght, Vicar of Holy Trinity, Bordesley, who was imprisoned in Warwick Prison under the Disraeli Government's Public Worship Regulation Act. In December 1901, it was the scene of rioting on the occasion of a visit by David Lloyd George.

On 9 August 1902, the town hall, along with the council house, was illuminated in celebration of the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra.

In 1937, as part of the celebrations for the Coronation of George VI, the Town Hall was bedecked with the various Arms of the Lord of the Manor of Birmingham since 1166 and each column festooned with garlands. The pediment also had images of Britannia, supported by mermaids, which were sculpted by William Bloye. This decorative scheme for the Town Hall and the whole of the city was devised by William Haywood, Secretary of The Birmingham Civic Society.

Popular music has also featured, and in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, headline acts such as Buddy Holly, The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Pink Floyd, Black Sabbath, The Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan appeared.

It featured prominently in the 1967 Peter Watkins film *Privilege* and doubled for the Royal Albert Hall in the 1996 film *Brassed Off*.

### Renovations

The Hall closed in 1996 for a £35 million refurbishment, undertaken by Wates Construction, that saw the Town Hall brought back to its original glory with its 6,000-pipe organ still in place. The project was funded by £18.3 million from Birmingham City Council, £13.7 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £3 million from the European Regional Development Fund. The upper gallery, which had been added in 1926–27, was removed, restoring the interior of the hall to an approximation of its original condition.

The Birmingham City Organist, Thomas Trotter, performed a piece of music to a group of school children in 2005 after the majority of the organ had been cleaned. However, the organist and the children all had to wear hard hats as the risk of falling debris remained. He had played the organ each month from the hall's closure to 2005, thus ensuring that it was maintained in playable condition. The hall is now managed alongside Symphony Hall, by the registered charity Performances Birmingham Limited. At 1,100, the seating capacity is about half that of Symphony Hall.

It reopened for concerts on 4 October 2007, and was officially reopened on 22 April 2008 by TRH The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.

During the years of refurbishment the side of the Town Hall facing Victoria Square was hidden by giant advertising sheets, a giant advent calendar, and during the 2002 FIFA World Cup a large outside television screen that was used to broadcast live matches from Korea and Japan. Although the television screen was only temporary, another "Big Screen" was erected on the corner of the building in Chamberlain Square facing Birmingham Central Library, which broadcast live from the television channel BBC One. The BBC Big Screen was removed after much controversy.

## Architecture

The hall takes the form of a free-standing Corinthian temple, with 14 bays running north to south and 8 bays east to west. It is closely modelled on the Temple of Castor and Pollux in Rome and reproduces its predecessor's most distinctive feature – its tall podium – in rusticated stone. The building's columns are topped with capitals featuring Acanthus leaves in a distinctive interlocking spiral design, above which the simplified entablature features a plain architrave and dentil cornice. Behind the colonnade the cella containing the Great Hall features tall windows capped with eared architraves. At the south end of the podium there is an arcade two bays deep, glazed in to form a vestibule in 1995, that marks the main entrance to the building.

The building is constructed in brick made in Selly Oak and faced with Penmon Anglesey Marble presented to the town by Sir Richard Bulkeley, proprietor of the Penmon quarries.

## Pipe organ

The town hall is famous for its concert pipe organ. Originally installed in 1834 by William Hill & Sons with 6,000 pipes, it was once the largest and most technologically advanced in the world. In 1888, Charles William Perkins was appointed the first City Organist, based at the Town Hall. The organ was restored by Willis in 1932.

## Further pictures

* Harris, Penelope (2010). *The Architectural Achievement of Joseph Hamsom (1803–1882), Designer of the Hansom Cab, Birmingham Town Hall and Churches of the Catholic Revival*. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-3851-4.
* Holyoak, Joe (1989). *All About Victoria Square*. Birmingham: The Victorian Society Birmingham Group. ISBN 0-901657-14-X.
* Foster, Andy (2005). *Pevsner Architectural Guides – Birmingham*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10731-5.
* Peers, Anthony (2012). *Birmingham Town Hall – An Architectural History*. Farnham: Lund Humphries. ISBN 978-1-84822-074-4.
* Thistlewaite, Nicholas (1984). *Birmingham Town Hall Organ*. Birmingham: Birmingham City Council. OCLC 30721233.

## InfoBox

| Birmingham Town Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Birmingham Town Hall, March 2009 | |
| Birmingham Town HallLocation within West Midlands county | |
| General information | |
| Type | Concert hall |
| Architectural style | Classical |
| Location | Victoria Square |
| Town or city | Birmingham |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 52°28′47″N 1°54′13″W / 52.4796°N 1.9037°W / 52.4796; -1.9037 |
| Current tenants | B:Music |
| Construction started | 27 April 1832 |
| Opened | 7 October 1834 |
| Renovated | 1996—2007 |
| Cost | 25,000 Pound sterling |
| Renovation cost | 35 million Pound sterling |
| Owner | Birmingham City Council |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Joseph Hansom & Edward Welch |
| Main contractor | Thomas & Kendall |
| Renovating team | |
| Architect(s) | Rodney Melville Partners and associated architects |
| Renovating firm | Wates Group |
| Other information | |
| Seating capacity | 1,086 |
| Website | |
| www.thsh.co.uk | |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade I | |
| Official name | Birmingham Town Hall |
| Designated | 25 April 1952 |
| Reference no. | 1343161 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Birmingham Symphony Orchestra

abstract: The Birmingham Symphony Orchestra was a professional symphony orchestra based in Birmingham, England between 1906 and 1918. The orchestra was founded as a self-governing organisation run on cooperative lines by musicians from George Halford's Orchestra, which had been performing annual series of concerts in Birmingham since 1897. George Halford remained the new orchestra's Music Director, though he would only conduct half of their concerts. The new body included fifty of the musicians from the previous organisation. The inaugural concert took place in Birmingham Town Hall on 4 April 1906 and was conducted by Henry Wood, with further concerts in the 1906-1907 season being conducted by Halford, Hans Richter and Landon Ronald, and the Musical Times describing as a "splendid concert" a performance conducted by Halford in March 1907. For the 1907-1908 and 1908-1909 seasons concerts by the BSO were promoted under the auspices of the "Birmingham Concerts Society" and took place on Tuesday evenings, conducted by Halford, Frederick Cowen, Charles Stanford, Allen Gill and Henri Verbrugghen. From July 1910 it was the "Birmingham Philharmonic Society" that promoted eight concerts a year featuring the BSO players and conductors including Halford, Wood, Ronald, George Henschel, Vasily Safonov, Thomas Beecham and Fritz Cassirer. The orchestra also gave popular Saturday night concerts at the Town Hall that continued until 1918, and performed widely alongside many different choral societies with conductors including Edward Elgar, Henry Coward and George Robertson Sinclair. Although there was no institutional connection between the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and the later City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, fifteen of the players who founded the earlier organisation in 1906 would also play with the later orchestra when it was established in 1920.

text:
# Birmingham Symphony Orchestra

The **Birmingham Symphony Orchestra** was a professional symphony orchestra based in Birmingham, England between 1906 and 1918.

The orchestra was founded as a self-governing organisation run on cooperative lines by musicians from George Halford's Orchestra, which had been performing annual series of concerts in Birmingham since 1897. George Halford remained the new orchestra's Music Director, though he would only conduct half of their concerts. The new body included fifty of the musicians from the previous organisation.

The inaugural concert took place in Birmingham Town Hall on 4 April 1906 and was conducted by Henry Wood, with further concerts in the 1906-1907 season being conducted by Halford, Hans Richter and Landon Ronald, and the *Musical Times* describing as a "splendid concert" a performance conducted by Halford in March 1907. For the 1907-1908 and 1908-1909 seasons concerts by the BSO were promoted under the auspices of the "Birmingham Concerts Society" and took place on Tuesday evenings, conducted by Halford, Frederick Cowen, Charles Stanford, Allen Gill and Henri Verbrugghen. From July 1910 it was the "Birmingham Philharmonic Society" that promoted eight concerts a year featuring the BSO players and conductors including Halford, Wood, Ronald, George Henschel, Vasily Safonov, Thomas Beecham and Fritz Cassirer.

The orchestra also gave popular Saturday night concerts at the Town Hall that continued until 1918, and performed widely alongside many different choral societies with conductors including Edward Elgar, Henry Coward and George Robertson Sinclair.

Although there was no institutional connection between the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and the later City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, fifteen of the players who founded the earlier organisation in 1906 would also play with the later orchestra when it was established in 1920.

## Bibliography

* Handford, Margaret (2006). *Sounds Unlikely: Music in Birmingham*. Studley: Brewin Books. ISBN 1858582873.
* Harlow, Martin (1999). "Mr Halford's Orchestral Concerts 1897-1907. Conductor at Large". *The Musical Times*. **140** (1867). Musical Times Publications Ltd.: 49–53. doi:10.2307/1193895. JSTOR 1193895.
* King-Smith, Beresford (1995). *Crescendo! 75 years of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra*. London: Methuen. ISBN 0413697401.


title: Bindu (album)

abstract: Bindu is the debut album by drummer Hamid Drake and his group Bindu. It was recorded on March 1 and 2, 2005, at Soma Electronic Music Studios in Chicago, Illinois, and was issued on CD later that year by Rogueart as the label's inaugural release. On the album, Drake is joined by saxophonists and clarinetists Daniel Carter, Ernest Dawkins, Sabir Mateen, and Greg Ward, as well as flutist and special guest Nicole Mitchell.

text:
# Bindu (album)

***Bindu*** is the debut album by drummer Hamid Drake and his group Bindu. It was recorded on March 1 and 2, 2005, at Soma Electronic Music Studios in Chicago, Illinois, and was issued on CD later that year by Rogueart as the label's inaugural release. On the album, Drake is joined by saxophonists and clarinetists Daniel Carter, Ernest Dawkins, Sabir Mateen, and Greg Ward, as well as flutist and special guest Nicole Mitchell.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Alain Drouot wrote: "Propelled and supported by the percussionist, the four saxophonists and clarinetists offer gorgeous comping and vamping, harrowing counterpoints, and enthralling dialogues; their interwoven voices are definitely a highlight... This most auspicious attempt at leading his own project should encourage Drake to move further in that direction."

Kurt Gottschalk of *All About Jazz* singled out "Remembering Rituals," a flute and percussion duet, for praise, describing Mitchell as "the rare flautist inventive enough to carry such an extended percussion piece." *AAJ'*s Ollie Bivens called the album "an enjoyable listen," but suggested that it "is best enjoyed in portions—the parts being better than the whole."

*Paris Transatlantic'*s Nate Dorward stated: "The keynote of *Bindu*... is the relation between drums and the human voice, whether raised in praise, prayer or elegy... It's music more about sound, mood and collaborative jamming than about development... the results are varied and alluring... Drake's rolling, handwoven grooves are a tonic in this age of jazz drummers hung up on herkyjerky hyperactivity."

Writing for *JazzWord*, Ken Waxman commented: "Moving among his extended percussion kit... Drake manipulates and maneuvers them to confirm why his rhythmic aptitude is in demand literally throughout the world." Regarding the two-part "Bindu #1 for Ed Blackwell," he remarked: "both contain the sort of funky, pared-to-the-bone riffing that wouldn't have been unfamiliar to Count Basie's or any other Southwestern territory band reed section. Off-kilter foot-tappers, they highlight irregular vibrated split tones and glottal punctuates from one altoist, double tongued, overblown honks from one of the tenorists and intense ornamentation from a clarinetist as Drake supplies triple-metered Africanized beats."

In an article for *Perfect Sound Forever*, Mike Wood noted that, on the album, Drake "is much more meditative and hermetic as some of his other work." He wrote: "Drawing on his study of Sufism and Buddhism more explicitly than in other contexts, Drake extends his past work, claiming it in surprising ways, as if showing what he has learned and what he aims to now teach."

## Track listing

1. "Remembering Rituals" (Hamid Drake, Nicole Mitchell) – 13:46
2. "Bindu #2 for Baba Fred Anderson" (Hamid Drake) – 10:53
3. "A Prayer for the Bardo, for Baba Mechack Silas" (Daniel Carter, Ernest Dawkins, Greg Ward, Hamid Drake, Sabir Mateen) – 8:37
4. "Meeting and Parting" (Daniel Carter, Ernest Dawkins, Greg Ward, Hamid Drake, Sabir Mateen) – 11:09
5. "Born Upon a Lotus" (Hamid Drake) – 3:04
6. "Bindu #1 for Ed Blackwell" (Hamid Drake) – 6:27
7. "Bindu #1 for Ed Blackwell, From Bindu to Ojas" (Hamid Drake) – 6:08
8. "Do Khyentse's Journey, 139 Years and More" (Hamid Drake) – 13:27

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Bindu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hamid Drake and Bindu | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Recorded | March 1–2, 2005 |
| Studio | Soma Electronic Music Studios, Chicago, Illinois |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 1:13:31 |
| Label | Rogueart
ROG-0001 |
| Producer | Michel Dorbon |
| Hamid Drake and Bindu chronology | |
| ***Bindu***
(2005) *Blissful*
(2008) | |


title: Bissy (family)

abstract: The Bissy family (de) was a French noble family. Members of the family have been poets, generals, bishops, explorers and resistance fighters.

text:
# Bissy (family)

The **Bissy family** (de) was a French noble family. Members of the family have been poets, generals, bishops, explorers and resistance fighters.

## History of the family

## Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the family is three red crayfish on a gold surface.

## Notable members

1. Arms of the Bissy family
2. "Portrait of Héliodore de Bissy (FR)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
3. Henri-Pons de Bissy on the Catholic Hierarchy
4. Claude de Bissy on the Académie Française (FR) Archived 2010-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
5. Announcement of Monique de Bissy's death on the Belgian newspaper "La Libre Belgique"(FR)


title: Bini, Burkina Faso

abstract: Bini is a village in the Ouo Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 283.

text:
# Bini, Burkina Faso

**Bini** is a village in the Ouo Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 283.

## InfoBox

| Bini, Burkina Faso | |
| --- | --- |
| Bini, Burkina FasoLocation in Burkina Faso | |
| Coordinates: 10°33′N 3°44′W / 10.550°N 3.733°W / 10.550; -3.733 | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Cascades Region |
| Province | Comoé Province |
| Department | Ouo Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 283 |


title: Robin Fior

abstract: Robin Fior was a designer closely associated with radical and libertarian causes in the 1960s and 70s. Born in London, Fior learned typesetting as a public schoolboy at Harrow. As a designer and typographer, he was self-taught, learning on the job and from colleagues and printers. His single year as an undergraduate in the English department at Oxford was spent mostly in bookshops. But he developed an interest in language and politics that marked his entire professional and social life.

text:
# Robin Fior

**Robin Fior** (27 January 1935 – 29 September 2012) was a designer closely associated with radical and libertarian causes in the 1960s and 70s.

Born in London, Fior learned typesetting as a public schoolboy at Harrow. As a designer and typographer, he was self-taught, learning on the job and from colleagues and printers. His single year as an undergraduate in the English department at Oxford was spent mostly in bookshops. But he developed an interest in language and politics that marked his entire professional and social life.


title: Bitwise Industries

abstract: Bitwise Industries was an American company focused on computer programming instruction, technology sales, and real estate operations. Founded in 2013 by Irma Olguin Jr. and Jake Soberal in Fresno, the company grew to have campuses in additional cities before furloughing its workforce and terminating the co-CEOs in June 2023.

text:
# Bitwise Industries

**Bitwise Industries** was an American company focused on computer programming instruction, technology sales, and real estate operations. Founded in 2013 by Irma Olguin Jr. and Jake Soberal in Fresno, the company grew to have campuses in additional cities before furloughing its workforce and terminating the co-CEOs in June 2023.

## History

Fresno-based lawyer Jake Soberal worked with technology designer and instructor Irma Olguin Jr. to found Geekwise Academy in 2012, a coding boot camp organization focused on serving the underprivileged community. This boot camp grew into Bitwise Industries, officially founded in July 2013, when it purchased an 8,000 sq ft (740 m2) building in downtown Fresno and leased out workspaces to small technology companies. The internal software development team was named Shift3 Technologies.

The company continued to grow, eventually purchasing a 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) building, also in downtown Fresno, that had been empty for many years. The building had previously been a car dealership. Bitwise renovated the building to have three floors of office space, a coffee shop and a 160-seat theater and named it Bitwise South Stadium. The building opened in 2015.

In June 2019, Bitwise received $27 million in Series A round funding to create campuses in other cities. Oakland-based Kapor Capital provided the expansion funding. In 2022, the company announced the cities in which it sought to expand, starting with renovating the Old Central Post Office in downtown Toledo, Ohio. It also began renovations in a 32,000 sq ft (3,000 m2) building at on Buffalo’s East Side and in the Sotoa Building in El Paso, Texas. After the expansion, it projected to have operations in ten cities in the US.

Cash flow problems and legal issues caused Bitwise to furlough all 900 employees on May 31, 2023. On June 2, 2023, the board of directors terminated co-CEOs Irma Olguin Jr. and Jake Soberal and installed Ollen Douglass as interim president. On June 29, Bitwise entered Chapter 7 liquidation and began winding down all assets.

A lawsuit, filed on May 31, 2023, alleged that Bitwise improperly sought out loans and was unauthorized in listing properties for sale. It was filed by a Texas company that financed five Bitwise real estate acquisitions. The city of Fresno alleged that Bitwise has failed to pay taxes for two years. Reports later surfaced that Soberal misrepresented a pending large investment from Goldman Sachs in exchange for hard money loans. Former employees explored a class-action lawsuit for labor law violations.

On November 9, 2023, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of California announced federal wire fraud charges against Olguin and Soberal, citing $100 million in fraudulently obtained funds. In July 2024, Olguin and Soberal changed their pleas to guilty of wire fraud and wire fraud conspiracy and agreed to pay $115 million in restitution. They could receive sentences of up to 20 years in prison and a fine of $250,000.

## InfoBox

Bitwise Industries
|
|  |
|
| Industry | Technology |
| Founded | July 2013 (2013-07) |
| Founders | Irma Olguin Jr. and Jake Soberal |
| Defunct | June 29, 2023 (2023-06-29) |
| Fate | Chapter 7 liquidation |
| Headquarters | Fresno, CA |
| Website | bitwiseindustries.com |


title: Black Horse, Thetford

abstract: The Black Horse is a grade II listed pub in Thetford, Norfolk, England. It dates from the Mid 18th century and is constructed of flint, clunch and brick, with a colour wash over plaster, and a roof of black-glazed pantiles. It was modified and enlarged in the 19th and 20th centuries when the rooms on the ground floor were knocked into one. Beer was brewed on the premises until the 1860s, when the pub was sold to Bidwell and Company, then Thetford's largest brewers. Between 1928 and 1936, the publican was G Sweeney. As of 2015, the pub is run as a free house. The building was given grade II designation by English Heritage, protecting it from unauthorised development or demolition, in March 1971.

text:
# Black Horse, Thetford

The **Black Horse** is a grade II listed pub in Thetford, Norfolk, England. It dates from the Mid 18th century and is constructed of flint, clunch and brick, with a colour wash over plaster, and a roof of black-glazed pantiles.

It was modified and enlarged in the 19th and 20th centuries when the rooms on the ground floor were knocked into one.

Beer was brewed on the premises until the 1860s (latterly by the proprietor, a Mr John W. Tyrell), when the pub was sold to Bidwell and Company, then Thetford's largest brewers. Between 1928 and 1936, the publican was G Sweeney. As of 2015, the pub is run as a free house.

The building was given grade II designation by English Heritage (now Historic England), protecting it from unauthorised development or demolition, in March 1971.

## Further reading

* "The Black Horse Thetford: A History - Thetford's Inns, Pubs and Beerhouses 1" David J.Osborne 56pp ISBN 9781916328303

## InfoBox

| Black Horse | |
| --- | --- |
| The pub in August 2013 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Pub |
| Address | Magdalen Street |
| Town or city | Thetford |
| Country | England |
| Coordinates | 52°24′52″N 0°45′13″E / 52.4145°N 0.7536°E / 52.4145; 0.7536 |
| Construction started | Mid 18th century |
| Designations | Grade II listed |


title: Binmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis

abstract: Binmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis The Binmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis is a Sengoku period cemetery located in the town of Taga, Inukami District, Shiga Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2005.

text:
# Binmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis

The **Binmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis** (敏満寺石仏谷墓跡, *Binmanji ishibotoke-dani haka ato*) is a Sengoku period cemetery located in the town of Taga, Inukami District, Shiga Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2005.

## Overview

The Buddhist temple of Binman-ji was once located on the eastern shore of Lake Biwa in the central part of Shiga Prefecture. Belonging to the Tendai sect, it is mentioned in historical records from the early Kamakura period in connection with a copper *Gorintō* pagoda that the priest Chōgen donated for reconstruction of Tōdai-ji in Nara. This artifact survives and is a National Important Cultural Property. The temple was fortified in the Sengoku period and was in an area hotly contested between Asai Nagamasa and Oda Nobunaga. It was destroyed in 1571 by Nobunaga and never rebuilt. The stone foundations of the temple were re-used in the construction of Hikone Castle and little trace of the temple itself remains.

However, behind the temple site at the foot of Mount Seiryu is one of the largest groups of medieval tombs from the 13th to the 16th century in Japan. The center of the temple appears to have been near the precincts of the current Konomiya Shrine, and the flat surfaces around the shrine are the foundations for various of its buildings. To the north of the shrine are the ruins of fortifications and townhouses from the 15th to 16th centuries, which housed the large *sōhei* military force which protected the temple.

The necropolis area is to the south of the temple ruins and consists of many stone Buddhas, *Gorintō*, *Hōkyōintō* and plain boulders used as gravestones, for a total of over 1600 tombs. The Taga Town Board of Education conducted a partial archaeological excavation from 1995 to 2004 for surveying and confirmation of contents. Some of the tombs were for multiple burials. There are ten flat areas distributed within the necropolis area, which were the foundations of chapels or other structures, including what appears to have been a crematorium. Burial urns include examples of Seto ware, Mino ware, Tokoname ware, Shigaraki ware, Bizen-yaki, Suzu ware, Echizen ware and Chinese ceramics. From these relics, it is thought that the tombs were built in the latter half of the 13th to 16th centuries, and the burials are estimated to be of a relatively homogeneous hierarchy.

The site is about a 15-minute walk from Tagataishamae Station on the Ohmi Railway.

## InfoBox

Binmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis
| 敏満寺石仏谷墓跡 | |
| --- | --- |
| Binmanji Ishibotokedani NecropolisBinmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis (Japan) | |
| Location | Taga, Shiga, Japan |
| Region | Kansai region |
| Coordinates | 35°12′47″N 136°17′14″E / 35.21306°N 136.28722°E / 35.21306; 136.28722 |
| Type | necropolis |
| History | |
| Founded | 13th-16th century AD |
| Periods | Sengoku period |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes (no public facilities) |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Rough Riders' Round-up

abstract: Rough Riders' Round-up is a 1939 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers.

text:
# Rough Riders' Round-up

***Rough Riders' Round-up*** is a 1939 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers.

## Plot

At the end of the Spanish–American War, Rogers and several of his comrades in arms from the Rough Riders become US Border Patrolmen on the Mexican border.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

* Roy Rogers - "Ridin' Down the Trail" (Written by Eddie Cherkose, Cy Feuer and Roy Rogers)
* Roy Rogers - "Here on the Range With You" (Written by Tim Spencer)
* Soldiers during the opening credits - "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" (Written by Louis Lambert, a pseudonym for Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore)

## InfoBox

| Rough Riders' Round-up | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Joseph Kane |
| Written by | Jack Natteford (original screenplay) |
| Produced by | Joseph Kane (associate producer) |
| Starring | Roy Rogers |
| Cinematography | Jack A. Marta |
| Edited by | Lester Orlebeck |
| Music by | William Lava
Joseph Nussbaum |
| Distributed by | Republic Pictures |
| Release date | * 13 March 1939 (1939-03-13) |
| Running time | 58 minutes (original version)
54 minutes (edited version) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Equinox Flower

abstract: Equinox Flower is a 1958 color Japanese film directed by Yasujirō Ozu which is based on a novel by Ton Satomi.

text:
# Equinox Flower

***Equinox Flower*** (彼岸花, *Higanbana*) is a 1958 color Japanese film directed by Yasujirō Ozu which is based on a novel by Ton Satomi.

## Plot

Wataru Hirayama (Shin Saburi) is a wealthy Tokyo businessman. When an old schoolmate Mikami (Chishū Ryū) approaches him for help concerning his daughter Fumiko (Yoshiko Kuga), who has run off owing to a conflict with her father, he agrees. Finding her in a bar where she now works, he listens to her side of the story. Fumiko complains that her father is stubborn, insisting on arranging her marriage, whereas she has now fallen in love with a musician and is adamant to lead life her own way.

One day during work, a young man named Masahiko Taniguchi (Keiji Sada) approaches Hirayama to ask for the hand of his elder daughter, Setsuko (Ineko Arima). Hirayama is extremely unhappy that his daughter has made wedding plans on her own. He confronts her at home and says that she must not go to work until she sees the folly of her ways. Hirayama tries to find out more about Taniguchi from his subordinate.

Owing to the standoff, his daughter's friend Yukiko (Fujiko Yamamoto) tries a ruse in which she asks Hirayama's opinion concerning a similar situation – her mother forcing her to marry someone she didn't like. When Hirayama advises her to ignore her mother, Yukiko reveals it is all a setup and states that Hirayama has just given his consent to Setsuko's marriage.

Despite the ruse, Hirayama remains unchanged and Hirayama's wife Kiyoko (Kinuyo Tanaka) accuses her husband of being "inconsistent". Even his younger daughter Hisako (Miyuki Kuwano) is on the side of her sister, finding her father too old-fashioned. Finally, after the couple's insistence on getting married, Hirayama decides to give in by attending his daughter's wedding.

After the wedding, Mikami reveals that he, like Hirayama, has agreed to let his daughter select her own marriage partner. After going for a short business trip outside Tokyo, Hirayama decides to visit the newly-weds at Hiroshima by train, where Taniguchi is stationed by his company.

## Cast

## Production

It is Yasujirō Ozu's first film in color, while Japan's first color film, Keisuke Kinoshita's *Carmen Comes Home*, had been released in 1951. Ozu chose Agfa film from Germany over Kodak or Fujifilm, as he felt that it conveyed red colors better. The meaning of "equinox flower" or "higanbana" of the title is the red *Lycoris*.

Shochiku requested that Ozu shoot *Equinox Flower* in color primarily to showcase Fujiko Yamamoto, the Daiei superstar it had borrowed for the film. The movie is constructed to spotlight the actress, who is elevated with extended dialogue scenes as a protégé of Hirayama who drives the plot resolution from the sidelines, and she won the 1958 Blue Ribbon Award as Best Actress for *Equinox Flower* and *The Snowy Heron*, which featured her in a much showier starring role. Yamamoto also receives what may be the only solo screen credit in any of Ozu's films, which starred some of the biggest names in Japanese cinema.

## Release

### Critical reception

*Equinox Flower* garnered 88% approval on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.4/10. Dave Kehr praised the film as "gentle, spare, and ultimately elusive, in a quietly satisfying way." *Equinox Flower* received four votes in the 2012 *Sight & Sound* critics' poll of the world's greatest films. Roger Ebert wrote, " In *Equinox Flower*, a Japanese film by the old master Yasujiro Ozu, there is this sequence of shots: A room with a red teapot in the foreground. Another view of the room. The mother folding clothes. A shot down a corridor with a mother crossing it at an angle, and then a daughter crossing at the back. A reverse shot in the hallway as the arriving father is greeted by the mother and daughter. A shot as the father leaves the frame, then the mother, then the daughter. A shot as the mother and father enter the room, as in the background the daughter picks up the red pot and leaves the frame. This sequence of timed movement and cutting is as perfect as any music ever written, any dance, any poem."

### Home media

In 2007, The Criterion Collection released the film as part of the DVD box set *Eclipse Series 3: Late Ozu*.

In 2011, the BFI released a Region 2 Dual Format Edition (Blu-ray + DVD). Included with this release is a standard definition presentation of *There Was a Father*.

## InfoBox

| Equinox Flower<br>Higanbana | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio still showing from left: Ineko Arima, Fujiko Yamamoto and Yoshiko Kuga | |
| Directed by | Yasujirō Ozu |
| Written by | Kōgo Noda, Yasujirō Ozu |
| Based on | novel by Ton Satomi |
| Produced by | Shizuo Yamanouchi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Yuharu Atsuta |
| Edited by | Yoshiyasu Hamamura |
| Music by | Takanobu Saitō |
| Distributed by | Shochiku |
| Release date | * September 7, 1958 (1958-09-07) |
| Running time | 118 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |