title: Fedosov manifold

abstract:
In mathematics, a Fedosov manifold is a symplectic manifold with a compatible torsion-free connection, that is, a triple (M, ω, ∇), where (M, ω) is a symplectic manifold (that is, ω is a symplectic form, a non-degenerate closed exterior 2-form, on a C ∞
-manifold M), and ∇ is a symplectic torsion-free connection on M. (A connection ∇ is called compatible or symplectic if X ⋅ ω(Y,Z) = ω(∇XY,Z) + ω(Y,∇XZ) for all vector fields X,Y,Z ∈ Γ(TM). In other words, the symplectic form is parallel with respect to the connection, i.e., its covariant derivative vanishes.) Note that every symplectic manifold admits a symplectic torsion-free connection. Cover the manifold with Darboux charts and on each chart define a connection ∇ with Christoffel symbol Γ j k i = 0. Then choose a partition of unity (subordinate to the cover) and glue the local connections together to a global connection which still preserves the symplectic form. The famous result of Boris Vasilievich Fedosov gives a canonical deformation quantization of a Fedosov manifold.

text:
# Fedosov manifold

In mathematics, a **Fedosov manifold** is a symplectic manifold with a compatible torsion-free connection, that is, a triple (*M*, ω, ∇), where (*M*, ω) is a symplectic manifold (that is, $\omega $ is a symplectic form, a non-degenerate closed exterior 2-form, on a $C^{\infty }$-manifold *M*), and ∇ is a symplectic torsion-free connection on $M.$ (A connection ∇ is called **compatible** or **symplectic** if *X* ⋅ ω(*Y,Z*) = ω(∇*X**Y*,*Z*) + ω(*Y*,∇*X**Z*) for all vector fields *X,Y,Z* ∈ Γ(T*M*). In other words, the symplectic form is parallel with respect to the connection, i.e., its covariant derivative vanishes.) Note that every symplectic manifold admits a symplectic torsion-free connection. Cover the manifold with Darboux charts and on each chart define a connection ∇ with Christoffel symbol $\Gamma \_{jk}^{i}=0$. Then choose a partition of unity (subordinate to the cover) and glue the local connections together to a global connection which still preserves the symplectic form. The famous result of Boris Vasilievich Fedosov gives a canonical deformation quantization of a Fedosov manifold.

## Examples

For example, $\mathbb {R} ^{2n}$ with the standard symplectic form $dx\_{i}\wedge dy\_{i}$ has the symplectic connection given by the exterior derivative $d.$ Hence, $\left(\mathbb {R} ^{2n},\omega ,d\right)$ is a Fedosov manifold.

1. Gelfand, I.; Retakh, V.; Shubin, M. (1997). "Fedosov Manifolds". *Preprint*. arXiv:dg-ga/9707024. Bibcode:1997dg.ga.....7024G.
2. Fedosov, B. V. (1994). "A simple geometrical construction of deformation quantization". *Journal of Differential Geometry*. **40** (2): 213–238. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214455536. MR 1293654.
* Esrafilian, Ebrahim; Hamid Reza Salimi Moghaddam (2013). "Symplectic Connections Induced by the Chern Connection". arXiv:1305.2852 \[math.DG\].


title: Retranchement

abstract: Retranchement is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is located on the Belgian border, about 9 km northwest of Oostburg, in the municipality of Sluis.

text:
# Retranchement

**Retranchement** is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is located on the Belgian border, about 9 km northwest of Oostburg, in the municipality of Sluis.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1627 as "Een groot en seer sterck Retrenchement". Retrenchement is a type of sconce. The village is named after Retranchement Cadsandria which was built around 1622 to protect against the Spanish troops, and consists of a wall with bastions with a sconce on either side. The fortification was built by Maurice, Prince of Orange to control the Zwin and protect the recently conquered harbour of the Sluis. The fortification were enlarged in 1644, and a little settlement developed. The redoubt of Fort Nassau still exists.

The Dutch Reformed church is a small aisleless church with ridge turret which was built in 1630 as a garrison church. The exterior was restored in 1948, and the interior in 1955.

Construction of the nameless grist mill of Retranchement started on 24 July 1643. It was blown over in a storm in 1717, and rebuilt 70 metres from its original spot. It was damaged in 1944, but could still be operated. It was repaired in 1948. In 1963, it was no longer in service. It was restored in 1982/83 and 2002/2003, and operates on a voluntary basis.

Retranchement used to be an important border crossing, and there was an interchange station between the tram line from Breskens to Maldeghem and the Belgian tram line to Knokke. The tram lines closed in 1939 and 1948 respectively.

Retranchement was the scene of heavy fighting both in May 1940 and October to November 1944. Retranchement and Sluis were the last places liberated by the Canadian army during the Battle of the Scheldt, due to the strong fortifications of the village. 779 Canadians and 1,305 Germans died near Retranchement.

Retranchement was a separate municipality until 1970, when it was merged with Sluis.

## InfoBox

| Retranchement | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Bandstand in Retranchement | |
|  | |
| RetranchementLocation in the province of Zeeland in the NetherlandsRetranchementRetranchement (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 51°20′52″N 3°23′5″E / 51.34778°N 3.38472°E / 51.34778; 3.38472 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Zeeland |
| Municipality | Sluis |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2.4 m (7.9 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 295 |
| Density | 29/km2 (75/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4525 |
| Dialing code | 0117 |


abstract: The 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1908 college football season. The season began on September 26. LSU won the SIAA championship, but amidst fears of many players being ineligible under SIAA rules most sportswriters did not include them for consideration. Its season was clouded by accusations of professionalism from Grantland Rice and rival school Tulane which was also undefeated in southern play. Despite this, the SIAA eventually cleared LSU of any wrongdoing. LSU featured Hall of Fame quarterback Doc Fenton. Auburn and Vanderbilt were among those listed as alternative SIAA champions. The newspapers unanimously handed the title to Auburn. Auburn featured first-year halfback Lew Hardage. Vanderbilt had a down year with a wealth of sophomores; guided shrewdly by McGugin to its success. The Tennessee Volunteers compiled four wins in SIAA play, the most in team history. It was widely considered the best Tennessee football season up to that point. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin noted "All things considered, Leach was perhaps the best football player of the year in Dixie."

text:
# 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season

1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| LSU \+ | 2 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Auburn \+ | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Vanderbilt | 3 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Tennessee | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Georgia Tech | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Georgia | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Alabama | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Sewanee | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 3 |
| Mississippi A&M | 1 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Ole Miss | 0 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Mercer | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Howard (AL) | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Clemson | 0 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Nashville |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season** was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1908 college football season. The season began on September 26.

LSU won the SIAA championship, but amidst fears of many players being ineligible under SIAA rules most sportswriters did not include them for consideration. Its season was clouded by accusations of professionalism from Grantland Rice and rival school Tulane which was also undefeated in southern play. Despite this, the SIAA eventually cleared LSU of any wrongdoing. LSU featured Hall of Fame quarterback Doc Fenton.

Auburn and Vanderbilt were among those listed as alternative SIAA champions. The newspapers unanimously handed the title to Auburn. Auburn featured first-year halfback Lew Hardage. Vanderbilt had a down year with a wealth of sophomores; guided shrewdly by McGugin to its success.

The Tennessee Volunteers compiled four wins in SIAA play, the most in team history. It was widely considered the best Tennessee football season up to that point. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin noted "All things considered, Leach was perhaps the best football player of the year in Dixie."

## Results and team statistics

| Conf. Rank | Team | Head coach | Overall record | Conf. record | PPG | PAG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 (tie) | LSU | Edgar Wingard | 10–0 | 2–0 | **44.3** | **1.1** |
| 1 (tie) | Auburn | Mike Donahue | 6–1 | 5–1 | 22.6 | 1.4 |
| 3 | Vanderbilt | Dan McGugin | 7–2–1 | 3–0–1 | 20.7 | 6.1 |
| 4 | Tennessee | George Levene | 7–2 | 3–2 | 13.8 | 3.9 |
| 5 | Georgia Tech | John Heisman | 6–3 | 4–3 | 16.3 | 8.2 |
| 6 | Georgia | Branch Bocock | 5–3–1 | 2–2–1 | 9.0 | 5.6 |
| 7 (tie) | Alabama | Doc Pollard | 6–1–1 | 1–1–1 | 13.5 | 3.9 |
| 7 (tie) | Sewanee | Harry Van Surdam | 4–1–3 | 1–1–1 | 11.8 | 2.5 |
| 9 | Mississippi A&M | Fred Furman | 3–4 | 1–3 | 15.4 | 16.1 |
| 10 | Mississippi | Frank Kyle | 3–5 | 0–2 | 12.4 | 15.6 |
| 11 | Mercer | Frank Blake | 3–4 | 0–3 | 18.7 | 8.4 |
| 12 | Howard | John Counselman | 2–4 | 0–3 |  |  |
| 12 | Clemson | Stein Stone | 1–6 | 0–4 | 3.7 | 14.9 |
| 13 | Nashville |

**Key**

PPG = Average of points scored per game
PAG = Average of points allowed per game

## Regular season

| Index to colors and formatting |
| --- |
| Non-conference matchup; SIAA member won |
| Non-conference matchup; SIAA member lost |
| Non-conference matchup; tie |
| Conference matchup |

SIAA teams in **bold**.

### Week One

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 26 | Gordon | **Clemson** | Bowman Field • Calhoun, SC | **W** 15–0 |  |  |
| September 26 | Southwestern Presbyterian | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley FieldNashville, TN | **W** 11–5 |  |  |

### Week Two

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 3 | Memphis University School | **Ole Miss** | Oxford, MS | **W** 30–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | Mooney | **Sewanee** | Hardee FieldSewanee, TN | **W** 29–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | Wetumpka Agricultural School | **Alabama** | The QuadTuscaloosa, AL | **W** 27–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | Howard (AL) | **Auburn** | West End Park • Birmingham, AL | **W** 18–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | North Georgia | **Georgia** | Herty FieldAthens, GA | **W** 16–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | Gordon | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon ParkAtlanta, GA | **W** 32–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | Locust Grove Institute | **Mercer** | Central City Park • Macon, GA | **W** 56–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | North Carolina | **Tennessee** | Waite FieldKnoxville, TN | **W** 12–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | New Orleans Gym Club | **LSU** | State FieldBaton Rouge, LA | **W** 41–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | Maryville (TN) | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN | **W** 32–0 |  |  |

### Week Three

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 10 | Howard (AL) | **Alabama** | West End Park • Birmingham, AL | **W** 17–0 |  |  |
| October 10 | Gordon | **Auburn** | Drill Field • Auburn, AL | **W** 42–0 |  |  |
| October 10 | Castle Heights | **Sewanee** | Hardee Field • Sewanee, TN | **W** 35–2 |  |  |
| October 10 | Florida | **Mercer** | Central City Park • Macon, GA | **W** 24–0 |  |  |
| October 10 | Louisiana Industrial | **Mississippi A&M** | Hardy Field • Starkville, MS | **W** 47–0 |  |  |
| October 10 | **Ole Miss** | Arkansas | The Hill • Fayetteville, AR | **L** 33–0 |  |  |
| October 10 | Mooney | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon Park • Atlanta, GA | **W** 30–0 |  |  |
| October 10 | Maryville (TN) | **Tennessee** | Waite Field • Knoxville, TN | **W** 39–5 |  |  |
| October 10 | VPI | **Clemson** | Bowman Field • Calhoun, SC | **L** 6–0 |  |  |
| October 10 | Rose Polytechnic | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN | **W** 32–0 |  |  |
| October 11 | Jackson Barracks-New Orleans | **LSU** | State Field • Baton Rouge, LA | **W** 81–5 | 1,000 |  |

### Week Four

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 17 | **Auburn** | **Mercer** | Central City Park • Macon, GA | **AUB** 23–0 |  |  |
| October 17 | Cincinnati | **Alabama** | State Fairgrounds • Birmingham, AL | **W** 16–0 |  |  |
| October 17 | **Mississippi A&M** | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon Park • Atlanta, GA | **GT** 23–0 |  |  |
| October 17 | South Carolina | **Georgia** | Herty Field • Athens, GA | **W** 29–6 |  |  |
| October 17 | **Sewanee** | Virginia | Lafayette Field • Norfolk, VA | **T** 0–0 | 5,000 |  |
| October 17 | Texas A&M | **LSU** | Pelican ParkNew Orleans, LA | **W** 26–0 |  |  |
| October 17 | Kentucky State College | **Tennessee** | Waite Field • Knoxville, TN | **W** 7–0 |  |  |
| October 17 | **Clemson** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN | **VAN** 41–0 |  |  |
| October 17 | Cape Girardeau Normal | **Ole Miss** | Edgewood Park • Memphis, TN | **W** 17–0 |  |  |

### Week Five

| Date | Time | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 23 |  | Southwestern Presbyterian | **Mississippi A&M** | Columbus Fairgrounds • Columbus, MS | **W** 6–0 | 4,000 |  |
| October 24 | 12:00 p. m. | **Sewanee** | **Auburn** | West End Park • Birmingham, AL | **AUB** 6–0 | 3,000 |  |
| October 24 |  | **Georgia** | **Tennessee** | Waite Field • Knoxville, TN | **TENN** 10–0 |  |  |
| October 24 |  | **Alabama** | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon Park • Atlanta, GA | **GT** 11–6 |  |  |
| October 24 |  | **Ole Miss** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN | **VAN** 29–0 |  |  |
| October 26 |  | Southwestern Presbyterian | **LSU** | State Field • Baton Rouge, LA | **W** 55–0 |  |  |

### Week Six

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 28 | Davidson | **Clemson** | State Fair Grounds • Columbia, SC | **L** 0–13 |  |  |
| October 29 | Mississippi College | **Ole Miss** | State Fairgrounds • Jackson, MS | **W** 41–0 |  |  |
| October 31 | Chattanooga | **Alabama** | The Quad • Tuscaloosa, AL | **W** 23–6 |  |  |
| October 31 | **Georgis** | **Mercer** | Central City Park • Macon, GA | **UGA** 11–0 |  |  |
| October 31 | **LSU** | **Auburn** | Drill Field • Auburn, AL | **LSU** 10–2 |  |  |
| October 31 | **Vanderbilt** | Michigan | Ann Arbor, MI | **L** 6–24 |  |  |
| October 31 | Kentucky University | **Mississippi A&M** | Hardy Field • Starkville, MS | **W** 12–5 |  |  |
| October 31 | **Sewanee** | Kentucky State College | State Athletic Field • Lexington, KY | **W** 12–0 |  |  |
| October 31 | **Tennessee** | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon Park • Atlanta, GA | **TENN** 6–5 |  |  |
| October 31 | **Ole Miss** | Tulane | Pelican Park • New Orleans, LA | **L** 0–10 |  |  |

### Week Seven

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 5 | **Clemson** | **Georgia** | Augusta, GA | **UGA** 8–0 |  |  |
| November 7 | **Auburn** | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon Park • Atlanta, GA | **AUB** 44–0 |  |  |
| November 7 | **Mississippi A&M** | **LSU** | State Field • Baton Rouge, LA | **LSU** 50–0 |  |  |
| November 7 | **Sewanee** | Saint Louis | Sportsman's ParkSt. Louis, MO | **T** 6–6 |  |  |
| November 7 | **Tennessee** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN | **VAN** 16–9 |  |  |

### Week Eight

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 10 | Baylor | **LSU** | State Field • Baton Rouge, LA | **W** 89–0 |  |  |
| November 10 | Southwestern Presbyterian | **Ole Miss** | Oxford, MS | **L** 5–9 |  |  |
| November 14 | **Georgia** | **Alabama** | State Fairgrounds • Birmingham, AL | **T** 6–6 |  |  |
| November 14 | **Sewanee** | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon Park • Atlanta, GA | **SEW** 6–0 |  |  |
| November 14 | **Mississippi A&M** | Tulane | Pelican Park • New Orleans, LA | **L** 23–0 |  |  |
| November 14 | Ohio State | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN | **L** 6–17 |  |  |
| November 14 | **Clemson** | **Tennessee** | Waite Field • Knoxville, TN | **TENN** 6–5 |  |  |
| November 16 | Haskell | **LSU** | Pelican Park • New Orleans, LA | **W** 33–0 |  |  |

### Week Nine

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 17 | **Mercer** | The Citadel | Charleston, SC | **L**5–10 |  |  |
| November 19 | **Georgia Tech** | **Mercer** | Central City Park • Macon, GA | **GT** 16–6 |  |  |
| November 20 | Haskell | **Alabama** | The Quad • Tuscaloosa, AL | **W** 9–8 |  |  |
| November 21 | Davidson | **Georgia** | Herty Field • Athens, GA | **W** 2–0 |  |  |
| November 21 | Chattanooga | **Tennessee** | Waite Field • Knoxville, TN | **W** 35–0 |  |  |
| November 21 | **Vanderbilt** | Washington University | Francis Field • St. Louis, MO | **W** 28–0 | 6,000 |  |
| November 23 | **LSU** | Louisiana Industrial | Ruston, LA | **W** 22–0 |  |  |

### Week Ten

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 26 | **Tennessee** | **Alabama** | State Fairgrounds • Birmingham, AL | **ALA** 4–0 |  |  |
| November 26 | **Clemson** | **Georgia Tech** | Ponce de Leon Park • Atlanta, GA | **GT** 30–6 |  |  |
| November 26 | **Georgia** | **Auburn** | Montgomery Baseball Park • Montgomery, AL | **AUB** 23–0 |  |  |
| November 26 | **LSU** | Arkansas | West End ParkLittle Rock, AR | **W** 36–4 | 5,000 |  |
| November 26 | Howard (AL) | **Mercer** | Central City Park • Macon, Georgia | **W** 45–0 |  |  |
| November 26 | **Ole Miss** | **Mississippi A&M** | State Fairgrounds • Jackson, MS | **MSA&M** 44–6 |  |  |
| November 26 | **Sewanee** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN | **T** 6–6 |  |  |

## Awards and honors

### All-Southern team

The consensus All-Southern team:

| Position | Name | First-team Selectors | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| QB | Ray Morrison | NB | Vanderbilt |
| HB | Walker Leach | H, DM, NB | Tennessee |
| HB | Lew Hardage | DM | Auburn |
| FB | Lawrence Markley | H, DM, NB | Sewanee |
|  | Vaughn Blake | H, DM, NB | Vanderbilt |
|  | Frank Faulkinberry | H, DM, NB | Sewanee |
|  | Louis Hasslock | H, DM, NB | Vanderbilt |
|  | C. C. Countess |  | Alabama |
|  | James L. Harris |  | Sewanee |
|  | J. R. Davis | H, DM | Georgia Tech |
|  | Walker Reynolds |  | Auburn |
|

Selectors include John Heisman (H), Dan McGugin (DM), and Nash Buckingham (NB).

1. *Spalding's Football Guide*. Shawnee Mission, Kansas, NCAA Publishing Service. 1909. p. 75.
2. "From 'The LSU Football Vault': The 1908 Season". Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
3. Woodruff 1928, p. 223
4. Edwin Pope (1956). *Football's Greatest Coaches*. pp. 340, 342.
5. Fields, Bud; Bertucci, Bob (1982). *Big Orange: a pictorial history of University of Tennessee football*. p. 34. ISBN 9780880110716.
6. "1908 Independent Year Summary".
7. "Clemson is winner from Gordon squad". *The Atlanta Journal*. September 27, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
8. "Close call for the Commodores". *The Nashville American*. September 27, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
9. "U of M too heavy; Memphis University School eleven beaten 30 to 0 in opening clash". *The Commercial Appeal*. October 5, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
10. "Tigers open season by easily defeating Mooney, score 29 to 0". *The Nashville Tennessean*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
11. "Wetumpka is easy, varsity football team plays its first game". *The Montgomery Advertiser*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
12. "Auburn 18, Howard 0". *The Atlanta Constitution*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
13. "Georgia 16, Dahlonega 0". *The Atlanta Constitution*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
14. "Tech defeats Gordon Institute in first game of season". *The Atlanta Journal*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
15. "Mercer 56; Locust Grove 0". *The Atlanta Constitution*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
16. "Tennessee 12, Carolina 0 - Tar Heels unable to score against their strong opponents at Knoxville". *Charlotte Daily Observer*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
17. "L.S.U. wins easily". *The Times-Democrat*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
18. "Walkover for Vandy with Maryville team". *The Atlanta Journal*. October 4, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
19. "Howard is downed". *The Montgomery Advertiser*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
20. "Auburn crushes Gordon". *The Birmingham Age-Herald*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
21. "Sewanee runs up big score on C.H." *Nashville Banner*. October 13, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
22. "Mercer 24; Florida 0". *The Atlanta Constitution*. October 11, 1908. p. 4. Retrieved July 22, 2016  via Newspapers.com.
23. "A&M shows strength; Starkville squad runs through Louisianans 47 to 0 in their first game of season". *The Commercial Appeal*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
24. "Mississippi 0, Arkansas 33; State University eleven plays rings around University of Mississippi". *The Arkansas Gazette*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
25. "Inman Bell's arm broken in scrimmage". *The Atlanta Journal*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
26. "Tennessee's easy victory - had no trouble in running up score on Maryville". *The Sunday Times*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
27. Woodruff 1928, p. 213
28. "Vanderbilt is held to 32 to 0 score by Poly". *The Indianapolis Star*. October 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
29. "Barracks team loses". *The Times-Democrat*. October 13, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
30. "Auburn 23; Mercer 0". *The Atlanta Constitution*. October 18, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
31. "Blanked in the South, U. of C. eleven failed to score on Alabama". *The Cincinnati Enquirer*. October 18, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
32. Woodruff 1928, p. 214
33. Woodruff 1928, p. 216
34. "No score at Norfolk". *Evening Star*. October 18, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
35. "Yellow and Purple Win; Texas A. & M. Defeated". *The Times-Democrat*. October 18, 1908. p. 15. Retrieved May 8, 2016  via Newspapers.com.
36. Woodruff 1928, p. 215
37. "Rah Rah Boys Are In Town". *The Commercial Appeal*. Memphis, Tennessee. October 17, 1908. p. 11. Retrieved October 3, 2023  via Newspapers.com .
38. "Columbus sees excellent game". *The Birmingham Age-Herald*. October 24, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
39. "Auburn's Greatest Victory In Many Years". *Orange and Blue*: 204. November 11, 1908.
40. Woodruff 1928, p. 217
41. Woodruff 1928, p. 218
42. "Big Score". *The Tennessean*. October 27, 1908. p. 6. Retrieved May 9, 2016  via Newspapers.com.
43. "Davidson downs Clemson Tigers". *Charlotte Daily Observer*. October 29, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
44. "Clinton was very easy; University team won signal victory at Fair Grounds". *Jackson Daily News*. October 30, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
45. "Touchdown for locals, University of Chattanooga made good showing". *Chattanooga Daily Times*. November 1, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
46. "Much fumbling in Georgia". *The Commercial Appeal*. November 1, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
47. Woodruff 1928, p. 221
48. "Michigan crushes the dreaded Vanderbilt team". *The Detroit Free Press*. November 1, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
49. "Transylvania loses to Mississippi team". *The Lexington Herald*. November 1, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
50. Woodruff 1928, p. 220
51. "Tulane defeats Mississippi by score of 10 to 0". *The Daily Democrat*. November 1, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
52. "Clemson Tigers were defeated". *The State*. November 6, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
53. Woodruff 1928, p. 222
54. "St. Louis baffled by Sewanee attack". *St. Louis Globe-Democrat*. November 8, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
55. "L.S.U. Football Team Defeats Baylor 89 To 0". *The Times-Democrat*. November 11, 1908. p. 11. Retrieved May 8, 2016  via Newspapers.com.
56. "Mississippi beaten 9–5". *The Commercial Appeal*. November 11, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
57. "Tulane wins by big score". *The Shreveport Times*. November 15, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
58. "Ohio State varsity defeats Vanderbilt". *The State*. November 15, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
59. "Clemson defeated by one point, that's all". *The Journal and Tribune*. November 15, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
60. "Haskell Lost Second Game of Their Trip". *Lawrence Daily World*. November 17, 1908. p. 1. Retrieved May 8, 2016  via Newspapers.com.
61. "New style football won for The Citadel". *The State*. November 18, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
62. "Tech's line crossed; Fumble gave Mercer touchdown unlooked for in game at Macon". *The Commercial Appeal*. November 20, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
63. "Crimson-White triumphs over Haskell Indians". *Tuscaloosa Times-Gazette*. November 21, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
64. "Georgia defeats Davidson". *The News and Observer*. November 22, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
65. "Tennessee gets fright when Green rushes across goal with pigskin". *The Sunday Times*. November 22, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
66. "Cayou's Eleven In Shape For Great Battle". *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. St. Louis, Missouri. November 21, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved July 17, 2023  via Newspapers.com .
67. "Washington U. Beaten by the Forward Pass". *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. St. Louis, Missouri. November 22, 1908. p. 1S. Retrieved July 17, 2023  via Newspapers.com .
68. "Ruston beaten by Louisiana". *Arkansas Democrat*. November 24, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
69. "Orange and Blue Waves triumphant over plucky Georgia eleven and Auburn takes the championship". *The Montgomery Advertiser*. November 27, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
70. "Louisiana downs Arkansas boys". *The Commercial Appeal*. November 27, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
71. "Mercer 45, Howard 0". *The Atlanta Constitution*. November 27, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
72. "Cadets march over Varsity". *The Commercial Appeal*. November 27, 1908. Retrieved May 10, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
* Woodruff, Fuzzy (1928). *A History of Southern Football 1890–1928*. Vol. 1.

## InfoBox

| 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season | |
| --- | --- |
| League | NCAA |
| Sport | College football |
| Duration | September 26, 1908<br>through November 29, 1908 |
| Number of teams | 13 |
| Regular Season | |
| Season champions | LSU<br>Auburn |


title: 1929–30 Chicago Black Hawks season

abstract: The 1929–30 Chicago Black Hawks season was the team's fourth season in the NHL. After a two-year absence, the Hawks would return to the playoffs, losing to the Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs.

text:
# 1929–30 Chicago Black Hawks season

The **1929–30 Chicago Black Hawks season** was the team's fourth season in the NHL. After a two-year absence, the Hawks would return to the playoffs, losing to the Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs.

## Regular season

They were coming their second straight season of winning only 7 games, and finishing in last place in the league. The Black Hawks would make yet another coaching change, hiring Tom Shaughnessy. The Hawks would surprise the league, getting off to a 10–8–3 start, however, the team would fire Shaughnessy and replace him with Bill Tobin. Tobin would lead Chicago to a record of 11–10–2, and they would finish the year with a 21–18–5 record, tripling their win total from the previous season, to finish in second place in the American Division, and make the playoffs for the second time in team history. The Black Hawks would set team records with wins, points and goals for, and finish above .500 for the first time in team history.

The Black Hawks moved from the Chicago Coliseum to the new Chicago Stadium after Paddy Harmon was removed from the presidency of the Stadium in November 1929. Harmon had not been able to negotiate a deal with the Black Hawks, but within weeks of his ouster, the Stadium's board of directors agreed to the Black Hawks' terms of US$4,500 (equivalent to $79,849 in 2023) per night and a guaranteed Sunday afternoon slot. The gate receipts for the Black Hawks increased to nearly triple the previous season's receipts. The team grossed US$282,350 (equivalent to $5,149,794 in 2023) and attendance jumped to 186,920.

Chicago was led offensively by young players Tom Cook, who at 22, led the club with 30 points, and Johnny Gottselig, at 23 years old, leading the Black Hawks with 21 goals. Team captain Duke Dutkowski would lead all Black Hawk defensemen with 17 points in 44 games.

In goal, Chuck Gardiner would once again get all the playing time, setting a Black Hawks team record with 21 wins, and have 3 shutouts, along with a 2.42 GAA.

### November

The Black Hawks opened the 1929–30 season on the road in Toronto on November 14, as the Black Hawks and Toronto Maple Leafs fought to a 2–2 tie. The Black Hawks hosted the Montreal Canadiens two nights later, on November 16, in their home opener, in which the two teams battled to a 4–4 draw in the Hawks' first game at Chicago Stadium. Mush March scored the first goal in the new arena. The Hawks would record their first win of the season on the road as they defeated the New York Americans 5–1.

Chicago returned home to face the Ottawa Senators on November 21. The Hawks Art Somers recorded a hat trick, as he scored three goals against the Senators, however, Ottawa held on to defeat the Hawks 6–5 in overtime. Three nights later, the Hawks would record their first win at their new arena, as Chuck Gardiner stopped every shot he faced, leading Chicago to a 4–0 win over the Detroit Cougars. The Hawks would lose their final game of November, dropping a 3–2 decision to the New York Rangers.

Chicago finished November with a 2–2–2 record in six games, earning six points. The club was in third place in the American Division, four points behind the first place Boston Bruins.

### December

The Black Hawks opened December with a game against the first place Boston Bruins, and Chicago defeated Boston 3–1 after a very solid performance by Chuck Gardiner. Chicago would open the month of December with five consecutive victories, including a 4–2 win over the New York Americans on December 8 in which Earl Miller recorded a hat trick.

The Hawks winning streak was snapped on December 19, as the Detroit Cougars defeated Chicago 4–3. This led to the beginning of a three-game losing skid for the club. The Black Hawks stopped the losing streak with a solid 3–1 win over the Ottawa Senators on Christmas Eve, and followed it up with a 4–3 win against the Montreal Maroons two nights later. The Hawks ended the month with a 4–3 loss to the Toronto Maple Leafs on December 29.

The Black Hawks earned a 7–4–0 record during the month of December. This brought their overall win–loss record to 9–6–2 in the season, earning 20 points and tied with the New York Rangers for second place in the American Division, ten points behind the first place Boston Bruins.

### January

Chicago opened the 1930s with an overtime loss by the score of 3–2 to the Montreal Canadiens on New Year's Day on home ice. The Hawks losing skid extended to three games, as the Detroit Cougars shutout the Hawks 4–0 in Chicago. In the back end of the home-and-home series, the Black Hawks ended their losing streak, as they tied the Cougars 1–1 in Detroit.

The Black Hawks then returned home for a three-game home stand, and Chicago would go a perfect 3–0–0 in these games, highlighted by a huge 2–1 victory over the first place Boston Bruins on January 16. The Hawks ended January with five games on the road, in which Chicago earned a record of 2–3–0 in those games, earning wins over the Pittsburgh Pirates and Ottawa Senators.

The club earned a 5–5–1 record during January. The Black Hawks overall record at the end of January was 14–11–3, earning 31 points, and in third place. Chicago was one point behind the New York Rangers for second place, but fell to nineteen points behind the division leading Boston Bruins.

### February

The Black Hawks seven game road trip continued with a 6–0 loss to the Toronto Maple Leafs on February 1, which was the second consecutive game that the team was shutout, as they lost to the Montreal Canadiens 1–0 in overtime on January 30. In the final game of the road trip, Chicago returned to the win column, as they beat the Detroit Cougars 4–1.

The Hawks then began a five-game home stand, and started it off with a 3–2 win over the Montreal Maroons. Chicago would then lose the next four games of the home stand, dropping their overall record to .500 at 16–16–3.

Chicago finished off February on a quick two game road trip, in which they ended their four-game slide with a 2–0 win over the Montreal Maroons, followed by a 1–1 draw against the New York Rangers.

The Black Hawks slumped to a 3–5–1 record in February, which was their first losing month of the season. Chicago's overall record at the end of the month was 17–16–4, earning 38 points and in a tie for second place with the New York Rangers. The Hawks were out of the running for first place though, as the Boston Bruins were 29 points ahead of Chicago.

### March

The Black Hawks started off March back at home with a 3–0 shutout victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates, extending their unbeaten streak to three games. The New York Rangers and Black Hawks fought to a 1–1 tie Chicago's next game.

The club went on their final road trip of the season, and started it off with a 4–3 win against the Pirates on March 8, extending their unbeaten streak to five games. The Hawks streak was snapped the following night, as the New York Americans beat Chicago 5–2. The road trip concluded with a close 4–3 loss to the Boston Bruins.

The Hawks returned home for their final two games, and defeated the Boston Bruins for the third time in the season, as Johnny Gottselig scored the overtime winner in a 3–2 win over Boston. The Black Hawks earned a 3–3–0 record against Boston during the season, an impressive feat, as Boston finished the season with a 38–5–1 record, losing only two other games throughout the year. The regular season concluded on March 18, as Chicago defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 4–1.

Chicago had a very solid 4–2–1 record in the month of March, which brought their final regular season record to 21–18–5, earning 56 points, which was a club record. Chicago finished the season in second place in the American Division.

### Season standings

American Division
|  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | PTS |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Boston Bruins** | 44 | 38 | 5 | 1 | 179 | 98 | **77** |
| **Chicago Black Hawks** | 44 | 21 | 18 | 5 | 117 | 111 | **47** |
| **New York Rangers** | 44 | 17 | 17 | 10 | 136 | 143 | **44** |
| Detroit Cougars | 44 | 14 | 24 | 6 | 117 | 133 | **34** |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 44 | 5 | 36 | 3 | 102 | 185 | **13** |

Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against
Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in **bold**.

### Record vs. opponents

## Schedule and results

| **#** | **Date** | **Visitor** | **Score** | **Home** | **Record** | **Pts** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | November 14 | Chicago Black Hawks | 2–2 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 0–0–1 | 1 |
| 2 | November 16 | Chicago Black Hawks | 4–4 | Montreal Canadiens | 0–0–2 | 2 |
| 3 | November 19 | Chicago Black Hawks | 5–1 | New York Americans | 1–0–2 | 4 |
| 4 | November 21 | Ottawa Senators | 6–5 | Chicago Black Hawks | 1–1–2 | 4 |
| 5 | November 24 | Detroit Cougars | 0–4 | Chicago Black Hawks | 2–1–2 | 6 |
| 6 | November 28 | New York Rangers | 3–2 | Chicago Black Hawks | 2–2–2 | 6 |
| 7 | December 1 | Boston Bruins | 1–3 | Chicago Black Hawks | 3–2–2 | 8 |
| 8 | December 5 | Chicago Black Hawks | 5–2 | Pittsburgh Pirates | 4–2–2 | 10 |
| 9 | December 8 | New York Americans | 2–4 | Chicago Black Hawks | 5–2–2 | 12 |
| 10 | December 12 | Montreal Maroons | 3–4 | Chicago Black Hawks | 6–2–2 | 14 |
| 11 | December 15 | Pittsburgh Pirates | 1–3 | Chicago Black Hawks | 7–2–2 | 16 |
| 12 | December 19 | Chicago Black Hawks | 3–4 | Detroit Cougars | 7–3–2 | 16 |
| 13 | December 21 | Chicago Black Hawks | 1–4 | Boston Bruins | 7–4–2 | 16 |
| 14 | December 22 | Chicago Black Hawks | 1–3 | New York Rangers | 7–5–2 | 16 |
| 15 | December 24 | Chicago Black Hawks | 3–1 | Ottawa Senators | 8–5–2 | 18 |
| 16 | December 26 | Chicago Black Hawks | 4–3 | Montreal Maroons | 9–5–2 | 20 |
| 17 | December 29 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 4–3 | Chicago Black Hawks | 9–6–2 | 20 |
| 18 | January 1 | Montreal Canadiens | 3–2 | Chicago Black Hawks | 9–7–2 | 20 |
| 19 | January 5 | Detroit Cougars | 4–0 | Chicago Black Hawks | 9–8–2 | 20 |
| 20 | January 9 | Chicago Black Hawks | 1–1 | Detroit Cougars | 9–8–3 | 21 |
| 21 | January 12 | New York Rangers | 1–2 | Chicago Black Hawks | 10–8–3 | 23 |
| 22 | January 14 | Pittsburgh Pirates | 2–6 | Chicago Black Hawks | 11–8–3 | 25 |
| 23 | January 16 | Boston Bruins | 1–2 | Chicago Black Hawks | 12–8–3 | 27 |
| 24 | January 19 | Chicago Black Hawks | 1–4 | New York Rangers | 12–9–3 | 27 |
| 25 | January 21 | Chicago Black Hawks | 1–5 | Boston Bruins | 12–10–3 | 27 |
| 26A | January 25 | Chicago Black Hawks | 5–2 | Pittsburgh Pirates | 13–10–3 | 29 |
| 27 | January 28 | Chicago Black Hawks | 2–1 | Ottawa Senators | 14–10–3 | 31 |
| 28 | January 30 | Chicago Black Hawks | 0–1 | Montreal Canadiens | 14–11–3 | 31 |
| 29 | February 1 | Chicago Black Hawks | 0–6 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 14–12–3 | 31 |
| 30 | February 2 | Chicago Black Hawks | 4–1 | Detroit Cougars | 15–12–3 | 33 |
| 31 | February 6 | Montreal Maroons | 2–3 | Chicago Black Hawks | 16–12–3 | 35 |
| 32 | February 16 | Montreal Canadiens | 2–1 | Chicago Black Hawks | 16–13–3 | 35 |
| 33 | February 18 | New York Americans | 6–4 | Chicago Black Hawks | 16–14–3 | 35 |
| 34 | February 20 | Ottawa Senators | 5–2 | Chicago Black Hawks | 16–15–3 | 35 |
| 35 | February 23 | Detroit Cougars | 2–1 | Chicago Black Hawks | 16–16–3 | 35 |
| 36 | February 25 | Chicago Black Hawks | 2–0 | Montreal Maroons | 17–16–3 | 37 |
| 37 | February 27 | Chicago Black Hawks | 1–1 | New York Rangers | 17–16–4 | 38 |
| 38 | March 2 | Pittsburgh Pirates | 0–3 | Chicago Black Hawks | 18–16–4 | 40 |
| 39 | March 4 | New York Rangers | 2–2 | Chicago Black Hawks | 18–16–5 | 41 |
| 40B | March 8 | Chicago Black Hawks | 4–3 | Pittsburgh Pirates | 19–16–5 | 43 |
| 41 | March 9 | Chicago Black Hawks | 2–5 | New York Americans | 19–17–5 | 43 |
| 42 | March 11 | Chicago Black Hawks | 3–4 | Boston Bruins | 19–18–5 | 43 |
| 43 | March 13 | Boston Bruins | 2–3 | Chicago Black Hawks | 20–18–5 | 45 |
| 44 | March 18 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 1–4 | Chicago Black Hawks | 21–18–5 | 47 |

**A** – played at Atlantic City, New Jersey. **B** – played at Peace Bridge, Buffalo, New York.

## Playoffs

After a two-year absence, the Hawks would return to the playoffs, and face the second place team from the Canadian Division, the Montreal Canadiens, in the opening round in a two-game, total goal series.

The series opened at Chicago Stadium, however, despite a solid 38 save effort by goaltender Charlie Gardiner, the Canadiens defeated the Black Hawks 1–0 on a third period goal by Newsy Lalonde. Canadiens goaltender George Hainsworth made 34 saves for the win.

The second game moved to the Montreal Forum, as the Black Hawks were in a must-win situation. The Hawks Ty Arbour opened the scoring with the lone goal of the first period, scoring 1:38 into the game. Montreal tied the game midway through the second period on a power play goal by Howie Morenz. The Black Hawks Earl Miller restored the lead for Chicago just over three minutes later, as the Hawks led 2–1 after the second period. In the third period, the two teams did not score a goal, as the two-game total goal series ended in a 2–2 tie, forcing overtime. It wouldn't be until the third overtime period before a goal was scored, as Howie Morenz beat Charlie Gardiner midway through the third overtime period, as Montreal won the series by a 3–2 score.

### Canadiens 3, Black Hawks 2

#### NHL quarter-finals

##### (C2) Montreal Canadiens vs. (A3) Chicago Black Hawks

| March 23 | **Montreal Canadiens** |  | **1 – 0** |  | Chicago Black Hawks | Chicago Stadium | Recap |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *No scoring* | | **First period** | | | *No scoring* | | |
| *No scoring* | | **Second period** | | | *No scoring* | | |
| Larochelle (1) – (Leduc, Lépine) – 7:40 | | **Third period** | | | *No scoring* | | |
| Hainsworth (1-0-0) | | **Goalie stats** | | | Gardiner (0-1-0) | | |

| March 26 | Chicago Black Hawks |  | 2 – 2 | **3OT** | Montreal Canadiens | Montreal Forum | Recap |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arbour (1) – (Unassisted) – 1:38 | | **First period** | | | *No scoring* | | |
| Miller (1) – (Cook) – 12:49 | | **Second period** | | | 9:20 – Morenz (1) – (Unassisted) | | |
| *No scoring* | | **Third period** | | | *No scoring* | | |
| *No scoring* | | **Third overtime period** | | | 11:53 – Morenz (2) – (Unassisted) | | |
| Gardiner (0-1-1) | | **Goalie stats** | | | Hainsworth (1-0-1) | | |

| ***Montreal wins series 3 – 2*** |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

## Player statistics

### Scoring leaders

| Player | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tom Cook | 41 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 16 |
| Johnny Gottselig | 39 | 21 | 4 | 25 | 28 |
| Art Somers | 44 | 11 | 13 | 24 | 74 |
| Ty Arbour | 44 | 10 | 8 | 18 | 26 |
| Duke Dutkowski | 44 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 42 |

### Goaltending

| **Player** | **GP** | **TOI** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **GA** | **SO** | **GAA** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chuck Gardiner | 44 | 2750 | 21 | 18 | 5 | 111 | 3 | 2.42 |

## Playoff stats

### Scoring leaders

| Player | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ty Arbour | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Earl Miller | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 |
| Tom Cook | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |

### Goaltending

| **Player** | **GP** | **TOI** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **GA** | **SO** | **GAA** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chuck Gardiner | 2 | 172 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1.05 |

## InfoBox

| 1929–30 Chicago Black Hawks | |
| --- | --- |
| Division | 2nd American |
| 1929–30 record | 21–18–5 |
| Home record | 12–9–1 |
| Road record | 9–9–4 |
| Goals for | 117 |
| Goals against | 111 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Frederic McLaughlin |
| Coach | Tom Shaughnessy (10–8–3)
Bill Tobin (11–10–2) |
| Captain | Duke Dutkowski |
| Arena | Chicago Coliseum (Nov–Dec)
Chicago Stadium (Dec–Mar) |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Johnny Gottselig (21) |
| Assists | Tom Cook (16) |
| Points | Tom Cook (30) |
| Penalty minutes | Art Somers (74) |
| Wins | Chuck Gardiner (21) |
| Goals against average | Chuck Gardiner (2.42) |
|


title: Resource Central

abstract:
Resource Central was an Apple II publishing house in Overland Park, Kansas. It was founded by former Softalk columnist and Beagle Bros software author Tom Weishaar. Resource Central was responsible for many Apple II publications, including:
  - Open-Apple: the flagship newsletter, published monthly. Edited by Tom Weishaar, Dennis Doms, Ellen Konowitz Rosenberg.
  - A2-Central: Open-Apple was eventually renamed A2-Central to avoid trademark infringement with Apple Computer. In its last year it was distributed in a disk-only version, edited by Doug Cuff.
  - A2-Central On Disk: a disk based version of the newsletter, with supplemental materials to help blind users read the magazine, as well as selected shareware and freeware. Edited by Dean Esmay.
  - Script-Central: a publication devoted to Apple's then-popular HyperCard product. Edited by Bruce "HangTime" Caplin and Bo Monroe.
  - Studio-City: a publication devoted to the HyperStudio hypermedia product. Edited by Dean Esmay and Bo Monroe.
  - HyperActive: a multimedia arts publication Resource Central also founded the long-running KansasFest conference and expo. Originally called the A2-Central Summer Conference and immediately dubbed "KansasFest" by attendees, KFest is still held annually. Largely forgotten is that, late in Resource Central's lifetime, Tom Weishaar recruited s couple of GEnie denizens to create and publish "Open Windows" in an attempt to orient Apple users to Microsoft Windows. The Open Windows monthly publication lasted one year, and was delivered on a disk in executable zip format. When unzipped, the publication ran as a Windows Help file (.hlp) application. Although somewhat popular, it did nothing to revive Resource Central or prevent its demise. Resource Central went out of business in February 1995. In July 2010, it was announced that the entire Open-Apple and Resource Central catalog was reclassified to the Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License.

text:
# Resource Central

**Resource Central** was an Apple II publishing house in Overland Park, Kansas. It was founded by former *Softalk* columnist and Beagle Bros software author Tom Weishaar. Resource Central was responsible for many Apple II publications, including:

* *Open-Apple*: the flagship newsletter, published monthly. Edited by Tom Weishaar, Dennis Doms, Ellen Konowitz Rosenberg.
* *A2-Central*: Open-Apple was eventually renamed A2-Central to avoid trademark infringement with Apple Computer. In its last year it was distributed in a disk-only version, edited by Doug Cuff.
* *A2-Central On Disk*: a disk based version of the newsletter, with supplemental materials to help blind users read the magazine, as well as selected shareware and freeware. Edited by Dean Esmay.
* *Script-Central*: a publication devoted to Apple's then-popular HyperCard product. Edited by Bruce "HangTime" Caplin and Bo Monroe.
* *Studio-City*: a publication devoted to the HyperStudio hypermedia product. Edited by Dean Esmay and Bo Monroe.
* *HyperActive*: a multimedia arts publication

Resource Central also founded the long-running KansasFest conference and expo. Originally called the A2-Central Summer Conference and immediately dubbed "KansasFest" by attendees (combining the name of the other major Apple II event of the time, the AppleFest expo, with Resource Central's location in suburban Kansas City), KFest is still held annually.

Largely forgotten is that, late in Resource Central's lifetime, Tom Weishaar recruited s couple of GEnie denizens to create and publish "Open Windows" in an attempt to orient Apple users to Microsoft Windows. The Open Windows monthly publication lasted one year, and was delivered on a disk in executable zip format. When unzipped, the publication ran as a Windows Help file (.hlp) application. Although somewhat popular, it did nothing to revive Resource Central or prevent its demise.

Resource Central went out of business in February 1995.

In July 2010, it was announced that the entire Open-Apple and Resource Central catalog was reclassified to the Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License.

## InfoBox

Resource Central
| Industry | Computing Publisher |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Tom Weishaar |
| Defunct | February 1995 (1995-02) |
| Headquarters | Overland Park, Kansas, United States |


title: Resource Extraction Monitoring

abstract: Resource Extraction Monitoring (REM) is a non-profit organisation that provides independent monitoring to ensure that laws relating to the extraction of natural resources are enforced. It was founded in 2003 by experts with over 15 years of monitoring experience. The head office is in the UK, with local offices in countries where major projects are taking place. The organisation bridges the gap between governments, environmental and human rights NGOs and local communities, donors and the private sector by providing objective and timely information on natural resource allocation and use. REM is not a lobbying organisation and has no political agenda, but is pro-active in researching and presenting the issue of governance and transparency during project implementation.

text:
# Resource Extraction Monitoring

**Resource Extraction Monitoring (REM)** is a non-profit organisation that provides independent monitoring to ensure that laws relating to the extraction of natural resources are enforced. It was founded in 2003 by experts with over 15 years of monitoring experience. The head office is in the UK, with local offices in countries where major projects are taking place.

The organisation bridges the gap between governments, environmental and human rights NGOs and local communities, donors and the private sector by providing objective and timely information on natural resource allocation and use. REM is not a lobbying organisation and has no political agenda, but is pro-active in researching and presenting the issue of governance and transparency during project implementation.

## Activities

Resource Extraction Monitoring and partner organization, Forests Monitor, are monitoring forest exploitation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This project is now in its second phase. REM was appointed the Independent Monitor of Forest Law Enforcement and Governance in the DRC for a duration of 25 months, starting from December 2010.

The organisation also has projects in other countries, including:

## InfoBox

Resource Extraction Monitoring
|
|  |
| Founded | 2003 |
| Type | Non-governmental organization |
| Focus | Natural resource extraction |
| Location |  |
| Area served | Global |
| Method | Independent forest monitoring, capacity building |
| Website | www.rem.org.uk |


title: José Leite de Vasconcelos

abstract: José Leite de Vasconcelos Cardoso Pereira de Melo, known as simply Leite de Vasconcelos, was a Portuguese ethnographer, archaeologist and prolific author who wrote extensively on Portuguese philology and prehistory. He was the founder and the first director of the Portuguese National Museum of Archaeology.

text:
# José Leite de Vasconcelos

**José Leite de Vasconcelos Cardoso Pereira de Melo** (7 July 1858 – 17 May 1941), known as simply **Leite de Vasconcelos**, was a Portuguese ethnographer, archaeologist and prolific author who wrote extensively on Portuguese philology and prehistory. He was the founder and the first director of the Portuguese National Museum of Archaeology.

## Biography

From childhood, Leite de Vasconcelos was attentive to his surroundings, recording in small notebooks everything that interested him. At the age of 18 he went to Porto, where in 1881 he completed a degree in natural sciences and, in 1886, a second degree in medicine. However, he practiced as a physician for only one year, serving as a health care administrator in Cadaval during 1887.

### Philological research

His 1886 thesis, *Evolução da linguagem* (Evolution of Language) demonstrated an early interest that would come to occupy all his long life. His scientific training had imparted a rigorous and exhaustive investigative discipline to his work, whether in philology, archaeology or ethnography. He began the journals *Revista Lusitana* (1889) and *Arqueólogo Português* (1895), and founded the Museu Etnológico de Belém in 1893.

At the University of Paris, he completed a doctoral thesis, *Esquisse d'une dialectologie portugaise* (1901), the first important compendium of Portuguese dialects (work that was later continued and advanced by Manuel de Paiva Boléo and Luís Lindley Cintra). He also pioneered the study of Portuguese names with the work *Antroponímia Portuguesa* and studied numismatics and Portuguese philology after his 1887 appointment as curator of the National Library in Lisbon. On the founding of the Faculty of Letters at the University of Lisbon in 1911, he was appointed professor of Latin and Medieval French.

### The problem of Galician

Early in his career, Leite de Vasconcelos turned his attention to the Galician language. In 1902 he published an article ("Vozes galhegas") in the journal *Revista Lusitana*, based on a manuscript entered into the National Library of Madrid sometime after 1843. In his *Esquisse d’une Dialectologie Portugaise* he characterized Galician as a co-dialect of Portuguese: rather than having arisen from Portuguese, Galician had developed as a related but distinct branch of the same Galician-Portuguese trunk.

In 1910 *Miuçalhas gallegas* was published; drawing attention to various aspects of Galician studies, it contained a brief discourse on the linguistic boundary between Fala and Galician, corresponding to Ribadavia, Ferreiros and San Miguel de Lobios in Ourense, much of Hermisende and Zamora—although the last of these is, strictly speaking, a separated or transmontane Fala.

Leite was somewhat hasty in collecting his Galician data; in most cases he spent only one day on his visits to Galicia, a marked contrast to the diverse data he had amassed on other Galician-Portuguese dialects. Despite his enormous talent and immense capacity for scholarship, perhaps he spent too much time on his other research and writing to avoid pitfalls on his Galician work. At the dawn of the 20th century a golden opportunity was lost, therefore, of applying the scientific precision of historical linguistics, in the hands of an authentic philologist, to the analysis of the Galician language.

### Leite's legacy

On his death at 82 he bequeathed to the Museu Nacional de Arqueologia his library of about 8,000 titles, as well as manuscripts, correspondence, engravings and photographs.

## Works

* *O Dialecto Mirandez* (1882)
* *Tradições populares de Portugal* (Popular traditions of Portugal, Ed. Livraria portuense De Clavel, Porto, 1882).
* *Portugal Pré-histórico* (Prehistoric Portugal, 1885)
* *A Evolução da Linguagem* (The Evolution of Language, dissertation, Oporto, 1886)
* *Revista Lusitana* (first series: 1887–1943; 39 volumes)
* *Religiões da Lusitânia* (Religions of Lusitania, 1897, 1905, 1913; three volumes)
* *Estudos de Filologia Mirandesa* (Philology of Miranda do Douro, 1900 and 1901; two volumes)
* *Esquisse d’une Dialectologie Portugaise* (Sketch of Portuguese Dialectology, PhD dissertation, Paris, 1901)
* *Textos Archaicos* (anthology, 1903)
* *Livro de Esopo* (1906)
* *O Doutor Storck* and *A Litteratura Portuguesa* (1910)
* *Lições de Philologia Portuguesa* (1911)
* *História do Museu Etnológico Português* (History of Portuguese Ethnological Museum, 1915)
* *Signum Salomonis* (Solomon's Seal, 1918)
* *De Terra em Terra* (From Land to Land, anthology)
* *De Campolide a Melrose* (From Campolide to Melrose)
* *Mês de Sonho* (Dream Month, a visit to the Azores, 1924)
* *A barba em Portugal* (The Beard in Portugal, 1925)
* *A figa* (The Gesture of Contempt, 1926)
* *Antroponímia Portuguesa* (Portuguese Names, 1928)
* *Opúsculos* (1928, 1928, 1929, 1931 and 1988; five volumes)
* *Etnografia Portuguesa* (Portuguese Ethnography, 1933–1988, ten volumes)
* *Filologia Barranquenha – apontamentos para o seu estudo* (Philology of Barrancos, 1940, ed. 1955)
* *Romanceiro Português* (Portuguese Poems and Songs, ed. 1958–1960, two volumes)
* *Contos Populares e Lendas* (ed. 1964, two volumes)
* *Teatro Popular Português* (Portuguese Popular Theatre, ed. 1974–1979)

## InfoBox

| José Leite de Vasconcelos | |
| --- | --- |
| José Leite de Vasconcelos | |
| Born | 7 July 1858
Ucanha, Tarouca, Portugal |
| Died | 17 May 1941 (1941-05-18) (aged 82)
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Occupation | Ethnographer, author |
| Nationality | Portuguese |
| Period | 1881–1941 |
| Genre | Academic publishing |
| Subject | Ethnography, popular culture |


title: Veera (2018 film)

abstract: Veera is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action film directed by Rajaraman and produced by Elred Kumar of RS Infotainment. The film stars Kreshna and Iswarya Menon in the leading roles, with Karunakaran, Rajendran and Yogi Babu in supporting roles. Leon James composed the original score and soundtrack for the film, while Bakkiyam Shankar wrote the film's script. Having begun production in August 2015, the film had gone through a change of cast before being released on 16 February 2018.

text:
# Veera (2018 film)

***Veera*** is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action film directed by Rajaraman and produced by Elred Kumar of RS Infotainment. The film stars Kreshna and Iswarya Menon in the leading roles, with Karunakaran, Rajendran and Yogi Babu in supporting roles. Leon James composed the original score and soundtrack for the film, while Bakkiyam Shankar wrote the film's script. Having begun production in August 2015, the film had gone through a change of cast before being released on 16 February 2018.

## Cast

## Production

In August 2015, Bobby Simha signed on to appear in a venture titled *Veera* directed by debutant Rajaraman and produced by Elred Kumar of RS Infotainment. The production house signed him on for three films, with *Ko 2* (2016) and *Kavalai Vendam* (2016) also announced to be in production during the same period. The film was titled after producer Panchu Arunachalam allowed them to use the title that he had previously owned after making the 1994 film of the same name. Rookie actress Iswarya Menon was signed on to play the leading female role, while Bala Saravanan was selected to play a major supporting role. Subsequently, in November 2015, Bobby Simha opted out of the film citing scheduling issues and was replaced by Vishnu in the lead role. During the same month, Karunakaran was also selected to replace Bala Saravanan, while Leon James was signed as the music composer after the producers were impressed with his work in *Ko 2*.

Vishnu also later opted out from the film and was replaced by Krishna, with production beginning quietly in mid-2016. By September 2016, the team had completed the majority of the shoot and the producers released the first look poster during the same month. Cinematographer Kumaran revealed that "seventy per cent" of the film was completed in the first schedule, before the second schedule began in September 2016. The film marked actress Iswarya's first big role in Tamil films, and in the film, she portrayed an Ooty-born girl, who moves to Chennai. For the role, she had to juggle speaking in normal Tamil and with a north Madras slang.

The team initially planned to release the film for January 2017, but production continued beyond the date. The film was sold to Orange Creations in a distribution deal in early September 2017, with a release date planned for later in the month, but the date was later skipped. Another two proposed release dates in December 2017 were postponed at the last minute, after the distributors, Orange Creations failed to get enough screens for a wide theatrical release.

## Soundtrack

| Veera | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Leon James | |
| Released | 23 March 2018 (2018-03-23) |
| Genre | Film soundtrack |
| Label | Sony Music India |
| Producer | Leon James |
| Leon James chronology | |
| *Kavalai Vendam*
(2016) ***Veera***
(2018) *Next Enti?*
(2018) | |

The film's music was composed by Leon James, in his fourth film venture following *Kanchana 2* (2015), *Ko 2* (2016) and *Kavalai Vendam* (2016). The soundtrack was released on 23 March 2017 through Sony Music India.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ootaanda Soltuvaa" | Ko Sesha | Leon James | 3:32 |
| 2. | "Verrattaama Verratturiye" | Ko Sesha | Sid Sriram, Neeti Mohan | 4:36 |
| 3. | "Mama Mama Mayangadhe" | Krishna Kishore | Anthony Daasan | 3:08 |
| 4. | "Pogaadhey Kanmaniye" | Na. Muthukumar | Pradeep Kumar | 3:38 |
| 5. | "Nijaaru Usaaru" | Na. Muthukumar | Lawrence, Mahalingam | 4:45 |

## InfoBox

| Veera | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical Release Poster | |
| Directed by | Rajaraman |
| Written by | Bakkiyam Shankar |
| Produced by | Elred Kumar |
| Starring | Kreshna
Iswarya Menon
Karunakaran |
| Cinematography | A. Kumaran |
| Edited by | T. S. Suresh |
| Music by | Leon James |
| Production
company | RS Infotainment |
| Distributed by | Orange Creations |
| Release date | * 16 February 2018 (2018-02-16) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Vepr (disambiguation)

abstract: Vepr is Russian or Ukrainian for a Wild boar can also refer to:

text:
# Vepr (disambiguation)

**Vepr** is Russian or Ukrainian for a Wild boar (Ru:вепрь and UK:Вепр) can also refer to:

## Vehicles

* VEPR, a Ukrainian off-road vehicle
* GAZ Vepr, a version of the GAZ Sadko

## Weapons

* Vepr, a Ukrainian assault rifle
* Molot Vepr, a Russian series of semi-automatic hunting and sporting rifles based on the RPK
* Vepr-12, a series of Russian semi-automatic shotguns based on the Molot Vepr

## Vessels


abstract: The 1916 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 29th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1916 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The Croke Park pitch frosted over overnight, but was pronounced playable. Mayo were the first Connacht team to reach the final, but Wexford won by a wide margin. The low attendance was due to the lack of special trains under the martial law introduced after the Easter Rising. It was the second of four All-Ireland football titles won by Wexford in the 1910s. Seán O'Kennedy, whose brother Gus played at corner-forward, captained Wexford.

text:
# 1916 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The **1916 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final** was the 29th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1916 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.

The Croke Park pitch frosted over overnight, but was pronounced playable. Mayo were the first Connacht team to reach the final, but Wexford won by a wide margin. The low attendance was due to the lack of special trains under the martial law introduced after the Easter Rising.

It was the second of four All-Ireland football titles won by Wexford in the 1910s.

Seán O'Kennedy, whose brother Gus played at corner-forward, captained Wexford.

## Match details

| Wexford | 3–4  1–2 | Mayo |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1916 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final
| Wexford, champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1916 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship |
|  | |
| Date | 17 December 1916 |
| Venue | Croke Park, Dublin |
| Referee | Pat Dunphy (Laois) |
| Attendance | 3,000 |
| Weather | cold, wintry |
|


abstract: The 1916 Alma Maroon and Cream football team represented the Alma College during the 1916 college football season.

text:
# 1916 Alma Maroon and Cream football team

The **1916 Alma Maroon and Cream football team** represented the Alma College during the 1916 college football season.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 7 | Michigan State Normal | Ypsilanti, MI | W 6–0 |  |
| October 14 | Michigan Agricultural | Alma, MI | L 0–33 |  |
| November 18 | Albion |  | L 10–20 |  |
| October 28 | Central Michigan | Alma, MI | W 41–0 or 39–0 |  |
|  | Michigan Agricultural freshmen |  | W 27–7 |  |
| November 3 | Central Michigan |  | W 44–0 |  |
|  | Olivet | Alma, MI | W 27–0 |  |
| November 11 | Kalamazoo | Alma, MI | L 7–21 |  |
| November 25 | at Notre Dame |  | L 0–46 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1916 Alma Maroon and Cream football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association |
| Record | 5–4 ( MIAA) |
| Head coach |  |
|


title: 1925 in sports

abstract: 1925 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

text:
# 1925 in sports

**1925 in sports** describes the year's events in world sport.

## American football

## Association football

**Events**

* The IFAB reforms the offside law, reducing the number of opposing players required to be in front of the attacker for him to be onside from three to two.

**England**

**Germany**

**Greece**

**Russia**

## Australian rules football

**VFL Premiership**

**Brownlow Medal**

**Events**

## Bandy

**Sweden**

## Baseball

**World Series**

**Negro leagues**

**Mexico**

## Basketball

**Events**

## Boxing

**Events**

**Lineal world champions**

## Canadian football

**Grey Cup**

## Cricket

**Events**

**England**

**Australia**

**India**

**New Zealand**

**South Africa**

**West Indies**

## Cycling

**Tour de France**

## Figure skating

**World Figure Skating Championships**

## Golf

**Major tournaments**

**Other tournaments**

## Horse racing

**England**

**Australia**

**Canada**

**France**

**Ireland**

**USA**

## Ice hockey

**Stanley Cup**

**Events**

## Motorsport

## Multi-sport events

**Far Eastern Championship Games**

## Nordic skiing

**FIS Nordic World Ski Championships**

The inaugural world championships are held at Johannisbad in Czechoslovakia for men only. Winners are:

## Rowing

**The Boat Race**

## Rugby league

**England**

**Australia**

## Rugby union

**Five Nations Championship**

## Speed skating

**Speed Skating World Championships**

## Tennis

**Australia**

**England**

**France**

**USA**

**Davis Cup**

## Gymnastics

The wheel was invented in 1925 by German Otto Feick in Schönau an der Brend.


title: Journal of College Student Development

abstract: The Journal of College Student Development is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1959 and is the official publication of American College Personnel Association - College Student Educators International. The journal publishes scholarly articles and book reviews from a wide variety of academic fields related to college students and student affairs. The journal is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press and the editor-in-chief is Debora L. Liddell.

text:
# Journal of College Student Development

The ***Journal of College Student Development*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1959 and is the official publication of American College Personnel Association - College Student Educators International. The journal publishes scholarly articles and book reviews from a wide variety of academic fields related to college students and student affairs. The journal is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press and the editor-in-chief is Debora L. Liddell (University of Iowa).

## InfoBox

*Journal of College Student Development*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Pedagogy |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Debora L. Liddell |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Journal of College Student Personnel |
| History | 1959-present |
| Publisher | Johns Hopkins University Press (United States) |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *J. Coll. Stud. Dev.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0897-5264 (print)
1543-3382 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 17539103 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Velagići

abstract: Velagići is a village in the municipality of Ključ, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the village had a population of 573.

text:
# Velagići

**Velagići**  is a village in the municipality of Ključ, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the village had a population of 573.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 465.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 459 | 98.7% |
| Serbs | 4 | 0.9% |
| Croats | 1 | 0.2% |
| other/undeclared | 1 | 0.2% |
| **Total** | **465** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Velagići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Velagići | |
| Coordinates: 44°33′26″N 16°43′54″E / 44.5572°N 16.7317°E / 44.5572; 16.7317 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Una-Sana |
| Municipality | Ključ |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.07 sq mi (2.78 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 465 |
| Density | 430/sq mi (170/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Joseph N. Pew Jr.

abstract: Joseph Newton Pew Jr. was an American industrialist and influential member of the Republican Party.

text:
# Joseph N. Pew Jr.

**Joseph Newton Pew Jr.** (November 12, 1886 – April 9, 1963) was an American industrialist and influential member of the Republican Party.

## Early life

Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pew was the youngest son of Mary Anderson Pew and Joseph N. Pew. Called "Joe," he attended Shady Side Academy and graduated from Cornell University with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1908. As an undergraduate, Pew was captain of the track team and won the IC4A championship in the hammer throw. He was also a member of the Quill and Dagger society. As an outstanding athlete and donor to Cornell athletics, he was inducted into the Cornell University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1986.

Pew married Alberta C. Hensel and had five children.

## Sun Oil

In 1908, after graduation, Pew began work at Sun Oil , a business founded by his father in 1890. When his father died in 1912, Pew became vice president at the age of 26 and his brother, J. Howard Pew, became president of Sun Oil at the age of 30.

**Marcus Hook Refinery**

In 1901, Joseph N. Pew Sr. purchased 82 acres in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania along the Delaware River, for the Sunoco Refinery. The refinery which was prosperous immediately, was operational in early 1902. The two Pew brothers were instrumental in the expansion and success of Sun Oil. Joseph N. Pew Jr. persuaded the company to lay gasoline pipelines from the Marcus Hook refinery to distribution points in Ohio, New York, and New Jersey and then negotiated with 1,000 landholders in four states for permission to cross their property. The Lindenthorpe Mansion on the Delaware River waterfront became the Sunoco plant headquarters.

In 1916, Pew and his brother J. Howard, who had become Sun Oil’s president in 1912, expanded into the shipbuilding business. Joseph Jr. ran the *Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Company* in Chester, Pennsylvania, which would become the largest private shipyard and biggest producer of oil tankers in America by World War II. As visionary of the company, it was Pew who was behind the effort to develop gasoline without tetraethyl lead, creating Blue Sunoco. He also developed a gyroscopic instrument with high-speed camera and timing device for preventing the drilling of crooked holes in oil wells. Receiving a patent in 1926, the device helped the company drill deeper oil wells.

Known for their commitment to employees, the Pews never laid off a single Sun Oil employee during the Great Depression and also developed one of the first stock-sharing plans for employees.

Pew remained vice president of the company until being appointed chairman in 1947. He was chairman until his death in Philadelphia, PA in 1963. Pew hired his Quill and Dagger classmate from Cornell, Samuel B. Eckert, who served as Sun Oil treasurer and vice president.

## Political career

In 1933–34 Pew went to Washington, D.C., to fight the New Deal petroleum code, which he believed would lead to price-fixing. This endeavor was the beginning of his political career. Pew was heavily involved in Republican politics, mostly in Pennsylvania, for much of his life and was a delegate to Republican National Convention. He employed John Hamilton as a personal advisor and political consultant. He strongly opposed President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal policies, such as price-fixing and organized labor. By strategically spending millions of dollars, Pew earned a reputation as Pennsylvania's political boss, controlling state and national elections. He funded the operations and staff of the Republican National Committee headquarters in an effort to keep Franklin D. Roosevelt out of office. Although largely unsuccessful on the national scene, Pew's work in his home state was responsible for a number of elections. Pew is also given credit for the election of both Arthur H. James and Edward Martin as Pennsylvania Governor and Bernard Samuel as Mayor of Philadelphia.

Pew appeared on the cover of *Time Magazine* on May 6, 1940 as "Republican Pew" along with an article about his political involvement.

## Philanthropy

In 1948, Pew and his siblings founded The Pew Charitable Trusts, a group of philanthropic foundations that support social needs around the world. Among the foundation’s funded projects is the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan opinion research group that focuses on issues of the press, public policy, and politics.

As of 2007, it was one of the nation's wealthiest foundations. The first grant given to education was to Cornell University, where the Pew Engineering Quad and an engineering professorship bear his name. In 1951, Pew began an effort to assist traditionally black colleges, hiring Cornell alumnus Jerome H. Holland as a consultant to the foundation.

In 1957, Pew was listed on the *Fortune Magazine* list of the seventy-six wealthiest Americans.

## Death and legacy

Pew died in 1963, and is entombed in the family mausoleum in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

## Further reading

* Alberta C. Pew, Joseph N. Pew Jr., Margaret R. Leisenring, Edward B. Leisenring, Jay Cooke, *A.E.F.: Anticosti Expeditionary Force* (Philadelphia?: Privately Printed, 1935). Account of a private fishing expedition to Anticosti island in Canada, includes photographs of Pew and his wife.

## InfoBox

| Joseph N. Pew Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Pew in 1940 | |
| Born | Joseph Newton Pew Jr.
(1886-11-12)November 12, 1886
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | April 9, 1963(1963-04-09) (aged 76)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Resting place | West Laurel Hill Cemetery |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Cornell University |
| Occupation | Industrialist |
| Political party | Republican Party |
| Spouse | Alberta C. Hensel |
| Children | 5 |


title: Rezvan missile

abstract: Rezvan is a single-stage liquid-propellant missile with a detachable warhead with a range of up to 1,400 kilometers that can be launched from a variety of fixed and mobile platforms. The commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) touted the Rezvan missile as a missile capable of penetrating the atmosphere at eight times the speed of sound. This ballistic missile saw extensive use in the April 2024 Iranian ballistic missile strikes.

text:
# Rezvan missile

**Rezvan** is a single-stage liquid-propellant missile with a detachable warhead with a range of up to 1,400 kilometers that can be launched from a variety of fixed and mobile platforms.

The commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) touted the Rezvan missile as a missile capable of penetrating the atmosphere at eight times the speed of sound.

This ballistic missile saw extensive use in the April 2024 Iranian ballistic missile strikes.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Slovenia

abstract: Slovenian car number plates are vehicle registration plates found on Slovenian cars. The code for Slovenia itself is SLO. The registration plates are made of metal. On the left there is a blue bar as in other EU countries along with tamper-proof text up to 2008; the text is in black letters on a white background in Helvetica typeface. In 2008 the plates reverted to a green border used before 2004 and the old font but retaining the EU border at the left. Two plates must be present on each car - one at the front and one at the rear. In the case of motorcycles, only one plate is needed on the back of the vehicle. These plates can have different sizes, being the regional code in the first line, at the top.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Slovenia

**Slovenian car number plates** are vehicle registration plates found on Slovenian cars. The code for Slovenia itself is SLO. The registration plates are made of metal. On the left there is a blue bar as in other EU countries (in use since 2004) along with tamper-proof text up to 2008; the text is in black letters on a white background in Helvetica typeface. In 2008 the plates reverted to a green border used before 2004 and the old font but retaining the EU border at the left. Two plates must be present on each car - one at the front and one at the rear. In the case of motorcycles, only one plate is needed on the back of the vehicle. These plates can have different sizes, being the regional code in the first line, at the top.

## Location prefixes and regional divisions

On regular issue license plates, the first 2 letters before the shield sticker denote the region where the car was initially registered. Further division is made by the coat of arms of the corresponding city, placed after the regional area letters to denote subdivisions.

| Code | Region | Subdivisions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **CE** | Celje | Celje |
| | | Laško |
| | | Mozirje |
| | | Slovenske Konjice |
| | | Šentjur |
| | | Šmarje pri Jelšah |
| | | Velenje |
| | | Žalec |
| **GO** | Nova Gorica | Ajdovščina |
| | | Idrija |
| | | Tolmin |
| | | Nova Gorica |
| **KK** | Krško | Brežice |
| | | Krško |
| | | Sevnica |
| **KP** | Koper | Izola |
| | | Koper |
| | | Piran |
| | | Sežana |
| | | Ilirska Bistrica |
| **KR** | Kranj | Jesenice |
| | | Kranj |
| | | Radovljica |
| | | Škofja Loka |
| | | Tržič |
| **LJ** | Ljubljana | Cerknica |
| | | Domžale |
| | | Grosuplje |
| | | Hrastnik |
| | | Kamnik |
| | | Kočevje |
| | | Litija |
| | | Ljubljana |
| | | Logatec |
| | | Ribnica |
| | | Trbovlje |
| | | Vrhnika |
| | | Zagorje ob Savi |
| **MB** | Maribor | Lenart v Slovenskih Goricah |
| | | Maribor |
| | | Ormož |
| | | Pesnica pri Mariboru |
| | | Ptuj |
| | | Ruše |
| | | Slovenska Bistrica |
| **MS** | Murska Sobota | Gornja Radgona |
| | | Lendava |
| | | Ljutomer |
| | | Murska Sobota |
| **NM** | Novo Mesto | Črnomelj |
| | | Metlika |
| | | Novo Mesto |
| | | Trebnje |
| **PO** | Postojna | Postojna |
| **SG** | Slovenj Gradec | Dravograd |
| | | Radlje ob Dravi |
| | | Ravne na Koroškem |
| | | Slovenj Gradec |

## Special plates

* Diplomatic plates on official diplomatic cars are prefixed CMD and CD. Other cars of international and diplomatic missions start are prefixed M. All have four digits after the letters. The first two numbers identify the organization or embassy. Since early 2001 all have the letter in green and then numbers in black on a white background.
* Military plates consist of white letters on a black background or opposite and start with "SV".
* Police plates are blue on a white background and start with "P".
* Temporary plates for long periods are black on white with a euroband (since 2004), the region code and crest followed by one letter, one numeral, a hyphen, one numeral and one letter. The last two digits of the year are vertically aligned on the right. Motorcycle plates have the euroband, code and crest above three numerals and the two digits for the year.
* Temporary test plates previously contained "E" in the serial and had a green background. Current temporary plate are white with a red band with the region code, letters "PR" vertically on a red band, one letter, two numerals, a hyphen and three numerals. Metal plates for dealers have the region code and crest followed by one letter and two numerals.
* Export plates are black on a yellow background with the month and year of validity in little black panels to the right.
* Moped plates are same as export plates, except in a reduced size.
* Agricultural plates are white on a green background.
* Trailer plates had the reverse format of the regular issue plates i.e. the region code is after the shield and the serial number before.


abstract: South Sudan requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of South Sudan

South Sudan requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display **vehicle registration plates**.

| Image | First issued | Design | Slogan | Serial format | Serials issued | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2007 |  | N/A |  |  | Taxi Issued license plate |
|

1. "License Plates of South Sudan".


title: 1922 St. Louis Browns season

abstract: The 1922 St. Louis Browns season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Browns winning 93 games, the only time in franchise history that the Browns topped the 90 win plateau. In the American League standings, the Browns finished in second place behind the New York Yankees. The Browns set a franchise record with 712,918 fans coming to watch the games. This was approximately 100,000 higher than the previous high.

text:
# 1922 St. Louis Browns season

The **1922 St. Louis Browns season** was a season in American baseball. It involved the Browns winning 93 games, the only time in franchise history that the Browns topped the 90 win plateau. In the American League standings, the Browns finished in second place behind the New York Yankees. The Browns set a franchise record with 712,918 fans coming to watch the games. This was approximately 100,000 higher than the previous high.

## Regular season

The Browns of 1922 had one of the best seasons in the history of the franchise. As a team, the Browns had a batting average of .310, which led the entire Major Leagues.

George Sisler had a batting average of .420, which was the third highest batting average in the 20th century. Sisler led the league with 246 hits, 18 triples, 134 runs scored and 51 stolen bases. It was the only time that a Brown would lead the American League in triples and runs scored. It would also be the last time that a Brown led the American League in batting average.

Ken Williams became the first player in the history of Major League Baseball to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season. The feat would not be accomplished again until Willie Mays did it in 1957. Williams batted .332 and led the American League with 39 home runs and 155 runs batted in. He also stole 37 bases, finishing second in the league to Sisler.

The Browns were in first place for 69 days but the New York Yankees overtook them on September 8. The Browns could have regained first place but lost two of three games to New York in a later September series. In the last game of the series, the Browns had a 2–0 lead in the eighth inning. New York scored once in the eighth and then scored two more runs in the ninth inning to win the game.

On the second to last day of the season, the Boston Red Sox sent rookie pitcher Alex Ferguson to pitch against New York. The Yankees countered with Waite Hoyt who allowed only one run over eight innings. The win clinched the pennant for the Yankees.

### Season standings

American League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New York Yankees | 94 | 60 | .610 |  | 5027 | 4433 |
| St. Louis Browns | 93 | 61 | .604 | 1 | 5423 | 3938 |
| Detroit Tigers | 79 | 75 | .513 | 15 | 4334 | 3641 |
| Cleveland Indians | 78 | 76 | .506 | 16 | 4435 | 3441 |
| Chicago White Sox | 77 | 77 | .500 | 17 | 4334 | 3443 |
| Washington Senators | 69 | 85 | .448 | 25 | 4039 | 2946 |
| Philadelphia Athletics | 65 | 89 | .422 | 29 | 3839 | 2750 |
| Boston Red Sox | 61 | 93 | .396 | 33 | 3142 | 3051 |

### Record vs. opponents

| <br>Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BOS | CWS | CLE | DET | NYY | PHA | SLB | WSH |
| Boston |  | 10–12 | 6–16 | 5–17 | 13–9 | 10–12 | 7–15 | 10–12 |
| Chicago | 12–10 |  | 12–10–1 | 17–5 | 9–13 | 12–10 | 8–14 | 7–15 |
| Cleveland | 16–6 | 10–12–1 |  | 15–7 | 7–15 | 11–11 | 6–16 | 13–9 |
| Detroit | 17–5 | 5–17 | 7–15 |  | 11–11 | 16–6–1 | 9–13 | 14–8 |
| New York | 9–13 | 13–9 | 15–7 | 11–11 |  | 17–5 | 14–8 | 15–7 |
| Philadelphia | 12–10 | 10–12 | 11–11 | 6–16–1 | 5–17 |  | 9–13 | 12–10 |
| St. Louis | 15–7 | 14–8 | 16–6 | 13–9 | 8–14 | 13–9 |  | 14–8 |
| Washington | 12–10 | 15–7 | 9–13 | 8–14 | 7–15 | 10–12 | 8–14 |  |

### Opening Day lineup

* Jack Tobin RF
* Frank Ellerbe 3B
* George Sisler 1B
* Ken Williams LF
* Baby Doll Jacobson CF
* Hank Severeid C
* Wally Gerber SS
* Marty McManus 2B
* Urban Shocker P

### Roster

| 1922 St. Louis Browns | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** |  | **Manager** |
|

## Player stats

|  | = Indicates team leader |
| --- | --- |

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Hank Severeid | 137 | 517 | 166 | .321 | 3 | 78 |
| 1B | George Sisler | 142 | 586 | 246 | .420 | 8 | 105 |
| 2B | Marty McManus | 154 | 606 | 189 | .312 | 11 | 109 |
| SS | Wally Gerber | 153 | 604 | 161 | .267 | 1 | 51 |
| 3B | Frank Ellerbe | 91 | 342 | 84 | .246 | 1 | 33 |
| OF | Ken Williams | 153 | 585 | 194 | .332 | 39 | 155 |
| OF | Jack Tobin | 146 | 625 | 207 | .331 | 13 | 66 |
| OF | Baby Doll Jacobson | 145 | 555 | 176 | .317 | 9 | 102 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eddie Foster | 37 | 144 | 44 | .306 | 0 | 12 |
| Chick Shorten | 55 | 131 | 36 | .275 | 2 | 16 |
| Pat Collins | 63 | 127 | 29 | .307 | 8 | 23 |
| Herman Bronkie | 23 | 64 | 18 | .281 | 0 | 2 |
| Jimmy Austin | 15 | 31 | 9 | .290 | 0 | 1 |
| Gene Robertson | 18 | 27 | 8 | .296 | 0 | 1 |
| Cedric Durst | 15 | 12 | 4 | .333 | 0 | 0 |
| Josh Billings | 5 | 7 | 3 | .429 | 0 | 1 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Urban Shocker | 48 | 348.0 | 24 | 17 | 2.97 | 149 |
| Elam Vangilder | 43 | 245.0 | 19 | 13 | 3.42 | 63 |
| Dixie Davis | 25 | 174.1 | 11 | 6 | 4.08 | 65 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ray Kolp | 32 | 169.2 | 14 | 4 | 3.93 | 54 |
| Rasty Wright | 31 | 154.0 | 9 | 7 | 2.92 | 44 |
| Hub Pruett | 39 | 119.2 | 7 | 7 | 2.33 | 70 |
| Bill Bayne | 26 | 92.2 | 4 | 5 | 4.56 | 38 |
| Dave Danforth | 20 | 79.2 | 5 | 2 | 3.28 | 48 |

Note: Hub Pruett was team leader in saves with 7.

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dutch Henry | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.40 | 3 |
| Heinie Meine | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.50 | 0 |

## InfoBox

| 1922 St. Louis Browns | |
| --- | --- |
| League | American League |
| Ballpark | Sportsman's Park |
| City | St. Louis, Missouri |
| Record | 93–61 (.604) |
| League place | 2nd |
| Owners | Phil Ball |
| Managers | Lee Fohl |
|  | |


title: Velan Studios

abstract: Velan Studios is an American video game developer based in Troy, New York. Founded in 2016 by Guha Bala and Karthik Bala, the studio is most known for developing Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit (2020) and Knockout City (2021).

text:
# Velan Studios

**Velan Studios** is an American video game developer based in Troy, New York. Founded in 2016 by Guha Bala and Karthik Bala, the studio is most known for developing *Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit* (2020) and *Knockout City* (2021).

## History

Velan Studios was founded in November 2016 by Guha Bala and Karthik Bala. The Bala brothers previously founded Vicarious Visions in 1991 and left the company in April 2016. According to the founders, the studio aimed to develop "breakthrough experimental games", and the term "velan" stands for "spear bearer" in Tamil. In July 2017, the team successfully raised $7 million in venture capital for their first project. The studio's first game was *Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit*. The team completed the game's first prototype in 2017 and Nintendo greenlit the project after meeting the team in their headquarters in Kyoto. *Home Circuit* utilizes physical radio-controlled cars responding to how the player plays in-game, and Velan Studios was responsible for developing the software, while Nintendo focused on creating the hardware. The game received generally positive reviews when it was released in October 2020.

In March 2019, Electronic Arts announced that it had partnered with Velan Studios to release a "team-based action" game. The game was published under the EA Originals program, EA's initiative to support independent games. The program allowed the studio to retain full creative control while receiving most of the game's profit after development cost was recouped. The game, titled *Knockout City*, was released in May 2021. The game attracted 2 million players within its first week of release. However, in June of 2023, the game and servers were subsequently shut down due to low player retention.

## Games

| Year | Title | Platform(s) | Publisher |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit* | Nintendo Switch | Nintendo |
| 2021 | *Knockout City* | Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S | Electronic Arts (2021–2022)<br>Velan Studios (2022–2023) |
| 2023 | *Hot Wheels: Rift Rally* | iOS, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 | Velan Studios |

## InfoBox

Velan Studios
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | November 2016 (2016-11) |
| Founders | * Guha Bala * Karthik Bala |
| Headquarters | Troy, New York, US |
| Key people | * Guha Bala (President) * Karthik Bala (CEO) * Kerry Coffey (CFO) * David Nathanielsz (COO) |
| Products |  |
| Number of employees | 75 (2024) |
| Website | velanstudios.com |


title: Velan, Albania

abstract: Velan is a settlement in the former Kelmend municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania.

text:
# Velan, Albania

**Velan** is a settlement in the former Kelmend municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania.

## InfoBox

| Velan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Velan | |
| Coordinates: 42°35′19″N 19°42′59″E / 42.58861°N 19.71639°E / 42.58861; 19.71639 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Shkodër |
| Municipality | Malësi e Madhe |
| Municipal unit | Kelmend |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |