title: Phyllotreta albionica

abstract: Phyllotreta albionica, the cabbage flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Phyllotreta albionica

***Phyllotreta albionica***, the **cabbage flea beetle**, is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species *Phyllotreta albionica*:

* *Phyllotreta albionica albionica*
* *Phyllotreta albionica corusca* Chittenden

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Phyllotreta albionica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Alticini |
| Genus: | *Phyllotreta* |
| Species: | ***P. albionica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllotreta albionica***<br>(J. L. LeConte, 1857) | |
|


title: Physciella chloantha

abstract: Physciella chloantha is a species of foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. The lichen, which occurs in diverse regions including the Upper Midwest of the US, Europe, Japan, Pakistan, and European Russia, is common in certain areas. Its thallus forms circular patches up to 3 cm in diameter, made up of many small, discrete lobes that can grow together to cover large areas, often intermingling with other lichen species. These lobes, which vary from short and rounded to slightly elongated, have numerous soralia on their edges and surfaces, while the undersides are white to pale tan with sparse rhizines. Apothecia are uncommon in this species. Physciella chloantha is known to grow on bark and on rocks.

text:
# Physciella chloantha

***Physciella chloantha*** is a species of foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. The lichen, which occurs in diverse regions including the Upper Midwest of the US, Europe, Japan, Pakistan, and European Russia, is common in certain areas. Its thallus forms circular patches up to 3 cm in diameter, made up of many small, discrete lobes that can grow together to cover large areas, often intermingling with other lichen species. These lobes, which vary from short and rounded to slightly elongated, have numerous soralia (reproductive structures) on their edges and surfaces, while the undersides are white to pale tan with sparse rhizines. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are uncommon in this species. *Physciella chloantha* is known to grow on bark and on rocks.

## Taxonomy

It was first formally described as a new species in 1814 by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius, as *Parmelia chloantha*. The taxon has more than a dozen synonyms that it has acquired in its taxonomic history through being shuffled to various genera, or by authors who thought it should be considered a variety or form of another species. Ted Esslinger transferred it to *Physciella* in 1986 when he circumscribed the new genus to contain a group of species similar to what was then known as *Physcia orbicularis*.

## Description

*Physciella chloantha* typically forms rounded units up to about 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter, comprising numerous, discrete ascending lobes. These lobes, which measure 0.5–1.5 mm across, can coalesce to cover large areas, often blending with other species. They range from short and rounded to somewhat elongate and frequently ascend at the tip, especially when sorediate. The thallus is characterised by numerous marginal and terminal, labriform (lip-shaped) soralia, and sometimes scattered laminal soralia that develop over time. The lower surface of the lichen is white to pale tan, featuring sparse, similarly coloured rhizines. The placement of these rhizines varies considerably across specimens. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are rare in this species, measuring up to 1 mm in diameter, and may be sessile or very shortly stipitate with an entire or irregularly crenate (scalloped) margin. The spores are typical of the *Physcia*-type, measuring 17–22.5 by 8–11 μm, with lumina that often become rounded with age. Conidia are ellipsoid, measuring 2.5–3.5 by 1 μm.

*Physciella chloantha* is often confused with its close relative, *Physciella melanchra*, which primarily differs in having mainly laminal soralia and being somewhat larger on average. Specimens of *Physciella chloantha* with well-developed laminal soralia must be carefully distinguished from *Physciella melanchra*, particularly as they sometimes coexist in the same habitats.

## Habitat and distribution

*Physciella chloantha*, once overlooked in North America, is quite common in some parts of its range. It was previously mapped under the synonym *Physcia luganensis* in North America. This species has also been reported in southern and south-central Europe, as well as Japan. It predominantly inhabits bark but is also found on rock surfaces. The lichen's distribution includes diverse regions, from the Upper Midwest of the US to parts of Europe and Japan, Pakistan, and European Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Physciella chloantha* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Closeup of thallus surface;
scale bar = 1 mm | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Caliciales |
| Family: | Physciaceae |
| Genus: | *Physciella* |
| Species: | ***P. chloantha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Physciella chloantha***
(Ach.) Essl. (1986) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * *Parmelia chloantha* Ach. (1814) * *Parmelia obscura* var. *chloantha* (Ach.) Schaer. (1840) * *Parmelia obscura* f. *chloantha* (Ach.) Flot. (1850) * *Anaptychia obscura* var. *chloantha* (Ach.) A.Massal. (1853) * *Squamaria obscura* var. *chloantha* (Ach.) Beltr. (1858) * *Lobaria obscura* var. *chloantha* (Ach.) Hepp (1860) * *Borrera obscura* ß *chloantha* (Ach.) Mudd (1861) * *Dimelaena obscura* var. *chloantha* (Ach.) Trevis. (1868) * *Physcia obscura* f. *chloantha* (Ach.) Stein (1879) * *Physcia chloantha* (Ach.) Vain. ex van der Byl (1931) * *Physcia orbicularis* var. *chloantha* (Ach.) Sántha (1928) * *Physcia ciliata* f. *chloantha* (Ach.) Nádv. (1947) * *Physcia ciliaris* f. *chloantha* (Ach.) Nádv. (1948) * *Phaeophyscia chloantha* (Ach.) Moberg (1978) | |


title: Physcoa

abstract: In Greek mythology, Physcoa was a woman from the deme Orthia of Elis. She was credited with a variety of notable deeds, which are recorded in Pausanias' Description of Greece. Physcoa was believed to have belonged to the very first, legendary set of the so-called Sixteen Women. One of the accounts cited by Pausanias relates that the Eleans suffered much harm from Damophon, tyrant of Pisa, and that after his death people of both Pisa and Elis chose to no longer associate with his misdeeds and to establish mutual peace. For that purpose, each of the sixteen cities of Elis sent a female envoy, "this woman to be the oldest, the most noble, and the most esteemed of all the women"; one of the delegates was Physcoa. The Sixteen Women performed the establishment of peace, and were subsequently entrusted with management of the Heraean Games, particularly with ritual weaving of the robe for Hera. Another of Pausanias' sources informs that it was Hippodamia who introduced the Heraean Games so as to express gratitude to Hera for arranging her marriage to Pelops, and assembled the Sixteen Women as co-founders of the tradition. There were two choral dances of which the Sixteen Women were in charge, one of them being named after Physcoa and the other one after Hippodamia. Physcoa was said to have consorted with Dionysus and to have had by him a son Narcaeus. When Narcaeus grew up, it is related, he conquered many neighboring peoples and gained a lot of power; he was also credited with founding the sanctuary of Athena Narcaea. Narcaeus and Physcoa were also reported to be the first people to pay homage to Dionysus as a god. Pausanias mentions that various honors were paid to Physcoa, and these included making her the eponym of the ritual dance.

text:
# Physcoa

In Greek mythology, **Physcoa** (Ancient Greek: Φυσκόα *Phuskóa*) was a woman from the deme Orthia of Elis. She was credited with a variety of notable deeds, which are recorded in Pausanias' *Description of Greece.*

Physcoa was believed to have belonged to the very first, legendary set of the so-called Sixteen Women. One of the accounts cited by Pausanias relates that the Eleans suffered much harm from Damophon, tyrant of Pisa, and that after his death people of both Pisa and Elis chose to no longer associate with his misdeeds and to establish mutual peace. For that purpose, each of the sixteen cities of Elis sent a female envoy, "this woman to be the oldest, the most noble, and the most esteemed of all the women"; one of the delegates was Physcoa. The Sixteen Women performed the establishment of peace, and were subsequently entrusted with management of the Heraean Games, particularly with ritual weaving of the robe for Hera.

Another of Pausanias' sources informs that it was Hippodamia who introduced the Heraean Games so as to express gratitude to Hera for arranging her marriage to Pelops, and assembled the Sixteen Women as co-founders of the tradition. There were two choral dances of which the Sixteen Women were in charge, one of them being named after Physcoa and the other one after Hippodamia.

Physcoa was said to have consorted with Dionysus and to have had by him a son Narcaeus. When Narcaeus grew up, it is related, he conquered many neighboring peoples and gained a lot of power; he was also credited with founding the sanctuary of Athena Narcaea. Narcaeus and Physcoa were also reported to be the first people to pay homage to Dionysus as a god.

Pausanias mentions that various honors were paid to Physcoa, and these included making her the eponym of the ritual dance.


title: Phoenician (Unicode block)

abstract: Phoenician is a Unicode block containing characters used across the Mediterranean world from the 12th century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The Phoenician alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. An alternative proposal to handle it as a font variation of Hebrew was turned down. The Unicode block for Phoenician is U+10900–U+1091F. It is intended for the representation of text in Paleo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals, Ammonite, Moabite and Punic. The letters are encoded U+10900 𐤀 aleph through to U+10915 𐤕 taw, U+10916 𐤖, U+10917 𐤗, U+10918 𐤘 and U+10919 𐤙 encode the numerals 1, 10, 20, and 100, respectively, and U+1091F 𐤟 is the word separator.

text:
# Phoenician (Unicode block)

**Phoenician** is a Unicode block containing characters used across the Mediterranean world from the 12th century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The Phoenician alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. An alternative proposal to handle it as a font variation of Hebrew was turned down. (See PDF summary.)

The Unicode block for Phoenician is U+10900–U+1091F. It is intended for the representation of text in Paleo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals, Ammonite, Moabite and Punic.

The letters are encoded U+10900 𐤀 *aleph* through to U+10915 𐤕 *taw*, U+10916 𐤖, U+10917 𐤗, U+10918 𐤘 and U+10919 𐤙 encode the numerals 1, 10, 20, and 100, respectively, and U+1091F 𐤟 is the word separator.

## Characters

## History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Phoenician block:

1. "Unicode character database". *The Unicode Standard*. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
2. "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". *The Unicode Standard*. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
3. "Middle-East scripts II: Ancient Scripts" (PDF). *The Unicode Standard: Version 13.0 – Core Specification*. The Unicode Consortium. 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-28.

## InfoBox

| Phoenician | |
| --- | --- |
| Range | U+10900..U+1091F<br>(32 code points) |
| Plane | SMP |
| Scripts | Phoenician |
| Assigned | 29 code points |
| Unused | 3 reserved code points |
| Unicode version history | |
|  | |
| 5.0 (2006) | 27 (+27) |
| 5.2 (2009) | 29 (+2) |
|  | |
| Unicode documentation | |
| Code chart ∣ Web page | |
| **Note**: | |


title: Physics and Star Wars

abstract: The interstellar space opera epic Star Wars uses science and technology in its settings and storylines. The series has showcased many technological concepts, both in the movies and in the expanded universe of novels, comics and other forms of media. The Star Wars movies' primary objective is to build upon drama, philosophy, political science and less on scientific knowledge. Many of the on-screen technologies created or borrowed for the Star Wars universe were used mainly as plot devices. The iconic status that Star Wars has gained in popular culture and science fiction allows it to be used as an accessible introduction to real scientific concepts. Many of the features or technologies used in the Star Wars universe are not yet considered possible. Despite this, their concepts are still probable.

text:
# Physics and Star Wars

The interstellar space opera epic *Star Wars* uses science and technology in its settings and storylines. The series has showcased many technological concepts, both in the movies and in the expanded universe of novels, comics and other forms of media. The *Star Wars* movies' primary objective is to build upon drama, philosophy, political science and less on scientific knowledge. Many of the on-screen technologies created or borrowed for the *Star Wars* universe were used mainly as plot devices.

The iconic status that *Star Wars* has gained in popular culture and science fiction allows it to be used as an accessible introduction to real scientific concepts. Many of the features or technologies used in the *Star Wars* universe are not yet considered possible. Despite this, their concepts are still probable.

## Tatooine's twin stars

In the past, scientists thought that planets would be unlikely to form around binary stars. However, recent simulations indicate that planets are just as likely to form around binary star systems as single-star systems. Of the 3457 exoplanets currently known, 146 actually orbit binary star systems (and 39 orbit multiple star systems with three or more stars). Specifically, they orbit what are known as "wide" binary star systems where the two stars are fairly far apart (several AU). Tatooine appears to be of the other type — a "close" binary, where the stars are very close, and the planets orbit their common center of mass.

The first observationally confirmed binary — Kepler-16b — is a close binary. Exoplanet researchers' simulations indicate that planets form frequently around close binaries, though gravitational effects from the dual star system tend to make them very difficult to find with current Doppler and transit methods of planetary searches. In studies looking for dusty disks—where planet formation is likely—around binary stars, such disks were found in wide or narrow binaries, or those whose stars are more than 50 or less than 3 AU apart, respectively. Intermediate binaries, or those with between 3 and 50 AU between them, had no dusty disks. In 2011 it was reported by *The Guardian* that NASA space telescope Kepler had discovered a planet, named Kepler-16b, with twin suns as seen in the *Star Wars* films.

Certified astrophysicist and *Star Wars* fan Jeanne Cavelos explains that scientists have been skeptical about the likelihood of binary star systems such as Tatooine since the gravity of one star may prevent planets from developing around the other. Two stars of different masses orbiting one another would cause gravity fields to shift, causing potential instabilities in the orbits of any planets in their system.

According to her, even planets in more stable orbits of a binary star system would suffer other kinds of problems such as climatic problems. As an example, a planet in a binary star system orbiting the larger star would be drawn closer to its gravitational field, causing the planet to endure heat of great temperatures during this period. As the planet passes its larger star and reaches the orbit of its smaller star, the gravitational field of that star would give the planet more distance from it. The distance (perhaps along with the smaller solar projection of the star) would send the planet into extreme frigid temperatures.

According to Cavelos, astronomers hypothesize at least two possible solutions to these problems exist and that even life supporting binary star systems could exist. One scenario could be two stars billions of kilometres apart. A planet or planets would be able to orbit one star while at minimum influence of the other. A star known as Proxima Centauri, or Alpha Centauri C, is about one trillion kilometres away from its sister stars, Alpha Centauri A and B. Also according to Cavelos, astronomers believe that Proxima Centauri could have planets of its own. If so, they would be minimally influenced by Proxima Centauri's sister stars due to the vast distance between them and these sister stars. Assuming the existence of planets around Proxima Centauri, from these planets the sister suns would appear as bright stars in the sky.

Another scenario would be two stars that would be closer to one another at a distance of only a few million kilometres. A planet orbiting far enough away would be affected by their gravitational fields almost as if there were one. If the distance between the two stars was a small fraction of the distance between them and the planet, it would be stable for the planet. Dawn and dusk would occur on such a planet as they would on Tatooine.

## Blaster bolts

*Star Wars* makes heavy use of blaster and ion weaponry, attributed to laser, plasma, or particle based bolts of light. Characters can be seen escaping, or even dodging those bolts, and the blaster bolts themselves can be seen flying at a moderate-fast speed. Dodging a laser bolt would be nearly impossible, as it would travel at the speed of light. Due to that, it is reasonable the blaster fire would pass like a sparkle, and hit its target. Sometimes, characters will call the bolts "laser bolts" that, while they do not travel at light speed, are made of intense light energy.

However, many official canonical *Star Wars* sources state that blaster technology is different from real lasers. According to official canon, they are a form of particle beam. This is supported by how "magnetically sealed" walls deflect them.

The Polish Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the University of Warsaw managed to film an ultra short laser pulse by using cameras that produce billions of frames per second. These laser pulses were so powerful that they almost instantly ionized the atoms they encountered, resulting in the formation of a plasma fiber filament.

The effects of a blaster on a live target were portrayed more or less the same in every part of the *Star Wars* series. Since blaster bolts consist of light or particle based energy, the bolts would burn through the flesh of a target, with some even exploding against their target, exerting great force. The latter effect was usually from a blaster with greater size. Blasters have even been shown to have plasma energy as ammunition, which is portrayed as blue bolts. As of *The Force Awakens*, these blue bolts rupture and damage flesh with little to no burning, which causes bleeding injuries, as Poe shot a Stormtrooper with a blaster that caused him to bleed until death. Another instance of a blaster causing bleeding was when Chewbacca shot Kylo Ren with his Bowcaster, the small explosion against his body causing a bleeding injury coupled with burns. In many modern showings of blaster fights, someone hit by a blaster has cinders and soot outlining the area where they were shot. Also blasters hit with great amounts of friction and kinetic energy, enough to cause sparks to fly off the target, make the target burst into flames, or kill a target on impact, even if the target is not penetrated by the bolt, as it is when some targets are armored against blasters.

## Vibration in vacuum

*Star Wars* is famously known for its epic space dogfights. Blaster, engine, and explosion sounds can be heard in those space scenes. Space is a vacuum, however, and since sound requires matter to propagate, the audience should not hear any sound.

This has been explained in some *Star Wars* media as the result of a sensor system that creates three-dimensional sound inside the cockpit or bridge matching the external movement of other vessels, as a form of multimodal interface, although the audience is still able to hear sound even from a perspective that is in space. In the canon novel *Lords of the Sith* it is explained that the characters in a galaxy far, far away indeed do not hear any sound in space if no longer confined by their vessels:

> \[Vader's\] interceptor streaked toward the gun bubble, aimed directly at it. Content with the trajectory, he unstrapped himself, overrode the interceptor’s safeties, threw open the cockpit hatch, and ejected into space.
>
> Immediately he was spinning in the zero-g, the ship and stars alternating positions with rapidity. Yet he kept his mental hold on the air-lock handle, and his armor, sealed and pressurized, sustained him in the vacuum. The respirator was loud in his ears.
>
> His ship slammed into the gun bubble and the transport, the inability of the vacuum to transmit sound causing the collision to occur in eerie silence. Fire flared for a moment, but only a moment before the vacuum extinguished it.

Therefore, the ability to hear sound in a vacuum by the audience is not heard by the iconic characters, but only to the audience as an interpretation to imagine what sounds we hear in the films as out-of-universe artifacts.

## Asteroid field in *Episode V*

In *The Empire Strikes Back*, after the Battle of Hoth, the *Millennium Falcon* is pursued by Imperial ships through a dense asteroid field. The chunks of rock in the field are moving at rapid speeds, constantly colliding, and densely packed. Ordinarily, an asteroid field or belt is unlikely to be so densely packed with large objects, because collisions reduce large objects to rubble. About the only way for an asteroid belt to maintain itself would be to "balance destructive high-speed collisions with constructive soft collisions", but it is unclear whether this is happening in the film.

In contrast to *Star Wars*, the ship featured in *2001: A Space Odyssey*, *Discovery One*, had a course that took it directly through the asteroid belt in the novel, without real fear of collision on the part of the mission organizers. However, the Solar System's Asteroid Belt is far less dense and several real spacecraft have passed through it without harm.

On the other hand, the so-called Trojan asteroid fields, named after the asteroids found in Jupiter-Sun Lagrange points, are known to be packed much more densely. The Solar System contains two such fields, the Greek Trojans and the Trojan Trojans, and two more (Neptune's trojans) have been discovered recently, but little is known about them currently.

Also, contained within this scene is a portion in which Han and Leia emerge from the *Millennium Falcon*, and are seen wearing only a facemask for air. The lack of pressure would have likely caused rapid decompression of their bodies, as the asteroid likely did not have an atmosphere. (See *Effect of spaceflight on the human body*.)

## Flight dynamics

Unlike the true flight dynamics of space, those seen in *Star Wars* closely mirror the familiar dynamics of flying in Earth's atmosphere. For example, fixed-wing aircraft must make banked turns because they use air pressure to operate. Yet, in the airless vacuum of space in *Star Wars*, the spaceships always (unnecessarily) bank when turning. Physicist Lawrence M. Krauss says this is for a simple reason: "it looks good." By banking, the center of gravity would be maintained so up is still up but the g forces generated at such speeds would surely injure the occupants. This is handled in the films by devices known as "inertial compensators".

In order to turn in non-atmospheric flight, some force must still be applied to the craft, presumably by some sort of thruster or generated force field wave, the location of which (in relation to the craft's centre of gravity) will dictate the orientation of the ship, or bank angle, required to make the turn.

## Destruction over Endor

Following the events of *Return of the Jedi*, there has been widespread speculation that the destruction of the second Death Star as seen in the film would cause a radiation spread on the forest moon of Endor's atmosphere and surface, given that the explosion was caused by an attack on its (nuclear) core reactor.

The phenomenon has been around supposedly since 1997 following a number of comic book productions on *Star Wars* beyond the original trilogy (of unknown canonicity, although like most other works it has been declared non-canonical and part of the distinct *Star Wars Legends* continuity in 2014) and has been known as "The Endor Holocaust". It came about from a rational analysis in multiple commentaries of the aftermath of the second Death Star's destruction and its hypothetical effects on the forest moon and its living inhabitants. Based on all the information from the stories, it has been concluded that a nuclear fallout would cause radioactive contamination on the surface of the planet (or moon), leading to widespread death and destruction.

More recent analysis by physicists has supported the theory from a scientific perspective.

Studying and analyzing the second Death Star's destruction, physicists hypothesize its results and consequences. Astrophysicist and *Star Wars* fan Dave Mosher covers the film's events in a 10,000 word essay. His first argument is the Death Star explosion resulting from the rebel attack on its nuclear reactor, the whole space station would be reduced to a large number of fine metallic pieces raining down on Endor. The debris would burn up in Endor's atmosphere turning into toxic soot and spark planetary firestorms.

Another scientist, Sarah Stewart, reanalyzes the situation and theorizes the moon's previous state after some environmental cleanup from the Death Star's fallout.

Matija Cuk, who studies orbital dynamics, theorizes the Death Star's reactor blowing up in one second, sending enormous chunks of debris at about 220,000 miles per hour. He argues the energy carried by the debris would not be sufficient to destroy the moon, but erode the side facing the Death Star. He also argues all ships near the Death Star at the time of its explosion would be destroyed by it. He also adds the rebels witnessing the explosion from the planet's surface would be killed by the radiation released from the explosion even before the debris reaches them.

He concludes the debris following the explosion would strike the moon's surface and would send rocks on the surface to the far side of the moon. In his analysis, the extinction of the Ewoks is inevitable.

Planetary physicist Erik Asphaug, who also studies giant impacts on moons and planets opposes these theories. He argues the Death Star would not be reduced to tiny bits following explosion. He argues that all nuclear explosions in rock would vaporize matter near it, but break matter a further distance away into pieces. The further away the pieces, the less they would break. He concludes large chunks of the Death Star would hit the forest moon's surface, some even creating craters. The most problematic result in his analysis is the fire caused by the large radioactive debris that would set the moon's forests ablaze.

A detailed analysis to the aftermath of the Death Star explosion in *Return of the Jedi* by planetary scientist Dave Minton, concludes all the Ewoks would have died as a result. Using the information provided from the holograms in the briefing scene aboard the giant cruiser *Home One* in Episode VI, Minton estimates the diameter of the Death Star (or *Death Star II* to distinguish it from the first Death Star in Episode IV: *A New Hope*) is about three hundred forty three kilometers or about seven percent the diameter of Endor.

This would make Endor slightly larger than Mars but about 15% the size of Earth. He also notes that in diameter, Endor would still be smaller than Mars, but denser in mass by his measurement formula. Endor's composition being smaller would be unusual, but not impossible according to him.

He applies this data to the orbital dynamics problem. Discounting the possibility of the second Death Star being preserved in Endor's orbit by the use of anti-gravitational repulsors (a commonality in the *Star Wars* galaxy), Minton instead compares the Death Star in the forest moon's orbit to that of a satellite in Earth's orbit. Applying Kepler's Third Law, he determines an orbital period as exactly one day. But applying this law, he determines astrophysical problems with the Death Star using Endor's gravity to sustain itself in the forest moon's orbit. For simplicity, he assumes a day on Endor as 24 hours.

Minton also argues the explosion of the second Death Star in Episode VI is lighter than that of the first one in Episode IV. His argument is drawn from the two films where the one in *A New Hope* explodes instantaneously; wheres the second one in *Return of the Jedi* explodes in a longer time period, allowing the rebel pilots to escape alive and their ships unharmed by the explosion. The film specifically shows Wedge Antilles and Lando Calrissian hitting two main sections of the core reactor from an X-wing fighter and the *Millennium Falcon* (co-piloted by Nien Nunb), causing the reactor to collapse and start a chain explosion and resulting in the Death Star blowing up from a series of internal explosions and collapses.

Minton therefore concludes there would be little vaporization of remaining material and that the explosion would move a lot slower than what is required to keep them in orbit, which he estimates is about 212 miles per second. Using the equation representing orbital velocity of the Death Star, he theorizes the fragments would need to be orbiting at about 4.5 kilometers per second to maintain orbit at the same altitude the Death Star had been. Since this does not happen, he argues the remains of the former Death Star would fall straight into the area where the shield generator has been on the moon's surface.

To estimate the effects of the second Death Star, Minton looks into its mass. According to estimated data from some students of Lehigh University, the steel mass needed for building one would be around 770 kilograms times the mass cubed in weight — this would give the Death Star a mass of about 1019 kg. Using this data, Minton produces equations that lead him to conclude the fragments would hit the moon's surface so hard it would cause craters almost four times the size of the Chicxulub crater in Mexico. This impact would cause a planetary firestorm and vaporize all lifeforms on the moon.

## Hyperspace travel

The hyperspace travel in the *Star Wars* franchise requires two elements, light speed travel and hyperspace. Ships in the *Star Wars* Universe have engines capable of propelling them to the speed of light. However, current physical theory states that it is impossible for any physical object to attain that speed, as long as the object has a non-zero mass, because an infinite amount of energy would be required to accelerate the mass to such a speed — a logical impossibility in our universe. Moreover, even if one were traveling at light speed, it would still take thousands of years to travel even a moderately sized galaxy. It is for these reasons that *Star Wars* space vessels use a "hyperdrive".

This is explained by having the ships warp to another "dimension", presumably a brane universe with different physical laws. Gravity supposedly reaches between branes. In *Star Wars*, gravity in real spaces forms gravitational "mass shadows" in hyperspace. Hyperspace in *Star Wars* is unrelated to the presumed space between universal "bubbles" in real life physics.

Hyperspace travel has also been noted to have some form of air resistance, as seen in "Deal or No Deal", an episode of the *Star Wars: the Clone Wars* TV series. Trace Martez – smuggler and friend of Ahsoka Tano – apologises for flight turbulence on her heavily modified *Nebula*-class freighter, nicknamed the "*Silver Angel*", having "left the air brakes on". This would be normal, if Martez was encountering air resistance in the atmosphere of Coruscant \- the planet she had just left. However, she only encountered turbulence once she entered hyperspace, which suggests that hyperspace has some form of gaseous atmosphere, for lack of a better term.

## Planets, moons and planetoids

In the *Star Wars* franchise, almost everyone can breathe and move on many planets, and these, as well as the star systems, are treated as small places. Both defects have an accurate explanation.

The *Star Wars* Expanded Universe states that many of the planets of the galaxy were colonized and adapted to the atmosphere and gravity of the most populated species, and there are also many speciessuch as Kel Dor and Skakoansthat need to use devices like breathing masks or pressurized suits. In the other case, since the *Star Wars* franchise develops itself to the intergalactic level, it is assumed that almost all the planets on it are planetary civilizations, a theory well-based in reality and that could possibly happen in a distant future.

The novelization of *A New Hope*, ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, mentions that humans colonized Tatooine in the section introducing the Tusken Raiders. The section implies that humans colonized the planet and settled in the more remote areas of the much sparsely populated planet, which did not give much chance of contact between the Tusken Raiders and the human colonists, who settled on the planet in small numbers.

Also in the same novel, the section introducing the planet Yavin describes it as uninhabitable. Its satellite moons are described as planet sized. The fourth moon called "Yavin IV" as it was named by early human colonizers is described rich with plant and animal life. It describes an ancient civilization that once existed in the jungles of the moon but disappeared centuries before human explorers ever set foot on the moon. The only evidence of their existence the ancient architectural sites and monuments they left behind (as seen in the film), most of which were mysteriously built. At the time the Rebel Alliance used territory on Yavin as their hidden base, the only thing left on the moon was plant, insect and animal life.

Jeanne Cavelos points to the *Tales of the Jedi* comic book series that document the early colonization of much of the populated *Star Wars* galaxy. Her argument is that the humans in the *Star Wars* galaxy being a single species, as well as appearing and living like human beings on Earth, likely originated from a single Earth-like planet, though the exact origin or home world of the human species in the *Star Wars* universe is not exactly known. She suggests that to be able to colonize other planets, the humans of the *Star Wars* galaxy could not have been genetically altered. She points to the fact that Luke Skywalker lived his life on Tatooine but did not require any genetic altering to adapt to Hoth, a planet with a climate estimately the opposite of Tatooine.

There are also problems with the possibility of humans altering the climate of the planet they colonize. She mentions the fact that there are native species on planets that humans live on, such as the Jawas alongside the Tusken Raiders on Tatooine who survive in the same climate as humans live on. If they lived in another climate prior to human colonization and environmental modification/alternation, such as terraforming, they are unlikely to survive.

Another possibility she suggests is the use of artificial aids that would help the colonists adapting to life on a newly settled planet before gradually adapting to life there. Some variations in climate and gravity would be adaptable to the colonists over a few generations as long as the variations are not too great. Through a period of generations, the colonists would evolve and adapt, even perhaps by evolutionary mutations.

There is also the unlikelihood of other planets having air just like Earth's and automatically being breathable according to other scientists, Cavelos claims. Only a small number of such planets probably exist. The chances are greater of finding planets with similar atmospheres that would require minimal atmospheric modification, but unlikely to be identical to Earth's that arriving humans could simply survive on them.

Another issue amongst this is that if human species would be unlikely to encounter a planet with an exact Earth-like environment, it would be even more unlikely for so many different alien species to be of the same environmental background and surviving in the same environmental conditions as seen at the Mos Eisley cantina in *A New Hope*.

## Lightsabers

Often, lightsabers are said to be composed of lasers. However, using lasers raises several issues:

* The necessity of something to reflect the end of the beam.
* Having a compact and powerful enough power source.
* Lasers do not clash when their beams cross.
* Lasers are silent.
* There are some materials that can withstand a lightsaber, and some can even deactivate one upon contact.

Earlier forms of the weapon were known as "protosabers" in the *Star Wars* galaxy that required battery packs which were connected to the lightsaber hilt through a power cord. The battery pack was attached to a belt worn by the Jedi using the lightsaber, similar to how a flamethrower is worn, but was not ideal as it restricted the Jedi's movements during combat.

Lightsabers have been generally explained as plasma kept in a force field, usually an electric or magnetic field. The force field could not be magnetic, because the field contains heat, something a magnetic field is incapable of doing. Thus, the force field must be a shield not known by modern technology. Additionally, when two plasma blades would come into direct contact, it would almost certainly result in magnetic reconnection, causing an explosive release of the plasma contained in both sabers.

The problems with lightsabers that use actual light blades mentioned at the beginning of this section are not all insurmountable. For instance, it is mentioned that "Lasers do not clash when their beams cross", which is a statement based on our day-to-day experience with light. But Euler and Heisenberg have shown in 1936 that, for sufficiently high intensities, light can actually interact with itself (an effect due to quantum fluctuations of the vacuum). Given this, then it is possible to imagine a scenario of two lightsabers clashing in which photons coming from the hilt of one lightsaber are scattered toward the hilt of the other lightsaber (the scattering is done in the region where the two lightsabers overlap). Since photons have momentum, those scattered photons would exert radiation pressure on the hilt of the other lightsaber. Using techniques from ultrahigh intensity lasers, it has been shown that for lasers with an electric field strength of the order of 1015 V/m, the force felt in the hilt of each lightsabers is approximately 10 N (or roughly equivalent to the force exerted by a one kilogram object falling on a human foot). This force due to scattered photons would give an impression of blade solidity when the two lightsabers clash. An incredible amount of energy is necessary to power such a lightsaber. For instance, powering a lightsaber with an electric field strength of 1015 V/m for one minute requires 1025 J, or ten times less than the total energy output of the Sun in one second. If the energy source is nuclear fusion, such a lightsaber would require 1011 kg of nuclear fusion fuel to operate for one minute. In other words, one would need to fit the equivalent of ten Great Pyramid of Giza-s of nuclear fusion fuel in the hilt to operate such a lightsaber for one minute.


abstract: The Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS) is a scheme developed in 1970 by the American Institute of Physics (AIP) for classifying scientific literature using a hierarchical set of codes. PACS has been used by over 160 international journals, including the Physical Review series since 1975. Since 2016, American Physical Society introduced the PhySH system instead of PACS.

text:
# Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme

The **Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme** (**PACS**) is a scheme developed in 1970 by the American Institute of Physics (AIP) for classifying scientific literature using a hierarchical set of codes. PACS has been used by over 160 international journals, including the *Physical Review* series since 1975. Since 2016, American Physical Society introduced the PhySH (Physics Subject Headings) system instead of PACS.

## Discontinuation

AIP has announced that *PACS 2010* will be the final version, but it will continue to be available through their website. The decision was made to discontinue PACS, owing to the administrative complexity of the revision process and its future viability in light of changing technological and research trends. However, PACS is still in use by scientific journals.

In association with Access Innovations, Inc., the AIP has developed a new "AIP Thesaurus", which it states will enable faster, more accurate and more efficient searches.


title: Physical Society of Japan

abstract: The Physical Society of Japan is the organisation of physicists in Japan. There are about 16,000 members, including university professors, researchers as well as educators, and engineers. The origins of the JPS go back to the establishment of the Tokyo Mathematical Society in 1877, as the first society in natural science in Japan. After being renamed twice, as Tokyo Mathematical and Physical Society in 1884 and as Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan in 1919, it eventually separated into two in 1946, and the Physical Society of Japan was formed. Takeo Shimizu (清水武雄), a contributor to the improvements to the Wilson cloud chamber and the last President of the Physico-Mathematical Society, was also the first president of JPS.

text:
# Physical Society of Japan

The **Physical Society of Japan** (**JPS**; 日本物理学会 in Japanese) is the organisation of physicists in Japan. There are about 16,000 members, including university professors, researchers as well as educators, and engineers.

The origins of the JPS go back to the establishment of the Tokyo Mathematical Society in 1877, as the first society in natural science in Japan. After being renamed twice, as Tokyo Mathematical and Physical Society in 1884 and as Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan in 1919, it eventually separated into two in 1946, and the Physical Society of Japan was formed. Takeo Shimizu (清水武雄), a contributor to the improvements to the Wilson cloud chamber and the last President of the Physico-Mathematical Society, was also the first president of JPS.

## Purpose

The primary purposes of the JPS are to publish research reports of its members and to provide its members with facilities relating to physics.

## Reciprocal agreements

The JPS has established reciprocal agreements with seven physical societies such as the American Physical Society, German Physical Society, Mexican Physical Society and Korean Physical Society so that the members of one society can participate in the activities of the other on an equal partner basis.

## Publications

The Physical Society of Japan


title: Photoactivated peptide

abstract: Photoactivated peptides are modified natural or synthetic peptides whose functions can be activated or controlled using light. These peptides incorporate light-sensitive elements that allow for precise regulation their biological activity in both space and time. The activation can be either irreversible, as in the case of caged peptides with photocleavable protecting groups, or reversible, utilizing molecular photoswitches like azobenzenes or diarylethenes, and diarylethenes By incorporating these light-responsive components into the peptide structure, peptide properties, functions, and biological activities can be manipulated with high precision. This approach enables targeted activation of peptides in specific areas, making photoactivated peptides valuable tools for applications in cancer therapy, drug delivery, and probing molecular interactions in living cells and in organisms.

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# Photoactivated peptide

**Photoactivated peptides** are modified natural or synthetic peptides whose functions can be activated or controlled using light. These peptides incorporate light-sensitive elements that allow for precise regulation their biological activity in both space and time. The activation can be either irreversible, as in the case of caged peptides with photocleavable protecting groups, or reversible, utilizing molecular photoswitches like azobenzenes or diarylethenes, and diarylethenes By incorporating these light-responsive components into the peptide structure, peptide properties, functions, and biological activities can be manipulated with high precision. This approach enables targeted activation of peptides in specific areas, making photoactivated peptides valuable tools for applications in cancer therapy, drug delivery, and probing molecular interactions in living cells and in organisms.

## Applications

Photoactivated peptides have shown potential for various applications, including cancer therapy, other light-controlled drugs, and as tools to probe molecular interactions in intact cells and whole organisms.

Initial studies demonstrated that these peptides could effectively kill B-cell lymphoma cancer cells. Specifically, a synthetic short peptide was alkylated with azobenzene crosslinkers and used to photo-stimulate mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release in permeabilized cells, initiating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Analogs of Gramicidin S containing a diarylethene fragment have also been developed, exhibiting a clear, reversible change in antimicrobial activity. In their inactive, UV-inducible photoform, these analogs are harmless to bacteria cells; however, upon activation with visible (amber) light, they become bactericidal. Additionally, a photoswitchable analogue of the orexin-B peptide has been developed, enabling control of orexin receptors with light *in vivo* at nanomolar concentrations.

Photoswitchable peptides have been designed to inhibit protein-protein interactions in a light-controlled manner. They have been successfully applied to inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells and in yeast. This same design principle has been applied to inhibit protein-protein interactions involved in cancer and can potentially be used for any interaction mediated by a helical motif.


title: Photoactive layer

abstract: A photoactive layer is used in solar cells for absorbing light. It can be found in all solar cells, but with different panels the photoactive layer is made of different materials. Inorganic layers are made from inorganic materials such as silicon. The film has a layer arrangement of electrodes and counter electrode with organic layers in between the two. The layer is found underneath the glass, adhesive, and reflection coating, but is the first required part of the cell.

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# Photoactive layer

A **photoactive layer** is used in solar cells for absorbing light. It can be found in all solar cells, but with different panels the photoactive layer is made of different materials. Inorganic layers are made from inorganic materials such as silicon. The film has a layer arrangement of electrodes and counter electrode with organic layers in between the two. The layer is found underneath the glass, adhesive, and reflection coating, but is the first required part of the cell.

## Definition

Photoactive means it can have a chemical reaction with sunlight and/or ultraviolet light. Most of the solar cell is photoactive, but the base of the solar cell only conducts electricity after it has been converted. It can also mean that it responds to photons photoelectrically. This can also relate to a physical reaction, but this does not occur within photoactive layers.

## Efficiency

Layers that are thicker are sometimes preferred because they can absorb more light. While sometimes thinner ones are preferred for greater efficiency. The light must pass through the band gap. For this to work the light must have a minimum energy depending on the cell to pass through. Different cells have a different minimum while the light below the minimum passes through the absorber.


title: Photoacoustic microscopy

abstract: Photoacoustic microscopy is an imaging method based on the photoacoustic effect and is a subset of photoacoustic tomography. Photoacoustic microscopy takes advantage of the local temperature rise that occurs as a result of light absorption in tissue. Using a nanosecond pulsed laser beam, tissues undergo thermoelastic expansion, resulting in the release of a wide-band acoustic wave that can be detected using a high-frequency ultrasound transducer. Since ultrasonic scattering in tissue is weaker than optical scattering, photoacoustic microscopy is capable of achieving high-resolution images at greater depths than conventional microscopy methods. Furthermore, photoacoustic microscopy is especially useful in the field of biomedical imaging due to its scalability. By adjusting the optical and acoustic foci, lateral resolution may be optimized for the desired imaging depth.

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# Photoacoustic microscopy

**Photoacoustic microscopy** is an imaging method based on the photoacoustic effect and is a subset of photoacoustic tomography. Photoacoustic microscopy takes advantage of the local temperature rise that occurs as a result of light absorption in tissue. Using a nanosecond pulsed laser beam, tissues undergo thermoelastic expansion, resulting in the release of a wide-band acoustic wave that can be detected using a high-frequency ultrasound transducer. Since ultrasonic scattering in tissue is weaker than optical scattering, photoacoustic microscopy is capable of achieving high-resolution images at greater depths than conventional microscopy methods. Furthermore, photoacoustic microscopy is especially useful in the field of biomedical imaging due to its scalability. By adjusting the optical and acoustic foci, lateral resolution may be optimized for the desired imaging depth.

## Photoacoustic signal

The goal of photoacoustic microscopy is to find the local pressure rise $p\_{0}$, which can be used to calculate the absorption coefficient $\mu \_{a}$ according to the formula:

$p\_{0}=\Gamma \eta \_{th}\mu \_{a}F,$

where $\eta \_{th}$ is the percentage of light converted to heat, $F$ is the local optical fluence (J/cm2), and the dimensionless Gruneisen parameter $\Gamma $ is defined as:

$\Gamma ={\frac {\beta }{\kappa \rho C\_{V},}}$

where $\beta $ is the thermal coefficient of volume expansion (K−1), $\kappa $ is the isothermal compressibility (Pa−1), and $\rho $ is the density (kg/m3).

Following the initial pressure rise, a photoacoustic wave propagates at the speed of sound within the medium and can be detected with an ultrasound transducer.

## Image reconstruction

One of the major benefits of photoacoustic microscopy is the simplicity of image reconstruction. A laser pulse excites tissue in the axial direction and the resulting photoacoustic waves are detected by an ultrasound transducer. The transducer then converts the mechanical energy into a voltage signal that can be read by an analog-to-digital converter for post-processing. A one-dimensional image, known as an A-line, is formed as a result of each laser pulse. Hilbert transform of an A-line reveals depth-encoded information. A 3D photoacoustic image can then be formed by combining multiple A-lines produced by 2D raster scanning.

### Synthetic Aperture Image Reconstruction

Altering delays of the elements on an ultrasound transducer allows one to focus ultrasound waves similar to passing through an acoustic lens. This delay-and-sum method enables one to find the signal at each focal point. However, the lateral resolution is limited by the presence of side lobes, which appear at polar angles and are dependent on the width of each element.

## Contrast

In photoacoustic imaging modalities, including photoacoustic microscopy, contrast is based on photon excitation and is thus determined by the optical properties of the tissue. When an electron absorbs a photon, it moves to a higher energy state. Upon returning to a lower energy level, the electron undergoes either radiative or nonradiative relaxation. During radiative relaxation, the electron releases energy in the form of a photon. On the other hand, an electron undergoing nonradiative relaxation releases energy as heat. The heat then induces a pressure rise that propagates as a photoacoustic wave. Due to the fact that almost all molecules are capable of nonradiative relaxation, photoacoustic microscopy has the potential to image a wide range of endogenous and exogenous agents. By contrast, fewer molecules are capable of radiative relaxation, thus limiting fluorescence microscopy techniques such as one-photon and two-photon microscopy. Current research in photoacoustic microscopy takes advantage of both endogenous and exogenous contrast agents to gain functional information about the body, from blood saturation levels to cancer proliferation rate.

### Endogenous Contrast Agents

Endogenous contrast agents, molecules naturally occurring within the body, are useful in photoacoustic microscopy due to the fact that they may be imaged non-invasively. Endogenous agents are also non-toxic and do not affect the properties of the tissue being studied. In particular, endogenous absorbers can be classified based on their absorbing wavelengths.

#### Ultraviolet Absorbers

Within the ultraviolet light range (λ = 180 to 400 nm), the primary absorber in the body is DNA and RNA. By using ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy, DNA and RNA can be imaged in the cell nuclei without the use of fluorescence labeling. Since cancer is associated with DNA replication failure, UV photoacoustic microscopy has the potential to be used for early cancer detection.

#### Visible Light Absorbers

Visible light absorbers (λ = 400 to 700 nm) include oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, melanin, and cytochrome c. Visible light photoacoustic microscopy is particularly useful in determining hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation due to the difference in absorption profiles of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. Real-time analysis can then be used to determine blood flow speed and oxygen metabolism rate. In addition, photoacoustic microscopy is capable of early melanoma detection due to the high concentration of melanin found in skin cancer cells.

#### Near-Infrared Absorbers

Near-Infrared absorbers (λ = 700 to 1400 nm) include water, lipids, and glucose. Photoacoustic determination of blood glucose levels can be used for treating diabetes, while studying lipid concentrations within blood vessels is important for monitoring the progression of atherosclerosis. It is still feasible to quantify and compare deoxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin concentrations at this wavelength, trading deeper tissue penetration for lower absorption.

### Exogenous Contrast Agents

Although endogenous contrasts agents are noninvasive and simpler to use, they are limited by their inherent behavior and concentration, making it difficult to monitor certain processes if optical absorption is weak. On the other hand, exogenous agents can be engineered to specifically bind to certain molecules of interest. In addition, the concentration of exogenous agents can be optimized to produce a greater signal and provide more contrast. Through selective binding, exogenous contrast agents are capable of targeting specific molecules of interest while also enhancing resulting images.

#### Organic Dyes

Organic dyes, such as ICG-PEG and Evans blue, are used to enhance vasculature as well as to improve tumor imaging. In addition, dyes are easily filtered out of the body due to their small size (≤ 3 nm).

#### Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are currently being researched due to their chemical inactivity and ability to target tumor cells. These properties allow for cancer propagation to be monitored and potentially enables intraoperative cancer removal. However, more studies on short-term toxicity effects are necessary to determine if nanoparticles are suitable for clinical research. Gold nanoparticles have shown promise as a contrast agent for image-guided medicine. AuNPs have been widely used as contrast agents due to their strong and tunable optical absorption.

#### Fluorescent Proteins

Fluorescent proteins have been developed for fluorescence microscopy imaging and are unique in that they can be genetically encoded and therefore do not need to be delivered into the body. Using photoacoustic microscopy, fluorescent proteins can be visualized at depths beyond the limit of typical microscopy methods. Frequency-dependent acoustic attenuation in tissue and dampening of higher frequencies limits the bandwidth of light propagation through deeper regions in tissue. Fluorescent proteins act as light source at the target region, bypassing the limitation of optical attenuation. However, the effectiveness of fluorescent proteins is limited by low fluence changes, as the light diffusion equation predicts lower than 5% increase.

## Resolution

Photoacoustic microscopy achieves greater penetration than conventional microscopy due to ultrasonic detection. As a result, axial resolution is defined acoustically and is determined by the formula:

$R\_{axial}=0.88{\frac {\nu \_{A}{\Delta f\_{A},}}}$

where $\nu \_{A}$ is the speed of sound in the medium and $\Delta f\_{A}$ is the photoacoustic signal bandwidth. The axial resolution of the system can be improved by using a wider bandwidth ultrasound transducer as long as the bandwidth matches that of the photoacoustic signal. The lateral resolution of photoacoustic microscopy depends on the optical and acoustic foci of the system. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) uses a tighter optical focus than acoustic focus, while acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) uses a tighter acoustic focus than optical focus.

### Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic microscopy

Due to a tighter optical focus, OR-PAM is more useful for imaging in the quasi-ballistic range of depths up to 1 mm. The lateral resolution of OR-PAM is determined by the formula:

$R\_{lateral,O}=0.51{\frac {\lambda \_{O}{NA\_{O},}}}$

where $\lambda \_{O}$ is the optical wavelength and $NA\_{O}$ is the numerical aperture of the optical objective lens. The lateral resolution of OR-PAM can be improved by using a shorter laser pulse and tighter focusing of the laser spot. OR-PAM systems can typically achieve a lateral resolution of 0.2 to 10 μm, allowing OR-PAM to be classified as a super-resolution imaging method.

### Acoustic-Resolution Photoacoustic microscopy

At depths greater than 1 mm and up to 3 mm, acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) is more useful due to greater optical scattering. Acoustic scattering is much weaker beyond the optical diffusion limit, making AR-PAM more practical as it provides higher lateral resolution at these depths. The lateral resolution of AR-PAM is determined by the formula:

$R\_{lateral,A}=0.71{\frac {\lambda \_{A}{NA\_{A},}}}$

where $\lambda \_{A}$ is the central wavelength of the photoacoustic wave and $NA\_{A}$ is the numerical aperture of the ultrasound transducer. Higher lateral resolution can therefore be achieved by increasing the center frequency of the ultrasound transducer and tighter acoustic focusing. AR-PAM systems can typically achieve a lateral resolution of 15 to 50 μm.

## Dark-field Confocal Photoacoustic microscopy

By ignoring ballistic light, dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy reduces surface signal. This method uses a dark-field pulsed laser and high-NA ultrasonic detection, with the fiber output end coaxially aligned with the focused ultrasound transducer. Filtration of ballistic light relies on the altered shape of the excitation laser beam instead of an opaque disk, as used in conventional dark-field microscopy. The general reconstruction technique is used to convert the photoacoustic signal into one A-line, and B-line images are produced by raster scanning.

## Biomedical applications

Photoacoustic microscopy has a wide range of applications in the biomedical field. Due to its ability to image a variety of molecules based on optical wavelength, photoacoustic microscopy can be used to gain functional information about the body noninvasively. Blood flow dynamics and oxygen metabolic rates can be measured and correlated to studies of atherosclerosis or tumor proliferation. Exogenous agents can be used to bind to cancerous tissue, enhancing image contrast and aiding in surgical removal. On the same note, photoacoustic microscopy is useful in early cancer diagnosis due to the difference in optical absorption properties compared to healthy tissue.


title: Piano Trio in C major (Sibelius)

abstract: The Piano Trio in C major, Lovisa, JS 208, is a three-movement chamber piece for violin, cello, and piano written in the summer of 1888 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The trio derives its nickname from Lovisa, the municipality in which the composer's aunt lived; Sibelius summered there in 1888.

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# Piano Trio in C major (Sibelius)

The **Piano Trio** in C major, ***Lovisa***, JS 208, is a three-movement chamber piece for violin, cello, and piano written in the summer of 1888 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The trio derives its nickname from Lovisa (in Finnish: *Loviisa*), the municipality in which the composer's aunt (and, before her death, his paternal grandmother) lived; Sibelius summered there in 1888.

## Structure

The C major trio is in three movements, as follows:

1. *Allegro*
2. *Andante*
3. *Lento*  *Allegro con brio*

The *Lovisa* Trio was published posthumously in 1991 by Fazer Music.

## Discography

The Finnish musicians Jaakko Ilves (violin), Risto Poutanen (cello), and Ilmo Ranta (piano)—the Tapiola Trio—made the world premiere studio recording of the *Lovisa* Trio in 1988 for Finlandia. The table below lists this and other commercially available recordings:

| No. | Violin | Cello | Piano | Runtime | Rec. | Recording venue | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jaakko Ilves | Risto Poutanen | Ilmo Ranta | 16:00 | 1988 | Roihuvuoren kirkko | Finlandia |  |
| 2 | Yoshiko Arai | Seppo Kimanen | Juhani Lagerspetz | 15:40 | 1995 | Järvenpää Hall | Ondine |  |
| 3 | Janne Tateno | Erkki Rautio | Izumi Tateno | 16:44 | 1995 | Ainola | Canyon Classics |  |
| 4 | Jaakko Kuusisto | Marko Yltinen | Folke Gräsbeck | 15:47 | 2002 | Danderyds gymnasium | BIS |  |
| 5 | Petteri Iivonen | Samuli Peltonen | Juho Pohjonen | 13:21 | 2016 | Segerstrom Center for the Arts | Yarlung |  |

## Notes, references, and sources

Notes References  1. Dahlström 2003, p. 637.
2. Dahlström 2003, pp. 636–637.
3. Dahlström 2003, p. 636.
4. Barnett 2007, pp. 43–44.
Sources  * Barnett, Andrew (2007). *Sibelius*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11159-0.
* Dahlström, Fabian \[in Swedish\] (2003). *Jean Sibelius: Thematisch-bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke* \[*Jean Sibelius: A Thematic Bibliographic Index of His Works*\] (in German). Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. ISBN 3-7651-0333-0.

## InfoBox

| Piano Trio in C major | |
| --- | --- |
| *Lovisa* | |
| by Jean Sibelius | |
| The composer in 1889 | |
| Catalogue | JS 208 |
| Composed | 1888 (1888) |
| Publisher | Fazer (1991) |
| Duration | 16 mins. |
| Movements | 3 |


title: Cara Heads

abstract: Cara Heads is an Olympic weightlifter for the United States. Her coaches are Tony Ciarelli and Stephanie Ciarelli, Howard Cohen, Bob Morris and Dr. Kyle Pierce.

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# Cara Heads

**Cara Heads** (born October 7, 1977) is an Olympic weightlifter for the United States. Her coaches are Tony Ciarelli and Stephanie Ciarelli, Howard Cohen, Bob Morris and Dr. Kyle Pierce.

## Early life

Sports have always been a part of Heads' life. Throughout high school, she was a scholar athlete and played 3 different sports. She played basketball. competed in track and field, and weightlifting. She was selected onto the All Orange County track and field team. In basketball, her team was Co-Champion of the Sea View League, two time CIF finalists, and state regional finalists. As a weightlifter, Heads qualified for the Junior World Weightlifting Championships in Warsaw, Poland.

## Education

Heads obtained her degree from the University of California Berkeley where she also participated in track and field. She competed in the hammer throw and in her freshman year earned 3rd place in the Pacific Athletic Conference Track and Field championships.

After her first year in school, Heads transitioned her focus from track and field to weightlifting. She decided to drop out of school and pursue her career in weightlifting and train amongst the best female weightlifters. After the Olympic Games she went back to California Berkeley to finish her degree.

## Career

Heads, at one point, was one of the top seven weightlifters in the world in her weight class.

## Weightlifting achievements

* Olympic team member (2000)
* Bronze Medalist in Junior World Championships (1997)
* Silver Medalist in Pan Am Championships (1999)
* Titan Games Champion (2004)
* Senior World Championships team member (1998, 1999, 2002, & 2004)
* Pan Am Games team member (2003)
* Gold Medalist in NACACI Championships (1997)
* Silver Medalist in 1997 Silver Dragon Championships
* Gold Medalist in Copa Guatemala Championships (1995 & 1997)
* Senior National Champion (1997, 1998, 2000, 2002–2005)
* Junior National Champion (1996 & 1997)
* American Open Champion (2002–2004)
* Best Lifter at Junior National Championships (1996)

## InfoBox

Cara Heads
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | October 7, 1977 (1977-10-07) (age 46)<br>Costa Mesa, California, U.S. |
| Medal record      Women's weightlifting  Representing  United States  Pan American Games  1999 Winnipeg  75 kg | |


title: Suhara Station (Gifu)

abstract: Suhara Station is a railway station in the city of Mino, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector railway operator Nagaragawa Railway.

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# Suhara Station (Gifu)

**Suhara Station** (洲原駅, *Suhara-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Mino, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector railway operator Nagaragawa Railway.

## Lines

Suhara Station is a station of the Etsumi-Nan Line, and is 24.7 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Mino-Ōta.

## Station layout

Suhara Station has one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. There is no station building, but only a weather shelter on the platform. The station is unattended.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nagaragawa Railway | | | | |
| Etsumi-Nan Line | | | | |
| Yunohora-Onsenguchi |  | Local |  | Han'no |

## History

Suhara Station was opened on April 1, 1957 as **Mino-Suhara Station** (美濃洲原駅). Operations were transferred from the Japan National Railway (JNR) to the Nagaragawa Railway on December 11, 1986. The station was renamed to its present name on that date

## Surrounding area

## InfoBox

| Suhara Station
洲原駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Suhara Station in October 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Suhara, Mino-shi, Gifu-ken 501-3706
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°35′19.54″N 136°56′41.28″E / 35.5887611°N 136.9448000°E / 35.5887611; 136.9448000 |
| Operated by | Nagaragawa Railway |
| Line(s) | Etsumi-Nan Line |
| Distance | 24.7 km from Mino-Ōta |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | April 1, 1957 |
| Previous names | Mino-Suhara (to 1986) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Suhara StationLocation within Gifu PrefectureSuhara StationSuhara Station (Japan) | |


title: Rhizotrogus parvulus

abstract: Rhizotrogus parvulus is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

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# Rhizotrogus parvulus

***Rhizotrogus parvulus*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Rhizotrogus parvulus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Rhizotrogus* |
| Species: | ***R. parvulus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhizotrogus parvulus***<br>Rosenhauer, 1858 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhizotrogus carthagenae* Fairmaire, 1880 * *Rhizotrogus hidalgo* Perez-Arcas, 1872 * *Rhizotrogus toletanus* Baguena-Corella, 1955 | |


title: Domain (Hong Kong shopping centre)

abstract: Domain is a shopping centre located next to Yau Tong station in Yau Tong, Kwun Tong District, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The shopping centre is serving about 80,000 people in Yau Tong Estate, Yau Lai Estate, Yau Chui Court, Yau Mei Court and Lei Yue Mun Estate. It is the largest one owned by Hong Kong Housing Authority after most of its shopping centre assets were sold to Link REIT in 2005.

text:
# Domain (Hong Kong shopping centre)

| Domain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 大本型 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Dà Běn Xíng  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping daai6 bun2 jing4 | |
|  | |

**Domain** (Chinese: 大本型) is a shopping centre located next to Yau Tong station in Yau Tong, Kwun Tong District, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The shopping centre is serving about 80,000 people in Yau Tong Estate, Yau Lai Estate, Yau Chui Court, Yau Mei Court and Lei Yue Mun Estate. It is the largest one owned by Hong Kong Housing Authority after most of its shopping centre assets were sold to Link REIT in 2005.

## Description

Domain has a total gross floor area of about 45,000 square metres. It has eight floors with total lettable area of 23,000 square metres. The four-level retail space can accommodate some 150 shops of different varieties. It also includes a community hall and a public transport interchange for buses, minibuses and cross-border coaches.

## History

Known in the planning stages as "Shopping Centre at Yau Tong Estate Redevelopment Phase 4", the complex cost about HK$1.5 billion to construct. The construction contract was awarded by the Housing Authority to China State Construction Engineering (HK) in November 2009. The shopping centre opened as "Domain" on 29 September 2012.

## InfoBox

Domain
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Kowloon, Hong Kong |
| Coordinates | 22°17′47″N 114°14′19″E / 22.2963°N 114.2385°E / 22.2963; 114.2385 |
| Address | 38 Ko Chiu Road, Yau Tong |
| Opening date | 29 September 2012 (2012-09-29) |
| Developer | Hong Kong Housing Authority |
| Owner | Hong Kong Housing Authority |
| No. of stores and services | 150 |
| Total retail floor area | 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2) |


title: Data proliferation

abstract: Data proliferation refers to the prodigious amount of data, structured and unstructured, that businesses and governments continue to generate at an unprecedented rate and the usability problems that result from attempting to store and manage that data. While originally pertaining to problems associated with paper documentation, data proliferation has become a major problem in primary and secondary data storage on computers. While digital storage has become cheaper, the associated costs, from raw power to maintenance and from metadata to search engines, have not kept up with the proliferation of data. Although the power required to maintain a unit of data has fallen, the cost of facilities which house the digital storage has tended to rise. At the simplest level, company e-mail systems spawn large amounts of data. Business e-mail – some of it important to the enterprise, some much less so – is estimated to be growing at a rate of 25-30% annually. And whether it’s relevant or not, the load on the system is being magnified by practices such as multiple addressing and the attaching of large text, audio and even video files. Data proliferation has been documented as a problem for the U.S. military since August 1971, in particular regarding the excessive documentation submitted during the acquisition of major weapon systems. Efforts to mitigate data proliferation and the problems associated with it are ongoing.

text:
# Data proliferation

**Data proliferation** refers to the prodigious amount of data, structured and unstructured, that businesses and governments continue to generate at an unprecedented rate and the usability problems that result from attempting to store and manage that data. While originally pertaining to problems associated with paper documentation, data proliferation has become a major problem in primary and secondary data storage on computers.

While digital storage has become cheaper, the associated costs, from raw power to maintenance and from metadata to search engines, have not kept up with the proliferation of data. Although the power required to maintain a unit of data has fallen, the cost of facilities which house the digital storage has tended to rise.

> At the simplest level, company e-mail systems spawn large amounts of data. Business e-mail – some of it important to the enterprise, some much less so – is estimated to be growing at a rate of 25-30% annually. And whether it’s relevant or not, the load on the system is being magnified by practices such as multiple addressing and the attaching of large text, audio and even video files.
>
> IBM Global Technology Services

Data proliferation has been documented as a problem for the U.S. military since August 1971, in particular regarding the excessive documentation submitted during the acquisition of major weapon systems. Efforts to mitigate data proliferation and the problems associated with it are ongoing.

## Problems caused

The problem of data proliferation is affecting all areas of commerce as a result of the availability of relatively inexpensive data storage devices. This has made it very easy to dump data into secondary storage immediately after its window of usability has passed. This masks problem that could gravely affect the profitability of businesses and the efficient functioning of health services, police and security forces, local and national governments, and many other types of organizations. Data proliferation is problematic for several reasons:

* Difficulty when trying to find and retrieve information. At Xerox, on average it takes employees more than one hour per week to find hard-copy documents, costing $2,152 a year to manage and store them. For businesses with more than 10 employees, this increases to almost two hours per week at $5,760 per year. In large networks of primary and secondary data storage, problems finding electronic data are analogous to problems finding hard copy data.
* Data loss and legal liability when data is disorganized, not properly replicated, or cannot be found promptly. In April 2005, the Ameritrade Holding Corporation told 200,000 current and past customers that a tape containing confidential information had been lost or destroyed in transit. In May of the same year, Time Warner Incorporated reported that 40 tapes containing personal data on 600,000 current and former employees had been lost en route to a storage facility. In March 2005, a Florida judge hearing a $2.7 billion lawsuit against Morgan Stanley issued an "adverse inference order" against the company for "willful and gross abuse of its discovery obligations." The judge cited Morgan Stanley for repeatedly finding misplaced tapes of e-mail messages long after the company had claimed that it had turned over all such tapes to the court.
* Increased manpower requirements to manage increasingly chaotic data storage resources.
* Slower networks and application performance due to excess traffic as users search and search again for the material they need.
* High cost in terms of the energy resources required to operate storage hardware. A 100 terabyte system will cost up to $35,040 a year to run—not counting cooling costs.

## Proposed solutions

* Applications that better utilize modern technology
* Reductions in duplicate data (especially as caused by data movement)
* Improvement of metadata structures
* Improvement of file and storage transfer structures
* User education and discipline
* The implementation of Information Lifecycle Management solutions to eliminate low-value information as early as possible before putting the rest into actively managed long-term storage in which it can be quickly and cheaply accessed.


title: Fire in the Wind

abstract: Fire in the Wind is the ninth studio album by the folk artist John Stewart, former member of The Kingston Trio. It was released in 1977 on RSO Records. The album was re-released on CD on the Wrasse label in 2001 with five bonus tracks.

text:
# Fire in the Wind

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Fire in the Wind*** is the ninth studio album by the folk artist John Stewart, former member of The Kingston Trio. It was released in 1977 on RSO Records. The album was re-released on CD on the Wrasse label in 2001 with five bonus tracks.

## Track listing

All compositions by John Stewart except where noted.
**Side one**

1. "Fire in the Wind" – 3:40
2. "Rock It in My Own Sweet Time" – 3:55
3. "On You Like the Wind" – 3:04
4. "The Runner" – 3:37
5. "Morning Thunder" – 3:21

**Side two**

1. "Promise the Wind" – 2:28
2. "Boston Lady" – 3:08
3. "18 Wheels" – 2:43
4. "The Last Hurrah" – 2:28
5. "The Wild Side of You" – 3:38

* Tracks 1-2, 1-4, 2-1, 2-5 produced by Mentor Williams
* Tracks 1-1, 1-3, 2-3 produced by Mentor Williams with John Stewart
* Tracks 1-5, 2-2, 2-4 produced by John Stewart
* Mixed by Michael Stewart with John Stewart and Rick Ruggieri at Producers Workshop, Los Angeles, California

### CD bonus tracks

1. "Where the Wind Can't Find Me" – 3:23
2. "The Old Gunfighter" – 3:07
3. "The Sun Flies Shining" – 2:50
4. "Zapata's Own Comrades" – 3:02
5. "Auld Lang Syne" (Robert Burns, Traditional) – 3:58

## Personnel

### Additional personnel

* John Stewart - producer
* Mentor Williams \- producer
* Arthor von Blomberg - executive producer
* Susan Herr - art direction
* Tom Nikosey - design
* Norman Seeff \- photography
* Gene Eichelberger - engineer (Quadrafonic Studios)
* Rick Porter - engineer (A&M Recording Studios)
* Stuart Taylor - engineer (The Enctron Truck)
* Tony McCashen - engineer (Quad Teck Recording Studios)
* Steven Barncard \- engineer (The Village Recorders)

## InfoBox

| Fire in the Wind | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by John Stewart | |
| Released | 1977 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 32:02 (LP) |
| Label | RSO |
| Producer | John Stewart, Mentor Williams |
| John Stewart chronology | |
| *Wingless Angels*
(1975) ***Fire in the Wind***
(1977) *Bombs Away Dream Babies*
(1979) | |


title: Fencing at the 2015 African Games

abstract: Fencing at the 2015 African Games in Brazzaville was held between September 2–6, 2015.

text:
# Fencing at the 2015 African Games

**Fencing** at the **2015 African Games** in Brazzaville was held between September 2–6, 2015.

## Medal summary

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Egypt (EGY) | 7 | 4 | 9 | 20 |
| 2 | Tunisia (TUN) | 4 | 4 | 2 | 10 |
| 3 | South Africa (RSA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Algeria (ALG) | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 5 | Senegal (SEN) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 6 | Mali (MLI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 12 | 12 | 18 | 42 |

### Results

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Individual Foil | Alaaeldin Abouelkassem (EGY) | Roman Djitli (ALG) | Mohamed Ayoub Ferjani (TUN)
Mohamed Essam (EGY) |
| Men's Individual Sabre | Fares Ferjani (TUN) | Hichem Samandi (TUN) | Ziad Elsissy (EGY)
Ahmed Ehab (EGY) |
| Men's Individual Epee | Ahmed Elsaghir (EGY) | Ayman Mohamed Fayez (EGY) | Mohannad Saif (EGY)
Babacar Kadam (SEN) |
| Men's Team Sabre | Egypt | Tunisia | Senegal |
| Men's Team Foil | Egypt | Tunisia | Algeria |
| Men's Team Epee | Egypt | Senegal | Mali |
| Women's Individual Epee | Sarra Besbes (TUN) | Ayah Mahdy (EGY) | Nardin Ehab (EGY)
Nourhan Desouky (EGY) |
| Women's Individual Foil | Ines Boubakri (TUN) | Haifa Jabri (TUN) | Anissa Khalfaoui (ALG)
Hadil Elsharkawy (EGY) |
| Women's Individual Sabre | Mennatalla Ahmed (EGY) | Mariam El Sway (EGY) | Ndeye Fatou Thiam (SEN)
Nour Montaser (EGY) |
| Women's Team Foil | Tunisia | Algeria | Egypt |
| Women's Team epee | South Africa | Egypt | Tunisia |
| Women's Team Sabre | Egypt | Algeria | Senegal |

## InfoBox

| Fencing
at the 2015 African Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Republic of the Congo
Brazzaville |
| Dates | 2–6 September |
|


title: Campbell MacInnes

abstract: Angus Campbell MacInnes was an Anglican bishop in the third quarter of the twentieth century. Angus Campbell MacInnes was born into a distinguished ecclesiastical family: his father, Rennie MacInnes, would be Bishop of Jerusalem from 1914 to 1931. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. After a curacy at St Mary Magdalene, Peckham, until 1927, he spent 23 years in the Middle East. He ended this part of his career as Archdeacon for Palestine, Syria and Trans-Jordan, succeeding Malcolm L. Maxwell in 1946, before returning to England. Between 1950 and 1953 he was then successively Vicar of St Michael's, St Albans, Rural Dean of the area and Bishop of Bedford (1953–1957) before returning to Israel to be Archbishop of Jerusalem and then Metropolitan of the Province. A Sub-Prelate of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, he died on 29 April 1977.

text:
# Campbell MacInnes

**Angus Campbell MacInnes** CMG (18 April 1901 – 29 April 1977) was an Anglican bishop in the third quarter of the twentieth century.

Angus Campbell MacInnes was born into a distinguished ecclesiastical family: his father, Rennie MacInnes, would be Bishop of Jerusalem from 1914 to 1931. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. After a curacy at St Mary Magdalene, Peckham, until 1927, he spent 23 years in the Middle East. He ended this part of his career as Archdeacon for Palestine, Syria and Trans-Jordan, succeeding Malcolm L. Maxwell in 1946, before returning to England. Between 1950 and 1953 he was then successively Vicar of St Michael's, St Albans, Rural Dean of the area and Bishop of Bedford (1953–1957) before returning to Israel to be Archbishop of Jerusalem and then Metropolitan of the Province. A Sub-Prelate of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, he died on 29 April 1977.

## Work

* Angus Campbell MacInnes, "The Arab refugee problem", in: *Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society*; vol. 36, issue 2 (April 1949), pp. 178–188.


title: Campbell Macmillan

abstract: Campbell Macmillan is a Zimbabwean former cricketer. He played twenty first-class matches between 2000 and 2005.

text:
# Campbell Macmillan

**Campbell Macmillan** (born 16 April 1982) is a Zimbabwean former cricketer. He played twenty first-class matches between 2000 and 2005.

## Biography

McMillan attended Harare's CFX Academy and was recognized as a standout school cricketer in 2000. His cricketing interest was developed by his father, a former club player. Raised in a farming family that frequently relocated, Campbell lived with his mother in Harare after his parents' divorce. His formal cricket education began at Springvale House in Marondera, where he developed from a reluctant participant to a talented all-rounder under his coach, named Jogee.

His skill progression led to selections for the national Under-14, Under-16, and Under-19 teams. Despite a back injury, he secured six wickets in the 2000 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Sri Lanka and later participated in a Zimbabwe Development tour to Kenya. His high school career highlights included scoring 87 off 46 balls in a critical match against Falcon College and achieving three five-wicket hauls, including a seven-wicket stand against Hilton College.

On his own initiative, McMillan applied to the CFX Academy for 2001. While high school limited his club cricket participation, he played winter cricket for Hwedza following brief stints with Watershed XI and Ruzawi River. His notable performances included scoring 67 against Goromonzi and a five-wicket haul against Harare South. He has also been associated with Alexandra Sports Club in Harare.

## InfoBox

Campbell Macmillan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-04-16) 16 April 1982<br>Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 7 December 2016 | |


abstract: The Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) is a United Kingdom government agency that carries out research in science and engineering, and funds UK research in areas including particle physics, nuclear physics, space science and astronomy.

text:
# Science and Technology Facilities Council

The **Science and Technology Facilities Council** (**STFC**) is a United Kingdom government agency that carries out research in science and engineering, and funds UK research in areas including particle physics, nuclear physics, space science and astronomy (both ground-based and space-based).

## History

STFC was formed in April 2007 when the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC), along with the nuclear physics activities of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) were brought under the one umbrella organisation. The organisation's first Chief Executive was Professor Keith Mason, who held the position until 2011, when he was replaced by Professor John Womersley.

Womersley was the CEO until 2016 when he left to become Director General of the European Spallation Source. Dr Brian Bowsher, former CEO of the National Physical Laboratory and member of STFC's Council was the last CEO of the STFC before it was subsumed into UK Research and Innovation, a division of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. In 2018, Professor Mark Thomson was appointed as the first Executive Chair of STFC under UKRI.

## Purpose

Receiving its funding through the science budget from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), STFC's mission is *"To maximise the impact of our knowledge, skills, facilities and resources for the benefit of the United Kingdom and its people"* under several heads:

* **Universities**: the STFC supports university-based research, innovation and skills development in particle physics, nuclear physics, space science and astronomy.
* **Scientific Facilities**: They provide access to world-leading, large-scale facilities across a range of physical and life sciences, enabling research, innovation and skills.
* **National Campuses**: Working with partners to build National Science and Innovation Campuses based around National Laboratories to promote academic and industrial collaboration and translation of research to market through direct interaction with industry.
* **Inspiring and Involving**: STFC help create a future pipeline of skilled and enthusiastic young people by using the excitement of our sciences to encourage wider take-up of STEM subjects in school and future life (science, technology, engineering and mathematics).

## Activities

The STFC is one of Europe's largest multidisciplinary research organisations supporting scientists and engineers worldwide. Through research fellowships and grants, it is responsible for funding research in UK universities, in the fields of astronomy, particle physics, nuclear physics and space science. The STFC operates its own world-class, large-scale research facilities, such as materials research, laser and space science and alternative energy exploration, and provides strategic advice to the UK government on their development.

It manages international research projects in support of a broad cross-section of the UK research community and directs, coordinates and funds research, education and training. It is a partner in the UK Space Agency (formerly British National Space Centre or BNSC) providing about 40% of the UK government's expenditure in space science and technology.

## Facilities

It helps operate/provide access for UK and international scientists to the following large-scale facilities:

## Budget

STFC's budget is allocated annually by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For 2015–16, its allocation was £529 million.

## Knowledge exchange obligations

STFC is active in its responsibility for knowledge exchange from government funded civil science into UKPLC. As such, many technologies are licensed to UK companies and spin-out companies created including:

However knowledge exchange activities are not purely limited to commercialization of technologies, but also cover a wider range of activities which aim to transfer expertise into the wider economy.

## InfoBox

Science and Technology Facilities Council
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | STFC |
| Formation | 2007 (2007) |
| Type | Research Council within UKRI |
| Legal status | Government agency |
| Purpose | Funding of science research |
| Headquarters | Polaris House |
| Location | * North Star Avenue,
Swindon,
SN2 1SZ |
| Region served | United Kingdom |
| Executive Chair | Mark Thomson |
| Main organ | STFC Council |
| Parent organisation |  |
| Website | stfc.ukri.org |


title: Can't Cook, Won't Cook

abstract: Can't Cook, Won't Cook is a British cooking game show that aired on BBC1 from 20 November 1995 to 7 July 2000.

text:
# Can't Cook, Won't Cook

***Can't Cook, Won't Cook*** is a British cooking game show that aired on BBC1 from 20 November 1995 to 7 July 2000.

## Format

Two people, one of whom can't cook and one of whom won't cook, were nominated to appear on the show and under the instruction of a celebrity/world class chef prepare and cook a meal. When the dish was cooked, the nominator would be blindfolded and asked to taste the food. Following this, they would decide whose dish was best. In the event of a tie, the aforementioned chef would decide.

Then once the winner has been decided the walls of the studio open up to reveal a prize (usually a food blender or set of saucepans).

## Transmissions

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | 20 November 1995 | 22 December 1995 | 25 |
| **2** | 2 January 1996 | 2 February 1996 | 24 |
| **3** | 5 February 1996 | 10 May 1996 | 67 |
| **4** | 2 September 1996 | 4 June 1997 | 181 |

## InfoBox

| *Can't Cook, Won't Cook* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Cooking game show |
| Created by | Bazal Productions |
| Presented by | Ainsley Harriott
Kevin Woodford
Lesley Waters
Richard Cawley
Tony Tobin |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 685 |
| Production | |
| Production location | Pebble Mill Studios |
| Running time | 25 minutes |
| Production companies | Bazal Midlands and BBC Pebble Mill |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC1 |
| Release | 20 November 1995 (1995-11-20)
7 July 2000 (2000-07-07) |


title: Can't Cry Anymore

abstract: "Can't Cry Anymore" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow from her debut album, Tuesday Night Music Club (1993), released through A&M Records. Released in May 1995, the song reached number 36 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Crow's third top-40 hit. In Canada, the song reached number three to become Crow's third consecutive top-three hit, following the number-one singles "All I Wanna Do" and "Strong Enough". Elsewhere, the song had limited success, reaching number 33 in the United Kingdom and number 41 in Australia.

text:
# Can't Cry Anymore

"**Can't Cry Anymore**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow from her debut album, *Tuesday Night Music Club* (1993), released through A&M Records. Released in May 1995, the song reached number 36 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100, becoming Crow's third top-40 hit. In Canada, the song reached number three to become Crow's third consecutive top-three hit, following the number-one singles "All I Wanna Do" and "Strong Enough". Elsewhere, the song had limited success, reaching number 33 in the United Kingdom and number 41 in Australia.

## Critical reception

Steve Baltin from *Cash Box* wrote, "Her remarkable streak should continue with this uptempo pop flavored tune. Slightly less rock oriented than "Leaving Las Vegas", her first single, this one seems to be a perfect fit for top 40, as well as CHR Modern Rock is a question mark, but top ten status for this kind of summer fun seems inevitable." Greg Kot of the *Chicago Tribune* said the song showed similarities to the Rolling Stones song "Honky Tonk Woman".

## Track listings

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | May 8, 1995 | * CD * cassette | A&M |  |
| United States | June 26, 1995 | | Alternative radio |  |
| Japan | July 1, 1995 | | Mini-CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "Can't Cry Anymore" | |
| --- | --- |
| US 7-inch and CD single cover art | |
| Single by Sheryl Crow | |
| from the album  *Tuesday Night Music Club* | |
| B-side | "We Do What We Can" |
| Released | May 8, 1995 (1995-05-08) |
| Length | 4:31 |
| Label | A&M |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Bill Bottrell |
| Sheryl Crow singles chronology | |
| "Strong Enough"
(1994) "**Can't Cry Anymore**"
(1995) "If It Makes You Happy"
(1996) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Sheryl Crow - Can't Cry Anymore (Official Music Video)" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Scot Thompson

abstract: Scot Thompson is an American soccer player. On January 20, 2010, he was ranked 21st in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade, which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade. He was the official community ambassador for the Portland Timbers and involved in social media connecting with fans, both Twitter and Facebook, for the Timbers.

text:
# Scot Thompson

**Scot Thompson** (born February 11, 1981, in New York, New York) is an American soccer player.

On January 20, 2010, he was ranked 21st in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade, which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade. He was the official community ambassador for the Portland Timbers and involved in social media connecting with fans, both Twitter and Facebook, for the Timbers.

## Career

### Youth and College

Thompson grew up in Rancho Santa Margarita, California, and was a standout defender at Trabuco Hills High School from 1995 to 1999, where he was a four-year Varsity starter, and earned all South Coast League 1st Team Honors for three years. During this time, Thompson was invited to train with the US National Under-19 Squad. In Thompson's senior year the Mustangs earned a share of the South Coast League title and were knocked out of the quarter-finals of the CIF playoffs.

Thompson played college soccer at UCLA from 1999 to 2002, helping lead the Bruins to a national championship in 2002. He finished his career at UCLA with 68 starts, and was named to the first-team All-Pac-10 as a senior.

### Professional

Thompson was selected in the second round (16th overall) in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by Los Angeles Galaxy. Unfortunately for Thompson, he tore his ACL in the preseason, and missed the entire 2003 season as a result. Returning healthy in 2004, Thompson was nevertheless unable to break into the Galaxy's starting lineup - he was loaned mid-season to the Portland Timbers of the A-League, where he excelled. Thompson started 13 games for the team, registering two assists, while helping lead the team to the A-League's best regular season record. When the Timbers were eliminated from the playoffs, Thompson returned to the Galaxy; however, he only made one appearance, playing a single minute.

Thompson was released at the end of the season and, despite professing intentions of going to Europe, re-signed with the Timbers. In July 2005, Thompson put in an impressive performance for the Timbers in a friendly match against English soccer team Sunderland, which had been recently promoted to the English Premier League. He was invited to participate in a several week training session with Sunderland later in 2005, although he was not offered a contract with the club. History repeated itself in 2006: after an impressive performance in an exhibition match against English soccer team Coventry City, he was invited to a 10-day trial training session in August.

Thompson became the Timbers all-time leader in minutes on July 23, 2009. On February 26, 2010, Portland announced the re-signing of Thompson to a new contract for the 2010 season.

After a particularly noteworthy play, his fans in Portland routinely chant "S-C-O-T, Scot with One T!"

### Coaching

On March 7, 2014, Portland Thorns FC announced Thompson had been hired as an assistant coach for the 2014–2015 season.

## Honors

### Portland Timbers

## InfoBox

Scot Thompson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Scot Thompson | | |
| Date of birth | (1981-02-11) February 11, 1981 | | |
| Place of birth | New York, New York, United States | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1999–2002 | UCLA Bruins |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2004 | Los Angeles Galaxy | 1 | (0) |
| 2004 | Portland Timbers (loan) | 13 | (0) |
| 2005–2010 | Portland Timbers | 143 | (9) |
| 2011 | Portland Timbers U23s | 2 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2002–2003 | United States U23 | 3 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2014 | Portland Thorns (asst.) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of May 25, 2011 | | | |