title: Keratohyalin

abstract: Keratohyalin is a protein structure found in cytoplasmic granules of the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. Keratohyalin granules (KHG) mainly consist of keratin, profilaggrin, loricrin and trichohyalin proteins which contribute to cornification or keratinization, the process of the formation of epidermal cornified cell envelope. During the keratinocyte differentiation, these granules maturate and expand in size, which leads to the conversion of keratin tonofilaments into a homogenous keratin matrix, an important step in cornification. Keratohyalin granules can be divided in three classes: globular KHG, stellate KHG and KHG of Hassall's corpuscles or type VI epithelioreticular cells of the thymus gland. The exact purpose of the keratinization of Hassall's corpuscles remains unknown. During skin differentiation process, keratohyaline granules discharge their contents in the junction between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum cell layers and form the barrier. At the same time, the inner side of the cell membrane thickens forming the cornified cell envelope. After the release of the granules, nuclei, ribosomes and mitochondria disappear, the cells become densely packaged with filaggrin and cover more surface. After final dehydration, the cell desquamates. Keratohyalin granules contribute significantly to the process of skin moisturization, albeit indirectly. As keratinocytes differentiate and move towards the surface of the skin, they release keratohyalin granules, which contain filaggrin. Filaggrin is then chemically modified and proteolytically processed to form natural moisturizing factor (NMF). NMF is composed of hygroscopic (water-attracting) amino acids and derivatives, which help the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, to retain moisture. Additionally, NMF serves as a UV protectant and modulates the pH of the stratum corneum, both critical functions for skin health.

text:
# Keratohyalin

**Keratohyalin** is a protein structure found in cytoplasmic granules of the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. Keratohyalin granules (KHG) mainly consist of keratin, profilaggrin, loricrin and trichohyalin proteins which contribute to cornification or keratinization, the process of the formation of epidermal cornified cell envelope. During the keratinocyte differentiation, these granules maturate and expand in size, which leads to the conversion of keratin tonofilaments into a homogenous keratin matrix, an important step in cornification.

Keratohyalin granules can be divided in three classes: globular KHG (found in quickly dividing epithelia, such as the oral mucose), stellate KHG (found in the slowly dividing normal epidermis) and KHG of Hassall's corpuscles or type VI epithelioreticular cells of the thymus gland. The exact purpose of the keratinization of Hassall's corpuscles remains unknown.

During skin differentiation process, keratohyaline granules discharge their contents in the junction between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum cell layers and form the barrier. At the same time, the inner side of the cell membrane thickens forming the cornified cell envelope. After the release of the granules, nuclei, ribosomes and mitochondria disappear, the cells become densely packaged with filaggrin and cover more surface. After final dehydration, the cell desquamates.

Keratohyalin granules contribute significantly to the process of skin moisturization, albeit indirectly. As keratinocytes differentiate and move towards the surface of the skin, they release keratohyalin granules, which contain filaggrin. Filaggrin is then chemically modified and proteolytically processed to form natural moisturizing factor (NMF). NMF is composed of hygroscopic (water-attracting) amino acids and derivatives, which help the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, to retain moisture. Additionally, NMF serves as a UV protectant and modulates the pH of the stratum corneum, both critical functions for skin health.


title: French cleat

abstract:
A French cleat is a way of securing a cabinet, mirror, tools, artwork or other objects to a wall. It is a molding with a 45 degree slope used to hang cabinets or other objects. The method has been described as simple and strong, but also elegant since it often can be mounted hidden behind a cabinet. French cleats can be used in pairs, or with a cleat mounted to the wall and a matching edge cut into the object to be hung. The wall side of a French cleat can be mounted securely without having to hold the full weight of the cabinet while securing it. The cleat will not be seen while in use, so it does not matter where it is drilled; this means that it can be screwed into wall studs relatively independent of the lateral position of the cabinet.
The cleat can be the full length of the cabinet, so it allows supporting the cabinet at least at every stud behind it.
If the wall cleat is left slightly shorter than the cabinet, the cabinet can be shifted left and right slightly after it is hung, for perfect positioning. Once the cleat is secured to the wall, the cabinet can be simply lifted onto it. Because no fine maneuvering is required, even a relatively heavy cabinet can be hung easily this way. The bottom of the cabinet can be secured to the wall to be sure that it will not get pushed off the cleat while in use. French cleats are sometimes used for making homemade tool boards, or for adjustable shelving. This gives a modular setup that is easy to change the layout of.

text:
# French cleat

A **French cleat** is a way of securing a cabinet, mirror, tools, artwork or other objects to a wall. It is a molding with a 45 degree slope used to hang cabinets or other objects. The method has been described as simple and strong, but also elegant since it often can be mounted hidden behind a cabinet.

French cleats can be used in pairs, or with a cleat mounted to the wall and a matching edge cut into the object to be hung.

The wall side of a French cleat can be mounted securely without having to hold the full weight of the cabinet while securing it. The cleat will not be seen while in use, so it does not matter where it is drilled; this means that it can be screwed into wall studs relatively independent of the lateral position of the cabinet. The cleat can be the full length of the cabinet, so it allows supporting the cabinet at least at every stud behind it. If the wall cleat is left slightly shorter than the cabinet, the cabinet can be shifted left and right slightly after it is hung, for perfect positioning.

Once the cleat is secured to the wall, the cabinet can be simply lifted onto it. Because no fine maneuvering is required, even a relatively heavy cabinet can be hung easily this way.

The bottom of the cabinet can be secured to the wall to be sure that it will not get pushed off the cleat while in use.

French cleats are sometimes used for making homemade tool boards, or for adjustable shelving. This gives a modular setup that is easy to change the layout of.


title: Khanchikot

abstract: Khanchikot is a market center in Sandhikharka Municipality of Arghakhanchi District. The district lies in the Lumbini Zone of Western Nepal. The former village development committee (VDC) was converted into a municipality on 18 May 2014 by merging the existing Sandhikharka, Bangla, Narapani, Khanchikot, Keemadada, Argha and Dibharna VDCs. At the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,628 individuals and had 930 houses.

text:
# Khanchikot

**Khanchikot** is a market center in Sandhikharka Municipality of Arghakhanchi District. The district lies in the Lumbini Zone of Western Nepal. The former village development committee (VDC) was converted into a municipality on 18 May 2014 by merging the existing Sandhikharka, Bangla, Narapani, Khanchikot, Keemadada, Argha and Dibharna VDCs. At the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,628 individuals and had 930 houses.

## Climate

| Climate data for Khanchikot, elevation 1,760 m (5,770 ft) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.6
(56.5) | 15.1
(59.2) | 19.9
(67.8) | 24.8
(76.6) | 26.0
(78.8) | 25.7
(78.3) | 24.0
(75.2) | 24.0
(75.2) | 23.2
(73.8) | 21.8
(71.2) | 18.5
(65.3) | 15.2
(59.4) | 21.0
(69.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.2
(32.4) | 1.9
(35.4) | 5.5
(41.9) | 11.3
(52.3) | 14.5
(58.1) | 16.4
(61.5) | 16.9
(62.4) | 16.5
(61.7) | 15.2
(59.4) | 11.9
(53.4) | 5.1
(41.2) | 1.1
(34.0) | 9.7
(49.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 26.9
(1.06) | 35.4
(1.39) | 30.2
(1.19) | 36.6
(1.44) | 105.7
(4.16) | 280.0
(11.02) | 495.1
(19.49) | 390.0
(15.35) | 269.2
(10.60) | 67.2
(2.65) | 12.5
(0.49) | 23.6
(0.93) | 1,772.4
(69.77) |
| Source 1: Australian National University | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: Japan International Cooperation Agency (precipitation) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. "72 new municipalities announced". My Republica.com. Archived from the original on 2014-06-18. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
2. "Government announces 72 new municipalities". The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
3. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
4. "CLIMATES OF NEPAL AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
5. "ネパール国 全国貯水式水力発電所マスタープラン調査 ファイナルレポート" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.

## InfoBox

| Khanchikot कान्छीकोट | |
| --- | --- |
| KhanchikotLocation in Lumbini ProvinceKhanchikotKhanchikot (Nepal) | |
| Coordinates: 27°56′N 83°07′E / 27.933°N 83.117°E / 27.933; 83.117 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Lumbini Zone |
| District | Arghakhanchi District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 4,628 |
| Religions | Hindu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: 2000–01 Duleep Trophy

abstract: The 2000–01 Duleep Trophy was the 40th season of the Duleep Trophy, a first-class cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: Central Zone, East Zone, North Zone, South Zone and West Zone. North Zone won the title by finishing first on the points table.

text:
# 2000–01 Duleep Trophy

The **2000–01 Duleep Trophy** was the 40th season of the Duleep Trophy, a first-class cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: Central Zone, East Zone, North Zone, South Zone and West Zone.

North Zone won the title by finishing first on the points table.

## Points table

| Team | Matches | Won | Lost | Drawn (WF) | Drawn (LF) | Points | Quotient |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North Zone | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | **23** | 1.629 |
| Central Zone | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | **19** | 1.086 |
| West Zone | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | **17** | 1.336 |
| East Zone | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | **13** | 0.614 |
| South Zone | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | **8** | 0.693 |
|

Source:

## InfoBox

2000–01 Duleep Trophy
| Dates | 4 January 2001 – 4 February 2001 |
| --- | --- |
| Administrator(s) | BCCI |
| Cricket format | First-class cricket |
| Tournament format(s) | Round-robin |
| Champions | North Zone (14th title) |
| Participants | 5 |
| Matches | 10 |
| Most runs | Dinesh Mongia (NZ) (532) |
| Most wickets | Debasis Mohanty (EZ) (23) |
|


title: Ruddy-tailed flycatcher

abstract: The ruddy-tailed flycatcher is a small passerine bird in the family Tityridae. It breeds in lowlands from southeastern Mexico to northern Bolivia, north-central Brazil and the Guianas. This flycatcher ranges east of the Andes cordillera into the entire Amazon Basin of northern Brazil and the Guianas; to the west of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador into Central America. It is the only member of the genus Terenotriccus, but some authorities place it in genus Myiobius. However, it differs in voice, behaviour, and structure from members of that group. This tiny flycatcher breeds from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) altitude, locally to 1,200 m (3,900 ft), in wet mountain forests and in adjacent tall second growth. The nest is a pear-shaped pouch of plant fibres and leaves with a visored side entrance, built by the female 2–6 m high in the undergrowth and suspended from a twig or vine. The two chocolate-blotched white eggs are incubated by the female for 15–16 days to hatching, the male playing no part in the care of the eggs or young. The ruddy-tailed flycatcher is 9.0–10.2 cm (3.5–4.0 in) long and weighs 7 g (0.25 oz). The upperparts are grey-olive, with a rufous rump, tail, wings and eye ring. The throat is buff and the breast is cinnamon, becoming pale buff on the belly. Sexes are similar, but young birds are brighter above and have a browner tail and breast. The ruddy-tailed flycatcher is mainly solitary, and only occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It feeds on insects, especially leafhoppers, picked from foliage or taken in acrobatic aerial pursuit. This species has a see-oo see call, and a repetitive eek eek eek eek eek song. It sometimes flicks both wings up to make a faint whirring sound.

text:
# Ruddy-tailed flycatcher

The **ruddy-tailed flycatcher** (***Terenotriccus erythrurus***) is a small passerine bird in the family Tityridae. It breeds in lowlands from southeastern Mexico to northern Bolivia, north-central Brazil and the Guianas. This flycatcher ranges east of the Andes cordillera into the entire Amazon Basin of northern Brazil and the Guianas; to the west of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador into Central America. It is the only member of the genus *Terenotriccus*, but some authorities place it in genus *Myiobius*. However, it differs in voice, behaviour, and structure from members of that group.

This tiny flycatcher breeds from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) altitude, locally to 1,200 m (3,900 ft), in wet mountain forests and in adjacent tall second growth. The nest is a pear-shaped pouch of plant fibres and leaves with a visored side entrance, built by the female 2–6 m high in the undergrowth and suspended from a twig or vine. The two chocolate-blotched white eggs are incubated by the female for 15–16 days to hatching, the male playing no part in the care of the eggs or young.

The ruddy-tailed flycatcher is 9.0–10.2 cm (3.5–4.0 in) long and weighs 7 g (0.25 oz). The upperparts are grey-olive, with a rufous rump, tail, wings and eye ring. The throat is buff and the breast is cinnamon, becoming pale buff on the belly. Sexes are similar, but young birds are brighter above and have a browner tail and breast.

The ruddy-tailed flycatcher is mainly solitary, and only occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It feeds on insects, especially leafhoppers, picked from foliage or taken in acrobatic aerial pursuit.

This species has a *see-oo see* call, and a repetitive *eek eek eek eek eek* song. It sometimes flicks both wings up to make a faint whirring sound.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Ruddy-tailed flycatcher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| at Rio Branco, Acre state, Brazil | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tityridae |
| Genus: | *Terenotriccus*
Ridgway, 1905 |
| Species: | ***T. erythrurus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Terenotriccus erythrurus***
(Cabanis, 1847) | |
|
|  | |


title: Khaniadhana State

abstract: Khaniadhana or Khaniyadhana was a princely state of British India ruled by the Judev dynasty of Bundela Rajputs. The capital of the State was Khaniadhana. It was part of the Bundelkhand Agency and later the Central India Agency. The princely state of Khaniadhana, was made of several small enclaves, bounded on the east by the British district of Jhansi but otherwise completely surrounded by the Narwar district of Gwalior State. Khaniadhana State was part of the Gwalior Residency. It was located to the west of Orchha State. It covered a total area of 101 sq m spread over 55 villages and the total population of the territory during the British rule was 20,124 as per census of 1941.

text:
# Khaniadhana State

**Khaniadhana** or **Khaniyadhana** was a princely state of British India ruled by the Judev dynasty of Bundela Rajputs. The capital of the State was Khaniadhana. It was part of the Bundelkhand Agency and later the Central India Agency.

The princely state of Khaniadhana, was made of several small enclaves, bounded on the east by the British district of Jhansi but otherwise completely surrounded by the Narwar district of Gwalior State. Khaniadhana State was part of the Gwalior Residency. It was located to the west of Orchha State. It covered a total area of 101 sq m spread over 55 villages and the total population of the territory during the British rule was 20,124 as per census of 1941.

## History

In 1724, Raja Udot Singh of Orchha State granted Khaniadhana and several other villages to his son Amar Singh. When the Marathas became the paramount power in Bundelkhand, the Peshwa granted Amar Singh a sanad in 1751 confirming him in his grant. After this time, suzerainty was always in dispute between Orchha and the Maratha state of Jhansi, the Peshwa's eventual successor. When Jhansi State lapsed in 1854, the Khanadhiana jagirdar claimed absolute independence. The matter was only settled in 1862 when Khaniadhana was declared to be directly dependent from the British government as successor to the Jhansi darbar and the Peshwa. The State was one of the original constituent members of the Chamber of Princes, an institution established in 1920.

In 1948, the Khaniadhana State acceded to the Union of India and about half of Khaniadhana (27 villages) was included in Shivpuri district of Madhya Bharat while the other half (28 villages) was included in Vindhya Pradesh., which all are now part of Madhya Pradesh.

### Rulers

The ruling family of Khaniadhana were Bundela Rajputs. The ruler of the princely state of Khaniadhana held the hereditary title of Rao or Jagirdar, but from the year 1911, the ruler was granted the title and style of Raja. It was a non-salute state and the native ruler or the Raja of the princely state exercised the powers and authority of a ruling chief.

#### Rajas

* 1724–17. .  Amar Singh
* 1760–1869 Unknown succession of Rajas
* 1869–1909 Chitra Singh
* 1909–1938 Khalak Singh
* 1938–1948 Davendra Pratap Singh
* 1948~today Bhanu Pratap Singh

25°01′30″N 78°11′30″E / 25.02500°N 78.19167°E / 25.02500; 78.19167

## InfoBox

| Khaniadhana State | |
| --- | --- |
| Princely State | |
| 1724–1948 | |
|
Khaniadhana State in the Imperial Gazetteer of India | |
| Area |  |
| 1941 | 176 km2 (68 sq mi) |
| Population |  |
|  | |
| 1941 | 20,124 |
|  | |
|  | |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established | 1724 |
| Independence of India | 1948 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Kerry bog slides

abstract: The Kerry bog slides natural disaster occurred in the Maghanknockane area of Lyrecrompane, County Kerry, Ireland in August and September 2008. The original bogslide extended over four kilometres on 22 and 23 August destroying an estimated 10 hectares of bog, engulfing two bridges and led to the closure of a section of road; it was reported that it could take anything up to six months to fix the road. The plot of land owned by Moss Moore which inspired John B. Keane's play The Field escaped the disaster by only a couple of kilometres. Comparisons were drawn with the occurrence of an earthquake as it was claimed that a 30-metre (98-foot) wide section was missing from the hill. The event was likened to the 2003 Derrybrien landslide in County Galway. A second bogslide occurred on 3 September 2008, blamed on heavy rain overnight which led to a "small slippage" of bog material. The slippage happened between two bridges, Harris and Scanlon, on a tributary of the Smerlagh River and again forced the closure of a local road.

text:
# Kerry bog slides

The **Kerry bog slides** natural disaster occurred in the Maghanknockane area of Lyrecrompane, County Kerry, Ireland in August and September 2008. The original bogslide extended over four kilometres on 22 and 23 August destroying an estimated 10 hectares (25 acres) of bog, engulfing two bridges and led to the closure of a section of road; it was reported that it could take anything up to six months to fix the road. The plot of land owned by Moss Moore which inspired John B. Keane's play *The Field* escaped the disaster by only a couple of kilometres. Comparisons were drawn with the occurrence of an earthquake as it was claimed that a 30-metre (98-foot) wide section was missing from the hill. The event was likened to the 2003 Derrybrien landslide in County Galway.

A second bogslide occurred on 3 September 2008, blamed on heavy rain overnight which led to a "small slippage" of bog material. The slippage happened between two bridges, Harris and Scanlon, on a tributary of the Smerlagh River and again forced the closure of a local road.

## Effects

Kerry County Council officials spent an entire day creating diversions to stop the flow of peat from the first bogslide. A dam was created to direct the bogslide away from the path of a river. Up to 30,000 people in north Kerry were left without a water supply due to polluted watercourses and threatened reservoirs. A boil notice was placed on the local water supply. Several homes in a rural area between Tralee and Castleisland were cut off.

One environmental effect of the bogslide was a serious fish kill on the River Smearlagh. Thousands of "mature and juvenile" trout and salmon were killed in peat which had travelled over two miles (3.2 km) and was at a depth of eight to ten feet. Shannon Regional Fisheries Board officer, Lorraine O’Donnell, claimed that it could take "up to a decade" for the river and the spawning grounds to recover. Fisheries officers were unable to access to a tributary of the river, the Glashoreag. It was completely overwhelmed by the slide. The area was an important nursery for salmon and eels before the disaster.

Maurice Harrington and his wife Joan would normally have been collecting bags of turf but escaped from the disaster unharmed. Maurice's son, Mossie, first noticed the bog moving the day before. Maurice's other son, Patrick, assumed the bog movement he witnessed was due to poor eyesight. Maurice lost over €1,000 worth of turf in the disaster. Joan and Patrick moved out the next week.

## Possible cause

Residents in the area said that machinery on the site of a wind farm on nearby Ballincollig Hill might have contributed to the bogslide which was caused by heavy rain. Work had begun on the site two weeks prior to the disaster. Local residents had expressed concern about the possible risk of a landslide as far back as 2001 when initial planning permission was sought by Tralee-based Trá Investments for the windfarm. In July 2004 several people wrote to EU Commissioner for the Environment, Margot Wallström, to voice their concerns about the threat to protected birds of prey should the windfarm development proceed. With their objections over-ruled, the development was approved by An Bord Pleanála in June 2004. Trá Investments is to carry out an independent inquiry into the cause of the disaster.

## Bog slides in literature

Threatened by development, the peat bog that plays a starring role in *The Curse of the Wise Woman*, a 1933 novel by Lord Dunsany, flips over completely.

Not truly a slide, but a rise and fall in the volume size of a natural bog swallowing up the road to and from a home on an island called Eel Marsh House takes place in the novel and all adaptations of Susan Hill's work, The Woman in Black.


title: Rucentra celebensis

abstract: Rucentra celebensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1943. It is known from Celebes.

text:
# Rucentra celebensis

***Rucentra celebensis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1943. It is known from Celebes.

## InfoBox

| *Rucentra celebensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Rucentra* |
| Species: | ***R. celebensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rucentra celebensis***<br>Breuning, 1943 | |
|


title: 2002 Police raid Shamsunnahar Hall

abstract: 2002 Police raid Shamsunnahar Hall refers to a raid by Bangladesh police on Shamsunnahar Hall of the University of Dhaka on 23 July 2002. The raid injured 200 students and is remembered as the Shamsunnahar Hall Tragedy day in Bangladesh.

text:
# 2002 Police raid Shamsunnahar Hall

**2002 Police raid Shamsunnahar Hall** refers to a raid by Bangladesh police on Shamsunnahar Hall of the University of Dhaka on 23 July 2002. The raid injured 200 students and is remembered as the Shamsunnahar Hall Tragedy day in Bangladesh.

## Background

In 2002 Bangladesh Nationalist Party was in power and Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal is its student wing. The students of Shamsunnahar Hall of the University of Dhaka were protesting to the unauthorised staying of the leaders of Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal in the dorm.

## Event

The police raided the dorm in the middle of the night on 23 July 2002. Residents of the dorms were dragged out by police officers and assaulted. The police were joined in the raid by leaders of Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal.

## Reaction

The attack was protested throughout the university the following day. Professor Anwarullah Chowdhury, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Dhaka, was forced to resign following the raid. The proctor of the university resigned as well. Prime Minister Khaleda Zia ordered the formation of a commission to investigate the incident. The one man commission was made up of Justice M Tafazzul Islam. The probe report blamed the incident on Additional Deputy Commissioner Abdur Rahim of Bangladesh Police and the officials of University of Dhaka. The raid was led by Police officer Kohinoor Mian.

## Legacy

In 2003, the first anniversary of the raid, Bangladesh Chhatra League carried out a candlelight procession at the Central Shahid Minar. Students Against Repression submitted a memorandum to vice chancellor Syed Muhammed Abul Faiz calling for action against those responsible. The day of the raid is remembered as Shamsunnahar Hall Tragedy day.


title: 2002 Tirreno–Adriatico

abstract: The 2002 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 37th edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycle race and was held from 14 March to 20 March 2002. The race started in Massa Lubrense and finished in San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Erik Dekker of the Rabobank team.

text:
# 2002 Tirreno–Adriatico

The **2002 Tirreno–Adriatico** was the 37th edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycle race and was held from 14 March to 20 March 2002. The race started in Massa Lubrense and finished in San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Erik Dekker of the Rabobank team.

## Teams

Twenty-five teams, containing a total of 200 riders, participated in the race:

## Route

Stage characteristics and winners
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 14 March | Massa Lubrense to Sorrento | 124 km (77 mi) |  |  | Erik Zabel (GER) |
| 2 | 15 March | Sorrento to Frosinone | 212 km (132 mi) |  |  | Paolo Bettini (ITA) |
| 3 | 16 March | Anagni to Rocca di Cambio | 180 km (110 mi) |  |  | Danilo Di Luca (ITA) |
| 4 | 17 March | Rieti to Rieti | 12.7 km (7.9 mi) |  | Individual time trial | Erik Dekker (NED) |
| 5 | 18 March | Rieti to Torricella Sicura | 150 km (93 mi) |  |  | Danilo Di Luca (ITA) |
| 6 | 19 March | Rapagnano to Montegranaro | 208 km (129 mi) |  |  | Franco Pellizotti (ITA) |
| 7 | 20 March | San Benedetto del Tronto to San Benedetto del Tronto | 162 km (101 mi) |  |  | Mario Cipollini (ITA) |

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Erik Dekker (NED) Rabobank 28h 45' 24"  2  Danilo Di Luca (ITA) Saeco–Longoni Sport \+ 18"  3  Óscar Freire (ESP) Mapei–Quick-Step \+ 18"  4  Paolo Bettini (ITA) Mapei–Quick-Step \+ 23"  5  Ruslan Ivanov (MDA) Alessio \+ 23"  6  Guido Trentin (ITA) Cofidis \+ 24"  7  Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) Index–Alexia Alluminio \+ 29"  8  Jan Hruška (CZE) ONCE–Eroski \+ 30"  9  Franco Pellizotti (ITA) Alessio \+ 32"  10  Jörg Jaksche (GER) ONCE–Eroski \+ 36" |
| --- |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

2002 Tirreno–Adriatico
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 14–20 March 2002 |
| Stages | 7 |
| Distance | 1,049.7 km (652.3 mi) |
| Winning time | 28h 45' 24" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Erik Dekker (NED)  (Rabobank)  Second  Danilo Di Luca (ITA)  (Saeco–Longoni Sport)  Third  Óscar Freire (ESP)  (Mapei–Quick-Step)   ---  Points  Erik Zabel (GER)  (Team Telekom)  Mountains  Ruggero Marzoli (ITA)  (Mobilvetta Design–Formaggi Trentini)  Team  Mapei–Quick-Step | |
|


title: Khayaravala dynasty

abstract: The Khayaravala dynasty, was a tribal kingdom that ruled parts of the present-day Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand, during the 11th and 12th centuries. Their capital was located at Khayaragarh in Shahabad district. The dynasty ruled the Japila territory as feudatories of the Gahadavala dynasty of Varanasi. This is demonstrated by inscriptions which show land grants being made to the Khayaravalas.

text:
# Khayaravala dynasty

The **Khayaravala dynasty**, was a tribal kingdom that ruled parts of the present-day Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand, during the 11th and 12th centuries. Their capital was located at Khayaragarh in Shahabad district. The dynasty ruled the Japila territory (now Japla) as feudatories of the Gahadavala dynasty of Varanasi. This is demonstrated by inscriptions which show land grants being made to the Khayaravalas.

## History

The Khayaravalas are believed to have originated from the Kharwar tribe and the local tradition of the Kharwars states them to have historically been the rulers of Rohtasgarh wherefrom they originally migrated to Palamu. Pratapadhavala is considered to have been the first powerful ruler of this dynasty when he came into power in the middle of the 12th century. He left rock inscriptions throughout his reign in the Sanskrit language. An inscription from Pratapadhavala dated to 1158 and found on a rock-cut image of Durga near Tilouthu states that he travelled on a pilgrimage accompanied by five female slaves, a doorkeeper, a court pandit and his household.

His inscriptions also make clear that Pratapadhavala described himself as a Kshatriya and used the title *Rajadhiraja*. Chandi was the tutelary deity of the Khayaravalas and the historian, Sayantani Pal, has put forward the idea that Chandi was originally the tribal Goddess of the Kharwars who was later Sanskritised into her current form. The Khayaravalas adopted the brahmanical mode of worship which helped them develop from a form of "*tribe sovereignty*" to "*territorial sovereignty*". This also brought them on par with the other landed elites of the region.

There are remains of archaeological find-spots in the area previously controlled by the dynasty. These find-spots include inscriptions of King Pratapdhavala in Phulwaria, the Tutrahi fall rock inscription of Vikram Samvat 1214, Tarachandi rock inscription of Pratapdhavala of Vikram Samvat 1225, Copperplate inscription of Udayaraja and Indradhavala of Vikram Samvat 1254 and Rohtas inscription of Shri Pratapa of Vikram Samvat 1279.

## Ruler

The known rulers of the Khayaravala dynasty are as follows:

## Additional images

## InfoBox

| Khayaravala dynasty | |
| --- | --- |
| 11th - 13th century | |
| Status | Vassal state of the Gahadavalas |
| Capital | Khayaragarh, Shahabad district |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Nayak (King or Chief) |  |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established | 11th - 13th century |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of | India |


title: French ship Régénérateur (1811)

abstract: Régénérateur was a Téméraire-class 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

text:
# French ship Régénérateur (1811)

***Régénérateur*** was a *Téméraire*-class 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

## Career

*Régénérateur* was one of the ships built in the various shipyards captured by the First French Empire in Holland and Italy in a crash programme to replenish the ranks of the French Navy. Started as *Severo*, she was built in Venice under supervision of engineers Moro and Andrea Salvini following plans by Sané; in 1807, she was renamed *Régénérateur* (or possibly *Regeneratore* or *Regenitore*).

*Régénérateur* was surrendered to Austria at the fall of Venice, and commissioned in the Austrian Navy. In 1823, she was razéed into a frigate and renamed *Bellona*. She was eventually broken up in 1831.

## Citations

* Demerliac, Alain (2004). *La Marine du Consulat et du Premier Empire: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1800 à 1815* (in French). Éditions Ancre. p. 81. ISBN 2-903179-30-1.

## InfoBox

| Scale model of *Achille*, sister ship of French ship Régénérateur (1811), on display at the Musée national de la Marine in Paris. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| France | |
| Name | *Régénérateur* |
| Builder | Venice |
| Laid down | December 1806 |
| Launched | July 1811 |
| Commissioned | December 1812 |
| Decommissioned | 1831 |
| Fate | Broken up 1831 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Téméraire*-class ship of the line |
| Displacement | * 2,966 tonnes * 5,260 tonnes fully loaded |
| Length | 55.87 metres (183.3 ft) (172 pied) |
| Beam | 14.90 metres (48 ft 11 in) |
| Draught | 7.26 metres (23.8 ft) (22 pied) |
| Propulsion | Up to 2,485 m2 (26,750 sq ft) of sails |
| Armament |  |
| Armour | Timber |


title: French ship Réfléchi (1776)

abstract: Réfléchi was a 64-gun Solitaire-class ship of the line of the French Navy.

text:
# French ship Réfléchi (1776)

***Réfléchi*** was a 64-gun *Solitaire*-class ship of the line of the French Navy.

## Career

In 1779, *Réfléchi* was under Captain Cillart de Suville and part of the White squadron (centre) of the fleet under Orvilliers.

*Réfléchi* took part in the Battle of Martinique on 18 December 1779, when she, along with *Annibal* and *Vengeur*, saved a convoy from the British off Fort Royal. She was part of the French squadron at the action of 20 March 1780 when she fought Parker's squadron off Saint Domingue, along with *Diadème*, *Amphion* and *Annibal*, and was present at the Battle of the Chesapeake.

From 20 August 1783 to 28 December, she was at the Martinique station under Captain Du Bois.

She became a hulk in Brest in November 1788, and was broken up around 1793 after having been renamed *Turot*.

## Citations

* Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1910). *La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI*. Paris: Honoré Champion.
* Lavery, Brian (2003). *The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850*. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-252-8.
* Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). *Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours 1 1671 - 1870*. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| France | |
| Name | *Réfléchi* |
| Builder | Rochefort |
| Laid down | May 1772 |
| Launched | 25 November 1776 |
| Commissioned | February 1777 |
| Out of service | 1793 |
| Fate | Broken up |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Solitaire* class ship of the line |
| Tons burthen | 1521 tons |
| Length | 50 metres |
| Beam | 13.3 metres |
| Draught | 6.5 metres |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Armament |  |


title: Kevin G. Ritz

abstract: Kevin Gafford Ritz is an American lawyer who has served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit since 2024. He previously served as the United States attorney for the Western District of Tennessee September 2022 to September 2024.

text:
# Kevin G. Ritz

**Kevin Gafford Ritz** (born October 15, 1974) is an American lawyer who has served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit since 2024. He previously served as the United States attorney for the Western District of Tennessee September 2022 to September 2024.

## Education

A native of Memphis, Ritz graduated from White Station High School. Ritz received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Virginia in 1997, where he was a Jefferson Scholar. He later received a Master of Science from Georgetown University in 1999, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 2004.

## Career

From 2004 to 2005, Ritz served as a law clerk for Judge Julia Smith Gibbons of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 2005, he became an assistant United States attorney in the United States Attorney's office for the Western District of Tennessee. Ritz worked as a prosecutor in drug trafficking and gun-related crimes before moving to appellate law later in his career. He appeared as counsel in *United States v. Castleman*.

### U.S. attorney for the Western District of Tennessee

On July 29, 2022, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Ritz to be the United States attorney for the Western District of Tennessee. On August 1, 2022, his nomination was sent to the United States Senate, and the nomination was confirmed on September 22, 2022, by voice vote. Ritz was sworn in by Chief Judge S. Thomas Anderson on September 28, 2022. On September 18, 2024, he resigned as the US Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee to serve as a circuit judge of the Sixth Circuit.

### Federal judicial service

On March 20, 2024, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Ritz to serve as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. His nomination drew opposition from Senator Marsha Blackburn, who said the White House had abandoned discussions with her and fellow Tennessee senator Bill Hagerty about finding a nominee for the position. On March 21, 2024, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Ritz to the seat being vacated by Judge Julia Smith Gibbons, who announced her intent to assume senior status upon confirmation of a successor. On April 17, 2024, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. During his confirmation hearing, Republican senators questioned Ritz about an ethics complaint filed against him during his tenure as an Assistant United States Attorney. The complaint, brought by defense counsel, alleged that Ritz had misrepresented charges during a plea agreement in a criminal case. Ritz responded by stating that he was unaware of the ethics complaint at the time. Additionally, he faced inquiries about why federal gun charges were not pursued against a suspect allegedly involved in the fatal shooting of Memphis police officer Joseph McKinney. On May 9, 2024, his nomination was reported out of committee by an 11–10 party-line vote. On September 12, 2024, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 49–42 vote, with Senator Kyrsten Sinema voting against the motion. On September 16, 2024, his nomination was confirmed by a 48–46 vote, with Senator Sinema voting against confirmation. He received his judicial commission on September 19, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Kevin G. Ritz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
September 19, 2024 | |
| Appointed by | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | Julia Smith Gibbons |
| United States Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee | |
| **In office**
September 28, 2022  September 18, 2024 | |
| Appointed by | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | Joe Murphy (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Reagan Taylor Fondren (acting) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kevin Gafford Ritz
(1974-10-15) October 15, 1974
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Education | University of Virginia (BA, JD)
Georgetown University (MS) |
|  | |


title: Kevin Gaines (American football)

abstract: Kevin Gaines is an Arena Football League defensive specialist for the Philadelphia Soul, recently signed from the Georgia Force where he played for three seasons and was named Second Team All-Arena in 2004 and 2005. He previously played for the Orlando Predators, the New Jersey Red Dogs/Gladiators, the Florida Bobcats, the Carolina Cobras and the Grand Rapids Rampage. He also played for the London Monarchs in the World League of American Football. Despite Kevin Gaine's time as an Orlando Predator, he has no professional NFL experience.

text:
# Kevin Gaines (American football)

**Kevin Gaines** (born August 7, 1971, in Euclid, Ohio) is an Arena Football League defensive specialist for the Philadelphia Soul, recently signed from the Georgia Force where he played for three seasons and was named Second Team All-Arena in 2004 and 2005. He previously played for the Orlando Predators, the New Jersey Red Dogs/Gladiators, the Florida Bobcats, the Carolina Cobras and the Grand Rapids Rampage. He also played for the London Monarchs in the World League of American Football. Despite Kevin Gaine's time as an Orlando Predator, he has no professional NFL experience.

## College years

Gaines attended University of Louisville, and was a student and a letterman in football. In football, as a senior, Gaines was named Louisville's Defensive Player of the Year and was a second team All-America pick, and after his senior season, participated in the Senior Bowl.


title: Kevin G. Nealer

abstract: Kevin G. Nealer is an American businessperson and political figure. He is currently a principal and partner in The Scowcroft Group, specializing in financial services, risk analysis, direct investment and trade policy.

text:
# Kevin G. Nealer

**Kevin G. Nealer** is an American businessperson and political figure. He is currently a principal and partner in The Scowcroft Group, specializing in financial services, risk analysis, direct investment and trade policy.

## Career

Nealer received his undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan and his law degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Law.

A trade attorney and former State Department officer, Nealer served as trade policy advisor to the Senate Democratic Leadership from 1982 to 1987.

Before joining The Scowcroft Group, Nealer advised multinational clients on investment issues, project finance, and trade law/policy as a principal in the consulting affiliate of Washington's largest law firm, and as vice president for corporate affairs with a leading government strategies practice.

On October 1, 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama appointed Nealer as a Member of the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board.

A Fulbright professor in the People's Republic of China (1990-1991), Nealer has served as a lecturer, program moderator, and adjunct professor of trade law and policy at the Georgetown University McDonough School of Business. A member of the Council on Foreign Relations, he was an author of the council’s report *Beginning the Journey: China, The United States and the WTO*, and other articles on political economy.

He is a member of the board of the Australian American Leadership Dialogue, the International Advisory Board of Ancora Capital Management, Pte, Ltd., and the International Affairs Visiting Committee of Case Western Reserve University. He is a consultant to the U.S. defense and intelligence communities on trade and economic security issues, and advised the Obama campaign on international economic and Asia policy.

Following his confirmation by the United States Senate on December 14, 2010, Nealer was sworn in as a member of the Board of Directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the development finance agency of the US government, where he served on the Audit and Governance Committees.

He is currently a principal and partner in The Scowcroft Group.

In 2024, he was on the advisory board of Michigan in Washington by the University of Michigan. He was still on the Australian American Council, the international advisory board of Ancora Capital Management, and on the International Affairs Visiting Committee at Case Western Reserve. He is a non-resident expert at the Eisenhower Institute at Gettysburg College. He was on the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a senior advisor to the Center for Strategic & International Studies.

## InfoBox

| Kevin G. Nealer | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan, Case Western Reserve University School of Law |
| Organisation | The Scowcroft Group |


abstract: The Rural Municipality of Ponass Lake No. 367 is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 14 and SARM Division No. 4.

text:
# Rural Municipality of Ponass Lake No. 367

The **Rural Municipality of Ponass Lake No. 367** (2016 population: 422) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 14 and SARM Division No. 4.

## History

The RM of Ponass Lake No. 367 incorporated as a rural municipality on January 1, 1913.

## Geography

### Communities and localities

The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.

Towns Villages

The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

Localities

## Demographics

Population history
(1981–2016)
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | 1,156 |  |
| 1986 | 997 | −13.8% |
| 1991 | 854 | −14.3% |
| 1996 | 767 | −10.2% |
| 2001 | 681 | −11.2% |
| 2006 | 618 | −9.3% |
| 2011 | 527 | −14.7% |
| 2016 | 422 | −19.9% |
| *Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics* | | |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Ponass Lake No. 367 had a population of 416 living in 192 of its 227 total private dwellings, a change of -1.4% from its 2016 population of 422. With a land area of 795.56 km2 (307.17 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.5/km2 (1.4/sq mi) in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Ponass Lake No. 367 recorded a population of 422 living in 190 of its 238 total private dwellings, a -15.9% change from its 2011 population of 502. With a land area of 750.62 km2 (289.82 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.6/km2 (1.5/sq mi) in 2016.

## Attractions

## Government

The RM of Ponass Lake No. 367 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Wednesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Allan Nelson while its administrator is Loretta Prevost. The RM's office is located in Rose Valley.

## Transportation

## InfoBox

| Ponass Lake No. 367 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural municipality | |
| Rural Municipality of Ponass Lake No. 367 | |
| Location of the RM of Ponass Lake No. 367 in Saskatchewan | |
| Coordinates: 52°18′43″N 103°49′16″W / 52.312°N 103.821°W / 52.312; -103.821 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division | 14 |
| SARM division |  |
| Formed | January 1, 1913 |
| Government | |
| Reeve | Allan Nelson |
| Governing body | RM of Ponass Lake No. 367 Council |
| Administrator | Loretta Prevost |
| Office location | Rose Valley |
| Area (2016) | |
| Land | 750.62 km2 (289.82 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 422 |
| Density | 0.6/km2 (2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CST |
| Summer (DST) | CST |
| Area code(s) | 306 and 639 |


title: Khenj District

abstract: Khenj District is the largest district in Panjshir Province with a population of more than 110,000 people. It has roughly 154 villages, including Jungal Aab Village, Mata Village, Ishkesho Village, Pawat Village and Peshghoor. Khenj District is famous for its mining of emeralds. Many people in the district work as farmers and miners. On 5 September 2021, Taliban spokesperson Bilal Karimi said that the 4 districts of Panjshir Province were captured, including Khenj District.

text:
# Khenj District

**Khenj District** is the largest district in Panjshir Province with a population of more than 110,000 people. It has roughly 154 villages, including Jungal Aab Village, Mata Village, Ishkesho Village, Pawat Village and Peshghoor. Khenj District is famous for its mining of emeralds. Many people in the district work as farmers and miners.

On 5 September 2021, Taliban spokesperson Bilal Karimi said that the 4 districts of Panjshir Province were captured, including Khenj District.

## InfoBox

| Khenj خنج | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Khenj | |
| Coordinates: 35°25′47″N 69°47′04″E / 35.4297°N 69.7844°E / 35.4297; 69.7844 | |
| Country | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan |
| Province | Panjshir |
| Population | |
| Total | 110,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+04:30 (AST) |
| Control | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan |


abstract: Friedrich Mičan, Baron von Klinstein und Rostok in Constantinople was a German-Bohemian nobleman.

text:
# Friedrich Mičan von Klinstein und Rostok

**Friedrich Mičan, Baron von Klinstein und Rostok in Constantinople** (fl. 1569 – 1578) was a German-Bohemian nobleman.

## Biography

His family's origin can be traced back to over a century before his day. An Jindřich Mičan von Klinstein was active in the early 15th century; his son, and heir to his estates, Jan (Johann) died in 1503, with his own sons dividing the estates among themselves.

In 1571, he was the governor of the Kornhaus Estate, and as such attended the provincial parliament held in Prague at that time. By the end of the Thirty Years' War, the estate had passed to Heinrich Stampach.

In the middle of the 16th century, Friedrich Mičan von Klinstein und Rostok acquired almost all the Žehrovice estate, with the exception of the granary, from the Kolowrat-Bezdružický lords. This estate included the Zehrow Castle, which had been left to decay since 1506, and was described in 1550 as a deserted castle with a courtyard. In 1569, Mičan bought the rest of the granary for 5,875 shock Czech pennies from the brothers Jan and Zdislav Abdon Kolowrat-Bezdružický.

In 1578, he sold parts of Čelechovic estate to Georg Borzita von Martinitz, who in 1595 bought the rest from his heirs.

A Friedrich Mičan von Klinstein is later mentioned as Imperial Councilor. In 1613 this Mičan was owed 33,000 shock Czech pennies of debts, and as a result of his debtors' inability to pay off he came into the possession of the Rischburg Estate. After his death, this estate was inherited by his son Albrecht Mičan von Klinstein, who then passed it on to his wife Magdalena Mičan (née von Hodkowa).

He was Baron of Klinstein and Rostock in Constantinople.


title: Friedrich Moll

abstract: Friedrich Rudolf Heinrich Carl Moll was a German wood specialist who worked on preserving wood in mines and shipping and naval applications.

text:
# Friedrich Moll

**Friedrich Rudolf Heinrich Carl Moll** (31 January 1882 – 8 May 1951) was a German wood specialist who worked on preserving wood in mines and shipping and naval applications.

## Biography

Moll was born in Culm, West Prussia and worked as a shipwright before training in shipbuilding at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1902. He then worked on English trawlers, and in 1909, he wrote a dissertation examining the disappearance of trawlers. He examined the application of mercury chloride to preserving telephone poles. In 1920, he received a doctorate from the University of Berlin for work on fungi and their control. He then worked as a lecturer in the Technische Hochschule at Berlin-Charlottenburg from 1922 to 1936. He worked on treatments against shipworms.


title: 2001–02 Northampton Town F.C. season

abstract: The 2001–02 season was Northampton Town's 105th season in their history and the second successive season in the Second Division. Alongside competing in Division Two, the club also participated in the FA Cup, League Cup and Football League Trophy.

text:
# 2001–02 Northampton Town F.C. season

The **2001–02 season** was Northampton Town's 105th season in their history and the second successive season in the Second Division. Alongside competing in Division Two, the club also participated in the FA Cup, League Cup and Football League Trophy.

## Players

*As of match played 20 April 2002.*

| No. | Name | Position | Nat. | Place of Birth | Date of Birth (Age) | Apps | Goals | Previous club | Date signed | Fee |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Goalkeepers | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Keith Welch | GK |  | Bolton | 3 October 1968 (aged 33) | 127 | 0 | Bristol City | 21 June 1999 | Free |
| 15 | Adam Sollitt | GK |  | Sheffield | 22 June 1977 (aged 24) | 20 | 0 | Kettering Town | 25 July 2000 | £30,000 |
| 24 | Mark Bunn | GK |  | Kettering | 16 November 1984 (aged 17) | 0 | 0 | Apprentice | 21 August 2001 | N/A |
| Defenders | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Gerard Lavin | RB |  | Corby | 5 February 1974 (aged 28) | 3 | 0 | Bristol City | 29 May 2001 | Free |
| 3 | Duncan Spedding | LB |  | Camberley | 7 September 1977 (aged 24) | 130 | 1 | Southampton | 14 July 1998 | Free |
| 4 | Ian Sampson | CB |  | Wakefield | 14 November 1968 (aged 33) | 363 | 28 | Sunderland | 5 August 1994 | £30,000 |
| 6 | John Frain | LB |  | Birmingham | 8 October 1968 (aged 33) | 228 | 7 | Birmingham City | Summer 1997 | Free |
| 16 | Daryl Burgess | FB |  | Birmingham | 24 January 1971 (aged 31) | 40 | 1 | West Bromwich Albion | 27 June 2001 | Free |
| 17 | Richard Hope | CB |  | Stockton-on-Tees | 22 June 1978 (aged 23) | 125 | 6 | Darlington | 18 December 1998 | Undisclosed |
| 22 | Paul Dempsey | LB |  | The Wirral | 3 December 1981 (aged 20) | 29 | 0 | Sheffield United | 22 March 2001 | Undisclosed |
| 27 | Chris Marsh | RB |  | Dudley | 14 January 1970 (aged 32) | 28 | 0 | Wycombe Wanderers | 6 September 2001 | £10,000 |
| Midfielders | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | Paul McGregor | RW |  | Liverpool | 17 December 1974 (aged 27) | 45 | 5 | Plymouth Argyle | 8 June 2001 | Free |
| 8 | James Hunt | CM |  | Derby | 17 December 1976 (aged 25) | 205 | 10 | Notts County | 1 August 1997 | Free |
| 11 | Roy Hunter | CM |  | Saltburn-by-the-Sea | 29 October 1973 (aged 28) | 211 | 20 | West Bromwich Albion | 2 August 1995 | Free |
| 14 | John Hodge |  |  | Ormskirk | 1 April 1969 (aged 33) | 65 | 2 | Gillingham | 6 March 2000 | £25,000 |
| 20 | Chris Hargreaves | CM |  | Cleethorpes | 12 May 1972 (aged 29) | 77 | 3 | Plymouth Argyle | 27 June 2000 | Free |
| 23 | Chris Carruthers | LM |  | Kettering | 19 August 1983 (aged 18) | 17 | 1 | Apprentice | 1 August 2000 | N/A |
| Forwards | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 9 | Sam Parkin | FW |  | Roehampton | 14 March 1981 (aged 21) | 46 | 5 | Chelsea | 3 July 2001 | Loan |
| 10 | Marco Gabbiadini | FW |  | Nottingham | 20 January 1968 (aged 34) | 89 | 16 | Darlington | 27 June 2000 | Free |
| 18 | Jamie Forrester | FW |  | Bradford | 1 November 1974 (aged 27) | 136 | 50 | FC Utrecht | 27 June 2000 | £150,000 |
| 19 | Derek Asamoah | FW |  | Accra | 1 May 1981 (aged 20) | 44 | 3 | Slough Town | 25 July 2001 | Free |
| 33 | Steve Morison | FW |  | Enfield | 29 August 1983 (aged 18) | 1 | 0 | Apprentice | 27 August 2001 | N/A |

## Competitions

### Nationwide Football League Division Two

#### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18 | Chesterfield | 46 | 13 | 13 | 20 | 53 | 65 | 12 | 52 |  |
| 19 | Notts County | 46 | 13 | 11 | 22 | 59 | 71 | 12 | | 50 |
| 20 | Northampton Town | 46 | 14 | 7 | 25 | 54 | 79 | 25 | | 49 |
| 21 | Bournemouth (R) | 46 | 10 | 14 | 22 | 56 | 71 | 15 | 44 | Relegation to Football League Third Division |
| 22 | Bury (R) | 46 | 11 | 11 | 24 | 43 | 75 | 32 | | 44 |

Source:
Rules for classification: In the Football League goals scored (GF) takes precedence over goal difference (GD).
(R) Relegated

#### Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 46 | 14 | 7 | 25 | 54 | 79 | −25 | 49 | 9 | 4 | 10 | 30 | 33 | −3 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 24 | 46 | −22 |

Last updated: 22 March 2022.
Source: 11v11.com

#### League position by match

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H |
| Result | L | L | L | L | W | L | L | L | W | L | D | L | W | W | L | D | L | L | L | L | L | W | L | L | L | D | W | W | W | L | D | L | W | D | W | L | W | L | L | W | L | W | D | W | L | D |
| Position | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 18 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 |

Source: 11v11.com
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

#### Matches

Win   Draw   Loss

| 11 August 2001 (2001-08-11) 1 | **Northampton Town** | **0–3** | **Bristol City** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | J.Hunt  34' | Report | T.Thorpe  6', 22' (pen.), 28' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,528
Referee: Paul Alcock |

| 18 August 2001 (2001-08-18) 2 | **Stoke City** | **2–0** | **Northampton Town** | Stoke-on-Trent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | A.Cooke  52'
P.Thorne  54' | Report |  | Stadium: Britannia Stadium
Attendance: 12,845
Referee: Mark Cowburn |

| 25 August 2001 (2001-08-25) 3 | **Northampton Town** | **0–2** | **Notts County** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST |  | Report | I.Baraclough  3'
M.Stallard  90' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,648
Referee: David Crick |

| 28 August 2001 (2001-08-28) 4 | **Oldham Athletic** | **4–2** | **Northampton Town** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 BST | S.Balmer  6'
P.Rickers  35'
L.Duxbury  63'
M.Tipton  78' | Report | R.Hope  53', 90' | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 4,941
Referee: Frazer Stretton |

| 31 August 2001 (2001-08-31) 5 | **Northampton Town** | **2–0** | **Brighton & Hove Albion** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 BST | M.Gabbiadini  74'
D.Asamoah  90' | Report |  | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,408
Referee: Roger Furnandiz |

| 8 September 2001 (2001-09-08) 6 | **Colchester United** | **3–1** | **Northampton Town** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | K.Rapley  7'
S.McGleish  8' (pen.)
R.Hope  42' (o.g.)
D.Gregory  55' | Report | C.Hargreaves  78' | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 3,705
Referee: Paul Rejer |

| 15 September 2001 (2001-09-15) 7 | **Northampton Town** | **0–2** | **Chesterfield** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | M.Gabbiadini  18' | Report | L.Beckett  15'
I.Breckin  79' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,535
Referee: Mike Jones |

| 18 September 2001 (2001-09-18) 8 | **Cardiff City** | **2–0** | **Northampton Town** | Cardiff, Wales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 BST | G.Kavanagh  28'
P.Brayson  72' (pen.) | Report |  | Stadium: Ninian Park
Attendance: 11,232
Referee: Trevor Parkes |

| 22 September 2001 (2001-09-22) 9 | **Port Vale** | **0–1** | **Northampton Town** | Burslem |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST |  | Report | R.Hunter  73' | Stadium: Vale Park
Attendance: 4,419
Referee: Alan Kaye |

| 25 September 2001 (2001-09-25) 10 | **Northampton Town** | **1–3** | **Blackpool** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 BST | D.Burgess  83' | Report | B.Ormerod  31', 45'
G.Fenton  79' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,103
Referee: Phil Prosser |

| 28 September 2001 (2001-09-28) 11 | **Northampton Town** | **1–1** | **Swindon Town** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | R.Hunter  66' | Report | G.Grazioli  48' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: George Cain
Referee: 5,104 |

| 7 October 2001 (2001-10-07) 12 | **Peterborough United** | **2–0** | **Northampton Town** | Peterborough |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 BST | J.Bullard  45' (pen.)
A.Clarke  54' | Report |  | Stadium: London Road
Attendance: 8,101
Referee: Barry Knight |

| 13 October 2001 (2001-10-13) 13 | **Northampton Town** | **4–1** | **Tranmere Rovers** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | J.Forrester  9', 72'
R.Hope  45'
P.McGregor  48' | Report | S.Flynn  45' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,636
Referee: Lee Cable |

| 20 October 2001 (2001-10-20) 14 | **Queens Park Rangers** | **0–1** | **Northampton Town** | White City, London |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST |  | Report | J.Hunt  11' | Stadium: Loftus Road
Attendance: 10,444
Referee: Mick Fletcher |

| 23 October 2001 (2001-10-23) 15 | **Northampton Town** | **0–3** | **Huddersfield Town** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 BST |  | Report | A.Booth  30', 45', 70' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,926
Referee: Mike Ryan |

| 27 October 2001 (2001-10-27) 16 | **Cambridge United** | **3–3** | **Northampton Town** | Cambridge |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | D.Kitson  18'
A.One  29', 42' | Report | M.Gabbiadini  38'
J.Forrester  71' (pen.), 87' (pen.) | Stadium: Abbey Stadium
Attendance: 3,682
Referee: Bill Jordan |

| 3 November 2001 (2001-11-03) 17 | **Northampton Town** | **0–2** | **Reading** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT |  | Report | J.Cureton  52'
M.Butler  90' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,162
Referee: Paul Rejer |

| 11 November 2001 (2001-11-11) 18 | **Bury** | **2–1** | **Northampton Town** | Bury |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | P.Kenny  70'
I.Lawson  77'
D.Swailes  82' | Report | R.Hope  11'
C.Hargreaves  33' | Stadium: Gigg Lane
Attendance: 3,539
Referee: Trevor Parkes |

| 20 November 2001 (2001-11-20) 19 | **Wycombe Wanderers** | **2–1** | **Northampton Town** | High Wycombe |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | A.Rammell  20', 85' | Report | M.Gabbiadini  39' | Stadium: Adams Park
Attendance: 5,817
Referee: Grant Hegley |

| 24 November 2001 (2001-11-24) 20 | **Northampton Town** | **0–2** | **Wigan Athletic** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT |  | Report | T.Dinning  28'
S.Haworth  57' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,267
Referee: Clive Penton |

| 1 December 2001 (2001-12-01) 21 | **Wrexham** | **3–2** | **Northampton Town** | Wrexham, Wales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | B.Carey  43'
M.Chalk  56' (pen.)
D.Ferguson  86' | Report | J.Forrester  14'
P.McGregor  51'
J.Hunt  78' | Stadium: Racecourse Ground
Attendance: 2,708
Referee: Howard Webb |

| 15 December 2001 (2001-12-15) 22 | **Northampton Town** | **1–0** | **AFC Bournemouth** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | J.Forrester  81' | Report |  | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 3,909
Referee: Ray Olivier |

| 21 December 2001 (2001-12-21) 23 | **Brentford** | **3–0** | **Northampton Town** | Brentford |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | P.Evans  76' (pen.)
B.Burgess  80'
L.Owusu  88' | Report |  | Stadium: Griffin Park
Attendance: 5,142
Referee: Keith Hill |

| 26 December 2001 (2001-12-26) 24 | **Northampton Town** | **2–3** | **Colchester United** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | R.Hope  36'
J.Forrester  80' | Report | I.Sampson  45' (o.g.)
G.Barrett  50', 66' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,740
Referee: Tony Bates |

| 29 December 2001 (2001-12-29) 25 | **Northampton Town** | **0–1** | **Oldham Athletic** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | K.Welch  45' | Report | D.Eyres  80' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,760
Referee: Joe Ross |

| 13 January 2002 (2002-01-13) 26 | **Northampton Town** | **1–1** | **Stoke City** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | S.Parkin  82' | Report | M.Goodfellow  36' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,636
Referee: Graham Salisbury |

| 19 January 2002 (2002-01-19) 27 | **Bristol City** | **1–3** | **Northampton Town** | Bristol |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | T.Thorpe  62' | Report | J.Forrester  36' (pen.), 37'
J.Hunt  69' | Stadium: Ashton Gate
Attendance: 11,733
Referee: Lee Cable |

| 22 January 2002 (2002-01-22) 28 | **Northampton Town** | **1–0** | **Brentford** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | M.Gabbiadini  83'
D.Asamoah  86' | Report |  | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,184
Referee: Phil Joslin |

| 29 January 2002 (2002-01-29) 29 | **Notts County** | **0–3** | **Northampton Town** | Nottingham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | N.Fenton  68' | Report | M.Gabbiadini  12'
J.Forrester  64' (pen.), 69' (pen.) | Stadium: Meadow Lane
Attendance: 4,182
Referee: Mark Cowburn |
| *Note: Fixture was previously postponed on January 5, 2002 due to a frozen pitch.* | | | | |

| 2 February 2002 (2002-02-02) 30 | **Swindon Town** | **2–1** | **Northampton Town** | Swindon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | M.Gabbiadini  5' (o.g.)
S.Davis  60'
D.Invincibile  64' | Report | J.Forrester  81' | Stadium: County Ground
Attendance: 6,585
Referee: Mark Cooper |

| 9 February 2002 (2002-02-09) 31 | **Northampton Town** | **2–2** | **Queens Park Rangers** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | R.Hunter  11'
D.Asamoah  78'
S.Parkin  88' | Report | K.Connolly  12' (pen.), 21' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 6,424
Referee: Rob Harris |

| 12 February 2002 (2002-02-12) 32 | **Tranmere Rovers** | **2–0** | **Northampton Town** | Birkenhead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | J.Price  65'
W.Allison  87' | Report |  | Stadium: Prenton Park
Attendance: 7,739
Referee: Trevor Parkes |

| 19 February 2002 (2002-02-19) 33 | **Northampton Town** | **2–1** | **Peterborough United** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | S.Parkin  17'
J.Forrester  38' | Report | J.Bullard  2' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 6,064
Referee: Barry Knight |

| 23 February 2002 (2002-02-23) 34 | **Chesterfield** | **2–2** | **Northampton Town** | Chesterfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | M.Ebdon  13'
J.Burt  53' | Report | R.Hope  3'
J.Forrester  22' | Stadium: Saltergate
Attendance: 4,186
Referee: Roy Pearson |

| 26 February 2002 (2002-02-26) 35 | **Northampton Town** | **1–0** | **Port Vale** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | J.Forrester  19' | Report |  | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,155
Referee: Scott Mathieson |

| 2 March 2002 (2002-03-02) 36 | **Northampton Town** | **1–2** | **Cardiff City** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | M.Gabbiadini  35' | Report | L.Maxwell  32'
A.Campbell  37' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,495
Referee: Steve Bennett |

| 5 March 2002 (2002-03-05) 37 | **Blackpool** | **1–2** | **Northampton Town** | Blackpool |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | G.Fenton  59' | Report | M.Gabbiadini  8', 54' | Stadium: Bloomfield Road
Attendance: 4,924
Referee: Howard Webb |

| 9 March 2002 (2002-03-09) 38 | **AFC Bournemouth** | **5–1** | **Northampton Town** | Bournemouth |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | W.Feeney  33', 74'
J.Tindall  55'
D.Holmes  65'
S.Purches  90' | Report | D.Spedding  39'
P.McGregor  45' | Stadium: Dean Court
Attendance: 6,322
Referee: Phil Richards |

| 12 March 2002 (2002-03-12) 39 | **Brighton & Hove Albion** | **2–0** | **Northampton Town** | Brighton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | B.Zamora  37'
S.Morgan  59' | Report |  | Stadium: Withdean Stadium
Attendance: 6,363
Referee: David Crick |
| *Note: Fixture was previously postponed on January 1, 2002 due to icy weather.* | | | | |

| 16 March 2002 (2002-03-16) 40 | **Northampton Town** | **4–1** | **Wrexham** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | J.Hunt  42'
R.Hunter  77' (pen.), 90' (pen.)
S.Parkin  82' | Report | L.Trundle  21'
K.Sharp  37'
D.Bennett  90' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,029
Referee: Rob Styles |

| 23 March 2002 (2002-03-23) 41 | **Huddersfield Town** | **2–0** | **Northampton Town** | Huddersfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | L.Knight  27', 33' | Report |  | Stadium: Kirklees Stadium
Attendance: 10,783
Referee: Ray Olivier |

| 29 March 2002 (2002-03-29) 42 | **Northampton Town** | **1–0** | **Bury** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | J.Hunt  58' | Report |  | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 6,522
Referee: Matt Messias |

| 1 April 2002 (2002-04-01) 43 | **Reading** | **0–0** | **Northampton Town** | Reading |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST |  | Report |  | Stadium: Madejski Stadium
Attendance: 16,495
Referee: Bill Jordan |

| 6 April 2002 (2002-04-06) 44 | **Northampton Town** | **4–1** | **Wycombe Wanderers** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | C.Hargreaves  52', 65'
J.Forrester  77'
C.Carruthers  84' | Report | G.Holligan  17' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 5,851
Referee: Steve Tomlin |

| 13 April 2002 (2002-04-13) 45 | **Wigan Athletic** | **3–0** | **Northampton Town** | Wigan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | J.De Vos  7'
N.Ellington  45'
S.Green  69' | Report |  | Stadium: JJB Stadium
Attendance: 5,938
Referee: Mark Cooper |

| 20 April 2002 (2002-04-20) 46 | **Northampton Town** | **2–2** | **Cambridge United** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 BST | J.Forrester  23' (pen.)
J.Hodge  90' | Report | T.Youngs  4', 71' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 6,723
Referee: Andy D'Urso |

### FA Cup

| 17 November 2001 (2001-11-17) First round | **Torquay United** | **1–2** | **Northampton Town** | Torquay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 GMT | K.Hill  82' | Report | M.Gabbiadini  28', 35' | Stadium: Plainmoor
Attendance: 2,241
Referee: John Brandwood |

| 9 December 2001 (2001-12-09) Second round | **Canvey Island** | **1–0** | **Northampton Town** | Canvey Island |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:00 GMT | N.Gregory  48' | Report |  | Stadium: Park Lane
Attendance: 3,232
Referee: Paul Taylor |

### Worthington Cup

| 21 August 2001 (2001-08-21) First round | **Northampton Town** | **2–1** (a.e.t.) | **Queens Park Rangers** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 BST | J.Forrester  90'
P.McGregor  110' | Report | I.Evatt  16' (o.g.) | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 4,638
Referee: Steve Baines |

| 11 September 2001 (2001-09-11) Second round | **Middlesbrough** | **3–1** | **Northampton Town** | Middlesbrough |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 BST | D.Murphy  54'
S.Németh  62'
M.Wilson  82' | Report | S.Parkin  79' | Stadium: Riverside Stadium
Attendance: 3,915
Referee: Phil Richards |

### LDV Vans Trophy

| 16 October 2001 (2001-10-16) First round | **Northampton Town** | **2–0** | **Oxford United** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT | J.Hunt  34'
P.McGregor  45' | Report |  | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 2,640
Referee: Brian Curson |

| 30 October 2001 (2001-10-30) Second round | **Northampton Town** | **0–1** | **Barnet** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:45 GMT |  | Report | L.Flynn  57' | Stadium: Sixfields Stadium
Attendance: 2,142
Referee: Rob Harris |

### Appearances, goals and cards

| No. | Pos | Player | Division Two | | | FA Cup | | | League Cup | | | League Trophy | | | Total | | | Discipline | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Starts | Sub | Goals | Starts | Sub | Goals | Starts | Sub | Goals | Starts | Sub | Goals | Starts | Sub | Goals |  |  |
| 1 | GK | Keith Welch | 38 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | **42** |  |  | 1 | 2 |
| 2 | RB | Gerard Lavin | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | **3** |  |  | 2 |  |
| 3 | LB | John Frain | 25 | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | **30** | **2** |  | 1 |  |
| 4 | CB | Ian Sampson | 24 | 3 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **26** | **3** |  | 8 |  |
| 6 | LB | Duncan Spedding | 22 | 1 |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | **27** | **1** |  | 7 | 1 |
| 7 | RM | Paul McGregor | 37 | 2 | 3 |  | 2 |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  | 1 | **40** | **5** | **5** | 1 |  |
| 8 | CM | James Hunt | 38 |  | 4 | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  | 1 | **44** |  | **5** | 9 | 2 |
| 9 | ST | *Sam Parkin* | 31 | 9 | 4 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 | 2 |  |  | **35** | **11** | **5** | 3 |  |
| 10 | ST | Marco Gabbiadini | 30 | 5 | 7 | 2 |  | 2 | 1 |  |  | 1 | 1 |  | **34** | **6** | **9** | 9 | 2 |
| 11 | CM | Roy Hunter | 38 | 2 | 4 | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | **42** | **2** | **4** | 3 | 1 |
| 14 | RM | John Hodge | 4 | 15 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | **4** | **17** | **1** | 1 |  |
| 15 | GK | Adam Sollitt | 8 | 2 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | **10** | **2** |  |  |  |
| 16 | RB | Daryl Burgess | 36 |  | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | **40** |  | **1** | 8 |  |
| 17 | CB | Richard Hope | 35 | 7 | 6 | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | **41** | **7** | **6** | 5 |  |
| 18 | ST | Jamie Forrester | 40 | 3 | 17 | 2 |  |  | 2 |  | 1 | 1 |  |  | **45** | **3** | **18** | 4 |  |
| 19 | ST | Derek Asamoah | 3 | 36 | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  | **3** | **41** | **3** |  |  |
| 20 | CM | Chris Hargreaves | 38 | 1 | 3 | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | **42** | **1** | **3** | 6 | 1 |
| 21 | MF | Richie Lopes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 22 | LB | Paul Dempsey | 13 | 7 |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | **15** | **8** |  | 2 |  |
| 23 | LM | Chris Carruthers | 6 | 7 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | **6** | **7** | **1** |  |  |
| 24 | ST | Danny Lowe |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 25 | GK | Mark Bunn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 26 | CM | Aaran Cavill |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **1** |  |  |  |
| 27 | CB | Chris Marsh | 26 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | **28** |  |  | 4 |  |
| 28 | MF | Chris Thompson |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | **1** |  |  |  |
| 29 | CM | Michael Laws |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 30 | DF | Bobby White |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 31 | ST | Ryan Nash |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 33 | ST | Steve Morison |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **1** |  |  |  |
| *Players no longer at the club:* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 12 | LM | *Robert Wolleaston* | 2 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | **2** | **6** |  |  |  |
| 5 | CB | *Ian Evatt* | 10 | 1 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | **12** | **1** |  | 1 |  |

## InfoBox

Northampton Town
| 2001–02 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Kevin Wilson
Kevan Broadhurst |
| Stadium | Sixfields Stadium |
| Division Two | 20th |
| FA Cup | Second round |
| Worthington Cup | Second round |
| LDV Vans Trophy | Second round (s) |
| Top goalscorer | League: Jamie Forrester (17)
All: Jamie Forrester (18) |
| Highest home attendance | 6,723 vs Cambridge United |
| Lowest home attendance | 2,142 vs Barnet |
|  | |


title: Rural Rhythm Records

abstract: Rural Rhythm Records is a record label based in Nashville, Tennessee specializing in recordings by bluegrass music and gospel music artists.

text:
# Rural Rhythm Records

**Rural Rhythm Records** is a record label based in Nashville, Tennessee specializing in recordings by bluegrass music and gospel music artists.

## History

"Uncle" Jim O'Neal founded the Rural Rhythm label in 1955 in Arcadia, California. He sold via mail order, records were often produced with a generic white front sleeve with a stamped serial number in the upper right corner.

O'Neal insisted records would sell for $3.50 apiece (as opposed to major label records that sold for $3.98 to $4.98). O'Neal also released 20 songs on each LP album, as opposed to major labels who released on average 12 songs on each LP.

O'Neal died in 1982, and Sam Passamano purchased Rural Rhythm in 1987.

The Heritage Collection brand reissues recordings from the 1950s–1960s Rural Rhythm archives. Recent Heritage artists include Hylo Brown, Red Smiley and The Blue Grass Cutups, and Mac Wiseman, Don Reno, Bill Harrell, J. E. Mainer, Curly Fox, Dale Potter, Earl Taylor, Max Martin, Buck Ryan, Lee Moore, Raymond Fairchild, and Jim Greer.

Besides the Heritage Collection brand, Rural Rhythm issues bluegrass recordings under the Sound Traditions and Bluegrass Power Picks brands.

In 2017, SONY Red Distribution became the distributors of Rural Rhythm mainstream recordings. New Day Christian Distributors continues to distribute their Christian recordings.

## Artists

Here is a partial list of artists who have released recordings on the Rural Rhythm label.

### A – G

### H – M

### N – R

### S – Z

## InfoBox

| Rural Rhythm | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1955 (1955) |
| Founder | Jim O'Neal |
| Distributor(s) | Sony, New Day Christian Distributors |
| Genre | Bluegrass, country, contemporary Christian |
| Country of origin | U.S. |
| Location | Nashville, Tennessee |
| Official website | www.ruralrhythm.com/web/ |


title: Fridolin Dietsche

abstract: Fridolin Dietsche was a German sculptor from Baden.

text:
# Fridolin Dietsche

**Fridolin Dietsche** (31 October 1861 - 25 June 1908) was a German sculptor from Baden.

## Context

Following unification in 1871 Germany underwent several decades of rapid economic modernisation and growth, which was coupled with government encouragement for expressions of national pride. This was reflected in a building boom in Karlsruhe and across the country. New churches, commercial properties and homes for rich entrepreneurs were enhanced with fashionable coloured glass embellishments, elaborate ironwork grills and ceramic tiles, wall-mounted fountains in entrance halls and, naturally, with sculptures. Municipal authorities and other public bodies also competed to commission and erect imposing sculptures in public squares, outside public buildings and in other suitable locations. This provided encouragement and opportunity for artists such as Dietsche in Karlsruhe as elsewhere.

## Life

Fridolin Dietsche was born at Schönau im Schwarzwald, a small town along the Wiese valley in the hills to the north-east of Basel. His father was a cabinet maker. His artistic journey began with a three-year training at the wood carving school in Furtwangen. After that, between 1880 and 1884 he studied at the "Arts and Crafts Academy" (*"Kunstgewerbeschule"*) in Karlsruhe. The next year was spent at the Arts and Crafts Academy in Berlin, before a two-year period of study under Fritz Schaper at the Prussian Academy of Arts. He then studied more briefly under Wilhelm von Rümann at the Fine Arts Academy in Munich, before returning to Karksruhe.

Back at the "Arts and Crafts Academy" in Karlsruhe he was a "masters student" (*"Meisterschüler"*) of Hermann Volz, while also working as a researcher and undertaking teaching assignments between 1888 and 1898. He also took the opportunity to undertake extended study trips to Paris and to Italy. In 1898 he succeeded Adolf Heer as Professor of Sculpture at the Karlsruhe academy.

In a competition for the commission of figures for the new facade of the Freiburg city hall, he was able to win against a rival tender from the city's own Gustav Adolf Knittel. With his pupil, Wilhelm Merten (1879–1952), he created for the city-hall facade a figure of Egino, the first Count of Freiburg. Another of the niches accommodated Dietsche's statue of Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen, which before finding its more permanent position was exhibited at the Paris World Fair in 1900. It was melted down during the Second World War.) The other two spaces displayed figures of Leopold III, Margrave of Austria and of Charles Frederick, the first Grand Duke of Baden. Four statues in Freiburg's Kaiser-Joseph-Straße were also taken down in 1942 and transported to Hamburg in order to be melted down. Two of these four (Emperor Maximilian I and Rudolf I) were also the work of Fridolin Dietsche, again with input, in the case of King Rudolf's statue, from Wilhelm Merten. The other two, produced between 1899 and 1900, were the work of Julius Seitz. When war ended in May 1945 all four of these bronze figures were still intact, but they were in Hamburg and war had exhausted the city's finances. In 1950 the Freiburg city council, mindful of the high cost of transporting the figures back south, renounced any rights to have them returned.

Between 1900 and 1901 Dietsche took part in another competition, this time for the creation of Karlsruhe's Bismarck Memorial. There was no overall winner of the competition as originally configured, but in a second version Dietsche's submission was determined to be the best available (*"relativ besten"*). Subsequently, however, the memorial committee decided to go ahead with one of the (three) proposals submitted by Karl Friedrich Moest. Despite being evidently underwhelmed by all the submissions, the committee let it be known that they favoured Moest because he was more than twenty years older than Dietsche who would, they anticipated, have plenty more opportunities to create public sculptures. Ironically, Moest would live to be 85, dying only in 1923, while Dietsche died in 1908 aged 45.

Shortly before he died Dietscke was given a commission by The Grand Duke Frederick to draft a proposal for a memorial to Karlsruhe's founder, Margrave Charles III William. The intention was to replace the Karlsruhe Pyramid in the Market Square. After there was a public outcry against the idea of removing the pyramid, Dietsche submitted a proposal that combined the pyramid with the required memorial. He prepared a model which added a separated fountain and equestrian statue which won widespread support when it was exhibited, but before the project could be further progressed he died at Hamburg while travelling to a coastal cure resort for a medical investigation.


title: Khimlal Gautam

abstract: Khim Lal Gautam is a Nepalese mountaineer and Chief Survey Officer in the Survey Department, Government of Nepal. He is the world's only civil servant and surveyor to have scaled the Mount Everest twice. Additionally, he holds the distinction of being the highest-ranking government official from the Nepal government to have summited Everest. Gautam, along with Rabin Karki, was the first surveyor to reach the top of the mountain to measure its actual altitude using state-of-the-art technology.

text:
# Khimlal Gautam

**Khim Lal Gautam** is a Nepalese mountaineer and Chief Survey Officer in the Survey Department, Government of Nepal. He is the world's only civil servant and surveyor to have scaled the Mount Everest twice. Additionally, he holds the distinction of being the highest-ranking government official from the Nepal government to have summited Everest. Gautam, along with Rabin Karki, was the first surveyor to reach the top of the mountain to measure its actual altitude using state-of-the-art technology.

## Early life and education

Gautam was born in the Hadaule, a small village in Nepal Kaski District where he spent his entire childhood. Growing up, he was enchanted by the sight of Mt Machapuchhre, just 20 kilometers away from his home, which fueled his love for Nepal's majestic mountains. Despite this, it was Mount Everest that truly captured his imagination, being famous as the tallest peak in the world.

Growing up amidst this natural wonder, Gautam developed a deep love for the mountains and dreamed of exploring them one day. His childhood in Handaule was filled with adventure and wonder, as he marveled at the beauty of the Himalayas every day. This environment instilled in him a strong connection to nature and a profound respect for the Himalayas. Gautam has often cited his childhood experiences as a wellspring of inspiration for his remarkable achievements, including his groundbreaking expeditions to conquer Mount Everest.

Gautam has obtained his master's degree in Geographical Information Science and Systems from the Universität Salzburg.

## First summit

In 2010, *Gorkhapatra* daily published an advertisement inviting interested civil servants of Nepal to apply for the inaugural civil servant expedition to summit Mount Everest, as part of the Visit Nepal Year 2011 promotion program. Despite applying, he was not initially selected and ended up being an alternate candidate. However, an opportunity arose when a team member had to attend a foreign function, and he was accommodated in the team. On May 18, 2011, they successfully reached the summit at exactly 5:20 am. He was the first among his team to reach the summit.

## Second summit

In 2017, following the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, Nepal's Survey Department organized an expedition to Mount Everest to reassess its height. Khim Lal Gautam, chosen as the team leader for his mountaineering experience and engineering skills, led the expedition. The then Prime Minister of Nepal, KP Oli, bid farewell to the team on April 10, 2019. After extensive preparation and acclimatization at Base Camp over 26 days, the team began their ascent on May 18. However, adverse weather conditions and a shortage of oxygen bottles at the South Col posed challenges. Despite these obstacles, Gautam pressed on, aware that descending would likely result in failure based on his prior Everest experience. On May 22, at 3 a.m., Gautam, along with colleague Rabin Karki and Sherpa, successfully reached the summit of Mount Everest, achieving their mission despite the difficulties faced.

## Book

Pandhrau Chuli is a book that chronicles the author Khim Lal Gautam's experiences and explorations related to Mount Everest. It delves into the emotional and geographical aspects of Everest, weaving together personal anecdotes, historical facts, and insights gained from Gautam's two ascents of the mountain. The narrative captures the essence of courage, risk, and struggle encountered during Everest expeditions, while also shedding light on the broader history of Everest exploration. Through Gautam's unique perspective as both a nationalist and a private individual, the book offers readers a deep and multifaceted understanding of Everest and its significance.

## InfoBox

| Khim Lal Gautam | |
| --- | --- |
| Khim Lal Gautam in a conference. | |
| Nationality | Nepali |
| Occupation(s) | Surveyor, civil servant |
| Notable work | *Pandhrau Chuli* (Non-fiction book, 2022) |


title: Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig

abstract: Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig is a German rugby union team from Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, currently playing in the 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga. The team is part of a larger sports club, TuRa Braunschweig, which apart from rugby also offers other sports like athletics, basketball, gymnastics and pétanque. The team is named after the House of Welf.

text:
# Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig

**Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig** is a German rugby union team from Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, currently playing in the 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga. The team is part of a larger sports club, TuRa Braunschweig, which apart from rugby also offers other sports like athletics, basketball, gymnastics and pétanque. The team is named after the House of Welf.

## History

### Post SV Braunschweig

The history of the club's rugby section goes back to 27 January 1954. On that date, the rugby section of *Post SV Braunschweig*, a large multi-sports club, was founded. The club played mostly in regional lower-tier competitions, but in 1991 won their first (and only) promotion into the Rugby-Bundesliga, but suffered relegation again after just one season at the top-level.

### Welfen SC Braunschweig

In the late 1990s, Post SV Braunschweig ran into financial problems, which eventually led to the club's dissolution in 2001. Due to this, the rugby section separated from the parent club and joined *Welfen SC Heidberg*, another local sports club, in 1999. The club, based in the Heidberg district of Braunschweig and founded in 1973, later changed its name into *Welfen SC Braunschweig*.

After several seasons in the Rugby-Regionalliga, Welfen SC won promotion back to the 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga in 2011. In the 2014–15 season the club finished second in the north-east Liga-Pokal group and was knocked out by TuS 95 Düsseldorf in the quarter-finals of the play-offs.

### TuRa Braunschweig

In 2014 the rugby players of Welfen SC decided to leave the club again due to being dissatisfied with the condition of the club's grounds. On 1 January 2015 they joined *Turn- und Rasensportverein Braunschweig* (short: TuRa Braunschweig), but continue to compete under the name Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig. TuRa Braunschweig had been founded as the city's second gymnastics club (after MTV Braunschweig) in 1865. The club's athletes have also won several German championships in other sports such as acrobatic gymnastics and Steinstossen.

## Recent seasons

Recent seasons of the club:

| Year | Division | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010–11 | Rugby-Regionalliga (III) | 1st — Promoted |
| 2011–12 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga North/East (II) | 8th |
| 2012–13 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga qualification round – North | 3rd |
| | Ligapokal – North/East | 3rd — Quarter finals |
| 2013–14 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga qualification round – North | 3rd |
| | Ligapokal – North/East | 1st — Quarter finals |
| 2014–15 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga qualification round – North | 4th |
| | Ligapokal — North/East | 2nd — Quarter finals |
| 2015–16 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga North | 7th |

## InfoBox

Welfen Braunschweig
| Full name | Rugby Welfen Braunschweig (beim TuRa e.V. 1865) |
| --- | --- |
| Union | German Rugby Federation |
| Founded | 27 January 1954 (1954-01-27)
1865 (parent club) |
| Location | Braunschweig, Germany |
| Ground(s) | *Am Bienroder Weg*
*Rote Wiese* (until 2014) |
| League(s) | 2. Rugby-Bundesliga (II) |
| 2015–16 | 2. Rugby-Bundesliga North, 7th |
| Official website | |
| www.rugby-braunschweig.de | |


title: Boaedon olivaceus

abstract: Boaedon olivaceus is a species of snake in the family Lamprophiidae. The species is endemic to Africa.

text:
# Boaedon olivaceus

***Boaedon olivaceus*** is a species of snake in the family Lamprophiidae. The species is endemic to Africa.

## Taxonomic history

Eli Greenbaum and colleagues described the taxonomy of this species as being "relatively stable for over a century". Auguste Duméril described this species in 1856, making it the type species of his newly-circumscribed genus *Holuropholis*. Charles Eugène Aubry-Lecomte collected the holotype. The junior synonym *Boodon poensis* was described by Albert Günther in 1888,. George Albert Boulenger synonymized the two species, classifying it in the genus *Boodon*. Arthur Loveridge classified it in the genus *Boaedon* in 1957.

In 1974, M. C. Stucki-Stirn described a subspecies *B. olivaceus stirnensis*, but it was synonymized with the species itself in 2014.

## Distribution

The type locality of this species is Gabon, and the type locality of its junior synonym *B. poensis* is Bioko.

It is found in Central and West and East Africa. Countries it has been recorded in include: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Gabon, Guinea, and Togo.

It is found in and near rainforests.

## Description

Its total length is 850 mm (33 in). It has small eyes, which can be orange, red, or reddish-brown. Its dorsum is glossy and colored dark gray or a dark, greyish-brown.

## InfoBox

| *Boaedon olivaceus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Lamprophiidae |
| Genus: | *Boaedon* |
| Species: | ***B. olivaceus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boaedon olivaceus***<br>(Duméril, 1856) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Holuropholis olivaceus* Duméril, 1856 * *Boodon poensis* Günther, 1888 * *Boodon olivaceus* Boulenger, 1892 * *Boaedon olivaceus stirnensis* Stucki-Stirn, 1979 * *Lamprophis olivaceus* Broadley, 1983 | |


title: Emanuel Gregers

abstract: Emanuel Gregers was a Danish actor, screenwriter and film director. Gregers made 36 films during a career which extended over four decades from the Danish golden age of silent film until 1949. Critics often dismissed his work as dependable yet uninspired, however many of his light-hearted comedies achieved great popularity in Denmark. Gregers most notable films were romantic comedies starring his wives Bodil Ipsen and Marguerite Viby.

text:
# Emanuel Gregers

**Emanuel Gregers** (28 December 1881 – 22 March 1957) was a Danish actor, screenwriter and film director. Gregers made 36 films during a career which extended over four decades from the Danish golden age of silent film until 1949. Critics often dismissed his work as dependable yet uninspired, however many of his light-hearted comedies achieved great popularity in Denmark. Gregers most notable films were romantic comedies starring his wives Bodil Ipsen and Marguerite Viby.

## Career

**Emanuel Gregers** was born on 28 December 1881 in Horsens, Denmark. At the age of 16 years Gregers debuted at the Horsens summer theater and performed in local theaters for the next 10 years. Around 1909, he moved to Copenhagen and performed in the larger theaters including Norrebros Teater and the Betty Nansen Teatret. Although he quickly shifted to working in film in 1912, Gregers maintained a lifelong attachment to stagework: he owned the Casino theater in Copenhagen and managed it from 1921 to 1931, then continued as a stage director into the 1940s.

Gregers first appeared on film in 1912 with Olaf Fønss in the silent film *Bryggerens datter* (*The Brewer's Daughter*) written by Carl Th. Dreyer. The following year he began work with the Filmfabriken studio, where he performed in another Dreyer story *Krigskorrespondenter* (*The War Correspondent*), and became the studio's upcoming star.

However, by 1914 Gregers interest had shifted to working behind the camera. He directed himself in a couple of smaller films, then moved to Nordisk Film where he devoted his full attention to writing and directing. In the early 1920s, Gregers directed a series of films that featured his wife Bodil Ipsen. Most notable was the melodramatic crime story *Lavinen*, in which Greger's employed an elaborate flash-back structure to relate how the lead character's past leads to a murder. It was also at this time that Gregers was part of Nordisk Film's push for larger films based on literary works. In 1920, Greger's filmed *Den flyvende Hollænder* (*The Flying Dutchman*) based on the 1839 novel *The Phantom Ship* and, in 1922, he made *Den sidste af Slægten* (*The Last of the Family Tree*) based upon a novel by the later Nazi writer Edvard Nielsen-Stevns. For the later film, Gregers ran into trouble with the Danish censors. In the climatic ending the villain, a depraved artist, falls to his death from scaffolding inside a church. The censors objected and removed the ending.

Gregers directed 36 films in total. The most notable were his folk comedies: the wacky 1937 romantic comedy *Mille, Marie of mig* (*Milly, Maria and Me*), in which his then current wife, Marguerite Viby, and the most popular Danish comedienne of the 1930s, played three roles ; 1938's *Bolettes brudeafærd* (*Bolettes Bridal Party*), which starred his former wife Bodil Ipsen as a sharp-tongued spinster; the witty period comedy *Sørensen og Rasmussen* which starred both his former wives, Viby and Ipsen; and the 1941 backstage musical, *Alle gaar rundt og forelsker sig* (*Everyone's Falling in Love*) -- in which a small part was played by Greger's third wife, Ruth Saabye.

Gregers directed his final film in 1949. He died 22 March 1957 at the age of 75.

## Personal life

Gregers was married five times, always to actresses with whom he worked. He was married for the first time in 1907 to Ella Olsen. His second marriage to Bodil Ipsen lasted three years from 1919 to 1923. After divorcing Ipsen, he immediately married Kiss Gregers (born Karen Oda Andersen). His fourth marriage was with the Danish comic actress Marguerite Viby (who was also married five times). Their marriage lasted from 1932 to 1938. His final marriage was to Ruth Egede Saabye who played minor roles in Greger's films in the early 1940s.

## Filmography

### Director

### Actor

* *Forellen* (1942) .... Bankfuldmægtig Carl Møller
* *Søndag på Amager, En* (1941) .... Sangstemme
* *Odds 777* (1932) .... Godsejer Rosen
* *Zigeunerprinsessen* (1918)
* *Hvem er hun?* (1914)
* *Pigen fra Hidalgo Fyret* (1914) .... Tom, gårdejerens søn
* *Guldhornene* (1914) .... Leif
* *Krigskorrespondenter* (1913) ... aka The War Correspondent (literal English title)
* *Bryggerens datter* (1912) ... aka The Brewer's Daughter (literal English title)

### Writer

* *Cocktail* (1937) (writer)
* *Solskinsdalen* (1925) (writer)
* *Frie fugle* (1922) (writer)
* *Lavinen* (1920) (writer)
* *Flyvende Hollænder I-IV, Den* (1920) (writer)
* *Lykkens blændværk* (1919) (writer)
* *Zigeunerprinsessen* (1918) (writer)
* *Brændte vinger* (1917) (writer)
* *Hvem er hun?* (1914) (writer)

## InfoBox

| Emanuel Gregers | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1881-12-28)28 December 1881
Horsens, Denmark |
| Died | 22 March 1957(1957-03-22) (aged 75)
Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Resting place | Assistens Cemetery, Copenhagen |
| Occupation(s) | Actor
Screenwriter
Director |
| Years active | 18871949 |
| Spouses |  |