title: Piano Concerto No. 26 (Mozart)

abstract: The Piano Concerto No. 26 in D major, K. 537, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and completed on 24 February 1788. It is generally known as the Coronation Concerto. The concerto is scored for solo piano, one flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, and strings. The autograph manuscript of the concerto is preserved in the Morgan Library & Museum.

text:
# Piano Concerto No. 26 (Mozart)

The **Piano Concerto No. 26** in D major, K. 537, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and completed on 24 February 1788. It is generally known as the ***Coronation Concerto***.

The concerto is scored for solo piano, one flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani (in D, A), and strings.

The autograph manuscript of the concerto is preserved in the Morgan Library & Museum.

## Origin of the nickname "Coronation"

The traditional name associated with this work is not Mozart's own, nor was the work written on the occasion for which posterity has named it. Mozart remarked in a letter to his wife in April 1789 that he had just performed this concerto at court. (While this performance on 14 April has often been assumed to have been the work's premiere, H. C. Robbins Landon considers this "exceedingly unlikely".) But the nickname "Coronation" was derived from his playing of the work at the time of the coronation of Leopold II as Holy Roman Emperor in October 1790 in Frankfurt am Main. At the same concert, Mozart also played the Piano Concerto No. 19, K. 459.

Alan Tyson in his introduction to Dover Publications' facsimile of the autograph score (which today is in the Morgan Library & Museum in New York) comments that "Although K. 459 has at times been called a 'Coronation' concerto, this title has nearly always been applied to K. 537".

## Movements

The concerto has the following three movements:

1. Allegro in D major,
2. (Larghetto) in A major,
3. (Allegretto) in D major, **2**
**4**

The second and third movements have their tempos given above in parentheses because in the autograph these are not given in Mozart's own handwriting but were written in by someone else. (The *Neue Mozart-Ausgabe* \[NMA V/15/8, ed. Wolfgang Rehm\] places the note *"Tempobezeichnung im Autograph von fremder Hand"* \["Tempo indication in autograph by another hand"\] on both movements, though the old Breitkopf & Härtel Complete Works edition does not have any indication that the tempos are not Mozart's own.)

## The unfinished keyboard part

There is a very unusual feature to this concerto. In addition to omitting the tempi for two of the movements, Mozart also, in Tyson's words, "did not write any notes for the piano's left hand in a great many measures throughout the work." As can be seen in the Dover Publications facsimile, large stretches of the solo part simply have nothing at all for the left hand, including the opening solo (mvmt. I, mm. 81–99) and the whole of the second movement. There is in fact no other Mozart piano concerto of which so much of the solo part was left unfinished by the composer.

The 1794 first edition had these gaps filled in, and most Mozart scholars such as Alfred Einstein and Alan Tyson have assumed that the additions were made by the publisher Johann André. Einstein is on record as finding André's completion somewhat wanting: "For the most part, this version is extremely simple and not too offensive, but at times—for example, in the accompaniment of the Larghetto theme—it is very clumsy, and the whole solo part would gain infinitely by revision and refinement in Mozart's own style."

Nearly all of the passages that necessitated filling in for the first edition lack only simple accompanimental patterns such as Alberti bass figures and chords. For example, measures 145–151 of the first movement, which involve more complicated virtuoso passagework, are fully written out in the autograph. For the less complex portions of the solo, it is clear that Mozart "knew perfectly well what he had to play" and so left them incomplete.

The old Breitkopf & Härtel Mozart *Complete Works* score of this concerto does not make any distinction between what Mozart himself wrote and what André (or someone commissioned by him) supplied. However, the *Neue Mozart-Ausgabe* volume referenced above prints André's supplements in smaller type, to clearly distinguish them from Mozart's own notes.

## Critical reception

While this concerto enjoyed a great popularity at the time due to its beauty and rococo (or galant) style, later judgments have been more divided. Some authorities have judged it to be of a lower quality than the twelve previous Viennese piano concertos or the final concerto in B. This amounts to a complete reversal of critical opinion, since K. 537 used to be one of Mozart's most celebrated keyboard concertos, especially during the 19th century. Still in 1935, Friedrich Blume, editor of the Eulenburg edition of this work, described it as "the best known and most frequently played" of Mozart's piano concertos. But writing in 1945, the musicologist Alfred Einstein commented:

> ...It is very Mozartean, while at the same time it does not express the whole or even the half of Mozart. It is, in fact, so 'Mozartesque' that one might say that in it Mozart imitated himself—no difficult task for him. It is both brilliant and amiable, especially in the slow movement; it is very simple, even primitive, in its relation between the solo and the tutti, and so completely easy to understand that even the nineteenth century always grasped it without difficulty....

Nonetheless, the "Coronation" concerto remains frequently performed today, and more recently prominent Mozart's interpreters, such as the pianist Mitsuko Uchida and the conductor Colin Davis, have described it as an underrated masterpiece.

## Sources

* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, *Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, Serie V, Werkgruppe 15, Band 8,* ed. Wolfgang Rehm. (Baerenreiter-Verlag, Kassel, 1960; BA 4524). Reprinted in *Mozart: The Piano Concertos/Baerenreiter Urtext,* ISMN M-006-20470-0, published in 2006. The "Coronation Concerto" can be found on pp. 3–92 (Vol. III, pp. 309\*-398\* in the reprint edition).
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, *Piano Concertos Nos. 23–27 in Full Score* (NY: Dover Publications, 1978). ISBN 0-486-23600-5. Reprint of the 19th century Breitkopf & Härtel Mozart Complete Works edition of these concertos; the "Coronation Concerto" is on pp. 187–242.
* Alfred Einstein, *Mozart: His Character, His Work.* Trans. Arthur Mendel and Nathan Broder. (London: Oxford University Press, 1945). ISBN 0-19-500732-8.
* Alan Tyson, "Introduction," in *Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26 in D Major ("Coronation"), K. 537—The Autograph Score.* (NY: Pierpont Morgan Library in association with Dover Publications, 1991), pp. vii–xi. ISBN 0-486-26747-4.
* Steven Ledbetter, "Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26," program notes at Pro Arte's web site.

## InfoBox

| Piano Concerto in D major | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 26 "Coronation" | |
| by W. A. Mozart | |
| The first page of the autograph manuscript | |
| Key | D major |
| Catalogue | . 537 |
| Genre | Concerto |
| Style | Classical period |
| Composed | 1788 (1788) |
| Movements | Three (*Allegro*, *Larghetto*, *Allegretto*) |
| Scoring | * Piano * orchestra |


title: Pila scutata

abstract: Pila scutata is a species of gastropod belonging to the family Ampullariidae. The species is found in Southeastern Asia and Central America. However, it has been taken from its native habitat to be used as a food delicacy, control of weeds in freshwater, a component in home aquariums, and as a vector for parasitic larva in the freshwater. This has made it very difficult to determine Pila scutata's true native range.

text:
# Pila scutata

***Pila scutata*** is a species of gastropod belonging to the family Ampullariidae.

The species is found in Southeastern Asia and Central America. However, it has been taken from its native habitat to be used as a food delicacy, control of weeds in freshwater, a component in home aquariums, and as a vector for parasitic larva in the freshwater. This has made it very difficult to determine *Pila scutata's* true native range.

## InfoBox

| *Pila scutata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Architaenioglossa |
| Family: | Ampullariidae |
| Genus: | *Pila* |
| Species: | ***P. scutata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pila scutata***<br>(Mousson, 1848) | |
|


title: Pila wernei

abstract: Pila wernei is a species of gastropod belonging to the family Ampullariidae. The species is found in Africa.

text:
# Pila wernei

***Pila wernei*** is a species of gastropod belonging to the family Ampullariidae.

The species is found in Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Pila wernei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Architaenioglossa |
| Family: | Ampullariidae |
| Genus: | *Pila* |
| Species: | ***P. wernei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pila wernei***<br>(Philippi, 1851) | |
|


title: Piggy-back (law)

abstract: Piggy-back applies to contractual agreements in law, more specifically shareholder selling rights. To apply, a piggy-back clause must be included in a corporation's shareholder agreement, which is part of the incorporation materials. Because the shareholder's agreement is a contract, the rules are rather soft, and a piggyback clause can be tailored to fit the specific needs of the company. Generally, a piggyback clause applies only to a majority shareholder or someone with a large portion of the shares. The clause will come into effect when that person decides to sell all or a significant part of their shares to a third party. Should this person, or group of people, decide to sell their shares, the other shareholders can 'piggy-back' into the original shareholders offer to the third party, and offer to sell their shares to the third party for the same agreed upon price. The third party can then only buy the shares of the majority shareholder if he agrees to purchase all the shares of all other shareholders who wish to be bought out. In practice, however, if the majority shareholder decides to disregard the piggy-back clause, the other shareholders cannot cancel the transaction, but have a recourse in damages against the seller. There are two modalities of a piggy-back clause which can be observed in distinct situations. A piggy-back clause may take the form of either a "tag-along", or as a "drag-along". "Tag-along" will be observed in a situation where minority shareholders will attach themselves to a majority shareholder's sale of shares to a third party; they tag-along with the sale of the latter. A "drag-along" will be observed where a majority shareholder will oblige minority shareholders to sell their shares at the same time to a third party; the latter are dragged in to the sale of shares of the former. For example, say Abe owns 55% of Widgets Inc., and wants to sell his shares to Bill for $55. Chuck owns 2 shares of Widgets Inc. He does not like the looks of Bill, so he wants to piggy-back in on the deal, and sell his shares too. The shareholder agreement includes a piggy-back agreement. Chuck notifies both Abe and Bill in writing of his intentions. Bill must now buy both Abe's and Chuck's shares in the company.

text:
# Piggy-back (law)

**Piggy-back** applies to contractual agreements in law, more specifically shareholder selling rights. To apply, a piggy-back clause must be included in a corporation's shareholder agreement, which is part of the incorporation materials.

Because the shareholder's agreement is a contract, the rules are rather soft, and a piggyback clause can be tailored to fit the specific needs of the company. Generally, a piggyback clause applies only to a majority shareholder or someone with a large portion of the shares. The clause will come into effect when that person decides to sell all or a significant part (the percentage can be decided upon in the convention) of their shares to a third party (who may or may not be a shareholder). Should this person, or group of people, decide to sell their shares, the other shareholders can 'piggy-back' into the original shareholders offer to the third party, and offer to sell their shares to the third party for the same agreed upon price.

The third party can then only buy the shares of the majority shareholder if he agrees to purchase all the shares of all other shareholders who wish to be bought out. In practice, however, if the majority shareholder decides to disregard the piggy-back clause, the other shareholders cannot (depending on different provinces or states) cancel the transaction, but have a recourse in damages against the seller.

There are two modalities of a piggy-back clause which can be observed in distinct situations. A piggy-back clause may take the form of either a "tag-along", or as a "drag-along". "Tag-along" will be observed in a situation where minority shareholders will attach themselves to a majority shareholder's sale of shares to a third party; they tag-along with the sale of the latter. A "drag-along" will be observed where a majority shareholder will oblige minority shareholders to sell their shares at the same time to a third party; the latter are dragged in to the sale of shares of the former.

For example, say Abe owns 55% of Widgets Inc., and wants to sell his shares to Bill for $55. Chuck owns 2 shares of Widgets Inc. He does not like the looks of Bill, so he wants to piggy-back in on the deal, and sell his shares too. The shareholder agreement includes a piggy-back agreement. Chuck notifies both Abe and Bill in writing of his intentions. Bill must now buy both Abe's and Chuck's shares in the company.

## Piggy-back (law-government contracts)

Piggy-back or piggybacking also applies to contracts issued by individual governmental entities that allow other jurisdictions to use the contract (i.e., to “piggyback” on the contract terms and prices) they established. The contracting jurisdiction must include piggyback language in the contract, and the vendor must agree. Piggyback contracts represent the most immediate cooperative purchasing resource, especially for smaller communities. However, they can be a benefit for larger communities by saving administrative costs and by creating pressure for lower prices. Some entities do not have statutory authority to piggyback.


title: PiggyBac transposon system

abstract: The PiggyBac (PB) transposon system employs a genetically engineered transposase enzyme to insert a gene into a cell's genome. It is built upon the natural PiggyBac (PB) transposable element (transposon), enabling the back and forth movement of genes between chromosomes and genetic vectors such as plasmids through a "cut and paste" mechanism. During transposition, the PB transposase recognizes transposon-specific inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs) located on both ends of the transposon vector and efficiently moves the contents from the original sites and integrates them into TTAA chromosomal sites. The powerful activity of the PiggyBac transposon system enables genes of interest between the two ITRs in the PB vector to be easily mobilized into target genomes. The TTAA-specific transposon piggyBac is rapidly becoming a highly useful transposon for genetic engineering of a wide variety of species, particularly insects. They were discovered in 1989 by Malcolm Fraser at the University of Notre Dame.

text:
# PiggyBac transposon system

The **PiggyBac (PB) transposon system** employs a genetically engineered transposase enzyme to insert a gene into a cell's genome. It is built upon the natural PiggyBac (PB) transposable element (transposon), enabling the back and forth movement of genes between chromosomes and genetic vectors such as plasmids through a "cut and paste" mechanism. During transposition, the PB transposase recognizes transposon-specific inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs) located on both ends of the transposon vector and efficiently moves the contents from the original sites and integrates them into TTAA chromosomal sites. The powerful activity of the PiggyBac transposon system enables genes of interest between the two ITRs in the PB vector to be easily mobilized into target genomes. The TTAA-specific transposon piggyBac is rapidly becoming a highly useful transposon for genetic engineering of a wide variety of species, particularly insects. They were discovered in 1989 by Malcolm Fraser at the University of Notre Dame.

## Origin

The TTAA-specific, short repeat elements are a group of transposons that share similarity of structure and properties of movement. These elements were originally defined in the Cabbage Looper, but appear to be common among other animals as well. They might prove to be useful tools for the transformation of insects. The original identification of these unusual TTAA-specific elements came through a somewhat unconventional route relative to most other Class II mobile elements. Spontaneous plaque morphology mutants of baculoviruses were observed to arise during propagation of these viruses in the TN-368 cell line. Genetic characterization of these mutations often revealed an associated insertion of host-derived DNAs, some of which appeared to be transposons.

Several different mobile host DNA insertions have been identified within the few-polyhedra (FP) locus of the baculoviruses AcMNPV and GmMNPV. The insertions most extensively studied are those now designated as tagalong (formerly TFP3) and piggyBac (formerly IFP2). These insertions exhibit a unique preference for TTAA target sites, whether inserting within the viral FP-locus or at other regions of the viral genome. Both of these elements are part of a larger family of TTAA-target site specific insertion elements that includes the T. ni derived piggyBac and tagalong elements, the Spodoptera frugiperda derived elements IFP1.6 and 290 bp insertion of Carstens, and the transposon-like insertion within the EcoRI-J,N region of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, whose origin is undefined.

More recently, analysis of sequences obtained from the human genome has revealed what appear to be 100 to 500 copies of a fossil element called LOOPER, which has sequence homology to piggyBac, terminates in 5' CCY....GGG 3', and apparently targets TTAA insertion sites. The LOOPER consensus sequence is on average 77% similar to individual sequences identified in the human genome, indicating it is at least 60 million years old. There are two other TTAA-specific fossil repeat elements, MER75 and MER85 (estimated at 2000 copies per genome) which appear to target TTAA insertion sites and terminate in 5' CCC....GGG 3'. Evidence is accumulating that suggests a superfamily of TTAA-specific mobile elements exists in a diversity of organisms, and that piggyBac-related sequences may be present in a diversity of species.

## Structure

The transposon consists of the transposase gene flanked by inverted terminal repeats.

The PB superfamily transposase consists of three domains, a variable N-terminal domain, a catalytic DDE triad domain and a C-terminal region with the nuclear localization signal.

It has apparently been domesticated in a wide range of animals, losing the repeats and thus its mobility. The new functions these copies gain are sometimes significant enough to show signs of positive or purifying selection. In humans, these genes are:

## As a tool

Hyperactive versions of PiggyBac transposase are suited for genetic engineering purposes. A version called mPB was created by optimizing codon usage for mammalian (mouse) with a 20x increase in activity, and further mutation screening generated hyPB with 10x the activity of mPB. PiggyBac system have been successfully employed to express large genetic sequences, such as a doxycicline-inducible CRISPR interference system.

A novel member of the piggyBac family hyperactive Mage (MG) transposase (hyMagease) exhibited strong transposability in a variety of mammalian cells and primary T cells and a weaker insertion preference for near genes, transcription start sites, CpG islands, and DNaseI hypersensitive sites in comparison to piggyBac.

## Nomenclature

These elements were first identified as insertions in Baculovirus mutants by Dr. Malcolm Fraser, professor at the University of Notre Dame, and were originally named as IFP for Insertions in FP mutants. The name was then changed to TFP for Transposon in FP. Finally the name PiggyBac was adopted to keep the interest of the audience and to bear some resemblance to *Drosophila* gene nomenclature.

## InfoBox

| PiggyBac transposable element-derived / Transposase IS4 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | DDE\_Tnp\_1\_7, PGBD |
| Pfam | PF13843 |
| InterPro | IPR029526 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Piety Corner Historic District

abstract: The Piety Corner Historic District encompasses one of the oldest settled areas of Waltham, Massachusetts. It is centered on a major road intersection, the junction of Totten Pond Road with Lexington and Bacon Streets, and includes the city's largest single concentration of well-preserved 19th and early 20th-century houses. It extends south from Totten Pond Road along Bacon Street as far as Greenwood Lane, and along Lexington Street to Beaver Street. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text:
# Piety Corner Historic District

The **Piety Corner Historic District** encompasses one of the oldest settled areas of Waltham, Massachusetts. It is centered on a major road intersection, the junction of Totten Pond Road with Lexington and Bacon Streets, and includes the city's largest single concentration of well-preserved 19th and early 20th-century houses. It extends south from Totten Pond Road along Bacon Street as far as Greenwood Lane, and along Lexington Street to Beaver Street. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## History

The Piety Corner area was first settled by English colonists in the late 17th century, when it became known as "Hosier's Corner" after an early resident. It acquired its present name because it was home to a number of ministers. None of the houses from the early settlement period survive in the district, although Waltham's oldest house, the c. 1721 Hagar-Smith-Livermore-Sanderson House, is not far away. The district's oldest properties are the Federal style Sanderson-Bemis House (c. 1819-29, 380 Lexington Street) and the Jonas Clark House (c. 1825, 399 Lexington Street).

The focus of development in Waltham shifted south toward the Charles River in the 1820s with the establishment of the Boston Manufacturing Company, and the Piety Corner area saw relatively little development. In 1859, the Waltham Corporation of the New Jerusalem Church was founded for the many New-Church families in the area of Piety Corner. The following year in 1860, The Waltham New-Church School was founded to further support these local families. There was a surge in development when the Swedenborgian Church (which later became the Covenant Congregational Church) was built; its present English Medieval building was finished in 1879. By 1864, the school had grown too large for the space, so the Waltham New-Church school built two additional school buildings: Wilkins Hall and the Cottage. Both of these buildings are still in use today by Chapel Hill - Chauncy Hall School.

Shortly thereafter the ownership of the school was transferred to the New-Church Institute of Education. In 1912, the name of the school was changed to the Waltham School for Girls as the times showed a trend away from coeducation. The school continued to accept boys in the lower grades and since the boys did not take kindly to the school's name, the lower school became known as Chapel Hill in 1937. In 2010, The Covenant Congregational Church closed after serving the community for 150 years. In 2011, the Church was reconnected with the remainder of the campus that is now called Chapel Hill - Chauncy Hall School.

In the 1860s, a number of Second Empire mansard-roofed houses were built, as were two of Waltham's finest Carpenter Gothic houses, at 326 and 356 Bacon Street. One of the city's most unusual houses was built in 1875: originally built as an octagon house, 361 Bacon Street was later truncated to its present odd shape. By the late 19th century the area was transformed into a fashionable upper-class residential area, as evidenced by a number of fine Queen Anne and Colonial Revival houses. Particularly fine examples of the first style are found at 326 Lexington (1888) and 395 Lexington (1891).

In 1960, the Piety Corner area was broken up to some extent by the construction of Totten Pond Road, a major roadway leading west from the junction. As a result, a portion of the historic area, near the junction of Lexington and Lincoln Streets, is now separated from the main area, and was listed separately as the North Lexington Street Historic District.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Piety Corner Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| The former Covenant Congregational Church; part of Chapel Hill - Chauncy Hall School as of 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly Bacon and Lexington Sts., Waltham, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°23′20″N 71°14′19″W / 42.38889°N 71.23861°W / 42.38889; -71.23861 |
| Area | 65.6 acres (26.5 ha) |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| MPS | Waltham MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001499 |
| Added to NRHP | March 09, 1990 |


title: Pierre Falcon

abstract: Pierre Falcon was a Métis fur trader and pioneer living in what is today known as Manitoba. He was also a well known composer and singer. Falcon Lake located in the Whiteshell Provincial Park in south-eastern Manitoba was named after Pierre Falcon.

text:
# Pierre Falcon

**Pierre Falcon** (sometimes referred to as **Pierriche**, meaning 'Pierre the rhymer'; 4 June 1793  21 October 1876) was a Métis fur trader and pioneer living in what is today known as Manitoba. He was also a well known composer and singer.

Falcon Lake located in the Whiteshell Provincial Park in south-eastern Manitoba was named after Pierre Falcon.

## Early life

Pierre Falcon was born at Somerset House, also called Elbow Fort, in the Swan River Valley, on 4 June 1793. His father, Pierre Jean-Baptiste Falcon was a fur trader and clerk with the North West Company in the Red River district and his mother was a Cree Woman, the daughter of Pas au Traverse. Falcon was taken to La Prairie, Lower Canada, as a child and was baptized at L’Acadie, Quebec, on 18 June 1798. While in Quebec, Falcon stayed with his family, possibly his uncle Francois, and learned to read and write.

In 1808, at 15, Falcon came back to Manitoba to become a clerk for the North West Company. In 1812, he married a woman named Marie (possibly Marie-Suzette), who was also the sister of the Métis leader Cuthbert Grant. They had four sons and six daughters whom Falcon supported as a successful rancher. One of his sons, Jean Baptiste Falcon, led the St. François Xavier (White Horse Plain) group of buffalo hunters in 1851 and defended the camp from the Sioux at the Battle of Grand Coteau (North Dakota).

## Songs

In 1816, Pierre Falcon, then 23, celebrated the victory of the Métis at the Battle of Seven Oaks in his song *La Chanson de la Grenouillère*. The song and the music became so popular among the Métis that it was still sung 150 years later and was published in 1866 in *Le Foyer canadien* and again in 1914 in *Les Cloches de Saint-Boniface*.

## Re-settlement

Falcon continued to work for the North West company until its merger with the Hudson's Bay in 1821. Falcon served the new company until 1825, when his family along with several other Métis families resettled in Grantown (later known as Saint-François-Xavier) on the White Horse Plain, under the leadership of Cuthbert Grant. An 1838 census listed Falcon as having 30 acres (120,000 m2) of land under cultivation. By 1849 he was shown with only 15 acres (61,000 m2) as the remainder had been divided amongst his sons. In 1855, Falcon became a local magistrate.

He died on 21 October 1876, followed a year later by his wife on 11 October 1877.

Bruce Peel. "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online". University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 12 September 2010.

## InfoBox

| Pierre Falcon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 4 June 1793
Somerset House |
| Died | 21 October 1876 (1876-10-22) (aged 83)
Saint-François-Xavier |
| Nationality | Metis |
| Occupation(s) | fur trader, farmer, magistrate |
| Known for | composed *La Chanson de la Grenouillère* |


abstract: Pilot Knob is a peak in Imperial County, California. Pilot Knob is located 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Ogilby, It rises to an elevation of 876 feet (267 m). Pilot Knob is a rocky landform, geologically a Volcanic plug, west of Yuma, Arizona–Winterhaven, California; it is connected to the Cargo Muchacho Mountains, the central portion of the mountains being about 7 miles (11 km) north. Pilot Knob was named for its prominence as a landmark for riverboat traffic in the 19th-20th centuries on the Colorado River which borders Winterhaven–Yuma. Pilot Knob is an Area of Critical Environmental Concern administered by the Bureau of Land Management.

text:
# Pilot Knob (Imperial County, California)

**Pilot Knob** (also, **Avie Quah-la-Altwa**, **Ha-bee-co-la-la**, and **San Pablo**) is a peak in Imperial County, California. Pilot Knob is located 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Ogilby, It rises to an elevation of 876 feet (267 m). Pilot Knob is a rocky landform, geologically a Volcanic plug, west of Yuma, ArizonaWinterhaven, California; it is connected to the Cargo Muchacho Mountains, the central portion of the mountains being about 7 miles (11 km) north. Pilot Knob was named for its prominence as a landmark for riverboat traffic in the 19th-20th centuries on the Colorado River which borders WinterhavenYuma. Pilot Knob is an Area of Critical Environmental Concern administered by the Bureau of Land Management.

## Pilot Knob description

Separated from the center of the Cargo Muchacho Mountains by 7 mi, the volcanic landform is at the base of alluvial fans. Pilot Knob has a height of 897 feet (273 m), and the entire mountain block is about 2 x 2 mi. The mountain has a rock quarry on its north side, visible from Interstate 8.

## Access to Pilot Knob

Pilot Knob is accessed from Interstate 8, the landform being east of the Algodones Dunes and east of El Centro, California in southeastern Imperial County. The All American Canal is cut from the south border of Pilot Knob, and can be seen in aerial views traversing the Algodones Dunes to the west.

The Bureau of Land Management administers the **Pilot Knob Long Term Visitor Area** campground at the base of Pilot Knob.

## History

When Juan Bautista de Anza sighted the peak in 1774 he named it *Cerro de San Pablo*. The Saint Thomas Yuma Indian Mission was located 8 miles (13 km) to the east. During the California Gold Rush, Pilot Knob was the landmark on the Southern Emigrant Trail for what was called Emigrant Crossing, the center crossing of three major crossings of the Colorado River in the vicinity of what is now Yuma, Arizona. The Butterfield Overland Mail located its Pilot Knob Station, near the river and the Knob in 1858.

The Alamo Canal intake was placed at Pilot Knob due to the availability of a solid rock foundation for the head gate.

KIVA (TV) Yuma, Arizona transmitted from Pilot Knob from 1953 to 1970.

## InfoBox

| Pilot Knob | |
| --- | --- |
| (at center-left)
The Cargo Muchacho Mountains surrounded by alluvial fans. The small outlier "small mountain peak", due-south, is **Pilot Knob**.
(The line appearing adjacent, is the All American Canal to the El Centro agriculture region.) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 876 ft (267 m)NAVD 88 |
| Coordinates | 32°43′54″N 114°45′00″W / 32.731601906°N 114.7499458°W / 32.731601906; -114.7499458 |
| Geography | |
| Pilot KnobImperial County, California. U.S.Pilot KnobPilot Knob (Arizona)Pilot KnobPilot Knob (Baja California) | |
| Topo map | USGS Yuma West |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Volcanic plug |


title: Pierre Foretier

abstract: Pierre Foretier was a fur trader, seigneur and official in Lower Canada. He was born in Montreal in 1738, the son of a shoemaker who died when Pierre was nine. He became a merchant supplying goods to fur traders. In 1764, he married Thérèse Legrand, daughter of a Montreal merchant. He owned his own store and operated a store for his father-in-law. He partnered with Joseph Périnault in several fur trading expeditions. In 1765, with Périnault, he purchased a large part of the sub-fief of Closse and the seigneury of Île-Bizard, later buying out his partner and purchasing the remainder of these properties. After 1767, he operated on his own before taking on Jean Orillat as a partner in 1774. Foretier also purchased property in the faubourg Saint-Laurent in Montreal. During the American invasion of 1775–6, he helped supply Canadian forces, despite having his home occupied by an American colonel and his entourage. He was named a justice of the peace in 1779. Foretier was among those who lobbied for constitutional reform in the province; he ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the legislative assembly in 1792. Foretier later served in the militia, serving as colonel from 1804 until his death at Montreal in 1815. His daughter Marie-Amable married Denis-Benjamin Viger; his daughter Marie-Élizabeth married judge Louis-Charles Foucher. His grandson Hugues Heney later represented Montreal East in the legislative assembly and served in the province's Executive Council.

text:
# Pierre Foretier

**Pierre Foretier** (January 12, 1738  December 3, 1815) was a fur trader, seigneur and official in Lower Canada.

He was born in Montreal in 1738, the son of a shoemaker who died when Pierre was nine. He became a merchant supplying goods to fur traders. In 1764, he married Thérèse Legrand, daughter of a Montreal merchant. He owned his own store and operated a store for his father-in-law. He partnered with Joseph Périnault in several fur trading expeditions. In 1765, with Périnault, he purchased a large part of the sub-fief of Closse and the seigneury of Île-Bizard, later buying out his partner and purchasing the remainder of these properties. After 1767, he operated on his own before taking on Jean Orillat as a partner in 1774. Foretier also purchased property in the faubourg Saint-Laurent in Montreal. During the American invasion of 1775–6, he helped supply Canadian forces, despite having his home occupied by an American colonel and his entourage.

He was named a justice of the peace in 1779. Foretier was among those who lobbied for constitutional reform in the province; he ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the legislative assembly in 1792. Foretier later served in the militia, serving as colonel from 1804 until his death at Montreal in 1815.

His daughter Marie-Amable married Denis-Benjamin Viger; his daughter Marie-Élizabeth married judge Louis-Charles Foucher. His grandson Hugues Heney later represented Montreal East in the legislative assembly and served in the province's Executive Council.


title: Pierre Flor-Henry

abstract: Pierre Flor-Henry was a Canadian psychiatrist, researcher, lecturer, and professor. His most important initial contribution was the demonstration in the study of epileptic psychosis, that schizophrenia relates to left and manic-depressive states relate to right hemisphere epilepsies.

text:
# Pierre Flor-Henry

**Pierre Flor-Henry** (March 1, 1934 – May 29, 2024) was a Canadian psychiatrist, researcher, lecturer, and professor. His most important initial contribution was the demonstration in the study of epileptic psychosis, that schizophrenia relates to left and manic-depressive states relate to right hemisphere epilepsies (Epilepsia, 1969).

## Biography

Pierre Flor-Henry was born in Passy, Haute Savoie (in France), where his mother was Director of the Sanatorium "Roc des Fiz" and his father one of the architects that built the sanatorium where his parents practised medicine (Plateau d'Assy) France, Flor-Henry graduated from the Faculty of Medicine (1957), followed-up by a Ph.D. in Medicine (M.D. Edin) (1966) presenting the thesis "Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy" from the University of Edinburgh. Subsequent degrees and specializations were earned from the University of London, in the United Kingdom and in Quebec, Canada. His full title is Pierre Flor-Henry M.B., Ch.B., M.D. (Edin), Acad. D.P.M. (Lond), F.R.C. Psych., C.S.P.Q. (Psych).

Flor-Henry’s general medicine practice took him through Western, Central, and Eastern Canada from 1958 to 1963. Returning to the United Kingdom, he specialized in psychiatry, epilepsy, electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology at the Maudsley Hospital (1963-1968). He started at Alberta Hospital Edmonton in 1971 as a consulting psychiatrist. In 1976 he became a Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta. In 1977 he added the Clinical Directorship, of Adult Psychiatry, Alberta Hospital Edmonton. In 1993 Flor-Henry undertook the Directorship of the Clinical Diagnostics and Research Centre (CDRC), Alberta Hospital Edmonton. All four positions have been held concurrently. He died on May 29, 2024 in Edmonton, Alberta.

## Research

Much of Pierre Flor-Henry’s clinical and research is conducted in the CDRC which he established and directed. The CDRC is dedicated to offering clinical psychophysiological and neurophysiological assessments that contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of patients. The philosophy of the CDRC is to provide continuous improvement in the provision of assessment and treatment services through fundamental research and program evaluation. The CDRC provides a variety of tests of brain activity that is unique to a psychiatric facility in its breadth and scope. Assessments include clinical EEG recordings, electrocardiograms, multi-channel EEG brain mapping as well as auditory, somatosensory, and cognitive evoked potential recordings.

Other assessments include recordings of autonomic nervous system modalities such as skin conductance and digital pulse volume. Basic research is conducted in the analysis of brain electrical activity in order to improve the understanding of abnormal cerebral mechanisms associated with mental illness and to improve the quality of assessment and treatment. The Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons in Canada awarded the Clinical Diagnostics and Research Centre full accreditation status as an electroencephalography and evoked potential neurophysiology laboratory.

More recently, Flor-Henry has engaged in multi-channel EEG investigations using source localization (LORETA) in a variety of psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, mania, depression, multiple personality, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and transsexualism. Also, he has investigated in a similar way, differences in EEG organization of normal males and females, of cerebral activity during verbal and spatial cognitive tasks, and of male/female difference in the psychoses.

The publication and presentation of Flor-Henry’s findings from 1969 onwards has triggered an enormous amount of research internationally, on laterality and psychopathology. Flor-Henry’s research has extended his early findings to the study of the patterns of cerebral disorganization in a variety of mental disorders with neuropsychological and quantitative EEG approaches: e.g. in depression, schizophrenia, mania, psychopathy, sexual deviation, hysteria, multiple personality, obsessive compulsive disorder, and, in normal controls (task, age, and gender effects). In addition to his extensive empirical research, he has written, edited, and published a number of books integrating the findings in these areas along with theoretical reviews on the implications of disrupted lateral hemispheric organization in psychiatric conditions.

In 2007, Flor-Henry was named the 2007 recipient for the Career Contribution Award from the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society. This award was given in recognition of his lifetime contributions to clinical neurophysiology in psychiatry.

## Bibliography

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1969). Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: A controlled investigation. Epilepsia, 10: 363–395.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1974). Psychosis, neurosis, and epilepsy: Developmental and gender related effects and their aetiological contribution. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124: 144–150.

FLOR-HENRY, P., Lamprecht, F. (1976). Generalized seizures, limbic seizures, forced normalization and psychoses. In Deiter Janz (Ed.) Epileptology, Georg Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart: 80–90.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1979). On certain aspects of the localization of the cerebral systems regulating and determining emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 14: 677–698.

FLOR-HENRY, P., Koles, Z. (1982). EEG characteristics of normal subjects: A comparison of men and women and of dextrals and sinistrals. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior, 7(1): 21–38.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1983). Determinants of psychosis in epilepsy – laterality and forced normalization. Biological Psychiatry, 18 (9): 1045–1057.

FLOR-HENRY, P., Fromm-Auch, D., Schopflocher, D. (1983). Neuropsychological dimensions of psychopathology. In P. Flor-Henry & J. Gruzelier (Ed.) Laterality and Psychopathology, Elsevier Biomedical Press, North Holland: 59–82.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1983). Mood, the right hemisphere and the implications of spatial information perceiving systems. Research Communication Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior, 8(2): 143–170.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1984). Hemispheric laterality and disorders of affect. In R.M. Post & J.C. Ballenger (Ed.) Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore: 467–480.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1986). Observations, reflections and speculations on the cerebral determinants of mood and on the bilaterally asymmetrical distributions of the major neurotransmitter systems. With permission of Croom Helm Ltd. In Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 74, (Suppl. 109): 75–89.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1987). Cerebral aspects of sexual deviation. In G. Wilson (Ed.) Variant Sexuality: Research and Theory, Croom Helm Ltd., London & Sidney: 49–83.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1989). Psychopathology and hemispheric specialization: Left hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia, psychopathy, hysteria and the obsessional syndrome. In F. Boller, J. Grafman & G. Gainotti (Ed.), Handbook of Neuropsychology, Section VI; Emotional Behaviour and its Disorders. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, Biomedical Division, 477–494.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1990). Influence of gender in schizophrenia as related to other psychopathological syndromes. Schizophrenia Bulletin Special Edition on Gender and Schizophrenia, Vol. 16(2): 211–227.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1992). Laterality and motility disturbances in psychopathology: A theoretical perspective. In: Movement Disorders in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Second Edition, A.B. Joseph and R.R. Young (Ed.), Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc., Boston, MA 327–334.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1993). Electrodermal amplitude asymmetry and orienting response-non-response in psychopathology. In: Progress in Electrodermal Research, Roy, J.C., Bousein, W., Fowles, D.C., Gruzelier, J. H. (Ed.), Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York. 289–296.

Koles, Z.J., Lind, J.C., FLOR-HENRY, P. (1994). Spatial patterns in the background EEG underlying mental diseases in man. Journal of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 91: 319–328.

FLOR-HENRY, P. (1999). Cerebral Basis of Psychopathology, (1983) Wright-PSG Inc. Littleton, Mass. (Japanese translation by Dr. Toshiro Fujimoto through Tuttle-mori Agency Inc.) Japanese publishers Sozo Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan.

Purdon, S., FLOR-HENRY, P. (2000). Asymmetrical olfactory acuity and neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, Sep 1; 44(3): 221–232.

Purdon, S., Klein, S., FLOR-HENRY, P. (2001). Menstrual effects on asymmetrical olfactory acuity. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7: 703–709.

Pazderka-Robinson, H., Morrison, J., FLOR-HENRY, P. (2004). Electrodermal dissociation of chronic fatigue and depression: Evidence for distinct physiological mechanisms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 53: 171–182.

FLOR-HENRY, P., Lind, J.C., Koles, Z.J. (2004). A source-imaging (low-resolution electromagnetic tomography) study of the EEGs from unmedicated males with depression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 130(2): 191–207.

Koles, Z.J., FLOR-HENRY, P., Lind, J.C. (2004). A source-imaging (low-resolution electromagnetic tomography) study of the EEGs from unmedicated males with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 130(2): 171–190.

Loganovsky, K.N., Volovik, S.V., Manton, K.G., Bazyka, D.A., FLOR-HENRY, P. (2005). Whether ionizing radiation is a risk factor for schizophrenia spectrum disorders? The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 6(4): 212–230.


title: Pincon Spirit Limited

abstract: Pincon Spirit Limited (PSL), formerly Sarang Viniyog Ltd., incorporated in 1978, is an Indian company that manufactures industrial alcohol, Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL), country liquor and desi darus. Monoranjan Roy serves as the chairman and managing director of the company. It is listed with the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India.

text:
# Pincon Spirit Limited

**Pincon Spirit Limited** (**PSL**), formerly **Sarang Viniyog Ltd.**, incorporated in 1978, is an Indian company that manufactures industrial alcohol, Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL), country liquor and desi darus. Monoranjan Roy serves as the chairman and managing director of the company. It is listed with the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India.

## History

Pincon Spirit Limited was incorporated in 1978 as Sarang Viniyog Limited in Calcutta, West Bengal. In that year, the company was listed with Calcutta Stock Exchange issuing 99,300 equity shares. In 2004, Jevan Equipments & Spares and Plant Dealers Limited were acquired and merged with the company. In the 2000s, the company continued acquiring shares of Paul Distributors Private Limited, Priya Laboratories Limited and Yours Laboratories Pvt Ltd. and formed PSL Group comprising the subsidiaries. In 2009 the company entered into an agreement with National Industrial Corporation for the manufacturing of IMFL under the brand name Pincon XXX Rum and Pincon No. 1 Whisky. It had a turnover of Rs. 50 crores in 2010. In August 2011, the company was changed to Pincon Spirit Limited. In that year, the company launched two new products, King's Coin Whisky and Pincon King's Coin Vodka. In 2012 the company launched two more products, Ruby Gold XO Brandy and Royal Pride Whisky. In 2013, the company crossed a turnover of Rs. 300 crores and its brand was registered with Odisha State Beverage Corporation, the government of Uttarakhand and Jharkhand state. During the year, it launched a whisky under a new brand name, Highland Blue Whisky, and acquired sole distributorship right of Fashion Vodka, a premier brand of vodka in West Bengal. In 2014, it started manufacturing the country liquor called Pincon Bangla No. 1, after the acquisition of the country spirit plant of Nation Industrial Corporation Limited. The company also launched Pincon Ultra Force XXX Jamaican Rum and Ruby Gold Orange Flavour Gin in 2015. In 2016, the company acquired Bacchus Enterprises Limited which is engaged in the business of Indian-made Indian liquor (IMIL) and Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL) in Ludhiana. In May 2017, the company charted out a capex of Rs. 300 ($30 million) through the issuance of foreign currency convertible bonds in London Stock Exchange. The Chairman of the Group Monoranjan Roy was arrested on 2 November 2017 in ponzi scam as it is alleged that public money in the company was siphoned leaving the company in huge debt.

## Operations

Pincon Spirit Limited is involved in the manufacturing, bottling and distribution of Indian-made foreign liquor and country spirits and markets its products under the brand name of Pincon. It is also involved in the refining, packaging, and wholesale distribution of fast moving consumer goods. In 2015, the company took major initiatives investing Rs. 400 crores to expand its business operation by setting up new plants and increasing the production capacity of existing units as well as marketing its products in the south and northern part of the country. Currently the company has business activities in the states of West Bengal, Odissa, Jharkhand, Uttarkhand, Haryana, and Karnataka. It plans to expand its operation in Kerala, Puducherry, Goa and Tamil Nadu. In March 2016, Pincon acquired Singapore-based Orbitol Solutions, to export its brands in South East Asian markets.

## IMFL brands

Pincon Spirit manufactures whisky, rum, desi daru, vodka, gin and edible oil.

## Distilleries and units

PSL has manufacturing units at eight locations in West Bengal. It is currently expanding its operation in Karnataka, Odisha, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and Northeastern states.

## InfoBox

Pincon Spirit Limited
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Traded as | BSE: 538771<br>NSE: PINCON |
| Industry | Alcoholic beverages |
| Founded | 29 July 1978 (1978-07-29) in Calcutta, West Bengal, India |
| Headquarters | Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Area served | Bengal, Karnataka and Sikkim |
| Key people | Monoranjan Roy & Sarmistha Chatterjee (L.I. Partner) |
| Parent | PSL Group |
| Website | pinconspirit.in |


title: Pinconning Area School District

abstract: Pinconning Area School District (PASD) is a school district headquartered in Pinconning, Michigan.

text:
# Pinconning Area School District

**Pinconning Area School District** (**PASD**) is a school district headquartered in Pinconning, Michigan.

## Schools

Secondary:

* Pinconning High School
* Pinconning Middle School

Primary:

* Linwood Elementary School
* Pinconning Central Elementary School

Preschool:

* Pinconning Advancement Academy - Houses Pinconning GSRP (Great Start Readiness Program).

The district previously operated Mount Forest Elementary School, which closed in 2009 and remained unused as of 2023.

## Sports

The Pinconning Spartans high school softball team won state championships in 1989, 1993, and 2000. The volleyball team won a state championship in 1992. The Pinconning Boys Varsity Bowling Team won the State Championship in 2008.


title: Piotrowo, Nakło County

abstract: Piotrowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Kcynia, 12 km (7 mi) south-west of Nakło nad Notecią, and 37 km (23 mi) west of Bydgoszcz.

text:
# Piotrowo, Nakło County

**Piotrowo** \[pjɔˈtrɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Kcynia, 12 km (7 mi) south-west of Nakło nad Notecią, and 37 km (23 mi) west of Bydgoszcz.

## InfoBox

| Piotrowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Piotrowo | |
| Coordinates: 53°5′N 17°27′E / 53.083°N 17.450°E / 53.083; 17.450 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Nakło |
| Gmina | Kcynia |


title: Piotrowo, Oborniki County

abstract: Piotrowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryczywół, within Oborniki County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Ryczywół, 21 km (13 mi) north of Oborniki, and 50 km (31 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Piotrowo, Oborniki County

**Piotrowo** \[pjɔˈtrɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryczywół, within Oborniki County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Ryczywół, 21 km (13 mi) north of Oborniki, and 50 km (31 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

Part of the region of Greater Poland, i.e. the cradle of the Polish state, the area formed part of Poland since its establishment in the 10th century. Prussia annexed the village in the late-18th-century Partitions of Poland. It was regained by Poles in 1807 and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and after the duchy's dissolution in 1815, the village was reannexed by Prussia, and was also part of Germany from 1871. Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the village.

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland which started World War II in September 1939, the village was invaded by Germany. The local forest was the site of a massacre of Poles committed by members of the German *Selbstschutz* and *Jungdeutsche Partei* on 17–18 September 1939. 14 badly wounded Polish inhabitants of nearby villages were killed with shovels in the massacre (see also *Nazi crimes against the Polish nation*).

## InfoBox

| Piotrowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Piotrowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°50′N 16°45′E / 52.833°N 16.750°E / 52.833; 16.750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Oborniki |
| Gmina | Ryczywół |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | POB |


title: Crystal Lake, Saskatchewan

abstract: Crystal Lake is an organized hamlet within the Rural Municipality (RM) of Keys No. 303 in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is also recognized as part of a designated place by Statistics Canada. The organized hamlet is on the majority of the shores of Crystal Lake, 1.0 km (0.62 mi) west of Highway 9 and approximately 70 km (43 mi) north of the City of Yorkton. The second part of the designated place is on the balance of the shores of Crystal Lake within the adjacent RM of Buchanan No. 304.

text:
# Crystal Lake, Saskatchewan

**Crystal Lake** (2016 population: 61) is an organized hamlet within the Rural Municipality (RM) of Keys No. 303 in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is also recognized as part of a designated place by Statistics Canada. The organized hamlet (Crystal Lake part A) is on the majority of the shores of Crystal Lake, 1.0 km (0.62 mi) west of Highway 9 and approximately 70 km (43 mi) north of the City of Yorkton. The second part of the designated place (Crystal Lake part B) is on the balance of the shores of Crystal Lake within the adjacent RM of Buchanan No. 304.

## Demographics

### Organized Hamlet of Crystal Lake (Crystal Lake part A)

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Crystal Lake part A had a population of 115 living in 54 of its 142 total private dwellings, a change of 88.5% from its 2016 population of 61. With a land area of 0.8 km2 (0.31 sq mi), it had a population density of 143.8/km2 (372.3/sq mi) in 2021.

### Crystal Lake part B

Also in the 2021 Census of Population, Crystal Lake part B had a population of 56 living in 24 of its 82 total private dwellings, a change of 80.6% from its 2016 population of 31. With a land area of 0.42 km2 (0.16 sq mi), it had a population density of 133.3/km2 (345.3/sq mi) in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Crystal Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Organized hamlet | |
| Location of Crystal Lake in SaskatchewanCrystal Lake, Saskatchewan (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 51°51′07″N 102°25′26″W / 51.852°N 102.424°W / 51.852; -102.424 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division |  |
| Rural municipality (RM) | Keys No. 303 |
| Government | |
| Governing body | RM of Keys No. 303 |
| Area (2016) | |
| Total | 0.74 km2 (0.29 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 61 |
| Density | 82/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CST |
| Area code | 306 |
| Highways | Highway 9 |
| Waterways | Crystal Lake |
| Website | Official website |


title: Cap Blanc rock shelter

abstract: The abri de Cap Blanc is a prehistoric limestone rock shelter with Magdalenian animal sculptures. It is in the Marquay commune on the right bank of the Beune River, a few kilometers west of Eyzies-de-Tayac, in Dordogne.

text:
# Cap Blanc rock shelter

The **abri de Cap Blanc** is a prehistoric limestone rock shelter with Magdalenian animal sculptures. It is in the Marquay commune on the right bank of the Beune River, a few kilometers west of Eyzies-de-Tayac, in Dordogne.

## History

The site was discovered in 1908 by Raymond Peyrille under the supervision of Jean-Gaston Lalanne. Peyrille carried out its first rudimentary excavation in 1909 while Lalanne was working at the nearby site of Laussel. During this excavation a relief carving was found, one that has been described as "perhaps the most dramatic and impressive example of Upper Palaeolithic".

Following the discovery of the frieze, work was undertaken in 1911 to build a protective wall around the shelter. This included lowering the shelter floor, a procedure during which a workman hit a skull with a pick-axe, breaking it. A relatively complete skeleton was uncovered and Denis Peyrony and Louis Capitan were brought in to examine it.

## Frieze

The frieze depicts a number of animals, some in haut-relief, dating back 15,000 years. These include ten horses (one measuring 2.20 m long), at least three bison, ibex and several incomplete figures.

The sculpted frieze occupies 13 of the 16 meters of the shelter. Some of the carving is as much as 30 cm deep. Red ochre covers much of the frieze and some of the area around it is now difficult to see. Among other flint tools probably used to create the frieze were found Magdalenian burins and scrapers.

## Magdalenian Girl

The skeleton known as **Magdalenian Girl** (or sometimes **Magdalenian Woman**) is that of an early modern human dating from 13,000 to 11,000 BCE during the Magdalenian period. It is the most complete Upper Paleolithic skeleton in Northern Europe. When Magdalenian Girl was acquired in 1926 for the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois, by Henry Field, then curator of Physical Anthropology, it was hailed as one of the most significant acquisitions the museum ever made. On the first day the precious specimen was exhibited, tens of thousands of visitors flocked to the museum to see it.

The skeleton is thought to have been likely buried deliberately. Paul Pettitt noted that "Large stone blocks were found over her head and feet, although no cultural items were recovered with the skeleton".

## Preservation and visits

The site was classified as a French historical monument in 1910, and registered as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 as part of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley. It was acquired by the French government on 14 April 2006.

Guided tours take place during the year and there is an on-site museum which includes a replica of Magdalenian Girl.

## InfoBox

Cap Blanc rock shelter
| **Abri de Cap Blanc** | |
| --- | --- |
| Excavations 1911 | |
| Location in FranceCap Blanc rock shelter (France) | |
| Location | near Eyzies-de-Tayac, Marquay commune |
| Region | Dordogne |
| Coordinates | 44°56′44″N 1°5′49″E / 44.94556°N 1.09694°E / 44.94556; 1.09694 |
| History | |
| Cultures | Magdalenian |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1909, |
| Archaeologists | Raymond Peyrille |
|  | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Official name | Le Cap Blanc |
| Part of | Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (iii) |
| Reference | 85-010 |
| Inscription | 1979 (3rd Session) |
| Area | 1.808 ha (194,600 sq ft) |
|  | |


title: Ferme de la Rançonnière

abstract: The Ferme de la Rançonniere is a farm located in the commune of Crépon, Calvados department, Normandy, France. The first buildings were constructed in the 13th century, when the residence was called La Ferme de Biéville. At that time, Normandy was suffering from the tensions between the English crown and the kingdom of France, which eventually evolved into the Hundred Years War. Since at least 1463 the fiefdom of Biéville, to which the farm belonged, was in the hands of the Chastel family, whose coat of arms can be found on the fresco painted on the round tower. Most of the farm was reconstructed in the first part of the 17th century; the tower, which had lost its spiral stairway, is the only remnant of the original farm. In 1710, the farm was acquired by the de la Rançonnière family, to which it owes its current name.

text:
# Ferme de la Rançonnière

The **Ferme de la Rançonniere** is a farm located in the commune of Crépon, Calvados department, Normandy, France. The first buildings were constructed in the 13th century, when the residence was called La Ferme de Biéville. At that time, Normandy was suffering from the tensions between the English crown and the kingdom of France, which eventually evolved into the Hundred Years War. Since at least 1463 the fiefdom of Biéville, to which the farm belonged, was in the hands of the Chastel family, whose coat of arms can be found on the fresco painted on the round tower. Most of the farm was reconstructed in the first part of the 17th century; the tower, which had lost its spiral stairway, is the only remnant of the original farm. In 1710, the farm was acquired by the de la Rançonnière family, to which it owes its current name.

## Defences

Peasants who worked the land of La Rançonnière could take shelter with their animals in the large courtyard, where they could defend themselves against enemy invasions and were protected by the solid entryway, an example of medieval military architecture. The communal archives of Crépon attest to the existence of a tunnel between La Ferme and the castle of Cruelly, three kilometers away, used for moving herds and supplies during times of siege.

## Features

It was during this epoch that the fresco was painted in the round tower of the main building, which shows a dovecote with several hundred pigeonholes as well as the Chastel family coat of arms. La Ferme de la Rançonnière opens the round tower to the public during the Journées Européennes du Patrimoine. Today, one can still appreciate the Romanesque archways of the room that holds the monumental stone chimney; the exposed beams supporting the ceilings of the ground floor of the buildings; or the steep, ancient spiral stairway in the round tower.

Reconstructed in the 17th century, the covered entryway was listed in the Supplementary Inventory of Historic Monuments decreed June 15, 1927; the facades, roofs of the main building and outbuildings dating from the 17th century were also listed in decree of November 5, 1970.

## World War II

During the Second World War, La Ferme de la Rançonnière was subjected to new upheavals. The farm was requisitioned by the German army and served as a military camp. Surrounded by flat fields that offered good visibility, the farm became an air force base where enemy airplanes could easily take off and land.

Thanks to its close proximity to the D-Day beaches and Arromanches, the farm was quickly liberated in June 1944, during the liberation of France.

## Modern times

Today it has been carefully restored, and remains a residence with great charm, furnished with antiques and vintage objects d’art. In 2007, a garden was designed behind the buildings by a landscape architect; in 2008 La Ferme de la Rançonnière received first prize in the “Fleurir la France” contest.

49°18′43″N 0°32′50″W / 49.31194°N 0.54722°W / 49.31194; -0.54722


title: David E. Hayden

abstract: David Ephraim Hayden was a United States Navy Hospital Corpsman who served during World War I and earned the Medal of Honor for valiant actions in France.

text:
# David E. Hayden

**David Ephraim Hayden** (October 2, 1897 – March 18, 1974) was a United States Navy Hospital Corpsman who served during World War I and earned the Medal of Honor for valiant actions in France.

## Biography

Hayden was born in Florence, Texas, and enlisted in the Navy in October 1917. He received training in San Diego Naval Base, California, and Quantico, Virginia. During the war, he was attached to the 2/6th Marines as a Hospital Apprentice First Class. The Marine outfit saw action in France at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, during which Hayden ran through heavy enemy fire to administer aid to a wounded Marine, Corporal Creed. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

After the war, Hayden was promoted to Pharmacist's Mate Third Class. He served aboard the troop transport *Princess Matoika* until the summer of 1920. He then served as a U.S. Marshal in California until the age of seventy. David E Hayden died on March 18, 1974, and He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Hospital Apprentice First Class, U.S. Navy, serving with the 2d Battalion, 6th Regiment, U.S. Marines. Place and date: Thiaucourt, France, 15 September 1918. Entered service at: Texas. Born: 2 October 1897 Florence, Tex.

**Citation:**

> For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. During the advance, when Cpl. Creed was mortally wounded while crossing an open field swept by machinegun fire, Hayden unhesitatingly ran to his assistance and, finding him so severely wounded as to require immediate attention, disregarded his own personal safety to dress the wound under intense machinegun fire, and then carried the wounded man back to a place of safety.

## InfoBox

| David Ephraim Hayden | |
| --- | --- |
| David Ephraim Hayden | |
| Born | (1897-10-02)October 2, 1897
Florence, Texas |
| Died | March 18, 1974(1974-03-18) (aged 76) |
| Place of burial | Arlington National Cemetery, Section 36 |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1917–1920 |
| Rank | Pharmacist's Mate Third Class |
| Unit | 2nd Battalion 6th Marines |
| Battles/wars | **World War I** |
| Awards | Medal of Honor
Silver Star |


title: Piotrowo, Kartuzy County

abstract: Piotrowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Somonino, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Somonino, 16 km (10 mi) south of Kartuzy, and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Piotrowo, Kartuzy County

**Piotrowo** \[pjɔˈtrɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Somonino, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Somonino, 16 km (10 mi) south of Kartuzy, and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Piotrowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Piotrowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°11′38″N 18°8′39″E / 54.19389°N 18.14417°E / 54.19389; 18.14417 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kartuzy |
| Gmina | Somonino |


title: Verbal aggression

abstract: Verbal aggressiveness in communication has been studied to examine the underlying message of how the aggressive communicator gains control over different things that occur, through the usage of verbal aggressiveness. Scholars have identified that individuals who express verbal aggressiveness have the goal of controlling and manipulating others through language. Infante and Wigley defined verbal aggressiveness as "a personality trait that predisposes persons to attack the self-concepts of other people instead of, or in addition to, their positions on topics of communication". Self-concept can be described as a group of values and beliefs that one has. Verbal aggressiveness is thought to be mainly a destructive form of communication, but it can produce positive outcomes. Infante and Wigley described aggressive behavior in interpersonal communication as products of individual's aggressive traits and the way the person perceives the aggressive circumstances that prevents them or something in a situation. Infante, Trebing, Shepard, and Seeds collaborated to showcase the relationship between argumentativeness and verbal aggression. The study investigated two things. The first component investigated whether high, moderate, or low behaviors differ in how easily they are caused by an opponent that selects verbally aggressive responses. The second focused on whether different sexes display different levels of verbal aggression. The results concluded that people who scored high on argumentativeness were the least likely to prefer verbal aggression. Argumentativeness is a constructive, positive trait that recognizes different positions which might exist on issues that are controversial. As for the difference between sexes, males are more likely than females to use verbal aggression because males have been conditioned to be more dominant and competitive. The Verbal Aggressiveness Scale measures the personality trait of verbal aggressiveness and has been widely used in communication research. The VAS has 20 items, 10 that are 10-worded negatively/aggressively, and 10 worded positively/kindly. Infante and Wigley's scale is often scored as unidimensional.

text:
# Verbal aggression

**Verbal aggressiveness** in communication has been studied to examine the underlying message of how the aggressive communicator gains control over different things that occur, through the usage of verbal aggressiveness. Scholars have identified that individuals who express verbal aggressiveness have the goal of controlling and manipulating others through language. Infante and Wigley defined verbal aggressiveness as "a personality trait that predisposes persons to attack the self-concepts of other people instead of, or in addition to, their positions on topics of communication". Self-concept can be described as a group of values and beliefs that one has. Verbal aggressiveness is thought to be mainly a destructive form of communication, but it can produce positive outcomes. Infante and Wigley described aggressive behavior in interpersonal communication as products of individual's aggressive traits and the way the person perceives the aggressive circumstances that prevents them or something in a situation.

Infante, Trebing, Shepard, and Seeds collaborated to showcase the relationship between argumentativeness and verbal aggression. The study investigated two things. The first component investigated whether high, moderate, or low behaviors differ in how easily they are caused by an opponent that selects verbally aggressive responses. The second focused on whether different sexes display different levels of verbal aggression. The results concluded that people who scored high on argumentativeness were the least likely to prefer verbal aggression. Argumentativeness is a constructive, positive trait that recognizes different positions which might exist on issues that are controversial. As for the difference between sexes, males are more likely than females to use verbal aggression because males have been conditioned to be more dominant and competitive.

The Verbal Aggressiveness Scale measures the personality trait of verbal aggressiveness and has been widely used in communication research. The VAS has 20 items, 10 that are 10-worded negatively/aggressively, and 10 worded positively/kindly. Infante and Wigley's scale is often scored as unidimensional.

## Types of messages

## Reasons or causes

There are four primary reasons or causes suggested by Infante, Trebing, Shepard, and Seeds, which are:

* Frustration—in which a goal is blocked by someone or having to deal with an individual deemed "unworthy" of one's time
* Social learning—in which the aggressive behavior has been learned from observing other individuals
* Psychopathology—in which an individual attacks other persons because of unresolved issues
* Argumentative skill deficiency—in which an individual lacks verbal skills to deal with an issue, and therefore resorts to verbal aggressiveness

These motivators of verbal aggressiveness contribute to an individual with a verbally aggressive personality trait.

More recently Shaw, Kotowski, Boster, and Levine demonstrated that verbal aggression may be caused by variation in prenatal testosterone exposure. They conducted two studies in which they measured the length of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) on each hand of participants, an indicator of amount of prenatal androgen exposure, and conducted a questionnaire to determine the verbal aggressiveness of participants. A negative correlation between 2D:4D and verbal aggressiveness was determined.

## Effects

Self-concept damage is the most fundamental effect, which can cause long lasting and more harmful results than the temporal effects. The more temporal and short term effects are: hurt feelings, anger, irritation, embarrassment, discouragement, humiliation, despair, and depression. Verbal aggressiveness that harms an individual's self-concept can follow an individual throughout their life. For instance, Infante and Wigley state "the self-concept damage done by teasing a child about an aspect of physical appearance can endure for a lifetime and exert an enormous impact on the amount of unhappiness experience". Verbal aggressiveness is also a major cause of violence. When verbal aggressiveness escalates, it can lead to physical violence.

## Constructive

The constructive traits which produce satisfaction and increase relationship contentment by helping to increase understandings between the different positions are assertiveness and argumentativeness. Assertiveness is often confused with aggressiveness, but assertive individuals often possess traits like dominance, independence, and competitiveness. Infante and Rancer define argumentativeness as the "trait-like behavior that predisposes an individual to take a stand on controversial issues and attack the positions that other people take". Argumentative individuals focus on the topic rather than attacking an individual. Productive argumentativeness can produce positive outcomes in communication through challenging and defending standpoints through justification. This allows for reasoning between individuals to resolve issue and terminate the disagreement. Argumentative encounters such as this have a positive correlation to relational satisfaction.

## Destructive

The destructive traits, hostility and verbal aggressiveness, lead to dissatisfaction in communication and relationship deterioration. Destructive verbal aggressiveness is used for revenge, teasing, and to manipulate others. Verbal aggressiveness is destructive and links to the hostility trait. Unlike argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness is focused on defending one's identity and attacking others; not trying to resolve the dispute but instead attacking individuals self-concept. Also, verbally aggressive individuals often do not provide as much evidence to support their standpoint. In many cases these individuals possess verbally aggressive traits because they lack the skills to argue rationally and effectively, and therefore use verbally aggressive messages as their defense mechanism. Individuals with argumentative skill deficiency often see violence as their only alternative. These aggressive tactics cause a digression by using personal attacks which do not allow for the disagreement to ever be resolved.

## In romantic relationships

The manner in which conflicts are dealt with in romantic relationships differ among each partnership. There are numerous concepts, qualities, and traits that predict the verbal aggressiveness of each partner within a romantic relationship. How couples deal with arguments and controversy has been a major topic amongst researchers for many years. When resolving a dispute is the objective amongst a couple, each individual's argumentative traits come into play. The way in which couples engage and act during a discrepancy can play a chief role in the satisfaction of each partner.

Verbal aggressiveness often results in deterioration of relational satisfaction. Romantically involved couples can perceive verbally aggressive messages as unaffectionate communication. Infante and et al. found that "an act of verbal aggression produces a negative emotional reaction (e.g., anger); the negative reaction can remain covert, leaving a trace effect that can combine additively with subsequent verbal aggression. If the effect if not dissipated through some means, it can lead to the formation of intentions to behave with physical aggression toward the origin or perceived origin of the verbal aggression". Verbal aggressiveness is impacted by the commitment levels of the partners in a relationship. Research findings have shown a negative correlation between commitment and destructive confrontation, and also commitment and communicative acts of abuse.

The arguments that occur between romantic partners play a crucial role in the quality and course of relationships. Arguing successfully means, at least in some part, that a couple will avoid unwarranted negativity and approach discrepancies in confidence that discussing dissimilarities of opinion will supply positive results. Many couples refocus the argument and attack the other partner rather than staying on track with the differences of opinion on a subject. Unhappily married couples tend to use a more destructive approach to conflict. Verbal aggressiveness is resorted to in conflict and controversy. Infante and et al. found that in violent marriages more character attacks and competence attacks are used during disputes. Happily married couples were more likely to resolve disputes without the use of verbally aggressive messages, using instead argumentativeness to negotiate an agreement.

## In families

Communication between parents and children influences children and can have important effects for the well-being of the child. It can also have important influences on the relationship between the child and the parent. Muris, Meesters, Morren, and Moorman found that, "attachment style and perceived parent rearing styles that included low levels of emotional warmth were more likely to result in anger and hostility in children". Also, Riesch, Anderson, and Krueger argued that "parent-child communication can help reduce risk behaviors through individual risk factors such as self-esteem, academic achievement, and parental involvement in monitoring". Knapp, Stafford, and Daly stated, "verbally aggressive behavior is contextual: most parents likely have said something verbally aggressive to their child at some point, even if they later regretted doing so".

The parental use of verbal aggressiveness can cause a disruption in the relationship between the child and the parent. When a parent uses verbally aggressive behavior children are often frightened, which leads to avoidance of the parent. The verbal aggressiveness causes the child to feel fear and anxiety and therefore the child loses trust in their relationship. Parental verbal aggressiveness has a negative correlation with relational satisfaction and closeness to their children. Studies found that parents who are verbally aggressive tend to have children who are also verbally aggressive. This is proven through Bandura's social learning theory. Children who are consistently around their parents are likely to model their behavior.

According to the attachment theory, all humans are dependent on one or several individuals during the early years of their lives. It is important to understand how a parent's verbal aggressiveness can change the attachment style the child has toward the parent. If a parent is shown as attacking a child's self-image, it is likely that these attacks will hinder the growth of a confident attachment style. Styron and Janoff-Bulman found, "more than 60% of participants who had been verbally abused as children had reported an insecure attachment style".

Authoritative parents are characterized by encouraging and democratic behaviors. These types of parents value verbal "give-and-take." Authoritarian parents prefer punishment as a way to control their child's behavior and they value obedience from their children. Parents low in verbal aggression tend to adopt an authoritative parenting style and that is positively related to a secure attachment style.

## In athletics

Communication plays a significant role in the athlete-coach relationship. Verbal aggression has been identified as prominent in athletics. Coaches who exhibit verbal aggressive behavior may influence athletes' performance, competence, overall enjoyment, and motivation. Symrpas and Bekiari conducted a study that was aimed to determine two things. The first one was to explore the perceived leadership style and verbal aggressive profile of coaches. The second was to look for differences in athletes' satisfaction and achievement goal orientation based on perceived coaches' leadership style and verbal aggressive profile.

The study supported two profiles of coaches. The first profile included coaches who present a low autocratic (harsh) behavior, high democratic (fair) behavior, and low verbal aggressive behavior. The second profile included coaches who present a high autocratic, low democratic, and high verbal aggressive behavior. Based upon the results, coaches categorized within the first profile promoted athletes' satisfaction where their mental state was filled with compassion. Athletes who are more task-oriented that perform tasks to achieve their desired outcome, considered that their coaches belong to the first profile which did not impact their performance in a negative way.

## In customer service

Customer incivility can be described as verbal aggression towards customer service employees. It can negatively impact customer service perceptions and potentially crumble an organization's competitive status. Today, customer incivility is known as customer verbal aggression towards employees through language content and communication style. Customer verbal aggression can happen in places such as restaurants, retail stores, banks, etc.

Walker, Jaarsveld, and Skarlicki performed a study that focused on developing an understanding of what customers do in service events that can increase employee incivility toward others. Employee incivility has four total factors involved: aggressive words, second person pronoun use (you, your), interruptions, and positive emotion words. Positive associations between customer aggressive words and employee incivility was clear when verbal aggression included second person pronouns, labeled as targeted aggression. The researchers observed interactions that included two people between targeted aggression and customer interruptions where employees demonstrated more offensive language when the targeted customer verbal aggression was followed by more interruptions. The 2-way interactions predicting employee incivility was lessened when customers used positive emotion words. Saying something like, "I know you charged me twice, but we can try to work this out together", is an example. The results suggested that customer verbal aggression consumes employees, leading to self-regulation failure. The customer using positive emotional language increases the ability of the employee to engage in self-regulation and reduce incivility.

Self-regulation is important with interactions in the workplace. To communicate effectively in social environments while helping customers, the key objective must be emotional labor. Emotional labor is the self-regulatory process that unfolds over the course of customer interactions, with employees monitoring and adjusting their felt and expressed emotion. A goal in which employees use during emotional labor is to produce effective and emotional displays that enhance the customer experience. The self-regulatory approach provides insight into how felt emotions, displayed emotions, and emotion regulation may relate to each other over time.


abstract: First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 34 Brinkerhoff Street in Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York. It was originally built between 1812 and 1816; after a fire destroyed the structure in 1867, it was rebuilt in the same location between 1868 and 1873. It is a rectangular limestone Gothic Revival style church. It has a slate gable roof and buttresses. It features arched openings and a central square bell tower with tall spire and embedded clocks on each side. The congregation officially formed in 1797, after having met since at least 1792. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# First Presbyterian Church (Plattsburgh, New York)

**First Presbyterian Church** is a historic Presbyterian church located at 34 Brinkerhoff Street in Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York. It was originally built between 1812 and 1816; after a fire destroyed the structure in 1867, it was rebuilt in the same location between 1868 and 1873. It is a rectangular limestone Gothic Revival style church. It has a slate gable roof and buttresses. It features arched openings and a central square bell tower with tall spire and embedded clocks on each side.

The congregation officially formed in 1797, after having met since at least 1792. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

| First Presbyterian Church | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 34 Brinkerhoff St., Plattsburgh, New York |
| Clergy | |
| Senior pastor(s) | Timothy J. Luoma |
|  | |
|  | |
| First Presbyterian Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 44°41′50″N 73°27′16″W / 44.69722°N 73.45444°W / 44.69722; -73.45444 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1812 (1812)-1816, rebuilt 1868 (1868)-1873 |
| Architect | Frederick W. Brown |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| MPS | Plattsburgh City MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001104 |
| Added to NRHP | November 12, 1982 |
|  | |


title: Segetibacter aerophilus

abstract: Segetibacter aerophilus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Segetibacter which has been isolated from air.

text:
# Segetibacter aerophilus

***Segetibacter aerophilus*** is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of *Segetibacter* which has been isolated from air.

## InfoBox

| *Segetibacter aerophilus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Chitinophagia |
| Order: | Chitinophagales |
| Family: | Chitinophagaceae |
| Genus: | *Segetibacter* |
| Species: | ***S. aerophilus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Segetibacter aerophilus*****<br>Weon et al. 2010 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| KACC 14119, NBRC 106135, strain 6424S-61 | |


title: The New Revolution

abstract: The New Revolution is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster opened to the public on May 8, 1976. The New Revolution is the world's first modern roller coaster to feature a vertical loop and has been recognized for that accomplishment by American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE), who awarded the roller coaster its Coaster Landmark status. However, there were earlier examples of roller coasters with a full vertical loop, such as the steel roller coaster called "Looping the Loop" in Parque Japonés in Buenos Aires, which operated from 1911 to 1930. The coaster was named after the American Revolution in celebration of the country's Bicentennial. Unlike many of the previous looping roller coasters in the 19th and early-20th centuries which attempted circular loops, Revolution's success was dependent on a clothoid-shaped vertical loop – a first in the industry. In 2016, the coaster received a makeover for its 40th anniversary that included new trains with lap bars and an optional virtual reality experience for riders. The New Revolution soft-launched to season pass holders on March 26, 2016, and opened to the general public on April 21, 2016.

text:
# The New Revolution

**The New Revolution** (formerly known as **Revolution**, **Great American Revolution** and **La Revolución**) is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster opened to the public on May 8, 1976. The New Revolution is the world's first modern roller coaster to feature a vertical loop and has been recognized for that accomplishment by American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE), who awarded the roller coaster its Coaster Landmark status. However, there were earlier examples of roller coasters with a full vertical loop, such as the steel roller coaster called "Looping the Loop" in Parque Japonés in Buenos Aires, which operated from 1911 to 1930.

The coaster was named after the American Revolution in celebration of the country's Bicentennial. Unlike many of the previous looping roller coasters in the 19th and early-20th centuries which attempted circular loops, Revolution's success was dependent on a clothoid-shaped vertical loop – a first in the industry.

In 2016, the coaster received a makeover for its 40th anniversary that included new trains with lap bars and an optional virtual reality experience for riders. The New Revolution soft-launched to season pass holders on March 26, 2016, and opened to the general public on April 21, 2016.

## History

### Great American Revolution

In the mid-1970s, Magic Mountain enlisted ride manufacturer Anton Schwarzkopf and legendary designer Werner Stengel to design and build the first looping roller coaster in modern times. The last known existence of one was Loop the Loop at Coney Island during the early 1900s. Prior to Great American Revolution's opening, a week of testing was needed to properly calibrate the tightness of the wheels, in order to get the train to complete one full circuit. At the ride's opening, staff operating the ride were outfitted with Continental Army-style uniforms to match the time period of the American Revolution, which the country was celebrating for its Bicentennial.

### La Revolución, Revolution

In 1979 following the purchase of the park by Six Flags, the ride's name was changed to La Revolución in honor of the Mexican Revolution. In 1988, the ride's name was changed once more to simply Revolution. In 1992, over-the-shoulder restraints were added to the trains, alongside the existing lapbars, to prevent guests from standing up. The addition was heavily criticized, as it led to a rough ride and numerous complaints of discomfort and headbanging.

In June 2002, a Coaster Landmark plaque awarded by American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) was placed near the line queue in front of the ride. The award was presented in recognition of its accomplishment as the world's first modern vertical-looping roller coaster. In 2005, parts of Revolution had to be dismantled to make way for the park's new Tatsu roller coaster that was being constructed. Revolution reopened with Tatsu on the new coaster's media day on May 11, 2006.

### The New Revolution

Revolution was refurbished for the 2016 season in celebration of the roller coaster's 40th anniversary. The ride received new red and white trains, with each train's lead car featuring a silver eagle ornament mounted on the front, and the track was painted white and blue. The new trains were also fitted with lap and calf bar restraints, replacing the unpopular over-the-shoulder design, which Six Flags claimed would provide additional airtime and a more comfortable ride experience. The ride reopened as The New Revolution.

The New Revolution was among several rides at various parks that received an on-ride virtual reality (VR) feature. Riders were given the option to wear Samsung Gear VR headsets, powered by Oculus, to experience a 3D virtual world themed to a fighter jet, where riders flew through a futuristic city as co-pilots battling alien invaders. The feature debuted with the coaster when it emerged from refurbishment and reopened to season pass holders on March 26, 2016. It reopened to the general public on April 21, 2016.

On February 8, 2017, Six Flags announced that The New Revolution would offer a new VR experience known as The New Revolution Galactic Attack. It was billed as the world's first mixed Virtual Reality Experience powered by Oculus VR. The experience was centered around an alien invasion in space. As riders crest the lift hill, the setting changed into an intergalactic battle seen from the cockpit of a fighter spaceship. It became available to the public on February 25.

Beginning on November 18, 2017, Six Flags debuted a new VR experience to match the "Holiday in the Park" theme. Dubbed "Santa's Wild Sleigh Ride," it placed riders in Santa's sleigh as he delivered presents to a snowy town.

The VR option was extremely popular, causing 2-3 hour lines. The headsets would overheat and make the lines even longer. Therefore, the headsets were moved to Lex Luthor: Drop of Doom in 2018. With the VR feature removed, the ride now operates in "Classic Revolution" mode.

In November 2018, The New Revolution was renamed Red Sox Revolution temporarily after the park lost a World Series bet to Six Flags New England.

## Incidents

On May 31, 1996, a park employee was hit and killed instantly while attempting to cross the tracks in the boarding station as a train was returning. The investigation determined she slipped and fell into a 4-foot (1.2 m) pit below, crossing from the side where passengers exit over to the opposite side.

On June 12, 2015, a 10-year-old girl riding the roller coaster was found breathing but unconscious after returning to the station. She was rushed to a nearby hospital and died the following day. According to the local coroner's office, she died of natural causes unrelated to the ride. An autopsy wasn't performed to determine the exact cause, at the request of the girl's family.

Revolution was prominently featured in the 1977 film *Rollercoaster*. It was also featured in the 1983 movie *National Lampoon's Vacation* as the Whipper Snapper.

## InfoBox

| The New Revolution | |
| --- | --- |
| *Previously known as Revolution (1988–2015)
La Revolución (1981–1987)
Great American Revolution (1976–1980)* | |
| The New Revolution | |
| Six Flags Magic Mountain | |
| Location | Six Flags Magic Mountain |
| Park section | Baja Ridge |
| Coordinates | 34°25′22″N 118°35′47″W / 34.42278°N 118.59639°W / 34.42278; -118.59639 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opening date | May 8, 1976 (1976-05-08) |
| Cost | $2,000,000 |
| General statistics | |
| Type | Steel |
| Manufacturer | Anton Schwarzkopf |
| Designer | Werner Stengel |
| Model | Looping roller coaster |
| Track layout | Terrain |
| Lift/launch system | Chain lift hill |
| Height | 113 ft (34 m) |
| Drop | 83 ft (25 m) |
| Length | 3,457 ft (1,054 m) |
| Speed | 55 mph (89 km/h) |
| Inversions | 1 |
| Duration | 79 seconds |
| Max vertical angle | 45° |
| Capacity | 1400 riders per hour |
| G-force | 4.9 |
| Height restriction | 48 in (122 cm) |
| Trains | 2 trains with 5 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 20 riders per train. |
| Theme | America |
| Flash Pass available | |
| Single rider line available on most days | |
| Must transfer from wheelchair | |
| The New Revolution at RCDB | |