title: SS Pfalz (1913)

abstract: Pfalz was a 6,557-ton cargo steamer operated by German shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. The ship became the target of the first shot fired by Australian forces in World War I, soon after departing the Port of Melbourne in Australia.

text:
# SS Pfalz (1913)

***Pfalz*** was a 6,557-ton cargo steamer operated by German shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. The ship became the target of the first shot fired by Australian forces in World War I, soon after departing the Port of Melbourne in Australia.

## Norddeutscher Lloyd service

The ship departed Victoria Dock in Melbourne on 5 August 1914, with Williamstown-based pilot Captain Montgomery Robinson aboard. As the ship passed Portsea it was momentarily stopped by the SS *Alvina* but allowed to proceed.

Just before the ship approached Port Phillip heads, the Royal Australian Garrison Artillery stationed at Fort Nepean was informed of the declaration of war with Germany and received an order to "stop her or sink her". Signals were hoisted, commanding the ship to halt. As the warning had no effect, a shot was fired across the bow of the ship from one of the fort's 6-inch Mk VII guns. This was the first British Empire shot of the war.

The pilot convinced the ship's master that a second round would likely be directed at the ship itself, and the ship was turned around. The ship was taken back to Portsea where the crew was placed under arrest.

## Australian naval service

The ship was subsequently requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy and refitted as a troopship at Williamstown. She was renamed HMT *Boorara*. Soon after, she took part in the second Australian convoy to the Mediterranean, with subsequent duties including the transportation of Ottoman prisoners from the Dardanelles Campaign.

While serving in the Aegean Sea in July 1915, *Boorara* collided with the armoured cruiser *Kléber* and was beached at Moudros. *Boorara* was subsequently taken to Naples to be repaired.

In 1916, the HMT Boorara was used to transport Australian soldiers from Brisbane, Australia to Plymouth, U.K.

Later in the war, the ship was torpedoed twice in the English Channel. The first time, on 20 March 1918, she was struck near Beachy Head and was towed to Newcastle for extensive repairs. The second time she was struck near Whitby on 23 July 1918 when the ship was leaving port after being repaired. The ship was torpedoed in the exact same area as the previous damage to the ship

In 1919, The HMT *Boorara* was used to repatriate Australian troops. The ship caught fire at Dunkirk and was repaired at Antwerp.

## Postwar civilian service

After the war, the ship was used by the Commonwealth Line for the transport of frozen cargo to the United Kingdom, using ports at Avonmouth, Liverpool and Glasgow.

In 1926, the E. Hadjilias shipping line of Athens in Greece bought her, renamed her *Nereus* and registered her on the Cycladean island of Syra in the Aegean Sea.

## Loss

In August 1937, *Nereus* sailed in ballast from Moji in Japan for Port Alberni to load a cargo of lumber for the United Kingdom under charter to the Anglo-Canadian Shipping Co. On 8 August, in heavy fog, she ran aground on rocks about 1,000 feet (300 m) south-east of Cape Beale on Vancouver Island. The salvage steamer SS *Salvage King* from Victoria rescued her crew. Within 48 hours of grounding, *Nereus* broke her back and was lost.

## InfoBox

| The ship operating as HMT *Boorara* during the First World War | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| German Empire; Australia; Greece | |
| Name | ***Pfalz*** |
| Operator | Norddeutscher Lloyd |
| Port of registry | Bremen (until 1914); Syra (after 1926) |
| Route | Bremerhaven – Cape Town – Australia (for NDL) |
| Builder | Bremer Vulkan |
| Yard number | 570 |
| Launched | 8 November 1913 |
| Completed | 19 December 1913 |
| Renamed | * HMT *Boorara* in 1914; * SS *Nereus* in 1926 |
| Identification | * Code Letters JGKW * (from 1926) |
| Fate | Wrecked 1937 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Rheinland*-class cargo ship |
| Tonnage | 6,557 GRT |
| Length | 472.6 ft (144.0 m) |
| Beam | 59.2 ft (18.0 m) |
| Draught | 36.8 ft (11.2 m) |
| Installed power | 470 NHP |
| Propulsion | triple expansion steam engine built by North East Marine Engineering Co, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; single screw |
| Speed | 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h) |


title: Sattur Ramachandran

abstract: K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran is an Indian politician and the current Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management, Government of Tamil Nadu. He had also been the minister for Backward Classes between 2006 and 2011 in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, India. He has been an MLA 9 times which record he holds with senior members like Duraimurugan and K. A. Sengottaiyan among currently serving MLAs, with a political career spanning over 40 years. His full name is Kopalapuram Kanthasamy Subbu Reddiyar Ranganathan Ramachandran.

text:
# Sattur Ramachandran

**K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran** (generally known as **Sattur Ramachandran**) is an Indian politician and the current Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management, Government of Tamil Nadu. He had also been the minister for Backward Classes between 2006 and 2011 in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, India. He has been an MLA 9 times which record he holds with senior members like Duraimurugan and K. A. Sengottaiyan among currently serving MLAs, with a political career spanning over 40 years. His full name is Kopalapuram Kanthasamy Subbu Reddiyar Ranganathan Ramachandran.

## Political career

He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Assembly eight times and won on three consecutive occasions as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) candidate from the Sattur constituency. After the death of M. G. Ramachandran, he won the neighbouring Vilathikulam constituency as a candidate for the AIADMK (Jayalalitha faction). He started Anna Puratchi Thalaivar Munnetra Kazhagam with Su. Thirunavukkarasar in 1989. He again won Sattur, as a candidate for the then-new Anna Puratchi Thalaivar Munnetra Kazhagam (but register as the candidate of Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam) and subsequently suffered his first defeat after re-joining and merged his party with AIADMK in 1996. Switching allegiance once more - this time to the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam \- he won the next two elections, in 2001 and 2006.

He was the Minister for Cooperation and Public Works Department in the M. G. Ramachandran Cabinet between 1984 and 1987. In M. Karunanidhi Cabinet he was appointed the Minister for Health, and later appointed the Minister for Backward class welfare between 2006 and 2011. Currently, he is the Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management.

## Electoral Career

### Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election

| Elections | Constituency | Party | Result | Vote percentage | Opposition Candidate | Opposition Party | Opposition vote percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | Sattur | AIADMK | Won | 43.24 | M.Karmegasamy | INC | 24.35 |
| 1980 | Sattur | AIADMK | Won | 69.40 | S. Saudi Sundara Barati | DMK | 44.10 |
| 1984 | Sattur | AIADMK | Won | 51.03 | S. S. Karuppasamy | DMK | 44.60 |
| 1989 | Vilathikulam | AIADMK(J) | Won | 36.59 | S. Kumaragurubara Ramanathan | DMK | 27.97 |
| 1991 | Sattur | TMK | Won | 36.59 | Sannasi Karuppasamy | AIADMK | 27.97 |
| 1996 | Sattur | AIADMK | Lost | 36.34 | S. Vijayakumar | DMK | 43.20 |
| 2001 | Sattur | DMK | Won | 42.91 | A. Rajendran | INC | 39.64 |
| 2006 | Sattur | DMK | Won | 49.58 | G. Chockeswaran | AIADMK | 35.60 |
| 2011 | Aruppukottai | DMK | Lost | 44.05 | Vaigaichelvan | AIADMK | 51.15 |
| 2016 | Aruppukottai | DMK | Won | 49.41 | Vaigaichelvan | AIADMK | 38.46 |
| 2021 | Aruppukottai | DMK | Won | 53.18 | Vaigaichelvan | AIADMK | 30.38 |

1. https://www.tn.gov.in/ministerslist

## InfoBox

| K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Cabinet Minister
Government of Tamil Nadu | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
7 May 2021 | |
| Minister | * Revenue * District Revenue Establishment * Deputy Collectors * Disaster Management |
| Governor | Banwarilal Purohit
R. N. Ravi |
| Chief Minister | M. K. Stalin |
| Cabinet Minister
Government of Tamil Nadu | |
| **In office**
2006–2011 | |
| Minister | * Backward Classes * Most Backward Classes and De-notified Communities * Overseas Indians * Refugees and Evacuees * Handlooms and Textiles |
| Governor | Surjit Singh Barnala |
| Chief Minister | Karunanidhi |
| Minister for Public Works | |
| **In office**
1985–1988 | |
| Minister for Cooperation | |
| **In office**
1980–1985 | |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2016 | |
| Constituency | Aruppukottai |
| **In office**
1989–1991 | |
| Constituency | Vilathikulam |
| **In office**
1977–1984 | |
| Constituency | Sattur |
| **In office**
1991–2011 | |
| Constituency | Sattur |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Styposis nicaraguensis

abstract: Styposis nicaraguensis is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in Nicaragua.

text:
# Styposis nicaraguensis

***Styposis nicaraguensis*** is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in Nicaragua.

## InfoBox

| *Styposis nicaraguensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiidae |
| Genus: | *Styposis* |
| Species: | ***S. nicaraguensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Styposis nicaraguensis***<br>Levi, 1960 | |
|


title: Quentin Musty

abstract: Quentin Musty is an American junior ice hockey player for the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) as a prospect to the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

text:
# Quentin Musty

**Quentin Musty** (born July 6, 2005) is an American junior ice hockey player for the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) as a prospect to the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Playing career

Musty was taken first overall in the 2021 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) priority selection draft by the Sudbury Wolves, and made his debut in the 2021–22 season. He appeared 50 games, recording 12 goals and 19 assists. He was named to the league's Second All-Rookie Team.

Injuries limited Musty to 53 games in the 2022–23 season, but he averaged 1.46 points per game, with 26 goals and 52 assists. He registered seven points in a single game against the Niagara IceDogs in December, tying a franchise record. Musty was drafted by the San Jose Sharks 26th overall in the first round of the 2023 NHL entry draft. He was signed by the Sharks to a three-year, entry-level contract on October 4, 2023.

Musty enjoyed great success in the 2023–24 season, aided by the arrival early on of St. Louis Blues prospect Dalibor Dvorský from the Swedish Hockey League. On November 24, he scored his first OHL hat trick in a 9–2 victory over the London Knights, and also had two assists in the same game. In late March he hit the 100-point threshold for the first time. He finished the regular season with 102 points in 53 games played. Musty was named to the OHL's First All-Star Team, alongside Dvorský. They became the first pair of Wolves to earn that distinction since the 1999–2000 season. The postseason ended in disappointment, as the Wolves were swept in the second round by the North Bay Battalion.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2021–22 | Sudbury Wolves | OHL | | 50 | 12 | 19 | 31 | 70 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2022–23 | Sudbury Wolves | OHL | | 53 | 26 | 52 | 78 | 71 | | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
| 2023–24 | Sudbury Wolves | OHL | | 53 | 43 | 59 | 102 | 72 | | 8 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 2 |
| OHL totals | | | | 156 | 81 | 130 | 211 | 213 | | 12 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 8 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | United States | HG18 | 5th | | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 |

## Awards and honours

| Award | Year | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- |
| OHL | | |
| Jack Ferguson Award | 2021 |  |
| Second All-Rookie Team | 2022 |  |
| First All-Star Team | 2024 |  |

## InfoBox

| Quentin Musty | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (2005-07-06) July 6, 2005
Hamburg, New York, U.S. | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 200 lb (91 kg; 14 st 4 lb) | | |
| Position | Left wing | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| NHL team (*P*)
*Cur.* team | *San Jose Sharks*
Sudbury Wolves (OHL) | | |
| NHL draft | 26th overall, 2023
San Jose Sharks | | |


title: Quentin Moses

abstract: Quentin Omario Moses was an American professional football linebacker. He was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the third round of the 2007 NFL draft.

text:
# Quentin Moses

**Quentin Omario Moses** (November 18, 1983 – February 12, 2017) was an American professional football linebacker. He was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the third round of the 2007 NFL draft.

## Early life

Moses attended Cedar Shoals High School in Athens, Georgia. He was a prepStar All-Southeast Region, *Atlanta Journal-Constitution* Top 50 in Georgia, and named to *Athens Banner-Herald* All-Northeast Georgia team senior season as a defensive end. He was highly recruited as a basketball player before his decision to focus solely on football.

## College career

### Awards and honors

### Statistics

| **Career statistics** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | **Tackles** | | | | |  | | | | |
| Year | GP | Total | Solo | Ast | TFL | Sck | FF | FR | INT | PD | TD |
| **2003** | 14 | 33 | 19 | 14 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| **2004** | 12 | 23 | 16 | 7 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| **2005** | 13 | 44 | 35 | 9 | 20.5 | 11.5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| **2006** | 13 | 33 | 21 | 12 | 12.0 | 4.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| **Total** | 52 | 133 | 91 | 42 | 45.0 | 25 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 |

Key: GP - games played; Total - total tackles; Solo - solo tackles; Ast - assisted tackles; TFL - tackles for loss; Sck - quarterback sacks; FF - forced fumbles; FR - fumble recoveries; INT - interceptions; PD - passes defensed; TD - touchdowns

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 5+14 in
(1.96 m) | 261 lb
(118 kg) | 4.85 s | 1.68 s | 2.79 s | 4.53 s | 7.38 s | 32 in
(0.81 m) | 9 ft 7 in
(2.92 m) | 17 reps |
| All values from NFL Combine. | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Oakland Raiders

Moses was drafted by the Oakland Raiders with the first pick in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He was cut on September 1. Moses was the highest drafted player from that year's draft not to make a roster on opening day.

### Arizona Cardinals

Moses was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Cardinals on September 2, 2007. He was released on October 16, 2007.

### Miami Dolphins

Moses was signed by the Miami Dolphins on October 23, 2007. He recorded his first career full sack on November 26, bringing down Ben Roethlisberger during a *Monday Night Football* game against the Pittsburgh Steelers.

An exclusive-rights free agent in the 2009 offseason, Moses was re-signed on March 31, 2009, to a one-year, $460,000 contract with the Dolphins.

## Coaching career

After his playing career ended, he became the defensive ends coach for Reinhardt University.

## Death

On February 12, 2017, Moses died battling a house fire in Monroe, Georgia, where he tried to save his best friend Xavier Godard's wife Andria Godard and their daughter Jasmin Godard; Moses was taken to a hospital where he later died. He was 33.

## InfoBox

Quentin Moses
| Moses with the Miami Dolphins in 2009 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 74, 93, 92 | |
| Position: | Defensive end / linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1983-11-18)November 18, 1983
Athens, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died: | February 12, 2017(2017-02-12) (aged 33)
Monroe, Georgia, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) |
| Weight: | 260 lb (118 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Athens (GA) Cedar Shoals |
| College: | Georgia |
| NFL draft: | 2007 / round: 3 / pick: 65 |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 35  Sacks: 3.5  Fumble recoveries: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: R. N. Shetty

abstract: Rama Nagappa Shetty was an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the owner of R N Shetty Group of companies, including RNS Infrastructure, RNS Maruti Suzuki, Murudeshwar Ceramics, Naveen Hotels and Murudeshwar Power. He was the chairman of a chain of educational institutions under the R N Shetty Trust. He was a recipient of the Karnataka state government's Rajyotsava Award in 2004.

text:
# R. N. Shetty

**Rama Nagappa Shetty** (15 August 1928  17 December 2020) was an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the owner of R N Shetty Group of companies, including RNS Infrastructure, RNS Maruti Suzuki (RNS Motors), Murudeshwar Ceramics, Naveen Hotels and Murudeshwar Power. He was the chairman of a chain of educational institutions under the R N Shetty Trust. He was a recipient of the Karnataka state government's Rajyotsava Award in 2004.

## Early life

Shetty was born on 15 August 1928, in the coastal town of Murdeshwar, in the present-day Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka into a family of farmers. His father was the *Muktesar* (Hereditary Administrator) of the Murudeshwar Temple dedicated to the Hindu God Shiva. After completing high school education, Shetty started his career as a civil contractor in Sirsi. Recounting his early days, Shetty is noted to have said that this choice was driven by the fact that back in those days there were no colleges in Sirsi for him to continue his studies.

## Career

In 1961, Shetty formed the R N Shetty & Company, a civil engineering and construction company. The company took up public infrastructure buildings including bridges on the HonnavarBangalore road. In 1966, he shifted base from his native Uttara Kannada district to Hubli, in the northern Karnataka.

In 1967, he formed Naveen Mechanised Construction Company with seven other civil contractors. The company bid for the construction of the Hidkal dam in Belgaum district. However, when the company experienced large financial losses, Shetty bought his partners' shares and took over the company. In the following eight years, the company executed infrastructure projects across hydropower, irrigation, and bridges, that improved the company's financial position. Projects included the Hidkal dam, Supa reservoir, and the Gerusoppa hydel power project, all within the state of Karnataka. He also built tunnels for the Konkan Railway project and canals for the Upper Krishna Project. His company was awarded the Belgaum Bypass and Dharwad–Belgaum roadworks projects by National Highways Authority of India and roadworks at Maski in Raichur district by Karnataka State Highways Improvement Project.

In 1975, he entered the hospitality sector, through Naveen Hotels Limited. He built a five-star hotel in Bangalore that was leased out to Taj Group and branded as Taj MG Road Hotel in Bangalore. The group went on to build two additional hotels in Karnataka, Hotel Naveen in Hubli and the RNS Yatrinivas resort in Murudeshwar. A five star hotel was later built in Bangalore and is leased to the Taj group and operated as Taj Yeshwantpur Hotel.

He set up a manufacturing unit to manufacture Mangalore tiles in 1977. Murudeshwar Tiles went on to be one of the largest Mangalore-tile units in the state. In 1981, he set up Naveen Structurals and Engineering focused on skilled fabrication for the construction industry. In 1987, he set up Murudeshwar Ceramics to manufacture glazed ceramic tiles with manufacturing facilities in Hubli and Karaikal in Puducherry.

In 1993, Shetty entered the power sector, setting up Murudeshwar Power Corporation which built a mini hydel power project in 1999, with a commissioned capacity of 11.6 MW at Narayanpur Left Bank Canal in Bijapur district.

His company RNS Motors established automobile showrooms for Maruti Udyog in Hubli in 1995 and in Bangalore in 1998.

## Philanthropy

Shetty undertook philanthropic activities through the R. N. Shetty Trust, including primary and high schools, an engineering college, a nursing school, and a rural polytechnic, across Murudeshwar and Bangalore. The trust also operated hospitals and undertook rural education programs in Karnataka.

Shetty was credited with the modernisation of the temple town of Murudeshwara and transforming it into a tourist attraction. The Murdeshwar Shiva temple and temple complex was renovated by funding from Shetty. The temple held religious significance for the deity, being believed to be one of the five parts of the *Atmalinga*, which according to Hindu mythology, broke when the demon king Ravana tricked the elephant-god Ganesha into handing it over to him while performing his daily prayers, Sandhyavandanam. The Raja Gopura, with a height of 237.5 feet (72 m) is considered the tallest Gopuram in the world and the statue of Shiva, at 123 feet (37 m), considered the largest in the world, were built using funding from Shetty.

## Awards and recognition

Bangalore University awarded an Honorary Doctorate to Shetty in 2009 and in 2004 he received the Visvesvaraya Memorial Award from the Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry. He was a recipient of the Karnataka Government's Rajyotsava award in 2004.

## Personal life

Shetty was married to Sudha Shetty and had three sons and four daughters. He died on 17 December 2020 in Bangalore of a cardiac arrest. He was aged 92.

## InfoBox

| R. N. Shetty | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Rama Nagappa Shetty
(1928-08-15)15 August 1928
Murudeshwar, North Canara, Bombay Presidency, British India |
| Died | 17 December 2020(2020-12-17) (aged 92)
Bangalore, Karnataka, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Entrepreneur |
| Spouse | Sudha Shetty |
| Children | 7 |


title: UEFA Women's Euro 2013 Group A

abstract: Group A of the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 consisted of Denmark, Finland, Italy and the host nation Sweden. Matches were staged in Gothenburg and Halmstad from 10–16 July 2013. Sweden won the group and advanced to the knockout stage along with group runners-up Italy. Denmark progressed as one of the best third-placed teams, but only after a drawing of lots. Finland finished bottom of the group and so were also eliminated from the tournament.

text:
# UEFA Women's Euro 2013 Group A

**Group A** of the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 consisted of Denmark, Finland, Italy and the host nation Sweden. Matches were staged in Gothenburg and Halmstad from 10–16 July 2013.

Sweden won the group and advanced to the knockout stage along with group runners-up Italy. Denmark progressed as one of the best third-placed teams, but only after a drawing of lots. Finland finished bottom of the group and so were also eliminated from the tournament.

## Standings

| Key | |
| --- | --- |
|  | Team qualified for the knockout stage |

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sweden | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 2 | +7 | 7 |
| Italy | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| Denmark | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Finland | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 2 |

Source: UEFA.com

## Italy vs Finland

| Italy | 0–0 | Finland |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Örjans Vall, HalmstadAttendance: 3,011Referee: Teodora Albon (Romania)

|
**ITALY:**   GK **12** Chiara Marchitelli  RB **16** Elisa Bartoli  CB **23** Cecilia Salvai  CB **3** Roberta D'Adda  LB **20** Raffaella Manieri  RM **4** Alessia Tuttino  CM **18** Daniela Stracchi  LM **11** Alice Parisi  RF **8** Melania Gabbiadini  CF **9** Patrizia Panico ()  LF **13** Elisa Camporese  24'  70'  **Substitutions:**  FW **14** Sandy Iannella   70'  **Manager:**  Antonio Cabrini |  |
**FINLAND:**   GK **23** Tinja-Riikka Korpela ()  RB **3** Tuija Hyyrynen  CB **16** Anna Westerlund  47'  CB **6** Laura Kivistö  LB **4** Susanna Lehtinen  CM **11** Nora Heroum  CM **7** Annika Kukkonen  RW **9** Marianna Tolvanen   74'  LW **10** Emmi Alanen  45+1'  SS **20** Annica Sjölund   61'  CF **14** Sanna Talonen  **Substitutions:**  FW **17** Jaana Lyytikäinen  62'  61'  MF **18** Natalia Kuikka   74'  **Manager:**  Andrée Jeglertz |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Sweden vs Denmark

| Sweden | 1–1 | Denmark |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fischer  36' | Report | Gajhede Knudsen  26' |

Gamla Ullevi, GothenburgAttendance: 16,128Referee: Bibiana Steinhaus (Germany)

|
**SWEDEN:**   GK **1** Kristin Hammarström  RB **18** Jessica Samuelsson  CB **5** Nilla Fischer  CB **2** Charlotte Rohlin  LB **6** Sara Thunebro  RM **14** Josefine Öqvist   79'  CM **20** Marie Hammarström  CM **17** Caroline Seger  LM **11** Antonia Göransson   63'  CF **9** Kosovare Asllani  CF **8** Lotta Schelin ()  **Substitutions:**  MF **7** Lisa Dahlkvist   63'  FW **10** Sofia Jakobsson   79'  **Manager:**  Pia Sundhage |  |
**DENMARK:**   GK **1** Stina Lykke Petersen  RB **18** Theresa Nielsen  84'  CB **4** Christina Ørntoft  66'  CB **2** Line Røddik Hansen  LB **19** Mia Brogaard  RM **6** Mariann Gajhede Knudsen  CM **3** Katrine Pedersen ()  LM **15** Sofie Junge Pedersen   46'  RF **11** Katrine Veje   62'  CF **10** Pernille Harder  LF **13** Johanna Rasmussen   89'  **Substitutions:**  FW **17** Nadia Nadim   46'  MF **8** Julie Rydahl Bukh   62'  MF **12** Line Jensen   89'  **Manager:**  Kenneth Heiner-Møller |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Italy vs Denmark

| Italy | 2–1 | Denmark |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gabbiadini  55'
Mauro  60' | Report | Brogaard  66' |

Örjans Vall, HalmstadAttendance: 2,190Referee: Esther Staubli (Switzerland)

|
**ITALY:**   GK **12** Chiara Marchitelli  RB **16** Elisa Bartoli  45+1'  CB **23** Cecilia Salvai  CB **3** Roberta D'Adda  LB **20** Raffaella Manieri  88'  DM **18** Daniela Stracchi  CM **4** Alessia Tuttino  85'  CM **11** Alice Parisi   58'  RW **8** Melania Gabbiadini  LW **14** Sandy Iannella   85'  CF **9** Patrizia Panico ()   72'  **Substitutions:**  FW **15** Ilaria Mauro   58'  MF **17** Martina Rosucci   72'  MF **7** Giulia Domenichetti   85'  **Manager:**  Antonio Cabrini |  |
**DENMARK:**   GK **1** Stina Lykke Petersen  RB **18** Theresa Nielsen   86'  CB **4** Christina Ørntoft  CB **2** Line Røddik Hansen  LB **19** Mia Brogaard  DM **6** Mariann Gajhede Knudsen  CM **3** Katrine Pedersen ()  CM **15** Sofie Junge Pedersen   46'  RF **13** Johanna Rasmussen  CF **10** Pernille Harder  LF **11** Katrine Veje   65'  **Substitutions:**  FW **17** Nadia Nadim   46'  MF **8** Julie Rydahl Bukh   65'  MF **7** Emma Madsen   86'  **Manager:**  Kenneth Heiner-Møller |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Finland vs Sweden

| Finland | 0–5 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Fischer  15', 36'
Asllani  38'
Schelin  60', 87' |

Gamla Ullevi, GothenburgAttendance: 16,414Referee: Cristina Dorcioman (Romania)

|
**FINLAND:**   GK **23** Tinja-Riikka Korpela ()  RB **3** Tuija Hyyrynen  CB **16** Anna Westerlund  CB **6** Laura Kivistö  LB **4** Susanna Lehtinen  DM **7** Annika Kukkonen  RM **9** Marianna Tolvanen   31'  CM **11** Nora Heroum  CM **17** Jaana Lyytikäinen   87'  LM **10** Emmi Alanen  CF **14** Sanna Talonen   69'  **Substitutions:**  MF **5** Tiina Saario   31'  FW **21** Ella Vanhanen   69'  MF **18** Natalia Kuikka   87'  **Manager:**  Andrée Jeglertz |  |
**SWEDEN:**   GK **1** Kristin Hammarström  RB **16** Lina Nilsson  CB **5** Nilla Fischer  CB **2** Charlotte Rohlin  LB **6** Sara Thunebro  CM **17** Caroline Seger ()  CM **20** Marie Hammarström   57'  RW **14** Josefine Öqvist   67'  LW **10** Sofia Jakobsson  CF **9** Kosovare Asllani   72'  CF **8** Lotta Schelin  **Substitutions:**  MF **7** Lisa Dahlkvist   57'  FW **11** Antonia Göransson   67'  FW **23** Jenny Hjohlman   72'  **Manager:**  Pia Sundhage |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Sweden vs Italy

| Sweden | 3–1 | Italy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Manieri  47' (o.g.)
Schelin  49'
Öqvist  57' | Report | Gabbiadini  78' |

Örjans Vall, HalmstadAttendance: 7,288Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary)

|
**SWEDEN:**   GK **1** Kristin Hammarström  RB **18** Jessica Samuelsson  CB **5** Nilla Fischer  90+1'  CB **2** Charlotte Rohlin  LB **6** Sara Thunebro   79'  CM **17** Caroline Seger   64'  CM **7** Lisa Dahlkvist  RW **14** Josefine Öqvist  LW **20** Marie Hammarström  CF **9** Kosovare Asllani   46'  CF **8** Lotta Schelin ()  **Substitutions:**  MF **15** Therese Sjögran   46'  DF **16** Lina Nilsson   64'  MF **22** Olivia Schough   79'  **Manager:**  Pia Sundhage |  |
**ITALY:**   GK **12** Chiara Marchitelli  RB **2** Sara Gama  CB **3** Roberta D'Adda ()  CB **20** Raffaella Manieri  LB **21** Giorgia Motta  35'  CM **17** Martina Rosucci  60'  CM **11** Alice Parisi  RW **19** Paola Brumana   63'  LW **14** Sandy Iannella  CF **10** Cristiana Girelli   52'  CF **15** Ilaria Mauro   63'  **Substitutions:**  MF **7** Giulia Domenichetti   52'  FW **8** Melania Gabbiadini   63'  FW **9** Patrizia Panico   63'  **Manager:**  Antonio Cabrini |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Denmark vs Finland

| Denmark | 1–1 | Finland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brogaard  29' | Report | Sjölund  87' |

Gamla Ullevi, GothenburgAttendance: 8,360Referee: Kateryna Monzul (Ukraine)

|
**DENMARK:**   GK **1** Stina Lykke Petersen  RB **18** Theresa Nielsen  CB **4** Christina Ørntoft  CB **2** Line Røddik Hansen  LB **21** Cecilie Sandvej  52'  RM **3** Katrine Pedersen ()  CM **6** Mariann Gajhede Knudsen  LM **19** Mia Brogaard  RF **17** Nadia Nadim   64'  CF **10** Pernille Harder   85'  LF **8** Julie Rydahl Bukh   64'  **Substitutions:**  MF **9** Nanna Christiansen   64'  MF **13** Johanna Rasmussen   64'  MF **23** Karoline Smidt Nielsen   85'  **Manager:**  Kenneth Heiner-Møller |  |
**FINLAND:**   GK **1** Minna Meriluoto  RB **3** Tuija Hyyrynen  CB **16** Anna Westerlund  CB **6** Laura Kivistö   79'  LB **4** Susanna Lehtinen   46'  DM **5** Tiina Saario  DM **7** Annika Kukkonen  90'  CM **10** Emmi Alanen  RW **11** Nora Heroum   69'  LW **8** Katri Nokso-Koivisto  CF **20** Annica Sjölund ()  **Substitutions:**  MF **18** Natalia Kuikka   46'  FW **14** Sanna Talonen   69'  MF **13** Heidi Kivelä   79'  **Manager:**  Andrée Jeglertz |
| --- | --- | --- |


title: Quimera GT

abstract: The Quimera Concept Electric Car is prototype electric vehicle with a claimed top speed of 300 km/h. Quimera performed tests in August 2011, at Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, Spain.

text:
# Quimera GT

The **Quimera Concept Electric Car** is prototype electric vehicle with a claimed top speed of 300 km/h.

Quimera performed tests in August 2011, at Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, Spain.

## InfoBox

| Quimera Concept Car | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Quimera |
| Also called | All Electric GT (AEGT) |
| Production | 2011 (prototype only) |
| Assembly | Spain |
| Body and chassis | |
| Layout | Sports Car hybrid |
| Powertrain | |
| Electric motor | Electric |


title: Erin O'Brien (writer)

abstract: Erin O'Brien is an American fiction and nonfiction writer in the Cleveland area. From 2006 to 2010, she wrote the biweekly column "Rainy Day Woman," originally for the Cleveland Free Times and then the Cleveland Scene; her features and essays also have appeared in the Cleveland Plain Dealer, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and elsewhere. Her first novel, Harvey and Eck, was published by Zumaya Publications in 2005. Her first book of nonfiction, titled The Irish Hungarian Guide to the Domestic Arts, was published by Red Giant Books in 2012. She writes the blog "The Erin O'Brien Owner's Manual for Human Beings". Erin O'Brien is the sister of writer John O'Brien, author of Leaving Las Vegas. His novel The Assault on Tony's, had been left unfinished at the time of his death and was completed by Erin for posthumous publication. For five years, O'Brien was the editor of the Broadview Journal in Broadview Heights, Ohio, and she is the managing editor of the site Freshwater Cleveland. She also writes under the name Erin Nowjack.

text:
# Erin O'Brien (writer)

**Erin O'Brien** (born 1965) is an American fiction and nonfiction writer in the Cleveland area. From 2006 to 2010, she wrote the biweekly column "Rainy Day Woman," originally for the Cleveland *Free Times* and then the *Cleveland Scene*; her features and essays also have appeared in the *Cleveland Plain Dealer*, the *New York Times*, the *Los Angeles Times*, and elsewhere. Her first novel, *Harvey and Eck*, was published by Zumaya Publications in 2005. Her first book of nonfiction, titled *The Irish Hungarian Guide to the Domestic Arts*, was published by Red Giant Books in 2012.

She writes the blog "The Erin O'Brien Owner's Manual for Human Beings".

Erin O'Brien is the sister of writer John O'Brien, author of *Leaving Las Vegas*. His novel *The Assault on Tony's* (Grove Press, 1996), had been left unfinished at the time of his death and was completed by Erin for posthumous publication.

For five years, O'Brien was the editor of the *Broadview Journal* in Broadview Heights, Ohio, and she is the managing editor of the site *Freshwater Cleveland*.

She also writes under the name Erin Nowjack.

## InfoBox

| Erin O'Brien | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1965 (age 5859) |
| Occupations | * Writer * blogger * managing director |
| Known for | Freshwater Cleveland |
| Notable work | *Harvey and Eck*, *The Irish Hungarian Guide to the Domestic Arts* |


title: Erythranthe hymenophylla

abstract: Erythranthe hymenophylla, synonym Mimulus hymenophyllus, is a species of flowering plant in the lopseed family known by the common names thinsepal monkeyflower and membrane-leaf monkeyflower. It is native to Hells Canyon on the border between Oregon and Idaho in the United States. It has also been reported from Montana. This plant is a perennial herb producing masses of thin, fragile, winged stems up to 25 centimeters long. They are coated in glandular hairs with a slimy exudate. The leaves are oppositely arranged in pairs. They are lance-shaped to oval with pointed tips and are very thin, nearly membrane-like. Flowers are borne in pairs in the leaf axils. Each has a tube-shaped calyx of green sepals. The corolla is funnel-shaped and variable in size, up to 2.8 centimeters in length. It is yellow with some red or purple dots inside, and it has a beard of yellow hairs on the lower lip. Flowering occurs in April through September. This plant grows on wet spots in cracks in basalt and limestone cliffs alongside ferns and bryophytes. They are usually above flowing water in streams and rivers. Other plants in the habitat include oceanspray, snowberry, creeping mahonia, desert gooseberry, golden currant, Wilcox penstemon, whorled penstemon, floerkea, Leiberg stonecrop, cutleaf thelypody, brittle bladderfern, and common monkeyflower.

text:
# Erythranthe hymenophylla

***Erythranthe hymenophylla***, synonym ***Mimulus hymenophyllus***, is a species of flowering plant in the lopseed family known by the common names **thinsepal monkeyflower** and **membrane-leaf monkeyflower**. It is native to Hells Canyon on the border between Oregon and Idaho in the United States. It has also been reported from Montana.

This plant is a perennial herb producing masses of thin, fragile, winged stems up to 25 centimeters long. They are coated in glandular hairs with a slimy exudate. The leaves are oppositely arranged in pairs. They are lance-shaped to oval with pointed tips and are very thin, nearly membrane-like. Flowers are borne in pairs in the leaf axils. Each has a tube-shaped calyx of green sepals. The corolla is funnel-shaped and variable in size, up to 2.8 centimeters in length. It is yellow with some red or purple dots inside, and it has a beard of yellow hairs on the lower lip. Flowering occurs in April through September.

This plant grows on wet spots in cracks in basalt and limestone cliffs alongside ferns and bryophytes. They are usually above flowing water in streams and rivers. Other plants in the habitat include oceanspray (*Holodiscus discolor*), snowberry (*Symphoricarpos albus*), creeping mahonia (*Berberis repens*), desert gooseberry (*Ribes velutinum*), golden currant (*Ribes aureum*), Wilcox penstemon (*Penstemon wilcoxii*), whorled penstemon (*Penstemon triphyllus*), floerkea (*Floerkea proserpinacoides*), Leiberg stonecrop (*Sedum leibergii*), cutleaf thelypody (*Thelypodium laciniatum*), brittle bladderfern (*Cystopteris fragilis*), and common monkeyflower (*Erythranthe guttata*).

## InfoBox

| *Erythranthe hymenophylla* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Phrymaceae |
| Genus: | *Erythranthe* |
| Species: | ***E. hymenophylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erythranthe hymenophylla***
(Meinke) G.L.Nesom | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mimulus hymenophyllus* Meinke | |


title: RAF Travellers Hill

abstract: RAF Travellers Hill, originally known as Travellers Hill Camp, is a small military village of the British Armed Forces, located near Two Boats on Ascension Island, a British Overseas Territory. It was built following the Falklands War to house Royal Air Force (RAF) personnel working on RAF Ascension Island, opening in December 1983. In addition to residential accommodation, RAF Travellers Hill also contains a NAAFI club complex, cinema, and outdoor swimming pool.

text:
# RAF Travellers Hill

**RAF Travellers Hill**, originally known as **Travellers Hill Camp**, is a small military village of the British Armed Forces, located near Two Boats on Ascension Island, a British Overseas Territory. It was built following the Falklands War to house Royal Air Force (RAF) personnel working on RAF Ascension Island, opening in December 1983. In addition to residential accommodation, RAF Travellers Hill also contains a NAAFI club complex (consisting of a general provisions store, licensed bar, and 'sticky bun' eatery), cinema, and outdoor swimming pool (one of only two on the island).

## InfoBox

| RAF Travellers Hill | |
| --- | --- |
| military village | |
| RAF Travellers HillMap showing location of RAF Travellers Hill | |
| Coordinates: 07°56′40.82″S 14°22′20.73″W / 7.9446722°S 14.3724250°W / -7.9446722; -14.3724250 | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| British Overseas Territory | St Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha |
| Island | Ascension |
| Area | |
| Land | 0.63 sq mi (1.63 km2) |
| Elevation | 666 ft (203 m) |


abstract: The Erskine College–Due West Historic District, is a historic district in Due West, South Carolina, in the United States. It consists of 88 contributing properties and includes part of the campus of Erskine College as well as private homes, businesses, and other buildings in the town of Due West. On March 19, 1982, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places

text:
# Erskine College–Due West Historic District

The **Erskine College–Due West Historic District**, is a historic district in Due West, South Carolina, in the United States. It consists of 88 contributing properties and includes part of the campus of Erskine College as well as private homes, businesses, and other buildings in the town of Due West. On March 19, 1982, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Erskine College–Due West Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Aerial view of Due West | |
|  | |
| Location | Due West, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°19′45″N 82°23′26″W / 34.32917°N 82.39056°W / 34.32917; -82.39056 |
| Area | 185 acres (75 ha) |
| Built | 1840–1930 |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 82003825 |
| Added to NRHP | March 19, 1982 |


title: UGT1A8

abstract: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A8 gene.

text:
# UGT1A8

**UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *UGT1A8* gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, excretable metabolites. This gene is part of a complex locus that encodes several UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. The locus includes thirteen unique alternate first exons followed by four common exons. Four of the alternate first exons are considered pseudogenes. Each of the remaining nine 5′ exons may be spliced to the four common exons, resulting in nine proteins with different N-termini and identical C-termini. Each first exon encodes the substrate binding site, and is regulated by its own promoter. The enzyme encoded by this gene has glucuronidase activity with many substrates including coumarins, phenols, anthraquinones, flavones, and some opioids.

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| UGT1A8 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | UGT1A8, UDPGT, UDPGT 1-8, UGT-1H, UGT1-08, UGT1.8, UGT1A8S, UGT1H, UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A8, UGT1-01, UGT-1A, UGT1.1, UGT1A, hUG-BR1, UGT1, GNT1, UGT1A1, UDPGT 1-1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606433; MGI: 3576092; HomoloGene: 133281; GeneCards: UGT1A8; OMA:UGT1A8 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_019076   NM\_201644   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_061949   NP\_964006   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 233.62 – 233.77 Mb Chr 1: 88 – 88.15 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: UGT1A4

abstract: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A4 gene. This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, excretable metabolites. This gene is part of a complex locus that encodes several UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. The locus includes thirteen unique alternate first exons followed by four common exons. Four of the alternate first exons are considered pseudogenes. Each of the remaining nine 5′ exons may be spliced to the four common exons, resulting in nine proteins with different N-termini and identical C-termini. Each first exon encodes the substrate binding site, and is regulated by its own promoter. This enzyme has some glucuronidase activity towards bilirubin, although it is more active on amines, steroids, and sapogenins. It is the main enzyme responsible for glucuronidation of the anticonvulsant lamotrigine.

text:
# UGT1A4

**UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *UGT1A4* gene.

This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, excretable metabolites. This gene is part of a complex locus that encodes several UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. The locus includes thirteen unique alternate first exons followed by four common exons. Four of the alternate first exons are considered pseudogenes. Each of the remaining nine 5′ exons may be spliced to the four common exons, resulting in nine proteins with different N-termini and identical C-termini. Each first exon encodes the substrate binding site, and is regulated by its own promoter. This enzyme has some glucuronidase activity towards bilirubin, although it is more active on amines, steroids, and sapogenins.

It is the main enzyme responsible for glucuronidation of the anticonvulsant lamotrigine.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| UGT1A4 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | UGT1A4, HUG-BR2, UDPGT, UDPGT 1-4, UGT-1D, UGT1-04, UGT1.4, UGT1D, UGT1A4S, UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A4, UGT1-01, UGT-1A, UGT1A, hUG-BR1, UGT1, GNT1, UGT1.1, UGT1A1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606429; MGI: 3032634; HomoloGene: 88621; GeneCards: UGT1A4; OMA:UGT1A4 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_007120   NM\_201643   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_009051   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 233.72 – 233.77 Mb Chr 1: 88.09 – 88.15 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: UGT1A5

abstract: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A5 gene.

text:
# UGT1A5

**UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-5** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *UGT1A5* gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, excretable metabolites. This gene is part of a complex locus that encodes several UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. The locus includes thirteen unique alternate first exons followed by four common exons. Four of the alternate first exons are considered pseudogenes. Each of the remaining nine 5' exons may be spliced to the four common exons, resulting in nine proteins with different N-termini and identical C-termini. Each first exon encodes the substrate binding site, and is regulated by its own promoter.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| UGT1A5 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | UGT1A5, UDPGT, UDPGT 1-5, UGT1E, UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A5 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606430; HomoloGene: 117984; GeneCards: UGT1A5; OMA:UGT1A5 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_019078   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_061951   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 233.71 – 233.77 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Erg of Bilma

abstract: The Erg of Bilma is a dune sea in the Ténéré desert region of the south central Sahara Desert. The Erg of Bilma stretches southwest from Fachi and the Tibesti Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the Aïr Mountains in north central Niger, and to the east it passes Bilma, continuing on to the Chadian border. It surrounds on three sides the oasis of Bilma, southernmost of a north–south string of oases of the Kaouar rise. The Erg covers an area of approximately 455,000 square kilometres (176,000 sq mi). At its southernmost edge, some of the dunes have been stabilized by the growth of vegetation, allowing human cultivation of crops like millet and sorghum on the slopes.

text:
# Erg of Bilma

The **Erg of Bilma** is a dune sea (Arabic: *erg*) in the Ténéré desert region of the south central Sahara Desert. The Erg of Bilma stretches southwest from Fachi and the Tibesti Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the Aïr Mountains in north central Niger, and to the east it passes Bilma, continuing on to the Chadian border. It surrounds on three sides the oasis of Bilma, southernmost of a north–south string of oases of the Kaouar rise. The Erg covers an area of approximately 455,000 square kilometres (176,000 sq mi).

At its southernmost edge, some of the dunes have been stabilized by the growth of vegetation, allowing human cultivation of crops like millet and sorghum on the slopes.

## History

The ancient Bornu Empire to Fezzan caravan routes had to cross the dunes of the erg south of Bilma as the last major obstacle before reaching the sahel. While that traffic largely ceased after 1820, trade though the erg of Bilma continues from the Lake Chad region and the Termit Massif on a small scale.

## Further reading

18°11′42″N 14°00′00″E / 18.19500°N 14.00000°E / 18.19500; 14.00000

## InfoBox

| Erg of Bilma | |
| --- | --- |
| Erg | |
| Landscape of dunes in the Erg of Bilma. | |
| Location of the Erg of Bilma. | |
| Country | Niger |
| Elevation | 4,400 m (14,400 ft) |


title: Quodlibet, BWV 524

abstract: The Quodlibet or Wedding Quodlibet, BWV 524, is a lighthearted composition by Johann Sebastian Bach which today exists only in fragmentary form. The line "In diesem Jahre haben wir zwei Sonnenfinsternissen" places the composition of the piece in or shortly after 1707, when central Germany was witness to two such celestial events. The extant source—a fair-copy autograph manuscript on three large, folded sheets—was not discovered until 1932. The work itself is a loosely structured quodlibet for SATB and continuo. Bach likely did not write the text, which some attribute to the Leipzig poet Johann Christoph Gottsched. Though the cover sheet has been lost, the libretto of the remaining portion indicates that the quodlibet was to be performed at a wedding, possibly that of the composer himself to Maria Barbara Bach.

text:
# Quodlibet, BWV 524

The **Quodlibet** or ***Wedding Quodlibet***, BWV 524, is a lighthearted composition by Johann Sebastian Bach which today exists only in fragmentary form. The line "In diesem Jahre haben wir zwei Sonnenfinsternissen" (In this year we have \[seen\] two solar eclipses) places the composition of the piece in or shortly after 1707, when central Germany was witness to two such celestial events. The extant source—a fair-copy autograph manuscript on three large, folded sheets—was not discovered until 1932.

The work itself is a loosely structured quodlibet for SATB and continuo. Bach likely did not write the text, which some attribute to the Leipzig poet Johann Christoph Gottsched. Though the cover sheet has been lost, the libretto of the remaining portion indicates that the quodlibet was to be performed at a wedding, possibly that of the composer himself to Maria Barbara Bach.


title: Quota sampling

abstract: Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants that is a non-probabilistic version of stratified sampling.

text:
# Quota sampling

**Quota sampling** is a method for selecting survey participants that is a non-probabilistic version of stratified sampling.

## Process

In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. This means that individuals can put a demand on who they want to sample (targeting).

This second step makes the technique non-probability sampling. In quota sampling, there is non-random sample selection and this can be unreliable. For example, interviewers might be tempted to interview those people in the street who look most helpful, or may choose to use accidental sampling to question those closest to them, to save time. The problem is these samples may be biased in a way that is difficult to quantify or adjust for. For example, if interviewers decide to question the first person they see, they may oversample tall respondents (who are more easily visible from a distance), which could lead to an overestimate of average income. This non-random element is a source of uncertainty about the nature of the actual sample.

## Uses

Quota sampling is useful when time is limited, a sampling frame is not available, the research budget is very tight or detailed accuracy is not important. Subsets are chosen and then either convenience or judgment sampling is used to choose people from each subset. The researcher decides how many of each category are selected.

## Connection to stratified sampling

Quota sampling is the non-probability version of stratified sampling. In stratified sampling, subsets of the population are created so that each subset has a common characteristic, such as gender. Random sampling chooses a number of subjects from each subset with, unlike a quota sample, each potential subject having a known probability of being selected.

* Dodge, Y. (2003) *The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms*, OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9


title: Quota System (Royal Navy)

abstract: The Quota System, introduced by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in 1795, required each British county to provide a quota of men for the Royal Navy, based on its population and the number of its seaports: London, for example, had to provide 5,704 quotamen while Yorkshire had to provide 1,081. The counties found it difficult to meet the quotas. Some offered high cash bounties to inexperienced volunteers and created resentment among the regular seamen, who, despite their experience, had received only a small fraction of that bounty on their own volunteering. Sometimes, the counties resorted to sending convicted criminals in lieu of punishment, further creating ill feeling among ships' companies and sometimes introducing typhus. Britain ended using the quota system, along with impressment, in 1815, at the close of the Napoleonic Wars, when much of the fleet was decommissioned, and the supply of unemployed seamen was more than adequate to man the remaining ships.

text:
# Quota System (Royal Navy)

The **Quota System** (also known as *The Quod*), introduced by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in 1795, required each British county to provide a quota of men for the Royal Navy, based on its population and the number of its seaports: London, for example, had to provide 5,704 quotamen while Yorkshire had to provide 1,081.

The counties found it difficult to meet the quotas. Some offered high cash bounties to inexperienced volunteers (mostly inexperienced landsmen) and created resentment among the regular seamen, who, despite their experience, had received only a small fraction of that bounty on their own volunteering (and none if they were pressed). Sometimes, the counties resorted to sending convicted criminals in lieu of punishment, further creating ill feeling among ships' companies and sometimes introducing typhus (otherwise known as *gaol fever*).

Britain ended using the quota system, along with impressment, in 1815, at the close of the Napoleonic Wars, when much of the fleet was decommissioned, and the supply of unemployed seamen was more than adequate to man the remaining ships.

* Pappalardo, Bruno (2019). *How to Survive in the Georgian Navy: A Sailor's Guide*. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47-283086-9.


title: UN Peacemaker

abstract: UN Peacemaker is a United Nations (UN) website for distributing information related to peace processes. The website, managed by the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), provides an interface to a database of peace agreements, guidance material and information on UN mediation support services.

text:
# UN Peacemaker

**UN Peacemaker** is a United Nations (UN) website for distributing information related to peace processes. The website, managed by the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), provides an interface to a database of peace agreements, guidance material and information on UN mediation support services.

## Purpose

UN Peacemaker is an online mediation support tool for peacemaking professionals. Its target users include the UN Secretary-General and his or her Special Representatives involved in peace process mediation for trying to resolve international and internal armed conflicts, and UN partners active in peacemaking, including member states, regional organisations, civil society, non-governmental organizations and national mediators.

## Content

UN Peacemaker offers tools and resources to support mediators and their teams in managing peace processes and negotiating peace agreements, including:

* a database of more than 750 peace agreements;
* guidance documents on mediation;
* information on UN mediation support activities and services;
* a library of selected literature on key mediation issues (power-sharing, wealth-sharing, constitutional issues, mediation processes and strategies)
* the UN Mediation app for mobile phones, which contains a library of key UN guidance products for mediators and mediation support actors.

Plans for the website include the distribution of video interviews with mediation experts discussing strategies and tactics on how to manage mediation processes and providing guidance on specific themes.

## Background

Initially launched in 2006, UN Peacemaker is the product of a multi-year learning project drawing on the UN Department of Political Affairs' (DPA) leadership and experience in peacemaking and preventive diplomacy. To keep pace with evolving demands and changes, the website has been overhauled and re-launched within the UN system in 2012 and was made available to the public in early 2013.

UN Peacemaker has become a point of reference among practitioners and academics alike. In 2008, UN Peacemaker was announced as a winner of the 'UN 21 Award' in the category of "knowledge management" projects. It is also one of the most comprehensive databases of peace agreements with an advanced search functions.


title: Eruption of Trevejo

abstract: The eruption of the Trevejo volcano also called the eruption of the Arenas Negras volcano was a volcanic eruption that took place from 5 to 14 May 1706, about 8 kilometers south of the Garachico in the north of the island of Tenerife (Spain). The eruption destroyed the old port of Garachico and ended the golden period of the town.

text:
# Eruption of Trevejo

The **eruption of the Trevejo volcano** also called the **eruption of the Arenas Negras** volcano was a volcanic eruption that took place from 5 to 14 May 1706, about 8 kilometers south of the Garachico in the north of the island of Tenerife (Spain). The eruption destroyed the old port of Garachico (the most important of Tenerife at the time) and ended the golden period of the town.

## History

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the port of Garachico was the most important commercial port on the island, with merchandise exchanges. From it sailed ships loaded with wine and sugar to America and Europe. The Village of Garachico was founded by the Genoese banker Cristóbal de Ponte after the conquest of Tenerife in 1496, making it a stately and prestigious villa. The town had been enriched thanks to its port that allowed palaces, haciendas, stately houses, rich convents and monasteries, as well as lavish churches. Garachico is one of the best preserved and representative historical-artistic hulls of the Canary Islands.

During the early hours of 5 May 1706, Trevejo volcano exploded and poured into the sea through the slope of a steep ravine due to the orography of the island. The eruption devastated the Village and, above all, the port of Garachico, which was completely covered. Seven lava flows descended the hillside, devastating and burying a large part of the town.

The Victorian writer Olivia Stone, on her trip to the Canary Islands in 1883, took testimony of the eruption and made a description of the event. However, it must be borne in mind that this is a narration of a very catastrophic tone and the eruption actually did not cause the total destruction of the city.

In the eruption there were no fatalities, as people were able to protect themselves. In fact, for example, during the eruption the nuns of the *Monastery of the Immaculate Conception* were evacuated and would not return until two years later, although the monastery itself was not damaged by the eruption.

The lava flows came to the sea, which curiously won the municipality extra territory, in addition to creating natural pools and puddles known as *El Caletón*. The eruption also affected part of the neighboring town of El Tanque although to a much smaller extent. The event ended on 13 June 1706.

## Consequences

The eruption of the Trevejo volcano has been the volcanic phenomenon that has had the greatest economic and social impact on the island of Tenerife. This, despite being an event with a relatively low rate of explosiveness.

This eruption did not cause human losses but it did affect the historical, economic and artistic development of Garachico, as it buried the old port and important architectural buildings of the municipality. For example, lava flows stopped at the foot of the church parish *Church of Saint Anne,* however, the castings were close enough that the heat burned part of the temple and had to be rebuilt between 1714 and 1721. The eruption also swept through the convents of *Saint Didacus*, *Saint Clare* and *Saint Francis*, as well as the *House of the Count of La Gomera*.

After this natural disaster, traders then used the dock of Puerto de la Cruz and Garachico remained as a small fishing port. This caused the international trade of the village to be suspended, contributing to its decline.

The Romanian philologist, historian and professor Alejandro Cioranescu, referred to the eruption of the Trevejo volcano and its consequences as the "Canarian Pompeii".

## InfoBox

| Eruption of Trevejo (1706) | |
| --- | --- |
| The village of Garachico was built on a lava delta formed during the 1706 eruption. | |
| Volcano | Arenas Negras volcano or Trevejo volcano |
| Start date | 5 May 1706 (1706-05-05) |
| End date | 14 May 1706 (1706-05-14) |
| Location | Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain<br>28°19′N 16°46′W / 28.317°N 16.767°W / 28.317; -16.767 |
| VEI | 2 |


title: RSUD LRT station

abstract: RSUD Station is a station of the Palembang LRT Line 1. The station is located between Punti Kayu and Garuda Dempo station. Nearby the station is Siti Fatimah Regional General Hospital of South Sumatra Province, hence its name. The station was opened on 25 September 2018, a day after the opening of Punti Kayu station.

text:
# RSUD LRT station

**RSUD Station** is a station of the Palembang LRT Line 1. The station is located between Punti Kayu and Garuda Dempo station. Nearby the station is Siti Fatimah Regional General Hospital of South Sumatra Province (*RSUD Siti Fatimah Provinsi Sumatera Selatan*), hence its name.

The station was opened on 25 September 2018, a day after the opening of Punti Kayu station.

## Station layout

| **2F
Platforms** | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Platform 1 | **LRT Line 1** towards DJKA |
| | Platform 2 | **LRT Line 1** towards SMB II |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| **1F** | Concourse | Faregates, Ticket Booths, Station Control, Shops, Musalla |
| **G** | Street Level | Parking *(plan)* |

## InfoBox

| P04
RSUD | |
| --- | --- |
| Palembang LRT station | |
| RSUD station under construction, photo was taken on 22 August 2017 (2017-08-22) | |
| General information | |
| Location | Jl. Kolonel H. Burlian, Sukabangun, Sukarame, Palembang
South Sumatra
Indonesia |
| Coordinates | 2°56′52″S 104°43′57″E / 2.947647°S 104.732508°E / -2.947647; 104.732508 |
| Owned by | Indonesian Railway Company |
| Operated by | Indonesian Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Line 1 |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Parking | *none* |
| Bicycle facilities | *none* |
| Accessible | Available |
| Other information | |
| Station code | RSU |
| History | |
| Opened | 25 September 2018 (2018-09-25) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station   Palembang LRT   Following station  Punti Kayu
*towards SMB II*   **Line 1**   Garuda Dempo
*towards DJKA* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  P04
RSUDLocation in Palembang | |


title: RAM image

abstract: A RAM image is a sequence of machine code instructions and associated data kept permanently in the non-volatile ROM memory of an embedded system, which is copied into volatile RAM by a bootstrap loader. Typically the RAM image is loaded into RAM when the system is switched on, and it contains a second-level bootstrap loader and basic hardware drivers, enabling the unit to function as desired, or else more sophisticated software to be loaded into the system.

text:
# RAM image

A **RAM image** is a sequence of machine code instructions and associated data kept permanently in the non-volatile ROM memory of an embedded system, which is copied into volatile RAM by a bootstrap loader. Typically the RAM image is loaded into RAM when the system is switched on, and it contains a second-level bootstrap loader and basic hardware drivers, enabling the unit to function as desired, or else more sophisticated software to be loaded into the system.


title: RAM limit

text:
# RAM limit

The maximum random access memory (RAM) installed in any computer system is limited by hardware, software and economic factors. The hardware may have a limited number of address bus bits, limited by the processor package or design of the system. Some of the address space may be shared between RAM, peripherals, and read-only memory. In the case of a microcontroller with no external RAM, the size of the RAM array is limited by the size of the integrated circuit die. In a packaged system, only enough RAM may be provided for the system's required functions, with no provision for addition of memory after manufacture.

Software limitations to usable physical RAM may be present. An operating system may only be designed to allocate a certain amount of memory, with upper address bits reserved to indicate designations such as I/O or supervisor mode or other security information. Or the operating system may rely on internal data structures with fixed limits for addressable memory.

For mass-market personal computers, there may be no financial advantage to a manufacturer in providing more memory sockets, address lines, or other hardware than necessary to run mass-market software. When memory devices were relatively expensive compared with the processor, often the RAM delivered with the system was much less than the address capacity of the hardware, because of cost.

Sometimes RAM limits can be overcome using special techniques. Bank switching allows blocks of RAM memory to be switched into the processor's address space when required, under program control. Operating systems routinely manage running programs using virtual memory, where individual program operate as if they have access to a large memory space that is being simulated by swapping memory areas with disk storage.

## CPU addressing limits

For performance reasons, all the parallel address lines of an address bus must be valid at the same time, otherwise access to memory would be delayed and performance would be seriously reduced. Integrated circuit packages may have a limit on the number of pins available to provide the memory bus. Different versions of a CPU architecture, in different-sized IC packages, can be designed, trading off reduced package size for reduced pin count and address space. A trade-off might be made between address pins and other functions, restricting the memory physically available to an architecture even if it inherently has a higher capacity. On the other hand, segmented or bank switching designs provide more memory address space than is available in an internal memory address register.

As integrated circuit memory became less costly, it was feasible to design systems with larger and larger physical memory spaces.

### Fewer than 16 address pins

Microcontroller devices with integrated I/O and memory on-chip sometimes had no, or a small, address bus available for external devices. For example, a microcontroller family available with a 2 kilobyte address space might have a variant that brought out an 11 line address bus for an external ROM; this could be done by reassigning I/O pins as address bus pins. Some general-purpose processors with integrated ROM split a 16-bit address space between internal ROM and an external 15-bit memory bus.

Some microprocessors had fewer than 16 address pins: for example, the MOS Technology 6507 (a reduced pin count version of the 6502) was used in the Atari 2600 and was limited to a 13-line address bus.

### 16 address bits, 16 address pins

Most 8-bit general-purpose microprocessors have 16-bit address spaces and generate 16 address lines. Examples include the Intel 8080, Intel 8085, Zilog Z80, Motorola 6800, Microchip PIC18, and many others. These processors have 8-bit CPUs with 8-bit data and 16-bit addressing. The memory on these CPUs is addressable at the byte level. This leads to a memory addressable limit of 216 × 1 byte = 65,536 bytes or 64 kilobytes.

### 16 address bits, 20 address pins: 8086, 8088, 80186 & 80188

The Intel 8086 and derivatives, such as the 8088, 80186 and 80188 form the basis of the popular x86 platform and are the first level of the IA16 architecture. These were 16-bit CPUs with 20-bit addressing. The memory on these CPUs were addressable at the byte level. These processors could address 220 bytes (1 megabyte).

### 16 bit addresses, 24 address pins: 80286

The Intel 80286 CPU used a 24-bit addressing scheme. Each memory location was byte-addressable. This results in a total addressable space of 224 × 1 byte = 16,777,216 bytes or 16 megabytes. The 286 and later could also function in real mode, which imposed the addressing limits of the 8086 processor. The 286 had support for virtual memory.

### 32 bit addresses, 24 address pins

The Intel 80386SX was an economical version of the 386DX. It had a 24-bit addressing scheme, in contrast to 32-bit in the 386DX. Like the 286, the 386SX can address only up to 16 megabytes of memory.

The Motorola 68000 had a 24-bit address space, allowing it to access up to 16 megabytes of memory.

### 32 bit addresses, 32 address pins

The 386DX had 32-bit addressing, allowing it to address up to 4 gigabytes (4096 megabytes) of memory.

The Motorola 68020, released in 1984, had a 32-bit address space, giving it a maximum addressable memory limit of 4 GB. All following chips in the Motorola 68000 series inherited this limit.

### 32 bit addresses, 36 address pins: Pentium Pro (aka P6)

The Pentium Pro and all Pentium 4s have 36-bit addressing, which resulted in total addressable space of 64 gigabytes, but it requires that the operating system support Physical Address Extension.

### 64 bit computing

Modern 64-bit processors such as designs from ARM, Intel or AMD are typically limited to supporting fewer than 64 bits for RAM addresses. They commonly implement from 40 to 52 physical address bits (supporting from 1 TB to 4 PB of RAM). Like previous architectures described here, some of these are designed to support higher limits of RAM addressing as technology improves. In both Intel64 and AMD64, the 52-bit physical address limit is defined in the architecture specifications (4 PB).

## Operating system RAM limits

### CP/M and 8080 addressing limit

The first major operating system for microcomputers was CP/M. This operating system was compatible with Altair 8800-like microcomputers, made by Gary Kildall in conjunction with the programming language PL/M, and was licensed to computer manufacturers by Kildall's company Digital Research after it was rejected by Intel. The Intel 8080 used by these computers was an 8-bit processor, with 16-bit address space, which allowed it access up to 64 KB of memory; .COM executables used with CP/M have a maximum size of 64 KB due to this, as do those used by DOS operating systems for 16-bit microprocessors.

### IBM PC and 8088 addressing limit

In the original IBM PC, the basic RAM limit is 640 KB. This is to allow for hardware addressing space in the upper 384 KB (upper memory area (UMA)) of the total addressable memory space of 1024 KB (1 MB). Ways to overcome the *640k barrier*, as it came to be known, involved using special addressing modes available in the 286 and later x86 processors. The 1 MB total address space was a result of the 20-bit address space limit imposed on the 8088 CPU.

Using the color video buffer space, some third-party utilities could add memory at the top of the 640k conventional memory area, to extend memory up to the base address used by hardware adapters. This could ultimately backfill RAM up to the MDA base address.

Hardware extensions allowed access to more memory than the 8086 CPU could address through paging memory. This memory was known as expanded memory. An industry *de facto* standard was developed by the LIM consortium, composed of Lotus, Intel and Microsoft. This standard was the Expanded Memory Specification (EMS). Pages of memory from expanded memory hardware were accessible through an addressing window placed into a free area in the UMA space, and by exchanging it for other pages when needed to access other memory. EMS supported 16 MB of space.

Using a quirk in the 286 CPU architecture, the *high memory area* (HMA) was accessible, as the first 64 KB above the 1 MB limit of 20-bit addressing in the x86 architecture.

Using the 24-bit memory addressing capabilities of the 286 CPU architecture, a total address space of 16 MB was accessible. Memory above the 1 MB limit was called extended memory. However the area between 640 KB and 1 MB was reserved for hardware addressing in IBM PC compatibles. DOS and other real mode programs, limited to 20-bit addresses, could only access this space through EMS emulation on the extended memory, or an EMS analog for extended memory. Microsoft developed a standard known as the Extended Memory Specification (XMS). Accessing the memory above the HMA required usage of the *protected mode* of the 286 CPU.

With the development of the i386 CPU architecture, the address space was moved to 32-bit addressing, and a limit of 4 GB. With this CPU, access to 16 MB memory areas was available to DOS programs that used DOS extenders, such as DOS/4GW, MiniGW/16, MiniGW, and others. Initially a *de facto* industry memory standard for interaction known as VCPI was developed. Later, a Microsoft standard supplanted this, known as the DPMI. These standards allowed direct access to the 16 MB space, instead of the paging scheme used by EMS and XMS.

### 16-bit OS/2 RAM limit

16-bit OS/2 was limited to 15 MB, due to reserve space designed into the operating system. It reserved the top 1 MB of the 16 MB 24-bit address space for non-memory (from 16 MB to 15 MB).

### 32-bit x86 RAM limit

In non-PAE modes of 32-bit x86 processors, the usable RAM may be limited to less than 4 GB. Limits on memory and address space vary by platform and operating system. Limits on physical memory for 32-bit platforms also depend on the presence and use of Physical Address Extension (PAE), which allows 32-bit systems to use more than 4 GB of physical memory.

PAE and 64-bit systems may be able to address up to the full address space of the x86 processor.


title: RAM Mobile Data

abstract: RAM Mobile Data was founded by RAM Broadcasting Corporation as American Mobile Data Communications, Inc. in 1988. The name of the company was changed to Ram Mobile Data in 1989. RAM Mobile Data was the U.S. Operator of the Mobitex network. RAM Mobile Data was sold and renamed BellSouth Wireless Data in 1995 and later became Cingular Interactive when BellSouth and SBC Communications formed Cingular Wireless. The Mobitex division within Cingular Wireless was sold to an investment company in 2005 and became Velocita Wireless. Velocita Wireless was purchased by Sprint Nextel and became a Sprint Nextel Company in early 2006. Today RAM Mobile Data is the exclusive operator of Mobitex in the Netherlands. With headquarters in Utrecht (NL) and a daughter in Brussels (BE), they are running the entire Mobitex operations throughout the BeNeLux. Furthermore, RAM has a business unit RAM track-and-trace and since 2010 a daughter in IT services Ram Infotechnology. Navara was a division of RAM Mobile Data until 2013, and provides mobile device interface solutions for existing applications and databases. Nowadays Navara is privatized and operates from Driebergen. The Mobitex in the BeNeLux was sold in 2018 to Entropia.

text:
# RAM Mobile Data

**RAM Mobile Data** was founded by RAM Broadcasting Corporation as American Mobile Data Communications, Inc. in 1988. The name of the company was changed to Ram Mobile Data in 1989. RAM Mobile Data was the U.S. Operator of the Mobitex network.

RAM Mobile Data was sold and renamed BellSouth Wireless Data in 1995 and later became Cingular Interactive when BellSouth and SBC Communications formed Cingular Wireless. The Mobitex division within Cingular Wireless was sold to an investment company in 2005 and became Velocita Wireless. Velocita Wireless was purchased by Sprint Nextel and became a Sprint Nextel Company in early 2006. Today RAM Mobile Data is the exclusive operator of Mobitex in the Netherlands. With headquarters in Utrecht (NL) and a daughter in Brussels (BE), they are running the entire Mobitex operations throughout the BeNeLux. Furthermore, RAM has a business unit RAM track-and-trace and since 2010 a daughter in IT services Ram Infotechnology.

Navara was a division of RAM Mobile Data until 2013, and provides mobile device interface solutions for existing applications and databases. Nowadays Navara is privatized and operates from Driebergen.

The Mobitex in the BeNeLux was sold in 2018 to Entropia.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

RAM Mobile Data
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Wireless, ICT, fleet management |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Headquarters | Utrecht, The Netherlands |
| Products | Mobitex, paging, interactive messaging, tracking and tracing, ICT services |
| Revenue | N/A |
| Number of employees | 120 |
| Website | www.ram.nl |


title: RAM FM (West Bank)

abstract: RAM FM was an independent English-speaking radio station broadcasting from Ramallah, Palestine.

text:
# RAM FM (West Bank)

**RAM FM** was an independent English-speaking radio station broadcasting from Ramallah, Palestine.

## History

Radio 702's success in Johannesburg, South Africa – in Primedia Broadcasting's stable of four radio stations – led Issie Kirsh, the founder and first chairperson, to seek to emulate this winning formula in Israel and Palestine. In 2004, Issie Kirsh met Raf Gangat, the former South African Representative to the Palestinian Authority, and the seed was planted. Three years later, after much research, groundwork and implementation, 93.6 RAM FM was born – a licensed radio station, broadcasting from Palestine into Israel and Jordan, with studios in Ramallah and Jerusalem with Gangat hosting one of the main shows 9@9 which gained popularity thanks to Raf's diplomatic experience and knowledge in the region. The Talk@10 was the main segment of the show and Palestinian and Israeli officials were hosted to discuss contentious issues.

The Hot AC Music Format created a listenership of Palestinians, Israelis and Jordanians as well as a substantial number of foreign nationals who worked for Embassies, UN and international organizations and foreign press in the region. 93.6 RAM FM’s format comprised music, Middle East news on the hour, presenters from South Africa, Palestine, England and Australia. Its intent was to create a bridge between Palestinians and Israelis, providing a platform for both sides to discuss and listen to the other’s narrative and thereby create meaningful understanding. With Studios in Ramallah and Jerusalem, connected by microwave link, it employed state-of-the-art technology which is used by modern media today. Middle East Eyewitness News was ‘in touch, in tune and independent’. In order to maintain neutrality, the station played only English music and opted to air only commercials from multinational brands.

## Awards

RAM FM was awarded two international prizes for the significant role it played in the region. The owner and chairman of the station in South Africa applauded the management's role in making the station a success which was reflected in the unprecedented increase in its listenership within a short period of time.

## Closure

Ram FM officially closed down at 7pm on 7 August 2008 with the final song being Give Peace a Chance by John Lennon after less than two years on air.

1. "No Voice for Peace". *Haaretz*.
2. "Police Close English Radio Aimed at Israeli-Palestinian Coexistence". *Haaretz*.

## InfoBox

RAM FM
| Broadcast area | Palestine and Israel |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 93.6 MHz (87.7 MHz in Jerusalem) |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot AC |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Middle East Broadcasting Holding Ltd. |
| History | |
| First air date | February 21, 2007 |
| Last air date | August 7, 2008 |


title: R. W. George Mill

abstract: R. W. George Mill, also known as Bob George's Mill and Spencer Mill, is historic corn mill located near Francisco, Stokes County, North Carolina. It was built in 1881, and is a two-story, rectangular, frame building sheathed in weatherboard. It has a gable roof and three frame additions dating from the mid-1940s. Also on the property is the contributing concrete mill dam. During World War II, it was converted from a corn mill to a small textile mill, known as Spencer Mills, that produced parachute fabric for the federal government. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# R. W. George Mill

**R. W. George Mill**, also known as Bob George's Mill and Spencer Mill, is historic corn mill located near Francisco, Stokes County, North Carolina. It was built in 1881, and is a two-story, rectangular, frame building sheathed in weatherboard. It has a gable roof and three frame additions dating from the mid-1940s. Also on the property is the contributing concrete mill dam. During World War II, it was converted from a corn mill to a small textile mill, known as Spencer Mills, that produced parachute fabric for the federal government.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| R. W. George Mill | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| R. W. George Mill, September 2014 | |
|  | |
| Location | NC 89, 0.6 mi NE of jct. of NC 89 and NC 66, near Francisco, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 36°29′33″N 80°23′33″W / 36.49250°N 80.39250°W / 36.49250; -80.39250 |
| Area | 4.2 acres (1.7 ha) |
| Built | 1881 (1881) |
| NRHP reference No. | 97001199 |
| Added to NRHP | October 10, 1997 |