title: Calçoene

abstract: Calçoene is a municipality located in the east of the state of Amapá in Brazil. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean in the Amazon jungle basin near French Guiana. Calçoene covers 14,269 square kilometres (5,509 sq mi) and has a population is 11,306. The name Calçoene is a corruption of "Calço N". The city has the highest rainfall of any in Brazil, with an annual average of 4,165 millimetres (164.0 in). Calçoene is noted for its ancient megalithic observatory, often referred to as the "Amazon Stonehenge".

text:
# Calçoene

**Calçoene** (Portuguese pronunciation: \[kawsoˈẽni\]) is a municipality located in the east of the state of Amapá in Brazil. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean in the Amazon jungle basin near French Guiana. Calçoene covers 14,269 square kilometres (5,509 sq mi) and has a population is 11,306. The name Calçoene is a corruption of "Calço N" (North Wedge, one of four mining zones defined by the Brazilian Government at the beginning of the 20th century).

The city has the highest rainfall of any in Brazil, with an annual average of 4,165 millimetres (164.0 in). Calçoene is noted for its ancient megalithic observatory, often referred to as the "Amazon Stonehenge".

## History

The borders between French Guiana and Brazil were not clear, and in the 19th century, it was decided that the area between the Amazon and the Oyapock River was a neutral territory. Paul Quartier had a meeting with the village chiefs of Cunani and Carsewenne (nowadays: Calçoene) in 1885. In 1886, the Republic of Independent Guiana was founded by a group of French adventurers and two village chiefs with Cunani as the capital. The unrecognised republic lasted until 1891. In 1900, the territory was awarded to Brazil. Calçoene became a municipality in 1956.

## Geography

Calçoene is bordered on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the municipalities of Amapá and Pracuúba, and to the west by the municipalities of Oiapoque and Serra do Navio. Calçoene is 272 kilometres (169 mi) from the state capital of Macapá. The municipality contains 23.23% of the 2,369,400 hectares (5,855,000 acres) Amapá State Forest, a sustainable use conservation unit established in 2006.

## Tourism

One of the most popular tourist attraction is the Goiabal beach on the Atlantic Ocean, which is located 14 kilometers from the town of Calçoene. The beach is 4 kilometres long and the water is dark due to the influence of the Amazon.

### Calçoene megalithic observatory

In May 2006, archeologists announced they had found a pre-colonial astronomical observatory, possibly 500 to 2,000 years old, near Calçoene. The age is based on pottery sherds on site that have been dated to 2,000 years old. The site is on a hill and has 127 large stones blocks of granite, each 3 metres (9.8 ft) high, and dug firmly into the ground. Archaeologist Mariana Petry Cabral of the Amapa Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (IEPA) said that the observatory has been designed to align with the winter solstice. Other agricultural societies also developed sophisticated ways to track important times in the solar calendar. At one time, researchers did not think any cultures in the Amazon Basin had developed such complexity as to build such a site. This has altered their thinking.

## Subdivisions

The municipality of Calçoene contains three districts:

## InfoBox

| Calçoene | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Município de Calçoene | |
| The Governor inspects the new road in Calçoene | |
|  | |
| Location of Calçoene in the State of Amapá | |
| Calçoene | |
| Coordinates: 02°29′52″N 50°56′56″W / 2.49778°N 50.94889°W / 2.49778; -50.94889 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | North |
| State | Amapá |
| Founded | 22 December 1945 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Lindoval Santos do Rosario (PSC) |
| Area | |
| Total | 14,269 km2 (5,509 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 11,306 |
| Density | 0.79/km2 (2.1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| **HDI** (2010) | 0.643 – medium |
| Website | www.calcoene.ap.gov.br |


title: Calliotropis grata

abstract: Calliotropis grata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

text:
# Calliotropis grata

***Calliotropis grata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

* Vilvens C. (2007) *New records and new species of Calliotropis from Indo-Pacific*. Novapex 8 (Hors Série 5): 1–72.

## InfoBox

| *Calliotropis grata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | Calliotropidae |
| Genus: | *Calliotropis* |
| Species: | ***C. grata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calliotropis grata***<br>Thiele, 1925 | |
|


title: Callisia graminea

abstract: Callisia graminea, called the grassleaf roseling, is a plant species native from the southeastern United States to the lower Eastern Seaboard. It has been reported in Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia and Maryland. It grows on sandy soil in thickets, pine barrens, and disturbed sites. Callisia graminea is an erect to trailing perennial herb growing in clumps. Leaves are narrow and linear, up to 17 mm long, with a basal sheath wrapping around the stem. Flowers are pink to rose-colored.

text:
# Callisia graminea

***Callisia graminea***, called the **grassleaf roseling**, is a plant species native from the southeastern United States to the lower Eastern Seaboard. It has been reported in Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia and Maryland. It grows on sandy soil in thickets, pine barrens, and disturbed sites.

*Callisia graminea* is an erect to trailing perennial herb growing in clumps. Leaves are narrow and linear, up to 17 mm (0.7 inches) long, with a basal sheath wrapping around the stem. Flowers are pink to rose-colored.

## InfoBox

| *Callisia graminea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Commelinales |
| Family: | Commelinaceae |
| Genus: | *Callisia* |
| Species: | ***C. graminea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Callisia graminea***<br>(Small) G.C.Tucker | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Callisia graminea* f. *leucantha* (Lakela) G.C.Tucker * *Cuthbertia graminea* Small * *Cuthbertia graminea* f. *leucantha* Lakela * *Tradescantia rosea* var. *graminea* (Small) E.S. Anderson & Woodson | |


title: Callionymus pleurostictus

abstract: Callionymus pleurostictus, the blue-spotted ruddertail dragonet, is a species of dragonet native to the Pacific Ocean where it is found from the Ryukyus south to Australia. This species occurs at depths of from 1 to 20 metres. This species grows to a length of 2.3 centimetres (0.91 in) SL.

text:
# Callionymus pleurostictus

***Callionymus pleurostictus***, the **blue-spotted ruddertail dragonet**, is a species of dragonet native to the Pacific Ocean where it is found from the Ryukyus south to Australia. This species occurs at depths of from 1 to 20 metres (3.3 to 65.6 ft). This species grows to a length of 2.3 centimetres (0.91 in) SL.

## InfoBox

| *Callionymus pleurostictus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Callionymus pleurostictus | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Callionymiformes |
| Family: | Callionymidae |
| Genus: | *Callionymus* |
| Species: | ***C. pleurostictus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Callionymus pleurostictus***<br>R. Fricke, 1982 | |
|


title: Callionymus russelli

abstract: Callionymus russelli, Russell’s dragonet, is a species of dragonet native to the Pacific waters off of Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Callionymus russelli

***Callionymus russelli***, **Russell’s dragonet**, is a species of dragonet native to the Pacific waters off of Papua New Guinea.

## Etymology

The specific name honours Clifford R. Johnson's father, Russell Johnson.

* Kailola, P.J., 1987. The fishes of Papua New Guinea: a revised and annotated checklist. Vol. II Scorpaenidae to Callionymidae. Research Bulletin No. 41, Research Section, Dept. of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Callionymus russelli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Callionymiformes |
| Family: | Callionymidae |
| Genus: | *Callionymus* |
| Species: | ***C. russelli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Callionymus russelli***<br>C. R. Johnson, 1976 | |
|


title: Camerata Trajectina

abstract: Camerata Trajectina is a Dutch early music ensemble. The ensemble was founded in Utrecht in 1974 by Jos van Veldhoven and Jan Nuchelmans. Following the departure of Veldhoven in 1976 to lead the Utrechts Barok Consort, leadership of the ensemble passed to the current director, the musicologist Louis Peter Grijp. The ensemble has specialised in recovering and sometimes reconstructing Dutch vocal music from the Dutch Golden Age, and much of its discography are of Dutch-language songs which have not been recorded. The ensemble has particularly concentrated on domestic, middle-class, and Dutch-language church music which—unlike the Latin language church music of the Spanish Netherlands—is little known and little researched. The lyrics of the recovered songs often illustrate cultural history, as in the case of the ensemble's two recordings of Dutch sea shanties. They have cooperated twice with the poet Gerrit Komrij; the first time in reconstruction of Jacob Obrecht's secular works. The original texts to Obrecht's Dutch songs had been lost, leaving only Dutch incipits as titles of instrumental versions. Komrij wrote new texts in the style of lyrics of Obrecht's time. A second project based on The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things of Hieronymus Bosch set new Dutch texts to 16th Century melodies.

text:
# Camerata Trajectina

**Camerata Trajectina** is a Dutch early music ensemble (in English, the word, "camerata," generally means a choir or small chamber orchestra).

The ensemble was founded in Utrecht (hence Latin *trajectina*; of Utrecht) in 1974 by Jos van Veldhoven and Jan Nuchelmans. Following the departure of Veldhoven in 1976 to lead the Utrechts Barok Consort, leadership of the ensemble passed to the current director, the musicologist Louis Peter Grijp (b. 1954).

The ensemble has specialised in recovering and sometimes reconstructing Dutch vocal music from the Dutch Golden Age, and much of its discography are of Dutch-language songs which have not been recorded. The ensemble has particularly concentrated on domestic, middle-class, and Dutch-language church music which—unlike the Latin language church music of the Spanish Netherlands—is little known and little researched. The lyrics of the recovered songs often illustrate cultural history, as in the case of the ensemble's two recordings of Dutch sea shanties.

They have cooperated twice with the poet Gerrit Komrij; the first time in reconstruction of Jacob Obrecht's secular works. The original texts to Obrecht's Dutch songs had been lost, leaving only Dutch incipits as titles of instrumental versions. Komrij wrote new texts in the style of lyrics of Obrecht's time. A second project based on The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things of Hieronymus Bosch set new Dutch texts to 16th Century melodies.

## Selected publications and discography

**With books**

* Dirk Coigneau. *Een zoet akkoord.* (CD to accompany book). In series of the Meertens Instituut


title: Calomnion complanatum

abstract: Calomnion complanatum is a species of moss native to Australia and New Zealand. It is the type species of the genus Calomnion, growing on the trunks of tree ferns. It is a small, yellow-green plant rarely more than 10 mm tall. Within New South Wales, Calomnion complanatum is an endangered species reported from only 4 populations, all in New South Wales: Cambewarra Mountain, Rocky Creek Canyon on the Newnes Plateau, and two sites on Mount Wilson. It is listed as endangered in Victoria but rare and not endangered in Tasmania or New Zealand.

text:
# Calomnion complanatum

***Calomnion complanatum*** is a species of moss native to Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania) and New Zealand. It is the type species of the genus *Calomnion,* growing on the trunks of tree ferns. It is a small, yellow-green plant rarely more than 10 mm tall.

Within New South Wales, *Calomnion complanatum* is an endangered species reported from only 4 populations, all in New South Wales: Cambewarra Mountain, Rocky Creek Canyon on the Newnes Plateau, and two sites on Mount Wilson (Zircon Creek and Waterfall Reserve). It is listed as endangered in Victoria but rare and not endangered in Tasmania or New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Calomnion complanatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Bryidae |
| Order: | Rhizogoniales |
| Family: | Rhizogoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Calomnion* |
| Species: | ***C. complanatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calomnion complanatum***<br>(Hook.f. and Wilson) Lindb. | |
|


title: Schizocosa saltatrix

abstract: Schizocosa saltatrix is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Schizocosa saltatrix

***Schizocosa saltatrix*** is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Schizocosa saltatrix* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Schizocosa* |
| Species: | ***S. saltatrix*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schizocosa saltatrix***<br>(Hentz, 1844) | |
|


title: Calvary Baptist Theological Seminary

abstract: The Calvary Baptist Theological Seminary (CBS) was a Baptist seminary located in Lansdale, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia. It has 558 alumni and provided master's and doctoral degrees to clergy candidates across various conservative Baptist denominations. The school was accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The school was founded by Dr. Robert Jordan, the minister at the Calvary Baptist Church of Lansdale. In 1979, just prior to the graduation of the first class, the state of Pennsylvania approved the school for official seminary designation. Initially offering only a Master's of Divinity degree, a Master's of Theology program was added in 1985. In 1986, the school became a doctoral institute, as it added a Doctor of Divinity program. Two more degrees, which relate to missionary work and religious education, were added in 2004. In August 2013, it was announced that Calvary Baptist Seminary would be closing at the end of the upcoming academic year. It graduated its last class of 42 students on May 16, 2014. Its building was repurposed as Calvary Baptist Church.

text:
# Calvary Baptist Theological Seminary

The **Calvary Baptist Theological Seminary** (CBS) was a Baptist seminary located in Lansdale, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia. It has 558 alumni and provided master's and doctoral degrees to clergy candidates across various conservative Baptist denominations. The school was accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

The school was founded by Dr. Robert Jordan, the minister at the Calvary Baptist Church of Lansdale. In 1979, just prior to the graduation of the first class, the state of Pennsylvania approved the school for official seminary designation. Initially offering only a Master's of Divinity degree, a Master's of Theology program was added in 1985. In 1986, the school became a doctoral institute, as it added a Doctor of Divinity program. Two more degrees, which relate to missionary work and religious education, were added in 2004.

In August 2013, it was announced that Calvary Baptist Seminary would be closing at the end of the upcoming academic year. It graduated its last class of 42 students on May 16, 2014. Its building was repurposed as Calvary Baptist Church.

40°13′51″N 75°18′47″W / 40.230954°N 75.312974°W / 40.230954; -75.312974

## InfoBox

Calvary Baptist Theological Seminary
| Type | Private graduate institution |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1976 (1976)–2014 |
| Affiliation | Baptist |
| President | Dr. Sam Harbin |
| Students | 106 |
| Location | Lansdale, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Campus | Large Suburb |
| Website | www.cbs.edu |


title: Calvary Catholic Cemetery (Pittsburgh)

abstract: Calvary Catholic Cemetery is located at 718 Hazelwood Avenue in the Greenfield and Hazelwood neighborhoods of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded in 1886 with the purchase of a 200-acre (80-hectare) tract. The first official interment occurred in 1888, though there are graves with earlier dates. As of 2008, 152,238 entombments have been recorded at Calvary Cemetery. It remains the largest of the cemeteries in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh.

text:
# Calvary Catholic Cemetery (Pittsburgh)

**Calvary Catholic Cemetery** is located at 718 Hazelwood Avenue in the Greenfield and Hazelwood neighborhoods of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

It was founded in 1886 with the purchase of a 200-acre (80-hectare) tract. The first official interment occurred in 1888, though there are graves with earlier dates. As of 2008, 152,238 entombments have been recorded at Calvary Cemetery. It remains the largest of the cemeteries in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh.

## Notable burials

**Actors/Actresses**

**Politicians**

**Religious figures**

**Sports**

**Various**

The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave of a Canadian soldier of World War I.

40°24′54″N 79°55′48″W / 40.415°N 79.930°W / 40.415; -79.930


title: Scandinavian Scientist Conference

abstract: The Scandinavian Scientist Conferences was a series of meetings 1839–1936 for scientists and physicists from Denmark, Norway and Sweden, later also Finland and Iceland, in the era Scandinavism.

text:
# Scandinavian Scientist Conference

The **Scandinavian Scientist Conferences** (*Nordiske Naturforskermøde/Nordiska Naturforskarmöte* or *Naturforskerselskabet/Naturforskarsällskapet,* English:*Scandinavian Association of Naturalists*) was a series of meetings 1839–1936 for scientists and physicists from Denmark, Norway and Sweden, later also Finland and Iceland, in the era Scandinavism.

## History

The scientific community in Scandinavia were small and scattered, but collectively they had by the 1830s attained the critical mass for meeting at conferences. The inspiration came from Germany, where the scientists since 1822 had held conferences to improve communication in the fragmented geopolitical landscape. The creation of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1831) drew on the same source of inspiration. From the start, the Scandinavian Scientist Conferences became an outlet for important scientific results. However, towards the end of the 19th century, uni-disciplinary conferences and scientific journals became competitors to the Scandinavian conference as vehicle for scientific communication. As the presentations given at the Scandinavian conferences increasingly were summaries of results already published elsewhere, the meetings lost their importance.The early meetings were held every second year, then every third year, and then at increasingly irregular intervals. In the 20th century, only four Scandinavian Scientist Conferences were held, the last in Helsinki 1936.

| No. | Year | Venue | No. of participants | Title of printed proceedings | Notable participants |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1839 | Gothenburg
Sweden | 92 | Förhandlingar vid det af skandinaviska naturforskare och läkare hållna möte i Götheborg år 1839. Götheborg, 1840; 188 pp. |  |
| 2 | 1840 | Copenhagen
Denmark | 303 | Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres andet möde, der holdtes i Kjöbenhavn fra den 3die til den 9de juli 1840. Kjöbenhavn, J. Jørgensen & Co, 1841; 424 pp. |  |
| 3 | 1842 | Stockholm
Sweden | 436 |  |  |
| 4 | 1844 | Oslo
Norway | 176 | Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres fjerde möde i Christiania den 11–18 juli 1844. Christiania, 1847; 434 pp. | Hans Christian Ørsted
 |
| 5 | 1847 | Copenhagen
Denmark | 472 | Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres femte møde, der holdtes i Kiøbenhavn fra den 12te til den 17de juli 1847. Kiøbenhavn, Gyldendalske Boghandel, 1849; 989 pp. | Anders Retzius
Hans Christian Ørsted
Elias Fries
Japetus Steenstrup |
| 6 | 1851 | Stockholm
Sweden | 362 |  |  |
| 7 | 1856 | Oslo
Norway | 246 | Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres syvende möde i Christiania den 12–18 juli 1856. Christiania, Werner, 1857; 658 + 34 pp. | Japetus Steenstrup |
| 8 | 1860 | Copenhagen
Denmark | 451 | Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres ottende møde, i Kiøbenhavn fra den 8de til den 14de juli 1860. Kiøbenhavn, Den Gyldendalske Boghandel, 1861; 908 pp. |  |
| 9 | 1863 | Stockholm
Sweden | 713 |  |  |
| 10 | 1868 | Oslo
Norway | 368 |  | Eugen Warming
S.M. Jørgensen |
| 11 | 1873 | Copenhagen
Denmark | 418 | Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres 11te møde i Kjøbenhavn fra den 3die til den 9de juli 1873. Kjøbenhavn, Schultz, 1874; 725 pp. | Eugen Warming
Jacob Georg Agardh |
| 12 | 1880 | Stockholm
Sweden | 734 | Förhandlingar vid de Skandinaviska Naturforskarnes Tolfte Möte i Stockholm från den 7:e till den 14:de Juli 1880. Stockholm, 1883. | Eugen Warming |
| 13 | 1886 | Oslo
Norway | 450 | Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres trettende möde i Christiania 7.–12. juli 1886. Christiania, Grøndahl, 1887; 194 pp. |  |
| 14 | 1892 | Copenhagen
Denmark | 563 | Beretningen om Forhandlingerne ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres 14. møde i Kjøbenhavn den 4–9. juli 1892. Kjøbenhavn, Ursins eftf., 1892; 683 pp. | Eugen Warming |
| 15 | 1898 | Stockholm
Sweden | 585 | Förhandlingar vid det 15de Skandinaviska naturforskaremötet i Stockholm den 7–12 juli 1898. Stockholm, Skandinaviska naturforskaremöten, 1899; 415 pp. | Eugen Warming |
| 16 | 1916 | Oslo
Norway | 503 | Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske naturforskeres 16. møte i Kristiania den 10.–15. juli 1916. Kristiania, 1918 | J.N.F. Wille (chair)
Eugen Warming
Niels Bjerrum
Lennart von Post
Kaj Birket-Smith
Johannes Brøndsted
Johannes Fibiger
Knud Jessen
Wilhelm Johannsen
Carl Wesenberg-Lund
Astrid Cleve
G.E. Du Rietz
Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen
Thekla Resvoll
Svante Arrhenius
Otto Nordenskiöld |
| 17 | 1923 | Gothenburg
Sweden |  | Förhandlingar vid det 17de Skandinaviska naturforskaremötet i Göteborg den 9–14 juli 1923. Göteborg, Wettergren & Kerber, 1925; 339 pp. |  |
| 18 | 1929 | Copenhagen
Denmark |  | Beretning om det 18. Skandinaviske Naturforskermøde i København 26.–31. August 1929". Frederiksberg Bogtrykkeri, København; 551 s. | Lars Onsager
Harald Sverdrup |
| 19 | 1936 | Helsinki
Finland |  | Pohjoismainen (19. skandinaavinen) luonnontutkijain kokous, Helsingissä elokuun 11–15 pnä 1936 = Nordiska (19. skandinaviska) naturforskarmötet i Helsingfors den 11–15 augusti 1936. Helsinki, Skandinaviska naturforskaremöten, 1936; 570 pp. | Niels Bohr
Anton F. Bruun
Jens Clausen
Magnus Degerbøl
Knut Fægri
Paul Gelting
Thorvald Sørensen
Ragnar Spärck |

* Eriksson, Nils (1991) "I andans kraft, på sannings stråt": De skandinaviska naturforskarmötena 1839–1936. *Gothenburg studies in the history of science and ideas* 12, 512 pp. ISBN 91-7346-233-0


title: Campagne (restaurant)

abstract: Campagne is a restaurant in Kilkenny, Ireland. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded a Michelin star each year from 2014 to present. Head chef Gareth Byrne, formerly of Chapter One, opened the restaurant in 2008.

text:
# Campagne (restaurant)

**Campagne** (French pronunciation: \[kɑ̃.paɲ\], meaning "countryside") is a restaurant in Kilkenny, Ireland. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded a Michelin star each year from 2014 to present.

Head chef Gareth Byrne, formerly of Chapter One, opened the restaurant in 2008.

## Awards

52°39′20.97″N 7°14′46.58″W / 52.6558250°N 7.2462722°W / 52.6558250; -7.2462722

## InfoBox

| Campagne | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 2008 |
| Owner(s) | Gareth Byrne and Brid Hannon |
| Head chef | Gareth Byrne |
| Food type | Contemporary French |
| Rating | Michelin Guide |
| Street address | 5, The Arches, Gas House Lane |
| City | Kilkenny, County Kilkenny |
| Country | Ireland |
| Seating capacity | 70 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Scaphiopus holbrookii

abstract: Scaphiopus holbrookii, commonly known as the eastern spadefoot, is a species of American spadefoot toad endemic to the eastern United States. It is not considered a true toad, with Bufonidae being the family of "true toads".

text:
# Scaphiopus holbrookii

***Scaphiopus holbrookii***, commonly known as the **eastern spadefoot**, is a species of American spadefoot toad (family Scaphiopodidae) endemic to the eastern United States. It is not considered a true toad, with Bufonidae being the family of "true toads".

## Taxonomy

The epithet, *holbrookii*, is in honor of John Edwards Holbrook, American herpetologist. A similar species is Hurter's spadefoot toad, which was once considered a subspecies of *S. holbrookii*.

Unlike some other spadefoot toad species, such as *Spea multiplicata* (the Mexican or desert spadefoot) or *Spea bombifrons* (the plains spadefoot toad), *Scaphiopus holbrookii* never naturally develop cannibal tadpoles through phenotypic plasticity. Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill believe this is because the eastern spadefoot is most representative of the first spadefoot toads to evolve.

## Distribution and habitat

It is mostly found in the southeastern United States, except for mountainous areas, and is also found northward along the Atlantic coast into southern New England, where it is considered rare. It is found in inland states such as Pennsylvania and New York, but only as far westward as the Appalachian Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley in New York. Absent from the Appalachians, but occurs west of them in Tennessee, Kentucky, and southern reaches Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. They are endangered Connecticut where it is found that they only have one viable population in the state.

Prefers habitats with loose, commonly sandy, soils for burrowing like Longleaf pine forests with open understories from intermittent natural burn events. Most abundant in forests with little leaf litter and sparse shrubs. Research has looked into the habitat selection of the species and has found that it tends to hover around upland areas. It has shown preference for being close to deciduous shrub edges, low-growing pitch pine branches, and reindeer lichen. This environment provides an easy place to burrow, a dense prey biomass, and protection from predators.

## Description

The average length of an adult eastern spadefoot is 44–57 mm (1+342+14 in). It is brownish in color, with two yellowish stripes on its back. These stripes, which begin on the upper eyelids, may diverge or converge, resulting in a pattern resembling a lyre or an hourglass. Some specimens may be very dark, with less distinct markings. The skin is normally smoother and moister than other toads. Their skin is also sparsely peppered with little warts across the entirety of the body. The eastern spadefoot belongs in one of only four groups of burrowing terrestrial anurans. It has one spur on each of its back feet for burrowing. The spur is generally three times longer than the other toes.

## Behavior

*Scaphiopus holbrookii* spends almost all of its life deep underground; emerging only to breed or feed. It remains in a type of hibernation almost all its life. It burrows in a spiral.

One study used passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) to monitor emergence from burrows. The study found that *S. holbrookii* emerge about 43% of the nights they were monitored. They are much more likely to emerge if they had emerged the night prior as well. They also tended to emerge more frequently from their burrows on nights that were warmer and more humid, or the night after/during rain. Other than the emergence after rain and during breeding season, these animals do not have a specific pattern to their burrow emergence; the movements seem to be very random.

## Diet & Predation

Although *Scaphiopus holbrookii* is both diurnal and nocturnal, most foraging for food sources, consisting of small invertebrates such as termites, insects, arachnids, worms, ants, beetles, and grasshoppers is completed during the day. Some species will completely leave to burrow in search of prey; however, a common tactic for the eastern spadefoot is to simply sit at the opening of the burrow and wait for prey to pass by.

Being burrowing species, spadefoot toads avoid a large amount of predation at the surface, but when exposed during foraging or breeding, they are preyed upon by mammals such as opossums and racoons, birds, and snakes.

## Reproduction

*S. holbrookii* requires fish-free ephemeral ponds for breeding but occupies other habitats such as longleaf pine and wiregrass ecosystems when not breeding. They use inguinal amplexus while mating. Eastern spadefoot toads are explosive breeders during sufficient rainfall and eggs are usually attached to submerged vegetation. Hatching and development rates are highly variable, mediated by ambient air and water temperatures, hatching as quickly as under 12 hours, slowly as over 7 days, and develop into adults in 14-60 days. The eastern spadefoot toad can breed in almost any month of the year. Even though they can breed during any month they do always breed at night to lessen the threat of predation. Due to the explosive breeding, once eggs hatch often food becomes limited from the large populations of tadpoles. *S. holbrookii* tadpoles are known to be omnivorous. In the event of food shortages some larvae adapt aggressive feeding habits consuming large animal prey including other *S. holbrookii* tadpoles. These cannibalistic morphs develop at a heightened rate and become much larger tadpoles in comparison to the non-cannibal morphs.

## Conservation status

While not listed as an endangered species by the U.S. federal government, *S. holbrookii* is considered "threatened" in Massachusetts and Connecticut. In that state and in 13 others, it is listed as a "Species of Greatest Conservation Need".

## InfoBox

| *Scaphiopus holbrookii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Scaphiopodidae |
| Genus: | *Scaphiopus* |
| Species: | ***S. holbrookii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scaphiopus holbrookii***
(Harlan, 1835) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rana holbrookii* Harlan, 1835 * *Scaphiopus solitarius* Holbrook, 1836 * *Scaphiopus holbrookii*  Cope, 1889 | |


title: Scaphiopus

abstract: Scaphiopus is a genus of North American amphibian commonly referred to as the North American spadefoots, southern spadefoots, or eastern spadefoot toads. They differ greatly from true toads by having eyes with vertical pupils, no parotoid gland, and relatively smooth skin. Their most distinctive feature is a spade-like projection on their hind feet, from which their common name is derived. This projection enables spadefoot toads to dig in loose soils with ease. Its scientific name means ‘spade-foot’ as well, from the Ancient Greek skaphís and pous.

text:
# Scaphiopus

***Scaphiopus*** is a genus of North American amphibian commonly referred to as the **North American spadefoots**, **southern spadefoots**, or **eastern spadefoot toads**. They differ greatly from true toads (those of the family Bufonidae) by having eyes with vertical pupils, no parotoid gland, and relatively smooth skin. Their most distinctive feature is a spade-like projection on their hind feet, from which their common name is derived. This projection enables spadefoot toads to dig in loose soils with ease. Its scientific name means ‘spade-foot’ as well, from the Ancient Greek **skaphís** (σκαφίς, ‘spade, shovel’) and **pous** (πούς, ‘foot, leg’).

## Species

*Scaphiopus* species were once classified with their European cousins in the family Pelobatidae, but have since been reclassified to their own family, Scaphiopodidae, with other North American species. There are three species in the genus *Scaphiopus*:

## Geographic range

Spadefoot toads are found throughout the United States and into northern Mexico. They tend to prefer dry, grassland areas with loose, sandy soils that flood in the rainy season.

## Description

*Scaphiopus* are generally colored appropriately with greens and browns to camouflage themselves in their native habitat. At adult size they are usually not much larger than 8 cm.

## Behavior and reproduction

Adult Spadefoot toads are nocturnal and spend most of their day burrowed underground. At night they will regularly emerge to forage. Spadefoot toads are explosive breeders; after periods of heavy rainfall breeding adults will scramble to fishless, ephemeral pools to breed and lay eggs. They have one of the fastest reproductive cycles of any amphibian species. Once laid, eggs hatch in a matter of a day or two. The tadpoles are capable of developing to froglets within a couple of weeks. This short larval period allows spadefoots to utilize water sources that other amphibians cannot.

## Diet

Their diet primarily consists of Lepidopterous larvae, Scarabaeidae adults, and Carabidae adults, which suggests that they forage on the surface rather than underground.

## InfoBox

| *Scaphiopus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Couch's spadefoot toad, *Scaphiopus couchii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Scaphiopodidae |
| Genus: | *Scaphiopus*<br>Holbrook, 1836 |
|


title: Cambridge High School (Nebraska)

abstract: Cambridge High School is a public high school in Cambridge, Nebraska.

text:
# Cambridge High School (Nebraska)

**Cambridge High School** is a public high school in Cambridge, Nebraska.

## Academics

55% of all students are proficient in math and 65% are proficient in reading. Cambridge Elementary and Middle School feed into Cambridge High School.

## Demographics

| White | African American | Asian American | Latino | Two or More Races |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 92% | 1% | 0% | 4% | 0% |

## InfoBox

| Cambridge High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1003 Nelson St
Cambridge, (Furnas County), Nebraska 69022
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°17′00″N 100°10′27″W / 40.28324°N 100.17413°W / 40.28324; -100.17413 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public school |
| Teaching staff | 11.76 (FTE) |
| Grades | 12 |
| Enrollment | 86 (2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 7.31 |
| Color(s) | Orange and Black |
| Team name | Trojans |
| Website | https://cpstrojans.org/ |


title: Schloss Scharfenberg

abstract: Schloss Scharfenberg, Saxony is a medieval castle on the southern slopes of the River Elbe mid-way between Dresden and Meissen. It lies in the Pegenau area of Klipphausen municipality, Meissen, Saxony. The castle has a panoramic view over the Elbe valley. It has a long-established link to many artists as a Romantic subject. It is currently (2023) run partly as a hotel, taking advantage of its romantic location and atmosphere.

text:
# Schloss Scharfenberg

**Schloss Scharfenberg, Saxony** is a medieval castle on the southern slopes of the River Elbe mid-way between Dresden and Meissen. It lies in the Pegenau area of Klipphausen municipality, Meissen, Saxony.

The castle has a panoramic view over the Elbe valley. It has a long-established link to many artists as a Romantic subject. It is currently (2023) run partly as a hotel, taking advantage of its romantic location and atmosphere.

## History

Some 19th century records link the castle to Henry the Fowler and dates it from 938 A.D. However, there is no evidence to support this claim.

The original castle dates from around 1200 A.D. of which some of the western boundary walls and entrance gate remain. Archaeological digs found a circular keep to the west, dating from 1220. The castle is first mentioned in 1227 in a church document in Meissen and it is in the control of the Bishop of Meissen.

In 1390 it is controlled by Bernhard von Maltitz and in 1403 Dietrich von Miltitz. The castle remained in the ownership and control of the Von Miltitz family until the Second World War. During this time the castle was badly damaged in the Thirty Years War. As a result, large sections of the inner castle date from the late 17th century.

The castle was again besieged and successfully defended against the Swedish army in 1706 during the Great Nordic War.

In 1783 an accidental fire destroyed the timber built north side of the courtyard. The timber-built south side survives.

In the early 19th century, during the period of the Grand Tour, Scharfenberg became an established Romantic destination, and the architecture was altered to enhance this Romantic image. In the first quarter of the century, under Dietrich von Miltitz and then Carl Borromäus von Miltitz, several leading literary figures of the time gathered there, forming the "Scharfenberger Circle", including Novalis, Christian Gottfried Körner, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Johann August Apel and E. T. A. Hoffmann. During this period the Von Miltitz family were also great patrons of artists and several famous artists were commissioned to paint the castle. These included Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, Thomas Fearnley, Johan Christian Clausen Dahl and Caspar David Friedrich.

For various reasons the castle fell empty during the Second World War. It was occupied by various persons displaced by the war in a hostel fashion and was under state control under the Soviet regime. This continued into the 1950s. Although the castle is relatively large it is far from any city and is not a good area to house workers.

In the 1960s it opened as a museum, but was generally only of local interest in relation to its neighbouring cities. It still had a residential function and an artist community linked itself to the building, also keen to preserve the castle. These included Achim Freyer, Emil Nolde, Achim Heym, Andreas Reinhardt, Karl-Heinz-Schäfer and Otto Walchau.

Through the 1970s and 1980s it was used for civil defence purposes, partly due to its strategic views over the River Elbe.

At the reunification of Germany in 1989 all state functions ceased. It was sold privately.

Since 2007 it has housed an annual festival of Romantic poetry.

51°07′31″N 13°31′39″E / 51.1252°N 13.5275°E / 51.1252; 13.5275


title: Schloss Ringberg

abstract: Schloss Ringberg is located in the Bavarian Alps, 50 km south of Munich, on a foothill overlooking the Tegernsee. Not open to the general public, it is a property of the Max Planck Society and used for conferences.

text:
# Schloss Ringberg

**Schloss Ringberg** (Ringberg Castle) is located in the Bavarian Alps, 50 km south of Munich, on a foothill overlooking the Tegernsee. Not open to the general public, it is a property of the Max Planck Society and used for conferences.

## History

The castle was the creation of Luitpold Emanuel Ludwig Maria, Duke in Bavaria (1890-1973) and his friend Friedrich Attenhuber (1877-1947), a Munich painter. The Duke was a member of the Wittelsbach family, former rulers of Bavaria.

Like his famous relative, King Ludwig II, the Duke was obsessed with building fantastical structures. Indeed, Ludwig's Schloss Neuschwanstein inspired Schloss Ringberg. The Duke dedicated his life to building the castle.

The two men met at Munich University, where from 1910 to 1914 the Duke studied philosophy and the history of art. Attenhuber first gave painting lessons to the Duke, then traveled through Europe with him. What may have been a love affair developed into something more, with Attenhuber agreeing to supervise the building of the Duke's dream castle. The result was Schloss Ringberg.

Everything at Ringberg was designed and crafted by Attenhuber himself, from the architecture to the interior decoration, including the paintings.

In 1930, Attenhuber closed his Munich studio, took permanent residence at the castle and changed his painting style (apparently under pressure from the Duke) from Post-Impressionist to a realistic style close to the *Blut und Boden* style favoured by the Nazis, though it is not clear that the change was driven by political or ideological motives. He found his models in the farmhouses around the Tegernsee. Many of his paintings in this style hang in the ground and first floor rooms of the castle; on the second floor, paintings in his earlier style are on display. They include, however, his last self-portrait, which shows a reversion to his earlier style

In the 1930s, the relationship between the two men deteriorated drastically. Attenhuber was also tied to the castle since he had lost all his social contacts and the Duke did not allow him to leave. In 1947, Attenhuber jumped to his death from the Schloss Ringberg tower.

After his death, Duke Luitpold continued to devote all his energies to the construction of the castle, selling family estates like Possenhofen Castle to pay for the building and travelling the more than 50 kilometres from his home in the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Munich to supervise the progress of the work.

He never actually lived in the castle but preferred to lodge at the Hotel Bachmair when he had to stay overnight. When he died in 1973 at the age of 82, he left Schloss Ringberg unfinished.

In the mid-sixties, the Duke began to consider what should become of Schloss Ringberg after his death, since he had no direct heir. He requested the Bavarian authorities to grant his castle the status of a historical monument as a way of avoiding heavy tax duties, but his application was rejected. He was therefore confronted with the choice of either selling Schloss Ringberg to the Confederation of German Trade Unions or leaving it as gift to the Max Planck Society. He chose the latter. The contract was signed in 1967 and after the Duke's death in 1973 the castle passed into the hands of the Max Planck Society.

## Literature

* Helga Himen (with Heiderose Engelhardt): *Ringberg Castle on Tegernsee : Swan Song of Wittelsbach Building - Place of Scientific Meetings* München / Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2008 ISBN 978-3-422-06828-5

Media related to Schloss Ringberg at Wikimedia Commons

47°40′45″N 11°44′59″E / 47.6792°N 11.7497°E / 47.6792; 11.7497


title: Schloss Rosenegg

abstract: Schloss Rosenegg is a schloss (castle) in Rosenegg, Fieberbrunn, Austria. It was built by Baron Rosenberg in 1187 and takes its name from the Rosenberg family, which governed the surrounding area from 1534 to 1872. Since 1938, it has been operated as a hotel, now rated at four stars. It is said that Napoleon stayed at the castle in 1809, after the battle of Pass Stub. A room in the building, the Gerichtstube, or courtroom, was used for trials, as the family held the right of judgement in the area. A tunnel links the castle to a more modern extension.

text:
# Schloss Rosenegg

***Schloss Rosenegg*** is a *schloss* (castle) in Rosenegg, Fieberbrunn, Austria. It was built by Baron Rosenberg in 1187 and takes its name from the Rosenberg family, which governed the surrounding area from 1534 to 1872. Since 1938, it has been operated as a hotel, now rated at four stars.

It is said that Napoleon stayed at the castle in 1809, after the battle of Pass Stub.

A room in the building, the *Gerichtstube*, or courtroom, was used for trials, as the family held the right of judgement in the area.

A tunnel links the castle to a more modern extension.

## InfoBox

| *Schloss Rosenegg* | |
| --- | --- |
| The building in January 2008 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Hotel |
| Address | Roseneggstrasse 58 |
| Town or city | Fieberbrunn |
| Country | Austria |
| Coordinates | 47°29′15″N 12°31′55″E / 47.4876°N 12.5320°E / 47.4876; 12.5320 |
| Construction started | 1187 |
| Website | |
| www.schlosshotel-rosenegg.at | |


title: Schacontia medalba

abstract: Schacontia medalba is a moth of the family Crambidae described by William Schaus in 1904. It is found in Brazil and Peru. The length of the forewings is 6.5–10 mm. The basal area of the forewings is primarily grey brown. The terminal area of the hindwings is lightly shaded.

text:
# Schacontia medalba

***Schacontia medalba*** is a moth of the family Crambidae described by William Schaus in 1904. It is found in Brazil and Peru.

The length of the forewings is 6.5–10 mm. The basal area of the forewings is primarily grey brown. The terminal area of the hindwings is lightly shaded.

## InfoBox

| *Schacontia medalba* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Schacontia* |
| Species: | ***S. medalba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schacontia medalba***<br>(Schaus, 1904) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acontia medalba* Schaus, 1904 | |


title: Camilyne Oyuayo

abstract: Camilyne Oyuayo is a Kenyan rugby sevens player. She was selected for the Kenyan women's national rugby sevens team for the 2016 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Camilyne Oyuayo

**Camilyne Oyuayo** (born 16 April 1982) is a Kenyan rugby sevens player. She was selected for the Kenyan women's national rugby sevens team for the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Camilyne Oyuayo
| Date of birth | (1982-04-16) 16 April 1982 |
| --- | --- |
| Height | 1.67 m (5 ft 5+12 in) |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb; 11 st 5 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| National sevens team  **Years** **Team** **Comps**  Kenya | |


title: School Card

abstract: School Card is a Russian technology project focusing on the consolidation and upgrading of education technology infrastructure. The project originated in Tatarstan, Russia in 2011 as part of the "All Russia Competition of Projects of Regional and Municipal Informatization." School Card assists in the location tracking of students, the security of schools, and in parent/guardian supervision of education. The project was developed in partnership with the company Infomatika. As of 13 July, 2015, the project was implemented in 127 schools and educational institutions in Zelenodolsk, Naberezhyne Chelny, and Nizhnekamsk, with plans to expand to 102 additional school in Tatarstan.

text:
# School Card

**School Card** is a Russian technology project focusing on the consolidation and upgrading of education technology infrastructure. The project originated in Tatarstan, Russia in 2011 as part of the "All Russia Competition of Projects of Regional and Municipal Informatization." School Card assists in the location tracking of students, the security of schools, and in parent/guardian supervision of education. The project was developed in partnership with the company Infomatika. As of 13 July, 2015, the project was implemented in 127 schools and educational institutions in Zelenodolsk, Naberezhyne Chelny, and Nizhnekamsk, with plans to expand to 102 additional school in Tatarstan.

## Functions

### "School Map"

"School Map", one of the functions of School Card, is designed to allow for monitoring by parents/guardians of students. The program provides attendance monitoring, building access control, grade book viewing, library usage monitoring, and control over funds for public transportation and school meals.

### "School Card"

"School card", as it is called as well for student functionality, comes either as a colorful bracelet with a microchip or as a contactless plastic card. These cards allow students access to the building and other functionalities.

### "Privratnik"

Privratnik is the system within School Card which was designed for use by school administration. This system provides control over all visitors to the building and integrates with security cameras and sensors to assist with building security.


title: Schneefernerhaus

abstract: The Schneefernerhaus is a former hotel in the Alps, that is now used as an environmental research station. It lies immediately below the summit of the Zugspitze at a height of 2,650 m and was opened on 20 January 1931. It used to house the top station of the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway as well as a tourist hotel. There was then a cable car from the Schneefernerhaus to the Zugspitze summit. In 1938 a gallery for pedestrians was opened from the ridge station of the Tyrolean Zugspitze Cable Car to the Schneefernerhaus. From 1945 to 1952 the hotel was commandeered for use as a "recreation facility" by the US Forces. On 15 May 1965 an avalanche, that swept over the sun terrace of the hotel and the lifts on the Zugspitzplatt, claimed 10 lives and injured 21. This tragedy was the impetus behind the introduction of a state avalanche warning service and local avalanche commissions. In 1988, after the new station of the Zugspitze Railway was opened on the plateau and, in 1989, the SonnAlpin restaurant there was extended, the hotel and restaurant operation at the Schneefernerhaus finally closed on 14 January 1992. The trackage of the Zugspitze Railway is still there but is now only used to serve the research station.

text:
# Schneefernerhaus

The **Schneefernerhaus** is a former hotel in the Alps, that is now used as an environmental research station. It lies immediately below the summit of the Zugspitze at a height of 2,650 m and was opened on 20 January 1931. It used to house the top station of the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway as well as a tourist hotel. There was then a cable car from the Schneefernerhaus to the Zugspitze summit. In 1938 a gallery for pedestrians was opened from the ridge station of the Tyrolean Zugspitze Cable Car to the Schneefernerhaus. From 1945 to 1952 the hotel was commandeered for use as a "recreation facility" by the US Forces.

On 15 May 1965 an avalanche, that swept over the sun terrace of the hotel and the lifts on the *Zugspitzplatt*, claimed 10 lives and injured 21. This tragedy was the impetus behind the introduction of a state avalanche warning service and local avalanche commissions.

In 1988, after the new station of the Zugspitze Railway was opened on the *plateau* and, in 1989, the *SonnAlpin* restaurant there was extended, the hotel and restaurant operation at the Schneefernerhaus finally closed on 14 January 1992. The trackage of the Zugspitze Railway is still there but is now only used to serve the research station.

## Construction

After the tunnel had been driven for the rack railway and the line itself had been finished (laying of the tracks and installation of catenary) on 20 June 1930 it was possible from then on to transport larger quantities of building material and heavy items up the mountain. Once huts for the construction workers had been erected, blasting operations on the plateau could begin. After these and other preparations had finished it was important to begin passenger services as quickly as possible. As a result, there was only a short period of time from the first delivery of construction material to the opening of the line, during which the first construction stage for a wooden building with lighting, heating, water supplies and drainage had to be completed. With that the first guests could be received and fed (initially without any overnight stays). The new building was open to the public on 8 July 1930, just 39 days after the rack railway had opened.

Once the wooden building was up and running, work could begin on the actual Schneefernerhaus. Again only partially, because on the site blasted out of the rock, part had to be used for the stacking of building material, machinery, etc. On the side of the mountain, which sloped at about 45 degrees and, in places, was even steeper, no more work space could be made available apart from that created by the blasting operation. In Christmas 1930 the second stage of the present-day Schneefernerhaus was completed.

The intention was that the third stage of construction, i.e. the rest of the hotel building, would be carried out to the extent that the wooden hut could remain and continue to provide basic tourist accommodation. In its place, in the fourth stage, the last part of the planned hotel was to have been built. But events turned out differently: the hotel was not extended and the wooden building was demolished after the devastating avalanche in 1965.

## Research

The Free State of Bavaria has rented the Schneefernerhaus long term from the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway and converted it into an environmental research station that was opened in 1996. The original left wing of the hotel no longer exists. The station houses scientists from the following institutions:

The physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, global climate, medical influences and many other areas are researched at the Schneefernerhaus.

47°25′00″N 10°58′47″E / 47.416604°N 10.979589°E / 47.416604; 10.979589


title: Schneefernerkopf

abstract: The Schneefernerkopf is a 2,875-metre-high (9,432 ft) peak in the Zugspitze massif in the Alps. It lies at the western end of the Wetterstein chain in the Alps on the border between the German state of Bavaria and the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is the dominant mountain in the Wetterstein, especially when viewed from Ehrwald.

text:
# Schneefernerkopf

The **Schneefernerkopf** is a 2,875-metre-high (9,432 ft) peak in the Zugspitze massif in the Alps. It lies at the western end of the Wetterstein chain in the Alps on the border between the German state of Bavaria and the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is the dominant mountain in the Wetterstein, especially when viewed from Ehrwald.

## Distinction from the Zugspitze

Although the Schneefernerkopf may be viewed as the 'second highest mountain in Germany' after the Zugspitze, this depends heavily on the definition of the term 'mountain'. Due to its proximity to the Zugspitze (it has a topographic isolation of 1.7 km) it is questionable whether it can be counted as an independent mountain, or merely as a sub-peak of the Zugspitze. Either way, its prominence is 176 m. If it is not reckoned as an independent peak, then the claim to the second highest mountain in Germany goes to the Hochwanner (2,746 m), which is clearly separated from the Zugspitze massif by the Rein Valley, Gatterl and Feldernjöchl. The third highest mountain, with a height of 2,713 m, is the Watzmann in the Berchtesgaden Alps.

## Base and easiest climb

The easiest way to climb the Schneefernerkopf is from the Zugspitze ledge or *Zugspitzplatt*. The path runs over the rest of the Schneeferner or past it to the Schneefernerscharte. Here there is the 'wind hole' (*Windloch*), a result of weathering, with its view looking down onto Ehrwald. To get to the peak the path crosses the northern shoulder on steps and along a steep path with the aid of steel cables, which follows the Schneefernerkopf Lift, closed in 2003 but not removed. The entire journey takes just under an hour. Sure-footedness and a head for heights are essential.

From the Schneefernerkopf there is an exceptionally challenging downhill ski run, the *Neue Welt*, descending for almost 2,000 metres, to Ehrwald. It is very exposed, with slopes up to 45° and has an abseil section, that is rated as UIAA grade III.

## Sources and maps

* Stefan Beulke: *Alpenvereinsführer Wetterstein*, München 1996, ISBN 3-7633-1119-X
* Alpenvereinskarte 1:25.000, Blatt 4/2, *Wetterstein- und Mieminger Gebirge*

## InfoBox

| Schneefernerkopf | |
| --- | --- |
| The Schneefernerkopf (from the left: the Zugspitzeck, Zugspitze, Schneefernerkopf, Wetterspitzen, Wetterwandeck),<br>seen from Fernpass in the southwest | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,875 m (9,432 ft) |
| Prominence | 176 m (577 ft) |
| Coordinates | 47°24′36″N 10°58′13″E / 47.41000°N 10.97028°E / 47.41000; 10.97028 |
| Geography | |
| SchneefernerkopfLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Border between Germany (Bavaria) and Austria (Tyrol) |
| Parent range | Zugspitze |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1871 Hermann von Barth |
| Easiest route | From the *Zugspitzplatt* via the *Schneefernerscharte* |


title: Campeonato Nacional Futsal Feminino

abstract: The Campeonato Nacional de Futsal Feminino is the women's premier futsal league in Portugal. It is organised by the Portuguese Football Federation and, therefore, played under UEFA's rules. It was created in the 2013–14 season, joining Portugal's 16 best teams, and is disputed in a regular phase divided in two geographic zones, North and South, followed by a second phase with a poule contested by the top-four teams in each zone. The remaining teams contest one relegation poule for each zone, with the two lower teams of each group being relegated to the regional leagues (distritais). Each season, four teams are promoted from the previous edition of the Taça Nacional de Futsal Feminino. Between 1996 and 2013, the national champions were the winners of the Taça Nacional, which was contested by the winners of the regional leagues. Benfica are the current Portuguese champions, having won five consecutive league titles.

text:
# Campeonato Nacional Futsal Feminino

The **Campeonato Nacional de Futsal Feminino** is the women's premier futsal league in Portugal. It is organised by the Portuguese Football Federation and, therefore, played under UEFA's rules.

It was created in the 2013–14 season, joining Portugal's 16 best teams, and is disputed in a regular phase divided in two geographic zones, North and South, followed by a second phase with a poule contested by the top-four teams in each zone. The remaining teams contest one relegation poule for each zone, with the two lower teams of each group being relegated to the regional leagues (*distritais*). Each season, four teams are promoted from the previous edition of the Taça Nacional de Futsal Feminino.

Between 1996 and 2013, the national champions were the winners of the Taça Nacional (then the only national women's competition), which was contested by the winners of the regional leagues. Benfica are the current Portuguese champions, having won five consecutive league titles.

## Champions by year

| Club | | | | | | | | | Players | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Champions | Points | 2nd place | Points | 3rd place | Points | Teams | Rounds | Top scorer | Club | Goals |
| 2013–14 | CR Golpilheira | 33 | FC Vermoim | 27 | Restauradores Avintenses | 26 | 16 | 28 |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Novasemente GD | 35 | Benfica | 34 | CRC Quinta dos Lombos | 21 | | |  |  |  |
| 2015–16 | FC Vermoim | 38 | Sporting CP | 27 | Benfica | 25 | | |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Benfica | 36 | Sporting CP | 33 | Novasemente GD | 32 | | |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Benfica | 36 | Sporting CP | 33 | Novasemente GD | 32 | | | Taninha | Sporting CP | 17 |
| 2018–19 | Benfica | 40 | CRC Quinta dos Lombos | 29 | Novasemente GD | 28 | | | Carla Silva | Santa Luzia | 29 |
| 2020–21 | Benfica |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Benfica |  | Nun'Álvares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Performance by club

| Club | Champions | 2nd place | 3rd place | Champions season(s) | 2nd place season(s) | 3rd place season(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Benfica | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22 | 2014–15 | 2015–16 |
| Novasemente GD | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2014–15 | - | 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 |
| FC Vermoim | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2015–16 | 2013–14 | - |
| CR Golpilheira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2013–14 | - | - |
| Sporting CP | 0 | 3 | 0 | - | 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18 | - |
| CRC Quinta dos Lombos | 0 | 1 | 1 | - | 2018–19 | 2014–15 |
| Restauradores Avintenses | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 2013–14 |
| Nun'Álvares | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | 2021–22 |

## InfoBox

Campeonato Nacional de Futsal Feminino
| Founded | 1996 |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Portugal |
| Confederation | UEFA |
| Number of teams | 16 |
| Level on pyramid | 1 |
| Relegation to | Distritais |
| Domestic cup(s) | Taça Nacional |
| Current champions | Benfica (5th title) <br>(2021–22) |
| Most championships | Benfica (5 titles) |
| Website | FPF |


title: Canadian Organ Replacement Registry

abstract: The Canadian Organ Replacement Registry (CORR) is a health organization started by Canadian nephrologists and kidney transplant surgeons in 1985 in order to develop the care of patients with kidney failure. In the early 1990s data on liver and heart transplantation were added to the registry. In 1995, CORR entered into an agreement with the Canadian Institute of Health Information to house the registry in CIHI. The board of directors of CORR receives advice from its scientific advisory committee. In recent years a research subcommittee was formed to promote research using data from the registry.

text:
# Canadian Organ Replacement Registry

The **Canadian Organ Replacement Registry** (CORR) is a health organization started by Canadian nephrologists and kidney transplant surgeons in 1985 in order to develop the care of patients with kidney failure. In the early 1990s data on liver and heart transplantation were added to the registry. In 1995, CORR entered into an agreement with the Canadian Institute of Health Information to house the registry in CIHI. The board of directors of CORR receives advice from its scientific advisory committee. In recent years a research subcommittee was formed to promote research using data from the registry.

## Leadership

Current and past Chairs of the CORR Board of Directors are listed below:

* 1985–1992 John Jeffrey
* 1992–1999 Paul Greig
* 1999–2004 Vivian McAlister
* 2004–2006 Stanley Fenton
* 2006–2008 Joanne Kappel
* 2008–2010 John Gill


title: Campylopus

abstract: Campylopus is a genus of 180 species of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae) in the family Leucobryaceae. The name comes from the Greek campylos, meaning curved, and pous, meaning foot, referring to the setae which curve downwards.

text:
# Campylopus

***Campylopus*** is a genus of 180 species of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae) in the family Leucobryaceae. The name comes from the Greek *campylos*, meaning curved, and *pous*, meaning foot, referring to the setae which curve downwards.

## Distribution

The genus is represented worldwide, with species found in North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Pacific Islands, and Australia. *Campylopus bicolor* is an example found in Australia.

The North American list of species from the genus was revised by Jan-Peter Frahm in 1980. This was based on his own study of over 1,000 herbarium specimens. The most recent checklist of the mosses of North America lists 18 species as being present in North American flora. However, due to a misidentification, there are only 17 accepted species in the region.

## Species

Species adapted from The Plant List;

## InfoBox

| *Campylopus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Campylopus flexuosus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Dicranidae |
| Order: | Dicranales |
| Family: | Leucobryaceae |
| Genus: | *Campylopus*<br>Brid., 1819 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Rhiw Valley Light Railway

abstract: The Rhiw Valley Light Railway was a 15 in (381 mm) gauge railway located near to the village of Berriew in Powys, Wales. It closed on 2 October 2022.

text:
# Rhiw Valley Light Railway

The **Rhiw Valley Light Railway** was a 15 in (381 mm) gauge railway located near to the village of Berriew in Powys, Wales. It closed on 2 October 2022.

## The Railway

The railway is constructed to 15 in (381 mm) gauge, in an 'out and back' return loop of 1,265 metres (1,383 yd). As an 'out and back' loop, trains return to the central station facing in the opposite direction from that in which they departed. The railway was privately built and operated, and its original owner is now deceased. The railway is now owned by his widow, who initially opened the line to the public just one day per year, in mid-summer. The railway is now open once a month from May to October. The very attractive route runs through fields and along hedgerows, and being largely unfenced there is considerable interaction with livestock from rabbits to sheep. However the railway sadly announced that it would stop operating after the 2022 season.

## Rolling Stock

There are two resident steam locomotives. 'Powys' is a powerful 0-6-2 engine, built in 1973 by Severn Lamb. 'Jack' is a large 0-4-0 tender engine, constructed by TMA Engineering of Birmingham and Jack Woodroffe of Welshpool in 2003. An assortment of wooden passenger carriages (both bogie carriages and four-wheel vehicles) and wagons is available on the line.

## InfoBox

| Rhiw Valley Light Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Powys arriving at the station | |
| Locale | Powys |
| Coordinates | 52°36′59″N 3°16′04″W / 52.6165°N 3.2679°W / 52.6165; -3.2679 |
| Commercial operations | |
| Name | Rhiw Valley Light Railway |
| Built by | Jack Woodroffe |
| Original gauge | 15 in (381 mm) |
| Preserved operations | |
| Stations | 1 |
| Length | 1,265 m (1,383 yd) |
| Preserved gauge | 15 in (381 mm) |
| Commercial history | |
| Opened | 1970 |
| Closed | 2 October 2022 |


abstract: Score! A Concert Celebrating Music Composed for Television was a live concert sponsored by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, which presented iconic and contemporary television music performed by a 65-piece orchestra and a 40-voice choir.

text:
# Score! A Concert Celebrating Music Composed for Television

**Score! A Concert Celebrating Music Composed for Television** was a live concert sponsored by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, which presented iconic and contemporary television music performed by a 65-piece orchestra and a 40-voice choir.

## Program

Hosted by noted author and journalist Jon Burlingame, the program included music from over 50 shows including *Downton Abbey*, *House of Cards*, *The Simpsons*, *The Walking Dead*, *Game of Thrones*, *24*, *Glee*, *The Borgias*, *Nurse Jackie*, *Family Guy*, *Da Vinci's Demons* and many others conducted by their composers. A career achievement award was presented to composer Mark Snow (*The X-Files*, *Blue Bloods*).

Score! was the brainchild of the Academy's music branch governor Michael A. Levine. Levine, former music branch governor Mark Watters and Lucas Cantor served as executive producers. Spike Jones, Jr. produced and directed.

Sponsors of the event included ASCAP in conjunction with their 100th anniversary, The Guild of Music Supervisors, Cinesamples, The Gorfaine and Schwartz Agency, First Artists Management, The Society of Composers and Lyricists and Varèse Sarabande.

## Concert Summary

Television Academy members and guests were treated to performances of various television scores by accomplished composers Sean Callery, Alf Clausen, Jeff Beal, Wendy Melvoin and Lisa Coleman, John Lunn, Walter Murphy, James S. Levine and Bear McCreary, Trevor Morris, Ramin Djawadi and Mark Snow.

Unlike previous Academy television music concerts, notably two at the Hollywood Bowl, the show focused almost entirely on current or recent program music, spotlighting suites created by composers especially for the concert. An opening video of theme-music clips from nearly 90 classic TV shows led seamlessly into a live medley of main titles from 24 contemporary series, which was arranged by 6-time Emmy winner Mark Watters. Shows featured in the medley included *Game of Thrones*, *Mad Men*, *Copper*, *The Amazing Race*, *Survivor*, *Parks and Recreation*, *Curb Your Enthusiasm*, *The Americans*, *Modern Family* and *Veep*.

Sean Callery conducted his theme for *The Kennedys* and, in a send-off video before the performance of Callery's *24* theme, Kiefer Sutherland complained that Callery did not get enough time in the Score! show, and Mary Lynn Rajskub said, “Sean Callery has won enough awards – how about one for me?"

Actor Tim Daly presented Mark Snow — who happens to be Daly's brother-in-law — with the Music Peer Group Career Achievement Award, in recognition of the composer's prolific and diverse 30-year career. Snow then conducted suites from *Millennium* and *The X-Files*.

Other highlights included a surprise band of zombies emerged from the audience, attacked *The Walking Dead* composer Bear McCreary onstage as he was conducting his suite, then dragged him screaming offstage. And a rousing sword fight broke out between medieval-costumed warriors between Trevor Morris' *The Borgias* suite and Ramin Djawadi's *Game of Thrones* theme.

## Critical reception

*Score!* was met with critical acclaim. Tim Appelo of *The Hollywood Reporter* stated that "The sold-out, 1800-member audience repeatedly leaped to its feet in standing ovations as the simple, yet intricate, music of 11 TV composers burst forth with a grandeur and sonic fidelity you can’t get at home." Jon Burlingame of *Variety* noted that "The immediate sellout of this event tells us what we suspected – that music for television is not just ‘background,’ or ‘underscore,’ as it's often referred to – but rather an integral part of the storytelling experience, a critical factor in creating mood, setting the pace, reminding us of the place and the people and most of all, conveying the emotion that is ultimately the reason we keep tuning in."

"It's said we are in the second Golden Age of television. But I think this is the Platinum Age and music is its emotional beating heart. There has never been such a confluence of so many great programs - and great scores - in the history of our medium. This concert showcases a small sampling of this outstanding work," said composer and executive producer Michael A. Levine.

## InfoBox

| Score! A Concert Celebrating Music Composed for Television | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | May 21, 2014 |
| Site | Royce Hall,<br>Los Angeles, California |
| Hosted by | Jon Burlingame |
| Produced by | Michael A. Levine, Mark Watters, Lucas Cantor, Spike Jones Jr. |


title: Pallet collar

abstract: A pallet collar is a type of wooden packaging that works together with a classic wooden pallet or custom pallets. The main difference in comparison to a normal wooden box is the possibility to collapse a pallet collar when not in use. As such, pallet collars have helped solve a problem in logistics. Pallet collars have increased in popularity worldwide in the past 20 years, with approximately 20,000,000 new collars manufactured each year worldwide. Each of the pallet collars is stacked on one another to form a box type of packing, but because of the convenient design they provide several important benefits that have high value in the storage and transportation industry.

text:
# Pallet collar

A **pallet collar** is a type of wooden packaging that works together with a classic wooden pallet or custom pallets.

The main difference in comparison to a normal wooden box is the possibility to collapse a pallet collar when not in use. As such, pallet collars have helped solve a problem in logistics. Pallet collars have increased in popularity worldwide in the past 20 years, with approximately 20,000,000 new collars manufactured each year worldwide.

Each of the pallet collars is stacked on one another to form a box type of packing, but because of the convenient design they provide several important benefits that have high value in the storage and transportation industry.

## Overview

With the growing popularity of containerized transportation by sea and land, there was an increased use of classic wooden pallets. To enhance transportation options for a wider range of products, pallet collars were introduced.

## Design

A single pallet collar consists of four or six wooden boards (plastic boards can also be used) and four or six metallic hinges that are used to hold the boards together. These hinges allow every pallet collar to collapse in order to save space, which is the main difference between it and other boxes.

Pallet collars work together with classic and different types of pallets.

## Benefits of pallet collars

When quality pallet collars are used in the right way it is possible to optimise space both in warehouses and when they are transported. They provide fast and easy handling and assembling. Also, the access to the goods that are stored is ensured to be faster and easier.

When pallet collars are not used and there are no products in this packaging it is possible to collapse them. In comparison to wooden boxes, these save up to more than 80% of space.

Different types of products can be stored on pallets without the pallet collars, but they are still used in order to ensure safe multi-level both shelf and non-shelf storage which ensures warehouse optimisation.

Using pallet collars make it possible to store more types of products on pallets which would usually be stored in classic wooden boxes. For example, different friable products can be stored when a customised pallet is used.

## Downsides of pallet collars

If older or lower quality, pallet collars that are used for heavy and/or multiple objects can break which can lead to injury such as splinters.

And since most are made out of wood, they can be water damaged or get worn out very quickly if used for transporting heavy objects.

## Pallet collar construction

The way pallet collars are constructed ensures pallet collars that differ in heights and sizes in order can be used to adjust the needed capacity for different packaging needs.

### Standardisation

Standard pallet collars are manufactured in four heights: 100, 200, 300 and 400 mm. By using the needed heights and combining them together it is possible to closely match every single package to particular products.

Three standard sizes are manufactured: 600×800 mm, 800×1200 mm and 1000×1200 mm. These standard sizes complement the majority of most commonly used standard pallets.

### Customisation

In order to provide quality working conditions and efficiency it is possible to manufacture any custom height and size, which can provide precise packaging for any type of products.

Hinges can be customised too in order to provide better working conditions. For example, one side of the collar may open as a door, to provide easy access to stored goods.

### Materials

Standard pallet collars are manufactured from plywood, which provides the necessary quality. OSB or plastic pallet collars are also often used. Each of the materials has advantages and disadvantages.

### Avoiding risks

To form the needed packaging from pallet collars, only collars from one manufacturer should be stacked on one another. While the majority of manufacturers use standard sizes, minor differences can occur due to the technology used in manufacturing. Such differences can cause significant safety issues.

## Use in gardening

Pallet collars have become popular as a form of raised bed in home and allotment gardening.

* Pallet crafts
* Palletizer
* International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 (ISPM 15) - regulation of wood packaging material in international trade


title: The Morwells

abstract: The Morwells aka Morwell Unlimited were a Jamaican reggae band formed in 1973 by Maurice Wellington and Eric "Bingy Bunny" Lamont. They disbanded in the early 1980s with members going on to form the Roots Radics.

text:
# The Morwells

**The Morwells** aka **Morwell Unlimited** were a Jamaican reggae band formed in 1973 by Maurice Wellington and Eric "Bingy Bunny" Lamont. They disbanded in the early 1980s with members going on to form the Roots Radics.

## History

The band formed in 1973 and comprised Eric "Bingy Bunny" Lamont and Maurice "Blacka" Wellington, childhood friends from Kingston's Trenchtown area. Prior to forming the band, Lamont had previously recorded with Bongo Herman for producer Derrick Harriott, while Wellington had worked as a record salesman and freelance producer. They initially released their recordings on their own Morwell Esquire label. The band expanded to a trio in 1974 with the addition of Louis Davis, formerly of The Versatiles alongside Junior Byles. Davis was a talented arranger and also taught Lamont to play guitar. They had a series of successful singles in the mid-1970s, and received sufficient interest in the United Kingdom to establish a distribution deal. Their first two albums, *Presenting The Morwells* and its King Tubby-mixed dub counterpart *Dub Me*, were issued in 1975. Wellington began working as a studio engineer and producer for Joe Gibbs in 1976, working on the early recordings by Culture, while Lamont joined The Revolutionaries as rhythm guitarist, although they continued to work as The Morwells. Their new connections gave them access to much of Jamaica's musical talent of the era, and in 1977 they were joined by bassist Errol Holt. Further albums followed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although the group had stopped working together in 1980. Holt and Lamont continued with the Roots Radics, the band that they had formed in 1978, while Wellington concentrated on production (including several records by his brother, the deejay Nicodemus) and continued to run the Morwell label, later moving to New York City.

Lamont died of prostate cancer in December 1993, and Wellington, after returning to Jamaica in 1998, died in October 2000 from adenocarcinoma.

## Discography

Albums * *Presenting the Morwells* (1975), Morwell Esq.
* *Dub Me* (1975), Morwell Esq.
* *Crab Race* (1977), Burning Sounds
* *Cool Runnings* (1979), Bushranger
* *A1 Dub* (1980), Trojan
* *Kingston 12 Toughie* (1980), Carib Gems
* *Bingy Bunny and the Morwells* (1981)
* *Best of the Morwells* (1981), Nighthawk
* *Bingy Bunny & Morwells* (1982), Park Heights
* *Kingston 12 Toughie (A Tribute To Bingy Bunny)* (1996), RAS

Contributing artists

## InfoBox

| The Morwells | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Genres | Reggae |
| Years active | 19731980 |
| Labels | Morwell Esq., Trojan |
|  | |
| Past members | Eric "Bingy Bunny" Lamont
Maurice Wellington
Louis Davis
Errol Holt |


title: Ferroverdin

abstract: Ferroverdin refers to three different coordination compounds that were first isolated in 1955 by Chain, Tonolo, and Carilli. It consists of three p-vinylphenyl-3-nitroso-4-hydroxybenzoate ligands complexed with a ferrous ion. Ferroverdin is a green pigment produced in the mycelium of species of Streptomyces. It is claimed to be the “first stable ferrous compound to be found in nature.” There are three types of ferroverdin: A, B, and C. In ferroverdin A, both R groups are hydrogens. In ferroverdin B, R1 is a hydroxyl group (OH) and R2 is a hydrogen (according to a diagram in the paper, the R-groups are on the vinyl group, on the carbon opposite the phenyl; they are respectively trans and cis relative to the phenyl group). In ferroverdin C, R1 is a hydrogen while R2 is a carboxyl group (COOH). Ferroverdin is immune to chelating and oxidizing agents due to the strong interaction between the ligands and ferrous ion. However, it can be broken down by reductive processes.1 The presence of ferroverdin peaks when there are four to eight μg/mL of Fe2+ in the media usually in the form of a salt.

text:
# Ferroverdin

**Ferroverdin** refers to three different coordination compounds that were first isolated in 1955 by Chain, Tonolo, and Carilli. It consists of three p-vinylphenyl-3-nitroso-4-hydroxybenzoate ligands complexed with a ferrous ion. Ferroverdin is a green pigment produced in the mycelium of species of *Streptomyces*. It is claimed to be the “first stable ferrous compound to be found in nature.” There are three types of ferroverdin: A, B, and C. In ferroverdin A, both R groups are hydrogens. In ferroverdin B, R1 is a hydroxyl group (OH) and R2 is a hydrogen (according to a diagram in the paper, the R-groups are on the vinyl group, on the carbon opposite the phenyl; they are respectively trans and cis relative to the phenyl group). In ferroverdin C, R1 is a hydrogen while R2 is a carboxyl group (COOH). Ferroverdin is immune to chelating and oxidizing agents due to the strong interaction between the ligands and ferrous ion. However, it can be broken down by reductive processes.1 The presence of ferroverdin peaks when there are four to eight μg/mL of Fe2+ in the media usually in the form of a salt.

## Biological role

Ferroverdin has no antimicrobial or insecticidal activity, and may in fact be a siderophore. Siderophores are responsible for transporting iron (usually as Fe3+) from the medium into the cell to meet the metabolic needs of the organism. The significance of ferroverdin in the transfer pathway of iron remains unknown. Ferroverdin A, B, and C have also been found to inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) which contributes to high blood pressure in humans.

## Structure

The nitrosophenolate chelating group in the three ferroverdins is unusual. Simple synthetic analogues have been made containing 2-nitrosophenol itself. These complexes adopt a facial geometry owing to the binding of alkali metals to the three oxygen centers. Natural ferroverdin has thermodynamic specificity for fac geometry where the ligands have cis arrangements around the bivalent iron atom in low spin. The geometry was determined by 1H NMR which showed the same peak for the three ligands. Even though mer geometry is more sterically favorable, ferroverdin has fac geometry theoretically due to better π stabilization in its d6 orbitals, but further research is being done to provide evidence.

## Further reading


abstract: Fire Station No. 2, also known as the Old Dilworth Fire Station, is a historic fire station located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It built in 1909, and is a two-story red brick building with two equipment bays on the ground level and firefighters dormitory space upstairs. Since 2010, it has been used as a commercial building, hosting a spa. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Fire Station No. 2 (Charlotte, North Carolina)

**Fire Station No. 2**, also known as the Old Dilworth Fire Station, is a historic fire station located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It built in 1909, and is a two-story red brick building with two equipment bays on the ground level and firefighters dormitory space upstairs. Since 2010, it has been used as a commercial building, hosting a spa.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fire Station No. 2 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Fire Station No. 2, October 2016 | |
|  | |
| Location | 1212 South Blvd., Charlotte, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°13′0″N 80°51′6″W / 35.21667°N 80.85167°W / 35.21667; -80.85167 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1909 (1909) |
| Architect | Wheeler, Galliher & Stern; Jones, J.A. |
| NRHP reference No. | 80002886 |
| Added to NRHP | October 22, 1980 |


title: Falciano del Massico

abstract: Falciano del Massico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania. The village has a population of c. 3,600 and is located about 50 kilometres northwest of Naples as well as about 35 kilometres northwest of Caserta. The commune is home to a Regional Natural Preserve pivoting on the Lake Falciano, of volcanic origin.

text:
# Falciano del Massico

**Falciano del Massico** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania. The village has a population of c. 3,600 and is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi; 27 nmi) northwest of Naples as well as about 35 kilometres (22 mi; 19 nmi) northwest of Caserta. The commune is home to a Regional Natural Preserve pivoting on the Lake Falciano, of volcanic origin.

## Politics

Since March 2012 it has been illegal to die in Falciano del Massico. The current mayor, Giulio Cesare Fava, issued a legal decree stating "It is forbidden, with immediate effect, to all citizens resident in the municipality of Falciano del Massico, and to whoever passes by its territory, to cross the border of earthly life and to enter the afterlife." This decree was issued because the commune's cemetery is currently full and the deceased must be buried in the nearby town of Mondragone. Mondragone is currently in a long-standing feud with Falciano del Massico, makes citizens pay significantly more for a cemetery plot there. The majority of residents in Falciano del Massico are retirees, and the mayor has requested that they "make every effort not to die until a new cemetery is built for the municipality." By the end of March 2012, two of the older residents had already "defied" the new law.

## InfoBox

| Falciano del Massico | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Falciano del Massico | |
|  | |
| Location of Falciano del Massico | |
| Falciano del MassicoLocation of Falciano del Massico in ItalyFalciano del MassicoFalciano del Massico (Campania) | |
| Coordinates: 41°10′N 13°57′E / 41.167°N 13.950°E / 41.167; 13.950 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Campania |
| Province | Caserta (CE) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Erasmo Fava |
| Area | |
| Total | 42.72 km2 (16.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 70 m (230 ft) |
| Population (31 July 2017) | |
| Total | 3,618 |
| Density | 85/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Falcianesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 81030 |
| Dialing code | 0823 |
| Patron saint | St. Roch, St. Martin and St. Peter the Apostle |
| Saint day | 16 August, 11 November and 29 July |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: The Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. The journal was established in 1972 and published by SAGE Publications until 2010. The current editor-in-chief is Sharon A. DeVaney. The journal covers consumerism, human development and family studies.

text:
# Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal

The ***Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal*** is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. The journal was established in 1972 and published by SAGE Publications until 2010. The current editor-in-chief is Sharon A. DeVaney (Purdue University). The journal covers consumerism, human development and family studies.

1. "Backfile Access to Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal". *SAGE Library News*. January 2010. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013.

## InfoBox

*Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal*
| Discipline | Family studies |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Sharon A. DeVaney |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Home Economics Research Journal |
| History | 1972present |
| Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Fam. Consum. Sci. Res. J.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | FCSJEM |
| ISSN | 1077-727X (print)
1552-3934 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 95648101 |
| OCLC no. | 712800910 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Fan Lau Fort

abstract: Fan Lau Fort is a former military fortification located on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. Named after the eponymous peninsula it is situated on, it was built in 1729 during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, a hundred and twelve years before the British took possession of Hong Kong. Abandoned in 1898, it became a declared monument of Hong Kong in 1981.

text:
# Fan Lau Fort

| Fan Lau Fort | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 分流炮台 |
| Transcriptions  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Fān làuh paau tòih  Jyutping Fan1 lau4 paau3 toi4 | |
|  | |

**Fan Lau Fort** is a former military fortification located on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. Named after the eponymous peninsula it is situated on, it was built in 1729 during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, a hundred and twelve years before the British took possession of Hong Kong. Abandoned in 1898, it became a declared monument of Hong Kong in 1981.

## History

Construction of the Fan Lau Fort was completed in 1729, and was overseen by Yeung Lin (楊琳), the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces at the time. Its formation was recorded in the Macau Gazetteer, which recounted how the fort was one of two erected on Lantau Island during the seventh year of the Yongzheng Emperor's reign. During the early part of the Qing dynasty, the fort was known as **Tai Yu Shan Fort** (大嶼山炮台) – named after the romanized Chinese name of Lantau Island (Tai Yu Shan) – but was renamed to **Kai Yik Fort** (雞翼炮台) during the middle and later era of the dynasty. The purpose of the fort was to protect the passage between the island and the Pearl River estuary from pirates, who threatened the coasts and seas of southern China. At the time, Imperial China did not have a large navy, and thus, relied on the development of forts as an alternative way to defend its coast.

The site of the fort was chosen because it was located on a cliff that overlooked the water at 116 metres (381 ft) above sea level. This provided excellent views of the sea and a clear vantage point in case of a potential naval attack. However, the newly built fort was primitive and – in the words of local historian Jason Wordie – "quite small and relatively insignificant". It was eventually seized by the pirates it had intended to repel, but the government would have recaptured the fort in 1810, when the pirates surrendered to imperial soldiers. It was refurbished shortly after its reconquest, and was subsequently part of a key enlargement of fortifications around the area during the next decade.

In 1842, a year after the British took possession of Hong Kong Island, officers from the British Army who surveyed the area discovered that the fort was left unguarded. Fifty-six years later, in 1898 – the year the British were granted a lease over the New Territories – Fan Lau Fort was "abandoned altogether". A similar fate would befall other military fortifications that guarded the coastline, such as the ones in Tung Chung and Junk Island.

## Restoration and present-day

After the fort was abandoned, it slowly fell into disrepair over the years. Villagers living in Fan Lau took stones from its walls to utilize as raw materials for construction, and the old fortification was surrounded by thick foliage. Fan Lau Fort was declared a monument on November 13, 1981, and preliminary restoration works were carried out during the early part of 1985. A more extensive restoration took place five years later in 1990, and entailed clearing away the foliage encircling the site. In that same year, three blocks of flats were constructed close to the fort in anticipation of CLP Group's proposal to establish a HK$60 billion power station in Fan Lau. However, the Government refused to approve of the project, and the properties were never inhabited and remain deserted.

The ruins of Fan Lau Fort is one of only two historic military fortifications on Lantau Island that have survived to the present day – the other being Tung Chung Fort.

## Description

Fan Lau Fort is rectangular with dimensions of 46 metres (151 ft) by 21 metres (69 ft). Its exterior walls – which were made of "semi-dressed stone and green bricks" – are 5 metres (16 ft) tall, and its entrance faces towards the east. When it was first built, the fort was guarded by thirty soldiers and equipped with eight cannons, along with twenty guard houses.

22°11′54″N 113°51′04″E / 22.198464°N 113.851093°E / 22.198464; 113.851093

## InfoBox

| Fan Lau Fort | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*<br>Chinese: 分流炮台 | |
| Fan Lau Fort | |
| Location | Fan Lau, Lantau Island, Hong Kong |
| Built | 1729 |
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| Declared Monument of Hong Kong | |
| Designated | 13 November 1981 |
| Reference no. | 11 |
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