title: Calendula stellata

abstract: Calendula stellata is a species of annual flowering plant in the marigold genus Calendula, family Asteraceae. It is native to northwestern Africa, Malta, and Sicily. Flowering period is between January and April. Flowers are typically orange or yellow. The Royal Horticultural Society considers it to be "highly attractive" and suitable for gardens in a Mediterranean climate.

text:
# Calendula stellata

***Calendula stellata*** (also known as Sicilian marigold) is a species of annual flowering plant in the marigold genus *Calendula*, family Asteraceae. It is native to northwestern Africa, Malta, and Sicily. Flowering period is between January and April. Flowers are typically orange or yellow.

The Royal Horticultural Society considers it to be "highly attractive" and suitable for gardens in a Mediterranean climate.

## InfoBox

| *Calendula stellata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In bloom on Gran Canaria | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Calendula* |
| Species: | ***C. stellata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calendula stellata***<br>Cav. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Calendula asterias* Fisch. & C.A.Mey.     + *Calendula cornuta* Poir.     + *Calendula dentata* Steud.     + *Calendula denticulata* Schousb. ex Willd.     + *Calendula forskohleana* Steud.     + *Calendula macroptera* Rouy     + *Calendula sicula* Willd.     + *Calendula spatulata* Hoffmanns.     + *Calendula vidalii* Vidal y Lopez     + *Caltha dentata* Moench     + *Caltha stellata* Moench | |


title: Calendar Girls (2015 film)

abstract: Calendar Girls is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Madhur Bhandarkar and co-produced by Sangeeta Ahir and Bhandarkar Entertainment. Akanksha Puri played the main female lead role. The film's music was composed by Meet Bros Anjjan and Amaal Mallik. The film was released on 25 September 2015. According to Bhandarkar, the story of Calendar Girls is 75% reality and 25% fiction.

text:
# Calendar Girls (2015 film)

***Calendar Girls*** is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Madhur Bhandarkar and co-produced by Sangeeta Ahir and Bhandarkar Entertainment. Akanksha Puri played the main female lead role. The film's music was composed by Meet Bros Anjjan and Amaal Mallik. The film was released on 25 September 2015. According to Bhandarkar, the story of *Calendar Girls* is 75% reality and 25% fiction.

## Plot

The plot begins with photographer Timmy Anand (Rohit Roy) who is in the process of calling the 5 girls whom he has chosen from different parts of India and Pakistan – Mayuri Chauhan (Ruhi Singh) from Rohtak, Paroma Ghosh (Satarupa Pyne) from Kolkata, Nandita Menon (Akanksha Puri) from Hyderabad, Nazneen Malik (Avani Modi) from Lahore and Sharon Pinto (Kyra Dutt) from Goa to come to Mumbai for shooting for the country's most prestigious annual calendar which is a joint effort of a business tycoon, Kumar Kukreja (Suhel Seth) and him.

The story now shifts to give a brief introduction about the personal life of the five girls. Mayuri, who is from Rohtak lives with her parents who are very supportive and encouraging of her becoming a calendar girl. Paroma, who is from Kolkata, has her parents and an elder brother who are not happy about her entering the modelling business. Paroma decides to leave and she'd call them to Mumbai one day and they will feel proud of her. Nandita, who is from Hyderabad, has her parents and an elder sister. Her family consists of all achievers with her mom and dad being CEOs of a company and her sister Sharda (Samikssha Batnagar) who has recently become the youngest Vice President of a company. Nandita has decided to make it big by becoming a calendar girl. Nazneen, who is from Lahore stays with her boyfriend Inzamam (Deepak Wadhwa) and feels that she has still not achieved anything big in life yet and calendar girl will be a platform for her to get into Bollywood. However Inzamam is not supportive of this, but she decides to leave. Sharon who is from Goa is jogging on the beach with her friend who tells her about how bad the glamour world is and she shouldn't be going for this but she does not believe much about the rumours of the glamour world and decides to go ahead.

The five girls go to Mauritius for shooting with Timmy. They are in the calendar launch party where they are meeting different people from the glamour industry.

The story then moves to three months later. Paroma is a chief guest in a Bengali pooja organized by some pandal and there she meets Pinaki Chatterjee (Keith Sequeira) who is her old boyfriend from Kolkata. Pinaki persuades Paroma to revive their relationship and she agrees. Sharon is doing an ad and is very happy that she has selected Aniruddh Shroff (Rushad Rana) to take care of her work to get her assignments. Nazneen has got an offer for a Bollywood film from a very noted producer. Mayuri is at her first day of shooting for the film and is advised by her secretary Tiwariji (Atul Parchure) to make a good impression with the crew members from the very first day. Mayuri gets very friendly with the director and the crew members and she uses her social networking skills tweeting about the movie several times to get a good publicity for it. Nandita is attending a ceremony in Jodhpur where she is chatting with Naina (Suchitra Pillai) who is a socialite. She declares that Nandita is one of her favourite calendar girls. Naina then introduces Nandita to Harsh Narang (Vikram Sakhalkar) who is a very big business tycoon and the heir of the royal Narang family of Jodhpur. Harsh asks Nandita about her future plans and she tells that she is returning to Mumbai by flight the following morning. Harsh advises her to cancel her flight offering her a marriage proposal. Nandita doesn't answer initially but her sister advises that she should go ahead with this marriage stating that she will be living a very comfortable life like a queen. Nandita meets Harsh's parents, the Narangs (Kiran Kumar) and tells them that she has decided to quit modelling and the family gives her a warm welcome resulting in them getting married.

Nazneen is travelling in a taxi and sees that there are some public protests on the road against Pakistani stars to quit the country. She is very tensed about her life being harmed and the city being unsafe for her. She is not in a position to go back to London since Inzamam is very angry on her. The producer who offered her the film has decided to withdraw the offer because of this issue and is unable to delay the film. She loses the film and is without any work. Few days later, she meets Ananya Raichand (Mita Vashisht) who runs a high class escort service for Politicians, Industrialists and Diplomats. Nazneen ends up becoming an escort girl. Sharon goes to a party at a friends place and there she meets Rehaan who is a friend of Aniruddh and gets to know about the rumours that Aniruddh spread about her that she slept with him. She gets very angry and slaps Aniruddh in front of his entire office staff. She ends up banned by the ad world and is unable to get any assignments. Paroma is attending a party where she has been invited by Pinaki and he introduces her to the different cricketers and people from the SPL cricket league. Pinaki tells her later about some issues that he is facing on the gambling with which they were to earn millions of rupees, where he wants Paroma to spend time with one of the cricketers as per his conditions. Paroma does so and they earn a lot with the daily matches of SPL. Vignesh Pranjpe (Sharad Ponkshe) who is a CBI officer has a doubt on them and keeps a close eye.

Sharon meets Shashank Datta (Indraneil Sengupta) who is working in a leading news channel offers her a job as a host for one of their new entertainment show and Sharon becomes a very successful anchor. Mayuri has decided to sign a film with a builder's son for millions of rupees just to buy a flat through him and later meets Madhur Bhandarkar who also offers her a film. Nandita finds that Harsh is cheating on her and has married her just to keep her as a trophy wife and sleeps around with escort girls. She tells her in-laws and cries but they explain that Harsh loves her and she is the daughter-in-law of the big Narang family and these things are very common amongst the riches.

Paroma gets arrested by CBI on the betting and match fixing case and Pinaki goes absconding leaving her in a lurch. Her brother and father come to give her a bail and disown her. She attempts suicide but stops as she gets an offer to work in a reality show because of her controversial image. Nazneen is feeling shameful as an escort girl and wants to quit and go back to London. She decides to do it one last time with a foreign diplomat. But she finds that Inzamam has already dumped her and moved with someone else. Nazneen meets with an accident after escaping from the hotel and dies.

After these incidents that happened with the calendar girls especially Paroma and Nazneen, this issue comes in the news on whether calendar girls is a platform for people to make a career in the glamour industry or is it a misuse. The other 4 calendar girls meet at Nazneen's funeral and are very sad that her body was in the morgue for 10 days and nobody claimed it. They realize how the glamor world is and how you need to live with it.

Days pass by, months pass by and it is shown where are the calendar girls now – Paroma is making her entry to the reality show, Sharon will happily marry Shashank, Mayuri receives the best debutant award in Filmfare and Nandita is pregnant with a child with Harsh. Now the new year comes and the old calendar is removed and the new calendar is used at various places with the five new calendar girls.

## Teaser

Suhel Seth and Rohit Roy played significant role in *Calendar Girls*. Five new actresses have made their debut in Hindi film industry with *Calendar Girls*. The teaser of *Calendar Girls* was released on 1 July 2015. The film's trailer was released on 17 August 2015. *Calendar Girls* was banned in Pakistan.

## Release

*Calendar Girls* was released on 25 September 2015.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Calendar Girls | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by | |
| Released | 10 September 2015 (2015-09-10) |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Length | 21:58 |
| Label | T-Series |

The music for the film was composed by Meet Bros Anjjan and Amaal Mallik, while the lyrics were by Kumaar. The full audio album was released on 10 September 2015 by T-Series.

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Awesome Mora Mahiya" | Kumaar | Meet Bros Anjjan | Meet Bros Anjjan, Khushboo Grewal | 03:37 |
| 2. | "Khwaishein" (Rock Version) | Kumaar | Amaal Mallik | Arijit Singh | 05:10 |
| 3. | "We Will Rock The World" | Kumaar | Meet Bros Anjjan | Neha Kakkar, Meet Bros Anjjan, Khushboo Grewal | 04:11 |
| 4. | "Shaadi Wali Night" | Kumaar | Amaal Mallik | Aditi Singh Sharma | 03:29 |
| 5. | "Khwaishein" (Film version) | Kumaar | Amaal Mallik | Armaan Malik | 05:31 |
| Total length: | | | | | 21:58 |

## Critical reception

Bollywood Hungama rated the film three-and-a-half stars out of five, describing the five calendar girl characters as "very relatable". The site summarized, "On the whole, *Calendar Girls* can be watched for its wholesome entertainment value, hard hitting drama and engaging narrative." Subhash K. Jha rated the film three stars out of five, saying, "It is fairly engaging and sometimes powerful in its message on how far the ruthless metropolis takes the unsuspecting career girls before dumping them on the derrières to re-gather their destiny."

## InfoBox

| Calendar Girls | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Madhur Bhandarkar |
| Written by | Madhur Bhandarkar |
| Produced by | Sangeeta Ahir
Bhandarkar Entertainment |
| Starring | Akanksha Puri
Avani Modi
Kyra Dutt
Ruhi Singh
Satarupa Pyne |
| Cinematography | Hari K. Vedantam |
| Edited by | Aarif Sheikh
Aarti Bajaj
Vipul Chouhan |
| Music by | Meet Bros Anjjan
Amaal Mallik |
| Distributed by | Hi-5 Entertainments LLP. |
| Release date | * 25 September 2015 (2015-09-25) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |
| Budget | ₹130 million |
| Box office | est. ₹58.95 million |


title: Calicium tricolor

abstract: Calicium tricolor is a crustose lichen that is found growing on trees in the South West region of Western Australia.

text:
# Calicium tricolor

***Calicium tricolor*** is a crustose lichen that is found growing on trees in the South West region of Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Calicium tricolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Caliciales |
| Family: | Caliciaceae |
| Genus: | *Calicium* |
| Species: | ***C. tricolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calicium tricolor***<br>F.Wilson (1889) | |
|


title: Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company

abstract: Safco is the first petrochemical company in Saudi Arabia. It was established in 1965. SAFCO is one of the largest producers of chemicals in the world with an annual production capacity of over 4.9 million tons of fertilizers. SABIC owns 42.99% with 57.01% being held by the private sector and the public.

text:
# Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company

**Safco** is the first petrochemical company in Saudi Arabia. It was established in 1965. SAFCO is one of the largest producers of chemicals in the world with an annual production capacity of over 4.9 million tons of fertilizers. SABIC owns 42.99% with 57.01% being held by the private sector and the public.

## Operations

SAFCO is one of the largest producers of urea in the world with an annual production capacity of over 2.6 million tons of urea while its ammonia annual production capacity is 2.3 million tons. Also SAFCO owns 3.87% share in the capital of Arabian Industrial Fibers Company (IBN RUSHD) and 1.69% in the capital of Yanbu National Petrochemical Company (YANSAB).

* Official website
*
* Business data for Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company:

## InfoBox

SABIC Agri-Nutrients Co.(SABIC AN)
|
|  |
| Native name | سافکو |
| ISIN | SA0007879139 |
| Industry | Chemicals |
| Founded | September 11, 1965 (September 11, 1965) |
| Headquarters | Jubail, Saudi Arabia |
| Key people | Abdulrahman Ahmed Shamsaddin (CEO), Fahad M. Al-Battar (COO) |
| Products | urea, ammonia |
| Revenue | $1 Billion (2019) |
| Total assets | 9,662,542,000 Saudi riyal (2019) |
| Website | safco.com.sa |
| **Footnotes / references**<br> | |


title: Federal judge

abstract: Federal judges are judges appointed by a federal level of government as opposed to the state/provincial/local level.

text:
# Federal judge

**Federal judges** are judges appointed by a federal level of government as opposed to the state/provincial/local level.

## United States

A U.S. federal judge is appointed by the U.S. president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate in accordance with Article 3 of the Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court currently has 9 justices. The judges of 13 circuit courts of appeals and 94 federal circuit courts are also appointed by the president and are therefore also "federal judges" (or Article III judges). Federal judges in the United States are appointed for life (impeachment through the U.S. Congress is possible).

For 2018, Article III judges include 807 judges: 9 in the Supreme Court, 179 in the circuit courts of appeal, 673 in the federal district courts, and 9 judges in the federal court of international trade.

As of June 2021, there are nearly 700 federal judges in the United States.

## Russia

The judicial system of the Russian Federation does not define the concept of “federal judge”, but provides for the position of a judge of a federal court. At the same time, all judges in the Russian Federation have a single status (Article 2, Part 1 of the Law “On the Status of Judges in the Russian Federation”). As of 2009, there were 23,297 federal judges in the country in the general court system. Judges of federal courts are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, and judges of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts are appointed by the Federation Council.

## Brazil

In the words of the Federal Constitution, the judge is an organ of the Judiciary. Thus, he is an agent of the State, responsible for saying the Law definitively. Specifically in the case of the Federal Court, the judge is responsible for judging the actions in which the Union, its autarchies and federal public companies are, in some way, interested. In addition, it also judges other matters, such as those involving foreign States, the dispute over indigenous rights, cases relating to nationality and naturalization, and the execution of foreign judgment.

In criminal matters, among others, it judges political crimes and criminal offenses committed to the detriment of goods, services or interests of the Union or its municipal entities or public companies, crimes against the organization of work and, as a general rule, crimes committed on board ships or aircraft.


title: Counting-out game

abstract: A counting-out game or counting-out rhyme is a simple method of 'randomly' selecting a person from a group, often used by children for the purpose of playing another game. It usually requires no materials, and is achieved with spoken words or hand gestures. The historian Henry Carrington Bolton suggested in his 1888 book Counting Out Rhymes of Children that the custom of counting out originated in the "superstitious practices of divination by lots." Many such methods involve one person pointing at each participant in a circle of players while reciting a rhyme. A new person is pointed at as each word is said. The player who is selected at the conclusion of the rhyme is "it" or "out". In an alternate version, the circle of players may each put two feet in and at the conclusion of the rhyme, that player removes one foot and the rhyme starts over with the next person. In this case, the first player that has both feet removed is "it" or "out". In theory the result of a counting rhyme is determined entirely by the starting selection, but in practice they are often accepted as random selections because the number of words has not been calculated beforehand, so the result is unknown until someone is selected. A variant of counting-out game, known as the Josephus problem, represents a famous theoretical problem in mathematics and computer science.

text:
# Counting-out game

A **counting-out game** or **counting-out rhyme** is a simple method of 'randomly' selecting a person from a group, often used by children for the purpose of playing another game. It usually requires no materials, and is achieved with spoken words or hand gestures. The historian Henry Carrington Bolton suggested in his 1888 book *Counting Out Rhymes of Children* that the custom of counting out originated in the "superstitious practices of divination by lots."

Many such methods involve one person pointing at each participant in a circle of players while reciting a rhyme. A new person is pointed at as each word is said. The player who is selected at the conclusion of the rhyme is "it" or "out". In an alternate version, the circle of players may each put two feet in and at the conclusion of the rhyme, that player removes one foot and the rhyme starts over with the next person. In this case, the first player that has both feet removed is "it" or "out". In theory the result of a counting rhyme is determined entirely by the starting selection (and would result in a modulo operation), but in practice they are often accepted as random selections because the number of words has not been calculated beforehand, so the result is unknown until someone is selected.

A variant of counting-out game, known as the Josephus problem, represents a famous theoretical problem in mathematics and computer science.

## Examples

Several simple games can be played to select one person from a group, either as a straightforward winner, or as someone who is eliminated. Rock, Paper, Scissors, Odd or Even and Blue Shoe require no materials and are played using hand gestures, although with the former it is possible for a player to win or lose through skill rather than luck. Coin flipping and drawing straws are fair methods of randomly determining a player. Fizz Buzz is a spoken word game where if a player slips up and speaks a word out of sequence, they are eliminated.

### Common rhymes

(These rhymes may have many local or regional variants.)

## Cultural references

### Marx Brothers

A scene in the Marx Brothers movie *Duck Soup* plays on the fact that counting-out games are not really random. Faced with selecting someone to go on a dangerous mission, the character Chicolini (Chico Marx) chants:

*Rrringspot, vonza, twoza, zig-zag-zav, popti, vinaga, \[tin-lie, tav,\] harem, scarem, merchan, tarem, teir, tore...*

only to stop as he realizes he is about to select himself. He then says, "I did it wrong. Wait, wait, I start here", and repeats the chantwith the same result. After that, he says, "That's no good too. I got it!" and reduces the chant to

*Rrringspot, buck!*

And with this version he finally manages to "randomly" select someone else.

### Seinfeld

A version of a counting game "ink-a-dink" features in the *Seinfeld* episode "The Statue." The relevant scene includes a discussion between the characters of Jerry and George if the person who is "it" is the "winner" or the "loser":

JERRY: Alright, let's go. Hey, you know, you owe me one. GEORGE: What? JERRY: The Ink-a-dink.. you were *It*. GEORGE: *It*'s bad? JERRY: *It*'s very bad.


title: Dasumia kusceri

abstract: Dasumia kusceri is a spider species found in Bulgaria and North Macedonia.

text:
# Dasumia kusceri

***Dasumia kusceri*** is a spider species found in Bulgaria and North Macedonia.

## InfoBox

| *Dasumia kusceri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Dysderidae |
| Genus: | *Dasumia* |
| Species: | ***D. kusceri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dasumia kusceri***<br>(Kratochvil, 1935) | |
|


title: Disability in Afghanistan

text:
# Disability in Afghanistan

According to Model Disability Survey of Afghanistan by the Asia Foundation in 2019, around 80% of the adults in Afghanistan had some form of disability.

## Distributions

Among those with disability, 24.6% experienced mild disability, 40.4% experienced moderate disability and 13.9% experienced severe disability. For severe disabilities, the prevalent areas of distribution are West (25.4%), Central Highlands (25.4%) and South East region (20.5%). The majority of the obstacles faced by those with moderate and severe disabilities are challenges in mobility, socializing, employment and education.


title: Farrel Island

abstract: Farrel Island is an island in the Magallanes Region, Chile.

text:
# Farrel Island

**Farrel Island** (Spanish: *Isla Farrel*) is an island in the Magallanes Region, Chile.

50°48′S 74°50′W / 50.800°S 74.833°W / -50.800; -74.833

## InfoBox

Farrel Island
| Native name: Isla Farrel | |
| --- | --- |
| Farrel Island | |
| Geography | |
| Archipelago | Hanover Archipelago |
| Area | 324.9 km2 (125.4 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 256.1 m (840.2 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **Chile** | |
| Region | Magallanes Region |
| Province | Punta Arenas |
| Commune | Punta Arenas |
| Additional information | |
| NGA UFI= -882592 | |


title: Fakker

abstract: Fakker is the third solo album by the Austrian hip-hop musician Nazar. It was released on 13 May 2011 by Wolf Pack Entertainment and distributed by Soulfood Music In the summer of 2010 a new track of Nazar's, entitled My Town was released on YouTube. In the following months, Nazar began work with RAF Camora and The Royals on his new solo album. Prior to the album release came the opening of the Austrian documentary Schwarzkopf in cinemas. The album reached 6th in the Ö3 Austria Top 40, and 36th in the German Media Control Charts.

text:
# Fakker

***Fakker*** is the third solo album by the Austrian hip-hop musician Nazar. It was released on 13 May 2011 by Wolf Pack Entertainment and distributed by *Soulfood Music* In the summer of 2010 a new track of Nazar's, entitled *My Town* was released on YouTube. In the following months, Nazar began work with RAF Camora and *The Royals* on his new solo album. Prior to the album release came the opening of the Austrian documentary *Schwarzkopf* in cinemas.

The album reached 6th in the Ö3 Austria Top 40, and 36th in the German Media Control Charts.

## Track listing

| Track number | Title | Featuring | Producer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Intro |  | Raf Camora, The Royals, Nazar | 1:36 |
| 2 | Meine Fans (My Fans) |  | Raf Camora, The Royals | 2:45 |
| 3 | Krankes Ego (Sick Ego) | RAF 3.0 | Raf Camora, The Royals, Benno | 3:26 |
| 4 | Exhibitionist |  | Raf Camora, The Royals, X-Plosive | 3:39 |
| 5 | F.O.T.U. | Haftbefehl | Raf Camora, The Royals | 4:00 |
| 6 | Farben des Lebens (Colors of Life) | RAF 3.0 | Molotov | 3:14 |
| 7 | Amethyst |  | Gee Futuristic and Hookbeats | 2:57 |
| 8 | Keinen Bock (Do Not Block) | Manuellsen | Raf Camora, The Royals | 3:40 |
| 9 | Fakkerlifestyle | RAF 3.0 | Raf Camora, The Royals | 3:08 |
| 10 | Volim Te (I Love You) |  | STI | 3:38 |
| 11 | Gib mir nicht die Schuld (I Do Not Give the Blame) | RAF 3.0 | Raf Camora, The Royals | 3:02 |
| 12 | Nazarfakker Pt. 2 |  |  | 3:21 |
| 13 | Sprinten und Fallen (Sprinting and Falling) |  | Tua | 3:01 |
| 14 | Comic-Helden aus dem Solarium (Comic Book Heroes From the Solarium) | Farid Bang & Summer Cem | Raf Camora, The Royals | 4:13 |
| 15 | Flammen über Wien Pt. 3 (Flame of Vienna Pt. 3) | Raf Camora | Veritas | 2:55 |
| 16 | Gib mir die Welt (Give Me the World) |  | Raf Camora, The Royals | 3:21 |
| 17 | Outro |  | Raf Camora, The Royals and Nazar | 1:26 |

## Production

The majority of the album production was by Raf Camora, *The Royals* and Nazar. Nazar and Camora produced the titles *Meine Fans*, *F.O.T.U*,  *Keinen Bock, Fakkerlifestyle, Gib mir nicht die Schuld , Comic-Helden aus dem Solarium and Gib mir die Welt* together with *The Royals.* They received support during the *Intro* and *Outro* by Nazar, in *Krankes Ego* by Benno and *Exibitionist* by X-plosives. Another Beat was contributed by *Undercover Molotov*. This is the title assigned to the *Farben des Lebens.* The beat of *Amethyst* comes from Gee Futuristic and *Hookbeats*. Tua took over the production of *Sprinten und Fallen* and *Flammen über Wien Pt. 3rd.* Lastly, *STI* was responsible for the background music of *Volim Te*. The guitar used in it was played by Raf Camora.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2011) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 6 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 36 |

## InfoBox

| Fakker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Nazar | |
| Released | 13 May 2011 |
| Recorded | 2010 and 2011 |
| Studio | Besenkammer-Studio, Vienna |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 53.23 minutes |
| Label | Wolfpack Entertainment |
| Producer |  |
| Nazar chronology | |
| *Artkore*
(2010) ***Fakker***
(2011) | |


title: Evan Roberts (rugby union)

abstract: Evan Roberts was a Welsh international rugby union player who played club rugby for Llanelli and international rugby for Wales.

text:
# Evan Roberts (rugby union)

**Evan Roberts** (19 September 1861  16 October 1927) was a Welsh international rugby union player who played club rugby for Llanelli and international rugby for Wales.

## Rugby career

Roberts was selected to play for Wales in two international rugby union matches, both while playing club rugby for Llanelli. His first cap was in a match against England as part of the 1886 Home Nations Championship; Roberts came into the pack with three other new caps, and at fullback, Llanelli team-mate Harry Bowen. Wales lost the match by a narrow margin, and when the Welsh team experimented with the four three-quarters in the next match, against Scotland, Roberts was one of the forward players dropped from the pack. Roberts played one more match for Wales, the final game of the 1887 Home Nations Championship, against Ireland. Wales had dropped the four three-quarter system for the 1887 Championship, and Roberts was brought in to replace Bob Gould. Although Ireland scored three tries to Wales one, a Welsh dropped goal gave them the victory. Despite the win, Roberts was not chosen to represent his country again.

### International matches played

**Wales (rugby union)**

## Bibliography

* Godwin, Terry (1984). *The International Rugby Championship 1883-1983*. Grafton Street, London: Willow Books. ISBN 0-00-218060-X.
* Griffiths, John (1987). *The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records*. London: Phoenix House. ISBN 0-460-07003-7.
* Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). *Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union*. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.

## InfoBox

Evan Roberts
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Evan Roberts |
| Date of birth | (1861-09-19)19 September 1861 |
| Place of birth | Llanelli, Wales |
| Date of death | 16 October 1927(1927-10-16) (aged 66) |
| Place of death | Llanelli, Wales |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Forward  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Llanelli RFC   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1886-1887 Wales  2  (0) | |


title: Exoncotis gemistis

abstract: Exoncotis gemistis is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Bolivia.

text:
# Exoncotis gemistis

***Exoncotis gemistis*** is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| *Exoncotis gemistis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Exoncotis* |
| Species: | ***E. gemistis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Exoncotis gemistis***<br>(Meyrick, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amydria gemistis* Meyrick, 1909 | |


title: Exon shuffling

abstract: Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. It is a process through which two or more exons from different genes can be brought together ectopically, or the same exon can be duplicated, to create a new exon-intron structure. There are different mechanisms through which exon shuffling occurs: transposon mediated exon shuffling, crossover during sexual recombination of parental genomes and illegitimate recombination. Exon shuffling follows certain splice frame rules. Introns can interrupt the reading frame of a gene by inserting a sequence between two consecutive codons, between the first and second nucleotide of a codon, or between the second and third nucleotide of a codon. Additionally exons can be classified into nine different groups based on the phase of the flanking introns Symmetric exons are the only ones that can be inserted into introns, undergo duplication, or be deleted without changing the reading frame.

text:
# Exon shuffling

**Exon shuffling** is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. It is a process through which two or more exons from different genes can be brought together ectopically, or the same exon can be duplicated, to create a new exon-intron structure. There are different mechanisms through which exon shuffling occurs: transposon mediated exon shuffling, crossover during sexual recombination of parental genomes and illegitimate recombination.

Exon shuffling follows certain splice frame rules. Introns can interrupt the reading frame of a gene by inserting a sequence between two consecutive codons (phase 0 introns), between the first and second nucleotide of a codon (phase 1 introns), or between the second and third nucleotide of a codon (phase 2 introns). Additionally exons can be classified into nine different groups based on the phase of the flanking introns (symmetrical: 0-0, 1-1, 2-2 and asymmetrical: 0–1, 0–2, 1–0, 1–2, etc.) Symmetric exons are the only ones that can be inserted into introns, undergo duplication, or be deleted without changing the reading frame.

## History

Exon shuffling was first introduced in 1978 when Walter Gilbert discovered that the existence of introns could play a major role in the evolution of proteins. It was noted that recombination within introns could help assort exons independently and that repetitive segments in the middle of introns could create hotspots for recombination to shuffle the exonic sequences. However, the presence of these introns in eukaryotes and absence in prokaryotes created a debate about the time in which these introns appeared. Two theories arose: the "introns early" theory and the "introns late" theory. Supporters of the "introns early theory" believed that introns and RNA splicing were the relics of the RNA world and therefore both prokaryotes and eukaryotes had introns in the beginning. However, prokaryotes eliminated their introns in order to obtain a higher efficiency, while eukaryotes retained the introns and the genetic plasticity of the ancestors. On the other hand, supporters of the "introns late" theory believe that prokaryotic genes resemble the ancestral genes and introns were inserted later in the genes of eukaryotes. What is clear now is that the eukaryotic exon-intron structure is not static, introns are continually inserted and removed from genes and the evolution of introns evolves parallel to exon shuffling.

In order for exon shuffling to start to play a major role in protein evolution the appearance of spliceosomal introns had to take place. This was due to the fact that the self-splicing introns of the RNA world were unsuitable for exon-shuffling by intronic recombination. These introns had an essential function and therefore could not be recombined. Additionally there is strong evidence that spliceosomal introns evolved fairly recently and are restricted in their evolutionary distribution. Therefore, exon shuffling became a major role in the construction of younger proteins.

Moreover, to define more precisely the time when exon shuffling became significant in eukaryotes, the evolutionary distribution of modular proteins that evolved through this mechanism were examined in different organisms such as *Escherichia coli*, *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, and *Arabidopsis thaliana*. These studies suggested that there was an inverse relationship between the genome compactness and the proportion of intronic and repetitive sequences, and that exon shuffling became significant after metazoan radiation.

## Mechanisms

### Crossover during sexual recombination of parental genomes

Evolution of eukaryotes is mediated by sexual recombination of parental genomes and since introns are longer than exons most of the crossovers occur in noncoding regions. In these introns there are large numbers of transposable elements and repeated sequences which promote recombination of nonhomologous genes. In addition it has also been shown that mosaic proteins are composed of mobile domains which have spread to different genes during evolution and which are capable of folding themselves.

There is a mechanism for the formation and shuffling of said domains, this is the modularization hypothesis. This mechanism is divided into three stages. The first stage is the insertion of introns at positions that correspond to the boundaries of a protein domain. The second stage is when the "protomodule" undergoes tandem duplications by recombination within the inserted introns. The third stage is when one or more protomodules are transferred to a different nonhomologous gene by intronic recombination. All states of modularization have been observed in different domains such as those of hemostatic proteins.

## Transposon mediated

### Long interspersed element (LINE)-1

A potential mechanism for exon shuffling is the long interspersed element (LINE) -1 mediated 3' transduction. However it is important first to understand what LINEs are. LINEs are a group of genetic elements that are found in abundant quantities in eukaryotic genomes. LINE-1 is the most common LINE found in humans. It is transcribed by RNA polymerase II to give an mRNA that codes for two proteins: ORF1 and ORF2, which are necessary for transposition.

Upon transposition, L1 associates with 3' flanking DNA and carries the non-L1 sequence to a new genomic location. This new location does not have to be in a homologous sequence or in close proximity to the donor DNA sequence. The donor DNA sequence remains unchanged throughout this process because it functions in a copy-paste manner via RNA intermediates; however, only those regions located in the 3' region of the L1 have been proven to be targeted for duplication.

Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that this may not hold true every time as shown by the following example. The human ATM gene is responsible for the human autosomal-recessive disorder ataxia-telangiectasia and is located on chromosome 11. However, a partial ATM sequence is found in chromosome 7. Molecular features suggest that this duplication was mediated by L1 retrotransposition: the derived sequence was flanked by 15bp target side duplications (TSD), the sequence around the 5' end matched with the consensus sequence for L1 endonuclease cleavage site and a poly(A) tail preceded the 3' TSD. But since the L1 element was present in neither the retrotransposed segment nor the original sequence the mobilization of the segment cannot be explained by 3' transduction. Additional information has led to the belief that trans-mobilization of the DNA sequence is another mechanism of L1 to shuffle exons, but more research on the subject must be done.

### Helitron

Another mechanism through which exon shuffling occurs is by the usage of helitrons. Helitron transposons were first discovered during studies of repetitive DNA segments of rice, worm and the thale crest genomes. Helitrons have been identified in all eukaryotic kingdoms, but the number of copies varies from species to species.

Helitron encoded proteins are composed of a rolling-circle (RC) replication initiator (Rep) and a DNA helicase (Hel) domain. The Rep domain is involved in the catalytic reactions for endonucleolytic cleavage, DNA transfer and ligation. In addition this domain contains three motifs. The first motif is necessary for DNA binding. The second motif has two histidines and is involved in metal ion binding. Lastly the third motif has two tyrosines and catalyzes DNA cleavage and ligation.

There are three models of gene capture by helitrons: the 'read-through" model 1 (RTM1), the 'read-through" model 2 (RTM2) and a filler DNA model (FDNA). According to the RTM1 model an accidental "malfunction" of the replication terminator at the 3' end of the Helitron leads to transposition of genomic DNA. It is composed of the read-through Helitron element and its downstream genomic regions, flanked by a random DNA site, serving as a "de novo" RC terminator. According to the RTM2 model the 3' terminus of another Helitron serves as an RC terminator of transposition. This occurs after a malfunction of the RC terminator. Lastly in the FDNA model portions of genes or non-coding regions can accidentally serve as templates during repair of ds DNA breaks occurring in helitrons. Even though helitrons have been proven to be a very important evolutionary tool, the specific details for their mechanisms of transposition are yet to be defined.

An example of evolution by using helitrons is the diversity commonly found in maize. Helitrons in maize cause a constant change of genic and nongenic regions by using transposable elements, leading to diversity among different maize lines.

### Long-terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons

Long-terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are part of another mechanism through which exon shuffling takes place. They usually encode two open reading frames (ORF). The first ORF named gag is related to viral structural proteins. The second ORF named pol is a polyprotein composed of an aspartic protease (AP)which cleaves the polyprotein, an Rnase H (RH) which splits the DNR-RNA hybrid, a reverse transcriptase (RT) which produces a cDNA copy of the transposons RNA and a DDE integrase which inserts cDNA into the host's genome. Additionally LTR retrotransponsons are classified into five subfamilies: Ty1/copia, Ty3/gypsy, Bel/Pao, retroviruses and endogenous retroviruses.

The LTR retrotransponsons require an RNA intermediate in their transposition cycle mechanism. Retrotransponsons synthesize a cDNA copy based on the RNA strand using a reverse transcriptase related to retroviral RT. The cDNA copy is then inserted into new genomic positions to form a retrogene. This mechanism has been proven to be important in gene evolution of rice and other grass species through exon shuffling.

### Transposons with Terminal inverted repeats (TIRs)

DNA transposon with Terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) can also contribute to gene shuffling. In plants, some non-autonomous elements called Pack-TYPE can capture gene fragments during their mobilization. This process appears to be mediated by acquisition of genic DNA residing between neighbouring Pack-TYPE transposons and its subsequent mobilization.

### Illegitimate recombination

Lastly, illegitimate recombination (IR) is another of the mechanisms through which exon shuffling occurs. IR is the recombination between short homologous sequences or nonhomologous sequences.

There are two classes of IR: The first corresponds to errors of enzymes which cut and join DNA (i.e., DNases.) This process is initiated by a replication protein which helps generate a primer for DNA synthesis. While one DNA strand is being synthesized the other is being displaced. This process ends when the displaced strand is joined by its ends by the same replication protein. The second class of IR corresponds to the recombination of short homologous sequences which are not recognized by the previously mentioned enzymes. However, they can be recognized by non-specific enzymes which introduce cuts between the repeats. The ends are then removed by exonuclease to expose the repeats. Then the repeats anneal and the resulting molecule is repaired using polymerase and ligase.


title: Exoncotis resona

abstract: Exoncotis resona is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Exoncotis resona

***Exoncotis resona*** is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Exoncotis resona* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Exoncotis* |
| Species: | ***E. resona*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Exoncotis resona***<br>Meyrick, 1929 | |
|


title: Evans R. Dick

abstract: Evans Rogers Dick was an American real estate investor, member of the New York Stock Exchange and yachting enthusiast who was best known during his lifetime for guarding Americans during an uprising in Haiti.

text:
# Evans R. Dick

**Evans Rogers Dick** (August 18, 1858 – January 8, 1934) was an American real estate investor, member of the New York Stock Exchange and yachting enthusiast who was best known during his lifetime for guarding Americans during an uprising in Haiti.

## Early life

Dick was born on August 18, 1858, in St. Louis, Missouri. He was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and, early in life, he became involved in yachting. Among his brothers were William Dick and Frank M. Dick.

## Career

In 1911, when he was a member of the New York Stock Exchange firm known as Dick Brothers & Co., he was cruising near Haiti and discovered a political uprising had started on the island. "During the night all American women were aboard his vessel. The government was overthrown and after hostilities had ceased Mr. Dick left the harbor."

In 1914, Dick Brothers & Co. was dissolved and he became involved in real estate, primarily in Westchester County, New York, and financial interests. He also served as president of the Stamford Rolling Mills, in Stamford, Connecticut.

## Personal life

Dick was married to Elizabeth Thatham of Philadelphia. Together, they were the parents of:

Dick died in the Butterfield Memorial Hospital in Cold Spring, New York on January 8, 1934, near his residence in Garrison-on-Hudson.


title: Expeditie Robinson 2001

abstract: Expeditie Robinson: 2001 is the second season of the Dutch/Belgian version of the Swedish show Expedition Robinson, or Survivor as it is referred to in some countries. The series began on September 22, 2001, and concluded on December 25, 2001.

text:
# Expeditie Robinson 2001

***Expeditie Robinson: 2001*** is the second season of the Dutch/Belgian version of the Swedish show *Expedition Robinson*, or *Survivor* as it is referred to in some countries. The series began on September 22, 2001, and concluded on December 25, 2001.

## Season summary

The two original tribes were Simbang, also referred to as the North Team, and Lima, also referred to as the South Team. A major twist in the series occurred in episode 5, when Eric Buissink, Gwann Elzen and Koenraad Schwagten competed in a challenge to determine who would return to the game in place of Hilde Jacobs, who quit in episode two. Koenraad won and joined the Simbang tribe.

Ultimately, Richard Mackowiak from Belgium won the series over Pascale Mertens, also from Belgium, in a jury vote of 7-0 to become the Sole Survivor.

## Finishing order

| Contestant | Original
tribe | Episode 5
tribe | Merged
tribe | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Lobke Peers**
21, Zoersel, Belgium | Lima |  |  | 1st voted out
Day 4 |
| **Hilde Jacobs**
36, Deurne, Belgium | Simbang |  |  | Quit
Day 6 |
| **Eric Buissink**
62, Heemserveen, Netherlands | Simbang |  |  | 2nd voted out
Day 7 |
| Koenraad Schwagten
Returned to game | Lima |  |  | 3rd voted out
Day 11 |
| **Gwann Elzen**
31, Veldhoven, Netherlands | Simbang |  |  | 4th voted out
Day 15 |
| **Jan Hoof**
25, Ekeren, Belgium | Simbang | Simbang |  | 5th voted out
Day 19 |
| **Jasha Wel**
23, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Lima | Lima |  | Quit
Day 21 |
| **Christine Colaris**
36, Susteren, Netherlands | Lima | Lima |  | 6th voted out
Day 22 |
| **Martijn Diender**
24, Groningen, Netherlands | Lima | Lima | Periuk | 7th voted out
1st jury member
Day 26 |
| **Nathalie Nisen**
37, Destelbergen, Belgium | Lima | Lima | | 8th voted out
2nd jury member
Day 29 |
| **Gerrit Berghe**
37, Aalter, Belgium | Lima | Lima | | 9th voted out
3rd jury member
Day 33 |
| **Jennifer Smit**
42, Waalre, Netherlands | Simbang | Simbang | | Evacuated
4th jury member
Day 34 |
| **Koenraad Schwagten**
44, Lier, Belgium | Lima | Simbang | | 12th voted out
5th jury member
Day 41 |
| **Melanie Drent**
21, Nijmegen, Netherlands | Simbang | Simbang | | 13th voted out
6th jury member
Day 44 |
| **Pieter d'Hane**
35, Rotterdam, Netherlands | Lima | Lima | | Lost Challenge
7th jury member
Day 46 |
| **Pascale Mertens**
28, Arendonk, Belgium | Simbang | Simbang | | Runner-up
Day 47 |
| **Richard Mackowiak**
44, Bilzen, Belgium | Simbang | Simbang | | Sole Survivor
Day 47 |

## Future Appearances

Jennifer Smit, Pieter d'Hane and Richard Mackowiak returned to compete in *Expeditie Robinson: Battle of the Titans*.

## Voting history

|  | | Original tribes | | | | | Episode 5-6 tribes | | | Merged tribe | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Episode #: | | 1 | 2 | | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | | 11 | 12 | 13 | Reunion | |
| Eliminated: | | Lobke
4/8 votes | Hilde
No vote | Eric
6/7 votes | Koenraad
5/7 votes | Gwann
3/6 votes | Jan
3/5 votes | Jasha
No vote | Christine
3/5 vote | Martijn
6/9 votes | Nathalie
6/8 votes | Gerrit
4/7 votes | Jennifer
No vote | ~~Koenraad~~
2/5 votes | Koenraad
5/6 votes | Melanie
2/4 votes | Pieter
No vote | Pascale
0/7 votes | Richard
7/7 votes |
| Voter | | Vote | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Richard |  |  | Eric |  | Gwann | Jan |  |  | Martijn | Nathalie | Gerrit |  | Koenraad | Koenraad | Melanie |  | Jury vote | |
|  | Pascale |  |  | Eric |  | Melanie | Jan |  |  | Martijn | Nathalie | Gerrit |  | Koenraad | Koenraad | Melanie |  | |
|  | Pieter | Lobke |  |  | Koenraad |  |  |  | Christine | Koenraad | Nathalie | Richard |  | Melanie | Koenraad | Richard |  |  | Richard |
|  | Melanie |  |  | Eric |  | Gwann | Pascale |  |  | Martijn | Nathalie | Richard |  | Richard | Koenraad | Richard |  |  | Richard |
|  | Koenraad | Lobke |  |  | Jasha | Returns |  |  |  | Martijn | Nathalie | Gerrit |  | Pieter | Pascale |  | |  | Richard |
|  | Jennifer |  |  | Eric |  | Jan | Jan |  |  | Martijn | Nathalie | Gerrit |  |  | | | |  | Richard |
|  | Gerrit | Koenraad |  |  | Koenraad |  |  |  | Christine | Pieter | Pieter | Jennifer |  | | | | |  | Richard |
|  | Nathalie | Lobke |  |  | Koenraad |  |  |  | Christine | Martijn | Pieter |  | | | | | |  | Richard |
|  | Martijn | Lobke |  |  | Jasha |  |  |  | Nathalie | Koenraad |  | | | | | | |  | Richard |
|  | Christine | Koenraad |  |  | Koenraad |  |  |  | Nathalie |  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Jasha | Koenraad |  |  | Koenraad |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Jan |  |  | Eric |  | Gwann | Pascale |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Gwann |  |  | Eric |  | Melanie |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Eric |  |  | Gwann |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Hilde |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Lobke | Koenraad |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

**^1** At the first tribal council, both Koenraad and Lobke received two votes each. Because of this, both had to take part in a lot drawing in order to determine who would be eliminated

**^2** At the fifth tribal council, Koenraad had immunity as he was new to the Simbang tribe.

**^3** As Jennifer left the competition in episode 10, it was decided that following the vote at the tenth tribal council no one would be eliminated.

**^4** Due to his rule breaking in episode 11, Koenraad was given a penalty vote at the eleventh tribal council.

**^5** At the twelfth tribal council, both Melanie and Richard received two votes each.

Because of this, both had to take part in a lot drawing in order to determine who would be eliminated.

## InfoBox

| *Expeditie Robinson 2001* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 2 | |
|  | |
| Presented by | Ernst-Paul Hasselbach |
| No. of days | 47 |
| No. of castaways | 16 |
| Winner | Richard Mackowiak |
| Runner-up | Pascale Mertens |
| Location | Seribuat, Johor, Malaysia |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Release | |
| Original network | RTL5
VT4 |
| Original release | September 22 (2001-09-22)
December 25, 2001 (2001-12-25) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Evelyn Cavanaugh

abstract: Evelyn Cavanaugh was an American actress, singer, and dancer in Broadway musical comedies in the 1910s and 1920s.

text:
# Evelyn Cavanaugh

**Evelyn Cavanaugh** was an American actress, singer, and dancer in Broadway musical comedies in the 1910s and 1920s.

## Early life and education

Cavanaugh was born in Troy, New York. She attended the boarding school at Visitation Convent in Washington, D.C.

## Career

Cavanaugh's Broadway credits included roles in *His Little Widows* (1917), *The Kiss Burglar* (1918), *My Golden Girl* (1920), *Love Birds* (1921), *Kissing Time* (1921), *Dew Drop Inn* (1923), *In the Moonlight* (1923), *Wildflower* (1923-1924), and *The Girl Friend* (1926). She also toured in a vaudeville act with dance partner James Doyle.

She was generally praised by critics. "Evelyn Cavanaugh and Richard Dore made a handsome couple and both their dances went big with the audience," reported *Variety* in 1919. "Miss Cavanaugh's singing showed a good voice, her personality adding a good deal to the performance."

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Cavanaugh | |
| --- | --- |
| Evelyn Cavanaugh, from a 1922 publication | |
| Born | Troy, New York, US |
| Occupation(s) | Dancer, actress |


title: Evil Zone

abstract: Evil Zone is a fighting game developed by Yuke's Future Media Creators for the PlayStation in 1999. The player can choose from ten characters to fight in several game modes including story mode, arcade mode, versus mode, practice and survival mode.

text:
# Evil Zone

***Evil Zone*** is a fighting game developed by Yuke's Future Media Creators for the PlayStation in 1999. The player can choose from ten characters to fight in several game modes including story mode, arcade mode, versus mode, practice and survival mode.

## Story

The story of the game tells of Ihadurca, a powerful being who exists in multiple dimensions at once. The inhabitants of the world of I-Praseru (Happy Island) were able to temporarily confine Ihadurca in a dimension known as Evil Zone. A tournament is held to select the strongest warrior throughout the dimensions. The champion will be tasked to destroy Ihadurca before she can escape the Evil Zone and threaten the world once more.

The story mode is presented as an anime. Every playable character has their own unique story, each including their unique title movie and cutscenes narrated by the playable character. The cutscenes are animated in an anime style and drawn by the animation studio *AIC*.

## Gameplay

During the game, fighting occurs on a 3D field, with characters allowed to move forwards, backward, and sidestep left and right. Most of the fighting is done with range-based attacks, but it is possible to attack a short-range and use grapple moves on your opponent. The fighting system only utilizes two main moves types: attack and guard.

Each playable character has a unique move set and ultra-attack. An ultra-attack is a powerful move that requires 'Power Stocks' to perform. 'Power Stocks' are obtained by the character standing still and charging; characters can hold up to three stocks at a time. The less health a character has, the faster it takes to charge.

A 'Pressure Dash' can occur if both characters perform a dash attack, towards each other, at the same time. If a 'Pressure Dash' occurs, each player must rapidly hit buttons; the winner gains an advantage over their opponent.

## Characters

There are 10 playable characters in Evil Zone, including the story's antagonist, Ihadurca:

* **Setsuna Saizuki** \- "The Guardian Angel"
* **Linedwell Rainrix** \- "A Medium at Daybreak"
* **Erel Plowse** \- "Mercenary"
* **Gally 'Vanish' Gregman** \- "The Bounty Hunter"
* **Keiya Tenpouin** \- "The Man in the Shadow"
* **Midori Himeno** \- "Grappler and Passionate"
* **Danzaiver** \- "Exceptional Inspector"
* **Alty Al Lazel** \- "Wizard"
* **Kakurine** \- "Priestess"
* **Ihadurca** \- "The Absolute Existence"

## Reception

The game received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. In Japan, *Famitsu* gave it a score of 27 out of 40.

1. Known in Japan as ***Fūjin Ryōiki Eretzvaju*** (Japanese: 封神領域エルツヴァーユ, Hepburn: **Fūjin Ryōiki Erutsuvāyu**, Spirit Seal Area Eretzvaju)
b. Written as **character** \- "Alias"   1. GameSpot staff (July 21, 1999). "PlayStation Evil Zone Ships \[date mislabeled as "April 27, 2000"\]". *GameSpot*. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 17, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
2. "Evil Zone for PlayStation". *GameRankings*. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
3. House, Matthew. "Evil Zone - Review". *AllGame*. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
4. "Review: Evil Zone". *Computer and Video Games*. No. 212. Future Publishing. July 1999.
5. EGM staff (October 1999). "Evil Zone". *Electronic Gaming Monthly*. No. 123. Ziff Davis.
6. "封神領域エルツヴァーユ \[PS\]". *Famitsu* (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
7. Reiner, Andrew (October 1999). "Evil Zone". *Game Informer*. No. 78. FuncoLand. Archived from the original on June 5, 2000. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
8. Ngo, George "Eggo"; Chau, Anthony "Dangohead"; Rodriguez, Tyrone "Cerberus" (September 1999). "Evil Zone". *GameFan*. Vol. 7, no. 9. Shinno Media. p. 16. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
9. Mielke, James (February 11, 1999). "Evil Zone Review \[Japan Import\] \[date mislabeled as "April 28, 2000"\]". *GameSpot*. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
10. Cleveland, Adam (July 29, 1999). "Evil Zone". *IGN*. Ziff Davis. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
11. Wilton, Pete (July 1999). "Evil Zone". *Official UK PlayStation Magazine*. No. 47. Future Publishing. p. 90. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
12. Maruyama, Wataru (October 1999). "Evil Zone". *Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine*. Vol. 3, no. 1. Ziff Davis. p. 132. Retrieved November 12, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Evil Zone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Yuke's Future Media Creators |
| Publisher(s) |  |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation |
| Release | * JP: January 14, 1999 * PAL: June 1999 * NA: July 21, 1999 |
| Genre(s) | Fighting |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Exodus (Bertagna novel)

abstract: Exodus is a science fiction novel written for teens to young adults by Julie Bertagna, published in August 2002. The story is set on an island faced with the problem of a rising sea level, caused by melting ice caps and other forms of global warming. Mara must think of a way to save herself, the other villagers and, most importantly, the world. The book was short-listed for the Whitbread Children's Book of the Year in 2002. Exodus is part of a trilogy; the sequel to the book is Zenith, published in 2007, followed by Aurora, published in 2011. Julie Bertagna was inspired to write this book in 1999, when she learned of two South Pacific Islands being engulfed by the sea as a result of global warming, forcing the people to find higher land. Bertagna started to investigate into the topic of global warming and the stories inspired her to write Exodus and its sequel Zenith. The purpose of the book is to inform young readers about global warming and convince them that something must be done about it.

text:
# Exodus (Bertagna novel)

***Exodus*** is a science fiction novel written for teens to young adults by Julie Bertagna, published in August 2002. The story is set on an island faced with the problem of a rising sea level, caused by melting ice caps and other forms of global warming. Mara must think of a way to save herself, the other villagers and, most importantly, the world. The book was short-listed for the Whitbread Children's Book of the Year in 2002. Exodus is part of a trilogy; the sequel to the book is *Zenith*, published in 2007, followed by *Aurora*, published in 2011.

Julie Bertagna was inspired to write this book in 1999, when she learned of two South Pacific Islands being engulfed by the sea as a result of global warming, forcing the people to find higher land. Bertagna started to investigate into the topic of global warming and the stories inspired her to write *Exodus* and its sequel *Zenith*. The purpose of the book is to inform young readers about global warming and convince them that something must be done about it.

## Plot summary

In the year 2100, 15-year-old Mara lives on the island of Wing, with fellow villagers. The melting ice cap has caused the shoreline to rise and they are now almost out of land. Through her cyberwizz, a laptop-like gadget, she navigates through information to find where they can go. She meets a mysterious creature called Fox, who demands to know where she is. Mara is excited because beyond him she can see a new world, but she loses connection before she can learn more. Mara tells the villagers about New Mungo, a place where they can go which is a new land raised high above sea level. They eventually leave in fishing boats, but are forced to leave behind the elder generation who couldn't part from their home.

Once they reach New Mungo, they realise it is actually not a welcoming place; a huge outer wall surrounds the whole sky-city. They then are forced to join a refugee boat camp and some of them die there, including Mara's best friend Gail. The Sky Police, from New Mungo, occasionally take the strong up to the city in a procedure called Pickings, but Mara has a bad feeling about this. Mara learns all her family drowned in the perilous journey to New Mungo, and attempts to commit suicide. When she realises her will to live is too strong, Mara manages, with the help of an urchin she names Wing (after her drowned island), to enter the city gates. There she meets the people of the Netherworld (a strange twilight place in the shadow of the sky city, with the roofs of the drowned city of Glasgow jutting above the sea), who are known as the treenesters. They immediately recognise her as their messiah, the Face in the Stone, from an old prophecy called the Stone Telling. She lives with them for some time, exploring and helping them to survive.

One day, while she is with her friend Gorbals (a tree-nester) in the forbidden university, Gorbals and Wing are taken by the Sky Police, along with many sea urchins (a wild breed of children without language, but hairy bodies and webbed hands) and the sea urchins are slaughtered by the Sky Police. Determined to save her friends, she takes the uniform of a police woman that the police accidentally killed in the massacre and sneaks up to the city. She is overwhelmed by its superficial beauty and shallow entertainments. At first, she needed some help with searching. Doll, a computer worker, helps her with the computers. While searching through the Noos, a virtual, evolved version of the World Wide Web, she meets Fox. She discovers it is David, the quiet, hard-working grandson of Caledon, creator of the Sky City and the one who allowed many people to drown if they couldn't pass an intelligence test to allow them entrance to the new world.

Together, they organise an escape plan that involves David crashing the Noos with a 20th-century virus, allowing Mara to free the slaves and then leave the city unnoticed. The only catch is that David would not be able to leave with Mara, with whom he has fallen in love, because he must stay to begin a rebellion against the unfair New World. While executing her plan, Mara fatally stabs Tony Rex, a man she believes is a spy, with an ancient bone dagger, and then rescues Gorbals, Wing and all the people chosen in the Pickings, who have become slaves. They slide down air vents into the Netherworld and board a supply ship. They break free of the city walls, also saving the people in the refugee boat camp and the Netherworld. The boats are programmed to Greenland, a place that is thought to have risen high above the water like a cork. Fox also slides down the air vents, to begin his rebellion outside the reach of his grandfather. The book finishes with Mara wondering how far people will go to save themselves, and if Caledon was right to save a special few. The book ends with the hope that the refugees will reach safety in Greenland.

A screenplay for this book is currently under way. The movie adaptation of *Exodus* is not yet scheduled for release.

## InfoBox

Exodus
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Julie Bertagna |
| Publisher | Picador |
| Publication date | August 2002 |
| Media type | Paperback |
| Pages | 336 |
| ISBN | 978-0-330-39908-1 |
| OCLC | 51964816 |
| Followed by | *Zenith* |


title: Exide Industries

abstract: Exide Industries Limited (Exide) is an Indian multinational storage battery manufacturing company, headquartered in Kolkata, India. It is the largest manufacturer of lead-acid storage batteries and power storage solutions provider in India. The company has ten international standard factories spread across five states in the country, out of which 8 factories are dedicated to lead-acid batteries and two factories manufacture Home UPS Systems. The factories are located in Ahmednagar, Chinchwad and Taloja in Maharashtra, Haldia and Shyamnagar in West Bengal, Roorkee and Haridwar in Uttarakhand, Hosur in Tamil Nadu, Bawal in Haryana, and Prantij in Gujarat. Exide also has manufacturing facilities in Sri Lanka, UK and Singapore and does business globally through its subsidiaries and international affiliates. Exide exports its batteries to more than 60 countries across the globe. It has a strong 95,000+ distributor & dealer / sub-dealer network. The Company has forayed into the manufacturing of lithium-ion cells along with modules and packs through its subsidiary, Exide Energy Solutions Limited (EESL), under which it is setting up a plant in Bengaluru, Karnataka to cater to India's EV market as well as stationary applications. EESL is setting up a 12 gigawatt-hour (GWH) green-field cell manufacturing plant in two phases of 6 GWH each. Presently, EESL is engaged in the production, assembly, and sale of lithium-ion battery modules and packs, through its operating plant based out of Prantij, Gujarat. Exide through its wholly owned subsidiary, Chloride Metals Limited, operates 3 modern lead recycling facilities in the state of West Bengal, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

text:
# Exide Industries

**Exide Industries Limited** (**Exide**) is an Indian multinational storage battery manufacturing company, headquartered in Kolkata, India. It is the largest manufacturer of lead-acid storage batteries and power storage solutions provider in India.

The company has ten international standard factories spread across five states in the country, out of which 8 factories are dedicated to lead-acid batteries and two factories manufacture Home UPS Systems. The factories are located in Ahmednagar, Chinchwad and Taloja in Maharashtra, Haldia and Shyamnagar in West Bengal, Roorkee and Haridwar in Uttarakhand, Hosur in Tamil Nadu, Bawal in Haryana, and Prantij in Gujarat.

Exide also has manufacturing facilities in Sri Lanka, UK and Singapore and does business globally through its subsidiaries and international affiliates.

Exide exports its batteries to more than 60 countries across the globe. It has a strong 95,000+ distributor & dealer / sub-dealer network.

The Company has forayed into the manufacturing of lithium-ion cells along with modules and packs through its subsidiary, Exide Energy Solutions Limited (EESL), under which it is setting up a plant in Bengaluru, Karnataka to cater to India's EV market as well as stationary applications. EESL is setting up a 12 gigawatt-hour (GWH) green-field cell manufacturing plant in two phases of 6 GWH each. Presently, EESL is engaged in the production, assembly, and sale of lithium-ion battery modules and packs, through its operating plant based out of Prantij, Gujarat.

Exide through its wholly owned subsidiary, Chloride Metals Limited, operates 3 modern lead recycling facilities in the state of West Bengal, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

## History

In India, as in many other erstwhile colonies of Great Britain, Exide batteries were imported for many years before the Chloride Electrical Storage Company (CESCO) was finally set up in 1920. It started only as an assembling and manufacturing facility and the first manufacturing unit was set up in Shyamnagar, West Bengal in 1947. This marked the momentous entry of Associated Battery Makers Eastern Limited (ABMEL) in the Indian industrial scenario.

For road vehicles, ABMEL's principal brands were Exide and Dagenite (used by Rolls Royce) but the Company was changing its course on other tracks too. Exide "Iron Clad" batteries powered the Railways and in 1963, following the Chinese aggression, the company doubled its production of special defence batteries. The same year saw the manufacture of large stationary batteries for railway track electrification.

The rapid rate of expansion was seen with the establishment of a second factory in 1969 at Chinchwad, Maharashtra to cater to the growing demand for automobile batteries and was strategically established near automobile Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).

## Products

Exide’s product range includes batteries that are used in automotive, industrial, inverter, and home UPS applications. Automotive batteries are used for SLI application across 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers, and 4-wheelers (Cars, Jeeps, Buses & Trucks) as well as for primary power sources in E-rickshaws. In Industrial, usage is across a gamut of applications in segments such as power (both conventional and renewable), telecom, infrastructure projects, IT/ITES industries, railways, mining, and defence sectors. Exide is also present in the battery energy storage business where it designs and integrates power generated through renewables for use in remote areas of the country. Also, Exide supplies submarine batteries to the Indian Navy.

## Research and Development

The company’s Research and Development Centre in Kolkata, West Bengal was established in 1976.

Also, Exide’s R&D has partnerships with entities such as Moura Batteries in Brazil, Furukawa Battery in Japan, East Penn in the USA, Advance Battery Concepts in the USA, and SVOLT Energy Solutions Company Ltd in China (for Lithium-ion Cell Manufacturing).

## Subsidiaries

* Chloride Metals Ltd. (CML)
* Chloride International Ltd. (CIL)
* Chloride Batteries S.E. Asia Pte Ltd (CBSEA)
* Espex Batteries Ltd (ESPEX)
* Associated Battery Manufacturers (CEYLON) LTD. (ABML)
* Exide Energy Private Ltd. (EEPL)
* Exide Energy Solutions Ltd. (EESL)

## Relationship between Exide Industries and Exide Technologies

Chloride Electric Storage Co. Ltd. (CESCO) was the United Kingdom–based division of the United States–based Electric Storage Battery Company (ESBC), a predecessor to today's Exide Technologies. In 1947, ESBC was forced to sell off CESCO following the decisions of a United States district court, and CESCO held the "Exide" trademark in the UK, and later sold batteries under the Exide name in India. In 1991, CESCO's successor, Chloride Group plc, fully divested its trademark in India and battery manufacturing operations to its current management. In 1997, Exide Industries filed a lawsuit against Exide Technologies of the United States when the latter tried entering the Indian market, and both companies entered a prolonged legal battle that was heard by the Delhi High Court, which led to a 2012 verdict that Exide Industries was the legal owner of the Exide trademark in India.

An appeal was filed and in 2017, it was ruled that while Exide Industries was the trademark owner in India, Exide Technologies held the goodwill of the "Exide" name and both companies had a legitimate claim to use of the name in the Indian market. A further appeal from the Indian company that went to the Supreme Court of India led to a stay of the verdict, however, there was a restraining order on the use of the "Exide" name from the American company until the final verdict. Both parties settled in 2017, with an out of court settlement from Exide Industries to Exide Technologies, terms being that Exide Technologies waives any rights to the "Exide" trademark in India in perpetuity.

## InfoBox

Exide Industries Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as |  |
| ISIN | INE302A01020 |
| Industry |  |
| Founded | 1947 (1947) |
| Headquarters | Exide House, Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | * Bharat Dhirajlal Shah
(Chairman & Independent Director) * Avik Kumar Roy
(MD & CEO) * A. K. Mukherjee
(CFO) |
| Revenue | 16,029 crore (US$1.9 billion) (2023-24) |
| Operating income | 1,871 crore (US$220 million) (2023-24) |
| Net income | 1,053 crore (US$130 million) (2023-24) |
| Subsidiaries | * Chloride Metals Ltd. (CML) * Chloride International Ltd. (CIL) * Chloride Batteries S.E. Asia Pte Ltd (CBSEA) * Espex Batteries Ltd (ESPEX) * Associated Battery Manufacturers (CEYLON) LTD. (ABML) * Exide Energy Solutions Ltd. (EESL) |
| Website | www.exideindustries.com |


title: Expelled (film)

abstract: Expelled is a 2014 American teen comedy film written and directed by Alex Goyette. The film stars Cameron Dallas, Matt Shively, Lia Marie Johnson, Marcus Johns, Andrea Russett, Kristina Hayes and Teala Dunn. Most of the cast are popular online internet personalities. The film began a limited release in theatres on December 12, 2014, before being released on video on demand December 16, 2014, by 20th Century Fox.

text:
# Expelled (film)

***Expelled*** is a 2014 American teen comedy film written and directed by Alex Goyette. The film stars Cameron Dallas, Matt Shively, Lia Marie Johnson, Marcus Johns, Andrea Russett, Kristina Hayes and Teala Dunn. Most of the cast are popular online internet personalities. The film began a limited release in theatres on December 12, 2014, before being released on video on demand December 16, 2014, by 20th Century Fox.

## Plot

Felix O'Neil is a mischievous prankster who believes that school is a waste of time. He gets expelled from Eastwood High school after receiving his third and final suspension from the school dean of students, Gary Truman.

For several days, Felix shrewdly covers up his expulsion with the help of his tech savvy best friend, Danny. A week before report cards are supposed to be mailed, Felix makes a deal with his ex-girlfriend, Vanessa, where he will help her win a class election against her rival, Stacy, and in exchange Vanessa, Mr. Truman's assistant, will print a false straight A report card for Felix. Felix and Danny hack into Stacy's computer, and learn that she is a notorious cyberbully who goes by the screen-name of Roxy. Felix is able to get into the school and expose Stacy as a fraud.

That night, Felix arrives home and finds his report card in the mail; Vanessa, however, lied and gave him Fs. Felix barely keeps his parents from finding out; in retaliation, he ruins the school play Vanessa stars in. After escaping from Truman, he is able to lie to his parents and convince Danny to help him break into school to fix his grades. Truman, however, catches him in the act, and calls the police, who arrest Felix.

Felix's older brother Ben, who broke out of the Montana Mountain Academy by shipping himself out to their house, is able to bail Felix out. When they get home, their mom, Julie, pressures Felix about the report card and to convince Danny to give it to him. His parents are floored, and Julie schedules a conference with his history teacher, Mr. Harris, as Mr. Harris had contacted Felix's parents about his failures in his class. Felix hires the school custodian to pose as his history teacher, who meets with Felix at his house. Ben, shocked, accidentally knocks him out. Felix, having no other choice, goes with Julie to the meeting. Ben attempts to stop the meeting, but fails. When Mr Harris is about to tell Julie about Felix's expulsion Ben at the last second lanches a tranquilizer dart at him. Julie finds Ben in the hallway, and even though Felix denies knowledge of it, Julie grounds him indefinitely.

Ben is sent back to the academy, but not before planning his next escape; meanwhile, Julie is doing everything to meet with Truman about Felix. A delivery pizza girl, Katie, convinces him to find a way to get Truman to re-enroll him. After getting into the school, they see Truman late at night, doing something on his computer. Deducing something is suspicious, Felix convinces Danny to bug Truman's computer, and learns that Truman is a gambling addict who has stolen some school money to support his addiction. Felix blackmails Truman to re-enroll him, threatening to report him to the police for embezzlement if he refuses. Truman begins the re-enrollment process, but Vanessa sees Felix's name on the form, and eventually figures out that Felix is blackmailing him. She agrees to help Truman, and steals back the evidence of his addiction, in the form of Danny's hard drive.

After Felix and Danny realize that the evidence is missing, they head to the school, where Truman gloats to Felix about beating him. Danny, however, steals Truman's laptop, which has clear evidence of his activity. Julie arrives, and Truman lies about Felix, stating that he is an exemplary student that has successfully participated in several extra-curricular activities and confirms that Felix's "Straight A" report card is legitimate. Julie's suspicions about the report card being false are therefore relieved. Julie apologises to Felix for not believing him.

Felix is later re-enrolled for the next semester at Eastwood High, and wins Katie's affection. Although he still does not understand the importance of education, he begins to apply himself and starts to earn better grades.

## Cast

* Cameron Dallas as Felix O'Neil, a prankster
* Matt Shively as Danny, Felix's tech savvy best friend
* Lia Marie Johnson as Katie, a pizza delivery girl who becomes Felix's girlfriend
* Marcus Johns as Ben O'Neil, Felix's older brother
* Andrea Russett as Vanessa, Felix's ex-girlfriend
* Emilio Palame as Gary Truman, the school dean
* Kristina Hayes as Julie O'Neil, Felix's mom
* Teala Dunn as Emily, Vanessa's best friend
* Michelle Glavin as Stacy, a student who accused Felix of spying on her in the restroom in freshman year
* Circus-Szalewski as Shamus, the school janitor
* Tom McLaren as Phil O'Neil, Felix's dad
* Stevie Mack as Mr. Harris, Felix's history teacher
* Rene Aranda as Felix's arresting officer

## Production

In April 2014, AwesomenessTV CEO Brian Robbins announced he was making a film starring Dallas. In September 2014, it was revealed that Cameron Dallas, Andrea Russett, Teala Dunn, Lia Marie Johnson and Matt Shively had all joined the cast of the film. Russett wrapped her scenes on September 23, 2014. Production on the film ended on October 9, 2014.

## Release

The film was released in a limited release on December 12, 2014, prior to being released on video on demand on December 16, 2014. *Expelled* rocketed to the top of the digital charts on iTunes and most other digital platforms on its first day of release, and has been called a "case study in how to make money from younger consumers with movies." The film was released on Netflix worldwide beginning on February 1, 2015.

With Viacom's acquisition of AwesomenessTV in 2018, the distribution rights for the movie are once again overseen by Brian Robbins who was named head of Viacom's Paramount Pictures in 2021.

## Reception

Nicolas Rapold, writing for *The New York Times*, felt Dallas was unable to carry a feature film, stating "Stretched over an 85-minute feature\[...\] Mr. Dallas' brand of easy goofing just feels like coasting." while Sherilyn Connelly from The Village Voice felt that "...*Expelled* isn't going to change the world, but it's a fun and promising debut film."

## InfoBox

| Expelled | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Alex Goyette |
| Written by | Alex Goyette |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jan-Michael Del Mundo |
| Edited by | Josh Noyes |
| Music by | The Outfit |
| Production<br>company | AwesomenessTV Films |
| Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
| Release date | * December 12, 2014 (2014-12-12) (United States) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: F. A. A. Russell

abstract: Francis Alfred Allison Russell KC was a barrister in Sydney, Australia.

text:
# F. A. A. Russell

**Francis Alfred Allison Russell** KC (1868 – 30 October 1938) was a barrister in Sydney, Australia.

## History

Russell was born in Brighton, Victoria, the eldest son of George Alfred Russell (c. 1839 – 6 December 1926) and his wife Louisa Gertrude Russell, née Robey (c. 1847 – 29 March 1918), daughter of R. M. Robey. Russell and Robey married at Valparaiso, Chile, around 1866.

After graduating B.A. from the University of Sydney he was appointed assistant master, Sydney Grammar School.

He was called to the bar on 5 May 1897 and specialized in Australian banking law, in which he was recognised as an authority.

He was appointed King's Counsel in 1927 and served as acting District Court judge from 1928. He was chairman of several wages boards and of the Building Trades Group.

He was deputy dean of St Paul's College, Sydney and chancellor of the diocese of Goulburn.

## Other interests

He was a competitive golfer, a leading member of the Hunter's Hill Golf Club.

He was a director of Sydney's *Daily Telegraph*.

He was one of five candidates put forward by the Soldiers and Citizens Party for the multi-member seat of Ryde in the NSW state elections of March 1920, polling rather poorly.

## Family

Russell was twice married; first on 18 April 1899 to Julia "Dollie" Bowie Wilson, who died on 24 March 1900. Julia was a daughter of John Bowie Wilson. He married again, to Lilian Adela Maude Sophia Salter (1873–1956), on 7 October 1903, and lived at "Brackendale", Karnah-road, Turramurra, followed by Hunter's Hill, later "Holmwood", Shirley Road, Wollstonecraft. Their children include:

* Patience Allison Russell, known as Pattie, (14 December 1904 – 18 September 1961) married Ian Ross Campbell (23 March 1900 – 31 October 1997) at St James' Church, Sydney, on 26 April 1927 They had a daughter Gillian on 22 April 1928. According to a *Times* obituary, this marriage was dissolved after two years, and in 1967 Ian Campbell married Irene Cardamatis, who died in 1996.
* Audrey Innes Russell, born at Hunters Hill on 8 October 1906, was a popular socialite. During WWII she was ranked Flying Officer with WAAAF at No. 5 Operational Training Unit RAAF Station, Williamtown, New South Wales.
* Elsa Mary Lillian Russell (18 January 1909 – 1997) was born at Hunters Hill. She was, like her mother, a painter, served with the WAAAF at No. 5 Service Flying Training School RAAF, Uranquinty during WWII, and is remembered for her work as an unofficial war artist.
* Sybil Marguerite Russell, born July 1911, was engaged to Peter Nicholas Maine Perry (1912–2002), but remained single. She and sister Audrey were popular socialites.

He died at Bowral, New South Wales, and his remains were cremated following a service at St Thomas' Anglican Church, North Sydney, conducted by Canon Baker, assisted by Canon Garnsey, Warden of St Paul's College.

## Bibliography

He was author of:

* F. A. A. Russell (1897). *Tennyson's Gareth and Lynette*.
* F. A. A. Russell (1907). *The Law Relating to Banker and Customer in Australia*.
* F. A. A. Russell (1915). *Industrial Arbitration in New South Wales*.
* F. A. A. Russell (1918). *Australian Industrial Problems*. cited by Allan Charles Rocher, MP.
* F. A. A. Russell (1929). *Essays and Excursions in Law*.
* F. A. A. Russell (1930). *Monetary Policy and the Slump of 1930: Keys of Exit*.
* F. A. A. Russell (1931). *History of the Gold Standard and Its Result*. F. H. Booth & Son. p. 36.


title: F. A. DeCanizares House

abstract: The F.A. DeCanizares House is a historic home in Sarasota, Florida. It is located at 1215 North Palm Avenue. On March 22, 1984, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# F. A. DeCanizares House

The **F.A. DeCanizares House** is a historic home in Sarasota, Florida. It is located at 1215 North Palm Avenue. On March 22, 1984, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| F.A. DeCanizares House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Sarasota, Florida |
| Coordinates | 27°20′11″N 82°32′46″W / 27.33639°N 82.54611°W / 27.33639; -82.54611 |
| MPS | Sarasota MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84003833 |
| Added to NRHP | March 22, 1984 |


title: Expressive language disorder

abstract: Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognized by the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). As of the eleventh edition, it is considered to be covered by the various categories of developmental language disorder. Transition to the ICD-11 will take place at a different time in different countries. The condition is a communication disorder in which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression. It is a specific language impairment characterized by an ability to use expressive spoken language that is markedly below the appropriate level for the mental age, but with a language comprehension that is within normal limits. There can be problems with vocabulary, producing complex sentences, and remembering words, and there may or may not be abnormalities in articulation. Careful diagnosis is also important because "atypical language development can be a secondary characteristic of other physical and developmental problems that may first manifest as language problems".

text:
# Expressive language disorder

**Expressive language disorder** is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognized by the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). As of the eleventh edition (ICD-11, current 1 January 2022), it is considered to be covered by the various categories of developmental language disorder. Transition to the ICD-11 will take place at a different time in different countries.

The condition is a communication disorder in which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression. It is a specific language impairment characterized by an ability to use expressive spoken language that is markedly below the appropriate level for the mental age, but with a language comprehension that is within normal limits. There can be problems with vocabulary, producing complex sentences, and remembering words, and there may or may not be abnormalities in articulation.

Careful diagnosis is also important because "atypical language development can be a secondary characteristic of other physical and developmental problems that may first manifest as language problems".

## Causes

Expressive language disorder is not well understood. It does not have one singular cause, but rather is often a result of many possible causes during development including malnutrition, and damage to the cerebrum such as from injury or disease. Physical abnormalities such as cleft plate and other anomalies that affect oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal structures or neuromuscular functions can be a cause of Expressive Language Disorder by interfering with the patients ability to communicate directly. Environmental problems during early childhood development, including inadequate stimulus, are risk factors as well.

## Symptoms

Expressive Language disorder is characterized by difficulty communicating in varied ways. Sometimes this manifests as below-average vocabulary skills for an individuals age or use of the incorrect tense when speaking. There can be difficulty forming complex sentences and remembering words. Difficulties are with expression, not with understanding as with Receptive Language Disorder

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis for expressive language disorder in children are usually marked by milestones markers of the child age grouping. A child can be diagnosed for expressive language disorder as early as two years old. Many pediatricians and speech and language pathologists look into all grounds of what may be causing speech delay. By the age of 2, children who are unable to use up to 270 one-word phrases and 25 different phonemes, not averaging 75 words per hour during free play, not able to talk in several two-to-three-word phrases with speech intelligibility or at least 65% ,and those who are unable to name common objects and pictures are predicted to most likely struggle and be diagnosed with expressive language disorder. In addition, it is also recommended to have a hearing test to diagnosis if the children's ability to communicate is altered by hearing problems. Since age vary on diagnosis, treatment varies as well.

## Treatment

Treatment of expressive language disorder does not require medicine most of the time, but instead involves speech and language therapies. However, it is recommended to get a full physical check to rule out other possible disorders such as hearing loss. The recommended way to treat expressive language disorder is to work out a therapy plan by visiting a speech and language therapist. Some therapies may include use of toys, books, figures, and images to help improve the condition. In addition, parents could also aid children at home. For example, parents could have a small conversation with their children with slow, clear, and short words to gradually improve children's condition. In this process, patience is key, and it is also important to not make the children stressed. Additionally, let children repeat a short sentence or say it in their own words could also be helpful. Early diagnosis and treatment is really important to treat expressive language disorder.

## Prognosis

The prognosis of this disease is shown to be associated with a class of different issues ranging from broad areas of development in a child's life quality such as social relationships, mental health, literacy, academic abilities, community connections, etc. This is tied into the inability to properly communicate or express language due to the plethora of functional impairments that come with this disorder. Risk detection as well as the severity of the disease has also been linked to age and analyzed through the measurement of the ways these areas have been affected as the child reaches adolescence or adulthood. Additionally, an expressive language disorder that is not caused by any underlying diseases such as autism or brain tumors has been shown to be curable through means that do not involve direct forms of treatment such as medication. A variety of speech and language therapies which include the use of pictures, books, and much more have led to improvements in overall expression, encourages children to participate in many activities, helps them make more friends, and reduces the stress in parents and children. However, if the condition is not treated, it will cause the children to have a decreased performance in school and increased frustration in both the parents and children due to difficulties in communication. In order to tackle and navigate through these difficulties, it is highly recommended for parents to seek out a speech language pathologist and to incorporate a routine that aids the child's condition at home such as an atmosphere where the encouragement for questions and active communications is endorsed. Activities such as reading to the child or the introductions to new words on objects or signs, would be good examples.

## Models of language production

Willem Levelt outlined the currently accepted theory of speech production. Words are produced after the concept waiting to be produced is conceptualized, related words are selected, encoded and the sound waves of speech are produced.

## Association with language networks

There is significant debate about whether specific language impairments, such as expressive language disorder, are caused by deficits in grammar or by a deficit in processing language information. However, an alternative hypothesis to the cause of SLIs has been posited, called the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis. The Procedural Deficit Hypothesis states that we can explain language impairments due to abnormal development of brain structures that are involved in procedural memory, our memories that remember how to perform different cognitive and motor tasks. The procedural memory system is associated with basal-ganglia circuits in the frontal lobe and further investigation of this particular hypothesis could aid in the development of a clinical neurological picture of what the underlying causes of SLI are.

## History

### Scientific studies of speech and language

Some of the earliest discoveries in the field of neuroscience were related to the discovery that damage to certain areas of the brain related to impairments in language, such as the discovery of Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Lesions in these parts of the brain impair language comprehension and language production, respectively. Paul Broca was the first to note that the left hemisphere of the brain appeared to be localized for language function, particularly for right handed patients. Modern neuroscientific research has verified this, though language may be lateralized to the right hemisphere in some right-handed individuals.

### Developmental verbal dyspraxia

In 1990, it was reported that the several generations of the KE family had developmental verbal dyspraxia and orofacial praxis that were inherited in a typical autosomal dominant pattern. Further analysis traced this inheritance pattern back to mutations in the FOXP2 genes. These studies have allowed scientists to begin to investigate how changes to one gene can alter human communication.

FOXP2 is the first gene that has been identified that is specifically linked to speech and language production. Mutant alleles of the normal FOXP2 gene have been found to be the cause of severe speech impairments.

### Specific language impairment

Neuroimaging techniques, such as structural and functional MRI, found no significant differences between individuals with SLI and normal controls. However, more subtle and sophisticated techniques, such as voxel-based morphometry studies have allowed researchers to identify bilateral abnormalities in neural volume in areas of the brain associated with motor functions, such as the caudate nucleus, in the affected members of the KE family when compared to the unaffected family members. This volume reduction showed a high correlation between reduced volume and tests of oral praxis, supporting the idea that odd development of the caudate nucleus is related to the problems in motor control observed in the KE family.

Due to the vague nature of the diagnosis of expressive language disorder, there is little specific scientific research that we can currently locate. A larger body of research exists around neuroscientific studies with children diagnosed with a specific language impairment (SLI). fMRI studies have shown that children with SLI have a significantly smaller left hemispheric pars triangularis (Broca's area) and asymmetry of dominance of language structures, as opposed to the more typical left hemisphere dominance. Scientists are beginning to elucidate differences in activation patterns in children with SLIs using neuroimaging techniques to capture brain activity while performing different cognitive tasks. A major observation is lack of left hemisphere lateralization in major language structures such as the inferior frontal gyrus-opercularis, inferior frontal gyrus-triangularis, supramarginal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. The same study reported hypoactivation and hyper activation of other brain regions - the supramarginal junction and anterior insula, respectively. Other in-depth imaging studies report finding previously undiagnosed lesions in the brains of children with well-characterized developmental language development. Together, these findings strongly suggest that language impairments are the result of an underlying neurological defect in an area of the brain related to language.

Studies looking at long-term outcomes for individuals with specific language impairments such as expressive language disorder track these individuals from childhood to adulthood. As Whitehouse and his colleagues suggest, "When childhood language problems persist into adulthood, they can have far reaching consequences in terms of academic, social and vocational outcomes." These researchers found that children diagnosed with an SLI would have persistent problems with language and are more likely to pursue vocational training rather than university, thereby avoiding professions requiring high levels of literacy. A lower socioeconomic status was also noted by adults who were diagnosed with an SLI as a child. Whitehouse also reported that these adults had more difficulties in establishing friendships, most likely due to a decreased ability to express themselves socially.

## Current educational interventions for students with an SLI

Specific language impairments are often secondary characteristics of other disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In these cases, issues with speech and language are often not treated specifically, but rather attention is given to the primary complaint. Due to the high correlation of an SLI with other disorders, it is difficult to tell the difference between "pure SLI" or language impairments due to the presence of another disorder.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Expressive language disorder | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Pediatrics Speech-Language Pathology |
| Symptoms | Struggle to describe or explain something |
| Usual onset | Early Childhood |
| Risk factors |  |
| Treatment | Speech and Language Therapy |


title: Ezekiel McLeod

abstract: Ezekiel McLeod, was a lawyer, judge and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented the city of St. John in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1882 to 1886 and the City of St. John in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Conservative member. He was born in Cardwell, New Brunswick, the son of John McLeod and Mary McCready. He received an LL.B from Harvard University in 1867 and was called to the bar the following year. McLeod served as attorney general in the province's executive council from 1882 to 1883. In 1882, he was named Queen's Counsel. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1886. McLeod was Chief Justice of New Brunswick from 1914 to 1917. In June 1914, McLeod was one of the three judges appointed to conduct the Commission of Inquiry into the sinking of the Canadian Pacific steamship Empress of Ireland, which resulted in the loss of 1,012 lives.

text:
# Ezekiel McLeod

**Ezekiel McLeod,** QC (October 29, 1840  June 11, 1920) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented the city of St. John in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1882 to 1886 and the City of St. John in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Cardwell, New Brunswick, the son of John McLeod and Mary McCready. He received an LL.B from Harvard University in 1867 and was called to the bar the following year. McLeod served as attorney general in the province's executive council from 1882 to 1883. In 1882, he was named Queen's Counsel. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1886. McLeod was Chief Justice of New Brunswick from 1914 to 1917.

In June 1914, McLeod was one of the three judges appointed to conduct the Commission of Inquiry into the sinking of the Canadian Pacific steamship *Empress of Ireland*, which resulted in the loss of 1,012 lives.