title: Richard Geraint Rees

abstract: His Honour Judge Richard Geraint Rees was a British judge.

text:
# Richard Geraint Rees

His Honour Judge **Richard Geraint Rees** (5 May 1907 – 27 March 1986) was a British judge.

## Early life and education

Rees was born in Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, on 5 May 1907. He was the eldest of four children of Apphia Mary James and the Rev. Richard Jenkyn Rees, a minister of the Tabernacle Calvinistic Methodist Church. His younger brother was the journalist Goronwy Rees.

Rees was first educated at Cardiff High School, a grammar school when he joined, which changed to a comprehensive school in 1973. He studied at University College Wales, Aberystwyth and then St John's College, Cambridge, receiving a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree with first-class honours. He was awarded the Samuel Evans Prize for his successes.

## Military career

Rees was commissioned into the Welsh Guards in November 1939. From 1943 to 1944, he served as deputy assistant adjutant general (DAAG) of the London District. From 1943 to 1945, he served as assistant director of the Army Welfare Services of the British Army Staff, Paris with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

On 1 October 1944, Rees was appointed to the HQ British Army Staff and began organising all British Military Welfare amenities in Paris. He was mentioned in dispatches on 4 April 1946 and it was written that "this officer has exhibited devotion to duty of a high order and his ceaseless efforts have been a source of great encouragement to all."

Rees was awarded the Bronze Star Medal (BSM) on 14 March 1947 for work with the United States Army during his time as assistant director of the Army Welfare Services in Paris.

Rees practised law in the South Wales circuit from 1934 to 1939. He practised in London and the Wales and Chester circuit from 1946 to 1956. Then, from 1956 to 1971, he sat at the Magistrates' court as a metropolitan stipendiary magistrate.

In 1971, Rees was sworn in by the Lord Chancellor as a circuit judge, which he remained until 1981. He was appointed deputy chairman of Inner London Sessions shortly after.

From 1971 to 1981, Rees sat as a permanent judge at the Central Criminal Court.

## Personal life

Rees married Mary Davies in 1938. They had one son. He then married Margaret Green, widow of Robert Philip Brent Grotrian, on 28 January 1950. They had one daughter.

## InfoBox

| His Honour JudgeRichard Geraint Rees | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1907-05-05)5 May 1907
Aberystwyth, Wales |
| Died | 27 March 1986(1986-03-27) (aged 78)
Weybridge, England |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom |
| Education | Cardiff High School |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupations | * Judge * British Army officer |
| Spouses | *   Mary Davies (m. 1938) *   Margaret Green (m. 1950) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives |  |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch | British Army |
| Years | 1939–1946 |
| Rank | Lieutenant colonel |
| Unit | 21st Army Group |
|  | |


title: The Non-Stop Kid

abstract: The Non-Stop Kid is a 1918 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd.

text:
# The Non-Stop Kid

***The Non-Stop Kid*** is a 1918 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd.

## Plot

Bebe plays a pretty young thing with several suitors, including Harold, competing to win her affections.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Non-Stop Kid | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Gilbert Pratt |
| Written by | H.M. Walker |
| Produced by | Hal Roach |
| Starring | Harold Lloyd |
| Cinematography | Walter Lundin |
| Release date | * May 12, 1918 (1918-05-12) |
| Running time | 12 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent<br>English intertitles |


title: Sidi Moussa Lhamri

abstract: Sidi Moussa Lhamri is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 12074 people living in 1826 households.

text:
# Sidi Moussa Lhamri

**Sidi Moussa Lhamri** is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 12074 people living in 1826 households.

## InfoBox

| Sidi Moussa Lhamri | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
| Health center | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Souss-Massa-Drâa |
| Province | Taroudant Province |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 14,972 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Chris Pointer

abstract: Chris Pointer is a former defensive back in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played for the Norfolk Nighthawks, Toronto Phantoms, New Jersey Gladiators, the New Orleans VooDoo, the Kansas City Brigade, Nashville Kats and Columbus Destroyers.

text:
# Chris Pointer

**Chris Pointer** (born February 2, 1976) is a former defensive back in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played for the Norfolk Nighthawks, Toronto Phantoms, New Jersey Gladiators, the New Orleans VooDoo, the Kansas City Brigade, Nashville Kats and Columbus Destroyers.

## Early life

Pointer attended Louisville Male High School, where he was a member of the football and track and field teams.

## College years

Pointer attended Kentucky State University and was a three-year starter at cornerback.

## InfoBox

Chris Pointer
| No. 3, 19 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1976-02-02) February 2, 1976<br>Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 190 lb (86 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Louisville (KY) Male |
| College: | Kentucky State |
| Undrafted: | 2001 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Tackles: 254.0  Pass breakups: 49  Interceptions: 3  Forced fumbles: 5  Fumbles recoveries: 2 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


title: 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup bids

abstract: The bidding process for the 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup was the process by which the location for the 20th AFC Women's Asian Cup was selected.

text:
# 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup bids

The **bidding process for the 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup** was the process by which the location for the 20th AFC Women's Asian Cup was selected.

## Hosting requirements

The following four football associations submitted their interest to host the tournament by the 31 July 2022 deadline.

The tournament is expected to continue the format of the 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup edition, with a total of 27 matches taking place, with 12 teams competing in the tournament.

## Confirmed bid

### Australia

Football Australia officially submitted the bid to host the 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup. Australia previously hosted the 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup, which was the first major Asian tournament staged in the country following its ascension to the AFC. Australia also co-hosted the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup with New Zealand, the first major Women's World Cup to be staged in two countries. Outside two major tournaments, Australia also hosted the 1981 and 1993 U-20 World Cups, as well as the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.

Australia was selected as the host nation by the AFC Women's Football Committee on 15 March 2024.

## Withdrawn bids

### Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabian Football Federation officially submitted its interests in hosting the competition. Unlike the three other bidders, Saudi Arabia's bid was seen as a surprise, with its women's team just only being recently created, as well as the country having never even competed in a regular competitive Women's Asian Cup qualification. Though never hosting any previous women's competition, Saudi Arabia hosted the FIFA Confederations Cup from 2001 to 2021, as well as the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship. On 2 December 2022, the Saudi delegation submitted its bid to host the 2026 edition. On 23 February 2024, Saudi Arabia withdrew their bid.

Saudi Arabia's bid was controversial, due to the status of women's rights in the country; there were accusations of Saudis using the bid in an attempt to improve the country's image.

### Jordan

Jordan Football Association announced it had submitted the bid to host the competition. Jordan recently hosted the 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup, which was the first Women's Asian Cup staged in West Asia. Jordan also hosted the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, which was also the first in a West Asian and Arab country.

### Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan Football Association officially announced its submission to bid the tournament. Uzbekistan never hosted any major senior tournament in either gender, but it hosted various Asian youth tournaments, notably the 2008 and 2010 AFC U-16 Championships, the 2022 AFC U-23 Asian Cup and the 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup. On 23 February 2024, Uzbekistan also withdrew their bid. On 15 March, the AFC ultimately selected Uzbekistan as 2029 AFC Women's Asian Cup host and the only bidder.


title: Easton Tower

abstract: Easton Tower is a historic building located in the Arcola area of Paramus, New Jersey, and originally used as the housing for a water pump on the estate of businessman Edward D. Easton. It was built in 1899 and is located next to the Saddle River at the intersection of Red Mill & Paramus roads.

text:
# Easton Tower

**Easton Tower** is a historic building located in the Arcola area of Paramus, New Jersey, and originally used as the housing for a water pump on the estate of businessman Edward D. Easton. It was built in 1899 and is located next to the Saddle River at the intersection of Red Mill & Paramus roads.

## InfoBox

| Easton Tower | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Intersection of Red Mill & Paramus roads, Paramus, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°55′30″N 74°05′25″W / 40.92505°N 74.09019°W / 40.92505; -74.09019 |
| Built | 1899 |
|  | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
| Designated | February 7, 2007 |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The following is a timeline of the presidency of Richard Nixon from January 1, 1974, to August 9, 1974, when, in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office, he resigned the presidency.

text:
# Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency (1974)

The following is a timeline of the presidency of Richard Nixon from January 1, 1974, to August 9, 1974, when, in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office, he resigned the presidency (the first U.S. president ever to do so).

## January

* **January 2** – President Nixon sets a new national speed limit with his signing of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act, also forbidding the Department of Transportation from assisting projects in states not compliant with the law.
* **January 3**United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger says President Nixon will be personally involved in resolving the oil dispute during a press conference.
* **January 4** – President Nixon announces he will not turn over hundreds of tapes and documents requested by the Senate Watergate committee.
* **January 5**Bernard Barker says he was told of the White House plumber unit having telephone and radio communication tapes that proved the Soviet embassy had access to the Pentagon Papers.
* **January 6** – Vice President Gerald Ford says he agrees with President Nixon's choice to not surrender the tapes and that a compromise may be possibly attained during an appearance on *Meet the Press*. Federal Energy Administrator William Simon says the Nixon administration thinks oil price reduction could occur during the spring.
* **January 7** – White House sources reveal President Nixon has approved a budget with expenditures of US$300 billion.
* **January 9** – President Nixon sends messages to Allied nations for the purpose of scheduling a February 11 meeting in Washington to address energy conflicts of an international scale. White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig states President Nixon does not intend to devote any additional personal time to the Watergate scandal.
* **January 11** – The Western White House confirms the intentional leak of information kept by the National Security Council. Secretary of State Kissinger meets with President of Egypt Anwar Sadat in Aswan, Egypt during the evening.
* **January 12** – Secretary of State Kissinger meets with Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir in Jerusalem.
* **January 14** – Justice Department attorneys offer a private look by a federal judge into the documents by Morton Halperin, a former aide to then-National Security Advisor Kissinger. Assistant to the President Peter Flanigan says the US economy will continue growth within the year though possibly at a slowed pace while speaking at the American Farm Bureau Federation's 55th annual meeting.
* **January 16** – The FBI is ordered by Special Watergate Prosecutor Leon Jaworski to investigate erasures on a Watergate tape recording.
* **January 17** – The Federal District Court discloses Stephen Bull asked John Dean if he had knowledge of the Nixon recordings shortly after Dean's public announcement.
* **January 18** – Federal Judge John Sirica urges a grand jury investigation of possible illegal tampering with tapped White House conversations on Watergate. White House sources say President Nixon has decided to change the personnel of his administration, including replacing Press Secretary Ronald Ziegler.
* **January 19** – President Nixon appears in a fifteen-minute broadcast to speak on energy and gasoline usage.
* **January 20** – It is learned that President Nixon has postponed his State of the Union address to avoid conflicts with him attending a congressional dinner.
* **January 22** – Secretary of State Kissinger reports his expectations that the ending of the Arab oil embargo will occur prior to Israel and Egypt ending their troop engagement in the Suez Canal.
* **January 24** – President Nixon sends Congress a special message in which he says the new budget would require spending US$7.6 billion on education.
* **January 25** – It is reported Treasury Secretary Shultz has decided to resign and two friends mention he will be out of the administration by either March 15 or April 1.
* **January 28** – First Lady Pat Nixon denies reports that President Nixon has been recently experiencing sleeping problems during an appearance in the state dining room of the White House. President Nixon sends a special message to Congress in which he requests US$13.6 billion for veteran benefits for the following fiscal year.
* **January 29**John Ehrlichman requests President Nixon be subpoenaed as a material witness for the former's trial for burglary and conspiracy in a motion made by Ehrlichman's attorney Douglas Dalton. United States Secretary of Treasury George P. Shultz says President Nixon resigning or being impeached is unlikely during a press conference.
* **January 30** – President Nixon delivers the 1974 State of the Union Address to a joint session of Congress.

## February

* **February 1** – President Nixon proposes a flexible economic blueprint for the year to both stimulate the economy in a prevention of large unemployment and cause a lessening of inflationary pressures.
* **February 2** – The Justice Department proposes legislation for the purpose of restricting arrest record dissemination as well as information also held in data banks.
* **February 3** – Treasury Secretary Shultz says a fall from 9% to below 5% in the annual rate of inflation will occur in the latter part of the year during an interview.
* **February 4** – President Nixon submits a US$301.4 billion budget to Congress for the following fiscal year.
* **February 5**United States Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger indicates the US may enter another nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union during an address to the Senate Armed Services Committee.
* **February 6** – President Nixon calls on quick decisiveness by Congress on the Comprehensive Health Insurance Plan.
* **February 7** – President Nixon transmits the "third annual report of each Executive department and agency on their activities during fiscal year 1973 under the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970."
* **February 8** – President Nixon issues a memorandum on the annual report on Federal Executive Boards.
* **February 9** – President Nixon delivers an address on negotiations toward ending independent truck stoppages to reporters while in the Oval Office at the White House during the morning. President Nixon delivers a radio address on transportation legislation in the Oval Office during the afternoon.

## March

* **March 1** – A grand jury indicts former Nixon advisors John Mitchell, H. R. Halderman, John Ehrlichman, and Charles Colson as well as three others on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and lying in the ongoing Watergate investigation. The White House releases a statement saying President Nixon is hoping for a hasty conclusion in determining a resolution.
* **March 4** – Treasury Secretary Schultz calls for Congress to not compare American trade with communist countries to the administration loosening prior policies on Soviet immigration while speaking to the Senate Finance Committee. The White House releases 150 million in federal highway funds for the previous year.
* **March 6** – President Nixon vetoes the Energy Emergency Act. President Nixon holds a televised and radio broadcast news conference in the East Room at the White House during the evening.
* **March 7** – President Nixon signs the Water Resources Development Act of 1974.
* **March 8** – President Nixon delivers a radio address on the subject of campaign reform legislation proposals by Congress in the Oval Office during the afternoon.
* **March 19** – President Nixon announces the Arab oil embargo lifting during a session to the National Association of Broadcasters.
* **March 21** – Secretary of State Kissinger says the following week's Moscow trip is coming amidst a challenging time for American relations with the Soviets during a press conference. President Nixon announces his selection of Robert Strausz-Hupé for United States Ambassador to Sweden.
* **March 22** – The Nixon administration announces clean air legislation delaying certain deadlines and permits during a press conference.
* **March 25** – The White House agrees to the requesting of two lawyers, who helped with President Nixon's taxes, for the waiving of the lawyer-client relationship so the duo can detail to Congress a dialogue they had with President Nixon about a tax deduction four years ago.
* **March 27** – President Nixon delivers an address at a Washington fundraising dinner in which he predicts Republicans will perform well in the midterm elections.
* **March 28** – The White House says President Nixon will only not veto the Consumer Protection Agency bill if the bill is rewritten to better align with business and industry.
* **March 29** – The White House says President Nixon will surrender evidence subpoenaed by Watergate special prosecutor Jaworski.

## April

## May

## June

* **June 1** – President Nixon meets with Secretary General Kurt Waldheim at the White House during the morning.
* **June 3** – Informed sources state President Nixon's scheduled weeklong trip to the Middle East will include stops to Egypt, Israel, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan.
* **June 4** – The White House and Justice Department announce the abolition of the Red Scare-era list containing subversive organizations kept by the Attorney General and meant to assist with government job applicants.
* **June 16** – President Nixon makes the first ever US presidential trip to Israel.

## July

* **July 7** – President Nixon travels from Key Biscayne to Palm Beach, Florida during the morning to inspect the Mar-a-Lago estate.
* **July 8** – The United States Customs Court rules President Nixon exceeded his authority in authorizing a surcharge of 10% on dutiable imports during 1971.
* **July 10** – Judge Gerhard A. Gesell reads aloud President Nixon's testimony during the defense trial of Ehrlichman.
* **July 11** – President Nixon announces his nomination of United States District Court Judge Murray I. Gurfein for judge of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Assistant Special Watergate Prosecutor Richard Benveniste discloses the discovery of an additional gap in the recordings of White House presidential conversations.
* **July 18** – President Nixon states his intent to finish his second term despite impeachment efforts in a telephone message to supporters.
* **July 19** – President Nixon announces the nomination of associate F.A.A. administrator James E. Dow today to be deputy administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
* **July 26** – President Nixon signs the Emergency Livestock Credit Act of 1974 into law.
* **July 27** – President Nixon presents the Medal of Freedom of Charles LeRoy Lowman at the Western White House during the morning.
* **July 29** – A second recommendation of President Nixon's impeachment is approved by the House Judiciary Committee in a vote of 28 to 10. Former United States Secretary of Treasury John Connally is indicted on charges of pocketing $10,000 from Jake Jacobsen in exchange for changing pricing on milk.
* **July 30** – President Nixon issues Executive Order 11796, furthering regulations on exports. The White House issues a statement favorable of the signing of a Cyprus international agreement.
* **July 31** – The White House admits the House of Representatives will impeach President Nixon barring a large shift in voting. President Nixon issues Proclamation 4305, designating the week beginning on the upcoming October 20 as "National Forest Products Week".

## August

* **August 2** – Nixon tells his family of his intention to resign from the presidency. President Nixon's lawyers surrender an additional 13 tapes of Watergate conversations to District Judge John Sirica.
* **August 4** – President Nixon meets with aides and speechwriters at Camp David.
* **August 6**Governor of California Ronald Reagan urges President Nixon to speak truthfully before Congress during a news conference.
* **August 7** – Secretary of State Henry Kissinger informs President Nixon of the administration's belief that he should resign "in the national interest."
* **August 8** – President Nixon announces his intention to resign the presidency.
* **August 9** – Nixon resigns the presidency. Gerald Ford becomes the 38th president of the United States.


title: Timeline of Tel Aviv

text:
# Timeline of Tel Aviv

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tel Aviv, Israel.

**19th century** **·**
**20th century:** 1900s **·** 1910s **·** 1920s **·**  1930s **·** 1940s **·** 1950s **·** 1960s  **·** 1970s **·** 1980s **·**  1990s **·**
**21st century:** 2000s **·** 2010s **·**  2020s **·**

## 19th century

## 20th century

### 1900s

### 1910s

### 1920s

### 1930s

### 1940s

### 1950s

### 1960s

### 1970s

### 1980s

### 1990s

### 2000s

## 21st century

### 2010s

### 2020s

*This article incorporates information from the Hebrew Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia, and French Wikipedia.*

## Bibliography

32°5′0″N 34°48′0″E / 32.08333°N 34.80000°E / 32.08333; 34.80000


title: Kim Young-gil

abstract: Dr. Young-Gil Kim founded and chartered Handong Global University in Pohang, Korea in 1995, and he served as its president from 1995 - 2014. Since then, he nurtured HGU to what it is today with his new educational philosophy based on cross-border, multidisciplinary and whole-person education with global perspective commensurate with the 21st century.

text:
# Kim Young-gil

**Dr. Young-Gil Kim** (born October 3, 1939) founded and chartered Handong Global University in Pohang, Korea in 1995, and he served as its president from 1995 - 2014. Since then, he nurtured HGU to what it is today with his new educational philosophy based on cross-border, multidisciplinary and whole-person education with global perspective commensurate with the 21st century.

## Life

Prior to becoming the president of HGU, Dr. Kim was a professor of material science and engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) for 15 years. While Dr. Kim was in the United States, he worked at NASA-Lewis Research Center (Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio, on high-temperature alloys for aerospace applications. He also worked at US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL--U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, and at the Research and Development Center of the International Nickel Company (INCO), in Suffern, New York.

Due to his scientific achievements in the States, he received NASA-Tech Brief Awards (1976, 1981) and also US Industrial Research "IR-100" award (1981).  Since he became the president of HGU, Dr. Kim pioneered a new educational curriculum for this global, technology-driven market place of the 21st century.  For those innovative programs, HGU received awards of excellence for education reforms from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea for three consecutive years in 1996–1998 as a model university for 21st century.  In 2006, HGU received a grant of US $16 Million, spread over four years, as a part of the "NURI" (New University for Regional Innovation) project for the global education of integrating biotechnology and mechatronics, from the Ministry of Education of the Korean Government. In 1986, Dr. Kim received the King Sejong Award in the field of science & technology from the Korean government, and was selected to receive the Scientist of the Year Award in 1987 in Korea. In 2005, he also received the "Christian Academy Award" for his contribution to Creation Science in Korea. In 2006, Dr. Kim published his autobiography entitled, *See the Invisible, Change the World* in the USA.

Dr. Kim received a B.S. in metallurgical engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1964; an M.S. in metallurgical engineering from the University of Missouri–Rolla in 1969; and a PhD in material science & engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, in 1972. Dr. Kim also received a PhD in International Management *Honoris Causa* from the Institute of Finance and Economics (IFE) of Mongolia in 2003.

Dr. Young-Gil Kim served as a member of the Advisory Commission for International Higher Education to the President of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU) in Washington, D.C.

## InfoBox

| Kim Young-gil | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 김영길 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Gim Yeong-gil* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Kim Yŏng-gil* |


title: Early California artists

abstract: Early California Artists are a subset of American Western artists, painting in the mid-to-late 19th century. Their styles varied from realistic representation to the imagined. The Early California artists helped shape and create California in culture and politics. Some were members of early survey expeditions of the West, such as Thomas Ayres and Albert Bierstadt. Their eyes, via their art, were the eyes through which the Easterners saw and imagined California and 'The West,' from the renowned early California artists Thomas Hill, William Keith, and Thomas Moran to the populist John Englehart.

text:
# Early California artists

**Early California Artists** are a subset of American Western artists, painting in the mid-to-late 19th century. Their styles varied from realistic representation to the imagined.

The Early California artists helped shape and create California in culture and politics. Some were members of early survey expeditions of the West, such as Thomas Ayres and Albert Bierstadt. Their eyes, via their art, were the eyes through which the Easterners saw and imagined California and 'The West,' from the renowned early California artists Thomas Hill, William Keith, and Thomas Moran to the populist John Englehart.

## Early art advocacy

Their scenic paintings moved U.S. leaders in Washington, D.C., including President Abraham Lincoln. Their visual examples helped define how the United States managed and legislated the territory and then new U.S. state of California, especially represented by the preservation of Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove.

The American artist helped mold the American West by instilling and fanning the eastern population's desire to create an entirely new endeavor, the protection of huge swaths of natural land as parks for use and enjoyment by the public.

Their legacy includes the National Park Service that formed for conservation and the people's benefit, something new in world history. President Abraham Lincoln began the system on June 30, 1864 upon signing The Yosemite Grant, giving California a state park for "public use, resort and recreation".

Populist art of Yosemite helped create and save Yosemite from many attempts at development. "Celebration of Nature" Journalists, Painters and Musicians, formed the Bohemian Club in 1872, and then recruited powerful businessmen and entrepreneurs. They also started the Advocacy group Sierra club in 1892. But John Muir and his artist friends were not able to save Hetch Hetchy Valley, which Muir felt was more stunning than Yosemite.

This frontier was only seen through the eyes of an artist by the average easterner. And the few easterners that had seen it, took back paintings and prose of its breathtaking beauties to evangelize their family and friends on the beauties of the unspoiled west.

The artists were considered to "advertise" the Wonders of Nature, in a way that caused a groundswell of public opinion to protect the most visually stunning areas like Yosemite from development.

## Some Early California Artists

## Distribution

Examples of early Californian art can be seen at the following museums.


title: Tillicum

abstract: Tillicum or Tilikum is a word in Chinook Jargon that means people, family, tribe, and relatives, and may refer to:

text:
# Tillicum

**Tillicum** or **Tilikum** is a word in Chinook Jargon that means people, family, tribe, and relatives, and may refer to:

## Places

## Boats and ships

* Tilikum (boat), a dug-out canoe used in Jack Voss and Norman Luxton's voyage around the world
* CFAV *Tillicum* (YTM 555), a harbour tug of the Canadian Armed Forces
* MV *Tillikum* an *Evergreen State*-class ferry of the Washington State Ferries system

## Other uses

* Tilikum (orca) (1981–2017), a bull orca, owned by SeaWorld Orlando, that had been involved in three human deaths
* *Trillium ovatum* var. Tillicum, a variant of *T. ovatum*, a small flowering plant native to the Pacific Northwest
* "Tillicum" (song), a song by Syrinx
* Tillicum Middle School, a middle school in the Bellevue School District in Bellevue, Washington


title: Earth law

abstract: Earth law is an emerging legal framework that seeks to advance the legal rights of the Earth in international law. Earth lawyers consider earth law to be a different form of legal practice from environmental law on the basis of ecocentrism, rather than anthropocentrism. Earth law seeks to codify protections for the environment not just for human health or desires but for the earth itself. It includes all types of lawyering which establish rights or protections for the interest of nature, rather than the interest of humans. Earth law is guided by advocate Thomas Berry's philosophy of earth jurisprudence, which, according to the United Nations posits that "humans are only one part of a wider community of beings and that the welfare of each member of that community is dependent on the welfare of the Earth as a whole." Berry was inspired by Christopher Stone, a law professor at the University of Southern California, who was one of the first to call for judicial reform on nature, with his 1974 book, Should Trees Have Standing? Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects. The legal and jurisprudential theory of the rights of nature, similar to the concept of fundamental human rights presented in the book became a cornerstone of the earth law framework. In practice, one way practitioners attempt to work earth law into existing anthropocentric law is by establishing environmental personhood, in which a legal argument seeks to establish the Earth, or aspects of the Earth such as rivers, watersheds, mountains etc. as deserving of their own rights and therefore having the status of a legal person. Other law movements included in Earth law include nonhuman animal rights, defining ecocide as a crime outside of the context of war, rights of future generations, legal guardianship for nature, and Indigenous peoples legalities.

text:
# Earth law

**Earth law** is an emerging legal framework that seeks to advance the legal rights of the Earth in international law. Earth lawyers consider earth law to be a different form of legal practice from environmental law on the basis of ecocentrism, rather than anthropocentrism. Earth law seeks to codify protections for the environment not just for human health or desires but for the earth itself. It includes all types of lawyering which establish rights or protections for the interest of nature, rather than the interest of humans.

Earth law is guided by advocate Thomas Berry's philosophy of earth jurisprudence, which, according to the United Nations posits that "humans are only one part of a wider community of beings and that the welfare of each member of that community is dependent on the welfare of the Earth as a whole."

Berry was inspired by Christopher Stone, a law professor at the University of Southern California, who was one of the first to call for judicial reform on nature, with his 1974 book, *Should Trees Have Standing? Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects*. The legal and jurisprudential theory of the rights of nature, similar to the concept of fundamental human rights presented in the book became a cornerstone of the earth law framework.

In practice, one way practitioners attempt to work earth law into existing anthropocentric law is by establishing environmental personhood, in which a legal argument seeks to establish the Earth, or aspects of the Earth such as rivers, watersheds, mountains etc. as deserving of their own rights and therefore having the status of a legal person.

Other law movements included in Earth law include nonhuman animal rights, defining ecocide as a crime outside of the context of war, rights of future generations, legal guardianship for nature, and Indigenous peoples legalities.


title: Earth materials

abstract: Earth materials include minerals, rocks, soil and water. These are the naturally occurring materials found on Earth that constitute the raw materials upon which our global society exists. Earth materials are vital resources that provide the basic components for life, agriculture and industry.

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# Earth materials

**Earth materials** include minerals, rocks, soil and water. These are the naturally occurring materials found on Earth that constitute the raw materials upon which our global society exists. Earth materials are vital resources that provide the basic components for life, agriculture and industry.

## Definitions

The type of materials available locally will of course vary depending upon the conditions in the area of the building site. Take considerations of what is explained below.

In many areas, indigenous stone is available from the local region, such as limestone, marble, granite, and sandstone. It may be cut in quarries or removed from the surface of the ground (flag and fieldstone). Ideally, stone from the building site can be utilized. Depending on the stone type, it can be used for structural block, facing block, pavers, and crushed stone.

Most brick plants are located near the clay source they use to make brick. Bricks are molded and baked blocks of clay. Brick products come in many forms, including structural brick, face brick, roof tile, structural tile, paving brick, and floor tile.

Caliche is a soft limestone material which is mined from areas with calcium-carbonate soils and limestone bedrock. It is best known as a road bed material, but it can be processed into an unfired building block, stabilized with an additive such as cement. Other earth materials include soil blocks typically stabilized with a cement additive and produced with forms or compression.

Rammed Earth consists of walls made from moist, sandy soil, or stabilized soil, which is tamped into form work. Walls are a minimum of 12″ thick. Soils should contain about 30% clay and 70% sand.

## Considerations

The use of locally available and indigenous earth materials has several advantages in terms of sustainability. They are:

Reduction of energy costs related to transportation. Reduction of material costs due to reduced transportation costs, especially for well-established industries. Support of local businesses and resource bases. Care must be taken to ensure that non-renewable earth materials are not over-extracted. Ecological balance within the region needs to be maintained while efficiently utilizing its resources. Many local suppliers carry materials that have been shipped in from out of the area, so it is important to ask for locally produced/quarried materials.

Both brick and stone materials are aesthetically pleasing, durable, and low maintenance. Exterior walls weather well, eliminating the need for constant refinishing and sealing. Interior use of brick and stone can also provide excellent thermal mass, or be used to provide radiant heat. Some stone and brick makes an ideal flooring or exterior paving material, cool in summer and possessing good thermal properties for passive solar heating. Caliche block has been produced for applications similar to stone and brick mentioned above. Caliche or earth material block has special structural and finishing characteristics.

Rammed earth is more often considered for use in walls, although it can also be used for floors. Rammed earth and caliche block can be used for structural walls, and offer great potential as low-cost material alternatives with low embodied energy. In addition, such materials are fireproof.

Caliche block and rammed earth can be produced on-site. It is very important to have soils tested for construction material use. Some soils, such as highly expansive or bentonite soils, are not suitable for structural use. Testing labs are available in most areas to determine material suitability for structural use and meeting codes.

Soils for traditional adobe construction are not found in some areas, but other soils for earth building options are available. Many areas have a high percentage of soils suitable for ramming. (Official areas are approximately 19,610 acres in the Austin, TX area, according to the US. Department of Agriculture).

Caliche is also abundant in many areas (covering 14% of the Austin geographic area, for instance) and is readily available locally.


title: Earth lodge

abstract: An earth lodge is a semi-subterranean building covered partially or completely with earth, best known from the Native American cultures of the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands. Most earth lodges are circular in construction with a dome-like roof, often with a central or slightly offset smoke hole at the apex of the dome. Earth lodges are well-known from the more-sedentary tribes of the Plains such as the Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara, but they have also been identified archaeologically among sites of the Mississippian culture in the eastern United States.

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# Earth lodge

An **earth lodge** is a semi-subterranean building covered partially or completely with earth, best known from the Native American cultures of the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands. Most earth lodges are circular in construction with a dome-like roof, often with a central or slightly offset smoke hole at the apex of the dome. Earth lodges are well-known from the more-sedentary tribes of the Plains such as the Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara, but they have also been identified archaeologically among sites of the Mississippian culture in the eastern United States.

## Structure

### Construction materials and techniques

Earth lodges were typically constructed using the wattle and daub technique, with a thick coating of earth. The dome-like shape of the earth lodge was achieved by the use of angled (or carefully bent) tree trunks, although hipped roofs were also sometimes used. During construction the workers would dig an area a few feet beneath the surface, allowing the entire building to have a floor somewhat beneath the surrounding ground level. They set posts into holes in the ground around the edges of the earth lodge, and made the tops meet in (or near) the middle. This construction technique is sturdy and can produce large buildings (some as much as 60 feet (18 m) across), in which more than one family would live. Their size is limited by the length of available tree trunks. Internal vertical support posts were sometimes used to give additional structural support to the roof rafters.

After a strong layer of sticks (or reeds) was wrapped through and over the radiating roof timbers, the people often applied a layer of thatch as part of the roof. The structure was then entirely covered in earth. The earth layer (and the partially subterranean foundation) provided insulation against the extreme temperatures of the Plains. The structures consisted of a clay outer shell over an inner shell of long grasses and a woven willow ceiling. The middle of the earth lodge was used as a fire pit, and a hole was built into the center. This smoke hole was often covered by a bullboat during inclement weather. Logs were gathered each spring as the ice receded and sheared them off; fresh logs were also cut. The most common wood used was cottonwood. Cottonwood was a wet, soft wood; this meant that lodges often required rebuilding every six to eight years.

### Labor and use

In Hidatsa culture, men only raised the large logs; the rest of the work was done by women. Therefore, a lodge was considered to be owned by the woman who built it. A vestibule of exposed logs marked the entrance and provided an entryway; these vestibules were often a minimum of 6 to 9 feet (1.8 to 2.7 m) in length (determined by the size of the lodge and resulting outer-clay thickness). A windbreak was built on the interior of the lodge, blocking the wind and giving privacy to the occupants. Earth lodges often also contained cache pits (root cellar-type holes) lined with willow and grasses, within which dried vegetables were stored.

### Locations

Earth lodges were often built alongside tribal farm fields, alternating with tipis (which were used during the nomadic hunting season). A reconstructed earth lodge can be seen at the Glenwood, Iowa's Lake Park. A village entirely made up of earth-lodges may be seen at New Town, North Dakota. The village consists of six family-sized earth lodges and one large ceremonial lodge. In addition, a garden area and corrals have been built for authenticity. The park is open to the public and located west of New Town at the Earthlodge Village Site. The family earth lodges are roughly 40 feet (12 m) in diameter. The ceremonial earth lodge is more than 90 feet (27 m) in diameter. The park is the central point in a rebuilding and cultural renewal effort by the three affiliated tribes of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. This is the only village of its kind to be constructed by the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nations in over 100 years.

## Use by the Mississippian culture

A number of major Mississippian culture mound centers have identified earth lodges, either beneath (i.e. preceding) mound construction or as a mound-top building. Sequential constructions, collapses, and rebuilding of earth lodges seems to be part of the mechanism of construction for certain mounds (including the mound at Town Creek Indian Mound and some of the mounds at the Ocmulgee National Monument). In Kanabec County, Minnesota, the Groundhouse River flows through such a center. According to Newton H. Winchell in *The Aborigines of Minnesota*, the river was named for the earth lodges of the Hidatsa, who lived in the area before being driven westward to the Missouri River by the Sioux. The Hidatsa lived in wooden huts, covered with earth.


title: Ebenezer Joseph Mather

abstract: Ebenezer Joseph Mather was the founder of The Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen now often abbreviated as the Fishermen's Mission. He is affectionally remembered as 'the fisherman's friend'.

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# Ebenezer Joseph Mather

**Ebenezer Joseph Mather** (12 June 1849 – 23 December 1927) was the founder of *The Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen* now often abbreviated as the Fishermen's Mission. He is affectionally remembered as 'the fisherman's friend'.

## Early life

Ebenezer was born on 12 June 1849 at Foregate Street, Stafford, England. He was the son of shoe manufacturer Henry Penkett Mather and his wife Elizabeth Douthwaite. Ebenezer was raised as a member of the Plymouth Brethren; however, in later life he joined the Church of England and remained Anglican for the rest of his life. According to the 1871 census, he was noted as an auditor. Ebenezer married his first wife, Caroline Eliza Lough, in Islington on 4 September 1872. After various moves and a growing family, Ebenezer moved to Islington, where he became secretary of the 'Thames Church Mission Society' which was founded in 1844.

## Fishermen's Mission

Ebenezer founded "The National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen" in 1881 after being shocked by the poor conditions in which fishermen worked and lived. In the 19th century fishing was notoriously dangerous with high fatality rates. In 1896 the mission was given the royal approval by Queen Victoria, adding 'Royal' to the mission's name. The mission went on to help many during WW1 and WW2 as scores of fisherman's trawlers were used to help merchant convoys and defense against attacks from the air as well as mine sweeping. The mission still operates to this day.

## Writings

According to the *Bibliography of Australian Literature*, Ebenezer wrote a fiction piece called 'The Squatter's Bairn'. He also wrote 'Nor'ard of the Dogger'and 'Deep sea Trials and Gospel Triumphs in 1887.

## Later life

Ebenezer Mather retired to Canvey Island, where he published his biography, *Memories of Christian Service*. He married his second wife, May Ethel Timewell (who was his nurse), on 16 June 1925. Only two years later, Ebenezer died of heart failure. On 28 December 1927, he was buried at St Katherine's Churchyard on Canvey Island.

## InfoBox

| Ebenezer Joseph Mather | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1849-06-12)12 June 1849<br>Stafford, Staffordshire, England |
| Died | 23 November 1927(1927-11-23) (aged 78) |
| Resting place | Canvey Island, England |
| Occupation(s) | Social activist, accountant, writer |
| Known for | Founder of the Fishermen's Mission |


title: Sodre National Auditorium

abstract: The National Auditorium of Sodre Dr. Adela Reta is a venue located in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is named after the lawyer, former minister and president of the Official Service of Broadcasting, Television and Entertainment, Adela Reta (1921–2001). On August 29, 2019, the Ministry of Education and Culture, through the National Cultural Heritage Commission, designated the Auditorio Nacional del Sodre as a Historical Monument of Uruguay. It is located in the old Urquiza Theater building, which caught fire on September 18, 1971. In addition, it is the home of the National Ballet of Uruguay.

text:
# Sodre National Auditorium

The **National Auditorium of Sodre Dr. Adela Reta** is a venue located in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is named after the lawyer, former minister and president of the Official Service of Broadcasting, Television and Entertainment, Adela Reta (1921–2001).

On August 29, 2019, the Ministry of Education and Culture, through the National Cultural Heritage Commission, designated the Auditorio Nacional del Sodre as a Historical Monument of Uruguay.

It is located in the old Urquiza Theater building, which caught fire on September 18, 1971. In addition, it is the home of the National Ballet of Uruguay.

## Features

Established in the historic downtown corner of Andes and Mercedes, on an approximate area of 25,000 m², it has two halls, "Eduardo Fabini" and "Hugo Balzo", prepared to host shows, an amphitheater, exhibition areas and large circulation areas, in addition to rehearsal rooms and workshops.

### Halls

The "Eduardo Fabini Hall" has approximately 2000 seats. It is intended for lyrical, symphonic and ballet shows. Its pit can house more than 100 musicians, organized into three modules with movements, based on an automated lifting system. The stage, the largest in the country, has a free height of 27 meters and an adjustable stage opening that can reach a maximum of 15.5 meters wide by 12 meters long.

The "Hugo Balzo Hall" has a capacity of approximately 280 seats and offers great technical and scenic flexibility, ideal for its transformation. Destined for chamber music, today it is presented as a multipurpose room, capable of taking on the stage challenges of small-format shows. Annex to this room are the audio and video recording venues, both for the shows that take place in the Balzo room and in the other rooms.

Source:

1. "El Auditorio". *Auditorio Nacional del Sodre Dra. Adela Reta*. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
2. "Auditorio Nacional Adela Reta". 2013-06-14. Archived from the original on 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
3. "El Auditorio Nacional del Sodre fue declarado Monumento Histórico - Universidad ORT Uruguay". *fa.ort.edu.uy*. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
4. "Monumentos históricos nacionales".
5. "The Auditorium".

## InfoBox

| Auditorio Nacional Adela Reta
Adela Reta National Auditorium | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Arts complex |
| Location | 1455 Andes Road
Montevideo, Uruguay |
| Coordinates | 34°54′15″S 56°11′55″W / 34.9042°S 56.1987°W / -34.9042; -56.1987 |
| Construction started | 1989 |
| Opened | 21 November 2009 |
| Technical details | |
| Structural system | Concrete |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Jorge Di Pólito
Diego Magnone
Isidoro Singer
Juan Carlos Vanini |
| Website | |
| Official website | |


title: The Non-Stop Fright

abstract: The Non-Stop Fright is a 1927 animated short film by Pat Sullivan Studios featuring Felix the Cat. The cartoon was originally silent but was reissued with sound years later.

text:
# The Non-Stop Fright

***The Non-Stop Fright*** is a 1927 animated short film by Pat Sullivan Studios featuring Felix the Cat. The cartoon was originally silent but was reissued with sound years later.

## Plot

Inside a house, Felix is lying flat on the floor and appears to be dead. This is what the maid of the house thought as she sweeps Felix into a dust pan and dumps him in the trash bin just out the window. It turns out Felix is actually alive as he climbs out of the bin and walks away in disgust.

While rambling in the open, Felix finds a newspaper on the ground. In the paper, he reads an ad telling whoever could fly to Timbuktu shall be awarded a prize money of $50K. Felix then constructs an aircraft out of ordinary objects and takes off.

Felix is flying in his self-made aircraft. Things were going smoothly until pesky birds and lightning storms force him to fly lower. As he travels close to the sea, a school of fish leap into his plane, therefore slowing him down. Felix manages to get them off, and carry on in his flight.

Finally, Felix sees his destination and makes a landing. To his surprise, however, he finds nobody waiting for him to offer the prize money. Instead, he sees a pack of hungry cannibals ready to make a meal out of him. The cat makes his run as one of the cannibals approaches. In making his escape from the island, Felix inflates a balloon which carries him upward.

1. Lenburg, Jeff (2009). *The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons* (3rd ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-8160-6600-1.

## InfoBox

| The Non-Stop Fright | |
| --- | --- |
| Screenshot | |
| Directed by | Otto Messmer |
| Produced by | E. W. Hammons |
| Music by | Jacques Kopstein (only when the short was re-released by Copley Studios). |
| Animation by | Otto Messmer |
| Color process | Black and white |
| Production
company | Pat Sullivan Studios |
| Distributed by | Educational Pictures Corporation
Bijou Films, Inc. |
| Release date | * August 21, 1927 (1927-08-21) |
| Running time | 7:37 |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Chaltenia

abstract: Chaltenia is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. This genus has a single species, Chaltenia patagonica. It is found in Argentina.

text:
# Chaltenia

***Chaltenia*** is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. This genus has a single species, *Chaltenia patagonica*. It is found in Argentina.

## InfoBox

| *Chaltenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Trechinae |
| Tribe: | Sinozolini |
| Genus: | *Chaltenia*
Roig-Juñent & Cicchino, 2001 |
| Species: | ***C. patagonica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chaltenia patagonica***
Roig-Juñent & Cicchino, 2001 | |
|


title: Reiter Engineering

abstract: Reiter Engineering GmbH & Co Kg, commonly known simply as Reiter Engineering, is a German racing team and racing car manufacturer established in 2000 by motorsport engineer Hans Reiter. Reiter was a partner of Lamborghini from 2000 to 2014, involved with the production of their GT race cars until the end of the Lamborghini Gallardo's racing tenure. The company first ventured into motorsport in the FIA GT Championship entering a Reiter-manufactured Diablo GTR for the 2000 season. Reiter continued their participation in the championship in 2003 with their purpose-built Murciélago R-GT jointly developed with Lamborghini and Audi Sport, and they would also later become the constructor of the Gallardo GT3 series of race cars for the FIA GT3 European Championship and later the ADAC GT Masters. Reiter's subsidiary Sareni United was also the constructor for the Camaro GT3. Currently, the company manufactures KTM's X-Bow GT4, GT4 EVO, GTX, and GT2 race cars. Reiter also builds and sells its cars to customer teams.

text:
# Reiter Engineering

**Reiter Engineering GmbH & Co Kg**, commonly known simply as **Reiter Engineering**, is a German racing team and racing car manufacturer established in 2000 by motorsport engineer Hans Reiter.

Reiter was a partner of Lamborghini from 2000 to 2014, involved with the production of their GT race cars until the end of the Lamborghini Gallardo's racing tenure. The company first ventured into motorsport in the FIA GT Championship entering a Reiter-manufactured Diablo GTR for the 2000 season. Reiter continued their participation in the championship in 2003 with their purpose-built Murciélago R-GT jointly developed with Lamborghini and Audi Sport, and they would also later become the constructor of the Gallardo GT3 series of race cars for the FIA GT3 European Championship and later the ADAC GT Masters. Reiter's subsidiary Sareni United was also the constructor for the Camaro GT3. Currently, the company manufactures KTM's X-Bow GT4, GT4 EVO, GTX, and GT2 race cars. Reiter also builds and sells its cars to customer teams.

## Team history

### In competition

Reiter Engineering first competed in sports car racing in 2000, entering a custom Lamborghini Diablo, modified from the spec used in the Lamborghini Supertrophy one-make series, to compete in the FIA GT Championship series. This car would be the first of many race cars across several years of competition built by Reiter Engineering.

The modified Diablo GTR that Reiter Engineering had developed would debut in the series in 2000. Their participation was short lived that year, however Reiter would score their first points with the Diablo the following year in 2001. This would be the only points scoring finish for the Diablo, as it would be replaced by Reiter's newer Murciélago R-GT based on the first generation Lamborghini Murciélago at the end of 2003.

This new car would earn points on its debut in 2004, with a third place at Valencia. The following year, Reiter managed another point at its home race in Oschersleben. Reiter managed to score sponsorship funding in 2006, leading to the team name being changed to *B-Racing RS-Line Team* early in the season and the ability to run two cars, before changing to become *All-Inkl.com Racing* halfway through the year. The team managed three points-scoring finishes, with a best result of sixth in Brno. 2007 saw Reiter's greatest success as the team opened the year with their first victory, drivers Christophe Bouchut and Stefan Mücke winning in Zhuhai. The two-car team managed to score points in six out of ten races that season, allowing the All-Inkl.com Racing squad to earn seventh in the Teams' Championship and Reiter Engineering tying for ninth.

In 2006, with the introduction of the new FIA GT3 European Championship and Reiter's new Lamborghini Gallardo-based Gallardo LP520 GT3, Reiter ran a three-car team in the series, alongside customer team S-Berg Racing. The team managed a best finish of third at Mugello, and going on to finish eighth in the Team's Championship. Their driver Albert von Thurn und Taxis won the Lamborghini Manufacturers' Cup as well. Following Reiter's success in FIA GT3, the team chose to move their Gallardos to the new ADAC GT Masters series in Germany for the inaugural 2007 season. Using the same formula as FIA GT3, Reiter was able to improve on their results from the previous year. The team managed nine victories in the twelve race season, handily winning the Teams' Championship and winning the Drivers' Championship for Christopher Haase in the No. 7 car. The No. 6 pairing of Thurn und Taxis and Peter Kox finished the season 2nd in the drivers' standings. For the following season in 2008, Haase and Thurn und Taxis finished 2nd in the drivers' standings. In 2011, team drivers Ferdinand Stuck and Johannes Stuck finished 2nd in the drivers' standings for the 2011 ADAC GT Masters, though Reiter Engineering became Team Champion that year.

Reiter Engineering undertook their first campaign in Le Mans Prototype racing in the LMP3 class, taking part in the 2022 Michelin Le Mans Cup with the Ligier JS P320, driven by factory drivers Freddie Hunt and Mads Siljehaug. This would be the first time the team would participate in a series in a car not originally built by them.

Reiter also took part in the 2022 Fanatec GT2 European Series with the KTM X-Bow GT2 Concept.

### Relationship with Lamborghini and KTM

From 2000 to 2014, Reiter Engineering had developed a relationship with Lamborghini as their technical partner for their GT1, GT2, and GT3 series of race cars. The company's first venture into motorsport was in the 2000 FIA GT Championship entering a modified Diablo GTR from the Lamborghini Supertrophy one-make series to race in the GT1 class, with backing by Lamborghini.

The partnership would continue with the Lamborghini Murciélago, with the development of the Murciélago R-GT in 2003. The R-GT would be built with development aid from Lamborghini as well as Audi Sport. An evolution of the R-GT would be introduced in the 2010 24 Hours of Spa weekend with the Murciélago LP670 R-SV. The new car complied with the updated 2010 FIA GT1 World Championship rules and regulations.

Reiter and Lamborghini would enter the GT3 class in 2006, with Reiter's new Lamborghini Gallardo-based Gallardo LP520 GT3. From 2010 to 2014, Reiter Engineering developed three new Gallardos for the GT3 class in the form of the LP560 GT3 in 2011, LP600+ GT3 in 2012, and the GT3 FL2 in 2013. Reiter would enter the Blancpain GT Series with these cars alongside Grasser Racing Team and NSC Motorsports. Reiter also helped to develop Lamborghini's GT2 entry with the Gallardo LP560 GT2. The GT3 FL2 would be the last customer GT3 race car Lamborghini would use from Reiter Engineering, as they would move to the Lamborghini Huracán GT3 developed by Lamborghini Squadra Corse. Reiter would have one final run with the Gallardo with their upgraded Reiter Extenso R-EX. It would be the last motorsport incarnation of the Gallardo.

After Reiter Engineering's partnership with Lamborghini came to an end, they have helped manufacture GT4 and GT2 race cars for KTM since 2014, with the release of the X-Bow GT4 in 2015, and the X-Bow GTX and X-Bow GT2 in 2020. The new cars would be constructed in a collaborative effort between both companies, with additional design efforts from German design studio KISKA. The X-Bow GT4 made its debut in the 2015 GT4 European Series, and the X-Bow GT2 would debut in the 2022 Fanatec GT2 European Series.

### Sareni United

Team owner Hans Reiter founded subsidiary **Sareni United** (stylized as **SaReNi-United**) in 2012. Sareni United was responsible for the company's GT3 race cars based on the fifth generation Chevrolet Camaro.

### Reiter Young Stars

For 2016, Hans Reiter established the Reiter Young Stars programme, an initiative supporting rookie drivers and engineers in the GT4 European Series. Each rookie driver pairing drove a KTM X-Bow GT4 and, with aid from the primary Reiter Engineering team, was supported by two engineers, a marketing student and a business student from different universities across Europe, who would also be evaluated. Each team ran a number of programs in each race weekend they participated in, including setup with the Reiter engineers and courses with partners of the programme. The best male and female drivers of the programme were given a seat in the Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup for the following year. Reiter Young Stars ran for two years in 2016 and 2017.

Caitlin Wood and Marko Helistekangas were the first Reiter Young Stars graduates in 2016, and as part of the prize, both drivers were entered into the 2017 Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup with support from Reiter Engineering. They also entered the 2017 Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup, racing alongside Tomáš Enge. Lennart Marioneck, Patric Niederhauser, and Mads Siljehaug were the final graduates of the programme, taking part in the 2018 Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup with Reiter the following year.

## Automobiles produced

Reiter Engineering has been responsible for developing and helping create several GT racing cars, primarily for Lamborghini and KTM since the company's foundation in 2000. The company was a partner for Lamborghini for 14 years from 2000 to 2014, constructing race cars based on the Murciélago and the Gallardo. The company has also created a GT racing car based on the Chevrolet Camaro under their subsidiary Sareni United. In 2014, Reiter and KTM began collaborating together for the construction of their GT4-spec X-Bow for use in racing. Reiter Engineering have since helped manufacture their GT4 Evo, GTX, and GT2 Concept models.

### Racing cars

#### Reiter-modified Diablo GTR (2000)

Reiter Engineering's Diablo GTR was an attempt to bring Lamborghini's motorsports presence to the international stage, by adapting the car to comply with FIA GT Championship regulations. Although other teams had previously attempted to adapt Diablo GTRs from the Lamborghini Supertrophy, Reiter's Diablo would be built just for FIA GT, allowing it to gain some performance advantages over its mass-produced siblings. The car retained several elements of the existing GTR, including the lack of a four-wheel drive system. The modified Diablo GTR debuted in the 2000 FIA GT Championship with backing from Lamborghini. It would race for three seasons until 2002, but would only score points once in 2001.

#### Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT (2003)

The Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT was the racing version of the Murciélago introduced in 2003, built with development aid from Lamborghini and Audi Sport. The R-GTs have been modified from their production versions, most notably by removing the four-wheel drive system to comply with FIA, ACO, and JAF regulations. The R-GT retains the standard V12, but has air restrictors to manage the power output. R-GTs were used by customer teams such as DAMS in the FIA GT Championship, and Krohn-Barbour Racing in the American Le Mans Series. Derivatives of the R-GT were built for the Japanese Lamborghini Owners Club to compete in the Super GT championship and 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, called the RG-1 and the RG-1LM.

#### Lamborghini Gallardo LP520 GT3 (2006)

As the FIA GT3 European Championship became established as a series in 2006, Reiter developed the Lamborghini Gallardo LP520 GT3 based on the smaller Gallardo for use in the new series and to comply with Group GT3 regulations. A total of 49 Gallardo LP520 GT3s were built worldwide. In 2009, the Macau GT Cup was won by Keita Sawa in the Gallardo LP520 GT3.

#### Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 GT2 (2009)

For 2009, Reiter introduced the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 GT2, based on the second generation Gallardo LP560-4, adapted to comply with ACO's GT2 class. The Gallardo LP560 GT2 underwent testing before racing the 2009 Le Mans Series season.

#### Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 GT3 (2009)

A new version of the GT3-spec Gallardo was released with the unveiling of the Gallardo LP560 GT3, based on the second generation Gallardo LP560-4, and is the result of engineering know-how from the Murciélago series of race cars as well as the previous Gallardo race cars. Like its predecessors, it was built to compete under Group GT3 regulations. The LP560 GT3 received a power increase, improved suspension geometry, updated aerodynamics, and a reduction in vehicle weight, resulting in a more efficient race car.

#### Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 R-SV (2010)

The Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 R-SV was an evolution of the R-GT based on the Murciélago LP670-4 SuperVeloce. It was introduced as an update to the previous car, and was built to comply with the updated 2010 FIA GT1 World Championship rules and regulations. The R-SV was unveiled in the 2010 24 Hours of Spa weekend.

#### Lamborghini Gallardo LP600+ GT3 (2012)

The Gallardo LP600+ GT3 is an evolution of the Gallardo LP560 GT3. It received a lighter Holinger transmission with faster response times, improved suspension, a larger front splitter and additional dive planes, and new braking and brake cooling systems with AP Racing brakes and six-piston calipers. The updated package was ready for customer teams in February 2012 at the Dubai 24 Hour.

#### Sareni Camaro GT3 (2012)

In 2012, Reiter Engineering's subsidiary Sareni United were in charge of a GT3 specification race car project based on the fifth generation Chevrolet Camaro. The Sareni Camaro GT3 was unveiled later that year, as a cost-effective grand touring race car for customer teams to enter the racing world. The car is powered by a 7.9-litre Katech Engineering V8 delivering 650 hp (485 kW; 659 PS) and 627 lb⋅ft (850 N⋅m) unrestricted. It uses a 6-speed Holinger sequential transmission, racing suspension and a Teves Racing anti-lock braking system. The Camaro GT3 was released at €195,000, about two times cheaper than the average GT3 car.

In competition, despite being manufactured by Sareni, it would remain badged as a Chevrolet. The Camaro GT3 debuted in the 2012 ADAC GT Masters with YACO Racing and Mühlner Motorsport. Reiter ran a works entry in the series for three seasons in 2013 (as Sareni United), 2014, and 2015. It also participated in the Australian GT Championship with several customer teams from 2014 to 2016. One of those teams, Dale Paterson Motorsports, returned with the Camaro for 2018 and continued to use the chassis until the car was finally retired at the end of 2021. The Camaro was also entered into the NZ Endurance Championship and the North Island Endurance Series in a collaborative effort between Tulloch Motorsport and John McIntyre Racing.

#### Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 FL2 (2013)

The first Gallardo racer built in direct collaboration with Lamborghini, the Gallardo GT3 FL2 is a further update of the Gallardo LP600+ GT3. It has improved brakes for endurance racing, better engine cooling, and reduced fuel consumption. The car also includes improvements to the aerodynamics, with a more aggressive front splitter and rear diffuser. This would be the last Gallardo built in partnership with Lamborghini, as the Italian marque would move forward with the Lamborghini Huracán and use the race cars from their motorsport division Lamborghini Squadra Corse.

#### Reiter Engineering R-EX (2015)

According to team owner and founder Hans Reiter, the Reiter Engineering R-EX sought to return emotion in GT racing, a quality he says was lost after the end of the FIA GT1 class of the 1990s.

An update based on the Gallardo GT3 FL2, the R-EX was introduced in 2015 and represented the culmination of the Gallardo in motorsport. The car's name stood for 'Reiter Extenso', and was an extensive facelift of the racing Gallardo, hence part of the name 'Extenso'. The R-EX maintains the 5.2-litre naturally-aspirated V10 engine from the previous Gallardos. It is 100% carbon fibre, and is wider by five inches than the Gallardo GT3 FL2 to improve rear-end grip. It also featured new front and rear lights, new camshafts for an improvement on low-end torque, Mahle pistons for better reliability and efficiency, and a retuned exhaust for a more aggressive sound. A total of 10 units were produced to compete in various GT3 racing series.

It debuted in the 2015 Blancpain GT Sprint Series and won the qualifying race of the fourth round with the company's works team at Moscow Raceway. Reiter returned to the series with the R-EX in 2017 with their Reiter Young Stars programme but with limited success, finishing below the top 20 in Misano and withdrawing a round later in Brands Hatch. Boutsen Ginion Racing entered with the R-EX as a customer team for the 2018 season at the first round in Circuit Zolder but only finished 19th in both Zolder races. The car also saw the track at the Australian GT Championship with several customer teams in the 2016 and 2017 seasons, finishing as high as 4th in the championship standings with Roger Lago and JBS Australia in 2016.

#### KTM X-Bow GT4 (2015)

The KTM X-Bow GT4 was teased in 2014 by Reiter Engineering and later unveiled in 2015 as KTM's entry into the GT4 class. Initially called the X-Bow GTR, the car was built in collaboration with KTM and designed by KISKA, the studio that originally designed the X-Bow. To comply with GT4 regulations, the car features a closed cockpit design, the first in KTM's lineup to do so. The car retains the 2.0-litre turbocharged Audi I4 engine and the 6-speed Holinger sequential transmission from the road car, but are both modified for racing purposes. The carbon fibre and epoxy resin body has undergone a significant change and the car's wheelbase has been extended by 17 cm to accommodate the rules and regulations of GT4 racing. An upgrade was introduced to the X-Bow GT4 on 2018. The X-Bow GT4 debuted in the 2015 GT4 European Series and immediately took its first race win in its first race at the Circuit Zandvoort round.

#### KTM X-Bow GT4 Evo (2019)

An evolution of the X-Bow GT4 was unveiled in 2019 as the X-Bow GT4 Evo, as a result of research and development data derived from the X-Bow GTX during development of both cars. The update was focused on increasing the car's straight-line speed capabilities while maintaining the cornering performance of the previous X-Bow GT4. It also received a power increase of up to 440 hp (328 kW; 446 PS) unrestricted and 375 hp (280 kW; 380 PS) when subject to series balance of performance.

#### KTM X-Bow GTX / GT2 Concept (2020)

The X-Bow GTX is a longer wheelbase track-only race car built and based on the original X-Bow released in 2020. The car makes use of a 2.5-litre Audi TFSI 16-valve I5 engine. The 6-speed Holinger sequential transmission and its Formula 3 homologated carbon fibre monocoque are retained. The engine remains mostly standard, but receives upgraded injection valves, turbocharger waste gate, intake, exhaust, and engine management. The fuse box is engineered by Reiter's subsidiary Sareni United. The power steering is fully electric for the GTX.

A more powerful SRO GT2 specification race car of the GTX was released the same year, called the X-Bow GT2 Concept. It made its debut in the 2022 Fanatec GT2 European Series.

### Road cars

#### Reiter Murciélago R-GT Streetversion (2008)

In 2008, Reiter Engineering introduced the Murciélago R-GT Streetversion, an aftermarket package for the Murciélago. The package featured extensive modifications to the car, including carbon fibre bodywork, aerodynamic upgrades, and black OZ alloy wheels. It also featured race-tuned suspension and a relocated exhaust, now positioned near the engine bay and below the rear wing. The car also featured a drivetrain conversion from all-wheel drive to rear-wheel drive in parallel with the R-GT race car. Reiter produced only one unit of the R-GT Streetversion, though the parts featured on it were mass-produced and sold separately as aftermarket parts for the Murciélago.

#### KTM X-Bow GT-XR (2022)

The X-Bow GT-XR is the street-legal version of the GTX and GT2 Concept race cars, unveiled in 2022. The car retains the 2.5-litre Audi TFSI 16-valve I5 engine from the original X-Bow sourced from the Audi RS3, and produces 493 hp (368 kW; 500 PS) and 429 lb⋅ft (582 N⋅m) of torque, with the power delivered to the rear wheels. It also uses a 7-speed DSG gearbox. The GT-XR also contains a 95-litre fuel tank for up to 620 mi (998 km) of range. The car has a dry weight of 1,250 kg (2,756 lb) with a front/rear weight distribution of 44:56. Its 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) factory time is 3.4 seconds and has a top speed of 174 mph (280 km/h). The X-Bow GT-XR costs €284,900.

## InfoBox

Reiter Engineering
|
|  |
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 2000 (2000) |
| Founder | Hans Reiter |
| Headquarters | Kirchanschöring, Bavaria, Germany |
| Key people | Hans Reiter (Founder, owner) |
| Subsidiaries | Sareni United |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: Christ Church is a historic Episcopal church in Lancaster County, Virginia, north of Irvington. Built in 1732-35, it is notable for its unique Georgian design, and is one of the best-preserved colonial churches in the southern United States. The church is the only colonial Virginia church that still has its original high-backed pews and one of two that has maintained its original three-tiered pulpit.

text:
# Christ Church (Lancaster County, Virginia)

**Christ Church** is a historic Episcopal church in Lancaster County, Virginia, north of Irvington. Built in 1732-35, it is notable for its unique Georgian design, and is one of the best-preserved colonial churches in the southern United States. The church is the only colonial Virginia church that still has its original high-backed pews and one of two that has maintained its original three-tiered pulpit.

## History

The first church erected at the site was a wooden building, the construction of which was funded by powerful landowner John Carter in 1670. Carter died before the construction was completed, but was buried on the church grounds alongside four of his five wives. John Carter's son Robert, a wealthy vestryman and planter, decided that the parish deserved a more substantial place of worship and, in 1730, funded and supervised the construction of a brick building on the approximate foundations of the old wooden church. Christ Church was connected to Robert Carter's Corotoman mansion by way of a cedar-lined road, in order to emphasize the importance of the benefactor and his family.

The church thrived until the disestablishment of the Anglican church in Virginia in 1786. This event, coupled with the Glebe Act of 1802, which authorized the state to seize church property, crippled the Anglican (now Episcopal) church in the state, and Christ Church lost both money and parishioners. Operating only intermittently in the 19th century, the church fell into disrepair; the Carter family tombs in the yard were subject to weathering and neglect, and vandals stole bricks from the exterior. Still, the church fared better than many other colonial churches, and in 1927 the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities began work on restoration of the site.

## Architecture

The unknown original architect endowed the structure with many of the hallmarks of the Georgian style, including a formal, symmetrical layout, pedimented facades, and classical detail.

Among the more noted features of the church's interior are its high-backed box pews, which held entire families at service. Its unique wineglass pulpit is located in the building's center and the three levels of lecterns were intended to show the relative importance of the readings delivered there. The bottom tier was for community announcements, the middle for the gospel, and the top tier was reserved for the delivery of the sermon.

## Current use

Today, Christ Church is owned and operated as a museum by the non-profit Foundation for Historic Christ Church, which has almost completely restored its 18th-century appearance. The church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. Religious services are still held at 8:00 a.m on Sundays in the summer months in cooperation with nearby Grace Church.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Christ Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Photograph taken during the early stages of the restoration of Christ Church | |
|  | |
| Location | 420 Christ Church Road,<br>Weems, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°40′36.5″N 76°25′7″W / 37.676806°N 76.41861°W / 37.676806; -76.41861 |
| Area | 13 acres (5.3 ha) |
| Built | 1735 (1735) |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000841 |
| VLR No. | 051-0004 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | May 30, 1961 |
| Designated VLR | September 9, 1969 |


title: Romeo Kapudija

abstract: Romeo Kapudija is an American-Croatian professional race car driver from Chicago, Illinois. After competing in karting and amateur Formula Atlantic and Skip Barber Formula Dodge competition, he made his 1st professional Toyota Atlantic start in 1999 at Long Beach finishing 11th overall in 1st in C2. He continued to race in the professional ranks in 2002 driving part-time in the American Le Mans Series in the GT class. He competed in the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2004 and competed in Grand-Am Cup from 2005 to 2007 as co-driver to Patrick Dempsey. He moved up to Grand-Am's Rolex Sports Car Series GT class in 2008 driving for Matt Connelly Motorsports. In 2010 he made his Daytona Prototype debut at the 2010 24 Hours of Daytona co-driving Beyer Racing's Chevy-Crawford. In 2010 he competed full-time in the American Le Mans Series' new GTC class driving for Alex Job Racing.

text:
# Romeo Kapudija

**Romeo Kapudija** (born 20 May 1970) is an American-Croatian professional race car driver from Chicago, Illinois.

After competing in karting and amateur Formula Atlantic and Skip Barber Formula Dodge competition, he made his 1st professional Toyota Atlantic start in 1999 at Long Beach finishing 11th overall in 1st in C2. He continued to race in the professional ranks in 2002 driving part-time in the American Le Mans Series in the GT class. He competed in the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2004 and competed in Grand-Am Cup from 2005 to 2007 as co-driver to Patrick Dempsey. He moved up to Grand-Am's Rolex Sports Car Series GT class in 2008 driving for Matt Connelly Motorsports. In 2010 he made his Daytona Prototype debut at the 2010 24 Hours of Daytona co-driving Beyer Racing's Chevy-Crawford. In 2010 he competed full-time in the American Le Mans Series' new GTC class driving for Alex Job Racing.

## Complete motorsports results

### American Open-Wheel racing results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position, races in *italics* indicate fastest race lap)

#### Atlantic Championship

| Year | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Rank | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | Olsson Engineering | LBH
11 | NAZ | GAT | MIL | MTL | ROA | TRR | MDO | CHI | VAN | LS | HOU | ***N.C.*** | ***N.C.*** |

#### Complete USF2000 National Championship results

| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Pos | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Battery Tender Racing | SEB1
16 | SEB2
25 | LRP1 | LRP1 | MDO1 | MDO2 | ROA1 | ROA2 | MDO3 | MDO4 | ATL1 | ATL2 | ***28th*** | ***6*** |


title: Levatores costarum muscles

abstract: The levatores costarum, twelve in number on either side, are small tendinous and fleshy bundles, which arise from the ends of the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and upper eleven thoracic vertebrae They pass obliquely downward and laterally, like the fibers of the Intercostales externi, and each is inserted into the outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle. Each of the four lower muscles divides into two fasciculi, one of which is inserted as above described; the other passes down to the second rib below its origin. They have a role in forceful inspiration.

text:
# Levatores costarum muscles

The ***levatores costarum*** (/ˌlɛvəˈtɔːrz kəˈstɛərəm/), twelve in number on either side, are small tendinous and fleshy bundles, which arise from the ends of the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and upper eleven thoracic vertebrae

They pass obliquely downward and laterally, like the fibers of the Intercostales externi, and each is inserted into the outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle (*Levatores costarum breves*).

Each of the four lower muscles divides into two fasciculi, one of which is inserted as above described; the other passes down to the second rib below its origin (*Levatores costarum longi*).

They have a role in forceful inspiration.

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 403 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Levatores costarum muscles | |
| --- | --- |
| Deep muscles of the back. (Levatores costarum labeled vertically at center left.) | |
| Details | |
| Origin | Transverse processes of C7 to T11 vertebrae |
| Insertion | Superior surfaces of the ribs immediately inferior to the preceding vertebrae |
| Nerve | Dorsal rami C8-T11 (Intercostal nerves) |
| Actions | Assists in elevation of the thoracic rib cage |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *musculi levatores costarum* |
| TA98 | A04.4.01.009 |
| TA2 | 2308 |
| FMA | 71312 |
| Anatomical terms of muscle | |


title: Timeline of digital preservation

abstract: This page is a timeline of digital preservation and Web archiving. It covers various aspects of saving and preserving digital data, whether they are born-digital or not.

text:
# Timeline of digital preservation

This page is a **timeline of digital preservation and Web archiving**. It covers various aspects of saving and preserving digital data, whether they are born-digital or not.

Digital preservation encompasses a variety of efforts and technologies, so its history can be viewed through various trends in these separate efforts:

* File systems with built-in fault-tolerance
* Various changes in the physical storage used
* On-demand archiving services
* URL shortening services
* Various episodes of major archival work, sometimes as a result of services shutting down
* Efforts at converting physical/analog information to more modern digital media, file formats, and storage

## Timeline

| Year | Month and date | Topic | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 |  | Versioning | Marc Rochkind develops the Source Code Control System at Bell Labs. |
| 1982 | October | Physical storage | The compact disc (CD) as well as the CD player first become commercially available in Japan. |
| 1987 | June | Physical storage | The term "RAID" is invented by David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson, and Randy Katz at the University of California, Berkeley in 1987. In their June 1988 paper "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)", presented at the SIGMOD conference, they would argue that the top performing mainframe disk drives of the time could be beaten on performance by an array of the inexpensive drives that had been developed for the growing personal computer market. Although failures would rise in proportion to the number of drives, by configuring for redundancy, the reliability of an array could far exceed that of any large single drive. |
| 1989 | November 13 | Versioning | Continuous data protection, the technique of backing up computer data by automatically saving a copy of every change made to that data, is patented by British entrepreneur Pete Malcolm. |
| 1990 |  |  | Possibly the earliest reference to the term "digital preservation" (to mean converting analog media to digital and preserving in digital form) is from this year. |
| 1996 | January | Web archiving | The initial version of the command-line downloading program Wget, then known as Geturl, is released. |
| 1996 |  | Web archiving | The Internet Archive is founded by Brewster Kahle. |
| 1996 | April | Web archiving | Alexa Internet is founded by Brewster Kahle. Since this year, Alexa Internet has donated its crawl data to the Internet Archive. |
| 1996 |  |  | *Preserving Digital Information: Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information* (Donald Waters, John Garrett, eds.) is published. It became a fundamental document in the field of digital preservation that helped set out key concepts, requirements, and challenges. |
| 1997 | April 8 | Web archiving | cURL, a computer software project providing a library and command-line tool for transferring data using various protocols, releases its initial version of the tool. It is known at this point as HttpGet, would briefly rename itself to urlget, and would finally rename itself to cURL in March 1998. cURL can be used to download files over a network. |
| 1998 | May | Web archiving | The first version of HTTrack, a free and open source Web crawler and offline browser, is released. |
| 2000 |  |  | The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) launches. |
| 2001 | October | Web archiving | The Wayback Machine is launched. |
| 2001 | October 14 |  | Version 1.0 of the Parity Volume Set specification, used in Par1, is published. |
| 2002 | January | Web archiving | TinyURL, the first notable URL shortening service, is launched. |
| 2003 | July |  | The International Internet Preservation Consortium is founded. |
| 2005 |  | Cloud storage | Box is launched as Box.net. |
| 2005 | April 7 | Versioning | The initial version of Git, a version control system with support for data integrity, is released. |
| 2005 | April 29 | Web archiving | Safari version 2.0 introduces the ability to save complete websites using the proprietary WebArchive format (details at Safari version history). |
| 2005 | August 1 | Physical storage | The article "Kryder's Law" is published The law observes that magnetic disk areal storage density has been increasing very quickly. |
| 2005 | August | Versioning | Writely, a web-based word processor created by the software company Upstartle, launches. By January 2006, Writely would have support for revision history. Upstartle would later be acquired by Google and Writely would be integrated into Google Docs. |
| 2005 | October 31 | File system | The first implementation of ZFS, a file system that includes protection against data corruption, is integrated into Solaris. |
| 2006 | March 19 | Cloud storage | Amazon Web Services launches by releasing the Simple Storage Service (S3), intended for storing individual files (called objects) in a highly redundant and available fashion. S3 is designed for at least 99.999999999% durability (i.e., that percentage of objects is expected to survive after a year) and 99.99% availability (i.e., that percentage of objects is accessible at any given time). The cost of S3 storage dropped over the next decade, reaching 2.3 cents a GB effective December 1, 2016. S3 has been widely used by corporations, libraries, and governments to digitize data for long-term storage. |
| 2007 | January 30 | Versioning | Microsoft Office 2007 is released. Word 2007 introduces the ability to track changes in documents. |
| 2007 | June | Cloud storage | Dropbox is founded by MIT students Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi, as a startup company from the American seed accelerator Y Combinator. |
| 2007 | September 21 | Physical storage | The initial version of Paperkey is released. Paperkey is a free software implementation of a paper key. It extracts the essential secret bytes from an OpenPGP private key, which can then be printed to paper. |
| 2007 | October 26 | Versioning | Apple releases the initial version of Time Machine. |
| 2007 |  | Physical storage | Two software for densely storing information on paper are released: PaperBack and Twibright Labs' Optar. |
| 2007 |  | Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative (FADGI) | FADGI is a collaborative effort of 20 federal agencies to articulate common sustainable practices and guidelines for digitized and born digital historical, archival and cultural content. Two working groups study issues specific to two major areas, Still Image and Audio-Visual. |
| 2008 |  | Web archiving | The URL shortening service Bitly is launched. |
| 2008 | April 10 | Versioning | GitHub, a web-based Git repository hosting service, is launched. GitHub would popularize version control and Git. GitHub would also play an important role in encouraging people to make their source code freely available for posterity, allowing others to fork the code and acting as a *de facto* archive. In addition to software projects, GitHub would also be used to host code repositories for scientific research as well as for hosting and backing up websites and content. |
| 2008 | November 20 | Digitizing | The prototype for Europeana launches. |
| 2009 | January 6 | Web archiving | The Archive Team begins operating. Its first big effort, for which it receives press coverage, is to download Geocities data before the service shuts down. |
| 2009 |  | Web archiving | SocialSafe Ltd, the company responsible for developing SocialSafe, is founded. |
| 2009 | March 23 | File system | The initial version of Btrfs, a file system that supports checksums, incremental backups, and the ability to repair errors, is released as part of the Linux kernel version 2.6.29. |
| 2009 | May 15 | Web archiving | The WARC file format is published as the standard ISO 28500:2009 1st edition. |
| 2009 | October 26 | Web archiving | Yahoo! GeoCities, a web hosting service founded in 1994, closes its United States branch. Various attempts at archiving GeoCities are made. The site would continue to be available only in Japan. |
| 2010 | April 14 | Web archiving | Twitter announces that it will donate its archive of public Tweets to the Library of Congress. |
| 2010 | December 1 | Web archiving | The Memento Project provides a standard for interoperability between web archives and the live web. Memento wins the Digital Preservation Award 2010 because "Memento offers an elegant and easily deployed method that reunites web archives with their home on the live web. It opens web archives to tens of millions of new users and signals a dramatic change in the way we use and perceive digital archives." |
| 2011 | June 28 | Web archiving | Google Takeout is launched by the Google Data Liberation Front. |
| 2012 | August 1 | File system | Microsoft introduces ReFS. ReFS has a number of features related to digital preservation including integrity checking and data scrubbing, protection against data degradation, built-in handling of hard disk drive failure and redundancy, and integration of the RAID functionality. |
| 2012 | August 21 | Cloud storage | Amazon Web Services launches Amazon Glacier, an addition to its S3 offerings with lower storage costs than S3 (initially 1 cent per GB). Glacier is intended for long-term archival in cases where retrieval is rare; therefore retrieval is costly and slow. Glacier offers the same durability as the standard S3 offering. In December 2016, the price of Glacier is reduced to 0.4 cents per GB. Glacier has been used by governments, corporations, and libraries for low-cost long-term archival. It has also been recommended for use for personal backups when frequent access is not needed. |
| 2013 | April 6 | Web archiving | In the United Kingdom, the Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations come into force, bringing digital and online material under the scope of the UK's legal deposit. Previously, the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 had given the Secretary of State the powers to make regulations governing the deposit of non-print publications, but such regulations were never made at that time. |
| 2013 | April 18 | Digitizing | The Digital Public Library of America launches. |
| 2013 | July 1 | Web archiving | Google Reader, an RSS/Atom feed aggregator operated by Google, shuts down after having launched in 2005. The shutdown prompts an effort to archive the feed data from the service. |
| 2013 | December | Web archiving | The Memento Project is published as a standard in RFC 7089. |
| 2017 | August | Web archiving | The WARC file format is published as the standard ISO 28500:2017 2nd edition. |
|


title: Claytonia palustris

abstract: Claytonia palustris is a species of wildflower in the family Montiaceae known by the common names Jonesville springbeauty and marsh claytonia. Often mistaken for Claytonia sibirica, the species is diploid with a chromosome base number of x = 6.

text:
# Claytonia palustris

***Claytonia palustris*** is a species of wildflower in the family Montiaceae known by the common names **Jonesville springbeauty** and **marsh claytonia**. Often mistaken for *Claytonia sibirica*, the species is diploid (2n = 12) with a chromosome base number of x = 6.

## Distribution

The wildflower is endemic to California where it is a rare species indigenous to wetlands including bogs, fens, meadows and streamside riparian thickets at low- to mid-elevations of the Klamath Mountains, Cascade Range, and Sierra Nevada as far south as the Kern and Tule River watersheds. The species epithet *palustris* is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.

## Description

*Claytonia palustris* is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing a slender stem up to about 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) long. It has leaves with oval-shaped blades a few centimeters long at the ends of long, narrow petioles. The inflorescence bears up to 18 flowers on a long stalk. Each flower has 5 white or pink-tinted white petals just under a centimeter long. The bloom period is May to October.

1. Miller, J. M. and K. L. Chambers. 2006. Systematics of Claytonia (Portulacaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 78: 1-236. ISBN 0-912861-78-9
2. Miller, J. M. and K. L. Chambers. 2006. Systematics of Claytonia (Portulacaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 78: 1-236. ISBN 0-912861-78-9
3. Archibald William Smith *A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins*, p. 258, at Google Books

## InfoBox

| *Claytonia palustris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Montiaceae |
| Genus: | *Claytonia* |
| Species: | ***C. palustris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Claytonia palustris***<br>Swanson & Kelley | |
|


title: Sofular, Vezirköprü

abstract: Sofular is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Vezirköprü, Samsun Province, Turkey. Its population is 511 (2022).

text:
# Sofular, Vezirköprü

**Sofular** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Vezirköprü, Samsun Province, Turkey. Its population is 511 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Sofular | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| SofularLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°09′31″N 35°05′59″E / 41.1587°N 35.0997°E / 41.1587; 35.0997 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Samsun |
| District | Vezirköprü |
| Population (2022) | 511 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |