abstract: Charles Honoré Emmanuel d'Albert de Luynes, 9th Duke of Luynes was a French aristocrat and soldier in the Papal Zouaves.

text:
# Charles Honoré Emmanuel d'Albert de Luynes

**Charles Honoré Emmanuel d'Albert de Luynes, 9th Duke of Luynes** (22 June 1846 – 2 December 1870) was a French aristocrat and soldier in the Papal Zouaves.

## Early life

Charles Honoré Emmanuel was born on 22 June 1846. He was the eldest son of Honoré-Louis d'Albert de Luynes, Duke of Chevreuse (1823–1854), and Valentine-Julie de Contades (1824–1900). His sister was Marie Julie d'Albert de Luynes (wife of Elzéar Charles Antoine de Sabran-Pontevès, 3rd Duke of Sabran) and his younger brother was Paul Marie Stanislas Honoré d'Albert de Luynes, 10th Duke of Chaulnes and Picquigny (who married Princess Sophie Golitsyn, a granddaughter of Prince Pyotr Alexeyevich Golitsyn).

His father was the only child of Marie Françoise Dauvet de Maineville and Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes, 8th Duke of Luynes, a prominent writer on archaeology who is most remembered for the collection of exhibits he gave to the Cabinet des Médailles, and for supporting the exiled Comte de Chambord's claim to the throne of France. His maternal grandparents were French cavalry officer Jules Gaspard Amour de Contades, Viscount de Contades (son of François-Jules de Contades) and Gabrielle Adèle Alexandrine Amys du Ponceau.

## Career

As his father predeceased his grandfather, he succeeded to the dukedom of Luynes and Chevreuse in 1867 while the dukedom of Chaulnes passed to his younger brother Paul. The dukedom of Luynes had been created for his ancestor, Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes (brother of Honoré d'Albert, 1st Duke of Chaulnes), by King Louis XIII of France in 1619. He only held the title for three years before his death in 1870 upon which his eldest son, who was only two years old, succeeded to the dukedom.

The Duke was a member of the Papal Zouaves, and was killed in the Battle of Loigny–Poupry on 2 December 1870.

## Personal life

On 5 December 1867, he married Yolande Françoise Marie Julienne de La Rochefoucauld (1849–1905) in Paris. She was a daughter of Sosthène II de La Rochefoucauld, 4th Duke of Doudeauville, and Princess Yolande de Polignac (a daughter of Prince Jules de Polignac, the 7th Prime Minister of France). Through her great-grandmother, Pauline Hortense (née d'Albert de Luynes), Duchess of Montmorency-Laval, she was also a descendant of Louis Joseph d'Albert, 6th Duke of Luynes. Together, they were the parents of:

The Duke died in Orléans, Loiret during the Battle of Loigny–Poupry on 2 December 1870, only 24 years old. He was succeeded in his titles by his only son, Honoré, then only two years old.

### Descendants

Through his only son, he was posthumously a grandfather of Emmanuelle Anne Yolande Charlotte Simone Valentine Marie Gabrielle d'Albert de Luynes (1891–1947), wife of the Marquis de Vaulserre, Charles Honoré Jacques Philippe Marie Louis d'Albert de Luynes, *styled* Duke of Chevreuse (1892–1918), who died during World War I while serving as an aviator, Yolande Louise Valentine Marie d'Albert de Luynes (1897–1945), Marie Adrienne Mathilde d'Albert de Luynes (1898–1929), wife of the 6th Duke of Montebello, and Élisabeth Philippe Mathilde Marie Gabrielle d'Albert de Luynes (1895–1976), wife of Emmanuel du Bourg de Bozas, and Philippe d'Albert de Luynes, 11th Duke of Luynes (1905–1993).

Through his daughter Yolande, he was posthumously a grandfather of Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles, duc d'Ayen (1893–1945), a member of the French Resistance who died at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Yolande Marie Clothilde Charlotte de Noailles (1896–1976), and Elisabeth Pauline Sabine Marie de Noailles (1898–1969), a prominent tennis player who competed in the Olympic games in 1920.

Notes Sources  1. *Annuaire de la noblesse de France* (in French). Au Bureau de la publication. 1894. p. 160. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
2. Raineval, Melville Henry Massue marquis de Ruvigny et (1994). *The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal: Being a Complete Table of All the Descendants Now Living of Edward III, King of England. The Mortimer-Percy volume : containing the descendants of Lady Elizabeth Percy, née Mortimer*. Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 507. ISBN 978-0-8063-1435-8. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
3. "Maison d'Albert de Luynes". *www.europeanheraldry.org*. European Heraldry. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
4. "GOSSIP IN THE FRENCH CAPITAL.; THE SENSATIONAL LAWSUIT--AN EXHIBITION OF INTERNATIONAL ART". *The New York Times*. 21 May 1882. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
5. Paris, Société héraldique et généalogique de France (1899). *Bulletin de la Société héraldique etʹgenéalogique de France* (in French). Société héraldique & genéalogique de France. p. 629. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
6. Bachelin-Deflorenne, Antoine (1887). *Etat présent de la noblesse francaise: contenant le dictionnaire de la noblesse contemporaine et l'armorial general de France d'apres les manuscripts de Ch. d'Hozier ...* (in French). Librairie des Bibliophiles. p. 835. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
7. D'Est-Ange, Chaix (1903). *Dictionnaire Des Familles Françaises, Anciennes Ou Notables, a la Fin Du Xixe Siècle, Vol. 16 : Eas-Eys* (in French). ISBN 978-0-353-65176-0. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
8. *The Royalty, Peerage and Aristocracy of the World*. Annuaire de France. 1967. p. 123. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
9. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Luynes". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
10. Esposito, Gabriele (2018). *Armies of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848-70*. Vol. 2. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4728-2624-4.
11. Sainte-Marie, Anselme de (1879). *Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la Maison de France* (in French). Firmin-Didot. p. 209. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
12. *Annuaire de la noblesse de France* (in French). Au Bureau de la publication. 1908. p. 95. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
13. *Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique* (in French). Justus Perthes. 1927. pp. 480–481. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
14. "The Duke of Luynes". *The New York Times*. 15 March 1924. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
15. Ruvigny and Raineval (9th marquis of), Melville Amadeus Henry Douglas Heddle de La Caillemotte de Massue de Ruvigny (1914). *The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe*. Harrison & Sons. p. 960. Retrieved 26 June 2020.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
16. Vassor, Bernard (2008-07-08). "Duchess of Uzes, NEE Adrienne Marie-Anne-Clementine Victurnienne ROCHECHOUART-MORTEMART". Retrieved 2015-03-27.
17. "Duchess D'Uzes". *The New York Times*. 10 September 1966. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
18. Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (14 December 1969). "What It Means to Be the Premier Duke in the French Republic". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
19. Martin, Georges (1993). *Histoire et généalogie de la maison de Noailles*.
20. "FRENCH DUKE IS KILLED; Chevreuse Falls While Making Test Flight in Airplane". *The New York Times*. 31 January 1918. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
21. "French Duke Weds Heiress". *The New York Times*. 6 July 1934. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
22. Grementieri, Fabio; Verstraeten, Xavier A. (2006). *Grandes residencias de Buenos Aires: la influencia francesa* (in Spanish). Ediciones Larivìere. pp. 77, 213. ISBN 978-987-9395-29-5. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
23. Vallejos, Soledad (2015). *Vida de ricos: Costumbres y manías de argentinos con dinero* (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Argentina. p. 52. ISBN 978-987-735-023-4. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
24. "Élisabeth d'Ayen". *Olympedia*. Retrieved 4 September 2021.

## InfoBox

| The Duke of Luynes and Chevreuse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Charles Honoré Emmanuel d'Albert de Luynes
(1846-06-22)22 June 1846 |
| Died | 2 December 1870(1870-12-02) (aged 24)
Orléans, Loiret |
| Spouse | Yolande de La Rochefoucauld
(m. 1867; died 1870) |
| Children | Honoré d'Albert de Luynes
Yolande, Duchess de Noailles |
| Parent(s) | Honoré-Louis d'Albert de Luynes
Valentine-Julie de Contades |
| Relatives | Paul Marie Stanislas Honoré d'Albert de Luynes (brother)
Philippe d'Albert de Luynes (grandson)
Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles (grandson)
Élisabeth d'Ayen (granddaughter) |


title: 2022 UQ1

abstract: 2022 UQ1 was a minor planet provisional designation that was mistakenly given to the Lucy mission's Centaur upper stage booster during its Earth gravity assist flyby in October 2022. The object passed about 9,100 km (5,700 mi) from the center of Earth during its closest approach on 16 October 2022. Because the object approached Earth from the direction of the Sun, it was not discovered until after its closest approach. The object was discovered on 18 October 2022 by one of the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) telescopes in Rio Hurtado, Chile, which reported it to the Minor Planet Center (MPC) as a near-Earth object candidate. Three other observatories produced follow-up observations on the following day and confirmed the object was on a near-Earth orbit, prompting the MPC to announce the object as a new near-Earth object with the provisional designation 2022 UQ1 on 19 October 2022. The object was later identified as the Lucy mission's Centaur upper stage booster by Bill Gray and Davide Farnocchia, resulting in the MPC deleting 2022 UQ1 from its database on 20 October 2022.

text:
# 2022 UQ1

**2022 UQ1** was a minor planet provisional designation that was mistakenly given to the *Lucy* mission's Centaur upper stage booster during its Earth gravity assist flyby in October 2022. The object passed about 9,100 km (5,700 mi) from the center of Earth (or an altitude of 2,700 km (1,700 mi) above the surface of Earth) during its closest approach on 16 October 2022.

Because the object approached Earth from the direction of the Sun, it was not discovered until after its closest approach. The object was discovered on 18 October 2022 by one of the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) telescopes in Rio Hurtado, Chile, which reported it to the Minor Planet Center (MPC) as a near-Earth object candidate. Three other observatories produced follow-up observations on the following day and confirmed the object was on a near-Earth orbit, prompting the MPC to announce the object as a new near-Earth object with the provisional designation 2022 UQ1 on 19 October 2022. The object was later identified as the *Lucy* mission's Centaur upper stage booster by Bill Gray and Davide Farnocchia, resulting in the MPC deleting 2022 UQ1 from its database on 20 October 2022.

## Orbit

Lucy upper stage distance from the center of Earth on 16 October 2022
| Date | ESA
nominal geocentric
distance (AU) | uncertainty
region
(1-sigma) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2022-10-16 06:54 ± 00:17 | 0.0000609 AU (9,100 km) | ±0.0000002 AU (30 km) |

2022 UQ1 came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 27 July 2022 at a distance of 0.84 AU, between the orbits of Venus and Earth. The Earth encounter in October reduced the period of its heliocentric orbit from 1 year to about 241 days and reduced its perihelion to 0.52 AU, placing it in between the orbits of Mercury and Venus.

Orbital Elements for October and November 2022
(before and after Earth encounter)
| Parameter | Epoch | Period
(p) | Aphelion
(Q) | Perihelion
(q) | Semi-major
axis
(a) | Inclination
(i) | Eccentricity
(e) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Units |  | (days) | AU | | | (°) |  |
|  | 2022-Oct-01 | 365.72 | 1.1630 | 0.83870 | 1.0008 | 0.1271° | 0.16201 |
|  | 2022-Nov-01 | 241.23 | 0.9977 | 0.51906 | 0.7584 | 1.4283° | 0.31557 |

1. "MPEC 2022-U58 : 2022 UQ1". *Minor Planet Electronic Circular*. Minor Planet Center. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
2. "ESA Close Approaches: 2022UQ1". European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2022 UQ1)" (arc: 1 day). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
4. "MPEC 2022-U79 : Deletion of 2022 UQ1". *Minor Planet Electronic Circular*. Minor Planet Center. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
5. Gray, Bill J. (20 October 2022). ""Pseudo-MPEC" for Lucy Centaur". *Project Pluto*. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
6. Gray, Bill J. (19 October 2022). "Re: 2022 UQ1 related to Lucy?". *Minor Planet Mailing List*. Retrieved 19 October 2022. It's definitely the Lucy Centaur.
7. Horizons output. "Perihelion on 2022-Jul-27" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
8. Horizons output. "Osculating Orbital Elements for 2022 UQ1 at Oct + Nov 2022". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.


title: Skruv

abstract: Skruv is a locality situated in Lessebo Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 490 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Skruv

**Skruv** is a locality situated in Lessebo Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 490 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Skruv | |
| --- | --- |
| SkruvSkruv | |
| Coordinates: 56°40′35″N 15°21′57″E / 56.67639°N 15.36583°E / 56.67639; 15.36583 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Småland |
| County | Kronoberg County |
| Municipality | Lessebo Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.25 km2 (0.48 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 490 |
| Density | 393/km2 (1,020/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: The Works of Max Beerbohm

abstract: The Works of Max Beerbohm was the first book published by English caricaturist, essayist and parodist Max Beerbohm. It was published in 1896 when Beerbohm was aged 24. A collection of Beerbohm's essays from the 1890s written while he was still a student at Oxford and which had originally been printed in The Yellow Book, The Savoy, The Pageant, The Chap Book, and other notable periodicals, the book was published in London by John Lane at The Bodley Head in 1896, and launched Beerbohm's career as an essayist. The book contains Beerbohm's notorious essay A Defence of Cosmetics, which had appeared in the first number of The Yellow Book in April 1894, revised and renamed The Pervasion of Rouge. "Replete with mock-scholarly footnotes and biographical information, The Works epitomizes Beerbohm's penchant for deflating pretentiousness with satiric imitation," wrote Ann Adams Cleary in the Dictionary of Literary Biography. "Anything large - ideas, ideals, literary works, London crowds - caused him dismay." In this, his first book, the 24-year-old Beerbohm announced gravely that he would now retire from letters, having said all there was to say. Of course, he did not. A limited edition of 780 copies, signed and numbered by the author, was issued in 1922, with 750 being offered for sale, while the remaining 30 were for presentation.

text:
# The Works of Max Beerbohm

***The Works of Max Beerbohm*** was the first book published by English caricaturist, essayist and parodist Max Beerbohm. It was published in 1896 when Beerbohm was aged 24.

A collection of Beerbohm's essays from the 1890s written while he was still a student at Oxford and which had originally been printed in *The Yellow Book*, *The Savoy*, *The Pageant*, *The Chap Book*, and other notable periodicals, the book was published in London by John Lane at The Bodley Head in 1896, and launched Beerbohm's career as an essayist.

The book contains Beerbohm's notorious essay *A Defence of Cosmetics*, which had appeared in the first number of *The Yellow Book* in April 1894, revised and renamed *The Pervasion of Rouge*.

"Replete with mock-scholarly footnotes and biographical information, *The Works* epitomizes Beerbohm's penchant for deflating pretentiousness with satiric imitation," wrote Ann Adams Cleary in the *Dictionary of Literary Biography*. "Anything large - ideas, ideals, literary works, London crowds - caused him dismay."

In this, his first book, the 24-year-old Beerbohm announced gravely that he would now retire from letters, having said all there was to say. Of course, he did not.

A limited edition of 780 copies, signed and numbered by the author, was issued in 1922, with 750 being offered for sale, while the remaining 30 were for presentation.

## Contents

Dandies and Dandies

A Good Prince

1880

King George the Fourth

The Pervasion of Rouge

Poor Romeo!

Diminuendo

Bibliography


title: Shanghai Film Critics Awards

abstract: Shanghai Film Critics Awards are given annually to honor excellence in national cinema by an organization of film reviewers from Shanghai Film Critics Association and Shanghai Film Museum. This event is the only critics' awards in mainland China. The first annual held in 1991. From 1991 to 1993, they only selected 10 film awarded Film of Merit. Since 1994, adding categories, including Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress. No award was given out for the year 2015. As of 2016, only newcomer categories were awarded. In 2005 the Association named the Top 22 Films of Chinese Cinema.

text:
# Shanghai Film Critics Awards

**Shanghai Film Critics Awards** are given annually to honor excellence in national cinema by an organization of film reviewers from Shanghai Film Critics Association and Shanghai Film Museum. This event is the only critics' awards in mainland China. The first annual held in 1991. From 1991 to 1993, they only selected 10 film awarded *Film of Merit*. Since 1994, adding categories, including Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress.

No award was given out for the year 2015. As of 2016, only newcomer categories were awarded. In 2005 the Association named the Top 22 Films of Chinese Cinema.

## Awards

1. 清新之风 突破传统 第十九届上海影评人奖揭晓. 新民晚报. Retrieved 13 July 2010.


title: Christopher Palameta

abstract: Christopher Palameta is an oboist specializing in historically informed performance. He is based in Paris. Palameta was born in 1979 in Montreal, Quebec, and took his graduate degree from McGill University in historical oboes. His main teachers were Theodore Baskin, Washington McClain, and Bruce Haynes. He is currently pursuing his PhD at the Royal Academy of Music in London and teaches historical oboes at the Sibelius Academy. After being appointed second oboist in the Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra, of which he was a core member from 2003-2007, he relocated to France to pursue work with many of Europe's period ensembles including Pygmalion, Les Siècles, and La Grande Ecurie in France; Die Kölner Akademie in Germany; Vox Luminis and La Petite Bande in Belgium; The Gabrieli Consort in the UK; Il Pomo d'Oro in Italy; Capella Cracoviensis in Poland; and various other ensembles such as the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra, the Helsinki Baroque Orchestra, Suomalainen Barokkiorkesteri, and MusicAeterna. Palameta has participated in over 40 commercial recordings for the Sony BMG, Deutsche Harmonia Mundi, Audax Records, BIS, CPO, Analekta, ATMA Classique, and Naxos labels. In 2003 and 2006, he was awarded research grants from the Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec. His chamber recordings have been reviewed positively. In 2009, 'Janitsch: Sonate de camera, Volume I' was nominated for a Prix Opus in the category 'Best CD of the Year' by the Conseil québécois de la musique., while his recording of suites for oboe by Marin Marais on the Audax Records label was nominated in 2015 for a Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik.

text:
# Christopher Palameta

**Christopher Palameta** is an oboist specializing in historically informed performance. He is based in Paris.

Palameta was born in 1979 in Montreal, Quebec, and took his graduate degree from McGill University in historical oboes. His main teachers were Theodore Baskin, Washington McClain, and Bruce Haynes. He is currently pursuing his PhD at the Royal Academy of Music in London and teaches historical oboes at the Sibelius Academy (Helsinki University of Arts).

After being appointed second oboist in the Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra (based in Toronto, Canada), of which he was a core member from 2003-2007, he relocated to France to pursue work with many of Europe's period ensembles including Pygmalion, Les Siècles, and La Grande Ecurie in France; Die Kölner Akademie in Germany; Vox Luminis and La Petite Bande in Belgium; The Gabrieli Consort in the UK; Il Pomo d'Oro in Italy; Capella Cracoviensis in Poland; and various other ensembles such as the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra, the Helsinki Baroque Orchestra, Suomalainen Barokkiorkesteri (the Finnish Baroque Orchestra), and MusicAeterna (Perm, Russia).

Palameta has participated in over 40 commercial recordings for the Sony BMG, Deutsche Harmonia Mundi, Audax Records, BIS, CPO, Analekta, ATMA Classique, and Naxos labels.

In 2003 and 2006, he was awarded research grants from the Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec.

His chamber recordings have been reviewed positively. In 2009, 'Janitsch: Sonate de camera, Volume I' was nominated for a Prix Opus in the category 'Best CD of the Year' by the Conseil québécois de la musique., while his recording of suites for oboe by Marin Marais on the Audax Records label was nominated in 2015 for a Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik (German Record Critics' Award).


title: Robert Young (New Zealand Army officer)

abstract: Major General Robert Young, was a dentist, volunteer soldier, World War I brigade commander and professional soldier in the New Zealand Military Forces. A British immigrant who came to New Zealand as a child, Young he later rose to serve as a General Officer Commanding, New Zealand Military Forces from 1925 to 1931. For service during World War I he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, mentioned in despatches, and was one of only 14 members of the New Zealand Military Forces to receive the French Legion of Honour during the war.

text:
# Robert Young (New Zealand Army officer)

Major General **Robert Young**, CB, CMG, DSO (5 January 1877 – 25 February 1953) was a dentist, volunteer soldier, World War I brigade commander and professional soldier in the New Zealand Military Forces.

A British immigrant who came to New Zealand as a child, Young he later rose to serve as a General Officer Commanding, New Zealand Military Forces from 1925 to 1931. For service during World War I he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, mentioned in despatches, and was one of only 14 members of the New Zealand Military Forces to receive the French Legion of Honour during the war.

## Early life

Born at Sunderland, England, in 1877 Young came to New Zealand with his parents as a child. The son of Reverend Robert Young, the Vicar of St Mark's in Carterton, he was educated at Nelson College and after further study began practice as a dentist. His history of military service began in 1898 when he joined the New Zealand Volunteer Forces, serving in the Amuri Mounted Rifles (which was subsequently absorbed into the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry). Following his marriage to Florence Ward in 1899 he settled in Marton and began service with the Royal Rifles, rising to the rank of captain in 1910 before the unit was incorporated into the new 7th (Wellington-West Coast) Regiment in 1911.

## World War I

After the New Zealand Government declared war on Germany and made the decision to establish a New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) for overseas service, the Wellington Infantry Battalion was formed and began concentrating at Awapuni racecourse in Palmerston North from 12 August 1914. Young joined the unit in the Manawatu and was subsequently promoted to major and appointed Officer Commanding the 9th (Hawke's Bay) Company.

The battalion formed part of the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General Francis Earl Johnston, and Young departed New Zealand on board the troopship *Limerick* on 15 October 1914. This vessel was one of twelve troop ships of the main body of the NZEF escorted in convoy by Allied warships, which stopped at Hobart, Albany and Colombo before arriving at the Suez Canal on 1 December 1914. The NZEF established a training camp at Zeitoun and Young, under the direction of his Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel William George Malone, began training his 9th (Hawke's Bay) Company troops until the New Zealand Infantry Brigade was called forward to participate in British operations against the Ottomans in the Suez Canal area from January to February 1915. On return from the field the battalion resumed its training, until the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division departed for the invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in late April 1915.

### Gallipoli

Young landed at Anzac Cove with the battalion on 25 April 1915 and soon gained prominence as a strong military leader. His 9th (Hawke's Bay) Company moved up Walker's Ridge and defended positions at the Nek from continual Ottoman attacks, in what has been described as some of the severest fighting during the first day of the landings. Young helped push back a series of Turkish counter-attacks on 27 April and supported New Zealand attempts to breakout from the Anzac perimeter on 3 May. He was placed in command of the Auckland Battalion after their near destruction at Helles during the fight at the Daisy Patch and promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel. Young led the Aucklanders during the August Offensive when they sustained significant casualties in an assault at the Pinnacle on 7 August in their bid to take Chunuk Bair.

Young remained in charge of the depleted Auckland Battalion as they defended positions on Rhododendron Spur throughout September before they were withdrawn to Lemnos to recuperate. After the battalion returned to Gallipoli he handed the unit back to Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Plugge on 20 November, and then took command of the Canterbury Battalion where he was confirmed as a substantive lieutenant colonel. Young was placed in charge of all New Zealand Infantry Brigade rear parties as the New Zealanders withdrew from the Gallipoli Peninsula in the early hours of the morning on 20 December 1915.

### Western Front

After the withdrawal from Gallipoli, the NZEF had sufficient personnel to expand by two additional infantry brigades. These were the newly arrived 2nd Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, which with the original brigade, now designated the 1st Infantry Brigade, formed the New Zealand Division. The division was transferred to the Western Front in May 1916 under the command of Major-General Andrew Hamilton Russell, with Young remaining in charge of what was now designated the 1st Canterbury Battalion. He commanded the battalion as it became acclimatised to warfare on the Western Front at Armentières, and led it during New Zealand participation in the Battle of the Somme in September 1916.

Young's capabilities as a commander were recognised when he was placed in temporary command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade from 31 December 1916 to 6 January 1917 and then subsequently attached to Divisional Headquarters for liaison work during the Battle for Messines in June 1917. He took temporary command of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade in the rank of temporary colonel on 7 August 1917 when Brigadier-General Francis Earl Johnston was killed in action, but his time as a brigade commander was short lived when he was shot in the neck just two days later and evacuated to London.

After recuperating in England, Young returned to the Western Front on 4 December 1917 and assumed command of the 1st Infantry Brigade with the rank of temporary Brigadier-General. He was subsequently shifted to command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade on 19 February 1918, and led it during the German Spring Offensive which began in March 1918. He retained command of the brigade for the remainder of the war and saw further action at the Battle of Bapaume and in the push to the Hindenburg Line which contributed to German capitulation in November 1918.

### Armistice

Young led his brigade into Germany after the cessation of hostilities, where they undertook garrison duties as part of the Allied army of occupation. Then as the NZEF began to draw down he was posted to Sling Camp in England on 10 April 1919, in command of a group of soldiers awaiting their return voyage to New Zealand. Unfortunately, delays in obtaining transports for the return home resulted in considerable impatience and culminated in a camp riot. Young, who was held in great respect by the New Zealand soldiers, was called on to sort the matter out and his arrangements to ensure that married men were returned before single men helped alleviate the situation.

Young had the honour of leading New Zealand forces in the victory parade through London in May 1919, before leaving England on 11 July 1919 for demobilisation. On arrival in New Zealand, Young was discharged from the NZEF on 21 October 1919, but chose to continue service with the Permanent Staff of the New Zealand Military Forces.

## Interwar period

After his return to New Zealand, Young was appointed Honorary Aide de Camp to the Governor General in 1920 and served as Commander of the Canterbury Military District until 1921. He then served as Commander of the Southern Military District until 7 December 1925 when he was promoted to major-general and appointed General Officer Commanding, New Zealand Military Forces. In this role Young was now the head of the army in which he had served since 1898, and key advisor on New Zealand military and defence issues to the New Zealand Government. He remained in this senior role until March 1931 when he retired, moving with his wife to Pohangia to assist their son on his sheep and cattle farm, before finally settling in Ōtaki.

## World War II

On the commencement of hostilities in August 1940 Young was appointed Dominion Commander of the Home Guard, and a year later Director-General of the Home Guard in the rank of brigadier, based in Wellington. His task was to prepare and supervise a system of training sufficiently disciplined and thorough to create an "additional line of national defence of real potential value, and to hold the allegiance of men who have no spare time to give to mere paradings". The Home Guard's role was to limit the area of exploitation of any enemy invasion through the blocking of roads, demolitions, improvisation, and any other means of checking the invader. With the drain on skilled military instructors for the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force, Young had to draw on the expertise of veteran officers and NCOs from World War I. He held this role until 1944 when the threat to New Zealand had sufficiently reduced to allow demobilisation of the Home Guard.

## Post-war

Young returned to Ōtaki after the war and became engaged in local affairs. He was elected to the Otaki Borough Council in 1945, was Horowhenua Power Board's Ōtaki representative and became a prominent member of the Otaki Bowling Club. He died in Ōtaki on 27 February 1953 at the age of 76. A well attended service was initially held in Ōtaki, before his coffin was taken by hearse to Thorndon, Wellington, where it was transferred to a gun-carriage and draped with the New Zealand flag in a funeral with full military honours. His ashes were subsequently interred at the Marton cemetery.

## Awards and decorations

In recognition of his outstanding bravery and leadership Young was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 8 November 1915 for distinguished service in the field on Gallipoli. For his service as commanding officer of the Auckland Battalion on Gallipoli, Young was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, and later, for his leadership and gallant conduct as a brigade commander, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1919 King's Birthday Honours. Young was also Mentioned in Dispatches five times in recognition of his excellent service and appointed a Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur by the President of France in February 1916. This French award is uncommon to New Zealanders with fewer than 100 awards made, and Young was one of only 14 members of the NZEF to be decorated with the Legion of Honour during the War.

### Ribbons

## End notes

## InfoBox

| Major General Robert Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigadier General Robert Young | |
| Born | (1877-01-05)5 January 1877
Sunderland, England |
| Died | 25 February 1953(1953-02-25) (aged 76)
Ōtaki, New Zealand |
| Allegiance | New Zealand |
| Service/branch | New Zealand Military Forces |
| Years of service | 1898–1931
1941–1944 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Unit | New Zealand Infantry Brigade
New Zealand and Australian Division
New Zealand Division
New Zealand Expeditionary Force |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in Despatches
Légion d'honneur |


title: Rhianus

abstract: Rhianus was a Greek poet and grammarian, a native of Crete, friend and contemporary of Eratosthenes.

text:
# Rhianus

**Rhianus** (Greek: Ῥιανὸς ὁ Κρής) was a Greek poet and grammarian, a native of Crete, friend and contemporary of Eratosthenes (275195 BC).

## Biography

The *Suda* says he was at first a slave and overseer of a palaestra, but obtained a good education later in life and devoted himself to grammatical studies, probably in Alexandria. He prepared a new recension of the *Iliad* and *Odyssey*, characterized by sound judgment and poetical taste. His bold atheteses are frequently mentioned in the scholia. He also wrote epigrams, eleven of which, preserved in the Greek Anthology and Athenaeus, show elegance and vivacity. But he was chiefly known as a writer of epics (mythological and ethnographical), the most celebrated of which was the *Messeniaca* in six books, dealing with the Second Messenian War and the exploits of its central figure Aristomenes, and used by Pausanias in his fourth book as a trustworthy authority. Other similar poems were the *Achaica*, *Eliaca*, and *Thessalica*. The *Heracleia* was a long mythological epic, probably an imitation of the poem of the same name by Panyasis, containing the same number of books (fourteen).

## Legacy

Rhianos also wrote a number of homoerotic epigrams, and was also mentioned in one of Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy's poems ("Young Men of Sidon (A.D. 400)").


title: Urho

abstract:
Urho is a Finnish male given name. It was most popular in the first half of the 20th century. As of 2013 there were more than 12,000 people registered with this name in Finland. The nameday is the 17th of June. It means 'brave' or 'courageous'. A common variation is Urkki. Some people who have this name include:
  - Urho Castrén (1886–1965), a Finnish politician
  - Urho Karhumäki (1891–1947), a Finnish poet
  - Urho Kekkonen (1900–1986), the eighth President of Finland
  - Urho Kujala, a Finnish orienteering competitor
  - Urho Lehtovaara (1917–1949), a Finnish Air Force aces
  - Urho Peltonen (1893–1951), a Finnish athlete
  - Urho Sirén (1932–2002), a Finnish cyclist
  - Urho Tallgren (1894–1959), a Finnish long-distance runner
  - Urho Teräs (1915–1990), a Finnish footballer
  - Urho Vaakanainen, a Finnish ice hockey player

text:
# Urho

**Urho** is a Finnish male given name. It was most popular in the first half of the 20th century. As of 2013 there were more than 12,000 people registered with this name in Finland. The nameday is the 17th of June. It means 'brave' or 'courageous'. A common variation is **Urkki**.

Some people who have this name include:

* Saint Urho
* *Urkki*, Finnish magazine established in reference to Urho Kekkonen


abstract: The men's large hill team competition of the Beijing 2022 Olympics was held on 14 February, at the Snow Ruyi hill in Zhangjiakou. Austria became the Olympic champion, with Slovenia and germany being the silver and bronze medalist, respectively. The defending champion are Norway. The silver medalist is Germany, and the bronze medalist are Poland. Germany are the 2021 World champion. Austria and Poland are the silver and bronze medalists, respectively. Only three men's team events were held in the framework of the 2021–22 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup before the Olympics; two were won by Austria and one by Slovenia.

text:
# Ski jumping at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Men's large hill team

The **men's large hill team** competition of the Beijing 2022 Olympics was held on 14 February, at the Snow Ruyi hill in Zhangjiakou. Austria became the Olympic champion, with Slovenia and germany being the silver and bronze medalist, respectively.

The defending champion are Norway. The silver medalist is Germany, and the bronze medalist are Poland. Germany are the 2021 World champion. Austria and Poland are the silver and bronze medalists, respectively. Only three men's team events were held in the framework of the 2021–22 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup before the Olympics; two were won by Austria and one by Slovenia.

## Schedule

### Competition

| GMT | Date | Event | Round |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10:00 AM | 14 February 2022 | Trial round | TR |
| 11:00 AM | | 1st round | 1R |
| 12:23 PM | | Final round | 2R |

## Qualification

## Results

| Rank | Bib | Country | Round 1 | | | Final round | | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Distance () | Points | Rank | Distance () | Points | Rank | Points |
|  | 10
10–1
10–2
10–3
10–4 | Austria
Stefan Kraft
Daniel Huber
Jan Hörl
Manuel Fettner |
127.5
130.5
133.0
128.0 | **458.4**
111.6
116.1
120.2
110.5 | 2 |
121.5
129.0
137.5
128.0 | **484.3**
119.7
115.1
130.5
119.0 | 1 | **942.7**
231.3
231.2
250.7
229.5 |
|  | 8
8–1
8–2
8–3
8–4 | Slovenia
Lovro Kos
Cene Prevc
Timi Zajc
Peter Prevc |
134.0
132.0
124.0
129.0 | **467.4**
126.7
119.3
110.6
110.8 | 1 |
120.0
132.0
126.0
127.0 | **467.0**
107.7
126.3
117.0
116.0 | 3 | **934.4**
234.4
245.6
227.6
226.8 |
|  | 11
11–1
11–2
11–3
11–4 | Germany
Constantin Schmid
Stephan Leyhe
Markus Eisenbichler
Karl Geiger |
126.5
127.5
136.0
121.0 | **446.5**
112.7
108.7
119.4
105.7 | 4 |
122.0
129.0
139.5
128.0 | **476.4**
106.6
113.3
137.5
119.0 | 2 | **922.9**
219.3
222.0
256.9
224.7 |
| 4 | 9
9–1
9–2
9–3
9–4 | Norway
Halvor Egner Granerud
Daniel-André Tande
Robert Johansson
Marius Lindvik |
138.0
130.5
125.5
121.0 | **456.5**
128.3
118.2
109.7
100.3 | 3 |
118.5
124.0
136.5
126.5 | **465.6**
108.5
113.7
127.8
115.6 | 4 | **922.1**
236.8
231.9
237.5
215.9 |
| 5 | 7
7–1
7–2
7–3
7–4 | Japan
Yukiya Satō
Naoki Nakamura
Junshirō Kobayashi
Ryōyū Kobayashi |
126.0
124.5
128.5
134.0 | **438.5**
110.8
96.6
105.1
126.0 | 5 |
124.0
122.0
120.0
132.5 | **444.3**
114.9
97.8
99.0
132.6 | 6 | **882.8**
225.7
194.4
204.1
258.6 |
| 6 | 6
6–1
6–2
6–3
6–4 | Poland
Piotr Żyła
Paweł Wąsek
Dawid Kubacki
Kamil Stoch |
118.0
131.5
122.0
137.0 | **434.5**
96.4
116.1
95.5
126.5 | 6 |
125.5
120.0
126.0
127.5 | **445.6**
119.5
97.2
107.5
121.4 | 5 | **880.1**
215.9
213.3
203.0
247.9 |
| 7 | 4
4–1
4–2
4–3
4–4 | ROC
Danil Sadreev
Roman Trofimov
Mikhail Nazarov
Evgenii Klimov |
128.5
127.0
120.0
118.0 | **410.6**
115.4
103.1
92.8
99.3 | 7 |
119.0
119.5
117.0
121.0 | **395.9**
100.4
99.7
89.3
106.5 | 8 | **806.5**
215.8
202.8
182.1
205.8 |
| 8 | 5
5–1
5–2
5–3
5–4 | Switzerland
Dominik Peter
Gregor Deschwanden
Simon Ammann
Killian Peier |
112.0
122.0
116.0
118.5 | **367.0**
87.7
103.6
87.5
88.2 | 8 |
119.0
123.5
121.5
124.0 | **424.5**
103.4
110.6
104.9
105.6 | 7 | **791.5**
191.1
214.2
192.4
193.8 |
| 9 | 3
3–1
3–2
3–3
3–4 | Czech Republic
Viktor Polášek
Čestmír Kožíšek
Filip Sakala
Roman Koudelka |
108.0
109.0
101.0
107.5 | **279.5**
76.8
70.9
55.4
76.4 | 9 | did not advance | | | |
| 10 | 2
2–1
2–2
2–3
2–4 | United States
Decker Dean
Patrick Gasienica
Kevin Bickner
Casey Larson |
92.5
105.5
103.0
106.0 | **261.0**
69.3
59.7
63.5
68.5 | 10 | |
| 11 | 1
1–1
1–2
1–3
1–4 | China
Zhen Weijie
Lyu Yixin
Song Qiwu
Zhou Xiaoyang |
84.0
90.0
86.0
86.0 | **115.0**
13.5
35.3
31.7
34.5 | 11 | |

## InfoBox

| Men's large hill team
at the XXIV Olympic Winter Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Ski jumping | |
| Venue | Snow Ruyi, Zhangjiakou |
| Date | 14 February |
| Competitors | 44 from 11 nations |
| Teams | 11 |
| Winning points | 942.7 |
| Medalists | |
| Stefan Kraft
Daniel Huber
Jan Hörl
Manuel Fettner  Austria  Lovro Kos
Cene Prevc
Timi Zajc
Peter Prevc  Slovenia  Constantin Schmid
Stephan Leyhe
Markus Eisenbichler
Karl Geiger  Germany | |
|


title: The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum

abstract: The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum is the principal art gallery and museum in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England, run by Bedford Borough Council and the trustees of the Cecil Higgins Collection.

text:
# The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum

**The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum** is the principal art gallery and museum in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England, run by Bedford Borough Council and the trustees of the Cecil Higgins Collection.

## Overview

The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum is in the Castle Quarter which occupies the site of Bedford Castle to the east of the High Street on the north side of the River Great Ouse embankment. The quarter also has the Castle Bailey gardens, the Castle Quay development of flats, restaurants and shops, the Castle Mound, and the John Bunyan Museum. The Art Gallery & Museum reopened after an extensive refurbishment in June 2013.

## The Higgins re-branding and development

A £5.8m project allowed the buildings to be joined and redeveloped throughout, uniting on one site three previous cultural venues: Cecil Higgins Art Gallery, Bedford Museum and Bedford Gallery. It was felt within the organisation and the council that the new single building needed a new name that encompassed the history of the site and collections, while being more straightforward than the interim merged name. 'The Higgins' was chosen for its connection with the site as the Higgins family home and business, and the prominent role the family played in the town including Charles Higgins (17891862) being mayor in 1848.

The redevelopment of the Art Gallery & Museum was a phased process. Phase 1 was completed in April 2009 when Bedford Gallery was reopened. The gallery, a Grade II listed building and part of the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery & Bedford Museum complex, had fallen into disuse in 1973. The reopening of Bedford Gallery as a venue for touring exhibitions, lectures and events gave an insight into what Phase 2 of the re-development process would offer.

Phase 2 of the redevelopment unified three previously separate buildings – Bedford Gallery, Cecil Higgins Art Gallery and Bedford Museum – to create one flagship facility and unite Bedford's unique collections beneath one roof. Building work began in August 2011, and was completed (including refit of the new galleries) in June 2013. This phase was made possible through funding from Bedford Borough Council, the Heritage Lottery Fund, Bedford Charity and several other sources.

The new facility includes space for touring and temporary exhibitions, spaces for learning and activities, a café and shop as well as displays throughout. Among the displays, nationally significant collections of work by the Victorian architect-designer William Burges and the 20th-century designer-printmaker Edward Bawden are housed in dedicated galleries.

The Higgins Fine & Decorative arts collections were previously an entirely separate institution known as the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery and within the new Gallery & Museum those collections are still owned by the trustees of the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery. The gallery was known for its collections of watercolours, prints, ceramics and furniture as well as two of the largest groupings of works outside London by the art-architect William Burges and the painter Edward Bawden.

The Cecil Higgins *Museum*, as it was formerly known, opened its doors to the public on 25 July 1949. It was originally occupied the house built in 1846) as the home of Charles Higgins (1789–1862) and his family next to the Higgins & Sons Brewery.

The museum had been created by the philanthropic brewer, Cecil Higgins (1856–1941) to house his collection of ceramics, glass and objets d’art *for the benefit, interest and education of the inhabitants of, and visitors to, Bedford*. Higgins realised that public museums were vulnerable, and to protect his collection he left a complex will, which stipulated how the museum was to be organised. He also left a trust fund, to be used for museum purposes, but principally for acquiring works of art (which included Decorative and Applied). While the collection of ceramics and glass was of high quality (each had been selected by James Kiddell of Sotheby's), the collection lacked any notable paintings, save a few 18th-century oils and a small collection of miniatures. The Art Gallery Board made the important decision to collect English watercolours in 1951. By the terms of Cecil Higgins’ will, all acquisitions have to be approved by a ‘recognised artistic authority such as... the Victoria and Albert Museum’ and in 1951, the then-director of the V&A, Sir Leigh Ashton, nominated Graham Reynolds, then Deputy Keeper of the Department of Engraving, Illustration and Design, to approve all watercolours and drawings for acquisition. Graham Reynolds remained an advisor until 1955 when he was succeeded by two authorities in their respective fields who were to shape and expand the collection significantly; Edward Croft-Murray (1907–1980) of the British Museum and Ronald Alley (1926–1999) of the Tate Gallery, from 1957.

The period between 1952 and 1964 were the most productive in terms of collecting watercolours. Over 500 were acquired in twelve years. The Gallery was able to achieve this by the availability of watercolours from private collections in the post-war years and the generosity of Cecil Higgins. Edward Croft-Murray and Ronald Alley each brought their knowledge, vision and taste to the growing collection. Their collecting was divided: Croft-Murray to works made pre-1850 and Alley to post-1850. The Gallery owes a great deal to their dedication and skill, for they were to develop one of the finest post-war collections outside London. That the collection is strong in the greatest painters of every generation is one thing, but that it is also representative of artists who were once popular and influential in their own day and less so at the time of acquisition, is due to their expert scholarship.

In 1971, the collecting policy switched to the decorative arts, with the purchase of a large number of pieces from the Handley-Read Collection. The Cecil Higgins Art Gallery now holds over 200 pieces from the collection of Charles Handley-Read and his wife Lavinia. Charles applied, in 1950, for a post at the Tate, after being rejected he reacted by ‘making a small museum of my own’. They began to form a collection of Victorian work at a time when few scholars and collectors took the period seriously, sometimes tracing the descendants of the architects and designers and buying directly from them. After initially making modest additions to his collection, a number of inheritances in 1964-65 meant that he could accelerate his buying. The 1972 Royal Academy exhibition Victorian and Edwardian Decorative Art, The Handley-Read Collection displayed Charles and Lavinia's entire collection, and acted as their memorial following their suicides in October and December 1971.

From 1988, the focus returned to collecting prints, this time concentrating on the 20th century. The print collection now numbers over 400 pieces, including work by some of the finest British artists as well as internationally renowned figures such as Picasso, Lichtenstein and Dürer. The collection charts styles as well as print processes, from Whistler's delicate etchings to Edward Bawden's magnificent linocuts. The last major addition to the print collection was a generous donation in 2004 from the Scottish artist Alan Davie (19202014) of over 70 prints, as well as 5 works in gouache.

A significant addition to the collection has been made in recent years by acquiring a number of works by Dora Carrington who attended Bedford High School and lived in Bedford with her family at 1 Rothsay Gardens. Her family were still in Bedford while Carrington attended the Slade School of Art. The collection includes two major oils, 'Mrs Box' and 'Spanish Boy', as well as drawings of her brothers—Noel Carrington and Teddy Carrington—and Bedford Market.

In 2005, the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery merged with Bedford Museum, but retained its separate buildings and identity until it closed for refurbishment in 2007. While work on the Art Gallery did not commence straight away the adjoining Bedford Gallery underwent major refurbishment as Phase 1 of a much larger project, bringing the Grade II listed building back into use as a public space for the first time since the early 1970s. From April 2009 until April 2011 exhibitions of the Cecil Higgins Collections, alongside Bedford Museum collections and loaned exhibits, were held in Bedford Gallery. Following Phase 2 of the redevelopment project, Bedford Gallery was absorbed into the larger Gallery and Museum building, and accessed via the main entrance in the courtyard of the former brewery building.

## History of Bedford Museum

Bedford Museum was formed in the 1960s from the collections of Bedford Modern School and Bedford Borough Council. Its social history, archaeology, natural history and ethnography collections tell the stories of the people and places that have shaped Bedford and its relationship with the wider world, from prehistory to the present day.

In 1884, a solicitor called Charles Prichard, donated his private collection of fossils and minerals to Bedford Modern School, where he had formerly been a pupil. In addition he provided funds for the creation of a school museum to house the collections with an annual grant of £10 for its upkeep. Although additions were made to the original collections, oddities from all over the world began to feature as fathers and Old Boys travelled and took up positions in foreign lands. As a result, the museum became somewhat disrespectfully known as the ‘Old Curiosity Shop’.

The 1920s saw sweeping changes with the appointment of P.G. Langdon as Honorary Curator. Langdon's aim was to reorganise the collections and establish them as a nucleus of a county museum. He acquired archaeological material including Roman and Saxon pottery and jewellery from Kempston, replaced the worst of the natural history with the J. Steele Elliot collection of Bedfordshire birds, mammals, nests and eggs and, in 1929, developed two new refurbished galleries. For the first time the displays were opened to the public on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, for an admission price of 6d. With this new high-profile status the museum became recognised as one of the best school museums in England.

The next major figure to influence the museum's future was F.W. Kuhlicke, a local historian and heraldry specialist who was appointed Honorary Curator in 1933. He continued to develop the collections but by the 1950s the school needed more space for the expanding numbers and discussions took place with the Borough of Bedford to see whether the Borough could take on the public museum role. The opportunity arose to combine the school museum with the smaller collections held by the Borough of Bedford and in 1962 the newly established town museum opened in a former garage and showroom on the Embankment, with Kuhlicke as the first Honorary Curator.

This, however, was only a temporary arrangement while more substantial premises were sought. In the 1970s the former Higgins and Sons Castle Brewery buildings became available. Built in 1838, this red brick industrial building offered greater potential for public service, temporary exhibitions and storage for the ever increasing collections of north Bedfordshire. The first professional Curator, John Turner, was appointed in 1974 and he led the extensive refurbishment and transformation of the brewery buildings into the new town museum, which opened its doors to the public in 1981. The museum was merged with the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery in 2005, but still retained its separate buildings and identity until it closed to the public for refurbishment in October 2010. In June 2013 the museum reopened as part of the new combined complex.

The museum's collections of around 20,000 items depict the human, social and natural history of the Borough of Bedford. These include domestic, corporate, military and agricultural artefacts, as well as local crafts and industries.

Bedford Museum's archaeology collections include Palaeolithic flint tools and hand axes, as well as later artefacts from the Medieval times. The museum also has an extensive numismatics collection. The geology collections feature ammonite coiled shells and giant marine reptiles of the Jurassic period. Local birds, mammals, insects and plants are found in the museum's natural history collections.

## History of the site

The site and its buildings have a long history with many different uses, not least of all the Siege of Bedford Castle, which is described on the wiki entry for the Castle.

The history of the present buildings begins in 1804 with the building of a Hexagonal Militia Depot on a former Castle earthwork. The depot was later used for many other purposes including St. Agnes Elementary School and as kitchens for Castle Close, the Higgins family home. Since 1949 it has been used as a gallery space, an office, and an educational activities space. Since the 2008 Phase 1 redevelopment of the site it has been refurbished as a gallery space and will house the William Burges collection on the Art Gallery & Museum's reopening.

In 1837, Charles Higgins (1789–1862) bought the lease for Castle Lane from the Duke of Bedford. He started by building the brewery which was completed in 1838.

Between 1840 and 1841 the building we now call Bedford Gallery was constructed, facing north on Castle Lane, opposite the Bunyan Meeting Church. Bedford Gallery was originally designed to be used as a clubhouse known as ‘Castle Rooms’, for supporters and members of the Whig party. Rate books from the time show that it was divided into 3 sections: a house, club rooms and a cellar. From 1848, the building was used by the Bunyan Meeting as a Sunday School, for Church gatherings and for teas. This lasted until the 1880s; listings show that it was then used by the Plymouth Brethren, a non-denominational Christian movement. In the early part of the 20th century it became a billiard hall. For some time during World War Two, the British Broadcasting Corporation music department is believed to have used Bedford Gallery as a rehearsal and recording studio. In August 1941 the BBC had evacuated several departments from London to Bedford; other local buildings used included the Corn Exchange, St. Paul's Church, the Co-Partners hall in the Queens Park area of the town, and the Great Hall of Bedford School.

After the war, the building returned to use as a billiard hall and table tennis saloon. In 1960, it was given over to the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery and renamed Bedford Gallery; from then until 1973 it was a venue for exhibitions and events.

After being closed for over 30 years, Bedford Gallery was earmarked for a £2.5m refurbishment. The project, funded by Government and Bedford Borough Council, created a state-of-the-art venue that housed a programme of temporary exhibitions (including 'High Art, Low life—Toulouse-Lautrec', a touring show from the British Museum) during the closure of the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery from April 2009 until April 2011. In 2013 it reopened as part of the new combined Art Gallery & Museum.

The lease required Higgins to build a house on the site; Castle Close, the house Charles built for himself and his family, was built in 1846 and occupied by members of the family until the early 1920s. By the end of the 1920s the property was in the possession of the Bedford Corporation (later Bedford Borough Council) and used for administrative purposes until the Will of Cecil Higgins proposed the housing of his collection there in 1941. The conditions were accepted and the museum opened in 1949.

## InfoBox

The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum
| The Higgins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1949 (Cecil Higgins Museum), 1960 (Bedford Museum), 2005 (Cecil Higgins Art Gallery & Museum) 2012 (The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum, Bedford) |
| Location | Castle Lane, Bedford, Bedfordshire, England |
| Coordinates | 52°08′10″N 0°27′51″W / 52.1361°N 0.4642°W / 52.1361; -0.4642 |
| Type | Art Gallery & Museum |
| Website | www.thehigginsbedford.org.uk |


title: Leander Russ

abstract: Leander Russ was an Austrian painter.

text:
# Leander Russ

**Leander Russ** (25 November 1809, Vienna \- 8 March 1864, Vienna) was an Austrian painter.

## Biography

His father was the painter, Karl Russ. His sister, Clementine (1807–1869), also became an artist. After receiving his first art lessons at home, he attended the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, from 1823 to 1828, where he studied with Karl Gsellhofer and Josef Redl.

In 1828, he was awarded the Academy's Gundel-Prize for excellence and began participating in its exhibitions. In 1833, following study trips to Munich and Rome, he accompanied the diplomat, Anton von Prokesch-Osten, on a trip to the Middle East, which had a profound influence on his work. After 1841, he created numerous kaleidoscope images for Emperor Ferdinand I. He became a member of the Academy in 1848.

His final years were marred by illness and frequent stays at a sanatorium. He was interred in the Schmelzer Friedhof. In 1927, a street in Vienna's Hietzing district was named after him and his father.

Portraits, historical scenes and genre works constitute the majority of his oeuvre. Watercolors were his favorite medium. His kaleidoscopic pictures gained wide popularity. Many of his works are of an Orientalist nature.

## Sources

* Constantin von Wurzbach: "Ruß, Leander." In: *Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (Biographical Lexicon of the Empire of Austria).*  Part 27 Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1874, p. 288–290 (digitalised).
* Friedrich Pollak (1907), "Ruß, Leander", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 53, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 651–653
* Heinz Schöny: "Russ Leander". In: *Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950* (ÖBL). Vol. 9, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1988, ISBN 3-7001-1483-4, p. 333.


title: Chebuk

abstract: Chebuk is a village in Hsawlaw Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.

text:
# Chebuk

**Chebuk**  is a village in Hsawlaw Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.

1. Maplandia world gazetteer

## InfoBox

| Chebuk | |
| --- | --- |
| ChebukLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 26°21′N 98°16′E / 26.350°N 98.267°E / 26.350; 98.267 | |
| Country | Burma |
| State | Kachin State |
| District | Myitkyina District |
| Township | Hsawlaw Township |
| Population (2005) | |
| Religions | Buddhism |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (UTC \+ 6:30) |


title: The Vladimirov Diaries

abstract: The Vladimirov diaries: Yenan, China, 1942-1945 was a book written by Peter Vladimirov; it was published by his son Yury Vlasov in 1973, twenty years after Vladimirov's death. The book recounts the events in Yan'an during the Second World War, particularly information on Mao Zedong. Vladimirov died in 1953. His son Yury Vlasov edited his diaries and published the book in 1973. It was then translated to a local language and reprinted in Vietnam (1973), India (1974), United States (1975), Japan (1975), Czechoslovakia (1975), Taiwan (1976), East Germany (1976) and China (2004). The diary was personally supervised by Yury Andropov; it has been criticized in mainland China as having been edited for Soviet propaganda purposes. It is censored by the Great Firewall.

text:
# The Vladimirov Diaries

***The Vladimirov diaries: Yenan, China, 1942-1945*** was a book written by Peter Vladimirov; it was published by his son Yury Vlasov in 1973, twenty years after Vladimirov's death. The book recounts the events in Yan'an during the Second World War, particularly information on Mao Zedong.

Vladimirov died in 1953. His son Yury Vlasov edited his diaries and published the book in 1973. It was then translated to a local language and reprinted in Vietnam (1973), India (1974), United States (1975), Japan (1975), Czechoslovakia (1975), Taiwan (1976), East Germany (1976) and China (2004). The diary was personally supervised by Yury Andropov; it has been criticized in mainland China as having been edited for Soviet propaganda purposes. It is censored by the Great Firewall.

## InfoBox

The Vladimirov diaries: Yenan, China, 1942-1945
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Yury Vlasov |
| Author | Peter Vladimirov |
| Original title | *Особый район Китая. 1942—1945* |
| Language | Russian |
| Published | 1973, Novosti |
| Publication place | Soviet Union |
| Published in English | 1975, Doubleday |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 656 |
| ISBN | 0-385-00928-3 |


title: Caroline Cooper (swimmer)

abstract: Caroline Cooper is a female former swimmer who competed for Great Britain and England.

text:
# Caroline Cooper (swimmer)

**Caroline Cooper** is a female former swimmer who competed for Great Britain and England.

## Swimming career

Cooper represented England at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland winning three medals. She won a gold medal in the 100 metres butterfly, a silver medal in the 4 x 100 metres freestyle relay and a gold medal in the 4 x 100 metres medley relay. She also represented Great Britain at the Swimming at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships.

Cooper won the 1985 ASA National Championship title in the 100 metres butterfly after dead-heating with Samantha Purvis.

## InfoBox

Caroline Cooper
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | English |
| Medal record      Swimming  Representing  England  Commonwealth Games  1986 Edinburgh  100m butterfly  1986 Edinburgh  medley relay  1986 Edinburgh  freestyle relay | |


title: Southwest Bylot Plain

abstract: The Southwest Bylot plain is an uninhabited plain in Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in southwestern Bylot Island directly north of Eclipse Sound. Pond Inlet is the closest community. Southwest Bylot is notable for housing the largest known breeding colony of the greater snow goose.

text:
# Southwest Bylot Plain

The **Southwest Bylot plain** is an uninhabited plain in Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in southwestern Bylot Island directly north of Eclipse Sound. Pond Inlet is the closest community. Southwest Bylot is notable for housing the largest known breeding colony of the greater snow goose.

## Geography

The plain's habitat is characterized as a rolling outwash with barrens, rocky flats, and tundra. Its elevation reaches a height of 500 m (1,600 ft) above sea level. The plain has been dissected by glacial rivers and it slopes towards the mountains.

## Flora

Dominant vegetation includes low shrub-herb, and shrub-sedge tundra, along with heath and willow in the river valleys.

## Fauna

In addition to the greater snow goose, notable bird species include: black-legged kittiwake, ivory gull, peregrine falcon, Ross's gull, thick-billed murre, colonial waterbirds, and waterfowl.

## Conservation

The Southwest Bylot plain is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU013). It is 1,511 km2 (583 sq mi) in size and is situated within the Bylot Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary. It is one of three IBAs on the island, the others being Cape Graham Moore and Cape Hay. Southwest Bylot is also an International Biological Program site.

72°55′N 79°30′W / 72.92°N 79.5°W / 72.92; -79.5 (Southwest Bylot)


title: Robert Williams (actor, born 1894)

abstract: Robert Williams was an American stage and film actor. He is best known for his first, and only, leading role in the 1931 romantic comedy Platinum Blonde, opposite Loretta Young and Jean Harlow. Williams died of peritonitis three days after the film's premiere.

text:
# Robert Williams (actor, born 1894)

**Robert Williams** (September 15, 1894  November 3, 1931) was an American stage and film actor. He is best known for his first, and only, leading role in the 1931 romantic comedy *Platinum Blonde*, opposite Loretta Young and Jean Harlow. Williams died of peritonitis three days after the film's premiere.

## Career

Born in Morganton, North Carolina in 1894 (some sources state 1897 or 1899), Williams ran away from home at the age of 11 to join a tent show. He later worked on showboats in Mississippi before making his way to New York. After appearing in several stage productions, Williams landed a role in *Eyes of Youth*, starring Marjorie Rambeau. The role boosted his career and gained him notice. He put his career on hold to join the United States Army where he served in the 166th Infantry Regiment during World War I. After the war, Williams returned to the United States and resumed his acting career. In 1922, he made his Broadway stage debut in the popular stage comedy *Abie's Irish Rose*. He also appeared in productions of *That French Lady*, *Scarlet Pages*, and *Love, Honor and Betray*.

After appearing as "Johnnie Coles" in the play *Rebound* in 1930, Williams was chosen by director Edward H. Griffith to reprise the role in the 1931 film version. He received favorable reviews for his work in the film and followed with a supporting role in *Devotion*, which was also released in 1931. Later that same year, Williams was cast in his first and only leading role in the romantic comedy film *Platinum Blonde*, starring Loretta Young and Jean Harlow. It was his final onscreen appearance.

## Personal life

Williams was married three times; his first marriage was to singer Marion Harris in 1921 with whom he had a daughter, Mary Ellen. Williams and Harris divorced in 1922. In March 1924, he married actress Alice Lake. They separated three times before divorcing in 1925. At the time of his death, Williams was married to actress Nina Penn.

## Death

On November 3, 1931, three days after the premiere of *Platinum Blonde*, Williams died of peritonitis at Hollywood Hospital after undergoing two operations for acute appendicitis the previous week. He was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

## Broadway credits

| Date | Production | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| May 23, 1922 – October 1, 1927 | *Abie's Irish Rose* | Abraham Levy |
| December 22, 1924 – February 1925 | *Milgrim's Progress* | Sam Milgrim |
| September 17 – September 1926 | *Kept* | Norman Henderson |
| March 15 – April 1927 | *That French Lady* | Fred Kraft |
| September 19 – October 1927 | *The Trial of Mary Dugan* | Court Attendant |
| September 26, 1927 – April 1928 | *Jimmie's Women* | Jimmie Turner |
| September 9 – November 1929 | *Scarlet Pages* | Robert Lawrence |
| February 3 – May 1930 | *Rebound* | Johnnie Coles |
| March 12 – April 1930 | *Love, Honor and Betray* | The Young Man |
|

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1914 | *The Vengeance of Winona* | Kite – Black Dog's Accomplice |  |
| 1920 | *Thoughtless Women* | The Son |  |
| 1928 | *Two Masters* |  |  |
| 1931 | *The Common Law* | Sam |  |
| 1931 | *Rebound* | Johnnie Coles |  |
| 1931 | *Devotion* | Norman Harrington |  |
| 1931 | *Platinum Blonde* | Stew Smith |  |

## InfoBox

| Robert Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Williams in *Platinum Blonde* (1931) | |
| Born | (1894-09-15)September 15, 1894
Morganton, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | November 3, 1931(1931-11-03) (aged 37)
Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 19141931 |
| Spouses | *   Marion Harris  (m. 1921; div. 1922) *   Alice Lake  (m. 1924; div. 1925) * Nina Penn |
| Children | 1 |


abstract: The 1880 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose eight electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president. Texas voted for the Democratic nominee Winfield S. Hancock, who received 64% of the vote. Texas was Hancock's fourth-strongest state. It was also the strongest state for Greenback candidate James B. Weaver, who received 11.34% of the vote.

text:
# 1880 United States presidential election in Texas

The **1880 United States presidential election in Texas** was held on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose eight electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.

Texas voted for the Democratic nominee Winfield S. Hancock, who received 64% of the vote. Texas was Hancock's fourth-strongest state. It was also the strongest state for Greenback candidate James B. Weaver, who received 11.34% of the vote.

## Results

| 1880 United States presidential election in Texas | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|  | **Democratic** | **Winfield S. Hancock** | **156,428** | **64.71%** | **8** |
|  | Republican | James A. Garfield | 57,893 | 23.95% | 0 |
|  | Greenback Party | James B. Weaver | 27,405 | 11.34% | 0 |
| **Total** | | | **241,726** | **100.0%** | **8** |

## InfoBox

1880 United States presidential election in Texas
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Winfield S. Hancock** James A. Garfield James B. Weaver  Party Democratic Republican Greenback  Home state Pennsylvania Ohio Iowa  Running mate **William H. English** Chester A. Arthur Barzillai J. Chambers  Electoral vote **8** 0 0  Popular vote **156,428** 57,893 27,405  Percentage **64.71%** 23.95% 11.34% | |
| ---  County Results | |
| ---  **President before election**
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican **Elected President**
James A. Garfield
Republican | |


abstract: The men's large hill individual competition of the 2023 European Games was held on 1 July, at the Wielka Krokiew hill in Zakopane.

text:
# Ski jumping at the 2023 European Games – Men's large hill individual

The **men's large hill individual** competition of the 2023 European Games was held on 1 July, at the Wielka Krokiew hill in Zakopane.

## Competition format

The competition consists of two scored rounds. All entered athletes take part in the first round, the best thirty advances to the final round. The winner is the ski jumper with the most points total from both rounds.

## Results

The final was started at 17:30.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Round 1 | | | Final round | | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Distance (m) | Points | Rank | Distance (m) | Points | Rank | Points |
|  | 53 | Dawid Kubacki | Poland | 139.0 | 139.4 | 2 | 134.5 | 139.7 | 1 | 279.1 |
|  | 48 | Jan Hörl | Austria | 140.0 | 140.5 | 1 | 130.0 | 132.5 | 5 | 273.0 |
|  | 37 | Philipp Raimund | Germany | 138.0 | 138.6 | 3 | 132.5 | 133.2 | 4 | 271.8 |
| 4 | 50 | Daniel Tschofenig | Austria | 130.5 | 130.7 | 8 | 134.0 | 136.2 | 2 | 269.9 |
| 5 | 43 | Marius Lindvik | Norway | 134.5 | 133.2 | 5 | 133.0 | 130.7 | 7 | 263.9 |
| 6 | 54 | Anže Lanišek | Slovenia | 133.0 | 127.9 | 10 | 136.0 | 135.3 | 3 | 263.2 |
| 7 | 52 | Piotr Żyła | Poland | 136.5 | 135.8 | 4 | 130.0 | 126.4 | 8 | 262.2 |
| 8 | 42 | Robert Johansson | Norway | 134.0 | 132.9 | 6 | 131.0 | 125.4 | 9 | 258.3 |
| 9 | 29 | Fatih Arda İpcioğlu | Turkey | 127.0 | 123.1 | 14 | 138.0 | 131.1 | 6 | 254.2 |
| 10 | 35 | Aleksander Zniszczoł | Poland | 136.0 | 132.9 | 6 | 127.5 | 115.7 | 17 | 248.6 |
| 11 | 39 | Gregor Deschwanden | Switzerland | 131.0 | 128.9 | 9 | 126.0 | 115.1 | 18 | 244.0 |
| 12 | 34 | Bendik Jakobsen Heggli | Norway | 132.0 | 123.6 | 13 | 130.0 | 114.9 | 20 | 238.5 |
| 13 | 30 | Yevhen Marusiak | Ukraine | 126.0 | 121.8 | 17 | 124.0 | 116.3 | 16 | 238.1 |
| 14 | 51 | Timi Zajc | Slovenia | 121.5 | 114.1 | 27 | 134.5 | 123.6 | 11 | 237.7 |
| 15 | 49 | Manuel Fettner | Austria | 127.0 | 122.2 | 16 | 123.0 | 115.0 | 19 | 237.2 |
| 15 | 36 | Paweł Wąsek | Poland | 130.0 | 125.1 | 12 | 127.0 | 112.1 | 23 | 237.2 |
| 17 | 26 | Felix Hoffmann | Germany | 123.5 | 114.0 | 28 | 133.5 | 122.3 | 12 | 236.3 |
| 18 | 28 | Eetu Nousiainen | Finland | 120.5 | 111.6 | 30 | 135.0 | 123.9 | 10 | 235.5 |
| 19 | 40 | Constantin Schmid | Germany | 130.5 | 125.2 | 11 | 126.5 | 109.6 | 26 | 234.8 |
| 20 | 24 | Killian Peier | Switzerland | 122.5 | 116.1 | 25 | 131.0 | 117.0 | 14 | 233.1 |
| 21 | 33 | Niko Kytösaho | Finland | 125.5 | 113.2 | 29 | 133.0 | 119.7 | 13 | 232.9 |
| 22 | 44 | Domen Prevc | Slovenia | 128.0 | 122.6 | 15 | 124.5 | 109.9 | 25 | 232.5 |
| 23 | 15 | Hektor Kapustík | Slovakia | 125.0 | 119.1 | 20 | 126.5 | 113.3 | 22 | 232.4 |
| 24 | 46 | Johann André Forfang | Norway | 126.0 | 117.9 | 23 | 126.5 | 113.7 | 21 | 231.6 |
| 25 | 45 | Žiga Jelar | Slovenia | 125.5 | 114.3 | 26 | 131.0 | 117.0 | 14 | 231.3 |
| 26 | 20 | Luca Roth | Germany | 126.5 | 121.2 | 18 | 121.0 | 109.1 | 27 | 230.3 |
| 27 | 31 | Artti Aigro | Estonia | 125.5 | 120.5 | 19 | 122.0 | 108.2 | 28 | 228.7 |
| 28 | 38 | Kristoffer Eriksen Sundal | Norway | 129.0 | 117.4 | 24 | 126.5 | 111.1 | 24 | 228.5 |
| 29 | 47 | Kamil Stoch | Poland | 127.0 | 118.4 | 22 | 122.5 | 106.9 | 29 | 225.3 |
| 30 | 27 | Vilho Palosaari | Finland | 124.5 | 118.5 | 21 | 121.5 | 104.1 | 30 | 222.6 |
| 31 | 41 | Lovro Kos | Slovenia | 124.0 | 111.3 | 31 | did not advance | | | |
| 32 | 19 | Muhammed Ali Bedir | Turkey | 120.0 | 107.5 | 32 | |
| 33 | 25 | Markus Müller | Austria | 118.0 | 106.5 | 33 | |
| 34 | 11 | Vitaliy Kalinichenko | Ukraine | 118.0 | 106.3 | 34 | |
| 35 | 32 | Vladimir Zografski | Bulgaria | 120.5 | 106.1 | 35 | |
| 36 | 17 | Kasperi Valto | Finland | 119.0 | 106.0 | 36 | |
| 37 | 7 | Valentin Foubert | France | 122.5 | 101.9 | 37 | |
| 38 | 22 | Radek Rýdl | Czech Republic | 115.0 | 100.4 | 38 | |
| 39 | 23 | Daniel Cacina | Romania | 116.0 | 95.8 | 39 | |
| 40 | 9 | Kaimar Vagul | Estonia | 115.5 | 94.5 | 40 | |
| 41 | 2 | David Rygl | Czech Republic | 118.5 | 90.1 | 41 | |
| 42 | 18 | Enzo Milesi | France | 111.5 | 88.9 | 42 | |
| 43 | 3 | Mihnea Spulber | Romania | 120.0 | 88.4 | 43 | |
| 44 | 12 | Jules Chervet | France | 108.5 | 84.4 | 44 | |
| 45 | 6 | Sorin Mitrofan | Romania | 114.5 | 83.9 | 45 | |
| 46 | 21 | Kevin Maltsev | Estonia | 107.5 | 82.3 | 46 | |
| 46 | 13 | Ari Reppelin | France | 104.5 | 82.3 | 46 | |
| 48 | 8 | Muhammet İrfan Çintımar | Turkey | 110.0 | 78.4 | 48 | |
| 49 | 14 | Benedikt Holub | Czech Republic | 102.0 | 72.5 | 49 | |
| 50 | 16 | Alessandro Batby | France | 103.0 | 69.8 | 50 | |
| 51 | 5 | Andero Kapp | Estonia | 105.5 | 65.8 | 51 | |
| 52 | 1 | Andrei Feldorean | Romania | 107.0 | 63.6 | 52 | |
| 53 | 10 | Daniel Škarka | Czech Republic | 99.5 | 60.3 | 53 | |
| 54 | 4 | Kryštof Hauser | Czech Republic | 101.5 | 59.8 | 54 | |

## InfoBox

| Men's large hill individual <br>at the 2023 European Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Wielka Krokiew, Zakopane |
| Date | 1 July |
| Competitors | 54 from 15 nations |
| Winning points | 279.1 |
| Medalists | |
| Poland  Austria  Germany | |
|


title: Difference due to memory

abstract: Difference due to memory (Dm) indexes differences in neural activity during the study phase of an experiment for items that subsequently are remembered compared to items that are later forgotten. It is mainly discussed as an event-related potential (ERP) effect that appears in studies employing a subsequent memory paradigm, in which ERPs are recorded when a participant is studying a list of materials and trials are sorted as a function of whether they go on to be remembered or not in the test phase. For meaningful study material, such as words or line drawings, items that are subsequently remembered typically elicit a more positive waveform during the study phase. This difference typically occurs in the range of 400–800 milliseconds (ms) and is generally greatest over centro-parietal recording sites, although these characteristics are modulated by many factors.

text:
# Difference due to memory

**Difference due to memory** (**Dm**) indexes differences in neural activity during the study phase of an experiment for items that subsequently are remembered compared to items that are later forgotten. It is mainly discussed as an event-related potential (ERP) effect that appears in studies employing a subsequent memory paradigm, in which ERPs are recorded when a participant is studying a list of materials and trials are sorted as a function of whether they go on to be remembered or not in the test phase. For meaningful study material, such as words or line drawings, items that are subsequently remembered typically elicit a more positive waveform during the study phase (see Main Paradigms for further information on subsequent memory). This difference typically occurs in the range of 400–800 milliseconds (ms) and is generally greatest over centro-parietal recording sites, although these characteristics are modulated by many factors.

## History

The first report of subsequently remembered items eliciting a more positive ERP waveform than subsequently forgotten items during the study phase was by Sanquist *et al*., in 1980. This paper looked at a subset of the participants' ERPs at the study phase and found those trials subsequently remembered had a more positive waveform in the time range of the late positive complex (LPC), approximately 450–750 ms after stimulus presentation. In the early and mid 1980s, several studies noted modulation of the P300 (P3b) component due to subsequent memory, with items that are remembered having a larger amplitude. In 1987, Paller, Kutas and Mayes, consistent with previous reports, observed that subsequently remembered items elicited more positivity in the later portions of the waveform compared to items later forgotten; they termed these observed differences at the study phase as "the difference due to memory" or Dm effect. Since this seminal paper by Paller, Kutas and Mayes, a wealth of research using ERPs has been conducted using the Dm effect and detailing the multitude of factors that influence the manifestation of the Dm and, by inference, encoding success. Additionally, the Dm has been studied using intracranial recordings and in a variety of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies.

## Main paradigms

Overwhelmingly, the paradigm used to elicit a Dm effect in ERPs has been the "subsequent memory paradigm." An experiment employing a subsequent memory paradigm generally consists of two phases, a study phase (encoding phase) and a test phase (retrieval phase), with ERPs from scalp electrodes being recorded during each phase, time locked to stimulus onset. In the study phase, a series of items is displayed to the participant, usually one at a time; these items are most often words but pictures and abstract figures have also been used (though with less consistent Dm effects; see "Functional Sensitivity"). The test phase normally mixes together items that were shown during the study phase with others that are being shown for the first time, and the participant must classify each item as being "old" (if it was in the study phase) or "new" (if it is the first time it has been seen).

Critically for the Dm effect, the responses a participant makes to the old items in the test phase are used to backsort trials in the study phase as either "subsequently remembered" or "subsequently forgotten." If during the test phase a participant correctly classifies an old item as old, it falls into the "subsequently remembered" trial type for the study phase. On the other hand, if a person incorrectly calls an old item new at the test phase, or fails to respond "old" to an old item, this item becomes classified as "subsequently forgotten." The ERP waveforms, *during the study phase*, of all subsequently remembered trials are compared with those of all subsequently forgotten trials and a greater positivity is generally seen for the subsequently remembered trials.

For example, in the study phase of a subsequent memory paradigm, a participant may see the words "frog," "tree," and "car." Following the study phase the test phase occurs and the participant sees the words "shirt," "car," and "frog," and must say if each word is old or new. If the participant correctly classifies "car" as old, it becomes a subsequently remembered trial; however, if the subject incorrectly says "frog" is new, it is a subsequently forgotten trial. The neural activity elicited by the first presentation of "car" and "frog" at the study phase is then compared and the Dm effect is derived from this comparison.

A "continuous recognition paradigm" has also been known to elicit a Dm effect . In the continuous recognition paradigm, study and test phases are not separate entities, but rather, items are continuously presented and the participant is instructed to respond to an item as "old" if it has been seen before (generally presented a second time) in this continual stream of item presentation. Items that were correctly called "old" are the subsequently remembered trials, and items that were "missed" (not called old upon second presentation) make up the subsequently forgotten trials. The neural activity for subsequently remembered and forgotten trials is then compared for the first presentation of the items, and a Dm effect is computed.

## Component characteristics

Broadly speaking, the Dm ERP effect is any difference in neural activity recorded during the study phase of an experiment that differentiates subsequently remembered items and subsequently forgotten items. Typically, this difference is seen in the form of subsequently remembered items eliciting waveforms that are more positive than subsequently forgotten items during encoding of the item. Most often, the difference between subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten items emerges at approximately 400 ms post stimulus onset and is sustained until 800 or 900 ms, though this can vary depending on the stimuli used and experimental instructions. The timing of this enhanced positivity suggests that the Dm may be a modulation of several ERP components, including the N400 component, with subsequently remembered items eliciting a less negative amplitude, as well as the P300 or an LPC, where items that are later remembered yield a more positive amplitude in this waveform. In terms of scalp topography, the Dm effect is generally largest over centro-parietal recording sites. However, a Dm effect with a more anterior distribution can be observed by varying the instructions participants receive; this is discussed further below.

## Functional sensitivity

The canonical characteristics described above of the Dm effect give a general description of the component; however, the strength, timing, topographical distribution and even whether or not the effect is seen is sensitive to a variety of experimental manipulations.

### Incidental versus intentional encoding

A large number of Dm ERP studies employ an incidental encoding approach to the subsequent memory paradigm. In this case the participant pays attention to the items presented during the study phase unaware that a memory test will follow. This was the approach used by Paller, Kutas and Mayes in the first Dm study, and this technique reliably elicits a Dm effect. Experiments wherein the participant is explicitly told to remember the items presented during the study phase (intentional encoding) because a memory test will follow have yielded slightly differing results. Several studies have indeed recorded a Dm effect using intentional encoding instructions, but this effect sometimes differs from the Dm effect from incidental encoding. In a direct comparison of incidental vs. intentional encoding, Munte et al., (1988) found a stronger Dm effect for the incidental encoding condition. Moreover, the Dm effect for the intentional encoding condition appeared later than the Dm for incidental encoding, and also showed a more frontal topography compared to the centro-parietal distribution observed in incidental encoding. This effect of a delayed and more frontal distribution for intentional encoding paradigms was also seen in two other reports.

### Levels of processing and rehearsal at encoding

Perhaps the most well known manipulation during the subsequent memory paradigm is how the participant is instructed to encode or process the material during the study phase. Generally speaking, participants may be instructed to observe the items at test and make a judgment regarding each item; crucially, this judgment may be of the "shallow" variety, such as deciding if the word presented contains more than two vowels, or it may be a "deeper" judgment (e.g. is this item edible?). These deeper judgments are more of the semantic variety and typically lead to a better representation of the item. This is also reflected in the Dm effect. In the seminal paper by Paller, Kutas and Mayes (1987), participants made shallow judgments based the physical properties of the word or deeper judgments reflective of more semantic information of the word. The Dm effect for words encoded in a semantic fashion was more positive than the Dm effect observed for words non-semantically encoded. It is important to note that a Dm effect can be seen for shallower processing as well, as was the case in one of the shallow processing tasks in the Paller, Kutas and Mayes (1987) paper, as well as in Friedman, Ritter and Snodgrass (1996).

In 1997, Weyerts et al. found that both recognition memory as well as the Dm effect was larger for pairs of words that were relationally encoded (e.g. are these two words semantically related) versus non-relationally encoded (e.g. can the color white be associated with one of these words). This further suggests that the Dm effect may be enhanced when items are encoded on a semantic level.

Also, the Dm effect seems sensitive to the type of rehearsal strategies a participant performs. Specifically, Fabiani, Karis and Donchin found that P300 modulation at encoding (particularly for "isolates", stimuli presented in a deviant font relative to all other stimuli) correlated with later memory for subjects who engaged in rote rehearsal (such as simply repeating the word in one's head) but not for those who undertook elaborative rehearsal, which emphasizes linking the current word to other words presented and pre-existing knowledge. However, in the 1990 report as well as a report by Karis, Fabiani and Donchin (1984), a later positivity emerged in frontal electrodes corresponding to subsequent memory, and this was greater for those in the elaborative rehearsal condition.

### Type of memory at retrieval

The Dm effect has been shown to be sensitive to how participants are asked to display their memory for previous items. In a 1988 paper by Paller, McCarthy and Wood, a greater Dm effect was observed for items that were freely recalled with no external cues, compared to items that were presented and the subject was asked if he or she recognizes the item as old. This is suggestive of the Dm effect being larger for stronger representations, as recall is generally more difficult than recognition.

In a similar vein, Friedman & Trott (2000) found that young adult participants displayed a robust Dm effect when they not only remembered seeing a word, but could also remember some details of the context of when it was presented. In comparison, a Dm effect for items that were subsequently judged as old, but only from a general sense of familiarity, did not emerge. A Dm effect was found in both conditions for older adults.

### Stimuli

A host of studies have found a Dm effect when presenting words as stimuli. However, experiments using pictures or abstract figures have found less consistent Dm effects. Experiments using a continuous recognition paradigm have found a Dm effect for pictures of everyday objects. Van Petten and Senkfor (1996) did not find a Dm effect when they presented participants with abstract drawings; however, a Dm effect was observed in the same group of participants when words were used as stimuli. A similar pattern of results is described by Fox, Michie and Coltheart, (1990). Coupling the results of Dm effects for words and common pictures and the lack of Dm effects for abstract figures suggests the Dm effect may be contingent on using meaningful stimuli or some pre-existing knowledge of the stimuli.

### False memories

In an elegant report by Gonsalves and Paller (2000), the Dm effect was found to be greater for false memories compared to correctly classified memories. In the study phase of this subsequent memory paradigm, participants saw a word which was followed either by a picture of that word or a blank box, in which case participants were asked to imagine a picture of the word they just saw. In the test phase, participants were shown a word and asked if it was presented with a picture during the study phase. 30% of the time participants erroneously said a picture accompanied a word when it had only been imagined by the participant. The waveform at the study phase of trials in which the participant falsely recalled studying the word with a picture elicited a more positive going amplitude compared to the trials where the participant correctly said only the word was presented. Gonsalves and Paller (2000) interpreted this as indicating that better imagery at encoding led to greater source confusions at retrieval (“did I actually see this or just imagine it?”). More generally, this study demonstrates that backsorting procedures need not be limited to simply items remembered versus forgotten, but could include a wide range of more complex comparisons as long as test phase behaviors can be linked to specific study phase events.

## Sources

To the extent that greater positivity for subsequently remembered items spans several ERP components (P300, N400, and an LPC), coupled with differing topographical distributions depending on task, it is likely that the neural generators of the Dm effect are widespread in the brain. Pinning down the location in the brain that gives rise to any ERP component is very difficult if not impossible because of the inverse problem.

However, evidence from other cognitive neuroscience techniques can help to shed light on this question. Given that the Dm effect seems to be reflective of mnemonic processes at encoding, one brain area likely to play a role is the medial temporal lobe (MTL), as it is well known this brain area gives rise to the type of memory observed in Dm studies.

Egler *et al*. (1997) recorded electrical activity directly from the MTL in patients about to undergo surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. While recording directly from the MTL, participants were shown novel stimuli and then later had a memory test for those stimuli; it was reported that the magnitude of the electrical activity from the MTL during the initial presentation of the stimuli correlated with subsequent memory performance.

Additionally, fMRI studies using subsequent memory paradigms have found evidence suggesting areas of the MTL are involved in the Dm effect, though the precise areas involved and their contributions are unclear. Further, several fMRI studies have reported prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during study predictive of subsequent memory, as well as activity in fusiform gyrus.

Taken together, these findings from complementary cognitive neuroscience methods suggest the neural events at encoding that lead to successful later memory are diffuse in the brain and unfold on multiple time scales. The Dm effect seen in ERPs likely represents a subset of these encoding processes.

## Theory

Considering that the Dm is a comparison of neural activity during encoding, and that this activity is predictive of subsequent memory, it is likely the Dm indexes some difference between subsequently remembered vs. forgotten materials at encoding, presumably reflective of learning. The nature of this difference is not entirely clear though. Van Petten and Senkfor (1996) suggest there may be a "family of Dm effects" that occur dependent on a variety of factors, and this seems quite plausible given the wide range of differences observed in the Dm as a function of stimuli used, encoding instructions, orienting tasks and types of retrieval decisions. Future research using different manipulations of the subsequent memory paradigm, as well as combining methods such as ERPs and fMRI or transcranial magnetic stimulation and fMRI have great potential to lead to further understanding of the Dm effect and, more generally, of the neural and cognitive factors that promote later memory under different circumstances.


title: Leander Rand

abstract: Leander Rand was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented King's County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1886 to 1890 as a Liberal member. He was born in Canning, Nova Scotia, the son of Stephen Strong Rand and Nancy Forsyth. In 1851, Rand married Olivia Ann Borden. He was a major in the local militia and also served on the municipal council for King's County.

text:
# Leander Rand

**Leander Rand** (October 7, 1827  February 12, 1900) was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented King's County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1886 to 1890 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Canning, Nova Scotia, the son of Stephen Strong Rand and Nancy Forsyth. In 1851, Rand married Olivia Ann Borden. He was a major in the local militia and also served on the municipal council for King's County.