title: Cobham, Kent

abstract: Cobham is a village and civil parish in the borough of Gravesham in Kent, England. The village is located 6 miles (10 km) south-east of Gravesend, and just south of Watling Street, the Roman road from Dover to London. The parish, which includes the hamlet of Sole Street, covers an area of 1,240 hectares and had a population of 1,469 at the 2011 census, increasing from 1,328 at the 2001 census. Since 1970 the village has been in a conservation area which aims to preserve the historic character and appearance of the area.

text:
# Cobham, Kent

**Cobham** (/ˈkɒbəm/) is a village and civil parish in the borough of Gravesham in Kent, England. The village is located 6 miles (10 km) south-east of Gravesend, and just south of Watling Street, the Roman road from Dover to London. The parish, which includes the hamlet of Sole Street, covers an area of 1,240 hectares (3,100 acres) and had a population of 1,469 at the 2011 census, increasing from 1,328 at the 2001 census.

Since 1970 the village has been in a conservation area which aims to preserve the historic character and appearance of the area.

## History

Cobham parish has had several manors; one of which, Henhurst, was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and in the Textus Roffensis as being part of the Rochester Bridge charter of c.975, so there has been a settlement in the parish since at least the 10th century. The largest and most notable of the manors was Cobham or Cobham Hall, which mainly consisted of the manor house, Cobham Hall, and the private park or demesne attached to the house; there is no record of any manorial courts being held before the 16th century, and the lands under rent to the lord of the manor were not significant so at least one court was shared with the other manors within the parish. The parish of Cobham was originally within the ancient hundred of Shamwell. In 1132, Henry I gave Cobham church, which was then an annex of the church at Shorne, to Bermondsey Priory (later to become Bermondsey Abbey).

The Cobham family was established here before the reign of King John (who reigned from 1199).

The lords of the manor of Cobham were Hereditary High Stewards of nearby Gravesend; in 1692 the custom was stopped that Gravesend paid to the lords of Cobham a yearly sum (a pontage) for the use of the landing stage on the River Thames.

## Notable buildings

Cobham Hall was the former home of the Earls of Darnley: its gardens were designed by Humphry Repton. The surviving grade I listed manor house is one of the largest and most important houses in Kent. Today the building houses Cobham Hall School, a private boarding school for girls with a co-educational sixth form, which retains 150 acres (61 hectares) of the ancient estate. In the former deer park of Cobham Hall is the Darnley Mausoleum, a pyramid-topped structure built in 1786 as ordered by the will of the 3rd Earl of Darnley.

A 15th century hall house in Sole Street, that was threatened with demolition in 1970, has been dismantled and re-erected at the Weald and Downland Living Museum.

The parish church is 13th century and is dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. It contains monumental brasses, of which William Belcher in his *Kentish Brasses* (1905) stated: "No church in the world possesses such a splendid series as the nineteen brasses in Cobham Church, ranging in date between 1298 and 1529." Thirteen of the brasses belong to the years 1320–1529 and commemorate members of the Brooke and Cobham families. The Brooke Tomb contains alabaster effigies of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham (1497–1558) and his wife Ann Bray.

To the immediate south of the church is the building known as Cobham College, now an almshouse, which originally housed the five priests employed by the chantry founded in 1362 by John Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham.

Another church in the ecclesiastical parish, in Luddesdown, is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

## Schools

The Earls of Darnley left Cobham Hall in 1957; since 1962 it has been Cobham Hall School, a private boarding school for girls; it opens to the public on some occasions in the year.

In addition to Cobham Hall School, there is a local primary school, Cobham Primary School.

## Other features

There are two areas of open space in the parish: Cobham Park, which includes extensive woodlands; and Jeskyns, a one-time farm of 360 acres (147 ha), which has been turned into a greenspace area by the Forestry Commission.

The village was also linked to its namesake HMS *Cobham*, a Ham-class minesweeper which was an active Royal Navy vessel between 1953 and 1966.

Cobham is served by Sole Street railway station, on the Chatham Main Line which runs from Gillingham to London Victoria via Bromley South.

## People

Cobham has associations with Charles Dickens, who used to walk out to the village: he set part of *The Pickwick Papers* in The Leather Bottle pub. Other people connected with Cobham include Sir Joseph Williamson, who bought Cobham Hall in 1696, and the insane artist Richard Dadd, who, while recuperating in Cobham, murdered his father in 1843. The Hon Ivo Bligh, the first English cricket captain to attempt to recover The Ashes from Australia, became the 8th Earl of Darnley in 1900, taking over the family home of Cobham Hall. Author Ralph Arnold lived at Meadow House, which is described in his book *A Yeoman of Kent* (1949).

## InfoBox

| Cobham | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and civil parish | |
| View of the Leather Bottle pub on The Street from St Mary Magdalene churchyard | |
| CobhamLocation within Kent | |
| Population | 1,469 *(2011)* |
| OS grid reference | TQ671683 |
| Civil parish | * Cobham |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | GRAVESEND |
| Postcode district | DA12, DA13 |
| Dialling code | 01474 |
|  | |
| Police | Kent |
| Fire | Kent |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Cobham, Surry County, Virginia

abstract: Cobham was a small town in Surry County, Virginia. It was established by an Act of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1691, when each county in the Virginia Colony was directed set aside 50 acres (200,000 m⁲) of land for a town. Storehouses were to be built for products imported and tobacco to be exported. It was ordered that the county sell half-acre lots for its citizens to inhabit the town. It was located at the mouth of Gray's Creek at the James River across and somewhat downstream from Jamestown. It was probably named for Cobham, in Surrey, England. Cobham was active during the 18th and early 19th centuries, but eventually became one of the Former counties, cities, and towns of Virginia. According to the Surry County Historical Society, "today there is little evidence of the town, which became mostly farmland." The society reports that "farmers, while plowing the fields, have run into old foundations, as well as finding locks, broken china, and even a long-barreled pistol." There is also a Cobham in eastern Albemarle County, Virginia. It is located at the intersection of Route 22 and Route 640, roughly halfway between Charlottesville and Louisa. The unincorporated community consists of horse farms and homes. Cobham had a train station until the early 20th Century, and one building remains next to the train tracks, thought to have been a feed store. The old train station building was moved to another site near Gordonsville where it is used as a home. The original one-story general store near the tracks was moved about two hundred feet up to Route 22, and with the addition of a two-story building in 1936, served as the Cobham General Store and Post Office until the mid-1990s. After serving other purposes, such as a tack store and internet business, the building was converted to a home in 2002.

text:
# Cobham, Surry County, Virginia

**Cobham** was a small town in Surry County, Virginia. It was established by an Act of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1691, when each county in the Virginia Colony was directed set aside 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land for a town. Storehouses were to be built for products imported and tobacco to be exported. It was ordered that the county sell half-acre lots for its citizens to inhabit the town. It was located at the mouth of Gray's Creek at the James River across and somewhat downstream from Jamestown. It was probably named for Cobham, in Surrey, England.

Cobham was active during the 18th and early 19th centuries, but eventually became one of the Former counties, cities, and towns of Virginia. According to the Surry County Historical Society, "today there is little evidence of the town, which became mostly farmland." The society reports that "farmers, while plowing the fields, have run into old foundations, as well as finding locks, broken china, and even a long-barreled pistol."

There is also a Cobham in eastern Albemarle County, Virginia. It is located at the intersection of Route 22 (Louisa Road) and Route 640 (St. John's Road / Cobham Station Lane), roughly halfway between Charlottesville and Louisa. The unincorporated community consists of horse farms and homes. Cobham had a train station until the early 20th Century, and one building remains next to the train tracks, thought to have been a feed store. The old train station building was moved to another site near Gordonsville where it is used as a home. The original one-story general store near the tracks was moved about two hundred feet up to Route 22, and with the addition of a two-story building in 1936, served as the Cobham General Store and Post Office until the mid-1990s. After serving other purposes, such as a tack store and internet business, the building was converted to a home in 2002.

37°10′18″N 76°46′12″W / 37.17167°N 76.77000°W / 37.17167; -76.77000


title: Coccothrinax crinita

abstract: Coccothrinax crinita is a palm which is endemic to Cuba. Like other members of the genus Coccothrinax, C. barbadensis is a fan palm.

text:
# Coccothrinax crinita

***Coccothrinax crinita*** (**guano barbudo**, **guano petate**, **old man palm**, **palma petate**) is a palm which is endemic to Cuba. Like other members of the genus *Coccothrinax*, *C. barbadensis* is a fan palm (i.e. it has fan-shaped palmate leaves).

## Description

Like most palms these trees are single-stemmed, between 2 and 10 metres tall with stems 8 to 20 centimetres in diameter. This tree appears wider because of the thatch or wool like fibers on its trunk. This plant has flowers that are small, light yellow, and not showy. These tiny flowers usually cluster on a long stalk that droops down from the canopy; this display can be showy. After these flowers are produced and pollinated, black and purple fruits will appear. These fruits are fleshy, 0.7–2 cm in diameter, and only come in the summer.

## Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognised: *Coccothrinax crinita* subsp. *brevicrinis* Borhidi & O.Muñiz and *C. crinita* subsp. *crinita*. The "short hair old man palm" (subsp. *brevicrinis*), has shorter and less dense leaf sheath fibers covering the trunk, it can be found in central Cuba.

## Ecology

*Coccothrinax crinita* usually grows in seasonally flooded savannas up to 500m in size; occasionally in hilly areas. Also, it grows in moist and well-drained soils, preferably serpentine soils or soils with low nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. In habitat, this tree takes an extremely long time to grow; on average it will take 10 years for this tree to grow 5 feet, but it can grow up to 20 feet (range is 10–20 ft). The main pollinator is the wind and fruits are dispersed by mammals like the *Coccothrinax argentata* species.

## Cultivation and uses

*Coccothrinax crinita* is frequently planted as an ornamental palm and the leaves are used for thatch. This tree is very easy to maintain and prefers growing in partial or full sunlight. It must have well drained, moist, non-clay soils, but it can tolerate basic soils, drought, and growing by the ocean. This palm can withstand temperatures as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit when mature and sheds its oldest thatch in windy conditions. There are many uses for this palm, including using its fibers for pillows, the trunk for shelter, and the leaves for bowls. All of these uses have played a role in the rarity of this plant, as well as the destruction of its habitat. The species is now critically endangered with only 60 – 130 trees left on the island of Cuba.

## InfoBox

| *Coccothrinax crinita* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Genus: | *Coccothrinax* |
| Species: | ***C. crinita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coccothrinax crinita***<br>(Griseb. & H.Wendl. ex C.H.Wright) Becc. | |
|


title: Stenoma psilomorpha

abstract: Stenoma psilomorpha is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Peru. The wingspan is about 37 mm. The forewings are whitish fuscous with the extreme costal edge whitish. The stigmata are dark fuscous, the plical obliquely beyond the first discal. There is a faint fuscous irregularly curved shade from beyond the middle of the costa to three-fourths of the dorsum. A curved series of fuscous lunulate dots is found from four-fifths of the costa to the dorsum before the tornus, somewhat sinuate towards the costa. There is also a terminal series of dark fuscous dots. The hindwings are whitish ochreous.

text:
# Stenoma psilomorpha

***Stenoma psilomorpha*** is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Peru.

The wingspan is about 37 mm. The forewings are whitish fuscous with the extreme costal edge whitish. The stigmata are dark fuscous, the plical obliquely beyond the first discal. There is a faint fuscous irregularly curved shade from beyond the middle of the costa to three-fourths of the dorsum. A curved series of fuscous lunulate dots is found from four-fifths of the costa to the dorsum before the tornus, somewhat sinuate towards the costa. There is also a terminal series of dark fuscous dots. The hindwings are whitish ochreous.

## InfoBox

| *Stenoma psilomorpha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Stenoma* |
| Species: | ***S. psilomorpha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stenoma psilomorpha***<br>Meyrick, 1915 | |
|


title: Stenoma psalmographa

abstract: Stenoma psalmographa is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Stenoma psalmographa

***Stenoma psalmographa*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Stenoma psalmographa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Stenoma* |
| Species: | ***S. psalmographa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stenoma psalmographa***<br>Meyrick, 1931 | |
|


title: Cochylimorpha agenjoi

abstract: Cochylimorpha agenjoi is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Spain. The wingspan is about 16 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in July.

text:
# Cochylimorpha agenjoi

***Cochylimorpha agenjoi*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Spain.

The wingspan is about 16 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in July.

## InfoBox

| *Cochylimorpha agenjoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Cochylimorpha* |
| Species: | ***C. agenjoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cochylimorpha agenjoi***<br>(Razowski, 1963) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Stenodes agenjoi* Razowski, 1963 | |


title: Colby James West

abstract: Colby James West is an American freestyle skier from Canterbury, New Hampshire. A late starter in skiing, Colby took up freestyle skiing when he was 23 years old and broke into the competitive scene with a podium finish in slope style at Winter X Games XII. West is a three time Winter X Games bronze medalist. Colby has filmed many segments for Matchstick Productions. Colby is well known for his humorous internet videos such as the music video "My Friend's A Pro". Colby was featured on a television commercial for Worx Energy Drinks.

text:
# Colby James West

**Colby James West** (born 1985) is an American freestyle skier from Canterbury, New Hampshire. A late starter in skiing, Colby took up freestyle skiing when he was 23 years old and broke into the competitive scene with a podium finish in slope style at Winter X Games XII. West is a three time Winter X Games bronze medalist. Colby has filmed many segments for Matchstick Productions.

Colby is well known for his humorous internet videos such as the music video "My Friend's A Pro". Colby was featured on a television commercial for Worx Energy Drinks.

## Results

* 3rd 2009 Toyota Championship, Superpipe, Northstar at Tahoe, CA
* 3rd 2009 Winter X 13, Slopestyle, Aspen, CO
* 5th 2009 Winter X 13, Superpipe, Aspen, CO
* 1st 2008 US Open, Big Air, Copper Mountain, CO
* 3rd 2008 Winter X Games, Superpipe, Aspen, CO
* 4th 2008 Winter X Games, Slopestyle, Aspen, CO
* 3rd 2007 Winter X Games, Slopestyle, Aspen, CO
* 1st 2008 48 Straight, Superpipe Championship, ID

1. "Colby West". Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
2. "Colby West". Archived from the original on February 19, 2010.
3. "Colby West | Matchstick Productions - Ski & Action Sports Films/Movies". Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
4. "Results | Alli — Alliance of Action Sports ™". Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
5. "Winter X Games Results - Action Sports - ESPN". Archived from the original on 2009-12-11.

## InfoBox

| Colby James West | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | April 8, 1985 |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) |


title: Stemphylium globuliferum

abstract: Stemphylium globuliferum is a plant pathogen infecting alfalfa.

text:
# Stemphylium globuliferum

***Stemphylium globuliferum*** is a plant pathogen infecting alfalfa.

## InfoBox

| *Stemphylium globuliferum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Pleosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Stemphylium* |
| Species: | ***S. globuliferum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stemphylium globuliferum***<br>(Vestergr.) E.G. Simmons, (1969) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Macrosporium globuliferum* Vestergr., (1896) | |


title: Cocotá

abstract: Cocotá is a neighborhood in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

text:
# Cocotá

**Cocotá** is a neighborhood in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Cocotá | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood | |
| CocotáLocation in Rio de JaneiroCocotáCocotá (Brazil) | |
| Coordinates: 22°48′18″S 43°10′58″W / 22.80500°S 43.18278°W / -22.80500; -43.18278 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | Rio de Janeiro (RJ) |
| Municipality/City | Rio de Janeiro |
| Zone | North Zone |


title: Steamburg, New York

abstract: Steamburg is a hamlet in the Town of Coldspring in Cattaraugus County, in western New York, United States. Steamburg, in similar fashion to a few other communities in the region, has no incorporated government and is not currently recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau, though it was recognized as the, "Village of Steamburg," in the 1880 census. Its name is noted on road signs. It is served by a phone exchange (716-354) and ZIP code (14783) in common with the Town of Coldspring and the surrounding areas. The Erie Railroad main line ran through Steamburg and the Steamburg station was located on the south side of the tracks just east of NE May Road.

text:
# Steamburg, New York

**Steamburg** is a hamlet in the Town of Coldspring in Cattaraugus County, in western New York, United States.

Steamburg, in similar fashion to a few other communities in the region, has no incorporated government and is not currently recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau, though it was recognized as the, "Village of Steamburg," in the 1880 census. Its name is noted on road signs. It is served by a phone exchange (716-354) and ZIP code (14783) in common with the Town of Coldspring and the surrounding areas.

The Erie Railroad main line ran through Steamburg and the Steamburg station was located on the south side of the tracks just east of NE May Road (formerly Depot Street).

## Background

The hamlet of Steamburg is marked as **India Village** on a Holland Land Company map dating to 1836. The hamlet's post office opened in 1861.

Steamburg serves as the western gateway to the Allegany Indian Reservation of the Seneca Nation of New York; as such, a few tax-free gasoline and cigarette shops can be found in the area. The Seneca Transit Service's bus service, founded in 2013, ends just south of Steamburg. The community is located at the eastern terminus of New York State Route 394, at I-86 exit 17. Also converging on the hamlet is New York State Reference Route 950A (West Bank Perimeter Road, a.k.a. Onoville Road), which approaches from the south, and Cattaraugus County Route 10 (Lebanon Road), which approaches from the north.

The government of the Town of Coldspring is situated in northern Steamburg, as is the Town's only formal religious institution, which until the late 2010s was a branch of the United Methodist Church. The northern part (the only part marked on road signs) is outside the reservation.

The southern part of the hamlet was developed for residential housing in the 1960s, with an acre per household, as a resettlement area to compensate some of the hundreds of Seneca displaced from their communities for construction of the Kinzua Dam and its reservoir, known as Kinzua Lake. It is located on the reservation. This is a center of the Coldspring Longhouse and has developed in a more conservative fashion since relocation in the 1960s. The tribe in the 1990s built the only medical clinic on the reservation in this community. The surrounding region also features the Highbanks Campground and the Faithkeepers School, both a short distance south of the residential areas.

Other Seneca were resettled to a new residential community, Jimerson Town, developed near Salamanca, New York. Designated as one of the two capitals of the Seneca Nation of New York, Jimson Town has been developed with more facilities, including schools, swimming pool, fire station and other amenities.

## Notable residents

42°06′29″N 78°54′15″W / 42.10806°N 78.90417°W / 42.10806; -78.90417


title: Coelopinae

abstract: Coelopinae is a subfamily of kelp flies in the family Coelopidae.

text:
# Coelopinae

***Coelopinae*** is a subfamily of kelp flies in the family Coelopidae.

## Classification

## InfoBox

| Coelopinae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Superfamily: | Sciomyzoidea |
| Family: | Coelopidae |
| Subfamily: | Coelopinae<br>Hendel, 1910 |
|


title: Stephan Kaschendorf

abstract:
Stephan Kaschendorf was an early German organ builder. He was born in Wrocław and at first was an apprentice to a carpenter. He only learnt organ building later and it is not known who his teachers were. He was one of the leading organ builders of the second half of the 15th century and a progressive one. His instruments all feature independent divisions and stops, unlike the older Blockwerk gothic organs. Churches he built organs for include the following:
  - St. Mary Magdalene's Church, Wrocław (1455)
  - St. Egidien, Nuremberg (1460)
  - St. Elisabeth, Wrocław (1460–64)
  - Georgskirche, Nördlingen (1464–66)
  - Frauenkirche, Nuremberg (1464–66)
  - Mariendom Cathedral, Erfurt (1480–83)
  - St. Sebaldus Church, Nuremberg
  - St. Ulrich und Afra, Augsburg Kaschendorf's sons Caspar, Melchior, and Michael were also organ builders and assisted their father in Erfurt. He owned houses in Schweidnitz and Dresden, but apparently died in poverty.

text:
# Stephan Kaschendorf

**Stephan Kaschendorf** (*Caschindorf*, *Castendorfer*, *Kastendörfer*) (ca. 1425  after 4 February 1499) was an early German organ builder. He was born in Wrocław (then *Breslau*) and at first was an apprentice to a carpenter. He only learnt organ building later and it is not known who his teachers were. He was one of the leading organ builders of the second half of the 15th century and a progressive one. His instruments all feature independent divisions and stops (Hauptwerk and Rückpositiv/Brustwerk), unlike the older Blockwerk gothic organs. Churches he built organs for include the following:

Kaschendorf's sons Caspar, Melchior, and Michael were also organ builders and assisted their father in Erfurt. He owned houses in Schweidnitz (where he also built an organ) and Dresden, but apparently died in poverty.

* Hermann Fischer. "Kaschendorf, Stephan", *Grove Music Online*, ed. L. Macy, grovemusic.com (subscription access).
* "The Organ: An Encyclopedia", edited by Douglas E. Bush and Richard Kassel. Routledge, 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-94174-7


title: Stephan Jakob Neher

abstract: Stephan Jakob Neher was a German Catholic priest and church historian.

text:
# Stephan Jakob Neher

**Stephan Jakob Neher** (24 July 1829 – 7 October 1902) was a German Catholic priest and church historian.

## Life

His family were country people of Ebnat, where he was born, which became a part of Aalen) in Württemberg. After the gymnasium school Neher devoted himself to the study of theology in the University of Tübingen. After ordination, he worked as pastor of Dorfmerkingen, then of Tübingen, and finally of Nordhausen (in the district of Ellwangen, Württemberg). In addition, Neher devoted himself throughout his life to intellectual pursuits, principally to canon law and church history, giving his attention, in the latter study, chiefly to ecclesiastical geography and statistics.

Neher died in Nordhausen.

## Works

In his first major work, which appeared in 1861, Neher dealt with the topic of the privileged altar (*altare privilegiatum*). In 1864 he published the first volume of his trilogy *Kirchliche Geographie und Statistik* (Ratisbon, 1864–68). It was, for that day, an important work for historians, a systematic collection of geographical data. His book on the celebration of two Masses by a priest on the same day in canon law was entitled *Die Bination nach ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung und nach dem heutigen Recht* (Ratisbon, 1874). After 1878 Neher edited the statistical "Personalkatalog" of his own diocese of Rottenburg am Neckar, and was one of the principal contributors to the second edition of *Wetzer und Welte's Kirchenlexicon*. For this work he wrote 235 articles, or greater parts of articles. Their content is mainly matter relating to church history, or to ecclesiastical statistics.

**Attribution**

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kirsch, J.P. (1913). "Stephan Jakob Neher". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Stephen G. Emerson

abstract: Stephen Gould Emerson is an American academic who was the 13th president of Haverford College from July 1, 2007, to August 10, 2011. In February 2012, he was appointed Director of the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, and he will also hold the Clyde ’56 and Helen Wu Professorship in Immunology at the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.

text:
# Stephen G. Emerson

**Stephen Gould Emerson** is an American academic who was the 13th president of Haverford College from July 1, 2007, to August 10, 2011. In February 2012, he was appointed Director of the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, and he will also hold the Clyde ’56 and Helen Wu Professorship in Immunology at the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.

## Education and awards

Emerson graduated summa cum laude from Haverford College in 1974 with a double major in Philosophy and Chemistry. He earned an M.S. in Molecular biophysics, a Ph.D. in Cell Biology and Immunology, and M.D from Yale University. Emerson is the recipient of the Medical Scientist Trainee Prize of Yale University, The Stohlman Award of the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the Bai-Yu Lan Prize of the City of Shanghai and the Rolex Career Achievement Award.

As a clinical hematologist/oncologist who cares for patients with bone marrow stem cell disorders, Emerson has been regularly named "Top Doc" in his field by Philadelphia Magazine, most recently in 2006.

## Career

After graduating from Yale, Emerson served on the faculties of University of Michigan and Harvard University before joining the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania. There, he held the Francis C. Wood Professorship in Medicine, Pathology and Pediatrics, and served as Chief of Hematology/Oncology and as Associate Director for Clinical/Translational Research of the Abramson Center. As the Chief of Hematology/Oncology at the University of Pennsylvania, Emerson led a group of 60 full-time faculty and 25 trainees, for whom he was responsible for career development and selection. At Penn, Emerson was asked to organize the Institute for Stem Cell Biology which would seek to integrate, support and innovate research and education throughout the University, in the school of Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Medicine and Dentistry. Programs of this Institute will include Developmental Biology, Biotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Stem Cells in Health and Disease, Bioethics and Cellular Therapies. He now works at Friend Central School and teaches math.

The laboratory of Emerson does research in bone marrow stem cell biology as applied to the transplantation of these stem cells. The discoveries of this laboratory's science have led to new therapies now used globally. Emerson's work has been published in journals such as Science, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Nature Medicine.

Emerson was chosen to succeed Thomas R. Tritton in early 2007. He resigned in July 2011, four years into his five-year term, and officially stepped down August 10, 2011, the day that Haverford announced his interim replacement for the 2011-2012 academic year, former Mount Holyoke College president Joanne V. Creighton.

### Teaching Math

Currently, Emerson teaches Advanced Geometry at Friends Central Middle School in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania. He has been doing this for around seven years as of the 2023-2024 school year. His favorite shape is the triangle, as it is the building block of geometry.

1. Stephen G. Emerson Appointed Director of Columbia University Cancer Center
2. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-04-19. Retrieved 2007-06-02.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Stephen G. Emerson, M.D., Ph.D.
3. "Faculty & Staff Directory - Friends' Central School". *www.friendscentral.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-22.


title: Col des Planches

abstract: Col des Planches is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The road to the Col runs from Martigny at 471m with an average gradient of about 9%, over Col des Planches then down to Sembrancher at 717m with an average gradient of 7%

text:
# Col des Planches

**Col des Planches** (el. 1411 m.) is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The road to the Col runs from Martigny at 471m with an average gradient of about 9%, over Col des Planches then down to Sembrancher at 717m with an average gradient of 7%

## InfoBox

| Col des Planches | |
| --- | --- |
| Col des Planches | |
| Elevation | 1,411 m (4,629 ft) |
| Traversed by | Trail |
| Location | Switzerland |
| Range | Alps |
| Coordinates | 46°5′47″N 7°7′29″E / 46.09639°N 7.12472°E / 46.09639; 7.12472 |


title: Col des Roches

abstract: Col des Roches is a mountain pass in the Jura Mountains on the border between the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland and France. It connects Le Locle in Switzerland and Morteau in France. It is notable for 16th century subterranean mills located in caves on the Swiss side.

text:
# Col des Roches

**Col des Roches** (el. 919 m.) is a mountain pass in the Jura Mountains on the border between the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland and France.

It connects Le Locle in Switzerland and Morteau in France.

It is notable for 16th century subterranean mills located in caves on the Swiss side.

## InfoBox

| Col des Roches | |
| --- | --- |
| Col des Roches | |
| Elevation | 919 m (3,015 ft) |
| Location | FranceSwitzerland border |
| Range | Jura Mountains |
| Coordinates | 47°3′2.51″N 6°43′13.37″E / 47.0506972°N 6.7203806°E / 47.0506972; 6.7203806 |


title: Colladonus montanus

abstract: Colladonus montanus is a species of leafhopper.

text:
# Colladonus montanus

***Colladonus montanus*** is a species of leafhopper.

## InfoBox

| *Colladonus montanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Family: | Cicadellidae |
| Genus: | *Colladonus* |
| Species: | ***C. montanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Colladonus montanus***<br>(Van Duzee, 1892) | |
|


title: Stefania Biegun

abstract: Stefania Biegun was a Polish cross-country skier. She competed at the 1960, 1964 and the 1968 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Stefania Biegun

**Stefania Biegun** (11 August 1935  10 December 2016) was a Polish cross-country skier. She competed at the 1960, 1964 and the 1968 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 5 km | 10 km | 3 × 5 km
relay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | *24* |  | 13 |  |
| 1964 | *28* | 14 | 18 |  |
| 1968 | *32* |  | 19 |  |
|

### World Championships

| Year | Age | 5 km | 10 km | 3 × 5 km
relay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1958 | *22* |  | 16 | 4 |
| 1962 | *26* |  |  | 4 |
| 1966 | *30* |  |  | 7 |
|

## InfoBox

Stefania Biegun
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Born | (1935-08-11)11 August 1935
Wieprz, Poland |
| Died | 10 December 2016(2016-12-10) (aged 81)
Wetlina, Poland |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Cross-country skiing |


title: Stephen Ip

abstract: Stephen Ip Shue-kwan, GBS, JP is a former politician in Hong Kong, he was Secretary for Economic Development and Labour for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region from 2002 to 2007. The post of Secretary for Economic Development and Labour is a political appointment. Ip was Secretary for Economic Services in June 1996 under Chris Patten's colonial administration, until he took up his last civil service post of Secretary for Financial Services in June 2000. In 2005, he proposed a 25–50% decrease in port fees to increase Hong Kong's competitiveness in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. After his retirement, he became a food critic. He is currently writing columns for Headline Daily.

text:
# Stephen Ip

**Stephen Ip Shue-kwan**, GBS, JP (born 1951) is a former politician in Hong Kong, he was Secretary for Economic Development and Labour for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region from 2002 to 2007.

The post of Secretary for Economic Development and Labour is a political appointment. Ip was Secretary for Economic Services in June 1996 under Chris Patten's colonial administration, until he took up his last civil service post of Secretary for Financial Services in June 2000. In 2005, he proposed a 25–50% decrease in port fees to increase Hong Kong's competitiveness in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone.

After his retirement, he became a food critic. He is currently writing columns for *Headline Daily*.

## InfoBox

| Stephen Ip | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 葉澍堃 |
| Simplified Chinese | 叶澍堃 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Yè Shùkūn | |
|  | |


title: Erik Koch

abstract: Erik Jon Koch is an American mixed martial artist who last competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2007, he formerly competed for the WEC.

text:
# Erik Koch

**Erik Jon Koch** (born October 4, 1988) is an American mixed martial artist who last competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2007, he formerly competed for the WEC.

## Background

Koch was enrolled in Tae Kwon Do classes at the age of four, and reached his black belt by the age of ten, piquing his interest in MMA. With help from his older brother, Keoni, who helps run an MMA gym in Iowa with Dave Sherzer (Hard Drive MMA), Erik started MMA-style striking and grappling before the age of 14. Koch would later drop out of Washington High School (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) to pursue a professional career in mixed martial arts.

## Mixed martial arts career

### Early career

After compiling a 2–0 amateur record, Koch made his professional MMA debut in 2007. Fighting primarily in Iowa, he amassed an undefeated streak of 8–0 before being signed to World Extreme Cagefighting.

### World Extreme Cagefighting

Koch was scheduled to fight Wagnney Fabiano at WEC 43 on September 2, 2009, but was forced to withdraw from the bout due to an undisclosed injury while training. Koch was replaced by WEC newcomer Mackens Semerzier. Now Koch made his WEC debut against Jameel Massouh on December 19 for WEC 45. Koch defeated Massouh via unanimous decision.

Koch was defeated by WEC newcomer Chad Mendes via unanimous decision on March 6, 2010, at WEC 47.

Koch rebounded from his first professional loss as he faced Bendy Casimir on June 20, 2010, at WEC 49. Koch won via first-round triangle choke submission.

Koch was expected to face Josh Grispi on November 11, 2010, at WEC 52. However, due to the UFC/WEC merger, the fight was scratched as Grispi was awarded a title fight with current WEC Featherweight Champion José Aldo to determine the inaugural UFC Featherweight Champion. Koch defeated promotional newcomer Francisco Rivera via first-round TKO, earning *Knockout of the Night* honors.

### Ultimate Fighting Championship

#### 2011

On October 28, 2010, World Extreme Cagefighting merged with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, all WEC fighters were transferred to the UFC.

Koch was expected to face Cub Swanson on March 3, 2011, at UFC Live: Sanchez vs. Kampmann. However Swanson was forced out of the bout with an injury.

Koch faced Raphael Assunção at UFC 128, replacing the injured Manvel Gamburyan. He won the fight via first round knockout, earning *Knockout of the Night* honors.

Koch was expected to face Cub Swanson on July 2, 2011, at UFC 132. However, Swanson was forced out of the bout with another injury.

Koch faced The Ultimate Fighter 12 winner Jonathan Brookins on September 17, 2011, at UFC Fight Night 25. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

#### 2012

Koch was expected to face Dustin Poirier on February 4, 2012, at UFC 143. However, Koch pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Ricardo Lamas, who was then replaced by Max Holloway due to injury as well.

Koch was expected to face José Aldo for the UFC Featherweight Championship on July 21, 2012, at UFC 149. However, Aldo was forced out of the bout citing an injury and the bout was postponed.

Koch was expected to face José Aldo on October 13, 2012, at UFC 153 for the UFC Featherweight Championship. However, Koch was forced out of the bout with another injury and replaced by Frankie Edgar.

#### 2013

Koch faced Ricardo Lamas on January 26, 2013, at UFC on Fox 6. He lost via TKO in the second round.

Koch faced Dustin Poirier on August 31, 2013, at UFC 164. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

#### 2014

After two consecutive losses, Koch returned to lightweight and faced Rafaello Oliveira on February 22, 2014, at UFC 170. He won the fight by TKO in the first round.

Koch faced Daron Cruickshank on May 10, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 40. He lost the fight via TKO due to a head kick and punches in the first round.

#### 2015

Koch was expected to face Ramsey Nijem on July 25, 2015, at UFC on Fox 16. However, Koch was forced from the bout with injury and replaced by promotional newcomer Andrew Holbrook.

#### 2016

Koch was expected to face Drew Dober on January 2, 2016, at UFC 195. However, Koch pulled out of the bout in early December citing another injury and was replaced by Scott Holtzman.

Koch was expected to face Joe Proctor on May 29, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 88. However, Proctor pulled out of the fight on April 21 citing injury and was replaced by Shane Campbell. Koch won the fight via submission in the second round.

A rescheduled bout with Drew Dober was expected to take place on September 10, 2016, at UFC 203. However on August 11, Koch pulled out again due to injury and was replaced by promotional newcomer Jason Gonzalez.

#### 2017

Koch was expected to face Tony Martin on January 15, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 103. However, Koch pulled out of the fight on December 12 with yet another injury and was replaced by Alex White.

Koch faced Clay Guida on June 25, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 112. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.

#### 2018

Koch faced Bobby Green on January 27, 2018, at UFC on Fox: Jacaré vs. Brunson 2. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

Koch was scheduled to face promotional newcomer Dwight Grant in a welterweight bout on December 15, 2018, at UFC on Fox 31. However, Koch was removed from the card on November 28 for undisclosed reasons and replaced by Zak Ottow.

#### 2019

Koch faced Kyle Stewart on July 27, 2019, at UFC 240 in a welterweight bout. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

#### 2020

On December 23, 2020, it was reported that Koch was released by the UFC.

Koch was suspended by USADA for 18 months for testing positive for 3'-hydroxy-stanozolol, a metabolite of stanozolol, as the result of a urine sample collected on October 3, 2020. He became eligible to return on April 3, 2022.

## Championships and accomplishments

## Mixed martial arts record

Professional record breakdown
| **22 matches** | **16 wins** | **6 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 4 | 2 |
| **By submission** | 8 | 0 |
| **By decision** | 4 | 4 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 16–6 | Kyle Stewart | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 240 | July 27, 2019 | 3 | 5:00 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Welterweight debut. |
| Loss | 15–6 | Bobby Green | Decision (unanimous) | UFC on Fox: Jacaré vs. Brunson 2 | January 27, 2018 | 3 | 5:00 | Charlotte, North Carolina, United States |  |
| Loss | 15–5 | Clay Guida | Decision (unanimous) | UFC Fight Night: Chiesa vs. Lee | June 25, 2017 | 3 | 5:00 | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |  |
| Win | 15–4 | Shane Campbell | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC Fight Night: Almeida vs. Garbrandt | May 29, 2016 | 2 | 3:02 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Loss | 14–4 | Daron Cruickshank | TKO (head kick and punches) | UFC Fight Night: Brown vs. Silva | May 10, 2014 | 1 | 3:21 | Cincinnati, Ohio, United States |  |
| Win | 14–3 | Rafaello Oliveira | TKO (punches) | UFC 170 | February 22, 2014 | 1 | 1:24 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | Return to Lightweight. |
| Loss | 13–3 | Dustin Poirier | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 164 | August 31, 2013 | 3 | 5:00 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States |  |
| Loss | 13–2 | Ricardo Lamas | TKO (elbows) | UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Dodson | January 26, 2013 | 2 | 2:32 | Chicago, Illinois, United States |  |
| Win | 13–1 | Jonathan Brookins | Decision (unanimous) | UFC Fight Night: Shields vs. Ellenberger | September 17, 2011 | 3 | 5:00 | New Orleans, Louisiana, United States |  |
| Win | 12–1 | Raphael Assunção | KO (punch) | UFC 128 | March 19, 2011 | 1 | 2:32 | Newark, New Jersey, United States | Knockout of the Night. |
| Win | 11–1 | Francisco Rivera | TKO (head kick and punches) | WEC 52 | November 11, 2010 | 1 | 1:36 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | Knockout of the Night. |
| Win | 10–1 | Bendy Casimir | Submission (triangle choke) | WEC 49 | June 20, 2010 | 1 | 3:01 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |  |
| Loss | 9–1 | Chad Mendes | Decision (unanimous) | WEC 47 | March 6, 2010 | 3 | 5:00 | Columbus, Ohio, United States |  |
| Win | 9–0 | Jameel Massouh | Decision (unanimous) | WEC 45 | December 19, 2009 | 3 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Win | 8–0 | Tom Ahrens | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Midwest Cage Championships 20 | April 17, 2009 | 2 | 3:13 | West Des Moines, Iowa, United States | Won the MCC 20 Featherweight Tournament. |
| Win | 7–0 | Will Shutt | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Midwest Cage Championships 20 | April 17, 2009 | 2 | 3:33 | West Des Moines, Iowa, United States | Featherweight debut. |
| Win | 6–0 | Joe Pearson | Submission (triangle choke) | Mainstream MMA 9: New Era | April 8, 2008 | 1 | 3:00 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States | Won the Mainstream MMA Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 5–0 | Eric Wisely | Decision (unanimous) | Mainstream MMA 7: Vengeance | October 20, 2007 | 3 | 5:00 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 4–0 | TJ O'Brien | Submission (armbar) | Mainstream MMA 6: Evolution | July 14, 2007 | 1 | 0:42 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 3–0 | Tyler Combs | TKO (punches) | Xtreme Fighting Organization 17 | June 2, 2007 | 1 | 2:37 | Crystal Lake, Illinois, United States |  |
| Win | 2–0 | Micah Washington | Submission (armbar) | Mainstream MMA 5: Heavy Duty | February 10, 2007 | 1 | N/A | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 1–0 | Prentiss Wolf | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Mainstream MMA 4: Epic | January 6, 2007 | 1 | 2:30 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |  |

## InfoBox

| Erik Koch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1988-10-04) October 4, 1988
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |
| Other names | The Phoenix |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Weight | 170 lb (77 kg; 12 st) |
| Division | Welterweight
Lightweight
Featherweight |
| Reach | 71+12 in (182 cm) |
| Fighting out of | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States |
| Team | Roufusport |
| Rank | Black belt in Taekwondo |
| Years active | 2007–present |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record | |
| **Total** | 22 |
| **Wins** | 16 |
| By knockout | 4 |
| By submission | 8 |
| By decision | 4 |
| **Losses** | 6 |
| By knockout | 2 |
| By decision | 4 |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog | |


title: Bistcho Airport

abstract: Bistcho Airport is located adjacent to Bistcho, Alberta, Canada.

text:
# Bistcho Airport

**Bistcho Airport** (TC LID: **CPB8**) is located adjacent to Bistcho, Alberta, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Bistcho Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Operator | Tallahassee Exploration Inc. |
| Location | Mackenzie County, near Bistcho, Alberta |
| Time zone | MST (UTC−07:00) |
| Summer (DST) | MDT (UTC−06:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,951 ft / 595 m |
| Coordinates | 59°38′18″N 118°19′59″W / 59.63833°N 118.33306°W / 59.63833; -118.33306 |
| Map | |
| CPB8Location in Alberta | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  09/27 4,642 1,415 Gravel | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Erdős–Ulam problem

abstract: In mathematics, the Erdős–Ulam problem asks whether the plane contains a dense set of points whose Euclidean distances are all rational numbers. It is named after Paul Erdős and Stanislaw Ulam.

text:
# Erdős–Ulam problem

Unsolved problem in mathematics: Is there a dense set of points in the plane at rational distances from each other? (more unsolved problems in mathematics)

In mathematics, the **Erdős–Ulam problem** asks whether the plane contains a dense set of points whose Euclidean distances are all rational numbers. It is named after Paul Erdős and Stanislaw Ulam.

## Large point sets with rational distances

The Erdős–Anning theorem states that a set of points with integer distances must either be finite or lie on a single line. However, there are other infinite sets of points with rational distances. For instance, on the unit circle, let *S* be the set of points

$$(\cos \theta ,\sin \theta )$$

where $\theta $ is restricted to values that cause $\tan {\tfrac {\theta }{4}}$ to be a rational number. For each such point, both $\sin {\tfrac {\theta }{2}}$ and $\cos {\tfrac {\theta }{2}}$ are themselves both rational, and if $\theta $ and $\varphi $ define two points in *S*, then their distance is the rational number

$$\left|2\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}\cos {\frac {\varphi }{2}-2\sin {\frac {\varphi }{2}\cos {\frac {\theta }{2}\right|.}}}}$$

More generally, a circle with radius $\rho $ contains a dense set of points at rational distances to each other if and only if $\rho ^{2}$ is rational. However, these sets are only dense on their circle, not dense on the whole plane.

## History and partial results

In 1946, Stanislaw Ulam asked whether there exists a set of points at rational distances from each other that forms a dense subset of the Euclidean plane. While the answer to this question is still open, József Solymosi and Frank de Zeeuw showed that the only irreducible algebraic curves that contain infinitely many points at rational distances are lines and circles. Terence Tao and Jafar Shaffaf independently observed that, if the Bombieri–Lang conjecture is true, the same methods would show that there is no infinite dense set of points at rational distances in the plane. Using different methods, Hector Pasten proved that the abc conjecture also implies a negative solution to the Erdős–Ulam problem.

## Consequences

If the Erdős–Ulam problem has a positive solution, it would provide a counterexample to the Bombieri–Lang conjecture and to the abc conjecture. It would also solve Harborth's conjecture, on the existence of drawings of planar graphs in which all distances are integers. If a dense rational-distance set exists, any straight-line drawing of a planar graph could be perturbed by a small amount (without introducing crossings) to use points from this set as its vertices, and then scaled to make the distances integers. However, like the Erdős–Ulam problem, Harborth's conjecture remains unproven.


title: Bullens pilsnerkorv

abstract: Bullens Pilsnerkorv (English: Bullen's pilsner sausage) is a canned Swedish sausage product named after the actor Erik "Bullen" Berglund. It was first launched in 1953 in conjunction with the salmonella outbreak the Alvesta Epidemic. It was headlined as guaranteed salmonella-free and was during the 1950s one of many tinned goods under Bullen's name. Today it is manufactured by Scan, and despite the name has never contained pilsner.

text:
# Bullens pilsnerkorv

**Bullens Pilsnerkorv** *(English: **Bullen's pilsner sausage**)* is a canned Swedish sausage product named after the actor Erik "Bullen" Berglund. It was first launched in 1953 in conjunction with the salmonella outbreak the Alvesta Epidemic. It was headlined as guaranteed salmonella-free and was during the 1950s one of many tinned goods under Bullen's name. Today it is manufactured by Scan, and despite the name has never contained pilsner.

## History

### Background

The first *Pilsnerkorv* sausages were produced by Alvesta butchery association in 1953. The launch was preceded by a large nationwide salmonella outbreak that originated in Alvesta's butchery. In total 9 000 people became infected and 90 people died during the epidemic.

As a consequence of the epidemic outbreak skeptical consumers stayed away from meat products for some time to come, especially those with "Alvesta" on the label. This new sausage product would thus be a way to sell in a guaranteed salmonella-free fully sterilized tinned goods, with the help of a famous movie star.

### Launch

The actor Erik "Bullen" Berglund, who had a side career as cookbook author, lent his name and face to the new product. He was an established *pilsnerfilm* actor, a type of 1930s comedy with elements of paltry comics about the consumption of pilsner and other alcoholic beverages, which led to the product's name.

Erik "Bullen" Berglund did also help with the recipe for the canned sausage. During the 1950s, over thirty products were released under the "Bullens" label, including pigs' feet and dill meat.

### Later years

Of all the meat products under Bullen's name, only these canned sausages remain into the 21st century. They are marketed under two names:

* *Bullens pilsnerkorv \[Bullen's pilsner sausage\]*, with 8 sausages in a can.
* *Bullens varmkorv \[Bullen's hot-dogs\]*, with 40 somewhat longer sausages in a larger can.

Today (2016) Bullens Pilsnerkorv is produced by Scan. The recipe, design, and the packaging remain the same today as it was when launched. The label is yellow and black, with the text "Bullens" and two sausages in an irregular red colour.

## Content and preparation

The already-boiled sausages are packed in a can of their own stock. The recipe does not include pilsner, but the name is instead based to "pilsnerfilm", a type of comedy that was popular in the 1930s that revolved around the consumption of alcohol.

The sausages should be heated slowly in their own stock so as not to crack, with some whole allspice corns and a bay leaf. Erik "Bullen" Berglund's own serving recommendation was to put the sausage and a bay leaf on crispbread, and then top it with your favorite mustard.

1. Lindberg, Tomas (15 December 2009). "Bullens pilsnerkorv - räddningen för Alvesta" \[Bullens pilsnerkorv - the rescue for Alvesta\]. *Vetandets Värld* (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
2. Conradson, Birgitta. "Konserver och Bullens pilsnerkorv" \[Cans and Bullen's pilsner sausage\]. *ICA Historien* (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
3. Feldman, Margarita (7 December 2012). "Lucka 9: Bullens pilsnerkorv" \[Door 9: Bullen's Pilsner Sausage\]. *BizStories* (in Swedish). Retrieved 19 December 2016.

## InfoBox

Bullens pilsnerkorv
| Actor Erik "Bullen" Berglund which lent his name. | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Canned sausage |
| Course | Main or snack |
| Place of origin | Sweden |
| Created by |  |
| Invented | 1953 |
| Main ingredients | Beef and pork |
| Variations | * *Bullens pilsnerkorv* * *Bullens varmkorv* |
| Food energy
(per 100  serving) | 190 kcal (795 kJ) |
| Nutritional value
(per 100  serving) | Protein 12   Fat 14   Carbohydrate 5.5 |


title: Corna Trentapassi

abstract: Corna Trentapassi is a mountain of the Brescia Pre-Alps in Italy. It is 1248m high, located on the eastern shore of Lake Iseo. It marks the beginning of Val Camonica. It is made up of limestone rocks which give it a harsh and steep aspect. Vegetation cover is scarce, especially on the barren southern slope. Due to its position, isolated from the surrounding pre-alpine mountains and jutting out into the lake, the summit of the mountain is considered an excellent vantage point, despite its low altitude. The Brescian name for Trentapassi is Trè Tapàs which means "three spikes", a term that describes the appearance of the mountain.

text:
# Corna Trentapassi

**Corna Trentapassi** is a mountain of the Brescia Pre-Alps in Italy. It is 1248m high, located on the eastern shore of Lake Iseo. It marks the beginning of Val Camonica. It is made up of limestone rocks which give it a harsh and steep aspect. Vegetation cover is scarce, especially on the barren southern slope.

Due to its position, isolated from the surrounding pre-alpine mountains and jutting out into the lake, the summit of the mountain is considered an excellent vantage point, despite its low altitude.

The Brescian name for Trentapassi is *Trè Tapàs* which means "three spikes", a term that describes the appearance of the mountain.

## Climbing

There are several routes to climb to the summit: most of them are within the reach of hikers, as only the one facing the mountain from the north side presents technical difficulties. The possible presence of snow in the winter months makes these itineraries recommended from April to November.

The most difficult path (difficulty EEA) starts in Toline (188m), a hamlet southwest of Pisogne, following the trail marker CAI n. 212. Steep, it becomes a via ferrata (for which adequate equipment is required) in the final stretch, preceded and followed by some delicate passages on rocks. Suitable for trained and equipped hikers, it exceeds 1060m in height and it takes about 3 hours as a whole.

Two paths (CAI trail no. 263 and no. 265) run along the southern side of the mountain. The first (difficulty EE) has some delicate passages and takes 2 hours and 30 minutes, while the second is easier but longer (3 hours, difficulty E). Since 2011, these paths have been the scene of a spectacular foot race called the Trentapassi Skyrace.

In the hamlet of Cusato (689m), the shortest, and in many ways less demanding, route begins. Marked as CAI trail no. 229, it is initially a cobbled mule track at the bottom that climbs to the Coloreto hut (895m) and on to the saddle (942m) where it crosses other signposted paths and continues to the panoramic summit. Technically easy (difficulty E), it takes 1 hour and 30 minutes.

45°46′12″N 10°05′24″E / 45.77000°N 10.09000°E / 45.77000; 10.09000

## InfoBox

| Corna Trentapassi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,248 m (4,094 ft) |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Lombardy, Italy |


title: Tommy Naughton

abstract: Tommy Naughton is the former manager of the Dublin Senior Hurling team and the former Under 21 hurling manager for Dublin. He had also previously been a selector with the senior hurling team. Naughton had Andy Cunningham, Mick O'Riordan and Damien Byrne as his management team for Dublin.

text:
# Tommy Naughton

**Tommy Naughton** is the former manager of the Dublin Senior Hurling team and the former Under 21 hurling manager for Dublin. He had also previously been a selector with the senior hurling team. Naughton had Andy Cunningham, Mick O'Riordan and Damien Byrne as his management team for Dublin.

## Managerial career

### Dublin

#### 2006

After being appointed manager in late 2005, Naughton guided Dublin to the 2006 Division 2 National Hurling League. This title win ensured Dublin a place in Division One for 2007. The Liam MacCarthy Cup proved a difficult period for Naughton as his team failed to win a game in the competition until the relegation match against Westmeath. Dublin managed to retain their McCarthy Cup status for the 2007 season while Westmeath will play in the Christy Ring Cup for 2007.

#### 2007

Naughton's 2007 season opened with a draw against Kilkenny in the 2007 National Hurling League. Naughton's Dublin kept their momentum by going on to defeat Galway in Parnell Park which his team in fourth position with one game in hand. Dublin then went on to continue there unbeaten run in the National Hurling League by defeating Limerick. That victory left Naughtons Dublin side in third position in the league with a game in hand over Antrim. Dublin lost the game against Antrim and then lost their final game against Tipperary which meant that Dublin missed their chance to qualify for the quarter-finals or semi-finals.

Naughton first match against Wexford was seen as the potential breakthrough match for Dublins young senior hurling team in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. Dublin showed that the gap is lessening being themselves and the bigger teams but Wexford came out of the game with the one point win with a late point from Barry Lambert. Naughtons hurlers must now play in the qualifiers of the all-Ireland championship against Cork, Offaly and Limerick or Tipperary. The Dublin team were scheduled to play their first game against Cork in Parnell Park. Cork wrote a letter to the Competitions Control Committee to request that the game be played at a neutral venue, this was met with anger by both the Offaly and the Dublin managers who were playing at home on the first weekend of the qualifiers. A change of venue never materialised and Cork played Dublin in Parnell Park in a game which Cork won by 3-20 to 0-15. Dublins next game in the qualifiers was against Tipperary who had previously beaten Dublin in the league. Naughtons men put on a good performance against Tipperary but faded towards the end, leaving Dublin at the bottom of the table.

## InfoBox

Tommy Naughton
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Hurling |
| Born | Wicklow, Ireland |
| Club management | |
| Years Club  Scoil Uí Chonaill | |
| Inter-county management | |
| Years Team  2005 - 2008 Dublin | |
| Inter-county titles | |
| County League Province All-Ireland  Dublin | |


title: Rossby radius of deformation

abstract:
In atmospheric dynamics and physical oceanography, the Rossby radius of deformation is the length scale at which rotational effects become as important as buoyancy or gravity wave effects in the evolution of the flow about some disturbance. For a barotropic ocean, the Rossby radius is L R ≡ 1 / 2 f, where g is the gravitational acceleration, D is the water depth, and f is the Coriolis parameter. For f = 1×10−4 s−1 appropriate to 45° latitude, g = 9.81 m/s⁲ and D = 4 km, LR ≈ 2000 km; using the same latitude and gravity but changing D to 40 m; LR ≈ 200 km. The nth baroclinic Rossby radius is:
  - L R, n ≡ N H n π f 0, where N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, H is the scale height, and n = 1, 2,.... In Earth's atmosphere, the ratio N/f0 is typically of order 100, so the Rossby radius is about 100 times the vertical scale height, H. For a vertical scale associated with the height of the tropopause, LR, 1 ≈ 1000 km, which is the predominant scale seen on weather charts for cyclones and anticyclones. This is commonly called the synoptic scale. In the ocean, the Rossby radius varies dramatically with latitude. Near the equator it is larger than 200 km, while in the high latitude regions it is less than 10 km. The size of ocean eddies varies similarly; in low latitude regions, near the equator, eddies are much larger than in high latitude regions. The associated dimensionless parameter is the Rossby number. Both are named in honor of Carl-Gustav Rossby.

text:
# Rossby radius of deformation

In atmospheric dynamics and physical oceanography, the **Rossby radius of deformation** is the length scale at which rotational effects become as important as buoyancy or gravity wave effects in the evolution of the flow about some disturbance.

For a barotropic ocean, the Rossby radius is $L\_{R}\equiv {\frac {(gD)^{1/2}{f}}}$, where $\\,g$ is the gravitational acceleration, $\\,D$ is the water depth, and $\\,f$ is the Coriolis parameter.

For *f* = 1×10−4 s−1 appropriate to 45° latitude, g = 9.81 m/s2 and *D* = 4 km, *LR*  2000 km; using the same latitude and gravity but changing D to 40 m; *LR*  200 km.

The *n*th baroclinic Rossby radius is:

$L\_{R,n}\equiv {\frac {NH}{n\pi f\_{0}}}$, where $\\,N$ is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, $\\,H$ is the scale height, and *n* = 1, 2, ....

In Earth's atmosphere, the ratio *N*/*f*0 is typically of order 100, so the Rossby radius is about 100 times the vertical scale height, *H*. For a vertical scale associated with the height of the tropopause, *L**R*, 1  1000 km, which is the predominant scale seen on weather charts for cyclones and anticyclones. This is commonly called the synoptic scale.

In the ocean, the Rossby radius varies dramatically with latitude. Near the equator it is larger than 200 km, while in the high latitude regions it is less than 10 km. The size of ocean eddies varies similarly; in low latitude regions, near the equator, eddies are much larger than in high latitude regions.

The associated dimensionless parameter is the Rossby number. Both are named in honor of Carl-Gustav Rossby.


title: Gansi

abstract: Gansi is the second single from Edo Maajka's fourth studio album "Balkansko a naše".

text:
# Gansi

**Gansi** is the second single from Edo Maajka's fourth studio album "Balkansko a naše".

## About

Gansi, the name itself is a reference to the American rock group Guns N' Roses and, is an ironic way in remembering Zagreb in the early 90s around the immortal club "Jabuka". The time before and after the Croatian military operation "Oluja". The plot revolves around a girl named Jasna, who Edo uses to describe the scene at the time. Jasna was more or less a gold digger. The song was produced by Koolade and interpolates "Sweet Child o' Mine" by Guns N' Roses.

## Music video

The video shows the club Jabuka, showing us a number of different looks that sang at that club, from rock to rap, all of which Edo was dressed up for to star in. There are also a number of cameo appearance by "night birds" from that time, which the songs mentions.

## InfoBox

| "Gansi" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Edo Maajka | |
| from the album  *Balkansko a naše* | |
| Released | 2008 |
| Recorded | 2007 |
| Genre | Bosnian hip hop, storytelling |
| Label | Fmjam, Hayat records |
| Songwriter(s) | Edo Maajka |
| Producer(s) | Koolade |
|  | |
| Edo Maajka singles chronology | |
| "Pokradi lovu"
(2007) "**Gansi**"
(2008) "Svi su ošli na more" | |
|  | |


title: Bread and Cheese Club

abstract: The Bread and Cheese Club was a Melbourne-based Australian art and literary society and publisher. It was founded in June 1938 with the purpose of fostering “Mateship, Art and Letters”. Its membership was all male. It promoted Australian writers and published about 40 books, as well as a magazine. The person principally involved in founding and running the organisation was book collector J. K. Moir, the club's “Knight Grand Cheese” from its foundation until 1952. Following Moir's death in 1958 the club went into a decline and eventually closed in 1988.

text:
# Bread and Cheese Club

The **Bread and Cheese Club** was a Melbourne-based Australian art and literary society and publisher. It was founded in June 1938 with the purpose of fostering “Mateship, Art and Letters”. Its membership was all male. It promoted Australian writers and published about 40 books, as well as a magazine. The person principally involved in founding and running the organisation was book collector J. K. Moir, the club's “Knight Grand Cheese” from its foundation until 1952. Following Moir's death in 1958 the club went into a decline and eventually closed in 1988.

## Publications

*Bohemia*, subtitled "the all-Australian literary magazine", was published from 1939 to 1967. Other publications, mainly of poetry and personal tributes issued in the 1940s, include:

* Allan, J. Alex (1940),  *Revolution*
* Anon. (1940). *Catalogue: Australian art and literature exhibition, sponsored by the Bread and Cheese Club*
* Anon. (1942), *John Shaw Neilson: a memorial*
* Anon. (1946), *Exhibition by fellows of the Bread and Cheese Club Art Group: at the Myer Gallery, from 2 July until 13 July 1946*
* Anon. (1947), *An English wreath for Gordon's grave*
* Anon. (1955), *Miles Franklin: a tribute, by some of her friends*
* Archer, A. Lee (1941). *Tom Collins (Joseph Furphy) as I knew him*
* Barrett, Charles (1942), *Art of the Australian Aboriginal*
* Brogden, Stanley (1941), *Tribute*
* Brogden, Stanley (1942), *The Australian freelance* (Several editions published)
* Challman, Oscar (1967), *Tributes in verse*
* Cobb, Victor E. (1940), *The etched work of Victor Cobb*
* Croll, Robert Henderson (1946), *An autobituary*
* Dalziel, Kathleen (1941), "Known and not held"
* Doorly, Gerald S. (1943), *The songs of the "Morning"* (Words by John D. Morrison)
* Fleay, David (1947), *Gliders of the gum trees: the most beautiful and enchanting Australian marsupials*
* Grahame, Jim (1940), *Call of the bush*
* Gross, Alan (1948), *Attainment: being a critical study of the literature of federation: with bibliography*
* Lapthorne, Alice M. (1946), *Mildura calling* (Foreword by Bernard Cronin)
* Law, Marjorie J. (1945), *Rain songs*
* Malloch, Harry (1940), *A brief history of the Bread and Cheese Club*
* Malloch, H. W. (ed). (1943), *Fellows all: The chronicles of the Bread and Cheese Club*
* Malloch, H. W. (1951), *Brief character sketch of John Kinmont Moir*
* Mawdesley, Christina (1944), *The corroboree tree and twelve shorter poems of Melbourne's early days of settlement*
* Mountford, C. P. (1951). Art of Albert Namatjira
* O'Leary, Patrick I. (1939), *The bread and cheese book: A selection of verses*
* Pitts, Judith (1943), *Cold hearthstone*
* Swan, Robert A. (1946), *Argonauts returned, and other poems* (Foreword by R. H. Croll)
* Tierney, T. V. (1942), *Nerangi Mundowie*. (Lines written on viewing etching by Victor Cobb)
* Wannan, William (1943), *The corporal's story*
* West, Harvey (1945), *Belsen*
* Wye, W. J. (1941), *Bush minstrelsy*

### Notes

### Sources

* Malloch, H.W. (ed.) (1943). *Fellows all: The chronicles of the Bread and Cheese Club*. Melbourne: Bread and Cheese Club. `{{cite book}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)
* "Bread and Cheese Club". *NLA Catalogue*. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 19 March 2011.


title: SGK1

abstract: Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 also known as serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGK1 gene. SGK1 belongs to a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that is under acute transcriptional control by several stimuli, including serum and glucocorticoids. The kinase is activated by insulin and growth factors via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase PDPK1 and mammalian target of rapamycin mTORC2. It has been shown to "regulate several enzymes and transcription factors; SGK1 contributes to the regulation of transport, hormone release, neuroexcitability, inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis". SGK1 increases the protein abundance and/or activity of a variety of ion channel, carriers, and the Na+/K+-ATPase. Over the past few years, there has been increasing evidence that SGK1 expression is regulated during both discrete developmental stages and pathological conditions such as hypertension, diabetic neuropathy, ischemia, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases.

text:
# SGK1

**Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1** also known as **serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGK1 gene.

SGK1 belongs to a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that is under acute transcriptional control by several stimuli, including serum and glucocorticoids. The kinase is activated by insulin and growth factors via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase PDPK1 and mammalian target of rapamycin mTORC2. It has been shown to "regulate several enzymes and transcription factors; SGK1 contributes to the regulation of transport, hormone release, neuroexcitability, inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis". SGK1 increases the protein abundance and/or activity of a variety of ion channel, carriers, and the Na+/K+-ATPase. Over the past few years, there has been increasing evidence that SGK1 expression is regulated during both discrete developmental stages and pathological conditions such as hypertension, diabetic neuropathy, ischemia, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases.

## Function

This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays an important role in cellular stress response. This kinase activates certain potassium, sodium, and chloride channels, suggesting an involvement in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability, and renal sodium excretion.

### Ion channel and transporter regulation

SGK1 has been shown to regulate the following ion channels:

The following carriers and pumps are influenced by SGK1:

### Regulation of cell volume

SGK1 is upregulated by osmotic and isotonic cell shrinkage. "It is tempting to speculate that SGK1-dependent regulation of cation channels contributes to the regulation of cell volume, which involves cation channels in a variety of cells". The entrance of NaCl and osmotically driven water into cells leads to an increase in the cell's regulatory cell volume. This occurs as the entrance of Na+ depolarizes the cell, thus allowing the parallel entrance of Cl. SGK1 has also been shown to increase the activity of cell volume-regulated Cl channel ClC2. The activation of these Cl channels result in the exit of Cl and eventually the exit of K+, and the cellular loss of KCl results in a decrease of regulatory cell volume.

However, the functional significance of SGK1 in cell volume regulation, along with its stimulation of cation channels, is still not clearly understood. "Moreover, the molecular identity of the cation channels and the mechanisms of their regulation by glucocorticoids and osmotic cell shrinkage have remained elusive". The following observations seem to have conflicting results, as one suggests a role of SGK1 by cell shrinkage and regulatory cell volume increase while the other suggests regulatory cell volume decrease. It is possible that SGK1 works to maintain regulatory cell volume by increasing the cell's ability to cope with alterations in cell volume.

#### Dehydration

The hydration state of the brain is critical to neuronal function. One way hydration modifies cerebral function is by influencing neuronal and glial cell volume. Dehydration alters the expression of a wide variety of genes including SGK1. "It has been shown that SGK1-sensitive functions contribute significantly to the altered function of the dehydrated brain".

### Cell proliferation and apoptosis

SGK1 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis. "The antiapoptotic effect of SGK1 and SGK3 has been attributed in part to phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factors". It is suggested that proliferative signals transport SGK1 into the nucleus, and the effect of SGK1 on cell proliferation may be due to its ability to regulate Kv1.3. "The upregulation of Kv1.3 channel activity may be important for the proliferative effect of growth factors, as IGF-I induced cell proliferation is disrupted by several blockers of Kv channels".

SGK1 knockout mice show seemingly normal development. "Thus SGK1 is either not a crucial element in the regulation of cell proliferation or apoptosis, or related kinase(s) can effectively replace SGK1 function in the SGK1 knockout mice".

### Memory formation

It has been suggested that this kinase plays a critical role in long-term memory formation. Wild-type SGK1 improves the learning abilities of rats. On the other hand, the transfection of inactive SGK1 decreases their abilities in spatial, fear-conditioning, and novel object recognition learning.

The effect of glutamate receptors may also impact the role of SGK1 in memory consolidation. "SGK isoforms upregulate AMPA and kainate receptors and thus are expected to enhance the excitatory effects of glutamate". Synaptic transmission and hippocampal plasticity are both affected by kainate receptors. A lack of SGK may reduce glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft leading to altered function or regulation of glutamate transporters and receptors; This could result in increasing neuroexcitotoxicity and eventually neuronal cell death.

#### Long-term potentiation

SGK has been to shown to facilitate the expression of long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons and neuronal plasticity. SGK mRNA expression in the hippocampus in enhanced by the AMPA receptor. Moreover, "AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission is closely associated with the late phase of long-term potentiation".

### Transcription

The human isoform of SGK1 has been identified as a cell volume-regulated gene that is transcriptionally upregulated by cell shrinkage. "The regulation of SGK1 transcript levels is fast; appearance and disappearance of SGK1 mRNA require \<20 min". Its transcription is increasingly expressed by serum and glucocorticoids, and transcriptional changes in SGK1 expression occur in correlation with the appearance of cell death. Signaling molecules involved in transcriptional regulation of SGK1 include cAMP, p53, and protein kinase C. As SGK1 transcription is sensitive to cell volume, cerebral SGK1 expression is upregulated by dehydration.

"SGK1 expression is controlled by a large number of stimuli including serum, IFG-1, oxidative stress, cytokines, hypotonic conditions, and glucocorticoids". Mineralocorticoids, gonadotropins, fibroblast and platelet-derived growth factor, and other cytokines are also understood to stimulate SGK1 transcription. The upregulation of SGK1 in various neurodegenerative diseases correlates directly with these stimuli, as alterations in these stimuli accompany many neurodegenerative diseases.

* Glucocorticoids: SGK expression is mainly regulated by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have been shown to enhance memory consolidation in a range of exercises in animals. Glucocorticoid hormones are also consistently increased in patients with severe depression. It has been shown that chronically high concentrations of glucocorticoids impair hippocampal neurogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Indeed, "SGK1 is a key enzyme involved in the downstream mechanisms by which glucocorticoids reduce neurogenesis and in the upstream potentiation and maintenance of GR function, even after glucocorticoid withdrawal".
* Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress is a common component of the neurodegenerative process. "It has been shown to induce SGK expression through a p38/MAPK-dependent pathway, with SGK1 responding rapidly and transiently to changes in stress".
* DNA Damage: "SGK1 gene transcription is stimulated by DNA damage through p53 and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)".

Other stimuli include neuronal injury, neuronal excitotoxicity, increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, ischemia, and nitric oxide.

### Metabolism

SGK1, along with SGK3, has been shown to stimulate the absorption of intestinal glucose by the Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1. "SGK1 also favors cellular glucose uptake from the circulation into several tissues including brain, fat, and skeletal muscle". SGK1 also plays a critical role in the stimulation of cellular glucose uptake by insulin. Accordingly, SGK1 does not only integrate effects of mineralocorticoids and insulin on renal tubular Na+ transport but similarly affects glucose transport".

### Kidney

By aldosterone, insulin, and IGF-I, SGK1 has been suggested to influence the regulation of ENaC and participate in the regulation of renal Na+ excretion. It has been indicated "that activation of ENaC by ADH or insulin depends on SGK1 and/or reflects independent pathways induced by ADH/insulin and SGK1 that converge on the same target structures". Renal ENaC function, along with renal mineralocorticoid action, is also partly dependent upon the presence of SGK1. One study also determined that SGK1 has a critical role in insulin-induced renal Na+ retention.

"SGK1 plays at least a dual role in mineralocorticoid-regulated NaCl homeostasis. SGK1 dependence of both NaCl intake and renal NaCl reabsorption suggests that excessive SGK1 activity leads to arterial hypertension by simultaneous stimulation of oral NaCl intake and renal NaCl retention".

### Gastrointestinal

Including having a high expression in enterocytes, SGK1 is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been suggested that glucocorticoids are the primary stimulant of intestinal SGK1 expression. Unlike in renal function, ENaC regulation in the colon is currently not fully understood. At the current time, it seems SGK1 is not required for stimulation of ENaC in the distal colon.

### Cardiovascular

The heart is one of the many tissues with high SGK1 expression. As SGK1 affects both Na+ intake and renal+ excretion, the regulation of blood pressure could be influenced by SGK1-induced salt imbalance. Activated SGK1, due to insulin, may lead to Na+ reabsorption and consequently higher blood pressure.

SGK1 has been shown to impact the QT interval of the heart electrical cycle. As the QT interval represents the electrical depolarization and repolarization of the left and right ventricles, "SGK1 may have the capacity to shorten Q-T". "In support of this, a gene variant of SGK1, presumably conferring enhanced SGK1 activity is indeed associated with a shortened Q-T interval in humans".

## Clinical significance

A gain-of-function mutation in SGK1, or serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1, can lead to a shortening of the QT interval, which represents the repolarization time of the cardiac cells after a cardiac muscle contraction action potential. SGK1 does this by interacting with the KvLQT1 channel in cardiac cells, stimulating this channel when it is complex with KCNE1. SGK1 stimulates the slow delayed rectifier potassium current through this channel by phosphorylating PIKfyve, which then makes PI(3,5)P2, which goes on to increase the RAB11-dependent insertion of the KvLQT1/KCNE1 channels into the plasma membrane of cardiac neurons. SGK1 phosphorylates PIKfyve, which results in regulated channel activity through RAB11-dependent exocytosis of these KvLQT1/KCNE1-containing vesicles. Stress-induced stimuli have been known to activate SGK1, which demonstrates how Long QT Syndrome is brought on by stressors to the body or to the heart itself. By increasing the insertion of KVLQT1/KCNE1 channels into the plasma membrane through an alteration of trafficking within the cell, SGK1 is able to enhance the slow delayed potassium rectifier current in the neurons.

### Role in neuronal disease

Two majors components of SGK1 expression, oxidative stress and an increase in glucocorticoids, are common components of the neurodegenerative process. "Studies suggest that SGK1 is an important player in cell death processes underlying neurodegerative diseases, and its role seems to be neuroprotective".

AMPA and Kainate receptors are regulated by SGK isoforms. AMPA receptor activation is key for ischemic-induced cell death. Where changes in GluR2 levels are observed, "it has been suggested that disturbed SGK1-dependent regulation of AMPA and kainate receptors could participate in the pathophysiology of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), schizophrenia, and epilepsy". Kainate receptors are thought to be involved in epileptic activity.

Glutamate transporters act to remove glutamate from extracellular space. A lack of SGK1 may prevent glutamate activity while at the same time decreasing glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft. "As glutamate may exert neurotoxic effects, altered function or regulation of glutamate transporters and glutamate receptors may foster neuroexcitotoxicity".

#### Huntingtin

Counteracting huntingtin toxicity, SGK1 has been found to phosphorylate huntingtin. "Genomic upregulation of SGK1 coincides with the onset of dopaminergic cell death in a model of Parkinson's disease". However, at the current time, it is unclear whether SGK1 prevents or motivates cell death. An excessive expression of SGK1 has also been observed in Rett syndrome (RTT), which is a disorder of severe mental retardation.

SGK1 is suggested to take part in the signaling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). It is known that BDNF is involved in neuronal survival, plasticity, mood, and long-term memory. "SGK1 could participate in the signaling of BDNF during schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease". "Moreover, BDNF concentrations are modified after major psychiatric treatment strategies", including antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy.

#### Other neuronal diseases

* Tau protein: Tau protein is phosphorylated by SGK1. SGK1 may contribute to Alzheimer's disease, as it is paralleled by hyperphosphorylation of tau.
* CreaT: "The ability of SGK1 to upregulate the creatine transporter CreaT may similarly be of pathological significance, as individuals with defective CreaT have been shown to suffer from mental retardation".
* SKG1 mRNA: As SGK1 deficiency is simultaneously paired with insufficient glucocorticoid signaling, it has been suggested that it may participate in major depressive disorder. "A study looking at SGK1 mRNA expression in depressed patients found that depressed patients had significantly higher SGK1 mRNA levels".

## Interactions

SGK has been shown to interact with:

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *O00141* (Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1) at the PDBe-KB.

## InfoBox

| SGK1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SGK1, SGK, serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 602958; MGI: 1340062; HomoloGene: 48364; GeneCards: SGK1; OMA:SGK1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001143676
NM\_001143677
NM\_001143678
NM\_001291995
NM\_005627   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001137148
NP\_001137149
NP\_001137150
NP\_001278924
NP\_005618   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 134.17 – 134.32 Mb Chr 10: 21.76 – 21.88 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Brad Idzik

abstract: Bradley Idzik is an American football coach who is the offensive coordinator for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers wide receivers coach in 2023. He was also the assistant wide receivers coach of the Seattle Seahawks for four years.

text:
# Brad Idzik

**Bradley Idzik** (born October 20, 1991) is an American football coach who is the offensive coordinator for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL).

He was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers wide receivers coach in 2023. He was also the assistant wide receivers coach of the Seattle Seahawks for four years.

## Personal life

Idzik is the son of former New York Jets general manager, John Idzik Jr..

## InfoBox

Brad Idzik
| Carolina Panthers | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Offensive coordinator |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1991-10-20) October 20, 1991<br>Durham, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Mercer Island (Mercer Island, Washington) |
| College: |  |
| Career history | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coaching stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: SAY Media

abstract: Say Media is a technology and advertising firm. The company provides a publishing platform (Tempest) to professional publishers and sells advertising across that platform and extended network of sites. Say Media has offices in San Francisco, Portland, NY, London, Montreal, Toronto, Chicago, and Detroit and is privately held.

text:
# SAY Media

**Say Media** (formerly **VideoEgg**) is a technology and advertising firm. The company provides a publishing platform (Tempest) to professional publishers and sells advertising across that platform and extended network of sites. Say Media has offices in San Francisco, Portland, NY, London, Montreal, Toronto, Chicago, and Detroit and is privately held.

## History

Say Media was formed when VideoEgg (a video advertising company) bought Six Apart (a technology company that created Moveable Type and TypePad). VideoEgg was founded in early 2005 when Yale University graduates David Lerman, Matthew Sanchez and Kevin Sladek were making video software. At the time, the three were involved in a social venture matching non-profit organizations that needed public service announcements with a nationwide network of digital filmmakers and editors.

Lerman, Sanchez and Sladek created tools to manage web video made with the wide range of available devices, editors, encoders, and players.

As their business matured they began to focus on monetization, they found an opportunity in video advertising in online video and online social networking services. In May, 2008 the company officially discontinued video hosting services to focus entirely on its online advertising network.

In June 2008, VideoEgg and one of its partner websites, hi5, were sued in the United States by EMI recording labels and music publishers. The plaintiffs alleged that the services were liable for copyright infringement due to videos uploaded by hi5 users through the VideoEgg application, and sought injunctions against the allegedly infringing activity.

VideoEgg acquired Six Apart in 2010, and renamed itself Say Media. It sold Movable Type and the Six Apart name to Infocom, a Japanese information technology company; Say Media retained TypePad. As a result of this transaction, the headquarters of Six Apart is now Tokyo, Japan.

Say Media acquired the websites Dogster, ReadWriteWeb, POPcast Communications, and Remodelista over the past several years. It also launched xoJane, with editor Jane Pratt, xoVain, its beauty-centric counterpart, and Gardenista, a sister site of Remodelista. In 2013, the company divested these assets to focus on the Tempest platform and advertising operations. Say Media subsequently sold Dogster & Catster, ReadWriteWeb, Remodelista and Gardenista, which as of early 2015 all operate independently or under new ownership.

## Funding

Say Media is a privately owned company. As of 2010, VideoEgg had conducted four rounds of funding, raising over $30 million. Investors include First Round Capital, WPP Group, August Capital, Focus Ventures and Maveron.

## Products and services

The company currently builds, maintains and provides Tempest, a publishing platform, to professional publishers in exchange for managing their unsold inventory. As of October 2016, 50 sites including Maxim, Rachael Ray, Climbing, Bio, and Fashionista were using the platform. Say's in-house design team (located in Portland, Oregon) creates display ad units and the custom overlay using advertiser's creative assets.

In July 2008, VideoEgg announced several new capabilities to their ad network. These include offering advertisers increased ad features and functionalities, such as:

* Real-time RSS feeds to continually update the ad experience
* Zip code-specific messaging
* Rich multi-video ad experience to increase user interactivity
* Merchandising multiple items in a single real-time ad experience
* Viral capabilities to help spread the message through virtually any communication or social channel

Publishers are able to integrate VideoEgg's AdPlatform. VideoEgg then serves the ads, which are designed to fit in any space and publishers receive payment every time a user engages with one of the VideoEgg ad units on the publisher's site.

## Trademark

The company successfully filed a lawsuit for trademark infringement against an Israeli company (associated with the Komodia library) also calling itself Say Media. That company has since changed names.


title: SAWStudio

abstract: SAWStudio is a DAW and is the latest incarnation in the SAW line of software. SAW is the acronym for Software Audio Workshop. SAW was one of the first DAW products available for Microsoft Windows at a time when Pro Tools for the Apple Macintosh computer had virtually 100% industry market share. SAW's lower price appealed to budget-minded professionals, and SAW quickly found use in production and post-production studios. It was especially popular in the television industry in the early 1990s, often being packaged with a DAL CardD+ sound card and a Music Quest MXQ-32 MIDI interface for a turnkey, SMPTE-syncable 'CD quality' system. SAW is unique among DAWs in that its engine bypasses much of Windows' kernel, with most of the program written in assembly language. This produces code that, even though maintained as a full-featured DAW, results in an executable file that is less than 2 megabytes in size, while its graphics dll file accounts for most of the program's size. SAW retains a cult following and its user interface is praised by its userbase, but criticized by others, which has limited the software's ability to penetrate what has become a highly competitive market. Proponents of SAW extol its speed and reliability in particular.

text:
# SAWStudio

**SAWStudio** is a DAW (digital audio workstation) and is the latest incarnation in the SAW line of software.

SAW is the acronym for Software Audio Workshop. SAW was one of the first DAW products available for Microsoft Windows at a time when Pro Tools for the Apple Macintosh computer had virtually 100% industry market share. SAW's lower price appealed to budget-minded professionals, and SAW quickly found use in production and post-production studios. It was especially popular in the television industry in the early 1990s, often being packaged with a DAL CardD+ sound card and a Music Quest MXQ-32 MIDI interface for a turnkey, SMPTE-syncable 'CD quality' (16bit, 44.1 kHz sampling rate, full-duplex) system.

SAW is unique among DAWs in that its engine bypasses much of Windows' kernel, with most of the program written in assembly language. This produces code that, even though maintained as a full-featured DAW, results in an executable file that is less than ***2 megabytes*** in size, while its graphics dll file accounts for most of the program's size. SAW retains a cult following and its user interface is praised by its userbase, but criticized by others, which has limited the software's ability to penetrate what has become a highly competitive market. Proponents of SAW extol its speed and reliability (infrequent crashing) in particular.

## InfoBox

SAWStudio
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| Developer(s) | RML Labs |
|  | |
| Stable release | 5.7 / January 5, 2019 |
|  | |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Digital audio workstation |
| License | Proprietary |
| Website | www.SAWStudio.com |


title: Brennen Beyer

abstract: Brennen Beyer is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Michigan.

text:
# Brennen Beyer

**Brennen Beyer** (born November 25, 1992) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Michigan.

## High school

Beyer attended Plymouth High School, where he played football and was a first-team All-conference, All-league, All-Detroit West, and All-Metro Detroit selection as a junior and senior. He also was an Associated Press (AP) All-State honorable mention. As a senior, he recorded 65 tackles and 12 sacks.

## College career

After graduating from high school, Beyer enrolled at the University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts to major in psychology.

As a freshman in 2011, Beyer appeared in 11 games. He recorded 11 tackles (five solo.). In 2012 as a sophomore, he appeared in 11 games (nine starts). He recorded 19 tackles (nine solo.), 0.5 sacks, and once forced fumble. He was named to the academic All-Big Ten for the season. As a junior in 2013, he appeared in 13 games (five starts at linebacker, seven at defensive end). He recorded 27 tackles, four tackles-for-loss, two sacks, one forced fumble, and an interception returned for a touchdown. For the season, he was named to the academic All-Big Ten team. He also received the schools Athletic Academic Achievement award. In 2014 as a senior, he appeared in 12 games (11 starts). He recorded 35 tackles, 7.5 tackles-for-loss and 5.5 sacks. He was again named to the Academic All-Big Ten team.

### Career statistics

| Season | | | | Defense | | | | | Fumbles | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | GP | GS | Tack. | Solo. | Ass. | Sacks | TFL | FF | FR |
| 2011 | MICH | 11 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2012 | MICH | 11 | 9 | 19 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 |
| 2013 | MICH | 13 | 13 | 27 | 16 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 2014 | MICH | 12 | 11 | 35 | 16 | 19 | 6.5 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| Career | | 47 | 33 | 92 | 46 | 46 | 8.5 | 12.5 | 2 | 0 |

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 4 in
(1.93 m) | 256 lb
(116 kg) | 4.87 s | 1.69 s | 2.81 s | 4.22 s | 7.09 s | 33+12 in
(0.85 m) | 9 ft 2 in
(2.79 m) | 20 reps |
| All values from Michigan pro day. | | | | | | | | | | | | |

After going undrafted in the 2015 NFL draft, Beyer signed with the Baltimore Ravens on May 7, 2015. He was released during final cuts on September 5, 2015 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. On January 4, 2016, he signed a reserve/future contract the Ravens.

On September 3, 2016, Beyer was released by the Ravens and was signed to the practice squad the next day. On December 24, 2016, he was promoted to the Ravens' active roster. He made his professional debut during Week 17 against the Cincinnati Bengals, recording three tackles (two solo).

On September 2, 2017, Beyer was waived/injured by the Ravens and placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 6, 2017.

### Career statistics

| Season | | | | Defense | | | | | Fumbles | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | GP | GS | Tack. | Solo. | Ass. | Sacks | TFL | FF | FR |
| 2016 | BAL | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career | | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Brennen Beyer
| Beyer in 2013 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 45 | |
| Position: | Defensive end
Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1992-11-25) November 25, 1992
Sayville, New York, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 256 lb (116 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Plymouth
(Canton Township, Michigan) |
| College: | Michigan |
| Undrafted: | 2015 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 3 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |