title: Bob Boykin

abstract: Bob Boykin was an American musician, session musician, composer, and producer, best known as a guitarist.

text:
# Bob Boykin

**Bob Boykin** (September 24, 1942 – February 22, 2020) was an American musician, session musician, composer, and producer, best known as a guitarist.

## Career

Bob grew up on a farm outside of Savannah, on a dirt road in south Georgia. He began playing music professionally by age 16 in the local clubs in Savannah. Soon after high school he moved to Nashville, where he started working as a studio guitarist and songwriter, working with many of Nashville's top stars in the studio and on the Grand Ole Opry.

He first came to Los Angeles in the mid 80s for a recording session for his first solo CD with many of LA's top studio musicians. A few years later, he returned to LA. It wasn't long before he played on his first television show as a side man, for Marvel Comics Saturday morning cartoon shows and the hit TV series MacGyver. It was during that time he teamed up with Grammy winning Saxophonist Ernie Watts, and produced many collaborative original works, including the Billboard Top Ten song "Language of the Heart" which appears on the Ernie Watts Quartet album. Soon after that he began composing songs and main titles for Columbia Pictures, Sony, Glen Larson at 20th Century Fox, Warner Brothers and MGM. His original songs and scores have been heard on hit shows such as Sex and the City, West Wing, The X-Files, Chris Isaak Show, Married People, Fame, Route 66, Married... with Children, Sea Hunt, L.A. Firefighters and Moon Over Miami (with members of the "Tonight Show Band") and feature films like Toy Story, Chicken Run, Red Surf, Keys to Tulsa, Sister Sister, Flypaper, AFI, Women in Film- Steven Spielberg, Down the Barrel, and Take the Lead (starring Antonio Banderas) to name a few. Bob was later hired as the weekly composer and music producer of the #1 ABC Weekly prime-time series Married People including composing the main & end titles, produced by Columbia Pictures/Sony.

He has composed for dozens of film and television shows including themes and soundtracks to his recording credit.

His solo CD, *Hazardous Material* was released in 1997 and featured players from across the music spectrum including Ernie Watts, Abraham Laboriel, Brian Bromberg, Jimmy Earl, Neil Stubenhaus, Jerry Hey, Gary Grant, Bill Reichenbach, Paul Leim, Dave Carpenter, Greg Mathieson, Jimmy Z, Dann Huff, Luis Conte, Joel Taylor, Pat Coil, and others.

A Guitar World magazine review stated "Four Stars – Ain't Too Proud to Shred *– Firepower is the key word in this jazz/rock workout. Boykin is a ferocious soloist who segues from bop-style jazz phrases to wailing rock licks with the greatest of ease."*

Vintage Guitar magazine says....."From '70s-style funk, to blues, to killer ballad work and pretty much any jazz style you can think of, Boykin's playing shines."

Guitar International magazine names him "... a "go to" session player in Los Angeles and Nashville, with an impressive body of music that regularly finds its way into top television programs and commercials as well as major motion pictures."

## Filmography

| Year | Film/Television show | Credits | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | *MacGyver* | Musician | Episode: "Pilot" |
| 1986 | *Tough Guys* | Musician |  |
| 1987 | *Sea Hunt* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| | *Sister, Sister* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| | *Back to the Beach* | Musician |  |
| 1988 | *Tour of Duty* | Composer, Additional Music | Episode: "Under Siege" |
| 1989 | *Tennessee Waltz* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| 1990 | *Married People* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| | *Hurricane Sam* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| 1993 | *Route 66* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| 1994 | *Jonathan Stone: Threat of Innocence* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| 1996 | *Keys to Tulsa* | Composer, Additional Music/Musician |  |
| | *L.A. Firefighters* | Composer, Additional Music | Episode: "Pilot" |
| 1997 | *Married... with Children* | Composer, Additional Music | Episode: "Chicago Shoe Exchange" |
| | *Oz* | Composer, Additional Music | Episode "Plan B" |
| 1998 | *Finding Graceland* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| | *Sex and the City* | Composer, Additional Music | Episodes: "Sex and the City", "Oh Come All Ye Faithful" |
| | *Recoil* | Composer |  |
| 1999 | *Flypaper* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| | *Freeway II: Confessions of a Trickbaby* | Songwriter/Musician |  |
| 2000 | *The X-Files* | Composer, Additional Music | Episode: "The Amazing Maleeni" |
| 2001 | *The Chris Isaak Show* | Composer, Additional Music | Episode: "Lost and Found" |
| 2003 | *Down the Barrel* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| 2006 | *Collier & Co* | Composer, Additional Music |  |
| | *Take the Lead* | Musician |  |

## InfoBox

| Bob Boykin | |
| --- | --- |
| Bob Boykin on Guitar | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Robert Boykin |
| Born | (1952-09-24)September 24, 1952
Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | February 22, 2020(2020-02-22) (aged 67)
Sherman Oaks, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Rock, Blues, Jazz, Country, R&B |
| Occupation(s) | Guitarist, composer, producer |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | 1969–2020 |
| Labels | Crossroads Int'l Records |
|  | |
| Website | bobboykin.com |


title: Ronald B. Russell

abstract: Ronald B. Russell is an American politician who has served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives since December 7, 2022. He represents Maine's 17th House district.

text:
# Ronald B. Russell

**Ronald B. Russell** is an American politician who has served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives since December 7, 2022. He represents Maine's 17th House district.

## Electoral history

He was elected on November 8, 2022, in the 2022 Maine House of Representatives election against Republican opponent Sherman Hutchins. He assumed office on December 7, 2022.

## Biography

Russell earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Pennsylvania.

## InfoBox

| Ron Russell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Maine House of Representatives
from the 17th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 7, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Dwayne Prescott |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Jeanne |
| Children | 4 |
| Education | University of Pennsylvania (BA) |
|  | |


title: Rogue Valley

abstract: The Rogue Valley is a valley region in southwestern Oregon in the United States. Located along the middle Rogue River and its tributaries in Josephine and Jackson counties, the valley forms the cultural and economic heart of Southern Oregon near the California border. The largest communities in the Rogue Valley are Medford, Ashland and Grants Pass. The most populated part of the Rogue Valley is not along the Rogue proper, but along the smaller Bear Creek tributary. The valley forms a relatively isolated enclave west of the Cascade Range along the north side of the Siskiyou Mountains. It is separated from the nearby coast by a high section of the Southern Oregon Coast Range. The valley is characterized by a mild climate that allows a long growing season, especially for many varieties of fruits, nuts and herbs. A regional manufacturing industry is centered in Medford, the most highly populated area of the valley. In recent years the valley has emerged as a wine-growing region and it is the location of the Rogue Valley AVA. The mild climate and relative isolation have made the valley a popular retirement destination. The community of Ashland is famous for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival and Mount Ashland Ski Area. Interstate 5 follows the valley through Ashland, Medford and Grants Pass.

text:
# Rogue Valley

The **Rogue Valley** is a valley region in southwestern Oregon in the United States. Located along the middle Rogue River and its tributaries in Josephine and Jackson counties, the valley forms the cultural and economic heart of Southern Oregon near the California border. The largest communities in the Rogue Valley are Medford, Ashland and Grants Pass. The most populated part of the Rogue Valley is not along the Rogue proper, but along the smaller Bear Creek tributary.

The valley forms a relatively isolated enclave west of the Cascade Range along the north side of the Siskiyou Mountains. It is separated from the nearby coast by a high section of the Southern Oregon Coast Range. The valley is characterized by a mild climate that allows a long growing season, especially for many varieties of fruits, nuts and herbs. A regional manufacturing industry is centered in Medford, the most highly populated area of the valley. In recent years the valley has emerged as a wine-growing region and it is the location of the Rogue Valley AVA (American Viticultural Area). The mild climate and relative isolation have made the valley a popular retirement destination. The community of Ashland is famous for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival and Mount Ashland Ski Area. Interstate 5 follows the valley through Ashland, Medford and Grants Pass.

## History

In the early 19th century the first European Americans began to pass through the valley, inhabited by the Shasta, Takelma, and Rogue River Athabaskan tribes of Native Americans. The early fur traders named this river the "River of the Rogues". White settlers began to arrive in the valley after the Donation Land Act, which allocated 640 acres (2.6 km2) of land to each married couple. Between 1836 and 1856, the valley was the scene of a series of bloody conflicts between European Americans and the Rogue River tribes. In 1850 gold was discovered on the Rogue River; the next year gold was discovered in the nearby mountains. Early mining activity was centered on the lower Rogue River, on Althouse Creek in Josephine County, and near the now-restored town of Jacksonville, west of Medford. During the gold rush some $70 million was extracted from the area.

## Climate

| Medford |
| --- |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
|  |
| Metric conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  61     9 0       51     12 1       43     15 2       36     18 4       33     23 7       15     28 11       7.6     33 14       10     33 13       15     29 9       28     21 6       76     12 2       86     8 −1   Average max. and min. temperatures in °C  Precipitation totals in mm |

| Grants Pass |
| --- |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
|  |
| Metric conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  122     9 1       102     13 1       86     16 2       53     19 4       36     23 7       18     27 9       7.6     32 12       7.6     32 11       15     29 8       48     21 4       127     12 3       163     8 2   Average max. and min. temperatures in °C  Precipitation totals in mm |

| Ashland |
| --- |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
|  |
| Metric conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  61     9 −1       48     12 −1       51     14 1       46     17 2       43     22 4       20     26 8       13     31 11       13     31 10       18     27 7       36     20 3       76     12 0       84     8 −2   Average max. and min. temperatures in °C  Precipitation totals in mm |

Unlike the rest of Western Oregon, because of the rain shadow effect resulting from the close range of the Cascades and Siskiyous, the Rogue Valley is relatively dry when compared to the coast and Portland. Most of the valley has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. Winters are chilly and rainy, but relatively dry and slightly colder when compared to the rest of western Oregon, with frequent fog, and occasional snow. Summers are hot and sunny, but dry, with low humidity. Temperatures surpass 100 °F or 37.8 °C, on an average of 10–15 days during the summer. Because of the combination of heat and dry air, wildfires are a problem during the summer, and frequently, smoke will fill up the valley for weeks, reducing visibility and air quality. On average, the first frost occurs October 22, and the last on May 6. The Rogue Valley is in USDA plant hardiness zones 7–9. Sub-zero temperatures are extremely rare in the valley; the Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport has not recorded such extreme cold weather since December 21, 1990, when the temperature dropped to −2 °F or −18.9 °C.

Due to the valley's generally mild climate, it is used as a region to grow pears, and there are multiple vineyards. Medford has, on average, 175 sunny days per year, compared to 80 on average for the Willamette Valley, and 65 on average for the coast.

42°26′24″N 122°55′34″W / 42.440124°N 122.926154°W / 42.440124; -122.926154

## InfoBox

| Rogue Valley | |
| --- | --- |
| Valley | |
| The Rogue Valley and Ashland from the south | |
| Location in Oregon | |
| Country | United States |
| Region | Southern Oregon |
| Principal communities | Medford
Ashland
Grants Pass |
| Website | www.rvcog.org |


title: Bob Gallion

abstract: Bob Gallion was an American country music singer. Between 1958 and 1973, he recorded for various country labels, charting nine times on the Hot Country Songs charts. His biggest hit was "Wall to Wall Love", which went to number 5 in 1962.

text:
# Bob Gallion

**Bob Gallion** (April 22, 1924, in Ashland, Kentucky  August 20, 1999) was an American country music singer. Between 1958 and 1973, he recorded for various country labels, charting nine times on the Hot Country Songs charts. His biggest hit was "Wall to Wall Love", which went to number 5 in 1962.

## Biography

Bob Gallion was born April 22, 1924, in Ashland, Kentucky. In the 1940s, he worked as a session guitar player before joining Stoney Cooper and Wilma Lee Cooper's band. Gallion recorded for MGM Records in the 1950s, releasing the singles "That's What I Tell My Heart" and "You Take the Table and I'll Take the Chairs". In September 1959, he joined the promotion staff at Acuff-Rose Music.

Moving to Hickory Records in 1960, he charted five more singles, including the top 10 hits "Loving You (Was Worth This Broken Heart" and "Wall to Wall Love". Gallion worked as a disc jockey for WGUN in Atlanta Georgia, then returned to recording in 1968 with the single "Pick a Little Happy Song" on United Artists Records. He also toured with Pati Powell and performed at the WWVA Jamboree, and charted one last time with the duet "Love by Appointment". After this song, Gallion retired as a performer and worked at a booking agency.

He is also credited with composing several successful songs, including "Sweethearts Again" and "Love Pains", recorded by the Osborne Brothers.

Gallion died in 1999 at age 75, in Williamstown, West Virginia. He was survived by his wife, June, who continued to run his booking agency.

## Singles

| Year | Title | Chart Positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country |
| 1958 | "That's What I Tell My Heart" | 28 |
| 1959 | "You Take the Table and I'll Take the Chairs" | 18 |
| 1960 | "Loving You (Was Worth This Broken Heart)" | 7 |
| 1961 | "One Way Street" | 20 |
| | "Sweethearts Again" | 20 |
| 1962 | "Wall to Wall Love" | 5 |
| 1963 | "Ain't Got Time for Nothin'" | 23 |
| 1968 | "Pick a Little Happy Song" | 71 |
| 1973 | "Love by Appointment" (with Pati Powell) | 99 |

## InfoBox

| Bob Gallion | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1924-04-22)April 22, 1924
Ashland, Kentucky |
| Origin | Nashville, Tennessee |
| Died | August 20, 1999(1999-08-20) (aged 75)
Williamstown, West Virginia |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, talent agent |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 1958–1973 |
| Labels | MGM
Hickory
United Artists |
| Formerly of | Pati Powell |


title: Romanian nouns

abstract: Romanian nouns, under the rules of Romanian grammar, are declined, varying by gender, number, and case.

text:
# Romanian nouns

**Romanian nouns**, under the rules of Romanian grammar, are declined, varying by gender, number, and case.

## Gender

An intrinsic property of Romanian nouns, as in all Romance languages, is their gender. However, while most Romance languages have only two genders, **masculine** and **feminine**, Romanian also has **neuter** gender. In Latin, the neuter is a separate gender, requiring all determiners to have three distinct forms, such as the adjective *bona*, *bonus*, *bonum* (meaning *good*). Comparatively, Romanian neuter is a *combination* of the other two genders. More specifically, in Romanian, neuter nouns behave **in the singular as masculine nouns** and **in the plural as feminine nouns**. As such, all noun determiners and all pronouns only have two possible gender-specific forms instead of three. From this perspective, it's possible to say that in Romanian there are really just two genders, masculine and feminine, and the category labeled as neuter contains nouns whose gender switches with the number. This class of neuter nouns are also known as *eterogene* or 'heterogenous', as *ambigene* meaning 'ambigenous' or 'of both kinds ,' or mixed nouns.

Depending on gender, otherwise similar nouns will inflect differently. For example, the nouns "câine" (*dog*, compare Latin *canis*) and "pâine" (*bread*, compare Latin *panis*) have phonetically identical endings in the main form (nominative singular), but the former is a masculine noun, while the latter is feminine. For this reason, when inflected they behave in very different manners:

* definite article: "câinele" (*the dog*) - "pâinea" (*the bread*);
* plural, with definite article: "câinii" (*the dogs*) - "pâinile" (*the loaves of bread*);
* genitive/dative: "câinelui" (*of/to the dog*) - "pâinii" (*of/to the bread*).

Also, the gender of a noun determines the morphology of most determiners, such as articles, adjectives, demonstratives, numerals. The two nouns taken as examples above will give:

* indefinite article: "un câine" (*a dog*) - "o pâine" (*a loaf of bread*);
* adjective: "câine alb" (*white dog*) - "pâine albă" (*white bread*);
* determinative demonstrative: "acest câine" (*this dog*) - "această pâine" (*this bread*);
* determinative possessive pronoun: "câinele meu" (*my dog*) - "pâinea mea" (*my bread*);
* cardinal numeral: "doi câini" (*two dogs*) - "două pâini" (*two loaves of bread*), etc.

While in many cases assigning the correct gender may be facilitated by the noun ending or meaning, the distinction is usually difficult for those learning Romanian as a second language. For natives, the *one-two* test is practically infallible: Saying "un câine - doi câini" makes it clear, by the form of the determining numerals, that "câine" is masculine. When the numerals take the forms "o ... - două ..." the noun in question is feminine, and finally the forms "un ... - două ..." are indicative of a neuter noun.

### Gender assignment: phonetic

The following phonetic rules can be used, to some degree, to infer the grammatical gender for nouns when these are in their nominative singular form, and without any determiner that could help in recognizing the gender.

* Nouns ending in a **consonant** or in vowel or semivowel **u** are almost always masculine or neuter:
    + masculine: "om" (*man, human being*), "copil" (*child*), "bou" (*ox, bull*);
    + neuter: "ac" (*needle*), "drum" (*road*), "ou" (*egg*), "lucru" (*thing, job*);
    + feminine proper nouns of foreign origin or diminutives: "Carmen", "Corinuș" (diminutive from "Corina"), "Catrinel", "Lulu."
* Nouns ending in **ă** are feminine with very few exceptions:
    + feminine: "fată" (*girl*), "piatră" (*stone*), "haină" (*coat*);
    + masculine: "tată" (*father*), "popă" (*priest*);
* Nouns ending in *stressed* **a** (including those ending in stressed **ea** or **ia**) are feminine:
    + "sofa" (*sofa*), "cafea" (*coffee*), "nuia" (*wicker*).
* Nouns ending in **e** are generally feminine, but many masculine and a few neuter exceptions exist:
    + feminine: "carte" (*book*), "femeie" (*woman*), "mare" (*sea*), "cheie" (*key*);
    + masculine: "frate" (*brother*), "iepure" (*hare, rabbit*), "perete" (*wall*);
    + neuter: "nume" (*name*).
* Nouns ending in **i** are mostly masculine or neuter, with some feminine exceptions:
    + masculine: "ochi" (*eye*), "pui" (*chicken*), "unchi" (*uncle*);
    + neuter: "unghi" (*angle*), "ceai" (*tea*), "cui" (*nail*), "nai" (*Pan's pipe*);
    + feminine: "zi" (*day*), "tanti" (*aunt*).

These rules can be further refined when the noun is recognized as being derived from other words by use of specific endings, as follows:

* Masculine nouns:
    + **-ist**: *"chimist"* (*chemist*), *"jurnalist"* (*journalist*);
    + **-an**, **-ian**: *"american"* (*American*), "fizician" (*physicist*);
    + **-or**, **-tor**: *"profesor"* (*teacher, professor*), "muncitor" (*worker*);
    + **-ez**: "englez" (*Englishman*), "chinez" (*Chinese*);
    + **-ar**: "demnitar" (*statesman*), "fierar" (*blacksmith*);
    + others: "geamgiu" (*glazier*), "paznic" (*guard*), "frizer" (*hairdresser*), "român" (*Romanian*), etc.
* Neuter nouns:
    + **-ism**: "capitalism" (*capitalism*), "arhaism" (*archaism*);
    + **-ment**, **-mânt**: "amuzament" (*amusement*), "abonament" (*subscription*), "învățământ" (*education*) - but "ferment" (*ferment*) is masculine;
    + **-ut**, **-it**, **-at**, derived from the past participle of verbs: "început" (*beginning*), "trecut" (*past*), "sfârșit" (*end*), "morărit" (*milling*), "uscat" (*land*), "oftat" (*sigh*);
    + **-aj**: "sondaj" (*poll*), "garaj" (*garage*), "afișaj" (*display*).
* Feminine nouns:
    + **-oare**, **-toare**: "onoare" (*honor*), "înotătoare" (*swimmer*) - but "soare" is masculine;
    + **-are**, **-ere**, **-ire**, **-âre**, derived from the long infinitive of verbs: "salvare" (*ambulance*), "plăcere" (*pleasure*), "amintire" (*recollection*), "hotărâre" (*decision*);
    + **-siune/tiune**, abstract nouns: "emisiune" (*broadcast, TV show*), "versiune" (*version*), "dimensiune" (*dimension*), "chestiune" (*question*);
    + **-tate**, abstract nouns: "libertate" (*liberty, freedom*), "greutate" (*difficulty*), "calitate" (*quality*), "rapiditate" (*quickness*);
    + **-tudine**, abstract nouns: "longitudine" (*longitude*),"latitudine" (*latitude*);
    + others: "bucurie" (*joy*), etc.

### Gender assignment: semantic

Rules other than phonetic can be used when the **meaning** of the noun is known or at least its semantic group is recognized. In this category obvious examples are proper names of people, or nouns designating nationality, profession, etc. Nouns referring to animals and birds are always specific to their biological gender, and often occur in pairs the same way as we have *cow* and *bull* in English. Less obvious situations are described below.

* Masculine nouns:
    + most tree names: "brad" (*fir*), "stejar" (*oak*), "mesteacăn" (*birch*), but some are feminine: "salcie" (*willow*), "magnolie" (*magnolia*);
    + mountains and mountain chains, often in the plural: "Carpați" (*Carpathians*), "Bucegi," "Retezat," "Făgăraș". (Because mountains are naturally referred to as, e.g., "the Carpathian mountains", and "mountain" is masculine, its gender "bleeds" to the proper noun, as if it were an adjective; it is possible to construct feminine versions of these names, though they are not used. This often happens for other notable reliefs.)
    + others: months of the year, letters of the alphabet, musical notes, figures, etc.
* Feminine nouns:
    + names of countries and continents when they end in **a**: "Franța" (*France*), "Japonia" (*Japan*), "America" (*America*), otherwise they are neuter: "Mexic" (*Mexico*), "Vietnam" (*Vietnam*);
    + the seasons of the year: "vară" (*summer*), "iarnă" (*winter*);
    + the days of the week: "luni" (*Monday*), "duminică" (*Sunday*). (The word for *day* is feminine, "zi".)

## Number

Like all Indo-European languages, Romanian differentiates morphologically the singular and the plural number of nouns. Within the Romance languages, regarding the plural formation, Romanian falls in the group East from the La Spezia–Rimini Line together with Italian. As such, the plural is formed by the addition or change of the final vowel of the singular noun, very often accompanied by other vocalic and/or consonantic shifts in the noun stem, consonant deletion, and/or the interposition of other phonemes. Occasionally, the plural noun has the same form as the singular. A few nouns are defective by missing either the singular or the plural. Finally, some nouns can form the plural in several ways, depending on the meaning. To illustrate, here are just a few examples:

* simple vocalic addition: "elev" - "elevi" (*school student*);
* simple vocalic replacement: "mamă" - "mame" (*mother*);
* vocalic shift in the stem: "măr" - "mere" (*apple*);
* consonantic shift in the stem: "perete" - "pereți" (*wall*);
* consonant deletion in the stem: "cal" - "cai" (*horse*);
* interposition of other phonemes: "cap" - "capete" (*head*);
* unchanged plural: "unchi" - "unchi" (*uncle*);
* singular only: "rouă" (*dew*);
* plural only: "grâne" (*grain/crops*)
* multiple plural forms: "cap" - "capete" / "capi" / "capuri" (*head* / *leader* / *cape*);

Most Romanian plural nouns, in their nominative non-articulated forms, end in "**i**" with another large category ending in "**e**". Only some recent borrowings make up the very few exceptions to this rule, which seems to be a very stable feature of the language. Among the old Romanian nouns the only exception is "ou" /ˈow/ (*egg*), which makes the plural "ouă" /ˈowə/.

Morphologically, the plural is built by using one of the following four endings: **-i**, **-uri**, **-e**, and **-(e)le**. Of these, the last one used to have few representatives, such as "stea" - "stele" (*star*) and "nuia" - "nuiele" (*wicker*). Subsequent borrowings enlarged this group, in particular a series of nouns from Turkish ending in stressed "**a**" which were assigned to the feminine gender (although Turkish nouns do not have gender).

### Plural formation

Like the gender, the plural formation is an intrinsic property of the noun, and is acquired by native speakers one by one together with the respective noun. The tables below show the plural formation modes for nouns according to their gender, in the non-articulated nominative/accusative case. The asterisk (\*) indicates irregular plural formation, requiring the insertion of consonants belonging neither to the stem nor to the plural ending, the deletion of stem consonants, or some unusual vocalic shifts.

| Plural of *masculine* nouns | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Singular | Plural | Examples |
| -cons. | -cons.+i | pom - pomi (*tree*)
doctor - doctori (*doctor*)
copil -\* copii (*children*)
om -\* oameni (*man, human being*) |
| -u | -i | codru - codri (*forest*)
leu - lei (*lion*) |
| -e | | frate - frați (*brother*)
pește - pești (*fish*) |
| -i | | ochi - ochi (*eye*)
unchi - unchi (*uncle*) |
|  | | tată - tați (*father*)
popă - popi (*priest*) |

| Plural of *feminine* nouns | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Singular | Plural | Examples |
|  | -e | casă - case (*house*)
fată - fete (*girl*) |
| | -i | lună - luni (*moon, month*)
barcă - bărci (*boat*)
soră -\* surori (*sister*)
mână -\* mâini (*hand*) |
| | -uri | marfă - mărfuri (*merchandise*)
dulceață - dulcețuri (*jam*) |
| -e | -i | carte - cărți (*book*)
vale -\* văi (*valley*) |
| -vowel+ie | -vowel+i | baie - băi (*bathroom*)
gutuie - gutui (*quince*) |
| -cons.+ie | -cons.+ii | frecție - frecții (*massage*)
farfurie - farfurii (*plate*)
felie - felii (*slice*) |
| -a | -ale | basma - basmale (*handkerchief*)
pijama - pijamale (*pajamas*) |
| -ea | -ele | cafea - cafele (*coffee*)
saltea - saltele (*mattress*) |
| -i | | miercuri - miercuri (*Wednesday*)
tanti - tanti (*aunt*) |

| Plural of *neuter* nouns | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Singular | Plural | Examples |
| -cons. | -cons.+uri | vin - vinuri (*wine*)
loc - locuri (*place*) |
| | -cons.+e | picior - picioare (*foot, leg*)
oraș - orașe (*city*)
cap -\* capete (*head*) |
| -u | -uri | lucru - lucruri (*thing*)
pariu - pariuri (*bet*) |
| | -e | muzeu - muzee (*museum*)
teatru - teatre (*theater*) |
| |  | ou - ouă (*egg*) |
| -iu /ju/ | -ii /ij/ | exercițiu - exerciții (*exercise*)
fotoliu - fotolii (*armchair*) |
| -iu /iw/ | -ie /i.e/ | sicriu - sicrie (*coffin*)
burghiu - burghie (*drill*) |
| -i /j/ | -ie /je/ | tramvai - tramvaie (*tram*)
pai - paie (*straw*) |
| -i /i/ | -iuri | taxi - taxiuri (*taxi*) |
| -e | | nume - nume (*name*)
prenume - prenume (*first name*) |

### Pronunciation of plural endings

In writing, all masculine nouns and part of the feminine and neuter nouns end in letter "**i**" in the plural. However, this letter can correspond phonetically to either vowel /i/, semivowel /j/, or non-syllabic /ʲ/ (see Romanian phonology). The exact pronunciation depends on the preceding phonemes:

* after a vowel, it is pronounced as semivowel /j/, as in
    + "lei" /ˈlej/ (*lions*),
    + "văi" /ˈvəj/ (*valleys*),
    + "exerciții" /eɡzerˈt͡ʃit͡sij/ (exercises);
* after a consonant or consonant group, it is pronounced as non-syllabic /ʲ/, as in
    + "frați" /ˈfrat͡sʲ/ (*brothers*),
    + "bărci" /ˈbərt͡ʃʲ/ (*boats*),
    + "locuri" /ˈlokurʲ/ (*places*);
* after a consonant group, in nouns that require an additional syllable, it is pronounced as vowel /i/. The need of an additional syllable is phonetic, and is indicated in the masculine singular by the presence of vowel /u/. Examples:
    + "codru" /ˈkodru/ \- "codri" /ˈkodri/ (*forest*),
    + "zimbru" /ˈzimbru/ \- "zimbri" /ˈzimbri/ (*wisent*),
    + but "tanti" /ˈtanti/ (both pl. and sg., *aunt*).

The plural ending "**e**" is always a vowel and does not represent a pronunciation problem.

Despite many plural endings changing the number of syllables in the nouns, the word stress does not generally shift. The only exceptions are a few irregular nouns such as: "soră" /ˈsorə/ \- "surori" /suˈrorʲ/ (*sister*) and, "noră" /ˈnorə/ \- "nurori" /nuˈrorʲ/ (*daughter-in-law*).

## Case

Syntactically, Romanian nouns can be in any of five grammatical cases:

* nominative, when the noun is the subject;
* accusative, when the noun is the direct object, often also required by prepositions;
* genitive, when the noun shows the possessor;
* dative, when the noun shows the receiver of an action;
* vocative, when the noun shows the (usually animate) addressee of what is said.

The short definitions above are only an approximate indication of the actual usage. Here are some examples with the noun "băiat" (*boy*) in the various cases:

| Case | Example |
| --- | --- |
| Nominative | **Băiatul** vecinilor mi-a adus scrisoarea.
(*The neighbors' boy brought me the letter.*) |
| Accusative | Am dus **băiatul** până în fața casei lui.
(*I led the boy up to in front of his house.*) |
| Genitive | Ochii **băiatului** erau plini de lacrimi.
(*The boy's eyes were full of tears.*) |
| Dative | I-am spus **băiatului** să se liniștească.
(*I told the boy to calm down.*) |
| Vocative | **Băiete**, așteaptă până se întorc părinții tăi.
(*Boy, wait until your parents come back.*) |

Indefinite article (a, an, some)

|  | Singular | | | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
| **Nominative
Accusative** | un | | o | niște |
| **Genitive
Dative** | unui | | unei | unor |

Morphologically, the five cases are expressed by giving the nouns three different forms. The **nominative** and the **accusative** share the same form, the distinction being made from the context, word order, or by the use of particular prepositions. Similarly, the **genitive** and the **dative** share the same form, distinguished syntactically or by the presence of possession articles when the nouns are in the genitive case. The **vocative** is less used than the other four, because it is limited to people, animals, or other things that can be addressed.

Comparatively, other Romance languages, although maintaining a syntactic distinction between cases, have reduced them to a single form and replaced morphological variation with the use of specific prepositions. Latin used to have up to seven cases, the Romanian five plus the ablative and the locative.

The case mark is always applied to the article, definite or indefinite, that determines the noun, and sometimes also to the noun itself. The indefinite article, like its English counterpart, is placed before the noun as a separate word, and has in Romanian different forms for the nominative/accusative and for the genitive/dative (the vocative cannot be determined by an indefinite article). On the other hand, the Romanian definite article is always appended as an ending (see enclitic). As the plural mark and the case mark are attached also at the end of the word, the declension becomes a complex process of combining all three endings: The definite article has special forms for the various cases and numbers, and is placed *after* the plural mark with possible phonetic changes to make the word easily pronounceable.

The table below gives the complete paradigm of the masculine noun "bou" (*ox*).

|  | Singular | | Plural | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Indefinite
article | Definite
article | Indefinite
article | Definite
article |
| **Nominative
Accusative** | un bou
/un ˈbow/
(*an ox*) | boul
/ˈbo.ul/
(*the ox*) | niște boi
/niʃ.te ˈboj/
(*some oxen*) | boii
/ˈbo.ij/
(*the oxen*) |
| **Genitive
Dative** | unui bou
/unuj ˈbow/
(*to/of an ox*) | boului
/ˈbo.uluj/
(*to/of the ox*) | unor boi
/unor ˈboj/
(*to/of some oxen*) | boilor
/ˈbo.ilor/
(*to/of the oxen*) |
| **Vocative** |  | boule
/ˈbo.ule/
(*you, ox*) |  | boilor
/ˈbo.ilor/
(*you, oxen*) |

### Declension with the indefinite article

The general rule for the declension of nouns when they are accompanied by the indefinite article is that the article changes form and the noun keeps its main (nominative) form at all cases. The only exception is the singular of feminine nouns in the genitive/dative forms: they use their respective **plural** nominative forms in addition to inflecting the indefinite article. The tables below give a few examples. Three nouns from each gender were chosen as representatives:

masculine "pom" (*tree*), "frate" (*brother*), "tată" (*father*); neuter "loc" (*place*), "scaun" (*chair*), "exercițiu" (*exercise*); feminine "casă" (*house*), "floare" (*flower*), "cafea" (*coffee*).

|  | Singular | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine |
| Nominative
Accusative | un pom
un frate
un tată | un loc
un scaun
un exercițiu | o casă
o floare
o cafea |
| Genitive
Dative | unui pom
unui frate
unui tată | unui loc
unui scaun
unui exercițiu | unei cas**e**
unei flor**i**
unei caf**ele** |

|  | Plural | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine |
| Nominative
Accusative | niște pomi
niște frați
niște tați | niște locuri
niște scaune
niște exerciții | niște case
niște flori
niște cafele |
| Genitive
Dative | unor pomi
unor frați
unor tați | unor locuri
unor scaune
unor exerciții | unor case
unor flori
unor cafele |

### Declension with the definite article

In the singular, in the nominative/accusative case, the definite article is **-(u)l** or **-le** for masculine and neuter nouns and **(u)a** for feminine nouns. When these forms are changed for the genitive/dative case, the definite article becomes **-lui** for masculine and neuter nouns and **-i** for feminine. To obtain these forms, the definite article for masculine and neuter simply affix the ending **-ui** after consonant **l** (after removing vowel **e** where it exists). In the case of feminine nouns, the genitive/dative is derived not from the singular but from the *plural* non-articulated forms, by adding a semivocalic **-i** at the end.

In the plural, in the nominative/accusative case, the definite article is **-ii** /iǐ/ for masculine nouns, and **-le** for neuter and feminine nouns. To put these forms into genitive/dative the masculine definite article is changed into **-ilor**, and the neuter and feminine definite article is changed into **-lor**.

Nouns with definite article can also be in the vocative case. In the singular, nouns are either left in their nominative/accusative forms, or given the endings specific to gender: **-le** for masculine and neuter nouns, and **-o** for feminine nouns.

The tables below show examples using the same nouns as previously.

|  | Singular | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine |
| Nominative
Accusative | pomul
fratele
tatăl | locul
scaunul
exercițiul | casa
floarea
cafeaua |
| Genitive
Dative | pomului
fratelui
tatălui | locului
scaunului
exercițiului | cas**e**i
flor**i**i
caf**ele**i |
| Vocative | \[pomule\]
frate
tată | \[locule\]
\[scaunule\]
\[exercițiule\] | \[casă\]
\[floareo\]
\[cafeao\] |

|  | Plural | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine |
| Nominative
Accusative | pomii
frații
tații | locurile
scaunele
exercițiile | casele
florile
cafelele |
| Genitive
Dative | pomilor
fraților
taților | locurilor
scaunelor
exercițiilor | caselor
florilor
cafelelor |
| Vocative | | \[locurilor\]
\[scaunelor\]
\[exercițiilor\] | \[caselor\]
\[florilor\]
\[cafelelor\] |

For the vocative, the square brackets are used where the respective forms can be imagined, but are not normally used. Additionally, some nouns can have two versions of vocative which can express slightly different attitudes toward the person (animal, thing, etc.) that is being addressed. For example, "iubit" (*lover*) has two vocative forms: "iubite" and "iubitule". The first sounds more direct and might be found in poems and song lyrics (*Oh, my darling!*), while the second sounds more natural in everyday life (*Honey!*) (Compare "my dear" in English which normally expresses close intimacy but is reduced to a mere formality when followed by the person's name: 'My dear Mr Smith').

The genitive/dative forms require a special mention in the case of proper nouns representing people's names. For men's names, the inflection is replaced by placing the article **lui** *before* the noun, as a separate word.

* Am citit poeziile **lui Eminescu** de nenumărate ori. (*I've read **Eminescu's** poems countless times.*)
* I-am dat **lui Mihai** prăjitura ta. (*I gave your cake **to Mihai**.*)

The same construction is sometimes applied to women's names, but the practice is considered by prescriptive grammar as incorrect, with the exception of feminine proper nouns that have a masculine-like ending:

* fusta **Mariei** / \*fusta **lui Maria** (***Mary's** skirt*)
* fusta lui Carmen / \*fusta Carmenei (***Carmen's** skirt*)

For proper nouns other than those referring to people, the genitive is constructed by inflection, like the common nouns.

### Case usage

The following subsections describe the usage of each case.

#### Nominative

Nominative is the case of the subject and of the predicate nominal. Here are some examples:

* **Subject:**
    + **Apa** trece, **pietrele** rămân. (***Water** passes, **rocks** remain .*)
    + **Poștașul** sună întotdeauna de două ori. (***The postman** always rings twice.*)
    + Mă doare **capul**. (*I have a headache.* \- lit. *The **head** hurts me.*)
    + Îmi plac **merele**. (*I like apples* \- lit. ***Apples** please me.*)
* **Predicate nominal:**
    + Fotografia este **o artă**. (*Photography is **an art**.*)
    + Ochii sunt **oglinda** sufletului. (*The eyes are **the** soul's **mirror**.*)
    + Roma a devenit **un imperiu**. (*Rome became **an empire**.*)

#### Genitive

Genitive usually indicates *possession* or *belonging*, but is also used to show *origin* and others kinds of relationship. Additionally, while most prepositions require the noun they determine to take the accusative, there are some exceptions in which the genitive (or the dative) is required.

The genitive is most often used in the pattern *noun for possessed + noun for possessor*, with the noun denoting the possessor in the genitive case, like for example "balonul copilului" means *child's balloon* (lit. *the balloon of the child*). In such a construction, if the possessed ("balonul", *the balloon*) has the definite article attached to it—the most usual situation—and the possessor ("copilului", *of the child*) comes immediately after, no other words are necessary to express the genitival relationship.

* Ochii **bunicului** sunt albaștri. (***Grandfather's** eyes are blue.*)
* Fiul **vecinilor** intră mereu în bucluc. (*The **neighbors'** son always gets into trouble.*)

In any other construction involving the genitive, a possessive article must be used, corresponding roughly to the English "*of the*". This can happen (1) when the possessed has the indefinite article, (2) when other words intervene between the two parts, or (3) when the possessed and possessor switch order in the sentence. The possessive article must agree in number and gender with the possessed, and has the forms below.

|  | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singular | al | | a |
| Plural | ai | ale | |

* **Indefinite article:**
    + Era un mare iubitor **al artelor**. (*He was a great art lover.* \- lit. *lover **of the arts***)
    + Au participat și reprezentanți **ai guvernului**. (*Government representatives also took part.* \- lit. *representatives **of the government***)
* **Intervening words:**
    + *Diametrul apparent **al Lunii** este egal cu **al Soarelui***. (*The **Moon's** apparent diameter is equal to the **Sun's**.*)
    + Așa scrie în lecția 10 **a manualului**. (*This is what lesson 10 in the textbook says.* \- lit. *lesson 10 **of the textbook***)
* **Reversal** of possessed and possessor, especially in poetry:
    + **Al vieții** vis de aur ca un fulger, ca o clipă-i. (Eminescu: ***Life's** golden dream is like a flash, like a blink.*)

##### Prepositions requiring the genitive

Some prepositions and preposition compounds require the noun they determine to be in the genitive case. Examples:

* asupra (*regarding*): o discuție asupra **fluxului** de lucru (*a discussion regarding the workflow*, - lit. *regarding **the flow** of the work*);
* împotriva (*against*): voturi împotriva **creșterii** impozitului (*votes against tax increase*, - lit. *against **the increase** of the tax*);
* deasupra (*above*), înapoia (*behind*), înaintea (*before*), înăuntrul (*inside*);
* în fața (*in front of*), în timpul (*during*), în jurul (*around*);
* la începutul (*at the beginning of*), la mijlocul (*in the middle of*), la sfârșitul (*at the end of*);
* din cauza (*because of*), cu ocazia (*on the occasion of*), în numele (*on behalf of*).

Nouns in the genitive can occur in series, as in "culoarea jucăriei copilului prietenului meu" (*my friend's child's toy's color*), but as in English more than three successive nouns become difficult to understand and are considered bad use of the language.

#### Dative

The dative is used for the indirect object, that is, the noun representing the person/object that *receives* the action indicated by the verb. The dative is required by a particular series of verbs, many of which express the general idea of *giving*, hence the name. Examples:

* a da (*to give*): **I**-am dat **câinelui** sandvișul meu. (*I gave my sandwich **to the dog**.*);
* a spune (*to tell*): **Le** spui **colegilor** să nu vină mâine? (*Will you tell your **workmates** not to come tomorrow?*);
* a cere (*to ask for*), a explica (*to explain*), a oferi (*to offer*), a arăta (*to show*), etc.;
* *Not related to the idea of giving:* a folosi (*to be useful to*), a dăuna (*to harm*).

##### Clitic doubling

As in the examples above, the dative noun in such constructions is almost always *doubled* by a personal pronoun, itself in the dative case, which is placed near the verb no matter where the noun is in the sentence. Although not including this logically redundant pronoun does not affect the meaning and still produces grammatically correct sentences, native speakers seldom fail to include it. Depending on the verb mood, tense, and initial phoneme, the doubling personal pronoun will change in several regards: (1) which form, full or clitic, of the pronoun is used, (2) the position relative to the verb or verb parts, and (3) whether it is a true clitic attached phonetically to the verb or it is a separate word.

The table below shows these patterns on two verb examples—one starting with a consonant and the other with a vowel—, "a da" (*to give*) and "a arăta" (*to show*). For personal moods only the first person in the singular is shown, as the other forms behave identically. In each table cell, the upper example is for the singular of the personal pronoun, and the lower one for the plural. In all situations the pronoun has the same form for all genders and only changes with number.

| Mood | Tense | a da (*to give*) | a arăta (*to show*) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Personal moods:*** | | | |
| **Indicative** | **Present** | îi dau
le dau | îi arăt, i-arăt
le arăt, le-arăt |
| | **Compound perfect** | i-am dat
le-am dat | i-am arătat
le-am arătat |
| | **Pluperfect** | îi dădusem
le dădusem | îi arătasem, i-arătasem
le arătasem, le-arătasem |
| | **Imperfect** | îi dădeam
le dădeam | îi arătam, i-arătam
le arătam, le-arătam |
| | **Simple perfect** | îi dădui
le dădui | îi arătai, i-arătai
le arătai, le-arătai |
| | **Future in the past** | aveam să-i dau
aveam să le dau | aveam să-i arăt, aveam să i-arăt
aveam să le arăt, aveam să le-arăt |
| | **Future** | îi voi da
le voi da | îi voi arăta
le voi arăta |
| | **Popular future I** | o să-i dau
o să le dau | o să-i arăt, o să i-arăt
o să le arăt, o să le-arăt |
| | **Popular future II** | am să-i dau
am să le dau | am să-i arăt, am să i-arăt
am să le arăt, am să le-arăt |
| | **Future perfect** | îi voi fi dat
le voi fi dat | îi voi fi arătat
le voi fi arătat |
| | **Popular future
perfect I** | o să-i fi dat
o să le fi dat | o să-i fi arătat
o să le fi arătat |
| | **Popular future
perfect II** | am să-i fi dat
am să le fi dat | am să-i fi arătat
am să le fi arătat |
| **Subjunctive** | **Present** | să-i dau
să le dau | să-i arăt, să i-arăt
să le arăt, să le-arăt |
| | **Past** | să-i fi dat
să le fi dat | să-i fi arătat
să le fi arătat |
| **Conditional
Optative** | **Present** | i-aș da
le-aș da | i-aș arăta
le-aș arăta |
| | **Past** | i-aș fi dat
le-aș fi dat | i-aș fi arătat
le-aș fi arătat |
| **Presumptive** | **Present** | i-oi da
le-oi da | i-oi arăta
le-oi arăta |
| | **Present
progressive** | i-oi fi dând
le-oi fi dând | i-oi fi arătând
le-oi fi arătând |
| | **Past** | i-oi fi dat
le-oi fi dat | i-oi fi arătat
le-oi fi arătat |
| **Imperative** |  | dă-i — nu îi da, nu-i da
dă-le — nu le da | arată-i — nu îi arăta, nu-i arăta
arată-le — nu le arăta, nu le-arăta |
| ***Non-personal moods:*** | | | |
| **Infinitive** | **Present** | a-i da
a le da | a-i arăta
a le arăta, a le-arăta |
| | **Past** | a-i fi dat
a le fi dat | a-i fi arătat
a le fi arătat |
| **Gerund** |  | dându-i
dându-le | arătându-i
arătându-le |
| **Participle** | **Past** | dat
dat | arătat
arătat |
| **Supine** |  | de dat
de dat | de arătat
de arătat |

As the examples show, when the verb is simple (not compound), the doubling pronoun is placed before the verb and has its full form. Exception to this rule make the imperative and the gerund, which require the clitic form bound at the end of the verb. Also, the past participle and the supine do not require the clitic doubling at all. When the verb is compound and includes the conjunction "să" (approximately equivalent to English *to*) or the infinitive preposition "a", the doubling pronoun is placed immediately after "să" / "a" and takes the clitic form in the singular ("să-i" and "a-i") and the full form in the plural ("să le" and "a le"). In all remaining situations the pronoun is placed before the first element of the compound verb and takes the clitic form, as in "i-am dat" and "le-am dat".

When the verb starts with a vowel and the doubling pronoun comes right before it the use of the full or clitic is optional. In such cases the shorter (clitic) version one is more frequent in speech and informal writing.

The gerund deserves a special mention, as not only is the doubling pronoun placed *after* the verb, but the verb itself receives an epenthetic "u". This "u" can be alikened to the vowels that take this position in the Latin gerund, and has become the Italian "o" as in "*sto facendo*" (*I am doing*).

When the full doubling pronoun "îi" is placed before the verb (all parts of the verb, if compound), it can turn into its clitic form if it binds through elision to the word before it, as in "nu-i dau" (*I don't give him*), "că-i dau" (*that I give him*), "și-i dau" (*and I give him*).

The imperative mood builds its affirmative and negative forms on different patterns, so that the position of the doubling pronoun is different. Compare "dă-i" → "nu-i da", "dă-le" → "nu le da".

In poetry, archaic or regional speech, or invectives, the order of the compound verb elements can switch, and with them the position of the doubling pronoun will change. Compare: "i-am dat" → "datu-i-am", "le-am dat" → "datu-le-am", "le-aș da" → "da-le-aș". Note also the use of the epenthetic "u" again where otherwise a consonant would come just before the pronoun.

Things are further complicated if another pronoun is present which claims a position near the verb, such as the pronoun that replaces or doubles the direct object. Here are some examples of how such situations are handled.

Depending on the gender of the direct object, the pronoun position can be different in certain cases:

| I l-am dat câinelui. |  | i | l- | am dat | câinelui. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | dat. masc. sg. | acc. **masc.** sg. |  | dat. masc. sg. |
| I gave it to the dog. |  | to him
(the dog) | it | I gave | to the dog. |

| I-am dat-o câinelui. |  | i- | am dat | -o | câinelui. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | dat. masc. sg. |  | acc. **fem.** sg. | dat. masc. sg. |
| I gave it to the dog. |  | to him
(the dog) | I gave | it | to the dog. |

If two pronouns having identical forms meet, the pronoun doubling the indirect object drops, as it is optional:

| Oasele i le dau câinelui. |  | oasele | i | le | dau | câinelui. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | acc. neut. pl. | dat. masc. sg. | acc. fem. pl. |  | dat. masc. **sg.** |
| I give the bones to the dog. |  | the bones | to him
(the dog) | them
(the bones) | I give | to the dog. |

| Oasele le dau câinilor. |  | oasele | Ø | le | dau | câinilor. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | acc. neut. pl. | dat. masc. pl. | acc. fem. pl. |  | dat. masc. **pl.** |
| I give the bones to the dogs. |  | the bones | to them
(the dogs) | them
(the bones) | I give | to the dogs. |

##### Words requiring the dative

Although most prepositions require the noun they determine to be in the accusative case, a few must be followed by a noun in the dative. Similarly, the dative is required by some adjectives, many of which conveying the general idea of being (or not) beneficial, or having derived from verbs that themselves require the dative. A few adverbs showing comparison fall into the same category. Examples:

* **Prepositions:**
    + datorită (*owing to*): Am reușit datorită ajutorului tău. (*I succeeded owing to your help.*);
    + mulțumită, grație (*thanks to*).
* **Adjectives:**
    + favorabil (*favorable*): Am primit numai mesaje favorabile proiectului noastru. (*We received only messages in favor of our project.*);
    + folositor, util (*useful*), propice (*propitious*), recunoscător (*grateful*), dăunător (*harmful*).
* **Adverbs:**
    + asemenea (*like*): De atâta fericire fața ei strălucea asemenea soarelui. (*With so much happiness her face was shining like the sun.*);
    + similar (*similarly*), conform (*according to*), contrar (*contrary to*).

Depending on the sentence syntax, the adverbs above can also work as adjectives, nevertheless requiring the dative.

#### Accusative

The accusative is mainly the case of the direct object, but other nouns can take the accusative form: those indirect objects which aren't in the dative case, as well as most circumstantials and attributes built with prepositions. Examples:

* Direct object:

Am spart o **farfurie**. (*I broke a **plate**.*) Cunoști un **profesor** de chitară? (*Do you know a guitar **instructor**?*) * Indirect object:

Fiul meu vorbește tot timpul despre **avioane**. (*My son always talks about **airplanes**.*) Mă gândesc adesea la **copilăria** mea. (*I often think about my **childhood**.*) * Circumstantial:

Am ajuns în sfârșit la **gară**. (*We finally arrived at the **station**.*) Ne ducem la **mare** cu **trenul**. (*We're going to the **sea** by **train**.*) * Attribute:

Am găsit numărul ei în cartea de **telefon**. (*I found her number in the **phonebook**.*) Oamenii de la **munte** sunt duri. (***Mountain** people are tough.*)

A particularity of Romanian is that the direct object is marked in certain situations by the preposition *pe*, which in such constructions loses its original meaning (*on*, *above*). The usage rules for this marker are complex and insufficiently codified; both semantics and morphology comes into play. Examples of direct object with marker "pe" are given below.

* When the noun designates a person or a personified animal/object:

L-am văzut ieri **pe Mihai**. (*I saw Mihai \[person's name: Michael\] yesterday.*) L-a împușcat **pe lup** în cap. (*He shot the **wolf** in the head.*) * When the noun designates an inanimate object, if the subject and the direct object are the same noun and they precede the verb:

Cui **pe cui** se scoate. (Proverb: *A nail takes out a nail.*) * When the noun is preceded by the comparative adverb *ca* (like):

M-a privit ca **pe un străin**. (*He looked at me as if I were a **stranger**.*)

The same preposition *pe* is used not only with nouns in accusative, but also with other words having the role of the direct object: pronouns (personal, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, indefinite or negative), numerals acting as pronouns, etc.

#### Vocative

As the vocative case gives the noun a distinct charge of familiarity, directness, and immediateness, nouns in the vocative are rarely used alone, except when addressing or calling someone. Most of the time, and particularly in writing, such nouns are used together with specific adjectives such as *drag* (dear) and *stimat* (respected, dear). Also, such adjective+noun constructions often include a possessive pronoun. Examples:

* Vocative alone:
    + Băiete! (*You, boy!* or *Waiter!*)
    + Măi, Ioane, unde ești? (*Hey, Ion, where are you?*) - *măi* is one of a series of interjections used to address someone
    + Bleguților! (*You, little silly buggers!*)
    + Eleno! (*Elena, dear!*)
    + Doamnelor! (*Ladies!*)
* Vocative with adjective:
    + Dragă bunico, (*Dear Grandma*)
    + Stimate domnule director, (used to formally address in writing the manager of an institution)
* Vocative with possessive pronoun and adjective:
    + Dragul meu Radu, (*My dear Radu*)
    + Scumpii noștri prieteni, (*Our beloved friends*)

* James E. Augerot, "Romanian / Limba română: A Course in Modern Romanian," Center for Romanian Studies (2000) ISBN 973-98392-0-7.
* Laura Daniliuc and Radu Daniliuc, "Descriptive Romanian Grammar: An Outline," Lincom Europa, München, Germany (2000) ISBN 3-89586-637-7.
* Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. Vol. I: Essential Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (1999).
* Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. Vol. II: Morpho-Syntactic and Lexical Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (2000).
* Liana Pop, Victoria Moldovan (eds), "Gramatica limbii române / Grammaire du roumain / Romanian Grammar," Echinox, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1997).


title: Rohingya national football team

abstract: The Rohingya national football team represents the Rohingya people, a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in Rakhine State, Myanmar. The team is not affiliated with FIFA and therefore cannot compete for the FIFA World Cup. However, it is a member of CONIFA, a federation of football associations representing ethnic minorities and stateless nations. The team is sponsored by Rohingya Vision TV, the Kick Project (NGO), and the Government of Australia.

text:
# Rohingya national football team

The **Rohingya national football team** represents the Rohingya people, a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in Rakhine State, Myanmar (also known as Arakan, Burma). The team is not affiliated with FIFA and therefore cannot compete for the FIFA World Cup. However, it is a member of CONIFA, a federation of football associations representing ethnic minorities and stateless nations.

The team is sponsored by Rohingya Vision TV, the Kick Project (NGO), and the Government of Australia.

## Rohingya Football Club

It is composed of refugees living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, who are members of the **Rohingya Football Club** (**RFC**), which was founded in 2015.

## InfoBox

Rohingya
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Rohingya Football Club (RFC) |
| Association | Rohingya Association of Malaysia |
| Confederation | CONIFA |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Website | rohingyafc.com |


title: Boath mandal

abstract: Boath or Bonthala is a mandal in Adilabad district of Telangana State, India.

text:
# Boath mandal

**Boath** or Bonthala (old name) is a mandal in Adilabad district of Telangana State, India.

## Geography

Boath is located at 19°20′00″N 78°20′00″E / 19.3333°N 78.3333°E / 19.3333; 78.3333. It has an average elevation of 418 meters (1374 feet).

## Demographics

According to Indian census, 2001, the demographic details of Boath mandal is as follows:

* Total population: 42,766 in 8,898 households.
* Male population: 21,359; female population: 21,407
* Children under 6 years of age: 6,534 (3,297 boys and 3,237 girls)
* Total literates: 19,673

## Tourist attractions

* Kuntala Waterfall
* Pochara Waterfall
* Boath Project
* Sai baba Temple
* Kailash Tekdi

## Villages

The villages in Boath mandal include: Boath Anduru Babera Birlagondhi Chinthalabori Demmi Dera Dhannur Ghanpur Gollapur Kangutta Kantegaon Karathwada Kawtha Kuchalapur Marlapalle Medi Nagapur Nakkalawada Narayanapur Nigini Pardi Patnapur Pippaladhari Pochera Sakhera Sangvi Sonala Suradapur Tewiti Wajar

## InfoBox

| Boath Bonthala | |
| --- | --- |
| mandal | |
| BoathLocation in Telangana, IndiaBoathBoath (India) | |
| Coordinates: 19°12′N 78°11′E / 19.20°N 78.19°E / 19.20; 78.19 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Adilabad |
| Elevation | 453 m (1,486 ft) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 504304 |
| Telephone code | 08751 |
| Vehicle registration | **TS-01** |
| Website | telangana.gov.in |


title: Boatia

abstract: Boatia albertae is a species of beetles in the family Mordellidae, the only species in the genus Boatia.

text:
# Boatia

***Boatia albertae*** is a species of beetles in the family Mordellidae, the only species in the genus ***Boatia***.

## InfoBox

| *Boatia albertae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | *Boatia*
Franciscolo, 1985 |
| Species: | ***B. albertae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boatia albertae***
Franciscolo, 1985 | |
|


title: Romanogobio johntreadwelli

abstract: Romanogobio johntreadwelli is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to China. Named in honor of John Treadwell Nichols (1883-1958), curator of fishes at the American Museum of Natural History, who first studied specimens on which this new species is based.

text:
# Romanogobio johntreadwelli

***Romanogobio johntreadwelli*** is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to China.

Named in honor of John Treadwell Nichols (1883-1958), curator of fishes at the American Museum of Natural History, who first studied specimens on which this new species is based.

## InfoBox

| *Romanogobio johntreadwelli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Gobioninae |
| Genus: | *Romanogobio* |
| Species: | ***R. johntreadwelli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Romanogobio johntreadwelli***<br>Bănărescu & Nalbant, 1973 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gobio johntreadwelli* | |


title: Bobby Bounds

abstract: Bobby Bounds is a former American football quarterback who played two seasons with the Cleveland Thunderbolts of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Texas A&M University-Commerce, which was then known as East Texas State University, where he was an All-American quarterback and one of the best passers in the history of Lion football and the Lone Star Conference. He was also a member of the Benicarlo Tifons of the Professional Football League and Shreveport Pirates of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
# Bobby Bounds

**Bobby Bounds** (born January 13, 1969) is a former American football quarterback who played two seasons with the Cleveland Thunderbolts of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Texas A&M University-Commerce, which was then known as East Texas State University, where he was an All-American quarterback and one of the best passers in the history of Lion football and the Lone Star Conference. He was also a member of the Benicarlo Tifons of the Professional Football League and Shreveport Pirates of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

## Early years

Bounds was born in Mesquite, Texas moved to Picayune, Mississippi at an early age and was a standout quarterback at Picayune Memorial High School, in the Southwest part of Mississippi. In his Senior season for the Maroon Tide, Bounds led Picayune to Win the 5A State Championship. Bounds graduated from PMHS in 1987 and accepted a scholarship to play college football at Texas A&M University-Commerce, then known as East Texas State University.

## College career

### Freshmen and Sophomore Seasons

Bounds redshirted the 1987 season, and then was a back-up to All-Conference QB and future professional Mike Trigg. He saw his first action during the 1988 season in which the Lions finished 8–3 and second in the Lone Star Conference. Bounds became the starter in 1989 as a sophomore as the Lions finished 4–6 and fifth in the conference. Bounds completed 107 passes out of 198 attempts for 1,521 yards, 8 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions.

### Junior Season

Bounds' Junior year the Lions had a massive turnaround as he led ETSU to a Lone Star Conference Championship with a 7–0 record in conference play, the Lions first conference championship since 1983. The Lions also qualified for the NCAA Division II National Playoffs for the first time since joining the NCAA in 1982. The Lions defeated Grand Valley State but then bowed out to eventual national champion Pittsburg State to finish with an overall 10–3 record. Bounds finished season with 1,905 passing yards and 17 touchdowns. He was named First team All Conference, and consensus Offensive Back of the year.

### Senior Season

Bounds' Senior season he led the Lions another solid season with an 8–4–1 record and a second-place finish in the conference. He played through injuries and also battled classmate Mike Meador for snaps, however this did not prevent him from being first team all conference for a second straight season and notching All-American honors by Don Hansen's Football Gazette. The Lions qualified for the NCAA playoffs once more, once again defeating Grand Valley State in the first round before bowing out to the Gorillas of Pittsburg State again, a team the Lions had defeated earlier in the season. Bounds left Commerce as the all-time leader in passing yards with 5,955 yards (held record for 27 years) and total offense with 6,369 yards. He graduated from ETSU with a degree in Kinesiology & Sports Studies. He still holds records for total offense in a career and is second in career passing yards.

## Professional career

Bounds was scouted by NFL scouts and the Seattle Seahawks showed interest in signing or drafting him, but Bounds went undrafted. He played for the AFL's Cleveland Thunderbolts during the 1992 and 1993 seasons, starting in 1992. He was a player/coach for the Benicarlo Tifons of The Professional Football League from Spain in 1994. Bounds left the organization after being signed by the Shreveport Pirates of the CFL. He was released by the Pirates in June 1994.

## Coaching career

*
* 1992-1993- GA Texas A&M - Commerce - Quarterback Coach -
* 1995 - Newman Smith HS - Quarterback Coach -
* 1996-1997 - Marcus HS - Wide Receiver Coach - 1997 Texas 5A State Champions -
* 1998 - Picayune Memorial HS(MS)- Quarterback Coach -
* 1999-2000 - Gainesville HS - Offensive Coordinator -
* 2001-2002 - Dallas W.T. White HS - Offensive Coordinator -
* 2003 - Dallas Skyline HS - Offensive Coordinator -
* 2004 - Newman Smith HS - Offensive Coordinator -
* 2005-2006 - Newman Smith HS - Head Coach -
* 2006–Present - Took a break from coaching (until 2020) to start his own concrete construction companies - (California Construction(2016) and BMFB Concrete Contractors)-
* 2020 - 2022 - Frisco Fighters(IFL) Defense
* 2024–Present - Frisco Fighters(IFL) Offense
*
*

## Personal

Bounds currently resides in Frisco, Texas with his wife Anita Lane-Bounds. He has 2 children. Brinklee Bounds and Brenden Bounds and 2 Step Children. He is the Owner and President of a private construction company, BMFB Concrete Construction. He stays active with the A&M-Commerce Football program as a donor/supporter.

## InfoBox

Bobby Bounds
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1969-01-13) January 13, 1969<br>Mesquite, Texas, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | East Texas State |
| Position: | Quarterback |
| Undrafted: | 1992 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Comp. / Att.: 21 / 61  Passing yards: 231  TD-INT: 3–5  Passer rating: 24.69  Rushing TDs: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


abstract: The Bobby Bourn Memorial Players Championship was a darts tournament staged by the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). It originally took place as a warm up to the Stan James World Matchplay in Blackpool every July. However, in 2009, the tournament moved to a new date in January and a new venue at the Doncaster Dome. In 2010, the tournament was moved to spring and held at the Barnsley Metrodome. The tournament is named after Bobby Bourn, who had an extensive involvement in the Whitley Bay darts league for over 30 years until his death in 2002. Bourn also performed the role of "player marshal" at PDC televised events, providing assistance to the professional players when they competed and ensuring they were in the right place at the right time before going out for matches. Phil Taylor won the tournament in its first six years, however he missed the next three events, which were won by Terry Jenkins, Simon Whitlock, and Andy Smith.

text:
# Bobby Bourn Memorial Players Championship

The **Bobby Bourn Memorial Players Championship** was a darts tournament staged by the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). It originally took place as a warm up to the Stan James World Matchplay in Blackpool every July. However, in 2009, the tournament moved to a new date in January and a new venue at the Doncaster Dome. In 2010, the tournament was moved to spring and held at the Barnsley Metrodome.

The tournament is named after Bobby Bourn, who had an extensive involvement in the Whitley Bay darts league for over 30 years until his death in 2002. Bourn also performed the role of "player marshal" at PDC televised events, providing assistance to the professional players when they competed and ensuring they were in the right place at the right time before going out for matches.

Phil Taylor won the tournament in its first six years, however he missed the next three events, which were won by Terry Jenkins, Simon Whitlock, and Andy Smith.

## Previous finals

| Year | Winner | Score | Runner-up | Prize fund |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | **Andy Smith** | 6-2 (l) | Dave Chisnall | (Prize fund £34,600) |
| 2010 | **Simon Whitlock** | 6-4 (l) | Gary Anderson | (Prize fund £31,200) |
| 2009 | **Terry Jenkins** | 6-3 (l) | Mark Dudbridge | (Prize fund £29,600) |
| 2008 | **Phil Taylor** | 3-0 (s) | Ronnie Baxter | (Prize fund £19,600) |
| 2007 | **Phil Taylor** | 3-1 (s) | Adrian Lewis | (Prize fund £19,600) |
| 2006 | **Phil Taylor** | 3-1 (s) | Roland Scholten | (Prize fund £19,600) |
| 2005 | **Phil Taylor** | 3-0 (s) | Wayne Mardle | (Prize fund £19,600) |
| 2004 | **Phil Taylor** | beat | Andy Jenkins |  |
| 2003 | **Phil Taylor** | 7-2 (l) | John Part |  |

## InfoBox

| Bobby Bourn Memorial Players Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Venue | Barnsley Metrodome |
| Location | Barnsley |
| Country | England |
| Established | 2003 |
| Organisation(s) | PDC |
| Format | PDC Pro Tour Legs |
| Prize fund | 34,600 (2011) |
| Month(s) Played | June |
| Final Year | 2011 |
| Final champion(s) | |
| Andy Smith | |


title: Bob Bates

abstract: Robert Bates is an American computer game designer. One of the early designers of interactive fiction games, he was co-founder of Challenge, Inc., which created games in the 1980s for the pioneering company Infocom. After Infocom's dissolution in 1989, Bates co-founded Legend Entertainment to continue publishing games in the Infocom tradition, but with added graphics. Notable games that he has designed, written, or produced include Unreal II (2003), Spider-Man 3 (2007), and Eric the Unready (1993), listed as Adventure Game of the Year by Computer Gaming World magazine and also included on the 1996 list of "150 best games of all time". In 1998 he wrote the award-winning game Quandaries for the U.S. Department of Justice. He has twice been the chairperson of the International Game Developers Association, which honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. Bates has written extensively about game design and development in works such as the 2001 book Game Design: The Art and Business of Creating Games, which is commonly used as a game design textbook in college courses. From 2011–2014, Bates was Chief Creative Officer for External Studios at Zynga. He continues to work as an independent consultant with various publishers in the games industry.

text:
# Bob Bates

**Robert Bates** (born December 11, 1953) is an American computer game designer. One of the early designers of interactive fiction games, he was co-founder of Challenge, Inc., which created games in the 1980s for the pioneering company Infocom. After Infocom's dissolution in 1989, Bates co-founded Legend Entertainment to continue publishing games in the Infocom tradition, but with added graphics. Notable games that he has designed, written, or produced include *Unreal II* (2003), *Spider-Man 3* (2007), and *Eric the Unready* (1993), listed as Adventure Game of the Year by *Computer Gaming World* magazine and also included on the 1996 list of "150 best games of all time". In 1998 he wrote the award-winning game *Quandaries* for the U.S. Department of Justice. He has twice been the chairperson of the International Game Developers Association, which honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. Bates has written extensively about game design and development in works such as the 2001 book *Game Design: The Art and Business of Creating Games*, which is commonly used as a game design textbook in college courses. From 20112014, Bates was Chief Creative Officer for External Studios at Zynga. He continues to work as an independent consultant with various publishers in the games industry.

## Career

Bates was born in 1953 in Greenbelt, Maryland, the fourth of eight children to Frances and James Bates. His father was a mathematician, who from 19631967 moved the family to Cheltenham, England. Upon returning to the United States, Bob attended DeMatha High School in Hyattsville, Maryland, graduating in 1971, and then went on to Georgetown University, where he pursued a double major in philosophy and psychology, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1975. His first job after college was as tour guide for Washington Group Tours, a job he took since it allowed him free time between tours to pursue his writing efforts. After marrying Peggy Oriani in 1978 he founded his own tour company, Potomac Tours. In 1982, with the approach of his 30th birthday, he sold the company to spend two years writing a novel, though did not finish. It was around this time that Bates' father gave his old TRS-80 computer to his son, to help with the novel-writing. With the computer, Bates received a copy of the interactive fiction game *Zork*, and immediately fell in love with the genre, seeing it as a way that he could pursue a writing career, making games. In 1986, Bates and a friend, David Wilt, who he knew because they sang in the same choir, the Alexandria Harmonizers, started the company Challenge, Inc. to explore the possibilities of creating interactive fiction games. Needing an engine for these games, Bates reached out to the *Zork* publisher, Infocom, to see about licensing their fiction engine Z-machine. Several weeks later, Infocom and Challenge had worked out a development deal, with Bates doing the design/writing, the coding being done by two contract programmers from Paragon Systems, and the publishing/marketing being done under the Infocom name. Bates envisioned a game series entitled "Immortal Legends", with his first two published game designs being the interactive fiction titles *Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels* (1988) and *Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur* (1989), on which he was both designer and writer. A third game about Robin Hood was never finished because Infocom was dissolved by its parent company Activision in 1989.

A few months after the end of Infocom, Bates and Mike Verdu (the head of Paragon Systems, which had since been acquired by American Systems Corp) founded Legend Entertainment to produce games in the Infocom tradition. The company was backed by ASC, and located in their facility in Chantilly, Virginia. Games designed by Bates for Legend included *Timequest*, *Eric the Unready*, and *John Saul's Blackstone Chronicles*. He also contributed design and writing to other company games, including the *Gateway* series and the company's final game *Unreal II: The Awakening*. In 1998 Legend was acquired by GT Interactive, which itself was acquired by Infogrames, later renamed as Atari. In 2004, Legend was closed. Bates then went on to do independent consulting until 2011 when he was hired by Mike Verdu, then at Zynga, to be Chief Creative Officer for External Developers, a job Bates held until early 2014, at which point he returned to independent consulting.

In 2017, Bates launched a Kickstarter for his game *Thaumistry: In Charm’s Way*, which was successfully funded having raised $35,238 from 1,053 backers.

## Recognition

In the course of his career since 1986, Bates has written, designed, produced, or overseen more than 45 games, with over six million units sold. According to Bates' website, the games have collectively won over 70 industry awards, including two Adventure Game of the Year awards.

He has twice been Chairperson of the International Game Developers Association in 2005 and 2009, and has served on the advisory board of GDC Europe.

## Awards

* Lifetime Achievement Award, IGDA, 2010
* Person of the Year Award, IGDA, 2010
* Adventure Game of the Year, *Eric the Unready*, October 1993, *Computer Gaming World* magazine
    + 1996, listed at #103 on list of "150 Best Games of All Time", *Computer Gaming World*, November 1996

## Writing

* *Game Design: The Art and Business of Creating Games*. Prima Tech. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7615-3165-4.
    + 2nd edition published in 2004
* *The Game Developer's Market Guide*. Premier Press. 2003. ISBN 978-1-59200-104-0.
* Bates, Bob (June 2, 2011). "*The Belly of the Whale: Living a creative life in the games industry*". *Gamasutra*. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
* Bates, Bob (June 17, 2005). "*Into the woods: A practical guide to the Hero's Journey*". *Gamasutra*. Retrieved September 7, 2014.

## Games

## InfoBox

| Bob Bates | |
| --- | --- |
| Bates in March 2010 | |
| Born | Robert Bates
(1953-12-11) December 11, 1953
Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Georgetown University (AB) |
| Occupation | Game designer |
| Employer(s) | Challenge, Inc., Infocom (publisher), Legend Entertainment, Zynga |
| Known for | Co-founder of Challenge, Inc. and Legend Entertainment |
| Notable work |  |
| Spouse | Peggy Oriani (m. 1978) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Choiny, Lublin Voivodeship

abstract: Choiny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rybczewice, within Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Rybczewice, 18 km (11 mi) south of Świdnik, and 26 km (16 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Choiny, Lublin Voivodeship

**Choiny** \[ˈxɔi̯nɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rybczewice, within Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Rybczewice, 18 km (11 mi) south of Świdnik, and 26 km (16 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Choiny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Choiny | |
| Coordinates: 51°4′N 22°47′E / 51.067°N 22.783°E / 51.067; 22.783 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Świdnik |
| Gmina | Rybczewice |


title: Sonny Cohn

abstract: George Thomas Cohn, known professionally as Sonny Cohn, was an American jazz trumpeter whose career spanned over six decades. After working for fifteen years with Red Saunders (1945–1960), Cohn went on to spend another twenty four years in Count Basie's trumpet section (1960–1984).

text:
# Sonny Cohn

**George Thomas Cohn** (March 14, 1925  November 7, 2006), known professionally as **Sonny Cohn**, was an American jazz trumpeter whose career spanned over six decades. After working for fifteen years with Red Saunders (1945–1960), Cohn went on to spend another twenty four years in Count Basie's trumpet section (1960–1984).

## Life and career

Cohn was born in Chicago, Illinois. Cohn started playing in small groups around the city with King Fleming while he was still a teenager. Cohn joined Red Saunders' group in 1945, while Saunders was out of the Club DeLisa and working with a sextet instead of his usual mid-sized band.

After his stint in the military, Cohn joined the Saunders group at the Capitol Lounge in Chicago; Leon Washington had recommended him. Cohn was featured on Saunders' first recordings as a leader, for Savoy, Sultan, and (behind Big Joe Turner) on National. Cohn was heard on the records that Saunders made for OKeh Records beginning in 1951 through 1953. After those records, Cohn was on Saunders' recordings for Parrot and Blue Lake in 1953 and 1954. Cohn survived several downsizings of the Red Saunders band, as well as the closure of the Club DeLisa, but eventually accepted an offer from Count Basie, with whom he worked from 1960 through 1984. After Basie's death, Cohn returned to Chicago, where he remained active as a musician for another two decades.

## Health and death

Cohn underwent bypass surgery in 2003. Cohn died on November 7, 2006, in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois at the age of 81. His funeral was held on November 11, 2006, and he was buried at Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois.

## Discography

**With Count Basie**

**With Jodie Christian**

**With Duke Jordan**

**With James Moody**

## InfoBox

| Sonny Cohn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | George Thomas Cohn |
| Also known as | Sonny Cohn |
| Born | (1925-03-14)March 14, 1925
Chicago, Illinois |
| Died | November 7, 2006(2006-11-07) (aged 81)
Chicago, Illinois |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Trumpet |
| Years active | 1943–2003 |
| Labels |  |
| Formerly of |  |


title: Chinji National Park

abstract: Chinji National Park, established in 1987, is a protected area of IUCN category II located on Sargodha road Near Chinji Town in District Talagang Punjab, Pakistan. It covers a total area of 6,095 hectares. Chinji National Park is located close to Salt Range, about 130 km from Islamabad in the south.

text:
# Chinji National Park

**Chinji National Park** (shortened as **Chinji**), established in 1987, is a protected area of IUCN category II (national park) located on Sargodha road Near Chinji Town in District Talagang Punjab, Pakistan. It covers a total area of 6,095 hectares (15,061 acres). Chinji National Park is located close to Salt Range, about 130 km from Islamabad in the south.

## Landscape

The area has an elevation imperial of 2,231 feet (680 m). Deeply eroded land of Chinji consists of sandstone to igneous rocks, combined with small deposits of rock salt from the Salt Range. Deep torrential streams and ravines slope into the Soan River, which passes through the area.

## Climate

| Chinji National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Chinji National Park In 2023 | |

Average annual rainfall in the area is 537 mm, out of which 308 mm is in the monsoon season from July to September. Maximum temperature is 27 °C in June and minimum is 2.2 °C in January. Frost is common in winter season. Relative humidity can reach up to 80% in monsoon.

## Wildlife

The Chinji National Park exhibits the biome of deserts and xeric shrublands and falls in the ecoregion of 'Baluchistan xeric woodlands' (PA1307). The area is characterized to have sub-tropical vegetation with many plant species of importance. A few of the mammals found here include the Urial, Golden jackal, Bengal fox, Indian wolf and Indian pangolin. A few game birds include Grey francolin and Common wood pigeon

## Fauna and flora

List of fauna found in the national park.

Mammals

| # | Name | Scientific name | Picture |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Brandt's hedgehog | *Paraechinus hypomelas* |  |
| 2 | Asian house shrew | *Suncus murinus* |  |
| 3 | Indian bush rat | *Golunda ellioti* |  |
| 4 | Northern palm squirrel | *Funambulus pennantii* |  |
| 5 | Yellow-throated marten | *Martes flavigula* |  |
| 6 | Indian pangolin | *Manis crassicaudata* |  |
| 7 | Bengal fox | *Vulpes bengalensis* |  |
| 8 | Red fox | *Vulpes vulpes* |  |
| 9 | Indian wolf | *Canis lupus pallipes* |  |
| 10 | Small Indian civet | *Small Indian civet* |  |
| 11 | Indian long-eared hedgehog | *Hemiechinus collaris* |  |
| 12 | Indian crested porcupine | *Hystrix indica* |  |
| 13 | Black rat | *Rattus rattus* |  |
| 14 | House mouse | *Mus musculus* |  |
| 15 | Indian grey mongoose | *Urva edwardsii* |  |
| 16 | Small Indian mongoose | *Urva auropunctata* |  |
| 17 | Indian jackal | *Canis aureus indicus* |  |
| 18 | Jungle cat | *Felis chaus* |  |
| 19 | Asiatic wildcat | *Felis lybica ornata* |  |
| 20 | Punjab urial | *Ovis vignei punjabiensis* |  |

Reptiles

| # | Name | Scientific name | Picture |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bengal monitor | *Varanus bengalensis* |  |
| 2 | Yellow-belly gecko | *Hemidactylus flaviviridis* |  |
| 3 | Oriental garden lizard | *Calotes versicolor* |  |

Birds

| # | Name | Scientific name | Picture |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Chukar partridge | *Alectoris chukar* |  |
| 2 | See-see partridge | *Ammoperdix griseogularis* |  |
| 3 | Grey francolin | *Ortygornis pondicerianus* |  |
| 4 | Common quail | *Coturnix coturnix* |  |
| 5 | Rock dove | *Columba livia* |  |
| 6 | Black-winged stilt | *Himantopus himantopus* |  |
| 7 | Laughing dove | *Spilopelia senegalensis* |  |
| 8 | Red-wattled lapwing | *Vanellus indicus* |  |
| 9 | Greater coucal | *Centropus sinensis* |  |
| 10 | White-throated kingfisher | *Halcyon smyrnensis* |  |
| 11 | Red-vented bulbul | *Pycnonotus cafer* |  |
| 12 | Black-shouldered kite | *Elanus axillaris* |  |
| 13 | Black kite | *Milvus migrans* |  |
| 14 | Eurasian teal | *Anas crecca* |  |
| 15 | Common pochard | *Aythya ferina* |  |

## InfoBox

| Chinji National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Chinji is located in north of Khushab and south of Islamabad | |
| Location | Talagang, Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Nearest city | Jhalta |
| Coordinates | 33°0′36.87″N 72°29′30.98″E / 33.0102417°N 72.4919389°E / 33.0102417; 72.4919389 |
| Area | 60.95 km2 (23.53 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,231 ft (680 m) |
| Established | 1987 |
| Visitors | 2000 - 5000 |
| Governing body | Wildlife and Parks Department,
Government of Punjab (Pakistan) |


title: Bob Bauer (baseball)

abstract: Robert Henry Bauer is a retired American minor league baseball player and manager. Born in Decatur, Illinois, he batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) and weighed 170 lb (77 kg). Bauer had a ten-year minor league playing career in the farm systems of the St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Yankees, where he was used primarily at third base, but also in right and left field. Late in his playing career, Bauer was a player-manager. From 1953 to 1957, Bauer was part of the Cardinals system, making stops in Alexandria of the Evangeline League, Odessa of the Longhorn League, Lynchburg of the Piedmont League, Peoria of the Three-I League, and Winston-Salem of the Carolina League. His best season for the Cardinals was 1954, when he hit.320 and drove in 96 RBI for Odessa. From 1958 to 1962, Bauer played and managed in the Yankees system, making stops in Greensboro of the Carolina League, Auburn of the New York–Penn League, and St. Petersburg and Ft. Lauderdale of the Florida State League as a player. His best season for the Yankees was 1959, when he hit.332 and drove in 74 RBI for Auburn. 1959 was also Bauer's first year as a player-manager. He managed Auburn in 1960 as well, leading the team to a third-place finish and a playoff berth. In 1961, he skippered the St. Petersburg Saints. In 1962, his last season as a player-manager, he led the Fort Lauderdale Yankees to a Florida State League championship. Bauer left baseball for the 1963 and 1964 seasons, but returned to manage Johnson City of the Appalachian League in 1965 and 1966. In 1967, he managed the Greensboro Yankees in the Carolina League. When the Yankees moved their Carolina League affiliate from Greensboro to Kinston in 1968, he moved with them. He managed the Midwest League Danville Warriors in 1970, while they operated as a co-op team, and nine different major league teams provided players for their roster.

text:
# Bob Bauer (baseball)

**Robert Henry Bauer** (born November 14, 1930) is a retired American minor league baseball player and manager. Born in Decatur, Illinois, he batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) and weighed 170 lb (77 kg).

Bauer had a ten-year minor league playing career in the farm systems of the St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Yankees, where he was used primarily at third base, but also in right and left field. Late in his playing career, Bauer was a player-manager.

From 1953 to 1957, Bauer was part of the Cardinals system, making stops in Alexandria of the Evangeline League, Odessa of the Longhorn League, Lynchburg of the Piedmont League, Peoria of the Three-I League, and Winston-Salem of the Carolina League. His best season for the Cardinals was 1954, when he hit .320 and drove in 96 RBI for Odessa.

From 1958 to 1962, Bauer played and managed in the Yankees system, making stops in Greensboro of the Carolina League, Auburn of the New York–Penn League, and St. Petersburg and Ft. Lauderdale of the Florida State League as a player. His best season for the Yankees was 1959, when he hit .332 and drove in 74 RBI for Auburn.

1959 was also Bauer's first year as a player-manager. He managed Auburn in 1960 as well, leading the team to a third-place finish and a playoff berth. In 1961, he skippered the St. Petersburg Saints. In 1962, his last season as a player-manager, he led the Fort Lauderdale Yankees to a Florida State League championship.

Bauer left baseball for the 1963 and 1964 seasons, but returned to manage Johnson City of the Appalachian League in 1965 and 1966. In 1967, he managed the Greensboro Yankees in the Carolina League. When the Yankees moved their Carolina League affiliate from Greensboro to Kinston in 1968, he moved with them. He managed the Midwest League Danville Warriors in 1970, while they operated as a co-op team, and nine different major league teams provided players for their roster.

## Sources

* Kinston Eagles 1968 Official Souvenir Scorebook
* The Professional Baseball Players Database 5.0
* BR Bullpen


title: Roman Senchin

abstract: Roman Senchin is a Russian writer. He was born in Kyzyl in the Republic of Tuva, did army service in the Karelia region and now lives in Ekaterinburg. He is best known for his 2009 novel The Yeltyshevs – a work in the post-Soviet "chernukha" genre – which was nominated for a string of prestigious literary prizes. Other books include Athens Nights, The Information, Minus, and Nubuck.

text:
# Roman Senchin

**Roman Senchin** (born 1971) is a Russian writer. He was born in Kyzyl in the Republic of Tuva, did army service in the Karelia region and now lives in Ekaterinburg. He is best known for his 2009 novel *The Yeltyshevs* – a work in the post-Soviet "chernukha" (akin to film noir) genre – which was nominated for a string of prestigious literary prizes. Other books include *Athens Nights*, *The Information*, *Minus*, and *Nubuck*.


title: Bob Emerick

abstract: Bob Emerick was an American football player who spent two years in the National Football League (NFL).

text:
# Bob Emerick

**Bob Emerick** (February 21, 1913 – September 28, 2003) was an American football player who spent two years in the National Football League (NFL).

## InfoBox

Bob Emerick
| No. 23 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Guard/Tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | February 21, 1912
Stockton, California, U.S. |
| Died: | September 28, 2003(2003-09-28) (aged 91)
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 225 lb (102 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Miami (OH) |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Body image (neuroscience)

abstract: Body image is a complex construct, often used in the clinical context of describing a patient's cognitive perception of their own body. The medical concept began with the work of the Austrian neuropsychiatrist and psychoanalyst Paul Schilder, described in his book The Image and Appearance of the Human Body first published in 1935. The term "body image" was officially introduced by Schilder himself and his widely used definition is: “body image is the picture of our own body we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves”. In research with the term “body image” we currently refer to a conscious mental representation of one’s own body, which involves affects, attitudes, perceptual components and cognition. On the contrary, the term "body schema" was initially used to describe an unconscious body mental representation fundamental for action. Keizer and colleagues (2013) suggest the following definition: "[body schema is] an unconscious, sensorimotor, representation of the body that is invoked in action". In light of recent scientific developments regarding the multisensory integration of body sensations, the distinction between body image and body schema appears simplistic and probably no longer useful for scientific research and clinical purposes.

text:
# Body image (neuroscience)

**Body image** is a complex construct, often used in the clinical context of describing a patient's cognitive perception of their own body. The medical concept began with the work of the Austrian neuropsychiatrist and psychoanalyst Paul Schilder, described in his book *The Image and Appearance of the Human Body* first published in 1935. The term "body image" was officially introduced by Schilder himself and his widely used definition is: “body image is the picture of our own body we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves”. In research with the term “body image” we currently refer to a conscious mental representation of one’s own body, which involves affects, attitudes, perceptual components and cognition. On the contrary, the term "body schema" was initially used to describe an unconscious body mental representation fundamental for action. Keizer and colleagues (2013) suggest the following definition: "\[body schema is\] an unconscious, sensorimotor, representation of the body that is invoked in action". In light of recent scientific developments regarding the multisensory integration of body sensations, the distinction between body image and body schema appears simplistic and probably no longer useful for scientific research and clinical purposes.

## Clinical significance

In the clinical setting, body image disturbances are relatively frequent and involve both psychiatric and neurological disorders. Disturbances in the perception of one's body are present in psychiatric disorders such as:

Body image disorders are common in eating disorders and are referred to as "body image disturbance".

Disturbances in the body image are also present in neurological conditions such as:

### Measurements

Attempts by researchers to measure variances in body image include the **FAI index**, developed in a 2014 study (Zaccagni 2014). The FAI (feel-status minus actual-status inconsistency) index is used to assess someone's weight perception. FAI scores range from -3 to +3: Negative FAI values mean weight status underestimation, positive FAI values mean weight status overestimation and a FAI score of 0 means a realistic perception of one's weight status. The study found that women tend to have positive FAI values (overestimating their weight) while men had negative FAI values (underestimating their weight). Further studies have used the FAI index to study body image among natives and immigrants in Italy and North Africa.

Another study (Zaccagni 2020) developed a refined version of the FAI index, called the FAIFAT index. This index (feel-fat-status minus actual-fat-status inconsistency) was meant to address possible fat status perception inconsistencies by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).


title: Bob Hornery

abstract: Robert James Hornery was an Australian actor. He won both the Helpmann Awards and the Equity Awards lifetime achievement award, with a career spanning 60 years, in both Britain and Australia. He was well known for his ability to ad lib.

text:
# Bob Hornery

**Robert James Hornery** (28 May 1931 – 26 May 2015) was an Australian actor. He won both the Helpmann Awards and the Equity Awards lifetime achievement award, with a career spanning 60 years, in both Britain and Australia. He was well known for his ability to ad lib.

## Early life and education

Robert Hornery was born on 28 May 1931, in Randwick, New South Wales, to Edward Hornery, a sales rep, and his wife, Veronica (née Gallen). He appeared in plays at the local Catholic secondary school, Marcellin College. Upon leaving school, he worked as a booking clerk for Butler Airways. During this period, he also performed in revues with amateur companies.

## Career

### Theatre

Hornery started his career in theatre in 1949, and made his professional debut in 1953, when he played Eustace Smell, the town crier and sidekick, in a production of Jack and the Beanstalk, at Sydney's Capitol Theatre. As well as other stage roles, he appeared in the stage production of *The Importance of Being Earnest* as the Rev. Canon Chasuble. This ran from 1988 to 1992 and was televised by the ABC. He was particularly associated with the Melbourne Theatre Company, and with roles ranging from comic to the dramatic, including *The Elocution of Benjamin Franklin* and *A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum*.

### Screen

He also appeared in Australian film and television production including *Thunderstone* and guested in *Neighbours* as the father of Karl Kennedy, Tom Kennedy. He appeared in the television series *Doctor Who* and *Sapphire and Steel*. His film roles included *Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome* and *Crackerjack*.

## Personal life and death

In 1973, Hornery married Patricia Allen. They had a daughter, Jane. He died on 26 May 2015 after a long cancer illness, two days before his 84th birthday. He was survived by his wife, daughter and stepson, Max Allen.

## Filmography

### Film roles

## InfoBox

| Bob Hornery | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert James Hornery
28 May 1931 (1931-05-28)
Randwick, New South Wales |
| Died | 26 May 2015 (2015-05-27) (aged 83)
Melbourne, Australia |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1949-2012 |
| Known for | *Neighbours* as Tom Kennedy |