title: Raschau

abstract: Raschau is a former municipality in the district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2008, Raschau and Markersbach have formed the municipality Raschau-Markersbach.

text:
# Raschau

**Raschau** is a former municipality in the district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2008, Raschau and Markersbach have formed the municipality Raschau-Markersbach.

## Geography

### Location

Raschau is 3.5 kilometres east of the town of Schwarzenberg in the valley of the river Mittweida, which is also known as the *Raschauer Grund*.

The publisher August Schumann (Vollständiges Staats-, Post- und Zeitungs-Lexikon von Sachsen. Zwickau: Schumann, 1822, S. 758ff.) described the community's location in 1822 thus: “It lies, mostly surrounded by the Schwarzenberg *Amt* area, 2 hours south-southeast of Grünhayn, 34 to 1+14 hours east-southeast of Schwarzenberg, 1+12 to 2 hours west-southwest of Scheibenberg; on the Mittweide, which joins the Pöhl at the community’s lower end; along the new country road from Schwarzenberg to Annaberg; in a pleasant valley bordered on the north by the steep Raschauer Knochen, on the southeast by the gentler *Ziegenberg* (at which 100 years ago the mine founder Christian was active), to the southwest, however, owing to its meeting the Pöhl Valley, becomes a broad, charming and fruitful floodplain; the community’s elevation runs from 1450 to almost 1550 Parisian feet if one is looking from the lone houses; its length stretches to 58 of an hour, and its direction goes from west to east.”

### Geology and mining

Early in the 16th century, iron ore was found by the monks from the Grünhain Monastery at the *Emmlerfelsen*, which triggered the establishment of mining, foundries and ironworks in and around Raschau. By the end of the 17th century, other stone worthy of mining was found at the *Raschauer Knochen* (551 m), mainly tin ore, iron ore and gravel, and also small amounts of silver, whereupon new lodes began to be mined, although their yields were mostly only small. Only two of Raschau's pits brought rich deposits to light. The *Allerheiligen-Fundgrube* (“All Hallows Lode”) worked, besides silver, bismuth and cobalt ores, also gravel, which served as the basis for sulphur and vitriolic acid making. The *Seegen Gottes* (“God’s Blessing”) Lode brought up silver and tin ores.

### Neighbouring communities

Bordering communities are, in the north, Langenberg (although this has been amalgamated with Raschau since 1924), in the east Markersbach, in the south Pöhla and in the southwest Schwarzenberg's constituent community of Grünstädtel.

## History

### Historic overview

In 1240, Raschau had its first documentary mention when it was donated along with nine surrounding villages to the Grünhain Monastery. Raschau was settled, presumably by Main Frankish farmers somewhat earlier, perhaps in the second half of the 12th century. It was laid out as a typical forest homestead village (*Waldhufendorf*). The first mill must have appeared a short time later, for as early as 1240, today's *Süß-Mühle* is mentioned in a document. An ironworks in Raschau is mentioned for the first time in 1401. In the time of the Reformation came the first sources giving a glimpse of the villagers, and so in 1531, history records, besides 30 landowners, nine crofters and cottagers whose family names are still to be found in the village, among them Teubner, Neubert and Ficker.

The 17th century in Raschau was shaped by two catastrophes, the Thirty Years' War and the plague, which last beset the village in 1680.

In the time following this, Raschau developed itself quite well; besides the flourishing mining industry at the lodes around the community, there was also lace tatting and the population swelled considerably. In the first half of the 19th century it had reached 2,000. The second half of the same century was characterized by industrialization. The first cork factory in the village, founded in 1859 by Wilhelm Merkel, was a product of this era. The Schwarzenberg-to-Annaberg railway line, dedicated in 1889, stopped at the community, and ever more, Raschauers earned their living working in the factories. The village's 20th century history went much as it did in other villages in Saxony. The past several years have been characterized by emigration and joblessness.

### The Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War did not stop even at Raschau and its inhabitants. The village was especially badly stricken in the summer of 1632 when the later field marshal Heinrich von Holk invaded Saxony. On 20 August he reached Raschau with his troops and burnt down Enoch Pöckel's heirs’ ironworks estate, which lay in Mittweida's lower end, right on the boundary with Raschau. After the attack on the ironworks, Holk ordered his men to encircle the village. To this end, he ordered 300 horses on the Emmler, and two further groups with over 100 horses at the village's eastern and southern ends, to thwart – and kill – any farmers who tried to flee. Ore Mountain chronicler Christian Lehmann (de) reports fights between Holk's troops and Raschau and Markersbach inhabitants stretching from the ironworks to Unterscheibe over a “small mile”.

The church books from both villages give information about losses among the villages’ own ranks. In Raschau it was the carpenter Heinrich Bach, Martin Ruder and Paul Weichel as well as Thomas Ficker’s farmhand “all of whom one day, by the emperor’s rapacious warriors who invaded on 20 August, were mown down”. On 24 August 1632, all four were buried at Raschau's graveyard. That not all the dead could be buried right away is shown in another entry in the church book. Only on 18 September was the Raschauer Heinrich Händel “(who was also shot by the foe on 20 August and afterwards found dead on 17 September on the supply road near Crotendorff in the bushes by a cowherd)” buried.

Also as the war wore on, enemy soldiers kept cropping up in Raschau, and so on 5 August 1633 Caspar Merkel “who was shot down by the emperor’s rapacious soldiers in his herb garden” was buried. In 1640, Peter Weigel's wife Barbara and their daughter Margaretha died while fleeing into the woods from the invading Swedes as most of the villagers did. One froze on her flight, and the other was lost and her remains – “a few bones and clothing remnants” – were found only months later and buried. From these and other examples, the unbearable circumstances of this time are clear. Only in the late 17th century did Raschauers get back on their feet economically, recovering slowly from the war's aftermath.

### The Plague

After Holk's troops raided the village in 1632 there came the next year a further, much worse threat to the villagers. The year's first Plague death was Jacob Junghans. It was not, as commonly claimed, the retreating troops’ doing, but rather Jacob Junghans himself had brought the Black Death to town. He came back from a trip to Freiberg in March of that year and then died within three days. What followed was by far the village's worst ever epidemic. All together, by December, 33 people had died of the Plague; among them, whole families were wiped out. To thwart the epidemic's further spread, the dead were no longer buried at the graveyard, but rather in the woods.

The second wave of the Plague that beset Raschau in the 17th century reached the village in the autumn of 1640. It seems to have been brought by soldiers who stayed during the pullout in and around Raschau. This time 15 Raschauers died. Hans Weigel's family was the worst hit. After five of his children died within a fortnight, both he and his wife were then buried in early October.

There was one last outbreak of the Plague in the village in 1680. Within two months, 32 Raschauers died of it. Some of the dead were buried at the graveyard, others in the woods or on the meadow. To avoid being infected, neither the minister nor the gravedigger was willing to take on the job of burying the dead, often leaving the victims’ families to deal with the arrangements themselves. In the worst case, nobody was willing to bury the dead, and thus Euphrosina Neubert, who “died in the parish wood” on 23 September of that year, was “eaten by foxes and dogs”. In mid October, the Plague disappeared from Raschau as quickly as it had appeared.

### Religion

In the earliest centuries of settlement in the valley, the villagers had to go to Markersbach to attend church services. Even in Catholic times, however, Raschau must have acquired its own church, for in 1460, Raschau was described as a branch parish of Markersbach. As late as the early 16th century, the monks from the Grünhain Monastery were supplying church services before Raschau, in the course of the Reformation, acquired its own minister. The exact time when the Evangelical *Allerheiligenkirche* (“All Hallows’ Church”) arose is unknown. In 1925, 3,942 of the 3,777 inhabitants were adherents of the Lutheran faith, 26 were Catholic and 105 either held other beliefs or had none. Since 2001 Raschau has formed a parish with the *St.-Annen-Kirchgemeinde* (“Saint Anne’s Parish”) in Grünstädtel. Furthermore, since 2006, a sister church relationship has existed with the *St.-Barbara-Kirchgemeinde* in Markersbach. Raschau is also the local Evangelical Methodist Church region's namesake; this region includes Raschau, Markersbach and Scheibenberg. There is a Methodist church near the railway station.

### Population development

Population growth reached its peak in the 1960s with a figure of 6,283 in 1964. In 1990, there were only 5,181 inhabitants reported in Raschau (source: *Statistisches Landesamt*). Through the 1990s, the population figure once again fell sharply, so that by 2005, it had fallen by roughly one fifth of the 1990 figure, to 4,090 (*ibid.* ). This has become a trend, and in the middle term, the population's average age is set to rise markedly.

| Year Inhabitants Year Inhabitants  about 1200 22 farming families 1910 3,171  1531 30 hereditary property owners, 9 further household heads, 5 housemates 1939 3,972  1628 35 hereditary landowners, 15 crofters, 34 cottagers as well as "Juncker Rudolff von Schmertzing an langen bergk" 1946 3,955  1764 41 hereditary landowners, 12 crofters, 57 cottagers 1950 5,395  1807 104 hereditary landowners, crofters and cottagers 1964 6,283  1834 2,132 Inhabitants 1990 5,181  1871 2,268 2006 3,952 |
| --- |

### Industrialization

The offshoots of industrialization reached Raschau only in the second half of the 19th century. In 1859, Wilhelm Merkel founded Raschau's first factory, a cork factory that can still be recognized from a distance, empty and forsaken though it now is. Merkel began with only five workers, but the cork factory developed quickly under his successor, becoming the community's main employer. By 1888, there were 100 employees, and by 1913 there were 350 earning their livings by manufacturing cork.

In the 1880s Emil Freitag's wood grinding shop came into being, soon coming to specialize in cardboard making. Within a few years, the factory expanded into two new works, and later to other communities. The business survived both world wars as well as East Germany, and is still in business today under the name *Kartonagen Raschau*.

Raschau's connection to the Schwarzenberg-Annaberg railway line in 1889 fostered the establishment of further factories. By the turn of the century there were, alongside the aforesaid factories, also a case factory, a stucco factory, a paper covering factory, a machine factory, a locksmith’s shop and an engine works.

## Politics

### Mayor

Raschau’s chief mayor is Henry Solbrig (FWG Raschau), born in 1947, who was confirmed in office after receiving 97.2% of the vote in the mayoral election on 10 June 2001. No-one opposed his candidacy.

The town hall, which is today also the seat of the Raschau-Markersbach-Pöhla administrative community, was dedicated on 11 November 1907 under then mayor Max Jäger.

### Coat of arms

How the community’s arms came to be is not known with any certainty, as no source can be authenticated. However, the arms might be heraldically described thus: In gules a horse springing argent upon a three-knolled hill (*Dreiberg* in German heraldry) vert. Quite likely the arms refer to Raschau’s history as a farming village; however, it is also possible that the arms suggest a name origin of "Ross-Au" ("Ross" is a German word for “horse” or “steed”). This possibility, however, is deemed unlikely today.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Museums

Closely bound with Raschau's history is the village's oldest mill, which had a documentary mention as early as 1240. There are guided tours the year round, and once a year the mill is operated.

### Buildings

* "Allerheiligenkirche"
* farmhouses built in half-timbered style, the oldest from 1687.

### Education

The first report of a school in Raschau comes from the second half of the 16th century. The village's first teacher, Martin Mankrafft, could do no more than read and write. Whatever further development the educational landscape in Raschau underwent has hardly been researched. All that is known for sure is that, from the beginning, there was only ever one teacher. Only when the village's population began to swell markedly was the teacher in Raschau sent an assistant. Thus was the schoolteacher from Bernsbach, Immanuel Ficker active in Raschau for more than 50 years, being supported in his later years by a younger colleague from Hirschfeld. In 1836, there were a boys’ school and a girls’ school, in each of which one teacher had to teach classes with an average of more than 80 pupils. Since the two schoolhouses were no longer up to the task of handling the growing numbers of pupils, a third schoolhouse was procured in 1848 and the youngest pupils were to be taught by a newly hired third teacher. After the condition of the boys’ school no longer allowed for proper instruction in 1877, the construction of a new school was approved. This was built in 1883 and dedicated the following year. By the end of the century, Raschau counted five teachers who taught almost 600 pupils in all. In 1919 there were eight educators who nevertheless still had to manage enormous classes with 70 pupils. In the last few months of the Second World War, there was no more regular instruction. The schoolhouse had been taken over for quite a different purpose, namely to house refugees. On 1 September 1945, instruction provisionally began again. In the 1947–1948 school year, 13 new teachers, whose training had been fast-tracked for the occasion, were hired. In 1950, the Raschau elementary school was renamed *Erweiterte Oberschule Bertolt Brecht*. Through the 1950s, the school was continually expanded so that by 1958, a ten-class teaching system had been established. In 1973, the school was once again given a new name. It would now be called the *Clara-Zetkin-Oberschule*.

After many mineworkers began to convert their lodgings in the *Siedlung des Friedens* (“Peace Estate”) into family flats beginning in the 1950s, there arose the need for the estate's children to have their own school. This was first housed in a building whose use had until then been foreseen for Soviet military personnel and in the 1960s, owing to the ever-growing numbers of pupils, it was expanded. Finally, in the 1970s, a completely new school building was built, taking on its function in October 1973, and two years later being dubbed the *Paul-Blechschmidt-Oberschule*.

In the early 1990s, East Germany's school system was cast aside. Since then, the *Clara-Zetkin-Oberschule* has served as a primary school. The *Mittelschule Raschau* that had sprung from the former *Paul-Blechschmidt-Oberschule* was dissolved in the mid-2000s owing to low pupil numbers. Today's *Grundschule Raschau* is attended by pupils from Raschau, Langenberg and Markersbach.

## Famous people

### Sons and daughters of the community

On 20 March 1786, Dorothea Friederica Peck, the then Raschau minister's daughter, was buried at Raschau's churchyard. She had been involved with the later educator and theologian Gustav Friedrich Dinter, for in her gravestone inscription can be seen the words *Dinters Braut* (“Dinter’s bride”). Still today, the *Dinterkreuz* can be found in Raschau, a cross that commemorates Dinter, who died in 1839.

### Other celebrities connected with the community

## Further reading

* Siegfried Hübschmann: *Raschau. Vom Werden und Wachsen einer Gemeinde.* – published by the community council on the occasion of the 750th anniversary, Raschau 1990

## InfoBox

| Raschau | |
| --- | --- |
| Village of Raschau-Markersbach | |
|  | |
| Location of Raschau | |
| Raschau Raschau | |
| Coordinates: 50°32′N 12°50′E / 50.533°N 12.833°E / 50.533; 12.833 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony |
| District | Erzgebirgskreis |
| Town | Raschau-Markersbach |
| Subdivisions | 2 |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.20 km2 (8.19 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 429 m (1,407 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,948 |
| Density | 190/km2 (480/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 08352 |
| Dialling codes | 03774 |
| Vehicle registration | ERZ |
| Website | www.raschau.de |


title: Catholic education in Singapore

text:
# Catholic education in Singapore

The Catholic Church in Singapore has been extensively involved in the provision of education in Singapore. From the 19th century, the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest sector after government schools in Singapore, with more than 65 000 students. The Catholic Church has established kindergarten, primary, secondary and junior colleges educational institutions in Singapore.

## History

Roman Catholicism in Singapore has its roots from the Portuguese established Diocese of Malacca soon after Affonso de Albuquerque's conquest of Malacca in 1511. It is believed that there had been Portuguese missionaries operating out of Malacca in Singapore during the Portuguese period, 1511–1641, prior to the British conquest. Within a time span of several years, notable Catholic churches, such as the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd, were built. Missionary schools, notably Saint Joseph's Institution, were established and attended by Roman Catholics and non-Catholics (many of whom became converts).

Saint John's Institution (now known as Saint Joseph's Institution), was founded in 1852 as an all-boys Catholic school and is the first missionary establishment of the La Salle Brothers in Asia. The endeavour was initiated by Rev Fr Jean-Marie Beurel MEP, who offered six Brothers from Europe to start the school using a former chapel as premises. The school was known as St John's, but on 19 March 1855 (Feast of Saint Joseph), the cornerstone of a new school building was laid. From that date, the school has been known as Saint Joseph's Institution. The new central classroom block was completed in 1865, though further expansion of the facilities continued well into the 20th Century. The school had 426 students in 1900. This grew to almost 1200 in 1914, and 1600 in 1922. With the student population expanding, a temporary branch school was opened, which eventually led to the building of a second school – Saint Patrick's School, Singapore – in 1933. During the Japanese Occupation, the school was renamed to Bras Basah Road Boys' School. The Brothers were soon asked to 'resign'. The school and hostel were run along military lines. However, 3 weeks after the Japanese surrender, the Brothers returned and St Joseph's was re-opened and normal lessons resumed.

Noting the absence of an all-rounded Catholic education for girls, three French and an Irish sister led by Mother St Mathilde Raclot established the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus in 1854 at the corner of Bras Basah Road and Victoria Street (presently CHIJMES). Classes started at the school for fee paying students and orphans. The Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus was the second Catholic school and first all-girls Catholic school to be established in Singapore. Soon the number of pupils increased and the school became well-known. In 1894, there were 167 pupils. Ten years later, the enrolment had increased to 300. Secondary education began in 1905. Under Mother Hombeline, the expansion programme continued.

Under the Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel, seven institutions serving the youth of Singapore were founded, St. Gabriel's Secondary School, St. Gabriel's Primary School, Montfort Secondary School, Monfort Junior School, Assumption English School, Assumption Pathway School, and Boys Town. Much of the progress of the seven institutions can be attributed to the late Bro. Emmanuel, born Pierre Gaudette, who was dedicated to developing the institutions to give a quality of education that is unparalleled.

In a span of less than 100 years, more than 57 educational institutes from kindergarten to junior colleges were established in Singapore by Catholic missionaries from the La Salle Brothers, Sisters of the Holy Infant Jesus, Marist Brothers, and the Canossians.

## Administration and Funding

In Singapore, most Catholic schools are funded partially by the Ministry of Education, making them government aided. Teachers teaching in government aided Catholic schools in Singapore are trained and posted by the National Institute of Education and the Ministry of Education. Basic essentials such as tables, chairs, computers and whiteboard are provided by the Ministry of Education while the construction of the school building or building maintenance are paid for by the school through the Archdiocese of Singapore. Students enrolled in government aided Catholic schools are also subsidised by the government. All Singaporean students enrolled in Catholic schools in Singapore are required to sing the national anthem and recite the pledge, similar to government schools. While Catholic schools must adhere to the broad requirements of Singapore's secular education system, they are free to provide a "Catholic" education ethos, which includes the Catholic social teachings.

## Prestige

St Joseph's Institution, Catholic High School and CHIJ St Nicholas Girls' School are regarded as a few of the most prestigious schools in Singapore. These schools have produced top GCE "O" Level Students more than once. The cut off point for entrance to these schools are consistently high, catering to elite students.

Catholic High has produced 20 president's Scholars and numerous recipients of other scholarships. Many of its alumni are leaders in the public and private sectors. Catholic High is recognized as one of the top schools in Singapore, having been ranked in the Band 1 tables of the Ministry of Education school academic rankings. In 2008 it was awarded the School Distinction Award under the MOE Master Plan of Awards, which recognizes high-achieving schools with exemplary processes and practices.

St Joseph's Institution is also consistently ranked among the top secondary schools in Singapore. In September 2005, the school was one of the few in Singapore to be awarded the coveted School Distinction Award as part of the Ministry of Education's 2005 Masterplan Awards. It has been awarded the Best Practice Award for teaching and learning. SJI has received the Sustained Achievement Award for Sports and the Sustained Achievement Award for Uniformed Groups for the third and seventh consecutive year respectively. In 2008, the school was re-validated with the Singapore Quality Class Award, obtained, for the second time, the Best Practice Award (Teaching and Learning) and attained the Best Practice Award (Student All-Round Development) in the MOE External Validation exercise. The school received consecutive Sustained Achievement Awards in Academic Value-Added, Sports, Uniformed Groups and Fitness. In 2009, SJI was recognized by MOE with a pinnacle award - The School of Excellence Award. The School Excellence Award (SEA) recognises schools for their excellence in both education processes and outcomes. It is the highest and most prestigious award in the Masterplan of Awards framework in MOE, Singapore.

CHIJ St Nicholas' Girls' School is also considered one of the premier educational institutes in Singapore, ranking third in the list of top secondary girls' schools, and among the top 10 secondary schools in Singapore. SNGS has produced the top student for the GCE O' levels for 4 years in a row ( 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011).

Maris Stella High School is also doing well, being ranked in Band 3 in the 2011 school achievement tables based on the 2011 O level results, and is considered to be one of the top 20 secondary schools in Singapore.

Other Catholic schools of considerable prestige and quality, include St. Gabriel's Secondary School, St. Patrick's School, and Montfort Secondary School, where new, innovative methods of learning are being introduced. Despite such groundbreaking development, an all rounded Catholic education remains at the forefront.

## Alumni

Since the establishment of Catholic schools in Singapore, many prominent public figures have attended Catholic schools in Singapore. These prominent figures include politicians, businessman, sportsman, entertainers, academics among other occupations. In recent years, alumni of Catholic schools include Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Cabinet Minister Lim Swee Say, Supreme Court Judge, Chao Hick Tin and Actor Tay Ping Hui who graduated from Catholic High School. President Tony Tan, Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean, Former Cabinet Ministers, George Yeo and Mah Bow Tan and Entertainer Dick Lee who graduated from St Joseph's Institution. Alumnus from the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus includes Actress Jacintha Abisheganaden and Ambassador Chan Heng Chee. Lee Yi Shyan, Minister of State for Manpower and National Development, graduated from Maris Stella High School. Several leaders of the Catholic Church in Singapore including Archbishop William Goh, are alumni of the seven institutions of the Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel.

## List of Schools

Kindergartens | Primary | Secondary | Junior College | International | Vocational / Specialised Institutes

### Kindergartens

| Name | Area | Address | Website |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canossaville Preschool | Geylang | 1 Sallim Road, Singapore 387621 |  |
| Canossian Convent Kindergarten | Bukit Batok | 100 Jalan Merbok, Singapore 598454 |  |
| Catholic Kindergarten | Serangoon | 15 Flower Road, Singapore 549404 |  |
| Church of the Holy Trinity Kindergarten | Tampines | 20 Tampines Street 11, Singapore 529455 |  |
| Damien Centre Kindergarten | Queenstown | 1 Commonwealth Drive, Singapore 149603 |  |
| Good Shepherd Convent Kindergarten | Marine Parade | 25 Nallur Road, Singapore 456650 |  |
| Holy Family Kindergarten | Marine Parade | 6 Chapel Road, Singapore 429509 |  |
| Maris Stella Kindergarten | Queenstown | 49D Holland Road, Singapore 258852 |  |
| Marymount Kindergarten | Toa Payoh | 9 Toa Payoh Lorong 8, Singapore 319253 |  |
| Nativity Church Kindergarten | Hougang | 98 Hougang Avenue 8, Singapore 538791 |  |
| Our Lady Star of the Sea Childcare Centre | Yishun | 235 Yishun Street 21 #01-440, Singapore 760235 |  |
| St Anne’s Church Kindergarten | Sengkang | 66 Sengkang East Way, Singapore 548593 |  |
| St Anthony’s Childcare Centre | Woodlands | 331 Woodlands Avenue 1 #01-421, Singapore 730331 |  |
| St Francis of Assisi Kindergarten (Boon Lay) | Boon Lay | 200 Boon Lay Avenue, Singapore 649964 |  |
| St Francis of Assisi Kindergarten (Jurong West) | Jurong | 47 Jurong West Street 42, Singapore 649368 |  |
| St Francis Xavier Kindergarten | Serangoon | 63A Chartwell Drive Singapore 558758 |  |
| St Joseph’s Infant & Childcare Centre | Jurong | 36 Jurong West Street 24, Singapore 648141 |  |
| St Joseph’s Church Childcare Centre | Bukit Timah | 620 Upper Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 678116 |  |
| St Joseph’s Church Kindergarten | Bukit Timah | 600 Upper Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 679331 |  |
| St Vincent De Paul Kindergarten | Serangoon | Blk 536 Serangoon North Ave 4 #01-187, Singapore 550536 |  |

Kindergartens | Primary | Secondary | Junior College | International | Vocational / Specialised Institutes

### Primary schools

\<updated 20 July 2019\>

| Name | Gender | Area | Address | Website | Distinctive Programme |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canossa Catholic Primary School | co-ed | Geylang | 1 Sallim Road S387621 |  |  |
| Catholic High School (Primary) | boys | Bishan | 9 Bishan Street 22 S579767 |  | SAP & GEP |
| CHIJ Katong Primary School | girls | Bedok | 17 Martia Road S424821 |  |  |
| CHIJ Kellock | girls | Bukit Merah | 1 Bukit Teresa Road S099757 |  |  |
| CHIJ Our Lady of Good Counsel | girls | Serangoon | 2C Burghley Drive S558979 |  |  |
| CHIJ Our Lady of the Nativity | girls | Hougang | 1257 Upper Serangoon Road S534793 |  |  |
| CHIJ Our Lady Queen of Peace | girls | Bukit Panjang | 4 Chestnut Drive S679287 |  |  |
| CHIJ Primary (Toa Payoh) | girls | Toa Payoh | 628 Lorong 1 Toa Payoh S319765 |  |  |
| CHIJ St Nicholas Girls’ School (Primary) | girls | Ang Mo Kio | 501 Ang Mo Kio Street 13 S569405 |  | SAP |
| De La Salle School | co-ed | Choa Chu Kang | 11 Choa Chu Kang St 52 S689285 |  |  |
| Holy Innocents’ Primary School | co-ed | Hougang | 5 Lorong Low Koon S536451 |  | SAP |
| Maris Stella High School (Primary) | boys | Toa Payoh | 25 Mount Vernon Road S368051 |  | SAP |
| Marymount Convent School | girls | Toa Payoh | 20 Marymount Road S297754 |  |  |
| Montfort Junior School | boys | Hougang | 52 Hougang Avenue 8 S538786 |  |  |
|

#### Primary One Registration Ballot History

|  |  | Year 2019 | | | |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Annual Intake (Vacancies) | Phase 2B | Phase 2C | Phase 2CS | Phase 3 | Website | Distinctive Programme |
| Canossa Catholic Primary School | 120 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Catholic High School (Primary) | 240 | \< 1km | \< 1km | not applicable | not applicable |  | SAP & GEP |
| CHIJ Katong Primary School | 200 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| CHIJ Kellock | 200 |  |  |  | not applicable |  |  |
| CHIJ Our Lady of Good Counsel | 150 |  |  |  | not applicable |  |  |
| CHIJ Our Lady of the Nativity | 240 |  | PR \< 1km | not applicable | not applicable |  |  |
| CHIJ Our Lady Queen of Peace | 180 |  |  | \> 2km | not applicable |  |  |
| CHIJ Primary (Toa Payoh) | 210 | 1 - 2km | \< 1km | not applicable | not applicable |  |  |
| CHIJ St Nicholas Girls’ School (Primary) | 210 | \< 1km | \< 1km | not applicable | not applicable |  | SAP |
| De La Salle School | 240 |  | PR \< 1km | not applicable | not applicable |  |  |
| Holy Innocents’ Primary School | 270 | \> 2km | \< 1km | not applicable | not applicable |  | SAP |
| Maris Stella High School (Primary) | 270 |  | \< 1km | not applicable | not applicable |  | SAP |
| Marymount Convent School | 240 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Montfort Junior School | 120 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

If distance is indicated, it means Singapore Citizens residing within the specific distance from the school have to ballot for the specific Phase. Unless "PR" or Permanent Residents are indicated all data refers to Singapore Citizens. For more information on primary one registration visit this official website.

Kindergartens | Primary | Secondary | Junior College | International | Vocational / Specialised Institutes

### Secondary schools

\<updated 20 July 2019\>

| Name | Gender | Area | Address | Website | Academic Programme |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assumption English School | co-ed | Bukit Panjang | 622 Upper Bukit Timah Road S678117 |  | N(A), N(T), O |
| Catholic High School (Secondary) | boys | Bishan | 9 Bishan Street 22 S579767 |  | O, MUSIC, GEP, SAP & IP(A Level) |
| CHIJ Katong Convent | girls | Marine Parade | 346 Marine Terrace S449150 |  | N(A), N(T), O |
| CHIJ Secondary (Toa Payoh) | girls | Toa Payoh | 622 Upper Bukit Timah Road S678117 |  | O, ARTS, N(A), N(T) |
| CHIJ St Joseph’s Convent | girls | Sengkang | 62 Sengkang East Way S548595 |  | N(A), N(T), O |
| CHIJ St Nicholas Girls’ School | girls | Ang Mo Kio | 501 Ang Mo Kio Street 13 S569405 |  | O, MUSIC, SAP & IP(A Level) |
| CHIJ St Theresa’s Convent | girls | Bukit Merah | 160 Lower Delta Road S099138 |  | N(A), N(T), O |
| Hai Sing Catholic School | co-ed | Pasir Ris | 9 Pasir Ris Drive 6 S519421 |  | N(A), N(T), O |
| Holy Innocents’ High School | co-ed | Hougang | 1191 Upper Serangoon Road S534786 |  | N(A), N(T), O |
| Maris Stella High School | boys | Toa Payoh | 25 Mount Vernon Road S368051 |  | O, SAP |
| Montfort Secondary School | boys | Hougang | 50 Hougang Avenue 8 S538785 |  | N(A), N(T), O |

Kindergartens | Primary | Secondary | Junior College | International | Vocational / Specialised Institutes

### Junior colleges

### Vocational / Specialised Institutes


title: La Trinidad District

abstract: La Trinidad is a district of the Moravia canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica.

text:
# La Trinidad District

**La Trinidad** is a district of the Moravia canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica.

## History

La Trinidad was created on 24 March 1950 by Decreto Ejecutivo 32.

## Geography

La Trinidad has an area of 4.94 km2 and an elevation of 1,265 metres.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1927 | 445 |  |
| 1950 | 689 | +1.92% |
| 1963 | 1,548 | +6.42% |
| 1973 | 2,654 | +5.54% |
| 1984 | 5,616 | +7.05% |
| 2000 | 13,815 | +5.79% |
| 2011 | 19,767 | +3.31% |
| 2022 | 22,147 | +1.04% |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos
Centro Centroamericano de Población | | |

For the 2011 census, La Trinidad had a population of 19,767 inhabitants.

## Transportation

### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:

## InfoBox

| La Trinidad | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| La Trinidad district | |
| La TrinidadLa Trinidad district location in Costa Rica | |
| Coordinates: 9°58′49″N 84°02′11″W / 9.9803073°N 84.0365115°W / 9.9803073; -84.0365115 | |
| Country | Costa Rica |
| Province | San José |
| Canton | Moravia |
| Creation | 24 March 1950 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.94 km2 (1.91 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,265 m (4,150 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 19,767 |
| Density | 4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00 |
| Postal code | 11403 |


title: Łęczyce, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Łęczyce is a village in Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Łęczyce. It lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) west of Wejherowo and 56 km (35 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Łęczyce, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Łęczyce** \[wɛnˈt͡ʂɨt͡sɛ\] is a village in Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Łęczyce. It lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) west of Wejherowo and 56 km (35 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Łęczyce | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Church of Saint Anthony of Padua | |
| Łęczyce | |
| Coordinates: 54°35′21″N 17°51′39″E / 54.58917°N 17.86083°E / 54.58917; 17.86083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Wejherowo |
| Gmina | Łęczyce |
| Population | 1,990 |


title: Takanori An'yōji

abstract: Takanori An'yōji is a Japanese professional shogi player ranked 7-dan.

text:
# Takanori An'yōji

**Takanori An'yōji** (安用寺 孝功, *An'yōji Takanori*, August 30, 1974) is a Japanese professional shogi player ranked 7-dan.

## Early life and apprenticeship

An'yōji was born in Uji, Kyoto Prefecture on August 30, 1974. In 1988, he finished runner up in the 42nd Amateur Meijin Tournament as second-grade junior high school student, and then entered the Japan Shogi Association's apprentice school at the rank of 6-kyū under the guidance of shogi professional Nobuo Mori later that year. He was promoted to 1-dan in 1994 and obtained full professional status and the rank of 4-dan in October 1999 after finishing 2nd in the 25th 3-dan League with a record of 13 wins and 5 losses.

## Shogi professional

### Promotion history

An'yōji's promotion history is as follows:

* 6-kyū: 1998
* 1-dan: 1994
* 4-dan: October 1, 1999
* 5-dan: November 15, 2005
* 6-dan: February 10, 2009
* 7-dan: January 26, 2021

## InfoBox

| Takanori An'yōji | |
| --- | --- |
| Native name | 安用寺孝功 |
| Born | (1974-08-30) August 30, 1974 |
| Hometown | Uji |
| Career | |
| Achieved professional status | October 1, 1999(1999-10-01) (aged 25) |
| Badge Number | 234 |
| Rank | 7-dan |
| Teacher | Nobuo Mori (7-dan) |
| Meijin class | C2 |
| Ryūō class | 5 |
| Websites | |
| JSA profile page | |


title: Cadw

abstract: Cadw is the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and part of the Tourism and Culture group. Cadw works to protect the historic buildings and structures, the landscapes and heritage sites of Wales, to make them available for the public to visit, enjoy, and understand their significance. Cadw manages 127 state-owned properties and sites. It arranges events at its managed properties, provides lectures and teaching sessions, offers heritage walks, and hosts an online shop. Members of the public can become members of Cadw to gain membership privileges. Cadw marked its 40th year in 2024, by which time more than 33,000 properties, structures and monuments were under its care.

text:
# Cadw

**Cadw** (\[ˈkadu\], a Welsh verbal noun meaning "keeping/preserving") is the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and part of the Tourism and Culture group. Cadw works to protect the historic buildings and structures, the landscapes and heritage sites of Wales, to make them available for the public to visit, enjoy, and understand their significance. Cadw manages 127 state-owned properties and sites. It arranges events at its managed properties, provides lectures and teaching sessions, offers heritage walks, and hosts an online shop. Members of the public can become members of Cadw to gain membership privileges.

Cadw marked its 40th year in 2024, by which time more than 33,000 properties, structures and monuments were under its care.

## Aims and objectives

As the Welsh Government's historic environment service, Cadw is charged with protecting the historic environment of Wales, and making it accessible to members of the public. To this end, in 2010–11 it identified four aspects of its work: it would take measures to conserve the heritage of Wales, its ancient buildings, and monuments; it would aim to sustain the distinctive characters of the different landscapes and urban areas; it would try to help people understand and care about their country, their locality, its history, and Wales' place in the world; and it would aim to improve the wellbeing of people in Wales.

### Conservation and protection

Cadw is responsible for the care and upkeep of four World Heritage Sites in Wales: the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd, the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales, and the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape.

Many of these listed sites are in private ownership, but Cadw has a specific responsibility (as of 2022) for the care and upkeep of the 130 historic sites that are in state ownership, employing staff at 28 sites. Many of Wales' great castles and other monuments, such as bishop's palaces, historic houses, and ruined abbeys, are protected and maintained in this way, as well being opened to the public. Cadw has been appointed by the Welsh Government and is the successor body in Wales to the Ministry of Works.

Cadw also identifies (and develops the criteria for identification) of historical assets in Wales. In 2011 there were 29,936 listed buildings in Wales; of these, 493 were the most important Grade I listed buildings, 2,124 were Grade II\* and 27,319 were Grade II listed. Most of these were in private ownership. Also in Wales were 4,175 Scheduled Monuments, 6 Designated historic wrecks, and 523 Conservation Areas; these designations means that the buildings or objects concerned are protected by statute. A register of significant Welsh battlefield sites is also under preparation.

Cadw also provides support to other organisations with responsibility for understanding, conserving and interpreting the archaeology and cultural heritage of Wales. These include the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales which functions as an archive (around 90% of its funding comes from Welsh Government), and the Welsh Archaeological Trusts which are active in research, heritage management and supporting sustainable development across Wales (only 50% of their funding is from Cadw).

### Area character studies

There are 58 Historic Landscapes and 384 Historic parks and gardens in Wales. Cadw is also undertaking urban character studies of urban areas. Eight had been completed by September 2013. Combined with a register of buildings and ancient monuments at risk these aim to enable management decision making and grant allocation to strengthen the character of different areas.

### Care and operation

Cadw operates most of the heritage sites in its care and opens them to the public. In 2010–11 there were an estimated two million visits to Cadw properties. In some cases, these are major tourist attractions and offer tours of the monuments, exhibitions and display panels. Cadw also produces books and guidebooks on many of their properties. Many of the sites are unstaffed, free to access and have interpretation boards to explain their significance. Alongside this, a mobile app was released in 2016, which provides basic information for visitors as well as an interpretative aspect for larger sites.

The five most frequently visited properties in 2010–11 were Caernarfon Castle (192,695 visits), Conwy Castle (190,031 visits), Caerphilly Castle (94,707 visits), Harlech Castle (93,242 visits) and Beaumaris Castle (80,660 visits).

To provide a better context for the history of Wales, in 2010–11 Cadw was developing thematic 'All Wales Interpretation Plans', that could develop themes across numerous sites and localities. There were eight themes:-

* Origins and prehistory.
* Roman invasion and settlement.
* Celtic saints and pilgrimage.
* Churches, chapels and monastic landscapes.
* Castles and Princes of Medieval Wales.
* Artistic responses to the landscape.
* The Defence of the Realm – Pembrokeshire.
* Wales – the first industrial nation.

## Membership

Cadw Membership, formerly known as Heritage in Wales, gives the member free admission to all Cadw properties and World Heritage Sites in Wales for the length of their membership (annual or life). Other membership advantages are a free magazine (Heritage in Wales), reduced prices at the online gift shop and free entry to most Cadw-organised events. Cadw has also entered into reciprocal agreements with English Heritage, Historic Scotland and Manx National Heritage for free entry to the properties they manage.

## Events

Cadw organises events for adults and families. These include lectures, re-enactments of historical events, and training sessions for teachers, informing them on how to use visits to historic sites to help deliver literacy and numeracy skills and an appreciation of history.

Some 200 historical and cultural events a year are held. Cadw also provides work experience opportunities for young people, and sandwich courses for undergraduates.

Every autumn since 2014 CADW has held an Open Doors festival, with sites, buildings (and parts of buildings) being made accessible which are not normally open to the public. Though funded and organised by CADW, the event includes many non-CADW sites and generally takes place in September.

## Equivalent organisations

Equivalent organisations in other parts of the United Kingdom are:

## InfoBox

Cadw
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|
 | |
| Service overview | |
| Formed | October 1984 |
| Jurisdiction | Wales |
| Headquarters | * Tŷ’r Afon * Bedwas Road * Caerphilly CF83 8WT
51°35′19″N 3°12′22″W / 51.58874412500994°N 3.2062031798064234°W / 51.58874412500994; -3.2062031798064234 |
| Employees | 250 |
| Minister responsible | * Dawn Bowden, Deputy Minister for Culture, Sport and Tourism |
| Service executive | * Gwilym Hughes, Head of Cadw |
| Parent department | Directorate of Culture, Sport and Tourism |
| Website | cadw.gov.wales |
| Map | |
| Map of Wales | |
|  | |


title: Carlos Silva (hurdler)

abstract: Carlos Alberto da Silva is a retired Portuguese athlete who specialized in the 400 metres hurdles. He finished fourth at the 1998 European Championships. He also competed at the 1994 European Championships in Athletics, the 1995 World Championships, the 1996 Olympic Games, the 1999 World Championships and the 2002 European Championships without reaching the final. His personal best time was 48.77 seconds, achieved in August 1999 in Zürich. During the indoor season he competed in the 400 metres. He finished fifth at the 1995 World Indoor Championships and at the 1998 European Indoor Championships. His personal best time was 46.11 seconds, achieved in May 1996 in Lisboa.

text:
# Carlos Silva (hurdler)

**Carlos Alberto da Silva** (born 8 June 1974) is a retired Portuguese athlete who specialized in the 400 metres hurdles.

He finished fourth at the 1998 European Championships. He also competed at the 1994 European Championships in Athletics, the 1995 World Championships, the 1996 Olympic Games, the 1999 World Championships and the 2002 European Championships without reaching the final. His personal best time was 48.77 seconds, achieved in August 1999 in Zürich.

During the indoor season he competed in the 400 metres. He finished fifth at the 1995 World Indoor Championships and at the 1998 European Indoor Championships. His personal best time was 46.11 seconds, achieved in May 1996 in Lisboa.


title: Raskenstam

abstract: Raskenstam is a 1983 Swedish comedy film directed by Gunnar Hellström. The film is based on the life of serial womanizer Gustaf Raskenstam, 1901-1969, who seduced more than 130 women for financial gain in the 1930s and 1940s and was sentenced to prison twice for fraud and theft. The script was written by Birgitta Stenberg, who subsequently re-worked it into a novel with the same title. The film was criticised by some contemporary reviewers for showing events from Raskenstam's perspective and not empathising with his victims.

text:
# Raskenstam

***Raskenstam*** is a 1983 Swedish comedy film directed by Gunnar Hellström. The film is based on the life of serial womanizer Gustaf Raskenstam (Anders Gustaf Eriksson), 1901-1969, who seduced more than 130 women for financial gain in the 1930s and 1940s and was sentenced to prison twice for fraud and theft.

The script was written by Birgitta Stenberg, who subsequently re-worked it into a novel with the same title. The film was criticised by some contemporary reviewers for showing events from Raskenstam's perspective and not empathising with his victims.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Raskenstam | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Gunnar Hellström |
| Written by | Birgitta Stenberg |
| Starring | Gunnar Hellström |
| Release date | * 19 August 1983 (1983-08-19) |
| Running time | 109 minutes |
| Country | Sweden |
| Language | Swedish |


title: Shangshuijing station

abstract: Shangshuijing station, is a station of Shenzhen Metro Line 5. It opened on 22 June 2011. It is located at a hillside west to Jihua Road, Buji Sub-district, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China.

text:
# Shangshuijing station

**Shangshuijing station** (Chinese: 上水径; pinyin: *Shàngshuǐjìng Zhàn*; lit. '**Upper Water Path station**'), is a station of Shenzhen Metro Line 5. It opened on 22 June 2011. It is located at a hillside west to Jihua Road, Buji Sub-district, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China.

## Station layout

| **G** | - | Exit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1F
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| **B2F
Platforms** | Platform **1** | Line 5 towards Chiwan (Yangmei) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Platform **2** | Line 5 towards Huangbeiling (Xiashuijing) |

## Exits

| Exit | Destination |
| --- | --- |
| Exit A | Reserved Exit |
| Exit B | Reserved Exit |
| Exit C | Jihua Road, Longgang Bus Co. Ltd., Shenzhen Bus Group, Shidai School, Ai'ai School, Deqinchuang Industry, Shuijing School, Shenzhen Shangshuijing Co. Ltd., Lihu Garden, Zhonghai Yicui |
| Exit D | Lianluo Road (W) |
| Exit E | Reserved Exit |

22°37′21″N 114°6′6″E / 22.62250°N 114.10167°E / 22.62250; 114.10167

## InfoBox

| Shangshuijing
上水径 | |
| --- | --- |
| Shangshuijing Station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong
China |
| Operated by | SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group) |
| Line(s) | Line 5 |
| History | |
| Opened | 22 June 2011 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Shenzhen Metro Following station  Xiashuijingtowards Huangbeiling  Line 5  Yangmeitowards Chiwan | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: La Trice Classic

abstract: The La Trice Classic is a Perth Racing Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares that are three-year-olds and older, held under set weights with penalties conditions over 1800 metres, held at Ascot Racecourse in Perth, Western Australia each year in January. Prize money is A$150,000.

text:
# La Trice Classic

The **La Trice Classic** is a Perth Racing Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares that are three-year-olds and older, held under set weights with penalties conditions over 1800 metres, held at Ascot Racecourse in Perth, Western Australia each year in January. Prize money is A$150,000.

## History

The race is named in honour of La Trice, a Western Australian mare who was the first horse to win the Karrakatta Plate and Railway Stakes double in 1967/68. She also won consecutive Winterbottom Stakes in 1970/71.

Since 2011 the race is run on Perth Cup race meeting card.

### Grade

* prior 2014 - Listed race
* 2014 onwards - Group 3

## Winners

* 2023 - Alsephina
* 2022 - Beret
* 2021 - Dance Music
* 2020 - Perfect Jewel
* 2019 - Celebrity Dream
* 2018 - I'm Feeling Lucky
* 2016 *(Dec)* \- Cosmic Storm
* 2016 *(Jan)* \- Ideal Image
* 2015 - Vampi Lass
* 2014 - Elite Belle
* 2013 - Mabel Grace
* 2012 - *race not held*
* 2011 - Rosie Rocket
* 2010 - Tranquility
* 2009 - Impressive Jeuney
* 2008 *(Dec)* \- Sky Drama
* 2008 *(Jan)* \- Russian Playmate
* 2007 - Keyton Grace
* 2006 - Belle Bizarre
* 2005 - Urban Chill
* 2004 - Kentiara
* 2003 - Fortune Streak

## InfoBox

La Trice Classic
| Group 3 race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Ascot Racecourse |
| Inaugurated | 2003 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred |
| Sponsor | Mrs Mac's (2022) |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1,800 metres |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Left-handed |
| Qualification | Fillies and mares three year old and older |
| Weight | Set weights with penalties |
| Purse | A$150,000 (2022) |


title: The Exploits of Moominpappa

abstract: The Exploits of Moominpappa, first published in 1950 and then considerably revised in 1968 under the title Moominpappa's Memoirs, is the fourth book in the Moomin series by Tove Jansson. The story found in this book is mentioned in the previous Moomin books, as Moominpappa writes his memoirs in those stories. Unlike Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll, both versions of the novel were translated into English. Exploits of Moominpappa forms the basis of episodes 62, 63 and 64 in the 1990 TV series.

text:
# The Exploits of Moominpappa

***The Exploits of Moominpappa***, first published in 1950 and then considerably revised in 1968 under the title ***Moominpappa's Memoirs***, is the fourth book in the Moomin series by Tove Jansson. The story found in this book is mentioned in the previous Moomin books, as Moominpappa writes his memoirs in those stories. Unlike *Comet in Moominland* and *Finn Family Moomintroll*, both versions of the novel were translated into English. *Exploits of Moominpappa* forms the basis of episodes 62, 63 and 64 in the 1990 TV series.

## Plot

Moominpappa has written his autobiography of his amazing life, and he tells it to his son Moomintroll, and to Moomintroll's friends, Sniff and Snufkin. In his tale, he at first was left at an orphanage, but after finding it boring and disliking the strict headmistress Hemulen, he leaves and meets a new friend, Hodgkin.

Hodgkin and Moominpappa meet the Joxter (Snufkin's father) and the Muddler (Sniff's father). Together they build a boat, in which to live. They fool the enormous Edward the Booble into helping to set the ship off. After realising their trickery he becomes very angry, but they sail away. They rescue a Hemulen from being eaten by the Groke, however the Hemulen is very bossy, and soon they abandon her with the Niblings. One young Nibling stows aboard their ship, and travels with them.

They eventually reach a far away land, where they meet the Mymble family. The Mymble's daughter befriends them and together they go to Daddy Jones (the King's) 100th birthday party where they all win prizes. They then set up new homes on an island, however are spooked by the island ghost. They manage to make a deal with the ghost, and they befriend him. Meanwhile, Hodgkins has designed the Amphibian – a sort of land/sea ship for Daddy Jones. On its maiden voyage, it is attacked by a giant fish, but they are saved when Edward the Booble steps on the fish.

The Muddler then marries the Fuzzy, and Moominpappa rescues another Moomin and her handbag from the sea. She turns out to be Moominmamma. The story ends, and links chronologically with The Moomins and the Great Flood.

In the epilogue that follows the story, there's a knock at the door and the Moomin family is surprised to see Hodgkins, the Joxter, the Mymble and her children, the Muddler, and the Fuzzy. After a joyous reunion on their verandah, Hodgkins announces he has brought the Amphibian with them and proposes that all of them go on another adventure in it.

## Revised version

Similarly to *Comet in Moominland*, Jansson made changes to the manuscript after its publication. The first version of *The Exploits of Moominpappa* was published in Swedish in 1950, and became the basis for some translations, including the first English translation. The final revised version was published in 1968, under a new title, *Moominpappa's Memoirs* (which was Jansson's preferred title for the original manuscript). The revised version and its new title became the basis for many subsequent translations. *Moominpappa's Memoirs* contains numerous edits and revisions, which include:

* A new, third-person narrative prologue, which opens in the Moominvalley: when the Moomins discuss mysterious trinkets from Moominpappa's past, he realizes that only he knows the actual history of the relics. This inspires him to write down his memoirs. Moominpappa also suggests that once the readers complete reading his memoirs, they should start reading them again.
* Several scenes, particularly Moominpappa's initial encounters with the characters (such as the Joxter) are expanded. The encounter between Moominpappa and the hedgehog is notably longer: it ends with Moominpappa inviting the hedgehog to his newly constructed house, before realizing that the house has only been built in his thoughts. Moominpappa, originally ashamed of the incident, eventually concludes that it was an early indication of his powerful imagination.
* The scene at the bottom of the sea is edited to appear scarier and more mysterious. Instead of conversing with one another and discussing the submarine, the deep sea fish flee in terror, and quietly warn the adventurers about an approaching danger: the Sea Hound, a giant, predatory aquatic monster with the head of a dog.
* More illustrations (e.g. of the Sea Hound) have been added throughout the text.

## Adaptations

The 1977-1982 animated, stop-motion Polish TV series, *The Moomins* adapted the novel into 9 episodes. The screenplay, supervised by Tove Jansson, followed the book closely, with a few minor changes and additions (for instance, more scenes are set in the Hemulen orphanage, which houses not only little Moomins).

## Reception

The book received positive reviews from critics.

Kirkus Reviews wrote, "Moominpappa's memoir is charming, his self-consciously formal language a delight. Completely winning."

## InfoBox

The Exploits of Moominpappa
(Moominpappa's Memoirs)
| First edition (1950) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tove Jansson |
| Original title | *Muminpappans Bravader Skrivna av Honom Själv (1950)<br>Muminpappans memoarer (1968)* |
| Translator | Thomas Warburton |
| Language | Swedish |
| Series | Moomins |
| Genre | Children's novel |
| Publication date | 1950 |
| Publication place | Finland |
| Published in English | 1969 |
| Pages | 135 |
| ISBN | 0-14-030323-5 (English) |
| OCLC | 51482720 |
| Preceded by | *Finn Family Moomintroll* |
| Followed by | *Moominsummer Madness* |


title: Darcy Macpherson

abstract: Darcy Macpherson is a former proffesionnal Australian rules footballer who played for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is the son of former Footscray player, Stephen Macpherson. He was drafted by the Gold Coast Football Club with their second selection and twenty-first overall in the 2016 rookie draft. He made his debut in the seventy-three point loss against Melbourne in round 7, 2016 at Metricon Stadium.

text:
# Darcy Macpherson

**Darcy Macpherson** (born 29 October 1997) is a former proffesionnal Australian rules footballer who played for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is the son of former Footscray player, Stephen Macpherson. He was drafted by the Gold Coast Football Club with their second selection and twenty-first overall in the 2016 rookie draft. He made his debut in the seventy-three point loss against Melbourne in round 7, 2016 at Metricon Stadium.

## Statistics

Statistics are correct to the end of 2024

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T |
| 2016 | Gold Coast | 44 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 24 | 23 | 47 | 8 | 22 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 11.8 | 2.0 | 5.5 |
| 2017 | Gold Coast | 44 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 47 | 47 | 94 | 27 | 25 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 3.4 | 3.1 |
| 2018 | Gold Coast | 44 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 54 | 16 | 70 | 16 | 27 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 10.8 | 3.2 | 14.0 | 3.2 | 5.4 |
| 2019 | Gold Coast | 44 | 22 | 12 | 9 | 262 | 149 | 411 | 91 | 134 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 11.9 | 6.8 | 18.7 | 4.1 | 6.1 |
| 2020 | Gold Coast | 44 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 80 | 58 | 138 | 26 | 33 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 2.8 |
| 2021 | Gold Coast | 44 | 11 | 1 | 6 | 98 | 60 | 158 | 48 | 43 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 8.9 | 5.5 | 14.4 | 4.4 | 3.9 |
| 2022 | Gold Coast | 44 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 66 | 40 | 106 | 24 | 25 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 10.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
| 2023 | Gold Coast | 44 | 23 | 3 | 2 | 306 | 135 | 441 | 128 | 48 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 13.3 | 5.9 | 19.2 | 5.6 | 2.1 |
| 2024 | Gold Coast | 44 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
| Career | | | 97 | 29 | 25 | 938 | 530 | 1468 | 368 | 358 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 9.7 | 5.5 | 15.1 | 3.8 | 3.7 |

1. Twomey, Callum (27 October 2015). "Dogs pass on nominating father-son prospect Darcy Macpherson". *AFL.com.au*. Bigpond. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
2. Davis, Greg (20 February 2016). "Darcy Macpherson short odds to be rookie star". *The Courier Mail*. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
3. Boswell, Tom (5 May 2016). "Darcy Macpherson to use Suns debut to show Bulldogs what they overlooked". *Gold Coast Bulletin*. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
4. "Darcy Macpherson". *AFLTables*. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

## InfoBox

| Darcy Macpherson | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Macpherson playing for Gold Coast in May 2017 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Nickname(s) | Darca | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-10-29) 29 October 1997 | | |
| Original team(s) | Northern Knights (TAC Cup) | | |
| Draft | No. 21, 2016 rookie draft | | |
| Debut | Round 7, 2016, Gold Coast vs. Melbourne, at Metricon Stadium | | |
| Height | 174 cm (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Gold Coast | | |
| Number | 44 | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 20162024 | Gold Coast | 97 (29) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2024. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Reedy Creek, Queensland

abstract: Reedy Creek is a suburb in the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Reedy Creek had a population of 7,412 people.

text:
# Reedy Creek, Queensland

**Reedy Creek** is a suburb in the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Reedy Creek had a population of 7,412 people.

## Geography

Located in the hinterland towards the southern end of the city, Reedy Creek is a developing residential area.

The elevation rises from 10 metres (33 ft) above sea level in the north of the suburb to over 190 metres (620 ft) in the south of the suburb at the end of Abbey Ridge Road. Reedy Creek rises in the south of the suburb and flows through it, exiting it to the north-east under the M1 into Varsity Lakes.

The land use is predominantly residential with the school facilities in the north of the suburb closer to the M1. Due to the hilly terrain and the creeks that flow through it, there is some undeveloped land.

## History

King's Christian College opened its first campus in Reedy Creek on 1 February 1980. It opened its second campus at Pimpama in 2015 and their third campus opened in Chambers Flat in 2020.

Gold Coast Seventh Day Adventist School opened on 29 January 1982. It was subsequently renamed Gold Coast Christian College.

Hillcrest Christian College opened on 2 February 1982.

In 2000, the Palm Beach Baptist congregation built Reedy Creek Baptist Church at 10 Genvale Road to replace their Palm Beach church. The Palm Beach Baptist Church opened on Saturday 8 December 1928. It was the first church opened in Palm Beach. It was in Ninth Avenue. In 1969 the original building was demolished and replaced with a brick building. In 2000 the Palm Beach site was sold.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Reedy Creek had a population of 6,659 people.

In the 2021 census, Reedy Creek had a population of 7,412 people.

## Education

King's Christian College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 68 Gemvale Road (28°05′50″S 153°23′50″E / 28.0972°S 153.3972°E / -28.0972; 153.3972 (King's Christian College)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 2,175 students with 159 teachers (139 full-time equivalent) and 146 non-teaching staff (113 full-time equivalent).

Gold Coast Christian College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 7-9 Bridgman Drive (28°06′13″S 153°24′01″E / 28.1037°S 153.4002°E / -28.1037; 153.4002 (Gold Coast Christian College)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 253 students with 21 teachers (19 full-time equivalent) and 12 non-teaching staff (8 full-time equivalent).

Hillcrest Christian College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 21 Bridgman Drive (28°06′12″S 153°23′51″E / 28.1032°S 153.3976°E / -28.1032; 153.3976 (Hillcrest Christian College)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 1,348 students with 106 teachers (99 full-time equivalent) and 89 non-teaching staff (71 full-time equivalent).

There are no government schools in Reedy Creek. The nearest government primary school is Clover Hill State School in neighbouring Mudgeeraba. The nearest government secondary school is Robina State High School in Robina to the north.

## Transport

The suburb is bounded to the north-east by the Pacific Motorway (M1), to the east by Old Coach Road, then follows the ridgeline around to the north-west and then loosely follows Eden View Drive back to the M1.

In 2009, the Gold Coast railway line was extended to Varsity Lakes located on the eastern side of the Pacific Motorway, with a four lane bridge and pedestrian overpass linking it with Reedy Creek.

* "Reedy Creek". *Queensland Places*. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.

## InfoBox

| Reedy Creek
Gold Coast, Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Asperia Street, 2015 | |
| Reedy Creek | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 28°06′52″S 153°24′12″E / 28.1144°S 153.4033°E / -28.1144; 153.4033 |
| Population | 7,412 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 1,158/km2 (3,000/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4227 |
| Elevation | 115 m (377 ft) |
| Area | 6.4 km2 (2.5 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | City of Gold Coast |
| State electorate(s) | Mudgeeraba |
| Federal division(s) | McPherson |
| **Suburbs around Reedy Creek:**  Mudgeeraba Varsity Lakes Burleigh Heads  Bonogin Reedy Creek Burleigh Heads  Bonogin Tallebudgera Valley Tallebudgera Valley | |


title: Caboolture River

abstract: The Caboolture River is a small river in South East Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Caboolture River

The **Caboolture River** is a small river in South East Queensland, Australia.

## Location and features

Formed by runoff from the D'Aguilar Range, the Caboolture River rises below Campbells Pocket near Ocean View and flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries and flowing through Rocksberg, Caboolture and Morayfield before entering Deception Bay, part of Moreton Bay, south of Beachmere. The river descends 262 metres (860 ft) over its 46-kilometre (29 mi) course.

The catchment area covers 468 square kilometres (181 sq mi). There are no dams on the waterway, except for a weir and the only major crossing is the Bruce Highway bridge. The Caboolture River is tidal for 19 kilometres (12 mi) upstream to the Caboolture Weir. At the river mouth a sand bar reduces the impact of tidal energy.

Increased urbanisation in the catchment is posing a significant environmental threat to the river, particularly land clearing which is fragmenting pockets of forest. In the upper reaches this has led to stormwater and sewerage runoff that has created significant nutrient and sediment loads. Except for mangrove forests near the river's mouth most of the riparian vegetation has been cleared. An upgrade at the Caboolture Sewerage Treatment plant has reduced some pollution impacts.

Upper parts of the catchment are protected with the D'Aguilar National Park. Lower parts of the river are within the Moreton Bay Marine Park.

Together with the Pine River and its tributaries, the Caboolture River is subject to episodes of flash flooding which can cause significant damage to public and private property throughout the catchment. Significant flood events with major flooding were reported in 1967, 1972, 1974, 1989, 1991, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015.

## History

The Kabi indigenous people are the traditional custodians of the Caboolture River catchment area. The name *Kabultur* is derived from the Yugarabul dialect meaning "place of the carpet snake". The Kabi people harvested bush food, fresh water mussels, oysters, fish, and some game animals, moving around the land to take best advantage of seasonally-available produce.

Because of the numerous shoals at its mouth the explorer John Oxley originally named the waterway the **Deception River** in 1823. The Caboolture River has been used to transport red cedar timber via raft from Mount Mee to Deception Bay.

## InfoBox

| Caboolture | |
| --- | --- |
| Railway Bridge over the Caboolture River, 1907 | |
| Location of the Caboolture River mouth in Queensland | |
| Etymology | Kabi Yugarabul dialect: Derived *Kabultur* to Caboolture, meaning "place of the carpet snake". |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | Queensland |
| Region | South East Queensland |
| Local government area | City of Moreton Bay |
| City | Caboolture |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | D'Aguilar Range |
| location | below Campbells Pocket |
| coordinates | 27°7′32″S 152°48′20″E / 27.12556°S 152.80556°E / -27.12556; 152.80556 |
| elevation | 262 m (860 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Deception Bay, Moreton Bay |
| location | south of Beachmere |
| coordinates | 27°09′09″S 153°02′48″E / 27.15250°S 153.04667°E / -27.15250; 153.04667 |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 46 km (29 mi) |
| Basin size | 468 km2 (181 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Wararba Creek, Lagoon Creek |
| National park | D'Aguilar National Park |
|  | |


title: Champis, Ardèche

abstract: Champis is a commune of the Ardèche department in southern France.

text:
# Champis, Ardèche

**Champis** is a commune of the Ardèche department in southern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 425 |  |
| 1968 | 488 | +14.8% |
| 1975 | 420 | −13.9% |
| 1982 | 332 | −21.0% |
| 1990 | 407 | +22.6% |
| 1999 | 442 | +8.6% |
| 2008 | 567 | +28.3% |

## InfoBox

| Champis | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Champis | |
| Location of Champis | |
| ChampisChampis | |
| Coordinates: 44°57′39″N 4°44′03″E / 44.9608°N 4.7342°E / 44.9608; 4.7342 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Ardèche |
| Arrondissement | Tournon-sur-Rhône |
| Canton | Haut-Vivarais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Denis Dupin |
| Area**1** | 16.34 km2 (6.31 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 637 |
| Density | 39/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 07052 /07440 |
| Elevation | 346–652 m (1,135–2,139 ft)
(avg. 550 m or 1,800 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rathscafé (Bremen)

abstract: The old Rathscafé, now named Deutsches Haus, is a listed building on the market place (Marktplatz) in Bremen. It is part of the monument ensemble No. 1–21.

text:
# Rathscafé (Bremen)

The old **Rathscafé** (Town Council Café), now named **Deutsches Haus**, is a listed building on the market place (*Marktplatz*) in Bremen. It is part of the monument ensemble No. 1–21.

## History

In the Middle Ages, a municipal wine-house was situated on the corner of Bremer Marktplatz/Liebfrauenkirchhof and Obernstrasse. Later on, the building was redecorated with a Renaissance gable. Until the 17th century, the building was used as a wine warehouse. Later on it passed into private ownership and was remodeled on several occasions. In 1900, it was used as a lingerie store. Thereafter, it was purchased by the city and demolished to provide space for a new building.

### Rathscafé

As the building was situated in the immediate neighbourhood of the Town Hall, it was decided to launch an architectural competition to attract bids for its reconstruction from throughout Germany. The competition was won by the young Bremen architect Rudolf Jacobs. In accordance with his designs, it was reconstructed between 1909 and 1911 as a four-storey building with a saddle roof on the Marktplatz which at that time was called Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz. Jacobs succeeded in creating a building which attracted expert attention. The building is an important component of the area's development given its relationship to the Marktplatz itself as well as to Unser-Lieben-Frauen-Kirchhof, the cemetery located opposite.

Built in the early 20th century, the building was inspired by the Heimatschutzarchitektur and Reformarchitektur trends, common in Germany at the time. Documenting the art and culture of the old town, the group of three gabled houses is decorated both outside and inside with items from excavations, collections and acquisitions. They include the freestone gable decorations, the 18th-century oriel windows, the portals and, inside the building, the 18th-century hallways.

### Deutsches Haus

The corner house which had been destroyed during the Second World War was rebuilt by the construction firm Paul Kossel in accordance with the plans of the architect Herbert Anker, closely in line with the original building. After reconstruction, the former Rathscafé received the name of Deutsches Haus. Destruction and reconstruction are the central theme of the sandstone reliefs. The interior was changed more extensively in 1956 except for the hall of the house on the corner of Hakenstrasse which remained unchanged. It was fitted with a hall from the Stövesandt House on the Geeren, maintaining its original staircases, doors and parapets with their Acanthus carvings, all from 1740.

The rooms which previously were called „Marktdielen” (market hallways) were now called „Bürgerstuben” (citizens' rooms) whereas some rooms maintained the name of „Rathsstuben” (council rooms). The „Deutsche Bruderhilfe” (an organisation that distributed West German donations to the citizens of the German Democratic Republic) had its office in the building. In 1995, the group of buildings to which the „Haus am Markt” belonged was completely revitalised by the Bremen architect Christian Bockholt (office BPG). The restaurant rooms in the upper floor which were no longer needed were converted, inter alia, into office floorspaces and apartments. The rooms of „Industrie-Club Bremen e.V.” were renewed at that time and completely modernised, once again, in 2008. The building belongs to the Körber-foundation since 2007. The restaurant at the lower floor houses the restaurant „Beck's am Markt”.

An Inscription in large letters

„Remember the brothers bearing the fate of our separation”,

admonishing words of Wilhelm Kaisen, was attached to the market side in 1955. In March 2011, the inscription was given as a loan for one year to an exhibition in the Haus der Geschichte (house of history) in Bonn.

The coat of arms at the gable is a reproduction of an old original sculpture of the Bremen State Great Coat of Arms at the Rickmers' estate in Horn.

### Reused Components of other buildings

The following components of other demolished houses of Bremen citizens were reused at the Rathscafé: the late Renaissance front gate of about 1660 from Hakenstrasse 1 was used in 1909; at the market side, the oriel windows of the houses Tiefer No. 35 (right side) and Hinterm Schütting No. 8 (left side); the oriel of the corner house Pelzerstrasse No. 6 and Brill no. 8; the oriels of the middle house of Balgebrückstrasse No. 33; the gable of the corner house of Hakenstrasse was taken from Wachtstrasse No. 17 after the said house had been demolished in 1894.

## Monument protection

In 1973, the Rathscafé, today named Deutsches Haus, was designated a historic monument. The building ensemble at the north side of the market place consists of four buildings, from right to left:

* No. 1 Rathscafé/Deutsches Haus, 1908-1911 and 1951-1956
* No. 9 Haus zum Jonas, 1600 and 1963
* No. 11 Raths-Apotheke, 1893-1894 and 1959-1960
* No. 12 Haus der Stadtsparkasse, 1755 and 1957-1958

## Further reading

* Schwarzwälder, Herbert (2003). *Das Große Bremen-Lexikon* (in German). Edition Temmen. ISBN 3-86108-693-X.
* S.D. Gallwitz: *Eine Neuschöpfung in Bremens historischem Städtebild*. In: *Deutsche Bauhütte* 14 von 1910.
* Volker Plagemann und Eberhard Syring: *Rathscafé und Deutsches Haus: zum Umgang mit der Bremer Altzeit*, (Bremer Zentrum für Baukultur, Schriftenreihe Bd. 10), Bremen 2009 (166 Seiten, 140 Abb.). ISBN 978-3-939401-64-3.
* *Ratscafé in Bremen, Marktplatz*. In: *Der Baumeister* 9 von 1911
* Georg Dehio (Hg.): *Bremen/Niedersachsen*, Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1977.

53°4′34.07″N 8°48′24.83″E / 53.0761306°N 8.8068972°E / 53.0761306; 8.8068972


title: Sharabhapuriya dynasty

abstract: The Sharabhapuriya dynasty ruled parts of present-day Chhattisgarh and Odisha in India, during 5th and 6th centuries. The dynasty probably served as Gupta vassals in their early days, but became practically independent as the Gupta empire declined. The Sharabhapuriyas were succeeded by the Panduvamshis. The dynasty is known mainly from its copper-plate inscriptions, and a few coins.

text:
# Sharabhapuriya dynasty

The **Sharabhapuriya** (IAST: Śarabhapurīya) dynasty ruled parts of present-day Chhattisgarh and Odisha in India, during 5th and 6th centuries. The dynasty probably served as Gupta vassals in their early days, but became practically independent as the Gupta empire declined. The Sharabhapuriyas were succeeded by the Panduvamshis. The dynasty is known mainly from its copper-plate inscriptions, and a few coins.

## Name

The self-designation of the dynasty is not known: the historians call the family Sharabhapuriyas, because the majority of the dynasty's inscription were issued from the Sharabhapura (IAST: Śarabhapura) town.

D. C. Sircar theorised that the dynasty was known as *Amararyakula*, based on the Malhar inscription of a ruler called Vyaghraraja. However, A. M. Shastri has opposed this theory, arguing that Vyaghraraja was not associated with the Sharabhapuriya dynasty.

## Period

A. M. Shastri estimates the reigns of the Sharabhapuriya rulers as follows: based on Sharabha's identification with the Sharabharaja mentioned in the 510 CE Eran inscription, he assigns Sharabha's reign to 475–500 CE (assuming a 25-year reign). Similarly, he assigns 25 years to the next two kings. Since Jayaraja's latest inscription is dated to 9th regnal year, Shastri assumes a 10-year reign for Jayaraja, and some subsequent kings.

* Sharabha (Śarabha), c. 475–500 CE
* Narendra, c. 500–525 CE
* Prasanna, c. 525–550 CE
* Jayarāja, c. 550–560 CE
* Sudevarāja, c 560–570 CE
* Manamatra alias Durgarāja, c. 570–580 CE
* Sudevarāja, c. 570–580 CE
* Pravarāja, c. 580–590 CE

Alternative dates have been proposed by other historians. For example, D. C. Sircar estimated Sharabha's reign as 465–480 CE, while V. V. Mirashi estimated it as 460–480 CE.

## Territory

Find spots of the Sharabhapuriya inscriptions

Most of the dynasty's grants have been found in and around Malhar and Raipur, in the historical Dakshin Kosala region. These inscriptions were issued from Shrabhapura and Shripura. The identification of Sharabhapura is not certain, while Shripura (IAST: Śripura) has been identified with modern Sirpur. Some scholars have identified Sharabhapura with places in present-day Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, but these places are located far away from the find spots of the inscriptions; it is more likely that Sharabhapura was located in or around the present-day Raipur district. KD Bajpai and SK Pandey identified Sharabhapura with Malhar, but A. M. Shastri points out that the excavations at Malhar reveal that the establishment of the town can be dated to c. 1000 BCE or earlier. Therefore, it cannot be identified as a city established by Sharabha who ruled nearly 1500 years later. Moreover, there is no evidence that Malhar was called Sharabhapura: its earliest known name is Mallala or Mallala-pattana. Hira Lal once theorised that the Sharabhapura was another name for Shripura, but this theory is now discredited.

Sharabhapura appears to have been the original capital of the dynasty. A. M. Shastri theorises that Sudevaraja established Shripura and made the town his second capital; his successor Pravararaja moved the kingdom's capital to Shripura.

## History

The dynasty is known only from a few inscriptions and coins. The inscriptions record grants, and do not provide much information about the dynasty's history, although some of the seals on the inscriptions provide a brief genealogy. Because of this, the reconstruction of the Sharabhapuriya chronology is difficult. The Allahabad pillar inscription of the Gupta king Samudragupta states that he defeated one Mahendra, ruler of Kosala. One theory identifies this Mahendra as a Sharabhapuriya ruler. However, there is no concrete evidence in support of this theory.

### Sharabha

Sharabha is the earliest known king, who can be regarded as a member of the dynasty with certainty. He is known from two inscriptions of his son Narendra. The name suggests that he established the city of Sharabhapura (and probably the dynasty). His territory most probably included the area around the Raipur district.

A 510 CE Eran inscription mentions one Sharabharaja as the maternal grandfather of one Goparaja, who died in a battle. Based on the identification of this Sharabharaja with the Sharabhapuriya king Sharabha, A. M. Shastri dates his rule to c. 475–500 CE. This estimate is also supported by paleographic evidence: the 'box-headed' characters of the Sharabhapuriya inscriptions appear to be an advanced version of the similar characters used in the inscriptions of the Vakatakas, whose rule ended around 500 CE.

The Kurud inscription of Sharabha's son Narendra records the renewal of a grant that was originally made by a *Parama-bhattaraka* ("Supreme Overlord") to a Brahmin, after the original donor took a bath in the Ganga river. The original grant was recorded on palm leaves, which were destroyed in a house fire. A. M. Shastri identifies the *Parama-bhattaraka* with a Gupta emperor (the Gupta capital Pataliputra was located on the banks of the Ganga river). He theorises that Narendra's Sharabha began his career as a Gupta vassal.

### Narendra

*Maharaja* Narendra, the son of Sharabha, issued the earliest extant grant of the dynasty. His Kurud inscription states that he renewed a grant issued by the *Parama-bhattaraka* for the latter's merit. This suggests that he continued to acknowledge the Gupta suzerainty at least until the 24th year of his reign. The fact that the inscription omits the overlord's name suggests that he had become practically independent, and acknowledged the Gupta suzerainty only nominally.

The Kurud grant was issued from the "camp of victory" at Tilakeshvara. It describes Narendra as a devotee of Bhagavat (Vishnu).

### Prasanna

Prasanna is known from the seals of his son Jayaraja and grandson Sudevaraja. He is also known from some gold coins that mention his name as Prasannamatra. The issuance of gold coins suggests that he was a powerful ruler, although he may have continued to acknowledge nominal Gupta suzerainty. The coins feature a standing garuda, flanked by a crescent moon, a wheel and a conch-shell. Besides Chhattisgarh, these coins have been discovered in the Kalahandi district of Odisha and the Chanda district of Maharashtra. This suggests that he ruled an extensive territory, although this cannot be said with certainty.

His relationship with Narendra is not certain: he may have been Narendra's son or his descendant. Prasanna had two sons: Jayaraja and Manamatra (the successor of Jayaraja).

### Other kings

Jayaraja Jayaraja was a son of Prasanna. He was the first ruler of the dynasty to add the prefix *Mahat* to his name, a practice followed not only by his descendants but also by the kings of the later dynasties such as the Panduvamshis and the Somavanshis. Manamatra alias Durgaraja Manamatra was another son of Prasanna. He had two sons: Sudevaraja and Pravararaja (successor of Sudevaraja). Sudevaraja Sudevaraja was a son of Manamatra. He seems to have established Shripura, where the earliest inscriptions were issued during his reign. Pravararaja Pravararaja was another son of Manamatra. He appears to have moved the kingdom's capital from Sharabhapura to Shripura.

### Decline

No successors of Pravararaja are known with certainty. An inscription of one Vyaghraraja has been discovered at Malhar. This inscription was issued from a town called Prasanna-pura, and describes Vyaghraraja as the son of Pravara-bhattaraka. D. C. Sircar and some others theorised that Vyaghraraja was a Sharabhapuriya king: Prasannapura may have been named after his ancestor Prasanna. The inscription also mentions one Jaya-bhattaraka, who has been identified with Jayaraja. Ajaya Miatra Shastri has contested this theory on several grounds. Vyaghraraja's inscription features 'nail-headed' characters unlike the box-headed characters of the Sharabhapuriya inscriptions. Its seal, its textual style and its grant order are also different from those of the Sharabhapuriya inscriptions.

The Sharabhapuriyas were succeeded by the Panduvamshi dynasty. The Panduvamshi inscriptions follow the three-copper-plates style of the Sharabhapuriyas.

## Religion

All the Sharabhapuriya kings were devotees of Vishnu, and worshipped Krishna Vasudeva as the supreme deity. Like the imperial Guptas, they adopted the Vaishnavite epithet *Parama-Bhagavata* in their inscriptions. Their rule is considered as a landmark in the spread of Vaishnavaism in present-day Odisha.

## Inscriptions

17 copper-plate grant inscriptions issued by the Sharabhapuriya have been discovered. 11 of these inscriptions were issued from Sharabhapura, whose location is uncertain. The vast majority of the records have been found in present-day Chhattisgarh. The inscriptions record land grants made to Brahmins for the merit of the donor and his parents.

All the inscriptions record grants, and comprise three rectangular copper-plates. The inscriptions are tied together by a ring, whose ends are joined by a circular seal (although some of the discovered inscriptions are missing the seal). The outer sides of the first and third copper plates are blank in the early inscriptions, presumably as a safeguard against weathering from exposure. However, in several of the later records, the outer side of the third copper plate is inscribed, presumably to accommodate the large amount of text.

All the inscriptions written in the so-called "box-headed" script. The tops of the characters appear to be small square-shaped boxes, resulting in this nomenclature. These characters are similar to the ones occurring in the Vakataka records. However, the Vakataka characters are less stylised, and therefore, can be assigned to an earlier period. It is not certain if the Sharabhapuriya characters are a result of the Vakataka influence.

The language used in the inscriptions is Sanskrit, which appears to have been the dynasty's official language. Prakrit influence can be noticed in some stray cases. The inscriptions begin with a symbol representing the word *siddham* (translated as "success" or "hail!"), followed by the word *svasti*. Next, the records mention the place of issue, the ruling monarch and the land grant order. Finally, the inscription exhorts the future kings to uphold the grant, followed by imprecatory verses (to curse those who dishonour the grant) and benedictory verses (to bless those who honour the grant). The inscriptions end with the date and the name of the scribe.

The grants are dated in the regnal years of the ruling king. The date is mentioned in form of the regal year, followed by the month and then the day. The days are numbered 1–30, and there is no mention of a fortnight. It is not clear if the month starts from the full moon day (*purnimanta*) or from the new moon day (*amanta*). The Panduvamshis, who succeeded the Sharabhapuriyas and adopted their style of inscriptions, followed the *purnimanta* system. Therefore, it is very likely that the months mentioned in the Sharabhapuriya inscriptions also followed the *purnimanta* system.

Sharabhapuriya-era inscriptions
| Find spot | Reigning king | Regnal year | Issued at | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pipardula | Narendra | 3 | Sharabhapura | Village grant made by Rahudeva and endorsed by Narendra. The grant gives the donee the right to collect revenue from the village residents. |
| Kurud | Narendra | 24 | Tilakeshvara military camp | Records the renewal of a grant originally recorded on palm-leaves and destroyed in a fire. The grant gives the donee a share in the village's agricultural produce and cash. |
| Rawan / Malhar | Narendra | Unknown | Sharabhapura | Grant; only one plate has survived. The inscription was found in possession of a resident of the Rawan village, who had found it at Malhar. |
| Amguda (or Amgura) | Jayaraja | 3 | Sharabhapura | Village grant |
| Malhar | Jayaraja | 5 | Sharabhapura | Grant made by Hadappagraha Vatsa and approved by Jayaraja |
| Arang | Jayaraja | 5 | Sharabhapura | The seal depicts a representation of Lakshmi |
| Malhar | Jayaraja | 9 | Sharabhapura | Grant |
| Khariar | Sudevaraja | 2 | Sharabhapura | Grant. Also called the Nahna or Naina inscription after a place in the Kalahandi District. However, the original find spot of the inscription was Khariar in Raipur district. |
| Dhamatari | Sudevaraja | 3 | Shripura |  |
| Arang | Sudevaraja | 7 | Sharabhapura | Grant made by Pratihara Bhogilla and endorsed by Sudevaraja |
| Kauwatal | Sudevaraja | 7 | Shripura | Grant |
| Sirpur | Sudevaraja | 7 | Sharabhapura | Grant made by Nanna, and endorsed by Sudevaraja |
| Raipur | Sudevaraja | 10 | Sharabhapura | Grant made by Savitrsvamin to his sons-in-law Naga-vatsa-svamin and Bandhu-vatsa-svamin, and approved by Sudevaraja |
| Sarangarh | Sudevaraja | Unknown | Sharabhapura | Grant made by the chief queen and other members of the royal family, and approved by the king |
| Malhar | Pravararaja | 3 | Shripura | Grant |
| Thakurdiya | Pravararaja | 3 | Shripura | Grant |
| Pokhara | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Only the second plate has been found; Grant made by one Dandachakra, and approved by the issuer. |

## Coinage

Prasanna or Prasannamatra is the only king of the dynasty known from a coin. His coins have been discovered from Sirpur (ancient Shripura).

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Sharabhapuriyas of Dakshina Kosala | |
| --- | --- |
| 5th century–6th century | |
| Coinage of king "Sri Prasannamatra" of the Sarabhapuriyas in Kosala. Circa 525-550. | |
| South Asia
500 CELICCHAVISZHANGZHUNGGAUDAKAMARUPAKALABHRASWESTERN
GANGASAULIKARASTOCHARIANSNEZAKSKADAMBASPALLAVASALCHON
HUNSRAISVAKATAKASKALINGAVISHNU-
KUNDINASSHARABHAPURIYASNALASSAMATATASGUPTA
EMPIREHEPHTHALITES**MAITRAKAS**SASANIAN
EMPIRELocation of the Sharabhapuriyas and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 500 CE. | |
| Status | Kingdom |
| Capital | Sharabhapura, Shripura |
| Religion | Vaishnavism |
| Government | Monarchy |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established | 5th century |
| Disestablished | 6th century |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of | India |


title: Łaziska, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Łaziska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dłutów, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Dłutów, 14 km (9 mi) south of Pabianice, and 29 km (18 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Łaziska, Łódź Voivodeship

**Łaziska** \[waˈʑiska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dłutów, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Dłutów, 14 km (9 mi) south of Pabianice, and 29 km (18 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Łaziska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łaziska | |
| Coordinates: 51°32′N 19°21′E / 51.533°N 19.350°E / 51.533; 19.350 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Pabianice |
| Gmina | Dłutów |


title: The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes

abstract: The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes is a short story collection of twelve Sherlock Holmes pastiches, first published in 1954. It was written by Adrian Conan Doyle, who was the son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and by John Dickson Carr, who was the authorised biographer of the elder Conan Doyle. The first six stories were written in collaboration by the two writers, while the last six stories were written solely by Adrian Conan Doyle. Each story in this collection is postscripted with a quote from one of the original Sherlock Holmes stories, making reference to an undocumented Holmes case that inspired it.

text:
# The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes

***The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes*** is a short story collection of twelve Sherlock Holmes pastiches, first published in 1954. It was written by Adrian Conan Doyle, who was the son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (the creator of Sherlock Holmes), and by John Dickson Carr, who was the authorised biographer of the elder Conan Doyle. The first six stories were written in collaboration by the two writers, while the last six stories were written solely by Adrian Conan Doyle.

Each story in this collection is postscripted with a quote from one of the original Sherlock Holmes stories, making reference to an undocumented Holmes case that inspired it.

## Writing

In 1945, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's son, Adrian Conan Doyle, began a collaboration with his father's biographer, John Dickson Carr, to publish twelve new exploits of Sherlock Holmes and Watson (of which one appeared in *Life* magazine and the other eleven stories were published in *Collier's* magazine) based on cases that had been referred to in passing in the four canonical novels and 56 original short stories of Sherlock Holmes, but which had never been written up by Watson (see the below mentioned postscripts found at the end of each of the twelve new exploits).

The first story was illustrated by Adolf Hallman in *Life*, and the other stories were illustrated by Robert Fawcett in *Collier's*. In 1954, the collection was published by Random House, New York, with illustrations by Jerome Kuhl and a jacket illustration by Jules Gotlieb. It was published in the same year by John Murray, London.

The collaboration was not smooth, as Douglas G. Greene relates in *John Dickson Carr: The Man Who Explained Miracles*. There is some doubt about who wrote what—though at times Carr's highly recognisable style breaks through the convention of pastiching the original Conan Doyle stories. In any case, the book published in 1954 was not a great success at the time, though collectors take an interest in it, and the experiment of writing more new Sherlock Holmes exploits was not repeated by these two writers.

In 1963 John Murray published two paperback volumes which divided the stories into *The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes* by Adrian Conan Doyle and *More Exploits of Sherlock Holmes* by Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr. The first title contains the last six stories listed below, the second the first six. Greene suggests that authorship may be more complex.

## Stories

The stories contained in the collection are:

## InfoBox

The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes
| First edition cover (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Detective fiction |
| Publisher | Random House (US)<br>John Murray (UK) |
| Publication date | 1954 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 313 |


title: Danville (CDP), Vermont

abstract: Danville is the primary village and a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Danville, Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the CDP had a population of 385, out of 2,335 in the entire town of Danville. The village is in west-central Caledonia County, south of the center of the town of Danville. U.S. Route 2 passes through the village, leading east 8 miles (13 km) to St. Johnsbury and southwest 27 miles (43 km) to Montpelier, the state capital. The village drains south to Brown Brook, a tributary of Joes Brook, and east to Water Andric. Joes Brook and Water Andric both flow southeast to the Passumpsic River, a south-flowing tributary of the Connecticut River.

text:
# Danville (CDP), Vermont

**Danville** is the primary village and a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Danville, Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the CDP had a population of 385, out of 2,335 in the entire town of Danville.

The village is in west-central Caledonia County, south of the center of the town of Danville. U.S. Route 2 passes through the village, leading east 8 miles (13 km) to St. Johnsbury and southwest 27 miles (43 km) to Montpelier, the state capital. The village drains south to Brown Brook, a tributary of Joes Brook, and east to Water Andric. Joes Brook and Water Andric both flow southeast to the Passumpsic River, a south-flowing tributary of the Connecticut River.

## InfoBox

| Danville, Vermont | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| DanvilleDanville | |
| Coordinates: 44°24′40″N 72°8′23″W / 44.41111°N 72.13972°W / 44.41111; -72.13972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Vermont |
| County | Caledonia |
| Town | Danville |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.03 sq mi (2.66 km2) |
| Land | 1.02 sq mi (2.65 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,421 ft (433 m) |
| Population (2020) | 385 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Code | 05828 |
| Area code | 802 |
| FIPS code | 50-17050 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2586626 |