title: Cora Durand

abstract: Cora L. Durand was a Picuris Pueblo potter. Durand started working as a potter later in life, beginning in the 1950s. She helped maintain the traditional hand-built method for creating micaceous pottery. Her work is utilitarian and was meant to be used.

text:
# Cora Durand

**Cora L. Durand** (August 23, 1902 - January 23, 1998) was a Picuris Pueblo potter. Durand started working as a potter later in life, beginning in the 1950s. She helped maintain the traditional hand-built method for creating micaceous pottery. Her work is utilitarian and was meant to be used.

## Biography

Durand was born on August 23, 1902, in Picuris Pueblo, where her father, Miguel Lopez, raised her. Durand married Roland Durand in the 1920s and the couple had four children. Before she started working as a potter, she held many different kinds of jobs, including working for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Picuris Pueblo Day School, the Taos Pueblo Indian Hospital and in two different boarding schools in Towaoc, Colorado and Holbrook, Arizona. Her husband died in a car accident in the 1950s, which brought her back to Picuris. In Picuris, she began to work as a potter. Durand stayed active in the community, volunteering at the Picuris Catholic Church and involved in the Picuris Valley Home Extension Club.

Durand died on January 23, 1998. She was buried in the Picuris Cemetery. A historic marker in New Mexico celebrates her contribution to preserving traditional pottery methods.

## Work

Durand's pottery was intended by her to be used and was therefore utilitarian in design. She follows the tradition of the creation of hand-built, micaceous pottery which had been made for many years in Picuris and Taos. She sourced her own clay in the Picuris area. Durand's work had been influenced by potter, Juanita Martinez. Durand was part of a 1974 Smithsonian Institution exhibition, representing the Picuris Pueblo pottery tradition. She also exhibited at the Bond House Museum and Cultural Center in 1987. Durand's pottery was featured at the Arizona State Museum's 1994 American Indian Pottery Fair. Her work was featured in the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in 1996.

By the 1990s, Durand was one of the last of her people working as a potter. She passed on her skills to her grandson, Anthony Durand, who started learning from her when he was seven years old.

## InfoBox

| Cora L. Durand | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1902-08-23)August 23, 1902<br>Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Died | January 23, 1998(1998-01-23) (aged 95) |
| Resting place | Picuris Cemetery |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Ceramic |


title: Streptomyces panaciradicis

abstract: Streptomyces panaciradicis is a Gram-positive bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from the rhizoplane from a ginseng plant. Streptomyces panaciradicis produces β-glucosidase.

text:
# Streptomyces panaciradicis

***Streptomyces panaciradicis*** is a Gram-positive bacterium species from the genus of *Streptomyces* which has been isolated from the rhizoplane from a ginseng plant. *Streptomyces panaciradicis* produces β-glucosidase.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Streptomyces panaciradicis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Streptomycetales |
| Family: | Streptomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Streptomyces* |
| Species: | ***S. panaciradicis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Streptomyces panaciradicis***<br>Lee et al. 2014 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| KACC 17632, NBRC 109811, 1MR-8 | |
| Synonyms | |
| Streptomyces panacradicis | |


title: Strigatella coronata

abstract: Strigatella coronata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

text:
# Strigatella coronata

***Strigatella coronata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Strigatella coronata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Genus: | *Strigatella* |
| Species: | ***S. coronata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Strigatella coronata***<br>(Lamarck, 1811) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitra coronata* Lamarck, 1811 * *Mitra (Nebularia) coronata* Lamarck, 1811 | |


title: Strigatella flavocingulata

abstract: Strigatella flavocingulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the miter snail family.

text:
# Strigatella flavocingulata

***Strigatella flavocingulata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the miter snail family.

## Distribution

Pacific Ocean: Easter Island.
Chile, Valparaiso, Isla de Pascua.

## Habitat

Sandy areas among seagrass, in tide pools.

## InfoBox

| *Strigatella flavocingulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Genus: | *Strigatella* |
| Species: | ***S. flavocingulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Strigatella flavocingulata***<br>(Lamy, 1938) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitra flavocingulata* Lamy, 1938 | |


title: Corale Alpina Savonese

abstract: The Corale Alpina Savonese (CAS) is an Italian all-men a cappella chorus from Savona (Italy). Since 1987 it is directed by Eugenio Alipede.

text:
# Corale Alpina Savonese

The **Corale Alpina Savonese** (CAS) is an Italian all-men a cappella chorus from Savona (Italy). Since 1987 it is directed by Eugenio Alipede.

## History

The Corale Alpina Savonese was founded in November 1949 by a group of university students, very fond of popular music typical of northern Italian area, surrounded by mountains. Since 1951 the group has been exhibiting in public, at first locally and then later both in Italy and abroad.

It received high scores in several national musical competitions for popular music.

Exhibitions abroad began in 1969, in France, at Grenoble and at the Castle of Lesdiguières, in Vizille. From 1983 to nowadays the choir performed six times (in 1983, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1997 and 2002) at Villingen-Schwenningen (in the Black Forest, Germany), twin town of Savona. In 1985 it held some concerts at Reutlingen (Germany). In May 2006 the group sang in the Cathedral of Orange (France), guests of the choir *La Clè de Chants*.

Since 1978 the Corale Alpina Savonese have organised important choir festivals in the theatre “Gabriello Chiabrera” in Savona; several well-known Italian choirs have performed in this musical event in the past, including I Crodaioli of Bepi de Marzi, author of several famous popular and traditional Italian songs like Signore delle cime, translated in several languages, and the choir of Alpine Brigade Taurinense.

The group sang in several national and international musical events. Lastly it performed during the international festival “Singen in den Bergen” at Wolfsberg (Austria) in 2003, twice, in 2005 then again in 2006, at the ”International Choir Festival” in Puster Valley, a prestigious international event with choirs from all over the world.

There are two particularly important concerts to mention: in 1960, at Imperia, in honour of Achille Compagnoni, the Italian conqueror of K2, and in 1972, at Savona, on board Impavido class destroyer *Intrepido*, of the Italian Navy, during the ceremony for assignment of battle ensign.

The Corale Alpina Savonese is associated to Feniarco (*Federazione Nazionale delle Associazioni Corali Regionali*, Italian for *National Federation of the Regional Choral Associations*).

## Repertoire

The repertoire ranges over from Alpini songs to spirituals, from typical Italian popular/traditional music to sacred music and to songs, some of them almost unknown, of the tradition of Liguria.

## Discography

Discography presently includes two records, available in vinyl and CD:

1996 - CD - *Corale Alpina Savonese* 1981 – vinyl LP - *Da i munti au mä* (local dialect for "From the Mountains to the Sea", typical landscape of Liguria)

Presently the group is recording several songs for a new record collection, which will be available by the end of (2008).

## Publications

1999 – *Dal 1949 – 50 anni di storia* – Book for celebrating the 50th anniversary of the choir’s foundation, in Italian 1989 - *Una dinastia di…..40 – La Corale Alpina Savonese 1949-1989*, in Italian

## InfoBox

| Corale Alpina Savonese | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | CAS |
| Origin | Savona, Italy |
| Genres | Choral, popular, a cappella, Alpini songs |
| Occupation | Men's Choir |
| Instrument | 30 voices |
| Years active | 1949-present |
|  | |
| Website | Official website |


title: Stovall, Mississippi

abstract: Stovall, also known as Prarieville, is an unincorporated community in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States, along Mississippi Highway 1, 7 miles (11 km) north of Sherard and approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Friars Point.

text:
# Stovall, Mississippi

**Stovall**, also known as Prarieville, is an unincorporated community in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States, along Mississippi Highway 1, 7 miles (11 km) north of Sherard and approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Friars Point.

## History

Stovall is named after the Stovall family, who owned the land where the railroad depot was located. It is located on the former Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad and in 1910 was home to two general stores. The Stovall Gin Company once operated a cotton gin in Stovall.

Although Stovall is unincorporated, it has a ZIP code of 38614. A post office operated under the name Prarieville from 1878 to 1885 and began operating under the name Stovall in 1885.

Ethnomusicologist Alan Lomax recorded Muddy Waters in 1941 and 1942 in Stovall.

Carson Mounds, a large Mississippian culture archaeological site, is located in Stovall.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Stovall, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| StovallStovall | |
| Coordinates: 34°17′48″N 90°38′41″W / 34.29667°N 90.64472°W / 34.29667; -90.64472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Coahoma |
| Elevation | 174 ft (53 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 38614 |
| Area code | 662 |
| GNIS feature ID | 692248 |


title: ST6GAL1

abstract: Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ST6GAL1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates. The encoded protein, which is normally found in the Golgi but which can be proteolytically processed to a soluble form, is involved in the generation of the cell-surface carbohydrate determinants and differentiation antigens HB-6, CDw75, and CD76. This protein is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. Transcripts of ST6GAL1 are found in mouse high endothelial cells of mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches, and it could be involved in the B cell homing to Peyer's patches. ST6GAL1 expression has also shown to be upregulated in several types of cancers and has been shown to haves roles in cancer survival and metastasis.

text:
# ST6GAL1

**Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *ST6GAL1* gene.

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates. The encoded protein, which is normally found in the Golgi but which can be proteolytically processed to a soluble form, is involved in the generation of the cell-surface carbohydrate determinants and differentiation antigens HB-6, CDw75, and CD76. This protein is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Transcripts of ST6GAL1 are found in mouse high endothelial cells of mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches, and it could be involved in the B cell homing to Peyer's patches. ST6GAL1 expression has also shown to be upregulated in several types of cancers and has been shown to haves roles in cancer survival and metastasis.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| ST6GAL1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | ST6GAL1, SIAT1, ST6GalI, ST6N, ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1, CDw75 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 109675; MGI: 108470; HomoloGene: 2281; GeneCards: ST6GAL1; OMA:ST6GAL1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_003032
NM\_173216
NM\_173217
NM\_001353916   NM\_001252505
NM\_001252506
NM\_145933   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_003023
NP\_775323
NP\_775324
NP\_001340845   NP\_001239434
NP\_001239435
NP\_666045   Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 186.93 – 187.08 Mb Chr 16: 23.04 – 23.18 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Brazilian cargo ship Baependi

abstract: The packet Baependi (Baependy) was a Brazilian cargo and passenger ship sunk on the night of August 15, 1942, by the German submarine U-507 off the coast of the state of Sergipe. She was the sixteenth Brazilian ship to be attacked, and her torpedoing was, until then, the greatest Brazilian tragedy of the Second World War, with 270 dead, surpassed only by the sinking of the cruiser Bahia, in 1945, in which around 340 men died. Although the cruiser disaster cost more lives, the torpedoing of the Baependi - and those that followed - caused a national commotion that led the country to abandon its formal neutrality and declare war on the Axis at the end of August 1942. Since the attack took place only a few kilometers from the coast, and due to the fact that many of the victims were women and children, the repercussions were many. In the days that followed, five more ships were sunk by the same submarine, bringing the death toll to six hundred and filling Brazilian headlines with graphic photographs of the dead, who crowded the beaches of southern Sergipe and northern Bahia.

text:
# Brazilian cargo ship Baependi

The packet ***Baependi*** (***Baependy***) was a Brazilian cargo and passenger ship sunk on the night of August 15, 1942, by the German submarine *U-507* off the coast of the state of Sergipe. She was the sixteenth Brazilian ship to be attacked (the fifteenth that year), and her torpedoing was, until then, the greatest Brazilian tragedy of the Second World War, with 270 dead, surpassed only by the sinking of the cruiser *Bahia*, in 1945, in which around 340 men died.

Although the cruiser disaster cost more lives, the torpedoing of the *Baependi* \- and those that followed - caused a national commotion that led the country to abandon its formal neutrality and declare war on the Axis at the end of August 1942.

Since the attack took place only a few kilometers from the coast, and due to the fact that many of the victims were women and children, the repercussions were many. In the days that followed, five more ships were sunk by the same submarine, bringing the death toll to six hundred and filling Brazilian headlines with graphic photographs of the dead, who crowded the beaches of southern Sergipe and northern Bahia.

## Overview

Exactly twice as many people died in the attack as in the previous fourteen (between January and July of that year). Some consider the German attack on the Brazilian coast to be the "Brazilian Pearl Harbor".

The sequence of torpedoeings ignited a revolt that was already stirring up public opinion. The political situation became tense, with anti-fascist demonstrations in the country. There were attacks on businesses owned by Germans or Italians, as well as harassment of people from or descended from those countries. A large rally in the center of Rio de Janeiro, led by Foreign Minister Oswaldo Aranha, roused the population, who marched to the Guanabara Palace and demanded that Getúlio Vargas declare war on the Axis countries.

The president, feeling that he could not postpone the decision without undermining the foundations of the Estado Novo, then decided to take the lead and, on August 22, after a meeting with the entire ministry, declared war on Germany and Italy, formalized on August 31, 1942, by Decree-Law No. 10,358.

The attack on this ship - as well as those that followed in the days that followed -, due to the impact it had on Brazil's contemporary history, is a recurring theme in naval literature, as well as the subject of various academic and military studies, being the biggest Brazilian naval disaster caused by an act of war and the fourth deadliest in history involving a national ship.

## The ship

When she sank, the *Baependi* had already been in service for over forty years. She had been built in 1899 at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, the same city where the *U-507* was built in 1940.

The ship was owned by the Hamburg-Südamerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft (currently called Hamburg Süd), a company established in the city of the same name, and had been christened *Tijuca*, operating on the line between Germany and South America.

She was a mixed ship, i.e. a cargo ship and a passenger ship, which gave her the name, common at the time, of a passenger liner. The vessel had a gross register tonnage of 4,801 tons, measured 114 meters (374 ft 0 in) long by 14.1 meters (46 ft 3 in) wide and had a draft of 9.2 metres (30 ft 2 in). Made of a steel hull, she was propelled by quadruple expansion engines, powered by steam and a propeller, giving her a power of 2,200 horsepower (1,600 kW) and a maximum speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), although the ship almost always sailed at an average speed between 9 and 10 knots (17 and 19 km/h; 10 and 12 mph).

Equipped with a smokestack and two masts, her crew was made up of an average of 60 men, and she could carry around 450 passengers, 50 of them in first class.

## History

The *Tijuca* was officially delivered to the operator on August 5, 1899, and soon afterward, on the 23rd of that month, she began her maiden voyage between Hamburg and Santos, via intermediate stops, sometimes extending as far as the countries of the Río de la Plata, on a route known as the "Golden (Brazil) and Silver Route" (Uruguay/Argentina).

Her career in the service of Hamburg Süd was long and uniform, with the *Tijuca* remaining on the east coast of South America for around fifteen years and docking dozens of times in the port of Santos, bringing emigrants or carrying sacks of coffee. The ship's routine was always the same: She came from Europe with German, Russian, Polish, or Baltic emigrants, and consumer and production goods that did not exist in Brazil; on the way back, she carried coffee and cotton destined for the European market.

The ship continued to sail on the Gold and Silver Route until the outbreak of hostilities that marked the beginning of the First World War. On August 4, 1914, the *Baependi* was sailing in the Atlantic when her captain received news of the outbreak of the world conflict and sought refuge in the Brazilian port of Recife.

She was later confiscated by the Brazilian government - on June 1, 1917 - along with other ships, in view of the declaration of war against the German Empire.

Renamed the *Baependi* (also written *Baependy*), she was then operated by Lloyd Brasileiro, which acquired her full ownership in 1925. The ship was listed under number 114 of the 1926/1942 fleet and operated on the coastal shipping line. Before that, however, in 1920, she had fulfilled a charter contract with the French government, returning to Brazil in 1922.

Her Brazilian name was given in honor of the town of Baependi in the state of Minas Gerais, whose toponymy derives from *mbaé-pindi*, meaning "the open clearing" in Tupi-Guarani.

## The immediate context

Since January 1942, it was certain that Brazil would align itself with the United States in the war against Nazi Germany. The words of the German ambassador, addressed to Chancellor Oswaldo Aranha, made clear what would happen if Brazil broke off relations with the Axis powers: "...it would undoubtedly mean a state of latent war, probably leading to events that would be tantamount to the outbreak of actual war".

After the first attacks, in February, the Brazilian government, together with US naval authorities, began to take measures to try to prevent the ships from being sunk easily. Thus, it was decided that the ships should be painted gray and sail in the dark and without flags. In the middle of that year, the Brazilian ships began to be equipped with a timid defense system, with only one 4.7-inch (120 mm) artillery piece, which proved ineffective in the face of surprise attacks at night, such as those that took place in the Caribbean Sea in June and July.

When, on May 24, the commander of the *U-502* announced that he had sunk an armed Brazilian merchant ship - the *Gonçalves Dias* \- in the Caribbean, and when, on the 27th of the same month, the Minister of Aeronautics - Salgado Filho - announced with euphoria that his planes had attacked Axis submarines without declaring war, the German Navy asked for all restrictions on attacks on Brazilian ships to be lifted.

Also in May, a heavily armed Brazilian Air Force (FAB) plane took off from Natal Air Base with the special mission of "locating and attacking a hostile submarine", which had attacked the freighter *Comandante Lira*. Although the hunt for the "U-boot" was unsuccessful, the government, the press, the people and even Roosevelt rejoiced at the retaliation (or attempt to) carried out by the FAB. On the other side, the Germans began to launch a merciless surprise attack. A game of belligerent action and reaction was taking place. The German Navy Command asked Hitler to lift the restrictions on attacking Brazilian ships, which was immediately granted.

In theory, the treatment given to ships from non-belligerent countries, until then, was interception - usually by torpedo - inspection, interrogation of the crew and, finally, the order to abandon, so that the vessel could be sunk with the crew already safe in the lifeboats. Therefore, "lifting the restrictions" meant sinking the ship, wherever it was, so that there were no survivors. From then on, Brazilian ships would be considered belligerent and torpedoed without warning.

## August directives

Dissatisfied with the fact that he had not succeeded in bending Brazil as he had intended, Hitler, on July 4, approved a plan by the naval High Command in which the ports of Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Recife would be penetrated by stealth at night. Anchored installations and vessels would be torpedoed and access to the ports mined, which would increase the country's serious supply problems.

However, advised by his Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler decided to abort the plan, fearing that such a measure could drag the entire American continent into the war, including neutral Argentina and Chile.

At the beginning of August, new orders were issued: only the *U-507* was to infiltrate Brazilian territorial waters and there, carry out "free maneuvers", in other words, sink any and all Allied vessels, except Argentinian and Chilean ones.

Brazil was still a neutral country, but in light of recent events, this neutrality was precarious. This situation was already visible not only to the Brazilian authorities but also to the German command, which legitimized - from a Nazi point of view - the actions of the *U-507* to operate in the midst of national coastal shipping.

## The attacker

Since the beginning of August, the *U-507* had been in Brazilian territorial waters, ready to attack, and she did not lack the credentials to do so. Since leaving the Hamburg shipyards on September 11, 1940, she had already sunk ten Allied ships in the North Atlantic, including a 10,731-ton American tanker, two Honduran tankers and a Norwegian tanker.

At the beginning of 1942, she also took part in a massacre on the east coast of the United States, which the Germans called their "second happy time" (the "first happy time" had been in 1940, around the British Isles), when the Germans sank dozens of ships off New York or even further, in the Gulf of Mexico. One of those that ventured into the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico was the *U-507*, commanded by Lieutenant Commander Harro Schacht.

The *U-507* was a Type IXC submarine, built in 1940. She had a displacement of 1,120 tons on the surface and 1,232 tons submerged. With a length of 76.76 meters (251 ft 10 in), submarines of this type were powered by a combination of diesel and electric engines. Underwater, only the electric motor could be used. It was only later in the war that a device was adapted - a tube that captures air from the surface - the snorkel, to make the submarine capable of starting the diesel engine even while submerged. On the surface, powered by diesel, a Type IXC could sail 13,450 nautical miles (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Submerged, it could only sail 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at a speed of just 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph). They had 22 torpedoes and a load of 44 naval mines. They operated with a crew of between 48 and 56 men.

The *U-507*'s commander, Lieutenant Commander Harro Schacht, was also very experienced. 35 years old and living in Hamburg, he had started his naval career in 1926, where he served on the cruisers *Emden* and *Nürnberg*, until he was transferred to the Navy Command Office, where he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander and took command of the *U-507* shortly afterwards.

## The sinking

On the afternoon of August 15, the *Baependi*, commanded by Long-Distance Captain João Soares da Silva, was sailing about 20 miles (32 km) off the coast of the state of Sergipe, off the mouth of the Real River, when it was spotted by the *U-507*. Sailing so close to the coast had been an instruction from Lloyd Brasileiro to its ships, fearful of the actions of hostile submarines on the high seas.

The ship had left Salvador, Bahia, at seven o'clock in the morning, heading north to Maceió, its next port of call. Unarmed and with its navigation lights switched off, she was sailing the waters off the northeastern coast at a speed of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph), in a place where the depth was 40 meters (130 ft).

From Rio de Janeiro, her port of departure, to Bahia, the sea was calm. However, from that point onwards, it was agitated, with strong waves. The ship carried 306 people on board, including the crew of 73 men and an army unit, whose members - officers and soldiers - were accompanied by their families, some with many children, for a total of 233 passengers, as well as a general cargo - including military equipment - valued at more than eleven million cruzeiros.

The passengers had just finished dinner and were celebrating the birthday of the First Commissioner, Sebastião Ferreira Tarouquella. An orchestra was playing in the lounge and the captain and some of the passengers were joining in. Outside, under the awning of the aft deck, soldiers - most of them from Rio de Janeiro - were singing and drumming happily without suspecting a thing, around the cannon and on top of the boxes of goods and ammunition. They were from the 7th Back Artillery Group, commanded by Major Landerico de Albuquerque Lima, on their way to Recife.

At 19:12 (00:12 on the 16th, Central European Time), the first torpedo hit the *Baependi*. With the explosion, the few lights still on went out and the panic began. 300 kg (660 lb) of explosives - enough to sink a battleship \- hit the boiler room. A second torpedo was then launched precisely at the fuel tanks. Simultaneously with the bang, there was an explosion that caused the hatch of the No. 2 hold to burst open, from where great flames began to emanate, rising almost to the top of the mast. As a result, the ship caught fire and quickly drifted to starboard, the side on which it was hit.

The radio telegrapher did not have time to transmit a distress message. Nor was there time to launch the dinghies and lifeboats overboard; only one broke free spontaneously. Many of the passengers were in their cabins and had no time to get out due to the speed of the sinking. The captain, João Soares da Silva, died on the bridge blowing the ship's whistle, according to witnesses.

It took two minutes for the ship to submerge. This lapse of time was vividly reported by artillery officer Lauro Moutinho dos Reis, one of the few survivors:

> Late at night, all the lights off, we were sailing about 20 miles from the coast, when suddenly a tremendous bang violently shook the old boat. The windows shattered, the woodwork creaked, cracked and, thrown by invisible forces, shards of glass and wood flew everywhere. The first victims fall, and there are several people whose faces are bleeding from wounds caused by shards of glass.
>
> The machines stop, the steam abruptly changes course, and we are thrown forward by inertia. The first instant leaves everyone motionless with astonishment, their breaths suspended, their faces pale and anguished... There are no screams, no panic. Everyone is struggling to understand what has happened, to find a solution, sensing the gravity of the terrible moment...
>
> I'm in the vestibule, from where the stairs lead to the upper deck and the cabins below. Taken by surprise, I have an immediate intuition: we've been torpedoed! Immediately afterwards, I hear the ship's deaf whistle calling for help... The Baependi begins to heel over.
>
> I run to my cabin nearby, push open the door, which fortunately hasn't jammed, quickly grab my life preserver and get out. There are many people in the hallway; some, mainly women and children, are standing still, as if waiting for someone else to save them; others are walking feverishly in the direction where they think they can find rescue. The ship is getting worse and worse; all we can do now is cling to the walls.
>
> Some are struggling down the stairs to the lower cabins in search of lifeboats, or to rejoin their families; unfortunately, they are never to return... They will be left in the company of those who haven't even managed to get out.
>
> I see all this at a glance and, still wearing my lifebelt, I climb the ladder to the top deck in search of my lifeboat; clinging to the railing, bumping into people who are coming down, stunned, I'm almost at the top when a second torpedo explodes, shattering the whole ship. The railing I was clinging to is torn to shreds, and I roll down the stairs, backwards, tumbling to the door of the mess hall, from which I had come out. No more than thirty seconds elapsed between the first and second torpedoes.
>
> The lights go out; we bump into each other, disoriented, in deep darkness. The ship is heaving considerably, and it is now impossible to walk upright. The second torpedo was the coup de grace. The Baependi is in agony... I realize that she's going to sink quickly. I struggle to get out of the interior. A suffocating, nauseating smell from the explosion invades everything.
>
> Groping, with great effort, I manage to hold on to the ladder and, holding on to the ledges, I slowly make my way up. In the darkness, I can just make out the outline of a door at the end of the staircase I'm trying to climb. I have to reach it at all costs, otherwise I'll sink inside the ship. One more effort and I make it.
>
> The ship is now almost on its side: what used to be a wall has become a floor. I go through that door with the movements of someone who, through the opening in the ceiling, passes into the ceiling of a house.
>
> (...) Excerpt from the article by Captain Lauro Moutinho dos Reis, originally published in 1948, in the book *Seleções de Seleções*, a collection of articles published in the magazine *Seleções do Reader's Digest*.

Within minutes the ship was gone. The sea was soon filled with debris and pieces of wood fell everywhere like splinters. Light buoys, which lit up on contact with the water, gave the sea a reddish hue. Captain Moutinho, who had miraculously managed to return to the surface, brought up by the pressure of the ship's immersion, was still able to catch a glimpse of the submarine in the darkness, which was shining a beam of light on the wreckage to see the devastating effects of its mission.

## In the lifeboat

On the cloudy, starless night, the situation of the survivors, despite being accommodated in the lifeboat, was precarious, due to the intense cold, added to the thirst, seasickness and injuries, all made worse by the rough sea. A stronger wave ended up hitting the lifeboat with force. The danger of capsizing became imminent and the men had to undress and put their soaked clothes in the chipped crevice of the boat, as well as bucket out the water that kept pouring in.

During the night, they could still make out the lights of a ship in the distance, but they could not reach it because of the distance. About an hour later, they heard a dry rumble followed by an immense flash. They did not understand what was happening. Only later did they discover what it was: the *Araraquara* being torpedoed by the same submarine.

At dawn on the 16th, they reached a deserted beach on the south coast of Sergipe, where they found some water in an abandoned hut by the beach. After a long walk, they reached a village called Canoas, where the locals were reluctant, due to the conditions they were in.

After being fed, they headed for Estância, also in the state of Sergipe, where they learned that another eight shipwrecked people had washed ashore. Among the few survivors who managed to reach the coast clinging to the wreckage was Adolfo Artur Kern, the ship's chief engineer. When he left the *Baependi*, he said that he spent around half an hour floating in the rough sea, among other shipwrecked people and the flames produced by the oil spilled from the ship.

## Consequences

In addition to the captain, the chief mate, the ship's doctor, a pilot, five train drivers, a radio telegrapher and two stewards died, along with 43 others, making a total of 55 crew members lost, as well as 215 of the 233 passengers on board. Major Landerico also died, along with three captains, five lieutenants, eight sergeants and 125 corporals and soldiers.

Some of the castaways managed to reach the only lifeboat that broke free; 28 survivors reached land the next morning. Eight took another day to reach the beach, clinging to debris. In total, 18 crew members and 18 passengers (only one woman) were saved. All the children on board died.

It was not until August 18, that the Press and Advertising Department's relay station broadcast to the country, and the newspapers published, the *communiqué* that would outrage the country (by that date, five other ships had already been sunk):

> For the first time, Brazilian vessels, serving the traffic of our coasts in the transport of passengers and cargo from one state to another, suffered attacks by Axis submarines (...) The unspeakable attack against defenseless units of the merchant navy of a peaceful country, whose life takes place on the margins and far from the theater of war, was practiced with ignorance of the most elementary principles of law and humanity. Our country, in keeping with its tradition, is not afraid of such brutality and the government is examining what measures to take in the face of what has happened. The people must remain calm and confident, in the certainty that the crimes committed against the lives and property of Brazilians will not go unpunished." Press and Propaganda Department. August 18, 1942.

The news outraged the Brazilian population who, desiring retaliation, turned against immigrants or descendants of Germans, Italians and Japanese. In many Brazilian cities, there were episodes of depredations of commercial establishments belonging to people from those countries, as well as attempts at lynching, even against those who were not sympathetic to the Nazi cause, which was the vast majority.

Students, trade unionists, workers and other sectors of society marched through the streets of the country's main cities demanding the country's entry into the war. In Rio de Janeiro, around the Guanabara Palace and the Itamaraty Palace, the seat of government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, respectively, demonstrations followed one another.

On August 22, after a ministerial meeting, Brazil ceased to be neutral, declaring a "state of belligerence" against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, formalized by Decree-Law No. 10,508, issued on August 31, 1942.

1. Brazil did not declare war on Japan, as it believed that Japan had not been responsible for any sinking of Brazilian ships.
2. In terms of fatalities, the attack on the *Baependi* is only surpassed by the ships *Sobral Santos* and *Novo Amapá*, both sunk in the Amazon in 1981, with a death toll of 348 and 282, respectively; and by the aforementioned cruiser *Bahia*, with 340 deaths.

## InfoBox

| The *Baependi* in an advertisement for Cia. de Navegação LLoyd Brasileiro, 1930. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Brazil | |
| Name | *Baependi* (*Baependy*) |
| Namesake | Baependi, a municipality in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. |
| Owner | Cia. de Navegação Lloyd Brasileiro |
| Operator | Cia. de Navegação Lloyd Brasileiro |
| Builder | Blohm & Voss (in Hamburg, Germany) |
| Launched | June 1912 |
| Completed | 1899 |
| Maiden voyage | (Hamburg-Santos), on August 23, 1899. |
| Homeport | Rio de Janeiro |
| Fate | Sunk on August 15, 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Cargo |
| Tonnage | 4,801 t |
| Length | 114.5 m (375 ft 8 in) |
| Draft | 9.2 m (30 ft 2 in) |
| Propulsion | Steam engine |
| Speed | 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Capacity | 60 crew plus 450 passengers (maximum); 306 people (at the time of the sinking) |
| Armament | 120 mm (4.7 in) gun |


title: Bono, Ohio

abstract: Bono is an unincorporated community in Lucas County, Ohio, United States.

text:
# Bono, Ohio

**Bono** is an unincorporated community in Lucas County, Ohio, United States.

## History

A post office called Bono was established in 1898, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1974. The community bears the name of Francis Bunno, chief of the Cherokee.

## InfoBox

| Bono, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| BonoBono | |
| Coordinates: 41°38′08″N 83°16′09″W / 41.63556°N 83.26917°W / 41.63556; -83.26917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Lucas |
| Township | Jerusalem |
| Elevation | 577 ft (176 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area codes | 419 & 567 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1056226 |


title: Equicizer

abstract: The Equicizer is a mechanical horse that is non-motorized and is controlled by the rider's movement. Invented by Frank Lovato, Jr. in 1982, it is used by people all over the world for exercise, training and therapy. It has been used in many television and movie productions, including the movie Seabiscuit for close-up horse racing scenes and the 2019 Australian film Ride Like A Girl, a sports biography with jockey Michelle Payne. TV appearances include the talk show "Harry" with Harry Connick Jr, CBS TV Series Big Brother and The Ellen DeGeneres show.

text:
# Equicizer

The **Equicizer** is a mechanical horse that is non-motorized and is controlled by the rider's movement. Invented by Frank Lovato, Jr. in 1982, it is used by people all over the world for exercise, training and therapy. It has been used in many television and movie productions, including the movie *Seabiscuit* for close-up horse racing scenes and the 2019 Australian film *Ride Like A Girl*, a sports biography with jockey Michelle Payne. TV appearances include the talk show "Harry" with Harry Connick Jr, CBS TV Series Big Brother and The Ellen DeGeneres show.

## Origins

Lovato built his first non-motorized mechanical horse in 1982 while recovering from a riding accident that left him with a seriously broken leg. There were no horse riding simulators on the market at the time, and so he designed one for his rehabilitation. As word got out about his invention, Lovato began receiving requests from other jockeys to build more, and the design evolved into the Equicizer. The Equicizer is now used all over the world by equestrians and non-equestrians alike. In 2011 he sold the Equicizer to a company called Equisense, to be manufactured and marketed more widely. This was not accomplished and in March 2014, Lovato re-purchased the Equicizer brand and business under his Wooden Horse Corporation located in Norwalk, Ohio.

## Construction and operation

Crafted entirely by hand, the Equicizer has a wooden body resembling the back of a horse in size and shape, covered with padding and carpet, upon which a saddle or bareback pad is placed. The head is hand carved to look like a real horse, and the neck moves independently from the body. The Equicizer has a spring balanced mechanism that is easily activated and controlled by the rider's level of effort and fitness. When in motion, the Equicizer simulates a real horse' movement, allowing riders to exercise, stretch and practice technique and improve body posture and positioning, fitness and confidence in a safe, controlled manner.

## Uses

Today, Equicizer users range from intense professional Equine Athletes to those with severe disabilities, novices, and those who may have never ridden a horse in their lives. In short, the Equicizer™ can be used by anyone. It has been used by riders for styles as varied as Dressage, Hunting/Jumping, Western Pleasure, Endurance, Vaulting, Polo, and Racing, as well as for training by riding instructors, for film making and special effects, and in private homes. It has been used for weight loss, by rehabilitation centers, in therapeutic riding programs, for Hippotherapy, Massage Therapy and general exercise. Lovato has also used them in his own Jockey Boot Camp to introduce people to the work of a jockey in a safe manner that allows them to develop both basic skills and the required level of physical fitness to ride a real horse. Equicizers were also used in the movie Seabiscuit for all of the closeup racing scenes and in other parts of the film. In 2018 Jockey Mike E. Smith, an Equicizer owner himself, won horse racing's Triple Crown aboard Justify.

In Seabiscuit:


title: Equiconsistency

abstract: In mathematical logic, two theories are equiconsistent if the consistency of one theory implies the consistency of the other theory, and vice versa. In this case, they are, roughly speaking, "as consistent as each other". In general, it is not possible to prove the absolute consistency of a theory T. Instead we usually take a theory S, believed to be consistent, and try to prove the weaker statement that if S is consistent then T must also be consistent—if we can do this we say that T is consistent relative to S. If S is also consistent relative to T then we say that S and T are equiconsistent.

text:
# Equiconsistency

In mathematical logic, two theories are **equiconsistent** if the consistency of one theory implies the consistency of the other theory, and vice versa. In this case, they are, roughly speaking, "as consistent as each other".

In general, it is not possible to prove the absolute consistency of a theory *T*. Instead we usually take a theory *S*, believed to be consistent, and try to prove the weaker statement that if *S* is consistent then *T* must also be consistent—if we can do this we say that *T* is *consistent relative to S*. If *S* is also consistent relative to *T* then we say that *S* and *T* are **equiconsistent**.

## Consistency

In mathematical logic, formal theories are studied as mathematical objects. Since some theories are powerful enough to model different mathematical objects, it is natural to wonder about their own consistency.

Hilbert proposed a program at the beginning of the 20th century whose ultimate goal was to show, using mathematical methods, the consistency of mathematics. Since most mathematical disciplines can be reduced to arithmetic, the program quickly became the establishment of the consistency of arithmetic by methods formalizable within arithmetic itself.

Gödel's incompleteness theorems show that Hilbert's program cannot be realized: if a consistent computably enumerable theory is strong enough to formalize its own metamathematics (whether something is a proof or not), i.e. strong enough to model a weak fragment of arithmetic (Robinson arithmetic suffices), then the theory cannot prove its own consistency. There are some technical caveats as to what requirements the formal statement representing the metamathematical statement "The theory is consistent" needs to satisfy, but the outcome is that if a (sufficiently strong) theory can prove its own consistency then either there is no computable way of identifying whether a statement is even an axiom of the theory or not, or else the theory itself is inconsistent (in which case it can prove anything, including false statements such as its own consistency).

Given this, instead of outright consistency, one usually considers relative consistency: Let *S* and *T* be formal theories. Assume that *S* is a consistent theory. Does it follow that *T* is consistent? If so, then *T is consistent relative to S*. Two theories are equiconsistent if each one is consistent relative to the other.

## Consistency strength

If *T* is consistent relative to *S*, but *S* is not known to be consistent relative to *T*, then we say that *S* has greater **consistency strength** than *T*. When discussing these issues of consistency strength, the metatheory in which the discussion takes places needs to be carefully addressed. For theories at the level of second-order arithmetic, the reverse mathematics program has much to say. Consistency strength issues are a usual part of set theory, since this is a computable theory that can certainly model most of mathematics. The most widely used set of axioms of set theory is called ZFC. When a set-theoretic statement A is said to be equiconsistent to another B, what is really being claimed is that in the metatheory (Peano arithmetic in this case) it can be proven that the theories ZFC+A and ZFC+B are equiconsistent. Usually, primitive recursive arithmetic can be adopted as the metatheory in question, but even if the metatheory is ZFC or an extension of it, the notion is meaningful. The method of forcing allows one to show that the theories ZFC, ZFC+CH and ZFC+¬CH are all equiconsistent (where CH denotes the continuum hypothesis).

When discussing fragments of ZFC or their extensions (for example, ZF, set theory without the axiom of choice, or ZF+AD, set theory with the axiom of determinacy), the notions described above are adapted accordingly. Thus, ZF is equiconsistent with ZFC, as shown by Gödel.

The consistency strength of numerous combinatorial statements can be calibrated by large cardinals. For example:


title: Epipaschiinae

abstract: The Epipaschiinae are a subfamily of snout moths. More than 720 species are known today, which are found mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Some occur in temperate regions, but the subfamily is apparently completely absent from Europe, at least as native species. A few Epipaschiinae are crop pests that may occasionally become economically significant.

text:
# Epipaschiinae

The **Epipaschiinae** are a subfamily of snout moths (family Pyralidae). More than 720 species are known today, which are found mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Some occur in temperate regions, but the subfamily is apparently completely absent from Europe, at least as native species. A few Epipaschiinae are crop pests that may occasionally become economically significant.

## Description and ecology

Adult females are often hard to distinguish from related lineages, and even the larvae do not possess the characteristic sclerotized bristle base near the start of the abdomen, whose position is a tell-tale mark of the other subfamilies of Pyralidae.

By contrast, the adult males of Epipaschiinae are easier to recognize, and three of their traits support the assumption that Epipaschiinae are a natural, monophyletic group:

1. an always upturned and pointed third segment of the labial palpi
2. a ventrally curved phallobase of the male which usually extends beyond the ductus ejaculatorius
3. the weakly sclerotized tegumen

In addition, in most cases the adult males of this subfamily have a conspicuous scaled projection from the scape of the antennae.

The caterpillar larvae are leaf rollers, leaf tiers and leaf miners. As pests, they infest such diverse plants as *Persea americana* (avocado), *Swietenia* (mahoganies), or *Zea mays* (corn). However, they are usually a mere nuisance and do not cause large-scale crop failure.

## Systematics

Alma Solis (1993) provided a phylogenetic analysis of 20 genera of the *Pococera* complex, consisting of some 300 species in the Western Hemisphere.

* Savela, Markku (2011): Epipaschiinae Meyrick *Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms*. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
* Solis, M. Alma (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). *Revista Colombiana de Entomología* **33**(1): 1–8 \[English with Spanish abstract\]. HTML fulltext

## InfoBox

| Epipaschiinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Caterpillar of *Pococera* sp. on sweetgum | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Subfamily: | Epipaschiinae
Meyrick, 1884 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Epipaschia superatalis*
Clemens, 1860 | |
| Diversity | |
| 91 genera | |
| Synonyms | |
| Pococerinae Hampson, 1918 | |


title: Eric Seal

abstract: Sir Eric Arthur Seal was a British civil servant who served as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, during World War II; and as Principal Private Secretary to Winston Churchill in his role as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1939. These two positions are public, rather than private posts. He was chairman of the UK Civil Service for seventeen years.

text:
# Eric Seal

Sir **Eric Arthur Seal** KBE CB (16 September 1898  31 March 1972) was a British civil servant who served as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, during World War II; and as Principal Private Secretary to Winston Churchill in his role as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1939. These two positions are public, rather than private posts. He was chairman of the UK Civil Service for seventeen years.

## Early life

Eric Arthur Seal was born in Ilford, London Borough of Redbridge, the son of Arthur John Todd Seal and Wilhelmina Henrietta "Mina" Youll. His parents had married in Edmonton, London on 10 August 1895. He was the eldest of 6 children. During the First World War he served as a Second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps and later in the Royal Air Force in No. 62 Squadron RAF.

## Career

Seal initially entered the Patent Office in 1921, and continued to work his way through the UK Civil Service ranks within the Admiralty from 1925 onwards. He is referred to in Arthur Marder’s memoirs as a person of influence within the Admiralty. Seal had served as Principal Private Secretary to Duff Cooper and James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope in their respective roles as First Lord of the Admiralty.

On the 3 September 1939 whilst in the First Sea Lord's office shortly after 11'o'clock when the ultimatum sent to the Germans was unanswered, Seal bowed to Ethel Goodenough and said "Miss Goodenough, I have the honour to tell you that we are at war".

Within the eight months that Churchill served as First Lord of the Admiralty, Seal proved himself to be invaluable, to the extent that just weeks into Churchill’s role of Prime minister, the 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough was instructed to release Seal from his daily duties, and transfer him for an extended period to Downing Street to serve as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime minister. In this role, he became Churchill’s trusted advisor on public affairs. Seal had the ability to get to the bottom of the subject matter and has been described as Churchill’s ferret.

As Churchill’s Principal Private Secretary, Seal was present at the most important strategic conferences of the early war period, and the making of key political decisions affecting the United Kingdom, such as the Attack on Mers-el-Kébir and the Battle of Britain. According to Seal:

> Churchill was convinced that the Americans were impressed by ruthlessness in dealing with a ruthless foe; and in his mind the American reaction to our attack on the French fleet in Oran was of the first importance".

On 4 July 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt told the French ambassador that he would have done the same. Jean Lacouture, in a biography of Charles De Gaulle, blamed the tragedy mainly on miscommunication. Other aides during this period included Jock Colville, John Peck, Leslie Rowan, Patrick Kinna and Elizabeth Nel.

Seal, in a letter to Arthur Marder, as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, described himself as “a sole survivor” from Churchill’s previous incarnation, as First Lord of the Admiralty (19391940). John Gerald Lang, a very able and clear headed civil servant in charge of the Admiralty War Registry, described Seal during the Norwegian campaign as “an able man” and “a very assured person and apt to be certain of the rightness of his view”.

The Churchill Archives Centre (CAC) holds a number boxes of his official work papers (from between 1939 and 1955) that cover a wide range of subject matter; from the questionable sympathies of Axel Wenner-Gren and Edward VIII, to the design of an air raid shelter at Chartwell House, Churchill’s weekend residence in Kent; to when he was released for “special duties in the Admiralty” during May 1941, and was replaced by John Martin. These new “special duties” were highly strategic and related to the future Lend-Lease agreement, which was by now crucial to the security of the United Kingdom. Churchill appointed him as Deputy Secretary of the Admiralty for North America to secure an agreement with the United States. Although his work papers are now part of the Churchill Archives, some of his records, including correspondence with Churchill’s prime scientific adviser Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell during 1945, form part of the National Archives. Personal papers from the time he was a Private Secretary have been made readily available to historians by his family.

Seal continued to be a significant influence upon Churchill’s own writings; particularly in any references to Julius Caesar.

After 1945, Seal held a number of senior civil service roles, such as Chief of Trade and Industries, replacing Percy Mills, 1st Viscount Mills, where he headed various collaborative events with the United States, Russia and France; notable for being a career civil servant leading the British Delegation. In 1947 he was physically described by the United States Department of War as wearing glasses, being of medium build and a pipe smoker. During this period he was Vice President of the economic sub-commission on roads and railways Germany (British Element).

He later became Deputy Parliamentary Under Secretary for State for Germany in the Foreign Office. Thereafter he moved onto the Ministry of Works. He was knighted (KBE) for his services in the 1955 New Year Honours, and retired as a Deputy Director, Ministry of Works in 1959.

His publication on Sir Winston Churchill in 1970 is held within the National Archives.

He is listed in *Who was Who*. Various sources cite an unpublished autobiography of his life, which provided a personal perspective and a first hand “working level” overview of Churchills inner circle, as well as his experiences during a critical and decisive period of World War II.

## Personal

He married Gladys Leadbitter in Epsom, Surrey in 1926. They had three children. A year later he became the brother in law of his colleague, Noel Atherton, through the latter's marriage to Daisy Phyllis Leadbitter, his wife's younger sister.

Seal was active with the Additional Curates Society, an Anglican devotion society whilst living at his home “Seaforth”, located at Woodfield Lane, Ashtead on Surrey.

Seal died in West Itchenor, Chichester, Sussex on 31 March 1972 at the age of 73. His obituary was published in The Times. His wife died on 20 June 1978.

## Legacy

A keen yachtsman, in 1956, Seal facilitated the purchase of the first Civil Service Sailing Association sailing yacht. The “Melanie”, a 42’ yacht was built in 1919 by the Abeking & Rasmussen shipyard. Seal and his colleagues restored the yacht. In the 1970s, Seal left his part share in the “Melanie” to Peter Townrow; his final wishes being to keep the vessel in a good state of repair, in order to continue the tradition of utilising the vessel to promote sailing to the underprivileged.

He was nominated as the Civil Service Sailing Association’s First Commodore, officially opening the club on 22 June 1958.

He was a sizeable monetary contributor to the Civil Service and Post Office Life Boat Fund in aid of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. A Civil Service lifeboat #36 was named “The Eric Seal”, in his honour and stationed at Eyemouth in the Scottish Borders. The lifeboat was officially named by his wife, Lady Seal on 3 August 1973.

## Further reading

* The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics. Edited by John Ramsden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002
* Gale Research Company. Biography and Genealogy Master Index

### Works cited

* Smith, C. (2010) \[2009\]. *England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940–1942* (Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-7538-2705-5.

## InfoBox

| SirEric SealKBE CB | |
| --- | --- |
| Sir Eric Arthur Seal in 1955 | |
|  | |
| Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister | |
| **In office**
1940–1941 | |
| Prime Minister | Winston Churchill |
| Preceded by | Arthur Rucker |
| Succeeded by | John Martin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Eric Arthur Seal
(1898-09-16)16 September 1898
Ilford, London |
| Died | 31 March 1972(1972-03-31) (aged 73)
West Itchenor, Sussex |
| Spouse | Gladys Leadbitter (m. 1926) |
| Children | 3 |
| Occupation | Civil servant |
| Awards | CB (1941)
KBE (1955) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch/service | Royal Flying Corps
Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 |
| Rank | Second lieutenant |
| Unit | No. 62 Squadron RAF |
| Battles/wars | First World War |
|  | |


title: Erik Forssell

abstract: Erik Forssell is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player who last played for Skellefteå AIK and the Malmö Redhawks in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

text:
# Erik Forssell

**Erik Forssell** (born January 30, 1982) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player who last played for Skellefteå AIK and the Malmö Redhawks in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

## InfoBox

| Erik Forssell | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-01-30) January 30, 1982
Skellefteå, Sweden | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Skellefteå AIK
Malmö Redhawks | | |
| Playing career | 20012018 | | |


title: Erik Fleming (councilor)

abstract: Erik Joakimsson Fleming (1487–1548) was Finnish noble, a Councilor of State of Sweden and an admiral. He was a prominent statesman and King Gustav Vasa's favourite. He was the king's trusted official in Swedish Finland. Fleming was son of the riksråd nobleman Joakim Fleming and Elin Björnsdotter of Svidja, and the brother of abbess Valborg Fleming and Ivar Fleming: he was a grandson of Björn Ragvaldsson's. Erik Fleming's son was Admiral Klaus Fleming and his daughter was Filippa Fleming, who succeeded in writing a will disinheriting her brother for his neglect of her in a long illness, an unusual legal achievement at that time. From 1512, he had a number of offices within the government administration in Finland. In 1523, him and his brother was named riksråd by king Gustav, and came to be his trusted representatives in Finland, then a Swedish province.

text:
# Erik Fleming (councilor)

**Erik Joakimsson Fleming** (1487–1548) was Finnish noble, a Councilor of State of Sweden and an admiral. He was a prominent statesman and King Gustav Vasa's favourite. He was the king's trusted official in Swedish Finland.

Fleming was son of the *riksråd* nobleman Joakim Fleming and Elin Björnsdotter of Svidja, and the brother of abbess Valborg Fleming and Ivar Fleming: he was a grandson of Björn Ragvaldsson's. Erik Fleming's son was Admiral Klaus Fleming and his daughter was Filippa Fleming, who succeeded in writing a will disinheriting her brother for his neglect of her in a long illness, an unusual legal achievement at that time.

From 1512, he had a number of offices within the government administration in Finland. In 1523, him and his brother was named *riksråd* by king Gustav, and came to be his trusted representatives in Finland, then a Swedish province.

* Erik Fleming i Svenskt biografiskt lexikon


title: Erhard Bodenschatz

abstract: Erhard Bodenschatz was a German pastor, cantor and composer. He was cantor at Schulpforta from 1600 to 1603 and pastor in Groß-Osterhausen/Querfurt from 1608 onwards. He produced several motets. Among his best known works was the edited motet collection Florilegium Portense, meaning "Schulpforta's anthology". It was published in two volumes in Leipzig in 1618 and 1621 and held 365 motets by 58 composers, giving a good insight into the 17th century choral repertoire in Saxony and Thuringia. Johann Sebastian Bach is known to have been familiar with the work, using it and ordering further copies for the Thomanerchor whilst he was Thomaskantor.

text:
# Erhard Bodenschatz

**Erhard Bodenschatz** (1576 in Lichtenberg  1636 in Groß-Osterhausen) was a German pastor, cantor and composer. He was cantor at Schulpforta from 1600 to 1603 and pastor in Groß-Osterhausen/Querfurt from 1608 onwards.

He produced several motets. Among his best known works was the edited motet collection *Florilegium Portense*, meaning "Schulpforta's anthology". It was published in two volumes in Leipzig in 1618 and 1621 and held 365 motets by 58 composers, giving a good insight into the 17th century choral repertoire in Saxony and Thuringia. Johann Sebastian Bach is known to have been familiar with the work, using it and ordering further copies for the Thomanerchor whilst he was Thomaskantor.

## Bibliography

* Arrey von Dommer: Bodenschatz, Erhard. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 3, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, S. 6 f.
* Otto Riemer: Bodenschatz, Erhard. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 2, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1955, ISBN 3-428-00183-4, S. 354 f. (Digitalisat).
* \[\[:de:Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon|Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: Bodenschatz, Erhard. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2., unveränderte Auflage Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1, Sp. 651–652.\]\]


title: Erik Kofoed-Hansen

abstract: Erik Kofoed-Hansen was a Danish fencer and naval officer. He competed in five events at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Erik Kofoed-Hansen

**Erik Kofoed-Hansen** (30 January 1897  5 March 1965) was a Danish fencer and naval officer. He competed in five events at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Erik Kofoed-Hansen
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Born | (1897-01-30)30 January 1897
Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Died | 5 March 1965(1965-03-05) (aged 68)
Lyngby-Taarbæk, Denmark |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Club | Idrætsforeningen for Søværnets officerer |


title: Erik Knudsen

abstract: Erik Knudsen is a Canadian actor. He is known for portraying Daniel Matthews in Saw II, Robbie Mercer in Scream 4, Alec Sadler in Continuum and Dale Turner in the CBS series Jericho.

text:
# Erik Knudsen

**Erik Knudsen** (born March 25, 1988) is a Canadian actor. He is known for portraying Daniel Matthews in *Saw II*, Robbie Mercer in *Scream 4*, Alec Sadler in *Continuum* and Dale Turner in the CBS series *Jericho*.

## Life and career

Knudsen was born on March 25, 1988, in Toronto, Ontario. His first film debut was in the 2000 film, *Tribulation*.

In 2001, Knudsen guest starred on *The Guardian* and appeared in three other episodes. He was nominated for a Young Artist Award for his performance. In 2003, Knudsen starred in the TV series *Mental Block*. He co-starred as Leroy "Lefty" in the film adaptation of *Youth in Revolt*, and in *Scott Pilgrim vs. the World* as Lucas "Crash" Wilson, who was the lead singer of fictional band Crash and the Boys. In 2005, he co-starred in the horror film *Saw II*. From 2006 to 2008, he played the series regular role, Dale Turner in the CBS series *Jericho*.

Knudsen portrayed Robbie in the 2011 slasher film *Scream 4*. Knudsen played Ryan in *The Barrens*, co-starring *True Blood*'s Stephen Moyer, which was released in late 2012.

He portrayed teen tech genius Alec Sadler in the Canadian science fiction series *Continuum*, starring alongside Rachel Nichols and Victor Webster, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for the role for two consecutive years at the Saturn Awards. He appears in *Bon Cop, Bad Cop 2*, the horror feature *Darker Than Night*, as well as Stephen King-based sci-fi TV series *The Mist* and space adventure drama series *Killjoys*.

## Filmography

### Film

List of films and roles
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Tribulation* | Young Tom Canboro | First film role |
| 2005 | *Saw II* | Daniel Matthews |  |
| 2006 | *Bon Cop, Bad Cop* | Jonathan Ward |  |
| | *A Lobster Tale* | Timmy Brock |  |
| 2009 | *Youth in Revolt* | Leroy "Lefty" |  |
| 2010 | *Scott Pilgrim vs. the World* | Lucas "Crash" Wilson |  |
| | *Saw 3D* | Daniel Matthews | Archive footage; uncredited |
| 2011 | *Beastly* | Trey Madison |  |
| | *Scream 4* | Robbie Mercer |  |
| 2012 | *The Barrens* | Ryan |  |
| 2017 | *Bon Cop, Bad Cop 2* | Jonathan Ward |  |
| 2018 | *Blindsided* | Toby |  |
| 2021 | *Heart of Champions* | Rower |  |

### Television

List of television appearances and roles
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | *I Was a Sixth Grade Alien!* | Kenny the Collector / Kenny | * Episode: "They Saved Grandpa's Brain!" * Episode: "Floormat from the Putrid Lagoon" |
| | *Real Kids, Real Adventures* | Alex Schreffler | Episode: "Heimlich Hero: The Michelle Shreffler Story" |
| 2000 | *In a Heartbeat* | Jason | Episode: "You Say It's Your Birthday" |
| | *The Wonderful World of Disney* | Nasty Boy | Episode: Santa Who? |
| | *Common Ground* | Young Johnny Burroughs | Television film |
| | *Santa Who?* | Nasty Boy | Television film |
| 2001–
2002 | *The Guardian* | Hunter Reed | 4 episodes |
| 2001 | *Blackout* | Ian Robbins | Television film |
| | *The Familiar Stranger* | Young Chris Welsh | Television film |
| | *Doc* | Mitch | 2 episodes |
| 2003–
2004 | *Mental Block* | Donovan Mackay | 26 episodes |
| 2003 | *Full-Court Miracle* | T.J. Murphy | Television film |
| 2004 | *Blue Murder* | Jake Green | Episode: "Janet Green" |
| 2005 | *Kevin Hill* | Ryan Stallinger | Episode: "Losing Isn't Everything" |
| 2006 | *Booky Makes Her Mark* | Arthur Thomson | Television film |
| 2006–
2008 | *Jericho* | Dale Turner | 18 episodes |
| 2008 | *Flashpoint* | Jackson Barcliffe | Episode: "The Element of Surprise" |
| 2012 | *Saving Hope* | Mitchell | Episode: "Pilot" |
| 2012–
2015 | *Continuum* | Alec Sadler | 42 episodes
Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television (2014–16) |
| 2012 | *Degrassi* | Darrin Howe | 2 episodes |
| 2014 | *Not With My Daughter* | Dennis Brunner | Television film |
| 2016 | *12 Monkeys* | Thomas Crawford Jr. | Episode: "One Hundred Years" |
| 2017 | *Ransom* | Lucas Hamil | Episode: "Regeneration" |
| | *The Mist* | Vic | 7 episodes |
| | *Killjoys* | McAvoy | 2 episodes |
| | *Stickman* | Jeremy | Television film |
| 2019 | *Designated Survivor* | Davis Marlowe | Episode: "#scaredsh\*tless" |
| | *Murdoch Mysteries* | Frank Rizzo | Episode: "Toronto the Bad" |
| 2020 | *Hudson & Rex* | Ian Silver | Episode: "Tunnel Vision" |
| 2021 | *Nine Films About Technology* | Cory | Episode: "Digital Gold" |
| | *Private Eyes* | Bryce | 2 episodes |
| | *Mayor of Kingstown* | Spivey | Episode: "Simply Murder" |
| | *So Help Me Todd* | Brian McAtee | Episode: "Second Second Chance" |

## InfoBox

| Erik Knudsen | |
| --- | --- |
| Knudsen in 2012 | |
| Born | (1988-03-25) March 25, 1988
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1999–Present |


title: Rodolfo Terragno

abstract: Rodolfo Terragno is an Argentine politician and lawyer, former Senator and journalist. From 2016 to 2019, he was Argentina's ambassador to UNESCO.

text:
# Rodolfo Terragno

**Rodolfo Terragno** (born 16 November 1943) is an Argentine politician and lawyer, former Senator and journalist. From 2016 to 2019, he was Argentina's ambassador to UNESCO.

## Life and times

Terragno was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1943 and obtained a law degree from the University of Buenos Aires in 1967, founding the law firm of Terragno & Associates. He married Sonia Pascual Sánchez, with whom he had two children. He became a prestigious journalist, appointed editor-in-chief for the newsmagazine *Confirmado* between 1967 and 1968, was a columnist for *La Opinión* newspaper, and an editor in *Cuestionario* magazine. Terragno became adjunct professor of law at his alma mater in 1973. Intimidation by the dictatorship installed in 1976 led to his exile in Caracas, where he became editor-in-chief of *El Diario de Caracas*. In 1980, he was appointed researcher for the Institute of Latin American Studies in London and for the London School of Economics, posts he held until 1982. He remained in London as editor-in-chief of *Letters*, until 1987.

Affiliated to the centrist Radical Civic Union since 1961, he was appointed Minister of Public Works by President Raúl Alfonsín in 1987, whereby he initiated a modest program of privatizations. Terragno received the Ordre National du Mérite from French President François Mitterrand, in 1987. Elected Congressman in 1993, he campaigned against the Olivos Pact negotiated between UCR leader Raúl Alfonsín and President Carlos Menem, who sought the deal in a bid to amend the Argentine Constitution to allow himself reelection. He sought the UCR's vice-presidential nomination in a ticket with Federico Storani, but was defeated by Alfonsín's choice: Río Negro Province Governor Horacio Massaccesi. Loyal to the struggling UCR, he agreed to be Massaccesi's Chief of Staff-designate in March, a move that did not stave off defeat in the May 1995 elections.

Out of Congress, he sought and won election as President of the UCR, helping negotiate a successful alliance with the center-left Frepaso. The Alliance's victory in the 1997 midterm elections paved the way for their victory in 1999. Terragno resigned from Congress to accept the influential post of Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers for President Fernando de la Rúa, though fallout over a bribery scandal involving the President led to his resignation in October 2000. He was elected Senator for Buenos Aires in 2001 and served until 2007, by which time he sat on a splinter UCR ticket. Terragno began efforts to join Vice President Julio Cobos (a popular UCR figure distanced from the President, Cristina Kirchner) in an alliance with ARI leader Elisa Carrió in January 2009, though no agreement was reached.

## Selected publications

* *La Simulación* (2005)
* *El Peronismo de los '70* (2005)
* *Falklands/Malvinas* (2002)
* *Maitland & San Martín* (1998)
* *Bases para un Modelo de Crecimiento, Empleo y Bienestar* (1996)
* *El Nuevo Modelo* (1994)
* *Proyecto 95* (1993)
* *La Argentina del Siglo 21* (1985)
* *The Challenge of Real Development* (1987).
* *Muerte y Resurrección de los Políticos* (1981)
* *Memorias del Presente* (1984)
* *Contratapas* (1976)
* *Los 400 Días de Perón* (1974)
* *Los Dueños del Poder* (1972)

## InfoBox

| Rodolfo Terragno | |
| --- | --- |
| Rodolfo Terragno | |
|  | |
| Argentine Ambassador to UNESCO | |
| **In office**
3 February 2016  10 December 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Miguel Ángel Estrella |
| Succeeded by | Fernando Solanas |
| National Senator | |
| **In office**
10 December 2001  10 December 2007 | |
| Constituency | City of Buenos Aires |
| Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers | |
| **In office**
10 December 1999  6 October 2000 | |
| President | Fernando de la Rúa |
| Preceded by | Jorge Rodríguez |
| Succeeded by | Chrystian Colombo |
| President of the National Committee of the Radical Civic Union | |
| **In office**
1995–1997 | |
| Preceded by | Raúl Alfonsín |
| Succeeded by | Fernando De la Rúa |
| National Deputy | |
| **In office**
10 December 1993  10 December 1999 | |
| Constituency | City of Buenos Aires |
| Minister of Public Works and Services | |
| **In office**
16 September 1987  26 May 1989 | |
| President | Raúl Alfonsín |
| Preceded by | Pedro Trucco |
| Succeeded by | Roberto Pedro Echarte |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1943-11-16) 16 November 1943
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Political party | Radical Civic Union |
| Alma mater | University of Buenos Aires |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Erdős–Turán inequality

abstract:
In mathematics, the Erdős–Turán inequality bounds the distance between a probability measure on the circle and the Lebesgue measure, in terms of Fourier coefficients. It was proved by Paul Erdős and Pál Turán in 1948. Let μ be a probability measure on the unit circle R/Z. The Erdős–Turán inequality states that, for any natural number n,
  - sup A | μ − m e s A | ≤ C, where the supremum is over all arcs A ⊂ R/Z of the unit circle, mes stands for the Lebesgue measure,
  - μ ^ = ∫ exp  d μ are the Fourier coefficients of μ, and C > 0 is a numerical constant.

text:
# Erdős–Turán inequality

In mathematics, the **Erdős–Turán inequality** bounds the distance between a probability measure on the circle and the Lebesgue measure, in terms of Fourier coefficients. It was proved by Paul Erdős and Pál Turán in 1948.

Let *μ* be a probability measure on the unit circle **R**/**Z**. The Erdős–Turán inequality states that, for any natural number *n*,

$$\sup \_{A}\left|\mu (A)-\mathrm {mes} \\,A\right|\leq C\left({\frac {1}{n}+\sum \_{k=1}^{n}{\frac {|{\hat {\mu }(k)|}{k}\right),}}}$$

where the supremum is over all arcs *A***R**/**Z** of the unit circle, *mes* stands for the Lebesgue measure,

$$\hat {\mu }(k)=\int \exp(2\pi ik\theta )\\,d\mu (\theta )$$

are the Fourier coefficients of *μ*, and *C* \> 0 is a numerical constant.

## Application to discrepancy

Let *s*1, *s*2, *s*3 ... ∈ **R** be a sequence. The Erdős–Turán inequality applied to the measure

$$\mu \_{m}(S)={\frac {1}{m}\\#\\{1\leq j\leq m\\,|\\,s\_{j}\\,\mathrm {mod} \\,1\in S\\},\quad S\subset \[0,1),}$$

yields the following bound for the discrepancy:

$$\begin{aligned}D(m)&\left(=\sup \_{0\leq a\leq b\leq 1}{\Big |}m^{-1}\\#\\{1\leq j\leq m\\,|\\,a\leq s\_{j}\\,\mathrm {mod} \\,1\leq b\\}-(b-a){\Big |}\right)\\\\[8pt\]&\leq C\left({\frac {1}{n}+{\frac {1}{m}\sum \_{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k}\left|\sum \_{j=1}^{m}e^{2\pi is\_{j}k}\right|\right).\end{aligned}\qquad (1)}}}$$

This inequality holds for arbitrary natural numbers *m,n*, and gives a quantitative form of Weyl's criterion for equidistribution.

A multi-dimensional variant of (1) is known as the Erdős–Turán–Koksma inequality.

## Additional references


title: Samuel G. Hilborn

abstract: Samuel Greeley Hilborn was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from California in the late 19th century.

text:
# Samuel G. Hilborn

**Samuel Greeley Hilborn** (December 9, 1834 – April 19, 1899) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from California in the late 19th century.

## Early life

Born in Minot, Androscoggin (then Cumberland) County, Maine, Hilborn attended the common schools, Hebron Academy, and Gould's Academy, Bethel, Maine, and was graduated from Tufts College, Medford, Massachusetts, in 1859. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1861. He moved to California, Vallejo, Solano County, and engaged in the practice of law.

## Career

He served in the State senate 1875–1879. He served as member of the constitutional convention in 1879. He moved to San Francisco, California, in 1883. He was appointed by President Arthur United States district attorney for the district of California and served from 1883 to 1886. He moved to Oakland in 1887 and continued the practice of his profession.

Hilborn was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Joseph McKenna. Presented credentials as a Member-elect to the Fifty-third Congress and served from December 5, 1892, until April 4, 1894, when he was succeeded by Warren B. English, who contested his election.

Hilborn was elected to the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1898.

## Later life and death

He lived in retirement until his death in Washington, D.C., April 19, 1899. He was interred in Rock Creek Cemetery.

## Electoral history

1892 United States House of Representatives elections in California, District 3
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Samuel G. Hilborn** | **13,163** | **43.2** |
|  | Democratic | Warren B. English | 13,138 | 43.1 |
|  | Populist | J. L. Lyon | 3,495 | 11.5 |
|  | Prohibition | L. B. Scranton | 671 | 2.2 |
| Total votes | | | **30,467** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

1894 United States House of Representatives elections in California, District 3
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Samuel G. Hilborn** | **15,795** | **45.5** |
|  | Democratic | Warren B. English (Incumbent) | 13,103 | 37.8 |
|  | Populist | W. A. Vann | 5,162 | 14.9 |
|  | Prohibition | L. B. Scranton | 637 | 1.8 |
| Total votes | | | **34,697** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | | | |

1896 United States House of Representatives elections in California, District 3
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Samuel Hilborn (Incumbent)** | **19,778** | **54.0** |
|  | Democratic | Warren B. English | 16,119 | 44.0 |
|  | Socialist | John H. Eustice | 387 | 1.1 |
|  | Prohibition | W. Shafer | 327 | 0.9 |
| Total votes | | | **36,611** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

* United States Congress. "Samuel G. Hilborn (id: H000583)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Samuel G. Hilborn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 3rd district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1895  March 3, 1899 | |
| Preceded by | Warren B. English |
| Succeeded by | Victor H. Metcalf |
| **In office**
December 5, 1892  April 4, 1894 | |
| Preceded by | Joseph McKenna |
| Succeeded by | Warren B. English |
| Member of the California Senate | |
| **In office**
1875–1879 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1834-12-09)December 9, 1834
Minot, Maine |
| Died | April 19, 1899(1899-04-19) (aged 64)
Washington, D.C. |
| Resting place | Rock Creek Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


# State civilian and municipal service ranks of the Russian Federation

Several acts of the Russian parliament make provisions for the operation of the state civilian and municipal services. Three laws which came into effect between 2004 and 2007 lay out the principal structures and functions of the services.

Federal state civilian service ranks in Russia are set out in the Federal Law of 27 July 2004 No.79-FZ "Concerning the state civilian service of the Russian Federation".

State civilian service ranks of the federal subjects of the Russian Federation are laid out in the Federal Law of the 27th of July 2004 No.79-FZ "Concerning the state civilian service of the Russian Federation".

The ranks of the municipal service are set out in the Federal Law of the 2nd of March 2007 No.25-FZ "Concerning the municipal service of the Russian Federation".

These laws are supplemented by acts pertaining more generally to the status of Russian federal subjects.

Those in the ranks of the civilian and municipal services wear the insignia of the appropriate organisation on a patch stitched onto their clothing.

## Federal ranks and insignia

| Category | General ranks | Insignia | Ranks for officials holding positions requiring a higher education degree in law | Insignia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Highest officials | 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation |  | 1st class Active State Councillor of Justitia of the Russian Federation |  |
| | 2nd class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation |  | 2nd class Active State Councillor of Justitia of the Russian Federation |  |
| | 3rd class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation |  | 3rd class Active State Councillor of Justitia of the Russian Federation |  |
| Main officials | 1st class State Councillor of the Russian Federation |  | 1st class State Councillor of Justitia of the Russian Federation |  |
| | 2nd class State Councillor of the Russian Federation |  | 2nd class State Councillor of Justitia of the Russian Federation |  |
| | 3rd class State Councillor of the Russian Federation |  | 3rd class State Councillor of Justitia of the Russian Federation |  |
| Leading officials | 1st class Councillor of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  | 1st class Councillor of Justitia |  |
| | 2nd class Councillor of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  | 2nd class Councillor of Justitia |  |
| | 3rd class Councillor of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  | 3rd class Councillor of Justitia |  |
| Senior officials | 1st class Referent of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  | 1st class Jurist |  |
| | 2nd class Referent of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  | 2nd class Jurist |  |
| | 3rd class Referent of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  | 3rd class Jurist |  |
| Junior officials | 1st class Secretary of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  |  |  |
| | 2nd class Secretary of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  |  |  |
| | 3rd class Secretary of the state civilian service of the Russian Federation |  |  |  |
|

## Regional ranks and insignia

| Category | Ranks | Insignia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Highest officials | 1st class Active state councillor of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 2nd class Active state councillor of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 3rd class Active state councillor of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| Main officials | 1st class State councillor of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 2nd class State councillor of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 3rd class State councillor of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| Leading officials | 1st class Councillor of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 2nd class Councillor of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 3rd class Councillor of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| Senior officials | 1st class Referent of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 2nd class Referent of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 3rd class Referent of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| Junior officials | 1st class Secretary of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 2nd class Secretary of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
| | 3rd class Secretary of the state civilian service of \[name of the federal subject\] |  |
|

## Municipal ranks and insignia

| Category | Ranks | Insignia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Highest officials | 1st class Active municipal councillor |  |
| | 2nd class Active municipal councillor |  |
| | 3rd class Active municipal councillor |  |
| Main officials | 1st class Municipal councillor |  |
| | 2nd class Municipal councillor |  |
| | 3rd class Municipal councillor |  |
| Leading officials | 1st class Councillor of the municipal service |  |
| | 2nd class Councillor of the municipal service |  |
| | 3rd class Councillor of the municipal service |  |
| Senior officials | 1st class Referent of the municipal service |  |
| | 2nd class Referent of the municipal service |  |
| | 3rd class Referent of the municipal service |  |
| Junior officials | 1st class Secretary of the municipal service |  |
| | 2nd class Secretary of the municipal service |  |
| | 3rd class Secretary of the municipal service |  |
|


title: Tom Kirkwood

abstract: Thomas Burton Loram Kirkwood CBE FMedSci is an English biologist who made his contribution to the biology of ageing by proposing the disposable soma theory of aging. He is currently a researcher and Associate Dean for Ageing in Newcastle University and he headed the Institute for Ageing and Health in its school of clinical medical sciences. He is the author of Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging (1999), The End of Age: Why Everything About Aging Is Changing (2001), and co-author of Chance, Development, and Aging. In 2001 he gave the annual Reith Lectures. Kirkwood was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.

text:
# Tom Kirkwood

**Thomas Burton Loram Kirkwood** CBE FMedSci (6 July 1951, Durban, South Africa) is an English biologist who made his contribution to the biology of ageing by proposing the disposable soma theory of aging. He is currently a researcher and Associate Dean for Ageing in Newcastle University and he headed the Institute for Ageing and Health in its school of clinical medical sciences. He is the author of *Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging* (1999), *The End of Age: Why Everything About Aging Is Changing* (2001), and co-author of *Chance, Development, and Aging* (2000, together with Caleb E. Finch). In 2001 he gave the annual Reith Lectures.

Kirkwood was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.

## Footnotes


title: Stovall House

abstract: The Stovall House is a historic home in Tampa, Florida. It is located at 4621 Bayshore Boulevard. On September 4, 1974, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Stovall House

The **Stovall House** is a historic home in Tampa, Florida. It is located at 4621 Bayshore Boulevard. On September 4, 1974, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stovall House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Tampa, Florida |
| Coordinates | 27°53′47″N 82°29′24″W / 27.89639°N 82.49000°W / 27.89639; -82.49000 |
| Built | 1909 |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 74000637 |
| Added to NRHP | September 4, 1974 |


title: Ganske Publishing Group

abstract: Ganske Verlagsgruppe is a German publishing holding company comprising eighteen distinct companies. The group is active mainly in book and magazine publishing with an emphasis on travel, gourmet, lifestyle, and architecture, orientated towards an upscale market. It has approximately 2,000 employees. The corporate headquarters are in Hamburg, with offices in Munich and several other cities. Licensed versions of the group's magazines as well as corporate publishing products such as the BMW Magazine and the Relais & Chateaux Magazine are published throughout the world. The group started avantgarde ventures such as the weekly newspaper Die Woche and monthly magazine TEMPO, breeding several well known journalists and experimenting with new styles that later became staples of the journalistic toolbox. Because of the group's upscale portfolio, reputation for innovation and high profitability it has been the target of several unsuccessful takeover attempts. Under the leadership of publisher Thomas Ganske, Ganske Verlagsgruppe has made significant investments in its digital assets – the online presence of its magazines, community blogs, and content for navigation devices.

text:
# Ganske Publishing Group

***Ganske Verlagsgruppe*** (translated Ganske Publishing Group) is a German publishing holding company comprising eighteen distinct companies. The group is active mainly in book and magazine publishing with an emphasis on travel, gourmet, lifestyle, and architecture, orientated towards an upscale market. It has approximately 2,000 employees. The corporate headquarters are in Hamburg, with offices in Munich and several other cities.

Licensed versions of the group's magazines as well as corporate publishing products such as the *BMW Magazine* and the *Relais & Chateaux Magazine* are published throughout the world.

The group started avantgarde ventures such as the weekly newspaper *Die Woche* and monthly magazine *TEMPO*, breeding several well known journalists and experimenting with new styles that later became staples of the journalistic toolbox. Because of the group's upscale portfolio, reputation for innovation and high profitability it has been the target of several unsuccessful takeover attempts.

Under the leadership of publisher Thomas Ganske, Ganske Verlagsgruppe has made significant investments in its digital assets – the online presence of its magazines, community blogs, and content for navigation devices.

## History

In 1907, Richard Ganske established the magazine subscription service *Lesezirkel daheim* in Kiel, which would later become the current group of companies.

In 1938, the *Lesezirkel* maintained 30 outlets throughout Germany serving 180,000 customers. In 1941, Kurt Ganske – the son of the company's founder – invested in the *Hoffmann und Campe Verlag* in Hamburg. Nine years later, he took over the remaining shares of the publishing house. After his father's death in 1979, Thomas Ganske, the current owner, took on responsibility for the group. Thomas Ganske has gradually restructured the company since 1990. In 2001, these measures resulted in setting up the *Ganske Verlagsgruppe* as a holding company of which he became chief executive officer.

## Business Units

**Book Publishing**

* HOFFMANN UND CAMPE
* HOFFMANN UND CAMPE Corporate Publishing
* DEUTSCHER TASCHENBUCH VERLAG (dtv)
* GRÄFE UND UNZER
* TEUBNER
* HALLWAG
* GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS
* TRAVEL HOUSE MEDIA
* MERIAN Live!
* GUIDE MICHELIN
* Hatje Cantz Verlag

**Magazine Publishing** (Jahreszeiten Verlag)

* FÜR SIE
* PETRA
* VITAL
* DER FEINSCHMECKER
* WEIN GOURMET
* MERIAN
* A&W Architektur & Wohnen
* COUNTRY
* ZUHAUSE WOHNEN
* SELBER MACHEN
* PRINZ

**Electronic Publishing**

* iPUBLISH
* MERIAN scout (navigation software)
* Kartographie
* Travel and Event Databases

**Distribution / Retail / Hotel**

* LESERKREIS DAHEIM
* PRESSE SERVICE GESELLSCHAFT
* WERBE MERKUR
* RHENANIA BUCHVERSAND
* AKZENTE VERSANDBUCHHANDLUNG
* Mail:Order:Kaiser
* FRÖLICH UND KAUFMANN Art Books
* HOTEL HOHENHAUS (a Relais & Chateaux member)


title: Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon

abstract: Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon is a chemical encyclopedia from Germany. Started by chemistry teacher Hermann Römpp in 1947 it has evolved to the leading chemical encyclopedia in German language. Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon contains around 64,000 entries and 215,000 links.

text:
# Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon

***Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon*** (German *Römpp Lexikon Chemie*) is a chemical encyclopedia from Germany. Started by chemistry teacher Hermann Römpp in 1947 it has evolved to the leading chemical encyclopedia in German language. *Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon* contains around 64,000 entries and 215,000 links.

## History

After the first five editions by Hermann Römpp, Erhard Ühlein took over editorship in 1964. He died shortly after publishing the 6th edition. The 7th and 8th edition were edited by Otto-Albrecht Neumüller.

In 1988, *Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon* was transferred to Thieme Medical Publishers, with editorship handled by a team of authors. The 9th edition and 10th edition, the final two print editions, were published in 1992 and 1999, respectively.

Since 2002 the *Römpp* is published online as a web encyclopedia.

## Spin-offs

The editorial team has created several spinoffs, e.g. the *Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products* (2000) and volumes about biotechnology & genetics, environment, food chemistry, and paint & varnish.


title: Rossburg, Warren County, Ohio

abstract: Rossburg is an unincorporated community in Warren County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

text:
# Rossburg, Warren County, Ohio

**Rossburg** is an unincorporated community in Warren County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## History

Rossburg was not officially platted. The community was named after Enoch A. Ross, the proprietor of a local tannery. A post office was established in the early 1830s as "Rossburg", and the name of the post office was changed in 1838 to "Butlerville".

39°18′35″N 84°07′04″W / 39.30972°N 84.11778°W / 39.30972; -84.11778


title: Statue of Wade Hampton III

abstract: Wade Hampton III is a 1929 marble sculpture depicting the military officer and politician of the same name by Frederick Ruckstull, installed in the United States Capitol, in Washington D.C., as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. It is one of two statues donated by the state of South Carolina. The statue was accepted in the collection by Duncan Heyward on June 10, 1929. Hampton is one of several Confederate States of America civilian and military leaders enshrined in the National Statuary Hall Collection, although unlike some of the others, Hampton is not portrayed wearing his CSA uniform. Ruckstull had previously executed an equestrian statue of Hampton in 1906 that was installed in front of the South Carolina State House in Columbia, South Carolina.

text:
# Statue of Wade Hampton III

***Wade Hampton III*** is a 1929 marble sculpture depicting the military officer and politician of the same name by Frederick Ruckstull, installed in the United States Capitol, in Washington D.C., as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. It is one of two statues donated by the state of South Carolina. The statue was accepted in the collection by Duncan Heyward on June 10, 1929.

Hampton is one of several Confederate States of America civilian and military leaders enshrined in the National Statuary Hall Collection, although unlike some of the others, Hampton is not portrayed wearing his CSA uniform. Ruckstull had previously executed an equestrian statue of Hampton in 1906 that was installed in front of the South Carolina State House in Columbia, South Carolina.

## InfoBox

| *Wade Hampton III* | |
| --- | --- |
| The sculpture in the National Statuary Hall Collection | |
| Artist | Frederick Ruckstull |
| Medium | Marble sculpture |
| Subject | Wade Hampton III |
| Location | Washington, D.C., United States |