abstract: A statue of Ion Luca Caragiale, sculpted by Constantin Baraschi, is located on Maria Rosetti Street in central Bucharest, Romania. It is placed in front of the house where the dramatist and short story writer Ion Luca Caragiale once lived. In 1957, Baraschi took part in the contest for the statue of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, which Communist authorities meant to place in front of the Casa Scînteii, a newly built Socialist Realist structure in northern Bucharest. His bronze sculpture lost the contest to the one designed by Boris Caragea, so Baraschi decided to replace the head of Lenin's statue with that of Caragiale. He was once again refused, because this statue could have been seen as mocking Lenin. However, the statue was bought by the state and, after years of being kept in a courtyard in the Splaiul Independenței area, it was moved to the Cartea Românească Publishing House courtyard from General Berthelot Street, perhaps at the intervention of influential novelist Marin Preda. In 1998, nine years after the 1989 Revolution, the Cartea Românească building was returned to its rightful owner; the Ministry of Culture had to take the statue into its patrimony, and subsequently moved it in front of a house where Caragiale lived once, on Maria Rosetti Street. In 2002, Dinu Săraru, chairman of the National Theatre Bucharest, oversaw the statue's move to a new location on University Square, in front of the Theatre's building. After Săraru resigned from office, on 11 February 2006, it was moved back to Maria Rosetti Street, because the move had not been approved and, as such, was technically illegal. A statue of the major Romanian actor Grigore Vasiliu Birlic, is planned to take its place in University Square. The statue is featured in the foreground of the reverse of the 100 lei banknote, at its old location in front of the old building of the Bucharest National Theatre.

text:
# Statue of Ion Luca Caragiale (Bucharest)

A **statue of Ion Luca Caragiale**, sculpted by Constantin Baraschi, is located on Maria Rosetti Street in central Bucharest, Romania. It is placed in front of the house where the dramatist and short story writer Ion Luca Caragiale once lived.

In 1957, Baraschi took part in the contest for the statue of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, which Communist authorities meant to place in front of the Casa Scînteii, a newly built Socialist Realist structure in northern Bucharest. His bronze sculpture lost the contest to the one designed by Boris Caragea, so Baraschi decided to replace the head of Lenin's statue with that of Caragiale. He was once again refused, because this statue could have been seen as mocking Lenin. However, the statue was bought by the state and, after years of being kept in a courtyard in the Splaiul Independenței area, it was moved to the Cartea Românească Publishing House courtyard from General Berthelot Street, perhaps at the intervention of influential novelist Marin Preda.

In 1998, nine years after the 1989 Revolution, the Cartea Românească building was returned to its rightful owner; the Ministry of Culture had to take the statue into its patrimony, and subsequently moved it in front of a house where Caragiale lived once, on Maria Rosetti Street. In 2002, Dinu Săraru, chairman of the National Theatre Bucharest, oversaw the statue's move to a new location on University Square, in front of the Theatre's building. After Săraru resigned from office, on 11 February 2006, it was moved back to Maria Rosetti Street, because the move had not been approved and, as such, was technically illegal. A statue of the major Romanian actor Grigore Vasiliu Birlic, is planned to take its place in University Square.

The statue is featured in the foreground of the reverse of the 100 lei banknote, at its old location in front of the old building of the Bucharest National Theatre.

44°26′30.70″N 26°6′22.48″E / 44.4418611°N 26.1062444°E / 44.4418611; 26.1062444


title: Statue of Iddi-Ilum

abstract: The Statue of Iddi-Ilum is a 21st-century BCE statue of the praying figure of Iddi-ilum, the military governor, or Shakkanakku, of the ancient city-state of Mari in eastern Syria. The headless statue was discovered at the Royal Palace of Mari during excavations directed by French archaeologist André Parrot. The statue was made of soapstone and bears an inscription identifying the figure and dedicating it to the goddess Ishtar or Inanna. The statue is now displayed at the Musée du Louvre in Paris. He was contemporary of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and probably their vassal.

text:
# Statue of Iddi-Ilum

The ***Statue of Iddi-Ilum*** is a 21st-century BCE statue of the praying figure of Iddi-ilum (𒄿𒋾𒀭, *i-ti-ilum*), the military governor, or *Shakkanakku*, of the ancient city-state of Mari in eastern Syria. The headless statue was discovered at the Royal Palace of Mari during excavations directed by French archaeologist André Parrot. The statue was made of soapstone and bears an inscription identifying the figure and dedicating it to the goddess Ishtar or Inanna. The statue is now displayed at the Musée du Louvre in Paris. He was contemporary of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and probably their vassal.

## Overview

The soapstone statue depicts the standing figure in a traditional prayer posture with the hands clasped against the chest. The figure's head is lost, but his beard is still visible. The beard is sculpted in eight symmetrical braids that are curled at the end. The statue's right arm and elbow are also lost. The figure is dressed in a long robe made of a single piece of fine-weave cloth that is draped around the body. The robe's borders are richly decorated with fringes and tassels. In a departure from Mesopotamian tradition regarding these garments, the robe covers both shoulders and is bound at the waist with a belt.

### Inscription

The bottom of the robe bears a cuneiform inscription in Akkadian stating the name and position of the figure, and the deity the statue was dedicated to. The goddess has been interpreted as either Ishtar, or a Sumerian equivalent, Inanna. The inscription, engraved in ten columns, reads: "Iddi-Ilum, shakkanakku of Mari, has dedicated his statue to Inanna. Whosoever erases this inscription will have his line wiped out by Inanna."

### Significance

The statue is one of three known statues of the *shakkanakku* of Mari, the others being that of Ishtup-Ilum and the horned statue of Puzur-Ishtar. During the reign of Mari's last king, Zimrilim, these ancestral rulers were actively promoted through honorific rituals known as "kispum." The statues were also prominently displayed in the throne room of the Royal Palace of Mari. The horns in the similar statue of Puzur-Ishtar suggest that he was deified, but the same can not be verified in the case of Iddi-Ilum and Ishtup-Ilum.

## Excavation

The statue was found during the fourth excavation season at Mari (Winter 1936–1937) by the French excavation team under André Parrot. The two pieces of the statue were found in courtyard 148 of the royal palace.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Statue of Iddi-Ilum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Statue of Iddi-Ilum | |
| Material | Soapstone |
| Height | 41.5 centimetres (16.3 in) |
| Created | c. 2090 BCE |
| Discovered | 1936–1937 |
| Place | Royal Palace, Mari, Syria |
| Present location | Musée du Louvre, Paris |
| Identification | AO 19486 |


title: Starsiege

abstract: Starsiege is a mecha-style vehicle simulation game developed by Dynamix and released in 1999. Starsiege is set in the Metaltech/Earthsiege universe, which contains its predecessors Earthsiege (1994), Battledrome (1994), and Earthsiege 2 (1996). This universe also includes action game Hunter Hunted (1996), strategy games Mission Force: Cyberstorm (1996) and Cyberstorm 2: Corporate Wars (1998). It also includes the sequels Starsiege: Tribes and all subsequent Tribes titles. In 2015, this game and the rest of the Metaltech/Tribes series were released as freeware by Hi-Rez Studios, but Battledrome and the Cyberstorm series were not.

text:
# Starsiege

***Starsiege*** is a mecha-style vehicle simulation game developed by Dynamix and released in 1999. *Starsiege* is set in the Metaltech/Earthsiege universe, which contains its predecessors *Earthsiege* (1994), *Battledrome* (1994), and *Earthsiege 2* (1996). This universe also includes action game *Hunter Hunted* (1996), strategy games *Mission Force: Cyberstorm* (1996) and *Cyberstorm 2: Corporate Wars* (1998). It also includes the sequels *Starsiege: Tribes* (actually released before *Starsiege*) and all subsequent *Tribes* titles. In 2015, this game and the rest of the *Metaltech/Tribes* series were released as freeware by Hi-Rez Studios, but Battledrome and the Cyberstorm series were not.

## Plot

*Starsiege* takes place in the 29th century, portraying the conflict between humanity and the artificially intelligent Cybrid war machines. Played out in various locations throughout the solar system, the story examines both civil unrest in the colonies and an all-or-nothing genocidal invasion by the machines. Bipedal mecha known as HERCs are the mainstay of ground-based combat, and the focus of gameplay.

Humanity is nominally united in an interplanetary Empire, led from Earth by the Immortal Emperor Solomon Petresun. Petresun's policy is the defence of Earth at all costs. While Earth is prosperous and well protected, the colonies on Luna, Mars, and Venus suffer from increasingly harsh regulations and production quotas. The combat units of the Empire are represented by the Imperial Police, Terran Defense Force and the Imperial Knights. The former paramilitary group is responsible for maintaining order in the colonies. The Terran Defense Force are the standard military with bases from Mercury to Titan. The Knights, led by Grand Master Caanon Weathers, are the military's elite and are provided with the best pilots and equipment.

The inequality between the colonies and Earth foments rebellion. In 2802 there are two guerilla movements on Mars, one that concentrates on destroying and capturing Imperial infrastructure and supplies and another bent on killing Imperial personnel and sympathizers. Both groups operate from underground bases and make do with modified mining HERCs and tanks. The rebels partially offset their disadvantages with superior weapons taken from the alien "Tharsis Cache"; an underground stockpile of alien technology discovered by rebels while digging new tunnels. Eventually the rebellion becomes too great for the police to contain and the Knights are deployed to Mars to crush the insurrection.

The Cybrids are a race of sentient robots responsible for the first Earthsiege. They are led by the first Cybrid, Prometheus, who is revered with god-like status. The Cybrids established themselves in the outer solar system after being defeated two centuries before during the first Earthsiege. Since then they have built up their strength for another bid to destroy humanity and claim Earth for their own. Like the Martian rebels, the Cybrids discover their own cache of alien weapons and adapt it to use, but their cache is inferior to the Tharsis Cache.

The game offers two story campaigns, with different endings. The Human campaign puts the player in control of a Martian rebel, initially fighting the Empire before humanity unites against the Cybrid invasion midway through the campaign. The human campaign culminates in an attack on Prometheus on Pluto. The Cybrid campaign starts with their invasion across the outer colonies and proceeds to Earth, ending in an assault on the Imperial palace to kill Petresun.

## Gameplay

As a simulation, *Starsiege* offers players the ability to pilot a wide variety of massive bipedal war machines known as *HERCULAN*s (Humaniform-Emulation Roboticized Combat Unit with Leg-Articulated Navigation) (or 'HERCs' for short), as well as several tanks. Set in 2829, *Starsiege* contains an array of advanced technology, and numerous upgrades are available for each vehicle. *Starsiege* takes place across a number of planets and moons in the Solar System, offering a range of different locations throughout the game and in multiplayer battles, including Earth, Titan, Luna, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. There are two campaigns, Human and Cybrid.

Gameplay in *Starsiege* revolves around mechanized combat - piloting HERCs and tanks in combat against opposing vehicles. Both types of vehicles can be controlled via any combination of keyboard, joystick, or mouse input. Starsiege abandoned the "torso-twist" gameplay mechanic common in many mecha simulations (including preceding games in the series), a feature that would normally allow the user to swivel the HERC's upper body independently of its legs. In Starsiege, torso orientation is fixed forward, but the player can move the aiming recticle across the screen with a mouse, a feature *GameSpot* compared to playing a first-person shooter. In both campaigns, the player is eventually assigned squadmates and is able to issue basic commands to them.

Every vehicle has unique performance, though this can be modified somewhat through customization of parts. Tanks and HERCs both utilize armor for defense, but HERCs also can equip rechargeable shields for additional protection. Other part choices include weapons, engine, and engine boosters. Customizing the player's vehicle is an important element of gameplay, particularly in multiplayer - a proper balance between all of the components is necessary to assure the player a reasonable chance of success.

Multiplayer gameplay includes classic modes deathmatch, team deathmatch, and capture the flag.

## Development

The game was announced in May 1998.

## Reception

*Starsiege* received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. *IGN* highlighted the well presented package and cutscenes, graphically impressive (whilst sparse) landscapes, intuitive controls and the longevity of the multiplayer mode. The minimal sound effects were criticised, with muddled voice-overs, and some of human HERC models were felt to be a bit bland and generic. *GameSpot* said, "Starsiege brings new life to a genre otherwise devoid of it, even if it doesn't really succeed in elevating robot sims out of their long-term rut." *Next Generation* called it "a worthy successor to the *Earthsiege* series \[that\] should be just as attractive to fans of *Heavy Gear* or *Mechwarrior II*  \[*sic*\]."

In February 1999, Dynamix announced that it would launch the game with a shipment of 250,000 units to retailers. It sold 36,000 units in the U.S. by the end of July 1999, according to PC Data. Calling these figures "pitiful", Mark Asher of *CNET Gamecenter* wrote, "Sierra gave this game a big push and it just didn't sell, and now most of Dynamix is gone."

The same website nominated the game for its 1999 "Best Sci-Fi Simulation" award, but gave the prize to *MechWarrior 3*.

## Sequels

The first-person shooters *Starsiege: Tribes* (1998; released before *Starsiege*), *Tribes 2* (2001), *Tribes: Aerial Assault* (2002), *Tribes: Vengeance* (2004) and *Tribes: Ascend (2012)* followed this game.

**Starsiege 2845** was a game in development from 2003 to 2007. Like the later Tribes Universe game developed in 2010–2011, it stagnated into hiatus and was not completed.

In 2015, the game was bundled with Starsiege: Tribes and released as freeware by Hi-Rez Studios.

In September 2022, Prophecy Games announced Starsiege: Deadzone, a first-person PvP and PvE looter shooter with procedurally generated environments.

## InfoBox

| Starsiege | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Dynamix |
| Publisher(s) | Sierra On-Line |
| Director(s) | Rick Overman |
| Producer(s) | Ken Embery |
| Designer(s) | David Selle |
| Programmer(s) | Rick Overman |
| Artist(s) | Mike Jahnke |
| Writer(s) | Blake Hutchins<br>Ian Christy |
| Composer(s) | Timothy Steven Clarke |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Vehicle simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single player, Multiplayer |


title: Stay Young (INXS song)

abstract: "Stay Young" is a song by Australian rock band INXS. It was released as the first single from the band's second album Underneath the Colours, in September 1981. "Stay Young" peaked at number 21 on the Australian Singles Charts in November. The song included Dave Mason and Karen Ansel from the Australian band The Reels on backing vocals.

text:
# Stay Young (INXS song)

"**Stay Young**" is a song by Australian rock band INXS. It was released as the first single from the band's second album *Underneath the Colours*, in September 1981. "Stay Young" peaked at number 21 on the Australian Singles Charts in November.

The song included Dave Mason and Karen Ansel from the Australian band The Reels on backing vocals.

## Video

The video was directed by Peter Clifton who directed the 1976 Led Zeppelin concert film, *The Song Remains the Same*. The video was filmed on Clontarf Beach, Clontarf, Sydney, Australia. The production company was ECV (Enterprise Colour Video) in Crow's Nest, Sydney, Australia. Cameraman: Jim Walpole, Editor: David Gillies, Offline Editor: Grant Shanks.

## Track listing

**7" single Track listing**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Stay Young" | M. Hutchence, A. Farriss | 3:19 |
| 2. | "Lacavocal" (Produced by M. Hutchence) | M. Hutchence, A. Farriss | 3:36 |

## Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 21 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Stay Young" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by INXS | |
| from the album  *Underneath the Colours* | |
| B-side | "Lacavocal" |
| Released | September 1981 |
| Recorded | July – August 1981
EMI Studios 301, Sydney |
| Length | 3:25 (album version)
3:19 (single edit) |
| Label | Deluxe |
| Songwriter(s) | Michael Hutchence, Andrew Farriss |
| Producer(s) | Richard Clapton |
| INXS singles chronology | |
| "The Loved One"
(1981) "**Stay Young**"
(1981) "Night of Rebellion"
(1982) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Stay Young" on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract: Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement is a 2016 American television documentary film starring Jesse Williams about the Black Lives Matter movement, and the events that led to the uprising of the movement. The phrase "stay woke" refers to a continuing awareness of issues concerning social justice and racial justice and came to widespread use as a result of Black Lives Matter. The "Stay Woke" documentary gives a deeper understanding to how the movement came to be and what the movement believes. The film debuted on BET on May 26, 2016.

text:
# Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement

***Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement*** is a 2016 American television documentary film starring Jesse Williams about the Black Lives Matter movement, and the events that led to the uprising of the movement. The phrase "stay woke" refers to a continuing awareness of issues concerning social justice and racial justice and came to widespread use as a result of Black Lives Matter. The "Stay Woke" documentary gives a deeper understanding to how the movement came to be and what the movement believes.

The film debuted on BET on May 26, 2016.

## Summary

The film opens up with sharing the voice recording of the night that Trayvon Martin was killed by George Zimmerman. The documentary shows how the #blacklivesmatter hashtag came into effect on social media and how the movement rose up. In the documentary, other incidents where injustice was shown is displayed throughout the film. The "Stay Woke" documentary shows the cry for justice as a result of several instances of police brutality. "Stay Woke" digs deep into the movement of Black Lives Matter and everything that this movement represents.

## Black Lives Matter

The Black Lives Matter movement started in 2013 after the uproar over the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO. The movement started out with the goal of connecting African-Americans who share a similar battle with racism and injustice. Black Lives Matter frequently holds protests centered around issues such as police brutality, racial inequality, and racial profiling.

## InfoBox

| *Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement* | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Laurens Grant |
| Starring | Jesse Williams
Alicia Garza
Patrisse Cullors
DeRay Mckesson
Johnetta Elzie
Darnell L. Moore
Michaela Angela Davis
Brittany Packnett |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Original release | |
| Network | BET |
| Release | May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26) |


title: Stay Young (Gallagher & Lyle song)

abstract: "Stay Young is a song written by Benny Gallagher and Graham Lyle, and originally recorded on their 1975 album Breakaway. In the United States, the song was covered by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in November 1983 as the third single from his album Yellow Moon. It was his fifteenth number one country hit. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart.

text:
# Stay Young (Gallagher & Lyle song)

"**Stay Young** is a song written by Benny Gallagher and Graham Lyle, and originally recorded on their 1975 album *Breakaway*. In the United States, the song was covered by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in November 1983 as the third single from his album *Yellow Moon*. It was his fifteenth number one country hit. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1983–1984) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 3 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1984) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 45 |

## InfoBox

| "Stay Young" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Don Williams | |
| from the album  *Yellow Moon* | |
| B-side | "Pressure Makes Diamonds" |
| Released | November 1983 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:06 |
| Label | MCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Benny Gallagher
Graham Lyle |
| Producer(s) | Don Williams
Garth Fundis |
| Don Williams singles chronology | |
| "Nobody but You"
(1983) "**Stay Young**"
(1983) "That's the Thing About Love"
(1984) | |


title: Steeles, Toronto

abstract: Steeles is a suburban neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Steeles is located in the north-eastern part of Toronto in the former suburb of Scarborough. To the north is bordered by Steeles Avenue East, to the east by Kennedy Road, to the south by a hydro-electric transmission line and to the west by Victoria Park Avenue. The area is over the watershed of West Highland Creek, the source for which is L'Amoreaux North Park Pond, which is also within the neighbourhood.

text:
# Steeles, Toronto

**Steeles** is a suburban neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Steeles is located in the north-eastern part of Toronto in the former suburb of Scarborough. To the north is bordered by Steeles Avenue East, to the east by Kennedy Road, to the south by a hydro-electric transmission line (just south of McNicoll Avenue) and to the west by Victoria Park Avenue.

The area is over the watershed of West Highland Creek, the source for which is L'Amoreaux North Park Pond, which is also within the neighbourhood.

## History

Archaeologist Ron Williamson led a team that excavated the remains of a Huron-Wendat village near L'Amoreaux North Park Pond, which is the source of West Highland Creek. Nearly 20,000 archaeological artifacts were found in the excavation area, which was called the Alexandra site. The village is estimated to have had 1,000 inhabitants in 1400 CE.

In the 17th century, the Six Nations, also known as the Iroquois, began besieging the Huron-Wendat. No longer able to resist the attacks of the Six Nations, the Huron-Wendat in the area left Southern Ontario for Quebec City in 1650. European settlers settled the area following the Toronto Purchase, who converted the area into farmland which, in turn, was developed into residential, commercial, and public buildings complemented by small lots of parkland. Before the neighbourhood was developed, much of the land was covered by hardwood forests with great stands of white and red pines. However, during the 19th century, land clearing and lumbering removed most of the original forest cover.

By the early 1980s, most residential development had been completed. Shepton Way was developed over the last farm in the neighbourhood in 2001. Development is mostly complete in the neighbourhood, save for some new homes and businesses that continue to be built.

## Demographics

Ethnic minorities represent 91% of the population of Steeles, compared to 51% in Toronto. 80% of the population in Steeles have a native language other than English. Of that population, 39.3% speak Cantonese and 34.5% speak Mandarin.

## Economy and politics

Small and medium-sized businesses bookend the east and west sides of the community; most commercial outlets are concentrated in the west between Victoria Park and Pharmacy. Within this commercial area, the Bank of Montreal (BMO) has a major Institute for Learning facility. Bamburgh Gardens Shopping Plaza is the largest shopping centre in the neighbourhood of Steeles. It can be found in the middle of the neighbourhood at 375 Bamburgh Circle, one block south of Steeles off Warden (east side). Other small and medium-sized business centres include Passmore Shoppers, and Victoria Park Business Centre. Steeles is also part of the Chinatown of Scarborough, which extends into the neighbouring districts of Agincourt and Milliken.

The neighbourhood of Steeles is part of the federal and provincial electoral district of Scarborough—Agincourt. Municipally, the neighbourhood is part of Ward 22.

## Education

Two public school boards operate schools in Steeles, the separate Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB).

Both TCDSB and TDSB operate one secondary school in the neighbourhood. TCDSB operates Mary Ward Catholic Secondary School, whereas TDSB operates Dr. Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute. In addition to secondary schools, both school boards also operate several public schools in the neighbourhood. They include:

* Kennedy Public School (TDSB)
* Saint Maximilian Kolbe Catholic School (TCDSB)
* Sir Ernest MacMillan Senior Public School (TDSB)
* Sir Samuel B. Steele Junior Public School (TDSB)
* St. Henry Catholic School (TCDSB)
* David Lewis Public School (TDSB)
* Terry Fox Public School. (TDSB)

### Public library system

The Steeles branch of the Toronto Public Library is located in the Bamburgh Gardens Shopping Plaza, in Steeles. It was opened in 1987 by the Scarborough Public Library Board, and incorporated into the Toronto Public Library system in 1998 after the amalgamation of Metropolitan Toronto.

## Recreation

Steeles is home to several municipal parks that feature playgrounds, baseball diamonds, basketball courts, fitness centres, gymnasia, and playing fields for soccer, football, and cricket. Municipal parks are managed by the Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division. In addition to municipal parks, the division also manages L'Amoreaux Community Centre, located in the southeast of the neighbourhood.

Municipal parks in Steeles include:

Steeles is the home of Toronto's Guyana Independence Day Festival, held annually at the L'Amoreaux Community Center.

## Transportation

Roads are used by automobiles and serviced by public transit, particularly Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) bus system. York Region Transit buses also pass through the area. Major roadways in Steeles include Victoria Park Avenue, a north-south road that acts as the neighbourhood's western boundary, Steeles Avenue, which acts as Steeles' northern boundary, Warden Avenue, a north-south road that passes through the middle of the neighbourhood, and Kennedy Road, a north-south road that acts as the neighbourhood's eastern boundary. The nearest highways are the Don Valley Parkway (404) to the west, the Express Toll Route (407) to the north, and the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway (401) to the south.

Although there are no designated bike lanes in the neighbourhood, cyclists often share the roads in addition to using the sidewalks along them and bicycle paths in parks. Such paths are also commonly used for walking and inline skating.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Steeles | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| View of southeast Steeles from L'Amoreaux Park | |
|  | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| City | Toronto |
| Established | 1850 Scarborough Township |
| Changed municipality | 1998 Toronto from City of Scarborough |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 24,623 |
| Density | 5,436/km2 (14,080/sq mi) |


title: Steeles Creek, Kentucky

abstract: Steeles Creek was an unincorporated community located in Gallatin County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Steeles Creek, Kentucky

**Steeles Creek** was an unincorporated community located in Gallatin County, Kentucky, United States.

## InfoBox

| Steeles Creek, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Steeles CreekLocation within the state of KentuckySteeles CreekSteeles Creek (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°50′6″N 84°48′53″W / 38.83500°N 84.81472°W / 38.83500; -84.81472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Gallatin |
| Elevation | 502 ft (153 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CST) |
| GNIS feature ID | 2558283 |


title: Stefan Kretzschmar

abstract: Stefan Kretzschmar is a retired professional German handball player. The son of Peter Kretzschmar, a legendary handball player and coach in the former GDR and Waltraud Kretzschmar, a former handball player for the East German team and winner of Olympic team medals in silver (1976) and bronze (1980), he was a three-time Olympic athlete and winner of the Olympic silver medal with the German team in 2004. He is well known for his many tattoos and piercings. He ended his active career on 14 July 2007 and currently resides in Magdeburg, Germany, where he continues to hold a position with the local handball club, SC Magdeburg. His daughter Lucie-Marie Kretzschmar is a professional handball player too and member of the German national team.

text:
# Stefan Kretzschmar

**Stefan Kretzschmar** (German pronunciation: \[ˈʃtɛfan ˈkrɛtʃmar\]; born 17 February 1973) is a retired professional German handball player. The son of Peter Kretzschmar, a legendary handball player and coach in the former GDR (East Germany) and Waltraud Kretzschmar, a former handball player for the East German team and winner of Olympic team medals in silver (1976) and bronze (1980), he was a three-time Olympic athlete and winner of the Olympic silver medal with the German team in 2004. He is well known for his many tattoos and piercings. He ended his active career on 14 July 2007 and currently resides in Magdeburg, Germany, where he continues to hold a position with the local handball club, SC Magdeburg. His daughter Lucie-Marie Kretzschmar is a professional handball player too and member of the German national team.

## Honours

* Handballer of the year: 1994, 1995
* Silver Medal (Runners-up), World Championships, 2003
* International All Star-Team: 1994
* DHB-Supercup: 2007
* Handball European Cup: 2002
* EHF Cup: 2007

## InfoBox

Stefan Kretzschmar
| Kretzschmar in 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1973-02-17) 17 February 1973<br>Leipzig, East Germany |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 95 kg (209 lb) |
| Medal record      Men's handball  Representing  Germany  Olympic Games  2004 Athens  Team  World Championship  2003 Portugal  Team  European Championship  2002 Sweden  Team | |


title: Rubus suus

abstract: Rubus suus is an uncommon North American species of brambles in the rose family. It grows in the eastern and south-central United States from Georgia north to Pennsylvania and Ohio, west to eastern Texas. The genetics of Rubus is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.

text:
# Rubus suus

***Rubus suus*** is an uncommon North American species of brambles in the rose family. It grows in the eastern and south-central United States from Georgia north to Pennsylvania and Ohio, west to eastern Texas.

The genetics of *Rubus* is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.

## InfoBox

| *Rubus suus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Rubus* |
| Species: | ***R. suus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rubus suus***<br>L.H.Bailey | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rubus demareanus* L.H.Bailey * *Rubus jennisonii* L.H.Bailey * *Rubus monongaliensis* L.H.Bailey * *Rubus ramifer* L.H.Bailey * *Rubus texanus* L.H.Bailey * *Rubus vixargutus* L.H.Bailey | |


title: Sporoxeia

abstract:
Sporoxeia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Melastomataceae. Its native range is Southern Central China to Indo-China. Species:
  - Sporoxeia blastifolia (Guillaumin) C.Hansen
  - Sporoxeia clavicalcarata C.Chen
  - Sporoxeia imparifolia C.Hansen
  - Sporoxeia ochthocharioides C.Hansen
  - Sporoxeia petelotii (Merr.) C.Hansen
  - Sporoxeia rosea (Guillaumin) C.Hansen
  - Sporoxeia sciadophila W.W.Sm.

text:
# Sporoxeia

***Sporoxeia*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Melastomataceae.

Its native range is Southern Central China to Indo-China.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Sporoxeia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Sporoxeia*<br>W.W.Sm. |
|


title: Presidente Alves

abstract: Presidente Alves is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,080 in an area of 287 km⁲. The elevation is 576 m.

text:
# Presidente Alves

**Presidente Alves** is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,080 (2020 est.) in an area of 287 km2. The elevation is 576 m.

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

## InfoBox

| Presidente Alves | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in São Paulo state | |
| Presidente AlvesLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 22°6′0″S 49°26′17″W / 22.10000°S 49.43806°W / -22.10000; -49.43806 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | São Paulo |
| Area | |
| Total | 287 km2 (111 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 4,080 |
| Density | 14/km2 (37/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Education in Somalia

abstract: Education in Somalia refers to the academic system within Somalia. The Ministry of Education is officially responsible for education in Somalia, with about 15% of the nation's budget allocated to scholastic instruction. The breakaway republic of Somaliland maintains its own advanced Ministry of Education.

text:
# Education in Somalia

**Education in Somalia** refers to the academic system within Somalia. The Ministry of Education is officially responsible for education in Somalia, with about 15% of the nation's budget allocated to scholastic instruction. The breakaway republic of Somaliland maintains its own advanced Ministry of Education.

## Overview

The school system in the colonial era before WW2 was limited mainly to primary schools (like the "Scuola Regina Elena"), but in the capital Mogadishu of "Italian Somalia" there was an important high school. In this Lyceum was created in the early 1950s the "National Institute of Legal, Economic and Social Studies", as a post-secondary school in Italian language for pre-university studies in order to access the Italian universities.

The Somali National University was the first high level education institution in the territory of Somalia. It was established in 1954 as *L'Universita' Nazionale Somala* during the Trust Territory of Somaliland. In 1969, the institution obtained official university status in newly independent Somalia. The main university grounds were situated about six kilometers from the city center of Mogadishu. Here, during the institution's first thirty years, the main campus was known as *Jaamacada Gaheyr* ("Gaheyr University").

Following the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991, the task of running schools in Somalia was initially taken up by community education committees established in 94% of the local schools. Numerous problems had arisen with regard to access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of educational provisions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and financing. To address these concerns, the Puntland government is in the process of developing an educational policy to guide the region's scholastic process as it embarks on the path of reconstruction and economic development. The latter includes a gender sensitive national education policy compliant with world standards, such as those outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Examples of this and other educational measures at work are the government's enactment of legislation aimed at securing the educational interests of girls, promoting the growth of an Early Childhood Development (ECD) program designed to reach parents and care-givers in their homes as well as in the ECD centers for 0-5-year-old children, and introducing incentive packages to encourage teachers to work in remote rural areas.

## Educational structure

Within the Puntland government, the Ministry of Education is responsible for developing and managing the region's educational needs. It is headed by the Minister Abdullahi Mohamed Hassan, under whom a Vice Minister and Director General help oversee a Post-Primary Education Division (PPED) and a Basic Education Directorate (BED), among other boards.

The educational system of Puntland comprises two years of Early Childhood Development (ECD), eight years of primary education (four years of lower primary and four years of upper primary) and four years of secondary education. University education comprises an average of four years. Thus, it is a 2-4-4-4 system. Puntland's Ministry of Education also recognizes non-formal and technical and vocational education as integral parts of the region's educational system.

### Early Childhood Development (ECD)

Early Childhood Development (ECD), as with primary education and non-formal education programs, falls within the category of basic education and entails the essential skills of literacy and numeracy upon which further learning is built. Qur'anic education also forms a component of ECD. ECD is offered to children in the 0-5 age bracket, with the focus on stimulating and developing the cognitive, affective and psycho-motor skills of the toddler and his/her holistic development. It also prepares children for school and facilitates the transition from home to primary school.

### Primary education

Primary education features nine compulsory subjects: Arabic, Islamic studies, Somali, mathematics (including business education), science (health, environmental education, and agriculture), social studies (including history, geography and civics), English, physical education and arts and crafts. Lower and upper primary students are taught for 36 and 42 lesson periods, each lasting 35 and 40 minutes, respectively, per week. The language of instruction is Somali in subjects other than Arabic and Islam; English is taught as a subject from Grades 2 to 8.

### Secondary education

Secondary school education is offered for four years to pupils between the ages of 15–18, and leads to a Puntland Secondary School Certificate Examination (PSCE). Ten subjects are taught in secondary schools, namely: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, Somali, Arabic, Islamic studies, English, physical education, geography and history. All subjects, with the exception of physical education, are compulsory. English is the language of instruction in secondary schools, except in the Somali, Arabic, and Islamic courses. Each school week is composed of 40 periods of 45 minutes each.

### Tertiary education

Tertiary education in Somalia refers to education offered on completion of secondary education. Teacher education, for convenience, is grouped under this category. Tertiary education in the context of Puntland thus includes university education, instruction offered through diploma–level institutions such as community and teacher colleges. The Puntland region currently counts five major universities: Puntland State University in Garowe, Puntland State University in Galkayo, Bosaso College in Bosaso, Mogadishu University Puntland Branch in Bosaso, and East Africa University in Bosaso, Galkayo and Garowe.

In the northwestern Somaliland region, tertiary academic instruction is provided by the University of Hargeisa, Admas University College, International Horn University and Somaliland University of Technology in Hargeisa, and Burao University in Burao.

In the Sanaag region, Maakhir University in Badhan offers undergraduate courses. Nugaal University in Las Anod also provides tertiary instruction to residents of Sool. In the Awdal province, Amoud University in Borama serves the local community. The East Africa University-Buuhoodle has been in operation since 2012 and gives undergraduate degree of four major faculties.

Universities offering higher education in southern Somalia include Indian Ocean University, Mogadishu University, Benadir University, Zamzam University of Science and Technology, the Somalia National University, SIMAD University, the University of Southern Somalia, Kismayo University, the University of Somalia and the University of Gedo. The Gedo region is also home to Bardera Polytechnic, the region's first polytechnic school.

### Technical/Vocational education and training (TVET)

Technical/Vocational education and training (TVET) is offered at both the post-primary and post-secondary levels. The objectives of technical/vocational instruction and training at both the post-primary and post-secondary levels are to provide training opportunities for school drop outs to enable them to be productive citizens and self-supporting, to provide technical/vocational education and training that is relevant to the industrial, commercial and economic needs of Puntland, and to reduce disparities through increased training opportunities for the handicapped and learners from disadvantaged communities, as well as women.

### Non-formal education (NFE)

The last tier of academic instruction offered in Somalia is non-formal education (NFE), which refers to a broad set of learning opportunities that are offered to out-of-school children, youth and adults. These include vocational skills training, adult literacy, community health education, and agricultural extension activities.

### Religious education

Qur'anic schools (also known as *duqsi*) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is often the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that about 40% of pupils in Qur'anic schools were girls. To address shortcomings in religious instruction, the Somali government on its own part also subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.

## Performance

In 2006, the autonomous Puntland region in the northeast was the second territory in Somalia after the Somaliland region to introduce free primary schools, with teachers now receiving their salaries from the Puntland administration.

From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was also a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in the region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services. Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost Bari region, and the lowest was observed in the under-populated Ayn region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas.

Higher education in Somalia is now largely private. Several universities in the country, including Mogadishu University, have been scored among the 100 best universities in Africa, which has been hailed as a triumph for grass-roots initiatives. The table below shows the level of education completed by surveyed residents of Puntland and Somaliland in 2013.

| Level of Education | Puntland | Somaliland | Urban | Rural | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Illiterate | 28% | 13% | 35% | 51% | 42% |
| Madrasssa/Koranic school | 36% | 41% | 24% | 29% | 26% |
| Primary school completed | 22% | 30% | 21% | 15% | 18% |
| Vocational school | 4% | 1% | 4% | 1% | 3% |
| Secondary school completion | 7% | 12% | 11% | 4% | 8% |
| Tertiary education or higher | 2% | 7% | 5% | 0% | 3% |
|


title: Edward Lamb (politician)

abstract: Edward William Lamb was an Australian businessman, banker and politician. In 1867 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Mitchell and was Queensland's Secretary for Public Lands from 1867 to 1868. A member of the Lamb banking family, he became a director of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney. His father Commander John Lamb was a Commercial Banking Company of Sydney director, as were his brothers Walter Lamb, Alfred Lamb and John de Villiers Lamb. His sister-in-law by John de Villiers Lamb, Henrietta Lamb, was the sister of the deputy chairman of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, Thomas Smith. His sister-in-law via Walter was Margaret Dangar, daughter of Australian politician and explorer Henry Dangar.

text:
# Edward Lamb (politician)

**Edward William Lamb** (6 February 1828 – 18 October 1910) was an Australian businessman, banker and politician. In 1867 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Mitchell and was Queensland's Secretary for Public Lands from 1867 to 1868. A member of the Lamb banking family, he became a director of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney (now National Australia Bank).

His father Commander John Lamb was a Commercial Banking Company of Sydney director, as were his brothers Walter Lamb, Alfred Lamb and John de Villiers Lamb. His sister-in-law by John de Villiers Lamb, Henrietta Lamb, was the sister of the deputy chairman of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, Thomas Smith. His sister-in-law via Walter was Margaret Dangar, daughter of Australian politician and explorer Henry Dangar.

## Early life

Lamb was born in London to the banker and politician John Lamb and Emma (née Robinson). His mother Emma Lamb (née Robinson) was the daughter of the deputy chairman of Lloyds Bank. His family migrated to Sydney in 1829, and, after his education, Lamb became a clerk in his father's mercantile firm and later became a partner.

## Parliament

Lamb was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Mitchell, and Secretary for Public Lands in the administration of Sir Robert Mackenzie, 10th Baronet, from 15 August 1867 to 10 September 1868. In this capacity he passed the Crown Lands Alienation Act.

He was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Macquarie in a 1917 by-election caused by the death of Labor MP Thomas Thrower. He was narrowly defeated in 1920 running for the multi-member seat of Murrumbidgee, but in 1921 he was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council, in which he served until his retirement in 1955.

## Further details

Lamb died in Sydney on 18 October 1910.

## InfoBox

| Edward Lamb | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
for Mitchell | |
| **In office**
4 January 1867  3 December 1869 | |
| Preceded by | Theodore Harden |
| Succeeded by | Archibald Buchanan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Edward William Lamb
(1828-02-06)6 February 1828
London, England |
| Died | 18 October 1910(1910-10-18) (aged 82)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Resting place | Waverley Cemetery |
| Citizenship | Australia |
| Political party | Free Trade |
| Spouse | Julia Fattorini |
| Relations |  |
| Parent |  |
| Relatives |  |
|  | |


title: Present value

abstract: In economics and finance, present value (PV), also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is usually less than the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be equal or more than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, "A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow". Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater than tomorrow. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of borrowed funds is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender. Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times, since time and dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons between values. When deciding between projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today, should be chosen.

text:
# Present value

In economics and finance, **present value** (**PV**), also known as **present discounted value**, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is usually less than the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be equal or more than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, "A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow". Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater than tomorrow. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.

Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times, since time and dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons between values. When deciding between projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today, should be chosen.

## Background

If offered a choice between $100 today or $100 in one year, and there is a positive real interest rate throughout the year, a rational person will choose $100 today. This is described by economists as time preference. Time preference can be measured by auctioning off a risk free security—like a US Treasury bill. If a $100 note with a zero coupon, payable in one year, sells for $80 now, then $80 is the present value of the note that will be worth $100 a year from now. This is because money can be put in a bank account or any other (safe) investment that will return interest in the future.

An investor who has some money has two options: to spend it right now or to save it. But the financial compensation for saving it (and not spending it) is that the money value will accrue through the compound interest that he or she will receive from a borrower (the bank account in which he has the money deposited).

Therefore, to evaluate the real value of an amount of money today after a given period of time, economic agents compound the amount of money at a given (interest) rate. Most actuarial calculations use the risk-free interest rate which corresponds to the minimum guaranteed rate provided by a bank's saving account for example, assuming no risk of default by the bank to return the money to the account holder on time. To compare the change in purchasing power, the real interest rate (nominal interest rate minus inflation rate) should be used.

The operation of evaluating a present value into the future value is called a capitalization (how much will $100 today be worth in 5 years?). The reverse operation—evaluating the present value of a future amount of money—is called a discounting (how much will $100 received in 5 years—at a lottery for example—be worth today?).

It follows that if one has to choose between receiving $100 today and $100 in one year, the rational decision is to choose the $100 today. If the money is to be received in one year and assuming the savings account interest rate is 5%, the person has to be offered at least $105 in one year so that the two options are equivalent (either receiving $100 today or receiving $105 in one year). This is because if $100 is deposited in a savings account, the value will be $105 after one year, again assuming no risk of losing the initial amount through bank default.

## Interest rates

Interest is the additional amount of money gained between the beginning and the end of a time period. Interest represents the time value of money, and can be thought of as rent that is required of a borrower in order to use money from a lender. For example, when an individual takes out a bank loan, the individual is charged interest. Alternatively, when an individual deposits money into a bank, the money earns interest. In this case, the bank is the borrower of the funds and is responsible for crediting interest to the account holder. Similarly, when an individual invests in a company (through corporate bonds, or through stock), the company is borrowing funds, and must pay interest to the individual (in the form of coupon payments, dividends, or stock price appreciation). The interest rate is the change, expressed as a percentage, in the amount of money during one compounding period. A compounding period is the length of time that must transpire before interest is credited, or added to the total. For example, interest that is compounded annually is credited once a year, and the compounding period is one year. Interest that is compounded quarterly is credited four times a year, and the compounding period is three months. A compounding period can be any length of time, but some common periods are annually, semiannually, quarterly, monthly, daily, and even continuously.

There are several types and terms associated with interest rates:

## Calculation

The operation of evaluating a present sum of money some time in the future is called a capitalization (how much will 100 today be worth in five years?). The reverse operation—evaluating the present value of a future amount of money—is called discounting (how much will 100 received in five years be worth today?).

Spreadsheets commonly offer functions to compute present value. In Microsoft Excel, there are present value functions for single payments - "=NPV(...)", and series of equal, periodic payments - "=PV(...)". Programs will calculate present value flexibly for any cash flow and interest rate, or for a schedule of different interest rates at different times.

### Present value of a lump sum

The most commonly applied model of present valuation uses compound interest. The standard formula is:

$$PV={\frac {C}{(1+i)^{n}\\,}}$$

Where $\\,C\\,$ is the future amount of money that must be discounted, $\\,n\\,$ is the number of compounding periods between the present date and the date where the sum is worth $\\,C\\,$, $\\,i\\,$ is the interest rate for one compounding period (the end of a compounding period is when interest is applied, for example, annually, semiannually, quarterly, monthly, daily). The interest rate, $\\,i\\,$, is given as a percentage, but expressed as a decimal in this formula.

Often, $v^{n}=\\,(1+i)^{-n}$ is referred to as the Present Value Factor

This is also found from the formula for the future value with negative time.

For example, if you are to receive $1000 in five years, and the effective annual interest rate during this period is 10% (or 0.10), then the present value of this amount is

$$PV={\frac {\\$1000}{(1+0.10)^{5}=\\$620.92\\,}}$$

The interpretation is that for an effective annual interest rate of 10%, an individual would be indifferent to receiving $1000 in five years, or $620.92 today.

The purchasing power in today's money of an amount $\\,C\\,$ of money, $\\,n\\,$ years into the future, can be computed with the same formula, where in this case $\\,i\\,$ is an assumed future inflation rate.

If we are using lower discount rate(*i* ), then it allows the present values in the discount future to have higher values.

### Net present value of a stream of cash flows

A cash flow is an amount of money that is either paid out or received, differentiated by a negative or positive sign, at the end of a period. Conventionally, cash flows that are received are denoted with a positive sign (total cash has increased) and cash flows that are paid out are denoted with a negative sign (total cash has decreased). The cash flow for a period represents the net change in money of that period. Calculating the net present value, $\\,NPV\\,$, of a stream of cash flows consists of discounting each cash flow to the present, using the present value factor and the appropriate number of compounding periods, and combining these values.

For example, if a stream of cash flows consists of +$100 at the end of period one, -$50 at the end of period two, and +$35 at the end of period three, and the interest rate per compounding period is 5% (0.05) then the present value of these three Cash Flows are:

$$PV\_{1}={\frac {\\$100}{(1.05)^{1}=\\$95.24\\,}}$$

$$PV\_{2}={\frac {-\\$50}{(1.05)^{2}=-\\$45.35\\,}}$$

$PV\_{3}={\frac {\\$35}{(1.05)^{3}=\\$30.23\\,}}$ respectively

Thus the net present value would be:

$$NPV=PV\_{1}+PV\_{2}+PV\_{3}={\frac {100}{(1.05)^{1}+{\frac {-50}{(1.05)^{2}+{\frac {35}{(1.05)^{3}=95.24-45.35+30.23=80.12,}}}}}}$$

There are a few considerations to be made.

* The periods might not be consecutive. If this is the case, the exponents will change to reflect the appropriate number of periods
* The interest rates per period might not be the same. The cash flow must be discounted using the interest rate for the appropriate period: if the interest rate changes, the sum must be discounted to the period where the change occurs using the second interest rate, then discounted back to the present using the first interest rate. For example, if the cash flow for period one is $100, and $200 for period two, and the interest rate for the first period is 5%, and 10% for the second, then the net present value would be:

$$NPV=100\\,(1.05)^{-1}+200\\,(1.10)^{-1}\\,(1.05)^{-1}={\frac {100}{(1.05)^{1}+{\frac {200}{(1.10)^{1}(1.05)^{1}=\\$95.24+\\$173.16=\\$268.40}}}}$$

* The interest rate must necessarily coincide with the payment period. If not, either the payment period or the interest rate must be modified. For example, if the interest rate given is the effective annual interest rate, but cash flows are received (and/or paid) quarterly, the interest rate per quarter must be computed. This can be done by converting effective annual interest rate, $\\,i\\,$, to nominal annual interest rate compounded quarterly:

$(1+i)=\left(1+{\frac {i^{4}{4}\right)^{4}}}$

Here, $i^{4}$ is the nominal annual interest rate, compounded quarterly, and the interest rate per quarter is $\frac {i^{4}{4}}$

#### Present value of an annuity

Many financial arrangements (including bonds, other loans, leases, salaries, membership dues, annuities including annuity-immediate and annuity-due, straight-line depreciation charges) stipulate structured payment schedules; payments of the same amount at regular time intervals. Such an arrangement is called an annuity. The expressions for the present value of such payments are summations of geometric series.

There are two types of annuities: an annuity-immediate and annuity-due. For an annuity immediate, $\\,n\\,$ payments are received (or paid) at the end of each period, at times 1 through $\\,n\\,$, while for an annuity due, $\\,n\\,$ payments are received (or paid) at the beginning of each period, at times 0 through $\\,n-1\\,$. This subtle difference must be accounted for when calculating the present value.

An annuity due is an annuity immediate with one more interest-earning period. Thus, the two present values differ by a factor of $(1+i)$:

$PV\_{\text{annuity due}=PV\_{\text{annuity immediate}(1+i)\\,}}$

The present value of an annuity immediate is the value at time 0 of the stream of cash flows:

$$PV=\sum \_{k=1}^{n}{\frac {C}{(1+i)^{k}=C\left\[{\frac {1-(1+i)^{-n}{i}\right\],\qquad (1)}}}}$$

where:

$\\,n\\,$ = number of periods, $\\,C\\,$ = amount of cash flows, $\\,i\\,$ = effective periodic interest rate or rate of return.

#### An approximation for annuity and loan calculations

The above formula (1) for annuity immediate calculations offers little insight for the average user and requires the use of some form of computing machinery. There is an approximation which is less intimidating, easier to compute and offers some insight for the non-specialist. It is given by

$$C\approx PV\left({\frac {1}{n}+{\frac {2}{3}i\right)}}$$

Where, as above, C is annuity payment, PV is principal, n is number of payments, starting at end of first period, and i is interest rate per period. Equivalently C is the periodic loan repayment for a loan of PV extending over n periods at interest rate, i. The formula is valid (for positive n, i) for ni≤3. For completeness, for ni≥3 the approximation is $C\approx PVi$.

The formula can, under some circumstances, reduce the calculation to one of mental arithmetic alone. For example, what are the (approximate) loan repayments for a loan of PV = $10,000 repaid annually for n = ten years at 15% interest (i = 0.15)? The applicable approximate formula is C ≈ 10,000\*(1/10 + (2/3) 0.15) = 10,000\*(0.1+0.1) = 10,000\*0.2 = $2000 pa by mental arithmetic alone. The true answer is $1993, very close.

The overall approximation is accurate to within ±6% (for all n≥1) for interest rates 0≤i≤0.20 and within ±10% for interest rates 0.20≤i≤0.40. It is, however, intended only for "rough" calculations.

#### Present value of a perpetuity

A perpetuity refers to periodic payments, receivable indefinitely, although few such instruments exist. The present value of a perpetuity can be calculated by taking the limit of the above formula as *n* approaches infinity.

$$PV\\,=\\,{\frac {C}{i}.\qquad (2)}$$

Formula (2) can also be found by subtracting from (1) the present value of a perpetuity delayed n periods, or directly by summing the present value of the payments

$$PV=\sum \_{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {C}{(1+i)^{k}={\frac {C}{i},\qquad i\>0,}}}$$

which form a geometric series.

Again there is a distinction between a perpetuity immediate – when payments received at the end of the period – and a perpetuity due – payment received at the beginning of a period. And similarly to annuity calculations, a perpetuity due and a perpetuity immediate differ by a factor of $(1+i)$:

$PV\_{\text{perpetuity due}=PV\_{\text{perpetuity immediate}(1+i)\\,}}$

#### PV of a bond

*See: Bond valuation#Present value approach*

A corporation issues a bond, an interest earning debt security, to an investor to raise funds. The bond has a face value, $F$, coupon rate, $r$, and maturity date which in turn yields the number of periods until the debt matures and must be repaid. A bondholder will receive coupon payments semiannually (unless otherwise specified) in the amount of $Fr$, until the bond matures, at which point the bondholder will receive the final coupon payment and the face value of a bond, $F(1+r)$.

The present value of a bond is the purchase price. The purchase price can be computed as:

$$PV=\left\[\sum \_{k=1}^{n}Fr(1+i)^{-k}\right\]$$

$+F(1+i)^{-n}$

The purchase price is equal to the bond's face value if the coupon rate is equal to the current interest rate of the market, and in this case, the bond is said to be sold 'at par'. If the coupon rate is less than the market interest rate, the purchase price will be less than the bond's face value, and the bond is said to have been sold 'at a discount', or below par. Finally, if the coupon rate is greater than the market interest rate, the purchase price will be greater than the bond's face value, and the bond is said to have been sold 'at a premium', or above par.

##### Technical details

Present value is additive. The present value of a bundle of cash flows is the sum of each one's present value. See time value of money for further discussion. These calculations must be applied carefully, as there are underlying assumptions:

(In fact, the present value of a cashflow at a constant interest rate is mathematically one point in the Laplace transform of that cashflow, evaluated with the transform variable (usually denoted "s") equal to the interest rate. The full Laplace transform is the curve of all present values, plotted as a function of interest rate. For discrete time, where payments are separated by large time periods, the transform reduces to a sum, but when payments are ongoing on an almost continual basis, the mathematics of continuous functions can be used as an approximation.)

### Variants/approaches

There are mainly two flavors of Present Value. Whenever there will be uncertainties in both timing and amount of the cash flows, the expected present value approach will often be the appropriate technique. With Present Value under uncertainty, future dividends are replaced by their conditional expectation.

* **Traditional Present Value Approach** – in this approach a single set of estimated cash flows and a single interest rate (commensurate with the risk, typically a weighted average of cost components) will be used to estimate the fair value.
* **Expected Present Value Approach** – in this approach multiple cash flows scenarios with different/expected probabilities and a credit-adjusted risk free rate are used to estimate the fair value.

### Choice of interest rate

The interest rate used is the risk-free interest rate if there are no risks involved in the project. The rate of return from the project must equal or exceed this rate of return or it would be better to invest the capital in these risk free assets. If there are risks involved in an investment this can be reflected through the use of a risk premium. The risk premium required can be found by comparing the project with the rate of return required from other projects with similar risks. Thus it is possible for investors to take account of any uncertainty involved in various investments.

## Present value method of valuation

An investor, the lender of money, must decide the financial project in which to invest their money, and present value offers one method of deciding. A financial project requires an initial outlay of money, such as the price of stock or the price of a corporate bond. The project claims to return the initial outlay, as well as some surplus (for example, interest, or future cash flows). An investor can decide which project to invest in by calculating each projects’ present value (using the same interest rate for each calculation) and then comparing them. The project with the smallest present value – the least initial outlay – will be chosen because it offers the same return as the other projects for the least amount of money.

## Years' purchase

The traditional method of valuing future income streams as a present capital sum is to multiply the average expected annual cash-flow by a multiple, known as "years' purchase". For example, in selling to a third party a property leased to a tenant under a 99-year lease at a rent of $10,000 per annum, a deal might be struck at "20 years' purchase", which would value the lease at 20 * $10,000, i.e. $200,000. This equates to a present value discounted in perpetuity at 5%. For a riskier investment the purchaser would demand to pay a lower number of years' purchase. This was the method used for example by the English crown in setting re-sale prices for manors seized at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the early 16th century. The standard usage was 20 years' purchase.

## Further reading


title: Edward Bierstone

abstract: Edward Bierstone is a Canadian mathematician at the University of Toronto who specializes in singularity theory, analytic geometry, and differential analysis.

text:
# Edward Bierstone

**Edward Bierstone** FRSC (born December 21, 1946) is a Canadian mathematician at the University of Toronto who specializes in singularity theory, analytic geometry, and differential analysis.

## Education and career

He received his B.Sc. from the University of Toronto and his Ph.D. at Brandeis University in 1972. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in the summer of 1973. He served as the Director of the Fields Institute from 2009 to 2013.

## Recognition

Bierstone was elected a member of the Royal Society of Canada in 1992 and, together with Pierre Milman, received the Jefferey Williams Prize in 2005. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2018 the Canadian Mathematical Society listed him in their inaugural class of fellows.

## InfoBox

| Edward Bierstone | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-12-21) December 21, 1946 |
| Citizenship | Canadian |
| Alma mater | Brandeis University |
| Awards | Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada 1992, Jeffery–Williams Prize 2005, Fellow of American Mathematical Society, 2012 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Toronto, Fields Institute |
| Doctoral advisor | Richard Sheldon Palais |
|  | |


title: Edward Jackson (photographer)

abstract: Edward Norman Jackson was an American photographer and photojournalist for the New York Daily News. Jackson was President Woodrow Wilson's European photographer during the close of World War I and photographed The Big Four world leaders at the Paris Peace Conference.

text:
# Edward Jackson (photographer)

**Edward Norman Jackson** (June 28, 1885 – November 11, 1967) was an American photographer and photojournalist for the *New York Daily News.* Jackson was President Woodrow Wilson's European photographer during the close of World War I and photographed *The Big Four* world leaders at the Paris Peace Conference.

## Early life

The youngest of four siblings of an Irish immigrant family, Jackson was born in Philadelphia on June 28, 1885. His impoverished family would often go to the local soup house to obtain a ticket for a loaf of bread and another ticket for a can of bean soup, his personal journal states. Jackson sold newspapers (*Philadelphia Bulletin*) on street corners to help his family, where he met a studio photographer who offered him a job after school and Saturdays. He was paid $1.50 a week. The studio specialized in tintype portraitures in 1901. In 1903 the studio moved to Atlantic City and Jackson went with them. Jackson moved to New York City and worked for the American Press Association in the photo engraving department in 1912 where he also became a freelance news photographer.

## News photography

Jackson's career as a news photographer began on the streets of New York City where he would provide photographs to many news agencies and magazines throughout the country. Working as a paparazzo, Jackson would stalk his newsworthy subjects throughout the city. The burgeoning use of photography for newspaper stories launched him into this vocation. From his personal journal:

> *A new field of photography was emerging in 1910; newspapers wanted photographs to replace sketches and drawings for the news events they were going to print. The era of news photography was just beginning and I wanted to become one in the worst way. I never doubted my decision.*

"A Good Photograph Is Worth Ten Columns Of Copy." -Edward Jackson - 1961

In 1913 Jackson accepted his first foreign freelance assignment and steamed to Panama aboard the *Prince August William* to photograph the Panama Canal before its official opening in 1914. In 1915 Jackson was invited by his friend Thomas Alva Edison, newly appointed as President of the Naval Reserve Board, to document the inspection of a highly secret United States submarine "E-2" in the Brooklyn Navy yard. The United States had not entered World War I and did not want the warring nations to know about the development of submarine capability. Two weeks later the submarine mysteriously exploded, killing several personnel. Jackson's forbidden photograph of the damaged submarine appeared in all of the New York papers.

## World War I

Many years past the draft age, Jackson joined the Army Signal Corps (reserves) at the age of 32 and reported for training at Camp Alfred Vail in Little Silver, New Jersey on October 22, 1917. Due to his extensive photographic experience he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant and was assigned the title of Official War Photographer. Several months later he was selected to be President Woodrow Wilson's official photographer.

Jackson spent nearly a year on the battlefront in France and received several military commendations. He was given a battlefield promotion to Captain of the twenty-seventh division of the Army Signal Corps, and assigned directly to President Wilson's European peace entourage. His photograph of "The Big Four" taken in Paris on May 27, 1919, showed the leaders of the free world: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, and US President Woodrow Wilson.

## Post-war years

Returning from France a seasoned, recognized professional news photographer, Jackson was offered many employment offers. He decided to work with Joseph Mendill Patterson and his cousin Robert R. McCormick, who were co-publishers of the *Chicago Tribune* and wanted to start a New York tabloid newspaper, *The New York Daily News.* Launched on June 26, 1919, with Edward N. Jackson as their lead photographer, the publishers wanted large and prominent photographs of city news, entertainment and sports events and local city coverage, all of which was assigned to Jackson. *The New York Daily News* is today the sixth largest newspaper in the country and has won ten Pulitzer prizes.

In 1927 William Randolph Hearst wanted to promote his newspaper the *New York Daily Mirror* by sponsoring a non-stop historic flight from New York to Rome following Charles Lindbergh's successful flight from New York to Paris (May 20–21, 1927). The aircraft*Old Glory*a German Fokker F.VII, was to be manned by pilots Lloyd W. Bertaud and James DeWitt Hill and the *Daily Mirror* managing editor Phillip A. Payne, a close friend of Jackson's, flying with them for one-on-one news coverage. The historic flight left Old Orchard Beach, Maine on the morning of September 6, 1927. Sixteen hours into the flight a SOS was received and the aircraft was never heard from again. Jackson reportedly took the last known photograph of *Old Glory* on August 26, 1927, for his friend. It was never published.

Another historic flight that Jackson covered was the flight of the *Bremen,* a German Junkers W-33 aircraft crewed by Baron Gunther von Hünefeld, Hermann Köhl and James C. Fitzmaurice in April, 1928. The planned east to west Atlantic Ocean crossing took flight on Thursday, April 12, 1928, from Baldonnel, Ireland, with a destination at Mitchel Field, New York, where Jackson waited for their arrival. Thirty-six hours after *Bremen* left Ireland, it was forced to crash-land on Greenly Island in Canada. Jackson immediately left for Canada and hired a single-engine aircraft to fly him and other news reporters to Greenly Island to cover the story. While none of the flight crew were injured as a result of the accident, famed aviator Floyd Bennett became ill and died while attempting to salvage the *Bremen* from Greenly Island.

## The Great Depression

Edward Jackson personally covered "Black Thursday," October 24, 1929 when Wall Street experienced the beginnings of the famed stock market crash leading to the infamous "Black Tuesday" on October 29, 1929 – the beginnings of the Great Depression. Jackson's camera captured much of this tragedy over the next ten years. The worst and longest economic collapse in history, the depression spread to most of the world's industrialized countries like a firestorm. Businesses and banks closed their doors. Millions of jobs were lost, leaving many without homes, savings or even food. Jackson documented on film, this national tragedy.

## Later life

Edward Jackson remained with The *New York Daily News* until his retirement in 1958 at 73. His only child, Edith May Jackson, gave Eddie three grandchildren; Noreen, John and Barry Fitzgerald who often visited him at his home in Wilton, Connecticut. Jackson died from natural causes at 82.

## InfoBox

| Edward Norman Jackson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1885-06-28)June 28, 1885
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Died | November 11, 1967(1967-11-11) (aged 82)
Miami, Florida, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Photojournalist
Photographer |
| Notable credit(s) | Official war photographer
Presidential photographer |
| Website | http://www.edwardnjackson.com/ |


title: Premasathi Coming Suun

abstract: Premasathi Coming Suun is a 2014 Marathi comedy about Aditya, a young man in his early twenties whose family is looking for a bride for him, and Antara, the prospective bride with a hidden agenda.

text:
# Premasathi Coming Suun

***Premasathi Coming Suun*** (Marathi:प्रेमासाठी Coming सून) is a 2014 Marathi comedy about Aditya (Adinath Kothare), a young man in his early twenties whose family is looking for a bride for him, and Antara (Neha Pendse), the prospective bride with a hidden agenda.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Book My Show |  |

*Premasathi Coming Suun* was met with favorable reviews. Bookmyshow.com gave it 2 out of 5 stars, calling it "a neat and clean comedy".

## Cast

## Music

### Soundtrack

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Singer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bawara" | Chetan Dange | Pankaj Padghan | Mangesh Bandodkar | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Halad" | Chetan Dange | Pankaj Padghan | Sayali Pankaj | 5:10 |
| 3. | "Ala Majha ganraya" | Chetan Dange | Pankaj Padghan | Jaydeep Bagwadkar | 4:40 |
| 4. | "Ali Gulabo" | Chetan Dange | Pankaj Padghan | Neha Lele | 4:10 |

## InfoBox

| Premasathi Coming Suun | |
| --- | --- |
| Premasathi Coming Suun First Look Poster | |
| Written by | Chinmay Kulkarni |
| Produced by | Anup Kumar Poddar, Aman Vidhate, Sanjay Sankla, Mulchand Dedhia |
| Starring | Neha Pendse
Adinath Kothare
Jitendra Joshi |
| Music by | Pankaj Padghan |
| Release date | * 12 December 2014 (2014-12-12) |
| Running time | 135 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Marathi |


title: Edward E. McClish

abstract: Edward Ernest McClish (1909-1993) was an American military officer in the Philippines in World War II. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Lt. Colonel McClish commanded a division of Filipino guerrillas on Mindanao island.

text:
# Edward E. McClish

**Edward Ernest McClish** (1909-1993) was an American military officer in the Philippines in World War II. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Lt. Colonel McClish commanded a division of Filipino guerrillas on Mindanao island.

## Early life

Ernest E. McClish was the son of Ross Enzire McClish, a Choctaw Nation citizen listed as "full blood" on the Dawes Rolls, and Minnie Lee Mosteller. McClish graduated from Haskell Institute in 1929 and Bacone College in 1931 and became an army officer. He entered on active duty with the National Guard in 1940 and in 1941 commanded a company of Philippine Scouts. He became a battalion commander in August 1941 and was on the island of Negros when World War II began in the Philippines on 8 December 1941.

Contemporaries described McClish as a handsome, soft-spoken Oklahoman and a "colorful guerrilla leader" with a quiet manner who dealt with problems in a methodical manner rather than barking out orders. He suffered from malaria and got out of a hospital bed to avoid surrender to the Japanese. Guerrilla leader Robert Lapham said the McClish was "sometimes criticized for his alleged lack of seriousness", but "got on remarkably well with Filipino civilians and established advantageous relations with them by being affable and approachable." Major (later General) Stephen Mellnik and Commander Melvyn McCoy, escaped prisoners of war, were helped by McClish and were favorably impressed by him.

## World War II

General Jonathan Wainwright surrendered all U.S. forces in the Philippines in May 1942. On the island of Mindanao at this time, McClish responded to Filipino authorities who asked him not to surrender but to combat the banditry that was running rampant after the defeat of the American and Filipino forces. McClish and about 190 American soldiers and civilians who refused to surrender began to organize guerrilla forces on Mindianao. Mindinao was not as heavily occupied as Luzon, the other large island of the Philippines. The Japanese occupiers were estimated to number 50,000 soldiers and controlled only the larger cities and main roads and waterways. The guerrillas had more freedom of movement and easier coordination with each other than on Luzon. The guerrillas "ran schools, courts, tax collecting, trade, and began printing money."

By September 1942, McClish had established one of the first guerrilla units on Mindanao with more than 300 Filipino volunteers under his command, half of them armed. On 20 November 1942, McClish, a major, and Captain Clyde Childress met with Wendell Fertig, a self-proclaimed general officer. They accepted Fertig's authority to command guerrilla forces on Mindanao. Fertig promoted McClish to lieutenant colonel and appointed him the commander of the 110th Division with responsibilities in four northeastern provinces of Mindanao and with Childress as his second in command. The 110th division of McClish eventually had a complement of 317 officers and 5,086 enlisted men, nearly all of them Filipinos, including some Moros. The primary task given to McClish and other guerrillas on Luzon by the U.S. Army commanders in Australia was intelligence gathering. The guerrillas were ordered to avoid combat when possible with the Japanese, a directive they sometimes ignored.

McClish's most ambitious military endeavor was probably the siege of the town of Butuan from 3 to 10 March 1943. Two thousand of McClish's guerrillas besieged the Japanese contingent in a schoolhouse. The siege was broken when Japanese reinforcements arrived 10 March. Twenty guerrillas and an estimated 50 Japanese were killed. Although the siege was a failure, it apparently won credibility for the guerrillas among the local people as fighters, not just refugees hiding in the mountains. The siege also resulted in a de facto agreement between the local Japanese commander and the guerrillas which gave the guerrillas freedom of movement in most of the region in exchange for the Japanese rarely venturing outside the towns and cities they occupied. That became important for intelligence operations and the reception by the guerrillas of supplies delivered by submarines. However, Fertig criticized McClish for the expenditure of scarce ammunition in the siege.

Also in 1943, when coastwatcher Chick Parsons arrived on Mindanao to carry out MacArthur's mandate to focus on intelligence gathering, McClish provided him with personnel for his coast watching station, fueled his launch with diesel distilled from coconuts, and mounted a .50 caliber machine gun on his boat.

## Problems with Fertig

McClish and his chief of staff Clyde Childress had a rocky relationship with Wendell Fertig, the self-proclaimed brigadier general in charge of Mindinao guerrillas. (Fertig's assumption of the rank of general also irritated General MacArthur's headquarters in Australia.) Part of the problem may have been that Fertig's headquarters in the Agusan River valley were close to McClish's area of operation and thus Fertig was in closer proximity to McClish than with his other divisional commanders. Fertig's opinion was that McClish and Childress were "disloyal, incompetent," and had done little for the guerrilla movement on Mindanao. Specifically, he said McClish was a last-second planner, too aggressive in wanting to battle the Japanese, and had chosen his subordinates unwisely. McClish and Childress were among several American officers serving under Fertig who requested transfers from the guerrillas to regular U.S. army commands which became possible after the U.S. invasion of the Philippines on 20 October 1944. At their request, Fertig relieved Childress on 29 December 1944 and McClish on 23 January 1945.

Robert Lapham described McClish and Childress's opinion of Fertig as "paranoid and consumed with personal ambition, not to speak of ungrateful and discourteous to them after they had made it possible for him to move his headquarters to a safe location."

## InfoBox

| Edward E. McClish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1909-02-22)22 February 1909
Wilburton, Oklahoma |
| Died | 26 October 1993(1993-10-26) (aged 84)
Raymore, Missouri |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1932–1945 |
| Rank | Lieutenant colonel |
| Battles/wars | World War II |


title: Edward Grim

abstract: Edward Grim was a monk from Cambridge who visited Canterbury Cathedral on Tuesday 29 December 1170 when Thomas Becket was murdered. He researched and published a book, Vita S. Thomae in about 1180, which is today known chiefly for a short section in which he gave an eyewitness account of the events in the cathedral. On the day of the murder, Grim was with Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. Grim stood by Becket during Becket's altercation with the knights. Grim attempted to protect Becket from their attack until, his own arm being nearly cut off by a stroke aimed at the primate, he fell to the ground. He was able to crawl away to the altar where the archbishop's other clerks had hidden, and escaped with his life. His Vita S. Thomae cannot have been completed earlier than 1174 as it contains an account of the penance of Henry II; another passage seems to show that it was written not later than 1177. As it would seem that Grim did not meet Becket until a few days before the latter's death, his information concerning the primate's life must be considered second-hand apart from the last scenes to which he was an eye-witness. A large part of his narrative closely resembles that of the French poet Garnier de Pont-Sainte-Maxence, who completed his own work in 1175. Whether Grim copied Garnier or Garnier copied Grim is not certain, but the former is most likely. Grim was dead before Herbert of Bosham finished his work on St. Thomas, i.e. by 1186, or at latest 1189.

text:
# Edward Grim

**Edward Grim** (died c. 1189) was a monk from Cambridge who visited Canterbury Cathedral on Tuesday 29 December 1170 when Thomas Becket was murdered. He researched and published a book, *Vita S. Thomae* (Life of St. Thomas) in about 1180, which is today known chiefly for a short section in which he gave an eyewitness account of the events in the cathedral.

On the day of the murder, Grim was with Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. Grim stood by Becket during Becket's altercation with the knights. Grim attempted to protect Becket from their attack until, his own arm being nearly cut off by a stroke aimed at the primate, he fell to the ground. He was able to crawl away to the altar where the archbishop's other clerks had hidden, and escaped with his life.

His *Vita S. Thomae* cannot have been completed earlier than 1174 as it contains an account of the penance of Henry II; another passage seems to show that it was written not later than 1177 (Materials, ii. 448–9; cf. Magnusson, pref. to Thomas Saga, ii. lxxxii). As it would seem that Grim did not meet Becket until a few days before the latter's death, his information concerning the primate's life must be considered second-hand apart from the last scenes to which he was an eye-witness. A large part of his narrative closely resembles that of the French poet Garnier (or Guernes) de Pont-Sainte-Maxence, who completed his own work in 1175. Whether Grim copied Garnier or Garnier copied Grim is not certain, but the former is most likely. Grim was dead before Herbert of Bosham finished his work on St. Thomas, i.e. by 1186, or at latest 1189.

* Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Grim, Edward". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Premedication

abstract: Premedication is using medication before some other therapy to prepare for that forthcoming therapy. Typical examples include premedicating with a sedative or analgesic before surgery; using prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics before surgery; and using antiemetics or antihistamines before chemotherapy. Premedication before chemotherapy for cancer often consists of drug regimens given to a patient minutes to hours before the chemotherapy to avert side effects or hypersensitivity reactions. Melatonin has been found to be effective as a premedication in both adults and children due to its pharmacological properties of hypnotic, antinociceptive and anticonvulsant which produce effective anxiolysis and sedation. Unlike midazolam, melatonin does not impair psychomotor skills or adversely affect the quality of recovery. It has a faster recovery time compared to midazolam and has a reduced incidence of post-operative excitement and results in a reduction in dose required of propofol and thiopental. Midazolam is effective in children in reducing anxiety associated with separation from parents and induction of anesthesia. Sufentanil is also sometimes used as a premedication. Clonidine is becoming increasingly popular as a premedication for children. One drawback of clonidine is that it can take up to 45 minutes to take full effect. In children, clonidine has been found to be equal to and possibly superior to benzodiazepines as a premedication. It has a more favourable side effect profile. It also reduces the need for an induction agent. It improves post-operative pain relief, is better at inducing sedation at induction, reduces agitated emergence, reduces shivering and post-operative nausea and vomiting and reduces post-operative delirium associated with sevoflurane anaesthesia. Benzodiazepines such as midazolam are more commonly used due largely to a lack of a marketing effort by the pharmaceutical companies. As a result, clonidine is becoming increasingly popular with anesthesiologists. Dexmedetomidine and atypical antipsychotic agents are other premedications which are used particularly in very uncooperative children. Non-drug interventions for children include playing relaxing music, massages, reducing noise and controlling light to maintain the sleep wake cycle. Other non-pharmacological options for children who refuse or cannot tolerate premedication include clown doctors; low sensory stimulation and hand-held video games may also help reduce anxiety during induction of general anesthesia.

text:
# Premedication

**Premedication** is using medication before some other therapy (usually surgery or chemotherapy) to prepare for that forthcoming therapy. Typical examples include premedicating with a sedative or analgesic before surgery; using prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics before surgery; and using antiemetics or antihistamines before chemotherapy.

Premedication before chemotherapy for cancer often consists of drug regimens (usually 2 or more drugs, e.g. dexamethasone, diphenhydramine and omeprazole) given to a patient minutes to hours before the chemotherapy to avert side effects or hypersensitivity reactions (i.e. allergic reactions).

Melatonin has been found to be effective as a premedication in both adults and children due to its pharmacological properties of hypnotic, antinociceptive and anticonvulsant which produce effective anxiolysis and sedation. Unlike midazolam, melatonin does not impair psychomotor skills or adversely affect the quality of recovery. It has a faster recovery time compared to midazolam and has a reduced incidence of post-operative excitement and results in a reduction in dose required of propofol and thiopental.

Midazolam is effective in children in reducing anxiety associated with separation from parents and induction of anesthesia. Sufentanil is also sometimes used as a premedication. Clonidine is becoming increasingly popular as a premedication for children. One drawback of clonidine is that it can take up to 45 minutes to take full effect. In children, clonidine has been found to be equal to and possibly superior to benzodiazepines as a premedication. It has a more favourable side effect profile. It also reduces the need for an induction agent. It improves post-operative pain relief, is better at inducing sedation at induction, reduces agitated emergence, reduces shivering and post-operative nausea and vomiting and reduces post-operative delirium associated with sevoflurane anaesthesia. Benzodiazepines such as midazolam are more commonly used due largely to a lack of a marketing effort by the pharmaceutical companies. As a result, clonidine is becoming increasingly popular with anesthesiologists. Dexmedetomidine and atypical antipsychotic agents are other premedications which are used particularly in very uncooperative children.

Non-drug interventions for children include playing relaxing music, massages, reducing noise and controlling light to maintain the sleep wake cycle. Other non-pharmacological options for children who refuse or cannot tolerate premedication include clown doctors; low sensory stimulation and hand-held video games may also help reduce anxiety during induction of general anesthesia.