abstract: The women's eight competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia took place at Lake Lanier.

text:
# Rowing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's eight

The **women's eight** competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia took place at Lake Lanier.

## Competition format

The competition consisted of two main rounds (heats and finals) as well as a repechage. The 8 boats were divided into two heats for the first round, with 4 boats in each heat. The first-place boat in each heat (2 boats total) advanced directly to the "A" final. The remaining 6 boats were placed in the repechage. The repechage featured a single heat. The top 4 boats in the repechage advanced to the "A" final, while the remaining 2 boats (5th and 6th placers in the repechage) were sent to the "B" final.

The boats in the "A" final competed for medals and 4th through 6th place; the boats in the "B" final competed for 7th and 8th.

All races were over a 2000 metre course.

## Results

### Heats

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Yaroslava Pavlovich | Belarus | 6:24.61 | QA |
| 2 |  | Yasmin Farooq | United States | 6:28.45 | R |
| 3 |  | Jissy de Wolf | Netherlands | 6:32.71 | R |
| 4 |  | Kaylynn Hick | Australia | 6:35.69 | R |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Elena Georgescu | Romania | 6:23.94 | QA |
| 2 |  | Lesley Thompson | Canada | 6:29.08 | R |
| 3 |  | Daniela Neunast | Germany | 6:33.90 | R |
| 4 |  | Suzie Ellis | Great Britain | 6:39.34 | R |

### Repechage

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Yasmin Farooq | United States | 6:06.17 | QA |
| 2 |  | Lesley Thompson | Canada | 6:06.49 | QA |
| 3 |  | Jissy de Wolf | Netherlands | 6:08.85 | QA |
| 4 |  | Kaylynn Hick | Australia | 6:08.92 | QA |
| 5 |  | Daniela Neunast | Germany | 6:09.43 | QB |
| 6 |  | Suzie Ellis | Great Britain | 6:12.28 | QB |

### Finals

#### Final B

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 |  | Suzie Ellis | Great Britain | 6:15.21 |
| 8 |  | Daniela Neunast | Germany | 6:17.73 |

#### Final A

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Elena Georgescu | Romania | 6:19.73 |
|  |  | Lesley Thompson | Canada | 6:24.05 |
|  |  | Yaroslava Pavlovich | Belarus | 6:24.44 |
| 4 |  | Yasmin Farooq | United States | 6:26.19 |
| 5 |  | Kaylynn Hick | Australia | 6:30.10 |
| 6 |  | Jissy de Wolf | Netherlands | 6:31.11 |

## Final classification

The following rowers took part:

| Rank | Rowers | Country |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liliana Gafencu
Veronica Cochela
Elena Georgescu
Anca Tănase
Doina Spîrcu
Marioara Popescu
Ioana Olteanu
Elisabeta Lipă
Doina Ignat | Romania |
|  | Anna van der Kamp
Tosha Tsang
Lesley Thompson
Emma Robinson
Jessica Monroe
Heather McDermid
Maria Maunder
Theresa Luke
Alison Korn | Canada |
|  | Yelena Mikulich
Marina Znak
Nataliya Volchek
Nataliya Stasyuk
Tamara Davydenko
Valentina Skrabatun
Nataliya Lavrinenko
Yaroslava Pavlovich
Aleksandra Pankina | Belarus |
|  | Anne Kakela
Mary McCagg
Laurel Korholz
Catriona Fallon
Betsy McCagg
Monica Tranel Michini
Amy Fuller
Jennifer Dore
Yasmin Farooq | United States |
|  | Jennifer Luff
Gina Douglas
Amy Safe
Anna Ozolins
Karina Wieland
Alison Davies
Carmen Klomp
Bronwyn Thompson
Kaylynn Hick | Australia |
|  | Femke Boelen
Marleen van der Velden
Astrid van Koert
Marieke Westerhof
Rita de Jong
Tessa Knaven
Tessa Appeldoorn
Muriel van Schilfgaarde
Jissy de Wolf | Netherlands |
|  | Annamarie Stapleton
Lisa Eyre
Dot Blackie
Kate Pollitt
Miriam Batten
Cath Bishop
Joanne Turvey
Alison Gill
Suzie Ellis | Great Britain |
|  | Ina Justh
Antje Rehaag
Kathleen Naser
Andrea Gesch
Dana Pyritz
Micaela Schmidt
Anja Pyritz
Ute Schell-Wagner-Stange
Daniela Neunast | Germany |

## InfoBox

| Women's eight
at the Games of the XXVI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 22–28 July |
| Competitors | 72 from 8 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Liliana Gafencu
Veronica Cochela
Elena Georgescu
Anca Tănase
Doina Spîrcu
Marioara Popescu
Ioana Olteanu
Elisabeta Lipă
Doina Ignat  Romania  Anna van der Kamp
Tosha Tsang
Lesley Thompson
Emma Robinson
Jessica Monroe
Heather McDermid
Maria Maunder
Theresa Luke
Alison Korn  Canada  Yelena Mikulich
Marina Znak
Nataliya Volchek
Nataliya Stasyuk
Tamara Davydenko
Valentina Skrabatun
Nataliya Lavrinenko
Yaroslava Pavlovich
Aleksandra Pankina  Belarus | |
|


title: Books of Clanranald

abstract: The Books of Clanranald are two paper manuscripts that date to about the early 18th century. The books are written in Classical Gaelic, and are best known for their traditional account of the history of Clan Donald. The manuscripts are commonly referred to as the Red Book and the Black Book. The name "Red Book", however, may actually be a misnomer. Although Gaelic tradition on South Uist notes a "Red Book of MacMhuirich", it is uncertain whether this book is identical to the surviving manuscript. In fact, the manuscript may be partly derived from the red book of tradition. The name "Black Book" may have been coined in order to distinguish it from the so-called Red Book. The Red Book was composed by Niall MacMhuirich, a member of the MacMhuirich bardic family, who wrote the clan history within, and was responsible for the collection of some of the manuscript's other poetical material. A later hand also added material into the book. Compared to the Red Book, the Black Book is more of a miscellaneous collection of material. This manuscript was compiled by several people, but the history within this work was written by Christopher Beaton, a member of the Beaton learned family, who appears to have been employed by the family of the Earls of Antrim. David Sellar, who was the Lord Lyon King of Arms in Scotland, stated that both books date from the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

text:
# Books of Clanranald

**The Books of Clanranald** are two paper manuscripts that date to about the early 18th century. The books are written in Classical Gaelic, and are best known for their traditional account of the history of Clan Donald. The manuscripts are commonly referred to as the *Red Book* and the *Black Book*. The name "Red Book", however, may actually be a misnomer. Although Gaelic tradition on South Uist notes a "Red Book of MacMhuirich", it is uncertain whether this book is identical to the surviving manuscript. In fact, the manuscript may be partly derived from the red book of tradition. The name "Black Book" may have been coined in order to distinguish it from the so-called *Red Book*.

The *Red Book* was composed by Niall MacMhuirich, a member of the MacMhuirich bardic family, who wrote the clan history within, and was responsible for the collection of some of the manuscript's other poetical material. A later hand also added material into the book.

Compared to the *Red Book*, the *Black Book* is more of a miscellaneous collection of material. This manuscript was compiled by several people, but the history within this work was written by Christopher Beaton, a member of the Beaton learned family, who appears to have been employed by the family of the Earls of Antrim.

David Sellar, who was the Lord Lyon King of Arms in Scotland, stated that both books date from the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

## Published edition

* Macbain, Alexander; Kennedy, John, eds. (1894), "The Book of Clanranald", *Reliquiæ Celticæ: texts, papers and studies in Gaelic literature and philology*, vol. 2, The Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing and Publishing Company, pp. 138–309.


title: Born in '69

abstract: "Born in '69" is a song by the American alternative rock band Rocket from the Crypt, released as the first single from their 1995 album Scream, Dracula, Scream! It was released as both a 7" vinyl and CD single by Elemental Records and peaked at #68 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video directed by Steve Hanft received play on MTV and MTV Europe.

text:
# Born in '69

"**Born in '69**" is a song by the American alternative rock band Rocket from the Crypt, released as the first single from their 1995 album *Scream, Dracula, Scream!* It was released as both a 7" vinyl and CD single by Elemental Records and peaked at #68 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video directed by Steve Hanft received play on MTV and MTV Europe.

## Track listing

1. "Born in '69"
2. "Ciao Patsy"

## Personnel

## Chart positions

| Chart (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles | 68 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Born in '69" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Rocket from the Crypt | |
| from the album  *Scream, Dracula, Scream!* | |
| A-side | "Born in '69" |
| B-side | "Ciao Patsy" |
| Released | 1995 |
| Genre | Punk rock |
| Label | Elemental (ELM 325) |
| Songwriter(s) | Rocket from the Crypt |
| Producer(s) | John Reis |
| Rocket from the Crypt singles chronology | |
| "**Born in '69**"
(1995) "Young Livers"
(1996) | |


title: Roswell A. Parmenter

abstract: Roswell A. Parmenter was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

text:
# Roswell A. Parmenter

**Roswell A. Parmenter** (September 20, 1821 – February 1, 1904) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

Roswell A. Parmenter was born in Pittstown, New York, on September 20, 1821, the son of Dr. Azel Fiske Parmenter (born 1786) and Lavina (Ray) Parmenter. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Troy.

He was City Attorney of Troy from 1853 to 1854, and from 1871 to 1883.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (12th D.) in 1874 and 1875.

At the New York state election, 1881, he ran on the Democratic ticket for New York Attorney General, but was defeated by Republican Leslie W. Russell.

Parmenter was Corporation Counsel of Troy from 1886 to 1890.

He died in Troy on February 1, 1904, at age 82.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Roswell A. Parmenter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1821-09-20)September 20, 1821
Pittstown, New York |
| Died | February 1, 1904(1904-02-01) (aged 82)
Troy, New York |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Parent(s) | Azel Fiske Parmenter
Lavina Ray |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Roswell Artist-in-Residence Compound

abstract: The Roswell Artist-in-Residence Compound is a building located at 1404 West Berrendo Road in Roswell, New Mexico. It was the former building used for the Roswell Artist-in-Residence (RAiR) from 1967 too 2007, which hosted the artist studios. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 7, 2017.

text:
# Roswell Artist-in-Residence Compound

The **Roswell Artist-in-Residence Compound** is a building located at 1404 West Berrendo Road in Roswell, New Mexico. It was the former building used for the Roswell Artist-in-Residence (RAiR) from 1967 too 2007, which hosted the artist studios.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 7, 2017.

## Roswell Artist-in-Residence history

> "The Berrendo Road compound operated as the RAiR program from 1967 to 2007. Throughout its 40-year history the grant at the historic site of the RAiR program fostered the career of many artists who went on to achieve great success and recognition in the art world. Luis Jimenez, Stuart Arends, Eddie Dominguez, Robert Colescott, Diane Marsh, Milton Resnick, Bill Midgette, David Reed, Wook-Kyung Choi, Michael Aakhus, Ted Kuykendall, Scott Green, Pat Passlof, Phillis Ideal, Alison Saar, James McGarrell, Rachel Hayes and Eric Sall are just a few of the notables who have been part of the “gift of time.” Their works appear in public and private collections throughout the nation and globally."

Roswell Daily Record

The Roswell Artist-in-Residence (RAiR) program brings artists from all over the United States to create work in Roswell. The artist-in-residence program and compound was conceived, funded, and built by oilman, philanthropist, and artist, Donald B. Anderson. From 1967 to May 2002, the Roswell Museum oversaw the operation of the RAiR program, and from June 2002 until present, the program is managed by the Roswell Artist-in-Residence Foundation.

The program was designed to offer 5 artists access to the one-year long residency, which included a stipend. Through RAiR, more than 200 artists have been awarded the residency. The first artist-in-residence was Taos resident, Howard Cook.

The historic compound is located on the northwest outskirts of Roswell. The new compound, to which the RAIR program relocated in 2007, is east of the town. The Anderson Museum of Contemporary Art was formed as an extension of the Roswell Artist-in-Residence program, and displays work from the former participants.

## Architecture

The RAiR program used the listed compound until 2007, when the program was transferred to a new compound on the other side of Roswell. The Roswell Artist-in-Residence Compound was located on a 40 acres (16 ha) farm whose old farmhouse served as a residence. Two barns were restored to serve as studio and wood shop. From 1967 to 1975 Anderson expanded the compound to include six houses and nine studios, arranged around two courtyards.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Roswell Artist-in-Residence Compound | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1404 W. Berrendo Rd., Roswell, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 33°26′16″N 104°32′29″W / 33.43778°N 104.54139°W / 33.43778; -104.54139 |
| Area | 40 acres (16 ha) |
| Built | c.1940, 1967–1975 |
| NRHP reference No. | 100001436 |
| Added to NRHP | August 7, 2017 |


title: Bornealcis

abstract: Bornealcis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Bornealcis

***Bornealcis*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Bornealcis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Ennominae |
| Tribe: | Boarmiini |
| Genus: | *Bornealcis*<br>Holloway, 1993 |
|


title: Rowland Egerton-Warburton

abstract: Rowland Eyles Egerton-Warburton was an English landowner and poet from the Egerton family in Cheshire. He was a devout Anglican in the high church tradition and a local benefactor. He paid for the restoration of his parish church and for the building of two new churches in villages on his estates. He also built cottages and farm buildings in the villages. Through his mother's line, he inherited the Arley and Warburton estates in Cheshire. He is best remembered for rebuilding Arley Hall and its chapel dedicated to St Mary, and for helping to create the picturesque appearance of the village of Great Budworth. He and his wife designed extensive new formal gardens to the southeast of the hall, which included one of the earliest herbaceous borders in Britain. The hall and gardens are still owned by his family, but are open to the public. Egerton-Warburton's main hobby was hunting. He was a keen member, and later the president, of the nearby Tarporley Hunt Club. He also wrote poetry, the subject matter of which reflected his interests in hunting and in the countryside. Some of his rhymes are to be found on signposts in the grounds of the hall.

text:
# Rowland Egerton-Warburton

**Rowland Eyles Egerton-Warburton** DL (14 September 1804 – 6 December 1891) was an English landowner and poet from the Egerton family in Cheshire. He was a devout Anglican in the high church tradition and a local benefactor. He paid for the restoration of his parish church and for the building of two new churches in villages on his estates. He also built cottages and farm buildings in the villages.

Through his mother's line, he inherited the Arley and Warburton estates in Cheshire. He is best remembered for rebuilding Arley Hall and its chapel dedicated to St Mary, and for helping to create the picturesque appearance of the village of Great Budworth. He and his wife designed extensive new formal gardens to the southeast of the hall, which included one of the earliest herbaceous borders in Britain. The hall and gardens are still owned by his family, but are open to the public.

Egerton-Warburton's main hobby was hunting. He was a keen member, and later the president, of the nearby Tarporley Hunt Club. He also wrote poetry, the subject matter of which reflected his interests in hunting and in the countryside. Some of his rhymes are to be found on signposts in the grounds of the hall.

## Early life

He was born Rowland Egerton in 1804 at Norley Bank, Norley, Cheshire, the eldest son of Rowland Egerton and his wife, Emma. His father was the seventh son of Philip Egerton who became the 9th baronet of Egerton and Oulton on the death of his elder brother in 1825. His maternal grandmother (also called Emma) was the youngest sister of Sir Peter Warburton, 5th baronet of Arley, who had no children. Sir Peter died in 1813 and in his will he left the estates of Warburton and Arley to Rowland junior, who was at that time still a minor. His father added the name "Warburton" by royal licence in the same year. Egerton-Warburton was educated at Eton College, and although he was admitted to Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1823, there is no evidence that he was awarded a degree. After his time in Oxford, he went on a Grand Tour, and returned to the life of a squire at Arley Hall, having gained control of the estates on achieving his age of majority in 1825.

## Landowner and benefactor

Egerton-Warburton managed the Arley estate from 1825 until his death in 1891. During this time the estate was profitable and he was able to enjoy a larger income than his predecessors. He was a high church Anglican and a supporter of the Oxford Movement, having been influenced by Keble, Pusey and Newman. He regularly attended choral Matins in the chapel at Arley Hall, and on hunt days he wore his hunting colours. He took little interest in politics, in which respect he is regarded as having been "passive".

In the 1850s he paid for the restoration of his local parish church of St Mary and All Saints at Great Budworth, where he encouraged a more Anglo-Catholic style of worship. He paid for the building of new churches in two villages on his estates. In the village of Warburton he paid for the new church of St Werburgh. This was built in 1883–85 to a design by John Douglas of Chester, at which time Egerton-Warburton's nephew, Rev. Geoffrey Egerton-Warburton, was the incumbent. This church replaced the old church in Warburton, also dedicated to St Werburgh, as the parish church. The old church still exists on another site in the village. In the village of Appleton Thorn, 3.3 miles (5 km) to the north of Arley Hall, he paid for St Cross church, which was built in 1886–87 to a design by Edmund Kirby of Liverpool.

Egerton-Warburton also paid for the construction of secular buildings in villages on his estates, many of which were designed by John Douglas. In Great Budworth he had a "campaign to restore the village and render it picturesque in Victorian eyes". He restored many of the cottages in the village and built new ones to blend with them. In 1875, the George and Dragon, a simple three-bay Georgian inn in the village, was remodelled by adding ribbed chimneys, moulded brick mullions, an elliptical-headed doorway and a steep pyramid-shaped turret. The village has changed little since then and it remains "one of Cheshire's most charming villages". In 1873 he paid for the building of a cottage in Arley Green and founded Arley School in the village. In Warburton, he paid for a school in 1871–72, a church hall in 1889, and a post office in 1893. Features in the style of Douglas were added to the timber-framed Bent Farm, which stands opposite the new church, in 1880. He also built the public road from Arley Hall to Appleton Thorn.

## Fox hunter and poet

Egerton-Warburton was a keen fox hunter and rode with the Tarporley Hunt Club, of which he became a member in 1825 and president in 1838. When he retired from hunting in 1873, he was made an honorary member of the club. His friend, the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, described him as being "equally at home in the hunting field and the parish church". He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Cheshire in 1825, was an officer in the Royal Cheshire Militia and in the Cheshire Yeomanry, served as a Justice of the Peace, and was High Sheriff of Cheshire for 1833.

His poetry, usually on the subjects of hunting and country life, was light-hearted and popular. In 1834 he published his *Hunting Songs*, which ran to eight editions. Titles of the songs include "A Good Merry Gallop for Me!" and "Farmer Dobbin". His nine-stanza poem "Quaesitum meritis" is considered to be his best work. He created signposts on his estate with rhyming inscriptions, some of which are still present. He also published more serious documents about the cattle plague of 1747–49. Lord Halifax referred to him as "a perfect combination, a good churchman, a good landlord, a keen sportsman, and a man of literary tastes". In his 1885 book *Hunting*, the Duke of Beaufort described Warburton as 'that Homer of the hunting-field'.

He also wrote a couplet as an epitaph for the headstone of Copenhagen, the war horse ridden at the Battle of Waterloo by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. The couplet, "God's humbler instrument, though meaner clay, should share the glory of that glorious day," was written at the request of the 2nd Duke, when he erected a tombstone for his father's famous horse on his grave at Strathfield Saye. The first Duke would have approved of the choice of poet, since he, like Egerton-Warburton, was a keen sportsman, and in fact, the Duke had often hunted on Copenhagen when the two of them were in the Peninsula.

## Rebuilding of Arley Hall

When Egerton-Warburton took over the estate, the hall was "dilapidated and swarming with rats", and so he decided to replace it completely. He took great interest in the design of the new house and chapel, and his ideas reflected respectively his artistic and his religious values. In respect of the house, he was influenced by the spirit of the Romantic movement. He also wanted the new house to reflect his ancient lineage: "to suggest something of the piety of the Middle Ages as well as the grandeur of Elizabethan England". He, therefore, rejected the neoclassical style of architecture, which was fashionable at the time, and chose instead to build a house in what is now known as Jacobethan style. He also wanted it to incorporate modern technology and materials in its construction, and he did not want it to be too expensive. He commissioned a young local architect, George Latham from Nantwich, and worked closely with him in the design. Latham suggested that the final cost would be in the region of £5,000–6,000 (£570,000–£680,000 today). It was agreed that every architectural feature of the house should have an exact model in an existing Elizabethan building. Egerton-Warburton and Latham travelled together and visited such buildings to study these features.

The first phase of building started in 1832, and the east, north and west wings of the old house were demolished. Most of the new buildings in this phase consisted of servants' quarters and utility rooms. A drawing room, grand staircase and hall were built but they were left unfinished. Modern plumbing was fitted, the structure of the house was raised on arches to reduce the effect of damp, and the spaces under the arches were ventilated and warmed by a patent device. This phase was completed in 1835 at a cost of about £13,000 (£1.62 million today). Egerton-Warburton then took a break, partly to raise the money needed for the completion of the house, and also to work on the designs of the remaining rooms. The second and final phase was built between 1840 and 1845. The south front was demolished and the building, much of which is present today, was finished. The final cost of the house came to about £30,000 (£3.75 million today).

In designing the chapel, he again broke away from the classical style of architecture. Having been influenced by the Oxford Movement, he decided that it should be designed in Gothic style. He commissioned the nationally famous architect Anthony Salvin to design a Gothic Revival chapel, which was completed and consecrated in 1845. In 1856–57, a north aisle and porch were added to a design by George Street.

When Egerton-Warburton took over the estate, the gardens were mainly to the east of the hall, but with his wife, Mary, he designed new gardens. These were developed to the southwest of the hall between 1840 and 1860. They implemented their designs apparently without any professional help, and the present gardens are largely the result of their planning. The herbaceous border was one of the first of its type to have been created in England. Items they planted which are still present include the yew finials in the herbaceous border, which were planted in 1856, and the holly oak cylinders in the Ilex Walk, which were also planted in the 1850s.

## Family and later life

Egerton-Warburton was the eldest child of ten; he had four brothers and five sisters. His younger brother, James Francis, who was born in 1807, graduated MA and became the rector of Warburton. Henry William was born in 1808, and became a major in the 47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot. Peter, born in 1813, worked with the East India Company before moving to Australia, where he achieved some notoriety as an explorer. The youngest brother, George Edward was born in 1819. He also emigrated and established a farm in Western Australia. Egerton-Warburton's sisters were Emma Elizabeth (1805-1891), who married James Saurin, Archdeacon of Dromore, Frances Mary (1809), Maria Sybilla (1812–1895), who married the noted horticulturalist James Bateman, Charlotte (1815), and Sophia (1816).

On 7 April 1831, Egerton-Warburton married Mary Brooke, the eldest daughter of Sir Richard Brooke, 6th baronet of Norton Priory and Harriet Cunliffe, daughter of Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet. They had three children, Mary Alice, Piers (later MP for Mid Cheshire), and Mary. His wife died in 1881 and his younger daughter and her family moved in to live with him. By 1874 he was suffering from glaucoma, and soon afterwards became blind. He continued to take walks, led on a leather strap by his gardener. He had a path, Furlong Walk, constructed from the terrace at the hall with wire to guide him. His health began to fail from 1888 and he died in 1891 at the age of 87. He was buried in the family vault at Great Budworth church. His estate amounted to a little over £51,670 (£7.13 million today).

**Citations**

**Sources**

## InfoBox

| Rowland Egerton-WarburtonDL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1804-09-14)14 September 1804
Norley Bank, Norley, Cheshire, England |
| Died | 6 December 1891(1891-12-06) (aged 87)
Arley Hall, Cheshire, England |
| Resting place | St Mary and All Saints Church, Great Budworth, Cheshire |
| Education | Eton College |
| Alma mater | Corpus Christi College, Oxford |
| Known for | Rebuilding Arley Hall |
| Relatives | Peter Egerton-Warburton (brother)
Piers Egerton-Warburton (son) |


title: Booby Cay (Bahamas)

abstract: Booby Cay is an island in the Bahamas that lies east of Mayaguana. The island is named after the brown booby population that resides on the island, along with native Cyclura species and invasive goats.

text:
# Booby Cay (Bahamas)

**Booby Cay** is an island in the Bahamas that lies east of Mayaguana. The island is named after the brown booby population that resides on the island, along with native Cyclura species and invasive goats.

## InfoBox

Booby Cay
| Booby CayThe location of Booby Cay within the Bahamas | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Atlantic Ocean |
| Coordinates | 22°19′29″N 72°43′12″W / 22.32472°N 72.72000°W / 22.32472; -72.72000 |
| Type | Cay |
| Archipelago | Lucayan Archipelago |
| Administration | |
| **Bahamas** | |


title: Boobs in the Woods

abstract: Boobs in the Woods is a 1950 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon, directed by Robert McKimson. The cartoon was released on January 28, 1950, and stars Daffy Duck and Porky Pig.

text:
# Boobs in the Woods

***Boobs in the Woods*** is a 1950 Warner Bros. *Looney Tunes* cartoon, directed by Robert McKimson. The cartoon was released on January 28, 1950, and stars Daffy Duck and Porky Pig.

## Plot

Porky sets up camp to enjoy the countryside, painting a landscape interrupted by Daffy's antics. When Daffy tries to thwart Porky's painting, a series of absurd encounters unfold, including a confrontation with the old man of the mountains and a faux execution. Despite Daffy's tricks, Porky manages to catch a fish, leading to further shenanigans involving licenses and mistaken identities. Eventually, Porky tries to escape Daffy's antics by packing up his trailer, but Daffy sabotages his car. In a twist, Porky gains the upper hand by revealing a license to use Daffy as a motor, ultimately outwitting the duck.

## Cast

## Home media

DVD – *Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1*

## InfoBox

| Boobs in the Woods | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Directed by | Robert McKimson |
| Story by | Warren Foster |
| Produced by | Edward Selzer |
| Starring | Mel Blanc |
| Music by | Carl Stalling |
| Animation by | Phil DeLara
J.C. Melendez
Emery Hawkins
Charles McKimson
Pete Burness |
| Layouts by | Cornett Wood |
| Backgrounds by | Richard H. Thomas |
| Color process | Technicolor |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * January 28, 1950 (1950-01-28) |
| Running time | 6:56 |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Borka Pavićević

abstract: Borka Pavićević was a Yugoslav-Serbian dramaturge, newspaper columnist, and cultural activist. She was also described as a "dramatist, Belgrade liberal and pacifist intellectual". She founded the Centre for Cultural Decontamination in 1994, and was a co-founder of the Belgrade Circle.

text:
# Borka Pavićević

**Borka Pavićević** (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Борка Павићевић; 5 June 1947 – 30 June 2019) was a Yugoslav-Serbian dramaturge, newspaper columnist, and cultural activist. She was also described as a "dramatist, Belgrade liberal and pacifist intellectual". She founded the Centre for Cultural Decontamination in 1994, and was a co-founder of the Belgrade Circle.

## Biography

Born in Kotor, Pavićević was a 1971 graduate from Belgrade's Academy of Theatre, Film, Radio and Television. Her theatre career spanned decades. For ten years, Pavicevic was a dramaturge at Atelje 212. She founded the "New Sensibility" Theater in a Belgrade brewery in 1981. From 1984 to 1991, she participated in the artistic movement "KPGT" (Kazaliste Pozoriste Gledalisce Teatar). She was a playwright and the artistic director of the Belgrade Drama Theatre, until she was let go in 1993 due to her political views. She also served as a jurist for the Belgrade International Theatre Festival, working for the organization for 20 years. A co-founder of the Belgrade Circle, she was a regular newspaper columnist in "Danas".

Pavićević founded the Centre for Cultural Decontamination, devoted to the creation of catharsis, in 1994; it has organised more than 5,000 events, exhibitions, protests, and lectures. She was one of the signers of the Declaration of The Civil Resistance Movement in 2012 and was the co-author of the book *Belgrade, my Belgrade*. In 2017, she signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins. Pavičević received many awards including, the Otto Rene Castillo Award for Political Theater (2000); the Hiroshima Foundation Prize for Peace and Culture (2004); the Osvajanje slobode (“Winning Freedom”) prize by the Maja Maršićević Tasić Foundation (2005); Routes Award by European Cultural Foundation (2009/2010); and, from the Government of the Republic of France, the Legion of Honour (2001).

She was married to human rights lawyer Nikola Barović.

Borka Pavićević died on 30 June 2019 in Belgrade, at the age of 72.

## InfoBox

| Borka Pavićević | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-06-05)June 5, 1947
Kotor, Montenegro, Yugoslavia |
| Died | 30 June 2019(2019-06-30) (aged 72)
Belgrade, Serbia |
| Political party | Movement of Free Citizens (2017–2019) |
| Alma mater | University of Arts in Belgrade |
| Occupation | dramaturge, pacifist, intellectual |
| Known for | Centre for Cultural Decontamination |
| Awards | Legion of Honour |
|  | |


title: Rudge, Somerset

abstract: Rudge is a hamlet in the civil parish of Beckington in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. Its nearest town is Frome.

text:
# Rudge, Somerset

**Rudge** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Beckington in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. Its nearest town is Frome.

## Location

The hamlet is located 2.5 miles (4 km) west of Westbury, Wiltshire, and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of A36 road going from Bath to Warminster.

The neighbouring villages are Rode, Southwick, Dilton Marsh and Beckington.

## Amenities

The Full Moon pub has developed from a small pub, now having letting rooms and a restaurant.

Since 1946, a public telephone and kiosk were placed outside the pub. It is now an Information Point \[RIP\] and mini book exchange.

## History

The Old Manor House, sometimes known as Rudgehill Farm, was built in the early 17th century and refronted in 1692.

The Baptist Chapel at Rudge was founded at the beginning of the 19th century.

The Methodist Chapel in the centre of Rudge, which was built in 1839. It is now a private house.

The electricity supply to Rudge was completed by 1950, and the piped water supply was laid on in 1954.

## Notable people

The English poet Samuel Daniel settled at Rudge and died here in 1619; he is buried in the nearby St George's Church, Beckington.

Media related to Rudge, Somerset at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Rudge | |
| --- | --- |
| Full Moon Inn at the central crossroads | |
| RudgeLocation within Somerset | |
| Population | 100 |
| OS grid reference | ST828517 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | FROME |
| Postcode district | BA11 |
| Dialling code | 01373 |
|  | |
| Police | Avon and Somerset |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Borrisokane Forest

abstract: Borrisokane forest in County Tipperary extends from the R445 road northward to Portumna and from Lough Derg to the County Offaly border. The forest consists of several widely dispersed small areas of woodland centred on Borrisokane. Coillte, the state sponsored forestry company, manages the forest which includes plantations at Annagh (Birr), Annagh (Portumna), Ballyquirk, Clonfinane, Coolbaun, Cowbaun, Croghan, Crotta, Curraghglass, Derrybreen, Garraunorish, Kilcunnahin Beg, Kilcunnahin More, Killurane, Knockanacree near Cloghjordan, Kilbarron, Laghile, Minchins, Muckloon, Newlawn, Shanakill, Skehanagh, Sopwell woods and Turravoghan. A weekly 5km Parkrun takes place in the Knockanacree section of the forest.

text:
# Borrisokane Forest

**Borrisokane forest** in County Tipperary extends from the R445 road northward to Portumna and from Lough Derg to the County Offaly border. The forest consists of several widely dispersed small areas of woodland centred on Borrisokane. Coillte, the state sponsored forestry company, manages the forest which includes plantations at Annagh (Birr), Annagh (Portumna), Ballyquirk, Clonfinane, Coolbaun, Cowbaun, Croghan, Crotta, Curraghglass, Derrybreen, Garraunorish, Kilcunnahin Beg, Kilcunnahin More, Killurane, Knockanacree near Cloghjordan, Kilbarron, Laghile, Minchins, Muckloon, Newlawn, Shanakill, Skehanagh (a farm partnership), Sopwell woods and Turravoghan. A weekly 5km Parkrun takes place in the Knockanacree section of the forest.


title: Borrisokane

abstract: Borrisokane is a town in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is 15 km north of Nenagh, at the junction of the N52 and N65 roads. At the 2022 census, it had a population of 1,117. The Ballyfinboy River flows through the town on its way to Lough Derg, 12 km (7 mi) to the west. It is also a civil parish in the historical barony of Ormond Lower and an Ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe.

text:
# Borrisokane

**Borrisokane** (Irish: *Buiríos Uí Chéin*, meaning 'the burgage of the Cianacht') is a town in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is 15 km north of Nenagh, at the junction of the N52 and N65 roads. At the 2022 census, it had a population of 1,117. The Ballyfinboy River flows through the town on its way to Lough Derg, 12 km (7 mi) to the west. It is also a civil parish in the historical barony of Ormond Lower and an Ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe.

## History

During the Norman invasion of Ireland, the area now known as Borrisokane was the property of the O'Carrolls of Ely who claimed to be descendants of the *Clan or Cian* or the *Cianacht*. The O’Kennedys were another significant ruling family, owning tower houses in the surrounding townlands.

During the Cromwellian Plantation, Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Cork and the Earl of Arran were among those granted lands at Borrisokane. Arran hill, a townland of Borrisokane, is thought likely to be named after the latter.

Local population changes throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have underlined the great social and economic challenges that Ireland as a nation itself faced during these times. The population of the parish in 1831 was 2,634 and in 1841, it had risen to 3,175. Due to reasons of famine and emigration, this number has fallen steadily to 1,145 today.

During the War of Independence, and the Civil War which followed, Borrisokane was witness to local hostilities. On 26 June 1920 about 200 IRA volunteers attacked an RIC barracks at Borrisokane, currently the town's Garda Station. The attack was unsuccessful, but the building was so badly damaged that it was evacuated the next day. One Volunteer was killed in the action, and a plaque commemorates him today as Micheál Ó Cinnéide, Uncle of the former Government Minister Michael O'Kennedy.

*The Modreeny Ambush* took place on the 3 June 1921, during the Irish War of Independence. The ambush was an attack on an RIC and Black and Tan patrol en route to the local Petty Sessions in Borrisokane Courthouse. It was committed by a Flying Column led by Sean Gaynor at Kylebeg Cross, between Borrisokane and Cloughjordan and resulted in the deaths of four RIC/ Black and Tan members. Later that same day, a branch of the Munster and Leinster Bank was robbed of £2,000. Borrisokane Courthouse and its jail were also burned.

## Local industry

Situated as it is in the Great Plain of Lower Ormond, much of the land around Borrisokane is well suited to farm production. As such, the area has a strong agricultural history which continues to this day.

During the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, Borrisokane was an important centre for wheat production. There was an active mill in the town, which was operational from 1810 until about 1940, the mill was demolished in April 2010, an event which caused some local anger. Beside the site of the mill there is a lane known as 'Brewers Lane' suggesting there was previously a brewery here.

## Culture

In his poem, *The Faerie Queene*, Edmund Spenser is said to have referred to the local hill of Knockshegowna. Knockshegowna (*Irish: Cnoc Sí Úna*) translated literally means 'The Hill of Fairy Una'. In Spenser's poem, Úna, the personification of the "True Church" travels with the Redcrosse Knight (who represents England), whom she has recruited to save her parents' castle from a dragon.

Knockshegowna Hill and its supposed fairies is also the subject of Richard D'Alton Williams' poem *The Fairies of Knockshegowna* and *The Legend of Knockshegowna* by Thomas Crofton Croker.

In 1930, the David Clarke Memorial Hall was opened in Borrisokane, dedicated to the memory of the town's then most prominent Landlord, David Clarke. The Hall is still used today for the staging of musical and theatrical productions and is also the location of the towns cineclub.

2009 saw the opening of Tess Burkes. It has since established itself as a popular live music venue attracting up-and-coming bands from all over the country.

The book *Stella Days: The Life and Times of a Rural Irish Cinema* was written by Michael Doorley. It is based on the true story of how Borrisokane's small cinema came to being in the 1950s. In 2011 *Stella Days*, the movie based on the book, was released. Filming, however, took place in the town of Fethard rather than Borrisokane. The movie was shown to an invited audience in the Clarke Memorial Hall on 24 March 2012. The film stars American actor Martin Sheen, whose mother comes from Borrisokane.

## Town Park

A public park on both sides of the Ballyfinboy river. The park was created and financed by the townspeople rather than the council.

## Borrisokane forest

**Borrisokane forest** extends northwards from the R445 road to Portumna and from Lough Derg to the County Offaly border. The forest consists of several small, widely dispersed areas of woodland. Coillte manages the forest which includes amongst others Sopwell woods and Knockanacree woods near Cloghjordan.

## Sport

Borrisokane FC is based at the Community Sports Grounds. Playing in red and black shirts, sponsored by The Green Bar public house, the club fields multiple teams at both youth and senior levels.

In March 2016 the 1st XI, under the management of Matty Power, secured the Division 1 League championship losing just one game all season and finishing in style with an 8-1 demolition of Ballymacky.

The Borrisokane GAA club is based at Páirc Gairnéir and their colours are green and white. In 2010 they won the Tipperary Intermediate Hurling Championship and were unlucky to lose out in the Munster Intermediate Hurling Championship. In 2009, Borrisokane won the inaugural North Tipperary Junior C Hurling Championship.

The Borrisokane Athletic Club caters for athletes from age 8 to senior. Athletes from this small town club have travelled the world representing their country and can boast over 100 National titles throughout its 30 years. Most recently the club's success has come from the senior ladies who were crowned National League Champions in 2008.

Cycling in the town is on one of the North Tipperary Cycle Routes. This 65 km route starts at Banba Square, Nenagh and is listed as a half-day cycle.

Horse Racing: races associated with the Ormond Hunt pack were first held at Borrisokane on the farm of John Reddan at Kylenagoona, near Borrisokane in the year 1863. Meetings were held annually in June, July and August, with particularly keen competition for the Borrisokane Plate. Racing continued up until the early 1900s when it moved closer to the town. A song, 'The Kylenagoona Races' was composed in reference to Borrisokane's local horse racing.

The town and district are today home to a number of well-known equestrian personalities including former Irish champion jockey turned racehorse trainer Charlie Swan, who lives in nearby Cloughjordan.

## Buildings of note

Whilst there are other buildings of architectural interest in and around Borrisokane, the following are featured in 'An Introduction To The Architectural Heritage Of North Tipperary' and on the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage website

* Semi-detached houses with integral arch, Main Street (c. 1800): Pair of semi-detached three-storey houses with integral carriage arch.
* Water Mill, Mill Street (c. 1810): Two four-storey blocks. (Demolished 30 April 2010)
* Church of Ireland church, Main St. (1812) Single-cell Board of First Fruits church.
* Former miller's house, Mill Street (c. 1815): Three bay two-storey house attached to the mill.
* Kylepark Agricultural School, Kyletombrickane (c. 1843): An agricultural school founded on his estate at Kyle Park, Borrisokane by Thomas George Stoney
* The Terrace, Nenagh Rd. (c. 1815) Two pairs of semi-detached houses and a detached house, two storeys over basement with outbuildings and yards. Listed as protected structures by Tipperary County Council (RPS Refs S425 to S429).
* Old Church Centre, Mill Street (1839): Cruciform plan gable-fronted former church.
* Borrisokane Courthouse and College (c. 1850): Former Workhouse and courtyards.
* Methodist Chapel, Main Street (1868): Gable fronted single cell church.
* David Clarke Hall, Mill Street (c. 1930): Gable-fronted memorial hall. Briefly converted to the Stella cinema during the 1950s and 1960s.

## People

## Location

## InfoBox

| Borrisokane *Buiríos Uí Chéin* | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Main Street | |
| BorrisokaneLocation in Ireland | |
| Coordinates: 52°59′46″N 8°07′40″W / 52.9960°N 8.1277°W / 52.9960; -8.1277 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Munster |
| County | County Tipperary |
| Elevation | 61 m (200 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 1,117 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) |
| Irish Grid Reference | R914939 |
| Website | www.borrisokane.com |


title: Borris Miles

abstract: Borris L. Miles, is a Democratic politician from Texas. He has represented District 13 in the Texas Senate since winning election in November 2016. He is a former member of the Texas House of Representatives, where he represented District 146, which encompasses parts of Harris County, Texas, including Sunnyside, Houston, and Third Ward, Houston.

text:
# Borris Miles

**Borris L. Miles** (born October 29, 1965), is a Democratic politician from Texas. He has represented District 13 in the Texas Senate since winning election in November 2016. He is a former member of the Texas House of Representatives, where he represented District 146, which encompasses parts of Harris County, Texas, including Sunnyside, Houston, and Third Ward, Houston.

## Texas House of Representatives

Miles was first elected to serve as the State Representative for District 146 in November 2006. He was re-elected in November 2010, and was sworn back into the House of Representatives in January 2011 and again in January 2013. Miles' next term, in the 84th legislative session, began in January 2015.

Miles was named a "Star of the 2011 Legislative Session" by the Texas Classroom Teachers Association.

As a member of the Agriculture & Livestock Committee, he authored and passed bills to aid in the advancement of urban farm microenterprises. Miles authored and passed HB 2994, a bill designed to provide financial assistance to urban agriculture research facilities, cooperatives, and small agricultural farms and businesses.

In the 83rd Texas Legislative Session, Miles was appointed to the Elections and Licensing & Administrative Procedures committees by Speaker Joe Straus.

## Personal life

Miles is a resident of Houston, Texas. He grew up in Sunnyside, Houston, where he attended Yates High School. After high school, he received his Bachelor of Science degree in criminal justice and criminal science from Sam Houston State University. Miles is married to Cydonni Fairfax Miles. Miles is a member of the Theta Mu chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

Miles conceived the Hip Hop 4 HIV program in 2007. The program was designed to combat the rising AIDS epidemic in the African American and Latino communities. Radio station 97.9 The Box and the City of Houston put on a free hip hop concert for those willing to be tested for HIV.

Miles has sickle cell anemia.

## Deadly conduct allegations

In April 2008, Miles was indicted on two counts of deadly conduct. The first charge came after Miles allegedly pulled a gun on a Texas Southern University regent and his wife during a Houston Rockets game.

The second charge involved a man who pressed charges against Miles after Miles allegedly crashed a party at a hotel, forcibly kissed a woman, and threatened a local businessman while brandishing a weapon. Miles allegedly told the man "You don't know what I'm capable of doing." In a January 2009 trial, Miles was acquitted on both counts.

## Sexual harassment allegations

In December 2017, *The Daily Beast* published an article containing numerous sexual harassment allegations against Miles. After the publication of the article, Democratic State Senator Sylvia Garcia called for an investigation into the allegations.

## InfoBox

| Borris L. Miles | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Texas Senate
from the 13th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 10, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Rodney Ellis |
| Member of the Texas House of Representatives
from the 146th district | |
| **In office**
January 11, 2011  January 10, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Al Edwards |
| Succeeded by | Shawn Thierry |
| **In office**
January 9, 2007  January 13, 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Al Edwards |
| Succeeded by | Al Edwards |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1965-10-29) October 29, 1965
Sunnyside, Houston, Texas, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Cydonii Fairfax Miles |
| Residence(s) | Houston, Texas, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Sam Houston State University (BS) |
| Occupation |  |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |


title: Lathyrus sativus

abstract: Lathyrus sativus, also known as grass pea, cicerchia, blue sweet pea, chickling pea, chickling vetch, Indian pea, white pea and white vetch, is a legume commonly grown for human consumption and livestock feed in Asia and East Africa. It is a particularly important crop in areas that are prone to drought and famine, and is thought of as an 'insurance crop' as it produces reliable yields when all other crops fail. The seeds contain a neurotoxin that causes lathyrism, a neurodegenerative disease, if eaten as a primary protein source for a prolonged period.

text:
# Lathyrus sativus

***Lathyrus sativus***, also known as **grass pea**, **cicerchia**, **blue sweet pea**, **chickling pea**, **chickling vetch**, **Indian pea**, **white pea** and **white vetch**, is a legume (family Fabaceae) commonly grown for human consumption and livestock feed in Asia and East Africa. It is a particularly important crop in areas that are prone to drought and famine, and is thought of as an 'insurance crop' as it produces reliable yields when all other crops fail. The seeds contain a neurotoxin that causes lathyrism, a neurodegenerative disease, if eaten as a primary protein source for a prolonged period.

## Cultivation

*Lathyrus sativus* grows best where the average temperature is 10–25 °C and average rainfall is 400–650 mm (16–26 in) per year. Like other legumes, it improves the nitrogen content of soil. The crop can survive drought or floods, but grows best in moist soils. It tolerates a range of soil types from light sandy through loamy to heavy clay, and acid, neutral, or alkaline soils. It does not tolerate shade.

Slow Food inducted Serra de'Conti Cicerchia, a cicerchia grown in Serra de’ Conti Municipality, Ancona Province, Marche region of Italy into the Ark of Taste.

## Uses

Seed is sold for human consumption at markets in Florence. Consumption of this pulse in Italy is limited to some areas in the central part of the country, and is steadily declining.

Flour made from grass peas (Spanish: *almorta*) is the main ingredient for the *gachas manchegas* or *gachas de almorta*. Accompaniments for the dish vary throughout La Mancha. This is an ancient Manchego cuisine staple, generally consumed during the cold winter months. The dish is generally eaten directly out of the pan in which it was cooked, using either a spoon or a simple slice of bread. This dish is commonly consumed immediately after removing it from the fire, being careful not to burn one's lips or tongue.

Due to its toxicity, it was forbidden for human consumption in Spain from 1967 to 2018. However, it was widely sold as animal feed, but displayed together with flours for human consumption.

The town of Alvaiázere in Portugal dedicates a festival lasting several days to dishes featuring the pulse. Alvaiázere calls itself the *Chícharo* capital, the name of this pulse in Portuguese.

Immature seeds can be eaten like green peas. Mature seeds need soaking and thorough cooking to reduce toxins.

The leaves and stem are cooked and eaten as *chana saga* (Odia: ଚଣା ଶାଗ) in parts of Odisha, India.

## Neurotoxic properties

Like other grain legumes, *L. sativus* produces a high-protein seed. The seeds however also contain variable amounts of a neurotoxic amino acid β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP). ODAP is considered the cause of the disease neurolathyrism, a neurodegenerative disease that causes paralysis of the lower body: emaciation of gluteal muscle (buttocks). The disease has historically occurred after famines in Europe (France, Spain, Germany), North Africa, and South Asia, and is still prevalent in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Afghanistan (panhandle) when *Lathyrus* seed is the exclusive or main source of nutrients for extended periods. ODAP concentration increases in plants grown under stressful conditions, compounding the problem.

> The crop is harmless to humans in small quantities, but eating it as a major part of the diet over a three-month period can cause permanent paralysis below the knees in adults and brain damage in children, a disorder known as lathyrism. (Kew Gardens)

Some authors have argued that this toxicity is overstated, and *L. sativus* is harmless as part of a normal diet.

Goya in his 1810-1815 *The Disasters of War* series illustrates the harm that can be done by excessive consumption of grass peas in times of famine in his print *Gracias á la almorta* (*Thanks to the grass pea*), about Napoleon's siege of Madrid. It depicts a woman who can no longer walk due to lathyrism, surrounded by starving people waiting for bowls of grass pea-based food. Grass-pea products were banned for sale for human consumption in Spain from 1967 to 2018, due to toxicity.

This legume is the only known dietary source for L-homoarginine and is preferred over arginine for nitric oxide (NO) generation. L-ODAP is reported to act as an activator of calcium-dependent protein kinase C.

## Breeding programs

Breeding programs are underway to produce lines of *Lathyrus sativus* that contain ODAP levels too low to be dangerous, while maintaining disease and insect resistance and tolerance to drought, heat, and salinity.

> Certain varieties from western Asia have a low level of the neurotoxin and breeders and farmers are now exploring this genetic diversity to develop varieties that maintain the tolerance to extreme conditions, while at the same time achieving a safe level of the toxic compound.

Wild relatives are a prominent source of genetic material to improve cultivars. From 2016 to 2018, the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) evaluated wild relatives to explore genes for low or no ODAP and resistance/tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses and transfer them to cultivated grass pea.

## InfoBox

| *Lathyrus sativus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Lathyrus* |
| Species: | ***L. sativus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lathyrus sativus***<br>L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Cicercula alata* Moench     + *Cicercula alba* Medik.     + *Cicercula caerulea* Medik.     + *Cicercula sativa* (L.) Medik.     + *Lathyrus asiaticus* (Zalkind) Kudrj.     + *Lathyrus azureus* Dean     + *Lathyrus sativus* subsp. *albus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* f. *chlorospermus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *comitans* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *depressus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *orbiculatus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *parviflorus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *pisiformis* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *platyspermus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *pulchrus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *variegatus* Smekalova     + *Lathyrus sativus* var. *violascens* Smekalova     + *Orobus bimarginatus* Stokes     + *Pisum lathyrus* E.H.L.Krause | |


title: Rozajny Małe

abstract: Rozajny Małe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gardeja, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Gardeja, 13 km (8 mi) south-east of Kwidzyn, and 84 km (52 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Rozajny Małe

**Rozajny Małe** \[rɔˈzai̯nɨ ˈmawɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gardeja, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Gardeja, 13 km (8 mi) south-east of Kwidzyn, and 84 km (52 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Rozajny Małe | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rozajny Małe | |
| Coordinates: 53°39′18″N 19°4′0″E / 53.65500°N 19.06667°E / 53.65500; 19.06667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kwidzyn |
| Gmina | Gardeja |


title: Rowland L. Johnston

abstract: Rowland Louis Johnston was a U.S. Representative from Missouri's 16th congressional district.

text:
# Rowland L. Johnston

**Rowland Louis Johnston** (April 23, 1872 – September 22, 1939) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri's 16th congressional district.

## Biography

Born in Louisiana, Missouri on April 23, 1872, Johnston attended the public schools. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1894 and commenced practice in St. Louis, Missouri. He served as a member of the State house of representatives in 1892–1896. He served as prosecuting attorney of St. Louis County in 1904–1908. He served as delegate to the 1908 Republican National Convention. He served as assistant circuit attorney for the city of St. Louis in 1920–1926. He served as a member of the State militia. During the Spanish–American War, he served as a recruiting officer. He moved to Rolla, Missouri, in 1926 and continued the practice of law.

Johnston was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-first Congress (March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1931). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1930 to the Seventy-second Congress and for election in 1932 to the Seventy-third Congress. He resumed the practice of law in Rolla, Missouri, until his death there on September 22, 1939. He remains were cremated and the ashes deposited in the mausoleum at Oak Grove Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri.

* United States Congress. "Rowland L. Johnston (id: J000197)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

## InfoBox

| Rowland L. Johnston | |
| --- | --- |
| Sketch of Rowland in the *Kansas City Journal*, February 22, 1899. | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 16th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1929  March 3, 1931 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas L. Rubey |
| Succeeded by | William E. Barton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1872-04-23)April 23, 1872
Louisiana, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | September 22, 1939(1939-09-22) (aged 67)
Rolla, Missouri, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Boscawen, New Hampshire

abstract: Boscawen is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 3,998 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Boscawen, New Hampshire

**Boscawen** is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 3,998 at the 2020 census.

## History

The native Pennacook people called the area *Contoocook*, meaning "place of the river near pines". In March 1697, Hannah Duston and her nurse, Mary Neff, were captured by Abenaki Indians and taken to a temporary village on an island at the confluence of the Contoocook and Merrimack rivers, at the site of what is now Boscawen. In late April, Duston and two other captives killed ten of the Abenaki family members holding them hostage, including six children, and escaped by canoe to Haverhill, Massachusetts.

On June 6, 1733, Governor Jonathan Belcher granted the land to John Coffin and 90 others, most from Newbury, Massachusetts. Settled in 1734, the community soon had a meetinghouse, sawmill, gristmill and ferry across the Merrimack River. A garrison offered protection, but raiding parties during the French and Indian Wars left some dead or carried into captivity.

On April 22, 1760, Contoocook Plantation was incorporated as a town by Governor Benning Wentworth, who named it for Edward Boscawen, the British admiral who distinguished himself at the 1758 Siege of Louisbourg. With a generally level surface, the town provided good farmland, and became noted for its apple, pear and cherry orchards. Bounded by the Merrimack and Contoocook rivers, it had abundant sources of water power for mills.

Industries soon included a cotton mill, a woolen factory, nine sawmills, a gristmill, a saw manufacturer and machine shop, and a chair and match factory. A mill town village developed at Fisherville (now Penacook), which straddled the river border with Concord. In 1846, the Northern Railroad was built through Boscawen, opening the following winter.

Sometime around 1846, the town's postmaster became one of about a dozen in the country to issue provisional postage stamps before the official issue came out in 1847. The stamps were an adaptation of a postmark, simply reading **PAID / 5 / CENTS**, typeset in blue on a yellowish paper. These are extremely rare; in 2003, the estimated price at auction was US$225,000.

The 1915 Boscawen Public Library was designed by noted Boston architect Guy Lowell.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 25.5 square miles (66.1 km2), of which 24.9 square miles (64.5 km2) are land and 0.66 square miles (1.7 km2) are water, comprising 2.50% of the town. The highest point in Boscawen is an unnamed summit at Raleigh Farm near the town's northern border, where the elevation reaches approximately 930 feet (280 m) above sea level. The town is drained by the Merrimack River, which forms the town's eastern border, and by the Contoocook River, a tributary.

The town is served by U.S. Route 3 and U.S. Route 4.

### Adjacent municipalities

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1790 | 1,108 |  |  |
| 1800 | 1,414 |  | 27.6% |
| 1810 | 1,829 |  | 29.3% |
| 1820 | 2,113 |  | 15.5% |
| 1830 | 2,093 |  | −0.9% |
| 1840 | 1,965 |  | −6.1% |
| 1850 | 2,063 |  | 5.0% |
| 1860 | 2,274 |  | 10.2% |
| 1870 | 1,637 |  | −28.0% |
| 1880 | 1,381 |  | −15.6% |
| 1890 | 1,487 |  | 7.7% |
| 1900 | 1,455 |  | −2.2% |
| 1910 | 1,240 |  | −14.8% |
| 1920 | 1,260 |  | 1.6% |
| 1930 | 1,359 |  | 7.9% |
| 1940 | 1,663 |  | 22.4% |
| 1950 | 1,857 |  | 11.7% |
| 1960 | 2,181 |  | 17.4% |
| 1970 | 3,162 |  | 45.0% |
| 1980 | 3,435 |  | 8.6% |
| 1990 | 3,586 |  | 4.4% |
| 2000 | 3,672 |  | 2.4% |
| 2010 | 3,965 |  | 8.0% |
| 2020 | 3,998 |  | 0.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,672 people, 1,260 households, and 913 families residing in the town. The population density was 148.5 inhabitants per square mile (57.3/km2). There were 1,295 housing units at an average density of 52.4 per square mile (20.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.74% White, 0.57% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.

There were 1,260 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $42,524, and the median income for a family was $45,850. Males had a median income of $31,350 versus $23,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,732. About 5.4% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Elektrisola Incorporated is the largest source of employment for Boscawen-area residents.

## Sites of interest

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Boscawen, New Hampshire | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Hannah Duston statue | |
| Location in Merrimack County and the state of New Hampshire. | |
| Coordinates: 43°18′54″N 71°37′15″W / 43.31500°N 71.62083°W / 43.31500; -71.62083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Hampshire |
| County | Merrimack |
| Incorporated | 1760 |
| Government | |
| Select Board | * Lorrie J. Carey, Chair * Bill Bevans * Matthew T. Burdick |
| Town Administrator | Katie Phelps |
| Area | |
| Total | 25.53 sq mi (66.12 km2) |
| Land | 24.89 sq mi (64.46 km2) |
| Water | 0.64 sq mi (1.66 km2)  2.50% |
| Elevation | 319 ft (97 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,998 |
| Density | 161/sq mi (62.0/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern) |
| ZIP code | 03303 |
| Area code | 603 |
| FIPS code | 33-06260 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0873547 |
| Website | www.townofboscawen.org |


title: Borders Buses

abstract: Borders Buses is a local and regional bus operator based in Berwick-upon-Tweed, England. It operates services in Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian and Scottish Borders in Scotland, as well as Cumbria and Northumberland in England. It is a subsidiary of West Coast Motors.

text:
# Borders Buses

**Borders Buses** is a local and regional bus operator based in Berwick-upon-Tweed, England. It operates services in Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian and Scottish Borders in Scotland, as well as Cumbria and Northumberland in England. It is a subsidiary of West Coast Motors.

## History

A Perryman's Buses branded Optare Solo (top) and Optare Versa (bottom).

The company, formerly known as **Perryman's Buses**, began in 1972, operating as a taxi service in the village of Burnmouth, Scottish Borders. Following expansion over the next four decades, Perryman's moved to larger premises at Ramparts Business Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed in 2002.

Following the closure of Munro's of Jedburgh in July 2013, Perryman's was awarded a contract from Scottish Borders Council, valued at £10.4 million, to operate a number of routes in Northumberland, Midlothian, and Scottish Borders.

This expansion saw the opening of a second depot, in the village of St Boswells, and created a total of 27 jobs. The new operation required additional vehicles, with a total of twelve high-specification Optare Versa single-deck vehicles delivered in September 2013 – the company's largest ever vehicle order at the time.

In February 2016, Perryman's Buses was purchased by West Coast Motors. The sale included 45 vehicles, as well as depots at Berwick-upon-Tweed and St Boswells. Later in the same year, the company took over several services from First Scotland East. The remainder of First's operations in the Scottish Borders, including depots at Galashiels, Hawick, Kelso and Peebles were sold to West Coast Motors in March 2017 – with a subsequent rebrand to Borders Buses in July 2017.

Further expansion in the Scottish Borders over the next few years saw the company acquire routes from BARC Coach Hire in January 2018, as well as Buskers in September 2019.

The company has recently seen significant investment in vehicles, as well as real-time service information, and ticketing systems. In April 2019, three bike-friendly Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 MMC vehicles were introduced on to route X62 – representing an investment of about £750,000. The launch of these new vehicles coincided with the launch of full contactless payment acceptance across the Borders Buses network.

Subsequently, ten bike-friendly Alexander Dennis Enviro 200 MMC vehicles were delivered towards the end of 2019, with a further ten being delivered in February 2020, at a cost of £3.25 million. These vehicles currently operate on routes 253, X62 and X95, and feature audio-visual next stop announcements, leather seats, tables and charging points.

In March 2020, it was announced that Borders Buses was granted a five-year contract, valued at £4 million, to commercially operate the remaining Scottish Borders Council core bus network – including the operation of routes 51, 52, 60, 67 and 68. As well as this, the company will work in partnership with Scottish Borders Council to improve bus stops, the provision of real-time information and bus priority measures.

## Fleet and operations

### Depots

As of June 2024, the company operates from two depots: Galashiels and Berwick-upon-Tweed.

### Vehicles

The fleet consists mainly of diesel-powered single and double-deck buses manufactured by Alexander Dennis and Optare.

## Branding

In July 2017, following the sale of Perryman's Buses to West Coast Motors, the business was rebranded as Borders Buses. This saw the introduction of a new cream and red corporate livery, featuring a blue stripe along the length of the vehicle, as well as a new logo. Some vehicles operating on key routes have received route-specific branding, based on the corporate livery. Prior to rebranding, vehicles wore the Perryman's Buses livery, which consisted of a white base with a red and blue stripe along the length of the vehicle.

## InfoBox

Borders Buses Ltd.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parent | West Coast Motors |
| Founded | 1972 (1972) |
| Headquarters | Berwick-upon-Tweed, England, UK |
| Service area |  |
| Service type | Bus and coach |
| Depots | 3 |
| Managing Director | Colin Robert Craig |
| Website | www.bordersbuses.co.uk |


title: Rudgwick

abstract: Rudgwick is a village and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. The village is 6 miles (10 km) west from Horsham on the north side of the A281 road. The parish's northern boundary forms part of the county boundary between Surrey and West Sussex. The parish covers 6,394 acres (2,588 ha). The 2001 Census recorded 2,791 people living in 1,013 households, of whom 1,425 were economically active.. The 2011 Census recorded a population, including Tisman's Common of 2,722.

text:
# Rudgwick

**Rudgwick**  is a village and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. The village is 6 miles (10 km) west from Horsham on the north side of the A281 road. The parish's northern boundary forms part of the county boundary between Surrey and West Sussex.

The parish covers 6,394 acres (2,588 ha). The 2001 Census recorded 2,791 people living in 1,013 households, of whom 1,425 were economically active.. The 2011 Census recorded a population, including Tisman's Common of 2,722.

## History

Historically **Ridgewick** was an alternative form of the toponym. **Riccherwyk** may be another, seen in 1377.

The Church of England parish church of the Holy Trinity has a 12th-century Norman font of Sussex Marble. The belltower is early 13th century. The church was largely rebuilt in the 14th century, when the north aisle was added and probably the present chancel was built.

The parish has two 17th century farmhouses. Garlands, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the village, is early 17th century and Redhouse Farm 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the village is late 17th century. Naldrett House, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the village, is an 18th-century Georgian farmhouse of three bays and two storeys, built of brick with stone quoins.

Rudgwick had a Dissenters' chapel by 1848.

During World War 2, two RAF B-25s collided in the air over Rudgwick, resulting in the deaths of 8 airmen. The crash sites, now in the grounds of Rikkyo School, were excavated in the 1990s.

Rudgwick railway station on the Cranleigh Line was opened in 1865 and closed in 1965, as part of the Beeching cuts.

In 1985, excavations in Rudgwick Brick Yard resulted in the discovery of a new species of the Polacanthus genus, which became known as the Rudgwickosaurus.

## Education

Pennthorpe School is on in Church Street. Rudgwick Primary School is located in the village, as is Rikkyo School in England, a Japanese boarding school.

## Notable people

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Rudgwick | |
| --- | --- |
| RudgwickLocation within West Sussex | |
| Area | 24.69 km2 (9.53 sq mi) |
| Population | 2,791 (2001 census)
2,722 (2011 Census) |
| Density | 113/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TQ0833 |
| London | 32 miles (51 km) NNE |
| Civil parish | * Rudgwick |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Horsham |
| Postcode district | RH12 |
| Dialling code | 01403 |
|  | |
| Police | Sussex |
| Fire | West Sussex |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Rudgwick.net |
|


title: Boreotrophon disparilis

abstract: Boreotrophon disparilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Boreotrophon disparilis

***Boreotrophon disparilis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## InfoBox

| *Boreotrophon disparilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Boreotrophon* |
| Species: | ***B. disparilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boreotrophon disparilis***<br>(Dall, 1891) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Trophon (Boreotrophon) disparilis* Dall, 1891 | |


title: Bothaville Commando

abstract: Bothaville Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

text:
# Bothaville Commando

**Bothaville Commando** was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History

### Origin

#### With the Orange Free State Republic

Bothaville commando was established as an active Boer Commando unit during the Second Boer War.

#### With the UDF

#### With the SADF

During this era the Commando was mainly tasked with area force protection, cordones and searches as well as stock theft control in assistance of the rural police.

The unit resorted under the command of Group 34.

#### With the SANDF

##### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.

## Unit Insignia

## Leadership

Leadership
| **From** | **Honorary Colonels** | **To** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **From** | **Commanding Officer** | **To** |
| **From** | **Regimental Sergeant Major** | **To** |

## InfoBox

| Bothaville Commando | |
| --- | --- |
| Bothaville Commando emblem | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Allegiance |  |
| Branch |  |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Light Infantry |
| Size | One Battalion |
| Part of | South African Infantry Corps<br>Army Territorial Reserve |
| Garrison/HQ | Bothaville |


title: Botryarrhena

abstract: Botryarrhena is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was described by Adolpho Ducke in 1932. It only holds two species, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.

text:
# Botryarrhena

***Botryarrhena*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was described by Adolpho Ducke in 1932. It only holds two species, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Botryarrhena* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Ixoroideae |
| Tribe: | Cordiereae |
| Genus: | *Botryarrhena*
Ducke |
|
| Type species | |
| *Botryarrhena pendula*
Ducke | |


title: Botryandromyces

abstract: Botryandromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contain 2 species.

text:
# Botryandromyces

***Botryandromyces*** is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contain 2 species.

## InfoBox

| *Botryandromyces* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Laboulbeniomycetes |
| Order: | Laboulbeniales |
| Family: | Laboulbeniaceae |
| Genus: | ***Botryandromyces***
I.I. Tav. & T. Majewski |
|
| Type species | |
| *Botryandromyces heteroceri*
(Thaxt.) I.I. Tav. & T. Majewski | |


title: Rudolf Hitrec

abstract: Rudolf Hitrec was a Croatian footballer and international manager.

text:
# Rudolf Hitrec

**Rudolf Hitrec** (12 April 1903 in Zagreb – 13 January 1970 in Zagreb) was a Croatian footballer and international manager.

## Club career

He played for Concordia Zagreb from 1919 to 1921 and Građanski Zagreb from 1921 to 1930. He won the national championship of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1923, 1926 and 1928.

## International career

Hitrec played for the Yugoslav national team once in 1926 against Bulgaria in Zagreb.

## Post-playing career

In 1941 he became the president of the Croatian Football Federation and also served as the manager of the Croatia national team from 1940 to 1943. After the Second World War he ended his career in football and worked at the Dubrava Clinical Hospital as a doctor.

## InfoBox

Rudolf Hitrec
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Rudolf Hitrec | | |
| Date of birth | (1903-04-12)12 April 1903 | | |
| Place of birth | Zagreb, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary | | |
| Date of death | 13 January 1970(1970-01-13) (aged 66) | | |
| Place of death | Zagreb, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1919–1921 | Concordia |  |  |
| 1923–1931 | Građanski | 58 | (6) |
| International career | | | |
| 1926 | Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: BotFighters

abstract:
BotFighters is a location-based mobile game and a pervasive game, developed by It's Alive Mobile Games AB! designed to be a MMORPG played in an urban environment. It was possibly the world's first commercial location-based game. It was first released in Sweden on 14 March 2001, and later in Russia, Finland, Ireland and China.
In 2002, it was awarded with an Award of Distinction, Net Vision category in the Prix Ars Electronica. The mission of the game was to locate and destroy other players. Each player was represented in the game as a robot warrior. Successful battles were rewarded with money which could be traded in, via a website, for armor upgrades and other features for the player's robot. The game was temporally expansive, because there were no safe zones or timeouts; players were always playing. The likeness of the game has been compared to that of Paintball. The game is no longer playable.

text:
# BotFighters

**BotFighters** is a location-based mobile game and a pervasive game, developed by It's Alive Mobile Games AB! (acquired by Digiment in 2007) designed to be a MMORPG played in an urban environment. It was possibly the world's first commercial location-based game. It was first released in Sweden on 14 March 2001, and later in Russia, Finland, Ireland and China.

In 2002, it was awarded with an Award of Distinction, Net Vision category in the Prix Ars Electronica.

The mission of the game was to locate and destroy other players. Each player was represented in the game as a robot warrior. Successful battles were rewarded with money which could be traded in, via a website, for armor upgrades and other features for the player's robot. The game was temporally expansive, because there were no safe zones or timeouts; players were always playing. The likeness of the game has been compared to that of Paintball. The game is no longer playable.

## Gameplay

*BotFighters* was a location-based mobile game and a pervasive game, that made use of the positioning technology of a mobile phone in playing the game.

## InfoBox

| BotFighters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | It's Alive Mobile Games AB! |
| Platform(s) | Mobile phone (SMS) |
| Release | * + EU: March 14, 2001 |


title: Roztoki Dolne

abstract: Roztoki Dolne is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baligród, within Lesko County, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

text:
# Roztoki Dolne

**Roztoki Dolne** \[rɔsˈtɔkʲi ˈdɔlnɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baligród, within Lesko County, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Roztoki Dolne | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Roztoki Dolne | |
| Coordinates: 49°20′33″N 22°14′47″E / 49.34250°N 22.24639°E / 49.34250; 22.24639 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podkarpackie |
| County | Lesko |
| Gmina | Baligród |


title: Rudi Coetzee

abstract: Rudi Coetzee is a South African rugby union player. His position is centre and he currently plays for FC Grenoble in the Top 14.

text:
# Rudi Coetzee

**Rudi Coetzee** (born 16 April 1981) is a South African rugby union player. His position is centre and he currently plays for FC Grenoble in the Top 14.

## Career

He began his career with Lions in his native South Africa before moving to CS Bourgoin-Jallieu in 2006. He played with Bourgoin until January 2011. He joined USA Perpignan in January 2011, scoring six tries in the following season, before moving to newly promoted Grenoble in the summer of 2012.

## InfoBox

Rudi Coetzee
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1981-04-16) 16 April 1981 |
| Place of birth | Port Elizabeth, South Africa |
| Height | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 100 kg (15 st 10 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Centre  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2006–2011 CS Bourgoin-Jallieu  77  (50)  2011–2012 USA Perpignan  25  (50)  2012–present FC Grenoble  2  (5)  Correct as of 14 November 2012  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2005 Golden Lions  6  (5)  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2002–2005 Lions  12  (10)  2006 Bulls  2  (0) | |


title: Rudnica mass grave

abstract:
The Rudnica mass grave is a site in Rudnica, southern Serbia where Kosovo Albanian victims of Serbian operations were transferred from several areas in Kosovo and buried in the site during the Kosovo War. The grave contains remains of 250 individuals. The site was first examined in 2007 and research continued in the next years under the supervision of a team of forensic experts from the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo, the International Commission on Missing Persons, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and other missions. They were joined by teams from Kosovan and Serbian authorities. The site of the grave was not found until 13 December 2013. Excavations lasted until 22 August 2014. The bodies of 52 individuals were recovered. Repatriations of the remains began in December 2014.
The investigation revealed broad links to state authorities and the army in Serbia for the killings and transfer of victims out of Kosovo and their burial in Rudnica and other sites. Vladimir Vukčević, Serbian War Crimes Prosecutor announced that Ljubiša Diković and others were under investigation. Tomislav Nikolić supported Diković and the investigation didn't continue. A law dubbed Lex Vukčević was passed in the Serbian parliament in 2014 and led Vukčević to retirement. He has linked the passing of the law and his retirement to the investigation of the War Crimes Office and the links it revealed to senior Serbian officials.
In total, 1,000 Albanians have been found in mass graves in Serbia since the end of the Kosovo War. More than 1,100 are reported missing out of a total 1,600 missing in the war. New excavations revealed human remains in Kizevak, not far from Rudnica, in November 2020. No one has been put to trial in Serbia. The ICTY has convicted Vlastimir Đorđević for his role in concealing the bodies of Albanians found in mass graves.

text:
# Rudnica mass grave

The **Rudnica mass grave** is a site in Rudnica, southern Serbia where Kosovo Albanian victims of Serbian operations were transferred from several areas in Kosovo and buried in the site during the Kosovo War. The grave contains remains of 250 individuals.

The site was first examined in 2007 and research continued in the next years under the supervision of a team of forensic experts from the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo, the International Commission on Missing Persons, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and other missions. They were joined by teams from Kosovan and Serbian authorities. The site of the grave was not found until 13 December 2013. Excavations lasted until 22 August 2014. The bodies of 52 individuals were recovered. Repatriations of the remains began in December 2014. The investigation revealed broad links to state authorities and the army in Serbia for the killings and transfer of victims out of Kosovo and their burial in Rudnica and other sites. Vladimir Vukčević, Serbian War Crimes Prosecutor announced that Ljubiša Diković and others were under investigation. Tomislav Nikolić supported Diković and the investigation didn't continue. A law dubbed Lex Vukčević was passed in the Serbian parliament in 2014 and led Vukčević to retirement. He has linked the passing of the law and his retirement to the investigation of the War Crimes Office and the links it revealed to senior Serbian officials. In total, 1,000 Albanians have been found in mass graves in Serbia since the end of the Kosovo War. More than 1,100 are reported missing out of a total 1,600 missing in the war. New excavations revealed human remains in Kizevak, not far from Rudnica, in November 2020. No one has been put to trial in Serbia. The ICTY has convicted Vlastimir Đorđević for his role in concealing the bodies of Albanians found in mass graves.


title: Boudinage

abstract: Boudinage is a geological term for structures formed by extension, where a rigid tabular body such as hornfels, is stretched and deformed amidst less competent surroundings. The competent bed begins to break up, forming sausage-shaped boudins. Boudinage is common and can occur at any scale, from microscopic to lithospheric, and can be found in all terranes. In lithospheric-scale tectonics, boudinage of strong layers can signify large-scale creep transfer of rock matter. The study of boudinage can also help provide insight into the forces involved in tectonic deformation of rocks and their strength. Boudinage can develop in two ways: planar fracturing into rectangular fragments or by necking or tapering into elongate depressions and swells. Boudins are typical features of sheared veins and shear zones where, due to stretching along the shear foliation and shortening perpendicular to this, rigid bodies break up. This causes the resulting boudin to take a characteristic sausage or barrel shape. They can also form rectangular structures. Ductile deformation conditions also encourage boudinage rather than imbricate fracturing. Boudins can become separated by fractures or vein material; such zones of separation are known as boudin necks. In three dimensions, the boudinage may take the form of ribbon-like boudins or chocolate-tablet boudins, depending on the axis and isotropy of extension. They range in size from about 20 m thick to about 1 cm.

text:
# Boudinage

**Boudinage** is a geological term for structures formed by extension, where a rigid tabular body such as hornfels, is stretched and deformed amidst less competent surroundings. The competent bed begins to break up, forming sausage-shaped boudins. Boudinage is common and can occur at any scale, from microscopic to lithospheric, and can be found in all terranes. In lithospheric-scale tectonics, boudinage of strong layers can signify large-scale creep transfer of rock matter. The study of boudinage can also help provide insight into the forces involved in tectonic deformation of rocks and their strength.

Boudinage can develop in two ways: planar fracturing into rectangular fragments or by necking or tapering into elongate depressions and swells. Boudins are typical features of sheared veins and shear zones where, due to stretching along the shear foliation and shortening perpendicular to this, rigid bodies break up. This causes the resulting boudin to take a characteristic sausage or barrel shape. They can also form rectangular structures. Ductile deformation conditions also encourage boudinage rather than imbricate fracturing. Boudins can become separated by fractures or vein material; such zones of separation are known as *boudin necks*.

In three dimensions, the boudinage may take the form of ribbon-like boudins or chocolate-tablet boudins, depending on the axis and isotropy of extension. They range in size from about 20 m thick to about 1 cm.

## Types

There are three different types of boudinage. These include no-slip boudinage, s-slip boudinage, and a-slip boudinage. No-slip boudinage occurs when there is no slip, resulting in a symmetrical structure. S-slip boudinage occurs when the boudin moves in opposition to the shear movement, whereas A-slip occurs when it moves with the direction of the shear. These types can be further classified into 5 different groups with relation to their general shape. These groups are drawn, torn, domino, gash and shearband boudins. In general, drawn and torn shapes form where there is a no-slip boudinage, domino and gash boudins by A-slip, and shearband boudins by S-slip boudinage.

## Etymology

Lohest (1909) coined the term *boudinage*, which is derived from the French word "boudin", meaning blood sausage. Boudins were first observed and described by Belgian geologists in the Collignon quarry near Bastogne in the Ardennes (Belgium).

Urai, J. L., Spaeth, G., van der Zee, W. & Hilgers, C. (2001). *Evolution of Mullion (Boudin) structures in the Variscan of the Ardennes and Eifel.* In: Jessell, M. J. (2001). General Contributions: (2001). Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 3, 1-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20070908134406/http://www.virtualexplorer.com.au/journal/2001/03/urai/


title: Rudolf Yelin

abstract: Rudolf Yelin was a German painter; best remembered for his religious glass paintings. He is generally referred to as The Elder, to distinguish him from his son of the same name.

text:
# Rudolf Yelin

**Rudolf Yelin** (14 August 1864, Reutlingen – 28 December 1940, Stuttgart) was a German painter; best remembered for his religious glass paintings. He is generally referred to as **The Elder**, to distinguish him from his son of the same name.

## Biography

He was born to Rudolph Yelin, a wealthy guano producer, and his wife, Elise née Biermann. Both were pastor's children and wanted their son to pursue a theological career. He attended the seminaries at Schöntal Abbey (1878) and in Bad Urach (1880), then lived at the Tübinger Stift, where he was taught evangelical theology. By the time he was twenty, he had turned away from that career path; going to Munich, where he began to study art. Initially, he took private lessons from Heinz Heim, a genre painter, who was only five years his senior. Later, he studied with Friedrich von Keller, who was also a genre painter.

In 1888, he moved to Stuttgart, where he received his first commissions. These included book illustrations and some decorative work at a monastery. At some point, he became displeased with what he had learned from Keller and returned to Munich, to study with Paul Nauen at the Academy of Fine Arts, and take more private lessons; this time from Heinrich Knirr. In 1890, he received his first major commission, from his hometown, for murals in a cemetery chapel, built by the architect, Heinrich Dolmetsch. Upon completing them, he went to Frankfurt am Main, where he took more lessons, at the Städelsches Kunstinstitut with Frank Kirchbach. He remained unattracted to current trends, such as Impressionism, and was more influenced by the monumental church paintings of Eduard Jakob von Steinle.

In 1892, he was hired as an illustrator for a magazine in Lahr, but also sought church commissions, including one at the Stiftskirche, Stuttgart, which gave a major boost to his career. He opened his own studio in 1894. Shortly after, he first became acquainted with stained glass, when he was commissioned to complete some windows that had been left unfinished by Carl Gottfried Pfannschmidt, a recently deceased artist from Berlin. After 1895, he received orders for glass paintings from all over Germany, cooperating with several workshops. For many years, he also worked as an art teacher. By 1899, he was able to build his own home, with two studios.

During World War I, he was hired by the City of Stuttgart to teach at several gymnasia. After the war, hyperinflation caused the art market to collapse. In 1923, following a disastrous art exhibition at Rosenstein Palace, where prices fell to almost nothing in a few days, he withdrew from the market entirely. By 1926, he had developed a form of phlebitis that prevented him from doing large scale murals. In the 1930s, his eyesight worsened to the point where he had to give up painting altogether.

Both of his sons also became artists. Ernst was a sculptor. His namesake, Rudolf, followed in his footsteps as a glass painter.

## Sources

* Bodo Cichy: *Rudolf Yelin 1864–1940. Seine Zeit, sein Leben, sein Werk*, Verein für christliche Kunst in der evangelischen Kirche Württembergs, Stuttgart 1987.
* H. O. Roecker: "Die Künstlerfamilie Yelin", In: *Schwäbisches Heimatbuch 1939.* Verlag J. F. Steinkopf, Stuttgart 1939
* Rudolf Yelin (The Younger), "Vita Rudolf Yelin 1864–1940", In: *Reutlinger Geschichtsblätter, Neue Folge*, Vol. 18 (1979), pp. 117–137
* Rudolf Yelin (The Younger), "Erinnerungen an das großelterliche Haus in Reutlingen", In: *Reutlinger Geschichtsblätter, Neue Folge*, Vol. 22 (1983), pp. 11–22

Media related to Rudolf Yelin at Wikimedia Commons


title: Runner (sculpture)

abstract: Runner is a 2017 sculpture by Tony Cragg, installed outside the Istanbul Modern, in Turkey. The 6-meter-tall white artwork is on loan to the museum by the artist on a longterm basis. For Runner, the artist wanted to "show the inner life under a rigid surface, making that energy and motion perceivable". Oya Eczacıbaşı, chair of the museum's board, said: "We are honored to receive this sculpture as a long-term loan ahead of the opening of our museum's new building. I believe that this sculpture by Cragg, an artist whose works attract curiosity and interest from every generation, will become one of the symbols of Istanbul Modern's new building."

text:
# Runner (sculpture)

***Runner*** is a 2017 sculpture by Tony Cragg, installed outside the Istanbul Modern, in Turkey. The 6-meter-tall white artwork is on loan to the museum by the artist on a longterm basis.

For *Runner*, the artist wanted to "show the inner life under a rigid surface, making that energy and motion perceivable". Oya Eczacıbaşı, chair of the museum's board, said: "We are honored to receive this sculpture as a long-term loan ahead of the opening of our museum's new building. I believe that this sculpture by Cragg, an artist whose works attract curiosity and interest from every generation, will become one of the symbols of Istanbul Modern's new building."

## InfoBox

| Runner | |
| --- | --- |
| The sculpture outside the Istanbul Modern in 2013 | |
| Artist | Tony Cragg |
| Year | 2017 (2017) |


title: Boscamnant

abstract: Boscamnant is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. Its mayor is Pierre Borde, elected in 2020.

text:
# Boscamnant

**Boscamnant** is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. Its mayor is Pierre Borde, elected in 2020.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 331 |  |
| 1975 | 363 | +1.33% |
| 1982 | 373 | +0.39% |
| 1990 | 321 | −1.86% |
| 1999 | 346 | +0.84% |
| 2009 | 386 | +1.10% |
| 2014 | 393 | +0.36% |
| 2020 | 348 | −2.01% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Boscamnant | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Boscamnant | |
| Location of Boscamnant | |
| BoscamnantBoscamnant | |
| Coordinates: 45°11′53″N 0°04′02″W / 45.1981°N 0.0672°W / 45.1981; -0.0672 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Jonzac |
| Canton | Les Trois Monts |
| Intercommunality | Haute-Saintonge |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Pierre Borde |
| Area**1** | 13.98 km2 (5.40 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 342 |
| Density | 24/km2 (63/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17055 /17360 |
| Elevation | 27–117 m (89–384 ft)
(avg. 84 m or 276 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |