title: Robert M. Danford

abstract: Robert M. Danford was an American military leader. A career officer in the United States Army, he served in both World War I and World War II, and attained the rank of major general. His notable assignments included Commandants of Cadets at the United States Military Academy and Chief of Field Artillery. Born in New Boston, Illinois as the son of a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War, Danford graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1904, and began a long career in the Army's Field Artillery branch. He worked his way through the ranks in staff positions of increasing responsibility, and commanded a battery on the Arizona-Mexico border during the Border War that took place at the time of the Mexican Revolution. During World War I, Danford commanded several units and trained National Guard and regular Army artillery soldiers for service in France, and received promotion to temporary brigadier general. After World War I, Danford continued to serve in high profile assignments, including Commandant of Cadets at West Point. In addition, he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College and the United States Army War College. He commanded the 13th Field Artillery Regiment from 1935 to 1937, and was Chief of Field Artillery as a major general during World War II, serving from 1938 until retiring in 1942. After retiring from the Army, Danford commanded the wartime civilian auxiliary of the New York City Police Department until the end of World War II in 1945, and was active in West Point alumni affairs. He died in Stamford, Connecticut in 1974, and was buried at West Point Cemetery.

text:
# Robert M. Danford

**Robert M. Danford** (July 7, 1879 – September 12, 1974) was an American military leader. A career officer in the United States Army, he served in both World War I and World War II, and attained the rank of major general. His notable assignments included Commandants of Cadets at the United States Military Academy and Chief of Field Artillery.

Born in New Boston, Illinois as the son of a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War, Danford graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1904, and began a long career in the Army's Field Artillery branch. He worked his way through the ranks in staff positions of increasing responsibility, and commanded a battery on the Arizona-Mexico border during the Border War that took place at the time of the Mexican Revolution. During World War I, Danford commanded several units and trained National Guard and regular Army artillery soldiers for service in France, and received promotion to temporary brigadier general.

After World War I, Danford continued to serve in high profile assignments, including Commandant of Cadets at West Point. In addition, he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College and the United States Army War College. He commanded the 13th Field Artillery Regiment from 1935 to 1937, and was Chief of Field Artillery as a major general during World War II, serving from 1938 until retiring in 1942.

After retiring from the Army, Danford commanded the wartime civilian auxiliary of the New York City Police Department until the end of World War II in 1945, and was active in West Point alumni affairs. He died in Stamford, Connecticut in 1974, and was buried at West Point Cemetery.

## Early life

Robert Melville Danford was born in New Boston, Illinois on July 7, 1879. His mother was Dora Noble Danford (1855-1894), and his father was Melville Cox Danford (1847-1921), a farmer and American Civil War veteran of the Union Army's 16th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment.

Danford was educated in New Boston, Mannon, and Aledo and at the academy which was part of Mount Vernon, Iowa's Cornell College. In 1899, he earned a Master of Accounts degree from Gem City Business College in Quincy, Illinois. In 1900, Danford began attendance at the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1904 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Field Artillery.

## Start of career

Danford's initial posting was to the 5th Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Riley, Kansas. While with the 5th Artillery, he served in the Philippines and on temporary duty with the coast artillery at the Presidio of San Francisco. He also attended the Mounted Service School at Fort Riley, and after graduation in 1907 he was assigned as the school's secretary. Danford was also promoted to first lieutenant in 1907. While serving in the Philippines in 1908, Danford assisted Edmund L. Gruber in authoring the lyrics to "The Caisson Song", which was later adapted into the "U.S. Field Artillery March" and then "The Army Goes Rolling Along". In 1910, Danford was assigned as aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Frederick K. Ward, the commander of Fort Riley and commandant of the Mounted Service School.

In 1911, Danford was assigned to the Army's remount depot near Lexington, Kentucky to undertake a study of horses and horse breeding, with the goal of determining the best methods for the Army to procure and employ the horses it needed for artillery, cavalry, transportation, and supply activities. He commanded a battery at Fort Sill, Oklahoma from 1912 to 1914, including service on the Arizona-Mexico border during the Border War that took place during the Mexican Revolution. From 1914 to 1915 Danford was an instructor at the Army's Field Artillery School. Danford was based at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut from 1915 to 1917, and served as senior instructor and inspector of the Connecticut National Guard. During this assignment, Danford was promoted to major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel in the National Guard and assigned to command Connecticut's 10th Field Artillery Regiment. He was promoted to captain in the Army in 1916.

## World War I

In 1916, the 10th Field Artillery was activated for federal service in World War I, and Danford commanded the regiment during its initial training at Tobyhanna Army Depot. From February to July 1917, Danford was assigned as assistant professor of military science at Yale University, and served as the mustering officer for members of the Connecticut National Guard as they entered federal service. While at Yale, Danford co-authored *Notes on Training Field Artillery Details*, a practical manual for teaching field artillery tactics and techniques. It quickly became the Army's standard reference work for training field artillery soldiers, and went through numerous printings during and after World War I. In July 1917, Danford served as mustering officer for members of the Pennsylvania National Guard, after which he traveled to Fort Sill, where he served as an artillery instructor. Originally slated to join the 42nd Division, in August, he was instead assigned to the 302nd Field Artillery, a unit of the 76th Division. He trained with the regiment at Camp Devens, Massachusetts, after which he was assigned to Plattsburgh Barracks, New York as senior instructor of field artillery for the Army's second wartime Officers' Training Camp. He was promoted to major in August, and temporary lieutenant colonel on the same day.

Danford returned to Fort Sill in December 1917, this time to assume command of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment, a Missouri National Guard unit which he led through its initial organization and training after it was federalized for the war. Among the regiment's soldiers was Harry S. Truman, who later said he learned more practical, useful information from Danford in six weeks than from six months of formal Army instruction. When Truman later served as an artillery instructor, he consciously patterned his approach on Danford's.

In April, 1918, Danford was assigned to Camp Jackson, South Carolina to command the Field Artillery Replacement Depot, which provided new artillery soldiers to fill vacancies in units as they were organized, and to bring depleted front line units back up to full strength. He commanded the depot until December, and was promoted to temporary colonel in July 1918, and temporary brigadier general the following month.

From December 1918 to May 1919, Danford served on the staff of the Chief of Field Artillery. In May, he went to France where he carried out an observation and inspection tour as a member of the American Expeditionary Forces staff.

## Post-World War I

After the war, Danford returned to his permanent rank of captain (March 1919); in August, 1919 he was promoted to permanent major. From August 1919 to July 1923, Danford served as Commandant of Cadets at West Point. From 1923 to 1924 he was a student at the United States Army Command and General Staff College, after which he served again on the staff of the Chief of Field Artillery.

Danford attended the United States Army War College from 1928 to 1929; after graduation, he was assigned to the 13th Field Artillery Regiment at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. From 1931 to 1935, Danford served as executive officer to the Chief of Field Artillery, and from 1935 to 1937 he commanded the 13th Field Artillery at Schofield Barracks. He was promoted to permanent lieutenant colonel in 1928, and permanent colonel in 1935. From 1937 to 1938, Danford served at Fort Sheridan, Illinois as chief of staff for the VI Corps Area.

## World War II

In 1938, Danford was selected to serve as Chief of Field Artillery and promoted to major general. As the United States increased preparation for involvement in World War II and then entered the war, Danford's tenure was largely concerned with equipping, manning, and training artillery units as they were organized and fielded for wartime service. Though Danford had been seen as an opponent of technological advances, such as advocating for the use of horse-drawn artillery instead of mechanization, after firsthand observation of how effective light aircraft were for artillery observation he became a strong proponent, and helped ensure that the Army used airplanes for identifying targets, observing the impact of indirect fire, and assessing its effectiveness.

Danford retired in 1942, when the Army eliminated the branch chief positions in favor of consolidating their functions under the commander of the Army Ground Forces.

## Awards

For his service in World War I, Danford received the U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal, Belgian Order of the Crown, and honorary Order of the British Empire (Commander). The citation for his Army DSM reads:

> The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Robert Melville Danford, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. While on duty in the Office of the Chief of Field Artillery, General Danford displayed marked ability in planning the organization of field artillery replacement depots. He then proceeded to Camp Jackson, South Carolina, established this depot, and administered it during the remainder of the war with rare ability and judgment.

In addition, in 1917 he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Yale University. In 1975, the museum board at Fort Sill designated one of the post's residence buildings as Danford House, and installed a plaque commemorating Danford's career. Built in the 1870s, the limestone house has traditionally been the quarters of Fort Sill's chief of staff.

## Later career

After retiring from the military, Danford organized and commanded the City Patrol Corps, a civilian auxiliary of the New York City Police Department, which provided wartime security for power plants, water filtration plants, and other sensitive facilities.

In August 1951, *Time* reported that 90 of West Point's 2,500 cadets were facing dismissal for mass violations of the Cadet Honor Code. The Army arranged for an investigation by a panel which included famed jurist Learned Hand and retired generals Troy H. Middleton, then president of Louisiana State University, and Danford. The board found that some of the accused cadets, most of whom were on the football team, had been receiving the answers to exams ahead of time through upper class students who were assisting them as tutors. Others were accused of knowing about the cheating, but failing to report it. The panel recommended dismissal of all 90 suspected violators; they were eventually allowed to resign, and many transferred to other schools.

Danford also served as president of the West Point Association of Graduates, secretary and treasurer and executive director of the West Point Alumni Foundation, and editor of the *Register of Graduates and Former Cadets of the United States Military Academy*. Danford also authored a genealogical work, 1967's *The Nobles and the Raders: Being a Compilation of Members and Descendants of the Noble and Rader Families Who Were Amongst the Earliest Pioneer Settlers of Mercer County, Illinois*.

## Death and burial

Danford died in Stamford, Connecticut on September 12, 1974. He was buried at West Point Cemetery, Section II, Row A, Site 17.

## Family

In 1909, Danford married Katherine V. Hyde (1888-1963) in Oakland, California. Katherine Hyde was the daughter of Alice Evelyn Van de Carr Hyde (1855-1916) and Marcus Darius Hyde (1849-1930). Marcus Hyde was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy, an attorney, and a member of the California State Assembly. Robert and Katherine Danford were the parents of one child, Janet (1915-1972), the wife of Colonel James B. Wells (1909-1996).

## Sources

### Internet

### Books

### Newspapers

### Magazines

## InfoBox

| Robert M. Danford | |
| --- | --- |
| Danford as West Point's Commandant of Cadets. From the 1920 edition of *The Howitzer*, the West Point yearbook. | |
| Born | (1879-07-07)July 7, 1879
New Boston, Illinois, United States |
| Died | September 12, 1974(1974-09-12) (aged 95)
Stamford, Connecticut, United States |
| Buried | West Point Cemetery, West Point, New York, United States |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1904–1942 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Service number | 0-1913 |
| Unit | Field Artillery Branch |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars | Mexican Border War
World War I
World War II |
| Awards | U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal
Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Order of the British Empire (Commander) |
| Spouse(s) | Katherine V. Hyde (1888–1963) (m. 1909) |
| Children | 1 |
| Other work | Commander, City Patrol Corps, New York City Police Department
President, West Point Association of Graduates
Secretary and treasurer, executive director, West Point Alumni Foundation |


title: Russian submarine Magadan

abstract: The K-331 Magadan is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.

text:
# Russian submarine Magadan

The **K-331 *Magadan*** is an *Akula*-class submarine in the Russian Navy.

## Design

Project 971 has a double-hull design. The robust body is made of high quality alloy steel with σт = 1 GPa (10,000 kgf / cm2). To simplify the installation of equipment, the boat was designed using zonal blocks, which made it possible to transfer a significant amount of work from the cramped conditions of the sub's compartments directly to the workshop. After completion of the installation, the zonal unit is “rolled” into the hull of the boat and connected to the main cables and pipelines of the ship's systems. A two-stage damping system is used: all mechanisms are placed on damped foundations, in addition, each zone unit is isolated from the body by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers. In addition to reducing the overall noise level of nuclear submarines, such a scheme can reduce the impact of underwater explosions on equipment and crew. The boat has a developed vertical tail unit with a streamlined boule, in which the towed antenna is located. Also on the submarine are two reclining thrusters and retractable bow horizontal rudders with flaps. A feature of the project is the smoothly mated connection of the tail unit to the hull. This is done to reduce noise-generating hydrodynamic eddies.

Power supply is carried out by a nuclear power plant. The lead boat, K-284 Akula, is equipped with an OK-650M.01 pressurized water-cooled nuclear reactor. On later orders, the AEU has minor improvements. Some sources report that subsequent boats are equipped with OK-9VM reactors. The thermal power of the reactor is 190 MW, the shaft power is 50,000 liters. with. Two auxiliary electric motors in the hinged outboard columns have a capacity of 410 hp. with., there is one diesel generator ASDG-1000.

## Construction and career

The submarine was laid down on 28 December 1989 at Amur Shipyard, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Launched on 23 June 1990 and commissioned on 23 December 1990.

On 14 March 1991, he was included in the 45th Submarine Division of the Second Submarine Flotilla of the Pacific Fleet based in Krasheninnikov Bay.

On 24 September 1991, he arrived for permanent deployment in Krasheninnikov Bay.

From 8 September to 22 November 1992, he completed the tasks of the first combat service in the Sea of Okhotsk.

In December 1992, following the results of combat service, she won the prize of the Navy General Committee for the search and tracking of a foreign submarine and was declared the best in the Navy.

On 13 April 1993, he was renamed *Narval*.

From 21 June to 21 August 1993, he performed his second military service, off the coast of the United States in the Pacific Ocean.

On 8 October 1996, he entered the third military service. A malfunction occurred during service, thus the boat returned to his base in Krasheninnikov Bay.

From October to November 1997, he performed combat service with the crew of the K-295 Samara.

In 1998, he was transferred to the 10th Submarine Division of the 2nd Submarine Flotilla of the Pacific Fleet with the former base.

On 24 January 2001, by order of the commander of the Pacific Fleet, he was renamed Magadan.

On 3 October 2003, he represented the Russian Navy during a visit to the American military delegation.

From 2007 to 2008, the boat was repaired.

In July 2009, he took part in the Pacific Fleet's Naval Parade in the Amur Bay.

The K-331 Magadan was in Bolshoy Kamen on 27 June 2015.

As of 28 June 2015, it was located on the territory of the Zvezda Far Eastern Factory in Bolshoy Kamen, awaiting the next renovation.

As of 24 August 2017, the repair and modernization of the submarine is nearing completion. On 11 August, it became known that the name *Magadan* will be given to the projected diesel-electric submarine of Project 636.3 Varshavyanka.

On 10 October 2019, a decision was made instead of K-322, India plans to lease K-331 *Magadan*. The transfer, after repair and modernization, to the lease of the Indian Navy was scheduled for 2022.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| *Magadan* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Russia | |
| Name | *K-331* |
| Builder | Amur Shipyard, Komsomolsk-on-Amur |
| Yard number | 515 |
| Laid down | 28 December 1989 |
| Launched | 23 June 1990 |
| Commissioned | 23 December 1990 |
| Renamed | * *Magadan* * (Магадан) |
| Namesake | Magadan |
| Identification | Pennant number: 997 |
| Status | Active |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Akula*-class submarine |
| Displacement | * 8,010–14,470 long tons (8,140–14,700 ) surfaced * 12,570 long tons (12,770 t) submerged |
| Length | 110.3 m (361 ft 11 in) maximum |
| Beam | 13.6 m (44 ft 7 in) |
| Draught | 9.7 m (31 ft 10 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 28–35 knots (52–65 km/h; 32–40 mph) submerged |
| Endurance | 100 days |
| Test depth | 480 m (1,570 ft) |
| Complement | 73 |
| Sensors and
processing systems | * MGK-500 or 540 active/passive suite * Flank arrays * Pelamida towed array sonar * MG-70 mine detection sonar |
| Electronic warfare
& decoys | * Bukhta ESM/ECM * MG-74 Korund noise simulation decoys (fired from external tubes) * MT-70 Sonar intercept receiver * Nikhrom-M IFF |
| Armament | * 4 × 533 mm torpedo tubes (28 torpedoes) and 4 × 650 mm torpedo tubes (12 torpedoes). * 1–3 × Igla-M surface-to-air missile launcher fired from sail (surface use only) * Granat cruise missiles, now Kalibr |
| Notes | * Chiblis Surface Search radar * Medvyeditsa-945 Navigation system * Molniya-M Satellite communications * MGK-80 Underwater communications * Tsunami, Kiparis, Anis, Sintez and Kora Communications antennas * Paravan Towed VLF Antenna * Vspletsk Combat direction system |


title: Echo Island

abstract: Echo Island is an Irish television programme for children and young adults, shown on RTÉ Network 2. It was shown at 17:00 during The Den, after which programmes like The Legend of the Hidden City would air. The show effectively took over from Jo Maxi, which had been aimed at the teenaged youth of Ireland.

text:
# Echo Island

***Echo Island*** is an Irish television programme for children and young adults, shown on RTÉ Network 2. It was shown at 17:00 during *The Den*, after which programmes like *The Legend of the Hidden City* would air. The show effectively took over from *Jo Maxi*, which had been aimed at the teenaged youth of Ireland.

## Birth

*Echo Island* began broadcasting in 1994 with two episodes a week. This was extended to four episodes the following year with two of these being Irish language editions. The series ran for six seasons; in later years it proved a useful showcase for some of the best young rock bands in Ireland. Many of the presenters were chosen for their bilingualism, including Dara Ó Briain.

A similar format show called *Stream* replaced it, splitting up each day with a different topic such as Gaming, Sports and other types of activities and did away with *Echo Island'*s "Make and Do" and "Pet" sections. *Stream* did not air as in Irish, because by that stage TG4 was providing an Irish-language children's service.

## Presenters

Many current presenters either began, or spent part of, their early careers on *Echo Island*, including Derek Mooney and Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh, Carrie Crowley, Mary Kingston, Dara Ó Briain and Peter O'Meara, Danann Breathnach, Sinéad Chaomhánach, Christine Ní Chearraláin, Tom O'Brannigan and Pádraic Ó Neachtain.

| Presenter | Term of office |
| --- | --- |
| Emer Duane | from 1994 |
| Derek Mooney | from 1994 |
| Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh | 1994 - 1999 |
| Carrie Crowley | c. 1996 |
| Mary Kingston | c. 1996 |
| Dara Ó Briain | c. 1996 |
| Peter O'Meara | c. 1996 |
| Danann Breathnach | c. 1998-1999 |
| Sinéad Chaomhánach | c. 1998-1999 |
| Christine Ní Chearraláin | c. 1998-1999 |
| Tom O'Brannigan | c. 1998-1999 |
| Pádraic Ó Neachtain | c. 1998 |
|

## Format

Similar in format to the BBC's *Blue Peter* (but with a desert island setting and design), *Echo Island* featured a resident Moluccan Cockatoo called Rocco, who provided the series with a constant stream of noisy background chatter. Each episode was based around an interview in "The Shack" with an adult guest, who was asked to bring along some items of significance from their childhood. U.S. ambassador Jean Kennedy Smith, for instance, appeared on the 15 November 1994 episode to promote a Christmas card competition. President Mary McAleese appeared on the programme on the 19 December 1997 episode, while the Australian didgeridoo player Rolf Harris was a guest on the 13 October 1998 episode.

Competitions, items on art and cookery, fundraising campaigns, the "Echovision Song Contest" for young performers and the "Pet Clinic" where TV Vet, Pete Wedderburn, answered viewers calls about their pets were some of the features. Each Friday edition featured young "stringers" who reported from all around Ireland on events happening in their locality. This item contained an apparently live two-way video link between the presenter in studio and the children on location and was an advanced production technique in its day.

## Since

## InfoBox

| *Echo Island* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Children |
| Presented by | Emer Duane,
Derek Mooney,
Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh,
Carrie Crowley,
Mary Kingston,
Dara Ó Briain,
Peter O'Meara,
Danann Breathnach,
Sinéad Chaomhánach,
Christine Ní Chearraláin,
Tom O'Brannigan,
Pádraic Ó Neachtain,
Kevin Kilroy |
| Country of origin | Ireland |
| Original languages | English
Irish |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | RTÉ Two/Network 2 / The Den |
| Release | September 1994 (1994-09)
June 1999 (1999-06) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Echo Lake, California

abstract: Echo Lake is a small unincorporated community in El Dorado County, California, United States, along U.S. Route 50 in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada. It is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north-northwest of Echo Summit. Echo Lake's nearest neighboring town is Little Norway. The ZIP code is 95721. The community is inside area code 530. The elevation of Echo Lake is 7539 feet. The average snowpack per year is 10.5 feet, with over 15 feet of snow depositing in certain areas. Precipitation and accumulation at Echo Lake can be found in California Data Exchange Center stations located at Echo Peak (EP5) and Echo Summit (ECS). Echo post office operated from 1888 to 1913, with a closure from 1910 to 1911. Echo Lake post office operated from 1926 to 1973.

text:
# Echo Lake, California

38°50′02″N 120°02′30″W / 38.83389°N 120.04167°W / 38.83389; -120.04167

**Echo Lake** (formerly, **Echo**) is a small unincorporated community in El Dorado County, California, United States, along U.S. Route 50 in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada. It is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north-northwest of Echo Summit. Echo Lake's nearest neighboring town is Little Norway. The ZIP code is 95721. The community is inside area code 530. The elevation of Echo Lake is 7539 feet (2298 m). The average snowpack per year is 10.5 feet, with over 15 feet of snow depositing in certain areas. Precipitation and accumulation at Echo Lake can be found in California Data Exchange Center stations located at Echo Peak (EP5) and Echo Summit (ECS).

Echo post office operated from 1888 to 1913, with a closure from 1910 to 1911. Echo Lake post office operated from 1926 to 1973.

http://www.trailspotting.com/2008/02/echo-lakes.html

## InfoBox

| Echo Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Echo LakeLocation in CaliforniaEcho LakeEcho Lake (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°50′02″N 120°02′30″W / 38.83389°N 120.04167°W / 38.83389; -120.04167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | El Dorado County |
| Elevation | 7,539 ft (2,298 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 101 |


title: Eastphalian language

abstract: Eastphalian, or Eastfalian, is a dialect of Low German, spoken in southeastern parts of Lower Saxony and western parts of Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.

text:
# Eastphalian language

**Eastphalian**, or **Eastfalian** (German: *Ostfälisch*, Eastphalian and Low Saxon: *ostfälsch Platt*), is a dialect of Low German, spoken in southeastern parts of Lower Saxony and western parts of Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.

## Geographical extent

The language area between the Weser and Elbe rivers stretches from the Lüneburg Heath in the north to the Harz mountain range and Weser Uplands in the south. It comprises the Hanover Region, Brunswick and Calenberg Land as well as the Magdeburg Börde, including the cities of Hanover, Braunschweig, Hildesheim, Göttingen and Magdeburg. It roughly corresponds with the historic region of Eastphalia.

## Classification

Eastphalian as a separate dialect was determined by 19th century linguistics, tracing it back to Old Saxon variants spoken in eastern parts of the medieval stem duchy of Saxony. Towards the Elbe region in the southeast, the language area is increasingly influenced by the High German consonant shift.

## Features

The most prominent characteristic in Eastphalian is the object pronouns *mek* and *dek* in contrast to *mi* and *di* in Northern Lower Saxon, respectively for High German *mir* and *mich* resp. *dir* and *dich*), as well as *öhne*, *ösch*/*össek* and *jöck* (Northern Low German *em, u\[n\]s, jo \[ju\],* High German *ihm/ihn, uns, euch*). Although Eastphalian agrees with many Low German dialects (with exceptions, e.g., in southern Westphalian) in that the dative has coincided with the accusative in the forms mentioned, its peculiarity is shown by the fact that the accusative has prevailed over the dative in all of these forms (in Northern Low Saxon it is the other way around). In Eastphalian, an accusative of the first person plural has been preserved with the form *üsch* and southern Eastphalian *össek* (cf. Old High German *unsih,* Old English *ūsic* \[besides *ūs*\], also High Alemannic *üs*, südbairisch *ins* in Upper German).

The e-apocope, i.e. the omission of the *-e* at the end of the word, as took place in North Lower Saxon, was entirely absent in Eastphalian. Thus, the ablaut *-e* in words like *Sprake* (language, speech) and *Wiele* (while) remains and is not dropped. Furthermore, the *-e* is also preserved in nouns in the nominative case, where High German no longer has them either, such as in Harte (heart), Frue (woman), Herre (man), Bäre (bear). The same is true for many adjectives, such as dicke (fat, thick) and wisse (clear, fast; cf. German *gewiss*) and substantivizing endings such as -unge and -nisse, as well as for the older form -ig(e) \['ɪjə\]/ \['ɪç\], which developed from Middle Low German *-inge*. The *-e* ending has also survived for nouns in the dative case. Thus, for example, *uppen Felle* (on the field).

Another feature of Eastphalian is the residual preservation of the prefix *ge-* as *e-* in the participle II (past participle) of verbs; since this prefix has also been lost in the very Northern regions of Eastphalia, e. g., for example, in Celle its *wään* ("been") is opposed to southern *ewää(se)n* \[əˈvɛː(z)n̩\], or *ewest* \[əˈvɛst\]. However, this prefix is dropped if the previous word already ends in a schwa like *-e* or *-er*.

Another striking difference between Eastphalian and all other Low German dialects is the absence (or undoing) of sound expansion in open syllable before *-el, -en, -er* in the following syllable, e. g. Eastphalian *Löppel* \[ˈlœpl̩\], *betten* \[ˈbɛtn̩\], *Pepper* \[ˈpɛpɐ\] ("spoon, bit, pepper") versus Northern Low Saxon *Läpel* \[ˈlɛːpl̩\], *bäten* \[ˈbɛːtn̩\], *Päper* \[ˈpɛːpɐ\].

Eastphalian also takes its own position in equalizing Old Saxon phonetic positions, especially in reducing vowels distinguished in open syllables, by simplifying more than Westphalian (which has no reduction in its southern dialects), but not going as far as the core area of Northern Lower Saxon (where only three of the original eight vowel phonemes remain). Despite the diversity of the sounds in detail, most of the Eastphalian dialects thus have a common sound system. (In this case, besides the Heide-Eastphalian the Göttingisch-Grubenhagen-Eastphalian - which in this case is in the same position as the East-Westphalian - is left out).

Another thing to mention is that prepositions in most of Eastphalian do not contain an umlaut. These include *for* \[ˈfɔr\], *unner* \[ˈʊnər\] and *over* (Hildesheim) \[ˈɛo̯vər\], as opposed to Northern Lower Saxon *för*, *ünner* and *över*.

## Subdivisions

## InfoBox

| Eastphalian | |
| --- | --- |
| *ostfälsch Platt* | |
| Native to | Germany |
| Region | Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt |
| Language family | Indo-European |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | *None* (`mis`) |
| *Glottolog* | `east2290` |
| Eastphalian in yellow within the Low German language area after 1945 | |


title: Ed Opalewski

abstract: Edward Leo Opalewski Jr., sometimes known as "Opie", "Big Ed", and "The Sheriff", was an American football player. Opalewski was born in Detroit in 1919. He attended Detroit's Pershing High School and played freshman football at the fullback position for Michigan State Normal College in 1940. He also competed in track in college. Opalewski also played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) as a tackle for the Detroit Lions. He appeared in 11 NFL games, five as a starter, during the 1943 and 1944 seasons. He also played tackle for the Paterson Panthers of the American Football League in 1947. He was married for 50 years to Virginia Golenbiewski Opalewski. After his playing career ended, he worked for General Motors in Ypsilanti, Michigan, from 1957 to 1980. He died at his home in Novi, Michigan, of cardiac arrest in 1993 at age 73.

text:
# Ed Opalewski

**Edward Leo Opalewski Jr.** (November 11, 1919 – March 4, 1993), sometimes known as "Opie", "Big Ed", and "The Sheriff", was an American football player.

Opalewski was born in Detroit in 1919. He attended Detroit's Pershing High School and played freshman football at the fullback position for Michigan State Normal College (now known as Eastern Michigan University) in 1940. He also competed in track in college.

Opalewski also played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) as a tackle for the Detroit Lions. He appeared in 11 NFL games, five as a starter, during the 1943 and 1944 seasons. He also played tackle for the Paterson Panthers of the American Football League in 1947.

He was married for 50 years to Virginia Golenbiewski Opalewski. After his playing career ended, he worked for General Motors in Ypsilanti, Michigan, from 1957 to 1980. He died at his home in Novi, Michigan, of cardiac arrest in 1993 at age 73.

## InfoBox

Ed Opalewski
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1919-11-11)November 11, 1919
Detroit |
| Died: | March 4, 1993(1993-03-04) (aged 73)
Novi, Michigan |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 230 lb (104 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Pershing (MI) |
| College: | Michigan State Normal |
| Position: | Tackle |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games: 11 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Tirupati Urban mandal

abstract: Tirupati Urban mandal is one of the 34 mandals in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It has its headquarters at Tirupati city&Tirupati district. The mandal is bounded by Chandragiri, Tirupati (rural) mandals. A part of it also borders Annamayya district.

text:
# Tirupati Urban mandal

**Tirupati Urban mandal** is one of the 34 mandals in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It has its headquarters at Tirupati city&Tirupati district. The mandal is bounded by Chandragiri, Tirupati (rural) mandals. A part of it also borders Annamayya district.

## History

It was a part of Chittoor district and was made a part of the newly formed Tirupati district on 4 April 2022 as part of district reorganisation.

## Demographics

As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 407,232. The total population constitute, 204,278 males and 202,954 females —a sex ratio of 994 females per 1000 males. 38,691 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 20,103 are boys and 18,588 are girls —a ratio of 925 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 85.27% with 314,249 literates.

## Towns and villages

As of 2011 census, the mandal has 9 settlements. The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

1. Akkarampalle (CT)
2. Chennayyagunta
3. Konkachennaiahgunta
4. Mangalam (CT)
5. Settipalle (OG)
6. Timminaidupalle (OG)
7. Tirumala (CT)
8. Tirupati (MC)
9. Tirupati (NMA) (CT)

*Note: CT–Census town, M–Municipality, MC–Municipal corporation, OG–Out Growth*

## InfoBox

| Tirupati Urban mandal | |
| --- | --- |
| Mandal | |
|  | |
| Tirupati Urban mandalLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 13°39′00″N 79°25′00″E / 13.65°N 79.4167°E / 13.65; 79.4167 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Tirupati |
| Headquarters | Tirupati |
| Rank | 2011 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Ebodina elephantodes

abstract: Ebodina elephantodes is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Java and Taiwan.

text:
# Ebodina elephantodes

***Ebodina elephantodes*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Java and Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Ebodina elephantodes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Ebodina* |
| Species: | ***E. elephantodes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ebodina elephantodes***<br>(Meyrick, 1938) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Schoenotenes discreta* Diakonoff, 1941 | |


title: Titanic Symphony

abstract: Titanic Symphony, the third symphony composed by Richard Kastle, is based on the sinking of the RMS Titanic. It is a four-movement piece for orchestra that begins with the ship leaving the dock on her maiden voyage. Its last movement describes the ship's sinking. Because Kastle felt the sea's rhythm was vital to the piece's creation, he composed it on Venice Beach, where he lived in the late 1980s.

text:
# Titanic Symphony

***Titanic Symphony***, the third symphony composed by Richard Kastle, is based on the sinking of the RMS *Titanic*. It is a four-movement piece for orchestra that begins with the ship leaving the dock on her maiden voyage. Its last movement describes the ship's sinking. Because Kastle felt the sea's rhythm was vital to the piece's creation, he composed it on Venice Beach, where he lived in the late 1980s.

## Movements

1. Her Maiden Voyage
2. And the band played on...
3. Ida's Love Theme
4. The Sinking

## Performances

The symphony was premiered on November 6, 1999 at Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center with Kastle conducting the orchestra. He recorded “Ida’s Love Theme” as a solo piece for piano on his Royce Concerto album in 1992, and performed the piano arrangement of the third movement on a national tour with comedian Jay Leno.

1. Wharton, David (September 11, 1988). "A Little Longhair Music, With Spikes and Stripes". *Los Angeles Times*. Richard Kastle's third symphony is based on the sinking of the Titanic.
2. "Clippings File". New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
3. "Titanic Symphony". Richard Kastle. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
4. "Rhapsody in Purple". *Miami Herald*. February 13, 1992. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-18.


title: Titanic Three

abstract: The Titanic Three is a fictional team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team consisted of 3 supervillains: Titanium Man, Radioactive Man and Crimson Dynamo. While the Radioactive Man was a Chinese super-villain, the other members of the team were from the Soviet Union. Thus the team was one of the several reflections of the Cold War in the Marvel Universe.

text:
# Titanic Three

The **Titanic Three** is a fictional team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team consisted of 3 supervillains: Titanium Man, Radioactive Man and Crimson Dynamo. While the Radioactive Man was a Chinese super-villain, the other members of the team were from the Soviet Union. Thus the team was one of the several reflections of the Cold War in the Marvel Universe.

## Fictional team history

Acting as free-agent crime fighters in Vietnam, the trio were duped by a con man and petty thief called the Slasher. They battled four Avengers: Thor, Iron Man, the Vision, and Hawkeye. Once the deception was revealed, the battle ended. After a humiliating defeat by Kang the Conqueror, the group finally disbanded when the Crimson Dynamo decided to leave to fight Iron Man.

## InfoBox

| Titanic Three | |
| --- | --- |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *Avengers* #130 |
| Created by | Steve Englehart (writer)
Sal Buscema (artist) |
| In-story information | |
| Member(s) | Titanium Man
Radioactive Man
Crimson Dynamo |


title: Eccentricity effect

abstract: The eccentricity effect is a visual phenomenon that affects visual search. As retinal eccentricity increases, the observer is slower and less accurate to detect an item they are searching for. Visual search tends to be better when the target is presented closest/more centrally to the fovea, and worsens when the target is further in the periphery of the retina. This effect was first confirmed in research by Carrasco, Evert, Chang, and Katz in 1995, and was replicated by Wolfe, O'Neill and Bennet in 1998.

text:
# Eccentricity effect

The **eccentricity effect** is a visual phenomenon that affects visual search. As retinal eccentricity increases (i.e. the light of the image enters the eye at a larger angle and approaches peripheral vision), the observer is slower and less accurate to detect an item they are searching for.

Visual search tends to be better (faster and more accurate) when the target is presented closest/more centrally to the fovea, and worsens when the target is further in the periphery of the retina.

This effect was first confirmed in research by Carrasco, Evert, Chang, and Katz in 1995, and was replicated by Wolfe, O'Neill and Bennet in 1998.

## Etymology

The word eccentric comes from the Greek ekkentros meaning “out of the center”.

## Mechanisms

### Visual explanation

When we view an image, light passes through the cornea, and through the pupil, which is controlled by the iris. It then passes through the lens and is projected onto the retina at the back of the eye. In the middle of the retina is the fovea, which contains a high concentration of cones. Cones are responsible for colour vision and have high spatial acuity, whereas rods are not. Rods are instead responsible for vision at lower light. Cones are much more sparsely located in the periphery of the retina, where there is instead a greater concentration of rods. When a central image is projected directly onto the fovea it is sharper and processed with greater speed and accuracy due to these cones, whereas images further in the periphery (greater eccentricity) are processed more slowly and less accurately.

Cortical magnification is one such visual explanation and is referring to the variance of the number of neurons that exist in the visual cortex, which are responsible for processing a visual stimulus. This number of neurons varies according to the location of the stimulus in the visual field. This accounts for the greater spatial acuity at the centre of the fovea compared to that at the periphery, and can sometimes be counteracted through M scaling – where stimulus size is adjusted according to its location.

Staugaard, Petersen and Vangkilda (2016) wanted to see if cortical magnification could explain the eccentricity effect. They adjusted the size of their experiment stimuli according to the cortical magnification factor (through M scaling) and found no effect of cortical magnification which could fully explain the eccentricity effect.

Bao et al. (2013) also tested to see if cortical magnification was responsible for the eccentricity effect of inhibition of return (IOR). Inhibition of return is an orientation mechanism which refers to the “relative suppression of stimuli that had recently been the focus of attention”.\[10\] An eccentricity effect can also be seen in IOR i.e. there is a stronger IOR effect in the periphery, and Bao et al. wanted to see if cortical magnification was responsible for this. They tested their participants with different sized stimulus at two peripheral locations (scaling for the size of the location) to account for cortical magnification. Their results indicated that scaling of the stimulus size did not change the eccentricity effect of IOR and therefore cortical magnification is not responsible for this.

The results from Staugaard, Petersen and Vangkilda, and Bao et al. suggest that the potential visual explanation of cortical magnification is not an explanation for the eccentricity effect.

### Attentional explanation

Another explanation for the eccentricity effect is that of the guided search model. This model posits that when an individual is carrying out a visual search task, their attention is deployed to one item at a time. The order of this attention depends on the activation of the item – the item receives more activation if it shares similar features with the target. In the case of eccentricity, the item/s that is/are closest to the target i.e. less eccentric, will receive more activation; and items further away i.e. those that have greater eccentricity, will receive less activation, and therefore processing for these will be slower and less accurate.

## Variables influencing the effect

### Target orientation

Carrasco, Evert, Chang and Katz (1995) found that for vertical targets there was a more pronounced eccentricity effect than tilted targets, but only for single feature searches. When the search was a conjunction search, i.e. target has more than one feature, there was no difference between tilted versus vertical targets.

### Display duration

Carrasco, Evert, Chang and Katz's 1995 research also included a free-viewing, fixed-viewing and fast-fixed-viewing condition. Free-viewing means that display was present until observers responded; fixed-viewing means that display was only present for 104msec, and finally fast-fixed means that the display was only present for 64msec. They found a main effect for display duration that performance is slower for the free-viewing than fixed-viewing conditions, but that accuracy decreased more in the fast-fixed than fixed viewing condition, while fixed-viewing was marginally less accurate than free-viewing. This indicates a main effect of eccentricity on accuracy across different display duration's, and indicates that the impact of the eccentricity effect on accuracy decreases when observers have longer to respond.

### Visual search type

Carrasco, Evert, Chang and Katz (1995) also found a more pronounced eccentricity effect in conjunction searches (these are targets which are defined by more than one feature), compared to single feature searches. This effect is more pronounced in larger set sizes.

Wolfe, O’Neill and Bennet (1998) attempted to replicate these findings in a similar style conjunction search task, using colour x orientation, with either a single (red and vertical) or two target (red and vertical or green and horizontal) condition. They found eccentricity effects for both the single and two target conditions, of which the effect was larger for the two target condition i.e. performance was slower and less accurate – lending further support to Carrasco, Evert, Chang and Katz's 1995 findings.

### Set size

Carrasco, Evert, Chang and Katz (1995) observed increasing eccentricity effects in larger set sizes throughout their experiments.

Wolfe, O’Neill and Bennet (1998) also investigated the effect of set size x eccentricity. They found that with a set size of 1, the eccentricity effect remained similar at different eccentricities, however when the set size was greater than 1 the eccentricity effect grew for greater eccentricities.


title: Tito Lessi

abstract: Tito Lessi was an Italian painter of historical subjects.

text:
# Tito Lessi

**Tito Lessi** (8 January 1858  17 February 1917) was an Italian painter of historical subjects.

## Biography

He was born in Florence and studied at the Florentine Academy of Fine Arts, under Enrico Pollastrini and Antonio Ciseri. It was there that he became interested in history paintings, which was considered especially prestigious, due to the difficulties involved in assuring their accuracy.

In 1884, the gallery owner, Charles Sedelmeyer, invited him to Paris, where he painted several small canvases: *The Testament*; *Le lever du Dauphine*; *L'Interrogatorio (The Interrogation)*; and *Le Lùeur*. Some of these were exhibited at the Salon. He remained in Paris until 1896.

While there, in 1893, he created his best known work, showing Galileo's meeting with Vincenzo Viviani. It was awarded a gold medal at the Salon d'Automne and went on to obtain other important awards in Munich and Leipzig. After returning to Florence, he began repeating favorite subjects, often making several copies of each, which were mostly sold in France and Germany.

For the publisher Alinari of Florence, he made a hundred illustrations for their deluxe edition of the *Decameron* by Giovanni Boccaccio.

He died in Florence in 1917.


title: Tito Larriva

abstract: Humberto "Tito" Larriva is a Mexican-born American songwriter, singer, musician, and actor. He came to prominence leading The Plugz, one of the earliest Los Angeles punk rock groups. Since the 1990s, his main musical outlet has been Tito & Tarantula.

text:
# Tito Larriva

**Humberto "Tito" Larriva** (born 1953) is a Mexican-born American songwriter, singer, musician, and actor. He came to prominence leading The Plugz, one of the earliest Los Angeles punk rock groups. Since the 1990s, his main musical outlet has been Tito & Tarantula.

## Early life

Larriva was born in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and grew up in Fairbanks, Alaska, and El Paso, Texas. As a child he played the violin in the school orchestra and sang in the church and school choirs where he met his wife Janet Carroll. In 1972 Larriva snuck into Yale University for a full term without being noticed. After being kicked out of the Ivy League university, he moved to Mexico City and in 1975 moved to Los Angeles, California. He now lives in Austin, Texas, with his wife and daughter and continues to work in the music and film industries.

## Music career

### The Plugz

Larriva was the vocalist and rhythm guitarist for punk band The Plugz. He formed The Plugz in Hollywood, California in 1978. Their presence during the birth of West Coast punk has ensured their enduring influence on punk bands. Record label Rhino recognized their role in the Los Angeles music scene by including their version of "La Bamba" on "We're Desperate: The L.A. Scene (1976-79)." The Plugz released two albums, *Electrify Me* (1978) and *Better Luck* (1981). The Plugz also scored the cult classic film *Repo Man* and contributed three songs to the soundtrack.

### Fatima Records

In 1979 Larriva formed Fatima Records, a DIY record label, with Chicano printmaker Richard Duardo and music promoter Yolanda Ferrer to release the Plugz' single "Achin'"/"La Bamba." The label would issue a few other releases, including the Plugz' second album *Better Luck* (1981) and "Attitudes" (1980), the debut EP by East Los Angeles punk band The Brat (produced by Larriva). Fatima Records was initially slated to release *Fire of Love*, the debut album by Los Angeles band The Gun Club; however, after Larriva produced six tracks, the label ran out of money, and Ruby Records completed the recordings and released the Gun Club's album.

### Cruzados

In 1984 The Plugz evolved into the Cruzados. In 1985, they released a self-titled album on Arista Records. The second album *After Dark* released in 1987 featured new guitarist Marshall Rohner. The band broke up in 1990. Larriva and the Cruzados were both briefly featured in the film *Road House*, starring Patrick Swayze and Sam Elliott.

### Tito & Tarantula

Tito & Tarantula began in 1992 when Larriva and lead guitarist Peter Atanasoff would perform in bars and cafes with friends every week. "We've always had an unspoken rule," Larriva said to the Tucson Weekly in 1997, "and the rule is that everyone plays pretty much what they want. The band rarely rehearses." Tarantula was featured on the soundtrack of Robert Rodriguez's movie *Desperado* which Larriva also scored. In 1996, Tito and Tarantula continue their relationship with Rodriguez, appearing in the film, soundtrack, and score, for *From Dusk Till Dawn*. Larriva, Atanasoff, and Johnny "Vatos" Hernandez are the band performing their song After Dark in the bar for Salma Hayek. In 1997, Tito & Tarantula released its long-awaited and highly acclaimed debut album *Tarantism*. They followed up with, *Hungry Sally & Other Killer Lullabies* in 1999, and *Little Bitch* in 2000. In 2002, the band was joined by Larriva's former Cruzados bandmate Steven Hufsteter. Later that year, they released *Andalucia*. *8 Arms To Hold You* is their most recent release (2019).

### Psychotic Aztecs

Psychotic Aztecs, composed of Larriva on vocals, Oingo Boingo's rhythm section (John Avila on bass, Johnny "Vatos" Hernandez on drums) and Steven Hufsteter on guitar, began as a recording session for *Grita! Records* in Los Angeles and ended as the album *Santa Sangre,* released in 1999.

## Film career

Larriva's first acting role was "Hammy" on *The Pee-wee Herman Show* in 1981. He has gone on to play notable supporting roles in big-budget films like *Born in East L.A.*, *Road House*, *Boys on the Side*, *Desperado*, *From Dusk Till Dawn* and *Once Upon a Time in Mexico*. He often works with his friend, director Robert Rodriguez. His latest appearance was a few seconds cameo in Rodríguez' *Machete* trailer in *Grindhouse*. He also appears in the actual, released movie.

He also played the character Ramon in the film *True Stories* (1986). Larriva performed the Talking Heads song "Radio Head," and played the organ in the "Puzzling Evidence" scene. The original soundtrack album, however, only featured Talking Heads' cover of the song; Larriva's version, performed with Esteban "Steve" Jordan, was not released until sometime later.

Apart from acting, Larriva has scored films including *Dream with the Fishes*, *Tin Cup*, and *Mi Vida Loca*. Larriva features on the soundtrack album to the 2000 film *The Million Dollar Hotel*, written by Bono and directed by Wim Wenders. Larriva performs as part of the MDH band (a composite band featuring members of U2) and sings a Spanish version of "Anarchy In The UK" by The Sex Pistols.

## Discography

### The Plugz

* *Electrify Me* (1979)
* *Achin/ La Bamba* 45rpm (1981)
* *Better Luck* (1981)

### Cruzados

### Tito & Tarantula

### Psychotic Aztecs

* *Santa Sangre* (1999)

### Other

* *True Stories: The Complete Soundtrack* (2018)

## InfoBox

| Tito Larriva | |
| --- | --- |
| Tito Larriva and his daughter Lolita Carroll Larriva in 2016 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Humberto Lorenzo Rodriquez Larriva |
| Born | 1953<br>Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Genres | Rock, punk rock, alternative rock, Chicano rock |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, guitarist, songwriter, musician, actor |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, keyboards, recorder |
| Years active | 1977–present |
| Labels | JupiterXrecords, BMG |
|  | |
| Website | www.titoandtarantula.com |


title: Edgar Foshee

abstract: Sergeant Major Edgar Foshee, a devout anti-communist, served as a combat medic in the U.S. Army Special Forces. His former wife Thuong Nguyen Cuc Foshee was held without formal charge by the government of Vietnam starting in September 2005. She was eventually convicted of terrorism and returned to the United States in November 2006 after her early release for medical problems.

text:
# Edgar Foshee

Sergeant Major **Edgar Foshee**, a devout anti-communist, served as a combat medic in the U.S. Army Special Forces. His former wife Thuong Nguyen Cuc Foshee was held without formal charge by the government of Vietnam starting in September 2005. She was eventually convicted of terrorism and returned to the United States in November 2006 after her early release for medical problems.

## Biography

In 1974, he retired from the United States Army, and later retired as an agent from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He had served in Vietnam with both organizations, assisting the South Vietnamese government against the Communist North Vietnamese Army and their Viet Cong agents.

He owned a construction company until 1980, and retired with his wife to Florida.

On April 30, 1995, he was appointed Chairman of the International Committee of an exiled anti-communist organization known as The Government of Free Vietnam.

## Quotes

* "I do hope that the Vietnamese Community Abroad quickly identifies the malicious motive of the Viet Cong."
* "Vietnam is sending out secret agents to disrupt the motivation of the Vietnamese Community Abroad."
* "Mr Nguyen Huu Chanh and the Government of Free Vietnam are motivated individuals determined to fight against the VCs to the end."

## InfoBox

| Edgar Foshee | |
| --- | --- |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Serjeant Major |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |