title: Black howler

abstract: The black howler or black-and-gold howler, is among the largest New World monkeys and a member of the Alouatta genus. The black howler is distributed in areas of South America such as Paraguay, southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay. This species is sexually dimorphic, with adult males having entirely black fur and adult females and babies of both sexes having an overall golden colouring; which emphasizes black-and-gold in the name. The IUCN Red List has classed the black howler as Near Threatened as a result of a recent population reduction due to a variety of human-caused factors.

text:
# Black howler

The **black howler** (***Alouatta caraya***) or **black-and-gold howler**, is among the largest New World monkeys and a member of the *Alouatta* genus. The black howler is distributed in areas of South America such as Paraguay, southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay. This species is sexually dimorphic, with adult males having entirely black fur and adult females and babies of both sexes having an overall golden colouring; which emphasizes black-and-gold in the name. The IUCN Red List has classed the black howler as Near Threatened as a result of a recent population reduction due to a variety of human-caused factors.

## Taxonomy

The black howler is one of nine species of the *Alouatta* genus that have been identified and is in the Atelidae family. Because of this species' sexual dimorphism, the taxon for the black howler has been distinguished.

## Description

### Physical appearance

Black howlers are sexually dimorphic, the male and the female are distinguishable due to the difference in their fur coatings. As the male black howler grows older, his fur will change from a golden colour to a complete black fur coat. The female, as well as infants of both sexes, have fur of a golden tone. Female howlers are lighter in weight than males, who are 47% heavier. Males' weight ranges from 6 kg to 7.7 kg. The hyoid bone volume of male black howlers is larger than that of female black howlers; it is assumed that this bone serves as a chamber for their howls. They have prehensile tails with a bare patch of skin on the underside, making them versatile climbers and allowing them to comfortably stay around in the canopy of trees.

### Behaviour and diet

Black howlers share many behaviors with other howler monkeys. They are recognized for their 'howl', a powerful vocalization. A howler's 'howl' is one of the primates' strongest vocalizations, and it may be heard up to two kilometers away. The vocalizations of black howlers have been studied in Brazil, where they mostly vocalize around dawn. Howling is used as a behavioural strategy for displaying territory and regulating inter-group distance. This species is mostly arboreal, rarely coming down to the ground. They are also one of the least active groups of primates, as they are diurnal and spend up to 60-70% of the day resting or sleeping.

Although the diet of the black howler is largely folivorous, it does not prevents the digestion of fruits, figs, mosses, bark, seeds, and flowers. Eating leaves may appear to be unfeasible for other primates, as it lacks nourishment and energy; however, howlers have developed a complicated digestive system that allows them to digest leaves quickly and have strong molar teeth to help chew mature leaves.

Black howlers' activity levels vary depending on their diet. During the winter months, when fruit is scarce, most of their diet consists of leaves and they are less active compared to the summer months when fruit is more available. Activity ranges between feeding, socialization, locomotion, and sexual activity. Their gut microbiome composition changes seasonally to accommodate dietary changes due to restrictions of resources in the environment. Their diet is not different between different sexes and ages.

### Group composition

Group composition has a large varied range in population density and social organization when focusing on black howler monkeys. Due to minimal human influence along the Paraná River in Brazil, for example, the woods remain well conserved, which results in larger densities of black howlers. Usually, howler monkeys have a single dominant male, with multiple adult females and babies in smaller groups. In larger groups, the howler monkeys' group composition can vary. In a 2009 study by Lucas M. Aguiar, Gabriela Ludwig, and Fernando C. Passos, in the Upper Paraná River of southern Brazil, the black and gold howler groups size was around 6 to 18 individuals. There were 11 groups total in Paraná River and groups were all multi-male; the females were outnumbered. The range for how many black howler monkeys in terms of age and sex in individual groups were represented. The study concluded that in these individual groups, it was likely to see a range of male adult black howlers from two to five, three to seven adult females, zero to four adolescents, and zero to three babies.

### Mating

Mating behaviour and patterns of the black howlers have been identified. A study by Martin M. Kawoleski and Paul A. Garber in 2010 examined the promiscuity of black howler females along the Paraná River in Argentina using a scan sampling technique. According to the findings, sexual solicitation of female mate choice occurred when a female actively pursued a particular male by grooming, touching, and following him, and displaying a specific posture to get the male to approach them. During fertile and nonfertile phases, black howler monkey species' females mate with many adult males. Female black and gold howlers have been shown to conceive within a 3–4 day ovulatory phase, according to previous research. It is still unknown if male howlers can discriminate ovulatory phases in females using visual or smell cues. The adult female black howlers tend to give birth within 180–194 days after copulating. In black howlers, mating promiscuity is a behavioural habit that favours offspring genetic variety and can lead to a lot of genetic variations inside the group. According to Kawoleski and Garber, the black howler has a low rate of infanticide, which is one of the theories said to contribute to the female howler's promiscuity.

## Distribution and habitat

The black howler is distributed in areas of Central and South America such as Paraguay, southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and occasionally, Uruguay. Howler monkeys are adaptable to numerous forest environments in Central and South America. They have been spotted in tropical and subtropical forests such as evergreen, seasonally dry deciduous, semideciduous, gallery, montane, woodland, and flooded forests. They may survive in a variety of settings, including disturbed ecosystems and forest remnants in agricultural regions and human populations.

## Status and conservation

From the IUCN Red List, the black howler is seen as a Near Threatened species. This is a result to population declines, habitat degradation, hunting pressure, and disease outbreak vulnerability. Anthropogenic disturbances are the top common reasons for the slow decrease of the black howler population; jeopardizing and degrading their ecosystems for residential and commercial development as well as agriculture. Hunting and the illegal pet trade are also contributing factors to the black howler's population reduction. In a 2020 study in the city of Pilar, Paraguay, examining the attitudes of humans towards urban howler monkeys, the researchers asked selected participants questions regarding hunting and pet trade of black and gold howler monkeys. In their findings, 93% of participants said they knew it was illegal to kill the monkeys, but more than half of the participants did not know it was also prohibited to keep them as pets. It was also stated in their findings that 8% of participants believe that black and gold howler monkeys had been hunted for their flesh. Black howlers are also susceptible to disease such as yellow fever. In Brazil, there have been outbreaks of sylvatic yellow fever that have resulted in significant population declines.

### Human interactions

The interaction between people and black and gold howlers was also a topic of the research conducted by Marco Alesci et al. in 2020 in the city of Pilar, Paraguay. People interviewed for this research believed that there were many benefits to having the black howler monkeys in the urban environment such as a benefit for increasing tourism. The researchers also polled a group of people in Pilar regarding the conservation of black howlers in the area as part of their research. As a result, domestic dogs attacking black howlers in urban areas, electrocution on uninsulated power lines, and people killing the monkeys were all recognized as threats. Because the power lines are commonly utilized for transit by the black howler monkeys, three howler fatalities by electrocution were documented during the research period. As mentioned in the article, efforts for the conservation of the black howlers in Pilar are minimal, but if urbanization keeps rising, it may pose serious dangers to their existence by diminishing accessible trees and pushing howlers to walk on power wires or on the ground more.

1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
2. Bicca-Marques, J.C.; Rumiz, D.I.; Ludwig, G.; Rímoli, J.; Martins, V.; da Cunha, R.G.T.; Alves, S.L.; Valle, R.R.; Miranda, J.M.D.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Messias, M.R.; Cornejo, F.M.; Boubli, J.P.; Cortes-Ortíz, L.; Wallace, R.B.; Talebi, M.; de Melo, F.R. (2021) \[amended version of 2020 assessment\]. "Alouatta caraya". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2021**: e.T41545A190414715. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41545A190414715.en. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
3. Almeida, Marco Antônio Barreto de; Santos, Edmilson dos; Cardoso, Jader da Cruz; Fonseca, Daltro Fernandes da; Noll, Carlos Alberto; Silveira, Vivian Regina; Maeda, Adriana Yurika; Souza, Renato Pereira de; Kanamura, Cristina; Brasil, Roosecelis Araújo (1 January 2012). "Yellow fever outbreak affecting Alouatta populations in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), 2008-2009". *American Journal of Primatology*. **74** (1): 68–76. doi:10.1002/ajp.21010. PMID 22020690. S2CID 20240047.
4. Cortés-Ortiz, Liliana; Rylands, Anthony B.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2015), Kowalewski, Martín M.; Garber, Paul A.; Cortés-Ortiz, Liliana; Urbani, Bernardo (eds.), "The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies", *Howler Monkeys: Adaptive Radiation, Systematics, and Morphology*, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 55–84, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4\_3, ISBN 978-1-4939-1957-4, retrieved 11 April 2022
5. Alesci, Marco; Smith, Rebecca L.; Ayala Santacruz, Jorge Damian; Camperio Ciani, Andrea (1 March 2022). "Attitudes towards urban howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Paraguay". *Primates*. **63** (2): 161–171. doi:10.1007/s10329-022-00975-5. ISSN 1610-7365. PMC 8898239. PMID 35142940.
6. Pérez-Granados, Cristian; Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig (2021). "Passive acoustic monitoring of the diel and annual vocal behavior of the Black and Gold Howler Monkey". *American Journal of Primatology*. **83** (3): e23241. doi:10.1002/ajp.23241. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 33539555. S2CID 231818221.
7. Bicca-Marques, Júlio César; Calegaro-Marques, Cláudia (1998). "Behavioral thermoregulation in a sexually and developmentally dichromatic neotropical primate, the black-and-gold howling monkey (Alouatta caraya)". *American Journal of Physical Anthropology*. **106** (4). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 533–546. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199808)106:4\<533::AID-AJPA8\>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 9712481.
8. Pérez-Granados, Cristian; Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig (4 February 2021). "Passive acoustic monitoring of the diel and annual vocal behavior of the Black and Gold Howler Monkey". *American Journal of Primatology*. **83** (3): e23241. doi:10.1002/ajp.23241. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 33539555. S2CID 231818221.
9. Rossi de Leon, Claire (1 January 2019). "Ranging and Behavior of Black and Gold Howler Monkeys in Formosa, Argentina". *Library Map Prize*.
10. Pavelka, Mary S. M.; Knopff, Kyle Houston (1 April 2004). "Diet and activity in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in southern Belize: does degree of frugivory influence activity level?". *Primates*. **45** (2): 105–111. doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0072-6. ISSN 1610-7365.
11. Amato, Katherine R.; Leigh, Steven R.; Kent, Angela; Mackie, Roderick I.; Yeoman, Carl J.; Stumpf, Rebecca M.; Wilson, Brenda A.; Nelson, Karen E.; White, Bryan A.; Garber, Paul A. (February 2015). "The gut microbiota appears to compensate for seasonal diet variation in the wild black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra)". *Microbial Ecology*. **69** (2): 434–443. doi:10.1007/s00248-014-0554-7. ISSN 1432-184X. PMID 25524570.
12. Oklander, Luciana Ines; Kowalewski, Martin M.; Corach, Daniel (1 October 2010). "Genetic Consequences of Habitat Fragmentation in Black-and-Gold Howler (Alouatta caraya) Populations from Northern Argentina". *International Journal of Primatology*. **31** (5): 813–832. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9430-6. hdl:11336/16119. ISSN 1573-8604. S2CID 20439830.
13. Aguiar, Lucas M.; Ludwig, Gabriela; Passos, Fernando C. (2009). "Group size and composition of black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) on the Upper Paraná River, Southern Brazil". *Primates*. **50** (1): 74–77. doi:10.1007/s10329-008-0115-0. ISSN 1610-7365. PMID 19034383. S2CID 7530261.
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15. Zunino, Gabriel E.; Kowalewski, Martin M.; Oklander, Luciana I.; González, Viridiana (2007). "Habitat fragmentation and population size of the black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in a semideciduous forest in Northern Argentina". *American Journal of Primatology*. **69** (9): 966–975. doi:10.1002/ajp.20389. PMID 17358009. S2CID 24499861.

## InfoBox

| Black howler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female
Both photographed at Pittsburgh Zoo | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Atelidae |
| Genus: | *Alouatta* |
| Species: | ***A. caraya*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alouatta caraya***
(Humboldt, 1812) | |
|
|  | |
| Black Howler range | |


title: Chieko Asakawa

abstract: Chieko Asakawa is a blind Japanese computer scientist, known for her work at IBM Research – Tokyo in accessibility. A Netscape browser plug-in she developed, the IBM Home Page Reader, became the most widely used web-to-speech system available. She is the recipient of numerous industry and government awards.

text:
# Chieko Asakawa

**Chieko Asakawa** (浅川 智恵子, *Asakawa Chieko*) is a blind Japanese computer scientist, known for her work at IBM Research – Tokyo in accessibility. A Netscape browser plug-in she developed, the IBM Home Page Reader, became the most widely used web-to-speech system available. She is the recipient of numerous industry and government awards.

## Education and career

Asakawa was born with normal sight. When she was eleven years old, while swimming, she struck her left eye on the side of the pool, injuring her optic nerve. She began losing her sight, and by the age of fourteen was completely blind. She earned a bachelor's degree in English literature at Otemon Gakuin University in Osaka in 1982, followed by a two-year computer programming course designed for the visually impaired; students used Optacons to translate print to tactile sensation. She joined IBM Research in a temporary position in 1984, and became a permanent staff researcher one year later. In 2004 she earned a Ph.D. in engineering from the University of Tokyo.

## Contributions

Asakawa's research projects have included developing a word processor for Braille documents, developing a digital library for Braille documents, developing an application to improve accessibility of streaming services, developing a Netscape browser plug-in that converted text to speech and provided a more convenient web navigation mechanism for blind people, and developing a system that would allow sighted web designers to experience the web as blind people. Her browser plugin became a 1997 IBM product, the IBM Home Page Reader, and within five years it had become the most widely used web-to-speech system available.

More recently her work has also studied accessible control of multimedia content, technological and social changes that would allow elderly people to work for more years before retiring, and the development of technology that would make the physical world more accessible to blind people. Currently, Asakawa has finished working on a lightweight suitcase robot helping blind people navigate through complicated terrain.

## Awards and honors

Asakawa was added to the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame in 2003. She became an IBM Fellow, IBM's top honor for its employees, in 2009, becoming the fifth Japanese person and first Japanese woman with that honor. In 2011 the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology gave her their Women of Vision Award. She was a keynote speaker at the Fourth International Conference on Software Development for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAIE 2012). In 2013 the Japanese government awarded her their Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon. A paper she wrote in 1998 with Takashi Itoh describing their work on web user interfaces for blind people was the winner of the 2013 ACM SIGACCESS Impact Award. In 2017, she was elected as an international member of the US National Academy of Engineering for developing technologies for the visually impaired to access digital information. In 2022 Asakawa was elected as a new member to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## InfoBox

| Chieko Asakawa | |
| --- | --- |
| 浅川 智恵子 | |
| Chieko Asakawa during a field experiment in Nihonbashi, Tokyo in 2017 | |
| Born | Osaka, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Education | Ph.D. engineering |
| Alma mater | University of Tokyo |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer science, Accessibility |
|  | |


title: Thomas S. Clarkson

abstract: Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson III was an American businessman and philanthropist who was the namesake of Clarkson University.

text:
# Thomas S. Clarkson

**Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson III** (November 30, 1837 – August 19, 1894) was an American businessman and philanthropist who was the namesake of Clarkson University.

## Early life

Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson was born in 1837 to Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson II (1799–1873) and Elizabeth Clarkson (1810–1883), who were first cousins. He had one brother, Levinus Clarkson (1835–1876), and three sisters, Elizabeth (1833–1918), Frederica (1846–1909), and Lavinia Clarkson (1842–1926).

His paternal grandparents were Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson (1763-1844) and Elizabeth Van Horne (1771-1852). His uncle, David Augustus Clarkson, was married to the former Margaret Livingston (the daughter of Edward Philip Livingston, the Lt. Governor of New York from 1831 to 1832). His cousins included Elizabeth (née Clarkson) Barnwell and Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson.

He attended the St. Lawrence Academy and then received private tutoring.

## Career

The Clarkson family was wealthy from stock investments and real estate holdings, but required all of the sons to learn a trade, so Clarkson and his brother Levinus operated the family's farm until Levinus' death.

At this time, Clarkson engaged in other business endeavors in Potsdam, New York including developing local electrical power plants and the first sewer system in the area and operating large sandstone quarries on the Raquette River in 1877. Clarkson and a cousin founded the Potsdam Public Library and Reading Room and a tuition-free night school teaching mechanical drawing. Clarkson made a large donation to Trinity Episcopal Church in Potsdam in honor of his father.

### Death

Clarkson was accidentally killed while working in his sandstone quarry not far from Potsdam. When a worker was in danger of being crushed by a loose pump, Clarkson pushed him out of the way risking his own life. Clarkson was crushed against a wall by the swinging pump, sunstaining severe internal injuries. He died five days later. The Clarkson family realized great wealth in the development of such quarries, and Potsdam sandstone was highly sought after by developers of townhouses in New York City and elsewhere. The family were important benefactors in the Potsdam area.

After his death, Clarkson's three sisters decided to fund a school, which would be named after their brother. The school was founded in 1896 and was called the *Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial School of Technology* before it later became Clarkson University. Upon his niece, Annie Clarkson's, death in 1929, she made the college her chief beneficiary.

## InfoBox

| Thomas S. Clarkson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson III
(1837-11-30)November 30, 1837
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | August 19, 1894(1894-08-19) (aged 56)
Potsdam, New York, U.S. |
| Education | St. Lawrence Academy |
| Known for | Namesake of Clarkson University |
| Parent(s) | Thomas Streatfeild Clarkson II
Elizabeth Clarkson |


title: City of Carlisle Electric Tramways

abstract: The City of Carlisle Electric Tramways Company operated an electric tramway service in Carlisle between 1900 and 1931.

text:
# City of Carlisle Electric Tramways

The **City of Carlisle Electric Tramways Company** operated an electric tramway service in Carlisle between 1900 and 1931.

## History

The Carlisle Tramways Order of 1898 authorised the construction of an electric tramway and construction began in 1899. The system comprised 6 lines radiating from Carlisle railway station to Newtown, Stanwix, along Warwick Road to Petteril Bridge, London Road, Boundary Road and Denton Holme.

The tramway was operated by the City of Carlisle Electric Tramways Co Ltd, power being taken from the Corporation's supply station in James Street and opened for public service on 30 June 1900

In 1911 the concern was sold to Balfour Beatty who undertook track renewals and replaced the fleet of tramcars at a cost of £18,000 (equivalent to £2,315,409 in 2023).

After the First World War, the company was unable to expand the services to meet the needs of an expanding town, and had started its own motorbuses services. In 1926 it changed its name to Carlisle and District Transport Company.

## Fleet

## Closure

Carlisle Corporation purchased the assets of the company on 5 March 1931, and after being unable to get agreement with local bus operators and secure an operating licence, closed the tramway system on 21 November 1931. In 2011, plans were made to send the remains of a Carlisle tram to Workington for partial restoration and in 2013 it was announced that this was about to begin using Wolverhampton Corporation Tramways number 49, based at Black Country Living Museum, as a model.

## InfoBox

| City of Carlisle Electric Tramways Company | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of the routes of the City of Carlisle Electric Tramways | |
| Operation | |
| Locale | Carlisle |
| Open | 30 June 1900 |
| Close | 21 November 1931 |
| Status | Closed |
| Infrastructure | |
| Track gauge | 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) |
| Propulsion system(s) | Electric |
| Statistics | |
| Route length | 5.73 miles (9.22 km) |


title: Julian Blaustein

abstract: Julian Blaustein was an American film producer. Born in New York City, Blaustein graduated from Harvard University in 1933. He spent a year in flight training at the Randolph Air Force Base before heading to Hollywood, where he became a reader in the story department at Universal Pictures. He eventually was promoted to department head. He left Universal to work in a similar position at Paramount Pictures. During World War II, Blaustein produced training films for the United States Army Signal Corps in Astoria, New York. Following the war, he returned to Los Angeles and joined David O. Selznick Productions. Two years later, he joined 20th Century Fox, but in 1955 he left the studio to become an independent producer under the Phoenix name. After retiring from the film industry, Blaustein became an Adjunct Professor of Communication at Stanford University, where he taught documentary writing and directing and supervised a Master's program in screenwriting. Following his retirement from teaching, he returned to Beverly Hills, where he became an active member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and a trustee of the Motion Picture and Television Fund. Blaustein and his wife had a son John and a daughter Laurie. He died of cancer in his home in Beverly Hills.

text:
# Julian Blaustein

**Julian Blaustein** (May 30, 1913 – June 20, 1995) was an American film producer. Born in New York City, Blaustein graduated from Harvard University in 1933. He spent a year in flight training at the Randolph Air Force Base before heading to Hollywood, where he became a reader in the story department at Universal Pictures. He eventually was promoted to department head. He left Universal to work in a similar position at Paramount Pictures.

During World War II, Blaustein produced training films for the United States Army Signal Corps in Astoria, New York. Following the war, he returned to Los Angeles and joined David O. Selznick Productions. Two years later, he joined 20th Century Fox, but in 1955 he left the studio to become an independent producer under the Phoenix name.

After retiring from the film industry, Blaustein became an Adjunct Professor of Communication at Stanford University, where he taught documentary writing and directing and supervised a Master's program in screenwriting. Following his retirement from teaching, he returned to Beverly Hills, where he became an active member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and a trustee of the Motion Picture and Television Fund.

Blaustein and his wife had a son John and a daughter Laurie. He died of cancer in his home in Beverly Hills.

## Selected filmography

* Stanford memorial resolution
* The Associated Press (June 22, 1995). "Julian Blaustein, 82, Film Producer, Dies". *The New York Times*. p. B6.


title: 1914 Persian legislative election

abstract: Parliamentary elections were held in Persia in 1914. The new Parliament convened on 6 December.

text:
# 1914 Persian legislative election

**Parliamentary elections** were held in Persia in 1914. The new Parliament convened on 6 December.

1. Ettehadieh, Mansoureh (October 28, 2011) \[December 15, 1992\]. "CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION v. Political parties of the constitutional period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). *Encyclopædia Iranica*. Fasc. 2. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 199–202. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
2. Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) *Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I*, p67 ISBN 0-19-924958-X

## InfoBox

1914 Persian legislative election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 115 seats in the National Consultative Assembly | |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader Soleiman Eskandari Mohammad-Sadegh Tabatabaei Hassan Modarres  Party Democrat Party Moderate Socialists Party Learned Council  Leader's seat Isfahan Tehran Tehran  Seats won 31 29 14  Seat change  3  7 *New* | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
 **Elected Prime Minister**
Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
 | |


title: Short-haired water rat

abstract:
The short-haired water rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found in West Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. There are two currently undescribed species allied with this taxon.

text:
# Short-haired water rat

The **short-haired water rat** (***Paraleptomys wilhelmina***) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in West Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. There are two currently undescribed species allied with this taxon.

## InfoBox

| Short-haired water rat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | *Paraleptomys* |
| Species: | ***P. wilhelmina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paraleptomys wilhelmina***
Tate & Archbold, 1941 | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution map on New Guinea. *P. wilhelmina* is in black. | |


title: Doctor in the House (novel)

abstract: Doctor in the House is a comic novel by Richard Gordon, published in 1952. Set in the fictitious St. Swithin's Hospital in London, the story concerns the exploits and various pranks of a young medical student. It is the first of a series of 'Doctor' novels written by Gordon, himself a surgeon and anaesthetist. The main character is also named Richard Gordon, although after the first few books he is renamed Simon Sparrow, which name is also used in the screen and radio adaptations. A film adaptation, Doctor in the House, was released in 1954, starring Dirk Bogarde; several of the subsequent books were also filmed. There were a number of TV series very loosely based on the books, and a 13-part radio series on the BBC in 1968 starring Richard Briers as Simon.

text:
# Doctor in the House (novel)

***Doctor in the House*** is a comic novel by Richard Gordon, published in 1952. Set in the fictitious St. Swithin's Hospital in London, the story concerns the exploits and various pranks of a young medical student. It is the first of a series of 'Doctor' novels written by Gordon, himself a surgeon and anaesthetist. The main character is also named Richard Gordon, although after the first few books he is renamed Simon Sparrow, which name is also used in the screen and radio adaptations. (The television series would use entirely different characters.)

A film adaptation, *Doctor in the House*, was released in 1954, starring Dirk Bogarde; several of the subsequent books were also filmed. There were a number of TV series very loosely based on the books, and a 13-part radio series on the BBC in 1968 starring Richard Briers as Simon.

## InfoBox

Doctor in the House (novel)
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Richard Gordon |
| Language | English |
| Series | Doctor series |
| Publisher | Michael Joseph |
| Publication date | 1952 |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 190 |
| Preceded by | *-* |
| Followed by | *Doctor at Sea* |


title: Smith predictor

abstract:
The Smith predictor is a type of predictive controller designed to control systems with a significant feedback time delay. The idea can be illustrated as follows. Suppose the plant consists of G followed by a pure time delay z − k. z refers to the Z-transform of the transfer function relating the inputs and outputs of the plant G. As a first step, suppose we only consider G and design a controller C with a closed-loop transfer function H = C G 1 + C G that we consider satisfactory. Next, our objective is to design a controller C ¯ for the plant G z − k so that the closed loop transfer function H ¯ equals H z − k. Solving C ¯ G z − k 1 + C ¯ G z − k = z − k C G 1 + C G,
we obtain C ¯ = C 1 + C G. The controller is implemented as shown in the following figure, where G has been changed to G ^ to indicate that it is a model used by the controller. Note that there are two feedback loops. The outer control loop feeds the output back to the input, as usual. However, this loop alone would not provide satisfactory control, because of the delay; this loop is feeding back outdated information. Intuitively, for the k sample intervals during which no fresh information is available, the system is controlled by the inner loop which contains a predictor of what the (unobservable) output of the plant G currently is. To check that this works, a re-arrangement can be made as follows: Here we can see that if the model used in the controller, G ^ z − k, matches the plant G z − k perfectly, then the outer and middle feedback loops cancel each other, and the controller generates the "correct" control action. In reality, however, it is impossible for the model to perfectly match the plant.

text:
# Smith predictor

The **Smith predictor** (invented by O. J. M. Smith in 1957) is a type of predictive controller designed to control systems with a significant feedback time delay. The idea can be illustrated as follows.

Suppose the plant consists of $G(z)$ followed by a pure time delay $z^{-k}$. $z$ refers to the Z-transform of the transfer function relating the inputs and outputs of the plant $G$.

As a first step, suppose we only consider $G(z)$ (the plant without a delay) and design a controller $C(z)$ with a closed-loop transfer function $H(z)={\frac {C(z)G(z)}{1+C(z)G(z)}}$ that we consider satisfactory.

Next, our objective is to design a controller $\bar {C}(z)$ for the plant $G(z)z^{-k}$ so that the closed loop transfer function $\bar {H}(z)$ equals $H(z)z^{-k}$.

Solving $\frac {{\bar {C}Gz^{-k}{1+{\bar {C}Gz^{-k}=z^{-k}{\frac {CG}{1+CG}}}}}}$, we obtain $\bar {C}={\frac {C}{1+CG(1-z^{-k})}}$. The controller is implemented as shown in the following figure, where $G(z)$ has been changed to $\hat {G}(z)$ to indicate that it is a model used by the controller.

Note that there are two feedback loops. The outer control loop feeds the output back to the input, as usual. However, this loop alone would not provide satisfactory control, because of the delay; this loop is feeding back outdated information. Intuitively, for the k sample intervals during which no fresh information is available, the system is controlled by the inner loop which contains a predictor of what the (unobservable) output of the plant G currently is.

To check that this works, a re-arrangement can be made as follows:

Here we can see that if the model used in the controller, $\hat {G}(z)z^{-k}$, matches the plant $G(z)z^{-k}$ perfectly, then the outer and middle feedback loops cancel each other, and the controller generates the "correct" control action. In reality, however, it is impossible for the model to perfectly match the plant.

* O. J. Smith, *Closer control of loops with dead time*, Chemical Engineering Progress, 53 (1957), pp. 217–219
* K. Warwick and D. Rees, *Industrial Digital Control Systems*, IET, 1988.

* "Overcoming process deadtime with a Smith Predictor". *www.controleng.com*. 17 February 2015.
* "Control of Processes with Long Dead Time: The Smith Predictor - MATLAB & Simulink Example". *www.mathworks.com*.


title: Black in America

abstract: Black In America is a multi-part series of documentaries hosted by reporter Soledad O'Brien on CNN. The series is about various issues regarding blacks (African-Americans) which includes panel discussions on issues facing the black community, and a look at the culture of black families in America, men and women. It features exclusive commentary by music mogul Russell Simmons, Grammy Award-winning rapper Lupe Fiasco, comedian D.L. Hughley, award-winning filmmaker Spike Lee, and actress/comedian Whoopi Goldberg. The program has been extremely successful. CNN.com's interactive section for "Black In America" garnered over 2.4 million page views. The "Black In America" iReport.com assignment received over 1,000 submissions. Several viewers of the first episode were so inspired by the program that they launched BlackInAmerica.com, an online community and social network for black Americans who want to address the issues and challenges of Black America. The success of the program also led to CNN producing additional episodes and making it a series. The second episode, "Black in America 2", premiered on July 22, 2009 and tells the story of "Journey For Change", a youth empowerment program funded and led by activist Malaak Compton-Rock. "Journey For Change" is a yearlong program that works with 30 teenagers selected from the community of Bushwick in Brooklyn, New York to be "global ambassadors" through community service and fundraising projects. The program starts off with a 2 week trip to South Africa where kids who are used to being on the receiving end of aid are exposed to an environment where they are the privileged and they are the ones who are giving to the needy. On September 2, 2008, the "CNN Presents: Black in America" documentary was made available for sale on Amazon.com and other retailers. It is also available through iTunes for download. Since 2010, voice actor Kareem Taylor has been the announcer of the "Black in America" commercial campaign.

text:
# Black in America

**Black In America** is a multi-part series of documentaries hosted by reporter Soledad O'Brien on CNN. The series is about various issues regarding blacks (African-Americans) which includes panel discussions on issues facing the black community, and a look at the culture of black families in America, men and women.

It features exclusive commentary by music mogul Russell Simmons, Grammy Award-winning rapper Lupe Fiasco, comedian D.L. Hughley, award-winning filmmaker Spike Lee, and actress/comedian Whoopi Goldberg.

The program has been extremely successful. CNN.com's interactive section for "Black In America" garnered over 2.4 million page views. The "Black In America" iReport.com assignment received over 1,000 submissions. Several viewers of the first episode were so inspired by the program that they launched BlackInAmerica.com, an online community and social network for black Americans who want to address the issues and challenges of Black America.

The success of the program also led to CNN producing additional episodes and making it a series. The second episode, "Black in America 2", premiered on July 22, 2009 and tells the story of "Journey For Change", a youth empowerment program funded and led by activist Malaak Compton-Rock. "Journey For Change" is a yearlong program that works with 30 teenagers selected from the community of Bushwick in Brooklyn, New York to be "global ambassadors" through community service and fundraising projects. The program starts off with a 2 week trip to South Africa where kids who are used to being on the receiving end of aid are exposed to an environment where they are the privileged and they are the ones who are giving to the needy.

On September 2, 2008, the "CNN Presents: Black in America" documentary was made available for sale on Amazon.com and other retailers. It is also available through iTunes for download.

Since 2010, voice actor Kareem Taylor has been the announcer of the "Black in America" commercial campaign.

## Parts of series

* **The Black Woman and Family**: *First aired on July 23, 2008; two hours long.*

An exploration of the varied experiences of black women and families investigates the disturbing statistics of single parenthood, racial disparities between students and the devastating toll of STDs/HIV/AIDS. CNN also reports on the progress of Black women in the workplace and the status of the Black middle class.

* **The Black Man**: *First aired on July 24, 2008; two hours long.*

Through the personal stories of graduates of the 1968 class of Little Rock Central High School and their sons and grandsons, CNN explores the state of Black men in America. The network dispels the myths and examines the disparities between blacks and whites in education, career, economic achievement and the devastating rates of Black male incarceration.

**Black in America: Today's Pioneers** First aired July 22, 2009 at 8pm & 11pm ET/PT. Total running time: 2 hours.

For the second evening of CNN's Black in America 2, anchor and special correspondent Soledad O'Brien reports on how community organizers across the country are creating progress and improvements at a local level. From a Chicago barbershop where African-American men are encouraged to seek routine medical check-ups; to Tyler Perry, an actor, director and playwright, whose life's journey has led him from homelessness to becoming a filmmaker and television producer who is creating opportunities for others; to the Black Marriage Day project which works with couples in 300 cities to help develop strong, healthy families; these are the programs and progress of people working in ways large and small to make a difference.

**Black in America: Tomorrow's Leaders** First aired July 23, 2009 at 8pm & 11pm ET/PT. Total running time: 2 hours.

For the debut evening of CNN's Black in America 2, anchor and special correspondent Soledad O'Brien focuses on solutions aimed at developing African-American leaders of tomorrow. John Rice's Management Leadership for Tomorrow program has been instrumental in establishing black professionals in positions of power and influence in America's largest companies. O'Brien also reports on programs aimed at creating opportunities for the next generation of youth leadership. Malaak Compton-Rock's Journey for Change offers teenagers from inner-city schools the opportunity to see the world and develop self-confidence; and Steve Perry, Ed.D.'s, Capital Preparatory Magnet School creates opportunities for leadership and academic excellence by preparing young, black students for college with "tough love."

**Almighty Debt: A CNN Black in America Special** First aired October 21, 2010. Total running time: 2 hours.

Every leading indicator - unemployment, income, wealth, educational attainment, home ownership and foreclosures - demonstrates that the African-American financial foundation is crumbling at rates that are comparatively worse than other segments of the U.S. population. Reported by anchor and special correspondent Soledad O'Brien, and told through experiences of members of the First Baptist Church of Lincoln Gardens (FBCLG) in New Jersey, the first 90-minutes of this special explores how an institution central to African-American communities for generations is helping its 7,000 parishioners survive the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. The church's community development corporation struggles to help desperate homeowners save their homes from foreclosure and the unemployed find work. The youth ministry assists students with financial aid applications. Following the documentary, a town hall discussion moderated by O'Brien features founder and senior pastor Bishop T.D. Jakes, clinical social worker and public relations executive Terrie Williams, syndicated columnist Michelle Singletary, FBCLG senior pastor Rev. Dr. DeForest Soaries, pollster Cornell Belcher and others.

**Black in America: The New Promised Land – Silicon Valley** First aired November 13, 2011.

While much of the country struggles to emerge from a recession, California's Silicon Valley is booming, and technology companies like Facebook, Skype, and Apple are seeing their valuations soar. CNN anchor and special correspondent Soledad O'Brien reports that the ownership of this digital bloom is mostly young, white, and male. For her fourth Black in America documentary, O'Brien asks why, according to industry analyst CB Insights, less than one percent of all venture capital money went to digital startups with African-American founders in 2010 – and she profiles a unique, technology-focused "accelerator" developed to help African-American digital entrepreneurs secure funding to establish their businesses.

**Who is Black in America?** First aired December 9, 2012.

The fifth installment in the series focuses on colorism and racial identity. In today's United States, is being black determined by the color of your skin, by your family, by what society says or something else? The documentary follows the story of 2 young Philadelphia poets as they explore their racial identity through workshops conducted by their mentor, Perry "Vision" Divirgilio of Philly Youth Poetry Movement. The program examines how color affects identity. Scholar Yaba Blay analyzes the nuances of racial identity and the influences of skin color.

## Controversy and criticism

Syndicated columnist Kam Williams harshly criticized the series in a widely circulated DVD review, saying that it was full of "infuriating mistakes". One part of his review read: "My biggest overall problem had to do with the program's periodic factual inaccuracies, such as when \[Soledad\] O'Brien refers to the riot which erupted in L.A. after the Rodney King decision as the most deadly U.S. riot in 100 years. She conveniently ignores other more bloody incidents like the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 when over 300 blacks were slaughtered by white militiamen. What's up with that?"

Other columnists, such as Askia Muhammad from the Final Call, also criticized the series calling it "a faulty portrait". One part of his column read: "CNN was able with this report to make what many Black men had rejected as the "American Nightmare," appear now to be the "New American Dream."

On the contrary, *The Washington Post* columnist Tom Shales, called it an "expressive portrait". He said that CNN turned ordinary stories into an "extraordinary series." His column reads: "\[The series\] looms as a tremendous accomplishment for O'Brien and for the many producers, editors and crew members who poured themselves into it. And if no good comes of it, it won't be their fault."

Author PJ Coble, labeled the original work "a poor attempt to conceptualize in a two-day documentary a history of a people and a race".

Raymond Leon Roker, a columnist for The Huffington Post, applauded CNN for taking the chance with such a controversial program. "This is never easy, as you're bound to misfire on all sides in some ways," he says. "To its credit, the series did give airtime to topics rarely discussed outside the barber/beauty shops, campuses and black kitchen tables of America."

## Ratings

The two-part documentary on Black men, women, and families that aired on July 23–24, 2008 became one of CNN's most watched programs, drawing an average of 2.6 million viewers and outperforming the network's year-to-date averages for 9-11 p.m. by double and triple digits. The series was promoted through an extensive advertising campaign that included television, radio, print, and online promotions. A repeat airing drew 683,000 viewers (294,000 in the 35-64 demo) on 2/25/09.

## Awards and nominations


abstract: Chinese National Human Genome Center (国家人类基因组北方研究中心), Beijing (CHGB), was established as one of the national-level genome research center approved by the Ministry of Science & Technology. CHGB promotes the commercialization of research products and initiate genome industry in China. As a national research institution, CHGB integrates all high-level activities in basic research, clinical investigation, population genetics and bioinformatics projects in Beijing and North China. Prof. Boqin Qiang, academician of CAS, is Director and Chief Scientist of CHGB. Prof. Wu Min, academician of CAS, is the honorary Chairman of the academic committee. Prof. Yan Shen, academician of CAS, Prof. Fuchu He, academician of CAS, Prof. Dalong Ma, and Prof. Biao Chen are deputy directors of CHGB.

text:
# Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing

**Chinese National Human Genome Center** (国家人类基因组北方研究中心), Beijing (CHGB), was established as one of the national-level genome research center approved by the Ministry of Science & Technology.

CHGB promotes the commercialization of research products and initiate genome industry in China. As a national research institution, CHGB integrates all high-level activities in basic research, clinical investigation, population genetics and bioinformatics projects in Beijing and North China.

Prof. Boqin Qiang, academician of CAS, is Director and Chief Scientist of CHGB. Prof. Wu Min, academician of CAS, is the honorary Chairman of the academic committee. Prof. Yan Shen, academician of CAS, Prof. Fuchu He, academician of CAS, Prof. Dalong Ma, and Prof. Biao Chen are deputy directors of CHGB.


title: Thomas S. Cleveland

abstract: Thomas S. Cleveland is an American designer, illustrator and fine artist. He served in the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program from 2004 until 2014.

text:
# Thomas S. Cleveland

**Thomas S. Cleveland** (born June 8, 1960) is an American designer, illustrator and fine artist. He served in the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program from 2004 until 2014.

## Biography

Cleveland was born in Oklahoma and majored in advertising and illustration and design, with fine art painting as a minor, at East Texas State University. In 2003, Cleveland applied for the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program and in 2004, along with about twelve other designers, was selected for inclusion in the program from approximately 250 applicants.

## Work

Cleveland is credited with fifteen designs for United States coins and medals. His most notable work is the reverse design of the 2007 American Platinum Eagle. Cleveland's full United States Mint Coin Design Credits are:


title: Sila Vaifale

abstract:
Sila Vaifale is a former Samoan rugby union player. He made his international debut for Samoa against Romania in Bucharest on 14 October 1989. Vaifale made his last appearance for Samoa against Fiji in Apia on 5 July 1997. He scored the second try that helped Samoa defeat Wales at the 1991 Rugby World Cup, 16–13. Vaifale was also a member of the 1995 Rugby World Cup.
As part of the Samoan national team, he also played at the 1995 Rugby World Cup [6], was involved in the games of the Samoa sevens team at the 1993 and 1997 World Cups. In 2014 he held one of the posts in the West Apia Rugby Union and oversees the Samoa youth rugby teams.

text:
# Sila Vaifale

**Sila Vaifale** (born 5 July 1967) is a former Samoan rugby union player. He made his international debut for Samoa against Romania in Bucharest on 14 October 1989. Vaifale made his last appearance for Samoa against Fiji in Apia on 5 July 1997.

He scored the second try that helped Samoa defeat Wales at the 1991 Rugby World Cup, 16–13. Vaifale was also a member of the 1995 Rugby World Cup. As part of the Samoan national team, he also played at the 1995 Rugby World Cup \[6\], was involved in the games of the Samoa sevens team at the 1993 and 1997 World Cups.

In 2014 he held one of the posts in the West Apia Rugby Union and oversees the Samoa youth rugby teams.

## InfoBox

Sila Vaifale
| Full name | Muagututia Tuala Peseta Sila Vaifale |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1967-07-05) 5 July 1967 |
| Place of birth | Lepea, Samoa |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight | 212 lb (96 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Flanker  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1992-1995  Taradale   ()  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1989-1992 Marist St. Joseph   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1992-1995 Hawke's Bay  11  (5)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1989-1997 Samoa  28  (16) | |


title: Spot 1019

abstract: Spot 1019 was a rock combo that started in the early 1980's in Santa Cruz California with vocalist Joe Sloan and bassist Jimb Lyons having first played together in a 1979 campus combo called the Tokyo Negroes. After leaving college the Spot 1019 band eventually moved North to San Francisco by the late 1980's. Joe Sloan's imaginative and fantastically silly lyrical themes included UFO's, Bacon, Psychedelic Drug references and imaginary rock festivals populated with characters from 1960s pop culture like Cesar Romero and Buddy Hackett. The four-piece band specialized in humorous rock tinged with country western, blues, pop and punk influences, beginning their career in earnest with a self titled full length LP on Camper Van Beethoven's vanity imprint label Pitch-A-Tent with released in 1986. In 1990 they were signed by Lisa Fancher of Frontier Records, which re-released their debut, and 2 other albums by the band, that despite some college radio airplay and regular touring, never achieved widespread popularity. Later on the band started their own label Donut Pole records which put out additional material on CD. Spot 1019 wound down by the late 1990's and occasionally reunited, playing their last show in June 2012 at the Bottom Of The Hill club in San Francisco. Any future possibility of the band reuniting was put to rest in 2021 when vocalist Joe Sloan died in Portland Oregon. A memorial was held for Sloan at the Bottom of the Hill club in 2022 in which two of the surviving members performed sans drummer Greg Winter who had moved to Chicago. David Dondero proclaims his affection for the band in the song "Michael Raines" on the album Live at the Hemlock.

text:
# Spot 1019

**Spot 1019** was a rock combo that started in the early 1980's in Santa Cruz California with vocalist Joe Sloan and bassist Jimb Lyons having first played together in a 1979 campus combo called the Tokyo Negroes. After leaving college the Spot 1019 band eventually moved North to San Francisco by the late 1980's. Joe Sloan's imaginative and fantastically silly lyrical themes included UFO's, Bacon, Psychedelic Drug references and imaginary rock festivals populated with characters from 1960s pop culture like Cesar Romero and Buddy Hackett.

The four-piece band specialized in humorous rock tinged with country western, blues, pop and punk influences, beginning their career in earnest with a self titled full length LP on **Camper Van Beethoven'**s vanity imprint label Pitch-A-Tent with released in 1986. In 1990 they were signed by Lisa Fancher of Frontier Records, which re-released their debut, and 2 other albums by the band, that despite some college radio airplay and regular touring, never achieved widespread popularity.

Later on the band started their own label Donut Pole records which put out additional material on CD. Spot 1019 wound down by the late 1990's and occasionally reunited, playing their last show in June 2012 at the Bottom Of The Hill club in San Francisco. Any future possibility of the band reuniting was put to rest in 2021 when vocalist Joe Sloan died in Portland Oregon. A memorial was held for Sloan at the Bottom of the Hill club in 2022 in which two of the surviving members performed sans drummer Greg Winter who had moved to Chicago.

```
David Dondero proclaims his affection for the band in the song "Michael Raines" on the album *Live at the Hemlock*.
```

## Members

Peter Tripodi, Guitars (large and small)
Jimb Lyons, Bass
Greg Winter, Drums
Joe Sloan, Vocals

## Discography

* *SPOT1019* (Pitch-a-tent records, 1986; re-released on Frontier Records, 1990)
* *This World Owes Me a Buzz* (Pitch-a-tent records, 1988; re-released on Frontier Records, 1991)
* *Still...Again* (Frontier Records, 1990)
* "Nickel Bag of Donuts"/"A Clown of Thorns" (Self-released, 1992)
* "In Her Satanic Majesty's Secret Service Entrance" (Self-released, 2002)


title: Vertigo (soundtrack)

abstract: The music score for Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film Vertigo was composed by Bernard Herrmann between 3 January and 19 February 1958. The recordings were made in London and Vienna, with orchestra conducted by Muir Mathieson. A musicians' strike had prevented the score from being recorded in Los Angeles with Herrmann conducting. What follows is a list of the music cues that appear in the film and where they can be found on the various releases of the original soundtrack recordings and significant re-recordings of the score.

text:
# Vertigo (soundtrack)

The music score for Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film *Vertigo* was composed by Bernard Herrmann between 3 January and 19 February 1958. The recordings were made in London and Vienna, with orchestra conducted by Muir Mathieson. A musicians' strike had prevented the score from being recorded in Los Angeles with Herrmann conducting.

What follows is a list of the music cues that appear in the film and where (or if) they can be found on the various releases of the original soundtrack recordings and significant re-recordings of the score.

## Breakdown of music cues

Bernard Herrmann's score for *Vertigo* consists of 42 cues, which comprise about 74 minutes of music heard in the film. (The small bits of source music used in the film, such as the Mozart piece heard on Midge's phonograph or the music Scottie and Judy dance to late in the film, were not composed by Herrmann and are therefore not considered as part of the score.) Note that Herrmann spelled the Kim Novak character's name as Madeline, not Madeleine.

In the following table, the length of the cues in the actual film are given. The letters afterward represent which CD release the cue can be found on, if applicable. \[A\] is the original version of the soundtrack recording; \[B\] the McNeely re-recording; and \[C\] the expanded re-release of the original soundtrack. \[D\] would be the Conlon re-recording, but as this recording contains all cues below, it was deemed unnecessary to be included in the list.

| No. | Title | CD release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Prelude" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 3:00 |
| 2. | "Roof-Top" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 1:38 |
| 3. | "The Window" |  | 0:15 |
| 4. | "Madeline" (a.k.a. "Madeline's First Appearance") | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 1:12 |
| 5. | "Madeline's Car" | \[B\] \[C\] | 2:32 |
| 6. | "The Flowershop" | \[B\] \[C\] | 0:35 |
| 7. | "The Alleyway" | \[B\] \[C\] | 0:34 |
| 8. | "The Mission" | \[B\] \[C\] | 0:36 |
| 9. | "Mission Organ" | \[C\] | 0:32 |
| 10. | "Graveyard" | \[B\] | 1:57 |
| 11. | "Tombstone" | \[B\] | 0:12 |
| 12. | "Carlotta's Portrait" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 1:52 |
| 13. | "The Hotel" |  | 1:24 |
| 14. | "The Hallway" |  | 1:02 |
| 15. | "The Nosegay" |  | 0:15 |
| 16. | "The Catalogue" |  | 0:29 |
| 17. | "The Gallery" |  | 0:39 |
| 18. | "The Bay" | \[B\] \[C\] | 2:53 |
| 19. | "Sleep" |  | 0:46 |
| 20. | "By the Fireside" | \[B\] \[C\] | 2:51 |
| 21. | "Exit" |  | 0:44 |
| 22. | "The Streets" | \[C\] | 2:20 |
| 23. | "The Outing" |  | 1:24 |
| 24. | "The Forest" | \[B\] \[C\] | 3:43 |
| 25. | "The Beach" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 3:27 |
| 26. | "3 A.M." |  | 0:20 |
| 27. | "The Dream" | \[B\] \[C\] | 2:37 |
| 28. | "Farewell" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 4:25 |
| 29. | "The Tower" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 2:28 |
| 30. | "The Nightmare" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 1:55 |
| 31. | "Dawn" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 1:26 |
| 32. | "The Past" | \[C\] | 1:26 |
| 33. | "The Girl" | \[C\] | 1:43 |
| 34. | "The Letter" | \[B\] \[C\] | 4:14 |
| 35. | "Goodnight" | \[B\] \[C\] | 2:23 |
| 36. | "The Park" | \[B\] \[C\] | 0:35 |
| 37. | "The Hair Color" |  | 1:20 |
| 38. | "Beauty Parlor" |  | 0:12 |
| 39. | "Scène d'amour" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 4:57 |
| 40. | "The Necklace" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 2:08 |
| 41. | "The Return" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 2:37 |
| 42. | "Finale" | \[A\] \[B\] \[C\] | 2:24 |

## 1958 original soundtrack LP

The original soundtrack LP on Mercury Records contained 34 minutes of the music score. It included most of the major musical cues from the film but represented less than half of the complete score. The album was released on CD in 1990 as Mercury 422 106-2.

Vertigo: From The Motion Picture Sound Track (Mercury MG-20384 / released 1958)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vertigo Prelude and Rooftop" | 4:38 |
| 2. | "Madeleine and Carlotta's Portrait" | 3:11 |
| 3. | "The Beach" | 3:28 |
| 4. | "Farewell and The Tower" | 6:54 |
| 5. | "The Nightmare and Dawn" | 3:30 |
| 6. | "Love Music" ("Scène d'amour") | 5:04 |
| 7. | "The Necklace and The Return and Finale" | 7:06 |
| Total length: | | 34:21 |

## 1995 McNeely re-recording

In 1995, Varèse Sarabande released a new recording of the *Vertigo* score with Joel McNeely conducting the Royal Scottish National Orchestra. This recording boasted much better sound quality over the then 37-year-old original soundtrack recording, and it included almost twice as much of the score.

Vertigo: Original Motion Picture Score (Varèse Sarabande VSD-5600 / released 1995)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Prelude and Rooftop" | 4:35 |
| 2. | "Scotty Trails Madeline" (including "Madeline's First Appearance", "Madeline's Car", "The Flower Shop", "The Alleyway", "The Mission", "Graveyard" and "Tombstone") | 8:22 |
| 3. | "Carlotta's Portrait" | 2:34 |
| 4. | "The Bay" | 3:08 |
| 5. | "By the Fireside" | 3:39 |
| 6. | "The Forest" | 3:25 |
| 7. | "The Beach" | 3:27 |
| 8. | "The Dream" | 2:42 |
| 9. | "Farewell and The Tower" | 6:42 |
| 10. | "The Nightmare and Dawn" | 4:10 |
| 11. | "The Letter" | 3:53 |
| 12. | "Goodnight and The Park" | 3:08 |
| 13. | "Scène d'amour" | 5:09 |
| 14. | "The Necklace, The Return and Finale" | 7:47 |
| Total length: | | 62:41 |

## 1996 expanded original soundtrack re-release

Research conducted during the two-year-long restoration of *Vertigo* by Robert A. Harris and James C. Katz uncovered the original master recordings of the music score at Paramount Pictures. These stereo masters were used in the new 5.1 mix of the film, as well as a much expanded CD of the original soundtrack recording.

This CD is 64 minutes long (with the selection of cues closely matching that of the McNeely recording). Unfortunately, the tapes had not been stored under the best of conditions, and deficiencies can be heard in some spots. The CD liner notes state that the music track for the cue "The Graveyard" was too damaged to be included. For the 5.1 mix, the film restoration team was forced to lift the audio for the sequence from a music and effects reel located in Spain. However, 13 other (mostly minor) cues in the film are missing from the expanded soundtrack CD without explanation. Several can be cleanly extracted from the 5.1 mix of the film, indicating that the music tracks for some of these cues survive and were used for the new mix.

(Note that some parts of the CD are in stereo, and other parts are in mono. This is due to the London cues being recorded in stereo and the Vienna cues in mono.)

Vertigo: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Varèse Sarabande VSD-5759 / released 1996)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Prelude and Rooftop" | 4:39 |
| 2. | "Scotty Tails Madeleine" (including "Madeleine's First Appearance", "Madeleine's Car", "The Flower Shop", "The Alleyway", "The Mission", "Mission Organ") | 6:15 |
| 3. | "Carlotta's Portrait" | 1:56 |
| 4. | "The Bay" | 2:56 |
| 5. | "By the Fireside" | 2:53 |
| 6. | "The Streets" | 2:23 |
| 7. | "The Forest" | 3:45 |
| 8. | "The Beach" | 3:27 |
| 9. | "The Dream" | 2:43 |
| 10. | "Farewell and The Tower" | 6:54 |
| 11. | "The Nightmare and Dawn" | 3:30 |
| 12. | "The Past and The Girl" | 3:11 |
| 13. | "The Letter" | 4:13 |
| 14. | "Goodnight and The Park" | 3:03 |
| 15. | "Scène d'amour" | 5:04 |
| 16. | "The Necklace, The Return and Finale" | 7:20 |
| Total length: | | 64:12 |

## 1999 Conlon re-recording

This recording, with James Conlon conducting the Paris Opera Orchestra, is the only recording to date to feature the entire Bernard Herrmann score for *Vertigo*. All 42 cues are included, though the CD presents them as one long 74½ minute track. This CD is not as accessible as the previous two, as it was not released on its own. It was included with the now out-of-print Douglas Gordon book, *Feature Film*.

Artangel 99003 / released 1999
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "\[no title / complete *Vertigo* score\]" |  |
| Total length: | | 74:35 |

* Mulhall, Kevin, *Herrmann's Liebestod*, liner notes to Varèse Sarabande CD (VSD-5759).
* *Vertigo* at SoundtrackCollector - The Movie Soundtrack Database

## Further reading

* Cooper, David. *Bernard Herrmann's Vertigo: A Film Score Handbook*. Film score guides, no. 2. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. ISBNs: 031331490X, 9780313314902. (Note: Page 78 of Cooper's book was misprinted. He has made the corrected page available here.)
* Kosovsky, Robert. "Book Review: *Bernard Herrmann's Vertigo: A Film Score Handbook*." *Notes: Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association* 59, no. 1 (2002): 69-71. E-ISSN 1534-150X. Print ISSN 0027-4380.
* Gordon, Douglas, Bernard Herrmann, James Conlon, Raymond Bellour, and Royal, S. Brown. *Feature Film: A Book*. London: Book Works, 2000. ISBNs: 1870699238, 9781870699235, 1902201051, 9781902201054.

* *Vertigo* at Film Score Rundowns - Cue-by-cue analysis of the score.
* *Vertigo* at Film Music Review - Film in Focus.

## InfoBox

| Vertigo: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Bernard Herrmann | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Recorded | 1958 |
| Genre | Classical |
| Length | 65:03 |
| Label | Varèse Sarabande |


title: Valió la Pena

abstract: Valió la Pena is the sixth Spanish album and eighth studio album by Marc Anthony. Anthony is reunited with Producer Sergio George on their first collaborative work since 1995's Todo A Su Tiempo album. The album contains seven songs from Anthony's previous album, Amar Sin Mentiras, in a salsa arrangement and adds Rafael Hernández's classic "Lamento Borincano." Like the previous album, Valió la Pena also peaked #1 at Top Latin Albums. The album was awarded Best Salsa Album at the 2005 Latin Grammy Awards and "Tropical Album of the Year" at the Premio Lo Nuestro 2005 awards.

text:
# Valió la Pena

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Valió la Pena*** ("It was Worth it") is the sixth Spanish album and eighth studio album by Marc Anthony. Anthony is reunited with Producer Sergio George on their first collaborative work since 1995's *Todo A Su Tiempo* album.

The album contains seven songs from Anthony's previous album, Amar Sin Mentiras, in a salsa arrangement and adds Rafael Hernández's classic "Lamento Borincano." Like the previous album, *Valió la Pena* also peaked #1 at Top Latin Albums. The album was awarded Best Salsa Album at the 2005 Latin Grammy Awards and "Tropical Album of the Year" at the Premio Lo Nuestro 2005 awards.

## Track listing

1. Valió la Pena
2. Escapémonos (duet with Jennifer Lopez)
3. Ahora Quien
4. Tu Amor Me Hace Bien
5. Volando Entre Tus Brazos
6. Amigo
7. Se Esfuma Tu Amor
8. Lamento Borincano

## Charts

## Sales and certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 50,000^ |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum (Latin) | 200,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Valió la Pena | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Marc Anthony | |
| Released | July 27, 2004 (2004-07-27) |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Studio | Record One, Los Angeles, California
Ocean Way, Los Angeles, California
Sound on Sound Studios, New York, New York |
| Genre |  |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Sergio George |
| Marc Anthony chronology | |
| *Amar Sin Mentiras*
(2004) ***Valió la Pena***
(2004) *Sigo Siendo Yo: Grandes Éxitos*
(2006) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Valió la Pena* | |
| 1. "Valió la Pena"
Released: March 8, 2004 2. "Volando Entre Tus Brazos"
Released: September 6, 2004 | |
|  | |


title: Short-haired bumblebee

abstract: The short-haired bumblebee, or short-haired humble-bee, is a species of bumblebee found in Eurasia, as well as in New Zealand, where it is an introduced species. It lived in the British Isles among other parts of Europe. This species became extinct in the British Isles in 1989. The cause of its sudden extinction is debated, but many scientists believe that it was due to a lack of genetic diversity.

text:
# Short-haired bumblebee

The **short-haired bumblebee** (***Bombus subterraneus***), or **short-haired humble-bee**, is a species of bumblebee found in Eurasia, as well as in New Zealand, where it is an introduced species.

It lived in the British Isles among other parts of Europe. This species became extinct in the British Isles in 1989. The cause of its sudden extinction is debated, but many scientists believe that it was due to a lack of genetic diversity.

## Introduction and reintroduction

The short-haired bumblebee was one of four species of bumblebee introduced into New Zealand from the United Kingdom between 1885 and 1906 for pollination of red clover. In New Zealand, it is the rarest of the four species, with small numbers at a few locations in inland South Island. The last recorded sighting in the United Kingdom was in 1988 and was considered to be extirpated from there until re-introduced. A programme was started in 2009 to reintroduce it to the United Kingdom with queen bees from New Zealand. The programme was run by Natural England, the Bumblebee Conservation Trust, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and bee and wasp charity Hymettus. However, this was not a success, as many of the queens died during hibernation. DNA analysis of the New Zealand bees showed they lacked genetic diversity. In 2012, a second attempt was made to reintroduce the short-haired bumblebee using queens from Skåne province of southern Sweden. By the summer of 2013, workers of the species were found within 5 kilometres of the reintroduction site, showing that nesting had been successful. The project continued collecting bumblebee queens from Skåne until the spring of 2016, to get a genetic span.

## InfoBox

| Short-haired bumblebee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lund, Sweden, 2022 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Bombus* |
| Subgenus: | *Subterraneobombus* |
| Species: | ***B. subterraneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bombus subterraneus***<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|


abstract:
Division No. 6, Subd. D is an unorganized subdivision in northeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 6 on the Bay of Exploits. According to the 2016 Statistics Canada Census:
  - Population: 682
  - % Change (2011-2016): 131.2
  - Dwellings: 769
  - Area (km⁲): 4,228.2
  - Density: 0.2 However, according to City-Data, there are only 285 residents.

text:
# Division No. 6, Subdivision D, Newfoundland and Labrador

**Division No. 6, Subd. D** is an unorganized subdivision in northeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 6 on the Bay of Exploits.

According to the 2016 Statistics Canada Census:

* Population: 682
* % Change (2011-2016): 131.2
* Dwellings: 769
* Area (km2): 4,228.2
* Density (persons per km2): 0.2

However, according to City-Data, there are only 285 residents.


title: Cherpu Assembly constituency

abstract: The Cherpu Assembly Constituency of Kerala Legislative Assembly.

text:
# Cherpu Assembly constituency

The **Cherpu Assembly Constituency**  of Kerala Legislative Assembly.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | K.P. Prabhakaran | CPI |
| 1980 | K.P. Prabhakaran | CPI |
| 1982 | K.P. Prabhakaran | CPI |
| 1987 | V. V. Raghavan | CPI |
| 1991 | V. V. Raghavan | CPI |
| 1996 | K. P. Rajendran | CPI |
| 2001 | K. P. Rajendran | CPI |
| 2006 | V. S. Sunil Kumar | CPI |
|

* "Statistical reports of assembly elections". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.

10°26′N 76°12′E / 10.43°N 76.20°E / 10.43; 76.20

## InfoBox

| Cherpu | |
| --- | --- |
| Former constituency for the Kerala Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | South India |
| State | Kerala |
| Established | 1977 |
| Abolished | 2011 |
| Reservation | None |


title: Rogers House (Little Rock, Arkansas)

abstract: The Rogers House is a historic house at 400 West 18th Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a large two story brick building, with an eclectic combination of Georgian Revival and American Craftsman features. It was designed by Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson and completed in 1914. It has a green tile hip roof with extended eaves that show Craftsman style rafter ends, and is pierced by gabled dormers, which also have extended eaves, with large brackets for support. A half-round entry portico projects from the front, supported by monumental fluted Ionic columns. The house is one of Thompson's more imposing designs. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Rogers House (Little Rock, Arkansas)

The **Rogers House** is a historic house at 400 West 18th Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a large two story brick building, with an eclectic combination of Georgian Revival and American Craftsman features. It was designed by Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson and completed in 1914. It has a green tile hip roof with extended eaves that show Craftsman style rafter ends, and is pierced by gabled dormers, which also have extended eaves, with large brackets for support. A half-round entry portico projects from the front, supported by monumental fluted Ionic columns. The house is one of Thompson's more imposing designs.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rogers House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 400 W. 18th St., Little Rock, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 34°43′56″N 92°16′40″W / 34.73222°N 92.27778°W / 34.73222; -92.27778 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1914 (1914) |
| Architect | Charles L. Thompson |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| Part of | Governor's Mansion Historic District (ID78000620) |
| MPS | Thompson, Charles L., Design Collection TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000922 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | December 22, 1982 |
| Designated CP | September 13, 1978 |


title: Chinali language

abstract: Chinali is an unclassified, and critically endangered language of India spoken by about 220 people. Many speakers are well educated. Speakers are distributed throughout Lahul Valley. It is written in the Devanagari script. It's possible that Chinali is also closely related to Sanskrit.

text:
# Chinali language

**Chinali** (natively called Chinalbhashe) is an unclassified, and critically endangered language of India spoken by about 220 people. Many speakers are well educated. Speakers are distributed throughout Lahul (or Lahaul) Valley. It is written in the Devanagari script. It's possible that Chinali is also closely related to Sanskrit.

## Phonology

**Consonants**
|  | | Labial | Dental | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar/<br>Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasal | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stop | voiceless |  |  |  |  |  |
| | aspirated |  | t̪ʰ |  | ʈʰ |  |
| | voiced |  |  |  |  |  |
| | breathy |  | d̪ʱ |  | ɖʱ | ɡʱ |
| Affricate | voiceless |  | t͡s | t͡ʃ |  |  |
| | aspirated |  | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ |  |  |
| | voiced |  | d͡z | d͡ʒ |  |  |
| | breathy |  |  | d͡ʒʱ |  |  |
| Semi vowels | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Spirants | unvoiced |  |  |  |  |  |
| | voiced |  |  |  |  |  |
| Vibrant | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Lateral | |  |  |  |  |  |

**Vowels**
|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Near-close/high |  |  |  |
| mid higher | ɛ ɛː |  |  |
| Near-open |  | ɐ ɐː ɐ̃ː | a aː |

## InfoBox

| Chinali | |
| --- | --- |
| 𑚏𑚮𑚝𑚥𑚡𑚭𑚋𑚲 Chinalbhashe | |
| Native to | Himachal Pradesh |
| Region | Chandra and Chandrabhaga Valley |
| Ethnicity | Chinali |
| Native speakers | 215 (2016) |
| Language family | Indo-European |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `cih` |
| *Glottolog* | `chin1475` |


title: Dyscritogyne

abstract:
Dyscritogyne is a genus of Mexican flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
  - Species
  - Dyscritogyne adenosperma (Sch.Bip.) R.M.King & H.Rob. - Morelos, Nayarit, Durango, Jalisco, Guerrero, México State, Zacatecas, Michoacán
  - Dyscritogyne dryophila (B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & H.Rob. - Nayarit, Zacatecas, Jalisco, Sinaloa

text:
# Dyscritogyne

***Dyscritogyne*** is a genus of Mexican flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

Species

## InfoBox

| *Dyscritogyne* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Eupatorieae |
| Genus: | *Dyscritogyne*<br>R.M.King & H.Rob. |
|


title: Silver eel

abstract: The silver eel, also known as the Melliss's conger, is an eel in the family Congridae. It was described by Albert Günther in 1870. It is a rare tropical, marine eel which is known solely from St. Helena, in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is known to dwell at a maximum depth of 67 meters. Males can reach a maximum total length of 42.8 centimetres. Named in honor of John Charles Melliss (1835-1911), amateur naturalist and government surveyor on St. Helena, who presented the type specimen to the British Museum.

text:
# Silver eel

The **silver eel** (*Ariosoma mellissii*), also known as the **Melliss's conger**, is an eel in the family Congridae (conger/garden eels). It was described by Albert Günther in 1870. It is a rare tropical, marine eel which is known solely from St. Helena, in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is known to dwell at a maximum depth of 67 meters. Males can reach a maximum total length of 42.8 centimetres.

Named in honor of John Charles Melliss (1835-1911), amateur naturalist and government surveyor on St. Helena (island in the South Atlantic), who presented the type specimen to the British Museum (Natural History).

## InfoBox

| Silver eel | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anguilliformes |
| Family: | Congridae |
| Genus: | *Ariosoma* |
| Species: | ***A. mellissii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ariosoma mellissii***
(Günther, 1870) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Congromuraena mellissii* Günther, 1870 * *Ariosoma mellissi* (Günther, 1870) | |


title: Clark Airport (Massachusetts)

abstract: Clark Airport was an airfield operational in the mid-20th century in Hanover, Massachusetts. During the time it was closed during World War II, the Pilgrim Ordnance Works was located to the west of the airport.

text:
# Clark Airport (Massachusetts)

**Clark Airport** was an airfield operational in the mid-20th century in Hanover, Massachusetts. During the time it was closed during World War II, the Pilgrim Ordnance Works was located to the west of the airport.

## InfoBox

| Clark Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Operator | Private |
| Location | Hanover, Massachusetts |
| Built | Unknown |
| In use | 1927-1941<br>1945-1958 |
| Occupants | Private |
| Elevation AMSL | 71 ft / 22 m |
| Coordinates | 42°6′13.78″N 70°51′57.16″W / 42.1038278°N 70.8658778°W / 42.1038278; -70.8658778 |


title: 1953 in Wales

abstract: This article is about the particular significance of the year 1953 to Wales and its people.

text:
# 1953 in Wales

This article is about the particular significance of the year **1953** to Wales and its people.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Arts and literature

### Awards

### New books

#### English language

#### Welsh language

### Music

## Film

## Broadcasting

### Welsh-language television

* 1 March – First broadcast of a television programme entirely in Welsh: a religious service from the Tabernacle Baptist Chapel, Cardiff.

### English-language television

## Sport

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in Wales<br>Timeline of Welsh history 1953 in The United Kingdom  Scotland Elsewhere |


title: Valiyode

abstract: Valiyode is a village in Kollam district, Kerala state, India. It is also the first Ward of the Elamad Grama Panchayat in Kottarakkara Tehsil.

text:
# Valiyode

**Valiyode** is a village in Kollam district, Kerala state, India. It is also the first Ward of the Elamad Grama Panchayat in Kottarakkara Tehsil.

## Location

Valliyode is located on the Oyoor-Vappala route, bordering with Veliyam Grama Panchayat. It is situated 29 kilometers from Kollam, located at 76.75 °E 9.00 °N, 30 meters above sea level. It is a hilly area with a population of up to 1623 people. Along with Anganvadis, SRVUPS school is in this village. There are some beautiful temples and churches. Some of the famous temples are Chavarumurthi Temple, Kilikkodu, Aayiravalli Temple, Purambil and Thannettu kaavu. The Valiyode Marthoma Church is 2 km away on the way to Ambalamkunnu.

## Economy

The main agricultural products of surrounding areas are Rubber, Black pepper, Cashew, Honey, Tapioca, Bananas and other spices.

Most people are part of animal husbandry.

## Nearby places

Some of the famous nearby places are Kottarakara 12 km, Odanavattom 5 km, Oyoor 8 km, Kottiyam 20 km, Chathannoor 17 km, Anchal 23 km, Kulathupuzha and Punalur 30 km.

## Religion

The majority of the population belongs to the Hindu religion(75%). This village also has a sizable Christian population(25%). Among Hindus, the Ezhava caste forms the dominant community with 80% of Hindus. The rest are Viswakarmas(5%), Harijan(10%). Others form 5%.

8°55′20″N 76°47′49″E / 8.9222°N 76.7969°E / 8.9222; 76.7969

## InfoBox

| Valiyode | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kollam |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 691520 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-24 |


title: The Malawi Girl Guides Association

abstract: The Malawi Girl Guides Association is the national Guiding association in Malawi. It is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). The Malaŵi Girl Guides Association membership stood at 3,375 as of April, 2002. Girl Guiding was introduced to Nyasaland during the British colonial era, in 1924 in Zomba, then capital. The first training was held in Blantyre, Lilongwe and Mzuzu. Guiding was banned during the reign of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda, replaced by a youth movement called Malaŵi Youth Pioneers, linked to the Malaŵi Congress Party, the only political party allowed in what was at the time a one-party state. Girl Guiding was re-introduced in 1997, after Malaŵi moved from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy in 1994. WAGGGS sent representatives in 1995 and 1996 to offer encouragement and support, and the Malaŵi Girl Guides Association has received assistance from Norway in training leaders. The Malaŵi Girl Guides Association serves girls aged from six to 20 years. Membership includes girls and leaders from all sectors of society. The Malaŵi Girl Guides Association is active in both urban and rural areas, with units based mainly in schools. Commissioners recruit by giving talks at schools and at church gatherings.

text:
# The Malawi Girl Guides Association

**The Malawi Girl Guides Association** is the national Guiding association in Malawi. It is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). The Malaŵi Girl Guides Association membership stood at 3,375 as of April, 2002.

Girl Guiding was introduced to Nyasaland during the British colonial era, in 1924 in Zomba, then capital. The first training was held in Blantyre, Lilongwe and Mzuzu. Guiding was banned during the reign of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda, replaced by a youth movement called Malaŵi Youth Pioneers, linked to the Malaŵi Congress Party, the only political party allowed in what was at the time a one-party state. Girl Guiding was re-introduced in 1997, after Malaŵi moved from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy in 1994. WAGGGS sent representatives in 1995 and 1996 to offer encouragement and support, and the *Malaŵi Girl Guides Association* has received assistance from Norway in training leaders.

The *Malaŵi Girl Guides Association* serves girls aged from six to 20 years. Membership includes girls and leaders from all sectors of society. The Malaŵi Girl Guides Association is active in both urban and rural areas, with units based mainly in schools. Commissioners recruit by giving talks at schools and at church gatherings.

* World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau (2002), *Trefoil Round the World*. Eleventh Edition 1997. ISBN 0-900827-75-0

## InfoBox

| The Malawi Girl Guides Association | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | Malawi |
| Founded | 1924/1997 |
| Membership | 3,375 |
| Affiliation | World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts |
|  | |
|


title: Cherokee Supplement

abstract: Cherokee Supplement is a Unicode block containing the syllabic characters for writing the Cherokee language. When Cherokee was first added to Unicode in version 3.0 it was treated as a unicameral alphabet, but in version 8.0 it was redefined as a bicameral script. The Cherokee Supplement block contains lowercase letters only, whereas the Cherokee block contains all the uppercase letters, together with six lowercase letters. For backwards compatibility, the Unicode case folding algorithm—which usually converts a string to lowercase characters—maps Cherokee characters to uppercase.

text:
# Cherokee Supplement

**Cherokee Supplement** is a Unicode block containing the syllabic characters for writing the Cherokee language. When Cherokee was first added to Unicode in version 3.0 it was treated as a unicameral alphabet, but in version 8.0 it was redefined as a bicameral script. The Cherokee Supplement block contains lowercase letters only, whereas the Cherokee block contains all the uppercase letters, together with six lowercase letters. For backwards compatibility, the Unicode case folding algorithm—which usually converts a string to lowercase characters—maps Cherokee characters to uppercase.

## History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Cherokee Supplement block:

1. "Unicode character database". *The Unicode Standard*. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
2. "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". *The Unicode Standard*. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
3. "The Unicode Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 20 May 2021.

## InfoBox

| Cherokee Supplement | |
| --- | --- |
| Range | U+AB70..U+ABBF<br>(80 code points) |
| Plane | BMP |
| Scripts | Cherokee |
| Major alphabets | Cherokee |
| Assigned | 80 code points |
| Unused | 0 reserved code points |
| Unicode version history | |
|  | |
| 8.0 (2015) | 80 (+80) |
|  | |
| Unicode documentation | |
| Code chart ∣ Web page | |
| **Note**: | |


title: Black and Tan (film)

abstract: Black and Tan (1929) is a musical short film written and directed by Dudley Murphy. The plot is about a couple in the performing arts; it is set during the contemporary Harlem Renaissance in New York City. It is the first film to feature Duke Ellington and His Orchestra performing as a jazz band, and was also the film debut of actress Fredi Washington. The film is thought to express the emergence of African-American artists in New York City during the Harlem Renaissance. In 2015, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text:
# Black and Tan (film)

***Black and Tan*** (1929) is a musical short film written and directed by Dudley Murphy. The plot is about a couple in the performing arts; it is set during the contemporary Harlem Renaissance in New York City. It is the first film to feature Duke Ellington and His Orchestra performing as a jazz band, and was also the film debut of actress Fredi Washington. The film is thought to express the emergence of African-American artists in New York City during the Harlem Renaissance.

In 2015, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## Plot

The film begins with a scene showing Duke Ellington struggling to get bookings for his band. His finances are so tight that he can't make payments on his piano and apartment. Two men arrive to take possession of Duke's piano.

Ellington's wife (played by Fredi Washington) is a dancer. She has achieved acclaim beyond that of the band. She offers the movers ten dollars not to take the piano, but they refuse the payment. When she offers them gin (the film is set during the Prohibition era), they take it and leave, promising to say nothing of this and to claim nobody was at home when they came by.

After landing a dancing job at a club, Washington offers it as a venue to Ellington for his band. She says that she must be featured as the starring act, in order to land the contract offered by the club. Shown as deeply in love with Ellington, the dancer is revealed to have a heart condition that puts her at risk. Although warned to give up dancing, Washington assures the Duke that she is healthy enough to perform. But she dances to her collapse to Ellington’s "Cotton Club Stomp." She later dies in their apartment as the band and a vocal chorus render Duke's new piece, “Black and Tan Fantasy”.

## Cast

* Duke Ellington - This was the first film appearance for Duke Ellington and His Orchestra.
* Fredi Washington - She made her debut in this film.

Both used their own names in the film, although they played thinly masked "fictional" characters.

## Duke Ellington and His Orchestra

Duke Ellington's ensemble used myriad titles including *The Washingtonians*, *The Harlem Footwarmers*, *Duke Ellington and His Cotton Club Orchestra*, *Duke Ellington and His Washingtonians, Duke Ellington And His Kentucky Club Orchestra*, and *Duke Ellington and His Orchestra.* The first occasion for the final label was for a March 30, 1926 Gennett Session. (Gen 3291)

### Notable orchestra members in the film

## Production

Murphy used much of the same set and production crew as for his other 1929 film, *St. Louis Blues,* featuring Bessie Smith. He and his crew worked on both films concurrently.

Murphy collaborated with Ellington to allow his choice of what music would be played. The orchestra's performance of “Black and Tan Fantasy” in the film is very different from other traditional recordings. It is the only version in which Barney Bigard plays a solo using the clarinet as the melodic instrument during the song. To express the sadness of Fredi's death, Ellington uses music by the Hall Johnson choir.

## Reception and legacy

*Black and Tan* was inducted to the National Film Registry in 2015.

The film emphasizes the music and symbolism of African-American influence on jazz, the struggle and rage of people in 1920s Harlem, and some realities for African Americans, such as the Cotton Club being a place where they were hired to entertain, prepare food and drink, and serve, but were not accepted as customers. One of Ellington's notable compositions played in the film is “Black Beauty”, which features Arthur Whetsel performing a trumpet solo as a melodic turn (in most of the recordings, Bubber Miley performs the solo). Bubber Miley had only recently left the band when the film was shot, and all the solos we hear and see Whetsel play were originally performed by Miley.

## InfoBox

| Black and Tan | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Dudley Murphy |
| Written by | Dudley Murphy |
| Starring | Duke Ellington
Fredi Washington
Arthur Whetsel
Barney Bigard
Wellman Braud
Duke Ellington Orchestra
Tricky Sam Nanton |
| Production
company | RCA |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Release date | * December 8, 1929 (1929-12-08) |
| Running time | 19 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Thomas L. Kieft

abstract: Dr. Thomas L. Kieft is an environmental microbiologist who investigates the ecology and biogeochemistry of microbes in extreme environments. He is a professor of Biology at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Dr. Kieft completed a master's degree in Biology at New Mexico Highlands University in 1978 and a PhD in Biology at University of New Mexico in 1983. He went on to be a visiting assistant research microbiologist in the Department of Plant and Soil Biology at the University of California, Berkeley from 1983 – 1985 before joining the faculty at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. He is a member of the Deep Life Scientific Steering Committee for the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO). In his research, Kieft has investigated the deep biosphere in South African gold mines and developed new methods for detecting pathogenic microorganisms and microbial toxins. Recent work focuses on uncovering relationships between the abundance and diversity of microbes that live in association with animals, and an animal's mass.

text:
# Thomas L. Kieft

**Dr. Thomas L. Kieft** is an environmental microbiologist who investigates the ecology and biogeochemistry of microbes in extreme environments. He is a professor of Biology at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

Dr. Kieft completed a master's degree in Biology at New Mexico Highlands University in 1978 and a PhD in Biology at University of New Mexico in 1983. He went on to be a visiting assistant research microbiologist in the Department of Plant and Soil Biology at the University of California, Berkeley from 1983 – 1985 before joining the faculty at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. He is a member of the Deep Life Scientific Steering Committee for the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO).

In his research, Kieft has investigated the deep biosphere in South African gold mines and developed new methods for detecting pathogenic microorganisms and microbial toxins. Recent work focuses on uncovering relationships between the abundance and diversity of microbes that live in association with animals, and an animal's mass.


title: Spokane Junior College

abstract: Spokane Junior College was a two-year college that operated from 1935 to 1942 on the South Hill of Spokane, Washington. Originally known as Spokane Valley Junior College, it was a reorganization of Spokane University, which was located in the Spokane Valley. Spokane Junior College leased the buildings formerly used by Spokane College from the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. Facing decreased enrollment and increased operations costs during World War II, the college shut down in 1942 and merged with Whitworth College. The building was torn down in 1969 to make way for the Manito Shopping Center, which presently occupies the site.

text:
# Spokane Junior College

**Spokane Junior College** was a two-year college that operated from 1935 to 1942 on the South Hill of Spokane, Washington. Originally known as **Spokane Valley Junior College**, it was a reorganization of Spokane University, which was located in the Spokane Valley.

Spokane Junior College leased the buildings formerly used by Spokane College from the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. Facing decreased enrollment and increased operations costs during World War II, the college shut down in 1942 and merged with Whitworth College (now Whitworth University). The building was torn down in 1969 to make way for the Manito Shopping Center, which presently occupies the site.

## InfoBox

Spokane Junior College
| Type | Two year |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1935 (1935)–1942 (1942) |
| Location | Spokane, Washington, United States<br>47°37′40″N 117°23′58″W / 47.627705°N 117.399327°W / 47.627705; -117.399327 |


title: Rhytidopoma coronatum

abstract: Rhytidopoma coronatum is a species of an operculate land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Pomatiidae.

text:
# Rhytidopoma coronatum

***Rhytidopoma coronatum*** is a species of an operculate land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Pomatiidae.

## Distribution

This species lives in Cuba, for example at Escaleras de Jaruco.

## Ecology

*Rhytidopoma coronatum* is a rock dwelling species.

Predators of *Rhytidopoma coronatum* include larvae of firefly bug *Alecton discoidalis*.

## InfoBox

| *Rhytidopoma coronatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Pomatiidae |
| Subfamily: | Annulariinae |
| Tribe: | Rhytidopomatini |
| Genus: | *Rhytidopoma* |
| Species: | ***R. coronatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhytidopoma coronatum***<br>(Poey in Pfeiffer, 1856) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhytidiopoma coronatum* \[orth. error\] | |


title: Valjala

abstract: Valjala is a small borough (alevik) in Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. It is the administrative centre of Saaremaa Parish. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 410. The Valjala St. Martin's Church lies in centre of Valjala and is the oldest stone church in Estonia. Ruins of Valjala Stronghold are about 700 meters south from Valjala.

text:
# Valjala

**Valjala** is a small borough (**alevik**) in Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. It is the administrative centre of Saaremaa Parish. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 410.

The Valjala St. Martin's Church lies in centre of Valjala and is the oldest stone church in Estonia. Ruins of Valjala Stronghold are about 700 meters south from Valjala.

## InfoBox

| Valjala | |
| --- | --- |
| small borough | |
| St. Martin's Church in Valjala | |
| ValjalaLocation in Estonia | |
| Coordinates: 58°24′29″N 22°47′18″E / 58.408055555556°N 22.788333333333°E / 58.408055555556; 22.788333333333 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Municipality | Saaremaa Parish |
| Population (2011 Census) | |
| Total | 410 |