title: Rugby league in the British Isles

abstract:
Rugby league is played across England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but its heartland in parts of Northern England is where the sport is most popular, and is where the majority of professional clubs are based. The sport was first established in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, where 22 clubs split from the Rugby Football Union to form the Northern Rugby Football Union. Rugby league in the British Isles is discussed in the following articles, corresponding to the separate organisations governing the sport:
  - Rugby league in England
  - Rugby league in Ireland
  - Rugby league in Scotland
  - Rugby league in Wales However, areas where the sport is similar between the Home Nations will be discussed in this article.

text:
# Rugby league in the British Isles

**Rugby league** is played across England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but its heartland in parts of Northern England is where the sport is most popular, and is where the majority of professional clubs are based. The sport was first established in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, where 22 clubs split from the Rugby Football Union to form the Northern Rugby Football Union.

Rugby league in the British Isles is discussed in the following articles, corresponding to the separate organisations governing the sport:

However, areas where the sport is similar between the Home Nations will be discussed in this article.

## History

Rugby league was born in the British Isles, specifically at the George Hotel, Huddersfield in 1895 when the Northern Rugby Football Union broke away from the Rugby Football Union out of a desire to professionalise the game. This year gave birth to the first rugby league season where Manningham were crowned first ever Champions. However following this a national league would not be played until 1901 in favour of county's leagues. In 1897, the Challenge Cup was formed which saw Batley win the first ever cup title. 1902 saw the county's leagues split into two tiers which were now being played in addition to the national league.

In 1904, the first ever international game was played in Wigan in front of 6,000 fans which saw England lose to Other Nationalities 9–3. In 1906, rugby league became a 13-a-side sport.

In 1907, the 1907–08 New Zealand rugby tour of Australia and Great Britain became the first tour of Great Britain by a foreign national side. This tour marked the first game of rugby league in the capital which saw Great Britain lose to New Zealand 18–6 at Stamford Bridge in front of 14,000 fans.

1921 saw the first £1,000 transfer of Harold Buck from Hunslet to Leeds.

The 1929 Challenge Cup Final was the first to be played at Wembley which saw Wigan beat Dewsbury 13–2 to lift their second Challenge Cup. Rugby League's first flood-lit game in 1932 was a friendly between Leeds and Wigan at White City Stadium in front of 10,000 people - Leeds won 18–9. In 1948, the first ever televised rugby league game was played. It was the 1948 Challenge Cup Final, which saw Wigan lift their third cup beating Bradford 8–3. The Rugby League International Federation was also formed this year in Bordeaux.

The 1949–50 Northern Rugby Football League season set the record for the highest total match day attendance in a season of 69.8 million - a record that still holds today. In 1954, at the 1954 Challenge Cup Final Replay, the record for the highest attended rugby league fixture was set at the Odsal Stadium with an official crowd of 102,569 watching Warrington claim an 8–4 victory over Halifax.

In 1954, the Rugby League World Cup was formed, 33 years ahead of the Rugby Union World Cup. The inaugural tournament was hosted in France and saw Great Britain beat the hosts in the final 16–12.

The 1960 Rugby League World Cup saw Great Britain as hosts for the first time. Great Britain won their second world cup title after losing out to Australia in the previous edition of the tournament.

In 1965, David Attenborough created the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy in order to promote the televising of rugby league. Four years later substitutes were permitted in matches, with the six-tackle rule being introduced in 1971. In 1972, Great Britain won their third, and most recent, world cup.

In 1976, the World Club Challenge was created which saw the league champions face Australia's league champions in what would become a yearly event. The inaugural competition saw Eastern Suburbs beat St Helens 25–2.

In 1981, Fulham R.L.F.C. formed from Fulham F.C. as part of its sporting family. They are currently the most successful team outside the heartlands. In 1983, yellow cards were introduced to the sport. Players receiving this card are subject to a 10-minute in game suspension. In 1991, the academy league was created in Great Britain.

The 1995 Rugby League World Cup marked the first time where Great Britain did not compete, instead competing as individual home nations of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.

1996 saw the beginning of the Super League era where rugby league moved from a winter to summer sport. In 1998, the Super League Grand Final was created, reverting to a play-off system to decide the league champions. This marked the end of the longest period of time where the league leaders were crowned champions which had been in place since 1973. In 2003, the League Leaders' Shield was first awarded as a physical trophy, with the league leaders from 1998 to 2002 also being recognised for their achievement.

In 2002, London Skolars became the first community team in over 80 years to progress to the professional structure, with 2006 seeing French side Catalans Dragons join the league.

In 2007, Magic Weekend was introduced to the Super League, with the inaugural edition held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. The event aiming to promote rugby league outside the heartlands. Following the 2007 season was the 2007 All Golds Tour which saw Great Britain compete for the final time - they won all three of their tour matches.

The 2013 Rugby League World Cup final at Old Trafford set the record for the largest attendance of an international rugby league game, with 74,468 people watching Australia beat New Zealand in the final.

2016 saw promotion and relegation return to British rugby league as the controversial Super League licensing was scrapped. 2017 saw the first trans-atlantic side in Toronto Wolfpack enter the British rugby league system in League 1.

The 2017 Rugby League World Cup was the closest a British side had come to winning the competition since 1972, with England losing 6–0 to Australia in the final.

2019 saw the return of Great Britain in the 2019 Great Britain Lions tour. The aim of the tour was to initiate a return for Great Britain to play competitively again, unfortunately they lost all four of their tour matches which caused people to question the feasibility of the team going forward.

August 2020 marked the 125th anniversary of the birth of rugby league, which saw the opening of the National Rugby League Museum at its birthplace at the George Hotel, Huddersfield.

**Source:**

In 2024, Australian Jarred Bassett the first and only player in the British game to have played subsequently in tier 4, , , and  of the British rugby league system in four successive seasons.

## National team

Unlike in most team sports in the United Kingdom, the UK has historically operated a unified national side, nicknamed the GB Lions, since 1908. The team saw great success, winning the 1954, 1960, and 1972 Rugby League World Cups in addition to achieving a runners up place on four separate occasions. However, the team did not enter the 1995 tournament in favour of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland competing separately. Despite this, the GB Lions still competed in other tournaments together such as test series and the Rugby League Tri-Nations, until 2007 where the team was disbanded altogether.

In 2019, the GB Lions were reunited for a tour of the Pacific, playing against New Zealand (twice), Tonga, and Papua New Guinea. The presence of the tour gave hope for the home nations to compete under a unified team again. However the fact that Great Britain lost all four tour matches called people to question the feasibility of the team, with a major criticism being the imbalance in the number of English players to the other nationalities. This was defended with the justification of a lack of high level domestic league in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.

### Women's team

Women's rugby league has also operated a full UK team nicknamed the GB Lionesses. Unlike the men's team, the women's team played in all competitions under the collective banner until the 2007 split in favour of the home nations competing individually. Before the split they competed in the inaugural 2000 Women's Rugby League World Cup, to which they were also hosts. The team came second, losing to New Zealand in the final. They also played the second world cup in 2003, which was their final major competition.

## Domestic competitions

### League system

The league system in Great Britain has existed since 1895. Current the system operates a three-tier professional league system headed by the Super League, with the RFL Championship and RFL League 1 beneath the top tier. The professional structure is administered by the RFL, with BARLA administering the fourth tier National Conference League and Conference League South in addition to various fifth tier regional leagues. Three of these regional leagues, the North Wales Conference and the South Wales Premiership, and the Scottish National League are administered by Wales Rugby League and Scotland Rugby League respectively as teams that compete in them are exclusively part of the respective home nation. Despite this, they are also recognised as BARLA regional leagues in order to allow promotion to the conference leagues via the same method as the English regional leagues. The British rugby league system however doesn't include Northern Ireland who compete with Ireland on an all-Ireland basis. The Irish top tier of Rugby League is the Ireland National League.

### Popularity and team geography

Due to the increased popularity of rugby league in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cumbria compared to the rest of the country, the majority of the 36 professional teams to make up the top three tiers are from this area of the country. Of the 34 professional British teams, only six are not from the two historical counties (five English, and one Welsh). All of the professional clubs in the Super League are based in the North of England except from Catalans Dragons who are based in France. In the second tier Championship, London Broncos and Toulouse Olympique are the only clubs outside of Northern England. Newcastle Thunder despite being from the North of England, are not based in the rugby league heartlands. Finally, in the third tier League 1, Coventry Bears, London Skolars, and North Wales Crusaders are not from Northern England.

The increased popularity of Rugby League in its heartland of Yorkshire and Lancashire sees the National Conference League primarily operate in the heartlands and the Conference League South operate elsewhere. The National Conference League is split into four tiers to reflect its increased competitivity as teams in this league are primarily looking for promotion to the professional structure whereas teams in the Conference League South are usually looking for a greater standard of Rugby League than what exists in the regional league.

Due to the popularity of Rugby League in the heartlands of Yorkshire and Lancashire, the term "rugby" usually refers to rugby league in those regions whereas "rugby" usually refers to rugby union in the rest of the British Isles. Occasionally, in the heartlands, "football" also refers to rugby league however this is rare due to football being the most popular sport in the country.

In terms of the general public, a 2005 report by MORI Sports Tracker reported that 15% of British over 15s had in interest in rugby league and 12% regularly viewed matches. These figures we're down from 20% and 15% respectively in their 1996 report.

class=notpageimage|Locations of professional rugby league clubs in the United Kingdom, 2023 Average silver anniversary attendances

The following is a list of average home attendance for Super League clubs during the league's first 25 years. The list does not take into account games played behind closed doors do the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-British clubs are denoted in *italics*:

| Club | Seasons | Average attendance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Leeds Rhinos | 25 | 14,285 |
| Wigan Warriors | 25 | 12,844 |
| Bradford Bulls | 19 | 11,864 |
| Hull F.C. | 13 | 10,596 |
| St Helens | 25 | 10,311 |
| Warrington Wolves | 25 | 8,967 |
| *Catalans Dragons* | 15 | 8,346 |
| Hull KR | 13 | 7,937 |
| Castleford Tigers | 23 | 7,050 |
| *PSG* | 2 | 6,768 |
| Widnes Vikings | 11 | 5,922 |
| Huddersfield Giants | 22 | 5,921 |
| Leigh Centurions | 2 | 5,497 |
| Wakefield Trinity | 22 | 5,333 |
| Halifax Panthers | 8 | 4,724 |
| Salford Red Devils | 22 | 4,265 |
| Sheffield Eagles | 4 | 4,259 |
| Celtic Crusaders | 3 | 3,903 |
| Gateshead Thunder | 1 | 3,888 |
| Oldham Roughyeds | 2 | 3,753 |
| London Broncos | 20 | 3,435 |
| Workington Town | 1 | 2,305 |
| *Toronto Wolfpack* | 1 |  |

### Cup competitions

The Challenge Cup is the national cup of Rugby League in the United Kingdom. The competition is administered by the RFL and was instituted in 1896. The competition has also seen teams from Ireland, France, Canada, Russia and Serbia compete.

The 1895 Cup also exists for teams competing in the Championship and League 1.

### Women's rugby

In 2012 the Women's Challenge Cup played its inaugural edition becoming the first major women's rugby league competition and is administered by the RFL. The RFL also administer the Women's Super League, the top tier of women's rugby league introduced in 2017 replacing the RFL Women's Rugby League which started in 2014. In 2021, in an attempt to expand women's rugby league, the Women's Super League South as a new top-tier competition. While the Super League South is officially a top-tier competition, participants are not eligible for the Grand Final.

### Defunct competitions

There have been a number of rugby league competitions played in the British Isles during its history. The current Super League is the direct successor to the Rugby Football League Championship First Division during its rebrand in 1996, with the Second Division, and Third Division being rebranded to the Championship and League 1 respectively in 2003.

The 1895 Cup (2019–present) has also existed under different names at different points in history. Once as the Trans-Pennine Cup (1998–2001), as the Championship Cup (2002–2013), and again as the League 1 Cup (2015–2017).

The League Cup (1972–1996) and Charity Shield (1985–1996) have also existed for short periods of time and operated in the same way as the English football competitions of the same name. The League Cup being a cup for professional clubs only, and the Charity Shield a single game competition to mark the start of the season between the previous years league champions and challenge cup winners.

The county competitions in Lancashire and Yorkshire were historically a major part of rugby league in the British Isles. The RFL Lancashire League and RFL Yorkshire League are as old as the national league itself and the RFL Lancashire Cup and RFL Yorkshire Cup were founded only a decade after the Challenge Cup. The county league were abandoned in 1970 and the cups in 1996 in order to develop rugby league nationally. The Rugby League War of the Roses was the only county competition to survive into the Super League era, being abandoned in 2003. The competition was a single game event featuring one team from each county and was based on the roses rivalry that has existed between the two counties since the Wars of the Roses which ended in 1487. For most of its history the Roses Match was played as part of the County Championship.

## Governing bodies

### Men's governance

The Rugby Football League (RFL) was the governing body for rugby league in the British Isles until the founding of Rugby League Ireland, Scotland Rugby League, Wales Rugby League, and in 1988, 1994, and 1995 respectively. Currently, the RFL has full control over Rugby League in England only with the other organisations operating within their respective home nation. However, the RFL has powers over the North Wales Crusaders as the RFL are the sole governors of the professional league system.

All four bodies are affiliated with the International Rugby League (IRL) and the European Rugby League (ERL), and government their own national teams with the RFL, Wales Rugby League, and Scotland Rugby League jointly operating the Great Britain national rugby league team.

The British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA) are responsible for amateur rugby league chiefly in the sport's North of England heartlands. Though many National Conference League and Conference League South teams are affiliated to BARLA, the Conference itself is not a BARLA organisation. As well as the conferences, BARLA overseas a number of regional leagues, mostly located in the heartlands, but also including the North Wales Conference and the South Wales Premiership, and the Scottish National League which are administered by Wales Rugby League and Scotland Rugby League respectively but also see BARLA involvement in order to allow promotion to the conferences.

BARLA are also responsible for selecting an international team consisting of amateur players, the BARLA Lions. This team tours many parts of the rugby league world, and have competed in the Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament.

### Women's rugby

The Women's Amateur Rugby League Association (WARLA) was the governing body of female rugby league in the British Isles from its established in 1985. It was recognised by the RFL in its first year. In 2013 WARLA became fully incorporated into the Rugby Football League which now runs the top tiers of the women's game.

### Armed forces

Rugby league was recognised as a military sport in 1994. The Combined Services Rugby League (CSRL) is the co-ordinating group for the British Army Rugby League, Royal Navy Rugby League and Royal Air Force Rugby League. Each constituent body organises its own competitions at unit and formation level. Players are fed into representative teams to represent each of the services, and the best players are selected to represent the Combined Services. Because of the difference in sovereignty between the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, it is the only place where Northern Ireland competes in rugby league under a UK system rather than an all-Ireland one. Great Britain Police also have their own rugby league team which, along with those if the armed forces, regularly competes in the Challenge Cup.

### Student rugby

The British Universities and Colleges Sport run The University and College Rugby League and govern rugby league at the university level. The Champion Schools is the top-level competition for secondary school children in Great Britain.

## Rivalries

### Club

There are a number of rivalries within professional rugby in the British Isles, with debate about which one is the biggest. The Hull derby between Hull F.C. and Hull KR is the only derby where both participants are from the same city. The Good Friday derby is also considered a major rivalry with the two teams, Wigan Warriors and St Helens, consistently performing well in the league and cup competitions. Other major rivalries include the Calder derby, Cheshire derby, and West Yorkshire derby.

Additionally, there is a four-way rivalry between the so-called Super League Big Four. These four team are usually contain the champion of every season, both in the Super League and Challenge Cup. The Big Four consists of Wigan Warriors, St Helens, Leeds Rhinos, and Warrington Wolves. Prior to 2010, Bradford Bulls was considered a Big Four member, before the rise of Warrington, the club has since dropped in performance level and now plays in the Championship.

### County

Lancashire and Yorkshire have always shared a rivalry due to the War of the Roses. This rivalry has naturally seeped into rugby league to which they completed in a competition of the same name until 2003. The rivalry is also seen when clubs from both counties face each other in competitive and non-competitive matches.

### International

England (previously Great Britain as a whole) is main rival is with Australia, with whom they compete in The Ashes. This rivalry has also affected the domestic game with the Super League and National Rugby League becoming the two biggest club competitions on the planet with the two competition winners competing in the World Club Challenge. England (and Great Britain) also share a rivalry with New Zealand to whom they also have contested many tours.

England and Wales also share a three way rivalry with France through the Rugby League European Championship – the traditional big three European teams.

## Tournaments hosted

| Competition | Year | Home nations who hosted |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rugby League World Cup | 1960(M) | England |
| | 1970(M) | England |
| | 1975(M) | England<br>Wales |
| | 1995(M) | England<br>Wales |
| | 2000(M)<br>2000(W) | England<br>Wales<br>Scotland<br>Ireland |
| Rugby League Tri-Nations | 2004 | England |
| | 2005 | England |
| Rugby League Four Nations | 2009 | England |
| | 2011 | England<br>Wales |
| Rugby League World Cup | 2013(M)<br>2013(W) | England<br>Wales<br>Ireland |
| Rugby League Four Nations | 2016 | England |
| Rugby League World Cup | 2021(M)<br>2021(W) | England |

## Television rights

Live Super League and National Rugby League games are shown on Sky Sports Arena with highlights also being shown on the channel. On Monday evenings, during the UK domestic season, the *Super League Show* is broadcast in the BBC regions of North East and Cumbria, North West, Yorkshire, and Yorkshire and Lincolnshire which shows highlights of the weekend's matches. There is a nation repeat on Tuesday lunchtime. From the 2022 season, 10 live Super League games per season will be shown on Channel 4, the first time the league will be shown on terrestrial television. Championship games are shown on Premier Sports, with one game a week being aird.

Challenge Cup matches are shown on BBC Sport. The final and semi-finals are shown usually on BBC One. Matches prior to the sixth round are usually shown on BBC Red Button or as BBC iPlayer exclusives. BBC Two is also used in addition to BBC One to show the matches from the latter stages of competition.

Historical summary

The BBC started airing the Challenge Cup Final regularly from 1958 and lower rounds from 1960. The final was also broadcast as a one-off in 1948 and 1952. Sky Sports began covering league matches from the 1990–91 season. For a dealied summary of summer era coverage from 1996 onwards, see the below table:

| Deal duration | Super League | Championship | League 1 | Challenge Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996–1999 | Sky Sports | No competition | No competition | Sky Sports |
| 1999–2003 | | | | BBC |
| 2004–2008 | | *None* | *None* |
| 2009–2011 | | | Sky Sports and Premier Sports |
| 2012–2016 | | | Sky Sports | BBC and Sky Sports |
| 2017–2021 | | | Sky Sports<br>(Playoffs only) | BBC |
| 2022–2023 | Sky Sports and Channel 4 | | Premier Sports |
| 2024–2026 | Sky Sports and BBC | |

## Stadiums

Ireland is the only home nation to have a national rugby league stadium, two in fact, with Irish home matches being played at Carlisle Grounds and Morton Stadium. England, Scotland, and Wales also don't have set home grounds. Elland Road has been the most recent home venue for England, Netherdale for Scotland, and the Racecourse Ground for Wales.

Domestically, Old Trafford is used as the venue of the Super League Grand Final, with Wembley Stadium hosting the Challenge Cup Final. Super League's Magic Weekend has previously been hosted at the Millennium Stadium, Murrayfield, Etihad Stadium, St James' Park, and Anfield.

The MKM Stadium, home of Hull F.C., is the largest club venue in the British Isles. The stadium was also used to host the 2020 Super League Grand Final as Old Trafford couldn't accommodate that year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following this, the DW Stadium, Kirklees Stadium, Odsal Stadium, and Headingley are the only other club venues to have a capacity greater than 20,000.

## Museums

The UK's National Rugby League Museum opened in August 2020 in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, the birthplace of rugby league, on the sport's 125th anniversary.

## Other versions played

* 7s and 9s: Rugby league played with 7 and 9 players per side respectively, more common among pub teams due to the greater ease of getting a full squad.
* Touch rugby: A limited contact version of the sport where a tackle is made by placing two hands on the opponent.
* Wheelchair rugby league: Played by people in wheelchairs.
* Masters Rugby League: Rugby league with modified rules to make it more suitable for older players.

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## InfoBox

| Rugby league in the British Isles | |
| --- | --- |
| Pre-match at the 2017 Super League Grand Final | |
| Country | Great Britain and Ireland |
| Governing body | Rugby Football League (England)<br>Scotland Rugby League (Scotland)<br>Wales Rugby League (Wales)<br>Rugby League Ireland (Ireland) |
| National team(s) | Great Britain men's team<br>Great Britain women's team<br>Teams of the Home Nations |
| First played | 1895 |
| National competitions | |
| Rugby League World Cup | |
| Club competitions | |
| **Professional Leagues**<br>Super League<br>Championship<br>League 1<br>**Cups**<br>Challenge Cup<br>1895 Cup | |


title: Oak Head

abstract: Oak Head is a mountain in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. It is 2.2 miles (3.5 km) northeast of Provincetown in the Town of Provincetown. Mount Ararat is located east and Snake Hills is located west-southwest of Oak Head.

text:
# Oak Head

**Oak Head** is a mountain in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. It is 2.2 miles (3.5 km) northeast of Provincetown in the Town of Provincetown. Mount Ararat is located east and Snake Hills is located west-southwest of Oak Head.

## InfoBox

| Oak Head | |
| --- | --- |
| Oak HeadLocation of Oak Head in MassachusettsOak HeadOak Head (the United States) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 89 ft (27 m) |
| Coordinates | 42°04′09″N 70°10′41″W / 42.0690446°N 70.1780150°W / 42.0690446; -70.1780150 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Cape Cod, Massachusetts |
| Topo map | USGS *Provincetown* |


title: Ratione soli

abstract: Ratione soli or is a Latin phrase meaning "according to the soil" or "by reason of the ownership of the soil." In property law, it is a justification for assigning property rights to landowners over resources found on their own land. Traditionally, the doctrine of ratione soli provides landowners "constructive possession of natural resources on, over, and under the surface: cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad coelum ad infernos."

text:
# Ratione soli

***Ratione soli*** or is a Latin phrase meaning "according to the soil" or "by reason of the ownership of the soil." In property law, it is a justification for assigning property rights to landowners over resources found on their own land. Traditionally, the doctrine of *ratione soli* provides landowners "constructive possession of natural resources on, over, and under the surface: cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad coelum ad infernos."

## Origins

In ancient Roman law, landowners could only take legal possession of animals by capturing and maintaining physical control over them. English common law originally restricted the right to hunt animals to those who had permission from the Crown, but later laws allowed landowners to hunt animals that entered upon their land through the principle of *ratione soli*. Over time, this developed into a system of laws where the right to hunt was restricted to nobles and the landowning elite.

## Modern usage

The doctrine of *ratione soli* has survived in many jurisdictions to this day. Likewise, many jurisdictions still recognize the correlative *ad coelum* doctrine. India, for example, "views groundwater as chattel connected to the land, and allows the landowner ownership rights based on the *ad coelum* principle." However, some commentators note that some American jurisdictions have rejected the application of *ratione soli* to the ownership of wild animals because "it smacks of the hunting rights of the English landowning families who used it to make meatless meals for and poachers out of England's yeoman." For example, the Colorado Supreme Court stated in 1981 that "a landowner's property *ratione soli* is subject to 'lawful regulation.'"


title: Checkmate (EP)

abstract: Checkmate is the fifth extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Itzy. It was released on July 15, 2022, through JYP Entertainment, and Republic Records. The EP consists of seven tracks, including the lead single "Sneakers". Checkmate was a commercial success and debuted at number one on South Korea's Circle Album Chart with 700,000 copies sold in the first week of release, marking Itzy's fourth number-one album on the chart. In September, the EP became the group's first album to be certified Million by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) for surpassing 1,000,000 copies sold. It also debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200, becoming Itzy's first top-ten album in the United States.

text:
# Checkmate (EP)

***Checkmate*** is the fifth extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Itzy. It was released on July 15, 2022, through JYP Entertainment, and Republic Records. The EP consists of seven tracks, including the lead single "Sneakers".

*Checkmate* was a commercial success and debuted at number one on South Korea's Circle Album Chart with 700,000 copies sold in the first week of release, marking Itzy's fourth number-one album on the chart. In September, the EP became the group's first album to be certified Million by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) for surpassing 1,000,000 copies sold. It also debuted at number eight on the *Billboard* 200, becoming Itzy's first top-ten album in the United States.

## Background and release

On June 2, 2022, JYP Entertainment announced that Itzy would be returning with new music in July, which would be followed by their first world tour in support of the release. The announcement featured a promotion scheduler with details of the new EP as well as a partial schedule of the tour. The EP, Itzy's first new music in nine months since the release of their debut studio album *Crazy in Love* (2021), was announced to be entitled *Checkmate* with the lead single "Sneakers". On June 13, the group teaser photo was released. On July 11, a highlight medley teaser video for the album was released. The album alongside the music video for "Sneakers" were released on July 15.

## Album cover

The original digital cover for *Checkmate* featured a dark aura with a single chess piece in the middle. On July 22, 2022, JYP changed the album cover with no prior announcement, in response to fans complaints that the original cover did not match the group's concept or promotions.

## Accolades

Awards and nominations for *Checkmate*
| Year | Organization | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Asian Pop Music Awards | Top 20 Albums of the Year (Overseas) | Won |  |
| | | Best Album of the Year (Overseas) | Nominated |  |
| 2023 | Golden Disc Awards | Best Album (Bonsang) | Nominated |  |
| | Seoul Music Awards | Bonsang Award | Nominated |  |

## Commercial performance

On July 15, JYP Entertainment announced that *Checkmate* had reached 720,665 pre-orders as of July 14, surpassing Twice's *Formula of Love: O+T=\<3* to become the fourth-most pre-ordered album by a Korean girl group. On Hanteo Chart, the album recorded over 472,394 copies in its first week of release. In South Korea, *Checkmate* debuted at number one with 700,000 copies sold on the Circle Album Chart for the week ending July 16, 2022, becoming Itzy's fourth number-one album and surpassing *Crazy in Love* (2021) as the group's best-selling album. In the United States, *Checkmate* landed at number eight on the *Billboard* 200 with 33,000 equivalent album units, of which 31,000 units were album sales. This marked Itzy's first top-ten album and their highest position on the chart, surpassing the number 11 ranking of *Crazy in Love*. In August 31, it is reported that the album has exceeded 1,000,000 sales on the Circle Chart.

## Track listing

*Checkmate* track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sneakers" | * Friday (Galactica \*) * OGI (Galactica \*) * Didrik Thott * Jessica Pierpoint |  | S. Thott | 2:59 |
| 2. | "Racer" | * Noday * Iris Yerin Lee * Czaer | * Czaer * Noday * Lee | Czaer | 3:12 |
| 3. | "What I Want" | Saebom (Lalala Studio) |  |  | 2:23 |
| 4. | "Free Fall" | * Song Hee-jin (Solcire) * Kevin Oppa (Solcire) | * Song * Kevin Oppa * Christoffer Semelius | Semelius | 2:59 |
| 5. | "365" | Kenzie | * Kenzie * Deez * Yunsu * Ylva Dimberg | * Deez * Yunsu | 3:05 |
| 6. | "Domino" | Hwang Eun-bit (PNP) | * Christian Fast * Gusten Dahlqvist * Jonna Hall | Dahlqvist | 3:06 |
| 7. | "Sneakers" (English version) | * Friday * OGI * D. Thott * Pierpoint * Sophia Pae | * D. Thott * S. Thott * Pierpoint | S. Thott | 2:59 |
| Total length: | | | | | 20:43 |

**Notes**

* "Racer" is sometime stylized as "RAC3R".

## Charts

## Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for *Checkmate*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| South Korea (KMCA) | Million | 1,032,930 |

## Release history

Release history for *Checkmate*
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | July 15, 2022 |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Checkmate | |
| --- | --- |
| Digital cover | |
| EP by Itzy | |
| Released | July 15, 2022 |
| Length | 20:43 |
| Language | * Korean * English |
| Label |  |
| Itzy chronology | |
| *It'z Itzy*
(2021) ***Checkmate***
(2022) *Cheshire*
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Checkmate* | |
| 1. "Sneakers"
Released: July 15, 2022 | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Original digital cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ecopipo

abstract: Ecopipo is a Mexican manufacturer of cloth diapers headquartered in Irapuato. Ixchel Anaya Meave started the business while a student in 2009 and subsequently incorporated it with her husband. Anaya was studying interior design in 2009 when she wanted to buy reusable cloth diapers to save on the cost of disposables and because her son developed a skin reaction to them. Finding none made in Mexico, she designed and made her own with her grandmother's help. She began selling them to friends, and then incorporated Ecopipo with her husband. In 2011 she placed first in the national contest to represent Mexico at the Global Student Entrepreneur Awards.

text:
# Ecopipo

**Ecopipo** is a Mexican manufacturer of cloth diapers headquartered in Irapuato. Ixchel Anaya Meave started the business while a student in 2009 and subsequently incorporated it with her husband.

Anaya was studying interior design in 2009 when she wanted to buy reusable cloth diapers to save on the cost of disposables and because her son developed a skin reaction to them. Finding none made in Mexico, she designed and made her own with her grandmother's help. She began selling them to friends, and then incorporated Ecopipo with her husband. In 2011 she placed first in the national contest to represent Mexico at the Global Student Entrepreneur Awards.

## Naming

The company's name is a combination of "Eco-" for "ecological" and "Pipo", the name of a teddy bear handed down in Anaya's family. The diapers use Velcro instead of safety pins and consist of a waterproof outer layer, a polyester fleece inner layer, and inserts made from bamboo. In addition to being available in different sizes, they stretch to fit the baby. They are produced in a factory in Irapuato and in a subcontracted facility in Xalapa to satisfy export demand.

## Sales

Eighty percent of sales are within Mexico, where the company sells through a network of about 300 user-distributors. Most orders are via the internet, and Ecopipo exports to Canada, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, and the European Union; Anaya's aunt Laura Finnegan, who lives in Northern Ireland, is its European representative. As of July 2017 the company produces approximately 4,000 diapers a month, and as of March 2018, has annual sales of 1.3 million. It is in the top five suppliers of reusable diapers in the United Kingdom. The company has branched out into swimming diapers, training pants, diaper bags, blankets, bibs, and reusable menstrual pads, all of which made up 15% of its sales in 2017.


abstract: The solo technical routine competition at 2013 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 20 with the preliminary round in the morning and the final in the evening session.

text:
# Synchronised swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Solo technical routine

The **solo technical routine** competition at 2013 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 20 with the preliminary round in the morning and the final in the evening session.

## Results

The preliminary round was held at 09:00 and the final at 19:00.

***Green** denotes finalists*

| Rank | Swimmer | Nationality | Preliminary | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
|  | Svetlana Romashina | Russia | 96.200 | 1 | 96.800 | 1 |
|  | Huang Xuechen | China | 95.100 | 2 | 95.500 | 2 |
|  | Ona Carbonell | Spain | 94.200 | 3 | 94.400 | 3 |
| 4 | Anna Voloshyna | Ukraine | 92.100 | 4 | 92.900 | 4 |
| 5 | Yukiko Inui | Japan | 91.800 | 5 | 91.900 | 5 |
| 6 | Chloé Isaac | Canada | 91.000 | 6 | 90.600 | 6 |
| 7 | Despoina Solomou | Greece | 88.500 | 7 | 89.600 | 7 |
| 8 | Linda Cerruti | Italy | 88.400 | 8 | 89.200 | 8 |
| 9 | Jenna Randall | Great Britain | 87.500 | 10 | 87.500 | 9 |
| 10 | Mary Killman | United States | 88.100 | 9 | 87.300 | 10 |
| 11 | Soňa Bernardová | Czech Republic | 84.900 | 11 | 85.200 | 11 |
| 12 | Kang Un-Ha | North Korea | 84.400 | 12 | 85.100 | 12 |
| 13 | Margot de Graaf | Netherlands | 83.400 | 13 | 83.400 | 13 |
| 14 | Pamela Fischer | Switzerland | 83.400 | 13 | 82.700 | 14 |
| 15 | Nadine Brandl | Austria | 82.100 | 15 | 81.900 | 15 |
| 16 | Kyra Felßner | Germany | 79.100 | 16 | 80.100 | 16 |
| 17 | Etel Sánchez | Argentina | 78.900 | 17 |  |  |
| 18 | Jana Labáthová | Slovakia | 78.800 | 18 |  |  |
| 19 | Reem Abdalazem | Egypt | 77.200 | 19 |  |  |
| 20 | Jennifer Cerquera | Colombia | 77.100 | 20 |  |  |
| 21 | Iryna Limanouskaya | Belarus | 76.800 | 21 |  |  |
| 22 | Greisy Gomez | Venezuela | 75.100 | 22 |  |  |
| 22 | Malin Gerdin | Sweden | 75.100 | 22 |  |  |
| 24 | Kalina Yordanova | Bulgaria | 74.900 | 24 |  |  |
| 25 | Anastasiya Ruzmetova | Uzbekistan | 74.000 | 25 |  |  |
| 26 | Ana Cekić | Serbia | 71.500 | 26 |  |  |
| 26 | Anouk Eman | Aruba | 71.500 | 26 |  |  |
| 28 | Violeta Mitinian | Costa Rica | 71.300 | 28 |  |  |
| 29 | Kirstin Anderson | New Zealand | 69.900 | 29 |  |  |
| 30 | Lim Hyun-Ji | South Korea | 69.200 | 30 |  |  |
| 31 | Au Ieong Sin Ieng | Macau | 67.200 | 31 |  |  |
| 32 | Kerry Beth Norden | South Africa | 62.600 | 32 |  |  |
| 32 | Jennifer Quintana | Cuba | 62.600 | 32 |  |  |
| 34 | Claudia Megawati Suyanto | Indonesia | 61.200 | 34 |  |  |
| 35 | Dhitaya Tanabunsombat | Thailand | 55.200 | 35 |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Solo technical routine <br>at the Synchronised swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 20 July |
| Competitors | 35 from 35 nations |
| Winning points | 96.800 |
| Medalists | |
| Russia  China  Spain | |


title: Primary (band)

abstract: Primary were an Australian electronic rock band which formed in 1995 the Fonti brothers: Jamie on keyboards and Sean on bass guitar, and Connie Mitchell on lead vocals. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, the group were "Dominated by South African-born [Mitchell]'s hyperactive and full-frontal vocals, with thunderous electronic rock underpinning the music, Primary sounded like a techno Skunk Anansie. Jamie Fonti coined the phrase 'Hybrid Electronica Rock' in order to describe the band's sound." The group released two albums, This Is the Sound and Watching the World. They disbanded late in 2003.

text:
# Primary (band)

**Primary** were an Australian electronic rock band which formed in 1995 the Fonti brothers: Jamie on keyboards and Sean on bass guitar (both ex-Caligula), and Connie Mitchell on lead vocals. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, the group were "Dominated by South African-born \[Mitchell\]'s hyperactive and full-frontal vocals, with thunderous electronic rock underpinning the music, Primary sounded like a techno Skunk Anansie. Jamie Fonti coined the phrase 'Hybrid Electronica Rock' in order to describe the band's sound." The group released two albums, *This Is the Sound* (June 1999) and *Watching the World* (28 May 2001). They disbanded late in 2003.

## History

Primary was formed as a techno rock group in 1995 in Sydney by the Fonti brothers, Jamie on keyboards and Sean on bass guitar (both ex-Caligula), and Connie Mitchell on lead vocals. The Fontis had played in My Heart Bleeds for You, a mid-1980s punk, hardcore band, then in Caligula from 1989 to 1994. Sean was also in Massappeal(1988–90), and Def FX (1995–97). The Fonti brothers had met Mitchell in a recording studio in 1994, while they recorded demo tracks for Caligula. When that project finished Jamie and Mitchell started writing tracks together while Sean was a member of Def FX. Their first musical project was a contribution to the soundtrack of the 1997 Australian film Blackrock.

Primary's first recording, a five-track extended play, *Vicious Precious*, produced by Paul McKercher and Ollie J, was released in March 1998, and featured Paul Wheeler (ex-Icehouse) on drums. and John Bousfield on guitar. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1998, "Vicious Precious" was nominated for ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist – Single.

Nick Launay produced the band's first full-length album, *This Is the Sound*, which appeared in June that year on WEA/Warner. Airplay for the lead-in singles had been confined to the Triple J network, and the album peaked in the ARIA Albums Chart top 40. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt it was "an accomplished album that boasted state-of-the-art production values, and a batch of reverberating tracks." He described how the group were "Dominated by South African-born \[Mitchell\]'s hyperactive and full-frontal vocals, with thunderous electronic rock underpinning the music, Primary sounded like a techno Skunk Anansie. Jamie Fonti coined the phrase 'Hybrid Electronica Rock' in order to describe the band's sound."

Jason Howard replaced Bousfield on lead guitar and made his performance debut in April 1999. They became known for their energetic live shows, with Mitchell's on-stage presence and costumes a talking point. Their second album, *Watching the World*, was released on 28 May 2001. Australian music journalist, Ed Nimmervoll, declared it to be his Album of the Week: "they kept the focus on the songs. In the end Primary offer music with many layers of interest. \[Mitchell\]'s lyrics are a strong counterpoint to the depth of the band's music."

The band announced on their website on 24 April 2002 that they were recording demos for a proposed third album. The band eventually recorded enough material for another album, in a more straightforward rock sound, but the band broke up before it could be released. They played a final gig in November 2003 at the Annandale Hotel. Mitchell joined Sneaky Sound System in 2004 ahead of their self-titled album.

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of albums, with selected chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
Top 100
 | AUS
Australasian
 | AUS
Alternative
 |
| *This Is the Sound* | * Released: June 1999 * Label: Warner (3984269762) * Format: CD | 33 |  |  |
| *Watching the World* | * Released: 28 May 2001 * Label: Warner (8573878462) * Format: CD |  | 14 | 17 |

### Extended plays

List of EP, with selected chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *Vicious Precious* | * Released: March 1998 * Label: Warner (3984227292) * Format: CD | 84 |

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS Top 100
 | AUS
Alternative | |
| "Brasil" | 1997 |  |  | *Vicious Precious* |
| "Vicious Precious"/"Brasil" | 1998 |  | |  |
| "Young"/"This Is the Sound" | 1999 | 89 |  | *This Is the Sound* |
| | "Supposed to Be Here" | 72 | |  |
| "In Your Hands" | 2000 |  |  | *Watching the World* |
| "Not for Me" | 2001 |  | | 17 |

## Awards and nominations

### ARIA Music Awards

The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | "Vicious Precious" | Breakthrough Artist - Single | Nominated |  |
| 1999 | Nick Launay for "Supposed to Be Here", "24000", "This Is the Sound" and "Come to Take You Home" | Producer of the Year | Nominated |  |
| | | Engineer of the Year | Won | |

## InfoBox

| Primary | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sydney, Australia |
| Genres | Electronic rock |
| Years active | 1995–2003 |
| Labels | Warner |
|  | |
| Past members | * John Bousfield * Jamie Fonti * Sean Fonti * Connie Mitchell * Paul Wheeler * Justin Leef * Jason Howard |


abstract:
In molecular biology, the protein domain SAICAR synthase is an enzyme which catalyses a reaction to create SAICAR. In enzymology, this enzyme is also known as phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - ATP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate ⇌ ADP + phosphate + (S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate, and L-aspartate, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and (S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme participates in purine metabolism. This particular protein family is of huge importance as it is found in all three domains of life. It is the seventh step in the pathway of purine biosynthesis. Purines are vital to all cells as they are involved in energy metabolism and DNA synthesis. Furthermore, they are of specific interest to scientific researchers as the study of the purine biosynthesis pathway could lead to the development of chemotherapeutic drugs. This is because most cancers lack a salvage pathway for adenine nucleotides and rely entirely on the SAICAR pathway.

text:
# Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase

| SAICAR synthetase | |
| --- | --- |
| Structural genomics, protein TM1243, (SAICAR synthetase) | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SAICAR\_synt |
| Pfam | PF01259 |
| InterPro | IPR001636 |
| PROSITE | PDOC00810 |
| SCOP2 | 1a48 / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| CDD | cd00476 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

In molecular biology, the protein domain **SAICAR synthase** is an enzyme which catalyses a reaction to create SAICAR. In enzymology, this enzyme is also known as **phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase** (EC 6.3.2.6). It is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate $\rightleftharpoons $ ADP + phosphate + (S)-2-\[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido\]succinate

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate, and L-aspartate, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and (S)-2-\[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido\]succinate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is **5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)**. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.

This particular protein family is of huge importance as it is found in all three domains of life. It is the seventh step in the pathway of purine biosynthesis. Purines are vital to all cells as they are involved in energy metabolism and DNA synthesis. Furthermore, they are of specific interest to scientific researchers as the study of the purine biosynthesis pathway could lead to the development of chemotherapeutic drugs. This is because most cancers lack a salvage pathway for adenine nucleotides and rely entirely on the SAICAR pathway.

## Protein domain

This protein domain is found in eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea. It is vital for living organisms since it catalyses a step in the purine biosynthesis pathway which aids energy metabolism and DNA synthesis.

### Protein domain function

In bacteria and plants this protein domain only catalyses the synthesis of SAICAR. However, in mammals it also catalyses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (AIRC) activity.

### Protein domain structure

This particular protein is an octamer made up of 8 identical subunits. Each monomer consists of a central domain and a C-terminal alpha helix. The central domain consists of a five-stranded parallel beta sheet flanked by three alpha helices one side of the sheet and two alpha helices on the other, forming a three-layer (alpha beta alpha) sandwich.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 10 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1A48, 1KUT, 1OBD, 1OBG, 2CNQ, 2CNU, 2CNV, 2GQR, 2GQS, and 2H31.

## Other common names

* **phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase**,
* **PurC**,
* **SAICAR synthetase**,
* **4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole synthetase**,
* **4-\[(N-succinylamino)carbonyl\]-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide**,
* **synthetase**,
* **SAICARs**,
* **phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthetase**,
* **5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide synthetase**.

## InfoBox

| SAICAR synthase | |
| --- | --- |
| Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase oktamer, Human | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 6.3.2.6 |
| CAS no. | 9023-67-0 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


abstract: The Top Christmas Albums is published weekly by Billboard during the holiday season of each year tracking the best-selling Christmas albums in the United States.

text:
# Billboard Top Christmas Albums of the 1990s

The **Top Christmas Albums** (renamed **Top Holiday Albums** in 2000) is published weekly by *Billboard* during the holiday season of each year tracking the best-selling Christmas albums in the United States.

## Number-one Top Christmas Albums of the 1990s

The following are the albums that reached the Number one position on the Top Christmas Album Charts before it was renamed Top Holiday Albums on November 25, 2000.

| Issue date | Title | Artist | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| December 22, 1990 | *Because It's Christmas* | Barry Manilow |  |
| | | January 5, 1991 |  |
| December 7, 1991 | *A Fresh Aire Christmas* | Mannheim Steamroller |  |
| December 14, 1991 | *Mannheim Steamroller Christmas* | Mannheim Steamroller |  |
| December 21, 1991 | *A Fresh Aire Christmas* | Mannheim Steamroller |  |
| | | December 28, 1991 |  |
| | | January 4, 1992 |  |
| November 28, 1992 | *Beyond The Season* | Garth Brooks |  |
| | | December 5, 1992 |  |
| December 12, 1992 | *Home For Christmas* | Amy Grant |  |
| | | December 19, 1992 |  |
| | | December 26, 1992 |  |
| | | January 2, 1993 |  |
| | | January 9, 1993 |  |
| December 4, 1993 | *Let There Be Peace On Earth* | Vince Gill |  |
| | | December 11, 1993 |  |
| | | December 18, 1993 |  |
| December 25, 1993 | *When My Heart Finds Christmas* | Harry Connick, Jr. |  |
| | | January 1, 1994 |  |
| | | January 8, 1994 |  |
| November 26, 1994 | *Merry Christmas* | Mariah Carey |  |
| December 3, 1994 | *Miracles: The Holiday Album* | Kenny G |  |
| | | December 10, 1994 |  |
| | | December 17, 1994 |  |
| | | December 24, 1994 |  |
| | | December 31, 1994 |  |
| | | January 7, 1995 |  |
| November 25, 1995 | *Christmas in the Aire* | Mannheim Steamroller |  |
| | | December 2, 1995 |  |
| | | December 9, 1995 |  |
| | | December 16, 1995 |  |
| December 23, 1995 | *Miracles: The Holiday Album* | Kenny G |  |
| | | December 30, 1995 |  |
| January 6, 1996 | *Christmas In The Aire* | Mannheim Steamroller |  |
| November 16, 1996 | *Miracles: The Holiday Album* | Kenny G |  |
| | | November 23, 1996 |  |
| | | November 30, 1996 |  |
| | | December 7, 1996 |  |
| | | December 14, 1996 |  |
| | | December 21, 1996 |  |
| | | December 28, 1996 |  |
| | | January 4, 1997 |  |
| | | January 11, 1997 |  |
| November 22, 1997 | *Christmas Live* | Mannheim Steamroller |  |
| | | November 29, 1997 |  |
| December 6, 1997 | *Snowed In* | Hanson |  |
| | | December 13, 1997 |  |
| | | December 20, 1997 |  |
| | | December 27, 1997 |  |
| | | January 3, 1998 |  |
| | | January 10, 1998 |  |
| November 21, 1998 | *These Are Special Times* | Celine Dion |  |
| | | November 28, 1998 |  |
| | | December 5, 1998 |  |
| | | December 12, 1998 |  |
| | | December 19, 1998 |  |
| | | December 26, 1998 |  |
| | | January 2, 1999 |  |
| | | January 9, 1999 |  |
| | | January 16, 1999 |  |
| January 23, 1999 | *Home For Christmas* | N Sync |  |
| November 20, 1999 | *A Rosie Christmas* | Rosie O'Donnell |  |
| | | November 27, 1999 |  |
| December 4, 1999 | *Faith: A Holiday Album* | Kenny G |  |
| December 11, 1999 | *Garth Brooks & the Magic of Christmas* | Garth Brooks |  |
| | | December 18, 1999 |  |
| December 25, 1999 | *Faith: A Holiday Album* | Kenny G |  |
| | | January 1, 2000 |  |
| | | January 8, 2000 |  |
| | | January 15, 2000 |  |
|

## The 50 Top Christmas Albums of the 90s

These are the top 50 albums that charted The Top Christmas Albums survey. The chart was renamed Top Holiday Albums at the beginning of the 2000 holiday season. The peak position reflects the highest position the album charted between December 22, 1990 until January 15, 2000, but the top 10 and total weeks include the total weeks charted since the first **Christmas Records** chart in 1958, all the Christmas album surveys from November 30, 1963 until December 22, 1973 and the weeks charted on the **Christmas Hits** survey from December 17, 1983 until January 6, 1990. Many of the albums continued to chart on the Top Holiday Albums chart.

| Rank | Album | Artist | Year
Rlsd. | Peak
Date | Peak
Pos. | Weeks | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | Peak | Top 10 | Chart |
|
| 1 | *Miracles: The Holiday Album* | Kenny G | 1994 | 12/3/1994 | #1 | 17 | 43 | 50 |
| 2 | *These Are Special Times* | Celine Dion | 1998 | 11/21/1998 | | 9 | 19 | 19 |
| 3 | *Snowed In* | Hanson | 1997 | 12/6/1997 | | 6 | 6 | 16 |
| 4 | *Christmas in the Aire* | Mannheim Steamroller | 1995 | 11/25/1995 | | 5 | 30 | 41 |
| 5 | *Home for Christmas* | Amy Grant | 1992 | 12/12/1992 | | 24 | 52 |
| 6 | *Faith: A Holiday Album* | Kenny G | 1999 | 12/4/1999 | | 7 | 7 |
| 7 | *A Fresh Aire Christmas* | Mannheim Steamroller | 1988 | 12/7/1991 | | 4 | 52 | 73 |
| 8 | *When My Heart Finds Christmas* | Harry Connick Jr. | 1993 | 12/25/1993 | | 3 | 34 | 53 |
| 9 | *Let There Be Peace On Earth* | Vince Gill | 1993 | 12/4/1993 | | 17 | 42 |
| 10 | *A Rosie Christmas* | Rosie O'Donnell | 1999 | 11/20/1999 | | 2 | 9 | 9 |
| 11 | *Beyond The Season* | Garth Brooks | 1992 | 11/28/1992 | | 9 | 9 |
| 12 | *Christmas Live* | Mannheim Steamroller | 1997 | 11/22/1997 | | 8 | 17 |
| 13 | *Garth Brooks & the Magic of Christmas* | Garth Brooks | 1999 | 12/11/1999 | | 6 | 6 |
| 14 | *Because It's Christmas* | Barry Manilow | 1990 | 12/22/1990 | | 4 | 8 |
| 15 | *Mannheim Steamroller Christmas* | Mannheim Steamroller | 1984 | 12/14/1991 | | 1 | 53 | 81 |
| 16 | *Merry Christmas* | Mariah Carey | 1994 | 11/26/1994 | | 35 | 49 |
| 17 | *Home For Christmas* | N Sync | 1998 | 1/23/1999 | | 18 | 18 |
| 18 | *A Very Special Christmas 2* | Various Artists | 1992 | 12/12/1992 | #2 | 5 | 15 | 41 |
| 19 | *Christmas Interpretations* | Boyz II Men | 1993 | 12/11/1993 | | 2 | 20 | 37 |
| 20 | *A Very Special Christmas* | Various Artists | 1987 | 1/4/1992 | | 1 | 30 | 70 |
| 21 | *A Very Special Christmas 3* | Various Artists | 1997 | 11/29/1997 | | 10 | 20 |
| 22 | *The Christmas Angel: A Family Story* | Mannheim Steamroller | 1998 | 11/21/1998 | | 19 |
| 23 | *This Is the Time: The Christmas Album* | Michael Bolton | 1996 | 11/30/1996 | | 9 | 18 |
| 24 | *This Christmas* | 98 Degrees | 1999 | 11/20/1999 | | 9 |
| 25 | *The Gift* | Jim Brickman | 1997 | 11/22/1997 | | 8 | 20 |
| 26 | *Joy: A Holiday Collection* | Jewel | 1999 | 11/27/1999 | | 9 |
| 27 | *The Christmas Album* | Neil Diamond | 1992 | 12/19/1992 | #3 | 3 | 13 | 39 |
| 28 | *Breath of Heaven: A Christmas Collection* | Vince Gill with Patrick Williams and his Orchestra | 1998 | 11/21/1998 | | 1 | 9 | 19 |
| 29 | *A Christmas to Remember* | Amy Grant | 1999 | 12/4/1999 | | | 9 |
| 30 | *A Romantic Christmas* | John Tesh | 1992 | 11/25/1995 | | 7 | 21 |
| 31 | *Disney's Christmas Collection* | Walt Disney Records | 1995 | 1/16/1999 | | 4 | 24 |
| 32 | *The Christmas Song* | Nat King Cole | 1960 | 12/7/1991 | #4 | 5 | 56 | 112 |
| 33 | *This Is Christmas* | Luther Vandross | 1995 | 12/16/1995 | | 4 | 6 | 21 |
| 34 | *Chicago 25* | Chicago | 1998 | 12/12/1998 | | 3 | 6 | 17 |
| 35 | *Christmas Island* | Jimmy Buffett | 1996 | 12/7/1996 | | 2 | 7 | 24 |
| 36 | *Merry, Merry Christmas* | New Kids On The Block | 1989 | 12/22/1990 | | 2 | 4 |
| 37 | *A Christmas Story* | Point Of Grace | 1999 | 12/11/1999 | | 1 | 7 | 9 |
| 38 | *Christmastime* | Michael W. Smith | 1998 | 11/21/1998 | | 6 | 16 |
| 39 | *Honky Tonk Christmas* | Alan Jackson | 1998 | 12/12/1998 | | 3 | 19 |
| 40 | *Bethlehem* | Brian McKnight | 1998 | 1/23/1999 | | 2 | 11 |
| 41 | *A Family Christmas* | John Tesh | 1999 | 12/11/1999 | | 1 | 8 |
| 42 | *Christmas Portrait* | The Carpenters | 1978 | 12/21/1991 | #5 | 3 | 18 | 65 |
| 43 | *December* | George Winston | 1982 | 12/7/1991 | | 1 | 19 | 43 |
| 44 | *Star Bright* | Vannessa Williams | 1996 | 1/11/1997 | | 8 | 23 |
| 45 | *A Christmas Album* | Amy Grant | 1983 | 12/14/1991 | | 7 | 23 |
| 46 | *Superstar Christmas* | Various Artists | 1997 | 11/21/1998 | | 18 |
| 47 | *A Contemporary Gospel Christmas* | Various artists | 1994 | 12/7/1996 | | 4 | 13 |
| 48 | *A Very Veggie Christmas* | Veggie Tales | 1996 | 1/23/1999 | | 1 | 11 |
| 49 | *A Christmas Album* | Barbra Streisand | 1967 | 12/21/1991 | #6 | 3 | 38 | 96 |
| 50 | *Christmas Eve and Other Stories* | Trans-Siberian Orchestra | 1996 | 12/27/1997 | | | 4 | 20 |

1. '*Billboard's* online Top Holiday Album chart history only goes back to the December 21, 1985 Christmas Hits chart. Most of the survey weeks of the Top Christmas Album charts were not available in print. Only the data for the #1 positions are listed online for the weeks of November 28, 1992, December 5, 1992, November 26, 1994 and November 22, 1997.
2. Mannheim Steamroller's *A Fresh Aire Christmas* peaked at #1 for 2 additional weeks during the 1980s on the Christmas Hits chart starting 12/24/1988.
3. *A Very Special Christmas* peaked at #1 on the Christmas Hits chart 12/12/1987.
4. Nat "King" Cole's *The Christmas Song* peaked at #2 on the Best Bets For Christmas 12/13/1969.
5. New Kids On The Block's *Merry, Merry Christmas* peaked at #1 on the Christmas Hits chart 12/23/1989.
6. The Carpenter's *Christmas Portrait* peaked at #2 on the Christmas Hits chart 12/15/1984.
7. George Winston's *December* peaked at #2 on the Christmas Hits chart 12/15/1984.
8. Barbra Streisand's *A Christmas Album* peaked at #1 on the Best Bets For Christmas 12/2/1967.
1. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 102, no. 51, December 22, 1990, p. 82.
2. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 5, 1991.
3. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 103, no. 49, December 7, 1991, p. 49.
4. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 103, no. 50, December 14, 1991, p. 47.
5. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 103, no. 51, December 21, 1991, p. 68.
6. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 28, 1991.
7. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 4, 1992.
8. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 28, 1992. (only #1 position available online)
9. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 104, no. 50, December 5, 1992, p. 46. (only #1 position available online)
10. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 12, 1992.
11. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 19, 1992.
12. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 104, no. 53, December 26, 1992, p. 68.
13. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 2, 1993.
14. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 105, no. 2, January 9, 1993, p. 86.
15. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 4, 1993.
16. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 105, No. 50, December 11, 1993, p. 115.
17. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 18, 1993.
18. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 105, No. 52, December 25, 1993, p. 78.
19. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 1, 1994.
20. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 106, No. 2, January 8, 1994, p. 68.
21. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 26, 1994. (only #1 position available online)
22. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 106, No. 47, December 3, 1994, p. 81.
23. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 10, 1994.
24. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 106, No. 49, December 17, 1994, p. 82.
25. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 24, 1994.
26. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 31, 1994.
27. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 7, 1995.
28. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 25, 1995.
29. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 107, No. 48, December 2, 1995, p. 71.
30. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 9, 1995.
31. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 107, No. 50, December 16, 1995, p. 92.
32. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 107, No. 51, December 23, 1995, p. 71.
33. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 30, 1995.
34. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 108, No. 1, January 6, 1996, p. 45.
35. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 16, 1996.
36. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 23, 1996.
37. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 108, No. 48, November 30, 1996, p. 70.
38. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 7, 1996.
39. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 108, No. 50, December 14, 1996, p. 55.
40. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 21, 1996.
41. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 108, No. 52, December 28, 1996, p. 54.
42. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 4, 1997.
43. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 109, No. 2, January 11, 1997, p. 71.
44. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 22, 1997. (only #1 position available online)
45. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 109, No. 48, November 29, 1997, p. 59.
46. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 6, 1997.
47. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 109, No. 50, December 13, 1997, p. 68.
48. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 20, 1997.
49. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 109, No. 52, December 27, 1997, p. 70.
50. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 3, 1998.
51. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 10, 1998.
52. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 21, 1998.
53. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 110, No. 48, November 28, 1998, p. 56.
54. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 5, 1998.
55. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 110, No. 50, December 12, 1998, p. 68.
56. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 19, 1998.
57. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 110, No. 52, December 26, 1998, p. 71.
58. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 2, 1999.
59. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 111, No. 2, January 9, 1999, p. 62.
60. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 16, 1999.
61. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 23, 1999.
62. https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-rosie-christmas-mw0000253795
63. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. November 20, 1999.
64. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 111, No. 48, November 27, 1999, p. 62.
65. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 4, 1999.
66. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 111, No. 50, December 11, 1999, p. 83.
67. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. December 18, 1999.
68. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 111, No. 52, December 25, 1999, p. 60.
69. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 1, 2000.
70. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 112, No. 2, January 8, 2000, p. 48.
71. "Top Christmas Albums". *Billboard*. January 15, 2000.
72. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 103, nos. 49-51, December 7, 1991-December 21, 1991, pp. 49, 47 & 68
73. "Top Christmas Albums." Billboard, vol. 107, Nos. 50-51, December 16, 1995-December 23, 1995, pp. 92 & 71.
74. "Deejay's Favorite Christmas Disks." The Billboard, vol. 70, no. 47, November 24, 1958, p. 2.
75. "Christmas Records." Billboard, vol. 75-76, no. 48-52 & 49-52, November 30, 1963-December 26, 1964, pp. 11, 8, 8, 7, 25, 22, 22, 34 & 36.
76. "Billboard Top Christmas Sellers." Billboard, vol. 77, no. 50-52, December 11, 1965-December 25, 1965, pp. 7, 15 & 12.
77. "Billboard Best Bets For Christmas." Billboard, vol. 78-81, no. 49-52, 48-52, 49-52 & 49-52, December 3, 1966-December 27, 1969, pp. 56, 40, 36, 33, 8, 92, 61, 50, 40, 82, 84, 69, 57, 11, 10, 12, & 10.
78. "Best Bets For Christmas." Billboard, vol. 82-85, no. 51-52, 51-52, 51-53 & 49-51, December 19, 1970-December 22, 1973, pp. 12, 59, 49, 49, 40, 51, 4, 28, 25 & 22.
79. "1983 Christmas Hits." Billboard, vol. 95, no. 51-52, December 17, 1983-December 24, 1983, pp. 6 & 6.
80. "1984 Christmas Hits." Billboard, vol. 96, no. 50-51, December 15, 1984-December 22, 1984, pp. 8 & 8.
81. "1985 Christmas Hits." Billboard, vol. 97, no. 51-52, December 21, 1985-December 28, 1985, pp. 57 & 57.
82. "Christmas Hits.” Billboard, vol. 99-102, no. 51, 71 & 87, December 19, 1987-January 6, 1990, pp. 73, 71 & 87.
83. "Raised on Rosie O'Donnell Christmas » Sandpoint Reader". 22 December 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
84. "Jim Brickman - The Gift Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic". Retrieved 10 April 2023  via www.allmusic.com.
85. "John Tesh - A Family Christmas Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic". Retrieved 10 April 2023  via www.allmusic.com.
86. "Disney's Christmas Collection - Disney | Releases | AllMusic". Retrieved 10 April 2023  via www.allmusic.com.
87. "Superstar Christmas - Various Artists | Release Info". *AllMusic*. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
88. "Various - A Contemporary Gospel Christmas". Retrieved 10 April 2023  via www.discogs.com.


title: Pudsey Greenside railway station

abstract: Pudsey Greenside railway station is a closed railway station in Pudsey in the former West Riding of Yorkshire England, located about 6 mi (10 km) west of Leeds station. It served the central part and western parts of Pudsey. It was opened to passengers on 1 April 1878 as the terminus of a single-track branch line from Bramley, built by the Great Northern Railway. Freight traffic had already started in 1877. In 1893 this line was double-tracked and extended through Greenside Tunnel towards Laisterdyke and Dudley Hill, forming the Pudsey loop line railway. Upon the reorganisation of the railways in 1923, the line passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, and in 1948 to the Eastern Region of British Railways. The station was located east of Carlisle Road, with the station building on its northern side. A substantial goods shed was built on the south side of the station. The station and the line in its entirety were closed to all traffic on 15 June 1964. The site of the former station is now occupied by warehouses. The site where the goods sheds and sidings once stood is now housing. Pudsey is now served by the station New Pudsey on the Calder Valley Line, opened on 6 March 1967 and located about 1 mi (1.6 km) north of the town centre.

text:
# Pudsey Greenside railway station

**Pudsey Greenside railway station** is a closed railway station in Pudsey in the former West Riding of Yorkshire England, located about 6 mi (10 km) west of Leeds station. It served the central part and western parts of Pudsey.

It was opened to passengers on 1 April 1878 as the terminus of a single-track branch line from Bramley, built by the Great Northern Railway. Freight traffic had already started in 1877. In 1893 this line was double-tracked and extended through Greenside Tunnel towards Laisterdyke and Dudley Hill, forming the Pudsey loop line railway. Upon the reorganisation of the railways in 1923, the line passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, and in 1948 to the Eastern Region of British Railways.

The station was located east of Carlisle Road, with the station building on its northern side. A substantial goods shed was built on the south side of the station.

The station and the line in its entirety were closed to all traffic on 15 June 1964. The site of the former station is now occupied by warehouses. The site where the goods sheds and sidings once stood is now housing. Pudsey is now served by the station New Pudsey on the Calder Valley Line, opened on 6 March 1967 and located about 1 mi (1.6 km) north of the town centre.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pudsey Lowtown |  | GNR
Pudsey loop line railway |  | Laisterdyke or
Dudley Hill |

1. "Pudsey Loop. 1893 - 1964. Great Northern Railway". Lost Railways West Yorkshire. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
2. "Greenside Tunnel". Four by Three. 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
3. "Map of Pudsey". Ordnance Survey. 1890.
4. "Goods shed and railway sidings, Pudsey". Britain from above. 1928.

## InfoBox

| Pudsey Greenside | |
| --- | --- |
| Site of the former Pudsey Greenside station in January 2016, looking east from the bridge of Carlisle Road | |
| General information | |
| Location | Pudsey, west Yorkshire
England |
| Coordinates | 53°47′24″N 1°40′06″W / 53.7899°N 1.6683°W / 53.7899; -1.6683 |
| Grid reference | SE 219 326 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Pre-grouping | Great Northern Railway |
| Post-grouping | London and North Eastern Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 1 April 1878 | Station opened |
| 15 June 1964 | Station closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Rugby league in Tonga

text:
# Rugby league in Tonga

Rugby league is a popular team sport played in Tonga.

## History

The Tongan national team was formed to enter the 1986 Pacific Cup.

A domestic competition consisting of six clubs was launched in 1988.

During the Super League war, Tonga joined the News Corp-backed Super League in June 1995.

In February 2020, Tonga National Rugby League were expelled from the International Rugby League (IRL) following refusal to enact necessary changes after the conclusion of an investigation by the IRL. Said investigation came after Semisi Sika, then acting Prime Minister of Tonga, wrote to IRL expressing concerns that he had lost confidence in the governing body. The expulsion did not affect the national team as the IRL had ordered Tonga to fulfil a fixture with Great Britain which was arranged before the investigation, setting a precedent for future matches, a game which Tonga National Rugby League wanted removed from official test records (despite winning) as they were not governing the national team.

In Autumn 2023, Tonga became the first Pacific Island Nation to tour a European Nation with their tour of England.

On 22 August 2024, Tonga were re admitted to the IRL under the new governance of Tonga Rugby League XIII.

## Competitions

The Tongan Rugby League competition comprises 12 teams in the first division, and 7 in the second. Following the 2017 Rugby League World Cup, the competition was renamed the Jason Taumalolo Cup. Age-restricted competitions were also named for Manu Vatuvei, Solomone Kata, Konrad Hurrell and Tuimoala Lolohea.

The 12 teams in the first division are:

* Capital Warriors
* Fuekafa Rabbitohs
* Ha'akame Broncos
* Ha'ateiho Spartans
* Halaloto Green Barbarians
* Havelu Bulldogs
* Kolomotu'a Eagles
* Lapaha Knights
* Lavengamalie Hurricanes
* Mu'a Saints
* Nakolo Raiders
* Silapeluua Crusaders
* Vaini Doves A

The 7 teams in the second division are:

* Ha'ateiho Crusaders
* Hihifo Rovers
* Houma Tigers
* Kolomu'a Warriors
* Puke-Hofa Turtles
* Silapeluua Crusaders
* Vaini Doves B

### Participation

#### First and Second Division

There are 10 first division sides in the Global Insurance Cup and there are 9 in the second division. Only Kolomu'a Warriors (One of two Nuku'alofa Clubs) and the Vaini Doves have first and second division sides. The First Division sides have been, to a greater extent, regular participants in the competition since the inception of League in 1988. Those sides are Kolomu'a, Vaini, Mu'a Saints, Silapeluua (Ha'ateiho) Crusaders, Lapaha Knights, Ha'akame Broncos, Hihifo Rovers, Havelu Bulldogs, Halaloto Barbarians and Nakolo Raiders. The Second Division consists of a number of clubs that have participated infrequently over a number of years. However, regulars in the Second Division are Fatumu, Ha'ateiho Spartans and Ngalukilo Stormers.

The most recent competition (2013) was won by the Kolomua Warriors who defeated the Ha'akame Broncos in the grand final at Teufaiva Stadium in front of approximately 2 000 spectators.

#### School Competition

Secondary Schools Competition started in 2007 with 5 teams in the under 18s competition and 8 teams in the Under 16s. Takuilau High School won the Under 18s competition and Liahona High School won the Under 16s competition. It is the largest number of teams and players participating in rugby league in Tongan history, with the National Schools Committee starting the Under 12s, Under 14s and Under 15s in 2008.

In 2013 the Secondary Schools Competition featured 8 schools with teams competing in Under 13s, Under 15s, Under 17's and Open's competitions. Tupou High School finished open age champions with Tonga College winning the U17's and Tupou College winning the Under 15's and U13's competition. Primary school rugby league was also introduced with Maufanga/Fanga and ACTS Community School winning the inaugural tournaments.

TNRL estimate that there are roughly 1,500 players playing rugby league in Tonga for 2007.

## National teams

The men's national team was formed in 1986 to enter the 1986 Pacific Cup. They have competed at five Rugby League World Cups (1995, 2000, 2008, 2013, and 2017). They achieved their best result as semi-finalists in 2017.

The women's national team was formed in 2003 for the 2003 Women's Rugby League World Cup. They competed at their second World Cup in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Rugby league in Tonga | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Tonga |
| Governing body | Tonga National Rugby League (until 2019)
Tonga Rugby League XIII (from 2024) |
| National team(s) | Men's
Women's |
| First played | 1980s |
| International competitions | |
| Rugby League World Cup | |


title: Conoho Creek Historic District

abstract: Conoho Creek Historic District is a national historic district located near Hassell, Martin County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 77 contributing buildings, 6 contributing site, 5 contributing structures, and 2 contributing objects in a rural agricultural and woodland area of Martin County. They include notable examples of Federal, Georgian, and Greek Revival architecture in buildings dated from the early-19th century through the 1940s. Notable contributing resources include the Outterbridge-Everett Farm, Outterbridge-Briley-Purvis house, the Sherrod-Best-Fleming Farm, the Ballard-Hyman-Thomas Farm, the Ballard-Salsbury-Eubanks Farm, the Cherry-Council House, and the Haislip House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

text:
# Conoho Creek Historic District

**Conoho Creek Historic District** is a national historic district located near Hassell, Martin County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 77 contributing buildings, 6 contributing site, 5 contributing structures, and 2 contributing objects in a rural agricultural and woodland area of Martin County. They include notable examples of Federal, Georgian, and Greek Revival architecture in buildings dated from the early-19th century through the 1940s. Notable contributing resources include the Outterbridge-Everett Farm, Outterbridge-Briley-Purvis house, the Sherrod-Best-Fleming Farm, the Ballard-Hyman-Thomas Farm, the Ballard-Salsbury-Eubanks Farm, the Cherry-Council House, and the Haislip House.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Conoho Creek Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Conoho Cr., Salsbury Mill Branch, and 0.5 miles S of NC 142, near Hassell, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°54′31″N 77°14′21″W / 35.90861°N 77.23917°W / 35.90861; -77.23917 |
| Area | 2,800 acres (1,100 ha) |
| Built | 1890 (1890) |
| Architectural style | Georgian, Federal, Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 98000230 |
| Added to NRHP | March 12, 1998 |


title: Ranko Markovic

abstract: Ranko Markovic is an Australian film and television producer and is the company director and producer of Templar Entertainment. Markovic's career started out in property development and investment before moving into film. Since then Markovic has studied at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School(AFTRS) and the Metroscreen Film College. He came together with Jeff Purser in 2004 after completing his studies to form Templar Entertainment alongside Purser. Together they produced the award winning film Cedar Boys (2009), along with television shows I Love Youse All (2008), starring Jeff Fenech and Clublife TV (2008), a reality show based on Bloc Nightclub in Penrith, New South Wales.

text:
# Ranko Markovic

**Ranko Markovic** is an Australian film and television producer and is the company director and producer of Templar Entertainment. Markovic's career started out in property development and investment before moving into film. Since then Markovic has studied at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School(AFTRS) and the Metroscreen Film College. He came together with Jeff Purser in 2004 after completing his studies to form Templar Entertainment alongside Purser.

Together they produced the award winning film *Cedar Boys* (2009), along with television shows *I Love Youse All* (2008), starring Jeff Fenech and *Clublife TV* (2008), a reality show based on Bloc Nightclub in Penrith, New South Wales.

## Biography

Markovic comes from a background in property development and investment. Over the years he ran a property development company as well as his own property investment company working as a project manager and investment consultant. Markovic went on to study film production at various institutions including AFTRS and Metro Screen. In this time he completed several short films and TV pilots.

In 2004, after completing his studies, Markovic and Purser established Templar Entertainment. Templar began seeking projects with micro to low budgets that had commercial potential. In 2005 Templar Entertainment produced their first low budget supernatural thriller *Shadow of Sins*, written by Edward Berridge.

In late 2006, Templar entered into a diversification process which saw them entering into the domestic and international television market after shooting the television series *Clublife TV*. The program aired on Channel \[V\] in May 2008. They then created *I Love Youse All* which aired on Channel 9, Fox Sports and Main Event in June 2008. 2008 also saw Templar diversify into corporate/trade delivering work to organizations such as Paramount Australia, and Women's Cricket Australia.

In 2009 *Cedar Boys* was released and premiered at the Sydney Film Festival. The film starring Rachael Taylor and Martin Henderson was distributed by Mushroom Pictures and financed by the Australian Film Commission, the New South Wales Film and Television Office and private investors.

## Film and television

* *Cedar Boys* (2009) Directed by Serhat Caradee, Produced by Jeff Purser and Ranko Markovic, starring Rachel Taylor and Les Chantry.
* *I Love Youse All* (2008), Directed by Jeff Purser and Produced by Jeff Purser and Ranko Markovic, starring Jeff Fenech
* *The Travelling Warrior* – Pilot (2008), Directed and Produced by Jeff Purser, starring Bren Foster
* *Clublife TV* (2008) – Directed and Produced by Ranko Markovic


title: Checkmate (1931 French film)

abstract: Checkmate is a 1931 French mystery crime film directed by Roger Goupillières and starring Dolly Davis, Jean Marchat and Jean-Pierre Aumont. It was shot at the Joinville Studios of Pathé-Natan in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Lucien Aguettand.

text:
# Checkmate (1931 French film)

***Checkmate*** (French: ***Échec et mat***) is a 1931 French mystery crime film directed by Roger Goupillières and starring Dolly Davis, Jean Marchat and Jean-Pierre Aumont. It was shot at the Joinville Studios of Pathé-Natan in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Lucien Aguettand.

## Synopsis

Claude Darblet plans a joke with two of his friends. One of them will pretend to be murdered, with the evidence all pointing at Claude before the prank is revealed. Things then take a dramatic turn when he really turns up dead.

## Cast

1. Crisp p.391
2. Bessy & Chirat p.131

## Bibliography

* Bessy, Maurice & Chirat, Raymond. *Histoire du cinéma français: 1929-1934*. Pygmalion, 1988.
* Crisp, Colin. *Genre, Myth and Convention in the French Cinema, 1929-1939*. Indiana University Press, 2002.
* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Checkmate | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Roger Goupillières |
| Starring | Dolly Davis
Jean Marchat
Jean-Pierre Aumont |
| Cinematography | Fédote Bourgasoff |
| Music by | Ralph Erwin |
| Production
company | Pathé-Natan |
| Distributed by | Pathé-Natan |
| Release date | * 21 August 1931 (1931-08-21) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Potentilla montana

abstract: Potentilla montana is a species of cinquefoil found in France

text:
# Potentilla montana

***Potentilla montana*** is a species of cinquefoil found in France

## InfoBox

| *Potentilla montana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Potentilla* |
| Species: | ***P. montana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potentilla montana***<br>Brot. | |
|


title: DMG-PEG 2000

abstract: DMG-PEG 2000 is a synthetic lipid formed by the PEGylation of myristoyl diglyceride. It is used to manufacture lipid nanoparticles that are used in mRNA vaccines, and in particular forms part of the drug delivery system for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.

text:
# DMG-PEG 2000

**DMG-PEG 2000** is a synthetic lipid formed by the PEGylation of myristoyl diglyceride. It is used to manufacture lipid nanoparticles that are used in mRNA vaccines, and in particular forms part of the drug delivery system for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.

Moderna COVID-19 vaccine nanoparticle ingredients

## InfoBox

DMG-PEG 2000
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol | |
| Other names PEG-DMG | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C122H242O50/c1-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-20-22-24-26-121(123)171-119-120(172-122(124)27-25-23-21-19-17-15-13-11-9-7-5-2)118-170-117-116-169-115-114-168-113-112-167-111-110-166-109-108-165-107-106-164-105-104-163-103-102-162-101-100-161-99-98-160-97-96-159-95-94-158-93-92-157-91-90-156-89-88-155-87-86-154-85-84-153-83-82-152-81-80-151-79-78-150-77-76-149-75-74-148-73-72-147-71-70-146-69-68-145-67-66-144-65-64-143-63-62-142-61-60-141-59-58-140-57-56-139-55-54-138-53-52-137-51-50-136-49-48-135-47-46-134-45-44-133-43-42-132-41-40-131-39-38-130-37-36-129-35-34-128-33-32-127-31-30-126-29-28-125-3/h120H,4-119H2,1-3H3Key: NLDCRRFPGOSAHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * O=C(CCCCCCCCCCCCC)OCC(OC(CCCCCCCCCCCCC)=O)COCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOC | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | 12224250 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Prisse Papyrus

abstract:
The Prisse Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian papyrus datable to the Middle Kingdom which was discovered by the inhabitants of Kurna and given to French orientalist Émile Prisse d'Avennes at Thebes and published in 1847 and is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.
Inhabitants of Kurna originally found the papyrus inside the rishi coffin of pharaoh Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef of the 17th Dynasty, whose tomb was probably located in Dra' Abu el-Naga' near Thebes. The papyrus document contains the last two pages of the Instructions of Kagemni, who purportedly served under pharaoh Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty, and is a compilation of moral maxims and admonitions on the practice of virtue (sebayt). The conclusion of the Instructions of Kagemni is followed by the only complete surviving copy of the Instruction of Ptahhotep.

text:
# Prisse Papyrus

The **Prisse Papyrus** is an ancient Egyptian papyrus datable to the Middle Kingdom which was discovered by the inhabitants of Kurna and given to French orientalist Émile Prisse d'Avennes at Thebes and published in 1847 and is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.
Inhabitants of Kurna originally found the papyrus inside the rishi coffin of pharaoh Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef of the 17th Dynasty, whose tomb was probably located in Dra' Abu el-Naga' near Thebes.

The papyrus document contains the last two pages of the *Instructions of Kagemni*, who purportedly served under pharaoh Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty, and is a compilation of moral maxims and admonitions on the practice of virtue (*sebayt*). The conclusion of the *Instructions of Kagemni* is followed by the only complete surviving copy of the *Instruction of Ptahhotep*.

1. Simpson, William K. (1972). Simpson, William Kelly (ed.). *The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry*. translations by R.O. Faulkner, Edward F. Wente, Jr., and William Kelly Simpson. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01711-1.
2. Hayes, William C. (1973). "Egypt: from the death of Ammenemes III to Seqenenre II". In Edwards, I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, N.G.L.; Sollberger, E. (eds.). *The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. II, part 1*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–76. ISBN 0-521-082307.
3. Miriam Lichtheim, *Ancient Egyptian Literature*, Volume I, 1973, p.59
4. Z.Zába (1956) retrieved 11:20GMT 24/9/11
5. papyrus "Prisse" JW Bone (1887)
6. Battiscombe Gunn, "THE WISDOM OF THE EAST, THE INSTRUCTION OF PTAH-HOTEP AND THE INSTRUCTION OF KE'GEMNI: THE OLDEST BOOKS IN THE WORLD", LONDON, JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, 1906, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30508/30508-h/30508-h.htm

## Literature