title: Ted Keating

abstract: Edwin Joseph Keating was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for the Labour Party, academic and director of the Bank of New Zealand.

text:
# Ted Keating

**Edwin Joseph Keating** CMG (29 October 1910 – 22 October 1987) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for the Labour Party, academic and director of the Bank of New Zealand.

## Biography

### Early life and career

Keating was born in Aldershot, England, in 1910 and arrived in New Zealand in 1926 alongside family members. He found employment with the New Zealand Post Office and attended the University of Auckland part-time, eventually graduating with a master of arts majoring in history.

He married Marguerita Mary (Rita) Wigg in Dunedin on 29 March 1948 with whom he had four sons and one daughter.

He was Vice-President of the New Zealand Post Office Association from 1949 to 1954 and a member of the Post Office Promotion Board from 1950 to 1954. He was a member of the Government Superannuation Board from 1948 to 1953.

### Political career

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19541957 | 31st | Hastings | |  | Labour |
| 19571960 | 32nd | Hastings | |  | Labour |

At the 1953 local-body elections he stood unsuccessfully for the Wellington Harbour Board on the Labour Party ticket.

Keating represented the Hastings electorate from 1954 to 1960, when he was defeated by National's Duncan MacIntyre. He attempted to regain the seat in 1963, but was unsuccessful. Keating was thought of as a potential cabinet member at the formation of the Second Labour Government. The press thought him the most qualified member of the Labour caucus for the position of Postmaster-General due to his work experience prior to entering Parliament. However he was not selected for cabinet and remained a backbencher. For the duration of the government Keating defended the government's record and countered attacks from the opposition regarding taxation levels. He particularly highlighted the success of the introduction of the Pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE) as an improvement to the tax system in place prior to Labour taking office.

He was a member of the Labour Party's national executive from 1957 to 1960 and chairman of the Wellington Labour Party Division from 1968 to 1975. In 1969 Keating stood for the vice-presidency of the Labour Party. He gained minimal support with only 2 delegates voting for him in the ballot.

### Later career

After politics he became a tutor and senior lecturer in industrial relations at Victoria University of Wellington. Keating also served as a director of the Bank of New Zealand from 1975 to 1987. He had previously been a member of the bank's housing allocation committee from 1947 to 1960.

In the 1986 Queen's Birthday Honours, Keating was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, for public and community services.

### Death

He died in 1987 in Wellington a week before his 77th birthday after a lengthy illness. He was survived by his wife, five children and three grandchildren.

* Logan, Mary (2008) \[First ed. published 2008\]. *Nordy, Arnold Nordmeyer a political biography* (1 ed.). Wellington: Steele Roberts Publishers. ISBN 978-1-877448-33-1.
* Taylor, Alister (1999). *The Australian Roll of Honour: Honoured by the Queen 1952-1998*. Alister Taylor. ISBN 9780908578740.
* Traue, James Edward (1978). *Who's Who in New Zealand, 1978* (11th ed.). Wellington: Reed Publishing.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First ed. published 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

## InfoBox

| Ted KeatingCMG | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Hastings | |
| **In office**
13 November 1954  26 November 1960 | |
| Preceded by | Sydney Jones |
| Succeeded by | Duncan MacIntyre |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1910-10-29)29 October 1910
Aldershot, England |
| Died | 22 October 1987(1987-10-22) (aged 76)
Auckland, New Zealand |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouse | Rita Wigg (m. 1948) |
| Children | 5 |
| Alma mater | University of Auckland |
|  | |


title: Shailungeshwar

abstract: Shailungeshwar is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,632 people living in 736 individual households.

text:
# Shailungeshwar

**Shailungeshwar**  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,632 people living in 736 individual households.

1. "Nepal Census 2001", *Nepal's Village Development Committees*, Digital Himalaya, retrieved 15 November 2009.

## InfoBox

| Shailungeshwar शैलुङ्गेश्वर | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
|  | |
| ShailungeshwarLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 27°35′N 86°01′E / 27.58°N 86.02°E / 27.58; 86.02 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Janakpur Zone |
| District | Dolakha District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 3,632 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Santhananda

abstract: H. H. Swami Santhananda Saraswati Avadhoota Swamigal born as Subrahmanyam was a Hindu spiritual leader and teacher who established the worship of Devi Bhuvaneswari in Tamil Nadu. He was the founder of the Bhuvaneswari Peetam in Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India. The very embodiment of Prema, Sri Sri Swami Santhananda was the fountainhead of Hindu Dharma and Vedic principles. In his lifetime he had conducted several yagnas as elucidated in the Sasthras and challenged orthodoxy by bringing to light, guarded Moola Mantras that ensure common good, wealth and peace. He was a disciple of H.H.Sri Swayamprakasha Bhremendra Saraswathi of Sendamangalam and came in the lineage of H.H.Sadasiva Bhremendra Saraswathi of Pudukkottai. He founded Skandhashramam in Salem and Om Sri Skandhashramam in Chennai.

text:
# Santhananda

**H. H. Swami Santhananda Saraswati Avadhoota Swamigal** (28 March 1921 – 27 May 2002) born as Subrahmanyam was a Hindu spiritual leader and teacher who established the worship of Devi Bhuvaneswari in Tamil Nadu. He was the founder of the Bhuvaneswari Peetam in Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India. The very embodiment of Prema, Sri Sri Swami Santhananda was the fountainhead of Hindu Dharma and Vedic principles. In his lifetime he had conducted several yagnas as elucidated in the Sasthras and challenged orthodoxy by bringing to light, guarded Moola Mantras that ensure common good, wealth and peace.

He was a disciple of H.H.Sri Swayamprakasha Bhremendra Saraswathi of Sendamangalam and came in the lineage of H.H.Sadasiva Bhremendra Saraswathi (Sri Sri Judge Swamigal) of Pudukkottai. He founded Skandhashramam in Salem and Om Sri Skandhashramam in Chennai.

## Early life and education

Subrahmanyam was born as the tenth child to the devout Brahmin couple Sri.Ramaswami and his wife Yogambal in Azhagapuri village, Madurai. His parents were devotees of Madurai Meenakshi Amman. Kattikulam Sootukkol Sri Mayandi Swamigal - a famous ascetic of that time had predicted his birth and said he would be a man of action for the welfare of the world and a devotee of Goddess Bhuvaneshwari.

Subrahmanyam, as a child, studied at Naganathapuram Veda Patasala where he became well versed in the Vedas.

## Independence Movement and Prison

Subrahmanyam was drawn towards the Gandhian movement for Independence of India. He concentrated his activities on village uplift and amelioration of the lot of the poor. He was imprisoned in Alipore Jail for his involvement in the independence struggle. In Alipore he studied the teachings of Sri Ramkrishna and Swami Vivekananda.

## Mantra Deeksha

From Alipore he went to Madurai and met Mayandi Yogi who initiated him in the Bhuvaneswari Mantra. He was also advised to remain silent, to subsist on alms, and also not to stay at a place for long.

## Search for a Guru

While travelling in the Girnar Hill, Gujarat, Subrahmanyam heard a voice commanding him to go to Sendamangalam, (Salem District, Tamil Nadu) where a Guru was waiting for him. He reached Sendamangalam and had the Darshan of Swami Swayamprakasha Bhremendra Saraswathi. At once he realized that the Avadhuta he saw in a vision at Tirunelveli was none other than Swamiji and requested that he be accepted as a disciple.

Swamiji gave his consent. He admitted Subrahmanyam to the Avadhuta order and gave him a new name Santhananda.

## Pudukkottai Adhishtanam

On the advice of Swami Swayamprakasa, Santhananda undertook the renovation of the Samadhi of Judge Swamigal at Pudukkottai. This Samadhi was established by Swayamprakasa Swamigal in 1936. Santhananda renovated the Samadhi and a Kumbabhishekam was conducted in 1956. This is now known as Bhuvaneswari Avadootha Vidya Peetam. The main deity here is Matha BHUVANESWARI.

## Skandhashramam at Salem

This was established by Swami Santhananda in 1968 on top of a small hill near Salem. The main Deities are ASHTA DASA BHUJA MAHALAKSHMI and SKANDA NATHA.

## Chennai Om Sri Skandhashramam

This was established by Swami Santhananda in 1999 in Raja Kilpakkam near Chennai. This is a Temple dedicated to MAA UGRAPRATHYANGIRA DEVI and LORD SARABHESWARA. For the first time in India a temple has been dedicated to MAA UGRAPRATHYANGIRA DEVI.


title: Rani Spas

abstract: Rani Spas is a multi-channel Ayurvedic spa and retail product company founded in 1994 and headquartered in Manhattan, New York. The company retails its own line of bath, hair, body, and skincare products through its online catalog and local spa stores.

text:
# Rani Spas

**Rani Spas** is a multi-channel Ayurvedic spa and retail product company founded in 1994 and headquartered in Manhattan, New York. The company retails its own line of bath, hair, body, and skincare products through its online catalog and local spa stores.

## History

Rani Spas was founded in 1994 by Rani Thukral and her son Anuj Rani Thukral. Rani's 20 different products are made from natural ingredients and are created under the influence of Ayurveda, a system of Indian traditional medicine. The spa currently has over 18 locations in New York & California.

## Awards

Rani Spas are recipients of the Stevie Awards for women in business, the AWIB Entrepreneurial Award, and the Saea business award from Sony.

## InfoBox

Rani Spas
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Genre | Ayurvedic Spa, Retail Product Company, and Global Skincare |
| Founded | New York City, U.S. (1994) |
| Founder | Rani Thukral & Anuj Rani Thukral |
| Headquarters | New York City, United States |
| Number of locations | 17 |
| Area served | North America |
| Products | Bath, Hair, Body and Skincare |
| Services | Laser, Skin Treatment, Massage, Body treatment, Manicure, Pedicure, Thr'Motion and Hygiene Waxing |
| Number of employees | 100+ |
| Parent | Anuj Rani, LLC. |
| Website | www.RaniSpa.com & www.threadinginmotion.com |


title: Scott Paterson

abstract: Scott Thomas Paterson is a Scottish professional football coach and former player who played as a defender. He was most recently assistant manager of Partick Thistle. He played for numerous clubs in Scotland and England, including Liverpool, Carlisle United, Bristol City, Partick Thistle and Dundee United.

text:
# Scott Paterson

**Scott Thomas Paterson** (born 13 May 1972) is a Scottish professional football coach and former player who played as a defender. He was most recently assistant manager of Partick Thistle. He played for numerous clubs in Scotland and England, including Liverpool, Carlisle United, Bristol City, Partick Thistle and Dundee United.

## Career

A product of the Scottish Highland Football League, Paterson began his professional career with his local Senior Club, Cove Rangers F.C. of the Scottish Highland Football League before winning a £15,000 move to Graeme Souness's Liverpool in March 1992. After two full seasons at Anfield but no first team appearances, Paterson spent four years with Bristol City, where he was loaned to Cardiff City in 1997. He then embarked on a series of moves around Britain which saw him spend no more than a season at any one club, and which included a short stint (between Carlisle United and Plymouth Argyle) back in the Highland Football League with Huntly FC, where his older brother was centre half at the time. He also had a spell at Cambridge United during this period.

In the summer of 2000 he made the move to professional Scottish football when he signed for Third Division side Peterhead. At Peterhead he scored once in the league against East Fife. However it wasn't long before he moved up to the First Division where he initially joined Ross County, but didn't make any appearances, and then Morton in March 2001. He was unable to prevent Morton's relegation to the Second Division. However he remained in the First Division when he signed for newly promoted side Partick Thistle. Paterson helped Thistle get a second successive promotion in 2002 and would therefore play in the Scottish Premier League. Paterson managed 68 league games for Partick Thistle. He scored two goals during his time at the club; both of which came during their run in the 2001–02 Scottish Cup. Thistle drew Inverness in the quarter-final and Paterson scored in the original tie as it ended in a draw, before scoring the winner in the replay. However Thistle were defeated in the semi-final by Rangers. His performances at Thistle won a move to Dundee United. Although his length of time at Tannadice was similar, Paterson was injured in his second match for the club against Celtic and spent almost his entire time injured, appearing briefly in the final match of the 2003–04 season also against Celtic. Further short spells in Scotland followed, including a brief loan spell back at Partick Thistle, before Paterson returned to his first, and home town club, Cove Rangers F. C. who play just outside the City of Aberdeen, and back in the Highland Football League at the start of 2006–07. Paterson went on to be a youth coach at Aberdeen before linking up with former Dundee United colleague Gary Bollan at Livingston in September 2009. On 30 January 2013 he was appointed interim assistant manager, alongside Alan Archibald, at Partick Thistle. He left Partick Thistle along with Archibald in October 2018 as the pair were relieved of their duties after a poor run of form.

In November 2021 Stephen Wright, the Head of academy for Dundee, revealed that Paterson had been assisting him at their Performance School.

## Honours

### Partick Thistle

2001–02

## InfoBox

Scott Paterson
| Scott Paterson in 2024 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Scott Thomas Paterson | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-05-13) 13 May 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | Aberdeen, Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Dundee (First team coach) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991–1992 | Cove Rangers |  |  |
| 1992–1994 | Liverpool | 0 | (0) |
| 1994–1998 | Bristol City | 53 | (1) |
| 1997 | Cardiff City (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | Carlisle United | 19 | (1) |
| 1999–2000 | Cambridge United | 6 | (0) |
| 2000 | Plymouth Argyle | 5 | (0) |
| 2000 | Peterhead | 10 | (1) |
| 2000–2001 | Ross County | 0 | (0) |
| 2001 | Greenock Morton | 8 | (0) |
| 2001–2003 | Partick Thistle | 68 | (0) |
| 2003–2005 | Dundee United | 3 | (0) |
| 2005 | Partick Thistle (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 2005–2006 | St Johnstone | 4 | (0) |
| 2006 | Gretna | 4 | (0) |
| 2006–2008 | Cove Rangers |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Essentially contested concept

abstract:
In a paper delivered to the Aristotelian Society on 12 March 1956, Walter Bryce Gallie (1912–1998) introduced the term essentially contested concept to facilitate an understanding of the different applications or interpretations of the sorts of abstract, qualitative, and evaluative notions—such as "art", "philanthropy", "power",
and "social justice"—used in the domains of aesthetics, sustainable development, political philosophy, philosophy of history, and philosophy of religion. Garver (1978) describes their use as follows:
  -
    - The term essentially contested concepts gives a name to a problematic situation that many people recognize: that in certain kinds of talk there is a variety of meanings employed for key terms in an argument, and there is a feeling that dogmatism, skepticism, and eclecticism are none of them the appropriate attitude towards that variety of meanings. Essentially contested concepts involve widespread agreement on a concept, but not on the best realization thereof. They are "concepts the proper use of which inevitably involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users", and these disputes "cannot be settled by appeal to empirical evidence, linguistic usage, or the canons of logic alone".

text:
# Essentially contested concept

In a paper delivered to the Aristotelian Society on 12 March 1956, Walter Bryce Gallie (19121998) introduced the term ***essentially contested concept*** to facilitate an understanding of the different applications or interpretations of the sorts of abstract, qualitative, and evaluative notions—such as "art", "philanthropy", "power", and "social justice"—used in the domains of aesthetics, sustainable development, political philosophy, philosophy of history, and philosophy of religion.

Garver (1978) describes their use as follows:

The term essentially contested concepts gives a name to a problematic situation that many people recognize: that in certain kinds of talk there is a variety of meanings employed for key terms in an argument, and there is a feeling that dogmatism ("My answer is right and all others are wrong"), skepticism ("All answers are equally true (or false); everyone has a right to his own truth"), and eclecticism ("Each meaning gives a partial view so the more meanings the better") are none of them the appropriate attitude towards that variety of meanings.

Essentially contested concepts involve widespread agreement on a concept (e.g., "fairness"), but not on the best realization thereof. They are "concepts the proper use of which inevitably involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users", and these disputes "cannot be settled by appeal to empirical evidence, linguistic usage, or the canons of logic alone".

## Identifying the presence of a dispute

Although Gallie's term is widely used to denote imprecise use of technical terminology, it has a far more specific application; although the notion could be misleadingly and evasively used to justify "agreeing to disagree", the term offers something more valuable:

Since its introduction by W.B. Gallie in 1956, the expression "essentially contested concept" has been treated both as a challenge and as an excuse by social theorists. It has been treated as a challenge in that theorists consider their uses of terms and concepts to be in competition with the uses advocated by other theorists, each theorist trying to be deemed the champion. It has been treated as an excuse in that, rather than acknowledge that the failure to reach agreement is due to such factors as imprecision, ignorance, or belligerence, instead theorists point to the terms and concepts under dispute and insist that they are always open to contest — that they are terms and concepts about which we can never expect to reach agreement.

The disputes that attend an essentially contested concept are driven by substantive disagreements over a range of different, entirely reasonable (although perhaps mistaken) interpretations of a mutually-agreed-upon archetypical notion, such as the legal precept "treat like cases alike; and treat different cases differently", with "each party \[continuing\] to defend its case with what it claims to be convincing arguments, evidence and other forms of justification".

Gallie speaks of how "This picture is painted in oils" can be successfully contested if the work is actually painted in tempera; while "This picture is a work of art" may meet strong opposition due to disputes over what "work of art" denotes. He suggests three avenues whereby one might resolve such disputes:

1. Discovering a new meaning of "work of art" to which all disputants could thenceforward agree.
2. Convincing all the disputants to conform to one meaning.
3. Declaring "work of art" to be a number of different concepts employing the same name.

Otherwise, the dispute probably centres on polysemy. Here, a number of critical questions must be asked:

* Has the term been incorrectly used, as in the case of mistakenly using decimated for devastated (catachresis)?
* Do two or more different concepts share the same word, as in the case of *ear*, *bank*, *sound*, *corn*, *scale*, etc. (homonymy)?
* Is there a genuine dispute about the term's correct application that, in fact, *can* be resolved?
* Or, is it really the case that the term is an *essentially contested concept*?

### Contested versus contestable

Barry Clarke suggested that, in order to determine whether a particular dispute was a consequence of true *polysemy* or inadvertent *homonymy*, one should seek to "locate the source of the dispute"; and in doing so, one might find that the source was "within the concept itself", or "\[within\] some underlying non-conceptual disagreement between the contestants".

Clarke drew attention to the substantial differences between the expressions "essentially contested" and "essentially contestable", that were being extensively used within the literature as if they were interchangeable.

Clarke argued that to state that a concept is merely "contested" is to "attribute significance to the contest rather than to the concept". Yet, to state that a concept is "contestable" (rather than "merely contested") is to "attribute some part of any contest to the concept"; namely, "to claim that some feature or property of the concept makes it polysemantic, and that \[from this\] the concept contains some internal conflict of ideas"; and it's this state of affairs that provides the "essentially contestable concept" with its "inherent potential \[for\] generating disputes".

## Features

In 1956 Gallie proposed a set of seven conditions for the existence of an essentially contested concept. Gallie was very specific about the limits of his enterprise: it dealt exclusively with abstract, qualitative notions, such as *art*, *religion*, *science*, *democracy*, and *social justice* (and, if Gallie's choices are contrasted with negatively regarded concepts such as *evil*, *disease*, *superstition*, etc., it is clear that the concepts he chose were exclusively positively regarded).

Freeden remarks that "not all essentially contested concepts signify valued achievements; they may equally signify disapproved and denigrated phenomena", and Gerring asks us to imagine just how difficult it would be to "\[try\] to craft definitions of slavery, fascism, terrorism, or genocide without recourse to 'pejorative' attributes".

These features distinguish Gallie's "essentially contested concepts" from others, "which can be shown, as a result of analysis or experiment, to be radically confused"; or, as Gray would have it, they are the features that relate to the task of distinguishing the "general words, which really denote an essentially contested concept" from those other "general words, whose uses conceal a diversity of distinguishable concepts":

1. Essentially contested concepts are *evaluative*, and they deliver *value-judgements*.
2. Essentially contested concepts denote comprehensively evaluated entities that have an *internally complex* character.
3. The evaluation must be attributed to the internally complex entity *as a whole*.
4. The different *constituent elements* of that internally complex entity are initially *variously describable*.
5. The different users of the concept will often allocate substantially different orders of *relative importance*, substantially different "*weights*", and/or substantially different *interpretations* to each of those constituent elements.
6. Psychological and sociological causes influence the extent to which any particular *consideration* is *salient* for a given individual, regarded as a *stronger reason* by that individual than by another, and regarded as *a reason* by one individual and not by another.
7. The disputed concepts are *open-ended* and vague, and are subject to considerable modification in the light of *changing circumstances*.
8. This further modification can neither be *predicted* nor *prescribed* in advance.
9. Whilst, by Gallie's express stipulation, there is no *best* instantiation of an essentially contested concept (or, at least, none knowable to be the best), it is also obvious that some instantiations will be considerably *better* than others; and, furthermore, even if one particular instantiation seems best at the moment, there is always the possibility that a new, better instantiation will emerge in the future.
10. Each party knows and recognizes that its own peculiar usage/interpretation of the concept is disputed by others who, in their turn, hold different and quite incompatible views.
11. Each party must (at least to a certain extent) understand the criteria upon which the other participants’ (repudiated) views are based.
12. Disputes centred on essentially contested concepts are "perfectly genuine", "not resolvable by argument", and "nevertheless sustained by perfectly respectable arguments and evidence".
13. Each party's use of their own specific usage/interpretation is driven by a need to *uphold* their own particular (*correct*, *proper* and *superior*) usage/interpretation against that of all other (*incorrect*, *improper* and *irrational*) users.
14. Because the use of an essentially contested concept is always the application of one use *against* all other uses, any usage is intentionally *aggressive* and *defensive*.
15. Because it is essentially contested, rather than "radically confused", the continued use of the essentially contested concept is justified by the fact that, despite all of their on-going disputation, *all* of the competitors acknowledge that the contested concept is derived from a *single common exemplar*.
16. The continued use of the essentially contested concept also helps to sustain and develop our understanding of the concept's original exemplar/s.

## Concepts and conceptions

Scholars such as H. L. A. Hart, John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and Steven Lukes have variously embellished Gallie's proposal by arguing that certain of the difficulties encountered with Gallie's proposition may be due to the unintended conflation of two separate domains associated with the term *concept*:

(a) the *concepts* (the abstract, ideal *notions* themselves), and (b) the *conceptions* (the particular *instantiations*, or *realizations* of those ideal and abstract notions).

In essence, Hart (1961), Rawls (1971), Dworkin (1972), and Lukes (1974) distinguished between the "unity" of a notion and the "multiplicity" of its possible instantiations. From their work it is easy to understand the issue as one of determining whether there is a single notion that has a number of different instantiations, or whether there is more than one notion, each of which is reflected in a different *usage*.

In a section of his 1972 article in *The New York Review of Books*, Dworkin used the example of "fairness" to isolate and elaborate the difference between a *concept* (*suum cuique*) and its *conception* (various instantiations, for example utilitarian ethics).

He supposes that he has instructed his children not to treat others "unfairly" and asks us to recognize that, whilst he would have undoubtedly had particular "examples" (of the sorts of conduct he was intending to discourage) in mind at the time he spoke to his children, whatever it was that he *meant* when he issued such instructions was not confined to those "examples" alone, for two reasons:

1. "I would expect my children to apply my instructions to situations I had not and could not have thought about."
2. "I stand ready to admit that some particular act I had thought was fair when I spoke was in fact unfair, or vice versa, if one of my children is able to convince me of that later."

Dworkin argues that this admission of error would not entail any "change" to his original instructions, because the true *meaning* of his instructions was that "\[he\] meant the family to be guided by the *concept* of fairness, not by any specific *conception* of fairness \[that he\] might have had in mind". Therefore, he argues, his instructions do, in fact, "cover" this new case.

Exploring what he considers to be the "crucial distinction" between the overall *concept* of "fairness" and some particular, and specific *conception* of "fairness", he asks us to imagine a group whose members share the view that certain acts are *unfair*. The members of this group "agree on a great number of standard cases of unfairness and use these as benchmarks against which to test other, more controversial cases". In these circumstances, says Dworkin, "the group has a *concept* of unfairness, and its members may appeal to that concept in moral instruction or argument." However, the members may still disagree over many of these "controversial cases"; and differences of this sort indicate that members *have*, or *act upon*, entirely different theories of why and how each of the "standard cases" are, in fact, genuine acts of "unfairness". And, because each considers that certain principles "\[which\] must be relied upon to show that a particular division or attribution is unfair" are more "fundamental" than certain other principles, it can be said that members of the group have different *conceptions* of "fairness".

Consequently, those responsible for giving "instructions", and those responsible for setting "standards" of "fairness", in this community may be doing one of two things:

1. Appealing to the *concept* of "fairness", by demanding that others act "fairly". In this case, those instructed to act "fairly" are responsible for "developing and applying their own conception of fairness as controversial cases arise". Each of those issuing the instructions (or setting the standards) may have quite different explanations underlying their actions; and, also, they may well change their explanations from time to time, without ever changing the standards they set.
2. Laying down a particular *conception* of "fairness"; by, for example, specifying that all hard cases were to be decided "by applying the utilitarian ethics of Jeremy Bentham".

It is important to recognize that rather than it just being a case of delivering two different instructions; it is a case of delivering two different *kinds* of instruction:

1. In the case of the appeal to the *concept* of "fairness", one invokes the ideal (and, implicitly, the universally agreed upon) notion of "fairness"; and whatever one might believe is the best *instantiation* of that notion is, by and large, irrelevant.
2. In the case of laying down a *conception* of "fairness", one specifies what one believes to be the best instantiation of the notion "fairness"; and, by this action, one specifies what one *means* by "fairness"; and whatever one might believe is the ideal *notion* of "fairness" is, by and large, irrelevant.

As a consequence, according to Dworkin, whenever an appeal is made to "fairness", a moral issue is raised; and, whenever a conception of "fairness" is laid down, an attempt is being made to answer that moral issue.

## Not "hotly disputed" concepts

Whilst Gallie's expression "essentially contested concepts" precisely denotes those "essentially questionable and corrigible concepts" which "are permanently and essentially subject to revision and question", close examination of the wide and varied and imprecise applications of Gallie's term subsequent to 1956, by those who have ascribed their own literal meaning to Gallie's term without ever consulting Gallie's work, have led many philosophers to conclude that "essentially disputed concepts" would have been far better choice for Gallie's meaning, for at least three reasons:

1. Gallie's term has led many to the mistaken belief that he spoke of *hotly disputed*, rather than *essentially disputed* concepts.
2. Expressly stipulating that a specific issue can never be resolved, and then calling it a "contest" seems both absurd and misleading.
3. Any assertion that "essentially contested" concepts are *incommensurable* made at the same time as an assertion that "they have any common subject-matter" is incoherent; and, also, it reveals an "inconsistency in the idea of essential contestability".

Jeremy Waldron's research has revealed that Gallie's notion *has "run wild" in the law review literature over the ensuing 60 years* and is, now, being widely used to denote something like "very hotly contested, with no resolution in sight", due to an entirely mistaken view that the *essential* in Gallie's term is an "intensifier", when, in fact, "\[Gallie's\] term 'essential' refers to the location of the disagreement or indeterminacy; it is contestation at the core, not just at the borderlines or penumbra of a concept". Yet, according to Gallie, is also clear that:

"if the notion of logical justification can be applied only to such theses and arguments as can be presumed capable of gaining in the long run universal agreement, the disputes to which the uses of any essentially contested concept give rise are not genuine or rational disputes at all. ... So long as contestant users of any essentially contested concept believe, however deludedly, that their own use of it is the only one that can command honest and informed approval, they are likely to persist in the hope that they will ultimately persuade and convert all their opponents by logical means. But once \[we\] let the truth out of the bag — i.e., the essential contestedness of the concept in question — then this harmless if deluded hope may well be replaced by a ruthless decision to cut the cackle, to damn the heretics and to exterminate the unwanted."       * Abbey, R., "Is Liberalism Now an Essentially Contested Concept?", *New Political Science*, Vol. 27, No. 4, (December 2005), pp. 461–480.
* Baldwin, D.A., "The Concept of Security", *Review of International Studies*, Vol. 23, No.1, (January 1997), pp. 5–26.
* Benn, S.I., *A Theory of Freedom*, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1988.
* Benn, S.I. & Gaus, G.F., "The Public and the Private: Concepts and Action", pp. 3–27 in Benn, S.I. & Gaus, G.F., *Public and Private in Social Life*, Croom Helm, (London), 1983.
* Booth, W.C., "“Preserving the Exemplar”: or, How Not to Dig Our Own Graves", *Critical Inquiry*, Vol.3, No.3, (Spring 1977), pp. 407–423.
* Boulay, H., "Essentially Contested Concepts and the Teaching of Political Science", *Teaching Political Science*, Vol. 4, No. 4, (July 1977), pp. 423–433.
* Care, N.S., "On Fixing Social Concepts", *Ethics*, Vol.84, No.1, (October 1973), pp. 10–21.
* Clarke, B., "Eccentrically Contested Concepts", *British Journal of Political Science*, Vol.9, No.1, (January 1979), pp. 122–126.
* Collier, D., Hidalgo, F.D., & Maciuceanu, A.O., "Essentially contested concepts: Debates and applications", *Journal of Political Ideologies* Vol.11, No.3, (October 2006), pp. 211–246.
* Collier, D. & Mahon, J.E., "Conceptual “Stretching” Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis", *The American Political Science Review*, Vol.87, No. 4, (December 1993), pp. 845–855.
* Connolly, W.E., "Essentially Contested Concepts in Politics", pp. 10–44 in Connolly, W.E., *The Terms of Political Discourse*, Heath, (Lexington), 1974.
* Cooper, D.E., "Lewis on our Knowledge of Conventions", *Mind*, Vol.86, No.342, (April 1977), pp. 256–261.
* Daly, S., "Philanthropy as an Essentially Contested Concept", *Voluntas*, Vol. 23, No. 3, (2012), pp. 535–557.
* Davidson, D., "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme", *Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association*, Vol. 47, (1974), pp. 5–20.
* Dworkin, R., *Taking Rights Seriously: New Impression with a Reply to Critics*, Duckworth, (Oxford), 1978.
* Dworkin, R., "The Jurisprudence of Richard Nixon", *The New York Review of Books*, Vol.18, No.8, (May 1972), pp. 27–35.
* Ehrenberg, K.M., "Law is not (Best Considered) an Essentially Contested Concept", *International Journal of Law in Context*, Vol.7 (2011), pp. 209–232. doi: 10.1017/S174455231100005X
* Freeden, M., *Ideologies and Political Theory — A Conceptual Approach*, Oxford University Press, (Oxford) 1998.
* Frohock, F.M., "The Structure of “Politics”", *The American Political Science Review*, Vol.72, No.3, (September 1978), pp. 859-870.
* Gallie, W.B.(1956a), "Essentially Contested Concepts", *Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society*, Vol.56, (1956), pp. 167–198.
* Gallie, W.B. (1956b), "Art as an Essentially Contested Concept", *The Philosophical Quarterly*, Vol.6, No. 23, (April 1956), pp. 97–114.
* Gallie, W.B., "Essentially Contested Concepts", pp. 157–191 in Gallie, W.B., *Philosophy and the Historical Understanding*, Chatto & Windus, (London), 1964.
* Gallie, W.B., "What Makes a Subject Scientific?", *The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science*, Vol.8, No.30, (August 1957), pp. 118–139.
* Garver, E., "Essentially Contested Concepts: The Ethics and Tactics of Argument", *Philosophy and Rhetoric*, Vol. 23, No. 4, (1990), pp. 251–270.
* Garver, E., "Paradigms and Princes", *Philosophy of the Social Sciences*, Vol.17, No.1, (March 1987), pp. 21–47.
* Garver, E., "Rhetoric and Essentially Contested Arguments", *Philosophy and Rhetoric*, Vol.11, No.3, (Summer 1978), pp. 156–172.
* Gellner, E., "The Concept of a Story", *Ratio*, Vol.9, No.1, (June 1967), pp. 49–66.
* Gerring, J., "What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Concept Formation in the Social Sciences", *Polity*, Vol.31, No.3, (Spring 1999), pp. 357–393.
* Gilbert, M., "Notes on the Concept of a Social Convention", *New Literary History*, Vol.14, No. 2, (Winter 1983), pp. 225–251.
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* Grafstein, R., "A Realist Foundation for Essentially Contested Political Concepts", *The Western Political Quarterly*, Vol. 41, No.1, (March 1988), pp. 9–28.
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* Gray, J., "Political Power, Social Theory, and Essential Contestability", pp. 75–101 in Miller, D. & Siedentop, L., *The Nature of Political Theory*, Clarendon Press, (Oxford), 1983.
* Gray, J.N., "On the Contestability of Social and Political Concepts", *Political Theory*, Vol.5, No.3, (August 1977), pp. 331–348.
* Hampshire, S., *Thought and Action*, Chatto and Windus, (London), 1965.
* Härlin, M. & Sundberg, P., "Taxonomy and Philosophy of Names", *Biology and Philosophy*, Vol.13, No. 2, (April 1998), pp. 233–244.
* Hart, H.L.A., *The Concept of Law*, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1961.
* Jacobs, M., “Sustainable Development as a Contested Concept“, pp. 21–45 in Dobson, A., *Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice*, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 2006.
* Jamieson, D., “David Lewis on Convention“, *Canadian Journal of Philosophy*, Vol.5, No.1, (September 1975), pp. 73–81.
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* Lucy, W.N.R., "Rights, Values, and Controversy", *Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence*, Vol.5, No. 2, (July 1992), pp. 195–213.
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title: Susie Darlin'

abstract: "Susie Darlin'" is a 1958 single by Robin Luke. Luke's rendition peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and went to #1 on the CHUM Chart in 1958. A cover version by Tommy Roe had "Susie Darlin'" re-enter the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962 and peaked at #35. "Susie Darlin'" sold a million copies in the United States.

text:
# Susie Darlin'

"**Susie Darlin'**" is a 1958 single by Robin Luke. Luke's rendition peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and went to #1 on the CHUM Chart in 1958. A cover version by Tommy Roe had "Susie Darlin'" re-enter the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962 and peaked at #35. "Susie Darlin'" sold a million copies in the United States.

## Background

"Susie Darlin'" was originally titled "All Night Long" but was later re-titled and named after Luke's sister.

Robin Luke started singing professionally in 1957, co-starring on a Honolulu TV show with Kimo McVay, while still attending Punahou High School. He was brought to the attention of Bobby Bertram, owner of the Lariat and Bertram International labels. Luke recorded two self-composed songs (“Susie Darlin’” and “Living’s Loving You”) in Bertram’s bedroom in Honolulu, with the nearby bathroom functioning as an echo chamber. Percussion was created by Bertram by pounding two sticks at a ballpoint pen in his pocket.

## Release

"Susie Darlin’”. c/w “Living’s Loving You” were released in May 1958 on Bertram International. Immediately there was massive Hawaiian airplay and ten days later “Susie Darlin’” (inspired by Robin’s five-year old sister Susie) was the best selling record in Honolulu. Luckily for Luke, Art and Dorothy Freeman, Cleveland distributors for the Dot label, were honeymooning in Waikiki when they happened to hear Robin’s record on the radio.

Bertram leased the record to Dot Records for the US mainland market. Reissued on Dot, the single entered the Billboard charts in August 1958, eventually peaked at number five. Luke did a quick tour of the United States and appeared on American Bandstand. As the single climbed the charts, he was brought back for more shows and performed on more national television shows, including the Perry Como Show. In the UK “Susie Darlin'" was released on the London American label (HLD 8676) and reached number 23, in spite of competition from a British cover by Barry Barnett.

## Other versions

In 1962, Tommy Roe covered "Susie Darlin'". A few years later, Mike Curb created his own version, titled "Suzie Darling", with some lyrical adjustments in 1965.
A German version was covered by Tommy Kent in 1958 and peaked on the German charts at #4.
In 1973, Australian Barry Crocker released an updated version of Susie Darlin', which peaked at #7 on the Australian charts and charted at #57 for the year overall.

## Chart performance

In the United States, Robin Luke's original version of "Susie Darlin'" peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 26 on the Hot R&B Sides chart in 1958. Outside of the United States, Luke's version of "Susie Darlin'" peaked at No. 1 on the CHUM Chart and No. 23 in the UK that same year. Another charting version of "Susie Darlin'" was Tommy Roe's version, which peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 35 in 1962.

## Charts

### Robin Luke version

| Chart (1958) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada (CHUM) | 1 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 23 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 5 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 26 |

### Tommy Roe version

| Chart (1962) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 35 |

## InfoBox

| "Susie Darlin'" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Robin Luke | |
| B-side | "Living’s Loving You" |
| Released | July 28, 1958 (1958-07-28) |
| Studio | Bertram International Studio, Honolulu, Hawaii |
| Length | 2:30 |
| Label | Dot |
| Songwriter(s) | Robin Luke |


title: Saint-Colomban, Quebec

abstract: Saint-Colomban is a city in the regional county municipality of La Rivière-du-Nord in Québec, Canada. It is situated in the Laurentides region of Québec and was named in honour of Saint Columbanus. The pioneer responsible for developing the village was the priest John Falvey, who constructed the parish and preached to the first parishioners. Saint-Colomban was also the birthplace of Mr. Justice Emmett Hall, a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada widely considered to be one of the fathers of Medicare.

text:
# Saint-Colomban, Quebec

**Saint-Colomban** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ kɔlɔ̃bɑ̃\] ) is a city in the regional county municipality of La Rivière-du-Nord in Québec, Canada. It is situated in the Laurentides region of Québec and was named in honour of Saint Columbanus.

The pioneer responsible for developing the village was the priest John Falvey, who constructed the parish and preached to the first parishioners.

Saint-Colomban was also the birthplace of Mr. Justice Emmett Hall, a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada widely considered to be one of the fathers of Medicare.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Colomban had a population of 17,740 living in 6,632 of its 6,807 total private dwellings, a change of 10.7% from its 2016 population of 16,019. With a land area of 92.71 km2 (35.80 sq mi), it had a population density of 191.3/km2 (495.6/sq mi) in 2021.

## Education

The Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord operates French-language public schools.

The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates English-language public schools:

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Saint-Colomban | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Saint-Colomban in winter | |
|  | |
| Location within La Rivière-du-Nord RCM | |
| St-ColombanLocation in central Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 45°44′N 74°08′W / 45.73°N 74.13°W / 45.73; -74.13 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Laurentides |
| RCM | La Rivière-du-Nord |
| Constituted | July 1, 1855 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Xavier-Antoine Lalande |
| Federal riding | Mirabel |
| Prov. riding | Argenteuil |
| Area | |
| Total | 94.00 km2 (36.29 sq mi) |
| Land | 92.71 km2 (35.80 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 17,740 |
| Density | 191.4/km2 (496/sq mi) |
| Pop 2016–2021 | 10.7% |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J5K 1A1 |
| Area code(s) | 450 and 579 |
| Highways | No major routes |
| Website | www.st-colomban.qc.ca |


title: Scavenius Cabinet

abstract: The Scavenius cabinet was the government of Denmark from 9 November 1942 to 5 May 1945. It replaced the first Buhl cabinet, which collapsed due to the Telegram Crisis in November 1942, when the Germans demanded changes to the Danish government. The Germans wanted nonpolitical ministers and Nazi ministers in the new government, however only the first demand was met. Following the August Rebellion in 1943, the Germans put forward more demands, which the Danish authorities refused. The government therefore filed a resignation request for the King on 29 August 1943, who refused to accept it. The government de facto ceased to function, though still formally in power. The Board of Permanent Secretaries was established, where the permanent secretaries of the ministries managed the country. Only after the liberation of 5 May 1945, were the resignation accepted, and the Scavenius cabinet and Board of permanent secretaries were replaced by the second Buhl cabinet.

text:
# Scavenius Cabinet

The **Scavenius cabinet** was the government of Denmark from 9 November 1942 to 5 May 1945. It replaced the first Buhl cabinet, which collapsed due to the Telegram Crisis in November 1942, when the Germans demanded changes to the Danish government. The Germans wanted nonpolitical ministers and Nazi ministers in the new government, however only the first demand was met.

Following the August Rebellion in 1943, the Germans put forward more demands, which the Danish authorities refused. The government therefore filed a resignation request for the King on 29 August 1943, who refused to accept it. The government *de facto* ceased to function, though still formally in power. The Board of Permanent Secretaries was established, where the permanent secretaries of the ministries managed the country. Only after the liberation of 5 May 1945, were the resignation accepted, and the Scavenius cabinet and Board of permanent secretaries were replaced by the second Buhl cabinet.

## List of ministers and portfolios

Some of the terms in the table begin before after 9 November 1942 because the minister was in the fourth Stauning cabinet as well.

| Portfolio | Minister | Tookoffice | Leftoffice | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Erik Scavenius | 9 November 1942 | 5 May 1945 |  | Nonpartisan |
| Foreign Minister | Erik Scavenius | 8 July 1940 | 5 May 1945 |  | Nonpartisan |
| Finance Minister | Kristian Hansen Kofoed | 9 November 1942 | 5 May 1945 |  | Social Liberals |
| Interior Minister | Jørgen Jørgensen | 9 November 1942 | 5 May 1945 |  | Social Liberals |
| Justice Minister | Eigil Thune Jacobsen | 9 July 1941 | 5 May 1945 |  | Nonpartisan |
| Minister for Education | A.C. Højberg Christensen | 9 November 1942 | 5 May 1945 |  | Nonpartisan |
| Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs | Valdemar Holbøll | 9 November 1942 | 5 May 1945 |  | Nonpartisan |
| Minister of Defence | Søren Brorsen | 8 July 1940 | 5 May 1945 |  | Venstre |
| Minister for Public Works | Axel Gunnar Larsen | 8 July 1940 | 5 May 1945 |  | Nonpartisan |
| Minister of Traffic | Niels Elgaard | 9 November 1942 | 5 May 1945 |  | Venstre |
| Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries | Kristen Bording | 8 July 1940 | 5 May 1945 |  | Social Democrats |
| Ministry of Trade, Industry and Maritime | Halfdan Hendriksen | 3 October 1940 | 5 May 1945 |  | Conservatives |
| Ministry of Social Affairs | Laurits Hansen | 9 November 1942 | 5 May 1945 |  | Social Democrats |
| Minister for Labor | Johannes Kjærbøl | 8 July 1940 | 5 May 1945 |  | Social Democrats |

* Skou, Kaare R. (2005). *Dansk politik A-Å* (in Danish). Aschehoug. ISBN 87-11-11652-8.
* Prime Minister's Office. "Regeringen Scavenius". *stm.dk* (in Danish). Retrieved 4 June 2018.
* Aarhus University. "Regeringer 1901-1953". *danmarkshistorien.dk* (in Danish). Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| Scavenius | |
| --- | --- |
| <br>41st Cabinet of Denmark | |
|  | |
| Date formed | 9 November 1942 (1942-11-09) |
| Date dissolved | 5 May 1945 (1945-05-05) |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Christian X of Denmark |
| Head of government | Erik Scavenius |
| Status in legislature | Unity government |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Buhl I |
| Successor | Buhl II |


title: Presidents Cup

abstract: The Presidents Cup is a series of men's golf matches between a team representing the United States and an International Team representing the rest of the world except Europe as that continent competes against the United States in a similar but considerably older event, the Ryder Cup. The Presidents Cup has been held biennially since 1994. Initially it was held in even-numbered years, with the Ryder Cup being held in odd numbered years. However, the cancellation of the 2001 Ryder Cup due to the September 11 attacks pushed both tournaments back a year, and the Presidents Cup was then held in odd-numbered years. It reverted to even-number years following the postponement of the 2020 Ryder Cup due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is hosted alternately in the United States and in countries represented by the International Team. The International team competes under a specifically designed logo and flag. The next Presidents Cup will be held in 2026 at Medinah Country Club in Medinah, Illinois, United States.

text:
# Presidents Cup

The **Presidents Cup** is a series of men's golf matches between a team representing the United States and an International Team representing the rest of the world except Europe as that continent competes against the United States in a similar but considerably older event, the Ryder Cup.

The Presidents Cup has been held biennially since 1994. Initially it was held in even-numbered years, with the Ryder Cup being held in odd numbered years. However, the cancellation of the 2001 Ryder Cup due to the September 11 attacks pushed both tournaments back a year, and the Presidents Cup was then held in odd-numbered years. It reverted to even-number years following the postponement of the 2020 Ryder Cup due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is hosted alternately in the United States and in countries represented by the International Team.

The International team competes under a specifically designed logo and flag.

The next Presidents Cup will be held in 2026 at Medinah Country Club in Medinah, Illinois, United States.

## Format

The scoring system of the event is match play. The format is drawn from the Ryder Cup and consists of 12 players per side. Each team has a captain, usually a highly respected golf figure, who is responsible for choosing the pairs in the doubles events, which consist of both alternate shot and best ball formats (also known as "foursomes" and "fourball" matches respectively). Each match, whether it be a doubles or singles match, is worth one point with a half-point awarded to each team in the event of a halved match.

There have been frequent small changes to the format, although the final day has always consisted of 12 singles matches. The contest was extended from three days to four in 2000. In 2015, there were nine foursome doubles matches, nine fourball doubles matches, and 12 singles matches. With a total of 30 points, a team needed to get 15.5 points to win the Cup.

| Year | Day 1 | | Day 2 | | Day 3 | | Day 4 | Total<br>Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Morning | Afternoon | Morning | Afternoon | Morning | Afternoon | | |
| 1994, 1996 | 5 fourballs | 5 foursomes | 5 fourballs | 5 foursomes | 12 singles | |  | 32 |
| 1998 | 5 foursomes | 5 fourballs | 5 foursomes | 5 fourballs | 12 singles | |  | 32 |
| 2000 | 5 foursomes | | 5 fourballs | 5 foursomes | 5 fourballs | | 12 singles | 32 |
| 2003 | 6 foursomes | | 5 fourballs | 5 foursomes | 6 fourballs | | 12 singles | 34 |
| 2005–2011 | 6 foursomes | | 6 fourballs | | 5 foursomes | 5 fourballs | 12 singles | 34 |
| 2013 | 6 fourballs | | 6 foursomes | | 5 fourballs | 5 foursomes | 12 singles | 34 |
| 2015, 2017 | 5 foursomes | | 5 fourballs | | 4 foursomes | 4 fourballs | 12 singles | 30 |
| 2019 | 5 fourballs | | 5 foursomes | | 4 fourballs | 4 foursomes | 12 singles | 30 |
| 2022 | 5 foursomes | | 5 fourballs | | 4 foursomes | 4 fourballs | 12 singles | 30 |
| 2024 | 5 fourballs | | 5 foursomes | | 4 fourballs | 4 foursomes | 12 singles | 30 |

### Ties

Until the 2005 event, prior to the start of the final day matches, the captains selected one player to play in a tie-breaker in the event of a tie at the end of the final match. Upon a tie, the captains would reveal the players who would play a sudden-death match to determine the winner. In 2003, however, the tiebreaker match ended after three holes because of darkness, and the captains, Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus, agreed that the Cup would be shared by both teams.

From 2005 to 2013, singles matches ending level at the end of the regulation 18 holes were to be extended to extra holes until the match was won outright. All singles matches would continue in this format until one team reaches the required point total to win the Presidents Cup. Remaining singles matches were only to be played to the regulation 18 holes and could be halved. Although this rule was in force for five Presidents Cup contests, no matches actually went beyond 18 holes.

## History

The event was created and is organized by the PGA Tour.

Each contest has an Honorary Chairman or Chairwoman, the head of state or head of government of the host nation.

| Year | Chairman or Chairwoman | Title |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | Gerald Ford | 38th President of the United States |
| 1996 | George H. W. Bush | 41st President of the United States |
| 1998 | John Howard | 25th Prime Minister of Australia |
| 2000 | Bill Clinton | 42nd President of the United States |
| 2003 | Thabo Mbeki | 2nd President of South Africa |
| 2005 | George W. Bush | 43rd President of the United States |
| 2007 | Stephen Harper | 22nd Prime Minister of Canada |
| 2009 | Barack Obama | 44th President of the United States |
| 2011 | Julia Gillard | 27th Prime Minister of Australia |
| 2013 | Barack Obama (2) | 44th President of the United States |
| 2015 | Park Geun-hye | 11th President of South Korea |
| 2017 | Donald Trump | 45th President of the United States |
| 2019 | Scott Morrison | 30th Prime Minister of Australia |
| 2022 | Joe Biden | 46th President of the United States |
| 2024 | Justin Trudeau | 23rd Prime Minister of Canada |

## Charity

There is no prize money awarded at the Presidents Cup. The net proceeds are distributed to charities nominated by the players, captains, and captains' assistants. The first ten Presidents Cups raised over US$32 million for charities around the world.

## Results

| Year | Venue | Location | Winning team | Score | U.S. captain | International captain |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | Robert Trent Jones Golf Club | Gainesville, Virginia, United States | United States | 20–12 | Hale Irwin | David Graham |
| 1996 | Robert Trent Jones Golf Club (2) | Gainesville, Virginia, United States | United States | 1612–1512 | Arnold Palmer | Peter Thomson |
| 1998 | Royal Melbourne Golf Club | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | International Team | 2012–1112 | Jack Nicklaus | Peter Thomson (2) |
| 2000 | Robert Trent Jones Golf Club (3) | Gainesville, Virginia, United States | United States | 2112–1012 | Ken Venturi | Peter Thomson (3) |
| 2003 | Fancourt Hotel and Country Club | George, Western Cape, South Africa | Tied | 17–17 | Jack Nicklaus (2) | Gary Player |
| 2005 | Robert Trent Jones Golf Club (4) | Gainesville, Virginia, United States | United States | 1812–1512 | Jack Nicklaus (3) | Gary Player (2) |
| 2007 | Royal Montreal Golf Club | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | United States | 1912–1412 | Jack Nicklaus (4) | Gary Player (3) |
| 2009 | Harding Park Golf Club | San Francisco, California, United States | United States | 1912–1412 | Fred Couples | Greg Norman |
| 2011 | Royal Melbourne Golf Club (2) | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | United States | 19–15 | Fred Couples (2) | Greg Norman (2) |
| 2013 | Muirfield Village | Dublin, Ohio, United States | United States | 1812–1512 | Fred Couples (3) | Nick Price |
| 2015 | Jack Nicklaus Golf Club Korea | Incheon, South Korea | United States | 1512–1412 | Jay Haas | Nick Price (2) |
| 2017 | Liberty National Golf Club | Jersey City, New Jersey, United States | United States | 19–11 | Steve Stricker | Nick Price (3) |
| 2019 | Royal Melbourne Golf Club (3) | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | United States | 16–14 | Tiger Woods | Ernie Els |
| 2022 | Quail Hollow Club | Charlotte, North Carolina, United States | United States | 1712–1212 | Davis Love III | Trevor Immelman |
| 2024 | Royal Montreal Golf Club (2) | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | United States | 1812–1112 | Jim Furyk | Mike Weir |

## Champions by team

| Nationality | Wins |
| --- | --- |
| United States | 13 |
| International Team | 1 |
| Shared | 1 |

## Future venues

## Records

Sources

## InfoBox

Presidents Cup
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Location | 2024: Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Established | 1994 |
| Course(s) | 2024: Royal Montreal Golf Club |
| Tour(s) | PGA Tour |
| Format | Match play |
| Month played | September |
| Current champion | |
| United States | |
| *2024 Presidents Cup* | |


title: David T. Curiel

abstract: David Terry Curiel is an American cancer biologist. He is a professor of Radiation Oncology at Washington University School of Medicine and Director of the Biologic Therapeutics Center. In 1995, Curiel led a research team who were the first to develop a vaccine based on messenger RNA. Although they published proof of concept, he could not continue testing due to a lack of funding. In 2021, Curiel developed a vaccine that targets the SARS-CoV-2 virus through the nose.

text:
# David T. Curiel

**David Terry Curiel** (born 1956) is an American cancer biologist. He is a professor of Radiation Oncology at Washington University School of Medicine and Director of the Biologic Therapeutics Center. In 1995, Curiel led a research team who were the first to develop a vaccine based on messenger RNA. Although they published proof of concept, he could not continue testing due to a lack of funding. In 2021, Curiel developed a vaccine that targets the SARS-CoV-2 virus through the nose.

## Early life and education

Curiel was born in 1956 in the Douglasville, Georgia area. His father, a general practitioner, immigrated to the United States from the Dominican Republic. Curiel is of Jewish descent. Following high school, Curiel remained in his home state for his Bachelor of Science degree at West Georgia College and medical degree at the Emory University School of Medicine. Upon receiving his medical degree, Curiel completed his internship and residency at Emory in 1985 and his fellowships in pulmonary medicine and biotechnology at the National Institutes of Health in 1990. He enrolled at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands for his PhD.

## Career

Following his fellowships, Curiel became an assistant professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). In this role, he began working on gene transfer techniques for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. In 1992, he began combining two different gene therapy approaches into a virus using Adenovirus. Healthy genes are transferred to defective cells on the outer coat of inactivated adenoviruses which in turn enter the cell nuclei where defective genes lie. His research efforts earned him the 1992 James W Woods Junior Faculty Award from UNC. Following this, Curiel was appointed Director of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's (UAB) Gene Therapy Program in 1993. While serving in this role, Curiel led a research team who were the first to develop a vaccine based on messenger RNA. Although they published proof of concept, he could not continue testing due to a lack of funding and public interest. Curiel also served as the principal investigator (PI) of a team researching how to develop unique methods of delivering genes to specific targets. His efforts in gene therapy earned him the funding to study a system to define tumor cell signatures. In January 2000, Curiel was appointed Director of the Division of Human Gene Therapy at UAB's Heersink School of Medicine.

As Director of the Division of Human Gene Therapy, Curiel oversaw a consortium of scientists who modified an adenovirus that reproduces inside tumor cells in order to eradicate them called Delta-24-RGD. This was thought to be the first treatment for malignant glioma. While testing the Delta-24-RGD treatment with scientists at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, their research teams found that the treatment would completely eradicate brain tumors in mice, while leaving healthy brain tissue alone. He also founded VectorLogics, Inc. in order to develop products to treat ovarian cancer. In 2004, Curiel was a finalist for the Director position at the University of Arizona's Institute for Biomedical Science and Biotechnology. However, he chose to remain at UAB until 2011 when he became Director of Washington University in St. Louis' (WUSTL) Biologic Therapeutics Center. During his final years at UAB, Scientific American magazine deemed Curiel's 2003 co-authored paper on virotherapy as "one of 10 groundbreaking stories of the past 10 years."

Upon joining the faculty at WUSTL in 2011, Curiel was appointed a professor of radiation oncology with tenure. He also merged his company VectorLogics, Inc. with DNAtrix, a biotechnology company developing targeted adenovirus-based oncolytic virus products for brain cancer. In 2012, Curiel collaborated with scientist Mike Mathis from LSU to test the adenovirus on colon cancer in mice. These experiments resulted in the discovery that the adenovirus could target tumor blood vessels in mice without affecting healthy tissues. His use of viral vector technology to optimize the immune system's response to vaccines earned him one of the 2015 Bear Cub Challenge award from the Skandalaris Center for Interdisciplinary Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Due to the 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Curiel and Precision Virologics commercialized an adenovirus vaccine to prevent the disease and others. In 2019, he received funding from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences to support his research into discovering new therapeutics for genetic diseases. This eventually developed into a new approach to facilitate the "CAR-T" immunotherapy that makes it cheaper and more patient-accessible.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Curiel harnessed gene therapy and viral vectors to develop therapeutics and vaccines to combat the novel coronavirus. Early in the pandemic, Curiel and Michael S. Diamond re-engineered Adenovirus to carry the Sars-Covid2 spike gene in order to protect against infection and sterilize the upper airways. Their single-dose, nasal vaccine was proven successful in mice and nonhuman primates which led them to begin trials in India with Bharat Biotech. Curiel was later named a senior member of the National Academy of Inventors for his gene-therapy research. In late January 2023, the nasal vaccine received approval from India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Science and Technology Minister Jitendra Singh to be added to the primary 2-dose schedule.

## InfoBox

| David T. Curiel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1956 (age 6768)
Douglasville, Georgia, USA |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | BSc, Chemistry, 1978, West Georgia College
MD, 1982, Emory University School of Medicine
PhD, Virology, 2002, University of Groningen |
| Thesis | *Genetic capsid modification for adenovirus retargeting* (2002) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Washington University in St. Louis
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
|  | |


title: Shastri Nagar metro station

abstract: The Shastri Nagar metro station is located on the Red Line of the Delhi Metro.

text:
# Shastri Nagar metro station

The **Shastri Nagar** (formerly called Vivekanandapuri) metro station is located on the Red Line of the Delhi Metro.

## Station layout

| **L2** | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | **Platform 2**
**Eastbound** | Towards → Shaheed Sthal
**Next Station:** Pratap Nagar |
| | **Platform 1**
**Westbound** | Towards ← Rithala
**Next Station:** Inderlok ***Change at the next station for** Green Line* |
| | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| **L1** | Concourse | Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover |
| **G** | Street Level | Exit/Entrance |

## Facilities

List of available ATM at Shastri Nagar metro station are

one and half an hour distance from Nehru Place

## InfoBox

|
Lal Bahadur Shastri Nagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Delhi Metro station | |
| Shastri Nagar metro station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Vir Banda Bairagi Marg, New Delhi |
| Coordinates | 28°40′12.4″N 77°10′54.5″E / 28.670111°N 77.181806°E / 28.670111; 77.181806 |
| Owned by | Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |
| Line(s) | Red Line |
| Platforms | Side platform
Platform-1 → Rithala
Platform-2 → Shaheed Sthal |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Platform levels | 2 |
| Parking | Available |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | SHT |
| History | |
| Opened | 3 October 2003 (2003-10-03) |
| Electrified | 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| Jan 2015 | 17,006 /day
527,195/ Month average |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Delhi Metro Following station  Inderloktowards Rithala  Red Line  Pratap Nagartowards Shaheed Sthal | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: 2014 WNBA draft

abstract: The 2014 WNBA draft is the league's annual process for determining which teams receive the rights to negotiate with players entering the league. The draft was held on April 14, 2014 at Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut at 8:00 pm EDT. The first round was shown on ESPN2 (HD), with the second and third rounds shown on ESPNU.

text:
# 2014 WNBA draft

The **2014 WNBA draft** is the league's annual process for determining which teams receive the rights to negotiate with players entering the league. The draft was held on April 14, 2014 at Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut at 8:00 pm EDT. The first round was shown on ESPN2 (HD), with the second and third rounds shown on ESPNU.

## Draft lottery

The lottery selection to determine the order of the top four picks in the 2013 draft occurred on December 10, 2013. The draft lottery was televised (during *SportsCenter* at 6:30 pm ET).

Below were the chances for each team to get specific picks in the 2014 draft lottery, rounded to three decimal places:

| Team | 2013
record | Lottery
chances | Pick | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
| Connecticut Sun | 10-24 | 442 | .442 | .316 | .181 | .062 |
| Tulsa Shock | 11–23 | 227 | .276 | .270 | .293 | .209 |
| New York Liberty | 11-23 | 227 | .276 | .269 | .294 | .209 |
| San Antonio Stars | 12-22 | 104 | .104 | .145 | .232 | .520 |
| *Shaded block denotes actual lottery result.* | | | | | | | |

## Invited players

The WNBA announced on April 10, 2014 that 12 players had been invited to attend the draft. Unless indicated otherwise, all players listed are Americans who played at U.S. colleges.

## Transactions

## Key

| * | Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-WNBA Team |
| --- | --- |
| + | Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game |
| **Bold** | Denotes player who won Rookie of the Year |

## Draft selections

### Round 1

| Pick | Player | Nationality | Team | School / club team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Chiney Ogwumike** + | United States | Connecticut Sun | Stanford |
| 2 | Odyssey Sims * | United States | Tulsa Shock | Baylor |
| 3 | Kayla McBride + | United States | San Antonio Stars | Notre Dame |
| 4 | Alyssa Thomas * | United States | New York Liberty *(traded to Conn.)* | Maryland |
| 5 | Natasha Howard * | United States | Indiana Fever | Florida State |
| 6 | Stefanie Dolson + | United States | Washington Mystics | Connecticut |
| 7 | Bria Hartley | United States | Seattle Storm *(traded to Was.)* | Connecticut |
| 8 | Shoni Schimmel + | United States | Atlanta Dream | Louisville |
| 9 | Natalie Achonwa | Canada | Indiana Fever *(from Pho.)* | Notre Dame |
| 10 | Markeisha Gatling | United States | Chicago Sky | N.C. State |
| 11 | Chelsea Gray * | United States | Connecticut Sun *(from L.A.)* | Duke |
| 12 | Tricia Liston | United States | Minnesota Lynx | Duke |

### Round 2

| Pick | Player | Nationality | Team | School / club team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 | Jordan Hooper | United States | Tulsa Shock *(from Conn.)* | Nebraska |
| 14 | Tyaunna Marshall | United States | New York Liberty | Georgia Tech |
| 15 | Asya Bussie | United States | Minnesota Lynx *(from Tul.)* | West Virginia |
| 16 | Astou Ndour | Spain | San Antonio Stars | Gran Canarias (Spain) |
| 17 | Tiffany Bias | United States | Phoenix Mercury *(from Ind.)* | Oklahoma State |
| 18 | Inga Orekhova | Ukraine | Atlanta Dream *(from Was.*) | South Florida |
| 19 | Michelle Plouffe | Canada | Seattle Storm | Utah |
| 20 | Cassie Harberts | United States | Atlanta Dream | USC |
| 21 | Maggie Lucas | United States | Phoenix Mercury | Penn State |
| 22 | Gennifer Brandon | United States | Chicago Sky | California |
| 23 | Jennifer Hamson | United States | Los Angeles Sparks | BYU |
| 24 | Christina Foggie | United States | Minnesota Lynx | Vanderbilt |

### Round 3

| Pick | Player | Nationality | Team | School / club team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 | DeNesha Stallworth | United States | Connecticut Sun | Kentucky |
| 26 | Meighan Simmons | United States | New York Liberty | Tennessee |
| 27 | Theresa Plaisance | United States | Tulsa Shock | LSU |
| 28 | Bri Kulas | United States | San Antonio Stars | Missouri |
| 29 | Haiden Palmer | United States | Indiana Fever | Gonzaga |
| 30 | Carley Mijović | Australia | Washington Mystics | Canberra Capitals (Australia) |
| 31 | Mikaela Ruef | United States | Seattle Storm | Stanford |
| 32 | Kody Burke | United States | Washington Mystics *(from Atl.)* | N.C. State |
| 33 | Stephanie Talbot | Australia | Phoenix Mercury | Adelaide Lightning (Australia) |
| 34 | Jamierra Faulkner | United States | Chicago Sky | Southern Miss |
| 35 | Antonita Slaughter | United States | Los Angeles Sparks | Louisville |
| 36 | Asia Taylor | United States | Minnesota Lynx | Louisville |

## InfoBox

| 2014 WNBA draft | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Sport | Basketball |
| Date(s) | April 14, 2014 |
| Location | Mohegan Sun Arena, Uncasville, Connecticut |
| Network(s) | ESPN2, ESPNU |
| Overview | |
| League | WNBA |
| First selection | Chiney Ogwumike
Connecticut Sun |
|  | |


title: Rani Venkatesan

abstract: Rani Venkatesan is an Indian politician and a past Member of the Legislative Assembly from Sathankulam Constituency. She was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Sathankulam constituency in 2006 election. She was married to director general of police L.N. Venkatesan until his death in 2020.

text:
# Rani Venkatesan

**Rani Venkatesan** is an Indian politician and a past Member of the Legislative Assembly from Sathankulam Constituency. She was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Sathankulam constituency in 2006 election. She was married to director general of police L.N. Venkatesan until his death in 2020.

## InfoBox

| Rani Venkatesan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member Of Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**<br>2006–2011 | |
| Preceded by | S.S.Mani Nadar |
| Succeeded by | Constituency demolished |
| Constituency | Sathankulam |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
|  | |


title: Scott Patrick Carson

abstract: Scott Patrick Carson is an American microbiologist and a serial entrepreneur in the medical supply field.

text:
# Scott Patrick Carson

**Scott Patrick Carson** is an American microbiologist and a serial entrepreneur in the medical supply field.

## Career

Carson started his career studying microbiology from Colorado State University in 1985.

In 1996, he founded US Medical which became the first internet distributor of previously owned Capital Medical Equipment (CME). This company was named among Inc's 500 fastest growing companies.

In 2002, he founded Med1Online, another medical supply company of reconditioned equipment as well as CME.

Carson is also the President of Aesthetic and Cosmetic Business Association, a non-profit dedicated to advocacy and research and the founder of MedRepPro that connects vendors with sales representatives. His other affiliations include CEG, GmbH, Healthcare Investment Advisors, Quanta Aesthetic Lasers and Mankwitz Kurtz Investments.

Carson is a team Member developing eBay Healthcare Pricing/Category Platform. He negotiated and completed the first eBay Live Auction Agreement for Business and Industry Category and developed one of the first Business and Industrial Listing Tools on eBay/Amazon synchronizing inventory across multiple selling channels.

## Awards

* Micro Enterprise Hall of Fame Recipient
* Great Entrepreneur Speaker Series
* The Inc. 500: America’s Fastest Growing Private Companies
* 2 X Recipient; Entrepreneur Hot 100
* 2 X Finalist; Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year
* ASPS American Society of Plastic Surgeons-Best of Hot Topics Speaker

## InfoBox

| Scott Patrick Carson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Business executive, Microbiologist |


title: Esteban March

abstract: Esteban March was a Spanish Baroque painter. Most of what is known about his life comes from writings by Antonio Palomino, who lived slightly later than March.

text:
# Esteban March

**Esteban March** (c,1610, Valencia \- c.1668, Valencia) was a Spanish Baroque painter. Most of what is known about his life comes from writings by Antonio Palomino, who lived slightly later than March.

## Life and work

His works may be compared, stylistically, to those of Pedro Orrente, which suggests that he may have studied with him during Orrente's stay in Valencia (1638-1645). A depiction of Moses crossing the Red Sea, at the Museo del Prado, which incorporates numerous figures and detailed animals, appears to owe a special debt to Orrente's style.

Palomino indicates that he had a violent and extravagant temperament; based on anecdotes told by Juan Conchillos, one of his more prominent students. Some of this aggressive, nervous character is reflected in his battle paintings, which are his best known and most admired works. It is said that he had to work himself into a fury with martial music before beginning to paint. His interest in battlefields is also reflected in his paintings of Biblical scenes; notably two at the Museu de Belles Arts de València, which depict *Joshua Stopping the Sun* and the *Triumph of David*. There is also some indication that he was familiar with the works of Italian battle painters, such as Aniello Falcone, Salvator Rosa and Antonio Tempesta.

His religious works include a Last Supper in the communion chapel at the Iglesia de los Santos Juanes and a Calvary, in a private collection in Madrid. Again, his style owes much to Orrente.

His drawings are also significant. These include a self-portrait, a portrait of his son, Miguel, and several studies of hands and knees from the collection of Raimon Casellas.

Although Palomino gives his year of death as 1660, he is referred to as still being alive in writings by José García Hidalgo, who visited Valencia in 1662 and 1667 and probably met with him.

## Sources

* Madrazo, Pedro de (1872). *Catálogo Descriptivo e Histórico del Museo del Prado de Madrid (Parte Primera: Escuelas Italianas y Españolas*. Calle del Duque de Osuna #3; Original from Oxford University, Digitized May 1, 2007: M. Rivadeneyra. pp. 438–439. Catalogo Prado Madrazo.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
* Palomino, Antonio (1988). *El museo pictórico y escala óptica III, El Parnaso español pintoresco laureado*. Madrid: Aguilar. ISBN 84-03-88005-7.
* VV. AA. (1996). *Cinco siglos de pintura valenciana. Obras del Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia*. Valencia: Museo de Bellas Artes-Fundación Central Hispano. ISBN 84-920722-6-1.
* Pérez Sánchez, Alfonso E. (1992). *Baroque Painting in Spain, 1600-1750* (*Pintura barroca en España 1600-1750*). Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra S.A. ISBN 84-376-0994-1.

Media related to Esteban March at Wikimedia Commons


title: Cyprus at the 2022 Winter Olympics

text:
# Cyprus at the 2022 Winter Olympics

Cyprus competed at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China, from 4 to 20 February 2022.

The Cypriot team consisted of one male alpine skier.

Yianno Kouyoumdjian was the country's flagbearer during the opening ceremony. Meanwhile a volunteer was the flagbearer during the closing ceremony.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alpine skiing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 1 | 0 | 1 |

## Alpine skiing

By meeting the basic qualification standards Cyprus qualified one male alpine skier.

| Athlete | Event | Run 1 | | Run 2 | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Yianno Kouyoumdjian | Men's giant slalom | 1:20.66 | 50 | 1:21.85 | 39 | 2:42.51 | 42 |
| | Men's slalom | DNF | | Did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Cyprus at the
2022 Winter Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Cyprus | |
| IOC code | CYP |
| NOC | Cyprus Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.olympic.org.cy (in Greek) |
| in Beijing, China
4–20 February 2022 | |
| Competitors | 1 (1 man and 0 women) in 1 sport |
| Flag bearer (opening) | Yianno Kouyoumdjian |
| Flag bearer (closing) | Volunteer |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Winter Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Bruno Prada

abstract: Bruno Prada is a Brazilian sailor. After sailing Optimists until the age of 14, he moved to the Laser class, where he was Brazilian and South American Junior champion and 7th at Youth Worlds in 1989, and the Snipe class, where he achieved a second place at the Brazilian Junior Nationals, and was 11th at the Junior Worlds in 1988. In 1989, he changed to the Finn class, becoming Brazilian national champion in 1993, 1997 and 1998, and winning a bronze medal at the 1999 Pan American Games. He won a silver medal in the Star class with Robert Scheidt at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a bronze in the same category with the same partner at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the Star World Championship five times, in 2007, 2011 and 2012 with Robert Scheidt, and in 2016 with Augie Diaz, and 2019 in Porto Cervo with Mateusz Kusznierewicz and was second in 2006 and third in 2008 and 2014.

text:
# Bruno Prada

**Bruno Prada** (born 31 July 1971 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian sailor.

After sailing Optimists until the age of 14, he moved to the Laser class, where he was Brazilian and South American Junior champion and 7th at Youth Worlds in 1989, and the Snipe class, where he achieved a second place at the Brazilian Junior Nationals, and was 11th at the Junior Worlds in 1988.

In 1989, he changed to the Finn class, becoming Brazilian national champion in 1993, 1997 and 1998, and winning a bronze medal at the 1999 Pan American Games.

He won a silver medal in the Star class with Robert Scheidt at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a bronze in the same category with the same partner at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

He won the Star World Championship five times, in 2007, 2011 and 2012 with Robert Scheidt, and in 2016 with Augie Diaz, and 2019 in Porto Cervo with Mateusz Kusznierewicz and was second in 2006 and third in 2008 and 2014.

## InfoBox

Bruno Prada
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sailing | | |
| Representing  Brazil | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 2008 Beijing | Star |
|  | 2012 London | Star |
| Pan American Games | | |
|  | 1999 Winnipeg | Men's Finn |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2007 Cascais | Star class |
|  | 2011 Perth | Star class |
|  | 2012 Hyères | Star class |
|  | 2016 Miami | Star class |
|  | 2019 Porto Cervo | Star class |
|  | 2006 San Francisco | Star class |
|  | 2008 Miami | Star class |
|  | 2014 Malcesine | Star class |
| Bacardi Cup | | |
|  | 2020 Miami | Star |
|  | 2021 Miami | Star |
|  | 2022 Miami | Star |
|  | 2023 Miami | Star |
|  | 2024 Miami | Star |
|  | 2009 Miami | Star |
|  | 2015 Miami | Star |
|  | 2016 Miami | Star |
| Star Sailors League | | |
|  | 2013 Nassau | Star |
|  | 2015 Nassau | Star |
| World Cup | | |
|  | 2011 | Star |
|  | 2012 | Star |
| European Championship | | |
|  | 2009 Kiel | Star |
|  | 2018 Flensburg | Star |
|  | 2006 Neustadt | Star |
|  | 2015 Gaeta | Star |
|  | 2016 Warnemünde | Star |
|  | 2017 Sanremo | Star |
| North American Championship | | |
|  | 2017 Marblehead | Star |
|  | 2006 Miami | Star |
|  | 2016 Chicago | Star |
|  | 2022 Annapolis | Star |
|  | 2021 Newport Beach | Star |
| Eastern Hemisphere Championship | | |
|  | 2007 Palma | Star |
|  | 2008 Split | Star |
|  | 2009 Hyères | Star |
|  | 2018 Trieste | Star |
| Western Hemisphere Championship | | |
|  | 2023 Cleveland | Star |
|  | 2010 Nassau | Star |
|  | 2014 Sunapee | Star |
|  | 2021 Miami | Star |
|  | 2024 Miami | Star |
| South American Championship | | |
|  | 2006 Rio de Janeiro | Star |
|  | 2014 Ilhabela | Star |
|  | 2005 Buenos Aires | Star |
|  | 2003 Rio de Janeiro | Star |


title: Camp Ramah in the Poconos

abstract: Camp Ramah in the Poconos is a summer camp affiliated with the National Ramah Commission. Opened in 1950, it is located in the Pocono Mountains in High Lake, Pennsylvania. As with other Ramah camps, Camp Ramah in the Poconos is focused on Jewish education. Its program has an educational focus and includes Zionism, the Jewish lifecycle, and ritual. The camp seeks to maintain a connection with the State of Israel and uses Hebrew as the language of official instruction, communication, and education. The official prayer book of Camp Ramah in the Poconos is Siddur Lev Yisrael, authored by former director Cheryl Magen.

text:
# Camp Ramah in the Poconos

**Camp Ramah in the Poconos** is a summer camp affiliated with the National Ramah Commission. Opened in 1950, it is located in the Pocono Mountains in High Lake, Pennsylvania (but is addressed in Lakewood, Pennsylvania, since High Lake does not have its own post office or ZIP code).

As with other Ramah camps, Camp Ramah in the Poconos is focused on Jewish education. Its program has an educational focus and includes Zionism, the Jewish lifecycle, and ritual. The camp seeks to maintain a connection with the State of Israel and uses Hebrew as the language of official instruction, communication, and education. The official prayer book of Camp Ramah in the Poconos is Siddur Lev Yisrael, authored by former director Cheryl Magen.

## History

In the 1950s, Hebrew was the official spoken language at Ramah. At an alumni reunion in 2009, former campers, in their seventies, recalled phrases they had learned at Ramah like “Let’s go swimming,” or “Please pass the salt.”

## Divisions (*edot*)

Campers are split up into divisions by grade and age. These divisions are called *Edot*, the plural of the word *Edah* (עדה) which means group in Hebrew. The Edot which are at Ramah Poconos are:

| English | Hebrew | Translation | Age Range | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notzetzim | נוֹצְצִים | Sparkles | Entering 4th & 5th grade | Formerly Nitzanim – ניצנים – buds |
| Tzi'irim | צְעִירִים | Young Ones | Entering 6th grade |  |
| Chalutzim | חַלוּצִים | Pioneers | Entering 7th grade |  |
| Bogrim | בּוֹגְרִים | Mature ones | Entering 8th grade |  |
| Machon | מַכוֹן | Institution | Entering 9th grade |  |
| Shoafim | שׁוֹאָפִים | Those who strive | Entering 10th grade | Formerly K'votzat Yonatan – קבצת ינתן – Yonatan's group |
| Gesher | גֶשֵׁר | Bridge | Entering 11th grade | Formerly Havurah |
| Yedidim | ידידים | Friends | Ages 12 to 17 | First summer in 2016 |

Each Edah is led by a Rosh Edah (Unit Head) who supervises the counselors in each individual bunk.

After the two 4-week sessions conclude, the camp runs the Tikvah Family Camp for families with Jewish children with developmental disorders and/or social learning disorders.

## Staff

The staff of Ramah Poconos is composed largely of former Ramah campers. Staff are trained on a perpetual basis throughout the summer beginning with the week before the campers come. This "staff week" is named after and funded by an endowment in honor of Director Emeritus, Cheryl Magen. It is spent drilling safety procedures, camp rules, activity planning, and many other important things into the staff members. Throughout the summer, counselors and other staff members have *Hadracha*, (transliteration of הדרכה the Hebrew word for guidance) sessions that continue to train the staff in all necessary areas. Senior counselors are expected to mentor the junior counselors, so their Hadracha sessions spend a lot of focus on how to teach the younger counselors.

### *Mishlakhat*

In addition to the regular staff, Ramah Poconos, together with the Jewish Agency for Israel, brings 40–50 Israeli staff members to camp each summer.

## Activities

The campers are permitted to choose two regular activities, like arts and crafts, Radio Ramah (WCRP), teva (nature), mitbachon (baking and cooking), creative dramatics, and many others. Some sports available for campers include basketball, baseball, tennis, soccer, hockey, softball, volleyball, archery, and flag football.

The camp drama program puts on several plays each summer, all of which are performed in Hebrew. The arts and crafts building has opportunities for painting, drawing, ceramics, and other forms of artistic expression. The music program gives singing lessons to the campers about 2–3 times a week and often offers additional musical activities, such as bands and a cappella groups.

### Waterfront and sports

All waterfront staff are certified lifeguards, and many have a history of competitive swimming or boating.

Ramah Poconos has a baseball field and three basketball courts.

## Tikvah Family Camp

The **Tikvah Family Camp** is a five-day overnight program for Jewish children with developmental disorders and/or social learning disorders, their parents, and their siblings.

41°48′13″N 75°18′06″W / 41.80371°N 75.30170°W / 41.80371; -75.30170


abstract: Princess Maria Christina of Saxony was a Princess of Saxony and later Abbess of Remiremont.

text:
# Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (1735–1782)

**Princess Maria Christina of Saxony** (Maria Christina Anna Theresa Salomea Eulalia Francisca Xaveria; 12 February 1735  19 November 1782) was a Princess of Saxony and later Abbess of Remiremont.

## Life

She was the daughter of Augustus III of Poland, Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus II), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (as Augustus II), and Maria Josepha of Austria, first cousin of Empress Maria Theresa.

Maria Christina was born at the Wilanów Palace in Poland. She came from a close family and her parents made sure they put emphasis on a good education. She was educated in Latin, French, Polish, philosophy, geography, religion, drawing, music and dance.

Her older sister Maria Josepha married Louis, Dauphin of France in 1747.

### Abbess

In 1764, Maria Christina was sent to France to become a Coadjutorice at the Abbey of Remiremont in Remiremont, northern France. Her position was thanks to the personal intervention of Louis XV himself.

At the time of her arrival, the abbey was under control of Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine, sister of the Holy Roman Emperor and aunt of the future Marie Antoinette.

In France, she was known as *Marie Christine de Saxe*. In 1773, at the death of Anne Charlotte, Maria Christina was named Abbess, a position she would keep until her death.

Remiremont had seats and votes in the Reichstag including all rights and obligations of an Imperial Princess (such as low justice, tax, legislation, coinage and military service), and enjoyed immunity against temporal power.

She was a frequent visitor to Paris and was fond of the Theatre and the city's social life. She spent a great deal of money, the payment of which was made by Stanisław Leszczyński (Duke of Lorraine until his death in 1766) and after that the king Louis XV. Her correspondence with her brother Francis Xavier, Regent of Saxony was preserved at Trojes.

She was created a Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross.

Maria Christina bought the Château de Brumath in the town of Brumath in the Alsace region of France. Purchased in 1775, she chose the building for its location in the country and for its natural setting. She lived a lavish lifestyle at the château which far outdid her revenues.

Dying at the château on 19 November 1782, her nephew King Louis XVI was obliged to pay her debts in the amount of 136,876 livres for his dead aunt.

She was buried at the abbey in its *église des Dames* on the 15 December 1782. She was praised for her intelligence, her conversation and for being a cultivated woman for her age. The château de Brumath, later abandoned, was pillaged in the French Revolution.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Princess Maria Christina | |
| --- | --- |
| *Abbess of Remiremont* | |
| Maria Christina by Maurice Quentin de La Tour | |
| Born | (1735-02-15)15 February 1735
Wilanów Palace, Warsaw, Poland |
| Died | 19 November 1782(1782-11-19) (aged 47)
Château de Brumath, Brumath, France |
| Burial | 15 December 1782
Église des Dames, Remiremont, France |
| Names  Maria Christina Anna Theresa Salomea Eulalia Francisca Xaveria | |
| House | Wettin |
| Father | Augustus III of Poland |
| Mother | Maria Josepha of Austria |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |


title: Shastri Park

abstract: Shastri Park is a neighborhood located in North East Delhi in India. The name of the area is dedicated to Indian freedom fighter Lal Bahadur Shastri. It is the location of one of the first metro station in Delhi. Delhi Metro developed the area, including Delhi IT Park and a neighboring residential enclave.

text:
# Shastri Park

**Shastri Park** is a neighborhood located in North East Delhi in India. The name of the area is dedicated to Indian freedom fighter Lal Bahadur Shastri. It is the location of one of the first metro station in Delhi. Delhi Metro developed the area, including Delhi IT Park and a neighboring residential enclave.

## Colleges

## Hospitals

## InfoBox

| Shastri Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Delhi | |
| Shastri ParkLocation in Delhi, India | |
| Coordinates: 28°46′04″N 77°11′06″E / 28.7677°N 77.185°E / 28.7677; 77.185 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Delhi |
| District | North East Delhi |
| Metro | New Delhi |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Planning agency | MCD |