title: Battle of Jean-Rabel

abstract: The Battle of Jean-Rabel consisted of two connected minor naval engagements of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Haitian Revolution. The first engagement saw an overwhelming British Royal Navy force consisting of two ships of the line attack and destroy a French Navy frigate in Moustique Inlet near the town of Jean-Rabel on the Northern coast of the French colony of Saint-Domingue. The second engagement took place four days later when a force of boats launched from a British frigate squadron attacked the town of Jean-Rabel itself, capturing a large number of merchant ships in the harbour that had been seized by French privateers. The engagements came during a campaign for supremacy in the Caribbean Sea as warships and privateers launched from French colonies sought to disrupt the lucrative trade between Britain and the British colonies in the West Indies. In the spring of 1797, most British forces in the region were deployed in the Leeward Islands against the colonies of Spain, which had recently entered the war on the French side. As a result, the waters of the Northern Caribbean were lightly defended, resulting in an increase in the activity of French privateers. The destruction of Harmonie and the elimination of the privateer base at Jean-Rabel contributed towards a reduction in privateer activity in the region and cemented British control of the Northern Caribbean sea lanes, although British forces were unable to make an impact on French control of Saint-Domingue itself, and withdrew from the island later in the year.

text:
# Battle of Jean-Rabel

The **Battle of Jean-Rabel** consisted of two connected minor naval engagements of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Haitian Revolution. The first engagement saw an overwhelming British Royal Navy force consisting of two ships of the line attack and destroy a French Navy frigate in Moustique Inlet near the town of Jean-Rabel on the Northern coast of the French colony of Saint-Domingue (which later gained independence as Haiti). The second engagement took place four days later when a force of boats launched from a British frigate squadron attacked the town of Jean-Rabel itself, capturing a large number of merchant ships in the harbour that had been seized by French privateers.

The engagements came during a campaign for supremacy in the Caribbean Sea as warships and privateers launched from French colonies sought to disrupt the lucrative trade between Britain and the British colonies in the West Indies. In the spring of 1797, most British forces in the region were deployed in the Leeward Islands against the colonies of Spain, which had recently entered the war on the French side. As a result, the waters of the Northern Caribbean were lightly defended, resulting in an increase in the activity of French privateers.

The destruction of *Harmonie* and the elimination of the privateer base at Jean-Rabel contributed towards a reduction in privateer activity in the region and cemented British control of the Northern Caribbean sea lanes, although British forces were unable to make an impact on French control of Saint-Domingue itself, and withdrew from the island later in the year.

## Background

During the French Revolutionary Wars British and French rivalry in the Caribbean Sea, where both nations maintained extensive and lucrative colonies, was an important theatre of conflict. Although by 1797, Britain maintained a measure of regional maritime supremacy, the French colonies were strongly held and provided numerous and well defended harbours from which warships and privateers could launch attacks against British trade convoys. British attacks against the French colonies had resulted in few successes: one such was the occupation of the port of Môle-Saint-Nicolas on the North-Western tip of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1793. From here Royal Navy warships could control the Windward Passage, a vital artery for the Jamaican trade.

The rest of the Northern coast of Saint-Domingue was still in French hands however, and in the autumn of 1796 the balance of power in the Caribbean shifted with the declaration of the Treaty of San Ildefonso, in which Spain, which also maintained substantial Caribbean colonies, declared war on Britain. In response, British forces in the Caribbean were split, with the majority attached to a fleet under Rear-Admiral Henry Harvey, which captured Trinidad in February 1797 before unsuccessfully attacking Puerto Rico. With British forces distracted, the French privateer fleets were able to launch a series of attacks against commerce in the Northern Caribbean, capturing numerous American vessels trading with British colonies.

The privateers took many of these captured ships to small harbours along the northern coast of Saint-Domingue. There the privateers thought they and their prizes would be safe from the British squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, which based at Môle-Saint-Nicolas. In early April 1797, the French civilian governors at the capital of Cap-Français on the Northeastern coast insisted that these vessels come to the capital; the governors ordered the French frigate *Harmonie*, based in the port, to sail to Port-de-Paix and back, collecting all prize vessels that lay in harbour there and at the nearby town of Jean-Rabel.

## Destruction of *Harmonie*

The officers of *Harmonie* objected to their orders, considering that the journey was too dangerous given the proximity of Parker's squadron. However they were overruled and she sailed in mid-April 1797. Shortly after *Harmonie* departed Cap-Français, a cruising British frigate, the 32-gun HMS *Janus* under Captain James Bissett, spotted her. Although *Janus* was significantly smaller than *Harmonie*, the French ship did not offer battle but instead turned for the port of Marégot. Bissett meanwhile sailed westwards until he encountered Parker's squadron off Môle-Saint-Nicolas on 15 April. Parker had three ships of the line at his disposal, his own flagship HMS *Queen*, HMS *Thunderer* under Captain William Ogilvy and HMS *Valiant* under Captain Edward Crawley, and he despatched the latter ships to Marégot in search of *Harmonie*, while his flagship put into port for fresh provisions.

On the afternoon of 15 April, *Thunderer* discovered *Harmonie* sailing through the Tortuga Channel between the northern coast of Saint-Domingue and the small island of Tortuga. Giving chase, the large warship pursued the frigate to Mostique Inlet near Jean-Rabel, where *Harmonie* anchored in shallow water off the rocky shoreline. Ogilvy relayed the frigate's location to Parker and was ordered to enter the inlet with *Thunderer* and *Valiant* and capture or destroy the French ship. At 16:15 the British warships examined the mouth of the inlet, straying into dangerously shallow water in their efforts to close with *Harmonie*. The wind was strengthening however and Ogilvy eventually decided that it was too dangerous to risk wrecking his ships on the shore in the conditions. At 17:00 both British ships were able to fire several broadsides at the French frigate without response, but there was no noticeable damage and the wind remained strong and so Ogilvy retired for the night to a safe distance.

On the morning of 16 April, *Thunderer* and *Valiant* returned, both ships opening fire on *Harmonie* in the calmer weather. Recognising that their ship could not escape and faced impossible odds, the French officers took the only available option and deliberately drove their ship onshore at 07:00, setting the vessel on fire as they evacuated. *Harmonie'*s ammunition stores detonated at 08:47, destroying the ship completely as *Thunderer* and *Valiant* retired. French casualties are unknown, while both British ships escaped without loss and only minor damage.

## Raid on Jean-Rabel

Alerted to the presence of the large number of prize ships at Jean-Rabel by *Harmonie'*s unsuccessful cruise, Parker ordered Captain Hugh Pigot, commander of the British frigate HMS *Hermione*, to recapture them. Pigot was commander of a frigate squadron consisting of HMS *Quebec* under Captain John Cooke and HMS *Mermaid* under Captain Robert Otway and two smaller vessels the brig *Drake* and cutter *Penelope*. Pigot had a reputation as a successful coastal raider: on 22 March, *Hermione* had attacked and destroyed a number of small French vessels off Puerto Rico. Having gathered the squadron, Pigot brought his ships to Jean-Rabel at 15:00 on 20 April to repeat this earlier victory. Remaining out of sight to the northwest until night fell, the crews began preparations for a cutting out expedition, in which parties of sailors in ship's boats of the squadron would row into the fortified bay under cover of darkness and attempt to board and capture the vessels in the harbour before sailing them out to the waiting squadron.

During the evening of 20 April the sea was calm with a strong easterly current, which enabled Pigot's squadron to close within 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) of the port of Jean-Rabel unobserved. The squadron's boats, commanded by the ships' junior officers, then approached the shore silently. To distract any watchers on the shore, Pigot brought his ships across the entrance to the inlet, attracting the defenders' attention away from the harbour. This enabled the boats to come alongside the shipping in the port undetected, each vessel keeping to the shallows close inshore until they reached their targets. At 01:00 on 21 April the attack commenced with a heavy volley of musketry from the boats as British sailors swarmed onto the captured merchant vessels. Fighting was brief, although the gunfire had alerted the cannon batteries overlooking the port. Unable to determine friend from foe in the harbour, the guns instead fired on the frigates in the bay, Pigot ordering his ships to return fire.

By 04:00, the ship *Polly*; brigs *Two Sisters*, *Abiona* and *Sally*; schooners *Columbia*, *Juno* and *Citizen Snow Hill* and sloops *Industry* and a second unnamed were in British hands, their captors sailing the nine prizes out of the port and towards Pigot's waiting ships. All that remained of the prizes in Jean-Rabel harbour were two rowing boats, which had been dragged up the beach before the attack began. All these vessels were American-flagged ships, although their papers of ownership had in most cases been sent to Cap-Français. French casualties in the operation were not reported, although the British assault force did not lose a single man.

## Aftermath

These operations firmly established British control of the waters around Saint-Domingue, eliminating a significant opponent in the French *Harmonie* and destroying a port used frequently by privateers to store their prizes. It was not enough however to solidify the British presence in Saint-Domingue and by the end of 1797, British forces had withdrawn entirely from the colony. Pigot, Ogilvy and Parker all sent despatches to the Admiralty recounting the action, although historian William James notes that Pigot neglected to give credit by name to the junior officers who participated in the operation. Pigot was a notoriously unpopular officer – six months later he would be beaten and stabbed to death by his own crew in the infamous *Hermione* mutiny.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Jean-Rabel | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Haitian Revolution and the
War of the First Coalition | |
|
Map of Saint-Domingue with the location of the action marked. | |
| Date 15–21 April 1797  Location Jean-Rabel, Saint-Domingue (Haiti)19°55′06″N 73°12′00″W / 19.91833°N 73.20000°W / 19.91833; -73.20000  Result  British victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Great Britain | France |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| William Ogilvy
Hugh Pigot | Commander Simon Billiette (a.k.a. Billiet) |
| Strength | |
| ships of the line HMS *Thunderer* and HMS *Valiant*. Subsequently a squadron of three frigates and two smaller vessels. | frigate *Harmonie* |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | *Harmonie* destroyed
9 merchant ships captured |


title: Chinatown, London

abstract: Chinatown is an ethnic enclave in the City of Westminster, London, bordering Soho to its north and west, Theatreland to the south and east. The enclave currently occupies the area in and around Gerrard Street. It contains a number of Chinese restaurants, bakeries, supermarkets, souvenir shops, and other Chinese-run businesses. The first Chinatown was located in Limehouse in the East End.

text:
# Chinatown, London

| London Chinatown | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 倫敦唐人街 |
| Simplified Chinese | 伦敦唐人街 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Lúndūn Tángrénjiē  IPA \[lwə̌ntwə́n tʰǎŋɻə̌ntɕjé\]  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization lèuhn dēun tòhng yàhn gāai  Jyutping leon4 deon1 tong4 jan4 gaai1  IPA \[lɵ̏ntɵ́n tʰɔ̏ːŋjɐ̏nkáːi\] | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 倫敦華埠 |
| Simplified Chinese | 伦敦华埠 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Lúndūn Huábù  IPA \[lwə̌ntʰwə́n xwǎpʰû\]  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization lèuhn dēun wàh fauh  Jyutping leon4 deon1 waa4 fau6 | |
|  | |

**Chinatown** is an ethnic enclave in the City of Westminster, London, bordering Soho to its north and west, Theatreland to the south and east. The enclave currently occupies the area in and around Gerrard Street. It contains a number of Chinese restaurants, bakeries, supermarkets, souvenir shops, and other Chinese-run businesses. The first Chinatown was located in Limehouse in the East End.

## History

The first area in London known as Chinatown was located in the Limehouse area of the East End of London. At the start of the 20th century, the Chinese population of London was concentrated in that area, setting up businesses which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented in Docklands. The area was known through exaggerated reports and tales of slum housing and (the then-legal) opium dens, rather than the Chinese restaurants and supermarkets of the current Chinatown. However, much of the area was damaged by aerial bombing during the Blitz in the Second World War, although a number of elderly Chinese still choose to live in this area. After the Second World War, however, the growing popularity of Chinese cuisine and an influx of immigrants from Hong Kong led to an increasing number of Chinese restaurants being opened elsewhere.

The present Chinatown, which is off Shaftesbury Avenue did not start to be established until the 1970s. Previously, it was a regular Soho area, run-down, with Gerrard Street the main thoroughfare. It was dominated by the Post Office, facing Macclesfield Street, and other major establishments were The Tailor & Cutter House, at 43/44, now a Chinese supermarket and restaurant, the Boulogne Restaurant, near the Wardour Street end, and by Peter Mario's Restaurant at the other end. Other businesses included a master baker's, the Sari Centre, Lesgrain French Coffee House, Harrison Marks' Glamour Studio, an Indian restaurant and various brothels. Probably the first Chinese restaurants opened in Lisle Street, parallel to Gerrard Street, and more opened gradually; one of the first restaurants was Kowloon Restaurant. The Tailor & Cutter did not close down until around 1974. The area now has more than 80 restaurants.

In 2005, the property developer Rosewheel proposed a plan to redevelop the eastern part of Chinatown. The plan was opposed by many of the existing retailers in Chinatown, as they believe that the redevelopment would drive out the traditional Chinese retail stores from the area and change the ethnic characteristic of Chinatown. In October 2013 and July 2018, the London Chinatown Community Centre (LCCC) organised a one-day shutdown in protest of violent tactics by immigration officers from the Home Office.

The London Chinatown Community Centre (LCCC) has been housed in the Chinatown area since it was founded in 1980 by Dr Abraham Lue. The Centre claims to have received 40,000 people for help and assistance since its foundation. Located since 1998 on the second floor of 28-29 Gerrard Street, the Centre relocated to 2 Leicester Court in 2012, above the Hippodrome Casino.

On 25 July 2016, a new Chinatown gate on Wardour Street was opened by Prince Andrew, the Duke of York. It was made by Chinese artisans and assembled in London. The gate is in the style of the Qing dynasty.

There was a Chinese-style pavilion at Newport Place from the 1980s which was a popular meeting point, but it was demolished in 2016 after more than thirty years, despite protests. The development authorities had plans to renovate and enlarge the square. The construction of a new pavilion at a different location was announced.

## Geography

Chinatown has no officially defined size, but it has commonly been considered to approximately encompass Gerrard Street, the bottom half of Wardour Street, Rupert Street and Rupert Court, a section of Shaftesbury Avenue and Lisle Street, Macclesfield Street and Newport Place, Newport Court and Little Newport Street.

* Charing Cross Road – built 1887, and named as it led to the cross at Charing, from the Old English word "cierring", referring to a bend in the River Thames
* Coventry Street – after Henry Coventry, Secretary of State to Charles II, who lived near here in Shaver's Hall
* Cranbourn Street – built in the 1670s and named after local landowner the Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranbourn (or Cranbourne) after the town in Dorset
* Dansey Place – unknown; formerly named George Yard, after a pub adjacent called the George and Dragon
* Gerrard Place and Gerrard Street – after Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, who owned this land when the street as built in the 1680s; the form ‘Gerrard’ developed in the 19th century
* Great Windmill Street – after a windmill that formerly stood near here in Ham Yard in the 16th-17th century; the ‘great’ prefix was to distinguish it from Little Windmill Street, now Lexington Street
* Horse and Dolphin Yard – after the Horse and Dolphin inn which stood here in the 17th – 19th centuries
* Leicester Court, Leicester Place, Leicester Square and Leicester Street – in the 17th and 18th centuries on the north side of the square was Leicester House, built by Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester and later the residence of Frederick, Prince of Wales; Leicester Court was formerly Ryder Court, after a local leaseholder, Richard Ryder, but was renamed in 1936
* Lisle Street – after Philip, Viscount Lisle, who succeeded to the earldom of Leicester in 1677
* Macclesfield Street – after Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, local landowner in the 17th century
* Newport Court, Newport Place and Little Newport Street – after Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport (Isle of Wight), who owned a house on this street (then just Newport Street) in the 17th century. Following the construction of Charing Cross Road, Newport Street was split in two and the two sections renamed as they are today
* Rupert Court and Rupert Street – after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, noted 17th century general and son of Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of King James I; he was First Lord of the Admiralty when this street was built in 1676
* Shaftesbury Avenue – after Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, Victorian politician and philanthropist
* Wardour Street – named after local 17th century landowners the Wardour family, and formerly called Colman Hedge Lane/Close after a nearby field; the section south of Brewer Street was formerly Prince Street prior to 1878, in parallel with Rupert Street

## Education

The City of Westminster operates the Charing Cross Library with the Westminster Chinese Library.

## Transport

The nearest London Underground stations are Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus.

The song lyrics to Warren Zevon's 1978 hit song "Werewolves of London": "He was looking for the place called Lee Ho Fook‘s / Gonna get a big dish of beef chow mein" refer to Lee Ho Fook, a Chinese restaurant that stood on 15 Gerrard Street.

The films *Ping Pong* (1986) and *Soursweet* (1988) are set in Chinatown; they are regarded as the first British-Chinese films, and make extensive use of Chinatown locations.

## Car park

There is a China Town car park, which is underneath Vale Royal House, a large residential block in Newport Court, both built in the 1980s and managed by Westminster City Council.

**Notes**

## Further reading

51°30′40″N 0°07′53″W / 51.51111°N 0.13139°W / 51.51111; -0.13139

## InfoBox

| Chinatown, London* 倫敦唐人街 | |
| --- | --- |
| Main gate on Wardour Street | |
| London borough |  |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LONDON |
| Postcode district | W1D |
| Dialling code | 020 |
|  | |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| London Assembly |  |
|


title: Eburia semipubescens

abstract: Eburia semipubescens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Eburia semipubescens

***Eburia semipubescens*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Eburia semipubescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eburia* |
| Species: | ***E. semipubescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eburia semipubescens***<br>(Thomson, 1860) | |
|


abstract: The Philippine Senate Committee on Public Information and Mass Media is a standing committee of the Senate of the Philippines.

text:
# Philippine Senate Committee on Public Information and Mass Media

The **Philippine Senate Committee on Public Information and Mass Media** is a standing committee of the Senate of the Philippines.

## Jurisdiction

According to the Rules of the Senate, the committee handles all matters relating to:

## Members, 19th Congress

Based on the Rules of the Senate, the Senate Committee on Public Information and Mass Media has 13 members.

The President Pro Tempore, the Majority Floor Leader, and the Minority Floor Leader are *ex officio* members.

Here are the members of the committee in the 19th Congress as of September 30, 2022:

| Position | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Chairperson** | Robin Padilla |  | PDP–Laban |
| **Vice Chairperson** | Bong Revilla |  | Lakas |
| **Members**
**for the**
**Majority** | Imee Marcos |  | Nacionalista |
| | Lito Lapid |  | NPC |
| | Francis Tolentino |  | PDP–Laban |
| | Raffy Tulfo |  | Independent |
| | Bong Go |  | PDP–Laban |
| | Win Gatchalian |  | NPC |
| | Jinggoy Estrada |  | PMP |
| | JV Ejercito |  | NPC |
| | Cynthia Villar |  | Nacionalista |
| | Mark Villar |  | Nacionalista |
| **Members**
**for the**
**Minority** | Risa Hontiveros |  | Akbayan |

**Committee secretary:** Bernadine B. Mahinay

1. "Rules of the Senate" (PDF). *Senate of the Philippines*. July 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. "Senate Permanent Committee" (PDF). *Senate*. Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved 30 September 2022.

## InfoBox

| Committee on Public Information and Mass Media | |
| --- | --- |
| 19th Congress | |
|  | |
| History | |
| New session started | July 25, 2022 (2022-07-25) |
| Leadership | |
| Chairman | Robinhood Padilla (PDP-Laban)
since 2022 |
| Minority Leader | Koko Pimentel (PDP-Laban)
since 2022 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 13 members |
| Political groups | **Majority** (12) * PDP–Laban (3) * Independents (1) * Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (1) * Lakas (1) * Nacionalista (3) * NPC (3)  **Minority** (1) |


title: Philippe Pasqua

abstract: Philippe Pasqua is a French contemporary artist, known for his paintings, sculptures and drawings. Self-taught and (solitary), he is best known for his paintings of Vanitas and considered one of the major artists of his generation.

text:
# Philippe Pasqua

**Philippe Pasqua** (born 15 June 1965) is a French contemporary artist, known for his paintings, sculptures and drawings. Self-taught and (solitary), he is best known for his paintings of Vanitas and considered one of the major artists of his generation.

## Biography

Born in Grasse on 15 June 1965, Philippe Pasqua moved to Paris in 1975. When he was about 18, he started painting and moved to New-York where he lived for about two years. In 1985 he was noticed for his paintings of fetishes and voodoo inspired figures and makes his gallery debut in 1990. According to Art critic José Alvare, Philippe Pasqua has a playful approach to his work, despite being extremely productive and living an ascetic life : he sleeps very little and does not drink or smoke. In only three years, between 1995 and 1997, he created about a thousand pieces. In 2006 the collector and art dealer Jose Mugrabi bought about a hundred of his works, and asked for some sort of exclusivity on Pasqua's artistic production. Art historian Pierre Restany has also shown interest in the work of Philippe Pasqua and has written about it. In 2011, Pasqua's signature came second in Artprice rankings of French contemporary artists.

## Painting

Philippe Pasqua says he likes painting better than other medium. His works depict transsexuality, Down syndrome, and blindness. Julián Zugazagoitiai, director of El Museo del Barrio in New York City, accounts for Pasqua's choices this way: "Through painting, Philippe Pasqua confers dignity to subjects that are, sadly, dealt with by the media without any aesthetic or ethical consideration. As opposed to sensational media coverage that make of us all indulgent onlookers of the immediate present, Philippe Pasqua’s work opens us to the transcendence of painting and questions the moral values of our time." The many layers of paint applied on the canvas to show the brutality of matter are in total opposition with the vulnerable and fragile human subjects of Pasqua's series. Pasqua uses mostly red, brown and grey hues, in an attempt to render the color of flesh. His series of drawings depict the same subjects as his paintings but with voluntarily blurred outlines. Philippe Pasqua makes palimpsests, works on paper that mix serigraphy, print, paint, pastel and inking techniques. He comes back relentlessly to his own works, adding new colors or drawing over them. In the late 1990s, he worked together with Jean-Luc Moulène, painting over his photographs, including his snapshots of Notre-Dame de Paris.

## Sculpture

Philippe Pasqua started sculpting in 1990 with the series "Vanitas", consisting of several works of up to three meters high. He also photographed the works, and considered the photographs to be works in themselves. When sculpting, he uses bronze, onyx, solid silver, Carrara marble, human skulls covered in pigments, gold, or silver leaves, and tattooed leather. Through the 2000s, and even more so during the 2010s, sculpture gained more focus in his work. His sculpture works are extremely diverse and include bronze olive trees, clown-headed monkeys staged to evoke Leonardo da Vinci’s *Last Supper*, Tyrannosaurus-Rex, and a Ferrarri covered in tattooed animal hide and hung vertically on a wall. In 2017, he was invited by the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco to raise awareness about ocean protection. On this occasion, he exhibited monumental sculptures of sea animals. The previous artist invited by the museum was Damien Hirst, with whom Pasqua had worked in the past. The following year he exhibited in the park and castle of the Chamarande domaine, near Paris.

## Shows

### Solo shows

* 1990 : Espace Confluence, Paris
* 1991 : Galerie Wo Mang et Partners, Paris
* 1995 :
* 1996 : Galerie Boulakia, Paris
* 1998 : Yvonamor Palix Art Space, Mexico
* 1999 : Lucien Durand Gallery, Paris
* 2001 : *Trauma*, Galerie Hengevoss-Durkop-Jensen, Hamburg
* 2002 :
    + *Les miroirs de l’âme (Portraits 1989 – 2001)*, Palais Bénédictine, Fécamp
    + *Bloc portrait*, Galerie Hengevoss-Durkop, Hamburg
* 2003 :
    + Galerie Hengevoss Dûrkop-Jensen, Hamburg
    + *Lucille*, RX Gallery, Paris
* 2004 : *Métamorphoses*, RX Gallery, Paris
* 2005 : Centre culturel de la ville de Metz
* 2006 :
* 2007 : *Philippe Pasqua – Pulsion*, RX Gallery and Enrico Navarra gallery, Paris
* 2009 :
    + *Philippe Pasqua*, Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte, Hanover, curated by par Peter Lipke
    + *Crâne*, ArtCurial, Paris
    + *Crâne*, Isola di San Servolo, Venice
* 2010 :
    + *Philippe Pasqua, Peintures et dessins*, Moscow Museum of Modern Art, curated by par Marc Ivalevitch and David Rosenberg en partenariat avec la RX Gallery
    + *Mea culpa*, The Storage, Paris
* 2011 :
    + *Silence*, The Storage, Paris
    + *Philippe Pasqua*, Absolute Art Gallery, Knokke, Belgium
* 2012 :
    + *Philippe Pasqua, Peintures et Dessins*, Art Révolution, Taipei, Taïwan
    + *Philippe Pasqua, Peintures récentes*, RX Gallery, Paris
    + *Philippe Pasqua, Peinture*, Fondation Fernet-Branca, Saint-Louis
    + *Work in Progress, Peinture et Sculpture*, The Storage, Paris
    + *Philippe Pasqua*, Gallery Hyundai, Seoul
    + *Philippe Pasqua in London*, Opera Gallery, London
* 2013 :
    + *Philippe Pasqua, Peinture, Dessin et Sculpture*, Art Stage Singapour, Singapore
* 2017 :
* 2018 :
* 2021

### Group shows

* 1990: Maison des Arts, Beausset, France
* 1992: Salon des Grands et Jeunes d’Aujourd'hui, Paris
* 1994 :
    + Association Aides, Espace Cardin, Paris
    + *Chaussures d’Artistes*, Fundacio Joan Miró, Barcelona
* 1997 : *3 Visions de l’Art contemporain français*, Martini Gallery, Hong Kong
* 1998 :
    + *80 artistes autour du Mondial*, Enrico Navarra Gallery, Paris (avec Jeff Koons, Rotella, César, Matta, Clemente, Nam June Paik...)
    + *Hygiène*, Yvonar Palix Art Space, Mexico (avec Orlan, Aziz + Cucher, Sandy Skoglund, Steve Miler)
    + *Hygiène*, La Source Foundation, La Guéroulde, France
    + *Collection Ahrenberg : 50 ans d’histoire de l’art*, curated by par Erick Öge, Museum of Fine Arts, Mons, Belgium
* 1999 :
    + *Fétiches, Fétichismes*, Passage du Retz, Paris, curated by Jean Michel Ribettes
    + *Naço & Friends*, Espace Via, Paris
* 2000 :
    + *Narcisse blessé*, Passage du Retz, Paris, curated by par Jean Michel Ribettes
    + *Collages d’hier et d’aujourd'hui*, Lucien Durand Gallery- Le Gaillard, Paris
* 2001 : *Face Off*, Aeroplastics Damasquine Gallery, Brussels
* 2002 : Inauguration, RX Gallery, Paris
* 2004 :
    + *Beyond Paradise*, RX Gallery, Paris
    + *Artistes contemporain des galeries du 8e arrondissement*, Ville de Paris
* 2005 :
    + *Quintessence*, RX Gallery, Paris
    + *Au-delà du corps*, Contemporary Art Biennale, Aixe-sur-Vienne, France
    + *A3*, Place St Sulpice, Paris, curated by Sophie Actis
* 2006 : *Soutine and Modern Art*, Cheim and Read Gallery, New-York.
* 2010 :
    + *New Era*, RX Gallery, Paris
    + *C'est la vie ! Vanités de Caravage à Damien Hirst*, curated by Patrizia Nitti, art director of Musée Maillol, Claudio Strinati, executive director
* 2011 :
    + *Drawing Now*, RX Gallery, Paris
    + *ART Paris*, RX Gallery, Paris
    + *ART Miami*, RX Gallery, Paris
* 2012 :
    + *Plaisir*, RX Gallery, Paris
    + *Popening*, Laurent Strouk Gallery, Paris
    + *Damien Hirst vs Philippe Pasqua*, Laurent Strouk Gallery, Paris
* 2015 :
* 2017 :
    + *Recomposition*, RX Gallery, Paris
* 2018 :
    + *Action ! La Nouvelle École française : première époque*, Bastille Design Center, Paris
* 2019 :

## Publications

* Pierre Restany, Jean-Michel Ribettes (1999). *Philippe-Pasqua* (in French). Paris: SAGA - Stephen lacy- Galerie Lucien Durand - Le Gaillard. ISBN 978-2951442405.
* *Trauma, Catalogue d'exposition* (in French). Hamburg: galerie Hengevoss Dürkop. 2001.
* Emmanuel Daydé, Cynthia Fleury (2002). *Philippe Pasqua, les miroirs de l'âme* (in French). Fécamp: Bénédictine SA.
    + Emmanuel Daydé, Michel Schouman (2002). *Philippe Pasqua, Paradis blanc* (in French). Paris: RX Gallery.
* Restany, Pierre (2004). "Une leçon de liberté dans la peinture". *Beaux-Arts Magazine*.
* Zugazagoitia, Julián (2004). "De l'efficacité dans la peinture". *Beaux Arts Magazine*.
* Fleury, Cynthia (2004). "La beauté, simplement". *Beaux Arts Magazine*.
* David Simard, Michel Schouman (2004). "Pasqua, ou l'oeil du profane". *Beaux Arts Magazine*.
* Hengevoss-Dürkop, Kerstin (2004). "De la chair". *Beaux Arts Magazine*.
* Walberg, Michel (2005). *Philippe Pasqua* (in French). Paris: La Différence « Mains et Merveilles ».
* Tully, Judd (2006). *Philippe Pasqua* (in French). Santa Monica, California: Patrick Painter Gallery.
* Maurice Tuchman, Estil Dunow (2006). *The New Landscape/the New Still Life : Soutine and Modern Art*. New-York: Cheim & Read.
* Debailleux, Henri-François (2007). *Philippe Pasqua*. Paris: RX Gallery and Enrico Navarra gallery.
* Krempel, Ulrich (2009). *Philippe Pasqua*. Hanovre: Stiftung Kestner Pro Arte.
* Jonathan Katz, Joshua Mack (2010). *Sex*. London: Philipps de Pury & Company.
* Rosenberg, David (2010). *Philippe Pasqua, « Paradise*. Paris: Edition Skira.
* Rosenberg, David (2010). *Palimpseste*.
* Corbu, Jean (2011). *Philippe Pasqua - Drawings or Sculptures*. Paris: Galerie Laurent Strouk.
* Farameh, Patrice (2011). *Skull Style. Skulls in Contemporary Art and Design*. New-York: The Curated Collection.
* *Philippe Pasqua, " Work in Progress "*. Saint-Ouen L’Aumône. 2012.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* *Philippe Pasqua, " Monographie "*. Paris: Edition du Regard. 2012.
* *Philippe Pasqua*. Saint-Louis: Edition de Saint-Louis, Fondation Fernet-Branca. 2012.
* Mald, Cyrille (2014). *Philippe Pasqua, " Autoportrait ", préface de Frédéric Mitterrand*. Paris: Edition Séguier.
* Chabot, André (2014). *Philippe Pasqua, " Skull box "*. Paris: Editions Ynox.
* Guionneau-Joie, Florence (2017). *Philippe Pasqua, " Borderline "*. Paris: Beaux-Arts Editions.
* Debailleux, Henri-François (2017). *Philippe Pasqua, " Monumental "*. Paris: Albin Michel.

## InfoBox

| Philippe Pasqua | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1965-06-15) 15 June 1965<br>Grasse, France |
| Known for | Painting, sculpture |
| Website | www.pasquaphilippe.com |


title: Pheasant shooting

abstract: Pheasant shooting is the sport of hunting the common pheasant. It takes place primarily in the United Kingdom, but is also practised in other parts of the world. The shooting of game birds is carried out using a shotgun, often 12 and 20 bore or a.410, sometimes on land managed by a gamekeeper.

text:
# Pheasant shooting

**Pheasant shooting** is the sport of hunting the common pheasant. It takes place primarily in the United Kingdom, but is also practised in other parts of the world. The shooting of game birds is carried out using a shotgun, often 12 and 20 bore or a .410, sometimes on land managed by a gamekeeper.

## United Kingdom

The common pheasant was first introduced to Great Britain many centuries ago, but was rediscovered as a game bird in the 1830s. It is reared extensively in captivity, and around 47 million pheasants are released each year on shooting estates, mainly in England, although most released birds survive less than a year in the wild.

The numbers of captive-reared pheasants released have risen sharply since the 1980s. Natural England has concluded that the released birds threaten native wildlife by increasing predator numbers and creating competition for food. In October 2020 the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) announced that a licensing regime would be introduced in 2021 for releases of pheasants within 500m of protected sites.

Pheasants are shot on the traditional formal "driven shoot" principles, whereby guest or paying guns have birds driven over them by beaters, and on smaller "rough shoots" by other methods. The open season in the UK is from 1 October to 1 February, under the Game Act 1831 (1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 32). Generally they are shot by “guns” employing gun dogs to help find, flush, and retrieve shot birds. Retrievers, spaniels, and pointing breeds are used to flush pheasants.

The doggerel "Up gets a guinea, bang goes a penny-halfpenny, and down comes a half a crown" reflects the expensive pastime of 19th century driven shoots in Britain, when pheasants were often shot for pleasure. It was a popular royal pastime in Britain to shoot common pheasants. King George V shot over a thousand pheasants out of a total bag of 3,937 over a six-day period in December 1913 during a competition with a friend, however did not do enough to beat him.

## United States

Common pheasants were introduced in North America in 1773 and have become well established throughout much of the Rocky Mountain states (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, etc.), the Midwest, the Plains states, as well as Canada and Mexico. In the southwest, they can even be seen south of the Rockies in Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge 161 km (100 mi) south of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is now most common on the Great Plains.

In some states, e.g. Ohio, captive-reared and released birds make up much of the population. The first planted pheasants in the United States were put in the Willamette Valley in Oregon.

Pheasant hunting is popular in much of the U.S., especially in the Great Plains states, where a mix of farmland and native grasslands provides ideal habitat. South Dakota alone has an annual harvest of over a million birds by over 200,000 hunters.

Much of the American hunting is done by groups of hunters, who walk through fields and shoot the birds as they are flushed by dogs such as Labrador Retrievers and Springer Spaniels. There are also many hunters who use Pointers such as English Setters or German Shorthairs to find and hold pheasants for hunters to flush and shoot.

Media related to Pheasant shooting at Wikimedia Commons


title: Donnington, Oxfordshire

abstract: Donnington is a small housing estate in Oxford, England located adjacent to the River Thames in the post-war housing developments either side of Donnington Bridge and around Boundary Brook Road. It is bordered by Iffley Village to the south, Iffley Fields to the north and Cowley to the east. The City of Oxford Rowing Club is based by the Donnington Bridge.

text:
# Donnington, Oxfordshire

**Donnington** is a small housing estate in Oxford, England located adjacent to the River Thames in the post-war housing developments either side of Donnington Bridge and around Boundary Brook Road. It is bordered by Iffley Village to the south, Iffley Fields to the north and Cowley to the east.

The City of Oxford Rowing Club is based by the Donnington Bridge.

## People

The speedway rider George Major was born in Donnington

## InfoBox

| Donnington | |
| --- | --- |
| DonningtonDonningtonLocation within Oxfordshire | |
| OS grid reference | SP527044 |
| Civil parish | * unparished |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Oxford |
| Postcode district | OX4 |
| Dialling code | 01865 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Oxfordshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Donnie and Joe Emerson

abstract: Donnie and Joe Emerson are an American musical duo. Their late 1970s work was largely unknown until it was rediscovered by a new generation of fans in the 21st century.

text:
# Donnie and Joe Emerson

**Donnie and Joe Emerson** are an American musical duo. Their late 1970s work was largely unknown until it was rediscovered by a new generation of fans in the 21st century.

## Background

Living on a 1600-acre family farm in rural Fruitland, Washington, in the late 1970s, the brothers' father, Don Emerson Sr., encouraged his teenage sons' musical interest as they began writing and playing their own music. Don Sr. built his sons a state-of-the-art $100,000 recording studio called The Practice Place and in it they self-produced and self-released their first album, *Dreamin' Wild*, in 1979, an eclectic mix of rock, soul, R&B, country and funk music, on their own Enterprise & Co. label.

After *Dreamin' Wild*, Donnie embarked on a solo career and recorded at least two solo albums; *Can I See You*, recorded in Los Angeles in 1981, was not released. *Whatever It Takes*, a country album, was released by a private press label in 1997.

*Dreamin' Wild* had no commercial success until 2008, when record collector Jack Fleischer discovered the record in an antique shop in Spokane, Washington. Fleisher began to evangelize it. In July 2012, Ariel Pink's Haunted Graffiti covered the song "Baby" and in the same year Light in the Attic Records re-released *Dreamin' Wild*, with "Baby" becoming an underground hit. In October 2012, the brothers performed at a Light in the Attic anniversary concert in Seattle.

In the 18 months the Emerson brothers spent in their farm studio, they wrote and recorded around 70 songs. As a result, they followed up the reissue of *Dreamin' Wild* with the 2014 release *Still Dreamin' Wild: The Lost Recordings 1979–81*.

The 2022 film *Dreamin' Wild* is based on their story.

## Discography

* *Dreamin' Wild* (1979, 2012 reissue)
* *Can I See You* (1981, Donnie Emerson solo; not released)
* *Through Life* (1995, Donnie Emerson solo)
* *Whatever It Takes* (1997, Donnie Emerson solo)
* *Still Dreamin' Wild: The Lost Recordings 1979–81* (2014)
* "Thoughts in My Mind" (2019, single)
* "Tonight" (2020, single)

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Donnie and Joe Emerson | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Fruitland, Washington, United States |
| Genres | Pop, Rock |
| Years active | 1978–present |
| Labels | * Light in the Attic Records * Enterprise & Co. |
|  | |
| Members | * Donnie Emerson * Joe Emerson |


title: Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg

abstract: Margrave Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg was the son of the Margrave Rudolf IV of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Margaret of Vienne. Philip reigned in 1487–1503 as Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Count of Neuchâtel. From 1466 he called himself Lord of Badenweiler.

text:
# Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg

Margrave **Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg** (1454  9 September 1503) was the son of the Margrave Rudolf IV of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Margaret of Vienne. Philip reigned in 1487–1503 as Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Count of Neuchâtel. From 1466 he called himself Lord of Badenweiler.

## Family

As part of his alliance with France, Philip married Maria of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus IX of Savoy, and one of the nieces of Louis XI, King of France, around 1476 or 1478. With Philip's death, the male line of the Hachberg-Sausenberg family died out.

Philip's father, Rudolf IV, had begun negotiations with the senior line of the House of Zahringen (of which Rudolf's Hachberg-Sausenberg line was a cadet branch), which ruled the margraviate of Baden on the possibility of an inheritance treaty. Philip continued the negotiations with Christopher I, Margrave of Baden and on 31 August 1490, they came to an agreement on reciprocal inheritance. The treaty is known as the "Rötteln Match". The background of this treaty was that Christopher I intended his son and heir Philip I to marry Joan, the heiress of Hachberg-Sausenberg. This marriage did not materialize, due to political pressure from the French king.

His daughter, Johanna of Hachberg-Sausenberg (born ca. 1485 – died 1543), became Countess of Neuchâtel after her father's death in 1503, while Christopher obtained Sausenberg, Rötteln, Badenweiler and Schopfheim. In 1504, she married Louis d'Orléans-Longueville who, not yet having inherited his father's dukedom of Longueville, became known, *jure uxoris*, as the *Marquis de Rothelin* (Rötteln) (after Joan died in 1543, her son François assumed the title of *Marquis de Rothelin*, thereby starting the cadet line of Orléans-Rothelin). Joan and the House of Orléans-Longueville contested the Rötteln treaty and they tried to rally support for their case from the Swiss cantons of Solothurn, Luzern, Fribourg and Bern. The dispute was settled in 1581, with the House of Baden paying 225000guilders to the House of Orléans-Longueville, but securing for Christopher's great-grandson Margrave Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach Sausenberg, Rötteln and Badenweiller in 1584.

## Territorial rule

In 1493 Philip lost his territories in County of Burgundy because of his close connection to the French court. The French king then appointed him to Governor and Great Seneschal of Provence.

## Other activities

In 1474 and 1475, he participated in the Burgundian sieges of Neuss and Nancy; in 1476 he fought with Charles the Bold in the battles of Grandson and Murten.

After the defeat of Charles the Bold in the 1477 Battle of Nancy, Margrave Philip turned away from Burgundy and sided with France, in an effort to avoid losing his Burgundian possessions. In 1484, Philip participated in the coronation of the French King Charles VIII in Reims.

The king sent Philip to Switzerland as a negotiator. Philip was appointed Marshal of Burgundy (which had become a French possession after the Battle of Nancy) and *Philip de Hochberg*, as he was called in France, had a strong influence on politics there. In 1484, he was appointed Chamberlain and in 1489, he became a member of the Royal Council of France. In 1499, he fought on the French side, while his subjects from Rötteln fought in the Imperial army.

In 1494 Philip inaugurated a new mansion at his Rötteln Castle. The interior of the Palace at Neuchâtel is also attributed to him.

He died in Montpellier, aged about 59.

## References and sources

* Fritz Schülin: *Rötteln-Haagen, Beiträge zur Orts-, Landschafts- und Siedlungsgeschichte*, Lörrach, 1965, pp. 80–82.
* Fritz Schülin: *Binzen, Beiträge zur Orts-, Landschafts- und Siedlungsgeschichte*, Schopfheim, 1967, p. 525/526 (Genealogy of the House of Hachberg-Sausenberg).
* Karl Seith: *Die Burg Rötteln im Wandel ihrer Herrengeschlechter, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Baugeschichte der Burg*, special edition published by Röttelbund e.V. in Haagen, place and year unknown, pp. 23–28; cited by Schülin as *In: Markgräflerland*, vol. 3, issue 1, 1931
* Hans Jakob Wörner: *Das Markgräflerland – Bemerkungen zu seinem geschichtlichen Werdegang*, in: *Das Markgräflerland*, issue 2/1994, Schopfheim, 1994, p. 64
* August Huber: *Über Basels Anteil am Röteler Erbfolgestreit im Jahre 1503*, in: *Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde*, vol. 4, 1905, online
* Johann Christian Sachs: *Einleitung in die Geschichte der Marggravschaft und des marggrävlichen altfürstlichen Hauses Baden*, Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1764, part 1, pp. 575–588
* The inheritance treaty is reprinted in: John Staub: *The contract of inheritance between Margrave Christoph I of Baden, Margrave Philip of Hachberg of 31 Aug. 1490*, in: The Markgräflerland, No. 1 / 1991, Schopfheim, 1991, pp. 93–103

## Footnotes

1. Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. (1991). *L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VI -- Bade-Mecklembourg*. France: Laballery. pp. 30–31, 34, 38. ISBN 2-901138-06-3.
2. Johannes Staub: *Der Erbvertrag zwischen Markgraf Christoph I. von Baden und Markgraf Philipp von Hachberg vom 31. Aug. 1490*, in: *Das Markgräflerland*, issue 1/1991, Schopfheim, 1991
3. Karl Seith: *Die Burg Rötteln im Wandel ihrer Herrengeschlechter, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Baugeschichte der Burg*, special edition published by Röttelbund e.V. in Haagen, place and year unknown, p. 28

## InfoBox

| Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Seal of Margrave Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1490) in the museum of Rötteln Castle. | |
| Born | 1454 |
| Died | 9 September 1503<br>Montpellier |
| Noble family | House of Zähringen |
| Spouse(s) | Maria of Savoy |
| Issue | Johanna of Hachberg-Sausenberg |
| Father | Rudolf IV, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg |
| Mother | Margaret of Vienne |


title: Dongbok O clan

abstract: Dongbok O clan was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province. According to the research in 2015, the number of Dongbok O clan was 72394. Their founder was. He was appointed as the governor of Dongbok County, which was renamed Hwansun in later era, during the King Gojong of Goryeo's reign in Goryeo dynasty and began Dongbok O clan.

text:
# Dongbok O clan

**Dongbok O clan** (Korean: 동복 오씨; Hanja: 同福 吳氏) was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province. According to the research in 2015, the number of Dongbok O clan was 72394. Their founder was (Korean: 오현좌; Hanja: 呉賢佐). He was appointed as the governor of Dongbok County, which was renamed Hwansun in later era, during the King Gojong of Goryeo's reign in Goryeo dynasty and began Dongbok O clan.

1. "동북 오씨". Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture by the Academy of Korean Studies.

## InfoBox

| Dongbok O clan | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Korea |
| Current region | Hwasun County |
| Founder | O Hyeon jwa |
| Connected members | Oh Kwang-rok |
| Website | http://www.dongbokoh.net/ |


title: Phil's BBQ

abstract: Phil's BBQ is a barbeque restaurant that was founded by Phil Pace. Their first location opened in 1998 in the Mission Hills neighborhood of San Diego, California. They have since expanded and now have four restaurant locations, with additional outlets in San Diego International Airport and Petco Park. The restaurants have received positive reception both in terms of their reviews as well as their success. It was featured on the shows Adam Richman's Best Sandwich in America and Man v. Food. Phil's BBQ was the second most commonly reviewed business in the United States on Yelp for 2013.

text:
# Phil's BBQ

**Phil's BBQ** is a barbeque restaurant that was founded by Phil Pace. Their first location opened in 1998 in the Mission Hills neighborhood of San Diego, California. They have since expanded and now have four restaurant locations, with additional outlets in San Diego International Airport and Petco Park. The restaurants have received positive reception both in terms of their reviews as well as their success. It was featured on the shows *Adam Richman's Best Sandwich in America* and *Man v. Food*. Phil's BBQ was the second most commonly reviewed business in the United States on Yelp for 2013.

## History

Phil's BBQ was first opened in 1998 in the Mission Hills in San Diego, California, by owner Phil Pace. In 2007, it opened a location in Point Loma. Another location was later opened in 2010 in San Marcos. In 2012, Phil leased approximately 7,000 square feet of land for a new location in Santee. The restaurant first opened on October 30, 2012 at the Old Trolley Square. In 2012 and 2013 respectively, Phil's BBQ restaurants were opened in both San Diego International Airport and Petco Park. In December 2013, it was announced that the Point Loma location would be temporarily closing in order to conduct $1 million worth of renovations. This was in order to implement energy-efficient equipment and systems as well as other improvements. It reopened six weeks later in February 2014. In March 2014, a second Petco Park location was announced to be in the works. The restaurant remodeled its bar area in October 2014. Later, in 2016, Phil's BBQ opened its location in Rancho Bernardo. The company is aiming to open its first location outside of San Diego County in the spring of 2020 in Temecula, California.

Every year, Phil's BBQ hosts an event called "Phil's BBQ at the Ballpark." This event donates 100% of its ticket sales to Operation Bigs, a mentoring program made for military children. In 2018, Phil’s Big BBQ at the Ballpark raised a record-breaking $110,000 with 2,700 attendees.

## Recognition and success

Brandon Hernández of the San Diego Reader commented that Phil's BBQ was synonymous with San Diego, adding that it was as synonymous as "AleSmith, Ballast Point, and Karl Strauss". In an article for the San Diego Reader, editor Ian Pike noted that "any survey of San Diego’s barbecue scene would be woefully incomplete without considering \[Phil's BBQ\]." Phil's BBQ participated in a Travel Channel television show called *Adam Richman's Best Sandwich in America*, where it won the title of best sandwich on the West Coast. Richman called one of Phil's BBQ sandwiches – a tri-tip sandwich called the "El Toro" – "...without question one of the best sandwiches in America". It was also featured on an earlier show by Richman called *Man v. Food*, which vice president Fred Glick claimed doubled sales of the El Toro sandwich. Frank Sabatini, Jr., writing for the San Diego Gay & Lesbian News website, reviewed the restaurant. He rated its price as "moderate to high moderate", and gave it a "delightful" score of three out of four, and specifically cited the El Toro sandwich as a standout of the restaurant. Epicurious blogger Kerry Acker listed cited the Petco Park location as an example of quality ballpark food. The website Foursquare ranked Phil's BBQ among the top 10 most popular barbeque restaurants. Ellis Pierce, writing for the magazine "Cowboys & Indians", cited it as one of the "great barbeque joints of the west." In the Fodor's Southern California 2015 magazine, Phil's BBQ was listed as a "Fodor's Choice" and specifically cited the El Toro sandwich and its celebrity.

As of January 2014, Phil's BBQ was the second most commonly reviewed business on the user-based review website Yelp in the United States for 2013. It is the only San Diego–based restaurant to make Yelp's top 10 most-reviewed list. In July 2008, an article in *San Diego Magazine* had an announcement from Phil's BBQ that in its first 10 years, it has produced approximately 1 million pints of barbeque sauce.

32°45′01″N 117°10′17″W / 32.7504°N 117.1715°W / 32.7504; -117.1715

## InfoBox

Phil's BBQ
|
|  |
| Industry | Restaurant |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Founder | Phil Pace |
| Headquarters | San Diego, California, United States |
| Key people | Kevin Sheehan, President & CEO; Nicholas Vick, COO |


title: Photostatin

abstract: Photostatins are inhibitors that can be switched on and off in vivo by visible light, to optically control microtubule dynamics. Photostatins are a form of photopharmacology. As a cell prepares to divide, its microtubules, arrange themselves into a spindle that permits its chromosomes to split into two bundles. These bundles become the nuclei of the daughter cells, Out-of-control cell replication is the underlying cause of cancer, developing drugs that interfere with microtubule activity offers one potential therapeutic approach. They can operate microtubule dynamics with a subsecond response time and control mitosis in living organisms with single-cell spatial precision. Most microtubule inhibitors affect both cancerous and healthy cells, requiring lower doses to avoid severe side effects. Because photostatins are inactive in the absence of light, they only affect cells that are illuminated. Focusing light on tumors directs their activities to appropriate targets with fewer side effects.

text:
# Photostatin

**Photostatin**s are inhibitors that can be switched on and off *in vivo* by visible light, to optically control microtubule dynamics. Photostatins are a form of photopharmacology.

As a cell prepares to divide, its microtubules, arrange themselves into a spindle that permits its chromosomes to split into two bundles. These bundles become the nuclei of the daughter cells, Out-of-control cell replication is the underlying cause of cancer, developing drugs that interfere with microtubule activity offers one potential therapeutic approach. They can operate microtubule dynamics with a subsecond response time and control mitosis in living organisms with single-cell spatial precision.

Most microtubule inhibitors affect both cancerous and healthy cells, requiring lower doses to avoid severe side effects. Because photostatins are inactive in the absence of light, they only affect cells that are illuminated. Focusing light on tumors directs their activities to appropriate targets with fewer side effects.

## Combretastatin A-4

One phostatin is combretastatin A-4, one of several combretastatins found in the bark of the South African bushwillow. It comes in two isomers, that share a single composition, but different shapes. One isomer is a poor disrupter of tubule activity while the other is effective.

Replacing two adjacent carbon atoms in the molecule with nitrogen atoms changes the non-toxic isomer, which does little to disrupt tubules, into the toxic one in the presence of blue light. This transformation is reversed simply by switching the light off. The drug proved 200 times more toxic when exposed to light in this way than in the dark. The effect increased to 250 times under violet light and decreased to 75 times when exposed to cyan.


title: Donja Bačuga

abstract: Donja Bačuga is a village in central Croatia, in the Town of Petrinja, Sisak-Moslavina County. It is connected by the D30 highway.

text:
# Donja Bačuga

**Donja Bačuga** is a village in central Croatia, in the Town of Petrinja, Sisak-Moslavina County. It is connected by the D30 highway.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the village of Donja Bačuga had 142 inhabitants. This represents 25.68% of its pre-war population according to the 1991 census.

Population change 1857-2011 **Sources**: Croatian Bureau of Statistics

## Notable people

Dušan Ćorković (1921-1980)) - antifascist, partisan, general and People's Hero of Yugoslavia

1. *Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia*. Wikidata Q119585703.
2. "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements" (xlsx). *Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021*. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
3. "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Donja Bačuga". *Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011*. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
4. Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857-2001, www.dzs.hr

## InfoBox

| Donja Bačuga | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Donja BačugaLocation of Donja Bačuga in Croatia | |
| Coordinates: 45°21′27″N 16°15′05″E / 45.35750°N 16.25139°E / 45.35750; 16.25139 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Region | Continental Croatia (Banovina) |
| County | Sisak-Moslavina |
| Municipality | Petrinja |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.5 km2 (3.3 sq mi) |
| Land | 10.11 km2 (3.90 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 130 m (430 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 78 |
| Density | 9.2/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 44204 |
| Area code | (+385) 44 |


title: Rhinestreet Formation

abstract: The Rhinestreet Shale is a geologic formation in the Appalachian Basin. It dates back to the Devonian period. The Rhinestreet is an organic or Black Shale found on from the approximately the middle of the Appalachian Basin. Near the Middle of Ohio and Kentucky it reaches the surface on the flank of Cincinnati and Findlay Arches.

text:
# Rhinestreet Formation

The **Rhinestreet Shale** is a geologic formation in the Appalachian Basin. It dates back to the Devonian period. The Rhinestreet is an organic or Black Shale found on from the approximately the middle of the Appalachian Basin. Near the Middle of Ohio and Kentucky it reaches the surface on the flank of Cincinnati and Findlay Arches.

## Description

The Rhinestreet is composed primarily of black shale because of its organic content. Upwards of 85% of the total formation is made up of black shale. There are thin beds of non-organic gray shale as well as limestone concretions interbedded throughout the formation. Duning the Alleghanian orogeny regional uplifting caused the first set of fracturing. Later during rapid burial from sedimentation the next set of fractures were caused by natural hydraulic-fracturing.

## InfoBox

| Rhinestreet Formation | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Late Devonian
Frasnian
~ | |
| Type | Formation |
| Unit of | West Falls Group |
| Sub-units | Belpre Ash Bed |
| Underlies | Angola Formation |
| Overlies | Cashaqua Shale |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Black Shale |
| Other | Shale, Oil Shale |
| Location | |
| Region | New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania |
| Country | United States
Canada |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Exposures along Rhinestreet north from Naples, Ontario Co., NY. |
| Named by | Clarke (1903) |


title: Rock of Ages (1918 film)

abstract: Rock of Ages is a 1918 British silent drama film directed by Bertram Phillips and starring Queenie Thomas, Leslie George and Ronald Power. An Irish model converts an artist to religion. Its title refers to the hymn Rock of Ages.

text:
# Rock of Ages (1918 film)

***Rock of Ages*** is a 1918 British silent drama film directed by Bertram Phillips and starring Queenie Thomas, Leslie George and Ronald Power. An Irish model converts an artist to religion. Its title refers to the hymn *Rock of Ages*.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Rock of Ages | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Bertram Phillips |
| Written by | Kenelm Foss |
| Produced by | H. B. Parkinson |
| Starring | Queenie Thomas
Leslie George
Ronald Power |
| Production
company | Screen Plays |
| Distributed by | Walturdaw |
| Release date | * 1918 (1918) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | Silent |


title: Charlie Don't Surf (Veronica Mars)

abstract: "Charlie Don't Surf" is the fourth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars, and the forty-eighth episode overall. Co-written by executive producer Diane Ruggiero and Jason Elen and directed by Jason Bloom, the episode premiered on The CW on October 24, 2006. The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica and her father, Keith take on three cases—they figure out who is taking Logan's trust fund money while Veronica gets involved in the accusing of the Pi Sigma fraternity in the rapist case and Keith helps a woman, Harmony Chase track down her possibly cheating husband. "Charlie Don't Surf" featured several notable guest stars, including Matt Czuchry, Ryan Eggold, and Laura San Giacomo, who plays Harmony Chase, a romantic interest for Keith. Actor Enrico Colantoni, who plays Keith, wanted San Giacomo to play the role of Harmony because of the actors' ongoing friendship since their show Just Shoot Me! Both actors enjoyed the guest appearance so much that they lobbied the show's production team to continue the characters' romantic storyline in the future. The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics.

text:
# Charlie Don't Surf (Veronica Mars)

"**Charlie Don't Surf**" is the fourth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series *Veronica Mars*, and the forty-eighth episode overall. Co-written by executive producer Diane Ruggiero and Jason Elen and directed by Jason Bloom, the episode premiered on The CW on October 24, 2006.

The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica and her father, Keith (Enrico Colantoni) take on three cases—they figure out who is taking Logan's (Jason Dohring) trust fund money while Veronica gets involved in the accusing of the Pi Sigma fraternity in the rapist case and Keith helps a woman, Harmony Chase (Laura San Giacomo) track down her possibly cheating husband.

"Charlie Don't Surf" featured several notable guest stars, including Matt Czuchry, Ryan Eggold, and Laura San Giacomo, who plays Harmony Chase, a romantic interest for Keith. Actor Enrico Colantoni, who plays Keith, wanted San Giacomo to play the role of Harmony because of the actors' ongoing friendship since their show *Just Shoot Me!* Both actors enjoyed the guest appearance so much that they lobbied the show's production team to continue the characters' romantic storyline in the future. The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics.

## Synopsis

Logan comes over for dinner at Veronica's house, and Keith becomes increasingly annoyed when Logan refuses to answer some questions. Veronica goes into Parker Lee's (Julie Gonzalo) room, where Veronica reveals that she was raped as well. A journalist interviews Parker, while Logan discusses finances with his accountant. Logan asks Veronica for help in searching through records in an attempt to catch the accountant. Meanwhile, a woman asks Keith to investigate her husband, who may be having an affair. Wallace informs Veronica that there was a Pi Sigma fraternity party the night of every rape. Later, Dick (Ryan Hansen) asks Veronica to prove that the fraternity is innocent, and Veronica agrees just to infiltrate the fraternity. Keith sees the husband getting into a car with several other women. He contacts Harmony, the woman, and presents the evidence.

Veronica talks to the fraternity boys, and one of them tells her information that leads to her suspecting a boy named Chip. Keith and Harmony flirt, and Harmony shows a good amount of true romantic interest in Keith. Logan's family has been donating $10,000 a month to “Aaron’s Kids”, which Veronica learns is not actually a charity. Veronica talks to Chip, who says that he was with another girl, who admits it while saying that she'll never say so openly. Veronica turns her suspicion on Dick. After doing more digging, Veronica says that the money is going to Logan's illegitimate brother, Charlie Stone. Parker insults Veronica for supposedly working with the fraternity. Keith catches Harmony's husband kissing another woman. After talking to one of the other rape victims, Veronica discusses Claire with a slightly offbeat clerk, who says that Claire went in with a guy. Logan meets Charlie (Matt Czuchry), and they connect over surfing. However, Veronica notices some inconsistencies at Charlie's private school job.

Veronica learns that “Charlie” is in fact a reporter who is doing a story on Logan, and Logan punches him. Keith tells Harmony that her husband was not in fact cheating after all. Veronica obtains proof that another person, not one of the fraternity members, was with Claire the night she was raped. While retrieving Logan's watch, Veronica learns that Logan's actual half-brother did not betray him to the journalist.

## Production

Laura San Giacomo (*left*) and Matt Czuchry (*right*) guest star in the episode.

The episode was written by executive producer Diane Ruggiero and Jason Elen and directed by Jason Bloom, marking Ruggiero's fourteenth writing credit, Elen's first and only writing credit for the show, and Bloom's third directing credit for the series. The episode features several notable guest stars. Matt Czuchry appears as *Vanity Fair* reporter Norman Phipps, who poses as Logan's half-brother for a story. Czuchry was a series regular at the time for *Gilmore Girls*, the lead-in show for *Veronica Mars*. Ryan Eggold appears as Charlie Stone, Logan's actual half brother. According to *Variety*, the role was initially scheduled to be a recurring one. Series regular Tina Majorino filmed scenes for the episode, although they were deleted in post-production.

In her first appearance, Laura San Giacomo plays Harmony Chase, a woman who hires Keith to investigate her cheating husband. The two were both series regulars on the NBC sitcom *Just Shoot Me!*. The two actors had maintained a close friendship after their sitcom was cancelled, and when Rob Thomas brought up a romantic storyline for Keith to Colantoni, he suggested Giacomo for the role. Giacomo accepted the role, later stating, "It was kind of a no-brainer situation for me. I love Rico, love working with him, and it was just as much fun as I thought it would be." In addition to sharing in-jokes about *Just Shoot Me!* while on set, Colantoni also remembered what a good actress he thought she was in their earlier days. After the first appearance, both Colantoni and Giacomo lobbied for more storylines together. Thomas was open to the possibility, saying, "I wouldn't hesitate to go back to this, because I was really happy with how it played out." Giacomo would go on to appear on three episodes of the show.

## Reception

### Ratings

In its original broadcast, "Charlie Don't Surf" was viewed by 3.33 million viewers, ranking 97th of 104 in the weekly rankings. This figure was an increase in 0.21 million viewers from the previous episode, "Wichita Linebacker", which received 3.12 million.

### Reviews

The episode received mostly positive reviews. Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 7.5 out of 10, indicating that it was a "good" episode. He was positive towards the Logan and Keith storylines, writing "the other main storylines, featuring Logan and Keith, were nice ones for the respective characters," calling the half-brother plotline "interesting". On the advancing of the rapist plot, Goldman praised the increase in Veronica's personal involvement with the case, while continuing to criticize the portrayal of the feminists in the episode. "At this point, neither we, nor Veronica, seem to be meant to have nearly any sympathy for them. And yet, shouldn't we all naturally be able to connect more to a group of girls who are passionately seeking to stop a serial rapist on campus?" Price Peterson of *TV.com* gave the episode a very positive review, lauding the Logan's half-brother storyline, calling it "Top quality stuff. I loved the moment when Veronica realized Logan's brother was an imposter and in the next scene we saw the two guys surfing together. So much suspense!" *Television Without Pity* gave "Charlie Don't Surf" a "B+". The reviewer was very positive towards the plot involving Logan and his supposed half-brother, writing, "since Logan actually knows how to find Charlie in person, perhaps this all doesn't have to be quite as tragic as it's coming off. Still, in my opinion? Best episode of the season so far."

Alan Sepinwall was very positive towards the episode on his blog What's Alan Watching, calling Czuchry's casting "genius" and that "the heavier focus on the rape storyline was welcome, though the amount of time spent on Logan Squared robbed it of some urgency." In addition, he wrote that "The 'Just Shoot Me' reunion gave an interesting twist to the usual private eye infidelity case." Rowan Kaiser, writing for *The A.V. Club*, gave a mostly positive review, writing that it struck a good balance in a storyline that could go wrong very quickly. "This happens with emotionally charged criminal cases. Mass public scapegoating is an all-too-human reaction, one studied by a bunch of social sciences (Salem Witch Trials, anyone?). And it’s certainly interesting to have Veronica trying to be the voice of reason. I think that largely works here, but it’s a delicate balance. This could easily go so very wrong."

## InfoBox

| "**Charlie Don't Surf**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Veronica Mars* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3
Episode 4 |
| Directed by | Jason Bloom |
| Written by | Diane Ruggiero
Jason Elen |
| Production code | 3T5804 |
| Original air date | October 24, 2006 (2006-10-24) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Rallyday

abstract: Rallyday is an annual demonstration event for rally cars held at Castle Combe racing circuit in Wiltshire, England. The inaugural event took place in 2001 and was organized by Brian Stubbings and Darin Frow of the Mitsubishi Lancer Register, the UK owners club for Mitsubishi Lancer cars. Rally Supercar Day, as it was called in its first year, was held on May 5 and was attended by 2,500 people. 2004 saw the introduction of the 'Raid on Castle Combe', where desert racers were showcased on the circuit infield. In 2005, 25 years of the Audi Quattro was celebrated. The 2005 event was also the last public appearance by Richard Burns, the 2001 World Rally Champion before his death. As a tribute, the 2006 show saw his father Alex Burns lead 50 Subaru Impreza RB5 around the circuit. In 2008, Mikko Hirvonen, who was in contention for the 2008 World Rally Championship title, attended the show and performed demonstration runs in his Ford Focus WRC. Today, the event attracts around 10,000 spectators each year.

text:
# Rallyday

**Rallyday** is an annual demonstration event for rally cars held at Castle Combe racing circuit in Wiltshire, England.

The inaugural event took place in 2001 and was organized by Brian Stubbings and Darin Frow of the Mitsubishi Lancer Register, the UK owners club for Mitsubishi Lancer cars. Rally Supercar Day, as it was called in its first year, was held on May 5 and was attended by 2,500 people.

2004 saw the introduction of the 'Raid on Castle Combe', where desert racers were showcased on the circuit infield. In 2005, 25 years of the Audi Quattro was celebrated. The 2005 event was also the last public appearance by Richard Burns, the 2001 World Rally Champion before his death. As a tribute, the 2006 show saw his father Alex Burns lead 50 Subaru Impreza RB5 (a special edition produced to commemorate his 2001 championship) around the circuit. In 2008, Mikko Hirvonen, who was in contention for the 2008 World Rally Championship title, attended the show and performed demonstration runs in his Ford Focus WRC.

Today, the event attracts around 10,000 spectators each year.


title: The Electras (band)

abstract: The Electras were an American garage rock band formed in Ely, Minnesota in 1962. The group recorded between 1965 and 1967 during their musical career, including their most-known tune "Dirty Old Man". The band, which also worked under the moniker, 'Twas Brillig, released a version of the song "Action Woman", a composition that was made into a garage rock classic by the Litter, and has consequently caused the two groups to be wrongly associated with each other.

text:
# The Electras (band)

**The Electras** were an American garage rock band formed in Ely, Minnesota in 1962. The group recorded between 1965 and 1967 during their musical career, including their most-known tune "Dirty Old Man". The band, which also worked under the moniker, '**Twas Brillig**, released a version of the song "Action Woman", a composition that was made into a garage rock classic by the Litter, and has consequently caused the two groups to be wrongly associated with each other.

## History

The Electras were formed when brothers Bill (lead guitar, vocals) and Earl Bulinski (rhythm guitar) came together as a duo in 1962, soon after moving to Ely, Minnesota and enrolling at Ely Memorial High School. The brothers had possessed prior experience self-teaching themselves to play guitar and performing at a semi-professional level. In mid-1962, the two were interested in assembling an ensemble, first placing an advertisement in the high school newspaper that read, "Attention all bass players, please call Bill Bulinski. He wants to start a band". Gary Omerza, who was actually an accordion player, was the first to respond to Bulinski's offer. Nonetheless, the brothers accepted Omerza's desire to be a band member, and recruited Fred Godec as the Electras' bass player. Their first gig was at a club called John's Bar where the group played renditions of rock and roll favorites; however, the band was forced to vacate after the town's priest complained that the band members were too young to perform at the venue.

By the Electras' second gig, the group added Len Erickson (drums) and female-singer Kaye Spalj, while applying songs by the Ventures to their repertoire. Between 1963 and 1965, Jerry Fink replaced Erickson, and Tim Elfving became the group's lead vocalist, solidifying the band's most-known lineup. Additionally, the band hired Chuck Novak as their manager, and convinced Omerza to play the Farfisa organ, which allowed the Electras to cover compositions by Paul Revere and the Raiders and the Animals. In the fall of 1965, Novak had gotten the Electras in contact with songwriter and record producer Warren Kendrick of Dove Recording Studio to pen and record the group's debut single. The band's first release, "Bout My Love", was issued in late 1965, and charted regionally at number 39 before dropping off listings in a week.

Undaunted, Kendrick signed the Electras to his own record label named Scotty Records. Their follow-up, "This Week's Children", propelled to number 12 in Minneapolis in early 1966. It was the Electras' third single, "Dirty Old Man", that proved to be their biggest hit, as the band enjoyed 17 weeks with the record charting at number one regionally and selling 6,000 copies overall. Music historian Richie Unterberger prescribed that the group "sounded like a slightly rawer version of Paul Revere and the Raiders. That was never more true than on their regional hit 'Dirty Old Man', with its menacing unison fuzz guitar and organ lines". Danny Raustadt Eden Prairie MN and studio musician for Warren, played all guitars on Dirty Old Man and used his mid 60's Gibson ES-335TD and a Maestro Fuzz tone. Recording was at Dove studio in Burnsville MN. Though the single was on the verge of being picked up for national distribution, Bill Bulinski was drafted in July 1966 and sent to combat in Vietnam, while Novak joined the Navy. Bulinski was subsequently replaced by Ely native Harvey Korkki, and Omerza upheld the duty of arranging the Electras' concerts.

Despite losing a founding member, the group still remained a popular attraction as they expanded their touring across the Midwest. In the fall of 1966, Kendrick finally secured a distribution contract with Columbia Records to release "Dirty Old Man" with "This Week's Children" as its B-side. However, copies of the single, which were issued on the subsidiary Date Records, were recalled as it was discovered that the Electras' name was copyrighted by another group who released an album in 1961 that included future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State, John Kerry. Without the band's input, Kendrick changed their name to 'Twas Brillig, and rereleased "Dirty Old Man" in February 1967. Elfving was drafted for service in Vietnam soon after, which consequently resulted in the group losing advertising support from Columbia. The band recorded two more singles under the moniker, but could not replicate their past successes and disbanded.

A confusion over the Electras' relations with fellow Minneapolis group the Litter has prompted record collectors to widely believe the two bands shared the same members. This was a result of Kendrick producing both groups, and the Electras' recording of the Litter's most accomplished song "Action Woman". The Electras' rendition included a baroque pop-influenced instrumental intro not present in the Litter's more reissued piece. In addition a compilation album, *Rare Tracks*, included the two groups together and mistakenly claimed in the sleeve notes that Warren "used the Litter musicians to record also some obscure singles under the name of 'Twas Brilling, Electras...Thus 'Dirty Old Man' or 'Soul Searchin' were played identically by Litter under several names of groups." However, other than for having the same producer and record label, the bands have no correlation between each other.

In 2010, the Electras were inducted into the *Mid-America Music Hall of Fame*, which saw original group members reconvene for a reunion concert. The band's material has been compiled on *The Scotty Story* and *The Best of the Electras*.

Gary Omerza (born on August 1, 1946) died unexpectedly on July 25, 2011, at age 64. Earl Bulinski died suddenly on April 3, 2021, in South Padre Island, Texas at age 72.

## InfoBox

| The Electras | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Ely, Minnesota, United States |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1962–1967 |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Past members | Bill Bulinski
Earl Bulinski
Gary Omerza
Fred Godec
Len Erickson
Kaye Spalj
Jerry Fink
Tim Elfving
Harvey Korkki |


title: Best of Guy Clark

abstract: Best of Guy Clark is an album by American singer-songwriter Guy Clark, released in 1982. Except for four tracks, it includes all of the songs released by Clark on his two albums on RCA. Both Old No. 1 and Texas Cookin' were re-issued on CD on the Camden label in 2001.

text:
# Best of Guy Clark

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Best of Guy Clark*** is an album by American singer-songwriter Guy Clark, released in 1982.

Except for four tracks, it includes all of the songs released by Clark on his two albums on RCA. Both *Old No. 1* and *Texas Cookin'* were re-issued on CD on the Camden label in 2001.

## Track listing

All songs by Guy Clark unless otherwise noted.

1. "Rita Ballou"
2. "L.A. Freeway"
3. "She Ain't Goin' Nowhere"
4. "That Old Time Feeling"
5. "Texas, 1947"
6. "Desperados Waiting for a Train"
7. "Instant Coffee Blues"
8. "A Nickel for the Fiddler"
9. "Texas Cookin' "
10. "Anyhow, I Love You"
11. "Virginia's Real"
12. "Broken Hearted People"
13. "Black Haired Boy" (Guy Clark, Susanna Clark)
14. "The Last Gunfighter Ballad "
15. "Let Him Roll"
16. "Like a Coat from the Cold"

## Personnel

* Guy Clark – vocals, guitar

## InfoBox

| Best of Guy Clark | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Guy Clark | |
| Released | 1982 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | RCA |
| Guy Clark chronology | |
| *The South Coast of Texas*
(1981) ***Best of Guy Clark***
(1982) *Better Days*
(1983) | |


title: Battle of Tadmaït

abstract: The Battle of Tadmaït took place between the Emirate Of Mascara against the French Army.

text:
# Battle of Tadmaït

The **Battle of Tadmaït** took place between the Emirate Of Mascara against the French Army.

## Background

The campaign led by General Bugeaud against Khalifa Ahmed ben Salem in the Tadmayt region in April 1844 aimed to caution the tribes that remained loyal to the state of Emir Abdelkader. General Bugeaud's forces set out from El-Harrach on April 27, 1844, comprising an army of approximately 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers after assembling the gathering since April 25, 1844. The objective was to curb the influence of Emir Abdelkader and maintain control over tribes in the region.

## Battle

After 18 days of marching towards Djurdjura, including clashes with Algerian resistance fighters, a portion of General Bugeaud's force was stationed in Tadmayt under the command of General Gentil, General Court, and Colonel Schmitt. The remaining forces continued advancing towards the mountains of Sidi Ali Bounab. General Bugeaud encountered resistance from the tribes and hamlets of Iflissen Umellil, leading to an attack by Ahmed ben Salem's horsemen. The Algerians withdrew towards the heights of Sidi Ali Bounab, and General Bugeaud eventually withdrew after losing 32 French soldiers. The Zawawa resistance also suffered significant losses, with some of their villages being burned and destroyed.

## Aftermath

Following the battle, the leader of Fleyset El-Jbel, known as "Ben Zaamoum," advanced towards the French camp to negotiate a truce with France. He secured recognition as the leader of his tribe by the French.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Tadmaït | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of French conquest of Algeria | |
| Date 25–28 April 1844  Location Tadmait, Algeria  Result  Algerian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Emirate of Mascara | France |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Ahmed ben Salem | Thomas Robert Bugeaud<br>Jean-François Gentil |
| Strength | |
| Unknown | 6,000 - 8,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Significant | 32 |


title: Chinatown, Manchester

abstract: Chinatown in Manchester, England, is the second largest Chinatown in the United Kingdom and the third largest in Europe. Its archway was completed in 1987 on Faulkner Street in Manchester city centre, which contains Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Nepali, Malaysian, Singaporean, Thai and Vietnamese restaurants, shops, bakeries and supermarkets.

text:
# Chinatown, Manchester

| Manchester Chinatown | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 曼徹斯特中國城 |
| Simplified Chinese | 曼彻斯特中国城 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Mànchèsītè Zhōngguóchéng  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization maahn chit sī dahk jūng gwok sìhng  Jyutping man6 cit3 si1 dak6 zung1 gwok3 sing4 | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 曼徹斯特唐人街 |
| Simplified Chinese | 曼彻斯特唐人街 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Mànchèsītè Tángrénjiē  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization maahn chit sī dahk tòhng yàhn gāai  Jyutping man6 cit3 si1 dak6 tong4 jan4 gaai1 | |
|  | |

**Chinatown** in Manchester, England, is the second largest Chinatown in the United Kingdom and the third largest in Europe. Its archway was completed in 1987 on Faulkner Street in Manchester city centre, which contains Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Nepali, Malaysian, Singaporean, Thai and Vietnamese restaurants, shops, bakeries and supermarkets.

## History

The first Chinese settlers arrived in the city in the early 20th century; many were engaged in the laundry trade. Manchester's first Chinese restaurant, Ping Hong, opened on Oxford Street in 1948. A Chinese immigration wave began in the 1950s, when there were severe labour shortages, and in response to the British Nationality Act 1948 which allowed easier access into the country. Hong Kong's rapid urbanisation also meant that farmers' traditional homes were being destroyed by urban sprawl, so many decided to migrate.

Chinese restaurants multiplied after the immigration boom. By the 1970s other Chinese businesses had opened, such as medicine shops, supermarkets and financial and legal services serving the area, including a Hong Kong government office and branch of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. In 1989, the Chinese Arts Centre opened in Chinatown. In 2013, the Bank of East Asia opened their first Manchester branch on Charlotte Street in Chinatown.

## Geography

Chinatown is a small area of Manchester's city centre. Its boundaries form a rectangle, surrounded by Mosley Street, Manchester Art Gallery and the Portico Library to the west, Portland Street to the east, Princess Street to the south, and Charlotte Street to the north. However, these boundaries are not official; some maps extend Chinatown further south to Oxford Street. To the east lies the city's gay village, centred on Canal Street, and to the north lies Piccadilly Gardens. Being in the city centre, the area is entirely urbanised. Unlike Manchester city centre as a whole, Chinatown's streets appear largely in a grid plan.

## Landmarks

One of Chinatown's most noticeable landmarks is the archway on Faulkner Street. The paifang, underneath which road traffic passes, was specially built in China and shipped over in three containers. Construction commenced over Christmas 1986 and was completed by Easter 1987, a year after the city of Manchester was twinned with Wuhan. The structure was a gift from Manchester City Council to the Chinese community, and is adorned with dragons and phoenixes.

After many years exposed to the elements, the arch required restoration work to be undertaken; netting was wrapped around a part of the structure to prevent further tiles from dislodging. The Manchester Chinatown Community Group undertook a series of charity events, including a dry land dragon boat race in June 2012. In early 2013 the archway was repaired by Manchester and Cheshire Construction Company.

Another Chinatown landmark is the Guardian telephone exchange. The building is now owned by BT and used for communications work, though it was constructed for an entirely different usage. The building lies atop an underground bunker, constructed between 1949 and 1954 and paid for by NATO. The bunker was a fallout shelter designed to protect officials in the event of an atomic bomb and features over four miles of tunnels. The media were banned from revealing the bunker's existence until 1967 and it was built by Polish workers who could not speak English.

Chinatown has a number of listed buildings, including 55 Faulkner Street, Manchester and 36 Princess Street, an aparthotel for national chain Roomzzz.

## Transport

The area's nearest Metrolink stations are Piccadilly Gardens (which is also a bus interchange), and St Peter's Square tram stop. The nearest National Rail stations are Manchester Oxford Road to the south and Manchester Piccadilly to the east of Chinatown, the latter of which can be reached by Metrolink services. Furthermore, there is a car park off Faulkner Street for visitors driving into Chinatown in private vehicles. It is decorated in an oriental theme, in keeping with Chinatown, and a mural of a junk, a Chinese sea vessel, is contained within a brick wall overlooking the car park.

53°28′43″N 2°14′24″W / 53.4786°N 2.2401°W / 53.4786; -2.2401

## InfoBox

| Chinatown | |
| --- | --- |
| Chinatown's Faulkner Street paifang | |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | MANCHESTER |
| Postcode district | M1 |
| Dialling code | 0161 |
|  | |
| Police | Greater Manchester |
| Fire | Greater Manchester |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Eburia stigma

abstract: Eburia stigma is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Eburia stigma

***Eburia stigma*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Eburia stigma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eburia* |
| Species: | ***E. stigma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eburia stigma***<br>(Olivier, 1795) | |
|


title: Tinnanbar, Queensland

abstract: Tinnanbar is a coastal town and a locality in the Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Tinnanbar had a population of 64 people.

text:
# Tinnanbar, Queensland

**Tinnanbar** is a coastal town and a locality in the Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Tinnanbar had a population of 64 people.

## Geography

Tinnanbar is bounded by the Great Sandy Strait on the north and east and by Kauri Creek to the south. The town is located on the north coast, while the east coastal strip is protected as the Great Sandy Conservation Park. The marine areas and tidal flats of the conservation park has populations of dolphins, turtles and dugongs. It is an important roosting area for migratory wading birds and a nesting area for the false water rat.

The only access road to the town is Tinninbar Road, which connects to the Maryborough-Cooloola Road.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, the locality of Tinnanbar had a population of 123 people.

In the 2021 census, the locality of Tinnanbar had a population of 64 people.

## Amenities

The town has a white sandy beach at both high and low tide. Fishing and sailing are popular activities. There is a 2-lane boat ramp at the end of Boat Ramp Drive.

## InfoBox

| Tinnanbar
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Tinnanbar | |
| Coordinates | 25°45′31″S 152°57′28″E / 25.7586°S 152.9577°E / -25.7586; 152.9577 |
| Population | 64 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 3.62/km2 (9.36/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4650 |
| Area | 17.7 km2 (6.8 sq mi) |
| LGA(s) | Fraser Coast Region |
| State electorate(s) | Maryborough |
| Federal division(s) | Wide Bay |
| **Localities around Tinnanbar:**  Tuan Forest *Great Sandy Strait* *Great Sandy Strait*  Tuan Forest Tinnanbar *Great Sandy Strait*  Tuan Forest Tin Can Bay Tin Can Bay | |


title: Eclipes

abstract: Eclipes is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Upper Miocene subepoch.

text:
# Eclipes

***Eclipes*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Upper Miocene subepoch.

## InfoBox

| *Eclipes*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gadiformes |
| Family: | Gadidae |
| Genus: | *Eclipes*
Jordan & Gilbert, 1919 |
|


title: Eclipidrilus

abstract:
Eclipidrilus is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Lumbriculidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America. Species:
  - Eclipidrilus asymmetricus
  - Eclipidrilus breviatriatus Fend & Lenat, 2012
  - Eclipidrilus daneus Cook, 1966
  - Eclipidrilus fontanus Wassel, 1984
  - Eclipidrilus frigidus Eisen, 1881
  - Eclipidrilus ithys Brinkhurst, 1998
  - Eclipidrilus lacustris
  - Eclipidrilus levanidovi Sokolskaya, 1977
  - Eclipidrilus macphersonae Fend & Lenat, 2012
  - Eclipidrilus microthecus Fend & Lenat, 2012
  - Eclipidrilus pacificus Fend, 2005
  - Eclipidrilus palustris

text:
# Eclipidrilus

***Eclipidrilus*** is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Lumbriculidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Eclipidrilus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| *Clade*: | Pleistoannelida |
| *Clade*: | Sedentaria |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Order: | Lumbriculida |
| Family: | Lumbriculidae |
| Genus: | *Eclipidrilus*<br>Eisen, 1881 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mesoporodrilus* Smith, 1896 | |


title: Tioga station

abstract: Tioga station is an elevated rapid transit station on the SEPTA Market–Frankford Line in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at the intersection of Kensington Avenue, Tioga Street, and K Street in the Harrowgate neighborhood of the city. The station is also served by SEPTA City Bus routes 3 and 89.

text:
# Tioga station

**Tioga station** is an elevated rapid transit station on the SEPTA Market–Frankford Line in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at the intersection of Kensington Avenue, Tioga Street, and K Street in the Harrowgate neighborhood of the city. The station is also served by SEPTA City Bus routes  and 89.

## History

Tioga is part of the Frankford Elevated section of the line, which began service on November 5, 1922.

Between 1988 and 2003, SEPTA undertook a $493.3 million reconstruction of the 5.5-mile (8.9 km) Frankford Elevated. Most of Tioga station was completely rebuilt on the site of the original station, though the eastbound platform exit uses a component of the original station. The reconstruction project included new platforms, elevators, windscreens, and overpasses, and the station now meets ADA accessibility requirements. The line had originally been built with track ballast and was replaced with precast sections of deck, allowing the station (and the entire line) to remain open throughout the project.

During the Market–Frankford's rush-hour skip-stop service pattern, Tioga was only served by "A" trains. This practice was discontinued on February 24, 2020.

## Station layout

Access to the station from street level is west of the five-way intersection, situated between East Tioga Street and K Street. There is also an exit-only staircase from the eastbound platform to an area south of the intersection, situated between East Tioga Street and Kensington Avenue in Harrowgate Park.

Media related to Tioga (SEPTA station) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tioga | |
| --- | --- |
| Station exterior as viewed from Tioga Street | |
| General information | |
| Location | 3500 Kensington Avenue<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°00′01″N 75°06′23″W / 40.0003°N 75.1065°W / 40.0003; -75.1065 |
| Owned by | City of Philadelphia |
| Operated by | Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | SEPTA City Bus: , 89 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | November 5, 1922 (November 5, 1922) |
| Rebuilt | 1997 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  SEPTA Following station  Alleghenytoward 69th Street T.C.  Market–Frankford Line  Erie–Torresdaletoward Frankford T.C. | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Future services (2024)   Preceding station  SEPTA Metro Following station  Kensington–Alleghenytoward 69th Street    Erie–Torresdaletoward Frankford | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Eclipta signaticollis

abstract: Eclipta signaticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1922.

text:
# Eclipta signaticollis

***Eclipta signaticollis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1922.

## InfoBox

| *Eclipta signaticollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eclipta* |
| Species: | ***E. signaticollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eclipta signaticollis***<br>(Melzer, 1922) | |
|