title: Southport War Memorial

abstract: Southport War Memorial is in London Square, Lord Street, Southport, Merseyside, England. It consists of an obelisk flanked by two colonnades in the form of Greek temples. Outside the colonnades are memorial gardens, each containing a Pool of Remembrance and fountains. The memorial was designed by the local architects Grayson and Barnish, and the carving was executed by Herbert Tyson Smith. It was unveiled in 1923 by the Earl of Derby. Following the Second World War and subsequent conflicts further inscriptions and names have been added. The memorial is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.

text:
# Southport War Memorial

**Southport War Memorial** is in London Square, Lord Street, Southport, Merseyside, England. It consists of an obelisk flanked by two colonnades in the form of Greek temples. Outside the colonnades are memorial gardens, each containing a Pool of Remembrance and fountains. The memorial was designed by the local architects Grayson and Barnish, and the carving was executed by Herbert Tyson Smith. It was unveiled in 1923 by the Earl of Derby. Following the Second World War and subsequent conflicts further inscriptions and names have been added. The memorial is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II\* listed building.

## History

As a result of a meeting on 14 February 1919 a War Memorial Committee was established to raise money by public subscription for a monument, to extend the hospital, and to provide grants for bereaved children. The monument was to be sited in London Square as part of a scheme to remodel the centre of the town. A total of £31,854 was raised, and a competition was launched for the design of the monument. Reginald Blomfield was appointed as adviser and assessor of the competition. The first prize was given to the Liverpool partnership of Grayson and Barnish. The original designs did not specifically include any sculpture, and concern was expressed about this, leading to the appointment of Herbert Tyson Smith as sculptor. The initial tenders for building the memorial were considered to be too high, and after a second set of tenders W. Moss and Son were commissioned as main contractors. Following some delays in its construction, the memorial was unveiled on 18 November 1923 by the Earl of Derby. Following the Second World War, an additional inscription was designed by Barnish and executed by Tyson Smith; this was unveiled on 28 October 1956. At the same time fountains were installed in the Pools of Remembrance. In 1992 plaques were added containing the names of those lost in the Second World War, and later the names of those who have died as a result of later conflicts have been added.

## Description

The memorial consists of an obelisk, two colonnades, and gardens. The colonnades and obelisk are constructed in Portland stone, the sculpture and lettered panels are in Meuriel marble, and the Second World War inscription is in Hopton Wood stone. The obelisk stands in the centre of a traffic island, with the colonnades to the northeast and southwest, and the gardens beyond them.

### Obelisk

The obelisk is 67 feet 6 inches (20.6 m) high and stands on a square pedestal and base. There are carved roundels on three faces of the obelisk. That on the northwest face contains a wreath and the inscription:

LOOK UPWARD STANDING MUTE. SALUTE

On the base below this are inscribed the dates "MCMXIV–MCMXVIII". The northeast face is plain. On the southeast face are the coat of arms of Southport and the inscription:

SALUS POPULI

The roundel on the southwest face was added in 1956. It was designed by Barnish, carved by Tyson Smith, and contains the following inscription:

TO THE MEN AND WOMEN OF THIS COUNTY BOROUGH WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES FOR THE LIBERTY OF THE WORLD AND THE SECURITY OF THIS REALM IN THE WORLD WAR 1939–1945
THEIR NAMES ARE RECORDED IN THE BOOK OF REMEMBRANCE WHICH LIES NEARBY IN THE KEEPING OF CHRIST CHURCH
THE FOUNTAINS ADDED TO THE MEMORIAL POOLS ARE DEDICATED TO THEIR HONOURED MEMORY

### Colonnades

The colonnades are similar to each other, but have different carvings, inscriptions and contents. They are in the style of Greek temples, symmetrical with a rectangular plan, are in a single storey, and have flat roofs. On each side there are four pairs of fluted Doric columns forming an open colonnade of five bays. At each end is an enclosed cenotaph with an entablature containing inscriptions, and with two open windows above which are carved panels. There are also carved panels and inscriptions on the ends of the colonnades. At the entrances to the cenotaphs are fluted Ionic columns, and inside the ceilings are coffered. At the centre of each cenotaph is a pedestal altar, and on the walls are marble tablets containing the names of the engagements in the First World War, regimental badges, and the names of the dead and their rank arranged by regiment and unit. The names are of those who were lost in both World Wars and in later conflicts. Adjacent to the colonnades, and surrounding the obelisk, are cast iron lamp stands that were cast by the Bromsgrove Guild. They have fluted columns, and their bases are decorated with acanthus leaves.

#### Northeast colonnade

The entablature on the side facing the obelisk is inscribed with:

TELL BRITAIN YE WHO MARK THIS MONUMENT

and on the side facing the garden is:

THEIR PORTION IS WITH THE ETERNAL

On the northwest face of the colonnade is a panel carved with a depiction of Britannia holding a statuette of Victory. Facing the garden is a platform with the following inscription:

THEY DIED THAT WE MIGHT LIVE
WE LIVE ONLY AS WE SAFEGUARD
THE IDEALS FOR WHICH THEY DIED
FREEDOM JUSTICE MERCY
SO LET US LIVE
THAT WE MAY SHARE WITH THEM THE LIFE ETERNAL

The altar in the northwest cenotaph is carved with representations of Patroclus and Achilles. On the wall is a tablet inscribed with:

FOR THE SACRED CAUSE OF JUSTICE

#### Southwest colonnade

On the side of the entablature facing the obelisk is the inscription:

FAITHFUL TO HER WE FELL AND REST CONTENT

and on the side facing the garden is:

TO FAMOUS MEN ALL EARTH IS SEPULCHRE

The panel on the northwest side of the colonnade depicts Britannia offering a tribute to the dead and represents "Mourning". On the northeast side is a panel inscribed:

REMEMBER THAT THE MEN WHOSE NAMES LIVE ON THESE WALLS DIED IN YOUTH OR PRIME
THAT FUTURE GENERATIONS MIGHT INHERIT A HAPPIER WORLD
AND A HUMAN SOCIETY MORE RIGHTEOUS AND MORE LOVING THAN THOSE BRAVE MEN AND THEIR GENERATION KNEW

The altar in the southwest cenotaph is carved with a representation of "Death and the Soldier". There are two inscribed tablets. One reads:

ALL THAT THEY HAD THEY GAVE

and the other is inscribed with:

THEIR NAME LIVETH

### Gardens

Outside each colonnade is a Memorial Garden. In the centre of each is a long rectangular Pool of Remembrance containing three fountains. The pool is surrounded by flat copings in Portland stone, and at the colonnade end of the pool is a low curved parapet with a spout in the form of a lion's head. The pool is flanked by lawns, outside which is balustrading in Portland stone.

## Appraisal

The war memorial was designated as a listed building on 15 November 1972, and was graded at II\* on 5 March 2010. Grade II\* listing is granted to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". In the reasons given for listing at this grade it is stated that the memorial forms "a highly striking, powerful and reverential war memorial assemblage" and it provides "a sense of dignity and atmosphere within the town centre". Its classical styling, the colonnades in the form of Greek temples, and the carvings and inscriptions "draw comparison to battles in ancient Greece and slain warriors".

## Notes and references

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. Morris & Roberts (2012), p. 202
2. Morris & Roberts (2012), pp. 201–202
3. Morris & Roberts (2012), pp. 202–203
4. Historic England & 1379604
5. Morris & Roberts (2012), p. 201
6. Vandiver (2010), pp. lxii, 27.
7. Historic England

**Sources**

* Morris, Edward; Roberts, Emma (2012), *Public Sculpture of Cheshire and Merseyside (excluding Liverpool)*, Public Sculpture of Britain, vol. 15, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 978-1-84631-492-6
* Historic England, "War memorial, obelisk, north-east colonnade, south-west colonnade, pools of remembrance and memorial garden walls, and cast-iron lamp standards, Southport (1379604)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2014
* Historic England, *Listed Buildings*, retrieved 4 April 2015
* Vandiver, Elizabeth (2010), *Stand in the Trench, Achilles: Classical Receptions in British Poetry of the Great War Classical Presences*, Oxford University Press, p. lxii, 27, ISBN 9780191609213

53°38′55″N 3°00′16″W / 53.6487°N 3.0044°W / 53.6487; -3.0044


title: Elisabeth Achelis

abstract: Elisabeth Achelis was founder of the World Calendar Association in 1930 and served as its president.

text:
# Elisabeth Achelis

**Elisabeth Achelis** (January 11, 1880 – February 11, 1973) was founder of the World Calendar Association in 1930 and served as its president.

## Biography

Elisabeth Achelis was born in 1880 in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Frederick and Bertha Franziska Achelis. She had a twin sister named Margaret, and attended Brooklyn Heights Seminary and the Ogontz School in Pennsylvania. She was an heir to the American Hard Rubber Company fortune.

In 1929 she attended a lecture by Melvil Dewey at the Lake Placid Club on the idea of a thirteen month calendar, proposed by Moses B. Cotsworth. She was taken by the idea of calendar reform but was appalled by the strict rigidity of the 28-day month, 13-month system.

Achelis founded The World Calendar Association (TWCA) in 193, in direct opposition to Cotsworth's International Fixed Calendar League, with the goal of worldwide adoption of the World Calendar. It functioned for most of the next twenty-five years as The World Calendar Association, Inc. Throughout the 1930s, support for the concept grew in the League of Nations, the precursor of the United Nations. Achelis started the *Journal of Calendar Reform* in 1931, publishing it for twenty-five years, and wrote five books.

Also, Achelis wrote in 1955, "While Affiliates and Committees have over the years and still are able to approach all branches of their governments, the Incorporated (International) Association was prevented from seeking legislation in the United States lest it lose its tax exempt status. Because of this I have been prevented from doing in my own country that which I have been urging all other Affiliates to do in theirs."

She died in her sleep at age 93 on February 11, 1973, in New York.

## Works

* *The World Calendar – Addresses and Occasional Papers Chronologically Arranged on the Progress of Calendar Reform Since 1930*. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1937. OCLC 1169241  via Internet Archive.
* *The Calendar for Everybody*. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1943. OCLC 1416471. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020  via HathiTrust.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* *The Calendar for the Modern Age*. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. 1951. OCLC 1048617  via Internet Archive.
* *Of Time and the Calendar*. New York: Hermitage House Inc. 1955. OCLC 795816.
* *Be Not Silent*. New York: Pageant Press, Inc. 1961. OCLC 1009359252  via Google Books. (Autobiography)

## InfoBox

| Elisabeth Achelis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1880-01-11)January 11, 1880
Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Died | February 11, 1973(1973-02-11) (aged 93)
Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1930–56 |
| Known for | Founding The World Calendar Association |
| Notable work | *Journal of Calendar Reform* |


title: Enrique Moradiellos

abstract: Enrique Moradiellos García is a Spanish historian whose main field of research is 20th-century history of Spain.

text:
# Enrique Moradiellos

**Enrique Moradiellos García** (born 1961) is a Spanish historian whose main field of research is 20th-century history of Spain.

## Biography

Moradiellos was born in 1961 in Oviedo. After obtaining a licentiate degree in history from the University of Oviedo, he earned a scholarship at London's Queen Mary College.

In 1989, he earned a PhD in history from the University of Oviedo, with his dissertation *Neutralidad benévola. El gobierno británico y la insurrección militar española de 1936* ("Benevolent neutrality. The British government and the Spanish military insurrection of 1936"), officially supervised by José María Moro Barreñada yet *de facto* supervised by Paul Preston. He became a senior lecturer for the University of Extremadura in 1999 and professor of Contemporary History in 2006. In 2017, he was awarded the National Prize for History on account of his book *Historia Minima de la Guerra Civila Española* ("Small History of the Spanish Civil War").

In November 2020, Moradiellos was elected member of the Royal Academy of History, covering the seat left vacant after the death of Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués.

## Selected works

* (1996). *La perfidia de Albión: El gobierno británico y la guerra civil española*. Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno de España.
* (2001). *El reñidero de Europa. Las dimensiones de la guerra civil española*. Barcelona: Península.
* (2002). *Francisco Franco. Crónica de un caudillo casi olvidado*. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
* (2004). *1936. Los mitos de la guerra civil*. Barcelona: Península.
* (2005). *Franco frente a Churchill. España y Gran Bretaña en la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939–1945)*. Barcelona: Península.
* (2006). *Don Juan Negrín*. Barcelona: Península.
* (2016). *Historia mínima de la Guerra Civil española*. Madrid & Mexico: Turner-El Colegio de México.
* (2018). *Franco: Anatomy of a Dictator*. London: I.B. Tauris.

Citations Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Enrique Moradiellos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1961 <br>Oviedo |
| Employer |  |
| Awards | * National History Award (2017) |


title: Police Complaints Board

abstract: The Police Complaints Board (PCB) was the British government organisation tasked with overseeing the system for handling complaints made against police forces in England and Wales from 1 June 1977 until it was replaced by the Police Complaints Authority on 29 April 1985. Like its replacement, the Police Complaints Authority, its successor the Independent Police Complaints Commission, and the present Independent Office for Police Conduct, the Police Complaints Board was operationally independent of the British police.

text:
# Police Complaints Board

The **Police Complaints Board** (**PCB**) was the British government organisation tasked with overseeing the system for handling complaints made against police forces in England and Wales from 1 June 1977 until it was replaced by the Police Complaints Authority on 29 April 1985.

Like its replacement, the Police Complaints Authority, its successor the Independent Police Complaints Commission, and the present Independent Office for Police Conduct, the Police Complaints Board was operationally independent of the British police.

## Creation

Until the creation of the PCB in June 1977, complaints against police officers were handled directly by the forces concerned, although the Home Secretary could refer a serious complaint to another police force for investigation under a mechanism set out in Section 49 of the Police Act 1964. The investigating force would forward a report to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), who could decide to prosecute the offending policemen.

Following a series of scandals involving the Metropolitan Police in the mid-1970s, and criticism of a perceived lack of independence in the existing process, the Police Complaints Board was created by the Police (Complaints) Act 1976.

## Powers

The new board could scrutinise a report produced by an investigating force and satisfy itself that justice had been done, or instruct the chief constable of the force against whom the complaint had been made to take disciplinary proceedings against the offending police officers.

The PCB did not cover Northern Ireland, which was the responsibility of a separate body, the Police Complaints Board for Northern Ireland also set up under the Police Act 1976. Nor did it cover Scotland, which retained the mechanism set up by the Police (Scotland) Act 1967.

## Criticism and reform

The 1981 Brixton riots, and the Scarman report on it which investigated, amongst other things, allegations of racism against the police led to pressure to reform the PCB.

The result was that the board was abolished and replaced by the Police Complaints Authority in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. A significant change was that the PCA was given extra powers allowing it to supervise police investigations into complaints, which has been taken further in its successor, the Independent Police Complaints Commission which replaced it on 1 April 2004 and which has the ability to carry out its own independent investigations.

## InfoBox

Police Complaints Board
| Abbreviation | PCB |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | June 1977 |
| Legal status | Former non-departmental public body |
| Purpose | Complaints about the English and Welsh police forces |
| Region served | England & Wales |
| Parent organization | Home Office |


title: Roussas (Melgaço)

abstract: Roussas is a former civil parish in the municipality of Melgaço in the Viana do Castelo District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Vila e Roussas. It has a population of 1139 inhabitants and a total area of 4.46 km⁲.

text:
# Roussas (Melgaço)

**Roussas** is a former civil parish in the municipality of Melgaço in the Viana do Castelo District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Vila e Roussas. It has a population of 1139 inhabitants and a total area of 4.46 km2.

## InfoBox

| Roussas | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 42°06′20″N 8°14′29″W / 42.10556°N 8.24139°W / 42.10556; -8.24139 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Norte |
| Intermunic. comm. | Alto Minho |
| District | Viana do Castelo |
| Municipality | Melgaço |
| Disbanded | 2013 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.46 km2 (1.72 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,139 |
| Density | 260/km2 (660/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |


title: Johnson Creek (Ararat River tributary)

abstract: Johnson Creek is a 10.71 mi (17.24 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Ararat River in Surry County, North Carolina.

text:
# Johnson Creek (Ararat River tributary)

**Johnson Creek** is a 10.71 mi (17.24 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Ararat River in Surry County, North Carolina.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:

* Johnstons Creek

## Course

Johnson Creek rises on the Grassy Creek divide at Orchard Gap in Carroll County, Virginia. Johnson Creek then flows south-southeast into Patrick County, Virginia and continues to Surry County, North Carolina to join the Ararat River about 0.1 miles southwest of Sulphur Springs.

## Watershed

Johnson Creek drains 18.60 square miles (48.2 km2) of area, receives about 50.0 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 305.34, and is about 71% forested.

## InfoBox

| Johnson Creek
Tributary to Ararat River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Johnson Creek mouthJohnson Creek (Ararat River tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina
Virginia |
| County | Surry
Patrick (VA)
Carroll |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Grassy Creek divide |
| location | Orchard Gap, Virginia |
| coordinates | 36°39′19″N 080°35′33″W / 36.65528°N 80.59250°W / 36.65528; -80.59250 |
| elevation | 2,620 ft (800 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Ararat River |
| location | about 0.1 miles southwest of Sulphur Springs, North Carolina |
| coordinates | 36°32′10″N 080°34′51″W / 36.53611°N 80.58083°W / 36.53611; -80.58083 |
| elevation | 1,050 ft (320 m) |
| Length | 10.71 mi (17.24 km) |
| Basin size | 18.60 square miles (48.2 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Ararat River |
| average | 30.06 cu ft/s (0.851 m3/s) at mouth with Ararat River |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Ararat RiverYadkin RiverPee Dee RiverWinyah BayAtlantic Ocean |
| River system | Yadkin River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | East Fork Johnson Creek |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | Volunteer Gap Trail, Orchard View Drive, E Fork Road, Johnson Creek Road, Riverside Drive |


title: Pualco Range Conservation Park

abstract: Pualco Range Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the locality of Pualco Range about 30 kilometres south of the town of Yunta in the state's Far North region. The conservation park was proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 2010 as the land "supports high value habitat for the endangered plains wanderer, a distinctive, quail-like bird, as well as other species of state conservation significance including the Major Mitchell's cockatoo, blue-winged parrot and peregrine falcon". The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

text:
# Pualco Range Conservation Park

**Pualco Range Conservation Park** is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the locality of Pualco Range about 30 kilometres (19 miles) south of the town of Yunta in the state's Far North region.

The conservation park was proclaimed under the *National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972* in 2010 as the land "supports high value habitat for the endangered plains wanderer, a distinctive, quail-like bird, as well as other species of state conservation significance including the Major Mitchell's cockatoo, blue-winged parrot and peregrine falcon".

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

## InfoBox

| Pualco Range Conservation Park
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) | |
| Pualco Range Conservation Park | |
| Nearest town or city | Yunta |
| Coordinates | 32°57′36.72″S 139°33′51.84″E / 32.9602000°S 139.5644000°E / -32.9602000; 139.5644000 |
| Established | 23 September 2010 (2010-09-23) |
| Area | 78.77 km2 (30.4 sq mi) |
| Managing authorities | Department for Environment and Water |
| See also | Protected areas of South Australia |


title: Enlighten the Darkness

abstract: Enlighten the Darkness is the fifth studio album by German heavy metal band Angel Dust, released in 2000.

text:
# Enlighten the Darkness

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Enlighten the Darkness*** is the fifth studio album by German heavy metal band Angel Dust, released in 2000.

## Track listing

1. "Let Me Live" – 5:53
2. "The One You Are" – 5:29
3. "Enjoy!" – 5:52
4. "Fly Away" – 6:47
5. "Come Into Resistance" – 5:24
6. "Beneath the Silence" – 3:05
7. "Still I'm Bleeding" – 4:18
8. "I Need You" – 5:21
9. "First in Line" – 1:15
10. "Cross of Hatred" – 4:59
11. "Oceans of Tomorrow" – 4:17

## Credits

* Dirk Thurisch – vocals
* Bernd Aufermann – guitar
* Frank Banx – bass
* Steven Banx – keyboards
* Dirk Assmuth – drums

## InfoBox

| Enlighten the Darkness | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Angel Dust | |
| Released | 18 July 2000 |
| Studio | Woodhouse Studios, Hagen, Germany |
| Genre | Power metal, heavy metal, progressive metal |
| Length | 52:52 |
| Label | Century Media |
| Angel Dust chronology | |
| *Bleed*
(1999) ***Enlighten the Darkness***
(2000) *Of Human Bondage*
(2002) | |


title: Entouch

abstract: Entouch was an American male Alternative R&B group, composed of Eric McCaine and Eric Smith, also known as Free. They were signed to Elektra Entertainment during the height of the new jack swing era. The duo's 1989 debut album was called All Nite and featured two singles, "II Hype" and "All Nite". The single "II Hype", released in 1989, peaked at No 18 on the Billboard R&B chart. In 1990, the single "All Nite" entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 peaked at No. 71. The group released a self-titled second album in 1991. Soon after, Entouch disbanded, and McCaine went on to work in music production with other artists such as Keith Sweat, Jadakiss, Eve, Mista, Swizz Beatz, Bone Thugs N Harmony, Kut Klose and Lorenzo.

text:
# Entouch

**Entouch** was an American male Alternative R&B group, composed of Eric McCaine and Eric Smith, also known as Free. They were signed to Elektra Entertainment during the height of the new jack swing era. The duo's 1989 debut album was called *All Nite* and featured two singles, "II Hype" and "All Nite".

The single "II Hype", released in 1989, peaked at No 18 on the *Billboard* R&B chart.

In 1990, the single "All Nite" entered the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 peaked at No. 71 (R&B No. 7).

The group released a self-titled second album in 1991. Soon after, Entouch disbanded, and McCaine went on to work in music production with other artists such as Keith Sweat, Jadakiss, Eve, Mista, Swizz Beatz, Bone Thugs N Harmony, Kut Klose and Lorenzo.

## Discography

* *All Nite* (Released: June 19, 1989)
* *Entouch* (Released: October 29, 1991)

### Singles

* "Too Hype" (1989)
* "All Nite" (1990)
* "Drop Dead Gorgeous" (1991)
* 4EVER

Entouch, *Discogs.com*


title: Epicasta (beetle)

abstract: Epicasta is a genus in the longhorn beetle family Cerambycidae. There are at least two described species in Epicasta.

text:
# Epicasta (beetle)

***Epicasta*** is a genus in the longhorn beetle family Cerambycidae. There are at least two described species in *Epicasta*.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Epicasta*:

## InfoBox

| *Epicasta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Tribe: | Desmiphorini |
| Genus: | *Epicasta*<br>Thomson, 1864 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * Psaumis  Pascoe, 1866 | |


title: Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)

abstract: Equinox Publishing Ltd is an independent academic publisher incepted in 2003 by Janet Joyce and based in Sheffield. It publishes textbooks, anthologies, monographs, and reference books in the areas of archaeology, linguistics, cultural history, religious studies, theology, biblical studies, cookery, and popular music. In 2009, Equinox had a list of over 200 published titles and planned to publish another 40 new books. The list of academic journals has grown to over 40 titles in 2015.

text:
# Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)

**Equinox Publishing Ltd** is an independent academic publisher incepted in 2003 by Janet Joyce and based in Sheffield. It publishes textbooks, anthologies, monographs, and reference books in the areas of archaeology, linguistics, cultural history, religious studies, theology, biblical studies, cookery, and popular music. In 2009, Equinox had a list of over 200 published titles and planned to publish another 40 new books. The list of academic journals has grown to over 40 titles in 2015.

## InfoBox

Equinox Publishing
| Founded | 2003 |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Janet Joyce |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Headquarters location | Sheffield |
| Distribution | Macmillan Distribution (UK)<br>ISD (United States) |
| Publication types |  |
| Official website | www.equinoxpub.com |


title: Deep Chand Kaswan

abstract: Deep Chand Kaswan was an Indian politician and freedom fighter. He was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Sadulpur. He actively participated in the National movement in Bikaner state. His son Ram Singh Kaswan is Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Churu. His grandson Rahul Kaswan is Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Churu.

text:
# Deep Chand Kaswan

**Deep Chand Kaswan** was an Indian politician and freedom fighter. He was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Sadulpur. He actively participated in the National movement in Bikaner state. His son Ram Singh Kaswan is Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Churu. His grandson Rahul Kaswan is Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Churu.

## Career

In 1945-46 Rajasthan witnessed another agrarian struggle at Kangar in Bikaner State. Deep Chand Kaswan played a significant role in the Kangar movement. As a freedom fighter and reformer, he took part in the peaceful demonstrations in Kangar village against the Jagirdars' harsh tax collection methods. Along with other leaders, Kaswan hoped that higher authorities would intervene and resolve the conflict rather than resorting to violence in reaction to the Jagirdars' threats against the farmers. By making this decision, the farmers avoided potential violence and showed their unwavering opposition to feudal control.

## InfoBox

| Deep Chand Kaswan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1980–1985 | |
| Preceded by | Jaya Narain |
| Succeeded by | Inder Singh Poonia |
| Constituency | Sadulpur, Rajasthan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Deep Chand Kaswan
Kalri Village, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan |
| Political party | Independent |
| Relations | Rahul Kaswan (grand child) |
| Children | Ram Singh Kaswan |
|  | |


title: Optimists Cricket Club

abstract: The Optimists Cricket Club, known simply as the Optimists or abbreviated to OCC, is a cricket club based in Walferdange, in central Luxembourg. The Optimists play matches in various formats and competitions and, being the largest club in Luxembourg and the only one with its own ground, works in close cooperation with the Luxembourg Cricket Federation to help organise cricket in the Grand Duchy.

text:
# Optimists Cricket Club

The **Optimists Cricket Club**, known simply as the **Optimists** or abbreviated to **OCC**, is a cricket club based in Walferdange, in central Luxembourg. The Optimists play matches in various formats and competitions and, being the largest club in Luxembourg and the only one with its own ground, works in close cooperation with the Luxembourg Cricket Federation to help organise cricket in the Grand Duchy.

## History

The Optimists are the oldest cricket club in Luxembourg, having been founded in 1976 by British expatriates, whose ranks had been swollen by Luxembourg City's growth as a financial centre and by the UK's entry into the European Economic Community.

The Optimists participate in both the Belgian Cricket League and the Luxembourg Cricket League but its main competitive focus is in the Belgian cricket league, which it won on three occasions in the early 1990s (1991, 1994, 1995). The Optimists 1st XI have won the 2nd division of this competition five times in the last seven seasons (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2021) but are currently prohibited from promotion to the top division due to the Belgian Sports Ministry's policy on clubs situated outside Belgian territory. The Optimists 2nd XI re-entered the Belgian cricket league in 2018 and either won and/or gained promotion from the division it was competing in each season.

## Ground

The club plays at the Pierre Werner Cricket Ground, in Walferdange. The ground is named after the late Pierre Werner, a former Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1959–74, 1979–84). Werner had fallen in love with cricket when living in London in 1930, and went on to become the Honorary President of the OCC, which had been established when he was Prime Minister. Werner opened the OCC's new ground when it was opened in 1992. Widely viewed as the best cricket grounds in mainland Europe (excluding grounds in the Netherlands), the ground lies in the picturesque setting just ten minutes from Luxembourg City center. It boasts a large outfield, four practice bays, a clubhouse with catering facilities, a cricket/tennis pavilion and various other amenities.

## Facts

The club is currently captained by Mohit Dixit and Joost Mees is the chairman of the club's committee.

The club's sponsors have included New Delhi Restaurant, Citco, Brasserie Nationale, Citadel, Dresdner Bank, Schroders, as well as support from the commune of Walferdange.

## Footnotes


title: Chrompodellid

abstract: Chrompodellids are a clade of single-celled protists belonging to the Alveolata supergroup. It comprises two different polyphyletic groups of flagellates: the colpodellids, phagotrophic predators, and the chromerids, photosynthetic algae that live as symbionts of corals. These groups were independently discovered and described, but molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that they are intermingled in a clade that is the closest relative to Apicomplexa, and they became collectively known as chrompodellids. Due to the history of their research, they are variously known in biological classification as Chromerida or Colpodellida (ICZN)/Colpodellales (ICN).

text:
# Chrompodellid

**Chrompodellids** are a clade of single-celled protists belonging to the Alveolata supergroup. It comprises two different polyphyletic groups of flagellates: the **colpodellids**, phagotrophic predators, and the **chromerids**, photosynthetic algae that live as symbionts of corals. These groups were independently discovered and described, but molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that they are intermingled in a clade that is the closest relative to Apicomplexa, and they became collectively known as chrompodellids. Due to the history of their research, they are variously known in biological classification as **Chromerida** or **Colpodellida** (ICZN)/**Colpodellales** (ICN).

## Description and life cycle

Chrompodellids are a clade of unicellular protists containing two functionally different groups: the photosynthetic "chromerids" and the predatory phagotrophic "colpodellids". Like other Alveolata, they present tubular mitochondrial cristae and highly flattened cortical alveoli with microtubules underneath. They exhibit a conoid-like structure similar to that of apicomplexans, with an apical complex, a micropore and a rostrum. They live as flagellates with two anisokont (i.e. differently sized) flagella that are heterodynamic (i.e. move in different patterns). Some species exhibit thin mastigonemes in their anterior flagellum, while others bear bulbs. Some species are capable of forming cysts.

### Colpodellids

Colpodellids, represented by the genera *Colpodella*, *Alphamonas*, *Voromonas* and *Chilovora*, are free-living predatory phagotrophic flagellates. They live as biflagellated single cells, 5–20 μm in length, with an open conoid and rhoptries used to hunt. They present genetic sequences of non-photosynthetic plastids, evidence of their phototroph ancestry.

Some species, considered ectoparasites, do not ingest prey cells, but rather fully or partially "suck" their contents, a process known as myzocytosis, common among alveolates. They feed on bacteria and other protozoa, such as bodonids, chrysomonads, bicosoecids, percolomonads and ciliates. After feeding, they internalize their flagella, become cysts and divide into tetrads, similarly to the development of zoospores in *Chromera*. The cells conjugate after leaving the cyst, which could imply a sexual stage.

### Chromerids

Chromerids, represented by the genera *Chromera* and *Vitrella*, are photosynthetic protists, and are thus considered algae. They exist in association with corals. For most of their life cycle, they live as round (coccoid) brownish immobile vegetative cells called autospores, surrounded by a thick resistant cell wall. They contain one chloroplast in each cell, with chlorophyll *a*, violaxanthin, and β-carotene.

The two genera are markedly different from each other, both in phylogeny and life cycles. *Chromera* autospores are 5–7 μm in diameter. They asexually reproduce through binary division to develop autosporangia, which in turn harbor 2–4 autospores under an additional membrane. They also form zoosporangia, up to 15 μm in diameter, capable of generating 2–10 flagellated zoospores that strongly resemble colpodellids. This dispersal process is similar to the schizogony of apicomplexans. Sexual reproduction has not been observed. Under adverse environmental conditions, they form resistant cysts that remain viable for years. Similarly to apicomplexans, they undergo closed mitosis, without dissolving the nuclear envelope. In addition, *Chromera* produces high amounts of an exclusive type of isofucoxanthin.

*Vitrella* autospores, by contrast, start measuring 3 μm and grow up to 40 μm before transforming into sporangia that generate dozens of autospores or zoospores. There are two types of *Vitrella* zoospores: one is generated by budding from the mother cell and exhibits flagella outside the cytoplasm, the other develops axonemes and flagella within their cytoplasm and are ejected from the mother cell after maturing, though both types lack a pseudo-conoid. Some zoospores fuse, possibly representing a sexual stage in the life cycle. In addition, *Vitrella* produces vaucheriaxanthin.

## Evolution

Chrompodellids are the closest living relatives of the apicomplexan parasites, which evolved from a photosynthetic myzozoan ancestor, making chromerids the last remaining photosynthetic members of an otherwise parasitic clade within Alveolata. The apicomplexans, chrompodellids, perkinsids and dinoflagellates constitute the clade Myzozoa, characterized by the apical complex and plastids derived from an event of secondary endosymbiosis with a red alga. The photosynthetic ability of these plastids was eventually lost in apicomplexans, colpodellids, perkinsids and other groups that transitioned into a predatory or parasitic lifestyle. The following cladogram summarizes alveolate relationships and the internal relationships among most genera within the chrompodellid clade (chromerids marked with asterisks):

## Systematics

### Taxonomic history

In 1993, protozoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith described the order **Colpodellida** (under the ICZN, later regularized as **Colpodellales** in accordance to the ICN) to contain what he considered one of the "most primitive flagellate apicomplexans", the genus *Colpodella*. This order was introduced in the class Apicomonadea along with the Perkinsida. Cavalier-Smith treats this class as a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, while "true" apicomplexans are united under the name Sporozoa. Although the inclusion of colpodellids within apicomplexans was not supported by other authors, phylogenetic studies demonstrated that they were sister clades.

The first chromerid alga, *Chromera velia*, was discovered and isolated from Australian corals in 2001. It was described in 2008 as the first member of a new phylum **Chromerida**, followed by *Vitrella brassicaformis* in 2012. They showed morphological resemblance to colpodellids and other myzozoans. In the following years, phylogenetic studies reported the evolutionary proximity between colpodellids and chromerid algae. This was supported by the discovery of retained vestigial plastids in some colpodellid species. In 2015 there was strong support for a clade containing the two groups, phylogenetically mixed with each other, which rendered both as polyphyletic. The clade was given the provisional name "**chrompodellids**", later referred to as **Chrompodellida** by posterior studies.

Between 2004 and 2017, Cavalier-Smith retained the classification scheme of **Apicomonadea**, from which he excluded Perkinsida, leaving only colpodellids and chromerids across multiple orders. In addition, several genera of flagellates were added on the basis of morphological data: *Algovora*, *Microvorax* and *Dinomonas*. Due to lacking molecular data, these genera have been excluded from later classifications. Two genera, *Chilovora* and *Alphamonas*, were eventually rejected in his classification, but later revisions by other authors maintain them as independent genera supported by molecular data.

The treatment of chrompodellids as a subgroup of Apicomplexa, under the name of Apicomonadea, was rejected by the International Society of Protistologists. In a 2019 revision of eukaryotic classification, protistologists emended the previous name Colpodellida to contain all chrompodellids, and treated it as a direct subgroup of Alveolata, independent from Apicomplexa. Later, phycologists advocated for this treatment as a separate phylum, and regularized it under the name of **Chromerida** or **Chromeridophyta**, composed of a single class **Chromeridophyceae** and a single order **Colpodellales**, in accordance to the nomenclatural rules of the ICN. However, other authors consider them a subgroup of the phylum Myzozoa, together with apicomplexans, perkinsozoans and dinoflagellates.

### Classification

As of 2023, chrompodellids are divided into four families and seven genera:

## InfoBox

| Chrompodellids | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Typical life cycle stages of *Vitrella brassicaformis*, a chromerid (vc: vegetative cell, zs: zoosporangium, as: autosporangium) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Myzozoa |
| Class: | Chromeridophyceae
Molinari & Guiry 2023 |
| Subclass: | Chromeridophycidae
Mylnikov et al. 2000 |
| Order: | Colpodellales
Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Adl et al. 2005, 2019 |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Colpodella*
Cienkowsky 1865 | |
| Families | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * Apicomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 2017 * Chromerida Moore et al. 2008 * Chromeridophyta Guiry 2024 | |


title: Eagle eye

abstract: The eagle eye is among the sharpest in the animal kingdom, with an eyesight estimated at 4 to 8 times stronger than that of the average human. Although an eagle may only weigh 4.5 kilograms (10 lb), its eyes are roughly the same size as those of a human. Eagle weight varies: a small eagle could weigh 700 grams (1.5 lb), while a larger one could weigh 6.5 kilograms (14 lb); an eagle of about 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) weight could have eyes as big as that of a human who weighs 91 kilograms (200 lb). Although the size of the eagle eye is about the same as that of a human being, the back side shape of the eagle eye is flatter. Their eyes are stated to be larger than their brain, by weight. Color vision with resolution and clarity are the most prominent features of eagles' eyes, hence sharp-sighted people are sometimes referred to as "eagle-eyed". Eagles can identify five distinctly colored squirrels and locate their prey even if hidden. In addition to eagles, birds such as hawks, falcons, and owls also known as raptors have extraordinary vision which enable them to hunt for their prey more easily. Raptors are also known as "birds of prey" and are categorized by their predator hunting style. This means that they use their sharp senses to locate and capture prey. An eagle is said to be able to spot a rabbit 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) away. As the eagle descends from the sky to attack its prey, the muscles in the eyes continuously adjust the curvature of the eyeballs to maintain sharp focus and accurate perception throughout the approach and attack.

text:
# Eagle eye

The **eagle eye** is among the sharpest in the animal kingdom, with an eyesight estimated at 4 to 8 times stronger than that of the average human. Although an eagle may only weigh 4.5 kilograms (10 lb), its eyes are roughly the same size as those of a human. Eagle weight varies: a small eagle could weigh 700 grams (1.5 lb), while a larger one could weigh 6.5 kilograms (14 lb); an eagle of about 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) weight could have eyes as big as that of a human who weighs 91 kilograms (200 lb). Although the size of the eagle eye is about the same as that of a human being, the back side shape of the eagle eye is flatter. Their eyes are stated to be larger than their brain, by weight. Color vision with resolution and clarity are the most prominent features of eagles' eyes, hence sharp-sighted people are sometimes referred to as "eagle-eyed". Eagles can identify five distinctly colored squirrels and locate their prey even if hidden.

In addition to eagles, birds such as hawks, falcons, and owls also known as raptors have extraordinary vision which enable them to hunt for their prey more easily. Raptors are also known as "birds of prey" and are categorized by their predator hunting style. This means that they use their sharp senses to locate and capture prey. An eagle is said to be able to spot a rabbit 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) away. As the eagle descends from the sky to attack its prey, the muscles in the eyes continuously adjust the curvature of the eyeballs to maintain sharp focus and accurate perception throughout the approach and attack.

## Eye anatomy and physiology

The outer most region of the eye is the cornea; light passes through the cornea first. Light is then refracted when passed through the cornea given its curved convex shape. "The image formed by the cornea is upside down and reversed from right to left."(Journey N, 1997–2019) The layers of the cornea in raptors include: the Anterior corneal epithelium, Anterior limiting lamina (Bowman's layer), Substantia propria (stroma comprising the majority of corneal thickness), Posterior limiting lamina (Descemet's membrane) Posterior epithelium (endothelium).

The iris in eagles appears yellow and functions similarly to the iris in humans. The iris contracts and dilates to control the amount of light received by the retina. The muscles of the iris "striated muscle, smooth muscle, and a myopepithelial dilator muscle" Tucker, V. A. (2000–12) when contracted change the appearance of the pupil size. Eagles have large transparent lenses that have the ability to change shape. The purpose of the lens being able to change shape is so eagles can quickly focus on an object with accuracy. The sclera is made of approximately 15 small bones which give the eye its shape and function to protect the inner structures of the eye. The ciliary muscles originate at the sclera and are located within the ciliary body. These muscles are striated and function to change the shape of the lens.

An eagle's retina allows for a higher Nyquist limit. Its retina is more pronounced with rod cells and cone cells. In the eagle, the retina's fovea has one million cells per mm2 as compared to 200,000 per mm2 in humans. Eagles have large eyes that take up half of their skull. A large portion of the eagle's skull is dedicated to sight because it is essential for their survival. Eagles eyes are flat and wide toward the back to maximize the image that is formed within the eye. At the back of the eye there's a layer of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) called the retina that transmit visual information to the brain. Eagles have a deep central fovea and a shallow temporal fovea that function for better visual acuity and higher resolution of sight. "The line of sight of the deep fovea points forwards and approximately 45 degrees to the right or left of the head axis, while that of the shallow fovea also points forwards but approximately 15 degrees to the right or left of the head axis."

Eagles have a highly developed sense of sight which allows them to easily spot prey. Eagles have excellent 20/5 vision compared to an average human who only has 20/20 vision. This means eagles can see things from 20 feet (or 6 meters) away that we can only see from 5 feet (or 1,5 meters) away. Beginning with their cranial structure, eagles have fixed eye sockets that are "angled 30 degrees from the midline of their face." Giving eagles a "340-degree visual field" that allows for both excellent peripheral and binocular vision. An eagle in flight can reputedly sight a rabbit 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) away. Talon–eye coordination is a hunting imperative. From its perch at the top of trees, the eagle can dive at speeds of 201–322 kilometres per hour (125–200 mph) to catch its prey by its talons. The phenomenon of an eagle turning its flexible head almost 270 degrees, while sitting or flying, is attributed to the fact that when its large head is turned fully its eyes are also turned, unlike a human. Eagles, in their young age, cannot locate fish below water as a result of refraction error of the eye, so they compensate by grabbing dead fish floating on the surface. As they grow older, the refraction error naturally rectifies itself and they are able to spot fish below the surface. The fierce look of the eagle is due to the placement of a bony ridge above its eyes, the small amount of bare skin between its eyes, and its sharp beak. The feathers on its body generally do not grow over the eyes. The ridge protects the eyes from protruding tree branches when it perches on trees, and also from prey which struggles to escape. Each eagle eyeball moves separately. The eyeball is so large and so tightly fit that the eagle can barely turn it within the socket called an orbit. That the eyes are located in front of its head with face forward and looking slightly askew is an advantage. Like many predators, eagle eyes both face forward and have overlapping fields of view. This allows for binocular vision with stereopsis that vastly improves depth perception. Though its hearing does not match its visual acuity, mating calls are said to be heard for several miles.

Eagles have upper and lower eyelids, the bottom lid is more mobile and gives the appearance of the eyelid blinking from bottom to top. Inside the eyelids are made up of connective tissue called fibroelastic plate (*tarsus*) that function to support the outer eyelid and give it shape. On the eyelids are small hair like feathers called filo-plumes that are comparable to human eyelashes. Eagles have a third eyelid also known as a nictitating membrane, which "grows in the inner corner of the eye, next to the tear duct". Eagle tears "produced by the lacrimal gland and Hardarian gland" moisten the eyes and contain the chemical lysozyme which protects against salt water and also destroys bacteria, thus preventing eye infections. The nictitating membrane is a thin semi-transparent piece of skin that acts a sweeping wiper moving laterally across the eye controlled by the quadratus muscle. The third eyelid also acts as a mechanism to remove "dust and dirt from the cornea". The eagle iris is a pale yellow color, much lighter than human eyes. Both eagles and humans have a white area called the sclera, but in the case of eagles, it is hidden below the eyelid. Eyelid openings are oval-shaped in humans, while they are round in the case of birds' eyes.

Most eagles have excellent vision. Generally, eagles do not suffer from myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness); those who have these defects cannot hunt easily and eventually starve to death. Eagles have the unique feature of the pecten. Its function is not clearly understood, but the general belief is that it helps to nourish the retina, keeps it healthy without blood vessels, facilitates the fluids to flow through the vitreous body at an appropriate pressure, absorbs light to minimize any reflections inside the eye that could impair vision, helps perceive motion, creates a protective shade from the sun, and senses magnetic fields.

## Eagle Species

Wood (1917), *The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially as Viewed by the Ophthalmoscope: A Study in Comparative Anatomy and Physiology*, describes eagle eye anatomy in detail:

* "Bald eagle (*Haliaeetus leucocephalus*). The most commonly known eagle that originates from North America is the Bald eagle because it's the national bird of the United States. Despite the name bald eagles are not hairless, their head is covered in white feathers contrasting with their dark brown body and white tail. The prevailing color of this bird's fundus is dark reddish-brown, the lower half changing to a dull orange-red. The whole eyeground is covered with choroidal capillaries, and dotted over with brown pigment grains, giving it a rough, granular appearance. A gray sheen pervades the upper part of the fundus. On the temporal side and some distance from the upper end of the optic nerve is a brilliant, white, round dot surrounded by a small, light-green reflex ring, which is itself enclosed in a very brilliant, narrow green ring—the muscular region. On the nasal side of the disc, and on a level with this macula is another area, of a gray color, surrounded by a fan-shaped, luminous reflex. The optic nerve-entrance is distinctly white, and along its center is strewn a large number of minute pigment dots. The outer margin of the disc is bordered with black pigment, as if a shadow were cast upon it by the pecten. In this regard and in some others, this fundus resembles the eyeground of the sea eagle."

* "White-bellied sea eagle (*Haliaeetus leucogaster*). The coloration of the eyeground is mostly dull-brown, the lower quadrants of the field being covered with dull, orange-red capillaries evidently choroidal. The optic disc is a long white oval, whose center is tinted with orange and covered with tiny pigment dots. The papillary margins are white bordered with black pigment. The upper half of the fundus is covered by a mass of dull gray dots. There is a well defined reflex near both maculae, each similar in position to that seen in the kestrel. These areas are evidently very sensitive to light, as the bird becomes very fidgety and irritable when the reflected rays from the mirror are thrown directly on one or other fovea. The pecten is very large and comes well forward towards the posterior surface of the lens. Both extremities of the organ are clearly visible through the ophthalmoscope. There are very opaque nerve fibers to be seen in any part of the eyeground."

### General

* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Wood's "The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially as Viewed by the Ophthalmoscope: A Study in Comparative Anatomy and Physiology" (1917)

### Bibliography

* Boothe, Ronald G. (16 November 2001). *Perception of the Visual Environment*. Springer. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-387-98790-3.
* Dudley, Karen (1997). *Bald Eagles*. Weigl Educational Publishers Limited. p. 10. ISBN 9780919879942.
* Grambo, Rebecca L. (14 December 2003). *Eagles*. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-363-4.
* Hutchinson, Alan E.; Silliker, Bill (1 April 2000). *Just Eagles*. Willow Creek Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-1-57223-277-8.
* Potts, Steve; Ueblacher, Sigrid Noll- (2006). *Wildlife of North America*. Capstone. p. 11–. ISBN 9780736884839.
* Wood, Casey Albert (1917). *The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially as Viewed by the Ophthalmoscope: A Study in Comparative Anatomy and Physiology* (public domain ed.). Lakeside Press. pp. 90–.
* Carvalho, Clarissa Machado de, Rodarte-Almeida, Ana Carolina da Veiga, Santana, Marcelo Ismar Silva, & Galera, Paula Diniz. (2018). Avian ophthalmic peculiarities. *Ciência Rural*, *48*(12), e20170904. Epub December 6, 1928.https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170904
* Bald Eagle's Eyesight and Hearing - American Bald Eagle Information, www.baldeagleinfo.com/eagle/eagle2.html.
* "Eagle Biology." National Eagle Center, www.nationaleaglecenter.org/learn/biology/.
* "Facts About Eagle Eyesight: What Is Eagle Vision And How Do Hawkeye See?" ImproveEyesightHQ.com, www.improveeyesighthq.com/eagle-eyesight.html.
* Hay, Anne. "A Closer Look at the Fascinating World of Bird Eyelids." Buffalo Bill Center of the West, 11 May 2020, centerofthewest.org/2016/02/29/eyelids-like-bird/.
* "Raptor Ophthalmology: Anatomy of the Avian Eye." LafeberVet, 26 Oct. 2020, lafeber.com/vet/raptor-ophthalmology-anatomy-of-the-avian-eye/.
* Team, All About Vision Editorial. "What Is Eagle Eye Vision?" All About Vision, All About Vision, 7 Dec. 2020, www.allaboutvision.com/resources/eagle-vision/.
* Tucker, V. A. (2000–12). "The deep fovea, sideways vision and spiral flight paths in raptors". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 24): 3745–3754. ISSN 0022–0949. PMID 11076738.


title: Saint-Félicien Multiconcessionnaire

abstract: Le Multiconcessionnaire de Saint-Félicien-Dolbeau-Mistassini were a Junior "A" ice hockey team from Saint-Félicien, Quebec, Canada. They are a part of the Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League.

text:
# Saint-Félicien Multiconcessionnaire

**Le Multiconcessionnaire de Saint-Félicien-Dolbeau-Mistassini** were a Junior "A" ice hockey team from Saint-Félicien, Quebec, Canada. They are a part of the Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League.

## History

The Multiconcessionnaire were founded in 2005. They did not make the playoffs in their first season, but were looking to improve in 2006-07.

The Multiconcessionnaire announced in the Summer of 2009 that they will permanently cease operation. It is unclear whether the franchise will be sold or remain dormant.

## Season-by-Season record

***Note:** GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

| **Season** | **GP** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **OTL** | **GF** | **GA** | **Points** | **Finish** | **Playoffs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005-06 | 51 | 13 | 36 | 0 | 2 | 166 | 251 | 28 | 14th QJAAAHL | DNQ |
| 2006-07 | 54 | 21 | 28 | 4 | 1 | 228 | 257 | 47 | 12th QJAAAHL | Lost preliminary |
| 2007-08 | 52 | 16 | 30 | 4 | 2 | 204 | 270 | 38 | 13th QJAAAHL |  |
| 2008-09 | 49 | 17 | 27 | - | 5 | 165 | 258 | 39 | 13th QJAAAHL |  |

## InfoBox

| Le Multiconcessionnaire de Saint-Félicien-Dolbeau-Mistassini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Saint-Félicien, Quebec |
| League | Quebec AAA Junior Hockey League |
| Division | Drolet |
| Operated | 2005 (2005)-2009 |
| Home arena | Centre Récréatif |
| Colours | Blue, Navy Blue, Red, and White |
| General manager | Marco Dallaire |
| Head coach | Julien Lavoie |


abstract: The Laser was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics program in Qingdao International Sailing Centre. Eleven races were scheduled. Only ten races were completed including the medal race due to lack of wind. 43 sailors, on 43 boats, from 43 nations competed. Ten boats qualified for the medal race.

text:
# Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Laser

The **Laser** was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics program in Qingdao International Sailing Centre. Eleven races (last one a medal race) were scheduled. Only ten races were completed including the medal race due to lack of wind. 43 sailors, on 43 boats, from 43 nations competed. Ten boats qualified for the medal race.

## Race schedule

|  | Practice race |  | Race on Yellow |  | Race on Green |  | Medal race on Yellow |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Date | August | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 7
Thu | 8
Fri | 9
Sat | 10
Sun | 11
Mon | 12
Tue | 13
Wed | 14
Thu | 15
Fri | 16
Sat | 17
Sun | 18
Mon | 19
Tue | 20
Wed | 21
Thu | 22
Fri | 23
Sat | 24
Sun |
| **Men's Laser** |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 | No
wind | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

## Course areas and course configurations

For the Laser course areas **A**  **(Yellow)** and **C**  **(Green)** were used. The location *(36°1'26"’N, 120°26'52"E)* points to the center of the 0.6nm radius Yellow course area and the location *(36°2'44"N, 120°28'9"E)* points to the center of the 0.75nm radius Green course area. The target time for the course was about 60 minutes for the races and 30 minutes for the medal race. The race management could choose from several course configurations.

### Outer courses

* **O1:** START – 1 – 2 – 3s/3p – 2 – 3p – FINISH
* **O2:** START – 1 – 2 – 3s/3p – 2 – 3s/3p – 2 – 3p – FINISH
* **O3:** START – 1 – 2 – 3s/3p – 2 – 3s/3p – 2 – 3s/3p – 2 – 3p – FINISH

### Inner courses

* **I1:** START – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 2 – 3p – FINISH
* **I2:** START – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 2 – 3p – FINISH
* **I3:** START – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 2 – 3p – FINISH

### Windward-Leeward courses

* **W2:** START – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – FINISH
* **W3:** START – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – FINISH
* **W4:** START – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – 4s/4p – 1 – FINISH

## Weather conditions

In the lead up to the Olympics many questioned the choice of Qingdao as a venue with very little predicted wind. During the races the wind was pretty light and quite unpredictable. Due to lack of wind (\< 1.6 knots) one racing day had to be cancelled and the medal race needed to be postponed to the next day.

## Final results

Results of individual races
| Pos | Helmsman | Country | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | MR | Tot | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Paul Goodison | Great Britain | 15 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 9 | **78.0** | **63.0** |
|  | Vasilij Žbogar | Slovenia | 24 | 4 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 18 | 1 | 11 | 2 | **95.0** | **71.0** |
|  | Diego Romero | Italy | 6 | 3 | 5 | 36 | 10 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 3 | **111.0** | **75.0** |
| 4 | Gustavo Lima | Portugal | 5 | 8 | 3 | 27 | 17 | 6 | 16 | 8 | 3 | 5 | **103.0** | **76.0** |
| 5 | Andrew Murdoch | New Zealand | 2 | 5 | 40 | 20 | 24 | 5 | 5 | 17 | 1 | 1 | **121.0** | **81.0** |
| 6 | Rasmus Myrgren | Sweden | 7 | 16 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 13 | 22 | 7 | 2 | 10 | **105.0** | **83.0** |
| 7 | Julio Alsogaray | Argentina | 1 | 12 | 10 | 28 | 14 | 1 | 2 | 31 | 16 | 4 | **123.0** | **92.0** |
| 8 | Jean-Baptiste Bernaz | France | 19 | 1 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 10 | 30 | 5 | 34 | 6 | **138.0** | **104.0** |
| 9 | Mike Leigh | Canada | 13 | 23 | 26 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 28 | 2 | 19 | 7 | **137.0** | **109.0** |
| 10 | Kristian Ruth | Norway | 10 | 11 | 17 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 21 | 38 | 8 | **147.0** | **109.0** |
| 11 | Igor Lisovenko | Russia | 11 | 14 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 26 | 37 | 19 | 7 |  | **133.0** | **96.0** |
| 12 | Luka Radelić | Croatia | 26 | 15 | 7 | 21 | 1 | 21 | 3 | 16 | 17 |  | **127.0** | **101.0** |
| 13 | Pavlos Kontides | Cyprus | 8 | 7 | 24 | 14 | 5 | 12 | 14 | 29 | 35 |  | **148.0** | **113.0** |
| 14 | Javier Hernández | Spain | 17 | 25 | 11 | 3 | 28 | BFD 44 | 19 | 13 | 5 |  | **165.0** | **121.0** |
| 15 | Evangelos Cheimonas | Greece | 22 | 21 | 9 | 11 | DSQ 44 | BFD 44 | 9 | 6 | 8 |  | **174.0** | **130.0** |
| 16 | Maciej Grabowski | Poland | 9 | 19 | 22 | 18 | 16 | 23 | 32 | 20 | 4 |  | **163.0** | **131.0** |
| 17 | Alejandro Foglia | Uruguay | 12 | 27 | 33 | 7 | 36 | 4 | 6 | 26 | 18 |  | **169.0** | **133.0** |
| 18 | Kemal Muslubaş | Turkey | 4 | 42 | 27 | 19 | 15 | 27 | 7 | 15 | 32 |  | **188.0** | **146.0** |
| 19 | Andreas Geritzer | Austria | 28 | 6 | 2 | 30 | 20 | BFD 44 | DNC 44 | 18 | 9 |  | **201.0** | **157.0** |
| 20 | Shen Sheng | China | 40 | 35 | 6 | 4 | 37 | 14 | 10 | 28 | 25 |  | **199.0** | **159.0** |
| 21 | Thomas Barrows | Virgin Islands | 20 | 28 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 31 | 15 | 10 | 21 |  | **195.0** | **164.0** |
| 22 | Tom Slingsby | Australia | 21 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 35 | 20 | 12 | 11 | 40 |  | **204.0** | **164.0** |
| 23 | Anders Nyholm | Denmark | 18 | 26 | 19 | 15 | 19 | BFD 44 | 27 | 27 | 13 |  | **208.0** | **164.0** |
| 24 | Deniss Karpak | Estonia | 16 | 20 | 41 | 37 | 38 | 2 | 4 | 35 | 14 |  | **207.0** | **166.0** |
| 25 | Andrew Campbell | United States | 14 | 18 | 1 | 26 | 32 | BFD 44 | 8 | DSQ 44 | 31 |  | **218.0** | **174.0** |
| 26 | Matías del Solar | Chile | 3 | 34 | 30 | 25 | 21 | 9 | 25 | 23 | DNE 44 |  | **214.0** | **180.0** |
| 27 | Bruno Fontes | Brazil | 31 | 17 | 31 | 12 | 12 | 24 | 35 | 22 | 39 |  | **223.0** | **184.0** |
| 28 | Ha Jee-min | South Korea | 23 | 33 | 37 | 31 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 34 | 22 |  | **227.0** | **190.0** |
| 29 | Zsombor Berecz | Hungary | 27 | 31 | 36 | 23 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 14 | 37 |  | **232.0** | **195.0** |
| 30 | Pierre Collura | Finland | 25 | 10 | 18 | 41 | 23 | 25 | 20 | 33 | DNE 44 |  | **239.0** | **198.0** |
| 31 | Martin Trčka | Czech Republic | 29 | 36 | 38 | 13 | 29 | 19 | 26 | DNF 44 | 12 |  | **246.0** | **202.0** |
| 32 | Allan Julie | Seychelles | 33 | 37 | 13 | 33 | 27 | 16 | 21 | 30 | 30 |  | **240.0** | **203.0** |
| 33 | Juan Ignacio Maegli | Guatemala | DSQ 44 | 9 | 39 | 16 | BFD 44 | 32 | 39 | 12 | 5 |  | **250.0** | **206.0** |
| 34 | Rutger van Schaardenburg | Netherlands | 32 | 29 | 34 | 32 | 25 | 18 | 38 | 25 | 20 |  | **253.0** | **215.0** |
| 35 | Yoichi Iijima | Japan | 36 | 32 | 16 | 17 | 31 | BFD 44 | 31 | DNF 44 | 28 |  | **279.0** | **235.0** |
| 36 | Koh Seng Leong | Singapore | 35 | 41 | 29 | 39 | BFD 44 | 33 | 23 | 3 | 36 |  | **283.0** | **239.0** |
| 37 | Christoph Bottoni | Switzerland | 34 | 13 | 32 | 40 | 39 | BFD 44 | 36 | 24 | 23 |  | **285.0** | **241.0** |
| 38 | Kevin Lim | Malaysia | BFD 44 | 24 | 28 | 42 | 22 | 34 | 34 | 39 | 26 |  | **293.0** | **249.0** |
| 39 | José Ruíz | Venezuela | 39 | 40 | 23 | 29 | 40 | 29 | 33 | 32 | 24 |  | **289.0** | **249.0** |
| 40 | Raúl Aguayo | Dominican Republic | 37 | 30 | 35 | 38 | 34 | 28 | 29 | 36 | 29 |  | **296.0** | **258.0** |
| 41 | Marc Schmit | Luxembourg | 30 | 39 | 25 | 35 | 30 | 35 | 41 | 40 | 33 |  | **308.0** | **267.0** |
| 42 | Adil Mohammad | United Arab Emirates | 38 | 38 | 42 | 43 | 11 | 36 | 42 | 38 | 27 |  | **315.0** | **272.0** |
| 43 | Greg Douglas | Barbados | 41 | 43 | 43 | 34 | 33 | 30 | 40 | 37 | 41 |  | **342.0** | **299.0** |

Scoring system: low-point system;
Legend:   – Qualified for medal race(s); **BFD** – Black flag disqualification; **DNE** – Non excludable disqualification; **DNF** – Did not finish; **DPI** – Discretionary penalty imposed; **OCS**On the course side of the starting line;  – Discarded race not counted in the overall result;

## Daily standings

## Further reading

* "Digital Library Collection (Official Olympic Reports 1896 - 2008)". *Digital Library Collection at la84.org*. la84foundation. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
* "Beijing 2008". *Olympics.com*. International Olympic Committee.

1. *Official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games • Volume II Ceremonies and Competitions: Celebration of the Games* (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2014.
2. *Official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games • Volume I Bid Documents and Analysis: Passion behind the Bid* (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2014.
3. The 2008 Olympic scoring system was used.
4. For the medal race the top ten boats qualified. Each position scored double points. All medal races were sailed on course area Yellow in front of the Qingdao International Sailing Centre.
5. "Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics: One Person Dinghy (Laser), Men". *Olympedia*. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
6. *Official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games • Volume III Preparation for the Games: New Beijing Great Olympics* (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2014.
7. "The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Sailing Competition: Sailing Instructions" (PDF). International Sailing Federation. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
8. "Qingdao Report - Luke Van Der Kamp" (PDF). Team GBR. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
9. *Official Results book Part 3 (Sailing)* (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2014.
10. "Sailing at the 2008 Beijing Summer Games: Men's One Person Dinghy". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2014.

## InfoBox

| Men's Laser
at the Games of the XXIX Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Line drawing of the Laser | |
| Venue | Qingdao International Sailing Centre |
| Dates | First race: 12 August 2008 (2008-08-12)
Last race: 19 August 2008 (2008-08-19) |
| Competitors | 43 from 43 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Paul Goodison  Great Britain  Vasilij Žbogar  Slovenia  Diego Romero  Italy | |
|


title: Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics

abstract: Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad. With the exception of 1904 and possibly the cancelled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 2008 consisted of a total of nine sailing classes. Eleven races are scheduled for each event except for the 49er class, for which 16 races are scheduled from 9 August 2008 to 21 August 2008 of the coast of the Qingdao International Sailing Centre facing the Yellow Sea. Of the 11 (16) races, 10 (15) are scheduled as opening races and one as a medal race. The sailing was done on four different types of courses.

text:
# Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics

**Sailing/Yachting** is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly the cancelled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 2008 consisted of a total of nine sailing classes (eleven disciplines). Eleven races are scheduled for each event except for the 49er class, for which 16 races are scheduled from 9 August 2008 to 21 August 2008 of the coast of the Qingdao International Sailing Centre facing the Yellow Sea. Of the 11 (16) races, 10 (15) are scheduled as opening races and one as a medal race. The sailing was done on four different types of courses.

## Venue

| Qingdao International Sailing Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| 青岛奥林匹克帆船中心 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Olympic harbor
Including: Qingdao Sub-Village, Athletes Center, Administrative Center, Venue Media Center, Logistics Center, Reception Center and Accreditation Center. |
| Location | ShiNan District, Fushan Bay Area |
| Address | XinHui Road |
| Town or city | Qingdao, Shandong Province. China |
| Country | China |
| Coordinates | 36°03′23″N 120°23′13″E / 36.05639°N 120.38694°E / 36.05639; 120.38694 |
| Elevation | Sealevel |
| Construction started | 25 May 2004 |
| Opened | 2008 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor area | 45 hectares, comprising a 30 hectare competition area and a 15 hectare area for development after the Games |

According to the IOC statutes the contests in all sport disciplines must be held either in, or as close as possible to the city which the IOC has chosen. Among others, an exception is made for the Olympic yachting events, which customarily must be staged on the open sea. On account of this principle, Qingdao was selected for the honor to carry out the Olympic yachting regattas. For that purpose the Qingdao International Sailing Centre was constructed.

### Course areas

A total of five race areas were set on the Yellow Sea of the coast of Qingdao. The location points to the center of the 0.6 nm radius circle for course area A & B and to a 0.75 nm radius circle for course area's C D and E.

## Competition

### Overview

| Continents | Countries | Classes | Boats | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 | 62 | 11 | 272 | 261 | 139 |
|

### Continents

* Africa
* Asia
* Oceania
* Europe
* North America
* South America

### Countries

### Classes (equipment)

| Class | Type | Event | Sailors | Trapeze | Mainsail | Jib/Genoa | Spinnaker | First OG | Olympics so far |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| RS:X | Sailboard |  | 1 | - | + | - | - | 2008 | 1 |
| RS:X | Sailboard |  | 1 | - | + | - | - | 2008 | 1 |
| Laser Radial | Dinghy |  | 1 | - | + | - | - | 2008 | 1 |
| Laser | Dinghy |  | 1 | - | + | - | - | 1996 | 4 |
| Finn | Dinghy |  | 1 | 0 | + |  |  | 1952 | 15 |
| 470 | Dinghy |  | 2 | 1 | + | + | + | 1988 | 6 |
| 470 | Dinghy |  | 2 | 1 | + | + | + | 1976 | 9 |
| 49er | Dinghy |  | 2 | 2 | + | + | + | 2000 | 3 |
| Tornado | Multihull |  | 2 | 2 | + | + | + | 1976 | 9 |
| Yngling | Keelboat |  | 3 | 0 | + | + | + | 2004 | 2 |
| Star | Keelboat |  | 2 | 0 | + | + |  | 1932 | 17 |
|

## Race schedule

|  | Opening ceremony |  | Practice race |  | Race |  | Medal race |  | Closing ceremony |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Date | August | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 7
Thu | 8
Fri | 9
Sat | 10
Sun | 11
Mon | 12
Tue | 13
Wed | 14
Thu | 15
Fri | 16
Sat | 17
Sun | 18
Mon | 19
Tue | 20
Wed | 21
Thu | 22
Fri | 23
Sat | 24
Sun |
| Women's
**Practice race**     Men's
Mixed |

 |  |

 |

 |

 |  |  |

 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Women's
**Series**     Men's
Mixed |  |  |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |  |  |  |  |
| Women's
**Medal races**     Men's
Mixed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |

 |  |  |  |
|
| Total gold medals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |
| Ceremonies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

## Medal summary

### Women's events

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**2008: Women's RS:X**
 | China (CHN)
Yin Jian | Italy (ITA)
Alessandra Sensini | Great Britain (GBR)
Bryony Shaw |
|
**2008: Laser Radial**
 | United States (USA)
Anna Tunnicliffe | Lithuania (LTU)
Gintarė Volungevičiūtė | China (CHN)
Xu Lijia |
|
**2008: Women's 470**
 | Australia (AUS)
Elise Rechichi
Tessa Parkinson | Netherlands (NED)
Marcelien de Koning
Lobke Berkhout | Brazil (BRA)
Fernanda Oliveira
Isabel Swan |
|
**2008: Yngling**
 | Great Britain (GBR)
Sarah Ayton
Sarah Webb
Pippa Wilson | Netherlands (NED)
Mandy Mulder
Annemieke Bes
Merel Witteveen | Greece (GRE)
Sofia Bekatorou
Virginia Kravarioti
Sofia Papadopoulou |

### Men's events

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**2008: Men's RS:X**
 | New Zealand (NZL)
Tom Ashley | France (FRA)
Julien Bontemps | Israel (ISR)
Shahar Tzuberi |
|
**2008: Laser**
 | Great Britain (GBR)
Paul Goodison | Slovenia (SLO)
Vasilij Žbogar | Italy (ITA)
Diego Romero |
|
**2008: Men's 470**
 | Australia (AUS)
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page | Great Britain (GBR)
Nick Rogers
Joe Glanfield | France (FRA)
Nicolas Charbonnier
Olivier Bausset |
|
**2008: Star**
 | Great Britain (GBR)
Iain Percy
Andrew Simpson | Brazil (BRA)
Robert Scheidt
Bruno Prada | Sweden (SWE)
Fredrik Lööf
Anders Ekström |

### Open events

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**2008: Finn**
 | Great Britain (GBR)
Ben Ainslie | United States (USA)
Zach Railey | France (FRA)
Guillaume Florent |
|
**2008: 49er**
 | Denmark (DEN)
Jonas Warrer
Martin Kirketerp | Spain (ESP)
Iker Martínez de Lizarduy
Xabier Fernández | Germany (GER)
Jan-Peter Peckolt
Hannes Peckolt |
|
**2008: Tornado**
 | Spain (ESP)
Antón Paz
Fernando Echávarri | Australia (AUS)
Darren Bundock
Glenn Ashby | Argentina (ARG)
Santiago Lange
Carlos Espínola |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Great Britain (GBR) | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | Australia (AUS) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | Spain (ESP) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| | United States (USA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | China (CHN) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Denmark (DEN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | New Zealand (NZL) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 9 | France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 10 | Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 12 | Lithuania (LTU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Slovenia (SLO) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Argentina (ARG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Germany (GER) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Greece (GRE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Israel (ISR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (18 entries) | | 11 | 11 | 11 | 33 |

## Further reading

* "Digital Library Collection (Official Olympic Reports 1896 - 2008)". *Digital Library Collection at la84.org*. la84foundation. Retrieved 3 March 2014.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Sailing
at the Games of the XXIX Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| The 2008 medal series | |
| Venues | Qingdao International Sailing Centre |
| Dates | First race: 9 August 2008 (2008-08-09)
Last race: 21 August 2008 (2008-08-21) |
| Competitors | 400 (261 male, 139 female) from 62 nations |
| Boats | 272 |
|


title: Bryan Sholomicki

abstract: Bryan Sholomicki is an ice sledge hockey player who was on the Canadian team that earned a silver medal in Para ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Paralympics. His disability is due to a motorcycle accident.

text:
# Bryan Sholomicki

**Bryan Sholomicki** (born 8 February 1981) is an ice sledge hockey player who was on the Canadian team that earned a silver medal in Para ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Paralympics. His disability is due to a motorcycle accident.

## InfoBox

Bryan Sholomicki
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 8 February 1981 (1981-02-08) (age 43) |
| Medal record      Para ice hockey  Representing  Canada  Paralympic Games  2018 Pyeongchang  Team competition  World Championships  2017 Gangneung  Team competition  2015 Buffalo  Team competition | |


title: Sagittunio nasutus

abstract: Sagittunio nasutus, the eastern pondmussel, is a species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This species is native to the eastern United States and Ontario, Canada. In Canada, the eastern pondmussel has been adversely affected by zebra mussels, which were introduced near the end of the 1980s. Originally assessed as endangered due to the existence of only two known Canadian populations, the eastern pondmussel was placed on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act in 2013. However, a reassessment by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada in 2017 identified seventeen additional subpopulations, and the eastern pondmussel was relisted as "special concern" in August 2019. The population of the lower Great Lakes has limited diversity in certain mitochondrial genetic markers compared to those of the eastern seaboard's population, evidence of a founder effect and suggestive of a post-glacial arrival of Atlantic coast mussels to the Great Lakes by a restricted route. The Walpole Island First Nation protects a population of eastern pondmussels residing in their tribal waters within the delta of Lake St. Clair. Like many Unionoid mussels, female eastern pondmussels display a lure to attract their fish hosts.

text:
# Sagittunio nasutus

***Sagittunio nasutus***, the **eastern pondmussel**, is a species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

This species is native to the eastern United States and Ontario, Canada. In Canada, the eastern pondmussel has been adversely affected by zebra mussels, which were introduced near the end of the 1980s. Originally assessed as endangered due to the existence of only two known Canadian populations, the eastern pondmussel was placed on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act in 2013. However, a reassessment by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada in 2017 identified seventeen additional subpopulations, and the eastern pondmussel was relisted as "special concern" in August 2019. The population of the lower Great Lakes has limited diversity in certain mitochondrial genetic markers compared to those of the eastern seaboard's population, evidence of a founder effect and suggestive of a post-glacial arrival of Atlantic coast mussels to the Great Lakes by a restricted route. The Walpole Island First Nation protects a population of eastern pondmussels residing in their tribal waters within the delta of Lake St. Clair.

Like many Unionoid mussels, female eastern pondmussels display a lure to attract their fish hosts (see video, right).

* Say, T. (1817). Conchology. - In: Nicholson, W.: American edition of the British Encyclopedia, or, dictionary of arts and sciences comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge. First Edition, A-3 - C-6 \[= 1-20\], pl. \[1-4\]. page(s): \[unpaginated\], pl. 4 fig. 1
* Watters, G.T. (2018). A preliminary review of the nominal genus Villosa of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in North America. Visaya. Suppl. 10: 3-139.

## InfoBox

| *Sagittunio nasutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Subfamily: | Ambleminae |
| Tribe: | Lampsilini |
| Genus: | *Sagittunio* |
| Species: | ***S. nasutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sagittunio nasutus***
(Say, 1817) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lampsilis (Eurynia) nasuta* (Say, 1817) * *Lampsilis (Eurynia) nasutus* (Say, 1817) * *Lampsilis (Ligumia) nasuta* (Say, 1817) * *Lampsilis nasuta* (Say, 1817) * *Ligumia nasuta* (Say, 1817) * *Margarita (Unio) nasutus* (Say, 1817) * *Margaron (Unio) nasutus* (Say, 1817) * *Obliquaria (Ellipsaria) attenuata* Rafinesque, 1820 (synonym) * *Unio nasutus* Say, 1817 (original combination) | |


title: Saint-Henri—Westmount

abstract: Saint-Henri—Westmount was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1997. "Saint-Henri" was created in 1966 from parts of Mount Royal, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Outremont—St-Jean, Saint-Antoine—Westmount, and St. Lawrence—St. George ridings. In 1978, it was renamed "Saint-Henri—Westmount". In 1996, it was abolished when it was merged into LaSalle—Émard riding.

text:
# Saint-Henri—Westmount

**Saint-Henri—Westmount** (formerly known as **Westmount**) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1997.

"Saint-Henri" was created in 1966 from parts of Mount Royal, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Outremont—St-Jean, Saint-Antoine—Westmount, and St. Lawrence—St. George ridings.

In 1978, it was renamed "Saint-Henri—Westmount". In 1996, it was abolished when it was merged into LaSalle—Émard riding.

## Members of Parliament

This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

| Parliament | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Westmount
*Riding created from* Mount Royal, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce,
Outremont—St-Jean, Saint-Antoine—Westmount
*and* St. Lawrence—St. George** | | | | |
| 28th | 1968–1972 |  | Charles Drury | Liberal |
| 29th | 1972–1974 | | | |
| 30th | 1974–1978 | | | |
| | 1978–1979 | | Don Johnston | |
| **Saint-Henri—Westmount** | | | | |
| 31st | 1979–1980 |  | Don Johnston | Liberal |
| 32nd | 1980–1984 | | | |
| 33rd | 1984–1988 | | | |
| 34th | 1988–1993 | | David Berger | |
| 35th | 1993–1994 | ||
| | 1995–1997 | | Lucienne Robillard | |
| ***Riding dissolved into* LaSalle—Émard *and* Westmount—Ville-Marie** | | | | |

## Election results

### Westmount

| 1968 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Charles Drury | 31,104 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Murray G. Ballantyne | 5,928 |
|  | New Democratic | Jeff Adams | 2,303 |

| 1972 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Charles Drury | 24,049 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Michael Meighen | 10,551 |
|  | New Democratic | Bob Keaton | 5,171 |
|  | Not affiliated | Peter Foster | 293 |

| 1974 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Charles Drury | 20,816 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Michael Meighen | 11,575 |
|  | New Democratic | Peter P. Berlow | 3,140 |
|  | Social Credit | Joseph Ranger | 412 |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Lawrence Tansey | 190 |

| Canadian federal by-election, October 16, 1978 | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Don Johnston | 17,214 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Bernard J. Finestone | 9,391 |
|  | New Democratic | Claude de Mestral | 1,817 |
|  | Independent | A. Léo Larocque | 305 |

### Saint-Henri—Westmount

| 1979 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Don Johnston | 31,486 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Bernard Finestone | 6,374 |
|  | New Democratic | Claude Demestral | 3,297 |
|  | Social Credit | Henri C. Pomerleau | 1,376 |
|  | Rhinoceros | André Nono Martineau | 957 |
|  | Libertarian | William McDonald | 185 |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Robert Couture | 175 |
|  | Union populaire | Robert Gervais | 145 |

| 1980 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Don Johnston | 24,907 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Claude Dupras | 6,669 |
|  | New Democratic | Claude de Mestral | 3,766 |
|  | Rhinoceros | Jean-Guy Montpetit | 1,140 |
|  | Libertarian | Robert Champlin | 196 |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Robert Couture | 114 |
|  | Not affiliated | Benoît Michaudville | 113 |

| 1984 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Don Johnston | 18,244 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Bertrand Laforte | 14,168 |
|  | New Democratic | John H. Thompson | 5,889 |
|  | Rhinoceros | Laurent Arthur Alie | 1,289 |
|  | Parti nationaliste | Luc Richard | 653 |
|  | Commonwealth of Canada | Harold Quesnel | 38 |

| 1988 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | David Berger | 16,600 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Keith MacLellan | 15,673 |
|  | New Democratic | Ruth Rose | 5,235 |
|  | Green | Brian McLoughlin | 900 |
|  | Rhinoceros | John McGill Jagiellowicz | 671 |
|  | Not affiliated | Frank Auf der Maur | 402 |
|  | Not affiliated | Pierre Chénier | 184 |
|  | Libertarian | Joyce Willert | 170 |
|  | Not affiliated | Richard H. Gaunt | 60 |

| 1993 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | David Berger | 24,592 |
|  | Bloc Québécois | Eugenia Romain | 7,364 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Alain Perez | 5,834 |
|  | New Democratic | Ann Elbourne | 1,607 |
|  | National | Louise Pilon | 565 |
|  | Natural Law | Allan Faguy | 535 |
|  | Independent | Mark Edward Anderson Roper | 245 |
|  | Commonwealth of Canada | Normand Bélanger | 126 |
|  | Christian Heritage | Robert Adams | 121 |
|  | Independent | Rudolph Scalzo | 118 |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Arnold August | 105 |
|  | Abolitionist | Robert Carlisle | 76 |

By-election: Resignation of David Berger, 28 December 1994

| **By-election on 13 February 1995** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Lucienne Robillard | 12,675 |
|  | Bloc Québécois | Anne Michèle Meggs | 2,357 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Jay Gould | 545 |
|  | Reform | Gaetan Morency | 468 |
|  | New Democratic | Ann Elbourne | 296 |
|  | Green | Gerald Glass | 213 |
|  | Libertarian | Rick Blatter | 64 |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Arnold August | 47 |
|  | Natural Law | Allen Faguy | 32 |

## InfoBox

Saint-Henri—Westmount
| Quebec electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct federal electoral district | |
| Legislature | House of Commons |
| District created | 1966 |
| District abolished | 1996 |
| First contested | 1968 |
| Last contested | 1993 |


title: Buccinulum

abstract: Buccinulum is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the whelk family Tudiclidae.

text:
# Buccinulum

***Buccinulum*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the whelk family Tudiclidae.

## Description

*Buccinulum* are small to medium-sized marine snails. Species vary significantly in shell sculpture and colouration and can be difficult to distinguish from one another.

## Distribution

The majority of extant and fossil species are from New Zealand. Most species are commonly abundant within the intertidal and shallow subtidal zone of New Zealand beaches.

## Evolution

*Buccinulum* is closely related to the genus *Aeneator*.

## Species

Species within the genus *Buccinulum* include:

Species brought into synonymy * *Buccinulum caelatum* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum linea* (Martyn, 1784)
* *Buccinulum clarckei* (Tenison Woods, 1875): synonym of *Tasmeuthria clarkei* (Tenison Woods, 1876)
* *Buccinulum corneum* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Euthria cornea* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinulum ectypum* Marwick, 1931: synonym of † *Gemmocolus ectypa* (Marwick, 1931) (original combination)
* *Buccinulum finlayi* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum pertinax finlayi* Powell, 1929 (original combination)
* *Buccinulum heteromorphum* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum vittatum* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Buccinulum kaikouraense* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum littorinoides* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinulum maketuense* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum vittatum* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Buccinulum marwicki* Finlay, 1928: synonym of *Buccinulum pertinax* (E. von Martens, 1878)
* *Buccinulum marwicki marwicki* Finlay, 1928: synonym of *Buccinulum pertinax* (E. von Martens, 1878)
* *Buccinulum motutaraense* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum vittatum* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Buccinulum multilineum* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum linea* (Martyn, 1784)
* *Buccinulum mutabile* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum pertinax* (E. von Martens, 1878)
* *Buccinulum pangoides* Beu, 1973 : synonym of † *Euthria pangoides* (Beu, 1973)
* *Buccinulum scottae* Marwick, 1965 : synonym of † *Taron scottae* (Marwick, 1965) (original combination)
* *Buccinulum squalidum* Powell, 1929: synonym of Buccinulum linea (Martyn, 1784)
* *Buccinulum strebeli* (Suter, 1908): synonym of Buccinulum vittatum littorinoides (Reeve, 1846): synonym of Buccinulum littorinoides (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinulum strebeli strebeli* (Suter, 1908): synonym of *Buccinulum littorinoides* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinulum sufflatum* Finlay, 1926: synonym of *Buccinulum linea* (Martyn, 1784)
* *Buccinulum tenuistriatum* Powell, 1929: synonym of *Buccinulum pallidum* Finlay, 1928
* *Buccinulum waitangiensis* Powell, 1933: synonym of *Buccinulum linea* (Martyn, 1784)

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Buccinulum*
Temporal range: Late Oligocene to Recent, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural view of a shell of *Buccinulum vittatum vittatum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Buccinoidea |
| Family: | Tudiclidae |
| Genus: | *Buccinulum*
Deshayes, 1830 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Murex lineatus*
Gmelin, 1791 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Buccinulum (Chathamina)* Finlay, 1928 * *Buccinulum (Euthrena)* Iredale, 1918 * *Buccinulum (Evarnula)* Finlay, 1926 * *Euthrena* Iredale, 1918 * *Evarne* H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * *Evarnula* Finlay, 1926 | |


title: Saint James Led to His Execution

abstract: Saint James Led to His Martyrdom was a scene, part of a fresco, by Andrea Mantegna. The fresco was found in the Ovetari Chapel of the Eremitani Church in Padua. The scene was found on the lowest row on the left wall, painted sometime between 1453 and 1455. It was destroyed on March 11, 1944, when the Ovetari Chapel in Padua was bombed by the Allies during World War II. Fortunately, the British Museum owns a preparatory drawing for the painting.

text:
# Saint James Led to His Execution

***Saint James Led to His Martyrdom*** was a scene, part of a fresco, by Andrea Mantegna. The fresco was found in the Ovetari Chapel of the Eremitani Church in Padua. The scene was found on the lowest row on the left wall, painted sometime between 1453 and 1455. It was destroyed on March 11, 1944, when the Ovetari Chapel in Padua was bombed by the Allies during World War II.

Fortunately, the British Museum owns a preparatory drawing for the painting.

## InfoBox

| Saint James Led to His Martyrdom | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Andrea Mantegna |
| Year | c. 1453–1455 |