title: Eighteen Mile House

abstract: The Eighteen Mile House is a historic house near the city of Harrison in western Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Built as a tavern by unknown individuals in the early years of the nineteenth century, its construction date is unknown: some hold it to have been erected in 1800, others in 1815, and yet others at a vague date between 1800 and 1810. Constructed of brick, the two-and-one-half-story house is covered by a tin roof. Among its most distinctive elements are the gables on the ends, the interior chimneys that rise from above these gables, and a two-story porch on the western front. It was originally erected near a gate on the toll road between Cincinnati and Brookville, Indiana; its name is derived from its location, approximately eighteen miles from Cincinnati in the city's early years. Besides serving its purpose as a tavern and thus an inn, the Eighteen Mile House operated as a post office in its first years of existence. As time passed, the house was modified at an unknown date under the supervision of an unknown individual, being expanded on its northern side. During the middle of the nineteenth century, the Civil War directly affected the Eighteen Mile House twice. According to local legend, Abraham Lincoln stayed in the house at least once, while Morgan's Raiders attacked the property in the middle of 1863. As time passed, the house became more and more a survivor of old times, and for this reason it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It qualified for the Register both because of its distinctive historic architecture and because of its place in Ohio's history.

text:
# Eighteen Mile House

The **Eighteen Mile House** is a historic house near the city of Harrison in western Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Built as a tavern by unknown individuals in the early years of the nineteenth century, its construction date is unknown: some hold it to have been erected in 1800, others in 1815, and yet others at a vague date between 1800 and 1810.

Constructed of brick, the two-and-one-half-story house is covered by a tin roof. Among its most distinctive elements are the gables on the ends, the interior chimneys that rise from above these gables, and a two-story porch on the western front. It was originally erected near a gate on the toll road between Cincinnati and Brookville, Indiana; its name is derived from its location, approximately eighteen miles from Cincinnati in the city's early years. Besides serving its purpose as a tavern and thus an inn, the Eighteen Mile House operated as a post office in its first years of existence. As time passed, the house was modified at an unknown date under the supervision of an unknown individual, being expanded on its northern side.

During the middle of the nineteenth century, the Civil War directly affected the Eighteen Mile House twice. According to local legend, Abraham Lincoln stayed in the house at least once, while Morgan's Raiders attacked the property in the middle of 1863. As time passed, the house became more and more a survivor of old times, and for this reason it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It qualified for the Register both because of its distinctive historic architecture and because of its place in Ohio's history.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Eighteen Mile House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front of the house | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Harrison, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°14′18″N 84°46′6″W / 39.23833°N 84.76833°W / 39.23833; -84.76833 |
| Area | Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1800 |
| NRHP reference No. | 75001427 |
| Added to NRHP | October 10, 1975 |


title: Felix Lieftuchter

abstract: Felix Bernard Lieftuchter was an American artist and church muralist. He produced at least six major church decorations, painted landscapes, and engaged in portraiture. His church decorations were often flat and graphic in character.

text:
# Felix Lieftuchter

**Felix Bernard Lieftuchter** (born October 29, 1882) was an American artist and church muralist. He produced at least six major church decorations, painted landscapes, and engaged in portraiture. His church decorations were often flat and graphic in character.

## Career

Lieftuchter was born in Cincinnati to German immigrant parents. When he was 15, he went back to Germany with his family, and it was at that time or shortly after that he began school at the Akademie der Bildende Kunst in Munich, Germany with Karl Von Marr and/or Franz von Stuck. Also, during this period he went to Rome and other areas of Europe to study church decorations. He also studied with Frank Duvenek.

His work as an artist was most prominently was in the field of church decoration, although he also painted landscapes and portraits and worked with mosaics.

He spent time or lived in Cincinnati, Chicago, Munich, Toledo, Pittsburgh, New York City, Miami, and Mexico City. His latter years were spent in Mexico City, where he engaged in portraiture. He was living there as late as 1972, at 90 years of age. He was a long term guest at the Casa Gonzales. Contemporary pictures of the rooms show antique portrait paintings.

### Collaborators

Lieftuchter had a relationship with the architect John T. Comes, who wrote the 1920 book "Catholic Art and Architecture". He did decorations in several churches that Comes or his firm, Comès, Perry and McMullen, designed.

### Assistants

When Lieftuchter painted the murals at Pittsburgh's St. Agnes church, he was assisted by two female art students from Pittsburgh - Helen Hartz and Ann Murray - both about 20 years old.

## Projects

These are whole church decorations, often painted in Keim paint.

### Possible projects

* There may also be some over-painted murals in Rochester, NY in churches that were designed by architect John T. Comes or his surviving partners, Thomas, Perry & McMullen.


title: Charles de la Bédoyère

abstract: Charles Angélique François Huchet, Comte de la Bédoyère was a French General during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. He was executed in 1815.

text:
# Charles de la Bédoyère

**Charles Angélique François Huchet, Comte de la Bédoyère** (17 April 1786 – 19 August 1815) was a French General during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. He was executed in 1815.

## Biography

Descended from an old Breton family, he entered the army in late 1806 as a Second Lieutenant, serving as an aide-de-camp to Marshal Lannes and then Prince Eugene. Comte de la Bédoyère saw active service in Spain, Italy, Germany, Russia and France, and was awarded the Legion of Honour and the Iron Crown. He was a Colonel commanding the 7th Regiment of the Line at Grenoble when Napoleon returned from exile in Elba and marched north to Paris. On 8 March, Bédoyère and his regiment went over to Napoleon en masse.

During the Waterloo campaign Bédoyère, now promoted to *General de Brigade* and an aide-de-camp of the Emperor, was probably the officer sent with a message to d'Erlon's I Corps, then marching west to join Ney at Quatre Bras, to turn east to support the Emperor at Ligny. Ney was furious when he learned the corps was marching away from his battle and sent another order for it to return immediately to Quatre-Bras. As a result of these orders and counter-orders, d'Erlon's 20,000 men, which could have sealed the fate of the Anglo-Dutch at Quatre-Bras or the Prussians at Ligny, spent the entire day marching back and forth without firing a shot.

Two days later at the Battle of Waterloo, Bédoyère was one of the last to leave the battlefield. Afterward, finding that he was not eligible for amnesty as he believed, he secretly travelled to Paris in order to see his wife before heading to Switzerland and exile, but was recognized and arrested. La Bédoyère was tried by a military court and condemned to death by firing squad, and this was confirmed and carried out at the plain of Grenelle on 19 August 1815.

Charles Huchet de la Bédoyère rests in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Napoleon's will of 1815 left money for his children, later added to by a codicil.

## InfoBox

| Charles de la Bédoyère | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of La Bédoyère by Jean-Urbain Guérin | |
| Native name | Charles Angélique François Huchet de La Bédoyère |
| Born | 17 April 1786
Paris |
| Died | 19 August 1815(1815-08-19) (aged 29)
Plaine de Grenelle, Paris |
| Allegiance | French Empire |
| Years of service | 1806 – 1815 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | 112e de ligne, 7ede ligne |


title: Rugby league in the Netherlands

abstract: Rugby league in the Netherlands is a minor sport played by five clubs.

text:
# Rugby league in the Netherlands

**Rugby league in the Netherlands** is a minor sport played by five clubs.

## History

### Introduction

The first steps of introducing Rugby League in the Netherlands were made in 1989 during the preparation for and the participation at the Tertiary Student Rugby League World Cup. The Dutch, along with the Irish, were very much the fledglings of that competition. The Netherlands Amateur Rugby League itself was in that year less than a year old, having been established only in November 1988 with Hans Modderman as its first president.

A good deal had however been achieved in that short period and the Dutch were particularly grateful to the intensive coaching session's conducted by Tas Baitieri, Ian Harris, Phil Larder and Fred Lindop. The Dutch students were mainly first division rugby union players but keen and enthusiastic, if a little apprehensive, about their participation in the World Cup. As part of their build up to the tournament, they played against the French Army at the Royal Military Academy in Breda, which was the first rugby league match in the Netherlands and must be one of the few matches in those days played between two non-English speaking nations. In this inaugural match, Toon Boersma scored both tries for the Netherlands.

The team was made up of

* Toine van der Bert (Utrecht Students),
* Toon Boersma (Leiden Students),
* Pim Bogaers (Amsterdam Students),
* Fred Bos (Amsterdam Students),
* Gerard van Brakel (Amsterdam Students),
* Garry Corthals (Delft Students),
* Lon Cramers (Royal Military Academy),
* Hans Dinkla (RC Dwingeloo),
* Karel Dinkla (RC Dwingeloo),
* Michiel van Dijk (Utrecht Students),
* Paul Heiden (Amsterdam Students),
* Fred Housheer (Utrecht Students),
* Remco Klasen (Groningen Students),
* Paul Hengeveld (ARC-NFC Amstelveen),
* Nick Veenstra (Amsterdam Students),
* Bob Voorbraak (Amsterdam Students),
* Daan Sistermans (Groningen Students),
* Chatib Sjarbaini (Amsterdam Students),
* Joost Taaken (Amsterdam Students),
* Theo Voogd (Utrecht Students),
* Johan Vos (Groningen Students) and
* Eric Warmoltz (Groningen Students).

The World Cup 1989 was held in York and including eight teams: the four Home Nations plus Australia, New Zealand, France and of course the Netherlands. In the group games the Dutch were defeated by Wales (10-48), France (12-42) and New Zealand (16-50). The Cup seventh vs eight final was left in which Scotland defeated the Netherlands (10-20).

After that tournament there was a follow-up in November 1989 in Toulouse (France). The Dutch were invited to play a match against Toulouse Olympique which ended in an admirable draw (20-20).

### NNRLB era

Unfortunately it took till 2003 before the next game took place when two Netherlands sides hosted two national touring sides from Scotland. The first 13-a-side club game of Rugby League was also played in 2003 with Den Haag side Te Werve hosting Essex Eels. Also during 2003 a South Holland representative side played in the York 9's.

Their first entry into major competitions was in 2005 when the Netherlands entered the Rugby League European Nations Cup for the first time, losing to Georgia 34–14 but beating Serbia 26–10.

The Netherlands competed in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup qualifying competition alongside Russia, Georgia and Serbia. The team lost to Russia and Georgia before beating Serbia to come third in the group. The third-place finish was not enough to see the Netherlands progress in the competition.

On 8 August 2009, the Netherlands XIII including 8 players from the Nootdorp Panthers, as well as others from Gouda and Capelle, played against the Oxford University Old Boys. They tied 36–36, in front of 300 spectators at Nootdorp.

### NRLB era

The Netherlands Rugby League Bond (NRLB) was formed in 2009 and hosted rugby league nines tournaments periodically. The NRLB became a Rugby League European Federation observer member in February 2012. The Amsterdam Cobras and Rotterdam Pitbulls played a two-match friendly series in 2014.

The first full competition was held in 2015. It consisted of three Dutch clubs and Belgian club, North Brussels Gorillas, who won the grand final. This was North Brussels only season competing in the Dutch competition.

The NRLB obtained affiliate membership of the RLEF in June 2017.

## Competitions

AmsterdamThe HagueHarderwijkRotterdamZwolleclass=notpageimage|The Netherlands' five rugby league clubs are located in five different cities.

As of 2021, the NRLB competition was last contested by four clubs. The Zwolle Wolves were set to join in 2020, but the competition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

| Club | City | Joined | Titles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amsterdam Cobras | Amsterdam | 2015 | 2018 |
| Den Haag Knights | The Hague | 2015 | 2019 |
| Harderwijk Dolphins | Harderwijk | 2017 |  |
| Rotterdam Pitbulls | Rotterdam | 2015 | 2016, 2017 |
| Zwolle Wolves | Zwolle | TBA |  |

## InfoBox

| Rugby league in the Netherlands | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Governing body | Netherlands Rugby League Bond |
| National team(s) | Men's |
| National competitions | |
| Rugby League European Championship D | |
| Club competitions | |
| Dutch Rugby League Competition | |


title: Sporothrix schenckii

abstract: Sporothrix schenckii, a fungus that can be found worldwide in the environment, is named for medical student Benjamin Schenck, who in 1896 was the first to isolate it from a human specimen. The species is present in soil as well as in and on living and decomposing plant material such as peat moss. It can infect humans as well as animals and is the causative agent of sporotrichosis, commonly known as "rose handler's disease." The most common route of infection is the introduction of spores to the body through a cut or puncture wound in the skin. Infection commonly occurs in otherwise healthy individuals but is rarely life-threatening and can be treated with antifungals. In the environment it is found growing as filamentous hyphae. In host tissue it is found as a yeast. The transition between the hyphal and yeast forms is temperature dependent making S. schenckii a thermally dimorphic fungus.

text:
# Sporothrix schenckii

***Sporothrix schenckii***, a fungus that can be found worldwide in the environment, is named for medical student Benjamin Schenck, who in 1896 was the first to isolate it from a human specimen. The species is present in soil as well as in and on living and decomposing plant material such as peat moss. It can infect humans as well as animals and is the causative agent of sporotrichosis, commonly known as "rose handler's disease." The most common route of infection is the introduction of spores to the body through a cut or puncture wound in the skin. Infection commonly occurs in otherwise healthy individuals but is rarely life-threatening and can be treated with antifungals. In the environment it is found growing as filamentous hyphae. In host tissue it is found as a yeast. The transition between the hyphal and yeast forms is temperature dependent making *S. schenckii* a thermally dimorphic fungus.

## Morphology

*Sporothrix schenckii* growing on Sabouraud agar (left). Micrograph of *S. schenckii* conidia stained with lactophenol cotton blue (center). Adapted from. Phase contrast micrograph of the yeast form of *S. schenckii* (right). Adapted from.

*Sporothrix schenckii* can be found in one of two morphologies, hyphal or yeast. The hyphal form is found in the environment on plants and decaying matter. When the fungus makes the transition into a host, the yeast morphology predominates.

### Hyphal

When in the environment or grown in the laboratory at 25 °C (77 °F) *S. schenckii* assumes its hyphal form. Macroscopically, filaments are apparent and colonies are moist, leathery to velvety, and have a finely wrinkled surface. The colour is white initially and may change color over time to become cream to dark brown ("dirty candle-wax" color). Microscopically, hyphae are septate approximately 1 to 2 μm in diameter. Conidia are oval shaped and glass like (hyaline) in appearance. They may be colorless or darkly colored. Conidia are sometimes referred to as resembling a flower.

### Yeast

At 37 °C (99 °F) either in the laboratory or in host tissue, *S. schenckii* assumes its yeast form. Macroscopically, the yeast form grows as smooth white or off-white colonies. Microscopically, yeast cells are 2 to 6 μm long and show an elongated cigar-shaped morphology.

## Epidemiology and risk factors

*S. schenckii* has a worldwide distribution but certain areas of the world including Peru, have a higher incidence of disease. Based on sequence analysis it has been found that *S. schenckii* isolates can be placed in phylogenetic groups that reflect the region from which they were isolated. *S. schenckii* is often isolated from plants and associated packing material. Gardeners, landscapers, and foresters are at high risk of infection. *Sporothrix* infection can also be transmitted by cat bites or scratches. This mode of transmission has been responsible for epidemics of sporotrichosis. Immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk of infection and such patients often exhibit more severe forms of disease.

## Sporotrichosis

*S. schenckii* most commonly enters the body through minor trauma that compromises the skin barrier. It is this route of infection, coupled with its presence on roses that give sporotrichosis its common name of "rose-handler's disease" or "rose thorn disease". Inhalation of spores is a rare route of infection largely associated with immunocompromised hosts.

### Cutaneous and lymphocutaneous

The cutaneous form of disease is caused by introduction of *S. schenckii* into the body through disruption of the skin barrier. The first symptom of cutaneous sporotrichosis is a small skin lesion. These lesions may show ulceration and/or erythema. Commonly, infection spreads through the lymph along lymphatic vessels and causes lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. This form of disease is characterized by the appearance of lesions at sites distant to the initial infection. Infection can occur in nonhuman animals and may be transmitted to humans through contact. Veterinarians are at particularly high risk of contracting disease from animals (zoonotic infection).

### Disseminated

Disseminated disease occurs when the fungus spreads throughout the body. Found only in immunocompromised patients, it is a very severe condition. When infection becomes disseminated, *S. schencki* can afflict joints, the brain, and the spine. Patients with this condition must be treated aggressively with antifungals and may remain on prophylactic antifungal drugs for life to prevent recurrence or reinfection.

## Diagnostic tests

*Sporothrix* infection presents macroscopically with nonspecific symptoms. In the clinical laboratory, many fungi isolated in culture are disregarded as contaminants. Therefore, accurate patient histories are important to establish suspicion of sporotrichosis and to inform which diagnostic tests are required. *S. schenckii* infection may also be confused with other diseases such as pyoderma gangrenosum or sarcoidosis further underscoring the need for accurate diagnoses.

### Primary cultures

Growing the fungus in pure culture is the most reliable way to identify *Sporothrix* infection. A patient swab or biopsy is used to inoculate Sabouraud agar or brain heart infusion agar. Sabouraud agar is incubated at room temperature for macroscopic observation of the off-white or dark brown/black hyphal form of the fungus and microscopic examination of hyphae and conidia. The yeast form is grown on brain heart infusion agar at 37 °C (99 °F). Observation of yeast colonies in addition to the hyphal form is required to confirm diagnosis of *S. schenckii*. Growth on media occurs in approximately one to three weeks meaning that results from patient cultures will not be immediately available to make treatment decisions.

### Sporotrichin skin test

A skin test uses an antigen generated from laboratory grown *S. schenckii* to challenge the patient's immune system. The antigen is intradermally injected and the test is interpreted 48 hours later. Erythema at the site of injection indicates a positive response. The major advantage of this test is its rapidity and ease of use. Although it provides results more quickly than a fungal culture, the sporotrichin skin test has some important limitations. Cross reactions with other fungal species as well as positive reactions in healthy individuals have been observed. In addition, the term "sporotrichin" does not indicate a specific molecule but only any antigen derived from *S. schenckii*. The specific antigen used in skin testing is not standardized with multiple studies being conducted with widely varying preparations. However, owing to its simplicity, skin testing remains the method of choice for large-scale epidemiological investigations.

### Molecular methods

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been used as rapid, sensitive, and specific tests for the presence of *S. schenckii*. PCR methods that specifically amplify the ribosomal RNA gene have been shown to detect *S. schenckii* in clinical samples with minimal interference from host or bacterial sequences. Serum antibody reactivity to *S. schenckii* antigens can also be quantified by ELISA. Although molecular biology techniques are promising in their use as diagnostic tools, their cost as well as requirement for specialized equipment and expertise means that more traditional diagnostic methods still play an important role in *Sporothrix schenckii* treatment.

## Treatment

### Antifungal drugs

Where available and tolerated by the patient, antifungal drugs are indicated as the primary treatment of sporotrichosis. For cutaneous infection itraconazole or terbinafine are the primary treatment with fluconazole being recommended if primary antifungals are not well tolerated. When infection is disseminated throughout the body, Amphotericin B is the drug of choice. To completely clear the fungus, the course of treatment generally lasts from 3 to 6 months. *In vitro* susceptibility to antifungal drugs has been shown to be dependent on the growth phase (hyphal or yeast) of the fungus.

### Potassium iodide

Oral administration of a saturated potassium iodide solution was the first effective treatment for sporotrichosis and remains the drug of choice in many parts of the world owing to its low cost and availability. Although effective, it has since been supplanted by antifungal drugs due to the requirement for multiple daily doses as well side effects including gastrointestinal upset or thyroid imbalance.

## Virulence factors

### Melanin production

*S. schenckii* synthesizes melanin both *in vitro* and *in vivo* Melanin production is a virulence factor found in many fungi that cause disease and its production in *S. schenckii* protects the fungus from oxidative stress as well as ultraviolet light and macrophage killing. Melanin has been shown to be synthesized using the 1,8-DHN pentaketide pathway (below).

### Adhesins

Adhesion is an important component of pathogenesis. The yeast form of *S. schenckii* shows an increased ability to bind to the host extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and laminin using two separate receptors specific for these proteins.

### Proteases

*S. schenckii* breaks down proteins by producing two separate proteases, a serine protease and an aspartic protease. These proteases appear to be essential for fungal growth. However, they have some functional overlap as the inactivation of either protein does not affect growth but inactivation of both inhibits the fungus. Protease activity has been shown to be important in *in vivo* infection of mice. Substrates for these proteases include the skin proteins type-I collagen, stratum corneum, and elastin.

### Heat tolerance

Growing at host body temperature (37 °C (99 °F)) is an important requirement for pathogenesis. Some strains of *S. schenckii* are restricted to growing at 35 °C (95 °F) and consequently usually cause disease only on the skin as it is cooler than the body's interior. Those that are capable of growth at body temperature are more often associated with disseminated disease.

## Immune response

Infection by *S. schenckii* is generally self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts. The immune response prevents fungal dissemination and is the reason that most *Sporothrix* infections are cutaneous.

### Innate

The yeast form of *S. schenckii* is effectively phagocytosed by cells of the innate immune system and are recognized based on the sugars displayed on their surface or lipids in the yeast cell membrane. Although they are taken up, they are not efficiently killed. It is hypothesized that ergosterol peroxide reacts with and detoxifies reactive oxygen species generated by the respiratory burst used by phagocytes to kill cells they have ingested. *S. schenckii* is also capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.

### Specific

The specific immune response is active later in infection and involves both B cells and T cells. Severe sporotrichosis is rare in endemic areas where humans are in near constant contact with *S. schenckii* spores. This fact, combined with the increased severity of disease in immunocompromised patients points to an important role for specific immunity in *S. schenckii* infection. Patients with sporotrichosis have been shown to produce antibodies specific to *S. schenckii* and these antibodies may actually be protective against the disease.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Sporothrix schenckii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conidiophores and conidia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Ophiostomatales |
| Family: | Ophiostomataceae |
| Genus: | *Sporothrix* |
| Species: | ***S. schenckii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sporothrix schenckii***<br>Hektoen & C.F.Perkins (1900) | |
|


title: Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108

abstract: In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. These two snoRNAs called R105 and R108 were identified in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.

text:
# Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108

In molecular biology, **Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108** refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.

These two snoRNAs called R105 and R108 were identified in the plant *Arabidopsis thaliana* and are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.

## InfoBox

| Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | snoR105\_108 |
| Rfam | RF00450 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; snRNA; guide; CD-box; |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Dubrava Zabočka

abstract: Dubrava Zabočka is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D24 highway and R201 railway.

text:
# Dubrava Zabočka

**Dubrava Zabočka**  is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D24 highway and R201 railway.

46°01′19″N 15°56′38″E / 46.02194°N 15.94389°E / 46.02194; 15.94389

## InfoBox

| Dubrava Zabočka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Krapina-Zagorje County |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.1 sq mi (2.8 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 574 |
| Density | 530/sq mi (210/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Colegio Santa María del Pilar

abstract: The Colegio Santa María del Pilar, known also as Colegio Santa María, is a Roman Catholic private primary, middle and high school founded by the Society of Mary in Madrid, Spain. The school campus is one of the largest in central Madrid and its listed chapel, built in the 1950s, is one of the finest examples of early Spanish modern brick vaults.

text:
# Colegio Santa María del Pilar

The **Colegio Santa María del Pilar**, known also as Colegio Santa María, is a Roman Catholic private primary, middle and high school founded by the Society of Mary in Madrid, Spain. The school campus is one of the largest in central Madrid and its listed chapel, built in the 1950s, is one of the finest examples of early Spanish modern brick vaults.

## Overview

The school was founded in 1953, as an extension of the existing Colegio Nuestra Señora del Pilar. The principal of the Nuestra Señora del Pilar School was also principal of the newly created school, which was called “Nuestra Señora del Pilar-B". In 1600 ROZ changed its name to Santa Maria del Pilar and inaugurated the current facilities. In December 2008 the School was granted permission to build a new sports centre with swimming pool and a new gym. The school is often ranked as one of the best schools of Spain and has a long list of distinguished former pupils.

Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y Borbón (eldest son of the Infanta Elena of Spain) has recently been banned from this school because of his attitude.

## Academics

The school offers all levels from kindergarten to pre-university courses. The school's students are among the students who perform best at the university aptitude tests. It is also ranked among the best schools in Spain according to different yearly publications in the field.

## Facilities

The school main campus occupies a large plot in the centre of Madrid, near Buen Retiro Park. Each year-class occupies a pavilion, connected by canopies. The school also has a contemporary listed chapel, a junior library, a nursery, playgrounds, junior gym, an administration building, and a large main building that contains the school's religious community residence, science laboratories, a canteen, senior library, and art studios. In the northernmost area of the campus there is a sports complex with indoor swimming pool, gymnasium, paddle tennis courts, football field, basketball courts, and hockey fields.

## Some distinguished former pupils


title: Ring of symmetric functions

abstract: In algebra and in particular in algebraic combinatorics, the ring of symmetric functions is a specific limit of the rings of symmetric polynomials in n indeterminates, as n goes to infinity. This ring serves as universal structure in which relations between symmetric polynomials can be expressed in a way independent of the number n of indeterminates. Among other things, this ring plays an important role in the representation theory of the symmetric group. The ring of symmetric functions can be given a coproduct and a bilinear form making it into a positive selfadjoint graded Hopf algebra that is both commutative and cocommutative.

text:
# Ring of symmetric functions

In algebra and in particular in algebraic combinatorics, the **ring of symmetric functions** is a specific limit of the rings of symmetric polynomials in *n* indeterminates, as *n* goes to infinity. This ring serves as universal structure in which relations between symmetric polynomials can be expressed in a way independent of the number *n* of indeterminates (but its elements are neither polynomials nor functions). Among other things, this ring plays an important role in the representation theory of the symmetric group.

The ring of symmetric functions can be given a coproduct and a bilinear form making it into a positive selfadjoint graded Hopf algebra that is both commutative and cocommutative.

## Symmetric polynomials

The study of symmetric functions is based on that of symmetric polynomials. In a polynomial ring in some finite set of indeterminates, a polynomial is called *symmetric* if it stays the same whenever the indeterminates are permuted in any way. More formally, there is an action by ring automorphisms of the symmetric group *Sn* on the polynomial ring in *n* indeterminates, where a permutation acts on a polynomial by simultaneously substituting each of the indeterminates for another according to the permutation used. The invariants for this action form the subring of symmetric polynomials. If the indeterminates are *X*1, ..., *X**n*, then examples of such symmetric polynomials are

$$X\_{1}+X\_{2}+\cdots +X\_{n},\\,$$

$$X\_{1}^{3}+X\_{2}^{3}+\cdots +X\_{n}^{3},\\,$$

and

$$X\_{1}X\_{2}\cdots X\_{n}.\\,$$

A somewhat more complicated example is *X*13*X*2*X*3 \+ *X*1*X*23*X*3 \+ *X*1*X*2*X*33 \+ *X*13*X*2*X*4 \+ *X*1*X*23*X*4 \+ *X*1*X*2*X*43 \+ ... where the summation goes on to include all products of the third power of some variable and two other variables. There are many specific kinds of symmetric polynomials, such as elementary symmetric polynomials, power sum symmetric polynomials, monomial symmetric polynomials, complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials, and Schur polynomials.

## The ring of symmetric functions

Most relations between symmetric polynomials do not depend on the number *n* of indeterminates, other than that some polynomials in the relation might require *n* to be large enough in order to be defined. For instance the Newton's identity for the third power sum polynomial *p3* leads to

$$p\_{3}(X\_{1},\ldots ,X\_{n})=e\_{1}(X\_{1},\ldots ,X\_{n})^{3}-3e\_{2}(X\_{1},\ldots ,X\_{n})e\_{1}(X\_{1},\ldots ,X\_{n})+3e\_{3}(X\_{1},\ldots ,X\_{n}),$$

where the $e\_{i}$ denote elementary symmetric polynomials; this formula is valid for all natural numbers *n*, and the only notable dependency on it is that *e**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*) = 0 whenever *n* \< *k*. One would like to write this as an identity

$$p\_{3}=e\_{1}^{3}-3e\_{2}e\_{1}+3e\_{3}$$

that does not depend on *n* at all, and this can be done in the ring of symmetric functions. In that ring there are nonzero elements *e**k* for all integers *k*  1, and any element of the ring can be given by a polynomial expression in the elements *e**k*.

### Definitions

A **ring of symmetric functions** can be defined over any commutative ring *R*, and will be denoted Λ*R*; the basic case is for *R* = **Z**. The ring Λ*R* is in fact a graded *R*-algebra. There are two main constructions for it; the first one given below can be found in (Stanley, 1999), and the second is essentially the one given in (Macdonald, 1979).

#### As a ring of formal power series

The easiest (though somewhat heavy) construction starts with the ring of formal power series $R\[\[X\_{1},X\_{2},...\]\]$ over *R* in infinitely (countably) many indeterminates; the elements of this power series ring are formal infinite sums of terms, each of which consists of a coefficient from *R* multiplied by a monomial, where each monomial is a product of finitely many finite powers of indeterminates. One defines Λ*R* as its subring consisting of those power series *S* that satisfy

1. *S* is invariant under any permutation of the indeterminates, and
2. the degrees of the monomials occurring in *S* are bounded.

Note that because of the second condition, power series are used here only to allow infinitely many terms of a fixed degree, rather than to sum terms of all possible degrees. Allowing this is necessary because an element that contains for instance a term *X*1 should also contain a term *X**i* for every *i* \> 1 in order to be symmetric. Unlike the whole power series ring, the subring Λ*R* is graded by the total degree of monomials: due to condition 2, every element of Λ*R* is a finite sum of homogeneous elements of Λ*R* (which are themselves infinite sums of terms of equal degree). For every *k*  0, the element *e**k*  Λ*R* is defined as the formal sum of all products of *k* distinct indeterminates, which is clearly homogeneous of degree *k*.

#### As an algebraic limit

Another construction of Λ*R* takes somewhat longer to describe, but better indicates the relationship with the rings *R*\[*X*1,...,*X**n*\]**S***n* of symmetric polynomials in *n* indeterminates. For every *n* there is a surjective ring homomorphism *ρ**n* from the analogous ring *R*\[*X*1,...,*X**n*+1\]**S***n*+1 with one more indeterminate onto *R*\[*X*1,...,*X**n*\]**S***n*, defined by setting the last indeterminate *X**n*+1 to 0. Although *ρ**n* has a non-trivial kernel, the nonzero elements of that kernel have degree at least $n+1$ (they are multiples of *X*1*X*2...*X**n*+1). This means that the restriction of *ρ**n* to elements of degree at most *n* is a bijective linear map, and *ρ**n*(*e**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*+1)) = *e**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*) for all *k*  *n*. The inverse of this restriction can be extended uniquely to a ring homomorphism *φ**n* from *R*\[*X*1,...,*X**n*\]**S***n* to *R*\[*X*1,...,*X**n*+1\]**S***n*+1, as follows for instance from the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials. Since the images *φ**n*(*e**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*)) = *e**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*+1) for *k* = 1,...,*n* are still algebraically independent over *R*, the homomorphism *φ**n* is injective and can be viewed as a (somewhat unusual) inclusion of rings; applying *φ**n* to a polynomial amounts to adding all monomials containing the new indeterminate obtained by symmetry from monomials already present. The ring Λ*R* is then the "union" (direct limit) of all these rings subject to these inclusions. Since all *φ**n* are compatible with the grading by total degree of the rings involved, Λ*R* obtains the structure of a graded ring.

This construction differs slightly from the one in (Macdonald, 1979). That construction only uses the surjective morphisms *ρ**n* without mentioning the injective morphisms *φ**n*: it constructs the homogeneous components of Λ*R* separately, and equips their direct sum with a ring structure using the *ρ**n*. It is also observed that the result can be described as an inverse limit in the category of *graded* rings. That description however somewhat obscures an important property typical for a *direct* limit of injective morphisms, namely that every individual element (symmetric function) is already faithfully represented in some object used in the limit construction, here a ring *R*\[*X*1,...,*X**d*\]**S***d*. It suffices to take for *d* the degree of the symmetric function, since the part in degree *d* of that ring is mapped isomorphically to rings with more indeterminates by *φ**n* for all *n*  *d*. This implies that for studying relations between individual elements, there is no fundamental difference between symmetric polynomials and symmetric functions.

### Defining individual symmetric functions

The name "symmetric function" for elements of Λ*R* is a misnomer: in neither construction are the elements functions, and in fact, unlike symmetric polynomials, no function of independent variables can be associated to such elements (for instance *e*1 would be the sum of all infinitely many variables, which is not defined unless restrictions are imposed on the variables). However the name is traditional and well established; it can be found both in (Macdonald, 1979), which says (footnote on p. 12)

> The elements of Λ (unlike those of Λ*n*) are no longer polynomials: they are formal infinite sums of monomials. We have therefore reverted to the older terminology of symmetric functions.

(here Λ*n* denotes the ring of symmetric polynomials in *n* indeterminates), and also in (Stanley, 1999).

To define a symmetric function one must either indicate directly a power series as in the first construction, or give a symmetric polynomial in *n* indeterminates for every natural number *n* in a way compatible with the second construction. An expression in an unspecified number of indeterminates may do both, for instance

$$e\_{2}=\sum \_{i\<j}X\_{i}X\_{j}\\,$$

can be taken as the definition of an elementary symmetric function if the number of indeterminates is infinite, or as the definition of an elementary symmetric polynomial in any finite number of indeterminates. Symmetric polynomials for the same symmetric function should be compatible with the homomorphisms *ρ**n* (decreasing the number of indeterminates is obtained by setting some of them to zero, so that the coefficients of any monomial in the remaining indeterminates is unchanged), and their degree should remain bounded. (An example of a family of symmetric polynomials that fails both conditions is $\textstyle \prod \_{i=1}^{n}X\_{i}$; the family $\textstyle \prod \_{i=1}^{n}(X\_{i}+1)$ fails only the second condition.) Any symmetric polynomial in *n* indeterminates can be used to construct a compatible family of symmetric polynomials, using the homomorphisms *ρ**i* for *i* \< *n* to decrease the number of indeterminates, and *φ**i* for *i*  *n* to increase the number of indeterminates (which amounts to adding all monomials in new indeterminates obtained by symmetry from monomials already present).

The following are fundamental examples of symmetric functions.

* The **monomial symmetric functions** *m*α. Suppose α = 12,...) is a sequence of non-negative integers, only finitely many of which are non-zero. Then we can consider the monomial defined by α: *X*α = *X*1α1*X*2α2*X*3α3.... Then *m*α is the symmetric function determined by *X*α, i.e. the sum of all monomials obtained from *X*α by symmetry. For a formal definition, define β ~ α to mean that the sequence β is a permutation of the sequence α and set

$$m\_{\alpha }=\sum \nolimits \_{\beta \sim \alpha }X^{\beta }.$$

This symmetric function corresponds to the monomial symmetric polynomial *m*α(*X*1,...,*X**n*) for any *n* large enough to have the monomial *X*α. The distinct monomial symmetric functions are parametrized by the integer partitions (each *m*α has a unique representative monomial *X*λ with the parts λ*i* in weakly decreasing order). Since any symmetric function containing any of the monomials of some *m*α must contain all of them with the same coefficient, each symmetric function can be written as an *R*-linear combination of monomial symmetric functions, and the distinct monomial symmetric functions therefore form a basis of Λ*R* as an *R*-module. * The **elementary symmetric functions** *e**k*, for any natural number *k*; one has *e**k* = *m*α where $\textstyle X^{\alpha }=\prod \_{i=1}^{k}X\_{i}$. As a power series, this is the sum of all distinct products of *k* distinct indeterminates. This symmetric function corresponds to the elementary symmetric polynomial *e**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*) for any *n*  *k*.
* The **power sum symmetric functions** *p**k*, for any positive integer *k*; one has *p**k* = *m*(*k*), the monomial symmetric function for the monomial *X*1*k*. This symmetric function corresponds to the power sum symmetric polynomial *p**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*) = *X*1*k* \+ ... + *X**n**k* for any *n*  1.
* The **complete homogeneous symmetric functions** *h**k*, for any natural number *k*; *h**k* is the sum of all monomial symmetric functions *m*α where α is a partition of *k*. As a power series, this is the sum of *all* monomials of degree *k*, which is what motivates its name. This symmetric function corresponds to the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial *h**k*(*X*1,...,*X**n*) for any *n*  *k*.
* The **Schur functions** *s*λ for any partition λ, which corresponds to the Schur polynomial *s*λ(*X*1,...,*X**n*) for any *n* large enough to have the monomial *X*λ.

There is no power sum symmetric function *p*0: although it is possible (and in some contexts natural) to define $\textstyle p\_{0}(X\_{1},\ldots ,X\_{n})=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}X\_{i}^{0}=n$ as a symmetric *polynomial* in *n* variables, these values are not compatible with the morphisms *ρ**n*. The "discriminant" $\textstyle (\prod \_{i\<j}(X\_{i}-X\_{j}))^{2}$ is another example of an expression giving a symmetric polynomial for all *n*, but not defining any symmetric function. The expressions defining Schur polynomials as a quotient of alternating polynomials are somewhat similar to that for the discriminant, but the polynomials *s*λ(*X*1,...,*X**n*) turn out to be compatible for varying *n*, and therefore do define a symmetric function.

### A principle relating symmetric polynomials and symmetric functions

For any symmetric function *P*, the corresponding symmetric polynomials in *n* indeterminates for any natural number *n* may be designated by *P*(*X*1,...,*X**n*). The second definition of the ring of symmetric functions implies the following fundamental principle:

If *P* and *Q* are symmetric functions of degree *d*, then one has the identity $P=Q$ of symmetric functions if and only if one has the identity *P*(*X*1,...,*X**d*) = *Q*(*X*1,...,*X**d*) of symmetric polynomials in *d* indeterminates. In this case one has in fact *P*(*X*1,...,*X**n*) = *Q*(*X*1,...,*X**n*) for *any* number *n* of indeterminates.

This is because one can always reduce the number of variables by substituting zero for some variables, and one can increase the number of variables by applying the homomorphisms *φ**n*; the definition of those homomorphisms assures that *φ**n*(*P*(*X*1,...,*X**n*)) = *P*(*X*1,...,*X**n*+1) (and similarly for *Q*) whenever *n*  *d*. See a proof of Newton's identities for an effective application of this principle.

## Properties of the ring of symmetric functions

### Identities

The ring of symmetric functions is a convenient tool for writing identities between symmetric polynomials that are independent of the number of indeterminates: in Λ*R* there is no such number, yet by the above principle any identity in Λ*R* automatically gives identities the rings of symmetric polynomials over *R* in any number of indeterminates. Some fundamental identities are

$$\sum \_{i=0}^{k}(-1)^{i}e\_{i}h\_{k-i}=0=\sum \_{i=0}^{k}(-1)^{i}h\_{i}e\_{k-i}\quad {\mbox{for all }k\>0,}$$

which shows a symmetry between elementary and complete homogeneous symmetric functions; these relations are explained under complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial.

$$ke\_{k}=\sum \_{i=1}^{k}(-1)^{i-1}p\_{i}e\_{k-i}\quad {\mbox{for all }k\geq 0,}$$

the Newton identities, which also have a variant for complete homogeneous symmetric functions:

$$kh\_{k}=\sum \_{i=1}^{k}p\_{i}h\_{k-i}\quad {\mbox{for all }k\geq 0.}$$

### Structural properties of Λ*R*

Important properties of Λ*R* include the following.

1. The set of monomial symmetric functions parametrized by partitions form a basis of Λ*R* as a graded *R*-module, those parametrized by partitions of *d* being homogeneous of degree *d*; the same is true for the set of Schur functions (also parametrized by partitions).
2. Λ*R* is isomorphic as a graded *R*-algebra to a polynomial ring *R*\[*Y*1,*Y*2, ...\] in infinitely many variables, where *Y**i* is given degree *i* for all *i* \> 0, one isomorphism being the one that sends *Y**i* to *e**i*  Λ*R* for every *i*.
3. There is an involutory automorphism ω of Λ*R* that interchanges the elementary symmetric functions *e**i* and the complete homogeneous symmetric function *h**i* for all *i*. It also sends each power sum symmetric function *p**i* to (−1)*i*−1*p**i*, and it permutes the Schur functions among each other, interchanging *s*λ and *s*λt where λt is the transpose partition of λ.

Property 2 is the essence of the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials. It immediately implies some other properties:

* The subring of Λ*R* generated by its elements of degree at most *n* is isomorphic to the ring of symmetric polynomials over *R* in *n* variables;
* The Hilbert–Poincaré series of Λ*R* is $\textstyle \prod \_{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{1-t^{i}}}$, the generating function of the integer partitions (this also follows from property 1);
* For every *n* \> 0, the *R*-module formed by the homogeneous part of Λ*R* of degree *n*, modulo its intersection with the subring generated by its elements of degree strictly less than *n*, is free of rank 1, and (the image of) *e**n* is a generator of this *R*-module;
* For every family of symmetric functions (*f**i*)*i*\>0 in which *f**i* is homogeneous of degree *i* and gives a generator of the free *R*-module of the previous point (for all *i*), there is an alternative isomorphism of graded *R*-algebras from *R*\[*Y*1,*Y*2, ...\] as above to Λ*R* that sends *Y**i* to *f**i*; in other words, the family (*f**i*)*i*\>0 forms a set of free polynomial generators of Λ*R*.

This final point applies in particular to the family (*h**i*)*i*\>0 of complete homogeneous symmetric functions. If *R* contains the field  $\mathbb {Q} $ of rational numbers, it applies also to the family (*p**i*)*i*\>0 of power sum symmetric functions. This explains why the first *n* elements of each of these families define sets of symmetric polynomials in *n* variables that are free polynomial generators of that ring of symmetric polynomials.

The fact that the complete homogeneous symmetric functions form a set of free polynomial generators of Λ*R* already shows the existence of an automorphism ω sending the elementary symmetric functions to the complete homogeneous ones, as mentioned in property 3. The fact that ω is an involution of Λ*R* follows from the symmetry between elementary and complete homogeneous symmetric functions expressed by the first set of relations given above.

The ring of symmetric functions Λ**Z** is the Exp ring of the integers **Z**. It is also a lambda-ring in a natural fashion; in fact it is the universal lambda-ring in one generator.

### Generating functions

The first definition of Λ*R* as a subring of $R\[\[X\_{1},X\_{2},...\]\]$ allows the generating functions of several sequences of symmetric functions to be elegantly expressed. Contrary to the relations mentioned earlier, which are internal to Λ*R*, these expressions involve operations taking place in *R*\[\[*X*1,*X*2,...;*t*\]\] but outside its subring Λ*R*\[\[*t*\]\], so they are meaningful only if symmetric functions are viewed as formal power series in indeterminates *X**i*. We shall write "(*X*)" after the symmetric functions to stress this interpretation.

The generating function for the elementary symmetric functions is

$$E(t)=\sum \_{k\geq 0}e\_{k}(X)t^{k}=\prod \_{i=1}^{\infty }(1+X\_{i}t).$$

Similarly one has for complete homogeneous symmetric functions

$$H(t)=\sum \_{k\geq 0}h\_{k}(X)t^{k}=\prod \_{i=1}^{\infty }\left(\sum \_{k\geq 0}(X\_{i}t)^{k}\right)=\prod \_{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{1-X\_{i}t}.}$$

The obvious fact that $E(-t)H(t)=1=E(t)H(-t)$ explains the symmetry between elementary and complete homogeneous symmetric functions. The generating function for the power sum symmetric functions can be expressed as

$$P(t)=\sum \_{k\>0}p\_{k}(X)t^{k}=\sum \_{k\>0}\sum \_{i=1}^{\infty }(X\_{i}t)^{k}=\sum \_{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {X\_{i}t}{1-X\_{i}t}={\frac {tE'(-t)}{E(-t)}={\frac {tH'(t)}{H(t)}}}}$$

((Macdonald, 1979) defines *P*(*t*) as Σ*k*\>0 *p**k*(*X*)*t**k*−1, and its expressions therefore lack a factor *t* with respect to those given here). The two final expressions, involving the formal derivatives of the generating functions *E*(*t*) and *H*(*t*), imply Newton's identities and their variants for the complete homogeneous symmetric functions. These expressions are sometimes written as

$$P(t)=-t{\frac {d}{dt}\log(E(-t))=t{\frac {d}{dt}\log(H(t)),}}$$

which amounts to the same, but requires that *R* contain the rational numbers, so that the logarithm of power series with constant term 1 is defined (by $\textstyle \log(1-tS)=-\sum \_{i\>0}{\frac {1}{i}(tS)^{i}}$).

## Specializations

Let $\Lambda $ be the ring of symmetric functions and $R$ a commutative algebra with unit element. An algebra homomorphism $\varphi :\Lambda \to R,\quad f\mapsto f(\varphi )$ is called a *specialization*.

Example:

* Given some real numbers $a\_{1},\dots ,a\_{k}$ and $f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\dots ,)\in \Lambda $, then the substitution $x\_{1}=a\_{1},\dots ,x\_{k}=a\_{k}$ and $x\_{j}=0,\forall j\>k$ is a specialization.
* Let $f\in \Lambda $, then $\operatorname {ps} (f):=f(1,q,q^{2},q^{3},\dots )$ is called *principal specialization*.

* Macdonald, I. G. *Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials.* Oxford Mathematical Monographs. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979. viii+180 pp. ISBN 0-19-853530-9 MR553598
* Macdonald, I. G. *Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials.* Second edition. Oxford Mathematical Monographs. Oxford Science Publications. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. x+475 pp. ISBN 0-19-853489-2 MR1354144
* Stanley, Richard P. *Enumerative Combinatorics*, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-56069-1 (hardback) ISBN 0-521-78987-7 (paperback).


title: South Perth, Western Australia

abstract: South Perth is an inner suburb of Perth, the capital of the Australian state of Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of South Perth. South Perth is separated from the Perth central business district (CBD) by Perth Water, a section of the Swan River. It is connected to the CBD via the Narrows Bridge which carries the Kwinana Freeway and Mandurah railway line. Public ferries are also operated by Transperth between the Mends Street Jetty in South Perth and Elizabeth Quay Jetty in the CBD. South Perth is primarily residential, with commercial areas along major thoroughfares such as Canning Highway, Mill Point Road and Angelo Street. It has extensive river frontage, including the South Perth Esplanade and Sir James Mitchell Park, with high-density areas around Mill Point and Point Belches facing the Perth skyline. The suburb also includes the Perth Zoo and Royal Perth Golf Club.

text:
# South Perth, Western Australia

**South Perth** is an inner suburb of Perth, the capital of the Australian state of Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of South Perth.

South Perth is separated from the Perth central business district (CBD) by Perth Water, a section of the Swan River. It is connected to the CBD via the Narrows Bridge which carries the Kwinana Freeway and Mandurah railway line. Public ferries are also operated by Transperth between the Mends Street Jetty in South Perth and Elizabeth Quay Jetty in the CBD.

South Perth is primarily residential, with commercial areas along major thoroughfares such as Canning Highway, Mill Point Road and Angelo Street. It has extensive river frontage, including the South Perth Esplanade and Sir James Mitchell Park, with high-density areas around Mill Point and Point Belches facing the Perth skyline. The suburb also includes the Perth Zoo and Royal Perth Golf Club.

## History

### History

The history of the area now known as South Perth before permanent European settlement was broadly similar to that in other parts of what became the Swan River Colony. The area was probably inhabited by peoples of the Noongar tribes, and they had little contact with other peoples. Early Dutch and French explorers reported their presence, but no recorded contact was made. No contact is known to have been made with travellers from any other country. The Dutch expedition commanded by Willem de Vlaming in 1697 was the first to discover the major river and note the presence of black swans on the river. They named it the Swan River.

### Early European settlement

After the permanent settlement of the British and the establishment of the Swan River Colony, most development tended to take place north rather than south of the Swan River in the town of Perth and also in Fremantle, the port suburb. The area was already unofficially known as "South Perth" but was relatively untouched. By 1831, the land along the river frontage had been allocated amongst seven people, and the land was being partially used for agriculture and dairy farms. A mill was built in 1833 and a ferry across the Swan river via the Narrows was established.

### Established settlement

There was some conflict between the European settlers and Aboriginal Australians, in which one of the leaders was a chief known as Yagan. After his death, local leadership went to a chief variously known as Galute or Kalyute. He led further resistance, but this was countered by a punitive expedition, which resulted in the deaths of fifteen Aboriginal people and the end of organised resistance.

By the 1850s, there was some further development of the area, with more ferry connections and the construction of the Causeway and the Canning Bridge. The area was further surveyed and lots allocated to pensioners. By 1858, the area was officially marked on maps as "South Perth" and some roads had been constructed.

The 1860s saw the realisation that large-scale farming in the district had no future, although dairying, timber cutting and vegetable growing continued. By the 1880s, a number of Chinese gardeners had arrived and they set up market gardens on land on the foreshore, between Suburban Road (now Mill Point Road) and the Swan River. After the discovery of gold in Kalgoorlie in 1893, a number of Chinese, who had been unable to take up Miner's Rights in the goldfields for racial reasons, joined them in South Perth. The Chinese worked very hard and grew good quality fruit and vegetables, which the local population were happy to buy. In the 1920s, the Chinese started to market their produce to the wider population of Perth via the James Street markets. The Chinese market gardens successfully operated for many years, despite many attempts by local authorities to serve them with notices alleging uncleanliness or health hazards. They lasted until the 1950s before they were dismantled.

With the help of convict labour, the district received more settlement and better roads. Nevertheless, the South Perth area still had a small population.

### The 1880s South Perth land boom

The real estate boom of the 1880s, which coincided with the discovery of gold in the Kimberley saw a slow but appreciable growth in the number of residents. Several of Perth's more substantial citizens saw South Perth as a peaceful and tranquil suburb, and by the end of the 1890s, the population was about 400, with many elegant homes. The Zoological Gardens and the Royal Perth Golf Club were opened in 1898, and the area became popular with tourists from the town of Perth across the river.

## Attractions

### Perth Zoo

The Perth Zoo is located in the suburb of South Perth. It is open every day of the year and its exhibits include Australian wildlife, as well as exotic and rare animal species. It opens from 9 am to 5 pm daily with additional hours during summer and special events.

### Other attractions

The Old Mill is visible to people driving south over the Narrows Bridge.

The Old Mill Theatre is a local amateur theatre company based on Mends Street.

The Sir James Mitchell Park is a stretch of park lands along the foreshore. It is dotted with gazebos, family picnic areas and barbecue facilities. It is adjacent to the Swan River, stretching between the Narrows Bridge and the Causeway. It has dedicated and separate paths for bicycling and walking.

The Mends Street Jetty connects South Perth to the central business district by a regular ferry service operated by Transperth.

## Heritage listings

Heritage-listed buildings in South Perth include:

## Residential pattern

South Perth is an expensive area for land due to its location near the river and central business district. Consequently, there are a comparatively high number of high-rise apartment towers in the suburb, generally near the foreshore. The tallest building is Civic Heart, which is 147.5 metres (484 ft) tall. There are also a number of large mansions. Significant numbers of townhouses and some older houses fill in the suburb.

## Educational facilities

* The History of South Perth, by F K Crowley. Rigby Limited 1962
* Peninsula City, by Cecil Florey. City of South Perth 1995

## InfoBox

| South Perth
Perth, Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| South Perth as viewed from Kings Park | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 31°58′55″S 115°51′47″E / 31.982°S 115.863°E / -31.982; 115.863 |
| Population | 12,596 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1830s |
| Postcode(s) | 6151 |
| Area | 5.2 km2 (2.0 sq mi) |
| Location | 3 km (2 mi) from Perth (suburb) |
| LGA(s) | City of South Perth |
| State electorate(s) | South Perth |
| Federal division(s) | Swan |
| **Suburbs around South Perth:**  (Narrows Bridge) (Swan River)   South Perth Victoria Park  Como Kensington | |


title: Tony Toneatto

abstract: Tony Toneatto is the director of the Buddhism, Psychology and Mental Health undergraduate program at the University of Toronto. This program offers a number of courses exploring Buddhism, psychology, psychotherapy, mindfulness meditation, applied Buddhism, research methods in Buddhist research and cognitive science. He is cross-appointed to the Applied Psychology and Human Development Program at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. He is also founding faculty of the Buddhist Meditation and Mental Health Counselling diploma program at Emmanuel College at the University of Toronto. Toneatto is the president of Nalanda College of Buddhist Studies. He is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Buddhism and Psychology. This program is designed to integrate wisdom of Buddhist spirituality into professional and personal practice. Toneatto has published in the areas of substance and behavioral addictions, especially pathological gambling, and mindfulness meditation. He is also a registered clinical psychologist and is currently completing training in psychoanalysis at the Toronto Institute for Psychoanalysis. He is also consistently rated as one of the best lecturers at the University of Toronto, often with over 90% of students willing to retake his courses in the ASSU Anti-calendar student survey.

text:
# Tony Toneatto

**Tony Toneatto** is the director of the Buddhism, Psychology and Mental Health undergraduate program at the University of Toronto. This program offers a number of courses exploring Buddhism, psychology, psychotherapy, mindfulness meditation, applied Buddhism, research methods in Buddhist research and cognitive science.

He is cross-appointed to the Applied Psychology and Human Development Program at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. He is also founding faculty of the Buddhist Meditation and Mental Health Counselling diploma program at Emmanuel College at the University of Toronto. Toneatto is the president of Nalanda College of Buddhist Studies. He is the editor-in-chief of the *Journal of Buddhism and Psychology*. This program is designed to integrate wisdom of Buddhist spirituality into professional and personal practice. Toneatto has published in the areas of substance and behavioral addictions, especially pathological gambling, and mindfulness meditation. He is also a registered clinical psychologist and is currently completing training in psychoanalysis at the Toronto Institute for Psychoanalysis.

He is also consistently rated as one of the best lecturers at the University of Toronto, often with over 90% of students willing to retake his courses in the ASSU Anti-calendar student survey.

## Early life and education

Toneatto completed his Bachelor of Science in 1980 in psychology at McMaster University and received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from McGill University in 1987. Between 1987 and 2010 he was a research scientist at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (formerly the Addiction Research Foundation). He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters since then. He currently resides in Toronto with his family.

## Centre for Buddhism & Psychology

Toneatto is Director of the Centre for Buddhism & Psychology within New College at the University of Toronto. The Centre for Buddhism and Psychology is intended to serve as a resource for those interested in the burgeoning academic interest in this area of inquiry. In recent years, there has been a sustained interest on the part of academics, scholars, clinicians and students in the merits of investigating the mutual contributions of western psychological science and Buddhist psychology. This has been most evident in the widespread public interest in mindfulness meditation as an intervention for a wide array of medical and emotional disorders. Activities include a yearly undergraduate conference called Mind Matters, student journal (Upaya), and academic conferences and workshops.

## InfoBox

| Tony ToneattoPh.D. | |
| --- | --- |


title: Josiah Martin

abstract: Josiah Martin was a British Army officer and colonial official who served as the ninth and last British governor of North Carolina from 1771 to 1776.

text:
# Josiah Martin

**Josiah Martin** (23 April 1737 – 13 April 1786) was a British Army officer and colonial official who served as the ninth and last British governor of North Carolina from 1771 to 1776.

## Early life and career

Martin was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of Samuel Martin, a planter well established on the Caribbean island of Antigua, third son of his father's second marriage. His elder half-brother Samuel Martin (1714–1788) was secretary to the Treasury in London. Another brother Sir Henry Martin (1735–1794) was for many years naval commissioner at Portsmouth and Comptroller of the Royal Navy. Sir Henry was father of Thomas Byam Martin.

This Josiah Martin's uncle, also Josiah Martin (1699–1778) but born in Antigua, left Antigua after 1750 and settled at Far Rockaway, Long Island. He was a member of the first board of trustees for King's College (now Columbia University) in 1754 and a member of the royal council of New York in 1754–1755. From 1759 to 1764, he was on the council of the governor of the Province of New York. Josiah Martin, the younger, married his first cousin Elizabeth Martin, daughter of the elder Josiah Martin of Long Island, in 1761. At first undecided, he became an ensign in the British Army in 1756, rising to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1769.

On 29 December 1758, Josiah was appointed to the New York Council, a position once held by his uncle. Because of his trips to London and Antigua, the council, in November 1762, temporarily replaced him with Lawrence Read, superseded in turn by Lawrence's father Joseph Read, to sit in Martin's place until he returned. He was given "a full year to determine whether he will return to the council from the West Indies."

## Governor of North Carolina

On 1 March 1771, Martin received his appointment from The Crown as Governor of the Province of North Carolina, succeeding James Hasell. Handicapped by illness, he remained in New York and was unable to present himself in the governor's palace at New Bern until Monday, 12 August 1771.

Governor Martin tried to give the North Carolinians useful and fair government, but he was hampered by his instructions from Lord Hillsborough, and later by Lord Dartmouth. Tryon left a legacy to Martin of five major problems that plagued North Carolina. These problems were

* the fiscal and psychological effects of the War of the Regulation;
* the unsettled and expensive dispute between the Carolinas about their mutual boundary line;
* the struggle over the court law bills and the judiciary, especially the attachment of the property of debtors who had never lived in the province;
* the old quorum trouble in the House of Commons that caused conflict between the House and the governor; and
* the conflict over the selection of the chief personnel of the provincial government by the crown rather than through the assembly.

After his home was attacked by Whigs on 24 April 1775, he sent his family to his in-laws' home in New York and took refuge on board the sloop-of-war HMS *Cruizer*, transferring his headquarters to Fort Johnston on the Cape Fear River. When the Mecklenburg Resolves were published in May 1775, Martin transmitted a copy to England, which he described as "setting up a system of rule and regulation subversive of his majesty's government." Martin then requested a supply of arms and ammunition from General Thomas Gage in Boston. In July 1775, a plot instigated by Martin to arm the slaves was discovered. In retaliation, John Ashe led a group of colonists against Fort Johnston on 20 July. Martin was forced to flee aboard the *Cruizer* while the colonists destroyed the fort. Martin remained off the coast of North Carolina, directing the rising of the Loyalists, whom he supplied with weapons brought from England.

## Later life

After two attempts during the Carolina campaign to re-establish his administration were turned back, Martin, who was then in ill health due to fatigue, left for Long Island and then England. He died in London in April 1786 and was buried at St George's Hanover Square Church, City of Westminster, London, England.

## Honors

Martin County, North Carolina, is named after him.

## InfoBox

| His ExcellencyJosiah Martin | |
| --- | --- |
| Martin, c.1775 | |
|  | |
| 9th Governor of North Carolina | |
| **In office**
12 August 1771  4 July 1776
**In exile**
4 July 1776 – September 3, 1783 | |
| Monarch | George III |
| Preceded by | James Hasell (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Vacant (American Revolution)
(Title next held by Richard Caswell) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1737-04-23)23 April 1737
Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 13 April 1786(1786-04-13) (aged 48)
London, England |
| Resting place | St George's Hanover Square Church, London, England |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Martin (m. 1761) |
| Profession | Military officer, official |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Great Britain |
| Branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1756–1769 |
| Rank | Lieutenant-Colonel |
| Unit |  |
| Battles |  |
|  | |


title: Bowe v R

abstract: Bowe v R is a 2006 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) case in which it was held that it was unconstitutional in the Bahamas for capital punishment to be the mandatory sentence for murder. The JCPC held that because the Constitution of the Bahamas contains a qualified right to life and prohibits "inhuman or degrading punishment", following a murder conviction, a trial judge must have discretion to impose a lesser penalty than death by hanging; capital punishment may be applied only in those cases that contain aggravating factors as compared to other murder cases. The result in the case reflected the findings R v Hughes, Fox v R, and Reyes v R, 2002 JCPC rulings from other Caribbean jurisdictions.

text:
# Bowe v R

***Bowe v R*** is a 2006 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) case in which it was held that it was unconstitutional in the Bahamas for capital punishment to be the mandatory sentence for murder. The JCPC held that because the Constitution of the Bahamas contains a qualified right to life and prohibits "inhuman or degrading punishment", following a murder conviction, a trial judge must have discretion to impose a lesser penalty than death by hanging; capital punishment may be applied only in those cases that contain aggravating factors as compared to other murder cases.

The result in the case reflected the findings *R v Hughes*, *Fox v R*, and *Reyes v R*, 2002 JCPC rulings from other Caribbean jurisdictions.

## InfoBox

| Bowe v R | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
| Full case name | *Forrester Bowe (Junior) and Trono Davis, Appellants v The Queen, Respondent* |
| Decided | 8 March 2006 |
| Citations | \[2006\] UKPC 10, \[2002\] 2 AC 235, \[2006\] 1 WLR 1623 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | Court of Appeal of the Bahamas |
| Case opinions | |
| Lord Bingham of Cornhill | |
| Keywords | |
| Capital punishment; inhuman or degrading punishment | |


title: City of Burnie

abstract: Burnie City Council is a local government body in Tasmania, located in the city and surrounds of Burnie in the north-west of the state. The Burnie local government area is classified as urban and has a population of 19,348, which also encompasses Cooee, Hampshire, Natone and Ridgley.

text:
# City of Burnie

**Burnie City Council** (or **City of Burnie**) is a local government body in Tasmania, located in the city and surrounds of Burnie in the north-west of the state. The **Burnie** local government area is classified as urban and has a population of 19,348, which also encompasses Cooee, Hampshire, Natone and Ridgley.

## History and attributes

The municipality was established on 6 January 1908. Originally named Emu Bay, the name was changed to Burnie in 1931 following a petition from residents to name the council based on the town it was centred on. Burnie became a city council on 26 April 1988.

The city's motto is "non nobis solum" (not for ourselves alone); for many years this was on the council seal but in 1992 a new, more colourful logo was created that did not include the motto. It did also not include the emu (which had been Burnie's unofficial animal emblem). Burnie's floral emblem is the rhododendron.

Burnie is classified as urban, regional and small (URS) under the Australian Classification of Local Governments. Burnie does not include the adjacent town of Somerset that is sometimes classed as part of the Burnie metropolitan area.

## Council

The Burnie City Council consists of nine councillors, who each serve a four-year term of office. Traditionally the term "alderman" was used, but was changed by a council vote on 20 November 2018. The members following the 2022 election are:

| Name | Position | Party affiliation | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Teeny Brumby | Mayor/Councillor |  | Independent |
| Giovanna Simpson | Deputy Mayor/Councillor |  | Independent |
| Steve Kons | Councillor |  | Labor |
| Trent Aitken | Councillor |  | Independent |
| Justin Grave | Councillor |  | Independent |
| Ken Dorsey | Councillor |  | Independent |
| Amina Keygan | Councillor |  | Labor |
| Chris Lynch | Councillor |  | Labor |
| David Pease | Councillor |  | Independent |

### 2022 election results

2022 Tasmanian local elections: Burnie
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Independent | Teeny Brumby (elected) | 2,201 | 18.55 |  |
|  | Independent Labor | Steve Kons (elected) | 1,573 | 13.26 |  |
|  | Independent | Giovanna Simpson (elected) | 1,318 | 11.11 |  |
|  | Independent | Trent Aitkin (elected) | 1,061 | 8.94 |  |
|  | Independent Labor | Chris Lynch (elected) | 1,000 | 8.43 |  |
|  | Independent | David Pease (elected) | 917 | 7.73 |  |
|  | Independent Labor | Amina Keygan (elected) | 749 | 6.31 |  |
|  | Independent | Ken Dorsey (elected) | 699 | 5.89 |  |
|  | Independent | Alvwyn Boyd | 608 | 5.12 |  |
|  | Independent | Justin Grave (elected) | 565 | 4.76 |  |
|  | Independent | Craig Hensley | 395 | 3.33 |  |
|  | Independent | Ryan Gilmour | 286 | 2.41 |  |
|  | Greens | Ceilidh Newbury | 255 | 2.15 |  |
|  | Independent | Jarrod Boys | 240 | 2.02 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 11,867 | 97.06 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 359 | 2.94 |  |
| Turnout | | | 12,226 | 80.84 |  |
| Party total votes | | | | | |
|  | Independent | | 8,290 | 69.87 |  |
|  | Independent Labor | | 3,322 | 27.99 |  |
|  | Greens | | 255 | 2.15 |  |

## Suburbs

The following gazetted suburbs/localities are fully or partially within the City of Burnie:

| Suburb | Census population 2016 | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Acton | 1,349 |  |
| Brooklyn | 553 |  |
| Burnie | 596 | Central business district |
| Camdale | 72 |  |
| Chasm Creek | 68 |  |
| Cooee | 527 |  |
| Downlands | 240 |  |
| East Cam | 170 |  |
| East Ridgley | 103 |  |
| Emu Heights | 180 |  |
| Hampshire | 51 | partial, see note below |
| Havenview | 715 |  |
| Heybridge |  | partial, see note below |
| Highclere | 120 |  |
| Hillcrest | 1,042 |  |
| Montello | 1,217 |  |
| Mooreville | 303 |  |
| Natone | 281 |  |
| Ocean Vista | 306 |  |
| Oonah | 0 | partial, see note below |
| Park Grove | 2,385 |  |
| Parklands | 850 |  |
| Parrawe |  | partial, see note below |
| Ridgley | 604 |  |
| Romaine | 1,713 |  |
| Round Hill | 109 |  |
| Shorewell Park | 2,008 |  |
| South Burnie | 331 |  |
| Stowport | 404 |  |
| Tewkesbury | 76 |  |
| Upper Burnie | 1,821 |  |
| Upper Natone | 112 |  |
| Upper Stowport | 105 |  |
| West Mooreville | 114 |  |
| West Ridgley | 125 |  |
| Wivenhoe | 220 |  |
| **Total** | 18870 |  |
|  | 25 | Variance |
| **Local government total** | 18895 | Gazetted Burnie local government area |
|

Only the part of Heybridge to the west of the Blythe River is in the City of Burnie. Most of its population of 430 would be to the east in Central Coast.

Oonah mostly lies in Waratah-Wynyard, but the 2016 census recorded a population of zero in any case.

A small part of Hampshire extends into Waratah-Wynyard, but all of its population is likely to be in the City of Burnie.

Parrawe mostly lies in Waratah-Wynyard. The small area in the City of Burnie is likely to be unpopulated.

## InfoBox

| Burnie City Council
Tasmania | |
| --- | --- |
| Map showing the Burnie local government area. | |
| Coordinates | 41°12′56″S 145°48′23″E / 41.2156°S 145.8065°E / -41.2156; 145.8065 |
| Population | 19,348 (2018) |
| • Density | 31.666/km2 (82.01/sq mi) |
| Established | 6 January 1908 |
| Area | 611 km2 (235.9 sq mi) |
| Mayor | Teeny Brumby |
| Council seat | Burnie |
| Region | Burnie and surrounds |
| State electorate(s) | Braddon |
| Federal division(s) | Braddon |
|  | |
| Website | Burnie City Council |
| **LGAs around Burnie City Council:**  Bass Strait Bass Strait Bass Strait  Waratah-Wynyard Burnie City Council Central Coast  Waratah-Wynyard Waratah-Wynyard Central Coast | |


title: Smicridea dispar

abstract: Smicridea dispar is a species of netspinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Smicridea dispar

***Smicridea dispar*** is a species of netspinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Smicridea dispar* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Trichoptera |
| Family: | Hydropsychidae |
| Genus: | *Smicridea* |
| Species: | ***S. dispar*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Smicridea dispar***<br>(Banks, 1905) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Polycentropus dispar*  Banks, 1905 * *Smicridea utico*  Ross, 1947 | |


title: The Whites

abstract: The Whites are an American country music vocal group from Fort Worth, Texas, United States. They consist of sisters Sharon White and Cheryl White, and their father, Buck White. Sharon plays guitar, Cheryl is the bassist and Buck plays the mandolin. Formed in 1972, the trio has recorded multiple albums and charted multiple songs on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. They are also known as frequent collaborators of country and bluegrass musician Ricky Skaggs, who is Sharon's husband.

text:
# The Whites

**The Whites** are an American country music vocal group from Fort Worth, Texas, United States. They consist of sisters Sharon White and Cheryl White, and their father, Buck White. Sharon plays guitar, Cheryl is the bassist and Buck plays the mandolin. Formed in 1972, the trio has recorded multiple albums and charted multiple songs on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart. They are also known as frequent collaborators of country and bluegrass musician Ricky Skaggs, who is Sharon's husband.

## Overview

The Whites consist of Sharon White (born December 17, 1953), her sister Cheryl (born January 27, 1955), and their father Buck (born December 13, 1930). Buck grew up playing music and started playing in dances wrestling arenas, auditoriums but he didn't really like that atmosphere a lot. Buck had two jobs when the sisters were growing up; a plumber by day, piano and mandolin player by night. He started really enjoying music when his family started playing together all around the world. In the beginning, Sharon took up bass when she was twelve, moving to guitar when Cheryl took over on bass.

In the 1980s, they scored such hits as "You Put The Blue In Me", "Hangin' Around", "Give Me Back That Old Familiar Feeling", "Pins And Needles", "If It Ain't Love (Let's Leave It Alone)", "Hometown Gossip", and "When The New Wears Off of Our Love".

In August 1981, Sharon White married Ricky Skaggs, who performed on several of the Whites' early releases. In 1987, the couple released the hit song, "Love Can't Ever Get Better Than This".

In 1991, the Whites joined producers Randall Franks and Alan Autry on the *In The Heat Of The Night* TV series album entitled *Christmas Time's A Comin'*, performing on the track, "Let's Live Everyday Like It Was Christmas" (Sonlite/MGM/UA).

The Whites became members of the Grand Ole Opry in 1984 and were current regulars on the program in Nashville, Tennessee. Their collaborative album with Ricky Skaggs, "Salt of the Earth" won the 2008 Grammy for Best Southern/Country/Bluegrass Album.

The Whites can be heard on the *O Brother, Where Art Thou?* soundtrack with the song "Keep on the Sunny Side". They also appear in *Down from the Mountain*, the documentary of a concert given by the soundtrack artists.

The Whites were inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame on Saturday, August 16, 2008, in Carthage, Texas. They were inducted along with Buck Owens and Mickey Newbury.

Also performing on the Grand Ole Opry with Buck, Sharon and Cheryl is Rosanna, better known as Rosie, the third of the four White sisters. She performs high harmony and occasionally does solo performance of the Mel Tillis classic "The Violet and the Rose".

## Awards and nominations

The Whites have been nominated for five CMA Awards (The Horizon/New Artist award 1983, Vocal Group of the Year 1983/1985 and Instrumental Group of the Year 1983/1985) and won the Album of the Year honour in 2001 for their contribution to "O Brother, Where Art Thou?". In 1987, Sharon White and her husband Ricky Skaggs won the Vocal Duo of the Year award.

They also received Top Vocal Group nominations in 1982 and 1983 from the ACM Awards and an album of the year nomination for "O Brother, Where Art Thou?".

In 1984, they were inducted into the Grand Ole Opry.

In 1987, Sharon White and her husband Ricky Skaggs won the Country Music Association Award for Vocal Duo of the Year.

Also for their contribution to "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", The Whites won Album of the Year at the 2001 International Bluegrass Music Awards. That same year, Sharon and Cheryl also received the Recorded Event of the Year award for their contribution to "Follow Me Back to the Fold: A Tribute to Women in Bluegrass". In 2006, they were awarded the IBMA's Distinguished Achievement Award for their contributions to the genre.

The Whites were among the artists honoured with the prestigious Grammy Award for Album of the Year for "O Brother, Where Art Thou?". Salt of the Earth, their 2007 collaboration with Ricky Skaggs won them a Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album.

In 2007, The Whites and Ricky Skaggs received a GMA Dove Award for Bluegrass Recorded Album of the Year.

In 2008, they were inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Album details | Peak positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country | US Grass |
| *Buck White & the Down Home Folks*
(as Buck White & the Down Home Folks) | * Release date: 1972 * Label: County Records |  |  |
| *In Person*
(as Buck White & the Down Home Folks) | * Release date: 1977 * Label: County Records |  |  |
| *That Down Home Feeling*
(as Buck White & the Down Home Folks) |  |  |  |
| *Poor Folks' Pleasure*
(as Buck White & the Down Home Folks) |  |  |  |
| *More Pretty Girls Than One*
(Buck White solo) | * Release date: 1979 * Label: Sugar Hill Records |  |  |
| *Old Familiar Feeling* |  | 22 |  |
| *Forever You* |  | 37 |  |
| *Whole New World* | * Release date: March 1985 * Label: Curb / MCA Records | 42 |  |
| *Greatest Hits* | * Release date: 1986 * Label: Curb / MCA Records |  |  |
| *Ain't No Binds* | * Release date: February 1987 * Label: Curb / MCA Records | 37 |  |
| *Doing It By the Book* | * Release date: 1988 * Label: The New Canaan Records |  |  |
| *Give a Little Back* | * Release date: April 3, 1996 * Label: Step One Records |  |  |
| *A Lifetime in the Making Music* | * Release date: August 15, 2000 * Label: Ceili Music |  |  |
| *Love Never Fails*
(Sharon White with Barbara Fairchild and Connie Smith) | * Release date: August 12, 2003 * Label: Daywind Records |  |  |
| *Salt of the Earth*
(with Ricky Skaggs) | * Release date: September 25, 2007 * Label: Skaggs Family Music | 45 | 1 |
| *Hearts Like Ours*
(Sharon White with Ricky Skaggs) | * Release date: September 30, 2014 * Label: Skaggs Family Music |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country | CAN Country | |
| 1981 | "Send Me the Pillow That You Dream On" | 66 |  |  |
| 1982 | "You Put the Blue in Me" | 10 |  | *Old Familiar Feeling* |
| | "Hangin' Around" | 9 | | 5 |
| 1983 | "I Wonder Who's Holding My Baby Tonight" | 9 | | 14 |
| | "When the New Wears Off of Our Love" | 25 | | 34 |
| | "Give Me Back That Old Familiar Feeling" | 10 | | 16 |
| 1984 | "Forever You" | 14 | 30 | *Forever You* |
| | "Pins and Needles" | 10 | | 12 |
| 1985 | "If It Ain't Love (Let's Leave It Alone)" | 12 | 22 | *Whole New World* |
| | "Hometown Gossip" | 27 | | 36 |
| | "I Don't Want to Get Over You" | 33 | |  |
| 1986 | "Love Won't Wait" | 36 | 46 | *Greatest Hits* |
| | "It Should Have Been Easy" | 30 | 44 | *Ain't No Binds* |
| 1987 | "There Ain't No Binds" | | 58 |  |
| 1989 | "Doing It By the Book" | 82 |  | *Doing It By the Book* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | |
|

#### Sharon White solo singles

| Year | Single | Peak positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country | CAN Country | |
| 1987 | "Love Can't Ever Get Better Than This"
(with Ricky Skaggs) | 10 | 7 | *Love's Gonna Get Ya!* / *Ain't No Binds* |
| 2003 | "Closer to Home"
(with Barbara Fairchild and Connie Smith) |  |  | *Love Never Fails* |
| 2004 | "Love Never Fails"
(with Barbara Fairchild and Connie Smith) |  | |  |
| 2014 | "Forever's Not Long Enough"
(with Ricky Skaggs) |  |  | *Hearts Like Ours* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| The Whites | |
| --- | --- |
| The Whites performing on August 8, 2008. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Fort Worth, Texas, United States
Nashville, Tennessee, United States |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1972present |
| Labels | Curb, Warner Bros., MCA, Ridge Runner, Word, Koch, Skaggs Family |
|  | |
| Members | Buck White
Sharon White
Cheryl White |


title: Colegio Seminario

abstract: The Colegio Seminario is a co-educational private school in Montevideo, Uruguay. It was founded in 1880 as a school of theology for boys who aspired to the priesthood, and served as such until 1922, when it became a conventional all-boys school. Of Jesuit Catholic religious affiliation, it currently serves preschool, primary school, and secondary school. The Sacred Heart Church is in the same complex and is used for various school functions. Colegio Seminario has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including high-ranking politicians.

text:
# Colegio Seminario

The *Colegio Seminario* (Spanish for 'Seminary School') is a co-educational private school in Montevideo, Uruguay. It was founded in 1880 as a school of theology for boys who aspired to the priesthood, and served as such until 1922, when it became a conventional all-boys school.

Of Jesuit Catholic religious affiliation, it currently serves preschool, primary school, and secondary school. The Sacred Heart Church is in the same complex and is used for various school functions. Colegio Seminario has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including high-ranking politicians.

## History

The Conciliar Seminary of Montevideo was inaugurated on March 1, 1880, by the Society of Jesus —which had returned to operate in Uruguay in 1872 after being previously expelled—. It was housed in a building that had begun construction in 1878 with financing from the wealthy Jackson-Errazquín family. The first students were children who aspired to be seminarians, but the following year lay students were admitted, and each year a new school year began to be served.

In 1899 the name of the school was changed to *Colegio del Sagrado Corazón* (Spanish for 'Sacred Heart College'), but colloquially it continued to be known as *Colegio Seminario* (Spanish for 'Seminary College'). In 1922, it stopped being a theology school to train priests, remaining only a school for boys, which caused the number of students to increase.

In 1952 the first female teachers were hired, and in 1966 the first female students were admitted to high school, becoming a co-educational school. In 2010 the school was renamed again to *Colegio Seminario* (Spanish for 'Seminary College').

Since July 2021, the school's rector is S.J. Alvaro Pacheco.

## Campus

The Colegio Seminario is housed in a building built in the 1870s and located in the Cordón neighborhood of Montevideo. The school's complex also includes the Sacred Heart Church, which is used for various school functions.

## Activities

The Seminario Club is a social and sports club that brings together the school's educational community. It competes in rugby, hockey, soccer, handball, basketball and volleyball, and is part of several sports federations.

## Notable alumni

1. "Colegio Seminario - Historia". *www.seminario.edu.uy*. Archived from the original on 2023-10-04. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
2. Uruguayo, Correo (2007-07-15). "Commemorative stamp for the 125 years of the Seminario Sschool, Correo Uruguayo". Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
3. "Historia Del Colegio Seminario - Resumen | PDF | Sociedad de jesus | Seminario". *Scribd*. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
4. "El Colegio Seminario cumple 125 años con gran programa de festejos". *EL PAIS*. 2005-07-26. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
5. Colegio Seminario - Ratio 2030
6. "NOMBRAMIENTO DEL NUEVO RECTOR". *www.seminario.edu.uy*. Archived from the original on 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
7. Redacción. "Papa Francisco nombró obispo de San José al rector del Colegio Seminario". *El Observador*. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
8. Redacción. "¿Cuáles son los colegios privados más buscados por los uruguayos?". *El Observador*. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
9. "Institutes of consecrated life in Uruguay". Archdiocese of Montevideo. Retrieved 30 March 2013. (in Spanish)
10. "Expresidente Lacalle estaría inmiscuido en un plan para "frenar" gobiernos progresistas en Latinoamérica". *LARED21* (in Spanish). 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
11. "Perfil de Daniel Martínez, nuevo intendente de Montevideo". *Teledoce.com* (in Spanish). 2015-05-07. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
12. "A 80 años del nacimiento de Luis Pérez Aguirre y a 20 años de su muerte". *LARED21* (in Spanish). 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
13. "Un club de fútbol en memoria de Numa Turcatti". *Portal Medios Públicos* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-11.

34°54′28″S 56°11′01″W / 34.9077°S 56.1835°W / -34.9077; -56.1835

## InfoBox

| Seminario School
Colegio Seminario | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Montevideo
Uruguay | |
| Information | |
| Former name | Sacred Heart College |
| Type | Private Catholic co-educational day school |
| Motto | Ut Serviam |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic (Jesuit) |
| Patron saint(s) | Sacred Heart |
| Established | March 1880, 1 (1-03-1880) |
| Rector | S.J. Alvaro Pacheco |
| Enrollment | 1,845 (2005) |
| Color(s) | Blue   and   White |
| Website | www.seminario.edu.uy/index.php/es/ |


title: Ring on Every Finger

abstract: "Ring on Every Finger" is a song recorded by American country music duo LoCash. It was released to radio on November 7, 2016 as the third single from The Fighters. The song was written by Jesse Frasure, Josh Kear and Thomas Rhett.

text:
# Ring on Every Finger

"**Ring on Every Finger**" is a song recorded by American country music duo LoCash. It was released to radio on November 7, 2016 as the third single from *The Fighters*. The song was written by Jesse Frasure, Josh Kear and Thomas Rhett.

## Content

The song is an ode to the narrator's lover, using "over-the-top, almost saccharine overtures to prove they’re worthy of this girl’s hand in marriage". Thomas Rhett wrote the song with the intention of including it on his 2015 album *Tangled Up*, but it did not make the cut. When Rhett wrote it, he originally conceived the song as having a Latin music sound, but LoCash and producer Lindsay Rimes changed it to a more mainstream country-pop arrangement.

## Critical reception

Billy Dukes of Taste of Country called the song "an infectious, melodic jam" and stated that "Lyrically the songwriters snap short, dynamic phrases into place like puzzle pieces."

## Music video

The duo released the song's music video in January 2017.

## Chart performance

## InfoBox

| "Ring on Every Finger" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by LoCash | |
| from the album  *The Fighters* | |
| Released | November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07) |
| Genre | Country, pop rock |
| Length | 3:34 |
| Label | Reviver |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Lindsay Rimes |
| LoCash singles chronology | |
| "I Know Somebody"
(2016) "**Ring on Every Finger**"
(2016) "Don't Get Better Than That"
(2018) | |


title: South Perrott

abstract: South Perrott is a village and civil parish in northwest Dorset, England, 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Crewkerne. In 2012 the estimated population of the parish was 220. Figures from the 2011 census have been published for South Perrott parish combined with the neighbouring parish of Chedington; the population in these areas was 367. The name Perrott comes from the River Parrett. The manor was held with North Perrott just over the border in Somerset. Immediately south of the church are some earthworks, the remains of the moated enclosures of Mohun Castle. A geophysical survey of this site was undertaken in 1996.

text:
# South Perrott

**South Perrott** is a village and civil parish in northwest Dorset, England, 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Crewkerne. In 2012 the estimated population of the parish was 220. Figures from the 2011 census have been published for South Perrott parish combined with the neighbouring parish of Chedington; the population in these areas was 367.

The name Perrott comes from the River Parrett.

The manor was held with North Perrott just over the border in Somerset.

Immediately south of the church are some earthworks, the remains of the moated enclosures of Mohun Castle. A geophysical survey of this site was undertaken in 1996.

## Religious sites

The Parish Church of St. Mary can be found in the southern part of the village. The church is cruciform in shape, with a prominent central tower that has a plain parapet and gargoyles. The central crossing, transepts, nave and west porch date from the 13th century, while the central tower was rebuilt in the 15th century. A chapel was added to the south side of the chancel in the 16th century. Between 1907 and 1913, the chancel and south chapel were rebuilt and a number of other changes made. In the north wall of the chancel there are two roundels of 18th century glass, one depicting the Crucifixion, the other the Last Supper. The weather vane on the tower takes the form of a copper cockerel. The Church is a Grade I listed building.

The tower contains six bells, the whole ring being cast by Mears and Stainbank at the Whitechapel foundry and dedicated in 1927 by Bishop Jocelyn, Archdeacon of Sherborne. The bell historian Christopher Dalton points out that this was the first complete ring of bells in Dorset cast by the Whitechapel foundry after it had adopted the true-harmonic principle of tuning (and only its third complete ring using this principle). Before the augmentation there were three bells, the lightest dated 1828 by John Kingston (Bridgewater), the second dated 1602 (inscribed: "ANNO DOMINI 1602 RP") with the tenor apparently from the same founder, but dated 1650. Dalton thinks that the latter may be an error for 1605, and concludes that they were both early works of Richard Purdue I of Stoford, Somerset.

Since 1979, St Mary's, South Perrott has been part of the Beaminster Area Team Ministry (Diocese of Salisbury).

## InfoBox

| South Perrott | |
| --- | --- |
| South Perrott Church | |
| South PerrottLocation within Dorset | |
| Population | 220 |
| Civil parish | * South Perrott |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Beaminster |
| Postcode district | DT8 |
|  | |
| Police | Dorset |
| Fire | Dorset and Wiltshire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|