title: Claudio Forrosuelo

abstract: Claudio Forrosuelo was a Philippine Army enlisted trooper and a posthumous recipient of the Philippines' highest military award for courage, the Medal of Valor.

text:
# Claudio Forrosuelo

**Claudio Forrosuelo** was a Philippine Army enlisted trooper and a posthumous recipient of the Philippines' highest military award for courage, the Medal of Valor.

## Action against Moro secessionists

Sergeant Forrosuelo was a member of the 8th Scout Ranger Company of the Philippine Army which saw combat during the 6-month campaign of the Armed Forces of the Philippines against the secessionist Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2000. Forrosuelo's 80-man unit engaged a force of MILF rebels numbering approximately 500 fighters in Matanog, Maguindanao on 3 May 2000.

Pinned down by enemy fire and incurring numerous casualties, the government security forces were almost out-flanked. Forrosuelo led an assault on the well-entrenched MILF forces that allowed the evacuation of the wounded soldiers. He then elected to stay behind and along with five others, delayed the enemy counter-attack. He was killed in action. Forrosuelo was conferred the Medal of Valor in 2001.

### Medal of Valor citation

**SERGEANT CLAUDIO FORROSUELO 737647 PA**
Matanog, Maguindanao - 3 May 2000
> "For acts of conspicuous courage, gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty while serving as member of the 8th Scout Ranger Company, 2nd Scout Ranger Battalion, 1st Scout Ranger Regiment, Special Operations Command, Philippine Army during an encounter with more or less 500 Moro Islamic Liberation Front rebels at vicinity of Matanog, Maguindanao on or about 030530 May 2000.
>
> Aware of the overwhelming number of the enemy, lack of close air support and possible reinforcements and considering that all other operating units are likewise heavily engaged with the enemy forces, his platoon fiercely engaged the enemies. Outnumbered and outgunned by a numerically superior forces occupying a well-entrenched, fortified and reinforced concrete bunkers, the operating troops were pinned down in their positions. As a result, the government troops suffered a considerable number of casualties to include 37 wounded. Sensing the superiority of the enemies who were on the verge of out flanking the troops, he led the team of his company to a daring and decisive tactical assault on the well entrenched enemy position in order to ease the pressure from the troops and allow them to extricate their wounded comrades. While leading the most forward element of the Battalion, he courageously held the ground and fought the enemy along with other members of his platoon in a close battle while providing accurate cover fires in order to prevent the enemy from enveloping the troops. During the fierce encounter, the enemy sustained more casualties than the government troops. However, the courage and valor of SERGEANT FORRUSUELO is not measured by the number of enemies killed and wounded alone, but rather by the number of his fellow soldier he saved.
>
> By this display of heroism and selflessness in the highest order, giving up his life so that others may live, SERGEANT FORRUSUELO had incomparably distinguished himself in combat which is in keeping with the finest tradition of Filipino soldier."

## Personal life

Sergeant Forrosuelo's youngest child Precious Jewel Forrosuelo was 8 years old at the time of his death. She graduated from the Philippine Military Academy in March 2014, making history as the first ever offspring of a Medal of Valor awardee to graduate from the PMA. A week after her graduation, she was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Philippine Army.

## Commemoration

In August 2016, the legislative body of Tagum, Davao del Norte, Forrosuelo's birthplace, adopted a resolution granting him a posthumous award for the same actions that earned him the Medal of Valor.

## InfoBox

| Claudio Forrosuelo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Tagum, Philippines |
| Died | 3 May 2000
Matanog, Maguindanao |
| Allegiance | Philippines |
| Service/branch | Philippine Army |
| Rank | Technical Sergeant |
| Service number | 737647 |
| Unit | 8th Scout Ranger Company,
2nd Scout Ranger Battalion,
1st Scout Ranger Regiment |
| Battles/wars | Moro conflict
2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front |
| Awards | Medal of Valor |


title: Solar power in Spain

text:
# Solar power in Spain

Spain is one of the first countries to deploy large-scale solar photovoltaics, and is the world leader in concentrated solar power (CSP) production.

In 2022, the cumulative total solar power installed was 19.5 GW, of which 17.2 GW were solar PV installations and 2.3 GW were concentrated solar power. In 2016, nearly 8 TWh of electrical power was produced from photovoltaics, and 5 TWh from CSP plants.

In 2022, solar power accounted for 11.5% of total electricity generation in Spain, up from 2.4% in 2010 and less than 0.1% in 2000. Industry organization Solar Power Europe projects Spain will more than double its solar PV capacity between 2022 and 2026.

Spain is one of the European countries with the most hours of sunshine.

The country initially had a leading role in the development of solar power. Generous prices for grid connected solar power were offered to encourage the industry. The boom in solar power installations were faster than anticipated and prices for grid connected solar power were not cut to reflect this, leading to a fast but unsustainable boom in installations. Spain would find itself second only to Germany in the world for solar power installed capacity. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Spanish government drastically cut its subsidies for solar power and capped future increases in capacity at 500 MW per year, with effects upon the industry worldwide. Between 2012 and 2016, new installations stagnated in Spain while growth accelerated in other leading countries leaving Spain to lose much of its world leading status to countries such as Germany, China and Japan. The controversial "sun tax" and intimidating regulation surrounding solar self consumption introduced in 2015 were only begun to be repealed in late 2018 by the new government.

As a legacy from Spain's earlier development of solar power, the country remains a world leader in concentrated solar power, accounting for almost a third of solar power installed capacity in the country, a much higher ratio than that for other countries as of 2017. Many large concentrated solar power stations remain active in Spain and may have provided some of the impetus for large CSP developments in neighbouring Morocco. In 2017 Spain held large auctions for renewable energy capacity to be constructed by 2020: PV and wind projects each won 4 GW.

The 2020s are seeing a large increase in solar installations in Spain; following three years of strong growth, the country's updated 2023 National Energy and Climate Plan anticipates solar PV capacity reaching 76 GW by 2030.

## Installed capacity

5,000  10,000  15,000  20,000    2006  2010  2015  2020  2022     Installed Capacity (MW)        Solar PV        Solar thermal

Installed capacity grew rapidly until 2013. Between 2013 and 2018 growth was negligible in Spain, and the country fell behind many other European countries in the development of capacity, though it retained its leading position in the deployment of solar thermal power. Growth resumed again after 2018.

Installed solar generation capacity (MW)
|  | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Solar PV\* | 125 | 637 | 3,355 | 3,399 | 3,840 | 4,261 | 4,561 | 4,639 | 4,646 | 4,656 | 4,669 | 4,688 | 4,707 | 8,711 | 11,669 | 15,286 | 18,164 |
| Solar thermal | 11 | 11 | 61 | 232 | 532 | 999 | 1,950 | 2,304 | 2,304 | 2,304 | 2.304 | 2,304 | 2,304 | 2,304 |  |  |  |
| **Total** | **136** | **648** | **3,416** | **3,631** | **4,372** | **5,260** | **6,511** | **6,943** | **6,950** | **6,960** | **6.973** | **6,992** | **7,011** | **11,015** |  |  |  |
| \*Solar PV figures include only grid-connected capacity. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Timeline of developments

### 2004

Through a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to the connection of renewable energy technologies to the electricity grid. The Royal Decree 436/2004 equalised conditions for large-scale solar thermal and photovoltaic plants and guaranteed feed-in tariffs.

### 2008

Spain added a record 2.6 GW of solar photovoltaic power in 2008, a figure almost five times that of the next record year, increasing capacity to 3.5 GW. Spain surpassed both Japan and the United States in 2008 as the number two market as measured by cumulative installed PV capacity behind the world leader at the time Germany, accounting for 24% of global PV capacity. PV capacity added during 2008 would still account for more than half of total capacity as of 2016. In 2008 the Spanish government committed to achieving a target of 12% of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010 and by 2020 expected the installed solar generating capacity of 10 GW.

### 2010–2011

Since 2010, Spain has been the world's leader in concentrated solar power (CSP). Spain is leapfrogged by Italy during 2011 following a later solar boom there to lose its position as the world's second largest installer of solar PV.

### 2012

By the end of 2012, 4.5 GW of solar photovoltaics had been installed, and in that year 8.2 TWh of electricity was produced. New installations of solar photovoltaics have slowed down significantly to around 300 MW during 2012. By the end of 2012 Spain had also installed over 2,000 MW of CSP.

### 2014–2016

Almost no new solar capacity is added during this period following the removal of government feed-in tariffs. Having promoted the solar industry with large government subsidies during earlier periods, the system now operates under a 180-degree turn with a punitive 'sun tax' applied to new PV systems which would otherwise flourish. Spain has been cited as a model in how not to develop renewables. The hoped for growth in self consumption solar generation during 2016 fails to materialise due to delays to reforms following the extended time taken to form a government, albeit with just one party opposed to reforms in this area.

### 2017

In May 2017, Spain held an auction for new renewable capacity to be online by 2020. Solar projects won only 1 MW of the 3000 MW awarded. After complaints by the solar industry which felt the auction terms favoured wind power, another auction occurred in July. In this auction, solar projects received 3,909 MW and wind received 1,128 MW. Financing, land acquisition and solar panel price fluctuations could reduce the actual amount of solar power installed.

### 2018

A new sector of the market begins to make headway in the Spanish market following the easing of regulations on self consumption generation. 261.7 MW of new solar power was installed, of which just 26 MW were connected to the grid and the remainder, 235.7 MW being self-generating installations. It is expected that this could increase to 300 to 400 MW per year following further easing of regulations in May 2018. Renewable energy auctions held in the previous year have yet to show much impact on grid connected capacity but expected to make a considerable change during 2019. According to industry sources the 3.9 GW tendered through government auctions has been dwarfed by huge merchant and power purchase agreements bringing the combined total under consideration to 29 GW. The re-emerging boom in Spanish solar PV is not being driven by subsidies or government tenders but as a result of solar being a highly cost effective proposition for electricity needs.

### 2023

Spain is poised to become a major contributor to Europe's renewable energy landscape, supported by its robust solar potential and favorable market conditions. In 2023, Spain is on track to increase its solar capacity by 4 GW. The country also has ambitions to install an additional 19 GW of new capacity between 2022 and 2025, which would make it home to the largest solar pipeline in Europe. However, Spain grapples with lengthy permitting processes, which can take up to five years, posing a significant hurdle to project development. To address this challenge, the government introduced new regulations in March 2023, streamlining permitting for projects below 150 MW capacity and with low or medium environmental impact. These measures aim to reduce permitting times to approximately two years.

## Solar thermal power plants

**Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants list**
| Name of Plant |
Net Power
MW(e) | GW·h
/year | Capacity
factor | Completed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PS10 | 10 | 23.4 | 0.24 | 2007 |
| Andasol 1 | 50 | 165 | 0.41 | 2008 |
| PS20 | 20 | 48 | 0.27 | 2009 |
| Eureka | 2 |  |  | 2009, June |
| Andasol 2 | 50 |  |  | 2009 |
| Puerto Errado 1 | 1.5 |  |  | 2009 |
| Puertollano | 50 |  |  | 2009 |
| La Risca | 50 |  |  | 2009 |
| Extresol 1 | 50 |  |  | 2010 |
| Extresol 2 | 50 |  |  | 2010 |
| La Florida | 50 |  |  | 2010, July |
| Majadas | 50 |  |  | 2010, August |
| Solnova 1 | 50 |  |  | 2010 |
| Solnova 3 | 50 |  |  | 2010 |
| Alvarado I | 50 |  |  | 2010 |
| Solnova 4 | 50 |  |  | 2010 |
| La Dehesa | 50 |  |  | 2010, November |
| Palma del Rio 2 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Manchasol 1 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Manchasol 2 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Gemasolar | 20 |  |  | 2011 |
| Palma del Rio 1 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Lebrija 1 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Andasol 3 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Helioenergy 1 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Astexol 3 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Arcosol 50 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Termosol 50 | 50 |  |  | 2011 |
| Helioenergy 2 | 50 |  |  | 2012 |
| Valle 1 | 50 | 170 |  | 2012 |
| Valle 2 | 50 | 170 |  | 2012 |
| Puerto Errado 2 | 30 |  |  | 2012 |
| Aste 1A | 50 |  |  | 2012 |
| Aste 1B | 50 |  |  | 2012 |
| Moron | 50 |  |  | 2012 |
| Helios 1 | 50 |  |  | 2012, May |
| Solaben 3 | 50 |  |  | 2012, June |
| Guzman | 50 |  |  | 2012, July |
| La Africana | 50 |  |  | 2012, July |
| Olivenza 1 | 50 |  |  | 2012, July |
| Helios 2 | 50 |  |  | 2012, August |
| Extresol 3 | 50 |  |  | 2012, August |
| Orellana | 50 |  |  | 2012, August |
| Solaben 2 | 50 |  |  | 2012, October |
| Solarcor 1 | 50 |  |  | 2012 |
| Solarcor 2 | 50 |  |  | 2012 |
| Termosolar Borges | 25 |  |  | 2012, December |

In March 2007, Europe's first commercial concentrating solar power tower plant was opened near the sunny Andalusian city of Seville. The 11 MW plant, known as the PS10 solar power tower, produces electricity with 624 large heliostats. Each of these mirrors has a surface measuring 120 square meters (1,290 square feet) that concentrates the Sun's rays to the top of a 115-meter (377 feet) high tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity.

The Andasol 1 solar power station is Europe's first parabolic trough commercial power plant (50 MWe), located near Guadix in the province of Granada, also in Andalusia (the plant is named after the region). The Andasol 1 power plant went online in November 2008, and has a thermal storage system which absorbs part of the heat produced in the solar field during the day. This heat is then stored in a molten salt mixture and used to generate electricity during the night, or when the sky is overcast.

A 15 MWe solar-only power tower plant, the Solar Tres project, is in the hands of the Spanish company SENER, employing molten salt technologies for receiving and energy storage. Its 16-hour molten salt storage system will be able to deliver power around the clock. The Solar Tres project has received a €5 million grant from the EC's Fifth Framework Programme.

Solar thermal power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in prosperous areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain. Using thermal energy storage systems, solar thermal operating periods can even be extended to meet base-load needs.

Abengoa Solar began commercial operation of a 20-megawatt solar power tower plant near Seville in late April 2009. Called the PS20, the plant uses a field of 1,255 flat mirrors, or heliostats, to concentrate sunlight on a receiver mounted on a central tower. Water pumped up the tower and through the receiver boils into steam, which is then directed through a turbine to produce electricity. The new facility is located adjacent to one with half its capacity, called PS10, which was the world's first commercial solar power tower plant. According to Abengoa Solar, the new facility is exceeding its predicted power output.

## Photovoltaics

### Solar PV market segmentation

| Installed PV capacity in Spain by class size in 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| \<10 kW | 2% |
| 10-100 kW | 27% |
| 100-500 kW | 43% |
| \>500 kW | 28% |

Utility scale solar PV dominated the cumulative installed capacity in 2018 accounting for over 75% of the total in Spain although some sources would not define smaller sized installations as utility scale. Only 2% of Spain's installations in 2017 were in the size typical for residential rooftop solar. This is typically the situation in European countries which had a short-term generous feed in their tariff system with little attention to policy consistency and scale of installations. As of 2018, 19% of Europe's cumulative PV capacity was installed on residential rooftops, and about 30% on commercial roofs, while the industrial segment accounted for 17%, and the utility market for 34%.

The government projects an increase in solar PV capacity by approximately 30 GW, rising from 9 GW in 2020 to 21.7 GW by 2025, and reaching 39.2 GW by 2030.

#### Residential solar PV capacity

According to a report on behalf of the European Commission Spain had just 49 MW of residential solar PV capacity with just 12,000 residential solar PV prosumers in the country representing only 0.1% of households as of 2015. The average size of residential solar PV installations in Spain moving forwards to 2030 is 3.94 kW. The technical potential for residential solar PV in Spain is estimated at 13,620 MW. The United Kingdom, a relative latecomer to Solar PV development, had 2,499 MW of residential solar PV installed as of 2015.

#### Large PV roofs

Selected Large Photovoltaic Roofs in Spain
| Location | Organisation
(linked) | Online | Capacity
(MW) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Figueruelas* | GM facility | 2008 | 11.8 |
| *Martorell* | Seat al Sol, SEAT facility | 2010–2013 | 11.0 |
| *Castala* | Actiu Technology Park | 2008 | 5.2 |

At the time of opening, the General Motors facility at Figueruelas was the world's largest photovoltaic (PV) roof, consisting of 85,000 lightweight panels, thereby reducing annual carbon dioxide emissions by 6,700 tonnes per year. GM planned to install solar panels at eleven other plants across Europe.

#### Utility-scale systems

**Spain's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants**
| Name of Plant | DC
Peak Power (MW) | GW·h/year | Capacity factor | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Núñez de Balboa Photovoltaic Power Plant | 500 |  |  | Commissioned April 2020 |
| Mula Photovoltaic Power Plant | 494 |  |  | Completed July 2019 |
| Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park | 60 | 85 | 0.16 | Completed September 2008 |
| Puertollano Photovoltaic Park | 47 |  |  | 2008 |
| Planta Solar La Magascona & La Magasquila | 34.5 |  |  |  |
| Planta Solar Dulcinea | 31.8 |  |  | Completed 2009 |
| Merida/Don Alvaro Solar Park | 30 |  |  | Completed September 2008 |
| Planta Solar Ose de la Vega | 30 |  |  |  |
| Arnedo Solar Plant | 30 |  |  | Completed October 2008 |
| Merida/Don Alvaro Solar Park | 30 |  |  | Completed September 2008 |
| Planta Fotovoltaico Casas de Los Pinos | 28 |  |  |  |
| Planta solar Fuente Álamo | 26 | 44 | 0.19 |  |
| Planta fotovoltaica de Lucainena de las Torres | 23.2 |  |  | Completed August 2008 |
| Parque Fotovoltaico Abertura Solar | 23.1 | 47 | 0.23 |  |
| Parque Solar Hoya de Los Vicentes | 23 | 41 | 0.20 |  |
| Huerta Solar Almaraz | 22.1 |  |  | Completed September 2008 |
| Parque Solar El Coronil 1 | 21.4 |  |  |  |
| Solarpark Calveron | 21.2 | 40 | 0.22 |  |
| El Bonillo Solar Park | 20 |  |  | Completed October 2008 |
| Huerta Solar Almaraz | 20 |  |  | Completed September 2008 |
| Granadilla de Abona Photovoltaic Park | 20 |  |  | Completed 2008 |
| Planta solar fotovoltaico Calasparra | 20 |  |  |  |
| Planta Solar La Magascona | 20 | 42 | 0.24 |  |
| Beneixama photovoltaic power plant | 20 | 30 | 0.17 | Tenesol, Aleo, and Solon SE solar modules with Q-Cells |
| Planta de energía solar Mahora | 15 |  |  | Completed September 2008 |
| Planta Solar de Salamanca | 13.8 | n.a. |  | 70,000 Kyocera panels |
| Parque Solar Guadarranque | 13.6 | 20 | 0.17 |  |
| Lobosillo Solar Park | 12.7 | n.a. |  | Chaori and YingLi modules |
| Parque Solar Fotovoltaico Villafranca | 12 |  |  | High concentration PV technology |
| Monte Alto photovoltaic power plant | 9.5 | 14 | 0.17 |  |
| Viana Solar Park | 8.7 | 11 | 0.14 |  |

Photovoltaics (PV) convert sunlight into electricity and many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built in Spain. As of November 2010, the largest PV power plants in Spain include the Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park (60 MW), Puertollano Photovoltaic Park (47.6 MW), Planta Solar La Magascona & La Magasquila (34.5 MW), Arnedo Solar Plant (34 MW), and Planta Solar Dulcinea (31.8 MW).

BP Solar begun constructing a new solar photovoltaic cell manufacturing plant at its European headquarters in Tres Cantos, Madrid. For phase one of the Madrid expansion, BP Solar aimed to expand its annual cell capacity from 55 MW to around 300 MW. Construction of this facility was underway, with the first manufacturing line expected to be fully operational in 2009. The new cell lines would use innovative screen-printing technology. By fully automating wafer handling, the manufacturing lines would be able to handle the very thinnest of wafers available and ensure the highest quality. Thin wafers are of particular importance since there has been a silicon shortage in recent years. However, after the new national law limiting installed power by year, in April 2009 BP Solar closed its factories.

Since the beginning of 2007, Aleo Solar AG has also been manufacturing high-quality solar modules for the Spanish market at its own factory in Santa Maria de Palautordera near Barcelona. In 2014 SITECNO S.A. took over this facility

### Regional PV distribution

Installed PV capacity in megawatts
| Autonomous Communities | 2010 | 2011 | 2022 | Watts per
capita (2022) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Andalusia | 765 | 822 | 4,163 | 488 |
| Aragon | 142 | 146 | 1,851 | 1,408 |
| Asturias | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |
| Balearic Islands | 60 | 66 | 225 | 183 |
| Basque Country | 20 | 23 | 51 | 23 |
| Canary Islands | 133 | 138 | 212 | 94 |
| Cantabria | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Castile-La Mancha | 897 | 923 | 4,048 | 1,974 |
| Castile and León | 410 | 467 | 1,438 | 605 |
| Catalonia | 202 | 234 | 295 | 38 |
| Ceuta and Melilla | 0.1 | 0.1 |  |
| Community of Madrid | 38 | 48 | 63 | 9 |
| Extremadura | 492 | 558 | 5,347 | 5,076 |
| Galicia | 10 | 12 | 18 | 6 |
| La Rioja | 83 | 89 | 99 | 313 |
| Navarre | 142 | 155 | 166 | 251 |
| Region of Murcia | 357 | 404 | 1,384 | 908 |
| Valencian Community | 277 | 313 | 419 | 82 |
| Source: | | | | |

## Policies, laws and incentives

### New technical building code

In 2006, Spain implemented a regulatory instrument of national jurisdiction promulgated by the Royal Decree 314/2006 referred to as the technical building code (TBC or CTE in Spanish) to regulate the basic quality requirements of buildings and their respective installations concerning thermal and photovoltaic solar energy. It applies to new constructions as well as any modifications made on any existing building with the final goal to guarantee and promote the use of renewable sources of energy.

Concerning thermosolar energy, Spain was the first country in Europe to enforce the integration of solar thermal systems in new constructed or refurnished buildings to cover from 30 to 70% of the Domestic Hot Water (DHW) demand. Article 15.4 of the TBC states that "buildings with foreseen demand for hot water or the conditioning of a covered swimming pool, part of the thermal energy needs shall be covered by incorporating systems for the collection, storage and use of low temperature solar energy \[...\]".

In relation to Photovoltaic power, Article 15.5 requires the incorporation of "systems for the collection and transformation of solar energy into electric power by photovoltaic processes for proprietary use or supply to the network". This policy triggered the production of this type of renewable energy positioning Spain on top of the largest producers of photovoltaic electricity in the world by 2009.

### Subsidy reductions

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Spanish government drastically cut its subsidies for solar power and capped future increases in capacity at 500 MW per year, with effects upon the industry worldwide. "The solar industry in 2009 has been undermined by \[a\] collapse in demand due to the decision by Spain", according to Henning Wicht, a solar-power analyst. In 2010, the Spanish government went further, retroactively cutting subsidies for existing solar projects, aiming to save several billion euro it owed. According to the Photovoltaic Industry Association, several hundred photovoltaic plant operators may face bankruptcy. Phil Dominy of Ernst & Young, comparing the feed-in tariff reductions in Germany and Italy, said; "Spain stands out as an example of how not to do it". As a result, a Spanish association of solar power producers has announced its intention to go to court over the government's plans to cap solar subsidies. In 2014 alternative energy group NextEra filed a complaint against Spain at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.

## Research and development

The Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA), part of the Center for Energy, Environment and Technological Research (CIEMAT), is a center for research, development, and testing of concentrating solar power technologies. ISFOC in Puertollano is a development institute for concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) which evaluates CPV technologies at the pilot production scale to optimise operation and determine cost. Technical University of Madrid has a photovoltaic research group.

*Solar Concentra* is the Spanish technology platform for concentrated solar power (CSP). It was created in 2010, and it combines the efforts of the different agents of the CSP sector in Spain.


title: Judo at the 2011 All-Africa Games

abstract: Judo at the 2011 All-Africa Games in Maputo, Mozambique was held on September 4–6, 2011.

text:
# Judo at the 2011 All-Africa Games

**Judo** at the **2011 All-Africa Games** in Maputo, Mozambique was held on September 4–6, 2011.

## Medal summary

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| −60 kg | Lyes Saker (ALG) | Eniafe Solomon (NGA) | Nayr Pedro (ANG)
Mohamed El Hadi Elkawisah (LBA) |
| −66 kg | Ahmed Awad (EGY) | Youcef Nouari (ALG) | Hocem Khalfaoui (TUN)
Siyabulela Mabulu (RSA) |
| −73 kg | Larbi Grini (ALG) | Gideon Van Zyl (RSA) | Hussein Hafiz (EGY)
Nsa Bassey-Isa (NGR) |
| −81 kg | Abderahmane Benamadi (ALG) | Ângelo António (ANG) | Jude Solomon (NGR)
Fetra Ratsimiziva (MAD) |
| −90 kg | Hesham Mesbah (EGY) | Lyes Bouyacoub (ALG) | Dieudonné Dolassem (CMR)
Kinapeya Kone (CIV) |
| −100 kg | Franck Moussima (CMR) | Ramadan Darwish (EGY) | Kambere SHabani (COD)
Yacine Meskine (ALG) |
| +100 kg | Faicel Jaballah (TUN) | Islam El Shebaby (EGY) | Joseph Bebeze (CMR)
Bilal Zouani (ALG) |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| −48 kg | Amani Khalfaoui (TUN) | Sandrine Ilendou (GAB) | Franka Audu (NGA)
Sabrina Saidi (ALG) |
| −52 kg | Soraya Haddad (ALG) | Ngandeu Weyinjam (CMR) | Victoria Agbodobiri (NGA)
Sando Esther (ZAM) |
| −57 kg | Nesria Jelassi (TUN) | Hortense Diedhiou (SEN) | Grace Deutcho (CMR)
Raissa Lebomie (NGR) |
| −63 kg | Séverine Nébié (BFA) | Esther Augustyne (NGR) | Saidi Kahina (ALG)
Fary Seye (SEN) |
| −70 kg | Houda Miled (TUN) | Antónia Moreira (ANG) | Mbala Felicité (CMR)
Winifred Gofit (NGR) |
| −78 kg | Hana Mareghni (TUN) | Honorine Mafeguim (CMR) | Amina Temmar (ALG)
Georgette Sagna (CMR) |
| +78 kg | Nihel Cheikh Rouhou (TUN) | Sonia Asselah (ALG) | Monica Sagna (SEN)
Dechantal Fokou (CMR) |

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Tunisia | 6 | 0 | 1 | 7 |
| 2 | Algeria | 4 | 3 | 5 | 12 |
| 3 | Egypt | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | Cameroon | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
| 5 | Burkina Faso | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Nigeria | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 |
| 7 | Angola | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 8 | Senegal | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 9 | Gabon | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | South Africa | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 11 | DR Congo | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Ivory Coast | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Libya | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Madagascar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Zambia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (15 entries) | | 14 | 14 | 28 | 56 |

## InfoBox

| Judo
at the 2011 All-Africa Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Maputo |
| Location | Maputo, Mozambique |
| Dates | 4–6 September 2011 |
| Competition at external databases | |
| Links | JudoInside |
|


abstract: The Fairbanks Exploration Company Gold Dredge No. 5 was a historic gold mining dredge in a remote area of Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, north of the city of Fairbanks. It was last located on Upper Dome Creek, shortly northeast of the mouth of Seattle Creek, about 20 miles (32 km) north of Fairbanks, prior to its being scrapped c. 2012. The dredge was manufactured by the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1928, shipped in pieces to Alaska, and assembled by the Fairbanks Exploration Company on Cleary Creek, where it was used until 1942. It thereafter served on Eldorado Creek (1947–55) and Dome Creek (1955-59) before it was abandoned. The dredge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

text:
# Fairbanks Exploration Company Gold Dredge No. 5

The **Fairbanks Exploration Company Gold Dredge No. 5** was a historic gold mining dredge in a remote area of Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, north of the city of Fairbanks. It was last located on Upper Dome Creek, shortly northeast of the mouth of Seattle Creek, about 20 miles (32 km) north of Fairbanks, prior to its being scrapped c. 2012. The dredge was manufactured by the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1928, shipped in pieces to Alaska, and assembled by the Fairbanks Exploration Company on Cleary Creek, where it was used until 1942. It thereafter served on Eldorado Creek (1947–55) and Dome Creek (1955-59) before it was abandoned.

The dredge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| F.E. Company Gold Dredge No. 5 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Alaska Heritage Resources Survey | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | South bank of Upper Dome Creek, near the mouth of Seattle Creek |
| Nearest city | Fairbanks, Alaska |
| Coordinates | 65°1′47″N 147°34′35″W / 65.02972°N 147.57639°W / 65.02972; -147.57639 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1929 (1929) |
| Built by | Bethlehem Steel Company |
| Demolished | c. 2012 |
| NRHP reference No. | 04000186 |
| AHRS No. | LIV-00111 |
| Added to NRHP | March 18, 2004 |


title: Don't Stop the Dance

abstract: "Don't Stop the Dance" is a song by English singer Bryan Ferry from his sixth solo studio album, Boys and Girls (1985). It was released as the album's second single. The track was written and produced by Ferry and Rhett Davies. It made the top 20 of Billboard's Album Rock play list and reached number 26 on the Adult Contemporary chart. An accompanying music video for "Don't Stop the Dance" was directed by John Scarlett Davis and featured the French model Laurence Treil and Louise King. The track has been remixed by several DJs.

text:
# Don't Stop the Dance

"**Don't Stop the Dance**" is a song by English singer Bryan Ferry from his sixth solo studio album, *Boys and Girls* (1985). It was released as the album's second single. The track was written and produced by Ferry and Rhett Davies. It made the top 20 of *Billboard*'s Album Rock play list and reached number 26 on the Adult Contemporary chart.

An accompanying music video for "Don't Stop the Dance" was directed by John Scarlett Davis and featured the French model Laurence Treil and Louise King.

The track has been remixed by several DJs.

## Promotional video

The music video begins with various shots of theater lights, and then cuts to Laurence Treil's hips as she dances. The film shows scenes of her silhouette, then Ferry's face as he sings. Segments of old film of people dancing play behind both as the video continues, including women on the beach, chorus girls, ballet dancers, tap dancers and others. Treil seems to play a saxophone during David Sanborn's sax solo portion of the song.

One version of the video shows nude women on the beach, but a different edition shows women in 1920s bathing costumes. Stylization for the video was completed by fashion photographer Stevie Hughes.

## Remixes

In 2013 all-new remixes of "Don't Stop the Dance" were released, on three limited edition 12" vinyl, and as downloads. Remixers were Eric "Dunks" Duncan, Grasshopper, Greg Wilson & Derek Kaye, Idjut Boys, Punks Jump Up, Psychemagik, Sleazy McQueen, Space Coast and Todd Terje.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Don't Stop the Dance"
| Chart (1985) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 68 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 13 |
| Europe (European Top 100 Singles) | 25 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 8 |
| Italy (*Musica e dischi*) | 16 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 32 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 29 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 16 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 21 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 26 |
| US Dance Singles Sales (*Billboard*) | 30 |
| West Germany (Official German Charts) | 45 |

## InfoBox

| "Don't Stop the Dance" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Bryan Ferry | |
| from the album  *Boys and Girls* | |
| Released | 16 August 1985 |
| Genre | Sophisti-pop |
| Length | 4:19 |
| Label | E.G. |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Bryan Ferry * Rhett Davies |
| Bryan Ferry singles chronology | |
| "Slave to Love"
(1985) "**Don't Stop the Dance**"
(1985) "Windswept"
(1985) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Don't Stop the Dance" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Centre Party (Rhodesia)

abstract: The Centre Party (CP) was a liberal political party in Rhodesia. Founded in 1968, it was a multiracial party opposed to the policies of the country's Rhodesian Front-dominated white minority government. It dissolved in 1977. In 1968, a group of white Rhodesians, many of whom were associated with opposition leader Sir Edgar Whitehead, decided to reorganize. Led by Pat Bashford, they founded the Centre Party, a multiracial party opposed to Prime Minister Ian Smith's ruling Rhodesian Front. Its platform supported a non-racial franchise and elimination of racial discrimination. The party never gained any white seats in Parliament, but in 1970 seven black members were elected. The Centre Party's support for the 1972 Pearce Commission proposals eroded its support among blacks, many of whom left and joined the African National Council. In 1977, the party merged with the Rhodesia Party to form the National Unifying Force.

text:
# Centre Party (Rhodesia)

The **Centre Party** (**CP**) was a liberal political party in Rhodesia. Founded in 1968, it was a multiracial party opposed to the policies of the country's Rhodesian Front-dominated white minority government. It dissolved in 1977.

In 1968, a group of white Rhodesians, many of whom were associated with opposition leader Sir Edgar Whitehead, decided to reorganize. Led by Pat Bashford, they founded the Centre Party, a multiracial party opposed to Prime Minister Ian Smith's ruling Rhodesian Front. Its platform supported a non-racial franchise and elimination of racial discrimination. The party never gained any white seats in Parliament, but in 1970 seven black members were elected. The Centre Party's support for the 1972 Pearce Commission proposals eroded its support among blacks, many of whom left and joined the African National Council. In 1977, the party merged with the Rhodesia Party to form the National Unifying Force.

## History

### Background

Following the dissolution of the Rhodesia Party and the United Federal Party, and the rise of the right-wing Rhodesian Front, Rhodesian moderates and liberals were a disorganized and uninfluential political minority. While forming an opposition was a topic of discussion among whites, it did not come to fruition until the founding of the Centre Party. Three years before the party's founding Rhodesia made its Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom, and the country's unrecognized white minority government maintained power through strict requirements for voters that most blacks did not meet.

### Founding

The Centre Party was founded on 28 August 1968 by a group of white Rhodesians seeking to recreate a viable opposition to the ruling Rhodesian Front. The new party was multiracial, and its initial platform supported universal franchise for blacks, the proposed Land Apportionment Act, and the elimination of blatant examples of racial discrimination. Pat Bashford, the Centre Party's founder and leader, was strongly opposed to UDI, Prime Minister Ian Smith, and Rhodesian Front's racial policies. Notable early members of the party included Nicholas McNally, future justice of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe, Sam Putterill, former commander of the Rhodesian Security Forces, and activist Diana Mitchell, a co-founder who became the party's press and public relations officer.

### Growth and 1970 elections

Later, the Rhodesian Constitutional Association, composed of former Rhodesia Party and United Federal Party members, merged into the Centre Party. At the party's inaugural congress, only 200 attended, while 450 attendees were expected. After receiving criticism for the congress's poor attendance, Bashford responded that he believed the Centre Party would be the future of liberalism in Rhodesia. However, the party remained small and was unable to garner significant white support, possibly because of the party's liberal image. In the period leading up the 1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum, the Centre Party urged a "no" vote, believing that the new constitution would hurt the chance of reaching a settlement with the United Kingdom. In the run-up to the vote, the party had commissioned a professionally conducted public opinion survey, which found that the white population largely supported the new constitution, which would set up a republican form of government in Rhodesia.

Though the survey results showed that the Centre Party's position was not popular among voters, the party still decided to pursue seats in Parliament in the upcoming 1970 elections. In those elections, the Centre Party put up candidates for 16 of the 50 contested "European seats" (those reserved for whites), and ran candidates for all 8 of the "African", or black, seats. The party did not win any of the white constituencies, but drew on middle class black support and won 7 of the 8 black seats in Parliament, receiving the largest share of African roll votes. The Centre Party MPs elected in 1970 were: Edward Watunga (Harare), Lewis Ndhlovu (Insukamini), Lazarus Masenda (Mabvazuwa), Wening Moraka (Matojeni), Lwazi Mahlangu (Mpopoma), Ronnie Sadomba (Nemakonde), and Micah Bhebe (Ntshonalanga). By 1971, the party reached its peak support, with about 60 local branches in the black Tribal Trust Lands, not to mention branches in white areas. Ian Smith called it "the real opposition."

### Settlement issue and decline

In 1971, the issue of settlement proposals with the United Kingdom became a point of discord within the Centre Party. The November 1971 issue of the party newspaper *Centre-point* devoted half its content to speculations by various writers on the prospects of a settlement. That year, Ian Smith asked Bashford for the Centre Party's support in appealing to the British government to implement the terms of his settlement proposal. Bashford refused, due to the Rhodesian Front's continued racism, and because black African support for the proposal was low. However, by 1972, the Centre Party officially supported the settlement proposals after the Pearce Commission. The party's position on settlement was unpopular with black members, most of whom became disillusioned and turned their support toward the newly formed African National Council (ANC). Soon, even black party leaders began defecting. The deputy secretary for external affairs for the ANC said:

> "The Centre Party has no more African support. I was its general secretary and I should know. This party does not stand for Africans, but Europeans."

Some black Centre Party politicians tried to remain loyal, but faced violence from their fellow blacks, and were forced to back down. Percy Mkudu, a former MP and strong Central Party support, initially supported the settlement proposals but changed his position and began denouncing them after his businesses were attacked in January 1972. Ronnie Sadomba, a Centre Party MP, originally supported the proposals but resigned from the party in February 1972 when he realized he was an "obvious target". The Centre Party eventually abandoned support for the proposal, but had already lost most of its black support.

In the 1974 parliamentary elections, the Centre Party ran only five candidates, four of whom were black. Only one, Micah Bhebe, an African roll incumbent, retained his seat. Diana Mitchell, though a Centre Party supporter, ran (unsuccessfully) as an independent candidate, frustrated by perceived sexism in the party.

In January 1977, the Centre Party merged with the revived Rhodesia Party and the National Pledge Association to form the National Unifying Force as the country's main opposition.

## Ideology

The Centre Party was moderate and liberal. Its founder Pat Bashford remarked in 1969 that "liberalism needed a home in Rhodesia and the Centre Party could provide it." The party was multiracial and opposed to racist policies espoused by the Rhodesian Front.

### Social policy

The party opposed white minority government in Rhodesia and racial discrimination, and supported equality before the law and improved education for black citizens.

### Economic and land policy

The party supported private enterprise and restricting bureaucratic interference in the economy. They were opposed to the Land Tenure Act, which awarded a disproportionate amount of Rhodesia's land to the white minority over blacks. The party believed that within the Tribal Trust Lands, the authority of tribal chiefs in traditional matters should be respected.

## Structure

The party was headed by a leader, or president, Pat Bashford. Charles Lazarus was the deputy leader. From 1969 to 1976, an annual party congress was held. Bashford resigned in 1975.

The party published a monthly *Centre Party Newsletter* from January 1974 to June 1977. A party newspaper, *Centre-point*, was also published.

## Voter base

The Centre Party was a multiracial party, though its leadership and a disproportionate amount of its voter base were white. By 1971, the party had gained significant black support, with 60 local branches in black tribal areas. The Centre Party was strongest in urban areas. By 1972, the party lost much of its black support over the settlement proposal issue, and was left with mostly a white membership. The party never gained more than 3,000 members.

1. Good, Robert C. (8 March 2015). *U.D.I: The International Politics of the Rhodesian Rebellion*. Princeton University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9781400869176.
2. "Centre Party (Rhodesia); papers - Archives Hub". Retrieved 7 December 2017.
3. White, Matthew C. (1 January 1978). *Smith of Rhodesia*. Printpak. p. 7. ISBN 9780909238360.
4. "Images from the papers of Zimbabwean political activist Diana Mitchell | Hoover Institution". *Hoover Institution*. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
5. Dickie, John; Rake, Alan (1973). *Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa*. African Development. p. 358. ISBN 9780950275505.
6. "Pat Bashford, Who Headed Party in Rhodesia, Is Dead". *The New York Times*. 11 September 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
7. Blair, David (4 March 2001). "Judge's departure edges Zimbabwe into despotism". *The Telegraph*. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
8. Williams, Gwyneth; Hackland, Brian (22 December 2015). *The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa*. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 9781317270805.
9. Wood, Jrt (2012). *So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965*. Trafford Publishing. p. 244. ISBN 9781466934085.
10. Gallagher, Julia (8 February 2016). "Diana Mitchell obituary". *The Guardian*. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
11. *Zimbabwe, May 1980*. Australian Government Publishing Service. 1980. p. 153. ISBN 9780642048530.
12. Bashford, Thomas H. P. (1971). "Polarization in Rhodesia". *The World Today*. **27** (5): 228–230. JSTOR 40394506.
13. Davies, Dorothy Keyworth (1975). *Race Relations in Rhodesia: A Survey for 1972-73*. R. Collings. ISBN 9780901720566.
14. *Africa*. Routledge. 5 September 2013. ISBN 9781134705184.
15. Law, Kate (6 November 2015). *Gendering the Settler State: White Women, Race, Liberalism and Empire in Rhodesia, 1950–1980*. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 9781317425366.
16. Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C. (1998). *Political Handbook of the World 1998*. Springer. p. 1043. ISBN 9781349149513.
17. Council, African National (1974). *The Zimbabwe Exodus*. American University. p. 45.
18. *Africa Today*. Indiana University Press. 1975. p. 22.
19. White, Luise (23 March 2015). *Unpopular Sovereignty: Rhodesian Independence and African Decolonization*. University of Chicago Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780226235226.
20. Preston, Matthew (30 September 2004). *Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective*. I.B.Tauris. p. 133. ISBN 9780857712394.
21. *Blueprint for Rhodesia*. Salisbury, Rhodesia: Centre Party. 1969.
22. "Zimbabwe: The Late Centre Party Leader Who Was Demoted for Liking Blacks". *Zimbabwe Standard (Harare)*. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2017.

## InfoBox

| Centre Party | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Leader | Pat Bashford |
| Deputy Leader | Charles Lazarus |
| Founded | 28 August 1968 (1968-08-28) |
| Dissolved | January 1977 (1977-01) |
| Merger of | United Federal Party |
| Succeeded by | National Unifying Force |
| Headquarters | Salisbury, Rhodesia |
| Ideology | Anti-racism<br>Liberalism |
| Political position | Centre |
| Colors | Blue |
|  | |


title: Blondon Meyapya

abstract: Blondon Belanof Meyapya Fongain is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Red Star.

text:
# Blondon Meyapya

**Blondon Belanof Meyapya Fongain** (born 10 February 2001) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Red Star.

## Career

In 2022, Meyapya signed for French side Red Star. He was regarded as one of the club's most important players. He helped the club achieve promotion.

## Style of play

Meyapya mainly operates as a defender. He is known for his aerial ability.

## InfoBox

Blondon Meyapya
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Blondon Belanof Meyapya Fongain | | |
| Date of birth | (2001-02-10) 10 February 2001 | | |
| Place of birth | Cameroon | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Red Star | | |
| Number | 2 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 0000–2021 | Fauve Azur |  |  |
| 2021 | Angers B |  |  |
| 2022– | Red Star | 55 | (3) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Chlorophytum filipendulum

abstract: Chlorophytum filipendulum is a species of flowering plant in the Asparagaceae family. It is native to a variety of habitats across large areas of Equatorial Africa.

text:
# Chlorophytum filipendulum

***Chlorophytum filipendulum*** is a species of flowering plant in the Asparagaceae family. It is native to a variety of habitats across large areas of Equatorial Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Chlorophytum filipendulum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Chlorophytum filipendulum* subsp. *amaniense* (Engl.) Nordal & A.D.Poulsen | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Agavoideae |
| Genus: | *Chlorophytum* |
| Species: | ***C. filipendulum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chlorophytum filipendulum***
Baker | |
|


title: Three Knights Game

abstract:
The Three Knights Game is a chess opening which most commonly begins with the moves:
  - 1. e4 e5
  - 2. Nf3 Nc6
  - 3. Nc3 In the Three Knights Game, Black chooses to break symmetry in order to avoid the main lines of what is often considered the drawish Four Knights Game after the usual 3...Nf6. The relevant ECO code is C46.

text:
# Three Knights Game

The **Three Knights Game** is a chess opening which most commonly begins with the moves:

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3

In the Three Knights Game, Black chooses to break symmetry in order to avoid the main lines of what is often considered the drawish Four Knights Game after the usual 3...Nf6.

The relevant *ECO* code is C46.

## Black's third move

After tries such as 3...d6 or 3...Be7, White can play 4.d4, leaving Black with a cramped position resembling Philidor's Defense. If Black plays 3...Bc5 instead, White can eliminate Black's outpost at e5: 4.Nxe5 Nxe5 5.d4 Bd6 6.dxe5 Bxe5. Since tournament praxis shows the line seems to favor White, Black usually plays 3...Bb4 or 3...g6, the **Steinitz Defense**. Continuations then are typically 3...Bb4 4.Nd5 and 3...g6 4.d4 exd4 5.Nd5.

Another alternative for Black is 3...f5!?  the **Winawer Defense** (or **Gothic Defense**). Then 4.Bb5 transposes into the Schliemann variation of the Ruy Lopez with 4.Nc3.

The Three Knights is almost never seen at master level nowadays, as Black players have sought more active tries, even within the Four Knights.

## Reversed knight position

The similar position with Black having moved ...Nf6 is called Petrov's Three Knights Game, although it too usually leads to the Four Knights Game.

## Example game

Rosenthal vs. Steinitz, 1873:

1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.Nf3 g6 4.d4 exd4 5.Nxd4 Bg7 6.Be3 Nge7 7.Bc4 d6 8.0-0 0-0 9.f4 Na5 10.Bd3 d5 11.exd5 Nxd5 12.Nxd5 Qxd5 13.c3 Rd8 14.Qc2 Nc4 15.Bxc4 Qxc4 16.Qf2 c5 17.Nf3 b6 18.Ne5 Qe6 19.Qf3 Ba6 20.Rfe1 f6 21.Ng4 h5 22.Nf2 Qf7 23.f5 g5 24.Rad1 Bb7 25.Qg3 Rd5 26.Rxd5 Qxd5 27.Rd1 Qxf5 28.Qc7 Bd5 29.b3 Re8 30.c4 Bf7 31.Bc1 Re2 32.Rf1 Qc2 33.Qg3 Qxa2 34.Qb8+ Kh7 35.Qg3 Bg6 36.h4 g4 37.Nd3 Qxb3 38.Qc7 Qxd3 0–1

* Raymond Keene, Garry Kasparov (1994) \[1989\]. *Batsford Chess Openings* (2nd ed.). B.T. Batsford Ltd. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.

## InfoBox

Three Knights Game
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Moves | 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 |
| *ECO* | C46 |
| Origin | Staunton–Cochrane, London, 1841 |
| Parent | King's Knight Opening |


title: Lepidochrysops phoebe

abstract: Lepidochrysops phoebe is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon.

text:
# Lepidochrysops phoebe

***Lepidochrysops phoebe*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Lepidochrysops phoebe* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Lepidochrysops* |
| Species: | ***L. phoebe*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepidochrysops phoebe***<br>Libert, 2001 | |
|


title: Clarice Bean series

abstract: The Clarice Bean series is a series of children's books written and illustrated by English author Lauren Child from 1999. The stories follow schoolgirl Clarice Bean and her challenges navigating the complex ethical, social and philosophical questions children deal with at school and at home, accompanied with friendship drama and mystery solving. A spin-off series titled Ruby Redfort, which the US publisher called a "six-book middlegrade fiction series" in advance, was inaugurated in 2011.

text:
# Clarice Bean series

The **Clarice Bean series** is a series of children's books written and illustrated by English author Lauren Child from 1999. The stories follow schoolgirl Clarice Bean and her challenges navigating the complex ethical, social and philosophical questions children deal with at school and at home, accompanied with friendship drama and mystery solving (inspired by Ruby Redfort of course). A spin-off series titled Ruby Redfort, which the US publisher called a "six-book middlegrade fiction series" in advance, was inaugurated in 2011.

## Books

## Awards and nominations

Both "*Clarice Bean,That's Me"* and *"What Planet Are You From, Clarice Bean?"* were bronze medal winners of the Smarties Prize, in the 6–8 years category, in 1999, and in 2001, respectively. The latter won the Kids Club category. *"Clarice Bean,That's Me"* was also a highly commended runner-up for the Kate Greenaway Medal, the annual British Library Association award for children's book illustration. *"Clarice Bean Spells Trouble"* made the shortlists for both the British Children's Book of the Year and the Red House Children's Book Award.

## Characters

**The Tuesday Family**: Clarice Bean's family consists of: Clarice Bean Tuesday (aged 7 in "Clarice Bean, That's me"), Minal Cricket Tuesday (her younger brother), who is a "maggot", Marcie Tuesday (her older sister), Kurt Tuesday (her older brother), her father, her mother, her grandfather, and her grandmother.

**Betty P. Moody**: Betty Moody is Clarice Bean's best friend, and they do most things together. Clarice and Betty both love the Ruby Redfort series. Betty also loves dogs, and in the first book she received a dog from Clarice's grandad's best friend. She appears in the series wearing glasses. She and her parents traveled a lot, along with call-me-Mol and call-me-Cecil. In the last book, she moves to San Francisco because call-me-Mol goes to California for a vacation, but finds a job and decides to stay there.

**Karl Wrenbury**: Karl is the son of a single mother. His dad ran away when he was younger. He is featured at first as an enemy and later as a friend. He is very good with dogs, and helps train Grandad and their dog Cement's manners. He is a trouble maker and always gets into trouble with Mrs. Wilberton, their class schoolteacher. He is often sent to Mr. Pickering's office for his bad behavior. In one of the books, he throws his chair across the room.

**Grace Grapello**: Grace is Clarice Bean's worst enemy. She is often very mean to Clarice for no particular reason, especially about her spelling. She is good at just about everything and people say she is the teacher's pet. Mrs. Wilberton never believes Clarice Bean and always believes Grace.

**Mrs. Wilberton**: Mrs. Wilberton is Clarice Bean's Teacher. She does not seem to be particularly nice and is always telling Clarice off about her spelling. Clarice Bean describes Mrs. Wilberton as having a "honking goose voice" and "a big derriere". She also possesses a gait which Clarice Bean and Karl describe as "walking on trotters", and which Karl often impersonates.

**Clem Hansson**: Clem is a new girl at Clarice Bean's school. She is from Sweden and has a pet rabbit called Kahneen, which is Swedish for rabbit. Clarice describes Clem as Sadie Blanch, a fictional character from the Ruby Redfort series.

**Czarina**: Czarina is Clarice Bean's drama teacher who is going to have a baby.

## Book within the book

An important plot device is the *Ruby Redfort collection*, a series of fictional books in which Clarice Bean and Betty Moody frequently find inspiration. They are about a young, American girl, who is an undercover secret agent. In *Clarice Bean Spells Trouble*, Clarice and Betty also watch the *Ruby Redfort* television series, which was adapted from the books. In *Utterly Me, Clarice Bean*, it is revealed that Hollywood are adapting it into a film. There are nine books in the *Ruby Redfort* series:

* *There Was a Girl Called Ruby*
* *Run For It, Ruby*
* *Where in the World Are You, Ruby Redfort?*
* *R U 4 Real, Ruby Redfort?*
* *Run Ruby Run*
* *Who Will Rescue Ruby Redfort?*
* *Ruby Redfort Saves the Day*
* *Ruby Redfort Rules*
* *Rush to Russia Ruby*

The fictional author is Patricia F Maplin Stacey, whom Betty actually meets in Russia, where she gets a Ruby Redfort book signed. In another book, Clarice gets to be in a movie starring "Skyler Summer" as Ruby Redfort.

Hitch is a character in the Ruby Redfort series. He is the Redfort family butler. He is the only one in the Redfort household that is aware that Ruby is a secret agent. Hitch often helps Ruby escape from tricky situations.

Lauren Child contracted to begin a real Ruby Redfort series in autumn 2011. As of 2022, the Ruby Redfort series has concluded with 6 instalments.

## Ruby Redfort Books

The *Ruby Redfort books* are now actual books and there are six in the series so far. These include:

* 1 *Ruby Redfort: Look Into My Eyes*
* 2 *Ruby Redfort: Take Your Last Breath*
* 3 *Ruby Redfort: Catch Your Death*
* 4 *Ruby Redfort: Feel the Fear*
* 5 *Ruby Redfort: Pick your Poison*
* 6 *Ruby Redfort: Blink and You Die*

1. "Candlewick Press sign Lauren Child's Ruby Redfort series from Harper Collins UK". Press release 23 March 2010. Candlewick Press. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
2. "Kate Greenaway Medal" Archived 16 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. 2007(?). Curriculum Lab. Elihu Burritt Library. Central Connecticut State University (**CCSU**). Retrieved 2012-07-02.
3. Child, Lauren. "Clarice Bean story". *milkmonitor.me*.
4. Lauren Child. "All the Ruby Redfort Books in Order". *toppsta.com*.


abstract: Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters (CHKD), located in Norfolk, Virginia, United States, is the only freestanding children's hospital in Virginia. The hospital treats infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 and even some adults who require pediatric care. CHKD is a 206-bed hospital and serves the medical and surgical needs of children throughout the greater Hampton Roads metro area, the Eastern Shore of Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. It is also part of CHKD Health System, offering a network of comprehensive pediatric services in more than 40 locations that stretch from Williamsburg, VA, to Elizabeth City, NC. On the outpatient side, CHKD offers primary care, diagnostic services, urgent care, emergency care, rehabilitative therapies, day surgery and care in more than 20 pediatric subspecialties.

text:
# Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters

**Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters** (**CHKD**), located in Norfolk, Virginia, United States, is the only freestanding children's hospital in Virginia. The hospital treats infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 and even some adults who require pediatric care.

CHKD is a 206-bed hospital and serves the medical and surgical needs of children throughout the greater Hampton Roads metro area, the Eastern Shore of Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. It is also part of CHKD Health System, offering a network of comprehensive pediatric services in more than 40 locations that stretch from Williamsburg, VA, to Elizabeth City, NC.

On the outpatient side, CHKD offers primary care, diagnostic services, urgent care, emergency care, rehabilitative therapies, day surgery and care in more than 20 pediatric subspecialties.

## History

In 1896, a group of Christian women formed the Norfolk City Union of The King's Daughters to provide medical care for indigent mothers and their children. They established a free clinic and visiting nurse service and in 1961 built The King's Daughters' Children's Hospital, with 88 beds and a variety of services. In 1979, the name was changed to Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters.

In the 1980s, CHKD surgeon Donald Nuss developed a procedure to correct pectus excavatum, and CHKD remains a leading center for the Nuss procedure.

The CHKD hospital campus sits in southwest Norfolk, adjacent to Sentara Norfolk General Hospital and Eastern Virginia Medical School. CHKD serves as the main pediatric training location for EVMS students, and along with EVMS, sponsors an ACGME-accredited pediatric residency training program.

Today, the CHKD Health System operates primary care pediatric practices, surgical practices, urgent care centers, multi-service Health Centers and satellite offices throughout its service region. It also hosts the only donor human milk bank in Virginia.

In 2017 UVA Children's Hospital partnered with Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters to improve care for children throughout the region.

In 2018, CHKD earned a full Level I Pediatric Trauma Center status. "CHKD earned provisional status as a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center in September of 2017. In July 2018, a multidisciplinary Health Department team conducted a follow-up site visit to verify the hospital's adherence to Virginia trauma center standards. During the provisional period, CHKD's trauma team cared for almost 600 trauma patients. The follow-up site visit resulted in unanimous recommendation for approval from all reviewers."

In response to community assessment surveys that showed mental health services for children to be a top priority, the hospital began a multimillion-dollar initiative to expand mental health services for children. In 2019, the hospital system broke ground for a $224 million mental health facility that will have 60 inpatient beds, indoor and outdoor exercise areas, and rooms for outpatient services and a "partial hospitalization" program. The 14-story center will be on the same campus as the main hospital at 601 Children's Lane in Norfolk.

## InfoBox

| Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, Virginia, United States |
| Coordinates | 36°51′44.2″N 76°18′07.3″W / 36.862278°N 76.302028°W / 36.862278; -76.302028 |
| Organization | |
| Affiliated university | Eastern Virginia Medical School |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Level I trauma center |
| Beds | 206 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1961 |
| Links | |
| Website | CHKD website |
| Lists | Hospitals in Virginia |


title: Regional-Express

abstract: In Germany, Luxembourg and Austria, the Regional-Express is a type of regional train. It is similar to a semi-fast train, with a top speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) and an average speed of about 70–90 km/h (45–55 mph) as it calls at fewer stations than Regionalbahn or S-Bahn trains, but stops more often than Intercity or Intercity Express services.

text:
# Regional-Express

In Germany, Luxembourg and Austria, the **Regional-Express** (pronounced \[ʁeɡi̯oˈnaːlʔɛksˌpʁɛs\] ; **RE**, or in Austria: **REX**) is a type of regional train. It is similar to a semi-fast train, with a top speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) and an average speed of about 70–90 km/h (45–55 mph) as it calls at fewer stations than *Regionalbahn* or S-Bahn trains, but stops more often than *Intercity* or *Intercity Express* services.

## Operations

The first Regional-Express services were operated by DB Regio, though since the liberalisation of the German rail market (*Bahnreform*) in the 1990s many operators have received franchise rights on lines from the federal states. Some private operators currently operate trains that are similar to a Regional-Express service, but have decided to use their own names for the sake of brand awareness instead.

Regional-Express services are carried out with a variety of vehicles such as DMUs (of Class 612), EMUs (of Class 425 or 426) or, most commonly, electric or diesel locomotives with double-deck cars, the latter often with new Class 146 engines. Many RE services run in hourly intervals, carrying line numbers and sometimes even names, varying from state to state.

Since late 2006, Regional-Express services between Munich and Nuremberg that operate on the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway reach top speeds of 200 km/h (125 mph). These services are operated with repainted *InterCity* cars and Class 101 locomotives or Class 102 and double-deck cars.

## Sweden

In Sweden, several regional trains reach 180 or 200 km/h (110 or 125 mph). They are usually called just regional trains, or named after their respective regional transit administration. The most common train types are Øresundståg and Regina.


title: Dog Blood

abstract: Dog Blood is a side duo of DJs and producers formed in 2012 by music producers Skrillex and Boys Noize. Their debut single, Next Order / Middle Finger, was released on August 12, 2012, on Beatport and iTunes and other music streaming platforms. The song "Next Order" managed to reach #1 on Beatport's Techno chart. On 9 November, Dog Blood announced they were working on new material. Skrillex premiered a new Dog Blood track on an exclusive Owsla live stream to members of The Nest on 21 December 2012. On 16 September they released their second EP, which consists of the tracks 'Shred or Die', 'Middle Finger Pt. 2' and 'Chella Ride'. The EP is composed of a further two remixes of "Middle Finger" by The M Machine & Millions Like Us. The song "Chella Ride" peaked at #1 on the Beatport Breaks chart. On 17 March, Dog Blood performed live at Ultra Music Festival 2013 and debuted new material, including a remix of ASAP Rocky's "Wild For The Night". Dog Blood debuted their "Wild For The Night" remix along with three new songs. Information was released of an eight track remix package of their debut single Next Order/Middle Finger set to be released in late August, as well as a 5 track standard release coming out via The Nest subscription. Dog Blood performed at the Las Vegas Electric Daisy Carnival and Glastonbury Festival in Pilton, Somerset in June 2013. They also played a show on July 14 for the RBC Ottawa Bluesfest and made their Hard Summer debut on Saturday, August 3. On Skrillex's BBC Essential Mix 15/6/13, Skrillex premiered the new tracks "Dog Blood - Chella Ride", "A$AP Rocky - Wild For The Night", and "Josh Wink - Higher State of Consciousness". On the 2nd of December 2014, Boys Noize posted an image of Dog Blood themed artwork, hinting a potential third EP of new material. During the summer of 2014, they won the Best Animation Category in Berlin Music Video Awards, with the music video of Chella Song On January 28, 2015, the lineup for the Detroit festival "Movement" was released. Included on the lineup is Dog Blood, marking a return after a cease of performances without explanation. The festival is scheduled for 23–25 May 2015. Dog Blood performed at the 2017 Hard Summer Music Festival in Fontana, California on August 6. This was the only performance for Dog Blood in 2017. Dog Blood returned to the stage in 2019, with a performance at BUKU Music + Art Project in New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 23. Dog Blood then traveled to Miami that same week to perform a warehouse party put on by Brownies & Lemonade on March 28 in Wynwood, Florida. They then played the next day at Ultra Music Festival on March 29 at the UMF Worldwide Stage, releasing a new song the day of and vowing to release future music. They played at Electric Zoo in New York City September 1, closing out the Main Stage.

text:
# Dog Blood

**Dog Blood** is a side duo of DJs and producers formed in 2012 by music producers Skrillex and Boys Noize. Their debut single, *Next Order / Middle Finger*, was released on August 12, 2012, on Beatport and iTunes and other music streaming platforms. The song "Next Order" managed to reach #1 on Beatport's Techno chart.

On 9 November, Dog Blood announced they were working on new material. Skrillex premiered a new Dog Blood track on an exclusive Owsla live stream to members of The Nest on 21 December 2012. On 16 September they released their second EP, which consists of the tracks 'Shred or Die', 'Middle Finger Pt. 2' and 'Chella Ride'. The EP is composed of a further two remixes of "Middle Finger" by The M Machine & Millions Like Us. The song "Chella Ride" peaked at #1 on the Beatport Breaks chart.

On 17 March, Dog Blood performed live at Ultra Music Festival 2013 and debuted new material, including a remix of ASAP Rocky's "Wild For The Night". Dog Blood debuted their "Wild For The Night" remix along with three new songs. Information was released of an eight track remix package of their debut single Next Order/Middle Finger set to be released in late August, as well as a 5 track standard release coming out via The Nest subscription. Dog Blood performed at the Las Vegas Electric Daisy Carnival and Glastonbury Festival in Pilton, Somerset in June 2013. They also played a show on July 14 for the RBC Ottawa Bluesfest and made their Hard Summer debut on Saturday, August 3. On Skrillex's BBC Essential Mix 15/6/13, Skrillex premiered the new tracks "Dog Blood - Chella Ride", "A$AP Rocky - Wild For The Night (Dog Blood Remix)", and "Josh Wink - Higher State of Consciousness (Dog Blood Edit)".

On the 2nd of December 2014, Boys Noize posted an image of Dog Blood themed artwork, hinting a potential third EP of new material. During the summer of 2014, they won the Best Animation Category in Berlin Music Video Awards, with the music video of Chella Song

On January 28, 2015, the lineup for the Detroit festival "Movement" was released. Included on the lineup is Dog Blood, marking a return after a cease of performances without explanation. The festival is scheduled for 23–25 May 2015.

Dog Blood performed at the 2017 Hard Summer Music Festival in Fontana, California on August 6. This was the only performance for Dog Blood in 2017.

Dog Blood returned to the stage in 2019, with a performance at BUKU Music + Art Project in New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 23. Dog Blood then traveled to Miami that same week to perform a warehouse party put on by Brownies & Lemonade on March 28 in Wynwood, Florida. They then played the next day at Ultra Music Festival on March 29 at the UMF Worldwide Stage, releasing a new song the day of and vowing to release future music. They played at Electric Zoo in New York City September 1, closing out the Main Stage.

## Discography

### Extended plays

| Title | Details | Track listing |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Next Order / Middle Finger* |  | * "Next Order" * "Middle Finger" |
| *Middle Finger Pt. 2* | * Released: 16 September 2013 * Label: OWSLA / Boysnoize Records * Formats: Digital download, vinyl | * "Middle Finger Pt. 2" * "Chella Ride" * "Shred or Die" * "Middle Finger (The M Machine Remix)" * "Middle Finger Pt. 2 (Millions Like Us Remix)" * "Chella Ride (Mr. Oizo Remix)" |
| *Turn Off the Lights* | * Released: 31 May 2019 * Label: OWSLA / Boysnoize Records * Formats: Digital download, streaming | * "Break Law" * "4 Mind" (with Josh Pan and X&G) * "Kokoe" (with Otira) * "Turn Off the Lights" |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | "Turn Off the Lights" | Owsla / Boysnoize Records / Atlantic Records |
| | "Midnight Hour" (featuring Ty Dolla $ign) | Owsla / Atlantic Records |
| 2023 | "Fine Day Anthem" | Owsla / Boysnoize Records / Atlantic Records |

### Remixes

| Year | Title | Artist | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | "Wild for the Night" (featuring Skrillex and Birdy Nam Nam) | A$AP Rocky | Owsla / Nest |
| 2019 | "4 MIND" (featuring josh pan and X&G) \- Good Times Ahead remix | Dog Blood | Owsla / Boysnoize Records / Atlantic Records |

1. "Dog Blood - Home". *Facebook.com*. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
2. "Lollapalooza 2013 Line-up". Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
3. "BBC Radio 1 - Radio 1's Essential Mix, Skrillex". *Bbc.co.uk*. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
4. "Boys Noize's Instagram profile post". *Instagram.com*. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
5. "Berlin Music Video Awards, 2014". *berlinmva.com*. 5 May 2014.
6. "Skrillex and Boys Noize Return as Dog Blood with First Festival Performance of the Year". 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015.
7. "WATCH: Skrillex & Boys Noize Debut Brand New Dog Blood Music at Buku 2019". 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019.
8. "FIRST LISTEN: Dog Blood Premiere New Song with Ty Dolla $ign in Miami". 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.
9. "MUST LISTEN: All 7 Unreleased Tracks from Skrillex & Boys Noize's Dog Blood Ultra Set". April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019.
10. DOG BLOOD – MIDDLE FINGER Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine | Boysnoize Records
11. Dog Blood - Middle Finger EP by OWSLA on SoundCloud
12. "Dog Blood - Saturday, January 18, 2014 at 11:19am". *Facebook*. Dog Blood. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
13. Bein, Kat (31 May 2019). "Skrillex & Boys Noize's Dog Blood debut electrifying *Turn Off The Lights* EP: Listen". *Billboard*. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
14. Arcand, Rob (29 March 2019). "Dog Blood – 'Turn Off the Lights'". *Spin*. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.

## InfoBox

| Dog Blood | |
| --- | --- |
| Dog Blood logo | |
| Background information | |
| Genres | Electro house, deep house, trap |
| Years active | 2012—present |
| Labels | Big Beat Records, Owsla, Boysnoize Records |
|  | |
| Members |  |
|  | |
| Website | owsla.com/artist/dog-blood |


title: Central tall grasslands

abstract: The Central tall grasslands are a prairie ecoregion of the Midwestern United States, part of the North American Great Plains.

text:
# Central tall grasslands

The **Central tall grasslands** are a prairie ecoregion of the Midwestern United States, part of the North American Great Plains.

## Setting

This ecoregion covers a large area of southern Minnesota, most of Iowa, and a narrow strip from the southeast corner of North Dakota through eastern South Dakota and eastern Nebraska to northeastern Kansas. Rainfall here is 39 inches (1,000 mm) per year, higher than most of the Great Plains. The Northern tall grasslands lie to the north and have fewer and different species of grass, while the Flint Hills tall grasslands to the south have a rockier landscape.

## Flora

The high rainfall and long summer allows a rich plant cover and this area was once the largest area of tallgrass prairie in the world, with grasses reaching up to 7 feet (2 m) high and interspersed with many wildflowers. For example, 265 species of plants were recorded in Iowa, 237 in a square mile near Lincoln, Nebraska, and 225 in the Missouri River Valley. However the soil is rich here and the original grasslands have now largely been converted to farmland, much more so than in the neighbouring Flint Hills tall grasslands, for example. The central tall grasslands are now a large part of the Corn Belt of the Midwest and covered with fields of corn and soybeans. Grasses of the area include big bluestem *(Andropogon gerardi)*, switchgrass *(Panicum virgatum)* and Indian grass *(Sorghastrum nutans)*.

## Fauna

This prairie was probably once grazing land for American bison *(Bison bison)* and elk *(Cervus elaphus)*.

## Threats and preservation

No substantial areas of original grassland remain in this ecoregion, only fragmented remnants but prairie restoration is happening, for example, at Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge in Jasper County, Iowa.

43°N 95°W / 43°N 95°W / 43; -95

## InfoBox

| Central tall grasslands | |
| --- | --- |
| Big bluestem, *Andropogon gerardi* | |
|  | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Nearctic |
| Biome | Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands |
| Borders | List |
| Bird species | 228 |
| Mammal species | 67 |
| Geography | |
| Area | 248,400 km2 (95,900 sq mi) |
| Country | United States |
| States |  |
| Climate type | Humid continental (*Dfa*) |
| Conservation | |
| Habitat loss | 95.7% |
| Protected | 0.95% |


title: Chinese sillago

abstract: The Chinese sillago is a species of inshore marine fish in the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae, described in 2011. The species is known only to inhabit the coastal waters of China, primarily in estuarine tidal flats near Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. The Chinese sillago was described in 2011 based on morphological and DNA barcode analysis of several specimens. Several detailed anatomic features distinguish it from other sillaginids, with Sillago parvisquamis its closest relative based on phylogenetic analysis. Nothing is known of the ecology or importance to fisheries of the Chinese sillago.

text:
# Chinese sillago

The **Chinese sillago** (***Sillago sinica***) is a species of inshore marine fish in the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae, described in 2011. The species is known only to inhabit the coastal waters of China, primarily in estuarine tidal flats near Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. The Chinese sillago was described in 2011 based on morphological and DNA barcode analysis of several specimens. Several detailed anatomic features distinguish it from other sillaginids, with *Sillago parvisquamis* its closest relative based on phylogenetic analysis. Nothing is known of the ecology or importance to fisheries of the Chinese sillago.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

The Chinese sillago is one of over 30 species in the genus *Sillago*, which is one of five genera belonging to the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae, this family was previously considered to be part of the Percoidea, a suborder of the Perciformes. The 5th edition of *Fishes of the World* classifies the Sillaginidae in the order Spariformes.

The Chinese sillago was first described by a group of 6 authors in 2011 based on several type specimens collected from various parts of the East China Sea. The designated holotype is from near Wenzhou in the Zhejiang Province. The species specific epithet arises from the Latin word for China.

The authors used the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as a DNA barcode to further justify the assignment of a new species of *Sillago*. In doing so they also analysed the species position relative to several sillaginids with an overlapping geographic distribution. The results clearly indicated *S. sinica* was sufficiently genetically distant from other species to be considered a new species. *S. parvisquamis* is the closest species genetically which correlates with the similar overall morphology of these two species. The authors also demonstrated that the COI gene is a viable method of phylogenetically analysing the Sillaginide.

## Description

The Chinese sillago is similar in external appearance to many other members of the genus *Sillago*, which have a slightly compressed, elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first made of feeble spines and the second of soft rays headed by a single feeble spine. The first dorsal fin has either 10 or 11 dorsal spines, a feature unique among *Sillago* which otherwise have 11 dorsal spines. The second dorsal fin has a single spine followed by 20-22 soft rays, while the anal fin has 2 spines and 21 to 23 soft rays. There are 37 to 39 vertebrae, while the otolith morphology is also distinctive. The body is covered in small ctenoid scales, with the anterior scales larger than the posterior. The pectoral and ventral fin bases both lack scales. The maximum known size of the species is 17.5 cm.

The Chinese sillago grades from a yellowish brown above to a silvery grey on its underside. A weak lateral stripe may be present. The dorsal fins are yellow to hyaline with small dark spots on the first dorsal fin and 3 to 4 rows of dusky spots on the membranes. The remaining fins are yellowish, with the caudal fin becoming dusky and having dark margins.

## Distribution and biology

The Chinese sillago is only known from one study which collected all material from the East China Sea, Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea within China. The species is presumed to inhabit tidal flats in estuarine areas. Other areas of the species biology and ecology are unknown, with further study required. The relative importance to fisheries is also unknown, although sillaginids in general are of importance in Chinese waters.

## InfoBox

| Chinese sillago | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Spariformes |
| Family: | Sillaginidae |
| Genus: | *Sillago* |
| Species: | ***S. sinica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sillago sinica***<br>T. X. Gao, Ji , J. G. Xiao, T. Q. Xue, Yanagimoto & Setoguma, 2011 | |
|
|  | |
| Range of the Chinese sillago | |


title: Thymistida undilineata

abstract: Thymistida undilineata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Warren in 1923. It is found in north-eastern India.

text:
# Thymistida undilineata

***Thymistida undilineata*** is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Warren in 1923. It is found in north-eastern India.

## InfoBox

| *Thymistida undilineata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Thymistida* |
| Species: | ***T. undilineata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thymistida undilineata***<br>Warren, 1923 | |
|


title: Lepidochrysops penningtoni

abstract: Lepidochrysops penningtoni, the Pennington's blue, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to South Africa, where it is found in the Succulent Karoo of the Northern Cape. The wingspan is 28–34 mm for males and 34–36 mm for females. Adults are on wing from August to October. There is one generation per year, with the adults only emerging after rain.

text:
# Lepidochrysops penningtoni

***Lepidochrysops penningtoni***, the **Pennington's blue**, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to South Africa, where it is found in the Succulent Karoo of the Northern Cape.

The wingspan is 28–34 mm for males and 34–36 mm for females. Adults are on wing from August to October. There is one generation per year, with the adults only emerging after rain.

## InfoBox

| *Lepidochrysops penningtoni* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Lepidochrysops* |
| Species: | ***L. penningtoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepidochrysops penningtoni***
Dickson, 1969 | |
|


title: Claudette Herbster-Josland

abstract: Claudette Herbster-Josland is a French fencer. She won a silver medal in the women's team foil event at the 1972 Summer Olympics and a gold medal in the individual foil event at the 1975 Mediterranean Games.

text:
# Claudette Herbster-Josland

**Claudette Herbster-Josland** (born 28 March 1946) is a French fencer. She won a silver medal in the women's team foil event at the 1972 Summer Olympics and a gold medal in the individual foil event at the 1975 Mediterranean Games.

## InfoBox

Claudette Herbster-Josland
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-03-28) 28 March 1946<br>Dijon, France |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Women's fencing  Representing  France  Olympic Games  1976 Montréal Team foil  Mediterranean Games  1975 Algiers Individual foil | |


title: Children of the revolution (concept)

abstract: Children of the revolution is a concept associated with the generation growing up after revolutionary activity. It refers to the first generation of persons born after a revolution. They are the children of the Revolutionary generation.

text:
# Children of the revolution (concept)

**Children of the revolution** is a concept associated with the generation growing up after revolutionary activity. It refers to the first generation of persons born after a revolution. They are the children of the Revolutionary generation.

## Usage

The children of the revolution are a blank slate on which the values of the revolution are imposed. Because the generation have no shared memory of the prior world they cannot compare the new system with the old and will uncritically accept the new system as the natural order.

The phrase usually refers to political revolutions.

The concept is also applied to revolutions in culture, science, and art.


title: Do You Want to Know a Secret

abstract: "Do You Want to Know a Secret" is a song by English rock band the Beatles from their 1963 album Please Please Me, sung by George Harrison. In the United States, it was the first top ten song to feature Harrison as a lead singer, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard chart in 1964 as a single released by Vee-Jay, VJ 587. In the UK, Billy J. Kramer released a cover of the song as his debut single, reaching No. 1 on the NME singles chart and No. 2 on the Record Retailer chart.

text:
# Do You Want to Know a Secret

"**Do You Want to Know a Secret**" is a song by English rock band the Beatles from their 1963 album *Please Please Me*, sung by George Harrison. In the United States, it was the first top ten song to feature Harrison as a lead singer, reaching No. 2 on the *Billboard* chart in 1964 as a single released by Vee-Jay, VJ 587. In the UK, Billy J. Kramer released a cover of the song as his debut single, reaching No. 1 on the *NME* singles chart and No. 2 on the *Record Retailer* chart.

## Composition

"Do You Want to Know a Secret", written in autumn 1962, was primarily composed by John Lennon but credited to Lennon–McCartney. The 1963 version by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas (a UK No. 2) credited the composition to "McCartney–Lennon". The song was inspired by "I'm Wishing", a tune from Walt Disney's 1937 animated film *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs* which Lennon's mother, Julia, would sing to him as a child. The first two lines of the song in Disney's movie ("Want to know a secret? Promise not to tell?") come right after the opening lyrics ("You'll never know how much I really love you... You'll never know how much I really care..."). McCartney has said it was a "50–50 collaboration written to order", i.e., for Harrison to sing, but Lennon, who always claimed the song as his own, explained in a 1980 interview that he had realized as soon as he had finished writing the song that it best suited Harrison.

## Recording

In 1980, Lennon said that he gave "Do You Want to Know a Secret" to Harrison to sing because "it only had three notes and he wasn't the best singer in the world", but added "he has improved a lot since then." The song was recorded as part of their marathon ten-hour recording session on 11 February 1963 along with nine other songs for *Please Please Me*. Harrison sang two songs on *Please Please Me*—this song by Lennon–McCartney and "Chains" by Goffin/King. "Don't Bother Me" would be Harrison's debut composition and appeared on the Beatles' next UK album *With the Beatles*.

Harrison and Lennon both played acoustic guitars on the recording in different channels – on the stereo mix, Harrison's guitar was panned to the right channel while Lennon's was panned to the left.

## Single release

"Do You Want to Know a Secret" was released a year later as a single by Vee-Jay in the United States on 23 March 1964, reaching the number two spot behind "Hello, Dolly!" by Louis Armstrong in *Billboard*, reaching number three on the *Cash Box* chart, but reaching number one for two weeks in the chart published by the Teletheatre Research Institute. In the U.S., it was the most successful Beatles song on which Harrison sang lead vocal until "Something" peaked at No. 1 as part of a double-sided number one hit with "Come Together" in 1969.

## Personnel

Engineered by Norman Smith

Personnel per Walter Everett and John Winn

## Charts and certifications

### Charts

| Chart (1964) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| German Media Control Singles Chart | 34 |
| New Zealand (*Lever Hit Parade*) | 2 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 2 |
| US *Cash Box* Top 100 | 3 |

### Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## The Billy J. Kramer version

| "Do You Want to Know a Secret?" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas | |
| from the album  *Little Children* | |
| B-side | "I'll Be on My Way" |
| Released | 26 April 1963 (1963-04-26) |
| Recorded | 1963 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:01 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Lennon–McCartney |
| Producer(s) | George Martin |
| Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas singles chronology | |
| "**Do You Want to Know a Secret?**"
(1963) "Bad to Me"
(1963) | |

The Beatles' version was never released as a single in the UK, where a cover version by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas (released b/w "I'll Be on My Way", Parlophone R5023, 26 April 1963) reached number two in the Record Retailer chart, and hit number one in the NME chart (used by Radio Luxembourg) and the BBC's *Pick of the Pops* chart, which were more widely recognised at the time. It appeared on his album, *Little Children*. It reached number eight in the Irish Singles Chart.

### Chart performance

| Chart (1963) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (*Record Retailer*) | 2 |
| United Kingdom (*NME*) | 1 |

## Other cover versions

Santo and Johnny, Count Basie and His Orchestra, Mary Wells, Keely Smith, Sonny Curtis, Bobby Vee, The Johnny Mann Singers, The Ray Charles Singers, Sharon Clark, Fairground Attraction, and The Hollyridge Strings also recorded the song.

Swedish actress and recording artist Anita Lindblom recorded a Swedish-language version titled "Lyssna (vill du veta vad jag tänker?)" for her 1968 album *Sån't är livet*.

The song reached the No. 1 position on *Billboard* in 1981 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom as part of the cover-medley "Stars on 45".

## InfoBox

| "Do You Want to Know a Secret" | |
| --- | --- |
| US picture sleeve | |
| Single by the Beatles | |
| from the album  *Please Please Me* | |
| B-side | "Thank You Girl" |
| Released | * 22 March 1963 (1963-03-22) (UK *Please Please Me* album) * 23 March 1964 (US single) |
| Recorded | 11 February 1963 |
| Studio | EMI, London |
| Genre | Merseybeat, pop, doo-wop |
| Length | 1:56 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Lennon–McCartney |
| Producer(s) | George Martin |
| The Beatles US singles chronology | |
| "Can't Buy Me Love"
(1964) "**Do You Want to Know a Secret**"
(1964) "Love Me Do"
(1964) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Rolling Oaks Mall

abstract: Rolling Oaks Mall is a regional shopping mall located in northeast San Antonio, Texas, at the intersection of Loop 1604 and Nacogdoches Road. It is anchored by Dillard's and JCPenney. There are two vacant anchor stores that were once Sears and Macy's.

text:
# Rolling Oaks Mall

**Rolling Oaks Mall** is a regional shopping mall located in northeast San Antonio, Texas, at the intersection of Loop 1604 and Nacogdoches Road. It is anchored by Dillard's and JCPenney. There are two vacant anchor stores that were once Sears and Macy's.

## History

The mall developed by Simon Property Group opened in 1988, with anchor stores Dillard's and Sears, in a remote location surrounded mostly by farmland on the Northeast side of the city. As a result of miscalculated growth projections in the area and a less than ideal location the mall initially struggled.

A 6-screen movie theater operated by Act III Theaters under the Santikos Entertainment brand opened in 1991, and a Beall's in 1995. The theater and Beall's closed in 2001. The theater space eventually became a skate park and is now an Inflatable Wonderland. The Beall's space reopened as an H&M outlet in 2017. In 1992 the mall expanded its retail area with a new wing and added a third anchor, Foley's (rebranded as Macy's in 2006).

As the city grew to meet the mall, Rolling Oaks has repositioned itself and is a stable retail center. Additionally, JCPenney opened a new store at the mall in 2004. The original site plan was designed to accommodate 5 anchor stores and one minor anchor store. In 2014 Simon Property Group rolled over ownership of Rolling Oaks Mall, along with 97 other smaller properties n their portfolio into its REIT, Washington Prime Group.

On June 19, 2020, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 28 stores nationwide. The store closed in August 2020.

On January 6, 2021, it was announced that Macy's would be closing in April 2021 as part of a plan to close 46 stores nationwide. The store closed in April 2021, and as of May 2021, Dillard's and JCPenney are the only anchor stores left. The mall was purchased by the Kohan Retail Investment Group in September 2022.

### 2017 shooting

On January 22, 2017, one person was killed and seven others were injured after two men robbed a jewelry store in the mall. Police Chief William McManus released in a statement that after the two suspects fled the store on Sunday, they were accosted by a pair of "good samaritans", at least one of whom was armed using a concealed carry permit. One suspect was injured in a successful attempt to stop him, however one of the pair of samaritans was shot and killed in the process. The other suspect fled the mall, firing his weapon and injuring others. The suspect escaped after fleeing the area and firing his weapon, injuring others nearby. He was eventually caught and arrested by Converse police later that day after crashing a stolen getaway car.

## Major anchors

## Minor anchors

* H&M *(opened 2017, 20,000 sq ft.)*

## Former anchors

* Beall's *(opened 1995, closed 2001, 20,000 sq ft.)*
* Sears *(opened 1988, closed August 2020, 133,935 sq ft.)*
* Macy's *(opened 1992 as Foley's, became Macy's 2006, closed April 2021, 150,313 sq ft.)*

## InfoBox

Rolling Oaks Mall
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | San Antonio, Texas, United States |
| Coordinates | 29°35′49″N 98°21′00″W / 29.597°N 98.350°W / 29.597; -98.350 |
| Opening date | 1988 |
| Developer | Melvin Simon and Associates |
| Owner | Kohan Retail Investment Group
Summit Properties USA |
| No. of stores and services | 100+ |
| No. of anchor tenants | 4 (2 open, 2 vacant by April 2021) |
| Total retail floor area | 889,000 square feet (82,600 m2) |
| No. of floors | 2 |
| Website | rollingoaksmall.com |


title: Chinese shrew

abstract: The Chinese shrew or dusky shrew is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to China, where it occurs in Gansu, Sichuan, and Shaanxi. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest.

text:
# Chinese shrew

The **Chinese shrew** or **dusky shrew** (***Sorex sinalis***) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to China, where it occurs in Gansu, Sichuan (including Jiuzhaigou), and Shaanxi. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Chinese shrew | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla |
| Family: | Soricidae |
| Genus: | *Sorex* |
| Species: | ***S. sinalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sorex sinalis***
Thomas, 1912 | |
|
|  | |
| Chinese shrew range | |


title: Thymme Jones

abstract: Thymme (pronounced Tim) Jones is the drummer for the Chicago, Illinois-based band Cheer-Accident. Jones frequently appears on the local public-access television cable TV program Cool Clown Ground. He has appeared on a number of Bobby Conn albums, playing drums on Conn's biggest hit "Never Get Ahead", as well as trumpet, piano and moog synthesizer on Conn's later albums Rise Up! and The Golden Age. Before Cheer-Accident, Thymme played with the groups Brise-Glace and Dot Dot Dot, the latter of which also included Jef Bek, Chris Block and Ross Feller. He plays drums, piano and trumpet on Smog's 1997 record Red Apple Falls. He has also released several solo projects. In the 2000s (decade) he collaborated with Panicsville.

text:
# Thymme Jones

**Thymme** (pronounced *Tim*) **Jones** (born 1962) is the drummer for the Chicago, Illinois-based band Cheer-Accident. Jones frequently appears on the local public-access television cable TV program *Cool Clown Ground*. He has appeared on a number of Bobby Conn albums, playing drums on Conn's biggest hit "Never Get Ahead", as well as trumpet, piano and moog synthesizer on Conn's later albums *Rise Up!* and *The Golden Age*. Before Cheer-Accident, Thymme played with the groups Brise-Glace and Dot Dot Dot, the latter of which also included Jef Bek, Chris Block and Ross Feller. He plays drums, piano and trumpet on Smog's 1997 record *Red Apple Falls*. He has also released several solo projects. In the 2000s (decade) he collaborated with Panicsville.

## Discography

* *While* (1996)
* *Career Move* (1997)
* *The Goal of Action Is Contemplation* (2014)
* *Never Again (With Feeling!)* (2017)