title: Dirtfoot

abstract: Dirtfoot is a band from Shreveport, Louisiana that was founded in 2003. It consists of six members playing guitar, banjo, saxophone, upright and electric bass, drums and various percussion instruments. The band call the music they play "Gypsy Punk Country Grumble Boogie".

text:
# Dirtfoot

**Dirtfoot** is a band from Shreveport, Louisiana that was founded in 2003. It consists of six members playing guitar, banjo, saxophone, upright and electric bass, drums and various percussion instruments. The band call the music they play "Gypsy Punk Country Grumble Boogie".

## History

### The beginning

Founding members Matt Hazelton and J Bratlie met in April 2000 when an Easter tornado dropped a tree on Hazelton's house. J was walking past his neighbor Matt's house when they met, and a friendship began. Very soon they were jamming and writing together. The earlier forms of Dirtfoot began as a short-lived band "Gus and Hank" and later "Doodlebug" where Scott Gerardy joined the group. The band's early days consisted of an open-door policy, a time when many people joined and left the group. At one point or another there were an electric bass, cello, trombone, dedicated washboard player and many different drummers and percussionists. The band officially began to take form with the additions of Eric Gardner on upright bass, Lane Bayliss on drums, and Aaron Butler on percussion. By early 2004, Dirtfoot was beginning to gain a foothold in the Shreveport music scene, playing underground shows, private parties, and small bar gigs. 2005 was a year of building fans and beginning to tour in the immediate area.

### "Entertain Me"

Things began to move with Dirtfoot winning the Shreveport Times Battle of the Bands in January 2006. Shows soon followed in Dallas, Austin, Hot Springs, Tulsa. Then the band went to Fairfield Studios in Shreveport to record their first record. "Entertain Me" was recorded by Dana McCommon and mixed by Steve Sullivan and released in December 2006. During this period, Aaron Butler left the band, and Daniel Breithaupt joined as the new percussionist.

### Festivals and Chompdown

Touring continued, and during the Spring of 2007, Dirtfoot participated in the Waka Winter Classic in Tulsa, OK, coming in 3rd place. The promoters of the winter classic liked what they saw, and the band was offered a spot at Wakarusa Music Festival in June 2007. A few months before the fest, the band was approached by Jon "Rabbit" Cabrera about playing a communal breakfast they were calling the "Chompdown". "Chompdown" consisted of members of the Wakarusa Forum who wanted to donate food, grills and time to provide a free breakfast to as many people as possible. Cabrera approached the band via the now nearly defunct Myspace and asked if Dirtfoot would like to perform. The band agreed, and the first annual Chompdown was born. With the support of about 20 forum members, Cabrera and his crew fed 250–300 campers while Grazgrove and Dirtfoot filled the morning with song. The response was immediate and overwhelming. Many new friendships were made. Dirtfoot was soon booked for the Mulberry Mountain Harvest Festival, and the Chompdown moved there as well. There have now been 10 Chompdowns with more to come. During October 2007, Dirtfoot entered TheArtistRevolution.com's Play Voodoo contest. Of more than a thousand entries, the top 10 would be chosen by a group of industry, festival reps, and musicians. Dirtfoot was among the winning entries. The band won a spot on the main stage at the 2007 Voodoo music fests. Footage of the performance may be found on youtube.com.

### "Bone Sessions"

The band continued to tour and build their following. A new album began to form, and Brady Blade recommended that Chris Bell, of Dallas TX, engineer the new endeavor. Chris specializes in capturing live sound and has recorded artists like The Eagles, Erykah Badu and Polyphonic Spree. During the summer of 2008, Dirtfoot and Chris Bell met at Bass Propulsion Labs in Dallas TX. Over five days they recorded the entire "Bone Sessions" album. Another four-day mixdown and "Bone Sessions" was created. The master was shipped to Gavin Lurssen (Tom Waits, T Bone Burnett) for mastering, and November 22, 2008 was set as the album release date. With the release of Bone Sessions, things took off. In November 2008, Dirtfoot was named a finalist in the Independent Music Awards Alt Country Song contest. In December, the band was named Skopemag.com's Artist to Watch. In February 2009, the band backed up Victoria Williams during her performance at the Folk Alliance in Memphis. This performance introduced the band to Isobel Campbell (Belle and Sebastian). Later in April, members of the band recorded some tracks which are featured on her album, Hawk. In December 2009, the band was once again named a finalist in the 9th Annual Independent Music Awards for Alt Country Song. The following February, the PBS series, Music Voyager, came to Shreveport to do a special on North Louisiana music, and Dirtfoot was featured on the program. The show aired on PBS in December 2010. The remainder of 2010 was busy with trips to New York City to record an episode of Groovable Feast, a midwest tour with Mountain Sprout supporting the Wakarusa Music Fest. Eric Gardner left the band in July 2010 and Nathan Woods, a contemporary of the Shreveport music scene, was brought in to play the upright bass. However, it was quickly determined that Nathan's prowess on the electric bass proved well-suited for Dirtfoot's high energy live shows. Consequently, the addition of an electric, often-distorted instrument into the acoustic sextet, brought more of the "rock-n-roll" influence already present in the group's material, to the forefront. The band played many music festivals over the summer and played their first main stage performance at Yonder Mountain Harvest Fest later that year.

### "Dirtfoot - Live and In Prison"

In November 2010, the band recorded the live performance of what would become their first live record, Dirtfoot - Live and In Prison. The recording took place at Wade Correctional Facility in Homer, LA and included video shoots at Citizen National Bank in Bossier City, the Bayliss home in Shreveport, the Voodoo Lounge in downtown Shreveport, and the Berry home in Shreveport. A music video for "Cast My Plans" was filmed on 35mm film. The video featured the band members portraying criminals in various acts of mischief and their inevitable incarceration. While in prison, the warden, played by William Sadler, proposes that the band perform for their fellow inmates, and the final footage of the video is the band providing a raucous shake-down of a show. In addition to a music video, a documentary crew headed up by Joey Barto of Fairfield Studios followed the band around as the video was shot and at the live performance. The documentary "The Making of the Cast My Plans video" is featured on the newly released Live and In Prison DVD. In December 2010, the band signed with The Agency Group for booking and Pipeline Management for management. In April 2011, a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for the completion of the "Live and In Prison" project began. With an initial goal of $10,000 the band arrived at $16,200 after only 30 days. Due to the additional funds, the Live and In Prison record was printed on Vinyl.

### 2011

During January and February 2011, the band played their first support tour with the Rev. Horton Heat across Texas and Colorado with dates in Denver, Ft Collins, Colorado Springs, and many resort towns. The band starts the "Live and In Prison" Kickstarter campaign. In May 2011, the band toured as main support for the band Primus. Five nights in Indianapolis, Memphis, Houston, Dallas and a sold-out show in Austin at the legendary Stubbs put the band in front a new, yet very responsive, crowd. In June 2011, the band performed their first Main Stage at Wakarusa and premiered their music video on the big screens. Later that year, they played a record five sets at Yonder Mountain Harvest Festival and even had a mosh pit going at their late night Harvest Tent set. October 2011 saw another support tour with Jamgrassers Cornmeal, a short headline run with The Giving Tree Band and a featured in Music Connection Magazine - New Music Critiques In December 2011, the Live and In Prison project was officially released. December 2011 marked the Official Release of "Live and In Prison" and released it at the New Year's Eve Show with Mountain Sprout at Georges Majestic in Fayetteville, AR to a sold out audience.

### 2012

While being named finalists in the 11th Annual Independent Music Awards for Short Form Music Video Category for "Cast My Plans" in May it was April when Dirtfoot was awarded the Grand Prize of the John Lennon Song Writing Contest - NOLA Jazz Competition. They went on to record a live version of "Bathroom Sink" on John Lennon Mobile Recording Tour Bus. Shortly after this time Lane Bayliss parted with the band. Later in August they won the “Vox Populi” Award for the Independent Music Awards for Short Form Music Video. In September Shreveport drummer Derek Russell joined the band and a month later backed Dirtfoot for a Main Stage performance at Yonder Mountain String Band's Harvest Festival.

### 2013

February found Dirtfoot taking part in “From Elvis to Johnny: Celebrating 65 years of the Louisiana Hayride” sponsored by Oxford American and the Louisiana Tourist Commission and in April became a member of the Louisiana Music Ambassador Project. In May a successful Kickstarter campaign was completed raising $20,290 for recording of 4th album, "Coming Up for Air". On Nov 5, 2013 Dirtfoot officially released "Coming Up for Air".

### "Coming Up For Air"

Dirtfoot's 4th album, Coming Up for Air, was recorded at Blade Studios in Shreveport, LA and produced by Brady Blade. Chris Bell (Erykah Badu, the Eagles) took care of engineering and mixing and Gavin Lurssen (Tom Waits, T Bone Burnett) took care of mastering. This album was funded via Kickstarter with the help of 175 good people. The record also features the Rebirth Brass Band, Papa Mali and Tim Carbone. Official Release date is Nov 5, 2013

### 2014

With the departure of Daniel Breithaupt and Nathan Woods early in 2014 Dirtfoot looked to Derek Russell to expand his rhythm responsibilities while calling on his band mates from local Shreveport band Magnolia Brown, Garrett Brolund on bass and Sam Apperson in the new position of lead guitar. The band continued to tour throughout the year.

### 2015-present

Early 2015 saw the departure of Gerardy and not long after Apperson, Russell and Broulund left as well to focus on Magnolia Brown. With only two members left, the founders set out to refresh the roster. Local musicians, Spencer Teekell (Upright bass) John Hoffman (Drums) and Cory Knippers (Trombone) jumped in to fill the spots in late March and by late May the band was back on the road. The final piece for the new lineup came later in the year as guitarist Wayne Anderson joined as the second lead. The band continues to tour and has begun writing new material for an upcoming album.

## Discography

* *5 Song Demo* \- Released Summer 2006
* *Entertain Me* \- Released Dec 2006
* *Bone Sessions* \- Released Nov 2008
* *Live and In Prison* CD/Vinyl - Released Dec 2011
* *Coming Up For Air* \- CD/Vinyl - Released Nov 2013

## DVD releases

* *Live and In Prison* \- Released Dec 2011

## InfoBox

| Dirtfoot | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Shreveport, LA, USA |
| Genres | Gypsy, Punk, Country, Grumble, Boogie. |
| Years active | 2003–present |
|  | |
| Members | * Matt Hazelton - 2003-present * J Bratlie - 2003-present * Wayne Anderson - 2015-present * Cory Knippers - 2015-present * Spencer Teekell - 2015-present * John Hoffman - 2015-present |
|  | |
| Past members | * Lane Bayliss - 2003-2012 * Daniel Breithaupt - 2006-2013 * Aaron Butler - 2003-2006 * Eric Gardner - 2003-2010 * Nathan Woods - 2010-2014 * Sam Apperson - 2014- 2015 * Garrett Brolund - 2014-2015 * Scott Gerardy - 2003-2015 * Derek Russell - 2012-2015 |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.dirtfoot.com/ |


title: Pet monkey

abstract: A pet monkey is a monkey kept as a pet. Monkeys are beloved for their entertainment value, resemblance to humans, and human-like abilities, but the practice of keeping monkeys as pets is criticized by primatologists and zoologists due to issues surrounding conservation, the animals' welfare, and public health and safety.

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# Pet monkey

A **pet monkey** is a monkey kept as a pet. Monkeys are beloved for their entertainment value, resemblance to humans, and human-like abilities, but the practice of keeping monkeys as pets is criticized by primatologists and zoologists due to issues surrounding conservation, the animals' welfare, and public health and safety.

In the United States, most states restrict monkey ownership, whether via licensing requirements or outright bans, but, as of 2016, 13 states allow it. The United Kingdom passed new legislation in 2024 that makes it illegal to own a monkey without a license. The Captive Primate Safety Act, a bill before the 118th Congress, would have a similar impact in the US if passed.

In the European Union, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, Italy, Portugal, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Hungary have bans on the keeping of primates.

Internationally, government policies on the primate trade are shaped by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), a treaty signed by 184 countries to prevent the exploitation of wild animals and plants.

## History

Monkeys have been kept as pets for centuries, though, in the West, up through the 19th century, ownership was mostly limited to the wealthy — notably, royalty — and to those in the business of entertainment.

When the British first began to explore Africa, young monkeys were often captured and taken back on board the ship to entertain sailors. For example, a Senegal monkey was kept as a pet by a ship's cook in the 19th century and entertained passengers with its antics.

Around the turn of the 20th century in the US, owning monkeys became a social fad, a pattern that would repeat over the course of the century, often spiking as a result of media anthropomorphizing monkeys and normalizing their suitability as pets. In the mid-1910s, for example, dancer and fashion trendsetter Irene Castle was seen publicly and in photos with a pet monkey, inspiring fans to seek similar pets. A 1930 news story noted monkeys' popularity with "society folks," referring to monkeys as providing a " ' delightful background' for the summer parties." Similar trends of monkeys as fashion objects were seen in Europe as well.

As the price of monkeys declined over time, more people purchased them as pets. The market for monkeys in the US skyrocketed in the late 1950s and 1960s. Demand in the U.S. for pet monkeys was so great that in 1955 government officials in Costa Rica expressed concern that it was decimating wild populations there. According to the Simian Society, there were 750,000 pet monkeys in the US in 1971 -- more than the number of registered poodles. But monkeys proved to be much more difficult than poodles to care for. Of the estimated 40,000 monkeys sold each year, roughly 36,000 died within a year. In Los Angeles, health officials expressed concern regarding the "recent own-your-own monkey fad."

While many people enjoyed owning monkeys in their infancy, they found that the animals become unmanageable — “wild” — upon reaching adolescence. In the late 1960s, the first monkey sanctuaries appeared in the US, providing an option for unwanted pets. (Other options included euthanizing the animal or keeping it caged and removing its teeth.) Access to sanctuaries was limited, however. As a sanctuary founder in Texas stated, his facility can only help "a fraction" of the monkeys who are abused or abandoned: "It’s not the kind of work that there will ever be a solution to."

## As service animals for the disabled

In the 1970s, a Boston-based group called Helping Hands trained capuchin monkeys as monkey helpers to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. Due to changes in law regulating the use of primates, Helping Hands shifted away from using monkeys and instead focused on assistive technologies in 2022.

In popular culture both actual and fictionalized accounts of pet monkeys are utilized extensively. Monkeys are popular in numerous books, television programs, and movies. Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the main protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel *Journey to the West*. The television series *Monkey*, the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples. The winged monkeys are prominent characters in *The Wizard of Oz*.

However, pop culture often incorrectly labels apes, particularly chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans as monkeys. Terry Pratchett makes use of the distinction in his *Discworld* novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey.

### Famous pet monkeys

There have been many famous pet monkeys with Tarzan's Cheeta arguably the first famous pet "monkey" although they continued to live in the jungle. Nkima was the original Cheeta-like character in Edgar Rice Burroughs' *Tarzan* novels, and in adaptations of the saga to other media, particularly comics. Tarzan and Cheeta have been repeated across all major popular culture mediums including books, films, television, games and comics. Katie, a white-headed capuchin, played Marcel in the popular U.S. series *Friends* and also Los Angeles Angels' mascot "Rally Monkey." Finster played Harvey Keitel's pet thief, Dodger in the movie *Monkey Trouble*. Bubbles was a companion to Michael Jackson and became intertwined in his celebrity and was even a subject of a Jeff Koons sculpture. Frankie the Monkey has been seen in Sean-Paul and Juliane's magic act all over the country.

### *Curious George*

Curious George is the protagonist of a popular children's books franchise by the same name, written by Hans Augusto Rey and Margret Rey. The books feature a curious pet monkey named George, who is brought from his home in Africa by "The Man with The Yellow Hat" to live with him in a big city. Around the world, the adventures of Curious George have been translated in many languages. The character has spawned books in many languages, two television series, two stop-motion animated shorts, an animated film, *Curious George*, featuring Will Ferrell, a video game and he has been linked with numerous products and companies.

### List of fictional pet monkeys

Literature Cartoons Film Television * Debbie the Bloop (named for the unusual sound it made) was the chimpanzee with very long ears from the first season of *Lost in Space*.
* Klaus was Dieter's touchable monkey on the *Saturday Night Live* skit "Sprockets"
* Joey and Davey Monkey – on *Sesame Street*
* Jonny the Monkey is "the most famous celebrity in Kazakhstan" according to Borat in many of his interviews and introduced as Kazakhstan's "most successful actor" by Borat in an opening skit of "Saturday Night Live" in November 2006.
* Marcel was Ross' pet monkey on the TV show *Friends*.

* Travis, a male chimpanzee raised and owned by Sandra Herold of Stamford, Connecticut who attacked and mauled Herold's friend, then shot and killed by police in 2009
* Darwin aka. "Ikea Monkey", a Japanese macaque owned by Yasmin Nakhuda of Toronto, Ontario who escaped his cage in an IKEA parking lot in 2012 and relinquished to an animal sanctuary


title: Pet industry

abstract: The pet industry is the market industry associated with companion animals. It includes things that are associated with the production, consumption and cultural activities linked to the market. Next to nutrition, toys and animal healthcare, new services and products like taxis, kindergartens, hotels, IT appliances, broadcasting, theme parks and funeral services are appearing on the market.

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# Pet industry

The **pet industry** is the market industry associated with companion animals. It includes things that are associated with the production, consumption and cultural activities linked to the market. Next to nutrition, toys and animal healthcare, new services and products like taxis, kindergartens, hotels, IT appliances, broadcasting, theme parks and funeral services are appearing on the market.

## Economy

In the United States alone between 2023 and 2024 there was an estimate of 86.9 households owning pets, making for a total pet expenditure of $147 billion. In Europe, the total amount of companion animals in 2022 was estimated to be over 340 million pets. The total pet expenditures can be divided into nutrition, supplies/medicines, veterinarian care, live animal purchases, and other services.

The most commonly found pet in the United States, according to the 2023-2024 APPA National Pet Owners Survey, was the dog with 65.1 million U.S. households owning at least one as a pet. After that comes the cat with 46.5 million households keeping one. The third largest owned pet in the U.S. is the freshwater fish with 11.1 million households owning at least one fish. After that comes small animals (6.7 million households), birds (6.1 million households), reptiles (6 million households), saltwater fish, and horses at 2.2 million households.

The basic annual expenditure for keeping and maintaining a pet dog in the United States is $2,524. For keeping a cat in the United States the costs come to $1,499 per year. These costs include everything such as surgical vet visits, routine vet visits, food, vitamins, and toys. California is the most expensive state to own dogs as the average citizen spends an average of $35,452 in their dog’s lifetime.

Total U.S. Pet Industry Expenditures, 2014-2024 ($ billions)
|  | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 (estimated) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Expenditure** | 58.04 | 60.28 | 66.75 | 69.51 | 90.5 | 97.1 | 108.9 | 123.6 | 136.8 | 147 | 150.6 |

### Healthcare market

The global animal healthcare market size in 2023 was estimated at $60.72 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.5% between 2024 and 2032. The Global Animal Health Market is estimated to reach 149.02 billion by 2032. A significant part of that is the Companion Healthcare Market estimated to be as large as $22.25 billion in 2023 and is expected to rise to $22.7 billion by 2024 and $61.6 billion by 2033, with a CAGR of 10.6%. The boost of the market primarily has to do with an increase in the adoption of companion animals. The Companion Animal Healthcare Market encompasses vaccines, diagnostics, healthcare products and pharmaceuticals for pets. The market is driven by the increase of pet ownership as well as the increased awareness and need for preventative animal healthcare that comes along with increased human-animal bond awareness. The ongoing advancements in veterinary care and the increased integration of advanced technology have also drastically contributed to the rising market spend.

**Pet Care & Management**

PetConciergeClub.com (personalized pet care management platform and marketplace) will be customizing pet care throughout the pet lifecycle. PCC is a provider of membership-based pet care services intended to make animal care customized and more convenient, accessible and affordable

Food markets

According to the actual sales within the U.S. market in 2018 of APPA, $30.32 billion was spent on food out of $72.56 billion. on estimated 2019 sales within the U.S. market, food is estimated to increase to $31.68 billion in the U.S. The world's largest pet food markets are in the United States, France, Japan, and Germany, accounting for over half of the sales in pet food. North America is the largest geographical segment of the market studied and accounted for a share of around 39.2% of the overall market. The pet food market is segmented by animal type, product type, ingredient type, sales channel, pricing type, and geography. The shift in pet ‘ownership’ to ‘parenting’ has been a very crucial and defining trend in the pet food market, more so in the developed countries.


title: Personoid

abstract:
Personoid is the concept coined by Stanisław Lem, a Polish science-fiction writer, in Non Serviam, from his book A Perfect Vacuum (1971). His personoids are an abstraction of functions of human mind and they live in computers; they do not need any human-like physical body. In cognitive and software modeling, personoid is a research approach to the development of intelligent autonomous agents.
In frame of the IPK architecture, it is a framework of abstract intelligent agent with a cognitive and structural intelligence. It can be seen as an essence of high intelligent entities. From the philosophical and systemics perspectives, personoid societies can also be seen as the carriers of a culture. According to N. Gessler, the personoids study can be a base for the research on artificial culture and culture evolution.

text:
# Personoid

**Personoid** is the concept coined by Stanisław Lem, a Polish science-fiction writer, in Non Serviam, from his book *A Perfect Vacuum* (1971). His personoids are an abstraction of functions of human mind and they live in computers; they do not need any human-like physical body.

In cognitive and software modeling, *personoid* is a research approach to the development of intelligent autonomous agents. In frame of the IPK (Information, Preferences, Knowledge) architecture, it is a framework of abstract intelligent agent with a cognitive and structural intelligence. It can be seen as an essence of high intelligent entities.

From the philosophical and systemics perspectives, personoid societies can also be seen as the carriers of a culture. According to N. Gessler, the personoids study can be a base for the research on *artificial culture* and *culture evolution*.

## Personoids on TV and cinema

* *Welt am Draht* (1973)
* *The Thirteenth Floor* (1999)


title: Peter Bisaillon

abstract: Peter Bisaillon, was a New France fur trader and interpreter who spent most of his career in Pennsylvania engaged in trade with Native American communities. Bisaillon and other coureurs des bois dominated the Pennsylvania fur trade during the late 17th and early 18th century, as they were skilled hunters and trappers and had established good relations with local Native American tribes. Bisaillon and his colleagues were regarded with suspicion by Pennsylvania authorities, however, and he was frequently accused and jailed on false or minor charges. He was eventually forced out of the fur trade, but retired a wealthy man.

text:
# Peter Bisaillon

**Peter Bisaillon** (also Bezellon, Bizaillon, and other spellings), (baptized Pierre) (c.1662  18 July 1742) was a New France fur trader and interpreter who spent most of his career in Pennsylvania engaged in trade with Native American communities. Bisaillon and other coureurs des bois dominated the Pennsylvania fur trade during the late 17th and early 18th century, as they were skilled hunters and trappers and had established good relations with local Native American tribes. Bisaillon and his colleagues were regarded with suspicion by Pennsylvania authorities, however, and he was frequently accused and jailed on false or minor charges. He was eventually forced out of the fur trade, but retired a wealthy man.

## Birth and immigration to North America

Bisaillon was born in Saint-Jean-d'Aubrigoux, diocese of Clermont, Auvergne, (dept. of Haute-Loire) France to Benoit Bisaillon (b. 1638) and Louise-Françoise Blaise Dublay (b. 1642). He came to New France with his three brothers (Étienne, Benoit, and Michel) in about 1680. He and his brothers were probably inspired to move to Canada by the example of their cousin Mathieu Faye (1641-1695), who was serving in the Carignan-Salières Regiment in Quebec.

### Brothers

Étienne Bisaillon purchased land in Laprairie outside Montreal in November, 1682 and all four brothers occupied themselves in trading with various native tribes. Étienne began trading in 1683 with the Ottawa Indians and became a wealthy landowner with a home in Montreal, although he frequently entered into debt to pay for equipment and supplies on his trading journeys. He was killed by Iroquois Indians at Laprairie on 25 September 1697.

Benoit Bisaillon worked as a trader with the Sioux Indians for several years, then purchased land and became a farmer outside Montreal. In June 1700 he drowned while traveling in a canoe between Laprairie and Montreal.

Michel Bisaillon was involved in fur trading between Detroit and New York, and eventually partnered with his brother Peter in Pennsylvania trading. His association with the English fur trade raised questions in Montreal about his loyalty to France. Hoping to clear his name with French authorities, Michel used his trade relationship with the Illinois Indians to mobilize their support for the French. At the beginning of the First Fox War in 1715 he led hundreds of Illinois warriors to aid the French in an attack on the Fox Indians. He was thereafter banned from trading in Pennsylvania and lived out the rest of his life in Laprairie.

Some sources also refer to a Louis Bisaillon, a Claude Bisaillon, and a Richard Bisaillon.

## Career

### Travels with Henri de Tonti

In February 1686 Pierre (Peter) Bisaillon was one of twenty-five men who went with Henri de Tonti to search for René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle at the mouth of the Mississippi, but they could not locate him. They returned up the river and established the Arkansas Post, the first European settlement in the lower Mississippi River Valley, where traders would exchange French goods with the local Quapaw for beaver furs. They then returned to Montreal.

### Early business venture, 1687

In 1687 Bisaillon entered into a partnership with Gédéon Petit and the Sieur de Salvaye, (Pierre Salvaye Tremont) two *coureurs des bois* who were wanted by French authorities for breaking trading rules by trafficking with the English and so had transferred their operations to Albany from Montreal (where Salvaye had served as an ambassador and Petit had managed a brothel). In a letter from New York dated 4 July 1687, Governor Thomas Dongan wrote to a Seneca chief:

> I have given leave to Mr. Gideon & Salvay & his Company, being french that Run away from Canida, to goe up by ye way of Susquehanne & trade amongst ye Indians. They have my Passe & you must tell yr People to do them No harme being gone upon Discovery.

The trading venture ended when their boat sank and their cargo was lost. In a letter from Pennsylvania Governor William Markham to Governor Francis Nicholson of Maryland on 26 June 1696, Markham says:

> I enclose to your Excellency what I found among castaway papers. Basalion was in equal partnership with Petit and Salvay, though it went in only their two names, Basalion coming in after the others had provided for the voyage, and after the voyage was overthrown, I divided the left cargo, and Basalion had one-third.

### Partnership with Jacques Le Tort

About 1688 Bisaillon arrived in Pennsylvania, "poor and miserable," and joined the trading company of Jacques Le Tort, a Huguenot refugee. Le Tort was employed by the New Mediterranean Sea Company managed by Daniel Coxe and Matthias Vincent, who attempted to establish a colony of French Huguenots in East and West Vincent Township, Pennsylvania and planned to create an empire in the Indian trade on the south shore of Lake Erie. The colony failed because Huguenot families did not want to move from Philadelphia to wild lands along the Susquehanna River, although Jacques Le Tort and his wife Anne established a homestead there. Vincent died in 1687 and Coxe sold the company to the London Company in 1692, but Bisaillon and other *coureurs des bois* went on trading in Pennsylvania. Bisaillon eventually went to work for the Pennsylvania Company and its manager Robert Quary. When a band of Shawnees came into Pennsylvania in 1694, Bisaillon met his old friend Martin Chartier, who had been on La Salle's 1679 expedition, but had mutinied and fled. He had married a Shawnee woman and assimilated into her band.

By the late 1690s the Canadian fur trade network had become so well-developed that there was a glut of furs coming into Quebec, leading to a drop in prices. For a few years Bisaillon, Chartier and Le Tort ran a smuggling operation, bringing furs from Detroit to Albany and Pennsylvania, where the English paid a higher price for them.

On 4 May 1696 Casperus Augustine Herman, son of Augustine Herman and Lord of Bohemia Manor, wrote to the Maryland Provincial Council that

"Peter Basilion does now live at St. John's, in Chester County, Pennsylvania, but formerly lived thirty miles backwards from any inhabitants, where he treated with the Indians, and was then reported that...Capt. Le Tort, a Frenchman, does now live back in the woods in the same place where the said Basilion formerly lived, and trades with the Indians."

This indicates that Bisaillon decided to move out of the backcountry, closer to a town such as Downingtown, while his colleague Jacques Le Tort took over the direct trade with the Native Americans who supplied most of their furs.

Pennsylvania authorities including William Penn suspected that Bisaillon and other *coureurs des bois* such as Le Tort and Chartier were spying for the French, that they were "very dangerous persons" who "kept private correspondence with the Canida Indians and the French," who "entertained strange Indians in remote and obscure places," and who "uttered suspicious words." They were harassed, arrested and imprisoned, often on false or minor charges.

#### Conspiracy trial, 1693-04

In response to rumors that Canada was preparing for an invasion, Mrs. Anne Le Tort, Peter Bisaillon, and a man named Captain Dubois were accused on 19 December 1693 before the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania of having carried on a secret correspondence in the year before with "the strange Indians called the Shall-Narooners (Shawnees) and the French of Canada." The accusation, by Thomas Jenner and Polycarpus Rose, stated that Bisaillon's servant had left a packet of letters from Peter, wrapped up in a blue linen cloth, which was then picked up by "James the Frenchman." She stated that "a certain Indian king" had told her that Peter Bisaillon had said to him that "they were not like to hold the land much longer, for that they were not satisfied for it." Another witness testified that "there had been Severall letters & powders sent to Canada by Peter Bisailion." This was presented as evidence of conspiracy. Bisaillon, Mrs. Le Tort and Dubois were imprisoned by Pennsylvania authorities on charges of conspiring with local tribes and with the *coureurs des bois* to seize control of Pennsylvania territory. After an investigation, Anne Le Tort was released but Bisaillon and Dubois were tried. They were eventually released on condition that they report to the Provincial Governor any hostile movement on the part of the French of which they had knowledge. As an added precaution, they were under constant surveillance.

#### Trafficking indictment, 1701

In 1701, William Penn and the Council considered the case of "Peter Basailion \[and his brother, probably Michel\], who have been suspected to be very dangerous persons in their traffic with the Indians, in this troublesome conjuncture of affairs." The Council decided "that it was absolutely necessary the said two Frenchmen should be confined, and restrained from inhabiting or trading amongst the Indians." Peter Bisaillon was indicted on charges of "trafficking with the savages," which was an attempt to pressure him into obtaining a formal trader's license issued by the Province of Pennsylvania.

#### Espionage charges, 1702

In 1702 Robert Quary, Surveyor General of the Customs for New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and a former employer of Peter Bisaillon, accused Bisaillon of having been sent to Pennsylvania from Quebec as a spy, and informed the Provincial Council that "the French are settling themselves on the back of Pennsylvania, about four days journey from New Castle, and...offered this Article to show the danger of the Country for want of a due provision for their defence." At a hearing in London on 9 June 1702, Jacques Le Tort, Bisaillon's business partner, testified in Bisaillon's defense, describing their long friendship after Bisaillon's arrival in the Province:

> M. Le Tort, a Frenchman, who has lived many years in that country, was heard, at Mr. Penn's request. He said that ...Peter Bezallion, the pretended \[spy\], came to Pennsylvania poor and miserable, and hath been helped by him \[Le Tort\] and other Refugees to work for their living...having lived there about...13 or 14 \[years\].

#### Confiscation of goods, 1708

In 1703 Peter was granted a license to trade with the local tribes after making a deposit of five hundred pounds, guaranteeing his "loyalty to the province." He was obliged to give security bonds several times between 1700 and 1711. In 1708, Bisaillon's goods were seized by the Admiralty Court in Philadelphia, by order of the Admiralty Judge Robert Quary, who still suspected him in his dealings with the French and Indians. On 24 June 1708 James Logan wrote on his behalf to William Penn:

> ...Peter Barzalion who has long traded here, and behaved himself well last year had some Indian goods seized by the collector because imported by a foreigner...At his earnest request, I took his bond for it, everybody exclaiming against the severity for though a Frenchman, he had been very faithful, and believing that upon his application and thy knowledge of the matter, thou would not touch with it. For these nine months past, he has been out with Michel in quest of the mines, and in the meantime, unhappy, had another parcel of a greater value seized, which are also condemned...and was sold by the admiralty. I know not what to do in such a point, but must crave thy direction. He is desirous if he stays here to procure a denization from England, in which it would be kind to be helpful to him, for he is useful and accounted very honest by those who trade with him. But I fear he will leave us and if provoked, is capable of doing much hurt.

The mines referred to were supposed veins of silver ore reportedly discovered by the Swiss explorer Franz Ludwig Michel on the Potomac in 1707, and Michel engaged Chartier and James Le Tort as well as Bisaillon in several unsuccessful attempts to find them again.

In October 1708 Bisaillon was granted permission from Logan (who controlled the commissioners of property) to build a house and plant fields "on any of the Lands above Conestoga not Possesst or made use by the Indians...paying One Deer Skin yearly for the privilege."

#### Imprisonment, 1710

In November, 1709 James Logan was forced to flee to England after his arrest was ordered by the Pennsylvania Assembly, and without Logan's protection, Bisaillon was jailed again in March 1710 on accusations of loyalty to the French and plans to incite the Indians against the English. Deputy Governor Charles Gookin stated that:

> ...he has been informed one Peter Bizalion, a French man and...a trader amongst the Indians at Conestogo, has lately spoken some suspicious words and committed some misdemeanors, whereupon he had caused his Effects to be seized, the better to oblige him to appear and answer unto what should be laid to his Charge...The said Bizalion should enter into a Recognizance with the Queen, in five hundred pounds...for the said Bizalion's personal appearance...and his good behavior in the meantime, which being done, his Effects to be restored to him.

On August 22, 1711, after nearly eighteen months in jail, Bisaillon posted 508 pounds for bail and was ordered to appear at the next court session in Philadelphia. In 1712 Bisaillon was permitted to continue his trade with the Indians, once again with the assistance of James Logan, who had returned from England and wanted to establish a partnership with him.

### Affiliation with James Logan

In 1712 Bisaillon was offered a partnership with William Penn's secretary, James Logan, who was growing politically powerful while nearly monopolizing the Indian trade. Logan built a trading post at Conestoga township on the Susquehanna River and Bisaillon, Le Tort and Chartier became key players in Logan's trading organization, supplying most of the furs for Logan for several years. A license document dated 15 October 1714 grants Bisaillon 250 acres of land, "at Peshtang or any other Indian Town or Place on Sasquehannah within this Province," with permission to build any necessary buildings "during his Trade there or till further order shall be given herein by the Proprietor or his Commissioners provided alwayes that the said Peter shall not act or proceed in any thing under colour hereof but by the free leave & approbation of the Indians amongst whom he dwells or resides." After Peter's brother Michel became involved in military activities against Indian tribes supporting the English in 1715, Logan felt compelled to replace his French traders with English colonials. Bisaillon and Chartier went on to establish trading posts in Paxtang, Pennsylvania. Chartier died in 1718.

James Logan maintained a good friendship with Bisaillon until the end of his life, and in 1719 he asked Isaac Taylor to survey land as a gift for Bisaillon and his wife, on the Susquehanna River near Conewago Creek. Seven hundred acres was surveyed for his wife Martha Bisaillon, and Peter built a home there. Logan's letter to Taylor says, in part:

> Loving ffriend. Thou wilt receive from Peter Bizaillon himself the warrants on orders for surveying a thousand acres of land to his wife and her brother, in executing of which I doubt it will be difficult to reconcile his and Anne Le Tort's expectations, but I request thee to use thy endeavours. Peter will talk high, but generally harkens to reason. However, his and M. Combs' conveniency are principally to be regarded, tho' on the other hand I am very desirous the old gentlewoman should have some land that she may be fixed, and leave something to her grandchildren. Pray see that it be laid out of a sufficient depth; I think a mile and a half or a quarter, at least, is little enough, but this is left to thee, and thou art by no means to produce or mention this letter...Keep this wholly to thyself. Thy real friend, J. LOGAN.

A letter in French from James Logan to Bisaillon, dated 22 November 1725, mentions Logan's promise to visit Bisaillon's niece and discusses a land deal with James Le Tort, indicating Logan's ongoing friendship with Bisaillon.

Fluent in several Native American dialects, Bisaillon was employed as an Unami language interpreter for the Lenape at conferences in Philadelphia in 1717, 1720, 1721, and 1728 (together with Nicholas Scull II). He retired shortly afterwards on his estate of over 700 acres near Conoy Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

## Marriages and family

Some sources state that Bisaillon married a Native American woman, possibly of the Piscataway tribe, in 1697. She is referred to as Marie Thérèse Kouaga or Marie Thérèse Osunesa. She is mentioned only once in official records, but not by name, when she was asked to interpret in May, 1704: "Two Onondagoe Indians were again called to receive their answer and Peter Bezillion's wife being in town, who understands their language well, was also called to interpret." At least one source mentions that he had his children "baptized and adopted legally," but does not provide details. Marie Thérèse is described as "wise and prolific."

In a letter dated 27 August 1701, written to Peter from Jahanna Beselion, daughter of Jahanna Sioute, she claims him as her father and begs his acknowledgement. It is unknown what his response was.

In 1727 Bisaillon married Martha Combe (1693-1764) from Pennsylvania (one source says she was born in Scotland). She also occasionally served as an interpreter during conferences between local tribes and the provincial authorities. They apparently had no children. She died on 18 June 1764, and is buried beside him at St. John's Episcopal Church, in East Caln Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.

## Death

He died on 18 July 1742 and, as he had no children, his property went to his wife's nephews. He names eight slaves in his will. He is buried at St. John's Episcopal Church, in East Caln Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.

## Legacy

Bisaillon's trade route, one of the first roads in the area, which probably followed some well-traveled Indian trails, became known as "Old Peter’s Road." It dated from 1707 near Bareville to 1712 near Conoy Township, and ran from the Susquehanna east through Chester County, Delaware County and Downingtown to Philadelphia along what is now Pennsylvania Route 340. A historical marker with a map showing the original route of Old Peter's Road was erected by the Lancaster County Historical society in 1933.

"Bezalion's Cave," a cave used by Bisaillon to store furs and traps, was located on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, near what is now Spring City, Pennsylvania. It appears on several eighteenth-century maps of the area. The cave was very likely filled in during the construction of the Schuylkill Canal in 1825.

* Jennings, Francis (1974). "Bisaillon, Peter". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). *Dictionary of Canadian Biography*. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.

## InfoBox

| Peter Bisaillon | |
| --- | --- |
| Pennsylvania state historical marker in Coatesville | |
| Born | Pierre Bisaillon
c. 1662
Saint-Jean-d'Aubrigoux, diocese of Clermont, Auvergne, Haute-Loire, France |
| Died | July 18, 1742(1742-07-18) (aged 80)
near Conoy Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania |
| Nationality | New France |
| Occupation(s) | Explorer, fur trader, interpreter, *coureur des bois* |
| Years active | 1686–1728 |
| Known for | Travels with Henri de Tonti and collaboration with James Logan |
| Spouses | Martha Combe (1693–1764), Marie Thérèse Kouaga or Osunesa |
| Parent(s) | Benoit Bisaillon (b. 1638) and Louise-Françoise Blaise Dublay (b. 1642) |
| Relatives | Brothers: Benoit Bisaillon (1663–1700)
Michel Bisaillon (1660–c. 1728)
Étienne Bisaillon (1659–1697)
Daughter: Jahanna Beselion (b. 1690) |


title: Peter Biskind

abstract: Peter Biskind is an American cultural critic, film historian, journalist and former executive editor of Premiere magazine from 1986 to 1996.

text:
# Peter Biskind

**Peter Biskind** (born 1940) is an American cultural critic, film historian, journalist and former executive editor of *Premiere* magazine from 1986 to 1996.

## Biography

He attended Swarthmore College and wrote several books depicting life in Hollywood, including *Seeing Is Believing,* *Easy Riders, Raging Bulls,* *Down and Dirty Pictures,* and *Gods and Monsters,* some of which were bestsellers. In 2010, he published a biography of director and actor Warren Beatty, entitled *Star: How Warren Beatty Seduced America.*

Biskind is a contributing editor at *Vanity Fair*. His work has appeared in publications such as *Rolling Stone*, *The Washington Post,* *Paris Match,* *The Nation,* *The New York Times,* *The Times* (London), and the *Los Angeles Times,* as well as in film journals such as *Sight and Sound* and *Film Quarterly*. He and his wife Elizabeth Hess were both on the editorial staff of *Seven Days* magazine in the late 1970s.

He served as the editor-in-chief of *American Film* from 1981 to 1986.

Biskind's books have been translated into more than thirty languages.

## Criticism

Roger Ebert had been critical of Biskind since the publications of *Easy Riders, Raging Bulls* and *Down and Dirty Pictures*, saying: "Biskind has a way of massaging his stories to suit his agenda." In particular, Ebert drew attention to an alleged encounter with director Todd Haynes at a film festival, where Haynes presented his film *Poison*. According to Biskind's claims, Ebert declared: "Who the hell is Todd Haynes?" when introduced to him and snatched his hand away from an offered handshake. Ebert denies this event ever took place, as did Christine Vachon, Biskind's alleged source of the anecdote.

## Selected bibliography

**Books**

* (1983). *Seeing Is Believing: How Hollywood Taught Us to Stop Worrying and Love the Fifties*. New York: Pantheon Books.
* (1990). *The Godfather Companion: Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About All Three Godfather Films*. New York, NY: HarperPerennial.
* (1998). *Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock-'n'-Roll Generation Saved Hollywood*. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
* (2004). *Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film*. New York: Simon & Schuster.
* (2004). *Gods and Monsters: Thirty Years of Writing on Film and Culture From One of America's Most Incisive Writers*. New York: Nation Books.
* (2010). *Star: How Warren Beatty Seduced America*. New York: Simon & Schuster.
* (2013). *My Lunches With Orson: Conversations between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles*. New York: Metropolitan Books.
* (2018). *The Sky is Falling: How Vampires, Zombies, Androids and Superheroes Made America Great For Extremism*. New York: The New Press.
* (2023). *Pandora's Box: How Guts, Guile, and Greed Upended TV*. New York: William Morrow.

**Essays**

* Peter Biskind's "Foreword" and his essay "Inside Indiewood" (April 3, 2000) are included in: Bromley, C. (2000). *Cinema Nation: The Best Writing on Film from 'The Nation,' 1913–2000*. New York: Thunder Mouth Press/Nation Books.
* "Reconstructing Woody", *Vanity Fair*, December 2005.
* "Thunder on the Left: The Making of *Reds*", *Vanity Fair*, March 2006.
* "The Vietnam Oscars", *Vanity Fair*, March 2008.
* Biskind's *Vanity Fair* articles "Midnight Revolution" and "Thunder on the Left" are included in: Graydon Carter, editor (2008). *Vanity Fair's Tales of Hollywood: Rebels, Reds, and Graduates and the Wild Stories Behind the Making of 13 Iconic Films*. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books.

## InfoBox

| Peter Biskind | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1940 (age 8384) |
| Occupations | * Writer * critic * journalist |


title: Peter Bischoff

abstract: Peter Bischoff was a German competitive sailor and Olympic champion. He won a gold medal in the Star class at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, together with Hans-Joachim Weise. In 1937 he married the German soprano Carla Spletter.

text:
# Peter Bischoff

**Peter Bischoff** (24 March 1904 – 1 July 1976) was a German competitive sailor and Olympic champion. He won a gold medal in the Star class at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, together with Hans-Joachim Weise. In 1937 he married the German soprano Carla Spletter.

## InfoBox

Peter Bischoff
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Sailing | | |
| Representing  Germany | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1936 Berlin | Star class |


title: Dionicio Gustavo

abstract: Dionicio Gustavo is a karateka from the Dominican Republic who twice won the gold medal at the Pan American Games.

text:
# Dionicio Gustavo

**Dionicio Gustavo** (born January 18, 1983, in Santo Domingo) is a karateka from the Dominican Republic who twice won the gold medal at the Pan American Games.

## Early age and personal life

Gustavo started practicing karate at the age of six and joined the National team in 1999. He was influenced by Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee films.

He suffered a minor gunshot wound in his right thigh in 2001 during a robbery.

## Career

Gustavo won the gold medal in the 2000 and 2006 Pan American Karate Championships, the silver medal at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games after losing to Emilio Oviedo in the gold medal round, and the bronze medal at the 2003 Pan American Games.

He also won the 2007 Pan American Games gold medal in the 75 kg category. This win was accompanied by a promise of a house for his mother who lost her home in 1998 because of Hurricane Georges. For his successful year in 2007, the Dominican Republic Olympic Committee awarded him *Karate Athlete of the Year* in 2008.

While fighting Chilean David Dubó, Gustavo suffered an injury in his left eye during the 2009 Pan American Karate Championship in Willemstad, Curaçao. He would later receive full support from the Dominican Republic Minister of Sports for full recovery.

Alongside María Dimitrova, Gustavo was awarded *Karate Athlete of the Year* in 2010 by the National Olympic Committee. That same year he won the gold medal in under 75 kg and the bronze in kumite at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games. For this medal he was recognized by the Chief of Staff of the Dominican Navy, where he had the Ensign rank.

On January 31, 2011, Gustavo was awarded by the Dominican Republic Youth Ministry as the National Youth Award for Sport Merits. The Dominican Republic Sports Minister gave him a house in Monte Plata, just before he departed to Guadalajara, Mexico, to compete at the Pan American Games. He was selected to replace Gabriel Mercedes as the Dominican Republic flag bearer, because Mercedes had to compete the next day following the inaugural parade. He not only carried the national flag, but won the gold medal, defeating the American Thomas Scott in the final match. The medal was dedicated to the Sport Minister, Mr. Jay Payano, for his support to the athletes and the national sport.

Gustavo has also been competing in full contact karate with the Karate Combat organization and has a record of 2–1–0 as of 2020.

## InfoBox

Dionicio Gustavo
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Dionicio Gustavo |
| Nickname(s) | Violin, El capitan |
| Nationality | Dominican |
| Born | (1983-01-18) 18 January 1983<br>Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Weight | 75 kg (165 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Dominican Republic |
| Sport | Karate |
| Medal record      Men's Karate  Representing the  Dominican Republic  Pan American Games  2007 Rio de Janeiro  Under 75 kg  2011 Guadalajara  Under 75 kg  2003 Santo Domingo  Under 68 kg  Central American and Caribbean Games  2010 Mayagüez Under 75 kg  2002 San Salvador Under 70 kg  2002 San Salvador Team Kumite  2010 Mayagüez Team Kumite | |


title: Peter Posnette

abstract: Peter Posnette was a British plant pathologist. He was educated at Pate's Grammar School Cheltenham and Christ's College, Cambridge. Posnette was a keen sportsman in his youth being a member of Pate's First X1 at football and cricket and playing football at University. He played several games for Bedouins, a 'touring' association football team that drew the majority of their players from universities. On leaving university in 1935, he joined the Colonial Agricultural Service and gained a research scholarship at Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad. Posnette made his name in West Africa, 1937-49, where his work helped preserve the cocoa crop through the development of the more disease resistant hybrid Trinitaro plants and led to him being dubbed 'the Father of Modern Chocolate. He returned to UK to work at the East Malling Research Station on solutions to disease in plants such as apples and strawberries. He became Head of Plant Pathology at East Malling in 1957 and Deputy Director of the station in 1972. He was also visiting Professor of Plant Sciences at Wye College, then part of the University of London.

text:
# Peter Posnette

**Peter Posnette** (real name **Adrian Frank Posnette**) CBE FRS VMH (11 January 1914 – 17 July 2004) was a British plant pathologist.

He was educated at Pate's Grammar School Cheltenham and Christ's College, Cambridge. Posnette was a keen sportsman in his youth being a member of Pate's First X1 at football and cricket and playing football at University. He played several games for Bedouins, a 'touring' association football team that drew the majority of their players from universities.

On leaving university in 1935, he joined the Colonial Agricultural Service and gained a research scholarship at Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad. Posnette made his name in West Africa, 1937-49, where his work helped preserve the cocoa crop through the development of the more disease resistant hybrid Trinitaro plants and led to him being dubbed 'the Father of Modern Chocolate.

He returned to UK to work at the East Malling Research Station on solutions to disease in plants such as apples and strawberries. He became Head of Plant Pathology at East Malling in 1957 and Deputy Director of the station in 1972. He was also visiting Professor of Plant Sciences at Wye College, then part of the University of London.

## Honours and awards

He was appointed CBE in the 1976 Birthday Honours, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1971 and awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Victoria Medal of Honour in 1982. A sculpture of Peter Posnette in conversation with Prof Geoffrey Emett Blackman, sculpted by Blackman's wife Audrey, is displayed in the Fellows Rooms at the Royal Society.

## InfoBox

| Adrian Frank Posnette
CBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1914-01-11)11 January 1914
Kings Norton, England |
| Died | 17 July 2004(2004-07-17) (aged 90) |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Christ's College, Cambridge |
| Known for | Plant pathology |
| Spouse | Isabelle La Roche |
| Awards | CBE(1976)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1971)
Victoria Medal of Honour (1982) |


title: Peter Hore (prankster)

abstract: Peter Hore is an Australian-born man best known for public stunts such as disrupting the 1997 Melbourne Cup by running onto the track during the race, interrupting a tennis match at the Australian Open, and gate-crashing celebrity funerals. During a World Cup football qualifying match between the national teams of Australia and Iran in 1997, Hore ran onto the field and cut the Iranian team's net. According to ESPN FC, the resulting delay was a turning point in the match, allowing the Iranian team to "regain their composure" and go on to win. In 2007, Hore publicly told Queensland premier Anna Bligh that he would run for her seat in South Brisbane the following year. He ran against Kevin Rudd as an independent in the Division of Griffith in 2007, polling over 2,200 primary votes as "P.M. Howard".

text:
# Peter Hore (prankster)

**Peter Hore** is an Australian-born man best known for public stunts such as disrupting the 1997 Melbourne Cup by running onto the track during the race, interrupting a tennis match at the Australian Open, and gate-crashing celebrity funerals.

During a World Cup football qualifying match between the national teams of Australia and Iran in 1997, Hore ran onto the field and cut the Iranian team's net. According to *ESPN FC*, the resulting delay was a turning point in the match, allowing the Iranian team to "regain their composure" and go on to win.

In 2007, Hore publicly told Queensland premier Anna Bligh that he would run for her seat in South Brisbane the following year. He ran against Kevin Rudd as an independent in the Division of Griffith in 2007, polling over 2,200 primary votes as "P.M. Howard".

## InfoBox

| Peter Hore | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Australian |


title: Diversified Energy

abstract: Diversified Energy Company PLC, formerly Diversified Gas & Oil PLC, is a gas and oil production company operating in the Appalachian Basin and the Central Region in the United States. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.

text:
# Diversified Energy

**Diversified Energy Company PLC**, formerly **Diversified Gas & Oil PLC**, is a gas and oil production company operating in the Appalachian Basin and the Central Region in the United States. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.

## History

The company was established by Robert ('Rusty') Hutson when he bought a gas well in West Virginia in 2001. The management then grew the business over the next decade by acquiring old gas and oil wells that the main producers did not want. It was the subject of a flotation on the Alternative Investment Market in February 2017 and moved to the premium market in May 2020.

On 6 May 2021 the changed its name from Diversified Gas & Oil PLC to Diversified Energy Company PLC and changed its TIDM code from DGOC to DEC.

In December 2021 Diversified Energy acquired the Oklahoma-based Tapstone Energy Holdings, LLC for $174 million.

In April 2022, it was announced that Diversified Energy had acquired "certain East Texas upstream assets and related facilities" from a private seller for $50 million USD in cash.

In September 2022 Diversified Energy acquired certain upstream assets and related facilities from ConocoPhillips Company for $240 million.

In March 2023 Diversified Energy completed an acquisition of certain upstream assets and related facilities in Texas from Tanos Energy Holdings II LLC for $250 million.

## Operations

Diversified Energy primarily purchases end-of-life wells from major producers. These wells are inexpensive because state law requires non-producing wells be plugged, and the wells are priced with the expectation that they will have to be plugged in the near future. This is an expensive procedure, though. Diversified Energy reports that it can do so for under $25,000 per well, less than other producers. The company was able to demonstrate that it can consistently retire wells at a lower cost point. In 2022 Diversified Energy retired 200 wells. In the first six months of 2023 it retired an additional 100 wells. Diversified Energy expects to be able to operate these wells for as many as 50 more years, which greatly reduces the present value of the future plugging liability. Because of this reduction in liability, Diversified Energy is able to record the wells at a higher value than it paid. Since 2014, Diversified Energy has made more from these accounting gains than its cumulative reported profit.

The company owns over 69,000 oil and gas wells as of October 2021, making it the largest well owner in the United States.

Diversified Energy's business model consists of buying up aging wells with a low-decline profile. It then hedges the expected production for several years out and thus creates predictable cash-flows. This hedged production is placed into asset-backed securities (ABS) to access investment-grade debt financing. The ABS have an amortizing structure to align with the declining production profile. In 2022 Diversified Energy acquired three well-plugging companies that were combined in its subsidiary, Next LVL Energy.

Diversified Energy entered into well plugging agreements with the states of Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania in 2019 and 2020. These agreements extend between 10 and 15 years and commit the company to plug as set number of wells per year.

## Environmental Impact

In 2018, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection found a subsidiary of Diversified Energy to be out of compliance on over 1,000 abandoned wells.

In 2019 in Ohio, Diversified Energy was found to have falsely claimed a well was producing natural gas, which meant the well was not required to be plugged. Diversified Energy claimed it was an unintentional mistake.

In April 2021, Diversified Energy claimed in a report to investors that it had reduced greenhouse gas emissions 28% from 2019 to 2020, but reported to the Environmental Protection Agency that it had actually increased emissions 19% during the same time period.

An October 2021 investigation by Bloomberg News found that 59% of sampled natural gas wells belonging to Diversified Energy were leaking significant amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. These wells were producing little to no natural gas, and some of them appeared to be abandoned. State laws require that non producing gas wells be plugged promptly, a costly procedure. The company's share price dropped 21% in one day following publication of the investigation.

## InfoBox

Diversified Energy Company PLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | LSE: DEC |
| Industry | Oil and gas |
| Founded | 2001 (2001) |
| Headquarters | Birmingham, Alabama |
| Key people | David Johnson (Chairman)<br>Robert Hutson (CEO) |
| Revenue | $868.3 million (2023) |
| Operating income | $1,161.1 million (2023) |
| Net income | $759.4 million (2023) |
| Website | www.div.energy |


title: Peter Spendelowe Lamborn

abstract: Peter Spendelowe Lamborn was an English engraver and miniature painter.

text:
# Peter Spendelowe Lamborn

**Peter Spendelowe Lamborn** (1722 – 5 November 1774) was an English engraver and miniature painter.

## Biography

Lamborn was born at Cambridge in 1722, the son of John Lamborn (died 1763), a watchmaker, and Elizabeth Susanna Spendelowe, his second wife. Lamborn came to London and studied engraving under Isaac Basire, but returned to practice at Cambridge, where he obtained some note as an engraver. He also showed considerable skill as a miniature painter.

Lamborn was a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and signed their declaration roll in 1765; he exhibited with them first in 1764, sending a miniature of a lady and a drawing of the church at St Neots, Huntingdonshire. He continued to exhibit there annually up to his death. His architectural drawings were much esteemed. Lamborn engraved two sets of views of university buildings in Cambridge, a large view of the Angel Hill at Bury St Edmunds (after John Kendall), and some landscapes after Poelenburg and Jan Both.

He also engraved the plates to Sandby's edition of 'Juvenal' (1763), Bentham's 'History of Ely Cathedral (1771), and Martyn and Lettice's 'Antiquities of Herculaneum' (1773).

He etched a few portraits, including those of Samuel Johnson (drawn from life), Oliver Cromwell (from the picture by Samuel Cooper at Sidney Sussex College), John Ives, F.R.S. Thomas Martin, F.R.S., Dr. Richard Walker, vice-master of Trinity College (after D. Heins), The Rev. Charles Barnwell, and Richard Penderell; impressions of all these etchings are in the print room at the British Museum. On 6 January 1762 Lamborn married Mary, daughter of Hitch Wale, and granddaughter Wale of Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire, by whom he had three sons and one daughter. The latter married James was mother of James Lamborn Cock, music publisher, of New Bond Street, London. Lamborn died at Cambridge on 5 November 1774. A miniature portrait of him is in the possession of Mrs. Lamborn Cock.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cust, Lionel Henry (1892). "Lamborn, Peter Spendelowe". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Divine Lady of Song

abstract: The Divine Lady of Song is a jazz album by the vocalist Sarah Vaughan. It was released on July 1, 2004.

text:
# Divine Lady of Song

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***The Divine Lady of Song*** is a jazz album by the vocalist Sarah Vaughan. It was released on July 1, 2004.

## Track listing

1. "Just One of Those Things" – 1:47
2. "Corner To Corner" – 3:09
3. "I Cried For You" – 2:16
4. "Tenderly" – 2:28
5. "Perdido" – 2:39
6. "Misty" – 3:34
7. "Lover Come Back To Me" – 2:50
8. "You're Mine, You" – 3:10
9. "But Not for Me" – 2:01
10. "On Green Dolphin Street" – 3:03
11. "Careless" – 2:20
12. "What Is This Thing Called Love" – 2:10
13. "Gone With The Wind" – 3:30
14. "All Of Me" – 2:30
15. "Don't Blame Me" – 3:05
16. "Just One of Those Things" – 2:10
17. "While You Are Gone" (Lucky Thompson) – 2:49
18. "Mean to Me" – 2:01
19. "The More I See You" – 3:17
20. "Sometimes I'm Happy" – 6:52

## Personnel

### Artists

1. Allmusic review

## InfoBox

| Divine Lady of Song | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sarah Vaughan | |
| Released | July 1, 2004 (2004-07-01) |
| Genre | Vocal jazz |
| Length | 57:41 |
| Label | Collectors' Choice Music |


title: Peter Wonka

abstract: Peter Wonka is an Austrian computer scientist and a professor and associate director at the Visual Computing Center at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia. He was previously employed at the Arizona State University as an associate professor and is a recipient of the National Science Foundation Career Award. His main contributions lie in the areas of computer graphics, scientific visualization and image processing.

text:
# Peter Wonka

**Peter Wonka** is an Austrian computer scientist and a professor and associate director at the Visual Computing Center at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia. He was previously employed at the Arizona State University as an associate professor and is a recipient of the National Science Foundation Career Award.

His main contributions lie in the areas of computer graphics, scientific visualization and image processing.

## Biography

Peter Wonka received a master's degree in computer science from Vienna University of Technology in 1997. He continued his graduate studies there, receiving his PhD degree for the thesis "Occlusion Culling for Real-Time Rendering of Urban Environments" in 2001 as well as a master's degree in urban planning in 2002.

After researching at UJF Grenoble and Georgia Institute of Technology, Peter Wonka joined the faculty of Arizona State University in 2004 as an assistant professor and then as an associate professor. In 2011, he relocated to King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, where he is currently employed as a professor.

## InfoBox

| Peter Wonka | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Alma mater | TU Vienna |
| Awards | National Science Foundation Career Award (2006) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer Graphics, Scientific visualization, Image Processing |
| Institutions | King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Arizona State University |
| Thesis | *Occlusion Culling for Real-Time Rendering of Urban Environments*  (2001) |
| Doctoral advisor | Michael Gervautz |
|  | |


title: Peter Wood (cricketer)

abstract: Peter George Wood was an English first-class cricketer active in 1981 who played 29 seasons for Rawtenstall Cricket Club. He was active in the Lancashire League and was the all-time leading run-maker for Rawtenstall. Wood died suddenly in Australia on 26 January 2022, at the age of 70.

text:
# Peter Wood (cricketer)

**Peter George Wood** (29 September 1951 in Manchester – 26 January 2022) was an English first-class cricketer active in 1981 who played 29 seasons for Rawtenstall Cricket Club.

He was active in the Lancashire League and was the all-time leading run-maker for Rawtenstall.

Wood died suddenly in Australia on 26 January 2022, at the age of 70.

## InfoBox

Peter Wood
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1951-09-29)29 September 1951
Manchester, Lancashire, England |
| Died | 26 January 2022(2022-01-26) (aged 70)
Australia |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1968-75 | Rawtenstall Cricket Club |
| 1975 | Walshaw Cricket Club |
| 1976-81 | Rawtenstall Cricket Club |
| 1981-82 | Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club |
| 1982 | Norden Cricket Club |
| 1982-83 | Cumberland County Cricket Club |
| 1983 | Blackburn Northern Cricket Club |
| 1983-96 | Rawtenstall Cricket Club |
|  | |


title: Peter Verhoeven

abstract: Peter Gerard Verhoeven is a retired American professional basketball player. He was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1981 NBA draft and played for four teams throughout his six-year NBA career, averaging 3.5 points and 2.3 rebounds a game. Born in Hanford, California, he played collegiately at Fresno State University until 1981, and in 2006 was inducted into the Fresno Athletic Hall of Fame.

text:
# Peter Verhoeven

**Peter Gerard Verhoeven** (born February 15, 1959) is a retired American professional basketball player.

He was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1981 NBA draft and played for four teams throughout his six-year NBA career, averaging 3.5 points and 2.3 rebounds a game.

Born in Hanford, California, he played collegiately at Fresno State University until 1981, and in 2006 was inducted into the Fresno Athletic Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

Peter Verhoeven
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-02-15) February 15, 1959<br>Hanford, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) |
| Listed weight | 215 lb (98 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Hanford (Hanford, California) |
| College | Fresno State (1977–1981) |
| NBA draft | 1981: 4th round, 85th overall pick |
| Selected by the Portland Trail Blazers | |
| Playing career | 1981–1989 |
| Position | Power forward |
| Number | 31, 40, 50 |
| Career history | |
| 19811984 | Portland Trail Blazers |
| 1984–1985 | Kansas City Kings |
| 1985–1986 | Golden State Warriors |
| 1986–1987 | Indiana Pacers |
| 1987–1988 | Charleston Gunners |
| ? | Bosco A Coruña |
| 1988–1989 | Caja Guipúzcoa |
|  | |
| Stats  at NBA.com | |
| Stats at Basketball-Reference.com | |


title: Divyank Turakhia

abstract: Divyank Turakhia is an Indian-born computer-programmer, businessman, billionaire, serial entrepreneur, and investor. His net worth is estimated at $1.76 billion. He founded Media.net, which he sold in 2016 to a Chinese consortium for $900 million, the third-largest ever ad-tech deal.

text:
# Divyank Turakhia

**Divyank Turakhia** (born January 29, 1982) is an Indian-born computer-programmer, businessman, billionaire, serial entrepreneur, and investor. His net worth is estimated at $1.76 billion (as of Sept 2017). He founded Media.net, which he sold in 2016 to a Chinese consortium for $900 million, the third-largest ever ad-tech deal.

## Early life and education

Divyank Turakhia, was born on Jan 29, 1982 in India. He was interested in coding from young age.

Divyank started coding at the age of eight. He received his early education from Arya Vidya Mandir in Bandra, Mumbai and later graduated from Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics (University of Mumbai).

## Awards and recognition

* #2 in the IIFL Wealth and Hurun India 40 & Under Self-Made Rich List (2020)
* #9 in India's Richest Tech Billionaires by IIFL Hurun Rich List (2020)
* Youngest Indian Billionaire (2018, 2017, 2016)
* Youngest self-made Gulf billionaire (2017)
* #27 in the Global 40 under 40 Self-made Rich List (2017)
* 40 Most Influential Indians Under 40 by AsiaOne (2017)
* Ranked #95 on the Forbes list of India's 100 Richest People (2016)
* The ET Panache Trendsetter Award by The Economic Times (2016)
* Most Respected Indian Entrepreneur for 2016, Hurun Report
* "Winning Warrior" Bloomberg Television (2010)
* Enterprise Twenty20: 20 new business leaders in their 20s, Financial Express (2008)
* Asia's Best Entrepreneurs Under 25, BusinessWeek Magazine (2006)

## Personal life

Turakhia splits his time between homes in Dubai, Los Angeles, London, and San Francisco. *Forbes* called him a 'thrillionaire' because of his passion for aerobatic flying. He has one sibling, Bhavin Turakhia.

## InfoBox

| Divyank Turakhia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1982-01-29) 29 January 1982 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Founder of Media.net |
| Known for | Media.net, Skenzo, Directi, Radix |


title: Dirk Rauin

abstract: Dirk Rauin is a former West German handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the West German handball team which won the silver medal. He played all six matches and scored five goals.

text:
# Dirk Rauin

**Dirk Rauin** (born 16 March 1957) is a former West German handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics.

He was a member of the West German handball team which won the silver medal. He played all six matches and scored five goals.

* Dirk Rauin at databaseOlympics.com (archived)
* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Dirk Rauin". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.

## InfoBox

Dirk Rauin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 16 March 1957 (1957-03-16) (age 67)<br>Hückeswagen, West Germany |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Medal record      Men's handball  Representing  West Germany  Olympic Games  1984 Los Angeles  Team | |


abstract: DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC9 gene.

text:
# Dnaj (hsp40) homolog, subfamily c, member 9

**DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC9 gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| DNAJC9 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | DNAJC9, HDJC9, JDD1, SB73, DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C9 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 611206; MGI: 1915326; HomoloGene: 9055; GeneCards: DNAJC9; OMA:DNAJC9 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_015190   NM\_134081   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_056005   NP\_598842   Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 73.18 – 73.25 Mb Chr 14: 20.43 – 20.44 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Persoonia silvatica

abstract: Persoonia silvatica, commonly known as the forest geebung, is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a shrub or tree with more or less lance-shaped leaves and small groups of yellow flowers with white centres. It grows mainly in forest near the border between New South Wales and Victoria.

text:
# Persoonia silvatica

***Persoonia silvatica***, commonly known as the **forest geebung**, is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a shrub or tree with more or less lance-shaped leaves and small groups of yellow flowers with white centres. It grows mainly in forest near the border between New South Wales and Victoria.

## Description

*Persoonia silvatica* is a shrub or small tree which grows to a height of 1.5–9 m (5–30 ft) with its young branches having a sparse covering of hair. The leaves are arranged alternately and are 30–120 mm (1–5 in) long and 6–25 mm (0.2–1 in) wide. They are narrow elliptic to lance-shaped, or narrow spatula-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base. They are flat and smooth, the upper surface a darker colour than the lower one, and the leaves are hairy when young but become glabrous as they age. The flowers are arranged in groups called racemes in leaf axils, or on the ends of branches, and some of the groups continue to grow into leafy shoots. Each flower is on a pedicel 1–4 mm (0.04–0.2 in) long which is sometimes hairy. The flower is composed of four yellow tepals 12–14 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long, which are fused at the base but with the tips rolled back. There is a spine up to 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long on the end of each tepal. The central style is surrounded by four white anthers which are also joined at the base with the tips rolled back, so that they resemble a cross when viewed end-on. The ovary at the base of the style is glabrous. Flowering occurs in summer and is followed by fruit which are green, oval-shaped drupes about 15 mm (0.6 in) long and 12 mm (0.5 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Persoonia silvatica* was first formally described in 1957 by botanist Lawrie Johnson based on plant material collected at Brown Mountain in New South Wales by Ernst Betche in 1893. The specific epithet (*silvatica*) is a Latin word meaning "of woods".

## Distribution and habitat

*Persoonia silvatica* occurs in montane forest along the Great Dividing Range in East Gippsland and south-eastern New South Wales including localities Bendoc, the Errinundra Plateau, Mount Kaye and Howe Hill in Victoria and Monga, Tinderry Peak and Mount Currockbilly in New South Wales. Plants that are believed to be hybrids of this species with *Persoonia confertiflora* have been noted at Genoa in Victoria.

## InfoBox

| Forest geebung | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Persoonia silvatica* growing near Tantawangalo | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Persoonia* |
| Species: | ***P. silvatica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Persoonia silvatica***<br>L.A.S.Johnson | |
|


title: Persoonia striata

abstract: Persoonia striata is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, often spreading shrub with hairy young branchlets, linear to spatula-shaped leaves, and bright yellow flowers borne in groups of up to five on a rachis up to 2 mm (0.079 in) long that continues to grow after flowering.

text:
# Persoonia striata

***Persoonia striata*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, often spreading shrub with hairy young branchlets, linear to spatula-shaped leaves, and bright yellow flowers borne in groups of up to five on a rachis up to 2 mm (0.079 in) long that continues to grow after flowering.

## Description

*Persoonia striata* is an erect, often spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of 15–70 cm (5.9–27.6 in) and has branches covered with whitish or greyish hairs when young. The leaves are linear to spatula-shaped, 10–45 mm (0.39–1.77 in) long and 0.7–2.7 mm (0.028–0.106 in) wide with three parallel ridges on both sides. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to five on a rachis up to 2 mm (0.079 in) long that usually continues to grow after flowering, each flower on a pedicel 2.5–9 mm (0.098–0.354 in) long with a scale leaf at its base. The tepals are bright yellow, 8.5–12.5 mm (0.33–0.49 in) long and glabrous. Flowering occurs from November to December.

## Taxonomy

*Persoonia striata* was first formally described in 1830 by Robert Brown in the *Supplementum* to his *Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen* from specimens collected in 1829 near "King George's Sound" by William Baxter.

## Distribution and habitat

This geebung grows in heath in the area between Lake Hope, Dumbleyung and Albany in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions in the south-west of Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Persoonia striata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Persoonia* |
| Species: | ***P. striata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Persoonia striata***<br>R.Br. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Linkia striata* (R.Br.) Kuntze | |


title: Peter McCann (album)

abstract: Peter McCann is the debut album by Peter McCann and was released in 1977. It reached No. 82 on the Billboard Top LPs chart. The album featured two singles: "Do You Wanna Make Love", which reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and "Save Me Your Love", which did not chart.

text:
# Peter McCann (album)

***Peter McCann*** is the debut album by Peter McCann and was released in 1977. It reached No. 82 on the *Billboard* Top LPs chart.

The album featured two singles: "Do You Wanna Make Love", which reached No. 5 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and "Save Me Your Love", which did not chart.

## Track listing

All songs written by Peter McCann.

1. "Do You Wanna Make Love" – 3:33
2. "Everybody's Got to Hold on to Something" - 2:51
3. "I Can't Live Without You" - 3:34
4. "It's Easy" - 2:55
5. "The Things You Left Behind" - 3:30
6. "Save Me Your Love" - 2:31
7. "Suicide and Vine" - 2:39
8. "Broken White Line" – 3:21
9. "Right Time of the Night" – 3:09
10. "If You Can't Find Love" – 3:29

## Personnel

* Hal Yoergler – producer
* Barry Rudolph – engineer
* Larry Hirsch – engineer
* Bob MacLeod – mastering
* Artie Butler – arranger (tracks: 1, 3, 6–7)
* Brian Whitcomb – arranger (tracks: 4, 8), keyboards
* Peter McCann – arranger (tracks: 5, 10), lead vocals, piano, acoustic guitar
* George Marinelli, Jr. – electric guitar
* John Hug – electric guitar, acoustic guitar
* Dennis Belfield – bass
* Ernie Watts – saxophone, oboe
* Michael Botts – drums (tracks: 1–9)
* Ace Holleran – drums (track: 10)
* Larry Treadwell – harmonica

## Charts

| Chart (1977) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top LPs (*Billboard*) | 82 |
|

Singles

| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | "Do You Wanna Make Love" | US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 5 |
| | | US US Easy Listening | 22 |
|

## InfoBox

| Peter McCann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Peter McCann | |
| Released | 1977 |
| Genre | Soft rock |
| Length | 31:17 |
| Label | 20th Century |
| Producer | Hal Yoergler |
| Peter McCann chronology | |
| ***Peter McCann***
(1977) *One on One*
(1979) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Peter McCann* | |
| 1. "Do You Wanna Make Love"/"Right Time of the Night"
Released: May 1977 2. "Save Me Your Love"/"It's Easy"
Released: September 1977 | |
|  | |


title: Dionisio R. De Leon Express

abstract: Dionisio R. De Leon Express or simply De Leon Express was a Philippine bus company based in Tarlac City, with approximately 30 units and operations throughout Northern Luzon. It was founded and manager by its owner, Dionisio R. De Leon for which the company was named.

text:
# Dionisio R. De Leon Express

**Dionisio R. De Leon Express** or simply **De Leon Express** was a Philippine bus company based in Tarlac City, with approximately 30 units and operations throughout Northern Luzon. It was founded and manager by its owner, Dionisio R. De Leon for which the company was named.

## History

The company started in 1998 by its owner, Dionisio R. De Leon. Using his name as the company's trade-name, his company started to operate routes from Tarlac City to San Carlos, Pangasinan with only two bus units. After seeing a good potential to expand the business, De Leon Express added to its bus fleet and expanded its routes to Dagupan, Pangasinan and Dau Bus Terminal, eventually including a direct route to Metro Manila.

However, in 2010, it was discovered by authorities that the operation in Metro Manila was "out of line". meaning that De Leon Express had no authority to provide service all the way to the metro. Their buses were also found to be aging and in need of maintenance or replacement. They were cited by the Metro Manila Development Authority as colorum vehicles: "Unregistered Subs/Replacement Engine" or bus units with no registration or needed for engine replacement due to failure upon having series of emission tests.

De Leon Express continued to operate and was eventually sold to JAC Liner, which later merged with Pangasinan Solid North Transit.

## Fleet

The De Leon Express fleet included:

* Mitsubishi Fuso 8DC8 (Ordinary Fare, Almazora Travel Star Body)
* Mitsubishi Fuso 8DC9 (Ordinary Fare, Almazora Travel Star Body)
* Mitsubishi Fuso 6D22 (Ordinary Fare, Almazora Travel Star Body)
* Yutong ZK6107H
* Man Almazora Tourist Star R39

## Destinations

Former routes of De Leon Express before sake to JAC Liner.

* Dagupan \- Cubao via Dau TPLEX Carmen or SCTEX Concepcion
* Tarlac City \- San Carlos
* San Carlos - Cubao (Via Basista/SCTEX Concepcion)
* San Carlos - Cubao (Via Malasiqui/SCTEX Concepcion)
* San Carlos - Cubao/Kamias (Via Dau SCTEX-Concepcion, Tarlac)
* Bayambang - Cubao (via Dau)
* Dau \- Cubao or Aveinda

## InfoBox

De Leon Express
| Founded | 1998 |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct | 2010 |
| Headquarters | Tarlac City, Tarlac, Philippines |
| Service area | Luzon |
| Service type | Land Transport |
| Fleet | 30+ |
| Operator | Dionisio R. De Leon |


abstract: The District No. 5 School is an historic school building and local history museum at 311 East Road in Petersham, Massachusetts. It is one of two relatively unmodified one-room schoolhouses in the town that were built in 1849. It is presently managed by the local historical society as a local history museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

text:
# District No. 5 School (Petersham, Massachusetts)

The **District No. 5 School** is an historic school building and local history museum at 311 East Road in Petersham, Massachusetts. It is one of two relatively unmodified one-room schoolhouses in the town that were built in 1849. It is presently managed by the local historical society as a local history museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

## Description and history

The District No. 5 School is located in a rural area of eastern Petersham, on the northeast side of East Road just south of its junction with Harty Lane. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof, clapboarded exterior, and a stone foundation. The street-facing facade houses a single door, which provides access to the building. The side walls each have two windows. Trim consists of simple pilasters at the corners, and an entry surround with pilasters, transom window, and paneled entablature. The interior of the school has a vestibule area, which then opens into the classroom. The wall separating the spaces is vertical tongue-and-groove, with an original Federal-period door. The classroom walls are finished in vertical tongue-and-groove wainscoting, with plaster above. Floors appear to be original planking, and the original desks occupy much of the space.

The town of Petersham, incorporated in 1754, established a district school system consisting of thirteen districts. The present district 5 schoolhouse was built in 1849, and is one three school buildings from the 1840s to survive in the town. It was built on land purchased by the town in 1803, at which time the district's second schoolhouse was built. The present school was built as a replacement of the 1803 building. District schools were formally abolished in Massachusetts in 1866, but this school remained open until 1880, and served one term in 1888 before being shuttered. In 1907, the town sold the vacant building to four former students, whose association held reunions at the school, and then donated it to the local historical society in 1941, stipulating that it be maintained and preserved. It is now operated by them as a museum.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| District No. 5 School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| District No. 5 School | |
|  | |
| Location | 311 East Road, Petersham, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°29′6″N 72°7′59″W / 42.48500°N 72.13306°W / 42.48500; -72.13306 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1849 (1849) |
| NRHP reference No. | 16000455 |
| Added to NRHP | July 18, 2016 |


title: Petar Cupać

abstract: Petar Cupać is a Croatian sailor. He competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics in the 49er class. Together with his teammates Pavle Kostov and Ivan Bulaja, he is a recipient of the International Fair Play Committee's Pierre de Coubertin World Trophy. In the 2008 Summer Olympics they lent their boat to Danes Jonas Warrer and Martin Kirketerp whose mast had broken shortly before the start of their race. Warrer and Kirketerp went on to win a gold medal.

text:
# Petar Cupać

**Petar Cupać** (born 1 February 1980) is a Croatian sailor. He competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics in the 49er class.

Together with his teammates Pavle Kostov and Ivan Bulaja, he is a recipient of the International Fair Play Committee's Pierre de Coubertin World Trophy. In the 2008 Summer Olympics they lent their boat to Danes Jonas Warrer and Martin Kirketerp whose mast had broken shortly before the start of their race. Warrer and Kirketerp went on to win a gold medal.


title: Rathcormack

abstract: Rathcormack or Rathcormac is a village in County Sligo, Ireland. It is 6 km north of Sligo town on the N15 road between Benbulbin mountain and the sea.

text:
# Rathcormack

**Rathcormack** or **Rathcormac** (Irish: *Ráth Chormaic*, meaning 'Cormac's rath, see ringfort') is a village in County Sligo, Ireland. It is 6 km north of Sligo town on the N15 road between Benbulbin mountain and the sea.

## Sean nós dance festival

There is an annual Sean nós dancing festival held in May, organised by the local Cos Cos Dance Company.

## InfoBox

| Rathcormack *Ráth Chormaic* | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rathcormack village with Ben Bulben in the background | |
| RathcormackLocation in Ireland | |
| Coordinates: 54°20′00″N 8°30′00″W / 54.3333°N 8.5000°W / 54.3333; -8.5000 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Connacht |
| County | County Sligo |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) |
| Irish Grid Reference | G675428 |


title: Battle of Edirne (1410)

abstract: The Battle of Edirne occurred on 11 July 1410, during the Ottoman Interregnum, and was fought between the forces of the rival brothers, Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi, outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.

text:
# Battle of Edirne (1410)

The **Battle of Edirne** occurred on 11 July 1410, during the Ottoman Interregnum, and was fought between the forces of the rival brothers, Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi, outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.

## Background

Following his defeat at the Battle of Kosmidion at the gates of Constantinople on 15 June 1410, Musa retreated to the area around Yambol and Chernomen in Bulgaria, while Süleyman recaptured the Ottoman capital of Edirne. One of Musa's lieutenants, Aliaz, was able to capture Plovdiv, where he took prisoner the Serbian lord Vuk Lazarević and his nephew Lazar Branković. Vuk had betrayed Musa by defecting to Süleyman at Kosmidion, and was executed as a result.

## Battle

Facing the approach of his brother's forces, Musa was soon forced to move south again, and briefly captured Edirne, which his brother had abandoned. When Süleyman too arrived at the city, the two armies clashed. Musa reportedly tried to have Lazar Branković cause his brother, George Branković, who was fighting with Süleyman, to defect, but without success. The battle ended in a victory for Süleyman, forcing Musa to retreat to his original stronghold around the lower course of the Danube, where he was joined by his ally, Mircea I of Wallachia.

## Aftermath

After the battle, Musa retreated to the area around Yambol and Chernomen in Bulgaria, while Süleyman recaptured the Ottoman capital of Edirne. Süleyman sent an army to pursue his brother, but apparently no longer thought him a threat, and instead remained at Edirne, with the chroniclers depicting him engaged in idle pleasure. When Musa, who according to Doukas, had defeated the army Süleyman had sent against him at Sofia, marched on Edirne, Süleyman's forces deserted to Musa. Süleyman himself fled but was captured and executed on 17 February 1411, leaving Musa the sole master of the Ottoman domains in Europe (Rumelia).

## Sources

* Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). *The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13*. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Edirne (1410) | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Ottoman Interregnum | |
| Date 11 July 1410  Location outside Edirne  Result  Victory for Süleyman Çelebi | |
| Belligerents | |
| Forces of Süleyman Çelebi | Forces of Musa Çelebi |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Süleyman Çelebi | Musa Çelebi |


title: Slurry pit

abstract: A slurry pit, also known as a farm slurry pit, slurry tank, slurry lagoon or slurry store, is a hole, dam, or circular concrete structure where farmers gather all their animal waste together with other unusable organic matter, such as hay and water run off from washing down dairies, stables, and barns, in order to convert it over a lengthy period of time into fertilizer that can eventually be reused on their lands to fertilize crops. The decomposition of this waste material produces deadly gases, making slurry pits potentially lethal without precautions such as the use of a breathing apparatus with air supply.

text:
# Slurry pit

A **slurry pit**, also known as a farm slurry pit, **slurry tank**, **slurry lagoon** or **slurry store**, is a hole, dam, or circular concrete structure where farmers gather all their animal waste together with other unusable organic matter, such as hay and water run off from washing down dairies, stables, and barns, in order to convert it over a lengthy period of time into fertilizer that can eventually be reused on their lands to fertilize crops. The decomposition of this waste material produces deadly gases, making slurry pits potentially lethal without precautions such as the use of a breathing apparatus with air supply.

## Nutrient value

The liquid manure blend, or slurry, can be a rich source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

## Risks

Slurry pits present risks of drowning, as well as of suffocation. Decomposition generates gases such as ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide. The latter two are heavier than air and will not disperse quickly from low places. Carbon dioxide is odorless, and hydrogen sulfide quickly becomes undetectable by odor by destroying victims' sense of smell. If inhaled, they can cause rapid unconsciousness by poisoning or displacement of oxygen leading to hypoxia. Death may follow then from poisoning or hypoxia directly, or by drowning caused by unconsciousness. The UK Health and Safety Executive also warns against the creation of naked flames near slurry pits, as gases such as methane are inherently flammable. The Health and Safety Executive of Northern Ireland specifies activity in a slurry pit as specialist work, requiring the worker to have a separate air supply and a harness lifeline managed by two additional people outside the tank. According to the Health and Safety Authority of Ireland, between 2000 and 2010, 30% of all child fatalities on farms occurred from drowning in slurry or water.