title: Diamantinasauria

abstract: Diamantinasauria is an extinct clade of somphospondylan titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs with close affinities to the Titanosauria, known from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of South America and Australia. It was named by Poropat and colleagues in 2021, and contains four genera: Australotitan, Savannasaurus and Diamantinasaurus from the Winton Formation of Queensland, as well as Sarmientosaurus from the Bajo Barreal Formation of Patagonia. The existence of the clade indicates connectivity between Australia and South America via Antarctica during the Cretaceous period. Though Diamantinasauria has been recovered consistently as a monophyletic clade, its placement within Titanosauria has fluctuated, meaning that while it appears to be relatively stable as a clade, its content and definition may change with further analysis and study. In their 2024 description of the basal titanosaur Gandititan, Han et al. recovered the Diamantinasauria as the sister taxon to the Titanosauria, rather than within it. Later that year, Beeston et al. published a review of the sauropod fossil material found in the Winton Formation and described additional new material. They suggested that Australotitan may represent a junior synonym of the contemporary Diamantinasaurus, and recovered Wintonotitan within the Diamantinasauria for the first time. Their phylogenetic analyses also placed the Diamantinasauria as the sister taxon to the Titanosauria within the Somphospondyli. Their results are displayed in the cladogram below:

text:
# Diamantinasauria

**Diamantinasauria** is an extinct clade of somphospondylan titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs with close affinities to the Titanosauria, known from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of South America and Australia. It was named by Poropat and colleagues in 2021, and contains four (or five, depending on the placement of *Wintonotitan*) genera: *Australotitan*, *Savannasaurus* and *Diamantinasaurus* from the Winton Formation of Queensland, as well as *Sarmientosaurus* from the Bajo Barreal Formation of Patagonia. The existence of the clade indicates connectivity between Australia and South America via Antarctica during the Cretaceous period.

Though Diamantinasauria has been recovered consistently as a monophyletic clade, its placement within Titanosauria has fluctuated, meaning that while it appears to be relatively stable as a clade, its content and definition may change with further analysis and study.

In their 2024 description of the basal titanosaur *Gandititan*, Han et al. recovered the Diamantinasauria as the sister taxon to the Titanosauria, rather than within it. Later that year, Beeston et al. published a review of the sauropod fossil material found in the Winton Formation and described additional new material. They suggested that *Australotitan* may represent a junior synonym of the contemporary *Diamantinasaurus*, and recovered *Wintonotitan* within the Diamantinasauria for the first time. Their phylogenetic analyses also placed the Diamantinasauria as the sister taxon to the Titanosauria within the Somphospondyli. Their results are displayed in the cladogram below:

## InfoBox

| Diamantinasaurians
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skull of *Sarmientosaurus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Sauropodomorpha |
| *Clade*: | Sauropoda |
| *Clade*: | Macronaria |
| *Clade*: | Somphospondyli |
| *Clade*: | Diamantinasauria
Poropat et al., 2021 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Diamantinasaurus matildae*
Hocknull et al., 2009 | |
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: Darby station

abstract: Darby station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Darby, Pennsylvania. It is located on the Northeast Corridor at 4th and Colwyn Streets, and serves the Wilmington/Newark Line. The station sits just southeast from the Darby Transportation Center, a SEPTA bus and trolley terminal that is the terminus of Routes 11 and 13 of the SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Lines. There are no connections between the two stations. Darby once had two other railroad stations. One, owned by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, sat at Main and Sixth Streets, where the SEPTA Route 11 trolley crosses today. The other, owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad, stood where the current station stands, and later across the tracks.

text:
# Darby station

**Darby station** is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Darby, Pennsylvania. It is located on the Northeast Corridor at 4th and Colwyn Streets, and serves the Wilmington/Newark Line.

The station sits just southeast from the Darby Transportation Center, a SEPTA bus and trolley terminal that is the terminus of Routes 11 and 13 of the SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Lines. There are no connections between the two stations.

Darby once had two other railroad stations. One, owned by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (now the Philadelphia Subdivision of CSX), sat at Main and Sixth Streets, where the SEPTA Route 11 trolley crosses today. The other, owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad, stood where the current station stands, and later across the tracks.

## Station layout

Darby has two low-level side platforms with pathways connecting the platforms to the inner tracks.

## InfoBox

| Darby | |
| --- | --- |
| Darby station as seen from above | |
| General information | |
| Location | 399 South 4th Street<br>Darby, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 39°54′47″N 75°15′17″W / 39.912962°N 75.254588°W / 39.912962; -75.254588 |
| Owned by | SEPTA |
| Line(s) | Amtrak Northeast Corridor |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | 21 spaces |
| Accessible | No |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 2 |
| History | |
| Electrified | 1928 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  SEPTA Following station  Curtis Parktoward Newark  Wilmington/Newark Line  Penn Medicinetoward Temple University | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station Pennsylvania Railroad Following station  Curtis Parktoward Wilmington  Wilmington Line  Philadelphiatoward Suburban Station | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: FK Lovćen

abstract: Fudbalski klub Lovćen is a football club based in Cetinje, Montenegro. It was founded on 20 June 1913. It was named after Mount Lovćen near Cetinje. Lovćen is the oldest football club in Montenegro and one of the oldest in Southeastern Europe. Today, Lovćen is a member of Montenegrin Second League. FK Lovćen is a part of Lovćen Cetinje sports society.

text:
# FK Lovćen

| Active sport clubs of<br>SD Lovćen | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| Football | Football Women | Handball |
|  |  |  |
| Basketball | Basketball Women | Athletics |
|  |  |  |
| Volleyball Women | Volleyball | Rugby |
|  |  |  |
| Table tennis | Car racing | Kickboxing |
|  |
| Powerlifting |

**Fudbalski klub Lovćen** is a football club based in Cetinje, Montenegro. It was founded on 20 June 1913. It was named after Mount Lovćen near Cetinje. Lovćen is the oldest football club in Montenegro and one of the oldest in Southeastern Europe. Today, Lovćen is a member of Montenegrin Second League. FK Lovćen is a part of Lovćen Cetinje sports society.

## History

### Period 1913–1941

The club was founded on 20 June 1913, as a Workers' sports club Lovćen (RŠK Lovćen). Among the founders were Montenegrin painters Luka and Milo Milunović, and Luka Milunović was the first president and a captain of the team.
As the oldest Montenegrin football club, Lovćen participated in its first national competitions in the 1910s and 1920s. First trophy of Lovćen was 'Sports olympiad' on Cetinje 1914, a tournament which included football clubs from Montenegro, Albania and Austria-Hungary. Until World War II, Lovćen won five Montenegrin championships (*Spring 1925, Autumn 1925, Spring 1927, Autumn 1928, 1935*). They also won two *Zeta Olympiad* annual tournaments (1926, 1927) and seven City Championships of Cetinje. During that era, Lovćen had strong rivals in another club from Cetinje, SK Crnogorac, and in two clubs from Podgorica, FK Budućnost and GSK Balšić. These four teams were the best football clubs in Montenegro before World War II.
For supporting the prohibited Labours' Party, FK Lovćen was prohibited during the 1937, same as FK Budućnost. The club was renewed in 1944 and in 1945. Lovćen played its first matches after the restructuring. That year, in Cetinje, Lovćen and Budućnost played the first Montenegrin clubs' match after World War II. Budućnost won – 4:2.

| Competition | Titles | Runner-up | Champion seasons |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Montenegrin championship | **5** | 5 | *Spring 1925, Autumn 1925, Spring 1927, Autumn 1928, 1935* |
| 'Zeta olympiad' | **2** | 1 | *1926, 1927* |
| 'Sports olympiad' | **1** | - | *1914* |

*Montenegrin championship - Elimination tournament for Montenegrin football clubs; 'Zeta olympiad' - Cup tournament for Montenegrin football clubs; 'Sports olympiad' - tournament held on Cetinje, with participation of clubs from Montenegro, Albania and Austria-Hungary.*

### Period 1945–1992

With FK Budućnost (Podgorica), FK Sutjeska (Nikšić) and FK Arsenal (Tivat), Lovćen was a member of the first official football competition after World War II - 1946 Montenegrin Republic League. FK Lovćen finished as a second team and gained an opportunity to participate in the qualifiers for the inaugural season of Yugoslav First League, but didn't succeed. In the first leg, Lovćen won against Makedonija Skopje *(3:0)*, and in the second they eliminated Borac Banja Luka *(5:1, 5:1)*. In the last qualifier for the First League, Lovćen lost against Metalac Beograd *(0:2, 2:6)*.
Another chance to get promotion to the First League, Lovćen got as a champion of Yugoslav Second League – group 'B' in 1956. In the first leg, Lovćen eliminated Zenica *(2:1, 0:0)* and participated in the play-off group. During the group matches, the club from Cetinje played against Vardar Skopje *(1:2, 0:2)*, Lokomotiva Zagreb *(4:1, 1:6)* and Borovo *(2:1, 1:0)*. After the six group matches Lovćen failed to get promotion, with one point below the *First League zone*.
In their third and last play-off for the First League in the SFR Yugoslavia, in 1957, Lovćen was eliminated in the first qualifying leg against Željezničar Sarajevo *(0:0, 0:2)*.
One more big success of Lovćen was in 1947, by winning the U21 Championship title of Yugoslavia.
Until the collapse of Yugoslavia, Lovćen usually participated in Yugoslav Second League. Montenegro's oldest club played 552 games in that competition. The best performance in a united Yugoslav Second division was achieved in the 1954/55 season, when together with seven wins, two draws and nine defeats, they secured sixth place in the standings. The most successful season, however, was in 1968/69 – Lovćen won fourth place with a score of 12–11–7. After Budućnost and Sutjeska, Lovćen was the most successful Montenegrin club at that time.

### Period 1992–2006

In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006), Lovćen played in the second and third league. The best results, Lovćen made during the 1998/99 season, when they finished the Second league 8th of 18 table places. For a few seasons, the club was the winner of the Montenegrin Republic Cup.
During the last days of the Serbia and Montenegro Federation, Lovćen was relegated in the Third League (Montenegrin Republic League) and in its last seasons (2004/05, 2005/06) they made the weakest appearances during the newest history.

### Period 2006–

After the independence of Montenegro, Lovćen participated in the first season of the Montenegrin Second League. Lovćen finished first in the 2006/2007 season of the Second League, and was directly promoted to the Montenegrin First League.
At the first match in the First League, Lovćen played on 11 August 2007. against OFK Petrovac in Cetinje – 2:2, with attendance of 2,000 supporters. In 2009, for the first time since the independence, Lovćen appeared in the final Cup of Montenegro, when they lost the game against OFK Petrovac. Before that match, in the semifinals, Lovćen eliminated FK Budućnost.
Lovćen made its greatest success in the First League during the 2013/14 season. After the first half-season, the club from Cetinje finished third. During the spring season, the club made a historic row of 11 matches without a loss (7 consecutive wins). Lovćen finished the season in second place, which was the best ever result in the club's history.
In the same season, on 21 May 2014, for the first time, Lovćen won the Montenegrin Cup. During the 2013/2014 Montenegrin Cup, Lovćen eliminated Zora (1:0), Crvena stijena (8:0, 1:2), Zeta (1:0, 1:2) and Petrovac (3:0, 0:0). In the finals, Lovćen won the game against Titograd, so the club from Cetinje won their first national trophy.
With that success, for the first time in the club's history, Lovćen qualified for the European Cups.
After 10 consecutive seasons in top-tier competitions, in the 2016/17 season, FK Lovćen finished in 11th position, so they were relegated to Montenegrin Second League. They spent a single season in second-tier, with comeback to First League after the playoffs against Kom (2–1; 0-0). Next year, FK Lovćen made an impressive result in Montenegrin Cup, crowned with third performance in the finals. But, in the game for trophy, team from Cetinje was defeated against Budućnost (0–4). At the same time, FK Lovćen was relegated from the First League, again after the playoffs against Kom (0–1; 0–1).
The worst days in the history of club started on 2019/20 season. FK Lovćen finished as ninth on the table, which meant relegation to Montenegrin Third League. That was the first-ever performance of FK Lovćen in the bottom-tier competition. In October 2020, they reached another depth when they were beaten 10–1 by Obilić.

## Lovćen in European competitions

For the first time, Lovćen gained a participation in the European competitions after the season 2013/14. As a Montenegrin Cup winner and the runner-up in the Montenegrin First League, Lovćen debuted in Europa League 2014/15.

During their first appearance in European competition, Lovćen was eliminated by Željezničar Sarajevo. After the draw in the first match in Sarajevo (0:0), Lovćen lost 0:1 at the game, which was played at Petrovac Stadium.

### Matches

| Season | Competition | Round | Club | Home | Away | Agg. |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014–15 | UEFA Europa League | 1Q | Željezničar Sarajevo | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 |  |
|

Notes * **1Q**: First qualifying round

## Honours and achievements

## List of competitive matches (1946–)

Most of their seasons, Lovćen spent in the second and third football level in SFR Yugoslavia and, after that, in FR Yugoslavia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Lovćen participated in the Yugoslav First League playoffs, but without promotion to the top-tier. After Montenegrin independence, the club made their first appearances in the First League (since the season 2007–08). Except for that, the club for Cetinje often played play-off matches for placement to the First or Second Yugoslav League. Lovćen played one season in the UEFA Europa League.

| Competition Level | Seasons | First season | Last season | Matches | W | D | L | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **First League** | **10** | 2007-08 | 2018-19 | 366 | 122 | 91 | 153 | 362:428 |
| **Second League** | **30** | 1953-54 | 2019-20 | 899 | 332 | 204 | 363 | 1141:1233 |
| **Third League** | **3** | 1988-89 | 1991-92 | 101 | 39 | 18 | 44 | 129:160 |
| **Republic League** | **30** | 1946 | 2005-06 | 656 | 370 | 144 | 142 | 1341:645 |
| **Playoffs** | **11** | 1946 | 2018-19 | 43 | 17 | 8 | 18 | 61:71 |
| **National Cup** | **25** | 1950 | 2019-20 | 76 | 31 | 12 | 33 | 103:102 |
| **UEFA competitions** | **1** | 2014-15 | 2014-15 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0:1 |
| **OVERALL (1946–)** | | | | **2143** | **911** | **478** | **754** | **3137:2640** |

*Source:*

## Sponsors

* **Official kit supplier** : Legea (2013–2014), Givova (2014–)
* **Main sponsor** : Prijestonica Cetinje / Old Royal Capital Cetinje *(municipal government)*
* **Other sponsors** : Lovćen Osiguranje / Lovćen Insurance

## Players

### Current squad

*As of 20 May 2024*  Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  FW  UKR Roman Antonenko  MF  MNE Luka Bojić  DF  MNE Danilo Bracanović  MF  MNE Božidar Bujiša  MF  MNE Matija Ćupić  DF  MNE Marko Draganić  FW  MNE Nikola Draganić  MF  MNE Luka Drmač  MF  MNE Benjamin Kacić  FW  MNE Vladan Kaluđerović  DF  ISR Elad Koren Pinto  GK  MNE Petar Kustudija  DF  MNE Igor Marković  FW  MNE Vuk Milačić  MF  MNE Nikola Mudreša  FW  MNE Baćo Nikolić  DF  MNE Zaid Niković  MF  MNE Ivan Pejaković  MF  MNE Miloš Pejaković | No. Pos. Nation Player  DF  MNE Matija Pejović  GK  MNE Jovan Perović  MF  MNE Nikola Perović  FW  MNE Balša Radović  DF  MNE Miloš Radunović  DF  MNE Ilija Radunović  FW  JPN Tatsuto Sensui  FW  MNE Savo Stojanović  MF  BIH Amer Tabak  MF  MNE Borko Tomašević  MF  MNE Nikola Tripković  MF  MNE Vuko Vicković  FW  MNE Miljan Vučeljić  MF  MNE Andrija Vujičić  DF  MNE Filip Vujović  MF  MNE Risto Vujović  GK  MNE Vuko Vujović  FW  MNE Stanko Vušurović  MF  MNE Petar Zuber |
| --- | --- |

### Notable players

*For the list of former and current players with Wikipedia article, please see Category:FK Lovćen players.*

During the history, several notable players started their careers or played for FK Lovćen. Below is the list of international players and domestic players who, during their career, played for FK Lovćen and their national teams at full international level.

## Coaches

### Current staff

| Position | Staff |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Dragan Kanatlarovski |
| Assistant Manager | Đuro Mijušković |
| Goalkeeping coach |  |
| U21 Team coach | Filip Radojičić |
| U17 Team coach | Predrag Vukotić |
| U14 coach | Ivan Vujović |
| U12 Coach | Gojko Ražnatović |

Last updated: 4 August 2016
Source: FK Lovćen official website

## Historical list of coaches

Since their promotion to the First League, Lovćen was led by 10 different coaches. During that period, the club had best results with club Mojaš Radonjić in the 2013/14 season. At that time, Lovćen won their first and only national title (Montenegrin Cup 2013/14) with first promotion to the European competitions.

## Stadium

FK Lovćen plays their home games at Stadion Sveti Petar Cetinjski, whose capacity is 5,192 seats. Sveti Petar Cetinjski is home of FK Lovćen since 1957. Before that, the team played their home games at the old stadium near today's location (1913–1943) and on the stadium near the Cetinje Monastery (1943–1957).
First game on Sveti Petar Cetinjski was Yugoslav Second League match FK Lovćen - NK GOŠK, played in August 1957. Highest attendance in the history of stadium was recorded on Yugoslav Cup game between FK Lovćen and NK Dinamo Zagreb (1971). Game was attended by 6,500 spectators.

## Women's football

While FK Lovćen is the oldest men's club in Montenegro, Women's Football Club Lovćen (ŽFK Lovćen) was founded in May 2010. Since then, the club played and organized numerous tournaments, and on the 2015–16 season for the first time played in Montenegrin Women's League and Montenegrin Cup (women).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Fudbalski klub Lovćen |
| Nickname(s) | Orlovi (Eagles), Crveni (Reds) |
| Founded | 1913 (1913) |
| Ground | Sveti Petar Cetinjski |
| Capacity | 5,192 |
| Chairman | Miroslav Ivanišević |
| Manager | Predrag Vukotić |
| League | Montenegrin Second League |
| 2023–24 | Montenegrin Second League, 8th |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|


title: Caelostomus picipes

abstract: Caelostomus picipes is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by W.S.Macleay in 1825. It occurs in Japan.

text:
# Caelostomus picipes

***Caelostomus picipes*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by W.S.Macleay in 1825. It occurs in Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Caelostomus picipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Caelostomus* |
| Species: | ***C. picipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Caelostomus picipes***<br>(W.S. Macleay, 1825) | |
|


title: Chapel of Notre-Dame de Posat

abstract: The chapel of Notre-Dame de Posat is a Roman Catholic chapel located in the village of Posat of the Gibloux commune, canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. It is listed as a heritage site of national significance.

text:
# Chapel of Notre-Dame de Posat

The **chapel of Notre-Dame de Posat** is a Roman Catholic chapel located in the village of Posat of the Gibloux commune, canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. It is listed as a heritage site of national significance.

## History

The chapel was probably built in 1140 by the lords of Pont for Humilimont Abbey. The abbey belonged to the Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré which owned land in the village of Posat. Between 1145 and 1159, the chapel hosted the sisters of St. Norbert. In 1362, 58 nuns were still living there.

During the Reformation, the nunnery was closed in 1580 one year after Marsens Abbey. The inn-restaurant De la Croix d’Or was built over the remains of the convent. The original chapel of Posat was built in the same period than the convent; it was destroyed, then re-built and consecrated in 1675 by the Jesuits. Dedicated to the Virgin Mary, it became a pilgrimage site in the 18th century: the worshippers came there to pray in front of a statue described as "miraculous yet fully worm-eaten". A water source under the chapel is said to cure eye diseases.

In 1695, the old shrine was replaced with a larger and better-adorned Renaissance chapel donated by Mrs. *Colonelle* Praroman. The table of the main altar (Visitation), as well as the four other paintings of the choir and the ten others of the nave, show the mysteries of the Holy Rosary. The chapel also has other paintings that represent Saint Joseph, Saint Ann and the Doctors of the Church. The tabernacle, made of carved golden wood, was donated by the court of Louis XV to the Jesuit Fathers.

The building was renovated in 2003–2004 and has been listed among the Swiss Cultural Property of National Significance since at least 1995.

1. "Etape de Fribourg à Romont". *Chemin de St-Jacques* (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2017-05-08.
2. Marianne Rolle: *Posat* in German, French and Italian in the online *Historical Dictionary of Switzerland*, 18 January 2006.
3. *Chapelles fribourgeoises* (in French). Saint-Paul. p. 113. ISBN 9782883550698.
4. Aebischer, Paul (1926–1927). "Sur deux "Bonnes Fontaines" et quelques autres sources encore en pays fribourgeois". *Archives suisses des traditions populaires* (in French). p. 142.
5. "LES PRINCIPAUX SANCTUAIRES DE MARIE DANS LA SUISSE CATHOLIQUE". *www.abbaye-saint-benoit.ch*. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
6. "Chapelle de la Sainte-Vièrge de Posat, Fribourg". *nussli-restauratoren.ch* (in German). Retrieved June 14, 2016.
7. "Chapelle Notre-Dame, Posat". *Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National Significance* (in French). Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP). Retrieved November 10, 2019.

## InfoBox

| Chapel of Notre-Dame de Posat | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*<br>French: *Chapelle Notre-Dame de Posat* | |
|  | |
| Type | Roman Catholic chapel |
| Location | Posat, Gibloux commune, canton of Fribourg, Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 46°44′07″N 07°03′11″E / 46.73528°N 7.05306°E / 46.73528; 7.05306 |
|  | |
| Swiss Cultural Property of National Significance | |
| Official name | Chapelle Notre-Dame, Posat |
| Reference no. | 9955 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Chapel of Notre-Dame de Posat in SwitzerlandChapel of Notre-Dame de Posat (Canton of Fribourg) | |


title: Seven Angry Men

abstract: Seven Angry Men is a 1955 American Western film directed by Charles Marquis Warren and starring Raymond Massey, Debra Paget and Jeffrey Hunter. It is about the abolitionist John Brown, particularly his involvement in Bleeding Kansas and his leadership of the Raid on Harpers Ferry. The title refers to Brown and his six sons.

text:
# Seven Angry Men

***Seven Angry Men*** is a 1955 American Western film directed by Charles Marquis Warren and starring Raymond Massey, Debra Paget and Jeffrey Hunter.

It is about the abolitionist John Brown, particularly his involvement in Bleeding Kansas and his leadership of the Raid on Harpers Ferry. The title refers to Brown and his six sons.

## Plot

John Brown is a 19th-century abolitionist. After cutting a bloody swath through Kansas, Brown and his followers take refuge in a warehouse at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, where he meets his own personal Waterloo at the hands of federal troops.

## Cast

## Production

Raymond Massey had previously played Brown in *Santa Fe Trail* (1940) and appeared on stage in *John Brown's Body*.

The planned film was known as *John Brown's Raiders*. In July 1954 Walter Mirisch announced the film would be one of 15 Allied Artists would make over the next 6 months. The same month the studio announced that Massey would play Brown.

Hunter and Paget were borrowed from 20th Century Fox. Filming started in September 1954.

## Reception

*The New York Times* critic called it a "competent if hardly inspired Allied Artists presentation".

## InfoBox

| Seven Angry Men | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Charles Marquis Warren |
| Written by | Daniel B. Ullman |
| Produced by | Vincent M. Fennelly
Walter Mirisch |
| Starring | Raymond Massey
Debra Paget
Jeffrey Hunter
Larry Pennell |
| Cinematography | Ellsworth Fredericks |
| Edited by | Richard C. Meyer |
| Music by | Carl Brandt |
| Production
company | Allied Artists Pictures Corporation |
| Distributed by | Allied Artists Pictures Corporation |
| Release date | * March 27, 1955 (1955-03-27) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Catnapped!

abstract: Totsuzen! Neko no Kuni Banipal Witt, known outside Japan as Catnapped!, is a 1995 Japanese anime fantasy comedy film, directed, created and written by Takashi Nakamura, who was also its character designer. The animation was produced by Triangle Staff. The theme song of the film was performed by Mayumi Iizuka.

text:
# Catnapped!

***Totsuzen! Neko no Kuni Banipal Witt*** (とつぜん！猫の国 バニパルウィット, *Totsuzen! Neko no Kuni Baniparu Witto*), known outside Japan as ***Catnapped!***, is a 1995 Japanese anime fantasy comedy film, directed, created and written by Takashi Nakamura, who was also its character designer. The animation was produced by Triangle Staff. The theme song of the film was performed by Mayumi Iizuka.

## Plot

Toriyasu and his little sister Meeko's pet dog, Papadoll, have been missing for a week. Toriyasu thinks he ran off, but Meeko claims it was an alien abduction. The next night, Toriyasu and Meeko are visited by three feline scientists, Henoji, Suttoboke, and HoiHoi. They take Toriyasu and his sister Meeko on a trip to the cat world of Banipal Witt. Upon arrival, the magical sun of Banipal Witt turns Toriyasu and Meeko into kittens.

The children meet Master Sandada, a powerful wizard who explains that Papadoll has been brought to Banipal Witt and turned into a giant, flying monster by the evil Princess Buburina, who hopes to use Papadoll as a weapon. The princess takes Meeko hostage, and things begin to look grim. Sandada says that only Toriyasu has the power to turn Papadoll back to normal, and it must be done before sunrise, or he and Meeko will suffer the same fate.

Later that night, Buburina tells her prisoners of her plan to create a giant mouse balloon that would be used against anyone who rebels against her. Meeko demands Papadoll's return and calls the princess a witch. Buburina plans to make Meeko her new enslaved person once the sun rises.

Under cover of night, Toriyasu, the three scientists, and other rebels prepare to sneak into the castle to free Papadoll and save Meeko. The plan goes awry when Toriyasu slips on a rope, waking Buburina and setting off alarms all over the castle. Quickly, the rebels regroup in time to see Suttoboke and Meeko release the mouse balloon. A massive air battle ensues. Toriyasu tries to take Papadoll back. Buburina, however, refuses to give back Papadoll and nearly makes Toriyasu fall to his death after Buburina tears Papadoll's collar off. During his fall, Papadoll finally remembers Toriyasu. Quickly, they rescue Meeko and make it home.

The next morning, Toriyasu and Meeko return to a normal life, but when they go to school the next day, the cats beckon them away on urgent business, setting up for a potential sequel.

## Cast

The actors are listed original voice actor first, English voice actor second.

## Staff

**Sources:**

## Music

*Catnapped!* has published the film's soundtrack by Toshiba EMI on 19 July 1995, around the time of the film's original theatrical release, the soundtrack contains the incidental themes to the movie as well as its end credit's theme song "*Yume e No Tobira*" as well as another song and a karaoke version of it. None of the other tracks on the soundtrack have, and the CD is incredibly rare (if copies can be found at all), with most sites no longer selling the CD.

### Track listing

1. Opening Theme: Cat Music Box
2. Banipalwit's Theme 1
3. Boring Toriyasu
4. What?! Strange cat
5. Three Cats
6. What happened in the children's room
7. Banipalwit's Theme 2
8. Sleeping Cat
9. Vanipalwit's Theme 3
10. Papadoll Attacks 1
11. Papadoll Attacks 2
12. Princess Buburina's Theme 1
13. The Sorcerer's Apprentice
14. Princess Buburina's Theme 2
15. Great Magician 1
16. Lily's Waltz
17. Tightrope Walking
18. Great Magician 2
19. Moon Night Serenade 1
20. Toy Scheme
21. Moon Night Serenade 2
22. Giant rat completed
23. Infiltration 1
24. Infiltration 2
25. Princess Buburina's Brawl
26. Battle 1
27. Battle 2
28. Starry Sky Reminiscence: Battle 3
29. Toriyasu and Papadoll's Recollections
30. In the Battle
31. Starry Sky Reminiscence 2
32. Battle 4
33. Battle 5 "Rescue Meeko"
34. Banipalwit's Theme 4
35. Farewell...And Then
36. Banipalwit's Theme "Door to Dreams"
37. Banipalwit's Theme "Door to Dreams" (Karaoke)

## InfoBox

| Totsuzen! Neko no Kuni Banipal Witt | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Takashi Nakamura |
| Written by | Takashi Nakamura
Chiaki J. Konaka |
| Produced by | Tarō Maki
Yoshimi Asari
Hiroaki Inoue |
| Starring | Hiroaki Hori
Mirai Sasaki
Fumihiko Tachiki
Noriko Hidaka
Mayumi Iizuka |
| Edited by | Takeshi Seyanna |
| Music by | Shigeaki Saegusa |
| Production
company | Triangle Staff |
| Distributed by | T&K Telefilm |
| Release date | * June 10, 1995 (1995-06-10) |
| Running time | 76 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Laila Freivalds

abstract: Laila Ligita Freivalds is a Swedish Social Democratic politician who served as Minister for Justice from 1988 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 2000, as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2006 and as Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden briefly in 2004. Freivalds was born in Riga, Latvia, during World War II, and escaped to Sweden with her family. She graduated with a Candidate of Law from Uppsala University in 1970, after which she served in the Swedish Court System until 1976. From 1976 onwards she held senior posts at the Swedish Consumer Agency, before being appointed Minister for Justice in 1988. With the exception of the years 1991–1994, when her party was in opposition, she continued to hold that office until she resigned in 2000 over a controversy in which she was criticised, as a private individual, for trying to convert her tenancy into a condominium, circumventing a controversial housing tenure law that she was responsible for introducing and advocating in her public role as Minister of Justice. Since this scandal, her relations with the press have been strained. Following the assassination of Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh on 11 September 2003, Freivalds was asked to succeed her as Minister for Foreign Affairs.

text:
# Laila Freivalds

**Laila Ligita Freivalds** (born 22 June 1942) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician who served as Minister for Justice from 1988 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 2000, as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2006 and as Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden briefly in 2004.

Freivalds was born in Riga, Latvia, during World War II, and escaped to Sweden with her family. She graduated with a Candidate of Law (*juris kandidat*) from Uppsala University in 1970, after which she served in the Swedish Court System until 1976. From 1976 onwards she held senior posts at the Swedish Consumer Agency, before being appointed Minister for Justice in 1988. With the exception of the years 19911994, when her party was in opposition, she continued to hold that office until she resigned in 2000 over a controversy in which she was criticised, as a private individual, for trying to convert her tenancy into a condominium, circumventing a controversial housing tenure law that she was responsible for introducing and advocating in her public role as Minister of Justice. Since this scandal, her relations with the press have been strained.

Following the assassination of Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh on 11 September 2003, Freivalds was asked to succeed her as Minister for Foreign Affairs.

## Events leading to the resignation in 2006

Laila Freivalds was severely criticised in the Swedish press for the way the Swedish Government handled the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Asia, and has admitted that her ministry "Ought to have reacted much more strongly as early as Boxing Day instead of waiting for more information." In addition, she was heavily criticised for going to the theatre on 26 December 2004, the day of the tsunami disaster, and for stating that she does not listen to the news when she is not working.

On 21 March 2006, she resigned from her office as minister of foreign affairs, after it was confirmed that she lied to media about her involvement in the closing of a website belonging to the Sweden Democrats, in the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. During the controversy the Sweden Democrats published a similar cartoon on their web pages, only to be shut down shortly after by their internet service provider. It was initially discovered that the government had been in contact with the provider and suggested to them the closure, but Freivalds maintained to the media that a subordinate had done so without her knowledge.

*Offentlighetsprincipen* (The Principle of Public Access) – a freedom of information provision enshrined in the Swedish constitution – made it possible to show that this was false. Since all documents in the Swedish state are in principle accessible to the public, internal documents in four places were found that made it clear that she had been fully informed of the event. This information was therefore published in "Riksdag & Department", an intra-governmental newspaper. The potential involvement in closing the website was seen by many as a violation against that part of the Swedish constitution dealing with freedom of the press.

Most journalists suggest that the turning point came after Göran Persson, the Prime Minister of Sweden during this time, publicly criticized the civil servant who suggested to the Internet host that they close the website, only to find out later that he had acted with the approval of Freivalds. It is theorised but not confirmed that the prime minister privately suggested that she resign, which she subsequently did.

Bo Ringholm was Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs until 27 March, when Jan Eliasson was appointed to the post.

## InfoBox

| Laila Freivalds | |
| --- | --- |
| Laila Freivalds in November 2004 | |
|  | |
| Acting Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden | |
| **In office**
1 October 2004  1 November 2004 | |
| Prime Minister | Göran Persson |
| Preceded by | Jan O. Karlsson |
| Succeeded by | Bo Ringholm |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
10 October 2003  21 March 2006 | |
| Prime Minister | Göran Persson |
| Preceded by | Jan O. Karlsson (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Bo Ringholm (Acting) |
| Minister for Justice | |
| **In office**
7 October 1994  21 September 2000 | |
| Prime Minister | Ingvar Carlsson
Göran Persson |
| Preceded by | Gun Hellsvik |
| Succeeded by | Lena Hjelm-Wallén |
| **In office**
4 October 1988  4 October 1991 | |
| Prime Minister | Ingvar Carlsson |
| Preceded by | Thage G. Peterson |
| Succeeded by | Gun Hellsvik |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Laila Ligita Freivalds
(1942-06-22) 22 June 1942
Riga, Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Latvia) |
| Political party | Social Democratic |
| Alma mater | Uppsala University |
|  | |


title: United Nations Act 1946

abstract: The United Nations Act 1946 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which enables His Majesty's Government to implement resolutions under Article 41 of the United Nations Charter as Orders in Council. Thus Parliament delegated the power to enact such resolutions without the approval of Parliament. However, the prospective Order must be laid before either Parliament or the Scottish Parliament. A similar mechanism was later used in the European Communities Act 1972 and the Terrorist Asset-Freezing etc. Act 2010.

text:
# United Nations Act 1946

The **United Nations Act 1946** (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 45) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which enables His Majesty's Government to implement resolutions under Article 41 of the United Nations Charter as Orders in Council. Thus Parliament delegated the power to enact such resolutions without the approval of Parliament. However, the prospective Order must be laid before either Parliament or the Scottish Parliament. A similar mechanism was later used in the European Communities Act 1972 and the Terrorist Asset-Freezing etc. Act 2010.

## Provisions

The United Nations Act 1946 contains two sections, though only section 1 has substantive content. Sub-section (1) allows the Crown to implement United Nations Security Council resolutions without the official approval of Parliament. Subsection (2) refers to the jurisdiction *His Majesty's dominions*, and has been amended over time as the United Kingdom has ceded legal control of its colonies. Subsection (3) says that these orders can be revoked or changed at will. Subsection (4) says that these orders must be laid before Parliament, but that they do not need to be voted on. Subsection (5) authorizes the implementation of these orders to come from general taxation.

As of May 2017, Section 1 read:

> 1 **Measures under Article 41.** 1. If, under Article forty-one of the Charter of the United Nations signed at San Francisco on the twenty-sixth day of June, nineteen hundred and forty-five, (being the Article which relates to measures not involving the use of armed force) the Security Council of the United Nations call upon His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom to apply any measures to give effect to any decision of that Council, His Majesty may by Order in Council make such provision as appears to Him necessary or expedient for enabling those measures to be effectively applied, including (without prejudice to the generality of the preceding words) provision for the apprehension, trial and punishment of persons offending against the Order.
> 2. Orders in Council made under this section may be so made as to extend to any part of His Majesty's dominions (other than Dominions within the meaning of the Statute of Westminster 1931, \[and\] territories administered by the Government of any such Dominion ...) and, to the extent that His Majesty has jurisdiction therein, to any other territory in which His Majesty has from time to time jurisdiction (other than territories which are being administered by the Government of such a Dominion as aforesaid ...).
> 3. Any Order in Council made under this section may be varied or revoked by a subsequent Order in Council.
> 4. Every Order in Council made under this section shall, forthwith after it is made be laid
>     1. before Parliament; and
>     2. if any provision made by the Order would, if it were included in an Act of the Scottish Parliament, be within the legislative competence of that Parliament, before that Parliament.
> 5. Any expenses incurred by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom in applying any such measures as are mentioned in this section shall be defrayed out of moneys provided by Parliament.

Section 1(4)(b) was added by the Scotland Act 1998; before then, there was no Scottish Parliament.

Section 2 states the short title of the Act.

## Applications

In 1998, the Scottish Court in the Netherlands was established by the High Court of Justiciary (Proceedings in the Netherlands) (United Nations) Order 1998 which enacted the provisions of a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This enabled the High Court of Justiciary to sit in a bench trial of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands.

Asset freezing by the Financial Sanctions Unit of the Bank of England was established by Al-Qa'ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2002, The Al-Qaida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 and The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 to implement sanctions against terrorist suspects as designated by the UN Security Council Resolution 1267; which covered individuals and bodies associated with Al-Qaida, Osama bin Laden, or the Taliban.

On 27 January 2010 the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, in the case of *HM Treasury v Ahmed* held that The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 and Article 3(1)(b) of The Al-Qaida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 were *ultra vires* and void, because the 1946 Act was not intended to authorise coercive measures which interfere with fundamental rights without Parliamentary scrutiny. On 4 February the Court refused to stay the effect of its judgement until Parliament could change the law. This led to Parliament passing the temporary Terrorist Asset-Freezing (Temporary Provisions) Act 2010 on 10 February 2010 to retrospectively legitimise the 2006 Order until Parliament had time to pass permanent legislation complying with the Court's ruling. Subsequently, Parliament passed the Terrorist Asset-Freezing etc. Act 2010. In 2016, responsibility for implementing the sanctions was transferred to the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation of HM Treasury. Further powers and regulations were implemented by the Policing and Crime Act 2017.

## InfoBox

United Nations Act 1946
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act to enable effect to be given to certain provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. |
| Citation | 9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 45 |
| Territorial extent | United Kingdom<br>(s.1(2): "Orders in Council made under this section may be so made as to extend to any part of His Majesty’s dominions \[...\]") |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 15 April 1946 |
| Commencement | 15 April 1946 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by |  |
| Status: Amended | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Revised text of statute as amended | |


title: Devon hedge

abstract: A Devon hedge, also known as a Devon hedgebank, consist of a rubble or earth bank that is usually topped with bushy shrubs forming a hedgerow, with trees also being a frequent and noticeable feature. The bank may be faced with turf or stone.

text:
# Devon hedge

A **Devon hedge**, also known as a **Devon hedgebank**, consist of a rubble or earth bank that is usually topped with bushy shrubs forming a hedgerow, with trees also being a frequent and noticeable feature. The bank may be faced with turf or stone.

## History

Attention to Devon hedges as a feature worth investigating was raised by Clement Pike in the 1925 volume of the *Transactions of the Devonshire Association*. Writing about the patchwork of fields visible from Whitchurch Down, near Tavistock on the western fringe of Dartmoor, he noted:

> ... if you cross the Down and enter one of those fields ... and look about you, you find yourself in a kind of fortress. You are hemmed in by no simple hedge which you could creep through, no mere stone wall which you could vault over, nor by a low earthwork; but you find yourself confronted by a combination of them all. There is the earthwork, but it is faced and built up with solid masonry: granite blocks of all sizes, some huge, some quite small, and topping this construction is the hedge, which in some cases has grown into big trees. Now this suggests questions: What does it mean? Why should the fields in this part of Devon be thus enclosed? Questions easily put; and yet, as far as I am aware, never put before...

A quarter of Devon's hedges are now thought to be over 800 years old. They were primarily constructed for the purposes of agriculture: as an effective livestock-proof barrier; to provide shelter against the wind for livestock and crops; to control soil erosion and surface runoff; and to act as a habitat, together with uncultivated field-edges, for beneficial insects that prey on crop pests. Historically, the hedges and hedgerow trees were also a useful source of timber and wood, and their foliage was eaten by the enclosed livestock.

The archaeologist Francis Pryor observes:

> A visitor to Devon and Cornwall cannot fail to be impressed by the massive hedgebanks that so often confine the road into something approaching a ravine or tunnel. The hedgebanks of Devon are sometimes thicker and more massive than those of Cornwall...

There are about 33,000 miles (53,000 km) of hedge in Devon, more than any other county, though this is not all of Devon hedgebank construction. This is because the traditional farming throughout the county has meant that fewer hedges in Devon have been removed than in other counties. The field-pattern of straight hedges enclosing long rectangular fields, as at Combe Martin on the north coast of the county indicates that such areas were once Mediaeval field systems with open cultivated land arranged in strips.

Some Devon hedges represent ancient boundaries, most likely of early Saxon estates (c. 650–700 A.D.), as where double hedgebanks, either side of a path, follow surviving parish boundaries.

## Wildlife

Devon's hedges are a particularly important wildlife habitat. Around 20% of the UK's species-rich hedges occur within Devon. Over 600 flowering plants, 1500 insects, 65 birds and 20 mammals have been recorded living or feeding in Devon hedges. At the end of the 20th century it was reported that many of the hedgerow trees in Devon hedges were close to the end of their lives; many of them were planted towards the end of the 19th century and their life-expectancy is not likely to exceed 150 years.

## Maintenance

Hedge laying in Devon is usually referred to as steeping and involves cutting and laying steepers (the stems) along the top of the bank and securing them with crooks (forked sticks).

## Sources

* Devon County Council and the Devon Hedge Group (1997). *Devon's Hedges - Conservation and Management*. Devon Books. p. 1. ISBN 1-85522-649-9.


title: Tanyus Shahin

abstract: Tanyus Shahin Saadeh al-Rayfouni was a Maronite muleteer and peasant leader from Mount Lebanon. He led a peasants' revolt in the area of Keserwan in 1859, during which he drove out the area's Maronite nobility, the feudal Khazen lords, and declared a peasants' republic. While he had a reputation as a ruffian and provocateur among members of the Maronite clergy and European consuls, Shahin became a popular figure among Christian commoners, many of whom considered him the guardian of their interests, a view which Shahin promoted. Following his victory in Keserwan, Shahin and his fighters launched intermittent raids against villages in nearby regions, such as Byblos and Matn, often in the name of defending the rights of local Christians. The assaults and their repercussions served as catalysts of the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war, particularly the battle of Beit Mery between local Maronites and Druze, in which Shahin was a principal belligerent. Although he claimed he could raise an army of 50,000 to combat the forces of the Druze feudal lords, he did not participate further in the war. Following the war's end, he was defeated by Youssef Karam in a struggle over political influence in Maronite affairs. Shahin subsequently relinquished his republic and worked in the judiciary of his home village, Rayfoun.

text:
# Tanyus Shahin

**Tanyus Shahin Saadeh al-Rayfouni** (also spelled *Tanios Chahine Saadé Al Rayfouné*, given name also spelled *Taniyus* or *Tanius*; 1815–1895) was a Maronite muleteer and peasant leader from Mount Lebanon. He led a peasants' revolt in the area of Keserwan in 1859, during which he drove out the area's Maronite nobility, the feudal Khazen lords, and declared a peasants' republic. While he had a reputation as a ruffian and provocateur among members of the Maronite clergy and European consuls, Shahin became a popular figure among Christian commoners, many of whom considered him the guardian of their interests, a view which Shahin promoted.

Following his victory in Keserwan, Shahin and his fighters launched intermittent raids against villages in nearby regions, such as Byblos and Matn, often in the name of defending the rights of local Christians. The assaults and their repercussions served as catalysts of the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war, particularly the battle of Beit Mery between local Maronites and Druze, in which Shahin was a principal belligerent. Although he claimed he could raise an army of 50,000 to combat the forces of the Druze feudal lords, he did not participate further in the war. Following the war's end, he was defeated by Youssef Karam in a struggle over political influence in Maronite affairs. Shahin subsequently relinquished his republic and worked in the judiciary of his home village, Rayfoun.

## Early life and character

There are sparse biographical details available about Shahin. He was born to a poor Maronite Christian family in the village of Rayfoun in the Keserwan district of Mount Lebanon in 1815. According to the historian Elizabeth Thompson, Shahin may have been literate as indicated by his early career as an artisan and an entrepreneur, while Lebanese historian Kamal Salibi describes him as "half-literate". Before leading the 1859 peasant revolt in Keserwan, Shahin was a blacksmith and a muleteer who transported goods throughout Keserwan. He became associated with the Lazarist school of Rayfoun, whose contacts there attained for him credentials from Beirut's French consulate. Shahin's letters' bearing his seal or signature may have been penned by village clergymen with whom he kept close ties.

Shahin was tall and of muscular build. According to Thompson, Shahin "was more a man of spoken word than the pen, famous for powerful, sermon-like speeches at village meetings", and for his violent temper, according to Salibi. He acted as a local *shaykh shabab* (leader of young men), a title that carried honor and typically denoted a village strongman who derived power from his following of armed men. He was admired and respected by the peasants of Keserwan, some of whom considered him their "redeemer". According to a local chronicler, residents "prepared grand receptions for him amid joy and celebrations" when he entered a local village. Various European diplomats described him as a "ruffian of despicable character" and as dishonest, while some clergymen also regarded him as deceitful. Anecdotal accounts gathered by writer Yusuf Mubarak indicate Shahin's piety, including twice-daily prayers and a refusal to consume meat except on Sundays and Christian holidays. In one of his surviving letters to the clergy in the Keserwan village of Aramoun, Shahin admonishes wine and arak drinkers at Christian festivals and threatens one-month's imprisonment for drunken behavior at such festivals.

## Leadership of peasants' revolt

### Uprising in Keserwan

Peasant anger in Keserwan had been building since the mid-19th century, due to a number of factors, including the burdens of corvée (unpaid labor for a landlord) that had been imposed during the rule of Emir Bashir Shihab II, general economic hardship, and the decreasing availability of land. The Maronite Khazen family traditionally served as the sheikhs (chiefs) of Keserwan, although their power had been significantly diminished during Emir Bashir's rule. To meet Emir Bashir's increased tax demands and finance their move to gain further control over Keserwan's silk production, the Khazens took loans from Beirut lenders and accumulated significant debts. Several became destitute in the 1830s and 1840s and Khazen influence over the Maronite Church waned. To compensate for their economic, social and political stagnation, the Khazens increased their pressure on the peasants of Keserwan in the late 1850s, while also spending extravagantly. The Khazens opposed the creation of the "Double Qaimaqmate" in Mount Lebanon in the 1840s, which divided Mount Lebanon into Druze and Christian-run sectors, and were incensed at the appointment of a sheikh from the mixed Druze-Christian Abu'l Lama family as the *qaimaqam* (deputy governor) of the Maronite section of the Qaimaqamate. The Khazens feared that such an appointment would formally subordinate them to the Abu'l Lama sheikhs. Following the Abu'l Lama sheikh's death in 1854, his successor Bashir Ahmad Abu'l Lama attempted to further reduce the Khazens' influence, prompting the Khazens to stir the peasants to revolt against Bashir Ahmad. The revolt against Bashir Ahmad soon turned against the Khazen sheikhs and their feudal allies. The peasant subjects of the Khazen sheikhs had long been wary of their rule due to the excessive taxes they imposed as well as the additional gifts the peasants were virtually obligated to give the sheikhs, which many peasants considered humiliating.

In early 1858, a group of peasants from Keserwan lodged a formal complaint against the Khazens to Khurshid Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Beirut. Later, in March 1858, the Khazens held a summit for the people of Keserwan to garner support for their nomination of a new *qaimaqam*. Instead, the peasants participating in the summit voiced their dissent against the Khazens and in October, several villages in Keserwan entered into an alliance against the Khazen sheikhs. Shahin was chosen by this alliance of peasants as their leader in December, and was declared the *wakil awwal* (first delegate).

In January 1859, Shahin intensified the armed revolt against the Khazen sheikhs and with 800 of his peasant fighters, he besieged the Khazens during a summit they were holding in Ghosta. The siege prompted the sheikhs to flee the village, and the peasants under Shahin subsequently plundered the Khazens' estates. Shahin and his men proceeded to attack the Khazens in other villages with little blood spilled in the process, with the exception of the wife and daughter of a Khazen sheikh who were killed in Ajaltoun in July during a raid on their home by the peasants. The Maronite patriarch, Paul Peter Massad, condemned their killing as a "horrific crime". Silk and wheat warehouses belonging to the sheikhs were plundered and the goods were redistributed among the peasants of Keserwan. By July, the Khazens had been routed and between 500 and 600 family members had fled to Beirut in an impoverished state. Shahin broadened the peasants' main demands of tax relief and refunds for the illegal payments they had previously paid to the Khazen sheikhs to also include political and legal reforms. Shahin cited the Edict of Gülhane, which mandated equality for all Ottoman citizens.

### Establishment of republic

Following his victory over the Khazen sheikhs, Shahin and the peasants of Keserwan formed a government, with Shahin declaring a *jumhuriyya* (republic). He became known as the *wakil 'amm* (general delegate), and in the fall of 1859 moved the headquarters of the rebellion from the coastal village of Zouk Mikael to his hometown of Rayfoun in the mountains. Although revolts were relatively commonplace in Mount Lebanon, the ousting of a noble family by their peasant subjects was unprecedented. Shahin's government consisted of a 100-member council made up of representatives from the villages of Keserwan. Over half of the representatives were peasants who did not own land, 32 were relatively well-to-do farmers, ten were clergymen and three were merchants or lenders. Shahin, who by this point oversaw a 1,000-strong militia, exercised power by seizing arms, ensured the upholding of the law and established security on the roads. He disciplined dissidents suspected of betraying the government and issued decrees in the name of the public. He also entered into negotiations with the Khazen sheikhs, but they reached a stalemate.

The main villages that supported Shahin's government were Rayfoun, Ajaltoun, Ashqout, Qleiat and Mazraat Kfardebian. The representatives of these villages were able to gain the solidarity of other villages by persuading their inhabitants through both peaceful and coercive means that as Christians they were all a part of single community with a united purpose. The leaders of some villages, such as those of Ghosta, Aramoun, Ghazir and Ftuh opposed Shahin and his revolt. Shahin's popularity among the Christian peasants of Mount Lebanon grew as he came to be viewed as their savior from both the Druze nobles and the traditional Maronite elites. This reputation was further solidified after Shahin's men backed Christian residents in a clash with Druze residents in the mixed village of Beit Meri in Matn in August 1859.

The Khazens demanded the restoration of their rule in Keserwan and lodged complaints to the Ottoman government about property stolen or damaged by the peasantry. The Ottomans launched an investigation in Keserwan, but in their interviews with the peasants, all claimed that they were unaware of looting and other crimes, while representatives of Shahin denied that they were rebels, insisting that they only sought the implementation of the Tanzimat reforms and the restoration of law and order. In petitions to the Maronite Patriarchate, the peasants demanded compensation by the Khazens for taxes that were illegally extorted from them, an abolition to the traditional gift-giving required of the peasants, the abolition of marriage taxes levied by the Khazens and an end to the practice of beating peasants, among other demands. Shahin nominally recognized the Maronite Patriarchate as the ultimate arbiter of disputes, but consistently urged them to honor their obligations to the "*ahali*" (commoners). In one incident he or his men fired shots toward the patriarch's headquarters in Bkirki for hosting a number of Khazens who were seeking refuge there. In March 1859, Shahin rebuffed the church's request to make an agreement with the Khazen sheikhs, citing the need to first "consult with all the *ahali* and all the villages".

Shahin's rise generally confused the Ottoman government because Shahin used the Tanzimat to legitimize his revolt. The Ottomans did not consider the religious equality called for by the Tanzimat reforms to translate into class equality, which is how Shahin interpreted it. Moreover, the Ottomans did not countenance that a semi-literate Arabic-speaking peasant from a rural region such as Keserwan would serve as a representative of the Tanzimat. They reacted to Shahin's revolt negatively, although the provincial Ottoman authorities of Beirut generally felt powerless to act against the peasant rebels due to a lack of funds and forces on the ground. Khurshid Pasha sympathized more with the Khazen sheikhs and in a letter to the Patriarchate accused Shahin of using "deceit to lead astray the minds of the people and to seduce them into following his evil ways". The principal focus of the Ottoman authorities in Lebanon was containing Shahin's revolt. However, later historians of Lebanon accused Khurshid Pasha of at least tacitly supporting Shahin in order to break communal solidarity.

Khurshid Pasha dispatched Emir Yusuf Ali Murad, a Maronite sheikh from the Abu'l Lama family, to rein in peasant rebels in Byblos, but Shahin sent a letter warning Emir Yusuf not to "intervene in the affairs" of Bybos because the "Christians of Jubail \[Byblos\] were united with the *ahali* of Keserwan" and claimed that "all the Christians of Syria have made common cause". He condemned Emir Yusuf for aligning himself with the ousted sheikhs and his "Druze relatives" and accused him of attempting to "subjugate the Christians after we achieved our \[freedom\]". He threatened Emir Yusuf to "return without delay" and that if he "desires a fight, we are more eager than you, and we are not afraid". Shahin's confidence in the support he received from the Christian peasantry of Keserwan and other parts of Mount Lebanon and his challenge to Emir Yusuf through a populist sectarian approach alarmed the Maronite elites, the church and the Ottoman authorities.

In response to a Maronite priest's complaints about harassment by Shia Muslims against Christians, Shahin's men attacked and plundered Shia villages and travelers in Byblos and demanded that Shia villages convert to Christianity to avoid assault. The Shia residents of Byblos protested these assaults in June 1859. While Shahin's actions further frustrated the local elites, Christian, Muslim and Druze alike, his reputation as the defender of Christian rights was bolstered at the popular level.

## Civil war in Mount Lebanon

The increased assertiveness of Maronite peasants as a result of Shahin's revolt and confidence in their demographic majority in Mount Lebanon alarmed the Druze feudal lords; the latter resolved to arm their peasant fighters. Likewise, Maronite peasants, wary of growing Muslim hostility toward Christians in Ottoman Syria, were also being armed, in particular by Maronite bishop Tobia Aoun. Tensions turned into violence, and between March and May 1860, several retaliatory tit-for-tat killings and attacks of sectarian nature between Druzes and Christians occurred throughout Mount Lebanon and its immediate environs. In late May, Shahin and some 300 of his men entered the village of Naccache in the mixed Druze-Maronite Matn district to seize silk owned by a noble family of Keserwan. However, instead of returning to Rayfoun, they proceeded to enter the nearby Maronite village of Antelias. Shahin's incursion into Antelias was considered a provocation by the Druze who feared that the presence of Shahin's fighters in that village threatened the Druze residents of Matn. Many Christians in turn viewed the deployment of Khurshid Pasha's troops in Hazmiyeh on 26 May as a provocation because they suspected Khurshid Pasha of being allied with the Druze and that this was the signal for the beginning of the Druze counter-attack. Shahin's stated purpose for entering Antelias was to protect the Christian Shihab emirs based in the village of Baabda.

The Shihab emirs requested Shahin and his men withdraw from Baabda's vicinity to avoid conflict. However, on 29 May, clashes occurred in the Matn village of Beit Mery between its Druze and Christian residents, which led to the participation of their respective coreligionists from other villages in the vicinity. By 30 May, the Druze had defeated the Keserwan fighters in Beit Meri. Fighting subsequently spread throughout Matn, with 35–40 Christian villages being burned. According to Lebanese historian Leila Tarazi Fawaz, the Keserwan fighters proved to be undisciplined and ineffective against the more experienced, unified and better organized Druze forces.

The fighting in Matn spread throughout Mount Lebanon and its surrounding area, becoming a civil war mainly between the Druze and the Christians, which later spilled over into other parts of Syria. Shahin claimed that he could raise 50,000 fighters to fight the Druze, and Christians from areas outside of Keserwan appealed for his intervention. However, when his men were halted by Ottoman forces in Matn, Shahin and other Maronite militia leaders largely restricted their operations to guarding their areas of origin. In mid-June, when Zahle, the last Christian stronghold, was besieged by the Druze, Shahin did not send reinforcements and the town fell. This all but consolidated a Druze victory in Mount Lebanon. On 29 July, under pressure from Bishop Aoun, Shahin agreed to openly declare his obedience to the Ottoman sultan. Although the peasants' revolt had not been directly against the Ottoman state, Shahin's declaration served as a virtual repudiation of the revolt's legitimacy. In his declaration, Shahin asserted that he was forced to revolt by the treacherous "men of corruption".

## Later life and death

French-led international intervention ended the civil war and order was restored by 1861. Shahin's movement was in a precarious state in the war's aftermath; Shahin could not financially support his impoverished peasant partisans, the Maronite clergy was disillusioned with him, and Ottoman officialdom and the local nobility were arrayed against him. The Ottomans, the clergy and the nobility resolved to bring an end to Shahin's movement because it represented the last obstacle to their political reorganization of Mount Lebanon into the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. Shahin threatened to convert to Protestantism together with his partisans if the Khazen sheikhs were restored to Keserwan, while Patriarch Massad of the Maronite Church was prepared to excommunicate Shahin and his supporters.

Meanwhile, Youssef Karam, a Maronite leader from Ehden who acquired a degree of popularity during the war and backing from the Maronite Patriarchate and the French government, was appointed acting *qaimaqam* of the Christian areas of Mount Lebanon by Fuad Pasha after the war's end. Shahin opposed Karam, who in a bid to reconcile the Maronite community, issued orders directed to the peasants of Keserwan to restore properties seized from the Khazens and compensate the latter for their losses. Shahin was backed by Emir Majid Shihab, who sought to replace Karam as *qaimaqam*. Tensions between Shahin and Karam in Keserwan in late March 1861 culminated in a battle between their forces in an area between Rayfoun and 'Ashqout, in which Shahin was defeated and fled. Karam subsequently raided Shahin's home in Rayfoun, imprisoned some of Shahin's supporters and posted a number of his own troops in villages that supported Shahin's movement.

Fuad Pasha advised Karam to pursue and capture Shahin, while the British consul communicated his desire to see Karam restore the Khazens to their former position in Keserwan. Shahin ultimately reconciled with Karam on 12 April under the mediation of the French general Charles de Beaufort. Shahin agreed to submit to the Qaimaqamate's authority without conditions. Later in 1861, Shahin relinquished the republic that he established in Keserwan. Subsequent to his retirement from politics, Shahin served as a judicial official in Rayfoun. There, in 1895, he died in relative obscurity. He left no memoirs about his role in the civil war.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Tanyus Shahin | |
| --- | --- |
| طانيوس شاهين | |
| Portrait of Tanyus Shahin | |
|  | |
| Head of the Republic of Keserwan | |
| **In office**
1859–1861 | |
| Preceded by | *Post established* |
| Succeeded by | *Post abolished* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1815
Rayfoun, Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 1895 (aged 7980)
Rayfoun, Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Ottoman Empire |
|  | |


abstract: The Reducing Excessive Deadline Obligations Act of 2013 (H.R. 2279) is a bill that would change the frequency of reports from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) about solid waste regulations. Instead of being forced to automatically review the regulations every three years, the EPA would be able to review them on an as needed basis. It would also grant precedence to state financial requirements for hazardous substances over federal requirements. The bill was introduced on June 6, 2013, into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

text:
# Reducing Excessive Deadline Obligations Act of 2013

The **Reducing Excessive Deadline Obligations Act of 2013** (H.R. 2279) is a bill that would change the frequency of reports from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) about solid waste regulations. Instead of being forced to automatically review the regulations every three years, the EPA would be able to review them on an as needed basis. It would also grant precedence to state financial requirements for hazardous substances over federal requirements. The bill was introduced on June 6, 2013, into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

## Provisions of the bill

*This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.*

The Reducing Excessive Deadline Obligations Act of 2013 would, in section 2, amend the Solid Waste Disposal Act to remove a requirement that the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) review and revise regulations declared under such Act at least every three years.

In section 4, the bill would amend the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) to prohibit the President of the United States from declaring any financial responsibility requirement under such Act without first reporting on:

* each facility or class of facilities to be covered by such requirement;
* the development of such requirement, including why the facility or class proposed to be covered by such requirement presents the highest level of risk of injury and why they are not already covered by adequate financial responsibility requirements;
* financial responsibility requirements promulgated by state or other federal agencies for the facility or class to be covered by such proposed requirement;
* the exposure to the Hazardous Substances Superfund for response costs resulting from such proposed covered facilities; and
* the capacity of the financial and credit markets to provide instruments of financial responsibility necessary to meet such requirement.

The bill would require the President to update such report to reflect any revision of the facilities or classes of facilities to be covered by a financial responsibility requirement.

In section 5, the bill would require an owner or operator of a facility or vessel that has already established evidence of financial responsibility associated with the production, transportation, treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous substances under state law or any other federal law to establish evidence of financial responsibility under CERCLA only if the President determines that, in the event of a non-permitted release of a hazardous substance that is not a federally permitted release or authorized by a state permit, the existing financial responsibility requirements will not be sufficient to cover likely response costs.

It would also require the President, if such a determination is made, to accept evidence of compliance with such other federal or state financial responsibility requirements in lieu of compliance with any portion of the financial responsibility requirements promulgated under such Act to which they correspond.

In section 6, the bill would require the owner or operator of each facility that has substances that are listed as United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Chemicals of Interest and that are flammables or explosives in amounts above the screening threshold to notify the state emergency response commission in the state in which the facility is located.

## Congressional Budget Office report

*This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on June 19, 2013. This is a public domain source.*

H.R. 2279 would amend laws concerning the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) oversight of hazardous substances. The bill would authorize the EPA to review regulations related to solid waste disposal only when necessary instead of every three years as required under current law. The legislation also would remove a long-expired deadline, which the EPA has already met, regarding regulations for the owners and operators of certain types of facilities that produce, transport, treat, store, and dispose of hazardous substances. In addition, the bill would direct that any financial requirements established by the EPA for such owners and operators do not preempt state or other federal agency requirements.

The bill also would require the EPA to report to Congress any financial responsibility requirements it intends to establish under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. Finally, H.R. 2279 would require certain facilities holding flammable or explosive materials to report on those holdings to state and local officials.

Based on information from the EPA, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) expects that removing the current requirement to review certain regulations every three years would reduce administrative costs. However, some of those savings in administrative expenses would be offset by spending on the new requirement to report to Congress any financial responsibility requirements. The CBO estimates that, on balance, implementing this legislation would not have a significant net impact on spending that is subject to appropriation over the 2014-2018 period. Enacting H.R. 2279 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.

H.R. 2279 contains an intergovernmental and private-sector mandate as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). The bill would require some owners or operators of facilities that store flammable or explosive substances to provide information about the amount of such substances at the facility to state emergency response commissions. Because those owners and operators submit similar information to federal agencies, the CBO estimates that the cost to submit information to state commissions would be minimal. Consequently, the CBO estimates that the costs of the mandate would fall well below the annual thresholds established in the UMRA for intergovernmental and private-sector mandates ($75 million and $150 million in 2013, respectively, adjusted annually for inflation).

## Procedural history

The Reducing Excessive Deadline Obligations Act of 2013 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on June 6, 2013, by Rep. Cory Gardner (R, CO-4). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Economy, United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Economy, and the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. The bill passed the Subcommittee on Environment and Economy on June 6, 2013. It was reported (amended) by the Committee on Energy and Commerce on July 30, 2013, alongside House Report 113-179 Part 1. On January 3, 2014, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced that the bill would be on the schedule for the week of January 6, 2014.

## Debate and discussion

The United States Chamber of Commerce released a letter to the House of Representatives on July 30, 2013, announcing its support of H.R. 2279. The letter said that H.R. 2279, H.R. 2318, and H.R. 2226 "are well reasoned reform bills aimed at modernizing the Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)." According to the Chamber of Commerce, H.R. 2279 would remove "two impractical and unnecessary deadlines" and "ensure that existing state or federal financial assurance requirements are not preempted by requiring a report to Congress outlining the classes of facilities for which EPA intends to issue financial responsibility requirements, the need for such requirements, and a description of existing state and federal requirements that may already cover each class of facilities." It "strongly urges" Representatives to vote in favor of the bill.

In testimony before the Subcommittee on Environment and Economy, the EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response stated that the EPA had complied with the existing three year reporting deadline and expressed a commitment "to working with the states as we evaluate approaches for addressing financial responsibility. The EPA stated that the removal of the 3 year reporting deadline "could potentially reduce a regulatory burden on EPA."

The non-profit organization Earthjustice opposed the bill. They argued that the bill "eliminates a basis for a lawsuit where public interest and industry plaintiffs are seeking regulatory certainty and a reasonable timeline for the EPA to establish coal ash safeguards." They also accused the bill of "weaken\[ing\] Superfund" and creating various financial barriers. The legislative director Andrea Delgado said that "the only thing these bills are concerned about protecting is the polluter’s ability to get away with poisoning communities and leaving their mess behind for someone else to clean up."

A coalition of 64 environmental and other interest groups (on both the state and national level) joined to write a letter to the chairman and Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy expressing their opposition to this bill and two others. The groups contend that the bill would "remove critical federal protections for communities impacted by the use and disposal of hazardous and solid wastes."

## Notes/References

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.

## InfoBox

Reducing Excessive Deadline Obligations Act of 2013
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | To amend the Solid Waste Disposal Act relating to review of regulations under such Act and to amend the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 relating to financial responsibility for classes of facilities. |
| Announced in | the 113th United States Congress |
| Sponsored by | Rep. Cory Gardner (R, CO-4) |
| Number of co-sponsors | 0 |
| Codification | |
| Acts affected | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, Solid Waste Disposal Act |
| U.S.C. sections affected | 42 U.S.C. § 9608, 42 U.S.C. § 6912, 42 U.S.C. § 9614 |
| Agencies affected | United States Congress, Executive Office of the President, United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: Saron-sur-Aube

abstract: Saron-sur-Aube is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Saron-sur-Aube

**Saron-sur-Aube** (French pronunciation: \[saʁɔ̃ syʁ ob\], literally *Saron on Aube*) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Conflans-sur-Aube | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saron-sur-Aube | |
| Location of Conflans-sur-Aube | |
| Conflans-sur-AubeConflans-sur-Aube | |
| Coordinates: 48°34′10″N 3°43′55″E / 48.5694°N 3.7319°E / 48.5694; 3.7319 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Épernay |
| Canton | Vertus-Plaine Champenoise |
| Intercommunality | Sézanne-Sud Ouest Marnais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Patricia Cain |
| Area**1** | 16.43 km2 (6.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 280 |
| Density | 17/km2 (44/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 51524 /51260 |
| Elevation | 79 m (259 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Caroline Lundberg

abstract: Caroline Lundberg is a Swedish football forward who played for Kvarnsvedens IK starting in 2016.

text:
# Caroline Lundberg

**Caroline Lundberg** (born 28 March 1990) is a Swedish football forward who played for Kvarnsvedens IK starting in 2016.

## InfoBox

Caroline Lundberg
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Caroline Lundberg | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-03-28) March 28, 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Sweden | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Kvarnsvedens IK | | |
| Number | 10 | | |
| 2011 | Djurgårdens IF | 9 | (0) |
| 2012–2015 | IK Sirius | 82 | (35) |
| 2016– | Kvarnsvedens IK | 5 | (1) |


title: Ray Phillips (cricketer)

abstract: Raymond Berry Phillips is an Australian cricketer who was born and raised in New South Wales and originally represented that state, but moved to Queensland in 1979 and played for that state for many years. He was selected for the 1985 Ashes squad but did not appear in any of the Test matches on the tour.

text:
# Ray Phillips (cricketer)

**Raymond Berry Phillips** (born 23 May 1954) is an Australian cricketer who was born and raised in New South Wales and originally represented that state, but moved to Queensland in 1979 and played for that state for many years. He was selected for the 1985 Ashes squad but did not appear in any of the Test matches on the tour.

## Career

Phillips made his club debut in 1971 aged 15. He toured Sri Lanka in 1971 with the Australian Schoolboys and played for NSW Colts for three years. His first job after school was working for Bert Oldfield.

### First Class Cricketer

Phillips played three games for NSW but Steve Rixon was blocking his path so he moved to Queensland in 1979.

Phillips scored his debut first class century in 1981–82.

After Marsh retired in 1984, Phillips was considered a candidate for the keeping position for the tour of the West Indies. However the selectors preferred Roger Woolley, who had a better batting record, with Wayne Phillips as a backup. When Woolley was injured the selectors went for Wayne Phillips.

Wayne Phillips impressed enough on the tour to be kept as Australian keeper for the 1984–85 summer. When he was injured, selectors relied on Steve Rixon. Rixon and Wayne Phillips were selected as the keepers on the 1985 Ashes tour. Rixon had to drop out when it was revealed he had signed to tour South Africa and Ray Phillips was selected in his place.

In the 1984–85 Sheffield Shield final, Phillips scored 53 and 47 in Queensland's one wicket loss.

### Ashes Tourist

Ray Phillips was the reserve keeper on the tour and did not play in any test matches. He played 7 first class games taking 13 catches with a top score of 39, against Worcestershire, where he took part in a 96 run stand with Allan Border.

### Later career

Wayne Phillips' keeping declined over the 1985–86 summer and there were some calls to replace him with Ray Phillips. However, when Wayne was dropped as keeper in 1986, the selectors went for Tim Zoehrer.

Phillips' last first glass game was the 1985–86 Sheffield Shield final, which Queensland lost.

Ray Phillips retired from all forms of cricket in August 1986. He was replaced as Queensland's wicketkeeper by Peter Anderson.

### Post cricket career

Phillips commentated cricket matches for ABC radio. He was also a selector for the Queensland cricket team. Phillips gained notoriety on social media site Reddit after commentating on a Cricket Australia live stream where he proceeded to complain about aspects of cricket and life in general including players performing hand shakes and high fives, players taking unscheduled drinks breaks, toasters, and his views that the Australian Broadcasting Corporation had become too one-sided.

## Personal life

Phillips is Jewish.

## InfoBox

Ray Phillips
| Cricket information | |
| --- | --- |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1978/79 | New South Wales |
| 1979/80-1985/86 | Queensland |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 89 21  Runs scored 2,925 129  Batting average 28.96 16.12  100s/50s 1/21 0/0  Top score 111\* 19  Catches/stumpings 271/15 26/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 11 February 2024 | |


title: Laila Garin

abstract: Laila Miranda Garin is a Brazilian actress and singer.

text:
# Laila Garin

**Laila Miranda Garin** (born 17 February 1978) is a Brazilian actress and singer.

## Biography

Garin was born in Salvador, Bahia, the daughter of a French father and a Brazilian mother. She graduated in performing arts from the Federal University of Bahia.

## Career

In the 2013 biographic musical "Elis, A Musical", directed by Dennis Carvalho, Laila delivered a standout performance in the epinonimous role of the famous Brazilian singer Elis Regina.

Following a period with Théâtre du Soleil in Paris, Laila worked in "Grease" in São Paulo and went to Rio de Janeiro in 2009, where she starred in the show "Eu te amo mesmo assim", directed by João Sanches and supervised by João Falcão. It was on this occasion that she moved from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro. She also performed in the show "Gonzagão - A Lenda".

Laila began studying theater at age 11 and singing lyrical at age 13. At the age of 15, she was part of an amateur theater group at Casa Via Magia, and performed in plays such as "Romeo & Juliet and Caetano", with fragments of Shakespeare's work and songs by composer, "A Casa de Eros" (1996), "Medeia" (1997), "Roberto Zucco" (1998) and "Lábaro Estrelado" (1999).

In 2015, the actress was climbed to the novel of the nine, "Babilônia", exhibited by Rede Globo. In the plot, she lived Maria José, the wife of a corrupt politician. Laila also did a part in the series "Louco por Elas", also of Rede Globo.

Laila gained an international audience when she appeared in the popular Netflix Sci-fi series "3%" (2016) as the character Marcela Álvarez.

In January 2022, she released a single with Chico César, "Vermelho Esperança", written by him and taken off the soundtrack for the theater play *A hora da estrela – O canto de Macabéa*, which happened in 2020 and was inspired by Clarice Lispector's *Hour of the Star*.

## Personal life

In 2013, she married the French theater illuminator Hugo Mercier.

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Clandestinos: o Sonho Começou* | Laila |  |
| 2011 | *Força Tarefa* | Gleisy | Episode: "17 November 2011" |
| 2011 | *Som Brasil* | Herself | Episode: "Carlos Lyra" |
| 2012 | *Louco por Elas* | Dora | Episode : "27 November 2012" |
| 2013 | *A Grande Família* | Leila | Episode: "Cenas de um Descasamento" |
| 2015 | *Babilônia* | Maria José Matos Pimenta |  |
| 2015 | *Santo Forte* | Dalva da Cruz Forte |  |
| 2016–17 | *Rock Story* | Laila / Ana Laura Blanco |  |
| 2017 | *Sob Pressão* | Bete | Episódio: 3 |
| 2018 | *3%* | Marcela |  |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Eu Me Lembro* | Nandinha |  |
| 2010 | *Um Outro Ensaio* | Ela | Short film |

### Theater

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | *A Casa de Eros* |  |
| 1996 | *Don Juan* |  |
| 1997 | *Medeia* |  |
| 1998 | *Roberto Zucco* |  |
| 1999 | *Lábaro Estrelado* |  |
| 2001 | *O Tempo e os Conways* |  |
| 2002 | *Grease, o Musical* | Marty |
| 2004 | *Porti-Nari* |  |
| 2005 | *A Sombra de Quixote* |  |
| 2007 | *O Homem Provisório* |  |
| 2009 | *Os Figurantes* |  |
| 2009 | *Moi et Mon Cheveu* |  |
| 2010 | *Eu te amo Mesmo Assim - O Musical* |  |
| 2012 | *Enlace - A Loja do Ourives - O Musical* | Malina |
| 2012 | *Gonzagão, a Lenda - O Musical* | Branca |
| 2013 | *Elis - A Musical* | Elis Regina |
| 2015 | *O Beijo no Asfalto - O Musical* | Selminha |
| 2016–17 | *Gota D'Água \[a seco\] - O Musical* | Joana |
| 2017- 18 | 2 Filhos de Francisco - O Musical | Helena |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | Prêmio Copene de Teatro | Best Supporting Actress | *O Tempo e os Conways* | Nominated |
| 2005 | *Festival de Brasília* | Best Actress | *Eu me Lembro* | Won |
| 2011 | 4°Festival Cinema de Triunfo | | *Um Outro Ensaio* | Won |
| 2012 | 1°Festival de Cinema de Blumenau | | Won |
| 2013 | Prêmio Quem de Teatro | | *Elis, A Musical* | Won |
| 2014 | Troféu APCA | | Won |
| | Prêmio Shell | | Won |
| | Prêmio Reverência | | Won |
| | Prêmio Bibi Ferreira | | Won |
| | Prêmio Cesgranrio de Teatro | | Won |
| | Prêmio Botequim Cultural de Teatro | | Won |
| | Prêmio Aplauso Brasil de Teatro | | Nominated |
| | Prêmio APTR | | Nominated |
| | Prêmio Arte Qualidade Brasil de Teatro | | Nominated |
| | Prêmio Cenym de Teatro | | Nominated |
| 2015 | Festival Internacional de Televisão de São Paulo | | *Santo Forte* | Nominated |
| | Prêmio Reverência | | *O Beijo no Asfalto - O Musical* | Won |
| | | | Prêmio Cesgranrio de Teatro | Nominated |
| | | | Prêmio Botequim Cultural de Teatro | Won |
| 2016 | Prêmio Cesgranrio de Teatro | | *Gota D'Água \[a seco\] - O Musical* | Won |
| | Prêmio Arte Qualidade Brasil de Teatro | | Won |
| | Prêmio Musical Cast | | Won |
| | Prêmio Botequim Cultural de Teatro | | Won |
| | Prêmio Cenym de Teatro | | Nominated |
| | Prêmio Aplauso Brasil de Teatro | | Nominated |
| | Prêmio APTR | | Nominated |
| | Troféu APCA | | Nominated |
| | Prêmio Destaque Impressa Digital de Teatro | | Won |
| 2017 | Prêmio Bibi Ferreira | | Won |
| | Prêmio Reverência | | Won |
| | Prêmio Destaque Impressa Digital de Teatro | Best Supporting Actress | 2 Filhos de Francisco - O Musical | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Laila Garin | |
| --- | --- |
| Garin in 2016 | |
| Born | Laila Miranda Garin
(1978-02-17) 17 February 1978
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil |
| Alma mater | Federal University of Bahia |
| Occupations | * Actress * singer |
| Years active | 1996–present |
| Spouse | Hugo Mercier  (m. 2013) |
| Website |  |


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 262 was adopted unanimously on December 31, 1968. After hearing statements from Israel and Lebanon, the Council condemned Israel for its premeditated military action in violation of its obligation under the Charter and the cease-fire resolutions. It issued a solemn warning to Israel that, if there were a repeat incident, the Council would have to consider further steps to enforce its decisions and considered that Lebanon has suffered and responsibility rests with Israel.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 262

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 262** was adopted unanimously on December 31, 1968. After hearing statements from Israel and Lebanon, the Council condemned Israel for its premeditated military action in violation of its obligation under the Charter and the cease-fire resolutions. It issued a solemn warning to Israel that, if there were a repeat incident, the Council would have to consider further steps to enforce its decisions and considered that Lebanon has suffered and responsibility rests with Israel.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 262 | |
| --- | --- |
| Lebanese border | |
| Date | December 31 1968 |
| Meeting no. | 1462 |
| Code | S/RES/262 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation in the Middle East** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Tanduay Light Rhum Masters

abstract: The Tanduay Light Rhum Masters were a basketball team which last played in the PBA D-League. The team was owned by Tanduay Distillers, Inc. and was originally known as the Boracay Rum Waves (2012–2014), which succeeded the Cobra Energy Drink Iron Men (2009–2012).

text:
# Tanduay Light Rhum Masters

The **Tanduay Light Rhum Masters** were a basketball team which last played in the PBA D-League. The team was owned by Tanduay Distillers, Inc. and was originally known as the **Boracay Rum Waves** (2012–2014), which succeeded the **Cobra Energy Drink Iron Men** (2009–2012).

## Notable roster

| Players | Coaches |
| --- | --- |
| Pos. # POB Name Height Weight DOB (YYYY–MM–DD) From  5  Terso, Joseph 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 162 lb (73 kg)  National-U  6  Stevens, Andretti 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)   Mapúa  F/C 8  Eguilos, Jaymo 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 204 lb (93 kg)  Far Eastern  9  Santos, Adrian 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)   UE  10  Varilla, Paul 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)   UE  11  Sanga, Paul 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 172 lb (78 kg)  Far Eastern  F/C 14  Taganas, Jay-R 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)   San Beda  16  Palma, Emil 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)   UE  F/C 17  Sollano, Jomari 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)   Letran  18  Villamor, Dennice 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 195 lb (88 kg)  National-U  19  Gaco, Jerwin 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 180 lb (82 kg)  De La Salle  22  Alvarez, Lester 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) 154 lb (70 kg)  Adamson  34  Vigil, Louie 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)   UST  41  Tambeling, John 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)   Letran | Head coach Assistant coach(es)* Randy Alcantara * Joselito Aguilar * Marionne Josef Baleno * Arnel Syyap * Michael Tan  ---  Legend * **(DP)** Unsigned draft pick * **(FA)** Free agent * **(S)** Suspended * Injured |

## InfoBox

| Tanduay Light Rhum Masters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leagues | PBA D-League |
| Founded | 2012 |
| History | **Boracay Rum Waves**
2012–2014
**Tanduay Light Rhum Masters**
2014–2017 |
| Location | Philippines |
| Team colors | **Boracay Rum Waves**
(2012–2014)

**Tanduay Light Rhum Masters**
(2014–2017)
 |
| President | Lucio K. Tan, Jr. |
| Head coach | Lawrence Chongson |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |