title: Superior knowledge doctrine

abstract:
The superior knowledge doctrine is a principle in United States contract law which states that the government must disclose to a contractor any otherwise unavailable information that is vital to contract performance. It is also referred to as "the Helene Curtis doctrine of superior knowledge. In order to recover under the superior knowledge doctrine, a contractor must prove each of the following elements:
  - The contractor undertook to perform the contract without vital knowledge of a fact directly affecting performance, cost, or duration of the contract.
  - The government was aware that the contractor had no knowledge of the information, and that the contractor had no reason to attempt to obtain this information.
  - A contract specification that the government supplied to the contractor misled the contractor, or failed to put the contractor on notice to inquire more.
  - The government failed to provide the relevant information.

text:
# Superior knowledge doctrine

The **superior knowledge doctrine** is a principle in United States contract law which states that the government must disclose to a contractor any otherwise unavailable information that is vital to contract performance. It is also referred to as "the Helene Curtis doctrine of superior knowledge.

In order to recover under the superior knowledge doctrine, a contractor must prove each of the following elements:

1. The contractor undertook to perform the contract without vital knowledge of a fact directly affecting performance, cost, or duration of the contract.
2. The government was aware that the contractor had no knowledge of the information, and that the contractor had no reason to attempt to obtain this information.
3. A contract specification that the government supplied to the contractor misled the contractor, or failed to put the contractor on notice to inquire more.
4. The government failed to provide the relevant information.

## History

The case most often cited as initiating the superior knowledge doctrine is *Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States*. Helene Curtis Industries received an army contract for large quantities of a disinfectant chlorine powder that had never been mass-produced. The powder was to be used by U.S. troops in Korea to disinfect mess gear and fresh fruits and vegetables. The Army prepared directions for production of the new disinfectant powder. Based on the specifications, the contractor concluded that only a simple mixing technique was needed and submitted its bid.

The Army already knew that a costly grinding operation would be required to produce the disinfectant powder. The Army also knew the contractor planned to simply mix the ingredients together, without performing any grinding. After the contract was awarded, the disinfectant failed to meet the specified solubility test. The company then investigated and discovered that the powder needed to be ground. The contractor sued for the costs of finding that it needed to grind the powder, because the Army should have shared this superior knowledge.

## Later cases

Later cases have established that:

1. The government may have a greater obligation to provide information where the contractor is a small business enterprise since it is presumed that such contractors will have less knowledge.
2. The Government has a duty to disclose its superior knowledge about the procurement history of the item and the fact that it had never been mass-produced without a waiver of certain specifications. The government's duty to disclose is heightened if the contractor is a small business.
3. The superior knowledge doctrine was potentially applicable to even classified information regarding prior secret technology. Although disclosure of the details of the classified information may not be necessary or possible, the Government may have a duty to give a warning or make some other more general disclosure.


title: Sunday School Union

abstract: The Sunday School Union was a British ecumenical organisation devoted to promoting Sunday schools in Britain and abroad.

text:
# Sunday School Union

**The Sunday School Union** was a British ecumenical organisation devoted to promoting Sunday schools in Britain and abroad.

## History

The Sunday School Union had been set up on 13 July 1803 "to encourage teachers to communicate with each other, improve methods, and support the opening of new schools". Over the years local auxiliaries were set up in London and then around the country. These became "local Unions affiliated to the now termed ‘National Sunday School Union’ (NSSU)".

The address of the Sunday School Union in the early years of the 20th century was 57 and 59 Ludgate Hill, London, E.C. The office of the National Sunday School Union was located at the same address in the late 1920s. In 1964 the latter organisation became the National Christian Education Council which in 2002 combined with the Christian Education Movement to form Christian Education.

The Canadian branch (the Sunday School Union Society of Canada) was established in Montreal in 1822.

## Book series published by Sunday School Union

* Daring Deeds Library
* Endeavour Library Series
* Gift Books for Girls and Boys
* Great Biographies
* Green Nursery Series
* Heroines Library
* Little Dot Series
* Red Nursery Series
* Splendid Lives Series
* Toy Books
* Tracts for Teachers
* Wonderful Shilling Library
* Youth's Own Library


title: Crepljani

abstract: Crepljani is a village in the municipality of Hadžići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Crepljani

**Crepljani** is a village in the municipality of Hadžići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was nil, down from 26 in 1991.

## InfoBox

| Crepljani | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Crepljani | |
| Coordinates: 43°47′23″N 18°12′24″E / 43.78972°N 18.20667°E / 43.78972; 18.20667 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Sarajevo |
| Municipality | Hadžići |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.64 sq mi (1.66 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 0 |
| Density | 0.0/sq mi (0.0/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Crepis zacintha

abstract: Crepis zacintha, the striped hawksbeard, is a plant species native to southern Europe but now naturalized on roadsides and other disturbed sites in Texas, Israel, Cyprus, and the United Kingdom. Crepis zacintha is an annual herb up to 30 cm tall, often branching above ground. Heads are solitary in the axils of branches. Each head has up to 30 ray florets, yellow with a reddish tinge on the back. There are no disc florets.

text:
# Crepis zacintha

***Crepis zacintha***, the **striped hawksbeard**, is a plant species native to southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, etc.) but now naturalized on roadsides and other disturbed sites in Texas, Israel, Cyprus, and the United Kingdom.

*Crepis zacintha* is an annual herb up to 30 cm (12 inches) tall, often branching above ground. Heads are solitary in the axils of branches. Each head has up to 30 ray florets, yellow with a reddish tinge on the back. There are no disc florets.

## InfoBox

| *Crepis zacintha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Crepis* |
| Species: | ***C. zacintha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crepis zacintha***<br>(L.) Babc. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hedypnois zacintha* (L.) Dum. Cours. * *Lapsana zacintha* L. * *Rhagadiolus zacintha* (L.) All. * *Zacintha verrucosa* Gaertn. | |


title: Summon the Thunder

abstract: Summon the Thunder is the second novel in the Star Trek: Vanguard series revolving around the Federation Starbase 47, otherwise known as Vanguard.

text:
# Summon the Thunder

***Summon the Thunder*** is the second novel in the *Star Trek: Vanguard* series revolving around the Federation Starbase 47, otherwise known as Vanguard.

## Synopsis

The Shedai, an ancient race of beings, threaten the lives of all aboard Vanguard.

## InfoBox

Summon the Thunder
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Dayton Ward<br>Kevin Dilmore |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction novel |
| Publisher | Pocket Books |
| Publication date | 27 June 2006 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 432 |
| ISBN | 1-4165-2400-2 |
| OCLC | 67872664 |
| LC Class | CPB Box no. 2703 vol. 17 |
| Preceded by | *Harbinger* |


title: Crimson Lotus

abstract: Crimson Lotus is a progressive metal band from Finland. Founded in 1997 as a cover band, the band was disrupted by its members' military service in 2002 to be revived in summer 2003 by Pekka Aalto and Pasi Kainiemi. They make up the core of the current line-up; other contributors are generally considered guest musicians. On January 1, 2004, Crimson Lotus released their first EP, "Foreword", with guest vocalists Megan Branigan, Susanna Syrjä and Landis Lee Bender II. The release was greeted with very positive reviews after being circulated on the Internet. The musical and conceptual continuation of "Foreword", "Sinful Deeds" was released on September 5, 2005. Susanna Syrjä and Landis Lee Bender performed vocals again, joined by Matti Auerkallio. Hannu Leppänen (guitar) and Laura Hagström (piano) also performed on the second EP. The third release, "Bloodstained Heroes", followed on December 23, 2006. This time the vocals were performed by Matti Auerkallio, and the EP was mastered by Pirkka Rännäli.

text:
# Crimson Lotus

**Crimson Lotus** is a progressive metal band from Finland. Founded in 1997 as a cover band, the band was disrupted by its members' military service in 2002 to be revived in summer 2003 by Pekka Aalto and Pasi Kainiemi. They make up the core of the current line-up; other contributors are generally considered guest musicians.

On January 1, 2004, Crimson Lotus released their first EP, "Foreword", with guest vocalists Megan Branigan, Susanna Syrjä and Landis Lee Bender II. The release was greeted with very positive reviews after being circulated on the Internet.

The musical and conceptual continuation of "Foreword", "Sinful Deeds" was released on September 5, 2005. Susanna Syrjä and Landis Lee Bender performed vocals again, joined by Matti Auerkallio. Hannu Leppänen (guitar) and Laura Hagström (piano) also performed on the second EP.

The third release, "Bloodstained Heroes", followed on December 23, 2006. This time the vocals were performed by Matti Auerkallio, and the EP was mastered by Pirkka Rännäli.

## Line-up

* Pasi Kainiemi - composing, mixing, mastering, guitars, synth programming & sequencing, vocal arrangements, lyrics
* Pekka Aalto - lyrics, drums, vocal arrangements, composing, mixing, booklet layout

## Guest talent

* Megan Branigan - Vocals on Foreword
* Susanna Syrjä - Vocals on Foreword and Sinful Deeds
* Landis Lee Bender II - Vocals on Foreword and Sinful Deeds
* Matti Auerkallio - Vocals on Sinful Deeds and Bloodstained Heroes
* Hannu Leppänen - Guitar on Sinful Deeds
* Laura Hagström - Piano on Sinful Deeds

## Discography


title: Crickets as pets

abstract: Keeping crickets as pets emerged in China in early antiquity. Initially, crickets were kept for their "songs" (stridulation). In the early 12th century, the Chinese people began holding cricket fights. Throughout the Imperial era the Chinese also kept pet cicadas and grasshoppers, but crickets were the favorites in the Forbidden City and with the commoners alike. The art of selecting and breeding the finest fighting crickets was perfected during the Qing dynasty and remained a monopoly of the imperial court until the beginning of the 19th century. The Imperial patronage promoted the art of making elaborate cricket containers and individual cricket homes. Traditional Chinese cricket homes come in three distinct shapes: wooden cages, ceramic jars, and gourds. Cages are used primarily for trapping and transportation. Gourds and ceramic jars are used as permanent cricket homes in winter and summer, respectively. They are treated with special mortar to enhance the apparent loudness and tone of a cricket's song. The imperial gardeners grew custom-shaped molded gourds tailored to each species of cricket. Their trade secrets were lost during the Chinese Civil War and the Cultural Revolution, but crickets remain a favorite pet of the Chinese to the present day. The Japanese pet cricket culture, which emerged at least a thousand years ago, has practically vanished during the 20th century. Chinese cricket culture and cricket-related business is highly seasonal. Trapping crickets in the fields peaks in August and extends into September. The crickets soon end up at the markets of Shanghai and other major cities. Cricket fighting season extends until the end of autumn, overlapping with the Mid-Autumn Festival and the National Day. Chinese breeders are striving to make cricket fighting a year-round pastime, but the seasonal tradition prevails. Modern Western sources recommend keeping pet crickets in transparent jars or small terrariums providing at least two inches of soil for burrowing and containing egg-crate shells or similar objects for shelter. A cricket's life span is short: Development from an egg to imago takes from one to two months. The imago then lives for around one month. Cricket hobbyists have to frequently replace aging insects with younger ones which are either specifically bred for cricket fighting or caught in the wild. This makes crickets less appealing as pets in Western countries. The speed of growth, coupled with the ease of breeding and raising nymphs, makes industrial-grown crickets a preferred and inexpensive food source for pet birds, reptiles, and spiders.

text:
# Crickets as pets

Keeping **crickets as pets** emerged in China in early antiquity. Initially, crickets were kept for their "songs" (stridulation). In the early 12th century, the Chinese people began holding cricket fights. Throughout the Imperial era the Chinese also kept pet cicadas and grasshoppers, but crickets were the favorites in the Forbidden City and with the commoners alike. The art of selecting and breeding the finest fighting crickets was perfected during the Qing dynasty and remained a monopoly of the imperial court until the beginning of the 19th century.

The Imperial patronage promoted the art of making elaborate cricket containers and individual cricket homes. Traditional Chinese cricket homes come in three distinct shapes: wooden cages, ceramic jars, and gourds. Cages are used primarily for trapping and transportation. Gourds and ceramic jars are used as permanent cricket homes in winter and summer, respectively. They are treated with special mortar to enhance the apparent loudness and tone of a cricket's song. The imperial gardeners grew custom-shaped molded gourds tailored to each species of cricket. Their trade secrets were lost during the Chinese Civil War and the Cultural Revolution, but crickets remain a favorite pet of the Chinese to the present day. The Japanese pet cricket culture, which emerged at least a thousand years ago, has practically vanished during the 20th century.

Chinese cricket culture and cricket-related business is highly seasonal. Trapping crickets in the fields peaks in August and extends into September. The crickets soon end up at the markets of Shanghai and other major cities. Cricket fighting season extends until the end of autumn, overlapping with the Mid-Autumn Festival and the National Day. Chinese breeders are striving to make cricket fighting a year-round pastime, but the seasonal tradition prevails.

Modern Western sources recommend keeping pet crickets in transparent jars or small terrariums providing at least two inches of soil for burrowing and containing egg-crate shells or similar objects for shelter. A cricket's life span is short: Development from an egg to imago takes from one to two months. The imago then lives for around one month. Cricket hobbyists have to frequently replace aging insects with younger ones which are either specifically bred for cricket fighting or caught in the wild. This makes crickets less appealing as pets in Western countries. The speed of growth, coupled with the ease of breeding and raising nymphs, makes industrial-grown crickets a preferred and inexpensive food source for pet birds, reptiles, and spiders.

## Cricket biology

True crickets are insects of the *Gryllidae*, a cosmopolitan family of around 100 genera comprising some 800 species, belonging to the order Orthoptera. Crickets, like other Orthoptera (grasshoppers and katydids), are capable of producing high-pitched sound by stridulation. Crickets differ from other Orthoptera in four aspects: Crickets possess three-segmented tarsi and long antennae; their tympanum is located at the base of the front tibia; and the females have long, slender ovipositors.

The life cycle of a cricket usually spans no more than three months. The nymphs of the field cricket hatch from eggs in 7–8 days, while those of *Acheta domesticus* develop in 11–12 days. Development of the nymphs in a controlled, warm (30 °C (86 °F)) farm environment takes four to five weeks for all cultivated species. After the fourth or fifth instar the wingless nymphs moult into the winged imago which lives for around one month. Crickets are omnivorous, opportunistic scavengers. They feed on decaying vegetable matter and fruit, and attack weaker insects or their larvae.

A male cricket "sings" by raising his wing covers (tegmina) above the body and rubbing their bases against each other. The wing covers of a mature male cricket have protruding, irregularly shaped veins. The scraper of the left wing cover rubs against the file of the right wing, producing a high-pitched chirp. Crickets are much smaller than the sound wavelengths that they emit, which makes them inefficient transducers, but they overcome this disadvantage by using external natural resonators. Ground-dwelling field crickets use their funnel-shaped burrow entrances as acoustic horns; *Oecanthus burmeisteri* attach themselves to leaves which serve as soundboards and increase sound volume by 15 to 47 times. Chinese handlers increase the apparent loudness of their captive crickets by waxing the insects' tympanum with a mixture of cypress or lacebark pine tree sap and cinnabar. A legend says that this treatment was discovered in the day of the Qing Dynasty, when the Emperor's cricket, held in a cage suspended from a pine tree, was observed to develop an "unusually beautiful voice" after accidentally dipping its wings in tree sap.

Entomologists from Ivan Regen onward have agreed that the principal purpose of a male cricket's "song" is to attract females for mating. Berthold Laufer and Frank Lutz recognized the fact but noted that it was not clear why males do it continuously throughout most of their adult lives, when actual mating doesn't take much time. More is known about the attractive mechanism of a cricket's song. Scientists exposed cricket females to synthesized "cricket songs", carefully varying different acoustic parameters, and measured the degree of females' response to different sounds. They found that although each species has its own optimal mating call, the repetition rate of chirp "syllables" was the single most important parameter. A male's singing skills do not guarantee him instant success: other, silent, males may be waiting nearby to intercept the females he attracts. Other males may be attracted by the song and rush to the singer just as females do. When another cricket confronts a singing male, the two insects determine each other's sex by touching their antennae. If it turns out that both crickets are male, the contact leads to a fight. Crickets, and Orthoptera in general, are model organisms for the study of male-male aggression, although females can also be aggressive. According to Judge and Bonanno, the shape and size of male crickets' heads are a direct result of selection through male-male fights.

The fact that only males sing, and only males fight, means that females have little value as pets apart from breeding. Chinese keepers feed young home-bred females to birds as soon as crickets display sexual dimorphism. There is one notable exception: males of *Homoeogryllus japonicus* (*suzumushi* or *jin zhong*) sing only in the presence of females, so some females are spared to provide company to the males.

## Pet crickets in China

### History

The singing cricket became a domestic pet in early antiquity. The ancestors of modern Chinese people possessed a unique attitude towards small creatures, which is preserved in present-day culture of *flower, bird, fish, insect*. Other cultures studied and conquered big game: large animals, birds, and fishes. The Chinese, according to Laufer, were more interested in insects than in all other wildlife. Insects, rather than mammals or birds, became symbols of bravery (mantis) or resurrection (cicada), and became a precious economic asset (silkworm).

Between 500 and 200 B.C. the Chinese compiled *Erya*, a universal encyclopedia which prominently featured insects. The *Affairs of the period Tsin-Tao* (742–756) mention that "whenever the autumnal season arrives, the ladies of the palace catch crickets in small golden cages ... and during the night hearken to the voices of the insects. This custom was imitated by all the people." The oldest artifact identified as a cricket home was discovered in a tomb dated 960 A.D. The Field Museum of Natural History owned a 12th-century scroll painted by Su Han-Chen depicting children playing with crickets. By this time, as evidenced in the painting, the Chinese had already developed the art of making clay cricket homes, the skills of careful handling of the insects, and the practice of tickling to stimulate them. The first *reliable* accounts of cricket fights date back to the 12th century (Song dynasty) but there is also a theory tracing cricket fights to the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (8th century).

Singing and fighting crickets were the favorite pets of the Emperors of China. The noble pastime attracted the educated class, resulting in a wealth of medieval treatises on keeping crickets. The oldest one, *The Book of Crickets* (*Tsu chi king*), was written by Kia Se-Tao in the first half of the 13th century. It was followed by the Ming period books by Chou Li-Tsin and Liu Tong and early Qing period books by Fang Hu and Chen Hao-Tse. According to Yutaka Suga, cricket fighting was also popular among the commoners of Beijing and they, rather than the nobles, were "the driving force behind the amusement" during the Qing period. The court, in turn, forced the commoners to collect and pay their dues in fine fighting crickets, as was retold by Pu Songling in *A Cricket Boy* (early 18th century). In this story, which is set in the reign of the Xuande Emperor, an unfortunate peasant was given the impossible task of finding the strongest prize-fighting cricket. His cricket miraculously defeated all Emperor's insects; the ending reveals that the champion was mysteriously guided by the spirit of his own unconscious child.

One aspect of cricket-keeping, that of growing molded, custom-shaped gourds destined to become cricket homes, was an exclusive monopoly of the Forbidden City. The royal gardeners would place the ovary of an emerging *Lagenaria* fruit inside an earthen mould, forcing the fruit to take up the desired shape. The oldest surviving molded gourd, *Hasshin Hyōko* dated 1238, is preserved in Hōryū-ji temple in Japan. The art reached its peak in the 18th century, when the gardeners implemented reusable carved wood and disposable clay molds. The shapes of the gourds were tailored to different species of cricket: larger gourds for larger species, long-bottle gourds for the species known for long hops, and so on. Calabash, or "bottle gourds," were also used. Immature fruit easily reproduces the artwork carved into the mold, but also easily picks up any natural or man-made impurities. The finest craftsmen exploited, rather than concealed, these blemishes. Molded gourds were a symbol of the highest social standing. The ones held by Chinese royalty depicted in medieval portraits were actually prized cricket containers. The Yongzheng Emperor held a gourd in his hand even when he was sleeping, the Qianlong Emperor maintained a private molded gourd garden. In the 1800s the Jiaqing Emperor lifted the monopoly on molded gourds, but they remained expensive even for the upper classes.

At the end of the Imperial era Empress Dowager Cixi revitalized cricket fighting by staging contests between cricket breeders. A cricket of her successor, the infant Emperor Puyi, became a plot device in Bernardo Bertolucci's film *The Last Emperor* (1987). Bertolucci presented the cricket's container as a magic black box that opens up the memories of Puyi. According to Bruce Sklarew, the cricket, mysteriously emerging from the box, carries at least three meanings: it is the metaphor of Puyi himself, it is the metaphor of his wisdom acquired through suffering, and a symbol of the ultimate freedom that comes with death.

The ancient secrets of cricket handling and cricket-related crafts, only some of which were recorded on paper, were largely lost during the Chinese Civil War. From 1949 to 1976 the Communist regime suppressed cricket keeping, which was deemed an unacceptable distraction and a symbol of the past. Cricket trade was banned altogether in the 1950s, but continued secretly even on the People's Square of Shanghai. A dozen illegal markets emerged in the 1980s, and in 1987 the government formally allowed trading crickets on the Liuhe Road. By 1993 there were five legal markets, and in the 21st century Shanghai has over 20 cricket markets.

### Trapping

The short life span of a cricket necessitates frequent replacement of aging insects. The crickets sold in present-day China are usually caught in the wild in remote provinces. Earlier, most crickets sold in major cities were caught in the nearby countryside, but in the 21st century a local catch, or *dichong*, is extremely rare. The majority of crickets sold in Shanghai in the 1990s and the 2000s came from rural Ningjin County in Shandong, where cricket hunting became a second job for local peasants. Practically all people of Ningjin—men and women of all ages—engage in the cricket business. A peasant usually makes around 70 yuan per night, and 2000 yuan per season. A very good season can bring a family over 10,000 yuan ($1,210).

Cricket catching extends over August and September. Crickets are most active between midnight and dawn. They are agile creatures, and when distressed they quickly hide into burrows or improvised shelter, or hop and even fly away. Typical Chinese crickets hide underground, so the catcher's first task is to either force or lure the insect out of its hideout. Trappers from the North of China use lighted candles to lure insects into their traps. Trappers from the South use iron cage-like lanterns or fire baskets to carry smoldering charcoal which forces insects to flee from the smoke. Other ways of forcing the insect out involve flooding their burrows or setting up juicy fruit baits. The Ningjin trappers use a simple tool, similar to an ice pick, for digging earth and poking under stones.

The trapper who has located a cricket must catch and contain the insect without causing it any injuries. Present-day trappers use *zhao*, a soft catching net on a wire frame, to contain the cricket on the ground. The captured crickets are then placed into a clay pot and stay there until being sold; they are fed a few boiled rice grains per day. Earlier, the Chinese used cage-like traps made of bamboo or ivory rods. Pavel Piassetsky, who visited Beijing in the 1880s, described a different technique. The Beijing people used two kind of tools: a bell-like bowl with a hole in its bottom, and a tube several inches long. When a cricket was forced to leave its hideout, the trapper would quickly cover it with the bell. When the trapped cricket emerged from the hole, the trapper would present the tube, and the cricket would eagerly hide inside it. The plugged tube then became a convenient cricket cage.

### Logistics

In his 1927 book, Laufer described seven species of crickets kept by the people of Beijing; *Oecanthus rufescens* and *Homeogryllys japonicus* were the favorites based on their "singing" rather than fighting qualities. The most common species sold by Chinese traders in the 21st century are *Anaxipha pallidula*, *Homeoxipha lycoides*, *Gryllus bimaculatus*. *Velarifictorus micado* from Shandong is especially prized. Ningjin peasants collect only the *Velarifictorus* species and discard the abundant *Teleogryllus emma* and *Loxoblemmus doenitzii*, which are not used in cricket fighting. Peasants usually cannot even remotely estimate the probable market value of the catch. At best, they can sort crickets by size; their objective is to sell the catch to the wholesalers as soon as possible. They offload their catch at the local roadside markets (*daji*) in the early morning, immediately after the night shift. They frequently overstate their selling skills: many crickets remain unsold and are discarded.

The trade is driven by urban consumers. As recently as 1991, from 300,000 to 400,000 people of Shanghai engaged in cricket fighting, with around 100,000 crickets fighting every day of the August–September season. Dealers from a large city normally control cricket haunts within 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) of their base. The dealers and aficionados from Shanghai arrive in Ningjin in groups and lodge in the villages. Unlike the peasants, they are skilled in quick evaluation of the insects and have a stronger hand in bargaining. They have complex systems of ranking crickets in up to 140 grades (*pinzhong*). They quickly get what they came for and return to their home cities. The markets that normally sell bonsai and goldfish are suddenly overwhelmed with a mass of cricket buyers and sellers. Shanghai is a clear leader but the same activity takes place in all major cities. Local authorities encourage the trade and organize seasonal cricket fairs.

### Fighting and gambling

Cricket fighting is a seasonal sport, "an autumn pastime" (*qiu xing*) that relies on the supply of wild-caught insects. Young crickets must mature before fighting; thus the high season begins near the autumn equinox. Crickets are placed in individual clay homes sprinkled with herbal medicines, bathed in licorice infusion every three to five days and fed according to each owner's secret recipes. The traditional diet of captive crickets, described by Laufer, consisted of seasonal green vegetables in the summer and masticated chestnuts and yellow beans in winter. The Southern Chinese also fed their crickets chopped fish, insects and honey. Fighting crickets were given a special treatment of rice, lotus seeds, and mosquitoes, and an undisclosed herbal stimulant.

The owners closely watch the cricket's behavior for signs of discomfort, and adjust the diet to bring the fighters into shape. The crickets are mated with females before the fight, as the Chinese believe that, unlike other beings, male crickets become more aggressive *after* having sex. In Laufer's time the fighters were sorted in three weight classes; present-day Shanghai aficionados have a system of nine classes from 0.51 to 0.74 grams. Both sides in a fight should belong to the same class, thus before the fight the crickets are weighed on high-precision scales (*huang*). The units of cricket weight, *zun* and *dian*, are not used anywhere else.

The fights are held outdoors in an oval ring (*douzha*), which was traditionally a flat clay pot but is more commonly a plastic container today. Crickets are stimulated with a tickler (*cao*) made of a rat's whisker hairs (Beijing style) or of fresh grass strands (Shanghai style). The handler tickles the cricket's head, then the abdomen, and finally the hind legs. Each fight consists of three or five bouts; the winner must score in two of three or three of five bouts. A bout is stopped when the triumphant winner extends his wings as a sign of victory, or when his opponent flees from the action. Laufer wrote that the fights of his time usually ended in the death of one of the crickets: The winners physically beheaded their opponents. Present-day fights may look vicious but are not lethal; the loser is always allowed to flee from the winner.

A winning cricket progresses from fight to fight to the rank of "the General". Laufer wrote that the people of Whampoa buried their dead fighting champions in tiny silver coffins. According to a local tradition, a proper burial of a "general" ensures a good catch of wild crickets. Live champion fighters sell for hundreds, rarely thousands of U.S. dollars. The highest price for a single cricket was recorded in 1999 at 100,000 yuan ($12,000). The lowest price, of around 1 yuan, is for the mute and shy females that still have some value as consorts to the fighting males. The cheapest males sell for five yuan.

Betting on cricket fights is outlawed throughout the PRC but widespread on the streets. In 2004 Shanghai police reported that it had raided 17,478 gambling places involving around 57,000 people. One such place specializing in cricket fights was located in an old factory building and had around 200 patrons, men in their forties and fifties, when the police arrived. Bets at this place started at 5,000 yuan ($600). According to an anonymous source of China Daily, secretive and elusive "luxury games" take place not in Shanghai but in the outlying provinces. Official attitudes about fighting vary from region to region: Hong Kong banned fights altogether; Hangzhou regulates it as a professional sport.

### Cricket homes

Male crickets, whether held for fighting or for singing, always live in solitary individual homes or containers. Laufer in his 1927 book wrote that Chinese people sometimes hoarded hundreds of singing crickets, with dedicated cricket rooms filled with many rows of cricket homes. Such houses were filled with "a deafening noise which a Chinese is able to stand for any length of time". Present-day cricket containers take three different shapes: cages are used for trapping and transportation, ceramic jars or pots are used in the summer and autumn, and in the winter the surviving crickets are moved into gourds.

Wooden cages made of tiny rods and planks were once the most common type of insect house. The people of Shanghai and Hangzhou areas still use stool-shaped cages for keeping captive grasshoppers. Elsewhere, cages were historically used for keeping captive cicadas. They were suspended outdoors, at the eaves of the houses and from tree branches. Their use declined when the Chinese concentrated on keeping crickets. Small cages are still used for transporting crickets. Some are curved to follow the shape of a human body; crickets need warmth and prefer to be kept close to the body. The cage is placed in a *tao*, a kind of protective silk bag, and is ideally carried in the pocket of a shirt. A special type of funnel-shaped wire mesh cage is used to temporarily contain the cricket while its main home is being cleaned.

Ceramic jars or pots with flat lids, introduced in the Ming period, are the preferred type of container for keeping the cricket in summer. Some jars are shaped as a gourd but most are cylindrical. Thick clay walls effectively shield the cricket from excessive heat. Ceramic pots are used for raising cricket nymphs until the insect matures to the point when it can be safely transported in a cage or a gourd. The bottom of the jar is filled with a mortar made of clay, lime, and sand. It is levelled at a slant angle of about thirty degrees, smoothed, and dried into a shiny solid mass. In addition to shaping the cricket's habitat, it also defines the acoustic properties of a cricket house. Inside, the jar may contain a cricket "bed" or "sleeping box" (*lingfan*) made of clay, wood, or ivory, and miniature porcelain "dishes".

Pet crickets spend winters in a different type of container made of a gourd (the hard-shelled fruit of *Lagenaria vulgaris*). The bottoms of the gourds are filled with lime mortar. The carved lids can be made of jade, coconut shell, sandalwood and ivory; the most common motif employs an ornament of gourd vines, flowers, and fruits. The thickness of the lid and the configuration of vents in it are tailored to enhance the tone of a cricket's song. The ancient art of growing molded gourds was lost during the Cultural Revolution, when the old pastime was deemed inappropriate for Red China. 20th-century cricket enthusiasts like Wang Shixiang had to carve their gourds themselves. Contemporary cricket gourds have carved, rather than naturally molded, surfaces. Molded gourds are being slowly re-introduced since the 1990s by enthusiasts like Zhang Cairi.

## Pet crickets in Japan

The two species most esteemed in Japan, according to Huber et al., are the *Homoeogryllus japonicus* (bell cricket, *suzumushi*) and the *Xenogryllus marmoratus* (pine cricket, *matsumushi*). Lafcadio Hearn in his 1898 book named the third species, *kirigirisu* (*Gampsocleis mikado*). The Japanese identified and described the most musical cricket haunts centuries ago, long before they began keeping them at home. According to Hearn, the Japanese esteemed crickets far higher than the cicadas, which were considered "vulgar chatterers" and were never caged.

The first poetic description of *matsumushi* is credited to Ki no Tsurayuki (905 A.D.). Suzumushi is featured in an eponymous chapter of *The Tale of Genji* (1000–1008 A.D.) which, according to Hearn, is the oldest Japanese account of an insect hunt. Crickets and katydids (*mushi*) were the staple symbols of autumn in haiku poetry. The Western culture, unlike its Japanese counterpart, regards crickets as symbols of *summer*. American film producers routinely insert clips of cricket sounds to tell the audience that the action takes place in summer.

Cricket trade emerged as a full-time occupation in the 17th century. The poet Takarai Kikaku complained that he could not find any *mushiya* (cricket dealers) in the city of Edo; according to Hearn this meant that he *expected* to find such dealers there. Tokyo lagged behind other cities; regular trade there emerged only at the end of the 18th century. A food vendor named Chuzo, who collected crickets for fun, suddenly discovered considerable demand for them among his neighbors and started trading in wild crickets. One of his customers, Kiriyama, succeeded in breeding three species of crickets. He partnered with Chuzo in the business, which was "profitable beyond expectations". Chuzo was flooded with orders and switched exclusively to wholesale operations, supplying crickets to street dealers and collecting royalties from cage makers. During the Bunsei period the government contained competition between cricket dealers by limiting them to thirty-six, in a guild known as Ōyama-Ko (after Mount Ōyama) or, alternatively, the Yedo Insect Company. At the end of the 19th century cricket trade was dominated by two houses: Kawasumo Kanesaburo and his network supplied wild-caught insects, and the Yumoto house specialized in breeding crickets off-season. They dealt in twelve species of wild-caught and nine species of artificially-bred crickets.

This tradition, which peaked in the 19th century, is now largely gone but crickets are still sold at pet shops. A large colony of suzumushi crickets thrives at the altar of the Suzumushi Temple in Kyoto. These crickets have no particular religious significance; they are retained as a tourist attraction.

## Pet crickets in the West

European naturalists studied crickets since the 18th century. William Gould described feeding ant nymphs to a captive mole cricket for several months. The European approach to cricket breeding has been popularized by Jean-Henri Fabre. Fabre wrote that breeding "demands no particular preparations. A little patience is enough." According to Fabre, home breeding may start as early as April or May with the capture of a couple of field crickets. They are placed in a flower pot with "a layer of beaten earth" inside, and a tightly fitting lid. Fed only with lettuce, Fabre's cricket couple laid five to six hundred eggs, and practically all of them hatched.

Crickets are a common subject of children's books on nature and advice on keeping pet crickets are plentiful. An ideal home habitat for a cricket is a large transparent jar or a small terrarium with at least two inches of damp soil on the bottom. There must be plenty of shelter where the crickets can hide; children's books and industrial breeders recommend egg-crate shells. The top of the terrarium must be tightly covered with a lid or nylon mesh.

Drinking water is supplied by offering crickets a wet sponge or spraying their container, but never directly: crickets easily drown even in small dishes of water. Crickets feed on all kinds of fresh fruit and greens; industrial breeders also feed bulk quantities of dry fish food*Daphnia* and *Gammarus*. Contrary to the Eastern approach of keeping males in solitary cells, keeping males together is acceptable: According to Amato, protein-rich diet reduces the males' drive to fight.

## Industrial cricket farming

Chinese breeders of the 21st century strive to extend the fighting season to the whole year. They advertise farm-bred "designer bugs" as super-fighters and agree that their technology is "completely counter to the natural process". However, they refuse to use hormones or the practice of arming crickets with steel implants. As of 2003, these farm-bred crickets retailed for only around $1.50 a head, ten times lower than average wild-caught Shandong cricket. Breeding is a risky business: Chinese cricket farms are regularly wiped out by an unknown disease. Fungal diseases are manageable, but crickets have no defenses against cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), which almost certainly kills the entire population. The virus was first isolated in Australia around 1970. The worst outbreak in Europe occurred in 2002. The cosmopolitan virus is carried by a multitude of invertebrate hosts, including drosophilae and honey bees, which are not affected by the disease.

Almost all crickets farmed in the United States are *Acheta domesticus*. The American cricket industry does not disclose its earnings; in 1989 Huber et al. estimated it at $3,000,000 annually. Most of these crickets were not pets, but fish bait and animal food. The largest shipment, of 445 metric tons, was reported by Purina Mills in 1985. A decade later individual cricket farms like the Bassett Cricket Ranch in Visalia, California easily surpassed the million-dollar mark. By 1998 Bassett shipped two million crickets a week. The Fluker Cricket Farm in Louisiana exceeded $5,000,000 in annual sales in 2001 and became a staple subject of American business school textbooks.

The zoos of the Old World breed *Acheta domesticus*, *Gryllus bimaculatus*, and *Gryllus assimilis*. Their cricket farms usually rotate four generation ("four crates") of insects. One generation or one physical crate is used for mating and incubation of eggs, which takes from seven to twelve days. One male usually mates to three or four females. Females are discarded (and fed to zoo animals) immediately after laying the eggs: their life span is too short to give them a second chance. Three other generations, spaced by the same seven to twelve days, are for raising the nymphs, which takes 4–5 weeks. Thus the zoos restock their live food supply practically every week.

British zoos breed crickets in deliberate attempts to restore the nearly extinct wild populations. In the late 1980s the British population of *Gryllus campestris* shrunk to a single colony of around 100 individual insects. In 1991 the species became the subject of the national Species Recovery Program. Each year, three pairs of subadult crickets were caught in the wild and bred in a controlled lab environment to preserve the gene pool of the mother colony. The London Zoo raised 17,000 crickets; the field biologists laid down seven new cricket colonies, four of which survived into the 21st century. The program became a model for similar efforts in other countries. In the same period the London Zoo bred the more demanding wart-biter (*Decticus verrucivorus*), also resulting in the establishment of persistent colonies in the wild.

1. Amato, pp. 43–44.
2. Gordh et al., p. 415.
3. John L. Foltz (1998). "ENY 3005 Family Identification: Orthoptera: Gryllidae" Archived 2010-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. University of Florida. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
4. Kompantseva et al., p. 103.
5. Laufer, p.4; Ryan et al., p. 4.
6. Laufer, p. 16; Ryan et al., p. 34.
7. Thomas J. Walker, (1999). "House cricket – Acheta domesticus". University of Florida. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
8. Turner, pp. 161, 165–166, 171.
9. Laufer, pp. 16–17; Ryan et al., pp. 22, 34.
10. Huber et al., p. 44.
11. Laufer, pp. 3–4; Ryan et al., pp. 3–4. Huber et al., pp. 44–46, explain that different species "sing" in different periods of the day or night, for no longer than three hours continuously.
12. Huber et al., pp. 55–56.
13. Huber et al., p. 46, describe this behaviour in *Gryllus integer*.
14. Huber et al., p. 45.
15. Judge and Bonanno, p. 1.
16. Judge and Bonanno, pp. 1, 7.
17. Laufer, pp. 4–5; Ryan et al., p. 5.
18. Heiser, p. 136.
19. Laufer, pp. 5–6; Ryan et al., p. 9.
20. Laufer, p.6; Ryan et al., p.9.
21. Laufer, p. 10. See also "Fighting won't bug these crickets". China Daily, 2003-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
22. Ryan et al., p. 7.
23. Laufer, p. 10.
24. Yutaka Suga, p. 79.
25. Laufer, p. 6; Ryan et al., p. 11. Note that the spelling of Chinese names in Laufer's 1927 book, reproduced as-is by Ryan, may differ from modern English renditions.
26. Laufer, pp. 22–26; source text: Yuan, pp. 89–90.
27. Welch, p. 95.
28. Ryan et al., p. 30; Finch and Zhang, pp. 13–15, 21.
29. Cheng Angi (2009). "Empty nest". China Daily. 2009-12-26. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
30. Sklarew, pp. 101–102.
31. Jin and Yen, p. 211.
32. Yutaka Suga, p. 85.
33. Yutaka Suga, p. 80.
34. Yutaka Suga, pp. 79–80.
35. Yutaka Suga, p. 83.
36. "Fighting won't bug these crickets". China Daily, 2003-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
37. Huber, p. 39.
38. Laufer, pp. 12–13; Ryan et al., p. 23.
39. Yutaka Suga, pp. 81–82.
40. Yutaka Suga, p. 81.
41. Piassetsky, p. 100.
42. Laufer, pp. 10–12.
43. Xiao Changyan (2006). "Just cricket". China Daily. 2006-08-11. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
44. James T. Areddy (2003). "In Shanghai, the Autumn Game Just Isn't Cricket Anymore". The Wall Street Journal. December 2, 2009.
45. Yutaga Suga, p. 82.
46. Yutaga Suga, pp. 82,83,85.
47. Yutaka Suga, pp. 84–86.
48. Yutaka Suga, p. 86.
49. "China cricket culture festival begins Sept 9". China Daily, August 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
50. Yutaka Suga, p. 89.
51. Yutaka Suga, p. 88.
52. Laufer, p. 15.
53. Laufer, p. 18; Ryan et al., p. 36.
54. Laufer, p. 19; Yutaka Suga, p. 90.
55. Ryan et al., p. 36.
56. Laufer, p. 16; Ryan et al., p. 34; Yutaka Suga, p. 91.
57. Laufer, p. 19.
58. Yutaka Suga, p. 91.
59. Laufer, pp. 20–21; Ryan et al., p. 39.
60. Cao Li (2006). "Cricket gambling den busted in Shanghai". China Daily. 2004-11-16. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
61. Laufer, p. 13; Ryan et al., p. 27.
62. Laufer, p. 14.
63. Ryan et al., pp. 23–26.
64. Laufer, p. 14; Ryan et al., pp. 27–28; Yutaka Suga, pp. 87–88.
65. Laufer, pp. 14–15; Ryan, pp. 21, 30.
66. Barrass, p. 158.
67. Ryan et al., p. 30; Finch and Zhang, pp. 15, 1.
68. Huber et al., p. 40.
69. Hearn, pp. 46, 48.
70. Hearn, pp. 46–47.
71. Hearn, p. 42.
72. Hearn, p. 61.
73. Hearn, p. 44.
74. Huber et al., p. 41.
75. Huber, p. 42.
76. Hearn, p. 46.
77. Hearn, p. 48.
78. Hearn, p. 49.
79. Hearn, p. 50.
80. Hearn, p. 51.
81. Hearn, pp. 53–54.
82. Hearn, p. 55-56.
83. Rennie, p. 242.
84. Fabre, p. 132.
85. Fabre, pp. 132–134.
86. Amato, pp. 43–44; Kompantseva, pp. 102–105.
87. Amato, p. 44.
88. Pearce-Kelly et al., p. 63.
89. Jan et al., p. 285; Christian and Scotti, pp. 305–308.
90. Menzel and d'Aluisio, p. 181.
91. Scarborough and Zimmerer, p. 5.
92. Kompantseva et al., pp. 102–105.
93. Pearce-Kelly et al, p. 62.

## Sources


title: Crickhowell High School

abstract: Crickhowell High School is an English medium co-educational secondary school situated in the town of Crickhowell in the county of Powys, Wales, within the Brecon Beacons National Park. The school was built to meet the needs of the growing community and opened as a new school in 1983. It now has about 920 pupils, but was only originally intended to hold 550. The school attempted to meet the potential overcrowding issues by expanding the main building, installing new IT devices throughout the complex, and building a larger, more modern "6th Form block" for the 180 students studying A/AS levels.

text:
# Crickhowell High School

**Crickhowell High School** is an English medium co-educational secondary school situated in the town of Crickhowell in the county of Powys, Wales, within the Brecon Beacons National Park.

The school was built to meet the needs of the growing community and opened as a new school in 1983. It now has about 920 pupils, but was only originally intended to hold 550. The school attempted to meet the potential overcrowding issues by expanding the main building, installing new IT devices throughout the complex, and building a larger, more modern "6th Form block" for the 180 students studying A/AS levels.

## Exam results

In 2005 at GCSE, the percentage of pupils gaining at least five grades A\*-C including Mathematics and English had risen from 59% to 79% since the last inspection, compared to a rise of three percentage points nationally. The figure was well above the latest national comparator of 52% and local average of 60%. In 2012 the school saw 93% of students achieve the Level 2 threshold of at least 5 x A-C, significantly up from last year and from 2010; over 30% of all GCSE grades were at A\*/A level. Boys have performed on a par with girls at GCSE which goes against the national trend.

At A-Level, in 2005, the percentage of students gaining at least two grades A-C reached 93%, compared to 68% nationally. In 2012 53% of all A Level grades reached A\* or A grade.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Crickhowell High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| New Road
Crickhowell, Powys, NP8 1AW
Wales | |
| Coordinates | 51°51′40″N 3°08′27″W / 51.8610°N 3.1408°W / 51.8610; -3.1408 |
| Information | |
| Type | Comprehensive School |
| Motto | *Excellence Through Endeavour* |
| Established | 1983 (1983) |
| Local authority | Powys |
| Headteacher | Claire Jones |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 920+ |
| Language | English |
| Houses | 5 |
| Colour(s) | Black and red |
| Website | www.crickhowell-hs.powys.sch.uk |


title: Critical Energy

abstract: Critical Energy is a live album by Threshold, released in 2004.

text:
# Critical Energy

***Critical Energy*** is a live album by Threshold, released in 2004.

## Track list

### Disc 1

1. "Phenomenon" (6.06)
2. "Oceanbound" (6.25)
3. "Choices" (8.41)
4. "Angels" (6.47)
5. "Falling Away" (7.09)
6. "Virtual Isolation" (6.10)
7. "Innocent" (4.21)
8. "Long Way Home" (6.06)
9. "Fragmentation" (7.00)

### Disc 2

1. "Clear" (3.41)
2. "Life Flow" (3.53)
3. "Narcissus" (6.03)
4. "Sunseeker" (5.25)
5. "The Latent Gene" (7.57)
6. "Light And Space" (6.15)
7. "Sunrise On Mars" (5.29)
8. "Paradox" (9.25)
9. "Sanity's End" (10.16)

## DVD features

* Complete concert footage (approx. 2 hours)
* Stereo and 5.1 surround sound
* Commentary by Karl Groom and Richard West
* Critical Moments tour documentary
* Additional concert footage from ProgPower USA 2002:

Light And Space / The Latent Gene / The Ravages Of Time

* Photo gallery by Sy Wooks Seddon

## Musicians

## InfoBox

| Critical Energy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Threshold | |
| Released | 3 February 2004 |
| Recorded | 2003 |
| Genre | Progressive metal |
| Length | 1:57:15 |
| Label | InsideOut Music |
| Producer | Karl Groom, Richard West |
| Threshold chronology | |
| *Critical Mass*
(2002) ***Critical Energy***
(2004) *Subsurface*
(2004) | |


title: Sudan Political Service

abstract: The Sudan Political Service was the name given to the cadre of officials of the Sudan Civil Service who were mainly engaged in administrative functions in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1899 and 1955. They were distinguished from those members of the Sudan Civil Service who served on military, departmental, or technical staffs. A small service which had fewer than 400 members over the course of its entire existence, the Sudan Political Service had a reputation for being an elite service whose members took a genuine, if paternalistic interest in the welfare of the Sudanese.

text:
# Sudan Political Service

The **Sudan Political Service** was the name given to the cadre of officials of the Sudan Civil Service who were mainly engaged in administrative functions in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1899 and 1955 (or 1956). They were distinguished from those members of the Sudan Civil Service who served on military, departmental, or technical staffs.

A small service which had fewer than 400 members over the course of its entire existence, the Sudan Political Service had a reputation for being an elite service whose members took a genuine, if paternalistic interest in the welfare of the Sudanese.

## Name

The Sudan Political Service acquired its name in the 1920s, though the name does not seem to have ever been officially sanctioned.

## Origins

Its founding is generally dated to the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1899, when the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement established a condominium in Sudan, headed by a governor-general. At first, with the exception of some British civilian experts in specialized fields, administration of the territory in the provinces and towns was carried out by British officers of the Egyptian army.

Sir Evelyn Baring (later Lord Cromer), the British agent and consul-general, wished to establish a corps of civilian administrators permanently whose only duty was to administer Sudan. The first batch of specially-recruited civilian administrators were appointed in 1901.

Military officers, though they became a minority, nevertheless continued to serve in the Sudan Political Service, either on pensionable or contract terms. They tended to be posted to districts in the southern parts of the country, either in quasi-administered territories or districts bordering unadministered territory. Forming a distinct group within the Service, they became known as the "Bog Barons".

## Personnel and recruitment

Of the United Kingdom's main overseas civil services, the Sudan Political Service was by far the smallest: during the course of its entire existence, it comprised less than 400 members in total.

Unlike the Indian Civil Service and the Colonial Service, the recruitment process of the Sudan Political Service was informal in character and did not involve examinations. Candidates were interviewed by an *ad hoc* interviewing committee which met in London once a year.

No British officials were recruited after the 1952 intake, when three probationers were appointed. By then, recruitment was on contract terms, instead of permanent and pensionable terms.

Officials recruited to the Sudan Political Service had a reputation for recruiting those with a superior athletic record over academic record, though its officers generally had reasonable academic records as well. As a result, Sudan was said to be a country of Blacks governed by Blues.

## Functions

Officers of the Sudan Political Service typically began their service as assistant district commissioners. From there, they could become district commissioners, deputy governors of provinces, and governors. They were also often assigned to the Secretariat in Khartoum for a period of time. Governors-general of the Sudan were not typically appointed from the ranks of the Sudan Political Service. Of the nine governors-general, only one, Sir Lee Stack, rose from the Political Service.

SPS officers could also be affected to special duties, such as setting up new departments. In addition, some were seconded or transferred to the Legal Department to become full-time judges, while others went to the Education Department as teacher or academic administrators.

## Demise

There is some ambiguity as to the exact end date of the Sudan Political Service. Some time it to the Governor-General's office closed for the last time on the afternoon of 31 December 1955, while others adopt 1 January 1956, the date of Sudan's independence.

Unlike in the case of the Indian Civil Service and of the Colonial Administrative Service, SPS officers could not continue in the public service of independent Sudan, although some departmental officers in the Sudan Civil Service were allowed to continue in office. A Sudan Resettlement Bureau, staffed by two ex-SPS officers, was opened in London to help former officers find new employment.

Some former SPS officers joined the British Foreign Service and Colonial Administrative Service, while others took up a variety of professions. At least three became Members of Parliament. Wilfred Thesiger, perhaps the most famous former SPS officer, became one of the United Kingdom's leading explorers.


title: Cranes Today

abstract: Cranes Today is an international monthly trade magazine for the crane and lifting industries, published by World Market Intelligence. It was first published in November 1972 and has been recognised as the leading journal for the crane industry. Cranes Today's annual Middle East Cranes conference has been running since 2007, and is held in Dubai in association with a number of crane companies and associations. The inaugural Cranes Asia conference is to take place in Singapore from 9–10 December 2009 Cranes Today publishes its Fleet File every summer, usually in the June edition. Fleet File is a database of who owns what in the crane industry. In 2009 it included entries from 500 companies owning more than 38,000 cranes in 50 countries.

text:
# Cranes Today

***Cranes Today*** is an international monthly trade magazine for the crane and lifting industries, published by World Market Intelligence. It was first published in November 1972 and has been recognised as the leading journal for the crane industry.

*Cranes Today'*s annual Middle East Cranes conference has been running since 2007, and is held in Dubai in association with a number of crane companies and associations.

The inaugural Cranes Asia conference is to take place in Singapore from 9–10 December 2009

*Cranes Today* publishes its Fleet File every summer, usually in the June edition. Fleet File is a database of who owns what in the crane industry. In 2009 it included entries from 500 companies owning more than 38,000 cranes in 50 countries.


title: Cranesville, Pennsylvania

abstract: Cranesville is a borough in Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 572 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Erie Metropolitan Statistical Area. Cranesville is the birthplace of Olympic gold medalist John Williams.

text:
# Cranesville, Pennsylvania

**Cranesville** is a borough in Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 572 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Erie Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Cranesville is the birthplace of Olympic gold medalist John Williams.

## History

Cranesville was named after its founder, Fowler Crane. On May 31, 1985, the borough was devastated by an F4 tornado, which killed three people in Cranesville and another nine in nearby Albion.

## Geography

Cranesville is located in southwestern Erie County at 41°54′12″N 80°20′50″W / 41.90333°N 80.34722°W / 41.90333; -80.34722 (41.903313, -80.347089). It is bordered to the west by Conneaut Township and to the north, east, and south by Elk Creek Township. The borough of Albion is 2 miles (3 km) southwest of Cranesville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.93 square miles (2.4 km2), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km2), or 0.51%, is water.

Pennsylvania Route 18 (Meadville Street) passes through the center of the borough, leading north 7 miles (11 km) to Girard and south 12 miles (19 km) to Conneautville. The city of Erie is 25 miles (40 km) northeast via PA 18, Interstate 90, and Interstate 79.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 548 |  |  |
| 1930 | 554 |  | 1.1% |
| 1940 | 548 |  | −1.1% |
| 1950 | 602 |  | 9.9% |
| 1960 | 575 |  | −4.5% |
| 1970 | 705 |  | 22.6% |
| 1980 | 703 |  | −0.3% |
| 1990 | 598 |  | −14.9% |
| 2000 | 600 |  | 0.3% |
| 2010 | 638 |  | 6.3% |
| 2020 | 572 |  | −10.3% |
| 2021 (est.) | 567 |  | −0.9% |
| Sources: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 600 people, 216 households, and 166 families residing in the borough. The population density was 648.7 inhabitants per square mile (250.5/km2). There were 221 housing units at an average density of 238.9 per square mile (92.2/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.17% White, 0.33% Asian, and 0.50% from two or more races.

There were 216 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $28,068 versus $23,214 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $14,403. About 5.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Cranesville is part of the Northwestern School District.

## InfoBox

| Cranesville, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| Looking east along East Crane Street | |
| Location in Erie County and the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Coordinates: 41°54′12″N 80°20′50″W / 41.90333°N 80.34722°W / 41.90333; -80.34722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Erie |
| Government | |
| Mayor | David Maynard |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.94 sq mi (2.43 km2) |
| Land | 0.94 sq mi (2.42 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 945 ft (288 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 570 |
| Density | 609.63/sq mi (235.29/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 16410 |
| Area code | 814 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1172645 |


title: Sugar bowl

abstract: A sugar bowl is a small bowl designed for holding sugar or sugar cubes, to be served with tea or coffee in the Western tradition, that is an integral part of a tea set.

text:
# Sugar bowl

A **sugar bowl** is a small bowl designed for holding sugar or sugar cubes, to be served with tea or coffee in the Western tradition, that is an integral part of a tea set.

## History

Early sets for drinking tea included few separate little silver containers that were frequently made in pair or sets of three and placed under a lock and key into a case due to the high cost of tea and sugar at the time, with the larger container intended for sugar. The original sugar holders were box-like, they evolved into a shape of a bowl with a close-fitting lid (with the shape similar to the modern designs), later were made of glass or had a glass insert.

The idea of using a matching service with teapot, creamer, and a sugar bowl became popular during the reign of George III, although some very rare examples are older.

The second half of the 18th century witnessed the replacement of silver by porcelain in the tea sets in order to match the cups, and the porcelain sugar bowls came into vogue.

## Notable sugar bowls

* Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden presented a pair of silver sugar bowls to Johan Sederholm, his godfather, in 1796.
* The Fondazione Palazzo Coronini Cronberg Foundation of Gorizia has a Venetian sugar bowl of the Napoleonic period.
* The book series A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket, as well as the second and third seasons of its Netflix adaptation, come to center around retrieving a mysterious Sugar Bowl, or "vessel for disaccharides". What the Sugar Bowl contains or why it is so important remains shrouded in mystery in the books, although both of these are revealed in the final episodes of the third season.
* In *We Have Always Lived in the Castle* by Shirley Jackson the sugar bowl is a prominent object used to poison and murder members of the Blackwood Family.

1. Wenham 1927, p. 43.
2. Wenham 1927, p. 45.
3. "silver sugar bowl". *Johan Sederholm*. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
4. Serenella Ferrari Benedetti. "A Napoleonic sugar bowl from Fondazione Palazzo Coronini Cronberg". *Argenti da Tavola e Posate (Table silver and silverware)*. ASCAS.

## Sources


title: Croatian music festivals

abstract: The Croatian music festivals are a series of music festivals which showcase the top Croatian musical acts, in both traditional and contemporary music. They usually involve live performances as well as awards given by festival jurors as well as from the fans. The majority of the festivals release a compilation of the songs entered.

text:
# Croatian music festivals

The **Croatian music festivals** are a series of music festivals which showcase the top Croatian musical acts, in both traditional and contemporary music. They usually involve live performances as well as awards given by festival jurors as well as from the fans. The majority of the festivals release a compilation of the songs entered.

## Pop festivals

* **Dora**
* **Croatian Radio Festival**
    + A popular festival which receives coverage on Croatian radio, as it organized by the Croatian Association of Radio and News. Listeners are encouraged to call in to vote for their favourite songs. Unlike other festivals, the Croatian Radio Festival has no permanent home and moves host cities each year.
* **Split Festival**
    + Begun in 1960, the Split Music Festival is one of the oldest in Croatia. It has a heavy emphasis on the music of Dalmatia.
* **Zagrebfest**
    + The oldest Croatian music festival, Zagrebfest is oriented towards urban chansons and schlagers. It has suffered in recent years as many of the top Croatian pop acts have been from Dalmatia.
* **Zadarfest**
    + A pop music festival held in the coastal city of Zadar.
* **Dalmatian Chanson Evenings**
* **Melodije Mostara**
    + Held in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, this festival primarily draws Croatian singers. It is organized by the city of Mostar and sponsored by Aluminij, the largest Bosnian Croat firm.
* **Etnofest Neum**
    + Another festival based in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this one takes place in the coastal city of Neum. Unlike in Mostar, Etnofest only features Croatian music and focusses on music with a folk sound.
* **Marco Polo Fest**
    + A somewhat smaller pop festival held on the island of Korčula.
* **Melodije Istre i Kvarnera**
    + A festival held in several towns in Istria and Kvarner which focusses mostly on the regional music.

## Folk festivals

## Rock festivals

* **Urban Fest Osijek**
    + Features less traditional Croatian music such as hard rock, alternative rock and electronica. It is held in Osijek.
* **Hartera**
    + Festival is held in Rijeka, in former paper factory halls. First festival was held in 2005. and there were two stages - one for rock/alternative and one for electro music. In 2007. it was divided in two days.

## Electronic festivals

## Classical

## English


title: Ernest Howden

abstract: Charles Ernest Howden was a New Zealand cricketer. He played 13 first-class matches, 11 of them for Otago, between the 1902–03 and 1908–09 seasons.

text:
# Ernest Howden

**Charles Ernest Howden** (22 October 1881  9 October 1963) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played 13 first-class matches, 11 of them for Otago, between the 1902–03 and 1908–09 seasons.

## Life and career

Howden was born at Dunedin in 1881 and educated at Otago Boys' High School in the city. The family had recently arrived in New Zealand from Scotland, where Howden's older brother Alister was born on Rothesay in 1877. Howden's father, Charles Ritchie Howden, was born at Edinburgh and had come to New Zealand earlier to work initially in sheep farming. He helped establish the first Dunedin Golf Club in the early 1870s and was its first captain; the club is the oldest in the southern hemisphere. He is a member of the New Zealand Golf Hall of Fame. The family moved back to Scotland for a time, but had returned to Dunedin by 1892.

Howden played both golf and cricket from a young age and scored a cricket century whilst at school. He attended the University of Otago, matriculating in 1900 and graduating with a medical degree and studying for a time in 1907–1908 in London where he qualified with the Royal College of Physicians.

Whilst a student Howden began playing club cricket for Carisbrook Cricket Club, with the local cricket correspondent judging his standard to be "excellent" at the start of the 1901–02 season. He served as the club's secretary, captained the A team, and was described as "a favourite" with spectators. and as a "popular captain". By 1907 he was considered the "most attractive and stylish bat in Dunedin".

After making his representative debut for Otago in December 1902 in a match against Canterbury at Carisbrook, Howden played in 13 first-class matches, including four for Otago against touring sides and two for South Island. He scored a total of 386 first-class runs with a highest score of 62, his only half-century in first-class matches. His final match was in December 1908 against an Auckland team featuring his brother, who got him out in both innings.

On returning to New Zealand in 1908, Howden worked as the superintendent of Waikato Sanatorium before purchasing a medical practice in Waiuku in 1911. He played club cricket at Farquharson Cricket Club. A successful club golfer, he played the game regularly and was president of Waiuku golf club.

During World War I Howden served in the New Zealand Medical Corps, reaching the rank of captain and working at the New Zealand hospital near Amiens in France. In World War II he acted as the senior medical officer at the Papakura mobilisation camp, rising to the rank of temporary lieutenant-colonel.

Howden died at Rotorua in October 1963, aged 81. His son, Peter Howden, also played for Otago.

## InfoBox

Ernest Howden
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Charles Ernest Howden |
| Born | (1881-10-22)22 October 1881
Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand |
| Died | 9 October 1963(1963-10-09) (aged 81)
Rotorua, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Relations |  |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1902/03–1908/09 | Otago |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 14 May 2016 | |


title: Ziz Gorges

abstract: The Ziz Gorges are a series of gorges in Morocco on the upper course of the Ziz River. They are defined by two gates at the southern and northern ends. At the southern end is the Hassan Addakil dam and lake. Nearby is the Tunnel de Légionnaire built by French colonial troops in the 1930s in order to create a passageway to the Ziz Gorge. The gorge was formed by the Ziz River cutting through the Atlas Mountains. Ancient fossils are commonly excavated and sold in the area.

text:
# Ziz Gorges

The **Ziz Gorges** are a series of gorges in Morocco on the upper course of the Ziz River. They are defined by two gates at the southern and northern ends. At the southern end is the Hassan Addakil dam and lake. Nearby is the Tunnel de Légionnaire built by French colonial troops in the 1930s in order to create a passageway to the Ziz Gorge. The gorge was formed by the Ziz River cutting through the Atlas Mountains. Ancient fossils are commonly excavated and sold in the area.

## History

For centuries, the gorges have formed part of a traditional caravan trading route between settlements of the northern Sahara. In the 1st century, the Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus crossed through them while leading troops across the Atlas Mountains.

1. Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). *Natural Wonders of the World*. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 426. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
2. LookLex / Morocco / Ziz gorges / The cut through the Atlas


title: RV Lough Beltra

abstract: RV Lough Beltra was a trawler launched in 1973 and registered in Dublin. It was later refitted as a fisheries research vessel, performing this role from 1988 to 1997.

text:
# RV Lough Beltra

**RV *Lough Beltra*** was a trawler launched in 1973 and registered in Dublin. It was later refitted as a fisheries research vessel, performing this role from 1988 to 1997.

## History

From the late 1960s to the 1970s, government of Ireland operated two research vessels, *Cú Feasa* and *Cú na Mara*. *Cú na Mara* was sold after being damaged due to a fire in 1972, and *Cú Feasa* was in poor condition due to its age. The government of Ireland put plans in place in 1974 to secure two new research vessels. This was expected to be done within the following two years.

In 1976, *Lough Beltra* was purchased by the government of Ireland and refitted as a research vessel. It spent 4+12 years idle laid up in Howth harbour due to government cutbacks. *Cú Feasa* was taken out of service in 1976 due to poor condition, leaving *Lough Beltra* as the only remaining Irish research vessel.

In the aftermath of the Whiddy Island disaster in 1979, the *Lough Bealtra* was made available at short notice to survey the effects of the disaster on the marine environment in Bantry Bay. This involved making hydrographic and plankton surveys.

The vessel was formally handed over to the Department of the Marine on 21 March 1988. Its roles included fisheries, oceanographic, coastal, geographic, and environmental research, and acting as a training vessel for marine scientists. It was fully controlled from the bridge and fitted with modern equipment including a Decca auto pilot, track plotter, navigator and radar.

Between 1992 and 1994, the *Lough Beltra* received a £0.7 million upgrade, with 75% of the cost being funded by via the EU's STRIDE investment in regional research, technology and innovation, and the rest by the Irish government. This upgrade included structural alterations, the purchase of state-of-the-art sampling and monitoring equipment and a computerised data acquisition system.

In 1997, it was replaced by the RV *Celtic Voyager*, Ireland's first purpose-built research vessel.

## InfoBox

| History | |
| --- | --- |
| Ireland | |
| Name | *Lough Beltra* |
| Namesake | Lough Beltra |
| Owner | Marine Institute |
| Operator | Marine Institute |
| Builder | Hakvoort Transport Shipping BV, Monnickendam |
| Launched | 1973 |
| Identification | IMO number: 7314656 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Fishing trawler / Research vessel |
| Tonnage | 115 GT |
| Displacement | 92.36 tons gross, 45.92 tons net |
| Length | 64.3 ft (19.6 m) |
| Beam | 19.9 ft (6.1 m) |
| Draught | 10 ft (3.0 m) |
| Propulsion | 425 hp (317 kW) marine Caterpillar engine |
| Speed | 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 12 (4 crew, 8 researchers) |


title: R. D. Bailey Lake

abstract: R. D. Bailey Lake is located on the Guyandotte River in Wyoming and Mingo Counties in West Virginia, 3.3 miles (5.3 km) east of Justice. Originally referred to as Justice Reservoir, the lake was named by Congressional action, Public Law 90-46, on July 4, 1967 for Robert D. Bailey, Sr., a prominent jurist, diarist, and citizen of Pineville. R. D. Bailey lake was dedicated in August 1980. The R. D. Bailey Dam is 310 feet (94 m) high with a top length of 1,370 feet (420 m). A minimum pool with a surface area of 440 acres (1.8 km⁲) is maintained in the winter months. A seasonal pool for recreation and water quality control with a surface area of 630 acres (2.5 km⁲) is maintained during the summer. The lake's remaining storage capacity is for flood control.

text:
# R. D. Bailey Lake

**R. D. Bailey Lake** is located on the Guyandotte River in Wyoming and Mingo Counties in West Virginia, 3.3 miles (5.3 km) east of Justice. Originally referred to as Justice Reservoir, the lake was named by Congressional action, Public Law 90-46, on July 4, 1967 for Robert D. Bailey, Sr., a prominent jurist, diarist, and citizen of Pineville. R. D. Bailey lake was dedicated in August 1980.

The R. D. Bailey Dam is 310 feet (94 m) high with a top length of 1,370 feet (420 m). A minimum pool with a surface area of 440 acres (1.8 km2) is maintained in the winter months. A seasonal pool for recreation and water quality control with a surface area of 630 acres (2.5 km2) is maintained during the summer. The lake's remaining storage capacity is for flood control.

## InfoBox

| R. D. Bailey Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Dam | |
| R. D. Bailey LakeR. D. Bailey Lake | |
| Location | Wyoming / Mingo counties, West Virginia, United States |
| Coordinates | 37°36′00″N 81°49′20″W / 37.60000°N 81.82222°W / 37.60000; -81.82222 |
| Type | reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Guyandotte River |
| Primary outflows | Guyandotte River |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 1,043 feet (318 m) |


title: Escándalos

abstract: Escándalos (Scandals), is a Spanish-language television series written by César Sierra. The pilot episode of the series was released on August 14, 2014 in Televen, before the premiere of the telenovela Avenida Brasil. The pilot episode starred Nohely Arteaga and Miguel de León. The series was released on 7 September 2015, Televen premieres a new episode every Monday. In Venezuela it is known as Escándalos and the rest of the world as Escándalos: Todo es real excepto sus nombres.

text:
# Escándalos

***Escándalos*** (*Scandals*), is a Spanish-language television series written by César Sierra. The pilot episode of the series was released on August 14, 2014 in Televen, before the premiere of the telenovela *Avenida Brasil*. The pilot episode starred Nohely Arteaga and Miguel de León.

The series was released on 7 September 2015, Televen premieres a new episode every Monday. In Venezuela it is known as *Escándalos* and the rest of the world as *Escándalos: Todo es real excepto sus nombres*.

## Plot

The series focuses his plot into a scandal in each of its separate chapters walks through several themes of the social environment, such as family, money and the laws.

## Cast

## Series overview

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
| Pilot | | | August 14, 2014 (2014-08-14) | |
|  | 40 | | September 7, 2015 (2015-09-07) | TBA |

## Episodes

### Pilot (2014)

| Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "El lado oscuro" | Tony Rodríguez | César Sierra | August 14, 2014 (2014-08-14) |
| Cristóbal Rellán is a candidate for the political party and Gabriela Rellán is his wife. Cristóbal has sex with a young woman, which then accuses him of rape. Gabriela, the wife of Cristóbalr helps you to hide this "scandal" to be elected as Governor of the State where they live. | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Escándalos* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Also known as | Escándalos: Todo es real excepto sus nombres |
| Created by | César Cierra |
| Starring | Various |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Original release | |
| Network | Televen |
| Release | September 7, 2015 (2015-09-07) <br>present |


title: R v Collins (1987)

abstract: R v Collins [1987] 1 S.C.R. 265 1987 SCC 11 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on section 8 and was a leading case on section 24(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982 which allowed for the exclusion of evidence upon infringing the Charter. The Collins test for section 24(2) was developed for determining if the administration of justice was brought into disrepute by the inclusion of the evidence. The test was later replaced in R. v. Grant.

text:
# R v Collins (1987)

***R v Collins*** \[1987\] 1 S.C.R. 265 1987 SCC 11 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on section 8 and was a leading case on section 24(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982 which allowed for the exclusion of evidence upon infringing the Charter. The *Collins test* for section 24(2) was developed for determining if the administration of justice was brought into disrepute by the inclusion of the evidence. The test was later replaced in *R. v. Grant*.

## Background

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Drug Squad in Vancouver had Ruby Collins under surveillance as part of an investigation into a "heroin problem". One of the officers approached her in a local pub, told her that he was a police officer, and then grabbed her by the throat and in the process dragged her down to the floor in what is known as a "throat hold" used to prevent suspects from swallowing drug filled balloons. The officer then told her to let go of a heroin filled balloon she had in her hand, and she did so. The officer then arrested Collins for drug possession.

At the voir dire, Crown counsel sought to justify the search under what was then section 10 of the Narcotics Control Act (NCA). The search power in s. 10 required the officer to "reasonably believe" there is an illegal narcotic in a place. In order to establish the officer's reasonable belief, Crown counsel asked the officer when he began to suspect that Ruby Collins was in possession of heroin. The officer began to respond: "We were advised..." but defence counsel objected with an interruption, arguing that whatever the officer had been told by a third party was hearsay. (In fact, as Lamer J. notes, the fact was not hearsay and the trial judge should have been overruled.) In this way, the grounds for the officer's belief that Ruby Collins possessed heroin was never established at trial, and the trial judge concluded that, since the requirements of s. 10 were not met, the search was illegal.

## Reasons of the court

The majority judgment was given by Lamer J.

### Section 8

Lamer began by examining if the search violated Collins rights under section 8 that protects individuals against unreasonable search and seizure. A search can only be reasonable, Lamer held, if it met three requirements:

1. the search must be authorized by law;
2. the law itself must be reasonable;
3. the manner in which the search is carried out must be reasonable.

In this way, the Supreme Court disagreed with some lower courts, and some American jurisprudence, in holding that an illegal search was *automatically* unreasonable.

Lamer J. concluded that, since the Crown had not established that the search had met the requirements of section 10 of the Narcotics Control Act, it was not authorized by law. Therefore, it failed the first prong of the three-part test and was an unreasonable search under s. 8 of the Charter.

### Section 24(2)

Once a violation was found, the case turned on the meaning of section 24(2) which said that once a violation of an individual's charter rights have been found, the evidence obtained through the violation must be excluded if its inclusion would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.

Lamer examined the meaning of "disrepute". He rejected the previous use of the term established in Rothman v. The Queen \[1981\] 1 S.C.R. 640 which suggested evidence should be excluded on grounds that it would "shock" the community. Instead, he stated, the standard should be lower. He does not give a clear definition of "disrepute" but instead gives a set of three weighted factors to determine if there has been disrepute. The factors consist of:

1. factors affecting the fairness of the trial,
2. factors relevant to the seriousness of the violation; and
3. factors relevant to the effect of excluding the evidence.

The method of analyzing the first set of factors was presented in *R. v. Stillman* which produced the "*Stillman* test". This analysis includes looking at the nature of the evidence and whether there would have been any alternative means of obtaining the evidence.

The second point of analysis examines whether admission of the evidence would implicitly condone the illegal practices of the police. The courts focus on the manner in which the evidence was obtained. This includes factors such as whether it was done in good faith. Namely, was it inadvertent, merely technical, or whether it was deliberate or wilful. As well, the courts can consider whether there was any exigent circumstances, urgency, or necessity in the act.

The third set of factors look at the effect of the exclusion on the repute of the administration of justice. The effect of the admission must be weighed against its exclusion. The courts compare the seriousness of the breach and the fairness of the trial against the importance of the evidence in the Crown's case and the overall.

*The question under s. 24(2) is whether the system's repute will be better served by the admission or the exclusion of the evidence, and it is thus necessary to consider any disrepute that may result from the exclusion of the evidence. In my view, the administration of justice would be brought into disrepute by the exclusion of evidence essential to substantiate the charge, and thus the acquittal of the accused, because of a trivial breach of the Charter.*

## Subsequent decisions

In 2009, the Supreme Court of Canada found that courts were having trouble applying the *Collins* test in s. 24(2) analysis, and replaced it with a completely new test in *R. v. Grant*.

1. SCC Case Information - Docket 17937 Supreme Court of Canada

## InfoBox

| R v Collins | |
| --- | --- |
| **Supreme Court of Canada** | |
| Hearing: May 27, 1982 <br>Judgment: April 9, 1987 | |
| Full case name | *Ruby Collins v. Her Majesty The Queen* |
| Citations | \[1987\] 1 S.C.R. 265 |
| Docket No. | 17937 |
| Prior history | Judgment for the Crown in the Court of Appeal for British Columbia. |
| Ruling | appeal allowed, new trial ordered |
| Holding | |
| (1) A search or seizure will be unreasonable under s. 8 of the Charter unless it is authorized by law, the authorizing law is reasonable, and the search is carried out in a reasonable manner. (2) Evidence obtained in violation of Charter rights threatens to bring the administration of justice in disrepute if it is a more serious violation and if it affects the fairness of the trial. (4:1) | |
| Court membership | |
| Reasons given | |
| Majority | Lamer J. (paras. 1-46), joined by Dickson, Wilson, La Forest JJ. |
| Concurrence | Le Dain J.(para. 53) |
| Dissent | McIntyre J. (paras. 47-52) |
| Superseded by | |
| *R. v. Grant* (on s. 24(2) of the *Charter* only) | |


title: Zofia Nowakowska

abstract: Zofia Nowakowska is a Polish singer. Besides Polish performances, she has also recorded an English version of the song "The Right to Love". From 2004-2010, Nowakowska was part of the Studio Buffo musical theatre company where she played in several roles including Marie Antoinette in Ça Ira, a musical written by Roger Waters. She has worked on dubbing several Disney films into Polish, most notably doing the voice of Nala in The Lion King (2019). In 2021, Nowakowska played the role of Jenna Hunterson in a Polish version of "Waitress the Musical". That same year, she released a new album with Belgian producer David Nox, entitled ECHO. She has also collaborated with several notable Polish musicians, including Piotr Rubik and Jacek Cygan.

text:
# Zofia Nowakowska

**Zofia Nowakowska** (born 25 February 1988, Kościan) is a Polish singer. Besides Polish performances, she has also recorded an English version of the song "The Right to Love".

From 2004-2010, Nowakowska was part of the Studio Buffo musical theatre company where she played in several roles including Marie Antoinette in Ça Ira, a musical written by Roger Waters.

She has worked on dubbing several Disney films into Polish, most notably doing the voice of Nala in The Lion King (2019).

In 2021, Nowakowska played the role of Jenna Hunterson in a Polish version of "Waitress the Musical". That same year, she released a new album with Belgian producer David Nox, entitled ECHO. She has also collaborated with several notable Polish musicians, including Piotr Rubik and Jacek Cygan.


title: R. K. Chetty Pandipati

abstract: Radha Krishnaiah Chetty Pandipati is an Electronics and Communications Engineer and author. Pandipati works at NASA as a contractor.

text:
# R. K. Chetty Pandipati

**Radha Krishnaiah Chetty Pandipati** (also known as **R. K. Chetty Pandipati** and **P. R. K. Chetty**) is an Electronics and Communications Engineer and author.

Pandipati works at NASA as a contractor.

## Biography

Pandipati was born in India. After receiving his undergraduate education at Andhra University, Kakinad, India, where he earned his B.E. degree, he joined Indian Space Research Organization, in 1972. While working there, he pursued his graduate studies and earned Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute Science, Bangalore, India, in 1978. He then joined the staff of Caltech, Pasadena, USA as a research fellow in 1979.

Later on, he worked at Sundstrand Corporation, Rockford, Illinois and Fairchild Space Company, before starting at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as a contractor and he has been working there since 1994.

He is the author of *Switch Mode Power Supply Design*, and *Satellite Technology & its Application*s, published by McGraw-Hill Inc.

He was elected to the grade of IEEE Fellow in 1994.

## Medals & Awards

### Medals

### Awards

* ATA Excellence & Recognition Award in Science & Technology, 2016
* NASA GSFC Thomas J. Budney Award for Engineering Integrity 2009
* NASA GSFC Exceptional Achievement Award, 1997
* Indian Space Research Organization Distinguished Achievement Award 1975

## Patents

* Donald G. Fair and Pandipati R.K. Chetty, "Soft-Start Control for a Push-pull Converter-Regulator with a Flux Balancing Circuit", U.S. Patent Number 4598351, dated July 1, 1986. https://patents.google.com/patent/US4598351

## Publications

## InfoBox

| R. K. Chetty Pandipati | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | India |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Electronics & Communication Engineering |
| Awards | NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal<br>NASA Silver Achievement Medal |


title: Touristification

abstract: Touristification is a process by which a place changes as it becomes an object of tourist consumption. It leads to negative implications for the touristified place and has received both informal and formal opposition.

text:
# Touristification

**Touristification** is a process by which a place changes as it becomes an object of tourist consumption. It leads to negative implications for the touristified place and has received both informal and formal opposition.

## Cause

Touristification has come about as transport has improved. In the modern age, it is quicker and cheaper to travel than ever, leading to more international (and national) trips such as city breaks.

## Housing

The growth of the peer-to-peer rental market (platforms such as Airbnb) have led to the touristification of housing in many cities, with the peer-to-peer market now present in almost every European city. The growth in peer-to-peer holiday rentals is becoming a 'gentrification battlefront' both in the Global North and South.

In the peer-to-peer rental market, individuals can occasionally rent out the homes in which they live through a platform such as Airbnb. However, these platforms have been criticised for allowing investors and landlords to set up permanent holiday rentals in homes which would otherwise form part of the local housing stock. This is a form of gentrification, as local city dwellers are displaced from their homes (or districts) to cater for the needs of affluent (in this case, transient and mobile) people. Lestégas refers to districts which have become dominated by holiday rentals as *airbnbarrios*.

The production of a short-term rental housing market in cities became pivotal in the early 2000s. This came about due to the increasing importance of digital technologies in the economy, and a drive by capital to extract more value from the city.

## Solastalgia

**Solastalgia** is the collective melancholia that a community feels when its space is touristified. Solastalgic people feel deprived when their daily activities are altered or restricted to cater for a more affluent tourist class and yearn for the past pre-mass tourism.

## Opposition

Touristification has received protests from negatively affected groups. In some cities, anti-Airbnb billboards have appeared. In some cases, cities across the world have directly taken on Airbnb and similar organisations. In August 2021, Barcelona became the first city to ban short-term private room rentals.


title: Eupithecia fuscopunctata

abstract: Eupithecia fuscopunctata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Iran.

text:
# Eupithecia fuscopunctata

***Eupithecia fuscopunctata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Iran.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia fuscopunctata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. fuscopunctata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia fuscopunctata***<br>Brandt, 1938 | |
|