title: The...

abstract: .mw-parser-output.tracklist{border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr:nth-child(2n-1){background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist caption{text-align:left;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.tracklist td,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"]{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="col"]{text-align:left;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th.tracklist-length-header,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th.tracklist-number-header,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"],.mw-parser-output.tracklist-length,.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length td{padding-right:10px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"]{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-number-header{width:2em;padding-left:10px}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-length-header{width:4em}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr.tracklist-total-length{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.tracklist.tracklist-total-length th{padding:0;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length th>span{float:right;padding:0 10px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length td{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;padding:0 10px 0 0} The... is the debut extended play by South Korean boyband JYJ, a group formed of three of the five members of TVXQ. A Japanese-language EP, it was released under Rhythm Zone, the band's former Japanese label as a part of TVXQ. The release was commercially successful, reaching number one on Oricon's weekly albums chart. The DVD featured rehearsal footage for their Thanksgiving Live in Dome concerts.

text:
# The...

***The...*** is the debut extended play by South Korean boyband JYJ (then using the name **Junsu/Jejung/Yuchun**), a group formed of three of the five members of TVXQ. A Japanese-language EP, it was released under Rhythm Zone, the band's former Japanese label as a part of TVXQ. The release was commercially successful, reaching number one on Oricon's weekly albums chart.

The DVD featured rehearsal footage for their Thanksgiving Live in Dome concerts.

## Individual song charting

Prior to the album's release, the Thanksgiving Live in Dome live versions of the four tracks were released as digital downloads. During this release, the songs charted on RIAJ's Digital Track Chart, with "W" ranking at #19, "Itsudatte Kimi ni" at #20, "Get Ready at #66 and "Long Way" at #80. When the studio versions of the songs were released in September as digital downloads, "Itsudatte Kimi ni" peaked at #35 and "W" at #48, however the other two songs or the remixes did not chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Itsudatte Kimi ni" (いつだって君に "Always for You") | Gorō Matsui, Reo | Reo | 5:26 |
| 2. | "Get Ready" | H.U.B., H-Wonder | H-Wonder | 4:31 |
| 3. | "Long Way" | H.U.B., Denise Rich, Q.Worthy, Andrea Martin | Q.Worthy | 4:02 |
| 4. | "W" | Shinjiroh Inoue, Daisuke Suzuki | Daisuke Kahara | 6:07 |
| Total length: | | | | 20:06 |

CD only version bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "Itsudatte Kimi ni (Floor on the Intelligence Remix)" | Matsui, Reo | Floor on the Intelligence | 5:29 |
| 6. | "Get Ready (Caramel Pod Remix)" | H.U.B., H-Wonder | Caramel Pod | 8:00 |
| 7. | "Long Way (Daishi Dance Remix)" | H.U.B., Rich, Q.Worthy, Andrea Martin | Daishi Dance | 5:16 |
| 8. | "W (The Big Sky in the East Ver.)" | Shinjirō Inoue, Daisuke Suzuki | Big Sky | 6:04 |
| 9. | "Itsudatte Kimi ni (Thanksgiving Live in Dome Ver.)" | Matsui, Reo |  | 5:41 |
| 10. | "Get Ready (Thanksgiving Live in Dome Ver.)" | H.U.B., H-Wonder |  | 5:56 |
| 11. | "Long Way (Thanksgiving Live in Dome Ver.)" | H.U.B., Rich, Q.Worthy, Andrea Martin |  | 4:20 |
| 12. | "W (Thanksgiving Live in Dome Ver.)" | Shinjirō Inoue, Daisuke Suzuki |  | 6:16 |
| Total length: | | | | 1:07:08 |

CD+DVD version bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "Itsudatte Kimi ni (Instrumental)" | Matsui, Reo | Reo | 5:25 |
| 6. | "Get Ready (Instrumental)" | H.U.B., H-Wonder | H-Wonder | 4:31 |
| 7. | "Long Way (Instrumental)" | H.U.B., Rich, Q.Worthy, Andrea Martin | Q.Worthy | 4:02 |
| 8. | "W (Instrumental)" | Shinjirō Inoue, Daisuke Suzuki | Kahara | 6:02 |
| Total length: | | | | 40:06 |

DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Thanksgiving Live in Dome Rehearsal Movie" |  |
| 2. | "いつだって君に Special Movie" |  |
| Total length: | | 25:00 |

## Chart rankings

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| *Oricon* daily albums | 1 |
| *Oricon* weekly albums | 1 |
| *Oricon* yearly albums | 42 |

### Reported sales and certifications

| Chart | Amount |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese physical sales | 175,000 |
| *RIAJ* shipping certification | Gold (100,000) |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Distributing Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japan | September 8, 2010 | CD, CD+DVD, digital download | Rhythm Zone |
| | September 25, 2010 | Rental CD | |

## InfoBox

| The... | |
| --- | --- |
| CD+DVD version cover | |
| EP by Junsu/Jejung/Yuchun | |
| Released | September 8, 2010 (2010-09-08) |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 20:06 |
| Label | Rhythm Zone |
| Junsu/Jejung/Yuchun chronology | |
| ***The...***
(2010) *The Beginning*
(2010) | |


title: The A-Files (video game)

abstract: The A-Files is a 1998 video game for Windows and Macintosh by Norwegian developer Gyldendal, in collaboration with five book publishers in the Nordic region. The game was "relatively inexpensive" to produce. It was authored by Paul Westlake and Fiona Miller. The game became popular throughout the Nordic countries and was also sold in Germany, Italy and Holland.

text:
# The A-Files (video game)

***The A-Files*** is a 1998 video game for Windows and Macintosh by Norwegian developer Gyldendal, in collaboration with five book publishers in the Nordic region. The game was "relatively inexpensive" to produce. It was authored by Paul Westlake and Fiona Miller.

The game became popular throughout the Nordic countries and was also sold in Germany, Italy and Holland.

## Awards

* "The New Media Prize" in Bologna, Italy.
* "Best interactive production of the year" in Gullklappan 99, Sweden .
* "Education & Home Learning" at the International EMMA Awards in Amsterdam.

## InfoBox

| The A-Files | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Gyldendal |
| Publisher(s) | Gyldendal |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | 1998 |
| Genre(s) | Adventure, educational |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Delicate-skinned salamander

abstract: The delicate-skinned salamander is an extremely rare species of mole salamander.

text:
# Delicate-skinned salamander

The **delicate-skinned salamander** (***Ambystoma bombypellum***) is an extremely rare species of mole salamander.

## Description

The delicate-skinned salamander was first described by herpetologist Edward Harrison Taylor from a holotype found in 1939 near Rancho Guadalupe, 14 km. east of San Martín in the north-western Asunción province in Mexico. It is until today the only habitat for this species. Introduced predatory fish and habitat destruction due to agriculture lead to a desiccation of the breeding ponds and to a severely decline of the population. It is a small terrestrial species of about 14.2 cm, with a brown dorsal coloration and a lighter underbelly. The head is flattened. Fingers and toes are unwebbed.

## InfoBox

| Delicate-skinned salamander | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Ambystomatidae |
| Genus: | *Ambystoma* |
| Species: | ***A. bombypellum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ambystoma bombypellum***
(Taylor, 1940) | |
|


title: Delicate Gravity

abstract: Delicate Gravity is a short film directed by Philippe Andre and written by Philippe Andre and Daniel Hainey. It won Best of Festival Award at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival 2013, Best of the Festival and Fest Foreign Film at the Nevada City Film Festival, Audience Choice Award at Bermuda International Film Festival Archived 2018-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. It has been part of the Unifrance edition of French Cinema in Russia. It has been eligible to the Academy Awards for Oscars.

text:
# Delicate Gravity

***Delicate Gravity*** (Délicate Gravité) is a short film directed by Philippe Andre and written by Philippe Andre and Daniel Hainey. It won Best of Festival Award at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival 2013, Best of the Festival and Fest Foreign Film at the Nevada City Film Festival, Audience Choice Award at Bermuda International Film Festival Archived 2018-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. It has been part of the Unifrance edition of French Cinema in Russia. It has been eligible to the Academy Awards for Oscars.

## Plot

Paul receives an emotional message from Claire. He can hear the deep sadness behind her words and believes she might commit suicide. But Paul does not know Claire. This is a message left on the wrong man’s phone, a message that will lead Paul to a brief encounter with Claire.

## Cast

* Yvan Attal as Paul
* Anne Parillaud as Claire
* Jade Phan-Gia as The Waitress
* Gregoire Bonnet as Man in the lobby
* Tadrina Hocking as Voice on the phone

## Music

## Awards

## Selections

## InfoBox

| Delicate Gravity | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Philippe Andre |
| Written by | Philippe Andre, Daniel Hainey |
| Produced by | Patrick Barbier |
| Starring | Yvan Attal, Anne Parillaud |
| Music by | Johann Johannsson, The XX, Chromatics |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Terry a. O'Neal

abstract: Terry a. O'Neal is an American writer. O'Neal was named one of the century's great Black women writers in a book entitled Literary Divas: The Top 100+ Most Admired African-American Women Writers in Literature (2006).

text:
# Terry a. O'Neal

**Terry a. O'Neal** (born June 15, 1973) is an American writer. O'Neal was named one of the century's great Black women writers in a book entitled *Literary Divas: The Top 100+ Most Admired African-American Women Writers in Literature* (2006).

## Biography

O'Neal (Terry Anne Williams) was born and raised on the south side of Stockton, California, where she was exposed to arts, literature, and culture by her mother, Barbara Ann Tillman-Williams. As a child, she met Maya Angelou at the art gallery where her mother worked, an experience that she later said inspired her pursuit of writing.

In 1991, she graduated from Franklin High School in Stockton. The summer following her graduation, O'Neal married at 18-years-old, and went on to attended California State University, Sacramento in the fall of 1991.

By 1997, O'Neal gave birth to three children: Michael Jr., Cameron Henry, and Jorden Elizabeth.

Poetry had always been her first love in literature, largely inspired by her mother and her best-loved poets of the Harlem Renaissance: Langston Hughes, Carolyn M. Rodgers, and Gwendolyn Brooks, to name a few. While raising a family, attending grad school, building her own business, and working a full-time job, O'Neal decided to journey down her own path to writing; and in 2000, she released her first book of poetry, *Motion Sickness*.

Shortly after her first book, O'Neal released her second collection of poetry *The Poet Speaks In Black* (2001) and the children's picture book *Ev'ry Little Soul* (2002).

One year later, she published *Sweet Lavender* (2003), a coming-of-age story of a young girl forced to grow up too fast after her father walked out of her life at a young age. The novel, that was inspired by the works of Langston Hughes and her passion for father-daughter stories, was later adapted into a feature screenplay.

In 2005, O'Neal founded *Lend Your Hand, Educating the World's Children*, a non-profit organization geared towards providing resources and schools supplies needed to help students achieve academic success. Through the non-profit, she developed and implemented The Black History Bee, a program designed to teach youth Black history through a trivia competition.

Apart from her own writings, O'Neal has toured secondary schools across the country to encourage young people to carry out their dream, no matter how unlikely it may seem. It was her fervent desire to uplift today's youth that paved the way to her becoming the editor and publisher of the collection entitled *Make Some Noise! A Youth Poetry Anthology*, a collection that featured poetry by youth ages 12 to 18 years of age.

The latest volume *Make Some Noise IV! A Baton Rouge Youth Poetry Anthology* (2017) was dedicated to Louisiana youth. Through poetry, prose and short stories, they shared intimate thoughts and feelings about surviving the historic Louisiana great flood and tragic police shootings of 2016. Nearly 100 Baton Rouge teens were published in this volume.

O'Neal's contribution to uplifting youth through writing and poetry, which has largely been overlooked, has empowered youth across the United States and abroad. Her efforts have been successful in providing a safe platform for adolescence to speak out and share their voice.

In 2013, her independent film, based on the novel *Sweet Lavender*, went into pre-production under the title *Along the Dirt Road*. But the writer and producer took a hard hit following her divorce, and production was halted in the summer of 2014.

After freeing a tumultuous marriage, O'Neal released a cathartic book of poetry entitled: *The Sparrow's Plight: Woes of a 21st Century Black Poet* (2014). In the book, the author speaks of her run-ins with life being a Black, liberated woman in a White America, racial injustice, and the tragedies unfolding around the world. In the foreword by author and literary critic, Rudolph Lewis, he pointed out: "Neither Gil Scott-Heron nor Richard Wright could have written as poetically with such depth and beauty as Terry a O’Neal does with regard to two recent issues, namely, the tragedies of Fukishima and African child soldiers."

## Works

* *Motion Sickness* (2000) ISBN 9780967944609
* *The Poet Speaks in Black* (2001) ISBN 9780967944647
* *Ev'ry Little Soul* (2002) ISBN 9780967944661
* *Sweet Lavender* (2003) ISBN 9780967944678
* *Good Mornin' Glory* (2006) ISBN 9780976849223
* *The Sparrow's Plight: Woes of a 21st Century Black Poet* (2014) ISBN 9780976849247


title: The Aphotic Season

abstract: The Aphotic Season is the second studio album by October Sky, released worldwide on June 18, 2012 with Rocksector Records, a Manchester-based record label. The album was recorded, produced, mixed and mastered by Luc Tellier, who has worked with many Montreal bands such as Simple Plan and The New Cities. His list of clients also includes major labels such as Universal Music, Sony Music, EMI Music. The three last tracks come from the first album Hell Isn't My Home and the bonus track is only available on the Canadian & American release which also doesn't include the tracks from the first record.

text:
# The Aphotic Season

***The Aphotic Season*** is the second studio album by October Sky, released worldwide on June 18, 2012 with Rocksector Records, a Manchester-based record label.

The album was recorded, produced, mixed and mastered by Luc Tellier, who has worked with many Montreal bands such as Simple Plan and The New Cities. His list of clients also includes major labels such as Universal Music, Sony Music, EMI Music. The three last tracks come from the first album Hell Isn't My Home and the bonus track is only available on the Canadian & American release which also doesn't include the tracks from the first record.

## Track listing (UK release)

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dark Vision" | 5:17 |
| 2. | "Prisoner of Nothing" | 3:46 |
| 3. | "Angel One" | 3:53 |
| 4. | "Air" | 5:12 |
| 5. | "Green And Beautiful" | 3:43 |
| 6. | "Fall Back Down" | 4:14 |
| 7. | "Distance" | 4:08 |
| 8. | "Sacrifice" | 3:39 |
| 9. | "The Message" | 6:28 |
| 10. | "Fear" | 5:38 |

Bonus Track (Canadian & American Release)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Fall Back Down (Karl Raymond Remix)" | 7:08 |

The album has received relatively good reviews in the European countries. According to PlanetMosh.com, a heavy metal webzine in the United Kingdom, The Aphotic Season was given 8/10. It was also compared to the sound of Thirty Seconds to Mars and early Muse.

## Singles

Dark Vision is the first single released by the band on June 18, 2012 with a radio edit, bringing the length of the song to 3:41 instead of 5:17.

Green And Beautiful is the second official single released on October 30, 2012. A video produced and animated by Paul Kuchar from Kool Factor company received great reviews shortly after its release. Within 2 weeks, the video had reached 8 800 views on YouTube.. The video is made up of traditional hand drawn animation, set in a 3D space, adding a certain degree of depth.

## InfoBox

| The Aphotic Season | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by October Sky | |
| Released | June 18, 2012 |
| Recorded | January – April 2011, Indigene Studio Montreal |
| Genre | Rock, alternative, progressive |
| Length | 45:58 |
| Label | Rocksector Records |
| Producer | Luc Tellier |
| October Sky chronology | |
| *Live in Montreal EP*
(2011) ***The Aphotic Season***
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Aphotic Season* | |
| 1. "Dark Vision"
Released: June 18, 2012 2. "Green And Beautiful"
Released: October 30, 2012 | |
|  | |


title: The Apocalypse Now Sessions

abstract: The Apocalypse Now Sessions is an album by the Rhythm Devils. Subtitled The Rhythm Devils Play River Music, and sometimes referred to by that name, it contains music that was recorded for the soundtrack of the film Apocalypse Now. It was released by Passport Records as a vinyl LP in 1980. It was remastered and released on CD in somewhat expanded form by Rykodisc Records in 1990. The Rhythm Devils is a percussion based music ensemble led by Grateful Dead drummers Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann. At the time of the recording of The Apocalypse Now Sessions, the band also included Grateful Dead bassist Phil Lesh, along with percussionists Airto Moreira, Greg Errico, Jim Loveless, and Jordan Amarantha, guitarist Mike Hinton, and vocalist Flora Purim.

text:
# The Apocalypse Now Sessions

***The Apocalypse Now Sessions*** is an album by the Rhythm Devils. Subtitled ***The Rhythm Devils Play River Music***, and sometimes referred to by that name, it contains music that was recorded for the soundtrack of the film *Apocalypse Now*. It was released by Passport Records as a vinyl LP in 1980. It was remastered and released on CD in somewhat expanded form by Rykodisc Records in 1990.

The Rhythm Devils is a percussion based music ensemble led by Grateful Dead drummers Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann. At the time of the recording of *The Apocalypse Now Sessions*, the band also included Grateful Dead bassist Phil Lesh, along with percussionists Airto Moreira, Greg Errico, Jim Loveless, and Jordan Amarantha, guitarist Mike Hinton, and vocalist Flora Purim.

## Recording

After attending a Grateful Dead concert, director Francis Ford Coppola asked Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann to record drum music for his film *Apocalypse Now*, much of which takes place along a river in the jungle during the Vietnam War. Hart and Kreutzmann, along with seven other musicians, assembled many different drums and other percussion instruments at the Club Front recording studio in San Rafael, California. While a rough cut of the movie was screened, they improvised the music, some of which ended up being used on the final soundtrack. The recording sessions took place over a period of ten days. Selections from the sessions were remixed and assembled into the final album.

In addition to using a large collection of percussion instruments from around the world, provided by the various musicians, the Rhythm Devils constructed some new instruments. One of these was The Beast, an array of bass drums with different tones suspended from a large metal rack. After the recording of *The Apocalypse Now Sessions*, The Beast was incorporated into the "Drums" section of Grateful Dead concerts, an extended percussion duet performed by Hart and Kreutzmann in the middle of the second set of songs.

Another unusual percussion instrument built for the sessions, variants of which have been built and later used in Grateful Dead concerts and Mickey Hart's solo touring bands, was The Beam. This is a large aluminum I-beam (actually a C-shaped beam facing down with the strings across the flat outside-top surface) strung with 13 bass piano strings all tuned to the note of D (a Pythagorean mono-chord at various octaves). The Beam has a heavy-duty bridge and string anchor at one end and a nut with tuning hardware at the other end. It has a movable magnetic pickup block to facilitate capture and transmission of various tonal qualities. The pickup block feeds a volume pedal and various audio effects units, which route the signals through an amplifier or sound system. The Beam generates a large variety of low-frequency primary tones and harmonic overtones, and is played by hitting the strings with a percussion mallet, plucking the strings by hand or with a plectrum, scraping them with various implements (fingernails, plectrums, metal bars), or by pounding on the beam frame itself to induce a bell-like resonance of all the strings simultaneously.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

Allmusic said, "Three members of The Grateful Dead (Mickey Hart, Bill Kreutzmann, and Phil Lesh) improvise on percussion instruments with several other musicians to provide incidental music for the movie *Apocalypse Now*. This is primarily a percussion album... an intense album that artfully conveys the beauty and terror of the jungle in which the movie is set."

Smithsonian Folkways, writing about the CD, said, "Director Francis Ford Coppola asked Mickey Hart to provide a percussive underscore for his 1979 film *Apocalypse Now*. Combining the quiet sounds of tablas with harsher sounds of drum sets and demonstrating Hart's propensity for unusual time signatures, the album echoes the tones of war and death, and features extended tracks as well as tracks not included on the original LP release...."

## Track listing

All music written by the Rhythm Devils.

### LP

**Side 1:** 1. "Compound"
2. "Trenches"
3. "Street Gang"
4. "The Beast"

**Side 2:** 1. "Steps"
2. "Tar"
3. "Lance"
4. "Cave"
5. "Napalm for Breakfast"
6. "Hell's Bells"

### CD

1. "Compound" – 3:17
2. "Trenches" – 3:52
3. "Street Gang" – 2:14
4. "The Beast" – 4:12
5. "Steps" – 2:26
6. "Tar" – 1:38
7. "Lance" – 2:50
8. "Cave" – 5:55
9. "Hell's Bells" – 3:29
10. "Kurtz" – 4:49
11. "Napalm for Breakfast" – 3:25

## Personnel

### The Rhythm Devils

### Production

* Producer: Mickey Hart
* Associate producer: Gian-Carlo Coppola
* Production assistant: Creek Hart
* Engineers: Brett Cohen, Betty Cantor-Jackson, Dan Healy
* Assistant engineers: John Cutler, Bob Mathews
* CD mastering: Joe Gastwirt
* Cover art: Stanley Mouse
* Photography: John Werner, Steve Schneider, Snooky Flowers
* Package design: Steven Jurgensmeyer

## InfoBox

| The Apocalypse Now Sessions | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rhythm Devils | |
| Released | May 25, 1980 |
| Genre | World music |
| Label | Passport |
| Producer | Mickey Hart |
|  | |
| Mickey Hart chronology | |
| *Diga*
(1976) ***The Apocalypse Now Sessions***
(1980) *Däfos*
(1983) | |
| Bill Kreutzmann chronology | |
| ***The Apocalypse Now Sessions***
(1980) *Backbone*
(1999) | |
|  | |


title: Delia Hannah

abstract: Delia Hannah is a New Zealand actress and singer, notable for leading roles in musical theatre in Australia and New Zealand.

text:
# Delia Hannah

**Delia Hannah** is a New Zealand actress and singer, notable for leading roles in musical theatre in Australia and New Zealand.

## Awards

### Mo Awards

The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Delia Hannah won one award in that time.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result (wins only) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Delia Hannah | Female Musical Theatre Performer the Year | Won |


title: Delia L. Straup

abstract: Adele "Delia" Lindley Straup was an American educator and clubwoman.

text:
# Delia L. Straup

**Adele "Delia" Lindley Straup** (November 27, 1866 – September 15, 1947) was an American educator and clubwoman.

## Early life

Adele "Delia" Lindley was born November 27, 1866, in South Bend, Indiana, the daughter of Ashbury Lindley (1830-1906) and Mary Elizabeth Huston (1835-1886).

## Career

Delia L. Straup taught school in Indiana and Salt Lake City. By 1890, she was assistant principal of a high school in the fourteenth ward of Salt Lake City (possibly East High School).

Straup also served for two years as president of Women's Republican Club; for one year, she was president of the Ladies Literary Club and Reviewers Club.

## Personal life

Delia L. Straup moved to Utah in 1896 and lived at 225 S. 12th East St., Salt Lake City, Utah.

In April 1889, in Valparaiso, Indiana, she married Judge Daniel Newton Straup (1862-1945), an associate justice for the Utah State Supreme Court, and had three children: Cordelia (1897-1990), Rosalind (1899-1982), Danella (1902-1996).

She died on September 15, 1947, and is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Salt Lake City), with her husband.


title: Delia Jarrett-Macauley

abstract: Delia Jarrett-Macauley, also known as Dee Jarrett-Macauley, is a London-based British writer, academic and broadcaster of Sierra Leonean heritage. Her debut novel, Moses, Citizen & Me, won the 2006 Orwell Prize for political writing, the first novel to have been awarded the prize. She has devised and presented features on BBC Radio, as well as being a participant in a range of programmes. As a multi-disciplinary scholar in history, literature and cultural politics, she has taught at Leeds University, Birkbeck, University of London, and other educational establishments, most recently as a fellow in English at the University of Warwick. She is also a business and arts consultant, specialising in organisation development.

text:
# Delia Jarrett-Macauley

**Delia Jarrett-Macauley** FRSA, also known as **Dee Jarrett-Macauley**, is a London-based British writer, academic and broadcaster of Sierra Leonean heritage. Her debut novel, *Moses, Citizen & Me*, won the 2006 Orwell Prize for political writing, the first novel to have been awarded the prize. She has devised and presented features on BBC Radio, as well as being a participant in a range of programmes. As a multi-disciplinary scholar in history, literature and cultural politics, she has taught at Leeds University, Birkbeck, University of London, and other educational establishments, most recently as a fellow in English at the University of Warwick. She is also a business and arts consultant, specialising in organisation development.

## Early years and education

Delia Jarrett-Macauley was born in Hertfordshire, England, to Sierra Leone Creole parents, their youngest daughter, and she visited Sierra Leone as a child. She studied at York College for Girls and Harrogate Grammar School and earned her first degree in management and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in English from London University.

## Career: cultural sector and academia

Jarrett-Macauley began working in the cultural sector in the mid-1980s, including as Director of the Independent Theatre Council, and as a consultant to Arts Council England. She also managed the pan-African dance summer school and co-ordinated educational projects for African Players. In the 1990s she was joint director of the Royal National Theatre's project "Transmission", which focused on arts and social change in Europe. She has also judged prizes, served on the boards and been closely involved with a number of other cultural and literary initiatives, among them the Caine Prize for African Writing in 2007 as well as in 2016, when she was chair of the judging panel. In July 2016 Jarrett-Macauley was appointed chair of the Caine Prize board of trustees, stepping down in April 2019, when her successor was named as Ellah Wakatama Allfrey.

Her university teaching career began in 1989, when she ran the first black women's studies courses on the MA in women's studies at the University of Kent. Based on that programme of work, she subsequently edited the 1996 anthology *Reconstructing Womanhood, Reconstructing Feminism: Writings on Black Women*, the first British feminist anthology to examine concepts of womanhood and feminism within the context of "race" and ethnicity. She also devised and led the arts management programme at Birkbeck College, London.

She has been a visiting fellow in gender studies at the London School of Economics (LSE) and has taught a range of courses at the Universities of Kent, London and Middlesex. She has also trained teachers at Goldsmiths College, London, and has contributed to many professional development courses in Europe at a range of institutions, including the Amsterdam Summer University and (in association with the European Cultural Foundation) the King Baudouin Foundation (Brussels) and the European Network of Cultural Administration Training Centres.

Jarrett-Macauley has contributed to a number of academic publications as author and board member, including *Feminist Review*, *Women's History Review*, *Journal of Gender Studies*, and *Gender and History*. She is a contributor to the 2019 anthology *New Daughters of Africa*, edited by Margaret Busby. In October 2018 it was announced that Jarrett-Macauley was included in the 2019 edition of the *Powerlist*, ranking the 100 most influential Black Britons.

Jarrett-Macauley has also edited *Shakespeare, Race and Performance: The Diverse Bard in Contemporary Britain* (June 2016), with contributors who include Eldred Durosimi Jones, Jatinder Verma, Naseem Khan, Dawn Monique Williams, Michael Pearce, Lynette Goddard, Varsha Panjwani, Jami Rogers, Michael McMillan, Iqbal Khan, Diane Allison-Mitchell, Pat Cumper, Sita Thomas, and Terri Power.

In 2016 Jarrett-Macauley was on the London Book Fair delegation to China, where she spoke at The Shanghai International Book Fair and at various events in Beijing, including the Beijing Book Fair's Cultural Industries Forum. She was also filmed for the British Council's "Walking the cities" series in Rome.

## Writing

Jarrett-Macauley has written two significant books: *The Life of Una Marson, 1905–65* (first published in 1998) and the novel *Moses, Citizen & Me* (2005).

### *The Life of Una Marson, 1905–65*

She is the author of a well received biography of the BBC's first black programme-maker, Una Marson. Chris Searle, reviewing it in *Tribune* wrote: "Delia Jarrett-Macauley is to be congratulated in creating this finely written, detailed, narrative which opens up black life from an era often untouched by the written word". Margaret Busby referred to it in *The Sunday Times* as "compelling", with other appreciative feedback coming from Stewart Brown of the University of Birmingham ("thoroughly researched and well documented"), Caroline Benn ("An excellent biography"), John Thieme of the University of Hull ("A work of sustained and original scholarship"), Hakim Adi ("Delia Jarrett-Macauley has done a great service"), Kevin Le Gendre for the *Independent on Sunday* ("genuinely inspiring"), Sheila Rowbotham ("a scholarly work, deftly written"), while Stuart Hall praised it as "a significant contribution to the work of historical memory".

### *Moses, Citizen & Me*

Jarrett-Macauley's 2005 novel takes as its subject matter the conflict in Sierra Leone, drawing imaginatively on "both the European canon and African oral traditions to illuminate the sufferings of child soldiers and their families". The book was widely and positively reviewed, including by such as Aminatta Forna ("A deeply affecting and vividly told story of ordinary people with the courage to survive.... A wonderful book"), Bernardine Evaristo in *Wasafiri* ("This is a very serious and significant choice of subject matter for a debut novel; ambitiously rendered, it proves fertile and potent ground for fiction."), Francis Wheen ("An extraordinary novel about war, childhood, art and salvation. Shakespearean tragedy recast in modern Africa, transformed into a redemptive vision as magical as a midsummer night's dream."), while Lucy Beresford remarked in *The Literary Review*: "...her understated prose a foil to the bleak and disturbing subject matter. ...sensitively establishes the family as a microcosm of the ruptured nation.... and Shakespeare provides an inspirational and uplifting agent of therapy."

In the *Guardian*, Ali Smith commented on "the considered and multi-layered story of a Sierra Leone family blasted apart by one of its children turning boy soldier in the civil war. It is a novel remarkable for its slowed, measured pulse and its calm analysis, its keenness to promise hope and rehabilitation even after the worst", and Maya Jaggi wrote : "Seven years ago Delia Jarrett-Macauley published *The Life of Una Marson 1906-65*, a landmark biography of the Jamaican feminist who became the BBC's first black programme maker. In her debut novel, Jarrett-Macauley again breaks ground with a delicate and brave, if over-ambitious, fictional treatment of child soldiers in the aftermath of a west African civil war....as a deftly sensitive exploration of a tormented generation, and a family's dilemma, it is a haunting piece of fiction."

*Moses, Citizen & Me* was awarded the Orwell Prize in 2006, with the judges concluding: "It is a work of great intimacy and moral complexity, the kind of writing that sheds light on a world we barely understand...the book is one that Orwell himself might have liked."

In 2008, following the publication of *A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier*, a bestselling first-hand account by Ishmael Beah of his time as a child soldier during the civil war in Sierra Leone in the 1990s, the accuracy of which was questioned, there was also some discussion about the memoir's alleged similarity in parts to Jarrett-Macauley's novel.

## Broadcasting

Jarrett-Macauley has worked on a number of broadcasting projects for BBC Radio, including devising and presenting *The Una Marson Story* (BBC Radio 3) and *Black Women Writers in 1930s England* on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 she made the Radio 4 feature *Imaginary Homeland*, for which she returned to Sierra Leone after 30 years, and the programme "interweaves her memories and her fiction with the real struggle to rebuild the place known as Salone". She has also contributed to other BBC programmes such as *Woman's Hour* and *Open Book* on Radio 4, the Radio 3 website on Ideas and Culture and the 2004 BBC Music Live Festival. She voiced *Warrior Marks*, Alice Walker's documentary film, which was shown on UK television (based on the 1993 book of the same title about female genital mutilation).

In 2022, Lenny Henry's production company, Douglas Road Productions, made a television documentary entitled *Una Marson, Our Lost Caribbean Voice*, broadcast on BBC Two, in which Jarrett-Macauley asks: "How could we have let someone of Una Marson's calibre just disappear?"

## Bibliography

* *The Life of Una Marson, 1905–65*, Manchester University Press (1998, 2010), ISBN 9780719082566.
* *Moses, Citizen & Me* – novel, Granta Books (2005), ISBN 186207741X. Winner of the Orwell Prize 2006.

As editor * *Reconstructing Womanhood, Reconstructing Feminism: Writings on Black Women*, Routledge (1996), ISBN 041511649X.
* *Shakespeare, Race and Performance: The Diverse Bard in Contemporary Britain*, Routledge (2016), ISBN 978-1138913820.

## InfoBox

| Delia Jarrett-MacauleyFRSA | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Hertfordshire, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Other names | Dee Jarrett-Macauley |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupations | * Writer * academic * broadcaster |
| Notable work | * *The Life of Una Marson, 1905–65* (1998) * *Moses, Citizen & Me* (2005) |
| Awards | Orwell Prize |
| Website | www.deliajarrettmacauley.com |


title: Thales Training & Simulation

abstract: Thales Training & Simulation Ltd. is a multinational company which manufactures simulators, including full flight simulators and military simulators, and provides related training and support services. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Thales Group.

text:
# Thales Training & Simulation

**Thales Training & Simulation Ltd.** is a multinational company which manufactures simulators, including full flight simulators and military simulators, and provides related training and support services. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Thales Group.

## History

The origins of the company date back to the incorporation of **Redifon** in the United Kingdom in 1946. In 1948, the company moved to the then new town of Crawley in West Sussex. In 1981, the parent company British Electric Traction changed the company name to **Rediffusion Simulation Limited** (RSL) to take advantage of the then familiar Rediffusion brand name.

In 1988, the company was bought by Hughes Aircraft and renamed **Hughes Rediffusion Simulation** (HRSL).

In 1994, the company was taken over by Thomson-CSF, who merged it with Link Miles (acquired by Thomson-CSF in 1990) and renamed the company **Thomson Training & Simulation** (TTSL). The merged companies were based at the Manor Royal site at Crawley.

In 1998, the simulation business of Wormald Technology of Australia was bought and renamed Thales Training & Simulation Pty Ltd (TTSP).

In the United States, Burtek, bought in 1979 by Thomson-CSF, was renamed Thomson Training & Simulation Inc.

At the end of 2000, the company was renamed **Thales Training & Simulation** (TTS) when the parent company re-branded using the Thales name.

Thales sold its civilian fixed-wing simulation business to L-3 Link Simulation & Training UK in August 2012. The purchase included part of the TTS Crawley plant, but not Thales' military rotary-wing (helicopter) simulation business.

## Operations

Thales Training & Simulation has four main manufacturing plants:

* United Kingdom (Crawley, West Sussex) producing military aircraft simulators and provides training and support services for military customers.
* France (Cergy-Pontoise) responsible for the military aircraft, military helicopter and land vehicle (tanks, trucks) simulation product ranges;
* Germany (Koblenz) where the small arms trainers are manufactured;
* Australia (Sydney, New South Wales) which addresses Australasia requirements.

In addition, the company has joint ventures and/or customer support hubs in the United States, Saudi Arabia, China, etc.

## Products and services

Thales have built and now operate numerous types of aircraft simulators, including:

* Fixed base — No motion platform, normally housed in a dome, commonly military application. Full flight simulators can also be fixed base; these are generally basic training devices that have no visual and are control trainers only.
* Full flight simulators — A fully immersed simulation that has a motion platform, can be either hydraulic or electric (Reality H helicopter simulator).
* Military simulators — These can simulate parts of aircraft (fuselage), water based vehicles or ground systems, they are designed to simulate the look and/or feel of the environment.
* The range of services offered in support of military simulators now extends to both PFI and PPP contracts. Thales Training & Simulation provides the Synthetic training service for Tornado GR4 Royal Air Force pilots and navigators. A similar service is provided to train Army Air Corps Lynx Mk 7 & Mk 9 pilots. A further Thales training service took over the operation of several existing Royal Air Force Simulator training centres, Nimrod MR Mk2, C130K, VC10, Tristar, Tucano, Jaguar, Tornado F3 and SeaKing Mk3, under a PPP arrangement. As the PFI model has been adopted outside the UK, Thales is also part of a consortium to supply NH90 helicopter synthetic training to the German airforce under a PFI framework. Thales Training & Simulation has a joint venture with Eurocopter running a synthetic helicopter training facility, Helisim.
* Thales collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering back in the mid-1980s to create and develop the *Advanced Technology Leisure Application Simulator (A.T.L.A.S)* ride system that would eventually be used for various Disney attractions around the world, such as *Star Tours*, *Body Wars*, and *Iron Man Experience*.
* Thales also manufactures driver simulators for trucks (heavy goods vehicles), busses and military vehicles including tanks.
* The range of simulators extends to nuclear power plant simulators (for operator training) and small arms simulators for training army, police, etc.

## InfoBox

Thales Training & Simulation Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | 1946 (1946) (as Redifon) |
| Key people | Alex Dorrian (CEO) |
| Products | Full flight simulators |
| Services | Commercial aviation training, military training |
| Number of employees | ~2,000 |
| Parent | Thales Group |


title: The Allnighter (film)

abstract: The Allnighter is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Tamar Simon Hoffs and starring Susanna Hoffs, Dedee Pfeiffer, Joan Cusack and Pam Grier. It was released on May 1, 1987.

text:
# The Allnighter (film)

***The Allnighter*** is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Tamar Simon Hoffs and starring Susanna Hoffs, Dedee Pfeiffer, Joan Cusack and Pam Grier. It was released on May 1, 1987.

## Plot

Molly (Hoffs), Val (Pfeiffer) and Gina (Cusack) are graduating college, but on their final night, frustrations are aired. Molly is still looking for real love and Val is beginning to doubt if that is what she has found. Gina is too busy videotaping everything to really notice. When the final party at Pacifica College kicks off, things do not go exactly as planned.

## Cast

## Production

The film was also known as *Cutting Loose*.

It was written and directed by Hoffs' mother who had directed a number of music videos, including the Bangles' *Going Down to Liverpool*, and two short films, including *The Haircut* with John Cassavetes. She said:

> Movies are never 100% accurate because they're one step away from reality, but I think this is an accurate depiction of young people-and not just kids in Southern California in 1987. I went to Yale and the experiences depicted in the film are very much like experiences I had at school. In fact, the three female leads are loosely based on myself and my two roommates. There are certain stories you can tell over and over and it's possible to have enormous amounts of content buried in a film like this. Being in school delays having to deal with certain aspects of life and these kids are still a bit innocent, so on one level the film is about the end of innocence. It's also about the relationships that develop between people when they live together at a certain point in their lives.

Tamar Hoffs called the film as "sort of a beach party movie intended for kids from 14 to 16... I've always loved beach party movies", she admits, "because they're optimistic and ask nothing more of the viewer than the price of admission and just hanging out-and that's pretty much the mood of \`The Allnighter.' It's a light, easy film about a moment in time when friendship really counts."

Tamar Hoffs said she did not write the film with her daughter in mind.

Susanna Hoffs does not sing in the film, and no Bangles music is featured. She said:

> This movie isn't a musical, and it would've confused the audience if I'd sung in the film-particularly since that's not what the character I portray is about. I play a vulnerable, cautious, self-protective girl-adjectives that describe me pretty well, by the way. I identified with this character quite a bit. On the other hand, she's a beach girl and that's something quite foreign to me. Even though I grew up at the beach and love it there, I can remember looking at surfers and surf bunnies and thinking 'Wow! Who are these people?! They're so cool they're like creatures from another planet!'

## Release

The film was promoted with a poster featuring Susanna Hoffs wearing a skimpy bikini as she sips a cocktail and the tag line, "Who says you can't do it all in one night?"

"I feel pretty weird about it", said Hoffs, "though there's a side of me that thinks it's kind of funny. I do a scene in the film wearing nothing but my underwear and I must admit that was hard to do. I knew if I had an incredible song blasting in the background I'd be able to do it, so I brought in a copy of Aretha's 'Respect' and that did the trick."

She added, "I'm satisfied with my performance in the long run… It left me eager to do more – probably because we all had so much fun. There was great camaraderie among the cast and I don't think anyone felt I was given special treatment because I was the director's daughter."

## Reception

The film was popularly and critically panned, receiving a 0% on the Internet review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.

The film, according to motion picture-historian Leonard Maltin, was "...grotesque in the AIDS era, although it would be a stinker in any age."

*The New York Times* called it "outstandingly dim... The principals are three bubble-headed women who room together, and the film could be accused of sexism if their male counterparts were not equally dumb."

The Hoffs said they planned to make another film together despite *The Allnighter'*s poor reception. "The critics can’t ruin our relationship", said Tamar. However, no subsequent film resulted.

Susanna Hoffs later said, "It was such a low budget quickie thing, a cutesy little teeny-bopper movie. It wasn’t a great movie but the whole experience of it was great."

## Home media

On August 24, 1999, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released *The Allnighter* on DVD. Kino Lorber Studio Classics released the film for the first time on Blu-ray on February 23, 2021. Special features include audio commentary by Susanna Hoffs and Director Tamar Simon Hoffs, music video of Price-Sulton “No T.V. No Phone” and theatrical trailer.

## InfoBox

| The Allnighter | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Tamar Simon Hoffs |
| Written by | Tamar Simon Hoffs
M.L. Kessler |
| Produced by | James L. Stewart |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Joseph D. Urbanczyk |
| Edited by | Dan M. Rich |
| Music by | Charles Bernstein |
| Production
company | Aurora Productions |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * May 1, 1987 (1987-05-01) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | approx $1 million |
| Box office | $2.7 million |


title: The Aleut Corporation

abstract: The Aleut Corporation, or TAC, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) in settlement of aboriginal land claims. The Aleut Corporation was incorporated in Alaska on June 21, 1972. Headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska, The Aleut Corporation is a for-profit corporation with approximately 3,410 Alaska Native shareholders, primarily of Aleut descent originating in the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Shumagin Islands of Alaska. Under ANCSA, The Aleut Corporation received a settlement of $19.5 million. Its land entitlement included 66,000 acres (270 km⁲) of surface lands and 1.572 million acres (6,362 km⁲) of subsurface estate.

text:
# The Aleut Corporation

**The Aleut Corporation**, or **TAC**, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) in settlement of aboriginal land claims. The Aleut Corporation was incorporated in Alaska on June 21, 1972. Headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska, The Aleut Corporation is a for-profit corporation with approximately 3,410 Alaska Native shareholders, primarily of Aleut descent originating in the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Shumagin Islands of Alaska.

Under ANCSA, The Aleut Corporation received a settlement of $19.5 million. Its land entitlement included 66,000 acres (270 km2) of surface lands and 1.572 million acres (6,362 km2) of subsurface estate.

## Officers and directors

A current listing of The Aleut Corporations' officers and directors, as well as documents filed with the State of Alaska since TAC's incorporation, are available online through the Corporations Database of the Division of Corporations, Business & Professional Licensing, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development.

## Shareholders

At incorporation, The Aleut Corporation enrolled 3,249 Alaska Native shareholders, each of whom received 100 shares of TAC stock. As an ANCSA corporation, TAC has no publicly traded stock and its shares cannot legally be sold.

## Lands

Under ANCSA, The Aleut Corporation was entitled to 66,000 acres (270 km2) of surface lands and 1.572 million acres (6,362 km2) of subsurface estate. Most of TAC's land selections were made on the Alaska Peninsula and in the Aleutian Islands, Shumagin Islands, and Pribilof Islands.

## Enterprises

TAC's primary business areas are in the areas of government contracting, telecommunications, environmental remediation, real estate management, trust management, sales of sand, gravel, mineral, and rock aggregates, and investments in oil and gas producing properties and marketable securities. Under federal law, The Aleut Corporation and its majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships are deemed to be "minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise\[s\]". This family of businesses is exempt from the Civil Rights Act of 1964, meaning their employment policies are allowed to be discriminatory.(43 USC 1626(e)).

| Company | Headquarters | Type of
subsidiary | Enterprises |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Aleut Enterprise LLC** | Anchorage |  | Fuel and commercial and residential properties, chiefly in Adak, Alaska. |
| **ALEUT Management Services, LLC** | Colorado Springs |  | Facilities and systems management, communications, and information technology. |
| **Alaska Trust Company** |  |  | Investment management and trust services. |
| **Ki, LLC** |  | 25% owner; 75% owned by NANA Development Corporation, a subsidiary of NANA Regional Corporation | Communications, information technology, logistics, visual information, maritime, simulator, base Operations support, and other technical and management services. |
| **Akima Corporation** |  |  | Project management, facility operations, and technical and logistic support. |
| **The Aleut Foundation** |  |  | Original enrollees of The Aleut Corporation and Isanotski Corporation and their descendants and beneficiaries the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Restitution Trust and their descendants. |
| **Ounalashka Corporation** | Unalaska |  | Commercial and residential properties, chiefly in Unalaska, Alaska. |

## Citations


title: The Banished Man

abstract: The Banished Man is a novel by Charlotte Smith, first published in 1794. The novel has a more ambiguous relationship to the Gothic genre than Smith's earlier novels, which were often both Gothic and sentimental. Unlike a typical Gothic novel, The Banished Man was not set in the past and depicted entirely non-supernatural events. The second volume began with an essay by Smith, "Avis au Lecteur", describing her intentional focus on realism and recent events. However, the narrative uses Gothic plot elements of castles, storms, and vulnerable women needing rescue, and it creates a Gothic aesthetic of suspense and horror. As such, it has been compared to the novels Things as They Are, or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794) by William Godwin and Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman (1798) by Mary Wollstonecraft, all of which present everyday life in the 1790s as naturally Gothic. The Banished Man was Smith's first novel to follow her politically radical Desmond (1792), which had garnered negative reactions to its endorsement of revolutionary ideals. In comparison, The Banished Man was seen as a retraction of those views.

text:
# The Banished Man

***The Banished Man*** is a novel by Charlotte Smith, first published in 1794.

The novel has a more ambiguous relationship to the Gothic genre than Smith's earlier novels, which were often both Gothic and sentimental. Unlike a typical Gothic novel, *The Banished Man* was not set in the past and depicted entirely non-supernatural events. The second volume began with an essay by Smith, "Avis au Lecteur", describing her intentional focus on realism and recent events. However, the narrative uses Gothic plot elements of castles, storms, and vulnerable women needing rescue, and it creates a Gothic aesthetic of suspense and horror. As such, it has been compared to the novels *Things as They Are, or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams* (1794) by William Godwin and *Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman* (1798) by Mary Wollstonecraft, all of which present everyday life in the 1790s as naturally Gothic.

*The Banished Man* was Smith's first novel to follow her politically radical *Desmond* (1792), which had garnered negative reactions to its endorsement of revolutionary ideals. In comparison, *The Banished Man* was seen as a retraction of those views.

## InfoBox

The Banished Man
| Author | Charlotte Smith |
| --- | --- |
| Publisher | T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies |
| Publication date | 1794 |


title: The Banjo (song)

abstract: "The Banjo" is a 2014 single by the Norwegian music formation 3logy featuring Susanne Louise. The song was released on RCA Records label and was performed live during the Norway Cup 2014 Opening Show called "NRJ in the Park" and appeared the following week on VG-lista, the official Norwegian Singles Chart. It also charted in Tracklisten, the Danish Singles Chart. The track has certified double platinum with more than 8 million streams on Spotify & iTunes. An international version named “The Banjo” was released on 10 October 2014, featuring Amy King instead of Susanne Louise Olijnyk. “The Banjo” was picked up by Sony Music Germany in the fall of 2014 pending an international launch worldwide for the spring of 2015 after its success in Scandinavia. So far the track has just entered the top 100 on the German "Deutschedjcharts" chart in the end of February 2015.

text:
# The Banjo (song)

"**The Banjo**" is a 2014 single by the Norwegian music formation 3logy (stylized as 3LOGY) featuring Susanne Louise. The song was released on RCA Records label and was performed live during the Norway Cup 2014 Opening Show called "NRJ in the Park" and appeared the following week on VG-lista, the official Norwegian Singles Chart. It also charted in Tracklisten, the Danish Singles Chart. The track has certified double platinum with more than 8 million streams on Spotify & iTunes. An international version named “The Banjo (Cruise Control)” was released on 10 October 2014, featuring Amy King (Amy Hodgson) instead of Susanne Louise Olijnyk. “The Banjo (Cruise Control)” was picked up by Sony Music Germany in the fall of 2014 pending an international launch worldwide for the spring of 2015 after its success in Scandinavia. So far the track has just entered the top 100 on the German "Deutschedjcharts" chart in the end of February 2015.

## Charts

| Chart (14) | * Peak * position |
| --- | --- |
| Denmark (Tracklisten) | 40 |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 17 |
|

## InfoBox

| "The Banjo" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by 3LOGY | |
| Released | 13 June 2014 |
| Recorded | 2014 |
| Genre | House, Fusion music |
| Length | 3:39 |
| Label | RCA |


title: Thangso Baite

abstract: Thangso Baite is an Indian politician. He was a member of the 15th and 16th Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2019 representing the Outer Manipur constituency in the state of Manipur, situated in the North-Eastern India. He was a candidate for the Indian National Congress (INC) political party. He is the second son of (L) Shri Ngamkhotong Baite and (L) Smt. Otvah Baite and hails from Dongjang Village, Churachandpur District, Manipur. Prior to this, he was also a member of the 8th Manipur Legislative Assembly from 2002 to 2007 representing the 60-Singhat (ST) Assembly Constituency and served as Minister of State, Government of Manipur from 2002 to 2005.

text:
# Thangso Baite

**Thangso Baite** is an Indian politician. He was a member of the 15th and 16th Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2019 representing the Outer Manipur constituency in the state of Manipur, situated in the North-Eastern India. He was a candidate for the Indian National Congress (INC) political party. He is the second son of (L) Shri Ngamkhotong Baite and (L) Smt. Otvah Baite and hails from Dongjang Village, Churachandpur District, Manipur.

Prior to this, he was also a member of the 8th Manipur Legislative Assembly from 2002 to 2007 representing the 60-Singhat (ST) Assembly Constituency and served as Minister of State, Government of Manipur from 2002 to 2005.

## InfoBox

| Thangso Baite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**<br>2009 - 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Mani Charenamei |
| Succeeded by | Lorho S. Pfoze |
| Constituency | Outer Manipur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1953-04-17) 17 April 1953 |
| Political party | INC |
| Spouse | Hatkhoneng Baite |
| Children | 2 Sons and 3 Daughters |
| Residence(s) | Dongjang Village, Churachandpur District, Manipur |
| Alma mater | M.A. (Political Science) J.N.U. Center, Imphal, Manipur |
| Source: | |


title: Thangu Valley

abstract: Thangu Valley or Thangu-Chopta Valley is a town located in Mangan District in Sikkim, India. The population is at an estimated 1,000 residents.

text:
# Thangu Valley

**Thangu Valley** or **Thangu-Chopta Valley** is a town located in Mangan District in Sikkim, India. The population is at an estimated 1,000 residents.

## Location

Thangu valley is situated in the northern part of the Sikkim province, roughly 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) North of the larger town of Lachen. It is a common stop for tourists traveling to Gurudongmar Lake

## InfoBox

| Thangu Valley | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
|  | |
| Thangu ValleyLocation in Sikkim, IndiaThangu ValleyThangu Valley (India) | |
| Coordinates: 27°53′42″N 88°32′13″E / 27.895°N 88.537°E / 27.895; 88.537 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Sikkim |
| District | Mangan District |
| Elevation | 3,900 m (12,800 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | SK |


title: The Arsenal (New Orleans)

abstract: The Old Louisiana State Armory, commonly referred to as the Arsenal, faces St. Peter Street in the French Quarter only a few yards from historic Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana. Since 1914 it has served as a Louisiana State Museum site; it is open to the public via the adjacent Cabildo museum.

text:
# The Arsenal (New Orleans)

The Old Louisiana State Armory, commonly referred to as **the Arsenal**, faces St. Peter Street in the French Quarter only a few yards from historic Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana. Since 1914 it has served as a Louisiana State Museum site; it is open to the public via the adjacent Cabildo museum.

## History

Built in 1839, the Arsenal stands adjacent to the Cabildo on the site of the old Spanish Arsenal built in 1762 and the site of the old civil prison (the calaboose).

Designed by James H. Dakin, the building is an example of Greek Revival style. It housed the Orleans Artillery up until the American Civil War, when it was used by Confederate troops to store supplies. After occupation by Union forces, the Arsenal came under Federal control and was used as a military prison.

During Reconstruction, the building was turned over to the state and was used to house the New Orleans Metropolitan Police, giving it an important role in the Battle of Liberty Place in 1874. Violence between the pro-integration Metropolitan Police and the white supremacist Crescent City White League erupted over a contentious gubernatorial election. The White League prevailed at first, occupying the Cabildo and Arsenal for three days  until President Ulysses S. Grant sent in Federal troops to restore order.

In 1914, the Arsenal was transferred to the Louisiana State Museum to exhibit military objects.

## Museum

Although the Arsenal faces St. Peter Street, it is only accessible via the adjacent Cabildo museum.

Even though the structure once served as an arsenal or armory, there is generally nothing on display inside which is related to this history. The second floor houses changing exhibits that are open to the public.

The first floor serves as an education classroom for visiting school groups, while the third floor serves as meeting space.


title: Dendy Lowa

abstract: Dendy bin Lowa is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Malaysia Super League club Sabah.

text:
# Dendy Lowa

**Dendy bin Lowa** (born 13 May 1992) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Malaysia Super League club Sabah.

## Honour

Sabah

## InfoBox

Dendy Lowa
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Dendy bin Lowa | | |
| Date of birth | (1992-05-31) 31 May 1992 | | |
| Place of birth | Tenom, Sabah, Malaysia | | |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Sabah | | |
| Number | 4 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011– | Sabah | 25 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 5 May 2021 | | | |


title: Dendya

abstract: Dendyae is a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Dendyidae.

text:
# Dendya

**Dendyae** is a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Dendyidae.

## Species

1. "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Dendya Bidder, 1898". *www.marinespecies.org*. Retrieved 2019-03-16.

## InfoBox

| *Dendya* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Calcarea |
| Order: | Clathrinida |
| Family: | Dendyidae |
| Genus: | *Dendya*<br>Bidder, 1898 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: The Betrothed (poem)

abstract: "The Betrothed" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling, first published in book form in Departmental Ditties (1886). It is a tongue-in-cheek work by the young bachelor Kipling, who affected a very worldly-wise stance. In it, he takes as his epigraph the report of evidence in a breach of promise case, "You must choose between me and your cigar". The poem simply has a narrator musing on the difference between his fiancée Maggie and his habit of smoking cigars: He weighs up Maggie's looks, and what she will be at fifty; the limitations of monogamy against "a harem of dusky beauties"; and the relatively unknown woman against the tried and tested "Counsellors" and "comforters". His conclusion is:

text:
# The Betrothed (poem)

"**The Betrothed**" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling, first published in book form in *Departmental Ditties* (1886).

It is a tongue-in-cheek work by the young bachelor Kipling, who affected a very worldly-wise stance. In it, he takes as his epigraph the report of evidence in a breach of promise case, "You must choose between me and your cigar". The poem simply has a narrator musing on the difference between his fiancée Maggie and his habit of smoking cigars:

> For Maggie has written a letter to give me my choice between
> The wee little whimpering Love and the great god Nick o' Teen.
>
> lines 37-38

He weighs up Maggie's looks, and what she will be at fifty; the limitations of monogamy against "a harem of dusky beauties"; and the relatively unknown woman against the tried and tested "Counsellors" and "comforters". His conclusion is:

> And a woman is only a woman, but a good Cigar is a Smoke.
> Light me another Cuba—I hold to my first-sworn vows.
> If Maggie will have no rival, I'll have no Maggie for Spouse!
>
> lines 50-52


title: Dental Admission Test

abstract: The Dental Admission Test is a multiple-choice standardized exam taken by potential dental school students in the United States and Canada. The DAT is a computer based test that can be administered almost any day of the year. Tests are taken at Prometric testing centers throughout the United States after the preliminary application through the American Dental Association is completed. Each applicant may only take the test a total of three times before having to ask special permission to take the exam again. After taking the exam, applicants must wait 90 days before repeating it. Each exam costs $525, all of which is non-refundable.

text:
# Dental Admission Test

The **Dental Admission Test** (abbreviated **DAT**) is a multiple-choice standardized exam taken by potential dental school students in the United States and Canada (although there is a separate Canadian version with differing sections, both American and Canadian versions are usually interchangeably accepted in both countries' dental schools. This article will specifically describe the American DAT). The DAT is a computer based test that can be administered almost any day of the year. Tests are taken at Prometric testing centers throughout the United States after the preliminary application through the American Dental Association is completed. Each applicant may only take the test a total of three times before having to ask special permission to take the exam again. After taking the exam, applicants must wait 90 days before repeating it. Each exam costs $525, all of which is non-refundable.

## Test sections

The DAT comprises four sections: survey of the natural sciences (90 minutes), perceptual ability (often called the PAT, 60 minutes), reading comprehension (60 minutes), and quantitative reasoning (45 minutes). The mathematics of the quantitative exam is similar to that of the SAT. The first section is divided into questions about biology (40 questions), general chemistry (30 questions), and organic chemistry (30 questions). The second section is divided into six different problem sets designed to test perceptual ability, specifically in the areas of three-dimensional manipulation and spatial reasoning. The third section of the DAT is divided into three academic essays, each of which is followed by questions about the passage's content. The final section tests basic mathematics skills, with emphasis placed on algebra, critical thinking, fractions, roots, and trigonometric identities.

Test breakdown

| Section | Questions | Time Limit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Optional Tutorial |  | 15 Minutes |
| Survey of Natural Sciences | 100 | 90 Minutes |
| -Biology | 40 |  |
| -General Chemistry | 30 |  |
| -Organic Chemistry | 30 |  |
| Perceptual Ability Test | 90 | 60 Minutes |
| -Keyhole | 15 |  |
| -Top/Front/End Visualization | 15 |  |
| -Angle Ranking | 15 |  |
| -Hole Punches | 15 |  |
| -Cube Counting | 15 |  |
| -Pattern Folding | 15 |  |
| Optional Break |  | 30 Minutes |
| Reading Comprehension Test | 50 | 60 Minutes |
| Quantitative Reasoning Test | 40 | 45 Minutes |
| -Mathematics | 30 |  |
| -Applied Mathematics (Word Problems) | 10 |  |
| Optional Post-Test Survey |  | 15 Minutes |
| Total | 280 | 5:00 Hours |

## Changes to the test

The test specifications for the Biology section changed in 2014. These changes reflected a shift on the way that Biology is taught in survey courses. This means that the questions now focus on "complex interactions within biological systems, rather than viewing biology in a reductionist manner". There are also changes to the Quantitative Reasoning section. It has been "revised to eliminate the sections for numerical calculations, conversions, geometry, and trigonometry. Items have been added in the following areas: data analysis, interpretation, and sufficiency; quantitative comparison; and probability and statistics." During 2014 and 2015, examinees may have seen some questions that reflect such changes, however, they were not scored. Actual changes to the sections did not take place sooner than 2015.

## Scores

Immediately after completion of the test, eight standard scores on a scale of 1–30 are calculated and passed on to the test taker. The first six scores come directly from the test: perceptual ability, reading comprehension, quantitative reasoning, biology, general chemistry, and organic chemistry. The remaining two scores reported are summaries of the previous six: the *Academic Average* is the average of five scores rounded to the nearest whole number: quantitative reasoning, reading comprehension, biology, general chemistry, and organic chemistry. The *Total Science* score is a standard score based on all 100 questions in the biology, general chemistry, and organic chemistry tests. Dental schools frequently summarize their applicant's scores by listing the academic, science, and perceptual ability (PAT) scores they typically see in their matriculating classes.

The mean (average) score for any scored section is set at 17, with the exception of the reading comprehension section, in which the 50th percentile score is a 19. Scores above and below this represent fractions of standard deviations from the mean. This probabilistic scoring system results in the maximum not occurring for the compiled section scores (natural sciences and academic average) in a given year. For example, in 2003 a 25 academic average was labeled as 100.0th percentile, such that less than eight people received this score, and none higher (approximately 13,000 people take the DAT per year).

The mean academic average score for admissions is commonly 19. There are varying perspectives on the relative importance of sections, wherein the PAT or reading comprehension can be viewed as the most important or conversely, ignored. The PAT in particular is most often viewed as a threshold score, and therefore is the only score not included in the academic average; the threshold varies between 16 and 18.

## Reporting scores

As of the 2011 dental application cycle, applicants no longer self-report their American DAT scores on their applications. Using the applicant's DENTPIN, the application service ADEA AADSAS Archived 2010-06-26 at the Wayback Machine will officially download all scores to the applicant's dental application. All test scores will be downloaded if the test is taken multiple times. During registration for the DAT, the applicant can indicate potential dental schools to send the scores to. As long as the applicant indicates at least one ADEA AADSAS-participating dental school in the DAT registration, the official DAT scores will be imported into the dental school application that is sent to every school designated in the ADEA AADSAS application. The only exception is if the school an applicant is applying to does not participate in the ADEA AADSAS application process.

## InfoBox

Dental Admission Test
| Acronym | DAT |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Computer-based standardized test |
| Administrator | American Dental Association |
| Skills tested | Biology, General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Perceptual Ability, Reading Comprehension, and Quantitative Reasoning |
| Purpose | Admissions to dental colleges (mostly in the United States and Canada). |
| Year started | 1950 (1950) |
| Score range | 1 to 30 (in 1-point increments) for each of the 8 sections (*Biology*, *General Chemistry*, *Organic Chemistry*, *Perceptual Ability*, *Reading Comprehension*, and *Quantitative Reasoning*, *Total Science*, and *Academic Average* ). |
| Score validity | Usually 2 to 3 years (depends on dental college being applied to). |
| Offered | Year-round. |
| Restrictions on attempts | Can be taken maximum 3 times. Additional retesting requires authorization by the ADA. |
| Regions | United States, Canada, Guam, Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. |
| Languages | English |
| Prerequisites | Candidate must be preparing to apply to a dental school. Fluency in English assumed. |
| Fee | US$ 525 <br>("Fee Assistance Program" available to U.S. citizens, permanent residents or refugees, demonstrating financial need.) |
| Used by | Dental colleges (mostly in the United States and Canada). |
| Website | www.ada.org/en/education-careers/dental-admission-test/ |


abstract: The Denmark men's national under-20 basketball team is a national basketball team of Denmark, administered by the Danish Basketball Association. It represents the country in men's international under-20 basketball competitions.

text:
# Denmark men's national under-20 basketball team

The **Denmark men's national under-20 basketball team** is a national basketball team of Denmark, administered by the Danish Basketball Association. It represents the country in men's international under-20 basketball competitions.

## FIBA U20 European Championship participations

| Year | Result in<br>Division B |
| --- | --- |
| 2010 | 15th |
| 2011 | 7th |
| 2012 | 11th |

## InfoBox

Denmark
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| FIBA zone | FIBA Europe |
| National federation | Danish Basketball Association |
| U20 European Championship | |
| Appearances | None |
| U20 European Championship Division B | |
| Appearances | 3 |
| Medals | None |


title: The Accusers

abstract: The Accusers is a 2003 historical mystery crime novel by Lindsey Davis and the 15th book of the Marcus Didius Falco Mysteries series. Set in Ancient Rome between Autumn AD 75 and Spring AD 76, the novel stars Marcus Didius Falco, informer and imperial agent. The title refers to the role of accusers in bringing the various cases to trial during the course of the story.

text:
# The Accusers

***The Accusers*** is a 2003 historical mystery crime novel by Lindsey Davis and the 15th book of the Marcus Didius Falco Mysteries series. Set in Ancient Rome between Autumn AD 75 and Spring AD 76, the novel stars Marcus Didius Falco, informer and imperial agent. The title refers to the role of accusers in bringing the various cases to trial during the course of the story.

## Plot summary

Fresh from his trip to Britannia, Marcus Didius Falco needs to re-establish himself back in Rome. A minor role in the trial of a senator entangles him in the machinations of two lawyers: Silus Italicus and Paccius Africanus, both ex-consuls with notorious reputations.

The senator is convicted, but then dies, apparently by suicide. Silius hires Falco and his young associates – Aelianus and Justinus – to prove that it was murder, not an attempt to protect his heirs from further legal action. However, probing this tangle of upper-class secrets leads to fresh prosecutions. Falco finds himself in the role of advocate, exposing himself to powerful elements in Roman law. If he offends the wrong people, it might lead to charges he has not bargained for and ruin his family financially.

## Characters

### Family and associates

* *Aulus Camillus Aelianus* – Elder of Helena's brothers
* *Albia* – British girl adopted by Helena
* *Anacrites* – Chief Spy
* *Decimus Camillus Verus* – Father of Helena
* *Geminus* – Father of Falco, Auctioneer
* *Glaucus* – Falco's trainer
* *Helena Justina* – Wife of Falco, eldest child, and only daughter of the Senator Decimus Camillus Verus
* *Julia Junilla and Sosia Favonia* – Daughters of Falco and Helena
* *Julia Justa* – Mother of Helena
* *Junia* – Falco's sister
* *Junilla Tacita* – Mother of Falco
* *Lucius Petronius Longus* – Friend of Falco and Vigiles Officer
* *Maia Favonia* – Falco's widowed sister
* *Marcus Didius Falco* – Informer and Imperial Agent
* *Quintus Camillus Justinus* – Youngest brother of Helena
* *Scythax* – Vigiles doctor
* *Verontius* – Falco's brother-in-law

* *Aufustius* – Banker
* *Biltis* – Professional mourner
* *Bratta* – Informer
* *C. Paccius Africanus* – Lawyer
* *Celadus* – Steward
* *Claudius Tiasus* – Funeral director
* *Euboule* – Wet-nurse
* *Euphanes* – Herbalist
* *Honorius* – Lawyer
* *Julius Alexander* – Land agent
* *Marponius* – Judge
* *Olympia* – Fortune teller
* *Perseus* – Door porter
* *Procreus* – Accuser
* *Rhoemetalces* – Apothecary
* *Scorpus* – Wills expert
* *Spindex* – Funeral clown
* *Ti Catius Silus Italicus* – Lawyer
* *Ursulina Prisca* – Client
* *Zeuko* – Daughter of Euboule

## Major themes

* The legal machinations of two lawyers.

## Allusions/references to history

* Set in Rome in AD 75 and 76, during the reign of Emperor Vespasian.
* Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome. The development of Roman law covers more than one thousand years from the law of the twelve tables (from 449 BC) to the Corpus Juris Civilis of Emperor Justinian I (around 530). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes became the basis of legal practice in the *Byzantine Empire* and—later—in continental Europe.

## Release details

## InfoBox

The Accusers
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lindsey Davis |
| Language | English |
| Series | Marcus Didius Falco |
| Genre | Historical mystery crime novel |
| Publisher | Century |
| Publication date | 2003 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 400 pp |
| ISBN | 0-71-262556-9 |
| OCLC | 56441308 |
| Preceded by | *The Jupiter Myth* |
| Followed by | *Scandal Takes a Holiday* |


title: Denis Garrett

abstract: Stephen Denis Garrett was a British plant pathologist and mycologist who did pioneering work on soil-borne pathogens, root pathology and soil ecology. He was the first to apply ecological concepts to interactions in the soil. Much of his research used as a model system the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis, which causes the important cereal disease take-all. He also studied Armillaria root rot of trees, among other plant diseases. Garrett spent most of his career at Rothamsted Experimental Station (1936–48) and the University of Cambridge's school of botany (1949–73), where he was professor of mycology and acting head of department, and also held a fellowship at Magdalene College. He was president of the British Mycological Society and was instrumental in founding the forerunner of the British Society for Plant Pathology. He published four books, of which Root Disease Fungi (1944) and Biology of Root-infecting Fungi (1956) were the most influential, and was the editor of Annals of Applied Biology and Transactions of the British Mycological Society.

text:
# Denis Garrett

**Stephen Denis Garrett** FRS (1 November 1906 – 26 December 1989) was a British plant pathologist and mycologist who did pioneering work on soil-borne pathogens, root pathology and soil ecology. He was the first to apply ecological concepts to interactions in the soil. Much of his research used as a model system the fungus *Gaeumannomyces graminis*, which causes the important cereal disease take-all. He also studied *Armillaria* root rot of trees, among other plant diseases.

Garrett spent most of his career at Rothamsted Experimental Station (1936–48) and the University of Cambridge's school of botany (1949–73), where he was professor of mycology and acting head of department, and also held a fellowship at Magdalene College. He was president of the British Mycological Society and was instrumental in founding the forerunner of the British Society for Plant Pathology. He published four books, of which *Root Disease Fungi* (1944) and *Biology of Root-infecting Fungi* (1956) were the most influential, and was the editor of *Annals of Applied Biology* and *Transactions of the British Mycological Society*.

## Early life and education

Denis Garrett was born in 1906 at Leiston, Suffolk, to Mary (née Marples), from a Sheffield tool-making family, and Stephen Garrett (1878–1915), a director in the family's agricultural machinery business in Leiston, Richard Garrett & Sons. He was the eldest of four children. His father was killed in action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle during the First World War when he was eight, and his mother moved the family to Oxford, where her sister lived, and later to Eastbourne. Garrett attended the Dragon School in Oxford, and briefly Wellington College, from which he ran away, and Eastbourne College, where he became interested in plant biology, despite a lack of biology classes, as well as mathematics.

He read natural sciences at Magdalene College, University of Cambridge in 1926–29, gaining a second-class degree in botany and also studying chemistry and geology. He was taught by the botanist Sir Albert Seward, the plant physiologist F. F. Blackman, the mycologist and plant pathologist F. T. Brooks, and was particularly influenced by the ecologist Harry Godwin.

## Career

On the recommendation of Brooks, Garrett took up a post as an assistant plant pathologist at the Waite Research Institute in Adelaide, South Australia (1929–33), under Geoffrey Samuel. He started to research two fungal diseases of cereals, take-all and no-growth diseases, and published his first research paper with Samuel in 1932. On his return to the UK, Garrett received a Leverhulme Fellowship in 1934, with which he researched at Imperial College, London under the plant pathologist William Brown, whom Garrett took as a model, stating that Brown had taught him "the art of scientific investigation". Garrett received a diploma from Imperial College (1935), but the fellowship did not permit the granting of a PhD degree.

In 1936, he moved to the plant pathology department at Rothamsted Experimental Station, where he remained for twelve years, mainly under the plant virologist Frederick Bawden. He continued to work there during the Second World War, serving as a member of the Home Guard and a fire attendant. He was awarded an Sc.D. degree by the University of Cambridge in 1947 for the work he did at Rothamsted. In 1948, he spent around six months as a plant pathologist at the West Indian Banana Research Scheme in Jamaica studying Panama disease, a fungal disease of bananas, but found the climate unbearable and was forced by illness to return prematurely.

In 1949, Garrett took up a lectureship in mycology at the University of Cambridge's school of botany (now the plant sciences department), where he remained for the rest of his career, rising to reader in botany (1961–71) and then professor of mycology (1971–73). He was the head of the small but widely respected mycology sub-department (1952–73), and also served as acting head of the botany school. He became a fellow of Magdalene College in 1962. In 1963–64 he held a visiting professorship at Cairo University. He retired in 1973, remaining an emeritus professor, and despite failing health, continued to publish until 1984, carrying out experiments in a laboratory at his home.

He was the editor of the journals *Annals of Applied Biology* and *Transactions of the British Mycological Society* (1956–62). He served as president of the British Mycological Society (1953–54) and, with Philip H. Gregory, was instrumental in founding the Federation of British Plant Pathologists in 1966, which became the British Society for Plant Pathology in 1981. He was the chair of the organising committee of the inaugural International Congress of Plant Pathology, held in London in 1968.

## Research and writings

Garrett's research focused on plant root disease caused by soil-borne pathogens, particularly fungi, and aimed to elucidate the pathogen's natural activity with a view to preventing or controlling plant disease. He is acknowledged as "the founding father of root pathology." Recognising that root pathology is complex and multifactorial, and describing then-current methodology as "crude and inadequate", he used an experimental approach that changed one factor against a constant background. Most of his experiments were simple and eschewed technology to use only basic equipment; for example, he preferred jam jars and glass tumblers to specialist soil containers because they were less expensive, and even once purchased rejected plastic lavatory cisterns for his laboratory to use. His colleagues at Cambridge described him as "one of the last 'string and sealing wax' scientists." He also studied the saprophytic and survival stages of the pathogen's life cycle, in addition to the parasitic stage.

Much of his work focused on *Gaeumannomyces graminis* (previously classified in the genus *Ophiobolus*), a soil-borne fungus that is the causative agent of take-all, the principal root disease of wheat, which Garrett employed as a model disease system. His early papers on soil conditions and *G. graminis*, based on work at Rothamsted before the Second World War, are described by the Indian mycologist C. V. Subramanian as "very original in approach, content and technique, and are classic." Garrett showed that the level of bacteria in the soil influences infection with *G. graminis*, an early demonstration of Howard S. Fawcett's concept of biological antagonism or competition in the soil. He showed that the fungus was unable to spread through soil, requiring direct hyphal contact with a root; this was later shown by Garrett's laboratory and others to be the result of limited oxygen. He examined how the fungus could nevertheless persist in soil, finding that in the presence of sufficient nitrogen it was able to grow using cellulose from cereal stubble as a carbon source. He studied how likely individual fungal spores are to infect.

In 1950–60, Garrett worked mainly on *Armillaria mellea*, a fungus which causes *Armillaria* root rot in trees, and its prevention by fumigating the soil. He also researched other plant pathogens during his career, including other cereal foot-rot fungi; *Helicobasidium purpureum*, which causes violet root rot in sugar beets; and *Plasmodiophora brassicae*, an organism now classified as protist-like which causes clubroot in brassicas.

From 1960, he researched the utilisation of cellulose substrates under different conditions by a range of fungi that infect roots, finding wide variation, and used these differences to classify soil fungi into functional groups. These depended on whether the host plant was woody (high cellulose-lysing activity) or herbaceous (very low cellulose-lysing activity). He proposed that there are commensal fungi that require other microorganisms to break down cellulose, which were later discovered by H. T. Tribe.

His research contributed to understanding soil ecology, a field in which Garrett was an early investigator, and his work has been acknowledged as the foundation of the field of soil-borne plant pathogen ecology. He was the first to apply the ecological concepts developed for surface communities, such as succession, to the underground interplay between plant roots, soil fungi and other soil microorganisms, an approach described as "innovative". Sally E. Smith, one of his students, said that he "gave a real feel to the cold, dark, wet world below." He published "influential" classifications of soil fungi in the 1950s, based on their ecological niche, defining root-inhabiting, root-infecting and soil-inhabiting groups. In 1973, he published an essay on how pathogenic fungi infect and reproduce in the face of plant disease resistance, focusing on nutritional requirements, and later extended his ideas to include competition or antagonism. Although some researchers found these ideas valuable, this work was criticised by R. K. S. Wood as using terms such as "energy" so loosely as to make the work "almost meaningless". He was an early supporter of exploiting antagonism for the biological control of plant diseases, for example in a 1963 presentation, but warned that many applications were not practical.

He was described by Peter J. Grubb, E. Anne Stow and S. Max Walters as having "an ability to extract from complex systems simple concepts that could be approached experimentally."

### Books

Garrett is described by J. W. Deacon as a "naturally gifted writer" whose "flair" and "flowing but precise style" render "even the most difficult concept easy to understand", while R. C. Cooke criticises his "quaint and old-fashioned" writing. The first of Garrett's four books, *Root Disease Fungi* (1944), draws together existing research on root-infecting pathogens, mainly by others, focusing on well-researched species that cause economically significant disease. A contemporary review by G. Metcalfe describes it as "authoritative and very readable", praising its emphasis on practical information as well as its organisation of earlier work. Deacon later describes it as "a *tour de force* in assembling and synthesizing all the then known information on effects of environmental factors on soilborne plant pathogens". Subramanian describes it as "timely", stating that it sparked international research on the fungi causing root diseases.

*Biology of Root-infecting Fungi* (1956) and *Pathogenic Root-infecting Fungi* (1970) review more-recent work by Garrett and others and expound his ideas; Garrett writes in the first person and employs "parables" to make his points. A contemporary review of *Biology of Root-infecting Fungi* by the mycologist John Webster praises its "holistic approach", and writes that it introduces "useful generalizations and new concepts" that elucidate "previously puzzling data", and that its "crystallization of ideas ... put the subject on a more sound theoretical basis", predicting that they will provide a basis for future experiments. Cooke, writing in 1971, calls the earlier book highly influential, with "new and exciting ideas" that stimulated research by many other scientists in the field, and praises the follow-up for maintaining the focus on fungal activity and interactions in the natural environment, rather than in the laboratory. *Soil Fungi and Soil Fertility* (1963) is an undergraduate introductory textbook.

## Personal life

On the boat returning from Australia in 1933 or 1934 Garrett met Jane Perkins, who was returning from New Zealand, and they married in 1934. She was the daughter of the artist Christopher Perkins, known for his paintings set in New Zealand. Jane Garrett became a psychiatric social worker, rising to lead that department in Cambridge, and in retirement wrote non-fiction. The couple had three daughters. He had a life-long interest in natural history, especially birds, and after his appointment in Cambridge became an avid and organised plant observer, keeping track of the species that he had observed locally and in Europe using a card index.

Garrett was diagnosed with coeliac disease and diabetes in 1964, and in later life began to lose his sight and was disabled by diabetic neuropathy. He died on 26 December 1989 at Cambridge.

## Awards and honours

Garrett was elected a fellow of the Royal Society (1967) and of the Indian Academy of Sciences (1973); he was also a fellow of the Institute of Biology (1964), an honorary fellow of the British Mycological Society (1975), and one of the first two honorary fellows of the British Society for Plant Pathology (1984). An issue of the journal *Plant Pathology* was dedicated to him in commemoration of his eightieth birthday, and after his death, the British Society for Plant Pathology instituted an annual lecture in his memory.

## Selected publications

**Books**

* S. D. Garrett. *Pathogenic Root-infecting Fungi* (Cambridge University Press; 1970)
* S. D. Garrett. *Soil Fungi and Soil Fertility* (Pergamon Press; 1963, 1981) (ISBN 0-08-025507-8)
* S. D. Garrett. *Biology of Root-infecting Fungi* (Cambridge University Press; 1956)
* S. D. Garrett. *Root Disease Fungi* (Chronica Botanica/Wm. Dawson and Sons; 1944)

**Reviews, conference papers**

Sources:

* S. D. Garrett. "Toward biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens", in *Ecology and Management of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens* (K. F. Baker, W. C. Snyder, eds), pp. 4–17 (John Murray; 1965); originally presented in 1963
* S. D. Garrett (1952). "The soil fungi as a microcosm for ecologists", *Science Progress* **40:** 436–450
* S. D. Garrett (1951). "Ecological groups of soil fungi: a survey of substrate relationships", *New Phytologist* **50:** 149–166

**Research paper**

His highest-cited research paper is:

1. J. L. Harley (1991). "Stephen Denis Garrett. 1 November 1906–26 December 1989", *Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society* **37:** 176–195 JSTOR 770025
2. J. W. Deacon (1992). "Stephen Denis Garrett: Pioneer leader in plant pathology", *Annual Review of Phytopathology* **30:** 27–36
3. C. V. Subramanian (1990). "Greatness like an invisible cloak: An obituary of S. D. Garrett", *Current Science* **59:** 755–757 JSTOR 24094854
4. S. D. Garrett (1972). "On learning to become a plant pathologist", *Annual Review of Phytopathology* **10:** 1–9 doi:10.1146/annurev.py.10.090172.000245
5. Peter J. Grubb, E. Anne Stow, S. Max Walters (c. 2004). *100 Years of Plant Sciences in Cambridge: 1904–2004*, pp. 14–15, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge (retrieved 9 February 2021)
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