title: Cheruthoni Dam

abstract: The Cheruthoni Dam, located in Idukki District, Kerala, India, is a 138m tall concrete gravity dam. Preliminary work on this project was initiated under the leadership of Superintending Engineer, E.U.Philipose. This dam was constructed in 1976 as part of the Idukki Hydroelectric Project along with two other dams Idukki and Kulamavu. The Canadian government aided the project with long-term loans and grants. The dam was constructed by HCC and the consultant was S.N.C. Inc., Canada, The water impounded by these three dams of Idukki, Cheruthoni & Kulamavu has formed a single reservoir spread over 60 km⁲ on a height of 2300 ft above Mean Sea Level. The Idukki Dam is a double curvature arch dam constructed across Periyar River in a narrow gorge between two granite hills and is the tallest double curvature arch dam in Asia. Cheruthoni Dam is located 1 km west of Idukki dam. The spill way of the Idukki Reservoir is in the Cheruthoni dam. Kulamavu Dam was constructed to prevent the water escape through a rivulet called Kilivally, 30 km west to Idukki Arch Dam. It is a 100 metres tall Masonry gravity dam. Construction of this Cheruthoni Dam, Idukki Arch Dam and Kulamavu Dam created an artificial lake of 60 km⁲ and the water stored, is used for electricity generation at the Idukki power station. Located at Moolamattom, it is the biggest underground power station in India and the pressure shaft is the largest in the country. Cheruthoni is the largest and highest gravity dam in Kerala. Storage of water in Idukki Reservoir started in February, 1973. Idukki power station was Commissioned in February 1976 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

text:
# Cheruthoni Dam

**The Cheruthoni Dam**, located in Idukki District, Kerala, India, is a 138m tall concrete gravity dam. Preliminary work on this project was initiated under the leadership of Superintending Engineer, E.U.Philipose. This dam was constructed in 1976 as part of the Idukki Hydroelectric Project along with two other dams Idukki and Kulamavu. The Canadian government aided the project with long-term loans and grants. The dam was constructed by HCC (Hindustan Construction Company Ltd.) and the consultant was S.N.C. Inc., Canada,

The water impounded by these three dams of Idukki, Cheruthoni & Kulamavu has formed a single reservoir spread over 60 km2 on a height of 2300 ft above Mean Sea Level. The Idukki Dam is a double curvature arch dam constructed across Periyar River in a narrow gorge between two granite hills and is the tallest double curvature arch dam in Asia. Cheruthoni Dam is located 1 km west of Idukki dam. The spill way of the Idukki Reservoir is in the Cheruthoni dam. Kulamavu Dam was constructed to prevent the water escape through a rivulet called Kilivally, 30 km west to Idukki Arch Dam. It is a 100 metres tall Masonry gravity dam. Construction of this Cheruthoni Dam, Idukki Arch Dam and Kulamavu Dam created an artificial lake of 60 km2 and the water stored, is used for electricity generation at the Idukki power station. Located at Moolamattom, it is the biggest underground power station in India and the pressure shaft is the largest in the country. Cheruthoni is the largest and highest gravity dam in Kerala. Storage of water in Idukki Reservoir started in February, 1973. Idukki power station was Commissioned in February 1976 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

## Releases

Thrice in total, the floodgates of Cheruthoni had to be opened; twice during the northeast monsoon (October to December) of 1981 and 1992 and once during the 2018 Kerala floods. The first time was in 1981 (when the shutters were repeatedly opened and shut between 29 October and 13 November) and the second time was in 1992 (when they were kept open for 12 days from 12 to 23 October) and recently during the great flood of 2018 from 9 August 2018 to 7 September 2018, all 5 shutters were opened while all 14 districts of kerala were put under Red Alert with heavy disaster creating destruction all over kerala. On the first 2 occasions, the water level in the dam touched the brim only when the storage built up during the southwest monsoon (June to September) was augmented by the inflow received immediately afterwards following heavy downpour early in the northeast monsoon. On 9 August 2018, after a gap of 26 years, owing to continuous downpour of the southwest monsoon, the floodgates of dam in Idukki was opened. This was the first instance of water being released from the dam during the southwest monsoon season and also the first time in history when all 5 shutters of the dam were opened since it was commissioned in 1976.

On 10 August 2018, all five radial floodgates of the dam were raised for the first time in history with the water level in the dam exceeding the 2400 ft mark. The water level kept rising in Asia's biggest arch dam even after opening the first sluice gate which lead to the opening of all five gates within a matter of 26 hours. The spill gates sent down 750 cumecs (7.5 lakh litres per second) of water downstream, along with the heavy downpours resulting in widespread flooding along the state's longest river. On 15 August 2018 the gates were raised further owing to continuous downpour and release of water from Mullaperiyar Dam sending 1000 cumecs of water downstream.

Dams in Periyar

## InfoBox

| Cheruthoni Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Cheruthoni dam | |
| Location of Cheruthoni Dam in IndiaCheruthoni Dam (Kerala)Cheruthoni Dam (Tamil Nadu) | |
| Country | India |
| Location | Idukki, Kerala, India |
| Coordinates | 9°50′43″N 76°58′01″E / 9.84528°N 76.96694°E / 9.84528; 76.96694 |
| Status | Operational |
| Opening date | 1973 |
| Owner(s) | Kerala State Electricity Board |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Straight gravity concrete |
| Impounds | Periyar River |
| Height | 138.2 m (453 ft) |
| Length | 650.9 m (2,135 ft) |
| Dam volume | 17,00,000 cu.m |
| Spillways | 7 no.s (5 radial floodgates gates Ft. and 2 vertical flood gates (river bed level) ) |
| Spillway type | Chute type spillway |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Idukki Reservoir |
| Total capacity | 1,996,000,000 m3 (1,618,184 acre⋅ft) (70.49 tmc ft) |
| Active capacity | 1,459,000,000 m3 (1,182,831 acre⋅ft) (51.57 tmc ft) |
| Inactive capacity | 536,000,000 m3 (434,542 acre⋅ft) (18.93 tmc ft) |
| Catchment area | 649.3 km2 (251 sq mi) |
| Surface area | 60 km2 (23 sq mi) |
| Normal elevation | 732.62 m (2,404 ft) |


title: Chelidonura livida

abstract: Chelidonura livida is a species of sea slug, or "headshield slug", a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae.

text:
# Chelidonura livida

***Chelidonura livida*** is a species of sea slug, or "headshield slug", a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae.

## Description

*Chelidonura livida* can reach a length of about 10–50 mm. The body is black or dark brown, with bright blue spots or rings.

## Distribution

This headshield slug lives in the Red Sea, Madagascar and in the tropical western Indian Ocean up to northern Australia and Philippines.

## Habitat

It is a sand dwelling species that can be found on intertidal shallow sand flats.

* *Chelidonura livida*. SeaSlug Forum
* WoRMS
* Nudipixel
* "*Chelidonura livida*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Chelidonura livida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live individual of *Chelidonura livida*, in situ off Sharm el Sheik, Egypt | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Cephalaspidea |
| Family: | Aglajidae |
| Genus: | *Chelidonura* |
| Species: | ***C. livida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chelidonura livida***<br>Yonow, 1994 | |
|


title: Small nucleolar RNA SNORA38

abstract: In molecular biology, SNORA38 is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.

text:
# Small nucleolar RNA SNORA38

In molecular biology, **SNORA38** (also known as **ACA38**) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.

## InfoBox

| Small nucleolar RNA SNORA38 | |
| --- | --- |
| Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA38 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SNORA38 |
| Alt. Symbols | snoACA38 |
| Rfam | RF00428 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; snRNA; snoRNA; HACA-box |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | GO:0006396  GO:0015030  GO:0005730 |
| SO | SO:0000594 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Smaragdia

abstract: Smaragdia is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Neritinae of the family Neritidae, the nerites.

text:
# Smaragdia

***Smaragdia*** is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Neritinae of the family Neritidae, the nerites.

## Species

Species within the genus *Smaragdia* include:

Synonyms

## Further reading

* Vaught, K.C. (1989). *A classification of the living Mollusca*. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). *Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification*. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
* Rolán E., 2005. *Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda*
* Eichhorst T.E. (2016). Neritidae of the world. Volume 2. Harxheim: Conchbooks. pp. 696–1366

## InfoBox

| *Smaragdia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Smaragdia viridis* views | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
| Order: | Cycloneritida |
| Superfamily: | Neritoidea |
| Family: | Neritidae |
| Genus: | *Smaragdia*
Issel, 1869 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Nerita viridis* Linnaeus, 1758
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neritina (Smaragdia)* Issel, 1869 * *Smaragdista* Iredale, 1936 * *Tanzaniella* Lupu, 1979 (invalid: a junior homonym of *Tanzaniella* Hoffman, 1977 \[Chilopoda\]) | |


title: Cheltenham Looker-On

abstract: The Cheltenham Looker-On was a social and literary weekly periodical published in Cheltenham, England between 1833 and 1920. The Looker-On was founded in 1833 by Henry Davies, then the librarian and bookseller of Montpellier Spa, with its first issue in May 1833. Davies had established his own newspaper in preference to taking a post offered with the Gloucester Chronicle. Initially, the Looker-On was a literary periodical professing itself to be "A Note Book of the Sayings and Doings of Cheltenham". It quickly established a reputation as a weekly fashionable and literary paper, the Gentleman's Magazine in 1837 crediting the editor "whose talents as an essayist and editor have been honourably displayed". The periodical's news and social gossip was widely quoted. For example, its report regarding the nursing of Queen Victoria's daughter was quoted in 1841 as far away as New Zealand as was a report in 1847 of the Turkish Minister's wife arriving at Court in Court Dress rather than veiled. The Looker-On mixed social news and literary contributions and followed its editor's opinions being very partisan in the Conservative cause. Following the death of its founder and editor for 57 years in 1890, it was taken over by his son Edward Llewellyn Davies until his death in 1898. The Looker-on became more a journal of news and fashion, and remained in publication until 1920. The Looker-On's Printing Works were also employed for local publications. The Cheltenham Looker-On has been widely referenced in local studies publications, biographies, music and miscellaneous articles. Historical copies of the Cheltenham Looker-On, dating back to 1833, are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive. The Cheltenham Local Studies Centre at Cheltenham Public Library holds physical copies of the periodical. There is also a set at the British Museum.

text:
# Cheltenham Looker-On

The ***Cheltenham Looker-On*** was a social and literary weekly periodical published in Cheltenham, England between 1833 and 1920.

The *Looker-On* was founded in 1833 by Henry Davies, then the librarian and bookseller of Montpellier Spa, with its first issue in May 1833. Davies had established his own newspaper in preference to taking a post offered with the *Gloucester Chronicle*. Initially, the *Looker-On* was a literary periodical professing itself to be "A Note Book of the Sayings and Doings of Cheltenham". It quickly established a reputation as a weekly fashionable and literary paper, the *Gentleman's Magazine* in 1837 crediting the editor "whose talents as an essayist and editor have been honourably displayed". The periodical's news and social gossip was widely quoted. For example, its report regarding the nursing of Queen Victoria's daughter was quoted in 1841 as far away as New Zealand as was a report in 1847 of the Turkish Minister's wife arriving at Court in Court Dress rather than veiled.

The *Looker-On* mixed social news and literary contributions and followed its editor's opinions being very partisan in the Conservative cause. Following the death of its founder and editor for 57 years in 1890, it was taken over by his son Edward Llewellyn Davies until his death in 1898. The *Looker-on* became more a journal of news and fashion, and remained in publication until 1920. The *Looker-On's* Printing Works were also employed for local publications.

The *Cheltenham Looker-On* has been widely referenced in local studies publications, biographies, music and miscellaneous articles.

Historical copies of the *Cheltenham Looker-On*, dating back to 1833, are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive. The Cheltenham Local Studies Centre at Cheltenham Public Library holds physical copies of the periodical. There is also a set at the British Museum.


title: Destiny's Son

abstract: Destiny's Son is a 1962 Japanese chambara film directed by Kenji Misumi starring Raizo Ichikawa and written by Kaneto Shindo, released by Daiei Film. The film is based on one of the novels in the series of Nemuri Kyoshirō, written by Renzaburō Shibata.

text:
# Destiny's Son

***Destiny's Son*** (斬る, *Kiru*) is a 1962 Japanese chambara film directed by Kenji Misumi starring Raizo Ichikawa and written by Kaneto Shindo, released by Daiei Film. The film is based on one of the novels in the series of Nemuri Kyoshirō, written by Renzaburō Shibata.

## Plot

The film opens with Shiho Fujimura as a female assassin, seeking to kill her lord's mistress for what she sees as the good of her clan. She succeeds, but is punished for her act, sentenced to death, but it is her husband (Shigeru Amachi) who executes her. Attempting to deal with the guilt of his action, he becomes a monk and sends his son to be fostered by another family. The rest of the film follows the young boy as he grows to become a skilled swordsman (Raizo Ichikawa).

Not knowing much of his true past, he sets out on a three-year journey at the age of 20 as a means of self-discovery. At the end of his journey, he returns home with an incredibly defined and near unbeatable sword style and develops an intimidating presence. He gains notoriety for his skills, but this spurs jealousy and betrayal and his foster family is wiped out by assassins. Before his foster father dies, he passes on the information about his birth. The swordsman then sets off to find his father the monk who killed his mother.

## Cast

## Production

Kenji Misumi \- Director
Kaneto Shindo \- Writer

## Film festivals

*Destiny's Son* has been part of a number of film festivals celebrating the Chambara genre, and also the careers of Raizo Ichikawa and Kenji Misumi in the last decade.

## InfoBox

| Destiny's Son | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Kenji Misumi |
| Written by | Kaneto Shindo |
| Based on | a novel by Renzaburō Shibata |
| Starring | Raizo Ichikawa |
| Production<br>company | Daiei Film |
| Release date | * 1962 (1962) |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Kapil Muni Karwariya

abstract: Kapil Muni Karwariya is an Indian Politician and a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Phulpur of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Bahujan Samaj Party political party.

text:
# Kapil Muni Karwariya

**Kapil Muni Karwariya**  is an Indian Politician and a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency) of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Bahujan Samaj Party political party.

## Education

Shri Kapil Muni holds LL.B. degree in 1990 from Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh. He was an advocate by profession before entering into political world. He married Kalpana Karwariya, from a Hindu Brahmin family.

## Life imprisonment

A court in Prayagraj sentenced former BSP MP Kapil Muni Karwariya, his brothers Uday Bhan Karwariya and Suraj Bhan Karwariya and their uncle Ram Chandra to life imprisonment for the murder of then Samajwadi Party MLA Jawahar Yadav (Pandit) 23 years ago.

## Posts held

| # | From | To | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | 2000 | 2005 | President, District. Panchayat, Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh |
| 02 | 2009 | 2014 | BSP's Member of Parliament from Phulpur Constituency, Uttar Pradesh |
| 03 | 2009 | - | Member, Committee on Defense |
|

## InfoBox

| Kapil Muni Karwariya | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
16 May 2009  15 May 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Atique Ahmed |
| Succeeded by | Keshav Prasad Maurya |
| Constituency | Phulpur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1967-03-02) 2 March 1967.
Chakthama, Kaushambi, (Uttar Pradesh). |
| Citizenship | India |
| Nationality | India |
| Political party | Bahujan Samaj Party (from 2008 to 2014, expelled from party for anti party activities), Bharatiya Janata Party (before 2008). |
| Spouse | Mrs. Kalpana Karwariya. |
| Children | 1 son (Achintya Karwariya) & 2 daughters (Meenakshi Karwariya, Pratibha Misr w/o Rajesh Misr). |
| Residence | Allahabad & New Delhi. |
| Alma mater | Allahabad University &
University of Lucknow. |
| Profession | Social Worker, Advocate
& Politician. |
| Committees | Committee on Defense (Member). |
|  | |


title: Eagle Portland

abstract: Eagle Portland is a gay bar catering to bears and leather enthusiasts, located in north Portland, Oregon, United States.

text:
# Eagle Portland

**Eagle Portland** is a gay bar catering to bears and leather enthusiasts, located in north Portland, Oregon, United States.

## Description and history

Eagle Portland is a gay bar located at 835 North Lombard Street in Portland's Piedmont neighborhood. It caters to bears and men into leather. The bar is the "official home" of the Oregon Bears. According to Travel Portland, the bar sometimes hosts lesbian nights. Pat Lanagan was an owner, but the bar was sold to former manager Dan Henderson c.2019.

In his 2019 "overview of Portland's LGBTQ+ nightlife for the newcomer", Andrew Jankowski of the *Portland Mercury* wrote: "Eagle is under new management, but that hasn’t affected the vibe at this North Portland gay bar. Eagle has pool, a covered smoking patio, and no-frills drinks, and primarily appeals to gay men who like Tom of Finland and Robert Mapplethorpe, if you know what I mean."

## Reception

*The Portland Mercury* wrote "if you're looking for guys with oft plus-size waistlines and beards, slap on your flannel and jeans, 'cause it's always huntin' season at the Eagle". Byron Beck included Eagle Portland in *Eater Portland*'s 2018 list of "Portland's Best Gay Bars and Hangouts". In his and Conner Reed's 2019 overview of "Portland's Wildest Gay Bars and Hangouts", they wrote, "The Eagle Portland might be a bit off the beaten path, but it's well worth the ride to North Portland for this always fun and fascinating bear and leather bar. It isn't always for the shy and timid, but the bar staff is friendly, the DJs are usually good, and the under-dressed patrons are more than happy to make newbies feel at home, including locals who love to drop coin in the Eagle's various video poker machines."

## InfoBox

Eagle Portland
| Logo | |
| --- | --- |
| The bar's exterior in 2019 | |
| Eagle PortlandLocation in Portland, Oregon | |
| Address | 835 North Lombard Street |
| Location | Portland, Oregon, United States |
| Coordinates | 45°34′39″N 122°40′32″W / 45.57742°N 122.67554°W / 45.57742; -122.67554 |
| Type | Gay bar |


# Racial diversity and discrimination in STEM fields

According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), women and racial minorities are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Scholars, governments, and scientific organizations from around the world have noted a variety of explanations contributing to this lack of racial diversity, including higher levels of discrimination, implicit bias, microaggressions, chilly climate, lack of role models and mentors, and less academic preparation.

## Race imbalance in STEM in the United States

Racial minorities, with the exception of Asian Americans, are underrepresented through every stage of the STEM pipeline.

### Education and degree attainment

Racial disparities in high school completion are a prominent reason for racial imbalances in STEM fields. While only 1.8% of Asian and 4.1% of White students drop out of high school, 5.6% of Black, 7.7% of Hispanic, 8.0% of Pacific Islander, and 9.6% of American Indian/Alaskan Native students drop out of high school. Among those that graduate high school, 67% of Whites, 62% of Blacks, and 69% of Hispanics enroll in a “degree granting college.” While there is no measurable difference in college enrollment of White, Black, and Hispanic STEM students, only 15% of Black students who initially enrolled in a STEM major received a STEM bachelor's degree at graduation, compared to 30% of White and Asian students.

### Employment, occupation, and income

According to the National Science Board, which provides statistical data on the U.S. labor force, Asians represent 9%, Whites 65%, Hispanics 14%, and Blacks 9% of the STEM labor force. In particular, white men are 49% of the STEM labor force. Among different STEM fields, Blacks make up only 4% of life science, 5% of engineering, 6% of physical sciences, 7% of the computer science, 9% of math and 11% of health-related sciences. There are also significant wage gaps between women, men, and people of color, especially in STEM jobs. An example of this disadvantage is the gender pay gap and racial pay gap in computer science fields, where women earn about 74% of what men earn and the median income for White workers is approximately 23.3% more than the median income for Blacks. The gender and racial pay gaps in STEM fields are significantly greater than all regular non-STEM jobs with an even greater pay gap between these gender, racial, and ethnic groups. When first being hired, 35% of women of color reported negotiating their salaries, but nearly 50% wished that they had negotiated their salary after starting the job. Many of these women reported being initially satisfied with the salary they had been offered when being hired, but later learned that they were earning much less than other workers at their same level.

### Effects of underrepresentation of people of color in STEM

Among Black workers in STEM fields, 57% feel that there too little attention being directed toward adding more racial and ethnic diversity in the workplace. This lack of diversity contributes to isolation and a lack of social support in the workplace which can increase anxiety and depression for many people of color in STEM.

## Explanations for the underrepresentation for people of color

Recently, scholars have begun applying the framework of systemic racism to explain the experiences of racial minorities in STEM. Specifically, research indicates that people of color, especially blacks, experience higher levels of discrimination, incur various microaggressions, and a lack of overall mentorship and support in STEM.

### Stereotypes and preconceived notions of STEM

Scientific racism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries attempted to identify biological, intellectual, and physiological differences among races. Lasting effects of the scientific racism include racial stereotypes about students of color and preconceived notions of STEM as predominantly a white, male field. A study highlighting the underrepresentation of women and racial minorities in STEM found that Asian and White candidates were viewed as more competent and hirable than Black and Latino/a candidates. Similarly, survey results from this study show that students were much more likely to recognize and name white male STEM professionals than Black or women STEM professionals. Additionally, students of color on college campus often face prevailing societal misconceptions and assumptions that they are affirmative action beneficiaries, on sport scholarships, and/or “at-risk” students. Students of color additionally must contend with stereotype threat that has been found to lower academic achievement. In particular, high-achieving Black students, attempting to combat prevailing stereotypes about their lack of intelligence, while Asian students combat the prevailing model minority stereotype presuming they are biologically predisposed to mathematical ability.

### Stem identity

The development of a STEM identity increases the overall likelihood that a student will continue to develop scientific literacy and pursue a STEM career. The National Research Council's 2009 report describes students developing STEM identities as learning to “think about themselves as science learners and develop\[ing\] an identity as someone who knows about, uses and sometime\[s\] contributes to science.” Black girls are less likely to develop STEM identities in middle school because they have fewer science-related experiences outside of school and less confidence in their scientific ability than Asian-American, Latina, and White middle school girls, making them less likely to enter STEM fields in the future. Additionally, research demonstrates that beyond first-hand experience with science, societal norms, stereotypes, and interactions with peers, teachers, and family contribute to the development of a STEM identity.

### Microaggressions

People of color and underrepresented minority groups in science, technology, engineering and math are more likely than whites to experience racial microaggressions. Studies show racial microaggressions that occur on college campus weaken students sense of belonging, make it difficult to form relationships with faculty, and contribute to less cultural alignment with STEM. At predominantly white institutions (PWI) environmental microaggressions are common in shared laboratory spaces among students and during meetings with faculty and advisors. Black female students are especially likely to feel alienated and isolated from their peers in STEM departments.

### Implicit bias

Research on implicit bias demonstrates that as early as preschool teachers are likely to hold implicit bias against students of color, especially Black boys. While Black children make up 19% of preschool enrollment, they account for about half of preschool suspension. Implicit biases among teachers, faculty, and colleagues makes it more difficult for students of color to form relationships, network with professionals in their fields, and find valuable mentors. Judgements placed upon people of color based on implicit biases are incredibly damaging and contribute to stereotype threat, which affects their overall performances. For instance, Black women are often assumed to be underqualified forcing them to prove that they deserve to be in those spaces as was the case of Katherine Johnson depicted in *Disney's* "Hidden Figures".

### Sense of belonging

When people do not feel welcome in a place, environment, or institution, they are less likely to feel they belong and more likely to withdraw. In particular, women and people of color often adopt individual strategies of assimilation or patriarchal bargaining in their attempt to gain acceptance. For example, Black male scientists adopt coping strategies to endure racialized interactions with colleagues and managers. Similarly, Black female undergraduates students describe coping with racism on campus by gravitating toward same-race peers, faculty, and staff. When underrepresented groups are forced to adapt or leave the field altogether, it costs STEM valuable talent and perspectives that could be used to advance scientific discoveries and advancements.

### STEM pipeline

The STEM pipeline starts to narrow early as students of color face additional barriers to STEM participation in school. The following are some examples of these barriers.

#### Primary and secondary schools

Research indicates that racial disparities in science achievement test scores begin as early as third grade. These test score disparities were attributed to both socioeconomic status gaps between races and school qualities. In particular, Black and Hispanic students are more than double as likely to live in low-income neighborhoods compared to White students which directly contributes to less money for local public schools and indirectly less funding for STEM programs. Black and Latino/a may not always have the same access to higher level high school courses that are building blocks for success in College STEM fields. For example, those who have not taken high school trigonometry, calculus, or physics, are put at a disadvantage in terms of graduating with a STEM degree. Beyond academic preparation, experiences with STEM across various settings, including school, home, and out-of-school, help students of color see STEM careers as more possible.

#### College

While Black males are twice as likely as their white peers to declare a STEM major upon entering college, they are less likely to graduate with a STEM degree. Scholars point to microaggressions, a chilly climate, and lack of role models and mentors as contributing to students of color being "weeded out” of STEM majors. Additionally, one study examining Black male engineering graduate students found that microaggressions from counselors, mentors, and fellow students resulted non-normative role strain. These actors increase the likelihood that people of color leave STEM majors.

#### Mentorship

Because white men are still overrepresented in STEM fields there is a lack of available mentorship from faculty and scientists of color. As a result, students of color in STEM feel unheard, excluded, and lose opportunities to make connections with peers. Research does indicate that students of color at HBCU's are much more likely to perceive their mentors to be supportive and describe more positive interactions with peers.

#### Work

Underrepresented minorities, including women, people of color, and LGBT individuals are more vulnerable to experience discrimination, isolation, and/or harassment in their workplaces. A Pew survey of men and women in STEM indicates that 50% of women in STEM experienced gender-related discrimination at work and about 62% of Black people in STEM jobs stated they experienced racial discrimination at work. Additionally, 72% of Black STEM workers believe that facing racial discrimination is a major reason why there are not more people of color in STEM fields.

## Strategies for increasing participation of people of color in STEM

Underrepresentation of people of color in STEM is a problem that is rooted to white supremacy and racism.

### Bias training

Many scholars and organization recommend elimination of bias as a means to increase representation in STEM. Specifically, implicit bias, training of students, managers, faculty, and even students is seen as one way to combat stereotypes and reduce microaggressions targeting people of color. Additionally, incorporating implicit bias statements and policies can strengthen a commitment to diversity and inclusion within institutions.

### Protective factors

Those in STEM fields have recognized that there is an extensive history of poor representation of women and people of color in STEM and are working to close the gap. Addressing this issue requires a coherent and sustained effort across multiple fronts. Many would argue that single intervention does not work, but that sustainable and strategic reform in education, work place, and within our communities would put our theory in to practice. Transforming our perception of STEM in the early education years for students of color necessitates celebration of the distinct contribution that women and people of color bring to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

### Teachers

While many teachers are highly dedicated to reducing the race gap and actively striving to create equal opportunities in their classrooms, they can actually contribute to the STEM race gap. It is important that teachers understand that their actions impact students’ futures more than they may realize.

### Role models

One of the most promoted solutions is the need for role models. While both female and male role models can be effective in recruiting women in STEM fields there is a lack of role models of color to mentor POC in STEM fields. When individuals have someone to look up to that looks like them, they are more willing to stay in the field and develop a sense of belonging. Opportunities to engage and connect with individuals in STEM allows for excitement to be a part of this community and the development of a stronger STEM identity.

### Mentors

Mentors provide students the academic and social support they need to succeed in STEM, however, having same-race mentorship is an important step in retaining students of color in STEM. Not only do students of color report more positive interactions with same-race faculty, they are also more likely to develop stronger STEM identities.

### Organized efforts

There is a growing number of organizations whose goal is to increase diversity in STEM fields by encouraging girls and women to thrive in STEM environments. An example of one of these organizations is Girls Who Code. Their mission is to successfully close the gender gap in new entry-level tech jobs by 2030. Girls Who Code focuses their work not only on gender diversity but also on young women who are historically underrepresented in computer science fields, including African American/Black, Hispanic or Latina, Bi/ Multiracial, Native American/Alaskan, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, those who come from low-income backgrounds, specifically free and/or reduced lunch eligible, and those who have had a lack of exposure or access to computer science. Girls Who Code acknowledges and values the intersections of race/ethnicity, gender identity and expression, class, sexual orientation, ability, age, national origin, and religious/spiritual identities.

Similarly, Black girls who participated in I AM STEM, a community nonprofit organization designed to increase STEM participation among underrepresented groups, engaged directly in first-hand scientific research which contributed to stronger connections to STEM.

Another great example of organizations for the underrepresented is the Society for advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS). SACNAS's mission is to advance the success of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in securing advanced degrees, careers, and positions of leadership in STEM fields. The organization has been working to make sure that those most underrepresented in STEM have the support they need to attain advanced degrees, careers, and positions of leadership. SACNAS also often points out that diverse voices bring creative solutions to our world's most pressing scientific problems and that building a national network that is innovative, powerful, and inclusive is necessary.

## Important scientists, engineers, and mathematicians

1. "Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2021". *ncses.nsf.gov*. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
2. "Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics". *AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881*. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
3. "Tapping all our talents 2018". *Royal Society of Edinburgh*. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
4. "STEM for All". *whitehouse.gov*. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
5. "The STEM Labor Force of Today: Scientists, Engineers, and Skilled Technical Workers | NSF - National Science Foundation". *ncses.nsf.gov*. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
6. "The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)". *nces.ed.gov*. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
7. Ma, Yingyi; Liu, Yan (2015). "Race and STEM Degree Attainment". *Sociology Compass*. **9** (7): 609–618. doi:10.1111/soc4.12274. ISSN 1751-9020.
8. Chen, Xianglei (2009). "Students Who Study Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Postsecondary Education. Stats in Brief". *National Center for Education Statistics*: 1–25.
9. Lysenko, Tetiana; Wang, Qingfang (2020-10-01). "Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Earnings of Early Career Stem Graduates in the U.s." *Geographical Review*. **110** (4): 457–484. Bibcode:2020GeoRv.110..457L. doi:10.1080/00167428.2019.1708742. ISSN 0016-7428. S2CID 213276879.
10. Rincon, R. M., and N. Yates. "Women of color in the engineering workplace: Early career aspirations, challenges, and success strategies." Society of Women Engineers (2018). https://alltogether.swe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Women-of-Color-in-the-Engineering-Workplace.pdf
11. Funk, Cary; Parker, Kim (2018-01-09). "Women and Men in STEM Often at Odds Over Workplace Equity". *Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project*. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
12. Hurd, Noelle M.; Albright, Jamie; Wittrup, Audrey; Negrete, Andrea; Billingsley, Janelle (2018-05-01). "Appraisal Support from Natural Mentors, Self-worth, and Psychological Distress: Examining the Experiences of Underrepresented Students Transitioning Through College". *Journal of Youth and Adolescence*. **47** (5): 1100–1112. doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0798-x. ISSN 1573-6601. PMID 29282606. S2CID 4538388.
13. McGee, Ebony Omotola (2020-11-13). "Interrogating Structural Racism in STEM Higher Education". *Educational Researcher*. **49** (9): 633–644. doi:10.3102/0013189x20972718. ISSN 0013-189X. S2CID 227240860.
14. Elshakry, Marwa. "When science became Western: Historiographical reflections." *Isis* 101.1 (2010): 98-109. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/652691#
15. Kricorian, Katherine; Seu, Michelle; Lopez, Daniel; Ureta, Elsie; Equils, Ozlem (2020-04-21). "Factors influencing participation of underrepresented students in STEM fields: matched mentors and mindsets". *International Journal of STEM Education*. **7** (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00219-2. ISSN 2196-7822. S2CID 218497300.
16. *Learning Science in Informal Environments*. 2009. doi:10.17226/12190. ISBN 978-0-309-11955-9.
17. Kang, Hosun; Barton, Angela Calabrese; Tan, Edna; Simpkins, Sandra D.; Rhee, Hyang-yon; Turner, Chandler (2019). "How do middle school girls of color develop STEM identities? Middle school girls' participation in science activities and identification with STEM careers". *Science Education*. **103** (2): 418–439. Bibcode:2019SciEd.103..418K. doi:10.1002/sce.21492. ISSN 1098-237X. S2CID 150055687.
18. Brickhouse, Nancy W.; Lowery, Patricia; Schultz, Katherine (2000). "What Kind of a Girl Does Science? The Construction of School Science Identities". *Journal of Research in Science Teaching*. **37** (5): 441–458. Bibcode:2000JRScT..37..441B. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(200005)37:5\<441::AID-TEA4\>3.0.CO;2-3. ISSN 1098-2736.
19. Lee, Meggan J.; Collins, Jasmine D.; Harwood, Stacy Anne; Mendenhall, Ruby; Huntt, Margaret Browne (2020-09-14). ""If you aren't White, Asian or Indian, you aren't an engineer": racial microaggressions in STEM education". *International Journal of STEM Education*. **7** (1): 48. doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00241-4. ISSN 2196-7822. S2CID 221883735.
20. Brown, Bryan A.; Henderson, J. Bryan; Gray, Salina; Donovan, Brian; Sullivan, Shayna; Patterson, Alexis; Waggstaff, William (2016). "From description to explanation: An empirical exploration of the African-American pipeline problem in STEM". *Journal of Research in Science Teaching*. **53** (1): 146–177. Bibcode:2016JRScT..53..146B. doi:10.1002/tea.21249. ISSN 1098-2736.
21. Marshall, Andrea (2021). "Responding and navigating racialized microaggressions in STEM". *Pathogens and Disease*. **79** (5). doi:10.1093/femspd/ftab027. PMC 8175228. PMID 34048540.
22. Dortch, Deniece; Patel, Chirag (2017-05-04). "Black Undergraduate Women and Their Sense of Belonging in STEM at Predominantly White Institutions". *NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education*. **10** (2): 202–215. doi:10.1080/19407882.2017.1331854. ISSN 1940-7882. S2CID 148974571.
23. Allen, DeeDee; Dancy, Melissa; Stearns, Elizabeth; Mickelson, Roslyn; Bottia, Martha (2022). "Racism, sexism and disconnection: contrasting experiences of Black women in STEM before and after transfer from community college". *International Journal of STEM Education*. **9** (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s40594-022-00334-2. ISSN 2196-7822. S2CID 246975762.
24. Gilliam, Walter S., et al. "Do early educators’ implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions." *Yale University Child Study Center* 9.28 (2016): 1-16.
25. McCoy, Dorian L.; Luedke, Courtney L.; Winkle-Wagner, Rachelle (2017). "Encouraged or Weeded Out: Perspectives of Students of Color in the STEM Disciplines on Faculty Interactions". *Journal of College Student Development*. **58** (5): 657–673. doi:10.1353/csd.2017.0052. ISSN 1543-3382. S2CID 148788163.
26. Strayhorn, Terrell L. "Factors Influencing Black Males' Preparation for College and Success in STEM Majors: A Mixed Methods Study." *Western Journal of Black Studies* 39.1 (2015).
27. Burt, Brian A., Krystal L. Williams, and William A. Smith. "Into the storm: Ecological and sociological impediments to Black males’ persistence in engineering graduate programs." *American Educational Research Journal* 55.5 (2018): 965-1006.
28. Quinn, David M.; Cooc, North (August 2015). "Science Achievement Gaps by Gender and Race/Ethnicity in Elementary and Middle School". *Educational Researcher*. **44** (6): 336–346. doi:10.3102/0013189x15598539. ISSN 0013-189X. S2CID 142951148.
29. Grossman, Jennifer M.; Porche, Michelle V. (2013-04-22). "Perceived Gender and Racial/Ethnic Barriers to STEM Success". *Urban Education*. **49** (6): 698–727. doi:10.1177/0042085913481364. ISSN 0042-0859. S2CID 144078799.
30. Riegle-Crumb, Catherine, et al. "The more things change, the more they stay the same? Prior achievement fails to explain gender inequality in entry into STEM college majors over time." *American Educational Research Journal* 49.6 (2012): 1048-1073. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831211435229
31. Ballenger, Julia, Barbara Polnick, and Beverly Irby, eds. *Women of color in STEM: navigating the workforce*. IAP, 2016.
32. Corbett, Christianne, and Catherine Hill. Solving the Equation: The Variables for Women's Success in Engineering and Computing. American Association of University Women. 1111 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, 2015. https://ww3.aauw.org/research/solving-the-equation/
33. Smith, Kristin A.; Arlotta, Paola; Watt, Fiona M.; Arlotta, Paola; Bargmann, Cori; Berg, David; Briggs, LaTese; Chao, Moses V.; Dulac, Catherine; Eggan, Kevin; Escobar-Alvarez, Sindy (2015-03-05). "Seven Actionable Strategies for Advancing Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine". *Cell Stem Cell*. **16** (3): 221–224. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2015.02.012. ISSN 1934-5909. PMC 4476252. PMID 25748929.
34. Dodge, Amanda. "What You Need to Know About the STEM Race Gap." *2018*. https://ozobot.com/blog/need-know-stem-race-gap
35. Dasgupta, Nilanjana, and Jane G. Stout. "Girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics: STEMing the tide and broadening participation in STEM careers." *Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences* 1.1 (2014): 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2372732214549471
36. Allen-Ramdial, Stacy-Ann A., and Andrew G. Campbell. "Reimagining the pipeline: Advancing STEM diversity, persistence, and success." *BioScience* 64.7 (2014): 612-618. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu076
37. King, Natalie S.; Pringle, Rose M. (2019). "Black girls speak STEM: Counterstories of informal and formal learning experiences". *Journal of Research in Science Teaching*. **56** (5): 539–569. Bibcode:2019JRScT..56..539K. doi:10.1002/tea.21513. ISSN 1098-2736. S2CID 150156907.


title: Simone White (writer)

abstract: Simone White is an American poet, literary critic, and assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2017, she won a Whiting Award for poetry. Much of her writing style is a hybrid between poetry and prose.

text:
# Simone White (writer)

**Simone White** (born 1972) is an American poet, literary critic, and assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2017, she won a Whiting Award for poetry. Much of her writing style is a hybrid between poetry and prose.

## Biography

White was born in Middletown, Connecticut, and grew up in Philadelphia. She has a BA from Wesleyan University and earned a JD from Harvard Law School in 1997. She practiced law for seven years after graduation. Since then, she has also earned an MFA from The New School and a PhD in English from the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

She was a visiting associate professor at the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop in Spring 2018.

As of 2020, she is an assistant professor in the English department at the University of Pennsylvania.

## Honors and awards

White was award a Whiting Award for Poetry in 2017.

She was selected as a "New American Poet" by the Poetry Society of America in 2013.

## Bibliography

### Poetry

* *Dear Angel of Death*, Ugly Duckling Presse, 2018
* *Of Being Dispersed*, Futurepoem Books, 2016
* *House of Envy of All the World*, 2010
* *Unrest*, Ugly Duckling Presse, 2013 (chapbook)
* *Dolly* (with illustrations by Kim Thomas), Q Ave Press, 2008

### Articles

## InfoBox

| Simone White | |
| --- | --- |
| White in 2023 | |
| Born | 1972 (age 5152)
Middletown, Connecticut |
| Alma mater | Wesleyan University (BA)
Harvard University (JD)
The New School (MFA)
CUNY Graduate Center (PhD) |
| Genre | Poetry, criticism |
| Notable awards | Whiting Award (2017) |


title: Beef Shorthorn

abstract: The Beef Shorthorn breed of cattle was developed from the Shorthorn breed in England and Scotland around 1820. The Shorthorn was originally developed as a dual-purpose breed, suitable for both dairy and beef production. However, different breeders opted to concentrate on one purpose rather than the other, and in 1958, the beef breeders started their own section of the herdbook. Since then, the Beef Shorthorns have been developed as a separate breed to the Dairy Shorthorns. By the early 1970s, the Beef Shorthorn breeders were concerned their cattle were too small and lacked muscle, especially when compared with the continental breeds of cattle, such as the Charolais or Limousin - that were starting to be introduced to the UK. To help remedy this, in 1976, the Beef Shorthorn Cattle Society sanctioned the introduction of Maine-Anjou blood into the breed. The Maine-Anjou breed, developed in France, was descended from the same Durham cattle as the Shorthorn. The decision to introduce Maine-Anjou blood into the Beef Shorthorn breed was very controversial at the time, but most breeders now acknowledge it was a necessary step which saved the breed from irrelevance. The herd book was closed to Maine-Anjou blood lines in 2001, except by introduction through the Grading Register. The Beef Shorthorn breed is not considered at risk by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust, since more than 1,500 registered breeding females are found in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Beef Shorthorn

The **Beef Shorthorn** breed of cattle was developed from the Shorthorn breed in England and Scotland around 1820. The Shorthorn was originally developed as a dual-purpose breed, suitable for both dairy and beef production. However, different breeders opted to concentrate on one purpose rather than the other, and in 1958, the beef breeders started their own section of the herdbook. Since then, the Beef Shorthorns have been developed as a separate breed to the Dairy Shorthorns.

By the early 1970s, the Beef Shorthorn breeders were concerned their cattle were too small and lacked muscle, especially when compared with the continental breeds of cattle, such as the Charolais or Limousin \- that were starting to be introduced to the UK. To help remedy this, in 1976, the Beef Shorthorn Cattle Society sanctioned the introduction of Maine-Anjou blood into the breed. The Maine-Anjou breed, developed in France, was descended from the same Durham cattle as the Shorthorn. The decision to introduce Maine-Anjou blood into the Beef Shorthorn breed was very controversial at the time, but most breeders now acknowledge it was a necessary step which saved the breed from irrelevance. The herd book was closed to Maine-Anjou blood lines in 2001, except by introduction through the Grading Register.

The Beef Shorthorn breed is not considered at risk by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust, since more than 1,500 registered breeding females are found in the United Kingdom.

## InfoBox

Beef Shorthorn
| A Beef Shorthorn bull. | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | Least Concern |
| Country of origin | England and Scotland |
| Use | Beef |
| * Cattle * *Bos (primigenius) taurus* | |


title: Dicliptera resupinata

abstract: Dicliptera resupinata, the Arizona foldwing, is a perennial plant in the Acanthaceae family. It is native to higher areas of southeastern Arizona into Mexico. It is a host to the Texan crescentspot.

text:
# Dicliptera resupinata

***Dicliptera resupinata***, the **Arizona foldwing**, is a perennial plant in the Acanthaceae family. It is native to higher areas of southeastern Arizona into Mexico. It is a host to the Texan crescentspot (*Anthanassa texana*).

## Characteristics

Growth Habit: Herb/forb. Height: To 2 feet (61 cm) tall. Flowering Season: Spring, Summer, and early Fall.

## Inflorescence and fruit

The inflorescence is a pinkish violet flower surrounded by pairs of large, heart-shaped, green bracts, usually occurring in groups of 3.

## InfoBox

| *Dicliptera resupinata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Acanthaceae |
| Genus: | *Dicliptera* |
| Species: | ***D. resupinata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dicliptera resupinata***<br>(Vahl) Juss. | |
|


title: Rappin' with the Ladies

abstract: Rappin' with the Ladies is the first album by dancehall artist and DJ Shabba Ranks, released in 1988. The album contains collaborations with J.C. Lodge and Deborahe Glasgow.

text:
# Rappin' with the Ladies

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Rappin' with the Ladies*** is the first album by dancehall artist and DJ Shabba Ranks, released in 1988. The album contains collaborations with J.C. Lodge and Deborahe Glasgow.

## Track listing

1. "Telephone Love Deh Pon Mi Mind" – 6:14
2. "Just Be Good to Me" – 6:26
3. "Steady Man" – 5:36
4. "Mr. Loverman" – 5:39
5. "Hardcore Loving" – 6:03
6. "Action Packed" – 6:40
7. "Twice My Age" – 6:33
8. "Don't Test Me" – 5:26
9. "Just Be Good to Me" – 5:40 (CD only)
10. "Looking for Action" – 5:49 (CD only)
11. "Hardcore Loving" – 5:47 (CD only)

## InfoBox

| Rappin' with the Ladies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Shabba Ranks | |
| Released | LP:1988, CD:1990 |
| Genre | Ragga, dancehall, reggae fusion |
| Length | 65:44 |
| Label | VP |
| Shabba Ranks chronology | |
| ***Rappin' with the Ladies***
(1988) *Just Reality*
(1991) | |


title: Reptation

abstract: A peculiarity of thermal motion of very long linear macromolecules in entangled polymer melts or concentrated polymer solutions is reptation. Derived from the word reptile, reptation suggests the movement of entangled polymer chains as being analogous to snakes slithering through one another. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes introduced the concept of reptation into polymer physics in 1971 to explain the dependence of the mobility of a macromolecule on its length. Reptation is used as a mechanism to explain viscous flow in an amorphous polymer. Sir Sam Edwards and Masao Doi later refined reptation theory. Similar phenomena also occur in proteins. Two closely related concepts are reptons and entanglement. A repton is a mobile point residing in the cells of a lattice, connected by bonds. Entanglement means the topological restriction of molecular motion by other chains.

text:
# Reptation

A peculiarity of thermal motion of very long linear macromolecules in *entangled* polymer melts or concentrated polymer solutions is reptation. Derived from the word reptile, reptation suggests the movement of entangled polymer chains as being analogous to snakes slithering through one another. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes introduced (and named) the concept of reptation into polymer physics in 1971 to explain the dependence of the mobility of a macromolecule on its length. Reptation is used as a mechanism to explain viscous flow in an amorphous polymer. Sir Sam Edwards and Masao Doi later refined reptation theory. Similar phenomena also occur in proteins.

Two closely related concepts are **reptons** and **entanglement**. A repton is a mobile point residing in the cells of a lattice, connected by bonds. Entanglement means the topological restriction of molecular motion by other chains.

## Theory and mechanism

**Reptation theory** describes the effect of polymer chain entanglements on the relationship between molecular mass and chain relaxation time. The theory predicts that, in entangled systems, the relaxation time *τ* is proportional to the cube of molecular mass,  *M*:  *τ**M* 3. The prediction of the theory can be arrived at by a relatively simple argument. First, each polymer chain is envisioned as occupying a tube of length  *L*, through which it may move with snake-like motion (creating new sections of tube as it moves). Furthermore, if we consider a time scale comparable to *τ*, we may focus on the overall, global motion of the chain. Thus, we define the tube mobility as

*μ*tube = *v* / *f*,

where  *v* is the velocity of the chain when it is pulled by a force,  *f*.  *μ*tube will be inversely proportional to the degree of polymerization (and thus also inversely proportional to chain weight).

The diffusivity of the chain through the tube may then be written as

*D*tube = *k*B *T* *μ*tube.

By then recalling that in 1-dimension the mean squared displacement due to Brownian motion is given by

s(*t*)2 = 2*D*tube *t*,

we obtain

s(*t*)2 = 2*k*B *T* *μ*tube *t*.

The time necessary for a polymer chain to displace the length of its original tube is then

*t* = *L*2 / (2*k*B *T* *μ*tube).

By noting that this time is comparable to the relaxation time, we establish that *τ**L*2 / *μ*tube. Since the length of the tube is proportional to the degree of polymerization, and μtube is inversely proportional to the degree of polymerization, we observe that *τ* ∝ (*DP**n*)3 (and so *τ**M*3).

From the preceding analysis, we see that molecular mass has a very strong effect on relaxation time in entangled polymer systems. Indeed, this is significantly different from the untangled case, where relaxation time is observed to be proportional to molecular mass. This strong effect can be understood by recognizing that, as chain length increases, the number of tangles present will dramatically increase. These tangles serve to reduce chain mobility. The corresponding increase in relaxation time can result in viscoelastic behavior, which is often observed in polymer melts. Note that the polymer’s zero-shear viscosity gives an approximation of the actual observed dependency,  *τ**M*3.4; this relaxation time has nothing to do with the reptation relaxation time.

## Models

Entangled polymers are characterized with effective internal scale, commonly known as *the length of macromolecule between adjacent entanglements* $M\_{\text{e}}$.

Entanglements with other polymer chains restrict polymer chain motion to a thin virtual *tube* passing through the restrictions. Without breaking polymer chains to allow the restricted chain to pass through it, the chain must be pulled or flow through the restrictions. The mechanism for movement of the chain through these restrictions is called reptation.

In the blob model, the polymer chain is made up of $n$ Kuhn lengths of individual length $l$. The chain is assumed to form blobs between each entanglement, containing $n\_{\text{e}}$ Kuhn length segments in each. The mathematics of random walks can show that the average end-to-end distance of a section of a polymer chain, made up of $n\_{\text{e}}$ Kuhn lengths is $d=l{\sqrt {n\_{\text{e}}}}$. Therefore if there are $n$ total Kuhn lengths, and $A$ blobs on a particular chain:

$$A={\dfrac {n}{n\_{\text{e}}}}$$

The total end-to-end length of the restricted chain $L$ is then:

$$L=Ad={\dfrac {nl{\sqrt {n\_{\text{e}{n\_{\text{e}={\dfrac {nl}{\sqrt {n\_{\text{e}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

This is the average length a polymer molecule must diffuse to escape from its particular tube, and so the characteristic time for this to happen can be calculated using diffusive equations. A classical derivation gives the reptation time $t$:

$$t={\dfrac {l^{2}n^{3}\mu }{n\_{\text{e}kT}}}$$

where $\mu $ is the coefficient of friction on a particular polymer chain, $k$ is the Boltzmann constant, and $T$ is the absolute temperature.

The linear macromolecules reptate if the length of macromolecule $M$ is bigger than the critical entanglement molecular weight $M\_{\text{c}}$. $M\_{\text{c}}$ is 1.4 to 3.5 times $M\_{\text{e}}$. There is no reptation motion for polymers with $M\<M\_{\text{c}}$, so that the point $M\_{\text{c}}$ is a point of dynamic phase transition.

Due to the reptation motion the coefficient of self-diffusion and conformational relaxation times of macromolecules depend on the length of macromolecule as $M^{-2}$ and $M^{3}$, correspondingly. The conditions of existence of reptation in the thermal motion of macromolecules of complex architecture (macromolecules in the form of branch, star, comb and others) have not been established yet.

The dynamics of shorter chains or of long chains at short times is usually described by the Rouse model.


title: Reno (river)

abstract: The Reno is a river of Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany, northern Italy. At 211 km (131 mi), it is the tenth longest river in Italy and the most important of the region apart from the Po. It has a drainage basin of 4,628 square kilometres (1,787 sq mi). The annual average discharge at the mouth is about 95 cubic metres per second (3,400 cu ft/s); at the point where the river flows into the Pianura Padana, it amounts to about 25 cubic metres per second (880 cu ft/s). The highest values registered at its outflow into the Po Plain have approached 2,300 cubic metres per second (81,000 cu ft/s), but the typical value when the river is in flood is around 1,000 cubic metres per second (35,000 cu ft/s). The minimal discharge reported is 0.6 cubic metres per second (21 cu ft/s).

text:
# Reno (river)

The **Reno** (\[ˈrɛːno\]) is a river of Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany, northern Italy. At 211 km (131 mi), it is the tenth longest river in Italy (the sixth longest of those that flow directly into the sea) and the most important of the region apart from the Po.

It has a drainage basin of 4,628 square kilometres (1,787 sq mi). The annual average discharge at the mouth is about 95 cubic metres per second (3,400 cu ft/s); at the point where the river flows into the Pianura Padana (Po River Plain), it amounts to about 25 cubic metres per second (880 cu ft/s). The highest values registered at its outflow into the Po Plain have approached 2,300 cubic metres per second (81,000 cu ft/s), but the typical value when the river is in flood is around 1,000 cubic metres per second (35,000 cu ft/s). The minimal discharge reported is 0.6 cubic metres per second (21 cu ft/s).

## Name

The name of the river has the same etymology as the name of the Rhine, as both derive from the same Celtic hydronym *Rēnos*, the Reno basin being situated within Gallia Cisalpina, in what was the territory of the Boii before the Roman conquest of 220 BC. In Italian both rivers are called *Reno*, and in Latin both were called *Rhenus*. In 43 BC the pact establishing the Second triumvirate was signed on an islet of the river near *Bononia* (Bologna). The river is mentioned by Dante Alighieri in Canto XVIII of his *Inferno* where he defines the Bolognesi as those "living between the Savena and the Reno".

The Reno gave its name to a department of the Cispadane Republic (1796–1797), the Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802), the Italian Republic (1802–1805) and the Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814).

## Geography

The river rises at the north side of the Apennine Mountains at about 1,010 m (3,310 ft) above sea level near the village Prunetta in the province of Pistoia (Tuscany). Its upper course marks the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna and it flows through a forested area crossed by the Pistoia–Bologna railway. Its upper valley is part of the Natura 2000 protected area Tre Limentre - Reno. The upper basin is characterized by several reservoirs which are used for hydro-electric energy production. The power produced in the basin of the Reno basin is second, for Apennine rivers, only to that of the Nera-Velino in Umbria.

At Casalecchio di Reno, west of Bologna, it leaves the mountains and enters the Po Plain. The Reno was a tributary of the Po near Ferrara until the second half of the 18th century when its course was diverted to lessen the risk of devastating floods. It now joins the Adriatic Sea near Casal Borsetti, south-east of the Valli di Comacchio.

The most important tributaries include the Limentra orientale, Silla, Setta, Samoggia, Idice, Sillaro, Santerno and Senio.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Reno | |
| --- | --- |
| The river near Sasso Marconi, at the beginning of its course in the Pianura Padana | |
| Location of the Reno River in Italy | |
| Etymology | Celtic **Rēnos*, "raging flow" |
| Native name | *Raggn, Ränn* (Emilian) |
| Location | |
| Country | Italy |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Tuscan Apennines, Italy |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Adriatic Sea |
| Length | 211.8 km (131.6 mi) |
| Basin size | 4,628 km2 (1,787 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 95 m3/s (3,400 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sloane Square

abstract: Sloane Square is a small hard-landscaped square on the boundaries of the central London districts of Belgravia and Chelsea, located 1.8 miles (2.9 km) southwest of Charing Cross, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. The area forms a boundary between the two largest aristocratic estates in London, the Grosvenor Estate and the Cadogan. The square was formerly known as 'Hans Town', laid out in 1771 to a plan of by Henry Holland Snr. and Henry Holland Jnr. Both the square and Hans Town were named after Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), an Anglo-Irish doctor who, jointly with his appointed trustees, owned the land at the time.

text:
# Sloane Square

**Sloane Square** is a small hard-landscaped square on the boundaries of the central London districts of Belgravia and Chelsea, located 1.8 miles (2.9 km) southwest of Charing Cross, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. The area forms a boundary between the two largest aristocratic estates in London, the Grosvenor Estate and the Cadogan. The square was formerly known as 'Hans Town', laid out in 1771 to a plan of by Henry Holland Snr. and Henry Holland Jnr. Both the square and Hans Town were named after Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), an Anglo-Irish doctor who, jointly with his appointed trustees, owned the land at the time.

## Location

The bulk of Chelsea, especially the east end more local to Sloane Square, is architecturally and economically similar to South Kensington, Belgravia, St James's, and Mayfair. The largely retail at ground floor Kings Road with its design and interior furnishing focus intersects at Sloane Square the residential, neatly corniced and dressed façades of Sloane Street leading from the Victoria Embankment promenade to the small district of Knightsbridge. On the northern side of the square is the Sloane Square Hotel.

Exclusive housing hub

Estates on all sides are made up of ornate, luxuriously furnished private apartments set behind railings  a minority of these remain combined to form large townhouses, primarily in amongst those of rows of not more than four storeys. Gothic, classical and Edwardian architecture mix; the area has grown piecemeal, including in infill, under strict character and aesthetic demands of local urban planning. Elements of almost every street were reinstated, in similar style, after the London Blitz.

Social analysis

In sociology, a small social class of London has since the 1980s been cast and to some extent outcast as Sloane Rangers or Sloanies, relatively young, underemployed and ostentatiously well-off members of the upper classes who linguistically have their own evolving lexicon, sloane(y) speak, spoken in received pronunciation. Some are heavily engaged investors in charities, new businesses and the arts, particularly with the influx of and integration with young, wealthy, foreign-born Chelsea residents. The endurance of this class is reflected in an occasional dramatic work or fly on the wall documentary such as *Made in Chelsea*.

## History

The square has two notable buildings. Peter Jones department store designed by Reginald Uren of the firm Slater Moberly and Uren in 1936 and now a Grade II\* listed building on account of its early curtain wall and modernist aesthetic, pioneering in the UK for a department store. The building was carefully restored 2003–2007 with internal upgrading in line with the original designs by John McAslan and Partners. This included making the three storey atrium full-height. Peter Jones now operates as part of the employee-owned John Lewis chain.

The other is the Royal Court Theatre first opened in 1888 which was important for avant-garde theatre in the 1960s and 1970s when the home of the English Stage Company.

100m from the Square in Sloane Terrace, the former Christian Science Church was built in 1907 and converted in 2002 for concert hall use as Cadogan Hall. It is now one of London's leading classical music venues.

In 2005 revised landscaping of the square was proposed, involving a change to the road layout to make it more pedestrian friendly. One option was to create a central crossroads and two open spaces in front of Peter Jones and the Royal Court. The pedestrian area leading to Pavilion Road now houses the flagship stores of many luxury brands including Brora and Links of London. This option was put out to consultation, and the results in April 2007 showed that over 65% of respondents preferred a renovation of the existing square, so the crossroads plan has been shelved. Since then, independent proposals have been put forward for the square.

A short walk down Kings Road from the Square is the National Army Museum.

Holy Trinity Sloane Street, the Church of England parish church of 1890 (50m north of the Square) is sometimes known as the "Cathedral of the Arts & Crafts Movement on account of its fine fittings. These include a complete set of windows by Sir Edward Burne-Jones, the most extensive he ever created.

Sloane Square Underground station (District and Circle lines) is at the south eastern corner of the square and the lines cross under the square to the north west. The River Westbourne is carried over the tube station platforms in plain view, in a circular iron aqueduct.

## Fountain

The *Venus Fountain* in the centre of the square was constructed in 1953, designed by sculptor Gilbert Ledward. The fountain depicts Venus, and on the basin section of the fountain is a relief which depicts King Charles II and Nell Gwynn by the Thames, which was used in relation to a house located close by that Nell Gwynn had used.

In 2006, David Lammy put forward a proposal to have the fountain grade II listed, which was successful.

## War memorial

Also in the square, positioned slightly off-centre, is a stone cross that is known as Chelsea War Memorial. Made of Portland stone, and designed by an unknown architect, the cross has a capped head on a tapered shaft above a moulded three stage octagonal base. A large bronze sword is affixed to its west face. The cross is surmounted on a plinth which is inscribed with the following:

> INVICTIS PAX IN MEMORY OF THE MEN AND WOMEN OF CHELSEA WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE GREAT WAR MDCCCCXIV MDCCCCVIII AND MCMXXXIX MCMXLV THEIR LIVES FOR THEIR COUNTRY THEIR SOULS TO THEIR GOD.

The monument has also been Grade II listed, since 2005.

## Notes and references

References Notes  1. Emphasising their non-Anglo-Saxon surnames, these key longstanding freeholders of around Sloane Square have the counter-intuitive pronunciations /ˈɡrvənər/ *GROH-vən-ər* and /kəˈdʌɡən/ *kə-DUG-ən*.

## InfoBox

Sloane Square
| View of the square in 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Central London | |
| Former name(s) | Hans Town |
| Namesake | Sir Hans Sloane |
| Maintained by | Borough of Kensington and Chelsea |
| Location | Chelsea, London, England |
| Postal code | SW1 |
| Coordinates | 51°29′33″N 0°09′26″W / 51.492521°N 0.157188°W / 51.492521; -0.157188 |
| Construction | |
| Completion | c.1771 |
| Other | |
| Designer | Henry Holland Snr. and Henry Holland Jnr. |
| Website | visitlondon.com |


title: The Easybeats discography

text:
# The Easybeats discography

The discography of Australian rock band the Easybeats.

## Albums

### Studio albums

List of studio albums, with selected chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 | US
 |
| *Easy* |  | 4 |  |
| *It's 2 Easy* | * Released: 24 March 1966 * Label: Albert Productions / Parlophone (Parlophone PMCO-7530) * Format: Vinyl | 3 |  |
| *Volume 3* | * Released: 3 November 1966 * Label: Albert Productions / Parlophone (Parlophone PMCO-7537) * Format: Vinyl | 17 |  |
| *Good Friday*
(not released in Australia) | * Released: May 1967 * Label: United Artists (SULP 1167 (UK)) * Format: Vinyl |  |  |
| *Friday On My Mind*
 | * Released: May 1967 (US) / October 1970 (AUS) * Label: United Artists (6588 (US) * Format: Vinyl |  | 180 |
| *Vigil* | * Released: 18 June 1968 (UK), October 1968 (AUS) * Label: Parlophone (PMCO-7551) / United Artists (SULP 11936 (UK), 69170 (GER)) * Format: Vinyl |  |  |
| *Falling Off the Edge of the World* | * Released: October 1968 * Label: United Artists (UAS-6667 (USA)) * Format: Vinyl |  |  |
| *Friends* | * Released: February 1970 * Label: Polydor (184246 / 2482010) * Format: Vinyl |  |  |

### Live albums

List of live albums, with selected details
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Live – Studio & Stage* |  |

### Compilation albums

List of compilation albums, with selected chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *The Best of The Easybeats + Pretty Girl* |  | 3 |
| *The Best of The Easybeats Volume 2* | * Released: 9 October 1969 * Label: Albert Productions / Parlophone (Parlophone PMCO-7555) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Nostalgia Volume 1*
(France only) | * Released: 1972 * Label: United Artists (UAS 29627) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Let's Dance with the Easybeats*
(Germany only) | * Released: 1972 * Label: Sunset (SLS 50 162 Z) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *The Shame Just Drained* | * Released: 10 October 1977 * Label: Albert Productions / Parlophone (APLP-026) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Absolute Anthology 1965 to 1969* | * Released: 17 November 1980 * Label: Albert Productions / EMI Music (APLP-026) * Format: Vinyl, CD | 35 |
| *The Easybeats* | * Released: September 1981 * Label: Hammard (HAM 062) * Format: Vinyl, CD | 76 |
| *The Raven EP LP* | * Released: 1982 * Compilation of the three Raven EPs from 1979, 1980 and 1982. * Label: Raven (RVLP-06) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Friday on My Mind* | * Released: 1985 * Label: Fan Club (FC 014) * Format: Vinyl, CD |  |
| *The Best of The Easybeats*
(US only) | * Released: 1985 * Label: Rhino (RNLP 124) * Format: Vinyl, CD |  |
| *The Easybeats Collection*
(Germany only) | * Released: 1989 * Label: Line Music / Impact (IMCD 9.00823 O) * Format: CD, cassette |  |
| *The Definitive Series* | * Released: September 1992 * Label: Albert Productions (472297) * Format: CD, cassette |  |
| *The Best of The Easybeats* | * Released: 1995 * Label: Repertoire (REP 4542) * Format: CD |  |
| *Gonna Have a Good Time*
(USA only) | * Released: 1999 * Label: Sin-Drome/Retroactive (SD 8936) * Format: CD |  |
| *The Singles As & Bs* | * Released: 2003 * Label: Repertoire (REP 5039) * Format: CD |  |
| *The Complete Easybeats* | * Released: 2004 * 6-CD set * Label: Albert Productions / Sony BMG (82876866332) * Format: CD |  |
| *The Very Best of The Easybeats* | * Released: 2005 * Label: Repertoire (REP 5040) * Format: CD |  |

## Extended plays

List of EP, with selected chart positions and certifications
| Title | EP details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *She's So Fine* |  |  |
| *Easy As Can Be* | * Released: February 1966 * Label: Parlophone (GEPO 70028) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Easyfever* | * Released: August 1966 * Label: Parlophone (GEPO 70032) * Format: Vinyl | 1 |
| *Friday on My Mind* | * Released: August 1967 * Label: Parlophone (GEPO 70041) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Pretty Girl* | * Released: November 1967 * Label: Parlophone (GEPO 70046) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Easyfever Volume 2* | * Released: January 1968 * Label: Parlophone (GEPO 70048) * Format: Vinyl |  |
| *Mean Old Lovin'* | * Released: November 1979 * Label: Raven (RV-01) * Format: Vinyl, cassette |  |
| *Son of Easyfever* | * Released: 1980 * Label: Raven (RV-07) * Format: Vinyl, cassette |  |
| *Son of Son of Easyfever* | * Released: 1982 * Label: Raven (RV-11) * Format: Vinyl, cassette |  |
| *HistorEasy (Tour '86)* |  |  |
| *Little Bit of Gold* | * Released: 1989 * Label: Rhino (R3 73053) * Format: Vinyl, cassette |  |

## Singles

List of singles, with selected peak chart positions
| Title | Year | Chart positions | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS | CAN
 | NZ
 | UK
 | US
 | |
| "For My Woman" / "Say That You're Mine" | 1965 | 33 |  |  |  |  | *She's So Fine (EP)* |
| | "She's So Fine" / "The Old Oak Tree" | 3 |  |  |  |  | *Easy* |
| | "Wedding Ring" / "Me or You" | 7 |  |  |  |  | *It's 2 Easy* |
| | "Sad and Lonely and Blue" / "Easy as Can Be" | 21 |  |  | |  |  |
| "Women (Make You Feel Alright)" / "In My Book" | 1966 | 4 |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Come and See Her" / "I Can See" | 3 |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Sorry" / "Funny Feelin'" | 1 |  | 4 |  |  | *Volume 3* |
| | "Friday On My Mind" / "Made My Bed: Gonna Lie in It" | 1 | 13 | 2 | 6 | 16 | *Good Friday* |
| "Who'll Be the One" / "Do You Have a Soul" / "Saturday Night" | 1967 | 14 |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Heaven and Hell" / "Pretty Girl" | 8 |  |  | 55 |  | *Pretty Girl (EP)* |
| | "Falling Off the Edge of the World" / "Remember Sam" |  |  |  |  |  | *Falling Off the Edge of the World* |
| | "The Music Goes 'Round My Head" / "Come in You'll Get Pneumonia" | 33 |  |  | 53 |  | *Vigil* |
| "Hello, How Are You" / "Falling Off the Edge of the World" | 1968 | 34 |  |  | | 20 |  |
| | "Land of Make Believe" / "We All Live Happily" | 18 |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Good Times" / "Lay Me Down and Die" | 22 |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Lay Me Down and Die" / "See Line Woman" | 59 |  |  | |  |  |
| "St. Louis" / "Can't Find Love" | 1969 | 21 | 57 |  |  | 100 | *Friends* |
| | "I Can't Stand It" / "Come in You'll Get Pneumonia"  (EU only) |  |  |  |  |  | *Vigil* |
| | "Peculiar Hole in the Sky"/ "H.P. Man" | 53 |  |  |  |  | *The Best of The Easybeats Volume 2* |
| | "I Love Marie" / "Gonna Make It" | 93 |  |  |  |  | *Friends* |
| "Friends" / "Rock and Roll Boogie" | 1970 |  |  |  | |  |  |
| | "Rock and Roll Boogie" / "Woman You're on My Mind"  (EU only) |  |  |  | |  |  |
| "Good Times" / "Land of Make Believe"  (re-release) | 1976 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| "Friday On My Mind" / "She's So Fine" / "Wedding Ring"  (re-release) | 1980 | 92 |  |  |  |  |  |

### In Spanish

List of Spanish-language singles
| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| "El Viernes de mi Recuerdos" (Friday on My Mind) | 1966 |
| "Cielo e Infierno" (Heaven and Hell) | 1967 |
| | "Quién Será" (Who'll Be the One) / "Acerbate de Sam" (Remembering Sam) |
| "La Musical Gira Alrededor de Mi Cabeza" (The Music Goes Round My Head) / "Buenos Tiempos" (Good Times) | 1968 |
| | "¿Hola, Cómo estás?" (Hello, How Are You?) / "País de Fantasia" (Land of Make Believe) |
| ""No se Puedo Encontrar Amor" (Can't Find Love) | 1969 |

1. Kent, David (2005). *Australian Chart Book 1940 – 1969*. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-646-44439-5.
2. "The Easybeats – Chart history". *Billboard*. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
3. "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
4. "Flavour of new zealand - Home". *Flavourofnz.co.nz*.
5. "Easybeats songs and albums | full Official Chart history". Official Charts. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
6. "The Easybeats Chart History". *Billboard*. Retrieved 21 June 2017.

## InfoBox

| The Easybeats discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio albums | 6 |
| Live albums | 1 |
| Compilation albums | 17 |
| EPs | 11 |
| Singles | 24 |


title: Dzwono-Sierbowice

abstract: Dzwono-Sierbowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pilica, within Zawiercie County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Pilica, 17 km (11 mi) east of Zawiercie, and 55 km (34 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.

text:
# Dzwono-Sierbowice

**Dzwono-Sierbowice** \[ˈd͡zvɔnɔ ɕɛrbɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pilica, within Zawiercie County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Pilica, 17 km (11 mi) east of Zawiercie, and 55 km (34 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.

## InfoBox

| Dzwono-Sierbowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dzwono-Sierbowice | |
| Coordinates: 50°30′31″N 19°38′54″E / 50.50861°N 19.64833°E / 50.50861; 19.64833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Zawiercie |
| Gmina | Pilica |


title: Simone Wilkie

abstract: Major General Simone Louise Wilkie, is a retired Australian Army officer who was the Australian Deputy National Commander in the War in Afghanistan in 2011 and 2012. She was Assistant Chief of Staff to General David Petraeus during the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and was the first female Commanding Officer of the Royal Military College, Duntroon and Commandant at the Army Recruit Training Centre at Kapooka. In March 2013 the Minister for Defence, Stephen Smith, announced her promotion to major general to take over as Commander of the Australian Defence College in July 2013.

text:
# Simone Wilkie

Major General **Simone Louise Wilkie**, AO (née **Burt**, born 1964) is a retired Australian Army officer who was the Australian Deputy National Commander in the War in Afghanistan in 2011 and 2012. She was Assistant Chief of Staff to General David Petraeus during the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and was the first female Commanding Officer of the Royal Military College, Duntroon and Commandant at the Army Recruit Training Centre at Kapooka. In March 2013 the Minister for Defence, Stephen Smith, announced her promotion to major general to take over as Commander of the Australian Defence College in July 2013.

## Early life and education

Simone Louise Burt, was educated at Ballarat Grammar School. She joined the Australian Army in 1983, and attended the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) Officer Cadet School in Georges Heights, New South Wales. There were 32 women in her class. Opportunities for women in the Army were more restricted then, and on graduation she was commissioned and assigned to the Royal Australian Corps of Signals. She later recalled:

> I didn’t actually pick signals. That’s what I was allocated. It wasn’t even one of my preferences. But in hindsight it was the best place for me to go and that’s where you know the captain who was my guidance officer said, "You know Simone, I think you should go here". And I’ve had lots of fantastic opportunities. Would I go there now? Possibly not, because I’m not a particularly technically orientated person. And now that there is other things open like Engineers I would have been interested in that… knowing that also has a technical bent to it!

Wilkie has a Bachelor of Social Science in Human Resource Management, a Graduate Diploma in Telecommunications Systems Management, a Graduate Diploma of Strategic Studies, and a Masters of Defence Studies.

## Military career

In Wilkie's early career she served as a platoon commander with the Army's Recruit Training Battalion, as an instructor at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, and as the ARA staff with the Army Reserve 140th Signal Squadron. In 1993, she served in Cambodia as Adjutant of the Australian Force Communication Unit with the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC).

Wilkie commanded 136 Signal Squadron. She then became the first female commanding officer of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, and then the first female Commandant at the Army Recruit Training Centre at Kapooka. In 2007 she went to Iraq as Assistant Chief of staff of General David Petraeus's Multi-National Force during the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, working under the Chief of Staff, Major General John M. Paxton Jr. Petraeus's headquarters, which was made up of about 1,800 personnel, was split between the Embassy site in Baghdad and Camp Victory. Wilkie was in charge of many of the activities at the former, noting that:

> if you haven’t worked with the American military, they have their own language. So I found it an incredibly steep take off to learn the American military language and the way they did their business inside an HQ, and then the idiosyncrasies of their Department of State and the culture between the two of them. I was sort of a go between in managing things. So the first month was a lot of different things coming at me but it was absolutely fascinating to see how a campaign actually is conducted at that level.

Wilkie was awarded the United States' Bronze Star Medal for her service in Iraq.

In 2008 Wilkie was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day Honours "for exceptional performance of duty in command appointments within Training Command - Army". On promotion to brigadier in 2009 she became Director General of Training at Headquarters Forces Command at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, responsible for most of the Army's training.

In 2011 Wilkie became the Australian National Commander in Afghanistan. As such, she was responsible for the 1,500 Australian personnel serving with Australian and international forces in the combat zone. Her job also involved liaising with the commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, General John R. Allen. She was awarded the Commendation for Distinguished Service "for distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Assistant Commander - Afghanistan, Joint Task Force 633 on Operation Slipper from September 2011 to August 2012."

After returning from Afghanistan then Brigadier Wilkie was posted as the Chief of Staff to the Chief of Army (Lieutenant General David Morrison) at Army Headquarters in Canberra. In March 2013 the Minister for Defence, Stephen Smith, announced that she would be promoted to major general and will take over as the Commander of the Australian Defence College in Canberra, commanding the Australian Defence Force Academy, Australian Command and Staff College and the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies. There had only been five women of two-star rank in the Australian Defence Force (ADF).

As a result of an Australian Government review into the structure of the Australian Department of Defence, Wilkie was appointed as the Head of Joint Enablers in July 2015. In this position she retained her previous role and added responsibility for ADF Joint Health, Joint Logistics and Cadet and Reserve Policy.

In late 2014 Wilkie was appointed to the Commission of the Australian Football League, the governing body of Australia's football code. She is also a patron of the ADF Women's Australian Rules Association and the ADF Hockey Association, and chairs the ADF Sports Council. Wilkie retired from the Australian Army in 2018.

## Personal life

Wilkie married Andrew Wilkie, a fellow army officer in 1991. They divorced in 2003. She is currently married and lists her leisure activities as home renovation, and playing field hockey and golf.

Asked if she had any advice for young women, Wilkie said: "If you want to serve your country, your gender is not an issue."

## Honours and awards

| Ribbon | Description | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) | 13 June 2016, "For distinguished service to Defence Education and Training as Director General Training-Army and Commander Australian Defence College." |
| | Member of the Order of Australia (AM) | 26 January 2008 |
|  | Commendation for Distinguished Service | 10 June 2013 "For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Assistant Commander - Afghanistan, Joint Task Force 633 on Operation SLIPPER from September 2011 to August 2012" |
|  | Australian Active Service Medal |  |
|  | Afghanistan Medal |  |
|  | Iraq Medal |  |
|  | Defence Force Service Medal with 3 clasps | (30-34 Years Service) |
|  | Australian Defence Medal |  |
|  | United Nations Medal for UNTAC (United Nations) | with numeral device *2* |
|  | Bronze Star (United States) |  |
|  | NATO Medal for ISAF (Northern Atlantic Treaty Organisation) |  |

## InfoBox

| Simone Wilkie | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigadier Wilkie in Afghanistan, August 2012 | |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960)
Ballarat, Victoria |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service/branch | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1983–2018 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | Australian Defence College
Army Recruit Training Centre
Corps of Staff Cadets, Royal Military College, Duntroon
136 Signal Squadron |
| Battles/wars | Cambodia (UNTAC)
Iraq War
War in Afghanistan |
| Awards | Officer of the Order of Australia
Commendation for Distinguished Service
Bronze Star Medal (United States) |


title: Beef aging

abstract: Beef aging or ageing is a process of preparing beef for consumption by aging it, in order to break down the connective tissue within the meat.

text:
# Beef aging

**Beef aging** or **ageing** is a process of preparing beef for consumption by aging it, in order to break down the connective tissue within the meat.

## Dry-aged beef

Dry-aged beef is beef that has been hung or placed on a rack to dry for several weeks. After the animal is slaughtered and cleaned, it is hung as a full or half carcass. Primal (large distinct sections) or sub primal cuts, such as strip loins, rib eyes, and sirloin, are placed in a refrigerator unit, also known as a "hot box". This process involves considerable expense, as the beef must be stored near freezing temperatures. Subprimal cuts can be dry aged on racks either in specially climate-controlled coolers or within a moisture-permeable drybag. Moreover, only the higher grades of meat can be dry aged, as the process requires meat with a large, evenly distributed fat content. Because of this, dry-aged beef is seldom available outside of steak restaurants and upscale butcher shops or groceries. The key effect of dry aging is the concentration and saturation of the natural flavour, as well as the tenderization of the meat texture.

The process changes beef by two means. Firstly, moisture is evaporated from the muscle. The resulting process of desiccation creates a greater concentration of beef flavour and taste. Secondly, the beef's natural enzymes break down the connective tissue in the muscle, which leads to more tender beef.

The process of dry-aging usually also promotes growth of certain fungal (mold) species on the external surface of the meat. This does not cause spoilage, but rather forms an external "crust" on the meat's surface, which is trimmed off when the meat is prepared for cooking. These fungal species complement the natural enzymes in the beef by helping to tenderize and increase the flavor of the meat. The genus *Thamnidium*, in particular, is known to produce collagenolytic enzymes which greatly contribute to the tenderness and flavor of dry-aged meat.

Dry-aged beef is typically not sold by most supermarkets in the U.S. today, because it takes time, the meat loses weight, and there is a risk of spoilage. Dry-aging can take from 15 to 28 days, and typically up to a third or more of the weight is lost as moisture. This type of beef is served in higher-priced steakhouses and by select restaurants.

Dry-aging can be done at home under refrigeration by three means: open air, with the presence of salt blocks, and with the use of a moisture permeable drybag to protect the meat while it is aging. Since the mid-2010s, some chefs have experimented with a "quick" or "cheat" dry-age by coating a cut of beef with ground koji (rice inoculated with *Aspergillus oryzae*) to simulate the effect of traditional dry-aging; the results are not quite the same, but can be achieved within 48 to 72 hours. The koji technique can also be applied to chicken and shrimp.

When dry aging using a moisture permeable material, surface mold growth is not present, flavor and scent exchange within the refrigerated environment is not a concern, and trim loss of the outer hardened surface is measurably reduced. The flavor and texture profile of the beef is similar on all dimensions to the traditional open air dry-aged results.

Historically, it was common to store mutton or beef joints at room temperature for extended periods; even after the invention of refrigeration hanging sides of beef in large coolers for a few weeks as part of the processing was standard.

## Wet-aged beef

Wet-aged beef is beef that has typically been aged in a vacuum-sealed bag to retain its moisture. Since the 1970s, with the development of vacuum packing machines and related technology, this has become the dominant mode of aging beef in the US and UK. It is popular with producers, wholesalers and retailers because it takes less time: typically only a few days and there is no moisture loss, so any given piece of meat sold by weight will have a higher value than a dry aged piece where moisture loss is desired for taste at the expense of final weight. The beef is usually kept for a period of 4 to 10 days in wet aging. Modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) is usually employed for the vacuum packaging of meat; typically between 60 and 80 percent oxygen to retain its appetizing color, with red meat such as beef needing a higher oxygen level than less vividly colored meat such as pork. The vacuum packed beef is stored at a temperature of 32 °F to 45 °F (0 °C to 7.2 °C).

## Further reading

* Ahnström, M. L.; Seyfert, M.; Hunt, M. C.; Johnson, D. E. (2006). "Dry aging of beef in a bag highly permeable to water vapor". *Meat Science*. **73** (4): 674–679. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.03.006.
* DeGeer, S. L.; Hunt, M. C.; Bratcher, C. L.; Crozier-Dodson, B. A.; Johnson, D. E.; Stika, J. F. (2009). "Effects of dry aging of bone-in and boneless strip loins using two aging processes for two aging times". *Meat Science*. **83** (4): 768–774. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.017.


title: Rapping in Tehran

abstract:
Rapping in Tehran is a 2009 documentary film directed by Hassan Khademi. The film depicts the situation of underground music in Iran.
The film has participated in several international film festivals including Dok Leipzig, ZagrebDox, United Nations Association Film Festival (UNAFF), Copenhagen International Documentary Film Festival and Peace on Earth Film Festival (POEFF).
It was nominated for Best Screen Play at the World Music & Independent Film Festival (2010) and won the Special Jury Award from the Chicago International Movies and Music Festival (2010).

text:
# Rapping in Tehran

***Rapping in Tehran*** is a 2009 documentary film directed by Hassan Khademi. The film depicts the situation of underground music in Iran. The film has participated in several international film festivals including Dok Leipzig, ZagrebDox, United Nations Association Film Festival (UNAFF), Copenhagen International Documentary Film Festival and Peace on Earth Film Festival (POEFF). It was nominated for Best Screen Play at the World Music & Independent Film Festival (2010) and won the Special Jury Award from the Chicago International Movies and Music Festival (2010).

## Synopsis

The documentary looks at the creation of "underground music" in the Islamic Republic of Iran and shows the daily struggle of young people against the repressive traditional apparatus. Law enforcement agencies are strongly opposed to rap music due to its social content.

## InfoBox

| Rapping in Tehran | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Hassan Khademi |
| Release date | * 2009 (2009) |
| Running time | 37 minutes |
| Country | Iran |
| Language | Persian |


title: Raschau-Markersbach

abstract: Raschau-Markersbach is a municipality in the district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. It was formed on 1 January 2008, by the merger of the former municipalities Markersbach and Raschau.

text:
# Raschau-Markersbach

**Raschau-Markersbach** is a municipality in the district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. It was formed on 1 January 2008, by the merger of the former municipalities Markersbach and Raschau.

## InfoBox

| Raschau-Markersbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of Raschau-Markersbach within Erzgebirgskreis district | |
| Raschau-Markersbach Raschau-Markersbach | |
| Coordinates: 50°31′56″N 12°52′17″E / 50.53222°N 12.87139°E / 50.53222; 12.87139 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony |
| District | Erzgebirgskreis |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202229) | Frank Tröger |
| Area | |
| Total | 39.52 km2 (15.26 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 830 m (2,720 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 420 m (1,380 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 4,890 |
| Density | 120/km2 (320/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 08352 |
| Dialling codes | 03774 |
| Vehicle registration | ERZ, ANA, ASZ, AU, MAB, MEK, STL, SZB, ZP |
| Website | www.markersbach.de |