title: Seven Enemy Offensives

abstract: The Seven Enemy Offensives is a group name used in Yugoslav historiography to refer to seven major Axis military operations undertaken during World War II in Yugoslavia against the Yugoslav Partisans. These seven major offensives were distinct from the day-to-day warfare that went on in every part of the country; and they were distinct, too, from planned operations involving large numbers of troops against isolated regions. The seven offensives were seven different attempts by carefully planned, co-ordinated, and extensive manoeuvres to annihilate the main core of partisan resistance.

text:
# Seven Enemy Offensives

The **Seven Enemy Offensives** (Serbo-Croatian Latin: *Sedam neprijateljskih ofanziva*) is a group name used in Yugoslav historiography to refer to seven major Axis military operations undertaken during World War II in Yugoslavia against the Yugoslav Partisans.

These seven major offensives were distinct from the day-to-day warfare that went on in every part of the country; and they were distinct, too, from planned operations involving large numbers of troops against isolated regions. The seven offensives were seven different attempts by carefully planned, co-ordinated, and extensive manoeuvres to annihilate the main core of partisan resistance.

## List of operations

The Seven Enemy Offensives are:

By the end of the seventh offensive, the greater part of Yugoslavia was securely in partisan hands.

## Interpretations

> It was the nature of partisan resistance that operations against it must either eliminate it altogether or leave it potentially stronger than before. This had been shown by the sequel to each of the previous five offensives from which, one after another, the partisan brigades and divisions had emerged stronger in experience and armament than they had been before, with the backing of a population which had come to see no alternative to resistance but death, imprisonment, or starvation. There could be no half-measures; the Germans left nothing behind them but a trail of ruin. What in other circumstances might possibly have remained the purely ideological war that reactionaries abroad said it was (and German propaganda did their utmost to support them) became a war for national preservation. So clear was this that no room was left for provincialism; Serbs and Croats and Slovenes, Macedonians, Bosnians, Christian and Moslem, Orthodox and Catholic, sank their differences in the sheer desperation of striving to remain alive.
>
> Basil Davidson

## Maps of operations

## Bibliography

* Davidson, Basil (1946). *Partisan Picture*. Bedford Books. ISBN 0900406003. OCLC 2019137.


title: CFOM-FM

abstract: CFOM-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Quebec City, Quebec, licensed to Lévis. The station has a hot adult contemporary format since August 2014. Owned and operated by Cogeco, it broadcasts on 102.9 MHz using a directional antenna with an average effective radiated power of 16,800 watts and a peak effective radiated power of 32,800 watts. The station's transmitter is located at Mount Bélair. It used to be an AM station, broadcast at 1240 AM from its inception in December 1967 until 1976, then moved to 920 AM until 1994 and was originally known as CFLS. In 1988, CFLS's then-owner, Radio Etchemin, planned to relocate CFLS from 920 kHz to the FM band at 106.3 MHz, with effective radiated power of 54,350 watts; this application was denied by the CRTC. CFLS's second application to relocate to FM, this time to 102.9 MHz, was successful, and the relocation was made in 1994. When the station switched to an oldies format in 1995, it changed its call sign to the current CFOM-FM. Ironically, CFLS was Quebec City's Top 40 station in the 1970s and early 1980s and had to compete, until 1976, against an English-language Top 40 station known as CFOM, which was closed by order of the CRTC for failure to respect CBC Radio affiliation requirements. That station began operating in 1949 under the call letters CJNT until 1954 when the call letters were changed to CJQC and were again changed in 1964 to become CFOM, at 1340 on the dial. In March 2009, then-owner Corus Entertainment expanded CFOM-FM's Souvenirs Garantis format to CHLT-FM in Sherbrooke, CJRC-FM in Gatineau, CHLN-FM in Trois-Rivières and CKRS-FM in Saguenay—replacing their long-time news-talk formats on these stations. On April 30, 2010, it was announced that Cogeco will acquire all radio stations owned by Corus in Quebec for $80 million, pending CRTC approval. However, Cogeco must either apply with the CRTC for an exemption from the common ownership policy, or sell off some of these to a third party as they will be over the maximum allowable number of stations in Montreal, Quebec City, and Sherbrooke. Corus is selling off their Quebec radio stations, as they are less profitable than Corus's stations in other parts of Canada. The sale of CFOM-FM and most other Corus Québec stations has been approved by the CRTC on December 17, 2010, on the condition that Cogeco-owned CJEC-FM and Corus-owned CFEL-FM be sold to another party by December 2011; these stations were sold to Leclerc Communication Inc. in November 2011. By 2011, the station changed to a more classic hits-leaning adult contemporary format, even though the classic hits currents remain on the station. By December 6, 2011, CFOM was the remaining station in the Souvenirs Garantis group, following the closure of its sister station, CJTS-FM in Sherbrooke. On Sunday September 16, 2012, CFOM discarded its longtime Souvenirs Garantis branding, becoming 102,9 Québec, retaining its classic hits format. The station rebranded again in August 2014, becoming M FM, switching to Hot AC. With the re-branding, the station dropped all pre-1980 music and promised that it would focus on reducing the amount of unnecessary non-music content heard, in favor of increased music. On June 1, 2021, Cogeco Media announces that "M 102.9" will become a station of the Rythme FM network, effective August 16, 2021. This led the return of the Rythme FM branding and format to the Quebec City market since CJEC-FM's disaffiliation and sale in 2012.

text:
# CFOM-FM

**CFOM-FM** is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Quebec City, Quebec, licensed to Lévis. The station has a hot adult contemporary format since August 2014.

Owned and operated by Cogeco, it broadcasts on 102.9 MHz using a directional antenna with an average effective radiated power of 16,800 watts and a peak effective radiated power of 32,800 watts (class C1). The station's transmitter is located at Mount Bélair.

It used to be an AM station, broadcast at 1240 AM from its inception in December 1967 until 1976, then moved to 920 AM until 1994 and was originally known as CFLS. In 1988, CFLS's then-owner, Radio Etchemin, planned to relocate CFLS from 920 kHz to the FM band at 106.3 MHz, with effective radiated power of 54,350 watts; this application was denied by the CRTC. (106.3 has since been occupied by the local Ici Radio-Canada Première outlet, CBV-FM.) CFLS's second application to relocate to FM, this time to 102.9 MHz, was successful, and the relocation was made in 1994. When the station switched to an oldies format in 1995, it changed its call sign to the current **CFOM-FM**.

Ironically, CFLS was Quebec City's Top 40 station in the 1970s and early 1980s and had to compete, until 1976, against an English-language Top 40 station known as CFOM, which was closed by order of the CRTC for failure to respect CBC Radio affiliation requirements. That station began operating in 1949 under the call letters CJNT until 1954 when the call letters were changed to CJQC and were again changed in 1964 to become CFOM, at 1340 on the dial.

In March 2009, then-owner Corus Entertainment expanded CFOM-FM's *Souvenirs Garantis* format (which was introduced on CFOM in 2005) to CHLT-FM in Sherbrooke, CJRC-FM in Gatineau, CHLN-FM in Trois-Rivières and CKRS-FM in Saguenay—replacing their long-time news-talk formats on these stations.

On April 30, 2010, it was announced that Cogeco will acquire all radio stations owned by Corus in Quebec for $80 million, pending CRTC approval. However, Cogeco must either apply with the CRTC for an exemption from the common ownership policy, or sell off some of these (or Cogeco's own stations) to a third party as they will be over the maximum allowable number of stations in Montreal, Quebec City, and Sherbrooke. Corus is selling off their Quebec radio stations, as they are less profitable than Corus's stations in other parts of Canada. The sale of CFOM-FM and most other Corus Québec stations has been approved by the CRTC on December 17, 2010, on the condition that Cogeco-owned CJEC-FM and Corus-owned CFEL-FM be sold to another party by December 2011; these stations were sold to Leclerc Communication Inc. in November 2011.

By 2011, the station changed to a more classic hits-leaning adult contemporary format, even though the classic hits currents remain on the station.

By December 6, 2011, CFOM was the remaining station in the Souvenirs Garantis group, following the closure of its sister station, CJTS-FM in Sherbrooke.

On Sunday September 16, 2012, CFOM discarded its longtime *Souvenirs Garantis* branding, becoming *102,9 Québec*, retaining its classic hits format. The station rebranded again in August 2014, becoming *M FM*, switching to Hot AC. With the re-branding, the station dropped all pre-1980 music and promised that it would focus on reducing the amount of unnecessary non-music content (such as jocks and contests) heard, in favor of increased music.

On June 1, 2021, Cogeco Media announces that "M 102.9" will become a station of the *Rythme FM* network, effective August 16, 2021. This led the return of the Rythme FM branding and format to the Quebec City market since CJEC-FM's disaffiliation and sale in 2012.

46°49′17″N 71°29′46″W / 46.82139°N 71.49611°W / 46.82139; -71.49611

## InfoBox

CFOM-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Capitale-Nationale |
| Frequency | 102.9 MHz (FM) |
| Branding | Rythme FM |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot adult contemporary (French) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | CJMF-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | December 1967 (on 1240 kHz)
1994 (move to FM) |
| Former call signs | CFLS (1967–1994)
CFLS-FM (1994–1995) |
| Former frequencies | 1240 kHz (1967–1976)
920 kHz (1976–1994) |
| Technical information | |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 14,374 watts
(peak ERP 32,800 watts) |
| HAAT | 461.7 meters (1,515 ft) |
| Links | |
| Website | quebec.rythmefm.com |


title: Dennstaedtia bipinnata

abstract: Dennstaedtia bipinnata common names the cuplet fern, cuplet hay-scented fern is a species of fern in the family Dennstaedtiaceae.

text:
# Dennstaedtia bipinnata

***Dennstaedtia bipinnata*** common names the **cuplet fern**, **cuplet hay-scented fern** is a species of fern in the family Dennstaedtiaceae.

## Distribution

This species is indigenous to the West Indies and Central America and South America. It is also found in Bolivia, Mexico, Florida, and Puerto Rico.

## Habitat

*Dennstaedtia bipinnata* lives in moist to wet, acidic soils in forested areas.

## InfoBox

| *Dennstaedtia bipinnata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Dennstaedtiaceae |
| Genus: | *Dennstaedtia* |
| Species: | ***D. bipinnata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dennstaedtia bipinnata***
(Cav.) Maxon | |
|


title: C. C. Swiney

abstract: Christopher Casey "C.C." Swiney is a writer, actor and comedian in the film and television industry. He was born in Big Stone Gap, Virginia, to Joyce and Tate Swiney. Swiney attended Powell Valley High School and received his bachelor's degree from Carson-Newman College. He completed his master's degree at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. He got his start at 3-Ball productions as he became a film logger for the television series Dear Santa, Taradise, Medical Miracles and The Biggest Loser. He was quickly promoted to a Story Producer for Mentorn Productions and Fox Reality. As an actor, Swiney has been in over 100 live theater productions and was a principal character in a movie with Wet City Productions titled, "Urbana", written and directed by Joshua Aaron Weinstein. Currently, Swiney is managed by his wife, Stephanie Dozier. He is a professional stand-up comedian and actor. He also works as Director of Operations at Nyko. Recently, he helped produce the documentary Great American Race Test. He also writes for the television series Work Out. He was a quarter finalist in the 1999 National Forensic Association Tournament.

text:
# C. C. Swiney

**Christopher Casey "C.C." Swiney** (born August 13, 1981) is a writer, actor and comedian in the film and television industry.

He was born in Big Stone Gap, Virginia, to Joyce and Tate Swiney.

Swiney attended Powell Valley High School and received his bachelor's degree from Carson-Newman College. He completed his master's degree at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville.

He got his start at 3-Ball productions as he became a film logger for the television series *Dear Santa*, *Taradise*, *Medical Miracles* and *The Biggest Loser*. He was quickly promoted to a Story Producer for Mentorn Productions and Fox Reality.

As an actor, Swiney has been in over 100 live theater productions and was a principal character in a movie with Wet City Productions titled, "Urbana", written and directed by Joshua Aaron Weinstein. Currently, Swiney is managed by his wife, Stephanie Dozier. He is a professional stand-up comedian and actor. He also works as Director of Operations at Nyko.

Recently, he helped produce the documentary *Great American Race Test*. He also writes for the television series *Work Out*.

He was a quarter finalist in the 1999 National Forensic Association Tournament.

## InfoBox

| C.C. Swiney | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Christopher Casey Swiney
(1981-08-13) August 13, 1981
Big Stone Gap, Virginia, U.S. |
| Years active | unknown - present |


title: The Brave Don't Cry

abstract: The Brave Don't Cry is a 1952 British drama film directed by Philip Leacock and starring John Gregson, Meg Buchanan and John Rae. The film depicts the events of September 1950 at the Knockshinnoch Castle colliery in Scotland, where 129 men were trapped by a landslide. It was shot at Southall Studios and was also known by the alternative title Knockshinnoch Story. The filmmakers used actors from the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. It was screened at the Venice Film Festival in September 1952.

text:
# The Brave Don't Cry

***The Brave Don't Cry*** is a 1952 British drama film directed by Philip Leacock and starring John Gregson, Meg Buchanan and John Rae. The film depicts the events of September 1950 at the Knockshinnoch Castle colliery in Scotland, where 129 men were trapped by a landslide (see Knockshinnoch Disaster September 1950). It was shot at Southall Studios and was also known by the alternative title ***Knockshinnoch Story***. The filmmakers used actors from the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. It was screened at the Venice Film Festival in September 1952.

## Plot

A group of coalminers are trapped underground after a fall.

The story follows the trapped men, their rescuers, and their families as they struggle to dig them out before the oxygen is exhausted.

A phone line exists to the trapped men.

The efforts are hampered by firedamp.

## Cast

## Production

It was originally known as *What God Forgot*. John Grierson head of Group 3 called the script "one of the most moving I have read for years".

The song used at the start and the end is *Kishmul's Galley*, a traditional Scots song, sung by Kenneth McKellar.

## Critical reception

In a contemporary review, *The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote, "in its semi-documentary, semi-impersonal way *The Brave Don't Cry* is an estimable achievement, effectively sustaining the dramatic tension and sketching its characters with directness and a refreshing absence of mannerisms. Its limitations are the limitations of its genre - dramatic reportage rather than personal statement, observation without passion. The method works very well for many of the scenes, but the more emotional moments tend to seem either theatrical or (as in the case of Mrs. Sloan's reunion with her husband) conventionally understated. In its genre, though, the film stands quite high, and it gains greatly from the use of unfamiliar players. There are particularly good performances from Fulton Mackay, Jameson Clark, Jean Anderson and John Rae; and the folk song used over the credits and at the end - there is no background music - is highly effective."

1. "The Brave Don't Cry (1952) - BFI". *BFI*. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
2. Harper & Porter p.187
3. Grierson, John (27 September 1951). "Three's Company Adds Up". *Kine Weekly*.
4. "The Brave Don't Cry (Philip Leacock, 1952)".

## Bibliography

* Harper, Sue & Porter, Vincent. *British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference*. Oxford University Press, 2007.

## InfoBox

| The Brave Don't Cry | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Philip Leacock |
| Screenplay by | Montagu Slater
Lindsay Galloway (additional dialogue) |
| Produced by | John Grierson (executive producer - Group 3) |
| Starring | John Gregson
Meg Buchanan
Andrew Keir |
| Cinematography | Arthur Grant |
| Edited by | John Trumper |
| Music by | John Wooldridge |
| Production
company | Group 3 Films |
| Distributed by | Associated British-Pathé (UK) |
| Release date | * August 1952 (1952-08) (UK) |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Seløyna

abstract: Seløyna or Seløy is an island in Øygarden municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 8.7-square-kilometre (3.4 sq mi) island is the northernmost of the large populated islands in the Øygarden archipelago. It is connected to the island of Alvøyna by a short bridge over the Vikesundet strait. The small island of Førehjelmo lies just to the north of Seløyna, and there is a small bridge connecting to it. The island was once part of the old municipality of Hjelme which existed until 1964. The island is home to two churches: the Old Hjelme Church in the small, coastal village of Hjelmo and the "new" Hjelme Church centrally located along the main road crossing the island of Seløyna.

text:
# Seløyna

**Seløyna** or **Seløy** is an island in Øygarden municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 8.7-square-kilometre (3.4 sq mi) island is the northernmost of the large populated islands in the Øygarden archipelago. It is connected to the island of Alvøyna by a short bridge over the Vikesundet strait. The small island of Førehjelmo lies just to the north of Seløyna, and there is a small bridge connecting to it.

The island was once part of the old municipality of Hjelme which existed until 1964. The island is home to two churches: the Old Hjelme Church (founded in 1875) in the small, coastal village of Hjelmo and the "new" Hjelme Church (founded in 1971) centrally located along the main road crossing the island of Seløyna.

## InfoBox

Seløyna
Seløy
| SeløynaLocation of the islandSeløynaSeløyna (Norway) | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Vestland, Norway |
| Coordinates | 60°38′49″N 4°48′31″E / 60.6470°N 4.8086°E / 60.6470; 4.8086 |
| Area | 8.7 km2 (3.4 sq mi) |
| Length | 4 km (2.5 mi) |
| Width | 2.3 km (1.43 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 54 m (177 ft) |
| Highest point | Selstakken |
| Administration | |
| **Norway** | |
| County | Vestland |
| Municipality | Øygarden Municipality |


title: LN postcode area

abstract: The LN postcode area, also known as the Lincoln postcode area, is a group of thirteen postcode districts in eastern England, within seven post towns. These cover central Lincolnshire, including Lincoln, Alford, Horncastle, Louth, Mablethorpe, Market Rasen and Woodhall Spa.

text:
# LN postcode area

Template:Attached KML/LN postcode areaKML is from Wikidata

The **LN postcode area**, also known as the **Lincoln postcode area**, is a group of thirteen postcode districts in eastern England, within seven post towns. These cover central Lincolnshire, including Lincoln, Alford, Horncastle, Louth, Mablethorpe, Market Rasen and Woodhall Spa.

## Coverage

The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:

| Postcode district | Post town | Coverage | Local authority area(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LN1 | LINCOLN | Saxilby, Ermine Estates, Stow, Sturton, City Centre | Lincoln, West Lindsey |
| LN2 | LINCOLN | Nettleham, St Giles Estates, Welton, Sudbrooke, Dunholme, Grange de Lings. | Lincoln, West Lindsey |
| LN3 | LINCOLN | Fiskerton, Cherry Willingham, Lincoln, Bardney, Reepham | Lincoln, West Lindsey, North Kesteven, |
| LN4 | LINCOLN | Branston, Canwick, Coningsby, Dunston, Heighington, Nocton, Washingborough, Timberland, Martin, Ashby de la Launde, Scopwick, Holland Fen, Metheringham | Lincoln, North Kesteven, East Lindsey, Boston |
| LN5 | LINCOLN | Waddington, Bassingham, Carlton Le Moorland, Harmston, Haddington, Thurlby, Aubourn | Lincoln, North Kesteven |
| LN6 | LINCOLN | North Hykeham, South Hykeham, Birchwood, Skellingthorpe, Doddington, Whisby, Eagle, North Scarle, Thorpe on the Hill, Witham St Hughs, Swinderby, Norton Disney, Stapleford | Lincoln, North Kesteven |
| LN7 | MARKET RASEN | Nettleton, Caistor | West Lindsey, North Lincolnshire |
| LN8 | MARKET RASEN | Market Rasen | West Lindsey, East Lindsey, North East Lincolnshire |
| LN9 | HORNCASTLE | Horncastle, Tetford, Salmonby, Minting, Belchford, West Ashby, Hemingby, Baumber, Low Toynton, High Toynton, Fulletby, Greetham, Ashby Puerorum, Edlington, Wispington, Mareham on the Hill, Haltham, Winceby, Hameringham, Dalderby, Thornton, Langton, Old Woodhall, Oxcombe, Scrafield | East Lindsey |
| LN10 | WOODHALL SPA | Woodhall Spa, Kirkstead, Roughton, Bucknall, Horsington, Kirkby on Bain, Stixwould | East Lindsey, North Kesteven |
| LN11 | LOUTH | Louth | East Lindsey |
| LN12 | MABLETHORPE | Mablethorpe, Sutton-on-Sea, Theddlethorpe | East Lindsey |
| LN13 | ALFORD |  | East Lindsey |

## Map

Template:Attached KML/LN postcode areaKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Lincoln | |
| --- | --- |
| Postcode area | |
| LN | |
| Coordinates: 53°15′22″N 0°20′56″W / 53.256°N 0.349°W / 53.256; -0.349 | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Postcode area | LN |
| Postcode area name | Lincoln |
| Post towns | 7 |
| Postcode districts | 13 |
| Postcode sectors | 49 |
| Postcodes (live) | 9,211 |
| Postcodes (total) | 11,935 |
| Statistics as at May 2020 | |


title: Cha Cha Cha (MC Lyte song)

abstract: Cha Cha Cha is the lead single from MC Lyte's second album Eyes on This. Produced by King Of Chill, who also has songwriting credits, it was released on September 8, 1989. The song stayed 18 weeks on the recently created Billboard Hot Rap Singles and became one of the first songs to peak at No. 1 on that chart, staying there for two weeks in December 1989. Although MC Lyte had already reached #1 on Rap chart a few months earlier with the collaborative single "Self Destruction", this was the first time that a woman had achieved it as the lead artist. In turn, it would also become Lyte's first appearance on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop, peaking No. 35. In 2008 "Cha Cha Cha" was No. 54 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop list and Lil' Kim performed a rewritten version on her mixtape, Ms. G.O.A.T.

text:
# Cha Cha Cha (MC Lyte song)

**Cha Cha Cha** is the lead single from MC Lyte's second album *Eyes on This*. Produced by King Of Chill, who also has songwriting credits, it was released on September 8, 1989.

The song stayed 18 weeks on the recently created Billboard Hot Rap Singles and became one of the first songs to peak at No. 1 on that chart, staying there for two weeks in December 1989. Although MC Lyte had already reached #1 on Rap chart a few months earlier with the collaborative single "Self Destruction", this was the first time that a woman had achieved it as the lead artist. In turn, it would also become Lyte's first appearance on the *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop (then called "Billboard Hot Black Singles"), peaking No. 35.

In 2008 "Cha Cha Cha" was No. 54 on VH1's *100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop* list and Lil' Kim performed a rewritten version on her mixtape, *Ms. G.O.A.T.*

## Conception and composition

Although the song's credits only feature King of Chill as the songwriter, MC Lyte stated that they wrote the song together:

> “There were occasions like a song like ‘Cha Cha Cha’ King of Chill wrote that with me. I didn’t have a problem with opening the door to someone writing with me at times. But I had to have my stamp in it, on it and all round it because I’m not just saying whatever someone writes.”

Also comment about the lyrics:

> “There were some things that were humorous in there that I didn’t write or didn’t like or thought was the hottest line I ever said. It was comical to me…like that line, ‘Well, well, well, I’ll be damned.’ But turned out that that’s one of the most memorable parts of ‘Cha Cha Cha.’ Whenever I perform it that’s the part that the whole crowd wants to say. So sometimes you have to get out of yourself and let a new way of approaching a rhyme happen.”

### Samples

The song contains samples of Four Tops's "I Can't Live Without You" bass part, Kraftwerk's "The Man-Machine" lead synth part, Funkadelic's "Good Old Music"'s drum, Cerrone's "Rocket in the Pocket"'s drum, and The Fearless Four's "Rockin' It" hook. The song also has a vocal interpolation of herself on "Kickin' 4 Brooklyn" from her debut album.

## Music video

The music video for the song, directed by Tamra Davis, was filmed in August 1989 on Randall's Island, New York City. In the video, shot almost entirely in black and white, Lyte is shown alongside her bodyguard, her DJ K-Rock, and her dancers Leg One and Leg Two.

It was included on her compilation video album *Lyte Years* (1991).

## Appearances

"Cha Cha Cha" was included in his compilation albums The Very Best of MC Lyte (2001), *The Shit I Never Dropped* (2003), *Rhyme Masters* (2005), *Rhino Hi-Five: MC Lyte* (2007), *Cold Rock a Party - Best Of MC Lyte* (2019) and on the EastWest Maxi-Single "Lyte Of A Decade" (1996).

In the fall of 1991 she performed the song at the Pay-per-view TV concert  *Sisters In The Name of Rap*.

The song was performed by Da Brat and Remy Ma at the MC Lyte tribute at the 2006 VH1 Hip Hop Honors.

The song was also featured on the soundtrack of the video game *Grand Theft Auto IV* on the fictional in-game station "The Classics 104.1".

In October 2008 she performed "Cha Cha Cha" at the 3th edition of the BET Hip Hop Awards.

On October 14, 2014, MC Lyte performed this song to President Barack Obama in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the legislation that created the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts.

## Legacy and influence

In his book *Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture* (2007) writer Mickey Hess commented on the song "is an early example of her competing not as a female MC, but as an MC. In this song, she includes the audience as part of her battle strategy. Unlike some of her other songs in which she attacks a rapper or a crew of rappers, this song is a general warning to her competition. Considered an ultimate dis song, Lyte references hip hop and lyricism as if it is a science, a complex skill that few have mastered. The song does not have violent images, yet delivers punishment. The defeat for competitors is in the realization that they are not smart enough to outwit her."

In 2009, PopMatters's Quentin B. Huff reviewed the song in his note "I still love H.E.R. (and so should everyone else)", commenting:

> "(MC Lyte) tenor of voice and the precision of her delivery make her undeniable, not to mention her willingness to try a variety of subject matter. Despite the variety, however, she is well suited to battle mode where she can verbally stomp her competition. "Cha Cha Cha" is that type of song, but the execution is so smooth, with one of the slinkiest bass lines in all of rap, that she accomplishes her mission without being menacing. At the same time, she naturally sounds a bit like a mobster from an old black-and-white movie. I can easily see her pulling a Humphrey Bogart and saying something like, "Move kid, ya botha me. Am-scray, will ya?" "Cha Cha Cha" is more subdued and matter of fact than "I'm Bad", LL Cool J's earnest tribute to his lyrical skill."

Jack White revealed the song as the primary inspiration behind his 2014 Grammy–nominated song "Lazaretto".

In October 2019, on the 30th anniversary of its release, *Albumism'*s Jesse Ducker reviewed "Eyes of This," in which he commented that "Cha Cha Cha" is one of the best songs Lyte has ever released. Though the beat intentionally evokes old school hip-hop, sampling The Fearless Four's "Rockin' It" synthesizer-based loop and the drum/guitar break from Cerrone's "Rocket In the Pocket", it still feels futuristic even three decades later."

### Accolades

| Publication | Country | Accolade | Year | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Ego Trip* | U.S. | *Hip Hop's 40 Greatest Singles by Year 1980–98* | 1999 | #27 |
| *The Boombox* | | *50 Greatest Songs By Female Rappers* | 2017 | #15 |
| *VH1* | | *100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop* | 2008 | #54 |
| *Vibe* | | *The BIG List: Rap’s 30 Most Powerful Album Intros* | 2010 | #28 |
| (\*) designates lists which are unordered. | | | | | | |

### Samples

* In 1999, it was sampled by Ugly Duckling on "Get on This" from their EP *Fresh Mode*.
* In 2002 "Cha Cha Cha" was sampled in 7L & Esoteric's second EP release, *Dangerous Connection*, on a track called "Word Association".
* In 2003 it was interpolated by Da Brat on the track "Who I Am" from her fourth album *Limelite, Luv & Niteclubz*.
* In 2004 it was interpolated by Shawnna on the track "Kick This One" from her debut album *Worth tha Weight*.
* In February 2008, Rick Ross makes an interpolation to Cha Cha Cha in his collaboration with T-Pain on "The Boss", in which he says *"I'm the biggest boss that you seen thus far"* in reference to the line*"I'm the dopest female that you ' ve heard thus far"*.
* In June 2008 Lil' Kim rewrites "Cha Cha Cha" for her song "Ms. G.O.A.T." from her homonym mixtape album. Among the modifications that his version had, in the first verse Lil 'Kim sings *"Do my thing with an '89 swing/The dopeness I write, I guarantee delight/To the hip-hop maniac, the Uptown brainiac/In full effect, MC Lyte is back"* changing it to *"Shake my thing all the boys start to sing/Shawty is a ten, think about me in his dreams/Nymphomanic, head like a brainiac/For those who slept Lil' Kim is back"*.

## Single track listing

### 7" Vinyl

#### A-Side

1. "Cha Cha Cha" (3:00)

#### B-Side

1. "Housepower" (3:50)

### 12" Vinyl

#### A-Side

1. "Cha Cha Cha" (3:00)
2. "Cha Cha Cha" (Instrumental) (3:00)

#### B-Side

1. "Housepower (12" Mix)" (11:42)

### Cassette

#### A-Side

1. "Cha Cha Cha" (3:00)
2. "Housepower" (11:42)

#### B-Side

1. "Cha Cha Cha" (3:00)
2. "Housepower" (11:42)

## Personnel

Credits are taken from the liner notes.

* Producer, Mixed By, Lyrics By, Music By – King of Chill
* Mastered By – Dennis King (D.K.)
* Executive-Producer – Nat Robinson

## Charts

| Chart (1989–90) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
|
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 35 |
| US Hot Rap Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "Cha Cha Cha" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by MC Lyte | |
| from the album  *Eyes on This* | |
| B-side | "Housepower" |
| Released | September 8, 1989 |
| Recorded | 1989 |
| Genre | Golden age hip hop |
| Length | 3:02 |
| Label | First Priority, Atlantic Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Freddie Byrd |
| Producer(s) | King Of Chill |
| MC Lyte singles chronology | |
| "I'm Not Havin' It"
(1989) "**Cha Cha Cha**"
(1989) "Stop, Look, Listen"
(1990) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Cha Cha Cha on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Radium bromide

abstract: Radium bromide is the bromide salt of radium, with the formula RaBr2. It is produced during the process of separating radium from uranium ore. This inorganic compound was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, and the discovery sparked a huge interest in radiochemistry and radiotherapy. Since elemental radium oxidizes readily in air and water, radium salts are the preferred chemical form of radium to work with. Even though it is more stable than elemental radium, radium bromide is still extremely toxic, and can explode under certain conditions.

text:
# Radium bromide

**Radium bromide** is the bromide salt of radium, with the formula RaBr2. It is produced during the process of separating radium from uranium ore. This inorganic compound was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, and the discovery sparked a huge interest in radiochemistry and radiotherapy. Since elemental radium oxidizes readily in air and water, radium salts are the preferred chemical form of radium to work with. Even though it is more stable than elemental radium, radium bromide is still extremely toxic, and can explode under certain conditions.

## History

After the Curies discovered radium (in the form of radium chloride) in 1898, scientists began to isolate radium on an industrial scale, with the intent of using it for radiotherapy treatments. Radium salts, including radium bromide, were most often used by placing the chemical in a tube that was then passed over or inserted into diseased tissue in the body. Many of the first scientists to try to determine radium's uses were affected by their exposure to the radioactive material. Pierre Curie went so far as to self-inflict a severe chemical skin reaction by applying a radium source directly to his forearm, which ultimately created a skin lesion. All types of therapeutic tests were performed for different skin diseases including eczema, lichen and psoriasis. Later, it was hypothesized that radium could be used to treat cancerous diseases.

However, during this time frame, radium also gained popularity among pseudoscientific "health remedy" industries, which promoted radium as an essential element that could "heal" and "reinvigorate" cells in the human body and remove poisonous substances. As a result, radium gained popularity as a "health trend" in the 1920s and radium salts were added to food, drinks, clothing, toys, and even toothpaste. Furthermore, many respectable journals and newspapers in the early 1900s published statements claiming that radium posed no health hazard.

The main problem with the growth of interest in radium was the lack of radium on earth itself. In 1913, it was reported that the Radium Institute had four grams of radium total, which at the time was more than half the world supply. Numerous countries and institutions across the world set out to extract as much radium as possible, a time-consuming and expensive task. It was reported in *Science* magazine in 1919 that the United States had produced approximately 55 grams of radium since 1913, which was also more than half the radium produced in the world at the time. A principal source for radium is pitchblende, which holds a total of 257 mg of radium per ton of U3O8. With so little product recovered from such a large amount of material, it was difficult to extract a large quantity of radium. This was the reason radium bromide became one of the most expensive materials on earth. In 1921, it was stated in *Time* magazine that one ton of radium cost 17,000,000,000 Euros, whereas one ton of gold cost 208,000 Euros and one ton of diamond cost 400,000,000 Euros.

Radium bromide was also found to induce phosphorescence at normal temperatures. This led to the US army manufacturing and supplying luminous watches and gun sights to soldiers. It also allowed for the invention of the spinthariscope, which soon became a popular household item.

## Properties

Radium bromide is a luminous salt that causes the air surrounding it, even when encased in a tube, to glow a brilliant green and demonstrate all bands of the nitrogen spectrum. It is possible that the effect of the alpha radiation on the nitrogen in the air causes this luminescence. Radium bromide is highly reactive and crystals can sometimes explode, especially if heated. Helium gas evolved from alpha particles can accumulate within the crystals, which can cause them to weaken and rupture.

Radium bromide will crystallize when separated from aqueous solution. It forms a dihydrate, very similar to barium bromide.

## Production

Radium is obtained from uranium or pitchblende ores by the "Curie method", which involves two major stages. In the first stage the ore is treated with sulfuric acid dissolves many components. The residue contains, barium, radium, and lead sulfates. The mixture will then be treated with sodium chloride and sodium carbonate to remove the lead. The second stage involves separation of the barium from the radium.

Radium bromide can be obtained from radium chloride by reaction with a stream of hydrogen bromide.

## Hazards

Radium bromide, like all radium compounds, is highly radioactive and very toxic. Due to its chemical similarity to calcium, radium tends to accumulate in the bones, where it irradiates the bone marrow and can cause anemia, leukemia, sarcoma, bone cancer, genetic defects, infertility, ulcers, and necrosis. Symptoms of poisoning can take years to develop, by which time it is usually too late for any effective medical treatment. Radium bromide also poses a severe environmental hazard, amplified due to its high solubility in water, and it can bioaccumulate and cause long-lasting damage to organisms.

Radium bromide is highly reactive, and crystals can explode if violently shocked or heated. This is, in part, due to self-damage of the crystals by alpha radiation, which weakens the lattice structure.

## Uses

Radium and radium salts were commonly used for treating cancer; however, these treatments have been mostly phased out in favor of less toxic chemicals such as technetium or strontium-89. Radium bromide was also used in luminous paint on watches, but its use was ultimately phased out in the 1960-1970s in favor of less dangerous chemicals like promethium and tritium.

## InfoBox

Radium bromide
|
Radium bromide | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name radium bromide | |
| Other names radium bromide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.066 |
| EC Number | * 233-086-5 |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/2BrH.Ra/h2\*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 YKey: GIKWXTHTIQCTIH-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y * InChI=1/2BrH.Ra/h2\*1H;/q;;+2/p-2Key: GIKWXTHTIQCTIH-NUQVWONBAJ | |
| SMILES * Br\[Ra\]Br | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | RaBr2 |
| Molar mass | 385.782 g/mol |
| Appearance | white orthorhombic crystals |
| Density | 5.79 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 728 °C (1,342 °F; 1,001 K) |
| Boiling point | 900 °C (1,650 °F; 1,170 K) sublimes |
| Solubility in water | 70.6 g/100 g at 20°C |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Radium chloride |
| Other cations | Beryllium bromide
Magnesium bromide
Calcium bromide
Strontium bromide
Barium bromide |
| Hazards | |
| **Occupational safety and health** (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | Radioactive, highly toxic, explosive, dangerous for the environment |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Étude Op. 25, No. 2 (Chopin)

abstract: Étude Op. 25, No. 2, in F minor, is an étude composed by Frédéric Chopin. It was marked 'Presto'. It was preceded by a relative major key. It is based on a polyrhythm, with pairs of eighth-note (quaver) triplets in the right hand against quarter-note (crotchet) triplets in the left. The étude is sometimes known as "The Bees". Johannes Brahms wrote a revision of this étude, where the right hand part is played entirely in sixths and thirds. Virtuoso pianist and composer Leopold Godowsky later transcribed the étude for the left hand alone.

text:
# Étude Op. 25, No. 2 (Chopin)

**Étude Op. 25, No. 2**, in F minor, is an étude composed by Frédéric Chopin. It was marked 'Presto'. It was preceded by a relative major key. It is based on a polyrhythm, with pairs of eighth-note (quaver) triplets in the right hand against quarter-note (crotchet) triplets in the left. The étude is sometimes known as "The Bees".

Johannes Brahms wrote a revision of this étude, where the right hand part is played entirely in sixths and thirds. Virtuoso pianist and composer Leopold Godowsky later transcribed the étude for the left hand alone (transposed to F-sharp minor).


title: Dan Forsberg

abstract: Dan O. Forsberg is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from Sweden. He earned 17 caps for the Sweden national speedway team.

text:
# Dan Forsberg

**Dan O. Forsberg** (born 25 March 1934) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from Sweden. He earned 17 caps for the Sweden national speedway team.

## Speedway career

Forsberg was a leading speedway rider in the late 1950s. He reached the final of the Speedway World Championship on two occasions, in the 1952 Individual Speedway World Championship and the 1957 Individual Speedway World Championship.

He rode in the top tier of British Speedway, riding for Birmingham Brummies, where he rode from 1952 to 1953 and again in 1957.

## World final appearances

### Individual World Championship

## Family

His grandson Billy Forsberg rode for Belle Vue Aces from 2007 to 2009.

## InfoBox

Dan Forsberg
| Born | (1934-03-25) 25 March 1934<br>Vaggeryd, Sweden |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Career history | |
| **Sweden** | |
| 1950-1954, 1958-1959 | Vargarna |
| 1955-1956 | Filbyterna |
| 1957 | Dackarna |
| **Great Britain** | |
| 1952-1953, 1957 | Birmingham Brummies |
|  | |
| Individual honours | |
| 1952, 1957 | Speedway World Championship finalist |
| 1953, 1956 | Nordic Champion |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 1951, 1953, 1954, 1957 | Allsvenskan Champion |
|  | |


title: The Brave Archer and His Mate

abstract: The Brave Archer and His Mate, also known as The Brave Archer 4 and Mysterious Island, is a 1982 Hong Kong film adapted from Louis Cha's novels The Legend of the Condor Heroes and The Return of the Condor Heroes, the first two books in he Condor Heroes Trilogy of novels. The Brave Archer and His Mate is a direct sequel to The Brave Archer, The Brave Archer 2 and The Brave Archer 3, being an adaptation of the final part of the Legend of the Condor Heroes novel and the first part of The Return of the Condor Heroes novel, with the same director, writer, and cast. Little Dragon Maiden (1983) unofficially continues the story where The Brave Archer and His Mate leaves off, though everyone behind and in front of the camera is different.

text:
# The Brave Archer and His Mate

***The Brave Archer and His Mate***, also known as ***The Brave Archer 4*** and ***Mysterious Island***, is a 1982 Hong Kong film adapted from Louis Cha's novels *The Legend of the Condor Heroes* and *The Return of the Condor Heroes*, the first two books in he Condor Heroes Trilogy of novels. *The Brave Archer and His Mate* is a direct sequel to *The Brave Archer*, *The Brave Archer 2* and *The Brave Archer 3*, being an adaptation of the final part of the Legend of the Condor Heroes novel and the first part of The Return of the Condor Heroes novel, with the same director, writer, and cast. *Little Dragon Maiden* (1983) unofficially continues the story where *The Brave Archer and His Mate* leaves off, though everyone behind and in front of the camera is different.

## Plot

Guo Jing and Huang Rong return to Peach Blossom Island and are shocked to see that Guo's first martial arts teachers, the "Seven Freaks of Jiangnan", have all been murdered except for Ke Zhen'e. Guo Jing is tricked into believing that Huang Rong's father, Huang Yaoshi, is responsible for the murders and he attempts to avenge his teachers by fighting Huang Yaoshi. The intelligent Huang Rong eventually uncovers the truth and reveals that the murders are actually part of a plot masterminded by Ouyang Feng and Yang Kang. Ouyang and Yang want to make Guo Jing and Huang Yaoshi kill each other and Yang can learn Ouyang's newly mastered skills from the fake copy of the *Nine Yin Manual*.

Yang Kang gets his retribution eventually and dies in the Temple of the Iron Spear. He had fathered a child with Mu Nianci, and Mu entrusts their orphaned son, Yang Guo, to Guo Jing and Huang Rong before she dies as well. The film's setting moves to eighteen years later on Peach Blossom Island, where Yang Guo is now a grown-up. Guo Jing and Huang Rong have a teenage daughter, Guo Fu, and Guo Jing has also accepted two young disciples, the brothers Wu Xiuwen and Wu Dunru. Guo teaches the Wu brothers martial arts, but refuses to teach Yang Guo, because he is afraid that Yang Guo will follow his treacherous father's footsteps.

Yang Guo develops a rivalry with the Wu brothers and Guo Fu and he leaves the island. Yang meets Ouyang Feng, who has become insane after practising the skills in the fake copy of the *Nine Yin Manual*. Ouyang likes Yang Guo and teaches Yang his "Toad Skill". Yang begins to suspect that Guo Jing and Huang Rong might be responsible for the death of his parents, after listening to Ouyang Feng's incomplete account of the story. The situation is resolved eventually by Guo Jing, who brings Yang Guo to the Quanzhen Sect to be tutored in martial arts and moral principles by Yang Kang's former teachers.

Guo Jing and Yang Guo arrive at Quanzhen Sect's headquarters and see an ongoing battle between Quanzhen and some intruders, led by Huodu and Da'erba. Huodu and Da'erba attempt to break their way into a tomb near Quanzhen's headquarters, but Guo Jing and Yang Guo thwart their plans and defeat them.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Brave Archer and His Mate | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 神鵰俠侶 |
| Simplified Chinese | 神雕侠侣 |
| Transcriptions | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Chang Cheh |
| Screenplay by | Ni Kuang
Chang Cheh |
| Story by | Louis Cha |
| Produced by | Mona Fong |
| Starring | Alexander Fu Sheng
Philip Kwok
Gigi Wong |
| Cinematography | Cho Wai-kei |
| Edited by | Chiang Hsing-lung
Lee Yim-hoi |
| Music by | Eddie H. Wang |
| Production
company | Shaw Brothers Studio |
| Release date | * 25 February 1982 (1982-02-25) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Languages | Cantonese
Mandarin |
| Box office | HK$1,627,031.00 |


title: Sem, Ariège

abstract: Sem is a former commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-de-Sos.

text:
# Sem, Ariège

**Sem** (French pronunciation: \[sɛm\]) is a former commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-de-Sos.

## Geography and sights

The Sem village lies in the *Vicdessos valley* at 991 meters above sea level. It is an old mining village, tied with the history of the iron mining of *Rancié*. The stream of Sem forms a huge waterfall (Carraoucou waterfall) and a cone. A big rock called "the dolmen" of Sem was made by a former glacier.

## Population

Inhabitants of Sem are called *Sémois* in French.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 6 |  |
| 1968 | 13 | +116.7% |
| 1975 | 17 | +30.8% |
| 1982 | 16 | −5.9% |
| 1990 | 14 | −12.5% |
| 1999 | 19 | +35.7% |
| 2008 | 29 | +52.6% |

## InfoBox

| Sem | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Val-de-Sos | |
| An aerial view of Sem | |
| Location of Sem | |
| SemSem | |
| Coordinates: 42°46′07″N 1°31′11″E / 42.7686°N 1.5197°E / 42.7686; 1.5197 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Ariège |
| Arrondissement | Foix |
| Canton | Sabarthès |
| Commune | Val-de-Sos |
| Area**1** | 5.22 km2 (2.02 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 22 |
| Density | 4.2/km2 (11/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 09220 |
| Elevation | 825–2,042 m (2,707–6,699 ft)
(avg. 960 m or 3,150 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Chalarothyrsus

abstract:
Chalarothyrsus amplexicaulis is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It is a subshrub native to central and southwestern Mexico. It is the sole species in genus Chalarothyrsus. The genus and species were described by German botanist and mycologist Gustav Lindau and was published in Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 327 in 1904. Species:
  - Chalarothyrsus Lindau

text:
# Chalarothyrsus

***Chalarothyrsus amplexicaulis*** is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It is a subshrub native to central and southwestern Mexico. It is the sole species in genus ***Chalarothyrsus***.

The genus and species were described by German botanist and mycologist Gustav Lindau and was published in *Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 327* in 1904.

Species:

* *Chalarothyrsus* Lindau

## InfoBox

| *Chalarothyrsus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Acanthaceae |
| Genus: | *Chalarothyrsus*
Lindau (1904) |
| Species: | ***C. amplexicaulis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chalarothyrsus amplexicaulis***
Lindau (1904) | |
|


title: Radium Round

abstract: Radium Round is the sixth studio album by the Finnish avant-garde metal band Waltari.

text:
# Radium Round

***Radium Round*** is the sixth studio album by the Finnish avant-garde metal band Waltari.

## Track listing

1. "Back to the Bottom" – 3:56
2. "Every Bad Day" – 3:44
3. "Broken Bizarre" – 3:13
4. "Power of Thoughts" – 4:34
5. "Atom Angel" – 3:50
6. "Number None" – 3:47
7. "Radium Round" – 3:23
8. "Love Rocket" – 4:16
9. "The Plan" – 5:14
10. "City Neurotic" – 4:23
11. "Scum" – 4:46
12. "4000 Years" – 4:37

## Credits

## Charts

| Chart (1999) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) | 33 |

## InfoBox

| Radium Round | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Waltari | |
| Released | 1999/2000 |
| Genre | Progressive metal, avant-garde metal, alternative metal, pop rock, rap rock |
| Length | 49:47 |
| Label | Edel Records |
| Waltari chronology | |
| *Space Avenue*
(1997) ***Radium Round***
(1999) *Rare Species*
(2004) | |


title: Étude Op. 25, No. 3 (Chopin)

abstract: Étude Op. 25, No. 3, in F major, is a technical study composed by Frédéric Chopin in 1836. The romanticized nickname of this piece is "The Horseman" or "The Knight", probably because of its "galloping" style. It is mostly a study in rhythm. The study has four different voices that must be brought out by the performer. The technical figure consists of lateral movements of the hand that must be played with flourish and refinement.

text:
# Étude Op. 25, No. 3 (Chopin)

**Étude Op. 25, No. 3**, in F major, is a technical study composed by Frédéric Chopin in 1836. The romanticized nickname of this piece (not given by Chopin, who thought that idea was repulsive) is "The Horseman" or "The Knight", probably because of its "galloping" style. It is mostly a study in rhythm. The study has four different voices that must be brought out by the performer. The technical figure consists of lateral movements of the hand that must be played with flourish and refinement.


title: Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij

abstract: The Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij was a railway company, whose route followed the Serayu Valley and connected Maos via Patikraja, Purwokerto, Sokaraja, Purbalingga, Klampok, Mandiraja and Banjarnegara with Wonosobo on 142 kilometers of rail network. This company are the pioneer of railway development in Banyumas Regent, even before Staatsspoorwegen exist in earlier 1900's.

text:
# Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij

The **Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij** (SDS or SDSM, Dutch for Serayu Valley Steam Tram Company, Indonesian also **Perusahaan Trem Uap Lembah Serayu**) was a railway company, whose route followed the Serayu Valley and connected Maos via Patikraja, Purwokerto, Sokaraja, Purbalingga, Klampok, Mandiraja and Banjarnegara with Wonosobo on 142 kilometers of rail network. This company are the pioneer of railway development in Banyumas Regent, even before Staatsspoorwegen exist in earlier 1900's.

## History

The company was founded in 1894 after R.H. Eysonius de Waal and O.J.A. Repelaer van Driel had received concessions for the construction and operation of a steam railway in 1893 and 1894.

The construction of the route was carried out sequentially in three phases. The construction of the track cost 1,500,000 guilders, financed by the *Financiele Maaatscappij van Nijverheidsondernemingen in Ned. Indies*. The project was led by the engineer C. Groll. The railway line was built on the basis of Dutch economic interests by providing fast and cheap means of transport to Dutch government companies, especially sugar factories.

The route was shut down from 1978 to 1980 section by section. The assets, which had been formerly owned by the SDS and later the PT Kereta Api Indonesia belonged to the Department of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia from the 1980s to regional autonomy in 2001 and to the Transportation Department of the province of Central Java from 2001 to 2006 .

## Locomotives

## Usage

The following companies used the railway :

* Tobacco plantations in Patikraja, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara and Wonosobo.
* Sugar factory in Purwokerto, Kalibagor, Kalimanah, Bojong, and Klampok.
* Cinnamon plantations in Wonosobo and Banjarnegara.
* Tea plantations in Wonosobo and Banjarnegara.

## Phases of track construction

### First Phase

* Maos – Purwokerto Timur, 29 km (18 miles), inaugurated on 16 July 1896 (Maos – Rawalo – Panisinan – Tinggartugu – Glempong – Tinggarjengkol – Gringging – Sampang – Kebasen – Patikraja – Sidabowa – Tanjung – Purwokerto Timur)
* Purwokerto Timur – Sokaraja, 9 km (5.6 miles), inaugurated on 5 December 1896 (Purwokerto Timur – Pasar Wage – Sangkalputung – Sokaraja – Zuckerfabrik Kalibagor)
* Sokaraja – Purworeja Klampok, 16 km (9.9 miles), inaugurated on 2 July 1897 eingeweiht (Sokaraja – Banjarsari – Muntang – Karangkemiri – Kemangkon – Purworeja Klampok)
* Purworeja Klampok – Banjarnegara, 30 km (19 miles), inaugurated on 18 May 1898 eingeweiht (Purworeja Klampok – Gandulekor – Mandiraja – Purwonegoro – Gumiwang – Binorong – Mantrianom – Pucang – Wangon – Banjarnegara)
* Purworeja Klampok – Kandis, 7 km (4.3 miles), inaugurated on 16 July 1898 eingeweiht (Purworeja Klampok – Tangan Kidul – Tangan Lor – Kayutanam – Bronggong – Kandis)

### Second Phase

* Banjarsari – Purbalingga, 7 km (4.3 miles), inaugurated on 1 July 1900 (Banjarsari – Jompo – Kalimanah – Purbalingga)

### Third Phase

* Banjarnegara – Selokromo, 29 km (18 miles), inaugurated on 1 May 1916 (Banjarnegara – Soalanandi – Singomerto – Sigalu – Prigi – Bandingan – Bojonegoro – Tunggoro – Selokromo)
* Selokromo – Wonosobo, 14 km (8.7 miles), inaugurated on 7 June 1917 eingeweiht (Selokromo – Krasak – Selomerto – Penawangan – Wonosobo)

## InfoBox

| Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij | |
| --- | --- |
| Bridge over Peloes River<br>near Soekaradja Station Map of track, July 1918 | |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 142 kilometres (88 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |
| Map of stations | |


title: Santa Terezinha, Pernambuco

abstract: Santa Terezinha is a city in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The population in 2020, according with IBGE was 11,865 inhabitants and the total area is 200.32 km².

text:
# Santa Terezinha, Pernambuco

**Santa Terezinha** is a city in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The population in 2020, according with IBGE was 11,865 inhabitants and the total area is 200.32 km².

## Geography

## Economy

The main economic activities in **Santa Terezinha** are based in agribusiness, especially creation of cattle, sheep, pigss, goats, chickens; and plantations of beans, corn and manioc.

### Economic Indicators

| Population | GDP x(1000 R$). | GDP pc (R$) | PE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10.184 | 29.224 | 2.942 | 0.05% |
|

**Economy by Sector** 2006

| Primary sector | Secondary sector | Service sector |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12.53% | 8.98% | 78.49% |
|

### Health Indicators

| HDI (2000) | Hospitals (2007) | Hospitals beds (2007) | Children's Mortality every 1000 (2005) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.602 | 1 | 10 | 29.3 |
|

7°22′40″S 37°28′48″W / 7.37778°S 37.48000°W / -7.37778; -37.48000


title: FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification

abstract: The FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification is the process that a national basketball team goes through to qualify for the FIBA Basketball World Cup finals. Qualifiers are held within four FIBA continental zones Africa, Americas, Europe, and Asia-Oceania play in a combined Asia-Pacific region to qualify for the FIBA Basketball World Cup, which are organized by their respective confederations. One extra berth is allocated for the specific continental zone that hosts the event, in addition to the set berths allotted for the region. The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth. Unlike in previous editions results from the prior Summer Olympics and continental championships are not taken into account. Until 2014, the winners of the Summer Olympics and continental championships also received an automatic berth, but starting from the 2019 World Cup this is no longer the case.

text:
# FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification

The **FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification** is the process that a national basketball team goes through to qualify for the FIBA Basketball World Cup finals. Qualifiers are held within four FIBA continental zones Africa, Americas, Europe, and Asia-Oceania play in a combined Asia-Pacific region to qualify for the FIBA Basketball World Cup, which are organized by their respective confederations. One extra berth is allocated for the specific continental zone that hosts the event, in addition to the set berths allotted for the region.

The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth. Unlike in previous editions results from the prior Summer Olympics and continental championships are not taken into account. Until 2014, the winners of the Summer Olympics and continental championships also received an automatic berth, but starting from the 2019 World Cup this is no longer the case.

## History

### Summary

"+W" are invited teams (wild cards), "+O" are for teams that qualified via the Summer Olympics, "+C" are the defending world champions, and "+H" are for hosts.

Continental allocation
| Zone | | 1950

(10) | 1954

(12) | 1959

(13) | 1963

(13) | 1967

(13) | 1970

(13) | 1974

(14) | 1978

(14) | 1982

(13) | 1986

(24) | 1990

(16) | 1994

(16) | 1998

(16) | 2002

(16) | 2006

(24) | 2010

(24) | 2014

(24) | 2019

(32) | 2023

(32) | 2027

(32) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America | Americas | 2O | W
+O | W
+O | W
+O | O | O+W | 2W | 2W | 2W | 2W | 5
+H | 4
+O+H | 4
+O | 5
+H | 4+W
+O | 4
+O | 4+W
+O | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Central America & Caribbean | | 0 | 0 | 2W | 2W | 2 | 2 | 2
+H |  || | | | | | | | | |
| South America | | 3
+H | 4
+H | 2+W
+H | 3
+H | 4
+H | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1
+H+O |  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Oceania | |  |  |  | 0 | 0 | W | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1+W | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Asia | | 0 | 2W | 3W | W | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2
+H | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3
+H | 3+W | 3 | | | |
| Africa | | 3
+O | 3 | | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Europe | | | | 2 | 3+1 | 4 | 2+W
+H | 3
+C | 3
+C | 1
+2O+C | 6+W
+H+C | 5 | 5 | 5
+H | 5 | 6+3W | 6+3W
+H | 6+3W
+H | 12 | 12 | 12 |

#### Graphical

* Africa
* Americas
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* **H;** host

| Tournament | H | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 |  | 5 | | | | | 4 | | | |
| 1954 |  | 6 | | | | | | 2 | | 3 | | |
| 1959 |  | 7 | | | | | | | 3 | | | 2 | |
| 1963 |  | 7 | | | | | | | 1 | 4 | | | |
| 1967 |  | 7 | | | | | | | 1 | 4 | | | |
| 1970 |  | 1 | 6 | | | | | | 1 | 3 | | | 1 |
| 1974 |  | 1 | 6 | | | | | | 1 | 4 | | | | 1 |
| 1978 |  | 1 | 5 | | | | | 2 | | 4 | | | | 1 |
| 1982 |  | 1 | 5 | | | | | 1 | 4 | | | | 1 |
| 1986 |  | 2 | | 8 | | | | | | | | 3 | | | 8 | | | | | | | | 2 | |
| 1990 |  | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 1 |
| 1994 |  | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 1 |
| 1998 |  | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 1 |
| 2002 |  | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 2 | | 5 | | | | | 1 |
| 2006 |  | 3 | | | 6 | | | | | | 3 | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 2 | |
| 2010 |  | 3 | | | 5 | | | | | 4 | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 2 | |
| 2014 |  | 3 | | | 6 | | | | | | 3 | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | 2 | |
| 2019 |  | 5 | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2023 |  | | 5 | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | 6 | | | | | | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2027 |  | 5 | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Qualification competition used

| Competition | 1950

(10) | 1954

(12) | 1959

(13) | 1963

(13) | 1967

(13) | 1970

(13) | 1974

(14) | 1978

(14) | 1982

(13) | 1986

(24) | 1990

(16) | 1994

(16) | 1998

(16) | 2002

(16) | 2006

(24) | 2010

(24) | 2014

(24) | 2019

(32) | 2023

(32) | 2027

(32) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Summer Olympics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| FIBA Basketball World Cup |  | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Centrobasket |  |  |  |  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| AfroBasket |  |  |  | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| FIBA AmeriCup |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| FIBA Asia Cup |  |  |  | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| EuroBasket | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| FIBA Oceania Championship |  |  |  |  |  |  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| South American Basketball Championship | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |

### Olympic, European and South American automatic berths

Before the creation of the first FIBA zones, qualifying for the FIBA World Championship, the original name of the FIBA Basketball World Cup, was via the Summer Olympics, regional championships and by invitation, although some teams were not able to compete due to political reasons. Teams from North and Central America, which did not have a regional championship until the establishment of the Centrobasket in 1965, Asia until the establishment of the Asian Championship in 1960, and Africa until the foundation of the African Championship in 1962, could either qualify via the Olympics or by invitation. The Olympics used the Pan American Games as a qualifying tournament, serving as the first qualifying tournament for North and Central American teams.

In the 1950 FIBA World Championship in Argentina, the top three teams from the 1948 Summer Olympics, the top three teams from 1949 South American Basketball Championship, the EuroBasket 1949 champion and the top two teams from a subsequent European qualifying tournament, and two invitees and Asia were supposed to compete. Uruguay, the South American champion, were refused visas, the Asian teams refused to make the long trip to Argentina, and Italy withdrew for financial reasons.

In the 1954 FIBA World Championship in Brazil, the top four teams in the 1953 South American Basketball Championship, the top 3 teams in EuroBasket 1953 and one invitee from the Americas (Canada) and two invitees from Asia (Formosa and the Philippines) were supposed to participate; however, the Brazilian government refused entry on teams from Communist countries, except Yugoslavia.

The 1959 FIBA World Championship in Chile saw the Olympic champion, the top two teams from 1955 South American Basketball Championship and EuroBasket 1957, and seven invited teams. In the 1963 FIBA World Championship, the Olympic champion and the top three teams from 1961 South American Basketball Championship and EuroBasket 1961 were given places, plus five invited teams, four from the Americas and one from Asia. The Philippines was supposed to host, and Formosa was to be Asia's representative, but were suspended and removed hosting rights by FIBA after the government refused to issue visas to teams from Communist countries. FIBA awarded the World Championship to Brazil, and the Asian berth was instead given to Japan.

### African, Asian, Central American and Oceanian automatic berths

By the 1967 FIBA World Championship in Uruguay, the Summer Olympics and the continental championships in Europe, Central America, South America and Asia became established as qualifying tournaments. The two North American nations, the United States and Canada, could still only qualify via the Olympics or via invitation; Mexico participated via the Centrobasket, which it hosted the inaugural tournament. In the next tournament in the 1970 FIBA World Championship in Yugoslavia, the African champion was given an automatic berth, and regions which didn't have qualifying tournaments, Oceania and North America, were granted invitations. In the 1974 FIBA World Championship, the reigning world champions replaced the Summer Olympics champions on the automatic berth, with the Oceanian champion also qualifying outright; the two North American teams, Canada and the United States were regularly invited as there was no way for them to enter the competition with the Olympics no longer serving as a qualifying tournament. The Summer Olympics returned as an outright qualifying tournament in 1982 when the top three Olympic teams were given berths, but these were again removed in 1986, when two invited teams participated.

### Americas automatic berths

In the first world championship in the open era where professionals were allowed to compete in the 1990 FIBA World Championship in Argentina, the field was reduced to sixteen, and the FIBA Americas Championship were first used to determine the qualifiers from the entire Americas, instead of the separate then-continental championships in Central and South America; these then became qualification tournaments to the Americas championship. This also allowed the USA and Canada to compete in a qualifying tournament other than the Olympics; those two teams are automatically included and do not have to participate in qualifying. In addition, the defending world or Olympic champions weren't given automatic berths, nor where there invited teams. The Summer Olympics became a qualifying tournament again in the 1994 FIBA World Championship in Canada. This setup continued until the 2002 FIBA World Championship in the USA which were also the Olympic champions; the supposed berth for the Olympic champions were instead given to Americas, the USA's home zone.

### Wild card berths

In the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan that saw the field expand to 24 teams, with four invited teams popularly called as "wild cards" were invited by FIBA. This setup will last until 2014, when FIBA announced that they were renaming the competition as the "FIBA Basketball World Cup".

### Home and away qualification

In 2012, FIBA announced that the supposed 2018 World Cup would be moved to 2019, the field would expand to 32 teams, and that a new qualification format will be used. Qualification for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup and all succeeding World Cups will see one path of qualification for teams from Asia and Oceania, that the home-and-away system will be used, and that the continental championships will be held quadrennially instead of biennially; and those would no longer be used as qualification tournaments.

### Participation

These are the number of teams that participated in all levels of qualification for the World Cup since 2006:

| Year | Teams entered | | | | | | Map |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | Total | |
| 2006 | 21 | 20 | 28 | 25 | 2 | **96** |  |
| 2010 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 39 | 2 | **108** |  |
| 2014 | 26 | 24 | 26 | 31 | 2 | **117** |  |
| 2019 | 26 | 32 | 31 | 37 | 2 | **128** |  |
| 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Key to map:

* Blue: Qualified and invited as a wild card
* Light blue: Could still be invited as a wild card (2014 only)
* Yellow: Did not qualify
* Dark gray: Did not enter
* Light gray: Not a member of FIBA
* Black: Disqualified

## Current format

Qualification format to be used starting at the 2019 FIBA World Cup:

| FIBA zone | First round | Second round | Berths |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hosts |  | *Automatic Qualification* | 1 / 2 in 2023 |
| FIBA Asia \+ Oceania | Top 3 teams from 4 groups | Group of 6 teams. Points from the first round carry over to the second round. Teams will have 3 home and 3 away games against only teams they did not face at the first round. | 7 |
| FIBA Africa | | | 5 |
| FIBA Americas | | | 7 |
| FIBA Europe |  | 8 Groups. Teams will have 3 home and 3 away games against each other. | 12 |
| **Total:** |  | | **32** |

## First appearance in qualification

The figures below show the first instance a team qualified to the final qualifying tournament (i.e. continental championship). Countries that had not appeared here may have earlier participated in earlier stages of qualification tournaments.

| World
Cup | Africa | Americas | | | Asia | Europe | Oceania | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | North America | Central America & Caribbean | South America | | | | |
| 1950 | * Egypt (competed in Europe) |  | |  |  |  |  | 28 |
| 1954 |  |  | |  |  |  |  | 9 |
| 1959 |  |  | |  |  |  |  | 10 |
| 1963 |  |  | |  |  |  |  | 4 |
| 1967 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |
| 1970 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |
| 1974 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |
| 1978 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |
| 1982 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
| 1986 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
| 1990 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 2 |
| 1994 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 11 |
| 1998 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 5 |
| 2002 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 2 |
| 2006 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 0 |
| 2010 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 3 |
| 2014 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 5 |
| 2019 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 6 |
|
|

2023 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 1 |
|
|
2027 |  |  | | |  |  |  | 3 |
| Totals | 31 | 26 | | | 29 | 42 | 4 | 131 |


title: The Brave Cowboy

abstract: The Brave Cowboy (1956) was Edward Abbey's second published novel. In 1993 Dream Garden Press produced a special limited edition of the book that includes an introduction by Kirk Douglas, who was the star in the film based on the book. It also includes photos from the film. Douglas signed 500 copies of that special edition. The song The Brave Cowboy by Dale Brittain is ostensibly inspired by Abbey's novel, with a protagonist that appears to share in the philosophy and predicament of Jack Burns, but whose name is never explicitly mentioned.

text:
# The Brave Cowboy

***The Brave Cowboy*** (1956) was Edward Abbey's second published novel.

In 1993 Dream Garden Press produced a special limited edition of the book that includes an introduction by Kirk Douglas, who was the star in the film based on the book. It also includes photos from the film. Douglas signed 500 copies of that special edition. The song *The Brave Cowboy* by Dale Brittain is ostensibly inspired by Abbey's novel, with a protagonist that appears to share in the philosophy and predicament of Jack Burns, but whose name is never explicitly mentioned.

## Plot summary

This book is the story of a cowboy, Jack Burns, who lives as a transient worker and roaming ranch hand much as the cowboys of old did, and refuses to join modern society. He rejects much of modern technology, prefers to cut down any fence he comes across, will not carry any kind of modern identification such as a driver's license or Social Security card, and refuses to register for the draft. When his friend Paul Bondi, who is a philosophical anarchist, is jailed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for refusing to register for the draft, Burns deliberately gets himself arrested in an attempt to break his friend out of jail, but winds up on the run from the law himself.

Bondi has been tried and is awaiting transport from county jail to federal prison but refuses to escape with Burns. As police have discovered that Burns has also never registered for the draft, authorities are intent on sending Burns to trial and eventually federal prison for violation of the Selective Service Act of 1948. Burns eventually escapes reluctantly leaving his friend behind. After a brief stop to say goodbye to Paul's wife, Jerry, and son, Seth, Jack heads into the Sandia Mountains, just east of Albuquerque, on horseback.

The police mount a manhunt and pull out all the stops to capture Burns, including helicopters on loan by the Air Force. If Burns can scale the mountain range, he figures he can escape under the cover of the forest on the other side. The police know this as well, so they position themselves to prevent that from happening.

Many casual fans of Abbey might consider George Washington Hayduke as the author's favorite character, but it was John W. "Jack" Burns who Abbey kept writing about. Burns is introduced in *The Brave Cowboy*. He is also a major character in Abbey's science fiction novel, *Good News*. Burns makes cameo appearances in both *The Monkey Wrench Gang* and *Hayduke Lives!*.

*The Brave Cowboy* also contains elements of future books, though the relationship between them is unclear. *The Brave Cowboy* explains that Burns is the grandson of Henry Vogelin, whose ranch Burns spent time on as a child. The ranch, currently in the hands of the US Air Force is part of a base commanded by General DeSalius. Vogelin and DeSalius will be characters six years later in Abbey's 1962 work *Fire on the Mountain*, the story of a boy from the East Coast who visits his grandfather's ranch and falls in love with the desert and ranch life just in time to see both destroyed by development. However, Burns's time on the ranch is well detailed in Brave Cowboy and the only characters the stories share are Vogelin and DeSalius. Though the book is written as a memoir, Jack seems too old to have been the boy staying on the ranch at the moment of dispossession. Having written *Fire On The Mountain* after *The Brave Cowboy*, Abbey chose to write about the child "Billy" rejecting the option of using the novel to explain the past of Jack Burns. Yet it is still possible that the novels are directly linked, as the number of Vogelin's children is never revealed. Jack and Billy may be cousins or brothers, and the Vogelin and ranch in question may indeed be the same in both novels.

## Publication

The first edition of the book is considered the rarest of Abbey's eight novels. There was only one printing of 5,000 copies and many of them have not survived. One online rare book dealer shows copies of the first U.S. edition start at $4,000 and the highest asking price is $10,000.

## Film version

Kirk Douglas gave the film version of *The Brave Cowboy* the title *Lonely Are the Brave*, his personal favorite. It was adapted by Academy Award-winning—and formerly blacklisted—screenwriter Dalton Trumbo. Released in 1962, it is one of only two films made based on Abbey's novels. British writer/director/actor Alex Cox has lauded the film, writing that "there is no greater western, and certainly no more tragic one."

The second Abbey adaptation was *Fire on the Mountain*, which was a made-for-TV movie that starred Ron Howard and Buddy Ebsen. A third film, based on Abbey's most popular novel, *The Monkey Wrench Gang*, is currently in development. Catherine Hardwicke is scheduled to direct the film.

## Notes and references

1. James M. Cahalan, *Edward Abbey: A Life*, University of Arizona Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0816522675.
2. "*The Brave Cowboy* Dale Brittain". *www.youtube.com*. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-01-23  via YouTube.
3. Cox, Alex (29 July 2012). "The Fretful Birth of the New Western". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
4. "The Monkey Wrench Gang" at IMDb.

## InfoBox

Brave Cowboy
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Edward Abbey |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Western novel |
| Publisher | Dodd, Mead and Company |
| Publication date | 1956 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover, Paperback) |
| Pages | 277 pp |
| ISBN | 0826304486 |
| OCLC | 3090133 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.5/4 |
| LC Class | PZ4.A124 Br7 PS3551.B2 |


title: Semecarpus parvifolius

abstract: Semecarpus parvifolius is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The specific epithet was originally spelt parvifolia.

text:
# Semecarpus parvifolius

***Semecarpus parvifolius*** is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The specific epithet was originally spelt *parvifolia*.

## InfoBox

| *Semecarpus parvifolius* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | *Semecarpus* |
| Species: | ***S. parvifolius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Semecarpus parvifolius***
Thwaites | |
|


title: Savagnin

abstract: Savagnin or Savagnin blanc is a variety of white wine grape with green-skinned berries. It is mostly grown in the Jura region of France, where it is made into Savagnin wine or the famous vin jaune and vin de paille.

text:
# Savagnin

**Savagnin** or **Savagnin blanc** is a variety of white wine grape with green-skinned berries. It is mostly grown in the Jura region of France, where it is made into Savagnin wine or the famous vin jaune and vin de paille.

## History

The history of Savagnin is complicated and not helped by its rather unstable genome. The story starts with the ancient **Traminer** variety, a green-skinned grape recorded in the Tyrolean village of Tramin from ca. 1000 until the 16th century. (This region now lies in the Italian province of South Tyrol). The famous ampelographer Pierre Galet thought that Traminer was identical to the green-skinned Savagnin blanc in the Jura. More recently it has been suggested that Savagnin blanc acquired slight differences in its leaf shape and geraniol content as it travelled to the other end of the Alps.

Frankisch in Austria, Heida and Païen in Switzerland, Furmint in Hungary and tramín bílý (brynšt) from Bohemia are all very similar to Savagnin blanc and probably represent clones of the Traminer family, if not Traminer itself. The Viognier of the Rhone Valley may be a more distant relative of Savagnin blanc.

At some point, either Traminer or Savagnin blanc mutated into a form with pink-skinned berries, called Red Traminer or Savagnin rose. Galet believed that a musqué ('muscat-like') mutation in the Red Traminer/Savagnin rose then led to the extra-aromatic Gewürztraminer, although in Germany these names are all regarded as synonymous.

Given that the wine made from 'Gewürztraminer' in Germany can be much less aromatic than that made in Alsace, some of the German vines may well be misidentified Savagnin rose. The Baden vineyard of Durbach claims its own type of Red Traminer called **Durbacher Clevner** (not to be confused with "Klevner", an Austrian synonym for Pinot blanc). The story goes that in 1780 Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden brought vines from Chiavenna in Italy, halfway between Tramin and the Jura, which was known to the Germans as Cleven.

The **Klevener de Heiligenstein** or **Heiligensteiner Klevener** found around Heiligenstein in Alsace may represent an outpost of the Durbach vines.

The varieties Aubin blanc and the Champagne grape Petit Meslier may be the result of a cross between Gouais blanc and Savagnin blanc.

## Distribution and wines

### France

Savagnin blanc is mostly grown in the Jura. In 2007, total French plantations of the variety stood at 472 hectares (1,170 acres). It is most famous as the only grape allowed in the vin jaunes of Château-Chalon and L'Étoile, similar to fino sherry with a covering of flor but not fortified and without the use of the solera system. Savagnin is blended with Chardonnay to make a conventional dry white wine in L'Étoile and Côtes du Jura, the fortified Macvin du Jura, a sparkling wine called Crémant du Jura.

It is also blended into Côtes du Jura vin de paille, a dessert wine made from grapes left to dry on straw.

The Gringet of Savoie has no link with Savagnin blanc.

### Germany

Durbach is home to some plantings of Red Traminer in Germany with potentially more plantings from misidentified Gewürztraminer that may actually be Red Traminer.

### Switzerland

Not surprisingly the Swiss Alps are home to a Traminer-like grape, called Heida, first recorded in 1586. The alternative name Païen or Paën may refer to an ancient, pre-Christian origin (pagan) or to *pays* (land) in the sense of local. Visperterminen in the Valais is home to some of the highest vineyards in Europe, where Heida is made into table and dessert wines.

### Australia

In 2009 it was first discovered that grape growers and wine makers in Australia have been supplying and selling Savagnin wrongly labelled for several years. They thought they were pouring money into the market for the Spanish albarino grape, only to discover this is not the case. From 2009 vintage onward these wines have been labelled Savagnin.

A visiting French expert raised questions in 2008, and DNA testing confirmed that the grapes are in fact Savagnin sourced from Spanish cuttings. The variety itself may have originated in Spain or France.

## Vine and viticulture

Savagnin blanc is very late ripening, and may be picked as late as December. Like its cousin Gewürztraminer, it is a temperamental grape to grow, with low yields at the end of it.

## Synonyms

As explained above, genetic instability means that the Traminer/Savagnin group should be regarded as a family of related clones rather than distinct varieties. These are the synonyms currently listed by Geilweilerhof for Savagnin blanc :

Auvernat blanc, Bon blanc, Forment, Formentin blanc, Fraentsch, Fromenteau, Gentil blanc, Gruenedel, Princ Bily, Printsch Grau, Ryvola Bila, Schleitheimer, Servoyen blanc, Traminer D'Ore, Traminer Weiss, Traminac.

With the red mutant, the Geilweilerhof see no difference between it and Gewürztraminer - and some of the synonyms below may belong to the original green-skinned form.

Auvernas rouge, Blanc Brun, Blanc Court, Bon blanc, Christkindeltraube, Clevner, Crovena Ruzica, Dreimaenner, Dreimannen, Dreipfennigholz, Drumin, Duret rouge, Edeltraube, Fermentin rouge, Fleischweiner, Fourmenteau rouge, Frencher, Fromente, Fromenteau, Fuszeres, Gentil Rose Aromatique, Gentil-duret rouge, Gentile blanc, Gewuerztraminer, Gringet, Gris rouge, Haiden, Kirmizi Traminer, Klaebinger, Klaevner, Kleinbraun, Kleinwiener, Livora Cervena, Mala Dinka, Marzimmer, Mirisavi Traminac, Nature, Nature rose, Noble rose, Nuernberger Rot, Pinat Cervena, Piros Tramini, Plant Paien, Princ Cerveny, Princt Cervena, Ranfoliza, Rotclevner, Rotedel, Roter Nuernberger, Roter Traminer, Rotfranken, Rothklauser, Rothweiner, Rothwiener, Rotklaevler, Rotklaevner, Rotklevner, Rousselet, Rusa, Ruska, Ryvola, Salvagnin, Sauvagnin, Savagnin jaune, Savagnin Rosa Aromatique, Savagnin rose, St. Klauser, Termeno Aromatico, Tramin Cerveny, Tramin Korenny, Traminac Crveni, Traminac Diseci, Traminac Mirisavi, Traminer, Traminer Aromatico, Traminer Musque, Traminer Parfume, Traminer Rot, Traminer Rozovyi, Tramini Piros, Trammener.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Savagnin | |
| --- | --- |
| Grape (*Vitis*) | |
|  | |
| Species | *Vitis vinifera* |
| Also called | Traminer, Paien, Heida |
| Origin | The Alps |
| Notable regions | Jura, France |
| Notable wines | Vin jaune, vin de paille |
| VIVC number | 17636 |


title: Sierra de Albarracín Comarca

abstract: Sierra de Albarracín Comarca is a comarca in the Province of Teruel, Aragon region, northeastern Spain. It is located in mountain ranges of the Sistema Ibérico.

text:
# Sierra de Albarracín Comarca

**Sierra de Albarracín Comarca** is a comarca in the Province of Teruel, Aragon region, northeastern Spain. It is located in mountain ranges of the Sistema Ibérico (Iberian System).

## Geography

The Comarca de la Sierra de Albarracín is in an area formerly known locally as **Tierra de Albarracín**, roughly corresponding to the ancient **Señorío de Albarracín** feudal manor. Its capital is Albarracín, a town surrounded by stony hills that was declared *Monumento Nacional* in 1961.

This mountainous comarca is named after the Sierra de Albarracín, the main mountain range in this area of the Sistema Ibérico (Iberian System) of mountain ranges. The comarca includes other mountain ranges of the Sistema Ibérico also, foremost of which are the Montes Universales.

### Municipalities

Albarracín, Bezas, Bronchales, Calomarde, Frías de Albarracín, Gea de Albarracín, Griegos, Guadalaviar, Jabaloyas, Monterde de Albarracín, Moscardón, Noguera de Albarracín, Orihuela del Tremedal, Pozondón, Ródenas, Royuela, Rubiales, Saldón, Terriente, Toril y Masegoso, Torres de Albarracín, Tramacastilla, Valdecuenca, El Vallecillo and Villar del Cobo.

40°23′N 1°34′W / 40.383°N 1.567°W / 40.383; -1.567

## InfoBox

| Sierra de Albarracín Comarca *Comarca de la Sierra de Albarracín* | |
| --- | --- |
| Comarca | |
| View of Albarracín | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Aragon |
| Province | Teruel |
| Capital | Albarracín |
| Municipalities | List * See text |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,414 km2 (546 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 4,961 |
| Density | 3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Largest municipality | Albarracín |


title: Radium and radon in the environment

text:
# Radium and radon in the environment

Radium and radon are important contributors to environmental radioactivity. Radon occurs naturally as a result of decay of radioactive elements in soil and it can accumulate in houses built on areas where such decay occurs. Radon is a major cause of cancer; it is estimated to contribute to ~2% of all cancer related deaths in Europe.

Radium, like radon, is radioactive and is found in small quantities in nature and is hazardous to life if radiation exceeds 20-50 mSv/year. Radium is a decay product of uranium and thorium. Radium may also be released into the environment by human activity: for example, in improperly discarded products painted with radioluminescent paint.

## Radium

### In the oil and gas industries

Residues from the oil and gas industry often contain radium and its daughters. The sulfate scale from an oil well can be very radium rich. The water inside an oil field is often very rich in strontium, barium and radium, while seawater is very rich in sulfate: so if water from an oil well is discharged into the sea or mixed with seawater, the radium is likely to be brought out of solution by the barium/strontium sulfate which acts as a carrier precipitate.

### Radioluminescent (glow in the dark) products

It is not unknown for local contamination to arise from improper disposal of radium-based radioluminescent paints.

### In radioactive quackery

Eben Byers was a wealthy American socialite whose death in 1932 from using a radioactive quackery product called Radithor is a prominent example of a death caused by radium. Radithor contained ~1 μCi (40 kBq) of 226Ra and 1 μCi of 228Ra per bottle. Radithor was taken by mouth and radium, being a calcium mimic, has a very long biological halflife in bone.

## Radon

Most of the dose is due to the decay of the polonium (218Po) and lead (214Pb) daughters of 222Rn. By controlling exposure to the daughters the radioactive dose to the skin and lungs can be reduced by at least 90%. This can be done by wearing a dust mask, and wearing a suit to cover the entire body. Note that exposure to smoke at the same time as radon and radon daughters will increase the harmful effect of the radon. In uranium miners radon has been found to be more carcinogenic in smokers than in non-smokers.

### Occurrence

Radon concentration in open air varies between 1 and 100 Bq m−3. Radon can be found in some spring waters and hot springs. The towns of Misasa, Japan, and Bad Kreuznach, Germany boast radium-rich springs which emit radon, as does Radium Springs, New Mexico.

Radon exhausts naturally from the ground, particularly in certain regions, especially but not only regions with granitic soils. Not all granitic regions are prone to high emissions of radon, for instance while the rock which Aberdeen is on is very radium rich the rock lacks the cracks required for the radon to migrate. In other nearby areas of Scotland (to the north of Aberdeen) and in Cornwall/Devon the radon is very much able to leave the rock.

Radon is a decay product of radium which in turn is a decay product of uranium. Maps of average radon levels in houses are available, to assist in planning mitigation measures.

While high uranium in the soil/rock under a house does not always lead to a high radon level in air, a positive correlation between the uranium content of the soil and the radon level in air can be seen.

### In air

Radon harms indoor air quality in many homes. (See "In houses" below.)

Radon (222Rn) released into the air decays to 210Pb and other radioisotopes and the levels of 210Pb can be measured. It is important to note that the rate of deposition of this radioisotope is very dependent on the season. Here is a graph of the deposition rate observed in Japan.

### In groundwater

Well water can be very rich in radon; the use of this water inside a house is another route allowing radon to enter the house. The radon can enter the air and then be a source of exposure to the humans, or the water can be consumed by humans which is a different exposure route.

### Radon in rainwater

Rainwater can be highly radioactive due to high levels of radon and its decay progenies 214Bi and 214Pb; the concentrations of these radioisotopes can be high enough to seriously disrupt radiation monitoring at nuclear power plants. The highest levels of radon in rainwater occur during thunderstorms, and it is hypothesized that radon is concentrated in thunderstorms because it forms some positive ions during thunderstorms. Estimates of the age of raindrops have been obtained from measuring the isotopic abundance of radon's short-lived decay progeny in rainwater.

### In the oil and gas industries

Water, oil and gas from a well often contain radon. The radon decays to form solid radioisotopes which form coatings on the inside of pipework. In an oil processing plant the area of the plant where propane is processed is often one of the more contaminated areas of the plant as radon has a similar boiling point to propane.

### In mines

Because uranium minerals emit radon gas, and their harmful and highly radioactive decay products, uranium mining is considerably more dangerous than other (already dangerous) hard rock mining, requiring adequate ventilation systems if the mines are not open pit. In the 1950s, a significant number of American uranium miners were Navajo, as many uranium deposits were discovered on Navajo reservations. A statistically significant proportion of these miners later developed small-cell lung cancer, a type of cancer usually not associated with smoking, after exposure to uranium ore and radon-222, a natural decay product of uranium. The cancer causing agent has been shown to be the radon which is produced by the uranium, and not the uranium itself. Some survivors and their descendants received compensation under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act in 1990.

The level of radon in the air of mines is now normally controlled by law. In a working mine, the radon level can be controlled by ventilation, sealing off old workings and controlling the water in the mine. The level in a mine can go up when a mine is abandoned; it can reach a level which can cause the skin to become red (a mild radiation burn). The radon levels in some of the mines can reach 400 to 700 kBq m−3.

A common unit of exposure of lung tissue to alpha emitters is the working level month (**WLM**), this is where the human lungs have been exposed for 170 hours (a typical month worth of work for a miner) to air which has 3.7 kBq of 222Rn (in equilibrium with its decay products). This is air which has the alpha dose rate of 1 working level (**WL**). It is estimated that the average person (general public) is subject to 0.2 WLM per year, which works out at about 15 to 20 WLM in a lifetime. According to the NRC, 1 WLM is a 5 to 10 mSv lung dose (0.5 to 1.0 rem), while the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) consider that 1 WLM is equal to a lung dose of 5.5 mSv, and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) consider 1 WLM to be a 5 mSv lung dose for professional workers (and a 4 mSv lung dose for the general public). Lastly the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) consider that the exposure of the lungs to 1 Bq of 222Rn (in equilibrium with its decay products) for one year will cause a dose of 61 μSv.

In humans a relationship between lung cancer and radon has been shown to exist (beyond all reasonable doubt) for exposures of 100 WLM and above. By using the data from several studies it has been possible to show that an increased risk can be caused by a dose as low as 15 to 20 WLM. Sadly these studies have been difficult as the random errors in the data are very large. It is likely that the miners are also subject to other effects which can harm their lungs while at work (for example dust and diesel fumes).

### In houses

It has been known since at least the 1950s that radon is present in indoor air, and research into its effects on human health started in the early 1970s. The danger of radon exposure in dwellings received more widespread public awareness after 1984, as a result of the case of Stanley Watras, an employee at the Limerick nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania. Mr. Watras set off the radiation alarms (see Geiger counter) on his way *into* work for two weeks straight while authorities searched for the source of the contamination. They were shocked to find that the source was astonishingly high levels of radon in his basement and it was not related to the nuclear plant. The risks associated with living in his house were estimated to be equivalent to smoking 135 packs of cigarettes every day.

Depending how houses are built and ventilated, radon may accumulate in basements and dwellings. The European Union recommends that mitigation should be taken starting from concentrations of 400 Bq/m3 for old houses, and 200 Bq/m3 for new ones.

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommends action for any house with a concentration higher than 8 pCi/L (300 Bq/m3).

The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends action for any house with a concentration higher than 148 Bq/m3 (given as 4 pCi/L). Nearly one in 15 homes in the U.S. has a high level of indoor radon according to their statistics. The U.S. Surgeon General and EPA recommend all homes be tested for radon. Since 1985, millions of homes have been tested for radon in the U.S.

By adding a crawl space under the ground floor, which is subject to forced ventilation, the radon level in the house can be lowered.

* G.K. Gillmore, P. Phillips, A. Denman, M Sperrin and G. Pearse, *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, 2001, **49**, 281.
* J.H. Lubin and J.D. Boice, *Journal Natl. Cancer Inst.*, 1997, **89**, 49. (Risks of indoor radon)
* N.M. Hurley and J.H. Hurley, *Environment International*, 1986, **12**, 39. (Lung cancer in uranium miners as a function of radon exposure).

## Further reading

* Hala, J. and Navratil J.D., *Radioactivity, Ionizing Radiation and Nuclear Energy*, Konvoj, 2003. ISBN 80-7302-053-X