title: Big Horn Expedition

abstract: - This event should not be confused with the Powder River Expedition (1865). The Big Horn Expedition, or Bighorn Expedition, was a military operation of the United States Army against the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne Indians in Wyoming Territory and Montana Territory. Although soldiers destroyed one Northern Cheyenne and Oglala Lakota village at the Battle of Powder River, the expedition solidified Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne resistance against the United States attempt to force them to sell the Black Hills and live on a reservation, beginning the Great Sioux War of 1876.

text:
# Big Horn Expedition

*This event should not be confused with the Powder River Expedition (1865).*

The **Big Horn Expedition**, or **Bighorn Expedition**, was a military operation of the United States Army against the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne Indians in Wyoming Territory and Montana Territory. Although soldiers destroyed one Northern Cheyenne and Oglala Lakota village at the Battle of Powder River, the expedition solidified Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne resistance against the United States attempt to force them to sell the Black Hills and live on a reservation, beginning the Great Sioux War of 1876.

## Background

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) granted the Lakota Sioux and their northern Cheyenne allies a reservation, including the Black Hills, in Dakota Territory and a large area of "unceded territory" in what became Montana and Wyoming. Both areas were for the exclusive use of the Indians, and whites except for government officials, were forbidden to trespass. In August, 1874, soldiers of the Black Hills Expedition under Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer confirmed the discovery of gold in the Black Hills. This caused the United States to attempt to buy the Hills from the Sioux. The U.S. ordered all bands of Lakota and Cheyenne to come to the Indian agencies on the reservation by January 31, 1876 to negotiate the sale. Some of the bands did not comply and when the deadline of January 31 passed, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Q. Smith, wrote that "without the receipt of any news of Sitting Bull's submission, I see no reason why...military operations against him should not commence at once." On February 8, 1876, General Phillip Sheridan telegraphed Generals George R. Crook and Alfred H. Terry, ordering them to undertake winter campaigns against the "hostiles."

## March 1-3

In bitterly cold weather, Brigadier General George Crook, commander of the Department of the Platte, marched north from Fort Fetterman near Douglas, Wyoming on March 1, 1876. General Crook's objective was to strike against the Indians while they were at their most vulnerable in their winter camps. Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and their followers were thought to be on the Powder, Tongue, or Rosebud rivers. Crook's force consisted of 883 men, including ten companies of United States cavalry, and two companies of infantry, along with civilian packers, scouts, guides, and a newspaper reporter, Robert E. Strahorn of Denver's Rocky Mountain News. Crook's highly valued chief scout was Frank Grouard, who had lived among the Lakota and spoke their language.

## Cattle herd skirmish

In the early morning hours of March 3, 1876, north of Fort Fetterman, Indian warriors attacked the Big Horn Expedition's cattle herd, numbering over 200 animals. The two herders fired at the warriors, and the Indians fired back. One of the government civilian employees, cattle herder James Wright was severely wounded by a bullet. The warriors then drove off and captured most of the cattle. Wright died of wounds received in the fight on March 28, 1876.

## March 4-5

A blizzard on March 5 deposited over a foot of snow and significantly delayed Crook's progress. Temperatures fell so low that the thermometers could not record the cold. The soldiers had to heat their forks in the coals of fires to prevent the tines from freezing to their tongues. Crook's column slowly followed the Bozeman Trail north to Old Fort Reno, reaching it on March 5. The fort had been abandoned by the army eight years earlier. The expedition establish its supply base near the abandoned post and Crook ordered that the wagons be left at the depot. The infantry accompanying the column, Companies C and I of the 4th U.S. Infantry, under the command of Captain Edwin M. Coates would serve as the station's guard. That evening, the expedition camped on the east bank of the Powder River opposite the site of the fort.

## Fort Reno skirmish

By 8:00 p.m. on March 5, 1876, the soldiers' pickets were on duty and the camp was asleep, when Sioux or Cheyenne warriors hiding near the east end of the camp suddenly fired on the infantry picket lines. The soldiers on guard answered their fire, but being a dark night, all either side could see were the flashes of gunfire. The sleeping camp quickly awoke and many of the soldiers went toward the picket lines. In the firefight that ensued, Private James M. Slavey of Company I, 4th Infantry was wounded in the cheek by a bullet. The skirmish lasted for less than an hour. One aspect that made the engagement rare was that it was a night battle, which was not a common event during the American Indian Wars.

## March 6–16

On March 6, the Bighorn expedition continued north, and on March 7 the five cavalry battalions set out toward the confluence of Prairie Dog Creek and the Tongue River. After reaching that point on March 12, the ten cavalry companies rode first down the Tongue, then to the headwaters of Otter Creek, reaching it on March 16. On the 16th, scout Frank Grouard spotted two Oglala Lakota warriors observing the soldiers. Because of this, Grouard believed that the Oglala Lakota camp of the war chief Crazy Horse might be nearby. This was reported to Crook, and at 5 p.m. on March 16, he divided his command and sent Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds (a West Point classmate of President Ulysses S. Grant, and a combat veteran of both the Mexican–American War, and Civil War) on a night march with about 383 men, supplying them with rations for one day, and following the trail of the two Oglala's southeast toward the Powder River. General Crook kept with him about 300 of the expedition's men and the pack train, with which he planned to rendezvous with Reynolds at the mouth of Lodge Pole Creek on the 17th. During the night Frank Grouard and the other scouts led Reynolds's advance and followed the two warriors's trail in the snow. It led to what they were looking for, a Cheyenne and Lakota Sioux Indian village, which they described as containing more than 100 lodges on the west bank of Powder River. The scouts immediately reported this information back to Colonel Reynolds.

## Battle of Powder River

The village, however, was somewhat further north than anticipated, with the result that initially only Captain James Egan's 2nd Cavalry Company K, of 47 men, including Second Lieutenant John G. Bourke, charged into the village from the south, while the other companies were delayed by the distance and rough terrain. The soldiers were under fire for approximately five hours when, at about 2:30 p.m., with the destruction of the village complete, Reynolds ordered his soldiers to withdraw. Over 700 Indian ponies had been captured. In his premature haste to withdraw, the command left behind the bodies of its three dead soldiers, with one in the village, and two at a field hospital as well as Private Lorenzo E. Ayers, who was badly wounded and subsequently killed by vengeful Indians. The men made their way across to the east side of the frozen Powder River, withdrawing south.

Reynolds's command withdrew about 21 miles (34 km) south that afternoon and evening, crossing and recrossing the frozen Powder River when necessary, up the river to the confluence of the Powder and Lodge Pole Creek, arriving there after 9:00 p.m. in an exhausted condition. However, General Crook was not there as he had camped over 10 miles (16 km) to the northeast and had failed to inform Reynolds of his new location.

Although the Indians suffered only two to three killed and one to three wounded during the battle, they lost most of their property and, in the words of the Cheyenne warrior Wooden Leg, were "rendered very poor." The people walked several days to reach the Oglala Sioux village of Crazy Horse farther north near the Little Powder River, where they were given shelter and food. On the way, several Cheyenne people froze to death. The army stated that the village consisted of about 104 lodges, including tipis and wikiups, while Cheyenne accounts said the village had about 40-65 tipis, and about 50 other structures. Therefore, around a hundred total structures made up the Indian village that day. The number of warriors involved in the battle numbered between 100 and 250, while there were about 383 U.S. soldiers and civilians present.

## March 18–26

Early in the morning of March 18, the Cheyenne recaptured over 500 of their ponies, but Colonel Reynolds ordered his men not to pursue. At approximately 1:30 p.m. that day, Crook's command rejoined Reynolds with the pack train, and the six companies were finally able to collect their rations and blankets. The reunited column returned to the supply base at Old Fort Reno, where the wounded soldiers were placed in wagons, and Captain Coates's companies of the 4th Infantry rejoined the Big Horn Expedition after two weeks of separation. On March 26, 1876, the entire command, except for the four soldiers killed on March 17, returned to Fort Fetterman, Wyoming Territory, ending the 26-day campaign.

## Aftermath

The Big Horn Expedition's path covered over 410 miles (660 km) across five present-day counties in two states. The command suffered more than 79 casualties from various causes, including 4 killed, 8 wounded, 1 injured in an accident, and over 66 frostbitten. Colonel Reynolds was accused of dereliction of duty for failing to properly support the first charge at Powder River with his entire command; for burning the captured supplies, food, blankets, buffalo robes, and ammunition instead of keeping them for army use; and most of all, for losing hundreds of the captured horses. In January 1877, his court-martial at Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory found Reynolds guilty of all three charges. He was sentenced to suspension from rank and command for one year. Reynolds's friend and West Point classmate, President Ulysses S. Grant, remitted the sentence, but he never served again. Joseph J. Reynolds retired on disability leave on June 25, 1877, exactly one year after the culminating battle of the Great Sioux War at the Little Bighorn. Crook's and Reynolds' failed expedition and their inability to seriously damage the Lakota and Cheyenne probably encouraged Indian resistance to the demands of the United States.

## Casualties

**Native Americans**

Killed in action-

Wounded in action-

**United States Army**

Killed in action-

* Private Peter Dowdy, Company E, 3rd Cavalry, March 17.
* Private George Schneider, Company K, 2nd Cavalry, March 17.
* Private Michael I. McCannon, Company F, 3rd Cavalry, March 17.
* Private Lorenzo E. Ayers, Company M, 3rd Cavalry, March 17.

Mortally wounded-

* Cattle Herder James Wright, mortally wounded March 3, died of wounds March 28.

Wounded in action-

* Private James M. Slavey, Company I, 4th Infantry, March 5.
* First Lieutenant William C. Rawolle, Company E, 2nd Cavalry, March 17.
* Sergeant Charles Kaminski, Company M, 3rd Cavalry, March 17.
* Corporal John Lang, Company E, 2nd Cavalry, March 17.
* Farrier Patrick Goings, Company K, 2nd Cavalry, March 17.
* Private John Droege, Company K, 2nd Cavalry, March 17.
* Private Edward Eagan, Company K, 2nd Cavalry, March 17.

Injured-

* Corporal John H. Moore, Company D, 3rd Cavalry, March 9, crushed by horse and severely injured

Frostbitten-

## Orders of battle

**Native Americans**, Chief's Two Moon, He Dog, Little Coyote (Little Wolf), and Old Bear. Between 100 and 250 warriors.

| Native Americans | Tribe | Leaders |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Native Americans
 | Northern Cheyenne
 |  |
| | Lakota Sioux
 |  |
|

**United States Army**

Big Horn Expedition, March 1–26, 1876, Brigadier General George R. Crook and Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds, commanding.

| Big Horn Expedition | Battalion | Companies and Others |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
Brigadier General George Crook, commanding | 1st Battalion
Captain Anson Mills |  |
| | 2nd Battalion
Captain William Hawley | * Company A, 3rd Cavalry: Captain William Hawley, First Lieutenant Joseph Lawson, Second Lieutenant Charles Morton, Detached as adjutant * Company D, 3rd Cavalry: First Lieutenant William W. Robinson, Jr., Detached from Company H |
| | 3rd Battalion
Captain Henry E. Noyes | * Company I, 2nd Cavalry: Captain Henry E. Noyes, First Lieutenant Christopher T. Hall * Company K, 2nd Cavalry: Captain James Egan |
| | 4th Battalion
Captain Thomas B. Dewees | * Company A, 2nd Cavalry: Captain Thomas B. Dewees, First Lieutenant Martin E. O'Brien, Second Lieutenant Daniel C. Pearson * Company B, 2nd Cavalry: Captain James T. Peale, Second Lieutenant Frank U. Robinson |
| | 5th Battalion
Captain Alexander Moore |  |
| | 6th Battalion
Captain Edwin M. Coates | * Company C, 4th Infantry: Captain Edwin M. Coates * Company I, 4th Infantry: Captain Samuel P. Ferris, Second Lieutenant Charles W. Mason |
| | Pack Train
Thomas Moore, Chief Packer | * Thomas McAuliff, 1st Battalion Pack Train * Richard "Uncle Dick" Closter (Kloster), 2nd Battalion Pack Train * Mr. Foster, 3rd Battalion Pack Train * Mr. Young, 4th Battalion Pack Train * Edward DeLaney, 5th Battalion Pack Train |
| | Medical Detachment
Assistant Surgeon Curtis E. Munn | * Assistant Surgeon Curtis E. Munn * Acting Assistant Surgeon Charles R. Stephens * Acting Assistant Surgeon John Ridgely * Hospital Steward William C. Bryan |
| | Scouts and Guides
Major Thaddeus H. Stanton | * Second Lieutenant John G. Bourke, Aide-de-camp to General George Crook, Company L, 3rd Cavalry * Second Lieutenant Charles Morton, Acting Regimental Adjutant and Quartermaster of Cavalry, Company A, 3rd Cavalry * Robert E. Strahorn, newspaper correspondent for the Rocky Mountain News * Frank Grouard * Benjamin Clark * Louis Richard * Buckskin Jack * Baptiste Pourier (Big Bat) * Baptiste Garnier (Little Bat) * Charlie Jennesse * Louis Shangreau * John Shangreau * John Wright , Cattle Herder |
|

**United States Army**, Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds, 3rd United States Cavalry Regiment, in command. Brigadier General George Crook following as an observer.

* 2nd United States Cavalry Regiment.
    + Company A, First Lieutenant Daniel C. Pearson.
    + Company B, Captain James T. Peale.
    + Company E, 53 men, First Lieutenant William C. Rawolle.
    + Company I, 56 men, Captain Henry E. Noyes.
    + Company K, 47 men, Captain James Egan.
* 3rd United States Cavalry Regiment.
    + Company A, First Lieutenant Joseph Lawson.
    + Company D, First Lieutenant William W. Robinson.
    + Company E, 69 men, First Lieutenant John B. Johnson.
    + Company F, 68 men, Captain Alexander Moore.
    + Company H, 1 man, Second Lieutenant William W. Robinson, Jr.
    + Company L, 1 man, Second Lieutenant John G. Bourke.
    + Company M, 68 men, Captain Anson Mills.
* 4th United States Infantry Regiment.
    + Company C, Captain Edwin M. Coates.
    + Company I, Captain Samuel P. Ferris.
* Scouts, Guides, Herders, Packers, Wagoners, Ambulance Employees, Unattached Soldiers, and Civilians, 191 men.
* Commissioned Officers......................................30
* Enlisted Soldiers..............................................662
* Scouts, Guides, Herders...................................35
* 5 Pack Trains, Chief Packer and employees....62
* Wagon Train employees...................................89
* Ambulance employees........................................5
* Aggregate......................................................883 men

## Officers of the expedition

In 1951, Hollywood produced a fictional movie loosely based upon the Battle of Powder River of the Big Horn Expedition, starring Van Heflin, Yvonne De Carlo, Jack Oakie, and Rock Hudson. The movie was released in the United States under the name *Tomahawk,* and entitled *Battle of Powder River* in the United Kingdom, and elsewhere.

## Further reading

* Vaughn, J. W., *The Reynolds Campaign On Powder River*, University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
* Dillon, Richard H., *North American Indian Wars* 1983.
* Greene, Jerome A. (editor), *Battles and Skirmishes of the Great Sioux War, 1876-1877: The Military View*, University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8061-2535-7.
* Marquis, Thomas, *Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer*. 1920
* Voices from the Western Frontier

## InfoBox

| Big Horn Expedition | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Great Sioux War of 1876 | |
| Date March 1–26, 1876  Location Wyoming Territory, Montana Territory  Result  Inconclusive | |
| Belligerents | |
| Cheyenne
Oglala Lakota Sioux | United States |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Old Bear
He Dog | George R. Crook
Joseph J. Reynolds |
| Strength | |
| ~250 | 883 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 4–6 killed, including women and children
1–3 wounded | 4 killed+1 DOW
8 wounded
67 injured |


title: Big King

abstract: The Big King sandwich is one of the major hamburger products sold by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King, and was part of its menu for more than twenty years. As of March 2019, it is sold in the United States under its 1997 Big King XL formulation. During its testing phase in 1996–1997, it was originally called the Double Supreme and was configured similarly to the McDonald's Big Mac—including a three-piece roll. It was later reformulated as a more standard double burger during the latter part of product testing in 1997. It was given its current name when the product was formally introduced in September 1997, but maintained the more conventional double cheeseburger format. The product was renamed King Supreme in 2001 when it was slightly reformulated as part of a menu restructuring during a period of corporate decline. A later restructuring eliminated the King Supreme in favor of its new BK Stacker line of sandwiches. When the Stacker line was discontinued in the United States shortly after, the Big King returned in November 2013 as a permanent product. Despite being off the menu in the United States for several years, the product was still sold in several other countries under several names during the interim of its unavailability in the United States. One such example sold by BK's European arm of the company is a larger version of the sandwich called the Big King XXL, based on the company's Whopper sandwich. The Big King XXL is part of a line of larger double cheeseburgers known as the BK XXL line; the XXL line was the center of controversy over product health standards and advertising in Spain when first introduced. There was a chicken variant of the sandwich in the United States and Canada. To promote continuing interest in the product, Burger King occasionally releases limited-time variants on the Big King. The burger was introduced by Australian Burger King franchise Hungry Jack's in 2020 under the name Big Jack, with a slightly altered recipe and a controversial marketing campaign that highlighted its similarity to the Big Mac, leading to a trademark infringement lawsuit being filed by McDonalds.

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# Big King

The **Big King** sandwich is one of the major hamburger products sold by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King, and was part of its menu for more than twenty years. As of March 2019, it is sold in the United States under its 1997 Big King XL formulation. During its testing phase in 1996–1997, it was originally called the **Double Supreme** and was configured similarly to the McDonald's Big Mac—including a three-piece roll. It was later reformulated as a more standard double burger during the latter part of product testing in 1997. It was given its current name when the product was formally introduced in September 1997, but maintained the more conventional double cheeseburger format.

The product was renamed **King Supreme** in 2001 when it was slightly reformulated as part of a menu restructuring during a period of corporate decline. A later restructuring eliminated the King Supreme in favor of its new **BK Stacker** line of sandwiches. When the Stacker line was discontinued in the United States shortly after, the Big King returned in November 2013 as a permanent product.

Despite being off the menu in the United States for several years, the product was still sold in several other countries under several names during the interim of its unavailability in the United States. One such example sold by BK's European arm of the company is a larger version of the sandwich called the **Big King XXL**, based on the company's Whopper sandwich. The Big King XXL is part of a line of larger double cheeseburgers known as the BK XXL line; the XXL line was the center of controversy over product health standards and advertising in Spain when first introduced.

There was a chicken variant of the sandwich in the United States and Canada. To promote continuing interest in the product, Burger King occasionally releases limited-time variants on the Big King.

The burger was introduced by Australian Burger King franchise Hungry Jack's in 2020 under the name **Big Jack**, with a slightly altered recipe and a controversial marketing campaign that highlighted its similarity to the Big Mac, leading to a trademark infringement lawsuit being filed by McDonalds.

## History

### Initial product run

The sandwich that would eventually become the **Big King** was preceded by a similar sandwich called the **Double Supreme** cheeseburger. Burger King's take on rival McDonald's well-known Big Mac sandwich was released as a test product in January 1996 when McDonald's was having difficulties within the American market. Hoping to build on improving sales of Burger King and take advantage of perceived market weakness of McDonald's, the chain introduced the Double Supreme as part of an advertising blitz against its competitor. Originally, the burger had a look and composition that resembled the Big Mac: it had two beef patties, "King" sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles and onions on a three-part sesame seed bun. Because its patties are flame-broiled and larger than McDonald's grill fried and seasoned patties, and the formulation of the "King Sauce" was different from McDonald's "Special sauce", the sandwich had a similar, but not exact, taste and different caloric content. The sandwich was reformulated after the initial test run, removing the center roll. The Double Supreme was advertised with a direct attack on the Big Mac, using the claims that it had 75% more beef and less bread than the McDonald's sandwich. A review of the Burger King sandwich by the *Chicago Tribune* verified these claims and also stated that the ingredients of the newer sandwich were of better quality than those of the McDonald's product.

After the initial testing period, the sandwich was renamed the Big King and added to the national menu at the end of the summer of 1997the first major product introduction since the company added its BK Broiler chicken sandwich in 1990. Unlike the Double Supreme, the new Big King lacked the interior bread piece the Big Mac had, and the advertising used to promote the Big King continued to utilize the 75% more beef claim. However, the new sandwich was introduced while the company was dealing with a highly publicized beef recall from one of its key suppliers, Hudson Foods, and had to deal with accusations that the introduction was designed to distract the public and media from the recall. The sandwich was initially introduced in the United States at a 99¢ (USD) price point, which helped propel sales to nearly twice the estimated volume and causing many locations to sell out of the burger patties used to produce the sandwich.

McDonald's initially downplayed the new sandwich, with a spokesman stating that there was only one place to get the real Big Mac. Despite McDonald's claims that the sandwich was not a major issue for the company, its highly promoted Arch Deluxe sandwich was not a success and its "Campaign 55" promotion, which reduced the price of certain sandwiches to 55¢ (USD), was eliminated after franchisees complained that it had failed to boost sales. Against McDonald's struggles, Burger King's successful introduction of the Big King was later paired with a newly introduced, improved type of french fry in November of the same year. Along with these two product introductions, the company began a massive financial investment in product development across all parts of its menu which, in total, provided a boost in the chain's market performance. The mirrored failure and success for the two companies showed itself in the market share of the United States fast-food market: Burger King's share rose a percentage point, to 19.2%, while McDonald's share slipped 0.4 points, to 41.9% by the end of 1997. The McDonald's drop capped a three-year decline in the larger chain's market share in the United States, which stood at 42.3% at the start of 1995.

By 2001, Burger King's chain-wide sales were lagging. Corporate indifference from parent Diageo coupled with lagging sales at larger franchises caused by declining consumer demand for its products led the company to initiate a menu redesign to try to lure customers back into stores. The company decided to introduce a series of new product launches in a planned menu revamp. Along with a new Whopper-based burger designed to compete with McDonald's Quarter Pounder, a new breakfast sandwich designed to compete with the McMuffin sandwich, and other new products, Burger King introduced a reformulated Big King replacement called the **King Supreme**. The new sandwich's ingredients were basically the same as the Big King, but the King Sauce used in the sandwich was reformulated to, according to company claims, enhance the savory nature of the grilled burger patties Burger King uses in its sandwiches. This knock-off driven menu reorganization was designed to better compete with a similar menu expansion at McDonald's, called the New Tastes Menu, introduced earlier the same year.

### BK Stackers

Burger King changed ownership in 2002 when Diageo sold its interest in the company to a group of investment firms led by TPG Capital. After assuming ownership, TPG's newly appointed management team began focusing menu development and advertising on a very narrow demographic group, young men aged 20–34 who routinely ate at fast food restaurants several times per month which the chain identified as the "super fan". Amid this new super-fan focused menu expansion the chain introduced its new **BK Stacker** sandwich in late 2006, a family of sandwiches featuring the same set of toppings served as a single, double, triple or quadruple hamburger. The Stacker line was part of a series of larger, more calorie-laden products introduced by the company to entice the super-fan into the chain's restaurants. These new additions helped propel same store profits for more than sixteen quarters.

The Stacker consisted of anywhere from one to four 1.7 oz (48 g) beef patties, American cheese, bacon and a Thousand-Island dressing variant called Stacker sauce served on a sesame seed bun. The new sandwiches had a muted reaction in several reviews—Chowhound.com readers rated the Quad Stacker as one of the most over-the-top gluttonous burgers in a poll, while the Impulsive Buy stated that the sandwich was much like any other bacon cheeseburger but meatier. Despite its lukewarm reception, an internet meme relating to the sandwich developed rather quickly. Customers would create an "Octo-Stacker" sandwich by purchasing two quad Stackers and mashing the two together sandwiches to create a sandwich with eight patties, eight slices of cheese and sixteen half pieces of bacon. They would then film themselves trying to eat the 1 lb (0.45 kg) sandwich in under five minutes.

With the onset of the Great Recession in 2008–2009, this narrowly-defined demographic-based sales plan faltered and sales and profits for the chain declined; Burger King's same-store comparable sales in the United States and Canada declined 4.6% in the three months ended September 30, while McDonald's posted same-store comparable sales growth of 2.5% within the United States. The Stacker line underwent a minor reformulation in 2011 that involved deleting the top layer of cheese and changing the amount of bacon in the sandwiches, and moving the sandwiches from the core section of its menu to the company's value menu. The changed ingredient list and pricing structure created a situation such that the distribution of ingredients did not scale at the same rate as increasing numbers of burger patties. Consumer Reports' blog The Consumerist noted that two single Stackers at 1.00 included more cheese and more bacon than one double Stacker for $2.00. Three single Stackers had 50% more cheese and double the bacon of one triple Stacker. The Stacker line and other related calorie-heavy menu items were dropped in 2012 when 3G Capital of Brazil bought the company and initiated a menu restructuring focusing on a broader demographic base.

### BK Toppers

The **BK Toppers** line was a line of cheeseburgers introduced by Burger King in October 2011 as a limited time offer in North America. The sandwiches featured a new 3.2 oz (91 g) chopped beef patty made with a coarser grind than the company's 2 oz (57 g) hamburger patty. The three sandwiches included a larger version of Burger King's Rodeo Cheeseburger, one made with sautéed mushrooms and processed Swiss cheese and the **Cheeseburger Deluxe**. The cheeseburger deluxe consisted of lettuce, pickles, onions, American cheese and Stacker sauce in a combinations similar to the King Supreme.

The sandwiches were a part of the new ownership's plans to expand its customer base beyond the 18- to 34-year-old demographic which it had been targeting over the previous several years. The product resurrected a previous name from the BK Hot Toppers line of sandwiches from the 1980s.

### Reintroduction

The TPG-led group of owners divested itself of Burger King in 2012 when the chain was sold to 3G Capital of Brazil. After 3G purchased Burger King, its new management team refocused on a broader menu strategy to lure a more diverse customer base. The first major change to the product base was a reformulation and name change of the company's chicken nuggets in January 2013. Along with other new products such as smoothies, wraps and chicken strips that broadly copied McDonald's menu once again, the chain reintroduced the Big King as a permanent menu item in November of the same year.

The new version of the sandwich was originally made with two of the chain's 1.7 oz (48 g) hamburger patties, but after negative consumer response regarding the size of the patties the sandwich was reformulated to use two 2 oz (57 g) Whopper Jr. patties instead. A chicken variant was introduced in May 2014. The new chicken variant swapped out the burger patties with two chicken patties used for the chain's value menu chicken sandwiches and added a third layer of sauce to increase the moisture content of the sandwich. The sandwich was introduced nationwide in the U.S. after a period of testing in Indiana. While the chicken version of the sandwich was new to Burger King, it again copied a product from McDonald's—in the Middle East the competing chain offers a Chicken Big Mac sandwich.

A primary reason the product was brought back was because of a new approach the company was taking regarding new and limited-time offering (LTO) products. Instead of putting out large numbers of products that may only appeal to a small audience, it would only add a smaller amount of products that have broader market appeal. Along with its BK Chicken Fries product, the Big King was part of that goal, with the reintroduction utilizing a three-prong approach: its stated intention to introduce products to those that will have most impact, a bid to appeal to Millennials utilizing social media focused campaigns, and to utilize a former product from its portfolio that the company probably should have thought about before discontinuing. The idea of reintroducing older, possibly discontinued products is appealing to companies such as Burger King and McDonald's because it is operationally easier than launching a completely new product. In many cases the reintroduction allows these companies to utilize older advertising along with its existing supply chain which is already established to deliver the product ingredients while catering to the public's feelings of nostalgia for these products. The limited-time offers allow chains to bring "new" products to the menu without adding permanent complexity to their kitchen operations. The Chicken Big King was introduced because of an increased spike in demand for chicken-based products, coupled with the success of the Big King's reintroduction.

Burger King partially credited reintroduction of the Big King with a limited regain of domestic same-store comparable sales of 0.1% in 2014 over a 0.9% loss the previous fiscal year. At the same time the company's total sales were up 2%, with adjusted earnings per share increasing 19.7% to $0.20 per share. This contrasted with main competitor McDonald's only reporting a 3% increase in global system-wide sales, a 0.5% rise in same-store sales, and a 1.7% decrease in same-store sales in the U.S. and Canada which the competitor attributed to "challenging industry dynamics and severe winter weather."

### Competitive products

As noted, the Big King sandwich was introduced to compete directly with the McDonald's Big Mac sandwich. It joins a group of sandwiches from other vendors that are designed as counters to the more well-known McDonald's sandwich. This includes the Big Shef sandwich originally from now-defunct chain Burger Chef and occasionally produced as a LTO from current trademark owner Hardee's.

The Big King was introduced at a time when McDonald's was planning a similar move with a direct competitor to Burger King's signature Whopper sandwich. The Big N' Tasty was introduced in California at approximately the same time Big King was being nationally introduced in 1997. Other similar products from McDonald's were also undergoing testing at the same time; either called the Big Xtra or the MBX, these other two sandwiches were being test marketed in the Northeastern United States. The Big N' Tasty eventually won out in testing, however its national roll-out was delayed due to a corporate reorganization at McDonald's.

## Product description

The Big King is a hamburger, consisting of two 2 oz (57 g) grilled beef patties, sesame seed bun, King Sauce (a Thousand Island dressing variant), iceberg lettuce, onions, pickles and American cheese. When first reintroduced in 2013, the sandwich was made with two of the company's 1.7 oz (48 g) hamburger patties, but was modified in February 2014 to use two of the larger 2.0 oz (57 g) Whopper Jr. patties.

### Notable variants

The **Chicken Big King** was added April 2014. This new variation on the original Big King sandwich was part of a corporate menu restructuring that began the previous year. This was part of Burger King CEO Alex Macedo's plan to introduce simpler products that require few or no new ingredients in order to simplify operations. This new sandwich uses the company's existing Crispy Chicken Jr patty in place of the beef and adds an extra layer of King sauce to ensure that the product stays moist.

The **Big King XXL** is part of a line of sandwiches consisting of larger, 8 oz (230 g) double cheeseburgers sold by Burger King in the European and Middle Eastern markets. It is one of their late-teen to young-adult male-oriented products. Besides the Big King XXL, there are double cheeseburger and bacon double cheeseburger variants.

The **Big Jack** is the version of the burger introduced in Australia by Hungry Jack's in 2020. It debuted with a slightly altered recipe that included an extra layer of lettuce and shifted the pickles to the bottom half of the burger. It came in a standard size and the bigger "Mega Jack" size, and was later joined by the "Chicken Big Jack" (based on the Chicken Big King), and the "Outlaw Big Jack" variant which added two slices of bacon, barbeque sauce and replaced the special sauce of the standard version with peppercorn sauce. The close similarities in the name, appearance and the marketing of the burger led to McDonald's suing Hungry Jack's in the Federal Court of Australia in August 2020 over trademark infringement. Hungry Jack's proceeded to run an advertising campaign making light of the lawsuit and defended their product in court, claiming that the burger's name was a play on the company's name and that of its founder Jack Cowin, and noting that the composition of a burger cannot be trademarked. However the company also admitted there was an “element of cheekiness” in the name, and that it was positioned as a direct competitor to the Big Mac. In November 2023, the Federal Court ruled against McDonald's, finding that "Big Jack is not deceptively similar to Big Mac", and that McDonald's had not established that its existing trademarks had been infringed. The Big Jack and all its variants had been previously removed from the menu in late 2021, though it later returned as a limited time item after the suit was resolved.

## Advertising

### Double Supreme

The Double Supreme was promoted in a series of advertisements created by the New York firm of Ammirati Puris Lintas (APL). The first ad compared the Double Supreme cheeseburger to the Big Mac, with one 30-second television spot touting the Burger King product contained 75% more beef than the McDonald's one and asked the viewer if Big Mac lovers were "ready for a new relationship?" A second advertisement featured actors playing McDonald's employees going to Burger King to get the new sandwich because they had realized that they preferred the Burger King product over the sandwich they normally sold. The attack ads were the result of the comparatively strong sales year for Burger King in 1996 coupled with domestic sales problems for McDonald's, leaving BK acting in a "cocky" manner towards its main rival.

While Burger King's advertising programs were highly focused on its new product, most of the company's sales gains were the result of aggressive price cutting by Burger King, specifically pricing its signature Whopper sandwich at 99¢, according to analysts at Salomon Brothers. The price-cutting promotions by Burger King, and number-three chain Wendy's, forced McDonald's into its own price-cutting program. According to Salomon, the burger segment's price wars would have a detrimental effect on the profits of segment leaders, allowing other smaller chains such as Sonic Drive-In, Jack in the Box and Carl's Jr to position themselves as attractive alternatives to the big three chains.

### 1997 Big King

Advertising for the Big King was spearheaded by a national television program from APL that debuted on September 1, 1997. The television ads were part of a US$30 million program to promote the sandwich. It was introduced with a promotional price of 99¢ for the first two weeks of sales, which helped drive sales for the product. The advertisements featured the company's new "Get Your Burger's Worth" tagline and they attacked the Big Mac with the claim "Get ready for a new taste that beats the Big Mac." Additional ads continued the attacks, stating "just like a Big Mac, except it's got 75% more beef. And it's flame-broiled."

### King Supreme

The King Supreme debuted with an advertising campaign created by the McCaffery Ratner Gottlieb & Lane agency and commercials produced by Aspect Ratio which featured blues legend B.B. King. The ads pushed the company's lunch and dinner periods as the best time to have the sandwich and had King doing a voice over in which he alternately talked or sang about the sandwiches. The advertisements featured 15- and 30-second television spots in which King is shown sitting on a crescent moon, playing his guitar Lucille while speaking about the products and singing the company's slogan. The 30-second ads were for both the King Supreme and the company's other copycat product, the Egg McMuffin clone called the Egg'Wich Muffin sandwich, while the 15-second ads were for each product individually. On the radio side, 30- and 60-second spots had King discussing the new sandwiches and singing their praise. The tag line for the ads was "BK and BB let you have it your way," a variation on the company's motto "Have it your way."

Shortly after their debut, the ads came under fire from several fronts. Fans complained that the legendary musician was debasing himself by doing the commercials, that he was selling out by allowing his image to be used to peddle fast food. Other groups such as the American Diabetes Association pointed out that King, known for having weight issues and poorly controlled diabetes, was a questionable spokesperson for a burger chain that sells products that are not part of a healthier diet. Finally, several firms complained off the record that King was inconsistent in his endorsements, selling a highly fattening product while similarly endorsing diabetic products manufactured by the Johnson & Johnson company.

### 2014 Big King

### BK XXL

The ads for the XXL bacon double cheeseburger described the XXL as a Whopper "with two enormous portions of flame-broiled meat that will give you all the energy you need to take the world by storm," and used the tag line of "It's awful being a vegetarian, right?".

The British and German ad program for an LTO variant called the Cheesy Bacon XXL featured an edited version of the *Manthem* commercial created by Crispin Porter + Bogusky that was originally used for the company's LTO Texas Double Whopper. The line mentioning the Whopper was edited out and replaced and the picture of the product was digitally replaced with one of the Cheesy Bacon XXL. The ad was sung entirely in English; all signage, including road signs license plates on vehicles, etc., was not translated into German.

### Controversies

The company's online advertising program in Spain described the BK XXL line as being made "with two enormous portions of flame-broiled meat that will give you all the energy you need to take the world by storm." This claim combined with the television advertising were the prime motivators behind the Spanish government's concerns with the XXL sandwich line. The government claimed that the campaign violated an agreement with the government to comply with an initiative on curbing obesity by promoting such a large and unhealthy sandwich. In response to the government's claims, Burger King replied in a statement: "In this campaign, we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years. Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto 'As you like it,' in which our customers' taste trumps all." The company went on to say that it offers other healthier items such as salads and that customers are free to choose their own foods and modify them as they desire.

## Naming and trademarks

The name *Big King* was originally a registered trademark of Burger King Brands, Inc., and displayed with the "circle-R" (®) symbol in its home market; however, the federal trademark registration was cancelled in 2005 due to failure to file the required 5-year declaration of use. It was reassigned in 2014 to a California-based ice cream manufacturer.<sup>\[Notes 1\]</sup> As of February 2015, the name is displayed with the lesser raised "TM" symbol. In most other markets in which the sandwich is sold, it is designated as a registered mark.<sup>\[Notes 2\]</sup> The names *King Supreme* and *Double Supreme* were formerly registered trademarks in the US,<sup>\[Notes 3\]\[Notes 4\]</sup> while the King Supreme is still registered in Canada in both English and French spellings.<sup>\[Notes 5\]\[Notes 6\]</sup>

Similar sandwiches by other vendors  1. British trademarks with the "EU" prefix are European Community wide trademarks.
2. The New Zealand trademark office does not allow direct linking of trademark information.   Trademark information * 1. *Big King, USPTO serial #75292508*, United States Patent and Trademark Office
* 2. *Big King, EU trade mark #000620740*, European Union Intellectual Property Office
* 3. *Double Supreme, USPTO serial #77813348*, United States Patent and Trademark Office
* 4. *King Supreme, USPTO serial #76422121*, United States Patent and Trademark Office
* 5. *King Supreme, CIPO registration #TMA588628*, Canadian Intellectual Property Office
* 6. *King Suprême, CIPO registration #TMA588648*, Canadian Intellectual Property Office

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* Media related to Big King at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Big King
| North American version of<br>the BK Big King sandwich (April 2016) | |
| --- | --- |
| Nutritional value per 1 sandwich (198 g) | |
| Energy | 530 kcal (2,200 kJ) |
|  | |
| **Carbohydrates** | 38 g (13%) |
| Sugars | 8 g |
| Dietary fiber | 2 g (8%) |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Fat** | 31 g (48%) |
| Saturated | 11 g (55%) |
| Trans | 1.5 g |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Protein** | 19 g (38%) |
| Vitamins and minerals   **Minerals** **Quantity** **%DV**  Sodium 34% 790 mg | |
|  | |
| **Other constituents** | **Quantity** |
| Cholesterol | 75 mg |
|  | |
| Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<br>Source: Burger King USA<br>Nutritional guides: Core, Regional and Limited Time Offerings,<br>April 2016 | |


title: Robert Williams (antiquary)

abstract: Robert Williams (1810–1881) was a Welsh Anglican clergyman and Celtic scholar.

text:
# Robert Williams (antiquary)

**Robert Williams** (1810–1881) was a Welsh Anglican clergyman and Celtic scholar.

## Life

Robert Williams, born at Conway, Carnarvonshire, on 29 June 1810, was the second son of Robert Williams, perpetual curate of Llandudno. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, as servitor, on 10 June 1828, and graduated BA in 1832 and MA in 1836. After a short curacy at Llangerniew in West Denbighshire (1833–6), he became in 1837 vicar of Llangadwaladr, to which was added in 1838 the perpetual curacy of Rhydycroesau, near Oswestry. The former he held till 1877, and the latter till 1879, when he was appointed to the rectory of Culmington, Shropshire. This, together with an honorary canonry at St. Asaph conferred upon him in 1872, he held till his death.

He died, unmarried, on 26 April 1881. He was buried on 2 May at Culmington, where a memorial stone with a Welsh and Cornish inscription, provided by public subscription, was placed in 1899.

## Works

While still an undergraduate, Williams evinced his taste for Welsh research by winning, in 1831, a prize offered by the Cymmrodorion Society for the best "biographical sketch of the most eminent Welshmen since the Reformation". The society had his production translated into Welsh and printed under the title of *Enwogion Cymru*. In 1836 the English version was issued with additions (London, 12mo), and it was subsequently developed into *Enwogion Cymru: A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Welshmen* (Llandovery, 1852, 8vo), which was then the best work of its kind relating to the principality.

His most scholarly work, however, was his *Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: a Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall* (Llandovery, 1865, 4to). In this lexicon copious examples with English translations are given from such Cornish works as are still extant, but its special feature was the addition of synonyms and cognate words from Welsh, Breton, Erse, Gaelic, and Manx. The author announced his intention of "completing the subject" by the issue of a Cornish grammar, but this never made its appearance. When the catholic epistles and gospels (*Liherieu hag Avieleu*, London, 1870) were first brought out in Breton, with parallel Welsh and Gaelic versions, Williams was responsible for a considerable portion of the Gaelic text. He also discovered at Peniarth a previously unknown Cornish drama, being the *Ordinale de Vita Sancti Mereadoci*.

Williams's next considerable undertaking was the editing, with translations and glossaries, of *Selections from the Hengwrt MSS. preserved in the Peniarth Library*. The first volume, which was completed in 1876 (London, 8vo), contained the Welsh text of the legend of the Holy Grail. Of the second volume, containing the Welsh versions of the *Gests of Charlemayne*, *Bown o' Hamtown*, the *Elucidarium*, and other religious compilations of the Middle Ages, two parts only were issued (in 1878 and 1880 respectively) during Williams's lifetime, but the translation was completed with critical and bibliographical notes by G. Hartwell Jones, thereby completing the second volume in 1892. According to the *Dictionary of National Biography*, this, in spite of its great value, is perhaps the least satisfactory of Williams's works, as his reading of the text is not always to be relied upon.

Williams supplied a translation of the Welsh poems contained in the *Book of Taliesin* (a thirteenth-century manuscript preserved at Peniarth) for William Forbes Skene's *Four Ancient Books of Wales* (Edinburgh, 1868, 8vo). He also wrote a history of his native town, published in 1835 under the title of *The History of Aberconway* (Denbigh, 8vo). He was for many years a member of the editorial committee of the Cambrian Archæological Association, and contributed papers to the *Journal* of that society as well as to the now defunct *Cambrian Journal*.

## Sources

**Attribution:**

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Thomas, Daniel Lleufer (1900). "Williams, Robert (1810-1881)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 61. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 440–441.

## InfoBox

| The Reverend<br>Robert Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Rector of Culmington | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 29 June 1810 |
| Died | 26 April 1881 (aged 70) |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |


title: Robert More-Molyneux

abstract: Admiral Sir Robert Henry More-Molyneux, was a Royal Navy officer who became President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.

text:
# Robert More-Molyneux

Admiral **Sir Robert Henry More-Molyneux**, GCB (7 August 1838 – 29 February 1904) was a Royal Navy officer who became President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.

After an education at Windlesham House School, More-Molyneux joined the Royal Navy in 1852 and served in the Black Sea during the Crimean War. He became Commanding Officer of the training ship HMS *St Vincent* in 1869, Commanding Officer of the corvette HMS *Ruby* in 1877 (in which he served during the Russo-Turkish War) and then Commanding Officer of the battleship HMS *Invincible*, flagship of Vice Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour, in 1880.

After commanding the Invincible during the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War, he went on to be commodore commanding the ships in the Red Sea in 1884, captain-superintendent of Sheerness Dockyard in 1886 and admiral-superintendent at Devonport in 1891. After that he became President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1900 before retiring in 1903.

He was promoted to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the November 1902 Birthday Honours list, and invested with the insignia by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902.

## Family

In 1874, he married Annie Mary Carew, daughter of Captain Matthew Charles Forster, R.N. ; she died in 1898, leaving a daughter, Gwendolen.

## InfoBox

| Sir
Robert More-Molyneux | |
| --- | --- |
| Sir Robert More-Molyneux | |
| Born | 7 August 1838 |
| Died | 29 February 1904 (1904-03-01) (aged 65)
Cairo, Egypt |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1852–1903 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *St Vincent*
HMS *Ruby*
HMS *Invincible*
Royal Naval College, Greenwich |
| Battles/wars | Crimean War
Russo-Turkish War
Anglo-Egyptian War |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath |


title: Robert W. Gottfried

abstract: Robert W. Gottfried was an American home builder, developer and real estate entrepreneur whose signature French Regency-style residences remain sought-after, highly prized addresses in world-famous Palm Beach, Florida. A prolific, visionary builder and design aficionado, he created more than 500 luxury homes which made an enduring imprint on the area. About 400 of his homes were built in the wealthy island town.

text:
# Robert W. Gottfried

**Robert W. Gottfried** (May 15, 1926 – May 26, 2007) was an American home builder, developer and real estate entrepreneur whose signature French Regency-style residences remain sought-after, highly prized addresses in world-famous Palm Beach, Florida. A prolific, visionary builder and design aficionado, he created more than 500 luxury homes which made an enduring imprint on the area. About 400 of his homes were built in the wealthy island town.

## Early life

The son of Florence Ward and William Gottfried, Robert was born in Queens, New York. His father operated a residential construction business creating homes and vacation cottages on Long Island. In 1954, at the age of 28, young Gottfried moved to Palm Beach to work with an uncle.

## Career and Family

The first house he built was of brick, in the 200 block of Wells Road. His client was prominent Chicago industrialist Rudolph W. Glasner, an Austrian immigrant who held patents for his inventions in machine parts for the automotive industry. Glasner and Gottfried formed a partnership and purchased an entire block in the island's North End. Their $90,000 investment led to the creation of 16 homes on what would become El Dorado Lane. Gottfried had already opened a design center in West Palm Beach. He branched out, adding a marble factory, mirror factory and a company to produce specialty moldings. Aiming to expand further, he formed a development company, and Robert W. Gottfried Inc. was incorporated in 1955. From the time he moved to Palm Beach, he never lived in a house he did not build.

"I got to know how a house should work that way, what works and what doesn't," he said in an interview. As an indication of his pride in his work, the exteriors of his houses built in the 1970s and '80s had a bronze plaque stating, "Built by Robert W. Gottfried Inc." Heeding local architect Clarence Mack's observation about the advantages of having a specialty, Gottfried recalled the elegant lines of buildings he had seen in Paris. Thus, he chose Regency to dress up the vernacular of architecture in Palm Beach—where the style and palette had been dominated since the 1920s by Mediterranean-Revival.

Gottfried intuited the market correctly, as "Gottfried Regency" became a recognized brand within the first decade, with buyers drawn to high ceilings and clean classical lines. Dovetailing the trend, designers at Benjamin Moore paints mixed a custom hue known as "Gottfried Gray." His clients included industry tycoons, celebrities and other bold-faced names—and it was not uncommon for someone to arrive on the island "... to buy a Gottfried." Several streets in Palm Beach are synonymous with his Regency interpretations, as he built several streets of "French Gottfried"—Casa Bendita, Chapel Hill, Chateau Drive, El Dorado Lane, El Mirasol, Polmer Park Road, and Via Los Incas.

In 1978, Gottfried bought Los Incas, a six-acre oceanfront estate in the Venetian style. The seller was widowed socialite Mary Sanford, whose late husband, Stephen "Laddie" Sanford, was a textile heir and polo player. Gottfried razed the 12-bedroom palazzo and replaced it with 10 demi-ones which sold for about $3 million each. Along Polmer Park, Gottfried built Gardenia House, which sits on a lakefront cul-de-sac with a quite lofty elevation. Built in 1969 and renovated in 2001, the house epitomized the developer's trademark style and attention to detailing, symmetry and classic lines.

According to historian Augustus Mayhew, Gottfried's extensive contribution to the Palm Beach landscape was "...modern interiors designed for conveniences rather than antiques." Highly innovative, Gottfried incorporated desirable extras in his houses which heretofore in Palm Beach were confined to custom designs. Features such as the loggia, library, gallery, butler pantry, silver closet, built-in media and security systems drew buyers also attracted to his distinctive inlaid stone driveways.

In 1970, Gottfried married Martha Heines, who had moved to Palm Beach in 1967 from the Midwest. She continued to work with her husband, coordinating contracts between customers buying his houses and a network of design and decor vendors. By 1974, the developer had expanded further into building luxury homes on speculation. Thus, the couple launched a real estate brokerage, Martha A. Gottfried Inc., which set an industry standard from the outset. Transactions reached the $100 million mark by the mid-1980s. At one time, the firm operated three offices on the island, including the flagship location on the famed shopping street, Worth Avenue.

In addition to his preferred specialty of French Regency, Gottfried served clients interested in other styles. In 1973, he built a Georgian mansion designed by architect John Volk, at 1930 S. Ocean Boulevard in Palm Beach, as well as contemporary and Tuscan styles. In an interview published in the November 2014 edition of Architectural Digest magazine about the book "Palm Beach People" with coauthor Hilary Geary Ross, when asked "What's your favorite modern residence in Palm Beach?", she responded "Fashion designer Lisa Perry's house, by the late Palm Beach developer Robert Gottfried, is completely white but punctuated with bold, colorful art. It's so bright and cheerful that you have to smile when you step inside..."

In 1991, when New York financier Gerald Tsai Jr. bought The Reef, an historic Art Deco/Moderne estate at 702 N. County Road, he hired Gottfried to rebuild it. Designed by Maurice Fatio, the oceanfront compound was all the rage at the 1937 Paris Exhibition, where it won the Gold Medal as the best modern building in the world at that time. Tsai acquired The Reef a year after it was declared a town landmark. Aware of Gottfried's reputation for sensitivity to all building styles, he engaged the builder in a rare enterprise in Palm Beach—the complete reconstruction of a landmarked structure. Tsai sold the property in 1996 to Metromedia executive Stuart Subotnick, an art collector and owner of thoroughbreds. Subotnick sold The Reef in 2007 to developer Stephen M. Ross, chairman of The Related Companies and owner of the Miami Dolphins NFL franchise.

In 1984, Gottfried acquired a lakefront parcel and built a mansion for himself and Martha at 748 Hi-Mount Road, with custom features found nowhere else on the island. Sited on two-thirds of an acre overlooking the Intracoastal Waterway, the two-story home rests on an ancient coral ridge at the highest elevation in Palm Beach. It is a pristine walled compound of seclusion behind large wrought-iron security gates. In December 1991, Martha Gottfried died of cancer at the age of 54. The couple had no children.

In 1992, Broker Associate Pamela Hoffpauer, a long-time agent with the firm, was named president of Martha A. Gottfried Inc. A few years later, she and the developer married. She has been a leader in the town's business community, having been President of the Palm Beach Chamber of Commerce, and serving on the Town of Palm Beach Board of Code Enforcement, and the Town Zoning Commission.

## Legacy

After Robert Gottfried's death in 2007, Pamela remained President and owner of Martha A. Gottfried Inc. when the firm was acquired by New York-based brokerage Douglas Elliman. Pamela Hoffpauer Gottfried continues as a Broker Associate with the firm, and one of her listings is the home she shared with her husband at 748 Hi-Mount Road and is valued at about $19 million as of March 2014. Featured in a YouTube video, the house has six bedrooms, 11 full bathrooms, four half-baths, marble floors, casement windows, a temperature-controlled wine cellar, a movie theater, billiard room, gym, cabana and grill room overlooking the swimming pool, a concrete "deep water" dock capable of accommodating a large yacht, and a full-house generator. With high ceilings—even a two-story closet in the master suite and two-story greenhouse windows facing the lake—the house reveals superior architectural detailing. With formal columns and clerestories above arched windows, the house made a vivid statement when built and continues to draw admirers and prospective buyers.

Robert Gottfried's legacy extends beyond the homes he built across Palm Beach. His innovative bent spilled over to related fields, including landscaping and construction materials. "Robert Gottfried built his signature style, in partnership with architect John B. Gosman, into a definitive Palm Beach genre, where his companies controlled almost every aspect of the house's construction, having established Palm Beach Marble & Tile, Classic Moulders, Imports Unlimited, Classic Polyroof Co. and the PaverLock Driveway Co." In the 1980s, he collaborated with Duane Cronenwett of North Palm Beach, who had worked for another Gottfried company. Their inventions received several grants from the U.S. Patent Office in the 1980s. One patent was for a roofing system. A few involved an apparatus and method for injecting trees with nutrients and therapeutic liquids. Their joint venture, Tree Saver Inc., was a timely response which is credited with helping to avert a major crisis on the island. Lethal yellowing disease had already killed many varieties of palm trees all over South Florida.

He was a quiet supporter of local children's charities as well as those in North Carolina, and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

## Further reading

Media related to Robert W. Gottfried at Wikimedia Commons


title: Robert Nandor Berki

abstract: Robert Nandor Berki (1936-1991), who published as R. N. Berki, was a Hungarian-British political scientist.

text:
# Robert Nandor Berki

**Robert Nandor Berki** (1936-1991), who published as **R. N. Berki**, was a Hungarian-British political scientist.

## Life

Berki was born on 12 July 1936 in Budapest, and educated from 1941 to 1952 at the Catholic Piarista Convent School in Budapest. After working for a year in the Hungarian government's land redistribution department, he studied classical music and jazz at a Budapest music academy. Escaping Hungary after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, he managed to get to Britain in 1957.

Attending evening classes, Berki gained O- and A-levels, and entered London School of Economics in 1961, securing a first-class degree in international relations in 1964. In 1962 he married Etelka Taph, also Hungarian, whom he had met at a jazz club in Stalintown near Budapest. He gained his PhD from Cambridge University, writing a thesis supervised by E. H. Carr on the political thought of Hegel and Marx.

In 1967 Berki became a lecturer in politics at the University of Hull. He stayed there until his death, becoming professor of European political and social theory and director of the Institute of European Studies in 1984. He died of a brain haemorrhage in Hull on 17 September 1991.

## Works

* (ed. with Bhikhu Parekh) *The morality of politics*. London: Allen and Unwin, 1972.
* (ed. with Robert Benewick and Bhikhu Parekh) *Knowledge and belief in politics; the problem of ideology*. London: Allen & Unwin, 1973.
* *The history of political thought: a short introduction*. London: Dent, 1974.
* *Socialism*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975.
* (ed. with Jack Hayward) *State and society in contemporary Europe*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.
* *On political realism*. London: Dent, 1981.
* *Insight and vision: the problem of communism in Marx's thought*. London: J. M. Dent, 1983.
* *Security and society: reflections on law, order and politics*. London: Dent, 1986.
* *The genesis of Marxism: four lectures*. London: Dent, 1988.

## InfoBox

| Robert Nandor Berki | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 12 July 1936 <br>Budapest |
| Died | 17 September 1991  (aged 55) |
| Occupation | Political scientist |
| Employer |  |


title: Robert Tranquillo

abstract: Robert T. Tranquillo is an American bioengineer, focusing in cardiovascular tissue engineering, currently the Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota, formerly the Shell Land Grant Chair, and is an Elected Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, International Academy of Medical and Biological Engineering and the Biomedical Engineering Society.

text:
# Robert Tranquillo

**Robert T. Tranquillo** is an American bioengineer, focusing in cardiovascular tissue engineering, currently the Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota, formerly the Shell Land Grant Chair, and is an Elected Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, International Academy of Medical and Biological Engineering and the Biomedical Engineering Society.

## Early life and career

Bob Tranquillo had obtained his Bachelor's degree from Pennsylvania State University in chemical engineering in 1979 and next year got his Master's from Stanford University in the same field. Four years later he completed his Ph.D. in chemical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in 1986 and immediately became NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center for Mathematical Biology at Oxford University. In 1987 he worked at the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Minnesota and in 2000 was the head of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the same place.


title: Robin Holmes-Sullivan

abstract: Robin Helene Holmes-Sullivan is an American academic and psychologist serving as the president of Lewis & Clark College. She is the first woman, first person of color, and first openly LGBTQ person to become the president of the college. Holmes-Sullivan previously served as the vice president for student affairs of the 10-campus University of California system.

text:
# Robin Holmes-Sullivan

**Robin Helene Holmes-Sullivan** (born September 24, 1964) is an American academic and psychologist serving as the president of Lewis & Clark College. She is the first woman, first person of color, and first openly LGBTQ person to become the president of the college. Holmes-Sullivan previously served as the vice president for student affairs of the 10-campus University of California system.

## Early life and education

Robin Helene Holmes was born on September 24, 1964 in South Carolina. She is the fourth of five children. Her family frequently moved because her father was in the United States Marine Corps. After her father was stationed at the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro when she was 3-years-old, her family stayed in California. Holmes-Sullivan graduated from El Toro High School in 1982.

Holmes-Sullivan attended California State University, Fullerton (CSUF), where she studied psychology. She was the starting point guard for CSUF's NCAA Division I women's basketball team. Her goal was to play for the USA women's basketball team in the 1988 Olympics. Holmes-Sullivan continues to hold the Big West championship record for best free throw percentage (tied with Natasha Parks of the University of California, Irvine and Alli Nieman of the University of Idaho).

After receiving her Bachelor of Arts in psychology in 1986, Holmes-Sullivan continued to get a Master of Arts in psychology from CSUF. She later attended the California School of professional Psychology where she received a Master of Arts in 1990 and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in 1992, both in clinical psychology.

## Career

Holmes-Sullivan began her career at the counseling center at the University of Oregon, where she later became the dean of students and the vice president of student life.

After 25 years at the University of Oregon, Holmes-Sullivan became the vice president for student affairs of the University of California, a 10-campus university system with more than 200,000 students.

Holmes-Sullivan later became the vice president for student life and dean of students of Lewis & Clark College. She was praised for her management of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the student body.

In January 2022, Lewis & Clark College announced that Holmes-Sullivan would become the president of the college the following July. She became the first woman, first person of color, and the first openly LGBTQ person to hold the position.

In September 2022, State Treasurer Tobias Reed appointed Holmes-Sullivan to the five-member Oregon 529 Savings Board. The board oversees the administration of the Oregon College Savings Plan and advises the state administration on the Oregon ABLE Savings Plan.

In March 2024, the Portland Business Journal honored Holmes-Sullivan as a "Woman of Influence."

Holmes-Sullivan maintains a career as a private clinical psychologist. She specializes in treating anxiety, depression, and LGBTQ clients. Holmes-Sullivan is also a consultant for multicultural organizational development and diversity issues.

## Personal life

Holmes-Sullivan identifies as gay. She met her wife, Kathy Sullivan, in 1993 while working in the counseling center at the University of Oregon. Kathy is a clinical social worker. They raised their two sons in Eugene, Oregon.

## InfoBox

| Robin Holmes-Sullivan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 26th President of Lewis & Clark College | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
July 1, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Wim Wiewel |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robin Helene Holmes
(1964-09-24) September 24, 1964
South Carolina, U.S. |
| Education | California State University, Fullerton (BA) (MA)
California School of Professional Psychology (MA) (Ph.D.) |
|  | |


title: Robin Kay

abstract: Robin Langford Kay was a New Zealand artist and historian.

text:
# Robin Kay

**Robin Langford Kay** CNZM (23 June 1919 – 7 April 2017) was a New Zealand artist and historian.

## Biography

Born in 1919 in Waipawa, Kay spent in early years in Christchurch in the care of his aunt due to his mother's poor health. In 1928, the family moved to Napier. He was educated at Gisborne Boys High School and spent a year at Christ's College in Christchurch. He also studied art part-time at Canterbury University College of Art. He then moved to the Manawatu taking up employment as a cadet journalist in Palmerston North.

During World War II Kay served as a war artist with the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force in the Middle East and Italy, was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in 1944, and later joined the war history staff under Major General Sir Howard Kippenberger. He graduated from Victoria University College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949. As well as contributing to the *Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45*—writing the history of 27 (Machine Gun) Battalion and *Italy Volume II: From Cassino to Trieste*—Kay wrote extensively on New Zealand military history and external relations. He also co-authored, with Tony Eden, a history of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts (NZAFA) in 1983.

Kay became an artist member of the NZAFA in 1938, going on to exhibit over 450 works. He served on the Academy Council from 1960 to 1983, and in 1975 he was made a life member of the NZAFA. In 2007, Kay received the Governor General's Award from the NZAFA and became a Fellow of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts. Kay was a member of Watercolour New Zealand since it was founded in 1975.

Between 1962 and 1970, he won 1st prize, 2nd prize and six merit awards for watercolour in the National Bank Art Awards.

His paintings have been purchased by the National Art Gallery, Archives New Zealand, the Turnbull Library, US President Lyndon B. Johnson, Prime Minister Keith Holyoake and former Governor-Generals.

In the 2008 New Year Honours, Kay was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to art and military history.

Kay died on 7 April 2017.

Paintings by Kay are held in public collections, including at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the Alexander Turnbull Library, and the National Collection of War Art at Archives New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| Robin KayCNZM | |
| --- | --- |
| Kay in 2008 | |
| Born | Robin Langford Kay<br>(1919-06-23)23 June 1919 |
| Died | 7 April 2017(2017-04-07) (aged 97) |


title: Big Willow River

abstract: The Big Willow River is a river in northeastern Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is a tributary of James Bay. The Big Willow River begins in muskeg and flows north-northeast to its mouth at James Bay.

text:
# Big Willow River

The **Big Willow River** is a river in northeastern Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is a tributary of James Bay.

The Big Willow River begins in muskeg and flows north-northeast to its mouth at James Bay.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Big Willow River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the river mouth in Ontario | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Northwestern Ontario |
| District | Kenora |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 52°19′41″N 82°24′37″W / 52.32806°N 82.41028°W / 52.32806; -82.41028 |
| elevation | 42 m (138 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | James Bay |
| coordinates | 52°40′41″N 81°53′29″W / 52.67806°N 81.89139°W / 52.67806; -81.89139 |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | James Bay drainage basin |


title: Robinsonia similis

abstract: Robinsonia similis is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Trinidad.

text:
# Robinsonia similis

***Robinsonia similis*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Trinidad.

## InfoBox

| *Robinsonia similis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Robinsonia* |
| Species: | ***R. similis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Robinsonia similis***<br>Rothschild, 1909 | |
|


title: Robinsonia rockstonia

abstract: Robinsonia rockstonia is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1905. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana and Amazonas.

text:
# Robinsonia rockstonia

***Robinsonia rockstonia*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1905. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana and Amazonas.

## InfoBox

| *Robinsonia rockstonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Robinsonia* |
| Species: | ***R. rockstonia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Robinsonia rockstonia***<br>Schaus, 1905 | |
|


title: Robinsonia sabata

abstract: Robinsonia sabata is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1895. It is found in Honduras and Belize.

text:
# Robinsonia sabata

***Robinsonia sabata*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1895. It is found in Honduras and Belize.

## InfoBox

| *Robinsonia sabata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Robinsonia* |
| Species: | ***R. sabata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Robinsonia sabata***<br>H. Druce, 1895 | |
|


title: Bill Carroll (broadcaster)

abstract: Bill Carroll is a Canadian radio personality who has hosted talk radio shows in both Canada and the United States. He has been the host of The Morning Rush with Bill Carroll on CFRA in Ottawa since March 7, 2016.

text:
# Bill Carroll (broadcaster)

**Bill Carroll** is a Canadian radio personality who has hosted talk radio shows in both Canada and the United States. He has been the host of The Morning Rush with Bill Carroll on CFRA in Ottawa since March 7, 2016.

## Biography

Carroll was born in Scotland on July 29, 1959, and grew up in Coatbridge near Glasgow. He came with his family to Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the late 1960s. The family first lived in Don Mills in an apartment (later in a townhouse in Scarborough), where he attended Stephen Leacock Collegiate Institute, a few years before Mike Myers.

Bill married Sylvie LaPointe in July 2003. They have two children, Killian and Magalie. Like Bill's father, Magalie was born with spina bifida. Bill has cited as one of the reasons for his relocation to California was to be closer to Ramon Cuevas, a physical therapist who had worked with Magalie.

## Career

Out of high school in 1980, Carroll moved to New Liskeard, Ontario. "My first job was as *news director* for the station CJTT. This meant I was also the morning news anchor and the news reporter — I was a one-man department. But it was a great place to learn about broadcast journalism. "I hadn't formally studied journalism, so once I got the job I bought every book on broadcast journalism I could find. At night I would study to be a broadcast journalist, and practice during the day." Bill was the co-host of MuchMusic's game show spoof *Test Pattern*, along with Dan Gallagher. After a stint in Peterborough, Ontario, he joined Q107 in Toronto, on a news program named "Barometer". He subsequently worked at its sister station TALK 640 as morning host, before joining CFRB in 1998; first as a weekend newscaster and entertainment reporter, then as news director, before assuming his talk show.

In October 2004, Carroll was named to host Global Television's *Focus Ontario*, a weekly public affairs show. His tenure there lasted until fall 2005, when he was replaced by Sean Mallen.

In 2010, he went to work at KFI in Los Angeles.

On December 21, 2012, Carroll made an announcement on his Facebook page. "Today I have in my hand a new long term agreement to remain at KFI. Awesome! But that's not all. Starting January 7th next year, my Toronto fans can hear me each weekday on Talk Radio AM640 as they drive home from 4 to 7 PM. A completely different show for Toronto listeners on issues they care about. 640 in L.A. and 640 in T.O. It's almost poetic. To my Toronto fans, thanks so for missing me." He was joined on AM640 Toronto by Sandy Salerno and Chris Chreston.

On January 7, 2016, at the end of the final hour of his daily broadcast, Carroll announced that this would be his last show on KFI, and that he was leaving, effective immediately, and moving back to Canada to be closer to family.

On February 5, 2016, at the end of his show, Carroll announced that he had decided not to stay on CFMJ- AM640 as he was not able to secure a long term contract renewal and wanted certainty for his family. The February 5th show was his last show for CFMJ.

During his career Bill has been recognized with a number of awards including – the Edward R Murrow Award for hosting live coverage in Washington, D.C., for President Obama’s first inauguration. The RTNDA Sam Ross Award National and Central Region 2008 for radio editorial. The RTNDA Sam Ross Award Central Region for TV Editorial 2006.

On February 18, 2016, Carroll was announced as the new morning host on AM 580 CFRA in Ottawa to premiere on March 7 of that year. The new program is called "The Morning Rush with Bill Carroll".

In June 2023, Bill Carroll was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA) for his contributions to the industry.

## News

### FLICK-OFF Campaign

On April 26, 2007, the Ontario Provincial government launched a new environment campaign with a slogan "FLICK-OFF". The phrase resembled the derogatory phrase *fuck off* (because the 'L' and the 'I' together could be perceived as a 'U'). Carroll claimed children will see the derogatory word, sending the wrong message. He sarcastically told the government and some callers to Flick-off on live radio.

### Switch over

On December 15, 2006, it was announced on *The Six O'clock News Hour* that Bill Carroll would be replacing Ted Woloshyn as host of *The Morning Show* starting January 2007. Woloshyn had announced that very morning that he was resigning, after celebrating his tenth anniversary as CFRB Morning host (following Wally Crouter's 50-year tenure).

However, Carroll unlike Woloshyn, started his show at 6:00 am instead of 5:30 am. His show ends at 10:00 am instead of 8:30 am. In 2009, he was moved to the 9 am to 1 pm slot as host of an eponymous program which ran until his move to Los Angeles the next year.

### Lawsuit

In March 2007, Tim Hortons filed a defamation lawsuit against Carroll, Standard Radio, which owned CFRB, and CanWest for his allegations on CFRB and Global TV that the Canadian taxpayers were footing the bill for its well-publicised franchise in Afghanistan.

Carroll said on his Global TV commentary: "Tim Hortons has been sliding by on the great publicity about the Kandahar franchise all these months and then Global uncovers the dirty little secret. You and I, the taxpayers, are picking up $4 or 5 million dollars a year so that they can look good to the public ... Shame on Tim Hortons."

Tim Hortons Inc. is seeking $35 million from all three for the false statement.

## Personal

Carroll sat as a member of the Board of Governors for the Canadian student newspaper *The Prince Arthur Herald*.

## InfoBox

| Bill Carroll | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-07-29) July 29, 1959<br>Scotland |
| Occupation | Radio broadcaster |
| Spouse | Sylvie Lapointe |
| Children | 2 |


title: Bill Crawford (comedian)

abstract: Bill Crawford is a comedian and radio personality, best known for his work on The DVE Morning Show on WDVE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania since January 2012.

text:
# Bill Crawford (comedian)

**Bill Crawford** is a comedian and radio personality, best known for his work on *The DVE Morning Show* on WDVE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania since January 2012.

## Career

Crawford began doing standup in his native Pittsburgh in the early 2000s. In 2004, he was "discovered" by then-*DVE Morning Show* host Jim Krenn, who invited him to become a regular guest on the show. As a result, he became a bigger name in Pittsburgh and began touring with big-name comedians. In January 2012, he joined the *DVE Morning Show* as a full-time member along with former host Scott Paulsen in light of Krenn's dispute with WDVE parent Clear Channel Communications and his dismissal from the show and station. Crawford and Paulsen joined *Morning Show* stalwarts Randy Baumann, Val Porter and Mike Prisuta.

## InfoBox

| Bill Crawford | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1979-11-09) November 9, 1979<br>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Years active | early 2000s-present |
| Notable works and roles | Member of *The DVE Morning Show* |
| Website | http://billcrawfordlive.com |


title: Billbergia cylindrostachya

abstract: Billbergia cylindrostachya is a plant species in the genus Billbergia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Billbergia cylindrostachya

***Billbergia cylindrostachya*** is a plant species in the genus *Billbergia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* *Billbergia* 'Chevalieri'

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Billbergia cylindrostachya* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Helicodea* |
| Species: | ***B. cylindrostachya*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia cylindrostachya***<br>Mez | |
|