title: United States Foreign Service

abstract: The United States Foreign Service is the primary personnel system used by the diplomatic service of the United States federal government, under the aegis of the United States Department of State. It consists of over 13,000 professionals carrying out the foreign policy of the United States and aiding U.S. citizens abroad. Its current director general is Marcia Bernicat. Created in 1924 by the Rogers Act, the Foreign Service combined all consular and diplomatic services of the U.S. government into one administrative unit. In addition to the unit's function, the Rogers Act defined a personnel system under which the United States secretary of state is authorized to assign diplomats abroad. Members of the Foreign Service are selected through a series of written and oral examinations. They serve at any of the United States diplomatic missions around the world, including embassies, consulates, and other facilities. Members of the Foreign Service also staff the headquarters of the four foreign affairs agencies: the Department of State, headquartered at the Harry S Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C.; the Department of Agriculture; the Department of Commerce; and the United States Agency for International Development. The Foreign Service is managed by a director general who is appointed by the president of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The director general is traditionally a current or former Foreign Service officer (FSO). Congress created the position of director general through the Foreign Service Act of 1946. Between 1946 and 1980, the director general was designated by the secretary of state. The first director general, Selden Chapin, held the position for less than six months before being replaced by Christian M. Ravndal, who held the position until June 1949. Both men were career FSOs. Beginning on November 23, 1975, under a departmental administrative action, the director general has concurrently held the title of director of the Bureau of Global Talent Management. As the head of the bureau, the director general held a rank equivalent to an assistant secretary of state. Three of the last four directors general have been women.

text:
# United States Foreign Service

The **United States Foreign Service** is the primary personnel system used by the diplomatic service of the United States federal government, under the aegis of the United States Department of State. It consists of over 13,000 professionals carrying out the foreign policy of the United States and aiding U.S. citizens abroad. Its current director general is Marcia Bernicat.

Created in 1924 by the Rogers Act, the Foreign Service combined all consular and diplomatic services of the U.S. government into one administrative unit. In addition to the unit's function, the Rogers Act defined a personnel system under which the United States secretary of state is authorized to assign diplomats abroad.

Members of the Foreign Service are selected through a series of written and oral examinations. They serve at any of the United States diplomatic missions around the world, including embassies, consulates, and other facilities. Members of the Foreign Service also staff the headquarters of the four foreign affairs agencies: the Department of State, headquartered at the Harry S Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C.; the Department of Agriculture; the Department of Commerce; and the United States Agency for International Development.

The Foreign Service is managed by a director general who is appointed by the president of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The director general is traditionally a current or former Foreign Service officer (FSO). Congress created the position of director general through the Foreign Service Act of 1946.

Between 1946 and 1980, the director general was designated by the secretary of state. The first director general, Selden Chapin, held the position for less than six months before being replaced by Christian M. Ravndal, who held the position until June 1949. Both men were career FSOs.

Beginning on November 23, 1975, under a departmental administrative action, the director general has concurrently held the title of director of the Bureau of Global Talent Management. As the head of the bureau, the director general held a rank equivalent to an assistant secretary of state. Three of the last four directors general have been women.

## Historical background

On September 15, 1789, the 1st United States Congress passed an act creating the Department of State and appointing duties to it, including the keeping of the Great Seal of the United States. Initially there were two services devoted to diplomatic and consular activity. The Diplomatic Service provided ambassadors and ministers to staff embassies overseas, while the Consular Service provided consuls to assist United States sailors and promote international trade and commerce.

Throughout the nineteenth century, ambassadors, or ministers, as they were known prior to the 1890s, and consuls were appointed by the president, and until 1856, earned no salary. Many had commercial ties to the countries in which they would serve, and were expected to earn a living through private business or by collecting fees. This was an arrangement challenged in the first professional survey of the service, David Baillie Warden's pioneering work *On the Origin, Nature, Progress and Influence of Consular Establishments* (1813). As acting consul in Paris, Warden had found himself being treated by American merchants as no more than a hireling agent.

In 1856, Congress provided a salary for consuls serving at certain posts; those who received a salary could not engage in private business, but could continue to collect fees for services performed.

### Lucile Atcherson Curtis

Lucile Atcherson Curtis was the first woman in what became the U.S. Foreign Service. Specifically, she was the first woman appointed as a United States Diplomatic Officer or Consular Officer, in 1923 (the U.S. did not establish the unified Foreign Service until 1924, at which time diplomatic and consular Officers became Foreign Service officers).

## Rogers Act

The Rogers Act of 1924 merged the diplomatic and consular services of the government into the Foreign Service. An extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to recruit the most outstanding Americans, along with a merit-based system of promotions. The Rogers Act also created the Board of the Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners of the Foreign Service, the former to advise the secretary of state on managing the Foreign Service, and the latter to manage the examination process.

In 1927, Congress passed legislation affording diplomatic status to representatives abroad of the Department of Commerce (until then known as "trade commissioners"), creating the Foreign Commerce Service. In 1930 Congress passed similar legislation for the Department of Agriculture, creating the Foreign Agricultural Service. Though formally accorded diplomatic status, however, commercial and agricultural attachés were civil servants (not officers of the Foreign Service). In addition, the agricultural legislation stipulated that agricultural attachés would not be construed as public ministers. On July 1, 1939, however, both the commercial and agricultural attachés were transferred to the Department of State under Reorganization Plan No. II. The agricultural attachés remained in the Department of State until 1954, when they were returned by Act of Congress to the Department of Agriculture. Commercial attachés remained with State until 1980, when Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 was implemented under terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980.

## Foreign Service Act of 1946

In 1946 Congress at the request of the Department of State passed a new Foreign Service Act creating six classes of employees: chiefs of mission, Foreign Service officers, Foreign Service reservists, Foreign Service staff, "alien personnel" (subsequently renamed Foreign Service nationals and later locally employed staff), and consular agents. Officers were expected to spend the bulk of their careers abroad and were commissioned officers of the United States, available for worldwide service. Reserve officers often spent the bulk of their careers in Washington but were available for overseas service. Foreign Service staff personnel included clerical and support positions. The intent of this system was to remove the distinction between Foreign Service and civil service staff, which had been a source of friction. The Foreign Service Act of 1946 also repealed as redundant the 1927 and 1930 laws granting USDA and Commerce representatives abroad diplomatic status, since at that point agricultural and commercial attachés were appointed by the Department of State.

The 1946 Act replaced the Board of Foreign Service Personnel, a body concerned solely with administering the system of promotions, with the Board of the Foreign Service, which was responsible more broadly for the personnel system as a whole, and created the position of director general of the Foreign Service. It also introduced the "up-or-out" system under which failure to gain promotion to higher rank within a specified time in class would lead to mandatory retirement, essentially borrowing the concept from the U.S. Navy. The 1946 Act also created the rank of Career Minister, accorded to the most senior officers of the service, and established mandatory retirement ages.

## Foreign Service Act of 1980

The new personnel management approach was not wholly successful, which led to an effort in the late 1970s to overhaul the 1946 act. During drafting of this act, Congress chose to move the commercial attachés back to Commerce while preserving their status as Foreign Service officers, and to include agricultural attachés of the Department of Agriculture in addition to the existing FSOs of the Department of State, U.S. Information Agency, and U.S. Agency for International Development.

The Foreign Service Act of 1980 is the most recent major legislative reform to the Foreign Service. It abolished the Foreign Service reserve category of officers, and reformed the personnel system for non-diplomatic locally employed staff of overseas missions (Foreign Service Nationals). It created a Senior Foreign Service with a rank structure equivalent to general and flag officers of the armed forces and to the Senior Executive Service. It enacted danger pay for those diplomats who serve in dangerous and hostile surroundings along with other administrative changes. The 1980 Act also reauthorized the Board of the Foreign Service, which "shall include one or more representatives of the Department of State, the United States Information Agency, the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Labor, the Office of Personnel Management, the Office of Management and Budget, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and such other agencies as the President may designate."

This board is charged with advising "the Secretary of State on matters relating to the Service, including furtherance of the objectives of maximum compatibility among agencies authorized by law to utilize the Foreign Service personnel system and compatibility between the Foreign Service personnel system and the other personnel systems of the Government."

## Members of the Foreign Service

The Foreign Service Act, 22 U.S.C. § 3903 *et seq.*, defines the following members of the Foreign Service:

* Chiefs of mission are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
* Ambassadors at large are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
* Senior Foreign Service (SFS) members are the senior leaders and experts for the management of the Foreign Service and the performance of its functions. They are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. SFS may come from the FSO or specialist ranks and are the equivalent to flag or general officers in the military.
* Foreign Service officers (known informally as "generalists") are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. These are mostly diplomat "generalists" who, along with some subject area experts, have primary responsibility for carrying out the functions of the Foreign Service.
* Foreign Service specialists provide special skills and services required for effective performance by the service (including, but not limited to facilities managers, IT specialists, nurse practitioners, office managers, and special agents in the Diplomatic Security Service). They are appointed by the secretary of state.
* Foreign Service nationals (FSNs) are personnel who provide clerical, administrative, technical, fiscal, and other support at posts abroad. They may be native citizens of the host country or third-country citizens (the latter referred to in the past as third-country nationals or TCNs). They are "members of the Service" as defined in the Foreign Service Act unlike other locally employed staff, (also known as LE staff) who in some cases are U.S. citizens living abroad.
* Consular agents provide consular and related services as authorized by the secretary of state at specified locations abroad where no Foreign Service posts are situated.

Additionally, diplomats in residence are senior Foreign Service officers who act as recruiters for the United States Foreign Service. They operate in designated regions and hold honorary positions in local universities.

## Foreign affairs agencies

While employees of the Department of State make up the largest portion of the Foreign Service, the Foreign Service Act of 1980 authorizes other U.S. government agencies to use the personnel system for positions that require service abroad. These include the Department of Commerce (Foreign Commercial Service), the Department of Agriculture (specifically the Foreign Agricultural Service, though the secretary of agriculture has also authorized the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to use the system as well), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). USAID, Commerce, and Agriculture senior career FSOs can be appointed to ambassadorships, although the ranks of career ambassadors are in the vast majority of cases drawn from the Department of State, with a far smaller sub-set drawn from the ranks of USAID mission directors.

## Foreign Service size

The total number of Foreign Service members, excluding Foreign Service nationals, from all Foreign Service agencies (State, USAID, etc.) is about 15,600. This includes:

## Employment

The process of being employed in the Foreign Service is different for each of the five categories as defined in the Foreign Service Act.

The evaluation process for all Department of State Foreign Service officers and specialists can be broadly summarized as: Initial application, Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP), oral assessment/Foreign Service Officer Assessment, clearances and final suitability review, and the register.

All evaluation steps for generalist and specialist candidates are anchored using certain personality characteristics. For generalists there are 13, for specialists there are 12. Familiarity with these characteristics dramatically improves a candidate's probability of success.

### Initial application

Step 1 for a generalist is the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT). For a specialist, it is an application on USAJobs.

#### FSOT

Before taking the FSOT, applicants must submit six personal narratives. The FSOT itself is a written exam consisting of four sections: job knowledge, English expression, situational judgement, and a written essay.

#### USAJobs

Specialists fill out applications tailored to their particular knowledge areas. Given how varied the specialties are, applications vary. Candidates are asked to rate their own levels of experience, citing examples and references who can verify these claims.

### QEP

The applicant's entire package (including their personal narratives) is then reviewed by the Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP). In July 2022, the State Department eliminated the minimum passing score for the FSOT; the QEP now uses a holistic approach to candidate evaluation, scoring "each candidate based on educational and work background, responses to personal narrative questions, and the FSOT score." The most qualified candidates are invited to participate in the Foreign Service Officer Assessment (FSOA). Formerly known as the oral exam and administered in person in Washington, D.C. and other major cities throughout the United States, the FSOA is now conducted entirely online.

Specialists also undergo a QEP, but their essays are collected as part of the initial application on USAJobs. Foreign Service specialist (FSS) candidates are evaluated by subject matter experts for proven skills and recommended to the Board of Examiners for an oral assessment based on those skills.

### FSOA and oral assessments

This stage of the assessment process also varies for generalists and specialists. For specialists, there is a structured oral interview, written assessment, and usually an online, objective exam. For generalists, the FSOA consists of a case-management exercise, group exercise, and structured interview,

The various parts of the oral assessment/FSOA are scored on a seven-point scale; these individual scores are then aggregated. At the end of the day, a candidate will be informed if their score met the 5.25 cutoff score necessary to continue their candidacy. This score becomes relevant again after the final suitability review. Successfully passing the oral assessment/FSOA earns a candidate a conditional offer of employment.

### Clearances and final suitability review

Candidates must then obtain a Class 1 (worldwide available) medical clearance, top secret security clearance, and suitability clearance. Depending upon the candidate's specific career track, they may also require eligibility for a top secret sensitive compartmented information (TS/SCI) clearance. Once a candidate's clearance information has been obtained, a final suitability review decides if this candidate is appropriate for employment in the Foreign Service. If so, the candidate's name is moved to the register.

Failure to obtain any of these clearances can result in a candidate's eligibility being terminated. It can be difficult for a candidate to receive a top-secret clearance if they have extensive foreign travel, dual citizenship, non-United States citizen family members, foreign spouses, drug use, financial problems or a poor record of financial practices, frequent gambling, and allegiance or de facto allegiance to a foreign state. Additionally, it can be difficult for anyone who has had a significant health problem to receive a Class 1 medical clearance.

The Foreign Service rejected all candidates with HIV until 2008 when it decided to consider candidates on a case-by-case basis. The State Department said it was responding to changes in HIV treatment, but the policy change came after a decision by the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in *Taylor v. Rice* that suggested the ban on HIV-positive applicants would not survive a lawsuit challenging it.

### Register

Once an applicant passes the security and medical clearances, as well as the Final Review Panel, they are placed on the register of eligible hires, ranked according to the score that they received in the oral assessment/FSOA. There are factors that can increase a candidate's score, such as foreign language proficiency or veteran's preference. Once a candidate is put on the register, they can remain for 18 months. If they are not hired from the register within 18 months, their candidacy is terminated. Separate registers are maintained for each of the five generalist career cones as well as the 23 specialist career tracks.

Technically, there are many registers (one for each Foreign Service specialty and then one for each generalist cone). The rank-order competitiveness of the register is only relevant within each candidate's career field. Successful candidates from the register will receive offers of employment to join a Foreign Service class. Generalists and specialists attend separate orientation classes.

Generalist candidates who receive official offers of employment must attend a six-week training/orientation course known as A-100 at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) in Arlington, Virginia. Specialist orientation at FSI is three weeks long. Depending upon the specialty, employees will then undergo several months of training before departing for their first assignment.

## Service terms and conditions

Members of the Foreign Service are expected to serve much of their career abroad, working at embassies and consulates around the world. By internal regulation, the maximum stretch of domestic assignments should last no more than six years (extensions are possible at the six-year limit for medical reasons, to enable children to complete high school, etc.; the eight year limit is difficult to pierce and is reserved for those who are deemed "critical to the service" and for those persons at the deputy assistant secretary level). By law, however, Foreign Service personnel must go abroad after ten years of domestic service. The difficulties and the benefits associated with working abroad are many, especially in relation to family life.

Dependent family members generally accompany Foreign Service employees overseas. This has become more difficult in regions marked by conflict and upheaval (currently many posts in the Middle East) where assignments are unaccompanied. The children of Foreign Service members, sometimes called Foreign Service brats, grow up in a unique world, one that separates them, willingly or unwillingly, from their counterparts living continuously in the United States of America.

While many children of Foreign Service members become very well developed, are able to form friendships easily, are skilled at moving frequently, and enjoy international travel, other children have extreme difficulty adapting to the Foreign Service lifestyle.  For both employees and their families, the opportunity to see the world, experience foreign cultures firsthand for a prolonged period, and the camaraderie amongst the Foreign Service and expatriate communities in general are considered some of the benefits of Foreign Service life.

Some of the downsides of Foreign Service work include exposure to tropical diseases and the assignment to countries with inadequate health care systems, and potential exposure to violence, civil unrest and warfare. Attacks on US embassies and consulates around the world—Beirut, Islamabad, Belgrade, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam, Baghdad, Kabul, and Benghazi, among others—underscore the dangers faced.

Foreign Service personnel stationed in nations with inadequate public infrastructure also face greater risk of injury or death due to fire, traffic accidents, and natural disasters. For instance, an FSO was one of the first identified victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

For members of the Foreign Service, maintaining a personal life outside of work can be exceptionally difficult. In addition to espionage, there is also the danger of personnel using their position illegally for financial gain. The most frequent kind of illegal abuse of an official position concerns consular officers. There have been a handful of cases of FSOs on consular assignments selling visas for a price.

Members of the Foreign Service must agree to worldwide availability, that is, they must be willing to be deployed anywhere in the world based on the needs of the service. In practice, they generally have significant input as to where they will work, although issues such as rank, language ability, and previous assignments will affect one's possible onward assignments. All assignments are based on the needs of the service, and historically it has occasionally been necessary for the department to make directed assignments to a particular post in order to fulfill the government's diplomatic requirements. This is not the norm, however, as many Foreign Service employees have volunteered to serve even at extreme hardship posts, including, most recently, Iraq and Afghanistan. FSOs must also agree to publicly support the policies of the United States government.

The State Department maintains a Family Liaison Office to assist diplomats, including members of the Foreign Service and their families, in dealing with the unique issues of life as a U.S. diplomat, including the extended family separations that are usually required when an employee is sent to a danger post.

## Issues

### Clientitis

Clientitis (also called clientism or localitis) is the tendency of the resident in-country staff of an organization to regard the officials and people of the host country as "clients." This condition can be found in business or government.

A hypothetical example of clientitis would be an Foreign Service officer (FSO), serving overseas at a U.S. embassy, who drifts into a mode of routinely and automatically defending the actions of the host country government. In such an example, the officer has come to view the officials and government workers of the host country government as the persons he is serving. Former USUN ambassador and White House national security advisor John Bolton has used this term repeatedly to describe the mindset within the culture of the US State Department.

The State Department's training for newly appointed ambassadors warns of the danger of clientitis, and the department rotates FSOs every two to three years to avoid it. During the Nixon administration, the State Department's Global Outlook Program (GLOP) attempted to combat clientitis by transferring FSOs to regions outside their area of specialization.

Robert D. Kaplan writes that the problem "became particularly prevalent" among American diplomats in the Middle East because the investment of time needed to learn Arabic and the large number of diplomatic postings where it was spoken meant diplomats could spend their entire career in a single region.

## Foreign Service career system

The Foreign Service personnel system is part of the excepted service and both generalist and specialist positions are competitively promoted through comparison of performance in annual sessions of selection boards. Each foreign affairs agency establishes time-in-class (TIC) and time-in-service (TIS) rules for certain categories of personnel in accordance with the provisions of the Foreign Service Act. This may include a maximum of 27 years of commissioned service if a member is not promoted into the Senior Foreign Service, and a maximum of 15 years of service in any single grade prior to promotion into the Senior Foreign Service. Furthermore, Selection Boards may recommend members not only for promotions, but for selection out of the service due to failure to perform at the standard set by those members' peers in the same grade. The TIC rules do not apply to office management specialists, medical specialists, and several other categories but most members of the Foreign Service are subject to an "up or out" system similar to that of military officers.

This system stimulates members to perform well, and to accept difficult and hazardous assignments.

## Further reading

* Arias, Eric, and Alastair Smith. "Tenure, promotion and performance: The career path of US ambassadors." *Review of International Organizations* 13.1 (2018): 77-103. online Archived May 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
* Barnes, William, and John Heath Morgan. *The Foreign Service of the United States: origins, development, and functions* (Historical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, 1961)
* Dorman, Shawn (2003). *Inside a U.S. embassy: how the foreign service works for America* (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Foreign Service Association. ISBN 0964948826.
* Haglund, E. T. "Striped pants versus fat cats: Ambassadorial performance of career diplomats and political appointees." *Presidential Studies Quarterly* (2015) 45(4), 653–678.
* Ilchman, Warren Frederick. *Professional Diplomacy in the United States, 1779–1939: A Study in Administrative History* (U of Chicago Press, 1961).
* Jett, Dennis. *American Ambassadors: The Past, Present, and Future of America's Diplomats* (Springer, 2014).
* Keegan, Nicholas M. *US Consular Representation in Britain since 1790* (Anthem Press, 2018).
* Kennedy, Charles Stuart. *The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service 1776–1924* (New Academia Publishing, 2015).
* Kopp, Harry W.; Charles A. Gillespie (2008). *Career Diplomacy: Life and Work in the U.S. Foreign Service*. Washington: Georgetown University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-58901-219-6.

* Moskin, J. Robert (2013). *American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service*. St. Martin's Press. pp. 339–56. ISBN 9781250037459.
* Paterson, Thomas G. "American Businessmen and Consular Service Reform, 1890s to 1906." *Business History Review* 40.1 (1966): 77-97.
* Roberts, Priscilla. "'All the Right People: The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment." *Journal of American Studies* 26#3 (1992): 409-434.
* Roy, William G. "The process of bureaucratization in the US State Department and the vesting of economic interests, 1886-1905." *Administrative Science Quarterly* (1981): 419-433.
* Schulzinger, Robert D. *The Making of the Diplomatic Mind: The Training Outlook and Style of the United States Foreign Service Officers, 1908–1931*
* Stewart, Irvin. "American Government and Politics: Congress, the Foreign Service, and the Department of State, *The American Political Science Review* (1930) 24#2 pp. 355–366, doi:10.2307/1946654
* Wood, Molly M. "Diplomatic Wives: The Politics of Domesticity and the" Social Game" in the US Foreign Service, 1905-1941." *Journal of Women's History* 17.2 (2005): 142-165.

## InfoBox

United States Foreign Service
| The flag of a U.S. Foreign Service officer | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | July 1, 1924 (1924-07-01) |
| Employees | 13,747 |
| Agency executive |  |
| Parent department | Department of State |
| Map | |
| Map of U.S. Foreign Service posts (2003) | |
|  | |


title: Scriber Lake High School

abstract: Scriber Lake High School (SLHS), located in the city of Edmonds, Washington, is one of five high schools within the Edmonds School District. It is the only High School of Choice within the district.

text:
# Scriber Lake High School

**Scriber Lake High School** (SLHS), located in the city of Edmonds, Washington, is one of five high schools within the Edmonds School District. It is the only High School of Choice within the district.

## Move

At the end of the 2006–2007 school year, the school campus was closed and everything was moved to the former Woodway Elementary campus. The Edmonds School District plans to demolish the old buildings at the Scriber Lake site and build a new district headquarters there, and remodel the former district headquarters for use as the new permanent site for the high school of choice (yet to be named). District estimates place the date for this final step in 2010.

1. "Scriber Lake High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 31, 2021.

47°47′13″N 122°22′07″W / 47.78694°N 122.36861°W / 47.78694; -122.36861

## InfoBox

| Scriber Lake High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 23200 100th Ave W
Edmonds, Washington 98020
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public (School of Choice) Secondary School |
| School district | Edmonds School District |
| Principal | Mike Piper |
| Faculty | 13.80 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9, 10, 11, 12 |
| Enrollment | 203 (2019-20) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.71 |
| Campus type | Suburban |
| Website | https://slhs.edmonds.wednet.edu/ |


title: US Masséda

abstract: Union Sportif Masséda is a Togolese football club based in Masséda. The club was founded in 1972. They play in the top division in Togolese football.

text:
# US Masséda

**Union Sportif Masséda** is a Togolese football club based in Masséda. The club was founded in 1972. They play in the top division in Togolese football.

## Performance in CAF competitions

2008 – First round of 16

## Players

## InfoBox

US Masséda
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Union Sportif Masséda |
| Ground | <br>Masséda, Togo |
| League | Togolese Championnat National |
| 2009 | 10th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis is a 2018 American animated superhero film based on the DC Super Hero Girls franchise, produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment. It is the fifth and final film in the DC Super Hero Girls franchise before it got rebooted by Lauren Faust, and it takes place in the Season 4 timeframe. It premiered at San Diego Comic-Con on July 22, 2018 and was released digitally and on DVD on October 2.

text:
# DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis

***DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis*** is a 2018 American animated superhero film based on the *DC Super Hero Girls* franchise, produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment. It is the fifth and final film in the *DC Super Hero Girls* franchise before it got rebooted by Lauren Faust, and it takes place in the Season 4 timeframe. It premiered at San Diego Comic-Con on July 22, 2018 and was released digitally and on DVD on October 2.

## Premise

An uneventful day at school until the powerful Book of Legends is suddenly stolen from Super Hero High. In order to uncover the mystery, Wonder Woman, Batgirl, Supergirl, Bumblebee and the rest of the Super Crew must journey through the depths of the ocean to Atlantis. There, the girls encounter Mera and Siren, the ocean-dwelling thieves, who prove to be a formidable match. In order to recover the stolen tome and return it to its rightful place, DC Super Hero Girls must band together and use their collective powers to successfully get back to land.

## Cast

## Release

The film was released on DVD and digitally on October 2, 2018.

## InfoBox

| DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Cecilia Aranovich
Ian Hamilton |
| Written by | Shea Fontana |
| Based on | *DC Super Hero Girls*
by |
| Produced by | Jennifer Coyle
Sam Register (executive producer)
Paula Haifley |
| Starring | Teala Dunn
Anais Fairweather
Grey Griffin
Tara Strong
Stephanie Sheh
Mae Whitman |
| Edited by | Rob Ehrenreich
Molly Yahr |
| Music by | Shawn Drew |
| Production
companies | DC Entertainment
Warner Bros. Animation |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Home Entertainment |
| Release dates |  |
| Running time | 72 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Saint-Point

abstract: Saint-Point is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Saint-Point

**Saint-Point** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ pwɛ̃\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Point | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Chateau | |
| Location of Saint-Point | |
| Saint-PointSaint-Point | |
| Coordinates: 46°20′27″N 4°37′03″E / 46.3408°N 4.6175°E / 46.3408; 4.6175 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Mâcon |
| Canton | La Chapelle-de-Guinchay |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20222026) | Pierre-Yves Quelin |
| Area**1** | 14.24 km2 (5.50 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 352 |
| Density | 25/km2 (64/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71470 /71520 |
| Elevation | 296–746 m (971–2,448 ft)
(avg. 330 m or 1,080 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Schizocypris brucei

abstract: Schizocypris brucei is a species of cyprinid of the genus Schizocypris. Its common name is the Waziristan snowtrout and it inhabits Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was described in 1914. Its maximum length is 14.0 centimetres (5.5 in) and it is considered harmless to humans.

text:
# Schizocypris brucei

***Schizocypris brucei*** is a species of cyprinid of the genus *Schizocypris*. Its common name is the **Waziristan snowtrout** and it inhabits Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was described in 1914. Its maximum length is 14.0 centimetres (5.5 in) and it is considered harmless to humans.

## InfoBox

| *Schizocypris brucei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Genus: | *Schizocypris* |
| Species: | ***S. brucei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schizocypris brucei***<br>Regan, 1914 | |
|


title: Priyadaranjan Ray

abstract: Priyadaranjan Ray FNA, FIAS was an Indian inorganic chemist and historian of chemistry noted for proposing the Ray-Dutt twist mechanism.

text:
# Priyadaranjan Ray

**Priyadaranjan Ray** FNA, FIAS (16 January 1888 – 11 December 1982) was an Indian inorganic chemist and historian of chemistry noted for proposing the Ray-Dutt twist mechanism.

## Life and career

Ray was born in Chittagong District, Bengal Presidency (now in Bangladesh) to a *zamindar* family originally from Hooghly district (now in West Bengal), which had first migrated to the princely state of Tripura in the late 17th century, and had subsequently entered the service of the Nawabs of Bengal. The family were granted the estate of Noapara in the early 18th century by Nawab Murshid Quli Khan, the first Nawab of Bengal. After matriculating with distinction from the Chittagong Collegiate School in 1904, Ray secured a scholarship to the Chittagong Government College and in 1906 joined the Presidency College Calcutta as an undergraduate. He secured an honours degree in chemistry and physics in 1908, and then studied under Prafulla Chandra Ray for his master's degree, which he secured with the highest honours in 1911.

In 1911, Ray began work under P. C. Ray as a senior research scholar in inorganic chemistry. He began a research project on the formation of chemical complexes between Copper(I) thiocyanate and potassium thiocyanate, but on 12 August 1912, he was severely injured in an explosion when potassium thiocyanate reacted with hot sulfuric acid; the accident left him completely blind in his left eye and deprived him of most of the sight in his right. After two years of recuperation, he joined the City College, Kolkata as a chemistry professor. In 1919, he was appointed assistant professor of inorganic chemistry in the University Science College (now the Rajabazar Science College) of the University of Kolkata, where he remained until his retirement in 1952, being appointed Khaira Professor of Chemistry in 1937 and Palit Research Professor of Chemistry in 1946. Apart from a trip to Europe in 1929–1930, where he worked with Fritz Ephraim and Frederic Emich and underwent surgery to improve his remaining vision, he never left India.

Ray was a founding fellow of the Indian Chemical Society in 1924, serving as its president in 1947–1948. From 1945 to 1953, he served as the Honorary Director (Honorary Secretary until 1947) of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), and again as its officiating Director from 1956 until 1958, when he largely retired from scientific research, having supervised a number of doctorates. In 1951, in recognition of his accomplishments in microchemistry and colorimetry, he was appointed a member of a IUPAC Commission of New Reactions and served for eight years, during which time he contributed towards a comprehensive review of colorimetric analysis. In 1979, he was appointed President of the 20th International Conference on Coordination Chemistry.

A bachelor, Ray lived simply and remained indifferent towards academic honours and distinctions throughout his life, never aspiring to a doctorate despite a record of accomplishments which would have qualified him for one. In 1935, he was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the Indian National Science Academy). In 1944, he was further appointed a Fellow of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (FIAS). Completely blind and deaf in his final years, he died on 11 December 1982 after a period of failing health, aged 94.

## Scientific and historical studies

During his career, Ray conducted research in coordination chemistry and magnetochemistry. He designed several organic reagents including rubeanic acid, bismuthiol-I and biguanide for detecting and estimating metal ions with volumetric, gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods. A great deal of his work concerned the chemistry of the biguanide ligand, in connection with which he discovered its third- and fourth-order inner metallic complexes and proposed the rhombic-tetragonal Ray-Dutt twist mechanism with his colleague Nihar Kumar Dutt; the mechanism was intended to explain the racemization of tris(BigH)cobalt(III) ion, \[Co(BigH)3\]3+. Ray also conducted research into the higher oxidation states of metals and the polyhalogen compounds of hydrogen. Also a noted historian of Indian science, Ray published and edited a number of works on popular science and the history of Indian chemistry in both English and Bengali; after his retirement from the IACS in 1958, he continued to conduct and direct historical research as a supervisor of the History of Science Section of the Indian National Science Academy.

## Global policy

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.

1. Chatterjee, S. D.; Banerjea, D. (1982). "Priyadaranjan Rây (1888–1982)" (PDF). *Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy*. **11**: 1–20.
2. *The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1945*. 1945. p. 15.
3. "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1952-53" (PDF). *Archive - IACS*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
4. Ghosh, Rajarshi (January 2021). "Priyadaranjan Rây: Contributions to Chemical Science". *Resonance*. **26** (1): 73–87. doi:10.1007/s12045-020-1106-8. S2CID 231792356. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
5. "National Institute of Sciences of India: List of Foundation Fellows" (PDF). *Indian National Science Academy*. 1935. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
6. *The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943*. 1943. p. 2.
7. "Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961". *Helen Keller Archive*. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
8. "Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials". *Helen Keller Archive*. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
9. "Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems". *The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)*. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

## InfoBox

| Priyadaranjan Ray | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1888-01-16)16 January 1888
Noāpāra, Chittagong District, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
(now Chattogram District, Bangladesh) |
| Died | 11 December 1982(1982-12-11) (aged 94)
Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Ray–Dutt twist |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Tell That Girl to Shut Up

abstract: "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Holly Beth Vincent and originally recorded by her band Holly and the Italians in 1979. A cover version by UK pop rock band Transvision Vamp was released in 1988 as the second single from their debut album Pop Art. In Australia, "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" was released in 1989 as the third single from the album, following the 1988 release of "Revolution Baby".

text:
# Tell That Girl to Shut Up

"**Tell That Girl to Shut Up**" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Holly Beth Vincent and originally recorded by her band Holly and the Italians in 1979. A cover version by UK pop rock band Transvision Vamp was released in 1988 as the second single from their debut album *Pop Art*. In Australia, "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" was released in 1989 as the third single from the album, following the 1988 release of "Revolution Baby".

## B-side

The B-side of the Transvision Vamp single, "God Save the Royalties", is the *Pop Art* album track "Psychosonic Cindy" remixed and in reverse (the title being a pun on saving royalty payments).

## Track listings

**7-inch and US cassette single**

A. "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" – 3:05 B. "God Save the Royalties" – 3:12

**12-inch single**

A1. "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" (extended mix) – 6:20 B1. "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" (Knuckle Duster mix) – 4:44 B2. "God Save the Royalties" – 3:12

**CD single**

1. "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" (extended mix) – 6:20
2. "God Save the Royalties" – 3:12
3. "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" (7-inch version) – 3:05
4. "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" (Knuckle Duster mix) – 4:44

## Charts

| Chart (1988–1989) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 44 |
| Denmark (Hitlisten) | 21 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 45 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 87 |
| US Modern Rock Tracks (*Billboard*) | 9 |

## InfoBox

| "Tell That Girl to Shut Up" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Transvision Vamp | |
| from the album  *Pop Art* | |
| B-side | "God Save the Royalties" |
| Released | March 1988 |
| Length | 3:08 |
| Label | MCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Holly Beth Vincent |
| Producer(s) | Zeus B. Held |
| Transvision Vamp singles chronology | |
| "Revolution Baby"
(1987) "**Tell That Girl to Shut Up**"
(1988) "I Want Your Love"
(1988) | |


title: Cartuja 93

abstract: The Cartuja 93 park is a technological and scientific complex located in Seville, in the Isla de la Cartuja, next to the Monastery of Santa Maria de las Cuevas. It started in 1993 to exploit the showground and buildings inherited from the 1992 Universal Exposition Seville Expo '92. Cartuja 93 integrates five different development fields: Advanced Technology Enterprises, Public Services of R&D, Scientific Research Centers, Technology Centers, and technical, business and University colleges. Nowadays, Cartuja´93 is one of the most important technological and scientific parks of south Europe: during 2009 it invoiced 2,194 millions of euros, and employed 14,380 people.

text:
# Cartuja 93

The **Cartuja 93** park is a technological and scientific complex located in Seville, in the *Isla de la Cartuja*, next to the Monastery of Santa Maria de las Cuevas. It started in 1993 to exploit the showground and buildings inherited from the 1992 Universal Exposition Seville Expo '92.

Cartuja 93 integrates five different development fields: Advanced Technology Enterprises, Public Services of R&D, Scientific Research Centers, Technology Centers, and technical, business and University colleges.

Nowadays, Cartuja´93 is one of the most important technological and scientific parks of south Europe: during 2009 it invoiced 2,194 millions of euros, and employed 14,380 people.

## Representative entities and enterprises

## Research centers and institutions

* Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja cicCartuja
* Estación Biológica de Doñana (Doñana Biological Station).
* Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine).
* Centro Nacional de Aceleradores.
* Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica de la UE.
* Centro de Tecnologías del Agua.
* Fundación Progreso y Salud.
* Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla

## Schools

* Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de la Universidad de Sevilla (High School of Engineering of Seville). (Ingenierías Industriales, Química, Aeronáutica y Telecomunicaciones)
* Facultad de Comunicación de la Universidad de Sevilla (Communication Sciences Faculty)
* Universidad Internacional de Andalucía (International University of Andalusia)
* Escuela de Organización Industrial de Andalucía.
* ESIC
* CEADE.
* Universitat Oberta de Catalunya

## Others


title: Kultur Shock

abstract: Kultur Shock is a Seattle-based folk punk band which specializes in mixing music like rock, metal and punk with traditional Balkan music.

text:
# Kultur Shock

**Kultur Shock** is a Seattle-based folk punk band which specializes in mixing music like rock, metal and punk with traditional Balkan music.

## Biography

Active since 1996, Kultur Shock combines Balkan folk music with punk, metal and art rock. Its members hail from Bosnia, Bulgaria, Indonesia, and the United States. The band has released 13 albums and had performed over 1,500 shows throughout the United States and Europe. Kultur Shock was signed to Bill Gould's KoolArrow record label from 2001 to 2006 and released three albums for the label: *FUCC the INS*, *Kultura-Diktatura* and *We Came to Take Your Jobs Away*. In 2006 the band formed its own label Kultur Shock Records and publishing company, Kultur Shock Music.

In 2011, the band attended the Motovun Film Festival along with Pips, Chips & Videoclips and performer Nick Cave.

In 2014, Kultur Shock released *IX*, their ninth album and sixth collaboration with engineer/producer Jack Endino.

The band defines itself as "a live band of blue-collar immigrants".

## Current lineup

### Chris Stromquist

**Chris Stromquist** (b. 5 March 1973) is an American drummer and member of Kultur Shock, the Brooklyn-based Balkan brass band Slavic Soul Party. and the New York avant-garde salsa band Zemog El Gallo Bueno.

## Discography

* *Live in Amerika* (1999), Pacific Records
* *FUCC the I.N.S.* (2001), Koolarrow Records
* *Kultura-Diktatura* (2004), Koolarrow Records
* *We Came to Take Your Jobs Away* (2006), Koolarrow Records
* *Live in Europe* (2008), Kultur Shock Records
* *Integration* (2009), Kultur Shock Records
* *Ministry of Kultur* (2011), Kultur Shock Records
* *Tales of Grandpa Guru, Vol. 1* (2012), Kultur Shock Records
* *IX* (2014), Kultur Shock Records
* *Live at Home* (2015), Kultur Shock Records
* *Tales of the Two Gurus, Vol. 2* (2016), Kultur Shock Records (with Edo Maajka)
* *D.R.E.A.M* (2019)
* *Kultur Shock: Acoustic Live* (2023)

## InfoBox

| Kultur Shock | |
| --- | --- |
| Kultur Shock 2011 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Genres | folk punk, Gypsy punk, folk metal, alternative metal |
| Years active | 1996−present |
| Labels | Kultur Shock Records, Koolarrow Records |
|  | |
| Members | Gino Srdjan Yevdjevich
Val Kiossovski
Matty Noble
Chris Stromquist
Guy Michael Davis
Amy Denio |
|  | |
| Past members | Mario Butkovic
Paris Hurley
Masa Kobayashi
Nedim H. Hamzic
Amir Beso Lazy
Borislav Iochev
Brad Houser
Johnny Morovich
Jessica Lurie
Ambrose Nortness |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.kulturshock.com/ |


title: John Ronald Lidster

abstract: John Ronald Lidster (1916–2008) was a British artist, archaeologist and curator based in Yorkshire.

text:
# John Ronald Lidster

**John Ronald Lidster** (19162008) was a British artist, archaeologist and curator based in Yorkshire.

## Biography

Lidster was born in Hull in 1916 and moved to Scarborough as a child. During the Second World War he was an artist with the Royal Army Medical College in London. In 1946 he joined the Scarborough and District Archaeological Society where he met William Lamplough. Between 1948 and 1961, Lamplough and Lidster undertook rescue excavations of thirty-seven barrows in the North York Moors; the artefacts from which are now in the Yorkshire Museum. Lidster created detailed paintings of the landscapes in which the barrows are situated. He and William Lamplough also led excavations for the Scarborough and District Archaeological Society in 1951 at the site of King Alfred's Cave (Ebberston, North Yorkshire).

Lidster acted as the first secretary of the recently founded Scarborough Geological Society in the 1950s

In 1950, Lidster worked as a technician and, later, as the Assistant Curator of the Wood End Museum in Scarborough. In 1955 he moved to Doncaster Museum as Assistant Curator. He was later Keeper of the museum, a position he left in 1966–7.

### Cantley Kilns

Whilst working in Doncaster, in 1959, Lidster investigated the Roman kilns site at Cantley. The diagrams produced by Lidster of the Cantley kilns were used in 1962 as the basis for an experimental archaeology project to reconstruct and fire a replica of Cantley Kiln 31.

## Publications

* Lamplough, W.H. and Lidster, J. R. 1959. "The Excavation of King Alfrid's Cave, Ebberston", *Transactions of the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society* Vol 55. pp 16–31.
* Lamplough, W. H. and Lidster, J. R. 1960. "The Excavation of the Kirkless Barrow", *Transactions of the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society* (New Series) Vol. 3. pp 29–32.

## InfoBox

| John Ronald Lidster | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1916
Hull |
| Died | 2008 (2009) (aged 92)
Robin Hood's Bay |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, Archaeologist and Curator |
| Known for | Rescue excavation of Bronze Age Barrows in Yorkshire and the excavation of the Roman kiln site at Cantley. |


title: Scribing (cartography)

abstract: Scribing was used to produce lines for cartographic map compilations before the use of computer-based geographic information systems. Lines produced by manual scribing are sharp, clear and even. An impression of the corrected compilation sheet is photographed onto scribe sheet material or drawn using pencil. While working over a light table, lines on the scribe sheet are traced with a metal or sapphire-tipped scribe tool to remove thin lines of translucent coating to produce a handmade negative image. This compares with drafting, where an ink image is made on tracing paper by depositing ink using a pen to produce a positive image. Scribing produces a result superior to drafting, but is more time-consuming. A separate stylus is required for each thickness of line required. For example, a contour line might require a 0.15mm stylus whereas a major road might require a 0.5mm stylus. The scribe sheet is made of a stable plastic base material and coated with a material which is designed for easy removal using a scribing tool to produce a cleanly cut line. Various colours are used, and orange is said to produce the least eye-strain for the cartographer. One scribe sheet is produced for each map colour. Corrections can be made by "duffing" (re-coating) the scribe sheet with special duffing liquid. The detail can then be re-scribed. Printing plates are produced from the finished scribe sheets, one for each colour of the map.

text:
# Scribing (cartography)

**Scribing** was used to produce lines for cartographic map compilations before the use of computer-based geographic information systems. Lines produced by manual scribing are sharp, clear and even.

An impression of the corrected compilation sheet is photographed onto scribe sheet material or drawn using pencil. While working over a light table, lines on the scribe sheet are traced with a metal or sapphire-tipped scribe tool to remove thin lines of translucent coating to produce a handmade negative image. This compares with drafting, where an ink image is made on tracing paper by depositing ink using a pen to produce a positive image. Scribing produces a result superior to drafting, but is more time-consuming. A separate stylus is required for each thickness of line required. For example, a contour line might require a 0.15mm stylus whereas a major road might require a 0.5mm stylus.

The scribe sheet is made of a stable plastic base material and coated with a material which is designed for easy removal using a scribing tool to produce a cleanly cut line. Various colours are used, and orange is said to produce the least eye-strain for the cartographer.

One scribe sheet is produced for each map colour. Corrections can be made by "duffing" (re-coating) the scribe sheet with special duffing liquid. The detail can then be re-scribed. Printing plates are produced from the finished scribe sheets, one for each colour of the map.

## Scribe tools

A tripod or trolley arrangement is used to hold the scribe stylus. A stylus of required thickness is set in the trolley and the surface material is removed by applying light pressure as the trolley is moved over the image. Care must be taken to ensure the base material is not gouged or distorted.

Either a round point or chisel point stylus may be used. Chisel points must be set at right angles to the direction of movement. As well as single line gravers, double and triple lines can be produced with double and triple graver stylus. Small circles can be produced using motorised versions of scribing tools, and symbols, figures etc., can be produced using plastic or metal templates.

## Area symbols

‘Peelcoat’ is used to produce a negative of an area of detail such as a lake or forest. The border of the area is cut or scribed on the peelcoat and the coat of the sheet within the area is peeled off to produce a negative image.

A stipple pattern can be used to produce an area symbol over the peeled surface. A stipple sheet with a simple repeating symbol (such as that for swamp or sand) is combined with the area by photographing the stipple onto the peelcoat.

### Sources

Owen, Tim; Pilbeam, Elaine (1992). *Ordnance Survey – Map Makers to Britain Since 1791*. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. ISBN 0-31-900249-7.


title: Race City Motorsport Park

abstract: Race City Motorsport Park, also known as Race City, was a multi-track auto racing facility located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The facility featured a ¼ mile dragstrip, a 3.2 km (2.0 mi) 11-turn road course, and a ½ mile paved short oval. The Race City grounds, known as Race City Speedway, was a regular host of Warped Tour. Race City was due to close around October 9, 2009. However, on September 28, 2009, Calgary city council voted in favour of extending the lease on Race City until 2015. This decision was later overturned, and the track officially closed on October 21, 2011 due to expansion of the Shepard landfill.

text:
# Race City Motorsport Park

**Race City Motorsport Park**, also known as **Race City**, was a multi-track auto racing facility located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The facility featured a ¼ mile dragstrip, a 3.2 km (2.0 mi) 11-turn road course, and a ½ mile paved short oval.

The Race City grounds, known as Race City Speedway, was a regular host of Warped Tour.

Race City was due to close around October 9, 2009. However, on September 28, 2009, Calgary city council voted in favour of extending the lease on Race City until 2015. This decision was later overturned, and the track officially closed on October 21, 2011 due to expansion of the Shepard landfill.

50°56′37″N 113°55′54″W / 50.943692°N 113.931656°W / 50.943692; -113.931656

## InfoBox

Race City Motorsport Park
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Calgary, Alberta |
| Opened | Summer 1985 |
| Closed | October 21, 2011 |
| Major events | **Atlantic Championship**
(1989-1991)
**Canadian Superbike Championship**
(1987-2010)
**CASCAR Super Series**
(1993-2001, 2003, 2005)
**ASA National Tour**
(1988-1993)
**NASCAR Northwest Tour**
(1986-1987) |
| Road Course | |
| Length | 3.2 km (2.0 miles) |
| Turns | 11 |
| Short Oval | |
| Length | 0.8 km (0.5 miles) |
| Banking | 11-15 degrees |
| Drag Strip | |
| Length | 0.4 km (¼ miles) |


title: Saint-Plaisir

abstract: Saint-Plaisir is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

text:
# Saint-Plaisir

**Saint-Plaisir** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ plɛziʁ\]) is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 677 |  |
| 1975 | 525 | −3.57% |
| 1982 | 511 | −0.39% |
| 1990 | 388 | −3.38% |
| 1999 | 443 | +1.48% |
| 2009 | 406 | −0.87% |
| 2014 | 392 | −0.70% |
| 2020 | 392 | +0.00% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Plaisir | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Plaisir | |
| Location of Saint-Plaisir | |
| Saint-PlaisirSaint-Plaisir | |
| Coordinates: 46°37′24″N 2°58′07″E / 46.6233°N 2.9686°E / 46.6233; 2.9686 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Allier |
| Arrondissement | Moulins |
| Canton | Bourbon-l'Archambault |
| Intercommunality | Bocage Bourbonnais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Didier Thévenoux |
| Area**1** | 52.54 km2 (20.29 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 407 |
| Density | 7.7/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 03251 /03160 |
| Elevation | 207–319 m (679–1,047 ft)
(avg. 275 m or 902 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Calverton Historic District

abstract: Calverton Historic District is a national historic district located at Calverton, Fauquier County, Virginia. It encompasses 69 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the rural crossroads village of Calverton. They include three dwellings, a church, a school, and three stores. Notable buildings include a large farmstead, multiple dwellings, several commercial buildings, Wesleyan Methodist Church, the former high school now converted into apartments, and the old abandoned post office building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

text:
# Calverton Historic District

**Calverton Historic District** is a national historic district located at Calverton, Fauquier County, Virginia. It encompasses 69 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the rural crossroads village of Calverton. They include three dwellings, a church, a school, and three stores. Notable buildings include a large farmstead, multiple dwellings, several commercial buildings, Wesleyan Methodist Church, the former high school now converted into apartments, and the old abandoned post office building.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Calverton Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Calverton Market, at Catlett and Bristersburg Rds. | |
|  | |
| Location | Area including parts of Bristersburg and Catlett Rds., Calverton, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°37′35″N 77°40′14″W / 38.62639°N 77.67056°W / 38.62639; -77.67056 |
| Area | 51 acres (21 ha) |
| Built | 1852 (1852) |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 10000542 |
| VLR No. | 030-5165 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 12, 2010 |
| Designated VLR | December 17, 2009 |


title: Priyabatra Mukherjee

abstract: Priyabrata Mukherjee is an American, academic researcher and professor. He is a Presbyterian Health Foundation presidential professor at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and associate director for translational research at Stephenson Cancer Center at the OU Health Sciences Center. He also holds the Peggy and Charles Stephenson endowed chair in cancer laboratory research at the OU Health Sciences Center. Mukherjee's primary area of research revolves around tumor and tumor microenvironments. His research also deals with protein-nanoparticle interactions and their implication in angiogenesis-dependent disorder and cell-nanoparticle interactions and their implication in targeted therapy. Mukherjee is a fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and the National Academy of Inventors. In 2018, he received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Society of Asian American Scientists in Cancer Research.

text:
# Priyabatra Mukherjee

**Priyabrata Mukherjee** is an American, academic researcher and professor. He is a Presbyterian Health Foundation presidential professor at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and associate director for translational research at Stephenson Cancer Center at the OU Health Sciences Center. He also holds the Peggy and Charles Stephenson endowed chair in cancer laboratory research at the OU Health Sciences Center.

Mukherjee's primary area of research revolves around tumor and tumor microenvironments. His research also deals with protein-nanoparticle interactions and their implication in angiogenesis-dependent disorder and cell-nanoparticle interactions and their implication in targeted therapy.

Mukherjee is a fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and the National Academy of Inventors. In 2018, he received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Society of Asian American Scientists in Cancer Research.

## Early life and education

Mukherjee earned a M.S. from the University of Burdwan in 1994 and a Ph.D. from the University of Poona in 2000, both in chemistry. From 2001 to 2003, he served as a post-doctoral fellow at Texas Christian University. He later completed his fellowship at Harvard Medical School and then at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

## Career

In 2005, Murkherjee became an assistant professor at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. In 2013, he left the Mayo Clinic and joined the OU Health Sciences Center as a full professor in the Department of Pathology at the OU College of Medicine.

Mukherjee has also held several administrative position at Stephenson Cancer Center. He has served as co-director of the Frontiers in Translation Cancer Research since 2014, as co-director of the Nano-Medicine Program since 2015 and as associate director of translational research since 2018.

## Research

Mukherjee and his team speculated that cancer cells rewire metabolic pathways leading to enhanced lipid biogenesis and utilization to survive and thrive under different environmental stress such as hypoxia and cytotoxic insult. In this context, it had been reported that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) induced hibernation like phenotype in mice and protected them from hypoxic injury. It had also been reported that loss of H2S synthesizing enzymes, such as CBS, sensitized a plethora of disease causing bacteria to antibiotics. In addition, mice genetically deficient in CBS displayed abnormal lipid metabolism with reduced body mass. In 2013, Mukherjee and his team demonstrated a pathological role of CBS in ovarian cancer.

Mukherjee and his team discovered that UBAP2 functions as a molecular switch that regulates macro-pinocytosis and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer.

Some of Mukherjee's research focuses on reprogramming tumor microenvironments. In this area, he has worked on disrupting CC-CAF crosstalk and abrogating the key cellular components participating in desmoplasia. Bidirectional crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer associated fibroblasts is considered to be the key molecular event that drives desmoplasia, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

## Awards and honors

* 2001 - Best paper award in materials science, National Chemical Laboratory
* 2002 - Best paper award in materials science, National Chemical Laboratory
* 2018 - Outstanding Achievement Award, Society of Asian American Scientists in Cancer Research
* 2018 - Fred G. Silva Award, Department of Pathology at the University of Oklahoma
* 2018 - Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry
* 2019 - Elected Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering
* 2020 - Elected Fellow, National Academy of Inventors

## Selected publications

* Mandal, D., Bolander, M. E., Mukhopadhyay, D., Sarkar, G., Mukherjee, P. (2006). The use of microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 69(5), 485–492.
* Mukherjee, P., Ahmad, A., Mandal, D., Senapati, S., Sainkar, S. R., Khan, M. I., Parishcha, R., Ajaykumar, P. V., Alam, M., Kumar, R., Sastry, M. (2001). Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Immobilization in the Mycelial Matrix: A Novel Biological Approach to Nanoparticle Synthesis. Nano Letters, 1(10), 515–519.
* Mukherjee, P., Ahmad, A., Mandal, D., Senapati, S., Sainkar, S. R., Khan, M. I., Parishcha, R., Ajaykumar, P. V., Alam, M., Kumar, R., Sastry, M. (2001). Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Immobilization in the Mycelial Matrix: A Novel Biological Approach to Nanoparticle Synthesis. Nano Letters, 1(10), 515–519.
* Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, P. (2008). Biological properties of "naked" metal nanoparticles (11th ed., vol. 60, pp. 1289–1306). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.
* Mukherjee, P., Senapati, S., Mandal, D., Ahmad, A., Khan, M. I., Kumar, R., Sastry, M. (2002). Extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. ChemBioChem, 3(5), 461–463.
* Arvizo, R. R., Bhattacharyya, S.\*, Kudgus, R. A.\*, Giri, K.\*, Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, P.# (2012). Intrinsic therapeutic applications of noble metal nanoparticles: Past, present and future (7th ed., vol. 41, pp. 2943–2970). Chemical Society Reviews.
* Ahmad, A., Mukherjee, P., Mandal, D., Senapati, S., Khan, M. I., Kumar, R., Sastry, M. (2002). Enzyme mediated extracellular synthesis of CdS nanoparticles by the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(41), 12108–12109.
* Arvizo, R. R., Miranda, O. R., Thompson, M. A., Pabelick, C. M., Bhattacharya, R., Robertson, J. D., Rotello, V. M., Prakash, Y. S., Mukherjee, P.# (2010). Effect of nanoparticle surface charge at the plasma membrane and beyond. Nano Letters, 10(7), 2543–2548.
* Mukherjee, P., Bhattacharya, R., Wang, P., Wang, L., Basu, S., Nagy, J. A., Atala, A., Mukhopadhyay, D., Soker, S. (2005). Antiangiogenic properties of gold nanoparticles. Clinical Cancer Research, 11(9), 3530–3534.
* Patra, C. R., Bhattacharya, R., Mukhopadhyay, D., Mukherjee, P. (2010). Fabrication of gold nanoparticles for targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer (3rd ed., vol. 62, pp. 346–361). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.
* Arvizo, R., Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, P. (2010). Gold nanoparticles: Opportunities and challenges in nanomedicine (6th ed., vol. 7, pp. 753–763). Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery.

## InfoBox

| Priyabatra Mukherjee | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Title | Peggy and Charles Stephenson Endowed Chair |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | B.Sc., Chemistry (1992)
M.Sc., Chemistry (1994)
Ph.D., Chemistry (2000) |
| Alma mater | University of Burdwan
University of Poona |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center |
|  | |


title: Tennessee Online Public School

abstract: Tennessee Online Public School is a virtual high school in the U.S. state of Tennessee, serving 208 students in grades K-12. It is unranked by U.S. News & World Report. It is one of nine virtual schools in the state.

text:
# Tennessee Online Public School

**Tennessee Online Public School** is a virtual high school in the U.S. state of Tennessee, serving 208 students in grades K-12. It is unranked by U.S. News & World Report.

It is one of nine virtual schools in the state.

## Operations

The Tennessee General Assembly passed the “Virtual Public Schools Act" (2011) authorizing this school and the others in the state.

Tennessee and nearby states offer government sponsored virtual schools as a means to support homeschooling. Indiana offers Hoosier Academy Virtual Charter School serving 3,861 and Indiana Virtual School serving 1,320 students in grades 6-12. Ohio Virtual Academy serves 9,466 students in grades K-12.

## InfoBox

| Tennessee Online Public School | |
| --- | --- |
| Information | |
| Founded | 2012 |
| NCES School ID | 470036002308 |
| Faculty | 45 |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Enrollment | 208 (2016) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 5 |
| Campus type | virtual |
| Website | tops.education |


title: Shangshi, Hubei

abstract:
Shangshi is a town under the administration of Sui County, Hubei, China. As of 2023, it administers Shangshidian (尚市店) Residential Community and the following nineteen villages:
  - Nangang Village (南岗村)
  - Longmai Village (龙脉村)
  - Qunjin Village (群金村)
  - Youyu Village (有余村)
  - Shejiu Village (社九村)
  - Xingshen Village (星申村)
  - Qunyue Village (群岳村)
  - Xingyu Village (星雨村)
  - Qunxiang Village (群祥村)
  - Xuyi Village (旭益村)
  - Xinggong Village (星巩村)
  - Xingmo Village (星模村)
  - Xinghe Village (星河村)
  - Sujia Village (苏家村)
  - Wangjiahe Village (王家河村)
  - Mintai Village (民太村)
  - Taishan Village (太山村)
  - Aopeng Village (敖棚村)
  - Jingmingpu Village (净明铺村)

text:
# Shangshi, Hubei

**Shangshi** (Chinese: 尚市; pinyin: *Shàngshì*) is a town under the administration of Sui County, Hubei, China. As of 2023, it administers Shangshidian (尚市店) Residential Community and the following nineteen villages:

* Nangang Village (南岗村)
* Longmai Village (龙脉村)
* Qunjin Village (群金村)
* Youyu Village (有余村)
* Shejiu Village (社九村)
* Xingshen Village (星申村)
* Qunyue Village (群岳村)
* Xingyu Village (星雨村)
* Qunxiang Village (群祥村)
* Xuyi Village (旭益村)
* Xinggong Village (星巩村)
* Xingmo Village (星模村)
* Xinghe Village (星河村)
* Sujia Village (苏家村)
* Wangjiahe Village (王家河村)
* Mintai Village (民太村)
* Taishan Village (太山村)
* Aopeng Village (敖棚村)
* Jingmingpu Village (净明铺村)

## InfoBox

| Shangshi 尚市镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| ShangshiLocation in Hubei | |
| Coordinates: 31°58′0″N 113°16′0″E / 31.96667°N 113.26667°E / 31.96667; 113.26667 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hubei |
| Prefecture-level city | Suizhou |
| County | Sui County |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Rangoon Rowdy

abstract: Rangoon Rowdy is a 1979 Telugu drama film directed by Dasari Narayana Rao and produced by Vadde Sobhanadri under Vijaya Madhavi Pictures. The film was presented by Vadde Kishore. The film stars Mahanati Savitri, Krishnam Raju, Jaya Prada, Mohan Babu and Deepa in the lead roles. The music was composed by J. V. Raghavulu. The song "o jabilee" is taken from the Hindi movie Muqaddar ka sikandar ". It is Krishnam Raju's 100th film. It is the first Indian film to be shot in Burma.

text:
# Rangoon Rowdy

***Rangoon Rowdy*** is a 1979 Telugu drama film directed by Dasari Narayana Rao and produced by Vadde Sobhanadri under Vijaya Madhavi Pictures. The film was presented by Vadde Kishore. The film stars Mahanati Savitri, Krishnam Raju, Jaya Prada, Mohan Babu and Deepa in the lead roles. The music was composed by J. V. Raghavulu. The song "o jabilee" is taken from the Hindi movie Muqaddar ka sikandar ". It is Krishnam Raju's 100th film. It is the first Indian film to be shot in Burma.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Rangoon Rowdy | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Dasari Narayana Rao |
| Music by | Raghavulu J.V. |
| Running time | 103 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |


title: Scriblerus Club

abstract: The Scriblerus Club was an informal association of authors, based in London, that came together in the early 18th century. They were prominent figures in the Augustan Age of English letters. The nucleus of the club included the satirists Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. Other members were John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Henry St. John and Thomas Parnell. The group was founded in 1714 and lasted until the death of the founders, finally ending in 1745. Pope and Swift are the two members whose reputations and work have the most long-lasting influence. Working collaboratively, the group created the persona of Martinus Scriblerus, through whose writings they accomplished their satirical aims. Very little of this material, however, was published until the 1740s. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer occasionally joined the club for meetings, though he is not known to have contributed to their literary output. He, along with Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, contributed to the literary productions of the club. The club began as an effort to satirize the abuses of learning wherever they might be found, which led to The Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus. The second edition of Pope's The Dunciad also contains work attributed to Martinus Scriblerus. Richard Owen Cambridge wrote a mock epic poem, the Scribleriad, where the hero is Martinus Scriblerus. Henry Fielding's play The Welsh Opera is presented as a tribute to the "Scriblerians". Fielding's pen name was "Scriblerus Secundus".

text:
# Scriblerus Club

The **Scriblerus Club** was an informal association of authors, based in London, that came together in the early 18th century. They were prominent figures in the Augustan Age of English letters. The nucleus of the club included the satirists Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. Other members were John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Henry St. John and Thomas Parnell. The group was founded in 1714 and lasted until the death of the founders, finally ending in 1745. Pope and Swift are the two members whose reputations and work have the most long-lasting influence. Working collaboratively, the group created the persona of **Martinus Scriblerus**, through whose writings they accomplished their satirical aims. Very little of this material, however, was published until the 1740s. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer occasionally joined the club for meetings, though he is not known to have contributed to their literary output. He, along with Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, contributed to the literary productions of the club.

The club began as an effort to satirize the abuses of learning wherever they might be found, which led to *The Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus*. The second edition of Pope's *The Dunciad* also contains work attributed to Martinus Scriblerus.

Richard Owen Cambridge wrote a mock epic poem, the *Scribleriad*, where the hero is Martinus Scriblerus.

Henry Fielding's play *The Welsh Opera* is presented as a tribute to the "Scriblerians". Fielding's pen name was "Scriblerus Secundus".

## Further reading

* Lewis, Peter, and Nigel Wood. *John Gay and the Scriblerians*. London: Vision, 1989.
* Marshall, Ashley. *The Practice of Satire in England, 1658-1770.* Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.

* BBC audio file. *In our time* Radio 4 discussion programme on the Scriblerus Club. 45 minutes.
* Google Books S---t, D. *Memoirs of the Life of Scriblerus.* London: A. Moore, 1723.


title: Race Creek

abstract: Race Creek is a stream in western Washington County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary to Allen Branch. The stream headwaters arise at 37°54′43″N 90°56′39″W. The stream flows east along the south side of Missouri Route 8 for approximately one mile then turns northeast crossing under Route 8 to its confluence with Allen Branch just north of the community of Shirley, Missouri at 37°55′05″N 90°55′17″W. Race Creek was named for an old mill race along its course.

text:
# Race Creek

**Race Creek** is a stream in western Washington County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary to Allen Branch.

The stream headwaters arise at 37°54′43″N 90°56′39″W / 37.9119444°N 90.9441667°W / 37.9119444; -90.9441667. The stream flows east along the south side of Missouri Route 8 for approximately one mile then turns northeast crossing under Route 8 to its confluence with Allen Branch just north of the community of Shirley, Missouri at 37°55′05″N 90°55′17″W / 37.9181027°N 90.9215219°W / 37.9181027; -90.9215219.

Race Creek was named for an old mill race along its course.


title: D. californica

abstract:
D. californica may refer to:
  - Danthonia californica, the California oatgrass, a grass species native to two separate regions of the Americas, western North America from California to Saskatchewan and Chile
  - Darlingtonia californica, the California pitcher plant, cobra lily or cobra plant, a carnivorous plant species native to Northern California and Oregon
  - Descurainia californica, the Sierra tansymustard, a flowering plant species native from California to Wyoming
  - Draba californica, the California draba, a flowering plant species found in California and Nevada

text:
# D. californica

**D. californica** may refer to:

* *Danthonia californica*, the California oatgrass, a grass species native to two separate regions of the Americas, western North America from California to Saskatchewan and Chile
* *Darlingtonia californica*, the California pitcher plant, cobra lily or cobra plant, a carnivorous plant species native to Northern California and Oregon
* *Descurainia californica*, the Sierra tansymustard, a flowering plant species native from California to Wyoming
* *Draba californica*, the California draba, a flowering plant species found in California and Nevada

## Synonyms

* *Dryobota californica*, a synonym for *Egira hiemalis*, a moth species found from British Columbia south to California


title: Bruce Snider

abstract: Bruce Snider is an American poet originally from rural Indiana, who is an associate professor at the Johns Hopkins University. Previously, he taught at the University of San Francisco, Stanford University, George Washington University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Connecticut College. His poems and essays have appeared in American Poetry Review, Harvard Review, Iowa Review, New England Review, Ploughshares, Poetry, Virginia Quarterly Review, Threepenny Review, Utne Reader, Zyzzyva, and Best American Poetry 2012. With the poet Shara Lessley, Snider co-edited The Poem's Country: Place & Poetic Practice, an anthology of essays.

text:
# Bruce Snider

**Bruce Snider** is an American poet originally from rural Indiana, who is an associate professor at the Johns Hopkins University. Previously, he taught at the University of San Francisco, Stanford University, George Washington University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Connecticut College. His poems and essays have appeared in *American Poetry Review, Harvard Review, Iowa Review, New England Review, Ploughshares, Poetry, Virginia Quarterly Review, Threepenny Review, Utne Reader, Zyzzyva, and Best American Poetry 2012**. With the poet* Shara Lessley*,* Snider *co-edited The Poem's Country: Place & Poetic Practice (Pleiades Press), an anthology of essays.*

## Awards

## Books

* *Fruit* (University of Wisconsin Press, 2020)
* *The Poem’s Country: Place and Poetic Practice* (Pleiades Press, 2018) co-editor
* *Paradise, Indiana* (Pleiades Press, 2013)
* *The Year We Studied Women* (University of Wisconsin Press, 2003)

## Education


title: Scandinavian Seniors Open

abstract: The Scandinavian Senior Open was a men's professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and above as part of the European Seniors Tour. It was played in Denmark from 2005 to 2007. The 2005 and 2006 events were held at Royal Copenhagen Golf Club, Kongens Lyngby, while the 2006 tournament was played at Helsingør Golf Club, Helsingør. The prize fund was €250,000.

text:
# Scandinavian Seniors Open

The **Scandinavian Senior Open** was a men's professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and above as part of the European Seniors Tour. It was played in Denmark from 2005 to 2007. The 2005 and 2006 events were held at Royal Copenhagen Golf Club, Kongens Lyngby, while the 2006 tournament was played at Helsingør Golf Club, Helsingør. The prize fund was €250,000.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | John Chillas | 205 | −8 | Playoff | Glenn Ralph | Royal Copenhagen |
| 2006 | Katsuyoshi Tomori | 199 | −14 | 2 strokes | Eamonn Darcy
José Rivero | Helsingør |
| 2005 | Bill Longmuir | 196 | −14 | 4 strokes | Giuseppe Calì | Royal Copenhagen |

## InfoBox

Scandinavian Seniors Open
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Established | 2005 |
| Course(s) | Royal Copenhagen Golf Club |
| Par | 71 |
| Length | 6,429 yards (5,879 m) |
| Tour(s) | European Seniors Tour |
| Format | Stroke play |
| Prize fund | 250,000 |
| Month played | September |
| Final year | 2007 |
| Tournament record score | |
| Aggregate | 196 Bill Longmuir (2005) |
| To par | −14 Bill Longmuir (2005)
−14 Katsuyoshi Tomori (2006) |
| Final champion | |
| John Chillas | |
| Location map | |
| Royal Copenhagen GCLocation in Denmark | |


title: Private Line (band)

abstract: Private Line are a Finnish hard rock band from Helsinki, formed during the mid-1990s and continuing today.

text:
# Private Line (band)

**Private Line** are a Finnish hard rock band from Helsinki, formed during the mid-1990s (in Jyväskylä, a city in the center of Finland) and continuing today.

## History

### Origins

The band was founded in the 1990s, when the founding members, Sammy, Jari Huttunen, and Eliaz were still teenagers. They bonded through love of Hanoi Rocks and Mötley Crüe. Private Line won a local band competition and used the prize money from it to record and release their debut EP *Smooth Motions* in 1998.

After recording *Smooth Motions*, the band brought in two new members: Spit and Illy. Together, they recorded a five-song promo CD. Founding member and guitarist Jari left the band and joined in Finnish heavy metal act Timo Rautiainen & Trio Niskalaukaus in May 2002.

### Re-forming Private Line (2002)

While in Helsinki in 2002, vocalist Sammy met a guitarist named Jack, who was previously playing in a band called Rockers Unite!. He was asked to join in the band and gave a new breath of life to Private Line. Jack knew the band and was fan of theirs already before deciding to join them. Jack played two shows with the band before actually becoming a member. Jack's first official performance as a guitarist of Private Line was 25 May 2002 at the club S-Osis in Turku, Finland.

### *Six Songs of Hellcity Trendkill* (2002)

The band started rehearsing new songs during the summer of 2002 and entered the studio in August 2002. Private Line recorded 5 songs in the Jyväskylä Lutakko studios. In December 2002, they released their second CD-EP *Six Songs of Hellcity Trendkill* with a revamped, energy-filled style with hard R'N'R riffs flavored with synthesizers. The band used three earlier recorded songs "Makin' a Mess Since'77", "Grown Like Others", "Crack In Reality" and three new songs "Superstar I.Q.", "Downstairs Upstairs" and "Virgin Suicide" for the new EP. The EP got positive reviews from the Finnish rock media as well as glam\- and hard rock-orientated webzines. After the *Hellcity Trendkill* release, Private Line got their first booking agency deal signed with the Sam Agency Oy.

Private Line toured a lot during the year of 2003 with bands like Negative, Peer Gunt, Hybrid Children etc. and started to build up their fanbase in Finland.

The band also worked on new songs during the tour and at the end of 2003 they entered the studio to record their forthcoming single "Forever and a Day". The single also included the tracks "Cheerleaders & Dopedealers" and "Sleep Tight", an old Private Line song from the 1990s.

### Debut album *21st Century Pirates* (2004)

"Forever and a Day" was released before the album in February 2004 and it shot up the Finnish record charts, reaching #3 in its first week.

"Sleep Tight" could also be heard in the Finnish box-office hit movie and soundtrack *Levottomat3* by Solar Films Inc. in February 2004.

April 2004 saw the appearance of the band's debut full-length album *21st Century Pirates*. The album reached #18 at the official Finnish Top40 record charts at its first week and got great reviews in the Finnish and foreign press.

The second single from the debut album carrying the name "1-800-Out-of-Nowhere" was put out in June 2004 and reached #4 in the Finnish single charts. The video of the song stayed on MTV's Up North Top10 video chart for 10 weeks.

In August 2004, *21st Century Pirates* was also released in Japan by JVC Victor Entertainment and later the same year in Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Russia, Sweden and Ukraine.

A third single (released December 2004) from the album, called "Already Dead" brought the band more success with another top 5 charting in their native Finland. The single release consisted also 3 songs "While God Saves I Destroy", White-Collar Crime, Cheerleaders 6 Dopedealers" live video from Tampere at Tullikamari, Pakkahuone.

The band toured for the album in various countries, such as Japan, Italy, Spain, England, Germany, Sweden and Russia. They supported also acts like Mötley Crüe (two shows in Helsinki and Turku, June 2005), Alice Cooper (in Turin, July 2005), D-A-D (five shows Scandinavian tour, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Helsinki, Turku, Tampere in October 2005) and Brides of Destruction, a band featuring Nikki Sixx and Tracii Guns, in their hometown Helsinki at the Tavastia Club in June 2004.

### *Evel Knievel Factor* (2006)

From their forthcoming album, Private Line unveiled a new single on 31 May 2006 called "Broken Promised Land". The video of the song that was shot in Las Vegas Flamingo Hotel and Nevada desert and was inspired by the *Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas* movie, featured Finnish porn star and celebrity Rakel Liekki. The single reached #4 on the Finnish singles chart. The single featured another song from the upcoming album, called "Uniform"'.

In October 2006 they released a new song entitled "Alive" on their MySpace page and revealed that the new album would be called *Evel Knievel Factor*. The album was released on 1 November, and reached #23 on the Finnish albums chart.

*Evel Knievel Factor*-album was also released in Ukraine, Japan by JVC@Victor Entertainment, Russia by Dance Paradise/Soyuz, Brazil, Chile, Argentina in South America by Dynamo Records, Sweden by Playground Scandinavia.

A second single from the album, called "Sound Advice", was released on 31 January 2007, and reached #2 on the singles chart in Finland and stayed there for seven weeks. Lyrics to "Sound Advice" as well as to "Gods of Rewind" and "Billion Star Hotel" were written in collaboration with American playwright Rory Winston. The "Sound Advice" single also featured two previously unreleased songs, "Tokyo" ("Tokyo" was released also on *Evel Knievel Factor*'s Japan version with the cover version of the Cheap Tricks song "He's A Whore") and "Criminal". "Criminal" is originally by Finnish rock band Smack. It also included the music video for the song "Broken Promised Land".

### 2007–present

The video of "Sound Advice" was shot in MTV3 studios in Helsinki by Vasara Films. It reached #1 on the Finnish music TV channel VoiceTV and stayed there for 10 consecutive weeks.

"Sound Advice" was also featured on the soundtrack of the Finnish box-office hit movie (over 200,000 viewers in Finland) *V2 – jäätynyt enkeli* by Solar Films Inc.

During 2007, Private Line toured Finland, Sweden and Russia.

At the end of 2007, Private Line was asked to participate in the Pepsi Max campaign covering the main campaign song "More" written by hip-hop group The Black Eyed Peas. The band recorded their version of the song and it ended up in the Pepsi campaign during November and December 2007 in Finland. Pepsi bottles included the band's logo, a photo of the band and code for the song in the bottles' sticker.

*Evel Knievel Factor* album was released in Italy May 2008 by Edel Italy. In September 2008 the band made their first headline tour in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The tour was called "Prozac Nation-tour 2008" and consisted 11 shows.

In the end of 2008 band announced that they will start preparing their 3rd album.

During 2009 and 2010 the band played few club and festival shows in Finland and in Italy including new songs from their forthcoming album. Names of the songs were "Live, Learn And Grow Apart", "13th Step From The Grave", "Down Came The Rain" and "Deathbedtime Stories".

After a couple of years break Private Line released a new single and music video "Dead Decade" from their forthcoming third album with the same name. The album was released in August 2011 by King Foo Entertainment.

## Members

Current * Sammy – vocals, guitar
* Eliaz – drums, vocals
* Illy – guitar, synthesizer, programming, vocals
* Spit – bass, vocals

Special collaborator * Rory Winston with Sammy – lyrics

Former * Jari Huttunen – guitar (1996–2002)
* Janne Kulju – bass (1996–1999)
* Jack Smack – guitar, vocals (1996-2024)

## Discography

### Albums

### EP

### Singles

* "Forever and a Day" (February 2004) (4 weeks in official Finnish charts, best chart position #3)
* "1-800-Out-of-Nowhere" (June 2004) (6 weeks in official Finnish charts, best chart position #4)
* "Already Dead" (December 2004) (4 weeks in official Finnish charts, best chart position #6)
* "Broken Promised Land" (May 2006) (11 weeks in official Finnish charts, best chart position #4)
* "Sound Advice" (February 2007) (7 weeks in official Finnish charts, best chart position #2)
* "Dead Decade" (April 2011)

### Compilations

* *Fan records* (1999) – "Sick Of Myself"
* *Klamydia* – Piikkinä Lihassa, Klamydia 15v. (2003) – "Junkies Love" (Narkkarirakkautta) Private Line (Sammy, Jack Smack, Eliaz) /Sir.Christus & Antti Anatomy (Negative)
* *Rock2006.fi-Vuoden Kovimmat Rockhitit* (2006) – "Broken Promised Land"
* *Tuhma Rock-kokoelma Vol.1* (2007) – "Broken Promised Land"
* *Mama Trash Family Artists Volume One* (2007) – "Broken Promised Land"
* *Sweden Rock* Magazine Vol.43 (2007) – "Broken Promised Land"
* *Mama Trash Family Artists Volume 2* (2007) – "He's A Whore"

### Movie soundtracks

### Other releases

### Music videos

* "Forever and a Day" (2004)
* "1-800-Out-of-Nowhere" (2004)
* "Broken Promised Land" (2006)
* "Sound Advice" (2007)
* "Dead Decade" (2011)
* "Deathroll Casino" (2012)

## InfoBox

| Private Line | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Helsinki, Finland |
| Genres | Hard rock, sleaze rock, glam metal |
| Years active | 1996–2019 2024–present |
| Labels | * King Foo * Bad Habits * Playground Scandinavia * JVC Victor Japan * Edel Italy * Dynamo Brazil * SOYUZ Russia |
|  | |
| Members | Sammy Aaltonen
Jack Smack
Illy
Spit
Eliaz
Rory Winston |
|  | |
| Past members | Jari Huttunen
Janne Kulju |


title: Day of the Doug

abstract: Day of the Doug is a 2023 studio album by American alternative country band Son Volt. The tribute album to Tex-Mex musician Doug Sahm was conceived by frontman Jay Farrar who listened to Sahm's music during the COVID-19 pandemic and has received positive reviews from critics.

text:
# Day of the Doug

> Doug was always an inspiration, and he's an icon in that he represented his own way.

Jay Farrar on the impact of Doug Sahm.

***Day of the Doug*** is a 2023 studio album by American alternative country band Son Volt. The tribute album to Tex-Mex musician Doug Sahm was conceived by frontman Jay Farrar who listened to Sahm's music during the COVID-19 pandemic and has received positive reviews from critics.

## Reception

Writing for *Glide Magazine*, Doug Collette considers this release is "twelve songs \[that\] accurately reflect the eclectic range of style for the object of their affection employed on \[Doug Sahm\]'s own records" and that Son Volt's "best intentions come to full fruition". In *No Depression*, Peter Blackstock praises the contributions of bassist Andrew Duplantis and considers the track listing for this album "refreshingly adventurous". Editors at *AllMusic* included this on their list of favorite folk and Americana albums of 2023.

## Track listing

1. "Doug Intro" – 0:18
2. "Sometimes You've Got to Stop Chasing Rainbows" – 2:56
3. "What About Tomorrow" – 2:22
4. "Beautiful Texas Sunshine" – 3:10
5. "Float Away" – 3:17
6. "Yesterday Got in the Way" – 3:51
7. "Keep Your Soul" – 3:24
8. "Dynamite Woman" – 3:52
9. "Huggin' Thin Air" – 3:01
10. "Juan Mendoza" – 3:35
11. "Poison Love" – 3:27
12. "Seguin" – 2:56
13. "It's Gonna Be Easy" – 3:08
14. "Doug Outro" – 0:14

## Personnel

**Son Volt**

**Additional personnel**

## InfoBox

| Day of the Doug | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Son Volt | |
| Released | June 16, 2023 (2023-06-16) |
| Studio | Red Pill Studio, St. Louis, Missouri, United States |
| Genre | Alternative country |
| Length | 39:32 |
| Language | English |
| Label | Transmit Sound/Thirty Tigers |
| Producer | Jay Farrar |
| Son Volt chronology | |
| *Electro Melodier*
(2021) ***Day of the Doug***
(2023) | |


title: Caseolus abjectus

abstract: Caseolus abjectus is a species of land snail in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. It is endemic to Madeira, where it occurs on three islands in the archipelago. The subspecies C. abjectus abjectus occurs on Porto Santo Island. It has a limited range but it is an abundant snail where it does occur. The subspecies C. abjectus nesiotes occurs mostly on Bugio and has been found at one site on Deserta Grande. There its habitat has been degraded by the overgrazing of introduced goats. The goat population has been reduced as a conservation measure for the habitat on the islands, improving the outlook for the snail subspecies.

text:
# Caseolus abjectus

***Caseolus abjectus*** is a species of land snail in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. It is endemic to Madeira, where it occurs on three islands in the archipelago.

The subspecies *C. abjectus abjectus* occurs on Porto Santo Island. It has a limited range but it is an abundant snail where it does occur. The subspecies *C. abjectus nesiotes* occurs mostly on Bugio and has been found at one site on Deserta Grande. There its habitat has been degraded by the overgrazing of introduced goats. The goat population has been reduced as a conservation measure for the habitat on the islands, improving the outlook for the snail subspecies.

## InfoBox

| *Caseolus abjectus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Geomitridae |
| Genus: | *Caseolus* |
| Species: | ***C. abjectus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Caseolus abjectus***
(R.T. Lowe, 1831) | |
|


title: 2014 in Iceland

abstract: The following lists events that happened in 2014 in Iceland.

text:
# 2014 in Iceland

The following lists events that happened in **2014 in Iceland**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### April

* April 11 - Iceland supports sanctions against at Russian individuals, including freezing assets and travel bans.

### May

### August

* August 23 - Iceland issues an aviation alert for the Bárðarbunga volcano, which was expected to release significant amounts of ash.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |