title: Brian Smith (racing driver)

abstract: Brian Smith is a racing driver from Argentina. Smith was the 1995 Argentine Formula Renault champion, before competing in the British Formula 3 Championship and eventually International Formula 3000, entering ten races at that level. After a brief appearance in the World Series by Nissan in 2001, and a subsequent hiatus from the sport, he moved to Argentine touring car racing.

text:
# Brian Smith (racing driver)

**Brian Smith** (born 22 April 1975 in Castelar, Buenos Aires Province) is a racing driver from Argentina. Smith was the 1995 Argentine Formula Renault champion, before competing in the British Formula 3 Championship and eventually International Formula 3000, entering ten races at that level. After a brief appearance in the World Series by Nissan in 2001, and a subsequent hiatus from the sport, he moved to Argentine touring car racing.

## Life and career

### Formula Three

Smith won the 1995 Argentine Formula Renault championship, earning him a place in British Formula 3 for the 1996 season with the TOM'S team. He finished tenth in the championship that year, with a best race finish of third and two starts from pole position. For 1997 season he moved to Fortec Motorsport, completing the season in seventh position overall. He took his only victory in this class at Pembrey Circuit on 17 August, with a fastest lap of 50.079 seconds which remains the official track record to this day.

### International Formula 3000

Smith's Formula Three results earned him a seat in International Formula 3000 with Nordic Racing for the 1998 season, qualifying sixth on his debut at Oschersleben. His best result of eighth place came at the Pau Grand Prix, the sixth round of the championship, but he did not compete further in the season due to financial constraints. His race seat was taken by Kevin McGarrity. Recalled to the sport for the 1999 season with Monaco Motorsport, he matched his best 1998 result of eighth at the season opener at Imola, but this would prove to be his only finish of the season. After failing to qualify for rounds 3 and 4 in Spain and France respectively, he was dropped in favour of Cyrille Sauvage.

There was an abortive attempt to found an Argentine-based team for the 2001 season, with Smith and Nicolas Filiberti as drivers.

### After Formula 3000

After his potential F3000 drive failed to materialise, Smith raced at one weekend of the 2001 World Series by Nissan season for PSN Racing, scoring a single point for a tenth-place finish in one of his two races. This was his last race until 2006, when he signed up to compete in Top Race V6 and TC2000, an Argentine touring car championship. He continues to race in that category, and also has a business importing cars.

## Racing record

### Complete International Formula 3000 results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | DC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Nordic Racing | OSC
10 | IMO
Ret | CAT
Ret | SIL
15 | MON
11 | PAU
8 | A1R | HOC | HUN | SPA | PER | NÜR | 26th | 0 |
| 1999 | Monaco Motorsport | IMO
8 | MON
Ret | CAT
DNQ | MAG
DNQ | SIL | A1R | HOC | HUN | SPA | NÜR |  |  | NC | 0 |
| Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |


title: Colon statue

abstract: Colon statues, a term derived from the French statues colon, are a genre of wooden figurative sculpture within African art which originated during the colonial period. The statues commonly depict European colonial officials such as civil servants, doctors, soldiers or technicians or Europeanised middle-class Africans. They are often characterised by recurrent decorative motifs, such as pith helmets, suits, official uniforms or tobacco pipes, and are painted in bright or glossy colours with vegetable-based paints. As a genre, colon statues originated in West Africa, apparently among the Baoulé in Ivory Coast. It achieved international popularity after World War II and after decolonisation. It has been argued that the genre originated as an African response to colonisation and the repression at the hands of the colonial state. It is debated whether the statues were originally seen as satirical caricatures of colonial officials or simply depictions of new subjects in local styles. Whether the original statues were intended to be purely ornamental or also served a ritual function is also debated by anthropologists. Among the notable artists who worked in the style was the Nigerian Thomas Ona Odulate whose works are widely exhibited in museums in the United States and Europe. Today, colon statues are widely produced as tourist souvenirs in West and Central Africa.

text:
# Colon statue

***Colon* statues**, a term derived from the French ***statues colon*** ("colon" is the French noun for a colonist), are a genre of wooden figurative sculpture within African art which originated during the colonial period. The statues commonly depict European colonial officials such as civil servants, doctors, soldiers or technicians or Europeanised middle-class Africans. They are often characterised by recurrent decorative motifs, such as pith helmets, suits, official uniforms or tobacco pipes, and are painted in bright or glossy colours with vegetable-based paints.

As a genre, *colon* statues originated in West Africa, apparently among the Baoulé in Ivory Coast. It achieved international popularity after World War II and after decolonisation. It has been argued that the genre originated as an African response to colonisation and the repression at the hands of the colonial state. It is debated whether the statues were originally seen as satirical caricatures of colonial officials or simply depictions of new subjects in local styles. Whether the original statues were intended to be purely ornamental or also served a ritual function is also debated by anthropologists.

Among the notable artists who worked in the style was the Nigerian Thomas Ona Odulate (fl.1900-50) whose works are widely exhibited in museums in the United States and Europe.

Today, *colon* statues are widely produced as tourist souvenirs in West and Central Africa.

## Bibliography

* Glasman, Joel (2012). "La mémoire de l'uniforme. Langage policier et enjeu professionnel au Togo". In Goerg, O.; Pondopoulo, G. (eds.). *Islam et sociétés en Afrique subsaharienne à l’épreuve de l’histoire. Un parcours en compagnie de Jean-Louis Triaud*. Paris: Karthala.
* Steiner, Christopher B. (1994). *African Art in Transit* (2004 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–50. ISBN 0521434475.
* Werewere, Liking (1987). *Statues colons*. Statuettes peintes d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Abidjan: Nouvelles Editions africaines. ISBN 2723614212.


title: Støvlet-Cathrine

abstract: Anne Cathrine Benthagen, known in history by her nickname Støvlet-Cathrine, was a Danish prostitute, one of the best known courtesans in Copenhagen in the 1760s and the official royal mistress of King Christian VII of Denmark.

text:
# Støvlet-Cathrine

**Anne Cathrine Benthagen**, known in history by her nickname **Støvlet-Cathrine** (b. Copenhagen, c. 1745 – d. Plön, Holstein, 1805), was a Danish prostitute, one of the best known courtesans in Copenhagen in the 1760s and the official royal mistress of King Christian VII of Denmark.

## Biography

Støvlet-Cathrine is believed to have been the illegitimate child of her godfather, Prince Georg Ludwig of Brunswick-Bevern (1721–1747), and Anna Marie Schrøder (d. 1771, married to one of Prince Georg Ludwig's guards). She was raised in the home of an officer of her godfather as a foster child, with an allowance given to her by the prince for her upkeep. The allowance left to her by her father eventually dried out, and she returned to her mother, in 1753.

Her mother was married to the soldier Johan Ernst Benthagen, and Cathrine took his last name. Her mother manufactured boots, which earned the girl the nickname Støvlet-Cathrine (literally "Boots-Catherine"). She was described as a beautiful, tall woman with a feminine figure and a dark complexion: her mother was believed to have been of African origin. As a person, she was described as confident, strong-willed and witty.

Cathrine employed herself with prostitution early in life. Initially, having a good voice and a fine figure, she enlisted at the theater as a dancer and actress, and continued to be officially listed as such. In reality, however, she hardly started her stage career before she left it to be kept as a mistress by the British ambassador, during which she was called "Mylady". After the British diplomat left Denmark, she was kept by the Austrian ambassador.

### Relationship with the king

In 1767, Støvlet-Cathrine became the mistress of King Christian VII. That same year, there had been plans at court to introduce the king with Birgitte Sofie Gabel as an official mistress, but it had not succeeded. Støvlet-Cathrine, however, appeared with him at the masked balls of the court theatre, visited the brothels with him and his companions, and was seen playing cards with him at court. She is believed to have influenced him in the dismissal of the cabinet secretary Reverdil. Their relationship was soon seen as a security risk, and Queen Dowager Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel disliked her influence over the king. It was considered scandalous that the king took her to court. He seemed to be in love with her, and called her the "Mistress of the Universe".

### Later life

In early January 1768, she was arrested and taken to prison in Hamburg until she was moved to prison in Neumünster in Holstein, where she was treated better. She was under observation in her exile, as there was a fear that she would find a way to reunite with the king. During Christian's European trip in 1768–69, he tried unsuccessfully to see her. In 1769, there were unsuccessful plans at court to replace her with Birgitte Sofie Gabel.

In 1770, she was given a pension of 500 Rigsdaler a year. It is known that she sent the king a letter after the fall of Struensee in 1772, in which she wished him the best and explained that she had written several times before, but assumed that Struensee had intercepted her letters.

Cathrine married lawyer Conrad Ditlev Maës, (1748–1813) in 1770, then divorced him and married musician Hans Hinrich Schweder (1760–1813) in 1785.


title: Eugene H. Mitchell

abstract: Eugene H. Mitchell, is Colonel in the United States Army who served from 1917 to 1946. He was known to command 61st Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Commonwealth Army part of 61st Infantry Division in Panay Island and later Negros Island. He arrived in the Philippines on November 20, 1941, and was immediately sent to Island of Panay to report to 61st Division commander Colonel Bradford Chynoweth for conference and has to leave immediately sent to Negros Island were his unit is posted. His regiment was ordered transferred to Mindanao and was deployed in southern of Lanao now attached to 81st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Guy O. Fort. He led his regiment to fight Japanese forces who landed in Parang, Cotabato and Malabang, Lanao and moved upward towards Ganassi, Lanao. His troops made a valiant effort but without artillery and air support which Japanese has. His regiment was dispersed several times he escaped twice avoiding capture to mount another defensive position. However, his last defensive were his troops were routed and he himself got captured. On May 11, he was sent to Cebu to relay General Sharp's order to General Chynoweth to surrender his troops. He became prisoner of war and was brought to Luzon and later to Formosa.

text:
# Eugene H. Mitchell

**Eugene H. Mitchell**, is Colonel in the United States Army who served from 1917 to 1946. He was known to command 61st Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Commonwealth Army part of 61st Infantry Division in Panay Island and later Negros Island.

He arrived in the Philippines on November 20, 1941, and was immediately sent to Island of Panay to report to 61st Division commander Colonel Bradford Chynoweth for conference and has to leave immediately sent to Negros Island were his unit is posted.

His regiment was ordered transferred to Mindanao and was deployed in southern of Lanao now attached to 81st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Guy O. Fort.

He led his regiment to fight Japanese forces who landed in Parang, Cotabato and Malabang, Lanao and moved upward towards Ganassi, Lanao. His troops made a valiant effort but without artillery and air support which Japanese has. His regiment was dispersed several times he escaped twice avoiding capture to mount another defensive position. However, his last defensive were his troops were routed and he himself got captured.

On May 11, he was sent to Cebu to relay General Sharp's order to General Chynoweth to surrender his troops. He became prisoner of war and was brought to Luzon and later to Formosa.

## InfoBox

| Eugene H. Mitchell | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Eugene Hill Mitchell |
| Born | October 27, 1894
Clay, Illinois |
| Died | January 20, 1970
Austin, Travis, Texas, USA |
| Buried | Bexar, San Antonio, Texas |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1917–1946 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Service number | O007463 |
| Commands | 61st Infantry Regiment (Philippines) |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Lanao |
| Spouse(s) | Bernice H. Mitchell |
| Children | Doris D. Mitchell
Fred Hartel Mitchell |


title: ST Sea Alarm

abstract:
ST Sea Alarm was a 263-ton tug which was built as
Empire Ash in 1941 for the British Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was sold in 1947 and renamed Flying Fulmar. She was sold in 1956 and renamed Sea Alarm. On retirement in 1973 she became an exhibit at the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in Cardiff, but was controversially scrapped in 1998 after the closure of the museum.

text:
# ST Sea Alarm

**ST *Sea Alarm*** was a 263-ton tug which was built as ***Empire Ash*** in 1941 for the British Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was sold in 1947 and renamed ***Flying Fulmar***. She was sold in 1956 and renamed *Sea Alarm*. On retirement in 1973 she became an exhibit at the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in Cardiff, but was controversially scrapped in 1998 after the closure of the museum.

## History

*Empire Ash* was built by John Crown & Sons Ltd, Sunderland as yard number 201. She was launched on 13 August 1941 and completed on 17 October 1941. She was built for the MoWT. On 15 May 1946, *Empire Ace* was sold for £18,750 to Clyde Shipping Co. Ltd, Glasgow and renamed *Flying Fulmar*. In May 1956 she was sold to C. J. King & Sons, Bristol, and renamed *Sea Alarm*. She was operated under the management of the Alarm Steam Tug Co. Ltd. In January 1973 she was sold to Thos. W. Ward, Briton Ferry, for scrapping, but was resold the following month to the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in Cardiff. She was restored by 1978 and was dry-docked for many years at Roath Dock. The museum closed on 1 June 1998 and *Sea Alarm* was scrapped apart from her engine. Questions were asked by the Select committee on Welsh Affairs about the scrapping of the tug as there was public outcry at the time.

## Official Number and code letters

*Empire Ash* had the UK Official Number 168694 and used the Code Letters BCRK. Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. *Sea Alarm* was subsequently assigned IMO number 5315943.

## InfoBox

| ST *Sea Alarm*, formerly *Empire Ash*. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Empire Ash* (1941-46) * *Flying Fulmar* (1946-56) * *Sea Alarm* (1956-98) |
| Owner |  |
| Port of registry | * Glasgow (1941-56) * Bristol (1956-98) |
| Builder | John Crown & Sons Ltd, Sunderland |
| Yard number | 201 |
| Launched | 13 August 1941 |
| Completed | 17 October 1941 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Scrapped 1998 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 263 GRT |
| Length | 107 ft 8 in (32.82 m) |
| Beam | 26 ft 2 in (7.98 m) |
| Draught | 12 ft 5 in (3.78 m) |
| Propulsion | 1 x triple expansion steam engine (Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne) 102 hp (76 kW) |


title: San Wai (North District)

abstract: San Wai, also called Kun Lung Wai (覲龍圍), is a walled village in Lung Yeuk Tau, Fanling, Hong Kong. It is one of the Five Wai and Six Tsuen (villages) in Lung Yeuk Tau.

text:
# San Wai (North District)

**San Wai** (Chinese: 新圍), also called **Kun Lung Wai** (覲龍圍), is a walled village in Lung Yeuk Tau, Fanling, Hong Kong. It is one of the Five Wai (walled villages) and Six Tsuen (villages) in Lung Yeuk Tau.

## Administration

San Wai is one of the villages represented within the Fanling District Rural Committee. For electoral purposes, San Wai is part of the Queen's Hill constituency, which is currently represented by Law Ting-tak.

San Wai, as part of Lung Yeuk Tau, is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy.

## Conservation

San Wai is located along the Lung Yeuk Tau Heritage Trail. The gate tower of San Wai is a declared monument since 1988, while the enclosing walls and watch towers are declared monuments since 1993.

22°30′26″N 114°08′55″E / 22.50717°N 114.14872°E / 22.50717; 114.14872

## InfoBox

| San Wai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 新圍 |
| Transcriptions  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization sān wàih  Jyutping san1 wai4 | |
| Kun Lung Wai | |
| Traditional Chinese | 覲龍圍 |
| Transcriptions  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization gan lùhng wàih  Jyutping gan2 lung4 wai4 | |
|  | |


title: Sandra Lewandowska

abstract: Sandra Magdalena Lewandowska is a Polish parliamentarian who served in the national Parliament (Sejm) of the Republic of Poland of the V Sejm cadency from September 2005 to October 2007. As a Member of Parliament, she was a Member of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry Committee, Enterprise Development Committee and Administration and Interior Affairs Committee. She was a Chairperson of Poland–USA Bilateral Parliamentary Group and a Member of Poland–Great Britain Bilateral Parliamentary Group. She specialized in Environmental Protection and Renewable Energy Resources. She was also a vice-chairperson of the Program Committee of the Polish Television S.A. in Opole 2006–2010.

text:
# Sandra Lewandowska

**Sandra Magdalena Lewandowska** (born 8 June 1977) is a Polish parliamentarian who served in the national Parliament (Sejm) of the Republic of Poland of the V Sejm cadency from September 2005 to October 2007. As a Member of Parliament, she was a Member of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry Committee, Enterprise Development Committee and Administration and Interior Affairs Committee. She was a Chairperson of Poland–USA Bilateral Parliamentary Group and a Member of Poland–Great Britain Bilateral Parliamentary Group. She specialized in Environmental Protection and Renewable Energy Resources. She was also a vice-chairperson of the Program Committee of the Polish Television S.A. in Opole 2006–2010.

## Educational background

A native of the city of Jelenia Góra, then the seat of Jelenia Góra Voivodeship and, since 1999, part of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, **Sandra Magdalena Lewandowska** studied "enterprise management" at the Regional and Tourist Economy Department of Wrocław University of Economics, graduating in 2002 with a major in business operations.

## Political career

Although initially associated with the Democratic Left Alliance, she was also a member, from 1999 to 2001, of Polish Socialist Youth Union and, between October 2001 and October 2004, was a leader in the Alliance's Jelenia Góra youth chapter as well as deputy leader of the city's Stowarzyszenie Młodej Lewicy Demokratycznej \[Young Democratic Left Association\]. During 2002–04 she worked at the Ministry of Interior and Administration and, concurrently, from March 2002 to December 2003, was an assistant at the political office of cabinet member Krzysztof Janik, the Minister of Interior and Administration. Also, from January to June 2004, she served as the chief advisor in the Ministry's Office of Social Communication. She was an organizer of parliamentary debates on national security issues, including the benefits and risks connected with the installation of elements of the American anti- ballistic missile (ABM) defense system on Polish territory. She participated in a research trip to the United States that included a visit to the U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA) in Washington, D.C., with representatives of the Polish Embassy. In July 2005, at the age of 28, she joined the Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland Party and, in the September 25 election, having received 5215 votes, became one of the Party's 56 representatives in the 460-member Sejm during the legislative body's 5th term. Placed by the Party in the constituency covering Opole Voivodeship, she was assigned to the Committee for Defense of the Environment, Natural Resources and Forestry as well as to the Committee for Entrepreneurial Growth.

Her newfound celebrity/notoriety resulted in an invitation to participate in the 6th season of *Taniec z gwiazdami*, partnered by professional dancer Michał Skawiński. The show's premiere broadcast was on 9 September, with her elimination, ranked in 13th place, coming in the second installment. Political reckoning came the following month with the October 21 election to the Sejm, held only two years and one month after the previous one, in which the Self-Defense Party received less than 5% of the vote, thus losing all of its 56 seats in the Sejm.

### Notes

## InfoBox

| Sandra Lewandowska | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| member of Sejm 2005-2007 | |
| **In office**<br>25 September 2005  2007 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1977 |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Political party | Samoobrona |
|  | |


title: Sandra Lizé

abstract: Sandra Lizé is a Canadian female water polo player. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team, that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Lizé was a member of the 2000 Summer Olympics squad. Lizé resides in Montreal, Quebec.

text:
# Sandra Lizé

**Sandra Lizé** (born July 8, 1977) is a Canadian female water polo player. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team, that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Lizé was a member of the 2000 Summer Olympics squad. Lizé resides in Montreal, Quebec.

## InfoBox

Sandra Lizé
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1977-07-08) July 8, 1977<br>Quebec City, Quebec, Canada |
| Medal record      Women's Water Polo  Representing  Canada  Pan American Games  2007 Rio de Janeiro Team  Commonwealth Championships  2006 Perth Team | |


title: CBS High School Clonmel

abstract: CBS High School Clonmel, is a second level Christian Brothers school in Clonmel, County Tipperary in Ireland. It was built in 1899 and its first Superior was Joseph White. A new school building was first occupied in 1971. By 1985, it had a student population of 550 and 31 staff. There are now over 40 staff and 800 students.

text:
# CBS High School Clonmel

**CBS High School Clonmel** (Ardscoil na mBráithre), is a second level Christian Brothers school in Clonmel, County Tipperary in Ireland. It was built in 1899 and its first Superior was Joseph White. A new school building was first occupied in 1971. By 1985, it had a student population of 550 and 31 staff. There are now over 40 staff and 800 students.

## Sports

### Gaelic games

The school competes in the Dr. Harty Cup in hurling and the Corn Uí Mhuirí in Gaelic Football. In 2011, they were the All-Ireland B Post Primary School Gaelic football champions and went on to reach the Corn Uí Mhuirí final in 2016. The school produced a number of All-Ireland Minor Football Championship winners for Tipperary GAA in 2011, including 2016 all star Michael Quinlivan. In recent years, former students have represented Tipperary & Waterford minor, under 21 & senior hurling & football teams with Mark Kehoe winning minor, under 21 & senior titles with Tipperary.

**Rugby**

The High School played its first rugby match in 1994 against the Central Technical Institute Clonmel. The school won its first Munster title in 2004 defeating Intermediate School Killorglin in the U19 O'Brien Cup final played in Clonmel RFC. In 2005 the High School won its second Munster title defeating St. Clements in the U16 King Cup final played in Bruff RFC. The High School now fields U14, U15, U16 and U19 rugby teams competing in the U15 McCarthy and Cleary Cups, the U16 Mungret Shield and Junior Cup, and the U19 Mungret Cup and Senior Cup. The High School has won the Cleary Cup on several occasions and won back to back Mungret Shield titles in 2019 and 2022. The High School qualified for the Munster Schools Senior Cup in 2019 and 2020. The school qualified for the Munster Schools Junior Cup in 2019 and 2022. Since 2005 the High School has offered a Rugby and French Scholarship to one of its students to attend a rugby camp in France during the summer holidays. In 2022 the High School completed construction of a World Rugby standard 4G pitch on its campus. High School teams also play their home matches at Clonmel RFC's pitches in Ard Gaoithe. High School students are regularly selected for Munster U16 and U18 representative squads. Dave Foley graduated from the High School in 2006 and went on to play for Munster and Ireland.

### Other sports

The school is also plays soccer (association football) and rugby. One of the rugby highlights for the school was winning the U-15 Cleary cup

## Controversy

The school was accused of discrimination in 2011 when a traveller was refused entry into the school due to the admissions policy which gave preference to students who had relations as past pupils.

The case went as far as the Supreme Court of Ireland where they "ruled the evidence and materials put before the Circuit Court and the Equality Tribunal was insufficient to enable it make a proper assessment whether John was particularly disadvantaged due to the fact neither his father nor another sibling had attended the school."

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| C.B.S High School Clonmel
Ardscoil na mBráithre | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Clonmel, Tipperary, Munster
Ireland | |
| Information | |
| School type | Congregation of Christian Brothers |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Established | 2021 |
| Principal | Karen Steenson |


title: Sanctioned name

abstract: In mycology, a sanctioned name is a name that was adopted in certain works of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon or Elias Magnus Fries, which are considered major points in fungal taxonomy.

text:
# Sanctioned name

Early works by Persoon (above) and Fries (below) are the starting points of fungal taxonomy.

In mycology, a **sanctioned name** is a name that was adopted (but not necessarily coined) in certain works of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon or Elias Magnus Fries, which are considered major points in fungal taxonomy.

## Definition and effects

Sanctioned names are those, regardless of their authorship, that were used by Persoon in his *Synopsis Methodica Fungorum* (1801) for rusts, smuts and gasteromycetes, and in Fries's *Systema Mycologicum* (three volumes, published 1821–1832) and *Elenchus fungorum* for all other fungi.

A sanctioned name, as defined under article 15 of the *International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants* (previously, the *International Code of Botanical Nomenclature*) is automatically treated as if conserved against all earlier synonyms or homonyms. It can still, however, be conserved or rejected normally.

## History

Because of the imprecision associated with assigning starting dates for fungi sanctioned in Fries' three *Systema* volumes, the Stockholm 1950 International Botanical Congress defined arbitrary or actual publication dates for the starting points to improve the stability of nomenclature. These dates were 1 May 1753 for *Species Plantarum* (vascular plants), 31 December 1801 for *Synopsis Methodica Fungorum*, 31 December 1820 for *Flora der Vorweldt* (fossil plants), and 1 January 1821 for the first volume of *Systema*. Because fungi defined in the second and third volumes lacked a starting-point book for reference, the Congress declared that these species, in addition to species defined in Fries' 1828 *Elenchus Fungorum* (a two-volume supplement to his *System*), had "privileged status". According to Korf, the term "sanctioned" was first used to indicate these privileged names by the Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk in 1961.

In 1982, changes in the *International Code for Botanical Nomenclature* (the Sydney Code) restored Linnaeus' 1753 *Species Plantarum* as the starting point for fungal nomenclature; however, protected status was given to all names adopted by Persoon in his 1801 *Synopsis*, and by Fries in both the *Systema* and the *Elenchus*. Soon after, in 1983, Richard P. Korf proposed the now widely accepted "colon-author indication", whereby sanctioned names are indicated by including ": Pers." or ": Fr." when fully citing the species author.

* Hawksworth, David L. (2001). "The Naming of Fungi". In David J. McLaughlin; Esther G. McLaughlin (eds.). *The Mycota*. Vol. 7, Part B: Systematics and Evolution. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 171–192. ISBN 978-3-540-66493-2.


title: Sanctions (law)

abstract: Sanctions, in law and legal definition, are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law or other rules and regulations. Criminal sanctions can take the form of serious punishment, such as corporal or capital punishment, incarceration, or severe fines. Within the context of civil law, sanctions are usually monetary fines which are levied against a party to a lawsuit or to their attorney for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process. The most severe sanction in a civil lawsuit is the involuntary dismissal, with prejudice, of a complaining party's cause of action, or of the responding party's answer. This has the effect of deciding the entire action against the sanctioned party without recourse, except to the degree that an appeal or trial de novo may be allowed because of reversible error. As a noun, the term is usually used in the plural form, even if it only refers to a single event: if a judge fines a party, it is not said that they imposed a sanction, but that they imposed sanctions. A judge may sanction a party during a legal proceeding, by which it is implied that they impose penalties. In the United States federal court system, certain types of conduct are sanctionable under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Conversely, the word may be used to mean "approve of", especially in an official context. For example, the statement "The law sanctions such behavior" would imply that the behavior spoken of enjoys the specific approval of law or legal institutions. To sanction implies to make a legal agreement. The word is derived from Latin sanctus, to make holy. A legal agreement or sanction imposes approvals, rules, guidelines and penalties on conduct.

text:
# Sanctions (law)

**Sanctions**, in law and legal definition, are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law or other rules and regulations. Criminal sanctions can take the form of serious punishment, such as corporal or capital punishment, incarceration, or severe fines. Within the context of civil law, sanctions are usually monetary fines which are levied against a party to a lawsuit or to their attorney for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process. The most severe sanction in a civil lawsuit is the involuntary dismissal, with prejudice, of a complaining party's cause of action, or of the responding party's answer. This has the effect of deciding the entire action against the sanctioned party without recourse, except to the degree that an appeal or trial *de novo* may be allowed because of reversible error.

As a noun, the term is usually used in the plural form, even if it only refers to a single event: if a judge fines a party, it is not said that they imposed a sanction, but that they imposed sanctions.

A judge may sanction a party during a legal proceeding, by which it is implied that they impose penalties. In the United States federal court system, certain types of conduct are sanctionable under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Conversely (and sometimes contradictorily), the word may be used to mean "approve of", especially in an official context. For example, the statement "The law sanctions such behavior" would imply that the behavior spoken of enjoys the specific approval of law or legal institutions.

To sanction implies to make a legal agreement. The word is derived from Latin *sanctus*, to make holy. A legal agreement or sanction imposes approvals, rules, guidelines and penalties on conduct.

## Bibliography

* Herbert L. A. Hart, *The Concept of Law*, Oxford University Press, London, 1961;
* Gerd Spittler, *Norm und Sanktion. Untersuchungen zum Sanktionsmechanismus*, Walter, Olten-Freiburg, 1967;
* Norberto Bobbio, *Sanzione*, Novissimo Digesto, UTET, Torino, XVI, Torino, 1969, 530–540;
* Niklas Luhmann, *Rechtssoziologie*, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1972;
* Ota Weinberger, *Der Sanktionsbegriff und die pragmatische Auswirkung gesellschaftlicher Normen*, in H. Lenk, Hrsg., Normenlogik, Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach bei München, 1974, 89–111;
* Lawrence M. Friedman, *The Legal System. A Social Science Perspective*, Russel Sage Foundation, New York, 1975;
* Norberto Bobbio, *Dalla struttura alla funzione. Nuovi studi di teoria del diritto*, Comunità, Milano, 1977;
* Vilhelm Aubert, *On Sanctions*, in "European Yearbook in Law and Sociology", 1977, 1–19;
* H. Kelsen, *Allgemeine Theorie der Normen*, Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, Wien, 1979;
* F. D’Agnostino, *Sanzione*, "Enciclopedia del diritto", XLI, Giuffrè, Milano, 1989, 303–328;
* Ota Weinbeger, *Rechtslogik*, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1989;
* Charles-Albert Morand, *Sanction*, "Archives de Philosophie du droit", XXXV, 1990, 293–312;
* Heike Jung, *Sanktionensysteme und Menschenrechte*, Haupt, Bern-Stuttgart-Wien, 1992;
* Juan Carlos Bayon, *Sanction*, Dictionnaire encyclopédique de théorie et de sociologie du droit, L.G.D.J., Paris, 1993, 536–540;
* Realino Marra, *Sanzione*, "Digesto delle discipline privatistiche. Sezione civile", UTET, Torino, XVIII, 1998, 153–61.


title: Santokh Singh Chaudhary

abstract: Santokh Singh Chaudhary was an Indian politician and advocate who was a Cabinet Minister of Punjab and a member of parliament from Jalandhar from 2014 to 2023.

text:
# Santokh Singh Chaudhary

**Santokh Singh Chaudhary** (18 June 1946 – 14 January 2023) was an Indian politician and advocate who was a Cabinet Minister of Punjab and a member of parliament from Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency) from 2014 to 2023.

## InfoBox

| Santokh Singh Chaudhary | |
| --- | --- |
| ਸੰਤੋਖ ਸਿੰਘ ਚੌਧਰੀ | |
| Chaudhary in 2021 | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
16 May 2014  14 January 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Mohinder Singh Kaypee |
| Succeeded by | Sushil Kumar Rinku |
| Constituency | Jalandhar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-06-18)18 June 1946
Dhaliwal, Punjab, British India |
| Died | 14 January 2023(2023-01-14) (aged 76)
Phillaur, Punjab, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Smt. Karamjit Kaur |
| Children | 1 |
| Residence(s) | Jalandhar, Punjab |
| Occupation | Advocate |
| As of 15 December, 2016Source: | |


title: Santokh Bagga

abstract: Santokh Singh Bagga was a Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) informant who helped with the investigation of the 1985 Air India bombing. Bagga received his doctorate in philosophy and psychology from Pune University in 1978, and applied for refugee status, and came to Canada in 1986 with his son. Solicitor General James Kelleher sent a letter on March 30, 1987 stating that Bagga's security had to be kept in mind, and transferring his handling from CSIS to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In May 1988, Bagga accused Secretary of State for External Affairs Joe Clark of interfering with his claim for refugee status to placate the Indian government. Despite the RCMP protection provided, and history of activism with Babbar Khalsa, Bagga did not testify in the 2004/2005 Air India bombing trial. Harkirat Singh Bagga currently resides in Punjab, India. Gursev Singh Currently resides in Canada.

text:
# Santokh Bagga

**Santokh Singh Bagga** was a Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) informant who helped with the investigation of the 1985 Air India bombing.

Bagga received his doctorate in philosophy and psychology from Pune University in 1978, and applied for refugee status, and came to Canada in 1986 with his son (Gursev Singh Bagga). Solicitor General James Kelleher sent a letter on March 30, 1987 stating that Bagga's security had to be kept in mind, and transferring his handling from CSIS to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In May 1988, Bagga accused Secretary of State for External Affairs Joe Clark of interfering with his claim for refugee status to placate the Indian government.

Despite the RCMP protection provided, and history of activism with Babbar Khalsa, Bagga did not testify in the 2004/2005 Air India bombing trial.

Harkirat Singh Bagga currently resides in Punjab, India. Gursev Singh Currently resides in Canada.


title: CBN

abstract: CBN, or cbn, may refer to:

text:
# CBN

**CBN**, or **cbn**, may refer to:

## Broadcasting organizations

## Other organizations

## Academic and education

## People

## Science, technology, and medicine

* Chemical, biological, or nuclear (warfare or defence): types of weapon of mass destruction
    + Related terms: NRBC (nuclear, radiological, biological, and chemical); CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear); NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical)
* Cannabinol, a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid from the *Cannabis* plant
* Cubic boron nitride, a high-hardness material useful for abrasive cutting and for coatings for machine parts
* Certified Bariatric Nurse, one of many nursing credentials and certifications

## Transportation


title: CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase

abstract:
CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase (EC 1.17.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + NAD(P)+ + H2O ⇌ CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + NAD(P)H + H+ The 4 substrates of this enzyme are CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ion, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ion, and water, whereas its 4 products are CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and hydrogen ion. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on CH or CH2 groups with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose:NAD(P)+ 3-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include CDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase, cytidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose reductase, cytidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase, CDP-4-keto-deoxy-glucose reductase, CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase system, and NAD(P)H:CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism.

text:
# CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase

**CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase** (EC 1.17.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + NAD(P)+ \+ H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + NAD(P)H + H+

The 4 substrates of this enzyme are CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ion, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ion, and water, whereas its 4 products are CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and hydrogen ion.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on CH or CH2 groups with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose:NAD(P)+ 3-oxidoreductase**. Other names in common use include **CDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase**, **cytidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose reductase**, **cytidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase**, **CDP-4-keto-deoxy-glucose reductase**, **CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase system**, and **NAD(P)H:CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose oxidoreductase**. This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism.

* Pape H, Strominger JL (1969). "Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate 3,6-dideoxyhexoses. V. Partial purification of the two protein components required for introduction of the 3-deoxy group". *J. Biol. Chem*. **244** (13): 3598–604. PMID 4389672.
* Rubenstein PA, Strominger JL (1974). "Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate 3,6-dideoxyhexoses. 8. Mechanistic roles of enzyme E-1 and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate in the formation of cytidine diphosphate-4-keto-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose from cytidine diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose". *J. Biol. Chem*. **249** (12): 3776–81. PMID 4152100.
* Liu HW, Thorson JS (1994). "Pathways and mechanisms in the biogenesis of novel deoxysugars by bacteria". *Annu. Rev. Microbiol*. **48** (1): 223–56. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.001255. PMID 7826006.

## InfoBox

| CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.17.1.1 |
| CAS no. | 37256-87-4 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: CDP-abequose synthase

abstract:
CDP-abequose synthase (EC 1.1.1.341, rfbJ (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name CDP-alpha-D-abequose:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - CDP-alpha-D-abequose + NADP+ ⇌ CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucose + NADPH + H+ This enzyme is from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Salmonella enterica.

text:
# CDP-abequose synthase

**CDP-abequose synthase** (EC 1.1.1.341, *rfbJ (gene)*) is an enzyme with systematic name *CDP-alpha-D-abequose:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase*. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

CDP-alpha-D-abequose + NADP+ $\rightleftharpoons $ CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucose + NADPH + H+

This enzyme is from *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis* and *Salmonella enterica*.

## InfoBox

| CDP-abequose synthase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.1.1.341 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: C16orf86

abstract: Uncharacterized protein C16orf86 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the C16orf86 gene. It is mostly made of alpha helices and it is expressed in the testes, but also in other tissues such as the kidney, colon, brain, fat, spleen, and liver. For the function of C16orf86, it is not well understood, however it could be a transcription factor in the nucleus that regulates G0/G1 in the cell cycle for tissues such as the kidney, brain, and skeletal muscles as mentioned in the DNA microarray data below in the gene level regulation section.

text:
# C16orf86

**Uncharacterized protein C16orf86** is a protein in humans that is encoded by the C16orf86 gene. It is mostly made of alpha helices and it is expressed in the testes, but also in other tissues such as the kidney, colon, brain, fat, spleen, and liver. For the function of C16orf86, it is not well understood, however it could be a transcription factor in the nucleus that regulates G0/G1 in the cell cycle for tissues such as the kidney, brain, and skeletal muscles as mentioned in the DNA microarray data below in the gene level regulation section.

## Function

C16orf86 protein function is still not well understood, however, based on the DNA microarray data and the post-translational modifications data below, this protein could be a transcription factor in the nucleus that regulates G0/G1 in the cell cycle for tissues such as the kidney, brain, and skeletal muscles.

## Localization

### Tissue

C16orf86 has tissue expression high in the testes along with expression in regions such as the kidney, colon, brain, fat, spleen, liver.

C16orf86 microarray data was found using NCBI UniGene and going to GeoProfiles for C16orf86. This data below shows C16orf86 tissue expression patterns for cell cycle regulation in kidney cells, colon cancer cells, and adipose tissue.

This DNA microarray figure below was done on MIF deficient cells and control cells using cDNA. Results showed that the MIF cytoplasmic protein is a regulator for promoting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in kidney cells, for example, HEK293. When MIF is inhibited, P53 blocks cell cycle of G1/S phase progression. Also, inhibition of E2F and AP1 and activation of P53 contribute to cell cycle regulators that result in cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in MIF cells. These are transcription factors in the C16orf86 promoter. E2F is important for cell cycle progression with AP1 and these are blocked by MIF and P53 takes over. C16orf86 could be important in cell cycle progression in the kidney, where it is expressed in the tissues.

This DNA microarray figure below shows purified T98G Glioblastoma Cells that were cycled, G0 arrested, or released into S phase for 10 to 16 hours. The researchers tested to see how the mechanism of PRB, p107, and p130 represses the E2F target genes and how P130 complex interacts with Dp, RB like, and other E2F transcription factors to help module DREAM in cell cycle arrest. The results showed that the E2F4 along with P130 and other transcription factors mediate the repression of the cell cycle from G1 cell to G0. If there is activation, S phase is going to bind E2F1/2/3 with other transcription factors to activate transcription in the cell cycle. C16orf86 could be important in cell cycle progression in the brain due to the E2F4 and the E2F1/2/3 transcription factors being located in its promoter sequence.

This DNA microarray experiment below uses the idea of Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays with GWAS to figure out the DNA methylation profiles at day 3, day 8, and day 15 for skeletal myoblasts. This DNA methylation at day 3, day 8, and day 15 for skeletal myoblasts profiles were used to study myogenic cell differentiation. The results showed that methylation patterns do indeed affect myogenic cell differentiation. One of the transcription factors tested in this experiment in particular, as pertaining to one of the transcription factors in the experiment, MYF6, it is a transcription factor that is located in C16orf86 promoter. This transcription factor are supposed to be down-regulated during muscle cell differentiation. This can be seen when first introduced with the stimulus and never being able to reach its top peak. This could mean that C16orf86 could be muscle cell differentiation in skeletal myoblast cells.

### Subcellular

Protein C16orf86 is mainly localized in the nucleus along with being in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. This result were found using the protein tool on Expasy called PSORTII. This tool was used to put in sequence data along with comparing the results to its distant orthologs of Weddell seal and red fox.

## Gene

### Location

C16orf86 (Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 86) is a gene found on the long arm of chromosome 16 at position q22.11. It has a genomic sequence that starts at 67,667,030 base pair and ends at base pair 67,668,590. Its genomic sequence is read in the forward direction with the positive strand.

C16orf86 is part of the ENKD1 region. This region contains 3 genes with the ENKD1 protein along with its isoforms ENKD1 isoform X1 and ENKD1 isoform X2. Other genes located near C16orf86 are GFOD2 to the right, ACD to the left, and PARD6A to the left.

### Exons and introns

C16orf86 has a total of 4 Exon regions within its protein sequence. The first exon boundary is located at amino acid 34 and 35 within base pairs G and T. Then, the second exon boundary is located at amino acid 111 and 112 within base pairs A and G. Finally, the third exon boundary is located between amino acid 184 and 186 within base pairs C and G.

C16orf86 has a total of 3 Intron regions within its protein sequence.

### Length of coding gene

C16orf86 spans 317 amino acids long and starts transcription at a amino acid 1 Methionine and goes until amino acid 317, which is a stop codon.

### Isoforms

There are 2 isoforms of C16orf86, which is uncharacterized protein C16orf86 isoform X1 and uncharacterized protein C16orf86 isoform X2.

**uncharacterized protein C16orf86 isoform X1** has a span of 332 amino acids long and has a total of 2 exon regions and 1 intron region.

**uncharacterized protein C16orf86 isoform** **X2** has a span of 326 amino acids long and has a total of 4 exon's and 3 introns regions.

## Gene regulation

### Promoter

There are three different promoter sequences in C16orf86. These promoter sequences were found using the tool on Genomatix called Gene2Promoter for C16orf86. These promoter sequences were each compared to C16orf86 distant ortholog promoters with the human C16orf86 human protein sequence in the program Clustal Omega multiple sequence alignment. The results had promoter GXP\_107609 match more closely in its sequence compared to the GXP\_7544221 promoter and the GXP\_6033384 promoter.

### Transcription factor binding sites

Promoter for C16orf86 protein (GXP\_107609) had transcription factor binding sites that were found using the Genomatix tool Gene2Promoter and clicking on analyze binding sites. Binding sites were chosen based on a high matrix score along with a high amount of occurrences within the promoter. The transcription factors that was in the conserved regions of the promoter sequence for C16orf86 (GXP\_107609) was MYF3, MYF4, E2F, and CCCTC binding factor. These transcription factors all deal with cell cycle regulation.

## Transcript level regulation

### 5'UTR region

For C16orf86, there was a multiple sequence alignment done on Clustal Omega for 5'UTRs for orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, macaque, and humans. The results of the MSA was compared with figures of the structure of the 5'UTR. These figures were created using the bioinformatics tool called m-fold The sequences that stood out in the 5'UTR compared within the MSA is base pairs 105 to 113. These regions could have a stem-loop region pertaining to a certain function or dealing with protein interactions.

### 3'UTR region

For C16orf86, there was a multiple sequence alignment done on Clustal Omega for 5'UTRs for orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, macaque, and humans. The results of the MSA was compared with figures of the structure of the 3'UTR. These figures were created using the bioinformatics tool called m-fold. The sequences that stood out in the 3'UTR compared within the MSA is base pairs 1294 to 1300. These regions could have a stem loop region pertaining to certain function or dealing with protein interactions.

## Structure

C16orf86 has found to have a molecular weight of 33.5 kilodaltons and a PI of 5.30.

C16orf86 protein sequence is rich in Proline and Glutamate having a total of 39 Proline's (P) and 39 Glutamate's (E). In addition, C16orf86 has low amino acid regions of Asparagine (N), Threonine (T), Isoleucine (I), and Phenylalanine (F). These regions have 3 Asparagine's, 9 Threonine's, 2 Isoleucine's, and 1 Phenylalanine. This makes the protein acidic with a low PH.

C16orf86 contains Domain of Unknown Function (DUF4691) from amino acid 1 to 184 and a Nuclear Localization Signal from amino acids 105–109. This figure was created using the Expasy prosite tool.

For the C16orf86 protein, there is a nuclear localization signal that is from amino acid 105 to 109 and is composed of (PKRKP) in the forward direction. This pattern is conserved and seen in humans and its distant orthologs such as the red fox and Weddell seal.

### Secondary

C16orf86 overall has a high census of alpha helices compared to beta sheets. For the predicting location of alpha helices and beta sheets, Phyre 2 was used. For the alpha helices, there is a high-level prediction for amino acids 187–199, 231–244, 265–270, and 294–307. In addition to the alpha helices, there is a high level of prediction for beta strands at amino acids 96–97.

### Tertiary

The tertiary structure for C16orf86 PDB file was taken from Phyre2 and I-Tasser. The PDB files were put into EZmol bioinformatics tool to create the tertiary structure. This figure has amino acids labeled with sites that pertain to Phosphorylation, Nuclear Localization Signaling, and Nuclear Export Signaling.

### Post-translational modifications

C16orf86 post-translational modifications were found using protein modification tools from Expasy. For this protein, the sites that were most intriguing for this protein was its nuclear export signals (L rich regions), Nuclear localization signals, and phosphorylation sites. The nuclear localization signals and export signals allow for this protein to become localized within the cell's nucleus. In addition, this protein sequence has phosphorylation sites for CDK5, GSK3, P38MAPK, PKA, PKC, CDC2, ATM, CKII, and DNAPK. These all play a specific role in cell cycle regulation. There is also a conceptual translation for C16orf86 below with the rest of the post-translation modifications.

## Evolution

The orthologs were sorted by increasing data of divergence and sequence similarity

| Genus | Species | Common name | Taxonomic group | Date of divergence (MYA) | Accession number | Sequence length (AA) | Sequency identity to human | Sequence similarity to human |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Homo* | *sapiens* | Humans | Primates | 0.00 | NP\_001013002.2 | 317 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| *Pongo* | *abelii* | Sumatran orangutan | Primates | 15.20 | XP\_002826596.1 | 318 | 95.00% | 96.00% |
| *Rhinopithecus* | *bieti* | Black snub-nosed monkey | Primates | 28.10 | XP\_017707751.1 | 314 | 92.00% | 94.00% |
| *Otolemur* | *garnettii* | Northern greater galago | Primates | 73.00 | XP\_003799435.1 | 319 | 74.00% | 79.00% |
| *Ochotona* | *princeps* | American pika | Lagomorphas | 88.00 | XP\_004584223. | 417 | 60.00 | 65.00% |
| *Cricetulus*
 | *griseus* | Chinese hampster | Rodentias | 88.00 | XP\_007647376.1 | 324 | 64.35% | 71.00% |
| *Castor* | *canadensis* | American beaver | Rodentias | 88.00 | XP\_020026748.1 | 328 | 67.00% | 73.00% |
| *Sorex* | *araneus* | Common shrew | Soricomorphas | 94.00 | XP\_004600963.1 | 320 | 63.87% | 70.00% |
| *Rousettus*
 | *aegyptiacus* | Egyptian fruit bat | Chiropteras | 94.00 | XP\_016019485.1 | 339 | 64.81% | 71.00% |
| *Leptonychotes*
 | *weddellii* | Weddell seal | Carnivoras | 94.00 | XP\_006749032.1 | 324 | 67.68% | 72.00% |
| *Vulpes* | *vulpes* | Red fox | Carnivoras | 94.00 | XP\_025867300.1 | 325 | 70.46% | 70.00% |
| *Ovis* | *aries* | Sheep | Artiodactylas | 94.00 | XP\_027833899.1 | 329 | 70.61% | 76.00% |
| *Elephantulus* | *edwardii* | Cape elephant shrew | Macroscelideas | 102.00 | XP\_006878955.1 | 298 | 58.12% | 61.00% |
| *Vombatus* | *ursinus* | Common wombat | Marsupials | 160.00 | XP\_027703451.1 | 281 | 52.00% | 61.00% |
| *Aptenodytes* | *forsteri* | Emperor penguin | Birds | 320.00 | XP\_009289088.1 | 262 | 37.00% | 42.00% |
| *Pogona* | *vitticeps* | Central bearded dragon | Reptiles | 320.00 | XP\_020667121.1 | 266 | 40.00% | 52.00% |
| *Notechis* | *scutatus* | Tiger snake | Reptiles | 320.00 | XP\_026531742.1 | 266 | 42.00% | 50.00% |
| *Python* | *bivittatus* | Burmese python | Reptiles | 320.00 | XP\_025026382.1 | 267 | 44.00% | 54.00% |
| *Latimeria* | *chalumnae* | West Indian Ocean coelacanth | Fish | 414.00 | XP\_014342026.1 | 275 | 40.00% | 48.00% |
| *Rhincodon* | *typus* | Whale shark | Fish | 465.00 | XP\_020387814.1 | 242 | 29.00% | 44.00% |

### Paralogs

After conducting a search with NCBI Blast and after finding no paralog sequences similar to C16orf86 in BLAT, it was confirmed that C16orf86 does not have any paralogs. Only isoforms were shown below for the sequence, but no full sequences.

### Orthologs

C16orf86 orthologs include dogs, chimpanzee, cows, rats, mice, and chimpanzees.

**Ortholog space:** C16orf86 orthologs include only placental mammals. This means there are no other mammal groups, birds, fungi, archaea, protists, reptiles, plants, or any other invertebrate species that are orthologs to C16orf86. The most distant ortholog in the placental mammal group, macroscelidea, was the most diverged species from C16orf86, which was 102 million years ago.

### Homologs

The most distant homologs with partial sequences to C16orf86 include marsupial mammals, reptiles, and fish. The furthest homolog for C16orf86 was the whale shark that diverged 465 million ago from humans.

## InfoBox

| C16orf86 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | C16orf86, chromosome 16 open reading frame 86 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 1918296; HomoloGene: 19274; GeneCards: C16orf86; OMA:C16orf86 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001012984   NM\_027655
NM\_001357256   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001013002   NP\_081931
NP\_001344185   Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 67.67 – 67.67 Mb Chr 8: 106.43 – 106.44 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: C16orf82

abstract: C16orf82 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the C16orf82 gene. C16orf82 encodes a 2285 nucleotide mRNA transcript which is translated into a 154 amino acid protein using a non-AUG (CUG) start codon. The gene has been shown to be largely expressed in the testis, tibial nerve, and the pituitary gland, although expression has been seen throughout a majority of tissue types. The function of C16orf82 is not fully understood by the scientific community.

text:
# C16orf82

**C16orf82** is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the *C16orf82* gene. *C16orf82* encodes a 2285 nucleotide mRNA transcript which is translated into a 154 amino acid protein using a non-AUG (CUG) start codon. The gene has been shown to be largely expressed in the testis, tibial nerve, and the pituitary gland, although expression has been seen throughout a majority of tissue types. The function of C16orf82 is not fully understood by the scientific community.

## Gene

### Locus

*C16orf82* is located in humans at locus 16p12.1 on the positive strand.

### General features

The gene encodes for a 2285 nucleotide mRNA transcript that is intronless. Human intronless genes represent a unique subset of the genome that are often involved in signaling, sperm formation, immune responses, or development. *C16orf82* being such a gene indicates it may play a role in one of these processes. Translation of *C16orf82* initiates at a non-AUG (CUG) start codon. The presence of the non-canonical start codon suggests possible increased regulation of *C16orf82* translation and/or possibly could allow for the translation of protein products that start with leucine instead of methionine as seen in proteins coded for by some genes present in the major histocompatibility complex.

## DNA level regulation

### Promoter

The C16orf82 promoter region has been predicted to contain a number of transcription factor binding sites including binding sites for transcription factors within the SOX family. The presence of the SOX family transcription binding sites suggests that C16orf82 may play a role in sex determination. Actual transcription factor functional studies show binding of the *C16ORF82* promoter by ARNT, ELF5, SMAD4, and STAT3.

### Expression

*C16orf82* expression in humans has been observed in major organ systems including the heart, liver, brain, and kidney at a constant level. The tissue in which C16orf82 has been seen to be most highly expressed has been the testis, both by microarray experiments as well as RNA-seq. C16orf82 expression is also highly variable between individuals, with some expressing the gene in large amounts while others barely express the gene within the same tissue type. Micro RNA (miR-483) over expression has been shown to knock down *C16orf82* expression.

## Protein

### General features

The C16orf82 protein is 154 amino acids in length with an approximate molecular weight of 16.46 kDa with a predicted isoelectric point of 6.06. There are no known variants or isoforms of C16orf82.

### Domains

C16orf82 contains one domain, DUF4694, which currently has a function that is uncharacterized. The domain spans from amino acid 8 to amino acid 153. DUF4694 contains a SSGY (serine-serine-glycine-tyrosine) sequence motif that is found in a majority of the protein's orthologs. There is no presence of a transmembrane domain thus the protein is not a transmembrane protein.

### Cellular localization

The localization of C16orf82 within a cell has been predicted to be nuclear. A bipartite nuclear localization signal can be found starting at Arg107.

### Post-translational modifications

The human C16orf82 protein has been predicted to be phosphorylated at a number of serine residues. O-linked glycosylation has also been predicted to happen at a number of sites, including some that overlap with the aforementioned phosphorylation sites. The sites of overlap between the two types of post-translational modifications could play important regulatory roles in the activity and lifespan of the human C16orf82 protein.

### Secondary structure

The secondary structure of the human C16orf82 protein has been predicted to be largely disordered by a number of modeling programs.

## Evolution/homology

### Paralogs

No paralogs of C16orf82 exist within humans.

### Orthologs

C16orf82 has over 100 predicted orthologs, which all reside in the class mammalia and more precisely the subclass eutheria. All of the orthologs contained the domain DUF4964. The most distant ortholog detected was within the nine-banded armadillo (*Dasypus novemcinctus*) within the order Cingluata. Below is a table of 20 orthologs from various orders within the subclass eutheria with the sequence identity and time since divergence in relation to humans.

| Genus and Species | Common Name | Date of divergence (Mya) | Accession number | Protein Sequence length | Sequence Identity (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Homo sapiens* | Human | 0 | NP\_001139017.1 | 154 | 100 |
| *Gorilla gorilla gorilla* | Gorilla | 9.06 | XP\_004057433.1 | 217 | 97 |
| *Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis* | Bolivian squirrel monkey | 43.2 | XP\_003945340.1 | 217 | 81 |
| *Carlito syrichta* | Philippine tarsier | 67.1 | XP\_008059656.1 | 194 | 54 |
| *Tupaia chinensis* | Chinese tree shrew | 82 | XP\_006148346.2 | 211 | 54 |
| *Ochotona princeps* | American pika | 90 | XP\_004587173.1 | 184 | 46 |
| *Oryctolagus cuniculus* | Rabbit | 90 | XP\_008256138.1 | 207 | 49 |
| *Microtus ochrogaster* | Prairie Vole | 90 | XP\_005372535.1 | 180 | 48 |
| *Fukomys damarensis* | Damara mole-rat | 90 | XP\_010621795.1 | 188 | 47 |
| *Enhydra lutris kenyoni* | Northern Sea Otter | 96 | XP\_022382137.1 | 168 | 46 |
| *Mustela putorius furo* | domestic ferret | 96 | XP\_012901961.1 | 173 | 46 |
| *Canis lupus familiaris* | Dog | 96 | NP\_001139232.1 | 158 | 50 |
| *Condylura cristata* | star-nosed mole | 96 | XP\_004696008.1 | 199 | 40 |
| *Bos taurus* | Cattle | 96 | NP\_001139230.1 | 156 | 56 |
| *Bison bison bison* | American Bison | 96 | XP\_010835728.1 | 197 | 55 |
| *Capra hircus* | Goat | 96 | XP\_013830092.1 | 201 | 54 |
| *Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni* | Minke Whale | 96 | XP\_007187042.1 | 206 | 52 |
| *Equus Caballus* | Horse | 96 | N/A | 153 | 47 |
| *Hipposideros armiger* | Great Roundleaf Bat | 96 | XP\_019505352.1 | 192 | 63 |
| *Loxodonta africana* | African savanna elephant | 105 | XP\_023414770.1 | 183 | 53 |
| *Dasypus novemcinctus* | nine-banded armadillo | 105 | XP\_012377635.1 | 238 | 49 |

### Rate of evolution

*C16orf82*'s rate of evolution was determined to be relatively fast even in comparison to fibrinogen, a gene that has been shown to evolve quickly.

## Clinical significance

### Behavioral disorders

*C16orf82* has been associated with Schizophrenia through a genome-wide association study and autism based on copy number variation analysis. Currently, research has not shown if *C16orf82* plays any direct role in either of these disorders.

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## InfoBox

| C16orf82 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | C16orf82, TNT, chromosome 16 open reading frame 82 | | |
| External IDs | HomoloGene: 82387; GeneCards: C16orf82; OMA:C16orf82 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_182831<br>NM\_001145545   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001139017   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 27.07 – 27.07 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


abstract: CSS Alabama's New England Expeditionary Raid commenced shortly after the Confederate States Navy ship CSS Alabama left the Azores and cruised west toward the northeastern seaboard of Newfoundland and New England along the North American coastline. The primary area of operation during this expeditionary raid, was the eastern seaboard of the United States ranging as far down as Virginia and Bermuda.

text:
# CSS Alabama's New England Expeditionary Raid

**CSS *Alabama*'s New England Expeditionary Raid** commenced shortly after the Confederate States Navy ship CSS *Alabama* left the Azores and cruised west toward the northeastern seaboard of Newfoundland and New England along the North American coastline. The primary area of operation during this expeditionary raid, was the eastern seaboard of the United States ranging as far down as Virginia and Bermuda.

## Raid overview

CSS *Alabama* worked its way down the east coast during the month of October capturing three ships, and burning ten others, and encountering a hurricane along the way. Finally, departing station off the New England coast, the ship set sail for Martinique to rendezvous with its supply vessel, CSS *Agrippina*, burning two more ships on the way.

From this raiding area off the coast of New England, CSS *Alabama* made its way into the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico to continue its unhindered wrecking of enemy commerce along the North American coastline.

## Raid bounty

**CSS *Alabama*'s New England Expeditionary Raid**
| Date | Ship name | Ship type | Location | Disposition of prize | Value |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 3, 1862 | *Emily Farnum* | Merchant | Near New England | Released |
| October 3, 1862 | *Brilliant* | Merchant | Grand Banks of Newfoundland | Burned | $164,000 |
| October 7, 1862 | Bark *Wave Crest* | Merchant | Southeast of Nova Scotia | Burned | $44,000 |
| October 7, 1862 | Brig *Dunkirk* | Merchant | Southeast of Nova Scotia | Burned | $25,000 |
| October 11, 1862 | *Tonawanda* | Packet | Near New England | Bonded & Released |
| October 11, 1862 | *Manchester* | Merchant | Southeast of Nova Scotia | Burned | $164,000 |
| October 15, 1862 | Bark *Lamplighter* | Merchant | Off Nova Scotia coast | Burned | $117,600 |
| October 21, 1862 | Bark *Lafayette* | Merchant | South of Halifax | Burned | $100,337 |
| October 26, 1862 | Schooner *Crenshaw* | Merchant | Off New England coast | Burned | $33,869 |
| October 28, 1862 | Bark *Lauraetta* | Merchant | Near St. George's Bank | Burned | $32,880 |
| October 29, 1862 | *Baron de Castine* | Merchant | Near New York | Bonded & Released |
| November 2, 1862 | *Levi Starbuck* | Whaler | Off Virginia coast | Burned | $25,000 |
| November 8, 1862 | *T. B. Wales* | East India trader | Near Bermuda | Burned | $245,625 |

* Hearn, Chester G., *Gray Raiders of the Sea*, Louisiana State Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8071-2114-2
* Luraghi, Raimondo, *A History of the Confederate Navy*, U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1-55750-527-6
* United States. Naval History Division, *Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865*, Dept. of the Navy, 1961. ISBN 1-2584-8984-8


abstract: CSS Alabama's South Pacific Expeditionary Raid commenced shortly after the Confederate States Navy ship CSS Alabama left the Karimata Strait between Borneo and Sumatra heading east into the south Pacific Ocean on the most easterly extent of her voyages. The raid lasted from the beginning of December 1863 to Christmas, when the ship's captain, Semmes, made a decision to turn west back toward Europe for a planned overhaul and refit. The primary area of operation during this expeditionary raid, was the southern Pacific Ocean, steaming east and then turning back west toward the Strait of Malacca.

text:
# CSS Alabama's South Pacific Expeditionary Raid

**CSS *Alabama*'s South Pacific Expeditionary Raid** commenced shortly after the Confederate States Navy ship CSS *Alabama* left the Karimata Strait between Borneo and Sumatra heading east into the south Pacific Ocean on the most easterly extent of her voyages. The raid lasted from the beginning of December 1863 to Christmas (December 25), when the ship's captain, Semmes, made a decision to turn west back toward Europe for a planned overhaul and refit.

The primary area of operation during this expeditionary raid, was the southern Pacific Ocean, steaming east and then turning back west toward the Strait of Malacca.

## Raid overview

CSS *Alabama* passed the Karimata Strait and reached Pulo Condore, anchoring in the western harbor north of White Rock on December 2, 1863. After a few weeks of steaming, she headed back toward Singapore, anchoring at Pulo Aor on December 19. Arriving in the Strait of Malacca on December 24, Captain Semmes overtook the English vessel *Martaban* before spotting *Texan Star*, which *Alabama* captured and burned. On Christmas Day, December 25, 1863, Captain Semmes put the *Texan Star* prisoners on Malacca Island, and proceeded to turn down invitations for Christmas dinner from British colonists.

On December 26, 1863, *Alabama* is at sea again and comes across two ships; *Sonora* of Newburyport and *Highlander* of Boston. Both ships are burned, and Captain Semmes discontinues his raiding, deciding to use 1864 as a time to refit and repair back in France.

## Raid bounty

**CSS *Alabama*'s Indian Ocean Expeditionary Raid**
| Date | Ship name | Tonnage | Ship type | Location | Disposition of prize |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| December 24, 1863 | *Texan Star* | ? | ? | Strait of Malacca | Burned |
| December 26, 1863 | *Sonora* | ? | ? | Strait of Malacca | Burned |
| December 26, 1863 | *Highlander* | ? | ? | Strait of Malacca | Burned |

* Hearn, Chester G., *Gray Raiders of the Sea*, Louisiana State Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8071-2114-2
* Luraghi, Raimondo, *A History of the Confederate Navy*, U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1-55750-527-6


title: CSS Albemarle

abstract: CSS Albemarle was a steam-powered casemate ironclad ram of the Confederate Navy, named for an estuary in North Carolina which was named for General George Monck, the first Duke of Albemarle and one of the original Carolina Lords Proprietor.

text:
# CSS Albemarle

**CSS *Albemarle*** was a steam-powered casemate ironclad ram of the Confederate Navy (and later the second *Albemarle* of the United States Navy), named for an estuary in North Carolina which was named for General George Monck, the first Duke of Albemarle and one of the original Carolina Lords Proprietor.

## Construction

On 16 April 1862, the Confederate Navy Department, enthusiastic about the offensive potential of armored rams following the victory of their first ironclad ram CSS *Virginia* (the rebuilt USS *Merrimack*) over the wooden-hulled Union blockaders in Hampton Roads, Virginia, signed a contract with nineteen-year-old detached Confederate Lieutenant Gilbert Elliott of Elizabeth City, North Carolina; he was to oversee the construction of a smaller but still powerful gunboat to destroy the Union warships in the North Carolina sounds. These men-of-war had enabled Union troops to hold strategic positions that controlled eastern North Carolina.

Since the terms of the agreement gave Elliott freedom to select an appropriate place to build the ram, he established a primitive shipyard, with the assistance of plantation owner Peter Smith, in a cornfield up the Roanoke River at a place called Edward's Ferry, near modern Scotland Neck, North Carolina; Smith was appointed the superintendent of construction. There, the water was too shallow to permit the approach of Union gunboats that otherwise would have destroyed the ironclad while still on its ways. Using detailed sketches provided by Elliott, the Confederate Navy's Chief Constructor John L. Porter finalized the gunboat's design, giving the ram an armored casemate with eight sloping, 30-degree angle sides. Within this thick-walled bunker were two 6.4-inch (160 mm) Brooke pivot rifles, one forward, the other aft, each capable of firing from three different fixed positions. Both cannons were protected on all sides behind six exterior-mounted, heavy iron shutters. The ram was propelled by twin 3-bladed screw propellers powered by two steam engines, each of 200 hp (150 kW), and built by Elliott.

Construction of the ironclad began in January 1863 and continued on during the next year. Word of the gunboat reached the Union naval officers stationed in the region, raising an alarm. They appealed to the War Department for an overland expedition to destroy the ship, to be christened *Albemarle* after the body of water into which the Roanoke emptied, but the Union Army never felt it could spare the troops needed to carry out such a mission; it was a decision that would prove to be very short-sighted.

## Ordnance and projectiles

*Albemarle* was equipped with two 6.4-inch (160 mm) Brooke rifled cannon (similar to a Parrott rifle); each double-banded cannon weighed more than 12,000 pounds (5,400 kg) with its pivot carriage and other attached hardware. Both cannons were positioned along the ironclad's center-line in the armored casemate, one forward, the other aft. The field of fire for both pivot rifles was 180-degrees, from port to starboard: each cannon could fire from one of three gun ports, allowing *Albemarle* to deliver a two cannon broadside. *Albemarle*'s projectiles consisted of explosive shells, anti-personnel canister shot, grapeshot, and blunt-nosed, solid wrought iron "bolts" for use against Union armored ships. These were an early attempt at armor-piercing shot; solid iron like a typical solid shot, but elongated rather than spherical, giving far more weight for an equal frontal area than a traditional round ball, and thus greater penetration. Such projectiles could not be effectively fired from a traditional smoothbore naval gun, as the lack of stability would cause the shot to tumble in flight.

## Service on the Roanoke River

In April 1864 the newly commissioned Confederate States Steamer *Albemarle*, under the command of Captain James W. Cooke, got underway down-river toward Plymouth, North Carolina; its mission was to clear the river of all Union vessels so that General Robert F. Hoke's troops could storm the forts located there. She anchored about three miles (5 km) above the town, and the pilot, John Lock, set off with two seamen in a small boat to take soundings. The river was high and they discovered ten feet of water over the obstructions that the Union forces had placed in the Thoroughfare Gap. Captain Cooke immediately ordered steam and, by keeping to the middle of the channel, they passed safely over the obstructions. The ironclad's armor protected them from the Union guns of the forts at Warren's Neck and Boyle's Mill.

However, two paddle steamers, USS *Miami* and USS *Southfield*, lashed together with spars and chains, approached from up-river, attempting to pass on either side of *Albemarle* in order to trap her between them. Captain Cooke turned heavily to starboard, getting outboard of *Southfield*, but running dangerously close to the southern shore. Turning back sharply into the river, he rammed the Union sidewheeler, driving her under; *Albemarle*'s ram became trapped in *Southfield*'s hull from the force of the blow, and her bow was pulled under as well. As *Southfield* sank, she rolled over before settling on the riverbed; this action released the death grip that held the new Confederate ram.

*Miami* fired a shell into *Albemarle* at point-blank range while she was trapped by the wreck of *Southfield*, but the shell rebounded off *Albemarle*'s sloping iron armor and exploded on *Miami*, killing her commanding officer, Captain Charles W. Flusser. *Miami*'s crew attempted to board *Albemarle* to capture her but were soon driven back by heavy musket fire; *Miami* then steered clear of the ironclad and escaped into Albemarle Sound.

With the river now clear of Union ships, and with the assistance of *Albemarle*'s rifled cannon, General Hoke attacked and took Plymouth and the nearby forts.

On May 5 *Albemarle* and CSS *Bombshell*, a captured steamer, were escorting the troop-laden CSS *Cotton Plant* down the Roanoke River; they encountered a flotilla of eight Union warships, including USS *Miami*, USS *Mattabesett*, USS *Sassacus*, and USS *Wyalusing*, in what would become known as the Battle of Albemarle Sound. All four of the listed ships combined mounted more than sixty cannons. *Albemarle* opened fire first, wounding six men working one of *Mattabesett*'s two 100-pounder Parrott rifles, and then attempted to ram her, but the sidewheeler managed to round the ironclad's armored bow. She was closely followed by *Sassacus*, which then fired a broadside of solid 9 in (229 mm) and 100-pound shot, all of which bounced off *Albemarle*'s casemate armor. However, *Bombshell*, being a softer target, was hulled by each heavy shot from *Sassucus*'s broadside and was quickly captured by Union forces, following her surrender.

Lieutenant Commander Francis Asbury Roe of *Sassucus*, seeing *Albemarle* at a range of about 400 yards (370 m), decided to ram. The Union ship struck the Confederate ironclad full and square, broadside-on, shattering the timbers of her own bow, twisting off her own bronze ram in the process, and jamming both ships together. With *Sassucus*'s hull almost touching the end of the ram's Brooke rifle, *Albemarle*'s gun crew quickly fired two point-blank rifled shells, one of them puncturing *Sassucus*'s boilers; though live steam was roaring through the ship, she was able to break away and drift out of range. *Miami* first tried to use her spar torpedo and then to tangle the Confederate ram's screw propellers and rudder with a seine net, but neither ploy succeeded. More than 500 shells were fired at *Albemarle* during the battle; with visible battle damage to her smokestack and other areas on the ironclad, she steamed back up the Roanoke, soon mooring at Plymouth.

## Sinking

*Albemarle* successfully dominated the Roanoke and the approaches to Plymouth through the summer of 1864. By autumn the U. S. government decided that the situation should be studied to determine if something could be done: The U. S. Navy considered various ways to destroy *Albemarle*, including two plans submitted by Lieutenant William B. Cushing; they finally approved one of his plans, authorizing him to locate two small steam launches that might be fitted with spar torpedoes. Cushing discovered two 30-foot (9.1 m) picket boats under construction in New York and acquired them for his mission \[some accounts have them as 45 to 47 feet (14 m)\]. On each he mounted a Dahlgren 12-pounder howitzer and a 14-foot (4.3 m) spar projecting into the water from its bow. One of the boats was lost at sea during the voyage from New York to Norfolk, Virginia, but the other arrived safely with its crew of seven officers and men at the mouth of the Roanoke. There, the steam launch's spar was fitted with a lanyard-detonated torpedo.

On the night of October 27 and 28, 1864, Cushing and his team began working their way upriver. A small cutter accompanied them, its crew having the task of preventing interference by the Confederate sentries stationed on a schooner anchored to the wreck of *Southfield*; both boats, under the cover of darkness, slipped past the schooner undetected. So Cushing decided to use all twenty-two of his men and the element of surprise to capture *Albemarle*.

As they approached the Confederate docks their luck turned, and they were spotted in the dark. They came under heavy rifle and pistol fire from both the shore and aboard *Albemarle*. As they closed with the ironclad, they quickly discovered she was defended against approach by floating log booms. The logs, however, had been in the water for many months and were covered with heavy slime. The steam launch rode up and then over them without difficulty; with her spar fully against the ironclad's hull, Cushing stood up in the bow and pulled the lanyard, detonating the torpedo's explosive charge.

The explosion threw Cushing and his men overboard into the water; Cushing then stripped off most of his uniform and swam to shore, where he hid undercover until daylight, avoiding the hastily organized Confederate search parties. The next afternoon, he was finally able to steal a small skiff and began slowly paddling, using his hands and arms as oars, down-river to rejoin Union forces at the river's mouth. Cushing's long journey was quite perilous and he was nearly captured and almost drowned before finally reaching safety, totally exhausted by his ordeal; he was hailed a national hero of the Union cause for his daring exploits. Of the other men in Cushing's launch, one man, Seaman Edward Houghton, also escaped, two others \[A.M.M. John Woodman and 1/C fireman Samuel Higgins\] were drowned following the explosion, and the remaining eleven were captured.

Cushing's daring commando raid blew a hole in *Albemarle*'s hull at the waterline "big enough to drive a wagon in." She sank immediately in the six feet of water below her keel, settling into the heavy river bottom mud, leaving the upper casemate mostly dry and the ship's large Stainless Banner ensign flying from the flagstaff at the rear of the casemate's upper deck. Confederate commander Alexander F. Warley, who had been appointed as her captain about a month earlier, later salvaged both of *Albemarle*'s rifled cannon and shells and used them to defend Plymouth against subsequent Union attack.

Lieutenant Cushing's successful effort to neutralize CSS *Albemarle* is honored by the U.S. Navy with a battle star on the Civil War campaign streamer.

## Raising and later service

After the fall of Plymouth, the U. S. Navy raised and temporarily hull-patched the Confederate ram. Near the end of the war, the Union gunboat USS *Ceres* towed *Albemarle* to the Norfolk Navy Yard, where she arrived on 27 April 1865. On 7 June orders were issued to repair her hull, and she entered dry dock soon thereafter. The work was completed on 14 August 1865. Two weeks later, the ironclad was judged condemned by a Washington, D.C. prize court.

She saw no active naval service after being placed in ordinary at Norfolk, where she remained until she was finally sold at public auction on 15 October 1867 to J. N. Leonard and Company. She was probably scrapped for salvage. One of her 6.4-inch (160 mm) double-banded Brooke rifled cannon is on display at the Headquarters of the Commander U. S. Fleet Forces Command at the Norfolk, Virginia, naval base. Her smokestack is on display at the Museum of the Albemarle in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Her bell is on display at the Port o' Plymouth Museum in Plymouth, North Carolina.

**Prize Court Adjudication**

| Date | Ship Type | Prize Name | Gross Proceeds | Costs and Expenses | Amount for Distribution | Where Adjudicated | Sent to 4th Auditor for Distribution | Vessels Entitled to Share |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ram | *Albemarle* | $79,944.00 | $2,645.30 | $77,298.70 | Washington | 28 Aug 1865 | Lieutenant Commander Cushing and party |

## Replica

A 3/8 scale 63-foot (19 m) replica of *Albemarle* has been at anchor near the Port O' Plymouth Museum in Plymouth, North Carolina since April 2002. The replica is self-powered and capable of sailing on the river. Each year, the replica takes to the water during Living History Weekend in the last weekend of April.

## InfoBox

| A drawing of *Albemarle* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Confederate States | |
| Name | *Albemarle* |
| Namesake | Albemarle Sound |
| Ordered | 16 April 1862 |
| Laid down | January 1863 |
| Commissioned | 17 April 1864 |
| Fate | 27 October 1864 sunk by spar torpedo, captured, raised, and sold |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 376 tons |
| Length | 158 ft (48 m) |
| Beam | 35.4 ft (10.8 m) |
| Draught | 9 ft (2.7 m) |
| Propulsion | Steam |
| Speed | 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) |
| Range | 120 miles, 193 km |
| Complement | 150 officers and men |
| Armament | two 6.4 Brooke double-banded rifles |


title: Sanicula arctopoides

abstract: Sanicula arctopoides is a species of sanicle known commonly as footsteps of spring, bear's foot sanicle or yellow mats. It is a perennial herb found on the west coast of the United States and Canada, especially near the ocean. The branches are short and thick and may be prostrate or slightly erect. The leaves are yellowish-green and carrot-like or maple-shaped, and the tiny yellow flowers are borne in umbels with prominent bracts. The plants grow in low matted patches along the ground, resembling "footsteps" of yellow against the background. This is a protected species in some areas.

text:
# Sanicula arctopoides

***Sanicula arctopoides*** is a species of sanicle known commonly as **footsteps of spring**, **bear's foot sanicle** or **yellow mats**. It is a perennial herb found on the west coast of the United States and Canada, especially near the ocean. The branches are short and thick and may be prostrate or slightly erect. The leaves are yellowish-green and carrot-like or maple-shaped, and the tiny yellow flowers are borne in umbels with prominent bracts. The plants grow in low matted patches along the ground, resembling "footsteps" of yellow against the background.

This is a protected species in some areas.

## InfoBox

| *Sanicula arctopoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | *Sanicula* |
| Species: | ***S. arctopoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sanicula arctopoides***<br>Hook. & Arn. | |
|


title: CS 36 Merlin

abstract: The CS 36 Merlin is a Canadian sailboat, that was designed by Tony Castro and first built in 1986. The design is out of production.

text:
# CS 36 Merlin

The **CS 36 Merlin** is a Canadian sailboat, that was designed by Tony Castro and first built in 1986. The design is out of production.

## Production

The boat was built by CS Yachts in Canada, who completed 100 examples between 1986 and 1990.

The CS 36 Merlin was produced for almost a year side-by-side with the CS 36, which then became known as the *CS 36 Traditional*. After the production overlap the Merlin replaced the CS 36 in company's line.

About 20 of the 100 Merlins built were supplied to charter operators for their fleets.

## Design

The CS 36 Merlin is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of vacuum bag moulded fibreglass or Kevlar with a balsa wood core above the waterline. It has a masthead sloop rig, an internally-mounted spade-type rudder and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 13,000 lb (5,897 kg) and carries 5,590 lb (2,536 kg) of ballast.

The boat has a draft of 6.25 ft (1.91 m) with the standard keel and 5.00 ft (1.52 m) with the optional wing keel.

The boat is fitted with a Swedish Volvo Penta diesel engine of 25 hp (19 kW) as standard equipment. The fuel tank holds 40 U.S. gallons (150 L; 33 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 70 U.S. gallons (260 L; 58 imp gal).

The boat was available with a long list of options, including a Kevlar or fibreglass hull, a swim platform or conventional transom; a 25 hp (19 kW), 28 hp (21 kW) diesel engine or a 43 hp (32 kW) turbocharged engine, a tall mast or regular mast and by the time production ended in 1990 there were four keel configurations: shoal, wing, deep and performance bulb. As a result of the long options list, no two boats outside the charter fleets were built in the same configuration.

The boat has a PHRF racing average handicap of 141 with a high of 141 and low of 141. It has a hull speed of 7.24 kn (13.41 km/h).

## InfoBox

CS 36 Merlin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Development | |
| Designer | Tony Castro |
| Location | Canada |
| Year | 1986 |
| No. built | 100 |
| Builder(s) | CS Yachts |
| Name | CS 36 Merlin |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 13,000 lb (5,897 kg) |
| Draft | 6.25 ft (1.91 m) |
| Hull | |
| Type | Monohull |
| Construction | Fibreglass |
| LOA | 36.00 ft (10.97 m) |
| LWL | 29.17 ft (8.89 m) |
| Beam | 11.50 ft (3.51 m) |
| Engine type | Volvo Penta diesel engine 25 hp (19 kW) |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | fin keel |
| Ballast | 5,590 lb (2,536 kg) |
| Rudder(s) | internally-mounted spade-type/ rudder |
| Rig | |
| General | Masthead sloop |
| foretriangle height | 45.50 ft (13.87 m) |
| foretriangle base | 14.30 ft (4.36 m) |
| mainsail luff | 39.50 ft (12.04 m) |
| mainsail foot | 14.30 ft (4.36 m) |
| Sails | |
| Mainsail area | 282.43 sq ft (26.239 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 325.33 sq ft (30.224 m2) |
| Total sail area | 607.75 sq ft (56.462 m2) |
| Racing | |
| PHRF | 141 (average) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |