title: Quasispecies model

abstract: The quasispecies model is a description of the process of the Darwinian evolution of certain self-replicating entities within the framework of physical chemistry. A quasispecies is a large group or "cloud" of related genotypes that exist in an environment of high mutation rate, where a large fraction of offspring are expected to contain one or more mutations relative to the parent. This is in contrast to a species, which from an evolutionary perspective is a more-or-less stable single genotype, most of the offspring of which will be genetically accurate copies. It is useful mainly in providing a qualitative understanding of the evolutionary processes of self-replicating macromolecules such as RNA or DNA or simple asexual organisms such as bacteria or viruses, and is helpful in explaining something of the early stages of the origin of life. Quantitative predictions based on this model are difficult because the parameters that serve as its input are impossible to obtain from actual biological systems. The quasispecies model was put forward by Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster based on initial work done by Eigen.

text:
# Quasispecies model

The **quasispecies model** is a description of the process of the Darwinian evolution of certain self-replicating entities within the framework of physical chemistry. A quasispecies is a large group or "**cloud**" of related genotypes that exist in an environment of high mutation rate (at stationary state), where a large fraction of offspring are expected to contain one or more mutations relative to the parent. This is in contrast to a species, which from an evolutionary perspective is a more-or-less stable single genotype, most of the offspring of which will be genetically accurate copies.

It is useful mainly in providing a qualitative understanding of the evolutionary processes of self-replicating macromolecules such as RNA or DNA or simple asexual organisms such as bacteria or viruses (see also viral quasispecies), and is helpful in explaining something of the early stages of the origin of life. Quantitative predictions based on this model are difficult because the parameters that serve as its input are impossible to obtain from actual biological systems. The quasispecies model was put forward by Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster based on initial work done by Eigen.

## Simplified explanation

When evolutionary biologists describe competition between species, they generally assume that each species is a single genotype whose descendants are mostly accurate copies. (Such genotypes are said to have a high reproductive *fidelity*.) In evolutionary terms, we are interested in the behavior and fitness of that one species or genotype over time.

Some organisms or genotypes, however, may exist in circumstances of low fidelity, where most descendants contain one or more mutations. A group of such genotypes is constantly changing, so discussions of which single genotype is the most fit become meaningless. Importantly, if many closely related genotypes are only one mutation away from each other, then genotypes in the group can mutate back and forth into each other. For example, with one mutation per generation, a child of the sequence AGGT could be AGTT, and a grandchild could be AGGT again. Thus we can envision a "**cloud**" of related genotypes that is rapidly mutating, with sequences going back and forth among different points in the cloud. Though the proper definition is mathematical, that cloud, roughly speaking, is a quasispecies.

Quasispecies behavior exists for large numbers of individuals existing at a certain (high) range of mutation rates.

### Quasispecies, fitness, and evolutionary selection

In a species, though reproduction may be mostly accurate, periodic mutations will give rise to one or more competing genotypes. If a mutation results in greater replication and survival, the mutant genotype may out-compete the parent genotype and come to dominate the species. Thus, the individual genotypes (or species) may be seen as the units on which selection acts and biologists will often speak of a single genotype's fitness.

In a quasispecies, however, mutations are ubiquitous and so the fitness of an individual genotype becomes meaningless: if one particular mutation generates a boost in reproductive success, it can't amount to much because that genotype's offspring are unlikely to be accurate copies with the same properties. Instead, what matters is the *connectedness* of the cloud. For example, the sequence AGGT has 12 (3+3+3+3) possible single point mutants AGGA, AGGG, and so on. If 10 of those mutants are viable genotypes that may reproduce (and some of whose offspring or grandchildren may mutate back into AGGT again), we would consider that sequence a well-connected node in the cloud. If instead only two of those mutants are viable, the rest being lethal mutations, then that sequence is poorly connected and most of its descendants will not reproduce. The analog of fitness for a quasispecies is the tendency of nearby relatives within the cloud to be well-connected, meaning that more of the mutant descendants will be viable and give rise to further descendants within the cloud.

When the fitness of a single genotype becomes meaningless because of the high rate of mutations, the cloud as a whole or quasispecies becomes the natural unit of selection.

### Application to biological research

Quasispecies represents the evolution of high-mutation-rate viruses such as HIV and sometimes single genes or molecules within the genomes of other organisms. Quasispecies models have also been proposed by Jose Fontanari and Emmanuel David Tannenbaum to model the evolution of sexual reproduction. Quasispecies was also shown in compositional replicators (based on the Gard model for abiogenesis) and was also suggested to be applicable to describe cell's replication, which amongst other things requires the maintenance and evolution of the internal composition of the parent and bud.

## Formal background

The model rests on four assumptions:

1. The self-replicating entities can be represented as sequences composed of a small number of building blocks—for example, sequences of RNA consisting of the four bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
2. New sequences enter the system solely as the result of a copy process, either correct or erroneous, of other sequences that are already present.
3. The substrates, or raw materials, necessary for ongoing replication are always present in sufficient quantity. Excess sequences are washed away in an outgoing flux.
4. Sequences may decay into their building blocks. The probability of decay does not depend on the sequences' age; old sequences are just as likely to decay as young sequences.

In the quasispecies model, mutations occur through errors made in the process of copying already existing sequences. Further, selection arises because different types of sequences tend to replicate at different rates, which leads to the suppression of sequences that replicate more slowly in favor of sequences that replicate faster. However, the quasispecies model does not predict the ultimate extinction of all but the fastest replicating sequence. Although the sequences that replicate more slowly cannot sustain their abundance level by themselves, they are constantly replenished as sequences that replicate faster mutate into them. At equilibrium, removal of slowly replicating sequences due to decay or outflow is balanced by replenishing, so that even relatively slowly replicating sequences can remain present in finite abundance.

Due to the ongoing production of mutant sequences, selection does not act on single sequences, but on mutational "clouds" of closely related sequences, referred to as *quasispecies*. In other words, the evolutionary success of a particular sequence depends not only on its own replication rate, but also on the replication rates of the mutant sequences it produces, and on the replication rates of the sequences of which it is a mutant. As a consequence, the sequence that replicates fastest may even disappear completely in selection-mutation equilibrium, in favor of more slowly replicating sequences that are part of a quasispecies with a higher average growth rate. Mutational clouds as predicted by the quasispecies model have been observed in RNA viruses and in *in vitro* RNA replication.

The mutation rate and the general fitness of the molecular sequences and their neighbors is crucial to the formation of a quasispecies. If the mutation rate is zero, there is no exchange by mutation, and each sequence is its own species. If the mutation rate is too high, exceeding what is known as the error threshold, the quasispecies will break down and be dispersed over the entire range of available sequences.

## Mathematical description

A simple mathematical model for a quasispecies is as follows: let there be $S$ possible sequences and let there be $n\_{i}$ organisms with sequence *i*. Let's say that each of these organisms asexually gives rise to $A\_{i}$ offspring. Some are duplicates of their parent, having sequence *i*, but some are mutant and have some other sequence. Let the mutation rate $q\_{ij}$ correspond to the probability that a *j* type parent will produce an *i* type organism. Then the expected fraction of offspring generated by *j* type organisms that would be *i* type organisms is $w\_{ij}=A\_{j}q\_{ij}$,

where $\sum \_{i}q\_{ij}=1$.

Then the total number of *i*-type organisms after the first round of reproduction, given as $n'\_{i}$, is

$$n'\_{i}=\sum \_{j}w\_{ij}n\_{j}$$

Sometimes a death rate term $D\_{i}$ is included so that:

$$w\_{ij}=A\_{j}q\_{ij}-D\_{i}\delta \_{ij}$$

where $\delta \_{ij}$ is equal to 1 when i=j and is zero otherwise. Note that the *n-th* generation can be found by just taking the *n-th* power of **W** substituting it in place of **W** in the above formula.

This is just a system of linear equations. The usual way to solve such a system is to first diagonalize the **W** matrix. Its diagonal entries will be eigenvalues corresponding to certain linear combinations of certain subsets of sequences which will be eigenvectors of the **W** matrix. These subsets of sequences are the quasispecies. Assuming that the matrix **W** is a primitive matrix (irreducible and aperiodic), then after very many generations only the eigenvector with the largest eigenvalue will prevail, and it is this quasispecies that will eventually dominate. The components of this eigenvector give the relative abundance of each sequence at equilibrium.

### Note about primitive matrices

**W** being primitive means that for some integer $n\>0$, that the $n^{th}$ power of **W** is \> 0, i.e. all the entries are positive. If **W** is primitive then each type can, through a sequence of mutations (i.e. powers of **W**) mutate into all the other types after some number of generations. **W** is not primitive if it is periodic, where the population can perpetually cycle through different disjoint sets of compositions, or if it is reducible, where the dominant species (or quasispecies) that develops can depend on the initial population, as is the case in the simple example given below.

### Alternative formulations

The quasispecies formulae may be expressed as a set of linear differential equations. If we consider the difference between the new state $n'\_{i}$ and the old state $n\_{i}$ to be the state change over one moment of time, then we can state that the time derivative of $n\_{i}$ is given by this difference, $\dot {n}\_{i}=n'\_{i}-n\_{i}$ we can write:

$$\dot {n}\_{i}=\sum \_{j}w\_{ij}n\_{j}-n\_{i}$$

The quasispecies equations are usually expressed in terms of concentrations $x\_{i}$ where

$x\_{i}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}\ {\frac {n\_{i}{\sum \_{j}n\_{j}}}}}$. $x'\_{i}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}\ {\frac {n'\_{i}{\sum \_{j}n'\_{j}}}}}$.

The above equations for the quasispecies then become for the discrete version:

$$x'\_{i}={\frac {\sum \_{j}w\_{ij}x\_{j}{\sum \_{ij}w\_{ij}x\_{j}}}}$$

or, for the continuum version:

$$\dot {x}\_{i}=\sum \_{j}w\_{ij}x\_{j}-x\_{i}\sum \_{ij}w\_{ij}x\_{j}.$$

### Simple example

The quasispecies concept can be illustrated by a simple system consisting of 4 sequences. Sequences \[0,0\], \[0,1\], \[1,0\], and \[1,1\] are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Let's say the \[0,0\] sequence never mutates and always produces a single offspring. Let's say the other 3 sequences all produce, on average, $1-k$ replicas of themselves, and $k$ of each of the other two types, where $0\leq k\leq 1$. The **W** matrix is then:

$\mathbf {W} ={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1-k&k&k\\0&k&1-k&k\\0&k&k&1-k\end{bmatrix}}$.

The diagonalized matrix is:

$\mathbf {W'} ={\begin{bmatrix}1-2k&0&0&0\\0&1-2k&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1+k\end{bmatrix}}$.

And the eigenvectors corresponding to these eigenvalues are:

| Eigenvalue | Eigenvector |
| --- | --- |
| 1-2k | \[0,-1,0,1\] |
| 1-2k | \[0,-1,1,0\] |
| 1 | \[1,0,0,0\] |
| 1+k | \[0,1,1,1\] |

Only the eigenvalue $1+k$ is more than unity. For the n-th generation, the corresponding eigenvalue will be $(1+k)^{n}$ and so will increase without bound as time goes by. This eigenvalue corresponds to the eigenvector \[0,1,1,1\], which represents the quasispecies consisting of sequences 2, 3, and 4, which will be present in equal numbers after a very long time. Since all population numbers must be positive, the first two quasispecies are not legitimate. The third quasispecies consists of only the non-mutating sequence 1. It's seen that even though sequence 1 is the most fit in the sense that it reproduces more of itself than any other sequence, the quasispecies consisting of the other three sequences will eventually dominate (assuming that the initial population was not homogeneous of the sequence 1 type).

## Further reading


title: Quasistatic approximation

abstract: Quasistatic approximation(s) refers to different domains and different meanings. In the most common acceptance, quasistatic approximation refers to equations that keep a static form even if some quantities are allowed to vary slowly with time. In electromagnetism it refers to mathematical models that can be used to describe devices that do not produce significant amounts of electromagnetic waves. For instance the capacitor and the coil in electrical networks.

text:
# Quasistatic approximation

**Quasistatic approximation(s)** refers to different domains and different meanings. In the most common acceptance, quasistatic approximation refers to equations that keep a static form (do not involve time derivatives) even if some quantities are allowed to vary slowly with time. In electromagnetism it refers to mathematical models that can be used to describe devices that do not produce significant amounts of electromagnetic waves. For instance the capacitor and the coil in electrical networks.

## Overview

The quasistatic approximation can be understood through the idea that the sources in the problem change sufficiently slowly that the system can be taken to be in equilibrium at all times. This approximation can then be applied to areas such as classical electromagnetism, fluid mechanics, magnetohydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and more generally systems described by hyperbolic partial differential equations involving both spatial and time derivatives. In simple cases, the quasistatic approximation is allowed when the typical spatial scale divided by the typical temporal scale is much smaller than the characteristic velocity with which information is propagated. The problem gets more complicated when several length and time scales are involved. In the strict acceptance of the term the quasistatic case corresponds to a situation where all time derivatives can be neglected. However some equations can be considered as quasistatic while others are not, leading to a system still being dynamic. There is no general consensus in such cases.

## Fluid dynamics

In fluid dynamics, only quasi-hydrostatics (where no time derivative term is present) is considered as a quasi-static approximation. Flows are usually considered as dynamic as well as acoustic waves propagation.

## Thermodynamics

In thermodynamics, a distinction between quasistatic regimes and dynamic ones is usually made in terms of equilibrium thermodynamics versus non-equilibrium thermodynamics. As in electromagnetism some intermediate situations also exist; see for instance local equilibrium thermodynamics.

## Electromagnetism

In classical electromagnetism, there are at least two consistent quasistatic approximations of Maxwell equations: quasi-electrostatics and quasi-magnetostatics depending on the relative importance of the two dynamic coupling terms. These approximations can be obtained using time constants evaluations or can be shown to be Galilean limits of electromagnetism.

### Retarded times point of view

In magnetostatics equations such as Ampère's Law or the more general Biot–Savart law allow one to solve for the magnetic fields produced by steady electrical currents. Often, however, one may want to calculate the magnetic field due to time varying currents (accelerating charge) or other forms of moving charge. Strictly speaking, in these cases the aforementioned equations are invalid, as the field measured at the observer must incorporate distances measured at the retarded time, that is the observation time minus the time it took for the field (traveling at the speed of light) to reach the observer. The retarded time is different for every point to be considered, hence the resulting equations are quite complicated; often it is easier to formulate the problem in terms of potentials; see retarded potential and Jefimenko's equations.

In this point of view the quasistatic approximation is obtained by using time instead of retarded time or equivalently to assume that the speed of light is infinite. To first order, the mistake of using only Biot–Savart's law rather than both terms of Jefimenko's magnetic field equation fortuitously cancel.

1. G. Rubinacci, F. Villone March 2002: link for download
2. Haus & Melcher. "Limits to Statics and Quasitstatics" (PDF). *ocs.mit.edu*. MIT OpenCourseWare. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
3. Le Bellac, M.; Lévy-Leblond, J.-M. (1973). "Galinean electromagnetism". *Nuovo Cimento B*. **14** (2): 217–233. Bibcode:1973NCimB..14..217L. doi:10.1007/BF02895715. S2CID 123488096.
4. Griffiths, David J., Introduction to Electrodynamics -3rd Ed., 1999.


title: R. V. Srinivasa Aiyar

abstract: Diwan Bahadur Rishiyur Venkata Srinivasa Aiyar was an Indian civil servant, legislator and politician from the Madras Presidency.

text:
# R. V. Srinivasa Aiyar

Diwan Bahadur **Rishiyur Venkata Srinivasa Aiyar** CIE (1852  31 March 1909) was an Indian civil servant, legislator and politician from the Madras Presidency.

## Early life and education

Srinivasa Aiyar was born to R. S. Venkatarama Aiyar and his wife, Valambal, in his maternal grandfather's house at Vaiyacalathore in 1852. He was the eldest of their four children.

## Educational career

On completion of his studies, Srinivasa Aiyar worked as Assistant master at Wesleyan High School, Bangalore for three years and as Assistant Lecturer in Government Arts College, Kumbakonam from 1873 to 1884.

## Provincial Civil Service

In 1884, he joined the Provincial civil service of Madras as an assistant in the Revenue Settlement Department. He rose to become Secretary to the Commissioner of Revenue Settlement and was, in July 1896, appointed as the Director of the Department of Land Records and Agriculture in the Madras Presidency. He became the Inspector General of Registration in December 1903 and was nominated to the Madras Legislative Council in November 1902 and for a second term on 30 October 1903.

## Proficiency in mathematics

Aiyar was renowned for his proficiency in mathematics and was called "Euclid" or "Geometry" Srinivasa Aiyar.

## Indian National Congress

Aiyar was also associated with the Indian National Congress in its early days.

## Family

He was the paternal uncle of R. S. Subbalakshmi, a social reformer and educationist.

* Great Britain India Office (1905). *The India List and India Office List*. London: Harrison and Sons.
*

## InfoBox

| Diwan BahadurRishiyur Venkata Srinivasa AiyarCIE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Madras Legislative Council | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1902-1909 | |
| Governor | Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1852
Vaiyacalathore, Madras Presidency |
| Died | 1909
Madras |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Alma mater | Government Arts College, Kumbakonam |
| Occupation | Legislator, mathematician |
| Profession | Civil servant |
|  | |


title: R. V. Swaminathan

abstract: R. V. Swaminathan( R.V.S) was a former Central Minister born in melathiruthi muttathur paganeri valkottai nadu (sivagangai), Freedom fighter, Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu and Member of Parliament elected from Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Madurai constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1971 and 1977 elections. In 1980 he was elected from Sivaganga He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Sivaganga constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1952 and 1962 elections. he was survived by three sons and 6 daughters.

text:
# R. V. Swaminathan

**R. V. Swaminathan( R.V.S)**  was a former Central Minister born in melathiruthi muttathur paganeri valkottai nadu (sivagangai), Freedom fighter, Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu and Member of Parliament elected from Tamil Nadu.

He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Madurai constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1971 and 1977 elections. In 1980 he was elected from Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)

He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Sivaganga constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1952 and 1962 elections. he was survived by three sons and 6 daughters.


title: R. Nataraj

abstract: R. Nataraj, I.P.S. is a retired Indian Police Service officer, who also served as the former chairman of the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission. He is known for his public service career that spans over four decades, that further continued after his retirement as Director General of Police in 2011. He belongs to the 1975 officer's batch and has served in various state and central government capacities. Furthermore, he has been a part of the Central Reserve Police Force and has served in the difficult areas of North-East and Jammu and Kashmir. He was the first secretary of the Indian High Commission in Kathmandu from 1986 to 1990.

text:
# R. Nataraj

**R. Nataraj**, I.P.S. (born 31 March 1951) is a retired Indian Police Service officer, who also served as the former chairman of the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission (19 January 2012 – 12 January 2013). He is known for his public service career that spans over four decades, that further continued after his retirement as Director General of Police in 2011. He belongs to the 1975 officer's batch and has served in various state and central government capacities. Furthermore, he has been a part of the Central Reserve Police Force and has served in the difficult areas of North-East and Jammu and Kashmir. He was the first secretary of the Indian High Commission in Kathmandu from 1986 to 1990.

## Early life and education

Nataraj was born in Chennai in 1951 to Poornam Ramachandran (better known as the author Umachandran) and Kamala Ramachandran. He completed his schooling at Hindu High School, Triplicane. During his school days, he joined the Auxiliary Cadet Code. Post school, he joined Vivekananda College to pursue his undergraduate degree in Physics. During college days, he was an active member of the NCC. He went on to pursue a master's degree in Physics from Presidency College, and a master's degree in Public Administration, a degree in law and later his PhD from Madras University. After graduation, he appeared for the civil services examinations and joined the 1975 batch. He is married to Nirmala Natraj and has two children, Nikhilesh (a scientist) and Nithyaesh (a lawyer).

## Public service

Nataraj joined the Indian Police Services in 1975. During his career, he has been part of various sensitive state level operations and played a role in changing long-standing government talent systems and progresses. In 1986, he went on to serve as the First Secretary at the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu. Later, he was appointed as the Deputy General of Police of the Central Reserve Police Force (C.R.P.F.) in 1994, wherein he supervised the operation of CRPF troops for their mission in the terrorism-affected areas of Jammu and Kashmir and North-East India. From November 2003 to April 2006, Nataraj served as the Commissioner of Police in Chennai city. Furthermore, he functioned as the Additional General of Police in the State Human Rights Commission and the Economic Offences wing. Later, he served as the Additional Director General of Police - Prisons department. This was succeeded by a promotion to the Director General of Prisons. On 12 June 2009, he was appointed as the head of the Fire and Rescue services department and went on to serve this office till he retired on 31 March 2011. In 2012, Nataraj was appointed as the Chairman of the Tamil Nadu Public Services Commission.

Nataraj is known for his innovative schemes in correctional administration and involvement in causes such as prisoner rehabilitation, education, health, anti-corruption and environmental protection.

## Key achievements

Nataraj is known for his reforms to bring transparency to the examination process. He is credited with the introduction of camera monitored examination centres, online registration process for exams, online mark sheets etc. Additionally, he introduced permanent registration based numbers to the applicants and deputation of resources to their preferred geographies through a counselling process. His regime with the CRPF troops saw him supervise the tough militant-feared areas in North India.

## Awards and recognition

Nataraj has won the following awards during his career.

| Year | Award Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2004 | Special Task Force Gallantry Medal |
| 1999 | President's Police Medal |
| 1993 | President's Police Medal for Meritorious Service |

## Political career

Nataraj joined the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) in 2014, in the presence of Chief Minister Jayalalithaa at her Poes Garden Residence. He was elected to the 15th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by the Mylapore constituency in the elections of 2016.

## InfoBox

| Ramachandran Nataraj | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
2016 - 2021 | |
| Preceded by | R. Rajalakshmi |
| Succeeded by | Dha. Velu |
| Constituency | Mylapore |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-03-31) 31 March 1951
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Alma mater | Presidency College, Madras University |
| Occupation | Director General of Police, Lawyer, PhD, Ex-MLA of Mylapore |
| Known for | Prisoner rehabilitation, Education, health, Anti-Corruption, Environmental protection |
|  | |


title: Resurrection (1999 film)

abstract: Resurrection is a 1999 horror-thriller film directed by Russell Mulcahy and starring Christopher Lambert, Leland Orser and Robert Joy. David Cronenberg appears in a cameo as a priest. Lambert co-wrote the story for the film with Brad Mirman, who also wrote the screenplay. The film was theatrically released in most of Europe, Asia and Australia, but went straight to DVD in the US. It was also occasionally aired/streamed on television.

text:
# Resurrection (1999 film)

***Resurrection*** is a 1999 horror-thriller film directed by Russell Mulcahy and starring Christopher Lambert, Leland Orser and Robert Joy. David Cronenberg appears in a cameo as a priest. Lambert co-wrote the story for the film with Brad Mirman, who also wrote the screenplay.

The film was theatrically released in most of Europe, Asia and Australia, but went straight to DVD in the US. It was also occasionally aired/streamed on television.

## Plot summary

Detective John Prudhomme, a Cajun transferred to Chicago, and his partner Hollinsworth are assigned to investigate the savage murder of a man whose left arm has been sawed off and taken. A message, "He Is Coming", is found written in lamb's blood on the victim's window. After another victim is discovered with a missing right arm, the detectives realize they are dealing with a serial killer.

The third victim to be found has his head removed. After studying the roman numerals found carved into the victims by the killer, Prudhomme realizes that when combined with the victims' names (Matthew, Peter and James), these numerals are citing Bible verses related to the resurrection of Jesus. Prudhomme theorizes that the killer plans to use the body parts he has taken to reconstruct the "Body of Christ" in time for Easter. This explains why each victim is 33 years old (Jesus was 33 at his death) and why the killer is ensuring that the victims are conscious when he kills them (Christ was conscious when he suffered). An FBI profiler named Wingate arrives and offers additional insights into the killer's mental state.

Armed with this new information, Prudhomme and Hollinsworth are able to predict the killer's next target. When they interrupt the killing and give chase, Hollinsworth is tasered by the killer and shot in the leg by the police, after being set up by the killer. The injury to his leg necessitates its amputation, resulting in it later being stolen by the killer. The killer leaves a message for Prudhomme, chiding him for interfering with the last killing and saying that for penance, Prudhomme's wife Sara must die. Prudhomme rushes home to find a mutilated corpse, but it is revealed to be Sara's visiting sister, and Sara herself is safe.

With Hollinsworth hospitalized and unable to help him, Prudhomme turns to detectives Scholfield and Moltz, with whom he has had a contentious relationship, for help. The team finds a fifth victim in a slaughterhouse, missing his leg, meaning that the killer needs only a torso to complete his work. Scholfield discovers an FBI record of a similar murder several years earlier in Tennessee—Prudhomme is irate that they did not get this record from Wingate, who had promised to send all the Bureau's information. When Prudhomme goes to the FBI's office, he finds Wingate, who is a different man than the apparent profiler his team has been working with.

Knowing that the fake Wingate is the killer, Prudhomme and his team lay a trap and arrest the impostor for impersonating a police officer. The impostor's name is Demus, and he mocks the police because they cannot connect him to any murder. The judge for the case sets bond at only $20,000, which Demus pays. Although officers shadow the released Demus to the Chicago Union Station, in the restroom he escapes by changing clothes and crawling under the stalls.

Prudhomme's team is able to connect Demus' fingerprints to the earlier murder in Tennessee, meaning they can now arrest him. They discover that he had been institutionalized for several years, only having been released two months ago. Meanwhile, Demus kills his sixth victim, taking the torso. Prudhomme theorizes that Demus may be hiding somewhere they already looked, and in the house of the first victim, they find the gruesome remains of his victims, arranged to resemble a crucified Christ. Looking over Demus' notes, Prudhomme realizes that to complete his work, the killer plans to take the heart of a baby born from a woman named Mary on Easter, which is the following day. Moltz identifies a newly born baby from a Mary, and they rush to that hospital, where they find Demus with the baby. Moltz is wounded and Prudhomme chases Demus to the rooftop. He shoots Demus and catches the baby. Demus falls from the rooftop to his death.

Some time later, Prudhomme visits a recovering Hollinsworth, who is learning to walk on a prosthetic leg and promises to return to the job better than ever.

## Cast

## Production

An international co-production between Canada and The United States. Some of the film was shot in Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana, but most of it was filmed in Toronto, Canada.

According to director Russell Mulcahy's DVD commentary *Resurrection* was originally rated NC-17, which is why several scenes of violence and gore, like the leg cutting scene, were excised to achieve an R rating. The "Uncut version" of the film was never released and is presumed lost to this day.

## Release

*Resurrection* was released in the fall of 1999 on cable television in the United States. In other countries such as France, Spain and Switzerland, it was shown in theatres. In France it was a modest success, with nearly 400,000 film admissions. The film was quite popular in Spain, with 1,198,684 admissions.

### Critical reception

Critical reception for the film has been mixed. Marc Bernardin of *Entertainment Weekly* called the film "woefully derivative" but "well-crafted."

John Fallon of Arrow in the Head called it "a taut, clever thriller, directed with kinetic style and energy" and "one of the more entertaining serial killer movies on the block." Fallon added, "If you can get past the similarities with *Seven*, you will surely enjoy this razor sharp, nasty flick." Chuck O'Leary of FulvueDrive-in.com said the film is "a blatant rip-off of *Seven*, but pretty scary and unsettling in its own right."

Carlo Cavagna of About Film called *Resurrection* "an entertaining movie," remarking that "the cinematography is quite good by any standard, and the writing is decent enough to keep you interested." Cavagna felt that the plot was "by-the-numbers," but added that it \[has\] a new twist on the killer's motivation."

## InfoBox

| Resurrection | |
| --- | --- |
| Original film poster | |
| Directed by | Russell Mulcahy |
| Written by | Brad Mirman |
| Story by |  |
| Produced by | Howard Baldwin
Christopher Lambert
Patrick Choi
Nile Niami |
| Starring | Christopher Lambert
Robert Joy
Barbara Tyson
Rick Fox
Leland Orser |
| Cinematography | Jonathan Freeman |
| Edited by | Gordon McClellan |
| Music by | James McGrath |
| Production
companies | Baldwin/Cohen Productions
Interlight Pictures
Resurrection Productions Inc. |
| Distributed by | Columbia TriStar Home Video |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 108 minutes |
| Countries | Canada
United States |
| Language | English |


title: Droizy

abstract: Droizy is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France, near Soissons. It was the site of the Battle of Droizy in 593. Paul Girod, mayor of Droizy from 1958 until his death in 2021, was the longest-serving mayor in France, having been in office for 63 years.

text:
# Droizy

**Droizy** (French pronunciation: \[dʁwazi\]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France, near Soissons. It was the site of the Battle of Droizy in 593. Paul Girod, mayor of Droizy from 1958 until his death in 2021, was the longest-serving mayor in France, having been in office for 63 years.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 104 |  |
| 1968 | 85 | −18.3% |
| 1975 | 87 | +2.4% |
| 1982 | 66 | −24.1% |
| 1990 | 66 | +0.0% |
| 1999 | 79 | +19.7% |
| 2008 | 78 | −1.3% |

## InfoBox

| Droizy | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The village of Droizy | |
| Location of Droizy | |
| DroizyDroizy | |
| Coordinates: 49°16′41″N 3°23′36″E / 49.2781°N 3.3933°E / 49.2781; 3.3933 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Soissons |
| Canton | Villers-Cotterêts |
| Intercommunality | Oulchy le Château |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20212026) | Pierre-Emmanuel Girod |
| Area**1** | 5.42 km2 (2.09 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 76 |
| Density | 14/km2 (36/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02272 /02210 |
| Elevation | 88–172 m (289–564 ft)
(avg. 136 m or 446 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: Catnic Components Ltd. v. Hill & Smith Ltd. [1982] R.P.C. 183 is a leading House of Lords decision on the nature of a patent and in particular the methods of claim construction.

text:
# Catnic Components Ltd v Hill & Smith Ltd

***Catnic Components Ltd. v. Hill & Smith Ltd.*** \[1982\] R.P.C. 183 is a leading House of Lords decision on the nature of a patent and in particular the methods of claim construction.

## Background

Catnic Components had a patent for a steel lintel, used to provide structural support over a door or window opening in a brick wall. The lintel is hollow, being made from sheet steel pressed into a rectangular or trapezoidal shape with a wind to anchor the device to the surrounding brickwork. Part of the specification required a bar to "extend vertically". Hill & Smith created a virtually identical invention that had a bar that extended at an upwards slant, only 6 or 8 degrees from being completely vertical. Despite the difference the device worked entirely in the same way as Catnic's invention.

Catnic sued for patent infringement. At trial, the judge held there was an infringement under the "pith and marrow" doctrine. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales overturned the ruling as it held that the "vertical" requirement was an exact and essential element of the patent. The Law Lords reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal, finding that there was an infringement, and affirmed the use of purposive construction in patent interpretation.

## Opinion of the Court

Lord Diplock held that a patent must be read in a "purposive" manner that focuses on the essential features of the patent. He famously stated:

*My Lords, a patent specification is a unilateral statement by the patentee, in words of his own choosing, addressed to those likely to have a practical interest in the subject matter of his invention (i.e. "skilled in the art"), by which he informs them what he claims to be the essential features of the new product or process for which the letters patent grant him a monopoly. It is called "pith and marrow" of the claim. A patent specification should be given a purposive construction rather than a purely literal one derived from applying to it the kind of meticulous verbal analysis in which lawyers are too often tempted by their training to indulge. The question in each case is: whether persons with practical knowledge and experience of the kind of work in which the invention was intended to be used, would understand that strict compliance with a particular descriptive word or phrase appearing in a claim was intended by the patentee to be an essential requirement of the invention so that any variant would fall outside the monopoly claimed, even though it could have no material effect upon the way the invention worked.*

## InfoBox

| Catnic Components Ltd. v. Hill & Smith Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
| Citation | \[1982\] R.P.C. 183 |


title: Priya Tandon

abstract: Priya Tandon is an Indian television and film actress. She made her debut to Indian television with Life OK's show Baawre in which she played the role of Shaheen. She also featured in Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani as Swarnalekha Lakshyaraj Singh. She plays the role of Sameera in the drama series Saath Nibhaana Saathiya. In 2016 she appeared in the Bollywood film Moh Maya Money in the role of Jiya. She had also acted in Bollywood film Wedding Anniversary.

text:
# Priya Tandon

**Priya Tandon** is an Indian television and film actress. She made her debut to Indian television with Life OK's show *Baawre* in which she played the role of Shaheen. She also featured in *Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani* as Swarnalekha Lakshyaraj Singh. She plays the role of Sameera in the drama series *Saath Nibhaana Saathiya*. In 2016 she appeared in the Bollywood film *Moh Maya Money* in the role of Jiya. She had also acted in Bollywood film *Wedding Anniversary*.

## Personal life

She married Rudra Anand in 2016.

## Filmography

### Films

### Television

## InfoBox

| Priya Tandon | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2015–present |
| Known for | *Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani* <br>*Saath Nibhaana Saathiya* |
| Spouse | Rudra Anand (m. 2016) |


title: Thaïs (saint)

abstract: St. Thaïs, of fourth-century Roman Alexandria and of the Egyptian desert, was a repentant courtesan.

text:
# Thaïs (saint)

**St. Thaïs**, of fourth-century Roman Alexandria and of the Egyptian desert, was a repentant courtesan.

## Hagiography, biography

### Ancient writings

St. Thaïs reportedly lived during the fourth century in Roman Egypt. Her story is included in hagiographic literature on the lives of the saints in the Greek church. Two such biographical sketches exist. The first, in Greek, perhaps originated during the fifth century. It was translated into Latin as the *Vita Thaisis* \["Life of Thaïs"\] by Dionysius Exiguus during the sixth or seventh century. The other sketch comes to us in medieval Latin from Marbod of Rennes (d. 1123). Thaïs also appears in Greek martyrologies by Maurolychus and Greven, but not in Latin martyrologies. The lives of the desert saints and hermits of Egypt, including St. Thaïs, were collected in the *Vitae Patrum* ("Lives of the Fathers").

### Modern sources

There has emerged a modern theory that suggests she is a legend deriving from "probably only a moral tale invented for edification." The saint shares her name with another Thaïs of wide notoriety in the Hellenistic world, many hundreds of years before. Of Ancient Athens, she had traveled to Persia with the campaign of Alexander. Notwithstanding, St. Thaïs remains on the Calendar of the Catholic Church, with her feast day October 8.

In 1901 the Egyptologist Albert Gayet (1856–1916) announced the discovery near Antinoë in Egypt of the mummified remains of St. Thaïs and of Bishop Sérapion. The two mummies were exhibited at the Musée Guimet in Paris. Shortly thereafter he qualified his identification, leaving open the possibility that the remains were not those of these two saints.

### Accounts of her life

Thaïs is first briefly described as wealthy and beautiful, a courtesan living in the cosmopolitan city of Alexandria. Yet in the eyes of the church she was a public sinner. Thaïs, however, makes inquiries about the Christian religion and eventually converts. In her *Vita* a monk in disguise pays for entry into her chambers in order to challenge her and convert her, yet he finds that she already believes in God, from whom nothing is hidden. The identity of this person who instructs and offers Thaïs ways of spiritual transformation is unclear, three names being mentioned: St. Paphnutius (Egyptian Bishop in Upper Thebaïd), St. Bessarion (disciple of St. Anthony in the Egyptian desert), and St. Serapion (Bishop in the Nile Delta).

Following her acceptance into the Church, Thaïs is shown a convent cell where she is provisioned for three years. During her years of solitude she performs penance for her sins. When she later emerges, it is said, she lives among the nuns of the Egyptian desert only for a brief period of fifteen days, before she dies.

## In art and literature

### Traditional

#### Church renderings

Traditional pictures of Thaïs show her in two different scenes:

* Burning her treasures and ornaments.
* Praying in a convent cell, with a scroll on which is written "Thou who didst create me have mercy on me."

#### Medieval play by Hrotsvitha

Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim (935–1002), a Benedictine Canoness of Saxony (northwest Germany), wrote in Latin the play *Paphnutius* in which St. Thaïs appears. Despite the title, she is the principal character of interest. The play, of course, places the story in a European dress and within a medieval European spirituality. Here is St. Paphnutius addressing the abbess of the desert convent, concerning care for their new convert Thaïs:

I have brought you a half-dead little she-goat, recently snatched from the teeth of wolves. I hope that by your compassion \[her\] shelter will be insured, and that by your care, \[she\] will be cured, and that having cast aside the rough pelt of a goat she will be clothed with the soft wool of the lamb.

During the European Middle Ages, historical evidence indicates a widespread popularity for the life story of St. Thaïs.

#### Renaissance painting by Ribera

During the Renaissance, the Spanish painter Jusepe de Ribera (1591–1652), whose career was spent largely in Naples, produced his composition (above).

### Modern culture

After the distinctive artistic lead of Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880) in his *La tentation de Saint Antoine* (1874), there eventually followed, in a decidedly more skeptical, yet still historic-religious vein, the French novel *Thaïs* (1890). This inspired the French opera *Thaïs* (1894). Later followed the London play *Thais* (1911), the Hollywood film *Thais* (1917), and the Franco-Romanian statue *Thaïs* (1920s).

#### Novel by France

France's *Thaïs* is an historical novel published at Paris in 1891 and written by Anatole France (1844–1924). *Thaïs* was translated into 18 languages. When France died, "he was almost certainly the most admired author in the Western world", yet since then his approach became dated, and his reputation fell.

Paphnuce is an ascetic hermit of the Egyptian desert, yet he appears to be a fanatic. He determines to convert Thais, a libertine beauty whom he knew as a youth, and journeys to Alexandria to find her. Masquerading as a dandy, he is able to speak with her about eternity; surprisingly he succeeds in converting her to Christianity. Yet on their return to the desert he is troubled and fascinated by her former life. Thaïs enters a convent to repent of her sins, under the care of the elderly nun Albina. Paphnuce returns to his desert hut and fellow cenobites, but encounters emptiness and is haunted by "a little jackal". He rests uneasy and cannot forget the pull of her famous beauty. Later, as she is dying and can only see heaven opening before her, he comes to her side and tells her that her faith is an illusion, and that he loves her.

#### Opera by Massenet

Massenet's *Thaïs* is an opera "comédie lyrique" first performed March 16, 1894, at the Opéra Comique in Paris. The music by Jules Massenet (1842–1912) employs the prose libretto written by Louis Gallet (1835–1898). It draws on the novel by Anatole France. Massenet's music was termed romantic, his being melodic, seductive, poetic, melancholy, "traits of the French lyric theater at its best".

The opera omits the novel's skeptical chapter on the vanity of philosophy. The hermit's name was changed to Athanaël, who is presented with greater sympathy than in the novel. The first duet between Athanaël and Thaïs contrasts his stern accents and her raillery. The last scene's duet shows a reversal of rôles, in which the pious and touching phrases of Thaïs transcend the despairing ardour of Athanaël. Chants of desolation, and later, return of the beautiful violin from an earlier symphonic *méditation* (first played during the intermezzo when Thaïs had converted) complete the final effect.

#### Play by Wilstach

Wilstach's *Thais* is a play performed at the Criterion Theatre in London, March 14 through April, 1911 (31 performances). Written by the American Paul Wilstach (1870-1952), it starred Constance Collier (1878–1955) playing the title role and Tyrone Power, Sr. (1869–1931) as the hermit. Earlier the play had a trial run in Boston.

#### Film by Goldwyn

Goldwyn's *Thais* is a Hollywood film which featured the operatic soprano Mary Garden (1874–1967). Earlier she had performed the title role in Massenet's opera *Thaïs* at *l'Opéra Comique* of Paris. The film, produced by Samuel Goldwyn (1879–1974), also drew on the novel by Anatole France. The film script, however, contains added scenes in which Paphnutius, not yet a monk, encounters Thaïs. These extra scenes occur before the start of France's work of fiction. The film was evidently not considered a success.

Between 1911 and 1917 there were apparently five silent movies entitled *Thaïs*, made in France, Italy, and America, yet not all followed the saint's story.

#### Ballet: Pavlova, Ashton

*Meditation from 'Thaïs'* is a ballet *pas de deux* to the music of Jules Massenet. In Anna Pavlova's repertoire of the early 20th century, the piece had been very popular across Europe. Mikhail Mordkin was her dance partner. Later this "oriental dream sequence" was choreographed by Frederick Ashton and performed by Antoinette Sibley and Anthony Dowell at a 1971 benefit gala held at the Adelphi Theatre, London.

#### Sculpture by Chiparus

The *Thaïs* of Chiparus is a bronze and ivory statue depicting a dancing figure, an elegant young woman in 'ancient' dress. It was crafted in France (with a limited production run) during the Art Deco era by the Rumanian artist Demetre Chiparus (1886–1947).

#### *The Salt Roads*

Thais appears as one of three protagonists in Nalo Hopkinson's *The Salt Roads* (2003).

## InfoBox

| Saint
Thaïs | |
| --- | --- |
| *St. Thais* by Jusepe de Ribera
(alternately, of St. Mary Magdalen). | |
| Born | c. 4th century |
| Died | c. 4th century |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholicism,
Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Feast | October 8 |


title: Deserticossus artemisiae

abstract: Deserticossus artemisiae is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in China.

text:
# Deserticossus artemisiae

***Deserticossus artemisiae*** is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in China (Inner Mongolia, Shansi).

## InfoBox

| *Deserticossus artemisiae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Genus: | *Deserticossus* |
| Species: | ***D. artemisiae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Deserticossus artemisiae***<br>(Chou et Hua, 1986) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Holcocerus artemisiae* Chou et Hua, 1986 | |


title: Pyrausta niveicilialis

abstract: Pyrausta niveicilialis, the white-fringed pyrausta moth, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern Canada to Florida and west to Colorado. The wingspan is about 24 mm. The forewings are dusty blackish, with a yellowish shade in the costal region. Adults are on wing from March to October.

text:
# Pyrausta niveicilialis

***Pyrausta niveicilialis***, the **white-fringed pyrausta moth**, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern Canada to Florida and west to Colorado.

The wingspan is about 24 mm. The forewings are dusty blackish, with a yellowish shade in the costal region. Adults are on wing from March to October.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta niveicilialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. niveicilialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta niveicilialis***<br>(Grote, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botis niveicilialis* Grote, 1875 | |


abstract: The road speed skating competition at the 2017 World Games took place from July 24 to July 25, in Wrocław in Poland, at the Millennium Park.

text:
# Road speed skating at the 2017 World Games

The **road speed skating** competition at the 2017 World Games took place from July 24 to July 25, in Wrocław in Poland, at the Millennium Park.

## Participating nations

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Belgium | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 2 | Colombia | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 | Germany | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Spain | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 5 | France | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Chile | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Chinese Taipei | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | Italy | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 9 | Argentina | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | South Korea | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Venezuela | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (11 entries) | | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |

## Medalists

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 200 m time trial
 | Ioseba Fernandez
Spain | Simon Albrecht
Germany | Gwendal Le Pivert
France |
| 500 m sprint
 | Gwendal Le Pivert
France | Edwin Estrada
Colombia | Jhoan Guzmán
Venezuela |
| 10,000 m points race
 | Bart Swings
Belgium | Daniel Niero
Italy | Patxi Peula
Spain |
| 20,000 m elimination race
 | Bart Swings
Belgium | Daniel Niero
Italy | Patxi Peula
Spain |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 200 m time trial
 | María José Moya
Chile | Chen Ying-chu
Chinese Taipei | An Yi-seul
South Korea |
| 500 m sprint
 | Mareike Thum
Germany | Chen Ying-chu
Chinese Taipei | Rocío Alt
Argentina |
| 10,000 m points race
 | Fabriana Arias
Colombia | Sandrine Tas
Belgium | Johana Viveros
Colombia |
| 20,000 m elimination race
 | Johana Viveros
Colombia | Sandrine Tas
Belgium | Mareike Thum
Germany |

## InfoBox

| Road speed skating
at the 2017 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Millennium Park |
| Dates | 24–25 July 2017 |
| No. of events | 8 |
| Competitors | 84 from 25 nations |
|


title: Centrotherm Photovoltaics

abstract: centrotherm international AG is a supplier of process technology and equipment for the photovoltaics, semiconductor and microelectronics industries. Its company headquarters are in Blaubeuren, Germany (Baden-Württemberg).

text:
# Centrotherm Photovoltaics

**centrotherm international AG** is a supplier of process technology and equipment for the photovoltaics, semiconductor and microelectronics industries. Its company headquarters are in Blaubeuren, Germany (Baden-Württemberg).

## Industry sector

centrotherm international AG develops, manufactures and markets thermal key equipment and process technology for the production of solar cells, power semiconductor devices, logic and memory devices as well as LED and sensor technologies and also provides related services to customers.

## Company history

The company was founded in 1976 as centrotherm Elektrische Anlagen GmbH + Co. KG. In the 1990s the company broke into the photovoltaic business and since 2000 has been an important global player in this industry sector. As part of company restructuring in the centrotherm Group, the name of the photovoltaic business unit was changed to centrotherm photovoltaics solutions GmbH & Co. KG in 2004 and in 2006 became centrotherm photovoltaics AG. The company has been listed on the Prime Standard of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange since October 2007 and was also listed on the German TecDAX in December of the same year.

1. 01.01.2011 bis 31.03.2011 3-Month Report 01.01.2011 bis 31.03.2011 3-Months Report

## InfoBox

centrotherm international AG
|
|  |
| Company type | Aktiengesellschaft |
| Traded as | FWB: CTN |
| Industry | Photovoltaics |
| Predecessor | centrotherm Elektrische Anlagen GmbH + Co. KG. |
| Founded | 1976 |
| Headquarters | Blaubeuren, Germany |
| Key people | Jan von Schuckmann (CEO), Gunter Fauth (COO),Robert M. Hartung(Chairman of the supervisory board) |
| Products | Planning and development of photovoltaic production sites; photovoltaic production equipment and turnkey production lines |
| Revenue | €149.18 million (January 1-September 30, 2012) €69.18 million (October 1, 2012-May 31, 2013) |
| Operating income | €29.7 million (October 1, 2012-May 31, 2013) |
| Net income | €77.4 million (October 1, 2012-May 31, 2013) |
| Total assets | €377.7 million (October 1, 2012-May 31, 2013) |
| Total equity | €49.4 million (October 1, 2012-May 31, 2013) |
| Number of employees | 817 (2013) |
| Website | www.centrotherm-pv.com |


title: Cethegus broomi

abstract: Cethegus broomi is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Euagridae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1901 by British arachnologist Henry Roughton Hogg.

text:
# Cethegus broomi

***Cethegus broomi*** is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Euagridae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1901 by British arachnologist Henry Roughton Hogg.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales in open forest habitats. The type locality is Hillgrove, about 30 km east of Armidale.

## Behaviour

The spiders are fossorial, terrestrial predators. They construct silk webs.

## InfoBox

| *Cethegus broomi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Euagridae |
| Genus: | *Cethegus* |
| Species: | ***C. broomi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cethegus broomi***<br>(Hogg, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Stenygrocercus broomi* Hogg, 1901 | |


title: Chain of Lakes Trail

abstract: The Chain of Lakes Trail is a 4.7 miles (7.6 km) paved multi-use path that runs from Lake Alfred to Winter Haven in Florida, past many of the lakes that compose the Winter Haven Chain of Lakes. The trail runs along the abandoned route of the South Florida Railroad's Bartow Branch. The southern terminus of the trail is near Lake Howard at Avenue B Northwest near the Chamber of Commerce Building. The trail travels northward past Lake Silver, Spring Lake, Lake Ida, and Lake Conine before coming to an end at the southwest corner of West Haines Avenue and southbound US Highway 17 and westbound US Highway 92. Originally running 3.2 miles (5.1 km) between Avenue E Northwest at the Winter Haven bus terminal near city hall and Lake Rochelle at US 17/92 in Lake Alfred, it was extended north over a bridge crossing US 17 and 92 running as far north as West Haines Avenue in Lake Alfred, as well as south through Winter Haven Central Park to the Chamber of Commerce Building in the late 2010s.

text:
# Chain of Lakes Trail

The **Chain of Lakes Trail** is a 4.7 miles (7.6 km) paved multi-use path that runs from Lake Alfred to Winter Haven in Florida, past many of the lakes that compose the Winter Haven Chain of Lakes. The trail runs along the abandoned route of the South Florida Railroad's Bartow Branch (which was later part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad). The southern terminus of the trail is near Lake Howard at Avenue B Northwest near the Chamber of Commerce Building. The trail travels northward past Lake Silver, Spring Lake, Lake Ida, and Lake Conine before coming to an end at the southwest corner of West Haines Avenue and southbound US Highway 17 and westbound US Highway 92.

Originally running 3.2 miles (5.1 km) between Avenue E Northwest at the Winter Haven bus terminal near city hall and Lake Rochelle at US 17/92 in Lake Alfred, it was extended north over a bridge crossing US 17 and 92 running as far north as West Haines Avenue in Lake Alfred, as well as south through Winter Haven Central Park to the Chamber of Commerce Building in the late 2010s.

Media related to Chain of Lakes Trail (Florida) at Wikimedia Commons

28°03′07″N 81°43′50″W / 28.05195°N 81.73046°W / 28.05195; -81.73046

## InfoBox

| Chain of Lakes Trail | |
| --- | --- |
| US 17/92 as it passes under a bridge for the Chain of Lakes Trail in Lake Alfred, Florida. | |
| Length | 4.7 mi (7.6 km) |
| Location | Winter Haven, Florida, United States |
| Trailheads | Winter Haven<br>Lake Alfred |
| Season | Year round |
| Surface | Asphalt |


title: Chain of Lakes (South Dakota)

abstract: Chain of Lakes is a group of lakes in South Dakota, in the United States. The group of lakes is classified as a lake chain, hence the name.

text:
# Chain of Lakes (South Dakota)

**Chain of Lakes** is a group of lakes in South Dakota, in the United States.

The group of lakes is classified as a lake chain, hence the name.

## InfoBox

| Chain of Lakes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chain of LakesChain of Lakes | |
| Location | Codington County, South Dakota |
| Coordinates | 44°58′57″N 97°16′17″W / 44.9825360°N 97.2713448°W / 44.9825360; -97.2713448 |
| Type | lake |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 1,736 feet (529 m) |


title: Sigerist Society

abstract: The British Sigerist Society, named in honour of Henry E. Sigerist was established by Marxist doctors in 1947 and met several times a year until 1955 to discuss the theoretical and social aspects of Medicine from a Marxist point of view. The members included Philip D'Arcy Hart, Martin Roff, Richard Doll and Julian Tudor Hart. Most of them were also members of the Socialist Medical Association which was affiliated to the Labour Party. They discussed the relationship between science and social responsibility and the significance of social class. They advocated salaried and group practice for primary care. Archives of the society are preserved in the Wellcome Library and the Communist Party of Great Britain archive in the Manchester's People's History Museum. There is a separate Sigerist Circle of medical historians based in Baltimore.

text:
# Sigerist Society

The British **Sigerist Society**, named in honour of Henry E. Sigerist was established by Marxist doctors in 1947 and met several times a year until 1955 to discuss the theoretical and social aspects of Medicine from a Marxist point of view. The members included Philip D'Arcy Hart, Martin Roff, Richard Doll and Julian Tudor Hart. Most of them were also members of the Socialist Medical Association which was affiliated to the Labour Party.

They discussed the relationship between science and social responsibility and the significance of social class. They advocated salaried and group practice for primary care.

Archives of the society are preserved in the Wellcome Library and the Communist Party of Great Britain archive in the Manchester's People's History Museum.

There is a separate Sigerist Circle of medical historians based in Baltimore.


title: Chalarotona insincera

abstract: Chalarotona insincera is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1890. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Tasmania. The wingspan is 16–21 mm. The forewings are shining ochreous white and the hindwings are light grey, the apex tinged with whitish ochreous.

text:
# Chalarotona insincera

***Chalarotona insincera*** is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1890. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Tasmania.

The wingspan is 16–21 mm. The forewings are shining ochreous white and the hindwings are light grey, the apex tinged with whitish ochreous.

## InfoBox

| *Chalarotona insincera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Xyloryctidae |
| Genus: | *Chalarotona* |
| Species: | ***C. insincera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chalarotona insincera***<br>Meyrick, 1890 | |
|


title: Chalarotona melipnoa

abstract: Chalarotona melipnoa is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1890. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia. The wingspan is 16–21 mm. The forewings are light yellowish ochreous and the hindwings are grey. The larvae bore the flower spikes of Banksia ericifolia and Banksia marginata.

text:
# Chalarotona melipnoa

***Chalarotona melipnoa*** is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1890. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia.

The wingspan is 16–21 mm. The forewings are light yellowish ochreous and the hindwings are grey.

The larvae bore the flower spikes of *Banksia ericifolia* and *Banksia marginata*.

## InfoBox

| *Chalarotona melipnoa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Xyloryctidae |
| Genus: | *Chalarotona* |
| Species: | ***C. melipnoa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chalarotona melipnoa***<br>Meyrick, 1890 | |
|


title: Sierra de Alhama

abstract: Sierra de Alhama is a mountain range of the Penibaetic System in Málaga and Granada provinces, Andalusia, Spain. Its highest point is the 1,500 m high Pico de la Torca. Other notable summits are Hoyo del Toro, 1,353 m, Cerro de Marchamonas, 1,272 m and Morrón de la Cuna 1,222 m.

text:
# Sierra de Alhama

**Sierra de Alhama** is a mountain range of the Penibaetic System in Málaga and Granada provinces, Andalusia, Spain. Its highest point is the 1,500 m high Pico de la Torca. Other notable summits are Hoyo del Toro, 1,353 m, Cerro de Marchamonas, 1,272 m and Morrón de la Cuna 1,222 m.

## Geography

This karstic mountain range is part of the ranges in the interior area of Axarquia. It stretches between the Sierra del Jobo and the 1,040 m high Puerto de los Alazores mountain pass in the west and the Sierra de Tejeda in the east with the corridor of Periana between them. The Guadalhorce river has its sources in this range. The Sierra de Alhama also includes the Boquete de Zafarraya an important pass at 992 m in the mountainous region of Axarquía.

## InfoBox

| Sierra de Alhama | |
| --- | --- |
| View of the Sierra de Alhama | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Pico de la Torca |
| Elevation | 1,500 m (4,900 ft) |
| Coordinates | 36°57′0″N 04°07′0″W / 36.95000°N 4.11667°W / 36.95000; -4.11667 |
| Geography | |
| Sierra de AlhamaLocation in Spain | |
| Location | Málaga and Granada provinces, Andalusia |
| Country | Spain |
| Parent range | Penibaetic System |
| Geology | |
| Orogeny | Alpine orogeny |
| Type of rock | Karstic |


title: Sidi Moussa, Algeria

abstract: Sidi Moussa is a commune in the Baraki District of the Algiers Province and a suburb of the city of Algiers in northern Algeria. It is situated 15 km (9.3 mi) south of central Algiers.

text:
# Sidi Moussa, Algeria

**Sidi Moussa** is a commune in the Baraki District of the Algiers Province and a suburb of the city of Algiers in northern Algeria. It is situated 15 km (9.3 mi) south of central Algiers.

## Localities of the Municipality

During the administrative restructuring of 1984, the municipality of Sidi Moussa was formed from the following localities:

* Sidi Moussa(Main Town)

* Raïs
* Zouaoui
* Houaoura
* D'himat
* Ouled Allel
* Caïd Gacem
* Domaine Si Belaïd

## Economy

Although historically an agricultural area, starting from 1971, an industrial zone of 166 hectares was established around the prefabricated factory of the army DNC-ANP. This area is dedicated to metal, mechanical, wood, and construction industries employed at its peak more than 10,000 people.

## Population of Sidi Moussa

Sidi Moussa is a municipality situated over 43.27 square kilometers (5.347% of the total area). As of 2020, according to data from the Department of Statistics and Population Studies of Algeria (DPSB), the population of Sidi Moussa stands at 45,153 inhabitants, with a population density of approximately 1,044 individuals per square kilometer. This data underscores the demographic landscape and density within the municipality, reflecting its significance within the region.

## History

The commune was heavily struck by the Algerian Civil War: In 1993 and 1994 death squads conducted killings, in January 1997 there were further murders and in August 1997 the Rais massacre took place.

## InfoBox

| Sidi Moussa سيدي موسى | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 36°36′20″N 3°05′19″E / 36.60556°N 3.08861°E / 36.60556; 3.08861 | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Algiers |
| District | Baraki |
| Area | |
| Total | 39.56 km2 (15.27 sq mi) |
| Population (Average 1998-2008) | |
| Total | 40,750 |
| Density | 1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| ONS-Code 1637 | |


title: Sigrún Davíðsdóttir

abstract: Sigrún Davíðsdóttir is an Icelandic journalist and writer. She became the London correspondent for the Icelandic national broadcaster RÚV in 2000 and has been nominated as RÚV's Reporter of the Year. She is particularly noted for her coverage, since the 2008 Icelandic financial crisis, of financial crime, tax avoidance, and corruption, documented through her blog Icelog. She has, however, published a wide variety of books alongside her journalism.

text:
# Sigrún Davíðsdóttir

**Sigrún Davíðsdóttir** (born 1955) is an Icelandic journalist and writer. She became the London correspondent for the Icelandic national broadcaster RÚV in 2000 and has been nominated as RÚV's Reporter of the Year. She is particularly noted for her coverage, since the 2008 Icelandic financial crisis, of financial crime, tax avoidance, and corruption, documented through her blog *Icelog*. She has, however, published a wide variety of books alongside her journalism.

## Biography

Sigrún has three sons: Ingvar, Davíð and Ari Helgason. She moved from Iceland to Denmark in 1988, where she wrote a study of the return of manuscripts from Denmark to Iceland in the 1970s, before moving to London to work for RÚV in 2000.

## Books

### Cookery books

* *Matreiðslubók handa ungu fólki á öllum aldri* (Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið, 1978)
* *Matur: sumar, vetur, vor og haust* (Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið, 1980)
* *Brjóstagjöf og barnamatur* (Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið, 1982)
* *Pottarím* (Reykjavík: Íslenski kiljuklúbburinn, 1987)

### Novels

* *Silfur Egils* (Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið, 1989) \[winner of the Reykjavík City Literary Award 1990\]
* *Feimnismál* (Reykjavík: Mál og menning, 2006) \[referred to in some sources by its intended English title, *Uchronia*\]
* *Samhengi hlutanna* (Akranes: Uppheimar, 2011) \[referred to in some sources by its intended English title, *Not a Single Word*\]

### Research

* *Håndskriftsagens saga i politisk belysning*, trans. by Kim Lembek, Odense University studies in history and social sciences, 216 (Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag, 1999), ISBN 8778389984, ISBN 9788778389985
* "Útrás íslenskra fyrirtækja til Lundúna", ed. by Þór Sigfússon and Halldór Benjamín Þorbergsson, based on an idea and interviews by Sigrún Davíðsdóttir (Reykjavík: Viðskiptaráð Íslands, 2005)

### Anthologies

* *Antologi ur modern isländsk litteratur*, ed. by Sigrún Davíðsdóttir and Steingrímur Þórðarson (Reykjavík, 1980)

### Translations

Sigrún has also translated numerous books, including food-writing and several of the Beatrix Potter children's books.


title: Silent Youth

abstract: Silent Youth is a 2012 German gay drama film written and directed by Diemo Kemmesies.

text:
# Silent Youth

***Silent Youth*** is a 2012 German gay drama film written and directed by Diemo Kemmesies.

## Cast

## Participation in international festivals

2012:

* Festival Internacional de Cine de Valencia Cinema Jove (Spain)
* Hof International Film Festival (Germany) – German premiere 19 October 2012
* MOLODIST international film festival – Kiev (Ukraine)
* Pink Screens (Belgium)
* Torino Film Festival (Italy)
* Q! Film Festival 2012 – Jakarta (Indonesia)

2013:

* 15º Festival de invierno (Uruguay)
* 16. Pink Apple (Switzerland)
* Achtung Berlin (Germany)
* Human Rights Film Festival of Barcelona (Spain)
* Iris Prize Festival – Cardiff (UK)
* Philadelphia QFest (USA)
* Portobello Film Festival – London (UK)
* Queer Lisboa 17 – International Queer Film Festival (Portugal)

2014:

* Berlin Art Film Festival (Germany)
* Festival International de Cine LGBT El Lugar Sin Limites (Ecuador)
* Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival (USA)
* Out Twin Cities Film Festival – Minnesota (USA)
* Seattle Lesbian & Gay Film Festival (USA)
* Queer Filmfestival (Germany)

## InfoBox

| Silent Youth | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Diemo Kemmesies |
| Written by | Diemo Kemmesies |
| Produced by | Hannes Hirsch
Diemo Kemmesies
Albrecht von Grünhagen |
| Starring | Martin Bruchmann
Josef Mattes
Linda Schüle
Mathias Neubert |
| Cinematography | Albrecht von Grünhagen |
| Edited by | Diemo Kemmesies |
| Production
company | Milieu Film Production |
| Release dates | * 15 June 2012 (2012-06-15) (Spain, Festival Internacional de Cine de Valencia Cinema Jove) * 19 October 2012 (2012-10-19) (Germany, Hof International Film Festival) |
| Running time | 73 min |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | German |


title: Chad Stuart

abstract: David Stuart Chadwick, better known by his stage name Chad Stuart, was an English musician. He was one half of the duo Chad & Jeremy. Stuart has writing credits on four of the 11 Chad & Jeremy songs which entered the U.S. Hot 100. Stuart has sole credit for the duo's first hit, "Yesterday's Gone", and credits on "You Are She" (Stuart/Clyde), and "A Summer Song" (Stuart/Metcalfe/Noble), and "What Do You Want With Me" (Stuart/Clyde).

text:
# Chad Stuart

**David Stuart Chadwick** (10 December 1941 – 20 December 2020), better known by his stage name **Chad Stuart**, was an English musician. He was one half of the duo Chad & Jeremy.

Stuart has writing credits on four of the 11 Chad & Jeremy songs which entered the U.S. Hot 100. Stuart has sole credit for the duo's first hit, "Yesterday's Gone" (their only hit in the UK), and credits on "You Are She" (Stuart/Clyde), and "A Summer Song" (Stuart/Metcalfe/Noble), and "What Do You Want With Me" (Stuart/Clyde).

## Early life

Stuart was born on 10 December 1941 in Windermere, Westmorland, a town in the North West of England. His father, Frank Chadwick, was a foreman in the lumber industry and his mother, Frieda Chadwick (née Bedford), was a nurse. At five, Stuart's family moved to Hartlepool in the North East of England when his father's job was transferred.

At 10, Stuart was recognized for his musical talent and earned a scholarship to attend the Durham Cathedral Chorister School. After graduation, Stuart briefly attended an art school for a year before switching to drama. Stuart won a scholarship to the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. There, Stuart met fellow student Jeremy Clyde.

## Career

Stuart began working with Clyde as the British music duo Chad & Jeremy in 1962 and they had their first hit song in the UK with "Yesterday's Gone" (1963). That song became a hit in the United States in the following year as part of the British Invasion. The duo had a string of hits in the United States, including "Willow Weep for Me", "Before and After", and their biggest hit, "A Summer Song". Stuart also voiced one of the vultures in the 1967 movie The Jungle Book. After some commercial failures and divergent personal ambitions, Chad & Jeremy disbanded in 1968. In the early 1980s, the duo reunited to record a new album and perform concerts, including a multi-band British Invasion nostalgia tour.

Following the breakup of Chad & Jeremy, Stuart worked as a staff producer at A&M Records and musical director for the Smothers Brothers. Over the years, Stuart and Clyde reunited to record and tour. In 2003, the duo were officially reunited again and had a semi-regular touring schedule until Stuart's retirement in 2016.

On 20 December 2020, Stuart died of pneumonia following a fall.

## Personal life

Stuart was called Chad as a teenager and in 1964 legally changed his name. In 1964, Stuart married his first wife, English model Jill Gibson, whom he met while attending the Central School of Speech and Drama.

Stuart has several children and step-children. One of Stuart's sons, from his first marriage, is American television, film, and voice actor James Patrick Stuart.

Stuart later settled in the state of Idaho in the northwestern U.S.A.

Stuart supported and donated to Habitat for Humanity, the Humane Society, Horse Rescue, and other benefits. All profits from CD sales of his 2013 album *Chad Stuart & the KGB* went to stopping the slaughter of wild horses.

## Partial discography

### With Chad & Jeremy

### Solo

* "The Cruel War"/"I Can't Talk to You" (Chad & Jill single, 1966)
* *Don't Argue with an Elephant* (2010)
* *Chad Stuart and the KGB* (2013)

### As producer

*(List may be incomplete)*

| Year | Album | Artist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1969 | *Celebration of Life* Stuart also arranged | Gale Caldwell |
| 1969 | *Tarantula* | Taratula |
| 1970 | *Silent Song Through the Land* | Ron Davies |
| 1970 | *At Home* Producers: Glyn Johns, David Anderle, Chad Stuart | Lambert & Nuttycombe |
| 1970 | *Gift of Song* | Judith Durham |
| 1977 | *Tiny Little Star* Producers: Chad Stuart, Jimmie Haskell | Harry Sonoda |
| 1983 | *Chad Stuart & Jeremy Clyde* Executive producer: Gary Davis | Chad & Jeremy |
| 2002 | *Phil Hartman's Flat TV* | Phil Hartman |

## InfoBox

| Chad Stuart | |
| --- | --- |
| Chad Stuart in 1959, while attending the Durham Cathedral Chorister School. | |
| Born | David Stuart Chadwick
(1941-12-10)10 December 1941
Windermere, Westmorland, England |
| Died | 20 December 2020(2020-12-20) (aged 79)
Hailey, Idaho, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, producer |
| Years active | 1960–2018 |
| Spouse(s) | Jill Gibson (m. 1964; divorced)
Valerie Romero (divorced)
Judy Shelly (m. 2010) |
| Children | James Patrick Stuart |


title: Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa

abstract: Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa was an Indian politician from Indian National Congress. He served as the Member of Parliament from Belagavi in Karnataka, for four consecutive terms.

text:
# Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa

**Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa** (6 April 1936 – 27 April 2021) was an Indian politician from Indian National Congress. He served as the Member of Parliament from Belagavi in Karnataka, for four consecutive terms.

## Early life and background

Shanmukhappa was born at Sampagaon in Belgavi district (Karnataka). Basappa Sidnal (Indian freedom fighter) was his father.

## Personal life

Shanmukhappa was married to Smt. Sushila on 8 May 1966. and was the father of two sons and one daughter.

He died in 2021 from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

## Positions held

| # | From | To | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1958 | 1962 | President - Youth Congress, Belgaum district |
| 2 | 1969 | 1973 | General Secretary - D.C.C. Karnataka |
| 3 | 1973 | 1976 | Member of Karnataka Electricity Board |
| 4 | 1980 | 1984 | MP (1st term) in 7th Lok Sabha from Belgaum |
| 5 | 1984 | 1989 | MP (2nd term) in 8th Lok Sabha from Belgaum |
| 6 | 1989 | 1991 | MP (3rd term) in 9th Lok Sabha from Belgaum |
| | 6 Feb 1990 | | * Member of the Railway Convention Committee |
| | 1990 | | * Member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Industry |
| 7 | 1991 | 1996 | MP (4th term) in 10th Lok Sabha from Belgaum |

## InfoBox

| Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 6 April 1936<br>Sampagaon, Belgaum (Karnataka) |
| Died | 2021 |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Smt Sushila (8 May1966) |
| Education | B.A, LL.B |
| Profession | Lawyer & Agriculturist. |
|  | |


title: Sim Hun

abstract: Shim Daeseop, more commonly known by his art name Shim Hun, was a Korean novelist, poet, and playwright.

text:
# Sim Hun

**Shim Daeseop** (Korean: 심대섭; 12 September 1901 – 16 September 1936), more commonly known by his art name **Shim Hun** (also spelled **Sim Hun** or **Sim Hoon**), was a Korean novelist, poet, and playwright.

## Biography

Shim Hun was born in Seoul in 1901 to an old *yangban* family which for centuries held high government positions and served the royal court as ministers. His father is Shim Sang-jeong and his mother came from another notable Yangban family Yun (her father was a celebrated calligrapher). Shim Hun was the youngest of three sons and had one sister. He entered the Gyeongseong Ordinary School (경성보통학교, now Gyeonggi High School) in 1915, but due to his participation in the March 1st Movement protests against Japanese rule in Korea in 1919, was arrested and expelled. When he was in prison, Shim Hun wrote his famous impassioned letter to his mother vowing to fight for the freedom of his country ("the Greater Mother") from Japanese rule. Imprisoned for eight months, he went into exile in Hangzhou, China where he attended the Zhejiang University, returning to Korea in 1923.

From then until 1930, Shim Hun worked as a newspaper columnist and reporter at the *Dong-a Ilbo*, *Chosun Ilbo*, and *Joseon Jung-ang Ilbo*. His arranged marriage to his first wife Yi Hae-yeong (Korean: 이해영; Hanja: 李海暎) ended in divorce (1917-1924). Yi Hae-yeong was from the Yi royal family, the daughter of a duke. In 1930, Sim married Ahn Jeong-ok (1913-2004), a "modern woman" whom he met at a music-theatre group, with whom he had three sons; Jae-geun, Jae-gwang and Jae-ho. In 1935 he won an award for his most famous novel *Sangnoksu*; he used the prize money to create the Sangrok Academy. Sim is credited for the Sangrok (Evergreen Tree) movement which encouraged young, educated people to move to the countryside to educate and organize rural populace, and awaken them from their oppression (e.g., Japanese colonial rule, traditional landed gentry class). He died in 1936 of typhoid fever without seeing his country's independence that came in 1945.

## Works

Shim Hun was a prolific writer. In his short life, he wrote several novels, short stories, plays and poems. He was a meticulous writer who kept original copies of his writing; most of Sim's original manuscripts (over 4,000 pages)survive today. Sim's 1926 novel *Talchum* (탈춤, *Mask Dance*) was the first Korean novel to be made into a movie. He wrote a collection of poetry *Kunari Omyeon* (그날이 오면, *When that day comes*) to commemorate a student independence movement in Gwangju in 1930, in which he yearns for the day Korea gains independence from Japan. His novel *Dongbang-eui Aein* (동방의 애인, *Lover from the East*) was serialised in the *Chosun Ilbo* beginning in October 1930. His Jiknyuseong ("Weaver Girl" star or Constellation Lyra) was serialized in Chosun Joong Ang Ilbo in 1934 and is believed to honor and be inspired by his first wife Yi Hae-Yeoung's life. He wrote *Sangnoksu* (상록수, *Evergreen Tree*), a novel about rural development, in 1935 while staying in Dangjin, Chungcheongnam-do; it was published in 1949 in a novel collection commemorating the 15th anniversary of the *Dong-a Ilbo'*s establishment. Sim's last work was a poem "Joseonui Nama" or "Chosun's Son" which he wrote after learning that the Korean marathon runner Sohn Kee-chung won the gold medal for Marathon at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. As a colonial subject, Song was forced to run wearing the Japanese flag. Sim wrote the poem on the copy of the Special Bulletin that announced Sohn's victory.

*Kunari Omyeon* was published in 1949 since the original volume was censored and banned by the Japanese colonial government. A seven-volume series of his books, *Sim Hun's Books*, came out in 1952 and a three-volume series, *Shim Hun's Complete Works*, was republished in 1996.

## Legacy

Decades after his death in 1936, Shim Hun is still honored as one of the pioneers of modern Korean literature, for his patriotic service to Korea through resistance and the Sangrok Movement, and for living a life that was an embodiment of exceptional artistic talent, prolific writing, and vision for his country's future freed from the darkness of colonialism. Shim Hun's writings are mandatory readings for all students in South Korea today.

Shim Hun's high school issued an honorary graduation diploma in his name in 2005. His third son Shim Jae-Ho, who lives in Virginia, United States, holds the original manuscripts of many of his works; he lent them out to be displayed in Dangjin in 2010. In 2011, the Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation commemorated Shim Hun in its series of Medals of Korean Historical Figures; Shim was one of 100 notable historical figures to be recognized and honored.

## Pilgyeongsa

In 1932, Shim Hun designed and built his house Pilgyeongsa (필경사) in Dangjin, Chungcheongnam-do, where he wrote most of his major works and his children were born. Today, it is designated as a historical site preserved and managed by the Chungcheongnam-do Provincial Government. In addition, there is a Shim Hun Memorial adjacent to Pilgyeongsa; the government is planning to build a new, expanded memorial.

## InfoBox

| Sim Hun | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 심대섭 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Sim Daeseop* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sim Taesŏp* |
| Art name | |
| Hangul | 심훈 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Sim Hun* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sim Hun* |


abstract: Central High School is a public secondary school for grades 9-12 located in Grand Junction, Colorado. Its enrollment is 1,598, and it is operated by Mesa County Valley School District No. 51.

text:
# Central High School (Grand Junction, Colorado)

**Central High School** is a public secondary school for grades 9-12 located in Grand Junction, Colorado. Its enrollment is 1,598, and it is operated by Mesa County Valley School District No. 51.

## History

Central High School graduated its first class of seniors in 1948. The school was first established and located in an old adobe building at 29 Road and North Avenue, a site formerly occupied by Fruitvale Elementary School and Fruitvale High School. The current CHS building near E Road was first occupied in 1959.

In August 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama led a televised town hall meeting on healthcare reform at Central High School.

## Extracurriculars

Central High offers football, baseball, tennis, soccer, and wrestling.

Central publishes a school newspaper titled *The Warrior*, which highlights school issues, as well as a yearbook.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Central High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Central High School in 2006, the sign and mascot have since been changed. | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 550 Warrior Way
Grand Junction, Colorado 81504
United States | |
| Coordinates | 39°5′13″N 108°28′19″W / 39.08694°N 108.47194°W / 39.08694; -108.47194 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public high school |
| Motto | Where Warriors are Made |
| School district | Mesa County Valley 51 |
| CEEB code | 060690 |
| NCES School ID | 080435000600 |
| Principal | Lanc Sellden |
| Teaching staff | 81.61 (on an FTE basis) |
| Grades | 12 |
| Enrollment | 1,598 (2018–2019) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 19.58 |
| Color(s) | Red, white, gray
 |
| Athletics conference | CHSAA |
| Mascot | Warrior |
| Website | chs.d51schools.org |


title: Central High School (Davenport, Iowa)

abstract: Central High School, or Davenport Central High School is a public four-year comprehensive high school located in Davenport, Iowa. The school building opened in 1907 as "Davenport High School," and is now one of three public high schools part of the Davenport Community School District. The school, whose western side is located along U.S. Highway 61, draws students primarily from the southern, eastern, and central portions of the city. The school has an enrollment of approximately 1,582 students in grades 9 through 12, and offers over 40,000 courses in a four-block schedule. Central also has a variety of extracurricular activities, clubs, and teams. The school also houses the Davenport School District's high school autism program. The school complex is part of the College Square Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Central High School (Davenport, Iowa)

41°31′47″N 90°34′32″W / 41.5297°N 90.5756°W / 41.5297; -90.5756

**Central High School**, or **Davenport Central High School** is a public four-year comprehensive high school located in Davenport, Iowa. The school building opened in 1907 as "Davenport High School," and is now one of three public high schools part of the Davenport Community School District. The school, whose western side is located along U.S. Highway 61, draws students primarily from the southern, eastern, and central portions of the city.

The school has an enrollment of approximately 1,582 students in grades 9 through 12, and offers over 40,000 courses in a four-block schedule. Central also has a variety of extracurricular activities, clubs, and teams. The school also houses the Davenport School District's high school autism program. The school complex is part of the College Square Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## History

### Early years

High schools had operated in various buildings and Davenport since 1861, the longest-lived of those sites being in roughly the area where Seventh and Eighth, and Iowa streets are today. An early history of Davenport and Scott County stated that the building was opened in 1875, and "grew from year to year until the building was too small to accommodate the numbers."

In 1900, a site for a future high school was secured at the old Griswold College property, roughly where 12th and Main streets are today. The school board agreed to purchase the property from the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa for $53,000, and voters agreed to move forward with the purchase. The Davenport history described the site as "an ideal one for the high school of this city. The ground covers a block in the central part of Davenport; it is beautifully situated, centrally located and readily accessible."

School board members spent time studying "the best high school structures in the Mississippi Valley," and after outlining their wishes, the architectural firm of Clausen & Burrows were hired to draw up a blueprint for the new building. The H.B. Water Construction Co. of Danville, Ill., was hired as general contractor, and construction began in 1905. The groundbreaking was described as a "great outpouring of the inhabitants of this city," with students and Bishop Morrison of the Diocese of Iowa participating. The building's facade was made of Marquette rain-drop sandstone and red tile roof, floors of terrazo mosaic and hardwood maple, and French plate-glass windows.

Construction of the four-story tall (three stories above a "tall basement"), 202×204-foot building, was completed in January 1907, with a capital cost $347,000 and capacity for 1,600 students. The new building included a gymnasium, a 1,300-seat auditorium, a manual training room, science laboratories, a library, mechanical and free-hand drawing rooms, cafeteria and administrative offices. The science laboratories were described as being "the most abundantly supplied with the most modern apparatus and other means of successful instruction."

F.L. Smart was principal when the new high school opened; George Edward Marshall was named principal in 1907, and served until his death in 1932. The gymnasium, with seating for 4,000 people, is named after Marshall.

In 1910, there were seven course of study, each 40 weeks long and "sufficient to meet the wants of all students of high school age." Academic disciplines 100 years ago covered Latin, German, science, English, commercial business, manual training (for those entering industrial and technical careers) and domestic science. One hundred years later, different courses of study are in place.

### Davenport High to Davenport Central

For more than 40 years, the new Davenport High School building served as the city's lone high school, and until the late 1950s, the school also served the secondary education needs of much of Scott County as well. Bettendorf did not have its own high school until 1951, meaning many Bettendorf students wanting to further their education chose Davenport High. The same was true for many northern Scott County students prior to 1958, the year North Scott High School opened in Eldridge.

As for Davenport, by the late 1950s, the city had grown to more than 80,000 residents, and one high school campus was no longer enough to meet the city's needs. West High School opened in 1960 to accommodate students from the fast-growing west and northwest parts of the city, plus the surrounding rural areas of which the Davenport School District encompassed. "Davenport High" then became Davenport Central, and served the central, southern and northeast areas of Davenport. The city's third high school – North – opened in a renovated junior high school building in 1985 and served the northwest areas of Davenport.

Many additions and renovations have been made to the original 1905 high school building.

## Athletics

The school participates in the Mississippi Athletic Conference, and athletic teams are known as the Blue Devils. School colors are red and blue. The school fields athletic teams in 21 sports, including:

* **Summer**: Baseball, softball.
* **Fall**: Football, volleyball, girls' swimming, boys' cross country, girls' cross country and boys' golf.
* **Winter**: Boys' basketball, girls' basketball, wrestling, boys' swimming and boys' and girls' bowling.
* **Spring**: Boys' track and field, girls' track and field, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, girls' golf, boys' tennis and girls' tennis.

The school also has a cheerleading squad and a competitive dance team.

Davenport Central is classified as a 4A school (Iowa's largest 48 schools), according to the Iowa High School Athletic Association and Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union; in sports where there are fewer divisions, the Blue Devils are always in the largest class (e.g., Class 3A for wrestling, boys soccer, and Class 2A for golf, tennis and girls soccer). The school is a member of the 10-team Mississippi Athletic Conference (known to locals as the MAC), which comprises schools from the Iowa Quad Cities, along with DeWitt, Clinton and Muscatine high schools.

Davenport Central's biggest rivalries are with intercity rivals West and North high schools as well as Davenport Assumption High School, the city's private school.

### Successes

Throughout the school's history, Davenport Central has enjoyed great success in many of its sports, earning many MAC conference titles and producing all-state athletes that have enjoyed success at the collegiate level and in their careers.

For many years, Central − and Davenport High before that − enjoyed success in sports, including football, basketball, wrestling, track and baseball. Football teams have won numerous state titles in football, including Class 4A playoff titles in 1973, 1976 and 1983. Many former Blue Devil players won all-state honors, and several went on to illustrious careers in professional football, including Roger Craig of the San Francisco 49ers. From 1941 through 1970, Central − and Davenport High before that − won seven state titles and two runner-up trophies in boys basketball. Since then, Central teams have appeared in three state tournaments, winning two state runner up trophies (in 1979 and 2008).

* Baseball (11-time State Champions - 1940, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1960, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979)
* Boys' Basketball (12-time State Champions - 1913, 1920, 1921, 1929, 1930, 1941, 1947, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1958, 1970)
* Boys' Cross Country (2-time State Champions - 1951, 1971)
* Football (6-time State Champions - 1955, 1957, 1962, 1973, 1976, 1983)
* Boys' Tennis - 2007 Class 2A State Champions
* Boys' Track and Field (14-time State Champions - 1915, 1931, 1935, 1942, 1947, 1952, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 2005)
* Girls' Track and Field (2-time Class 3A State Champions - 1982, 1984)
* Volleyball - 1981 Class 2A State Champions
* Wrestling (2-time State Champions - 1954, 1956)

## Performing arts

**Choir**

The Vocal Music Program at Davenport Central travels and competes extensively, especially Central's two show choirs, "Blue Vibrations" (JV mixed) and "Central Singers, Inc." (varsity mixed). Along with West High School, Central hosts the Great River Show Choir Competition at the historic Adler Theater each February.

**Band**

Central's award-winning Band Program is under the direction of Alexander Wilga and David Nicholson, and consists of a Wind Ensemble, Symphonic Band, Freshman Concert Band, Jazz Band, Pep Band, and the Marching Blue Devils. The Marching Blue Devils appear regularly in Bands of America's Grand National Championships.

**Orchestra**

The Davenport Central Orchestra is under the direction of Kendra Elledge and has two orchestras consisting of the 9th grade "Freshman Orchestra" and the 10-12 grade "Concert Orchestra". Additionally, there is an extracurricular "Chamber Orchestra" that features students wishing for more difficult music and meets twice a week before school. The Chamber Orchestra competes in the "Solo and Ensemble Fest" during April, while the Concert Orchestra competes in the State Orchestras Contest. Both groups have historically placed at the top of their division for the past 10 years.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Central High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1120 Main Street
Davenport, Iowa 52803
USA | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public secondary |
| Motto | Communicate with Dignity and Respect |
| Established | 1904 |
| School district | Davenport Community Schools |
|  | |
|  | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Part of | College Square Historic District (ID83003628) |
| Added to NRHP | November 18, 1983 |
|  | |
| Superintendent | TJ Schneckloth |
| Principal | Jon Flynn Activities Kevin Petersen |
| Faculty | 90.35 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9−12 |
| Enrollment | 1,505 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 16.66 |
| Color(s) | Red and Blue |
| Athletics | Mississippi Athletic Conference |
| Mascot | Blue Devils |
| ACT average | 21.2 |
| Newspaper | *The BlackhawK* |
| Yearbook | *The Blackhawk* |
| Website | http://www.davenportschools.org/central |