title: Buridan's bridge

abstract: Buridan's Bridge is described by Jean Buridan, one of the most famous and influential philosophers of the Late Middle Ages, in his book Sophismata. It is a self-referential paradox that involves a proposition pronounced about an event that might or might not happen in the future.

text:
# Buridan's bridge

**Buridan's Bridge** (also known as **Sophism 17**) is described by Jean Buridan, one of the most famous and influential philosophers of the Late Middle Ages, in his book *Sophismata*. It is a self-referential paradox that involves a proposition pronounced about an event that might or might not happen in the future.

## The sophism

The sophism is:

> Socrates wants to cross a river and comes to a bridge guarded by Plato. The two speak as follows:
>
> *Plato:* "Socrates, if in the first proposition which you utter, you speak the truth, I will permit you to cross. But surely, if you speak falsely, I shall throw you into the water."
>
> *Socrates:* "You will throw me into the water."

Socrates' response puts Plato in a difficult situation. He could not throw Socrates into the water, because if he did he would violate his promise to let Socrates cross the bridge if he speaks the truth. On the other hand, if Plato allows Socrates to cross the bridge it would mean that Socrates spoke untruth when he replied: "You are going to throw me into the water." In that case Socrates should have been thrown into the water. In other words, Socrates could be allowed to cross the bridge if and only if he could not be.

## Buridan's solution

In order to solve the paradox Buridan proposes three questions:

1. Is the proposition uttered by Socrates: "You are going to throw me into the water" true, or is it false?
2. Is Plato's promise true or is it false?
3. "What ought Plato to do to fulfill his promise?"

In response to the first question Buridan states that it is impossible to determine if Socrates' proposition is true or false. This is because the proposition "You are going to throw me into the water" is a future contingent that could be true or false depending on what Plato is going to do. Dr. Joseph W. Ulatowski says that Buridan apparently used Aristotle's thesis about what "truth" is to come up with this response. Aristotle believed that a proposition is true if and only if it is verified by the state of things as they currently are. Contradicting the principle of bivalence, Buridan implies a system of three-valued logic in which there are three truth values*true*, *false*, and some indeterminate third value.

In determining the truth value of Plato's conditional promise, Buridan suggests that Plato's promise was false, and that because Plato gave his promise carelessly he is not obligated to fulfill the promise.

In discussing the third question, "What ought Plato to do to fulfill his promise", Buridan states that Plato should not have given a conditional promise in the first place. He also suggests that Plato could have made sure that the condition was formulated in such a way that it would not cause a contradiction; because Plato cannot fulfill his conditional promise without violating it, he is not obligated to fulfill the promise. Ulatowski points out that this interpretation is the contrapositive of a principle of Immanuel Kant: "ought implies can".

## Philosophers on the sophism and its solution

In his solution to the sophism, Walter Burley (d. 1344/1345) applied the principle "nothing is true unless at this instant" (*"nihil est verum nisi in hoc instanti"*) and concluded that "if a proposition is true it must be true now".

Dr. Dale Jacquette of the University of Bern says that "Plato can either permit Socrates to pass or have him seized and thrown into the river without violating his conditional vow". Jacquette argues that Plato's conditional promise was given only in regard to Socrates's proposition being clearly and unconditionally either true or false. To prove his point Jacquette asks, what would Plato have to do if Socrates had said nothing and was "as silent as a Sphinx", or if he uttered something that could not be either proven or "undisproven", something like Goldbach's conjecture. Jacquette concludes that Plato's conditional promise was true, and Socrates's proposition is "neither true *simpliciter* nor false *simpliciter*", and therefore Plato would be right regardless of the choice that he made.

In his book *Paradoxes from A to Z* Professor Michael Clark comes to the conclusion that if Plato is an honorable man, Socrates should not get wet under any circumstances. Clark argues that Socrates could say, "Either I am speaking falsely, and you will throw me in, or I am speaking truly, and you won't throw me in". Clark says that if this sentence is true, then it means that the first alternative "is ruled out", leaving us only with the second one. If this sentence is false, it means that both alternatives are false, and because Socrates spoke falsely "it will be false" to throw him into the river.

Dr. Joseph W. Ulatowski believes that since the truth value in Plato's conditional promise and even more so in Socrates's proposition is indeterminate, it means that Plato "ought to err on the side of caution with respect to the future contingency and allow Socrates to cross the bridge". In the same work Ulatowski offers a couple of humorous solutions to the paradox. Plato, Ulatowski says, could let Socrates to cross the bridge, and then throw him into water on the other side. Or both Plato and Socrates could combine their efforts and forcibly eject Buridan himself from Buridan's bridge.

## In *Don Quixote*

Buridan's bridge sophism was used by Miguel de Cervantes in *Don Quixote*, when Sancho was presented with the Buridan's bridge dilemma: A man who was going to cross the bridge was asked to respond truthfully where he was going or otherwise to face a death by hanging. The man "swore and said that by the oath he took he was going to die upon that gallows that stood there, and nothing else."

Sancho summarizes the situation by saying: "the man swears that he is going to die upon the gallows; but if he dies upon it, he has sworn the truth, and by the law enacted deserves to go free and pass over the bridge; but if they don't hang him, then he has sworn falsely, and by the same law deserves to be hanged". He then comes up with the solution, "that of this man they should let pass the part that has sworn truly, and hang the part that has lied; and in this way the conditions of the passage will be fully complied with". After Sancho makes this statement, the person who was asking for advice reasons with him:

> "But then, señor governor," replied the querist, "the man will have to be divided into two parts; and if he is divided of course he will die; and so none of the requirements of the law will be carried out, and it is absolutely necessary to comply with it."

Sancho comes up with the moral solution:

> ...there is the same reason for this passenger dying as for his living and passing over the bridge; for if the truth saves him the falsehood equally condemns him; and that being the case it is my opinion you should say to the gentlemen who sent you to me that as the arguments for condemning him and for absolving him are exactly balanced, they should let him pass freely, as it is always more praiseworthy to do good than to do evil.


title: Buridava

abstract: Buridava (Burridava) was a Dacian town situated in Dacia, later Dacia Apulensis, now Romania, on the banks of the river Aluta, now Olt. Later a Roman fort was built there.

text:
# Buridava

**Buridava** (*Burridava*) was a Dacian town situated in Dacia, later Dacia Apulensis, now Romania, on the banks of the river Aluta, now Olt.

Later a Roman fort (Buridava castra) was built there.

## Etymology

The name is Geto-Thracian

## History

### Dacian town

Together with the fortresses of Grădiștea and Tetoiu, it was part of an ingenious defensive system in the southeastern part of the residence of the Dacian kings in Sarmizegetusa.

Buridava was the chief trading center of the tribe of the Buri It was located at Ocnița

### Roman times

The Romans built the Buridava castra at Stolniceni (7 km from Ocnița)

## Archaeology

A fragment of a vase carrying the inscription BUR, indicates the name of the Dacian tribe Buridavensi In addition to the inscriptions in Latin capitals and cursives uncovered in 1973 and 1978, two inscriptions in Greek were discovered in the same years. They both date from the time of Augustus

## Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Buridava
| Top terrace | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within Romania | |
| Alternative name | *Burridava, Burridaua* |
| Location | Stolniceni, Vâlcea, Romania |
| Coordinates | 45°04′46″N 24°17′15″E / 45.079352°N 24.287605°E / 45.079352; 24.287605 |
| Altitude | 350 m (1,148 ft) |
| History | |
| Cultures | Buri |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists |  |
| Condition | Ruined |
|  | |
| Monument istoric | |
| Reference no. | VL-I-s-B-09556 |
|  | |
|  | |


# Sambo at the 2019 European Games – Women's 80 kg

The women's 80 kg sambo event at the 2019 European Games in Minsk was held on 23 June at the Minsk Sports Palace.

## Results

Legend * VS – Total victory by decisive superiority
* VH – Total victory – painful hold

Repechage

## InfoBox

| Women's 80 kg <br>at the 2019 European Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Minsk Sports Palace |
| Date | 23 June |
| Competitors | 8 from 8 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Bulgaria  Russia  Belarus  Ukraine | |


title: Burneston

abstract: Burneston is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 Census it had a population of 244, increasing to 311 at the 2011 Census. The village is close to the A1(M) road and is about 4 miles (6 km) south-east of Bedale.

text:
# Burneston

**Burneston** is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 Census it had a population of 244, increasing to 311 at the 2011 Census. The village is close to the A1(M) road and is about 4 miles (6 km) south-east of Bedale.

## History

The village is recorded in the *Domesday Book* as "Brennigston" and at the time was the property of Merleswein the Sheriff. The King passed ownership to Count Alan of Brittany, who made Robert of Moutiers the local landlord.

In 1591 the lordship was granted to Sir Richard Theakston by the Queen. It subsequently passed through the Pierse family of Bedale in 1639, the Wastell family in 1682, to eventually reside in 1830 with Matthew Montagu, 4th Baron Rokeby.

The old Roman road of Dere Street ran near the village and now follows the route of the A1(M).

The Robinson Almshouses in Main Street, later partly used as a school, were built in 1680 and are Grade II\* listed.

## Governance

Until 2023, Burneston was part of the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency. It was removed and added to the expanded Thirsk and Malton Constituency, in part due to areas from that constituency being created into a new seat of Wetherby and Easingwold. It is also in the Swale electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council. It forms part of the Leeming ward of Hambleton District Council which is represented by one councillor.

## Geography

The village lies 0.5 miles (0.8 km) west of the A1(M) road on the B6285. The nearest settlements are Theakston, 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north; Carthorpe 0.55 miles (0.9 km) to the south; Snape 2.7 miles (4.3 km) to the west and Pickhill 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to the east. It is 135 feet (41 m) above sea level. In the late nineteenth century the population was recorded as 253. According to the 2001 UK Census, the population of the village was 244 in 100 households, of which 196 were over sixteen years of age and 124 of those were in employment. There are 107 dwellings in total.

## Community facilities

The village has one public house, The Woodman Inn, and a post office. The village is served by three school bus services, one that picks up primary school children from the surrounding area who attend the village school, and two that serve secondary pupils attending Bedale High School, Outwood Academy or Ripon Grammar School. There is one regular bus service that stops in the village on the Bedale to Ripon route.

## Education

There is one school, the Burneston CE (Voluntary Aided) Primary School in the village. The school admits pupils from several of the nearby communities including Melmerby; Wath; Norton Conyers; East Tanfield; Middleton Quernhow; Sutton Howgrave; Kirklington; Carthorpe; Theakston and Exelby. Secondary education can be found at Bedale High School.

## Religion

The village church is dedicated to St Lambert. It was built in three stages between 1395 and 1550 and is a Grade I listed building. Though the village is its own civil parish, it is also part of the ecumenically United Parish of Kirklington, Burneston, Wath and Pickhill.

* Media related to Burneston at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Burneston | |
| --- | --- |
| St Lambert's Church, Burneston | |
| BurnestonLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| Population | 311 (2011 census) |
| OS grid reference | SE308850 |
| London | 200 mi (320 km) SSE |
| Civil parish | * Burneston |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Bedale |
| Postcode district | DL8 |
|  | |
| Police | North Yorkshire |
| Fire | North Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Burnet: A Life

abstract: Burnet: A Life is the official biography of Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, the Australian Nobel Prize-winning scientist, written by lawyer and biographer Christopher Sexton, and published in 1999 by Oxford University Press. The book was revised from the 1991 title The Seeds of Time. The Life of Sir Macfarlane Burnet for the centenary of Burnet's birth. Sexton wrote the book over a period of five years from archival information, interviews with Burnet's former scientific colleagues, and, notably, a series of frank, revealing interviews with Burnet himself prior to his death in 1985. Widely acclaimed and short-listed for The Age Book of the Year 1991, the work illuminates the life of one of Australia's greatest scientists and most influential thinkers. The book contains detailed bibliographic notes and a full CV for Burnet.

text:
# Burnet: A Life

***Burnet: A Life*** is the official biography of Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, the Australian Nobel Prize-winning scientist, written by lawyer and biographer Christopher Sexton, and published in 1999 by Oxford University Press. The book was revised from the 1991 title *The Seeds of Time. The Life of Sir Macfarlane Burnet* for the centenary of Burnet's birth.

Sexton wrote the book over a period of five years from archival information, interviews with Burnet's former scientific colleagues, and, notably, a series of frank, revealing interviews with Burnet himself prior to his death in 1985. Widely acclaimed and short-listed for The Age Book of the Year 1991, the work illuminates the life of one of Australia's greatest scientists and most influential thinkers. The book contains detailed bibliographic notes and a full CV for Burnet.

1. Silverstein, A.M. 1992. The Seeds of Time. The Life of Sir Macfarlane Burnet. by Christopher Sexton. *Science* 256:389-390


title: Burness Corlett Three Quays

abstract: Burness Corlett Three Quays (BCTQ) is a maritime consulting company. It was formed in 2005 from the merger of Burness Corlett and Partners (BCP) and Three Quays Marine Services (TQMS). From their office in Newcastle, BCTQ handle projects as varied as roll-on roll-off, cargo, oil and gas, wind-farm support, defense and port systems, large commercial passenger vessels, and private luxury yachts. Dr ECB Corlett, OBE, FREng established what would become BCP in 1952, based first in London, later in Basingstoke. BCP carried out marine surveys and structural examinations on many ship types, including stern trawlers, cable ships, container ships, liquid natural gas tankers, and passenger ferries. Corlett was fascinated with Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Britain; in 1967 he wrote to The Times to raise public interest in the plight of the ship which, at the time, was lying bottomed in a wrecked condition in Sparrow Cove, Falkland Islands. The ship was subsequently restored. Before the merger, Three Quays Marine Services was the technical services division of P&O, responsible for the design and development of P&O's fleet of passenger and cargo vessels and associated products and services.

text:
# Burness Corlett Three Quays

**Burness Corlett Three Quays** (BCTQ) is a maritime consulting company. It was formed in 2005 from the merger of **Burness Corlett and Partners** **(BCP)** and **Three Quays Marine Services** **(TQMS)** *.* From their office in Newcastle, BCTQ handle projects as varied as roll-on roll-off, cargo, oil and gas, wind-farm support, defense and port systems, large commercial passenger vessels, and private luxury yachts.

Dr ECB Corlett, OBE, FREng established what would become BCP in 1952, based first in London, later in Basingstoke. BCP carried out marine surveys and structural examinations on many ship types, including stern trawlers, cable ships, container ships, liquid natural gas tankers, and passenger ferries. Corlett was fascinated with Isambard Kingdom Brunel's *SS Great Britain;* in 1967 he wrote to *The Times* to raise public interest in the plight of the ship which, at the time, was lying bottomed in a wrecked condition in Sparrow Cove, Falkland Islands. The ship was subsequently restored.

Before the merger, Three Quays Marine Services was the technical services division of P&O, responsible for the design and development of P&O's fleet of passenger and cargo vessels and associated products and services.

## InfoBox

Burness Corlett Three Quays International (BCTQ)
| Industry | Maritime industry |
| --- | --- |
| Predecessors | Burness Corlett and Partners<br>Three Quays Marine Services |
| Founded | 2005 (2005) |
| Founder | Dr ECB Corlett |
| Headquarters | Newcastle, United Kingdom |
| Key people | Brian Corlett, Barry Gilmour |
| Number of employees | 26 |
| Website | bctq.com |


title: Samah Khaled

abstract: Samah Khaled is a Jordanian racing cyclist. She competed in the 2013 UCI women's road race and time trial in Florence. She also competed at the 2014 Asian Games. For the 2021 season, Khaled will join the Dubai Police team for its first season at UCI level.

text:
# Samah Khaled

**Samah Khaled** (born 1 May 1992) is a Jordanian racing cyclist. She competed in the 2013 UCI women's road race and time trial in Florence. She also competed at the 2014 Asian Games.

For the 2021 season, Khaled will join the Dubai Police team for its first season at UCI level.

## Major results

2020 3rd Overall Dubai Women's Tour 1st Stage 2

## InfoBox

Samah Khaled
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Samah Khaled |
| Born | (1992-05-01) 1 May 1992 |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |


abstract: Bushwick Leaders High School for Academic Excellence (BLHS) was a small New York City Public High School located in Bushwick, Brooklyn.

text:
# Bushwick Leaders High School for Academic Excellence

**Bushwick Leaders High School for Academic Excellence** (BLHS) was a small New York City Public High School located in Bushwick, Brooklyn.

## History

Bushwick Leaders High School was opened in 2002 serving only 9th graders and starting with fewer than 100 students. The school served 9th through 12th graders with more than 400 students on its roster at peak enrollment. Its original location was 271 Melrose Street.

The creator and principal of Bushwick Leaders is Catherine Reilly, who was asked to step down in 2020

In 2019, the high school was placed on the state status list due to low state test scores, notably in math. The school later announced it would be closing in 2022 and merging with neighboring schools.

## Advanced Placement (AP) and Honors

Several AP and Honors courses could be taken at Bushwick Leaders such as AP Spanish, AP Statistics, and AP Chemistry.

40°41′43″N 73°55′39″W / 40.69528°N 73.92750°W / 40.69528; -73.92750

## InfoBox

| Bushwick Leaders High School for Academic Excellence | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 797 Bushwick Avenue<br>Brooklyn, NY 11221 | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 2002 |
| Principal | Enrique Garcia |
| Enrollment | 415 |
| Website | http://www.bushwickleaders.org |


title: San Juan Open

abstract: The San Juan Open is a defunct Grand Prix affiliated men's tennis tournament played from 1980 to 1981. It was held in San Juan, Puerto Rico and played on outdoor hard courts. It was the successor tournament to the WCT Puerto Rico mens event staged once in 1975.

text:
# San Juan Open

The **San Juan Open** is a defunct Grand Prix affiliated men's tennis tournament played from 1980 to 1981. It was held in San Juan, Puerto Rico and played on outdoor hard courts. It was the successor tournament to the WCT Puerto Rico mens event staged once in 1975.

## Finals

### Singles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | Raúl Ramírez | Phil Dent | 6–3, 6–2 |
| 1981 | Eliot Teltscher | Tim Gullikson | 6–4, 6–2 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | Paul Kronk
Paul McNamee | Robert Trogolo
Mark Turpin | 7–6, 6–3 |
| 1981 | Tim Mayotte
Chris Mayotte | Tim Gullikson
Eliot Teltscher | 6–4, 7–6 |

## InfoBox

| San Juan Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct tennis tournament | |
| Event name | San Juan Open (1980–81) |
| Tour | Grand Prix circuit |
| Founded | 1980 |
| Abolished | 1981 |
| Editions | 2 |
| Location | San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Surface | Hard |


title: San Juan Ozolotepec

abstract: San Juan Ozolotepec is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 117.38 km². It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region. As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,779.

text:
# San Juan Ozolotepec

**San Juan Ozolotepec** is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 117.38 km². It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,779.

## InfoBox

| San Juan Ozolotepec | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| San Juan OzolotepecLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 16°08′N 96°15′W / 16.133°N 96.250°W / 16.133; -96.250 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Oaxaca |
| Area | |
| Total | 117.38 km2 (45.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 2,779 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |


title: Samoa–Turkey relations

abstract: Samoa–Turkey relations are foreign relations between Samoa and Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Wellington, New Zealand is accredited to Samoa since April 12, 1979.

text:
# Samoa–Turkey relations

**Samoa–Turkey relations** are foreign relations between Samoa and Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Wellington, New Zealand is accredited to Samoa since April 12, 1979.

## Diplomatic Relations

Turkey and Samoa have friendly relations. Through TIKA, Turkey cooperates with the European Investment Bank and JICA on the development of school buildings, district hospitals and reductions of the financial burden on the Samoan Development Bank through loan forgiveness.

Turkey also contributes—US $60.5 million to date— to Samoa Development Bank's lending programs to farmers and fishermen at large.

## Diplomatic Visits

| Guest | Host | Place of visit | Date of visit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister Malielegaoi | President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | World Humanitarian Summit, Istanbul | May 23–24, 2016 |
|

## Economic Relations

* Trade volume between the two countries was negligible million USD in 2019.

## InfoBox

Samoa-Turkey relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Samoa |
Turkey |
|  | |


title: Samoa–United States relations

text:
# Samoa–United States relations

Bilateral relations between Samoa and the United States are considered cordial and warm.

## History

Since 1967, the United States has supported a substantial Peace Corps program in Samoa. Over 1,700 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Samoa over that time, with 30 Volunteers currently in-country. The Peace Corps program emphasizes English literacy at the primary school level. Other forms of U.S. assistance to Samoa are limited. The U.S. Embassy, staffed by a single officer, is the smallest Embassy in Samoa and one of the few one-officer U.S. Embassies in the world.

The United States and Samoa signed the Shiprider Agreement on June 2, 2012, coinciding with the Samoan Golden Jubilee marking the country's 50th anniversary of independence. The bilateral agreement allows Samoan law enforcement personnel to enforce maritime law and fisheries regulations on board U.S. Coast Guard ships. The agreement applies to officers of the Samoan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and uniformed personnel of the Samoan Ministry of Police and Prison and the United States Coast Guard. Former Prime Minister Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi and United States Ambassador to Samoa David Huebner were the signatories of the agreement.

The current interim U.S. Ambassador to Samoa is Chargé d'Affaires Kevin Covert, accredited to both New Zealand and Samoa, who took over after the resignation of the Senate-confirmed Scott Brown. On July 16, 2021 US President Joe Biden nominated Udall to serve as United States Ambassador to Samoa and New Zealand; he has confirmed December 2, 2021.

This article incorporates public domain material from *U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets*. United States Department of State.

## InfoBox

Samoa – United States relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Samoa |
United States |
|  | |


title: But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted

abstract: But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted is the first album of songs by experimental folk artist Sam Amidon, going under the name Samamidon. The album was produced by Thomas Bartlett. It was initially released in 2007 by Plug Research in the US and Birdwar in Europe, and was reissued by Omnivore Recordings in 2015.

text:
# But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Prefix Mag |  |
| Popmatters |  |

***But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted*** is the first album of songs by experimental folk artist Sam Amidon, going under the name Samamidon. The album was produced by Thomas Bartlett. It was initially released in 2007 by Plug Research in the US and Birdwar in Europe, and was reissued by Omnivore Recordings in 2015.

## Background and recording

At the time of recording, Amidon was living in New York City and playing in the experimental indie rock bands Doveman and Stars Like Fleas. The album was recorded at Bartlett's home in Harlem, where Amidon then lived. Bartlett and Amidon had been friends since childhood and had played music together since a young age, as teenagers in the New England folk group Popcorn Behaviour, and later in Bartlett's indie rock band Doveman. The material drew from traditional American public domain folksongs, reworked by Amidon, as well as a spare reading of the Tears For Fears song "Head Over Heels."

## Release and reception

*But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted* was released in 2007 on the Los Angeles-based electronic music label Plug Research, featuring cover art drawn by Amidon with colours by Gabriel Greenberg. The song "Tribulation" was featured in a music video directed by Bartlett's brother Ezra Caldwell. The album received positive notices from critics and blogs, with Stylus Magazine calling it "the most interesting folk album of 2007" and Angry Ape saying "*But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted* is undoubtedly as engaging a sonic experiment as any you'll hear this year."

## Track listing

1. "Falsehearted Chicken" – 5:05
2. "True Born Sons of Levi" – 4:00
3. "Interlude" – 0:50
4. "Head Over Heels" – 3:11
5. "1842" – 5:01
6. "Another Man Done Gone" – 2:35
7. "Louis Collins" – 4:47
8. "Roll On John" – 2:54
9. "Rocky Island" – 2:48
10. "Tribulation" – 5:58
11. "Oh Where" – 3:00

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sam Amidon | |
| Released | 2007 |
| Recorded | Harlem |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 41:08 |
| Label | Plug Research and Omnivore Recordings |
| Producer | Thomas Bartlett |
| Sam Amidon chronology | |
| *Home Alone Inside My Head*
(2003) ***But This Chicken Proved Falsehearted***
(2007) *All Is Well*
(2008) | |


title: Samezu Station

abstract: .mw-parser-output.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output.infobox.navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-header,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-above,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-title,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-image,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}} Samezu Station is a railway station on the Keikyu Main Line in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keikyu. It has the station number "KK05".

text:
# Samezu Station

**Samezu Station** (鮫洲駅, *Samezu-eki*) is a railway station on the Keikyu Main Line in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keikyu. It has the station number "KK05".

## Lines

Samezu Station is served by the Keikyu Main Line.

## Station layout

Samezu Station is an elevated station with a single island platform serving two tracks. This station has side-tracks where fast trains can overtake local trains waiting on the platform.

### Platforms

| **1** | KK Keikyū Main Line | for Keikyū Kamata, Yokohama, and Uraga
KK Keikyū Zushi Line for Zushi·Hayama
KK Keikyū Kurihama Line for Keikyū Kurihama |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | KK Keikyū Main Line | for Shinagawa |

## History

Samezu station opened on 8 May 1904.

Keikyu introduced station numbering to its stations on 21 October 2010; Samezu was assigned station number KK05.

## InfoBox

| KK05
Samezu Station
鮫洲駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Samezu Station east entrance in July 2007 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1-2-20 Higashi-oi, Shinagawa, Tokyo
（品川区東大井1-2-20）
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°36′18″N 139°44′32″E / 35.6051°N 139.7423°E / 35.6051; 139.7423 |
| Operated by | Keikyu |
| Line(s) | Keikyu Main Line |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Other information | |
| Station code | KK05 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 1904 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Following station  TachiaigawaKK06towards Uraga  Main Line**Local**  Aomono-yokochōKK04towards Shinagawa | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Samezu StationLocation within Japan | |


title: San Martino del Vescovo

abstract: San Martino del Vescovo, also known as the Oratorio dei Buonomini di San Martino, is a Roman Catholic parish church, located in the small piazza of the same name in Florence, Italy. The ancient church of San Martino del Vescovo was an established place of worship in medieval Florence. Its documented existence can be traced back to the year 986. Either founded or endowed by the Bishop of Fiesole, the church was originally orientated differently to the existing oratory, and the building essentially caused the once sizeable piazza in which it was built to be bisected. This operation formed what is now known as the Piazza San Martino, which opens out in front of the Buonomini’s oratory and the Piazza del Cimatore. The lay confraternity of the Buonomini was formed to benefit the poveri vergognosi, as a grey stone plaque below a charity box announces on the façade. It was founded in 1442 by St Antonino Pierozzi and aided by a donation from Cosimo de' Medici the Elder. At some point in the past, their charitable operation moved from the house of Primerano di Jacopo, the shoemaker and one of the initial twelve good men, to the oratory in which they still reside to this day. Nine of the interior frescoes are attributed to the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio although their dating remains a contentious issue. Eight of the cycle of ten murals are based on the Seven Works of Corporal Mercy and show the Buonomini performing activities based on these tasks. The brothers are depicted giving food and drink to the thirsty, clothing the naked, visiting the sick, giving shelter to pilgrims, releasing a debtor from gaol, burying the dead, witnessing an espousal and making an initial visit to a family in need. The two frescoes which flank the altar show scenes from the life of St Martin of Tours. The lunette to the left of the altar shows Martin dividing his cloak for the beggar and the one to the right, depicts The Dream of Saint Martin; the latter has recently been attributed to Lorenzo di Credi. Inside is an altarpiece of a Madonna with Infant Jesus and St. John by Niccolò Soggi and a bust of St Antoninus which is attributed to Verrocchio. The Buonomini are to this day active in Florence although their charitable activities remain secret. Each Friday afternoon the twelve good men meet in the Sala Riunioni to discuss the confraternity's business. The frescoes and the interior of the oratory underwent a sympathetic restoration program in April 2011.

text:
# San Martino del Vescovo

**San Martino del Vescovo**, also known as the **Oratorio dei Buonomini di San Martino**, is a Roman Catholic parish church, located in the small piazza of the same name in Florence, Italy.

The ancient church of San Martino del Vescovo (Saint Martin of the Bishop) was an established place of worship in medieval Florence. Its documented existence can be traced back to the year 986. Either founded or endowed by the Bishop of Fiesole, the church was originally orientated differently to the existing oratory, and the building essentially caused the once sizeable piazza in which it was built to be bisected. This operation formed what is now known as the Piazza San Martino, which opens out in front of the Buonomini’s oratory and the Piazza del Cimatore.

The lay confraternity of the Buonomini (otherwise known as the Procurators of the Shamed Poor of Florence) was formed to benefit the *poveri vergognosi* ("the shamed poor"), as a grey stone plaque below a charity box announces on the façade. It was founded in 1442 by St Antonino Pierozzi and aided by a donation from Cosimo de' Medici the Elder. At some point in the past (certainly prior to 1482), their charitable operation moved from the house of Primerano di Jacopo, the shoemaker and one of the initial twelve good men, to the oratory in which they still reside to this day.

Nine of the interior frescoes are attributed to the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio although their dating remains a contentious issue. Eight of the cycle of ten murals are based on the Seven Works of Corporal Mercy and show the Buonomini performing activities based on these tasks. The brothers are depicted giving food and drink to the thirsty, clothing the naked, visiting the sick, giving shelter to pilgrims, releasing a debtor from gaol, burying the dead, witnessing an espousal and making an initial visit to a family in need. The two frescoes which flank the altar show scenes from the life of St Martin of Tours. The lunette to the left of the altar shows Martin dividing his cloak for the beggar and the one to the right, depicts *The Dream of Saint Martin*; the latter has recently been attributed to Lorenzo di Credi. Inside is an altarpiece of a *Madonna with Infant Jesus and St. John* by Niccolò Soggi and a bust of St Antoninus which is attributed to Verrocchio.

The Buonomini are to this day active in Florence although their charitable activities remain secret. Each Friday afternoon the twelve good men meet in the Sala Riunioni to discuss the confraternity's business. The frescoes and the interior of the oratory underwent a sympathetic restoration program in April 2011.

## Sources

* Borsook, Eve (1991). Vincent Cronin (ed.). *The Companion Guide to Florence*. Harper Collins. p. 95. ISBN 000215139-1.
* Bargellini, Pietro. *I Buonomini di San Martino*. Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze.
* Hughes-Johnson, Samantha. 'Early Medici Patronage and the Confraternity of the Buonomini di San Martino' Confraternitas, vol. 22, pp. 3–25, 2012, Toronto.
* Hughes-Johnson, Samantha. 'Divergent Hands: Two Scenes from the Life of Saint Martin of Tours in the Oratorio dei Buonomini di San Martino' Arte Cristiana, 2013.
* Hughes-Johnson, Samantha. 'Fashioning Family Honour in Renaissance Florence: The Language of Women's Clothing and Gesture in the Frescoes of the Confraternity of the Buonomini di San Martino in Florence' Confraternitas, vol. 23, pp. 3–31, 2013, Toronto.
* Hughes-Johnson, Samantha. 'I Buonomini di San Martino: Patrons and Facilitators of the Visual Arts in Quattrocento Florence' Confraternitas, vol. 25, pp. 5–31, 2014, Toronto.

43°46′15.07″N 11°15′24.59″E / 43.7708528°N 11.2568306°E / 43.7708528; 11.2568306


title: San Martino di Castrozza

abstract: San Martino di Castrozza is a mountain resort in the Primiero valley in the Trentino province in Italy. The western part, with 428 inhabitants, is in the comune of Siror, with the eastern, housing 135 inhabitants, in Tonadico.

text:
# San Martino di Castrozza

**San Martino di Castrozza** is a mountain resort in the Primiero valley in the Trentino province in Italy. The western part, with 428 inhabitants, is in the comune of Siror, with the eastern, housing 135 inhabitants, in Tonadico.

## History

The first buildings on the site of San Martino were a religious institution, the hospice of saints Martino and Giuliano, which welcomed travelers crossing the Alps by the Rolle Pass between the valleys of Primiero and Fiemme. All that remains of the hospice is the church of San Martino, which has a romanesque bell-tower.

The first alpine hotel in San Martino was built by the Irish traveller, John Ball in 1873. By the first decade of the 20th century San Martino di Castrozza was already established as a tourist destination for the wealthy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, of which Trentino then formed part. The resort was rebuilt after the devastation of the First World War, and grew rapidly thereafter.

## Geography

San Martino is situated in a valley of green meadows, in the Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino Natural Park. It is surrounded by peaks of the Dolomites, including the Pale di San Martino, of which the highest peaks are Vezzana and the Cimon della Pala.

## In culture

## InfoBox

| San Martino di Castrozza | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
| San Martino di CastrozzaLocation of San Martino di Castrozza in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 46°16′N 11°48′E / 46.267°N 11.800°E / 46.267; 11.800 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol |
| Province | Trentino |
| *Comune* | Siror<br>Tonadico |
| Elevation | 1,487 m (4,879 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 563 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 38054 |
| Dialing code | +39 0439 |


title: Samuel Hoi

abstract: Samuel "Sammy" Hoi is a Hong Kong-born American retired lawyer, academic administrator, and college president. He was the president of Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) from 2014 until 2023; and the president of Otis College of Art and Design, from 2000 through 2014.

text:
# Samuel Hoi

**Samuel "Sammy" Hoi** is a Hong Kong-born American retired lawyer, academic administrator, and college president. He was the president of Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) from 2014 until 2023; and the president of Otis College of Art and Design, from 2000 through 2014.

## Education

Samuel Hoi was born and raised in British Hong Kong (now Hong Kong, China). His father founded Cathay Arts, a company that specialized in fine traditional Chinese furniture and art objects. As a teenager he immigrated with his family to the U.S..

Hoi attended Columbia College, Columbia University in New York City and graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, with a B.A. degree in French and psychology. He earned a J.D. degree from Columbia Law School and became a member of the New York State Bar (which is no longer active). Shortly thereafter, he entered Parsons School of Design and received an A.A.S. degree in illustration.

## Career

Hoi is an advocate for art and design education and creative professionals in social, economic, and cultural advancement. At Otis, he has shepherded new academic initiatives involving innovative partnerships and community engagement, such as the Otis Integrated Learning Program. Since 2007, Otis commissioned the annual Otis Report on the Creative Economy of the Los Angeles Region.

Prior to joining Otis, Hoi served as director of Parsons Paris, the Paris campus of Parsons School of Design. He was then dean of the Corcoran College of Art and Design in Washington, D.C.. While at the Corcoran, Hoi created the Visual Arts Community Outreach Program, serving the inner-city youth of Washington, D.C. from 1991 to 2000. The program received a National Multicultural Institute Award and a Coming Up Taller Award from the President's Committee on Arts and Humanities.

He has juried numerous exhibitions and served on panels for the National Endowment for the Arts, Ford Foundation, Pew Center for Arts & Heritage, Surdna Foundation, Wallace Foundation, the DC Commission on Art and Humanities, and the California Community Foundation.

Hoi has served on boards for many organizations, including the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), the Arena Stage, Arts and Humanities Education Collaborative, Inc., Washington Lawyers for the Arts, and the Alliance for Young Artists and Writers, Inc. From 2004 to 2009, he chaired the board of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). Currently, he is chair of the board of United States Artists (USA), serves on the board of The James Irvine Foundation, and is a member of the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy and Jobs. He also serves on the National Advisory Board of the Strategic National Arts Alumni Project (SNAAP).

Hoi was the president of the Maryland Institute College of Art for 9 years, starting on July 1, 2014. In September 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the full-time faculty at MICA declared a vote of no confidence in the senior leadership, including Hoi, citing "inadequate and chaotic operation of the current administration". Hoi announced that he would retire, with an intention to step down at the end of December 2023.

## Awards and honors

Hoi holds an honorary doctorate from the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design. In 2006, and was decorated by the French government as an Officer of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques. In addition, he is a recipient of the City of Angels Award from the LAX Coastal Chamber of Commerce and the Artistic License Award from California Lawyers for the Arts.

## Personal life

Hoi's preference for cowboy boots developed when he was finishing up at Columbia University. Already interested in dress as a way of visibly meshing a multicultural background, he decided that cowboy boots were an ideal fit in more ways than one. They were comfortable and suitable to his long stride and natural rhythm while versatile enough to wear with anything from jeans to suits. When people noticed his boots, he was pleased; not only did the boots reinforce his desire to be more individualistic, "they were a symbolic indication of my enrichment, the boot being something of the West and also a foreshadowing of my coming to Los Angeles."

## InfoBox

| Samuel Hoi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of Otis College of Art and Design | |
| **In office**
2000–2014 | |
| President of Maryland Institute College of Art | |
| **In office**
July 2014  December 2023 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | British Hong Kong (now Hong Kong, China) |
| Education | Columbia College, Columbia University,
Columbia Law School,
Parsons School of Design |
| Occupation | Lawyer, academic administrator, college president, illustrator |
| Awards | Ordre des Palmes Académiques (2006) |
|  | |


title: Samuel Hoffman

abstract: Samuel J. Hoffman was a notable thereminist.

text:
# Samuel Hoffman

**Samuel J. Hoffman** (July 23, 1903 in New York City  December 6, 1967 in Los Angeles) was a notable thereminist.

## Biography

At age 14, began playing the violin professionally in New York City, leading nightclub and society bands under the stage name Hal Hope. In the early 1930s, he acquired a 1929 RCA theremin in payment of a debt, and in 1936, he had formed a nine-piece swing orchestra in which he played both violin and theremin. Later, he formed Hal Hope’s Electronic Trio, which featured Hoffman and his theremin along with a Hammond organ and a theremin-fingerboard electric cello.

Hoffman became a podiatrist and relocated his practice to Los Angeles in 1941 and registered with American Federation of Musicians Local 47 to pick up occasional music jobs. In 1944, composer Miklos Rozsa decided he wanted to use a theremin in the orchestral score of Alfred Hitchcock's 1945 film *Spellbound*, he contacted Hoffman, the only thereminist listed in the union register who could read music. The same year, Rozsa enlisted Hoffman's theremin playing in his score for *The Lost Weekend*. Both scores received nominations for Academy Award for Best Original Score, and the score for *Spellbound* won. In the wake of the success of *Spellbound*, Hoffman was asked to play theremin on several other horror and noir soundtracks in the late 1940s, including *The Spiral Staircase (1946 film)|The Spiral Staircase* (1946), *The Red House* (1947), and *Impact* (1949). He also performed on the soundtrack of the Bing Crosby/Bob Hope comedy *Road to Rio* (1947).

Hoffman began performing under his real name; he was customarily referred to as "Doctor" due to his profession. In 1947, Hoffman collaborated with bandleader Les Baxter and Harry Revel to record *Music Out of the Moon*, which is considered the best-selling theremin record of all time. The following year, Baxter, Revel, and Hoffman regrouped to record the Corday Perfume-sponsored and fragrance-themed album *Perfume Set To Music*, which reached number 1 on the Variety chart that December. In 1950, Revel and Hoffman teamed up with Billy May for a third album, *Music For Peace Of Mind*. These albums were forerunners to exotica; they also influenced Sun Ra, who recorded a composition from *Perfume Set to Music* on his first LP, *Jazz by Sun Ra*.

In 1950, Hoffman played on his first science fiction film soundtrack, *Rocketship X-M*. Soundtrack work for several other science fiction films followed, including *The Thing from Another World* (1951) and *The Day The Earth Stood Still*, whose music would be used as the title theme for the pilot episode of the TV Series *Lost in Space*, as well as in various episodes of *Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea*.

Hoffman also made a number of TV show appearances, including on *You Asked for It*, *Truth or Consequences*, *The Mickey Mouse Club*, and *The Johnny Carson Show*.

Hoffman died of a heart attack on December 6, 1967. One of his last recordings was *Safe as Milk* by Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band, where he appeared on two tracks.

Post mortem, Samuel Hoffman's original RCA theremin was purchased by Peter Pringle from Hoffman's family, as stated by Pringle in many videos in which he plays the instrument.

## Discography

### Studio albums

These albums are compiled and remastered in *Waves in the Ether: The Magical World of the Theremin (2004).*

### Soundtracks


title: Samuel Holden House

abstract: The Samuel Holden House is a historic house, now located on the grounds of the Moose River Golf Club on United States Route 201 in Moose River, Maine. This 1+1⁄2-story Cape style house was built in 1829 by Samuel Holden (1772-1858), the first white settler of the region, and is the oldest known house standing on the "Canada Road", built around that time to join central Maine to Quebec. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

text:
# Samuel Holden House

The **Samuel Holden House** is a historic house, now located on the grounds of the Moose River Golf Club on United States Route 201 in Moose River, Maine. This 1+12-story Cape style house was built in 1829 by Samuel Holden (1772-1858), the first white settler of the region, and is the oldest known house standing on the "Canada Road", built around that time to join central Maine to Quebec. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

## Description and history

The Holden House stands on the east side of United States Route 201 in the rural center of the town of Moose River. It is set on the fringe of the Moose River Golf Club, a nine-hole golf course set on lands formerly belonging to the Holden family. The house is a 1+12-story wood frame Cape style house, set facing south on a stone foundation and clad in weatherboard siding. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance framed by pilasters and topped by a transom window. A single small gable-roof dormer pierces the roof above the entrance. Southeast of the house stands a gable-roofed barn that appears to date to the late 19th century.

The house has undergone a significant number of alterations since its construction. In the early 20th century (and possibly earlier) it was used as a boarding house for travelers on the road, for which purposes ells were added to the east side of the house. Although these were present when the house was surveyed for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, they have since been removed. The house was listed by Maine Preservation as an endangered property in 1998, and in 2008 a preservation plan was developed. The house has since undergone a careful restoration to its early-19th-century appearance.

Built in 1829, the house was the third home built by Samuel Holden, a Massachusetts native who was the first white settler of the area, arriving in 1820 with a family of nine children. Tradition has it that Holden built his first log cabin in 1819, at a location north of this house, moving the family to the area the following year. His first cabin was destroyed by fire in 1820, and was rapidly replaced by another, built at this location. That cabin was replaced by the present frame house in 1829, and is fashioned from mill-sawn lumber. Holden's house was a major focal point of the community in its early years, serving as a site for school classes prior to the construction of the community's first schoolhouse, and as its first post office.

The house was owned by Holden descendants until 1872, and underwent a succession of owners until it was acquired by the town in 1993.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Samuel Holden House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | US 201 E side, Moose River Golf Club, Moose River, Maine |
| Coordinates | 45°39′4″N 70°15′54″W / 45.65111°N 70.26500°W / 45.65111; -70.26500 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1829 (1829) |
| Architectural style | Early Republic |
| NRHP reference No. | 95001459 |
| Added to NRHP | December 14, 1995 |


title: Business consultant

abstract:
A business consultant is a professional who provides professional or expert advice or service in a particular area such as security, management, accountancy, law, human resources, marketing, financial control, engineering, science, digital transformation, exit planning or any of many other specialized fields. A consultant is usually an expert or a professional in a specific field and has a wide area of knowledge in a specific subject. Consultants can save their clients time, increase revenue, and maintain resources. The role of a consultant outside the medical sphere can fall under one of two general categories:
  - Internal consultant – someone who operates within an organization but is available to be consulted on areas of specialism by other departments or individuals; or
  - External consultant – someone who is employed externally and whose expertise is provided on a temporary basis, usually for a fee. As such this type of consultant generally engages with multiple and changing clients. The overall impact of a consultant is that clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired. In the United Kingdom between 1992 and 2011, government funding provided via Business Link could be used to enable small businesses to access business consultancy services.

text:
# Business consultant

A **business consultant** (from Latin *consultare*, "to discuss") is a professional who provides professional or expert advice or service in a particular area such as security (electronic or physical), management, accountancy, law, human resources, marketing (and public relations), financial control, engineering, science, digital transformation, exit planning or any of many other specialized fields.

A consultant is usually an expert or a professional in a specific field and has a wide area of knowledge in a specific subject. Consultants can save their clients time, increase revenue, and maintain resources. The role of a consultant outside the medical sphere (where the term is used specifically for a grade of doctor) can fall under one of two general categories:

* Internal consultant – someone who operates within an organization but is available to be consulted on areas of specialism by other departments or individuals (acting as clients); or
* External consultant – someone who is employed externally (either by a firm or some other agency) and whose expertise is provided on a temporary basis, usually for a fee. As such this type of consultant generally engages with multiple and changing clients.

The overall impact of a consultant is that clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired.

In the United Kingdom between 1992 and 2011, government funding provided via Business Link could be used to enable small businesses to access business consultancy services.

## Research

A large-scale survey of business consultancy assignments, reported in 2004, found that repeat business and referrals from third parties were key determinants of consultant appointments.

## Further reading


title: Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect

abstract: The Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect is a Bulgarian dialect spoken in the regions of Pleven, Byala Slatina and Kula in northwestern Bulgaria. The dialect is part of the Northwestern Bulgarian dialects. The most significant feature of the dialect, as in all Western Bulgarian dialects, is the pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat) only as instead of formal and Eastern Bulgarian я/е (~) – бел/бели instead of бял/бели. Otherwise, the Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect bears strong resemblance to its neighbouring Eastern Bulgarian dialects and with some exceptions, mainly the pronunciation of yat, has the same phonological and morphological features as the neighbouring subdialects of the Eastern Bulgarian Central Balkan dialect.

text:
# Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect

The **Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect** is a Bulgarian dialect spoken in the regions of Pleven, Byala Slatina and Kula in northwestern Bulgaria. The dialect is part of the Northwestern Bulgarian dialects. The most significant feature of the dialect, as in all Western Bulgarian dialects, is the pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat) only as ɛ instead of formal and Eastern Bulgarian я/е (ʲa~ɛ) – *бел/бели* instead of бял/бели. Otherwise, the Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect bears strong resemblance to its neighbouring Eastern Bulgarian dialects and with some exceptions, mainly the pronunciation of yat, has the same phonological and morphological features as the neighbouring subdialects of the Eastern Bulgarian Central Balkan dialect.

## Phonological and morphological characteristics

* Ending **(ə)** (in a stressed syllable) and slightly reduced **a** (in an unstressed syllable) in the verbs of 1st and 2nd conjugation (as in Standard Bulgarian) - *мръ*, *пиша*
* Future tense particle **ще/ше** as in Standard Bulgarian and the Central Balkan dialect \- *ще/ше ида* (I will come)
* Ending schwa **(ə)** in stressed syllables of female nouns (as in the Central Balkan dialect) - *женˈъ, горˈъ* (woman, forest)
* Pronunciation of the little yus (ѧ) as **(ə)** \- *шъпа, жътва* (palm, harvest)
* Participles *ньега* and *гьа* for 3rd person singular feminine agglomerative case instead of Standard Bulgarian *нея*/*я*

Most other phonological and morphological characteristics of the dialect are the same as the general features typical for all Northwestern Bulgarian dialects (cf. article for details).


title: Byala polyana

abstract: Byala polyana is a village in Kardzhali Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

text:
# Byala polyana

**Byala polyana** is a village in Kardzhali Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Byala polyana Бяла поляна | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Byala polyana | |
| Coordinates: 41°41′00″N 25°38′00″E / 41.6833°N 25.6333°E / 41.6833; 25.6333 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kardzhali Province |
| Municipality | Kardzhali |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Samuel S. Walker

abstract: Samuel Snow Walker was an American businessman and politician. He was a one-term member of the Michigan House of Representatives and a regent of the University of Michigan for eight years.

text:
# Samuel S. Walker

**Samuel Snow Walker** (June 11, 1841 – December 9, 1909) was an American businessman and politician. He was a one-term member of the Michigan House of Representatives and a regent of the University of Michigan for eight years.

## Life

Walker was born June 11, 1841, in Fredonia, New York, to Alva Walker and Olivia Snow. His father was elected to the New York State Senate in 1853 and served for two years before moving with his family to Detroit in 1855. Samuel Walker attended the Fredonia Academy (now SUNY Fredonia) until the family moved to Detroit, and attended the University of Michigan from 1857 to 1861, graduating with a bachelor of science degree. He married Mary M. Chapin of Ann Arbor, Michigan, on January 14, 1864.

Walker engaged in various business concerns, and organized the Michigan Mortgage Company in 1888.

He served as a Republican representative from Clinton County in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1875 to 1877, and served on the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan from 1876 until 1884.

Walker died at his home in Old Mission, Michigan, on December 9, 1909.

* *Portrait and Biographical Album of Clinton and Shiawassee Counties, Mich.*, Chicago: Chapman Bros., 1891, pp. 202–205, retrieved October 23, 2018
* "Obituaries", *The Michigan Alumnus*, vol. 16, Alumni Association of the University of Michigan, January 1910, p. 195, WISC:89101008027, retrieved October 23, 2018


title: San Pedro de Buena Vista

abstract: San Pedro de Buena Vista is a small town in Bolivia, capital of the province of Charcas in the north of the department of Potosí.

text:
# San Pedro de Buena Vista

**San Pedro de Buena Vista** is a small town in Bolivia, capital of the province of Charcas in the north of the department of Potosí.

18°13′S 65°59′W / 18.217°S 65.983°W / -18.217; -65.983

## InfoBox

| San Pedro de Buena Vista | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (BOT) |


title: Buttered toast phenomenon

abstract: The buttered toast phenomenon is an observation that buttered toast tends to land butter-side down after it falls. It is used as an idiom representing pessimistic outlooks. Various people have attempted to determine whether there is an actual tendency for bread to fall in this fashion, with varying results.

text:
# Buttered toast phenomenon

The **buttered toast phenomenon** is an observation that buttered toast tends to land butter-side down after it falls. It is used as an idiom representing pessimistic outlooks. Various people have attempted to determine whether there is an actual tendency for bread to fall in this fashion, with varying results.

## Origins

Written accounts can be traced to the mid-19th century. The phenomenon is often attributed to a parodic poem of James Payn from 1884:

> I never had a slice of bread,
> Particularly large and wide,
> That did not fall upon the floor,
> And always on the buttered side!

In the past, this has often been considered just a pessimistic belief. A 1991 study by the BBC's television series *Q.E.D.* found that when toast is tossed into the air, it lands butter-side down just one-half of the time (as would be predicted by chance). However, several scientific studies have found that when toast is dropped from a table (as opposed to being thrown in the air), it more often falls butter-side down. A study on this subject by Robert Matthews won the Ig Nobel Prize for physics in 1996.

## Explanation

When toast falls out of one's hand, it does so at an angle causing the toast to rotate. Given that tables are usually between two and six feet (0.7 to 1.83 meters), there is enough time for the toast to rotate about one-half of a turn, and thus lands upside down relative to its original position. Since the original position is usually butter-side up, the toast lands butter-side down. However, if the table is over 10 feet (3.0 meters) tall, the toast will rotate a full 360 degrees, and land butter-side up. Also, if the toast travels horizontally at over 3.6 miles per hour (1.6 m/s), the toast will not rotate enough to land butter-side down.

Professor Robert Matthews argued that the phenomenon is ultimately based in the fundamental physical constants. His reasoning was as follows. The height of the table from which a toast usually falls is directly related to the height of humans. Matthews proceeds to deduce the limits for a safe average human height from a simple chemical bond model: if a skull is higher than three meters from the ground, then a fall will lead to its fracture due to fracture of the chemical bonds after its acceleration under the Earth gravity. And here are the physical constants in question, quoting professor Matthews: "the electromagnetic fine-structure constant - determines the strength of the chemical bonds in the skull, while the second - the gravitational fine-structure constant - determines the strength of gravity. Finally, the so-called Bohr radius dictates the size of atoms making up the body.". For this work Matthews earned the 1996 Ig Nobel Prize in physics.

### Other factors

The added weight of the butter has an effect on the falling process, since the butter spreads throughout the slice. A piece of toast has inertia as it flips towards the floor, preventing its spin from stopping easily; it is usually only stopped by hitting the floor. This moment of inertia is determined by the speed at which the toast is flipping, combined with the size and mass of the toast. Because most toast is relatively uniform, they often land in a similar manner.

## Jokes

The buttered cat paradox is a question that asks if toast always lands butter side down and cats always land on their feet, what would happen if a slice of toast were attached butter-side-up to the back of a dropped cat?

A Wise Man of Chelm joke recounts a housewife being amazed at a slice of bread falling buttered side up one morning, contrary to the idiom. After consulting the elders at the synagogue at some length, they conclude: "Madam, the problem is that you have buttered the wrong side of the bread."


title: Elachista serra

abstract: Elachista serra is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Canada, where it has been recorded from Labrador.

text:
# Elachista serra

***Elachista serra*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Canada, where it has been recorded from Labrador.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista serra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. serra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista serra***<br>Kaila, 1996 | |
|


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

abstract: Sarah Jones is an English musician based in London, best known for her work as a session and touring drummer. She is a founding member of NYPC, and has also served as a touring drummer for musicians such as Aynsley Lister, Harry Styles, Bat for Lashes, post-punk revival band Bloc Party, and synthpop band Hot Chip. Additionally, she has released several solo singles under the moniker Pillow Person. In 2020, she played drums on the Puscifer album Existential Reckoning.

text:
# Sarah Jones (drummer)

**Sarah Jones** (born 31 August 1985) is an English musician based in London, best known for her work as a session and touring drummer. She is a founding member of NYPC, and has also served as a touring drummer for musicians such as Aynsley Lister, Harry Styles, Bat for Lashes, post-punk revival band Bloc Party, and synthpop band Hot Chip. Additionally, she has released several solo singles under the moniker **Pillow Person**. In 2020, she played drums on the Puscifer album *Existential Reckoning*.

## Early career

Jones showed an interest in music from an early age. In an interview with *Tom Tom Mag*, she stated that she started off playing the piano, and "although \[she\] liked it", the piano "wasn't exactly what \[she\] was looking for." Jones began learning the drums after a family friend left a kit at her house, having been taught basic beats by her cousin. She also noted: "My dad had some friends who would come around and play together on the weekends. I'd sit and watch them, and soon I started joining in." Not long after, Jones began drumming in local bands and subsequently touring the UK and Europe.

## Career

### Harry Styles

Jones played drums and provided backing vocals for Harry Styles's world tour, including an April 2017 performance on *Saturday Night Live*, playing "Sign of the Times" and "Ever Since New York". The tour itself began on 19 September 2017 and ended on 14 July 2018.

Jones has continued as drummer for Styles following his sophomore record, *Fine Line* (2019), including its promotion and subsequent international Love on Tour (2020–2023).

### Pillow Person

Jones has written and performed three electropop songs – "Go Ahead" (2016), "On Your Way" (2017) and "Kitchen" (2017)—under the name Pillow Person.

### NYPC

Jones is a member of NYPC (originally New Young Pony Club), an electronic music band that released three albums between 2007 and 2013.

## Personal life

Jones is married to Styles's guitarist, Mitch Rowland. In 2021, they announced they were having a baby together.

## InfoBox

| Sarah Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| Jones drumming with Hot Chip at Lollapalooza 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Pillow Person |
| Born | (1985-08-31) 31 August 1985<br>London, England |
| Origin | Hereford, England |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Musician * songwriter |
| Instruments | * Drums * vocals |
| Years active | 2000–present |
|  | |
| Website | pillowperson.bandcamp.com |


title: Stephen McPhail

abstract: Stephen John Paul McPhail is an Irish former professional footballer and the sporting director of Shamrock Rovers in the League of Ireland Premier Division. A play-making central midfielder, McPhail started his career at Leeds United in the Premier League. He subsequently found success at Cardiff City, making over 150 appearances and being part of their promotion-winning 2012–13 Football League Championship side. McPhail was capped ten times for the Republic of Ireland national team, scoring one goal.

text:
# Stephen McPhail

**Stephen John Paul McPhail** (born 9 December 1979) is an Irish former professional footballer and the sporting director of Shamrock Rovers in the League of Ireland Premier Division. A play-making central midfielder, McPhail started his career at Leeds United in the Premier League. He subsequently found success at Cardiff City, making over 150 appearances and being part of their promotion-winning 2012–13 Football League Championship side. McPhail was capped ten times for the Republic of Ireland national team, scoring one goal.

## Early life

McPhail was born in Westminster, London, and raised in Rush, Dublin, Ireland.

## Club career

### Leeds United

McPhail started his career by coming through the youth ranks at Leeds United. His playing style led former Arsenal manager George Graham to christen him "the new Liam Brady". He began to make an impact on the first team during the 1997–98 season, making his debut in February 1998 against Leicester City, and went on to make several substitute appearances that campaign. The highlight of his debut season was a 50-yard lob pass to Leeds and future Cardiff City teammate Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, which some Leeds fans described as "one of the passes of the season".

He started to become a regular for the side during the 1999–2000 season, after making several sub appearances, when he was given a long run in the first team squad. McPhail was rewarded with a new five-year contract at the Yorkshire club soon after. McPhail got his first Leeds goals in a league match against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on 19 December 1999.

After manager David O'Leary left, Leeds went on to have several different managers over the next few years. During this time, McPhail was hampered by injury, making it difficult to break into the team under Terry Venables or his successor Peter Reid. He was loaned out to Millwall as a means of maintaining match fitness. A second loan, this time at Nottingham Forest, could have been made permanent as both McPhail and Forest manager Paul Hart felt the move would be beneficial to his career, but Leeds rejected Forest's bid. During his time at Leeds, McPhail was involved in the club's 2000–01 UEFA Champions League run, appearing in memorable games against the likes of Barcelona and Lazio as Leeds reached the semi-finals.

### Barnsley

McPhail left Leeds in July 2004 to sign for Barnsley on a free transfer, becoming the first international player from Ireland to sign for the club since Gary Fleming in 1990. McPhail made seventy-nine appearances for the Oakwell club in two seasons of League One football, the culmination of which coming with a victory over Swansea City in the League One Play-off final at the Millennium Stadium. McPhail's Barnsley contract expired the following summer, and the midfielder departed the newly promoted club.

### Cardiff City

Cardiff City saw off competition from numerous other clubs to secure McPhail's services. McPhail was an ever-present for Cardiff during his first season in Wales, and impressed to such an extent that he was handed a longer-term deal the following July. During the injury-forced absences of club captain Darren Purse and vice-captain Riccardo Scimeca, McPhail stood in as the club's skipper. On 27 October 2007 he scored for Cardiff for the first time by finding the net in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe United.

On 30 November 2007, after an indifferent opening to the Bluebirds' campaign, McPhail spoke to local paper the South Wales Echo, claiming that the team's poor start was "all my fault". McPhail found the net twice within the space of two months with goals against Hull City and Blackpool in the Championship. McPhail also had the honour of leading Cardiff City out at Wembley for the FA Cup final, where City were beaten by a goal to nil by Premier League side Portsmouth.

The start of the 2008–09 season saw McPhail make his one hundredth appearance in all competitions for Cardiff in a 1–1 draw with Doncaster Rovers on 16 August. Two months later, he completed a centenary of league appearance in a 2–1 defeat against Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 23 September, Cardiff met rivals Swansea City in a League Cup encounter at the Liberty Stadium in the first South Wales derby to take place in seven years. McPhail was sent off in the 75th minute for a second bookable offence, as Jordi Gomez's goal won the tie for Roberto Martínez's Swansea. McPhail was dismissed once again when the two sides met at the same venue in the league, again for collecting two yellow cards. Cardiff manager Dave Jones publicly criticised McPhail, stating that "he probably cost us all three points", in his post-match press conference.

McPhail picked up an injury early on in the 2009–10 season, keeping him out of the side for one month. Returning to the side on in the league encounter with Reading, McPhail was sent off for a foul on Jem Karacan. Following the end of his suspension, McPhail returned in a thumping 6–1 win against Derby County at Cardiff City Stadium, playing a part in four of City's goals. Four weeks later, he fell victim to another injury while playing against Nottingham Forest. He was originally scheduled to be out for between six and eight weeks but, on 20 November 2009, he was diagnosed with lymphoma, the disease forcing him to miss a considerably longer period. McPhail returned to Cardiff's starting eleven on 5 February 2010 in a 5–1 defeat to Newcastle United, playing 75 minutes before being substituted.

In the summer of 2011, McPhail changed his number to 37, the number he wore in his first season as a professional with Leeds United. After missing the first month of the 2011–12 season, McPhail returned in a Football League Cup game against Leicester City, to be taken off after 29 minutes with a groin injury. He returned from the injury in October, when he made the bench on 18 October against Peterborough United. Despite a difficult season for McPhail (he again missed a large proportion of City's matches with illness), he was awarded the club's Clubman of the Year Award at the season's end.

McPhail was restricted to just two cup appearances in 2012–13, with manager Malky Mackay declaring midway through the season that McPhail was available for a short-term loan. He was released at the end of the 2012–13 season.

### Sheffield Wednesday

On 19 September 2013, McPhail joined Championship side Sheffield Wednesday on a contract running until January 2014.

### Shamrock Rovers

On 13 February 2014, Shamrock Rovers announced that they had signed Stephen on a contract for the 2014 season.

McPhail scored on his debut in the 2014 Setanta Sports Cup and made his league debut on the opening day of the 2014 League of Ireland season. On 5 July 2014, McPhail was sent off in a derby day win against St Pat's. In his first season McPhail made 19 league appearances for the *Hoops*.

McPhail retired from playing in October 2016; and shortly afterwards was appointed Sporting Director of Shamrock Rovers.

## International career

McPhail played in the 1996 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship scoring the winner in a group game against Poland in May 1996 and played for the Republic of Ireland U19 national team in the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship finals in Iceland. He also played for the Ireland U21.

He received his first call-up to the Republic of Ireland senior national team in May 2000 when manager Mick McCarthy selected him in the squad for a match against Scotland. He earned ten caps making his last appearance in a match against Nigeria in 2004. Due to some good form at Cardiff he had publicly declared his hopes of returning to the international scene due to the return of an Ireland B team. In October 2006 he was named in the Republic of Ireland B squad for a match against Scotland B and captained the side in a 0–0 draw. In May 2008, new manager Giovanni Trapattoni selected McPhail for his first squad for the friendly games against Serbia and Colombia. His only goal for Ireland came on 11 June 2000 against South Africa in a 2–1 win in the 2000 U.S. Cup.

## Personal life

McPhail suffers from Sjögren's syndrome and Raynaud's phenomenon.

His son Joel plays for underage for Shamrock Rovers and scored on his U15 international debut in 2024

## Career statistics

*Scores and results list Ireland's goal tally first*

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 4 June 2000 | Giants Stadium, East Rutherford | South Africa | **1**–1 | 2–1 | U.S. Cup |
|

## Honours

**Leeds United**

**Barnsley**

**Cardiff City**

**Individual**

* Cardiff City Clubman of the Year: 2012

## InfoBox

Stephen McPhail
| McPhail playing for Cardiff City | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Stephen John Paul McPhail | | |
| Date of birth | (1979-12-09) 9 December 1979 | | |
| Place of birth | Westminster, England | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1992–1995 | Home Farm | | |
| 1995–1997 | Leeds United | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1997–2004 | Leeds United | 78 | (3) |
| 2002 | Millwall (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 2003 | Nottingham Forest (loan) | 14 | (0) |
| 2004–2006 | Barnsley | 73 | (4) |
| 2006–2013 | Cardiff City | 190 | (3) |
| 2013–2014 | Sheffield Wednesday | 13 | (0) |
| 2014–2016 | Shamrock Rovers | 53 | (2) |
| Total |  | **424** | **(12)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1995 | Republic of Ireland U17 | 2 | (0) |
| 1999–2001 | Republic of Ireland U21 | 4 | (0) |
| 2006 | Republic of Ireland B | 1 | (0) |
| 2000–2004 | Republic of Ireland | 10 | (1) |
| Medal record      Representing  Ireland  UEFA European Under-18 Championship  **Winner** 1998 Cyprus | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Fabienne Chaudat

abstract: Fabienne Chaudat is a French film and theatrical actress.

text:
# Fabienne Chaudat

**Fabienne Chaudat** (born 1 July 1959) is a French film and theatrical actress.

## Career

Fabienne Chaudat attended the and then Jean-Laurent Cochet's classes, before starting her career.

## Theater

| Year | Title | Author | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | *Doit-on le dire ?* | Eugène Labiche | Jean-Laurent Cochet |  |
| 1986 | *Treasure Island* | Robert Louis Stevenson | Michel Valmer |  |
| 1987 | *A Flea in Her Ear* | Georges Feydeau | Jacqueline Boeuf & Alain Terrat |  |
| 1990 | *La Dame de chez Maxim* | Georges Feydeau | Bernard Murat |  |
| 1992 | *Les brigands* | Jacques Offenbach | Jérôme Deschamps |  |
| 1993 | *Les pieds dans l'eau* | Jérôme Deschamps | Jérôme Deschamps |  |
| 1994 | *On purge bébé* | Georges Feydeau | Bernard Murat |  |
| 1997-1998 | *Cyrano de Bergerac* | Edmond Rostand | Pino Micol |  |
| 2001 | *Le nouveau Testament* | Sacha Guitry | Bernard Murat |  |
| 2002 | *Right You Are (if you think so)* | Luigi Pirandello | Bernard Murat |  |
| 2003 | *Le nouveau Testament* | Sacha Guitry | Bernard Murat |  |
| 2004 | *Déviation obligatoire* | Philippe Chevallier & Régis Laspalès | Philippe Chevallier & Régis Laspalès |  |
| 2006 | *Lune de miel* | Noël Coward | Bernard Murat |  |
| 2007 | *Victor ou les enfants au pouvoir* | Roger Vitrac | Alain Sachs |  |
| 2008 | *Clérambard* | Marcel Aymé | Nicolas Briançon |  |
| | *Tailleur pour dames* | Georges Feydeau | Bernard Murat |  |
| | *La valse des pinguins* | Patrick Haudecœur | Jacques Décombe |  |
| 2010 | *Au nom du fils* | Alain Cauchi | Étienne Bierry |  |
| 2010-2011 | Colombe | Jean Anouilh | Michel Fagadau | Nominated - Molière Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 2012 | Le Dindon | Georges Feydeau | Bernard Murat |  |
| 2013 | The Madwoman of Chaillot | Jean Giraudoux | Didier Long |  |
| 2014 | Le Bouffon du Président | Olivier Lejeune | Olivier Lejeune |  |
| 2015 | Et pendant ce temps Simone veille ! | Trinidad | Gil Galliot |  |
| 2017 | Silence, on tourne ! | Patrick Haudecoeur | Patrick Haudecoeur |  |
|

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | *Vaudeville* | Dame valse | Jean Marboeuf |  |
| 1987 | *Surcharge* | The woman | Christophe Jacrot | Short |
| | *Comme tu veux mon chéri* | Suzanne | Philippe Galardi | TV mini-series |
| 1988 | *Story of Women* | The patient | Claude Chabrol |  |
| | *La petite amie* | The saleswoman | Luc Béraud |  |
| | *Corentin, ou Les infortunes conjugales* | Elisabeth-Germaine | Jean Marboeuf |  |
| | *Les Cinq Dernières Minutes* |  | Louis Grospierre | TV series (1 episode) |
| 1989 | *Mama, There's a Man in Your Bed* | Madame Salgado | Coline Serreau |  |
| | *Divine enfant* |  | Jean-Pierre Mocky |  |
| | *Bille en tête* | The bridge player | Carlo Cotti |  |
| | *Foutaises* |  | Jean-Pierre Jeunet | Short |
| 1990 | *If the Shoe Fits* | Receptionist | Tom Clegg | TV movie |
| | *Haute tension* |  | Joyce Buñuel | TV series (1 episode) |
| 1991 | *La Totale!* | The accountant | Claude Zidi |  |
| | *Les dessous de la passion* | Sonia | Jean Marboeuf | TV movie |
| | *La florentine* |  | Marion Sarraut | TV mini-series |
| 1993 | *Hélas pour moi* |  | Jean-Luc Godard |  |
| | *Pétain* | Bella | Jean Marboeuf |  |
| | *Le tronc* | The nun | Bernard Faroux & Karl Zéro |  |
| 1993-2002 | *Les Deschiens* | Various | Jérôme Deschamps & Macha Makeïeff | TV series |
| 1994 | *Revenge of the Musketeers* | Sister Frédégonde | Bertrand Tavernier |  |
| | *La Vengeance d'une blonde* | The servant | Jeannot Szwarc |  |
| 1995 | *Les Anges gardiens* |  | Jean-Marie Poiré |  |
| | *Le roi de Paris* | Angèle | Dominique Maillet |  |
| 1996 | *Temps de chien* | Pétronille Dubreuil | Jean Marboeuf |  |
| | *L'allée du roi* |  | Nina Companeez | TV mini-series |
| | *Les Cinq Dernières Minutes* | Marie | Jean Marboeuf | TV series (1 episode) |
| 1997 | *Tenue correcte exigée* | Rose Duchemin | Philippe Lioret |  |
| 1999 | *Le derrière* | Josy | Valérie Lemercier |  |
| 2001 | *Amélie* | The woman in a coma | Jean-Pierre Jeunet |  |
| | *Ce qui compte pour Mathilde* | The florist | Stéphanie Murat | Short |
| 2002 | *Les enquêtes d'Éloïse Rome* | Nicole | Edwin Baily | TV series (1 episode) |
| 2004 | *Madame Édouard* | Mimi | Nadine Monfils |  |
| | *Malabar Princess* | Odette | Gilles Legrand |  |
| | *Louis Page* |  | Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe | TV series (1 episode) |
| 2005 | *How Much Do You Love Me?* | François's colleague | Bertrand Blier |  |
| | *Poids plume* |  | Nolwenn Lemesle | Short |
| 2006 | *My Best Friend* | Épouse Lebinet | Patrice Leconte |  |
| 2007 | *The Merry Widow* | The neighbor | Isabelle Mergault |  |
| | *Le clan Pasquier* | The baker | Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe | TV mini-series |
| 2008 | *La jeune fille et les loups* | The postwoman | Gilles Legrand |  |
| | *Voici venir l'orage...* |  | Nina Companeez | TV mini-series |
| 2010 | *Notre Dame des Barjots* | Bibou | Arnaud Sélignac | TV movie |
| | *Fais danser la poussière* |  | Christian Faure | TV movie |
| | *Les Bougon* | Valérie | Michel Hassan | TV series (1 episode) |
| | *Au siècle de Maupassant* | The merchant | Jacques Santamaria | TV series (1 episode) |
| 2011 | *Le Paradis sur terre* |  | Emmanuel Murat | TV movie |
| 2013 | *Serial Teachers* | The academy secretary | Pierre-François Martin-Laval |  |
| | *3 Femmes en colère* | Sébastien's mother | Christian Faure | TV movie |
| 2014 | *Yves Saint Laurent* | Dame Dior | Jalil Lespert |  |
| | *La séance* | Juliette | Edouard de La Poëze | Short |
| 2018 | *Qu'est ce qu'on attend pour être heureux ?* | Madame Trogneux | Anne Giafferi | TV series (1 episode) |
|

## InfoBox

| Fabienne Chaudat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1959-07-01) 1 July 1959<br>Pierre-de-Bresse, Saône-et-Loire, France |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1985–present |


title: Elystan Street

abstract: Elystan Street is a London restaurant co-owned by chef patron Phil Howard and Rebecca Mascarenhas. Howard and Mascarenhas established the restaurant on 27 September 2016, six months after Howard sold and left his previous restaurant The Square. Elystan Street earned its first Michelin star in October 2017 and has retained it since.

text:
# Elystan Street

**Elystan Street** is a London restaurant co-owned by chef patron Phil Howard and Rebecca Mascarenhas. Howard and Mascarenhas established the restaurant on 27 September 2016, six months after Howard sold and left his previous restaurant The Square. Elystan Street earned its first Michelin star in October 2017 and has retained it since.

## Background

Phil Howard had been a chef patron of The Square since its opening at St James's in December 1991. The Square earned its second Michelin star in 1998, one year after its relocation to Mayfair in 1997. In March 2016, after eighteen years of holding two Michelin stars, Howard and his business partner Nigel Platts-Martin sold The Square to its newer owner Marlon Abela.

Elystan Street was the former location of chef Tom Aikens's Michelin-starred eponymous restaurant, which was operated from 2003 to January 2014, aside from temporary closure for refurbishment from July 2011 to January 2012. Prior to establishment of Aikens's restaurant, the site was also the former location of a pub Malborough Arms.

## History

On 27 September 2016, Phil Howard and Rebecca Mascarenhas opened a new London restaurant Elystan Street, a former site of chef Tom Aikens's eponymous restaurant (out of Aikens's restaurants), located at 43 Elystan Street, Chelsea. In contrast to The Square, Elystan Street is less formal and more casual. The menu is at least 25% vegetarian and less complex than The Square's, and Howard's cooking skills are not as "fiddly, technical" as they had been while operating The Square. Under Howard as its current chef patron, Elystan Street earned its first Michelin star in 2017.

Toby Burrowes, who worked under Howard in The Square, was the head chef of Elystan Street from its debut to February 2020. Aaron Potter, previously head chef of the Italian-inspired London restaurant La Goccia at Petersham Nurseries Covent Garden, succeeded Burrowes in that same year.

Menus for the restaurant have been seasonal. When the restaurant debuted in 2016, served as starter course were "roasted vegetable salad with curry oil and cashew hummus"; "smoked mackerel veloute with Porthilly oysters, leek hearts and smoked eel toasts"; langoustine ravioli in a shellfish broth; and sweetbreads with barbecue dressing, hispi cabbage, and sweetcorn. Served as main course were "fillet of cod with curried cauliflower purée, coriander and lime"; "loin of lamb with pesto roasted aubergine, garlic purée, olives and balsamic vinegar"; and barbary duck breast. Served as dessert course were lemon tart and "smashed brownie with chocolate foam and hazelnut ice cream".

Among dishes served in April 2018 were a langoustine tartare and a duck salad with caramelized vegetables and red onion. Served in May 2018 were a veal tartare with Caesar cream and white asparagus and a sea trout fillet with crushed Jersey Royals and emulsion of mussels, leeks and mousserons. The following year, a sea beet, a citrus, and shrimp butter replaced the emulsion for the sea trout dish.

Among dishes served in September 2020 were Cumbrian beef tartare with artichoke, pickled girolles, mimolette, and shot of beef tea; strozzapreti with smashed courgette, tomatoes, Scottish girolles, garlic and Parmesan; chicken breast with fricassee of Scottish girolles, crayfish, sweet corn and spinach; Cornish red mullet fillet with olive oil creamed potato, piperade, tomato, fennel and olives; and bitter chocolate and salted caramel tart with crème fraîche ice cream.

## Reception

A. A. Gill in October 2016 noted the "topless" menu lacking "tasting lists, or \[*sic*\] wine-twinned dishes, palate cleansers, prestarters or baroque breadbaskets" but praised course meals that Gill ordered. Luxury Travel Intelligence (LTI) wrote in March 2018, "The interior is stylish, with moody lighting and chic, concrete tables." LTI also noted cocktails served despite having no bar. Ben McCormack of *The Telegraph* noted "baby" blue and pink chairs, lack of tablecloths, and collection of artworks by Henry Moore and Patrick Caulfield; McCormack called Elystan Street restaurant one of the best Chelsea restaurants in 2018 and 2019.

Food critic Neal Martin of wine publication *Vinous* in September 2020 praised a beef tartare dish as "a stunning opener", a strozzapreti dish as "delicious" despite being less exciting than the tartare and "a little safe", a red mullet dish as "well cooked and seasoned" despite being "conservative", and a tart dish as "nigh perfect". Martin criticised a chicken breast dish for its "tad too rich" sauce and lackluster combination of ingredients. He also noted the restaurant's lack of amuse-bouches and tasting menus since its debut. Overall, Martin found the menu not as good as the one at The Square under Howard; nevertheless, Martin recommended Elystan Street for fans of Howard who can afford the menu.

**Notes**

**General**

## InfoBox

| Elystan Street | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restaurant signs in 2016 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 27 September 2016 (2016-09-27) |
| Owner(s) | Phil Howard, also chef patron<br>Rebecca Mascarenhas |
| Head chef | Toby Burrowes (2016–2020) |
| Rating | Michelin stars:  (2017–present) |
| Street address | 43 Elystan Street, Chelsea |
| City | London |
| Postal/ZIP Code | SW3 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°29′30″N 0°10′04″W / 51.4916°N 0.1677°W / 51.4916; -0.1677 |
| Website | www.elystanstreet.com |


title: DORIS (particle accelerator)

abstract: The Double-Ring Storage Facility (DORIS) was an electron–positron storage ring at the German national laboratory DESY. It was DESY's second circular accelerator and its first storage ring, with a circumference of nearly 300 m. After construction was completed in 1974, DORIS provided collision experiments with electrons and their antiparticles at energies of 3.5 GeV per beam. In 1978, the energy of the beams was raised to 5 GeV each. With evidence of "excited charmonium states", DORIS made an important contribution to the process of proving the existence of heavy quarks. In the same year, the first tests of X-ray lithography were performed at DESY. In 1987, the ARGUS detector at the DORIS storage ring was the first experiment to observe the conversion of a B meson into its antiparticle, the anti-B meson. The Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB was commissioned in 1980 to use synchrotron radiation, which was generated at DORIS as a byproduct, for research. While DORIS was only used as a synchrotron radiation source for roughly a third of its running time in the beginning, the provision of synchrotron radiation became its sole purpose from 1993 onwards under the name DORIS III. In order to achieve more intense and controllable radiation, DORIS was upgraded in 1984 with wigglers and undulators. By means of a special array of permanent magnets, the accelerated positrons could now be brought onto a slalom course, increasing the intensity of the emitted synchrotron radiation by a factor of 100 in comparison to conventional storage ring systems. Among the many studies carried out with the synchrotron radiation generated by DORIS, from 1986 to 2004, the Israeli biochemist Ada Yonath conducted experiments that led to her deciphering the ribosome. DORIS III served 36 photon beamlines, where 45 instruments were operated in rotation. The overall beam time per year amounted to 8 to 10 months. It was finally shut down at the end of 2012.

text:
# DORIS (particle accelerator)

The **Double-Ring Storage Facility** (**DORIS**) was an electronpositron storage ring at the German national laboratory DESY. It was DESY's second circular accelerator and its first storage ring, with a circumference of nearly 300 m. After construction was completed in 1974, DORIS provided collision experiments with electrons and their antiparticles at energies of 3.5 GeV per beam. In 1978, the energy of the beams was raised to 5 GeV each.

With evidence of "excited charmonium states", DORIS made an important contribution to the process of proving the existence of heavy quarks. In the same year, the first tests of X-ray lithography were performed at DESY.

In 1987, the ARGUS detector at the DORIS storage ring was the first experiment to observe the conversion of a B meson into its antiparticle, the anti-B meson.

The Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB was commissioned in 1980 to use synchrotron radiation, which was generated at DORIS as a byproduct, for research. While DORIS was only used as a synchrotron radiation source for roughly a third of its running time in the beginning, the provision of synchrotron radiation became its sole purpose from 1993 onwards under the name DORIS III. In order to achieve more intense and controllable radiation, DORIS was upgraded in 1984 with wigglers and undulators. By means of a special array of permanent magnets, the accelerated positrons could now be brought onto a slalom course, increasing the intensity of the emitted synchrotron radiation by a factor of 100 in comparison to conventional storage ring systems.

Among the many studies carried out with the synchrotron radiation generated by DORIS, from 1986 to 2004, the Israeli biochemist Ada Yonath (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009) conducted experiments that led to her deciphering the ribosome.

DORIS III served 36 photon beamlines, where 45 instruments were operated in rotation. The overall beam time per year amounted to 8 to 10 months. It was finally shut down at the end of 2012.

## OLYMPUS

The former site of the ARGUS detector at DORIS became the location of the OLYMPUS experiment in 2010. OLYMPUS used the toroidal magnet and pair of drift chambers from the MIT-Bates BLAST experiment along with refurbished time-of-flight detectors and multiple luminosity monitoring systems. OLYMPUS measured the positron–proton to electron–proton cross section ratio to precisely determine the size of two-photon exchange in elastic electron–proton scattering. Two-photon exchange may resolve the proton form factor discrepancy between recent measurements made using polarization techniques and ones using the Rosenbluth separation method. OLYMPUS took data in 2012 and 2013, and first results were published in 2017.


title: Dilip Kumar Singh

abstract: Dilip Kumar Singh is an Indian politician, currently a member of Bharatiya Janata Party and a Member of Legislative Council from Aurangabad, Bihar.

text:
# Dilip Kumar Singh

**Dilip Kumar Singh** is an Indian politician, currently a member of Bharatiya Janata Party and a Member of Legislative Council from Aurangabad, Bihar.

## InfoBox

| Dilip Kumar Singh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Bihar Legislative Council | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>April 2022 | |
| Constituency | Local Bodies, Aurangabad |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Bhartiya Janata Party |
| Parent | Rajdeo Singh |
| Profession | Agriculture and Business |
|  | |


title: Evening's Empires

abstract: Evening's Empires is a 2013 science fiction novel by Paul J. McAuley, the fourth in his Quiet War sequence.

text:
# Evening's Empires

***Evening's Empires*** is a 2013 science fiction novel by Paul J. McAuley, the fourth in his *Quiet War* sequence.

## Summary

## Reception

Dave Hardy of SF Crowsnest noted "In essence, this is a quest. Not a magical one, of course, but, for most of the book, this is about the search for Dr. Gagarian’s head. It is also a good example of modern space opera."

Greg L. Johnson of SF Site wrote "That's plenty of story for any novel, and Paul McAuley places it in a setting that is both decaying, and, from our perspective, full of wonders. For the characters, life in the solar system is akin to Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, with pockets of civilization and relative prosperity separated by lengthy and dangerous travel. It's a far cry from the beginnings of a solar system wide civilization depicted in *The Quiet War* and *Gardens of the Sun*, and from the cultural struggles going on in distant Fomalhaut in *In The Mouth of the Whale*, yet McAuley provides enough of an historical background to tie them all together. The life of genetic engineer Sri Hong-Owen is one of the connecting threads in the novels and, in a way, influences every character in Evening's Empires, though it is separated from the other novels by vast distances in time and space".

## InfoBox

Evening's Empires
| Hardcover edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Paul J. McAuley |
| Language | English |
| Series | Quiet War #4 |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Gollancz |
| Publication date | July 1, 2013 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print, e-book |
| Pages | 384 |
| ISBN | 978-0575100787 |
| Preceded by | *In the Mouth of the Whale* |