title: The Multiplication Table

abstract: The Multiplication Table is an album by the American jazz pianist Matthew Shipp, recorded in 1997 and released on the Swiss hatOLOGY label. The album features a trio with longtime partner William Parker on bass and newcomer Susie Ibarra on drums, who at the time were the rhythm section for the David S. Ware Quartet. Shipp covers three standards, Joseph Kosma's "Autumn Leaves", Duke Ellington's "C Jam Blues" and Billy Strayhorn's "Take the 'A' Train".

text:
# The Multiplication Table

***The Multiplication Table*** is an album by the American jazz pianist Matthew Shipp, recorded in 1997 and released on the Swiss hatOLOGY label.

The album features a trio with longtime partner William Parker on bass and newcomer Susie Ibarra on drums, who at the time were the rhythm section for the David S. Ware Quartet. Shipp covers three standards, Joseph Kosma's "Autumn Leaves", Duke Ellington's "C Jam Blues" and Billy Strayhorn's "Take the 'A' Train".

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |
| *(The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek states: "*The Multiplication Table* is, along with a previous Hat release, *By the Law of Music* with strings, Shipp's masterpiece thus far. Mr. Shipp may be the most exciting composer/pianist since Herbie Nichols." By contrast, *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* wrote that the album "is sometimes as dry as its title" and notes that "the problem is with the recording, which has the piano too far back, the drums too far forward and the bass often loss."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Matthew Shipp except as indicated* 1. "Autumn Leaves" (Joseph Kosma) – 8:10
2. "The New Fact" – 4:43
3. "The C Jam Blues" (Duke Ellington) – 13:09
4. "ZT 1" – 5:25
5. "Take the A Train" (Billy Strayhorn) – 6:56
6. "ZT 2" – 4:26
7. "The Multiplication Table" – 13:07
8. "ZT 3" – 4:51

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Multiplication Table | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Matthew Shipp | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Recorded | July 17, 1997 |
| Studio | Seltzer Sound, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 60:47 |
| Label | hatOLOGY |
| Producer | Art Lange, Pia & Werner X. Uehlinger |
| Matthew Shipp chronology | |
| *Thesis*
(1997) ***The Multiplication Table***
(1998) *Strata*
(1998) | |


title: Delwara

abstract: Delwara, nestled in the Aravalli Range hills, is a small town about 28 km away from Udaipur, Mewar, and close to Eklingji Temple, on the way to the temple town of Nathdwara, in the state of Rajasthan, India. Delwara was originally known as ‘Devkul Patan Nagri’, which means the town of god. It boasted over 1500 temples at one time, out of which there were over 400 Jain temples. Delwara was the center of learning and culture before the 15th century AD. Around the middle of the 13th century, Raja Sagar, a Deora Chauhan and a descendant of Rao Kirtipal of Jalore, was a very brave king of Delwara (Mewar). Descendants of Raja Sagar sacrificed their lives while fighting alongside Ranas of Mewar against Muslim invaders. Raja Sagar was the progenitor of Bachhawat and Bothra clans of Oswals. Sagar's son, Kunwar Bohitya was immensely influenced and inspired by Jain philosophy.  Samdhar, a grandson of Bohitya and a Deora Chauhan, was the first man in his genealogy to convert to Jainism.

text:
# Delwara

**Delwara**, nestled in the Aravalli Range hills, is a small town about 28 km away from Udaipur, Mewar (a former state in present-day Rajasthan), and close to Eklingji Temple, on the way to the temple town of Nathdwara, in the state of Rajasthan, India. Delwara was originally known as ‘Devkul Patan Nagri’ , which means the town of god. It boasted over 1500 temples at one time, out of which there were over 400 Jain temples. Delwara was the center of learning and culture before the 15th century AD. Around the middle of the 13th century, Raja Sagar, a Deora Chauhan and a descendant of Rao Kirtipal of Jalore, was a very brave king of Delwara (Mewar). Descendants of Raja Sagar sacrificed their lives while fighting alongside Ranas of Mewar against Muslim invaders. Raja Sagar was the progenitor of Bachhawat and Bothra clans of Oswals. Sagar's son, Kunwar Bohitya was immensely influenced and inspired by Jain philosophy.  Samdhar, a grandson of Bohitya and a Deora Chauhan, was the first man in his genealogy to convert to Jainism.

## Historical & Spiritual Background of Temple Town

The ancient Jain temples of Delwara, now in total ruins, are believed to have been built during the reign of Samrat Samprati (224-215 BC). He was the grandson of Samrat Ashoka and the son of Ashoka's blind son Kunal. Samprati became the Emperor of the entire western and southern parts of India (Maurya Empire) and ruled from Ujjain. It is said that Samprati, also known as ‘Jain Ashoka’, built thousands of Jain temples in India. It may be noted that all the ancient Jain monuments of Rajasthan and Gujarat, including the Jain temples at Delwara (Mewar), are also attributed to Samrat Samprati.

### City of Learning and Education

Delwara, Nagda and Aahar (Ayad) were the centers of learning and culture before the 15th century AD. Most princes of Mewar and adjoining kingdoms were groomed in the art of warfare and formal education at Delwara. Hence it was also known as Kunwarpada – center of learning. Delwara was a large town that spread from Gandharva Sagar Lake to Nagda. Today, only 25% of the original town remains.

### Grandeur of Jain temples

As of 2017, three main Jain temples remain in Delwara, for which restoration work has been undertaken. Two of the temples are of Rishabhdev (ऋषभदेव भगवान) and one of Parshvnath (पार्श्वनाथ भगवान). The Jain temples at Delwara were built with white marble stones and despite being plain and austere on the outside, the interiors of all these temples are covered with delicate carvings. Each temple has a walled courtyard called Rang Mandap. In the center of the courtyard is the shrine with the image of the deity, Rishabhdev and Parshvnath, respectively. Around the large courtyard, there are numerous small shrines, each housing a beautiful sculpture of the 24 Tirthankara (तीर्थंकर) with a series of elegantly carved pillars from the entrance to the courtyard. The special feature of these temples are their ceilings, which are circular in eleven richly carved concentric rings. The central ceiling of each temple is adorned with magnificent carvings, and it culminates into an ornamented central pendant. The pendant of the domes tapers down, forming a drop or point, like a lotus flower. This is an astonishing piece of work. It symbolizes the divine grace coming down to fulfill human aspirations. The figures of sixteen goddesses of knowledge, (विध्या देवी) are carved on the ceilings.

This site marks the very location where Muni Sundar, a Jain monk from the 15th century, crafted *Shantikarma*: a ritual aimed at safeguarding against diseases.

Adeshwar (Rishabhdev) Jain Temple at Delwara - entrance (2015)Central dome with Vidhya DeviesAdeshwar (Rishabhdev) Jain Temple at Delwara

### Why are the Jain temples at Mt. Abu called Dilwara Temples?

Sources:

There is a story that the ministers of the Solanki rulers of Gujarat visited these temples during the 11th and 13th centuries AD, and were very impressed with the architecture and carving of the temples. At the request of these visiting ministers, the then rulers of Delwara (Mewar), provided the design and drawings of the Jain temples. When Vimal Shah, minister, governor of Chandravati and commander-in-chief of Bhimadev I (1022–64), the Solanki ruler of Gujarat, came to Delwara, he was inspired by Jain Acharya to wash out his sins perpetrated in the battle fields. He hence constructed a temple near Mount Abu which was the replication of Delwara (Mewar) Jain temple.

The temple is known as Vimal Vasahi (Shri Adinath temple). He was remorseful and spent the rest of his life in religious discourse at Chandravati (near Abu road). Later, in 1230 AD, the two Porwad brothers – Vastupal and Tejpal, both ministers of the Vaghela ruler of Gujarat, came to Delwara. They also built the Jain temples designed after Vimal Vasahi temples near Abu. Since these five temples, built between the 11th and 13th century at Abu, are similar in design and architecture to the ones at Delwara (Mewar), they came to be known as Dilwara Temples (देलवाडा जैन मंदिर). These temples are a composite cluster of five temples, with their own unique identities. Each is named after the small village in which it is located. The grandeur of sculptured marble, exquisite carvings of ceilings, domes, pillars and arches of the temple, which is beyond anyone's expectations, is far superior to the originals at Delwara (Mewar).

## Songara and Deora Chauhans in Mewar

The Chauhan clan of Rajputs ruled over a large area of South Western Rajasthan and Gujarat. Alhana, younger son of Vakpati Rao Chauhan, seized Nadol (near Jodhpur) from the Paramaras and established himself there toward the end of the 10th century. His descendant, Kirtipal (Keytu) was driven from Nadol by Sultan Qutbud-din Aibak of Delhi, during the 12th century. Kirtipal then journeyed further to the south-west to Bhinmal and Sanchor, before seizing Jalore from the Paramaras. Some of his descendants were known as Sanchora Chauhans. Rao Kirtipal, the youngest son of Alhana, ruler of Nadol, is the founder of the Jalore line of Chauhans. He captured it from the Paramaras in 1181. Kirtipal was progenitor of Songara clan of Chauhans. He died in 1182 and was succeeded by his son Samar Singh.

Chauhans have 24 major sects - Hada, Songara, Deora, Khichi, Shambhri, Sanchora, Pavia, Goyalwal, Bhadauria, Malani, Nirwan, Puravia, Madrecha, Cheeba, Mohil, Chahil, Balecha, Chachera, Boda, Nadola, Nikumbh,..etc. It is said that Rao Bisaldeo was the progenitor of the Deora clan. Prithviraj Chauhan III was nephew of Rao Bisaldeo. In ages past, the rulers of Jalore, Chandravati and Sirohi belonged to the Songara and Deora clans.

It is said that around 1172–80, the King of Jalore, Rao Kirtipal (Keytu, a Songara Chauhan), captured Ahar (now Ayad), then capital of Mewar, from Rawal Samant Singh. In 1172, Rawal Samant Singh of Mewar was forced to move his capital from Ahar to Dungarpur. Samant Singh and his younger brother Kumar Singh ruled from Dungarpur. However, Ahar and the adjoining area of Mewar, was ruled by Songara / Deora Chauhans for few years, till they were recovered by Rawal Kumar Singh. Interregnum, the brothers and cousins of Songara / Deora Chauhans were perhaps given the Jagirs in the Girva – the villages surrounded by Aravalli hills of the present-day Udaipur city. Jagirdars of Girva were called Raja. There is no historical record or manuscript of Mewar / Jalore state narrating that Rawal Samant Singh was dislodged by Keytu of Jalore. However, the extract of personal dairy written in 1939 by Mathuranath Purohit, Master of Ceremonies, Mewar, states,

> Keytu Chauhan, the King of Nadol snatched Ahar from Samant Singh, after defeating him in a battle. Samant Singh went to Vagad and established Dungarpur state. Later Rawal Kumar Singh, younger brother of Rawal Samant Singh, recaptured Ahar, the capital of Mewar.
>
> \[सामंत सिंह: इन्होने गुजरात के राजा अजयपाल को परास्त किया, इस युद्ध में इतने कमजोर हो गए कि नाडोल के केय्तु चौहान ने हमला कर आहड छीन लिया तब ये बागड़ में चले गए वहां डूंगरपुर का राज्य स्थापित किया.\]
>
> \[कुमार सिंह: इन्होने अपने पिता का राज्य आहड़ पीछा लिया. यह सामंत सिंह के छोटे भाई थे.\]

This fact is also established by the existence of an Ashapura temple on a hill top at village Berwas, between Ahar and Debari region of Udaipur. Also, according to local dialect the village of Debari, adjacent to Berwas, means Deora-ki-Bari, meaning ‘Window to Deora Kingdom’. However, according to Mewar's eminent historian and writer, Dr Shri Krishan Jugnu, "Debari means window to God's kingdom (Dev-bari)". There is an inscription that was put up in 1975 during renovation of the Ashapura Mata temple, which says -"Temple of the Kul Deity (family idol) of Deora Chauhans was initially made by Raja Munjerao Deora of Girva in 1528" (during the times of Maharana Ratan Singh II, 1528–1531). To date the temple is managed by the Deora Chauhans.

The Udaipur Girva too has number of villages which are inhabited by the Deora Chauhans. There are many families of the Deora Chauhans in Delwara, which is very close to Udaipur and on the periphery of Girva. It is therefore quite possible that one Raja Sagar, fourth son of Rao Samant Singh of Jalore and a descendant of Rao Kirtipal, was bestowed the Jagir of Delwara during the mid-13th century. It is believed that later Maharana Udai Singh II (1540–1572), annexed these Jagirs from the Deora Chauhans to move his capital from Chittor to Udaipur when he lost Chittor to Akbar in 1568.

Eminent historian, Rai Bahadur Gaurishankar Ojha writes,

> The information regarding genealogy of the Deora Chauhans, available from the different books of ‘Bhaats’ (story tellers) and inscriptions, is full of contradictions and the names are at variance. There is a difference of opinion as well, among historians regarding genealogy of Songara and the Deora Chauhans.

## History of Delwara before medieval period

Bhanwarlal Nahata writes in ‘Bachhawat Muntha Vanshavli’,

> Chauhans have 24 sects and Deoras are one of them. Among Deora Songira gotra, first one is Sanwantsi (Samant Singh) Songira, who had 4 sons – 1 Kalhade (Kanhadeo), 2 Malde (Maldeo), 3 Salhe (Reningdeo) and 4 Sagarsi (Sagar). Sagar's son Bohitya became sharvak (Jain disciple) by the blessings of Vardhman Suri Khartar.

### Raja Sagar fought against Muslim invaders

During the 12th century, Rao Samant Singh of Jalore had four sons – Rao Kanhadeo, Maldeo, Raningdeo and Sagar. Rao Kanhadeo and his son Kunwar Viramdeo were killed in a battle against Alauddin Khalji in 1311, while Rao Maldeo and Rao Raningdeo ruled smaller Jagirs in Jalore.

It is believed that Rao Sagar was given the Jagir of Delwara, as the adjoining areas of Girva (Udaipur) were ruled by Deora Chauhans until 14-15th century.

There is another bard's tale that during the 12th century, Delwara was being ruled by a Rajput ruler Rao Bhim Singh. His only daughter was married to Rao Samant Singh of Jalore, who had two queens. Sagar was born to Delwara Baiji. Due to differences with the other queen over succession to the throne of Jalore, she returned to her father's place, Delwara. Since Rao Bhim Singh, did not have any male child, his grandson Sagar, a Deora Chauhan, ascended the throne of Delwara.

Around the middle of the 13th century, Raja Sagar, a Deora Chauhan and a descendant of Rao Kirtipal of Jalore was a very brave king of Delwara. He was the progenitor of Bothra Bachhawat clan. Raja Sagar was blessed with three sons - Bohitya, Gangadas and Jaisingh. Whenever there was invasion from Muslims, Rana Jaitra Singh (1213–53) called Raja Sagar for help in the battle. Raja Sagar always came along with army and fought valiantly against the invading Muslims.

### Battle of Bhutalghati

One of the fiercest battles Raja Sagar fought alongside Rana Jaitra Singh (1213–53) was against Sultan Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (1211–36) at Bhutalghati, near Nagda. He ensured full protection for Jaitra Singh, as Delwada's army fought fearlessly alongside Mewar army. Sultan Iltutmish destroyed many in and around Nagda and Delwara. Villages were also burnt.
Dr Shri Krishan Jugnu, writes in his book, *Nandeshma Abhilekh* (Hindi) – Rajasthan Ke Prachin Abhilekh

> This fierce battle was fought in the valley near Nagda towards Gogunda. Besides Gohils, there were brave soldiers from Chauhans, Chandanas, Solankis, Parmars, Chaarans and Tribals who fought for Mewar. They gave a tough fight to Sultan's army. However, when Jaitra Singh was cornered, he was secretly sheltered in one of the houses in Nagda. Iltutmish was furious and encircled Nagda. Every house was searched, burnt and destroyed. In the 14th century, according to a mythological tradition of offering water tribute to the martyrs of Bhutalghati, a lake was built at Nagda and christened as BaaghelaTaalab.” There is another bard that says that Maharana Mokal built this lake in memory of his brother Baagh Singh.

Machind Jain temple (2015). Photo: Mahesh SharmaJain Temple at Machind (2015). Photo: Mahesh SharmaSurya Temple at Nandeshma destroyed by Muslim invader Sultan Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish in the 13th century. Photo: Mahesh Sharma

### Raja Bohitya influenced by Jain philosophy

Raja Sagar's son Raja Bohitya ruled Delwara during the time of Rawal Samar Singh (1273–1302) and Rana Ratan Singh (1302–1303). Once, apprehending danger to his life from the Muhammadans, Bohitya sought refuge in a Jain Temple at Delwara. It is believed that he was immensely influenced and inspired by Jain philosophy.

One day while Bohitya was asleep in his palace, a snake climbed the bed and bit him on his legs. After biting, the snake hit the prince with his tail and descended from the bed. Prince got up with fright and asked for help. There was commotion in the palace and Raja Sagar came to know of it. The Raja asked the prince, "What happened?" The prince replied, "Snake has bitten me". Raja tried to save him, but in vain. People looked around for the snake but couldn't find one. The prince's leg became blue and body turned cold. Knowing that the prince was dead, they took him for the final journey of cremation. At that time the disciples (bhattarack) of Acharya Jindutt Suriji who were out for ‘Gochari’ (collecting food and alms) saw the funeral procession of the prince. They started discussing among themselves. One disciple said, "The prince is not dead. Why are they taking him for cremation?"

The Mantri of Raja Sagar, who was passing by, heard the conversation and informed the King. Thus, the life of Prince Bohitya was saved and he was brought back to the palace. Since then Bohitya and his family developed deep faith in Jainism and started paying obeisance to Jain Acharyas and their disciples in Delwara. Bahrang Devi, wife of Raja Bohitya, was a beautiful and talented lady and lived in Delwara. She had eight sons - Shree Karan, Jaiso, Jaimal, Nanha, Bhima, Padam, Somji and Pushmal.

### Raja Bohitya sacrifices his life for Mewar

When Sultan Allauddin Khilji captured Chittor, Rani Padmani (wife of Rana Ratan Singh I) and several hundred other court ladies threw themselves into a fire, committing Jauhar. Khilji seized the Fort of Chittor and the fort was made over to Rao Maldeo, son of Rao Samant Singh, a Chauhan Chief in Jalore for governance. Incidentally, Rao Maldeo was the uncle of Raja Bohitya.

Both Rana Ratan Singh I and his cousin Rawal Laksh (Lakshman Singh) were killed in the battle. Raja Bohitya too sacrificed his life in the battle, while fighting alongside Rana Ratan Singh I against Allauddin Khilji in 1303. Later Maharana Hamir Singh I (1326–64), successor of Sisodia clan, married the daughter of Rao Maldeo.

### Rana Shree Karan sacrifices his life for Mewar

After Raja Bohitya, his eldest son Raja Shree Karan ascended to the throne of Delwara. Shree Karan was a kind-hearted king. Raja Shree Karan won Machindragarh (present day village Machind near Kumbhalgarh) in a battle and was bestowed the title of Rana. At one time around the mid-14th century the soldiers of Rana Shree Karan looted the treasury of Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluk (1325–51) while his army was on a passage through Aravalli's from Delhi to Gujarat. This was one of the trade routes to sea ports of Gujarat.

Later, Chittorgarh Fort was recovered from Muslim occupation by Maharana Hamir Singh I. Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluk of Delhi brought in large army to recapture Chittor Fort, but he was defeated by the army of Maharana Hamir Singh I and taken prisoner at Singoli, near Mandalgarh. Rana Shree Karan was killed in the battle while assisting Maharana Hamir Singh I. Muhammad Bin Tughlug was released after paying 50 lakh Rupees, 100 elephants and several districts. But he died in 1351 at Delhi. Mewar established their supremacy within 50 years of the sack of Chittorgarh and Maharana Hamir Singh I recaptured the Fort in 1353.

## Deora Chauhans embrace Jainism

According to Karamchandra Vanshavali Prabandh, written in 1593 by Jaysom,

> After Rana Shree Karan's death in the battle, his wife Queen Ratna Devi along with her four sons - Samdhar, Udharam, Haridas and Veerdas, went to her parents' place (pihar) at Khedinagar (Kheda, Gujarat) for their education and proficiency in the art of warfare. Samdhar, a Deora Chauhan, was the first man in his genealogy to convert to Jainism from the saint and scholar of Khartargachh, Shree Jineshwar Suri Maharaj. Thereafter his descendants became merged in the premier merchant community of Oswals and established matrimonial relations with the Jain-Oswal community. He chose Bohotra (Bothra) as the name for his clan on the name of his grandfather Bohitya. Samdhar and all his brothers became the followers of Jainism and organised sangh yatra. Thus, he received the title of Sanghpati. Samdhar was blessed by a son named Tejpal.

After the death of Bothra Samdhar, Tejpal Bothra became the Sanghpati. He gifted gold, horses, elephants, etc. to the King of GurjarPatan (Anhilpur) and the King pleased with his friendship gifted him some part of his region to administer. He successfully ruled the people and helped the poor and needy by providing alms. Tejpal Bothra was blessed with a son -Vilha Bothra, from his wife Tara Devi Bothra. Later on, Tejpal Bothra took santhara (fast until death - left all food) and died. After his death, Vilha Bothra became the Sanghpati. He was very rich but also very philanthropic. He gave generous donations, especially for Jain religion and honoured the sadhvis and shravaks. He had three sons - Kadua Bothra, Dharma Bothra and Nanda Bothra. After Vilha's death, his elder son Kadua Bothra became the Sanghpati and went to Chittorgarh to settle down. Later his descendant, Bothra Bachhraj became Dewan of Jodhpur and the founding Dewan of Bikaner. Bachhraj Bothra's de scendants were known as Bachhawats.

## Delwara after Deora Chauhans

Later, in the 15th century, the Kingdom of Mewar was divided into 16 first grade thikanas or districts. Delwara was one of the 16 Rajwadas, along with Badi Sadri and Gogunda. Delwara has been ruled by Jhala Rajputs from the 15th century onwards. The ancestor of the Jhala family was Raj Sahib Raidharji Vogohoji of Dhrangadhara (Halvad), son of Harpal Makwana. During the reign of Maharana Raimal (1473–1509), Ajoji (Ajja Singh Jhala) the deposed son of Raj Sahib Raidharji, along with his brother Sajoji (Sajja Singh Jhala) came to Mewar. Jhalas performed meritorious service in Mewar. Later the Maharana granted the Jagir of Delwara to Kunwar Sajja and that of Bari Sadri to Kunwar Ajja Singh and were granted the title of Raj Rana.

Ajja fought alongside Maharana Sangram Singh I (1509–1527) against Babur in 1527 at the Battle of Khanwa. When Maharana Sangram Singh (Rana Sanga) was wounded on the battlefield, Ajja donned the Maharana's tunic, which kept the Mewar army together but proved fatal for Raj Rana Ajja, who died in the battle. As many as 7 generations of the Jhala family had been sacrificing their lives for the Maharanas of Mewar.

Who ruled Delwara after Deora Chauhans left in the 14th century till Jhalas came in the 15th century? There is an inscription plate of 1975, that Ashapura Temple at Berwas (near Debari) was built by Raja Munjerao Deora of Girva in 1528. Who were the ancestors of Munjerao? Were they descendants of Raja Sagar? It is yet to be researched and established.

Genealogical Tree - Deora Chauhan Dynasty at Jaolore, Sirohi and Delwara in Rajasthan

## Delightful places

**Devi Garh Palace** \- This 18th century palace in the village of Delwara has undergone years of restoration and rebuilding. This all-suite luxury hotel with 39 suites takes on the look of modern India, with an emphasis on design and detail, using local marble and semi-precious stones. The contemporary design showcased within this spectacular heritage property, complemented by personalized and intimate service, creates a new image of India for the 21st century.

**Rishabhdev Jain Temple** \- This 700+ year-old white marble temple showcases 149 pillars and contains 52 individual shrines. This temple provides an outstanding example of the fine craftsmanship and architecture of its era. The inner chambers and columns are covered in exquisite marble carvings and stone work.

**Parshwanath Jain Temple** \- This 900+ year-old temple's architecture and sculptures reveal the work of great artisans and craftsmen. A unique feature of the temple is a chamber about 5 meters underground, which houses 13 beautiful idols. Over the past few years, the Jain community has initiated a large scale project to restore this temple to its former state.

**Sadhna Workshop** \- About 20 years ago, a patchwork program was initiated in Delwara by a local NGO, Seva Mandir, as an income generation activity to promote women's empowerment. Today, this initiative has transformed into a self-owned enterprise involving more than 600 women from various villages. Of these, around 250 are from Delwara, which is where their main workshop is found. Open to the public, fair trade and high quality women's clothing can be purchased here.

**Hunting Tower** \- According to a book published by the Adeshvar Jain Temple, this hunting tower located on Kantya hill, locally known as Audhi, was built by King Jasvantsinh. It was used by the king for hunting during his rule.

**Palera Talab** \- A large lake standing at the entrance to Delwara, which was built around 1875 AD. Two small domed pavilions ornamented the lake, adding to its charm. The name Palera Talab is derived from Sanskrit 'palankarta', which means ‘protector’ – an appropriate name given to the lake that is the town's main water source.

**Indra Kund** \- A beautiful step well that is a marvellous example of stone carvings and is about 15 meters deep.

## Further reading

* Tod, James (1832). *Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, Volume 2*. London: Smith, Elder.
* Mehta, Pratap Singh (2016). *Rajputana Chronicles: Guns and Glories – the thousand-year story of the Bachhawat clan*. Notion Press Media, Chennai. ASIN 9352066006.
* Das, Kaviraj Shyamal (1890–1930). *Veer Vinod – Mewar ka Itihaas (Hindi) In 4 volumes*. Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi.
* Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R. (2008). *Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol. 5*. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
* Bhutodia, Mangilal. *Itihaaski Amar Bel – Oswal - Vol II*. Priyadarshini Publication, Ladnu / Calcutta. p. 99.
* Chatterjee, Ramanand (1957). *Modern Review, Volume 101*. Published by Prabasi Press, Calcutta. p. 111:5 – Mehta Agar Chand (Vaishya).
* Mehta, Jodh Sinha (1970). *Abu to Udapiur*. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120829848.

## InfoBox

| Delwara | |
| --- | --- |
| Sub-Tehsil | |
| Nickname: "Devkul Patan Nagri" | |
| DelwaraLocation in Rajasthan, IndiaDelwaraDelwara (Rajasthan) | |
| Coordinates: 24°46′31″N 73°44′47″E / 24.7752°N 73.7463°E / 24.7752; 73.7463 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Rajsamand |
| Elevation | 586 m (1,923 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 4,429 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Additional Official | English |
| Regional | Mewari |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 313202 |
| Telephone code | +91- 2952 |
| Vehicle registration | RJ-30 |
| Nearest Places | Udaipur, Nathdwara, Rajsamand, Haldighati, Kumbhalgarh, Chittorgarh |
| Climate | BSh |


title: Cantley Marshes

abstract: Cantley Marshes is a 272.1-hectare (672-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-east of Norwich in Norfolk. It is managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, It is part of the Broadland Ramsar site and Special Protection Area, The Broads Special Area of Conservation and the Mid-Yare National Nature Reserve. This site in the Yare valley is mainly species-rich grazing marsh with areas of wet alder carr and tall herb fen along the river bank. Invertebrates include two nationally rare dragonflies, and the marshes have several important breeding bird species and an internationally important population of wintering wigeon.

text:
# Cantley Marshes

**Cantley Marshes** is a 272.1-hectare (672-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-east of Norwich in Norfolk. It is managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, It is part of the Broadland Ramsar site and Special Protection Area, The Broads Special Area of Conservation and the Mid-Yare National Nature Reserve.

This site in the Yare valley is mainly species-rich grazing marsh with areas of wet alder carr and tall herb fen along the river bank. Invertebrates include two nationally rare dragonflies, and the marshes have several important breeding bird species and an internationally important population of wintering wigeon.

52°34′55″N 1°29′49″E / 52.582°N 1.497°E / 52.582; 1.497

## InfoBox

Cantley Marshes
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Norfolk |
| Grid reference | TG 370 040 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 272.1 hectares (672 acres) |
| Notification | 1997 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Josce of York

abstract: Josce of York was the leader of the Jewish community in York, England, and the leading figure in the York pogrom of 1190. He committed suicide along with nearly the entire Jewish community, rather than face death or conversion at the hands of an angry mob.

text:
# Josce of York

**Josce of York** (Latin: Joceus; died 1190) was the leader of the Jewish community in York, England, and the leading figure in the York pogrom of 1190. He committed suicide along with nearly the entire Jewish community, rather than face death or conversion at the hands of an angry mob.

## Biography

Josce is mentioned in the earliest surviving English *shetar* (receipt for debt repayment), of 1176. He was one of those who attended the coronation of Richard I, doubtless as the representative of the York congregation, and escaped the London massacre. On his return to York, where he had a house which rivaled a citadel in the scale and magnificence of its construction, he was attacked by the mob, and with his wife and children joined other fugitives who sought refuge in Clifford's Tower. When the decision was reached to put one another to death rather than fall into the hands of the enemy, Josce was the first to act, slaying his wife, Anna, and his children; he himself was slain last by Yom-Tov of Joigny.

It is likely that the noted Aaron of York or Aaron fil Josce, the financier and chief rabbi of England was Josce's son.

It is probable that Josce and Samuel Hoppecole held the land in London on which the chief synagogue was built.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Joseph Jacobs (1901–1906). "Joceus (Joce) of York". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.


title: Cedar, Iowa

abstract: Cedar is an unincorporated community in southeastern Mahaska County, Iowa, United States. It lies along Iowa Highway 23 southeast of the city of Oskaloosa, the county seat of Mahaska County. Cedar has a Methodist church, Christian Reformed church, and a grain elevator.

text:
# Cedar, Iowa

**Cedar** is an unincorporated community in southeastern Mahaska County, Iowa, United States. It lies along Iowa Highway 23 southeast of the city of Oskaloosa, the county seat of Mahaska County.

Cedar has a Methodist church, Christian Reformed church, and a grain elevator.

## History

A post office opened in 1874.

The Burlington and Western Railway arrived in Cedar in late 1882. This was a narrow gauge line, widened to standard gauge in 1902 and taken over by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy. the Burlington line was abandoned in 1934.

Cedar's population was 53 in 1925. The population was 113 in 1940.

## InfoBox

| Cedar, Iowa | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Cedar Hall | |
| CedarCedar | |
| Coordinates: 41°12′44″N 92°31′33″W / 41.21222°N 92.52583°W / 41.21222; -92.52583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Mahaska |
| Elevation | 814 ft (248 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 52543 |
| Area code | 641 |
| GNIS feature ID | 455220 |


title: Chad Steelberg

abstract: Chad Steelberg is an American serial entrepreneur who co-founded AdForce (IPO), 2CAN Media, and dMarc Broadcasting. Most recently, Chad Steelberg co-founded Veritone. along with his brother, Ryan Steelberg, and serves as its Chairman of the Board of Directors.

text:
# Chad Steelberg

**Chad Steelberg** is an American serial entrepreneur who co-founded AdForce (IPO), 2CAN Media (Sold to CMGi), and dMarc Broadcasting (Sold to Google). Most recently, Chad Steelberg co-founded Veritone. along with his brother, Ryan Steelberg, and serves as its Chairman of the Board of Directors.

## Biography

Chad Edward Steelberg was born in Northridge, California. Chad attended Corona del Mar High School in Newport Beach, CA and after graduation, he went to the University of Southern California.

Chad has co-founded several successful Internet software companies. Chad is the founder of the Veritone Institute for Artificial Intelligence.

In 1995, Chad and his brother Ryan founded AdForce, which was later acquired by CMGI after an IPO worth over $500M. AdForce won the Smithsonian Award for the Best Technology in IT for the year 2000. The Steelbergs founded 2CAN Media and built it into the 3rd largest Internet advertising sales organization, which was also later sold to CMGI for over $50 million in a merger with Adsmart/Engage Media.

Founding dMarc Broadcasting in 2002, Chad and his brother Ryan developed the largest centralized radio advertising network and digital automation company servicing more than 4,600 radio broadcasters. dMarc was sold to Google in 2006 for $102 million.

Chad is the winner of several awards, and is a 2009 recipient of the OC Metro's 40 Under 40 Award given to the most successful young businesspeople in Orange County, CA.

Chad and Ryan Steelberg were also named by the Orange County Business Journal as one of the county's 50 Most Influential Businesspeople. Additionally, the Steelbergs were finalists for Ernst & Young's ‘Entrepreneur of the Year’ in 2000, followed by Radio Ink Magazine's award for one of the ’50 Most Powerful People in Radio’ in 2006. With his brother, Ryan Steelberg, he is the inventor of 51 issued patents.

## Veritone, Inc.

In 2014, Chad and Ryan Steelberg founded Veritone, a cloud-based technology company.

## dMarc Broadcasting (Google)

dMarc Broadcasting, founded by the Steelbergs in 2002, is the largest centralized radio advertising network and digital automation company servicing more than 4,600 Radio Broadcasters. dMarc was sold to Google in 2006 for $102 million in cash, with revenue targets that could push the deal upwards of $1.2B. Total payouts, as of January, 2009 have exceeded $400 million in cash.

## AdForce (CMGi)

AdForce (formerly ADFC on NASDAQ), founded by the Steelbergs in 1995 and grown into the world's largest centralized independent ad serving and management solution, was acquired by CMGI after going public for more than $500 million in 1999. AdForce won the Smithsonian Award for the Best Technology in IT, for the year 2000.

## 2CAN Media (CMGi)

2CAN Media, founded by the Steelbergs in 1998 and built into the 3rd largest Internet advertising sales organization under the Steelbergs, was also later sold to CMGI for over $50 million in a merger with Adsmart/Engage Media.

## Awards

In 2009, the SportsBusiness Journal announced their annual "Forty Under 40" list of the best and brightest young executives in sports business. The publication recognized Ryan Steelberg — a relative newcomer to the sports business world — as an innovator in the field of endorsements. Others named to the 2009 list include David Berson, executive vice president of program planning and strategy for ESPN; Sarah Robb O'Hagan, chief marketing officer for Gatorade; and Peter Farnsworth, senior vice president of business development for the NBA.

A 2009 recipient of the OC Metro's 40 Under 40 Award given to the most successful young businesspeople in Orange County, CA. The Steelbergs were also named by the Orange County Business Journal as one of the county's “50 Most Influential Businesspeople,” Ryan and Chad were also finalists for Ernst & Young’s “Entrepreneur of the Year” in 2000. Most recently, in 2006, Chad and Ryan Steelberg were named one of the “50 Most Powerful People in Radio,“ by Radio Ink Magazine.

Peter Bernstein, "Veritone Launches Cloud-Based Cognitive Media Platform". TMCnet - Cloud Computing, August 25, 2015.

Kafka, Peter, "A New Scheme to Get Web Surfers to Stay Put: Photos", All Things Digital, Wall Street Journal, August 3, 2010.

Ives, Nat, "Making News Sites Stickier With Apps that Summon the Web", Advertising Age, August 3, 2010.

Keegan, Paul, "The Future Is Now", Fortune Magazine, August 2, 2010.

Olson, Mike. "Player's Choice", Wired Magazine, June 1, 2010.

Elliot, Stuart, "A Place Where Sponsors Sign Athletes", New York Times, October 18, 2009.

Helft, Miguel. "Google Encounters Hurdles in Selling Radio Advertising", New York Times, February 10, 2007.

"What the Google/dMarc "Marriage" Means for Radio", Radio Ink Magazine, February 27, 2006.

Chuang, T. "O.C. venture gets Googled", Orange County Business Journal, June 17, 2002.

http://www.clickz.com/clickz/news/2028864/kardashian-sisters-tweet-gilt-groupe-oscars

http://www.fortune.com/BAT

http://mediamemo.allthingsd.com/20100803/a-new-scheme-to-get-web-surfers-to-stay-put-photos/

https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/business/media/19adcol.html?\_r=2&ref=business

http://adage.com/mediaworks/article?article\_id=145222

https://web.archive.org/web/20080408164316/http://www.rwonline.com/reference-room/special-report/2006.02.15-03\_rw\_google\_2.shtml

http://www.ocmetro.com/archives/ocmetro\_2006/metro042706/cover042706.html

http://www.ocmetro.com/t-CoverStory\_40Under40\_19\_Ryan\_Steelberg0509.aspx

http://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com

1. "Veritone Launches Cloud-Based Cognitive Media Platform".

## InfoBox

| Chad Steelberg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Chad Edward Steelberg
May 8, 1971
Northridge, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for | co-founder of AdForce(IPO), CEO of Veritone, Inc. |


title: 14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment

abstract: The 14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized during September 1862, with nine companies, some of which had previously served in Jackson's Squadron Virginia Cavalry. The tenth company was made up of surplus men of the other companies. The men were recruited primarily from the counties of Greenbrier, Nicholas, Calhoun, Boone, Braxton, Roane, Jackson, Wirt, and Wood in what would become West Virginia, and the Virginia counties of Charlotte, Roanoke, Montgomery, Augusta, Rockbridge and Highland. The unit was attached to Jenkins', Echols', and McCausland's Brigade. It skirmished in western Virginia, then saw action at Droop Mountain and Lewisburg. During January 1864, it had 29 officers and 424 men present for duty. The regiment took part in the operations in the Shenandoah Valley, and disbanded in April 1865. The field officers were Colonels James Cochran and Charles E. Thorburn, Lieutenant Colonels Robert A. Bailey and John A. Gibson, and Majors B. Frank Eakle and George Jackson. The regiment's flag was captured by Union Private James F. Adams of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment on November 12, 1864. For this action that occurred during an engagement at Nineveh, Virginia, Adams was awarded the Medal of Honor.

text:
# 14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment

The **14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment** was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized during September 1862, with nine companies, some of which had previously served in Jackson's Squadron Virginia Cavalry. The tenth company was made up of surplus men of the other companies. The men were recruited primarily from the counties of Greenbrier, Nicholas, Calhoun, Boone, Braxton, Roane, Jackson, Wirt, and Wood in what would become West Virginia, and the Virginia counties of Charlotte, Roanoke, Montgomery, Augusta, Rockbridge and Highland.

The unit was attached to Jenkins', Echols', and McCausland's Brigade. It skirmished in western Virginia, then saw action at Droop Mountain and Lewisburg. During January 1864, it had 29 officers and 424 men present for duty. The regiment took part in the operations in the Shenandoah Valley, and disbanded in April 1865. The field officers were Colonels James Cochran and Charles E. Thorburn, Lieutenant Colonels Robert A. Bailey and John A. Gibson, and Majors B. Frank Eakle and George Jackson. The regiment's flag was captured by Union Private James F. Adams of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment on November 12, 1864. For this action that occurred during an engagement at Nineveh, Virginia, Adams was awarded the Medal of Honor.

## InfoBox

| 14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Virginia, 1861 | |
| Active | September 1862  April 1865 |
| Disbanded | April 1865 |
| Country | Confederacy |
| Allegiance | Confederate States of America |
| Branch | Confederate States Army |
| Type | Cavalry |
| Engagements | Western Virginia Campaigns |
| Commanders | |
| Colonel | Charles E. Thoburn 1862-1863 |
| Colonel | James Cochran 1863-1865 |


title: Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency

abstract: Thakkarbapa Nagar is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

text:
# Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency

**Thakkarbapa Nagar** is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

## List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments,

1. Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 22, 25, 26.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Picture | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Vallabhbhai Kakadiya |  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2022 | Kanchanben Vinubhai Radadiya |  | | |

## Election results

### 2022

Gujarat Assembly election, 2022: Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Kanchanben Vinubhai Radadiya | 89409 | 65.66 |  |
|  | INC | Vijaykumar C. Brahmabhatt (Vijay Barot) | 25610 | 18.81 |  |
|  | AAP | Sanjay Mori | 17456 | 12.82 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 1910 | 1.4 |  |
| Majority | | |  | 46.85 |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 241,619 |  |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2017

2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election: Thakkarbapa Nagar
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Vallabhbhai Kakadiya** | **88,124** | **59.77** | **−3.17** |
|  | INC | Babubhai Mangukiya | 54,036 | 36.65 | +8.64 |
|  | Independent | Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta | 373 | 0.25 | N/A |
| Majority | | | 34,088 | 23.12 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,47,441 | 65.99 | −2.59 |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2012

2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election: Thakkarbapa Nagar
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Vallabhbhai Kakadiya | 88,731 | 62.94 |  |
|  | INC | Geetaben Patel | 39,480 | 28.01 |  |
| Majority | | | 49,251 | 34.94 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,40,972 | 68.58 |  |
|  | BJP **win** (new seat) | | | | |

23°03′N 72°39′E / 23.05°N 72.65°E / 23.05; 72.65

## InfoBox

| Thakkarbapa Nagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 48 for the Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Western India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Ahmedabad |
| LS constituency | Ahmedabad East |
| Established | 2008 |
| Total electors | 243,623 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 15th Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Kanchanben Vinubhai Radadiya** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Cantons of Périgueux

abstract: The cantons of Périgueux are administrative divisions of the Dordogne department, in southwestern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the town of Périgueux is subdivided into 2 cantons. Their seat is in Périgueux.

text:
# Cantons of Périgueux

The **cantons of Périgueux** are administrative divisions of the Dordogne department, in southwestern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the town of Périgueux is subdivided into 2 cantons. Their seat is in Périgueux.

## Population

| Name | Population (2019) | Cantonal Code |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canton of Périgueux-1 | 15,516 | 2414 |
| Canton of Périgueux-2 | 14,380 | 2415 |
|

45°11′N 0°43′E / 45.19°N 0.72°E / 45.19; 0.72


title: Jonesfield Township, Michigan

abstract: Jonesfield Township is a civil township of Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,618 at the 2020 Census. The Village of Merrill is located within Jonesfield Township.

text:
# Jonesfield Township, Michigan

**Jonesfield Township** is a civil township of Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,618 at the 2020 Census. The Village of Merrill is located within Jonesfield Township.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 25.2 square miles (65 km2), all land.

### Major highways

* M-30 is a north–south route that forms the western boundary of the township.
* M-46 serves as an east–west thoroughfare within the township.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,710 people, 652 households, and 490 families residing in the township. The population density was 67.9 inhabitants per square mile (26.2/km2). There were 674 housing units at an average density of 26.7 per square mile (10.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.13% White, 0.06% African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.82% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.28% of the population.

There were 652 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the township the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $41,992, and the median income for a family was $45,921. Males had a median income of $39,773 versus $29,519 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,348. About 5.1% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Jonesfield Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Location within Saginaw County (red) and the administered village of Merrill (pink) | |
| Jonesfield TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganJonesfield TownshipJonesfield Township (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 43°24′49″N 84°20′07″W / 43.41361°N 84.33528°W / 43.41361; -84.33528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Saginaw |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Larry Tibbits |
| Clerk | Julie Foye |
| Area | |
| Total | 25.2 sq mi (65.3 km2) |
| Land | 25.2 sq mi (65.3 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 666 ft (203 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,618 |
| Density | 64/sq mi (25/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48637 (Merrill) |
| Area code | 989 |
| FIPS code | 26-41900 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626543 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Serbian royal titles

abstract: The Serbian monarchs and royalty have assumed several regnal titles and styles throughout history.

text:
# Serbian royal titles

The **Serbian monarchs and royalty** have assumed several **regnal titles** and **styles** throughout history.

## Middle Ages

### Regnal titles

**Prince** of Serbia / the Serbs *Archon of Serbia*/*Archon of the Serbs* (ἄρχων Σερβλίας). ἄρχων (*archon*, plural ἄρχοντες, *archontes*) was used by the Byzantines as a generic title for "prince", "ruler". It is the only royal title that is known to have been used by and for Serbian monarchs during the rule of the Vlastimirović dynasty. The title in Serbian is rendered as *knez*. **Grand Prince** of Serbia / the Serbs The Serbian ***veliki župan*** (велики жупан) was the supreme chieftain in the multi-tribal society. The title signifies overlordship, as the leader of lesser chieftains titled *župan*. It was used by the Serb rulers in the 11th and 12th centuries. In Greek, it was known as *archizoupanos* (ἄρχιζουπάνος, "chief *župan*") and *megalos zoupanos* or *megazoupanos* (μεγάλος ζουπάνος and μεγαζουπάνος, both meaning "grand *župan*"). **King** of Serbia / the Serbs **Great King** of Serbia / the Serbs The title was introduced in the 13th century. Stefan the First-Crowned, likely Stefan Uroš I, Stefan Dečanski and Stefan Dušan had the title. **Emperor** of the Serbs (Цар Срба) *Emperor of the Serbs and the Greeks* ("Emperor and autocrat of Serbia and Rhomania", Bασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτoκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας) Despot of Serbia The rulers of the Serbian Despotate were often mentioned as *Lord of the Serbs, Despot*. Used after 1402. Initially Despot was a honorific title of Byzantine origin (δεσπότης, *despotes*), used alongside that of the Lord of the Serbs, but eventually it became synonymous with the Serbian monarchy, as well as its claimants in exile.

### Regnal styles of individual rulers

*Stefan* The Nemanjić dynasty ruled the Serb lands between ca. 1166 up to 1371. All Serbian rulers after Stephen the First-Crowned added the name *Stefan* before their birth names after ascending the throne as a manner of honoring the first ruler of their dynasty, Stefan Nemanja. The name Stefan is derived from Greek *stephanos*, meaning *crowned with wreath*. Vukan Nemanjić In an inscription dating to 1202-1203, Vukan is titled as *Grand Župan Vukan, Ruler of all Serbian lands, Zeta, maritime towns and land of Nišava*. Vukašin Mrnjavčević *Lord of the Serbian Land, of the Greeks, and of the Western Provinces* (господинь зємли срьбьскои и грькѡмь и западнимь странамь). Lazar Hrebeljanović * *Autokrator of All Serbs* (самодрьжць вьсѣмь Србьлѥмь) *Autokrator*, "self-ruler" in Greek, was the title of the senior Byzantine emperor. The Nemanjić kings adopted it and applied it to themselves in its literal meaning to stress their independence from Byzantium, whose supreme suzerainty they nominally recognized.
* "Prince of the Kingdom of Rascia" (in Hungary).

## Modern

### Sources

* Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). *The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest*. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
* Mihaljčić, Rade (2001) \[1984\]. Лазар Хребељановић: историја, култ, предање (in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska školska knjiga; Knowledge. ISBN 86-83565-01-7.
* Veselinović, Andrija (2006) \[1995\]. Држава српских деспота \[*State of the Serbian Despots*\]. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. ISBN 86-17-12911-5.
* Šarkić, S. (2012). "Vladarske titule u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji" \[Monarch's titles in Mediaeval Serbia\] (PDF). *Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad*. **46** (2): 23–35.


title: Shirish Saraf

abstract: Shirish Saraf is the Founder, Vice Chairman and member of the Compensation Committee of Samena Capital. He is also the Investment Manager and Director of the Samena Special Situations Funds and Samena Limestone Holdings. Prior to founding Samena Capital, Saraf was a Co-Founder and Managing Director of Abraaj Capital, which grew to become one of the largest global private equity firms managing in excess of US$6 billion. During his tenure at Abraaj Capital he was involved in several landmark private equity and block purchase transactions such as the buyout of Aramex, EFG Hermes, Egyptian Fertilizer Company, Arabtec, ONIC, SAOG Oman, Amwal Capital (Qatar) and also, he pioneered and managed the special situations funds. In June 2014, Saraf led the acquisition of a significant stake in RAK Ceramics PSC, a company listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange and one of the world's largest ceramics manufacturers with annual revenues of approximately US$1 billion. Saraf holds numerous directorship and leadership positions across Samena's portfolio companies. He is currently the Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the Executive Committee of RAK Ceramics, where previously he was the Chairman of the Audit Committee and Member of the Remuneration and Nominations Committee. Mr Saraf is also a Board Member of RAK Logistics. In July 2016, Mr Saraf became a Member of the Board of Directors for Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited, India and in August 2016, he was appointed to the Board of Directors of Tejas Networks, India. In November 2016, Mr Saraf was appointed to the Board of Directors of Dynamatic Technologies Limited, India. Saraf has previously held numerous directorships including Aramex Holdings, Abraaj Capital, Commercial Bank of Oman SAOG, EFG Hermes and Amwal Capital (Qatar). In 1998, Saraf founded Oriel Investment Company, which emerged as one of the leading regional corporate finance firms in a short period of time. While at Oriel Investment, he became one of the largest founding shareholders of US-based E Ink Corporation, the world's leading developer and provider of electronic paper and displays. In September 2013, Asian Investor listed Saraf as one of Asia's 25 most influential people in Private Equity.

text:
# Shirish Saraf

**Shirish Saraf** is the Founder, Vice Chairman and member of the Compensation Committee of Samena Capital. He is also the Investment Manager and Director of the Samena Special Situations Funds and Samena Limestone Holdings.

Prior to founding Samena Capital, Saraf was a Co-Founder and Managing Director of Abraaj Capital, which grew to become one of the largest global private equity firms managing in excess of US$6 billion. During his tenure at Abraaj Capital he was involved in several landmark private equity and block purchase transactions such as the buyout of Aramex, EFG Hermes, Egyptian Fertilizer Company, Arabtec, ONIC, SAOG Oman, Amwal Capital (Qatar) and also, he pioneered and managed the special situations funds.

In June 2014, Saraf led the acquisition of a significant stake in RAK Ceramics PSC, a company listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange and one of the world's largest ceramics manufacturers with annual revenues of approximately US$1 billion.

Saraf holds numerous directorship and leadership positions across Samena's portfolio companies. He is currently the Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the Executive Committee of RAK Ceramics, where previously he was the Chairman of the Audit Committee and Member of the Remuneration and Nominations Committee. Mr Saraf is also a Board Member of RAK Logistics (previously Alliance Global Logistics). In July 2016, Mr Saraf became a Member of the Board of Directors for Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited, India and in August 2016, he was appointed to the Board of Directors of Tejas Networks, India. In November 2016, Mr Saraf was appointed to the Board of Directors of Dynamatic Technologies Limited, India.

Saraf has previously held numerous directorships including Aramex Holdings, Abraaj Capital, Commercial Bank of Oman SAOG, EFG Hermes and Amwal Capital (Qatar).

In 1998, Saraf founded Oriel Investment Company, which emerged as one of the leading regional corporate finance firms in a short period of time. While at Oriel Investment, he became one of the largest founding shareholders of US-based E Ink Corporation, the world's leading developer and provider of electronic paper and displays.

In September 2013, Asian Investor listed Saraf as one of Asia's 25 most influential people in Private Equity.

## Education

Saraf was educated at Charterhouse School (England) and the London School of Economics.

## Philanthropy

Saraf and his wife are actively involved with the Little Dreams Foundation, a Geneva-based charity that supports underprivileged children with outstanding talent in areas such as music and sports.

He is also on the World Advisory Board of WorldView, a Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Project that aims to improve UK public understanding and awareness of the developing world via the mainstream broadcast and digital media. WorldView supports upcoming filmmakers that produce films with a social message in developing countries, with an aim to unite the world. WorldView is partnering with Games For Change, a project that produces digital video games and mobile phone applications to raise the awareness about developmental issues across borders and fatal diseases such as typhoid and malaria.

During his time at Abraaj, Saraf played a key role in the development of the London School of Economics Middle East Centre, instituting scholarships for 50 promising students from the region.

In 2015, Saraf founded the Shirish Saraf Scholarship at Charterhouse House School, providing an education for underprivileged children with all around excellence.

In 2016, Saraf established the Samena Foundation an initiative set up to facilitate global charitable and benevolent causes.

## Samena Capital

1. "Shirish Saraf's Official Profile on The Marque".
2. "Playing the long game: Shirish Saraf". *ArabianBusiness.com*. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
3. Chen, Shu-Ching Jean. "Hong Kong's V-Nee Yeh Makes Smart Bets". *Forbes*. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

## InfoBox

| Shirish Saraf | |
| --- | --- |
| Saraf in 2011 | |
| Born | 12 October 1967 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Private Equity Investor and Entrepreneur |
| Known for | Investing, Finance, Banking, Private Equity & Philanthropy |


title: Ricardo M. Urbina

abstract: Ricardo Manuel Urbina was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The first Latino judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, he was noted for his rulings in cases regarding terrorism during the George W. Bush administration, as well as for his ruling in District of Columbia v. Heller, which was later reversed on appeal and by the United States Supreme Court.

text:
# Ricardo M. Urbina

**Ricardo Manuel Urbina** (/ɜːrˈbnə/; January 31, 1946 – June 17, 2024) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The first Latino judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, he was noted for his rulings in cases regarding terrorism during the George W. Bush administration, as well as for his ruling in District of Columbia v. Heller, which was later reversed on appeal and by the United States Supreme Court.

## Education and career

Urbina was born in New York City on January 31, 1946. He earned a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University in 1967. Urbina received his juris doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970. He began his legal career as a public defender. He worked for the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia from 1970 to 1972 and was in private practice in Washington, D.C., from 1972 to 1974. He was on the faculty of Howard University Law School from 1974 to 1981.

In 1981, he became an Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, nominated by Ronald Reagan, serving until his appointment to the United States District Court. He was the first Latino judge to be appointed to that court.

## Federal judicial service

Urbina was nominated by President Bill Clinton on March 22, 1994, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge Aubrey E. Robinson Jr. He was confirmed by the Senate on June 15, 1994, and received commission on June 16, 1994. He was the first Latino judge to serve on the Court. He assumed senior status on January 31, 2011, and retired on May 31, 2012.

## Notable cases

### *Omar v. Harvey*

Urbina was assigned as the judge in *Omar v. Harvey*, in which Shawqi Ahmad Omar, an American citizen, captured and detained in Iraq by United States military forces operating as part of the Multi-National Force-Iraq, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus preventing the U.S. military from transferring him from U.S. military custody at Camp Cropper into the custody of Iraqi authorities for trial on terrorism charges in the Central Criminal Court of Iraq. Urbina issued an *ex parte* temporary restraining order requiring that Omar "not be removed from United States custody" and later converted the order into a preliminary injunction. The government appealed, and the D.C. Circuit, in a 21 decision, affirmed that the District Court had habeas jurisdiction under the U.S. Supreme Court precedent in *Hirota v. MacArthur* and that Omar's case could be reviewed because he had not yet been convicted by a foreign court. The case ultimately reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which heard this matter together with *Munaf v. Geren*, 553 U.S. 674 (2008). The Court unanimously affirmed Judge Urbina's conclusion that the habeas corpus statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(1), extends to U.S. citizens held overseas by American forces subject to an American chain of command, even if acting as part of a multinational coalition, but also found that habeas corpus provided the petitioners with no relief because "habeas corpus does not require the United States to shelter such fugitives from the criminal justice system of the sovereign with authority to prosecute them."

### Guantanamo Bay detainees

In *Rasul v. Rumsfeld* (2006), Urbina found that British detainees at Guantanamo Bay could not bring a civil lawsuit against government officials under the Alien Tort Statute or the Geneva Conventions for alleged torture and mistreatment. Urbina did, however, find that the detainees could sue under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act for alleged restraints on their religious free expression. That later judgment was then reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

Urbina presided over a number of habeas corpus petitions submitted on behalf of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. In October 2008, he ordered the release of a small group of Uighur detainees from Guantanamo into the United States because they are no longer regarded as enemy combatants.

#### *Saeed Hatim v. Barack Obama*

On December 16, 2009, Urbina ordered Guantanamo captive "Saeed Hatim" to be released. According to Carol Rosenberg, writing in the *Miami Herald* Urbina's release order was sealed, and it "brought the so-called habeas corpus scorecard to 32 losses and nine victories by the Pentagon of detainee challenges from Guantánamo Bay, Cuba." Dean Boyd, a Department of Justice spokesman, told Rosenberg the Government was reviewing its options in how to react to the ruling.

### Blackwater Baghdad shootings prosecution

On December 31, 2009, a month before five Blackwater Worldwide security guards implicated in the September 2007, Nisour Square, Baghdad, shooting incident were to go on trial, Urbina dismissed the case. Urbina said that the prosecutors improperly relied upon statements the guards gave to State Department investigators. The guards were required to make the statements if they wanted to keep their jobs—thus making them inadmissible under the Fifth Amendment. The immunity issue was a problem that lawyers for the government anticipated as long as a year ago when they briefed Congress on the matter. Judge Urbina dismissed the indictment of the five men who pleaded not guilty to voluntary manslaughter and firearms violations: Paul Slough, Evan Liberty, Dustin Heard, Donald Ball and Nicholas Slatten.

In 2011, a federal appeals court overruled Urbina, reinstated the charges against four out of the five men. In 2014, all four were convicted.

### *Heller v. District of Columbia*

A District of Columbia resident, Dick Anthony Heller filed suit against the District challenging the constitutionality of its laws regulating gun registration and gun restriction. Urbina dismissed *Heller v. District of Columbia* in 2010 and upheld the constitutionality of the statute. The dismissal was appealed and overturned in a 2–1 vote. The case eventually made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in a 54 vote sided with Heller and declare the District's regulations unconstitutional.

### *Electronic Privacy Information Center v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security*

The Transportation Security Administration has taken several thousand images of individuals passing through the Full Body Scanner to demonstrate its effectiveness to TSA employees. The EPIC sued the DHS for the release of the images. Urbina sided with the TSA, arguing that a release of the images would threaten national security.

## Death

Urbina died on June 17, 2024 from Parkinson's disease at an assisted-living facility in Washington, D.C., at the age of 78.

## InfoBox

| Ricardo M. Urbina | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia | |
| **In office**
January 31, 2011  May 31, 2012 | |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia | |
| **In office**
June 16, 1994  January 31, 2011 | |
| Appointed by | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Aubrey Eugene Robinson Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Rudolph Contreras |
| Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia | |
| **In office**
1981–1994 | |
| Nominated by | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Norma Holloway Johnson |
| Succeeded by | Eric T. Washington |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-01-31)January 31, 1946
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | June 17, 2024(2024-06-17) (aged 78)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Education | Georgetown University (BA, JD) |
|  | |


title: Sidne Silverman

abstract: Sidne Silverman was an American publisher. He was the president (publisher) and editor of Variety from 1933 to 1950.

text:
# Sidne Silverman

**Sidne Silverman** (December 11, 1898 – March 10, 1950) was an American publisher. He was the president (publisher) and editor of *Variety* from 1933 to 1950.

## Life

Silverman was born to a Jewish family on December 11, 1898, the son of Harriett "Hattie" (née Freeman) and Sime Silverman. His father was the founder and publisher of *Variety*, an entertainment publication.

Silverman began writing reviews for *Variety* at seven years old under the pseudonym of Skidgie as the world's youngest theatrical critic. When his father died in 1933, he became its president (publisher) and editor. Silverman contracted tuberculosis in 1936 and could no longer take a day to day role at the paper.

Silverman married Marie Saxon, a Broadway musical comedy actress, on May 31, 1924. They resided in Harrison, New York, where he died on March 10, 1950, at age 51. Saxon had died in 1941. Their only son, Syd Silverman, became the third publisher of *Variety*.

## InfoBox

| Sidne Silverman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1898-12-11)December 11, 1898 |
| Died | March 10, 1950(1950-03-10) (aged 51)<br>Harrison, New York, U.S. |
| Other names | Skidgie |
| Occupation | Publisher |
| Spouse | Marie Saxon |
| Children | 1 |
| Father | Sime Silverman |
| Relatives | Syd Silverman (son) |


abstract:
Recreation Residences or "Forest Service Cabins" are private residences enabled by the 1915 Occupancy Permits Act on land that later became the US Forest Service. The Recreation Residence Program authorizes the public to construct recreational cabins subject to various permit terms. As of 2014, there are over 14,000 Recreational Residences on Forest Service land and the owners of these residences are represented by the National Forest Homeowners group.
Recreation cabins are sometimes misused and have been a source of controversy, but the program was renewed with the passage of 2014 Cabin Fee Act (CFA) as part of the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act.

text:
# United States Forest Service Recreation Residence Program

**Recreation Residences** or "Forest Service Cabins" are private residences enabled by the 1915 Occupancy Permits Act on land that later became the US Forest Service. The Recreation Residence Program authorizes the public to construct recreational cabins subject to various permit terms. As of 2014, there are over 14,000 Recreational Residences on Forest Service land and the owners of these residences are represented by the National Forest Homeowners group. Recreation cabins are sometimes misused and have been a source of controversy, but the program was renewed with the passage of 2014 Cabin Fee Act (CFA) as part of the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act.

## Description

The United States Forest Service Recreation Residence Program is a residential recreation program of the United States Forest Service.

The program was established in 1915 to provide summer homes and seasonal recreation cabins to permit holders. The cabins are privately owned and are situated in specially designated tracts; occupants must abide by the rules of a Special Use Authorization permit issued by the Forest Service. Permit holders pay an annual fee for use of the land, and are expected to protect the forest environment and maintain the residences.

In the 1950s, the Forest Service stopped giving out permits for building cabins. In 1960, the forest service stopped opening additional tracts of land for the program. Many of the cabins remain in families that pass them down from generation to generation. Some are sold to family friends.

Cabin Life newsletter describes the "ins and outs" of having such a cabin, using an example in the Eldorado National Forest in California that has been owned by the same family for three generations.

The legislation for the program was modified in 2010.

## Examples

An example includes the Greenwood Lodge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places

As of 2024, there are currently 272 such residential cabins in the Lassen National Forest.


title: The Manhandlers

abstract: The Manhandlers is a 1973 American film. It was produced by Ed Carlin and directed by Lee Madden. Carlin and writer Gil Lasky had made several films together including Mama's Dirty Girls (1974).

text:
# The Manhandlers

***The Manhandlers*** is a 1973 American film.

It was produced by Ed Carlin and directed by Lee Madden. Carlin and writer Gil Lasky had made several films together including *Mama's Dirty Girls* (1974).

## Premise

A woman inherits her uncle's massage parlor.

## Cast

* Cara Burgess
* Judith Brown
* Rosalind Miles
* Vince Cannon
* Henry Brandon
* William Molloy
* Arleen Sinclair
* Wayne Storm
* Peter Fitzsimmons

## Production

In January 1973 it was announced Judy Brown had signed to star in the film which was then called *Soft Touch*.

## Reception

The *Los Angeles Times* said "this is actually a soft core porn film with a skeletal plot tossed in to kill time between rather racy sex scenes. The acting and direction are, of course, totally without merit."

## InfoBox

| The Manhandlers | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Lee Madden |
| Written by | Gil Lasky |
| Produced by | Ed Carlin<br>Gil Lasky |
| Starring | Carol Burgess |
| Distributed by | Premiere Releasing Organization |
| Release date | * May 27, 1973 (1973-05-27) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Delhi Township, Delaware County, Iowa

abstract: Delhi Township is a township in Delaware County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,047.

text:
# Delhi Township, Delaware County, Iowa

**Delhi Township** is a township in Delaware County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,047.

## Geography

Delhi Township covers an area of 35.93 square miles (93.07 square kilometers); of this, 0.28 square miles (0.72 square kilometers) or 0.77 percent is water. The stream of Allison Creek runs through this township.

### Cities and towns

### Adjacent townships

### Cemeteries

The township contains four cemeteries: Allison, Evergreen, Plum Creek and Saint Johns.

### Major highways

1. "U.S. Census website". Retrieved July 8, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Delhi Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Delaware County | |
| Coordinates: 42°25′42″N 91°18′26″W / 42.42833°N 91.30722°W / 42.42833; -91.30722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Delaware |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.93 sq mi (93.07 km2) |
| Land | 35.66 sq mi (92.35 km2) |
| Water | 0.28 sq mi (0.72 km2)  0.77% |
| Elevation | 1,007 ft (307 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 1,047 |
| Density | 29.4/sq mi (11.3/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0467701 |


title: Relative locality

abstract: Relative locality is a proposed physical phenomenon in which different observers would disagree on whether two space-time events are coincident. This is in contrast to special relativity and general relativity in which different observers may disagree on whether two distant events occur at the same time but if an observer infers that two events are at the same spacetime position then all observers will agree. When a light signal exchange procedure is used to infer spacetime coordinates of distant events from the travel time of photons, information about the photon's energy is discarded with the assumption that the frequency of light doesn't matter. It is also usually assumed that distant observers construct the same spacetime. This assumption of absolute locality implies that momentum space is flat. However research into quantum gravity has indicated that momentum space might be curved which would imply relative locality. To regain an absolute arena for invariance one would combine spacetime and momentum space into a phase space.

text:
# Relative locality

**Relative locality** is a proposed physical phenomenon in which different observers would disagree on whether two space-time events are coincident. This is in contrast to special relativity and general relativity in which different observers may disagree on whether two distant events occur at the same time but if an observer infers that two events are at the same spacetime position then all observers will agree.

When a light signal exchange procedure is used to infer spacetime coordinates of distant events from the travel time of photons, information about the photon's energy is discarded with the assumption that the frequency of light doesn't matter. It is also usually assumed that distant observers construct the same spacetime. This assumption of absolute locality implies that momentum space is flat. However research into quantum gravity has indicated that momentum space might be curved which would imply relative locality. To regain an absolute arena for invariance one would combine spacetime and momentum space into a phase space.


title: Lanka de Silva

abstract: Lanka de Silva is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in three Test matches and 11 One Day Internationals in 1997. He is also the current interim head coach of the Sri Lanka women's national cricket team.

text:
# Lanka de Silva

**Lanka de Silva** (born 29 July 1975) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in three Test matches and 11 One Day Internationals in 1997. He is also the current interim head coach of the Sri Lanka women's national cricket team.

## Domestic career

He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.

## International career

He was right-hand wicket-keeper batsman. de Silva is only the tenth player in Sri Lankan cricket history to pass 10,000 runs in first-class cricket after starting his career in 1991/92 season for Kurunegala Youth Cricket Club.

He played three Test for Sri Lanka all against Indian national cricket team when Sri Lanka toured to India in 1997 without any success and lost his place to Romesh Kaluwitharana.

## Coaching career

In 2015, de Silva was named as head coach of Sri Lanka national cricket team replacing Jeevantha Kulatunga along with physio Neha Karnik. In August 2020, he was appointed as the interim head coach of the Sri Lanka women's cricket team replacing Harsha de Silva.

## InfoBox

Lanka de Silva
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sanjeewa Kumara Lanka de Silva |
| Born | (1975-07-29) 29 July 1975<br>Kurunegala |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm offbreak |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 70) | 19 November 1997 v India |
| Last Test | 3 December 1997 v India |
| ODI debut (cap 90) | 18 July 1997 v India |
| Last ODI | 8 November 1997 v South Africa |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test ODI  Matches 3 11  Runs scored 36 161  Batting average 18.00 53.66  100s/50s 0/0 0/2  Top score 20 57  Catches/stumpings 1/– 9/6 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 9 February 2006 | |


title: Soar, Anglesey

abstract: Soar is a village in the community of Aberffraw, Anglesey, Wales, which is 131.2 miles (211.1 km) from Cardiff and 216.3 miles (348.1 km) from London.

text:
# Soar, Anglesey

**Soar** is a village in the community of Aberffraw, Anglesey, Wales, which is 131.2 miles (211.1 km) from Cardiff and 216.3 miles (348.1 km) from London.

## InfoBox

| Soar | |
| --- | --- |
| SoarLocation within Anglesey | |
| OS grid reference | SH 3858 7208 |
| Cardiff | 131.2 mi (211.1 km) |
| London | 216.3 mi (348.1 km) |
| Community |  |
| Principal area |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Bodorgan |
|  | |
| Police | North Wales |
| Fire | North Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
|


title: Shou Prefecture

abstract: Shouzhou or Shou Prefecture (壽州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Shou County, Anhui, China. It existed (intermittently) from 589 to 1912.

text:
# Shou Prefecture

**Shouzhou** or **Shou Prefecture** (壽州) was a *zhou* (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Shou County, Anhui, China. It existed (intermittently) from 589 to 1912.

## Geography

The administrative region of Shouzhou in the Tang dynasty falls within the administration of modern Lu'an, Anhui. It probably includes parts of modern:

In 956, the Later Zhou state moved the headquarter from modern Shou County further north to modern Fengtai County (now under the administration of Huainan, Anhui).

* Shi Weile, ed. (2005). *Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian* (中国历史地名大词典) \[*Large Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names*\] (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. p. 1170. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1.


title: Beer bottle

abstract: A beer bottle is a bottle designed as a container for beer. Such designs vary greatly in size and shape, but the glass commonly is brown or green to reduce spoilage from light, especially ultraviolet. The most widely established alternatives to glass containers for beer in retail sales are beverage cans and aluminium bottles; for larger volumes kegs are in common use.

text:
# Beer bottle

A **beer bottle** is a bottle designed as a container for beer. Such designs vary greatly in size and shape, but the glass commonly is brown or green to reduce spoilage from light, especially ultraviolet.

The most widely established alternatives to glass containers for beer in retail sales are beverage cans and aluminium bottles; for larger volumes kegs are in common use.

## Bottling lines

Bottling lines are production lines that fill beer into bottles on a large scale.

The process is typically as follows:

1. Filling a bottle in a filling machine (*filler*) typically involves drawing beer from a holding tank
2. Capping the bottle, labeling it
3. Packing the bottles into cases or cartons

Many smaller breweries send their bulk beer to large facilities for contract bottling—though some will bottle by hand.

The first step in bottling beer is *depalletising*, where the empty bottles are removed from the original packaging delivered from the manufacturer, so that individual bottles may be handled. The bottles may then be rinsed with filtered water or air, and may have carbon dioxide injected into them in attempt to reduce the level of oxygen within the bottle. The bottle then enters a "filler" which fills the bottle with beer and may also inject a small amount of inert gas (CO2 or nitrogen) on top of the beer to disperse oxygen, as O2 can ruin the quality of the product by oxidation.

Next the bottle enters a labelling machine ("labeller") where a label is applied. The product is then packed into boxes and warehoused, ready for sale.

Depending on the magnitude of the bottling endeavour, there are many different types of bottling machinery available. Liquid level machines fill bottles so they appear to be filled to the same line on every bottle, while volumetric filling machines fill each bottle with exactly the same amount of liquid. Overflow pressure fillers are the most popular machines with beverage makers, while gravity filling machines are the most cost-effective. In terms of automation, inline filling machines are most popular, but rotary machines are much faster albeit much more expensive.

## Shape and size

### Stubby and steinie

A short glass bottle used for beer is generally called a *stubby*, or originally a *steinie*. Shorter and flatter than standard bottles, stubbies pack into a smaller space for transporting. The *steinie* was introduced in the 1930s by Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company and derived their name from their similarity to the shape of a beer stein, which was emphasized in marketing. The bottles are sometimes made with thick glass so that the bottle can be cleaned and reused before being recycled. The capacity of a stubby is generally somewhere between 330 and 375 mL (11.6 and 13.2 imp fl oz; 11.2 and 12.7 U.S. fl oz); the Canadian stubby bottle is traditionally 341 mL (11.5 U.S. fl oz; 12.0 imp fl oz), while the U.S. longneck was 355 mL (12.0 U.S. fl oz; 12.5 imp fl oz). Some of the expected advantages of stubby bottles are: ease of handling; less breakage; lighter in weight; less storage space; and lower center of gravity.

After the end of Prohibition in the U.S. in 1933, many breweries began marketing beer in steel cans. The glass industry responded by devising short bottles with little necks, nicknamed stubbies, and types with short necks were called steinies. Capacities varied, with 12oz being the most common size used for soft drinks. The steinie dominated in the U.S. by 1950, and the neck became longer, such as seen with the familiar Budweiser bottle. Stubbies were popular in Canada until the 1980s. Standard SP Lager from Papua New Guinea and Victoria Bitter in Australia, are some of the few beers still sold in 12oz neckless stubbies. The U.S. steinie shape dominates for small beer bottles the world over, in sizes from half-pint to the European 500ml. The word *stubbie* is only in common use in Australia and Canada. In Australia it is generally referred to as a 'stubby'.

Stubbies are used extensively in Europe, and were used almost exclusively in Canada from 1962 to 1986 as part of a standardization effort intended to reduce breakage, and the cost of sorting bottles when they were returned by customers. Due to their nostalgic value, stubbies were reintroduced by a number of Canadian craft brewers in the early 2000s. In the U.S., stubbies have generally fallen out of favour, with only a few brands still using them such as the Session Lager by the Full Sail Brewing Company, Switchback Brewing Co in Burlington, Vermont, US and Red Stripe, a Jamaican brand import. Coors Brewing Company uses the stubby form for nostalgic packaging of Coors Banquet.

### Belgium

Belgian beer is usually packaged in 330 mL (11.6 imp fl oz; 11.2 U.S. fl oz) bottles in four or six packs, or in 750 mL (26.4 imp fl oz; 25.4 U.S. fl oz) bottles similar to those used for Champagne. Some beers, usually lambics and fruit lambics are also bottled in 375 mL (13.2 imp fl oz; 12.7 U.S. fl oz) servings.

### Britain

Through the latter part of the 20th century, most British brewers used a standard design of bottle, known as the London Brewers' Standard. This was in brown glass, with a conical medium neck in the pint and with a rounded shoulder in the half-pint and nip sizes. Pints, defined as 568 mL (20.0 imp fl oz; 19.2 U.S. fl oz), and half-pints, or 284 mL (10.0 imp fl oz; 9.6 U.S. fl oz) were the most common, but some brewers also bottled in nip (1/3-pint) and quart (2-pint) sizes. It was for example mostly barley wines that were bottled in nips, and Midlands breweries such as Shipstone of Nottingham that bottled in quarts. This standardisation simplified the automation of bottling and made it easier for customers to recycle bottles as they were interchangeable. They carried a deposit charge, which in the 1980s rose to seven pence for a pint and five pence for a half-pint. Some brewers however used individual bottle designs: among these were Samuel Smith Old Brewery, which used an embossed clear bottle, and Scottish and Newcastle, which used a clear bottle for their Newcastle Brown Ale (both designs survive in the 500 mL (16.9 U.S. fl oz; 17.6 imp fl oz) size). Other brewers such as Timothy Taylor had used their own embossed bottles and rare examples continued to be reused into the 1980s. During the 1980s the industry turned away from refillable bottles. UK beer bottles are all one-trip, and most are 500 mL (16.9 U.S. fl oz; 17.6 imp fl oz) or 330 mL (11.2 U.S. fl oz; 11.6 imp fl oz) in volume. The compulsory high recycled-content of these bottles makes them very dark and the lack of temper makes them chip easily when being opened.

### Netherlands *(pijpje)*

Most beer producers in the Netherlands sell their beers in a brown 300 mL (10.6 imp fl oz; 10.1 U.S. fl oz) bottle. Its official name is *Bruin Nederlands Retour CBK-fles* (Brown Dutch Return CBK Bottle), with CBK standing for Centraal Brouwerij Kantoor, the former name of the Dutch trade association of larger breweries, Nederlandse Brouwers. The name is abbreviated as *BNR-fles*, but the bottle is more commonly known as *pijpje* (little pipe).

The total length of the bottle is 207 mm, with a conical neck of about one-third of that length. The bottles carry a 10-cent deposit. The breweries share a pool of re-usable bottles of the same type.

### Germany

In Germany, approximately 99% of beer bottles are reusable deposit bottles and are either 330 or 500 mL (11.6 or 17.6 imp fl oz; 11.2 or 16.9 U.S. fl oz). At any given time, an estimated 2 billion beer bottles are in circulation in Germany, each of which sees an average of 36 reuses. The deposit for beer bottles sealed with crown corks is €0.08; for bottles with flip-top closures, the deposit is €0.15.

The Euro bottle was the main shape in use until the 1980s, when many breweries began to switch over to NRW and Longneck bottles, both of which are available as 330ml and 500ml bottles. The market leader is the NRW bottle with a market share of 39%, followed by Longneck at 33%. Many smaller, traditional breweries have retained the Euro bottle as part of their corporate identity, particularly Augustiner, Tegernseer, and Schlenkerla.

### Longneck, Industry Standard Bottle (ISB) or North American longneck

A North American longneck is a type of beer bottle with a long neck. It is known as the standard longneck bottle or industry standard bottle (ISB). The ISB longnecks have a uniform capacity, height, weight and diameter and can be reused on average 16 times. The U.S. ISB longneck is 355 mL (12.5 imp fl oz; 12.0 U.S. fl oz). In Canada, in 1992, the large breweries all agreed to use a 341 mL (12.0 imp fl oz; 11.5 U.S. fl oz) longneck bottle of standard design (named AT2), thus replacing the traditional stubby bottle and an assortment of brewery-specific long-necks which had come into use in the mid-1980s.

### Large bottles

In the United States and Canada, large bottles are 22 U.S. fl oz (650.6 mL; 22.9 imp fl oz), or one-sixth of a US gallon (colloquially called a "bomber," a "deuce deuce," or "double deuce"). Some breweries also choose to use 500 mL (16.9 U.S. fl oz; 17.6 imp fl oz) bottles, often for smaller batches of beer.

The European and Australian standard large bottle is 750-milliliter (25.4 U.S. fl oz; 26.4 imp fl oz) and is also used occasionally in Canada. In South Africa they are referred to as a "quart"; in Australia they are known colloquially as a "longneck","king brown", "tallie", "largie" or simply a "bottle". A liter and 1.25 L are also in use.

### Forty

A "forty" is American slang for a 40-U.S.-fluid-ounce (1,200 mL; 42 imp fl oz) bottle commonly used for cheaper varieties of beer and of malt liquor, though some 32-U.S.-fluid-ounce (950 mL; 33 imp fl oz) bottles are erroneously called forties.

### Growler

A growler (/ˈɡrlər/) is a glass, ceramic, or stainless steel jug used to transport draught beer in the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil and other countries. They are commonly sold at breweries and brewpubs as a means to sell take-out craft beer.

In the United States, a growler is one-half US gallon (1.9 litres; 0.42 imperial gallons). Less commonly can be found "growlerettes" or "howlers", which are half-growlers, or 32 U.S. fl oz.

### Small bottles

There are also smaller bottles, called *nips*, *ponies* (United States), *cuartitos* (Mexico, "small fourth", in reference to the larger 355 mL *media* "half"), *throwdowns* or *grenades* (Australia), among other names.

In the United States, the size of these bottles is usually 7 U.S. fl oz (207 mL), and are similar to the size of original Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola bottles. The term *pony* dates to the 19th century, and is due to the diminutive size, being used earlier for a pony glass, and similarly for a pony keg. The best-known brands of ponies are Rolling Rock (pony introduced 1939)and Miller High Life (pony introduced 1972), and the 7 oz size of Rolling Rock likely contributed to the standardization on this size. Other major brands, such as Budweiser and Coors, are also regionally available in 7 oz bottles; these were introduced in the early 1970s, following the introduction of the size for Miller High Life.

The popularity of Rolling Rock ponies has led to the folk etymology that "pony" is from the Rolling Rock horse logo. This is incorrect: the term "pony of beer" in the United States predates Rolling Rock (introduced 1939) by over 50 years, and advertising for Rolling Rock from the 1950s uses the term "pony bottle" generically, stating "... Rolling Rock is the Largest Selling 7 oz. Pony Bottle of premium beer in Pennsylvania".

Among Mexican beers, Corona sells 7 U.S. fl oz (207 mL) ponies and 7.1 U.S. fl oz (210 mL) *cuartitos*, branded as *Coronita*, from the Spanish diminutive *-ita*. The American-market 7 oz. ponies come in 6-packs and the Mexican market 210 mL *cuartitos* come in boxes of 12.

In Australia, a limited range of beers are available in a 250 mL (8.8 imp fl oz; 8.5 U.S. fl oz) bottle, nicknamed a *throwdown* or *grenade*.

Pony bottles are most popular for the on-premises market, where they are sold by the bucketful. The motivation in the 1970s was to target lighter drinkers, and to ensure that the lager beer stayed cold until finished. The market for beer in small bottles is smaller than that in regular size bottles, which cause added difficulties and expense: the bottles themselves are harder to source, and require either a separate bottling line or retooling the bottling line between runs. As a result, US craft breweries only rarely bottle in small bottles; temporary examples include Flying Dog Brewery (2007–2009) and Rogue Ales (2009–2011, using extra bottles from Flying Dog).

### "Darwin Stubby"

A Darwin Stubby refers to several particularly large beer bottle sizes in Australia. It was first introduced in April 1958 with an 80-imperial-fluid-ounce (2,270 mL; 76.9 U.S. fl oz) capacity. The 2-liter (70.4 imp fl oz; 67.6 U.S. fl oz) Darwin Stubby is available by NT Draught in the Northern Territory. The 2.25-liter (76.1 U.S. fl oz; 79.2 imp fl oz) Darwin Stubby has an iconic, if kitsch, status in Australian folklore.

### "Caguama" and "Ballena" bottles

In Mexico, *caguama* and *ballena* are popular names for a 940 mL (33.1 imp fl oz; 31.8 U.S. fl oz) beer bottle. The beer brands that are sold in these bottles include Tecate, Carta Blanca, Sol, Indio, Victoria, Corona Familiar and Pacífico. The name "caguama" refers to the Loggerhead sea turtle, which is called "caguama" in Spanish, and is used mostly in central and eastern Mexico. There are larger sizes of beer bottle called a *súper caguama* or a *caguamón*. The name *ballena* is Spanish for whale, and is mostly used along the northern Pacific coast.

## Closure

Bottled beer is sold with several types of bottle cap, but most often with crown caps, also known as *crown seals*. Some beers (for example Grolsch) are sold in "beugel" style bottles, known as "flip-top" or "swing top" in some English speaking countries. A number of beers are sold finished with a cork and muselet (or cage), similar to champagne closures. These closures were largely superseded by the crown cap at the end of the 19th century, but survive in some styles, typically Lambic ales. Many larger beers, including most forties and some growlers, use screw caps due to their resealing design.

## Bottle fermentation

Some beers undergo a fermentation in the bottle, giving natural carbonation. These beers are usually referred to as bottle-conditioned. They are bottled with a viable yeast population in suspension and to start what may be a second or third fermentation. If there is no residual fermentable sugar left, sugar and or wort may be added in a process known as priming. The resulting fermentation generates CO2 that is trapped in the bottle, remaining in solution and providing natural carbonation. Bottle-conditioned beers may be either filled unfiltered direct from the fermentation or conditioning tank, or filtered and then reseeded with yeast.

## Use as weapons

Beer bottles are sometimes used as makeshift clubs, for instance in bar fights. As with pint glasses, the use of glass bottles as weapons is known as glassing. Pathologists determined in 2009 that beer bottles are strong enough to crack human skulls, which requires an impact energy of between 14 and 70 joules, depending on the location. Empty beer bottles shatter at 40 joules, while full bottles shatter at only 30 joules because of the pressure of the carbonated beer inside the bottle. A test performed by the television show *MythBusters* suggested that full bottles are significantly more dangerous than empty bottles. They concluded that full bottles inflict more damage in terms of concussion and skull fracture. However, they found that both full and empty bottles do the same amount of scalp damage.

As with pint glasses, the main solution to glassing with bottles is not to dispense glass bottles where there is risk of fights or accidents, most simply either using plastic glasses or plastic bottles (or aluminium cans).

## Lightstruck beer

Lightstruck, or "skunked" or "skunky", beer has been exposed to ultraviolet and visible light. The light causes riboflavin to react with and break down isohumulones, chemicals that contribute to the bitterness of the beer and are derived from the hops. A molecule resulting from a subsequent chain of reactions, prenylthiol, is very similar chemically and in odour to the musk-borne mercaptans that are a skunk's natural defences. It has also been identified as the primary odorant in cannabis that contributes to its skunk-like aroma.

In some cases, such as Miller High Life, a hops extract that does not have isohumulones is used to bitter the beer so it cannot be "lightstruck". A dark brown glass bottle gives some protection to the beer, but green and clear glass bottles offer virtually no protection at all.

There are also other solutions available to prevent beer bottled in clear and green glass from becoming skunked or light-struck, such as taller walls on 6-pack carriers, which is common with craft beers and highlighted in Samuel Adams marketing.

## Further reading


title: Chaerilidae

abstract: Chaerilidae is a family of scorpions. It contains two genera, the extant Chaerilus and the extinct Electrochaerilus.

text:
# Chaerilidae

**Chaerilidae** is a family of scorpions. It contains two genera, the extant *Chaerilus* (Simon, 1877) and the extinct *Electrochaerilus* (Santiago-Blay, Fet, Soleglad & Anderson, 2004).

## InfoBox

| Chaerilidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Scorpiones |
| Parvorder: | Chaerilida
Soleglad and Fet, 2003 |
| Superfamily: | Chaeriloidea
Pocock, 1893 |
| Family: | Chaerilidae
Pocock, 1893 |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |