title: Third Labour Government of New Zealand

abstract: The Third Labour Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 1972 to 1975. During its time in office, it carried out a wide range of reforms in areas such as overseas trade, farming, public works, energy generation, local government, health, the arts, sport and recreation, regional development, environmental protection, education, housing, and social welfare. Māori also benefited from revisions to the laws relating to land, together with a significant increase in a Māori and Island Affairs building programme. In addition, the government encouraged biculturalism and a sense of New Zealand identity. However, the government damaged relations between Pākehā and Pasifika New Zealanders by instituting the Dawn Raids on alleged overstayers from the Pacific Islands; the raids have been described as "the most blatantly racist attack on Pacific peoples by the New Zealand government in New Zealand’s history". The government lasted for one term before being defeated a year after the death of its popular leader, Norman Kirk.

text:
# Third Labour Government of New Zealand

The **Third Labour Government of New Zealand** was the government of New Zealand from 1972 to 1975. During its time in office, it carried out a wide range of reforms in areas such as overseas trade, farming, public works, energy generation, local government, health, the arts, sport and recreation, regional development, environmental protection, education, housing, and social welfare. Māori also benefited from revisions to the laws relating to land, together with a significant increase in a Māori and Island Affairs building programme. In addition, the government encouraged biculturalism and a sense of New Zealand identity. However, the government damaged relations between Pākehā and Pasifika New Zealanders by instituting the Dawn Raids on alleged overstayers from the Pacific Islands; the raids have been described as "the most blatantly racist attack on Pacific peoples by the New Zealand government in New Zealand’s history". The government lasted for one term before being defeated a year after the death of its popular leader, Norman Kirk.

## Significant policies

The government's most significant policies concerned attempts to create a distinct New Zealand identity, both internally and in the world. For most of its history, New Zealand had been, economically, culturally and politically, highly dependent on Britain. This began to change during World War II, when it became clear that Britain was no longer able to defend its former colonies in the Pacific. As Britain began to turn away from what was left of its former Empire and towards Europe, New Zealanders became less inclined to think of themselves as British. Initially the country turned instead to the United States, and so entered into the ANZUS pact with the US and Australia, and aided the U.S in the Vietnam War. However, by the early 1970s many New Zealanders felt the need for genuine national independence, a feeling strengthened when Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973, causing serious problems for New Zealand trade. Most of this government's policies can be seen in this light.

### Treaty of Waitangi

This was the first government to give serious recognition to the Treaty of Waitangi, first by making the anniversary of its signing a national public holiday, and then by **establishing the Waitangi Tribunal** to investigate contemporary breaches of it. Both were concessions to increasingly angry Māori protest, as was the appointment of Matiu Rata to Minister of Māori Affairs (and initially Lands). He was the first Māori Minister of Māori Affairs since the 1930s and the first ever Māori Minister of Lands.

The Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 was the first legal recognition of the Treaty, but did not allow the Tribunal to investigate historical breaches. The New Zealand Day Act 1973, which **made Waitangi Day a national public holiday**, also fulfilled the Māori demand for greater acknowledgement of the Treaty. However it was also a part of the government's programme of nationalism, as the name of the day (New Zealand Day) indicates. New Zealand Day was intended to appeal to New Zealanders of all ethnicities, including those who were neither Māori nor Pākehā.

### Economic

* New Zealand's economy was heavily dependent on overseas trade, and Prime Minister Norman Kirk felt that it made little sense to be dependent on foreign-owned shipping firms. A state-owned shipping line, Shipping Corporation of New Zealand was created, but was to be financially unsuccessful.
* The Development Finance Corporation bill was passed, which reconstituted the Development Finance Corporation as a wholly Government-owned body. It operated like a Development Bank in assisting with the promotion of regional development and new industrial projects.
* Wage controls instituted by the previous government were abandoned.
* The government tried to avoid inflation via massive overseas borrowing and a variety of local regulations. A scheme was introduced to fix maximum retail prices, while to keep people in employment it added the post office, the railways, milk, lamb, mutton, and wool to the number of industrial subsidies.
* Office, rail, and bulk power charges were controlled.
* During the government's first year in office, adjustments were made to the salaries of State Servants while the Stabilisation of Remuneration Regulations were introduced, which provided wider flexibility for employers and trade unions to negotiate new pay rates. These changes enabled wage and salary-earners to negotiate with their employers for a better deal, which they quickly did.
* The Development Finance Corporation was provided with powers to "grant up to 40 per cent of the capital cost of plant and machinery for projects designed to achieve a high export performance".
* New provisions were introduced to encourage employers "to finance their employees into shareholding agreements with the company".
* Subsidies and suspensory loans were introduced to encourage regional development, together with selective investment incentives "to encourage desirable changes in the pattern of industry."
* Many of the direct penalties on strikes and lock-outs were removed.
* Average real wages rose substantially, with the share of the economic "cake" accruing to labour rising from 45% in 1972/73 to 48% in 1975/76.
* In his first budget, Bill Rowling announced that state spending on housing and electricity capital works would increase, and 14% more would be spent on education and 19% more spent on health.
* Bob Tizard reduced income tax rates for many on lower incomes, and a standard tertiary bursary and additional house lending were included in the 1975 budget.
* Including benefit payments, new training, export and production incentives, and further money for health, education, housing, culture, and recreation and regional development pushed expenditure up by 19% for 1974–75.

### Foreign affairs

The government's foreign policy reflected its desire for independence from the powerful nations of Western Europe and North America. It was also influenced by the many left-wing movements of the period, such as environmentalism, the peace movement, and anti-racism. However, in many cases it was simply catching up to the rest of the world, much of which had already recognised the People's Republic of China and cut sporting ties with South Africa. The decision to block a proposed tour by the South African Springbok rugby team was only made once it became clear that international disapproval of the tour would seriously harm the 1974 Commonwealth Games in Christchurch. Before the 1973 election, Kirk had promised not to get involved in the sporting contacts issue. Aid to the developing world (which had virtually static for at least two decades) was also significantly increased, with official development aid increasing from 0.22% of GNP in 1972 to 0.55% of GNP by 1975. This measure was seen as characteristic of the "new morality" in foreign policy pursued by the Third Labour Government.

### Constitutional

* **Altered the Queen's title in New Zealand**

The Royal Titles Act 1974 removed mention of the United Kingdom from the Queen's title in right of New Zealand. This was a symbolic act which made no difference in practical terms, as New Zealand's monarchy was made legally independent with the passing of the Statute of Westminster by the first Labour Government in 1947.

* **Passed the Constitution Amendment Act 1973**

This altered the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 so that the New Zealand Parliament could legislate extra-territorially.

* **Lowered the voting age from 20 to 18**.
* **An electoral amendment bill increased Māori representation**.
* **The Māori Affairs Amendment Act of 1974 redefined a Māori as "a person of the Maori race of New Zealand; and includes any descendant of such a Maori," thereby broadening the definition of who was a Māori**.

### Social policy

* **Payment of the Christmas Bonus."**

A Christmas Bonus of an additional week's benefit was introduced for the elderly.

Single parenthood and divorce were no longer as scandalous as they once had been, and the introduction of the DPB reflected this.

* **Establishment of compulsory pension savings' scheme**.

The elderly were the one group of New Zealanders not entitled to non means-tested income support when they were unable to work. Both parties attempted to address this issue: Labour with a compulsory savings scheme and National with a scheme to be paid for out of general taxation. The superannuation scheme introduced by the Third Labour Government benefitted 750,000 workers who previously had no other form of retirement pension aside from the age benefit. Labour's short-lived scheme was abolished by the third National government and replaced with universal superannuation.

* **The introduction of Additional Benefit (1975)**.

This was a means tested statutory benefit for the elderly, which included an allowance for housing costs, an income supplement, and a special expenses item. It replaced an earlier benefit for pensioners called Supplementary Benefit. According to Brian Easton, the new Additional Benefit systematised and extended supplementary assistance.

* **The introduction of the Disability Allowance (1975)**.

Introduced in October 1975, this was an allowance for disabled people receiving an income tested benefit or for people with an income level that enabled them to qualify for an income tested benefit. The allowance could also be paid in respect of the disabled wife or child of such a person. The aim of the allowance was to help disabled people meet special expenses resulting from their disability, such as medicines not on the free list, domestic help, special diet, or transport costs.

* **An expanded welfare system**.

The Third Labour government made considerable changes to New Zealand's social security system, both in terms of the adequacy of benefits and in the range of welfare benefits available. As noted by the historian Keith Sinclair,

“The Kirk-Rowling Government gave exceptional attention to the needs of the needs of the least privileged – often recent Pacific Island immigrants or 'solo mums'.

Substantial increases were made to social security benefits such as married couple’s benefits, single benefits, and pensions. The basic benefit was also increased and sickness benefit was liberalised: where a married couple had both been in full-time employment for at least 12 months and intended to remain members of the regular workforce, a sickness benefit would be paid for up to three months at half the rate payable to married couples, if one couple became sick. There would be no income test on this. Prior to this reform, if a husband had fallen ill while his wife was working, no Social Security payment was made. Pensions were increased and state insurance rebates were also introduced for pensioners. Fathers became entitled to the Domestic Purposes Benefit in 1973, albeit under more restrictive conditions than those applying to mothers. In addition, the Xmas bonus was subsequently repeated in 1973 and 1974, while age benefits were adjusted six times from 1972 to 1975. The real incomes of many means-tested beneficiaries were further increased by the introduction of telephone, television, and rates rebates in 1973. In 1974, aid was given to help pay the insurance premiums on the homes of pensioners, and a major effort was undertaken to increase the availability of suitable accommodation for the elderly. Increased financial assistance was also provided to voluntary groups working with handicapped or underprivileged persons, while four weeks paid relief was provided for those caring for the disabled and handicapped at home. From January 1974 onwards, approved day-care centres for children received a government grant of $4.50 per week per child. In addition, wheelchair access to buildings was promoted.

In February 1973, the maximum Advance Payment of Benefit was doubled from $400 to $800 "to be used for home maintenance or provision of essential services." In July 1974, Cabinet agreed that where special annuities were paid as though they were equivalent to a War Widows Pension or a War Pension, the cost of living adjustment granted to War Pensions would apply to these annuities as well. In December that same year, a Special Christmas payment was provided to beneficiaries.

The amount of income that income-tested beneficiaries could receive before their benefit levels were affected was also increased, while the basic dental service for children was extended to dependants up to the age of eighteen. In addition, the physiotherapy benefit was increased while a new hearing aid benefit was introduced. Altogether, the increases in welfare benefits and pensions helped narrow the gap between one-income families and welfare recipients.

Although numerous benefits such as pensions, sickness benefits, and unemployment benefits were increased Third Labour Government's time in office, it failed to increase the family benefit, which continued at a nominal rate set in 1972 by the previous National government at $3 a week per child, which led to the real value of the family benefit being reduced to the extent of $1 a week for each child. In defending the Third Labour Government's family policy record, however, Labour MPs pointed to subsidies on a variety of consumer products including gas, electricity, postal charges, wool, milk, meat, eggs, bread, and some transport items.

* **Major initiatives in housing**.

State intervention in housing was significantly increased during the Third Labour's Government's time in office. A Housing Corporation was set up to tackle new housing demands, whilst the mortgage and rental house management activities of the State Advances Corporation were amalgamated with the Housing Division of the Ministry of Works and Development. The new Corporation also took over the housing care of the elderly, which had formerly been the responsibility of the Department of Health, while the rural lending functions of the State Advances Corporation were transferred to the newly established Rural Banking and Finance Corporation. Advances to the Housing Corporation were significantly increased and special emphasis was given to people on low incomes. Income limits for 3% lending were increased, and fixed loan limits on urban residential loans were abolished and their terms extended. A number of houses were bought for rental purposes, income restrictions on applicants for state homes were removed, the criteria for the allocation of state houses were standardised, and annual rent reviews were introduced, "the rents to be relevant to the family income.”

The government increased the total number of houses built (especially lower-cost houses), sustained the building industry, increased government involvement in housing, and achieved stabilised property prices by the 3rd quarter of 1975. 31,000 houses completed in 1973–74, compared with 27,400 in 1972–73 and 22,400 in 1971–72. State Housing construction was also encouraged, with nearly 4,000 State Houses completed in 1975–76, compared with 700 constructed in 1972–73. The criteria for allocating State Housing was also changed, which led to more people being offered such houses. Income limits for 3% housing loans were also increased, and rent subsidies for pensioners were introduced.

New housing loans were introduced, such as a new 4.5% loan for those whose qualifying incomes were between $70 and $75 a week, plus $5 for each dependent child. An additional loan was also introduced for applicants who had a total income of less than 490 a week and were eligible to capitalise on the family benefit. Greater flexibility was extended to the State Advances Corporation "in determining the size of average loans "to be made available both at 3 and at 5 per cent." In the first budget, a special fund was announced for refinancing mortgages where people had second and third mortgage commitments that were placing strains on the family budget. Rent Appeal boards were also set up to restrict the rights of landlords to make arbitrary increases in rents to protect the rights of tenants.

New Home Ownership Accounts were introduced to encourage people on low and middle incomes to save towards housing. Savers were entitled to a tax concession of 25% if savings were retained in the account for at least three years and were then put towards the purchase or construction of a first house or apartment. A Property Speculation Tax was introduced in 1973 in an attempt to control speculative dealing in property, and in 1974 building restrictions were imposed on commercial building and the construction of larger houses. A land tax was also introduced to control profit-making on rezoned land. Improvements were made in the design and planning of State housing accommodation, with additions such as carports, driveways, tree-planting, and landscaping. In addition, an amendment to the Public Works Act provided more generous arrangements for those whose property had been taken under the Act, while other legislation ensured that a joint family home was exempted from death duties on the death of whichever spouse died first. Additional house lending was later provided in the 1975 budget. Local authorities were authorised, under the Local Government Act of 1974, "to provide housing loans and subdivide council-owned land for housing," and could also "sell or lease allotments and apply to their local authority's loans board to borrow to purchase land for subdivision."

* **Major initiatives in education**.

A new Standard tertiary benefit was introduced for university students, while at the secondary school level, staffing ratios were improved, an accelerated school building programme was carried out, and the number of guidance counsellors was markedly increased. Pilot schemes in "second chance" education and community education were introduced, and in May 1973 the government abolished the maximum school-leaving age of nineteen to enable adults to attend secondary schools full-time. The government also introduced "the concept of schools incorporating community facilities for use outside school hours," and tried to broaden the function of schools into community centres. In addition, sessional allowances and building subsidies for kindergartens and playcentres were significantly increased, bursaries and other grants were increased for technical institute and university students, housing allowances were granted to married male teacher trainees, and grants for hobby classes (which had been cut in 1971 as an austerity measure) were also reinstated. In 1974, amendments were made to the Education Act that established a new category of institution "Community Colleges" designed to meet continuing education needs "in provincial centres particularly."

Labour had committed itself in its 1972 election manifesto to expand community-based learning, and went about fulfilling this commitment by providing grants in its 1973 Budget for hobby classes and assisting various schools in developing second-chance education programmes for mature students. Attempts were also made to extend the teaching of Māori language and culture. Māori was introduced an optional subject in many secondary schools, proficient speakers of Māori were recruited for teacher training, Māori language lecturers were appointed in all teacher's training colleges. In tertiary education, more technical institutes were constructed, as indicated by large increase in annual gross voted expenditure on capital works for different tertiary institutions between 1972 and 1975: 25% for universities, 50% for teacher's colleges, 97% for primary and secondary schools, and 157% for technical institutes. For students in training colleges, technical institutes, and universities, were to receive $24 a week for up to three years of tertiary education, and the allowance would be increased to $27 for subsequent years if the course required more than three years. Special provision was also made for married students. In 1975, the Standard Tertiary Bursery was made available for part-time study, where the student was not otherwise employed.

Numerous measures were introduced which extended pre-school services and supported local voluntary organisations. These included the creation of ten district pre-school committees with the purpose of co-ordinating development at the local level. The subsidy for building play-centres and kindergartens was doubled and provision was made for helping in the purchase of sites. New salary scales for kindergarten teachers were approved, and assistance was extended to day-care centres, with the government providing a grant of $4.50 per week for each child cared for in an approved centre, which also qualified for a two-thirds subsidy on construction costs. In 1972, 1 in 3 children received pre-school education, while in 1975, the equivalent figure was 2 in 3.

Phil Amos, the Minister of Education from 1972 to 1975, was instrumental in establishing open-plan classrooms and was responsible for numerous measures such as the promotion of the debate on sex education in schools and the integration of Catholic schools. Amos's time in office also witnessed the opening of the first community college in Hawkes Bay, with the intention of incorporating adult and community education "on an equal footing with vocational education and set out to achieve increased representation from groups traditionally under-represented in post-school education."

* **Major initiatives in health**.

Attempts were made to increase grants to Hospital boards to overcome staff shortages, while specials subsidies were paid to attract doctors to rural and other medically deprived areas. Fees were paid to doctors for each patient consultation were increased and doctors were required to lower the charge made to the public. As a result of these measures, the 1973 budget witnessed a 19% rise in expenditure on health services and benefits. Reforms were carried out in the mental health service in line with recommendations made by a Commission of Inquiry in 1971, and the problem of staff shortages in mental hospitals was significantly reduced through the provision of a further thousand staff positions." The government also increased the subsidies paid to church and other voluntary organisations which wished to build or extend private hospitals attached to private homes for the elderly. Hospital waiting lists were also reduced during the government's time in office.

In 1974, various improvements were made in state medical benefits. In 1974, a higher private hospital benefit for non-surgical hospitals was introduced, together with a higher General Medical Services benefit (used for part payment towards consultations) for children. That same year, free treatment for all accident induced injuries and occupational disease was introduced. In 1974, lump-sum benefits were introduced for dependents not covered by accident compensation, and in 1975 sickness benefits for working spouses were introduced.

* **Accident Compensation Amendment Act (1973)**.

This extended coverage to those not already covered by the 1972 Accident Compensation Act (including students, non-earners and visitors to New Zealand). Under the 1973 Act, three schemes were established, including the earners' scheme, the motor vehicle scheme, and the supplementary scheme, with covered those who weren't covered by the other two schemes (the government funded this scheme).

* **A major improvement in the national minimum wage**.

The national minimum wage was significantly increased, in line with a recommendation of the 1972 Royal Commission on Social Security. In 1972, the minimum wage represented 44% of the average wage, but in 1973 value of the minimum wage was raised to nearly 66% of the average wage.

* **The Counties Amendment Bill No. 3 and the Municipal Corporations Amendment Bill No. 2**.

These bills extended the power of Local Authorities to introduce differential rating, in response to complaints by municipalities that they did not have the power to obtain realistic contribution from high-rise or multi-unit properties. The two bills also gave Local Authorities more power in preventing alcohol consumption in streets closed for public functions, and Police were given the authority to search packages or bags carried into such closed streets.

* **Measures to combat sex discrimination**.

The distinction of sex in the residence rights of New Zealanders who had married foreigners was removed. Prior to this legislation, female New Zealanders were not permitted to bring their foreign spouses to reside in New Zealand as of right, due to the assumption that women should follow their husbands. The government also instructed the State Services Commission to start negotiations with the Combined State services Organisations to reach agreement on the removal of sex-based distinctions in conditions of employment.

* **The Industrial Relations Act (1973)**.

This established the under-rate workers' permit, and enabled persons with an impairment to work in the open labour market and receive a wage that matched their productivity.

* **The Māori Affairs Amendment Act (1974)**.

This was passed to promote biculturalism.

* **The Education Amendment Bill No. 5**.

This legislation gave Education Boards permission to carry out architectural and construction work on behalf of pre-school authorities, and provided for teacher representation with full voting rights on all secondary school boards. It also allowed schools to provide free continuing education so that adults would be able to attend regular day classes at schools.

* **The introduction of a scheme of national walkways**.

This was introduced with the intention of encouraging people to venture into the countryside.

* **The Recreation and Sport Act (1973)**.

This piece of legislation established the Office of a Minister of Recreation and Sport and provided for the creation of a Council for Recreation and Sport. It also introduced a subsidy regime which councillors could direct towards community groups.

* **Improvements in holiday entitlements (1974)**.

The minimum entitlements to paid holidays were extended from two to three weeks.

* **The Fire Services Amendment Bill**.

This considerably reduced the cost of Fire Services to local authorities (and by extension ratepayers) while raising the contribution of the insurance companies.

* **Introduction of the rates rebate scheme**.

This helped many people on low incomes to pay their property rates.

* **The Children and Young Persons Act (1974)**.

This provided police and social workers with the legal authority to intervene in family situations where the child was at risk.

* **Special assistance to farmers**.

To help farmers, the Third Labour Government introduced a number of measures to increase assistance to farmers. A range of measures were introduced which helped to stabilise farm costs including waiving of interest on loans, the abolition of meat inspection fees, and increased fertiliser subsidies. A farm settlement scheme was also established in conjunction with a farm training scheme to get landless farmers onto their own units of land. A five-year training scheme culminating in a Trade Certification Board advanced trade certificate in farm management was introduced to make the settlement opportunities as egalitarian and expansive as possible.

* **The establishment of the New Zealand Authors’ Fund**.

This measure targeted government funding for the arts towards New Zealand authors and recognised the contribution made by New Zealand authors.

* **The personal loans scheme**.

This scheme, which began in April 1973, with interest rates ranging from just over 5% to just over 6%, increased the number and value of personal loans. For instance, by 1975, over 12,500 personal loans worth more than $7 million were on record with the Post Office Savings Bank alone.

* **The promotion of preventive medicine**.

Preventive measures to promote public health were pursued by the government, with the expansion of audiology clinics, the provision of subsidies for water supply and sewerage, the establishment of a public health laboratory, and the setting up of a committee to advise on noise control procedures.

* **The promotion of greater productivity at work**.

Greater productivity was encouraged by the introduction of a 10 cents an hour rebate on overtime and 40 cents for every shift worked.

* **The Social Security Amendment Act (1973)**.

This substantially increased the allowable income for means test beneficiaries as of Valentine’s Day that year.

* **The Rent Appeal Act (1973)**.

This established the concept of an “equitable rent,” and provided for the fixing of such rents for dwellinghouses. It also bestowed upon tenants the right to have their rent assessed if they believed that it was not an “equitable rent".

* **Extensions in the Rest Home Subsidy Scheme**.

The scheme was extended to include the Palmerston North (February 1973), Marlborough Hospital Boards (December 1973), and the Wellington Hospital Board (April 1974).

* **The New Zealand Social Work Training Council**.

This was established in 1973 as a way of organising and co-ordinating the training of social workers from both voluntary and government agencies.

* **Larger funds for social research**.

The amount of money devoted to social research was significantly increased.

* **Greater allocations for geriatric hospitals and residential homes**.

Subsidies for residential homes and geriatric hospitals run by religious and welfare organisations were increased considerably from 1972 to 1975.

* **The extension of the provision of practice nurses to urban areas**.

A subsidy of 100% of the salary costs of nurses in urban practices was made available by 1975.

* **The Home Ownership Savings Act (1974)**.

This established special savings accounts as a means of encouraging saving for home ownership.

* **The Farm Ownership Savings Act (1974)**.

This was passed with the intention of encouraging saving for farm ownership. It provided statutory inducements to save for farm ownership including purchase grants and tax concessions. According to one study, the Act exemplified the use of legislation "to encourage people to work towards their own betterment, and to save for a stake in the country."

* **The Volunteers Employment Protection Act (1973)**.

This protected employees from dismissal as a result of being absent from work while undertaking any protected voluntary service.

* **Introduction of new concessionary allowances**.

A system began in October 1973 whereby pensioners paid only half their telephone accounts. This principle was extended in January 1975 to television license fees for income-tested beneficiaries. Income tested concessions for rail travel and local authority rates were also introduced.

* **The Property Law Amendment Bill (1974)**.

Amongst other measures, this legislation abolished the right of a landlord to enter a property to seize property to cover rent arrears. Provision was also made for the equal sharing of the assets on the collapse of a marriage, while courts were given the right to adjudicate in arguments between neighbours over fences and trees.

* **Revision of the Sale of Goods Act**.

This legislation strengthened consumer rights in retail contracts.

* **The Crimes Amendment Bill (1974)**.

This prohibited the publication of the names of people charged with crimes “until such time as they were found guilty.”

* **The Land and Income Tax Amendment Act (1974)** .

This legislation introduced a government-assisted profit sharing scheme.

* **A more progressive tax system**.

Various tax reforms were introduced to bring about greater progressivity in the tax system. New tax scales were introduced, which reduced taxes married taxpayers earning under $6,000 per annum, while New Zealanders earning over $12,000 per annum saw a slight increase in their tax burden. In addition, a new property speculation tax was introduced. According to Brian Easton, however, “the Labour Government’s reduction of taxation on low income recipients while inflation raised taxation on many earners had the effect of raising taxes on single-income families, who tend to be poorer, but perhaps lowering taxation on multiple -income families.”

* **The Food Hygiene Regulations (1974)**.

These regulations provided for the control of hygiene in food premises and in the manufacture, preparation, package, storage, handling and sale of food. Under these Regulations, food premises must be registered, and no premises may be registered unless they comply with the requirements of the First Schedule. It is stipulated by Clause 11 of the First Schedule that food premises must be provided with an adequate supply of clear, wholesome water.

* **The Criminal Justice Amendment Bill (1974)**.

This replaced borstal with a corrective training scheme for offenders between the ages of 15 and 20, of 3 months training or 6 months if the offence was a more serious one.

* **The Local Government Act (1974)**.

This was an important piece of legislation relative to drinking water supplies. Amongst other provisions, it made it an offence for anyone pollute the water supply of a local authority in such a way as to make the water dangerous to health or offensive, and also allowed (but does not require) land to be purchased and waterworks erected for the purpose of providing a water supply.

* **The introduction of Lump Sum Payment on Death (1975)**.

A lump sum grant of $1,000 was introduced in April that year, which was payable to widows or widowers upon the death of their partners. If the survivors were only partially dependent on the deceased then the payment was reduced to reflect this. A provision for payment of $500 in respect of each dependent child (to a maximum of $1,500) was also introduced.

* **An extension in the eligibility for Orphans Benefit (1975)**.

Eligibility for this benefit was extended to provide payment for a child “whose parent previously responsible for their care and control had been a patient in a psychiatric hospital for 6 months or more and whose other parent was dead or could not be found.”

* **The Disabled Persons Community Welfare Act (1975)**.

This provided greater provisions for those with disabilities. Under this legislation, practical assistance was given to disabled people and those looking after them, including loans for home alterations and motor vehicles.

## Formation

By 1972, National had been in power for twelve years, and was seen by many as tired and stale. Long-serving National Prime Minister Keith Holyoake had retired earlier in the year to be replaced by Jack Marshall. While generally respected, Marshall lacked the charisma of Labour leader Norman Kirk. Labour's election publicity focussed on Kirk, and used the slogan 'It's Time', signifying that the government had been in power for too long. Labour won 48.37% of the popular vote and 55 seats, to National's 41.5% and 32 seats.

## Defeat

Labour was defeated in the 1975 election, after only one term in power. In a reversal of the previous election's results, National won 47.6% of the popular vote and 55 seats, while Labour retained only 39.6% and 32 seats. Several factors contributed to the result:

### Leadership

Kirk's death the year before had robbed Labour of its biggest asset. In response to Kirk's popularity, National had replaced Marshall with Robert Muldoon, a brash but popular man who could hold his own against Kirk.

Bill Rowling replaced Kirk, although the party National Executive and the Federation of Labour had preferred Hugh Watt. But Rowling lacked the charisma of either Kirk or Muldoon, and was the subject of frequent mockery from Muldoon and Bob Jones.

Watt (who was surprised at Rowling's win) declined to stand for deputy, saying he had "done his fair share" as deputy to two leaders. The party whip Ron Barclay heard that Arthur Faulkner who was known to be indecisive expected to become deputy on the first ballot. He persuaded Warren Freer (who did not want the job) to stand and split the vote so that Faulkner would be defeated by Bob Tizard or Colin Moyle; either being preferable to Faulkner. So there were five candidates, including Joe Walding who dropped out first. Then Moyle and Freer were eliminated on the second and third ballots, and on the fourth ballot Tizard won by 28 votes to 26, as one of Faulkner's supporters failed to keep their promise.

The caucus decided to have a full re-election for cabinet rather than re-electing the (Kirk) cabinet as a whole. Sixteen were re-elected plus Ron Bailey. The last vacancy was filled by Phil Amos rather than by Norman Douglas, Frank O'Flynn or Jonathan Hunt (who dropped out first), and two further ballots selected Amos over Douglas by one vote. The new cabinet agreed that Labour should "go to the country", to get a mandate for Rowling and so that several policy "millstones" could be dropped. But Rowling referred it to caucus, who (led by Mike Moore and Trevor Davey) voted against a snap election. Freer said later that Rowling "procrastinated, as usual".and by 1975 that Rowling was "incapable of vigorous leadership" There was belated talk of a "snap election" in early 1975 after the oil shock.

### Economic factors

New Zealand, like most other countries, was hard hit by the 1973 oil crisis. In addition, Britain had joined the European Economic Community the same year, restricting New Zealand's agricultural exports to its biggest market. Labour seemed to lack the economic skills to handle these crises. By contrast, National's leader, Muldoon, was also its finance spokesperson, and an accountant by profession. He was able to convince many voters that he could solve New Zealand's economic problems.

Ironically, another factor in Labour's defeat was the popularity of National's universal superannuation scheme compared to Labour's compulsory savings programme. Universal superannuation, which replaced Labour's scheme, was to cause major financial headaches for subsequent governments.

### Social factors

Labour's progressive social and cultural policies, which encouraged biculturalism and the growth of Māori culture, may have caused a backlash amongst working class Pākehā, who had traditionally supported Labour. The cancellation of the proposed Springbok Tour was particularly unpopular. Many disliked and distrusted what Kirk's government was doing, but found Muldoon's style and message strongly appealing. This shift, along with the appeal the government's policies had for many middle class intellectuals, helped to change the culture of both parties, in Labour's case permanently. Under Muldoon, National had much more working class support than previously or since. The third Labour government's policies attracted a large university-educated liberal contingent to Labour, transforming the party from its working class, trade union roots. This shift in party culture explains how the fourth Labour government's policies differed so dramatically from those of its predecessors. As a result of this change, Kirk was to be the second to last Labour leader (the last being Mike Moore) to come from a working class and union background rather than be university-educated.

## Election results

| **Election** | **Parliament** | **Seats** | **Total votes** | **Percentage** | **Gain (loss)** | **Seats won** | **Change** | **Majority** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | 37th | **87** | 677,669 | 48.37% | +4.17% | **55** | +16 | **23** |
| 1975 | 38th | **87** | 634,453 | 39.56% | -8.81% | **32** | -23 | **-** |

## Prime ministers

Norman Kirk was Prime Minister from the 1972 election until his death in August 1974. He was replaced by Wallace (Bill) Rowling.

## Cabinet Ministers

| Portfolio | Minister | Start | End |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Norman Kirk | 8 December 1972 | 31 August 1974 |
| | Bill Rowling | 6 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Hugh Watt | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Bob Tizard | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Agriculture | Colin Moyle | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Attorney-General | Martyn Finlay | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Broadcasting | Roger Douglas | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Civil Defence | Tom McGuigan | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Henry May | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Customs | Mick Connelly | 8 December 1972 | 13 March 1975 |
| | Roger Douglas | 13 March 1975 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Defence | Arthur Faulkner | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Bill Fraser | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Earthquake Damage | Bill Fraser | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Hugh Watt | 10 September 1974 | 12 March 1975 |
| | Mick Connelly | 12 March 1975 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Education | Phil Amos | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Electricity | Tom McGuigan | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Ron Bailey | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister for the Environment | Joe Walding | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Finance | Bill Rowling | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Bob Tizard | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Norman Kirk | 8 December 1972 | 31 August 1974 |
| | Bill Rowling | 6 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Forestry | Colin Moyle | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Health | Bob Tizard | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Tom McGuigan | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Housing | Bill Fraser | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Roger Douglas | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Immigration | Fraser Colman | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Henry May | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Island Territories | Phil Amos | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| Minister of Justice | Martyn Finlay | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Labour | Hugh Watt | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Arthur Faulkner | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Lands | Matiu Rata | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Local Government | Henry May | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Maori Affairs | Matiu Rata | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Mines | Fraser Colman | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Overseas Trade | Joe Walding | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Police | Mick Connelly | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Postmaster-General | Roger Douglas | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Fraser Colman | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Railways | Tom McGuigan | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Ron Bailey | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister for Social Welfare | Norman King | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister for Sport and Recreation | Joe Walding | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Statistics | Mick Connelly | 25 April 1975 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Tourism | Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Trade and Industry | Warren Freer | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Transport | Basil Arthur | 8 December 1972 | 12 December 1975 |
| Minister of Works | Hugh Watt | 8 December 1972 | 29 August 1974 |
| | Arthur Faulkner | 29 August 1974 | 10 September 1974 |
| | Hugh Watt | 10 September 1974 | 13 March 1975 |
| | Mick Connelly | 13 March 1975 | 12 December 1975 |
|

## Further reading

* *Labour in Power: Promise and Performance*: Editors Ray Goldstein & Rod Alley (1975, Price Milburn for New Zealand University Press) ISBN 0-7055-0611-8 Published November 1975, shortly before the election, with 17 essays (including Rowling, Muldoon & Beetham)
* Bassett, Michael (1976). *The Third Labour Government: a personal history*. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. ISBN 0-908564-30-9. OCLC 3649492.
* Bassett, Michael (1998). *The State in New Zealand 1840–1984: socialism without doctrines?*. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-193-X.
* Freer, Warren (2004). *A Lifetime in Politics: the memoirs of Warren Freer*. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 0-86473-478-6.
* Garnier, Tony; Kohn, Bruce; Booth, Pat (1978). *The Hunter and the Hill : New Zealand politics in the Kirk years*. Auckland: Cassell. OCLC 5288883.
* Harvey, John; Edwards, John (2019). *Annette King: The Authorised Biography*. Auckland: Upstart Press. ISBN 978-1-988516-37-0.
* Jones, Robert (1974). *The First Twelve Months - The Achievements of The Third Labour Government in 1973*. Wellington. OCLC 153713048.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Lipson, Leslie (2011) \[1948\]. *The Politics of Equality: New Zealand's Adventures in Democracy*. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-646-8.

## InfoBox

| Third Labour Government | |
| --- | --- |
| <br>Ministries of New Zealand | |
| 1972–1975 | |
|  | |
| Date formed | 8 December 1972 |
| Date dissolved | 12 December 1975 |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Norman Kirk (1972–1974)<br>Bill Rowling (1974–1975) |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Hugh Watt (1972–1974)<br>Bob Tizard (1974–1975) |
| Member party | Labour Party |
| Opposition party | National Party |
| Opposition leader |  |
| History | |
| Election |  |
| Predecessor | Second National Government of New Zealand |
| Successor | Third National Government of New Zealand |


title: Berezan' Runestone

abstract: The Berezan' Runestone was discovered in 1905 by Ernst von Stern, professor at Odessa, on Berezan' Island where the Dnieper River meets the Black Sea. The runestone is 48 cm (19 in) wide, 47 cm (19 in) high and 12 cm (4.7 in) thick, and kept in the museum of Odesa. It was made by a Varangian (Viking) trader named Grani in memory of his business partner Karl. They were probably from Gotland, Sweden.

text:
# Berezan' Runestone

The **Berezan' Runestone** (X UaFv1914;47) was discovered in 1905 by Ernst von Stern, professor at Odessa, on Berezan' Island (also known as the Island of St Aitherios) where the Dnieper River meets the Black Sea. The runestone is 48 cm (19 in) wide, 47 cm (19 in) high and 12 cm (4.7 in) thick, and kept in the museum of Odesa. It was made by a Varangian (Viking) trader named Grani in memory of his business partner Karl. They were probably from Gotland, Sweden.

## Location

Berezan' is located in the Black Sea not far from the mouth of the Dnieper River. Its bays gave shelter to the Scandinavian ships that passed it on the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. Sven B.F. Jansson, later Sweden's National Antiquarian, writes on its importance:

> When the traveller came from the north, with the perils of the Dniepr cataracts (mentioned on the Pilgård stone) and the difficulties of sandbanks and treacherous shoal-water still fresh in his memory, he came at last, here by Berezanj, to open water, where the Black Sea, bigger than the Baltic, opened up before his ship's prow. And when he came to Berezanj from the south - on his way to the thick-wooded creeks of Mälaren or the stony havens of Gotland - he could gather strength here before being forced to bend back and oar in the long struggle against the river currents and all the other obstacles in his way. Soon enough the time would come for the unloading and the dragging over the portages and the reloading, all in the sticky heat of the interior, hardly relieved by the steppe winds and the summer rain.

## Discovery

The runestone was discovered during the excavations of a kurgan from the 6th century BC. After its construction, the kurgan had been used for 48 additional burials of different types and at various depths. None of the bodies appeared to have been incinerated; some had been carelessly buried without any grave goods, while others had received wooden coffins or had at least been put on planks before the inhumation, while some had been inserted into stone coffins made of flat slabs of stone. On June 9, 1905, von Stern's crew discovered a lidless stone coffin in the eastern part of the kurgan containing a skeleton whose skull was resting on the runestone. The runestone was discovered by von Stern just as a worker intended to throw it on a pile of stone. The runestone was probably not discovered in its original location, and it is likely that it was originally located at one of the minor barrows in the vicinity.

## Inscription

The inscription is completely preserved, which is shown by the fact that the first and last letters are marked as the end parts of the inscription. The engravings are c. 8 cm long and 0.75 cm deep.

Transliteration and transcription:

krani

Grani

:

kerþi

gærði

:

(h)alf

hvalf

:

þisi

þessi

:

iftir

æftiʀ

:

kal

Karl,

:

fi:laka

felaga

:

si(n)

sinn.

krani : kerþi : (h)alf : þisi : iftir : kal : fi:laka : si(n)

Grani {} gærði {} hvalf {} þessi {} æftiʀ {} Karl, {} felaga {} sinn.

"Grani made this vault in memory of Karl, his partner."

## Identity

It is difficult to determine from where Grani and Karl came. In runic inscriptions, the Old Norse word *hvalf* ("vault", "coffin") only appears in Gotland, and in some late inscriptions from Västergötland (both being regions in present-day Sweden). There are no special traits in the inscription that suggests that it was written in the Old Gutnish dialect of Old Norse, but the shape of the runestone and its placement are usually found on Gotland.

It is likely that the Gotlanders Grani and Karl were on their way to, or from, Constantinople but that Karl died and so Grani prepared his last resting place on an island that had always been visited by sailors, and which the Byzantines called the "island of Saint Etherius."

The runestone's description of Karl as the *félag* of Grani indicates that they were operating in a mercantile partnership, but it has been suggested that it could have referred to them as members of the same retinue.

## Uniqueness

Few runic inscriptions have been discovered in Eastern Europe because stone material was scarce. It may also have been due to the tradition of inscribing runes on wooden poles that were erected on the barrows, something which was described by Ibn Fadlan who met Scandinavians on the shores of the Volga. By the time the raising of runestones became fashionable in the 11th century, most Scandinavian settlers in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine had been assimilated by the Slavic majority, and the influx of new settlers had ceased.

* Braun, F. & Arne, T. J. (1914). "Den svenska runstenen från ön Berezanj utanför Dneprmynningen", in Ekhoff, E. (ed.) *Fornvännen årgång 9* pp. 44-48.
* Duczko, W. (2004). *Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe*. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-13874-9
* Jansson, S. B.F. (1997), *Runes in Sweden*, ISBN 91-7844-067-X
* Pritsak, O. (1987). *The origin of Rus'.* Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
* Thunberg, Carl L. (2011). *Särkland och dess källmaterial* \[*Serkland and its Source Material*\]. Göteborgs universitet. ISBN 978-91-637-5727-3
* Rundata

46°36′00″N 31°24′36″E / 46.60000°N 31.41000°E / 46.60000; 31.41000


title: Choeradoplana

abstract: Choeradoplana is a genus of land planarians found in South America.

text:
# Choeradoplana

***Choeradoplana*** is a genus of land planarians found in South America.

## Description

Species of the genus *Choeradoplana* are characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle associated with cephalic glands, forming a cephalic musculo-glandular organ in a way similar to the one found in the genera *Luteostriata* and *Issoca*. The head of *Choeradoplana* is highly rolled backwards and the ventral area thus visible has two "cushions" formed by the musculo-glandular organ. This peculiar head shape makes it easy to identify a species as belonging to this genus.

## Etymology

The name *Choeradoplana* comes from Greek word *χοιράς* (scrofula) and the Latin word *plana* (flat) due to the two cushions on the ventral side of the head that resemble the neck swellings in patients affected by scrofula.

## Species

The genus *Choeradoplana* currently includes the following 24 species:

## InfoBox

| *Choeradoplana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Choeradoplana iheringi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Order: | Tricladida |
| Family: | Geoplanidae |
| Subfamily: | Geoplaninae |
| Genus: | *Choeradoplana*
Graff, 1896 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Choeradoplana iheringi*
Graff, 1899 | |


title: Bloom (company)

abstract: Bloom Media was an American independent film entertainment company engaged in financing, development, production and worldwide distribution of theatrical feature films in various forms of broadcast media.

text:
# Bloom (company)

**Bloom Media** (formerly **MDP Worldwide**, **Behaviour Worldwide** and **Media 8 Entertainment**) was an American independent film entertainment company engaged in financing, development, production and worldwide distribution of theatrical feature films in various forms of broadcast media.

## Overview

The company was formed in 1993 by Mark Damon as MDP Worldwide (the "MDP" itself is short for **M**ark **D**amon **P**roductions).

In 1998, it was sold to Behaviour Communications, a Canadian production company from the assets of Malofilm for $19 million, which subsequently changed its name to Behaviour Worldwide. In 2000, citing the struggles of Behaviour themselves, Damon's investors opted to buy back the company, which was reverted to the MDP Worldwide moniker.

MDP Worldwide posted net income of C$5.5 million ($3.4 million) on revenues of $33.5 million for the year ended September 30, 2002. The company had offices in Los Angeles, California and Montreal, Quebec.

On October 9, 2003, MDP Worldwide was renamed Media 8 Entertainment. On May 15, 2004, it was announced that Media 8 Entertainment wanted to focus on film production following the success of the film *Monster*, and chose to focus on eight movies budgeted on the $10-$50 million range.

On October 14, 2004, founder Mark Damon announced that he would resign his post as chairman-CEO of the Media 8 Entertainment studio. After leaving Media 8, on January 23, 2005, Damon would eventually form a new studio Foresight Unlimited, to focus on production, with Media 8 executive Tamara Stuparich De La Barra serving as vice president of production at the studio.

In 2007, Media 8 Entertainment acquired the Spanish-based film companies Lauren Films and Araba Films, which then began to focus on the cinema theater business, until they became dormant in the 2010s.

In April 2012, Media 8 filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, and it was reorganized as Bloom Media following a merger with Capella Films.

In August 2017, Bloom was acquired by WME-IMG, with Bloom continuing to function as an entity within the company. In October 2018, it was announced that Bloom's operations would be integrated into those of its parent Endeavor Content's, with Bloom's employees being transferred to Endeavor Content.

## Films produced by Media 8

### MDP Worldwide

### Behaviour Worldwide

## Films distributed by Media 8

### MDP Worldwide

### Behaviour Worldwide

## InfoBox

Bloom Media
|
|  |
| Formerly | MDP Worldwide (1993–1998, 2000–2003)
Behaviour Worldwide (1998–2000)
Media 8 Entertainment (2003–2012) |
| Industry | Entertainment |
| Predecessor | Capella Films
Lauren Films
Araba Films |
| Founded | 1993 (1993) |
| Founder | Mark Damon |
| Defunct | 2019 (2019) |
| Fate | Acquired by WME-IMG in 2017 and folded into Endeavor Content in 2019 |
| Successor | Endeavor Content (now Fifth Season) |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Products | Motion pictures |
| Parent | Endeavor Content (2017–2019) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Porto Ercole

abstract: Porto Ercole is an Italian town located in the municipality of Monte Argentario, in the Province of Grosseto, Tuscany. It is one of the two major towns that form the township, along with Porto Santo Stefano. Its name means "Port Hercules". It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia.

text:
# Porto Ercole

**Porto Ercole** (Italian: \[ˈpɔrto ˈɛrkole\]) is an Italian town located in the municipality of Monte Argentario, in the Province of Grosseto, Tuscany. It is one of the two major towns that form the township, along with Porto Santo Stefano. Its name means "Port Hercules". It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

## Geography

The resort is located on the eastern side of Monte Argentario promontory, and is 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Grosseto, 7 km (4.3 mi) from Orbetello and about 12 km (7.5 mi) from Porto Santo Stefano. To the north of Porto Ercole are located the Laguna di Orbetello and the Tombolo della Feniglia.

## History

Porto Ercole was first mentioned in 1296, when Margherita Aldobrandeschi, countess of Sovana, ordered the construction of a tower named *Torre di Terra*, the oldest core of the town.

In 1610, the Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio, exiled by the Pope, died in Porto Ercole on his way back to Rome and was buried in a local church. The Dutch royal family maintained a summer residence here in the latter half of the twentieth century.

## Transportation

Porto Ercole was once connected by rail to Orbetello via a small rail line to Porto Santo Stefano, closed in 1944. The former station, named Porto Ercole-Terrarossa, was located 4 km from the town, in the hamlet of Terrarossa.

It counts two harbours: Porto Vecchio, the old town's port, and Cala Galera, located in a northern bay.

## Twin towns

## Photogallery

## InfoBox

| Porto Ercole | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
|  | |
| Porto ErcoleLocation of Porto Ercole in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 42°23′38″N 11°12′13″E / 42.39389°N 11.20361°E / 42.39389; 11.20361 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Grosseto (GR) |
| *Comune* | Monte Argentario |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 2,810 |
| Demonym | *Portercolesi* |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 58018 |
| Dialing code | 0564 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Clarice Cross Bagwell

abstract: Clarice Cross Bagwell was an American educator and activist. She was the first woman in Georgia to serve as forewoman of a grand jury, as well as one of the first special education teachers in the state of Georgia and the first in DeKalb County. She studied at Georgia State University, the University of Georgia, and West Georgia College. Bagwell also was president of the Georgia Parent Teacher Association and sat on the board of directors of the national PTA. Working for the PTA's Committee on International Relations, she visited Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and the USSR on goodwill and outreach missions. Bagwell was born on December 15, 1914, in Pickens County, Georgia. She married chemist and teacher Leland Horace Bagwell, sometime after 1930. They had two children, David Leland Bagwell and Thomas Nathan Bagwell. Leland was the founder and CEO of American Proteins, founded in 1949 as the North Georgia Rendering Company; after his death in 1972 she became the company's chairman of the board and co-owner and ran it alongside their son, Tommy Bagwell. American Proteins would become the largest poultry renderer in the country before being purchased by Tyson Foods in 2018 for $850 million. Bagwell never took a salary for her work. Despite not being an alumna, Bagwell was a strong supporter of Kennesaw State University, where she served as a trustee for 18 years, was in charge of the KSU Foundation's Special Projects Committee, and in 1997 received the first honorary doctorate of humane letters bestowed by the school. In 1996, the Bagwell family-owned American Proteins donated $2 million worth of land, 680 acres (280 ha) in Bartow County, to the KSU Foundation, its largest gift at the time; the university's Bagwell College of Education is named in both her and her husband's honor, and the KSU Foundation's Bagwell Medal for Distinguished Service, established in 1991, is named after Clarice. Additionally, Bagwell was a charter member of the Georgia Conservancy, the Georgia Federation of Business, and the Professional Women's Club; was appointed by three governors to Georgia's State Crimes Commission; initiated Cherokee County's first roadside park program along SR 20; and served as president of the Georgia Legislative Forum and a chairperson on the National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Bagwell received commendations from the American Cancer Society, the Community Concert Association, and the Heart Association. In March 2020, Bagwell was added to the Georgia Women of Achievement Hall of Fame. Bagwell died on September 26, 2001, in Cumming, Georgia, at the age of 86.

text:
# Clarice Cross Bagwell

**Clarice Cross Bagwell** (December 15, 1914 – September 26, 2001) was an American educator and activist. She was the first woman in Georgia to serve as forewoman of a grand jury, as well as one of the first special education teachers in the state of Georgia and the first in DeKalb County. She studied at Georgia State University, the University of Georgia, and West Georgia College. Bagwell also was president of the Georgia Parent Teacher Association and sat on the board of directors of the national PTA. Working for the PTA's Committee on International Relations, she visited Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and the USSR on goodwill and outreach missions.

Bagwell was born on December 15, 1914, in Pickens County, Georgia. She married chemist and teacher Leland Horace Bagwell, sometime after 1930. They had two children, David Leland Bagwell and Thomas Nathan Bagwell. Leland was the founder and CEO of American Proteins, founded in 1949 as the North Georgia Rendering Company; after his death in 1972 she became the company's chairman of the board and co-owner and ran it alongside their son, Tommy Bagwell. American Proteins would become the largest poultry renderer in the country before being purchased by Tyson Foods in 2018 for $850 million. Bagwell never took a salary for her work.

Despite not being an alumna, Bagwell was a strong supporter of Kennesaw State University, where she served as a trustee for 18 years, was in charge of the KSU Foundation's Special Projects Committee, and in 1997 received the first honorary doctorate of humane letters bestowed by the school. In 1996, the Bagwell family-owned American Proteins donated $2 million worth of land, 680 acres (280 ha) in Bartow County, to the KSU Foundation, its largest gift at the time; the university's Bagwell College of Education is named in both her and her husband's honor, and the KSU Foundation's Bagwell Medal for Distinguished Service, established in 1991, is named after Clarice.

Additionally, Bagwell was a charter member of the Georgia Conservancy, the Georgia Federation of Business, and the Professional Women's Club; was appointed by three governors to Georgia's State Crimes Commission; initiated Cherokee County's first roadside park program along SR 20; and served as president of the Georgia Legislative Forum and a chairperson on the National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Bagwell received commendations from the American Cancer Society, the Community Concert Association, and the Heart Association. In March 2020, Bagwell was added to the Georgia Women of Achievement Hall of Fame.

Bagwell died on September 26, 2001, in Cumming, Georgia, at the age of 86.

## Footnotes

1. "Person Page - Clarice Cross". *bagwells.com*. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
2. "Clarice Cross Bagwell". Georgia Women of Achievement. 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
3. Sparkman, Worth (15 May 2018). "Tyson Foods Builds on its Commitment to Sustainability through Acquisition of American Proteins and AMPRO Products Assets". *Tyson Foods*. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
4. Paglia, Brian (15 May 2018). "Tyson Foods to acquire American Proteins and AMPRO Products Assets". *Forsyth County News*. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
5. 1997 *Congressional Record,* Vol. 143, Page E1347 (June 27, 1997)
6. Whitmire, Kelly (17 October 2017). "New center at KSU named for local donors". *Forsyth County News*. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
7. "Education building named for Chantal and Tommy Bagwell". *KSU News*. Kennesaw State University. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
8. "About BCOE". *Bagwell College of Education*. Kennesaw State University. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
9. "Kudos to KSU". *Marietta Daily Journal*. 24 June 1997.
10. Rollins, Ivia (9 March 2020). "Four trailblazers to be honored by Georgia Women of Achievement". *The Telegraph*. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
11. "Family-Placed Death Notices: Bagwell". *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution*. 28 September 2001. p. D14.

## InfoBox

| Clarice Cross Bagwell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1914-12-15)December 15, 1914
Pickens County, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | September 26, 2001(2001-09-26) (aged 86)
Cumming, Georgia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Cherokee Memorial Park
Canton, Georgia |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Georgia State University
University of Georgia
West Georgia College |
| Occupation | Teacher |


title: Frank Scully (politician)

abstract: Francis Raymond Scully, Australian politician, from 1949 was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the electoral district of Richmond representing the Labor Party to March 1955. He was Assistant Minister of Lands, Assistant Minister of Electrical Undertakings in the third Cain government from 1952 to 1955. He was a member of the Catholic Social Studies Movement in Victoria, and was expelled from the ministry and the ALP as part of the Australian Labor Party split of 1955. He then was a member of the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) from 1955 to 1958. Scully was the only member of the DLP in the lower house of the Victorian parliament during these three years. Scully was a railway worker, and was active in the Australian Railways Union Industrial Group. Scully was defeated at the 1958 elections and subsequently owned a news-agency in Sandringham, Victoria. He died in 2015 at the age of 95.

text:
# Frank Scully (politician)

**Francis Raymond Scully** (27 January 1920 – 12 August 2015), Australian politician, from 1949 was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the electoral district of Richmond representing the Labor Party to March 1955. He was Assistant Minister of Lands, Assistant Minister of Electrical Undertakings in the third Cain government from 1952 to 1955. He was a member of the Catholic Social Studies Movement ("The Movement") in Victoria, and was expelled from the ministry and the ALP as part of the Australian Labor Party split of 1955. He then was a member of the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) (and then the Democratic Labor Party) from 1955 to 1958. Scully was the only member of the DLP in the lower house of the Victorian parliament during these three years.

Scully was a railway worker, and was active in the Australian Railways Union Industrial Group. Scully was defeated at the 1958 elections and subsequently owned a news-agency in Sandringham, Victoria. He died in 2015 at the age of 95.

1. "Frank Scully passes away, aged 95 years". Democratic Labour Party (Australia). 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
2. Ainsley Symons (2012), 'Democratic Labor Party members in the Victorian Parliament of 1955–1958,' in *Recorder* (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch) No. 275, November, Pages 4–5.
3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2010.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. Robert Murray (1970), *The Split*, F.W. Cheshire, Melbourne, page 339
5. Parliament of Victoria. "RE-MEMBER (FORMER MEMBERS) Francis Raymond Scully". *parliament.vic.gov.au*. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
6. "HERALD SUN TRIBUTES". *heraldsun.com.au*.

## InfoBox

| Frank Scully | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
for Richmond | |
| **In office**
17 December 1949  30 May 1958 | |
| Preceded by | Stan Keon |
| Succeeded by | Bill Towers |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francis Raymond Scully
(1920-01-27)27 January 1920
Bendigo, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | 12 August 2015(2015-08-12) (aged 95)
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Political party | Labor Party (1949–1955) |
| Other political
affiliations | Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) (1955–1957)
Democratic Labor Party (1957–1958) |
| Spouse | Moira Grant (m. 1957) |
| Occupation | Railway worker |
|  | |


title: Kathleen Lemass

abstract: Kathleen Mary Josephine Lemass was the wife of Seán Lemass who served as Taoiseach from 1959 to 1966.

text:
# Kathleen Lemass

**Kathleen Mary Josephine Lemass** (née **Hughes**; 18 September 1898 – 14 March 1985) was the wife of Seán Lemass who served as Taoiseach from 1959 to 1966.

## Biography

Kathleen Muriel Hughes was born at Beechwood Avenue in Ranelagh, the eldest of five children, four of whom survived to adulthood. Her father, Thomas Hughes, was a carpet buyer in Arnotts. The Hughes family were largely apolitical and played no active role during the Irish revolutionary period.

As a young woman she worked as a shorthand typist. She studied singing under Vincent O'Brien and won prizes at the Feis Ceoil.

Hughes met Seán Lemass when they were both children. Their families were friendly and would often holiday together in Skerries during the summer. A relationship developed, with Hughes writing to him during his imprisonment following the 1916 Easter Rising. The couple became engaged, however, the marriage was initially opposed to by her father who felt that Lemass had been spending so much time in prison that he could not make a proper home. In spite of this the couple married on 24 August 1924 at the Church of the Holy Name in Ranelagh.

The Lemasses had four children: Maureen, Margaret (Peggy), Noel and Sheila. The three daughters all got tuberculosis at the same time. Maureen Lemass later married Charles Haughey, who would succeed his father-in-law as leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach in 1979. Noel Lemass would follow his father into politics, serving alongside him as a TD.

Seán Lemass was elected as a TD for Dublin South shortly after his marriage in November 1924. Over the next 35 years he worked tirelessly to build and develop the Fianna Fáil party. He was a long-serving Minister for Industry and Commerce before being promoted to the position of Tánaiste. In 1959, he was unanimously appointed leader of Fianna Fáil before being elected Taoiseach. For much of her husbands' political career she kept a low profile and enjoyed a background role, however, as the wife of the Taoiseach she often accompanied him on official visits. Along with her husband she met US President John F. Kennedy just two months before his assassination in 1963.

Her husband resigned as Taoiseach in 1966, before eventually retiring from politics in 1969. He died on 11 May 1971. Kathleen Lemass died in Dublin on 15 March 1985.

## InfoBox

| Kathleen Lemass | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kathleen Mary Josephine Hughes
(1898-09-18)18 September 1898
Ranelagh, Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 14 March 1985(1985-03-14) (aged 86)
Churchtown, Dublin, Ireland |
| Resting place | Deansgrange, Dublin, Ireland |
| Known for | Spouse of the Taoiseach
(1959–1966) |
| Spouse | Seán Lemass  (m. 1924; died 1971) |
| Children | 4, including Maureen and Noel |
| Relatives |  |


title: Francois Vertefeuille House

abstract: The Francois Vertefeuille House is located in the Town of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It is one of the oldest buildings in Wisconsin, and is designated as the oldest building in the state still located on its original site.

text:
# Francois Vertefeuille House

The **Francois Vertefeuille House** is located in the Town of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It is one of the oldest buildings in Wisconsin, and is designated as the oldest building in the state still located on its original site.

## History

The house was built between 1810 and 1820 using the pièce-sur-pièce à coulisse technique common in French-Canadian buildings of the time. It was expanded during the 1820s after it was bought by Francois Vertefeuille, who had originally moved to Prairie du Chien from The Canadas in 1809.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Francois Vertefeuille House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Francois Vertefeuille House | |
| Location | Highway K<br>Town of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 43°04′58″N 91°08′58″W / 43.08286°N 91.14947°W / 43.08286; -91.14947 |
| Built | c. 1810 |
| Architectural style | Log House |
| NRHP reference No. | 93000142 |
| Added to NRHP | March 18, 1993 |


title: Kathleen Foster Campbell

abstract: Kathleen Foster Campbell was an Irish-born American poet. She was an early member of the University of Chicago Poetry Club.

text:
# Kathleen Foster Campbell

**Kathleen Foster Campbell** (born 12 November 1897 in Larne, Ireland  10 April 1991 in Fresno, California) was an Irish-born American poet. She was an early member of the University of Chicago Poetry Club.

## Life

Kathleen Foster was born in Larne, Ireland, and her family moved to the United States when she was a child. She attended the University of Chicago to study poetry. Through the newly formed Poetry Club, Campbell became a close friend of Janet Lewis, Elizabeth Madox Roberts and Gladys Campbell. She married Gladys' brother, Donald Campbell, an attorney. The couple lived in Chicago until Donald Campbell's retirement, when they moved to Carmel, California.

## Published work

* 1940: *Poetry*: 'Not Fragments', 'Wake'
* 1941: *Poetry*: Reviews 'The Gap of Brightness' by F. R. Higgins and *New Zealand Poems* by Eileen Duggan, *Androscoggin* by Marsden Hartley, *Angle of Earth and Sky* by David Morton, 'Two Islands', 'Time and Low Tide'
* 1949: *Poetry*: 'Old Letters'.

## Footnotes

1. "United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925, entry for Kathleen Knox Foster, 1923". *FamilySearch*. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
2. Poetry, February 1940, Vol 55 No 5 page 287
3. "California Death Index, 1940-1997, Kathleen Foster Campbell, 10 Apr 1991". *FamilySearch*. Retrieved 28 December 2023.


title: Kavaklı, Sultanhisar

abstract: Kavaklı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sultanhisar, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 812 (2022).

text:
# Kavaklı, Sultanhisar

**Kavaklı** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sultanhisar, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 812 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Kavaklı | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| KavaklıLocation in TurkeyKavaklıKavaklı (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 37°55′00″N 28°09′00″E / 37.9167°N 28.1500°E / 37.9167; 28.1500 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Aydın |
| District | Sultanhisar |
| Population (2022) | 812 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Frank Sikes Airport

abstract: Frank Sikes Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles north of the central business district of Luverne, a city in Crenshaw County, Alabama, United States.

text:
# Frank Sikes Airport

**Frank Sikes Airport** (FAA LID: **04A**) is a city-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) north of the central business district of Luverne, a city in Crenshaw County, Alabama, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Frank Sikes Airport covers an area of 35 acres (14 ha) at an elevation of 300 feet (91 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 4/22 with an asphalt surface measuring 4,640 by 80 feet (1,414 x 24 m). For the 12-month period ending December 9, 2008, the airport had 5,636 aircraft operations, an average of 15 per day.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for 04A PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective 3 June 2010.

## InfoBox

| Frank Sikes Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Luverne |
| Serves | Luverne, Alabama |
| Elevation AMSL | 300 ft / 91 m |
| Coordinates | 31°44′10″N 086°15′44″W / 31.73611°N 86.26222°W / 31.73611; -86.26222 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  4/22 4,640 1,414 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2008) | |
| Aircraft operations 5,636 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Frank Siersleben

abstract: Frank Siersleben is a German former football player and manager. He spent the majority of his career with 1. FC Magdeburg playing in the DDR-Oberliga, East Germany's top flight, and won 23 caps for East Germany youth national teams.

text:
# Frank Siersleben

**Frank Siersleben** (born 8 December 1960) is a German former football player and manager. He spent the majority of his career with 1. FC Magdeburg playing in the DDR-Oberliga, East Germany's top flight, and won 23 caps for East Germany youth national teams.

## Playing career

Siersleben joined the 1. FC Magdeburg youth team in 1974. As a youth he won 19 caps for the East German youth national teams, later winning another four for the U21 team. In 1978, he was nominated as a defender for the Nachwuchsoberliga (a youth competition) side. At age 18 he was made part of the DDR-Oberliga squad for the 1979–80 DDR-Oberliga season, playing in his first match on 25 August 1979 as a leftback against BSG Chemie Leipzig. During his first Oberliga season he played in ten matches. In the following season Siersleben played in the Nachwuchsoberliga exclusively, having begun studying for a Diplomsportlehrer degree in 1980. Only in the 1983–84 DDR-Oberliga season could he establish himself in the Oberliga squad, playing in 16 matches.

Siersleben played six matches on European level for 1. FC Magdeburg. His first match came in the First Round of the 1986–87 UEFA Cup against Athletic Bilbao on 17 September 1986. He played in the return leg as well. In the 1990-91 season he played in four more UEFA Cup matches, the last in the history of the club.

From 1984 onwards Siersleben was an Oberliga regular, never playing in less than 20 matches per season until the end of the DDR-Oberliga in 1991. After his club had missed out on qualifying for the 2. Bundesliga in 1991, Siersleben spent three seasons in the then third-tier NOFV-Oberliga until 1994. In this division he played in 98 league matches, no longer as a defender, but as a midfielder. In his final season with the club, Siersleben was made team captain. After the Saxony-Anhalt Cup final against Hallescher FC, he ended his career with 1. FC Magdeburg. All in all he had played in 299 league matches, 42 national cup matches and 6 UEFA Cup matches. Aside from his 12 league goals, Siersleben scored twice in the national cup competitions.

When 1. FC Magdeburg did not qualify for the new Regionalliga Nordost in 1994, Siersleben followed former teammate Rolf Döbbelin who was now manager of Fortuna Magdeburg. With Fortuna he won promotion to the fourth-tier NOFV-Oberliga. He stayed at Fortuna until 1999, leaving for lower league side MSV Börde where he ended his playing career in 2000.

## Managerial career

After ending his playing career, Siersleben took over the manager position at his last club MSV Börde. In 2003, he moved back to 1. FC Magdeburg where he led the reserve team from the then eight-tier Stadtklasse to the then fifth-tier Verbandsliga within four years. After internal differences he was let go in April 2008.

## InfoBox

Frank Siersleben
| Siersleben (left, on the ground) in 1986 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1960-12-08) 8 December 1960 | | |
| Place of birth | East Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Left Back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1974–1983 | 1. FC Magdeburg | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1980–1994 | 1. FC Magdeburg | 299 | (12) |
| 1994–1999 | Fortuna Magdeburg |  |  |
| 1999–2000 | MSV Börde |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | East Germany U19 | 19 |  |
|  | East Germany U21 | 4 |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2000–2003 | MSV Börde | | |
| 2003–2008 | 1. FC Magdeburg II | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


# France at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships

France competed at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 18 June to 3 July.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Léon Marchand | Swimming | Men's 400 metre individual medley | 18 June |
| Gold | Léon Marchand | Swimming | Men's 200 metre individual medley | 22 June |
| Silver | Marie Wattel | Swimming | Women's 100 metre butterfly | 19 June |
| Silver | Léon Marchand | Swimming | Men's 200 metre butterfly | 21 June |
| Silver | Maxime Grousset | Swimming | Men's 100 metre freestyle | 22 June |
| Silver | Mélanie Henique | Swimming | Women's 50 metre butterfly | 24 June |
| Silver | Aurélie Muller | Open water swimming | Women's 5 km | 27 June |
| Silver | Jade Gillet
Alexis Jandard | Diving | Team event | 29 June |
| Silver | Axel Reymond | Open water swimming | Men's 25 km | 30 June |
| Bronze | Analia Pigrée | Swimming | Women's 50 metre backstroke | 22 June |
| Bronze | Maxime Grousset | Swimming | Men's 50 metre freestyle | 24 June |

## Artistic swimming

France entered 10 artistic swimmers.

Women

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Oriane Jaillardon | Solo technical routine | 83.6928 | 8 **Q** | 83.6865 | 9 |
| Eve Planeix | Solo free routine | 87.1667 | 8 **Q** | 87.4667 | 8 |
| Ambre Esnault
Laura González
Mayssa Guermoud
Oriane Jaillardon
Maureen Jenkins
Romane Lune
Eve Planeix
Charlotte Tremble | Team technical routine | 86.4984 | 4 **Q** | 88.3558 | 4 |
| Camille Bravard
Ambre Esnault
Laura González
Mayssa Guermoud
Maureen Jenkins
Eve Planeix
Charlotte Tremble
Mathilde Vigneres | Team free routine | 89.1000 | 6 **Q** | 90.2667 | 6 |

## Diving

France entered 5 divers.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Jules Bouyer | 1 m springboard | 364.50 | 8 **Q** |  | | 381.30 | 4 |
| | 3 m springboard | 384.75 | 12 **Q** | 406.90 | 6 **Q** | 421.70 | 7 |
| Alexis Jandard | 1 m springboard | 352.05 | 14 |  | | did not advance | |
| | 3 m springboard | 401.60 | 6 **Q** | 394.40 | 8 **Q** | 427.50 | 5 |
| Jules Bouyer
Alexis Jandard | Synchronized 3 m springboard | 387.27 | 3 **Q** |  | | 375.54 | 5 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Nais Gilles | 1 m springboard | 213.40 | 30 |  | | did not advance | |
| Jade Gillet | 10 m platform | 231.15 | 25 | did not advance | | | |
| Jade Gillet
Nais Gilles | Synchronized 3 m springboard | 198.30 | 12 **Q** |  | | 228.45 | 12 |

Mixed

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| **Jade Gillet
Alexis Jandard** | Team event |  | | 358.50 |  |
| Jules Bouyer
Nais Gilles | Synchronized 3 m springboard |  | | 243.51 | 11 |
| Gary Hunt
Jade Gillet | Synchronized 10 m platform |  | | 246.39 | 8 |

## Open water swimming

France entered 7 open water swimmers ( 4 male and 3 female)

Men

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Logan Fontaine | 5 km | 53:43.2 | 6 |
| Marc-Antoine Olivier | 5 km | 53:26.0 | 5 |
| | 10 km | 1:51:11.5 | 4 |
| **Axel Reymond** | 25 km | 5:02:22.7 |  |
| Sacha Velly | 10 km | 1:54:34.0 | 19 |
| | 25 km | 5:20:42.3 | 19 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline Jouisse | 10 km | 2:07:07.0 | 31 |
| | 25 km | 5:25:32.1 | 5 |
| **Aurélie Muller** | 5 km | 57:53.8 |  |
| | 10 km | 2:02:36.1 | 4 |
| Lisa Pou | 25 km | Did not start | |

Mixed

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline Jouisse
Aurélie Muller
Sacha Velly
Marc-Antoine Olivier | Team | 1:04:56.4 | 4 |

## Swimming

France entered 21 swimmers.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Carl Aitkaci | 100 m breaststroke | 1:01.51 | 26 | did not advance | | | |
| **Maxime Grousset** | 50 m freestyle | 21.97 | 10 **Q** | 21.83
S/off 21.59 | 8 **QSO**
S/off **Q** | 21.57 |  |
| | 100 m freestyle | 48.17 | 5 **Q** | 47.54 | 2 **Q** | 47.64 |  |
| | 50 m butterfly | 23.07 | 6 **Q** | 23.10 | 9 | did not advance | |
| Damien Joly | 800 m freestyle | 7:47.46 | 8 **Q** |  | | 7:48.10 | 7 |
| | 1500 m freestyle | 14:53.47 | 5 **Q** |  | | 15:09.15 | 8 |
| Florent Manaudou | 50 m freestyle | 22.04 | 13 **Q** | 21.95 | 11 | did not advance | |
| | 50 m butterfly | 23.31 | 10 **Q** | 23.23 | 12 | did not advance | |
| **Léon Marchand** | 200 m butterfly | 1:56.38 | 11 **Q** | 1:54.32 **NR** | 4 **Q** | 1:53.37 **NR** |  |
| | 200 m individual medley | 1:58.70 | 8 **Q** | 1:55.75 **NR** | 1 **Q** | 1:55.22 **NR** |  |
| | 400 m individual medley | 4:09.09 **NR** | 1 **Q** |  | | 4:04.28 **CR**, **ER** |  |
| Émilien Mattenet | 100 m breaststroke | 4:19.74 | 17 | did not advance | | | |
| Yohann Ndoye-Brouard | 50 m backstroke | 25.16 | 16 **Q** | 24.79 | 9 | did not advance | |
| | 100 m backstroke | 53.22 | 4 **Q** | 52.72 | 5 **Q** | 52.50 | 4 |
| | 200 m backstroke | 1:58.10 | 10 **Q** | 1:57.38 | 10 | did not advance | |
| Jordan Pothain | 200 m freestyle | 1:47.51 | 16 **Q** | 1:47.66 | 15 | did not advance | |
| Hadrien Salvan | 100 m freestyle | 49.01 | 27 | did not advance | | | |
| | 200 m freestyle | 1:47.71 | 19 | did not advance | | | |
| Clément Secchi | 100 m butterfly | 52.76 | 23 | did not advance | | | |
| Enzo Tesic | 200 m individual medley | 1:59.71 | 19 | did not advance | | | |
| Mewen Tomac | 50 m backstroke | 25.01 | 10 **Q** | 24.91 | 13 | did not advance | |
| | 100 m backstroke | 53.60 | 8 **Q** | 53.41 | 9 | did not advance | |
| | 200 m backstroke | 1:57.21 | 5 **Q** | 1:56.52 | 4 **Q** | 1:56.35 | 5 |
| Antoine Viquerat | 50 m breaststroke | 27.68 | 17 | did not advance | | | |
| | 200 m breaststroke | 2:12.27 | 18 | did not advance | | | |
| Jordan Pothain
Léon Marchand
Roman Fuchs
Hadrien Salvan
Enzo Tesic* | 4 × 200 m freestyle relay | 7:09.95 | 7 **Q** |  | | 7:08.78 | 7 |
| Yohann Ndoye Brouard
Antoine Viquerat
Léon Marchand
Maxime Grousset | 4 × 100 m medley relay | 3:32.98 | 2 **Q** |  | | 3:32.37 | 5 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Adèle Blanchetière | 100 m breaststroke | 1:09.68 | 30 | did not advance | | | |
|
| Charlotte Bonnet | 100 m freestyle | 54.37 | 13 **Q** | 54.73 | 16 | did not advance | |
| |
| 200 m freestyle | 1:58.14 | 10 **Q** | 1:56.54 | 4 **Q** | 1:57.24 | 6 |
| Cyrielle Duhamel | 200 m individual medley | 2:13.39 | 18 | did not advance | | | |
| | 400 m individual medley | 4:52.24 | 13 |  | | did not advance | |
| **Mélanie Henique** | 50 m butterfly | 25.61 | 3 *Q* | 25.41 | 3 **Q** | 25.31 |  |
| **Analia Pigrée** | 50 m backstroke | 27.75 | 5 **Q** | 27.29 **NR** | 2 **Q** | 27.40 |  |
| |
| 100 m backstroke | 1:01.13 | 16 **Q** | 1:01.59 | 16 | did not advance | |
| Emma Terebo | 100 m backstroke | 59.87 | 6 **Q** | 1:00.06 | 8 **Q** | 59.98 | 5 |
| |
| 200 m backstroke | 2:11.17 | 8 **Q** | 2:11.77 | 12 | did not advance | |
| **Marie Wattel** | 50 m freestyle | 25.34 | 16 **Q** | 25.04 | 12 | did not advance | |
| | 100 m freestyle | 54.25 | 9 **Q** | 53.82 | 8 **Q** | 53.60 | 7 |
| | 50 m butterfly | 26.01 | 8 **Q** | 25.56 | 6 **Q** | 25.79 | 7 |
| | 100 m butterfly | 57.21 | 2 **Q** | 56.80 | 2 **Q** | 56.14 **NR** |  |
| Emma Terebo
Adèle Blanchetière
Marie Wattel
Charlotte Bonnet | 4 × 100 m medley relay | 4:01.45 | 8 **Q** |  | | 3:59.94 | 8 |

Legend: (\*) = Swimmers who participated in the heat only.

## Water polo

Summary

| Team | Event | Group stage | | | | Playoff | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| France | Women's tournament | Spain
**L** 8–18 | Thailand
**W** 24–8 | Greece
**L** 4–15 | 3 | New Zealand
**W** 14–13 | Italy
**L** 7–17 | Spain
**L** 5–18 | Greece
**L** 7–16 | 8 |

### Women's tournament

Team roster

The following is French roster in the Water polo at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's tournament.

Head coach: Émilien Bugeaud

Group play

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Greece | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 53 | 15 | +38 | 5 | Quarterfinals |
| 2 | Spain | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 58 | 20 | +38 | 5 | Playoffs |
| 3 | France | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 36 | 41 | 5 | | 2 |
| 4 | Thailand | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 82 | 71 | 0 |  |

Source: Sportresult
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head number of goals scored; 5) Goal difference.
Notes:

| 20 June 2022
19:30 | Report | France | 8**18** | **Spain** | Szeged Tiszavirag Pool, Szeged
**Referees:**
Levan Berishvili (GEO), Raffaele Colombo (ITA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** 1–**4**, 3–3, 2–**5**, 2–**6** | | | |
| | | Vernoux 4 | **Goals** | Forca 5 | |

---

| 22 June 2022
19:30 | Report | Thailand | 8**24** | **France** | Szeged Tiszavirag Pool, Szeged
**Referees:**
Hélène Painchaud (CAN), Fabio Toffoli (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** 2–**6**, 2–**7**, 0–**7**, 4–4 | | | |
| | | Puangtong 4 | **Goals** | Guillet 6 | |

---

| 24 June 2022
19:30 | Report | France | 4**15** | **Greece** | Szeged Tiszavirag Pool, Szeged
**Referees:**
Hélène Painchaud (CAN), Raffaele Colombo (ITA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** 1–**4**, 1–**4**, 1–**3**, 1–**4** | | | |
| | | Bouloukbachi 2 | **Goals** | *three players* 3 | |

---

Playoffs

| 26 June 2022
15:30 | Report | New Zealand | 13**14** | **France** | Alfréd Hajós National Swimming Stadium, Budapest
**Referees:**
Georgios Stavridis (GRE), Adil Aimbetov (KAZ) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** **2**–1, 3–3, 2–**3**, 2–2  **PSO:** 4–**5** | | | |
| | | McDowall 5 | **Goals** | Dhalluin 4 | |

---

Quarterfinals

| 28 June 2022
13:00 | Report | **Italy** | **17**7 | France | Alfréd Hajós National Swimming Stadium, Budapest
**Referees:**
Helene Painchaud (CAN), Maro Savinović (CRO) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** **3**–2, **4**–1, **6**–1, **4**–3 | | | |
| | | Giustini 6 | **Goals** | Guillet 4 | |

---

5–8th place semifinals

| 30 June 2022
14:30 | Report | France | 5**18** | **Spain** | Alfréd Hajós National Swimming Stadium, Budapest
**Referees:**
Adil Aimbetov (KAZ), Dion Willis (RSA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** 1–**3**, 2–**3**, 1–**5**, 1–**7** | | | |
| | | *five players* 1 | **Goals** | *four players* 3 | |

---

Seventh place game

| 2 July 2022
13:00 | Report | France | 7**16** | **Greece** | Alfréd Hajós National Swimming Stadium, Budapest
**Referees:**
Veselin Mišković (MNE), Dion Willis (RSA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **Score by quarters:** 2–**5**, 1–**3**, 2–**5**, 2–**3** | | | |
| | | Millot 3 | **Goals** | Myriokefalitaki 5 | |

1. "19th FINA World Championships Budapest 2022 - Hungary｜FINA Official". *FINA*. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
2. "19th FINA World Championships Artistic swimming Entry List" (PDF). Omega Timing. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
3. "19th FINA World Championships Diving Entry List" (PDF). Omega Timing. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
4. "19th FINA World Championships Open water Men Entry List" (PDF). Omega Timing. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
5. "19th FINA World Championships Open water Women Entry List" (PDF). Omega Timing. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
6. "Swimming Entry List" (PDF). *www.omegatiming.com*. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
7. waterpolo.sportresult.com. "France" (PDF). *waterpolo.sportresult.com*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

## InfoBox

| France at the
2022 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of France | |
| FINA code | FRA |
| National federation | French Swimming Federation |
| in Budapest, Hungary | |
| Competitors | 55 in 5 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 7th | Gold 2 Silver 7 Bronze 2 Total 11 |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |


title: Katinka Andrássy

abstract: Countess Katalin Károlyi was a Hungarian noblewoman and the wife of Count Mihály Károlyi, who served as Prime Minister then President of the First Hungarian Republic after the First World War. They lived abroad since 1919. She was called by political opponents as Red Countess after her husband.

text:
# Katinka Andrássy

**Countess Katalin Károlyi** (née **Countess Katalin Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály és Krasznahorkai**; 21 September 1892 – 12 June 1985) was a Hungarian noblewoman and the wife of Count Mihály Károlyi, who served as Prime Minister then President of the First Hungarian Republic after the First World War.

They lived abroad since 1919. She was called by political opponents as **Red Countess** after her husband.

## Family

Her father was Count Tivadar Andrássy, a politician and painter, eldest son of Prime Minister of Hungary Gyula Andrássy. She was named after her grandmother, Countess Katinka Kendeffy. She had three sisters: Ilona, Borbála and Klára (or *Kája*).

She married Count Mihály Károlyi (1875–1955) on 7 November 1914 in Budapest. According to Hungarian tradition, she wore the name of her husband. They had three children: Éva, Ádám and Judit.

## Films

## Further reading

* Károlyi Mihályné: Együtt a száműzetésben, Európa, ISBN 963-07-3646-2
* Károlyi Mihályné: Együtt a forradalomban, Európa, ISBN 963-07-3638-1

## InfoBox

| Katinka Andrássy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Katalin Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály és Krasznahorkai
21 September 1892
Tiszadob, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 12 June 1985(1985-06-12) (aged 92)
Antibes, France |
| Nationality | Hungarian |
| Spouse | Mihály Károlyi |
| Children | Éva
Ádám
Judit |
| Parent(s) | Tivadar Andrássy
Eleonóra Zichy |


title: Francolise

abstract: Francolise is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Naples and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Caserta.

text:
# Francolise

**Francolise** (locally *La Torrë*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Naples and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Caserta.

## InfoBox

| Francolise | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Francolise | |
| Location of Francolise | |
| FrancoliseLocation of Francolise in ItalyFrancoliseFrancolise (Campania) | |
| Coordinates: 41°11′N 14°3′E / 41.183°N 14.050°E / 41.183; 14.050 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Campania |
| Province | Caserta (CE) |
| *Frazioni* | Ciamprisco, Montanaro, Sant'Andrea del Pizzone |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gaetano Tessitore |
| Area | |
| Total | 40.7 km2 (15.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 103 m (338 ft) |
| Population (31 March 2017) | |
| Total | 4,886 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Francolisani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 81040 |
| Dialing code | 0823 |
| Website | Official website |