title: Bromborough power stations

abstract: Bromborough power stations are three electricity generating stations that supplied power to industrial and domestic users in Bromborough, Port Sunlight and the wider Wirral area from 1918 until 1998. Bromborough power station provided public electricity supplies from 1951 to 1980. Central power station Bromborough (1918–1998) was originally owned by Lever Brothers and supplied electricity to domestic users in Port Sunlight as well as electricity and steam to industrial users. Merseyside power station Bromborough (1958–1998) was also owned by Unilever and provided electricity and steam at a range of pressures to industrial users in the locality. All three power stations at Bromborough have been demolished.

text:
# Bromborough power stations

**Bromborough power stations** are three electricity generating stations that supplied power to industrial and domestic users in Bromborough, Port Sunlight and the wider Wirral area from 1918 until 1998. **Bromborough power station** provided public electricity supplies from 1951 to 1980. **Central power station** Bromborough (1918–1998) was originally owned by Lever Brothers and supplied electricity to domestic users in Port Sunlight as well as electricity and steam to industrial users. **Merseyside power station** Bromborough (1958–1998) was also owned by Unilever and provided electricity and steam at a range of pressures to industrial users in the locality. All three power stations at Bromborough have been demolished.

## Bromborough power station

Bromborough power station was built as a 210 MW coal-fired station by the British Electricity Authority. Construction started in 1948 on a site (53°20'04.2"N 2°57'44.5"W) adjacent to the River Mersey.The consulting engineers for the scheme were Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners.

The plant at Bromborough comprised:

The first machine was commissioned in November 1951, followed by the other sets in December 1951, October 1952, and December 1952.

Condenser cooling water was abstracted from, and returned to, the tidal River Mersey.

Soon after commissioning the boilers were converted to oil-firing in accordance with government policy to take advantage of differential prices between coal and oil as fuel sources.

Bromborough power station was subsequently owned and operated by the Central Electricity Authority (1955–57) and the Central Electricity Generating Board (1958–80) as the UK electricity supply industry was restructured.

Operating data for the station throughout its operational life is shown in the table.

Bromborough power station operating data
| Year | Capacity, MW | Electricity output, GWh | Hours run or (load factor %) | Thermal efficiency % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1954 | 188 | 1167.545 | 8760 | 29.20 |
| 1955 | 188 | 1354.139 | 8760 | 29.15 |
| 1956 | 197 | 1281.092 | 8784 | 28.92 |
| 1957 | 197 | 1245.667 | 8760 | 28.34 |
| 1958 | 197 | 1098.014 | 8760 | 28.14 |
| 1961 | 196 | 1504.234 | (87.6  %) | 28.94 |
| 1962 | 196 | 1386.124 | (80.7  %) | 29.50 |
| 1963 | 197 | 1412.953 | (82.3  %) | 29.97 |
| 1967 | 197 | 1124.955 | (65.2 %) | 28.12 |
| 1972 | 197 | 1436.221 | (83.0  %) | 29.22 |
| 1979 | 197 | 182.985 | (10.6  %) | 22.79 |

The station had a high thermal efficiency and was used intensively from the time it was commissioned. As an oil-fired station its utilisation was reduced following the oil crisis of 1973-4 when oil prices increased significantly.

Bromborough power station was closed in 1980 and was demolished in 1986.

## Central Power Station

Central power station (53°20'29.5"N 2°57'51.7"W) was built by Lever Brothers in 1918 to supply electricity for their manufacturing processes at Port Sunlight works. It initially comprised:

The station was adjacent to the River Mersey which provided water for the condensing plant. In 1929 electricity was installed in the houses of Port Sunlight Village.

In the early 1930 the Central Power Station was expanded with three coal-fired boilers and a 6.25 MW generating set. The station then had a rated capacity of 11.5 MW.

In the 1950s a connection to the National Grid was installed. When local demand was high electricity could be imported from the grid, and conversely could be fed into the grid when local demand was low.

Some of the Unilever manufacturing processes required steam. A 1.3 MW British Thomson-Houston back-pressure generator was installed at the Central Station. This comprised a steam turbine fed with steam at 230 psi (15.9 bar) from the existing boilers. The expanding steam drove an alternator and discharged steam at 50 psi (3.4 bar), which was used in the works processes.

In the 1970s the oldest three boilers were decommissioned and part of the boiler house was demolished. The generating plant was decommissioned in 1998 and most of the site was demolished, the 11 kV control room block was retained until new electricity supplies from the National Grid were installed.

## Merseyside power station

To help meet increased demand for electricity and steam Unilever Group built an oil-fired power station (53°20'42.9"N 2°58'33.0"W) on Thermal Road industrial estate Bromborough which was commissioned in 1958.

The station comprised:

* 4 × oil-fired boilers producing 45 tons/h (45 tonnes/h) of steam at 650 psi (44.8 bar) and 450 °C, steam was fed to:
* 2 × 5 MW generating sets, after expansion in the turbine steam was discharged at 230 psi (15.9 bar) and supplied to the manufacturing plant and also to:
* 2 × 2.5 MW generating sets, steam was discharged at 110 psi (7.6 bar) and was supplied to the manufacturing plant.

The total electricity output was 14 MW and the station was designed to generate 80 GWh of electricity for the company's high voltage network. It supplied steam to 15 local companies and electricity to nearly 50 firms. The overall thermal efficiency of the station was about 78 per cent. The station had three slender concrete chimneys.

Oil was supplied to the station by a 4-inch diameter pipeline from Ellesmere Port. The power station used 100,000 tonnes of fuel oil a year.

The station cost £2.5 million to build and in 1958 was the largest privately owned power station in the UK. It had two 250 feet (76.2 m) high chimneys.

In 1964 work started on expanding Merseyside Power Station to meet growing demand. The new plant comprised:

* 1 × 104 tons/h boiler delivering steam at 1,500 psi (103.4 bar) and 538 °C,
* 1 × Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) 5.4 MW turbo-alternator generating at 11kV. This set was supplied with steam at 1,500 psi and discharged steam at 650 psi (44.3 bar).
* 1 × 8.1 MW turbo-alternator generating at 11 kV. This set took steam at 44.3 bar and reduced the steam pressure to 110 psi (7.59 bar).

By 1966 the Unilever network had a total generating capacity of nearly 30 MW and provided steam at 50, 110, 230 and 1,500 psi (3.4, 7.6, 15.9 and 103 bar).

In 1974, a further extension to Merseyside Power Station was undertaken and comprised a single high pressure boiler (rated at 104 tons/h), and two back pressure generating sets (5.8 MW) operating at 102/45 bar.

The specification and condition of the boilers and turbines in the last few years of operation were as follows.

Merseyside power station - boilers
| Boiler Number | Capacity | Fuel | Steam pressure, psi | Notes | Condition c. 1990 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Heavy fuel oil (HFO) | 650 |  |  |
| 2 |  | HFO | 650 |  |  |
| 3 |  | HFO | 650 |  | Scrap |
| 4 |  | HFO | 650 |  | Scrap |
| 5 | 100 tons/h | HFO | 1500 | 4 burners, 8 gallons/minute, Bailey DCS controls | Never used |
| 6 | 100 tons/h | HFO | 1500 | 4 burners, 8 gallons/minute, pneumatic Bailey Miniline500 controllers | Standby |
| 7 | 100 tons/h | Coal | 1500 | Bailey DCS controls | Daily use |

Merseyside power station - turbines
| Turbine Number | Rating | Steam in, psi | Steam out, psi | Notes | Condition c. 1990 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| P1 |  | 650 | 230 |  | Removed |
| P2 |  | 650 | 230 |  | Removed |
| P3 |  | 650 | 230 |  | Removed |
| S1 |  | 230 | 110 |  | Removed |
| S2 |  | 230 | 110 |  | Removed |
| T1 |  |  |  |  |  |
| T2 | 10 MW | 1500 | 650 | 11 kV | Unserviceable |
| T3 | 14 MW | 1500 | 110 | Extract at 230 psi, 11 kV | Daily use |

The requirement for steam was reduced by new manufacturing processes and the aging generating plant was decommissioned in 1998. Merseyside Power Station was subsequently demolished.

## InfoBox

| Bromborough power station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Location | Bromborough, Merseyside |
| Coordinates | 53°20′04″N 02°57′44″W / 53.33444°N 2.96222°W / 53.33444; -2.96222 |
| Status | Decommissioned and demolished |
| Construction began | 1948 |
| Commission date | December 1951 |
| Decommission date | 1980 |
| Owners | British Electricity Authority
*(1948–1955)*
Central Electricity Authority
*(1955–57)*
Central Electricity Generating Board
*(1958–1980)* |
| Operators | As owner |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Fuel oil |
| Turbine technology | Steam turbines |
| Chimneys | 2 (250 feet, 76.2 m) |
| Cooling source | Tidal river water |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 4 × 52.5 MW turbo-alternators |
| Make and model | English Electric |
| Units decommissioned | All |
| Nameplate capacity | 210 MW |
| Annual net output | 1504.234 GWh (1961) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Brombya

abstract:
Brombya is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rutaceae. Its native range is Queensland. Species:
  - Brombya platynema F.Muell.
  - Brombya smithii T.G.Hartley

text:
# Brombya

***Brombya*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rutaceae.

Its native range is Queensland.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Brombya* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Subfamily: | Zanthoxyloideae |
| Genus: | *Brombya*<br>F.Muell. |
|


title: En Vivo Desde Chicago

abstract: En Vivo Desde Chicago is the title of a live album released by duranguense ensemble Grupo Montéz de Durango. This album became their first number-one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums.

text:
# En Vivo Desde Chicago

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***En Vivo Desde Chicago*** (Eng.: *Live From Chicago*) is the title of a live album released by duranguense ensemble Grupo Montéz de Durango. This album became their first number-one set on the *Billboard* Top Latin Albums.

## Track listing

The information from Billboard and Allmusic.

### CD

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "El Sube y Baja" | Felipe Valdez Leal | 3:02 |
| 2. | "Lágrimas de Cristal" | Ted Harris | 2:49 |
| 3. | "El Verde Pinto" | María Fernández | 2:52 |
| 4. | "En Otros Tiempos" | Valdez | 3:11 |
| 5. | "Pasito Duranguense" | Alfredo Ramírez Corral | 3:07 |
| 6. | "Las Mismas Piedras" | Bilma Márquez | 3:08 |
| 7. | "Hoy Empieza Mi Tristeza" | Joan Sebastian | 3:22 |
| 8. | "Llegando a Zacatecas" | Alfredo Ramírez | 3:00 |
| 9. | "La Revolcada" | Narcizo Martínez | 1:58 |
| 10. | "Camino a Tepehuanes" |  | 3:01 |
| 11. | "El Huerfano" | Domingo Chávez Pérez | 2:31 |
| 12. | "Lino Rodarte" | Paulino Vargas | 2:46 |
| 13. | "Colonia Hidalgo, Durango Querido" | Héctor Montemayor | 2:07 |
| 14. | "Hoy Empieza Mi Tristeza (Ranchera)" | Sebastian | 3:34 |

### DVD

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "El Sube y Baja" | Valdez | 3:02 |
| 2. | "Lágrimas de Cristal" | Harris | 2:49 |
| 3. | "El Verde Pinito" | Fernández | 2:52 |
| 4. | "En Otros Tiempos" | Valdez | 3:11 |
| 5. | "Pasito Duranguense" | Ramírez | 3:07 |
| 6. | "Las Mismas Piedras" | Márquez | 3:08 |
| 7. | "Hoy Empieza Mi Tristeza" | Sebastian | 3:22 |
| 8. | "La Revolcada" | Martínez | 1:58 |
| 9. | "Camino a Tepehuanes" | Chávez | 3:01 |
| 10. | "El Huerfano" | Chávez | 2:31 |
| 11. | "Lino Rodarte" | Vargas | 2:46 |
| 12. | "Colonia Hidalgo, Durango Querido" | Montemayor | 2:07 |

### Multimedia

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "El Sube y Baja" | Valdez | 3:02 |
| 2. | "Las Mismas Piedras" | Márquez | 3:08 |
| 3. | "Hoy Empieza Mi Tristeza" | Sebastian | 3:22 |
| 4. | "Lágrimas de Cristal" | Harris | 2:49 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Top Latin Albums | 1 |
| US *Billboard* Regional/Mexican Albums | 1 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 91 |

## Sales and certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum (Latin) | 200,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| En Vivo Desde Chicago | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Grupo Montéz de Durango | |
| Released | March 23, 2004 |
| Genre | Duranguense |
| Label | Disa |
| Grupo Montéz de Durango chronology | |
| *De Durango a Chicago*
(2003) ***En Vivo Desde Chicago***
(2004) *Y Sigue La Mata Dando*
(2005) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| CD/DVD Edition | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Stanisław Bóbr-Tylingo

abstract: Stanisław Bóbr-Tylingo (1919–2001) was a Polish-born historian who specialized in 19th-century Polish history, a Polish resistance fighter who after 1945 had to live his life in exile in Britain and Canada, and a decorated veteran of the Polish Warsaw Uprising in August–September 1944. For most of his adult life, he was a professor of history at Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

text:
# Stanisław Bóbr-Tylingo

**Stanisław Bóbr-Tylingo** (1919–2001) was a Polish-born historian who specialized in 19th-century Polish history, a Polish resistance fighter who after 1945 had to live his life in exile in Britain and Canada, and a decorated veteran of the Polish Warsaw Uprising in August–September 1944. For most of his adult life, he was a professor of history at Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

## Biography

Stanisław Tylingo was born in Warsaw on 30 March 1919. His family were formerly owners of the estate Suderwa near Wilno (Vilnius), but because of participation in the Revolution of 1905 had lost that property to Tsarist confiscation, and consequently had moved to Warsaw. There he attended the Gymnasium Tadeusz Czacki and the Lyceum Adam Mickiewicz where he passed his matriculation exams in the last days before the outbreak of World War II. Consequently, he had to pursue his university studies during the German occupation in the (*tajne komplety*) underground University of Warsaw.

The German and Soviet invasions of Poland in September 1939 caught him in a training camp in eastern Poland near the city of Grodno. Already while in secondary school (probably in 1937–38) he was initiated into the National Radical Camp (*Obóz Narodowo Radykalny* or ONR), a nationalist conspiracy organization opposed to the then government of the "Colonels", and when Poland was attacked, he joined the ONR's military force, the *Związek Jaszczurczy* (ZJ or Salamander Association), which later in 1942 became the National Armed Forces (*Narodowe Siły Zbrojne* or NSZ; not to be confused with the Polish Government-in-Exile's *Armia Krajowa* or Home Army).

When the Soviets invaded from the east (17 September 1939), Stanisław joined up with the defenders of Grodno and fought a three-day battle with the Red Army in which the Soviets lost 800 men, 19 tanks, and four armored cars. The Poles nevertheless were overpowered by their two neighbors, so Stanisław destroyed his weapons and made his way back to Warsaw, where he continued to participate in underground activity against the German and Soviet occupation. He was involved in actions in both Warsaw and Kraków, and for a short time in Rzeszow and Radom. He became an instructor in the underground Infantry Military College of the NSZ, and was given the pseudonym Bóbr (Beaver), which, like many of his fellow soldiers, he retained for the rest of his life.

It was also during the time of the occupation that he began his historical studies at the underground University of Warsaw under the direction of Prof. Maria Ossowska in Philosophy, Prof. Tadeusz Manteuffel in Medieval History, Prof. Janusz Woliński in Modern Polish History, and Prof. Władysław Tomkiewicz in Modern European History.

The Warsaw Uprising of the Home Army on 1 August 1944 caught him in Warsaw. He belonged to that part of the NSZ that had subordinated itself in March 1944 to the command of the Home Army, and so he fought in the Uprising in the NSZ unit "Koło"; with his fellow students he formed the Academic Legion. He fought in the Old Town district on the Redoubt of Senatorska – Miodowa Street where he became commander of a barricade from 7 to 14 August (and where his brother Marian was killed by a tank missile). He was one of five soldiers that obtained the capture of a German antitank cannon in Foch Street. Then to the end of August he was deputy commander of the squad that captured and then defended the left flank at the Polish Bank. Here he received a severe wound in his right leg, but it did not make him withdraw from the fighting.

His unit was one of the last to abandon the Old Town through the sewer system on the morning of 2 September 1944 at about 10:00 am. A few minutes later the Germans took Krasiński Square, where was located the last free opening to the sewers in Old Town, It took about six hours for him to pass through the sewers to the city center (Śródmieście) during which time his injured leg was in constant contact with the putrefying matter in the sewer: but contrary to what one would expect his injury began to heal very quickly.

In the city center he held command of a position on Jerozolimski Avenue in the Battalion of Captain "Barski" in the "Koło" unit, and on Chmielna Street where he lost his last friends in the ONR from before the war. A hand grenade explosion drove binoculars into his eyes, but fortunately he got back his eyesight. For his service in the Old Town he was awarded the Cross of Merit, and then as one of only four NSZ soldiers, he was decorated with the Virtuti Militari Class V in Bracki Street directly from the hands of General Bór-Komorowski, the overall commander of the Uprising. At the beginning of the Uprising he had been a corporal officer cadet; he left Warsaw as a second lieutenant, having received the highest possible Polish military decoration.

Upon surrender of the Home Army on 3 October 1944 along with the rest of the AK he became a German POW interned first in Oflag Lamsdorf, Silesia, and then Murnau, Bavaria. Upon liberation in 1945 he was assigned to the Holy Cross Brigade (*Brygada Świętokrzyska*, from the region of the Holy Cross Mountains in southern Poland) where he was given command of a platoon in the guard companies. It was there that he met his future wife, Captain Halina Reszke, Chief of the Auxiliary Women's Service on the staff of the NSZ.

Before the outbreak of World War II, he had had military training as a parachutist, and so after the end of the war he made a jump back into Poland in order to create a communication link and an evacuation route to free countries in the West from out of the now Soviet occupied Poland. In January 1946 he received leave without limit from the NSZ to pursue historical studies in Paris, which he completed with a doctorate under Prof. Pierre Renouvin in 1955. His thesis was on the diplomacy of the Polish Question in the time of Napoleon III. Halina Jadwiga Reszke, now his wife, also pursued her studies in Biology in Paris.

His first academic position was as *worden* of the Polish students at the Cork Campus of the National University of Ireland. Then in 1958 he secured a position as History and French language teacher at the Lingfield School in Surrey in England. It was at this time that he began to publish articles on his specialty in the 'free' historical journals in Paris (*Revue Internationale d’Histoire Politique et Constitutionnelle*, and its successor *Politique …*), London (*Bellona* and *Teki Historyczne*), and Rome (*Antemurale*). Also at this time he won acceptance as a corresponding member of the Polish Scientific Society in Exile (*Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowo na Obczyżne* or PTNO). He obtained his Habilitation in the Polish University in Exile in 1964 under Professor General Marian Kukiel, who wrote of him that "he is at this moment one of the best historical experts on diplomacy in the time of the \[French\] Second Empire."

Likewise from 1958 he was a member of the Polish Historical Society in Great Britain (*Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne w Wielkiej Britanii*) which society published *Teki Historyczne - Cahiers d’Historie - Historical papers*, where he published 18 articles from volume 5 (1951–52) to volume 22 (2000–01), mainly on the diplomatic relations of the European powers re Poland in the period of the Crimean War 1854-56 and the January Uprising 1863; in volume 19 he published two articles on the topic of German diplomacy towards the newly restored Poland in the years 1918–1919. He was a long-standing member of the editorial committee of the *Teki Historyczne* and chairman of that committee for the decade 1981-1991 – and again up to his death in 2001 a member of the committee. He published 44 book reviews in *Teki Historyczne*, the last of which were sent in just two months before his death.

From 1959 onward he began publishing his research in North America: in the *Etudes Slaves* (Montreal) and the *Polish Review* (New York). Then in 1963 he obtained an appointment as assistant professor in the History Department of Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He (together with his wife teaching in the Biology Department) remained at SMU for the rest of his life. He was promoted to associate professor in 1963, granted tenure in 1965, promoted to full professor in 1971, retired in 1984, taught part-time to 1986, and then made professor emeritus in 1988. During his retirement he wrote a history of the restored Polish Republic, 1919–1947 (337 pages in typescript).

Typically his publications were based on primary research in historical archives: in France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, USA, and Istanbul. He never finished his last work, a history of Poland from origins to the mid 17th century on which he spent the last five years of his life (970 pages in typescript). The work was cut short at 1650 by his sudden death, and he had intended to write a history of the Crimean War. He died rather unexpectedly by a stroke on 18 December 2001 and is buried with his wife (died 17 April 2010) in the Oakridge Memory Gardens, Sackville, Nova Scotia.

Both Stanisław and his wife Halina remained Polish patriots throughout their lives. They entertained at their home many Polish friends, among them Prof. Stanisław Swianiewicz and Prof. Lillian Falk (both also faculty members at SMU), General Stanisław Kopański, Professor General Marian Kukiel, and many other accomplished people of Polish origin. The Bóbr-Tylingos were responsible for the creation of the Polish Association of Halifax-Dartmouth (1982), a Polish Apostolate with a Polish priest, a Polish School, Polish scouts, a Polish publishing house, and a Polish library. They both deserve well of Poles and Poland.

1) Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan, "The Warsaw Rising, 1944: Perception and Reality," p. 10. n. 20. \<www.warsawuprising.com/doc/chodakiewicz1.pdf\>

2) Kulczycki, John, "Polish Historians in the United States and Canada," *Polish Review,* Vol. 53, Issue 4, 2008, pp. 457–465.

3) Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowo na Obczyżnie (London), *Rocznik* 44, Year 2000–2001, Nekrologi, p. 29.

4) Suchcitz, Andrzej, "Prof. Dr Hb. Stanisław Bóbr-Tylingo (1919-2001)", *Teki Historyczne* (London), Vol. 23, 2004, pp. 335–337.

5) Wesolowski, Prof. Dr. Zdzislaw P., *The Order of the Virtuti Militari and its Cavaliers, 1792-1992: Order Virtuti Militari i jego Kawalerowie.* Warsaw, Poland / Miami, FL: Hallmark Press, 1992, p. 537. This is a bilingual bicentennial edition.

6) Witkowski, Leszek, "Professor Stanisław Bóbr-Tylingo," *Recogito* 13, Styczeń-Luty 2002. \<https://archive.today/20130222064953/http://www.recogito.pologne.net/recogito\_13/poczta2.htm\>

7) Witkowski, Leszek, "Bóbr–Tylingo Stanisław -- Życiorysy," *Narodowe Siły Zbrojne*, 22 Kwiecień 2011. \<http://nsz.com.pl/index.php/zyciorysy/242-stanisaw-bobr-tylingo\>

8) *Wysiłek Zbrojny w II Wojnie Światowej: Prace Kongresu Kultury Polskiej na Obczyżnie*. London: Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe na Obczyżnie, 1988, p. 153.

9) File Folder S. Bobr-Tylingo, Saint Mary's University Archive, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Contains a full publication list and research activities of S. B-T.


title: Boogie Shoes

abstract: "Boogie Shoes" is a funk/disco song by KC and the Sunshine Band, which first appeared on their 1975 self-titled album. The song became a hit after it appeared on the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack in 1977. It was subsequently released as a single and peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 29 on the soul chart in 1978. Before its 1978 release as an A-side, the song was the B-side to the 1976 single "Shake Your Booty". Structurally, it uses the sixteen-bar blues chord progression. As with several of KC's disco songs, some of the lyrics are playfully suggestive: "I want to do it till the sun comes up / I want to do it till I can't get enough." In addition to Saturday Night Fever, the song is featured in numerous other films, including No Escape (1994), Mallrats (1995), Boogie Nights (1997), Detroit Rock City (1999), The Wedding Date (2005), Hop (2011),The Intern (2015), Knock at the Cabin (2023) as well as the television series Sports Night, Desperate Housewives, Flash Forward, and Pose. The song peaked at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart in the week of 6 May 1978 and was on the chart for a total of five weeks.

text:
# Boogie Shoes

"**Boogie Shoes**" is a funk/disco song by KC and the Sunshine Band, which first appeared on their 1975 self-titled album. The song became a hit after it appeared on the *Saturday Night Fever* soundtrack in 1977. It was subsequently released as a single and peaked at number 35 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and number 29 on the soul chart in 1978. Before its 1978 release as an A-side, the song was the B-side to the 1976 single "Shake Your Booty".

Structurally, it uses the sixteen-bar blues chord progression. As with several of KC's disco songs, some of the lyrics are playfully suggestive: "I want to do it till the sun comes up / I want to do it till I can't get enough."

In addition to *Saturday Night Fever*, the song is featured in numerous other films, including *No Escape* (1994), *Mallrats* (1995), *Boogie Nights* (1997), *Detroit Rock City* (1999), *The Wedding Date* (2005), *Hop* (2011),*The Intern* (2015), *Knock at the Cabin* (2023) as well as the television series *Sports Night*, *Desperate Housewives* (both, coincidentally, with star Felicity Huffman dancing to it), *Flash Forward*, and *Pose*.

The song peaked at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart in the week of 6 May 1978 and was on the chart for a total of five weeks.

## Covers and sampling

The song has been sampled by the Bloodhound Gang in the song "One Way", Trick Daddy in the song "Take It to da House", and Icandy in the song "Keep Dat". Alex Chilton covered "Boogie Shoes" on his 1979 album *Like Flies on Sherbert*. In 2012, the song was sung by Alex Newell (playing a transgender teen) in the *Glee* episode "Saturday Night Glee-ver".

## Personnel

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Boogie Shoes" | |
| --- | --- |
| Artwork for 1978 Dutch single, also used for 1978 US vinyl single | |
| Single by KC and the Sunshine Band | |
| from the album  *KC and the Sunshine Band / Saturday Night Fever* | |
| B-side | "I Get Lifted" |
| Released | January 1978 |
| Recorded | 1975 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:17 |
| Label | TK |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Harry Wayne Casey * Richard Finch |
| KC and the Sunshine Band singles chronology | |
| "Keep It Comin' Love"
(1977) "**Boogie Shoes**"
(1978) "Black Water Gold"
(1978) | |
|  | |
| Official audio | |
| "Boogie Shoes" (2004 remix) on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Constructs of the State

abstract: Constructs of the State is the third album by American crust punk band Leftöver Crack, released in 2015 on the Fat Wreck Chords label. It features guest appearances from Jesse Michaels, Joe Jack Talcum and Penny Rimbaud as well as members of Bouncing Souls, All Torn Up, Mischief Brew, Riverboat Gamblers, Blackbird Raum, Days N Daze, Conquest for Death, REIVERS, and Intro5pect.

text:
# Constructs of the State

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Punknews.org | link |

***Constructs of the State*** is the third album by American crust punk band Leftöver Crack, released in 2015 on the Fat Wreck Chords label. It features guest appearances from Jesse Michaels, Joe Jack Talcum and Penny Rimbaud as well as members of Bouncing Souls, All Torn Up, Mischief Brew, Riverboat Gamblers, Blackbird Raum, Days N Daze, Conquest for Death, REIVERS, and Intro5pect.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Archaic Subjugation" | 1:19 |
| 2. | "Don’t Shoot" | 2:20 |
| 3. | "Loneliness & Heartache" | 2:26 |
| 4. | "System Fucked" (feat. Jesse Michaels) | 2:54 |
| 5. | "Slave to the Throne" | 2:22 |
| 6. | "Bedbugs & Beyond" (feat. Kate Coysh) | 1:59 |
| 7. | "Corrupt Vision" | 1:28 |
| 8. | "Last Legs" (Blackbird Raum cover) | 3:43 |
| 9. | "The Lie of Luck" | 3:37 |
| 10. | "¡Poliamor Fiesta Crack!" | 2:12 |
| 11. | "Vicious Constructs" | 3:56 |
| 12. | "Amanecer de los Muertos" | 3:18 |
| 13. | "The War at Home" (previously appeared on *Realpolitik!*) | 4:56 |

## InfoBox

| Constructs of the State | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Leftöver Crack | |
| Released | November 27, 2015 |
| Genre | Crust punk, anarcho-punk, ska punk |
| Length | 36:57 |
| Label | Fat Wreck Chords |
| Leftöver Crack chronology | |
| *Deadline*
(2007) ***Constructs of the State***
(2015) | |


title: Bloomington, Nebraska

abstract: Bloomington is a village in Franklin County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 103 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Bloomington, Nebraska

**Bloomington** is a village in Franklin County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 103 at the 2010 census.

## History

Bloomington was established in 1872 when it was certain that the railroad would be extended to that point. It was likely named after the city of Bloomington, Illinois.

It once served as county seat.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.80 square miles (2.07 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 524 |  |  |
| 1890 | 464 |  | −11.5% |
| 1900 | 488 |  | 5.2% |
| 1910 | 554 |  | 13.5% |
| 1920 | 503 |  | −9.2% |
| 1930 | 431 |  | −14.3% |
| 1940 | 361 |  | −16.2% |
| 1950 | 293 |  | −18.8% |
| 1960 | 176 |  | −39.9% |
| 1970 | 165 |  | −6.2% |
| 1980 | 138 |  | −16.4% |
| 1990 | 129 |  | −6.5% |
| 2000 | 124 |  | −3.9% |
| 2010 | 103 |  | −16.9% |
| 2020 | 110 |  | 6.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 103 people, 49 households, and 27 families residing in the village. The population density was 128.8 inhabitants per square mile (49.7/km2). There were 74 housing units at an average density of 92.5 per square mile (35.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.1% White, 1.0% African American, 1.0% Native American, and 1.0% from two or more races.

There were 49 households, of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.9% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.70.

The median age in the village was 51.5 years. 14.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.6% were from 25 to 44; 39.8% were from 45 to 64; and 25.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.4% male and 46.6% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 124 people, 60 households, and 34 families residing in the village. The population density was 155.6 inhabitants per square mile (60.1/km2). There were 80 housing units at an average density of 100.4 per square mile (38.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.58% White, 0.81% Native American, and 1.61% from two or more races.

There were 60 households, out of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.66.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 18.5% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 34.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 121.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.9 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $15,000, and the median income for a family was $24,250. Males had a median income of $20,208 versus $23,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,334. There were 12.9% of families and 22.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 30.8% of under eighteens and 19.2% of those over 64.

## Notable person

Media related to Bloomington, Nebraska at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Bloomington | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Location of Bloomington, Nebraska | |
| Coordinates: 40°05′38″N 99°02′18″W / 40.09389°N 99.03833°W / 40.09389; -99.03833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Franklin |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.80 sq mi (2.06 km2) |
| Land | 0.80 sq mi (2.06 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,946 ft (593 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 110 |
| Density | 138.19/sq mi (53.35/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 68929 |
| Area code | 308 |
| FIPS code | 31-05490 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2398140 |


title: Bill Cregar

abstract: William Osmund Cregar was an American football guard who played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at the College of the Holy Cross, having previously attended Frank H. Morrell High School. He is a member of the College of the Holy Cross Athletic Hall of Fame. Cregar later joined the FBI in the early 1950s and worked as a CIA–FBI liaison agent and then chief of the FBI counter-intelligence agency. A colleague, Jay Aldhizer described Cregar as having a "high profile in the intelligence community...a flamboyant personality, with a desk-pounding, get what I want type of relationship with CIA". He retired from the FBI as the Assistant Director of Foreign Intelligence and Counter Espionage in 1980.

text:
# Bill Cregar

**William Osmund Cregar** (May 2, 1925 – December 28, 2019) was an American football guard who played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at the College of the Holy Cross, having previously attended Frank H. Morrell High School. He is a member of the College of the Holy Cross Athletic Hall of Fame.

Cregar later joined the FBI in the early 1950s and worked as a CIA–FBI liaison agent and then chief of the FBI counter-intelligence agency. A colleague, Jay Aldhizer described Cregar as having a "high profile in the intelligence community...a flamboyant personality, with a desk-pounding, get what I want type of relationship with CIA". He retired from the FBI as the Assistant Director of Foreign Intelligence and Counter Espionage in 1980.

## InfoBox

Bill Cregar
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1925-05-02)May 2, 1925
Newark, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died: | December 26, 2019(2019-12-26) (aged 94)
Glassboro, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 195 lb (88 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Frank H. Morrell |
| College: | Holy Cross |
| Position: | Guard / Linebacker |
| NFL draft: | 1947 / round: 18 / pick: 158 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Edmund Cooper (politician)

abstract: Edmund Cooper was a U.S. Representative from Tennessee.

text:
# Edmund Cooper (politician)

**Edmund Cooper** (September 11, 1821 – July 21, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Tennessee.

## Biography

Cooper was born in Franklin, Tennessee. He was the brother of Henry Cooper. Cooper graduated from Jackson (Tennessee) College in 1839. He studied law at Harvard University. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Shelbyville, Tennessee, in 1841. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1849. He served as presidential elector on the Constitutional Union ticket in 1860. Union delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1861. During the American Civil War he served as a secretary to military governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson.

Cooper was again elected to the State house of representatives but in 1865 resigned. Upon the readmission of the State of Tennessee to representation Cooper was elected as a Unionist to the Thirty-ninth Congress and served from July 24, 1866, to March 3, 1867. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Fortieth Congress. On October 3, 1867, he replaced Robert Johnson, Andrew Johnson's son, as private secretary to the President.

He was appointed by President Johnson Assistant Secretary of the Treasury November 20, 1867, and served until March 20, 1869. He resumed the practice of law at Shelbyville and died there July 21, 1911. He was interred in Willow Mount Cemetery.

## Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Edmund Cooper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 4th district | |
| **In office**
July 24, 1866  March 3, 1867 | |
| Preceded by | Andrew J. Clements |
| Succeeded by | James Mullins |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1821-09-11)September 11, 1821
Franklin, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | July 21, 1911(1911-07-21) (aged 89)
Shelbyville, Tennessee, U.S |
| Political party | Unionist |
| Education | Harvard University |
|  | |


title: Quadrula quadrula

abstract: Quadrula quadrula, the mapleleaf, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. The thick shell is about as broad as it is long with heavy hinge teeth. The outside may be yellowish green to dark brown and the inside is white. Two rows of raised bumps extend in a v-shape from the umbo to the back edge in most individuals. This species is native to North America. In the United States, it is found in the Interior, Nelson and Great Lakes basins, as well as in the western Gulf Coastal Plain. Two populations occur in Canada, one found in Manitoba in the Red River, the Assiniboine River, and Lake Winnipeg and the other in Ontario in rivers emptying into Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Ontario. The population in Manitoba is designated 'Threatened' by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. while the Ontario population is designated of 'Special Concern.'

text:
# Quadrula quadrula

***Quadrula quadrula***, the **mapleleaf**, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

The thick shell is about as broad as it is long with heavy hinge teeth. The outside may be yellowish green to dark brown and the inside is white. Two rows of raised bumps extend in a v-shape from the umbo to the back edge in most individuals.

This species is native to North America.

In the United States, it is found in the Interior, Nelson and Great Lakes basins, as well as in the western Gulf Coastal Plain.

Two populations occur in Canada, one found in Manitoba in the Red River, the Assiniboine River, and Lake Winnipeg and the other in Ontario in rivers emptying into Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Ontario. The population in Manitoba is designated 'Threatened' by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. while the Ontario population is designated of 'Special Concern.'

## InfoBox

| *Quadrula quadrula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Exterior of empty shell of *Quadrula quadrula*, Selkirk, Manitoba | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Genus: | *Quadrula* |
| Species: | ***Q. quadrula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quadrula quadrula***
(Rafinesque, 1820) | |
|


title: 2001–02 in Venezuelan football

abstract:
The following article presents a summary of the 2001–02 football season in Venezuela. Primera División Champions: Caracas FC won the Apertura, while Táchira won the Clausura. Copa Venezuela: Caracas FC won the tournament. National Team 2002 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers: Venezuela participated in the qualifiers for the 2002 World Cup but did not advance to the tournament. Other Notable Events
- The football scene continued to grow in Venezuela, with more investments and improvements in infrastructure.
- The national team saw developments in their performance, though they didn't qualify for the 2002 World Cup, they were showing signs of progress. Do you want more details on any specific aspect?

text:
# 2001–02 in Venezuelan football

The following article presents a summary of the 200102 football season in Venezuela.

**Primera División**

**Champions**: Caracas FC won the Apertura, while Táchira won the Clausura.

**Copa Venezuela**: Caracas FC won the tournament.

National Team

**2002 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers**: Venezuela participated in the qualifiers for the 2002 World Cup but did not advance to the tournament.

**Other Notable Events**

\- The football scene continued to grow in Venezuela, with more investments and improvements in infrastructure.

\- The national team saw developments in their performance, though they didn't qualify for the 2002 World Cup, they were showing signs of progress.

Do you want more details on any specific aspect?

## Torneo Apertura ("Opening" Tournament)

## Venezuela national team

| Date | Venue | Opponents | Score | Comp | Venezuela scorers | Fixture |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001-08-14 | Estadio José Pachencho Romero
Maracaibo, Venezuela | Uruguay | 2 \- 0 | WCQ02 | Morán  52'
Rondón  90' | 188 |
| 2001-09-04 | Estadio Nacional
Santiago, Chile | Chile | 0 - 2 | WCQ02 | Páez  56'
Arango  62' | 189 |
| 2001-10-06 | Estadio Pueblo Nuevo
San Cristóbal, Venezuela | Peru | 3 \- 0 | WCQ02 | Alvarado  53'  67'
Morán  78' | 190 |
| 2001-11-08 | Estadio Pueblo Nuevo
San Cristóbal, Venezuela | Paraguay | 3 \- 1 | WCQ02 | Morán  2'
Noriega  22'
Gonzalez  40' | 191 |
| 2001-11-14 | Estadio Castelão
São Luís, Brazil | Brazil | 3 - 0 | WCQ02 |  | 192 |
| 2001-01-13 | Estadio Pueblo Nuevo
San Cristóbal, Venezuela | Cameroon | 1 \- 1 |  | Vallenilla  22' | *Non-official* |
| 2002-03-01 | Stade Mohamed V
Casablanca, Morocco | Iran | 1 - 0 |  |  | 193 |
| 2002-03-03 | Stade Mohamed V
Casablanca, Morocco | Morocco | 2 - 0 |  |  | *Non-official* |
| 2002-05-07 | Estadio Olímpico
Caracas, Venezuela | Colombia | 0 - 0 |  |  | 194 |

### Notes


title: Rupture of the Blockade of Arica

abstract: The Rupture of the Blockade of Arica was a naval battle of the War of the Pacific during the Blockade of Arica. The rupture was carried out by Manuel Villavicencio who commanded the BAP Unión of the Peruvian Navy. The Unión broke the Chilean blockade of the port twice in less than 8 hours on March 17, 1880.

text:
# Rupture of the Blockade of Arica

The **Rupture of the Blockade of Arica** was a naval battle of the War of the Pacific during the Blockade of Arica. The rupture was carried out by Manuel Villavicencio who commanded the BAP *Unión* of the Peruvian Navy. The *Unión* broke the Chilean blockade of the port twice in less than 8 hours on March 17, 1880.

## Background

After losing the *Huáscar* in the Battle of Angamos, Chile had gained naval dominance and began planning the Land Campaign against Peru .

The Chilean army landed its expeditionary force in Ilo and Mollendo while its fleet blocked Arica from November 28, 1879 to prevent the Peruvian garrison from receiving reinforcements from Lima .

By that time, Peru had already lost most of its southern ports such as Iquique, Ilo and Pisagua but Arica was a port defended by heavy guns and the *Manco Cápac* monitor that served as a floating battery. The Naval Battle of Arica had begun in the port on February 27, 1880 where the Chilean frigate captain and commander of the blockade, Manuel Thomson was killed in the battle. The port was then bombarded from February 29 to March 6, but without heavy losses. During the blockade, there were neutral ships from other countries such as the French *Hussard*, the German SMS *Hansa*, and the British HMS *Thetis* and HMS *Shannon* but were anchored a safe distance from the bay as their task was to observe the development of the blockade and the combats that could occur between the Chilean fleet and the Peruvian defenses of the port.

### Southern Expedition

In the first days of March 1880, the ship's captain, Manuel Villavicencio, was summoned by the supreme director of Peru, Nicolás de Piérola. Piérola told him that it was essential to break the Blockade of Arica and deliver weapons and supplies to the Arica garrison. Hearing Piérola's orders, Villavicencio replied:

> Mr. President, during the last ten months aboard the *Chalaco*, I have fulfilled my duties, and I have managed to evade every enemy warship that has come my way. Now that I am in charge of a faster ship, you can be sure, God willing, that despite the blockade, I will enter Arica. I can't assure you that I will return, but I will do what I can.

During the following days, Villavicencio loaded the *Unión* with 37 boxes of shoes, 39 bales of white canvas, 1 box with 190 buttons, 5 boxes with 2 full machine guns, 100 boxes with 100,000 shots for Remington rifles, and the BAP Alianza to increase night surveillance of the bay, carried out until then only by the Bolivian torpedo *Sorata*. On March 12, 1880, Colonel Nicolás de Piérola, Supreme Director of the Republic, arrived at Callao to personally bid farewell to Commander Villavicencio and the *Unión* crew. At 11:00 a.m., the *Unión* made the maneuvers to undock the port of Callao, maneuvered between the merchant ships anchored in the roadstead, It headed for San Lorenzo Island and then headed south. The *Unión* landed on the afternoon of the 14th in Quilca where after receiving news from the PSNC steamer *Mendoza*, it continued its journey to Arica on the afternoon of March 15.

They wanted to take advantage of the fact that the blockade of Arica was only sustained by two ships: the ironclad *Huáscar* and the transport *Matías Cousiño*. These ships sailed on the high seas at night and returned to the port at dawn, so they would try to enter the port at dawn.

At the same time, the BAP Talismán set sail on March 11, 1880 bound for Quilca with a load of: 2 crates of medicines, 90 crates with 1,800 Remington 0.50-caliber rifles, 578 crates with 500,000 shots for said rifles, 100 crates with 200 thousand shots for Remington caliber 0.43 in, 2 boxes with 20 thousand shots for Winchester rifles, 4 Blakely 9-pounder cannons, 2 howitzers of 12-pounders and 24 boxes with projectiles for the cannons. Brigadier General Manuel Beingolea, who was going to command the 2nd Army of the South, which was being formed in Arequipa, was traveling in the transport. The transport arrived in Quilca on March 14, but the commander of the ship, Lieutenant Commander Manuel Carrasco, decided not to disembark when he saw strange lights and after a court martial, he decided to sail to Pisco and there he unloaded his cargo.

## Opposing forces

### Peru

The Arica batteries were under the command of Commander Arnaldo Panizo and were divided into those on land, those in the north and those in the hills. The head of the plaza of Arica was the captain of the ship Camilo Carrillo.

The Morro batteries, located south of the port in the Morro de Arica, were:

High Battery: 1 Vavasseur 250 lb, 2 Parrott 100 lb and 2 Voruz 70 lb. Low Battery: towards La Lisera beach, 4 Voruz of 70 lb. During the combat, a Voruz cannon was blown south of the nose, on La Lisera beach, due to the defect of the projectile's fuse, which caused the bomb to explode inside the cannon.

The Manco Cápac was a monitor with a displacement of 2,100 tons. Its armor was 127 mm and 254 mm in the rotating turret, which carried two 500 lb Dahlgren guns. She was assigned to the Bolivian speedboat Sorata, which was used for night patrol. Its propulsion system was with a propeller, being able to reach a maximum speed, on the day of combat, of 3.5 kn. She was under the command of the frigate captain José Sánchez Lagomarsino.

The Union was an corvette built in 1865, with a wooden hull protected with iron and copper. She displaced 2,066.66 t and had 12 Voruz muzzle-loading rifled guns of 70 lb as main armament, in the battery, 6 per side. She also had 2 Armstrong 70-pound guns in the bow and a Withworth 9-pound muzzle-loading gun. Her propulsion system was also mixed, with a propeller, she being able to reach a maximum speed of 13 kn. She was under the command of the ship's captain Manuel Villavicencio.

### Chile

The *Almirante Cochrane* was an ironclad of a 3,560 t displacement, in service from 1874 and 1875 respectively. They had 230 mm thick armor and their main armament consisted of 6 Armstrong 250 lb muzzle-loading guns in battery, 3 per side. Her minor armament was two 1-inch Nordentfeldt machine guns on the bridge, two 7-pound Armstrong muzzle-loading guns, and two 20-pound Armstrong breech-loading guns. Her propulsion system was mixed, steam engine, with double propeller, and sailbeing able to reach a maximum speed, the day of the combat, of 12 knots. The *Almirante Cochrane* was under the command of Captain Juan José Latorre.

The *Huáscar* was an ironclad with a displacement of 1,745 tons built in 1865. She has 114.3 mm thick armor on the hull and her main armament consisted, at the time, of two 300 lb Armstrong muzzle-loading guns located in a rotating armored turret. Under the Chilean flag, modern artillery was added: two Armstrong 40- lb breech-loading guns with a range of 7,000 m, one on the starboard quarterdeck and one on the port quarterdeck, and a 1-lb Hotchkiss rapid-fire cannon. She also had a 0.44 in Gatling gunon the top of the mainmast. Her propulsion system was with a propeller, being able to reach a maximum speed, on the day of combat, of 8 kn . After the death in February of its first Chilean commander, Manuel Thomson, also commander of the blockade, he was commanded by Commander Carlos Condell.

The *Amazonas* was a transport that had belonged to the Pacific Steam Navigation Company and had been purchased during the war. In service since 1859, she has an iron hull, where she displaced 2,019 t. She was armed with a 6-inch Armstrong gun, being capable of a maximum speed of 13 kn.

## The Double Rupture

On March 17, 1880, at 02:00 am, the Peruvian corvette appeared in Arica, when the Chilean ships were on the high seas. The *Unión* moved slowly toward the port, covered by darkness and absolute silence on board. At 04:00 am, at a safe distance, Villavicencio detached a boat from his ship to notify the land authorities of his presence. At 04:30 am the Peruvian corvette entered the anchorage and received the Bolivian speedboat *Sorata* and anchored next to the monitor *Manco Cápac*. The *Unión*'s presence was received with joy not only by the Peruvian garrison, but also by the crews of foreign warships, who had noticed and observed the maneuvers of the Peruvian corvette.

The Chileans who maintained the blockade only realized what was happening in broad daylight, when the *Unión* was already unloading supplies for the Peruvian army in Arica. The commander of the *Huáscar*, frigate captain Carlos Condell and accidental commander of the blockade, ordered the transport *Matías Cousiño* to sail to Pacocha to notify the Commander of the Chilean squadron, Rear Admiral Galvarino Riveros of the presence of the Peruvian corvette *Unión* and request reinforcements to strengthen the blockade. Condell decided to attack the *Unión*, taking advantage of their long-range 40-pound guns that allowed him to attack without being touched by the cannons of the batteries of the port. At 8:50 am the bombardment began with the *Huáscar* making 11 shots and was answered by 3 from the *Unión* and 2 from the Morro batteries.

At 9 a.m. 2 smokes were sighted from the south, which turned out to be the *Almirante Cochrane* and the *Amazonas*. The *Almirante Cochrane*, which was returning from Iquique to replace the *Huáscar* in the blockade, and the *Amazonas*, which brought spare ammunition to the ironclad from Ilo. Both ships had met at dawn in Caleta Vítor, 15 miles south of Arica. The *Almirante Cochrane* was under the command of Captain Juan José Latorre, who, as the superior officer, would take command of the flotilla. The Peruvians confused the *Almirante Cochrane* with the *Blanco Encalada*. The *Almirante Cochrane* and the *Huáscar* were put together so that their commanders could confer and agree on an attack on the Peruvian corvette.

At 12:00, the Chilean squad spread out in offensive formation and began firing simultaneously at the Union 4,000 meters away. The Chilean artillery fire was intense and made a total of 84 shots against the Peruvian corvette, while the Peruvian batteries made 43 shots, the monitor *Manco Cápac* made 4 shots and the *Unión* corvette made 20 shots. Two bombs hit the Peruvian ship *Unión* and another 5 exploded in the air, destroying part of the command bridge, all the lifeboats, coal supplies and 8 to get injured. The *Almirante Cochrane* received 4 shots and one from the monitor *Manco Cápac*, which shook and loosened the joints of the plate in its entirety, but without penetrating the armor. Another 2 shots landed on the water line without also piercing it and another one destroyed the apothecary. The *Huáscar* received four thick projectiles: 3 in the hull and one in the foremast, without major damage. The Chilean ships had no casualties.

Once the *Unión* docked at the port of Arica, the unloading of food, weapons, ammunition and the *Alianza* torpedo boat began, which was under the command of First Lieutenant Leoncio Prado. This operation lasted 8 hours, during which, the *Unión* fought with the Chilean squadron.

The Chilean squad fanned out, trying to close the subsequent escape, but at 4:20 p.m., Captain Manuel Villavicencio, Commander of the *Unión*, and his second commander, Commander Arístides Aljovín, discovered that all the commanders of the ships holding the blockade began to converge on the *Almirante Cochrane*. Indeed, in the *Almirante Cochrane* a Board of Commanders of Chilean ships was held, summoned by Captain Juan José Latorre, in which they discussed the next actions to follow to finish sinking the Peruvian corvette. The Chilean ships were located in front of Chacalluta, north of the port. At 4:30 p.m., Commander Villavicencio addressed the crew of the Peruvian corvette, asking: "Men, do you want to die on land or at sea?" The answer was unanimous: “In the sea!”. And so the order was given to weigh anchor. Then Captain Villavicencio ordered Frigate Captain Arístides Aljovín to hoist the anchor only a few meters, keeping it in the water, so that to the observation of the Chilean ships it would appear that the Peruvian ship was anchored. Like the *Unión*, she had maintained pressure throughout the combat and during the discharge of the day. At 5:00 pm, the *Unión* undocked from the Arica docks, maneuvering inside the roadstead and heading towards Alacrán Island. At the height of this island, instead of turning north, he headed south towards Chilean waters. Afterwards, he headed west at night and then north.

Captain Latorre, noticing the maneuver, ordered his commanders to follow and capture the Peruvian corvette. Villavicencio governed the *Unión* and managed to evade the pursuing Chilean ships and begin sailing back to Lima.

## Aftermath

The Peruvian ship entered the port of Callao on March 20, 1880, to the amazement of all. She had carried out a difficult mission and the government, in recognition, conferred the Iron Cross on her.

In a letter dated March 18, 1880, Lieutenant Colonel Ricardo O'Donovan, Chief of Staff of the Seventh Division of the Peruvian Army in Arica, wrote to his brother Enrique in Trujillo about Villavicencio's action:

> After I wrote to you yesterday, the anxiety about the combat in Arica continued and with the conviction that the corvette *Unión* would be lost. Villavicencio asked what he would do when part of the cauldron was broken and the corvette was slowing down to 10 knots. Montero authorized him not to leave and until he beached the ship if necessary and what would not have been the pleasure of all to see that the damage is complete and he undertakes his departure and escapes from the enemies like an eagle; She was chased by the *Almirante Cochrane* and had to abandon the company, returning to the port in shame. It is said that the *Amazonas* followed the *Unión*. Villavicencio is therefore the man called to execute these companies. Intelligence, courage and fortune; I saluted him in the order of the square as you will see in the saint that I gave for the service of the army.

There were recriminations in Chile against the squadron because the Union was able to escape from Arica, but Captain Latorre took responsibility and the criticism subsided.

### Bibliography

* Arce y Folch, Luis B. (1926). *Campaña Naval de Arica*. Vol. 1 and 2. Revista de Marina del Perú. pp. 101–114 and 139–167.
* Machuca, Francisco (1928). Valparaíso: Imprenta Victoria (ed.). *Las Cuatro campañas de La Guerra del Pacífico. Tomo II*.
* Melo Moreno, Rosendo (1911). Lima: El Auxiliar del Comercio (ed.). *Historia de la Marina del Perú*.
* Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín (1880). Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes (ed.). *Historia de la Campaña de Tarapacá. Tomo II*.
* Villavisencio Soto, Jorge (1979). Lima: Imprenta Minerva (ed.). *Victoria naval de la doble ruptura del bloqueo de Arica*.

## InfoBox

| Rupture of the Blockade of Arica | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific | |
|
The Corvette *Unión* forcing its way through the blockade | |
| Date March 17, 1880  Location Arica, Tarapacá, Peru  Result  Peruvian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Peru | Chile |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Manuel Villavicencio
José Lagomarsino | Juan José Latorre
Carlos Condell |
| Strength | |
| 2 ironclads, 1 transport | 2 corvettes, 5 land batteries with 13 guns |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 1 killed, 8 wounded | 9 killed, 18 wounded |


title: Kim Hye-mi

abstract: Kim Hye-mi is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner. She won a gold medal in welterweight at the 2001 World Taekwondo Championships, and a gold medal at the 2002 Asian Taekwondo Championships.

text:
# Kim Hye-mi

**Kim Hye-mi** (born 16 April 1983) is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner.

She won a gold medal in welterweight at the 2001 World Taekwondo Championships, and a gold medal at the 2002 Asian Taekwondo Championships.

## InfoBox

Kim Hye-mi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South Korean |
| Born | (1983-04-16) 16 April 1983 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Taekwondo |
| Medal record      Representing  South Korea  Women's taekwondo  World Championships  2001 Jeju  Welterweight  Asian Championships  2002 Amman  -67 kg | |


title: Fuji Sengen Shrine (Naka-ku, Nagoya)

abstract: Fuji Sengen Shrine The Fuji Sengen Shrine is a Shinto shrine located in Ōsu in central Nagoya, central Japan.

text:
# Fuji Sengen Shrine (Naka-ku, Nagoya)

The **Fuji Sengen Shrine** (富士浅間神社, *Fuji Sengen Jinja*) is a Shinto shrine located in Ōsu in central Nagoya, central Japan.

## History

The shrine dates back to 1495, when a portion of the god of Sengen Shrine in Suruga province was solicited to come down and be worshiped. Preserved there is the *Yugai-kyakutsuki no tsubo* (lidded-and-legged urn), which was found at the nearby ancient grave mound of Nagoyayama. The current shrine buildings date to the Shōwa era.

Media related to Fuji Sengen Shrine (Naka-ku, Nagoya) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| **Fuji Sengen Shrine** (富士浅間神社, *Fuji Sengen Jinja*) | |
| --- | --- |
| The Fuji Sengen Shrine in the Naka ward of Nagoya | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Shinto |
| Location | |
| Location | Ōsu in central Nagoya, Japan |
| Shown within Japan | |
| Geographic coordinates | 35°9′33″N 136°54′3″E / 35.15917°N 136.90083°E / 35.15917; 136.90083 |
| Architecture | |
| Date established | 1495 |
| Glossary of Shinto | |


title: Kim Rosdahl

abstract: Kim Rosdahl is a Swedish professional ice hockey winger. He is currently playing with Västerås IK in the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv). He has previously played with Malmö Redhawks IK Oskarshamn and Rögle BK in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

text:
# Kim Rosdahl

**Kim Rosdahl** (born 12 May 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey winger. He is currently playing with Västerås IK in the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv). He has previously played with Malmö Redhawks IK Oskarshamn and Rögle BK in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

## InfoBox

| Kim Rosdahl | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1996-05-12) May 12, 1996
Malmö, Sweden | | |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) | | |
| Weight | 203 lb (92 kg; 14 st 7 lb) | | |
| Position | Left wing | | |
| Shoots | Right | | |
| Allsv team
Former teams | *Västerås IK*
Malmö Redhawks
IK Oskarshamn
Rögle BK | | |
| Playing career | 2013present | | |


title: Kim Rose

abstract:
Kim Rose has served as State Representative for the 118th House District in Milford, Connecticut. Previously serving as Vice-Chair of the local Planning & Zoning Board, Rose was elected as State Representative in 2010. The 118th encompasses constituents from both parts Milford and the village of Devon. In the Connecticut House of Representatives Rose served as the Assistant Majority Whip, Vice Chairwoman of the Housing Committee and on Veterans' Affairs Committee and the Internship Committee. She was elected in 2015 to Co-Chair the Bipartisan Women's Caucus. In 2012 Rose handily won against her Republican opponent and was re-elected again in 2014.
In 2016 Kim Rose was reelected to her 4th term garnering 57.6% of the vote to beat out her opponent, Rick Varrone.

text:
# Kim Rose

**Kim Rose** has served as State Representative for the 118th House District in Milford, Connecticut. Previously serving as Vice-Chair of the local Planning & Zoning Board, Rose was elected as State Representative in 2010. The 118th encompasses constituents from both parts Milford and the village of Devon.

In the Connecticut House of Representatives Rose served as the Assistant Majority Whip, Vice Chairwoman of the Housing Committee and on Veterans' Affairs Committee and the Internship Committee. She was elected in 2015 to Co-Chair the Bipartisan Women's Caucus.

In 2012 Rose handily won against her Republican opponent and was re-elected again in 2014. In 2016 Kim Rose was reelected to her 4th term garnering 57.6% of the vote to beat out her opponent, Rick Varrone.

## InfoBox

| Kim Rose | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Connecticut House of Representatives
from the 118th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 6, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Barbara Lambert |
| Succeeded by | Frank Smith (elect) |
| Planning & Zoning Board | |
| **In office**
2007–2011 | |
| Constituency | 3rd District |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Website | Official legislative website |
|  | |


title: Fujiwara no Otomaro

abstract: Fujiwara no Otomaro was a Japanese kugyō of the Nara period. He was the son of Fujiwara no Muchimaro, the founder of the Nanke house of the powerful Fujiwara clan.

text:
# Fujiwara no Otomaro

**Fujiwara no Otomaro** (藤原 乙麻呂, died August 2, 760) was a Japanese *kugyō* (court noble) of the Nara period. He was the son of Fujiwara no Muchimaro, the founder of the Nanke house of the powerful Fujiwara clan.

## Life

Otomaro was born as the fourth son of Minister of the Left Fujiwara no Muchimaro.

In 737, soon after the death of Muchimaro, the four Fujiwara brothers, together with their cousins, Nagate of the Hokke house and Hirotsugu of the Shikike house, were promoted from Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade to Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. After working in the Ministry of War as the First Assistant to the Minister, he was promoted to Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade in 747.

During Empress Kōken's reign, Otomaro was promoted to Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade in 749 and became the Governor of Echizen Province. In 750, he was promoted to Junior Third Rank, Director of the Dazaifu. In 752, Ki no Maro became Director of the Dazaifu, and in 757 Otomaro was moved to the position of Governor of Mimasaka Province, but it is not clear what happened in the five years in between these two events. It is possible that Otomaro's relationship with his brother Nakamaro, who later became the leading figure of the government, deteriorated after Otomaru's exceptional promotion in 750.

Otomaro died on August 2, 760, as Junior Third Rank, *Kei* in the Ministry of War.

## Genealogy

## InfoBox

| Fujiwara no Otomaro*Ason* | |
| --- | --- |
| 藤原乙麻呂 | |
|  | |
| Governor of Echizen Province | |
| **In office**
749–750 | |
| Director of Dazaifu | |
| **In office**
750–752 | |
| Succeeded by | Ki no Maro |
| Governor of Mimasaka Province | |
| **In office**
757–760 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | August 2, 760 |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation | *kugyō* |
|  | |


title: 2003 TPC Tour

abstract: The 2003 TPC Tour was the fifth season of the TPC Tour, one of the main professional golf tours in Thailand since it was formed in 1999.

text:
# 2003 TPC Tour

The **2003 TPC Tour** was the fifth season of the TPC Tour, one of the main professional golf tours in Thailand since it was formed in 1999.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 2003 season.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse<br>() | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 Apr | Singha Pattaya Open | Chonburi | 1,000,000 | Thaworn Wiratchant (2) |
| 22 Jun | TPC Championships | Samut Prakan | 1,000,000 | Jim Johnson (1) |
| 26 Jul | Singha Classic | Phetchaburi | 1,000,000 | Boonchu Ruangkit (3) |
| 30 Jul | Cotto Open | Chonburi | 1,000,000 | Simon Yates (1) |

1. "2003 Tournament schedule". All Thailand Golf Tour. Retrieved 18 April 2017.

## InfoBox

2003 TPC Tour season
| Duration | 10 April 2003 (2003-04-10) – 30 July 2003 (2003-07-30) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 4 |
| 2002 2004 | |


title: Fulwell bus garage

abstract: Fulwell Bus Garage is a Transport for London bus garage located in Twickenham in west London. It is north of Fulwell railway station and operates as two halves, with entrances on the A311 Wellington Road and B358 Stanley Road. It is currently operated by Transport UK London Bus and London United.

text:
# Fulwell bus garage

**Fulwell Bus Garage** is a Transport for London bus garage located in Twickenham in west London. It is north of Fulwell railway station and operates as two halves, with entrances on the A311 Wellington Road and B358 Stanley Road. It is currently operated by Transport UK London Bus and London United.

## History

Fulwell Bus Garage was originally built as a tram depot for London United Tramways in 1902. The site formerly formed the southerly part of the Freake Fulwell Park Estate and came on the market following the death of the Dowager Lady Freake in 1901. London United Tramways acquired a 99-year lease of the site in April 1902 for a new tram depot. This was completed in March 1903, just as new tram routes to Hampton Court Palace started operating.

The garage had an entrance at each end, in Stanley Road and Wellington Road. The shed had 20 tracks under cover but was never used to its full capacity. In 1931 London's first trolleybuses moved in alongside the trams and the last trams left in 1935. In 1933 the newly formed London Passenger Transport Board took over London United Tramways. Fulwell became London Transport's main trolleybus works making use of some of the space available. It was thus one of the last two depots to convert to motor buses on 9 May 1962.

The amount of work increased after 18 April 1970 when the small Twickenham (AB) garage, near Richmond Bridge, closed. In 1986/87 the garage was rebuilt, remaining open throughout. Instead of being split along its length, it is now split across its width.

Fulwell was allocated to the London United subsidiary when London Buses was split up in preparation for privatisation. Ninety vehicles were initially allocated to the garage. It later became the company's head office.

In 1999, Tellings-Golden Miller moved into the garage following it winning some Transport for London routes. It was included in the June 2005 sale of the business to Travel London. In May 2009 Travel London in turn was sold to Abellio London.

## Layout

As a bus garage Fulwell was divided in half along its length with the sports ground between the garage and South Road. The northern half of the garage, together with the front yard at the Wellington Road end, and a small rear yard were used for bus operation. The southern half of the garage, together with the Stanley Road entrance, and the remainder of the front yard were let out.

The rear part of the garage was initially used by London Buses for the sale of withdrawn buses. With the privatisation of London Buses, the sales department was wound down and closed.

The construction company Kelly used the site for a short time whilst they were laying cable television in the area.

The sports ground was redeveloped commercially many years ago, with an entrance off South Road.

## Today

Today both halves of the garage remain in operation.

The Stanley Road (eastern) end is occupied by Transport UK London Bus as its Twickenham (TF) garage. As at April 2022, Transport UK London Bus operate routes 111, 267, 285, 490, 671, 969, H20, H25, H26, R68 and R70 from the garage.

The Wellington Road (western) end is occupied by London United as its Fulwell (FW) garage. It also houses its head office. London United operate routes 33, 65, 71, 216, 281, 290, 371, 481, 681, K3, N33 and N65 from the garage.

## Awards

In 2004 Fulwell was named as one of the best in London for customer service.

Media related to Fulwell Bus Garage at Wikimedia Commons

51°26′5″N 0°20′59″W / 51.43472°N 0.34972°W / 51.43472; -0.34972


title: Russell Haswell

abstract: Russell Haswell is an English multidisciplinary artist. He has exhibited conceptual and wall-based visual works, video art, public sculpture, as well as audio presentations in both art gallery and concert hall contexts. Extreme Computer Music is one specialized area of activity. An ongoing collaboration with Florian Hecker working with Iannis Xenakis' graphic-input 'UPIC Music Composing System' is one project, the recorded results have been presented in the form of multi channel electroacoustic diffusion sessions, for example for the Frieze Art Fair. He has collaborated with: Aphex Twin, Jake and Dinos Chapman, Florian Hecker, Earth, Popol Vuh, Kjetil Manheim, Carsten Höller, Mika Vainio, Carl Michael von Hausswolff, Masami Akita, Peter Rehberg, Zbigniew Karkowski, Gescom, Yasunao Tone and Whitehouse. In 2002 his debut compact disc Live Salvage 1997–2000 (Mego) received Prix Ars Electronica Honorable Mention for Digital Musics. In 2005 and 2006 he curated two London-based All Tomorrow's Parties club events, entitled 'Easy to Swallow', intended for the "broad-minded" the events showcased: Carl Michael von Hausswolff, Yasunao Tone + Hecker, Mark Stewart and the Maffia, Aphex Twin, Whitehouse, Surgeon + Regis Present: British Murder Boys, Lee Dorrian, Pita, Earth, Autechre, Robert Hood. In 2009 he contributed a cover of the Wild Planet song "Cabasa Cabasa" to the Warp20 (Recreated) compilation.

text:
# Russell Haswell

**Russell Haswell** (born 1970, Coventry) is an English multidisciplinary artist.

He has exhibited conceptual and wall-based visual works, video art, public sculpture, as well as audio presentations in both art gallery and concert hall contexts. Extreme Computer Music is one specialized area of activity. An ongoing collaboration (2003 +) with Florian Hecker working with Iannis Xenakis' graphic-input 'UPIC Music Composing System' is one project, the recorded results have been presented in the form of multi channel electroacoustic diffusion sessions, for example for the Frieze Art Fair. He has collaborated with: Aphex Twin, Jake and Dinos Chapman, Florian Hecker, Earth, Popol Vuh, Kjetil Manheim, Carsten Höller, Mika Vainio, Carl Michael von Hausswolff, Masami Akita, Peter Rehberg, Zbigniew Karkowski, Gescom, Yasunao Tone and Whitehouse.

In 2002 his debut compact disc *Live Salvage 1997–2000* (Mego) received Prix Ars Electronica Honorable Mention for Digital Musics. In 2005 and 2006 he curated two London-based All Tomorrow's Parties club events, entitled 'Easy to Swallow', intended for the "broad-minded" the events showcased: Carl Michael von Hausswolff, Yasunao Tone \+ Hecker, Mark Stewart and the Maffia, Aphex Twin, Whitehouse, Surgeon \+ Regis Present: British Murder Boys, Lee Dorrian, Pita, Earth, Autechre, Robert Hood (ex-Underground Resistance).

In 2009 he contributed a cover of the Wild Planet song "Cabasa Cabasa" to the *Warp20 (Recreated)* compilation.

## Selected discography

```
 2. Physical Presence of Noise: Interview with Russel Haswell
```


title: Killing of Edmund Perry

abstract: Edmund Perry, a Harlem resident, was shot to death by Lee Van Houten, a 24-year-old plainclothes policeman, on June 12, 1985 when he was 17 years old. The case briefly generated a firestorm of protest in New York City when it was revealed that Perry was an honor student and was enrolled to attend Stanford on a scholarship; however, Van Houten said that Perry and his brother had attempted to mug him, and the shooting was ruled justifiable.

text:
# Killing of Edmund Perry

**Edmund Perry**, a Harlem resident, was shot to death by Lee Van Houten, a 24-year-old plainclothes policeman, on June 12, 1985 when he was 17 years old. The case briefly generated a firestorm of protest in New York City when it was revealed that Perry was an honor student and was enrolled to attend Stanford on a scholarship; however, Van Houten said that Perry and his brother had attempted to mug him, and the shooting was ruled justifiable.

## The incident

Lee Van Houten, a 24-year-old plainclothes policeman, was on assignment in the Morningside Park section of Manhattan on the night of June 12, 1985, when he said he was assaulted by two men who attempted to mug him. According to Van Houten, he was approached from behind and yanked to the ground by his neck, where two black men beat him and demanded that he give them money. He drew his gun from his ankle holster and fired three times, hitting Edmund Perry in the abdomen. The other attacker fled, and was later identified as Jonah Perry, Edmund's brother.

## Reaction

At the time of his death, Perry was a recent graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, one of the most prestigious preparatory schools in the United States. The revelation of this fact led to significant press coverage, much of it unfavorable to the police. The front-page headline of the *New York Post* the next day was "COP KILLS HARLEM HONOR STUDENT". The *Village Voice* suggested that Perry was shot because he was "too black for his own good", and *The New York Times* wrote that "...the death of Edmund Perry raises painfully troubling questions".

However, two witnesses backed up Van Houten's version of events, and the media frenzy was short-lived. Van Houten was cleared of any culpability in the shooting. Jonah Perry, an alumnus of the Westminster School in Simsbury, Connecticut, was later put on trial for assaulting Van Houten. He was found not guilty. The NYPD settled a wrongful death claim for $75,000 in 1989. Veronica Perry, the mother of both boys and their sister Nicol, died in the city six years later on October 22, 1991, of a heart attack aged 44.

Perry's experiences at Exeter and the circumstances surrounding his death formed the basis of the best-selling 1987 book *Best Intentions: The Education and Killing of Edmund Perry*, written by Robert Sam Anson.

On January 6, 1992, NBC aired the TV movie *Murder Without Motive: The Edmund Perry Story*, directed by Kevin Hooks. Perry was portrayed by Curtis McClarin.

Spike Lee's movie *Do the Right Thing* is dedicated to the family of Edmund Perry, among others.

The incident served as inspiration for the music video to Michael Jackson's 1987 hit record *Bad*.

Adrienne Rich's poem Yom Kippur 1984 contains a line about the killing of Edmund Perry: "young scholar shot at the university gates on a summer evening walk, his prizes and studies nothing, nothing availing his Blackness."

## Further reading


title: Réaux, Charente-Maritime

abstract: Réaux is a former commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Réaux-sur-Trèfle.

text:
# Réaux, Charente-Maritime

**Réaux** (French pronunciation: \[ʁeo\]) is a former commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Réaux-sur-Trèfle.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 440 |  |
| 1968 | 481 | +9.3% |
| 1975 | 516 | +7.3% |
| 1982 | 453 | −12.2% |
| 1990 | 436 | −3.8% |
| 1999 | 475 | +8.9% |
| 2008 | 452 | −4.8% |

## InfoBox

| Réaux | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Réaux-sur-Trèfle | |
|  | |
| Location of Réaux | |
| RéauxRéaux | |
| Coordinates: 45°28′41″N 0°22′23″W / 45.4781°N 0.3731°W / 45.4781; -0.3731 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Jonzac |
| Canton | Jonzac |
| Commune | Réaux-sur-Trèfle |
| Area**1** | 8.96 km2 (3.46 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | 476 |
| Density | 53/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 17500 |
| Elevation | 33–96 m (108–315 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rzeszów Castle

abstract: Rzeszów Castle is one of the main landmarks of Rzeszów. It was rebuilt between 1902 and 1906, and it is located on the former grounds of the castle of the House of Lubomirski. The castle is located between Aleja Pod Kasztanami and Aleja Lubomirski, Chopin Street, Śreniawitów Square, and Colonel Lis-Kula Street. Currently the castle houses the seat of the provincial court; the building housed a prison until 1981. An early fortress stood on the castle's grounds in the sixteenth century. At the end of the same century, Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza built a Motte-and-bailey castle close to the current castle's location. In 1620 he expanded the castle into a "Palazzo in fortezza". Following his death in 1637, the castle was inherited by his daughter Konstancja Ligęza, who married Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. Thus, the castle was put under the ownership of the House of Lubomirski. Most of the building works were done by Tylman van Gameren and Karol Henryk Wiedemann. In 1820 the complex was brought under Austrian authorities; which adapted the building for a courthouse and a prison. The building was deconstructed at the beginning of the twentieth century due to its poor state. The only parts left from the original complex are the gatehouse and bastion fortifications. The Lubomirski Palace is located close to the Castle.

text:
# Rzeszów Castle

**Rzeszów Castle** is one of the main landmarks of Rzeszów. It was rebuilt between 1902 and 1906, and it is located on the former grounds of the castle of the House of Lubomirski. The castle is located between Aleja Pod Kasztanami and Aleja Lubomirski, Chopin Street, Śreniawitów Square, and Colonel Lis-Kula Street. Currently the castle houses the seat of the provincial court; the building housed a prison until 1981.

An early fortress stood on the castle's grounds in the sixteenth century. At the end of the same century, Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza built a Motte-and-bailey castle close to the current castle's location. In 1620 he expanded the castle into a "Palazzo in fortezza". Following his death in 1637, the castle was inherited by his daughter Konstancja Ligęza, who married Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. Thus, the castle was put under the ownership of the House of Lubomirski. Most of the building works were done by Tylman van Gameren and Karol Henryk Wiedemann. In 1820 the complex was brought under Austrian authorities; which adapted the building for a courthouse and a prison. The building was deconstructed at the beginning of the twentieth century due to its poor state. The only parts left from the original complex are the gatehouse and bastion fortifications.

The Lubomirski Palace is located close to the Castle.

## History of the castle

### Possession of Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza

The founder of the Castle was the castellan of Czchów and Sandomierz Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza. The land was partially owned Rzeszów's Elżbieta Komarnicka, widow of Adam Rzeszowski. The rest of the nearby lands were owned by Elżbieta's sisters - Katarzyna and Zofia.

#### Primordial embankments

The capital of Rzeszów's lands was located on a loess hill, in between Wisłok flood waters, allowing natural defences. The residence was located on top of a cliff side, in the town of Ligęza. If such complex existed, it would have stone fortifications and wooden farm houses in the centre. The fortress' courtyard was made of mud and wood, strengthened by wooden towers, located in its corners. The Ligęza fortress was expanded during the sixteenth century, whose fortifications are still currently found.

#### First defensive fortress

Not a lot is known about the initial construction of Ligęza's fortress (castle). No information about the architect nor scripture of the fortress has been preserved. Most of the information gathered about the complex is of the stock-taking done by Zygmund Hendel in 1897.

The main building of the complex was fortified with walls, it had several levels and a double-courtyard located in the northern part of the complex. The complex's floor plan was similar to that of a square. Close by to the complex there was a number of warehouses - whose function remains uncertain. The whole complex and warehouses were surrounded by a thick defensive wall - whose thickness passed 1,5 metres. The three parts of the complex (east, west and south) all had posterns with battery artillery. The fortification was strengthened by a bastion, located in the south-east corner of the complex's square formation. It is likely that another one stood in the south-west of the complex. There is no other identification for the former existence of two other bastions, although during Ligęza's reign they might have been planned. The gate which allowed access to head into the castle was located, where it currently is, in the middle of the western wall.

The main reason for Ligęza to build such powerful and well defended fortress may have been to so to underline his importance, authority and wealth, making his fortress and fortifications to have a greater role for repressing the people, and accepting his reign, than actually serving as a defensive fortress. Such perception can be strengthened by the accounts of his nephew - Andrzej Ligęza, who tried to become his successor. In 1603, he marched his army into Rzeszów \- devastating the walls, burned the warehouses and began besieging the castle - which was successful after a few days. Mikołaj Ligęza addressed the situation by devastating Andrzej's property in Staroniwa and Zwieńczyca. In effect Andrzej had looted Rzeszów, regaining the castle. In the following years, Mikołaj Ligęza had continued his scuffles with Stanisław Stadnicki of Łańcut (1600-1605), and with his son Władysław (1617-1619). All of these clashes meant that, after 1620, when Mikołaj Ligęza became a castellan, he ordered for a reconstruction of the castle.

#### Palazzo in fortezza

The newly reconstructed castle was built in the newly popular Palazzo in fortezza architectural form. The loess was built up with moats and bastions in a New-Italian style, built up with stone and brick pallium; some parts with clay. The former defensive walls were incorporated as inner walls of the castle. This allowed the castle to have an additional defensive wing. The investment was never finished, however its modernisation allowed for new batteries to be constructed; this had allowed the castle to successfully be defended against by a raid of Tartars. During the reconstruction, the castle had been protected by a full army. The fortifications had been additionally encircled by a wood and partially stone settlements including Mrowla, Świlcza, Krasne and Malawa.

Mikołaj Ligęza died in 1637. In his testament to his wife he said: *fortify the castle and call it the Ligęza's and moat it all*, ( *aby zamku domurowała i po wieczne czasy Ligęzowem nazwała i obwałować kazała*, Polish).

#### House of Lubomirski

Ligęza signed off his castle to his daughters: Pudancja and Konstancja. However, due to the decision taken up by the Crown Tribunal, all of the estate was only given to the Konstancja. This caused scuffles between Pudancja's and Konstancja's husbands; as Konstancja's husband - Court Marshall of the Crown Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski took over the estate. He was an active politician and military commander of the Anti-Crown Opposition. During his reign, the castle did not have military importance, this also included the Łańcut Castle \- an important residence; this state must have been caused by the castle's devastation. The fortifications were greatly devastated by the Swedes during The Deluge, as well as the Polish army during a rebellion in 1663. Additional damage was caused during a war with the Cossacks. After Lubomirski took on a bannire, he was expelled and moved to Silesia, which caused the fortifications in Rzeszów not to be reconstructed. When Ulryk Werdum passed through the town in 1671 he described it as:

*In the suburb there stands a beautiful church, and even a better one in town, both made of stone \[...\]. The castle, a cumbrous structure, stands to the south by the lake. All of these places were in a very good state before the war with the Cossacks, after it everything seems to be abandoned.*

(*Na przedmieściu stoi śliczny kościół, a jeszcze lepszy w mieście, obydwa z kamienia \[...\]. Ciężko zbudowany zamek wznosi się na południe od miasta nad jeziorem. Wszystko to znajdowało się w bardzo dobrym stanie przed wojną kozacką, teraz zaś po niej wszystko jest opuszczone.* Polish)

Jerzey Lubomirski died in 1667, giving the estate to his son, Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski. In the first few years after his father's death, Hieronim took on dealing with war specialised equipment and crafts - he fought with the Turks, Tatars and Cossacks. Only up until about 1682, did he begin works on reconstructing the castle in Rzeszów, which he entrusted to Tylman van Gameren.

#### Expansion of the castle by Tylman van Gameren

Due to many battles in the region of Rzeszów, such as the battles with Cossacks and Tatars, the castle's military significance rose. He agreed, after raising the issue at the Sejmik, that he will spend three years to rebuild the castle's fortifications.

As stated in Tylman's plans, the castle was rebuilt in a square formation, with four wings both having two levels each, protected by a ravelin at the castle's southern wing. The courtyard's levels had a facade in the central part of the structure. They were finished off by ramparts.

## InfoBox

| Rzeszów Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| Rzeszów Castle | |
| Location | Rzeszów, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in
Poland |
| Coordinates | 50°01′56″N 22°00′02″E / 50.03222°N 22.00056°E / 50.03222; 22.00056 |
| Built | 1458 |
| Rebuilt | 1902-1906 |
| Architect | Tylman van Gameren,
Piotr Belotti,
Jan Chrzciciel Belotti,
Harol Wiedemann,
Franciszek Skowron |
| Architectural style(s) | Renaissance |
|  | |
| Location of the Rzeszów Castle in Poland | |


title: 2004–05 Welsh Alliance League

abstract: The 2004–05 Welsh Alliance League is the 21st season of the Welsh Alliance League, which is in the third level of the Welsh football pyramid. The league consists of sixteen teams and concluded with Bodedern Athletic as champions and promoted to the Cymru Alliance. Bottom team, Y Felinheli were relegated to the Gwynedd League.

text:
# 2004–05 Welsh Alliance League

The **2004–05 Welsh Alliance League** is the 21st season of the Welsh Alliance League, which is in the third level of the Welsh football pyramid.

The league consists of sixteen teams and concluded with Bodedern Athletic as champions and promoted to the Cymru Alliance. Bottom team, Y Felinheli were relegated to the Gwynedd League.

## Teams

Rhyl Reserves were champions in the previous season, Llandyrnog United finished runners-up and were promoted to the Cymru Alliance. They were replaced by Gwynedd League champions Llanrwst United.

Bethesda AthleticBodedern AthleticCaerwysConwy UnitedDenbigh TownGlan ConwyLlanberisLlandudno JunctionLlanrug UnitedLlanrwst UnitedPenmaenmawr PhoenixPrestatyn TownRhydymwynRhyl ReservesSealand LeisureY Felinheliclass=notpageimage|Locations of the teams of the **2004–05 Welsh Alliance League**

### Grounds and locations

| Team | Location | Ground |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bethesda Athletic | Bethesda | Parc Meurig |
| Bodedern Athletic | Bodedern | Cae Ty Cristion |
| Caerwys | Caerwys | Lon yr Ysgol |
| Conwy United | Conwy | Y Morfa Stadium |
| Denbigh Town | Denbigh | Central Park. |
| Glan Conwy | Glan Conwy | Cae Ffwt |
| Llanberis | Llanberis | Ffordd Padarn |
| Llandudno Junction F.C. | Llandudno Junction | Arriva Ground |
| Llanrug United | Llanrug | Eithin Duon |
| Llanrwst United | Llanrwst | Gwydir Park |
| Penmaenmawr Phoenix | Penmaenmawr | Cae Sling |
| Prestatyn Town | Prestatyn | Bastion Road |
| Rhydymwyn | Rhydymwyn | Dolfechlas Road |
| Rhyl Reserves | Rhyl | Belle Vue |
| Sealand Leisure | Sealand |  |
| Y Felinheli | Y Felinheli | Cae Selio |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bodedern (C, P) | 30 | 21 | 4 | 5 | 77 | 32 | +45 | 67 | Promotion to Cymru Alliance |
| 2 | Rhydymwyn | 30 | 20 | 6 | 4 | 69 | 37 | +32 | 66 |  |
| 3 | Bethesda Athletic | 30 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 100 | 42 | +58 | | 62 |
| 4 | Rhyl Reserves | 30 | 18 | 7 | 5 | 80 | 31 | +49 | | 61 |
| 5 | Conwy United | 30 | 19 | 4 | 7 | 70 | 42 | +28 | | 61 |
| 6 | Prestatyn Town | 30 | 16 | 5 | 9 | 61 | 45 | +16 | | 53 |
| 7 | Llanrwst United | 30 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 45 | 36 | +9 | | 43 |
| 8 | Denbigh Town | 30 | 13 | 3 | 14 | 54 | 65 | 11 | | 42 |
| 9 | Llanberis | 30 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 44 | 47 | 3 | | 37 |
| 10 | Sealand Leisure | 30 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 39 | 53 | 14 | | 35 |
| 11 | Glan Conwy | 30 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 43 | 58 | 15 | | 35 |
| 12 | Llandudno Junction | 30 | 10 | 3 | 17 | 65 | 56 | +9 | | 33 |
| 13 | Llanrug United | 30 | 6 | 8 | 16 | 36 | 65 | 29 | | 25 |
| 14 | Caerwys | 30 | 7 | 4 | 19 | 40 | 82 | 42 | | 25 |
| 15 | Penmaenmawr Phoenix | 30 | 6 | 5 | 19 | 37 | 85 | 48 | | 20 |
| 16 | Y Felinheli (R) | 30 | 2 | 2 | 26 | 28 | 112 | 84 | 8 | Relegation to Gwynedd League |

Source: Welsh Football Data Archive
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Matches won; 5) Play-off.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Notes:   1. "Welsh Football Data Archive - North Wales Leagues - Welsh Alliance League Tables 2004–05".
2. "Welsh Football Data Archive - North Wales Leagues - Welsh Alliance League Tables 2004–05".
3. "Welsh Alliance Football League – League Handbook". Welsh Alliance Football League. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.

## InfoBox

Welsh Alliance League
| Season | 2004–05 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Bodedern |
| Relegated | Y Felinheli |
| Matches played | 240 |
| Goals scored | 888 (3.7 per match) |
| 2003–04 2005–06 | |


title: 2004–05 Welsh League Cup

abstract: The 2004–05 Welsh League Cup season was won by Carmarthen Town, beating Rhyl FC in the final. It was the first victory for Carmarthen Town in the competition, and the third appearance by Rhyl FC in the final. The final took place at Latham Park, in Newtown, Wales. The match was refereed by N L Morgan.

text:
# 2004–05 Welsh League Cup

The **2004–05 Welsh League Cup** season was won by Carmarthen Town, beating Rhyl FC in the final. It was the first victory for Carmarthen Town in the competition, and the third appearance by Rhyl FC in the final. The final took place at Latham Park, in Newtown, Wales. The match was refereed by N L Morgan.

## Round and draw dates

*Source*

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 17–25 August 2004 | Preliminary Round |
| 31 August - 1 September 2004 | First round, first leg |
| 7–15 September 2004 | First round, second leg |
| 19–20 October 2004 | Second round, first leg |
| 2–3 November 2004 | Second round, second leg |
| 15 February 2005 | Semi-finals, first leg |
| 1 March 2005 | Semi-finals, second leg |
| 2 May 2005 | Final in Latham Park, Newtown |

## Knockout stage

*Sources*

### Preliminary round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Airbus UK | 1–7 | **Welshpool Town** | 1-5 | 0-2 |
| **Carmarthen Town** | 11–4 | Llanelli AFC | 1-1 | 10-3 |

### First round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bangor City | 5–7 | **Caernarfon Town** | 2-3 | 3-4 |
| **Connah's Quay Nomads** | 1–0 | Total Network Solutions | 1-0 | 0-0 |
| **Cwmbran Town** | 4–2 | Caersws FC | 2-1 | 2-1 |
| **Haverfordwest County** | 5–2 | Aberystwyth Town | 1-2 | 4-0 |
| NEWI Cefn Druids | 2–6 | **Rhyl FC** | 1-2 | 1-4 |
| Newtown AFC | 4–4() | **Port Talbot Town** | 4-2 | 0-2 |
| **Carmarthen Town** | 1–0 | Afon Lido | 0-0 | 1-0 |
| **Porthmadog FC** | 2–1 | Welshpool Town | 1-0 | 1-1 |

### Second round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Connah's Quay Nomads | 3–5 | **Porthmadog FC** | 1-2 | 2-3 |
| **Port Talbot Town** | 4–3 | Haverfordwest County | 2-1 | 2-2 |
| Caernarfon Town | 1–1() | **Rhyl FC** | 1-1 | 0-0 |
| Carmarthen Town | 4–3 | **Cwmbran Town** | 3-2 | 1-1 |

### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Carmarthen Town** | 3–2 | Porthmadog FC | 1-0 | 2-2 |
| Port Talbot Town | 0–2 | **Rhyl FC** | 0-2 | 0-0 |

### Final

| Carmarthen Town | 2 – 0
(aet) | Rhyl FC |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Richard Kennedy  101',
Omar Abdillahi  104' | Report |  |

Latham Park, NewtownAttendance: 750Referee: N L Morgan (Wales)

| Welsh League Cup
2004–05 Winners |
| --- |
|  |
| **Carmarthen Town**
**First Title** |

## InfoBox

2004–05 Welsh League Cup
| Loosemores League Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Country | Wales |
| Teams | 20 |
| Defending champions | Rhyl FC |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Carmarthen Town |
| Runner-up | Rhyl FC |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 33 |
| Goals scored | 102 (3.09 per match) |
|
All statistics correct as of 17:00, 31 August 2009 (UTC). | |