title: Joseph Musanyufu

abstract: Joseph Musanyufu is a lieutenant general in the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), who serves as the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Internal Affairs, Uganda. Immediately prior to his current appointment, he served as Joint Chief of Staff, the third highest rank in the Ugandan military. He has four children, 1 son Musanyufu Chris jr and 2 daughters. Musanyufu also served as the Chief of Personnel and Administration in the UPDF, a position that he was appointed to in 2014. Musanyufu replaced Wilson Mbadi, who was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and appointed as deputy chief of defence forces in the UPDF. Musanyufu, who was a brigadier prior to his current appointment, was promoted to major general at the time he was appointed as joint chief of staff.

text:
# Joseph Musanyufu

**Joseph Musanyufu** is a lieutenant general in the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), who serves as the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Internal Affairs, Uganda. Immediately prior to his current appointment, he served as Joint Chief of Staff, the third highest rank in the Ugandan military. He has four children, 1 son Musanyufu Chris jr and 2 daughters. Musanyufu also served as the Chief of Personnel and Administration in the UPDF, a position that he was appointed to in 2014.

Musanyufu replaced Wilson Mbadi, who was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and appointed as deputy chief of defence forces in the UPDF. Musanyufu, who was a brigadier prior to his current appointment, was promoted to major general at the time he was appointed as joint chief of staff.

## Background and education

He was born circa 1962 in present-day Bushenyi District, in Uganda's Western Region. Prior to joining the military, he studied at Kitabi Seminary, in Bushenyi District and Ntare School in Mbarara District becoming one of the top students in his year. He later went to Makerere University graduating with 1st-class honors bachelor's degree in economics.

During his service in the UPDF, he attended a senior command course at a staff college in the United States and staff college at Royal Military College Sandhurst \[United Kingdom\] and another course at the National Defense College in India.

## Career

In August 1985, Musanyufu joined the National Resistance Army, the precursor to the UPDF. At that time, his recruit class included James Mugira, Shaban Bantariza and David Muhoozi. He at one time served as an ADC to Mugisha Muntu, then the commander of the Ugandan military. Musanyufu also served as the deputy to the late Nobel Mayombo, at the time Mayombo served as the chief of military intelligence.

Later, Musanyufu served as chief comptroller finance of the UPDF and then as chief of integrated resource management information system. In his new role as the UPDF joint chief of staff, he is a close military adviser to the president of Uganda, who is also the commander in chief of the UPDF.

On 8 February 2019, over 2,000 UPDF men and women were promoted on one day. That day Joseph Musanyufu was promoted from the rank of major general to that of lieutenant general.

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant GeneralJoseph Musanyufu Butamanya | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1962 (age 6162)<br>Uganda |
| Nationality | Ugandan |
| Citizenship | Uganda |
| Occupation | Military officer |
| Years active | 1985 - present |
| Known for | Military matters |
| Title | Permanent Secretary Ministry of Internal Affairs |


abstract: The 2019–20 National Basketball League season was the 27th season of the Czech NBL. ERA Nymburk achieved their 17th consecutive title after the league ended prematurely on 18 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# 2019–20 National Basketball League (Czech Republic) season

The **2019–20 National Basketball League (Czech Republic) season** was the 27th season of the Czech NBL. ERA Nymburk achieved their 17th consecutive title after the league ended prematurely on 18 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Format

Teams in regular season play home and away against every other team in a round-robin tournament, before being split into two groups of six teams for playing again home and away against the teams from the same group.

After the end of the stage after the first split, the six teams from to top group and the two first qualified teams from the bottom group joined the play-offs.

The other four teams would play again home and away against themselves for avoiding the relegation.

## Teams

BrnoDěčínKrálovští sokoliKolínNH OstravaNymburkOpavaPardubiceOlomouckoTuři SvitavyUSK PrahaÚsti nad Labemclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in the 2018–19 NBL

| Team | City | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Armex Děčín | Děčín | ARMEX Sportcentrum |
| ERA Nymburk | Nymburk | Sportovní Centrum |
| Dekstone Tuři Svitavy | Svitavy | Na Střelnici |
| Geosan Kolín | Kolín | Hala SOU Spojů |
| JIP Pardubice | Pardubice | Sportovní hala Dašická |
| Kingspan Královští sokoli | Hradec Králové |  |
| mmcité1 Brno | Brno | Hala Míč |
| NH Ostrava | Ostrava | Bonver Aréna |
| Opava | Opava | Hala Opava |
| Olomoucko | Prostějov | Sportcentrum - DDM |
| Sluneta | Ústí nad Labem | Sportovni Hala Klise |
| USK Praha | Prague | Hala Folimanka |
|

## Regular season

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | PD | PCT | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ERA Nymburk | 22 | 22 | 0 | 2214 | 1612 | +602 | 1.000 | Qualification to group A1 |
| 2 | Opava | 22 | 17 | 5 | 1904 | 1672 | +232 | | .773 |
| 3 | Dekstone Tuři Svitavy | 22 | 16 | 6 | 1919 | 1783 | +136 | | .727 |
| 4 | JIP Pardubice | 22 | 13 | 9 | 1751 | 1662 | +89 | | .591 |
| 5 | Sluneta | 22 | 12 | 10 | 1795 | 1872 | 77 | | .545 |
| 6 | Olomoucko | 22 | 12 | 10 | 1912 | 1825 | +87 | | .545 |
| 7 | USK Praha | 22 | 11 | 11 | 1804 | 1799 | +5 | | .500 |
| 8 | Armex Děčín | 22 | 10 | 12 | 1782 | 1800 | 18 | | .455 |
| 9 | Kingspan Královští sokoli | 22 | 6 | 16 | 1810 | 2052 | 242 | .273 | Qualification to group A2 |
| 10 | NH Ostrava | 22 | 6 | 16 | 1791 | 2106 | 315 | | .273 |
| 11 | Geosan Kolín | 22 | 4 | 18 | 1773 | 2038 | 265 | | .182 |
| 12 | mmcité Brno | 22 | 3 | 19 | 1660 | 1894 | 234 | | .136 |

Source: NBL

### Results

| Home \ Away | DEC | TUR | NYM | KOL | PAR | KRA | BRN | OST | OLO | OPA | SLU | USK |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Armex Děčín |  | 98–96 | 69–86 | 106–72 | 77–70 | 98–70 | 68–66 | 100–76 | 94–98 | 63–87 | 81–82 | 82–84 |
| Dekstone Tuři Svitavy | 86–66 |  | 70–97 | 91–81 | 80–74 | 102–83 | 94–73 | 108–96 | 85–82 | 90–70 | 78–67 | 78–70 |
| ERA Nymburk | 102–84 | 98–76 |  | 114–75 | 88–52 | 102–65 | 116–70 | 95–81 | 106–67 | 92–75 | 112–76 | 99–78 |
| Geosan Kolín | 75–91 | 69–82 | 75–106 |  | 84–105 | 87–74 | 76–87 | 92–89 | 82–58 | 67–96 | 90–93 | 94–86 |
| JIP Pardubice | 84–69 | 78–77 | 61–85 | 94–82 |  | 106–71 | 91–65 | 93–62 | 63–83 | 73–87 | 67–65 | 91–81 |
| Kingspan Královští sokoli | 69–70 | 102–107 | 80–117 | 108–97 | 68–89 |  | 78–76 | 92–72 | 97–112 | 82–104 | 90–106 | 95–85 |
| mmcité1 Brno | 79–82 | 82–83 | 71–101 | 73–82 | 80–75 | 82–98 |  | 83–85 | 63–72 | 64–90 | 88–91 | 94–82 |
| NH Ostrava | 71–78 | 75–105 | 84–111 | 101–89 | 66–115 | 89–98 | 99–89 |  | 97–92 | 72–107 | 91–86 | 78–100 |
| Olomoucko | 91–87 | 85–92 | 70–106 | 104–77 | 82–69 | 93–70 | 84–69 | 109–62 |  | 85–90 | 104–61 | 90–77 |
| Opava | 87–70 | 85–79 | 76–91 | 99–71 | 85–65 | 95–68 | 83–68 | 84–76 | 94–77 |  | 94–70 | 92–68 |
| Sluneta | 73–71 | 69–76 | 77–100 | 86–79 | 67–73 | 81–78 | 88–79 | 107–100 | 100–97 | 93–66 |  | 74–80 |
| USK Praha | 96–78 | 93–84 | 80–90 | 95–87 | 58–63 | 82–74 | 76–59 | 83–79 | 84–77 | 88–58 | 78–83 |  |

Source: NBL.cz
Legend: Blue = home team win; Red = away team win.

## Group A1

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | PD | PCT | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ERA Nymburk (C) | 28 | 28 | 0 | 2801 | 2102 | +699 | 1.000 | Qualification to Basketball Champions League |
| 2 | Opava | 28 | 20 | 8 | 2406 | 2185 | +221 | .714 |  |
| 3 | Dekstone Tuři Svitavy | 28 | 19 | 9 | 2476 | 2333 | +143 | | .679 |
| 4 | Sluneta | 28 | 16 | 12 | 2329 | 2412 | 83 | | .571 |
| 5 | Olomoucko | 28 | 15 | 13 | 2431 | 2344 | +87 | | .536 |
| 6 | JIP Pardubice | 28 | 15 | 13 | 2258 | 2183 | +75 | | .536 |
| 7 | USK Praha | 28 | 13 | 15 | 2315 | 2325 | 10 | | .464 |
| 8 | Armex Děčín | 28 | 11 | 17 | 2280 | 2356 | 76 | | .393 |

Updated to match(es) played on 8 March 2020. Source: NBL
(C) Champions

### Results

| Home \ Away | DEC | TUR | NYM | PAR | OLO | OPA | SLU | USK |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Armex Děčín |  | 78–98 | 81–93 | 87–73 |  |  |  |  |
| Dekstone Tuři Svitavy |  |  |  |  |  | 116–108 | 115–78 | 76–94 |
| ERA Nymburk |  | 100–83 |  | 109–87 |  |  | 102–78 |  |
| JIP Pardubice |  |  |  |  | 96–90 | 97–65 |  | 77–79 |
| Olomoucko | 103–92 | 92–69 | 73–90 |  |  | 70–86 |  |  |
| Opava | 91–77 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 82–71 |
| Sluneta | 98–83 |  |  | 91–77 |  | 82–70 |  | 107–93 |
| USK Praha |  |  | 88–93 |  | 86–91 |  |  |  |

Updated to match(es) played on 11 March 2020. Source: NBL
Legend: Blue = home team win; Red = away team win.

## Group A2

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | PD | PCT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | mmcité1 Brno | 27 | 8 | 19 | 2078 | 2254 | 176 | .296 |
| 2 | Kingspan Královští sokoli | 27 | 8 | 19 | 2204 | 2445 | 241 | .296 |
| 3 | NH Ostrava | 27 | 8 | 19 | 2201 | 2541 | 340 | .296 |
| 4 | Geosan Kolín | 27 | 5 | 22 | 2179 | 2478 | 299 | .185 |

Updated to match(es) played on 7 March 2020. Source: NBL

### Results

| Home \ Away | KOL | KRA | BRN | OST | KOL | KRA | BRN | OST |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Geosan Kolín |  | 66–82 | 77–78 | 106–92 |  |  |  |  |
| Kingspan Královští sokoli | 91–68 |  | 76–85 |  |  |  |  |  |
| mmcité1 Brno |  | 89–71 |  | 86–59 |  |  |  |  |
| NH Ostrava | 97–89 | 85–74 | 77–80 |  |  |  |  |  |

Updated to match(es) played on 7 March 2020. Source: NBL
Legend: Blue = home team win; Red = away team win.

## Czech clubs in European competitions

| Team | Competition | Progress |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ERA Nymburk | **Champions League** | *Quarterfinals* |

## Czech clubs in international competitions

| Team | Competition | Progress |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Opava | **Alpe Adria Cup** | Quarterfinals |
| JIP Pardubice | | Final |
| Sluneta Ústí nad Labem | | Quarterfinals |
| Armex Děčín | | Final |
| mmcité1 Brno | | Regular season |
|

1. "Kluby odhlasovaly konec ligy. Baráž se řeší" (in Czech). NBL.cz. 18 March 2019.

## InfoBox

| Kooperativa NBL | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 2019–20 |
| Duration | 5 October 2019 – 18 March 2020 |
| Teams | 12 |
| Finals | |
| Champions | ERA Nymburk (17th title) |
| Runners-up | Opava |
| 2018–19 2020–21 | |


title: Chile con queso

abstract: Chile con queso, sometimes simply called queso, is an appetizer or side dish of melted cheese and chili peppers, typically served in Tex-Mex restaurants as a dip for tortilla chips.

text:
# Chile con queso

**Chile con queso** (lit.'chile with cheese'), sometimes simply called **queso**, is an appetizer or side dish of melted cheese and chili peppers, typically served in Tex-Mex restaurants as a dip for tortilla chips.

## Background

Chile con queso (also spelled chili con queso) is a part of Tex-Mex and Southwestern cuisine. Chile con queso is probably a derivative of queso flameado from the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua.

Chile con queso is predominantly found on the menus of Tex-Mex restaurants in the southwest and western United States.

### Ingredients

Chile con queso is a smooth, creamy sauce, used for dipping, that is made from a blend of melted cheeses (often American cheese, Velveeta or another processed cheese, Monterey Jack or cream cheese), cream, and chili peppers. Many restaurants serve chile con queso with such added ingredients as pico de gallo, black beans, guacamole, and ground beef or pork.

### Serving

Chile con queso is a warm dish, heated to a desired temperature. Chile con queso can be eaten with tortillas, tortilla chips, or pita chips which are thicker than regular tortilla chips. It can also be used as a condiment on fajitas, tacos, enchiladas, migas, quesadillas or any other Tex-Mex dish.

While Tex-Mex restaurants often offer chips and salsa free of charge, queso is usually offered for an additional charge. It can be made with various cheeses. Usually it is white or yellow in color.

## InfoBox

Chile con queso
| A bowl of chile con queso served with tortilla chips as an appetizer in a Tex-Mex restaurant | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Dip |
| Course | Appetizer or side dish |
| Place of origin | Mexico |
| Region or state | Chihuahua |
| Main ingredients | Cheese (often Velveeta or other processed cheese, Monterey Jack or cream cheese), cream, chili peppers |
|  | |


title: Central Bank (Utah)

abstract: Central Bank is a privately owned chartered bank in Utah, United States, established in 1891. The bank operates ten locations, all in Utah County.

text:
# Central Bank (Utah)

**Central Bank** (formally **Central Bank and Trust Co.**) is a privately owned chartered bank in Utah, United States, established in 1891. The bank operates ten locations, all in Utah County.

## History

Central Bank started out as the **Springville Banking Company**, established in 1891. Until 1890, the local townsfolk of Springville, Utah stored their gold at the Packard Brother's store, Deal Brothers and Mendenhall Company, or H.T. Reynolds and Company. These stores thought that it would be wise to establish a bank, for security reasons. Central Bank was formed when the State Bank of Provo merged with Springville Banking Co. in 1966.


title: Richterswil

abstract: Richterswil is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

text:
# Richterswil

**Richterswil** (Swiss German: *Richtischwiil* ) is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

## History

Richterswil is first mentioned in 1265 as *Richtliswile*.

During the 17th Century, a series of peasant revolts broke out across Switzerland. One of these revolts, the 1645/46 *Wädenswiler Steueraufstand* (Wädenswil tax revolt), occurred around Lake Zürich and involved the village of Richterswil. The Richterswiler Weibel Rudolf Goldschmid was one of the leaders of the revolt who was executed in Zürich following the failure of the revolt. During the first Villmergen war (1656) Richterswil was invaded by an army from Schwyz. During the second Villmergen war, the newly built fortifications above the city, prevented another invasion. Under the French established Helvetic Republic Richterswil was part of the District of Horgen, and had a higher tax rate than surrounding villages. As part of this higher tax, during the War of the Second Coalition (1799), it was forced to house French troops. Following the unsuccessful uprising in 1804 (Bockenkrieg) against Zürich, Richterswil was punished severely.

From 1803 to 1831 it was part of the District of Wädenswil, but since 1831 has belonged to the District of Horgen. Since 1831, Samstagern has been part of the municipality Richterswil. In 1869 the majority of citizens of Richterswil voted against the new democratic cantonal constitution.

## Geography

Richterswil has an area of 7.6 km2 (2.9 sq mi). Of this area, 54.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 7.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 36.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.9%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). In 1996 housing and buildings made up 26.4% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (10.2%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 0.5% of the area. As of 2007 34.8% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.

The northern shore of Hüttnersee is located in the municipality. It is located on the left shore of Lake Zürich. It includes the sections known as Dorf and Berg (which is part of Samstagern village).

The Sternenweiher reservoir is also located in Richterswil.

## Demographics

Richterswil has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 13,670. As of 2007, 17.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. As of 2008 the gender distribution of the population was 49% male and 51% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 18.7%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (89.0%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.9%) and English being third ( 1.8%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 34.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (17.4%), the FDP (15%) and the CSP (10.6%).

The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 62.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.6%. In Richterswil about 80.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). There are 4452 households in Richterswil.

Richterswil has an unemployment rate of 2.41%. As of 2005, there were 90 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 32 businesses involved in this sector. 1,178 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 109 businesses in this sector. 1684 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 315 businesses in this sector. As of 2007 48.8% of the working population were employed full-time, and 51.3% were employed part-time.

As of 2008 there were 3,966 Catholics and 4,524 Protestants in Richterswil. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the census, 45% were some type of Protestant, with 41.8% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 3.2% belonging to other Protestant churches. 34.5% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 2.9% were Muslim, 4.5% belonged to another religion (not listed), 3.2% did not give a religion, and 12.2% were atheist or agnostic.

The historical population of the town is as follows:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1634 | 893 |
| 1850 | 3,203 |
| 1920 | 4,527 |
| 1940 | 4,554 |
| 1970 | 7,380 |
| 1990 | 9,882 |
| 2000 | 10,430 |
| 2010 | 12,336 |
| 2020 | 13,647 |

## Transport

The municipality is located on the A3 motorway.

The municipality is served by four railway stations. Richterswil station is on the main Lake Zürich left-bank line and is a stop of the Zürich S-Bahn services S2 and S8; it is a 33-minute ride from Zürich Hauptbahnhof. Burghalden station, Grüenfeld station and Samstagern station are all on the Wädenswil to Einsiedeln line, and are stops of the S13 service.

The Zimmerberg bus line (*Zimmerbergbus*), provided by the Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn (SZU), connects the Zimmerberg region and parts of the Sihl valley.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Richterswil | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Richterswil | |
| RichterswilRichterswil | |
| Coordinates: 47°13′N 8°42′E / 47.217°N 8.700°E / 47.217; 8.700 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Zürich |
| District | Horgen |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.54 km2 (2.91 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 408 m (1,339 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 13,504 |
| Density | 1,800/km2 (4,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8805 |
| SFOS number | 0138 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-ZH |
| Localities | Richterswil, Burghalden, Samstagern |
| Surrounded by | Freienbach (SZ), Hütten, Männedorf, Schönenberg, Stäfa, Wädenswil, Wollerau (SZ) |
| Website | www.richterswil.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Changup

abstract: Changua, also known as Changup, is a village in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It is located in the Nancowry tehsil.

text:
# Changup

**Changua**, also known as **Changup**, is a village in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It is located in the Nancowry tehsil.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Changua has 36 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 62.18%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 146 | 73 | 73 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 27 | 15 | 12 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 145 | 72 | 73 |
| Literates | 74 | 41 | 33 |
| Workers (all) | 79 | 40 | 39 |
| Main workers (total) | 13 | 11 | 2 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 9 | 7 | 2 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 66 | 29 | 37 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 26 | 12 | 14 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 20 | 6 | 14 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 19 | 10 | 9 |
| Non-workers | 67 | 33 | 34 |

## InfoBox

| Changup Changua | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| ChangupLocation in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, IndiaChangupChangup (India) | |
| Coordinates: 8°01′44″N 93°29′43″E / 8.029012°N 93.495341°E / 8.029012; 93.495341 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
| District | Nicobar |
| Tehsil | Nancowry |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 146 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Census code | 645119 |


title: Rapid sand filter

abstract: The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment system. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore less suitable for small communities and developing nations.

text:
# Rapid sand filter

The **rapid sand filter** or **rapid gravity filter** is a type of filter used in water purification and is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment system. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore less suitable for small communities and developing nations.

## History

Rapid sand filters were first developed in the 1890s, and improved designs were developed by the 1920s. The first modern rapid sand filtration plant was designed and built by George W. Fuller in Little Falls, New Jersey. Rapid sand filters were widely used in large municipal water systems by the 1920s, because they required smaller land areas compared to slow sand filters.

## Design and operation

Rapid sand filters are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems used by large municipalities. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore less suitable for small communities and developing nations. The filtration system requires a relatively small land area in proportion to the population served, and the design is less sensitive to changes in raw water quality, e.g. turbidity, than slow sand filters.

Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand (0.5 to 1.0 mm) and other granular media, such as anthracite, in beds of 0.6 to 1.2 metre depth to remove particles and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals—typically alum. Since media other than silica sand can be used in such filters, a more modern term is "rapid filtration" instead of "rapid sand filtration." The unfiltered water flows at about 5 m/h, through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped pressure and the floc material is trapped in the sand matrix.

Mixing, flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that precede filtration. Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used in conjunction with the filtration system.

The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity type (e.g. Paterson's filter) and pressure type (e.g. Candy's filter).

A disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used following filtration. Rapid sand filtration has very little effect on taste and smell and dissolved impurities of drinking water, unless activated carbon is included in the filter medium.

Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often several times a day, by backwashing, which involves reversing the direction of the water and adding compressed air. During backwashing, the bed is fluidized and care must be taken not to wash away the media.

The backwash sequence would typically be:

1. Close inlet valve
2. Isolate controller
3. Allow water to drain down
4. Close outlet valve
5. Start air blower
6. Open air inlet valve
7. Air scour for 0-10 minutes
8. Stop air blowers
9. Close air valve
10. Wait 30 seconds
11. Start washwater pumps
12. Open upwash valve slowly
13. Open wash out valve
14. Wash water for 0-10 minutes
15. Close upwash valve
16. Raise washwater weir
17. Open surface flush inlet,
18. Surface flush for 0-5 minutes
19. Close washout valve
20. Lower washwater weir
21. Bring controller into service
22. Open inlet valve when filter is full

The byproduct of backwashing is sludge. Most treatment works use a sludge thickening process, except for plant which discharge untreated sludge to sewers if the composition is within the tolerable limits. The thickening process comprise batch settling tanks or continuous picket fence thickeners. Polyelectrolytes are added upstream to enhance settleability. Liquid from the process is routed to the inlet of the works. Thickening is followed by either lagooning, drying beds or filter pressing. Thickened sludge may be discharged to a sewer system, tankered away to landfill, or incinerator.


title: The Myth of Monogamy

abstract: The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People is a 2001 book by psychologist David P. Barash and psychiatrist Judith Eve Lipton.

text:
# The Myth of Monogamy

***The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People*** is a 2001 book by psychologist David P. Barash and psychiatrist Judith Eve Lipton.

## Summary

Barash and Lipton argue that monogamy is rare in nature. They also compare the sexual behavior of humans with that of other animals.

## InfoBox

The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | David P. Barash and Judith Eve Lipton |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Human sexuality |
| Publication date | 2001 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |


title: Den Tseut

abstract: Den Tseut is a craft brewery located in the Belgian village of Oosteeklo. The brewery was founded in 2007 by Stefan De Decker and Ria Danneels. In 2015 the brewery's capacity was increased from 300 hectolitres to 800 hectolitres. Beers brewed include Den Tseut, Bras, Den Beir, Belle Cies, Den Mulder, Den Krulsteirt, Hoppesnoet and Den Drupneuze. In 2016 the brewery began production of an abbey beer, "Den Cister", named after the Cistercian Oosteeklo Abbey that once stood in the village.

text:
# Den Tseut

**Den Tseut** is a craft brewery located in the Belgian village of Oosteeklo (part of the municipality of Assenede, East Flanders). The brewery was founded in 2007 by Stefan De Decker and Ria Danneels.

In 2015 the brewery's capacity was increased from 300 hectolitres to 800 hectolitres.

Beers brewed include Den Tseut, Bras, Den Beir, Belle Cies, Den Mulder, Den Krulsteirt, Hoppesnoet and Den Drupneuze.

In 2016 the brewery began production of an abbey beer, "Den Cister", named after the Cistercian Oosteeklo Abbey that once stood in the village.

## InfoBox

Huisbrouwerij Den Tseut
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Craft brewery |
| Location | Oosteeklo |
| Opened | 2007 |
| Key people | Stefan De Decker, Ria Danneels |
| Annual production volume | 800 hectolitres |
| Website | www.huisbrouwerijdentseut.be |


title: Cap Blanc Lighthouse

abstract: The Cap Blanc Lighthouse is an active lighthouse located on Ras Nouadhibou in Mauritania. Constructed in 1910, it is today located only a few feet from Mauritania's border with Western Sahara. In recent years the lighthouse has been incorporated as the rear range light of a pair of leading lights. A modern fiberglass light structure forms the front of the range. The lighthouse serves as a landfall light for the port of Nouadhibou. A few kilometers northeast near Cansado is the Pointe de Cansado lighthouse, built in 1913.

text:
# Cap Blanc Lighthouse

The **Cap Blanc Lighthouse** (also known as the **Ras Nouadhibou Lighthouse**) is an active lighthouse located on Ras Nouadhibou (French: *Cap Blanc*) in Mauritania. Constructed in 1910, it is today located only a few feet from Mauritania's border with Western Sahara. In recent years the lighthouse has been incorporated as the rear range light of a pair of leading lights. A modern fiberglass light structure forms the front of the range. The lighthouse serves as a landfall light for the port of Nouadhibou. A few kilometers northeast near Cansado is the Pointe de Cansado lighthouse, built in 1913.

## InfoBox

Cap Blanc Lighthouse
| Cap Blanc in 2005 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | southwest of Nouadhibou, Mauritania
near the border with the
Western Sahara |
| Coordinates | 20°46′20.5″N 17°02′51.2″W / 20.772361°N 17.047556°W / 20.772361; -17.047556 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1910 |
|  | |


title: Renggam

abstract: Renggam is a town and mukim in Kluang District, Johor, Malaysia.

text:
# Renggam

**Renggam** (also spelled **Rengam**) is a town and mukim in Kluang District, Johor, Malaysia.

## Geography

The mukim spans over an area of 557 km2.

## Demographics

The mukim has a total population of 47,510 people.

## Transportation

The town is served by Rengam railway station.

1. http://apps.water.gov.my/jpskomuniti/dokumen/kluang\_profil\_february\_2011.pdf
2. http://apps.water.gov.my/jpskomuniti/dokumen/kluang\_profil\_february\_2011.pdf

1°53′N 103°24′E / 1.883°N 103.400°E / 1.883; 103.400

## InfoBox

| Renggam | |
| --- | --- |
| Mukim | |
|  | |
| Country | Malaysia |
| State | Johor |
| District | Kluang |
| Area | |
| Total | 557 km2 (215 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 47,510 |
| Density | 85/km2 (220/sq mi) |


title: Larbi Tbessi

abstract: Larbi Tbessi, whose real name was Larbi Ferhati, born in 1891 in Cheria Tébessa Province, was a revolutionary and reformist Algerian, president of the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema. He disappeared on April 4, 1957, during the war of Algeria, following his arrest at his Algiers home by civilians disguised paratroopers, the French military are still denying arresting or detaining him.

text:
# Larbi Tbessi

**Larbi Tbessi**, whose real name was **Larbi Ferhati**, born in 1891 in Cheria Tébessa Province, was a revolutionary and reformist Algerian, president of the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema. He disappeared on April 4, 1957, during the war of Algeria, following his arrest at his Algiers home by civilians disguised paratroopers, the French military are still denying arresting or detaining him.

## Biography

He spent his early life at Nefta in Tunisia, then he studied in al-Azhar University in Egypt, and University of Ez-Zitouna in Tunisia. Subsequently, he participated actively in the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema and was President of the Association after his return to Algeria.

Larbi Tebessi was arrested in 1943 and then released. Then he was imprisoned in 1945 after the Sétif and Guelma massacre on May 8, 1945. Larbi Tebessi managed to create a school and he spread his anti-colonial ideas.

Sheikh Larbi Tebessi represented the main current of the ulema association who rallied the principles of the National Liberation Front in 1956. This was instigated by Zighoud Youcef head of the department of Constantinois and founding member of the FLN and after insurgency of August 20, 1955.

Sheikh Larbi Tebessi was killed in 1957 by a commando of the French Army. His body was burned in hot oil and his remains have yet to be returned to the Algerian people. Similar to many Algerian revolutionaries whose remains are kept in museums throughout France, a wicked practice in postcolonial France .

## Legacy

* Tébessa University bears his name.
* Larbi Tbessi prize is awarded to the best researchers in Algeria.
* Seminars are organized by the Ministry of Culture and the one of War Veterans in Algeria to celebrate the memory of Larbi Tbessi each year.

## InfoBox

| Larbi Tbessi | |
| --- | --- |
| Revolutionary and reformist Algerian | |
|  | |
| President of the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema | |
| **In office**<br>1931–1957 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary

abstract: Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area located along the Western Ghats in Chalakudy taluk of Thrissur District of Kerala state in India. Established in 1984, the sanctuary with an area of about 85.067 km⁲ is on the western slopes of the Nelliyampathi Hills. The highest peak in sanctuary is Punda Peak. Along with the neighboring Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary it forms a continuous protected area of 210 km⁲. It also lies just west of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, providing some habitat connectivity with the forests of that relatively large protected area. The sanctuary consists of the watershed areas of Kurumali River and Mupliam rivers. Nestled in the sanctuary is Chimmony Dam which is built across the Chimmini river. The headquarters of the sanctuary is at Echippara which is 40 km away from City of Thrissur. The sanctuary also offers trekking paths for the adventure traveller. Accommodation can be arranged at the Inspection Bungalow, near the Chimmini Dam. Visit permits can be obtained from: The Wildlife Warden, Peechi Wildlife Division, Peechi 680653. It comes under the Peechi Wild Life Division.

text:
# Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary

**Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary** is a protected area located along the Western Ghats in Chalakudy taluk of Thrissur District of Kerala state in India.

Established in 1984, the sanctuary with an area of about 85.067 km2 is on the western slopes of the Nelliyampathi Hills. The highest peak in sanctuary is Punda Peak (1116 m). Along with the neighboring Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary it forms a continuous protected area of 210 km2. It also lies just west of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, providing some habitat connectivity with the forests of that relatively large protected area. The sanctuary consists of the watershed areas of Kurumali River and Mupliam rivers. Nestled in the sanctuary is Chimmony Dam which is built across the Chimmini river.

The headquarters of the sanctuary is at Echippara which is 40 km away from City of Thrissur. The sanctuary also offers trekking paths for the adventure traveller. Accommodation can be arranged at the Inspection Bungalow, near the Chimmini Dam.

Visit permits can be obtained from: The Wildlife Warden, Peechi Wildlife Division, Peechi 680653. It comes under the Peechi Wild Life Division.

Chimmini dam Facebook Page

## InfoBox

| Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary | |
| --- | --- |
| **ചിമ്മിനി വന്യജീവി സങ്കേതം** | |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
|  | |
| Location | Thrissur District, Kerala, India |
| Nearest city | Thrissur |
| Coordinates | 10°26′20″N 76°27′48″E / 10.438816°N 76.463417°E / 10.438816; 76.463417 |
| Area | 85.067 square kilometres (32.845 sq mi) |
| Established | 1984 Chimmini dam Facebook Page |


abstract: The mission of the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group (CBCDG) is to investigate emerging threats to the security of banknotes and to propose solutions for implementation by issuing authorities. The CBCDG is a working group of 30 central banks and note printing authorities, and is chaired by Thomas Jordan, the chairman of the Swiss National Bank. The CBCDG maintains a website designed to advise the public about national laws related to the reproduction of banknotes. In 2004, CBCDG announced the development of a "Counterfeit Deterrence System" (CDS) incorporating a technical means for the detection of banknotes. This system was reportedly developed by the U.S.-based watermark technology company Digimarc. Adobe Systems was subsequently the subject of controversy in when it was revealed that the firm had voluntarily adopted the CDS in Adobe Photoshop, preventing Photoshop from processing some images of currency. Jasc and Adobe stated that they had implemented CDS; they reportedly did not receive technical details of the CDS algorithm. Some artists and professional graphic designers suggested that the CDS would make it more difficult for them to use Photoshop to produce images that used currency in lawful ways. Steven J. Murdoch has begun a technical investigation of how the CDS works.

text:
# Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group

The mission of the **Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group** (CBCDG) (originally designated as Special Study Group 2 or **SSG-2** of the G10) is to investigate emerging threats to the security of banknotes and to propose solutions for implementation by issuing authorities. The CBCDG is a working group of 30 central banks and note printing authorities, and is chaired by Thomas Jordan, the chairman of the Swiss National Bank.

The CBCDG maintains a website designed to advise the public about national laws related to the reproduction of banknotes.

In 2004, CBCDG announced the development of a "Counterfeit Deterrence System" (CDS) incorporating a technical means for the detection of banknotes. This system was reportedly developed by the U.S.-based watermark technology company Digimarc.

Adobe Systems was subsequently the subject of controversy in when it was revealed that the firm had voluntarily adopted the CDS in Adobe Photoshop, preventing Photoshop from processing some images of currency. Jasc (publisher of Paint Shop Pro) and Adobe stated that they had implemented CDS; they reportedly did not receive technical details of the CDS algorithm (in other words, it was provided to them as a black box). Some artists and professional graphic designers suggested that the CDS would make it more difficult for them to use Photoshop to produce images that used currency in lawful ways. Steven J. Murdoch has begun a technical investigation of how the CDS works.


title: Richard Pine-Coffin

abstract: Colonel Richard Geoffrey Pine-Coffin, was an officer of the British Army who saw service during the Second World War. He commanded the 3rd Parachute Battalion in North Africa and the 7th Parachute Battalion in Normandy, Belgium and Germany. His troops, amused by the unusual applicability of his family name, referred to him as "Wooden Box".

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# Richard Pine-Coffin

Colonel **Richard Geoffrey Pine-Coffin**, DSO & Bar, MC (2 December 1908 – 28 February 1974) was an officer of the British Army who saw service during the Second World War. He commanded the 3rd Parachute Battalion in North Africa and the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion in Normandy, Belgium and Germany. His troops, amused by the unusual applicability of his family name (soldiers were usually buried in simple pine wood coffins), referred to him as "Wooden Box".

## Early life

Born to John Edward Pine-Coffin and Louise Pine-Coffin at Portledge, the Pine-Coffin family estate in Devon, he was one of six siblings, of which a brother named John was the youngest. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. His family had a long tradition of serving in the British armed forces; his father, a brevet major in the British Army, served with the mounted infantry in the Second Boer War (gaining the Distinguished Service Order) and died in 1919, while his uncle, Lieutenant Tristram James Pine-Coffin, served in the First World War and died in northwestern Russia in 1919.

During the Second World War, R. G. Pine-Coffin's older brother, E. C. Pine-Coffin, known as Claude to his family and friends, served in Malaya as a lieutenant colonel in the British Indian Army and was captured by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore in February 1942. Unlike many prisoners of war captured by the Japanese, Claude survived. R. G. himself had been commissioned into his local infantry regiment, the Devonshire Regiment, as a second lieutenant in 1928. He was promoted lieutenant in 1931, and captain in 1938. He was promoted major (war substantive) shortly after the beginning of the Second World War.

Geoffrey and one of his sisters, Gwen were very close and shared a love of cars, as a result of which they kept a large collection of sports cars between them. The two maintained constant correspondence even after Gwen moved to South Africa, where she contracted tuberculosis of the bone and had her leg amputated at the hip.

## Second World War

### North Africa

After the 2nd Parachute Battalion was formed on 30 September 1941, Pine-Coffin was attached from the Devons to the battalion. He subsequently moved to the 3rd Parachute Battalion in 1942 as second-in-command. He later became its commanding officer after becoming a temporary lieutenant-colonel.

After the Allied landings against Axis-occupied northwestern Africa in November 1942, the 1st Parachute Brigade was ordered to Algeria and the 3rd Battalion was sent ahead, landing in Algiers via Gibraltar. The battalion's first operation came on the morning of 12 November, when it was dropped over a strategically important airfield near Bóne by the US 64th Troop Carrier Group. They had landed just minutes before German paratroopers were able to carry out a similar operation, which was aborted after the presence of British paratroopers was realised. The only German opposition to the 3rd Battalion came from Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers, which had little impact. The airfield was reinforced later in the day by commandos and Spitfires. Pine-Coffin's battalion was withdrawn days later.

The 3rd Battalion served in North Africa until the end of the campaign in 1943, notably at Bou Arada and Tamera. Pine-Coffin's actions during the campaign resulted in him being awarded the Military Cross.

Pine-Coffin's tenure as the 3rd Battalions' commanding officer ended when he was called back to Britain, at a time when the battalion was preparing to take part in the Allied airborne assault on Sicily. He was appointed commanding officer of the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion (formerly the 10th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry), which formed part of the 5th Parachute Brigade, 6th Airborne Division.

### Normandy

With the 7th Battalion, Pine-Coffin played an important role in the 6th Airborne Division's airborne assault around the River Orne in the early hours of 6 June 1944. His battalion was tasked with reinforcing Major John Howard's 181-strong coup de main force, which had captured the Caen canal and Orne river bridges. The successful defence of these bridges was vital to 6th Airborne Division's objective of securing the Allied eastern flank. The bridges were to be held until relieved later on in the day following the Allied amphibious landings.

Pine-Coffin dropped with his battalion at 00:50; they began to arrive at the bridges at about 01:40, taking up positions in Bénouville and Le Port, west of Caen Canal. With 7th Battalion's arrival, Pine-Coffin succeeded Major Howard to command of the bridges' defence. The 5th Parachute Brigade's position was precarious; 7th Battalion had been scattered and could only muster about 40% of its strength, while the 12th Battalion was in a similar situation at Ranville, east of the Orne. Pine-Coffin's battalion came under sustained attack by the 716th Infantry Division and elements of the 21st Panzer Division but they, with difficulty, held their positions. The first relief for the beleaguered troops came at about 13:30, when elements of Lord Lovat's 1st Special Service Brigade arrived from Sword Beach and crossed the bridges to reinforce the Ranville positions. The 7th Battalion's own relief would not begin until the arrival of the 3rd Infantry Division's 2nd Royal Warwickshire Regiment at 21:15.

The 7th Battalion was moved to positions east of the Orne when their withdrawal from the bridges was completed. After a German assault by the 346th Infantry Division was driven off on 10 June, Pine-Coffin was ordered to plan for an operation to take the Le Mariquet woods, which the remnants of the German attacking force had retreated into. Just two of the 7th battalion's companies were present, but they were, with support from tanks, successful in taking the woods, and captured up to 100 soldiers. The 7th Battalion would continue to be engaged in bloody defensive battles in the area until the Allied breakout and advance to the Seine in August. Despite concerns by Pine-Coffin that his battalion was greatly fatigued, the 7th Battalion maintained its involvement in the intense Allied advance. Finally, in mid-September, the 6th Airborne Division was withdrawn back to Britain to recuperate and reorganise.

Pine-Coffin was one of many soldiers awarded medals for their service in Normandy; he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his command of the Caen Canal bridge's defence on 6 June.

### Belgium and Germany

After Germany launched its Ardennes Offensive in December, the 6th Airborne Division was rushed to Belgium to reinforce the Allied defence. Pine-Coffin's battalion and most of the division had only limited involvement (compared to US forces) and, after Germany's offensive was defeated in January, were withdrawn to the Netherlands and thence to Britain in February 1945.

The 7th Battalion next saw active service in the Allied airborne assault over the Rhine on 24 March 1945. Pine-Coffin was awarded a Bar to his DSO for the important role he played in the success of the operation, which was the 7th Battalion's last parachute jump of the war. His battalion's objective was to seize and hold positions near Hamminkeln, to act as a covering force for the rest of 5th Brigade in its advance on the main objectives. The battalion was the last of its brigade to make the drop, doing so whilst subject to fierce German attack from flak and other ground forces.

During heavy fighting to take the battalion's objectives, Pine-Coffin sustained serious wounds to his face; he refused to leave for treatment and continued to move around his battalion's positions encouraging his men. He was (according to the citation for the bar to his DSO) instrumental in rallying his battalion to hold out against German counter-attacks, which played a pivotal role in the successful completion of the Brigade's main objectives. The 7th Battalion was subsequently withdrawn to 5th Brigade's main positions. The battalion ended its war with the rest of the division at the Baltic port of Wismar, in May 1945.

## Later life

In August 1945 Pine-Coffin was promoted to substantive major; he continued to command the 7th Battalion as a temporary lieutenant-colonel, serving in the Far East and Palestine, until he left them in 1947. He was Mentioned in Despatches for service in Burma in 1946. He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 3 July 1948, and took command of the 1st Battalion, The Devonshire Regiment in Malaya. Pine-Coffin commanded the battalion through the early stages of the Malayan Emergency and oversaw its move to Colchester in February 1951. He received a further Mention in Despatches for his Malayan service.

Pine-Coffin left the Devons soon after, returning to the Parachute Regiment as its regimental colonel and commander of Depot The Parachute Regiment and Airborne Forces, a post he held from 1952 to 1955. He then became commandant of the Army MT School and garrison commander at Bordon. He retired on 20 December 1958 and was granted the honorary rank of colonel with reserve liability (which expired in 1963). He died on 28 February 1974, in the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar, survived by his son Peter.

Pine-Coffin's Second World War diaries were the basis for the 2003 book *The Tale of Two Bridges*, adapted by Barbara Maddox and self-published by his son, Peter Pine-Coffin.

## Personal life

Between his time with the army, Richard married Joan Godfrey, who gave birth to their son, Peter Pine Coffin in 1939 whilst the family was stationed in India. In 1944, Joan died of meningitis, and so five-year-old Peter was sent to live with his Aunt Kay who raised him until the end of the world war. In addition to this, Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Pine-Coffin was very tall and insisted on wearing cowboy boots during combat, making him easily recognisable to his fellow Allied soldiers in Normandy.

Another relative, Sgt Geoffrey Tristam Pine-Coffin (RAF/568487) was killed on 13/14 July 1943, serving as a flight engineer with 102 Squadron on an operational bombing raid to Aachen.

## Honours and awards

Richard Pine-Coffin's ribbons as they would appear today.

|  | Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Bar (DSO & Bar) | 1944
1945 (Bar) |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Military Cross (MC) | 1943 |
|  | 1939–1945 Star |  |
|  | Africa Star |  |
|  | France and Germany Star |  |
|  | War Medal 1939–1945 | With Oakleaf for Mentioned in Despatches (MID 1944) |
|  | General Service Medal | With clasp *MALAYA* and Oakleaf for Mentioned in Despatches (1950) |
|  | Pingat Jasa Malaysia | (Malaysia) |

## InfoBox

| Richard Pine-Coffin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nickname(s) | "Wooden Box" |
| Born | (1908-12-02)2 December 1908
Portledge Manor, Bideford, Devon, England |
| Died | 28 February 1974(1974-02-28) (aged 65)
Royal Naval Hospital Haslar, Gosport, Hampshire, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1928–1958 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Service number | 40705 |
| Unit | Devonshire Regiment
Parachute Regiment |
| Commands | 3rd Parachute Battalion
7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion
1st Battalion, Devonshire Regiment |
| Battles/wars | Second World War
Palestine Emergency
Malayan Emergency |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Order & Bar
Military Cross
Mentioned in Despatches (2) |


title: Chammanad Devi Temple

abstract:
Chammanad Devi Temple or Chammanad Bhadrakali Temple is a temple located 200 metres from the National Highway, between Vyttila and the town of Cherthala. It is situated in Kodamthuruth neighbourhood of Alappuzha, Kerala in India. The 10-day festival Utsavam is celebrated in Kumbha month. There are two sub temples:
  - Shasta Temple - Near the E.C.E.K. Union High School.
  - Sri Krishna Temple - Located around 700 metres towards Eramalloor, at a place called Kannukulangara. The temple belongs to a resident family known as the "Ettu veettil kartha family", which is functionally now eight families and their sub-families only, along with their recommended members run the temple.

text:
# Chammanad Devi Temple

**Chammanad Devi Temple** or **Chammanad Bhadrakali Temple** is a temple located 200 metres from the National Highway, between Vyttila and the town of Cherthala (16 km from each place). It is situated in Kodamthuruth neighbourhood of Alappuzha, Kerala in India. The 10-day festival Utsavam is celebrated in Kumbha month.

There are two sub temples:

**Shasta Temple** \- Near the E.C.E.K. Union High School. **Sri Krishna Temple** \- Located around 700 metres towards Eramalloor, at a place called Kannukulangara.

The temple belongs to a resident family known as the "Ettu veettil kartha family", which is functionally now eight families and their sub-families only, along with their recommended members run the temple.

## InfoBox

| Chammanad Devi Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Alappuzha |
| Deity | Bhadrakali |
| Festivals | Utsavam in the Malayalam month of Kumbha |
| Location | |
| Location | Chammanadu, Kodamthuruth, Ezhupunna |
| State | Kerala |
| Country | India |
| Bhadrakali Devi Temple, Chammanadu, Kodamthuruth, Ezhupunna, Alappuzha, Kerala | |
| Geographic coordinates | 9°48′33.5″N 76°18′39.2″E / 9.809306°N 76.310889°E / 9.809306; 76.310889 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Architecture of Kerala |
| Specifications | |
| Temple(s) | One |
| Elevation | 26.43 m (87 ft) |


title: The Myth of Race

abstract: The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea is a book by anthropologist Robert Wald Sussman arguing that race is not, and never had been, a valid biological category in humans. It was published in 2014 by Harvard University Press.

text:
# The Myth of Race

***The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea*** is a book by anthropologist Robert Wald Sussman arguing that race is not, and never had been, a valid biological category in humans. It was published in 2014 by Harvard University Press.

## Reviews

Robert J. Cottrol reviewed *The Myth of Race* favorably, writing, "With *The Myth of Race*, Robert Sussman gives us a comprehensive history of the idea of race and particularly the rise and not total fall of scientific racism". Ruth C. Engs was less favorable in her review of the book, writing that "...rarely does \[Sussman\] compare the interpretation of one historian with that of another in an objective manner or compare interpretations from one time period to those from another, as other historiographical researchers usually do. Researchers in the past, or present, who do not agree with his conclusions are considered “racists” or part of “the eugenics bigot brigade.”" She concludes that "Sussman’s lack of objectivity in this book is disconcerting. For those looking for a work that summarizes the negative side of the hereditarian and eugenics movements, however, this book would be an adequate reference. Also in its favor is its extensive bibliography of contemporary and older works." In a mixed review, Kathleen Feyh wrote that "Sussman's book is an elegant genealogy of the myth of race from the Spanish Inquisition through the twentieth-century eugenics movement and its demystifiers among those who study human differentiation." She also criticized the book by writing that Sussman's "...analysis is limited in no small part by his method, which confines him to a history of racist ideas and ideologues rather than one of how racist ideas function in society, leaving the reader with a very well-written debate within the field of anthropology rather than achieving one of his stated goals, namely "to further...understanding of why racism is still so prevalent in our society"". In a generally favorable review, Jeffrey C. Long wrote that "*The Myth of Race* rightly points to a critical role for Franz Boas, who formulated anthropology along non‐racial lines, even before biological anthropology adopted the evolutionary principles established by the New Synthesis in the 1930s. This is an important contribution of the book. It clearly establishes that racists and eugenicists in the last century chose their ideologies over superior alternatives." In comparing *The Myth of Race* with Michael Yudell's book *Race Unmasked*, Nathaniel C. Comfort wrote that "The eugenics movement – particularly in the United States in the early twentieth century and in Nazi Germany – offers a cornucopia of evidence of scientific racism. But, in focusing on the US movement's most egregious leaders, such as Charles Davenport, Madison Grant and Henry Fairfield Osborn, both Yudell and Sussman over-simplify. Eugenics was about much more than just race."

## InfoBox

The Myth of Race
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Robert Wald Sussman |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Race |
| Genre | Nonfiction |
| Publisher | Harvard University Press |
| Publication date | October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06) |
| Pages | 374 |
| ISBN | 9780674660038 |


title: Den Store Danske Encyklopædi

abstract: Den Store Danske Encyklopædi is the most comprehensive contemporary Danish language encyclopedia. The 20 volumes of the encyclopedia were published successively between 1994 and 2001; a one-volume supplement was published in 2002 and two index volumes in 2003. The work comprises 115,000 articles, ranging in size from single-line cross references to the 130-page entry on Denmark. The articles were written by a staff of about 4,000 academic experts led by editor-in-chief Jørn Lund. Articles longer than a few dozen lines are signed by their authors. Many articles are illustrated. The encyclopedia was published by Danmarks Nationalleksikon A/S, a subsidiary of Denmark's publishing house Gyldendal that was set up for the purpose. The project was inspired by the almost contemporary Swedish Nationalencyklopedin; it received financial support from the Augustinus Foundation and was backed by a governmental inflation guarantee on pre-paid subscriptions. Eventually about 35,000 copies were sold.

text:
# Den Store Danske Encyklopædi

***Den Store Danske Encyklopædi*** (*The Great Danish Encyclopedia*) is the most comprehensive contemporary Danish language encyclopedia. The 20 volumes of the encyclopedia were published successively between 1994 and 2001; a one-volume supplement was published in 2002 and two index volumes in 2003. The work comprises 115,000 articles, ranging in size from single-line cross references to the 130-page entry on Denmark. The articles were written by a staff of about 4,000 academic experts led by editor-in-chief Jørn Lund. Articles longer than a few dozen lines are signed by their authors. Many articles are illustrated.

The encyclopedia was published by *Danmarks Nationalleksikon A/S* (Denmark's National Encyclopedia), a subsidiary of Denmark's publishing house Gyldendal that was set up for the purpose. The project was inspired by the almost contemporary Swedish *Nationalencyklopedin*; it received financial support from the Augustinus Foundation and was backed by a governmental inflation guarantee on pre-paid subscriptions. Eventually about 35,000 copies were sold.

## CD version

The text of the paper encyclopedia was also published, but without illustrations, on CD-ROMs for Microsoft Windows in 2004 and for macOS in 2005. In January 2006, it was announced that a full online edition of the encyclopedia was expected to be available in later 2006 on a subscription basis, with the help of a renewed grant from the Augustinus Foundation. In March 2008, the publishing house announced that it failed to get sufficient numbers of subscribers and declared the project a failure.

The CD-ROM version of the encyclopedia is likely not to work without an update on newer versions of Windows XP/Vista, due to a security fix from Microsoft.

## Online version

An online version of the encyclopedia was released on 26 February 2009 free-of-charge, generating revenue by displaying ads. The free online version was published using wiki software, opening up for user contributions. The decision to offer it free of charge was criticized by buyers of the DKK 25,000 (approx US$4,500 (2010)) paper encyclopedia, to whom the publishing house originally had pledged that a reduced-price paper version would never be released. The publishing house insists that all pledges are honored, as the free-of-charge version is web-based, and not a paper encyclopedia.

Gyldendal's vision is to create a hybrid between the traditional encyclopedia and user-generated encyclopedias like Wikipedia. While registered users may contribute with content and upload images, etc., a professional editorial staff maintain oversight over contributions. The status of an article is clearly flagged, if it is user-generated content or if it has been approved by the editorial staff. The vision is that the online version will be the Dane's preferred choice for updated and trustworthy information, maintaining the status of a traditional encyclopedia. Gyldendal sought to recruit about 1,500 subject matter experts to verify user contributions to the about 161,000 articles - by March 2009 about 1,100 experts had been enrolled. The permanent editorial staff comprises 20 persons.

The original articles from *Den Store Danske Encyclopædi* can be used freely but cannot be distributed or used commercially.

The new articles (made by the users) can be used freely provided the source is referenced using a deep link.

*Den Store Danske* is covered by the Danish copyright law and it belongs to Gyldendal.

1. "Support page". Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
2. "theBookseller.com". Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
3. Main page. All pages on *Den Store Danske* refer to wiki software.
4. *Encyklopædi på internettet med problemer* Magisterbladet, 13.03.2009, 1. sektion, Side 24
5. *Oplysningstid 2.0.* Information, 20.11.2008, Bøger, Side 24/25
6. *Kronik: www.denstoredanske.dk* by Cliff Hansen, forlagschef, Gyldendal Digital og LARS BOESGAARD, direktør, Gyldendal Fakta. Berlingske Tidende, 19.11.2008, Kultur & Debat, Side 13
7. Den Store Danske: Er det slut for den danske Wikipedia? Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine *Nettendenser.dk*
8. Den Store Danske Encyclopædi: Copyright oprindeligeartikler
9. Den Store Danske Encyclopædi: Copyright nye artikler
10. *Den Store Danske Encyclopædi*: Vilkår og rettigheder


title: Cap Blanc-Nez

abstract: Cap Blanc-Nez is a cape on the Côte d'Opale, in the Pas-de-Calais département, in northern France, culminating at 134 m. The cliffs of chalk are very similar to the white cliffs of Dover on the other side of the Channel in England. Cap Blanc-Nez does not protrude into the sea like a typical cape but is a high point where a chalk ridge has been truncated by the sea, forming a cliff that is topped by the obelisk of the Dover Patrol Monument, commemorating the Dover Patrol which kept the Channel free from U-boats during World War I. Cap Blanc-Nez was a vital measuring point for the eighteenth-century trigonometric survey linking the Paris Observatory with the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Sightings were made across the English Channel to Dover Castle and Fairlight Windmill on the South Downs. This Anglo-French Survey was led in England by General William Roy. Some miles away to the southwest of Cap Blanc-Nez is the Cap Gris-Nez.

text:
# Cap Blanc-Nez

**Cap Blanc-Nez** (French pronunciation: \[kap blɑ̃ ne\], literally "Cape White Nose" in English; from Dutch *Blankenesse*, white headland) is a cape on the Côte d'Opale, in the Pas-de-Calais *département*, in northern France, culminating at 134 m. The cliffs of chalk are very similar to the white cliffs of Dover on the other side of the Channel in England. Cap Blanc-Nez does not protrude into the sea like a typical cape but is a high point where a chalk ridge has been truncated by the sea, forming a cliff that is topped by the obelisk of the Dover Patrol Monument, commemorating the Dover Patrol which kept the Channel free from U-boats during World War I.

Cap Blanc-Nez was a vital measuring point for the eighteenth-century trigonometric survey linking the Paris Observatory with the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Sightings were made across the English Channel to Dover Castle and Fairlight Windmill on the South Downs. This Anglo-French Survey was led in England by General William Roy.

Some miles away to the southwest of Cap Blanc-Nez is the Cap Gris-Nez.

50°55′30″N 1°42′34″E / 50.92500°N 1.70944°E / 50.92500; 1.70944


title: Faust (musician)

abstract: Bård Guldvik "Faust" Eithun is a Norwegian musician, best known as the drummer of black metal band Emperor and the main lyricist of blackened death metal band Zyklon. A prominent member of the early Norwegian black metal scene, Eithun was sentenced to 14 years in prison for murder and church arson in 1994. He was released in 2003 and has since continued performing as a drummer for Emperor, Djevel, Blood Tsunami, Aborym and Scum. Eithun won the Norwegian Spellemann Award in the Metal category with Djevel in 2022.

text:
# Faust (musician)

**Bård Guldvik** "**Faust**" **Eithun** (born 21 April 1974) is a Norwegian musician, best known as the drummer of black metal band Emperor and the main lyricist of blackened death metal band Zyklon. A prominent member of the early Norwegian black metal scene, Eithun was sentenced to 14 years in prison for murder and church arson in 1994. He was released in 2003 and has since continued performing as a drummer for Emperor, Djevel, Blood Tsunami, Aborym and Scum. Eithun won the Norwegian Spellemann Award in the Metal category with Djevel in 2022.

## Biography

### Early years

Eithun was born on 21 April 1974 in Hedmark. At age sixteen, he moved to Lillehammer and became the drummer of Thorns, then-known as Stigma Diabolicum. Eithun published the underground fanzine *Orcustus* in the early 1990s. In 1992, he moved to Oslo and started working in Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth's shop Helvete, having been pen-pals with the Mayhem guitarist since 1987. Eithun joined Emperor as a drummer that same year and became a part of the inner circle of the early Norwegian black metal scene.

### Conviction and release

On 21 August 1992, while visiting his family in Lillehammer, Eithun stabbed Magne Andreassen, a gay man, to death after being sexually propositioned by him. According to Eithun, while walking home from a pub through the Olympic park, Andreassen drunkenly approached him and solicited him for sex. Eithun agreed to go with him to the nearby woods and stabbed Andreassen 37 times while also repeatedly stomping on the victim's head. Upon returning to Oslo the following day, he told Aarseth, Varg Vikernes, and a few other members of the black metal scene what he had done. Eithun, Aarseth and Vikernes later burned down Holmenkollen Chapel together. After Vikernes' murder of Aarseth in August 1993, Eithun was arrested and confessed to killing Andreassen on impulse. In early 1994, Emperor released their debut album, *In the Nightside Eclipse*. Later that year, Eithun was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment and subsequently left Emperor, with the imprisonment to happen at Ullersmo. He testified against Vikernes in the latter's murder and arson trial that same year. Although media had linked Eithun's murder to black metal and speculated that he was motivated by Satanism, fascism, or homophobia, he has later denied being a satanist and having racist, fascist or homophobic views in several interviews. Singer Gaahl, an openly gay member of the Norwegian black metal scene, stated that Eithun was the first person to send him a message of support when he came out.

In 2001, Eithun became the main lyricist of blackened death metal band Zyklon and also contributed lyrics to albums released by Sigh and Wurdulak. He joined the hardcore punk/black metal supergroup Scum with members of Emperor, Turbonegro and Mindgrinder the following year.

In 2003, Eithun was released from prison due to good behavior after serving nine years and four months. Of his incarceration, Eithun said: "It has taught me a lot about myself, my limits, my psyche and my will. I think it as a positive thing that I was removed from the black metal scene because I was heading towards a very destructive path." In later interviews, Eithun has expressed remorse for his actions in the 1990s and called them senseless.

### Later career

Following his release, Eithun was interviewed for the black metal documentary *Until the Light Takes Us*, later released in 2008. Eithun was announced as Swedish extreme metal band Dissection's new drummer in 2003, but departed the band that same year due to ideological differences. Scum released their first album, *Gospels for the Sick*, in 2005. Eithun joined thrash metal Blood Tsunami and industrial black metal band Aborym that same year. He released his first album with Aborym as a member the following year, having previously contributed lyrics to the band. Blood Tsunami released their debut album, *Thrash Metal*, in 2007. Eithun joined punk/metal band Mongo Ninja in 2009 and released three albums with the band before their disbandment in 2012.

In 2013, Eithun returned to Emperor as drummer for the 20th anniversary tour of *In the Nightside Eclipse* in the summer of 2014, which included a performance at Wacken Open Air. He departed Aborym in 2014 after releasing three studio albums with the band. In 2017, Eithun was announced as the new drummer for black metal band Djevel. On 23 May 2021, Eithun appeared as a guest at Emperor's show at Notodden Theatre marking the 30th anniversary of their formation. In 2022, Djevel won the Norwegian Spellemann Award in the Metal category for the album *Tanker som rir natten,* released the previous year.

## Education

While incarcerated, Eithun completed two bachelor degrees at the University of Oslo in the history of religions and the history of ideas, in addition to studying a year of E-business at a private school in Oslo.

## Discography

### With Emperor

**Studio albums**

**EPs**

**Compilation albums**

### With Scum

**Studio albums**

### With Blood Tsunami

**Studio albums**

* *Thrash Metal* (2007)
* *Grand Feast for Vultures* (2009)
* *For Faen!* (2013)
* *Grave Condition* (2018)

**EPs**

* *Castle of Skulls* (2009)

### With Aborym

**Studio albums**

### With Mongo Ninja

**Studio albums**

* *...And the Wrist Is History* (2009)
* *No Cunt for Old Men* (2010)
* *Nocturnal Neanderthals* (2011)

### With Studfaust

**EPs**

* *Half Human, Half Dynamite / 1980's Ladies* (2012)
* *Where the Underdogs Bark* (2014)

### With Djevel

**Studio albums**

* *Blant svarte graner* (2018)
* *Ormer til armer, maane til hode* (2019)
* *Tanker som rir natten* (2021)
* *Naa skrider natten sort* (2022)

**EPs**

* *Englene Som Falt Ned I Min Seng, Skal Jeg Sette Fri Med Brukne Vinger Og Torneglorier* (2021)

### Lyrical, vocal and instrumental credits

| Year | Artist | Title | Song(s) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Ulver | *Perdition City* | "The Future Sound of Music" | Drums |
| 2001 | Emperor | *A Tribute to Mayhem: Originators of the Northern Darkness* | "Funeral Fog" | |
| 2001 | SiriuS | *Spectral Transition - Dimension SiriuS* | "Spectral Transition", "Spiritual Metamorphosis" | Vocal samples |
| | | | "Dimensional Quantum", "The Majesty of the Nightsky" | Drums |
| 2001 | Cadaver Inc. | *Discipline* | "Kill Tech" | Spoken passage |
| 2001 | Sigh | *Imaginary Sonicscape* | "Nietzschean Conspiracy" | Lyrics |
| 2001 | Wurdulak | *Ceremony in Flames* | "Containment of Inferno" | |
| 2001 | Zyklon | *World ov Worms* |  | |
| 2003 | Aborym | *With No Human Intervention* | "With No Human Intervention", "Faustian Spirit of the Earth" | Lyrics, spoken words |
| 2003 | Disiplin | *Disiplin* | "Strategy Formulation" | |
| 2003 | Zyklon | *Aeon* |  | Lyrics |
| 2006 | Zyklon | *Disintegrate* |  | |
| 2009 | Fenriz' Red Planet/Nattefrost | *Engangsgrill* | "Nekronaut II Nekro Spirituals", "Humiliated and Pissed Upon" | Drums |
| 2010 | The Wretched End | *Ominous* | "Of Men and Wolves", "Numbered Days", "With Ravenous Hunger", "Residing in Limbo" | Lyrics |
| 2010 | Zyklon | *The Storm Manifesto* |  | |

Eithun was portrayed by Valter Skarsgård in the 2018 biographical horror-thriller film *Lords of Chaos*.

## Bibliography

* *Orcustus*, underground zine published by Eithun in the early 1990s.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Bård Eithun | |
| --- | --- |
| Faust performing with Emperor at Wacken Open Air 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Bård Guldvik Eithun |
| Also known as | Faust |
| Born | (1974-04-21) 21 April 1974<br>Hedmark, Norway |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Drummer |
| Years active | 1989–1994, 2003–present |
| Member of |  |
| Formerly of |  |


abstract: Sergius Township is a civil township in Bottineau County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, its population was 51.

text:
# Sergius Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota

**Sergius Township** is a civil township in Bottineau County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, its population was 51.

## InfoBox

| Sergius Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location of Sergius Township | |
| Coordinates: 48°51′45″N 101°00′56″W / 48.86250°N 101.01556°W / 48.86250; -101.01556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| County | Bottineau |
| Government | |
| mayor | Dylan Stratton |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 51 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |


title: Chimnabai Lake

abstract: Chimnabai Lake is located near Kadarpur village in Kheralu Taluka, Mehsana district in the Indian state of Gujarat. The lake was created by Baroda State ruler Sayajirao Gaekwad III in memory of his deceased wife Chimnabai I. The construction was started in 1898 and completed in 1905. Local people have long demanded that the lake should be supplied water via Narmada canal or Dharoi dam. The lake is spread over an area of 1,600 acres (6.5 km⁲). It has a water storage capacity of 632 million cubic feet. The lake provides irrigation to 900 hectares land of ten villages.

text:
# Chimnabai Lake

**Chimnabai Lake** is located near Kadarpur village in Kheralu Taluka, Mehsana district in the Indian state of Gujarat.

The lake was created by Baroda State ruler Sayajirao Gaekwad III in memory of his deceased wife Chimnabai I. The construction was started in 1898 and completed in 1905. Local people have long demanded that the lake should be supplied water via Narmada canal or Dharoi dam.

The lake is spread over an area of 1,600 acres (6.5 km2). It has a water storage capacity of 632 million cubic feet. The lake provides irrigation to 900 hectares (2,200 acres) land of ten villages.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Chimnabai Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chimnabai Lake | |
| Location | Kadarpur, Kheralu Taluka, Mehsana district, Gujarat |
| Coordinates | 23°55′49″N 72°38′34″E / 23.93016653°N 72.64284648°E / 23.93016653; 72.64284648 |
| Lake type | Artificial lake |
| Primary inflows | Storm water |
| Primary outflows | Canals |
| Catchment area | 33.4 square miles (87 km2) |
| Basin countries | India |
|  | |
| Max. length | 3 miles (4.8 km) |
| Surface area | 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) |
| Max. depth | 190.4 metres (625 ft) |
| Water volume | 632,000,000 cubic feet (17,900,000 m3) |


title: Sideral

abstract: Sideral is a 2021 Brazilian and French short film directed by Carlos Segundo. The fifteen-minute story shot in Black & White is a glimpse into the lives of a Brazilian family impacted by the extraordinary event of rocket launch from a nearby centre. The short has been presented in a number of festivals, including Cannes Film Festival and the Clermont-Ferrand Film Festival, Telluride Film Festival and won several awards, including the Oscar Qualifying award for Best International Short at the 2022 Palm Springs International Shorts Fest.

text:
# Sideral

***Sideral*** is a 2021 Brazilian and French short film directed by Carlos Segundo. The fifteen-minute story shot in Black & White is a glimpse into the lives of a Brazilian family impacted by the extraordinary event of rocket launch from a nearby centre. The short has been presented in a number of festivals, including Cannes Film Festival and the Clermont-Ferrand Film Festival, Telluride Film Festival and won several awards, including the Oscar Qualifying award for Best International Short at the 2022 Palm Springs International Shorts Fest.

## Plot

In the coastal city of Natal, north-east of Brazil, the first ever rocket launch of the country is about to happen. As the spacecraft leaves the Earth, the lives of a family living nearby will be drastically impacted.

## Reception

Since its world premiere at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, the film has been selected in various festivals and academies around the world:

| Year | Festivals | Award/Category | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | Cannes Film Festival | Palme d'Or - Best Short Film | Nominated |
| | Hamptons International Film Festival | Golden Starfish Award for Best Narrative Short | Nominated |
| | Chicago International Film Festival | Gold Hugo Award for Best Live Action Short. | Won |
| 2022 | Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival | Grand Prix National | Nominated |
| | | Canal+ Award | Won |
| | Palm Springs International Shorts Fest | Special Jury Award for Best International Short | Won |
| | LA Shorts Fest | Best Drama | Won |
| | HollyShorts Film Festival | Best Director (Carlos Segundo) | Won |
| | Norwich Film Festival | Best International Film | Won |
|

1. Boyce, Laurence (2021-07-17). "Cannes review: Sideral (2021)". *ubiquarian*. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
2. "Clermont-Ferrand announces its awards after a successful on-site edition for 2022". *Cineuropa - the best of european cinema*. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
3. Dalton2021-09-01T15:46:00+01:00, Ben. "Telluride 2021 programme includes 'King Richard', 'Belfast' world premieres". *Screen*. Retrieved 2022-10-25.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
4. "2022 Palm Springs International ShortFest Announces Festival Winners | Palm Springs International Film Festival". *www.psfilmfest.org*. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
5. "SIDERAL - Festival de Cannes 2023". *www.festival-cannes.com*. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
6. "Hamptons International Film Festival Announces Full 2021 Slate". *Awardsdaily*. 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
7. "Winners of the 57th Chicago International Film Festival". *| Reel Chicago - At the intersection of Chicago Advertising, Entertainment, Media and Production*. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
8. Saperstein, Pat (2022-06-27). "Palm Springs ShortFest Prizes Go to 'Sierra,' 'The Cave,' 'The Sentence of Michael Thompson'". *Variety*. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
9. Nikkhah Azad, Navid (2022-07-30). "LA Shorts Fest 2022 announces its award winners". *www.deed.news*. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
10. Carey, Matthew (2022-08-21). "HollyShorts Oscar-Qualifying Film Festival Wraps With Awards Ceremony: Ben Proudfoot, Victor Gabriel Among Big Winners". *Deadline*. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
11. "HollyShorts Film Festival Announces Winners of Oscar-Qualifying Film Festival". *Awardsdaily*. 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
12. https://www.norwichfilmfestival.co.uk/blog/2022-winners-announced/

## InfoBox

| Sideral | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Carlos Segundo |
| Written by | Carlos Segundo |
| Produced by | Mariana Hardi, Pedro Fiuza, Damien Megherbi, Justin Pechberty |
| Starring | Priscilla Vilela, Ênio Cavalcante, Fernanda Cunha |
| Edited by | Jérôme Bréau, Carlos Segundo |
| Release date | * July 2021 (2021-07) |
| Running time | 15 minutes |
| Countries | Brazil, France |


title: Riffe Lake

abstract: Riffe Lake is a long reservoir on the Cowlitz River in the U.S. state of Washington. The 23.5 mi (38 km) lake was created by the construction of Mossyrock Dam, the tallest dam in the state, in 1968 by Tacoma City Light.

text:
# Riffe Lake

**Riffe Lake** is a long reservoir on the Cowlitz River in the U.S. state of Washington. The 23.5 mi (38 km) lake was created by the construction of Mossyrock Dam, the tallest dam in the state, in 1968 by Tacoma City Light (now Tacoma Power).

## History

The reservoir was formed behind Mossyrock Dam in the late 1960s and submerged the communities of Kosmos, Nesika, and Riffe; residents of the area were relocated due to the planned inundation. It was originally called Mossyrock Lake, then later named Davisson Lake in 1962 after Ira Davisson, a utilities commissioner in Tacoma. The name was approved by the Tacoma Utilities Board and later the Federal Power Commission. The 1968 state highway map published by the Washington State Department of Highways named it "Riffe Lake" for the inundated community instead of Davisson Lake, which was not officially recorded by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. The name was officially changed to Riffe Lake in 1976 after Lewis County residents petitioned the state's Board of Geographical Names to honor a more local figure. The change was approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names in August of that year.

In 2017, Tacoma Power lowered the maximum water level of the lake by 30 feet (9.1 m) due to concerns that the piers on Mossyrock Dam could fail during a major seismic event and cause catastrophic flooding.

## Ecology and environment

Located on the eastern shore of the lake is the Kosmos Unit, a part of the Cowlitz Wildlife Area. Also known as Kosmos Flat, the 520-acre (210 ha) site contains a mix of habitats, such as meadow, riparian, and wetland, and is split by Rainey Creek. Parts of the meadow are flooded during peak water levels. The unit contains a small hardwood forest and is known for abundant wildlife, especially various species of birds including pheasants, ospreys, and raptors. Additional sites for birdwatching include Goat Creek Flats and Landers Creek Flats.

## Recreation

The lake accommodates two parks, Mossyrock Park and Taidnapam Park. Due to the decrease in water levels, the boat launches at both recreation areas have been closed periodically since 2017 and are only reopened when water levels are increased. During this time, the parks underwent recreation improvements with proposals to extend the launches for more consistent accessibility.

The lake contains species of fish including rainbow and brown trout, landlocked coho, bass both large mouth and small mouth, bluegill, crappie, and perch.

## InfoBox

| Riffe Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Riffe LakeRiffe Lake | |
| Location | Lewis County, Washington, United States |
| Coordinates | 46°32′4″N 122°25′43″W / 46.53444°N 122.42861°W / 46.53444; -122.42861 |
| Type | reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Cowlitz River |
| Primary outflows | Cowlitz River |
| Catchment area | 1,400 sq mi (3,630 km2) |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 23.5 mi (37.8 km) |
| Surface area | 11,830 acres (47.9 km2) |
| Max. depth | 360 feet (110 m) |
| Shore length1 | 52 mi (83.7 km) |
| Surface elevation | 778.5 ft (237 m) |
|  | |
| References |  |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Chantry House, Bunbury

abstract: The Chantry House, also known as the Chantry Priests' (or Priest's) House and formerly the Old School House, is a medieval half-timbered or "black-and-white" house, dating from around 1527, in Bunbury, Cheshire, England. It was originally associated with the chantry chapel in the nearby parish church of St Boniface, founded by Sir Ralph Egerton. After the chantry's dissolution, it became associated with Thomas Aldersey's grammar school. The Chantry House is an early surviving example of a residential timber-framed building in Cheshire, with many typically medieval features. It is listed at grade II* for "the quality of framing throughout."

text:
# Chantry House, Bunbury

**The Chantry House**, also known as the **Chantry Priests'** (or **Priest's**) **House** and formerly the **Old School House**, is a medieval half-timbered or "black-and-white" house, dating from around 1527, in Bunbury, Cheshire, England. It was originally associated with the chantry chapel in the nearby parish church of St Boniface, founded by Sir Ralph Egerton. After the chantry's dissolution, it became associated with Thomas Aldersey's grammar school. The Chantry House is an early surviving example of a residential timber-framed building in Cheshire, with many typically medieval features. It is listed at grade II\* for "the quality of framing throughout."

## History

Sir Ralph Egerton (also Raufe or Rafe; before 1476–1528) – standard bearer to Henry VIII, who awarded him the nearby manor of Ridley – commissioned a chantry chapel to be added to St Boniface's Church in Bunbury. The chantry (known as the Ridley Chapel) was begun by 1527, but remained incomplete at Egerton's death in 1528, and was finished under the provisions of his will. The Chantry House was built at the same time to house two chantry priests, who were "to pray for his Soul, his Father and Mother's Soul, with all other Souls of his kin, and all Christian Souls forever." According to Egerton's will, the Chantry House was to be constructed with stone and roofed in Welsh slate, and was to have two rooms, a parlour and a buttery–kitchen. The chantry was endowed with mills at Nantwich and a salt house. After Edward VI dissolved the chantries in 1547, the Chantry House was granted by the crown to Thomas Bromley of Nantwich in 1549. The chantry's value at the time of its dissolution was estimated to be £12 2 shillings.

The property was subsequently acquired by Thomas Aldersey (1521/2–98), a successful London merchant and haberdasher who had been born and educated in Bunbury, possibly at the Chantry House, and whose family had a house in the adjacent parish of Spurstow. In 1575 he founded a school in Bunbury, which was incorporated as a free grammar school on 2 January 1594, under the name "The Free Grammar School of Thomas Aldersey in Bunbury". Aldersey gave the grammar school to the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, of which he was a prominent member. It was the first school that the Company of Haberdashers administered. Among the school's endowments was the 2000-year lease to its governors, dated 31 March 1595, of the Chantry House, together with other land and properties in Bunbury, for "the rent of a red rose". The school either used the Chantry House as its school house or was built adjacent to it, with the Chantry House being used as the schoolmaster's house and to house boarders.

The grammar school moved to a new building on School Lane in 1874, and is now Bunbury Aldersey School. The Chantry House was restored and extended in the 1970s by Cecil F. Wright. It is now a private residence.

## Description

The Chantry House is located at SJ5683757958 on Wyche Road in Bunbury, Cheshire, immediately south of St Boniface's Church. It is listed at grade II\*, a grade which recognises "particularly important buildings of more than special interest." It was formerly known as the Old School House. Earthworks, possibly representing foundations of formerly associated buildings, lie to the east of the existing building. The original three-bay, two-storey, timber-framed house rests on a sandstone plinth, with a slate roof. The introduction of an upper storey is a late-medieval feature in Cheshire buildings. The windows are not original; they have mullions and transoms, and contain leaded glass. An additional wing to the south was added in the 1970s.

The timber frame is close studded, with the vertical timbers placed particularly close together. The east face has a jettied gable. The intervening panels are plastered.Horizontal rails are absent from the exterior frame, except as needed to frame windows. This is typical of medieval timber framing. Unusually, two different types of bracing are present. Curved tension braces, starting from the horizontal ground sill, are found on the ground floor; these are rare in Cheshire, being more commonly found in south-east England. The first floor features arch braces, which start from vertical timbers and go up to meet the wall plate; these are typical of the Midlands variety of timber framing. Both forms of brace are large. In later close-studded or decorative-framed buildings these braces were typically concealed or omitted.

The Chantry House is an early surviving example of a residential timber-framed building in Cheshire. Its framing is similar to that of Gawsworth Old Rectory, a 15th-century Cheshire house also built to accommodate a priest, which combines close studding with arch bracing, but lacks the Chantry House's tension braces. Both Cheshire buildings include more horizontal timbers than comparable buildings in the south east, such as the Guildhall and Wool Hall of Lavenham, Suffolk, which Cheshire buildings expert Laurie McKenna considers might indicate the beginning of the development of a distinct Midlands style of timber framing.

The timber frame to the interior includes a horizontal middle rail. The beams are deeply bevelled and the bevelled joists resemble planks, both features typical of medieval timbering. There are four Tudor-arched fireplaces in stone, surmounted by very large lintels. On the first floor, part of the original oak panelling has survived, and includes internal doors, one of which has retained its original hinges.

## Notes and references

**Notes**

**References**

1. Historic England. "The Chantry House (Grade II\*) (1138635)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
2. Hartwell *et al*. 2011, pp. 191–95
3. Devine, Vince; Clark, Jo (2003), *Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Bunbury: Archaeological Assessment* (PDF), Cheshire County Council and English Heritage, retrieved 25 September 2016
4. Ives, E. W. (May 2007), "Egerton, Sir Ralph (b. before 1476, d. 1528", *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press
5. Cheshire Federation of Women's Institutes 1990, pp. 44–45
6. Collins 1741, pp. 596–97
7. Crossley, Fred H. (1949), Ridgway, Maurice H. (ed.), "An Introduction to the Fabric of Bunbury Church", *The Bunbury Papers*, St Boniface's Church, retrieved 25 September 2016
8. Beck 1969, pp. 22, 105
9. Hall, p. 51
10. Baldwin, R. C. D. (January 2008), "Aldersey, Thomas (1521/2–1598)", *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press
11. "City of London Livery Companies Commission, 'Report on the Charities of the Haberdashers' Company: Part I'", *City of London Livery Companies Commission. Report; Volume 4*, British History Online, pp. 420–56, 1884, retrieved 25 September 2016
12. *Bunbury*, The Haberdashers' Livery Company, archived from the original on 18 October 2016, retrieved 26 September 2016
13. His Majesty's Commissioners on Charitable Foundations 1828, pp. 47–48
14. Mills 1998, p. 186
15. *Bunbury Neighbourhood Plan* (PDF), Bunbury Parish Council, 2015, p. 5, retrieved 25 September 2016
16. Historic England. "Bunbury Aldersey School (Grade II) (1136159)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
17. Pevsner & Hubbard 1971, p. 121
18. *Listed Buildings*, Historic England, retrieved 24 September 2016
19. McKenna 1994, pp. 9, 11
20. McKenna 1994, pp. 7, 15
21. McKenna 1994, pp. 6–7, 16–17

**Sources**

53°07′01″N 2°38′47″W / 53.11703°N 2.64637°W / 53.11703; -2.64637

## InfoBox

| The Chantry House | |
| --- | --- |
| Gable end of the Chantry House, Bunbury | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Medieval, Timber-framed |
| Location | Wyche Road, Bunbury, Cheshire, England |
| Height | |
| Roof | Slate |
| Technical details | |
| Structural system | Timber framing |
| Floor count | Two |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | The Chantry House |
| Designated | 12 January 1967 |
| Reference no. | 1138635 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: John Pullein

abstract: John Pullein FRCO was an organist and composer based in England.

text:
# John Pullein

**John Pullein** FRCO (b. 1878) was an organist and composer based in England.

## Life

He was born in Lincoln in 1878, the son of William Pullein and Hannah Rose. His father was a Professor of Music.

His three younger brothers, William Rose Pullein, Frank Pullein and Ernest Pullein were also organists.

He was in the choir of Lincoln Cathedral as a boy, and then an articled pupil of G.J. Bennett and then assistant organist.

## Appointments

## Compositions

He composed Songs, part songs, organ and church music.


title: Dorcadion caprai

abstract: Dorcadion caprai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1951.

text:
# Dorcadion caprai

***Dorcadion caprai*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1951.

## InfoBox

| *Dorcadion caprai* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Lamiini |
| Genus: | *Dorcadion* |
| Species: | ***D. caprai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dorcadion caprai***<br>Breuning, 1951 | |
|