title: Bonny Light oil

abstract: Bonny Light oil was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956 for its commercial use. Due to its features of generating high profit, it is highly demanded by refiners. Bonny light oil has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage caused by vandalism, affects both human and the ecosystem in detrimental ways. Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.

text:
# Bonny Light oil

**Bonny Light oil** was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956 for its commercial use. Due to its features of generating high profit, it is highly demanded by refiners. Bonny light oil has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage caused by vandalism, affects both human and the ecosystem in detrimental ways. Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.

## Background

### Origination

Crude oil is a yellow to black colored liquid that exists by nature without artificial factors, observed in geological rock formations underneath the superficial parts of the earth. While the exploration of petroleum began in the late 1930s, the oil for commercial use was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956. As oil exploration has been expanding, light and medium oil like bonny light oil are produced. Searching and exploitation of oil are done in that area which 90% of crude oil production is related to. Bonny light oil has many advantages over sour crudes so that its price is higher. Nigeria has become the eleventh largest country that produces crude oil in the world. The largest buyer of this oil is India, the biggest influence on oil demand growth In addition to India, USA, Spain, and Netherlands are countries that import Bonny light crude oil.

### Chemical composition

The components of crude oil have a wide range, containing hydrocarbons and a mixture of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and trace metals. Hydrocarbon of crude oil consists of paraffin, cycloparaffins and aromatic material with at least one benzene ring. Bonny light oil also includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Almost all of these elements, such as vanadium, nickel, asphaltenes, and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons are known as toxic.

### Folkloric uses

At first, people attempted to use crude oil for lighting, considering its flammable trait. However, it was not appropriate as lamps because of stink and intense fumes while it was burning. There are various ways that indigenous people used crude oil. For the purpose of remedial treatment as poison detoxification, anti-convulsion and dermal inflammation, people swallowed crude oil directly. In traditional medicine, BLCO is used along with olive oil. They applied it on their burnt skin, rotten foot and leg ulcers. Furthermore, it is used for wizardry attacks and poison cure. People utilized it to cure symptoms which are related to ingestion, such as gastrointestinal disorders and fertility. As a way of complementing protein, most of people in the communities ate marine animals from coastal areas, which is a form of consuming crude oil indirectly.

## Features

### Low sulfur

The value of fuels and oils which are generated from the crude oil falls off due to its sulfur compounds. “They cause corrosion of equipment during treatment, reduce activity of antidetonation additives and antioxidizing stability of gasoline, raise the propensity to form hard residues in cracking gasoline fractions, and result and environment pollution". According to world standards, the content of sulfur in BLCO is low, so refinery infrastructure is less affected by corrosion and low impact on environment which his occurred by its byproducts. The sulfur content varies from 0.14% to 0.16%. If less than 1% of sulfur is included in crude oil, it is assorted into sweet which means low sulfur content.

### Good gasoline yields

There are three types of crude oil, light, medium and heavy, according to its density. For gasoline blends, composites which are lighter hydrocarbons are used. Molecular weights of these hydrocarbons are lower than heptane. Since most of Nigerian crudes are either light or medium sweet, creating plentiful amount of diesel, they are more costly than sour crudes. Gasoline is produced from processed crude oil and it is highly valued petroleum products. Therefore, to have maximized profit, refiners seek to boost gasoline yields.

### High API gravity

API gravity, American Petroleum Institute gravity, is a reverse method to decide “the weight of petroleum liquids in comparison to water”. If the API gravity exceeds 10, the liquid will float on the water and is classified to light oil. Therefore, the higher API means the lighter crude oil and it is regarded as more precious than crude oil with lower API (heavier crude) as it generates more high-value products during refinery process. The API range of light crude is between 35 and 45, and BLCO has an API of 32.9.

## Effects

### Society

Nigeria has been generating most of its revenue from oil industry for the past 30 years. However, since petroleum industry has appeared, many pollution problems have risen in Nigeria. The major problem was caused by oil spills, occurring during usual operations. From 1976 to 1988, 2000 oil spillages happened in Nigeria and more than two million barrels of bonny light oil were released to the community during this period. Additionally, break of oil pipelines, erosion of flow and trunk lines, and hose failure are the causes of oil spills. Consequently, both the aquatic milieu and environment had detrimental impacts by them. These ecosystems are key element in agricultural productivity and main source for Nigerians, inhabiting in the oil-producing areas, to live. Therefore, some activists in Nigeria have spoiled pipelines, and key infrastructures which are related to crude oil and export flows are usually targeted. As a result, the issue related to oil effusion in Nigera has been exacerbated. In Nigeria, microbial seeding is being considered instead of mechanical ways by the main oil companies for the purpose of cleaning up oil spills.

### Human

People can be exposed to crude oil through various ways, such as skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion, and those can be happened simultaneously. Especially, residents of oil abundant areas are at the risk of exposure to water which has been contaminated by oil. They consume this polluted water by drinking, cooking and cleaning. The exhibition of crude oil to human can affect mentality and occur symptoms such as anxiety, depression, headache, and sore eyes and throat. Additionally, it causes various troubles with regard to brain, endocrine and DNA. There is a reported case that shows how fatal effects can occur to human due to crude oil. A child, exposed to BLCO to cure febrile convulsion, had symptoms of “sequel of shock, acute renal failure, mechanical intestinal obstruction, extensive epidermolysis, conjunctivitis, mucositis, oesophagitis and chemical pneumonitis"

### Potential risks

As BLCO contains materials like vanadium, nickel and PAH, those tend to be harmful and disturb possibility of antioxidant. Heavy metals are necessary in metabolic process of creatures; however, they are the causes of physiological stress at the same time. Pollution problems by oil spills like soils contamination are continuous and prevalent, putting severe health and environmental threats. The pollutants can gradually accumulate in food chains and interrupt biological actions of creatures. Petroleum contaminants are pernicious to nature and moreover, their hydrocarbon elements which are mutagenic and causing cancers, entail immunomodulatory impacts on humans and organisms as well. The symptoms of risks can appear immediately or emerge after some time passes.

## Experiment

### Rats

The copper level of rats that are exposed to crude oil noticeably shrank which indicates ejection of copper with lack of its absorption. Synthesis of catecholamine which enables total functions of body, emotions, and perception may be hindered by reduction of copper concentration. In addition to it, a rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes, in proportion to dose was seen in the rats, which were treated with BLCO for 21 days in a row. This phenomenon means induction of enzymes and especially in the case of GST, its increase may contribute to the availability of glutathione (GSH). Adedara and Farombi say that "Elevated level of intracellular hepatic GSH concentration observed in the BLCO-treated rats indicates an adaptive response to reduce damage and promote better survival under the conditions of oxidative stress induced by BLCO treatment". The elicitation of GSH in testes and sperm is controlled by BLCO. In contrast to rats treated for 21 days, the activities of those enzymes in rats exposed to BLCO for 45 days were decreased. Furthermore, in terms of sperms, noticeable shrink in mobility, number, and life/dead ratio was shown and total abnormality was elevated. However, abnormalities in sperms occurred by bonny light oil were able to be relieved with the help of vitamin E or quercetin. They have functions that restore normal hormonal levels and sperm parameters as well as inhibit oxidation.

### Fish

After the fishes were treated with BLCO for 30days, the blood glucose outstandingly elevated, dose dependent of crude oil. Similarly, the degree of total protein concentration and albumin levels increased in proportion to the amount of BLCO. aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) concentrations rose too. Fishes which are exposed to crude oil get to have PAHs in their tissue and according to Wegwu and Omeodu, they “are activated to highly reactive epoxides by cytochrome P450-containing enzyme systems”. DNA bases automatically respond with these epoxides and point mutations are occurred as a result of it. With regard to glucose levels, if they are extremely high, it means severe oxidation stress in fish. In addition to it, excessive total protein levels of fish specify water imbalance and damage of haemo-concentration. These are resulted by harmful components of crude oil and it would induce damage in cellular membrane, less fluidity in membrane and elimination of cell as well.

### Soil

Isolates from coal power plant soil are being recognized as pseudomonas and show that they are able to “grow on both the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of petroleum". The aliphatic fraction accounts for the most of crude oil and it is easily broken down by species of pseudomonas. Concentration of naphthene and aromatics components of crude oil noticeably decreased, implying the catabolic flexibleness of pseudomonas isolates. Salam, Obayori, Akashoro, and Okogie say that with incubation of pseudomonas isolates at 1g/L concentration for 21days, 90% of BLCO was broken down which means almost all of aliphatic fragments were vanished and aromatic fragments remarkably decreased. Although there are some microorganisms which are able to degrade crude oil, pseudomonas group shows up as it is the most adaptable. There are two main seasons which are dry and rainy in Nigeria. In the dry season, the temperature of soil varies between 30 and 45 °C, while it changes from 20 to 30 °C during the dry season. The ability of bacteria in soil to break down crude oil is remarkably affected by the average temperatures, pH, and nutrients in the soil that are quite different by seasons. For the experiment that is conducted incubation of Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp at the different temperature from 20 to 44 °C and for different time from 6 to 24days, both of bacteria showed the highest amount of degradation of bonny light oil at 36 °C. The amount of degradation of crude oil diversified according to the temperature. For example, Pseudomonas sp which is incubated for 24days decomposed 59.1% and 67.6% of crude oil at 28 °C and 36 °C respectively. In the case of Bacillus sp, it broke down each 71.4% and 77.8% of crude oil at 28 °C and 36 °C. The lowest amount of crude oil was degraded at 44 °C by Pseudomonas sp and at 20 °C by Bacillus sp. Exposure of both bacteria to the crude oil at 28 °C for 14days showed a different level of BLCO degradation depending on pH level. At pH 7.0, the largest degree of crude oil degradation was seen by Bacillus sp, while Pseudomonas sp decayed BLCO the most at pH 7.4. After its peak decomposition of crude oil, the level of degradation decreased drastically no matter how high pH was. The abilities of decomposition differ but it has proved that some bacteria in soil are capable of biodegradation of bonny light oil. Therefore, those bacteria can contribute to purifying soil that are polluted by crude oil.

### Tadpole

The tadpoles of African clawed frog were treated with 10,20, or 30 ppm of Water soluble fraction (WSF), Water insoluble fraction (WIF), and whole crude (WC). Although the exposure to these substances did not cause death, the weights of the tadpoles were affected. After being released for 2weeks, whole crude or its WSF aroused weight loss in the tadpoles. In the case of WIF, weight loss happened only when 30 ppm of it was exposed to the tadpoles. In contrast to it, when tadpoles were contacted with WC or its fractions for 4 weeks, all the tadpoles lost their weight. The weight loss of tadpoles suggests the harmful effect of chemicals and a high Malondialdehyde (MDA) level indicates tissue damage of tadpoles.

After 4weeks of exposure, the level of MDA remarkably increased in the proportion to the amount of crude oil, and liquid peroxidation was the highest in the tadpoles which are treated with WSF. Compared to 2weeks of exposure, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and glutathione reductase (GR), were reduced in week 4.

## InfoBox

| Bonny light oil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| Region | Oloibiri |
| Offshore/onshore | Offshore |
| Field history | |
| Discovery | in 1956 |


title: Pseudopostega trinidadensis

abstract: Pseudopostega trinidadensis is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by August Busck in 1910. As suggested by its specific epithet, it is known from Trinidad. The length of the forewings is 4.3 to 4.8 millimetres. Adults have been recorded in June.

text:
# Pseudopostega trinidadensis

***Pseudopostega trinidadensis*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by August Busck in 1910. As suggested by its specific epithet, it is known from Trinidad.

The length of the forewings is 4.3 to 4.8 millimetres (0.17 to 0.19 in). Adults have been recorded in June.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega trinidadensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. trinidadensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega trinidadensis***<br>(Busck, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Opostega trinidadensis* Busck, 1910 | |


title: Telangana State Guesthouse

abstract: Telangana State Guesthouse, formerly residential part of Chief Minister's Camp Office, is a state guest house of the State Government of Telangana, India. The camp office's office is converted to the Office of the Inspector General (security). The building is now part of Praja Bhavan, the official residence of the Chief Minister of Telangana. It is located in Greenlands circle, Begumpet.

text:
# Telangana State Guesthouse

**Telangana State Guesthouse,** formerly residential part of **Chief Minister's Camp Office,** is a state guest house of the State Government of Telangana, India. The camp office's office is converted to the Office of the Inspector General (security). The building is now part of Praja Bhavan, the official residence of the Chief Minister of Telangana. It is located in Greenlands circle, Begumpet.

## History

It was formerly the official residence of the Chief Minister of Telangana and before bifurcation the official residence of Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (United). The camp office was built in 2004 after the Congress party came into power as the official residence of the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The first Chief Minister to move in was Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in 2005 and stayed in it for five years, until his death in 2009.

## The Camp Office

The CM Camp Office has office and residence on the two-storied premises. The land area is over 2-acre (8,100 m2) with a built up area of 25,500 Square foot. It has roads on both east and north directions. It was built as per Vaastu principles.

A theater was built on the premises in 2007 at a cost of ₹1.15 crore, 2,500 square feet (230 m2) and has state of the art recording and online editing equipment.

## Chief Ministers in residence

## Post bifurcation

Following the creation of the state of Telangana, the Camp Office became the residence of the Chief Minister of Telangana, with the Chief Minister of the residual Andhra Pradesh taking up residence at the Lakeview Guest House.

* K Chandrashekhar Rao - 22 June 2014 - 2015

## Present

Presently it is used as a guest house by the Chief Minister of Telangana.

## InfoBox

| State Guesthouse (Telangana) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Hyderabad, Telangana |
| Country | India |
| Construction started | 2004 |
| Cost | ₹8.1 crores |
| Client | State of Telangana |
| Technical details | |
| Size | 2 acres (0.8 ha) |
| Floor area | 25,500 Square foot |


title: Team BridgeLane

abstract: Team BridgeLane is an Australian UCI Continental road cycling team based in Sydney, Australia. Team BridgeLane competes in the Australian National Road Series (NRS) as well the UCI Oceania Tour.

text:
# Team BridgeLane

**Team BridgeLane** (*UCI team code:* **BLN**) is an Australian UCI Continental road cycling team based in Sydney, Australia. Team BridgeLane competes in the Australian National Road Series (NRS) as well the UCI Oceania Tour.

## Team history

Established in January 2015 by Tom Petty as Mobius Future Racing, with major sponsorship from Mobius Marketing and Design Consultants principals Jane Tribe and Guy Bicknell, these days Team BridgeLane takes its name from the BridgeLane Group, an investment firm located in Sydney, Australia. The team finished 2nd overall in the 2016 National Road Series behind Avanti IsoWhey Sports and 3rd in 2017.

Outside of the NRS, the team has raced UCI events in the USA such as Tour of the Gila in 2017 and had riders represent Australia and New Zealand at World Championships on the track and the road. It has well established presence in various local racing scenes throughout Australia, as well as consistent success in State and National Open events. Several riders also compete in races in Europe and Asia throughout the year.

For the 2019 racing season, Bennelong SwissWellness Cycling Team and the Mobius BridgeLane teams merged to become "Team BridgeLane" and retained their UCI Continental licence.

## Team roster

*As of 13 February 2024.*

| Rider Date of birth  Luke Burns (AUS)  (1998-06-11) 11 June 1998  Matthew Greenwood (AUS)  (2003-02-07) 7 February 2003  Curtis Harrison (AUS)  (2004-11-28) 28 November 2004  Sam Jenner (AUS)  (1997-04-02) 2 April 1997  Zac Marriage (AUS)  (2003-11-12) 12 November 2003  Bailey Mcdonald (AUS)  (2003-05-02) 2 May 2003  Samuel Mckee (AUS)  (2005-01-08) 8 January 2005  Jackson Medway (AUS)  (2004-10-15) 15 October 2004 |  | Rider Date of birth  Ben Metcalfe (AUS)  (2000-05-27) 27 May 2000  James Panizza (AUS)  (2003-11-25) 25 November 2003  Tristan Saunders (AUS)  (2000-02-22) 22 February 2000  Jack Schouten (AUS)  (2002-03-20) 20 March 2002  Elliot Schultz (AUS)  (2000-08-05) 5 August 2000  Dalton Stretton (AUS)  (2003-08-21) 21 August 2003  Liam Walsh (AUS)  (2001-05-29) 29 May 2001  Jack Ward (AUS)  (2005-05-02) 2 May 2005 |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Major results

2015  UCI Track World Championships (Team Pursuit), Alex Frame  UCI Track World Championships (Team Pursuit), Pieter Bulling  New South Wales Road Championships Hill Climb, Scott Bradburn  New South Wales U19 Road Championships Criterium, Liam Magennis  New South Wales U19 Road Championships Road Race, Liam Magennis  New South Wales U19 Road Championships Time Trial, Liam Magennis  Oceania U19 Continental Road Race Championships, Jackson Carman  Oceania U19 Track Championships (Team Pursuit), Jackson Carman  Oceania U19 Track Championships (Maddison), Jackson Carman 2016  New Zealand U19 National Time Trial Championships, James Fouché  New Zealand U19 National Road Race Championships, Robert Stannard Stage 6 Tour of the Great South Coast, Nick Kergozou Stage 7 Tour of the Great South Coast, Robert Stannard  Oceania U19 Continental Time Trial Championships, James Fouché  Oceania U19 Continental Road Race Championships, James Fouché  Overall Tour of Tasmania, Ben Dyball Stage 4, Ben Dyball  Overall Satalyst Tour of Margaret River  New South Wales Road Championships Hill Climb, Scott Bradburn 2018 Gravel and Tar, Ethan Berends  Mountain classification New Zealand Cycle Classic, Dylan Newbery  Australia National Championships C5 Para-cycling Road Race, Alistair Donohoe  Australia National Championships C5 Para-cycling Time Trial, Alistair Donohoe  Australia National Championships C5 Para-cycling Road Race, Alistair Donohoe 2019 Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic, Nick White Stage 3 Tour de Taiwan, Nick White  Overall Tour of Japan, Chris Harper Stage 2, Ayden Toovey Stage 6, Chris Harper  Overall Le Tour de Savoie Mont Blanc, Chris Harper Stages 4 & 5, Chris Harper 2020  Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic, Rylee Field  Points classification, Jensen Plowright Stage 3, Jensen Plowright Stage 4, Rylee Field Overall Tour de Taiwan, Nick White Stage 3, Nick White 2021  Teams GC Santos Festival of Cycling  Australia u19 National Road Race Championships, Dylan George  Australia Track National Championships (Elite Team Pursuit), Pat Eddy, Jensen Plowright

## InfoBox

Team BridgeLane
| Team information | |
| --- | --- |
| UCI code | BLN |
| Registered | Australia |
| Founded | 2015 (2015) |
| Discipline(s) | Road |
| Status | National (2015–2017)
UCI Continental (2018–) |
| Bicycles | Cervelo |
| Components | Shimano |
| Website | Team home page |
| Key personnel | |
| General manager | Thomas Petty
Andrew Christie-Johnson |
| Team manager(s) | * Andrew Christie-Johnson * Neil Walker |
| Team name history | |
| 2015–2017
2018
2019– | Mobius Future Racing
Mobius–BridgeLane
Team BridgeLane |


title: David Meekison

abstract: David Meekison was an American lawyer and politician who served as a two-term U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1897 to 1901.

text:
# David Meekison

**David Meekison** (November 14, 1849  February 12, 1915) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a two-term U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1897 to 1901.

## Early life and career

Born in Dundee, Scotland, Meekison immigrated to the United States in 1855 with his parents, who settled in Napoleon, Ohio. He attended the common schools and was then apprenticed to the printer's trade. He served with the artillery in the United States Army from 1866 to 1869.

After mustering out of the service, Meekison returned to Napoleon and studied law. He was appointed city clerk in 1872.

He was admitted to the bar in 1873 and commenced practice in Napoleon, Ohio. He served as prosecuting attorney of Henry County from 1873 to 1879. He was a probate judge from 1881 to 1888. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1884. He later engaged in banking and established the Meekison Bank at Napoleon in 1886. He served as mayor of Napoleon from 1890 to 1897.

## Congress

Meekison was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1901).

## Later career

He was not a candidate for renomination in 1900 and subsequently resumed the practice of his profession. He also engaged in banking.

## Family life

He married Clara E. Bowers of Napoleon, August 24, 1881, and she and four children survived him.

## Death

He died in Napoleon, Ohio, February 12, 1915, and was interred in Glenwood Cemetery.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| David Meekison | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Ohio's 5th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1897  March 3, 1901 | |
| Preceded by | Francis B. De Witt |
| Succeeded by | John S. Snook |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1849-11-14)November 14, 1849
Dundee, Scotland, U.K. |
| Died | February 12, 1915(1915-02-12) (aged 65)
Napoleon, Ohio, U.S. |
| Resting place | Glenwood Cemetery, Napoleon |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Clara E. Bowers |
| Children | four |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1866  1869 |
| Unit | 4th Regiment of Artillery |
|  | |


title: David Meek

abstract: David Meek is an American businessman. He held various global executive positions in major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In July 2016, the board of directors of Ipsen, a French pharmaceutical company, appointed Meek as chief executive officer. In December 2019, Meek announced his resignation from the position as CEO to take the roles of President and chief executive officer of FerGene in January 2020. In September 2021, he became the chief executive officer of Mirati Therapeutics.

text:
# David Meek

**David Meek** (born September 12, 1963) is an American businessman. He held various global executive positions in major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

In July 2016, the board of directors of Ipsen (Euronext: IPN), a French pharmaceutical company, appointed Meek as chief executive officer. In December 2019, Meek announced his resignation from the position as CEO to take the roles of President and chief executive officer of FerGene in January 2020. In September 2021, he became the chief executive officer of Mirati Therapeutics.

## Early life

David Meek attended University of Cincinnati. There, he enrolled in the ROTC program, and after university, served in Operation Desert Storm as a second lieutenant. He served for five years.

## Career

In January 2001, he began his career as national field sales director CNS and primary care in Janssen Biotech, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson (until December 2004 based in Titusville, New Jersey).

He later joined Novartis Pharmaceuticals ($NVS), where he ran the company's respiratory and dermatology franchise in Switzerland (January 2005 – June 2007) before heading up operations in Canada (CEO & president, June 2007 – January 2010) and later running its oncology business in Europe (January 2010 – August 2012).

He has not only been in the pharmaceutical industry, however, and before joining Baxter he was the COO of Endocyte ($ECYT) from August 2012 to July 2014, based in Indianapolis.

He later joined Baxter International Inc. as head of oncology division (July 2014 – June 2015, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts).

He was executive vice-president and president of the oncology division of Baxalta Inc., which was recently acquired by Shire (July 2015 – July 2016 based in Cambridge, Massachusetts).

In July 2016, the board of directors of Ipsen (Euronext: IPN; ADR: IPSEY) appointed Meek as chief executive officer, effective July 18, 2016.

In December 2019, Meek resigned as CEO of Ipsen to become president and CEO of the newly founded FerGene in January 2020, which is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is a subsidiary of Ferring Pharmaceuticals which is a biopharmaceutical company based in Saint-Prex, Switzerland.

In April 2021, after FerGene's struggling performance, Meek left FerGene and would later become the CEO of Mirati Therapeutics in September 2021, which is based in San Diego, California.

## InfoBox

| David Meek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| CEO of Mirati Therapeutics | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2021 | |
| CEO of FerGene | |
| **In office**
2020–2021 | |
| CEO of Ipsen | |
| **In office**
2016–2019 | |
| Succeeded by | Aymeric Le Chatelier |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | David Meek Jr
(1963-09-12) 12 September 1963 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of Cincinnati |
|  | |


title: David Thomas (British politician)

abstract: David Emlyn Thomas was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom. He served as the Member of Parliament for Aberdare, Wales from 1946 to 1954 and was the last former miner to represent the constituency.

text:
# David Thomas (British politician)

**David Emlyn Thomas** (16 September 1892  20 June 1954) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom. He served as the Member of Parliament for Aberdare, Wales from 1946 to 1954 and was the last former miner to represent the constituency.

## Early life

He was born in Maesteg, the town to which his parents had moved from West Wales where his father had worked as a gardener in various country mansions. The family returned for a while to Cardigan and Cilgerran where Thomas received his early education. He subsequently returned to Maesteg and until 1906 attended school there. To his dismay, his father came home from work one day and announced that he had ‘had a start’ for him at the Oakwood colliery. His hopes for further education were thus dashed.

David Thomas was employed as a clerk at three collieries from 1906 to 1915. For five of these years he worked at Torycoed Colliery, Llantrisant. Anxious to further his education, he attended night classes in typing and shorthand. This training proved invaluable to him when, in later years, he attended meetings of the South Wales Miners' Federation (SWMF).

Thomas married Bessie, a teacher, in 1923. She died in September 1953.

## Early career

In 1919 he was appointed a full-time Federation official at the SWMF office in Maesteg under Vernon Hartshorn, MP and Evan Williams, JP. Thomas joined the Labour Party in 1919 and was secretary of the Labour Party ward committee in Maesteg.

When the SWMF office in Maesteg closed in 1934 Thomas was transferred to the Federation Office in Aberdare as Area Secretary and, in addition, fulfilled the duties of the Miners’ Agent, Noah Ablett, who was seriously ill. On the death of Ablett, he was elected Miners’ Agent, a role he fulfilled until 1946. He worked tirelessly and efficiently on behalf of the miners, dealing with such matters as compensation cases and the rights of the disabled miners.

An active nonconformist, Thomas was an active member and deacon at Ebenezer, Trecynon.

## Parliamentary career

In 1946, on the elevation to a peerage of George Hall, Thomas was chosen by the Aberdare Divisional Socialist Party to contest the vacant parliamentary seat. His maiden speech made in 1947 reflected his concern for the welfare of the miners; he spoke of the inadequate compensation for disabled miners and also the lack of other employment for those suspended from the industry due to injury. He pushed for the construction of factories in the mining areas. When elected MP in 1946, his majority was 17,125; this increased to 27,892 in 1950 and to 27,973 in 1951. He was a member of the Public Accounts Committee of the House of Commons and in 1949-50 was the leader of the Welsh Parliamentary Labour Group in the House.

## Bibliography

* Jones, Alan Vernon (2004). *Chapels of the Cynon Valley*. Cynon Valley Historical Society. ISBN 0953107612.


title: David Thomas (Canadian football)

abstract: David "Peanuts" Thomas is a former American football cornerback. Thomas was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1951 and attended William M. Raines High School in Jacksonville, Florida. He played college football at Texas Southern from 1970 to 1973. He began playing professional football in the World Football League in 1974 and 1975 as cornerback and a punt and kick return specialist for the Memphis Southmen. He was named to the All-WFL team in 1974. He later played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Toronto Argonauts. He appeared in ten CFL games during the 1977 and 1978 seasons.

text:
# David Thomas (Canadian football)

**David "Peanuts" Thomas** (born September 11, 1951) is a former American football cornerback.

Thomas was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1951 and attended William M. Raines High School in Jacksonville, Florida. He played college football at Texas Southern from 1970 to 1973.

He began playing professional football in the World Football League in 1974 and 1975 as cornerback and a punt and kick return specialist for the Memphis Southmen. He was named to the All-WFL team in 1974. He later played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Toronto Argonauts. He appeared in ten CFL games during the 1977 and 1978 seasons.

## InfoBox

David Thomas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1951-09-11) September 11, 1951<br>Newark, New Jersey |
| Height: | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Weight: | 175 lb (79 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | William M. Raines (FL) |
| College: | Texas Southern |
| Position: | Cornerback |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: David W. Peck

abstract: David W. Peck was an American jurist. From 1947 to 1957, he was Presiding Justice of the Appellate Division, First Department in New York, and in that time took a leading role in the reform of judiciary of that state. In 1950, in Germany, Peck led the Advisory Board on Clemency on recommendations for clemency for convicted war and Nazi criminals.

text:
# David W. Peck

**David W. Peck** (December 3, 1902 – August 23, 1990) was an American jurist. From 1947 to 1957, he was Presiding Justice of the Appellate Division, First Department in New York, and in that time took a leading role in the reform of judiciary of that state. In 1950, in Germany, Peck led the *Advisory Board on Clemency* on recommendations for clemency for convicted war and Nazi criminals.

## Life and work

David Warner Peck was born in Crawfordsville in Indiana (Crawfordsville is the administrative head of Montgomery County and home to Wabash College, a private college). Peck skipped his senior year of high school and began at age 16 to study in Wabash College, where after three years, instead of the usual four, he graduated with honors. He then studied law at Harvard Law School. To finance his studies he worked as a tutor.

After graduating and receiving his license to practice law in New York, in 1934 Peck joined the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, with which he remained connected throughout his life. He was a partner in the firm for 31 years, handling civil litigation. Peck was a Republican in the early 1930s and was associated with Thomas E. Dewey and Herbert Brownell of the so-called "Young Turks" of the Republican Party in New York County.

In 1943, Peck was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, the state's trial court. In 1945, he was named an associate justice of the Appellate Division, First Department, and in 1947, he was promoted to Presiding Justice of that court, which handles appeals from trial courts in Manhattan and the Bronx. When appointed as Presiding Justice, Peck was 44 years old, becoming the youngest judge to serve as presiding justice of the First Department. In 1957, Peck left the court and returned to Sullivan & Cromwell, where he remained until retiring in 1980. In 1977 sculptor Joseph Kiselewski created a bronze medallion featuring the likeness of Justice Peck.

In 1955, Peck published *The Greer Case*, a book about a 1946 trusts-and-estates case involving Mabel Seymour Greer, in which he was involved as a judge. Mrs. Greer admitted before her death to have given a son up for adoption after birth, but the entire substantial fortune of this otherwise childless woman was bequeathed to Harvard University. An alleged son contested the will. The book became a best-seller, going through eight editions by Penguin and Reader's Digest Edition, and in 1957 was filmed as an episode of the CBS series *Playhouse 90*.

In 1973, Attorney General Elliot Richardson offered Peck the role of special counsel to investigate the Watergate scandal but he declined. Archibald Cox ultimately received the post.

### The "Peck Panel"

In 1950, the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany, John McCloy, convened an *Advisory Board on Clemency* (aka the *Peck Panel*, after its chairman David Peck) as an independent expert panel to make recommendations on sentences of persons convicted by U.S. Military tribunals as war criminals. The Panel included, in addition to Peck as Chairman, two other persons: Frederick A. Moran, Chairman of the *New York Board of Parole* and Brigadier General Conrad E. Snow, Legal Advisor of the US State Department. The legal status of the Peck Panel was not fully understood; in practice, it functioned as a clemency committee. The Peck panel considered the clemency petitions of the convicts and the exculpatory briefs of their defence lawyers.

The Peck Panel reviewed the clemency petitions of 99 convicts; all were in prison as war criminals in Landsberg. The Peck panel on August 28, 1950, gave its recommendations. In 77 of 99 cases, the panel recommended a reduction of penalties; this included that seven of the 15 death sentences be commuted to imprisonment. Among the Peck Panel recommendations:

U.S. High Commissioner John J. McCloy, who had the final decision, disagreed with the recommendations of the Peck Panel in a number of cases. His legal adviser and closest confidant, Robert R. Bowie, advised in particular to grant the convicted generals no preferential treatment. On January 31, 1951, McCloy finally announced his decisions. They deviated in a number of cases from the recommendations of the Peck Panel, and were for some stricter, and for others less severe. Only five death sentences from the Nuremberg Military Tribunal judgments remained in force. Of the five death cases reviewed by the Peck Panel, four death sentences were carried out on 7 June 1951: (Blobel, Braune, Naumann, Ohlendorf).

## Publications

* *The Greer Case, a true court drama*. Simon and Schuster, New York 1955.
* *Decision at law*. Dodd, Mead & Company, New York 1961.

## Literature

* Hilary Earl: *The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945–1958: Atrocity, Law, and History*. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-45608-1.
* Norbert Frei: *Vergangenheitspolitik: die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS-Vergangenheit*. Beck, München 1996, ISBN 3-406-41310-2.

## InfoBox

| David W. Peck | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1902-12-03)December 3, 1902
Crawfordsville, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | August 23, 1990(1990-08-23) (aged 87)
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Jurist |


title: Tennessee Lady Volunteers softball

abstract: The Tennessee Lady Volunteers softball team represents the University of Tennessee (UT) in Knoxville, Tennessee in NCAA Division I women's softball competition. Coached by Karen Weekly, the team has become a consistently top-tier team in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), appearing in every NCAA tournament since 2004, and qualifying for 8 Women's College World Series. Along with all other UT women's sports teams, it used the nickname "Lady Volunteers" until the 2015–16 school year, when the school dropped the "Lady" prefix from the nicknames of all women's teams except in basketball. In September 2017, the “Lady Volunteers” name was reinstated for all women's athletics teams.

text:
# Tennessee Lady Volunteers softball

The **Tennessee Lady Volunteers softball** team represents the University of Tennessee (UT) in Knoxville, Tennessee in NCAA Division I women's softball competition. Coached by Karen Weekly, the team has become a consistently top-tier team in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), appearing in every NCAA tournament since 2004, and qualifying for 8 Women's College World Series.

Along with all other UT women's sports teams, it used the nickname "Lady Volunteers" (or the short form "Lady Vols") until the 2015–16 school year, when the school dropped the "Lady" prefix from the nicknames of all women's teams except in basketball. In September 2017, the “Lady Volunteers” name was reinstated for all women's athletics teams.

## Overview

The Lady Vols first fielded a softball team in 1996 with Jim Beitia as head coach. In 2002, Tennessee hired the husband and wife team and former Chattanooga coaches Ralph and Karen Weekly as co-head coaches. Since 2004, the team has reached the NCAA Tournament every year and the Women's College World Series eight times. Under the Weekly's, Tennessee has been one of only two programs (the other is Alabama) to be an NCAA Top-16 seed every year since the current format was adopted in 2005. One particularly notable season came in 2007 when the Lady Vols managed to make history, finishing 63–8 for the program's best winning percentage of .887. The 2007 season culminated in a third-straight trip to the WCWS where Tennessee became the first SEC program to reach the best-of-three NCAA Championship Series, before falling to champion Arizona. That year, the team managed two wins over No. 4 Arizona, in addition to other triumphs against No. 6 Northwestern and No. 7 Texas A&M. These results propelled the Lady Vols to a record 11 consecutive weeks at No. 1 in the ESPN.com/USA Softball poll, becoming the first SEC school to reach the top ranking in the league's softball history. Tennessee would again reach the national championship series in 2013 as the No. 7 seed, where they ultimately fell to No. 1 Oklahoma.

## Sherri Parker Lee Stadium

The Sherri Parker Lee Stadium is the home venue for the Lady Vols, replacing Tyson Park. Opened in 2008, the stadium can seat 1,614 spectators as well as three press boxes, four VIP suites and an observation deck for television crews. In addition to Tennessee home games, Lee Stadium has hosted the SEC softball tournament (in 2009 and 2017) and exhibition games involving the US national team (2008) and the Dutch national team (2011, 2012).

Situated next to the stadium, the Volunteers clubhouse is approximately 7,000 square feet (650 m2) and features a team room, whirlpools, training area and conference room. Its other amenities include a kitchen, 30-seat theater, trophy room and a recreation room with a big-screen television, pool table, video games and comfortable furniture for the student-athletes. The locker room is also equipped with full laundry facilities, a mud room, 24 large lockers, shower and bathroom facilities. Also next to the clubhouse is one of the largest batting cage facilities in the nation. It contains four 16-by-60-foot (18 m) cages which are designed to provide plenty of room to walk or film between each. All four cages are covered from the weather and possess high-quality Astroturf.

In 2011 the field was recognized as the NFCA/Stabilizer Solutions Field of the Year.

In 2017 general admission outfield bleachers were added to the stadium.

## Head Coach

Karen Weekly took over as sole head coach in 2021, having previously served as co-head coach alongside her husband Ralph Weekly since 2002.

Since Ralph and Karen Weekly took over the Lady Vols they have guided the program from a team struggling to make a name for themselves in the SEC to a team that has garnered world recognition for their success. The National Fastpitch Coaches Association (NFCA) has chosen to honor Ralph for his efforts throughout a distinguished, three-decade career, that has spanned from his time in the U.S. Air Force through stops at Pacific Lutheran, Chattanooga and now Tennessee, with a 2011 induction into the NFCA Hall of Fame.

Voted in by his coaching peers and with the organization consisting of just 49 previous inclusions, Ralph Weekly will join Ithaca head coach Deb Pallozzi in ceremonies to be held at the annual NFCA Convention. Ralph and Karen have taken the Vols to their first Southeastern Conference regular season and tournament championships as well as the team's first Women's College World Series appearance.

Their overall record at Tennessee is 465–150–2 and, in 2005, they recorded the programs most wins in a season with 67, an NCAA record at the time.. Ralph and Karen have also authored a book, *High-Scoring Softball.*

## Year-by-year results

Sources

| **Season**
 | **Record** | | **SEC
Finish** | **SEC
tournament results** | **National
Seed** | **NCAA
tournament results** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Overall** | **Conference** | | | | |
| 1996 | 54–14 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997 | 45–22 | 20–7 | 2nd (East) | L 0–2 vs. Auburn
L 1–2 vs. Florida |  |  |
| 1998 | 37–31 | 13–15 | 3rd (East) | L 1–2 vs. Alabama
W 2–1 vs. Arkansas
L 0–8 vs. No. 12 LSU |  |  |
| 1999 | 44–27 | 17–11 | T–1st (East) | W 11–3 vs. Florida
W 4–2 vs. Mississippi State
L 2–3 vs. Arkansas
L 1–3 vs. Arkansas |  | Regional
L 1–12 vs. Cal State Fullerton
L 1–12 vs. Washington |
| 2000 | 29–34 | 5–22 | 5th (East) |  |  |  |
| 2001 | 24–35 | 9–20 | 5th (East) |  |  |  |
| 2002 | 35–25–1 | 8–17 | 4th (East) |  |  |  |
| 2003 | 45–25 | 14–15 | 4th (East) | L 0–1 vs. No. 12 LSU
W 4–3 vs. Auburn
W 5–3 vs. No. 7 Georgia
L 4–3 vs. No. 16 Alabama |  |  |
| 2004 | 55–16 | 20–8 | 1st (East) | L 2–8 vs. Mississippi State
W 7–5 vs. No. 23 Florida
W 1–0 vs. No. 15 Alabama
L 0–4 vs. No. 10 Georgia |  | Regional
W 10–0 vs. Illinois-Chicago
L 0–4 vs. Oregon State
W 4–0 vs. DePaul
L 5–6 vs. Illinois-Chicago |
| Start of National Seeding | | | | | | |
| 2005 | 67–15 | 20–8 | 2nd (East) | W 4–0 vs. No. 23 Florida
L 3–5 vs. No. 8 Georgia
W 3–0 vs. Mississippi State
W 3–1 vs. No. 9 Alabama
L 0–3 vs. No. 9 Alabama | No. 11 | Regional
W 9–0 vs. Miami (Ohio)
W 4–0 vs. College of Charleston
W 2–0 vs. College of Charleston Super Regional
W 2–0 vs. No. 6 Stanford
W 6–0 vs. No. 6 Stanford
WCWS
W 1–0 vs. No. 3 Arizona
L 1–3 vs. No. 7 UCLA
W 4–0 vs. No. 12 Alabama
W 2–0 vs. No. 1 Michigan
L 2–3 vs. No. 1 Michigan |
| 2006 | 61–12 | 21–9 | 2nd (East) | 2006 SEC Tournament
W 6–0 vs. Florida
W 2–1 vs. No. 4 Alabama
W 3–0 vs. No. 12 LSU
**Tournament Champions** | No. 8 | Regional
W 6–4 vs. Tennessee Tech
W 9–1 vs. Virginia Tech
W 8–1 vs. Louisville Super Regional
W 5–3 vs. No. 9 Michigan
L 1–5 vs. No. 9 Michigan
W 1–0 vs. No. 9 Michigan
WCWS
W 4–3 vs. No. 1 UCLA
L 0–2 vs. No. 4 Northwestern
W 3–1 vs. No. 6 Arizona State
W 1–0 vs. No. 2 Arizona
L 0–6 vs. No. 2 Arizona |
| 2007 | 63–8 | 23–4 | **Champions** | 2007 SEC Tournament
W 6–0 vs. Ole Miss
L 0–1 vs. No. 19 Florida | No. 5 | Regional
W 8–0 vs. Furman
W 2–0 vs. North Carolina
W 7–0 vs. Winthrop Super Regional
W 9–0 vs. Hawaii
L 6–9 vs. Hawaii
W 7–1 vs. Hawaii
WCWS
W 2–0 vs. No. 4 Texas A&M
W 1–0 vs. No. 1 Arizona
W 3–0 vs. No. 2 Northwestern
National Championship
W 3–0 vs. No. 1 Arizona
L 0–1 vs. No. 1 Arizona
L 0–5 vs. No. 1 Arizona |
| 2008 | 50–16 | 14–2 | 2nd (East) | 2008 SEC Tournament
W 5–2 vs. No. 25 Georgia
L 1–6 vs. No. 1 Florida | No. 13 | Regional
W 3–0 vs. Winthrop
L 0–4 vs. Virginia Tech
W 8–1 vs. Louisville
W 7–1 vs. Virginia Tech
L 2–4 vs. Virginia Tech |
| 2009 | 40–18–1 | 12–12–1 | 3rd (East) | 2009 SEC Tournament
W 6–5 vs. No. 20 LSU
L 3–11 vs. No. 1 Florida | No. 13 | Regional
W 4–3 vs. James Madison
W 5–2 vs. Nebraska
L 1–6 vs. Jacksonville State
L 1–2 vs. Jacksonville State |
| 2010 | 49–15 | 17–8 | 3rd (East) | 2010 SEC Tournament
W 6–4 vs. No. 9 Georgia
L 3–4 vs. No. 4 Alabama | No. 15 | Regional
W 5–0 vs. Ball State
W 11–2 vs. Virginia
W 3–1 vs. Louisville Super Regional
W 5–0 vs. No. 2 Michigan
W 4–3 vs. No. 2 Michigan
WCWS
W 9–0 vs. No. 10 Arizona
W 7–5 vs. No. 6 Georgia
L 0–8 vs. No. 10 Arizona
L 2–5 vs. No. 10 Arizona |
| 2011 | 49–12 | 20–8 | 2nd (East) | 2011 SEC Tournament
W 4–1 vs. No. 20 Kentucky
W 2–1 vs. No. 24 Auburn
W 6–5 vs. No. 9 Georgia
**Tournament Champions** | No. 14 | Regional
W 8–0 vs. Liberty
L 1–6 vs. Oklahoma State
W 7–0 vs. Georgia Tech
L 5–6 vs. Oklahoma State |
| 2012 | 52–14 | 22–6 | 1st (East) | 2012 SEC Tournament
W 2–1 vs. Auburn
L 1–2 vs. No. 7 Florida | No. 7 | Regional
L 0–1 vs. Miami (OH)
W 8–0 vs. UAB
W 8–0 vs. Miami (OH)
W 2–1 vs. Virginia Tech
W 10–2 vs. Virginia Tech Super Regional
W 3–2 vs. No. 10 Georgia
L 0–1 vs. No. 10 Georgia
W 2–1 vs. No. 10 Georgia
WCWS
L 3–5 vs. No. 2 Alabama
L 1–3 vs. No. 11 Oregon |
| 2013 | 52–12 | 16–6 | 1st (East) | 2013 SEC Tournament
W 5–0 vs. South Carolina
L 0–3 vs. No. 8 Missouri | No. 7 | Regional
W 9–0 vs. Longwood
W 1–0 vs. NC State
W 7–0 vs. NC State Super Regional
W 3–2 vs. No. 10 Alabama
W 5–3 vs. No. 10 Alabama
WCWS
W 9–2 vs. No. 2 Florida
W 1–0 vs. No. 11 Washington
W 2–1 vs. No. 4 Texas
National Championship
L 3–5 vs. No. 1 Oklahoma
L 0–4 vs. No. 1 Oklahoma |
| 2014 | 46–12 | 17–8 | 2nd | 2014 SEC Tournament
L 2–0 vs. No. 15 Kentucky | No. 10 | Regional
W 12–3 vs. Charleston Southern
W 12–0 vs. Virginia Tech
W 2–0 vs. Lipscomb Super Regional
L 1–8 vs. No. 7 Oklahoma
W 4–0 vs. No. 7 Oklahoma
L 2–8 vs. No. 7 Oklahoma |
| 2015 | 47–17 | 15–9 | 5th | 2015 SEC Tournament
W 5–4 vs. No. 24 Kentucky
W 7–5 vs. No. 8 LSU
W 2–1 vs. No. 1 Florida
L 5–6 vs. No. 5 Auburn | No. 8 | Regional
W 2–0 vs. Longwood
W 9–1 vs. Utah
W 3–1 vs. Utah Super Regional
W 3–2 vs. No. 9 Florida St.
L 1–6 vs. No. 9 Florida St.
W 2–1 vs. No. 9 Florida St.
WCWS
L 2–7 vs. No. 1 Florida
L 2–4 vs. No. 4 Auburn |
| 2016 | 43–16 | 16–7 | 3rd | 2016 SEC Tournament
W 5–1 vs. South Carolina
L 1–3 vs. No. 13 LSU | No. 13 | Regional
W 10–2 vs. Marist
L 0–4 vs. Arizona
W 10–1 vs. Ohio State
L 3–4 vs. Arizona |
| 2017 | 48–12 | 16–7 | 3rd | 2017 SEC Tournament
L 2–6 vs. No. 21 LSU | No. 8 | Regional
W 5–0 vs. Longwood
W 7–3 vs. USC Upstate
W 3–0 vs. Longwood Super Regional
W 8–1 vs. No. 9 Texas A&M
L 5–6 vs. No. 9 Texas A&M
L 3–5 vs. No. 9 Texas A&M |
| 2018 | 48–14 | 14–10 | 4th | 2018 SEC Tournament
W 1–0 vs. No. 11 LSU
L 2–10 vs. No. 4 Florida | No. 10 | Regional
W 9–0 vs. Monmouth
W 12–3 vs. James Madison
W 5–1 vs. Ohio Super Regional
L 3–4 vs. No. 7 Georgia
L 1–2 vs. No. 7 Georgia |
| 2019 | 43–17 | 14–10 | 2nd | 2019 SEC Tournament
L 0–2 vs. No. 24 Auburn | No. 12 | Regional
W 8–0 vs. Longwood
W 12–4 vs. Ohio State
L 0–1 vs. North Carolina
W 2–0 vs. North Carolina Super Regional
L 0–3 vs. No. 5 Florida
W 3–2 vs. No. 5 Florida
L 1–2 vs. No. 5 Florida |
| 2020 | 14–9 | 0–0 |  | Cancelled (COVID-19) |  | Cancelled (COVID-19) |
| 2021 | 42–15 | 12–11 | 7th | 2021 SEC Tournament
W 3–2 vs. Texas A&M
W 1–0 vs. No. 6 Arkansas
L 5–6 vs. No. 3 Alabama | No. 9 | Regional
W 8–1 vs. Eastern Kentucky
L 1–3 vs. James Madison
L 4–6 vs. Liberty |
| 2022 | 41–18 | 15–8 | 3rd | 2022 SEC Tournament
W 1–0 vs. Mississippi State
L 0–3 vs. No. 22 Missouri | No. 11 | Regional
W 9–1 vs. Campbell
W 3–0 vs. Oregon State
L 3–8 vs. Oregon State
L 1–3 vs. Oregon State |
| 2023 | 51–10 | 19–5 | **Champions** | 2023 SEC Tournament
W 4–0 No. 21 Florida
W 7–6 No. 13 Alabama
W 3–1 South Carolina
**Tournament Champions** | No. 4 | Regional
W 12–0 vs. Northern Kentucky
W 9–1 vs. Indiana
W 7–3 vs. Indiana Super Regional
W 5–2 vs. No. 13 Texas
W 9–0 vs. No. 13 Texas
WCWS
W 10–5 vs. No. 5 Alabama
L 0–9 vs. No. 1 Oklahoma
W 3–1 No. 6 Oklahoma State
L 1–5 No. 3 Florida St. |

### NCAA Tournament seeding history

National seeding began in 2005. The Tennessee Volunteers are one of only two teams to have a national seed every year, along with Alabama.

| Years → | '05 | '06 | '07 | '08 | '09 | '10 | '11 | '12 | '13 | '14 | '15 | '16 | '17 | '18 | '19 | '21 | '22 | '23 | '24 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Seeds →** | 11 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 13 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 4 | 3 |

## Awards and honors

### All-Americans

The Tennessee Volunteers softball program has garnered 36 Louisville Slugger/NFCA All-American honors.

* Monica Abbott – 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007 NFCA All-American
* Tonya Callahan – 2006, 2007, and 2008 NFCA All-American
* Raven Chavanne – 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 NFCA All-American
* India Chiles – 2007 NFCA All-American
* Kat Dotson – 2010 NFCA All-American
* Kristi Durant – 2005 and 2006 NFCA All-American
* Sarah Fekete – 2005 and 2006 NFCA All-American
* Rainey Gaffin – 2015, 2016 NFCA All-American
* Lauren Gibson – 2011, 2012 and 2013 NFCA All-American
* Payton Gottshall – 2024
* Meghan Gregg – 2017 and 2018 NFCA All-American
* Tiffany Huff – 2009 NFCA All-American
* Aubrey Leach – 2018 NFCA All-American
* Karlyn Pickens – 2024
* Ellen Renfroe – 2011 and 2012 NFCA All-American
* Lindsay Schutzler – 2005, 2006, and 2007 NFCA All-American
* Madison Shipman – 2012, 2013, and 2014 NFCA All-American
* Payton Gottshall - 2024 NFCA All-American

### National awards

USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year * Monica Abbott – 2007

NFCA National Pitcher of the Year * Ashley Rogers – 2023

NFCA National Freshman of the Year * Annie Aldrete – 2014

NFCA Golden Shoe Award * Raven Chavanne – 2013

Honda Sports Award * Monica Abbott – 2007
* Madison Shipman – 2014

Senior CLASS Award * Madison Shipman – 2014

### Conference awards

SEC Player of the Year * India Chiles – 2007
* Tonya Callahan – 2008
* Lauren Gibson – 2013
* Madison Shipman – 2014
* Meghan Gregg – 2017

SEC Pitcher of the Year * Monica Abbott – 2004, 2005, 2007

SEC Freshman of the Year * Monica Abbott – 2004
* Kat Dotson – 2010
* Ellen Renfroe – 2011
* Caylan Arnold – 2017
* Karlyn Pickens – 2023

SEC Coach of the Year

## InfoBox

| Tennessee Lady Volunteers softball | |
| --- | --- |
| *2024 Tennessee Lady Volunteers softball team* | |
|  | |
| Founded | 1996 |
| University | University of Tennessee |
| Athletic director | Danny White |
| Head coach | Karen Weekly (22nd season) |
| Conference | SEC |
| Location | Knoxville, TN |
| Home stadium | Sherri Parker Lee Stadium (Capacity: 2,200; Record: 2,549) |
| Nickname | Lady Volunteers |
| Colors | Orange and white
 |
| NCAA WCWS runner-up | |
| **2007, 2013** | |
| NCAA WCWS appearances | |
| **2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2023** | |
| NCAA Super Regional appearances | |
| **2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2024** | |
| NCAA Tournament appearances | |
| **1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024** | |
| Conference Tournament championships | |
| **2006, 2011, 2023** | |
| Regular Season Conference championships | |
| **2007, 2023, 2024** | |
| Conference Division champions | |
| **1999, 2004, 2007, 2012** | |


title: Only in California

abstract: "Only in California" is a song by American rapper Mack 10 featuring Ice Cube and Snoop Doggy Dogg. It was the second and final single from Mack 10's studio album Based on a True Story.

text:
# Only in California

"**Only in California**" is a song by American rapper Mack 10 featuring Ice Cube and Snoop Doggy Dogg. It was the second and final single from Mack 10's studio album Based on a True Story.

## Live performances

Mack 10, Ice Cube, and Snoop Doggy Dogg performed the song live on The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show in 1997.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1997–1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 52 |

## InfoBox

| "Only in California" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Mack 10 featuring Ice Cube and Snoop Doggy Dogg | |
| from the album  *Based on a True Story* | |
| Released | December 13, 1997 (1997-12-13) |
| Recorded | 1997 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:40 |
| Label | Priority |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Mack 10 singles chronology | |
| "Backyard Boogie"
(1997) "**Only in California**"
(1997) "Let the Games Begin"
(1998) | |
|  | |
| Ice Cube singles chronology | |
| "Men of Steel"
(1997) "**Only in California**"
(1997) "We Be Clubbin'"
(1997) | |
| Snoop Doggy Dogg singles chronology | |
| "We Just Wanna Party with You"
(1997) "**Only in California**"
(1997) "Still a G Thang"
(1998) | |
| Music video | |
| "Only in California" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Christoph Bertschy

abstract: Christoph Bertschy is a Swiss professional ice hockey center currently playing for HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League (NL). He was drafted 158th overall by the Minnesota Wild in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.

text:
# Christoph Bertschy

**Christoph Bertschy** (born 5 April 1994) is a Swiss professional ice hockey center currently playing for HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League (NL). He was drafted 158th overall by the Minnesota Wild in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.

## Playing career

Bertschy previously played professionally with SC Bern of Switzerland's National League A. On 26 April 2015, Bertschy was signed to a three-year entry-level contract with the Minnesota Wild.

With his development stalling within the Wild organization, on 8 February 2018, he was traded alongside Mario Lucia to the New Jersey Devils in exchange for Viktor Lööv. He was immediately reassigned to continue with the Binghamton Devils of the AHL.

On 27 April 2018, as a pending restricted free agent with the Devils and unable to cement a role in the NHL, Bertschy opted to return to Switzerland by signing a four-year contract with Lausanne HC of the National League.

## International play

| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing   Switzerland | | |
| Ice hockey | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2024 Czechia |  |
| World Junior A Challenge | | |
|  | 2012 Yarmouth |  |

Bertschy represented Switzerland at the 2024 IIHF World Championship and won a silver medal.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2009–10 | SC Bern | Elite Jr. A | | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | SC Bern | Elite Jr. A | | 36 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 34 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2011–12 | SC Bern | Elite Jr. A | | 13 | 7 | 15 | 22 | 22 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2011–12 | SC Bern | NLA | | 31 | 8 | 8 | 16 | 10 | | 17 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| 2012–13 | SC Bern | Elite Jr. A | | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | SC Bern | NLA | | 41 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 18 | | 20 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 2013–14 | SC Bern | NLA | | 37 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | SC Bern | NLA | | 44 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 26 | | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 2015–16 | Iowa Wild | AHL | | 72 | 11 | 24 | 35 | 46 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2015–16 | Minnesota Wild | NHL | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Iowa Wild | AHL | | 67 | 11 | 13 | 24 | 30 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Minnesota Wild | NHL | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Iowa Wild | AHL | | 45 | 8 | 9 | 17 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Minnesota Wild | NHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Binghamton Devils | AHL | | 26 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Lausanne HC | NL | | 50 | 15 | 18 | 33 | 22 | | 12 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 16 |
| 2019–20 | Lausanne HC | NL | | 50 | 16 | 18 | 34 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Lausanne HC | NL | | 51 | 23 | 17 | 40 | 34 | | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 2021–22 | Lausanne HC | NL | | 51 | 13 | 15 | 28 | 24 | | 8 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2022–23 | HC Fribourg-Gottéron | NL | | 52 | 17 | 16 | 33 | 18 | | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2023–24 | HC Fribourg-Gottéron | NL | | 52 | 18 | 22 | 40 | 38 | | 12 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| NL totals | | | | 459 | 134 | 140 | 274 | 238 | | 84 | 12 | 15 | 27 | 46 |
| NHL totals | | | | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Switzerland | U18 | 7th | | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 |
| 2011 | Switzerland | IH18 | 7th | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 2012 | Switzerland | WJC | 8th | | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| 2013 | Switzerland | WJC | 6th | | 6 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
| 2019 | Switzerland | WC | 8th | | 8 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2021 | Switzerland | WC | 6th | | 8 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 4 |
| 2022 | Switzerland | OG | 8th | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2022 | Switzerland | WC | 5th | | 8 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 2023 | Switzerland | WC | 5th | | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 2024 | Switzerland | WC |  | | 10 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 22 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 26 |
| Senior totals | | | | | 46 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 24 |

## InfoBox

| Christoph Bertschy | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bertschy in 2018 | | | |
| Born | (1994-04-05) 5 April 1994
Le Mouret, Switzerland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shoots | Right | | |
| NL team
Former teams | *HC Fribourg-Gottéron*
SC Bern
Minnesota Wild
Lausanne HC | | |
| National team | Switzerland | | |
| NHL draft | 158th overall, 2012
Minnesota Wild | | |
| Playing career | 2011present | | |


title: Pseudohyllisia bremeri

abstract: Pseudohyllisia bremeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1981.

text:
# Pseudohyllisia bremeri

***Pseudohyllisia bremeri*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1981.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudohyllisia bremeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudohyllisia*** |
| Species: | ***P. bremeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudohyllisia bremeri***<br>Breuning, 1981 | |
|


title: Podlaszcze

abstract: Podlaszcze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jędrzejów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Jędrzejów and 31 km (19 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Podlaszcze

**Podlaszcze** \[pɔdˈlaʂt͡ʂɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jędrzejów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Jędrzejów and 31 km (19 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Podlaszcze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Podlaszcze | |
| Coordinates: 50°39′39″N 20°22′22″E / 50.66083°N 20.37278°E / 50.66083; 20.37278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Jędrzejów |
| Gmina | Jędrzejów |
| Population | 120 |


title: Dwight Mayer

abstract: Dwight J. Mayer (1927–2013) was a croquet player. Mayer served as the first president of the Croquet Club at PGA National in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, the largest croquet club in the Western U.S. He also served as chair of croquet at the Beach Club in Palm Beach, Florida for 17 years.

text:
# Dwight Mayer

**Dwight J. Mayer** (19272013) was a croquet player. Mayer served as the first president of the Croquet Club at PGA National in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, the largest croquet club in the Western U.S. He also served as chair of croquet at the Beach Club in Palm Beach, Florida for 17 years.

## Early life

Mayer was born in Stockton, California to Gertrude Seward Mayer and A. Kenneth Mayer in 1927. He graduated from the Morristown School (now Morristown-Beard School) in Morristown, New Jersey in 1945. While at the school, Mayer played on the football team and earned all-state honors. He also served as captain of the baseball team.

In December 1945, Mayer enlisted with the U.S. Army to serve in World War II. He completed his bachelor's degree at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York in 1952. During his time at St. Lawrence, Mayer played on the baseball team and served as team captain.

## Croquet career

During his croquet career, Mayer achieved status as a scratch player after he earned a zero handicap. He won the Master Doubles Championship of the United States Croquet Association (USCA) in 2000 and 2002. Mayer also won the USCA's Master Singles Championship twice.

## Industry career

Mayer served as the national marketing manager for Grow Chemical. He also served as the president and CEO of VIP Packaging, a commercial art and graphic design firm in Hillside, New Jersey.

## Notable ancestry

Mayer descended directly from Samuel Huntington, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, who served as first president of the Continental Congress. He also descended from William H. Seward, Secretary of State under President Abraham Lincoln, and Simeon North, inventor of the milling machine.


title: E. C. Gleason House

abstract: The E. C. Gleason House is a historic house located at 209 East Avenue A in Jerome, Idaho. The house was built in 1918 for farmer E. C. Gleason. Prominent Jerome stone mason H. T. Pugh built the house out of lava rock in the bungalow style. The house was both Pugh's first work within the city of Jerome and his first bungalow; the quality of his work popularized both bungalows and lava rock as a building material in Jerome. The exterior of the house is formed by randomly yet carefully arranged stones joined by dark mortar; its design includes a full porch, wide eaves with diagonal brackets, and dormers with shed roofs on the front and back. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.

text:
# E. C. Gleason House

The **E. C. Gleason House** is a historic house located at 209 East Avenue A in Jerome, Idaho. The house was built in 1918 for farmer E. C. Gleason. Prominent Jerome stone mason H. T. Pugh built the house out of lava rock in the bungalow style. The house was both Pugh's first work within the city of Jerome and his first bungalow; the quality of his work popularized both bungalows and lava rock as a building material in Jerome. The exterior of the house is formed by randomly yet carefully arranged stones joined by dark mortar; its design includes a full porch, wide eaves with diagonal brackets, and dormers with shed roofs on the front and back.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| E. C. Gleason House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Jerome, Idaho |
| Coordinates | 42°43′22″N 114°30′54″W / 42.72278°N 114.51500°W / 42.72278; -114.51500 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Built | 1918 (1918) |
| Built by | Pugh, H. T. |
| Architectural style | Bungalow |
| MPS | Lava Rock Structures in South Central Idaho TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 83002350 |
| Added to NRHP | September 8, 1983 |


title: Point Souttar, South Australia

abstract: Point Souttar is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the western side of Yorke Peninsula on the portion forming the south coast of Hardwicke Bay in Spencer Gulf about 121 kilometres west of the Adelaide city centre. Its boundaries were created in May 1999 for the “long established name” which includes the Point Souttar Shack Site. The name was derived from a headland on the coastline which was named after a John Souttar who married Joanna Daly, the daughter of Dominick Daly, the seventh Governor of South Australia. As of 2015, the majority of land use within the locality is destined for agriculture. A secondary land use is conservation which concerns the strip of land immediately adjoining the coastline as well as part of the Leven Beach Conservation Park located in the locality's northwest corner. Point Souttar is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.

text:
# Point Souttar, South Australia

**Point Souttar** is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the western side of Yorke Peninsula on the portion forming the south coast of Hardwicke Bay in Spencer Gulf about 121 kilometres (75 miles) west of the Adelaide city centre.

Its boundaries were created in May 1999 for the “long established name” which includes the Point Souttar Shack Site. The name was derived from a headland on the coastline which was named after a John Souttar who married Joanna Daly, the daughter of Dominick Daly, the seventh Governor of South Australia.

As of 2015, the majority of land use within the locality is destined for agriculture. A secondary land use is conservation which concerns the strip of land immediately adjoining the coastline as well as part of the Leven Beach Conservation Park located in the locality's northwest corner.

Point Souttar is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.

## InfoBox

| Point Souttar
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Point Souttar | |
| Coordinates | 34°53′52″S 137°15′37″E / 34.897690°S 137.260270°E / -34.897690; 137.260270 |
| Population | 34 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1999 |
| Postcode(s) | 5575 |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| • Summer (DST) | ACST (UTC+10:30) |
| Location | 121 km (75 mi) west of Adelaide city centre |
| LGA(s) | Yorke Peninsula Council |
| State electorate(s) | Narungga |
| Federal division(s) | Grey |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  21.2 °C
70 °F 11.5 °C
53 °F 443.7 mm
17.5 in | |
| **Suburbs around Point Souttar:**  *Spencer Gulf* *Spencer Gulf* *Spencer Gulf*  The Pines Point Souttar Point Turton
Warooka  The Pines Warooka Warooka | |
| Footnotes | Location
Coordinates
Climate
Adjoining localities |


title: Point Smellie

abstract: Point Smellie is a small steep-sided headland extending into Osogovo Bay from President Beaches on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and dominated by Smellie Hill. The feature is named after John Smellie, BAS geologist who worked in the area in 1975–76.

text:
# Point Smellie

**Point Smellie** is a small steep-sided headland extending into Osogovo Bay from President Beaches on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and dominated by *Smellie Hill* (46 m).

The feature is named after John Smellie, BAS geologist who worked in the area in 1975–76.

## Location

The point is located at 62°39′06″S 61°09′11.9″W / 62.65167°S 61.153306°W / -62.65167; -61.153306 which is 7.7 km south-southeast of Start Point, 3.89 km southwest of Chester Cone, 3.98 km northwest of Nikopol Point, 2.63 km north-northeast of Devils Point and 2.86 km southeast of Radev Point, Rugged Island (British mapping in 1968, detailed Spanish mapping in 1992, and Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009).

## Maps

* South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Sheet W 62 60. Tolworth, UK, 1968.
* Península Byers, Isla Livingston. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1992.
* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly updated.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. ISBN 978-619-90008-3-0


title: E-mu Audity

abstract: The E-mu Audity was a digitally controlled, analog synthesizer made in 1978. It was inspired by Tangerine Dream's Peter Baumann, and eventually evolved into a state-of-the-art, 16-voice polyphonic analog synthesizer with an included digital keyboard and sequencer that was intended to compete with Sequential Circuits' Prophet 5. The project was funded with royalties from Sequential Circuits for their use of E-mu's digital scanning technology in their keyboards, and was to be sold for $69,200. Only one Audity was ever built. It was exhibited at the May 1980 AES convention, but soon after Sequential Circuits notified E-mu that it was not going to continue paying royalties, which ensured the Audity's death. However, research on the Audity led to the development of the influential and successful Emulator, one of the first digital sampling keyboards. The only Audity ever made resides in the collection of National Music Centre at Studio Bell in Calgary. It no longer functions.

text:
# E-mu Audity

The **E-mu Audity** was a digitally controlled, analog synthesizer made in 1978. It was inspired by Tangerine Dream's Peter Baumann, and eventually evolved into a state-of-the-art, 16-voice polyphonic analog synthesizer with an included digital keyboard and sequencer that was intended to compete with Sequential Circuits' Prophet 5. The project was funded with royalties from Sequential Circuits for their use of E-mu's digital scanning technology in their keyboards, and was to be sold for $69,200 (approximately $199,000, when adjusted for inflation in 2016).

Only one Audity was ever built. It was exhibited at the May 1980 AES convention, but soon after Sequential Circuits notified E-mu that it was not going to continue paying royalties, which ensured the Audity's death. However, research on the Audity led to the development of the influential and successful Emulator, one of the first digital sampling keyboards.

The only Audity ever made resides in the collection of National Music Centre at Studio Bell in Calgary. It no longer functions.


title: Pointon

abstract: Pointon is a village in the civil parish of Pointon and Sempringham, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. In 2021 the parish of "Pointon and Sempringham" has a population of 533. The majority of the parish's population live in Pointon. It is situated 7 miles (11.3 km) north of Bourne. Pointon is part of the ecclesiastical parish of Pointon and Sempringham. Christchurch, in Pinfold Lane, Pointon, is a 'tin tabernacle' of wood and corrugated iron; it was erected in 1893 as a chapel of ease. The parish church, dedicated to Saint Andrew, is in Sempringham. In 1885, a Kelly's Directory noted Pointon as being in the then parish of Sempringham-cum-Pointon and Birthorpe, with St Andrew's church "situated on an eminence, overlooking the Fen district, about half a mile from any residence now existing". A 1916 Lincolnshire guidebook noted: "The parish church stands on a hill nearly 1 m. from its principal hamlet of Pointon". St Gilbert of Sempringham C of E Primary School, on West Road, dates from 1863. Pointon was formerly a chapelry in the parish of Sempringham, in 1866 Pointon became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1931 the parish was abolished to form "Pointon and Sempringham". In 1921 the parish had a population of 405.

text:
# Pointon

**Pointon** is a village in the civil parish of Pointon and Sempringham, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. In 2021 the parish of "Pointon and Sempringham" has a population of 533. The majority of the parish's population live in Pointon. It is situated 7 miles (11.3 km) north of Bourne.

Pointon is part of the ecclesiastical parish of Pointon and Sempringham. Christchurch, in Pinfold Lane, Pointon, is a 'tin tabernacle' of wood and corrugated iron; it was erected in 1893 as a chapel of ease. The parish church, dedicated to Saint Andrew, is in Sempringham. In 1885, a *Kelly's Directory* noted Pointon as being in the then parish of Sempringham-cum-Pointon and Birthorpe, with St Andrew's church "situated on an eminence, overlooking the Fen district, about half a mile from any residence now existing". A 1916 Lincolnshire guidebook noted: "The parish church (St Andrew) stands on a hill nearly 1 m. from its principal hamlet of Pointon".

St Gilbert of Sempringham C of E Primary School, on West Road, dates from 1863.

Pointon was formerly a chapelry in the parish of Sempringham, in 1866 Pointon became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1931 the parish was abolished to form "Pointon and Sempringham". In 1921 the parish had a population of 405.

Media related to Pointon at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Pointon | |
| --- | --- |
| Millthorpe crossroads, Pointon | |
| PointonLocation within Lincolnshire | |
| Population | 533 (2021) |
| OS grid reference | TF117318 |
| London | 95 mi (153 km) |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Sleaford |
| Postcode district | NG34 |
|  | |
| Police | Lincolnshire |
| Fire | Lincolnshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


abstract: Poland competed at the 2023 Winter World University Games in Lake Placid, United States, from 12 to 22 January 2023. The flagbearer at the opening ceremony was Marek Kania.

text:
# Poland at the 2023 Winter World University Games

**Poland** competed at the **2023 Winter World University Games** in Lake Placid, United States, from 12 to 22 January 2023.

The flagbearer at the opening ceremony was Marek Kania.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Nicole Konderla | Ski Jumping | Women's NH Individual |
| Gold | Anna Nędza-Kubiniec | Biathlon | Women's 7.5km Sprint |
| Gold | Nicole Konderla, Adam Niżnik | Ski Jumping | Mixed event Team normal hill |
| Gold | Olga Kaczmarek, Natalia Jabrzyk, Iga Wojtasik | Speed Skating | Women's Team Pursuit |
| Silver | Barbara Skrobiszewska | Biathlon | Women's 12.5 km short individual |
| Silver | Iga Wojtasik | Speed Skating | Women's 1000m |
| Silver | Natalia Jabrzyk | Speed Skating | Women's 1500m |
| Bronze | Joanna Kil | Nordic Combined | Women's Individual Mass Start (5km / NH) |
| Bronze | Kinga Rajda | Ski Jumping | Women's NH Individual |
| Bronze | Kinga Rajda, Szymon Jojko | Ski Jumping | Mixed event Team normal hill |
| Bronze | Marek Kania | Speed Skating | Men's 500m |

## Competitors

At the 2023 Winter World University Games will participate 55 athletes. 7 of them also competed at the 2019 Winter Universiade.

| Athlete | Date of birth | Sport | Club | Sex |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Martyna Baran | 19 February 2001 | Speed skating | WTŁ Stegny Warszawa | F |
| Szymon Bębenek | 6 January 1998 | Alpine skiing | AZS Zakopane | M |
| Michał Boreczek | 15 February 2000 | Cross-country skiing | KS AZS AWF Katowice | M |
| Sebastian Bryja | 10 February 2002 | Cross-country skiing | UKS Regle Kościelisko | M |
| Patryk Bryn | 9 November 1998 | Biathlon | KS AZS AWF Katowice | M |
| Błażej Budz | 30 May 2003 | Alpine skiing | Mitanski Zakopane | M |
| Robert Bugara | 10 February 2002 | Cross-country skiing | UKS Regle Kościelisko | M |
| Wiktoria Celczyńska | 25 October 2000 | Biathlon | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Maria Chyc | 20 February 1999 | Snowboarding | AZS Zakopane | F |
| Maja Chyla | 8 October 2001 | Alpine skiing | KS Yeti | F |
| Paulina Cieślar | 5 April 2002 | Ski jumping | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Zuzanna Czapska | 8 April 1998 | Alpine skiing | Warszawski Klub Narciarski | F |
| Wojciech Filip | 25 June 1999 | Biathlon | KS AZS AWF Wrocław | M |
| Mateusz Gruszka | 4 April 2001 | Ski jumping | AZS Zakopane | M |
| Mateusz Haratyk | 27 May 1998 | Cross-country skiing | NKS Trójwieś Beskidzka | M |
| Natalia Jabrzyk | 3 March 2001 | Speed skating | KS Pilica Tomaszów Mazowiecki | F |
| Wojciech Janik | 12 March 2000 | Biathlon | KS AZS AWF Wrocław | M |
| Jan Jaromin | 5 December 2001 | Snowboarding | KS AZS AWF Katowice | M |
| Szymon Jojko | 24 July 2001 | Ski jumping | KS AZS AWF Katowice | M |
| Olga Kaczmarek | 4 October 1999 | Speed skating | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Karolina Kaleta | 10 November 2002 | Cross-country skiing | LKS MARKAM Wisniowa-Osieczany | F |
| Weronika Kaleta | 21 June 1999 | Cross-country skiing | LKS MARKAM Wisniowa-Osieczany | F |
| Marek Kania | 2 April 1999 | Speed skating | Fundacja ŁiSW Legia Warszawa | M |
| Karol Karczewski | 27 February 2001 | Speed skating | Fundacja ŁiSW Legia Warszawa | M |
| Joanna Kil | 9 July 2002 | Nordic combined | KS Chochołów | F |
| Nicole Konderla | 8 December 2001 | Ski jumping | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Daria Krajewska | 6 January 1998 | Alpine skiing | AZS Zakopane | F |
| Karolina Kukuczka | 14 December 2002 | Cross-country skiing | MKS Istebna | F |
| Ekaterina Kurakova | 24 June 2002 | Figure skating | MKS Axel Toruń | F |
| Olimpia Kwiatkowska | 31 January 2000 | Snowboarding | AZS Zakopane | F |
| Patryk Majerczyk | 6 August 2003 | Snowboarding | F2 Dawidek Team | M |
| Juliusz Mitan | 12 March 1999 | Alpine skiing | Mitanski Zakopane | M |
| Piotr Nałęcki | 9 July 2000 | Speed skating | KS AZS AWF Katowice | M |
| Anna Nędza-Kubiniec | 4 July 2003 | Biathlon | BKS WP Kościelisko | F |
| Karol Niemczyk | 6 May 2001 | Ski jumping | LKS Klimczok Bystra | M |
| Adam Niżnik | 7 October 2002 | Ski jumping | TS Wisła Zakopane | M |
| Gaweł Oficjalski | 7 December 1998 | Speed skating | KS AZS AWF Katowice | M |
| Krzysztof Owczarek | 31 December 2004 | Snowboarding | Stowarzyszenie HIGH 5 | M |
| Przemysław Pancerz | 30 September 1998 | Biathlon | KS AZS AWF Wrocław | M |
| Jakub Piotrowski | 27 February 2000 | Speed skating | KS Pilica Tomaszów Mazowiecki | M |
| Natasza Piwowarczyk | 9 September 2004 | Snowboarding | F2 Dawidek Team | F |
| Maja Płończyk | 21 June 2001 | Speed skating | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Kinga Rajda | 22 December 2000 | Ski jumping | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Mikołaj Rutkowski | 25 September 1999 | Snowboarding | AZS Zakopane | M |
| Maksymilian Rzepka | 19 August 2003 | Speed skating | KS SNPTT 1907 ZAKOPANE | M |
| Michał Skowron | 5 September 1998 | Cross-country skiing | KS AZS AWF Katowice | M |
| Barbara Skrobiszewska | 5 January 2003 | Biathlon | MKS Karkonosze | F |
| Adam Skupień | 31 March 2002 | Nordic combined | LKS Poroniec Poronin | M |
| Magdalena Smędzik | 19 September 2003 | Speed skating |  | F |
| Andrzej Szczechowicz | 14 September 2000 | Nordic combined | TS Wisła Zakopane | M |
| Paweł Szyndlar | 19 July 2000 | Nordic combined | SS-R LZS Sokół Szczyrk | M |
| Klaudia Topór | 5 October 2002 | Biathlon | BKS WP Kościelisko | F |
| Anna Twardosz | 12 April 2001 | Ski jumping | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Iga Wojtasik | 28 June 2000 | Speed skating | KS AZS AWF Katowice | F |
| Szymon Zapotoczny | 6 May 2003 | Ski jumping | KS Evenement Zakopane | M |

## InfoBox

| Poland at the
2023 Winter World University Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | POL |
| NOC | University Sports Association of Poland |
| Website | azs.pl |
| in Lake Placid, United States
12 January 2023 (2023-01-12) – 22 January 2023 (2023-01-22) | |
| Competitors | 55 (30 men and 25 women) in 8 sports |
| Flag bearer | Marek Kania (speed skating) |
| Medals | Gold 5 Silver 6 Bronze 7 Total 18 |
| Winter Universiade appearances | |
|  | |


title: Polish Downtown (Chicago)

abstract: Polish Downtown was Chicago's oldest and most prominent Polish settlement. Polish Downtown was the political, cultural and social capital of Poles in Chicago and of other Polish Americans throughout North America. Centered on Polonia Triangle at the intersection of Division, Ashland and Milwaukee Avenue, the headquarters for almost every major Polish organization in the United States was clustered within its vicinity, beginning with the Polish National Alliance to the Polish Daily News.

text:
# Polish Downtown (Chicago)

**Polish Downtown** was Chicago's oldest and most prominent Polish settlement. Polish Downtown was the political, cultural and social capital of Poles in Chicago and of other Polish Americans throughout North America. Centered on Polonia Triangle at the intersection of Division, Ashland and Milwaukee Avenue, the headquarters for almost every major Polish organization in the United States was clustered within its vicinity, beginning with the Polish National Alliance to the *Polish Daily News*.

## Description

Located on the city's near northwest side, the area of Polish Downtown shifted and expanded over time as Polish immigration to Chicago exploded along with other Eastern Europeans amid Chicago's population boom in the late nineteenth century.

Historian Edward R. Kantowicz gave the following boundaries for Polish Downtown: **Racine Avenue** to the east, **Fullerton Avenue** to the North, **Kedzie Avenue** to the West and **Grand Avenue** to the South. The historian Dominic Pacyga notes that this district was not exclusively Polish, and that Italians, Ukrainians, and Jews each possessed their own enclaves within the area. The Polish character of the neighborhood visibly predominated over others in the area, as there was an extensive network of Polish churches, businesses, cultural institutions and fraternal organizations.

The following neighborhoods of Chicago were once a part of **Polish Downtown**:

## History

The beginnings of the "Polish Patch" that eventually became Polish Downtown are traced back to Anthony Smarzewski-Schermann, who settled in the area in 1851. John Joseph Parot described the area at the time in his book *Polish Catholics in Chicago*:

> "Schermann's property and surrounding environment must have reminded him of many Polish farming communities. From the still undeveloped and sparsely settled prairie on the outskirts of ante-bellum Chicago, he could see nothing but grassland stretching westward to the horizon. East of his land stood a thickly wooded area guarding both the both banks of the nearby North Branch of the Chicago River which swung noose like around Goose Island. The virgin land between Schermann's settlement and the river was populated at the time only by chickens and cattle belonging to neighboring farms; fifty years later this same land would support the highest population density in the city-more than 450 Polish immigrants on each acre of land, packed into tenement houses. But in the 1850s Schermann's rural outpost was a picture of serenity His only outlet was Plank Road, a clumsily built highway actually constructed from wooden planks- a far cry from the bustling commercial thoroughfare later called Milwaukee Avenue along which Polish merchants in the 1920s built their own "Polish Downtown." Schermann's closest neighbors were other Polish settlers, perhaps landless tenant farmers, numbering approximately thirty families during the American Civil War.

This rustic idyll would change dramatically as Chicago's population would grow exponentially following the American Civil War, with increased immigration from Europe. Fueled by the dramatic expansion of industry as well as the city's central role as a transportation hub, immigrants, predominately from Eastern and Southern Europe flooded into Chicago. By 1890, half of all of Chicago's Poles lived in Polish Downtown. The centrality of this area as the site of initial settlement for the large numbers of newly arriving Polish immigrants was reinforced after the first Polish parish, St. Stanislaus Kostka, was founded in 1867 and Holy Trinity Polish Mission a few years later in 1872. Together the churches made the largest parish in the world, with a combined membership of over 60,000 in the early 1900s. Polish Downtown was in every way "a classic ghetto"; in 1898, eleven contiguous precincts, which contained the heart of the neighborhood at Polonia Triangle, were 86.3% Polish, with one of these precincts reported as 99.9% Polish with only one non-Pole among 2,500 inhabitants.

Along with Holy Trinity Polish Mission, St. Stanislaus Kostka was the center of Chicago's Polish community. The neighborhood became called "Kostkaville". Much of this was due to Saint Stanislaus Kostka's first pastor, Reverend Vincent Michael Barzynski, who is described as "one of the greatest organizers of Polish immigrants in Chicago and America". Barzynski was responsible for founding 23 Polish parishes in Chicago, along with six elementary schools, two high schools, a college, orphanages, newspapers, and St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital, as well as the national headquarters of the Polish Roman Catholic Union of America.

Polish immigration into the area accelerated during and after World War II; as many as 150,000 Poles are estimated to have arrived between 1939 and 1959 as displaced persons. Poles clustered in established ethnic enclaves such as this one, which offered shops, restaurants, and banks where people spoke their language. Division Street was referred to as *Polish Broadway*, "teeming with flophouses and gambling dens and polka clubs and workingman's bars like the Gold Star and Phyllis' Musical Inn".

## Cultural significance

The historian Edward R. Kantowicz wrote in his essay, "Polish Chicago: Survival through Solidarity", that "Polish Downtown was to Chicago Poles what the Lower East Side was to New York's Jews." Victoria Granacki in *Polish Downtown* wrote, "Nearly all Polish undertakings of any consequence in the U.S. during that time either started or were directed from this part of Chicago's near northwest side".

Polish Downtown, particularly Pulaski Park, served as Chicago Congressman Dan Rostenkowski's base of operations. The family still owns the building opposite St. Stanislaus Kostka church at 1372 Evergreen from which he ran his operations.

Polish Downtown was also significant in the literary output of Nelson Algren who lived in the area. Polish bars that Algren frequented for his notorious gambling, such as the Bit of Poland on Milwaukee Avenue, figured in his novels such as *Never Come Morning* and *The Man with the Golden Arm*. Algren, who famously compared Ashland Avenue to "a bridge between Warsaw and Chicago" had a complex if not troubled relationship with Chicago Polonia. His second wife Amanda Kontowicz was Polish, and would listen to old Polish love songs sung by an elderly waitress while gambling. His writing about the area's Polish American underclass, against the background of prevalent anti-immigrant xenophobia, was taken by Poles as blatant Anti-Polonism. His book *Never Come Morning* was banned for decades from the Chicago Public Library system because of the massive outcry against it by Chicago Polonia. Later efforts to commemorate Algren brought up old controversies: for example, when the city proposed renaming a portion of Evergreen Street, where Algren lived, as Algren Street, and, in the 1990s, when the Polonia Triangle was to be renamed in Algren's honor.

Polish Downtown also figures in John Guzlowski's writing. His memoir *Echoes of Tattered Tongues: Memory Unfolded (Aquila Polonica Press)* chronicles the author's experiences growing up among the immigrants and DP living there. He heard and saw Jewish hardware store clerks who had Auschwitz tattoos on their wrists, Polish Cavalry officers who mourned for their dead horses, and Polish women who had walked from Siberia to Iran to escape the Russians. His Hank and Marvin Mysteries ( *Suitcase Charlie,* *Little Altar Boy,* and *Murdertown*) are also set in this area.

## Religion

Polish Downtown contained a number of opulent "Polish Cathedrals", ornate structures that can be seen by drivers on the Kennedy Expressway. The buildings express the religious zeal and faith of the large immigrant Polish congregations. The combined membership of the exclusively Polish Roman Catholic parishes of Polish Downtown together had over 100,000 parishioners in 1918, all located within a one-mile radius.

Although most of them are Roman Catholic churches, a schism that escalated into violence by parishioners of St. Hedwig's Church led to the founding of an independent Polish Catholic parish. This parish eventually joined the Polish National Catholic Church. Raised to the status of a cathedral, the parish erected a new building designed by famed architect J.G Steinbach in 1930. The Cathedral of All Saints still stands today, now owned and occupied by the Presbyterian Church in America, which bought the building in 1993.

## Decline

In the 1960s, the area began to change radically. Completion of the Kennedy Expressway in 1960, whose construction had displaced many residents, disrupted the network of Polish-American churches, settlement houses, and neighborhood groups. Additionally Puerto Ricans and other Latinos displaced by urban renewal in Old Town and Lincoln Park began moving in. In 1960 Latinos comprised less than 1 percent of West Town's population, but by 1970 that proportion had increased to 39 percent. At the same time, more established ethnic Poles moved out to newer housing in the suburbs, following World War II and the housing boom.

Downtown banks redlined West Town for much of the mid-20th century. Real estate values plummeted as landlords neglected their buildings and speculators sat on vacant land and abandoned property. Small businesses along Chicago Avenue closed. The arson rate in the vicinity was so high that in 1976, Mayor Richard J. Daley convened a task force to address the crisis. The Polish exodus out of the neighborhood followed the Kennedy Expressway into the suburbs. The Northwest Community Organization was founded in 1962 to stem white flight by promoting home ownership and integration between longtime ethnic Eastern European residents and the newcomers. The institutional infrastructure that held Ukrainian Village together during the 1970s and 1980s was lacking in East Village. Much of the Polish population had moved northwestward to Avondale, Jefferson Park and beyond. The Latino community, which had begun to organize around issues of affordable housing and other redevelopment strategies designed to stave off displacement, increasingly came into conflict with the mostly European-American artists and other urban-pioneer types. By the early 1980s, the latter were a minor but significant presence in the area.

## Polish Downtown today

For the most part, the neighborhoods that comprise the old Polish Downtown have been gentrified and now present a cosmopolitan mix of people of diverse backgrounds. While Polish Downtown is no longer the center of Chicago's Polish Community, its legacy is present in the businesses, restaurants, and historic buildings. Numerous prominent Polish-American cultural and civic institutions continue, from the Polish Museum of America to the Chopin Theatre and the Society for Arts.

1. "Northwest Chicago Historical Society - Polish Downtown". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
2. Granacki, Victoria: *Chicago's Polish Downtown,* Arcadia Press, 2004, p. 6-7
3. Edward R. Kantowicz. *Polish American Politics in Chicago,* Map on p. 16
4. Pacyga, Dominic and Skerrett, Ellen. *Chicago: City of Neighborhoods,* p. 170 1986
5. Parot, Joseph, J. *Polish Catholics in Chicago, 1850-1920,* Northwestern University Press (1981), p. 20
6. Pogorzelski, Daniel and Maloof, John: *Portage Park,* Arcadia Press, 2008, p. 73
7. Pacyga, Dominic. *Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side, 1880-1922*, University of Chicago Press, 1991, pp. 126-127
8. Granacki, Victoria: *Chicago's Polish Downtown,* Arcadia Press, 2004, p. 7
9. Holli, Melvin G. and d'Ardt, Peter, *Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait*, Fourth Edition, William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company (1995), p.175-176
10. "5th District", *Los Angeles Times*, 4 June 1994
11. "Rev. Vincent Barzaynski" Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, *Chicago Reader*
12. Holli, Melvin G. and d'Ardt, Peter: *Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait*, Fourth Edition, William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company (1995), p.176
13. "Archives - Los Angeles Times". *Los Angeles Times*.
14. Shay, Art: *Nelson Algren's Chicago*, University of Illinois Press 1988, pp. 118-119
15. Reader Archive-Extract: 1998/981120/ALGREN
16. Lévy, Bernard-Henri. "In the Footsteps of Tocqueville", *The Atlantic Monthly*, May 2005
17. Myers, Quinn. "Ask Geoffrey: What's the 'Polish Cathedral' Architectural Style?". WTTW News. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
18. "Matches: Chicago Reader's new formula for Personals". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-28.

41°54′13″N 87°40′2″W / 41.90361°N 87.66722°W / 41.90361; -87.66722


title: E. Susan Kellogg

abstract: E. Susan Kellogg is an American educator. After serving as a university administrator and as a director at MetLife, she was appointed Maryland's insurance commissioner in June 1988, taking office the following month. She left after ten months, under pressure from state lawmakers and consumer advocates about rising car insurance rates. She currently serves as an adjunct professor of business at Virginia Military Institute, where she has faced claims of racial insensitivity.

text:
# E. Susan Kellogg

**E. Susan Kellogg** (born July 11, 1945) is an American educator. After serving as a university administrator and as a director at MetLife, she was appointed Maryland's insurance commissioner in June 1988, taking office the following month. She left after ten months, under pressure from state lawmakers and consumer advocates about rising car insurance rates. She currently serves as an adjunct professor of business at Virginia Military Institute, where she has faced claims of racial insensitivity.

## InfoBox

| E. Susan Kellogg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Maryland Insurance Commissioner | |
| **In office**
July 11, 1988  August 1, 1989 | |
| Governor | William Donald Schaefer |
| Preceded by | Edward J. Muhl |
| Succeeded by | John A. Donaho |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-07-11) July 11, 1945
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |
| Spouse | Walter Frankhauser |
| Alma mater | University of Cincinnati
Syracuse University
Loyola University Maryland
Union Institute & University |
|  | |