title: Owen Sound NorthStars

abstract: The Owen Sound NorthStars are a Canadian Senior box lacrosse team. The team played in the City of Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada and participate in the OLA Senior B Lacrosse League. As the Woodsmen they were two-time Presidents Cup National Champions, two-time National Silver Medalists, two-time National Bronze Medalists, and seven-time Ontario Lacrosse Association Senior B Champions. The team changed their name to the NorthStars, in honour of the Owen Sound North Stars, in the fall of 2011.

text:
# Owen Sound NorthStars

The **Owen Sound NorthStars** are a Canadian Senior box lacrosse team. The team played in the City of Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada and participate in the OLA Senior B Lacrosse League. As the Woodsmen they were two-time Presidents Cup National Champions, two-time National Silver Medalists, two-time National Bronze Medalists, and seven-time Ontario Lacrosse Association Senior B Champions.

The team changed their name to the NorthStars, in honour of the Owen Sound North Stars, in the fall of 2011.

1. "Woodsmen Hold Year End Banquet". *www.bayshorebroadcasting.ca*. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30.

## InfoBox

| Owen Sound NorthStars | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Owen Sound, Ontario |
| League | OLA Senior B Lacrosse League |
| Founded | 2001 (2001) |
| Home arena | Harry Lumley Bayshore Community Centre |
| Colours | Orange, Black, and White |
| Franchise history | |
| 2001-2011 | Owen Sound Woodsmen |
| 2012-present | Owen Sound NorthStars |


abstract: The European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center (ESISC) is a self-described think tank and lobbying group dealing with issues related to terrorism and security. ESISC notes on its website that its "lobbying operations can defend an industrial portfolio, the economic opening of a new market, or the political interests of a state." It is operated by Claude Moniquet, a French right-wing journalist, who is known for his connections with Azerbaijani caviar diplomacy and receiving financial means to promote Azerbaijani interests.

text:
# European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center

The **European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center** (**ESISC**) is a self-described think tank and lobbying group dealing with issues related to terrorism and security. ESISC notes on its website that its "lobbying operations can defend an industrial portfolio, the economic opening of a new market, or the political interests of a state."

It is operated by Claude Moniquet, a French right-wing journalist, who is known for his connections with Azerbaijani caviar diplomacy and receiving financial means to promote Azerbaijani interests.

## History, and overview

ESISC was founded in April 2002 by Claude Moniquet. In 2019, the ESISC website listed staff members from Russia, Morocco, Italy, and Belgium.

In August 2007, the Belgian Ministry of the Interior renounced the advisory services of ESISC accusing Claude Moniquet of embezzlement and illegal possession of arms.

In 2018, Claude Moniquet announced that ESISC had entered into a collaboration with the Washington Strategic Intelligence Center (WSIC), "a new American think-tank." According to its founders, all of whom are Moroccan, WSIC "follows the road traced by our King, His Majesty Mohammed VI, may God glorify his rule."

Moniquet and his colleagues at ESISC promote controversial theories claiming that George Soros controls an international conspiracy through which "he wants to destabilize sovereign states in order to impose his agenda and defend his financial interests." In a 2017 report, ESISC warns that "Soros-financed 'destabilisation operations'" are targeting numerous states, including Russia, Hungary, Turkey, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Macedonia, and Serbia.

## Election observers

Representatives of ESISC participated in 2013 Azerbaijani presidential elections and 2015 parliamentary elections as observers. They evaluated the elections positively and criticized the assessments of the OSCE/ODIHR mission, in which the elections were recognized as inappropriate to democratic norms.

According to the “Freedom Files Analytical Center”, ESISC lobbies for Azerbaijan's interests and provides services of “false observers,” whose task is to participate in the elections of autocratic states as observers, inform on a democratic vote, and criticize the OSCE/ ODIHR observation mission.

According to Robert Coalson (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty), ESISC is a part of Baku's lobbying efforts to use analytical centers to change public opinion about Azerbaijan.

## Report on Western Sahara

In 2005 and again in 2008 and 2010 ESISC issued reports on Western Sahara that dovetailed closely with official Moroccan views and claimed that there existed a link between Al Qaeda and the nationalist group Polisario, which seeks Western Sahara's independence from Morocco. Western Sahara expert Jacob Mundy described ESISC's publications as "think tank reports paid for by the \[Moroccan\] royal palace" to discredit Polisario.

Le Journal Hebdomadaire, a leading Moroccan independent weekly, published an article critical of the first ESISC report and noted that it reflected the official views of the Moroccan government. Moniquet then sued the newspaper in a Moroccan court, which ordered Le Journal Hebdomadaire to pay him 360,000 dollars. Unable to pay the fine, Le Journal Hebdomadaire was closed, in what Mundy termed the conclusion of a "successful five-year campaign to drive one of \[Morocco's\] few independent media voices out of existence". According to Moroccan journalists, this was the largest-ever fine against the media in Morocco, and the Committee to Protect Journalists noted major irregularities in the trial. Another press freedom organization, Reporters Without Borders (RSF), described the trial as “politically motivated and unfair.” Human Rights Watch also voiced concern over the trial, while Freedom House termed the lawsuit "a politically motivated effort to bankrupt the magazine."

Social anthropologist of the Sahara Desert, Konstantina Isidoros, said that in both 2005 and 2008, ESISC issued two near-identical reports proclaiming distorted truths that Polisario is evolving to new fears terrorism, radical Islamism or international crime. According Isidoros "lies appear to play some peculiar importance in this report"

## The report “Republic of Azerbaijan: a model of good governance”

A month before the 2013 Azerbaijani presidential elections, ESISC issued a report entitled “The Republic of Azerbaijan: a model of good governance”. According to Robert Coalson, a correspondent of Radio Free Europe, the "haphazardly edited" and "ungrammatical" report praised the stable social welfare" and the situation for women and religious minorities in Azerbaijan. Noting that the ESISC website advertises "customized reports, analysis, and \[...\] briefings responding exactly to the needs of each client in his or her sector of activity," Coalson accused ESISC of operating as a "front" for Azerbaijan."

## Syria, Rifaat al-Assad, and Russia

ESISC has also worked on behalf of members of the al-Assad family, producing a laudatory report in 2010 that portrayed Ribal al-Assad (a cousin of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad) as a leader of the Syrian opposition and a "democratic alternative" struggling for human rights. Ribal is the son of Rifaat al-Assad, brother of former Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad. According to France 24, Rifaat al-Assad personally oversaw the 1982 Hama massacre, and Human Rights Watch reports that he ordered "the extrajudicial killings of an estimated 1,000 prisoners" during a single day in 1980.

By 2019, ESISC had scrubbed the 2010 report from its website. However, another report by Claude Moniquet from 2011 that similarly highlights Ribal al-Assad remained on the website.

## The report “The Armenian Connection”

On March 6, 2017, ESISC published the report “The Armenian Connection,” which leveled severe accusations against a number of NGOs specializing in human rights protection or researching human rights abuses and corruption in Azerbaijan, Turkey and Russia. ESISC claimed that these organisations aim to create a network of PACE deputies, who will participate in a political war against Azerbaijan. This network included the then member of PACE Christoph Strässer (Germany), Frank Schwabe (Germany), Pieter Omtzigt (Netherlands), René Rouquet (France), François Rochebloine (France) and others. The report stated that Strässer and Schwabe were, within the SPD, the main actors of a campaign promoting the recognition of the 1915 Armenian genocide, and Pieter Omtzigt had close connections with the Armenian lobby in Netherlands. René Rouquet was the President of the French-Armenian friendship socialist parliamentary group; François Rochebloine presided the “France-Karabakh” Circle, and was active in organizing “solidarity” trips to the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenia.

A follow-up report published on April 18 claimed that the anti-Azerbaijani network included a number of prime ministers of European countries, Armenian officials, and public organizations: Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Human Rights House Foundation, Open Dialog, European Stability Initiative, Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, etc. According to the report, this anti-Azerbaijani network is funded by the Soros Foundation to serve the interests of George Soros and Armenia. ESISC also alleged that the Soros network targets other nations, such as Russia and Hungary.

According to the Freedom Files Analytical Center, the ESISC report is propaganda and seeks to stop criticism of lobbying and corruption. The European Stability Initiative stated that “the ESISC report is full of lies”.


title: The Goodbye Girl (album)

abstract: The Goodbye Girl is the second studio album by Australian rock band Epicure. It was released on 8 March 2004 on Flugelhorn Records via MGM Distribution. It peaked at No. 88 on the ARIA Albums Chart, No. 20 on the Australasian Artists Albums and No. 5 on the Hitseekers Albums charts.

text:
# The Goodbye Girl (album)

***The Goodbye Girl*** is the second studio album by Australian rock band Epicure. It was released on 8 March 2004 on Flugelhorn Records via MGM Distribution. It peaked at No. 88 on the ARIA Albums Chart, No. 20 on the Australasian Artists Albums and No. 5 on the Hitseekers Albums charts.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Ear Medicine |  |

## Track listing

1. "Goodbye Girl" - 3:07
2. "Armies Against Me" - 5:11
3. "Firing Squad" - 4:15
4. "Sunlight (for Bronwyn)" - 4:47
5. "So Broken" - 4:23
6. "Life Sentence" - 4:49
7. "Twelve Months of Winter" - 4:52
8. "Clay Pigeons" - 6:48
9. "Self Destruct in Five" - 4:02
10. "Rainy Day" - 4:35
11. "No-one's Listening" - 4:58
12. "Distant Seas" - 7:14

## Personnel

* Produced by Cameron McKenzie and Epicure.
* Recorded and mixed by Cameron McKenzie at Station Place, Melbourne, except for "Firing Squad", which was mixed by Chris Dickie.

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA Charts) | 88 |

## InfoBox

| The Goodbye Girl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Epicure | |
| Released | 8 March 2004 (2004-03-08) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Flugelhorn |
| Producer | Cameron McKenzie, Epicure |
| Epicure chronology | |
| *Airmail*
(2004) ***The Goodbye Girl***
(2004) *Main Street*
(2005) | |


title: Evert House

abstract: The Evert House is a historic house at 2687 Logan Street in Highland Park, Illinois. The Highland Park Building Company built the house for Rev. W. W. Evert in 1872. The company, which built houses that buyers chose from pattern books, was responsible for many of Highland Park's early homes and community buildings. The house has a Second Empire design, a relatively uncommon style in the city. It features a mansard roof with two dormers and bracketed eaves. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982.

text:
# Evert House

The **Evert House** is a historic house at 2687 Logan Street in Highland Park, Illinois. The Highland Park Building Company built the house for Rev. W. W. Evert in 1872. The company, which built houses that buyers chose from pattern books, was responsible for many of Highland Park's early homes and community buildings. The house has a Second Empire design, a relatively uncommon style in the city. It features a mansard roof with two dormers and bracketed eaves.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Evert House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 2687 Logan St., Highland Park, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 42°12′06″N 87°48′20″W / 42.20167°N 87.80556°W / 42.20167; -87.80556 (Evert House) |
| Area | 0.3 acres (0.12 ha) |
| Built | 1872 (1872) |
| Built by | Highland Park Building Co. |
| Architectural style | Second Empire |
| MPS | Highland Park MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 82002559 |
| Added to NRHP | September 29, 1982 |


title: Bustin' Out of L Seven

abstract:
Bustin' Out of L Seven is the second album by the American musician Rick James, released in 1979 through Gordy Records. Included on the album is the top ten R&B hit, "Bustin' Out". L7 is slang for "square", as in the opening lyrics of "Bustin' Out", "Well, alright, you squares, it's time you smoked,
Fire up this funk and let's have a toke". The letter L and the number 7 form a square.

text:
# Bustin' Out of L Seven

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *The Village Voice* | B− |

***Bustin' Out of L Seven*** is the second album by the American musician Rick James, released in 1979 through Gordy Records. Included on the album is the top ten R&B hit, "Bustin' Out (On Funk)". L7 is slang for "square", as in the opening lyrics of "Bustin' Out (On Funk)", "Well, alright, you squares, it's time you smoked, Fire up this funk and let's have a toke". The letter L and the number 7 form a square.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Rick James.

**Side A**

1. "Bustin' Out" - 5:24
2. "High on Your Love Suite/One Mo Hit (Of Your Love)" - 7:24
3. "Love Interlude" - 1:57
4. "Spacey Love" - 5:50

**Side B**

1. "Cop N Blow" - 5:04
2. "Jefferson Ball" - 7:21
3. "Fool on the Street" - 7:20

**2014 digital remaster bonus track**

1.
2. "Bustin' Out (12" Extended Mix) - 7:21

**2014 *Complete Motown Albums* bonus tracks**

1.
2. "Bustin' Out (12" Extended Mix) - 7:21
3. "Bustin' Out (12" Instrumental) - 5:24

## Personnel

* Rick James - vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, percussion
* Oscar Alston - bass
* Levi Ruffin - synthesizer, percussion
* Wally Ali - guitar on "Cop 'N' Blow"
* Ernie Fields Jr. \- saxophone
* Michael Brecker \- saxophone
* Randy Brecker \- trumpet
* Fred Jackson Jr. \- alto saxophone, alto flute
* Al Szymanski - guitar
* Lanise Hughes - drums, percussion
* Lorenzo Shaw - drums, percussion
* Shondra Akiem - percussion
* Maxine Willard Waters - background vocals
* Clydene Jackson - background vocals
* Fernando Harkness - tenor saxophone on "High on Your Love Suite" and "Fool on the Street"
* Garnett Brown \- trombone
* Dorothy Ashby \- harp on "Spacey Love" and "Jefferson Ball"
* Clarence Sims - keyboards, percussion
* Wayne Jackson \- trumpet on "Spacey Love" and "Fool on the Street"
* Jackie Ruffin - percussion
* Oscar Brashear \- trombone
* George Bohanon \- trombone
* Teena Marie \- background vocals
* Billy Nunn, Bobby Nunn \- keyboards, Freddie Rappilo - guitar, Richard Shaw - bass, Lorenzo Shaw - drums on "High on Your Love Suite"
* Julia Tillman Waters - background vocals
* Bobby Nunn, Billy Nunn, Sascha Meeks, Richard Shaw, Jackie Ruffin - background vocals on "High on Your Love Suite"

## Charts

### Album

| Year | Chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | US | US
R&B |
| 1979 | 16 | 2 |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US
R&B | US
Dance |
| 1979 | "Bustin' Out (On Funk)" | 71 | 8 |  |
| | "Fool on the Street" |  | 35 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Bustin' Out of L Seven | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rick James | |
| Released | January 16, 1979 |
| Recorded | 1978 |
| Studio | * Sigma Sound, New York City * Magic Wand, Hollywood, California |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 40:16 |
| Label | Gordy |
| Producer | Rick James & Art Stewart |
| Rick James chronology | |
| *Come Get It!*
(1978) ***Bustin' Out of L Seven***
(1979) *Fire It Up*
(1979) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Bustin' Out of L Seven* | |
| 1. "Bustin' Out (On Funk)"
Released: January 12, 1979 2. "Fool on the Street"
Released: 1979 | |
|  | |


title: Cagliostro (1929 film)

abstract: Cagliostro is a 1929 silent drama film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Hans Stüwe, Renée Héribel and Alfred Abel. It depicts the life of the eighteenth century Italian occultist Alessandro Cagliostro, portraying him more sympathetically than in most other works. It was based on a novel by Johannes von Guenther.

text:
# Cagliostro (1929 film)

***Cagliostro*** is a 1929 silent drama film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Hans Stüwe, Renée Héribel and Alfred Abel. It depicts the life of the eighteenth century Italian occultist Alessandro Cagliostro, portraying him more sympathetically than in most other works. It was based on a novel by Johannes von Guenther.

## Cast

## Release

*Caligostro* premiered in Berlin on 8 April 1929. It was later shown in Paris on 21 May 1929. In the early 1930s, Universal Pictures planned a *Cagliostro* film starring Boris Karloff in the title role, which was later re-written into the script for *The Mummy*.

## Reception

A reviewer in *Variety* commented on the film on a screening in Germany, stating that "Richard Oswald always gets somebody to invest money again in his productions and always turns out about the same sort of product. A lot of pomp, scenery and costumes and nothing that grips in the acting line." and that Oswald "leaves Continental audiences as cold as he would American ones."

## Bibliography

* Prawer, Siegbert Salomon (2005). *Between Two Worlds: The Jewish Presence in German and Austrian Film, 1910–1933*. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-074-8.
* Pitts, Michael R. (2018). *Thrills Untapped: Neglected Horror, Science Fiction and Fantasy Films, 1928-1936*. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476632896.
* Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). *Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era*. Baltimore: Midnight Marquee Press. ISBN 978-1-936168-68-2.

## InfoBox

| Cagliostro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Richard Oswald |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | A novel
by Johannes von Guenther |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring | Hans Stüwe |
| Cinematography |  |
| Music by | Werner Schmidt-Boelcke |
| Production
companies | * Les Films Albatros * Wengeroff-Film GmbH |
| Release dates | * 8 April 1929 (1929-04-08) (Berlin) * 21 May 1929 (1929-05-21) (Paris) |
| Countries | * France * Germany |


title: Professional Dart Players Association

abstract: The Professional Dart Players Association (PDPA) is an organisation for professional dart players within the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). Its intention is to look after the interests of all professional players through an annually elected Board of six current professionals. They work in partnership with the PDC (Promoter) and its governing body (DRA)

text:
# Professional Dart Players Association

The **Professional Dart Players Association** (**PDPA**) is an organisation for professional dart players within the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). Its intention is to look after the interests of all professional players through an annually elected Board of six current professionals. They work in partnership with the PDC (Promoter) and its governing body (DRA)

## Formation

The PDPA was initially formed in the early 1980s with the main protagonists being John Lowe, Cliff Lazarenko, Dave Whitcombe and Tony Brown. As darts was beginning to decline, players from the PDPA eventually set up the World Darts Council (which is now the Professional Darts Corporation) to run their own tournaments. The PDPA remained effectively a players union.

## Current board and fees

The six board members are Peter Manley (chairman), Alan Warriner-Little (ceo), Andrew Scott and Jacques Nieuwlaat. With administrative and secretarial support from Zoe Banks.

Membership of the PDPA is open to all players of the appropriate standard, but have to first enter its annual Qualifying School every January to try and win a PDC Tour Card. The initial joining fee for Qualifying School is £250 with an upgrade fee of £250 if a Tour Card is won (full membership is £500). There are around 600 members of the PDPA, with 128 Tour Card Holders, 350 Associate Members, 200 Youth Members and 200 European Day Member's. All Tour Card Holders have the right to qualify and play in PDC Premier televised tournaments with other members via qualifiers or related merit tables.

The Paddy Power World Darts Championship, Ladbrokes World Series and bwin Grand Slam of Darts have qualifiers which are exclusive to Tour Card Holders with all PDPA members eligible to play in the PDC World Darts Championship qualifier.


abstract: Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102 (1968), is a United States Supreme Court decision which clarified the meaning and application of Rule 19 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In a unanimous decision, the Court reversed the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and held that an automobile owner's interest in a suit against his insurer did not make him an "indispensable party" to that suit under Rule 19. The Court also made clear that Supreme Court precedent predating the enactment of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure did not create any substantive right in non-parties to be joined in case, as the Court of Appeals had apparently thought.

text:
# Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson

***Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson***, 390 U.S. 102 (1968), is a United States Supreme Court decision which clarified the meaning and application of Rule 19 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In a unanimous decision, the Court reversed the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and held that an automobile owner's interest in a suit against his insurer did not make him an "indispensable party" to that suit under Rule 19. The Court also made clear that Supreme Court precedent predating the enactment of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure did not create any substantive right in non-parties to be joined in case, as the Court of Appeals had apparently thought.

## Facts of the Case

The case involved a somewhat complex set of facts arising from an automobile accident. Donald Cionci was driving a car when he collided with a truck driven by Thomas Smith (Edward Dutcher, the car's owner, was not present when the accident occurred). John Harris and John Lynch were passengers in the car at the time of the crash. As a result of the collision, Cionci and Smith were killed, as was John Lynch. Harris, however, survived.

Provident Tradesmens Bank, the administrator of Lynch's estate, sued the estate of Cionci (the car's driver) in federal district court pursuant to diversity jurisdiction. Cionci's estate, in turn, notified Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Company, Dutcher's insurance company, alleging that Lumbermen's had a duty to defend pursuant to Dutcher's insurance policy. However, Lumbermens declined to defend Cionci's estate in the suit by Provident, asserting that Cionci had not had permission to drive Dutcher's vehicle and hence was not covered by the policy. The suit by Provident against the estate of Cionci was subsequently settled for $50,000 but Cionci, being penniless, could not pay.

Apparently eyeing Lumbermen's deep pockets and armed with a liquidated $50,000 claim from its suit against Cionci's estate, Provident brought suit in federal district court seeking a declaration that Cionci had permission from Dutcher to use the automobile. The only named defendants in the declaratory action were Lumbermens and the estate of Cionci. David Dutcher, the owner of the vehicle and the beneficiary of the Lumbermens insurance policy, was not named as a defendant.

The district court concluded that as a matter of applicable Pennsylvania law, the driver of an automobile is presumed to have the permission of the owner. Although the defendants sought to introduce testimony by Dutcher (the car's owner) concerning the restrictions he had imposed on Cionci's use of the automobile, the court held that under Pennsylvania's "Dead Man Rule" Dutcher was incompetent to testify, because his interests were adverse to that of Lynch's estate. Since there was no other evidence controverting the presumption of permission by Dutcher, the district court directed a verdict in favor of the Provident Tradesmens Bank.

Lumbermens appealed, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that because Dutcher was an indispensable party and was not joined in the initial action, the suit must be dismissed. It held (1) that a person's whose rights may be affected by a judgment has a "substantive" right to be joined in the action, (2) that a trial court may not proceed in that person's absence, and (3) that since Dutcher could not be joined without destroying the court's diversity jurisdiction, the suit had to be dismissed.

The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari to address the scope of the newly amended Rule 19 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

## Supreme Court Decision

After reciting the full text of Rule 19, the Court assumed that Dutcher fell within the description in section (a) of persons who should be "joined if feasible." However, because Dutcher was from the same state as the plaintiffs in the case (Pennsylvania), he could not be joined without depriving the federal courts of jurisdiction over the case.

The Court then turned to the section (b) of Rule 19, which governs situations where joinder of the absent person is not feasible. The Rule articulates four factors to be considered by a court in deciding whether "in equity or good conscience the action should proceed among the parties before it, or should be dismissed." The four factors were 1) the plaintiff's interest in an adequate forum, 2) the defendant's interest in avoiding relitigation of the issues before the court and in avoiding inconsistent and unfair relief, 3) the absent party's interests at stake, and 4) the interests of the court and the general public in complete, consistent, efficient settlement of controversies. The court noted that these factors should have been analyzed by the federal district courts before a judgment was issued. As a result of the fact that a judgment had already been entered, the court then analyzed the factors from the standpoint of an appellate review of the relief granted by the trial court.

The court concluded that 1) the plaintiff's interest in preserving a fully litigated judgment was controlling unless countered by greater opposing considerations, 2) the defendants' interests in joining Dutcher were foreclosed by their failure to move for such a joinder before judgment was entered, 3) the absent party's interests were not foreclosed by his failure to be joined and the judgment entered by the trial court therefore does not bind him and causes his rights no harm as a result, and 4) the efficiency of the judiciary may have been benefitted from an attempt to find a more suitable forum for the controversy before judgment was entered but, after judgment was entered, efficiency would best be served upon appellate review by preserving the trial court's judgment. For the foregoing reasons, the Supreme Court determined that the case should not be dismissed because Dutcher's absence during trial would not violate any of his substantive rights.

As a result of the four factor analysis, the Court ruled that Dutcher was a necessary party but not an indispensable party. The difference between the two is that a suit may proceed without the former but cannot proceed without the latter. The Supreme Court also noted that the district court had misinterpreted Shields v. Barrow to incorrectly assume that a case must be dismissed wherever the interests of an absent party were affected. The Supreme Court explained that where an absent party's interests were affected in a suit, the four factors enumerated above had to be analyzed to determine whether the suit should proceed without the party or be dismissed.

## InfoBox

| Provident Bank v. Patterson | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 6–7, 1968
Decided January 29, 1969 | |
| Full case name | *Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co., Administrator
v.
Patterson, Administrator, et al.* |
| Citations | 390 U.S. 102 (*more*)88 S. Ct. 733; 19 L. Ed. 2d 936; 1968 U.S. LEXIS 2548 |
| Holding | |
| In deciding this discretionary matter the Court of Appeals should have considered the existence of a verdict reached after a prolonged trial in which the defendants did not invoke the pending state actions. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Earl Warren  Associate Justices Hugo Black **·**  William O. Douglas
John M. Harlan II **·**  William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart **·**  Byron White
Abe Fortas **·**  Thurgood Marshall | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Harlan, joined by *unanimous court* |
| Laws applied | |
| Rule 19 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure | |


title: Providentissimus Deus

abstract:
Providentissimus Deus, "On the Study of Holy Scripture", was an encyclical letter issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893. In it, he reviewed the history of Bible study from the time of the Church Fathers to the present, spoke against the errors of the Rationalists and "higher critics", and outlined principles of scripture study and guidelines for how scripture was to be taught in seminaries.
He also addressed the issues of apparent contradictions between the Bible and physical science, or between one part of scripture and another, and how such apparent contradictions can be resolved.

text:
# Providentissimus Deus

***Providentissimus Deus***, "On the Study of Holy Scripture", was an encyclical letter issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893. In it, he reviewed the history of Bible study from the time of the Church Fathers to the present, spoke against the errors of the Rationalists and "higher critics", and outlined principles of scripture study and guidelines for how scripture was to be taught in seminaries. He also addressed the issues of apparent contradictions between the Bible and physical science, or between one part of scripture and another, and how such apparent contradictions can be resolved.

## Context

*Providentissimus Deus* followed earlier efforts on the part of Pope Leo to promote Catholic education. In 1878, he had encouraged the study of history and archaeology. The 1879 encyclical *Aeterni Patris* promoted the study of scholastic philosophy. In 1887 he encouraged the study of the natural sciences, and in 1891 opened the Vatican Observatory.

Catholic studies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries avoided the use of critical methodology because of its rationalist tendencies. Frequent political revolutions, bitter opposition of liberalism to the church, and the expulsion of religious orders from France and Germany, made the church understandably suspicious of the new intellectual currents of the period.

In 1892 Leo authorized the École Biblique in Jerusalem, the first Catholic school specifically dedicated to the critical study of the Bible. At the turn of the 20th century the official Catholic attitude to the study of Holy Scripture was one of cautious advance, and at the same time of a growing appreciation of what had promise for the future. With *Providentissimus Deus*, Pope Leo gave the first formal authorization for the use of critical methods in biblical scholarship. In 1902, Pope Leo XIII instituted the Pontifical Biblical Commission, which was to adapt Roman Catholic Biblical studies to modern scholarship and to protect Scripture against attacks.

## Content

The encyclical contains both a polemic against rationalism, and a defense of divine authorship, inspiration, and inerrancy. Leo responded to two challenges to biblical authority, both of which arose during the 19th century.

The historical-critical method of analyzing scripture questioned the reliability of the Bible. Leo acknowledged the possibility of errors introduced by scribes but forbade the interpretation that only some of scripture is inerrant, while other elements are fallible. Leo condemned that use that certain scholars made of new evidence, clearly referring to Alfred Firmin Loisy and Maurice d'Hulst, although not by name. "\[T\]hose who maintain that an error is possible in any genuine passage of the sacred writings, either pervert the Catholic notion of inspiration, or make God the author of such error." Leo then quotes Augustine: "And if in these Books I meet anything which seems contrary to truth, I shall not hesitate to conclude either that the text is faulty, or that the translator has not expressed the meaning of the passage, or that I myself do not understand."

"But he must not on that account consider that it is forbidden, when just cause exists, to push inquiry and exposition beyond what the Fathers have done; provided he carefully observes the rule so wisely laid down by St. Augustine-not to depart from the literal and obvious sense, except only where reason makes it untenable or necessity requires./" Leo argued that as science and theology are separate disciplines they do not contradict each other, provided that scholars keep to their respective areas of expertise. The scientist should not view the biblical writers as explaining the visible world, as that was not their intent. Biblical scholars should be aware that the writers may have used figurative language or descriptions from appearances. Leo endorsed the study of the Oriental languages and of the art of criticism. "...\[I\]t is most proper that Professors of Sacred Scripture and theologians should master those tongues in which the sacred Books were originally written; …"

At first, both conservatives and liberals found elements in the encyclical to which to appeal. Over the next decade, however, Modernism spread and the encyclical was increasingly interpreted in a conservative sense. This encyclical was part of an ongoing conflict between Modernists and conservatives.

## *Divino Afflante Spiritu*

On September 30, 1943, Pope Pius XII issued his encyclical on “The Most Opportune Way to Promote Biblical Studies,” *Divino Afflante Spiritu* (“Inspired by the Divine Spirit”), in commemoration of *Providentissimus Deus*.

## InfoBox

| *Providentissimus Deus*
Latin for 'The most provident God'
Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Signature date | 18 November 1893 |
| Subject | On the Study of Holy Scripture |
| Number | 49 of 85 of the pontificate |
| Text |  |
|


title: Pseudocerastes

abstract: Pseudocerastes is a genus of vipers endemic to the Middle East and Asia. It was originally created as a monotypic genus in 1896 by Boulenger for the species Pseudocerastes persicus, but three species are now recognised: the spider-tailed horned viper; Persian horned viper and Field's horned viper. Like all other vipers, the members of this genus are venomous. Pseudocerastes are often referred to as false-horned vipers because of the horn-like structures above their eyes that are made up of numerous small scales. This is in contrast to the "true" horned viper, Cerastes cerastes, which has similar supraorbital "horns", each consisting of a single elongated scale.

text:
# Pseudocerastes

***Pseudocerastes*** is a genus of vipers endemic to the Middle East and Asia. It was originally created as a monotypic genus in 1896 by Boulenger for the species *Pseudocerastes persicus*, but three species are now recognised: the spider-tailed horned viper (*P. urarachnoides*); Persian horned viper (*P. persicus*) and Field's horned viper (*P. fieldi*). Like all other vipers, the members of this genus are venomous.

*Pseudocerastes* are often referred to as **false-horned vipers** because of the horn-like structures above their eyes that are made up of numerous small scales. This is in contrast to the "true" horned viper, *Cerastes cerastes*, which has similar supraorbital "horns", each consisting of a single elongated scale.

## Taxonomy

In 2006, Bostanchi, Anderson, Kami and Papenfuss described a new species: *P. urarachnoides*. It is found in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran and is described as having the most elaborate tail ornamentation of any snake yet described, save for the rattlesnakes, *Crotalus* and *Sistrurus*.

*P. fieldi* and *P. persicus* were once regarded as two subspecies of the same species, but further studies on the snakes' morphology, molecular structure and toxicology determined that they are in fact separate species.

## Species

| Species | Taxon author | Common name | Geographic range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *P. fieldi* | K.P. Schmidt, 1930 | Field's horned viper | Sinai Peninsula, southern Israel, Jordan, extreme northern Saudi Arabia and southwestern Iraq |
| *P. persicus* | A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 | Persian horned viper | North Iraq, south-east Turkey, Iran, southern Afghanistan, Pakistan and the mountains of Oman |
| *P. urarachnoides* | Bostanchi, S. Anderson, Kami & Papenfuss, 2006 | Spider-tailed horned viper | Iran, Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces |
|

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA (1896). *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ.* London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Genus *Pseudocerastes* and species *Pseudocerastes persicus*, p. 501).
* Duméril A-M-C, Bibron G, Duméril A\[HA\] (1854). *Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie. Comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux*. (= *General Herpetology or Complete Natural History of the Reptiles. Volume 7. Second Part. Containing the* \[*Natural* \] *History of the Venomous Snakes*). Paris: Roret. xii + pp. 781–1536. (*Cerastes persicus*, pp. 1443–1444). (in French).
* Joger U (1984). *The Venomous Snakes of the Near and Middle East*. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 175 pp.
* Latifi M (1991). *The Snakes of Iran*. Second Edition. Oxford, Ohio: Deptartment of the Environment / Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 156 pp. ISBN 0-916984-22-2.
* Marx H, Rabb GB (1965). "Relationships and Zoogeography of the Viperine Snakes (Family Viperidae)". *Fieldiana Zool.* **44** (21): 162-206.
* Mendelssohn H (1965). "On the biology of venomous snakes of Israel. Part II". *Israeli Journal of Zoology* **14**: 185-212.
* Obst FJ (1983). "*Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung* Vipera. \[= On Knowledge of the Snake Genus *Vipera*\]". *Zoolische Abhandlungen der staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden* **38**: 229-235. (in German).

## InfoBox

| *Pseudocerastes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Persian horned viper (*Pseudocerastes persicus*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Viperidae |
| Subfamily: | Viperinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudocerastes*<br>Boulenger, 1896 |
|


title: Pseudocentruropsis

abstract: Pseudocentruropsis flavosignata is a species of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudocentruropsis. It was described by Breuning in 1961. The species have elongated body.

text:
# Pseudocentruropsis

***Pseudocentruropsis flavosignata*** is a species of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Pseudocentruropsis***. It was described by Breuning in 1961. The species have elongated body.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudocentruropsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudocentruropsis*** |
| Species: | ***P. flavosignata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudocentruropsis flavosignata***<br>Breuning, 1961 | |
|


title: Pseudocephalini

abstract: Pseudocephalini is a tribe of beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae. They are most commonly found in Australia.

text:
# Pseudocephalini

**Pseudocephalini** is a tribe of beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae. They are most commonly found in Australia.

## Genus

## InfoBox

| Pseudocephalini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pseudocephalus monstrosus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Cerambycinae |
| Tribe: | Pseudocephalini<br>Aurivillius, 1912 |
|


title: Eileen Younghusband (WAAF officer)

abstract: Eileen Muriel Younghusband, BEM was a filter officer in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force in World War II. She worked in the filter room, a top-level British air defence hub which assessed radar reports in order to give air raid warnings. Later, while posted to Belgium, she was part of a team of mathematicians who alerted Allied forces to the location of V-2 rocket launch sites. Younghusband completed a university degree at the age of 87 and subsequently published three books about her wartime experiences: two memoirs and one children's book.

text:
# Eileen Younghusband (WAAF officer)

**Eileen Muriel Younghusband**, BEM (née **Le Croissette**; 4 July 1921 – 2 September 2016) was a filter officer in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force in World War II. She worked in the filter room, a top-level British air defence hub which assessed radar reports in order to give air raid warnings. Later, while posted to Belgium, she was part of a team of mathematicians who alerted Allied forces to the location of V-2 rocket launch sites.

Younghusband completed a university degree at the age of 87 and subsequently published three books about her wartime experiences: two memoirs and one children's book.

## Early life

Eileen Le Croissette was born in London in 1921. She left school shortly after her 16th birthday and worked in the head office of Scottish Provident in London, who provided life assurance. She worked as an au pair in France after her German teacher suggested she gain experience in speaking French and German to help set up his new business, the 'School Travel Service'.

She worked for the Boucher family until Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland, when she returned home. On this journey she encountered many fleeing Jews.

Upon her return, she worked for Corke Sons & Co. as a secretary. Whilst working here, she visited Germany in the summer of 1939. She went to a paper factory connected to her employers but also to a professor known to her German teacher, as she still had hope of the School Travel Service. She returned in early August 1939, 3 weeks before war began.

### War begins

Eileen Le Croissette was invited back to work at Scottish Provident, after conscription led to a shortage of men, and was a valued employee, with rooms in the city.

Le Croissette experienced the first Blitz on 24 August 1940. This led to her deciding to join the WAAF.

## Wartime service

Eileen Le Croissette joined the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) in 1941 at the age of 19, and was trained at RAF Innsworth, near Gloucester, and RAF Leighton Buzzard. Commissioned as an assistant section officer in November 1941, and promoted to section officer in October 1942, she was posted to 10 Group Fighter Command at RAF Rudloe Manor, Corsham, near Bath, where she was deployed as a filter officer.

In this post, she was responsible for assessing the information gleaned from Chain Home coastal radar stations, estimating position, height and number of enemy forces in the air – essential for establishing Britain's defence network and giving air raid warnings. These teams had a matter of seconds to calculate accurately the whereabouts of both friendly and enemy aircraft. This information was essential since the RAF had a limited number of fighter aircraft and trained pilots, and limited supplies of fuel.

After further training at RAF Bawdsey, she went to 9 Group, RAF Barton Hall, and then to Fighter Command headquarters at RAF Bentley Priory, Stanmore. In 1944, she was posted to 33 Wing, RAF Second Tactical Air Force at Mechelen (Malines), Belgium, with a small team of women using their mathematical skills to detect the mobile launchers of the V-2 rockets aimed at London and the vital port of Antwerp. "Our job was to extrapolate the curve of the V-2 from the place it landed back to the launch site, and we did that once we knew the fall of shot and we got the position of the top of curve, we then used a slide rule in geometry to find the launch site," she told the BBC. Allied aircraft could then bomb the launch vehicles. She remained at Mechelen until June 1945.

Following VE Day she was seconded to the Breendonk concentration camp, where she acted as a guide and interpreter (she was a fluent French speaker), relaying to RAF personnel the realities of war. She resigned her commission on 14 December 1945 and moved into hotel work.

## Later years

Younghusband graduated from the Open University at the age of 87, and wrote two volumes of memoirs, *Not an Ordinary Life* (2009) and *One Woman's War* (2011), the latter dealing more specifically with her wartime experience. She later adapted her books for children and in 2016, just weeks before her death, her children's book *Eileen's War* was published.

### Recognition

Younghusband campaigned on health and education issues, such as cuts to adult education, and she was awarded the British Empire Medal in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to lifelong learning. *Britain's Got Talent* finalist Nathan Wyburn created a portrait of Younghusband from wartime images of her to commemorate her World War II work.

A life-size statue of Younghusband as a young WAAF officer stands in a replica filter room at the Battle of Britain Museum at Bentley Priory.

## Personal life and death

Younghusband married physical training instructor Peter Younghusband in 1944 and they had a son, Clive, in 1946.

In 1984 Younghusband moved to Wales. She died in hospital in Cardiff on 2 September 2016, at the age of 95.

## Publications

* (2009). *Not an Ordinary Life*. Cardiff Centre for Lifelong Learning. ISBN 978-0-9561156-9-0.
* (2013). *One Woman's War*. Cardiff Bay: Candy Jar Books. ISBN 978-0-9571548-3-4.
* (2016). *Eileen's War*. Illustrated by Jason Goy. Candy Jar Books.

## InfoBox

| Eileen Younghusband | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Eileen Muriel Le Croissette |
| Born | 4 July 1921
London, England, UK |
| Died | 2 September 2016(2016-09-02) (aged 95)
Cardiff, Wales, UK |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Women's Auxiliary Air Force |
| Rank | Section officer |
| Service number | 3861 |
| Unit | No. 10 Group RAF
No. 9 Group RAF
RAF Second Tactical Air Force (2TAF) |
| Awards | British Empire Medal |
| Alma mater | Open University |
| Spouse(s) | Peter Younghusband (m. 1944) |
| Children | 1 |


abstract: The Proposed Eastern United States missile defense site is a Ground-Based Midcourse Defense site that may be built in the eastern half of the United States. As of January 2014 four sites were shortlisted - SERE Remote Training Site in Maine (Rangeley), Fort Drum in New York, Camp James A. Garfield in Ohio, and Fort Custer Training Center in Michigan. Camp Ethan Allen Training Site in Vermont was dropped from consideration in late 2013. In June 2019, Fort Drum in New York was chosen as the location for the potential missile defense site.

text:
# Proposed Eastern United States missile defense site

The **Proposed Eastern United States missile defense site** is a Ground-Based Midcourse Defense site that may be built in the eastern half of the United States.

As of January 2014 four sites were shortlisted - SERE Remote Training Site in Maine (Rangeley), Fort Drum in New York, Camp James A. Garfield in Ohio, and Fort Custer Training Center in Michigan. Camp Ethan Allen Training Site in Vermont was dropped from consideration in late 2013. In June 2019, Fort Drum in New York was chosen as the location for the potential missile defense site.

## History

In January 2014 the Pentagon announced they were starting a two-year environmental impact study under the 2013 defense authorization bill, which required two missile-defense sites to be identified on the East Coast. The CBO has estimated that a site would cost US$3.5bn.


title: Proposed Japanese invasion of Sichuan

abstract: The proposed Japanese invasion of Sichuan was the Imperial Japanese Army's failed plan to destroy the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was to be a stepping stone for the Empire of Japan's final control of the Chinese mainland. The operation started in spring of 1942, after the first phase of operations had been concluded in south China, and continued through spring of 1943. The operation is noted for Japan's sustained bombing of cities in central west China.

text:
# Proposed Japanese invasion of Sichuan

The **proposed Japanese invasion of Sichuan** was the Imperial Japanese Army's failed plan to destroy the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was to be a stepping stone for the Empire of Japan's final control of the Chinese mainland.

The operation started in spring of 1942, after the first phase of operations had been concluded in south China, and continued through spring of 1943. The operation is noted for Japan's sustained bombing of cities in central west China.

## Basic plan

The basic plan was to make a multi-front breakthrough to Sichuan from northern Shanxi, central Hubei and southern Hunan. Heavy aerial support and bombing of Chongqing was to support the advance of the Japanese Army and their Collaborationist Chinese Army puppets. Japanese Navy patrol boats from the Yangtze river were to provide further bombardment. Chiang Kai-shek discussed the invasion in his book *Soviet Russia in China*, stating:

> The Imperial General Headquarters sent the order for drawing down 16 divisions and logistics support units from Japan reserves, Manchukuo and Southern Areas (including New Guinea and Solomon islands also) to reinforce the Japanese expeditionary forces in central China area, to prepare the principal force of ten divisions in south Shanshi and other support group conformed by six Divisions of Ichang in Hubei amongst other Divisions located in Changde, in Hunan, for striking Sichuan and the occupation of Chongqing in September 1942.

By coincidence, September 1942 was also the time when the German Wehrmacht was closing in on Stalingrad. The invasion phase was to involve Japanese units first occupying Wanxian, from where the Japanese could advance to Chongqing-proper in echelon. To cut off the escape routes of Chinese refugees, the occupation of North Guizhou was planned, which could be used to stage an attack on Chengdu through Yibin.

The north Japanese army division would have had the option to either advance towards south Shaanxi to capture Xi'an, or towards Hanzhong to take Chengdu directly. Alternatively, Japan could have utilized airborne forces to cut off Chinese escape routes and take the Chongqing metropolitan area directly.

## Interests in Sichuan region

Both Chiang Kai-shek and General Wego W.K. Chiang suspected that the intense bombing of Chongqing by the Japanese Navy and the Japanese Air Force was to support the diversionary Japanese operations against metropolitan Chongqing, as part of the invasion of Sichuan. It was also possible that the Japanese army hoped that a terror campaign against Chongqing would force the Chinese authorities to break from the Allies and make a separate peace with Japan.

## Sichuan invasion

### Japanese plan

According to General Chiang Wei-kuo, should the invasion be successful, the Japanese might have intended to put Wang Jingwei's puppet regime in charge of Chongqing. The Japanese might also have persuaded Chiang Kai-shek to join Japan's Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere and to even assist in a future Japanese offensive against the Soviet Union in Siberia and Central Asia. Another possibility was the installation of a Japanese civilian or military Governor-General to administer the area as an Imperial Japanese Army fief in mainland Asia, which could later be expanded to include Tibet and Xinjiang as well.

### Factors affecting invasion

Due to opposition against Japan from other Allied countries, the Sichuan invasion was not enthusiastically carried out. In particular, the United States' counter-offensive against Japan heavily undermined the possibility of an invasion. Chiang Kai-shek stated:

> But in June 1942, Japanese forces suffered the humiliating defeat in the Battle of Midway, and in August the U.S. forces initiated the counteroffensive against the Solomon Islands, with a landing at Tenaru River, Guadalcanal (Operation Watchtower). The Japanese suffered frequent losses at the end of September 1942, and decided to delay the implement of invasion plan for Sichuan. Later in November, the Japanese forces having been totally defeated in Guadalcanal, (Battle of Guadalcanal, Battle of Tassafaronga and Battle of Rennel), the situation was turned around, with Japan losing all possibility to transfer with impunity its forces in the area (the Japanese were obliged to use all disposable vessels in their retreat, "Operation KE" during the night of February 1–2, 1943, the last part of the so-called "Tokyo Express"). At the end of 1942, the planning for the Sichuan Invasion was suspended.

### Last operative attempt to invade

However, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters was still in favor of an invasion. Hence the Japanese China Expeditionary Army produced a new plan for the capture of Sichuan, which was based on the previous 1942 plan. The May 1943 "Battle of West Hubei" was part of this new attempt to advance to Sichuan.

Nevertheless, by then the Nationalist Chinese armies had the support of the "Flying Tigers" (A.V.G.) of the United States, which was commanded by General Claire Chennault. In subsequent battles, the Japanese army suffered defeats at the hands of the Nationalist Chinese armies. In light of these defeats, the Japanese forces had to abandon a new offensive. During this period the Chinese Army sent seven Army envoys to Yunnan and India to clear the China–Burma route.

In fear of Chinese reinforcements through the cleared route and having sustained much losses in the Battle of Changde, the Japanese army switched their attention to Yunnan to prevent future Chinese counter-offensives from that area.

## Reproposal

1. Kai-shek, Chiang (1957). *Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy*. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

## Sources

* General Wego W.K. Chiang "How the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Won the Chinese-Japanese Eight Years War, 1937–1945".
* Gen. Wego W.K. Chiang, *Die Strategische Bedetung Taiwans*, Taipei
* Idem. *Chinese Communists Modernization Problems*, Taipei, 1979
* Alphonse Max, *Southeast Asia: Destiny and Reality*, Montevideo, Uruguay: International Studies (Spanish translation By Dr. Santiago Rompani and Prof. Alvaro Casal), 1985.

## InfoBox

| Proposed Japanese invasion of Sichuan | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific Theater of World War II | |
| <br>The map showing the proposed Operation 5 | |
| Date September, 1942 – Spring 1943  Location Sichuan, China  Result  Chinese victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| China | Japan |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Chiang Kai-shek | Unknown |
| Units involved | |
| National Revolutionary Army | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Strength | |
| 200,000 troops, 300 planes | 140,000 troops, 300 tanks, 500 planes |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Unknown |


title: Project Normandy

abstract: Project Normandy was a top secret Church of Scientology operation wherein the church planned to take over the city of Clearwater, Florida, by infiltrating government offices and media centers. Gabe Cazares, who was the mayor of Clearwater at the time, used the term "the occupation of Clearwater" and later characterized it as a "paramilitary operation by a terrorist group".

text:
# Project Normandy

**Project Normandy** was a top secret Church of Scientology operation wherein the church planned to take over the city of Clearwater, Florida, by infiltrating government offices and media centers. Gabe Cazares, who was the mayor of Clearwater at the time, used the term "the occupation of Clearwater" and later characterized it as a "paramilitary operation by a terrorist group".

## History

In the 1970s, the Church of Scientology Corporation used a front group, called the "United Churches of Florida", to purchase the Fort Harrison Hotel, for $3 million. The church established their headquarters in the Fort Harrison Hotel, and dubbed it their *Flag Land Base*.

In 1977, an FBI raid on Scientology headquarters uncovered internal Church of Scientology documents marked "Top Secret" that referred to their secret operation to take over Clearwater, as "Project Normandy". The document states its purpose as "obtain\[ing\] enough data on the Clearwater area to be able to determine what groups and individuals B1 will need to penetrate and handle in order to establish area control". The document says its "Major Target" is "to fully investigate the Clearwater city and county area so we can distinguish our friends from our enemies and handle as needed".

On November 3, 1979, the *Clearwater Sun* ran an article with the headline "Scientologists plot city takeover" and later stories claimed that the Scientologists also had international plans to take over the world. The *St. Petersburg Times* won a Pulitzer Prize for one of their stories that exposed some of the criminal wrongdoings of the Church of Scientology. Cazares also noted that he found it odd that a religious group would resort to using code names for a project to take control of a town, and called the project a "paramilitary operation by a terrorist group".

The Church of Scientology targeted Cazares, attempting to entrap him in a sex scandal. Scientology also staged a phony hit-and-run accident with Cazares in an attempt to discredit him. Cazares and his wife sued the Church of Scientology for $1.5 million. The church settled with Cazares in 1986.


title: Prvoslav Ilić

abstract: Prvoslav Ilić is a Serbian former wrestler who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics where he won 5th place.

text:
# Prvoslav Ilić

**Prvoslav Ilić** (born January 25, 1952) is a Serbian former wrestler who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics where he won 5th place.

## InfoBox

Prvoslav Ilić
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's wrestling | | |
| Representing  Yugoslavia | | |
| European Championships | | |
|  | 1982 Varna | Super-Heavyweight |
|  | 1980 Prievidza | Super-Heavyweight |


title: Egg pie

abstract: Egg pie is a sweet Filipino pie dessert with an egg custard filling and a characteristic toasty brown top made from egg whites. It is made with flour, sugar, milk, butter, and eggs. Calamansi juice or zest may also be added. It is a type of custard pie. Egg pies are commonly sold in bakeries in the Philippines. Gervacio Valencia Ramirez' egg pie of Gervacio’s Bakeshop in C.M. Recto Street, Davao City is considered the Best of Davao. Generous ingredients of milk and egg yolk combine the tastiest bright yellow custard with a chewy crust but not crumbly.

text:
# Egg pie

**Egg pie** is a sweet Filipino pie dessert with an egg custard filling and a characteristic toasty brown top made from egg whites. It is made with flour, sugar, milk, butter, and eggs. Calamansi juice or zest may also be added. It is a type of custard pie. Egg pies are commonly sold in bakeries in the Philippines.

Gervacio Valencia Ramirez' egg pie of Gervacio’s Bakeshop in C.M. Recto Street, Davao City is considered the Best of Davao. Generous ingredients of milk and egg yolk combine the tastiest bright yellow custard with a chewy crust but not crumbly.

* Media related to Egg pie at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Egg pie
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | Filipino egg pie |
| Type | Pastry |
| Place of origin | Philippines |
| Main ingredients | Flour, butter, eggs, milk, sugar |
|  | |


title: Pseudophaio

abstract: Pseudophaio is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae erected by George Hampson in 1914. Its single species, Pseudophaio rosenbergi, was first described by Rothschild in 1911. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Pseudophaio

***Pseudophaio*** is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae erected by George Hampson in 1914. Its single species, ***Pseudophaio rosenbergi***, was first described by Rothschild in 1911. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudophaio* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudophaio*
Hampson, 1914 |
| Species: | ***P. rosenbergi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudophaio rosenbergi***
(Rothschild, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Poliopasta rosenbergi* Rothschild, 1911 | |


title: Project Runway season 7

abstract: Project Runway Season 7 is the seventh season of the television show Project Runway. The first episode aired on January 14, 2010, on Lifetime. Season 7 featured the return of the show to New York City, following a move to Los Angeles for Season 6. Returning as judges are supermodel Heidi Klum, fashion designer Michael Kors, and Marie Claire fashion director Nina Garcia. Tim Gunn returned as a mentor to the aspiring designers. The winner of this season, Seth Aaron Henderson received an editorial feature in an issue of Marie Claire magazine, a cash prize of $100,000 to start a personal line line, an opportunity to sell the line on Bluefly.com, and a $50,000 technology suite from Hewlett-Packard to create, design, and run a business. The winning model of this season will receive a $25,000 cash prize and take part in the winning designer's fashion spread in Marie Claire. In 2012, Anthony Williams and Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway All Stars, with Anthony placing 9th and Mila placing 6th of 13. Also in 2012, Emilio Sosa competed on Project Runway All Stars and again was the runner-up. In 2013, Seth Aaron Henderson competed in Project Runway All Stars and won the competition. In 2014, Jay Sario competed in Project Runway All Stars placing 6th of 14. In 2018, Anthony Williams once again competed on Project Runway All Stars and won the competition. In 2019, Seth Aaron Henderson returned for a third time to compete on Project Runway All Stars against worldwide Project Runway winners. Seth Aaron placed 13th of 14. In 2023, Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway, placing 13th of 14.

text:
# Project Runway season 7

***Project Runway Season 7*** is the seventh season of the television show *Project Runway*. The first episode aired on January 14, 2010, on Lifetime.

Season 7 featured the return of the show to New York City, following a move to Los Angeles for Season 6.

Returning as judges are supermodel Heidi Klum, fashion designer Michael Kors, and *Marie Claire* fashion director Nina Garcia. Tim Gunn returned as a mentor to the aspiring designers.

The winner of this season, Seth Aaron Henderson received an editorial feature in an issue of *Marie Claire* magazine, a cash prize of $100,000 to start a personal line line, an opportunity to sell the line on Bluefly.com, and a $50,000 technology suite from Hewlett-Packard to create, design, and run a business. The winning model of this season will receive a $25,000 cash prize and take part in the winning designer's fashion spread in *Marie Claire*.

In 2012, Anthony Williams and Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 1), with Anthony placing 9th and Mila placing 6th of 13.

Also in 2012, Emilio Sosa competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 2) and again was the runner-up.

In 2013, Seth Aaron Henderson competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 3) and won the competition.

In 2014, Jay Sario competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 4) placing 6th of 14.

In 2018, Anthony Williams once again competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 6) and won the competition.

In 2019, Seth Aaron Henderson returned for a third time to compete on Project Runway All Stars (season 7) against worldwide *Project Runway* winners. Seth Aaron placed 13th of 14.

In 2023, Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway (season 20), placing 13th of 14.

## Contestants

| Contestant | Age | Hometown | Finish | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Christiane King | 30 | Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire | Episode 1 | 16 |
| Pamela Ptak | 47 | Pittsfield, Massachusetts | Episode 2 | 15 |
| Ping Wu | 34 | Chengdu, China | Episode 3 | 14 |
| Jesus Estrada | 21 | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | Episode 4 | 13 |
| Anna Lynett | 23 | Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin | Episode 5 | 12 |
| Janeane Marie Ceccanti | 27 | Willows, California | Episode 6 | 11 |
| Jesse LeNoir | 25 | Painesville, Ohio | Episode 7 | 10 |
| Ben Chmura | 30 | Meriden, Connecticut | Episode 8 | 9 |
| Amy Sarabi | 25 | Plano, Texas | Episode 9 | 8 |
| Maya Luz | 21 | Santa Fe, New Mexico | Episode 11 | 7 (quit) |
| Jonathan Peters | 29 | Woonsocket, Rhode Island | | 6 |
| Anthony Williams * | 28 | Birmingham, Alabama | Episode 12 | 5 |
| Jay Nicolas Sario | 31 | Manila, Philippines | Episode 13 | 4 |
| Mila Hermanovski | 40 | Dallas, Texas | Episode 14 | 3 |
| Emilio Sosa | 43 | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | | 2 |
| **Seth Aaron Henderson** | **38** | **San Diego, California** | | **1** |

* Anthony was originally eliminated after Amy, but returned to the competition following Maya's withdrawal

### Models

| Model | Hometown | Age | Place Finished |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kelly Gervais | Livingston, New Jersey | 19 | 16th |
| Elizaveta Melnitchenko | Salzburg, Austria | 19 | 15th |
| Sophia Lee | Taipei, Taiwan | 26 | 14th |
| Sarah Bell | Cincinnati, Ohio | 22 | 13th |
| Kasey Ashcraft | Salisbury, Maryland | 24 | 12th |
| Megan Davis | Des Moines, Iowa | 19 | 11th |
| Alexis Broker | Denver, Colorado | 25 | 10th |
| Alison Gingerich | Leesburg, Ohio | 23 | 9th |
| Holly Ridings | Roscoe, Illinois | 24 | 8th |
| Valeria Leonova | Tula, Russia | 23 | 7th (Quit) |
| Cerri McQuillan | Dublin, Ireland | 23 | 6th |
| Monique Darton | Brainerd, Minnesota | 24 | 5th |
| Brittany Oldehoff | Fort Lauderdale, Florida | 20 | 4th |
| Brandise Danesewich | Saskatchewan, Canada | 32 | 3rd |
| Lorena Angjeli | Tirana, Albania | 20 | Runner-up |
| **Kristina Sajko** | **Zagreb, Croatia** | **29** | **Winner** |

## Challenges

Designer Elimination Table
| Designers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | Eliminated Episode |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Seth Aaron | **HIGH** | IN | **LOW** | IN | IN | **WIN** | IN | **HIGH** | **WIN** | **HIGH** | **LOW** | **HIGH** | **ADV** | **WINNER** | 14 – Finale, Part 2 |
| Emilio | **WIN** | IN | IN | IN | **HIGH** | IN | **LOW** | IN | **WIN** | **WIN** | **WIN** | **WIN** | **ADV** | | **RUNNER-UP** |
| Mila | IN | **HIGH** | **WIN** | **HIGH** | **LOW** | IN | **HIGH** | **LOW** | IN | **LOW** | **LOW** | **LOW** | **ADV** | | **3RD PLACE** |
| Jay | IN | **WIN** | **HIGH** | IN | IN | **HIGH** | **WIN** | IN | **LOW** | IN | **LOW** | **LOW** | **OUT** |  | 13 – Finale, Part 1 |
| Anthony | **LOW** | IN | **LOW** | IN | **WIN** | IN | **LOW** | IN | **HIGH** | **OUT** | **WIN** | **OUT** |  | | 12 – The Big, Top Designers |
| Jonathan | IN | IN | **HIGH** | IN | IN | **LOW** | IN | **WIN** | **LOW** | **LOW** | **OUT** |  | | | 11 – Sew Much Pressure |
| Maya | IN | IN | **HIGH** | **HIGH** | IN | IN | **HIGH** | **HIGH** | **HIGH** | **HIGH** | **WD** |  | | | |
| Amy | IN | **HIGH** | IN | **WIN** | IN | **LOW** | IN | **LOW** | **OUT** |  | | | | | 9 – Takin' It To The Streets |
| Ben | IN | IN | IN | IN | **HIGH** | IN | IN | **OUT** |  | | | | | | 8 – The Elements of Fashion |
| Jesse | IN | IN | **LOW** | **LOW** | IN | **HIGH** | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | 7 – Hard Wear |
| Janeane | IN | IN | IN | IN | **LOW** | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | 6 – A Little Bit of Fashion |
| Anna | IN | IN | IN | **LOW** | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | 5 – Run For Cover |
| Jesus | **LOW** | **LOW** | IN | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | | 4 – Design Your Heart Out |
| Ping | **HIGH** | **LOW** | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | | | 3 – High's and Low's of Fashion |
| Pamela | IN | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 – The Fashion Farm |
| Christiane | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 – Back to New York |

* **^Note 1** : Team Emilio and Seth Aaron co-won Episode 9, for the first time since Season 2.
* **^Note 2** : Maya withdrew for personal reasons at the beginning of Episode 11. Anthony, who was originally eliminated in Episode 10, was brought back to take her place. Also, two winners were chosen for this challenge: Emilio and Anthony. Each of their dresses will be worn on the red carpet by Heidi Klum and Jessica Alba. This is the first time two designers won a single challenge yet were not a team.
* **^Note 3** : Emilio was advanced to fashion week first during the judging session. Seth Aaron was also advanced to fashion week. Jay and Mila will both create collections for fashion week, however only one will advance to compete at Bryant Park with Emilio and Seth Aaron.
* **^Note 4** : Jay and Mila each presented three looks to the judges. After much deliberation, they concluded that Mila was more ready to show at fashion week than Jay. She advanced to the finale, and Jay was consequently eliminated.

The designer won Project Runway Season 7.   The designer was advanced to Fashion Week.   The designer won the challenge.   The designer came in second but did not win the challenge.   The designer had one of the highest scores for that challenge, but did not win.   The designer had one of the lowest scores for that challenge, but was not eliminated.   The designer was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.   The designer lost and was out of the competition.   The designer withdrew from the competition.

### *Models of the Runway*

Model Elimination Table
| ***Model*** | 1 | 2 | 311 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 91112 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1310 | 14 | Episode |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kristina | SH | SH | AW | SH | **AW** | AW | AW | AW | MH | **AW** | MH | SH | SH | **WINNER** (SH) | 14 – Finale, part 2 |
| Lorena | JC | MH | **MH** | MH | BC | BC | ML | ML | ML | **ES** | **ES** | ES | ES | | **ES** |
| Brandise | JP | JP | **PW** | ML | MH | JP | MH | MH | **ES** | MH | **JP** | MH | MH | | **MH** |
| Brittany | JE | JE | JC | **JE** | ES | **JC** | **JS** | JS | JS | JS | JS | JS | **JS** | **OUT** | 13 – Finale, part 1 |
| Monique | ML | ML | JP | JS | JS | JS | AS | ES | AW | ML | **AW** | **AW** | **OUT** |  | 12 – What Do You Mean, I'm Not Going to Bryant Park...? |
| Cerri | AL | AL | AL | AL | **AL** | MH | JP | **JP** | JP | JP | **SH** | **OUT** |  | | 11 – Second Chances |
| Valeria | AS | JC | ML | JC | SH | **SH** | SH | SH | **SH** | SH | **WD** |  | | | 10 – Should I Stay or Should I Go? |
| Holly | **ES** | ES | AS | ES | AS | ES | ES | AS | **AS** | **OUT** |  | | | | 9 – To Pick Me or Not to Pick Me |
| Alison | AW | AS | ES | JP | JP | AS | BC | **BC** | **OUT** |  | | | | | 8 – It’s a Hairy Situation |
| Alexis | MH | AW | BC | BC | JL | JL | **JL** | **OUT** |  | | | | | | 7 – Hard to Wear |
| Megan | JL | JL | JL | JL | ML | ML | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | 6 – Role Models |
| Kasey | JS | **JS** | JS | **AS** | JC | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | 5 – I'm Ready for My Close-Up |
| Sarah | PP | **PP** | SH | AW | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | 4 – Heart to Heart |
| Sophia | BC | BC | JE | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | | 3 – Modeling Difficulties |
| Elizaveta | PW | PW | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | | | 2 – Excuse Me, Is My Butt Showing |
| Kelly | **CK** | **OUT** |  | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 – Walk This Way |
|

* **^Note 5** : The aftershow "Models of the Runway" fully reveals the eliminated model of a future challenge.
* **^Note 6** : The table does not show the results of the designers' model pick, in which everyone kept the same model, but the start of Project Runway episode 2, in which the models chose the designers. Alexis switched from Mila to Anthony, causing Alison and Valeria to have to switch and leaving Lorena with Mila
* **^Note 7** : In place of the models, a group of women with heart disease modeled the designs. Colored boxes in this column refer to the models assigned to the winning and losing designers.
* **^Note 8** : In this episode the models walk the runway with 5- to 9-year-old girls.
* **^Note 9** : Cerri was originally eliminated in Episode 10; however, she was brought back after Valeria, Seth Aaron's model, voluntarily withdrew to accept a job at Donna Karan.
* **^Note 10** : Only Brandise and Brittany walked the runway because their designers Mila and Jay had to compete for the final slot at Fashion Week.
* **^Note 11** : In this challenge designers worked in pairs, and some models wore looks designed by their designers' teammate.
* **^Note 12** :Holly was paired with eliminated designer Amy, but it was actually Cerri who wore the losing design.

The model won Project Runway Season 7.   The model wore the winning design that challenge.   The model wore the losing design that challenge.   The model was eliminated.   The model was brought back into the competition.   The model withdrew from the competition.

**Designer legend**

* **Amy:** AS
* **Anna:** AL
* **Anthony:** AW
* **Ben:** BC
* **Christiane:** CK
* **Emilio:** ES
* **Janeane:** JC
* **Jay:** JS
* **Jesse:** JL
* **Jesus:** JE
* **Jonathan:** JP
* **Maya:** ML
* **Mila:** MH
* **Pamela:** PP
* **Ping:** PW
* **Seth Aaron:** SH

## Episodes

### Episode 1: Back to New York

*Original Airdate:* January 14, 2010

The designers were asked to create a garment that represents who they are as a designer. They selected five fabrics each from a wide selection provided by Mood. The designers were preassigned models for their challenge and given one day to complete their design.

* **Guest Judge:** Nicole Richie
    + WINNER: **Emilio**
    + BOTTOM TWO: Christiane King & Jesus Estrada
    + ELIMINATED: **Christiane**

### Episode 2: The Fashion Farm

*Original Airdate:* January 21, 2010

The designers were asked to create a party look from a burlap potato sack for their models to wear to an industry event. As the clients for this round, the models were allowed to choose their designers.

* **Guest Judge:** Lauren Hutton
    + WINNER: **Jay**
    + BOTTOM TWO: Pamela Ptak & Jesus Estrada
    + ELIMINATED: **Pamela**

### Episode 3: The Highs and Lows of Fashion

*Original Airdate:* January 28, 2010

The designers were taken to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and shown ten iconic looks by famous designers such as Yves Saint Laurent, Christian Dior, Madame Grès, and Cristóbal Balenciaga. They were then asked to create a high-end signature look worthy of a master collection. The designers were placed in teams of two and given $500 per team to create their looks. As the winner of the last challenge, Jay was automatically a team leader. Tim drew the names of the other team leaders via a random lottery; those team leaders then selected their partners in the order they were chosen, as indicated in the table below.

On the second day of the challenge, the teams were asked to create a second "look for less", using only 10% of the budget for the first look and inspired by the signature look of one of the other teams. Heidi mentioned, when about to eliminate one of the bottom four designers, that two of them might be out.

| Team | Team Members | Second Look Inspired by |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jay and Maya | Janeane and Ben |
| 2 | Jesus and Amy | Ping and Jesse |
| 3 | Anthony and Seth Aaron | Jesus and Amy |
| 4 | Janeane and Ben | Mila and Jonathan |
| 5 | Mila and Jonathan | Anthony and Seth Aaron |
| 6 | Ping and Jesse | Emilio and Anna |
| 7 | Emilio and Anna | Jay and Maya |
|

* **Guest Judge:** Matthew Williamson
    + WINNER: **Mila**
    + BOTTOM TWO: Anthony Willams & Ping Wu
    + ELIMINATED: **Ping**

### Episode 4: Design Your Heart Out

*Original Airdate:* February 4, 2010

The designers were asked to design a look for a Fashion Week gala. The looks were required to feature the color red and elements with Campbell's branding, and were modeled by women who had been impacted by heart disease. Designers had a budget of $100 to purchase fabrics and other elements and one day of time to finish the design. The winning garment was produced and sold on projectrunway.com, with proceeds going to the American Heart Association.

* **Guest Judge:** Georgina Chapman
    + WINNER: **Amy**
    + BOTTOM TWO: Anna Lynett& Jesus Estrada
    + ELIMINATED: **Jesus**

### Episode 5: Run for Cover

*Original Airdate:* February 11, 2010

The designers were asked to design an outfit for the cover of *Marie Claire* magazine. The winning design was worn by Heidi Klum on the cover of the April 2010 issue.

* **Guest Judge:** Joanna Coles, editor in chief of *Marie Claire*
    + WINNER: **Anthony**
    + ELIMINATED: **Anna**

### Episode 6: A Little Bit of Fashion

*Original Airdate:* February 18, 2010

The designers were asked to create a fashionable children's look to be modeled by a group of girls aged 5–9. Later the designers were asked to create an additional companion look for their adult models.

* **Guest Judge:** Tory Burch
    + WINNER: **Seth Aaron**
    + ELIMINATED: **Janeane**

### Episode 7: Hard Wear

*Original Airdate:* March 4, 2010

The designers were asked to create an innovative look and an accessory from materials sourced from a hardware store.

* **Guest Judges:** Isabel Toledo and Stephen Webster, jewelry designer
    + WINNER: **Jay**
    + ELIMINATED: **Jesse**

### Episode 8: The Elements of Fashion

*Original Airdate:* March 11, 2010

The designers were asked to create a look inspired by one of the four classical elements: Earth, Water, Air, and Fire.

As the winner of the last challenge, Jay was allowed to choose his own element. After that, two designers were allotted to each element. The designers got to choose their element in the order in which Tim drew their names out of a bag.

The designers and their elements were as follows:

| Element | Designers |
| --- | --- |
| Earth | Mila, Emilio |
| Water | Maya, Ben |
| Air | Jay, Jonathan, Seth Aaron |
| Fire | Anthony, Amy |
|

### Episode 9: Takin' It To The Streets

*Original Airdate:* March 18, 2010

The designers were asked to create looks inspired by a distinctive New York City neighborhood. They were divided into four teams of two, with Tim drawing the names of team leaders at random. Each team was responsible for creating a day look and an evening look.

The teams and their neighborhoods were as follows (team leaders are named first):

| Neighborhood | Team Members |
| --- | --- |
| Chinatown | Anthony and Maya |
| East Village | Jay and Mila |
| Upper East Side | Amy and Jonathan |
| Harlem | Emilio and Seth Aaron |
|

### Episode 10: Hey, That's My Fabric

*Original Airdate:* March 25, 2010

The designers were asked to design and create their own print fabric as the basis for their looks.

* **Guest Judge:** Vivienne Tam
    + WINNER: **Emilio**
    + ELIMINATED: **Anthony**

### Episode 11: Sew Much Pressure

*Original Airdate:* April 1, 2010

The designers were asked to create a red-carpet look for Heidi Klum.

Maya chose to withdraw from the competition because she felt that she was too young and was not developed enough as a designer. Since Maya withdrew from the competition, Anthony was brought back, and won the challenge along with Emilio.

* **Guest Judge:** Jessica Alba
    + WINNERS: **Emilio** and **Anthony**
    + ELIMINATED: **Jonathan**
    + WITHDREW: **Maya**

This challenge marked a record-breaking third consecutive win for Emilio.

### Episode 12: The Big, Top Designers

*Original Airdate:* April 8, 2010

The designers were asked to create a look inspired by the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus.

* **Guest Judge:** Cynthia Rowley
    + ADVANCED: **Emilio** and **Seth Aaron**
    + ELIMINATED: **Anthony**

Jay and Mila were both kept in the competition and asked to design collections, but only one of them would show at Fashion Week. This challenge boosted Emilio's own record from three consecutive wins to four.

### Episode 13: Finale – Part 1

*Original Airdate:* April 15, 2010

Four designers were given budget of $9000 and four months to finish a ten piece collection for New York Fashion Week. Tim Gunn visited the four remaining designers as they worked on their collections at home. When the designers returned to New York, Mila and Jay were asked to show three looks on the runway for the judges to decide which one of them would show at Fashion Week.

* ADVANCED: **Mila**
* ELIMINATED: **Jay**
* Had Jay been chosen rather than Mila, there would have been an all-male final following two all-female ones.

### Episode 14: Finale – Part 2

*Original Airdate:* April 22, 2010

Three finalists work the last part of preparation, including model casting and hair and makeup counseling, for the final New York Fashion Week. Each showed their collection at Fashion Week before the winner of Project Runway Season 7 was announced. Although not televised, all the seasons contestants showed collections to prevent the audience from leaking the identities of the three finalists.

* **Guest Judge:** Faith Hill
* WINNER: **Seth Aaron**
* ELIMINATED: **Mila** and **Emilio**

### Episode 15: Reunion Special

*Original Airdate:* April 22, 2010

A half-hour show after airing of Project Runway Season 7 Finale, hosted by Tim Gunn and Nina Garcia. All 16 designers and 16 models gathered together to talk about the events on the show and off camera scenes. There are a few highlights in this reunion episode: Designers being disloyal to their models, the conflict between Ping and Jesse, Anthony's controversial comments about Mila, Cerri's negative comments about Jay's design, Maya's withdrawal from competition, and others. Maya was also awarded the Fan Favourite prize.

## InfoBox

| *Project Runway* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 7 | |
| Runway Season 7 contestants | |
|  | |
| No. of tasks | 11 |
| No. of contestants | 16 |
| Winner | Seth Aaron Henderson |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 15 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Lifetime |
| Original release | January 14 (2010-01-14)
April 22, 2010 (2010-04-22) |
| Additional information | |
| Filming dates | June 2009
July 2009 & February 2010 |
| Season chronology | |


title: Eito

abstract: Eito is a village in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde, part of the municipality of Paul. It is situated 1 km southwest of Pombas, 2 km northeast of Figueiral and 15 km northeast of the island capital Porto Novo. Its population was 979 in 2010.

text:
# Eito

**Eito** is a village in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde, part of the municipality of Paul. It is situated 1 km southwest of Pombas, 2 km northeast of Figueiral and 15 km northeast of the island capital Porto Novo. Its population was 979 in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Eito | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 17°08′35″N 25°01′26″W / 17.143°N 25.024°W / 17.143; -25.024 | |
| Country | Cape Verde |
| Island | Santo Antão |
| Municipality | Paul |
| Civil parish | Santo António das Pombas |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 979 |
| ID | 12103 |


title: El Salvador at the 1988 Summer Olympics

text:
# El Salvador at the 1988 Summer Olympics

El Salvador competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, from 17 September to 2 October 1988. This was the nation's fourth appearance at the Olympics.

Comité Olímpico de El Salvador sent a total of 6 athletes to the Games, 5 men and 1 women, to compete in 4 sports. Wrestler Gustavo Manzur was chosen to carry his nation's flag during the opening ceremony.

## Competitors

Comité Olímpico de El Salvador selected a team of 6 athletes, 5 men and 1 women, to compete in 4 sports. Wrestler Gustavo Manzur, at age 28, was the oldest athlete of the team, while boxer Henry Martínez was the youngest at age 17.

The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Boxing | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Judo | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Wrestling | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 5 | 1 | 6 |

## Athletics

Men Combined events

| Athlete | Event |  | 100 m | LJ | SP | HJ | 400 m | 110H | DT | PV | JT | 1500 m | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Santiago Mellado | Decathlon | Result | 11.33 | 6.83 | 11.63 | 2.06 | 48.37 | 15.39 | 37.52 | 4.60 | 55.42 | 4:30.07 | 7517 | 26 |
| | | Points | 789 | 774 | 584 | 859 | 891 | 803 | 614 | 790 | 669 | | | 744 |

Women Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank |
| Kriscia Lorena García | Marathon | 3:04:21 | 58 |

## Boxing

Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result |
| Henry Martínez | Light Flyweight | Cheikh (ALG)
**W 5–0** | Ben-Haim (ISR)
**W** (walk-over) | Marinov (BUL)
**L 0–5** | Did not advance | | |
| Francisco Avelar | Featherweight | BYE | Achik (MAR)
**L 1–4** | Did not advance | | | |

## Judo

Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminary | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Repechage 3 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Fredy Torres | 71 kg | BYE | Giorgi Tenadze (URS)
**L** | Did not advance | | | | | | | =33 |

## Wrestling

Men's Freestyle

| Athlete | Event | Eliminatory round | | | | | | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | Round 6 / 7 | | |
| Gustavo Manzur | 68 kg | El-Khodary (EGY)
**L** 19–**3** | Wattar (SYR)
**L** **3**–16 | Did not advance | | | | | **AC** |

Men's Greco-Roman

| Athlete | Event | Eliminatory round | | | | | | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | Round 6 / 7 | | |
| Gustavo Manzur | 68 kg | Souaken (MAR)
**L** 5:40 | Sipilä (FIN)
**L** **0**–15 | Did not advance | | | | | **AC** |

## InfoBox

| El Salvador at the
1988 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | ESA |
| NOC | El Salvador Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.teamesa.org (in Spanish) |
| in Seoul | |
| Competitors | 5 (4 men and 1 woman) in 3 sports |
| Flag bearer | Gustavo Manzur |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


abstract: Prospect Hill is a plantation house in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. The house was built between 1811 and 1812 by Spotswood Dabney Crenshaw for Waller Holladay. Holladay was elected to several local political positions and also served in the Virginia General Assembly. Waller purchased land around Prospect Hill beginning in 1803 using an inheritance from his half-brother, General Lewis Littlepage. One of the original outbuildings housed the first post office in Spotsylvania in 1809. Holladay and his wife, Huldah, raised 13 children at Prospect hill. One of their sons, James Holladay, was captured at the Battle of Five Forks during the American Civil War - just days before the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House. When he was released, James returned to the plantation and restored it to operation. In the 1880s he added a porch surrounding the first floor. This was the only addition to Prospect Hill until 1991. Prospect Hill underwent restoration between 1991 and 1996. The restoration was done by Holladay family members - descendants of Waller and Huldah Holladay. A number of buildings are part of the plantation. In addition to the manor house, seven dependencies which have been restored, the granary and the plantation office.

text:
# Prospect Hill (Spotsylvania County, Virginia)

**Prospect Hill** (also known as the ***Littlepage Inn***) is a plantation house in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. The house was built between 1811 and 1812 by Spotswood Dabney Crenshaw for Waller Holladay. Holladay was elected to several local political positions and also served in the Virginia General Assembly. Waller purchased land around Prospect Hill beginning in 1803 using an inheritance from his half-brother, General Lewis Littlepage. One of the original outbuildings housed the first post office in Spotsylvania in 1809.

Holladay and his wife, Huldah, raised 13 children at Prospect hill. One of their sons, James Holladay, was captured at the Battle of Five Forks during the American Civil War \- just days before the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House. When he was released, James returned to the plantation and restored it to operation. In the 1880s he added a porch surrounding the first floor. This was the only addition to Prospect Hill until 1991.

Prospect Hill underwent restoration between 1991 and 1996. The restoration was done by Holladay family members - descendants of Waller and Huldah Holladay.

A number of buildings are part of the plantation. In addition to the manor house, seven dependencies which have been restored, the granary and the plantation office.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Prospect Hill | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| The house at Prospect Hill - Now the Littlepage Inn - Spotsylvania County, Virginia | |
|  | |
| Location | 1507 Monrovia Rd. (VA 612), near Mineral, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°7′34″N 77°52′41″W / 38.12611°N 77.87806°W / 38.12611; -77.87806 |
| Area | 15 acres (6.1 ha) |
| Built | 1811 |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 82004597 |
| VLR No. | 088-0056 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 9, 1982 |
| Designated VLR | June 15, 1982; December 11, 1991 |


title: Elachista crenatella

abstract: Elachista crenatella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in the Australian state of South Australia near Adelaide and on Kangaroo Island. The wingspan is about 11 mm for males.

text:
# Elachista crenatella

***Elachista crenatella*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in the Australian state of South Australia near Adelaide and on Kangaroo Island.

The wingspan is about 11 mm for males.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista crenatella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. crenatella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista crenatella***<br>Kaila, 2011 | |
|


title: Elachista crocospila

abstract: Elachista crocospila is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Australia in south-eastern New South Wales. The wingspan is 6.6–6.9 mm for males and 7.1–7.8 mm for females. The larvae feed on Carex brunnea. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Elachista crocospila

***Elachista crocospila*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Australia in south-eastern New South Wales.

The wingspan is 6.6–6.9 mm for males and 7.1–7.8 mm for females.

The larvae feed on *Carex brunnea*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista crocospila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. crocospila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista crocospila***<br>Kaila, 2011 | |
|


title: Elachista cretula

abstract: Elachista cretula is a moth species in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Lauri Kaila in 2011. It is found in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The wingspan is 10.5–11.5 mm.

text:
# Elachista cretula

***Elachista cretula*** is a moth species in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Lauri Kaila in 2011. It is found in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.

The wingspan is 10.5–11.5 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista cretula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. cretula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista cretula***<br>Kaila, 2011 | |
|


title: Pseudotopeliopsis

abstract: Pseudotopeliopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has two species.

text:
# Pseudotopeliopsis

***Pseudotopeliopsis*** is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has two species.

## Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by the lichenologists Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. They assigned *Pseudotopeliopsis laceratula* as the type species; this lichen was originally named as a member of genus *Thelotrema* by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1887. The genus name is derived from the Greek word *pseudo*, meaning "false", combined with the name *Topeliopsis*, alluding to its resemblance to that genus.

## Description

The thallus of *Pseudotopeliopsis* typically has dense outer layer, or cortex. The apothecia (fruiting bodies) emerge from the thallus and are rounded to irregularly shaped. These apothecia feature a disc that resembles a small pore and is covered by concentrically layered, fissured, and lobulated margins. The surrounding tissue of the apothecia, known as the excipulum, varies from colourless to brown.

The spores of *Pseudotopeliopsis* are elongated, ranging from fusiform-ellipsoid to oblong-cylindrical in shape, and are divided by cross walls (septa) that may be slightly thickened and form angular spaces within the spore. These spores are initially colourless and can turn brown as they age. They do not react to staining with iodine solution.

Chemically, this genus does not produce any notable secondary metabolites (lichen products) that are detectable with standard chemical spot tests. *Pseudotopeliopsis* is distinct from the closely related genus *Chapsa* primarily due to its denser cortex and the unique structure of its apothecia, which resemble those of the genus *Topeliopsis* with their striated tissue filling the disc–a distinctive structural feature that sets it apart from similar genera.

## Species

Although the genus was originally circumscribed with four species, three of those have since been transferred to other genera:

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotopeliopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Graphidales |
| Family: | Graphidaceae |
| Genus: | *Pseudotopeliopsis*
Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pseudotopeliopsis laceratula*
(Müll.Arg.) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012) | |
| Species | |
| *P. laceratula*
*P. longispora* | |


title: Psychropotes

abstract: Psychropotes is a genus of sea cucumbers in the family Psychropotidae. The members of this genus possess the ability to swim, although this is only facultative.

text:
# Psychropotes

***Psychropotes*** is a genus of sea cucumbers in the family Psychropotidae. The members of this genus possess the ability to swim, although this is only facultative.

## Description

As adults, species of *Psychropotes* are roughly cylindrical in shape and red to violet in colour. They have a sail-like appendage which can be used for swimming during the larval stage, but is no longer needed when it is fully grown. Larvae of *Psychropotes* species are benthopelagic and swim around using the aforementioned appendage, however researchers are still trying to understand its use when the holothurian is fully grown. Larvae are transparent and can grow to around 2 cm long.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Psychropotes*:

## InfoBox

| *Psychropotes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Psychropotes* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Holothuroidea |
| Order: | Elasipodida |
| Family: | Psychropotidae |
| Genus: | *Psychropotes*<br>Théel, 1882 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euphronides* Théel, 1882 * *Nectothuria* Belyaev & Vinogradov, 1969 * *Triconus* Hérouard, 1909 | |


title: Psychropotes semperiana

abstract: Psychropotes semperiana is a species of sea cucumber in the family Psychropotidae.

text:
# Psychropotes semperiana

***Psychropotes semperiana*** is a species of sea cucumber in the family Psychropotidae.

## InfoBox

| *Psychropotes semperiana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| On manganese nodules | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Holothuroidea |
| Order: | Elasipodida |
| Family: | Psychropotidae |
| Genus: | *Psychropotes* |
| Species: | ***P. semperiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psychropotes semperiana***<br>Théel, 1882 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euphronides anchora* Hérouard, 1912 * *Euphronides kerhervei* (Hérouard, 1896) * *Psychropotes kerhervei* Hérouard, 1902 | |