title: Richard Barrett (composer)

abstract: Richard Barrett is a Welsh composer.

text:
# Richard Barrett (composer)

**Richard Barrett** (born 7 November 1959) is a Welsh composer.

## Biography

Barrett was born in Swansea, Wales and attended Olchfa School. After completing his first bachelor's degree in genetics and microbiology from University College London in 1980, he began to study music, taking private lessons with Peter Wiegold, and soon thereafter participating in the 1984 Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik where there were fruitful encounters with Brian Ferneyhough and Hans-Joachim Hespos. In the late 1980s he became associated with the so-called New Complexity group of British composers because of the intricate notation of his scores. He is equally active in free improvisation, most often in the electronic duo FURT with Paul Obermayer, formed in 1986, but also since 2003 as a member of the Evan Parker Electro-Acoustic Ensemble. Since 1990 about half of his compositions have been written for the ELISION Ensemble, most notably the extended works *Opening of the Mouth*, *DARK MATTER*, *CONSTRUCTION* and *world-line*. Most of his compositions since the 1990s have involved both acoustic and electronic resources, combined in many different ways. In 2005 he and Obermayer formed the electroacoustic octet fORCH.

He taught composition at Middlesex University from 1989 to 1992, and electronic composition at the Institute of Sonology of the Hague Royal Conservatory in 1996, where he worked until 2001. In 2009 he resumed teaching regularly at the institute. Having moved from London to Amsterdam in 1993, he lived in Berlin from 2001 to 2013, initially as a guest of the German Academic Exchange Service's (DAAD) "Berliner Künstlerprogramm", except between 2006 and 2009 when he was a professor of composition at Brunel University London. Barrett has often been politically outspoken, and in 1990 joined the Socialist Workers Party. While no longer an active member he remains aligned with revolutionary socialism.

Barrett won the Kranichsteiner Musikpreis at the Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik, Darmstadt, in 1986, and was awarded the Gaudeamus Prize in 1989. He also won the Chamber Music category of the 2003 British Composer Awards.

Many of Barrett's works are grouped into series, and have extra-musical associations—particularly with the writers Samuel Beckett and Paul Celan, but also the Chilean painter Roberto Matta, and ideas from physics, mythology, astrology and philosophy (in the texts of *DARK MATTER*). Barrett's compositional techniques, which derive equally and indistinguishably from serial, stochastic and intuitive methods, have since the mid-1980s made extensive use of computer programs he has developed himself. He regards free improvisation as a method of composition rather than as a different or opposed kind of musical activity.

His *codex* series of compositions explores diverse ways of using composed frameworks as a point of departure for improvisation, particularly with larger groups, while the *fOKT* series extrapolates some of FURT's characteristic forms of texture and co-ordination into the octet context of the fORCH ensemble. The results of these more experimental and collaborative projects have exerted an increasing influence on Barrett's other compositional work, which remains mostly fully notated, although several compositions (for example *transmission, Blattwerk* and *adrift*) alternate between precise scoring and free improvisation for part or all of their duration. However, these different strategies are used to maximise the musical potential of the whole, rather than drawing attention to the distinction between improvisational and notational methods of composition—as Barrett himself puts it: "As a listener I generally prefer to concentrate on what music is doing rather than how it was done".

Since 2003 he has been working on an eight-part cycle of compositions collectively entitled *resistance & vision* and with a projected total duration of over six hours, of which the first (*NO*), third (*cell*), fifth (*Mesopotamia*), sixth (*IF*), seventh (*nacht und träume*) and eighth (*CONSTRUCTION*) have so far been completed (July 2016). *CONSTRUCTION* is itself a conglomerate work lasting over two hours in performance, consisting of 20 components in four interwoven cycles which may also be performed singly or in various combinations. Since the completion of *CONSTRUCTION* he has completed a number of other projects which continue long-term associations—*life-form* for cellist Arne Deforce and *world-line* for ELISION—as well as inaugurating new ones—*close-up* for the Belgrade-based group Ensemble Studio6 and two three-hour works in progress *natural causes* (based on a cycle of poems written for him by Simon Howard) for various ensembles including Musikfabrik, soundinitiative and Fonema Consort, and *PSYCHE* for ELISION.

He is currently based in The Hague, Netherlands. In 2019 his book *Music of Possibility* was published by Vision Edition, followed in 2023 by *Transforming Moments* from the same publisher.

## Selected works

* *Ne songe plus à fuir* (1985–86) for solo cello
* *EARTH* (1987–88) for trombone and percussion
* *I open and close* (1983–88) for string quartet
* *negatives* (1988–93) for 9 players
* *Vanity* (1991–94) for orchestra
* *CHARON* (1994–95) for bass clarinet
* *Tract* I "ㅡ" (1984–96) for solo piano
* *Tract IIa "Hypothesis"*
* *Tract IIb "Husk"*
* *Tract IIc "The Light Gleams an Instant"*
* *Tract IId "Lacunae"*
* *Tract IIe "As Heard so Murmured"*
* *Opening of the Mouth* (1992–97) for two vocalists, 9 instrumentalists and electronics
* *transmission* (1996–99) for electric guitar and electronics
* *Blattwerk* (1998–2002) for cello and electronics
* *DARK MATTER* (1990–2003) for voices, ensemble and electronics
* *NO* (1999–2004) for orchestra
* *Flechtwerk* (2002–06) for clarinet and piano
* *adrift* (2003–07) for piano and electronics
* *Nacht und Träume* (2004–08) for cello, piano and electronics
* *fOKT 1 –*  (2005– ) for the fORCH octet
* *Mesopotamia* (2006–09) for 17 instruments and electronics
* *codex I – ...* (2000– ) for improvising ensembles
* *IF* (2006–10) for orchestra
* *cell* (2005–11) for alto saxophone, accordion and contrabass
* *CONSTRUCTION* (2005–11) for voices, instruments and electronics
* *vale* (2005–12) for solo flute
* *fold* (2011–12) for solo Redgate-Howarth system oboe, also (2016) for soprano saxophone
* *life-form* (2011–12) for cello and electronics
* *EQUALE* (2013) 8-channel electronic music composed in collaboration with Kees Tazelaar
* *urlicht* (2013–14) for three percussionists
* *world-line* (2012–14) for flugelhorn/piccolo trumpet, percussion, electric lap steel guitar and electronics
* *eiszeiten* (2012–14) for horn, trombone, tuba and electronics
* *wake* (2014–15) for three instrumental trios and electronics
* *codex XV* (2015) for three groups of improvising musicians and conductor
* *close-up* (2013–16) for six performers and electronics
* *everything has changed/nothing has changed* (2013–17) for orchestra
* *natural causes act 3* (2015–2017) for 16 musicians and electronics
* *tkiva* (2016–17) for 4 instruments and electronics
* *Vermilion Sands* (2017–18) electronic music
* *entoptic* (2017–18) for percussion and electronics
* *disquiet* (2018) electronic music
* *membrane* (2017–19) for trombone and electronics
* *pektis* (2015–17) for vocalising harpist
* *natural causes act 2* (2015–2023) for 8 performers and electronics
* *tomorrow* (2022–23) for flute and ensemble

## Selected discography

* *Chamber Works*. ELISION Ensemble conducted by Sandro Gorli (Etcetera 1993)—contains *Ne songe plus à fuir, EARTH, Another heavenly day* and *negatives*
* FURT: *Live in Amsterdam 1994* (X-OR 1995)
* *Vanity*. BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Arturo Tamayo (NMC 1996)
* FURT: *angel* (JdK 1999)
* *Opening of the Mouth*. ELISION Ensemble conducted by Simon Hewett (ABC Classics 1999, reissued 2009)
* FURT: *defekt* (Matchless 2002)
* FURT: *dead or alive* (Psi 2004)
* FURT: *OMNIVM* (Psi 2006)
* *transmission* (NMC 2007). ELISION soloists—contains *interference, abglanzbeladen/auseinandergeschrieben, basalt, air, knospend-gespaltener* and *transmission*
* fORCH: *spin networks* (Psi 2007)
* Ute Wassermann and Richard Barrett: *pollen* (Creative Sources 2008)
* FURT plus: *equals* (Psi 2008)
* *Negatives*. ELISION Ensemble conducted by Sandro Gorli (NMC 2009) – reissue of *Chamber Works* with the addition of *codex I*
* FURT: *sense* (Psi 2009)
* *Adrift—3 compositions 2007/8* (Psi 2009). RB with Sarah Nicolls, ELISION, Champ d'Action—contains *adrift, codex VII* and *codex IX*
* Richard Barrett and Han-earl Park (guitar): *numbers* (Creative Sources 2012)
* *DARK MATTER* (NMC 2012). ELISION and Cikada ensembles conducted by Christian Eggen
* Richard Barrett, Jon Rose (violin/tenor violin), Meinrad Kneer (contrabass): *colophony* (Creative Sources 2013)
* SKEIN – RB with Frank Gratkowski, Achim Kaufmann, Wilbert de Joode, Okkyung Lee and Tony Buck (Leo Records 2014)
* fORCH: "spukhafte Fernwirkung" (Treader 2015)
* "Music for cello and electronics" (double CD, Aeon 2016). Arne Deforce (cello) and Yutaka Oya (piano)

**With Evan Parker's Electro-Acoustic Ensemble**

## Further reading

* Anderson, Julian. July 1997. "Richard Barrett: *Vanity*; Michael Finnissy: *Red Earth*; Anthony Payne: *Time's Arrow*". *Tempo*, new series, no. 201:55–57.
* Fox, Christopher. September 1993. "British Music at Darmstadt, 1982–1992". *Tempo*, new series, no. 186:21–25.
* Fox, Christopher. 1995. "Music as Fiction: A Consideration of the Work of Richard Barrett". *Contemporary Music Review*, 13, no. 1 ("Aspects of Complexity in Recent British Music"): 147–157.
* Freeman, Robin. September 1994. "Richard Barrett, compositeur maudit manqué", *Tempo*, new series, no. 190:41–46.
* Hewitt, Ivan. March 1994. "Fail Worse, Fail Better". *The Musical Times* 135, no. 1813:148–151.
* Toop, Richard. 1988. "Four Facets of the 'New Complexity'". *Contact* no. 32:4–8.
* Toop, Richard. 1991. "Richard Barrett in Interview". *Sounds Australian*, no. 29:27–31.


title: Blaafarveværket

abstract: Blaafarveværket, or the Blue Colour Works, was a mining and industrial company located at Åmot in Modum in Buskerud, Norway, which existed from 1776 to 1898, and which was Norway's largest mining company in the first half of the 19th century. The works mined cobalt ore and manufactured by smelting blue cobalt glass (smalt) and cobalt blue pigment. It is currently a large open-air industrial museum and an art gallery; it is the largest and best preserved mine museum in Europe, and one of Norway's most visited attractions. The company was founded as the Royal Blue Colour Works by King Christian VII in 1776 and was one of the few companies with lasting significance from the age of mercantilism, played an important role in Norwegian trade with Denmark, the Netherlands and the Far East and had a decisive impact on the Norwegian economy in the period around 1814. In 1822 the company was sold to the Berlin banker Wilhelm Christian Benecke and Benjamin Wegner, and their ownership lasted until 1849, a period regarded as the company's heyday and during which it became the largest industrial company of the country. The company went bankrupt in 1849 in the wake of the revolutions of 1848 and competition from synthetic ultramarine, but a greatly reduced activity continued until 1898. From 1968 Blaafarveværket has been made available to the public as an open-air industrial museum and art gallery, run by the non-profit foundation Stiftelsen Blaafarveværket. Blaafarveværket is the largest and best preserved traditional mining museum in Europe. It is presented to the public like the mining company it was during its heyday around 1840.

text:
# Blaafarveværket

**Blaafarveværket**, or the **Blue Colour Works**, was a mining and industrial company located at Åmot in Modum in Buskerud, Norway, which existed from 1776 to 1898, and which was Norway's largest mining company in the first half of the 19th century. The works mined cobalt ore and manufactured by smelting blue cobalt glass (smalt) and cobalt blue (cobalt aluminate) pigment. It is currently a large open-air industrial museum and an art gallery; it is the largest and best preserved mine museum in Europe, and one of Norway's most visited attractions.

The company was founded as the Royal Blue Colour Works by King Christian VII in 1776 and was one of the few companies with lasting significance from the age of mercantilism, played an important role in Norwegian trade with Denmark, the Netherlands and the Far East and had a decisive impact on the Norwegian economy in the period around 1814. In 1822 the company was sold to the Berlin banker Wilhelm Christian Benecke and Benjamin Wegner, and their ownership lasted until 1849, a period regarded as the company's heyday and during which it became the largest industrial company of the country. The company went bankrupt in 1849 in the wake of the revolutions of 1848 and competition from synthetic ultramarine, but a greatly reduced activity continued until 1898. From 1968 Blaafarveværket has been made available to the public as an open-air industrial museum and art gallery, run by the non-profit foundation *Stiftelsen Blaafarveværket*. Blaafarveværket is the largest and best preserved traditional mining museum in Europe. It is presented to the public like the mining company it was during its heyday around 1840.

## History

### Royal ownership

Blaafarveværket was founded by King Christian VII of Denmark-Norway in 1776. Its early history is closely tied to that of the Royal Porcelain Factory in Copenhagen, as cobalt was essential for decorating porcelain. The establishment of the company represented an enormous investment on the part of the King, equivalent to the tax revenues for all of Denmark-Norway for a whole year. According to historian Ingerid Hagen, Blaafarveværket was one of the few Dano-Norwegian companies with lasting significance from the mercantilist era, played an important role in Norwegian trade with Denmark, the Netherlands and countries in Asia and had a decisive impact on the Norwegian economy in the period around 1814.

### The Benecke–Wegner era

During the Napoleonic Wars the royal company was pledged by the king as security for a loan, and when the state could not redeem the pledge after the Napoleonic Wars, it was taken over by the bankruptcy estate of the Swedish businessman Peter Wilhelm Berg, and sold at a public auction to a group of investors led by the prominent Berlin banker Wilhelm Christian Benecke (since ennobled as Baron Benecke). The purchase, officially in the name of a Christiania-based merchant who acted as a strawman, was orchestrated by Benecke's young associate Benjamin Wegner, who came to Norway to evaluate the company and buy it if he saw fit. After few years Benecke and Wegner formally acquired all the shares, and the company legally operated as Benecke & Wegner. Wegner also took over as director-general (CEO), a position he held from 1822 until 1849. During Benecke and Wegner's ownership, the company saw a large expansion and became the largest company in the country. It employed more than 2,000 workers, and in its peak supplied 80 percent of the world market for cobalt pigments. Wegner also instituted many important social reforms for the workers.

### Reduced activity 1849–1898

The economic crisis resulting from the revolutions of 1848, in addition to the competition from the new and cheaper synthetic blue dye, ultramarine, led to the bankruptcy of Blaafarveværket in 1849. The company was sold to its most important business partner, Goodhall & Reeves of England. However, due to the economic recession, the new owners did not succeed in making the company profitable again, and in 1855 it was sold to a German company, Sächsischer Blaufarbenwerkverein. The production of pigment at the works ceased in 1857, but mining was kept up until 1898, when the company was dissolved.

Today Blaafarveværket is a large open-air industrial museum and art gallery.

In 1968 a project to make Blaafarveværket available to the public as an industrial museum was started, on the initiative of Kjell Rasmus Steinsvik and his wife Tone Sinding Steinsvik. In 1970 the non-profit foundation *Stiftelsens Modums Blaafarveværket* was founded. Blaafarveværket has since become one of the most important art galleries in Scandinavia, and has over the years exhibited the works of many major Norwegian and foreign artists. In the summer of 2003, the gallery hosted an exhibition of the paintings of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. In 1993, the old cobalt mines opened as a tourist attraction, and the entire area now serves as a large open-air museum. Since the 1990s Blaafarveværket has been the largest and best preserved traditional mining museum in Europe, and one of Norway's most visited attractions. It is presented to the public like the mining company it was during its heyday around 1840. The museum and art gallery are operated by the foundation on a non-profit basis and are funded partially by public and private grants and partially by tickets sales and related activities.

The former Kongsberg Silver Mines with the current Norwegian Mining Museum is located about 30 kilometres from Blaafarveværket, but the museum and the parts of the former silver mines that are open to the public are significantly less extensive, and the preserved parts of the mining environment are more limited.

59°54′41″N 9°53′16″E / 59.911305°N 9.88776°E / 59.911305; 9.88776


title: Cilnia chopardi

abstract: Cilnia chopardi is a species of praying mantis in the family Miomantidae. The species in native to South Africa.

text:
# Cilnia chopardi

***Cilnia chopardi*** is a species of praying mantis in the family Miomantidae.

The species in native to South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Cilnia chopardi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Miomantidae |
| Genus: | *Cilnia* |
| Species: | ***C. chopardi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cilnia chopardi***<br>Werner, 1927 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cilnia cochlearis* (Sjostedt, 1930) | |


title: Thomas I. Sheridan

abstract: Thomas I. Sheridan was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

text:
# Thomas I. Sheridan

**Thomas I. Sheridan** (c. 1890 in New York City – c. 1962) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

He attended Xavier High School and College, graduating A.B. in 1909. He graduated LL.B. from Fordham Law School in 1911, was admitted to the bar in 1912, and practiced in New York City, at times in partnership with Ferdinand Pecora and Joab H. Banton.

He married Marie A. Galligan (died 1955), and they had eleven children.

Sheridan entered politics as a Democrat, and was appointed by D.A. Edward Swann as an Assistant New York County District Attorney. He resigned on November 30, 1920, and resumed his private practice.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (16th D.) from 1922 to 1930, sitting in the 145th, 146th, 147th, 148th, 149th, 150th, 151st, 152nd and 153rd New York State Legislatures; and was Chairman of the Committee on Taxation and Retrenchment from 1923 to 1924. In 1930, Tammany Hall denied Sheridan a re-nomination.

At the New York City mayoral election in 1933, Sheridan managed the campaign of Joseph V. McKee, and his Recovery Party, in Manhattan; and in 1934 became Chairman of the Recovery Party New York County Committee.

## Sources


title: Reevesia

abstract: Reevesia is a genus of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae.

text:
# Reevesia

***Reevesia*** is a genus of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae.

## Species

It contains around 25 species, including:

## InfoBox

| *Reevesia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Reevesia formosana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Subfamily: | Helicteroideae |
| Tribe: | Helictereae |
| Genus: | *Reevesia*<br>Lindl. |
|


title: Lepanthes eltoroensis

abstract: Lepanthes eltoroensis is a species of orchid known by the common name Luquillo Mountain babyboot orchid. It is endemic to El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, growing primarily in the Luquillo Mountains. It is named for the El Toro Trail in the mountains. It was a federally listed endangered species of the United States from 1991 to 2021, when it was delisted due to recovery.

text:
# Lepanthes eltoroensis

***Lepanthes eltoroensis*** is a species of orchid known by the common name **Luquillo Mountain babyboot orchid**. It is endemic to El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, growing primarily in the Luquillo Mountains. It is named for the El Toro Trail in the mountains. It was a federally listed endangered species of the United States from 1991 to 2021, when it was delisted due to recovery.

## Habitat

*Lepanthes eltoroensis* grows at six sites of Sierra palm (*Prestoea acuminata* var. *montana*), palo colorado, and dwarf forest areas within the Luquillo Mountains. Because the orchid is an epiphyte (living on other plants without parasitizing), *L.* *eltoroensis* finds its home on the trunks of several species of trees, known also to house mosses and liverworts. The orchid has only been found on approximately 40-60 trees within the forest, all at an altitude of 2,789 ft or above. More recent studies have noted larger populations of *L. eltoroensis* on the Tradewinds Trail as opposed to the El Toro Trail, for which it was named, possibly due to greater numbers of Sierra palm, offering a more closed canopy.

## Physical characteristics

The plant is no more than 4 centimeters long with a single leaf and three-seven slender stems. *Eltoroensis* stands apart from its genus of *Lepanthes* orchids due to its comparatively long inflorescence, obovate leaves ( 0.4-0.9 in long x 0.2-0.4 in wide) and ciliate sepals. The solitary flowers with red/orange petals (two lobed petals; three lobed lip) lie against the leaf and are just a few millimeters long.

## Growth and life-cycle patterns

*Lepanthes eltoroensis* grows in a circular pattern, favoring the northwestern side of the bole of its phorophyte (host) trees.

The average *L. eltoroensis* will live for about 5.2 years, depending on various factors. Researchers have not yet found the pollinator specific to *L. eltoroensis*, but other lepanthes species attract black winged fungus gnats.

Based on restricted gene flow, small population sizes and high genetic variance between *lepanthes* species, researchers believe the *eltoroensis* and others arose through genetic drift.

## Endangered status and threats

This plant was listed as an endangered species because it is threatened by forest management practices and hurricane activity. Plant collectors have sought this plant, and have destroyed at least one population of it once found in the sierra palm forest.

## Conservation

Diversity within the *L. eltoroensis* species is low, limiting the potential for adaptive development, and jeopardizing the success of the populations. Researchers have suggested the artificial cross-pollination of the *L. eltoroensis* and *L. caritensis* (which suffers from similar genetic restrictions) in order to combat the homogeneity of genetic material. Additionally, because of *L. eltorensis*' compatibility with multiple species for phorophytes, survival success is expected to be higher compared to other *Lepanthes*, and relocation more accessible/promising.

## InfoBox

| *Lepanthes eltoroensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Delisted (ESA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Lepanthes* |
| Species: | ***L. eltoroensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepanthes eltoroensis***
Stimson | |
|


title: Small lappet moth

abstract: The small lappet moth is a moth in the family Lasiocampidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is found throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

text:
# Small lappet moth

The **small lappet moth** (*Phyllodesma ilicifolia*) is a moth in the family Lasiocampidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of *Systema Naturae*. It is found throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

## Description

From Meyrick L. 35–40 mm. Forewings with 9 to apex; brownish-ferruginous, slightly whitish-sprinkled; first and second lines dark grey, waved, interrupted, curved near costa; a dark grey discal mark, preceded by a whitish suffusion; a broad terminal band of whitish irroration, including a darker interrupted line, not reaching costa; cilia white, barred with dark ferruginous. Hindwings purplish-fuscous; two suffused whitish bands; 8 connected with 7, with one or two pseudoneuria. Larva grey or reddish, hairs reddish; dorsal line black, interrupted with reddish, edged with whitish; lateral blue-grey, interrupted.

## Distribution and habitat

The moth is found in Austria, Belarus, Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Ukraine.

## Life cycle and behaviour

The larva feeds on *Vaccinium* and *Salix* and hibernates as a pupa within a cocoon. The adult emerges in spring, flies at night in summer and lays its eggs in batches.

## InfoBox

| Small lappet moth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lasiocampidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllodesma* |
| Species: | ***P. ilicifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllodesma ilicifolia***
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phyllodesma ilicifolium* * *Epicnaptera ilicifolia* | |


title: Socratis Otto

abstract: Socratis Otto is an Australian film, theatre and television actor. He is best known for his roles in television series Young Lions as Justin Carmody, Home and Away as Robert Robertson, and Wentworth as Maxine Conway.

text:
# Socratis Otto

**Socratis Otto** is an Australian film, theatre and television actor. He is best known for his roles in television series *Young Lions* as Justin Carmody, *Home and Away* as Robert Robertson, and *Wentworth* as Maxine Conway.

## Early life

Otto is the son of first-generation Greek immigrants, and was born and raised in Sydney, New South Wales. He completed a degree in creative writing and literature before studying acting at NIDA (National Institute of Dramatic Art), graduating in 2000.

## Career

### Theatre

Otto began his career in the 2001 Sydney Theatre Company's play *Salt*.

### Television

Otto had a guest role in Australian children's television series *Outriders* in 2001 followed by a leading role in drama series *Young Lions* in 2002 as Justin Carmody.

In 2009, Otto played the lead role of Charles Darwin in drama-documentary *Darwin's Brave New World*.

He appeared in television series *Dance Academy* in 2010 as Adam the *Psychologist* and in 2011 had a guest stint on *Home and Away* as Detective Robert Robertson. This was followed by guest roles in television series *Rake*, *The Doctor Blake Mysteries* and *Serangoon Road*.

In 2013, he appeared in the mini-series *Paper Giants: Magazine Wars* as Peter Dawson and in the 2014 telemovie *Carlotta* as Christopher.

In 2014 to 2017 he joined the cast of *Wentworth* in the role of trans woman prison inmate Maxine Conway (formerly Max).

Otto made later television appearances in Operation Buffalo, ReCancelled and more.Otto also acted in and directed the mini series HomeSpun.

### Film

Otto appeared in the 2003 movie *The Matrix Reloaded*. This was followed by *X-Men Origins: Wolverine*, *The Rage in Placid Lake* and *Beautiful*.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Running Down These Dreams* | Dove | Short film |
| 2003 | *The Matrix Reloaded* | Operator | Feature film |
| | *The Rage in Placid Lake* | Bozo | Feature film |
| 2006 | *Macbeth* | Detective Mentieth | Feature film |
| 2008 | *Monkey Puzzle* | Zac | Feature film |
| | *Eleven* | Tim | Short film |
| | *The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce* | Fine Young British Officer | Feature film |
| | *Residue* | Kyle | Short film |
| 2009 | *Beautiful* | Max |  |
| | *Beyond Words* | Attacker | Short film |
| | *X-Men Origins: Wolverine* | Lead Technician - Alkali Lake | Feature film |
| | *Nightwalking* | Joe, Voices | Short film |
| | *In Hearts Left Behind* | Aden | Short film |
| 2010 | *Anyone You Want* | Stirling |  |
| 2012 | *Gone* | Jim | Feature film |
| 2014 | *I, Frankenstein* | Zuriel | Feature film |
| | *Carlotta* | Christopher | TV film |
| | *My Mistress* | Leon | Feature film |
| 2018 | *Enter The Wild* | Zac | Feature film |
| 2019 | *Electric* | The Patient | Short film |
| | *A Good Family* | Marco | TV movie |
| 2020 | *Mr Bubbles* |  | Short film |
| | *The Flood* | Miller |  |
| 2024 | *Water Horse* | Rick Hughes |  |
| TBA | *Pearly Gates* | John | Short film |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *Outriders* | Jason | Episode: "Aliens: Part 4" |
| 2001, 2004 | *All Saints* | Adam Gray, Hugh | 2 episodes |
| 2002 | *Young Lions* | Justin Carmody | 15 episodes |
| 2009 | *False Witness* | Shannon Cross |  |
| | *Darwin's Brave New World* | Charles Darwin | 3 episodes |
| 2009–2011 | *Home and Away* | Robert Robertson | Seasons 22–24 (37 episodes) |
| 2010 | *The Pacific* | Father Keough | Episode: "Basilone" |
| | *Miracles* | Grand Ameseder | Episode: "Miracle in the Storm" |
| | *Dance Academy* | Adam The Psychologist | 2 episodes |
| 2012 | *Rake* | Justin | Episode: "Greene vs. Hole" |
| 2013 | *The Doctor Blake Mysteries* | Clive Churchill | Episode: "Death of a Travelling Salesman" |
| | *Paper Giants: Magazine Wars* | Peter Dawson | 2 episodes |
| | *Serangoon Road* | Peter Watson | Episode: "Give Me Money" |
| 2014–2017 | *Wentworth* | Maxine Conway | Recurring, Seasons 2–3; Main, Seasons 4–5 (36 episodes) |
| 2019 | *Home and Away* | Aiden Wilcox | Season 32 |
| 2020 | *Operation Buffalo* | Terry Ryan MP | 2 episodes |
| 2021 | *Homespun* | Farmer Matt | Actor / Director / Producer |
| | *ReCancelled* | Friend | 1 episode |
| | *Born to Spy* | George Papadopoulos | 3 episodes |
| 2024 | *Nautilus* | Harris | TV series |

### Video games

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Enter the Matrix* | Jax |  |

## InfoBox

| Socratis Otto | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1974-05-05) 5 May 1974<br>Sydney, Australia |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2001–present (Actor, Director and Producer) |
| Known for |  |


title: Thomas I. Atkins

abstract: Thomas Irving Atkins was an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the Boston City Council and General Counsel of the NAACP.

text:
# Thomas I. Atkins

**Thomas Irving Atkins** (March 2, 1939  June 27, 2008) was an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the Boston City Council and General Counsel of the NAACP.

## Early life

Atkins was born on March 2, 1939, in Elkhart, Indiana to a Pentecostal minister and a domestic worker. As a child, he overcame a bout of polio. He was the first black student body president at Elkhart High School.

In 1960, he was elected student body president at Indiana University Bloomington. He was the school's first African American student body president as well as the first African American student body president in the Big Ten. That same year he married Sharon Soash, a 1960 graduate of Indiana University who served as his campaign manager when he ran for student body president. The couple had to marry in Michigan because Indiana prohibited interracial marriage. Atkins graduated from Indiana in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in political science. In 1963 he earned a master's in Middle Eastern studies from Harvard University. In 1969 he graduated from Harvard Law School.

While at Harvard, Atkins served as executive secretary of Boston's NAACP office. During the mid-1960s, he also hosted a Saturday talk show on Boston's Black radio station, WILD, where he discussed current events that affected the Black community. His co-host was Lovell Dyett, who later went on to become a talk show host on WBZ Radio.

## Politics

Atkins was first elected to the Boston City Council in 1967. The day following the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Atkins convinced Mayor Kevin White not to cancel a James Brown concert that was to be held that evening at the Boston Garden and helped negotiate an agreement between White and Brown to have the concert televised by WGBH-TV. White and Atkins hoped that televising the concert would keep angry and frustrated teenagers at home and prevent the looting and rioting that was occurring in other cities. The concert has been credited with preventing riots from breaking out in Boston.

In 1971, Atkins ran for Mayor of Boston. He finished in fourth place with 11 percent of the vote.

On October 26, 1971, Atkins was appointed Secretary of Communities and Development by Governor Francis W. Sargent. He was sworn in on November 1, 1971, becoming the first African-American to serve as a state Cabinet Secretary.

Atkins served as associate trial counsel for the plaintiffs in Morgan v. Hennigan.

On July 16, 1974, Atkins was named interim president of the Boston branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He was elected to a full two-year term on December 18, 1974. As a Boston's NAACP President, Atkins was a central figure during contentious battle over desegregation busing in Boston.

In addition to serving as President of the Boston branch, Atkins was also the NAACP's chief desegregation counsel nationally. In this capacity he was the chief counsel in organization's desegregation lawsuits in Youngstown, Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, San Francisco, Cleveland, and Milwaukee

In 1980, he succeeded Nathaniel R. Jones as general counsel of the NAACP. In 1983, Atkins was named executive director of the NAACP by Chairperson Margaret Bush Wilson. However, the organization's board of directors sided with suspended executive director Benjamin Hooks and Hooks was reinstated. Atkins resigned as counsel in 1984 to return to private law practice.

## Later life

Atkins and his wife separated in 1984. They would divorce four years later.

Atkins died in Brooklyn on June 27, 2008 from complications from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.


title: Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert

abstract: Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1993 to 2012.

text:
# Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert

**Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert** was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1993 to 2012.

## Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert history

The Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert electoral district was created prior to the 1993 Alberta general election from the North-West corner of St. Albert and the Westlock-Sturgeon electoral district. The district was abolished during the 2010 electoral boundary re-distribution, with the southern portion becoming Spruce Grove-St. Albert and the northern portion becoming Barrhead-Morinville-Westlock.

### Boundary history

### Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs)

| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| **See St. Albert electoral district from 1905-1993
and Westlock-Sturgeon electoral district from 1986-1993** | | | | |
| 23rd | 1993–1997 |  | Colleen Soetaert | Liberal |
| 24th | 1997–2001 | | | |
| 25th | 2001–2004 |  | Doug Horner | Progressive Conservative |
| 26th | 2004–2008 | | | |
| 27th | 2008–2012 | | | |
| **See Spruce Grove-St. Albert electoral district from 2012-2019
and Barrhead-Morinville-Westlock electoral district from 2012-2019** | | | | |

## Legislative election results

### 1993

| 1993 Alberta general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Colleen Soetaert | 5,811 | 51.96% |  |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Norm Kluthe | 4,428 | 39.59% |  |
|  | New Democratic | Steve Jacobs | 813 | 7.27% |  |
|  | Natural Law | Randy T. Fritz | 132 | 1.18% |  |
| Total | | | 11,184 |  |  |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | | | 19 |  |  |
| Eligible electors / turnout | | | 19,354 | 57.88% |  |
|  | Liberal **pickup** new district. | | | | | | |
| Source(s) Source: "Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert Official Results 1993 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | | | | | | |

### 1997

| 1997 Alberta general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Colleen Soetaert | 6,275 | 49.68% | -2.27% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Gary Swinamer | 5,388 | 42.66% | 3.07% |
|  | Social Credit | Clinton Day | 491 | 3.89% |  |
|  | New Democratic | Tom Elchuk | 476 | 3.77% | -3.50% |
| Total | | | 12,630 |  |  |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | | | 43 |  |  |
| Eligible electors / turnout | | | 21,110 | 60.03% | 2.15% |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | -2.67% |
| Source(s) Source: "Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert Official Results 1997 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | | | | | | |

### 2001

| 2001 Alberta general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Doug Horner | 8,010 | 55.40% | 12.74% |
|  | Liberal | Colleen Soetaert | 5,832 | 40.34% | -9.35% |
|  | New Democratic | Dale Apostal | 616 | 4.26% | 0.49% |
| Total | | | 14,458 |  |  |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | | | 44 |  |  |
| Eligible electors / turnout | | | 23,855 | 60.79% | 0.76% |
|  | Progressive Conservative **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | | 4.02% |
| Source(s) Source: "Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert Official Results 2001 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | | | | | | |

### 2004

| 2004 Alberta general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Doug Horner | 6,139 | 45.11% | -10.30% |
|  | Liberal | Ray Boudreau | 5,540 | 40.71% | 0.37% |
|  | New Democratic | Dale Apostal | 1,020 | 7.49% | 3.23% |
|  | Alberta Alliance | Tim Friesen | 741 | 5.44% |  |
|  | Social Credit | Glen Blaylock | 170 | 1.25% |  |
| Total | | | 13,610 |  |  |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | | | 51 |  |  |
| Eligible electors / turnout | | | 27,709 | 49.30% | -11.49% |
|  | Progressive Conservative **hold** | | Swing | | -5.33% |
| Source(s) Source: "Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert Official Results 2004 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | | | | | | |

### 2008

| 2008 Alberta general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Doug Horner | 9,369 | 60.83% | 15.72% |
|  | Liberal | Ray Boudreau | 4,528 | 29.40% | -11.31% |
|  | New Democratic | Peter Cross | 960 | 6.23% | -1.26% |
|  | Green | Allen West | 545 | 3.54% |  |
| Total | | | 15,402 |  |  |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | | | 70 |  |  |
| Eligible electors / turnout | | | 33,092 | 46.75% | -2.55% |
|  | Progressive Conservative **hold** | | Swing | | 13.51% |
| Source(s) Source: "75 - Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert Official Results 2008 Alberta general election". Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 21, 2020. | | | | | | |

## 2004 Senate nominee election results

| **2004 Senate nominee election results: Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert** | | | | | **Turnout 49.35%** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Affiliation** | | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **% votes** | **% ballots** | **Rank** |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Betty Unger | 5,344 | 15.79% | 48.59% | 2 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Cliff Breitkreuz | 4,466 | 13.20% | 40.60% | 3 |
|  | Independent | Link Byfield | 4,282 | 12.65% | 38.93% | 4 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Bert Brown | 3,914 | 11.57% | 35.59% | 1 |
|  | Alberta Alliance | Michael Roth | 3,007 | 8.89% | 27.34% | 7 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | David Usherwood | 2,960 | 8.75% | 26.91% | 6 |
|  | Alberta Alliance | Gary Horan | 2,538 | 7.50% | 23.08% | 10 |
|  | Independent | Tom Sindlinger | 2,526 | 7.46% | 22.97% | 9 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Jim Silye | 2,455 | 7.25% | 22.32% | 5 |
|  | Alberta Alliance | Vance Gough | 2,351 | 6.94% | 21.38% | 8 |
| **Total votes** | | | **33,843** | **100%** | | |
| **Total ballots** | | | **10,999** | **3.08 votes per ballot** | | |
| **Rejected, spoiled and declined** | | | **2,674** | | | |

*Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot*

## 2004 student vote results

| Participating schools |
| --- |
| BrookWood School |
| Camilla School |
| Parkland Village School |
| Ronald Harvey Elementary |
| Sturgeon Composite High School |
| Sturgeon Heights School |
| St. Thomas Aquinas CHS |

On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

| **2004 Alberta student vote results** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Affiliation** | | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Doug Horner | 322 | 38.61% |
|  | Liberal | Ray Boudreau | 224 | 26.86% |
|  | NDP | Dale Apostal | 181 | 21.70% |
|  | Alberta Alliance | Tim Friesen | 58 | 6.95% |
|  | Social Credit | Glen Blaylock | 49 | 5.88% |
| **Total** | | | **834** | **100%** |
| **Rejected, spoiled and declined** | | | **11** | |

## Further reading

53°35′N 113°43′W / 53.59°N 113.71°W / 53.59; -113.71

## InfoBox

Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert
| Alberta electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| 2004 boundaries | |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Alberta |
| District created | 1993 |
| District abolished | 2012 |
| First contested | 1993 |
| Last contested | 2008 |


abstract: Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133 (2000), was a case before the United States Supreme Court concerning age discrimination in employment.

text:
# Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc.

***Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc.***, 530 U.S. 133 (2000), was a case before the United States Supreme Court concerning age discrimination in employment.

## Background

In 1995, 57-year-old Roger Reeves and Joe Oswalt, who was in his mid-thirties, were supervisors at Sanderson Plumbing Products, being managed by 45-year-old Russell Caldwell. Caldwell reported a drop in production in the summer of 1995 to the director of manufacturing, Powe Chesnut, who was also married to the president of the company, Sandra Sanderson. Chesnut investigated briefly, and determined that Reeves, Oswalt, and Caldwell had all made errors in tracking time worked by their employees. Chesnut recommended to Sanderson that she fire Reeves and Caldwell, and in October 1995, she followed that recommendation.

## Procedural history

In June 1996, Reeves sued in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. He alleged that Chesnut "had demonstrated age-based animus" while they were working together, and that he had "absolute power" to make employment decisions, due to his position and his relationship with the president of the company. That case ended with the judge instructing the jury that Reeves must prove that age "was a determinative or motivating factor" in the employment decision in order to find in favor of the plaintiff, and the jury returned a verdict awarding Reeves $35,000 in compensatory damages and an additional $35,000 in liquidated damages based on the willfulness of the discrimination.

The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, saying that Reeves did not provide enough evidence to prove that his age was the cause of the employment decision in question. This decision arose out of the determination that the discriminatory comments made by Chesnut "were not made in the direct context of Reeves's termination".

## Questions at issue

The court granted certiorari primarily to address the question of whether a *prima facie* case of discrimination is "adequate to sustain a finding of liability for intentional discrimination" against the employer, when "sufficient evidence" is provided to disprove the employer's defense of its decision.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice O'Connor delivered the majority opinion. Her first task was to set out the context of the case, starting with explaining that she would assume that *McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green*, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), was the relevant standard for analyzing a case brought under the ADEA, because nobody had disputed that fact, even though the court had never addressed that issue before. She also noted that they would assume that the plaintiff met his burden in laying out a *prima facie* case against the defendant, because again, nobody had disputed that contention, and ample supporting evidence had been presented.

She then turned to the next stage of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework to determine whether the defendant had then provided adequate evidence that the employment decision in question had been made for "a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason." That burden, too, was met, according to O'Connor's analysis.

The final prong considered in the case was whether the plaintiff had provided, after the defendant's production of evidence of a nondiscriminatory reason for the decision, proof by "a preponderance of the evidence" that the defendant's reason is merely pretext. On this point, the court noted that most of the defendant's evidence for nondiscrimination was negated by the plaintiff at trial, and also that the Fifth Circuit agreed, but did not find this to be sufficient for a ruling in favor of Reeves. O'Connor explained that the Fifth Circuit was correct to think that the trial court *could* find in favor of the defendant if the nondiscriminatory reason was not disproven beyond a reasonable doubt, but they were mistaken in claiming that they were *compelled* to. The reasoning is that, if an employer is shown to be untruthful about the reason for a decision, they may be inferred to have been covering up actual discrimination.

The court stopped short of saying that a court *must* assume discrimination where a nondiscriminatory reason is shown to be false. The trier of fact may reasonably find for the employer where the plaintiff makes only a weak showing of evidence as to the untruth of the employer's defense, or where there is ample evidence of another nondiscriminatory reason that the employer did not offer.

After determining that the trial court could have found in favor of Reeves, O'Connor turned to examining the procedural questions at hand. She determined that respondent had not been entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, both because there was a question of fact to be decided by a jury in evaluating the truth of the defendant's nondiscriminatory explanation, and because the court of appeals should have reviewed the entire record in a manner favorable to the nonmoving party, which in this case was Reeves.

### Justice Ginsburg's opinion concurring

Justice Ginsburg concurred but suggested that, because the court of appeals required Reeves to produce evidence that was neither a *prima facie* case nor evidence contradicting the defendant's proffered reasons, their decision could be overturned without any broader holding.

She also wrote separately to note that future cases may require the court to examine exactly which circumstances may give rise to the plaintiff being required to provide further evidence. She stated that such cases will be rare, because a dishonest defendant may be assumed to have some level of culpability, based on a fundamental principle of evidence law.

## Significance

This case lays out a framework for determining liability as part of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, and clarifies parts of that framework as it applies to cases where the employer's reasons for making the decision are shown to be false. This was also the first case brought under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 where the Supreme Court used the McDonnell Douglas framework to make their decision, though they left that question open for another case to decide, mainly because they were not asked to rule on the matter.

The ruling means that if a reasonable jury determines that an employer's explanation for an employee being dismissed was an excuse for age discrimination, then the employer is liable to the former employee under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967.

## InfoBox

| Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc. | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued March 21, 2000
Decided June 12, 2000 | |
| Full case name | *Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc.* |
| Citations | 530 U.S. 133 (*more*)120 S. Ct. 2097; 147 L. Ed. 2d 105 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 197 F.3d 688 (5th Cir. 1999), reversed |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice William Rehnquist  Associate Justices John P. Stevens **·**  Sandra Day O'Connor
Antonin Scalia **·**  Anthony Kennedy
David Souter **·**  Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg **·**  Stephen Breyer | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | O'Connor, joined by *unanimous* |
| Concurrence | Ginsburg |
| Laws applied | |
| Age Discrimination in Employment Act | |


title: Cayuse War

abstract: The Cayuse War (1847-1855) was an armed conflict between the Cayuse people of the Northwestern United States and settlers, backed by the U.S. government. The conflict was triggered by the Whitman massacre of 1847, where the Cayuse attacked a missionary outpost in response to a deadly measles epidemic that they believed was caused by Marcus Whitman. Over the next few years, the Provisional Government of Oregon and later the United States Army battled the Native Americans east of the Cascades. This was the first of several wars between the Native Americans and American settlers in that region that would lead to the negotiations between the United States and Native Americans of the Columbia Plateau, creating several Indian reservations.

text:
# Cayuse War

The **Cayuse War** (1847-1855) was an armed conflict between the Cayuse people of the Northwestern United States and settlers, backed by the U.S. government. The conflict was triggered by the Whitman massacre of 1847, where the Cayuse attacked a missionary outpost in response to a deadly measles epidemic that they believed was caused by Marcus Whitman. Over the next few years, the Provisional Government of Oregon and later the United States Army battled the Native Americans east of the Cascades. This was the first of several wars between the Native Americans and American settlers in that region that would lead to the negotiations between the United States and Native Americans of the Columbia Plateau, creating several Indian reservations.

## Causes

In 1836, two missionariesMarcus and Narcissa Whitman—founded the Whitman Mission among the Cayuse Native Americans at Waiilatpu, six miles west of present-day Walla Walla, Washington. In addition to evangelizing, the missionaries established schools and grist mills and introduced crop irrigation. Despite initial successes, the Whitmans did not have any Cayuse baptized into their church. Due to lack of success and high costs, in 1842, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was going to close the mission until Marcus Whitman returned east pleading to keep the mission open. Returning the following year, he joined approximately a thousand settlers traveling to Oregon Country.

The sudden influx of American settlers led to an escalation of tension between natives and settlers, which owed much to cultural misunderstandings and mutual hostilities. For instance, the Cayuse believed that to plow the ground was to desecrate the spirit of the Earth. The settlers, as agriculturalists, naturally did not accept this. The Cayuse expected payment from wagon trains passing through their territory and eating the wild food on which the tribes depended; the settlers did not understand this and instead drove away the men sent to exact payment, in the belief that they were merely "beggars".

The new settlers brought diseases with them. In 1847, an epidemic of measles killed half the Cayuse. The Cayuse suspected that Marcus Whitman—a practicing physician and religious leader, hence a shaman—was responsible for the deaths of their families, causing the disaster to make way for new immigrants. Seeking revenge, Cayuse tribesmen attacked the mission on November 29, 1847. Thirteen settlers were killed, including both of the Whitmans. All of the buildings at Waiilatpu were destroyed. The site is now a National Historic Site. For several weeks, 53 women and children were held captive before eventually being released. This event, which became known as the Whitman massacre, precipitated the Cayuse War.

## Ensuing violence

The Provisional Legislature of Oregon and Governor George Abernethy called for "immediate and prompt action," and authorized the raising of companies of volunteers to go to war, if necessary, against the Cayuse Tribe. A fifty-person unit of volunteers was raised immediately and dispatched to The Dalles under the command of Henry A. G. Lee. Called the Oregon Rifles, they were formed on December 8, 1847, and then gathered at Fort Vancouver on December 10, where they purchased supplies from the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) post. The HBC would not extend credit to the Provisional Government, therefore the volunteer soldiers each pledged their credit to purchase supplies with the expectation that the government would repay them at a later time. The group was to protect the Wascopam Mission at The Dalles and prevent any hostile forces from reaching the Willamette Valley. In addition, the governor appointed a peace commission, consisting of Joel Palmer, Lee, and Robert Newell.

The Oregon Rifles marched to The Dalles, arriving on December 21. Upon arriving there, they drove off a band of Native Americans, but not before the natives stole 300 head of cattle. There the troops built a stockade and named the post Fort Lee for the commander, though the small fortification was also called Fort Wascopam. In January 1848, a force of over 500 militiamen led by Colonel Cornelius Gilliam (who did not approve of the peace commission) marched against the Cayuse and other native inhabitants of central Oregon. These troops arrived at Fort Lee in February, and with a larger force, the militia forces pressed east towards the Whitman Mission. By March 4, the forces reached the mission after a battle at Sand Hollows. After reaching the mission, Colonel Gilliam set out to return to The Dalles with a small force to supply that settlement, before continuing to Oregon City to report to the governor. However, on the journey, Gilliam was accidentally killed in camp, with Lee then continuing to Oregon City with Gilliam’s body. Lee was then promoted to Colonel, but upon returning to the front resigned as colonel, but remained as an officer, after learning the troops had elected Lieutenant-Colonel James Waters as colonel to lead the troops.

These militia forces were later supported by the United States Army. Some Cayuse initially refused to make peace and raided isolated settlements while others, considered friendly to the settlers, tried to work with the peace commission. The militia forces' actions led to confrontations with both friendly and hostile Native Americans. Many Cayuse resisted, but they were unable to put up an effective opposition to the firepower of their opponents and were driven into hiding in the Blue Mountains.

In 1850, the tribe handed over five members (Tilaukaikt, Tomahas, Klokamas, Isaiachalkis, and Kimasumpkin) to be tried for the murder of the Whitmans. All five Cayuse were convicted by a military commission and hanged on June 3, 1850; see Cayuse Five. The hanging was conducted by U.S. Marshal Joseph L. Meek. Kimasumpkin's final statement:

> I was up the river at the time of the massacre, and did not arrive until next day. I was riding on horse back; a white woman came running from the house, she held out her hands and told me not to kill her. I put my hand upon her hand and told her not to be afraid. There were plenty of Native Americans all about. She with the other women and children went to Walla Walla to Mr. Ogden's. I was not present at the murder nor was I any way concerned in it. - I am innocent - it hurts me to talk about dying for nothing. Our chief told me to come down and tell all about it. - Those who committed the murder are killed and dead. The priest say I must die tomorrow, if they kill me I am innocent… My Young Chief told me I was to come here to tell what I know concerning the murderers. I did not come as one of the murderers, for I am innocent. - I never made any declaration to any one that I was guilty. This is the last time that I may speak.

This did not end the conflict, though, and sporadic bloodshed continued for another five years until the Cayuse were finally defeated in 1855.

## Aftermath

The Cayuse population and territory decreased significantly following their defeat. In 1855, they ceded most of their tribal lands, reserving the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation with the Umatilla and Walla Walla peoples. The war had significant long-term consequences for the region. The Cayuse War stressed an already frayed developing government in Oregon state. At the war’s end, the crushing debt was unsurprisingly handled with little diplomacy and organization, but was eventually reimbursed through a series of negotiations. What was not restabilized, however, was the government. The Cayuse War undoubtedly made evident the nearing United States government; however, when the war ended, the provisional government ceased to exist. In its place a new, sturdier, more permanent government apt to negotiate properly with the Natives emerged. The United States government had tried to pursue a policy of treaty-making with many tribes of the Pacific Northwest; but not after seeking revenge for the Whitman massacre. In March, the military brought five Cayuse men to the capital of Oregon Country. They were charged, tried, and hanged even though their guilt and the jurisdiction of the court were not fully established. This trial had been the first capital punishment following a legal preceding in the new territory. Ambivalent responses followed the trial for decades.

## InfoBox

| Cayuse War | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the American Indian Wars | |
| Date November 29, 1847 – June 9, 1855  Location Oregon Country and Oregon Territory  Result  United States victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States | Cayuse |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Cornelius Gilliam
Henry A. G. Lee
James Waters | Chief Five Crows
War Eagle |
| Strength | |
| 500 militia | |


title: The Majestic Star Casino, LLC

abstract: The Majestic Star Casino, LLC was a gaming holding company founded in Gary, Indiana by Don H. Barden and was based in Las Vegas, Nevada.

text:
# The Majestic Star Casino, LLC

**The Majestic Star Casino, LLC** was a gaming holding company founded in Gary, Indiana by Don H. Barden and was based in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## History

The company was formed on December 8, 1993.

It opened the Majestic Star Casino in Gary, Indiana on June 7, 1996.

In December 2001, Majestic Star made its first expansion beyond Gary, acquiring three Fitzgeralds casinos from bankrupt Fitzgeralds Gaming for $149 million, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Black Hawk, Colorado, and Tunica, Mississippi. Chief operating officer Michael Kelly, a former Fitzgeralds executive, engineered the deal.

In April 2005, Majestic Star was selected to operate the casino at the French Lick Resort in French Lick, Indiana, being developed by a partnership of Lauth Property Group and the Cook Group. However, the Cook-Lauth partnership eventually decided to form its own casino management team, and Majestic's involvement ended amiably in September of that year.

In December 2005, Majestic Star acquired the neighboring Trump Casino in Gary from Trump Entertainment Resorts for $253 million, and renamed it as the Majestic Star II.

After Barden led an effort to legalize gambling in Pennsylvania, Majestic Star was awarded the only gaming license for Pittsburgh, beating out competing bids from Harrah's and Isle of Capri. Construction began in December 2007 on the $450 million riverfront Majestic Star Casino, which was projected to double the company's yearly revenues to over $1 billion. However, after defaulting on a $200 million bridge loan and failing to pay contractors, Majestic had to hand control in August 2008 to a group led by JMB Realty chairman Neil Bluhm, lead investor in the SugarHouse Casino in Philadelphia, who bought 75% of the project, and renamed it the Rivers Casino. Barden kept his remaining stake in the project outside of the Majestic Star umbrella.

In November 2009, Majestic Star filed for bankruptcy, listing $406 million in assets against $750 million in liabilities. The company cited the recession, increased competition from nearby properties, and a new smoking ban as reasons. In December 2010, Majestic sued Barden, claiming that he changed the company's tax status without notice, costing over $2 million in additional tax liabilities. The company's reorganization plan, filed the following month, would end Barden's ownership interest, while leaving other executives in place. The company left bankruptcy in 2011 under the majority ownership of Wayzata Investment Partners.

In October 2011, several months after Barden's death, his estate sold Fitzgeralds Las Vegas to brothers Derek and Greg Stevens, majority owners of the Golden Gate casino.

In May 2012, Majestic Star agreed to sell Fitzgeralds Black Hawk for $28 million to Saratoga Harness Racing, owner of Saratoga Casino and Raceway in New York. The sale closed in January 2013.

Majestic Star sold Fitzgeralds Tunica to Foundation Gaming in August 2018.

In November 2018, the company agreed to be acquired by Spectacle Entertainment, a new firm owned primarily by two Indiana-based investors. The buyers said they would lobby for permission to move the Majestic Star Casino inland within Gary, and to move the Majestic Star II's casino license to another city in Indiana.

## Properties

### Former

## Sources

## InfoBox

The Majestic Star Casino, LLC
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Gambling |
| Founded | December 8, 1993<br>Gary, Indiana |
| Defunct | April 2021 |
| Headquarters | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| Key people | Don H. Barden, Founder |
| Owner | Wayzata Investment Partners and others |


title: Cheshlyantsi

abstract: Cheshlyantsi is a village in Treklyano Municipality, Kyustendil Province, south-western Bulgaria.

text:
# Cheshlyantsi

**Cheshlyantsi** is a village in Treklyano Municipality, Kyustendil Province, south-western Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Cheshlyantsi Чешлянци | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Cheshlyantsi | |
| Coordinates: 42°34′27″N 22°31′50″E / 42.5742°N 22.5306°E / 42.5742; 22.5306 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kyustendil Province |
| Municipality | Treklyano |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Rhynchites

abstract: Rhynchites is a genus of leaf and bud weevils in the family of beetles known as Attelabidae.

text:
# Rhynchites

***Rhynchites*** is a genus of leaf and bud weevils in the family of beetles known as Attelabidae.

## Species

These nine species belong to the genus *Rhynchites*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Rhynchites* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rhynchites auratus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Attelabidae |
| Tribe: | Rhynchitini |
| Genus: | *Rhynchites*<br>Schneider, 1791 |
|


title: Thomas J. McCarthy

abstract: Thomas J. McCarthy is an American born researcher, Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

text:
# Thomas J. McCarthy

**Thomas J. McCarthy** (born February 20, 1956) is an American born researcher, Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

## Biography

Thomas 'Tom' McCarthy was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts on February 20, 1956. His father, James (Jim), was a draftsman and later a manager at the General Electric Company. His mother, Helen, was a nurse and later a high school English teacher. Tom was educated in the Pittsfield public school system and graduated from Pittsfield High School and Pittsfield Community Music School in 1974. He studied chemistry at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (UMass Amherst), earning his B.S. in 1978, and organic chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning his Ph.D. in 1982. His undergraduate and graduate advisors were C. Peter Lillya and George M. Whitesides. He has been a faculty member in the polymer science and engineering department at UMass Amherst since 1982 and was promoted to associate professor in 1986 and professor in 1991. He served as department head from 2000-2003. Since 2006 he has been a guest professor at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry and has taught there each semester since 2005.

## Publications

He has published 152 peer-reviewed papers, and has been awarded 10 U.S. patents. His earliest papers were on organic chemistry; subsequently, they were mostly on polymer and surface chemistry. His most cited paper, written jointly with Didem Öner, is "Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces. Effects of Topography Length Scales on Wettability" (*Langmuir,* 2000, 16 (20), pp 7777–7782, DOI: 10.1021/la000598o which has received 1224 citations according to Google Scholar In all, 59 of his papers have had 60 or more citations.

## Notable students

## InfoBox

| Thomas J. McCarthy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1956-02-20) February 20, 1956<br>Pittsfield, Massachusetts, United States |
| Alma mater | University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemistry, Polymer Science, Surface Science |
| Institutions | University of Massachusetts Amherst |
| Doctoral advisor | George M. Whitesides |
| Notable students | Cady Coleman |
|  | |
| Website | McCarthy Research Group |


title: Roger Noble

abstract: Major General Roger John Noble, is a retired senior Australian Army officer and diplomat. He joined the army via the Australian Defence Force Academy in 1984 and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. He commanded the 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Al Muthanna Task Group (2005) and the 3rd Brigade (2013–15), and deployed six times on operations to East Timor, Afghanistan and Iraq. He was seconded to the United States Army in 2016 and served as Deputy Coalition Land Force Commander, Iraq, as part of Operation Inherent Resolve, and subsequently as Deputy Commanding General – North in the United States Army Pacific (2017–19). He retired from the Australian Army in 2021 and served as Australian Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism from February 2021 to February 2023, before joining Laing O'Rourke as General Manager – Defence.

text:
# Roger Noble

Major General **Roger John Noble**, AO, DSC, CSC (born 16 March 1966) is a retired senior Australian Army officer and diplomat. He joined the army via the Australian Defence Force Academy in 1984 and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. He commanded the 2nd Cavalry Regiment (c. 2004–05), Al Muthanna Task Group (2005) and the 3rd Brigade (2013–15), and deployed six times on operations to East Timor, Afghanistan and Iraq. He was seconded to the United States Army in 2016 and served as Deputy Coalition Land Force Commander, Iraq, as part of Operation Inherent Resolve, and subsequently as Deputy Commanding General – North in the United States Army Pacific (2017–19). He retired from the Australian Army in 2021 and served as Australian Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism from February 2021 to February 2023, before joining Laing O'Rourke as General Manager – Defence.

## Early and personal life

Noble was born in Cairns, Queensland, and educated at The Pittwater House School in Sydney. He is married to New York-born author and journalist Daniella Brodsky, with whom he has two daughters.

## Military career

### Early career

Noble entered the Australian Defence Force Academy as an Australian Army officer cadet in 1984. He was part of the academy's first graduating class in 1986; he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in history and was awarded the Commander-in-Chief's Medal. He subsequently completed an additional twelve months of training at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, before he was commissioned a lieutenant in the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. His early career was marked by appointments in cavalry, armoured personnel carrier and tank units, which included troop and squadron command appointments within the 2nd Cavalry Regiment. In between regimental postings, Noble served as aide-de-camp to the Chief of Army, deployed to Iraq in 1992 as a Chemical Destruction Group Team Leader with the United Nations Special Commission, and was posted as Staff Officer Grade 2 Land Operations in Army Headquarters.

In 2001, Noble was deployed to East Timor for service with the United Nations Transitional Administration, being appointed the Operations Officer for Sector West. He received a Commendation for Distinguished Service for his performance in this role. Soon after his return to Australia in 2002, Noble was re-deployed to serve as joint operations officer in support of initial Australian operations during the War in Afghanistan. On leaving the Middle East, he was posted as Defence Advisor to the Australian government's Joint Standing Committee for Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade and thereafter to Army Headquarters as Staff Officer Grade 1 Concepts. Noble was awarded a Conspicuous Service Cross in the 2004 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his "outstanding achievement" in this and earlier staff postings.

### Senior command and staff appointments

Noble was subsequently appointed commanding officer of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment and, in April 2005, deployed with the headquarters and two squadrons of his unit to command the first Al Muthanna Task Group, a cavalry battlegroup tasked with operations in southern Iraq. Noble returned to Australia in November, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross in the 2006 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his "distinguished command and leadership" during the deployment. Promoted colonel in 2007, he was posted to the Australian Command and Staff College as Director of Studies – Land. The following year, he was awarded a John Monash Scholarship to read for a Master of International Public Policy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. Noble was the first member of the Australian Defence Force to receive a John Monash Scholarship. He graduated in 2009, having conducted research into strategy in conflict management. Noble also holds a Master of Business Administration from Deakin University and a Master of Defence Studies from the University of Canberra.

Following promotion to brigadier in 2010, Noble was appointed Director Special Operations Capability at Special Operations Command and, in December 2011, was re-deployed to Afghanistan to serve as Deputy Operations and Plans Officer with the International Security Assistance Force. He returned to Australia in December 2012 and was appointed Director General Land Development in the Capability Development Group. In November 2013, Noble was posted to North Queensland as commander 3rd Brigade. He relinquished command of the brigade in November 2015 and was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours.

Noble was seconded to the United States Army in 2016 and deployed with the 101st Airborne Division as Deputy Coalition Land Force Commander, Iraq, as part of Operation Inherent Resolve. In this post, Noble was subordinate to Major General Gary J. Volesky and effectively second-in-command of Coalition forces supporting the Iraqi Army in the war against the Islamic State. In an interview with ABC News, Noble expressed confidence that the war against the Islamic State was being won but, remarking on the conduct of warfare in Iraq, conceded that "it's complicated" and that there was "a lot of conventional direct ground combat with high casualties and high risk". He was promoted major general in November 2016 and, the following March, succeeded fellow Australian, Major General Greg Bilton, as Deputy Commanding General – North of the United States Army Pacific in Hawaii. After almost two years, Noble relinquished the command to Major General Daniel McDaniel in January 2019. He was subsequently appointed Deputy Chief of Joint Operations in Headquarters Joint Operations Command. Noble swapped positions with Rear Admiral Jaimie Hatcher in September 2019, becoming Head Military Strategic Commitments within the Vice Chief of Defence Force Group. In this role Noble was responsible for the strategic management of potential and present commitments for the Australian Defence Force.

## Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism

Noble was advanced to Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2021 Australia Day Honours in recognition of his "exceptional strategic leadership, planning and coordination" in a number of senior roles. Shortly after, on 18 February, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Marise Payne, announced Noble's appointment as Australia's next Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism. In this role, he led "Australia's international engagement on counter-terrorism" and represented Australia at international forums on counter-terrorism issues. Noble stepped down from the role in February 2023, and later that month joined Laing O'Rourke as General Manager – Defence.

## InfoBox

| Roger Noble | |
| --- | --- |
| Roger Noble in 2017 | |
|  | |
| Australian Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism | |
| **In office**
18 February 2021  9 February 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Foley |
| Succeeded by | Richard Feakes |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-03-16) 16 March 1966
Cairns, Queensland |
| Spouse | Daniella Brodsky |
| Alma mater | University of New South Wales (BA \[Hons\])
Johns Hopkins University (MIPP)
Deakin University (MBA)
University of Canberra (MDefStud) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Branch/service | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1984–2021 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | Head Military Strategic Commitments (2019–21)
Deputy Chief of Joint Operations (2019)
Deputy Commanding General – North (2017–19)
3rd Brigade (2013–15)
Al Muthanna Task Group (2005)
2nd Cavalry Regiment (c. 2004–05) |
| Battles/wars | East Timor (UNTAET)
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
War against the Islamic State |
| Awards | Officer of the Order of Australia
Distinguished Service Cross
Conspicuous Service Cross
Commendation for Distinguished Service
Officer of the Legion of Merit (United States)
Defence Cooperation Medal (Japan) |
|  | |


title: Spruce Forest Artisan Village

abstract: The Spruce Forest Artisan Village is an arts and heritage center in Garrett County, Maryland, that is dedicated to preserving the heritage of the region. Resident and visiting artisans demonstrate their crafts in restored log cabins and vintage frame structures. Artisan crafts include blacksmithing, weaving, wheel-thrown pottery, bird sculpting, woodturning, and jewelry-smithing. There are living history programs and several historic house museums, including the House of Yoder. Approximately 60,000 people visit the village each year.

text:
# Spruce Forest Artisan Village

The **Spruce Forest Artisan Village** is an arts and heritage center in Garrett County, Maryland, that is dedicated to preserving the heritage of the region. Resident and visiting artisans demonstrate their crafts in restored log cabins and vintage frame structures. Artisan crafts include blacksmithing, weaving, wheel-thrown pottery, bird sculpting, woodturning, and jewelry-smithing. There are living history programs and several historic house museums, including the House of Yoder. Approximately 60,000 people visit the village each year.

## History

The region the village resides in was once known as *Little Crossings*. Three rooms of the Penn Alps Restaurant were originally a part of the log stagecoach stop known as the *Little Crossings Inn*. The village as it is today was founded by Alta Schrock in 1957. The historic buildings in the village were taken from various locations across Western Maryland and were restored on site. One of the village's cabins predates the American Revolution, one dates to the era of the American Revolution, and the other cabins date to around the 1830s. One of the village's cabins is the cabin that Alta Schrock lived in during her childhood.

### 2020 wind storm

On April 8, 2020, fifty of the village's towering spruce trees and several buildings were destroyed by straight-line winds during a storm. The buildings that were damaged beyond repair were the Esther Yoder Cabin, the Red Shed, and the Covered Bridge Entrance. Other buildings, including the village church, were damaged as well. After the storm, all of the village's remaining spruce trees, even those that were seemingly undamaged, were cut down. The undamaged trees were removed because it was believed that they were weakened by the storm and would likely be brought down by the next one.

In October 2021, the village began planting new spruce trees. About 20 new trees were purchased with the $20,000 that the village had received in donations over the previous 18 months. The village plans to rebuild the entrance bridge in the early spring of 2022. The village also made plans for new pathways and a new parking lot.

## Activities and amenities

The village hosts 6 resident artists who showcase their crafts in the historic buildings and in the Penn Alps Restaurant Craft Shop. The village is open all year round, subject to weather in winter. The village frequently hosts public events and workshops can be scheduled with the artisans. The village hosts an annual *Christmas in the Village* every year, where the entire village is decorated with candles, lights, wreaths, and other Christmas decorations. The Casselman Bridge can be found at the west end of the village. Penn Alps Restaurant is located at the entrance to the village and the Cornucopia Cafe is located at the north end.

## InfoBox

| Spruce Forest Artisan Village | |
| --- | --- |
| Spruce Forest Artisan Village in September 2014 | |
| Location | Garrett County, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°41′47.4″N 79°8′30.6″W / 39.696500°N 79.141833°W / 39.696500; -79.141833 |
| Founded | 1957 |
| Founder | Alta Schrock |
|  | |


title: Siege of Marienburg (1410)

abstract: The siege of Marienburg was an unsuccessful two-month siege of the castle in Marienburg (Malbork), the capital of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. The joint Polish and Lithuanian forces, under command of King Władysław II Jagiełło and Grand Duke Vytautas, besieged the castle between 26 July and 19 September 1410 in a bid for complete conquest of Prussia after the great victory in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). However, the castle withstood the siege and the Knights conceded only to minor territorial losses in the Peace of Thorn (1411). Marienburg defender Heinrich von Plauen is credited as the savior of the Knights from complete annihilation.

text:
# Siege of Marienburg (1410)

The **siege of Marienburg** was an unsuccessful two-month siege of the castle in Marienburg (Malbork), the capital of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. The joint Polish and Lithuanian forces, under command of King Władysław II Jagiełło and Grand Duke Vytautas, besieged the castle between 26 July and 19 September 1410 in a bid for complete conquest of Prussia after the great victory in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). However, the castle withstood the siege and the Knights conceded only to minor territorial losses in the Peace of Thorn (1411). Marienburg defender Heinrich von Plauen is credited as the savior of the Knights from complete annihilation.

## Background

Allied Polish and Lithuanian forces invaded Prussia in July 1410 with the goal of capturing Marienburg. Their path was blocked by the Teutonic Knights, who engaged the allied forces in the decisive Battle of Grunwald on 15 July 1410. The Knights suffered a great defeat, leaving most of their leadership dead or captured. The victorious Polish and Lithuanian forces stayed on the battlefield for three days; during this time Heinrich von Plauen, Komtur of Schwetz (Świecie), organized defense of Marienburg. Von Plauen did not participate in the battle and was trusted to command reserve forces of about 3,000 men in Schwetz. It is not entirely clear whether von Plauen marched to Marienburg based on pre-battle instructions of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen or on his own initiative to fill the leadership void. As the Polish–Lithuanian forces moved on to Marienburg, three Teutonic fortresses – Hohenstein (Olsztynek), Osterode (Ostróda), and Christburg (Dzierzgoń) – surrendered without resistance. The allied forces moved slowly, averaging only about 15 km (9.3 mi) per day, giving time for von Plauen to organize the defense. This delay has been criticized by modern historians as one of the greatest Polish–Lithuanian tactical mistakes and has been a subject of much speculation. Polish historian Paweł Jasienica suggested, for example, that Jagiełło might have intentionally given the Knights time to regroup, to keep the Order humbled but not decimated so as to not upset the balance of power between Poland (which would most likely acquire most of the Order possessions if it was totally defeated) and Lithuania; but a lack of primary sources precludes a definitive explanation.

## Siege

The main Polish–Lithuanian forces arrived only on 26 July 1410. The day before von Plauen ordered the town outside the Marienburg Castle to be burned, depriving allied soldiers of shelter and clearing the battlefield. The siege was not intense: Polish King Jagiełło was confident that Prussia had already fallen and began distributing land among his nobles. He sent his troops to capture numerous small castles that were left without garrisons. Only eight castles remained in Teutonic hands. The Knights were allowed to communicate with their allies. They sent envoys to Sigismund of Hungary and Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, who provided a loan to hire mercenaries and promised to send Bohemian and Moravian reinforcements by the end of September. The Livonian Order sent 500 men as soon as its three-month truce with Lithuania expired. The siege, holding Jogaila's army in place, helped to organize defensive forces in other parts of Prussia. The besiegers expected capitulation and were not prepared for a long-term engagement, suffering from lack of ammunition, low morale, and an epidemic of dysentery. The nobles wanted to return home for the harvest and the mercenaries wanted to get paid. Lithuanian troops, commanded by Vytautas, were the first to withdraw. The siege was eventually lifted on 19 September. Before departing, Jogaila built a stronghold in Stuhm (Sztum), south of Marienburg, hoping to keep pressure on the Knights. The Polish–Lithuanian forces returned to Poland and Lithuania, leaving Polish garrisons in fortresses that surrendered or were captured.

## Aftermath

After the withdrawal of the Polish–Lithuanian forces, the Knights started taking back their fortresses. By the end of October, only four Teutonic castles remained in Polish hands – border towns of Thorn (Toruń), Nessau (Nieszawa), Rehden (Radzyń Chełmiński) and Strasburg (Brodnica). Jogaila raised a fresh army and dealt another defeat to the Knights in the Battle of Koronowo on 10 October 1410. Von Plauen, using his reputation as hero of Marienburg, was selected as the new Grand Master in November. Von Plauen wanted to continue warfare, but he was pressured by his advisers into peace negotiations. The Peace of Thorn was signed on 1 February 1411. It is considered a diplomatic victory for the Knights as they suffered only minimal territorial losses. The Siege of Marienburg and subsequent Peace of Thorn are seen as disappointing results of the great Battle of Grunwald.

The Marienburg Castle was again defended by the Teutonic Order in 1454 but was captured by Poles in 1457 during the subsequent Thirteen Years' War (1454–66).

Footnotes Bibliography  * Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978), *Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties*, Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija, LCCN 79346776 (in Lithuanian)
* Turnbull, Stephen (2003), *Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights*, Campaign Series, vol. 122, London: Osprey, ISBN 978-1-84176-561-7
* Urban, William (2003), *Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality* (Revised ed.), Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, ISBN 0-929700-25-2

## InfoBox

| Siege of Marienburg | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War | |
|
Polish artillery shelling Marienburg Castle in 1410 | |
| Date 26 July – 19 September 1410  Location Marienburg Castle (Malbork Castle)54°02′23″N 19°01′40″E / 54.03972°N 19.02778°E / 54.03972; 19.02778  Result  Teutonic Order victory | |
| Belligerents | |
|  | State of the Teutonic Order |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Władysław II Jagiełło
Vytautas the Great | Heinrich von Plauen |
| Strength | |
| 15,000 Poles
11,000–12,000 Lithuanians
800 Moldavians | 3,000 reserve men
1,427 Grunwald survivors
200 seamen from Danzig (Gdańsk) |


title: Julia Boyd

abstract: Julia Boyd is a British non-fiction author.

text:
# Julia Boyd

**Julia Boyd** (born 1948) is a British non-fiction author.

## Career

*The Washington Post* called *Travellers in the Third Reich* "riveting". It was awarded the 2018 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for History. *Publishers Weekly* called it a "fresh, surprising perspective on how Nazi Germany was seen at the time".

*The Times* called *A Village in the Third Reich* , authored with Angelika Patel, a "fascinating deep dive into daily life", and *The Scotsman*, "a masterpiece of historical non-fiction". *Publishers Weekly* wrote, "Boyd and Patel pose difficult questions about ordinary Germans’ complicity in the horrors of the Holocaust".

## Personal life

She was married to the late Sir John Boyd, a diplomat, and later Master of Churchill College, Cambridge. She lives in London.

## Works

* *The Story of Furniture*, Hamlyn, 1975
* *Hannah Riddell: An Englishwoman in Japan*, Tuttle, 1995
* *The Excellent Doctor Blackwell: The Life of the First Woman Physician*, Sutton, 2005
* *A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking’s Foreign Colony*, I.B. Tauris, 2012
* *Travellers in the Third Reich: The Rise of Fascism through the Eyes of Everyday People*, Pegasus, 2018
* *A Village in the Third Reich: How Ordinary Lives were Transformed by the Rise of Fascism*, 2022. Cowritten with Angelika Patel.


title: 1948–49 La Liga

abstract: The 1948–49 La Liga was the 18th season since its establishment. Barcelona won their fourth title, the second consecutive.

text:
# 1948–49 La Liga

The **1948–49 La Liga** was the 18th season since its establishment. Barcelona won their fourth title, the second consecutive.

## Team locations

ValenciaReal MadridAt. MadridDeportivoCeltaGimnásticoSevillaAt. BilbaoOviedoSabadellValladolidEspañolBarcelonaAlcoyanoclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in **1948–49 La Liga**

Valladolid made their debut in La Liga. The first club from Castile and León to play in the Primera Division

| Club | City | Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alcoyano | Alcoy | El Collao |
| Atlético Bilbao | Bilbao | San Mamés |
| Atlético Madrid | Madrid | Metropolitano |
| Barcelona | Barcelona | Les Corts |
| Celta | Vigo | Balaídos |
| Deportivo La Coruña | A Coruña | Riazor |
| Gimnástico | Tarragona | Avenida de Cataluña |
| Español | Barcelona | Sarriá |
| Oviedo | Oviedo | Buenavista |
| Real Madrid | Madrid | Chamartín |
| Sabadell | Sabadell | Cruz Alta |
| Sevilla | Seville | Nervión |
| Valencia | Valencia | Mestalla |
| Valladolid | Valladolid | Municipal |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Barcelona (C) | 26 | 16 | 5 | 5 | 66 | 36 | +30 | 37 | Qualification for the Latin Cup |
| 2 | Valencia | 26 | 16 | 3 | 7 | 78 | 47 | +31 | 35 |  |
| 3 | Real Madrid | 26 | 15 | 4 | 7 | 67 | 42 | +25 | | 34 |
| 4 | Atlético Madrid | 26 | 15 | 4 | 7 | 54 | 32 | +22 | | 34 |
| 5 | Oviedo | 26 | 13 | 4 | 9 | 50 | 43 | +7 | | 30 |
| 6 | Atlético Bilbao | 26 | 11 | 2 | 13 | 61 | 63 | 2 | | 24 |
| 7 | Español | 26 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 51 | 46 | +5 | | 24 |
| 8 | Sevilla | 26 | 11 | 1 | 14 | 35 | 40 | 5 | | 23 |
| 9 | Gimnástico | 26 | 10 | 3 | 13 | 59 | 72 | 13 | | 23 |
| 10 | Deportivo La Coruña | 26 | 9 | 4 | 13 | 56 | 60 | 4 | | 22 |
| 11 | Celta | 26 | 9 | 4 | 13 | 51 | 64 | 13 | | 22 |
| 12 | Valladolid | 26 | 10 | 2 | 14 | 38 | 59 | 21 | | 22 |
| 13 | Alcoyano (R) | 26 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 30 | 54 | 24 | 21 | Relegated to the Segunda División |
| 14 | Sabadell (R) | 26 | 5 | 3 | 18 | 43 | 81 | 38 | | 13 |

Source: BDFútbol
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## Results

| Home \ Away | ALC | ATB | ATM | BAR | CEL | DEP | ESP | GIM | OVI | RMA | SAB | SEV | VAL | VAD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alcoyano |  | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 |
| Atlético Bilbao | 3–0 |  | 1–3 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 3–1 | 4–3 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 7–2 | 4–0 | 3–2 | 7–2 |
| Atlético Madrid | 4–0 | 3–2 |  | 2–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 6–0 | 0–2 | 6–0 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 |
| Barcelona | 4–0 | 5–2 | 4–0 |  | 3–1 | 5–2 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 5–2 | 3–1 | 4–1 | 2–1 | 4–3 | 6–0 |
| Celta | 5–1 | 3–4 | 2–2 | 2–2 |  | 1–1 | 2–1 | 6–4 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 3–2 | 3–1 | 4–2 | 2–0 |
| Deportivo La Coruña | 6–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 3–3 |  | 3–0 | 6–2 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 5–2 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 5–0 |
| Español | 1–1 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 5–0 | 4–1 |  | 5–4 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 6–2 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 5–1 |
| Gimnástico | 3–1 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 3–2 | 1–4 | 4–1 |  | 2–4 | 3–3 | 3–2 | 1–3 | 6–1 | 4–2 |
| Oviedo | 1–1 | 6–3 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 5–2 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 0–2 |  | 1–1 | 5–4 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 |
| Real Madrid | 3–1 | 4–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 6–0 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 0–2 |  | 5–1 | 1–0 | 4–3 | 4–1 |
| Sabadell | 3–1 | 2–2 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 4–4 | 2–0 | 2–3 | 2–2 | 1–2 |  | 1–3 | 0–3 | 3–1 |
| Sevilla | 2–0 | 6–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 0–3 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 1–5 | 4–1 |  | 0–2 | 2–1 |
| Valencia | 5–3 | 5–0 | 4–3 | 4–2 | 1–0 | 7–1 | 4–1 | 7–0 | 3–1 | 4–4 | 3–0 | 2–0 |  | 6–2 |
| Valladolid | 4–2 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 4–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 |  |

Source: BDFútbol
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Top scorers

| Rank | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | César Rodríguez | Barcelona | 28 |
| 2 | Telmo Zarra | Atlético Bilbao | 22 |
| 3 | Pahiño | Real Madrid | 21 |
| 4 | Mundo | Valencia | 19 |
| 5 | Adrián Escudero | Atlético Madrid | 17 |
| 6 | Vicente Seguí | Valencia | 16 |
| 7 | Ángel Cabido | Oviedo | 15 |
| | Pablo Olmedo | Real Madrid | |
| 9 | Rafael Franco | Deportivo La Coruña | 14 |
| | Manuel Marquínez | Deportivo La Coruña | |
| | Gallardo | Gimnástico | |
|

## InfoBox

Primera División
| Season | 1948–49 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Barcelona
(4th title) |
| Relegated | Alcoyano
Sabadell |
| Latin Cup | Barcelona |
| Matches played | 182 |
| Goals scored | 739 (4.06 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | César Rodríguez
(27 goals) |
| Biggest home win | Valencia 7–0 Gimnástico |
| Biggest away win | Sevilla 1–5 Real Madrid |
| Highest scoring | Celta 6–4 Gimnástico |
| Longest winning run | 4 matches
Barcelona
Valencia
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Sevilla |
| Longest unbeaten run | 10 matches
Real Madrid |
| Longest winless run | 8 matches
Sabadell |
| Longest losing run | 6 matches
Gimnástico |
| 1947–48 1949–50 | |


title: Jujurieux

abstract: Jujurieux is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

text:
# Jujurieux

**Jujurieux** (French pronunciation: \[ʒyʒyʁjø\]) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,520 |  |
| 1975 | 1,459 | −0.58% |
| 1982 | 1,492 | +0.32% |
| 1990 | 1,602 | +0.89% |
| 1999 | 1,700 | +0.66% |
| 2007 | 1,986 | +1.96% |
| 2012 | 2,148 | +1.58% |
| 2017 | 2,156 | +0.07% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Jujurieux | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Jujurieux | |
| JujurieuxJujurieux | |
| Coordinates: 46°02′27″N 5°24′34″E / 46.0408°N 5.4094°E / 46.0408; 5.4094 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Ain |
| Arrondissement | Nantua |
| Canton | Pont-d'Ain |
| Intercommunality | Rives de l'Ain - Pays du Cerdon |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Anne Bollache |
| Area**1** | 15.39 km2 (5.94 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,124 |
| Density | 140/km2 (360/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 01199 /01640 |
| Elevation | 242–633 m (794–2,077 ft)
(avg. 260 m or 850 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |