title: Reva Brooks

abstract:
Reva Brooks was a Canadian photographer who did much of her work in and around San Miguel de Allende in Mexico.
The San Francisco Museum of Art chose Reva Brooks as one of the top 50 women photographers in history.

text:
# Reva Brooks

**Reva Brooks** (May 1913 – 24 January 2004) was a Canadian photographer who did much of her work in and around San Miguel de Allende in Mexico. The San Francisco Museum of Art chose Reva Brooks as one of the top 50 women photographers in history.

## Career

Reva Silverman was born in Toronto, Ontario in May 1913. Her parents, Moritz Silverman and Jenny Kleinberg had immigrated to Canada from Poland. Moritz arrived in Toronto in 1905 and began work in the Jewish garment district on Spadina Avenue, and after three years had saved enough money to send for Jenny, whom he married at once. Moritz Silverman set himself up in a tailoring and pressing shop, where Reva and her six siblings were raised.

In 1935, she married the artist Frank Leonard Brooks. While they were on a trip to San Miguel de Allende she took up photography. The couple were early members of what became a well-known colony of artists in that town. They arrived in 1947, planning to stay for a year while Frank Brooks studied painting, and eventually stayed for fifty years.

On 12 August 1950 Leonard and Reva Brooks, as well as Stirling Dickinson and five other American teachers, were deported from Mexico. The official reason was that they did not have proper work visas but the cause may have been a falling out with the owner of a rival art school. Leonard Brooks managed to get the order lifted so they could return through his contact with General Ignacio M. Beteta, to whom he had once given advice on painting and whose brother Ramón Beteta Quintana was an influential politician at the national level.

## Work

In September–October 1950, before the official opening of the Instituto Allende in San Miguel, it held an exhibition of the work of local artists. Works by both Leonard and Reva Brooks were included in this show. Reva Brooks\` photography was first recognized and praised by Minor White in 1952 when Reva’s portrait of solemn-faced *Anciana* (Dona Chencha), was reproduced on the third cover of *Aperture*, a nascent publication with a mission to be a forum for the advancement of excellence in photography. That same year, Reva Brooks sold one of her most famous photographs, *Confrontation*, a picture taken by Brooks in 1948 of a mother grieving over her dead child, to Edward Steichen, director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York, and in 1955 the work was included in the MOMA's *The Family of Man* exhibition, one of the first major exhibitions of photography. (It was included in a section addressing the idea of “universal death” - the consequence of the hydrogen bomb, still a postwar fear in public consciousness). Much enlarged from the original print, it was the first one in view among the work of well-known photographers, such as Roman Vishniac. In 1975, *Dead Child*, of the boy in *Confrontation*, was included in her series of five photographs in the exhibition *Women of Photography: An Historical Survey*, at the San Francisco Museum of Art. It brought Reva new attention, identifying her as the leading woman photographer in Mexico, and Canadian.

Reva Brooks ( with her husband Leonard) exhibited at Eaton’s Art Gallery, Toronto, in 1949. A larger forum for her work was provided by EXPO’67 in the *International Exhibition of Photography: The Camera as Witness*. Although individual photographers remained unnamed in favour of an all-encompassing theme of optimism, Reva’s images were identifiable by subject due to their human interest. Once again, her work was seen among esteemed photographers, such as Inge Morath.

In 1976, her work was included in an exhibition at the National Gallery of Canada, and in 1989, at the Art Gallery of Windsor, Ontario. Reva Brooks\` first solo show was in 1998 at the Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto, followed with a joint exhibition with Leonard Brooks at the Edward Day Gallery, Kingston, Ontario. She participated in many exhibitions in Canada and abroad, such as her retrospective at the Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography, Ottawa, in 2000, with her last solo show being a retrospective at the Art Gallery of Ontario in 2002.

She died in San Miguel de Allende in 2004.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Reva Brooks | |
| --- | --- |
| Leonard and Reva Brooks in San Miguel de Allende in 1948 | |
| Born | Reva Silverman
May 1913
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | 24 January 2004(2004-01-24) (aged 90)
San Miguel de Allende in Mexico |
| Occupation | Photographer |


title: Resonator mode

abstract:
In the resonator mode, the plasma density does not exceed the critical density. A standing electromagnetic wave, which is confined by a
resonator cavity, penetrates the plasma and sustains it in the regions of highest field
intensity. The geometry of this region determines the spatial distribution of the plasma. Plasmas excited in resonator mode are less resistant against detuning, for instance by the insertion of electric probes or electrically conducting samples compared
to surface-wave plasmas. There, the high plasma density better shields disturbing potentials.

text:
# Resonator mode

In the **resonator mode**, the plasma density does not exceed the critical density. A standing electromagnetic wave, which is confined by a resonator cavity, penetrates the plasma and sustains it in the regions of highest field intensity. The geometry of this region determines the spatial distribution of the plasma. Plasmas excited in resonator mode are less resistant against detuning, for instance by the insertion of electric probes (Langmuir probes) or electrically conducting samples compared to surface-wave plasmas. There, the high plasma density better shields disturbing potentials.


title: Revolt of the va-nu-pieds

abstract: The Revolt of the va-nu-pieds was an unsuccessful popular uprising in Normandy in 1639 following King Louis XIII's decision to set up the gabelle salt tax in Cotentin in place of the privilege of the quart-bouillon.

text:
# Revolt of the va-nu-pieds

The **Revolt of the *va-nu-pieds*** (French pronunciation: \[vanypje\], *barefooted ones*) was an unsuccessful popular uprising in Normandy in 1639 following King Louis XIII's decision to set up the gabelle salt tax in Cotentin in place of the privilege of the quart-bouillon.

## Context

The Nu-Pieds revolt was the culmination of a series of troubles or “agitations” that shook Normandy for more than a decade. For some time, the royal budget had been in deficit (58 million livres in 1639 at a total expenditure of 172 million). To finance itself, the kingdom issued fiscal expedients. Normandy, one of the richest provinces of the kingdom, was obliged to make strong contributions. Each time, the fiscal pressure provoked problems, like in Rouen in 1623, when people protested against the obligation to pay charges for brouettiers, for chiffonniers etc. to the tax office; or in 1628 and 1634 in protest against a tax on leather markings.

## Course

On 16 July 1639, Charles Le Poupinel, in charge of collecting taxes, is assassinated by the people of Avranches. The troubles quickly spread throughout the region, as far as Caen, Rouen and Bayeux. The general of the insurgents, Jean Quetil, takes the name of Jean Nu-Pied.

The jacquerie brought together almost all social categories: peasants (labourers, salt workers, etc.), ploughmen, clerks, gentlemen, often impoverished, who were responsible for military exercise, but also the little robins who were jealous of the officers of gabelle who have succeeded.

Following their predecessors in the region, the Gautiers who supported the Catholic League, their revolt was very religious. They place themselves under the patronage of Saint John the Baptist. Very influential in the Norman revolt, the priests framed the rebels.

The idea is spreading that under the old law of the Charter to the Normans of 1315, it is the Normans who must set the tax. There is strong regional cohesion. The most cultured of the insurgents wrote manifestos praising the time of the dukes when Normandy was independent, but also the time of the good kings (Louis XII and Henry IV of France) when centralism, as well as taxes, were weak.

On the orders of Cardinal Richelieu who wanted to set an example, this sedition was fiercely repressed by Colonel Jean de Gassion who was placed under the orders of Chancellor Pierre Séguier. Barnabé du Laurens de la Barre, president in the Election of Mortain, took an active part in the repression of this uprising. The revolt was finally crushed on 30 November 1639 under the ramparts of Avranches where 300 dead were counted; those responsible were judged and the Norman towns lost their privileges. Punishment fell on Rouen where Chancellor Séguier established himself at the royal abbey of Saint-Ouen, in 1640, lodged his soldiers with locals, replaced the municipality with a commission and banned Parliament. When he marches on Caen, all of Normandy is terrified. Barnabé du Laurens de la Barre was ennobled in September 1654 by letters patent signed by King Louis XIV.

## Etymology

The term “*va-nu-pied*” appeared in 1639 in the work *Histoire des Secretaires d’État* (History of State Secretaries) by Antoine Fauvelet du Toc under the spelling “*Va nuds pieds*” and, from 1646, in the columns of the journal *Mercure François* under the name “*Jean va Nuds-pieds*” (“John walks Barefooted”). The expression is the origin of the noun “*va-nu-pieds*” which has an invariable form.

## Bibliography


title: Bawdwin

abstract: Bawdwin is a village in northeast Myanmar.

text:
# Bawdwin

**Bawdwin** is a village in northeast Myanmar (formerly Burma).

## Geography

Bawdwin is situated in the northern Shan State's Namtu Township, Kyaukme District in Myanmar (formerly Upper Burma). It is located 150km from the Chinese border.

## Early history

Since the 15th century, the Bawdwin village has been a hub for mining operations and was controlled for centuries by China before British colonists arrived. Records and the remnants of temples, mosques, theaters, and other public structures and bridges indicate that Bawdwin was once a thriving Chinese colony. Discoveries of manacled skeletons and inscriptions in the neighborhood indicate that the region and its mine served as one of the Chinese government's prison settlements. The Ming dynasty used ancient Chinese laborers to mine silver at Bawdwin Mine as early as 1412 A.D. Up to 20,000 laborers were reportedly working at Bawdwin by the eighteenth century. In 1868, the area was abandoned amid the Panthay Rebellion.

Mining interests would resurface under British rule, reestablishing Bawdwin into a mining community from 1903 to the 1920s. The Bawdwin Mine's surroundings were developed. The area included its own railway, civil police force, local court, post offices, residential quarters, schools, and one of Upper Burma's (now Myanmar) largest hospitals.

## Landmarks

## InfoBox

| Bawdwin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| BawdwinLocation in Myanmar (Burma) | |
| Coordinates: 23°7′N 97°18′E / 23.117°N 97.300°E / 23.117; 97.300 | |
| Country | Myanmar |
| State | Shan State |
| District | Kyaukme District |
| Township | Namtu Township |
| Village | Bawdwin |
| Elevation | 3,200 ft (1,000 m) |
| Population | |
| Ethnicities | Shan Chinese Burmese |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MMT) |


title: Bawdsey Manor

abstract: Bawdsey Manor stands at a prominent position at the mouth of the River Deben close to the village of Bawdsey in Suffolk, England, about 75 miles (120 km) north-east of London. Built in 1886, it was enlarged in 1895 as the principal residence of Sir William Cuthbert Quilter. Requisitioned by the Devonshire Regiment during World War I and having been returned to the Quilter family after the war, it was purchased by the Air Ministry for £24,000 in 1936 to establish a new research station for developing the Chain Home RDF (radar) system. RAF Bawdsey was a base through the Cold War until the 1990s. The manor is now used by PGL for courses and children's holidays. There is a small museum in the radar transmitter block.

text:
# Bawdsey Manor

**Bawdsey Manor** stands at a prominent position at the mouth of the River Deben close to the village of Bawdsey in Suffolk, England, about 75 miles (120 km) north-east of London. Built in 1886, it was enlarged in 1895 as the principal residence of Sir William Cuthbert Quilter. Requisitioned by the Devonshire Regiment during World War I and having been returned to the Quilter family after the war, it was purchased by the Air Ministry for £24,000 in 1936 to establish a new research station for developing the Chain Home RDF (radar) system. RAF Bawdsey was a base through the Cold War until the 1990s. The manor is now used by PGL for courses and children's holidays. There is a small museum in the radar transmitter block.

## History

### Quilter period: 1886 to 1936

Bawdsey Manor was built in 1886 and enlarged in 1895 by William Quilter who was an art collector, one of the founders of the National Telephone Company, and was Liberal/Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament for Sudbury. He established a steam-powered chain ferry across the River Deben in 1894 to access the nearest railway station at Felixstowe. It was known as the Bawdsey Ferry and ran until 1931. The ferry now operates using a motor-launch at weekends during the summer.

Maude Marion Quilter (born about 1868) of Bawdsey Manor, daughter of Sir William Quilter, 1st Baronet, married Frederick Denny in 1888 and later had Horwood House as her country residence. It was at Bawdsey Manor that she knew of Harry Thrower, the father of the broadcaster and gardener Percy Thrower, as he was a gardener there, it being his first gardening position. When Maude wanted a head gardener at Horwood House, she recruited Harry and he remained there for the rest of his life.

### RAF Base: 1936 to 1990

In February 1936 research scientists, including Robert Watson-Watt moved into the manor to begin research and development into radar for practical military use and it became known as RAF Bawdsey. Stables and outbuildings were converted into workshops and 240 ft (73 m) wooden receiver towers and 360 ft (110 m) steel transmitter towers were built. Bawdsey was the Air Ministry's secret radar research establishment until this moved away on the outbreak of war in 1939. Most of the key radar scientists of the day, and the first generation of RAF and WAAF radar personnel, were trained there. From 1937 Bawdsey was operational as the first of the RDF (radar) Chain Home, and during World War II also acquired Chain Home Low and Coast Defence/Centimetric equipment for tracking enemy ships. It continued as a radar station through most of the Cold War. Demolition of the 10 towers began in the 1960s, and they all are now gone. Bawdsey Manor continued as an RAF base through the Cold War and Bloodhound surface-to-air missiles were sited on the cliffs until the Bloodhound force ceased operations in 1990, when all the missiles were withdrawn to RAF West Raynham. RAF Bawdsey was closed in 1991.

### Since 1990

The Manor, grounds, and associated buildings were used from 1994 to 2016 to house Alexanders College, a boarding and day school for children from ages 11 to 18.

The Transmitter Block is a museum, with limited opening hours, and was featured in the BBC *Restoration* programme. The exhibit is known as "The Magic Ear", and is operated by the Bawdsey Radar Group.

### 2017

The property was sold to PGL Travel Ltd. and was opened for summer 2017.

51°59′23″N 1°23′59″E / 51.9896°N 1.3996°E / 51.9896; 1.3996


title: Reynolds House (Poughkeepsie, New York)

abstract: Reynolds House is a historic home located at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. It was built about 1895 and is a 2+1⁄2-story Shingle Style dwelling. The raised basement and first stories are of cobblestone and the second and third stories are shingled. It features a front porch with Tuscan order columns. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Reynolds House (Poughkeepsie, New York)

**Reynolds House** is a historic home located at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. It was built about 1895 and is a 2+12-story Shingle Style dwelling. The raised basement and first stories are of cobblestone and the second and third stories are shingled. It features a front porch with Tuscan order columns.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Reynolds House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 107 S. Hamilton St.<br>Poughkeepsie, New York |
| Coordinates | 41°41′41″N 73°55′35″W / 41.69472°N 73.92639°W / 41.69472; -73.92639 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1895 |
| Architect | Carpenter, DuBois |
| Architectural style | Shingle Style |
| MPS | Poughkeepsie MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001161 |
| Added to NRHP | November 26, 1982 |


title: Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales

abstract: The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) is an individually administered test of intelligence that includes a co-normed, supplemental measure of memory. It is appropriate for individuals ages 3–94. The RIAS intelligence subtests include Verbal Reasoning (verbal), Guess What (verbal), Odd-Item Out (nonverbal), and What's Missing? (nonverbal). Memory subtests include Verbal Memory and Nonverbal Memory. Included within the RIAS is the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST), a quick screener that consists of two RIAS subtests and takes less time to complete than the RIAS.

text:
# Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales

The **Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales** (**RIAS**) is an individually administered test of intelligence that includes a co-normed, supplemental measure of memory. It is appropriate for individuals ages 3–94.

The RIAS intelligence subtests include Verbal Reasoning (verbal), Guess What (verbal), Odd-Item Out (nonverbal), and What's Missing? (nonverbal). Memory subtests include Verbal Memory and Nonverbal Memory. Included within the RIAS is the **Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test** (**RIST**), a quick screener that consists of two RIAS subtests (Guess What and Odd-Item Out) and takes less time to complete than the RIAS.

## Editions and uses

The test is currently in its second edition, published in 2015.

Both editions are suitable for evaluation of intellectual giftedness, and high scores are accepted as qualifying evidence for high IQ societies such as Intertel (min. IQ ≥ 135) and American Mensa (min. IQ ≥ 130).

## Further reading


title: Reşatbey

abstract: Reşatbey is a neighbourhood (mahalle) in the municipality and district of Seyhan, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 11,751 (2022). The neighbourhood is part of the downtown, situated north of the D400 state road and west of the Seyhan River.

text:
# Reşatbey

**Reşatbey** (Turkish pronunciation: \[ɾeʃatbej\]) is a neighbourhood (*mahalle*) in the municipality and district of Seyhan, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 11,751 (2022). The neighbourhood is part of the downtown, situated north of the D400 state road and west of the Seyhan River.

## Governance

Reşatbey is a mahalle and it is administered by the Muhtar and the Seniors Council.

## Demographics

Most of the residents of Reşatbey are from families that live in Adana for several generations.

## Economy

Reşatbey is a wealthy neighbourhood, resided by many business owners and farmers. Education levels are higher than most of the neighborhoods of Adana. Adana Provincial Municipality, Ministry of Forestry Provincial Headquarters are located within the neighborhood.

## Transport

Şakirpaşa Airport is 3 km west of the neighborhood and can accessed by Bus #159.

Adana Central railway station is 1 km north of the neighborhood, at the Kurtuluş neighborhood.

Adana Metropolitan Municipality Bus Department (ABBO) has bus routes from Reşatbey to most of the neighborhoods of Adana.

## InfoBox

| Reşatbey | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| ReşatbeyLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°59′40″N 35°19′38″E / 36.99444°N 35.32722°E / 36.99444; 35.32722 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Adana |
| District | Seyhan |
| Government | |
| Muhtar | Behzat Efe Şeker |
| Elevation | 20 m (70 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 11,751 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Area code | 0322 |


title: Baño de Oro

abstract: The Baño de Oro Historic Site is a historic recreation center and swimming pool located in the Baño de Oro area of El Yunque National Forest in Río Grande, Puerto Rico. The site of Baño de Oro gets its name from the Baño de Oro Creek, which itself is named after the former Spanish gold panning sites in the area. The wider Baño de Oro Natural Area where the historic site is found was named a National Natural Landmark in 1980 and it is the only contiguous area in Puerto Rico that contains a subtropical wet forest, a rainforest, a dwarf forest, and a Pterocarpus forest.

text:
# Baño de Oro

The **Baño de Oro Historic Site** (Spanish for golden bath) is a historic recreation center and swimming pool located in the Baño de Oro area of El Yunque National Forest in Río Grande, Puerto Rico. The site of Baño de Oro gets its name from the Baño de Oro Creek, which itself is named after the former Spanish gold panning sites in the area. The wider Baño de Oro Natural Area where the historic site is found was named a National Natural Landmark in 1980 and it is the only contiguous area in Puerto Rico that contains a subtropical wet forest, a rainforest, a dwarf forest, and a *Pterocarpus* forest.

## *La Piscina Pequeña*

Baño de Oro, also known as *La Piscina Pequeña* (the small pool), is the smaller of the two historic swimming pools located in El Yunque, the other being the Baño Grande located nearby. Although no longer in use or operational, Baño de Oro is preserved as a historic site, and it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2020, due to its importance as one of the New Deal Era Constructions in the Forest Reserves in Puerto Rico (1933–1942).

The Baño de Oro swimming pool was the first recreation site built in El Yunque National Forest, then known as the Luquillo Forest Reserve (until 1935 when the national forest was proclaimed as the Caribbean National Forest). It was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps using stone masonry and it was refurbished later with reinforced concrete. The pool was operational from 1934 until the latter half of the 1960s when it was closed due to safety reasons. It remained closed and abandoned until 2019 when the ruined recreational area was revitalized as a watershed garden.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Baño de Oro | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Baño de Oro Historic Site | |
|  | |
| Location | Road 191 km 11.9 Río Grande, Puerto Rico |
| Coordinates | 18°18′09.8″N 65°45′16.6″W / 18.302722°N 65.754611°W / 18.302722; -65.754611 |
| Built | 1934 |
| Architect | H. Randolph, Civilian Conservation Corps |
| Architectural style | Moderne Spanish Revival Craftsman style |
| NRHP reference No. | 100004891 |


title: Rhinestone Cowboy (horse)

abstract: Rhinestone Cowboy is an Irish bred racehorse. He was trained in England by Jonjo O'Neill. In a career which lasted from 2002 until 2007 he ran seventeen times and won ten races including two Grade I hurdle races.

text:
# Rhinestone Cowboy (horse)

**Rhinestone Cowboy** is an Irish bred racehorse. He was trained in England by Jonjo O'Neill. In a career which lasted from 2002 until 2007 he ran seventeen times and won ten races including two Grade I hurdle races.

## Debut

He made his racecourse debut in February 2002, winning a National Hunt Flat race at Ascot. His trainer them immediately stepped him up to the top level, where he contested the Champion Bumper at the Cheltenham Festival. Sent off the 5/2 favourite for the race, he finished second, when he was carried left in the closing stages of the race by the eventual winner, Pizarro.

## 2002/2003 season

He made his 2002/03 seasonal debut when winning a Listed Class Bumper at Cheltenham in November. He was then sent hurdling, where he went to complete a four - timer over the obstacles, which culminated in a victory in the Kingwell Hurdle as a novice. The reigning Champion Hurdle winner, Hors La Loi was back in third place. In his next start, the novice was sent off the 5/2 favourite for the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham, where he finished third behind Rooster Booster.

## 2003/2004 season

The 2003/04 season proved by far to be Rhinestone Cowboy's best season. He started with victory in a handicap Hurdle at Haydock, before finishing down the field in the December Festival Hurdle. He then resumed winning ways in the Agfa Hurdle at Sandown in February, before returning to the Cheltenham Festival, where he finished third in the Coral Cup. It was in his next two starts that Rhinestone Cowboy showed how good he was. First, he won the Aintree Hurdle, where he overturned the previous season's Champion Hurdle form by beating Rooster Booster and Westender. More Grade 1 success followed 3 weeks later, as he won the Punchestown Stayers Hurdle on his first try over 3 miles. He had odds on stablemate Iris's Gift back in second that day.

## Leg injury

Rhinestone Cowboy suffered a leg injury in November 2004, which all but ended his racing career. He did come back in the 2006/07 season, where he finished down the field in Handicap Hurdles.

## Today

The horse has not raced since March 2007 and it is thought that he has now been retired.

## InfoBox

| Rhinestone Cowboy | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Be My Native |
| Dam | Monumental Gesture |
| Damsire | Head For Heights |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 1996 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Mrs Frances Whelan |
| Owner | John Magnier |
| Trainer | Jonjo O'Neill |
| Record | 17: 10-1-2 |
| Earnings | £300,058 |
| Major wins | |
| Rossington Main Novices' Hurdle (2003)
Kingwell Hurdle (2003)
Agfa Hurdle (2004)
Aintree Hurdle (2004)
Punchestown Stayers Hurdle (2004) | |


title: Rhinestone World

abstract: "Rhinestone World" is a song recorded by Canadian country music singer Dallas Smith. The song was released to radio by 604 Records as the second single from his 2019 EP The Fall, as well as his 2020 album Timeless. It was also sent to American country radio in 2019 by TTA Music.

text:
# Rhinestone World

"**Rhinestone World**" is a song recorded by Canadian country music singer Dallas Smith. The song was released to radio by 604 Records as the second single from his 2019 EP *The Fall*, as well as his 2020 album *Timeless*. It was also sent to American country radio in 2019 by TTA Music.

## Background

The song was written by Rodney Clawson, Andrew DeRoberts, and Josh Osborne. The narrator sings of how he was "lost on highway, a little dazed and confused" before finding a girl, singing to her that "loving you is like finding a diamond in a rhinestone world".

## Critical reception

Nanci Dagg of *Canadian Beats Media* stated the track "is a happy song that is full of metaphors and if even one of those metaphors describes the love you feel for someone, this song will resonate with you". *Front Porch Music* remarked that the track "features the rock influence we love in a country song from Dallas Smith" and "is a tribute to unconditional, romantic love".

## Music video

The music video for "Rhinestone World" premiered February 15, 2019.

## Chart performance

"Rhinestone World" reached a peak of Number One on the *Billboard* Canada Country chart dated March 16, 2019. It became Smith's sixth-consecutive Number One hit on the chart, and seventh overall, extending his records for the most by any Canadian country artist.

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country (*Billboard*) | 1 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Rhinestone World" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dallas Smith | |
| from the album  *Timeless* | |
| Released | November 23, 2018 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:24 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Dallas Smith singles chronology | |
| "Make 'Em Like You"
(2018) "**Rhinestone World**"
(2018) "Drop"
(2019) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Rhinestone World" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Reşit Ronabar

abstract: Mektubîzade M. Reşit Ronabar Pasha, commonly known as Reşit Ronabar or Reşit Pasha was an Ottoman governor who served in the Balkans, Edirne, Kastamonu, Ankara, Sivas, and several other locations in the Mediterranean. He was also a deputy in the first Ottoman Parliament (1916), and played an important role as a politician during the foundation years of the Republic of Turkey.

text:
# Reşit Ronabar

**Mektubîzade M. Reşit Ronabar Pasha**, commonly known as **Reşit Ronabar** or **Reşit Pasha** (born in 1868 in Damascus, Ottoman Syria \- died in 1924 in the Republic of Turkey) was an Ottoman governor who served in the Balkans, Edirne, Kastamonu, Ankara, Sivas, and several other locations in the Mediterranean. He was also a deputy in the first Ottoman Parliament (1916), and played an important role as a politician during the foundation years of the Republic of Turkey.


title: Rhena Schweitzer Miller

abstract: Rhena Schweitzer Miller was an American humanitarian activist, the director of the hospital her father founded in west central Africa and a key organizer of the fellowship that bears his name. She was the only child of Helene Bresslau and Albert Schweitzer.

text:
# Rhena Schweitzer Miller

**Rhena Schweitzer Miller** (January 14, 1919  February 22, 2009) was an American humanitarian activist, the director of the hospital her father founded in west central Africa and a key organizer of the fellowship that bears his name. She was the only child of Helene Bresslau and Albert Schweitzer.

## Life and activism

In 1917, Albert Schweitzer and Helene Bresslau Schweitzer had been arrested as German citizens in French Equatorial Africa; the hospital that they had founded there in present-day Gabon in 1913 was closed and they were taken to a prison camp in France. Rhena Schweitzer was born in Strasbourg in Alsace-Lorraine in 1919 right before the territory's post-World War I return to French control following 45 years as part of Germany. With his family still in Europe, Dr. Schweitzer went back to Africa in 1924, with occasional visits from his daughter and wife over the following two decades.

She married Jean Eckert in 1939, whom she later divorced. In 1940, she was asked by her father to form the Albert Schweitzer Fellowship.

She was trained as a medical technician and went to Africa to work at the hospital in Gabon. Following her father's death, she took over the operation of the hospital, remaining in that role until 1970. By the time of her death, the hospital had grown to encompass 150 beds in 12 buildings, serving 35,000 patients annually. In the late 1960s, during the Nigerian Civil War, she took in Ibo children from Biafra into the hospital, and had 20 beds placed in her home when the hospital was full, with two children sleeping in each bed.

She met David C. Miller, her second husband, at the hospital. Miller was a physician who had come to Gabon to perform a study on heart disease at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital and developed a close relationship with Dr. Schweitzer, caring for him at the time of his death in 1965. The couple were married in 1971. They lived in Atlanta and traveled around the world offering medical assistance in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Haiti, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Vietnam and Yemen. David Miller died in March 1997.

Together with Harold Robles, Miller established the Albert Schweitzer Institute for the Humanities in 1984, which later established its headquarters at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut. Robles and Miller created the "Reverence for Life Commendation" in 1990 to recognize humanitarian efforts performed in the spirit of Albert Schweitzer.

Miller died at age 90 on February 22, 2009 in Pacific Palisades, California, at the home of one of her daughters. She was survived by a son and three daughters from her first marriage, eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.


title: Bay View, Milwaukee

abstract: Bay View is a neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, North America on the shores of Lake Michigan, south of the downtown area and north of the City of St. Francis. Bay View existed as an independent village for eight years, from 1879 to 1887.

text:
# Bay View, Milwaukee

**Bay View** is a neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, North America on the shores of Lake Michigan, south of the downtown area and north of the City of St. Francis. Bay View existed as an independent village for eight years, from 1879 to 1887.

## History

### Settlement

The first permanent European settlement of the Bay View area was in 1834. Horace Chase, future Milwaukee mayor, is credited as the first permanent settler. By the following year, he had been joined by Dr. Enoch Chase, Joel Wilcox, Alexander Stewart, and Elijah Estes. The Chases staked claims around the mouth of the Milwaukee River expecting growth there, but in the 1850s the harbor outlet was moved to the north, and the city of Milwaukee developed around it.

In 1855, the Green Bay, Milwaukee and Chicago Rail Road established its first Milwaukee-area depot in Bay View. The community was named for its scenic views upon the lake.

### A company town

In 1868, the Milwaukee Iron Company, led by Eber Brock Ward, opened a steel rolling mill south of the original outlet of the Milwaukee River. The primary aim was to produce rails for railroads. The factory itself occupied 27.5 acres and the surrounding 76.5 acres were for employees. On some the Iron Company built tenements for workers; others were sold to workers on easy terms. Bay View was established as a company town. A Methodist Episcopal church and a Welsh Congregational church were already established in 1868. Saloons were prevented by a provision in the deeds of sale. By 1879, Bay View had a population of 2,592, and incorporated as a village, on approx 1.4 sq mi (3.6 km2; 360 ha) of land.

Labor Unions began in Bay View in 1868 when puddlers at the mill formed a Sons of Vulcan local. By 1886, Bay View had become a center of workers' rights activism, the culmination of which was the Bay View Massacre. Through ups and downs the mill evolved to produce a wide assortment of steel products, acquiring the name Illinois Steel Company before it shut down in 1929.

### Milwaukee neighborhood

In 1887, the village's approximately 4,000 residents voted overwhelmingly to be annexed to the city of Milwaukee, becoming the city's 17th ward and ending the community's independent status. Bay View was annexed because of the "Fernwood Model", where the neighborhood received many incentives from the city of Milwaukee such as sewers, sidewalks, street lights, and other public necessities. The residents of Bay View viewed the annexation of Milwaukee as a way to improve their lives and community. Thenceforth, the village has been a Milwaukee neighborhood.

Although the neighborhood boundaries of Bay View have grown over the years as more and more people identify with it, the specific boundaries given by the Milwaukee Neighborhood Identification Project are: along the border of Lake Michigan; south of Jones Island; from Lincoln Avenue to the north; and Howell Avenue to the west, south to Morgan Avenue. Many residents consider both Fernwood and portions of Tippecanoe neighborhoods to be parts of Bay View. Some sources list the southern boundary as Howard Avenue. The Bay View Historical Society includes the areas as far west as 6th Street, and north to Becher Street, although they admit that this is debated:

> One thing most Bay Viewites will agree upon is that Bay View is not necessarily defined by precise boundaries; it is more a state of mind influenced by both Lake Michigan ("the lake") and a long history of a strong sense of community.

### NRHP historical district

In 1982, a portion of the east side of the original village was listed by the National Register of Historic Places as the **Bay View Historic District**, with about 330 buildings mostly built between 1870 and 1915 which give the feel of the company town that Bay View once was. According to the designation, it is bounded by Lake Michigan to the east, and roughly from Meredith Street to Superior, up to Nock Street and then from Wentworth Avenue to Pryor Avenue. Some significant properties are:

* The iron worker's cottage at 2524 S. Superior Street is one of eight adjacent iron workers' cottages (2500, 2506, 2508, 2512, 2518, 2522 and 2530) built around 1870. All are modest one-story buildings, gable-roofed, built by the Milwaukee Iron Company. Of the eight, 2524 is probably least changed.
* The Brinton house at 2590 S. Superior Street is a 2-story gabled-ell-form house with columns and bargeboards built about 1870 by the mill's foundry supervisor Warren Brinton and his wife Beulah, who was a cousin of the mill's founder. Beulah ran an early lending library out of this home and gave homemaking lessons to the wives and children of immigrant millworkers.
* The Starkey house at 2582 S. Shore Drive is a 2-story frame Italianate home built in 1878 by the Milwaukee Iron Company and initially occupied by Joseph A. Starkey, who managed the Bay View Roller Mills. From 1879 to 1905 the George Starkey family lived in the house; George was a carpenter/builder. The 1897 addition was designed by Ferry & Clas.
* The Estes house at 2795 S. Shore Drive is a 2-story Italianate frame home built about 1878 by descendants of Elijah and Zebiah Estes, the pioneers from whose farm much of the original town was subdivided.
* The Bullock house at 2577 S. Superior Street is a 2-story Queen Anne-styled house built in 1889 for Jacob Bullock, a puddler in the steel mill who later became a tax assessor and real estate agent.
* The duplexes at 2700, 2702-A and 2706-A S. Shore Drive were built in 1892, possibly by August Wendt, all for the same owner. All are 2-story, with decorative patterns in the brick and limestone trim.
* The Garibaldi Club at 2501-7 S. Superior Street is a 2-story brick tavern that was built in 1907 by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company. During Prohibition the building housed a restaurant and since 1943 it has housed the Garibaldi Club, a social club and aid society for Italian immigrants.
* The South Shore Park Bathhouse is a Mediterranean Revival-styled bath house designed by Ferry & Clas and built in 1933.

## Recreation

Within Bay View's borders is South Shore Park, part of the Milwaukee County Park System. South Shore Park features the Oak Leaf Trail, a volleyball court, and a pavilion overlooking the swimming beach and the marina at the South Shore Yacht Club.

Humboldt Park, one of the first parks in the city, opened in 1891 and presently features fishing, softball, tennis, horseshoes, a band shell, and ice skating and hockey on the lagoons during Winter. Humboldt park also hosts a music series in the summer called Chill on the Hill on Tuesday nights and houses a seasonal "beer garden" with food and alcohol in a picnic-style setting.

The Beulah Brinton Community Center offers a variety of youth, adult, and senior activities including volleyball, aerobics, yoga, toddler play groups, and senior lunch programs.

Bay View has a history of local art which has blossomed with what some have called a "renaissance" of the community. Many bars and venues host a rotating display of locally produced art, and several galleries have cropped up along the Kinnickinnic Avenue which runs through the area. Bay View has long been a destination for popular musical acts both local and from around the country. The neighborhood is also an attraction for quarterly gallery events of standing and one-time shows.

## Education

Milwaukee Public Schools operates area public schools. Grade schools included:

* Milwaukee Parkside School of the Arts (K-8)
    + Parkside School for the Arts was formed by a 2013 merger of Dover Street Elementary in Bay View and Tippecanoe School for the Arts & Humanities, a K-8 school in Town of Lake

Bay View High School is the area zoned high school. In 2010, only 86 students at Bay View High lived in the school's attendance zone, making up 7.5% of the school's students. Many area parents avoided the school due to substandard graduation rates and test scores. By 2011 there was a movement from area parents to revive the school's reputation by creating a university preparatory track.

Dover Street School, west of Humboldt Park, in recent years became the Bay View Montessori School - Upper Campus. In 2013 MPS had suggested converting the vacant school building into residences for teachers.

### History of schools

In 1883, the first school in Bay View opened. Around 1889 that school closed and New Seventeenth District School opened in its place; it received three additional classrooms in 1893. The school was later renamed Dover Street School. The classes of Dover Street and Tippecanoe School for the Arts & Humanities, which opened in 1929, moved into the former Fritsche Middle School. The MPS board approved the proposed consolidation of the two schools in 2012, and the two schools were consolidated in 2013.

The community was previously served by Fritsche Middle School, which in 2010 was consolidated into Bay View High School.

## Notable people

42°59′30″N 87°53′45″W / 42.99167°N 87.89583°W / 42.99167; -87.89583

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bay View Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Home of Beulah Brinton, an early community figure | |
|  | |
| Location | Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
| Built | 1867 |
| Architect | multiple |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/Craftsman, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000686 |
| Added to NRHP | 23 August 1982 (1982-08-23) |


title: Bay View Garden And Yard Society

abstract: The Bay View Garden And Yard Society is a nonprofit 501(c)(7) organization based in the Bay View neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Sometimes referred to by the acronym BVGAYS, the membership of the Society consists of persons living predominantly in Bay View, who volunteer their time and talents by maintaining public gardens in Bay View. Inherent to the group's philosophy is the principle that by maintaining one's own property, others are inspired to follow by example.

text:
# Bay View Garden And Yard Society

The **Bay View Garden And Yard Society** is a nonprofit 501(c)(7) organization based in the Bay View neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.

Sometimes referred to by the acronym BVGAYS, the membership of the Society consists of persons living predominantly in Bay View, who volunteer their time and talents by maintaining public gardens in Bay View. Inherent to the group's philosophy is the principle that by maintaining one's own property, others are inspired to follow by example.

## Objectives

According to the organization's by-laws, the purpose of the Bay View Garden And Yard Society is:

> * To have fun while promoting the Bay View community through the beautification of our gardens and yards.
> * To share gardening information, exchange plants, and share information that is of particular interest to those living in Bay View.
> * To encourage others in Bay View to maintain their gardens, yards, and homes.
> * To volunteer our time and talent in maintaining public gardens in Bay View.

Some of the Society's member events and functions include annual plant exchanges, round robins at member's homes, monthly group dining out, and tours of local greenhouses and botanical gardens. In addition to the development of public gardens throughout Bay View, the group enjoys a high visibility in the community by presenting gardening demonstrations at the South Shore Farmers' Market, hosting gardening seminars, contributing to temporary art installations, and participating in local events such as the Bay View Neighborhood Association's Winter Blast and Chill-on-the-Hill.

Beyond the initial social aspects of the Society, the group became more involved in a variety of community projects: participating in neighborhood cleanups, assisting local schools with rain garden development, and the installation of several landscaping projects to add to the aesthetics of the neighborhood.

One of the group's original projects was the Bay View Firehouse garden at Milwaukee Fire Department Engine 11, located at 2526 S. Kinnickinnic Avenue. In 2002, the group planted and maintained gardens at the Beulah Brinton Community Center, and installed a Liberty Garden at the WWII Memorial on Kinnickinnic & Russell Avenues. In 2004, the group added new park benches and assumed the maintenance of the flower planters at the Pryor Avenue Iron Well. In 2008, the group teamed up with the Bay View Neighborhood Association and the City of Milwaukee to tear out a concrete island and develop a garden in the median at the intersection of Kinnickinnic, Howell & Lincoln Avenues.

The group continues to maintain and develop most of these sites and has received recognition not only for their efforts in the Bay View community, but also for their contributions to the gay community in Milwaukee.

## Community gardening

Since 2001, the main centerpiece and major focus of the Society's efforts has been the Village Roots Garden located at 1115 E. Otjen Street. On February 20, 2002, the South Community Organization donated the vacant lot to Milwaukee Urban Gardens (MUG), a nonprofit land trust. The lot became MUG's first owned property, and the Bay View Garden And Yard Society soon began developing the empty lot into Bay View's first community garden. The Society members provided the labor, maintenance, and most of the plants for the site, and the gardens there remain the primary focus of the group.

The core of the site consists of eight 8-foot square raised community garden beds that are rented annually for a nominal fee, and four triangular raised trial-garden beds maintained by the group. Outlining the lot are large beds planted with fruit trees and shrubs to provide shelter and food for birds, and perennial flowerbeds to attract bees and butterflies. To add a decorative element to the garden, there is a large crushed-stone compass feature inter-planted with thyme, and a grapevine covered cedar pergola with benches. There are also plantings of asparagus, strawberries, raspberries, spring flowering bulbs, and woodland plants. All pathways between the beds are mulched for weed control, and the lawn areas are planted with no-mow grass for ease of maintenance. Renters of the community garden plots have ready access to all of the tools in the garden shed, and there is also a water source nearby.

A formal dedication ceremony attended by local dignitaries was held at the garden site on June 26, 2005 to commemorate the completion of the Village Roots Garden and to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Bay View Garden And Yard Society. In an effort to promote community participation and environmental awareness, the Society continues to sponsor occasional meetings, celebrations, and garden tours at the site. The community garden is also one of the stops on the annual MUG Fall Community Garden Tour.

## Membership, funding, and the Bay View Plant Sale

Membership dues are collected from members annually and are used to fund the group's many public service projects and the operating costs of the Society. Group meetings are held the 4th Wednesday of each month from January through October at the historic Beulah Brinton House, and an annual appreciation dinner is held in November.

Beginning in 2005, the group began hosting the annual Bay View Plant Sale to raise the funds necessary for its many gardening and outreach endeavors. In collaboration with the South Shore Farmers' Market and the Milwaukee County Park System, this annual event is held the first Saturday after Memorial Day, rain or shine, at South Shore Park in Bay View. Local businesses help to sponsor the event, and a number of local, commercial plant vendors are invited to attend. Shoppers are able to make their selections from hundreds of annual and perennial plants, and coffee and bakery are also available for sale.


title: Rachel Andresen

abstract: Rachel Andresen was an American social worker and founder of Youth For Understanding (YFU), a non-profit organization dedicated to international exchanges of high-school students.

text:
# Rachel Andresen

**Rachel Andresen** (April 8, 1907 – November 3, 1988) was an American social worker and founder of Youth For Understanding (YFU), a non-profit organization dedicated to international exchanges of high-school students.

## Background

Andresen was born in Deerfield, Michigan on April 8, 1907. She was the daughter of Reverend Earl Rice, a Methodist minister, and Josephine Mills. Her parents motivated their seven children to be highly focused and productive, particularly with education. By the time Andresen was fourteen, she had read and consumed the *Harvard Classics* and the entire works of Shakespeare, which her father encouraged her to read.

She was very lively in high school and had participated in sports, drama, and music; she was also an accomplished pianist. Her nickname at Adrian High School was "Rollicking Rachel". She also did the unthinkable: she bobbed her hair, much to the dismay of her conservative parents. She graduated top of her class when she was sixteen years old. It was also at this time that she met her future husband, Henry Rose. Andresen attended the Detroit Conservatory of Music and received a BFA in music.

## Marriage

After Andresen and Rose were married, she helped to support their income by giving piano lessons while he attended the University of Michigan. They were one of the few married couples on campus. They had three children and Rose was beginning to establish himself in engineering when tragedy struck.

Rose died in the encephalitis epidemic of 1934, at the height of the Great Depression. Andresen was left with three children to raise alone and not many people opted to spend money on piano lessons at that time. Andresen decided that the only way she could make it was by returning to school. She then got a Bachelor's in Education from Wayne State University followed by an Master's in Social Work from the University of Michigan in 1943.

## YWCA

Andresen began her work with the YWCA in Detroit and also became the director of Camp Talahi. During the rest of the year she did a lot of inner-city work in Detroit.

In 1942 she purchased a large farm house on 82 acres near South Lyon, Michigan; this would become known as Pinebrook. It was transformed into both a summer camp and a hostel for international travelers year around.

Andresen met her second husband, Arvid Andresen, a Danish landscape architect, who was on excursion and stayed at the hostel.

On a late-1940s trip to Europe she pondered how to heal the damage done by World War II. Andresen became involved with the Michigan Council of Churches. By the end of World War II, the Council was responsible for helping to re-build Europe by providing Michigan cattle and humanitarian assistance. Andresen was approached by the Ann Arbor Rotarians and the State Department to supervise an exchange student program in 1952 in order to help bridge the rift of post-war hatred.

This began with a handful of German students who would live in Michigan for one year. The Army of the Occupation chose 75 students for the program. Andresen was apprehensive of how well the concept of American families taking in students of a former enemy would be received. She managed to place all the students, many of whom barely had enough clothes to fit into one small suitcase. At the beginning of the school year they stayed at Pinebrook before they went to their host families to attend high schools in various communities in Michigan. At the end of their academic year they stayed at Pinebrook again, speaking English and having been enveloped by American culture.

## Youth for Understanding

On the day the students left for home, hundreds of people – host families, teachers, and students from their schools – turned out to say goodbye. The students left with suitcases of new clothes, lifelong friends, and understanding. Andresen realized it was impossible to hate someone (or even a country) one actually knows and understands on a family and community level. This was the basic concept of Youth For Understanding (YFU). Andresen was YFU's founder and first executive director.

The YFU program began at a very grassroots level, and evolved and snowballed into a giant organization in the 25 years Andresen was at the helm. What began with a small group of students from one country ended up as a vast and global network of peace and understanding. It became the world's largest non-profit youth exchange program by the time of her retirement in 1973. She called the participants student ambassadors.

In 1972, she was honored by President Nixon at a gathering celebrating the work of Youth for Understanding. The following year, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1974 she was appointed to the Commission for Volunteers in Michigan.

She championed volunteerism, local politics and empowerment programs but she also relished having more time with her family and with her piano and her gardening. She continued to travel extensively abroad and in the states.

## Death and posthumous honours

Andresen died on November 3, 1988, in South Lyon, Michigan, aged 81.

In 1991, she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

| Rachel Andresen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1907-04-08)April 8, 1907
Deerfield, Michigan, United States |
| Died | November 3, 1988(1988-11-03) (aged 81)
South Lyon, Michigan, United States |
| Known for | founding Youth for Understanding, volunteerism |


title: 1981 Tooth Cup

abstract: The 1981 Tooth Cup was the 8th edition of the NSWRFL Midweek Cup, a NSWRFL-organised national club Rugby League tournament between the leading clubs and representative teams from the NSWRFL, the BRL, the CRL, the QRL and the NZRL. 16 teams from across Australia and New Zealand played 23 matches in a round-robin format, with teams playing 2 games each. The top 8 teams advanced to a knockout stage, with the matches being held midweek during the premiership season.

text:
# 1981 Tooth Cup

The **1981 Tooth Cup** was the 8th edition of the NSWRFL Midweek Cup, a NSWRFL-organised national club Rugby League tournament between the leading clubs and representative teams from the NSWRFL, the BRL, the CRL, the QRL and the NZRL.

16 teams from across Australia and New Zealand played 23 matches in a round-robin format, with teams playing 2 games each. The top 8 teams advanced to a knockout stage, with the matches being held midweek during the premiership season.

## Qualified Teams

| Team | Nickname | League | Qualification | Participation (bold indicates winners) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canterbury-Bankstown | Bulldogs | NSWRFL | Winners of the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| Eastern Suburbs | Roosters | NSWRFL | Runners-Up in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, **1975**, 1976, 1977, **1978**, 1979, 1980) |
| Western Suburbs | Magpies | NSWRFL | Third Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, **1977**, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| St. George | Dragons | NSWRFL | Fourth Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| South Sydney | Rabbitohs | NSWRFL | Fifth Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| Parramatta | Eels | NSWRFL | Sixth Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, **1980**) |
| Manly-Warringah | Sea Eagles | NSWRFL | Seventh Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| Newtown | Jets | NSWRFL | Eighth Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| Cronulla-Sutherland | Sharks | NSWRFL | Ninth Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, **1979**, 1980) |
| Balmain | Tigers | NSWRFL | Tenth Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, **1976**, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| North Sydney | Bears | NSWRFL | Eleventh Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| Penrith | Panthers | NSWRFL | Twelfth Place in the 1980 New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership | 8th (Previous: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) |
| Brisbane | Poinsettias | BRL | League Representative Team | 3rd (Previous: 1979, 1980) |
| NSW Country | Kangaroos | CRL | Country League Representative Team | 3rd (Previous: 1979, 1980) |
| Queensland Country | Maroons | QRL | Country League Representative Team | 3rd (Previous: 1979, 1980) |
| Central Districts | Falcons | NZRL | Winners of the 1980 New Zealand Rugby League Inter-District Premiership | 1st |
|

## Venues

| Sydney | Brisbane | Lismore |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Leichhardt Oval | Lang Park | Oakes Oval |
| Capacity: **23,000** | Capacity: **45,000** | Capacity: **12,000** |
|  |  |  |

## Round 1

| Date | Winner | Score | Loser | Score | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18/03/81 | Cronulla-Sutherland | 21 | North Sydney | 5 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 25/03/81 | South Sydney | 24 | Parramatta | 17 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 1/04/81 | Canterbury-Bankstown | 20 | Eastern Suburbs | 14 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 8/04/81 | Western Suburbs | 20 | Penrith | 8 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 15/04/81 | St George | 29 | Balmain | 11 | Oakes Oval |
| 22/04/81 | Manly-Warringah | 51 | Central Districts | 11 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 29/04/81 | Newtown | 23 | Combined Brisbane | 19 | Lang Park |
| 20/05/81 | Manly-Warringah | 24 | QLD Country | 2 | Lang Park |
|

## Round 2

| Date | Winner | Score | Loser | Score | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6/05/81 | St George | 21 | South Sydney | 15 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 13/05/81 | Penrith | 31 | Central Districts | 5 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 27/05/81 | Western Suburbs | 23 | NSW Country | 14 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 27/05/81 | Canterbury-Bankstown | 19 | Parramatta | 18 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 3/06/81 | Balmain | 21 | Eastern Suburbs | 5 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 10/06/81 | Newtown | 33 | QLD Country | 7 | Lang Park |
| 10/06/81 | Cronulla-Sutherland | 25 | Combined Brisbane | 5 | Lang Park |
| 17/06/81 | North Sydney | 13 | NSW Country | 9 | Leichhardt Oval |
|

| Club | Played | Won | Lost | Drawn | For | Against | Diff. | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Manly-Warringah | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 13 | 62 | 4 |
|
| Cronulla-Sutherland | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 10 | 36 | 4 |
|
| Newtown | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 26 | 30 | 4 |
|
|
| Western Suburbs | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 22 | 21 | 4 |
|
| St George | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 26 | 24 | 4 |
|
| Canterbury-Bankstown | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 32 | 7 | 4 |
|
| Penrith | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 39 | 25 | 14 | 2 |
|
| South Sydney | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 39 | 38 | 1 | 2 |
| Balmain | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 32 | 34 | -2 | 2 |
| North Sydney | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 30 | -12 | 2 |
| Parramatta | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 35 | 43 | -8 | 0 |
| NSW Country | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 36 | -13 | 0 |
| Eastern Suburbs | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 41 | -22 | 0 |
| Combined Brisbane | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 24 | 48 | -24 | 0 |
| QLD Country | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 57 | -48 | 0 |
| Central Districts (NZ) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 82 | -66 | 0 |

## Quarter finals

| Date | Winner | Score | Loser | Score | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 24/06/81 | Newtown | 22 | Canterbury-Bankstown | 7 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 1/07/81 | Cronulla-Sutherland | 23 | Penrith | 19 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 8/07/81 | Manly-Warringah | 16 | Western Suburbs | 13 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 15/07/81 | South Sydney | 23 | St George | 9 | Leichhardt Oval |
|

## Semi finals

| Date | Winner | Score | Loser | Score | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22/07/81 | Cronulla-Sutherland | 19 | Newtown | 2 | Leichhardt Oval |
| 5/08/81 | South Sydney | 24 | Manly-Warringah | 13 | Leichhardt Oval |
|

## Final

| Date | Winner | Score | Loser | Score | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12/08/81 | South Sydney | 10 | Cronulla-Sutherland | 2 | Leichhardt Oval |
|

The 1981 Tooth Cup Final attracted a still standing (as of 2020) Leichhardt Oval attendance record of 23,000.

### Player of the Series

### Golden Try

## Sources

## InfoBox

1981 NSWRFL Midweek Cup
| NSWRFL Tooth Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Dates | 18 March - 12 August 1981 |
| Teams | 16 |
| Venue(s) | (in 3 host cities) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | South Sydney (1st title) |
| Runners-up | Cronulla-Sutherland |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 23 |
|


title: Chapel of Osmussaar

abstract: Chapel of Osmussaar is a chapel on the island of Osmussaar which is currently in ruins. In 2014 the chapel along with the cemetery of Osmussaar was declared a national heritage site. The first wooden chapel was built at the port of Osmussaar in the 16th century. As the island of Osmussaar rises 3 mm per year, the chapel now stands 1.5 km North of the port. In 1766 the limestone chapel was completed. In 1852 a figurehead of Martin Luther reading the Bible was installed on the chapel gate. The figure came from a wrecked British ship. On the wall of the chapel there is a plate with the names of the seven families who were forced to leave the island in 1940 to make room for the Red Army. The chapel was damaged during World War II and only the facade with the tower is still standing. In 1994 the new belfry built by the previous inhabitants was consecrated. Remains of the chapel were conserved in 2011.

text:
# Chapel of Osmussaar

**Chapel of Osmussaar** (*Jesu Kapell* in Swedish, *Jeesuse kabel* in Estonian) is a chapel on the island of Osmussaar which is currently in ruins.

In 2014 the chapel along with the cemetery of Osmussaar was declared a national heritage site.

The first wooden chapel was built at the port of Osmussaar in the 16th century. As the island of Osmussaar rises 3 mm per year, the chapel now stands 1.5 km North of the port.

In 1766 the limestone chapel was completed.

In 1852 a figurehead of Martin Luther reading the Bible was installed on the chapel gate. The figure came from a wrecked British ship.

On the wall of the chapel there is a plate with the names of the seven families who were forced to leave the island in 1940 to make room for the Red Army.

The chapel was damaged during World War II and only the facade with the tower is still standing.

In 1994 the new belfry built by the previous inhabitants was consecrated.

Remains of the chapel were conserved in 2011.

59°17′20″N 23°24′05″E / 59.2888°N 23.4013°E / 59.2888; 23.4013


title: Shippu Rondo

abstract: Shippū Rondo is a 2016 Japanese action/comedy film directed by Teruyuki Yoshida based on the novel by Keigo Higashino. The movie was produced by Kazuma Kuryu and Takako Oki. Its release date was November 26, 2016. By the first screenings, the film had earned ¥103 million.

text:
# Shippu Rondo

***Shippū Rondo*** (Japanese: 疾風ロンド) is a 2016 Japanese action/comedy film directed by Teruyuki Yoshida based on the novel by Keigo Higashino. The movie was produced by Kazuma Kuryu and Takako Oki. Its release date was November 26, 2016. By the first screenings, the film had earned ¥103 million (US$0.917 million).

## Storyline

An employee of a University, of his own accord, creates a bio weapon (named "weapon K-55"). Upon being sacked for creating the weapon, he steals it from the laboratory. The university faces a challenge in that they can't contact the police, due to the weapon being created against protocol. The University laboratory then receives a message that the weapon will be deployed and used on the nation of Japan unless a huge ransom is paid. The laboratory staff agonises over what to do, but finally the manager of the lab, Akira Emoto selects one of the lab managers and senior researchers, Kazuyuki Kuribayashi (played by Hiroshi Abe) to try to retrieve the stolen bio weapon. Kazuyuki, a single father already dealing with family problems mainly caused by his son, also has to deal with the challenge of how to conduct a covert mission with no training. The extra challenge is, the weapon is hidden somewhere in a Ski Resort and Kazuyuki can't ski and is generally not athletic. Once at the resort, he forms an alliance with a local snowboarder Yuko Oshima and resort employee (Tadayoshi Okura) and with his son, tackles the challenge of finding the weapon.

## Cast


title: Dualla, County Tipperary

abstract: Dualla is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is located near Cashel on the R691 road. Its modern name derives from the Irish Dumha Aille, meaning 'mound of the cliff'. Dualla National School began educating pupils in May 1861 and officially opened a new school in June 2012. (There is a local 'Big House' known as Dually and the settlement is marked as Dually on roadmaps. However all local signage refers to the place as Dualla; as do the local council and residents).

text:
# Dualla, County Tipperary

**Dualla** (Irish: *Dumha Aille*) is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is located near Cashel on the R691 road. Its modern name derives from the Irish *Dumha Aille*, meaning 'mound of the cliff'. Dualla National School began educating pupils in May 1861 and officially opened a new school in June 2012.

(There is a local 'Big House' known as *Dually* and the settlement is marked as **Dually** on roadmaps. However all local signage refers to the place as Dualla; as do the local council and residents).

## Sport

The local GAA team is Boherlahan–Dualla GAA.

## Events

The village hosts an annual agricultural event, the Dualla Show, every August. The show attracts thousands of visitors and includes a tractor-pulling contest. Another show held locally is the Dualla Thrashing.

## People

## InfoBox

| Dualla *Dumha Aille* | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Boherlahan-Dualla tourist sign in Dualla village | |
| DuallaLocation in Ireland | |
| Coordinates: 52°32′28″N 7°48′57″W / 52.541111°N 7.815833°W / 52.541111; -7.815833 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Munster |
| County | County Tipperary |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) |


title: Psittacastis cocae

abstract: Psittacastis cocae is a moth in the family Depressariidae. August Busck described it in 1931. It is found in Peru. The larvae feed on the leaves of Erythroxylon coca.

text:
# Psittacastis cocae

***Psittacastis cocae*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. August Busck described it in 1931. It is found in Peru.

The larvae feed on the leaves of *Erythroxylon coca*.

## InfoBox

| *Psittacastis cocae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Psittacastis* |
| Species: | ***P. cocae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psittacastis cocae***<br>(Busck, 1931) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eucleodora cocae* Busck, 1931 | |


title: Terézvárosi TC

abstract: Terézvárosi Torna Club was a Hungarian football club from the town of Terézváros, Budapest. Terézvárosi TC was founded as Fővárosi TC in 1902.

text:
# Terézvárosi TC

**Terézvárosi Torna Club** was a Hungarian football club from the town of Terézváros, Budapest. Terézvárosi TC was founded as Fővárosi TC in 1902.

## History

Terézvárosi TC debuted as Fővárosi TC in the 1904 season of the Hungarian League and finished ninth.

## Name Changes

* 1902–1909: Fővárosi Torna Club
* 1909–1926: Terézvárosi Torna Club
* 1914: merger with Globus Terézvárosi SC
* 1921: merger with VIII. kerületi SC
* 1922: merger with Jutagyári TE
* 1926–1932: Terézvárosi FC
* 1931: merger with Józsefváros FC
* 1932: dissolved and merger with Nemzeti SC as *VII. ker. Nemzeti Sportkedvelők Köre*
* 1945: re-founded
* 1945-1945: VI. ker. Barátság
* 1945–1949: Terézvárosi Torna Club
* 1949–1951: Szerszámgépgyár
* 1951–?: Vasas Szerszámgépgyár

## InfoBox

Terézvárosi TC
| Full name | Terézvárosi Torna Club |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1902 |
| Dissolved | 1953 |
| Ground | Hajtsár út |
| Capacity | 3,000 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Quinnia limatula

abstract: Quinnia limatula is a species of extremely small deep water sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Seguenziidae.

text:
# Quinnia limatula

***Quinnia limatula*** is a species of extremely small deep water sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Seguenziidae.

## Description

The length of the species attains 5.4 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Caledonia and Ouvea, Loyalty Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Quinnia limatula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Quinnia limatula* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | Seguenziidae |
| Subfamily: | Seguenziinae |
| Genus: | *Quinnia* |
| Species: | ***Q. limatula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quinnia limatula***<br>Marshall, 1991 | |
|


title: R. Scott Clark

abstract: Robert Scott Clark is an American Reformed pastor and seminary professor. He is the author of several books, including his most recent work, Recovering the Reformed Confession.

text:
# R. Scott Clark

**Robert Scott Clark** (born 1961) is an American Reformed pastor and seminary professor. He is the author of several books, including his most recent work, *Recovering the Reformed Confession*.

## Biography

Clark earned a B.A. from the University of Nebraska, Master of Divinity from Westminster Seminary California, and D.Phil. from the University of Oxford. Since 1997 he has been teaching at Westminster Seminary California, where he served as academic dean from 1997 to 2001; currently he is professor of church history and historical theology. He has also taught at Wheaton College (Illinois), Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, and Concordia University, Irvine. He is an ordained minister in the United Reformed Churches in North America. He maintains an online journal entitled the Heidelblog, which was deleted for a time in 2011, but is now in regular production. Clark also hosts the Heidelcast podcast where he discusses various topics relevant to reformed theology.

Scott Clark has defended the Marrow Brethren.

## Works

### Author

* *Recovering the Reformed Confession: Our Theology, Piety, and Practice* (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2008) (ISBN 1596381108)
* *Caspar Olevian and the Substance of the Covenant: The Double Benefit of Christ* (Edinburgh: Rutherford House, December 2005) (ISBN 9781601780539)

### Editor and contributor

* William Ames, *A Sketch of the Christian's Catechism*. Trans., Todd M. Rester. Classic Reformed Theology vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Reformation Heritage Press, 2008. (ISBN 978-1-60178-045-4)
* Caspar Olevianus, *An Exposition of the Apostles' Creed*. Trans. Lyle D. Bierma. Classic Reformed Theology vol. 2. Grand Rapids: Reformation Heritage Press, 2009. (ISBN 9781601780744
* *Covenant, Justification, and Pastoral Ministry: Essays by the Faculty of Westminster Seminary California*. ed. R. Scott Clark Phillipsburg: N.J.: P&R Pub, 2007. (ISBN 1596380357)
* *Protestant Scholasticism: Essays in Reassessment,* ed., Carl Trueman and R. Scott Clark. Carlisle, UK: Paternoster, 1999. (ISBN 1597527882)
* *Always Reformed: Essays in Honor of W. Robert Godfrey*. ed., R. Scott Clark and Joel E. Kim. Escondido, CA: Westminster Seminary California, 2010. (ISBN 9780982880500)

### Contributor

* "Calvin: A Negative Boundary Marker In American Lutheran Self-Identity, 1871–1934". in Johan de Niet, Herman Paul and Bart Wallet, ed. *Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800–2000.* (Brill, 2009), (ISBN 9789004174245)
* "The Benefits of Christ: Double Justification in Protestant Theology before the Westminster Assembly" in Anthony T. Selvaggio, ed. *The Faith Once Delivered: Essays in Honor of Dr. Wayne R. Spear* (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2007), 107-34. (ISBN 1596380209)
* "Election and Predestination: Sovereign Expressions of God", in David Hall and Peter Lillback, ed. *A Theological Guide to Calvin’s Institutes: Essays and Analysis* (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2008). (ISBN 1596380918)
* "Whosever Will Be Saved: Emerging Church? Meet Christian Dogma", in Gary Johnson ed., *Reforming or Conforming: Post-Conservative Evangelicals and the Emerging Church* (Wheaton: Crossway, 2008). (ISBN 143350118X)
* "Reconstructionism", in *The New Dictionary of Christian Apologetics,* eds Campbell Campbell-Jack, Gavin J. McGrath (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2006). (ISBN 0830824510)
* "Janus, the Well-Meant Offer of the Gospel and Westminster Theology", in David VanDrunen, ed., *The Pattern of Sound Words: A Festschrift for Robert B. Strimple* (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2004), 149-80. (ISBN 0875527175)
* \[with Joel R. Beeke\], "Ursinus, Oxford and the Westminster Divines", in *The Westminster Confession into the 21st Century: Essays in Remembrance of the 350th Anniversary of the Publication of the Westminster Confession of Faith,* 3 vol. ed. Ligon Duncan (Ross-Shire, Scotland: Mentor, 2003), 2. 1-32. (ISBN 1857928628)
* "The Authority of Reason in the Later Reformation: Scholasticism in Caspar Olevian and Antoine de La Faye", in *Protestant Scholasticism: Essays in Reassessment,* ed., Carl Trueman and R. Scott Clark (Carlisle, UK: Paternoster, 1999), 111-26. (ISBN 1597527882)
* "Calvin as Negative Boundary Marker in American Lutheran Self-Identity", in Johan de Niet, Herman Paul, and Bart Wallet, ed., *The Modern Calvin: John Calvin in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Memory Cultures* (Leiden: Brill, 2009).
* "The Evangelical Fall from the Means of Grace", in *The Compromised Church,* ed. John Armstrong (Wheaton: Crossway, 1998), 133-47. (ISBN 1581340060)

### Journal articles

* *Iustitia Imputata Christi: Alien or Proper to Luther’s Doctrine of Justification?* Concordia Theological Quarterly 70 (2006): 269–310.
* *Baptism and the Benefits of Christ: The Double Mode of Communion in the Covenant of Grace,* The Confessional Presbyterian Journal 2 (2006): 3–19.
* *The Catholic-Calvinist Trinitarianism of Caspar Olevian,* Westminster Theological Journal 61 (1999): 15–39.
* *Calvin and the Lex Naturalis,* Stulos Theological Journal 6 (1998): 1–22.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| R. Scott Clark | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert Scott Clark<br>1961 (age 6263) |
| Education | Master of Divinity, DPhil (Oxon) |
| Occupation(s) | Seminary professor, pastor, author |
| Employer | Westminster Seminary California |


title: RNR5

abstract:
RNR5 is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 22. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five nucleolus organizer regions in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 (RNR1), 14 (RNR2), 15 (RNR3), 21 (RNR4), 22 (RNR5).
Each gene cluster contains 30–40 copies and encodes a 45S RNA product that is then cleaved to form 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA subunits. In general, genes for RNA remain poorly annotated in most large public databases.

text:
# RNR5

**RNR5** (**RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 5**) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 22. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five nucleolus organizer regions in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 (RNR1), 14 (RNR2), 15 (RNR3), 21 (RNR4), 22 (RNR5). Each gene cluster contains 30–40 copies and encodes a 45S RNA product that is then cleaved to form 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA subunits. In general, genes for RNA remain poorly annotated in most large public databases.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| RNR5 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | RNR5, RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 5 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 180454; GeneCards: RNR5; OMA:RNR5 - orthologs | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     n/a   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     n/a   n/a   Location (UCSC) n/a n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: RNSAP

abstract:
RNSAP is a 3GPP signalling protocol responsible for communications between RNCs Radio Network Controllers defined in 3GPP specification TS 25.423. It is carried on the lur interface and provides functionality needed for soft handovers and SRNS relocation. It defines signalling between RNCs, including SRNC and DRNC. SRNC | DRNC | IUR | RNSAP | RNSAP | | |
Converge protol | Converge protol | | | AAL 5 | AAL5 ATM | ATM
Physical links------→→→ Physical links RNSAP Layer Architecture

text:
# RNSAP

**RNSAP** (**R**adio **N**etwork **S**ubsystem **A**pplication **P**art) is a 3GPP signalling protocol responsible for communications between RNCs Radio Network Controllers defined in 3GPP specification TS 25.423. It is carried on the lur interface and provides functionality needed for soft handovers and SRNS (Serving Radio Network Subsystem) relocation (handoff between RNCs). It defines signalling between RNCs, including SRNC (Serving RNC) and DRNC (drift RNC).

```
     SRNC        |             DRNC
      |          IUR             |
    RNSAP        |             RNSAP
      |          |               |
```

Converge protol | Converge protol

```
      |          |               |
   AAL 5         |             AAL5
    ATM          |             ATM
```

Physical links------→→→ Physical links

RNSAP Layer Architecture

## Procedures

* RNSAP Basic Mobility Procedures-

This set of procedures is used to handle mobility with in the UTRAN.This is the most important of the RNSAP procedures. The procedures belonging to this set includes SRNC relocation, inter-RNC cell update and UTRAN registration area update.

* RNSAP DCH procedures-

This set of procedure used to handle dedicated channel traffic (it includes DCH, DSCH and TDD USCH) between two RNCs. Unlike the basic mobility procedures which is used only for signalling, this set of procedures provides support for data transfer over the Iur interface. The data transfer takes place using a frame protocol. The procedures belonging to this set include establishment, modification and release of dedicated channel in the DRNC due to hard and soft handover, set-up/release of dedicated transport connections over Iur interface and data transfer for dedicated channels.

* RNSAP Common Transport Channel Procedures-

This set of procedures is used to handle common and shared channel traffic (it excludes DCH, DSCH and TDD USCH) between two RNCs. In particular, this set of procedures facilitates the set-up and release of common channel transport connections over the Iur interface.

* RNSAP Global Procedures-

Implementation of this is considered as optional.

## Summary of Functions

* Radio link management and supervision
* Physical channel reconfiguration
* Measurements on dedicated resources
* Downlink power drifting correction
* Rate control (used by DRNC to control the uplink and downlink transfer rate for each DCH configured for the radio links of the UE).
* Common control channel signaling transfer
* Paging
* Common transport channel resource management
* Relocation procedures (SRNC to DRNC)
* Reporting of general error situations
* Measurements on common resources
* Information exchange
* Iur interface reset


title: RAF Hullavington

abstract: Royal Air Force Hullavington, or more simply RAF Hullavington, was a Royal Air Force station located at Hullavington, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, England. The station opened in June 1937 and was primarily used for training. It closed on 31 March 1992 when it was transferred to the British Army and renamed Buckley Barracks. The airfield part of the site, known as Hullavington Airfield, continued to be used for RAF gliding operations until 2016 when it was sold to technology company Dyson.

text:
# RAF Hullavington

**Royal Air Force Hullavington**, or more simply **RAF Hullavington**, (ICAO: **EGDV**) was a Royal Air Force station located at Hullavington, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, England. The station opened in June 1937 and was primarily used for training. It closed on 31 March 1992 when it was transferred to the British Army and renamed Buckley Barracks. The airfield part of the site, known as **Hullavington Airfield,** continued to be used for RAF gliding operations until 2016 when it was sold to technology company Dyson.

## History

The site spans three parishes: the hangars and grassland in the north and west lie in Hullavington parish, while other hangars, most of the runways and the northern part of the barracks are in St Paul Malmesbury Without. The rest of the barracks are in Stanton St Quintin parish and are near the small village of Lower Stanton St Quintin and the A429 Chippenham-Malmesbury road.

The airfield was opened on 14 June 1937 with No 9 Flying Training School arriving from RAF Thornaby on 10 July. Leonard Cheshire V.C. trained here in 1939. With the beginning of the Second World War, top officers from allied nations came to Hullavington to share ideas and methods. Ten Blenheims from No 114 Squadron arrived at the base on 1 September 1939, and were later joined by seven from No 139 Squadron. This was a safety move as a sustained attack was expected at the East Anglian bomber bases on the announcement of war. As this didn't happen, all the Blenheims departed Hullavington by 16 September 1939. An effective Met. Office was also stationed at Hullavington, and an aircraft left every day at dawn to gather weather data at various altitudes.

In 1970, RAF Hullavington hosted the World Aerobatic Championships.

In 1992, the entire airfield was designated a conservation area. English Heritage (now Historic England) later stated that "It embodies, to a unique degree, the improved architectural quality associated with the post-1934 expansion of the RAF. Most of the original buildings have survived and form a particularly coherent and well-ordered ensemble." Grade II listed buildings include the officers' mess and the church.

In 1993, a Senior Aircraftman was convicted of arson and sent to jail for 5 years and his accomplice received a fine of £1000. The hangar was the location of all the parachutes for the armed services, and the damage and loss of stock affected morale at the base.

### Units posted to the station

The station has performed many roles, summarised with dates below.

#### Royal Air Force

#### Royal Air Force Regiment

#### Air Transport Auxiliary

* No. 8 Ferry Pilot Pool between November 1940 and March 1941.
* No. 1427 (Ferry Training) Flight between 18 May and 5 September 1942.

### Defence Codification Data Centre

The Defence Codification Data Centre (DCDC) lodged in a purpose-built computer suite at RAF Hullavington from its establishment in 1966 until its dispersal to Glasgow in 1986, where it merged with its parent body, the Defence Codification Authority.

## Closure and post RAF use

RAF Hullavington formally closed on 31 March 1993.

### Buckley Barracks

The technical site part of the station was transferred to the British Army and became known as Hullavington Barracks. In 2003, it was renamed Buckley Barracks after the Victoria Cross winner John Buckley. The barracks are home to 9 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps.

### Hullavington Airfield

The airfield part of the site was retained by the RAF and was known as **Hullavington Airfield**. In 1992 and 1993 two Volunteer Gliding Schools (VGS) moved in, operating the Viking, a modified version of the civilian Grob 103. During 2013, No. 621 VGS and No. 625 VGS merged to form No. 621 VGS. As of 1 September 2016, it was announced by 621 VGS Historical Flight that there would be no further flying from Hullavington.

In 2016, the UK Government announced that the airfield was one of twelve that would be sold as part of the strategy for the Ministry of Defence estate. The site was sold to the technology company Dyson, which has headquarters nearby at Malmesbury. In March 2017, Dyson submitted plans to convert two 1940s hangars into a research and development centre. By August 2018, four hundred staff were engaged on automotive development at the site and the company planned to create a ten-mile car test track; however, in October 2019 the project was abandoned. The company intended to use the Hullavington site to manufacture medical ventilators during the COVID-19 pandemic but the UK government cancelled their order in April 2020.

Hangar 88 is currently used by M4 Karting.

### Citations

### Bibliography

Media related to RAF Hullavington at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| RAF Hullavington | |
| --- | --- |
| Near Hullavington, Wiltshire in England | |
| Former hangar at RAF Hullavington | |
| RAF HullavingtonLocation in Wiltshire | |
| Coordinates | 51°31′30″N 002°08′00″W / 51.52500°N 2.13333°W / 51.52500; -2.13333 |
| Type | Royal Air Force flying station |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | Royal Air Force |
| Condition | Closed |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1937 (1937) |
| In use | 1937–1993 (1993) |
| Fate | * Technical site transferred to the British Army and became Buckley Barracks. * Airfield part of the site continued to be used for RAF gliding operations and was known as Hullavington Airfield until 2016 when it was sold to technology company Dyson. |
| Airfield information | |
| Identifiers | ICAO: EGDV, WMO: 03637 |
| Elevation | 104 metres (341 ft) AMSL |
| Runways  Direction Length and surface  06/14 1,070 metres (3,510 ft) Asphalt  06/15 1,250 metres (4,101 ft) Asphalt | |


title: RAF Hospital Northallerton

abstract: RAF Hospital Northallerton, was a Second World War era military hospital, in Northallerton, Yorkshire, England. The Friarage Hospital now stands where the former hospital once stood. The site was a once a temporary medical care centre, set up in 1938 in case of bombing casualties in the area, including Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees. The Royal Air Force (RAF) took over the hospital in 1943 and relinquished it in 1947. The hospital catered specifically for RAF and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) personnel.

text:
# RAF Hospital Northallerton

**RAF Hospital Northallerton**, was a Second World War era military hospital, in Northallerton, Yorkshire, England. The Friarage Hospital now stands where the former hospital once stood.

The site was a once a temporary medical care centre, set up in 1938 in case of bombing casualties in the area, including Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees. The Royal Air Force (RAF) took over the hospital in 1943 and relinquished it in 1947. The hospital catered specifically for RAF and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) personnel.

## History

The hospital was sited on the old Northallerton Workhouse next to Sun Beck. Before that, the site had been occupied by a Carmelite friary, from where the modern day hospital would derive its name (The Friarage).

In the late 1930s, eight wooden huts were assembled on the site. These were prepared for casualties of expected bombing runs over areas near ports and industry on the River Tees, though initially, the hospital housed evacuated wounded service personnel from Dunkirk.

The hospital site was turned over to the Royal Air Force in January 1943, with a remit for healthcare for those injured during air operations from the many airfields of No. 6 Group which were scattered around North Yorkshire. Previous to this, air force casualties were sent to the Army hospital at Catterick, or other RAF hospitals, but no Royal Air Force medical facility existed in the north-eastern area, which prompted the takeover of the facilities in Northallerton.

The hospital needed some work before it could be transferred from civilian to service control. New ambulance bays needed to be constructed and more accommodation blocks were required to house 200 staff, besides the initial 200 beds for injured personnel. An acute shortage of fresh water was a problem as the hospital developed beyond the means of its intended size. At one point in 1943, baths were limited to one-a-week for males and two-a-week for females, but only in 5 inches (130 mm) of water. Eventually a new pipeline was laid from nearby Kirby Sigston in October 1943. One of the squadron leaders who worked at the hospital, developed a Mobile Surgical Unit (MSU). This was an ambulance (a Humber Utility Van), with an anaesthetist, a surgeon, a resuscitation officer, a theatre sister and an operating room assistant. The MSU made at least 25 operational runs to aircraft crashes across North Yorkshire, and the timely efforts saved many lives. The MSU also performed surgery at various airfield station sick quarters when it was considered inadvisable to move the patient to the hospital. As the hospital catered largely for personnel from No. 6 Group, (which consisted of 15 RCAF squadrons), it also had a complement of RCAF nursing staff of four medical officers and ten nurses.

At the outbreak of the Second World War, the Royal Canadian Air Force did not possess a medical branch of its own, with that function being undertaken by the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. In 1940, a training regime was implemented and by 1943, the RCAF medical branch had nurses at Warrington, Bournemouth, East Grinstead and Northallerton. The large number of RCAF squadrons allocated to bases in North Yorkshire (15 squadrons in all), meant that injured RCAF personnel being admitted to the RAF Hospital in Northallerton, numbered 155 in one month alone in 1944. Serious consideration was given by the Canadian military to the hospital becoming a solely Canadian affair, but the plan was eventually dropped, especially given the resistance by the then director of RAF Medical Services (Harold Whittingham), who did not want medical services divided.

By July 1944, 450 beds were available, but emergency protocols existed to push this number to 525 if necessary. By 1945, the hospital had 390 beds and was being recommended for return to civilian use. In the last year of the war, ENSA members (Robert Donat, Bernard Miles) visited the hospital to entertain the patients, and the hospital chapel was formally opened. Between the peace of 1945, and November 1947, the hospital took on successive convoys of invalided patients and casualties returning from the theatre of war. RAF Hospital Northallerton had at least 44 'convoys' and dealt with 856 returning soldiers, sailors and airmen.

In November 1947, the hospital was returned to civilian use, and in 1948, was renamed the Friarage, in honour of the friary that had once existed on the site. Many of the wooden huts at the hospital, which were constructed from Canadian Oregon and Cedar Pine, remained on site until 1999, when they were finally demolished. With the downgrading of the Duchess of Kent Military Hospital at Catterick Garrison, service personnel returned to the Friarage site as part of the MHDU (Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit).

## Commanding officers

* Group Captain W A S Duck (1943 – 1946)
* Air Commodore James Kilpatrick (1946 – 1947)

1. Riordan 2002, p. 46.
2. Chapman, Hannah (26 February 2019). "Fighting for the Friarage: A community which loves its hospital". *The Northern Echo*. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
3. "RAF Hospital Northallerton (UK) formed January 1943, disbanded November 1947". *discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk*. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
4. Lett, Hugh; Quine, A E (1945). *Hospital Survey*. London: HMSO. p. 78. OCLC 40203710.
5. Riordan 2002, p. 311.
6. Jacobs, Peter (2017). *Bomber Command Airfields of Yorkshire*. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. p. iv. ISBN 978-1783463312.
7. "ROYAL AIR FORCE (DISCHARGED AIRMAN) (Hansard, 17 September 1948)". *api.parliament.uk*. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
8. Rexford-Welch 1954, p. 229.
9. Rexford-Welch 1954, pp. 229–230.
10. Riordan 2006, p. 24.
11. Riordan 2002, pp. 312–313.
12. Rexford-Welch 1954, p. 231.
13. Ward, Chris (2009). *6 Group Bomber Command : an operational record*. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-84884-155-0.
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### Sources

* Rexford-Welch, Samuel Cuthbert (1954). *Royal Air Force Medical Services*. London: HMSO. OCLC 1072173557.
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* Riordan, Michael (2006). *The Friarage Story* (2 ed.). Northallerton: Friends of The Friarage Hospital. OCLC 258043247.

## InfoBox

| RAF Hospital Northallerton | |
| --- | --- |
| Royal Air Force | |
| Friarage Hospital site | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Northallerton, North Riding of Yorkshire, England |
| Coordinates | 54°20′31″N 1°25′44″W / 54.342°N 1.429°W / 54.342; -1.429 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Military |
| Funding | Government hospital |
| Services | |
| Beds | 450 (July 1944) |
| History | |
| Construction started | 1938 |
| Opened | January 1943 |
| Closed | November 1947 |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in England |


title: RAF Hospital Uxbridge

abstract: RAF Hospital Uxbridge was a military hospital within the Royal Air Force station RAF Uxbridge.

text:
# RAF Hospital Uxbridge

**RAF Hospital Uxbridge** was a military hospital within the Royal Air Force station RAF Uxbridge.

## History

Douglas Bader arrived at the hospital in 1932 to recover after the amputation of both of his legs following a flying accident. It was during his stay that he met the Desoutter brothers who were pioneering the use of lightweight aluminium for the production of prosthetic limbs. Bader was fitted with the new style of legs and returned to active service with the RAF, to become known as "the legless pilot".

In early 1940, the officers' hospital on the station became the Women's Auxiliary Air Force Hospital, with the Officers' hospital moving to the RAF Hospital Torquay.

Citations Bibliography * Crozier, Hazel. (2007) *RAF Uxbridge 90th Anniversary 19172007*. RAF High Wycombe: Air Command Media Services

## InfoBox

| RAF Hospital Uxbridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Near Uxbridge, Greater London in England | |
|  | |
| RAF Hospital UxbridgeShown within Greater London | |
| Coordinates | 51°32′45″N 000°28′17″W / 51.54583°N 0.47139°W / 51.54583; -0.47139 |
| Type | Royal Air Force Hospital |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | Royal Air Force |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1925 (1925) |
| In use | 1925-2010 (2010) |