abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the Division of Dalley in Australian federal elections from the division's creation in 1901 until its abolition in 1969.

text:
# Electoral results for the Division of Dalley

This is a list of **electoral results for the Division of Dalley** in Australian federal elections from the division's creation in 1901 until its abolition in 1969.

## Members

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | William Wilks | Free Trade, Anti-Socialist | 1901–1909 |
|  | | Liberal | 1909–1910 |
|  | Robert Howe | Labor | 1910–1915 |
|  | William Mahony | Labor | 1915–1927 |
|  | Ted Theodore | Labor | 1927–1931 |
|  | Sol Rosevear | Labor (NSW) | 1931–1936 |
|  | | Labor | 1936–1940 |
|  | | Labor (N-C) | 1940–1941 |
|  | | Labor | 1941–1953 |
|  | Arthur Greenup | Labor | 1953–1955 |
|  | William O'Connor | Labor | 1955–1969 |

## Election results

### Elections in the 1960s

#### 1966

1966 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor | 18,938 | 61.0 | −11.9 |
|  | Liberal | Elton Lewis | 9,709 | 31.3 | +31.3 |
|  | Democratic Labor | John Kavanagh | 2,377 | 7.7 | −19.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 31,024 | 95.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,615 | 4.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 32,639 | 93.4 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor |  | 62.3 | −10.6 |
|  | Liberal | Elton Lewis |  | 37.7 | +37.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −10.6 |  |

#### 1963

1963 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor | 24,553 | 72.9 | +1.9 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Peter Keogh | 9,118 | 27.1 | +20.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 33,671 | 96.2 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,333 | 3.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 35,004 | 93.6 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −2.4 |  |

#### 1961

1961 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor | 24,127 | 71.0 | +0.0 |
|  | Liberal | Arthur Nesbitt | 6,343 | 18.7 | −10.3 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Reginald Lawson | 2,331 | 6.9 | +6.9 |
|  | Communist | Mavis Robertson | 1,172 | 3.4 | +3.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 33,973 | 95.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,464 | 4.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 35,437 | 94.1 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor |  | 75.3 | +4.3 |
|  | Liberal | Arthur Nesbitt |  | 24.7 | −4.3 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.3 |  |

### Elections in the 1950s

#### 1958

1958 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor | 26,081 | 71.0 | −0.9 |
|  | Liberal | Elton Lewis | 10,664 | 29.0 | +6.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 36,745 | 96.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,430 | 3.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,175 | 93.5 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −6.2 |  |

#### 1955

1955 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor | 28,913 | 71.9 | +0.2 |
|  | Liberal | Stanley Tyler | 8,933 | 22.2 | −0.9 |
|  | Communist | Ernie Thornton | 2,377 | 5.9 | +0.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 40,223 | 96.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,482 | 3.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 41,705 | 94.5 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | William O'Connor |  | 77.2 | +0.9 |
|  | Liberal | Stanley Tyler |  | 22.8 | −0.9 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +0.9 |  |

#### 1954

1954 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Arthur Greenup | 24,292 | 71.6 | +4.5 |
|  | Liberal | Robert Stafford | 7,810 | 23.0 | −9.9 |
|  | Communist | Flo Davis | 1,803 | 5.3 | +5.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 33,905 | 98.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 594 | 1.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 34,499 | 95.4 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Arthur Greenup |  | 76.6 | +9.5 |
|  | Liberal | Robert Stafford |  | 23.4 | −9.5 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +9.5 |  |

#### 1953

1953 Dalley by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Arthur Greenup | 23,812 | 70.5 | +3.4 |
|  | Independent | William Cole | 8,285 | 24.5 | +24.5 |
|  | Independent | John Sheean | 1,667 | 4.9 | +4.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 33,764 | 95.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,618 | 4.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 35,382 | 93.8 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Arthur Greenup |  | 75.0 | +7.9 |
|  | Independent | William Cole |  | 25.0 | +25.0 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +7.9 |  |

#### 1951

1951 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Sol Rosevear | 24,851 | 67.1 | −5.9 |
|  | Liberal | John Laffin | 12,204 | 32.9 | +5.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 37,055 | 97.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 877 | 2.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 37,932 | 96.0 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −5.9 |  |

### Elections in the 1940s

#### 1949

1949 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Sol Rosevear | 27,501 | 73.0 | +9.6 |
|  | Liberal | Charles Shields | 10,190 | 27.0 | −2.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 37,691 | 97.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,111 | 2.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,802 | 96.6 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.3 |  |

#### 1946

1946 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Sol Rosevear | 38,571 | 63.4 | −11.4 |
|  | Liberal | Leslie Webster | 14,674 | 24.1 | +24.1 |
|  | Lang Labor | Kenneth Falvey | 7,549 | 12.4 | +12.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 60,794 | 97.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,531 | 2.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 62,325 | 94.8 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Sol Rosevear |  | 73.7 | −7.4 |
|  | Liberal | Leslie Webster |  | 26.3 | +26.3 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −7.4 |  |

#### 1943

1943 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Sol Rosevear | 44,127 | 74.8 | +41.3 |
|  | One Parliament | Ernest de Faria | 10,760 | 18.2 | +18.2 |
|  | Communist | Lance Sharkey | 4,087 | 6.9 | +6.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 58,974 | 96.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,864 | 3.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 60,838 | 98.0 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Sol Rosevear |  | 81.1 | +38.3 |
|  | One Parliament | Ernest de Faria |  | 18.9 | +18.9 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Labor (N-C) | | **Swing** | +38.3 |  |

#### 1940

1940 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor (N-C) | Sol Rosevear | 20,721 | 37.2 | +37.2 |
|  | Labor | Donald Cochrane | 18,643 | 33.5 | −24.2 |
|  | United Australia | Hubert O'Connell | 14,736 | 26.5 | −15.8 |
|  | State Labor | Edmund Ryan | 1,564 | 2.8 | +2.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 55,664 | 97.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,423 | 2.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 57,087 | 95.6 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor (N-C) | Sol Rosevear | 31,842 | 57.2 | +57.2 |
|  | Labor | Donald Cochrane | 23,822 | 42.8 | −14.9 |
|  | Labor (N-C) **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | +14.9 |  |

### Elections in the 1930s

#### 1937

1937 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Sol Rosevear | 32,646 | 57.7 | +51.0 |
|  | United Australia | Arthur Brough | 23,961 | 42.3 | +4.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 56,607 | 97.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,305 | 2.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 57,912 | 96.9 |  |
|  | Labor **gain** from Labor (NSW) | | **Swing** | −0.1 |  |

#### 1934

1934 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor (NSW) | Sol Rosevear | 25,881 | 48.0 | +9.5 |
|  | United Australia | William Nicol | 20,655 | 38.3 | −1.3 |
|  | Labor | William Thompson | 3,591 | 6.7 | −13.6 |
|  | Social Credit | Henry Giles | 2,079 | 3.9 | +3.9 |
|  | Independent Labor | Jervis Blackman | 997 | 1.8 | +1.8 |
|  | Communist | James McPhee | 689 | 1.3 | +0.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 53,892 | 94.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 3,151 | 5.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 57,043 | 96.7 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor (NSW) | Sol Rosevear |  | 57.8 | +3.1 |
|  | United Australia | William Nicol |  | 42.2 | −3.1 |
|  | Labor (NSW) **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.1 |  |

#### 1931

1931 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor (NSW) | Sol Rosevear | 17,835 | 48.0 | +48.0 |
|  | United Australia | Sidney Massey | 10,459 | 28.2 | +6.1 |
|  | Labor | Ted Theodore | 7,272 | 19.6 | -58.3 |
|  | Ind. Nationalist | William Little | 902 | 2.4 | +2.4 |
|  | Communist | Jack Sylvester | 671 | 1.8 | +1.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 37,139 | 92.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 2,832 | 7.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 39,971 | 95.9 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor (NSW) | Sol Rosevear | 23,784 | 64.0 | +64.0 |
|  | United Australia | Sidney Massey | 13,355 | 36.0 | +8.9 |
|  | Labor (NSW) **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | −8.9 |  |

### Elections in the 1920s

#### 1929

1929 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Ted Theodore | 31,276 | 77.9 | +13.7 |
|  | Nationalist | Thomas Morrow | 8,870 | 22.1 | +1.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 40,146 | 97.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,126 | 2.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 41,272 | 96.2 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.6 |  |

#### 1928

1928 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Ted Theodore | 24,328 | 64.2 | +0.1 |
|  | Nationalist | Hedley Rogers | 7,704 | 20.3 | −15.6 |
|  | Independent Labor | Albert Gardiner | 5,888 | 15.5 | +15.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 37,920 | 94.2 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 2,319 | 5.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 40,239 | 95.7 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Ted Theodore |  | 69.3 | +5.2 |
|  | Nationalist | Hedley Rogers |  | 30.7 | −5.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.2 |  |

#### 1927

1927 Dalley by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Ted Theodore | 21,186 | 62.6 | -1.5 |
|  | Nationalist | Walter Gee | 12,667 | 37.4 | +1.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 33,853 | 93.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 2,517 | 6.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 36,370 | 89.3 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -1.5 |  |

#### 1925

1925 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William Mahony | 24,455 | 64.1 | −2.6 |
|  | Nationalist | James Thomson | 13,702 | 35.9 | +11.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 38,157 | 97.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 801 | 2.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,958 | 92.0 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −8.9 |  |

#### 1922

1922 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William Mahony | 16,104 | 66.7 | +7.0 |
|  | Nationalist | William Simpson | 6,017 | 24.9 | −15.4 |
|  | Majority Labor | Herbert Mitchell | 2,034 | 8.4 | +8.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,155 | 95.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,125 | 4.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 25,280 | 59.6 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | William Mahony |  | 70.9 | +11.2 |
|  | Nationalist | William Simpson |  | 29.1 | −11.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +11.2 |  |

### Elections in the 1910s

#### 1919

1919 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William Mahony | 16,242 | 59.7 | +5.7 |
|  | Nationalist | Walter Clutton | 10,956 | 40.3 | −5.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 27,198 | 97.6 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 657 | 2.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 27,855 | 69.1 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.7 |  |

#### 1917

1917 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William Mahony | 15,658 | 54.0 | −7.3 |
|  | Nationalist | Albert Lane | 13,352 | 46.0 | +7.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 29,010 | 97.2 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 845 | 2.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 29,855 | 72.3 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −7.3 |  |

#### 1915

1915 Dalley by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | William Mahony | unopposed |  |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

#### 1914

1914 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Robert Howe | 14,963 | 61.3 | +3.6 |
|  | Liberal | John McEachern | 9,450 | 38.7 | −3.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,413 | 97.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 587 | 2.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 25,000 | 58.5 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.6 |  |

#### 1913

1913 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Robert Howe | 17,520 | 57.7 | +1.1 |
|  | Liberal | Harry Scott | 12,829 | 42.3 | −1.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 30,349 | 98.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 519 | 1.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 30,868 | 74.0 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +1.1 |  |

#### 1910

1910 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Robert Howe | 14,610 | 56.6 | +9.3 |
|  | Liberal | William Wilks | 11,215 | 43.4 | −9.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 25,825 | 98.8 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 318 | 1.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 26,143 | 74.9 |  |
|  | Labour **gain** from Liberal | | **Swing** | +9.3 |  |

### Elections in the 1900s

#### 1906

1906 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anti-Socialist | William Wilks | 9,863 | 52.7 | −22.2 |
|  | Labour | Robert Howe | 8,850 | 47.3 | +47.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 18,713 | 97.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 481 | 2.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 19,194 | 63.9 |  |
|  | Anti-Socialist **hold** | | **Swing** | −22.2 |  |

#### 1903

1903 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Free Trade | William Wilks | 12,814 | 74.9 | +24.1 |
|  | Ind. Protectionist | Selina Anderson | 3,036 | 17.7 | +17.7 |
|  | Ind. Protectionist | William Burns | 1,263 | 7.4 | +7.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 17,113 | 97.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 457 | 2.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 15,570 | 51.1 |  |
|  | Free Trade **hold** | | **Swing** | +17.4 |  |

#### 1901

1901 Australian federal election: Dalley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Free Trade | William Wilks | 5,507 | 50.8 | +50.8 |
|  | Protectionist | Reginald Cohen | 3,081 | 28.4 | +28.4 |
|  | Labour | Sydney Law | 2,245 | 20.7 | +20.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 10,833 | 98.8 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 131 | 1.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 10,964 | 72.6 |  |
|  | Free Trade **win** | | *(new seat)* | | |


title: El Progreso Department

abstract: El Progreso is a department in Guatemala. The departmental capital is Guastatoya. The Spanish established themselves in the region by 1551, after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. El Progreso was declared a department in 1908, but was dissolved in 1920 before being reestablished in 1934. Guastatoya was badly affected by the 1976 Guatemala earthquake. The department is located in northeastern Guatemala. It is bordered by the departments of Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, Jalapa, and Zacapa. The department occupies an intermediate zone between the hot lowlands and the cooler Guatemalan Highlands, and has a generally hot climate. The most important river is the Motagua. To the north, the department is crossed by the Sierra de las Minas mountain range. The main population centres in El Progreso are Guastatoya, Sanarate and San Agustín Acasaguastlán. The CA-9 Atlantic Highway links the department with Guatemala City and the Atlantic port of Puerto Barrios. The vast majority of the population of the department are Spanish-speaking Ladinos. The population is growing, but at a rate below the national average. At the same time, the illiteracy rate is falling.

text:
# El Progreso Department

**El Progreso** (Spanish pronunciation: \[el pɾoˈɣɾeso\]) is a department in Guatemala. The departmental capital is Guastatoya. The Spanish established themselves in the region by 1551, after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. El Progreso was declared a department in 1908, but was dissolved in 1920 before being reestablished in 1934. Guastatoya was badly affected by the 1976 Guatemala earthquake.

The department is located in northeastern Guatemala. It is bordered by the departments of Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, Jalapa, and Zacapa. The department occupies an intermediate zone between the hot lowlands and the cooler Guatemalan Highlands, and has a generally hot climate. The most important river is the Motagua. To the north, the department is crossed by the Sierra de las Minas mountain range. The main population centres in El Progreso are Guastatoya, Sanarate and San Agustín Acasaguastlán. The CA-9 Atlantic Highway links the department with Guatemala City and the Atlantic port of Puerto Barrios.

The vast majority of the population of the department are Spanish-speaking Ladinos. The population is growing, but at a rate below the national average. At the same time, the illiteracy rate is falling.

## History

Historically, the area now included in the department of El Progreso was known as *Guastatoya* or *Huastatoya*, derived from Nahuatl *huäxyötl* or *huäxin* ("calabash") and *atoyac* ("last"), meaning the last place that calabashes grow, a reference to the change in altitude that occurs in the department, and corresponding climatic change from cold to hot.

### Early history

The Spanish colonial *corregimiento* of San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán was established in 1551 with its seat in the town of that name, in what is now the eastern portion of the modern department. Most of the area of the modern department fell within the corregimiento of Chiquimula. Acasaguastlán was one of few pre-conquest centres of population in the middle Motagua River drainage, due to the arid climate. In El Progreso it included San Agustín de la Real Corona (modern San Agustín Acasaguastlán) and La Magdalena, but covered a broad area that also included parts of Baja Verapaz and Zacapa. San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán and the surrounding area were reduced into colonial settlements by friars of the Dominican Order; at the time of the conquest the area was inhabited by Poqomchi' Maya and by the Nahuatl-speaking Pipil. In the 1520s, immediately after conquest, the inhabitants paid taxes to the Spanish Crown in the form of cacao, textiles, gold, silver and slaves. Within a few decades taxes were instead paid in beans, cotton and maize. Acasaguastlán was first given in *encomienda* to conquistador Diego Salvatierra in 1526. The region was subject to a strong influx of Spanish colonists due to its location on the route between the colonial capital and the Caribbean Sea, and hence to Spain, resulting in the hispanicisation of the territory. Guastatoya was mentioned as a village in an edict issued in Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, the colonial capital, in 1758. In 1825, various settlements were integrated into the Acasagustlán district that would later be included in El Progreso department. In the 1870s, the territory was divided between the departments of Guatemala, Zacapa and Chiquimula.

### Departmental history

The department of El Progreso was created by executive decree on 13 April 1908, to include the municipalities of Acasaguastlán, Cabañas, Guastatoya (which was renamed as El Progreso), Morazán, Sanarate, Sansaria (now known as Sansare), San Antonio La Paz, and San José El Golfo. For a short time from December 1919 to June of the following year, the department was renamed Estrada Cabrera at the request of its constituent municipalities, in order to honour the then-president. On 9 June 1920, after the president was overthrown, the department was dissolved by the government. The municipalities that it had incorporated were returned to their previous jurisdictions. The department was reestablished on 3 April 1934 by the legislative assembly.

The departmental capital of Guastatoya was badly affected by the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, which completely destroyed all historic architecture in the town.

## Geography

The department of El Progreso is located in northeastern Guatemala. It is bordered to the southwest by the department of Guatemala, to the southeast by Jalapa, to the east by Zacapa, to the west by Baja Verapaz, and to the north by the department of Alta Verapaz. The departmental capital is Guastatoya. The department occupies an intermediate zone between the hot lowlands and the cooler Guatemalan Highlands. It has a surface area of approximately 1,922 square kilometres (742 sq mi).

The terrain is varied, with altitude varying between 245 and 1,240 metres (804 and 4,068 ft) above mean sea level. The department has a generally hot climate. The most important river is the Motagua. Other rivers in El Progreso include the Hato, Huija, Huyús, Las Ovejas, Morazán, Plátanos, and Sanarate rivers. To the north of the Motagua, the department is crossed by the Sierra de las Minas mountain range. The highest point in the department is Cerro El Pinalón, in the Sierra de las Minas, at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft).

The main population centres in El Progreso are Sanarate, Guastatoya, and San Agustín Acasaguastlán. The CA-9 Atlantic Highway crosses the department from west to east, en route from Guatemala City to the Atlantic port of Puerto Barrios. Other principal highways are the CA-17 from El Rancho towards Cobán, and the RN-19 from Sanarate towards Jalapa.

## Population

According to the 2018 census, the population of El Progreso was 176,632. In 2013, the non-indigenous proportion of the population was 98.2% against 1.8% indigenous. The majority of the population consists of Spanish-speaking Ladinos, although some traces of indigenous culture survive, such as in modes of dress, linguistic traces, and local customs and beliefs. By 2013 the total population had grown to 163,537. The 2012–2013 population growth rate was 1.73%, below the national average of 2.32%. By gender, 51.9% of the population are female, and 48.1% male. The majority of the population, 59.8%, lives in the rural portion of the department. The predominant language in El Progreso is Guatemalan Spanish. In 2013, 89.2% of the population were recorded as literate, with a year-on-year drop in illiteracy from 16.1% in 2009.

### Mortality

In 2013, 930 deaths were registered in the department, demonstrating a 3.5% drop on the previous year, and 1.3% of the national total:

Mortality in 2013
| **Cause** | **%** |
| --- | --- |
| Heart attack | 32.2% |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10.7% |
| Pneumonia | 10.5% |
| Stroke | 9.7% |
| Assault with firearm | 9.7% |
| Stomach cancer | 6.6% |
| Unspecified | 6.6% |
| Liver cancer | 6% |
| Liver cirrhosis/fibrosis | 4.6% |
| Vehicular accident | 3.4% |

## Economy and agriculture

Agricultural products include coffee, sugar cane, tobacco, maize, beans, cacao, annatto, tomatoes, vanilla, cotton, and a variety of other fruits. Tomato production is especially important in El Progreso, representing 6% of the national total. Local craft production includes basketwork, ropemaking, leatherwork, items fashioned from palm, and tulle netting. Sanarate has the greatest economic production in the department, followed by Guastatoya, then San Agustín Acasaguastlán.

## Tourism

Local tourist attractions include thermal baths near Sanarate and San Antonio La Paz.

## Archaeological sites

The best preserved archaeological site in the region is Guaytán, which was inhabited from the Late Preclassic to the Late Classic periods of Mesoamerican chronology (approximately from 250 BC to 900 AD), and was an important centre for the distribution of jade.

## Municipalities

El Progreso is divided into eight municipalities:

1. El Jícaro
2. Guastatoya
3. Morazán
4. San Agustín Acasaguastlán
5. San Antonio La Paz
6. San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán
7. Sanarate
8. Sansare

* Arroyave Prera, Ana Lucia (2012). *Recordando a Guaytán, una propuesta de restauración en la acrópolis y en el Juego de Pelota B2* (in Spanish). XXV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2011 (edited by B. Arroyo, L. Paiz, and H. Mejía), pp. 601–610. Guatemala: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia and Asociación Tikal. Retrieved 2016-10-29. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15.
* Feldman, Lawrence H. (1998). *Motagua Colonial*. Raleigh, North Carolina, US: Boson Books. ISBN 1-886420-51-3. OCLC 82561350. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
* Gran Diccionario Náhuatl \[online\] (2012). *"Huaxin"* (in Spanish). Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
* Hernández, Gonzalo (8 August 2004). *Mapa No. 5: El Progreso: También conocida como la tierra de los ayotes* (PDF) (in Spanish). Guatemala: Prensa Libre. Retrieved 2010-12-26. Archived from the original on 2011-12-03.
* INE (2014). *Caracterización departamental de El Progreso 2013* (in Spanish). Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2016-10-29. Archived from the original on 2015-07-20.
* ITMB Publishing (1998). *Guatemala* (Map) (3rd ed.). 1:500000. International Travel Maps. ITMB Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-921463-64-2. OCLC 421536238.
* Low, S. M. (1989), "Gender, Emotion, and *Nervios* in urban Guatemala". In Dona L. Davis and Setha M. Low. *Gender, Health And Illness: The Case Of Nerves*. New York, Washington, and Philadelphia, US and London, UK: Taylor & Francis. pp. 115–140. ISBN 0-89116-903-2. OCLC 19922432.
* Ministerio de Economía (2015). Información Socioeconómica de Guatemala: Departamento de El Progreso (in Spanish). Guatemala: Ministerio de Economía. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
* Municipalidad de San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán (2011). "Historia del Municipio" (in Spanish). Municipalidad de San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
* SEGEPLAN (2001). *Plan de desarollo departamental El Progreso 2011–2025* (in Spanish). Guatemala: Secretaría de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia SEGEPLAN. Retrieved 2016-10-29.

14°51′14″N 90°04′07″W / 14.85389°N 90.06861°W / 14.85389; -90.06861

## InfoBox

| El Progreso Department Departmento de El Progreso | |
| --- | --- |
| Department of Guatemala | |
|  | |
| El Progreso | |
| Country | Guatemala |
| Capital | Guastatoya |
| Government | |
| Type | Departmental |
| Area | |
| Department of Guatemala | 1,922 km2 (742 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Department of Guatemala | 176,632 |
| Density | 92/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Urban | 91,416 |
| Religions | Roman Catholicism Evangelicalism Maya |
| Time zone | UTC-6 |


title: Tortula acaulon

abstract: Tortula acaulon, formerly Phascum cuspidatum, the cuspidate earth-moss or toothed phascum moss, is a moss with 3 mm leaves which forms green patches. It is very common and has a number of varieties in a wide range of habitats. The variety piliferum occurs on sandy soils near the sea.

text:
# Tortula acaulon

***Tortula acaulon***, formerly  *Phascum cuspidatum*, the **cuspidate earth-moss** or **toothed phascum moss**, is a moss with 3 mm leaves which forms green patches. It is very common and has a number of varieties in a wide range of habitats. The variety *piliferum* occurs on sandy soils near the sea.

## InfoBox

| Cuspidate earth-moss | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Dicranidae |
| Order: | Pottiales |
| Family: | Pottiaceae |
| Genus: | *Tortula* |
| Species: | ***T. acaulon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tortula acaulon***<br>(With.) R.H. Zander | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Phascum cuspidatum* Hedw. | |


title: Electoral district of Fisher

abstract: Fisher was an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia. It was created in 1970 and named after Sir James Fisher, a colonial politician and the first mayor of Adelaide. It was abolished in a 2016 redistribution and its last MP, Nat Cook was elected to represent its replacement, Hurtle Vale, at the 2018 state election. It covers a 94.2 km⁲ suburban and semi rural area on the southern fringes of Adelaide, taking in the suburbs of Aberfoyle Park, Chandlers Hill, Cherry Gardens, Coromandel East, Happy Valley, Reynella East and parts of Clarendon, O'Halloran Hill and Woodcroft. Before the 1983 electoral redistribution, Fisher took in the Blackwood area and was a safe Liberal seat, held by Stan Evans. The redistribution turned it into a marginal "mortgage belt" seat on a notional Liberal 2.1 percent two-party margin. With the bulk of his base shifted to the neighbouring seat of Davenport, Evans chose to challenge Dean Brown for Liberal preselection in Davenport. Evans lost in a bruising factional battle but chose to stand as an independent and was elected. With no sitting member at the 1985 election, Fisher was won by Philip Tyler and became Labor's second-most marginal seat. The seat returned to the Liberal Party in 1989 when Bob Such won the seat, which he held for the following 25 years. Such substantially increased his margin at the 1993 election landslide. Changes in demographics during the 1990s made Fisher a marginal to fairly safe Liberal seat, but the Liberals lost control of the seat when Such resigned from the party to sit as an independent MP from October 2000. Such successfully retained his seat with an increased margin at the 2002 election and served as Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly from 2005 to 2006 in the Mike Rann Labor government. He subsequently retained his seat with another margin increase to 16.7 percent at the 2006 election, despite early reports that the seat may fall to either the Labor or Liberal parties. The outcome of the 2006 election saw Such face former President of Australian Young Labor Amanda Rishworth on the two-candidate vote as opposed to a Liberal candidate in 2002, and Labor finished ahead of the Liberals on a 59.4 percent two-party vote from a 15.1 percent two-party swing, marking the first time since the 1985 election that Labor won the two-party vote in Fisher. Rishworth went on to win the federal seat of Kingston at the 2007 election, which takes in suburbs to the south west of Fisher. At the 2010 election, Such was re-elected with a virtually unchanged margin of 17.4%, which fell to 9.4% at the 2014 election. Such was diagnosed with a brain tumour a week after the 2014 election and died on 11 October. A 2014 Fisher by-election occurred on 6 December. Labor's Nat Cook won the by-election by nine votes from a 7.3 percent two-party swing, giving Labor a majority by one seat. On a margin of 0.02% margin, Fisher became the most marginal seat in parliament. Fisher was abolished as an electoral district as part of the mandatory redistribution following the 2014 state election. The South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission has designated the new seat of Hurtle Vale as its successor, with the new boundaries coming into effect from the 2018 state election. The name was chosen to retain the connection with Sir James Fisher as Hurtle was his middle name. Only the areas bounded by Reynella East, Woodcroft, and Happy Valley, however, were moved into the new seat, which actually takes in much more of the old district of Reynell. Suburbs including Cherry Gardens, Chandlers Hill, Aberfoyle Park, and parts of Happy Valley were moved into the re-drawn Davenport. The majority of Davenport electors from the 2014 boundaries were moved into Waite, which also gained the parts of Fisher east of Coromandel Valley. The southern parts of Fisher centred around Clarendon were moved to into Heysen. The sitting member chose to contest the 2018 election as a candidate in Hurtle Vale.

text:
# Electoral district of Fisher

**Fisher** was an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia. It was created in 1970 and named after Sir James Fisher, a colonial politician and the first mayor of Adelaide. It was abolished in a 2016 redistribution and its last MP, Nat Cook was elected to represent its replacement, Hurtle Vale, at the 2018 state election. It covers a 94.2 km2 suburban and semi rural area on the southern fringes of Adelaide, taking in the suburbs of Aberfoyle Park, Chandlers Hill, Cherry Gardens, Coromandel East, Happy Valley, Reynella East and parts of Clarendon, O'Halloran Hill and Woodcroft.

Before the 1983 electoral redistribution, Fisher took in the Blackwood area and was a safe Liberal seat, held by Stan Evans. The redistribution turned it into a marginal "mortgage belt" seat on a notional Liberal 2.1 percent two-party margin. With the bulk of his base shifted to the neighbouring seat of Davenport, Evans chose to challenge Dean Brown for Liberal preselection in Davenport. Evans lost in a bruising factional battle but chose to stand as an independent and was elected. With no sitting member at the 1985 election, Fisher was won by Philip Tyler and became Labor's second-most marginal seat. The seat returned to the Liberal Party in 1989 when Bob Such won the seat, which he held for the following 25 years. Such substantially increased his margin at the 1993 election landslide.

Changes in demographics during the 1990s made Fisher a marginal to fairly safe Liberal seat, but the Liberals lost control of the seat when Such resigned from the party to sit as an independent MP from October 2000. Such successfully retained his seat with an increased margin at the 2002 election and served as Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly from 2005 to 2006 in the Mike Rann Labor government. He subsequently retained his seat with another margin increase to 16.7 percent at the 2006 election, despite early reports that the seat may fall to either the Labor or Liberal parties. The outcome of the 2006 election saw Such face former President of Australian Young Labor Amanda Rishworth on the two-candidate vote as opposed to a Liberal candidate in 2002, and Labor finished ahead of the Liberals on a 59.4 percent two-party vote from a 15.1 percent two-party swing, marking the first time since the 1985 election that Labor won the two-party vote in Fisher. Rishworth went on to win the federal seat of Kingston at the 2007 election, which takes in suburbs to the south west of Fisher. At the 2010 election, Such was re-elected with a virtually unchanged margin of 17.4% (again facing a Liberal candidate on the two-candidate vote), which fell to 9.4% at the 2014 election.

Such was diagnosed with a brain tumour a week after the 2014 election and died on 11 October. A 2014 Fisher by-election occurred on 6 December. Labor's Nat Cook won the by-election by nine votes from a 7.3 percent two-party swing, giving Labor a majority by one seat. On a margin of 0.02% margin, Fisher became the most marginal seat in parliament. Fisher was abolished as an electoral district as part of the mandatory redistribution following the 2014 state election. The South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission has designated the new seat of Hurtle Vale as its successor, with the new boundaries coming into effect from the 2018 state election. The name was chosen to retain the connection with Sir James Fisher as Hurtle was his middle name. Only the areas bounded by Reynella East, Woodcroft, and Happy Valley, however, were moved into the new seat, which actually takes in much more of the old district of Reynell. Suburbs including Cherry Gardens, Chandlers Hill, Aberfoyle Park, and parts of Happy Valley were moved into the re-drawn Davenport. The majority of Davenport electors from the 2014 boundaries were moved into Waite, which also gained the parts of Fisher east of Coromandel Valley. The southern parts of Fisher centred around Clarendon were moved to into Heysen. The sitting member chose to contest the 2018 election as a candidate in Hurtle Vale.

## Members for Fisher

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Stan Evans | Liberal and Country | 1970–1974 |
|  | | Liberal | 1974–1985 |
|  | Philip Tyler | Labor | 1985–1989 |
|  | Bob Such | Liberal | 1989–2000 |
|  | | Independent Liberal | 2000–2014 |
|  | Nat Cook | Labor | 2014–2018 |

## Election results

2014 Fisher state by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Heidi Harris | 7,413 | 36.1 | +1.0 |
|  | Labor | Nat Cook | 5,495 | 26.7 | +9.0 |
|  | Independent Continue Such's Legacy | Dan Woodyatt | 4,789 | 23.3 | +23.3 |
|  | Independent Honest True Local | Dan Golding | 880 | 4.3 | +4.3 |
|  | Independent Leading the Community | Rob de Jonge | 809 | 3.9 | +3.9 |
|  | Greens | Malwina Wyra | 708 | 3.4 | −1.3 |
|  | Stop Population Growth Now | Bob Couch | 270 | 1.3 | +1.3 |
|  | Independent Democrat | Jeanie Walker | 195 | 0.9 | +0.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,559 | 96.1 | −1.5 |
| Informal votes | | | 841 | 3.9 | +1.5 |
| Turnout | | | 21,400 | 82.9 | −10.5 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Nat Cook | 10,284 | 50.02 | +7.27 |
|  | Liberal | Heidi Harris | 10,275 | 49.98 | −7.27 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Independent | | **Swing** | +7.27 |  |

## InfoBox

| Fisher
South AustraliaHouse of Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral district of Fisher (green) in the Greater Adelaide area | |
| State | South Australia |
| Created | 1970 |
| Abolished | 2018 |
| Namesake | James Hurtle Fisher |
| Electors | 25,829 (2014) |
| Area | 94.2 km2 (36.4 sq mi) |
| Demographic | Metropolitan |
| Coordinates | 35°5′31″S 138°36′57″E / 35.09194°S 138.61583°E / -35.09194; 138.61583 |


title: Eleocharis dietrichiana

abstract: Eleocharis dietrichiana is a slender rush type plant growing in clumps from 20 to 40 cm tall. Found growing in moist situations north from Sydney in New South Wales to Queensland, Australia. The specific epithet dietrichiana is named in honour of the German plant collector Amalie Dietrich.

text:
# Eleocharis dietrichiana

***Eleocharis dietrichiana*** is a slender rush type plant growing in clumps from 20 to 40 cm tall. Found growing in moist situations north from Sydney in New South Wales to Queensland, Australia. The specific epithet *dietrichiana* is named in honour of the German plant collector Amalie Dietrich.

## InfoBox

| *Eleocharis dietrichiana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | *Eleocharis* |
| Species: | ***E. dietrichiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eleocharis dietrichiana***<br>Boeckeler | |
|


title: Brzeziny, Janów Lubelski County

abstract: Brzeziny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Modliborzyce, within Janów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Janów Lubelski and 60 km (37 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Brzeziny, Janów Lubelski County

**Brzeziny** \[bʐɛˈʑinɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Modliborzyce, within Janów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Janów Lubelski and 60 km (37 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Brzeziny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Brzeziny | |
| Coordinates: 50°45′N 22°15′E / 50.750°N 22.250°E / 50.750; 22.250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Janów Lubelski |
| Gmina | Modliborzyce |
| Population | 100 |


title: ConSource

abstract: The Constitutional Sources Project (ConSource) is a non-profit organization that provides source documents on the history of the United States Constitution to researchers.

text:
# ConSource

**The Constitutional Sources Project** (**ConSource**) is a non-profit organization that provides source documents on the history of the United States Constitution to researchers.

## About

The Constitutional Sources Project is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, based in Washington D.C., that creates "a comprehensive, easily searchable, fully-indexed, and freely accessible digital library of historical sources related to the creation, ratification, and amendment of the United States Constitution." It hosts public educational programs, professional development workshops for educators, and provides additional research and educational services to the public.

## History

The Constitutional Sources Project was founded in 2005 and its website launched in 2007 under the leadership of Lorianne Updike Toler. Julie Silverbrook serves as the organization's executive director. ConSource was created to provide free digital access to the documentary history of the United States Constitution.

## Programming

*Educational Programming*

**PrimarySource Education Campaign** The purpose of ConSource's PrimarySource campaign is to transform traditional classrooms into vibrant, resource-rich classrooms, where students can access and learn directly from primary source documents. ConSource assists educators as they cultivate the next generation of historical thinkers by providing free online access to the documentary history of the creation, ratification, and amendment of the United States Constitution.

ConSource provides professional development workshops for educators at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and in school districts and civic sites nationwide. ConSource also offers a one-to-one lesson plan consulting service, with education staff members providing direct guidance and suggested primary source materials to educators teaching important moments in U.S. history.

ConSource education staff members also produce and distribute to teachers nationwide primary source-focused lesson plans on constitutional and historical topics.

**ConSource-Harlan Institute Virtual Supreme Court Competition** During the October 2012 Supreme Court term, the Harlan Institute and ConSource launched the Virtual Supreme Court Competition. By participating in this competition, high school students gain experience in researching contemporary constitutional issues, crafting persuasive appellate briefs on their classroom blogs, and presenting convincing oral arguments to legal experts in a virtual courtroom over Google+ Video Hangouts.

The Virtual Supreme Court Competition takes place in two stages: submission of an appellate brief and presentation of oral argument. The grand prize for the top two high school students is an all-expense-paid trip to Washington, D.C., to attend ConSource's Annual Constitution Day Celebration.

*Legal Programming*

**SCOTUSource** Through the SCOTUSource project at Harvard Law School, ConSource aims to guide law students through the process of historical constitutional research. SCOTUSource participants produce research reports related to pending U.S. Supreme Court cases, which are then shared with appellate advocates, scholars, journalists, legal organizations. In past semesters, Harvard Law Students have created historical research reports on constitutional issues in the following U.S. Supreme Court cases, Kiyemba v. Obama, Beer v. United States, PPL Montana, LLC v. Montana, NFIB v. Sebelius, Shelby County v. Holder, and NLRB v. Noel Canning.


title: Saint Louis, Virginia

abstract: Saint Louis is an unincorporated community in southwestern Loudoun County, Virginia. Saint Louis is located near the intersection of Saint Louis Road and Snake Hill Road, six miles west of Middleburg. It is a historic African American community dating from 1891 or earlier, with many African Americans still living there today. Banneker Elementary School is located in Saint Louis.

text:
# Saint Louis, Virginia

**Saint Louis** is an unincorporated community in southwestern Loudoun County, Virginia. Saint Louis is located near the intersection of Saint Louis Road (Virginia State Route 611) and Snake Hill Road (Virginia State Route 744), six miles west of Middleburg. It is a historic African American community dating from 1891 or earlier, with many African Americans still living there today. Banneker Elementary School is located in Saint Louis.

## InfoBox

| Saint Louis, Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| unincorporated community | |
| Saint LouisSaint LouisSaint Louis | |
| Coordinates: 39°00′14″N 77°47′25″W / 39.003965°N 77.790176°W / 39.003965; -77.790176 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | Loudoun |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |


title: FC Francavilla

abstract: Francavilla Football Club, also better known as FC Francavilla or Francavilla in Sinni or simply Francavilla, is an Italian football club based in the homonymous city of Francavilla in Sinni, in the province of Potenza. Founded in 1931, the team has been affiliated with the FIGC since 1973 and currently plays the Serie D championship, a category in which it achieved second place in the 2021-2022 season as its best placement.

text:
# FC Francavilla

**Francavilla Football Club**, also better known as **FC Francavilla** or **Francavilla in Sinni** or simply **Francavilla**, is an Italian football club based in the homonymous city of Francavilla in Sinni, in the province of Potenza.

Founded in 1931, the team has been affiliated with the FIGC since 1973 and currently plays the Serie D championship, a category in which it achieved second place in the 2021-2022 season as its best placement .

## History

### Origins

The company was founded in 1931 with the name of *Unione Sportiva Francavilla*, playing friendly matches and regional tournaments until 1973, when the team affiliated with the FIGC and was taken by Giuseppe Sarubbi starting from the second category, where it finished with a seventh place. The following year he obtained first place and played in promotion (current Excellence). His first year of promotion ended with a 6th place. In the 1976–77 season, Francavilla relegated by finishing 13th. The following year he played a good championship by finishing third in the first category. The team is taken by Leopoldo Spaltra with whom Francavilla began a period of poor results.

### The dark era with Spaltra and radiation

In the 1978–79 season the team finished 14th in the first category and was relegated to the second. The following year he withdrew from the championship, starting from the third category and changing his name to *Polisportiva Francavilla*. He arrived first and returned to the second category, where he remained for six seasons, from the 1981/1982 season to the 1986/1987 one, always touching the first category. Just in that season Antonio L'Amico took over and at the end the team was rescued after a third-place finish in the first category. The next three seasons were played in the first category. The third year he was disbarred.

### The change of name and the happy years

After the radiation *Francavilla* restarted with a new name from the second category: *Football Club Francavilla*, which is the current name. The president was Felice Viceconte who remained only one season, the one he served at *FC Francavilla*to be promoted back to the first category after a second-place finish. Then Antonio D'Angelo took over, who after a 3rd place in the first year, managed to get the team in first position, winning the promotion. The following year in the Promotion he finished with a third place that allowed Francavilla to return to the highest regional championship: excellence. In the 1995–96 season he finished the Excellence in 6th place, but the president D'Angelo left the command of the team to Nicola Nicolao who led it until 1998 always in Excellence for the third year in a row, closing the second year in 12th place and the third in 7th place.

### The era of Excellence with Francesco Cupparo

After three years in Excellency, another president entered again, Francesco Cupparo. The season ended in 12th place, but the following ones were completely different. He finished second and almost failed to enter Serie D, the same thing in the following years, where he first lost the playoffs after another second place. He was offered a repechage in Serie D, but the team did not accept. It continued with excellence, another second place and another unsuccessful repechage. The following year it closed in third place. The year after a fourth-place finish. Finally the long-awaited turning point in the 2004–05 season: after the long stay in Excellence, he closed in 1st place obtaining the Serie D. In addition over the years in Excellence he reached the final of the Regional Italian Cup twice where he lost against Venosa and against Pisticci.

### Serie D and the advent of Lazic

After the long-awaited Serie D, the team was saved in the play-outs with Trapani, after closing the season in 13th place. The following year a new coach arrived: Ranko Lazic. The team participated in the Serie D championship for the second consecutive season, finishing in 11th place with 46 points, winning the salvation on the penultimate day. The same thing the following year, finishing 8th and saving himself on the penultimate day with 45 points. In the fourth consecutive year in Serie D he obtained a 7th place with 47 points, always saving himself on the penultimate day. The fifth season ended with another 7th place at 55 points. In the last season he obtained the best result in these six years of Serie D, a good 6th place, close to the play-offs.

### 2011–12 season and the new president Antonio Cupparo

The season began with the team with full points, after the 3–1 victory over Casertana and the one that ended 2–1 against Grottaglie. All 4 goals were scored by the striker and captain Genny Del Prete, who gave a great start to the championship to the new president Antonio Cupparo, son of the former patron Francesco Cupparo.

The most positive season in Serie D is undoubtedly that of the year 2015–16, when the Sinnici team ranks third in group H, and reaches a historic play-off final (lost 0–1 against Fondi).

At the end of the 2019–20 championship, fifteenth consecutive in Serie D, closed early due to the health emergency linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, the team relegates to Excellence but is later rescued to organic complements in Serie D.

In the 2021–22 season the coach Ranko Lazic, after having reached and exceeded the 500 games at the helm of the club, ceases to be in charge and becomes sporting director. To replace Lazic comes the former coach of Potenza, Taranto and Bitonto Nicola Ragno. The following season Francavilla overcame all kinds of predictions and became winter champion, also thanks to the contribution of its best players, Antonio Croce and Angelo Nolé. In the final of the season, despite some unexpected defeats, Francavilla managed to win second place in the standings and consequently access to the play-offs thanks to a beautiful goal from home idol De Marco in the penultimate day against Bitonto. The 2021–22 seasonis undoubtedly the best in the entire history of FC Francavilla.

## Colours and badge

The team's colors are red and blue.

## Structures

The Nunzio Fittipaldi stadium hosts the matches of the Francavilla Football Club: located in Via Vigna Chiesa 6, it has a grassy surface, covered grandstand and a small separate sector, it has a capacity of about 1200 seats.

## Palmarès

### Regional competitions

2004-2005 1993-1994 1974-1975 1980-1981

### Other placings

Second place: 2021-2022 Third place: 2015-2016 Second place: 1999-2000, 2000-2001, 2001-2002 Third place: 2002-2003 Third place: 1994-1995

## InfoBox

F.C. Francavilla
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Football Club Francavilla |
| Founded | 1931 |
| Ground | Stadio Nunzio Fittipaldi,<br>Francavilla in Sinni, Italy |
| Capacity | 1,200 |
| Chairman | Antonio Cupparo |
| Manager | Nicola Ragno |
| League | Serie D/H |
| 2021–22 | Serie D/H, 2nd |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ronald Kaulback

abstract: Ronald John Henry Kaulback was a British explorer, botanist and geographer. He was the son of Colonel H. A. Kaulback and had a younger brother Roy. After studying at the University of Cambridge and learning surveying at the Royal Geographical Society he accompanied Frank Kingdon-Ward on an expedition to Tibet, setting sail from Marseilles on 29 January 1933 and arriving in Bombay on 15 February. For political reasons Kaulback was forbidden to continue on the second part of that journey. So he, Brooks Carrington and some others set out on a route by Fort Hertz and Burma which included crossing the Diphuk La and after travelling at the worst season reached Fort Hertz. He travelled in Burma, Nepal and Tibet. His account of his journey, Tibetan Trek, was published by Hodder & Stoughton in 1934; in 1937 the 3rd edition was published. Kaulback wrote in defence of the possible existence of the Yeti, having seen what he took to be large footprints while attempting to locate the source of the Salween River.

text:
# Ronald Kaulback

**Ronald John Henry Kaulback** (23 July 1909 – 2 October 1995) was a British explorer, botanist and geographer. He was the son of Colonel H. A. Kaulback and had a younger brother Roy (known as Bill). After studying at the University of Cambridge and learning surveying at the Royal Geographical Society he accompanied Frank Kingdon-Ward on an expedition to Tibet, setting sail from Marseilles on 29 January 1933 and arriving in Bombay on 15 February. For political reasons Kaulback was forbidden to continue on the second part of that journey. So he, Brooks Carrington and some others set out on a route by Fort Hertz and Burma which included crossing the Diphuk La and after travelling at the worst season reached Fort Hertz. He travelled in Burma, Nepal and Tibet. His account of his journey, *Tibetan Trek*, was published by Hodder & Stoughton in 1934; in 1937 the 3rd edition was published.

Kaulback wrote in defence of the possible existence of the Yeti, having seen what he took to be large footprints while attempting to locate the source of the Salween River.

## Legacy

Kaulbach is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Asian pit viper, *Protobothrops kaulbacki*.

1. Bibliography of Natural History Travel Narratives
2. Kaulback, Ronald (1934). *Tibetan Trek*. London: Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 13–14.
3. Kingdon-Ward, F. (1934). "Introduction". ***In*:** Kaulback, R. (1934). *Tibetan Trek*. London: Hodder & Stoughton; pp. 9–11.
4. "New Expedition to Tibet". *The Straits Times*. 17 January 1935. p. 6. Accessed 12 May 2010.
5. Kaulback, R. (1937). *Tibetan Trek*; 3rd ed. 319 pp. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
6. Ley, Willy (1962). *Exotic Zoology*. p. 79.
7. Sanderson, Ivan T. (1961). *Abominable Snowmen*. p. 261.
8. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). *The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Kaulback", p. 138).


title: Scaglia kraglievichorum

abstract: Scaglia is an extinct genus of South American astrapotherid land mammal that lived during the Eocene.

text:
# Scaglia kraglievichorum

***Scaglia*** is an extinct genus of South American astrapotherid land mammal that lived during the Eocene (Casamayoran to Divisaderan in the SALMA classification).

## Etymology

The genus was named after Argentinian naturalist Galileo Juan Scaglia, and the type species after Argentinian palaeontologist Lucas Kraglievich.

## Description

Its type specimen, recovered from the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina, is MMCNT-MdP 207. Like *Albertogaudrya*, *Scaglia* was the size of a sheep or a small tapir, hence among the larger mammals in South America at that time.

## Phylogeny

Cladogram according to Bond *et* al., 2011, standing out the phylogenetic position of *Scaglia*:

### Bibliography

## Further reading

* Carroll, Robert Lynn (1988). *Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution*. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 9780716718222. OCLC 14967288.
* Simpson, George Gaylord (1957). "A new Casamayoran astrapothere". *Revista del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradicional de Mar del Plata*. **1** (3): 11–18. OCLC 81633287.

## InfoBox

| *Scaglia kraglievichorum*
Temporal range: Mid-Late Eocene (Casamayoran-Divisaderan)
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Astrapotheria |
| Family: | Astrapotheriidae |
| Subfamily: | Astrapotheriinae |
| Genus: | *Scaglia*
Simpson, 1957 |
| Species: | ***S. kraglievichorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scaglia kraglievichorum***
Simpson, 1957 | |
|


title: Cryptogemma powelli

abstract: Cryptogemma powelli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

text:
# Cryptogemma powelli

***Cryptogemma powelli*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Caledonia

## InfoBox

| *Cryptogemma powelli* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Cryptogemma powelli* (paratype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Turridae |
| Genus: | *Cryptogemma* |
| Species: | ***C. powelli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptogemma powelli***<br>Zaharias, Kantor, Fedosov, Criscione, Hallan, Kano, Bardin & Puillandre, 2020 | |
|


title: Zook, Kansas

abstract: Zook is an unincorporated community in Pawnee County, Kansas, United States. It is located approximately 8 miles south of Larned east of the intersection of K-19 highway and East Rd.

text:
# Zook, Kansas

**Zook** is an unincorporated community in Pawnee County, Kansas, United States. It is located approximately 8 miles south of Larned east of the intersection of K-19 highway and East Rd.

## History

The community was started by the Mennonite John Zook, who came to Larned, Kansas, in the 1880s and then moved his family to the location that would become Zook, a mile east of what is now Highway 19 in southeastern Pawnee County.

The community grew in population when the Anthony and Northern Railroad came through the area. The region's first consolidated school was built in 1922, and by 1940 the town had "a school, church, grain elevator and filling station." The school closed for good in 1962.

## Notable people

## Further reading

38°03′28″N 99°05′13″W / 38.05778°N 99.08694°W / 38.05778; -99.08694


title: Zook's Mill Covered Bridge

abstract: The Zook's Mill Covered Bridge is a covered bridge that spans Cocalico Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. A county-owned and maintained bridge, its official designation is the Cocalico #7 Bridge. The bridge is also known as Wenger Covered Bridge or Rose Hill Covered Bridge. It is located west of Brownstown on T 797, near the Warwick and West Earl Townships. The bridge has a single span, wooden, double Burr arch trusses design with the addition of steel hanger rods. The deck is made from oak planks. It is painted red, the traditional color of Lancaster County covered bridges, on both the inside and outside. Both approaches to the bridge are painted red with white trim. The bridge is 74 feet long and 13 feet three inches wide. It has a wooden burr type truss and was built in 1849 by Henry Zook. Unlike many other bridges in the county the bridge withstood Hurricane Agnes, despite being filled with 6+1⁄2 feet of water. It is also known as the Wenger Covered Bridge, the Rose Hill Covered Bridge, and the Cocalico #7 Bridge. The bridge's WGCB Number is 38-36-14. Added in 1980, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as structure number 80003508. It is located at 40°7′48.6″N 76°13′54.6″W. The bridge was featured in the 1978 film The Boys from Brazil.

text:
# Zook's Mill Covered Bridge

The **Zook's Mill Covered Bridge** is a covered bridge that spans Cocalico Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. A county-owned and maintained bridge, its official designation is the **Cocalico #7 Bridge**. The bridge is also known as **Wenger Covered Bridge** or **Rose Hill Covered Bridge**. It is located west of Brownstown on T 797, near the Warwick and West Earl Townships.

The bridge has a single span, wooden, double Burr arch trusses design with the addition of steel hanger rods. The deck is made from oak planks. It is painted red, the traditional color of Lancaster County covered bridges, on both the inside and outside. Both approaches to the bridge are painted red with white trim.

The bridge is 74 feet long and 13 feet three inches wide. It has a wooden burr type truss and was built in 1849 by Henry Zook. Unlike many other bridges in the county the bridge withstood Hurricane Agnes, despite being filled with 6+12 feet of water. It is also known as the **Wenger Covered Bridge**, the **Rose Hill Covered Bridge**, and the **Cocalico #7 Bridge**.

The bridge's WGCB Number is 38-36-14. Added in 1980, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as structure number 80003508. It is located at 40°7′48.6″N 76°13′54.6″W / 40.130167°N 76.231833°W / 40.130167; -76.231833 (40.13017, -76.23183).

The bridge was featured in the 1978 film *The Boys from Brazil*.

## Dimensions

* **Length:** 74 feet (22.6 m) span and 89 feet (27 m) total length
* **Width:** 13 feet 3 inches (4.04 m) clear deck and 15 feet (4.6 m) total width
* **Overhead clearance:** 11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m)
* **Underclearance:** 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m)

* Bickel, Hank (2005-06-23). "Zook's Mill Bridge". *Covered Bridges of the Northeast USA*. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
* McCain, Dr. Roger A. "Zook's Mill Bridge". *A Guide to Old Covered Bridges of Southeastern Pennsylvania and nearby areas*. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
* "Zook's Mill Covered Bridge". *Lancaster County Pennsylvania Dutch Country Official Visitors Center*. Pennsylvania Dutch Convention & Visitors Bureau. 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-07.

## InfoBox

| Zook's Mill Covered Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 40°07′49″N 76°13′54″W / 40.1302°N 76.2318°W / 40.1302; -76.2318 |
| Locale | Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Official name | Cocalico #7 Bridge |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | single span, double Burr arch truss |
| Total length | 74 feet (22.6 m) |
| History | |
| Constructed by | Henry Zook |
| Construction start | 1849 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Esteban (footballer)

abstract: Esteban Andrés Suárez, known simply as Esteban, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He started and finished his extensive senior career, which spanned more than two decades, at Real Oviedo. He appeared in 280 matches in La Liga over 13 seasons, also representing in the competition Atlético Madrid, Sevilla, Celta and Almería.

text:
# Esteban (footballer)

**Esteban Andrés Suárez** (born 27 June 1975), known simply as **Esteban**, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

He started and finished his extensive senior career, which spanned more than two decades, at Real Oviedo. He appeared in 280 matches in La Liga over 13 seasons, also representing in the competition Atlético Madrid, Sevilla, Celta and Almería.

## Club career

### Early years

Born in Avilés, Asturias, Esteban began his career with hometown's SD Navarro CF in 1993, but soon moved to local giants Real Oviedo after a stint at Real Avilés Industrial. In five seasons with the first team, four of those spent in La Liga, he only missed a total of 12 league games, and moved to Atlético Madrid in summer 2002 as the *Colchoneros* had just returned to the top flight after a two-year absence, finishing the campaign as starter after beginning as understudy to Germán Burgos.

Esteban joined fellow top-division club Sevilla FC in August 2003. After two solid seasons with the Andalusians (two sixth league places, as first choice) he signed for RC Celta de Vigo, backing up José Manuel Pinto in the Segunda División side until the latter moved to FC Barcelona in January 2008.

### Almería

In the 2008 off-season, Esteban joined UD Almería in the top tier, where he was second choice to Diego Alves in his first year. However, profiting from injury to the starter in late March 2009, he was put between the posts and remained there until the end of the season even when the Brazilian recovered.

In the 2009–10 campaign, Esteban's league output consisted of 30 minutes – the last round notwithstanding– after Alves was sent off in a 0–3 home defeat against Valencia CF. At the season's end, however, the 35-year-old renewed his contract for another year.

Esteban continued as Alves' backup in 2010–11. He was the starter, however, in Almería's Copa del Rey run, which saw the club reach the competition's semi-finals for the first time ever. In the final stretch of the campaign, as they were already relegated and Alves announced his departure to Valencia, he appeared in four matches and conceded 11 goals, including eight in a 8–1 loss at Real Madrid.

Subsequently, at 36, Esteban became Almería's first choice. He played all 42 league games during the second-division season, conceding 43 goals as the team finished seventh.

Esteban did not miss one single match in the 2013–14 campaign, as the *Rojiblancos* were again in the Spanish top flight and managed to stay afloat.

### Return to Oviedo

On 13 May 2014, Esteban announced he was returning to Oviedo twelve years after leaving. An undisputed starter in his first two seasons, he was overtaken by new signing Juan Carlos in 2016–17.

On 29 June 2017, despite Esteban's willingness to play a further season, he retired and was immediately included in the club's backroom staff.

## Honours

**Oviedo**

**Spain U21**

## InfoBox

Esteban
| Esteban in action for Almería (2011) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Esteban Andrés Suárez | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-06-27) 27 June 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Avilés, Spain | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Navarro | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1995 | Navarro | 46 | (0) |
| 1995–1996 | Avilés | 40 | (0) |
| 1996–1997 | Oviedo B | 40 | (0) |
| 1997–2002 | Oviedo | 182 | (0) |
| 2002–2003 | Atlético Madrid | 23 | (0) |
| 2003–2005 | Sevilla | 58 | (0) |
| 2005–2008 | Celta | 33 | (0) |
| 2008–2014 | Almería | 136 | (0) |
| 2014–2017 | Oviedo | 68 | (0) |
| Total |  | **626** | **(0)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1998 | Spain U21 | 1 | (0) |
| 2000–2002 | Asturias | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Rachel Kay-Shuttleworth

abstract: The Hon. Rachel Beatrice Kay-Shuttleworth MBE (1886–1967) was an English embroiderer, lace-maker, textile collector, teacher and philanthropist. Her textile collection is held at Gawthorpe Hall in Burnley, Lancashire, her family home.

text:
# Rachel Kay-Shuttleworth

The Hon. **Rachel Beatrice Kay-Shuttleworth** MBE (1886–1967) was an English embroiderer, lace-maker, textile collector, teacher and philanthropist. Her textile collection is held at Gawthorpe Hall in Burnley, Lancashire, her family home.

## Early life

Kay-Shuttleworth was born on 17 February 1886 and was the daughter of Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baron Shuttleworth (1844–1939) and Blanche Marion Parish (died 1924). She learned to sew, draw and paint in her childhood, and often visited the Victoria and Albert Museum when staying at her family's South Kensington home. She was influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement and believed in the importance of creativity and craft for social and economic development; she taught textile skills in the community.

## Textiles

Kay-Shuttleworth was an embroiderer and lace-maker, and started to collect textiles around 1912 to help with her teaching. The collection grew through donations from her family and friends, and during her lifetime grew to some 11,000 items, now increased to around 30,000. She gave the items hand-written labels, often written in green ink. Her collection is now maintained by a charity, The Rachel Kay-Shuttleworth Collections, operating under the name Gawthorpe Textiles Collection. It is held and in part displayed at Gawthorpe Hall, which is managed by Lancashire County Council and owned by the National Trust. Kay-Shuttleworth opened Gawthorpe to the community as a "Craft House" and worked to secure funding for its future. Schools, colleges and craft groups were welcomed to visit the house and collections during her lifetime, and talks and study tours are now arranged by the charity, along with work with schools which won the Sandford Award in 2014.

## Girlguiding

Kay-Shuttleworth played a major part in the early days of Girlguiding in Lancashire. She was the first County Commissioner, appointed in 1916, and held that position for over 30 years. A sampler presented to her on her retirement included at least one stitch made by every Guide in the county. She was awarded the Silver Fish, Guiding's highest award, for her services. A gate in the grounds of Gawthorpe Hall commemorates her association with Guiding.

## Public service

Kay-Shuttleworth was appointed as a Justice of the peace in 1934 and was on the county youth committee and the county records committee. She was involved with the British Red Cross, Women's Voluntary Service, and the Civic Arts Association, and was appointed MBE in the 1949 New Year Honours "For public services in Lancashire".

## Death

Rachel Kay-Shuttleworth did not marry, and died at Gawthorpe on 20 April 1967, aged 81.

## Legacy

Kay-Shuttleworth's collection, known as the Gawthorpe Textiles Collection, is internationally recognised as a significant collection. The collection influences other designers: as examples, a flooring company has produced a "Gawthorpe" range of designs, inspired by items from the collection and named after members of Kay-Shuttleworth's family, and a knitting designer has created a design for a tam based on a coverlet in the collection, which was embroidered by Kay-Shuttleworth in honour of a 17th-century ancestor.

The Burnley, Pendle and Rossendale Council for Voluntary Services (BPRCVS) headquarters building in Burnley is named the Rachel Kay-Shuttleworth building.

## Further reading

* Williams, G. A. (1980). *Rachel Kay-Shuttleworth - a memoir 1886-1967*. Kendal: Titus Wilson.

## InfoBox

| Rachel Kay-ShuttleworthMBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1886-02-17)17 February 1886 |
| Died | 20 April 1967(1967-04-20) (aged 81)
Gawthorpe Hall, Padiham, England |
| Occupation(s) | Embroiderer
Textile collector
Girl Guide leader |


title: RAVE (survey)

abstract: RAVE is a multi-fiber spectroscopic astronomical survey of stars in the Milky Way using the 1.2-metre UK Schmidt Telescope of the Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO). The RAVE collaboration consists of researchers from over 20 institutions around the world and is coordinated by the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP). As a southern hemisphere survey covering 20,000 square degrees of the sky, RAVE's primary aim is to derive the radial velocity of stars from the observed spectra. Additional information is also derived such as effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, photometric parallax and elemental abundance data for the stars. On April 5, 2013 RAVE concluded its phase of data taking. In an almost ten year observing campaign, a total of 574,630 spectra have been obtained on 483,330 individual stars by a small team of AAO observers, with other observers making occasional visits from RAVE participating institutions.

text:
# RAVE (survey)

**RAVE** (RAdial Velocity Experiment) is a multi-fiber spectroscopic astronomical survey of stars in the Milky Way using the 1.2-metre UK Schmidt Telescope of the Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO). The RAVE collaboration consists of researchers from over 20 institutions around the world and is coordinated by the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP).

As a southern hemisphere survey covering 20,000 square degrees of the sky, RAVE's primary aim is to derive the radial velocity of stars from the observed spectra. Additional information is also derived such as effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, photometric parallax and elemental abundance data for the stars.

On April 5, 2013 RAVE concluded its phase of data taking. In an almost ten year observing campaign, a total of 574,630 spectra have been obtained on 483,330 individual stars by a small team of AAO observers, with other observers making occasional visits from RAVE participating institutions.

## Description

RAVE is an observational program in the field of Near Field Cosmology which exploits our position inside the Milky Way to study its formation and evolution in greater detail than is possible for other galaxies. RAVE focuses on obtaining stellar radial velocities to study the motions of stars in the Milky Way's thin and thick disk and stellar halo. The vast majority of stars in our Galaxy have no velocity measurements, and particularly no time-consuming radial velocity measurements. RAVE utilizes fiber optics to perform multiple, simultaneous spectroscopy on up to 150 stars in a single observation. In this way it can obtain a representative sample of the nearby stars in our Galaxy which are all around, over a wide area of the sky.

For the majority of RAVE stars proper motion data is also available. Combining the proper motions with distances derived using the photometric parallax method, the transverse velocity of these stars can be calculated. With the observed radial velocities the full 6D phase space information for the stars is then obtainable.

RAVE is complementary to the SDSS project's SEGUE program as it a southern hemisphere, wide-field, intermediate-depth, intermediate spectral resolution survey with limited wavelength coverage. Conversely, SEGUE is a northern hemisphere survey with selected angular coverage, deep exposures, low-resolution but large wavelength coverage.

Most of the stars observed by RAVE are between 1,500 light-years (0.46 kpc) and 13,000 light-years (4.0 kpc) from the Sun and so RAVE surveys halfway to the Galactic Center and halfway to the edge of the Galaxy's disk.

## Observations

Since the end of the 6dF Galaxy Survey in 2004, the UK Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring has been dedicated to the RAVE survey. This followed the first year of the pilot phase of the survey (April 2003 - April 2004), where RAVE observed around the full moon period. RAVE exploits the wide field-of-view of the UK Schmidt (6 degrees on the sky) as well as the capabilities of the UK Schmidt's 6dF instrument.

The multi-object spectrograph 6dF (6 degree Field) utilizes interchangeable field plates with robot-positional optical fibers, with 150 fibers each. Each fiber is attached to a \`button' which is positioned by the robot (to a precision of 10 micrometres) in order to capture the light from one target star. Once the field plate is configured it matches the pattern of stars on the sky that it is observing. Three field plates are available, which means that one plate can be configured by the robot while another is being used in the telescope. From the telescope the light is sent down the optical fibers to the spectrograph unit to be dispersed through a diffraction grating and then recorded on a 1056 X 1027 CCD chip.

An initial quality check of the data is performed at Macquarie University in Australia and the results are sent to the University of Padova, Italy for data reduction. The reduced data is then sent to the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam in Germany for final extraction of the radial velocities and the other stellar parameters.

## Results

Studies from RAVE either concentrate on peculiar stars and objects or overall trends for the different components of our Galaxy, with a main focus of the structure and formation of the Milky Way. For example, RAVE is suited to searching for stellar streams, some of which are remnants of dwarf galaxies that merged with the Milky Way during galaxy formation. A search for a stellar stream from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy \- which is currently merging with the Milky Way - in the vicinity of the sun yielded a null result, which helps constrain the shape of the Milky Way's dark halo. Another study of the highest velocity stars was used to constrain the local Galactic escape velocity and so the mass of the dark halo.

RAVE is a precursor to ESA's Gaia mission and studies with RAVE show the science potential of this upcoming survey of stars in the Milky Way.

## Data access

RAVE data is available from the RAVE web server or from the VizieR catalog. The RAVE 4th Data Release, includes the radial velocities, stellar parameters (temperatures, gravities, metallicities), individual abundances and photometric parallaxes/distances as well as supplementary photometry and astrometry for roughly 500 000 stars.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

RAdial Velocity Experiment
| Alternative names | RAVE |
| --- | --- |
| Website | www.rave-survey.aip.de/rave/ |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Tour of Binzhou

abstract: The Tour of Binzhou is a multi-day road cycling race held annually in China. It is contested in September, in 2023 the race was part of the UCI Asia Tour.

text:
# Tour of Binzhou

The **Tour of Binzhou** is a multi-day road cycling race held annually in China. It is contested in September, in 2023 the race was part of the UCI Asia Tour.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | Lucas Carstensen (GER) | Luis Carlos Chía (COL) | Blake Agnoletto (AUS) |
| 2024 | Ilia Schegolkov | Ivan Yatsenko | Zhicheng Liu (CHN) |

## InfoBox

Tour of Binzhou
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | September |
| Region | China |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI Asia Tour (2023–) |
| Type | Stage race |
| History | |
| First edition | 2023 (2023) |
| Editions | 2 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Lucas Carstensen (GER) |
| Most wins | *(No repeat winners)* |
| Most recent | Ilia Schegolkov |


title: Gender novels

abstract: A gender novel is a genre of novel that features gender, or the concept of gender, as a central theme to the plot of the novel. The concept of gender may be used to initiate debate regarding gender stereotypes, gender equality or the reversal of gender roles within books. This term is synonymous with gendered fiction. Gender novels may be categorized not only under the genre of gendered fiction but crime, novel of manners, romance novels, western novels, fantasy, and science-fiction. A gender novel is characterised by the central theme of gender, which is exhibited in the plot, by characters, or within the context of the novel. This involves the inclusion of transgender or androgynous characters, and the challenging of traditional gender roles. Another central theme is the development of gender-focused conflicts throughout the plot, particularly through settings where gender is written in a way that is controversial to the societal norms of the period of writing. Gender novels may also fall into the category of feminist literature. Famous gender novels include Ursula K. Le Guin's Left Hand of Darkness, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, Naomi Alderman's The Power and Markus Zusak's The Book Thief. Many of these gender novels have been critically acclaimed for challenging of gender roles and expectations Gender novels as a contemporary genre have their foundations in the late 1940s. Later on, in the 21st century, the works of Jeffrey Eugenides, Jeff Garvin and Jessica Herthel broke stereotypical gender norms and attempted to warp traditionalist gender views.

text:
# Gender novels

A **gender novel** is a genre of novel that features gender, or the concept of gender, as a central theme to the plot of the novel. The concept of gender may be used to initiate debate regarding gender stereotypes, gender equality or the reversal of gender roles within books. This term is synonymous with gendered fiction. Gender novels may be categorized not only under the genre of gendered fiction but crime, novel of manners, romance novels, western novels, fantasy, and science-fiction.

A gender novel is characterised by the central theme of gender, which is exhibited in the plot, by characters, or within the context of the novel. This involves the inclusion of transgender or androgynous characters, and the challenging of traditional gender roles. Another central theme is the development of gender-focused conflicts throughout the plot, particularly through settings where gender is written in a way that is controversial to the societal norms of the period of writing. Gender novels may also fall into the category of feminist literature.

Famous gender novels include Ursula K. Le Guin's Left Hand of Darkness, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, Naomi Alderman's The Power and Markus Zusak's The Book Thief. Many of these gender novels have been critically acclaimed for challenging of gender roles and expectations

Gender novels as a contemporary genre have their foundations in the late 1940s. Later on, in the 21st century, the works of Jeffrey Eugenides, Jeff Garvin and Jessica Herthel broke stereotypical gender norms and attempted to warp traditionalist gender views.

## Background

### History of gender in literature up until the 19th century

Until the 19th century, literature reflected the gender roles of the time period. Throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, traditional gender roles were enforced. Women were required to wear, act and behave a certain way both in public and in the private home. Prior to the 17th century, men would play women's roles in old Shakespearean plays and musicals. Cross-gender acting is seen as evidence of the fact that women were not typically included or invited to participate in the arts, literature and musical theatrics.

Throughout the 17th century, women were primarily viewed as caretakers and homemakers. Women were discouraged from expressing their opinion about politics, money and other contemporary issues. Due to their overall submissive role, most literature that was produced during this time centered around male characters. The women who were educated and capable of writing were discouraged from pursuing their talent.

During the 18th century, women were still seen as submissive. However, the beginning of the cultural revolution in Britain brought about changes to the roles of women. Women were more frequently assisting their husbands in work and had greater access to education. Throughout the cultural revolution, women were still victims of both economic and social discrimination. Their career choices were restricted to marriage, motherhood, nursing or teaching, with their primary roles being child-bearers and wives. Literature still primarily focused on men, reflecting the constructs of traditional gender roles. Nevertheless, works such as John Dryden's prose Absalom and Achitophel have depicted an 18th-century perception of masculinity and the role of women.

Although the 19th century brought about romanticism in literature, it was still a period where women weren't as valued as highly as men. This was shown through literary works by Mary Virginia, who was an American novelist during the 19th century. She wrote of the suppression of and inferior public attitude towards women, in which she says, that to a man, "women are ... valued according to the amount of hard usage she will endure". Her literature, which is some of the first feminist writings, reflects the gradual uprising against the patriarchy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

## Gender novels in the 20th century

In the 20th century, movements such as feminism made their presence during the latter half of the century. This is reflected in the emergence of gender novels during this time period, some of the most important being Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex and Ursula K. Le Guin's Left Hand of Darkness. These novels shed light on new concepts regarding the gender construct and envisioned new theories and definitions surrounding gender and how it impacts the human person.

### The Left Hand of Darkness

Another gender novel that was produced in the 20th century is Le Guin's text, Left Hand of Darkness, which was published in 1969. This book debates whether gender constructs are in fact what constitutes a human being. To highlight how entrenched the construct of gender is within society, she bases her novel on a planet where gender does not exist and where the androgynous race lives in harmony. She imagined a world whose inhabitants have no permanent gender; their sexual roles are determined by context and express themselves only once every month. Le Guin effectively uses her novel to express her thoughts on the role gender and sexual stereotypes play in the way one acts, behaves and responds. "*He, after all, had no standards of manliness, of virility, to complicate his pride."*

Le Guin's text focuses on 1960s concerns and the concept of constructivism, which dictates the idea that feminine attributes are created as a consequence of living in a patriarchal society. Her novel portrays a progressive gender construct where her depiction of the planet is a level playing field, equal for all peoples. This novel was one of the first texts to address the impacts of the construction of gender that have become entrenched throughout history, and throughout societies all over the world. It became the inspiration and springboard for many gender novels that were to come.

## Gender novels in the 21st century

The 21st century brought about a number of changes, including more social movements and many philosophical schools of thought. Postmodernism, narcissism and revisionism are just a few movements that dominated literature and philosophical writings during this period. The rise in technology use and social media were also factors that had a significant impact on some of these phenomenal gender novels.

### Middlesex

One of the most famous gender novels that came out of this period was Jeffrey Eugenides's Pulitzer Prize winning work, Middlesex. The novel details the story of Cal Stephanides, an intersex person growing up in the 1960s. Cal was diagnosed with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency syndrome, which means that his masculine hormones were suppressed in the womb. Cal, therefore, was born genetically as a male but raised by a female in Detroit. At different stages throughout the novel, Cal wears dresses and does his hair in a feminine way and then switches to more masculine suits. Gender is not seen as a static framework in Middlesex, which highlights Eugenides's perspective of gender itself; as fluid and ever-changing societal construct. It is one of the first texts to openly discuss people who suffer from genetic sex diseases such as with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency syndrome. Therefore, with over four million copies of it being sold worldwide, Middlesex has been one of the most successful and fundamental pieces of literature that is preoccupied with gender and its properties, while discussing the link between gender, genetics and science.

### The Symptoms of Being Human

Jeff Garvin's 2016 novel Symptoms of Being Human is another text that can be considered a gender novel. The book tells the story of young Riley Cavanaugh, who is a 'gender fluid' adolescent who writes a blog about the struggles of being a teenager, such as bullying and anxiety. The story revolves around Riley's life and their decision to come out as gender-fluid to the world. In an interview, Garvin states that his goal in writing the book was to emphasize how hard it is for gender-fluid people to live in this world, without constantly being reminded of this entire construct of gender. He added that:

> It’s important to point out that \[in real life\], most gender-fluid people can't avoid gendered pronouns—they’re everywhere... my point: a language is a powerful tool for thoughts. So, if a nonbinary person asks you to address them using a pronoun that seems unnatural or awkward to you, honour their request! The awkwardness will pass, your friend will feel respected, and you’ll have taken a significant step toward rewiring your brain and the brains of those with whom you speak.

This novel was a first in the representation of gender-fluid people and was well received by critics and audiences alike.


title: Bryant Township, Graham County, Kansas

abstract: Bryant Township is a township in Graham County, Kansas, United States.

text:
# Bryant Township, Graham County, Kansas

**Bryant Township** is a township in Graham County, Kansas, United States.

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census, its population was 80.

## Geography

Bryant Township covers an area of 90.06 square miles (233.3 km2) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Leland and Saint Anthony.

## InfoBox

| Bryant Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Graham County | |
| Coordinates: 39°13′00″N 100°04′31″W / 39.21667°N 100.07528°W / 39.21667; -100.07528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Graham |
| Area | |
| Total | 90.06 sq mi (233.26 km2) |
| Land | 90.02 sq mi (233.16 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2)  0.04% |
| Elevation | 2,523 ft (769 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 115 |
| Density | 1.3/sq mi (0.5/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0471280 |


title: Constance Cochrane

abstract: Constance Cochrane (1888-1962), was an American painter. She was an original member of the Philadelphia Ten.

text:
# Constance Cochrane

**Constance Cochrane** (1888-1962), was an American painter. She was an original member of the Philadelphia Ten.

## Biography

Cochrane was born in 1888 at the United States Navy Yard in Pensacola, Florida. She attended the Philadelphia School of Design, studying under Elliott Daingerfield, and Henry B. Snell. After completing her studies Brooks set up a studio in Philadelphia.

Between 1921 and 1927 Cochrane lectured at the Philadelphia School of Design. She was an original member of the *Philadelphia Ten*. She was also a member of the Philadelphia Art Alliance and the National Association of Women Artists.

Coming from a naval family, Brooks was known for her seascapes. In 1921 she began visiting Monhegan, Maine, eventually building a studio there.

Cochrane died in 1962.

## InfoBox

| Constance Cochrane | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1888 (1888)<br>Pensacola, Florida |
| Died | 1962 (aged 7374) |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Painting |


title: Saint-Isidore, Montérégie, Quebec

abstract: Saint-Isidore is a parish municipality in Roussillon Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie administrative region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,581. It is the hometown of mixed martial arts champion Georges St-Pierre.

text:
# Saint-Isidore, Montérégie, Quebec

**Saint-Isidore** is a parish municipality in Roussillon Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie administrative region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,581. It is the hometown of mixed martial arts champion Georges St-Pierre.

## Demographics

Historical Census Data - Saint-Isidore, Montérégie, Quebec
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | 2,247 |  |
| 1996 | 2,401 | +6.9% |
| 2001 | 2,371 | −1.2% |
| 2006 | 2,489 | +5.0% |
| 2011 | 2,581 | +3.7% |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Isidore had a population of 2,769 living in 1,072 of its 1,094 total private dwellings, a change of 6.2% from its 2016 population of 2,608. With a land area of 52.29 km2 (20.19 sq mi), it had a population density of 53.0/km2 (137.2/sq mi) in 2021.

| Canada census – Saint-Isidore community profile    2021 2011  Population 2,769 (+6.2% from 2016) 2,581 (+3.7% from 2006)  Land area 52.29 km2 (20.19 sq mi) 51.94 km2 (20.05 sq mi)  Population density 53/km2 (140/sq mi) 49.7/km2 (129/sq mi)  Median age 40.4 (M: 40.8, F: 40) 41.4 (M: 40.8, F: 41.7)  Private dwellings 1,070 (total)  1,011 (total)   Median household income  $.N/A   Notes: 2011 income data for this area has been suppressed for data quality or confidentiality reasons.
References: 2021 2011 earlier |
| --- |

| Canada Census Mother Tongue - Saint-Isidore, Montérégie, Quebec | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Census |  | Total |  | French | | |  | English | | |  | French & English | | |  | Other | | |
| Year |  | Responses |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |  | Count | Trend | Pop % |
| 2011 |  | 2,555 |  | 2,410 | 5.7% | 94.32% |  | 85 | 0.0% | 3.33% |  | 25 | n/a% | 0.98% |  | 35 | 53.3% | 1.37% |
| 2006 |  | 2,440 |  | 2,280 | 6.3% | 93.44% |  | 85 | 37.0% | 3.48% |  | 0 | 100.0% | 0.00% |  | 75 | 66.7% | 3.07% |
| 2001 |  | 2,340 |  | 2,145 | 3.6% | 91.67% |  | 135 | 237.5% | 5.77% |  | 15 | 66.7% | 0.64% |  | 45 | 40.0% | 1.92% |
| 1996 |  | 2,385 |  | 2,225 | n/a | 93.29% |  | 40 | n/a | 1.68% |  | 45 | n/a | 1.89% |  | 75 | n/a | 3.14% |

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Saint-Isidore | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish municipality | |
|  | |
| Location within Roussillon RCM | |
| Saint-IsidoreLocation in southern Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 45°18′N 73°41′W / 45.3°N 73.68°W / 45.3; -73.68 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Montérégie |
| RCM | Roussillon |
| Constituted | July 1, 1855 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gilles Yelle |
| Federal riding | Châteauguay—Lacolle |
| Prov. riding | Châteauguay |
| Area | |
| Total | 52.20 km2 (20.15 sq mi) |
| Land | 51.94 km2 (20.05 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,581 |
| Density | 49.7/km2 (129/sq mi) |
| Pop 2006-2011 | 3.7% |
| Dwellings | 1,011 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J0L 2A0 |
| Area code(s) | 450 and 579 |
| Highways | R-207
R-221 |
| Website | www.municipalite.saint-isidore.qc.ca |