title: Bradley Horowitz

abstract: Bradley Joseph Horowitz is an American entrepreneur and internet executive. He is a vice president at Google.

text:
# Bradley Horowitz

**Bradley Joseph Horowitz** is an American entrepreneur and internet executive. He is a vice president at Google.

## Early life and education

Horowitz was born in Dearborn, Michigan.

Horowitz received a bachelor of science in computer science from the University of Michigan in 1989.

He pursued his graduate studies at the MIT Media Lab, in the Vision and Modeling Group, under Professor Sandy Pentland. He received a master of science in Media Arts and Sciences in 1991, and subsequently entered the PhD program. He dropped out of the PhD program in 1993 to co-found Virage. Horowitz's academic work focused on the intersection of computer vision, image processing and computer graphics. He has published numerous refereed papers in academic journals, including work on recovery of non-rigid structure from motion and fractal image compression, and has been awarded more than a dozen patents.

## Career

Horowitz joined Yahoo in 2004 as Director of Media Search. Eventually he began the internal Hack Yahoo program, most notable for "Hack Days." Hack Days eventually morphed into the public facing Open Hack Days, including Beck's appearance at Yahoo's Sunnyvale campus in 2006. Eventually he was promoted to Vice President of Advanced Development, and his team created both Yahoo Research Berkeley and the Brickhouse incubator. Horowitz is also known for sponsoring numerous "Web 2.0" acquisitions into Yahoo, including Flickr, MyBlogLog and Jumpcut.

Horowitz left Yahoo and joined Google in 2008 as vice president of product for consumer applications, eventually leading the product management organizations for Gmail, Google Docs, Calendar, Google Talk, Google Voice, Picasa, Orkut and Blogger. In 2011, Horowitz and Vic Gundotra conceived of and led the Google+ Project. In March 2015, he became the lead for the Google Photos and Streams products.

Horowitz serves on the Visiting Committee of the MIT Media Lab.

## Entrepreneurship

Horowitz was CTO and a co-founder (with Jeff Bach, Chiao-fe Shu and Ramesh Jain) of Virage, Inc. Virage technology "watched, read and listened to raw video," extracting metadata that allowed for detailed semantic-based indexing of the video content. Virage went public on the NASDAQ in 2000, and was acquired by Autonomy in 2003. Horowitz acquired half a dozen patents in the field of media analysis and indexing while at Virage.

## Personal life

Horowitz is married to designer Irene Au, who has held executive roles with Netscape, Yahoo, Google and Udacity. Au is currently a design partner at Khosla Ventures.

## InfoBox

| Bradley Horowitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Bradley Horowitz | |
| Born | Bradley Joseph Horowitz
(1965-05-08) May 8, 1965
Dearborn, Michigan |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Occupation(s) | VP, Google |
| Spouse | Irene Au |


title: Platyptilia williamsii

abstract: Platyptilia williamsii is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from western North America, including California. The head and thorax have mixed ocherous-brown and whitish scales. The antennae are brown dotted above. The forewings are ocherous-brown with dark brown patches, with white irroration (speckling) forming a trace of transverse wavy lines and dotting the brown costa. The fringes are brownish gray with whitish bases containing brown and white scales. The hindwings and fringes are gray-brown. The larvae feed on Calendula species, as well as Senecio aronicoides and Senecio jacobaea.

text:
# Platyptilia williamsii

***Platyptilia williamsii*** (**calendula plume moth**) is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from western North America, including California.

The head and thorax have mixed ocherous-brown and whitish scales. The antennae are brown dotted above. The forewings are ocherous-brown with dark brown patches, with white irroration (speckling) forming a trace of transverse wavy lines and dotting the brown costa. The fringes are brownish gray with whitish bases containing brown and white scales. The hindwings and fringes are gray-brown.

The larvae feed on *Calendula* species, as well as *Senecio aronicoides* and *Senecio jacobaea*.

## InfoBox

| *Platyptilia williamsii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Platyptilia* |
| Species: | ***P. williamsii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platyptilia williamsii***<br>Grinnell, 1908 | |
|


title: 2012 TCU Horned Frogs football team

abstract: The 2012 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Horned Frogs were led by 12th-year head coach Gary Patterson and played their home games at Amon G. Carter Stadium. This was their first year as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 7–6, 4–5 in Big 12 play to finish in a four way tie for fifth place. They were invited to the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl where they were defeated by Michigan State. With their win of a regular season game on September 8, Gary Patterson became, in the history of the Horned Frogs' program history, its winningest head coach.

text:
# 2012 TCU Horned Frogs football team

2012 Big 12 Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| No. 12 Kansas State $+ |  | 8 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 2 |  |
| No. 15 Oklahoma \+ |  | 8 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 3 |  |
| No. 19 Texas |  | 5 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 4 |  |
| Oklahoma State |  | 5 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  |
| Baylor |  | 4 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  |
| TCU |  | 4 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  |
| Texas Tech |  | 4 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  |
| West Virginia |  | 4 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  |
| Iowa State |  | 3 |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |
| Kansas |  | 0 |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 11 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  BCS representative as conference champion * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2012 TCU Horned Frogs football team** represented Texas Christian University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Horned Frogs were led by 12th-year head coach Gary Patterson and played their home games at Amon G. Carter Stadium. This was their first year as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 7–6, 4–5 in Big 12 play to finish in a four way tie for fifth place. They were invited to the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl where they were defeated by Michigan State.

With their win of a regular season game on September 8, Gary Patterson became, in the history of the Horned Frogs' program history, its winningest head coach.

## Coaching staff

| Name | Position | Year at TCU | Alma Mater |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gary Patterson | Head coach | 12th | Kansas State (1983) |
| Jarrett Anderson | Co-Offensive Coordinator/running backs | 15th | New Mexico (1993) |
| Dick Bumpas | Defensive coordinator/defensive line | 9th | Arkansas (1973) |
| Rusty Burns | Co-Offensive Coordinator/quarterbacks | 4th | Springfield College (1978) |
| Chad Glasgow | Safeties | 11th | Oklahoma State (1995) |
| Trey Haverty | Wide receivers | 2nd | Texas Tech (2004) |
| Clay Jennings | Cornerbacks | 5th | North Texas (1996) |
| Ryan McInerney | Graduate Assistant - Defense | 2nd | Pittsburg State (2008) |
| Randy Shannon | Linebackers | 1st | Miami (FL) (1988) |
| Dan Sharp | Tight ends/special teams | 12th | TCU (1985) |
| Eddie Williamson | Assistant head coach/offensive line | 12th | Davidson (1973) |
| Kyle Skierski | Graduate Assistant - Offense | 1st | UC Davis (2006) |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 8 | 6:00 p.m. | Grambling State* | No. 20 |  | FSSW+/FCS Pacific | W 56–0 | 45,112 |
| September 15 | 11:00 a.m. | at Kansas | No. 16 |  | FX | W 20–6 | 43,867 |
| September 22 | 11:00 a.m. | Virginia* | No. 17 | * Amon G. Carter Stadium * Fort Worth, TX | ESPN | W 27–7 | 46,330 |
| September 29 | 6:00 p.m. | at SMU* | No. 15 |  | FSN | W 24–16 | 28,436 |
| October 6 | 2:30 p.m. | Iowa State | No. 15 | * Amon G. Carter Stadium * Fort Worth, TX | FSN | L 23–37 | 42,152 |
| October 13 | 6:00 p.m. | at Baylor |  |  | FSN | W 49–21 | 42,524 |
| October 20 | 2:30 p.m. | No. 18 Texas Tech |  |  | ABC/ESPN2 | L 53–56 3OT | 47,894 |
| October 27 | 2:30 p.m. | at Oklahoma State |  |  | FSN | L 14–36 | 57,183 |
| November 3 | 2:00 p.m. | at No. 23 West Virginia |  |  | FOX | W 39–38 2OT | 52,322 |
| November 10 | 6:00 p.m. | No. 3 Kansas State |  | * Amon G. Carter Stadium * Fort Worth, TX | FOX | L 10–23 | 47,292 |
| November 22 | 6:30 p.m. | at No. 18 Texas |  |  | ESPN | W 20–13 | 99,950 |
| December 1 | 11:00 a.m. | No. 12 Oklahoma |  | * Amon G. Carter Stadium * Fort Worth, TX | ESPN | L 17–24 | 47,501 |
| December 29 | 9:15 p.m. | vs. Michigan State* |  |  | ESPN | L 16–17 | 44,617 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Central time | | | | | | | |

## Rankings

Ranking movements
**Legend:** ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking
— = Not ranked RV = Received votes
|  | Week | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Poll | Pre | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | Final |
| AP | 20 | 20 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 15 | RV | RV | RV |  | RV | RV | RV | RV | RV |  |
| Coaches | 17 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 23 | 21 | RV |  | RV |  |  | RV | RV |  |
| Harris | Not released | | | | | | 21 | 22 | RV |  | RV | RV | RV | RV | RV | Not released |
| BCS | Not released | | | | | | | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Not released |

## InfoBox

| 2012 TCU Horned Frogs football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl, L 16–17 vs. Michigan State | |
| Conference | Big 12 Conference |
| Record | 7–6 (4–5 Big 12) |
| Head coach |  |
| Co-offensive coordinator | Jarrett Anderson (4th season) |
| Co-offensive coordinator | Rusty Burns (1st season) |
| Offensive scheme | Spread |
| Defensive coordinator | Dick Bumpas (9th season) |
| Base defense | 4–2–5 |
| Home stadium | Amon G. Carter Stadium |
|


title: Sequal (group)

abstract: Sequal was an American Latin freestyle female duo from Miami, composed of Angie Vollaro and Maria Christensen. The duo was founded in 1984 by producer Lewis A. Martineé. The name-sake Sequal, was to be the follow-up band to the immense popularity set forth by his first incarnation known as the group Exposé.

text:
# Sequal (group)

**Sequal** was an American Latin freestyle female duo from Miami, composed of Angie Vollaro and Maria Christensen. The duo was founded in 1984 by producer Lewis A. Martineé. The name-sake *Sequal*, was to be the follow-up band to the immense popularity set forth by his first incarnation known as the group Exposé.

## Career

The group's first releases in 1985–86; "It's Not Too Late", "Stand By" and "She Don't Want You", were on Jose Armada Jr.'s primary independent label Joey Boy Records in Miami and became club smash hits.

In 1988, with the success of their club hits, the group was signed with major label Capitol/EMI Records, releasing its only self-titled album, which had a plethora of producers, including British hitmakers Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW) for "Tell Him I Called". The group were sent to the UK to record the track, which had originally been recorded, but never released, by Sheila Ferguson from The Three Degrees. Some of her backing vocals remained on the Sequal version.

While they were thrilled to be working with SAW, as they were big fans of the producers' work with Princess, the band were disappointed that their vocals were multi-tracked, in accordance with SAW's usual style. While the track was significantly remixed, in the style of Soul II Soul, for a UK single release, it failed the chart.

Other notable contributors to the album included Kurtis Mantronik ("Tell the Truth"), Michael Morejon, and Martineé. Neither the album nor the singles hit the pop charts, although some singles did become club hits.

The group split in 1990, and Christensen later formed the group 3rd Party in the late 1990s; that group's major claim to fame was the song "Waiting for Tonight", which Jennifer Lopez covered on her debut album.

In 2008, the duo reunited and released the song "My Love for You", available on iTunes.

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles

* "It's Not Too Late" (1985)
* "She Don't Want You" (1986)
* "Stand By" (1986)
* "I'm Over You" (1988) (US Dance #11)
* "Tell Him I Called" (1988)
* "Tell the Truth" (1988) (US Dance #9)
* "Brand New Love" (1989)
* "My Love for You" (2008)
* "There's More to Love" - appears on *Freestyle Miami Style Vol. 3*


title: Callantsoog

abstract: Callantsoog is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen, and lies about 18 km south of Den Helder. Callantsoog was a separate municipality until 1990, when it was merged with Zijpe.

text:
# Callantsoog

**Callantsoog** (West Frisian: *Kallantsouge*) is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen, and lies about 18 km south of Den Helder. Callantsoog was a separate municipality until 1990, when it was merged with Zijpe.

## History

The village was first mentioned in the late 11th century as Callinge, and means "island of the people of Calle (person)". The oldest settlement had been known to exist in 920, but was lost in the sea in 1170. The second settlement was built on the island 't Oghe and lasted until 1570. Shortly after, the third and current settlement was built further east.

In the 1799 Battle of Callantsoog, the landing of 12 thousand British soldiers on the beaches north of the town launched the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, and triggered the mutiny or surrender of a squadron of Dutch warships.

The Dutch Reformed church is a double aisled church built between 1580 and 1581 using material from the flooded earlier church. It has a bell dating from 1491.

Callantsoog was to 187 people in 1840. During the early 20th century, Callantsoog started to develop as a tourist resort. In 1942, it became part of the Atlantic Wall. In 1943, a munition depot exploded destroying the houses near the sea. It was an independent municipality until 1990 when it was merged into Zijpe. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Schagen.

Callantsoog has the oldest official nude beach of the country, dating from 1973. It is a sandy beach 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the south.

## InfoBox

| Callantsoog | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View on Callantsoog. | |
|  | |
| CallantsoogLocation in the NetherlandsCallantsoogLocation in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands | |
| Coordinates: 52°50′N 4°42′E / 52.833°N 4.700°E / 52.833; 4.700 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Holland |
| Municipality | Schagen |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.17 km2 (8.56 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1.2 m (3.9 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,145 |
| Density | 97/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 1759 |
| Dialing code | 0224 |


title: Erasmus Webb

abstract: Erasmus Webb B.D. was a Canon of Windsor, England from 1590 to 1614

text:
# Erasmus Webb

**Erasmus Webb** B.D. (d. 24 March 1614) was a Canon of Windsor, England from 1590 to 1614

## Career

He was educated at Gloucester Hall, Oxford where he graduated BA in 1568, MA in 1572 and BD in 1585.

He was appointed:

He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1590, a position he held until 1614.

He was buried in the chapel. His inscription read:

> "Hic jacet Erasmus Webb, Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus, cujus Regiae Capallae quondam Canonicus, qui obit 24 die Martii, Anno Domini 1613. Aetatis suae 63”


title: Crime Alert

abstract: Crime Alert - Darna Nahin Mitana Hai is an Indian crime television show that aired on Dangal and Dangal 2 as Crime Alert - Hamari Maqsad Aapki Hifaazat. It was hosted by Girish Jain, Amit Pachori, Sudha Chandran and Suhaib Ilyasi. This show is based on the real-life crimes in India, with the events dramatized, places changed and people's names altered. Crime Alert - Jurm Ki Kahani Khud Ki Zubani aired on Dangal 2 from December. It was Produced by Filmi Nights Production House. In 2017, the show was relaunched on Dangal TV.

text:
# Crime Alert

***Crime Alert - Darna Nahin Mitana Hai*** (transl.Crime Alert – Don't be afraid, Have to Erase) is an Indian crime television show that aired on Dangal and Dangal 2 as ***Crime Alert - Hamari Maqsad Aapki Hifaazat*** (transl.Crime Alert - Our Aim Is Your Safety). It was hosted by Girish Jain, Amit Pachori, Sudha Chandran (for Dangal TV) and Suhaib Ilyasi (for Dangal 2). This show is based on the real-life crimes in India, with the events dramatized, places changed and people's names altered. ***Crime Alert - Jurm Ki Kahani Khud Ki Zubani*** aired on Dangal 2 from December. It was Produced by Filmi Nights Production House.

In 2017, the show was relaunched on Dangal TV.

## Plot

The hosts present a collection of true stories involving ordinary citizens who committed horrific crimes for the sake of love, revenge and other motivating factors.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *Crime Alert* | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | *Crime Alert - Jurm Ke Khilaaf Awaaz*
Crime Alert - Hamari Maqsad Aapki Hifaazat
Crime Alert - Darna Nahin Mitana Hai
Crime Alert - Jurm Ki Kahani Khud Ki Zubani |
| Genre | Reality
Documentary
Crime
Romance |
| Created by | Himanshu Padak
Shankarlal
W. Pankaj |
| Written by | Naila Ali Chockle |
| Directed by | Anil Rawat |
| Creative director | Sanat Roy |
| Presented by |  |
| Starring | See Below |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Hindi |
| No. of seasons | 6 |
| No. of episodes | 1000+ |
| Production | |
| Producers | Anirban Bhattacharyya
Sudha Chandran
Suhaib Ilyasi |
| Editors | Ravi Bhushan
Vinod Kohli |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Dangal (2017-2023)
Dangal 2 (2023-present) |
| Release | 2 April 2017 (2017-04-02)
present (present) |
| Related | |
| *India Alert* | |


title: Bradley Hathaway

abstract: Bradley Hathaway is an American spoken word poet, singer and songwriter from Fort Smith, Arkansas.

text:
# Bradley Hathaway

**Bradley Hathaway** (February 13, 1982) is an American spoken word poet, singer and songwriter from Fort Smith, Arkansas.

## Biography

Bradley Hathaway was born in Fort Smith, Arkansas and lived there until 1997, when he moved to Alma, Arkansas, where he graduated from high school in 2000.

After high school, he attended the University of Arkansas, where he majored in philosophy with a double minor in religious studies. From 2001 to 2004 while attending college, he managed the Gate, a local concert venue. In late 2002, he saw poet Clayton Scott perform, which inspired Bradley to write his first poem entitled, "I Felt Really Good This Day, Yes."

Soon after he began writing poetry, he dropped out of college and stopped managing the Gate in order to pursue writing full-time. He first toured in the summer of 2004, and has since toured with He Is Legend, The Chariot, As Cities Burn, Far-Less, and Blindside. He has played at the Creation Festival, Ichthus Music Festival, the Alive Festival, the Cornerstone Festival, Parachute Music Festival, Purple Door, and Tomfest music and arts festival.

In 2010 Bradley performed a short spoken word piece with the band Insomniac Folklore entitled "Kid and Snail" for the intro to their 'LP' album.

## Style

In 2004, Hathaway wrote only spoken word poetry, but has since progressed to writing songs. His first book, *All The Hits So Far, But Don't Expect Too Much*, was published in August 2005 and included a CD recording of performances of the poems with backing music by Night of the Wrecking Ball.

After the release of his book, Hathaway was inspired to give his poems a melody and he began to write songs. He learned how to play the guitar and has written many songs. He plans to continue going in the musical direction. Sound In The Signals Magazine has described Hathaway's vocal style as a mix of Conor Oberst and Sufjan Stevens with a hint of Ben Gibbard.

## Influences

## Discography

### Studio albums

### Live albums

* *Happy Fun Tour* (2006): A DVD that documents Hathaway's Happy Fun Tour and shows performances of many of his poems and songs. It also features his "Adventures in Kentucky" series and short films shot by his band.

## Band

1. Bradley Hathaway's journal on Xanga
2. "Bradley Hathaway Artist Profile | Biography And Discography | NewReleaseToday". *www.newreleasetoday.com*. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
3. Copley, Rich (2006-06-10), "Home Church Advantage - Casting Crowns Returns to McDonough, Ga., Most Sundays", *Lexington Herald-Leader*, pp. F1
4. "Alive Festival 2006", *Akron Beacon Journal*, pp. B5, 2006-06-22
5. "Soundinthesignals.tk". Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved 2010-07-28.

## InfoBox

| Bradley Hathaway | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-02-13) February 13, 1982
Fort Smith, Arkansas, United States |
| Origin | Winchester, Kentucky |
| Genres | Spoken word
Folk |
| Years active | 2003-present |
| Labels | Broke Fang, You Are A Snowflake |


title: Pniaki Mokrzeskie

abstract: Pniaki Mokrzeskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mstów, within Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Mstów, 23 km (14 mi) east of Częstochowa, and 70 km (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.

text:
# Pniaki Mokrzeskie

**Pniaki Mokrzeskie** \[ˈpɲaki mɔˈkʂɛskʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mstów, within Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Mstów, 23 km (14 mi) east of Częstochowa, and 70 km (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.

## InfoBox

| Pniaki Mokrzeskie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pniaki Mokrzeskie | |
| Coordinates: 50°49′N 19°26′E / 50.817°N 19.433°E / 50.817; 19.433 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Częstochowa |
| Gmina | Mstów |
| Population | 81 |


title: 2012 São Paulo Indy 300

text:
# 2012 São Paulo Indy 300

The "Itaipava São Paulo Indy 300 presented by Nestlé" was the fourth race of the 2012 IZOD IndyCar Series season. The race took place on April 29, 2012, on the 2.536-mile (4.081 km) temporary street circuit in São Paulo, Brazil, and was telecasted by the NBC Sports Network in the United States and TV Bandeirantes in Brazil.

## Classification

### Starting grid

| Row | Inside | | Outside | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **12** | Will Power | **10** | Dario Franchitti |
| 2 | **9** | Scott Dixon | **27** | James Hinchcliffe |
| 3 | **28** | Ryan Hunter-Reay | **38** | Graham Rahal |
| 4 | **14** | Mike Conway | **67** | Josef Newgarden **(R)** |
| 5 | **2** | Ryan Briscoe | **26** | Marco Andretti |
| 6 | **11** | Tony Kanaan | **8** | Rubens Barrichello |
| 7 | **5** | E. J. Viso | **4** | J. R. Hildebrand |
| 8 | **83** | Charlie Kimball | **77** | Simon Pagenaud **(R)** |
| 9 | **19** | James Jakes | **7** | Sébastien Bourdais |
| 10 | **3** | Hélio Castroneves | **25** | Ana Beatriz |
| 11 | **20** | Ed Carpenter | **78** | Simona de Silvestro |
| 12 | **22** | Oriol Servià | **6** | Katherine Legge **(R)** |
| 13 | **15** | Takuma Sato | **18** | Justin Wilson |
| *Legge and Sato penalised 10 places for changing engine* | | | | |
| *Wilson placed at rear of grid after failing post-qualifying technical inspection* | | | | |

### Race results

| Pos | No. | Driver | Team | Engine | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Laps Led | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **12** | Will Power | Team Penske | Chevrolet | 75 | 2:08:18.2816 | 1 | 63 | **53** |
| 2 | **28** | Ryan Hunter-Reay | Andretti Autosport | Chevrolet | 75 | \+ 0.9045 | 5 | 0 | **40** |
| 3 | **15** | Takuma Sato | Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing | Honda | 75 | \+ 2.3905 | 25 | 0 | **35** |
| 4 | **3** | Hélio Castroneves | Team Penske | Chevrolet | 75 | \+ 4.5489 | 18 | 2 | **32** |
| 5 | **10** | Dario Franchitti | Chip Ganassi Racing | Honda | 75 | \+ 5.1722 | 2 | 1 | **30** |
| 6 | **27** | James Hinchcliffe | Andretti Autosport | Chevrolet | 75 | \+ 6.2615 | 4 | 1 | **28** |
| 7 | **4** | J. R. Hildebrand | Panther Racing | Chevrolet | 75 | \+ 8.3764 | 14 | 0 | **26** |
| 8 | **83** | Charlie Kimball | Chip Ganassi Racing | Honda | 75 | \+ 8.5905 | 15 | 0 | **24** |
| 9 | **5** | E. J. Viso | KV Racing Technology | Chevrolet | 75 | \+ 10.3449 | 13 | 0 | **22** |
| 10 | **8** | Rubens Barrichello | KV Racing Technology | Chevrolet | 75 | \+ 10.8477 | 12 | 0 | **20** |
| 11 | **22** | Oriol Servià | Dreyer & Reinbold Racing | Lotus | 75 | \+ 24.4771 | 23 | 0 | **19** |
| 12 | **77** | Simon Pagenaud **(R)** | Schmidt Hamilton Motorsports | Honda | 74 | \+ 1 lap | 16 | 0 | **18** |
| 13 | **11** | Tony Kanaan | KV Racing Technology | Chevrolet | 74 | +1 lap | 11 | 0 | **17** |
| 14 | **26** | Marco Andretti | Andretti Autosport | Chevrolet | 74 | \+ 1 lap | 10 | 0 | **16** |
| 15 | **19** | James Jakes | Dale Coyne Racing | Honda | 74 | \+ 1 lap | 17 | 0 | **15** |
| 16 | **38** | Graham Rahal | Chip Ganassi Racing | Honda | 74 | \+ 1 lap | 6 | 0 | **14** |
| 17 | **9** | Scott Dixon | Chip Ganassi Racing | Honda | 74 | \+ 1 lap | 3 | 8 | **13** |
| 18 | **7** | Sébastien Bourdais | Dragon Racing | Lotus | 74 | \+ 1 lap | 22 | 0 | **12** |
| 19 | **14** | Mike Conway | A. J. Foyt Enterprises | Honda | 73 | \+ 2 laps | 7 | 0 | **12** |
| 20 | **25** | Ana Beatriz | Andretti Autosport | Chevrolet | 73 | \+ 2 laps | 19 | 0 | **12** |
| 21 | **20** | Ed Carpenter | Ed Carpenter Racing | Chevrolet | 72 | \+ 3 laps | 20 | 0 | **12** |
| 22 | **18** | Justin Wilson | Dale Coyne Racing | Honda | 66 | Mechanical | 26 | 0 | **12** |
| 23 | **67** | Josef Newgarden **(R)** | Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing | Honda | 61 | Contact | 8 | 0 | **12** |
| 24 | **78** | Simona de Silvestro | HVM Racing | Lotus | 28 | Contact | 21 | 0 | **12** |
| 25 | **2** | Ryan Briscoe | Team Penske | Chevrolet | 21 | Contact | 9 | 0 | **10** |
| 26 | **6** | Katherine Legge **(R)** | Dragon Racing | Lotus | 20 | Contact | 24 | 0 | **10** |
|

Notes

Points include 1 point for pole position and 2 points for most laps led.

## Standings after the race

## InfoBox

2012 Streets of São Paulo
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| 4th round of the 2012 IndyCar Series season | |
|  | |
| Date | April 29, 2012 |
| Official name | Itaipava São Paulo Indy 300 presented by Nestlé |
| Location | SantanaSão Paulo city |
| Course | Temporary street circuit
2.536 mi / 4.081 km |
| Distance | 75 laps
190.200 mi / 306.097 km |
| Weather | 79 °F (26 °C), partly cloudy |
| Pole position | |
| Driver | Will Power (Team Penske) |
| Time | 1:21.4045 |
| Fastest lap | |
| Driver | Josef Newgarden (Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing) |
| Time | 1:22.6313 (on lap 58 of 75) |
| Podium | |
| First | Will Power (Team Penske) |
| Second | Ryan Hunter-Reay (Andretti Autosport) |
| Third | Takuma Sato (Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing) |


title: Sendō Kofun

abstract: Sendō Kofun The Sendō Kofun (仙道古墳) is a Kofun period Decorated kofun burial mound, located in the Hisamitsu neighborhood of the town of Chikuzen, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1978.

text:
# Sendō Kofun

The **Sendō Kofun** (仙道古墳) is a Kofun period Decorated kofun burial mound, located in the Hisamitsu neighborhood of the town of Chikuzen, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1978.

## Overview

The Sendō Kofun is located in the northern part of the Chikugo Plain, at the foot of the Amidagamine Hills, which extends south from the Asakura Mountains. Approximately 50 *enpun* (円墳)-style circular tumuli, in the area make up the Amidagamine Kofun Cluster, and Sendō Tumulus is the largest of these. Archaeological excavation in 1977 revealed that it was a two-tiered tumulus with *fukiishi* on the surface, and that it has a diameter of about 33 meters and height of four meters. It is surrounded by a double moat, two to three meters wide and about one meter deep. The horizontal-entry stone burial chamber is orientated to the southwest, and was robbed in antiquity. The burial chamber is located in the center of the mound, and is 2 to 2.4 meters wide and 3 meters long, and the floor is covered with paving stones. Decorative murals cover the entire surface of the burial chamber. The patterns are geometric, such as circles and triangles, and the colors red and green are used. The only remaining evidence of grave goods was some small fragments of jade, possibly from a bracelet. However, anthropomorphic *haniwa* of warriors carrying shields and horses were discovered from the outer periphery of the mound, indicating that the tomb was constructed around the 6th century. It is a unique tumulus in that decorative *kofun* do not normally have *haniwa*.

Currently, the tumulus is maintained as part of an archaeological park and the burial chamber is open to the public every spring and fall. It is located 5.3 kilometers (about 15-minutes by car) northwest of Amagi Station on the Amagi Railway Amagi Line.

## InfoBox

Sendō Kofun
| 仙道古墳 | |
| --- | --- |
| Sendō Kofun | |
| Sendō KofunSendō Kofun (Japan) | |
| Location | Chikuzen, Fukuoka, Japan |
| Region | Kyushu |
| Coordinates | 33°26′27″N 130°38′25″E / 33.44083°N 130.64028°E / 33.44083; 130.64028 |
| Type | Kofun |
| History | |
| Founded | c.6th century |
| Periods | Kofun period |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes (no facilities) |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Étienne Pivert de Senancour

abstract: Étienne-Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Ignace Pivert de Senancour was a French essayist and philosopher, remembered primarily for his epistolary novel Obermann.

text:
# Étienne Pivert de Senancour

**Étienne-Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Ignace Pivert de Senancour** (French pronunciation: \[etjɛn pivɛʁ  sənɑ̃kuʁ\]; 16 November 1770, in Paris – 10 January 1846, in Saint-Cloud) was a French essayist and philosopher, remembered primarily for his epistolary novel *Obermann*.

## Life

Much of Senancour's childhood was spent in a state of ill-health. He began his education with a curé in the vicinity of Ermenonville before being sent to the Collège de la Marche. His father, Claude-Laurent Pivert, a Contrôleur des Rentes and Conseil du Roi, wanted him to enter the seminary of Saint-Sulpice to become a priest. To avoid a profession for which he had no vocation, Senancour, with the help of his mother, fled to Switzerland in 1789. On 11 September 1790, he married Marie-Françoise Daguet with whom he had two children: a daughter Eulalie (1791) who would later follow in her father's footsteps and become a writer, and a son, Florian-Julien (1793), who went on to pursue a career in the military. The marriage was not a happy one; his wife refused to accompany him to the Alpine solitude he desired, and they settled in Fribourg.

His absence from France at the outbreak of the Revolution was interpreted as hostility to the new government, and his name was included in the list of émigrés. He visited France from time to time by stealth, but he only succeeded in saving the remnants of a considerable fortune. In 1799 he published in Paris his *Rêveries sur la nature primitive de l'homme*, a book containing impassioned descriptive passages which mark him out as a precursor of the romantic movement. His parents and his wife died before the close of the century, and Senancour was in Paris in 1801 when he began *Obermann*, which was finished in Switzerland two years later, and printed in 1804. This singular book, which has never lost its popularity with a limited class of readers, was followed in the next year by a treatise *De l'amour*, in which he attacked the accepted social conventions. During this period, he worked at the magazine *Mercure de France* where he made the acquaintance of Louis-Sébastien Mercier and Charles Nodier.

Senancour might have spent his life writing in complete obscurity were it not for a charge leveled against him by a public prosecutor for slandering religion in the second edition of his *Résumé de l'histoire des traditions morales et religieuses* (1827) wherein he described Jesus as a "youthful sage". He was initially found guilty and sentenced to nine months in prison and fined 300 francs, but the penalties were dropped on appeal. Attention to the case from the liberal press increased Senancour's standing, and many of his works were rediscovered and republished. The author revised and expanded *Obermann* for the 1833 edition.

*Obermann*, which is to a great extent inspired by Rousseau, was edited and praised successively by Sainte-Beuve and by George Sand, and had a considerable influence both in France and England. It is a series of letters supposed to be written by a solitary and melancholy person, whose headquarters are placed in a lonely valley of the Jura. The idiosyncrasy of the book in the large class of Wertherian-Byronic literature consists in the fact that the hero, instead of feeling the vanity of things, recognizes his own inability to be and do what he wishes. Danish literary critic Georg Brandes pointed out that while Chateaubriand's novella *René* was appreciated by some of the ruling spirits of the century, *Obermann* was understood only by the highly gifted, sensitive temperaments, usually strangers to success.

Senancour was tinged to some extent with the older philosophe form of free-thinking, and had no sympathy with the Catholic reaction. Having no resources but his pen, Senancour was driven to hack-work during the period which elapsed between his return to France (1803) and his death at Saint-Cloud; but some of the charm of *Obermann* is to be found in the *Libres Méditations d'un solitaire inconnu*. Thiers and Villemain successively obtained for Senancour from Louis Philippe pensions which enabled him to pass his last days in comfort. Senancour also authored the comedic drama *Valombré* (1807), and late in life wrote a second novel in letters entitled *Isabelle* (1833). He composed his own epitaph, "*Eternité, sois mon asile*".

Senancour is immortalized for English readers in two poems by Matthew Arnold entitled *Stanzas in Memory of the Author of Obermann* and *Obermann Once More.*

*Obermann* has been translated into English three times: in its entirety by A. E. Waite (1903) and J. Anthony Barnes (1910), and in selections by Jessie Peabody Frothingham (1901).

## In music

Between 1848 and 1854, Franz Liszt composed *Vallée d'Obermann*, one of the pieces for piano of the suite *Première année: Suisse*, from the œuvre *Années de pèlerinage*, inspired by Senancour's most famous novel.

## Works

* (1792) *Les Premiers Ages. Incertitudes humaines*
* (1793) *Sur les Générations actuelles, absurdités humaines*
* (1795) *Aldomen ou le bonheur dans l'obscurité*
* (1799) *Rêveries sur la nature primitive de l'homme*
* (1804) *Oberman* (changed to *Obermann* in subsequent editions)
* (1806) *De l'amour*
* (1807) *Valombré*
* (1814) *Lettre d'un habitant des Vosges sur MM. Buonaparte, de Chateaubriand, Grégoire, Barruel*
* (1815) *De Napoléon*
* (1815) *Quatorze juillet 1815*
* (1816) *Observations critiques sur l'ouvrage intitulé "Génie du christianisme", suivies de réflexions sur les écrits de Monsieur de Bonald*
* (1819) *Libres Méditations d'un solitaire inconnu*
* (1824) *Résumé de l'histoire de la Chine*
* (1825) *Résumé de l'histoire des traditions morales et religieuses*
* (1833) *Petit vocabulaire de simple vérité*
* (1833) *Isabelle*

* France, Peter (Ed.) (1995). *The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-866125-8.
* Gonthier, Albert (1999). *Montreux et ses hôtes illustres*. Saint-Gingolph: Editions Cabédita. ISBN 2-88295-267-8.
* Schenk, H. G. (1966). *The Mind of the European Romantics: an Essay in Cultural History*. London: Constable.
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Senancour, Étienne Pivert de". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 634.


title: Savoir Faire (barge)

abstract: Savoir Faire was built to carry freight on the waterways of the Netherlands, Belgium and France but has been converted to act as a hotel barge.

text:
# Savoir Faire (barge)

***Savoir Faire*** was built to carry freight on the waterways of the Netherlands, Belgium and France but has been converted to act as a hotel barge.

## History

*Savoir Faire* was built in Amsterdam in 1932. It originally carried cargo in the Netherlands and Belgium. During World War II, it served as a troop carrier. It was converted to a hotel barge in 1976 and now serves as a hotel barge. The barge cruises in France, the Netherlands, and Belgium, at present most frequently on the Canal de Briare and the Canal latéral à la Loire.

## InfoBox

| Savoir Faire | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| France | |
| Name | *Savoir Faire* |
| Operator | Christopher Bennett |
| Launched | 1932 |
| Status | In service |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Commercial passenger vessel |
| Tonnage | 200 |
| Length | 39.40 m (129.3 ft) |
| Beam | 5.07 m (16.6 ft) |
| Height | 3.85 m (12.6 ft) |
| Draught | 1.48 m (4.9 ft) |
| Decks | 3 |
| Installed power | Two soundproofed water-cooled generators with a total output of 110 kw. |
| Propulsion | 175 HP DAF |
| Speed | 12-14 knots maximum |
| Capacity | 12 passengers |
| Crew | 6 crew |


title: Tîrșiței

abstract: Tîrșiței is a commune in Teleneşti District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Flutura and Tîrșiței.

text:
# Tîrșiței

**Tîrșiței** is a commune in Teleneşti District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Flutura and Tîrșiței.

## InfoBox

| Tîrșiței | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Tîrșiței | |
| Coordinates: 47°41′33″N 28°34′40″E / 47.6925°N 28.5777777778°E / 47.6925; 28.5777777778 | |
| Country | Moldova |
| District | Telenești District |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Tulbure Ion |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 1,593 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Crime Against Joe

abstract: Crime Against Joe is a 1956 American film noir crime film directed by Lee Sholem and written by Robert C. Dennis. The film stars John Bromfield, Julie London, Henry Calvin, Patricia Blair, Joel Ashley and Robert Keys.

text:
# Crime Against Joe

***Crime Against Joe*** is a 1956 American film noir crime film directed by Lee Sholem and written by Robert C. Dennis. The film stars John Bromfield, Julie London, Henry Calvin, Patricia Blair, Joel Ashley and Robert Keys.

## Plot

A Korean War veteran is accused of the murder of a night club singer in Tucson, Arizona. A high school pin was found on the scene of the crime and the veteran's pin is missing. However, when the crime was committed, the veteran was leading a female somnambulist to her home but her over-protective father gives a false testimony to the district attorney. "Slacks", a female friend, gives him a false alibi but the police soon sort that out. The veteran thinks that one of his fellow high school students from 1945 was the murderer. He has got possible suspects on a list. Is the murderer among them?

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Crime Against Joe | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Lee Sholem |
| Screenplay by | Robert C. Dennis |
| Story by | Decla Dunning |
| Produced by | Howard W. Koch |
| Starring | John Bromfield
Julie London
Henry Calvin
Patricia Blair
Joel Ashley
Robert Keys |
| Cinematography | William Margulies |
| Edited by | Michael Pozen |
| Music by | Paul Dunlap |
| Production
company | Bel-Air Productions |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release dates | * March 21, 1956 (1956-03-21) (United States) * May 9, 1956 (1956-05-09) (Los Angeles) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: S. P. B. Mais

abstract: Stuart Petre Brodie Mais, known publicly as S. P. B. Mais, was a British author, journalist and broadcaster. He was an author of travel books and guides, and had an informal style that made him popular with the general public.

text:
# S. P. B. Mais

**Stuart Petre Brodie Mais** (4 July 1885 – 21 April 1975), known publicly as **S. P. B. Mais**, was a British author, journalist and broadcaster. He was an author of travel books and guides, and had an informal style that made him popular with the general public.

## Biography

Petre Mais, as he was known in his personal life, was the son of Rev. John Brodie Stuart Mais, curate of St Margaret's, Ladywood, Birmingham and his wife Hannah Horden (née Tamlin). He was born at Ladywood, but raised in Tansley, Derbyshire, where his family relocated on his father's appointment as rector there in 1890.

He was educated at Denstone College, Staffordshire, then read English Literature at Christ Church, Oxford (BA 1909, MA 1913) After teaching at Rossall, Sherborne and Tonbridge, and Royal Air Force College Cranwell, he later worked for the *Daily Express*, the *Daily Graphic* and *The Daily Telegraph*. A prolific author of over 200 books, he also broadcast for numerous wireless programmes for the BBC between the 1920s and 1940s. Mais was an ardent campaigner for the English countryside and traditions, leading walks for people who came for a day trip by train from big cities, often from London.

Mais worked as a journalist for *The Oxford Times* newspaper, and also for the BBC as a radio broadcaster, most famously on the *Kitchen Front* radio programme that aired after the morning news during the Second World War. He presented *Letter from America* from 1933, 13 years before a similar concept was made famous by Alistair Cooke. He also presented a series on *This Unknown Island*.

One grandson is *Evening Standard* writer Sebastian Shakespeare, who wrote of his grandfather:

> My grandfather, S. P. B. Mais, wrote more than 200 books and was a household name in his day. Prolific production alas was no guarantee of riches. He wrote to keep the bailiffs at bay. I'll never forget when my mother told me how she once had to hand over the contents of her piggy bank to his creditors.

## Personal life

In 1913, Mais married Doris Snow; they had two daughters: Priscilla (1916–1982) and Vivien (born 1920). After their separation (they never divorced), he had a relationship with Winifred Doughty (1905–1993), who changed her name by deed poll to Gillian ("Jill") Mais; they also had two daughters. After becoming dissatisfied with living standards in the tiny retirement home at Lindfield, Sussex that had been offered to the penniless Mais by the Samaritan Housing Association, along with Mais's refusal to marry her, Jill left Mais for a mutual friend, Dudley Carew, whom she married, and lived with him across the road from Mais, taking him meals.

## Death

Mais died on 21 April 1975 at his retirement accommodation in Lindfield, Sussex.

## Bibliography

### Critical works

* *Delight in Books* (1931)
* *A Chronicle of English Literature* (1936)

### Novels

* *The Education of a Philanderer* (1919)
* *Prunello* (1924)
* *Eclipse* (1925)
* *Perissa* (1925)
* *Orange Street* (1926)
* *Light over Lundy* (1938)

### Travel books

These include:

* *See England First* (1927)
* *Do you know North Cornwall? My finest holiday* (1927 for the Southern Railway)
* *The Cornish Riviera* (1928 for the Great Western Railway)
* *Glorious Devon* (1928 for the Great Western Railway)
* *North Wales* (1928 for the London Midland and Scottish Railway)
* *Sussex* 1929
* *It isn't far from London* (1930)
* *Southern rambles for Londoners* (1931 for the Southern Railway)
* *The Highlands of Britain* (1932)
* *This unknown island* (1932)
* *Week-ends in England* (1933)
* *Isles of the island* (1934)
* *England's pleasance* (1935)
* *Lovely Britain edited* (1935)
* *Round about England* (1935)
* *Southern schools* (1935 for the Southern Railway)
* *Pictorial Britain and Ireland* (ca1936 for the Anglo-American Oil Co – Esso)
* *England's Character* (1936)
* *A.C.E: the Atlantic Coast Express* (1937 for the Southern Railway)
* *Britain calling* (1938)
* *Let's get out here* (1938 for the Southern Railway)
* *Walking in Somerset* (1938)
* *Listen to the Country* (1939)
* *Highways and Byways in the Welsh Marches* (1939)
* *Hills of the South* (1939)
* *I Return to Scotland* (1947)
* *I Return to Switzerland* (1948)
* *I Return to Ireland* (1948)
* *I Return to Wales* (1949)
* *Little England Beyond Wales* (1949)
* *The Land of The Cinque Ports* (illus. by Rowland Hilder) (1949)
* *The Riviera – New Look and Old* (1950)
* *We Wander in the West* (1950)
* *Arden and Avon* (1951)
* *Norwegian Odyssey* (1951)
* *The Channel Islands* (1953)
* *Our Village Today* (1956)
* *Majorcan Holiday* (with Gillian Mais) (1956)

## Further reading

* Mais, S. P. B. (1937). *All the Days of My Life*. London: Hutchinson. (autobiography)
* Mais, S. P. B. (1953). *The Happiest Days of My Life*. London: Max Parrish. (autobiography)
* Robson, Maisie (2005). *An Unrepentant Englishman: The Life of S. P. B. Mais, Ambassador of the Countryside*. Huddersfield: King's England Press.
* Shakespeare, Nicholas (2013). *Priscilla: The Hidden Life of an Englishwoman in Wartime France*. London: Harvill Secker. ISBN 9781846554834. There are many references to Mais in this book about his daughter, the author's aunt.
* Smith, Bernard (2014) \[2004\]. "Mais, Stuart Petre Brodie (1885–1975)". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46344. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)


title: Cacochroa

abstract: Cacochroa is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea.

text:
# Cacochroa

***Cacochroa*** is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea.

## Taxonomy

The systematic placement is problematic due to insufficient research. Formerly, it was often placed in tribe Orophiini of subfamily Oecophorinae, in particular in older treatments it is variously placed in a distinct tribe Cacochroini and/or assigned to subfamily Depressariinae (treated as a subfamily of the Elachistidae). It is now placed in the independent family Depressariidae of Gelechioidea.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Cacochroa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Subfamily: | Cryptolechiinae |
| Genus: | *Cacochroa*
Heinemann, 1870 |
|
| Type species | |
| *"Anchinia permixtella"*
Herrich-Schäffer , 1854 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cacophyia* Rebel, 1901 | |


title: Pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes

abstract: Pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes are pnictogen-containing analogues of tetrahedranes with the formula RxCxPn4-x. Computational work has indicated that the incorporation of pnictogens to the tetrahedral core alleviates the ring strain of tetrahedrane. Although theoretical work on pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes has existed for decades, only the phosphorus-containing species have been synthesized. These species exhibit novel reactivities, most often through ring-opening and polymerization pathways. Phosphatetrahedranes are of interest as new retrons for organophosphorus chemistry. Their strain also make them of interest in the development of energy-dense compounds.

text:
# Pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes

**Pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes** are pnictogen-containing analogues of tetrahedranes with the formula RxCxPn4-x (Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi). Computational work has indicated that the incorporation of pnictogens to the tetrahedral core alleviates the ring strain of tetrahedrane. Although theoretical work on pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes has existed for decades, only the phosphorus-containing species have been synthesized. These species exhibit novel reactivities, most often through ring-opening and polymerization pathways. Phosphatetrahedranes are of interest as new retrons for organophosphorus chemistry. Their strain also make them of interest in the development of energy-dense compounds.

## History

The first synthetic tetrahedral molecule, tetra-*tert*-butyltetrahedrane (*t*Bu4C4) was reported in 1978 by Maier and coworkers following the synthesis of other Platonic solid species, like cubane and dodecahedrane. The *tert*-butyl substituents were used to encumber the tetrahedral core and quell the radical-mediated ring-opening of an otherwise kinetically stable but thermodynamically strained molecule via the corset effect. As of 2023, the unencumbered tetrahedrane (H4C4) has yet to be synthesized.

The substitution of carbons in the tetrahedral core of tetrahedrane with pnictogens to stabilize the highly strained molecule has been suggested due to the known existence of elemental tetrahedral pnictogens. Notably, white phosphorus, the most stable allotrope of phosphorus, is tetrahedral with the molecular formula P4. Arsenic can also exist as a metastable tetrahedral allotrope, As4, known as yellow arsenic. Furthermore, mixed tetrahedral pnictogen molecules have been synthesized, such as AsP3 and, more recently, (PbBi3)-. Elements on the extreme ends of the pnictogen family have not yet been observed in a tetrahedral Pn4 configuration, however. Nitrogen's orbitals lack diffusivity, and bismuth’s orbitals undergo minimal hybridization due to relativistic contraction.

Computational studies into mixed pnictogen-tetrel tetrahedranes have suggested that pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes are more stable than their all tetrel counterparts decades before their first synthesis. In 1990, calculations on azatetrahedranes suggested positive correlation between the number of nitrogens in the tetrahedral core and thermodynamic stability. In the same vein, calculations done in 2010 on pnictacubanes suggested positive correlation between the number of phosphoruses in the cuboidal core and the thermodynamic stability.

In 2019, Wolf and coworkers synthesized the first pnictogen-substituted tetrahedrane: di-*tert*-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane (*t*Bu2C2P2), produced from the reaction of nickel catalyst with phosphaalkynes. Shortly thereafter, in 2020, Cummins and coworkers announced that they had synthesized tri-*tert*-butylmonophosphatetrahedrane (*t*Bu3C3P) from a phosphorus-containing anthracene derivative. In 2021, Cummins and coworkers published the synthesis of triphosphatetrahedrane (HCP3), completing the set of tetrahedral molecules with carbon- and phosphorus-containing cores.

## Phosphatetrahedrane Synthesis

Despite the presentation of phosphatetrahedranes as a series of incrementally changing tetrahedrane derivatives, their syntheses are vastly different.

### Tri-*tert*-butylmonophosphatetrahedrane

The original synthesis of *t*Bu3C3P reported by Cummins and coworkers in 2020 begins with the phosphorus derivative of anthracene. The addition of sodium hexamethyldisilazide deprotonates the phosphorus followed by triphenylborane then bonding to the phosphorus. The anionic phosphorus-containing intermediate then forms an ionic interaction with the sodium cation in solution. The addition of tri-*tert*-butyl cyclopropenium ion produces the thermally stable cyclopropenyl phosphine intermediate. Upon irradiation with 254 nm light in the presence of triflic acid and either tetra-*n*-butyl ammonium chloride or tetramethylammonium fluoride, the anthracene leaving group is forced out, leaving a halogenated phosphine. Upon addition of lithium tetramethylpiperidide with heating, *t*Bu3C3P and lithium halide salt is generated.

An improved version of tri-*tert*-butylmonophosphatetrahedrane synthesis, where the anthracene is replaced by two trimethylsilyl groups, was reported by Cummins and coworkers a year later. To replace one of the trimethylsilyl groups with a chloride, hexachloroethane is added, generating trimethylsilyl chloride and tetrachloroethylene as byproducts. Tetramethylammonium fluoride is then added to remove the remaining trimethylsilyl group and the chloride, generating the *t*Bu3C3P. This route has a *t*Bu3C3P yield of 33% as compared to the original route's 19%.

### Di-*tert*-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane

In 2019, Wolf and coworkers reported the synthesis of *t*Bu2C2P2 through the use of a metal catalyst. Ni(IPr)(CO)3, upon addition of 1 equivalent of *tert*-butylphosphaacetylene (*t*BuCP), loses two carbon monoxide ligands. The addition of a second equivalent of *t*BuCP generates the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand, now binding with η4 hapticity. Density functional theory calculations into the catalytic cycle suggest that the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene isomerizes into the desired tetrahedrane. Upon addition of a final *t*BuCP, (*t*Bu2C2P2) is released and the catalytic cycle can begin again.

### Triphosphatetrahedrane

Cummins and coworkers reported the synthesis of HCP3 in 2021. Due to the similarity of HCP3 to AsP3, the \[NbII(ODipp)3(P3)\]- previously shown to be a retron for AsP3 was used for the synthesis of HCP3. To add a -CH group to \[P3\]3-, bromodichloromethane undergoes halogen abstraction, leaving a carbon-centered radical. The niobium complex then undergoes P3 transfer to yield HCP3. The use of bromodichloromethyl trimethylsilane instead of bromodichloromethane in this process yields trimethylsilyl triphosphatetrahedrane ((Me3S)CP3).

## Reactivity

### Tri-*tert*-butylmonophosphatetrahedrane

#### Lewis Acid-Induced Reactions

Addition of W(CO)5(THF) to *t*Bu3C3P generates a phosphorus-containing housene analogue.

The addition of 0.2 equivalents of triphenylborane in benzene can produce several cycloadducts. In the absence of exogenous reagents, *t*Bu3C3P dimerizes into a ladderane-like compound with a P-P bond. In the presence of excess styrene or an atmosphere of ethylene, \[4 + 2\] cycloadditions occur to give 1-phosphabicyclo\[2.2.0\]hexenes.

#### Silylene Reaction

The cage opening of *t*Bu3C3P can be induced by PhC(N*t*Bu)2SiN(SiMe3)2 over the course of 24 hours to generate the dark red phosphasilene PhC(N*t*Bu)2Si=P(*t*Bu3C3).

#### Ylide Reaction

Reaction of *t*Bu3C3P with the ylide Ph3P=CH2 over 48 hours and with heat induces cage opening in the same manner as the silylene reaction to generate H2C=P(*t*BuC)3. Reaction of this product with *t*Bu3C3P generates the symmetric product (*t*BuC)3P(C)P(*t*BuC)3.

#### Formation of Phosphirane

*t*Bu3C3P is a retron for phosphirane synthesis. Upon reaction with Ni(COD)2 (COD = cycloocta-1,5-diene) catalyst in triisopropylphosphine, cage opening occurs. Like the silylene and ylide reactions, the phosphorus bridges the (*t*BuC)3 and the alkene components. The phosphate undergoes cycloaddition with the double bond to form the phosphirane moiety. This reaction pathway has been demonstrated for styrene, ethylene, and neohexene. Furthermore, this reaction pathway is also capable of synthesizing vinyl-substituted phosphirane as evidenced by *t*Bu3C3P and cyclohexa-1,3-diene.

#### Ligand Substitution

*t*Bu3C3P can be used to replace the ethylene ligand of (Ph3P)Pt(C2H4) in melting THF.

### Di-*tert*-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane

#### Dimerization Reactions

Above the melting point of *t*Bu2C2P2 (–32 °C), *t*Bu2C2P2 dimerizes into another ladderane-like structure but it is prone to decomposition. This reaction can be hampered by keeping *t*Bu2C2P2 under its melting point and/or by keeping the *t*Bu2C2P2 concentration low.

*t*Bu2C2P2 can also be dimerized using nickel complexes to form a variety of exotic structures. *t*Bu2C2P2 reacted with 1 equivalent of Ni(CpR)(IPr) (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene, R = H, CH3, 4-(CH3CH2)-C6H4) generates 0.5 equivalent of a tetracyclo-compound. Upon addition of another equivalent of the same nickel complex, a butterfly-like geometry is adopted, with two nickel atoms coordinated to opposite phosphorus atoms and two coordinated to adjacent phosphorus atoms on different four membered rings. This butterfly-structured compound is a dark red color. The reaction to the butterfly structure is believed to depend on kinetic access to the middle P-P bond. Bulky substituents on CpR kinetically hinder the P-P bond cleavage and transformation into the butterfly-structured product.

*t*Bu2C2P2 can also be reacted with Ni(IMes)2 (IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) in toluene to produce 0.5 equivalents of an asymmetric compound with two hexacoordinate Ni atoms, a Ni-Ni bond, and two weak P-P interactions. This product is an intermediate for further chemistry. Heating the product at 60 °C for 3 hours causes the expulsion of a di-*tert*-butylacetylene and the reformation of P-P bonds. Another reaction pathway involves the addition of 3 equivalents of CO to the product, leading to the production of Ni(IMes)(CO)3 and the ladderane-like compound described at the beginning of this section. A third reaction pathway involves the addition of hexachloroethane. This produces a 1,2-diphosphocyclobutadiene ring (*vide supra*) that is coordinated to both nickel atoms. This third reaction pathway also produces the ladderane analogue.

#### Ligand Substitution

In solution with coordination complexes, *t*Bu2C2P2 can cause ligand substitution. Most of these reactions cause cage-opening. The reaction of *t*Bu2C2P2 with \[K(\[18\]crown-6)\]\[Fe(anthracene)2\] in toluene and THF causes the expulsion of one anthracene and the cage opening of *t*Bu2C2P2 to form the replacement 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand. This cage opening is due to P-C bond cleavage. Mono-ligand substitution is also observed in the reaction of *t*Bu2C2P2 with \[(DippBIAN)M(COD)\] (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, BIAN = bis(arylimino)acenaphthene, M = Fe, Co). The cobalt product, upon reaction with Cy2PCl (Cy = cyclohexyl), forms a 1,2,3-triphospholium ligand. *t*Bu2C2P2 can also displace the toluene in Ni(toluene)(IPr). Toluene is replaced by the aforementioned ladderane analogue in a η2-fashion.

Double-ligand substitution is seen in the reaction of *t*Bu2C2P2 with \[Co(COD)2\]\[K(THF)0.2\]. The major product has its ligands doubly substituted by 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene. A minor product with double substitution by 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand is also observed. However, the cobalt complex with one 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand and one 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand is not observed; this is likely due to steric clash between the *tert*-butyl substituents. The preference for 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene makes *t*Bu2C2P2 a potentially valuable retron as phosphalkynes are known to produce 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene.

Only two of *t*Bu2C2P2's ligand substitution reactions are known to preserve the tetrahedral cage. Reacting (pftb)\[Ag(CH2Cl2)2\] (pftb = Al\[PFTB\]- = Al\[OC(CF3)3\]4-) with *t*Bu2C2P2 in lightless conditions leads to the generation of a disilver complex wherein each of the two *t*Bu2C2P2 ligates to one silver atom and each of the two ladderane analogues (*vida infra*) ligates to both silver atoms. By reacting Ni(CO)4 in THF at –80 °C and in the absence of light, three *t*Bu2C2P2 molecules coordinate to Ni in an η2-fashion. Calculations by Intrinsic Bond Orbital (IBO) theory suggest that the coordination occurs through a 3-center-2-electron bond.

#### Reactions with *N*-Heterocyclic Carbenes

*t*Bu2C2P2 can be used a retron to form phosphirenes or phosphaalkenes with the addition of 1 equivalent or 2 equivalents of *N*-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), respectively. Upon the addition of 1 equivalent of IPr, IMes, or MesDAC (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)diamidocarbene), *t*Bu2C2P2 undergoes ring opening at one phosphorus atom's P-C bonds, creating structures with a bridging P-P bond between the NHC and the phosphirene. IBO calculations and crystallographic evidence support the assignment of double bonding to the P=C bond to resultant molecule. This reaction is very slow, taking several weeks to reach completion.

Upon the addition of 2 equivalents of TMC (2,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-ylidene) in benzene, both phosphorus atoms bond to THC. The P-P bond is broken. A double bond also forms between the two carbons of *t*Bu2C2P2, generating a phosphaalkene. This reaction happens significantly faster, with a reported speed of 1 hour.

Selectivity between the two reactions is suggested to be achieved by changing the steric bulk of the NHC used. A bulky NHC should prefer generating a phosphirene, whereas a smaller NHC should prefer generating a phosphaalkene.

### Triphosphatetrahedrane

#### Reaction with (dppe)Fe(Cp\*)Cl

HCP3, upon addition of \[(dppe)Fe(Cp\*)\]Cl (dppe = 1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) in sodium tetraphenylborate and THF, undergoes salt metathesis and produces \[(dppe)Fe(Cp\*)(HCP3)\]\[BPh4\]. This product is crystallizable, producing purple crystals. This product is prone to decomposition back to HCP3.

## Theoretical Work

### Azatetrahedranes

#### Bonding Parameters

Ring and cage strain results in poor angular overlap of orbitals, leading to non-linear bonding. Due to the interest in tetrahedrane and their azatetrahedral analogues as highly strained molecules, Politzer and Seminario introduced the "bond deviation index" to determine the deviation of the bond path — defined as the path following maxima between nuclei — and the linear bond between the nuclei.

$\lambda ={\frac {1}{R}{\bigg \[}{\frac {1}{N}\sum \_{i}^{N}{r\_{i}^{2}{\bigg \]}^{\frac {1}{2}}}}}$

The strain of experienced by H4C4 is calculated to be partially alleviated upon the substitution of carbon atoms by nitrogen atoms. The bond deviation index decreases with the number of nitrogens in azatetrahedranes from 0.114 to 0.087 from 0 to 2 nitrogen atoms. The engendered stability is countered by the propensity of the N-N bond in the strained system to escape as dinitrogen. This is evidenced by the calculated bond length: 1.59 Å, which is much higher than that of aromatic N-N bonds: 1.21-1.36 Å.

On the basis of the higher electronegativity of nitrogen than carbon, azatetrahedranes have less negative electrostatic potentials at their C-C bonds than H4C4, leading to greater stability against electrophilic attacks. C-C and N-C bonds both contract in azatetrahedranes. This contraction leads to smaller bond deviations and stronger bonding, although the latter is dependent on the distance from the nitrogen atom(s). Azatetrahedranes also seem to distort from an ideal tetrahedral symmetry. These trends directly correlates with the number of nitrogen atoms. Nitration also contracts the tetrahedral core. However, essentially thermodynamically neutral nitro group rotation leads to small amounts of C-N lengthening, weaking the interaction and localizing the electrons.

Ionization of all azatetrahedranes cores in the series led to cage-opening at the G4MP2 and G4 levels of theory.

#### Thermodynamics

Early work on azatetrahedranes has also utilized isodesmic reactions — aphysical reactions where compounds are changing but bond types are not — to understand molecular stability. The isodesmic reaction energy is thus a metric of the stabilization/destabilization relative to the starting reagents. Overall, as the number of nitrogens increase, the stability of the system increases. The isodesmic reaction energy goes from 151.8 kcal/mol to 81.8 kcal/mol for 0 to 4 nitrogen atoms. Nitration destabilizes the energy dramatically, as exemplified by 2,4-dinitro-1,3-diazatetrahedrane ((O2NC)2N2) having an isodesmic reaction energy of 152.9 kcal/mol.

Due to the instability of many azatetrahedranes, isodesmic comparisons to azacyclobutadiene analogues have been used to determine which core structures are the most synthetically feasible. Alkorta, Elguero, and Rozas reported that every member of the azatetrahedrane core series is always slightly more unstable than their azacyclobutadiene analogue(s). Jursic's calculations suggest that the energetic differential between the azatetrahedrane and the azacyclobutadiene starts off large and decreases as the number of nitrogen atoms increase in the cage. Furthermore, Jursic's calculations suggest that tetraazatetrahedrane may be slightly more stable (difference of 4.4 kcal/mol at 0 K and the CBSQ level of theory) than its azacyclobutadiene analogue. Despite the instability, non-sterically hindered azatetrahedranes may still be detectable in gaseous matrices.

### Phosphatetrahedranes

#### Bonding Parameters

Much like azatetrahedranes, phosphatetrahedranes show bond deviation. The molecular graph of *t*Bu3C3P shows significantly warped bond paths; the bond critical points lie far from the linear representation.

Investigations into the bonds of phosphatetrahedranes used quasi-atomic orbital analysis with isodesmic reactions. In contrast to azatetrahedranes, the lower electronegativity of phosphorus relative to carbon leads to a localization of negative charge in the carbons and the localization of positive charge in the phosphorus(es). This leads to greater occupancy in the C-C-C ring from 4.17 to 4.28 electrons with the addition of one phosphorus atom. Overall, the extent of charge transfer increases with the number of phosphorus atoms in the tetrahedral core.

Of the phosphatetrahedranes, only the triphosphatetrahedrane core did not show evidence of cage-opening upon ionization.

#### Thermodynamics

Ivanov, Bozhenko, and Boldyrev studied the energetic landscape of the phosphatetrahedrane series ((HC)xP4-x). Their calculations suggest that substitution of phosphorus for carbon increasingly favors the tetrahedral structure. The tetrahedral structure is the absolute minima starting for triphosphatetrahedrane, but diphosphatetrahedrane is only 2.3 kcal/mol higher in energy than the absolute minima. They attribute the stabilization of the tetrahedral structure to phosphorus' amiability towards more acute bond angles. The more diffuse orbitals of phosphorus versus carbon also favor the tetrahedral structure's σ-interactions over the planar phosphacyclobutadiene's π-interactions.

Riu, Ye, and Cummins report similar computational findings. Their calculations show decreasing strain energy with the number of phosphorus atoms in the tetrahedral cage. They also attribute the stabilization to the diffusitivity of phosphorus orbitals. They also note that the accumulation of p-character on the bond orbitals leads to greater s-character on the lone pairs.

The isolability of *t*Bu3C3P was attributed to the controversial hydrogen-hydrogen bonds (HHB), which some chemists have argued may not exist. Each HHB of the *tert*-butyl network were calculated (in absence of steric repulsion) to contribute 0.7 kcal/mol of stabilization. Calculations with one of the *tert*-butyl substituents with a methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl group result in net repulsion due to the loss of HHBs. In total, this forms the basis of the corset effect. Non-Lewis donation of electron density from the tetrahedral core to the *tert*-butyl substituents also stabilizes *t*Bu3C3P according to natural bond orbital theory. This effect was also demonstrated *in silico* for unsubstituted monophosphatetrahedrane.

### Substitution by Heavier Congeners

Schaefer and coworkers, in light of the synthesis of *t*Bu3C3P, ran calculations on the mono-pnictogen-substituted tetrahedrane series, represented by R3C3Pn (R = H, *t*Bu, Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi). These calculations yielded a series of well correlated trends.

Consistent with a perturbation of the pnictogen residing above a C-C-C ring, the C-Pn bonds elongate from 1.493 Å to 2.289 Å, and C-Pn-C angle decreases from 58.0° to 37.1° as heavier congeners are used. This is due to the larger atomic radius of the heavier pnictogens. The H-\[C-C-C plane\] angle increases from 9.1° to 31.1°, which is also attributed to the diffusivity of the heavier congener's orbitals.

As noted above with the aza- and phosphatetrahedranes, the change in pnictogen electronegativity changes the interaction between the Pn atom and the C-C-C ring. The C-C-C ring becomes increasingly more negatively charged with the heavier pnictogens.

Isodesmic reactions show greater stabilization of the cage structure due to the diffusivity of the pnictogen's orbitals, although even with bismuth, the mono-pnictogen-substituted tetrahedrane is unstable. Delocalization plays a large part in the stabilization of the heavier analogues. For example, electron density is increasingly transferred from the Pn-C bonds into the Pn lone pair in the heavier congeners. These lone pairs are also noted to follow Bent's rule.

As noted above with *t*Bu3C3P, non-Lewis interactions stabilize the tetrahedral core. These effects also become more pronounced with the heavier pnictogens. Second order perturbations suggest that the key non-Lewis interactions are C-C to C-R\* and C-Pn to C-H\* (*i.e.,* cage-opening), as well as interactions to Pn-C\*. The former set of interactions stabilize the tetrahedral core most when the substituent is an electron-withdrawing group (*e.g.,* fluoride), although decreased electron density in C-C and C-Pn can facilitate cage-opening as well.


title: 2012 São Tomé First Division

abstract: The 2012 São Tomé First Division took place that season. The club was reduced to 10 clubs and appeared in that number until late 2015, the competition began in May and finished in October. Geographically all clubs that took part in the Premier Division were in the east and those in the west were relegated last season. In the first week, Sporting Praia Cruz won the first two matches, two match draws were made in around week 15. Sporting Praia Cruz won the title and went on to participate in the national championship match for the sixth time in November. A total of 90 matches were played, and 263 goals were scored. Sporting Praia Cruz won the season's title after finishing with 48 points and participated in the 2012 National Championship later in the year.

text:
# 2012 São Tomé First Division

The **2012 São Tomé (Island or Regional) First Division** took place that season. The club was reduced to 10 clubs and appeared in that number until late 2015, the competition began in May and finished in October. Geographically all clubs that took part in the Premier Division were in the east and those in the west were relegated last season. In the first week, Sporting Praia Cruz won the first two matches, two match draws were made in around week 15. Sporting Praia Cruz won the title and went on to participate in the national championship match for the sixth time in November. A total of 90 matches were played, and 263 goals were scored. Sporting Praia Cruz won the season's title after finishing with 48 points and participated in the 2012 National Championship later in the year.

## Overview

Agrosport of Group A and Aliança Nacional of Group B were promoted into the Premier Division from the Second.

For just a season, Agrosport was relegated as they were placed 9th, also relegated was last placed 6 de Setembro, the two clubs participated in the regional Second Division in the following season. Agrosport did not return to the Premier Division until 2016 and 6 de Setembro will be returning to the Premier Division in 2018.

Sporting Praia Cruz scored the most goals numbering 40, second was Bairros Unidos with 31, 3rd was UDRA with 28 and fourth was 8th placed Aliança Nacional with 26. UDESCAI scored the least with 13, the second least was Vitória Riboque with 23 and third least were Cruz Vermelha and Oque del Rei with 24.. On the opposites, both Agrosport and 6 de Setembro conceded the most with 39, followed by Oque del Rei with 31 and UDRA with 26, Sporting Praia conceded the least with 12, second was Vitória Riboque with 18.

## Teams

6 de Setembro
Sporting Praia Cruz
FC VitóriaBairros Unidos FCUDRACruz VermelhaOque d'El ReiUDESCAIAgrosportAliança Nacionalclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in the São Tomé 2012.

| Club | City | District |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Agrosport *(**Newly Promoted**)* | Monte Café | Mé-Zóchi |
| Aliança Nacional *(**Newly Promoted**)* | Pantufo | Água Grande |
| Bairros Unidos FC | Caixão Grande | Mé-Zóchi |
| Cruz Vermelha | Almeirim | Água Grande |
| Oque d'El Rei | Oque d’El Rei | Água Grande |
| 6 de Setembro | São Tomé | Água Grande |
| Sporting Praia Cruz | São Tomé | Água Grande |
| UDESCAI | Água Izé | Cantagalo |
| UDRA | São João dos Angolares | Caué |
| Vitória FC | São Tomé | Água Grande |

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sporting Praia Cruz | 18 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 40 | 12 | +28 | 48 | Qualification for 2012 São Tomé and Principe Championship |
| 2 | Bairros Unidos FC | 18 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 31 | 21 | +10 | 33 |  |
| 3 | UDRA | 18 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 28 | 26 | +2 | | 32 |
| 4 | Vitória FC (Riboque) | 18 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 23 | 18 | +5 | | 27 |
| 5 | Cruz Vermelha | 18 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 22 | +2 | | 24 |
| 6 | Oque d'El Rei | 18 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 7 | | 19 |
| 7 | UDESCAI | 18 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 13 | 22 | 9 | | 19 |
| 8 | Aliança Nacional | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 26 | 23 | +3 | | 18 |
| 9 | Agrosport (R) | 18 | 5 | 2 | 11 | 25 | 39 | 14 | 17 | Relegation to São Tomé Championship 2 division |
| 10 | 6 de Setembro (R) | 18 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 29 | 39 | 10 | | 15 |

Updated to match(es) played on 19 November 2012. Source: São Tomé results 2012
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated

| São Tomé First Division 2012
champions |
| --- |
| **Sporting Praia Cruz
7th title** |

## InfoBox

São Tomé First Division
| Season | 2011 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Vitória FC (Riboque) |
| Promoted | Vitória FC (Riboque) |
| Relegated | CD Guadalupe
FC Neves
FC Ribeira Peixe
Santana FC |
| Matches played | 90 |
| Goals scored | 263 (2.92 per match) |
| 2011 2013 | |


title: Carlos Arroyo (footballer, born 1966)

abstract: Carlos Arroyo Ayala is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder for Valencia CF and Villarreal CF. He was known as the Prince of Alcorcón. With a total of 373 matches with Valencia, he is the club's 10th most-capped player in history.

text:
# Carlos Arroyo (footballer, born 1966)

**Carlos Arroyo Ayala** (16 February 1966) is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder for Valencia CF and Villarreal CF. He was known as the Prince of Alcorcón. With a total of 373 matches with Valencia, he is the club's 10th most-capped player in history.

## Playing career

### Early career

Carlos Arroyo was born on 16 February 1966 in Alcorcón, and he took his first steps in football in the youth ranks of his hometown club AD Alcorcón, a regional team from Madrid, a club in which he joined at the age of 12 with the help of his brother Tomás. His progression was meteoric, and in a short time he became the best player in the youth team and one of the most promising midfielders in Madrid regional football, popularly known as "The Prince of Alcorcón". At the age of 15 he was already training with the first team and at the age of 17, he made his senior debut in a Tercera División match against Carabanchel. The website of this club states that Arroyo is "the best player that the AD Alcorcón youth team has produced".

### Valencia CF

His good play attracted the attention of the Valencian representatives, Enrique Buqué and Manolo Mestre, who incorporated him into the Valencian affiliate, CE Mestalla. Arroyo made his preseason debut in a friendly match against UE Lleida on 1 August 1984, but due to his youth he began the season with Mestalla. He had the opportunity to make his debut with the first team in the First Division due to the strike of professional footballers on 9 September, against RDC Espanyol at the Mestalla Stadium.

After that atypical match, Arroyo returned to the reserve team to continue playing in the Third Division under coach Óscar Rubén Valdez and did not defend the first team's colors again until matchday 21, against Real Betis, in which he scored "an exceptional goal" to help his side to a 3–1 win. The then Valencia coach Roberto Gil then decided to promote him to the first team permanently, appearing in the Valencia CF lineups for the following 12 seasons, becoming the seventh player with the most games played in the First Division (276) when he left in 1996. He was a starter with great regularity, but he was also the preferred replacement for several successive coaches, being the player who played the most games as a substitute with 97 (a record later equaled by Miguel Ángel Angulo), and the one who was substituted the most times in the League (63 games). His last goal as a Valencian player against Espanyol in Mestalla on 19 May 1996 could have been the most important of his entire career, as it brought the team closer to the League title that finally escaped in favor of Atlético Madrid on the last day. This was the third time that he was on the verge of winning a title, as he was runner-up in the Copa del Rey in 1995 and runner-up in the League in 1989–90 and 1995–96. During his stay at Mestalla he received offers to play abroad, but as he stated once he retired, "I didn't even want to listen to them".

### Later career

In 1996, the 30-year-old Arroyo was allowed to leave by Luis Aragonés, and although he had the strength and quality to reinforce top-level teams, he had become a Valencian and preferred to stay close to home, accepting an offer from Villarreal for two seasons in the Second Division. He spent the first year almost blank due to injuries, playing only 11 League games, but in the second he completed 29 games, contributing to its historic promotion to First Division. In the summer of 1998, the arrival of David Albelda meant the end of Arroyo's predominant role in the team. At Villarreal, Arroyo reinforced his reputation as a substitute because out of 40 games played, he only started 3.

Arroyo went to Sagunto to defend the CD Acero shirt for two and a half years, but pain in his lower back forced him to retire permanently.

Arroyo stayed at Valencia CF, training the youth players in the lower categories. He worked as a delegate of the Valencian subsidiary, CE Mestella.

## International career

In the 1984–85 season, Arroyo was included in the Spanish under-21 team.

## Playing style and status

During the twelve seasons he was at Valencia, including its sting in the Segunda División, Arroyo always showed his enormous technical quality and vision of the game. He had good dribbling, game distribution and great verticality that also accompanied a good finish. He scored goals very regularly, with a more than remarkable ratio for his position, scoring a total of 65 goals in 469 games with Valencia, and he made them in a very versatile fashion; low shots, arrivals at the small area, headers and volleys on rejections for which he had an almost intuitive positioning. He only scored one penalty, against Real Betis in 1990.

His professionalism and dedication to Valencia both on and off the field made him one of the team's leaders in a difficult time that included a complicated relegation to the Second Division and a subsequent reconstruction of the team, in which he actively collaborated, to return to take the club to Europe and fight for national titles.

## Honours

Valencia CF

**Segunda División:**

## InfoBox

Carlos Arroyo
| Carlos Arroyo in 2021 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Carlos Arroyo Ayala | | |
| Date of birth | (1966-02-16)16 February 1966 | | |
| Place of birth | Alcorcón, Valencia, Spain | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | AD Alcorcón | | |
|  | CE Mestalla | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1984–1996 | Valencia CF | 272 | (34) |
| 1996–1998 | Villarreal CF | 40 | (0) |
| Total |  | **312** | **(34)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ramón Mendiburu

abstract: Ramón Mendiburu is a Spanish racing cyclist. He rode in the 1965 Tour de France. After his career as a cyclists, Mendiburu became a race organizer. After the disastrous 1982 Vuelta a España, where the winner of the race was disqualified for doping, he managed to get the 1983 Vuelta shown live on Spanish television. This made it more interesting for sponsors, which increased the budget of the organisation and revived the Vuelta.

text:
# Ramón Mendiburu

**Ramón Mendiburu** (born 12 March 1940) is a Spanish racing cyclist. He rode in the 1965 Tour de France.

After his career as a cyclists, Mendiburu became a race organizer. After the disastrous 1982 Vuelta a España, where the winner of the race was disqualified for doping, he managed to get the 1983 Vuelta shown live on Spanish television. This made it more interesting for sponsors, which increased the budget of the organisation and revived the Vuelta.

## InfoBox

Ramón Mendiburu
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1940-03-12) 12 March 1940 |
| Team information | |
| Role | Rider |


title: Callie Leach French

abstract: Callie M. Leach French was an American steamboat captain and pilot. For much of her career as a captain, she worked with her husband, towing showboats along the Ohio, Monogahela and Mississippi Rivers. She played the calliope, cooked, sewed, and wrote jokes for the showboat theater. She never had an accident in her career and was the first woman to hold a masters and pilot's license for a steamboat.

text:
# Callie Leach French

**Callie M. Leach French** (**"Aunt Callie"** 1861–1935) was an American steamboat captain and pilot. For much of her career as a captain, she worked with her husband, towing showboats along the Ohio, Monogahela and Mississippi Rivers. She played the calliope, cooked, sewed, and wrote jokes for the showboat theater. She never had an accident in her career and was the first woman to hold a masters and pilot's license for a steamboat.

## Biography

French was born in Jackson County or Jefferson County, Ohio and lived in Cincinnati. French married Captain Augustus Byron French in 1878. Augustus Byron French owned a steamboat, named *C.O.*, which traveled along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, towing a theater. He taught Callie to pilot and suggested that she should pursue her pilot's license in New Orleans, where she earned a first class license in 1888. This made her the second woman to hold this license in the United States. It also helped save the couple money. In April 1890 she earned pilot's license for the Ohio and Monogahela Rivers. In 1892, she earned her master's license, making her the only woman to hold both. In addition in April 1893, she was admitted as the first woman member of the American Association of Masters and Pilots of Steam Vessels. When she brought her boat to land at the docks, she "attracted considerable attention among the river men," and she was acknowledged to be an excellent captain, according to the *Louisville Post*.

French's steamboat was called the *Mary Stuart* and it towed a houseboat named the *Sensation* which had a theater which could seat 600 people. The couple partnered with John McNair, who was an engineer, tuba player and actor. Shows such as melodramas typical of the day were performed in the theater and French wrote jokes for shows as well. The boat also had a calliope which could be heard from the river with French playing it to attract customers. She was known as "Aunt Callie" to her patrons. She cooked, sewed and acted as a nurse when necessary. She was also an expert swimmer.

Around 1902, she and her husband purchased land in Columbia, Alabama where they intended to retire. Augustus French never made it to retirement, dying in a hotel in Cincinnati and leaving French as the sole owner of the steamboats. John McNair and his wife Ida helped French with management of the crew and programming respectively. French continued to travel on the river until 1907, then sold out her share and retired to Alabama. She never had an accident or lost a boat.

French later married Chas H. Tomlinson in Alabama. She died in 1935 and was buried in the Columbia Cemetery. In 1991 French was inducted into the National Maritime Hall of Fame. French was inducted into the National Rivers Hall of Fame in 2001.


title: Título Cʼoyoi

abstract:
The Título Cʼoyoi is an important early colonial Kʼiche document documenting the mythical origins of the Kʼicheʼ people and their history up to the Spanish conquest. It describes Kʼicheʼ preparations for battle against the Spanish, and the death of the Kʼicheʼ hero Tecun Uman. The document was written in Qʼumarkaj, the Kʼicheʼ capital city, by the Cʼoyoi Sakcorowach lineage, which belonged to the Quejnay branch of the Kʼicheʼ, and who held territory just to the east of Quetzaltenango, now in Guatemala.
The document was largely written by Juan de Penonias de Putanza, who claimed to be the relative of a Cʼoyoi nobleman who was killed during the Spanish conquest. It was composed with the assistance of the Kʼicheʼ officialdom at Qʼumarkaj, and portions of the text reflect the official version of Kʼicheʼ history as produced in the capital. An illustration in the document shows that the Maya nobility of Quetzaltenango adopted the double-headed Habsburg Eagle as their family crest.

text:
# Título Cʼoyoi

The ***Título Cʼoyoi*** is an important early colonial Kʼiche document documenting the mythical origins of the Kʼicheʼ people and their history up to the Spanish conquest. It describes Kʼicheʼ preparations for battle against the Spanish, and the death of the Kʼicheʼ hero Tecun Uman. The document was written in Qʼumarkaj, the Kʼicheʼ capital city, by the Cʼoyoi Sakcorowach lineage, which belonged to the Quejnay branch of the Kʼicheʼ, and who held territory just to the east of Quetzaltenango, now in Guatemala. The document was largely written by Juan de Penonias de Putanza, who claimed to be the relative of a Cʼoyoi nobleman who was killed during the Spanish conquest. It was composed with the assistance of the Kʼicheʼ officialdom at Qʼumarkaj, and portions of the text reflect the official version of Kʼicheʼ history as produced in the capital. An illustration in the document shows that the Maya nobility of Quetzaltenango adopted the double-headed Habsburg Eagle as their family crest.

## Condition

The original Kʼicheʼ document, including two illustrations, is held by the Robert Garrett Collection of Middle American Manuscripts at the Princeton University Library. Fifty-six pages survive, and the document is poorly preserved in places, with the pages mixed out of their reading order. The surviving pages are clearly written, with clear use of symbols to phonetically render the Kʼicheʼ language. The document is roughly one-third of the length of the *Popul Vuh* and the *Annals of the Kaqchikels*, and roughly the same length as the *Título de Totonicapán*, making it one of the shorter indigenous *títulos*.

## History of the document

Although Christian dates are given in the document, they are indecipherable. However, the document has been tentatively dated to 1550-1570 by the presence of several names that also appear in other early colonial documents, particularly the *Título Nijaib I* and the *Título Nijaib II*. The account of the Spanish conquest, and the description of the area around Quetzaltenango, are likely to have been derived from the recollections of Kʼicheʼ lords who had survived the Spanish invasion.

The history of the document after the 16th century is unknown; by 1920 it was in the William Gates collection. Gates had procured manuscripts from three expeditions to Guatemala in the early 20th century that specifically searched for early manuscripts. In 1930 the Gates collection was passed to the Maya Society. In 1937 it was listed in a Maya Society catalogue as the *Probanza Ejecutoria del la Casa de Quiché*. Garrett moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1942. It was recorded as being there in 1950 by Guatemalan historian Adrian Recinos, although the Princeton Digital Library records that it was removed from the Institute in 1949 and donated to the Princeton University Library. By 1973, the document was held by the Princeton University Library as part of the Robert Garrett Collection of Middle American Manuscripts.

## Composition

The *Título Cʼoyoi* was probably written in a collaboration between the lords of Qʼumarkaj, and the Cʼoyoi lords of Quetzaltenango, with the official approval of the former. The text was likely to have been based on that of another document written using the Latin script as taught by the Spanish friars, rather than being compiled from a pre-Columbian codex as was probably the case with the *Popul Vuh*.

## Purpose

The main purpose of the document was to establish the noble origin of the Cʼoyoi lineage, and its claim to land holdings and right to rule. It also glorifies the Kʼicheʼ people. The descent of the Cʼoyoi lineage from the Kʼicheʼ royal line is repeatedly stated, and the Cʼoyoi lineage's association with famous Kʼicheʼ kings is emphasised. The text also documents the limits of the territory the Cʼoyoi claimed lordship over.

## Content

The document relates the mythic origins of the Kʼicheʼ people, and parallels other Kʼicheʼ documents such as the *Popul Vuh*. It describes the arrival of the ancestors from the east, the dawning, the migrations of the Kʼicheʼ, followed by historical events such as the founding of the Kʼicheʼ capital at Qʼumarkaj, the military campaigns of the Kʼicheʼ king Kʼiqʼab, with emphasis on the area around Quetzaltenango, and an account of the Spanish conquest that includes details of Kʼicheʼ preparations for battle. In general the *Título Cʼoyoi* gives briefer descriptions of events related in the *Popul Vuh* and *Título de Totonicapán*, and concentrates on Kʼicheʼ campaigns in the west and the Pacific coastal plain.

In a few places the document includes dialogue, which is described as the "words of the ancestors"; this is similar to some portions of the *Popul Vuh*. These instances of poetic dialogue may ultimately derive from chanted or sung accompaniments to pre-Columbian Maya codices. The two illustrations show considerable Spanish influence, although the prose is relatively free of it. All references to religion are entirely pre-Columbian, and only a few Spanish words are contained in the text. The only Christian influence in the document is the reference to the arrival of the ancestors from the east, over the sea.

The final part of the *Título Cʼoyoi* details the Spanish invasion and the death of the Kʼicheʼ hero Tecun Uman; this portion of the text is derived from a different tradition than the one that produced the *Popul Vuh* and the *Título de Totonicapán*, and generally corresponds to the events described in the *Título Nijaib I* and the *Título Huitzitzil Tzunún*, both of which are only known from poor Spanish-language translations of their original Kʼicheʼ text.

* Carmack, Robert M. (1973) *Quichean Civilization: The Ethnohistoric, Ethnographic, and Archaeological Sources*, pp. 3940, 265307. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, US: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520019638. OCLC 649816
* Carmack, Robert M.; and James L. Mondloch (2009). Horacio Cabezas Carcache, ed. "Título Kʼoyoi". Crónicas Mesoamericanas (in Spanish) (Guatemala City, Guatemala: Universidad Mesoamericana). Volume II: 15–68. ISBN 978-99939-984-0-2. OCLC 587554348. Archived from the original on 2016-03-01. Access date 2016-03-01.
* Christenson, Allen J. (2001) *Art and Society in a Highland Maya Community: The Altarpiece of Santiago Atitlán*, pp. 171172. Austin, Texas, US: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71237-5. OCLC 46420140
* Christenson, Allen J. (2012) "The Use of Chiasmus by the Ancient Kʼicheʼ Maya" in Hull, K. M. & Carrasco, M. D. (eds.) *Parallel Worlds: Genre, Discourse, and Poetics in Contemporary, Colonial, and Classic Maya Literature.*, pp. 311336. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. Via Project MUSE. Retrieved 13 April 2016. (subscription required)
* Princeton University Digital Library (2010). *Probanca executorio : manuscript, \[between 1600 and 1650\]*. Princeton, New Jersey, US. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

## Further reading

* Lovell, W. George (2005). *Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatán Highlands, 1500–1821* (3rd ed.). Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2741-9. OCLC 58051691


title: Craig Langdon

abstract: Craig Anthony Cuffe Langdon is an Australian politician. He was a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1996 until 2010. He was a social worker before entering politics. Langdon resigned from the parliament on 25 August 2010, citing family and personal reasons in a statement, but also accusing a number of his colleagues of "disloyalty and betrayal". Langdon was elected as the Mayor of the Banyule City Council in 2014. Langdon was a Banyule councillor representing Olympia Ward until he was defeated for re-election by Peter Dimarelos in 2020.

text:
# Craig Langdon

**Craig Anthony Cuffe Langdon** (born 22 May 1957) is an Australian politician. He was a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1996 until 2010. He was a social worker before entering politics.

Langdon resigned from the parliament on 25 August 2010, citing family and personal reasons in a statement, but also accusing a number of his colleagues of "disloyalty and betrayal".

Langdon was elected as the Mayor of the Banyule City Council in 2014. Langdon was a Banyule councillor representing Olympia Ward until he was defeated for re-election by Peter Dimarelos in 2020.


title: SAIMAN LB.2

abstract: The SAIMAN LB.2 was an unconventional Italian two seat cabin side by side sport aircraft designed around 1937, with a single pusher configuration engine, twin tail booms and an early tricycle undercarriage.

text:
# SAIMAN LB.2

The **SAIMAN LB.2** was an unconventional Italian two seat cabin side by side sport aircraft designed around 1937, with a single pusher configuration engine, twin tail booms and an early tricycle undercarriage.

## Design and development

As well as its own designs like the SAIMAN 202 cabin monoplane, SAIMAN also constructed other peoples' aircraft. The LB.2 was one of the latter, designed by Francis Lombardi who was well known for his Avia FL.3 trainer aircraft.

The unusually laid out LB.2 was largely of conventional wooden construction. It was a cantilever mid-wing monoplane, with a three section wing consisting of a centre section and two outer panels. The wing's wooden structure was plywood covered at the leading edge and fabric covered aft. Slotted flaps were fitted. Two parallel, rectangular section tail booms, mounted at the wing centre section-outer panel junctions, carried the empennage. Like the wings, the tail surfaces had wooden structures and were plywood and fabric covered. The tailplane and elevator was of constant chord and did not extend beyond the fins, which had swept, straight leading edges and carried curved rudders, cut away below.

The central nacelle of the LB.2 placed the seating well ahead of the wing leading edge and the engine at the trailing edge. It was a flat sided structure of mixed construction, with plywood covering around the nose and cabin and metal around the engine. Seating was enclosed, with access via fuselage side doors. The flat cabin top continued behind the cabin to the engine housing, where an 82 kW (110 hp) Alfa-Romeo 110-I 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line engine was mounted in pusher configuration.

The LB.2 was one of the first Italian aircraft with a tricycle undercarriage. This was non-retractable, with the mainwheels on short vertical oleo legs wing mounted at the root of the tailbooms. The nosewheel was steerable.

## Operational history

The SAIMAN LB.2 appeared at the Milan show of 1937, though *Flight* dismissed it as a "freak". *Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938* described it as "now built under licence by SAIMAN" but it is not certain that more than the prototype was constructed.

## Specifications

*Data from* Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938

**General characteristics**

* **Capacity:** 2
* **Length:** 6.9 m (22 ft 8 in)
* **Wingspan:** 11.7 m (38 ft 5 in)
* **Height:** 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
* **Wing area:** 15.16 m2 (163.2 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 620 kg (1,367 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 900 kg (1,984 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Alfa-Romeo 110-I 4-cylinder inverted in-line water-cooled, 82 kW (110 hp)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 210 km/h (130 mph, 110 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn)
* **Range:** 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 5,500 m (18,000 ft)
* **Wing loading:** 59 kg/m2 (12 lb/sq ft)
* **Power/mass:** 0.091 kW/kg (0.059 hp/lb)
* **Landing speed:** 70 km/h (44 mph; 38 kn)

## InfoBox

| SAIMAN LB.2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Two seat light aircraft |
| National origin | Italy |
| Manufacturer | Societa Anonima Industrie Meccaniche Aeronautiche Navali SAIMAN |
| Designer | Francis Lombardi |
| First flight | c.1937 |


title: Cacochroa permixtella

abstract: Cacochroa permixtella is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in the Mediterranean Region.

text:
# Cacochroa permixtella

***Cacochroa permixtella*** is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in the Mediterranean Region.

## Biology

The caterpillars feed on *Phillyrea angustifolia* and *Phillyrea latifolia*. After overwintering in the larval stage, the larvae live freely in a rolled leaf.

## Taxonomy

Junior synonyms are:

* *Anchinia permixtella* Herrich-Schaffer 1854
* *Cacophyia permixtella* (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)

## InfoBox

| *Cacochroa permixtella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Cacochroa* |
| Species: | ***C. permixtella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cacochroa permixtella***<br>(Herrich-Schäffer, 1854) | |
|