title: Cigdem Eskicioglu

abstract: Cigdem Eskicioglu is a Turkish-Canadian engineer, and a professor at the University of British Columbia. She holds a Senior Industrial Research Chair in the School of Engineering at the University of British Columbia.

text:
# Cigdem Eskicioglu

**Cigdem Eskicioglu** is a Turkish-Canadian engineer, and a professor at the University of British Columbia. She holds a Senior Industrial Research Chair in the School of Engineering at the University of British Columbia.

## Early life and education

Eskicioglu was born in Turkey, and spent her first ten years in Istanbul. She cites her experiences in Turkey, including traffic jams and a lack of clean water and air, as what prompted her interest in environmental issues. She completed a Bachelor of Science degree in environmental engineering at the Istanbul Tech University, followed by a PhD and post-doctoral fellowship in environmental engineering at the University of Ottawa.

## Research career

Eskicioglu leads the UBC Bioreactor Technology Group at the University of British Columbia's Okanagan campus, where her lab develops wastewater treatment technologies, including waste processing and biological treatment. In 2020, She was appointed as the Senior Industrial Research Chair (IRC), awarded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and Metro Vancouver, to conduct research into recovering resources from wastewater sludge, at the School of Engineering at the University of British Columbia. Eskicioglu has been collaborating with Metro Vancouver since 2013, which has yielded a provisional patent on a bioreactor which can create renewable natural gas from wastewater treatment.

Conventional fermentation methods can take several weeks, or months, to generate methane. In collaboration with international groups, Eskicioglu has developed a new waste pre-treatment technique, where common materials in agricultural waste, including Douglas fir bark, can generate methane faster. In addition, Eskicioglu's research has demonstrated that including combinations of metal salts during fermentation can make wastewater treatment safer and less smelly.

Eskicioglu has published over 80 academic papers which have been cited over 2900 times, resulting in an h-index and i10-index of 23 and 43 respectively. She has previously received a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Postgraduate Scholarship, the British Columbia Confederation of University Faculty Associations (CUFA) Early in Career Award (2012) and the City of Kelowna’s Mayor’s Environmental Award (2011).

## Selected bibliography

* Characterization of soluble organic matter of waste activated sludge before and after thermal pretreatment. **C Eskicioglu**, KJ Kennedy, RL Droste. Water research 40 (20), 3725-3736. 2006.
* Athermal microwave effects for enhancing digestibility of waste activated sludge. **C Eskicioglu**, N Terzian, KJ Kennedy, RL Droste, M Hamoda. Water Research 41 (11), 2457-2466. 2007.
* Fate of estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge treatment: A review of properties and analytical detection techniques in sludge matrix. H Hamid, **C Eskicioglu.** Water Research 46 (18), 5813-5833. 2012.
* An overview of construction and demolition waste management in Canada: a lifecycle analysis approach to sustainability. M Yeheyis, K Hewage, MS Alam, **C Eskicioglu**, R Sadiq. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 15 (1), 81-91. 2013.

## InfoBox

| Cigdem Eskicioglu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Turkey |
| Alma mater | University of Ottawa |
| Awards | Senior Industrial Research Chair City of Kelowna’s Mayor’s Environmental Award |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of British Columbia |
|  | |


title: Rudra Pratap

abstract: Rudra Pratap is an Indian academician and the vice-chancellor of Plaksha University, Mohali. Previously, he was a professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. Among other research interests, he works in the field of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and used to head India's first research lab in the field of Microelectromechanical systems, the CranesSci MEMS Lab at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. His book on MATLAB Getting Started with MATLAB 7 is popular among the students of engineering. He is also the Chair for the Centre of Nanoscience and Engineering (CeNSE). Pratap is an Associate Editor of Shock and Vibration Journal which publishes articles on various aspects of shocks and vibration including vibration measurements, vibration condition monitoring, shock hardening, fluid-structure interaction, impact biodynamics, vehicle dynamics, and gun dynamics.

text:
# Rudra Pratap

**Rudra Pratap** is an Indian academician and the vice-chancellor of Plaksha University, Mohali. Previously, he was a professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. Among other research interests, he works in the field of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and used to head India's first research lab in the field of Microelectromechanical systems, the CranesSci MEMS Lab at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. His book on MATLAB *Getting Started with MATLAB 7* is popular among the students of engineering. He is also the Chair for the Centre of Nanoscience and Engineering (CeNSE).

Pratap is an Associate Editor of Shock and Vibration Journal which publishes articles on various aspects of shocks and vibration including vibration measurements, vibration condition monitoring, shock hardening, fluid-structure interaction, impact biodynamics, vehicle dynamics, and gun dynamics.

## Education and work

Pratap obtained his B.Tech from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in the year 1985. He then obtained his MS from University of Arizona, Tucson in the year 1987 followed by PhD from Cornell University, Ithaca in the year 1993. He joined Indian Institute of Science in the year 1996.

## Books authored

* *Getting Started with MATLAB 7: A Quick Introduction for Scientists and Engineers*, Oxford University Press, 2005.
* *Introduction to Statics and Dynamics*, with Andy Ruina, Oxford University Press, 2002.

## InfoBox

| Rudra Pratap | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Professor |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mechanical, MEMS, NEMS |
| Institutions | Indian Institute of Science |
|  | |


title: 527 Euryanthe

abstract: 527 Euryanthe is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered in 1904 by Max Wolf and named after the heroine of the opera Euryanthe by the German composer Carl Maria von Weber.

text:
# 527 Euryanthe

**527 Euryanthe** is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered in 1904 by Max Wolf and named after the heroine of the opera *Euryanthe* by the German composer Carl Maria von Weber.

## InfoBox

527 Euryanthe
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | Max Wolf |
| Discovery site | Heidelberg |
| Discovery date | 20 March 1904 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (527) Euryanthe |
| Pronunciation | /jʊəriˈænθ/ |
| Alternative designations | 1904 NR |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 112.06 yr (40931 d) |
| Aphelion | 3.1363 AU (469.18 Gm) |
| Perihelion | 2.3191 AU (346.93 Gm) |
| Semi-major axis | 2.7277 AU (408.06 Gm) |
| Eccentricity | 0.14980 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.51 yr (1645.5 ) |
| Mean anomaly | 245.24 |
| Mean motion | 0° 13m 7.608s / day |
| Inclination | 9.6595° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 120.551° |
| Argument of perihelion | 203.540° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean radius | 26.455±0.8 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 26.06  (1.086 ) |
| Geometric albedo | 0.0576±0.004 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 10.4 |
|  | |


title: The Voice of Korea season 3

abstract: The third season of the South Korean reality television series The Voice of Korea premiered in May 2020 after a seven-year hiatus. Sung Sikyung, Kim Jongkook, BoA, and Dynamic Duo were introduced as the new coaches of the show. The show is hosted by Jang Sungkyu.

text:
# The Voice of Korea season 3

The **third season** of the South Korean reality television series ***The Voice of Korea*** premiered in May 2020 after a seven-year hiatus. Sung Sikyung, Kim Jongkook, BoA, and Dynamic Duo were introduced as the new coaches of the show. The show is hosted by Jang Sungkyu.

## Changes

### Coaches' line-up

The coaches of the third season of *The Voice of Korea*Sung SikyungKim JongkookBoADynamic Duo

None of the coaches from the previous season has returned. In April 2020, Sung Sikyung, Kim Jongkook, BoA, and Dynamic Duo were announced as the four new coaches.

### Host

Jang Sungkyu was announced as the new host, replacing Kim Jinpyo.

### Mechanics

#### Block

A new feature added in the blind auditions this season is the Block. Each coach is given one block to prevent one coach from getting an artist. Also, each teams were decreased from 12 to 8 members each, bringing the total of artists to 32.

#### The Sing-Offs

The Knockout rounds were removed in favor of the Sing-Offs. In the Sing-Offs, one artist from each team is chosen by their coach to directly advance to the semi-finals without performing. The remaining artists perform a short piece in a capella. The winning artist proceeds to the semi-finals.

## Teams

Color key

| Coaches | Top 32 artists | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sung Sikyung |  | | | | |
| | Jeon Chulmin | Kim Yeji | Hong Joohyun | Lee Jihea |
| | Lee Nayoung | Lee Ah Young | Kwon Mihee | Son Junhyuk |
| Kim Jongkook |  | | | | |
| | Park Daeun | Jung Yujin | Kim Chanho | Jung Jooyoung & Lim Hanna |
| | Kim Yunseol | Kwon Eunjung | Kim Younghob | Park Joohee |
| BoA |  | | | | |
| | Kim Jihyun | Lee Saebom | Doo Sunjung | DAE JONG CHO |
| | Hwang Jooho | Oh Sewoong | Ra Dajeong | OF US |
| Dynamic Duo |  | | | | |
| | Kim Minkyung | Park Changin | Kyung Dasom | Kim Narae |
| | Jo Yekyul | Kim Yejoon | Yoo Jiwon | Im Haena |
|

## Blind auditions

A new feature in the blind auditions this season is the Block. Each coach can use it once to prevent one of the other coaches from getting an artist.

The blind auditions were taped without an audience due to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.

Color key

|  | Coach pressed "I WANT YOU" button |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist defaulted to a coach's team |
|  | Artist elected a coach's team |
|  | Artist was eliminated with no coach pressing their button |
|  | Coach pressed the "I WANT YOU" button, but was blocked by Sung Si-kyung from getting the artist |
|  | Coach pressed the "I WANT YOU" button, but was blocked by Kim Jong-kook from getting the artist |
|  | Coach pressed the "I WANT YOU" button, but was blocked by BoA from getting the artist |
|  | Coach pressed the "I WANT YOU" button, but was blocked by Dynamic Duo from getting the artist |

### Episode 1 (May 29, 2020)

| Order | Artist | Song | Original Artist | Coach's and artist's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Si Kyung | Jong Kook | BoA | Dynamic Duo |
| 1 | Park Changin | Night after night | In Sooni |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | OF US | Late Night | Noel | - |  |  | - |
| 3 | Park Hyeyeon | Don't Live Like That | Park Mikyung | - | - | - | - |
| 4 | Jung Yujin | Love, ing | Ben |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Hwang Jooho | Only You | Huh Gak |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Hong Joohyun | Lost Child | Lena Park |  |  | - | - |
| 7 | Jo Yekyul | Song Of Gra'Sona | Let's Play | - |  |  |  |
| 8 | Kim Yeji | Shinchon Blue | Lee Jae Min |  |  |  |  |

### Episode 2 (June 5, 2020)

| Order | Artist | Song | Original Artist | Coach's and artist's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Si Kyung | Jong Kook | BoA | Dynamic Duo |
| 1 | Lee Saebom | Warning | Tashannie | - | - |  |  |
| 2 | Kim Chanho | If it is you | Jung Seung-hwan |  |  |  | - |
| 3 | Uhm Heana | Please | Jeon In-kwon |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | Kim Eunbi | HIP | MAMAMOO | - | - | - | - |
| 5 | Lee Jihea | All About You | Taeyeon |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Park Daeun | Blue Cocktail Scent | Han Youngae |  |  | - |  |
| 7 | Jeon Chulmin | Beautiful Fact | Boohwal |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Yoo Jiwon | Make Up (ft. Crush) | Sam Kim |  | - |  |  |
| 9 | Kim Jihyun | Please | Lee So-ra |  |  |  |  |

1. Participant on the third season of I Can See Your Voice
2. BoA pressed her block button for Dynamic Duo but they did not turn.
3. Contestant on Superstar K2
4. Contestant on Superstar K4
5. Participant on the fourth season of I Can See Your Voice
6. The Winner on Kim bamsoo episode of the second season of Hidden Singer

### Episode 3 (June 12, 2020)

| Order | Artist | Song | Original Artist | Coach's and artist's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Si Kyung | Jong Kook | BoA | Dynamic Duo |
| 1 | Lee Woongyeol | One Man | Kim Jongkook | - | - | - | - |
| 2 | Doo Sunjung | DALLA DALLA | ITZY |  | - |  |  |
| 3 | DAE JONG CHO | Tell me that you love me | M to M | - | - |  | - |
| 4 | Son Junhyuk | Last Love | Kim Bumsoo |  | - | - | - |
| 5 | Lee Nayoung | Only One | BoA |  |  |  | - |
| 6 | Kim Narae | Nocturne | Kim Yuna |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Kim Yunseol | Only I Didn't Know | IU | - |  |  | - |
| 8 | Seong Yubin | Passing | Kim Bumsoo | - | - | - | - |
| 9 | Kim Minkyung | Don't Know You | HEIZE |  | - | - |  |
| 10 | Kim Youngheum | My Love by My Side | Hyunsik & Hakchul |  |  |  |  |

1. Participant on the fourth season of I Can See Your Voice
2. Former member M to M
3. Former member EYE TO EYE
4. The Winner on the 6th episode of seventh season of I Can See Your Voice
5. Actor Lee Taesung brother
6. Contestant on MIXNINE
7. Appeared on second season of Vocal Play

### Episode 4 (June 19, 2020)

| Order | Artist | Song | Original Artist | Coach's and artist's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Si Kyung | Jong Kook | BoA | Dynamic Duo |
| 1 | Jung Jooyoung & Lim Hanna | Love me right | Exo |  |  | - | - |
| 2 | Kwon Mihee | Nocturne | Kim Yuna |  | - | - | - |
| 3 | Kyung Dasom | LATATA | (G)I-dle |  | - | - |  |
| 4 | Park Joohee | Bounced Farewell | Kim Hyun Jung | - |  | - | - |
| 5 | Kwon Eunjung | Peek-A-Boo | Red Velvet | - |  | - | - |
| 6 | Oh Sewoong | I'm Your Man | 2PM | - | Team full |  | - |
| 7 | Ra Dajeong | Decalcomanie | MAMAMOO |  |  |  | - |
| 9 | Lee Ah Young | Clockwork | Lim Jeonghee |  | Team full | Team full | - |
| 10 | Kim Yejoon | Beautiful | Crush | | | Team full |  |

1. Jong Kook has already completed his team but was able to turn since the audition was taped before he completed his eight artists.
2. Contestant on Under Nineteen

## The Battles

The advisors for this round are Kim Johan for Team Sung Sikyung, Lyn for Team Kim Jongkook, Jang Jin-young for Team BoA, and Sunwoo Junga for Team Dynamic Duo. Artists who win their battle advance to the Sing-Off Rounds.

**Color key:**

|  | Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Sing-Off |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated |
|

| Episodes | Coach | Order | Winner | Song | Original Artist | Loser |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | |
| Episode 4
*(June 19, 2020)* | Kim Jongkook | 1 | Jung Yujin | I Will Go to You Like the First Snow | Ailee | Park Joohee |
| | BoA | 2 | DAE JONG CHO | Love In The Ice | TVXQ | OF US |
| | Dynamic Duo | 3 | Park Changin | Night Train | In Halee | Uhm Heana |
|  | | | | | | |
| Episode 5
*(June 26, 2020)* | Dynamic Duo | 1 | Kim Narae | D(half moon) | DEAN | Yoo Jiwon |
| | BoA | 2 | Lee Saebom | 1.2.3.4 | Lee Hi | Ra Dajeong |
| | Sung Sikyung | 3 | Jeon Chulmin | Lean On | Shin Yong Jae | Son Junhyuk |
| | Dynamic Duo | 4 | Kim Minkyung | Can't Love You Anymore (with Oh Hyuk) | IU | Kim Yejoon |
| | Kim Jongkook | 5 | Park Daeun | Last station of the farewell | Son Sihyang | Kim Younghob |
| | Sung Sikyung | 6 | Kim Yeji | Walking Along With You | Cho Yongpil | Kwon Mihee |
|  | | | | | | |
| Episode 6
*(July 3, 2020)* | BoA | 1 | Doo Sunjung | Twenty Five, Twenty One | Jaurim | Oh Sewoong |
| | Sung Sikyung | 2 | Lee Jihea | Na Won Ju | Baek Jiyoung | Lee Ah Young |
| | Kim Jongkook | 3 | Jung Jooyoung & Lim Hanna | VERY NICE | SEVENTEEN | Kwon Eunjung |
| | Sung Sikyung | 4 | Hong Joohyun | How Can I Love the Heartbreak, You're the One I Love | AKMU | Lee Nayoung |
| | BoA | 5 | Kim Jihyun | Run With Me | SWJA (sunwoojunga) | Hwang Jooho |
| | Kim Jongkook | 6 | Kim Chanho | HUMAN,LOVE | Kim Bumsoo & Park Lena | Kim Yunseol |
| | Dynamic Duo | 7 | Kyung Dasom | The Secret Garden | Lee Sangeun | Jo Yekyul |

## The Sing-Offs

In the Sing-Offs, one artist from each team is chosen by their coach to directly advance to the semi-finals without having to perform on this round. The remaining artists perform a short piece in a capella. The winning artist proceeds to the semi-finals.

Color key

|  | Artist was chosen to advance directly to the Semi-Final |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist won the Sing-Off and advanced to the Semi-Final |
|  | Artist lost the Sing-Off and was eliminated |
|

| Episode | Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Original Artist |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 6
*(July 3, 2020)* | Kim Jongkook | - | Jung Yujin | *Advanced directly to the semi-finals* | |
| | | 1 | Kim Chanho | Good Person | Park Hyoshin |
| | | 2 | Jung Jooyoung & Lim Hanna | Thank You (For Saving My Life) | Cho Kyuchan |
| | | 3 | Park Daeun | It's Not Love If It Hurts Too Much | Kim Gwangsuk |
| |  | | | | |
| | BoA | - | Kim Jihyun | *Advanced directly to the semi-finals* | |
| | 4 | Doo Sunjung | Whistling | Lee Moonsae |
| | 5 | Lee Saebom | Energetic | Wanna One |
| | 6 | DAE JONG CHO | For My Love | M.Street |
| |  | | | | |
| | Dynamic Duo | - | Park Changin | *Advanced directly to the semi-finals* | |
| | 7 | Kim Minkyung | Every Moment of You (Every moment of you | Sung Sikyung |
| | 8 | Kim Narae | Always (With Lena Park) | Don Spike |
| | 9 | Kyung Dasom | And July | Heize |
| |  | | | | |
| | Sung Sikyung | - | Kim Yeji | *Advanced directly to the semi-finals* | |
| | 10 | Hong Joohyun | Fool | Park Hyoshin |
| | 11 | Lee Jihea | Knot | Ha Dong Qn |
| | 12 | Jeon Chulmin | A Daily Song | Hwang Chiyeul |

## Live shows

### Semi-final (July 10, 2020)

Color key

|  | Artist won the Semi-Final and advanced to the Final |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist lost the Semi-Final and was eliminated |
|

| Order | Coach | Artist | Song | Original Artist |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | |
| 1 | Kim Jongkook | Jung Yujin | Living In the Same Time | Naul |
| 2 | | Park Daeun | FAKE LOVE | BTS |
|  | | | | | |
| 3 | Dynamic Duo | Park Changin | Solo | JENNIE |
| 4 | | Kim Minkyung | Hush | Miss A |
|  | | | | | |
| 5 | Sung Sikyung | Jeon Chulmin | Beautiful Moment Instrumenta | K.Will |
| 6 | | Kim Yeji | TOMBOY | HYUKOH |
|  | | | | | |
| 7 | BoA | Kim Jihyun | What's the matter | Kim Hyunchul |
| 8 | | Lee Saebom | Tempo | EXO |

### Final (July 10, 2020)

**Color key:**

|  | Winner |
| --- | --- |
|  | Runner-up |
|  | Third place |
|  | Fourth place |
|

| Order | Coach | Artist | Song | Original Artist | Public Vote (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dynamic Duo | Kim Minkyung | You’Re Just At A Higher Place Than Me | Shin Seunghun | 9 |
| 2 | Kim Jongkook | Park Daeun | The Night Alone | Kim Kwangseok | 27 |
| 3 | Sung Sikyung | Jeon Chulmin | When Spring Comes | Big Mama King | 25 |
| 4 | BoA | Kim Jihyun | Hidden Road | Yoo Jaeha | 39 |

Non-competition performances
| Order | Performers | Song | Original Artist |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kim Younghob & Park Joohee (Team Jong Kook), Doo Sunjung & Ra Dajeong(Team BoA), Yoo Jiwon & Uhm Heana (Team Dynamic Duo), Lee Jihea & Hong Joohyun(Team Si Kyung) | Whenever | Toy |

## Ratings

| Episode | Air date | AGB Ratings | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Mnet | tvN | Sum |
| 1 | May 29, 2020 | 0.4% | 2.0% | 2.4% |
| 2 | June 5, 2020 | 0.4% | 1.7% | 2.1% |
| 3 | June 12, 2020 | 0.6% | 1.6% | 2.2% |
| 4 | June 19, 2020 | 0.7% | 1.3% | 2.0% |
| 5 | June 26, 2020 | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.7% |
| 6 | July 3, 2020 | 0.4% | 1.6% | 2.0% |
| 7 | July 10, 2020 | 0.5% | 1.0% | 1.5% |

1. ""The Voice Korea 2020" Announces The Four Top-Star Coaches To Join The Program". *hellokpop*. 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
2. "SM Entertainment". *www.smentertainment.com*. 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2020-06-17.

## InfoBox

| *The Voice of Korea* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
|  | |
| Hosted by | Jang Sungkyu |
| Judges |  |
| Winner | Kim Jihyun |
| Runner-up | Park Daeun |
|  | |
| Release | |
| Original network |  |
| Original release | May 29, 2020 (2020-05-29) |


title: Cochylimorpha additana

abstract: Cochylimorpha additana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Algeria.

text:
# Cochylimorpha additana

***Cochylimorpha additana*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Algeria.

## InfoBox

| *Cochylimorpha additana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cochylimorpha additana* in Kennel *Die palaearktischen tortriciden* figure 6 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Cochylimorpha* |
| Species: | ***C. additana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cochylimorpha additana***<br>(Kennel, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euxanthis additana* Kennel, 1901 | |


title: 1972 Norwegian Football Cup

abstract: The 1972 Norwegian Football Cup was the 67th edition of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The Cup was won by Brann after beating Rosenborg in the cup final with the score 1–0. This was Brann's third Norwegian Cup title.

text:
# 1972 Norwegian Football Cup

The **1972 Norwegian Football Cup** was the 67th edition of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The Cup was won by Brann after beating Rosenborg in the cup final with the score 1–0. This was Brann's third Norwegian Cup title.

## First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Andenes | 0–1 | **Bodø/Glimt** |
| Arna | 1–3 | **Baune** |
| Askim | 0–3 | **Lillestrøm** |
| **Aurskog** | 4–2 | Sprint/Jeløy |
| Beitstad | 1–3 | **Neset** |
| **Brann** | 3–1 | Bjarg |
| **Brodd** | 4–2 | Flekkefjord |
| **Bækkelaget** | 3–2 (a.e.t.) | Skeid |
| **Clausenengen** | 3–0 | Bryn |
| Donn | 0–2 | **Stag** |
| **Drafn** | 2–0 | Geithus |
| **Eidsvold Turn** | 9–0 | Flisa |
| Eik | 2–7 | **Slemmestad** |
| **Falken** | 3–0 | Brekken |
| Fana | 2–3 (a.e.t.) | **Florvåg** |
| Grane | 0–2 | **Odd** |
| **HamKam** | 6–0 | Faaberg |
| Jerv | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Start |
| Kirkenes | 1–2 (a.e.t.) | **Tromsø** |
| **Kjelsås** | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Frigg |
| Kvik (Trondheim) | 0–2 | **Steinkjer** |
| **Langesund** | 5–3 (a.e.t.) | Ørn |
| Langevåg | 2–4 | **Bergsøy** |
| **Larvik Turn** | 4–0 | Sporty |
| **Lyn** | 3–0 | Søndre Høland |
| Lyngen | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Stein |
| **Manglerud/Star** | 2–1 | Ready |
| Mjølner | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Landsås |
| Mjøndalen | 2–2 (a.e.t.) | Vikersund |
| **Moss** | 3–1 | Kvik (Halden) |
| Nordre Trysil | 1–2 | **Brumunddal** |
| **Odda** | 3–2 (a.e.t.) | Ny-Krohnborg |
| **Os** | 2–0 | Nordnes |
| **Pors** | 3–1 | Snøgg |
| **Raufoss** | 5–1 | Skreia |
| Raumnes & Årnes | 1–3 | **Grue** |
| Rolvsøy | 0–2 | **Fredrikstad** |
| **Rosenborg** | 5–0 | Stjørdals/Blink |
| **Røros** | 2–1 | Lillehammer |
| **Sandefjord BK** | 3–1 | Sandar |
| **Sarpsborg** | 3–1 | Sparta |
| Skiold | 0–4 | **Fram (Larvik)** |
| **Stabæk** | 2–1 | Abildsø |
| Strinda | 0–1 | **Tryggkam** |
| **Strømmen** | 2–0 | Gjøvik-Lyn |
| Stålkameratene | 1–3 | **Nessegutten** |
| **Sunndal** | 1–0 | Nidelv |
| Tornado Måløy | 3–6 | **Skarbøvik** |
| **Ull/Kisa** | 6–1 | Sagene |
| **Vard** | 2–1 | Haugar |
| Varegg | 1–2 | **Stord** |
| Velledalen/Ringen | 0–1 (a.e.t.) | **Hødd** |
| **Verdal** | 3–1 | Sverre |
| Vestfossen | 0–4 | **Strømsgodset** |
| Vidar | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Klepp |
| Vigrestad | 1–2 | **Ulf** |
| **Viking** | 8–0 | Avaldsnes |
| **Vålerengen** | 5–0 | Øvrevoll |
| **Ørsta** | 1–0 | Måløy |
| **Østsiden** | 3–0 | Lisleby |
| **Aalesund** | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Herd |
| Ålgård | 2–6 | **Bryne** |
| Åndalsnes | 0–2 | **Molde** |
| Årdalstangen | 0–3 (a.e.t.) | **Sogndal** |
| *Replay* | | |
| **Klepp** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Vidar |
| Landsås | 0–1 | **Mjølner** |
| **Start** | 2–1 | Jerv |
| Stein | 2–3 | **Lyngen** |
| Vikersund | 0–1 | **Mjøndalen** |

## Second round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Aurskog** | 2–0 | Østsiden |
| Baune | 1–4 | **Brann** |
| **Bodø/Glimt** | 1–0 | Mjølner |
| **Brumunddal** | 2–1 | Ull/Kisa |
| Eidsvold Turn | 0–2 | **Mjøndalen** |
| **Fram (Larvik)** | 6–1 | Pors |
| **Fredrikstad** | 3–1 | Bækkelaget |
| **Grue** | 1–0 | Stabæk |
| HamKam | 2–2 (a.e.t.) | Kjelsås |
| **Hødd** | 3–1 | Ørsta |
| Klepp | 1–2 | **Viking** |
| **Lillestrøm** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Vålerengen |
| **Lyn** | 2–1 | Manglerud/Star |
| **Molde** | 8–0 | Bergsøy |
| **Moss** | 5–1 | Drafn |
| Neset | 3–4 | **Verdal** |
| **Nessegutten** | 2–0 | Falken |
| **Odd** | 2–1 | Larvik Turn |
| Raufoss | 2–2 (a.e.t.) | Strømmen |
| Røros | 0–5 | **Rosenborg** |
| **Skarbøvik** | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Aalesund |
| Slemmestad | 0–2 | **Sarpsborg** |
| Sogndal | 2–4 (a.e.t.) | **Florvåg** |
| Stag | 2–2 (a.e.t.) | Sandefjord BK |
| Start | 0–2 | **Bryne** |
| **Steinkjer** | 3–1 | Tryggkam |
| **Stord** | 4–1 | Os |
| **Strømsgodset** | 7–0 | Langesund |
| Sunndal | 1–2 (a.e.t.) | **Clausenengen** |
| **Tromsø** | 2–1 | Lyngen |
| **Ulf** | 2–1 | Brodd |
| Vard | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Odda |
| *Replay* | | |
| Kjelsås | 3–5 | **HamKam** |
| **Odda** | 2–0 | Vard |
| **Sandefjord BK** | 3–2 | Stag |
| Strømmen | 0–2 | **Raufoss** |

## Third round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **4 July 1972** | | |
| **Rosenborg** | 4–0 | Nessegutten |
| **5 July 1972** | | |
| **Clausenengen** | 3–1 | Skarbøvik |
| Florvåg | 2–3 | **Stord** |
| Fredrikstad | 0–2 | **Raufoss** |
| **Molde** | 5–3 | Hødd |
| **Sarpsborg** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Brumunddal |
| Tromsø | 0–1 | **Steinkjer** |
| Verdal | 0–2 | **Bodø/Glimt** |
| **Viking** | 6–1 | Ulf |
| **6 July 1972** | | |
| Bryne | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Fram (Larvik) |
| **HamKam** | 3–1 | Moss |
| **Mjøndalen** | 2–0 | Aurskog |
| Odd | 0–2 | **Lillestrøm** |
| Sandefjord BK | 2–3 | **Strømsgodset** |
| **7 July 1972** | | |
| **Grue** | 3–1 | Lyn |
| **9 July 1972** | | |
| Odda | 0–4 | **Brann** |
| *Replay*: **13 July 1972** | | |
| Fram (Larvik) | 0–1 | **Bryne** |

## Fourth round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **20 August 1972** | | |
| **Strømsgodset** | 3–1 | Grue |
| **Raufoss** | 2–0 | HamKam |
| **Stord** | 1–0 | Viking |
| Bodø/Glimt | 0–2 | **Mjøndalen** |
| Lillestrøm | 0–3 | **Sarpsborg** |
| Steinkjer | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Rosenborg |
| Bryne | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Molde |
| **Brann** | 1–0 | Clausenengen |
| *Replay*: **23 August 1972** | | |
| **Rosenborg** | 2–1 | Steinkjer |
| Molde | 1–2 | **Bryne** |

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **3 September 1972** | | |
| **Sarpsborg** | 2–0 | Raufoss |
| **Rosenborg** | 2–1 | Strømsgodset |
| **Mjøndalen** | 1–0 | Stord |
| **Brann** | 2–1 | Bryne |

## Semi-finals

| Sarpsborg | 0–2 | Brann |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Unknown  37' (o.g.)
Larsen  75' |

Sarpsborg Stadion, SarpsborgAttendance: 4,586

---

| Rosenborg | 2–0 | Mjøndalen |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Christiansen  60'
Wirkola  73' |  |  |

Lerkendal Stadion, TrondheimAttendance: 5,235

## Final

| Brann | 1–0 | Rosenborg |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Osland  13' | Report |  |

Ullevaal Stadion, OsloAttendance: 17,700Referee: Kjell Wahlen (Skeid)

**Brann's winning squad:** Oddvar Trææn, Helge Karlsen, Rune Pedersen, Ole Kobbeltvedt, Tore Nordtvedt, Frode Larsen (Torgeir Hauge 60), Erling Mikkelsen (Atle Bilsback 75), Arnfinn Espeseth, Roald Jensen, Kjell Øyasæter and Jan Erik Osland.

**Rosenborg's squad:** Øivind Brynte Torp, Erling Meirik, Kåre Rønnes, Bjørn Rime, Øystein Wormdal, Jan Christiansen, Anders Farstad, Tore Lindseth, Harald Sunde, Bjørn Wirkola and Arne Hanssen.

## InfoBox

1972 Norwegian Football Cup
| Norgesmesterskapet i fotball for menn 1972 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Country | Norway |
| Teams | 128 (main competition) |
| Defending champions | Rosenborg |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Brann (3rd title) |
| Runner-up | Rosenborg |
|  | |


title: Spanish frigate Ninfa (1795)

abstract: Ninfa was a 36-gun Spanish frigate built at Mahon, on the island of Minorca, between 1794 and 1795. She was captured by the British in an action on 26 April 1797 and taken into service as HMS Hamadryad. She sank in a storm on 25 December the same year.

text:
# Spanish frigate Ninfa (1795)

***Ninfa*** was a 36-gun Spanish frigate built at Mahon, on the island of Minorca, between 1794 and 1795. She was captured by the British in an action on 26 April 1797 and taken into service as **HMS *Hamadryad***. She sank in a storm on 25 December the same year.

## Construction

*Ninfa* was built at Mahon, on the island of Minorca, between 1794 and 1795. Her measurements were not recorded but she was known to be 890 tons burthen. As built, her armament comprised twenty-six 12-pounders on the main gundeck, eight 6-pounders and six 32-pound carronades on the quarterdeck, and two 6-pound guns with two 32-pound carronades on the forecastle.

## Capture

In April 1797, *Ninfa* and a similar frigate, *Santa Elena*, were bound for Cadiz with a cargo of silver and would have blundered into a large blockading fleet under Sir John Jervis, were it not for a fortuitous encounter with some Spanish fishermen on the night of 25 April. Having been warned of the danger, the captains decided to transfer the precious cargo into the fishing boat and for the Spanish frigates to try to sneak into port by hugging the coastline. The following morning the 74-gun HMS *Irresistible* and the 36-gun frigate HMS *Emerald* spotted the Spanish frigates and pursued them. Outgunned, *Ninfa* and *Santa Elena* chose to seek shelter in Conil Bay, hoping the hazard of Laja de Cape Rocha, a large rocky ledge in the entrance, would deter the British from following. However, the British vessels rounded the rocks and entered the bay to engage the ships anchored there. After an action lasting around 112 hours, both the Spanish frigates struck. Before she could be taken possession of however, *Santa Elena* cut her cable and drifted onto the shore where she was so badly damaged that when the British tried to refloat her, she sank.

## British service

After her capture, *Ninfa* was taken into Gibraltar where she was commissioned under Thomas Elphinstone as HMS *Hamadryad*. On 30 June 1797, she captured a Spanish privateer off the Rock, and on 3 July she captured another privateer in the Straits, *Actaeon*. Her British career was cut short however when she sank whilst trying to shelter from a storm in Algiers Bay, on 25 December 1797.

## Citations

* James, William (2002) \[1827\]. *The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume II, 17971799*. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-906-9.
* Winfield, Rif (2005) *British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates.* Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84415-717-4.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Spain | |
| Name | *Ninfa* |
| Namesake | Nymph |
| Launched | 1794 or 1795 |
| Completed | 1795 |
| Captured | 26 April 1797 |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Hamadryad* |
| Namesake | Hamadryad |
| Acquired | 26 April 1797 |
| Commissioned | June 1797 |
| Fate | Wrecked 25 December 1797 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | 36-gun frigate |
| Tons burthen | 890 (bm) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Complement | 264 |
| Armament | * Gun deck: 26 × 12-pounder guns * Quarterdeck: 8 × 6-pounder guns and 6 × 32-pounder carronades * Forecastle: 2 × 6-pounder guns and 2 × 32-pounder carronades |


title: Egypt at the 2022 Mediterranean Games

abstract: Egypt competed at the 2022 Mediterranean Games held in Oran, Algeria from 25 June to 6 July 2022.

text:
# Egypt at the 2022 Mediterranean Games

**Egypt** competed at the **2022 Mediterranean Games** held in Oran, Algeria from 25 June to 6 July 2022.

## Medalists

## Archery

Egypt competed in archery.

| Athlete | Event | Ranking round | | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Seed | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Aly Abdelbar | Individual | 618 | 18 | El Rayes (LBN)
**W** 6-0 | Musolesi (ITA)
**L** 1-7 | *Did not advance* | | | | |
| Bahaaeldin Aly | | 583 | 30 | bye | Remar (CRO)
**L** 3-7 | *Did not advance* | | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Ranking round | | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Seed | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Nada Azzam | Individual | 568 | 24 | Andreoli (ITA)
**L** 2-6 | *Did not advance* | | | | | |
| Israa Yassen | | 524 | 26 | Boari (ITA)
**L** 0-6 | *Did not advance* | | | | | |

Mixed

| Athlete | Event | Ranking round | | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Seed | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Nada Azzam
Aly Abdelbar | Mixed team | 1186 | 9 | Petrou (CYP)
Charalambous (CYP)
**L** 0-6 | *Did not advance* | | | |

## Artistic gymnastics

Egypt competed in artistic gymnastics.

## Athletics

Egypt won five medals in athletics.

## Badminton

Egypt competed in badminton.

## Boxing

Egypt won three medals in boxing.

## Equestrian

Egypt won two medals in equestrian.

## Fencing

Egypt won three medals in fencing.

## Handball

Egypt won one medal in handball.

## Judo

Egypt competed in judo.

## Karate

Egypt won seven medals in karate.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| **Amr Aboukora** | −60 kg | Theopemtou (CYP)
**W** 0–0 | Xenos (GRE)
**W** 5–0 | Şamdan (TUR)
**L** 1–5 |  | Dujaković (BIH)
**W** 8–4 |  |
| **Ahmed Lotfy** | −67 kg | Ennkhaili (ESP)
**W** 3–0 | Xenos (GRE)
**L** 0–2 |  |  | Oubaya (MAR)
**W** 0–0 |  |
| **Abdalla Abdelaziz** | −75 kg | Bargados (ESP)
**W** 6–4 | Busà (ITA)
**W** 1–1 | Garibović (CRO)
**W** 2–0 |  | Zaid (ALG)
**L** 4–5 |  |
| **Youssef Badawy** | −84 kg | Uğur Aktaş (TUR)
**W** 1–0 | Ech-Chaabi (MAR)
**W** 4–2 | Ibáñez (ESP)
**W** 4–1 |  | Brežančić (SRB)
**W** 6–4 |  |
| Taha Mahmoud | +84 kg | Džuho (BIH)
**L** 2–3 |  |  |  |  | 10 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| **Reem Salama** | −50 kg | Bye | El Hayti (MAR)
**W** 5–1 | Özçelik (TUR)
**W** 1–1 |  | Ouikene (ALG)
**L** 0–5 |  |
| **Ahlam Youssef** | −55 kg | Mrabet Lemti (MAR)
**W** 6–0 | Gonzales (CYP)
**W** 7–1 | Yakan (TUR)
**W** 8–0 |  | Abouriche (ALG)
**L** 1–4 |  |
| Salma El-Shafei | −61 kg | Chajai (MAR)
**W** 0–0 | Dario (FRA)
**L** 3–5 |  |  |  | 7 |
| **Feryal Abdelaziz** | −68 kg | Bye | Panetsidou (GRE)
**W** 2–0 | Brouk (MAR)
**W** 2–1 |  | Semeraro (ITA)
**W** 2–0 |  |
| Menna Shaaban Okila | +68 kg | Jovanović (MNE)
**L** 2–3 |  |  | Torres (ESP)
**L** 1–3 |  | 10 |

## Shooting

Egypt won one bronze medal in shooting.

## Table tennis

Egypt won two medals in table tennis.

## Taekwondo

Egypt won four medals in Taekwondo.

## Tennis

Egypt competed in tennis.

## Volleyball

Egypt competed in volleyball.

## Weightlifting

Egypt won ten medals in weightlifting.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & Jerk | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| **Ahmed Eltamadi** | 61 kg | 120 |  | 152 |  |
| Ahmed Mohamed | 73 kg | 146 | 4 |  |  |
| **Karim Abokahla** | 89 kg | 171 |  | 212 |  |
| **Ahmed Ali** | 102 kg | 160 | 5 | 208 |  |
| **Ahmed Gaber** | +102 kg | 170 |  | 231 |  |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & Jerk | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| **Basma Ibrahim** | 59 kg | 88 | 5 | 113 |  |
| Roufida Abdeltawwab | 71 kg | 91 | 7 | 118 | 5 |
| **Neama Said** | | 101 |  | 125 |  |

## Wrestling

Egypt won nine medals in wrestling.

## InfoBox

| Egypt at the
2022 Mediterranean Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | EGY |
| NOC | Egyptian Olympic Committee |
| in Oran, Algeria
25 June 2022 (2022-06-25) – 6 July 2022 (2022-07-06) | |
| Medals
Ranked 6th | Gold 13 Silver 15 Bronze 23 Total 51 |
| Mediterranean Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| United Arab Republic (1959, 1963) | |


title: Charles Perkins Thompson

abstract: Charles Perkins Thompson was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. He was born in Braintree on July 30, 1827 to Frederick M. and Susanna (Cheesman) Thompson. He attended public schools, the Hollis Institute, and Amherst College. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Gloucester. Thompson served as United States Assistant District Attorney from 1855 to 1857, was elected a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872. He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress, defeating Republican Benjamin Butler. Thompson was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Forty-fifth Congress. Thompson resumed the practice of law, and served as city solicitor of Gloucester. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1880 and again in 1881, and served as judge of the Superior Court of Massachusetts from 1885 until his death in Gloucester on January 19, 1894. His interment was in Oak Grove Cemetery.

text:
# Charles Perkins Thompson

**Charles Perkins Thompson** (July 30, 1827 – January 19, 1894) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. He was born in Braintree on July 30, 1827 to Frederick M. and Susanna (Cheesman) Thompson. He attended public schools, the Hollis Institute, and Amherst College. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Gloucester.

Thompson served as United States Assistant District Attorney from 1855 to 1857, was elected a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872. He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877), defeating Republican Benjamin Butler. Thompson was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Forty-fifth Congress.

Thompson resumed the practice of law, and served as city solicitor of Gloucester. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1880 and again in 1881, and served as judge of the Superior Court of Massachusetts from 1885 until his death in Gloucester on January 19, 1894. His interment was in Oak Grove Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Charles Perkins Thompson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's 6th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1875  March 3, 1877 | |
| Preceded by | Benjamin Butler |
| Succeeded by | George B. Loring |
| Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1871–1872 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1827-07-30)July 30, 1827
Braintree, Massachusetts |
| Died | January 19, 1894(1894-01-19) (aged 66)
Gloucester, Massachusetts |
| Resting place | Oak Grove Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | Amherst College |
|  | |


abstract: A royal veto of the appointment of bishops was proposed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1808 to 1829 during the move towards Catholic Emancipation. According to the proposal, any restoration of the full episcopal hierarchy of the Catholic Church, in United Kingdom, should be subject to a veto of the Crown over the appointment of any bishop who was suspected to the involved in political activities hostile to the state. This was in reference to the Catholic Church in England and Wales, the Catholic Church in Ireland and the Catholic Church in Scotland. Although similar vetos, as a survival from the Medieval Investiture Controversy, existed elsewhere in countries such as France and there was some acceptance among the clerical hierarchy, there was a strong backlash to the proposal from the growing Irish Catholic middle-class laity, who did not want anything resembling Caesaropapism, such as a State veto on Irish bishops. The matter was eventually resolved by the passage of Catholic Emancipation in 1829 without such a condition.

text:
# Royal veto of the appointment of bishops

A **royal veto of the appointment of bishops** (also known as the **Veto controversy** in Irish history) was proposed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1808 to 1829 during the move towards Catholic Emancipation.

According to the proposal, any restoration of the full episcopal hierarchy of the Catholic Church, in United Kingdom, should be subject to a veto of the Crown over the appointment of any bishop who was suspected to the involved in political activities hostile to the state. This was in reference to the Catholic Church in England and Wales, the Catholic Church in Ireland and the Catholic Church in Scotland.

Although similar vetos, as a survival from the Medieval Investiture Controversy, existed elsewhere in countries such as France and there was some acceptance among the clerical hierarchy, there was a strong backlash to the proposal from the growing Irish Catholic middle-class laity, who did not want anything resembling Caesaropapism, such as a State veto on Irish bishops (and thus preferred them to be directly approved from Rome). The matter was eventually resolved by the passage of Catholic Emancipation in 1829 without such a condition.

## Background

Although the penal laws enacted against the Catholics of Ireland and of Britain were still on the statute book towards the close of the eighteenth century, they were less strictly administered than before. Several causes helped to bring this about. The Catholics formed the vast majority of the population of Ireland. Their sympathies were thought to be with the French whom Britain had at that time cause to fear.

The authority of the bishops and the priests, the influence of both on the people, was great; and the government thought if it could direct or control the influence of the bishops it would secure the allegiance of the people. When the College of Maynooth was about to be founded, the Irish bishops were asked if they would agree that the president or professors of the proposed college be appointed by government; if they would consent that the bishops be appointed by the king; and how they would advise the pope if such a proposal about the appointment of bishops were laid before him.

The bishops on 17 February 1795, rejected the first and second proposals. To the third they answered that they would advise the people "not to agree to his Majesty's nomination if it could be avoided; if unavoidable, the king to nominate one of three to be recommended by the Provincial bishops".

In connection with the Union, William Pitt intended to bring in a Catholic Relief Bill. He commissioned Lord Castlereagh to make such arrangements as would satisfy the king George III of Great Britain that no priest whose loyalty the king should have reason to suspect would be appointed to an Irish bishopric. Ten bishops, trustees of Maynooth College, met on 17 January 1799, to transact college business. Castlereagh submitted his views to them, reminding them of the suspicion of disloyalty under which the Catholics of Ireland lay since the insurrection of the year before. The ten bishops embodied their reply in certain resolutions, of which this was one:

> That in the appointment of the Prelates of the Roman Catholic Religion to vacant sees within the kingdom, such interference of government as may enable it to be satisfied of the loyalty of the person appointed, is just, and ought to be agreed to.

And as a way towards that security, they expressed the opinion that the name of the priest chosen to be submitted to the pope might be transmitted to the government, but that the government should declare within a month whether there was any cause to suspect his loyalty. They did not leave to the government to decide the reasonableness of such suspicion, for they said "if government have any proper objection against such candidate". Moreover, they laid it down that no security given must in the working out "infringe the discipline of the Roman Catholic Church, or diminish the religious influence which the Prelates of the Church ought justly to possess over their respective flocks", and that any agreement made "can have no effect without the sanction of the Holy See".

## Intervention from Rome

Those were not resolutions of the Irish episcopate, but simply the opinion of ten bishops who had met to transact business of another kind; they were driven against their wish to give an opinion. On 15 June 1799, Cardinal Stefano Borgia, prefect of Propaganda, having heard a report that John Troy, Archbishop of Dublin, was leader of a party which was disposed to compromise the jurisdiction of the Holy See by assenting to some plan about church discipline, wrote to him asking him for the facts. On 17 August 1799, Troy replied to the cardinal declaring it was quite false that any plan had been arranged, and having given an account of the meeting and resolutions of the Maynooth trustees he added: "As to the proposal itself, the Prelates were anxious to set aside or elude it; but being unable to do so, they determined to have the rights of the Church secured."

In the spring of 1800, Troy, writing on the same topic to his agent at Rome, R. Luke Concanen, says:

> We all wish to remain as we are; and we would so, were it not that too many of the clergy were active in the wicked rebellion, or did not oppose it. If the Prelates had refused to consider the proposal, they would be accused of a design to exercise an influence over the people, independent of government, for seditious purposes. Nothing but the well grounded apprehension of such a charge, though groundless in itself, would have induced the Prelates to consider the proposal in any manner. . .If we had rejected the proposal in toto we would be considered as rebels. This is a fact. If we agreed to it without reference to Rome we would be branded as schismatics. We were between Scylla and Charybdis.

The opinion thus expressed by those ten bishops in January 1799, was never published by them. It was not meant for publication; the bishops never took official cognisance of it except to discard it. Every pronouncement of the Irish bishops from that time forward rejected absolutely any proposal which would allow the British government to meddle in appointments to Irish bishoprics.

## 1805 Bill onwards

In 1805 Charles James Fox and Lord Grenville presented to Parliament a petition to relieve the Irish Catholics from their civil disabilities. In the debate which followed, Sir John Hippisley spoke in a general way of securities for Catholic loyalty. That was the first time any such proposal was made in public; but nothing definite was proposed. On 25 May 1808, Henry Grattan, in moving for a parliamentary committee to consider the claims of the Catholics, said he was authorised by them to propose

> that no Catholic bishop be appointed without the entire approbation of His Majesty.

On 27 May May, Lord Grenville presented a petition for the Catholics in the Lords, and, in moving for a committee, proposed an effective veto for the king on the appointment of bishops.

What was known as the "veto" thus assumed a definite form as a public question in Ireland and in England.

## Reaction

How did the Irish bishops meet it? John Milner wrote in his "Supplementary Memoirs of the English Catholics" that

> both in conversation and in correspondence they universally disavowed

what had been said by the promoters of the bill on the subject of the veto; and on 14 September they met and officially protested against the veto.

In 1810 Grattan gave notice that he would again bring the Catholic claims before Parliament. On 1 February the English Catholic Board held a meeting in London at which a series of resolutions were carried, including one which involved the veto. It is known as the 5th resolution. Charles Butler, the leader of the English Catholic vetoists, says of that resolution that it

> was with the single exception of the Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District, agent of the Irish bishops, unanimously adopted.

He was Dr. Milner, whom the Irish bishops had commissioned in 1807 to represent them. The Irish bishops at once condemned the 5th resolution. In May, Grattan's motion for a committee to consider the Catholic petition was defeated. Early in June Lord Donoughmore made a like motion in the House of Lords, which was also defeated. But here was the parting of the ways between the great body of the Irish Catholics led by the bishops, and the English Catholics, with whom were the vicars Apostolic except Milner.

## 1813 Bill

In 1813 Grattan, George Canning, and Castlereagh brought in what purported to be a Catholic Relief Bill, with a condition which would practically place the appointment of bishops in the hands of a board of commissioners to be named by the king; it also provided that anyone exercising special functions or receiving documents from the Holy See without the knowledge and approbation of that Board, was to be considered guilty of a misdemeanour. Those conditions notwithstanding, an amendment to the Bill was proposed and carried, which would still disable Catholics "to sit and vote in Parliament".

The Bill was lost; the Irish bishops had declared that they could not accept the Bill "without incurring the guilt of schism". A few days after, at a meeting of the Irish Catholic Board in Dublin, Daniel O'Connell proposed that their thanks be sent to the bishops. Some of the laity, who were in agreement with the English Catholics, opposed the vote; but it was carried by a very large majority.

## Quarantotti Rescript

The vetoists were disappointed at the defeat of the bill of 1813. It then occurred to them that if they could get the Holy See in any way to countenance it, the mark of schism attached to it by the Irish bishops would no longer stain it. They therefore represented to Propaganda the great benefit which the Catholic religion would derive from Emancipation, and the harmlessness of the veto conditions on which the Government had offered it. Milner was represented to the secretary of Propaganda, Giovanni Battista Quarantotti, as having an uncompromising attitude.

In the light of these representations, Quarantotti, in his rescript of February 1814, whilst rejecting certain conditions of the Relief Bill as not lawful, declared that securities for the loyalty of bishops which the Government claimed might be allowed. It did not contain an order, but rather a permission, its words being *Haec cum ita sint, indulgemus* etc, thus leaving the Catholics free to accept or refuse Emancipation on the condition offered.

It raised a storm, however, in Ireland. The Irish bishops deputed Murray and Milner to represent to the pope, who had been a prisoner when it was issued, that there was danger in the rescript such as it was. Pope Pius VII declared that Quarantotti "ought not to have written that letter without authority from the Holy See". He appointed a commission to examine the question.

## Counter-proposal

In the meantime, Murat marched on Rome, and the pope fled to Genoa. On 26 April 1815, Cardinal Litta, prefect of Propaganda, in a letter set forth conditions under which the Catholics could safely accept Emancipation. It rejected all arrangements hitherto proposed. The claim of the Government to examine communications between the Catholics and the Holy See "cannot even be taken into consideration". As to the appointment of bishops, it said that quite enough provision had been made for their loyalty in the Catholic oath; but for their greater satisfaction it permits "those to whom it appertains" to present to the king's ministers a list of the candidates they select for bishoprics; it insisted, however, that if those names were presented, the Government must, if it should think any of them "obnoxious or suspected" name him "at once"; moreover, that a sufficient number, from amongst whom the pope would appoint the bishop, must always remain even after the government objection.

The Catholics of Ireland sent deputies to Rome to make known their feelings to the pope. Two replies were sent, one to the bishops and the other to the laity. The pope insisted on the terms of Cardinal Litta's letter, pointing out its reasonableness under the circumstances. According to the terms of the letter it would, in fact, be the fault of the ecclesiastics who had the selection of candidates if any undesirable person were left for papal appointment. Cardinal Litta's letter was the last papal document issued on the veto question. The controversy between vetoists and anti-vetoists was, however, kept alive by the passions which it had raised.

## Resolution

The Catholic cause grew so hopeless that in December, 1821, O'Connell submitted to Dr. Blake, the Vicar-General of Dublin, a sort of veto plan, to get his opinion on it. Soon after the prospect grew brighter; O'Connell founded the Catholic Association in 1823, through which he successfully campaigned for Catholic Emancipation. The Bill was passed during the premiership of The Duke of Wellington six years later for the Catholics of Ireland and Britain — without a veto.

Attribution * This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Royal Veto". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. The entry cites:
    + Archives of Propaganda;
    + *Orthodox Journal*, files from 1813 to 1817;
    + Butler, Hist. Memoirs of the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics (London, 1822);
    + Milner, Supplementary Memoirs of English Catholics (London, 1820), written to correct Butler's work;
    + Wyse, Hist. of the Catholic Association in Ireland (London, 1829);
    + Fleming, The Catholic Veto (Dublin, 1911);
    + *Dublin Evening Post*, files especially from 1808 to 1817.

### Bibliography


title: The Washington Spectator

abstract: The Washington Spectator is a left-leaning independent political periodical with a circulation of 60,000, published bimonthly by the Public Concern Foundation. It was founded by Tristram Coffin in 1971 as Washington Watch, and became The Washington Spectator in 1974. Coffin remained editor until 1993. Generally, every issue covers a single topic—most often, one that its editors believe is not receiving sufficient coverage in the mainstream media outlets. Since the COVID pandemic began in 2020, it has published its issues online-only.

text:
# The Washington Spectator

***The Washington Spectator*** is a left-leaning independent political periodical with a circulation of 60,000, published bimonthly by the Public Concern Foundation. It was founded by Tristram Coffin in 1971 as *Washington Watch*, and became *The Washington Spectator* in 1974. Coffin remained editor until 1993. Generally, every issue covers a single topic—most often, one that its editors believe is not receiving sufficient coverage in the mainstream media outlets. Since the COVID pandemic began in 2020, it has published its issues online-only.

## Circulation

In 1997, the *Washington Spectator* had a circulation of some 65,000.

## Staff

The current editor-in-chief is Lou Dubose, who assumed the editorship in 2007. Dubose is the author of *Vice: Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency* and co-author, with Molly Ivins, of the books *Bushwhacked: Life in George Bush's America*, *Shrub: The Short but Happy Political Life of George W. Bush*, and *Bill of Wrongs: The Executive Branch's Assault on America's Fundamental Rights*.

The current publisher is Hamilton Fish V.

### Founder Tris Coffin

Tristram Coffin (1912–1997), born in Hood River, Oregon, grew up in Indianapolis and graduated from Depauw University. He worked for the *Indianapolis Times*, for whom he covered gangster John Dillinger, before becoming press secretary to Governor Clifford Townsend and then staffer when Townsend became an assistant secretary at the United States Department of Agriculture. During World War II, Coffin returned to journalism as a radio reporter, covering the White House for CBS Radio and Capitol Hill for ABC Radio. Coffin then joined Drew Pearson's *Washington Merry-Go-Round*. In 1947, he published a critical book on US President Harry S. Truman, entitled *Missouri Compromise*, after which he established a syndicated column, "Tris Coffin's Daybook," while working for ABC. (Coffin wrote half a dozen other books.) In 1968, Coffin raised funds to start the *Washington Watch* newsletter, which became the *Washington Spectator* in 1975. After writing and editing the newsletter for more than two decades, Coffin retired; he died in 1997. Ralph de Toledano and Victor Lasky cited Coffin in their book *Seeds of Treason* (1950).

### Others

Besides founder and former editor Coffin, former editors include Ben A. Franklin, who helmed the periodical from 1993 to 2005. In the early 1990s, the *Spectator* distinguished itself with reporting on the sexual assault scandals of Oregon Senator Robert Packwood, who resigned his office in 1995.

Recent staffers include David Weigel, a reporter for *The Washington Post*. Former publisher Kevin Walter now serves as associate publisher of *Mother Jones* magazine. Phillip Frazer also served as publisher of the *Spectator*. Other contributors include William T. Vollmann, David Cay Johnston, Rev. William Barber, Aryeh Neier, and Steven Pressman.

## InfoBox

The Washington Spectator
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Monthly periodical |
| Founder(s) | Tristram Coffin |
| Publisher | Hamilton Fish V |
| Editor | Louis Dubose |
| Founded | 1974 (1974) |
| Headquarters | New York City |
| ISSN | 0887-428X |
| Website | washingtonspectator.org |


title: Stem-and-leaf display

abstract: A stem-and-leaf display or stem-and-leaf plot is a device for presenting quantitative data in a graphical format, similar to a histogram, to assist in visualizing the shape of a distribution. They evolved from Arthur Bowley's work in the early 1900s, and are useful tools in exploratory data analysis. Stemplots became more commonly used in the 1980s after the publication of John Tukey's book on exploratory data analysis in 1977. The popularity during those years is attributable to their use of monospaced (typewriter) typestyles that allowed computer technology of the time to easily produce the graphics. Modern computers' superior graphic capabilities have meant these techniques are less often used. This plot has been implemented in Octave and R. A stem-and-leaf plot is also called a stemplot, but the latter term often refers to another chart type. A simple stem plot may refer to plotting a matrix of y values onto a common x axis, and identifying the common x value with a vertical line, and the individual y values with symbols on the line. Unlike histograms, stem-and-leaf displays retain the original data to at least two significant digits, and put the data in order, thereby easing the move to order-based inference and non-parametric statistics.

text:
# Stem-and-leaf display

A **stem-and-leaf display** or **stem-and-leaf plot** is a device for presenting quantitative data in a graphical format, similar to a histogram, to assist in visualizing the shape of a distribution. They evolved from Arthur Bowley's work in the early 1900s, and are useful tools in exploratory data analysis. Stemplots became more commonly used in the 1980s after the publication of John Tukey's book on *exploratory data analysis* in 1977. The popularity during those years is attributable to their use of monospaced (typewriter) typestyles that allowed computer technology of the time to easily produce the graphics. Modern computers' superior graphic capabilities have meant these techniques are less often used.

This plot has been implemented in Octave and R.

A stem-and-leaf plot is also called a **stemplot**, but the latter term often refers to another chart type. A simple stem plot may refer to plotting a matrix of *y* values onto a common *x* axis, and identifying the common *x* value with a vertical line, and the individual *y* values with symbols on the line.

Unlike histograms, stem-and-leaf displays retain the original data to at least two significant digits, and put the data in order, thereby easing the move to order-based inference and non-parametric statistics.

## Construction

To construct a stem-and-leaf display, the observations must first be sorted in ascending order: this can be done most easily if working by hand by constructing a draft of the stem-and-leaf display with the leaves unsorted, then sorting the leaves to produce the final stem-and-leaf display. Here is the sorted set of data values that will be used in the following example:

44, 46, 47, 49, 63, 64, 66, 68, 68, 72, 72, 75, 76, 81, 84, 88, 106

Next, it must be determined what the stems will represent and what the leaves will represent. Typically, the leaf contains the last digit of the number and the stem contains all of the other digits. In the case of very large numbers, the data values may be rounded to a particular place value (such as the hundreds place) that will be used for the leaves. The remaining digits to the left of the rounded place value are used as the stem.

In this example, the leaf represents the ones place and the stem will represent the rest of the number (tens place and higher).

The stem-and-leaf display is drawn with two columns separated by a vertical line. The stems are listed to the left of the vertical line. It is important that each stem is listed only once and that no numbers are skipped, even if it means that some stems have no leaves. The leaves are listed in increasing order in a row to the right of each stem.

When there is a repeated number in the data (such as two 72s), the plot must reflect such (so the plot would look like 7 | 2 2 5 6 7 when it has the numbers 72 72 75 76 77).

$$\begin{array}{r|l}{\text{Stem}&{\text{Leaf}\\\hline 4&4~6~7~9\\5&\\6&3~4~6~8~8\\7&2~2~5~6\\8&1~4~8\\9&\\10&6\end{array}}}$$

Key: $6\mid 3=63$ Leaf unit: 1.0 Stem unit: 10.0

Rounding may be needed to create a stem-and-leaf display. Based on the following set of data, the stem plot below would be created:

−23.678758, −12.45, −3.4, 4.43, 5.5, 5.678, 16.87, 24.7, 56.8

For negative numbers, a negative is placed in front of the stem unit, which is still the value X / 10. Non-integers are rounded. This allows the stem and leaf plot to retain its shape, even for more complicated data sets. As in this example below:

$$\begin{array}{r|l}{\text{Stem}&{\text{Leaf}\\\hline -2&4\\\-1&2\\\-0&3\\0&4~6~6\\1&7\\2&5\\3&\\4&\\5&7\end{array}}}$$

Key: $-2\mid 4=-24$

## Usage

Stem-and-leaf displays are useful for displaying the relative density and shape of the data, giving the reader a quick overview of the distribution. They retain (most of) the raw numerical data, often with perfect integrity. They are also useful for highlighting outliers and finding the mode. However, stem-and-leaf displays are only useful for moderately sized data sets (around 15–150 data points). With very small data sets a stem-and-leaf displays can be of little use, as a reasonable number of data points are required to establish definitive distribution properties. A dot plot may be better suited for such data. With very large data sets, a stem-and-leaf display will become very cluttered, since each data point must be represented numerically. A box plot or histogram may become more appropriate as the data size increases.

## Non-numerical use

```
a│abdeghilmnrstwxy
b│aeioy
c│h
d│aeio
e│adefhlmnrstwx
f|aey
g│iou
h│aeimo
i│dfnost
j│ao
k│aioy
l│aio
m│aeimouy
n│aeouy
o│bdefhikmnoprsuwxy
p│aeio
q│i
r│e
s│hiot
t│aeio
u│ghmnprst
v│
w│eo
x│iu
y│aeou
z│aeo
```

Stem-and-leaf displays can also be used to convey non-numerical information. In this example of valid two-letter words in Collins Scrabble Words (the word list used in Scrabble tournaments outside the US) with their initials as stems, it can be easily seen that the three most common initials are o, a and e.

{{{annotations}}}

Some railway timetables use stem-and-leaf displays with hours as stems and minutes as leaves    * Wild, C. and Seber, G. (2000) *Chance Encounters: A First Course in Data Analysis and Inference* pp. 49–54 John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-32936-3
* Elliott, Jane; Catherine Marsh (2008). *Exploring Data: An Introduction to Data Analysis for Social Scientists* (2nd ed.). Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-2282-8.


title: Five Anxious Days

abstract: Five Anxious Days is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Gennaro Righelli and starring Maria Jacobini, Anton Pointner and Nathalie Lissenko. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle.

text:
# Five Anxious Days

***Five Anxious Days*** (German: ***Fünf bange Tage***) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Gennaro Righelli and starring Maria Jacobini, Anton Pointner and Nathalie Lissenko. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* James Robert Parish. *Film Actors Guide*. Scarecrow Press, 1977.

## InfoBox

| Five Anxious Days | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Gennaro Righelli |
| Written by | Léo Joannon |
| Produced by | Ernst Franzos |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Production
company | Lothar Stark-Film |
| Distributed by | Deutsche Lichtspiel-Syndikat |
| Release date | * December 1928 (1928-12) |
| Running time | 107 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: Chu Jong-chol

abstract: Chu Jong-Chol is a male former international table tennis player from North Korea. He won a bronze medal at the 1987 World Table Tennis Championships in the Swaythling Cup with Hong Chol, Kim Song-hui and Li Gun-Sang for North Korea. Two years later he won another bronze at the 1989 World Table Tennis Championships with Kim Song-hui, Li Gun-Sang and Yun Mun-Song.

text:
# Chu Jong-chol

**Chu Jong-Chol** is a male former international table tennis player from North Korea.

He won a bronze medal at the 1987 World Table Tennis Championships in the Swaythling Cup (men's team event) with Hong Chol, Kim Song-hui and Li Gun-Sang for North Korea.

Two years later he won another bronze at the 1989 World Table Tennis Championships with Kim Song-hui, Li Gun-Sang and Yun Mun-Song.

## InfoBox

Chu Jong-Chol
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | North Korea |
| Medal record      Representing  North Korea   World Table Tennis Championships  1987 Men's Team  1989 Men's Team | |


title: Eighteen Inches

abstract: "Eighteen Inches" is a song written by Carrie Underwood, Ashley Gorley and Kelley Lovelace and recorded by American country music artist Lauren Alaina. It was released on July 16, 2012, as the third and final single from Alaina's debut album Wildflower.

text:
# Eighteen Inches

"**Eighteen Inches**" is a song written by Carrie Underwood, Ashley Gorley and Kelley Lovelace and recorded by American country music artist Lauren Alaina. It was released on July 16, 2012, as the third and final single from Alaina's debut album *Wildflower*.

## Content

"Eighteen Inches" is a story of two young lovers early in their relationship, with references to the space between a person’s head and heart.

One of the songwriter Ashley Gorley described the song as “A girl madly in love running away with her boyfriend, doing anything they could to scrape up the money and get a ring, and eventually deciding they were ‘ready’ for a baby. If they had stopped and thought about any of the scenarios, they never would have happened, but when you follow what you feel it can take you a long way” and he also said that the song was written a few years back for Carrie Underwood saying, “Carrie, Kelley Lovelace and I wrote this song a couple of years ago when we were writing for Carrie’s album,”

## Critical reception

It received three stars out of five rating from Billy Dukes of Taste of Country, who said "The plot is a little predictable, but mostly because it’s a story all of us know so well from personal experience. That’s where Alaina has room for growth. While it’s certainly not her fault that she’s never begged a landlord for one more week, her lack of expertise shows. She’s not a master storyteller yet — this tale sounds more like a really good one she heard from a friend, in this case songwriters Ashley Gorley, Kelley Lovelace and Carrie Underwood. The song’s sweet ending may overcome any issues of credibility, however."

## Track listing

Digital download 1. "Eighteen Inches" — 3:44

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Airplay (*Billboard*) | 34 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 37 |

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States | July 16, 2012 | Country Radio |
|

## InfoBox

| "Eighteen Inches" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Lauren Alaina | |
| from the album  *Wildflower* | |
| Released | July 16, 2012 (2012-07-16) |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:44 |
| Label | Mercury Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Byron Gallimore |
| Lauren Alaina singles chronology | |
| "Georgia Peaches"
(2011) "**Eighteen Inches**"
(2012) "Barefoot and Buckwild"
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Eighteen Inches" (Lyric video) on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Charles de Wendel

abstract: Charles de Wendel was a French steel manufacturer in Lorraine and a deputy in the French legislative assembly.

text:
# Charles de Wendel

**Charles de Wendel** (13 December 1809 – 15 April 1870) was a French steel manufacturer in Lorraine and a deputy in the French legislative assembly.

## Origins

The de Wendel family can be traced back to Jean Wendel of Bruges, who married Marie de Wanderve around 1600. His descendants in the male line mostly pursued military careers. Jean's descendant Jean-Martin Wendel (1665–1737) purchased the factories of Le Comte in Hayange, Lorraine, in 1704. This was the foundation of the family's industrial operations. The purchase of the mastership of a forge carried with it a noble title, and Martin Wendel became Martin de Wendel, seigneur d'Hayange. He was followed by eight generations of steelmakers. The Wendels lost their forge and foundry at Hayange during the French Revolution. The banker Florentin Seillière (1744–1825) helped them buy it back in 1804, and in 1811 helped them buy the nearby Moyeuvre forge.

## Early years

Alexis Charles de Wendel was born on 13 December 1809 in Metz, Moselle. He was the second son of François de Wendel (1778–1825) and Françoise Joséphine de Fischer de Dicourt (1784–1872). His father was deputy from 1815–16 and from 1818–25, and master of the Hayange foundry. After his father died in 1825, his mother took over management of the family business. Charles' older brother, Victor-François, was not interested in running the family business and moved from Hayange to estates on the Seille river. Charles was sixteen when his father died. He entered the École Polytechnique in 1828, and after graduating went to England to study mining and metallurgy. Charles returned to France in 1834. On 29 May 1843 Charles de Wendel married Jeanne Marie de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut.

## Industrialist

Charles de Wendel had to share control of the enterprise with his mother and his brother-in-law, Baron Théodore de Gargan, which he resented, and blamed on the insistence of the Napoleonic Code on the equal rights of heirs. In the 1830s the family matriarch, Madame Joséphine de Wendel, drew up contracts through which the children and grandchildren of François de Wendel would nominally receive a cash payment as their share of the inheritance, but the money would be invested in the business, paying a low rate of return. Théodore de Gargan died in 1851 and Charles became the sole manager, but still shared ownership with his siblings and their children. On 24 April 1857 Madame de Wendel, Charles de Wendel and Théodore de Gargan junior signed a deed that established the *commandite* of Le Fils de Francois de Wendel et Cie. Madame de Wendel put up almost all the capital of the partnership and took 80% of the profits, while Charles took 12% and Gargan took 8%.

Wendel and Gargan greatly expanded operations at Hayange and Moyeuvre in the 1840s and 1850s. Both plants were connected by rail to the company's coal mines and coke furnaces at Stiring-Wendel and at Seraing in Belgium, alleviating a chronic shortage of coal and coke. During the metallurgy slump of 1847–50 Charles de Wendel was assisted by the Bank of France, which he fully repaid in 1851. In the crisis year of 1848 Charles de Wendel and Eugène Schneider saved the foundry at Fourchambault from bankruptcy by co-signing a huge bank loan.

In 1846 Charles de Wendel and the Parisian businessman Georges Hainguerlot bought the coal mining concession of Schœneck. Surveys proved positive, and in 1851 Wendel, Hainguerlot, the engineer Kind and the surveyor d'Hausens formed a limited company to exploit the concession, authorized in 1853 as the Compagnie des houillères de Stiring (Stiring Coal Company). The first two shafts were sunk using an innovative system designed by Kind, but ran into problems with water. A third shaft, sunk with more conventional techniques, was started in 1854 and entered production in 1856. Other shafts were sunk, and production grew steadily.

Charles de Wendel undertook construction of the very modern Stiring factory while negotiating the purchase of the Schœneck concession. It was located within the concession area and mainly manufactured railway rails. A coal extraction shaft was sunk near the factory buildings, and during the Second French Empire the Compagnie de Stiring sold coal to the Wendel company at generally favorable prices. In 1865 the Wendel metallurgical factories were taking 78 of the output from the Compagnie de Stiring, paying below market prices. The company records show that Charles de Wendel intervened in board meetings several times to reduce the price paid for coal by his factories. For many years Charles de Wendel undertook costly but unsuccessful experiments on removing phosphorus from pig iron. It was only in 1879, after his death, that the company obtained the rights to use the Thomas process.

Charles de Wendel and Théodore de Gargan founded the city of Stiring-Wendel. The workers' town, dominated by the factories and their managers, was a model that was followed in France into the 1930s. Charles de Wendel initiated a policy of recruiting from the children of his workers, with son following father. In the 1850s he began a system by which promotions would be assured, based on seniority, which encouraged loyalty. To ensure a supply of fuel Charles de Wendel purchased the Petite-Rosselle coal mines, He created a railway network to connect the factories to each other and to the lines of the Chemins de fer de l'Est. Charles de Wendel became an administrator of the Chemins de fer de l'Est.

Charles de Wendel supported the tariff reductions of the Anglo-French Cobden–Chevalier Treaty of 1860, saying his only regret was that his competitor, Eugène Schneider (1805–75), had been consulted beforehand and he only afterwards. What would become the Comité des forges was founded in 1864. The Committee had the goals of managing relations between the industry and government, promoting exports and coordinating prices. Eugène Schneider was the first President. There were ten members, each representing a region, including Charles de Wendel of Hayange. The Comité des forges was always handicapped by divisions between the members from the center, the north and the east of the country. For example, Charles de Wendel resented the control of the committee exerted by Schneider of Le Creusot in Burgundy.

## Politician

In 1848 Charles de Wendel was elected to the General Council of Moselle by acclamation. he represented the canton of Thionville. On 13 May 1849 he was elected Representative for Moselle in the legislative assembly, where he sat on the right. He fully supported the policy of Napoleon III, and approved Napoleon's coup d'etat. He was elected deputy to the legislature as the government candidate for the second district of Moselle on 29 February 1852, and reelected on 22 June 1857 and 1 June 1863, each time with a huge majority. He resigned from the legislative assembly in 1867 due to health problems. He left office on 19 February 1867 and was replaced by Stephen Liégeard.

## Death and legacy

Charles de Wendel was made a knight of the Legion of Honour. He died on 15 April 1870 in Paris. In 1834, when Charles de Wendel returned to France, the Wendels produced about 1% of French iron. By 1870 they produced 11.2%, and were the largest iron operation in France. At the time of his death, Wendel et Cie employed some 7,000 workers and produced 134,500 tons of pig iron and 112,500 tons of iron a year. With his death his mother, now 86, was again in charge of the family firm. After the annexation of Lorraine following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, in December 1871 she converted the enterprise from a simple proprietorship to a *société en commandite*, Les Petits-files de Francois de Wendel et Cie. Her nine grandchildren were shareholders. Charles left two sons, Henri de Wendel (1844–1906) and Robert de Wendel (1847–1903), who both continued in the steel-making tradition.

1. Wendel – Section Genealogique.
2. James 2006, p. 42.
3. James 2006, p. 43.
4. Landes 1999, p. 261.
5. Le Château.
6. Landes 1999, p. 272.
7. Robert & Cougny 1889.
8. Smith 2006, p. 340.
9. James 2006, p. 63.
10. James 2006, p. 64.
11. James 2006, p. 65.
12. James 2006, p. 66.
13. Smith 2006, p. 182.
14. Landes 1999, p. 273.
15. Desmars 1998, p. 518.
16. Desmars 1998, p. 521.
17. Milkereit 1966, p. 194.
18. The De Wendel Company ... Musée d'Orsay, p. 2.
19. Gordon 1996, p. 146.
20. Kindleberger 1961, p. 305.
21. Gille 1968, p. 193.
22. Comité des forges – Éditions Larousse.
23. Priouret 1992.
24. Gill 2008, p. 137.
25. James 2006, p. 72.
26. Quépat 1887, p. 524.
27. Smith 2006, p. 181.

## Sources

* "Comité des forges", *Encyclopédie Larousse* (in French), Éditions Larousse, retrieved 2017-07-03
* Desmars, Bernard (July–September 1998), "La Difficile Genèse du Bassin Houiller Lorrain (1815-1870)", *Histoire, Économie et Société*, **17** (3, L'État Comme Fonctionnement Socio-symbolique (vers 1547-vers 1635)), Armand Colin: 505–529, doi:10.3406/hes.1998.1999, JSTOR 23612599
* Gill, Graeme (2008-05-15), *Bourgeoisie, State and Democracy: Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and the USA*, OUP Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-954468-4, retrieved 2017-07-03
* Gille, Bertrand (1968), *La Sidérurgie française au XIXe siècle: Recherches histioriques* (in French), Librairie Droz, ISBN 978-2-600-04046-4, retrieved 2017-07-04
* Gordon, David M. (1996), *Liberalism and Social Reform: Industrial Growth and Progressiste Politics in France, 1880-1914*, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-29811-0, retrieved 2017-08-04
* James, Harold (2006), *FAMILY CAPITALISM*, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02181-5, retrieved 2017-07-03
* Kindleberger, C. P. (1961), "Foreign Trade and Economic Growth: Lessons from Britain and France, 1850 to 1913", *The Economic History Review*, New Series, **14** (2), Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society: 289–305, doi:10.2307/2593225, JSTOR 2593225
* Landes, David S. (1999-05-17), *The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor*, W. W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-06981-5, retrieved 2017-08-04
* "Le Château", *Le Château Guy de Wendel*, archived from the original on 2017-06-28, retrieved 2017-07-11
* Milkereit, Gertrud (August 1966), "Die Diskussion Um Das Moselkanalprojekt In Seiner Verknüpfung Mit Der Einführung Des Thomasverfahrens In Der Westdeutschen Eisen- Und Stahlindustrie 1883—1890.", *Tradition: Zeitschrift für Firmengeschichte und Unternehmerbiographie*, **11** (4), Verlag C.H.Beck: 184–199, doi:10.1515/zug-1966-0404, JSTOR 40697021, S2CID 189275323
* Priouret, Roger (1992-02-04), *Origines du patronat français*, Grasset, ISBN 978-2-246-79486-8, retrieved 2017-07-03
* Quépat, Nérée (1887), "WENDEL (Alexis-Charles de)", *Dictionnaire biographique de l'ancien département de la Moselle contenant toutes les personnes notables...*, Picard, retrieved 2017-08-04
* Robert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston (1889), "Alexis, Charles de Wendel", *Dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1789 à 1889* (in French), Assemblée nationale, retrieved 2017-08-04
* Smith, Michael Stephen (2006), *The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800-1930*, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01939-3, retrieved 2017-08-04
* *The De Wendel Company, Three Centuries of Industry in Lorraine (1704-2004)*, Musée d'Orsay, retrieved 2017-08-04
* "Wendel", *Section Genealogique*, Association Artistique de la Banque de France, retrieved 2017-07-11

## InfoBox

| Charles de Wendel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Representative for Moselle | |
| **In office**
13 May 1849  29 February 1852 | |
| Deputy for Moselle | |
| **In office**
29 February 1852  19 February 1867 | |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Liégeard |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Alexie Charles de Wendel d'Hayange
(1809-12-13)13 December 1809
Metz, Moselle, France |
| Died | 15 April 1870(1870-04-15) (aged 60)
Paris, France |
| Occupation | Steel maker, Deputy |
|  | |


title: Spinout (song)

abstract: "Spinout" is a song first recorded by Elvis Presley as part of the soundtrack for his 1966 motion picture Spinout. In 1966 it was released on a single with "All That I Am", another song from the same movie, on the opposite side. It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 but would continue to sell over 400,000 copies.

text:
# Spinout (song)

"**Spinout**" is a song first recorded by Elvis Presley as part of the soundtrack for his 1966 motion picture *Spinout*. In 1966 it was released on a single with "All That I Am", another song from the same movie, on the opposite side. It peaked at number 40 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 but would continue to sell over 400,000 copies. ("All That I Am" also charted, peaking at number 41.)

## Critical reception

John Floyd, the author of the book *Sun Records: An Oral History*, considers "Spinout" a great song, naming it along other great songs from "Presley's seriously underrated sixties and seventies work": "Can't Help Falling in Love", "You Don't Know Me", "Long Black Limousine", "Suspicious Minds", and "I Can Help".

## Charts

| Chart (1966) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 40 |

## InfoBox

| "Spinout" | |
| --- | --- |
| Picture sleeve for the U.S. vinyl single, with "All That I Am" in smaller font | |
| Single by Elvis Presley | |
| from the album  *Spinout* | |
| B-side | "All That I Am" |
| Released | September 13, 1966 |
| Recorded | February 17, 1966 |
| Studio | Radio Recorders, Hollywood |
| Genre | Rock and roll |
| Length | 2:32 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Elvis Presley singles chronology | |
| "Come What May (Elvis Presley song)"
(1966) "**Spinout**"
(1966) "If Every Day Was Like Christmas"
(1966) | |


title: Boxerwood Gardens

abstract: Boxerwood Nature Center and Woodland Garden is a 15-acre (6.1 ha) arboretum featuring both native and unusual plant specimens, located within a larger preserve at 963 Ross Road near Lexington in Rockbridge County, Virginia, United States in the Shenandoah Valley. Established as a private garden in 1952, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. The Arboretum contains thousands of labeled trees and shrubs, including 1,300 cultivars, with fine collections of dwarf conifers, magnolias, dogwoods, rhododendrons, azaleas and Japanese maples. Examples of its collection include: 163 varieties of Acer palmatum, Abies nebrodensis, Acer buergerianum, Acer griseum, Acer pensylvanicum, Aesculus parviflora, Aesculus pavia, Aesculus x carnea 'Briottii' (Red Horsechestnut), Chaemaecyparis obtusa, Chionanthus virginicus, Cladrastis kentuckea, Cryptomeria japonica, Halesia tetraptera, Ilex verticillata (Winterberry), Liquidunbar styraciflua 'Corky' (Corky Sweetgum), Malus 'Red Jade' (Red Jade Crabapple), Picea omorika 'Pendula', Syringa reticulata, Taxodium distichum (Baldcypress), Taxus species (Yews), Thuja occidntalis, and Viburnum prunifolium. Boxerwood Nature Center has a PlayTrail, a nature playground designed especially for young children. Kids can run through the plant tunnels, float leaves down the mini creek, make pies in the mud kitchen, climb tiny house mountain and more. The rules include "make noise," "touch anything," "get dirty," and "have fun". There is also a Fairy Forest where children can build their own fairy structures, and a wetland walk where visitors can cross the zigzag bridge over the garden wetlands. In fall 2016, a pollinator garden was added to the gardens.

text:
# Boxerwood Gardens

**Boxerwood Nature Center and Woodland Garden** is a 15-acre (6.1 ha) arboretum featuring both native and unusual plant specimens, located within a larger preserve at 963 Ross Road near Lexington in Rockbridge County, Virginia, United States in the Shenandoah Valley. Established as a private garden in 1952, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

The Arboretum contains thousands of labeled trees and shrubs, including 1,300 cultivars, with fine collections of dwarf conifers, magnolias, dogwoods, rhododendrons, azaleas and Japanese maples.

Examples of its collection include: 163 varieties of *Acer palmatum* (Japanese Maple), *Abies nebrodensis* (Sicilian Fir), *Acer buergerianum* (Trident maple), *Acer griseum* (Paperbark Maple), *Acer pensylvanicum* (Striped maple), *Aesculus parviflora* (Bottlebrush Buckeye), *Aesculus pavia* (Red Buckeye), *Aesculus x carnea 'Briottii'* (Red Horsechestnut), *Chaemaecyparis obtusa* (Hinoki Falsecypress), *Chionanthus virginicus* (White Fringetree), *Cladrastis kentuckea* (American Yellowwood), *Cryptomeria japonica* (Japanese Cedar), *Halesia tetraptera* (Carolina Silverbell), *Ilex verticillata* (Winterberry), *Liquidunbar styraciflua 'Corky'* (Corky Sweetgum), *Malus 'Red Jade'* (Red Jade Crabapple), *Picea omorika 'Pendula'* (Weeping Serbian Spruce), *Syringa reticulata* (Japanese Tree Lilac), *Taxodium distichum* (Baldcypress), *Taxus species* (Yews), *Thuja occidntalis* (American Arborvitae), and *Viburnum prunifolium* (Blackhaw viburnum).

Boxerwood Nature Center has a PlayTrail, a nature playground designed especially for young children. Kids can run through the plant tunnels, float leaves down the mini creek, make pies in the mud kitchen, climb tiny house mountain and more. The rules include "make noise," "touch anything," "get dirty," and "have fun". There is also a Fairy Forest where children can build their own fairy structures, and a wetland walk where visitors can cross the zigzag bridge over the garden wetlands. In fall 2016, a pollinator garden was added to the gardens.

37°46′38″N 79°27′55″W / 37.77722°N 79.46528°W / 37.77722; -79.46528


title: Smart Deb

abstract: Smart Deb was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse.

text:
# Smart Deb

**Smart Deb** (foaled 1960) was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse.

## Background

Smart Deb was bred by Russell L. Reineman and raced under the name of his wife, Marion. She was trained by Arnold Winick.

## Racing career

In 1962, Smart Deb had an outstanding racing campaign. Unbeaten in seven straight races, she won her eighth but was disqualified and placed last in the September 27, 1962 edition of the Astarita Stakes at Aqueduct Racetrack. At the end of the year, Smart Deb was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly by the Thoroughbred Racing Association and *Daily Racing Form*. The rival *Turf & Sport Digest* award was won by Affectionately. She retired from racing after her four-year-old campaign with sixteen wins from thirty-seven starts and earnings of $383,765.

## Breeding record

As a broodmare for Russell Reineman, Smart Deb was bred to some of the top racehorses including Secretariat, Buckpasser, Herbager, Gun Bow, Personality and Sir Ivor. While twelve of her thirteen foals raced, none achieved anything close to Smart Deb's level of success.

## InfoBox

| Smart Deb | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Dedicate |
| Grandsire | Princequillo |
| Dam | Demree |
| Damsire | Revoked |
| Sex | Filly |
| Foaled | 1960 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Russell L. Reineman |
| Owner | Marion Reineman |
| Trainer | Arnold N. Winick |
| Rider | Bill Hartack |
| Record | 37: 16-4-8 |
| Earnings | US$383,765 |
| Major wins | |
| Princess Pat Stakes (1962)
Matron Stakes (1962)
Arlington Lassie Stakes (1962)
Arlington Matron Handicap (1963)
Distaff Handicap (1964)
Suwannee River Stakes (1964) | |
| Awards | |
| DRF & TRA American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly (1962) | |


title: Dubrava Samoborska

abstract: Dubrava Samoborska is a settlement (naselje) in the Samobor administrative territory of Zagreb County, Croatia. As of 2011 it had a population of 244 people.

text:
# Dubrava Samoborska

**Dubrava Samoborska** is a settlement (*naselje*) in the Samobor administrative territory of Zagreb County, Croatia. As of 2011 it had a population of 244 people.

## InfoBox

| Dubrava Samoborska | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Zagreb |
| City | Samobor |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.7 km2 (0.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 247 |
| Density | 150/km2 (380/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Colegio San Pedro Claver

abstract: Colegio San Pedro Claver is a private Catholic primary and secondary school, located in Bucaramanga, in the Santander Department of Colombia. The school was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1897 and is named in honour of St Peter Claver, the patron saint of Colombia. Students and graduates of the school are known as Claverians.

text:
# Colegio San Pedro Claver

**Colegio San Pedro Claver**  is a private Catholic primary and secondary school, located in Bucaramanga, in the Santander Department of Colombia. The school was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1897 and is named in honour of St Peter Claver, the patron saint of Colombia. Students and graduates of the school are known as Claverians.

## History

The school in Bucaramanga was founded in 1886 after an agreement between Fr. Luis Antonio Gamero, Jesuit Superior in Colombia, and Senator Alejandro Peña Solano representing the government of Santander Department. Classes began the following year. Construction of a school building began in 1903. The Departmental Assembly caused the closure of the establishment and the pro-school board was founded in 1938. With the authorization of Fr. General Wladimir Ledkowski, SJ, construction began at the present Sotomayor location in December 1948. Classes include kindergarten through elementary at Conucos with the high school at Sotomayor.

In 2017 the college celebrated its 120th anniversary.

## Facilities and programs

School facilities include library, technology and science laboratories, fitness center, swimming pool, regulation soccer fields, and running track. Sports accommodated include soccer, basketball, table tennis, volleyball, swimming, indoor soccer, and microfutbol. English is taught and exchange programs are maintained with Canada and New Zealand. The school also has Villasunción retreat center which has overnight accommodations for 89 persons.

Outreach programs include Jesuit Service to Migrants, Fe y Alegria, nursing homes, Children's Home, Fundar, Romelio Children's Foundation, Angel Custodian foundation for the elderly, Jesus of Nazareth Home, and the Ignatian Haitian solidarity network. Footprints Youth Movement organized by the Jesuits throughout Colombia has 280 members at St. Peter Claver.

Cultural activities include a dance group, rhythm band, Claverian Children's music group, ballet group, and symphony ensemble. The College helped host the 5th National Cheerleading and Dance Championships.

The robotics team from the school has represented Colombia in international competition, winning the World Automation Competition held in Mexico in 2013, the "Support Awards" during the World Vex Robotic's Competition, and the "Team Spirit" award in Anaheim, California, United States.

## InfoBox

| Colegio San Pedro Claver | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Carrera 28 No. 47 – 06
Bucaramanga
Santander
Colombia | |
| Coordinates | 7°7′3.17″N 73°6′47.95″W / 7.1175472°N 73.1133194°W / 7.1175472; -73.1133194 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private primary and secondary school |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Catholic |
| Denomination | Jesuit |
| Patron saint(s) | Peter Claver |
| Established | 1897 (1897) |
| Administrator | Jorge A. Dallos |
| Rector | Eduardo Uribe Ferrero, SJ |
| Director | López Alcira Navarro de Cote |
| Principal | William Carvajal Ochoa |
| Teaching staff | 147 |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Enrollment | 1,377 |
| Color(s) | 2.1 hectares (5.2 acres) |
| Mascot | Harrier |
| Nickname | Claverians |
| Publication | *El Claveriano* |
| Affiliation | Association of Jesuit Schools of Colombia (ACODE) |
| Website | www.colsanpedro.com |
|  | |


title: Fitnete Rexha

abstract: Fitnete Rexha was an Albanian folk singer and recipient of the Merited Artist of Albania title.

text:
# Fitnete Rexha

**Fitnete Rexha** (April 3, 1933 – August 13, 2003) was an Albanian folk singer and recipient of the Merited Artist of Albania title.

## Life

Fitnete Rexha was born in Tirana on April 3, 1933, where she also died on August 14, 2003. She holds the title of Merited Artist of Albania, and was one of the most prominent folk singers of middle Albania, mainly of folk music of Tirana. Fitnete came into contact with the tradition of popular folk music in Tirana in her family. The youngest daughter of Bab Rexh Delia, at about 15 years, she started to sing and record folk songs at Radio-Tirana under the orchestra band of Middle Albania directed by Muharrem Gura and Skënder Reka. The orchestra consisted of musicians Skënder Reka on the accordion, Liu Nushi and Çerçiz Mehmeti on the violin, Reshit Shehu at the dayereh, Mustafa Zyberi on the clarinet, Riza Selita on the contrabass, Emil Miloti and Fadili of the Army Ensemble in the guitar. Initially she started working as a singer at the Estrada of Tirana and then her singing activity was held entirely by the Albanian National Song and Dance Ensemble in Tirana until her retirement in 1981. Among the most beautiful songs sung by F. Rexha are *I'm dressed in white*, *There, to the seven hyacinths*, *Two beautiful ones in a door* ecc. She has recorded about 200 popular songs of Middle Albania. Her music recordings are mostly found at Radio Tirana. Academic. Composer Çesk Zadeja once said of her, "As long as the popular songs of Middle Albania will be heard, the singer Fitnete Rexha will be remembered."


title: Chubu Gakuin University

abstract: Chubu Gakuin University is a private university at Seki, Gifu, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1918.

text:
# Chubu Gakuin University

**Chubu Gakuin University** (中部学院大学, *Chūbu gakuin daigaku*) is a private university at Seki, Gifu, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1918.

35°27′30.9″N 136°53′53.1″E / 35.458583°N 136.898083°E / 35.458583; 136.898083

## InfoBox

Chubu Gakuin University
| 中部学院大学 | |
| --- | --- |
| Chubu Gakuin University in 2007 | |
| Motto | The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge --- Proverbs 1.7. |
| Type | Private |
| Location | Seki, Gifu, Japan |
| Website | http://www.chubu-gu.ac.jp |