title: Part II of the Albanian Constitution

abstract: Part Two of the Constitution of Albania is the second of eighteen parts. Titled The Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms, it is divided into 6 chapters that consist of 49 articles.

text:
# Part II of the Albanian Constitution

**Part Two** (**Part II**) of the Constitution of Albania is the second of eighteen parts. Titled *The Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms*, it is divided into 6 chapters that consist of 49 articles.

## The Fundamental Human Rights and Principles

**Chapter I: General Principles**

> **— Article 15 —**
>
> 1. The fundamental human rights and freedoms are indivisible, inalienable, and inviolable and stand at the basis of the entire juridical order.
> 2. The organs of public power, in fulfillment of their duties, shall respect the fundamental rights and freedoms, as well as contribute to their realization.

> **— Article 16 —**
>
> 1. The fundamental rights and freedoms and the duties contemplated in this Constitution for Albanian citizens are also valid for foreigners and stateless persons in the territory of the Republic of Albania, except for cases when the Constitution specifically attaches the exercise of particular rights and freedoms with Albanian citizenship.
> 2. The fundamental rights and freedoms and the duties contemplated in this Constitution are valid also for juridical persons so long as they comport with the general purposes of these persons and with the core of these rights, freedoms and duties.

> **— Article 17 —**
>
> 1. The limitation of the rights and freedoms provided for in this Constitution may be established only by law for a public interest or for the protection of the rights of others. A limitation shall be in proportion with the situation that has dictated it.
> 2. These limitations may not infringe the essence of the rights and freedoms and in no case may exceed the limitations provided for in the European Convention on Human Rights.

> **— Article 18 —**
>
> 1. All are equal before the law.
> 2. No one may be unjustly discriminated against for reasons such as gender, race, religion, ethnicity, language, political, religious or philosophical beliefs, economic condition, education, social status, or ancestry.
> 3. No one may be discriminated against for reasons mentioned in paragraph 2 if reasonable and objective legal grounds do not exist.

> **— Article 19 —**
>
> 1. Everyone born of at least one parent with Albanian citizenship gains automatically Albanian citizenship. Albanian citizenship is gained also for other reasons provided by law.
> 2. An Albanian citizen may not lose his citizenship, except when he gives it up.

> **— Article 20 —**
>
> 1. Persons who belong to national minorities exercise in full equality before the law the human rights and freedoms.
> 2. They have the right to freely express, without prohibition or compulsion, their ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic belonging. They have the right to preserve and develop it, to study and to be taught in their mother tongue, as well as unite in organizations and societies for the protection of their interests and identity.

**Chapter II: Personal Rights and Freedoms**

> **— Article 21 —**
>
> The life of a person is protected by law.

> **— Article 22 —**
>
> 1. Freedom of expression is guaranteed.
> 2. The freedom of the press, radio and television are guaranteed.
> 3. Prior censorship of a means of communication is prohibited.
> 4. The law may require the granting of authorization for the operation of radio or television stations.

> **— Article 23 —**
>
> 1. The right to information is guaranteed.
> 2. Everyone has the right, in compliance with law, to get information about the activity of state organs, as well as of persons who exercise state functions.
> 3. Everybody is given the possibility to follow the meetings of collectively elected organs.

> **— Article 24 —**
>
> 1. Freedom of conscience and of religion is guaranteed.
> 2. Everyone is free to choose or to change his religion or beliefs, as well as to express them individually or collectively, in public or private life, through cult, education, practices or the performance of rituals.
> 3. No one may be compelled or prohibited to take part or not in a religious community or in religious practices or to make his beliefs or faith public.

> **— Article 25 —**
>
> No one may be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading torture, punishment or treatment.

> **— Article 26 —**
>
> No one may be required to perform forced labor, except in cases of the execution of a judicial decision, the performance of military service, or for a service that results from a state of emergency, war or natural disaster that threatens human life or health.

> **— Article 27 —**
>
> 1. No one's liberty may be taken away except in the cases and according to the procedures provided by law.
> 2. Freedom of a person may not be limited, except in the following cases:
>
> a) when he is punished with imprisonment by a competent court;
> b) for failure to comply with the lawful orders of the court or with an obligation set by law;
> c) when there are reasonable suspicions that he has committed a criminal offense or to prevent the commission by him of a criminal offense or his escape after its commission;
> d) for the supervision of a minor for purposes of education or for escorting him to a competent organ;
> e) when a person is the carrier of a contagious disease, mentally incompetent and dangerous to society;
> f) for illegal entry at state borders or in cases of deportation or extradition.
>
> 3. No one may be deprived of liberty just because he is not in a condition to fulfill a contractual obligation.

> **— Article 28 —**
>
> 1. Everyone whose liberty has been taken away has the right to be notified immediately, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for this measure, as well as the accusation made against him. The person whose liberty has been taken away shall be informed that he has no obligation to make a declaration and has the right to communicate immediately with a lawyer, and he shall also be given the possibility to realize his rights.
> 2. The person whose liberty has been taken away, according to article 27, paragraph 2, subparagraph c), must be sent within 48 hours before a judge, who shall decide upon his pre-trial detention or release not later than 48 hours from the moment he receives the documents for review.
> 3. A person in pre-trial detention has the right to appeal the judge's decision. He has the right to be tried within a reasonable period of time or to be released on bail pursuant to law.
> 4. In all other cases, the person whose liberty is taken away extra-judicially may address a judge at anytime, who shall decide within 48 hours regarding the legality of this action.
> 5. Every person whose liberty was taken away pursuant to article 27, has the right to humane treatment and respect for his dignity.

> **— Article 29 —**
>
> 1. No one may be accused or declared guilty of a criminal act that was not considered as such by law at the time of its commission, with the exception of cases, which at the time of their commission, according to international law, constitute war crimes or crimes against humanity.
> 2. No punishment may be given that is more severe than that which was contemplated by law at the time of commission of the criminal act.
> 3. A favorable criminal law has retroactive effect.

> **— Article 30 —**
>
> Everyone is considered innocent so long as his guilt is not proven by a final judicial decision.

> **— Article 31 —**
>
> During a criminal proceeding, everyone has the right:
>
> a) to be notified immediately and in detail of the accusation made against him, of his rights, as well as to have the possibility created to notify his family or those close to him;
> b) to have the time and sufficient facilities to prepare his defense;
> c) to have the assistance without payment of a translator, when he does not speak or understand the Albanian language;
> d) to be defended by himself or with the assistance of a legal defender chosen by him; to communicate freely and privately with him, as well as to be assured of free defense when he does not have sufficient means;
> e) to question witnesses who are present and to seek the presentation of witnesses, experts and other persons who can clarify the facts.

> **— Article 32 —**
>
> 1. No one may be obliged to testify against himself or his family or to confess his guilt.
> 2. No one may be declared guilty on the basis of data collected in an unlawful manner.

> **— Article 33 —**
>
> 1. No one may be denied the right to be heard before being judged.
> 2. A person who is hiding from justice may not take advantage of this right.

> **— Article 34 —**
>
> No one may be punished more than one time for the same criminal act nor be tried again, except for cases when the re-adjudication of the case is decided on by a higher court, in the manner specified by law.

> **— Article 35 —**
>
> 1. No one may be obliged, except when the law requires it, to make public data connected with his person.
> 2. The collection, use and making public of data about a person is done with his consent, except for the cases provided by law.
> 3. Everyone has the right to become acquainted with data collected about him, except for the cases provided by law.
> 4. Everyone has the right to request the correction or expunging of untrue or incomplete data or data collected in violation of law.

> **— Article 36 —**
>
> The freedom and secrecy of correspondence or any other means of communication are guaranteed.

> **— Article 37 —**
>
> 1. The inviolability of the residence is guaranteed.
> 2. Searches of a residence, as well as the premises that are equivalent to it, may be done only in the cases and manner provided by law.
> 3. No one may be subjected to a personal search outside a criminal proceeding, with the exception of the cases of entry into the territory of the state and the leaving of it, or to avoid a risk that threatens public security.

> **— Article 38 —**
>
> 1. Everyone has the right to choose his place of residence and to move freely to any part of the territory of the state.
> 2. No one may be hindered to go freely out of the state.

> **— Article 39 —**
>
> 1. No Albanian citizen may be expelled from the territory of the state.
> 2. Extradition may be permitted only when it is expressly provided in international agreements, to which the Republic of Albania is a party, and only by judicial decision.
> 3. The collective expulsion of foreigners is prohibited. The expulsion of individuals is permitted under the conditions specified by law.

> **— Article 40 —**
>
> Foreigners have the right of refuge in the Republic of Albania according to law.

> **— Article 41 —**
>
> 1. The right of private property is guaranteed.
> 2. Property may be gained by gift, inheritance, purchase, or any other classical means provided by the Civil Code.
> 3. The law may provide for expropriations or limitations in the exercise of a property right only for public interests.
> 4. The expropriations or limitations of a property right that are equivalent to expropriation are permitted only against fair compensation.
> 5. For disagreements connected with the extent of the compensation, a complaint may be filed in court.

> **— Article 42 —**
>
> 1. The freedom, property, and rights recognized in the Constitution and by law may not be infringed without due process.
> 2. Everyone, to protect his constitutional and legal rights, freedoms, and interests, or in the case of an accusation raised against him, has the right to a fair and public trial, within a reasonable time, by an independent and impartial court specified by law.

> **— Article 43 —**
>
> Anyone shall be entitled to file an appeal against a judicial decision before a higher court, except if otherwise provided in the law for criminal offences of a minor character, for civil and administrative matters of minor importance or value, according to the conditions provided in articles 17 of the Constitution.

> **— Article 44 —**
>
> Everyone has the right to be rehabilitated and/or indemnified in compliance with law if he is damaged because of an unlawful act, action or failure to act of the state organs.

**Chapter III: Political Rights and Freedoms**

> **— Article 45 —**
>
> 1. Every citizen who has attained the age of 18, even on the date of the elections, has the right to elect and be elected.
> 2. Citizens who have been declared mentally incompetent by a final court decision are excluded from the right of election.
> 3. Exempted from the right to be elected shall be the citizens being sentenced to imprisonment upon a formally and substantially final decision, in connection with the commission of a crime, under the rules set out in a law being approved by three fifth of all the members of the Parliament. In exceptional and justified cases, the law may provide for restrictions of the election right for citizens serving an imprisonment sentence or the right to be elected prior to a final decision being rendered, or the citizens having been deported in connection with a crime or very serious and grave breach of public security
> 4. The vote is personal, equal, free and secret

> **— Article 46 —**
>
> 1. Everyone has the right to organize collectively for any lawful purpose.
> 2. The registration of organizations or societies in court is done according to the procedure provided by law.
> 3. Organizations or societies that pursue unconstitutional purposes are prohibited pursuant to law.

> **— Article 47 —**
>
> 1. Freedom of peaceful meetings and without arms, as well the participation in them is guaranteed.
> 2. Peaceful meetings in squares and places of public passage are held in conformity with the law.

> **— Article 48 —**
>
> Everyone, by himself or together with others, may direct requests, complaints or comments to the public organs, which are obliged to answer in the time periods and conditions set by law.

**Chapter IV: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Freedoms**

> **— Article 49 —**
>
> 1. Everyone has the right to earn the means of living by lawful work that he has chosen or accepted himself. He is free to choose his profession, place of work, as well as his own system of professional qualification.
> 2. Employees have the right to social protection of work.

> **— Article 50 —**
>
> Employees have the right to unite freely in labor organizations for the defense of their work interests.

> **— Article 51 —**
>
> 1. The right of an employee to strike in connection with work relations is guaranteed.
> 2. Limitations on particular categories of employees may be established by law to assure essential social services.

> **— Article 52 —**
>
> 1. Everyone has the right to social security in old age or when he is unable to work, according to a system set by law.
> 2. Everyone, who remains without work for reasons independent of their volition, and has no other means of support, has the right to assistance under the conditions provided by law.

> **— Article 53 —**
>
> 1. Everyone has the right to get married and have a family.
> 2. Marriage and family enjoy special protection of the state.
> 3. The entering into and dissolution of marriage are regulated by law.

> **— Article 54 —**
>
> 1. Children, the young, pregnant women and new mothers have the right to special protection by the state.
> 2. Children born out of wedlock have equal rights with those born within marriage.
> 3. Every child has the right to be protected from violence, ill treatment, exploitation and their use for work, especially under the minimum age for work, which could damage their health and morals or endanger their life or normal development.

> **— Article 55 —**
>
> 1. Citizens enjoy in an equal manner the right to health care from the state.
> 2. Everyone has the right to health insurance pursuant to the procedure provided by law.

> **— Article 56 —**
>
> Everyone has the right to be informed for the status of the environment and its protection.

> **— Article 57 —**
>
> 1. Everyone has the right to education.
> 2. Mandatory school education is determined by law.
> 3. General high school public education is open for all.
> 4. Professional high school education and higher education can be conditioned only on criteria of abilities.
> 5. Mandatory education and general high school education in public schools are free.
> 6. Pupils and students may also be educated in private schools of all levels, which are created and operated on the basis of law.
> 7. The autonomy and academic freedom of higher education institutions are guaranteed by law.

> **— Article 58 —**
>
> 1. Freedom of artistic creation and scientific research, placing in use, as well as profit from their results are guaranteed for all.
> 2. Copyright is protected by law.

**Chapter V: Social Objectives**

> **— Article 59 —**
>
> 1. The state, within its constitutional powers and the means at its disposal, aims to supplement private initiative and responsibility with:
>
> a) employment under suitable conditions for all persons who are able to work;
> b) fulfillment of the housing needs of its citizens;
> c) the highest possible standard of health, physical and mental;
> d) education and qualification according to ability of children and the young, as well as unemployed persons;
> e) a healthy and ecologically adequate environment for the present and future generations;
> f) rational exploitation of forests, waters, pastures and other natural resources on the basis of the principle of sustainable development;
> g) care and help for the aged, orphans and persons with disabilities;
> h) development of sport and of recreation activities;
> i) health rehabilitation, specialized education and integration in society of disabled people, as well as continual improvement of their living conditions;
> j) protection of national cultural heritage and particular care for the Albanian language.
>
> 2. Fulfillment of social objectives may not be claimed directly in court. The law defines the conditions and extent to which the realization of these objectives can be claimed.

**Chapter VI: People's Advocate**

> **— Article 60 —**
>
> 1. The People's Advocate defends the rights, freedoms and lawful interests of individuals from unlawful or improper actions or failures to act of the organs of public administration.
> 2. The People's Advocate is independent in the exercise of his duties.
> 3. The People's Advocate has his own budget, which he administers himself. He proposes the budget pursuant to law.

> **— Article 61 —**
>
> 1. The People's Advocate is elected by three-fifths of all members of the Assembly for a five-year period, with the right of reelection.
> 2. Any Albanian citizen with higher education, and with recognized knowledge and recognized activity in the field of human rights and law may be the People's Advocate.
> 3. The People's Advocate enjoys the immunity of a judge of the High Court.
> 4. The People's Advocate may not take part in any political party, carry on any other political, state or professional activity, nor take part in the management organs of social, economic and commercial organizations.

> **— Article 62 —**
>
> 1. The People's Advocate may be discharged only on the reasoned complaint of not less than one-third of the deputies.
> 2. In this case, the Assembly makes a decision with three-fifths of all its members.

> **— Article 63 —**
>
> 1. The People's Advocate presents an annual report before the Assembly.
> 2. The People's Advocate reports before the Assembly when it is requested of him, and he may request the Assembly to hear him on matters he determines important.
> 3. The People's Advocate has the right to make recommendations and to propose measures when he observes violations of human rights and freedoms by the public administration.
> 4. Public organs and officials are obligated to present to the People's Advocate all documents and information requested by him.

1. Constitution of Albania
2. Kushtetuta e Republikës së Shqipërisë


title: Deborah Landau

abstract: Deborah Landau is an American poet, essayist, and critic. Landau's "taut, elegant, highly controlled constructions" have been described as "confessional and direct, like Sylvia Plath and Allen Ginsberg." Her meditations upon yearning and selfhood are said to remind us "of the nuanced beauty of language." Jennifer Michael Hecht has praised her poems as "Terrificly smart, witty, and slightly terrifying." Nick DePascal asserts that Landau's work "accurately matches form to content" and "leads the reader down a particular path through style as much as the meaning of the actual words on the page...." Publishers Weekly has described her work as "haunting," "stunning," "dark, urgent, sexy, deeply sad, and, above all, powerful." Landau's poems, essays, and reviews have appeared in The Paris Review, The New York Review of Books, The New Yorker, The Kenyon Review, American Poetry Review, The Best American Poetry, The Nation,The Best American Erotic Poems, The Wall Street Journal, Poetry, The New York Times, and The Nation, among other publications. Landau grew up in Ann Arbor, Michigan, graduated with distinction from Stanford University, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, received a master's degree in English from Columbia University and a Ph.D. from Brown University, where she was a Jacob K. Javits Fellow in English and American Literature. In 2016 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. Landau's most recent books are Soft Targets (2019) and The Uses of the Body, which was published in 2015 by Copper Canyon Press and was a Lannan Literary Selection. Deborah Landau is currently a professor and director of the Creative Writing Program at New York University.

text:
# Deborah Landau

**Deborah Landau** (born 1973) is an American poet, essayist, and critic.

Landau's "taut, elegant, highly controlled constructions" have been described as "confessional and direct, like Sylvia Plath and Allen Ginsberg." Her meditations upon yearning and selfhood are said to remind us "of the nuanced beauty of language." Jennifer Michael Hecht has praised her poems as "Terrificly smart, witty, and slightly terrifying." Nick DePascal asserts that Landau's work "accurately matches form to content" and "leads the reader down a particular path through style as much as the meaning of the actual words on the page...." *Publishers Weekly* has described her work as "haunting," "stunning," "dark, urgent, sexy, deeply sad, and, above all, powerful."

Landau's poems, essays, and reviews have appeared in *The Paris Review*, *The New York Review of Books*, *The New Yorker*, *The Kenyon Review*, *American Poetry Review*, *The Best American Poetry,* *The Nation*,*The Best American Erotic Poems*, *The Wall Street Journal*, *Poetry*, *The New York Times*, and *The Nation*, among other publications. Landau grew up in Ann Arbor, Michigan, graduated with distinction from Stanford University, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, received a master's degree in English from Columbia University and a Ph.D. from Brown University, where she was a Jacob K. Javits Fellow in English and American Literature. In 2016 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

Landau's most recent books are *Soft Targets* (2019) and *The Uses of the Body*, which was published in 2015 by Copper Canyon Press and was a Lannan Literary Selection.

Deborah Landau is currently a professor and director of the Creative Writing Program at New York University.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Deborah Landau | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1973 (age 5051) |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Stanford University
Columbia University
Brown University (PhD) |
| Website | |
| www.deborahlandau.com | |


title: Patience (Peter Hammill album)

abstract: Patience is the 13th studio album by Peter Hammill. It was released in August 1983 on Naive Records, a label founded by Gordian Troeller, the former manager of Hammill's band Van der Graaf Generator. It was remastered in 1991 and released on Fie! Records. It was the second album to feature the collective known as the “K Group” — Hammill, drummer Guy Evans and bassist Nic Potter, and guitarist John Ellis. Patience reached #15 in the UK Indie Chart. The members of K Group adopted aliases during their time in the band. Hammill was known as "K", Evans was known as "Brain", Ellis was known as "Fury" and Potter was known as "Mozart". "Patient", "Traintime" and "Comfortable" have all been played regularly by Hammill in live performance in later years. "Just Good Friends" was re-worked for Hammill's 1984 album The Love Songs.

text:
# Patience (Peter Hammill album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Patience*** is the 13th studio album by Peter Hammill. It was released in August 1983 on Naive Records, a label founded by Gordian Troeller, the former manager of Hammill's band Van der Graaf Generator. It was remastered in 1991 and released on Fie! Records. It was the second album to feature the collective known as the “K Group” (the first was *Enter K*)  Hammill, drummer Guy Evans and bassist Nic Potter (Hammill's former colleagues in VdGG), and guitarist John Ellis (of The Vibrators and Peter Gabriel’s band).

*Patience* reached #15 in the UK Indie Chart.

The members of K Group adopted aliases during their time in the band. Hammill was known as "K", Evans was known as "Brain", Ellis was known as "Fury" and Potter was known as "Mozart".

"Patient", "Traintime" and "Comfortable" have all been played regularly by Hammill in live performance in later years.

"Just Good Friends" was re-worked for Hammill's 1984 album *The Love Songs*.

## Track listing

All songs written by Peter Hammill.

1. "Labour of Love"  5:52
2. "Film Noir"  4:16
3. "Just Good Friends"  4:26
4. "Jeunesse d'Orée"  4:45
5. "Traintime"  4:25
6. "Now More Than Ever"  5:36
7. "Comfortable?"  4:54
8. "Patient"  6:14

## Personnel

### Additional musicians

### Technical

* David Lord – recording engineer, mixing (Crescent Studios, Bath)

* Lyrics on Hammill's Sofa Sound website

## InfoBox

| Patience | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Peter Hammill | |
| Released | 19 August 1983 |
| Recorded | December 1982 |
| Studio | Crescent Studios, Bath |
| Genre | Art rock |
| Length | 40:28 |
| Label | Naive |
| Producer | Peter Hammill |
| Peter Hammill chronology | |
| *Loops and Reels*
(1983) ***Patience***
(1983) *The Love Songs*
(1984) | |


title: Death of Abbas Khan

abstract: Abbas Khan, a father of two, was a British orthopaedic surgeon who was killed at age 32 on 16 December 2013 while imprisoned by the Syrian government. The Syrian government claim that Dr. Abbas committed suicide but this is disputed. The British Foreign Office say that Dr Abbas was "effectively murdered". In November 2012, Abbas Khan had gone to Turkey to help refugees from Syria during the civil war, but, after two weeks, he crossed the border into Syria to help those unable to reach the border between the two countries. Khan was arrested in Aleppo, 48 hours after entering Syria. When Khan's younger sister, Sara, found out that her brother was missing, the family contacted the Foreign Office, hoping for help in finding him, but the FCO did nothing. Eventually, his mother, Fatima Khan, found Abbas in a prison in Damascus through unofficial help given by the Indian and Russian embassies eight months later. When she found him, his weight had dropped to less than 32 kg (71 lb), and he could hardly walk. She also described seeing a missing fingernail and burned feet — signs of torture familiar to Syrians. He told her that he had been tortured and held for eight months in an underground cell. Dr. Khan told his family that he was accused of treating dying civilians, which had been classed as an act of terrorism. Dr. Khan worked as a specialist registrar in orthopaedic surgery at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. The Foreign Office said it was "extremely concerned" by reports. In December 2013, the ICRC transported his body from Damascus to the Lebanese capital, Beirut, then back to London, United Kingdom. In July 2014, two men who had been imprisoned with Dr. Khan in Damascus told the BBC that he had given treatment to other prisoners in jail, and taught them English, and had been positive and strong. He had ultimately been taken away by Intelligence Services, and the men said they believed he was killed because of what he had witnessed - "Abbas saw everything. They killed him for the things he saw. They didn't want anyone to know." On 27 October 2014, a jury in London found that the Syrian government “deliberately and intentionally killed” Khan.

text:
# Death of Abbas Khan

**Abbas Khan**, a father of two, was a British orthopaedic surgeon who was killed at age 32 on 16 December 2013 while imprisoned by the Syrian government. The Syrian government claim that Dr. Abbas committed suicide but this is disputed. The British Foreign Office say that Dr Abbas was "effectively murdered".

In November 2012, Abbas Khan had gone to Turkey to help refugees from Syria during the civil war, but, after two weeks, he crossed the border into Syria to help those unable to reach the border between the two countries. Khan was arrested in Aleppo, 48 hours after entering Syria. When Khan's younger sister, Sara, found out that her brother was missing, the family contacted the Foreign Office, hoping for help in finding him, but the FCO did nothing. Eventually, his mother, Fatima Khan, found Abbas in a prison in Damascus through unofficial help given by the Indian and Russian embassies eight months later. When she found him, his weight had dropped to less than 32 kg (71 lb), and he could hardly walk. She also described seeing a missing fingernail and burned feet — signs of torture familiar to Syrians. He told her that he had been tortured and held for eight months in an underground cell.

Dr. Khan told his family that he was accused of treating dying civilians (women and children), which had been classed as an act of terrorism. Dr. Khan worked as a specialist registrar in orthopaedic surgery at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. The Foreign Office said it was "extremely concerned" by reports. In December 2013, the ICRC transported his body from Damascus to the Lebanese capital, Beirut, then back to London, United Kingdom.

In July 2014, two men who had been imprisoned with Dr. Khan in Damascus told the BBC that he had given treatment to other prisoners in jail, and taught them English, and had been positive and strong. He had ultimately been taken away by Intelligence Services, and the men said they believed he was killed because of what he had witnessed - "Abbas saw everything. They killed him for the things he saw. They didn't want anyone to know."

On 27 October 2014, a jury in London found that the Syrian government “deliberately and intentionally killed” Khan.


title: Patrick Calhoun Family Cemetery

abstract: The Patrick Calhoun Family Cemetery, located in Abbeville County, South Carolina, contains the graves of Patrick Calhoun and members of his family, who settled in Abbeville County in the 1750s. While Patrick achieved some fame as an Indian fighter, and later, as a South Carolina politician, he is perhaps best remembered as the father of John C. Calhoun, United States Senator and Vice President of the United States from 1824–1832. There are over two dozen graves in this rural and quiet cemetery. The landmark was listed in the National Historic Register on August 28, 1975.

text:
# Patrick Calhoun Family Cemetery

The **Patrick Calhoun Family Cemetery**, located in Abbeville County, South Carolina, contains the graves of Patrick Calhoun and members of his family, who settled in Abbeville County in the 1750s. While Patrick achieved some fame as an Indian fighter, and later, as a South Carolina politician, he is perhaps best remembered as the father of John C. Calhoun, United States Senator and Vice President of the United States from 1824–1832. There are over two dozen graves in this rural and quiet cemetery. The landmark was listed in the National Historic Register on August 28, 1975.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Calhoun, Patrick, Family Cemetery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Abbeville, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°3′43″N 82°26′45″W / 34.06194°N 82.44583°W / 34.06194; -82.44583 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1844 |
| NRHP reference No. | 75001684 |
| Added to NRHP | August 28, 1975 |


title: Pascale Trinquet

abstract: Pascale Trinquet is a French fencer and Olympic champion in foil competition. She won a gold medal in the foil event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She also won a gold medal in team foil with the French team. In an earlier event in the United States, Trinquet competed in a 1979 international invitation tournament at the New York Athletic Club, winning the women's foil with only eight touches against her while scoring 25 against her opponents. Her elder sister Véronique Trinquet is also a former fencer and Olympic medalist. Pascale and Véronique are the daughters of a Saint-Tropez retail pharmacist, and after their sporting career was over, they owned a pharmacy in Paris 16th arrondissement.

text:
# Pascale Trinquet

**Pascale Trinquet** (born 11 August 1958 in Marseille) is a French fencer and Olympic champion in foil competition.

She won a gold medal in the foil event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She also won a gold medal in team foil with the French team.

In an earlier event in the United States, Trinquet competed in a 1979 international invitation tournament at the New York Athletic Club, winning the women's foil with only eight touches against her while scoring 25 against her opponents.

Her elder sister Véronique Trinquet is also a former fencer and Olympic medalist. Pascale and Véronique are the daughters of a Saint-Tropez retail pharmacist, and after their sporting career was over, they owned a pharmacy in Paris 16th arrondissement.

## InfoBox

Pascale Trinquet
| Pascale Trinquet in 1982 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1958-08-11) 11 August 1958<br>Marseille, France |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Women's fencing  Representing  France  Olympic Games  1980 Moscow  Individual foil  1980 Moscow  Team foil  1984 Los Angeles  Team foil | |


title: Patric Curwen

abstract: Patric Curwen was a British stage and film actor.

text:
# Patric Curwen

**Patric Curwen** (14 December 1884 – 31 May 1949) was a British stage and film actor.

## Biography

Curwen, son of John Spencer Curwen of the music publishing company, and grandson of John Curwen, founder of the Tonic sol-fa system, was educated at Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire, then New College, Oxford. He studied acting under Rosina Filippi and started his career at the Haymarket Theatre in London in 1907, appearing in productions of *The Lyons Mail*, *Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde* and *The Bells*, among others.

During World War I he joined the Artists Rifles, then received a commission in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He served with the armoured car unit in France, but was moved to Naval Intelligence Division for health reasons, where he continued until 1920.

He spent four years in India learning tea and coffee planting, then returned to work in England with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. From 1926 to 1928 he undertook an overseas tour, including visits to Australia and New Zealand, and on his return to England he continued to work as an actor in London in the years leading up to moving into film in 1931 and the start of his broadcasting career in 1934. He became well known as compère of the BBC programmes *Scrapbook* and *Those Were The Days*.

He died in 1949 at Rondebosch, Cape Town at the age of 64.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Patric Curwen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | John Patric Curwen
(1884-12-14)14 December 1884
London, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 31 May 1949(1949-05-31) (aged 64)
Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Patrick Hickey (artist)

abstract: Patrick Hickey was an Irish printmaker, painter, artist and architect who founded the Graphic Studio Dublin in 1960.

text:
# Patrick Hickey (artist)

**Patrick Hickey** (Bannu, British India 27 April 1927  Dublin 16 October 1998) was an Irish printmaker, painter, artist and architect who founded the Graphic Studio Dublin in 1960.

## Early life, family, and education

Patrick Hickey was born on the 27 April 1927 in Bannu, British India, which is now a part of Pakistan. His father was involved in the Indian Army (1st Punjab Regiment) as a colonel. Although Hickey discovered early on that he had a passion for art, his family had no history of being involved in that industry. As his family moved from Bannu to Bedford in England, he began his education in Yorkshire at Ampleforth College from 1939 to 1945. Despite having a passion for art and paintings, Hickey only wanted to paint for the first time after he had received an acceptable and stable education, specifically because of the financial risks of that activity and the lack of artistic education and tools that were provided in Ireland at that time. Therefore, Hickey moved to Ireland in 1948 to study Italian, architecture, and history of art in University College Dublin (UCD) in the south of Dublin.

He graduated in 1954 from the architectural school of UCD and then went to Wicklow to work with Irish architect Micheal Scott before he painted landscapes for the first time Hickey decided to begin selling his painting after graduating from UCD to begin his artistic career at an early age. In order to finish his education, Hickey succeeded in winning a scholarship to study printmaking, which consists of creating designs by printing them, for eight months in an Italian university in Urbino called the "Scuola del Libro". The specific types of printmaking he learned in the university were "lithography" and "etching". As a result of this year abroad, Hickey was able to show the skills he learnt in Urbino to other aspiring Irish artists such as Anne Yeats or Liam Miller, who eventually supported his artistic career.

## Early career

Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, Hickey began to gain a reputation as an artist and exhibited his artwork at the Irish Exhibition of Living Art. This is where his pieces of the Wicklow landscape were first exhibited in 1955. Although he was a well known painter, he was best known for his work as a printmaker as he was very skilled in etching and lithography.

One of Hickey's largest projects was founding the Graphic Studio in Dublin in 1960. The lack of art education in Ireland was the problem that Hickey sought to resolve when he co-founded the Graphic Studio, along with fellow founders Anne Yeats, Elizabeth Rivers, Leslie MacWeeney and Liam Miller. The studio was situated at 18 Upper Mount St., Dublin. Although it was small, the studio was a large contributor to the unfolding and development of modern graphic art at the time in Ireland, for which Hickey has been credited. Hickey remained a prominent figure in the Graphic Studio up to 1970. His role was then taken over by Mary Farl Powers, a print artist from the U.S.A. It was during this time as an ordinary member that Hickey created some of what is known as, his best work.

During the 1960s, some of Hickey's most pronounced prints included the "Stations of the Cross" (1965) and a collection of eighteen inferno etchings that illustrate Dante's 'Divine comedy' (1965). An Italian government competition held in honour of Dante's 700th birthday, awarded Hickey with a second place prize for his collection of "Divine comedy" etchings.

In 1967 Hickey received a scholarship from the Norwegian government, he spent his time in Norway painting watercolours. In this same year he designed a collection of postage stamps, for the use of the Irish government.

## Late career

### Inspirations

Hickey's career took a turn after stepping down from his position as head of the Graphic Studio Gallery in Dublin. After visiting Corfu in 1975 he returned to Ireland to focus on new forms of work. He went on to create some of his most successful etching prints known as the "Months", which represent each month of the year in the form of a calendar. The forms and compositions of these works have often been compared to traditional Japanese artwork. Hickey admitted to being an admirer of the Japanese spirit in his review of the "Japanese Minor Arts of Netsuke and Inro", saying that he "painted like the Japanese even before he saw Japanese work." Additionally, Hickey's "Alphabet" (1988) and 'Aesop's Fables' (1990) series show his appreciation of Japanese works.

### Achievements

In 1971, Hickey took part in the national Rosc exhibitions. He was responsible for organising and exhibiting the eighteenth-century Irish delftware in Castletown House, County Kildare. Hickey believed that education in art needed reform, so he joined the college board for the National College of Art and Design (NCAD) in May 1972. That same year, Hickey's first exhibit of "Bogland, Wicklow" was at the Royal Hibernian Academy (RHA) in Dublin. Hickey, alongside consulting engineer Sean Mulcahy and sculptor Michael Biggs, was selected by the National Bank to design a set of Irish banknotes for the treasury in 1972. In 1974, Hickey exhibited some of his etching works for the first time outside of Ireland at the Purdhoe Gallery in London.

In 1980, RTÉ News reported Hickey's attendance at the National Gallery in Dublin to teach children of the ways of art. He wanted the young people of Ireland to visit the gallery and to see it as "a living place". He then exhibited his "Garden with Sago Palms Oil" on canvas in 1988 at the Taylor Galleries in Dublin. This would be one of the last exhibitions of his career. Hickey returned to teaching part-time in UCD at the School of Architecture, then later went on to be a professor at the NCAD in the late 1980s.

## Later life

Hickey worked on his art and exhibitions throughout his later life. In 1973 Hickey was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland made him an honorary member in 1989. In 1986 Hickey also became head of painting in National College of Art and Design fine art faculty until 1990. In 1990 his oil works, "Virginia Creeper" and "Garden Wall: Morning Wicklow Hillside" were exhibited. His work in the 1990s included the two etchings, "Still Life with Pears and Apples" (1992) and 'The Fourth Tree (1993).' The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland held a retrospective exhibition of his work in 1994 which was followed by a show held in the Graphic Studio Gallery in 1995 of Hickeys etchings. Hickey had completed twenty seven pieces over the two and a half years prior.

There was a television documentary on RTE on 28 November 1996 called "Patrick Hickey Artist" in tribute to Hickey. Due to deteriorating health he had to retire from teaching in the 1990s. In May 1997 he held his last exhibition at the Taylor Galleries in Kildare street in Dublin. Due to his lack of energy and slowing strength because of his Parkinson's disease he wanted to make this last exhibition his best. This exhibition consisted of seventeen oil paintings, all of them landscapes or still lifes. The works included "Huguenot Cemetery" and 'Cat with Aubergines.' In 1997 Hickey moved from Mulgrave Terrace in Dun Laoghaire to nearby Clearwater Cove. The house in Mulgrave Terrace sold for two million euros. He gave the new owners of the house a painting of Japanese cherry trees.

### Death

Hickey died from Parkinson's disease on the 16 October in 1998. He was 71 years old. He died in his home at Clearwater Cove, Monkstown with his wife Elizabeth ('Bizzie') Hickey, (nee Hallinan) present. Hickey was cremated in Glasnevin Crematorium. In 2000 the Graphic studio gallery held an exhibition of Hickey's work and a posthumous exhibition of his work was held in 2007 by the Dalkey Arts Centre.

## Legacy

According to his obituary in *The Irish Times*, Patrick Hickey "achieved so much with his life", including marriage, family, becoming a successful artist, architect and lecturer. He was viewed as a forward person, and he valued art as sheer pleasure. Hickey's ideas about art and architecture have influenced the future of art in Ireland and elsewhere. According to an obituary in the *Irish Independent*, he was "a founder of modern art graphics in Ireland". Hickey had wanted to be a musician and he put musical notes in all the bank notes that he created. Following his death, Hickey's "techniques of etching and lithography and other graphic media" continued to be carried out in the Graphic Studio Dublin. The Graphic Studio Dublin held an exhibition in 2000 with Hickey's landscape prints from the 1970s. Hickey's art is on sale at auction on invaluable.com since 2015. He left behind an extensive art collection. His art is portrayed in several galleries around Ireland, including the Arts Council of Ireland, Crawford Municipal Gallery, Cork; Hugh Lane Gallery, Dublin, Limerick city gallery of art; national self-portrait collection and University of Limerick. The UK independent said after Hickey's death in 1998, that he had the most influence on art and design In Ireland compared to other artists.

Hickey left behind his wife and three children. One of his sons, Joby Hickey, also became an artist. As a child, Joby had appeared on the old 50 pound note that Hickey designed. Joby studied in fine art in Dun Laoghaire Art School where Hickey had a lot of influence. Hickey's Victorian home in Dun Laoghaire went on sale in February 2022 for two million euro.

## InfoBox

| Patrick Hickey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 27 April 1927<br>Bannu, British India |
| Died | 16 October 1998(1998-10-16) (aged 71) |
| Nationality | Irish |


title: Patrick Heusinger

abstract: Patrick Heusinger is an American actor. He is known for his recurring roles as James Schuller / Lord Marcus Beaton on the second season of The CW teen drama series Gossip Girl (2008), Adam Pierce on the USA Network medical comedy drama series Royal Pains (2010–11), and Max McCarthy on the Bravo comedy drama series Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (2014–17). Heusinger is also known for his lead role as FBI Special Agent Nick Durand on the Amazon Prime Video crime thriller series Absentia (2017–20).

text:
# Patrick Heusinger

**Patrick Heusinger** (born February 14, 1981) is an American actor. He is known for his recurring roles as James Schuller / Lord Marcus Beaton on the second season of The CW teen drama series *Gossip Girl* (2008), Adam Pierce on the USA Network medical comedy drama series *Royal Pains* (2010–11), and Max McCarthy on the Bravo comedy drama series *Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce* (2014–17). Heusinger is also known for his lead role as FBI Special Agent Nick Durand on the Amazon Prime Video crime thriller series *Absentia* (2017–20).

## Early life

Heusinger was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida, where he attended Douglas Anderson School of the Arts. He is a graduate of Juilliard.

## Career

Heusinger made his debut in the 2005 independent period drama film *Sweet Land*, as young Lars, and then appeared in *Tie a Yellow Ribbon*, *The Nanny Diaries*, and *Black Swan*.

On television, Heusinger is known for the roles of Lord Marcus on the CW teen drama *Gossip Girl*, where he appeared on four episodes in 2008, and Adam on USA Network's *Royal Pains* in 2010 and 2011. He was also in a recurring role as Max McCarthy on Bravo TV's first original scripted series *Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce*. Other television credits include *30 Rock*, *The Good Wife*, *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*, *Rescue Me*, *Unforgettable*, and *Necessary Roughness*.

Heusinger starred as Lancelot in the national tour of *Spamalot* from 2006 through 2008. In 2010, he starred in the Naked Angels' Tony-nominated Broadway production of *Next Fall*. Other theater credits include the off-Broadway production of *Next Fall* and the Broadway revival of *Fiddler on the Roof* (as Fyedka).

In 2009, Heusinger appeared in the comedy web series *Jack in a Box*. In 2010 and 2011, he appeared in the comedy web series *Submissions Only*. In 2013, he had a guest-starring story arc on the NBC survival drama series *Revolution* as bounty hunter Adam. In 2015, he had a guest-starring role on the Hulu original series, *Casual*, as Michael, a photography teacher. Heusinger was cast as Special Agent Nick Durand in the AXN series *Absentia* that premiered in 2017.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Sweet Land* | Young Lars |  |
| 2007 | *Tie a Yellow Ribbon* | Joe Mason |  |
| 2007 | *The Nanny Diaries* | Carter |  |
| 2007 | *Skin-Deep* | Jared | Short film |
| 2010 | *Black Swan* | Rich Gent |  |
| 2012 | *Willowbrook* | Bill Huntsman | Short film |
| 2012 | *Snow White and the Seven Movies* | Agent | Short film |
| 2012 | *Frances Ha* | Reade 'Patch' Krause |  |
| 2013 | *Cause of Death* | Guy In The park | Short film |
| 2015 | *A Beautiful Now* | Aaron |  |
| 2016 | *Jack Reacher: Never Go Back* | The Hunter |  |
| 2018 | *Accommodations* | Jake Somner |  |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Gossip Girl* | James Schuller / Lord Marcus Beaton | 4 episodes |
| 2009 | *30 Rock* | Brian | Episode: "Generalissimo" |
| 2009 | *The Good Wife* | Ray Demory | Episode: "Fixed" |
| 2009 | *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* | Brady Harrison | Episode: "Perverted" |
| 2010 | *Rescue Me* | Steve Burton | Episode: "Comeback" |
| 2010–2011 | *Royal Pains* | Adam Pierce | 4 episodes |
| 2011 | *CSI: Miami* | Matthew Shaw | Episode: "Match Made in Hell" |
| 2011 | *Law & Order: LA* | Dan Rathman | Episode: "Angel's Knoll" |
| 2011 | *The Protector* | Unknown | Episode: "Wings" |
| 2011 | *Necessary Roughness* | Cash Carson | Episode: "Losing Your Swing" |
| 2011 | *Friends with Benefits* | Austin | 2 episodes |
| 2011 | *Unforgettable* | Dean | Episode: "Friended" |
| 2013 | *Revolution* | Adam | 3 episodes |
| 2013 | *Bones* | Martin Proctor | Episode: "The Lady on the List" |
| 2013 | *Castle* | Raymond Vance | Episode: "Number One Fan" |
| 2014–2017 | *Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce* | Max | 11 episodes |
| 2015 | *A to Z* | Jay | Episode: "M is for Meant to Be" |
| 2015 | *Casual* | Michael Carr | 7 episodes |
| 2017–2020 | *Absentia* | Nick Durand | Main role |
| 2018-2020 | *Corporate* | Joshua | 2 episodes |
| 2022 | *Law & Order* | Wyatt Ackman | Episode: "The Great Pretender" |
|

### Web

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *Jack in a Box* | Coy | Episode: "The Alpha Actor" |
| 2010–2011 | *Submissions Only* | Eric Hennigan | 4 episodes |
| 2014 | *Writers' Block* | Eli | Episode: "Flirting with Disaster" |

### Video games

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Quantum Break* | Liam Burke | Voice, motion capture performance, and full motion video cutscenes |
|

## InfoBox

| Patrick Heusinger | |
| --- | --- |
| Heusinger in 2008 | |
| Born | (1981-02-14) February 14, 1981<br>Jacksonville, Florida, United States |
| Education | Juilliard School (BFA) |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2005–present |


title: Paseo de Recoletos

abstract:
Paseo de Recoletos is a wide boulevard in central Madrid leading from Plaza de Cibeles to Plaza de Colón. From west to east it consists of:
  - Two southward lanes
  - The pedestrian walk
  - A southward bus lane
  - Three southward lanes
  - Three northward lanes
  - A median strip lined with trees, flowerbeds, etc.
  - Two northward lanes
  - A northward Bus lane.

text:
# Paseo de Recoletos

**Paseo de Recoletos** is a wide boulevard in central Madrid leading from Plaza de Cibeles to Plaza de Colón.

From west to east it consists of:

* Two southward lanes
* The pedestrian walk
* A southward bus lane
* Three southward lanes
* Three northward lanes
* A median strip lined with trees, flowerbeds, etc.
* Two northward lanes
* A northward Bus lane.

## History

By the end of the 18th century architect José de Hermosilla was entrusted by King Charles III to urbanize the area of the old Bajo Abroñigal (or Valnegral) river, which flowed from Chamartín to Plaza Atocha. This gave birth to Paseo del Prado as well to Paseo de Recoletos. The name "Recoletos" was taken from an old convent of Augustinian Recollect friars built in 1592 in the area.

The boulevard originally ended in the old *Puerta de Recoletos*, a baroque gate built under Ferdinand VI in 1756 and dismantled in 1863. During the Peninsular War this gate (and others of the area) was fortified to fend off the Napoleonic troops. On 3 December 1808 Napoleon I personally directed the attacks against Madrid from the *Fuente Castellana* (today *Plaza de Emilio Castelar*). The *Batería de Veterinaria* (commanded by artillery official Vasallo) held off the troops that were trying to breach Recoletos Gate to surround the Alcalá Gate defenders. The French troops managed to break through El Retiro, outflanking the gates of Recoletos, Alcalá and Atocha, leading to Madrid's capitulation the following day.

During the Civil War the statues and fountains along the Paseo de Recoletos and El Prado were hidden under protection sacks, which led the area to be nicknamed *"of the twilight of the gods"*.

## Pedestrian boulevard

The center part of the boulevard is a pedestrian walk, lined with gardens, trees, statues, fountains and varied street furniture.

The first and largest stretch of the boulevard (from Plaza Cibeles to Calle de Prim) has a row of eight ponds lined with white double doric columns. The ponds, which are lighted at night, are situated one slightly above the next one, forming tiny water falls in between. The first and last of these ponds have little jet fountains.

The *Terraza Recoletos* (an outdoor café-restaurant) and an Equatorial Sundial are nearby.

The second and shortest stretch (from Calle Prim to Calle Almirante/Recoletos) contains the *Café Gijón* (number 21), an historic literary café founded in 1888 with an outdoor terraza on the boulevard.

On the fourth and last stretch (from Calle Bárbara de Braganza/Villanueva to Plaza de Colón) is the *Café El Espejo* (number 31), another quaint café with an impressive glass pavilion influenced by Art Nouveau. It also has a monument dedicated to Spanish author Juan Valera and one of his best known works, *Pepita Jiménez*, a statue of Ramón del Valle-Inclán and a drinking fountain. Near the northern corner of the stretch is the entrance to a pedestrian underground passage leading to the eastern median strip of the boulevard. This tunnel appears in Carlos Saura's film Taxi (1996).

## Eastern median strip

This strip is divided into four stretches, the same as the pedestrian walk. The northern stretch is not wide enough to allow a walk, but it contains a green area commemorative stone for the 30th Anniversary of the Children's Rights declaration, and a little iron sculpture of two reading kids *"to the Book and its creators"* (this sculpture is in front of the National Library).

The other three stretches are lined with trees, bushes and ornamental flowerbeds, and a path for pedestrians.

## Events on the Paseo

The pedestrian walk is lined with stands several times a year:

* The Feria del Libro Antiguo y de Ocasión (Secondhand Book Fair), held in April/May.
* The Feria de Artesanía (Craftmanship Fair), held during Christmas period.
* The Feria del Libro Viejo y Antiguo (Old Book Fair), held in Autumn.
* A Feria del Disco Antiguo y de Ocasión (Secondhand Gramophone record Fair) was held every Spring between 2000 and 2005 but the Town Hall denied permission in 2006.
* Every 27 March at midday the *World Theatre Day* is celebrated around the Valle-Inclán statue, with the "Alfiler de la Bufanda" prize-giving ceremony and the reading of a letter to Valle-Inclán and the World Theatre Day Manifesto.

Paseo de Recoletos is also used as an outdoors temporary exhibition place:

* From 4 May to 31 July 2006 the 10 pieces "ONE through ZERO" by Robert Indiana decorate it. This exhibition is completed with another five pieces in Paseo del Prado ("Love", "Amor", "Art", "Imperial Love", "Love Wall") by the same artist.
* From 12 May to 12 August 1994 21 sculptures by Fernando Botero were shown along the pedestrian walk.

Other events:

* During the "Madrid Abierto" street art events the Paseo hosted the *Museo Peatonal*, a collection of objects by people living or working in the area that sought to reflect the spirit of the place.
* In Christmas 2004 the Paseo was decorated with rows of illuminated words by artist Eva Lootz. They were light in slow waves and were situated in each traffic lane.

## Buildings along the East side of the Paseo (even numbers)

The first building next to the Jardines del Descubrimiento is the *Casa del Tesoro* (numbers 20/22 of the boulevard), built around 1568 and occupied since 1711 by the Biblioteca Nacional (Recoletos side) and the National Archeological Museum (Serrano street side).

In number 10 lies the Marqués de Salamanca Palace, built between 1846 and 1855 by architect Narciso Pascual y Colomer in a Renaissance style. The Marquis sold it in 1876 to the Banco Hipotecario, which installed its headquarters in it and enlarged it in 1905, 1919 and 1945/1948 with two new pavilions and two lateral wings. In 1991 it was acquired by Banco Argentaria and it currently houses the BBVA Foundation.

Right next to the Plaza Cibeles (in Recoletos, 2) lies the Marqués de Linares Palace (Palacio de Linares), built in 1873 by architect Carlos Colubí. In that terrain had stood since the 17th century the *Pósito de la Villa*, a big cereal warehouse with reserves to be used in times of shortage.

During the 20th century it was sold to the Transmediterranean Company and later to the Spanish Confederation of Savings Banks. In 1976 it was declared *"Historical-Artistic Monument"*, saving it from ruin and speculation. In 1989 it was sold by magnate Emiliano Revilla for 3,6 million Euro to the Instituto de Cooperación Hispanoamericana, the Town Hall and Madrid Autonomous Community to rehabilitate it (on a budget of more than 12 million Euro) and establish the *Casa de América* on it, where it currently resides.

## Buildings along the West side of the Paseo (odd numbers)

In Recoletos (number 3) and right in front of the Palacio de Linares lies a six-storey office building built in 1975 and renovated in 2000 bought in July 2006 by *Grupo Ballester*. Numbers 7 and 9 consist of a building owned by magnate Alicia Koplowitz that currently houses the British Consul General among others.

Next to it stands the Convent of San Pascual (or San Pascual Bailón), founded in 1683 by the Admiral of Castile, Juan Gaspar Enríquez de Cabrera for the Franciscan order of San Pedro de Alcántara.

In 1836 during the *Desamortización* of Mendizábal the convent was transformed into a wood warehouse, until 1852, when the Franciscan nuns came back under the protection of Mariano Téllez Girón Beaufort, duke of Osuna and Medina de Rioseco.

Every Tuesday -19'00 h- is celebrated a service in the old Spanish liturgy (Gothic-Hispanic or Mozarabic Rite).

Nine years later it was expropriated by the Town Hall and demolished to enlarge the Paseo. In 1866 the current building was built by architect Juan J. Urquijo, and is inhabited by the nuns.

Number 13 is occupied by the Palace of Alcañices or Duque de Sesto. It was built in 1865 by architect Francisco de Cubas, a typical palatial residence of the high class of 19th century Isabelian Madrid. Seven years later the same architect built the next building (number 15), known as the Palace of López Dóriga, in the same style. And the block ends with the Houses of the Asociación Mutua Benéfica, built in 1869 also following the Isabelino style. It currently belongs to the Ministry of the Navy.

A modern crystal building stands out in number 19; it's Banco Pastor's headquarters, built by Corrales and Molezún (1973/1975).

The Palace of Duchess of Mediana de las Torres stands in number 23, built on the terrain where it once was the Circo de Price (burned down in 1876, four years before). The two towers at both sides of the building were added in 1910. The Palace of Elduayen (one of the last ones of this period) was built next to it (number 25) and currently belongs to the Mapfre Insurance Company.

## Sources and references

## InfoBox

Paseo de Recoletos
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Boulevard |
| Location | Madrid, Spain |
| Coordinates | 40°25′19″N 3°41′30″W / 40.4220°N 3.6918°W / 40.4220; -3.6918 |
| South end | Plaza de Cibeles |
| North end | Plaza de Colón |


title: Defensively equipped merchant ship

abstract: Defensively equipped merchant ship (DEMS) was an Admiralty Trade Division programme established in June 1939, to arm 5,500 British merchant ships with an adequate defence against enemy submarines and aircraft. The acronym DEMS was used to describe the ships carrying the guns, the guns aboard the ships, the military personnel manning the guns, and the shore establishment supporting the system. This followed a similar World War I program of defensively armed merchant ships (DAMS). The program was distinct from armed merchant cruiser program, which were warships converted from civilian vessels, operated by the Royal Navy itself.

text:
# Defensively equipped merchant ship

**Defensively equipped merchant ship** (DEMS) was an Admiralty Trade Division programme established in June 1939, to arm 5,500 British merchant ships with an adequate defence against enemy submarines and aircraft. The acronym DEMS was used to describe the ships carrying the guns, the guns aboard the ships, the military personnel manning the guns, and the shore establishment supporting the system. This followed a similar World War I program of **defensively armed merchant ships** (DAMS).

The program was distinct from armed merchant cruiser program, which were warships converted from civilian vessels, operated by the Royal Navy itself.

## Background

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European countries such as Spain, France, the Netherlands and Britain armed their merchant ships to prevent capture by pirates, enemy commerce raiders and privateers when they conducted overseas trade. The most heavily armed were ships carrying valuable cargo back from the Far East. Notably the East Indiamen class of ships were constructed from the keel up with defence in mind, with their heavy armament making some of the most powerful examples equivalent to naval Fourth-rate ships of the line. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, these were replaced for some of the balance of the 19th century with faster and lighter unarmed ships such as clippers that, in theory, could outrun any threat when blockade running or carrying smaller quantities of the most valuable cargoes long distance.

## Prewar preparations

From the turn of the 20th century, growing tensions between Europe's Great Powers included an Anglo-German naval arms race that threatened the security of merchant shipping. In December 1911 a memo from Winston Churchill, recently appointed as First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed that the utility or otherwise of arming British merchant ships "for their own defence" be ascertained. The Admiralty created a Committee on the Arming of British Merchant Vessels under Captain Alexander Duff, that reported in May 1912. In October 1912 Admiral Sir Francis Bridgeman became Churchill's First Sea Lord, and that October Bridgeman warned the Committee of Imperial Defence that "the Germans were arming their merchant ships, nominally for the protection of their own trade, but more probably in order to attack ours." The ships being armed by the *Kaiserliche Marine* were passenger liners that were fast enough to serve as auxiliary cruisers, and they would indeed be used as raiders in WWI, though there were not as many as the British expected.

The British Admiralty intended to have armed merchant cruisers of its own through the potential wartime conversion of vessels such as the RMS *Lusitania* and RMS *Mauretania* to outright warships. A second plan was to experiment with having civilian ships armed for their own protection, starting with the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company passenger liner RMS *Aragon*. She was due to carry naval guns from December 1912, but within the British Government and Admiralty there was uncertainty as to how foreign countries and ports would react. Many merchant ships had been armed in the 18th century and it had never been made illegal, but Britain feared that foreign authorities might refuse to let armed British merchant ships enter port, or might intern them. In January 1913 Rear Admiral Henry Campbell recommended that the Admiralty should send a merchant ship to sea with naval guns, but without ammunition, to test foreign governments' reaction. A meeting chaired by Sir Francis Hopwood, Civil Lord of the Admiralty agreed to put guns without ammunition on a number of merchant ships "and see what happens." Sir Eyre Crowe was at the meeting and recorded "If nothing happens, it may be possible and easy, after a time, to place ammunition on board." To emphasize the defensive nature of the guns, they were to be mounted aft, so that they could be used only while making an escape.

In March the policy was made public, and in April it was implemented. On 25 April 1913 *Aragon* left Southampton carrying two QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) naval guns on her stern. The Admiralty planned to arm Houlder Brothers' *La Correntina* similarly if the reaction were favourable. Governments, newspapers and the public in South American countries that *Aragon* visited took little notice and expressed no concern.

There was more criticism in Britain, where Commander Barry Domvile, Secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence, warned that the policy undermined Britain's objection to the arming of German merchant ships. Domvile predicted that arming merchant ships would be ineffective, and would lead only to a second maritime arms race alongside the naval one. Gerard Noel, a former Admiral of the Fleet, told Churchill that were a merchant ship ever to fire its guns it could be accused of piracy. Churchill replied by drawing a distinction between merchant ships armed as auxiliary cruisers and those armed only for self-defence.

Privately Churchill was more concerned, and in June 1913 he directed Admiralty staff to "do everything in our power to reconcile this new departure with the principles of international law". However, the policy continued. *Aragon*'s sister ship RMS *Amazon* was made the next DAMS, and in the following months further RMSP "A-liners" were armed. They included the newly built *Alcantara*, that in the First World War did indeed serve as an armed merchant cruiser.

## World War I

During the First World War, the UK blockaded Germany, while Germany in turn attempted to blockade the UK with submarines. After the British intensified the blockade with a North Sea "military area" declaration in November 1914, on 4 February 1915 Admiral Hugo von Pohl published a notice declaring a "war zone" in all waters around the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The "war zone" had a different meaning to the British military area: within that zone, Germany was to conduct unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant ships from 18 February 1915, without warning and without regard to safety of their crew.

U-boats could attack from underwater without warning, or attack on the surface, typically with warning. The latter method was how the first merchant ship lost to U-boats was sunk: This, the *Glitra*, was an 866-ton British steamer outbound from Grangemouth to Stavanger with a cargo of coal, iron plate, and oil. She was stopped by the German submarine *U-17* on 20 October 1914; and a boarding party gave *Glitra*'s crew time to disembark into lifeboats before sinking the ship by opening valves to flood holds with seawater. The procedure followed customs originated by surface ships. International maritime law required the naval vessel to make adequate provisions for the safety of the merchant crew and passengers before sinking their ship.

The two procedures for sinking merchant ships were compared in 1915. Merchant ships escaped 42% of torpedo attacks made without warning, in comparison to 54% escaping from conventional surface attempts to stop the ship. However submarines can carry much more ammunition for the deck gun and thus can sink more ships. For that reason, despite pressure from naval authorities and public declarations of intent to attack with warning, crews preferred otherwise, sinking the majority of ships on the surface in accordance with cruiser rules up until the end of 1916. Thus, armaments on merchant ships were useful: they aided escape, even if only a minimal number of submarines were sunk by gunfire from these vessels.

Of the over 12,000 steam ships Britain had at the start of the war, only around 40 were armed. While the February 1915 German declaration created an impetus to arm ships, there was a shortage of suitable weapons and ammunition, resulting in a diverse array of guns being used, with often only single small obsolete weapons like the 47mm QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss being used. Such guns were much inferior, in particular in range, to the 88 and 105mm deck guns mounted on submarines. Nevertheless, the guns were mounted on the stern of vessels, transferred from one ship to another to ensure maximum use, and civilian captains were encouraged to flee while shooting back. 149 civilian ships had been so armed on May 14 1915, 219 by September 24, 766 by December 25, rising to 1,749 by September 1916 and 2,899 by February 1917. The effect of this was that around half of ships attacked during 1916 (with U-boat attacks occurring mainly in the latter part of that year) had defensive armament and were sunk at much lower rates. When guns were not available, fake guns were sometimes used to deter attack. The ships created problems with neutrals, so in late 1915 the Admiralty issued orders that ships equipped with defensive guns must not do anything to disguise themselves or the presence of the weapons, until 1917 when the German Admiralty announced that defensively armed ships would be sunk without warning on sight.

While submarines were still scoring a high number of kills on the surface, the rising number of armed merchant ships was cited as a factor (alongside the more major point that they anticipated a swift victory by starving Britain) in the German Admiralty Staff's December 1916 Holtzendorff Memorandum, leading to a second campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare. The United States responded to unrestricted submarine warfare by severing diplomatic relations with Germany on 3 February 1917. A filibuster in the United States Senate temporarily delayed President Woodrow Wilson's proposal on 26 February 1917 to arm United States merchant ships, but arming started in March under an executive order.

Later in 1917, guns for merchant ships became more available, and the British continued to arm ships with heavier guns even as the number of surface attacks reduced. The 76mm 12 pounders were to be used as a minimum, and 4.7-inch guns preferred. Around 3000 additional guns were mounted in 1917. Guns had been manned mostly by Royal Marines at this point, but now the Navy had to provide a two-week course on combating the "Submarine Menace" to ship masters. By November 1918, 4,203 vessels were armed, the vast majority of ships operating in the danger area. Guns were removed at the end of the war.

## World War II

Old naval guns had been stored since 1918 in ports for possible use. In the Second World War the objective was to equip each ship with a low-angle gun mounted aft as defence against surfaced submarines and a high-angle gun and rifle-calibre machine guns for defence against air attack. 3,400 ships had been armed by the end of 1940; and all ships were armed by 1943.

The low-angle guns were typically in the 3-inch to 6-inch range (75–150 mm) depending on the size of the ship. Rifle-calibre machine guns were augmented or replaced by Oerlikon 20 mm cannon as they became available. The high-angle QF 12-pdr Mk V mount was the most common anti-aircraft gun and later ships sometimes received Bofors 40 mm guns.

Untrained gunners posed significant risk to friendly aircraft in the absence of efficient communications. DEMS guns were manned by 24,000 Royal Navy personnel and 14,000 men of the Royal Artillery Maritime Regiment. 150,000 merchant sailors were trained to assist by passing ammunition, loading and replacing casualties. Initially, Royal Artillery personnel provided anti-aircraft protection by bringing their own machine-guns aboard ships operating close to the British Isles. DEMS gunners were often retired military personnel and young Hostilities Only ratings, commanded by a petty officer or Royal Marine sergeant. Large ships sometimes embarked a junior naval officer to command the DEMS gunners. Canada placed guns on 713 ships, while the Royal Australian Navy provided gun crews for 375 Australian and other Allied ships.

### D-day landings and the Royal Observer Corps

In 1944, during preparations for the invasion of France called Operation Overlord there was deep concern over the danger to Allied aircraft from the large number of DEMS involved in the landings. A request for volunteer aircraft recognition experts from the Royal Observer Corps produced 1,094 highly qualified candidates, from which 796 were selected to perform valuable aircraft recognition duties as seaborne volunteers.

These Seaborne Observers were organised by Group Commandant C. G. Cooke and trained at the Royal Bath Hotel Bournemouth before the volunteers temporarily joined the Royal Navy with the rank of petty officer (aircraft identifier). The volunteers continued to wear their ROC uniforms, but wore *seaborne* shoulder flashes and a Royal Navy brassard with the letters RN. During the D-day landings two *seaborne* observers were allocated to each of the defensively equipped British and American merchant vessels. The ROC volunteers were given direct control of each ship's anti-aircraft batteries, immediately reducing the previously high level of friendly fire incidents. Their success is measured by a signal from Wing Commander P. B. Lucas, air staff officer who reported:

> The general impression amongst the Spitfire wings, covering our land and naval forces over and off the beach-head, appears to be that in the majority of cases the fire has come from warships and not from the merchant ships. Indeed I personally have yet to hear a single pilot report that a merchant vessel had opened fire on him
>
> Lucas

Twenty two seaborne observers survived their ships being sunk, two lost their lives and several more were injured during the landings. The "seaborne" operation was an unqualified success and in recognition, His Majesty King George Vl approved the wearing of the "seaborne" flash as a permanent feature of the uniform. In addition, ten "seaborne" members were mentioned in despatches. After the invasion and just before his death Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory wrote the following to be circulated to all ROC personnel:

> I have read reports from both pilots and naval officers regarding the Seaborne volunteers on board merchant vessels during recent operations. All reports agree that the Seaborne volunteers have more than fulfilled their duties and have undoubtedly saved many of our aircraft from being engaged by our ships guns. I should be grateful if you would please convey to all ranks of the Royal Observer Corps, and in particular to the Seaborne observers themselves, how grateful I, and all pilots in the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, are for their assistance, which has contributed in no small measure to the safety of our own aircraft, and also to the efficient protection of the ships at sea. The work of the Royal Observer Corps is quite often unjustly overlooked, and receives little recognition, and I therefore wish that the service they rendered on this occasion be as widely advertised as possible, and all units of the Air Defence of Great Britain are therefore to be informed of the success of this latest venture of the Royal Observer Corps.
>
> Leigh-Mallory

As of 2010 there is a Seaborne Observers’ Association for the dwindling number of survivors. Air Vice-Marshal George Black (Rtd.), a former Commandant ROC, is the honorary president.

## Japan

The Imperial Japanese Army established several shipping artillery units during World War II. These units provided detachments to protect Army-operated transports and chartered merchant ships from air or submarine attack. The Imperial Japanese Navy also formed air defence squads from April 1944 that were deployed on board ships.

## United States

The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 identified mariners aboard United States flagged merchant ships as military personnel in time of war. Neutrality Acts prevented arming of United States flagged merchant ships until 17 November 1941, although American-owned ships under Panamanian registry had been armed earlier. Guns were manned by United States Navy Armed Guard. The United States began equipping ships of other nations with guns and United States Navy Armed Guard on 24 January 1942; and approximately 145,000 USN armed guards ultimately sailed aboard 6,236 merchant ships. United States policy was stated by the Vice Chief of Naval Operations on 19 August 1942: "Ships sailing independently should be armed. Ships sailing in regularly made-up convoys, other than ships bound to North Russia or tankers en route to the United Kingdom, may sail unarmed if the urgency of delivery of their cargo warrants it."

The United States followed the British practice of a single large gun aft. Early United States installations included low-angle 4"/50 calibre guns (Mark 9) removed from old *Wickes*-class destroyers and Clemson-class destroyers. The first installations of dual-purpose 5"/38 calibre guns began in September 1942, on new ships over 10,000 tons. Victory ships carried a 3-inch gun on the bow, 20 mm machine gun tubs port and starboard between the first and second holds; a second pair of 20 mm guns on the bridge wings, a third pair on the after edge of the superstructure, and a fourth pair between the after (Number 5) hatch and the 5"/38 calibre gun on the stern.

## Footnotes

## Further reading

* Hughes, Terry; Costello, John (1977). *The Battle of the Atlantic*. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-385-27012-7.
* Marcus, Alex (1986). *"DEMS? What's DEMS?": The Story of the Men of the Royal Australian Navy who manned Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships during World War II*. Bowen Hills, Qld.: Boolarong Publications. ISBN 0-86439-012-2.
* Rohwer, J; Hummelchen, G (1992). *Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945*. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X.
* Slader, John (2009). *Fourth Service: Merchantmen at War, 1939–45*. New York: Brick Tower Press. ISBN 978-1-899694-45-7.


title: Pat O'Connor (racing driver)

abstract: Patrick James O'Connor was an American racecar driver. He was killed in a 15-car pileup, after sustaining a fatal head injury after rolling his car and catching fire on the first lap of the 1958 Indianapolis 500.

text:
# Pat O'Connor (racing driver)

**Patrick James O'Connor** (October 9, 1928 – May 30, 1958) was an American racecar driver. He was killed in a 15-car pileup, after sustaining a fatal head injury after rolling his car and catching fire on the first lap of the 1958 Indianapolis 500.

## Champ Car

O'Connor competed in 36 races in his champ car career. He took his first win in 1956 at Darlington Raceway. In 1957, he won the pole position for the Indianapolis 500 and he finished eighth. Later in the year, he won at Trenton Speedway.

He was on the cover of *Sports Illustrated* in May 1958 (one week before the race), adding to the legend of the Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx.

## Death

For the 1958 Indianapolis 500, Dick Rathmann and Ed Elisian started the race on the front row, with Jimmy Reece on the outside of the front row. Elisian spun in turn 3 of the first lap and collided with Rathmann's car, sending them both into the wall, and starting a 15-car pileup.

According to A. J. Foyt, O'Connor's car hit Reece's car, sailed fifty feet in the air, landed upside down, and burst into flames. Although O'Connor was incinerated in the accident, medical officials said that he was probably killed instantly from a fractured skull. In an interview after the race, winner Jimmy Bryan was quoted for saying "It was a nightmare. I lived with it for 200 laps."

Widely blamed for the accident, Elisian was suspended by USAC for the accident (reinstated a few days later), and was shunned by many in the racing community.

Following the accident, race officials announced that they would change the starting procedure, abandoning the single-file trip down pit lane that was used in 1957 and 1958. Also, for the 1959 Indy 500, metal roll bars welded to the frame behind the driver's head were mandated, and helmets were required to pass safety certification by Speedway medical officials.

## Awards

He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1995.

## Legacy

Salem Speedway honored him along with Joe James with an annual title event. The 2020 event was part of the USAC Silvercrown series.

## Complete AAA/USAC Championship Car results

| Year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Pos | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | INDY
 | MIL
 | RAL
 | SPR
 | MIL
 | DET
 | DUQ
DNQ | PIK
 | SYR
 | DNC
 | SJS
 | PHX
 |  | - | 0 |
| 1953 | INDY
DNQ | MIL
DNQ | SPR
 | DET
 | SPR
 | MIL
 | DUQ
DNQ | PIK
 | SYR
 | ISF
7 | SAC
 | PHX
8 |  | 32nd | 110 |
| 1954 | INDY
21 | MIL
5 | LAN
DNQ | DAR
10 | SPR
DNQ | MIL
19 | DUQ
DNQ | PIK
 | SYR
DNQ | ISF
DNQ | SAC
DNQ | PHX
DNQ | LVG
9 | 25th | 200 |
| 1955 | INDY
8 | MIL
18 | LAN
5 | SPR
DNQ | MIL
26 | DUQ
9 | PIK
 | SYR
4 | ISF
5 | SAC
5 | PHX
5 |  | | 7th | 800 |
| 1956 | INDY
18 | MIL
11 | LAN
DNQ | DAR
1 | ATL
17 | SPR
5 | MIL
21 | DUQ
DNQ | SYR
13 | ISF
2 | SAC
15 | PHX
DNQ |  | 11th | 680 |
| 1957 | INDY
8 | LAN
DNQ | MIL
4 | DET
 | ATL
 | SPR
DNQ | MIL
3 | DUQ
8 | SYR
2 | ISF
10 | TRE
1 | SAC
15 | PHX
2 | 4th | 1,250 |
| 1958 | TRE
13 | INDY
29 | MIL
 | LAN | ATL | SPR | MIL | DUQ | SYR
 | ISF
 | TRE | SAC | PHX | - | 0 |

## Indianapolis 500 results

## Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | WDC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1953 | Slick Racers | Diedt | Offenhauser L4 | ARG | 500
DNQ | NED | BEL | FRA | GBR | GER | SUI | ITA |  |  | NC | 0 |
| | Engle-Stanko | | | | Kurtis Kraft 4000 |  | 500
DNQ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Brown Motors | | | | Schroeder |  | 500
DNQ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1954 | Hopkins / Motor Racers | Kurtis Kraft 500C | Offenhauser L4 | ARG | 500
21 | BEL | FRA | GBR | GER | SUI | ITA | ESP |  |  | NC | 0 |
| 1955 | Ansted Rotary | Kurtis Kraft 500D | Offenhauser L4 | ARG | MON | 500
8 | BEL | NED | GBR | ITA |  |  |  |  | NC | 0 |
| 1956 | Ansted Rotary | Kurtis Kraft 500D | Offenhauser L4 | ARG | MON | 500
18 | BEL | FRA | GBR | GER | ITA |  |  |  | NC | 0 |
| 1957 | Ansted Rotary | Kurtis Kraft 500G | Offenhauser L4 | ARG | MON | **500**
30 | FRA | GBR | GER | PES | ITA |  |  |  | NC | 0 |
| 1958 | Sumar / Chapman Root | Kurtis Kraft 500G | Offenhauser L4 | ARG | MON | NED | 500
29 | BEL | FRA | GBR | GER | POR | ITA | MOR | NC | 0 |

## World Championship career summary

The Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation. Pat O'Connor participated in 5 World Championship races. He started on the pole once but scored no World Championship points, as his best finish was eighth (twice).

## InfoBox

| Pat O'Connor | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Patrick James O'Connor
(1928-10-09)October 9, 1928
North Vernon, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | May 30, 1958(1958-05-30) (aged 29)
Speedway, Indiana, U.S. |
|  | |
| Champ Car career | |
| 36 races run over 7 years | |
| Years active | 1952–1958 |
| Best finish | 4th – 1957 |
| First race | 1953 Hoosier Hundred
(Indiana State Fairgrounds) |
| Last race | 1958 Indianapolis 500
(Indianapolis Motor Speedway) |
| First win | 1956 Pee Dee 200 (Darlington) |
| Last win | 1957 Trenton 100 (Trenton) |
| Wins Podiums Poles  2 6 1 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Active years | 19531958 |
| Teams | Diedt, Kurtis Kraft, Schroeder |
| Entries | 6 (5 starts) |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Podiums | 0 |
| Career points | 0 |
| Pole positions | 1 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |
| First entry | 1953 Indianapolis 500 |
| Last entry | 1958 Indianapolis 500 |
|  | |


title: Patrick J. Stapleton Jr.

abstract: Patrick J. Stapleton was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate.

text:
# Patrick J. Stapleton Jr.

**Patrick J. Stapleton** (January 7, 1924 – March 13, 2001) was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate.

## Life

Stapleton, a native of Indiana, Pennsylvania, served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He graduated from Indiana State Teachers College, now known as Indiana University of Pennsylvania, in 1949.

He was sworn in as a Pennsylvania State Senator for the 41st senatorial district on June 8, 1970. He would become known as a "fixture in the state Senate." He served as a leader in the Democratic Caucus as Policy Committee Chairman from 1983 through 1996 and as Caucus Administrator beginning in 1997.

Stapleton retired prior to the 2000 election, supporting the eventual Democratic nominee, Jim McQuown in the "wide-open race" to succeed him. However, McQuown lost to Donald C. White 54–46 in the general election. He died in 2001.

## Legacy

The Patrick J. Stapleton Jr. Library at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania is named after him.

His son, Patrick, is a member of the State Liquor Control Board.

## InfoBox

| Patrick James Stapleton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania Senate
from the 41st district | |
| **In office**
June 8, 1970  November 30, 2000 | |
| Preceded by | Albert R. Pechan |
| Succeeded by | Donald C. White |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 7, 1924
Indiana, Pennsylvania |
| Died | March 13, 2001(2001-03-13) (aged 77)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Madeline Feidler |
| Children | Patrick J. Stapleton III |
| Alma mater | Indiana University of Pennsylvania |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | U.S. Navy |
| Years of service | 1943-47 |
|  | |


title: Patrick Fyffe

abstract: Patrick Fyffe was an English female impersonator, best known for playing the character of Dame Hilda Bracket, alongside George Logan as Dr Evadne Hinge as the duo "Hinge and Bracket".

text:
# Patrick Fyffe

**Patrick Fyffe** (23 January 1942  11 May 2002) was an English female impersonator, best known for playing the character of Dame Hilda Bracket, alongside George Logan as Dr Evadne Hinge as the duo "Hinge and Bracket".

## Early life

Fyffe was born Patrick John Nathaniel Fyffe in 1942 in Acton Trussell, Staffordshire. Many of his immediate family had been active in musical theatre, but he initially trained as a hairdresser, and ran his own salon in Stafford before making a career on the stage. He was a regular star of local amateur productions, but a desire to turn professional took him to London.

## Career

Fyffe's early professional appearances included a 1964 production of the musical *Robert and Elizabeth*, at the Lyric Theatre, (in which his sister played the lead for a period, and he played one of Elizabeth's brothers), and a 1971 production of the same show at the Alhambra Theatre, Glasgow.

With some experience of repertory and a couple of provincial tours behind him, Fyffe invented the cabaret drag act character of glamorous soprano Perri St Claire. Played on stage as a sophisticated young lady with singing talent, the Perri character was sufficiently eye-catching to earn him some television slots, and Fyffe was asked to appear in character in a number of television series of the late 1960 and early 1970s, such as *Z-Cars, Special Branch* and an episode of *Doctor in the House* in 1969, when he appeared as a cabaret singer. Fyffe also appeared in the film spin-off *Steptoe and Son* (1972), as a drag artist who becomes the mistaken object of Steptoe Senior's lust.

In the early 1970s, Patrick Fyffe was performing at the Escort Club in Pimlico, London. His pianist failed to turn up and George Logan was brought in as a stand-in accompanist. Fyffe and Logan formed a friendship and began to work together. Initially, they developed a comedy act featuring Fyffe as a retired opera singer who still thinks she can sing, with Logan as her male accompanist. The idea evolved into a dual drag act featuring the pair acting the parts of two eccentric old ladies, Dame Hilda Bracket (Fyffe) and Dr Evadne Hinge (Logan), appearing as Hinge and Bracket. After initial appearances in gay clubs, they found more mainstream success at the 1974 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, and appeared in several BBC Radio and Television series. They made many stage appearances, including two Royal Variety Performances. A backstory developed for the Hinge and Bracket characters in which they were said to be residing in a fictional village called Stackton Tressel; the name was adapted from Fyffe's birthplace of Acton Trussell.

## Death

Fyffe died in 2002 in Wellington, Somerset, from colon cancer. He was outlived by his sister, the actor Jane Fyffe.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Patrick Fyffe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1942-01-23)23 January 1942
Acton Trussell, Staffordshire, England |
| Died | 11 May 2002(2002-05-11) (aged 60)
Wellington, Somerset, England |
| Burial place | Taunton Deane Crematorium, Taunton, Somerset, England |
| Occupation(s) | Comic actor, female impersonator |
| Years active | 1972–2002 |
| Known for | Playing Dame Hilda Bracket in the comedy act Hinge and Bracket |