title: Earth-Two

abstract: Earth-Two is a setting for stories appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. First appearing in The Flash #123 (1961), Earth-Two was created to explain differences between the original Golden Age and then-current Silver Age versions of characters such as the Flash, and how the current (Earth-One) versions could appear in stories alongside earlier versions of the same character concepts. Earth-Two includes DC Golden Age heroes, including the Justice Society of America, whose careers began at the dawn of World War II, concurrently with their first appearances in comics. Earth-Two, along with the four other surviving Earths of the DC Multiverse, were merged into one in the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths.

text:
# Earth-Two

**Earth-Two** (also **Earth 2**) is a setting for stories (a "fictional universe") appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. First appearing in *The Flash* #123 (1961), Earth-Two was created to explain differences between the original Golden Age and then-current Silver Age versions of characters such as the Flash, and how the current (Earth-One) versions could appear in stories alongside earlier versions of the same character concepts. Earth-Two includes DC Golden Age heroes, including the Justice Society of America, whose careers began at the dawn of World War II, concurrently with their first appearances in comics. Earth-Two, along with the four other surviving Earths (Earth-One, Earth-Four, Earth-S, and Earth-X) of the DC Multiverse, were merged into one in the 1985 miniseries *Crisis on Infinite Earths*.

## Publication history

### Introduction ("Flash of Two Worlds")

Characters from DC Comics were originally suggestive of each existing in their own world, as superheroes never encountered each other. This was soon changed with alliances being formed between certain protagonists. Several publications, including *All Star Comics* (publishing tales of the Justice Society of America), *Leading Comics* and other comic books introduced a "shared universe" among several characters during the 1940s. By the 1950s, as the popularity of superheroes was waning, comics shifted to horror, westerns and war. Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman were among the few DC continued to publish.

Beginning in the early 1960s, the popularity of superheroes began to grow. DC introduced more modern versions of its heroes. For example, Hawkman was an alien policeman instead of a reincarnated Egyptian prince. Older versions of DC characters were assigned to an "alternative reality" Earth that existed within its own fictional "universe" and could communicate with the Earth of the current, revised versions of those characters.

Alternative-reality Earths had been used in DC stories before, but were usually not referred to after that particular story. Most of these alternative Earths were usually so vastly different that no one would confuse that Earth and its history with the so-called real Earth. That would change when the existence of another reliable Earth was established in a story titled "Flash of Two Worlds" in which Barry Allen, the modern Flash later referred to as the Flash of Earth-One (the setting of the Silver Age stories) first travels to another Earth, accidentally vibrating at just the right speed to appear on Earth-Two, where he meets Jay Garrick, his Earth-Two counterpart. He claims Gardner Fox's dreams were tuned into Earth-Two, explaining their depiction as a fictional world in earlier Barry Allen stories.

### Expanding the concept: revisiting 1940s superheroes

Superman was introduced in the 1930s and was the archetype for the modern superhero, and so is depicted in stories set on Earth-Two as the first major reliable costumed superhero on that world, discounting earlier part-time heroes and "mystery men" such as Doctor Occult (who first appeared in 1935). Most of the following costumed mystery men history is based on the Earth-Two Superman's initial appearance, where these previously independent operating heroes begin to reliably interact. In order to distinguish him from the later primary version of the character, this Superman was called "Kal-L", using the spelling of Superman's Kryptonian name in his early appearances. He was specifically introduced as an Earth-Two character in *Justice League of America* #73 (1969). Most superheroes from the Golden Age later followed this trend of operating publicly, while wearing distinctive costuming and interacting in a largely shared universe. The primary characters of Superman and Batman still largely worked independent of team environments.

In the 1970s, as the now annual team up between the Justice League of America and the Justice Society of America had proven popular, DC published the then present day adventures of the Justice Society in the revived *All-Star Comics* with issue #58, resuming the numbering from the series' original run. The story continued in *Adventure Comics* #461–466, which featured the death of the Earth-Two Batman in issue #462. *Mr and Mrs Superman*, a feature in *Superman Family* (1974–1982), featured stories of the adventures of married Superman and Lois Lane of Earth-Two. These stories were set at a time in which the Superman of Earth-Two was at a similar age to the then-present-day Superman of Earth-One. In the 1980s DC published *All-Star Squadron,* which covered the war time history of various superheroes during World War II.

*Infinity, Inc.*, a group made up of the children and heirs of the Justice Society, was introduced in *All-Star Squadron* #25 (September 1983). There was an eponymous comics series starring the group, which ran from March 1984 through June 1988.

### Abandonment: *Crisis on Infinite Earths*

*Crisis on Infinite Earths* (1985–1986) was an effort by DC Comics to clean up their continuity, resulting in the multiple universes combining into one. Since then, a handful of characters originating from Earth-Two have consistently remained part of the merged Earth, including Power Girl, Jay Garrick, and Alan Scott. Superman and Lois Lane from Earth-Two (along with Superboy from Earth Prime, and Alexander Luthor Jr. from Earth-Three) were transported into a ghost-like "paradise dimension" tangential to the new universe.

Following the end of the known Multiverse, more alternate realities were discovered. Even though Earth-Three was destroyed in the Anti-Monitor's anti-matter wave attacks, a new Crime Syndicate (called the "Crime Syndicate of Amerika") developed in the antimatter universe of Qward, which was very different in background and power base from the pre-*Crisis* Earth-Three group, though same in the number of members. After the Kingdom event, Hypertime and divergent realities were revealed, but never supposed to be accessed, as stated in the Zero Hour event. They were later revealed when a directly-parallel Flash (Walter West aka the "Dark Flash") entered the mainstream DC Universe and threatened to destroy it. These alternate realities are usually addressed as "Elsewhere" and "Elseworld" stories.

### Reviving the Multiverse: *Infinite Crisis*

Kal-L, Lois Lane-Kent, Superboy-Prime, and Alexander Luthor Jr. returned during *Infinite Crisis*. Unknown to Kal-L, Luthor's plan was to resurrect the pre-*Crisis* Multiverse. He wanted to mix and match elements from each reality to create a "perfect world". The fallout of the conflict brought the short-lived return of an Earth-Two copy and the deaths of Kal-L, Lois Lane-Kent and Luthor Jr. of Earth-Two. It is unclear what happened to the aged Diana Trevor, the Earth-Two Wonder Woman, though she faded from her ghostly existence. Inexplicably, Earth-Two was the only returning world that was devoid of most people, except the Justice Society, Kal-L, and his wife Lois Kent. This world was a copy, new and recently manufactured by Alexander Luthor Jr. of pre-*Crisis* Earth-Three, instead of resurrected. This copy Earth-Two was recombined with the primary Earth to form the primary DC reality termed as "New Earth".

#### Post-*52* version

At the end of the *Infinite Crisis* limited series, the realigned world is called "New Earth". In the final issue of the *52* weekly series, it is revealed that fifty-two duplicate worlds have been created and all but New Earth have been altered from the original incarnation. The post-*Crisis* Earth-2 made its first appearance in a single panel of *52* Week 52 where it resembled the pre-*Crisis* Earth-Two, where a newspaper article says that this world's Superman and Power Girl are missing. The Flashes of New Earth (Jay Garrick and Wally West) briefly glimpsed this world with Robin (Dick Grayson) and Huntress in action (during their travel with the Cosmic Treadmill as shown in *Justice Society* (vol. 3) #11) and Monarch selected Jay Garrick of this Earth (amongst others) in a Multiversal arena tournament. Based on comments by *52* co-writer Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-*Crisis* Earth-Two.

This separation between the pre-*Crisis* Earth-Two and post-*Crisis* Earth-2 is formally established in *Justice Society of America* (vol. 3) Annual #1 (2008), with a story titled "Earth 2 Chapter One: Golden Age", in which the New Earth Power Girl arrives on post-*Crisis* Earth-2. Thinking that she has returned home to her long destroyed pre-*Crisis* Earth-Two. Power Girl crash lands and unconscious, on the closest parallel of the 52 Multiverse, the post-*Crisis* Earth-2, which appears similar to the pre-*Crisis* Earth-Two. She is found by the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Huntress, who thinks she is her long-missing best friend, the Power Girl native to this world. In this new reality, the Justice Society of America has merged with Infinity, Inc. and is now known as Justice Society Infinity. Initially, Power Girl believes she has returned home, until the missing post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Power Girl reappears and declares that the other Power Girl is an impostor, and has caused the disappearance of the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Superman. This turn of events results in the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Power Girl and the Justice Society Infinity to go after the New Earth Power Girl.

The Power Girl of New Earth recruits the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Michael Holt, who is a physics professor and father and has never become a costumed hero, to help her return to her source Earth. Holt constructs a device similar to the Cosmic Treadmill used by Barry Allen to open a portal to New Earth. The Power Girl of New Earth returns home, followed by the Justice Society Infinity, who kidnap her and take her back to post-*Crisis* Earth-2. During the confrontation, Green Lantern and Jade are initially confused when they see each other, as the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Jade's father, Alan Scott, is dead, and New Earth's Jade is dead as well. The JSI interrogate Power Girl for information on the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Superman's whereabouts. The post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Power Girl assumes that the Superman the New Earth Power Girl said was dead was the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Superman (rather than Kal-L who was killed by Superboy-Prime) and that the New Earth Power Girl had killed him. The Justice Society of New Earth arrives to stop her torture. Starman reveals that the re-creation of the Multiverse led to the creation of a Power Girl and Superman native to this new universe, post-*Crisis* Earth-2 and that the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Superman is still alive. The Power Girl of New Earth then returns home along with her Justice Society but with no apology from her counterpart nor from the post-*Crisis* Earth-2 Huntress for their actions against her.

### Earth 2 in "The New 52"

| *Earth 2* | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of *Earth 2* #1 (July 2012).
Art by Ivan Reis, Joe Prado and Rod Reis | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| Schedule | Monthly |
| Format | Ongoing |
| Genre | Superhero |
| Publication date | List * ***Earth 2***
July 2012 – May 2015
***Earth 2: World's End***
December 2014 – June 2015
***Earth 2: Society***
August 2015 – March 2017 |
| No. of issues | List * ***Earth 2***: 35 (#1–32 plus issues numbered 0, 15.1, 15.2 and 2 Annuals)
***Earth 2: World's End***: 26
***Earth 2: Society***: 22 (#1–22 and one Annual) |
| Creative team | |
| Written by | List |
| Penciller(s) | List * ***Earth 2***
Nicola Scott
Andy Smith
***Earth 2: World's End***
Jorge Jimenez
Eddy Barrows
Paolo Siqueira
Tyler Kirkham
Eduardo Pansica
Jan Duursema
Robson Rocha
Jack Herbert
***Earth 2: Society***
Jorge Jimenez
Federico Dallochio
Angel Hernandez
Bruno Redondo
Vicente Cifuentes |
| Inker(s) | List * ***Earth 2***
Trevor Scott
Ryan Winn
***Earth 2: World's End***
Danny Miki
Eber Ferreira
***Earth 2: Society***
Juan Albarran |
| Colorist(s) | List * ***Earth 2***
Alex Sinclair
Pete Pantazis
***Earth 2: Society***
Alejandro Sanchez
David Calderon
Rex Lokus |
| Editor(s) | List * ***Earth 2***
Mike Cotton
Jeremy Bent
***Earth 2: Society***
Jim Chadwick
Rob Levin |

In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, the Earth-2 concept has been revived and is covered in two series; *Worlds' Finest*, which focuses on the adventures of the Huntress and Power Girl on New Earth written by Paul Levitz, and *Earth 2*, originally written by James Robinson and then by Tom Taylor, which features the formation of the Justice Society. James Robinson, the original writer of Earth 2, describes the new Earth 2 as a complete reboot of the concept, with superheroes only just now appearing, similar to the "young hero" concept for the New 52 continuity, and with revamped costume designs.

In *Earth 2*, Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and Catwoman seemingly gave their lives in order to repel the Apokoliptan invasion, leaving behind a world with no heroes. Supergirl and Robin (Helena Wayne) end up stranded in the mainstream universe towards the end of the invasion. When the Earth-2 Solomon Grundy threatens the world, three new heroes team up to defeat him: the Flash (Jay Garrick), Hawkgirl (Kendra Saunders), and Green Lantern (Alan Scott). In later issues, Mister Terrific (Michael Holt) from the mainstream universe joins the team. Other heroes who have made appearances include Dr. Fate (Khalid Ben-Hassin), the Atom (Al Pratt, now nuclear-powered), the Sandman (Wesley Dodds), Mister Miracle, and Big Barda. In addition, the heroes of the Earth get supported by the World Army. Villains include Solomon Grundy, a now-villainous Terry Sloan, Wotan, Steppenwolf and what was thought to be a surviving, Darkseid-brainwashed Superman, which turned out to be a very powerful but genetically unstable Bizarro-type clone. Writer James Robinson left the series with issue #16 and Tom Taylor became the new writer at #17. Other new characters introduced as the series progresses include a female Red Tornado (an android with the consciousness of Lois Lane that was uploaded into it by Sam Lane and Robotman), a hyper-intelligent knowledge-assimilator known as Accountable (Jimmy Olsen), a new Batman (Thomas Wayne using Miraclo), a new version of Aquawoman (Marella), and a new Superman (Val-Zod, a Kryptonian and a childhood friend of Power Girl's who had been imprisoned by Terry Sloan).

Towards the end of the series, Darkseid launches a second invasion of Earth, which is depicted in both *Earth 2* and the weekly series *Earth 2: World's End*. Another weekly series, *The New 52: Futures End*, depicts a possible future in which refugees from a destroyed Earth 2 come to Earth 0 and prompt society to fracture. Over the course of the series, several new characters are introduced, such as Yolanda Montez, an Avatar of the Red who is a counterpart of Alan Scott; a second Red Arrow, an Earth 2 equivalent of Oliver Queen; Ted Grant, a former boxer; and Dick Grayson, a journalist who goes on a mission to find his son after his wife Barbara Gordon is killed during the invasion. Others change alignment; Wonder Woman and Steppenwolf's daughter Fury sides with Mister Miracle and the other heroes after Big Barda reveals her loyalty to Darkseid. Huntress and Power Girl return to Earth 2 as well to take part in a mad scramble to save the Earth and then later, to save its people along with a computerized record of human culture and life on Earth created by Bruce Wayne. In *Earth 2: World's End* #11, it is revealed that Highfather made a deal with Darkseid that he would not interfere with Darkseid's plans for conquest so long as Darkseid only preyed upon one Earth of the Multiverse, which was Earth 2, explaining the recurrent tragedies faced by this world in comparison to others. In the end, Darkseid is successful, and the Earth is destroyed, and attempts to take Earth 2's refugees to Earth 0 are prevented by a time traveling Tim Drake in *Futures End*. Just as the world ends, several of the Wonders are sent to the planet Telos by Brainiac, where they confront their counterparts from various parallel worlds, both present and extinct, in the *Convergence* miniseries. Over the course of the series, Batman dies and Dick Grayson, inspired by his Batman counterparts from other worlds, takes up the mantle from Thomas Wayne. Ultimately, the planet Telos is terraformed into a new Earth-like planet and sent to the Earth 2 dimension as a new home for its refugees.

The heroes' fraught attempts at forming a new society, rapidly augmented by Terry Sloan's technology, is depicted in the follow-on series *Earth 2: Society* (August 2015 – March 2017). It also debuts versions of Hourman and Mist. The final arc of the series recreates Earth 2 again making it appear similar to their universe's first Earth through use of an Amazon artifact known as Pandora's Casket by Ultra-Humanite. This Earth has had no history of Wonders with Ultra-Humanite controlling the world behind the scenes. Following Ultra-Humanite's defeat, the Wonders becomes the world's new defenders and hopes that this Earth is the Earth they can protect.

At the end of *Doomsday Clock* #12 (December 2019), Doctor Manhattan reverses the actions that created the "New 52" universe, restoring Alan Scott and the Justice Society's original full histories as before "Flashpoint", and the original Earth-Two is explained as existing in the multiverse too.

## Characters

A number of characters, heroes and villains, had counterparts on both Earth-One and Two. Generally speaking, the older Earth-Two versions were phased out or incorporated into their younger, Earth-One versions following *Crisis on Infinite Earths*. Several others were rebooted almost entirely, with their new versions having nothing in common with the old ones. For instance, Jim Corrigan of Earth-Two was a murdered police detective who served as the human host for the Spectre, while his Earth-One counterpart was a Metropolis police officer who often assisted *Daily Planet* cub reporter Jimmy Olsen and superhero Black Lightning. Many characters would often travel from one Earth to the other and interact with its natives or even immigrate. For example, Larry Jordan, the first Air Wave and native of Earth-Two, traveled to Earth-One under yet-unexplained circumstances, married Helen (the second Air Wave) and raised a son, Hal (the third Air Wave).

## Unique features

The history of Earth-Two is slightly different from both real world history and the history of other versions of Earth from DC Comics stories. For example in classic Earth-Two stories, by the 1970s, Quebec is shown to be an independent nation autonomous from Canada. South Africa abolished apartheid sooner than in the real world. The fictional countries of Dukalia, Luxor, Napkan, Nastonia, Oxnalia, Thornia and others existed on the Axis side in WW2 (though most of these disappeared when the US entered the war). Unlike other DC Comics depictions of Atlantis, the Atlantean countries of Poseidonis and Tritonis were ruled by a queen, not a king (along with its inhabitants displaying surface dweller features and no capacity for underwater survival, as the Atlantis continent had been raised).

In addition, masked crimefighters are introduced decades earlier than in other universes later identified within DC Comics, and these participated in such historic conflicts as World War II. Franklin Delano Roosevelt founded both the Justice Society of America and the All-Star Squadron. Other events taking place decades earlier include the destruction of Krypton and the advent of advanced technology such as interstellar transportation and time travel.

Thousands of years ago, the Guardians of Earth-One's Universe expelled the vast majority of magic from their universe, sending it to Earth-Two. This resulted in a predominance of magic and a weakening of scientific laws within Earth-Two's universe.

## Variants

Because Earth-Two as presented did not match up with the actual comics of DC's Golden Age, other alternative Earths were used to explain the discrepancies.

**Earth-Two-A** (also known as Alternate Earth-Two) was where Clark Kent worked for the *Daily Planet* under editor Parry White in the 1940s and 1950s (on regular Earth-Two Kent worked for the *Daily Star*, his editor was George Taylor, and Perry White was a reporter).

**Earth-Two-B** (also **Earth-Forty-Six**) is a world referenced but not described in the *Crisis on Infinite Earths: Absolute Edition*.

**Earth-E** (**Earth-216**) is the world where the Super-Sons adventures happened and was used to explain 1950s Batman and Superman stories that didn't fit with either Earth-One or Earth-Two history. Mark Gruenwald assigned it to the 1951–1960 period of those books.

**New 52 Earth 2**: Following the events of "Flashpoint", the setting was revised, and was now identified as "Earth *2*" (instead of "Earth Two" or "Earth-Two"). While it still houses a team of superheroes, its membership is younger than before. Earth 2 also has a tragic backstory, having been invaded by an alien horde from Apokolips five years prior to the reboot, ahead of Darkseid's attempted invasion of Prime Earth. In the process, this reality's Superman of Earth-Two, Batman of Earth-Two and Wonder Woman of Earth-Two all died, while its Supergirl and post-Flashpoint Robin of Earth-Two (Helena Wayne) were swept through a dimensional warp to Prime Earth where they became known as Power Girl and Huntress. Other notable character differences include a younger version of Alan Scott, the Golden Age Green Lantern, who leads the Wonders; Superman is succeeded by Val-Zod, a black-skinned Kryptonian pacifist; Aquawoman (Marella) is the Queen of Atlantis; Terry Sloan, formerly known as Mr. 8, is a universe-hopping villain; and Oliver Queen is the Red Arrow.

The ensuing *Earth-2* (2012–2015) and *Earth-2: World's End* (2014–2015) stories depict the formation of a new group of heroes ("Wonders") who try and fail to save the Earth from Darkseid's second invasion attempt.

This Earth's Supergirl and Robin were transported to Prime Earth during the war, where they assumed the identities of Power Girl and the Huntress; they later relocate to Earth-2 in *Earth-2: World's End*

Following the destruction of Earth-2 by Darkseid, the assembled heroes restart human civilization on a new planet in *Earth-2: Society* (2015–2017). They eventually reboot the world's history, resulting in a dieselpunk world where the Ultra-Humanite suppressed the Wonders until the survivors from before the reboot re-emerged.

This Earth is the current Earth 2 of the modern Multiverse, as confirmed in *Dark Crisis: Big Bang*.

## In other media

### Television

* A variation of Earth-2 appears in the *Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman* live-action series episode "Tempus Anyone?" Time-traveling author H.G. Wells takes Earth-1 Lois Lane to a parallel universe version of Metropolis that has Clark Kent, but no Superman. While inspiring this alternate Kent to become the Superman of his world, Lane discovers her counterpart had died years earlier and also encounters James Olsen, owner of the *Daily Planet*; mayoral candidate Perry White; and Kent's fiancé Lana Lang, who kept him from using his powers. While Earth-2 Kent became Superman, he sacrificed his civilian identity in the process. In the episode "Lois and Clarks", Earth-2 Kent came to Earth-1 following an encounter with the time-traveling sociopath Tempus, who trapped Earth-1 Superman in a time loop.
* A variation of Earth-2 appears in the *Smallville* series live-action series. Resembling the Post-*Crisis* Earth-3, this version of Earth-1 is a dark mirror-universe where Clark Kent was found and raised by Lionel Luthor instead of Jonathan and Martha Kent and helped him take control of the world by turning him into Ultraman. The only known way to access this universe was through the Kryptonian Mirror box, but Lionel escaped to Earth-1 to assume his dead counterpart's position in Luthorcorp while Clark destroyed the box.
* A variation of Earth-2 appears in live-action media set in the Arrowverse:
    + Earth-2 first appears in season two of *The Flash*. While possessing some similarities to Earth-1, the architecture, fashion, and entertainment outlets resembled mixtures of contemporary 21st century and 1940s styles. Furthermore, certain areas of science and technology were far more advanced than on Earth-1 and the inhabitants of Earth-2 appear as opposites in regards to personality and circumstances compared to their Earth-1 doppelgängers. Earth-1 and Earth-2 were originally connected by a wormhole after Eobard Thawne was erased in season one finale. After the singularity collapsed, the explosion opened 52 breaches throughout Central City that allowed passage between the two worlds, though only by speedsters or through technological means. This universe was the home of Harry and Jessie Wells, the evil speedster Zoom, and Black Siren (Laurel Lance's doppelgänger).
    + Earth-2 also appears in the *Arrow* episode "Starling City". Oliver Queen visits Earth-2 to retrieve Dwarf Star particles for the Monitor. He succeeds before Earth-2 is destroyed by an anti-matter wave sent by the Anti-Monitor, though Black Siren managed to escape with him.
    + Following the multiverse's destruction and rebirth during the events of "Crisis on Infinite Earths", a new Earth-2 was created in place of the original in which the live-action series *Stargirl* takes place.

### Film

* A variation of Earth-Two appears in *Justice Society: World War II* after the Flash time travels to WWII-era Germany meeting the newly-formed Justice Society.
* Walter Hamada confirmed in August 2020 during DC FanDome that DC Films were establishing a new film continuity tentatively named "Earth-2" that would co-exist adjunct from the DC Extended Universe (dubbed as "Earth-1") and their more experimental standalone DC Comics-based projects such as the 2019 film *Joker*. This version of Earth-2 serves as the setting for the Matt Reeves film *The Batman* (2022), and will then be expanded upon by several television series currently in development, including a series centered on the Gotham City Police Department, and a show centered on the film's version of Penguin portrayed by Colin Farrell.

### Video games

1. Fox, Gardner (), Infantino, Carmine (), Giella, Joe (). "Flash of Two Worlds!" *The Flash*, no. 123 (September 1961).
2. O'Neil, Denny (), Dillin, Dick (), Greene, Sid (). "Star Light, Star Bright—Death Star I See Tonight" *Justice League of America*, no. 73 (August 1969).
3. Manning, Matthew K. (2010). "1980s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). *DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle*. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. The children of the original Justice Society of America made their smash debut in this issue by writer Roy Thomas and penciler Jerry Ordway...*All-Star Squadron* #25 marked the first appearances of future cult-favorite heroes Jade, Obsidian, Fury, Brainwave Jr., Scarab, Northwind, and Nuklon.
4. Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 207: "Written by DC's Golden Age guru Roy Thomas and drawn by Jerry Ordway, *Infinity, Inc.* was released in DC's new deluxe format on bright Baxter paper."
5. Johns, Geoff; Jimenez, Phil (2006). *Infinite Crisis*. p. 264. ISBN 1-4012-0959-9.
6. Johns, Geoff; Morrison, Grant; Rucka, Greg; Waid, Mark (), Giffen, Keith; Barrows, Eddy; Batista, Chris; Justiniano; McKone, Mike; Olliffe, Patrick; Robertson, Darick (), Geraci, Drew; Lanning, Andy; Ramos, Rodney; Robertson, Darick; Wong, Walden (). "A Year in the Life" *52*, no. 52 (May 2, 2007).
7. Brady, Matt (May 8, 2007). "The 52 Exit Interviews: Grant Morrison". *Newsarama*. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
8. Rogers, Vaneta (June 23, 2008). "Jerry Ordway – Traveling Back to DC's Earth 2". *Newsarama*. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013.
9. Johns, Geoff (), Ordway, Jerry (), Wiacek, Bob (). "Earth 2, Chapter One: Golden Age" *Justice Society of America (vol. 3) Annual*, no. 1 (September 2008).
10. Johns, Geoff; Ross, Alex (), Eaglesham, Dale; Ordway, Jerry (), Gray, Mick; Justice, Kris; Massengill, Nathan; Ordway, Jerry (). "One World, under Gog, Part III: War Lords" *Justice Society of America*, vol. 3, no. 18 (October 2008).
11. Johns, Geoff; Ross, Alex (), Eaglesham, Dale; Ordway, Jerry (), Massengill, Nathan; Ordway, Jerry (). "One World, Under Gog, Part IV: Out of Place" *Justice Society of America*, vol. 3, no. 19 (November 2008).
12. Johns, Geoff; Ross, Alex (), Eaglesham, Dale; Ordway, Jerry (), Massengill, Nathan; Wiacek, Bob (). "Earth Bound" *Justice Society of America*, vol. 3, no. 20 (December 2008).
13. Earth 2 at the Grand Comics Database
14. Kushins, Josh (January 12, 2012). "DC Comics in 2012–-Introducing the "Second Wave" of DC Comics The New 52". *The Source*. DC Comics. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
15. Rogers, Vaneta (March 5, 2012). "James Robinson Describes the New 52's *Earth 2*". *Newsarama*. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013.
16. Robinson, James (), Scott, Nicola (), Scott, Trevor (). "The Price of Victory" *Earth 2*, no. 1 (July 2012).
17. Levitz, Paul (), Pérez, George; Maguire, Kevin (), Koblish, Scott (). "Rebirth" *Worlds' Finest*, no. 1 (July 2012).
18. Moore, Matt (June 1, 2012). "Green Lantern relaunched as brave, mighty and gay". *Yahoo! News*. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012.
19. Gerding, Stephen (May 17, 2013). "James Robinson Exits *Earth 2,* Leaves DC Comics". *Comic Book Resources*. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
20. Earth 2: Society at the Grand Comics Database
21. Rozakis, Bob (), Saviuk, Alex (), Colletta, Vince (). "Whatever Happened to the Original Air Wave?" *DC Comics Presents*, no. 40 (December 1981).
22. *The Official Crisis on Infinite Earths Index*, no. 1 (March 1986).
23. Gruenwald, Mark (1977). "In Search of the Super-Sons Tangent". *Omniverse: The Journal of Fictional Reality* (1). Alternity Enterprises.
24. Damore, Meagan (November 10, 2015). ""The Flash" Introduces Earth-2's Green Arrow, New Obstacle for Barry". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
25. Barnes, Brooks (2020-12-27). "Managing Movie Superheroes Is About to Get a Lot More Complicated". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
26. "HBO Max is making a Gotham City police series with the director of 'The Batman'". *TechCrunch*. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
27. White, Peter (2021-09-13). "'The Batman' Spinoff Series Centered On The Penguin In The Works At HBO Max". *Deadline*. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
28. Corriea, Alexa Ray (August 7, 2013). "*Batman: Arkham Origins* skin pack adds alternate timeline costumes". *Polygon*. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
29. Begley, Chris (September 26, 2013). "*Batman: Arkham Origins* season pass announced, new DLC and skins revealed". *Batman-News.com*. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Earth-Two | |
| --- | --- |
| First appearance | New Fun Comics #1 January 31 1935 October 1935\</ref\> |
| Created by | Gardner Fox |
| Race(s) | Humans, Amazons, Kryptonians, Atlanteans |
| Characters | Justice Society of America
All-Star Squadron
Infinity, Inc. |
| Publisher | DC Comics |


title: ES FC Malley

abstract: Etoile Sportive Football Club Malley, known as Malley is a football club from Malley, Switzerland. Various club teams train in the vast arena of Blécherette, based in the north of the city. The training center also serves as the headquarters of the club. The club was founded in 1927, is currently playing in the Swiss 2.Liga.

text:
# ES FC Malley

**Etoile Sportive Football Club Malley**, known as *Malley* is a football club from Malley, Switzerland. Various club teams train in the vast arena of Blécherette, based in the north of the city. The training center also serves as the headquarters of the club.

The club was founded in 1927, is currently playing in the Swiss 2.Liga (Regional Level).

## History

* 1927: Foundation of the club that bears the name of a district of Lausanne.
* 1942: The field of Factory Gas in Malley leaves room for slaughterhouses, the club must emigrate to Renens.
* 1945: The club settled permanently in the heights of the city of Lausanne and took possession of Stade du Bois-Gentil.

### Stadium

Since moving the club in 1945, the first team of ES FC Malley LS plays in the "Stade du Bois-Gentil". With a capacity of 3,500 (including 500 seats), it has the distinction of having kept its historic grandstand origin until 2018. Now they play at Centre Sportif de la Tuilière.

### Training Center

The training center of the ES FC Malley LS is called the "Centre Sportif de la Tuilière".

## InfoBox

ES FC Malley LS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Étoile Sportive FC Malley Lausanne |
| Nickname(s) | Malley |
| Founded | 1927 |
| Ground | Centre Sportif de la Tuilière |
| Capacity | 1500 |
| Manager | Paulo Diogo |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The Politburo of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan or Afghan Politburo was the policy-making organ and institution within Afghanistan's political structure when the PDPA Central Committee and the PDPA Congress were not in session. Only one politburos was formally elected; at the 1st Congress, despite this, the membership line-up was altered numerous times during the PDPA's existence.

text:
# Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

The **Politburo of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan** or **Afghan Politburo** was the policy-making organ and institution within Afghanistan's political structure when the PDPA Central Committee and the PDPA Congress were not in session. Only one politburos was formally elected; at the 1st Congress, despite this, the membership line-up was altered numerous times during the PDPA's existence.

## Historical line-up

### 1st Politburo

Full members Candidate members

### Poltiburo members (1984)

By 1984, eight of the thirteen members and alternate members of the Politburo were Parchamis:

Members of the Parcham faction Members of the Khalq faction Unclear


title: Pontes fort

abstract: Pontes fort was an ancient Roman fort situated on the river Danube in the Roman province of Moesia and forming a key part of the Limes Moesiae frontier system. It is near the modern town of Kladovo, Serbia. It was built in about 103-105 AD and is one of the most important Roman sites along the Danube as it protected the southern end of the strategic Trajan's Bridge over the river. It has been excavated and is now protected in an archaeological park. A bronze head of Emperor Trajan's father, or Trajan himself. was found in the 19th century by fishermen in the river Danube near a pillar of the bridge, part of a statue at the bridge entrance and now in the museum of Belgrade.

text:
# Pontes fort

**Pontes fort** was an ancient Roman fort situated on the river Danube in the Roman province of Moesia and forming a key part of the Limes Moesiae frontier system. It is near the modern town of Kladovo, Serbia. It was built in about 103-105 AD and is one of the most important Roman sites along the Danube as it protected the southern end of the strategic Trajan's Bridge over the river.

It has been excavated and is now protected in an archaeological park.

A bronze head of Emperor Trajan's father, or Trajan himself. was found in the 19th century by fishermen in the river Danube near a pillar of the bridge, part of a statue at the bridge entrance and now in the museum of Belgrade.

## History

Trajan's bridge was built in only three years (103105 AD) by the famous architect Apollodorus of Damascus, at the same time as the fort. The bridge was considered the most daring work in the Roman world. Large canals, still visible in the marshy ground even today, were dug to lower Danube level and make construction of the piers easier. This may be the origin of the name Pontes (Bridges) as several temporary bridges had to be built across these canals and the Danube.

Repairs to the fort were done in the time of Marcus Aurelius and after being heavily damaged during the 2nd century a major reconstruction was done in the time of Septimius Severus at the beginning of the 3rd century. It suffered much destruction, like the Roman Empire and its frontiers in general, in conflicts with the Goths and the Huns in the 4th and the 5th centuries AD. The fort was restored during Justinian’s restoration of the Limes.

When the bridge was destroyed the fort lost its significance and was mostly abandoned, but a settlement of *limitanei* continued.

44°36′47″N 22°40′09″E / 44.61306°N 22.66917°E / 44.61306; 22.66917


title: ESET NOD32

abstract: ESET NOD32 Antivirus, commonly known as NOD32, is an antivirus software package made by the Slovak company ESET. ESET NOD32 Antivirus is sold in two editions, Home Edition and Business Edition. The Business Edition packages add ESET Remote Administrator allowing for server deployment and management, mirroring of threat signature database updates and the ability to install on Microsoft Windows Server operating systems.

text:
# ESET NOD32

**ESET NOD32 Antivirus**, commonly known as **NOD32**, is an antivirus software package made by the Slovak company ESET. ESET NOD32 Antivirus is sold in two editions, Home Edition and Business Edition. The Business Edition packages add **ESET Remote Administrator** allowing for server deployment and management, mirroring of threat signature database updates and the ability to install on Microsoft Windows Server operating systems.

## History

### NOD32

The acronym NOD stands for ***N**emocnica na **O**kraji **D**isku* ("Hospital at the end of the disk"), a pun related to the Czechoslovak medical drama series *Nemocnice na kraji města* (*Hospital at the End of the City*). The first version of NOD32  called NOD-ICE  was a DOS-based program. It was created in 1987 by Miroslav Trnka and Peter Paško at the time when computer viruses started to become increasingly prevalent on PCs running DOS. Due to the limitations of the OS (lack of multitasking among others) it didn't feature any on-demand/on-access protection nor most of the other features of the current versions. Besides the virus scanning and cleaning functionality it only featured heuristic analysis. With the increasing popularity of the Windows environment, advent of 32-bit CPUs, a shift in the PC market and increasing popularity of the Internet came the need for a completely different antivirus approach as well. Thus the original program was re-written and christened "NOD32" to emphasize both the radical shift from the previous version and its Win32 system compatibility.

Initially the program gained popularity with IT workers in Eastern European countries, as ESET was based in Slovakia. Though the program's abbreviation was originally pronounced as individual letters, the worldwide use of the program led to the more common single-word pronunciation, sounding like the English word *nod*. Additionally, the "32" portion of the name was added with the release of a 32-bit version in the Windows 9x era. The company reached its 10000th update to virus definitions on June 25, 2014.

### Mail Security for Microsoft Exchange Server

On March 10, 2010 ESET released ESET Mail Security for Microsoft Exchange Server, which contains both antimalware and antispam modules. It supports Microsoft Exchange 5.5, 2000, 2003, 2007 and 2010.

### Mobile Security

ESET Mobile Security is the replacement for ESET Mobile Antivirus, which provided anti-malware and antispam functionality. ESET Mobile Security contains all the features of the older product and adds new anti-theft features such as SIM locking and remote wipe as well as a security audit and a firewall. Versions for Windows Mobile and Symbian OS were available as of September 2010, for both home and enterprise users.

### Remote Administrator

ESET Remote Administrator is a central management console designed to allow network administrators to manage ESET software across a corporate network.

### Smart Security

On November 5, 2007, ESET released an Internet security suite, **ESET Smart Security** version 3.0, to compete with other security suites by other companies such as McAfee, Symantec, AVG and Kaspersky. ESET Smart Security incorporates anti-spam and a bidirectional firewall along with traditional anti-malware features of ESET NOD32 Antivirus.

On March 2, 2009, ESET Smart Security version 4.0 was released, adding integration of ESET SysInspector; support for Mozilla Thunderbird and Windows Live Mail; a new self-defense module, an updated firewall module, ESET SysRescue and a wizard for creating bootable CD and USB flash drives. There were initially compatibility problems between ESET Smart Security 4.0 and Windows Vista Service Pack 2 but these were remedied by an update.

On August 17, 2010, ESET Smart Security version 4.2 was released with new features, enhancements and changes.

On September 14, 2011, ESET Smart Security version 5.0 was released.

On January 15, 2013, ESET Smart Security version 6.0 was released. This version included Anti-Theft feature for tracking of lost, misplaced or stolen laptop.

On October 16, 2013, ESET Smart Security version 7.0 was released. It offers enhanced operation memory scanning and blocks misuses of known exploits.

On October 2, 2014, ESET Smart Security version 8.0 was released. It adds exploit blocking for Java and botnet protection.

On October 13, 2015, ESET Smart Security version 9.0 was released.

### SysInspector

ESET SysInspector is a diagnostic tool which allows in-depth analysis of various aspects of the operating system, including running processes, registry content, startup items and network connections. Anti-Stealth Technology is used to discover hidden objects (rootkits) in the Master Boot Record, boot sector, registry entries, drivers, services and processes. SysInspector Logs are standard XML files and can be submitted to IT experts for further analysis. Two logs can be compared to find a set of items not common to both logs. A log file can be saved as a service script for removing malicious objects from a computer.

### SysRescue Live

ESET SysRescue Live is a Linux-based bootable Live CD/USB image that can be used to boot and clean heavily infected computers independent of the installed operating system. The program is offered free of charge, and can download updates if a network connection is present.

### Other programs

ESET has released free standalone removers for malware when they are widespread, such as Mebroot.

## Development

### File Security for Microsoft Windows Server

On June 1, 2010, the first release candidate for ESET File Security for Microsoft Windows Server v4.3 was made available to the public. This program is an updated version of ESET NOD32 Antivirus Business Edition designed for Microsoft Windows Server operating systems and contains a revised user interface, automatic exclusions for critical directories and files and unspecified optimizations for operation on servers.

### Mobile Security

On April 22, 2010, ESET Mobile Security for Windows Mobile and Symbian OS went into public beta. The Home Edition was released on September 2, 2010, and on January 20, 2011, the Business Edition went into beta.

On April 29, 2011, ESET a beta test version for Android was released. On August 10, 2011, the release candidate was made available.

### NOD32 for Mac OS X and Linux Desktop

On December 2, 2009, ESET NOD32 Antivirus 4 for Mac OS X Desktop and ESET NOD32 Antivirus 4 for Linux Desktop were released for public testing. ESET stated the release automatically detects and cleans cross-platform malware, scans archives, automatically scans removable media such as USB flash drives when mounted, performs real-time scanning, provides reports and offers a GUI similar to the Microsoft Windows version. The second beta test versions were released January 9, 2010, and the third on June 10, 2010.

On September 13, 2010, ESET released ESET NOD32 Antivirus for Mac OS X Business Edition. and announced a release candidate for ESET Cybersecurity for Mac OS X

On September 24, 2010, ESET released a Release Candidate for ESET Cybersecurity for Mac OS X and on January 21, 2011, ESET released a Release Candidate for ESET NOD32 Antivirus for Linux Desktop

### Smart Security

On May 5, 2011, ESET released a beta test version of ESET Smart Security 5.0. The beta version adds parental control, a cloud-based file reputation service, gamer mode, HIPS and improvements to its antispam, firewall and removable media control functions. On June 14, 2011, ESET released a release candidate for ESET Smart Security version 5.0.

On August 5, 2014, ESET Smart Security version 8.0 public beta 1 was released. It offers enhanced exploit blocking and botnet detection.

## Discontinued products

### Mobile Antivirus

ESET Mobile Antivirus was aimed at protecting smartphones from viruses, spyware, adware, trojans, worms, rootkits, and other unwanted software. It also provided antispam filtering for SMS messages. Versions for Windows Mobile and Symbian OS were available. ESET discontinued ESET Mobile Antivirus in January 2011 and provides ESET Mobile Security as a free upgrade to licensed users of ESET Mobile Antivirus.

### NOD32 Antivirus v2.7 and older

On February 1, 2010, ESET discontinued version 2.7 of NOD32 Antivirus and all previous versions of NOD32 Antivirus. They were removed from the ESET website, including product pages and e-Store. Version 2.7 was the last version supporting Microsoft 95/98/ME and Novell NetWare operating systems. Virus signature database updates and customer support was discontinued on February 1, 2012.

## Technical information

On a network, NOD32 clients can update from a central "mirror server" on the network.

## Reception

As of April 21, 2011, NOD32 Antivirus holds ICSA Labs certifications. As of September 29, 2018, NOD32 has accumulated one hundred eleven VB100 awards from Virus Bulletin; it has only failed to receive this award three times.

In comparative report that Virus Bulletin published on September 2, 2008, NOD32 detected 94.4% of all malware and 94.7% of spyware. It stood above competitors like Norton Internet Security and ZoneAlarm but below Windows Live OneCare and Avira AntiVir. In the RAP averages quadrant between December 2011 and June 2012, Virus Bulletin found that ESET was pretty much at the same level, about 94%, but was noted for its ability to block spam and phishing, earning an award, an award only 19 other antivirus companies were able to acquire.

On April 28, 2008, Robert Vamosi of CNET.com reviewed version 3.0 of NOD32 and gave it a score of 3.5 out of 5. On March 6, 2009, Seth Rosenblatt of Download.com reviewed the 4.0 version of NOD32 gave it a rating of 4.6 out of 5. On September 15, 2011, Seth Rosenblatt of CNET reviewed the 5.0 version of NOD32 and gave it a rating of 5 out of 5.

## InfoBox

ESET NOD32 Antivirus
|
|  |
|
| Original author(s) | ESET |
| Developer(s) | ESET |
| Initial release | 1987 |
|  | |
| Stable release | 17.0.16.0 / December 18, 2023 (2023-12-18) |
|  | |
| Written in | Assembly language, /C++ |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, Windows Mobile, Android |
| Size | 103 MB (32-bit), 108 MB (64-bit) |
| Type | Antivirus software |
| License | Shareware, Trialware |
| Website | www.eset.com/int/home/antivirus/ |


title: Earnock Estate

abstract: Earnock Estate is a residential area in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, which is located east of High Earnock and south of Hillhouse. The area was developed in the 1960s and is home to some of the oldest buildings in the area.

text:
# Earnock Estate

**Earnock Estate** is a residential area in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, which is located east of High Earnock and south of Hillhouse. The area was developed in the 1960s and is home to some of the oldest buildings in the area.

## Amenities

Almost all amenities with Earnock Estate are located on Wellhall Road, the main road running through the estate that links all parts of the neighbourhood.

### Shops

There are four shops within the Earnock area, all on Wellhall Road: Fillipetti's (small licensed convenience shop), Aldi supermarket (opened in winter 2006, built on the site of a former Safeway store) an Esso petrol station and a Boots chemist (formerly part of the Moss chain, and before that known as The Wellhall Pharmacy) is located on the corner of Hillhouse Road and Wellhall Road.

### Public houses

Earnock's only public house, The Avon, was located on Wellhall Road. It was demolished in 2016 to make way for a new residential development.

### GP surgeries

Earnock is home to one GP surgery, the Wellhall Medical Centre. The surgery opened in the mid-1990s and is located at 4 Hillhouse Road.

### Community centre

The Hillhouse & Earnock Community Centre is situated on Hillhouse Road and is used by residents of both Hillhouse and Earnock. It was reopened in 2003 having undergone refurbishment after an arson attack in 2001. Facilities include a main hall which can be divided into two smaller halls (Jubilee Hall and the Hillhouse Room), a youth area, a crèche, a large library and an 'Active IT' area which provides computers, printing facilities and internet access for free. A café is also operated in the centre by local volunteers. The Routes to Work project is based in the Earnock Room and the Wellhall and Udston rooms are used for a range of activities organised by the Up4It project.

### Parks and walking paths

Iona Ridge Park is situated at the centre of the estate, off Iona Ridge. At the moment this is just a large grassy park, however it previously had swings, a roundabout and climbing frames. The park has ample room for games of football or golf practice and access can be gained to the local "nature trail" or, as it is known to local children, "The Natchy" (nate-chay). The nature trail is a disused railway now transformed into a path. The path runs to Strathaven Road, and many residents can also gain access to it through their back gates.

### Churches

There are currently no churches in Earnock, however, in neighbouring Hillhouse there are two: the Church of Scotland Hillhouse Parish Church and the Catholic St Ninian's Church. David Burt, minister of the Parish Church, serves as school chaplain to local non-denominational schools.

## Education

### Primary education

The primary aged children of Earnock Estate, High Earnock and Hillhouse are served by the non-denominational Townhill Primary School, situated on Melfort Road. The school was opened in 1965, although the original building has been replaced by the new school, which opened on 17 February 2010. The school has pupil roll of approximately 350. St Ninian's Primary School is also available to Catholic school children residing in the area.

### Secondary education

High school provision for children in Earnock Estate is met by the non-denominational Calderside Academy, Blantyre. Calderside Academy opened on Monday 13 August 2007, bringing together the old Earnock High School and Blantyre High School and was initially split over two campuses  – one on the former Blantyre site and one on the former Earnock site, with 1st to 3rd year pupils attending the Blantyre campus and 4th to 6th year the Earnock Campus. On Monday 7 January 2008 a new single building was opened on the site of the former Blantyre High, thus completing the merger.

Catholic secondary school-aged children in the area often attend John Ogilvie High School or Holy Cross High School, both in Hamilton.

## Transport

Public transport from Earnock Estate is accessed from Wellhall Road; there are currently two bus routes that serve the Earnock Estate:

Services that stop near Hamilton West and Hamilton Central stations allow bus for passengers to change onto one of the four trains per hour to Glasgow or four trains per hour alternating in destination between Larkhall and Motherwell (with one of the Motherwell services continuing to Cumbernauld).

## Street names

Many of the street names originate from the rulers of the ancient Kingdom of Strathclyde in the 6th century, e.g. Rederech Crescent (King Rederech), Langoreth Avenue (Queen Langoreth) and Royellen Avenue (Princess Royellen). It is said that the family's summer hunting lodge was in the Earnock area. Some of the streets are also named after famous geographical features of Scotland: *Lomond View* (Ben Lomond), *Fruin Rise* (Glen Fruin) and *Iona Ridge* (the island of Iona).

## Politics

### Councillors

Earnock sits within the council ward of *Hamilton West and Earnock* and has four councillors who sit on South Lanarkshire Council. Since the 2017 election, these are:

Councillors for Earnock
|  | Councillor | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Mary Donnelly | Scottish National Party |
|  | Allan Falconer | Scottish Labour Party |
|  | Graeme Horne | Scottish National Party |
|  | Mark McGeever | Scottish Liberal Democrats |
|

### Scottish Parliament and UK Parliament

Earnock lies in the Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse constituency of the Scottish Parliament and is represented by Christina McKelvie of the Scottish National Party since 2011.

In the UK Parliament, Earnock is represented by Michael Shanks of the Scottish Labour Party, who has been the MP for the Rutherglen and Hamilton West constituency since the 2023 Rutherglen and Hamilton West by-election.

1. *Townhill Primary School - School Handbook Session 2015-2016* (PDF). Townhill Primary School. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
2. "First Greater Glasgow Timetable - 226", *First Bus - Greater Glasgow*. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
3. "Bus Timetable 227/228" Archived 10 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, *Strathclyde Partnership for Transport*, 11 January 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
4. "TRAIN TIMES 11 December 2016 to 20 May 2017 - Lanarkshire", *Abellio ScotRail Ltd*, 11 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

55°46′4″N 4°4′40″W / 55.76778°N 4.07778°W / 55.76778; -4.07778


title: Political sophistication

abstract:
Political sophistication is a construct in the field of political psychology. It concerns the extent to which a person has knowledge of political activity, assimilates information and forms political views. One of the earliest uses of the term was by Robert C. Luskin in his paper Explaining Political Sophistication (1990). Luskin writes "Terminology varies, but the name on which the literature seems to be settling on is political sophistication" "A person is politically sophisticated to the extent to which his or her political cognitions are numerous, cut a wide substantive swath, and are highly organised, or "constrained" Political sophistication has important implications for democratic theory. Luskin wrote in 1987 "that by anything approaching elite standards, the American public is extremely unsophisticated about politics and has not become appreciably more so over the last two and a half decades" adding that "other publics, abroad, are similarly unsophisticated." This low political sophistication he argues is damaging to the "democratic ideal" as "the less sophisticated the public, the less alert to its interests, the less active in pursuit of them" and crucially "the less resistant to manipulation from above" Research in the field of political sophistication has focused on identifying the contributing factors to differing levels across public masses. Luskin investigated the effects of:
  - exposure - what political information they receive
  - motivation - their interest in learning about politics
  - intelligence - their ability to assimilate and organise such information He found that interest was the most influential variable to political sophistication summarising that "we learn about the things we care about" before continuing "education is probably the prime predictor of dependent variables reflecting political interest". However the teaching of politics in UK schools has been a controversial topic. A report by OFSTED in the UK found that classes in citizenship that were made compulsory in 2002 were "something that teachers often shy away from – possibly because of the understandable concern that they will be perceived to demonstrate bias" Other ways to increase political sophistication have been tested by John Gastill and James Dillard. They found a positive link between increasing political sophistication and increasing public deliberation through National Issues Forums. Political sophistication has been shown to moderate political orientation. Researchers Becky L. Choma and Carolyn. L Hafer showed "that the association between explicit and implicit political orientation was moderated by political knowledge scores, such that the positive association was stronger among participants with a greater knowledge of politics."

text:
# Political sophistication

**Political sophistication** is a construct in the field of political psychology. It concerns the extent to which a person has knowledge of political activity, assimilates information and forms political views. One of the earliest uses of the term was by Robert C. Luskin in his paper Explaining Political Sophistication (1990).

Luskin writes "Terminology varies, but the name on which the literature seems to be settling on is political sophistication"

"A person is politically sophisticated to the extent to which his or her political cognitions are numerous, cut a wide substantive swath, and are highly organised, or "constrained"

Political sophistication has important implications for democratic theory. Luskin wrote in 1987 "that by anything approaching elite standards, the American public is extremely unsophisticated about politics and has not become appreciably more so over the last two and a half decades" adding that "other publics, abroad, are similarly unsophisticated." This low political sophistication he argues is damaging to the "democratic ideal" as "the less sophisticated the public, the less alert to its interests, the less active in pursuit of them" and crucially "the less resistant to manipulation from above"

Research in the field of political sophistication has focused on identifying the contributing factors to differing levels across public masses. Luskin investigated the effects of:

* exposure - what political information they receive
* motivation - their interest in learning about politics
* intelligence - their ability to assimilate and organise such information

He found that interest was the most influential variable to political sophistication summarising that "we learn about the things we care about" before continuing "education is probably the prime predictor of dependent variables reflecting political interest".

However the teaching of politics in UK schools has been a controversial topic. A report by OFSTED in the UK found that classes in citizenship that were made compulsory in 2002 were "something that teachers often shy away from – possibly because of the understandable concern that they will be perceived to demonstrate bias"

Other ways to increase political sophistication have been tested by John Gastill and James Dillard. They found a positive link between increasing political sophistication and increasing public deliberation through National Issues Forums.

Political sophistication has been shown to moderate political orientation. Researchers Becky L. Choma and Carolyn. L Hafer showed "that the association between explicit and implicit political orientation was moderated by political knowledge scores, such that the positive association was stronger among participants with a greater knowledge of politics."


title: East–West Interconnector

abstract: The East–West Interconnector is a 500 MW high-voltage direct current submarine and subsoil power cable from 2012 which connects the Irish and British electricity markets, between Dublin and the Wales/England border. The project was developed by the Irish national grid operator EirGrid.

text:
# East–West Interconnector

The **East–West Interconnector** is a 500 MW high-voltage direct current submarine and subsoil power cable from 2012 which connects the Irish and British electricity markets, between Dublin and the Wales/England border. The project was developed by the Irish national grid operator EirGrid.

## Aim

The interconnector is aimed to increase competition and security of supply, and better use the capacity of wind energy. The additional capacity headroom provided by the interconnection will assist in reducing the Electricity Supply Board's dominant position in the Irish electricity market. By joining the two markets it will allow Irish suppliers to access power in the British mainland market and for British suppliers to enter the Irish market without initially having to commit to large capital expenditure, significantly reducing barriers to entry. Irish renewable generators will benefit from the interconnection as it will increase their available market and may make it more economically attractive to construct more large scale renewable generation.

ESB Power Generation announced in 2007 its intention to withdraw approximately 1,300 MW of capacity by 2010. This would effectively reduce the installed capacity of fully dispatchable plant from 6,437 MW to 5,150 MW. This closure of older inefficient power plants, such as a 461 MW fossil fuel capacity at Poolbeg Generating Station Dublin, and coupled with the high growth demand forecasts presented, created a major threat to the security of the Irish electricity grid.

The interconnection will enhance security of supply and grid stability on both countries and create conditions suitable for the development of a new regional market. The European Commission expressed the view that European electricity markets would benefit from further interconnection investments. The EU Trans-European Networks project has classified the UKIrish Interconnector as a priority project.

## Location

At 262 km (163 miles) in length, 186 km (116 miles) of which is beneath the Irish Sea, the East West Interconnector links the electricity transmission grids of Ireland and Great Britain, from converter stations at Portan in Ireland to Shotton in Wales.

## History

Studies for the UKIrish interconnection date back to the 1970s when the Irish Electricity Supply Board first examined the possibility of linking the UK and Irish electricity grids. Further studies were conducted in the early 1990s and a joint study was recently conducted between Electricity Supply Board and National Grid plc with the support of the European Union.

In 2004 the Commission for Energy Regulation on request of the Irish Government sought proposals from the private sector to construct two 500 MW merchant interconnectors between Ireland and Wales. A private project was established by Imera Power who was contracted to develop two 350 MW interconnectors through its affiliate East West Cable One Ltd. in 2006.

In 2006 the Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, instructed the Commission for Energy Regulation to commence the development of a regulated interconnector of 500 MW as it was deemed to be critical infrastructure.

Eirgrid commenced work on the East West Interconnector in 2007. It was completed in 2012 and on 20 September 2012 it was inaugurated in Meath by UK secretary for energy and climate change Ed Davey, Irish prime minister Enda Kenny and European Commissioner for Energy Günther Oettinger.

On 8 September 2016, the interconnector had a fault that occurred during an annual maintenance at the converter station in Meath. The maintenance was carried out by contractor ABB. The interconnector re-entered service on 20 December 2016 with a fully rated 500 MW import, however exports to the UK were still limited to roughly 280MW. As of June  2017, the cable offered full capacity in both directions. In March 2022, following a planned 3 week shutdown, the interconnector remained at below 1% capacity for an ongoing period.

## Technical features

The Eirgrid East–West Interconnector has a total length of 261 km (162 miles), of which 186 km (116 miles) is submarine cable and 75 kilometres (47 mi) is subsoil cable. The link connects converter stations at Rush North Beach, County Dublin, Ireland, and Barkby Beach, Prestatyn, Wales. The interconnection uses ±200 kV HVDC Light cables with a capacity of 500 MW. It is the first HVDC Light transmission system project, to use ±200 kV cables. The cables and converter stations were provided by ABB. The project was financed by a €300 million loan from the European Investment Bank, capital investments from commercial banks, EirGrid equity and a €110 million grant from the European Commission.

## East West Cable One project - abandoned proposal

A competing project was undertaken by East West Cable One (EW1), also known as the East West Interconnector. The EW1 cable with a capacity of 350 MW was to be connected at Arklow substation in County Wicklow and Pentir Substation near Bangor in North Wales. The second cable known as EW2 was a second phase project with a capacity of 350500 MW was proposed between Wexford and Pembroke.

Both developments were to be funded by the private sector on commercial basis; their costs would not be recovered by system tariffs for all end users in either UK or Ireland, but rather by the users of the cable, large wholesale energy traders. Corresponding exemption from the third party access rule was granted by the European Commission on 23 November 2009 for 25 years for phase one and 20 years for phase two.

Since 2016, the associated websites for these projects have been mothballed.

## Eirgrid Interconnector sites

| Site | Coordinates |
| --- | --- |
| Shotton static inverter plant | 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W / 53.22722°N 3.07278°W / 53.22722; -3.07278 (East West Interconnector - Shotton HVDC Static Inverter) |
| Cable enters sea | 53°20′41″N 3°24′8″W / 53.34472°N 3.40222°W / 53.34472; -3.40222 (Cable enters sea) |
| Cable leaves sea | 53°31′29″N 6°4′56″W / 53.52472°N 6.08222°W / 53.52472; -6.08222 (Cable leaves sea) |
| Woodland HVDC static inverter | 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W / 53.47111°N 6.56750°W / 53.47111; -6.56750 (East West Interconnector - Woodland HVDC Static Inverter) |

## InfoBox

| East–West Interconnector | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Eirgrid East–West Interconnector | |
| Location | |
| Country | United Kingdom, Ireland |
| General direction | East–West |
| From | Shotton, North Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W / 53.22722°N 3.07278°W / 53.22722; -3.07278 (East West Interconnector - Shotton HVDC Static Inverter) |
| Passes through | Irish Sea |
| To | Rush North Beach, County Dublin 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W / 53.47111°N 6.56750°W / 53.47111; -6.56750 (Eirgrid East West Interconnector - Woodland HVDC Static Inverter) |
| Ownership information | |
| Partners | EirGrid |
| Construction information | |
| Manufacturer of conductor/cable | ABB |
| Manufacturer of substations | ABB |
| Construction started | 2010 |
| Commissioned | 2012 |
| Technical information | |
| Type | submarine cable |
| Type of current | HVDC Light |
| Total length | 261 km (162 mi) |
| Power rating | 500 MW |
| AC voltage | 400 kV |
| DC voltage | ±200 kV |
| No. of circuits | 1 |


title: Porsche-Diesel 419

abstract: The Porsche-Diesel 419 is an agricultural tractor made by Porsche-Diesel Motorenbau, and part of Porsche's Master series. It was the biggest and most powerful series-production tractor ever sold under the Porsche brand. In total, 1175 units were produced from 1960 until 1963. The 419 was preceded by the 418, and had no successor, since Porsche-Diesel Motorenbau stopped producing tractors in 1963. That same year, the catalogue price for a Porsche-Diesel 419 was DM 15,290.

text:
# Porsche-Diesel 419

The **Porsche-Diesel 419** is an agricultural tractor made by Porsche-Diesel Motorenbau, and part of Porsche's *Master* series. It was the biggest and most powerful series-production tractor ever sold under the Porsche brand. In total, 1175 units were produced from 1960 until 1963. The 419 was preceded by the 418, and had no successor, since Porsche-Diesel Motorenbau stopped producing tractors in 1963. That same year, the catalogue price for a Porsche-Diesel 419 was DM 15,290.

## Description

The Porsche-Diesel 419 is a wheeled tractor and has no frame, instead, the rear axle is directly flange-mounted to the gearbox which itself is directly flange-mounted to the engine. The front axle is a dead portal axle, the rear axle is a live portal axle. On its front wheels, the 419 has 6–20 in tyres, on its rear wheels, it has 13–30 in tyres. 6–19 in or 7.5–16 in front tyres, as well as 11–36 in were offered as factory options. The rear axle has a locking differential in order to transfer different amounts of torque to the rear wheels. The 419 has a fully mechanical, foot-operated braking system with rear drum brakes, and no brakes on the front wheels. The brakes can be actuated separately to reduce the tractor's turning circle.

Porsche-Diesel Motorenbau equipped the 419 with an air-cooled Porsche F 419 diesel engine that produces 50 PS (37 kW). The Porsche F 419 is a naturally-aspirated, swirl-chamber injected four-stroke straight-four engine with a bore of 98 mm, and a stroke of 116 mm; the displacement is 3500 cm³. It has five crankshaft bearings and a gear-driven camshaft that actuates the overhead valves (two per cylinder) with pushrods and rocker arms. Each cylinder is fitted with a single crossflow cylinder head. For lubrication, the engine has a conventional wet-sump system. The cooling fan is thermostat-controlled.

The engine torque is sent to the gearbox with a dry double-disc clutch. Porsche-Diesel Motorenbau used a four-speed constant-mesh gearbox with three ranges (type ZF A 216) for the Porsche-Diesel 419. It has straight-cut gears and is not synchronised. The first and second range are forward ranges, the third range is the reverse range. In total, the 419 has 8 forward, and 4 reverse gears. With the factory tyres, the top speed in the highest forward gear is 19.4 km/h. Porsche also offered a high-geared version of this gearbox which allows a top speed of 27.4 km/h. In addition to this factory option, Porsche also offered a three-point linkage. For powering additional equipment, the 419 has a gearbox-dependent power take-off shaft and an engine power take-off shaft in back, as well as an engine power take-off shaft below the front coupling device.

## Technical specifications

* Length: 3380 mm
* Width: 1826 mm
* Height: 1637 mm
* Wheelbase: 2166 mm
* Ground clearance: 400 mm
* Tyres (front/rear): 6–20/13–30 in
* Mass: 2100 kg
* Max. permissible mass: 3850 kg
* Top speed: 19.4 km/h
* Fuel tank: 46 or 60 l
* Gearbox:
    + Type designation: ZF A 216
    + Type: Constant-mesh gearbox
    + Gears: 4
    + Forward ranges: 2
    + Reverse ranges: 1
* Engine:
    + Type designation: Porsche F 419
    + Type: Straight four-cylinder engine
    + Operating principle: Diesel
    + Fuel system: Swirl-chamber injection
    + Fuel type: ≥44 CN
    + Bore × stroke: 98 × 116 mm
    + Displacement: 3500 cm3
    + Rated power (DIN 70020): 50 PS (37 kW) at 2100 min−1
* Rear engine PTO speed: 579 min−1 or 1135 min−1
* Front engine PTO speed: 1050 min−1

*Sources:*

1. Thomas Riegler: *Oldtimer-Traktor-Adventskalender*, Franzis-Verlag, Haar 2020, p. 36
2. Thomas Riegler: *Oldtimer-Traktor-Adventskalender*, Franzis-Verlag, Haar 2020, p. 34
3. British Society for Research in Agricultural Engineering, National Institute of Agricultural Engineering (ed.): Agricultural and Horticultural Engineering Abstracts, Volumes 15–16, 1964, p. 197
4. Thomas Riegler: *Oldtimer-Traktor-Adventskalender*, Franzis-Verlag, Haar 2020, p. 35
5. Peter Kautz: *Porsche Diesel Master 409 und 419*, in Fahrzeugseiten, retrieved 23 December 2020

## InfoBox

| Porsche-Diesel Master 419 | |
| --- | --- |
| Porsche-Diesel 419 | |
| Type | Agricultural tractor |
| Manufacturer | Porsche-Diesel Motorenbau GmbH |
| Production | 1960–1963 |
| Length | 3380 mm |
| Width | 1826 mm |
| Height | 1637 mm |
| Weight | 2100 kg |
| Propulsion | Diesel engine |
| Engine model | Porsche F 419
(Diesel, 3500 cm³) |
| Flywheel power | 50 PS (37 kW) |
| Speed | 19.4 km/h |
| Preceded by | Porsche-Diesel 418 |


title: Pope Matthew III of Alexandria

abstract: Pope Matthew III of Alexandria was the 100th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His papacy was during the time when Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire and was ruled by consecutive short-term representatives of the sultan and the church was under much pressure from the rulers. After the departure of Pope Youannas XV on 2 Pi Kogi Enavot 1346 A.M., the Synod of Bishops met with leaders of the Christian people, and thought together about whom to choose, and in consultation together they came to agreement on a monk named "Tadros" from the monastery of St. Macerious. He was born in Tookh Menoufia to Christian parents who taught him fear of God and piety, and gave him a good upbringing. Then he studied in the kotab school in his town. As he grew up and learned, his inclinations began to appear in the direction of living of asceticism and austerity and asceticism and abstinence; and so longed to monastic life, so he left his town and went to the monastery of St Macerious in the wilderness of Nitrite following the saying of Christ "he who loves his father or mother more than me is not worthy of me... he who does not take his cross and follow me is not worthy of me »(Mt 10: 38.37). It was said in his biography that he became famous among his peers in the monastery because of supremacy of ethics and gentleness, knowledge and piety and righteousness, so he was promoted to be a priest of the monastery. Due to the severity of his zeal and his goodness and compassion, set up by the monks of the monastery as the, head of the monastery, and was commissioned to degree of "Alaagomans".

text:
# Pope Matthew III of Alexandria

**Pope Matthew III of Alexandria** (Abba Matta III; died 31 March 1646) was the 100th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His papacy was during the time when Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire and was ruled by consecutive short-term (2–3 years each) representatives of the sultan and the church was under much pressure from the rulers.

After the departure of Pope Youannas XV on 2 Pi Kogi Enavot 1346 A.M. (7 September 1629 A.D.), the Synod of Bishops met with leaders of the Christian people, and thought together about whom to choose, and in consultation together they came to agreement on a monk named "Tadros" from the monastery of St. Macerious. He was born in Tookh Menoufia to Christian parents who taught him fear of God and piety, and gave him a good upbringing. Then he studied in the kotab school in his town (this was the name of "school" in the Middle Ages, attached to either the church or mosque. He studied the Coptic language and the Bible as well as math and science of his time).

As he grew up and learned, his inclinations began to appear in the direction of living of asceticism and austerity and asceticism and abstinence; and so longed to monastic life, so he left his town and went to the monastery of St Macerious in the wilderness of Nitrite following the saying of Christ "he who loves his father or mother more than me is not worthy of me. .. he who does not take his cross and follow me is not worthy of me »(Mt 10: 38.37).

It was said in his biography that he became famous among his peers in the monastery because of supremacy of ethics and gentleness, knowledge and piety and righteousness, so he was promoted to be a priest of the monastery. Due to the severity of his zeal and his goodness and compassion, set up by the monks of the monastery as the, head of the monastery, and was commissioned to degree of "Alaagomans".

## Ordination

On Sunday, Pi Kogi Enavot 3, 1347 (Sunday, September 8, 1631), he was ordained as pope "Matthew the third".

## InfoBox

| Pope
Matthew III of Alexandria | |
| --- | --- |
| Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark | |
| Papacy began | 7 September 1631 2 Pi Kogi Enavot 1347 |
| Papacy ended | 31 March 1646 22 Paremhat 1362 |
| Predecessor | John XV |
| Successor | Mark VI |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tadros
Toukh El-Nasarah, El-Monufia, Egypt |
| Died | 31 March 1646 22 Paremhat 1362
Egypt |
| Buried | Church in Toukh El-Nasarah |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Denomination | Coptic Orthodox Christian |
| Residence | Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila) |


title: Each Dawn I Die

abstract: Each Dawn I Die is a 1939 gangster film directed by William Keighley and starring James Cagney and George Raft. The plot involves an investigative reporter who is unjustly thrown in jail and befriends a famous gangster. The film was based on the novel of the same name by Jerome Odlum and the supporting cast features Jane Bryan, George Bancroft, Slapsie Maxie Rosenbloom, and Victor Jory.

text:
# Each Dawn I Die

***Each Dawn I Die*** is a 1939 gangster film directed by William Keighley and starring James Cagney and George Raft. The plot involves an investigative reporter who is unjustly thrown in jail and befriends a famous gangster. The film was based on the novel of the same name by Jerome Odlum and the supporting cast features Jane Bryan, George Bancroft, Slapsie Maxie Rosenbloom, and Victor Jory.

## Plot summary

Frank Ross, a crusading newspaperman on the trail of a crooked district attorney, is framed for manslaughter and sentenced to a maximum 20 years in prison. There, he encounters the notorious Stacey, a lifer who is falsely accused of fatally stabbing a stool pigeon. Though Ross suspects Stacey is actually responsible, he keeps mum. A grateful Stacey agrees to help Ross prove he was framed. They arrange that Stacey be named by Ross in court as guilty of the stool pigeon's death before Stacey escapes the courthouse.

Ross promises to tell no one about the ruse, but antagonizes Stacey by tipping off his old newspaper, so that the courtroom is full of reporters. Realizing that Ross has betrayed him, Stacey escapes court by leaping from a window but makes no effort to find the real culprits responsible for Ross's predicament. Ross, meanwhile, is implicated in the escape and spends five months in solitary confinement, where he is handcuffed to the bars in the dark and fed bread and water once a day. But he repeatedly refuses to implicate Stacey. Later, Ross is promised a chance at parole by the warden if he reforms, but the crooked D. A. has become governor and appointed a crony to head the parole board. Ross's bid for release is turned down, meaning he must wait another five years before he can re-file.

Later, Ross discovers the nickname of the man who framed him: "Polecat." By coincidence, Polecat is currently incarcerated in the same prison. He is a hated jailhouse informant, widely disliked by the inmates. Meanwhile, Stacey, impressed with Ross being a "square guy," decides to go back to prison and force Polecat to confess. Stacey instigates a prison breakout as part of his plan and orders the prisoners to bring him Polecat. The warden is held hostage. As the National Guard successfully quells the escape attempt, the warden witnesses Polecat's confession to framing Ross. Thus, Ross is finally vindicated, Stacey and Polecat are later killed by Guard soldiers, and the governor and head of the parole board are indicted for murder.

## Cast

## Production

The novel was published in 1938. Film rights were bought by Warners who announced it as a vehicle for James Cagney. Edward G. Robinson was discussed as a possible co-star. Robinson was then replaced by John Garfield and Michael Curtiz was going to direct.

Eventually Curtiz was replaced by William Keighley. Fred MacMurray was going to replace Garfield - as the reporter with Cagney to play the gangster. MacMurray became unavailable so Jeffrey Lynn was tested. Eventually George Raft signed to make the movie. He swapped roles so he played the gangster and Cagney played the reporter.

*Each Dawn I Die* costars Raft and Cagney in their only movie together as leads. Raft had made an unbilled but memorable appearance in a 1932 Cagney vehicle called *Taxi!* in which he won a dance contest against Cagney, after which he and Cagney brawl. Raft also very briefly "appeared" in Cagney's boxing drama *Winner Take All* (1932), in a flashback sequence culled from Raft's 1929 film debut *Queen of the Night Clubs* starring Texas Guinan.

## Reception

### Critical

*Filmink* magazine said "Raft's performance is electric – tightly wound, dialogue trimmed, using his eyes."

### Box office

The film was one of Warner Bros most popular films in 1939. According to studio records it earned $1,111,000 domestically and $459,000 foreign.

It led to George Raft being offered a long-term contract by Warner Bros.

## InfoBox

| Each Dawn I Die | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | William Keighley |
| Written by | Warren Duff
Norman Reilly Raine
Charles Perry |
| Based on | *Each Dawn I Die*
1938 novel
by Jerome Odlum |
| Produced by | David Lewis
Hal B. Wallis
Jack L. Warner |
| Starring | James Cagney
George Raft
Jane Bryan
George Bancroft
Maxie Rosenbloom |
| Cinematography | Arthur Edeson |
| Edited by | Thomas Richards |
| Music by | Max Steiner |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * July 22, 1939 (1939-07-22) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $735,000 |
| Box office | $1,570,000 |


title: Each Breath Haunted

abstract: Each Breath Haunted is the second full-length album from New Jersey, U.S. hardcore punk band, The Banner. It was released in August, 2005 on the Ferret Music record label. It follows their late 2003 release of Your Murder Mixtape and the EP, Posthumous. This album's sound is heavily influenced by The Misfits. In addition, the horrorcore imagery prevalent in all their works continues on this album, this time taking a more gothic horror direction with lyrics about mythical subjects such as werewolves, vampires, and other hell-beasts. The cover was created by the vocalist, Joey Southside, a professional dark comic cartoonist. Each Breath Haunted was pressed on 12" vinyl for the first time in March 2012..

text:
# Each Breath Haunted

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Punknews |  |
| Allmusic |  |

***Each Breath Haunted*** is the second full-length album from New Jersey, U.S. hardcore punk band, The Banner. It was released in August, 2005 on the Ferret Music record label. It follows their late 2003 release of *Your Murder Mixtape* and the EP, *Posthumous*. This album's sound is heavily influenced by The Misfits. In addition, the horrorcore imagery prevalent in all their works continues on this album, this time taking a more gothic horror direction with lyrics about mythical subjects such as werewolves, vampires, and other hell-beasts. The cover was created by the vocalist, Joey Southside, a professional dark comic cartoonist.

*Each Breath Haunted* was pressed on 12" vinyl for the first time in March 2012. .

## Overview

By this time, and with input from experienced sources, the band's songwriting had developed sufficiently to carry the themes they portray. The end result being that the music is more refined, still brutal, but with many softer, reflective mood parts – "Interlude" and "I Am Legend" as examples. The music in general involves more technical, angular riffs which are not out of place or carried out ineffectively, bringing about a comparison to early dark and moody Danzig. It is only near the end, on "Coffin Nails", that they tip a nod to their traditional hardcore punk roots. Joey Southside again changes vocal style; from traditional hardcore on the EP, to metalcore on *Your Murder Mixtape*, to this time a darker tone – more in keeping with the style of music they chose to play at this time.

## Track listing

1. "Devilhawks" – 3:21
2. "Venom and Hope" – 2:19
3. "I'll Be Happy When You're Fucking Dead" – 1:25
4. "An Allergy to the Sun" – 3:26
5. "Sovereign of the Black Pit" – 2:29
6. "Black Hood" – 3:28
7. "An Allergy to Silver" – 2:49
8. "Hell on a Horse" – 5:32
9. "Interlude" – 3:37
10. "Muddweller" – 4:07
11. "Coffin Nails" – 1:48
12. "Tragedy" – 1:35
13. "I Am Legend" – 6:38

## Credits

* Joey Southside – vocals
* Garrett Defalco – guitar
* Chris LeBoeuf – guitar
* Ian Mullen – drums and bass
* Mike LeBoeuf is credited on the record playing drums but came into the band after recording the album.
* Erik Tyrant, Carl Severson and Josh Kisskiss – guest vocals
* Recorded April – May, 2005 at Trax East, South River, New Jersey, USA
* Produced, mixed and engineered by Eric Rachel
* Assisted by Eric Kvortek and Kyle Rado
* Mastered by Alan Douches at West West Side Studios
* Artwork and design by Joey Southside

## InfoBox

| Each Breath Haunted | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Banner | |
| Released | August 16, 2005 |
| Recorded | April – May, 2005
Trax East, S River,
New Jersey, U.S. |
| Genre | Hardcore punk |
| Length | 42:32 |
| Label | Ferret Music |
| Producer | Eric Rachel |
| The Banner chronology | |
| *Your Murder Mixtape*
(2003) ***Each Breath Haunted***
(2005) *Frailty*
(2008) | |


title: Polypharmacology

abstract: Polypharmacology is the design or use of pharmaceutical agents that act on multiple targets or disease pathways. Despite scientific advancements and an increase of global R&D spending, drugs are frequently withdrawn from markets. This is primarily due to their side effects or toxicities. Drug molecules often interact with multiple targets and the unintended drug-target interactions can cause side effects. Polypharmacology remains to be one of the major challenges in drug development, and it opens novel avenues to rationally design the next generation of more effective but less toxic therapeutic agents. Polypharmacology suggests that more effective drugs can be developed by specifically modulating multiple targets. It is generally thought that complex diseases such as cancer and central nervous system diseases may require complex therapeutic approaches. In this respect, a drug that "hits" multiple sensitive nodes belonging to a network of interacting targets offers the potential for higher efficacy and may limit drawbacks generally arising from the use of a single-target drug or a combination of multiple drugs. In contrast, chemical biology continues to be a reductionist discipline, still regarding chemical probes as highly selective small molecules that enable the modulation and study of one specific target. Chemical biology cannot continue to overlook the existence of polypharmacologytext and its urge to become a more holistic discipline that looks at the use of tool compounds from a systems perspective. The use of chemoproteomics offers strategies to develop a more holistic understanding of the proteome-wide range of targets a drug interacts with. The primordial idea of polypharmacology was first proposed in 2004 by Bryan Roth. He reasoned that most common central nervous system disorders are polygenic in origin, and attempts to develop more effective treatments for diseases such as schizophrenia and depression by discovering drugs selective for single molecular targets have been largely unsuccessful. He therefore proposed a proof of concept that designing selectively non-selective drugs that interact with several molecular targets will lead to new and more effective medications for a variety of central nervous system disorders. A similar concept was independently proposed in the year of 2006 by Professor Zhiguo Wang who used the term 'single agent–multiple targets' (SAMT) to describe the same principle as 'magic shotguns' and his research team provided the first experimental evidence for the feasibility, effectiveness and advantages of SAMT, specifically the 'complex decoy oligodeoxynucleotides technology cdODN' attacking multiple target transcription factors, in the treatment of xenograft breast cancer in mice. Subsequently, Wang's team extended the SAMT to designing single agent that can act on multiple miRNAs targeting cancer cells and cardiac pacemaker channel genes and calcium channel genes as a new therapeutic approach. Wang has published two monographs on polypharmacology:<Polypharmacology: Principles and Methodologies> and <Anti-Aging Polypharmacology> Wang's work is now categorized as 'Epigenetic Polypharmacology' or 'Targeted Polypharmacology', a branch of Polypharmacology. In 2008, Professor Keven Shokat and his colleagues described a single compound that blocks the proliferation of tumor cells by direct inhibition of oncogenic tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases and termed it 'multitargeted drug' along with the concept of 'Polypharmacology'. Since then, Polypharmacology has become a new branch of Pharmacology discipline and research field as well as one of the new direction and strategies for drug development.

text:
# Polypharmacology

**Polypharmacology** is the design or use of pharmaceutical agents that act on multiple targets or disease pathways.

Despite scientific advancements and an increase of global R&D spending, drugs are frequently withdrawn from markets. This is primarily due to their side effects or toxicities. Drug molecules often interact with multiple targets and the unintended drug-target interactions can cause side effects. Polypharmacology remains to be one of the major challenges in drug development, and it opens novel avenues to rationally design the next generation of more effective but less toxic therapeutic agents. Polypharmacology suggests that more effective drugs can be developed by specifically modulating multiple targets.

It is generally thought that complex diseases such as cancer and central nervous system diseases may require complex therapeutic approaches. In this respect, a drug that "hits" multiple sensitive nodes belonging to a network of interacting targets offers the potential for higher efficacy and may limit drawbacks generally arising from the use of a single-target drug or a combination of multiple drugs. In contrast, chemical biology continues to be a reductionist discipline, still regarding chemical probes as highly selective small molecules that enable the modulation and study of one specific target. Chemical biology cannot continue to overlook the existence of polypharmacologytext and its urge to become a more holistic discipline that looks at the use of tool compounds from a systems perspective. The use of chemoproteomics offers strategies to develop a more holistic understanding of the proteome-wide range of targets a drug interacts with.

The primordial idea of polypharmacology was first proposed in 2004 by Bryan Roth. He reasoned that most common central nervous system disorders are polygenic in origin, and attempts to develop more effective treatments for diseases such as schizophrenia and depression by discovering drugs selective for single molecular targets ('magic bullets') have been largely unsuccessful. He therefore proposed a proof of concept that designing selectively non-selective drugs (that is, 'magic shotguns') that interact with several molecular targets will lead to new and more effective medications for a variety of central nervous system disorders.

A similar concept was independently proposed in the year of 2006 by Professor Zhiguo Wang who used the term 'single agent–multiple targets' (SAMT) to describe the same principle as 'magic shotguns' and his research team provided the first experimental evidence for the feasibility, effectiveness and advantages of SAMT, specifically the 'complex decoy oligodeoxynucleotides technology cdODN' attacking multiple target transcription factors, in the treatment of xenograft breast cancer in mice. Subsequently, Wang's team extended the SAMT to designing single agent that can act on multiple miRNAs targeting cancer cells and cardiac pacemaker channel genes and calcium channel genes as a new therapeutic approach. Wang has published two monographs on polypharmacology:\<Polypharmacology: Principles and Methodologies\> and \<Anti-Aging Polypharmacology\> Wang's work is now categorized as 'Epigenetic Polypharmacology' or 'Targeted Polypharmacology', a branch of Polypharmacology. In 2008, Professor Keven Shokat and his colleagues described a single compound that blocks the proliferation of tumor cells by direct inhibition of oncogenic tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases and termed it 'multitargeted drug' along with the concept of 'Polypharmacology'. Since then, Polypharmacology has become a new branch of Pharmacology discipline and research field as well as one of the new direction and strategies for drug development.


title: Earl Hays Press

abstract: The Earl Hays Press is a Los Angeles company providing props to cinema and television productions. The company was established by Earl Hays in 1915 but in the 1960s was sold to employee Ralph Hernandez Senior whose descendants retain ownership. The company specialises in producing generic printed matters such as food packages, documents and advertisements to avoid intellectual property issues with real brands. Earl Hays produces a number of generic newspapers, often these include standard layouts on inside pages, one of which has been featured in hundreds of films and television series. Other notable products are "Morley" cigarette packets, in imitation of the Marlboro brand, and facsimile currency.

text:
# Earl Hays Press

The **Earl Hays Press** is a Los Angeles company providing props to cinema and television productions. The company was established by Earl Hays in 1915 but in the 1960s was sold to employee Ralph Hernandez Senior whose descendants retain ownership. The company specialises in producing generic printed matters such as food packages, documents and advertisements to avoid intellectual property issues with real brands. Earl Hays produces a number of generic newspapers, often these include standard layouts on inside pages, one of which has been featured in hundreds of films and television series. Other notable products are "Morley" cigarette packets, in imitation of the Marlboro brand, and facsimile currency.

## History

The company was founded by Earl Hays in 1915 to provide props to Hollywood, Los Angeles, productions. Hays had the idea for the company after making sketches of international vehicle license plates while travelling. By 1944 the business employed a press writer and four printers solely in manufacturing newspapers, magazines and other printed matter for movie studios. Ralph Hernandez Senior joined the firm in 1964 and by the end of the decade had purchased it from Hays. The press is located at a site near Hollywood Burbank Airport. Hernandez's son and grandchildren were also involved in the firm and, by 2023, his grandson Keith Hernandez owned the company. The 2023 Writers Guild of America strike has threatened the future of the business; while the company typically works on around 100 productions simultaneously, during the strike this was reduced to just 2-3. Hernandez has auctioned some of the company's historic rental stock to avoid redundancies.

## Products

The Earl Hays Press specialises in "insert printing", ephemera that adds realism to theatrical scenes such as food and beverage packages, menus, magazines, currency, documents, credit cards, DVD and record covers, comic books and advertisements. The company provides non-copyrighted versions of these for productions that cannot afford to or are unwilling to license real products. The company maintains a number of antique printing presses to provide authenticity to its products. In line with Earl Hays' original business the press offers a variety of US and international license plate designs. A stock of around 25,000 items is maintained.

A major product is newspapers tailored to the time period of the setting. The papers are produced with a number of titles and formats to imitate titles ranging from high-end financial papers to small local newspapers. Headlines can be customised to cover plotlines in the production but the article text is usually nonsense and pages are filled with generic photographs and headlines such as "Million Dollar Highway Repair Underway" and "New Government Tower Planned". Inside pages are often to a generic design and one particular layout, including the headline "She's 3rd Brightest But Hard Gal To See" and an image of a brunette woman in a sweater has been noticed in hundreds of films and television shows since the 1970s. A newspaper prop that was created by Earl Hays Press has been seen in many productions including, *Desperate Housewives, Modern Family, Married with Children, Scrubs, No Country for Old Men, Absolute Power*, and more.

The Earl Hays Press produces "Morley" cigarette packets. These resemble the copyrighted Marlboro brand and are smoked prominently by the Cigarette Smoking Man in *The X-Files*, Chandler Bing in *Friends* and Spike in *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*. The first known appearance of the Morley brand was in the 1960 film *Psycho*, they also appear in *The Twilight Zone*, *The Walking Dead*, *Malcolm in the Middle* and *Burn Notice*. The firm also produces bespoke publications such as the fake adult magazine *Playpen* that appears in *Friends*.

Earl Hays Press also produces fake money for use in productions. These are similar to regular US dollars but contain the signature of the graphic designer rather than the US Treasurer and all have the same serial number. The US Secret Service checks and approves the designs before production to ensure it is sufficiently different from currency in circulation. Despite following this protocol the bills provided by Earl Hays Press for the production of the 1965 film *The Cincinnati Kid* caused issues. The fake currency, including $100 bills, used in a poker scene were taken by crew members and distributed in the bars and clubs of New Orleans. The currency entered circulation across the world and the Secret Service required the Earl Hays Press to burn its remaining stock and original printing plates under their supervision.

## InfoBox

Earl Hays Press
| Industry | Printing<br>Cinema props |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1915 |
| Founder | Earl Hays |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles |