title: Prophetiae Merlini

abstract: The Prophetiæ Merlini is a Latin work of Geoffrey of Monmouth circulated, perhaps as a libellus or short work, from about 1130, and by 1135. Another name is Libellus Merlini. The work contains a number of prophecies attributed to Merlin, the wizard of legend, whose mythical life is often regarded as created by Geoffrey himself, although Geoffrey claims to have based the figure on older Brittonic traditions, some of which may have been oral but now are lost. The Prophetiae preceded Geoffrey's larger Historia Regum Britanniæ of c. 1136, and was mostly incorporated in it, in Book VII; the prophecies, however, were influential and widely circulated in their own right. According to Geoffrey, he was prompted by Alexander of Lincoln to produce this section of his larger work separately.

text:
# Prophetiae Merlini

The ***Prophetiæ Merlini*** is a Latin work of Geoffrey of Monmouth circulated, perhaps as a *libellus* or short work, from about 1130, and by 1135. Another name is ***Libellus Merlini***.

The work contains a number of prophecies attributed to Merlin, the wizard of legend, whose mythical life is often regarded as created by Geoffrey himself, although Geoffrey claims to have based the figure on older Brittonic traditions, some of which may have been oral but now are lost. The *Prophetiae* preceded Geoffrey's larger *Historia Regum Britanniæ* of c. 1136, and was mostly incorporated in it, in Book VII; the prophecies, however, were influential and widely circulated in their own right. According to Geoffrey, he was prompted by Alexander of Lincoln to produce this section of his larger work separately.

## Background

The *Prophetiæ* is in some ways dependent on the *De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniæ* of Gildas. From Gildas and Nennius Geoffrey took the figure of Ambrosius Aurelianus, who figures in the preface to the prophecies (under a variant name): there is then a confusion made between Ambrosius and Merlin, deliberately done.

When Geoffrey's *Historia* was largely translated by Wace into the *Roman de Brut*, he omitted the material on Merlin's prophecies, though he does profess knowledge of them. It was still read in Latin, but was displaced for readers in French, and then English, by other political prophecy.

This work not only launched Merlin as a character of Arthurian legend: it also created a distinctively English style of political prophecy, called *Galfridian*, in which animals represent particular political figures. Political prophecy in this style remained popular for at least 400 years. It was subversive, and the figure of the prophetic Merlin was strongly identified with it.

## Content and the character of Merlin

The *Prophetiae* is the work that introduced the character of Merlin (Merlinus), as he later appears in Arthurian legend. He mixes pagan and Christian elements. In this work Geoffrey drew from the established bardic tradition of prophetic writing attributed to the sage Myrddin, though his knowledge of Myrddin's story at this stage in his career appears to have been slight.

In the preface Vortigern asks Ambrosius (Merlin) to interpret the meaning of a vision. In it two dragons fought, one red and one white. Merlin replies that the Red Dragon meant the British race, the White Dragon the Saxons. The Saxons would be victorious. A long prophetic sequence forms the body of the work, relating mainly to the wars.

Many of its prophecies referring to historical and political events up to Geoffrey's lifetime can be identified – for example, the sinking of the *White Ship* in 1120, when William Adelin, son of Henry I, died.

Geoffrey apparently introduced the spelling "Merlin", derived from the Welsh "*Myrddin*". The Welsh scholar Rachel Bromwich observed that this "change from medial *dd* \> *l* is curious. It was explained by Gaston Paris as caused by the undesirable associations of the French word *merde*". Alternatively this may preserve the Breton or Cornish original to which he may have been referring; John of Cornwall's (1141–55) version is notable for its localisation in the southwestern region known to Gildas and Nennius as Dumnonia.

## Influence

The first work about the prophet Myrddin in a language other than Welsh, the *Prophetiae* was widely read — and believed — much as the prophecies of Nostradamus were centuries later; John Jay Parry and Robert Caldwell note that the *Prophetiae Merlini* "were taken most seriously, even by the learned and worldly wise, in many nations", and list examples of this credulity as late as 1445.

Ordericus Vitalis quoted from the *Prophetiae* around 1134–5. At much the same time, and in the same area, Abbot Suger copied some of the prophecies almost exactly in his *Life* of Louis the Fat, for the purpose of praising Henry I of England. In the 1140s or early 1150s John of Cornwall produced another work collecting prophecies, that drew on the *Prophetiae*. It contained elements from other sources, however, which predominate. This work was also named *Prophetiae Merlini*. Gunnlaugr Leifsson made an Icelandic translation of the prophecies, *Merlínússpá*. There is a 15th-century English manuscript commentary on Geoffrey's work.

In the 16th century the founding legends of British history came under strong criticism, in particular from Polydore Vergil. On the other hand, they had their defenders, and there was a revival of Arthurian lore with a Protestant slant, used in particular by John Dee to develop the concept of the British Empire in the New World. By the 17th century Geoffrey's history in general, and Merlin's prophecies in particular, had become largely discredited as fabrications, for example as attacked by William Perkins. But the politics of the Union of the Crowns of 1603 gave the prophecies a short new lease of life (see Jacobean debate on the Union). *The Whole Prophesie of Scotland* of that year treated Merlin's prophecies as authoritative. James Maxwell, a student of prophecy who put it to political use in the reign of James VI and I, distinguished between the Welsh and "Caledonian" Merlins.


title: Profundimitra abyssicola

abstract: Profundimitra abyssicola is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

text:
# Profundimitra abyssicola

***Profundimitra abyssicola*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 13 mm and 100 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Madagascar to Japan; off Northeast Australia and New Caledonia

* Poppe G.T. & Tagaro S.P. (2008). *Mitridae*. pp. 330–417, in: G.T. Poppe (ed.), Philippine marine mollusks, volume 2. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. 848 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Profundimitra abyssicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Genus: | *Profundimitra* |
| Species: | ***P. abyssicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Profundimitra abyssicola***<br>(Schepman, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cancilla abyssicola* (Schepman, 1911) * *Mitra abyssicola* Schepman, 1911 (original combination) * *Subcancilla abyssicola* (Schepman, 1911) * *Ziba abyssicola* (Schepman, 1911) * *Ziba osapiensis* Koperberg, 1931 | |


title: Pseudobathylagus

abstract: Pseudobathylagus milleri, the stout blacksmelt, also called the owlfish due to its large eyes relative to its body, is a species of deep-sea smelt native to the north Pacific Ocean where it is found to depths of 6,600 m (21,700 ft). This species grows to a length of 16.5 cm (6.5 in).

text:
# Pseudobathylagus

***Pseudobathylagus milleri***, the **stout blacksmelt**, also called the **owlfish** due to its large eyes relative to its body, is a species of deep-sea smelt native to the north Pacific Ocean where it is found to depths of 6,600 m (21,700 ft). This species grows to a length of 16.5 cm (6.5 in).

* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "*Pseudobathylagus milleri*". *FishBase*. February 2012 version.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudobathylagus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Argentiniformes |
| Family: | Bathylagidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudobathylagus*
Kobyliansky, 1986 |
| Species: | ***P. milleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudobathylagus milleri***
(D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1898) | |
|


title: Psednos argyrogaster

abstract: Psednos argyrogaster is a species of snailfish found in the south-western Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Psednos argyrogaster

***Psednos argyrogaster*** is a species of snailfish found in the south-western Pacific Ocean.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 7.4 cm (2.9 in).

## InfoBox

| *Psednos argyrogaster* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Liparidae |
| Genus: | *Psednos* |
| Species: | ***P. argyrogaster*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psednos argyrogaster***<br>Stein, 2012 | |
|


title: Przemysław Ereński

abstract: Przemysław Ereński is a Polish chess player.

text:
# Przemysław Ereński

**Przemysław Ereński** (born 7 March 1934) is a Polish chess player.

## Chess career

At the turn of the 1960s and 1970s, Przemysław Ereński was one of the leading Polish chess players in Fast chess, winning three medals in Polish Blitz Chess Championship: silver (Kraków \- 1969) and two bronze medals (Bydgoszcz \- 1971, and Łódź \- 1974). Przemysław Ereński is an eight-time medalist of Polish Blitz Chess Team Championships, including a gold medal (Lubliniec 1972). In the colors of the *Pocztowiec* chess club from Poznań he also won two bronze medals in Polish Team Championships (Wrocław 1969, Wisła 1971).

Przemysław Ereński is four-time medalist of the Polish Physicians Chess Championships: gold (2007), silver (2011) and bronze twice (2006, 2008).

## Private life

He is the elder brother of the first Polish Women Grandmaster (WGM) Hanna Ereńska-Barlo.

## InfoBox

| Przemysław Ereński | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Poland |
| Born | (1934-03-07) 7 March 1934<br>Wielichowo, Poland |
| Peak rating | 2275 (July 1985) |


title: Psittacastis argentata

abstract: Psittacastis argentata is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Brazil. The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are ferruginous with a whitish-grey ochreous streak from the costa near the base to a leaden spot above the dorsum at two-fifths, a greyish streak from the base along the fold to this. There is also an oblique trapezoidal blue-leaden-metallic patch resting on the middle of the costa, one angle reaching two-thirds across the wing, the other projecting near the costa posteriorly. There is an extremely fine very oblique leaden striga from the costa near beyond this to a very oblique blue-leaden striga in the disc at four-fifths, a blackish dash and some dark fuscous suffusion in the disc between this and the preceding patch, and some dark fuscous suffusion in the disc before the patch. There is also a streak of leaden suffusion along the posterior fourth of the fold and a fine blackish line towards the apex, as well as two small spots of bluish suffusion transversely placed above the tornus. The hindwings are dark grey.

text:
# Psittacastis argentata

***Psittacastis argentata*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Brazil.

The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are ferruginous with a whitish-grey ochreous streak from the costa near the base to a leaden spot above the dorsum at two-fifths, a greyish streak from the base along the fold to this. There is also an oblique trapezoidal blue-leaden-metallic patch resting on the middle of the costa, one angle reaching two-thirds across the wing, the other projecting near the costa posteriorly. There is an extremely fine very oblique leaden striga from the costa near beyond this to a very oblique blue-leaden striga in the disc at four-fifths, a blackish dash and some dark fuscous suffusion in the disc between this and the preceding patch, and some dark fuscous suffusion in the disc before the patch. There is also a streak of leaden suffusion along the posterior fourth of the fold and a fine blackish line towards the apex, as well as two small spots of bluish suffusion transversely placed above the tornus. The hindwings are dark grey.

## InfoBox

| *Psittacastis argentata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Psittacastis* |
| Species: | ***P. argentata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psittacastis argentata***<br>Meyrick, 1921 | |
|


title: Psittacanthus gigas

abstract: Psittacanthus gigas is a mistletoe native to Colombia. It was discovered in 1984 by Alwyn Gentry. It is most noteworthy for producing the largest leaves of any dicot shrub, with a blade or lamina up to 3.9 feet (120 cm) in length and 12 inches (30 cm) wide.

text:
# Psittacanthus gigas

***Psittacanthus gigas*** is a mistletoe (family Loranthaceae) native to Colombia. It was discovered in 1984 by Alwyn Gentry. It is most noteworthy for producing the largest leaves of any dicot shrub, with a blade or lamina up to 3.9 feet (120 cm) in length and 12 inches (30 cm) wide.

## InfoBox

| *Psittacanthus gigas* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Santalales |
| Family: | Loranthaceae |
| Genus: | *Psittacanthus* |
| Species: | ***P. gigas*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psittacanthus gigas***<br>Kuijt | |
|


title: Pseudhippopsis albolateralis

abstract: Pseudhippopsis albolateralis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

text:
# Pseudhippopsis albolateralis

***Pseudhippopsis albolateralis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudhippopsis albolateralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudhippopsis*** |
| Species: | ***P. albolateralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudhippopsis albolateralis***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|


title: Pseudhippopsis brunneipes

abstract: Pseudhippopsis brunneipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1914.

text:
# Pseudhippopsis brunneipes

***Pseudhippopsis brunneipes*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1914.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudhippopsis brunneipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudhippopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. brunneipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudhippopsis brunneipes***<br>Aurivillius, 1914 | |
|


title: Pseudotetracha blackburni

abstract: Pseudotetracha blackburni is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by Fleutiaux in 1895, and is endemic to Australia.

text:
# Pseudotetracha blackburni

***Pseudotetracha blackburni*** is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by Fleutiaux in 1895, and is endemic to Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotetracha blackburni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudotetracha* |
| Species: | ***P. blackburni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudotetracha blackburni***<br>(Fleutiaux, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Tetracha blackburni* Fleutiaux, 1895 *Megacephala blackburni* (Fleutiaux, 1895) | |


title: Pseudotetracha australis

abstract: Megacephala australis is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by Chaudoir in 1865, and is endemic to Australia.

text:
# Pseudotetracha australis

***Megacephala australis*** is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by Chaudoir in 1865, and is endemic to Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotetracha australis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudotetracha* |
| Species: | ***P. australis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudotetracha australis***<br>(Chaudoir, 1865) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Tetracha australis* Chaudoir, 1865 *Megacephala australis* (Chaudoir, 1865) | |


title: Pseudomyopia

abstract: Pseudomyopia occurs when a spasm of the ciliary muscle prevents the eye from focusing in the distance, sometimes intermittently; this is different from myopia which is caused by the eye's shape or other basic anatomy. Pseudomyopia may be either organic, through stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, or functional in origin, through eye strain or fatigue of ocular systems. It is common in young adults who have active accommodation, and classically occurs after a change in visual requirements, such as students preparing for an exam, or a change in occupation.

text:
# Pseudomyopia

**Pseudomyopia** (from *ψεῦδο*, "pseudo": false; and *μυωπία* "myopia": near sight) occurs when a spasm of the ciliary muscle prevents the eye from focusing in the distance, sometimes intermittently; this is different from myopia which is caused by the eye's shape or other basic anatomy. Pseudomyopia may be either organic, through stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, or functional in origin, through eye strain or fatigue of ocular systems. It is common in young adults who have active accommodation, and classically occurs after a change in visual requirements, such as students preparing for an exam, or a change in occupation.

## Signs and symptoms

The following symptoms may be seen in patients with pseudomyopia

* Blurring of distance vision: Intermittent blurring of distant vision after prolonged near work is the main symptom of pseudomyopia.
* Asthenopia
* Headache
* Eyestrain
* Photophobia
* Esotropia: Acute onset esotropia may occur in accommodative spasm, which is the common cause of pseudomyopia.
* Diplopia: Diplopia may occur due to esotropia or convergence spasm

The diagnosis is done by cycloplegic refraction using a strong cycloplegic like atropine or homatropine eye drops. Accommodative amplitude and facility may be reduced as a result of the ciliary muscle spasm.

There is a close correlation between unaided distance visual acuity and myopia; however, this correlation is not maintained in the presence of pseudomyopia, while pseudomyopia maybe presented as decrement of distance visual acuity.

## Treatment

Treatment is dependent on the underlying aetiology. Organic causes may include systemic or ocular medications, brain stem injury, or active ocular inflammation such as uveitis. Functional pseudomyopia is managed though modification of working conditions, an updated refraction, typically involving a reduction of a myopic prescription to some lower myopic prescription, or through appropriate ocular exercises.

## InfoBox

| Pseudomyopia | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology Optometry |
| Symptoms | Blurring of vision, asthenopia |


title: Pterognathia

abstract: Pterognathia is a genus of worms belonging to the family Pterognathiidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

text:
# Pterognathia

***Pterognathia*** is a genus of worms belonging to the family Pterognathiidae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Pterognathia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Gnathostomulida |
| Order: | Filospermoidea |
| Family: | Pterognathiidae |
| Genus: | *Pterognathia*<br>Sterrer, 1966 |
|


title: Pterogonium

abstract:
Pterogonium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Leucodontaceae. The species of this genus are found in Eurasia, Africa and Northern America. Species:
  - Pterogonium ambiguum Hook.
  - Pterogonium apiculatum (Brid.) Schwägr.

text:
# Pterogonium

***Pterogonium*** is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Leucodontaceae.

The species of this genus are found in Eurasia, Africa and Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Pterogonium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Bryidae |
| Order: | Hypnales |
| Family: | Leucodontaceae |
| Genus: | *Pterogonium*<br>Sm. |
|


title: Psilocybe washingtonensis

abstract: Psilocybe washingtonensis is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It is similar in appearance to Psilocybe pelliculosa and P. silvatica, and a microscope is needed to reliably distinguish between them.

text:
# Psilocybe washingtonensis

***Psilocybe washingtonensis*** is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It is similar in appearance to *Psilocybe pelliculosa* and *P. silvatica*, and a microscope is needed to reliably distinguish between them.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith in 1946. He collected the type specimen in Olympic National Park in Washington in 1941, at an elevation of 2,500 feet (760 m). Mycologist Gastón Guzmán classified it in the section *Singeria* of *Psilocybe*.

## Description

The cap is obtusely conic to convex, and does not expand to become flattened with age; it reaches 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) in diameter. Its margin is bent in slightly at first but soon straightens. The cap surface is smooth except for a faint fringe at the margin from a rudimentary veil, sticky, hygrophanous but opaque when moist, deep brown in the center and somewhat darker brown near the margin. As the mushroom matures, it fades slowly in the center to a dull cinnamon color. The pellicle rips into shreds when peeled. The pliant flesh is thin, 2 mm in the center of the cap and tapered evenly to the margin. The cap surface is covered with grayish fibrils; underneath the fibrils the color is initially the same as the cap, but becomes blackish-brown in age at the base or over lower parts. The gills are slightly darker than the cap in color, broadly adnate, but develop a slight decurrent tooth in age (when the gill separates slightly from the stem). The gills are broad (about 3 mm), with a close to subdistant spacing. Roughly 24 gills reach the cap edge from the stem; there are additionally 2 or three tiers of *lamellulae*—short gills that do not extend completely from the stem to the cap edge. The stem is 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) long by 1.5–2.5 mm thick, and equal in width throughout its length. It is attached to its substrate (wood or sticks) by a grayish mat of mycelium. It is not known if the mushroom contains psychoactive compounds like psilocybin or psilocin.

The spore print is purple-brown. The spores are ellipsoid to slightly egg-shaped, smooth, and measure 6.3–7.5 by 3.8–4.5 μm. The spores have an apical pore, but it is small and inconspicuous. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, narrowly club-shaped to somewhat cylindrical, and measure 18–24 by 5–6 μm. *P. washingtonensis* has scattered to abundant pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) that typically measure 38–56 by 9–12 μm. There are two forms of cheilocystidia (cystidia in the gill edge): one is fusoid-ventricose (distinctly enlarged in the middle and tapered toward both ends) with blunt to somewhat sharp apices, often covered with mucilage, and measures 26–38 by 7–11 μm; the other is broadly club-shaped to capitate (with a distinct spherical tip), and measures 26 by 10–12 μm.

### Similar species

Other than differences in spore color, *P. washingtonensis* is similar in appearance to *Kuehneromyces vernalis*. Stamets has noted a resemblance to *Hypholoma udum* and *H. dispersum*. *P. washingtonensis* may be distinguished from *P. pelliculosa* by the presence of pleurocystidia.

## Habitat and distribution

*Psilocybe washingtonensis* grows scattered or in groups on decaying conifer wood in forests. The species is only known from Washington state and from northern Oregon, near Welches.

## InfoBox

| *Psilocybe washingtonensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | *Psilocybe* |
| Species: | ***P. washingtonensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psilocybe washingtonensis***<br>A.H.Sm. (1946) | |
|


title: Puerto Rico Highway 385

abstract: Puerto Rico Highway 385 (PR-385) is a tertiary state highway in Peñuelas, Puerto Rico. At its northern terminus it connects with PR-132, in the town of Peñuelas, and at its southern terminus it connects to PR-2, near the Caribbean Sea. Both terminus and the entire length of the road are all within the municipality of Peñuelas.

text:
# Puerto Rico Highway 385

**Puerto Rico Highway 385** (**PR-385**) is a tertiary state highway in Peñuelas, Puerto Rico. At its northern terminus it connects with PR-132, in the town of Peñuelas, and at its southern terminus it connects to PR-2, near the Caribbean Sea. Both terminus and the entire length of the road are all within the municipality of Peñuelas.

## Major intersections

The entire route is located in Peñuelas.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| EncarnaciónTallaboa Poniente line | 5.30 | 3.29 | PR-127 Ponce, Guayanilla | Southern terminus of PR-385 |
| Tallaboa Saliente | 4.7–
4.5 | 2.9–
2.8 | PR-2 (Expreso Roberto Sánchez Vilella) Ponce, Guayanilla | PR-2 exit 213; partial cloverleaf interchange |
| | 2.5 | 1.6 | PR-384 Tallaboa Poniente |  |
| Cuebas | 0.4 | 0.25 | PR-390 Cuebas |  |
| | 0.0 | 0.0 | PR-132 Peñuelas, Ponce | Northern terminus end of PR-385 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Highway 385 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ruta 385* | |
| *Desvío Ángel Miguel Candelario Arce* | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Puerto Rico DTPW | |
| Length | 5.30 km (3.29 mi) |
| Existed | 1953–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | PR-127 in EncarnaciónTallaboa Poniente |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | PR-132 in Cuebas |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Territory | Puerto Rico |
| Municipalities | Peñuelas |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PR-366   PR-413 | |


title: Protolophus

abstract:
Protolophus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Protolophidae from the Western US. ITIS Taxonomic note:
  - While Protolophidae has been nested within Sclerosomatidae by some workers, it has been traditionally recognized as a separate family; although a recent treatment does not recognize the family Protolophidae, others do.

text:
# Protolophus

***Protolophus*** is a genus of harvestmen in the family Protolophidae from the Western US.

ITIS Taxonomic note:

* While Protolophidae has been nested within Sclerosomatidae by some workers, it has been traditionally recognized as a separate family (Giribet et al., 2010); although a recent treatment (Kury in Zhang, 2013) does not recognize the family Protolophidae, others do (Hedin et al., 2012; Kury website 'Classification of Opiliones' (2014)).

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Protolophus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Protolophus sp.* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Family: | Protolophidae |
| Genus: | *Protolophus*<br>Banks, 1893 |
|


title: Public School No. 60

abstract: Public School No. 60, also known as Riverside Academy, is a historic school building located in the Riverside neighborhood of Buffalo, Erie County, New York. The original section was built in 1897, and is a three-story, 12 bay, "I"-plan red brick building with Renaissance Revival detailing. It sits on a raised basement and features polychrome, stepped façade, quoining, and classical entrances. A substantial three-story rear addition was built in 1922 and includes an auditorium. The building has been converted to accommodate 68 units of affordable housing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

text:
# Public School No. 60

**Public School No. 60**, also known as Riverside Academy, is a historic school building located in the Riverside neighborhood of Buffalo, Erie County, New York. The original section was built in 1897, and is a three-story, 12 bay, "I"-plan red brick building with Renaissance Revival detailing. It sits on a raised basement and features polychrome, stepped façade, quoining, and classical entrances. A substantial three-story rear addition was built in 1922 and includes an auditorium. The building has been converted to accommodate 68 units of affordable housing.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Public School No. 60 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Public School No. 60, October 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | 238 Ontario St., Buffalo, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°57′04″N 78°54′12″W / 42.95111°N 78.90333°W / 42.95111; -78.90333 |
| Area | 2.03 acres (0.82 ha) |
| Built | 1897 (1897), 1922 |
| Built by | John W. Cowper Co. |
| Architect | Carl Schmill; William B. Ittner & the Buffalo Assoc. Architects |
| Architectural style | Renaissance |
| NRHP reference No. | 14000489 |
| Added to NRHP | August 18, 2014 |


title: Public School Number Two

abstract: Public School Number Two is located in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1978.

text:
# Public School Number Two

**Public School Number Two** is located in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1978.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Public School Number Two | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Mill and Passaic Streets, Paterson, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°54′55″N 74°10′38″W / 40.91528°N 74.17722°W / 40.91528; -74.17722 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Built | 1871 |
| Architect | Derrick, E.J.M. |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 78001790 |
| NJRHP No. | 2391 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 8, 1978 |
| Designated NJRHP | October 28, 1977 |


title: Public School No. 99

abstract: Public School No. 4, also known as Columbus School, is a historic elementary school located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story Romanesque Revival styled structure constructed in 1891 and expanded in 1905 and 1912. It features a three-story central square tower with pyramidal roof and a flanking pair of cylindrical corner towers with conical roofs. The structure was used as the South Clifton Park Community Center. Public School No.4 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The building has been converted to apartments.

text:
# Public School No. 99

**Public School No. 4** , also known as Columbus School, is a historic elementary school located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story Romanesque Revival styled structure constructed in 1891 and expanded in 1905 and 1912. It features a three-story central square tower with pyramidal roof and a flanking pair of cylindrical corner towers with conical roofs. The structure was used as the South Clifton Park Community Center.

Public School No.4 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

The building has been converted to apartments.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Public School No. 99 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | E. North Ave. and N. Washington St., Baltimore, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°18′46″N 76°35′25″W / 39.31278°N 76.59028°W / 39.31278; -76.59028 |
| Area | 0.8 acres (0.32 ha) |
| Built | 1891 (1891) |
| Architect | Brown, A.S. |
| Architectural style | Romanesque |
| NRHP reference No. | 79001113 |
| Added to NRHP | September 25, 1979 |


title: Pterostylis curta

abstract: Pterostylis curta, commonly known as the blunt greenhood, is a species of orchid found in south-eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia. It has a rosette of leaves at its base and a single white and green, forward leaning flower with a brown tip and a twisted labellum.

text:
# Pterostylis curta

***Pterostylis curta***, commonly known as the **blunt greenhood**, is a species of orchid found in south-eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia. It has a rosette of leaves at its base and a single white and green, forward leaning flower with a brown tip and a twisted labellum.

## Description

*Pterostylis curta* has a rosette of between two and six egg-shaped to elliptic leaves, each leaf 20–100 mm (0.8–4 in) long and 10–30 mm (0.4–1 in) wide. The leaves are dark green, have a distinct petiole and sometimes a wavy edge. A single white and green flower with a brown tip is borne on a flowering spike 100–300 mm (4–10 in) high, the flower leaning forwards. The flowers are 28–35 mm (1.1–1.4 in) long, 11–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) wide. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused to form a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal and petals are a similar length and end in a blunt tip. There is a wide gap at each side of the flower between the petals and lateral sepals. The lateral sepals are erect, about the same length as the galea, 10–18 mm (0.4–0.7 in) long and there is a broad V-shaped sinus between them. The labellum is 17–22 mm (0.7–0.9 in) long, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide, brown, twisted to one side and just visible above the sinus. Flowering occurs from July to October.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Pterostylis curta* was first described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in *Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen*. The specific epithet (*curta*) means "short".

## Distribution and habitat

The blunt greenhood is widespread and common in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, growing in moist places in heath, scrub, woodland and forest. It also occurs on Lord Howe Island and in New Caledonia but is rare in South Australia.

## Use in horticulture

*Pterostylis curta* has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is easily grown in pots containing a free-draining, sandy mix. The plants require regular watering during their growing period, to be kept dry during dormancy and to be repotted annually.

## InfoBox

| Blunt greenhood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Genus: | *Pterostylis* |
| Species: | ***P. curta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostylis curta***<br>R.Br. | |
|


title: Pterostylis despectans

abstract: Pterostylis despectans, commonly known as the lowly rustyhood, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a rosette of leaves at its base and up to six flowers on long stalks, branching off a short flowering stem. The flowers have an insect-like labellum and often touch the ground.

text:
# Pterostylis despectans

***Pterostylis despectans***, commonly known as the **lowly rustyhood**, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a rosette of leaves at its base and up to six flowers on long stalks, branching off a short flowering stem. The flowers have an insect-like labellum and often touch the ground.

## Description

*Pterostylis despectans*, is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. It has a rosette of between six and ten leaves at the base of the flowering spike, each leaf 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) long and 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide. The leaves are often withered by the time of flowering. Up to six translucent flowers with green and brown markings and 30–38 mm (1.2–1.5 in) long, 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide are borne on a flowering spike 30–50 mm (1–2 in) tall. Each flower is carried on the end of a long, thin stalk. Three or four papery bracts are wrapped around the flowering spike. The dorsal sepal and petals are joined to form a hood called the "galea" over the column with the dorsal sepal having a thread-like tip 10–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long. The lateral sepals are slightly wider than the galea and often touch the ground. They are shallowly dished, densely hairy on their outer edges and suddenly taper to a thread-like tip, 20–26 mm (0.8–1 in). The labellum is brown to green, thin and insect-like, about 5 mm (0.2 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) wide. The "head" end has two long bristles and there are up to 10 to 16 shorter bristles on the side. Flowering occurs from November to December.

## Taxonomy and naming

The lowly greenhood was first formally described in 1950 by William Nicholls who gave it the name *Pterostylis rufa* var. *despectans* and published the description in *The Victorian Naturalist*. The type specimen was collected near Maryborough in Victoria. In 1989, Mark Clements and David Jones raised it to species status.

## Distribution and habitat

*Pterostylis despectans* has a restricted distribution in each of the three Australian states in which it occurs. In New South Wales there is only a single population growing in grassland near Moama in the Riverina district. In Victoria it grows in forest near Maryborough, grassland near Bendigo and woodland near Horsham and in South Australia in parts of the Northern Lofty flora region.

## Conservation

*Pterostylis despectans* is classified as "endangered" under the Victorian Government *Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988*, "critically endangered" in New South Wales, "endangered" in South Australia and as "endangered" (EN) under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The main threats to this species are habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species and low reproduction rates.

## InfoBox

| Lowly rustyhood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pterostylis despectans* growing near Inglewood in Victoria | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (EPBC Act) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Genus: | *Pterostylis* |
| Species: | ***P. despectans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostylis despectans***
Nicholls | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Pterostylis diminuta

abstract: Pterostylis diminuta, commonly known as the small-flowered leafy greenhood, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Victoria. As with similar greenhoods, the flowering plants differ from those that are not flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground but the flowering plants have up to twelve small, partly green, partly translucent flowers and lack a rosette.

text:
# Pterostylis diminuta

***Pterostylis diminuta***, commonly known as the **small-flowered leafy greenhood**, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Victoria. As with similar greenhoods, the flowering plants differ from those that are not flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground but the flowering plants have up to twelve small, partly green, partly translucent flowers and lack a rosette.

## Description

*Pterostylis diminuta*, is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of between three and six, egg-shaped leaves, each leaf 15–25 mm (0.6–1 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. Flowering plants lack a rosette but have up to twelve flowers on a flowering spike 80–400 mm (3–20 in) high with four to seven linear to lance-shaped stem leaves that are 15–80 mm (0.6–3 in) long and 2–4 mm (0.08–0.2 in) wide. The flowers are 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) long, 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide. The dorsal sepal and petals are joined to form a hood called the "galea" over the column. The galea is dark green with translucent "windows" and a brownish, tapered tip. The lateral sepals turn downwards and are 8–11 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide and joined for about half their length. The labellum is 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, about 2 mm (0.08 in) wide and brownish with a dark stripe along its mid-line. Flowering occurs from September to November.

## Taxonomy and naming

The small-flowered leafy greenhood was first formally described in 2006 by David Jones and Mark Clements and given the name *Bunochilus diminutus*. The description was published in *Australian Orchid Research* from a specimen collected in the Deep Lead Reserve near Stawell. In 2007, Gary Backhouse changed the name to *Pterostylis diminuta*. The specific epithet (*diminuta*) is from "the Latin *diminutus*, diminished, made small, in reference to the smaller flowers and floral parts of this species when compared with *B. melagrammus*" (*Pterostylis melagramma*).

## Distribution and habitat

*Pterostylis diminuta* occurs in grassy or shrubby woodland and forest between Ballarat and the Grampians in Victoria.

## InfoBox

| Small-flowered leafy greenhood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pterostylis diminuta* growing in the northern Grampians | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Genus: | *Pterostylis* |
| Species: | ***P. diminuta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostylis diminuta***<br>(D.L.Jones) G.N.Backh. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Bunochilus diminutus* D.L.Jones | |


title: Pterostylis daintreana

abstract: Pterostylis daintreana, commonly known as Daintree's greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves on short stalks but flowering plants have up to ten flowers with rosettes on the side of the flowering spike. The flowers are translucent white with dark green lines and long, downcurved lateral sepals.

text:
# Pterostylis daintreana

***Pterostylis daintreana***, commonly known as **Daintree's greenhood**, is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves on short stalks but flowering plants have up to ten flowers with rosettes on the side of the flowering spike. The flowers are translucent white with dark green lines and long, downcurved lateral sepals.

## Description

*Pterostylis daintreana* is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of between three and ten egg-shaped to heart-shaped leaves 6–24 mm (0.2–0.9 in) long and 4–13 mm (0.2–0.5 in) wide. Flowering plants have a one or two rosettes on the side of the flowering stem 100–300 mm (4–10 in) high with between three and ten flowers and three to five stem leaves. The flowers are 14–17 mm (0.6–0.7 in) long and 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide and translucent white with dark green markings. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal has a thread-like tip 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long. The lateral sepals are joined near their bases then curve downwards with narrow ends 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) long and parallel to each other. The labellum is about 4 mm (0.2 in) long, 2 mm (0.08 in) wide and dark brown with two large side lobes. Flowering occurs from January to July.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Pterostylis daintreana* was first formally described in 1873 by George Bentham, assisted by Ferdinand von Mueller, from a specimen collected by Richard Daintree near Sydney. The description was published in *Flora Australiensis*. The specific epithet (*daintreana*) honours the collector of the type specimen.

## Distribution and habitat

Daintree's greenhood grows on the coast and tablelands of New South Wales and southern Queensland among small shrubs or on mossy rocks.

## InfoBox

| Daintree's greenhood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pterostylis daintreana* in Vincentia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Genus: | *Pterostylis* |
| Species: | ***P. daintreana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostylis daintreana***<br>F.Muell. ex Benth. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Purine nucleosidase

abstract:
In enzymology, a purine nucleosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - a purine nucleoside + H2O ⇌ D-ribose + a purine base Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are purine nucleoside and H2O, whereas its two products are D-ribose and purine base. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is purine-nucleoside ribohydrolase. Other names in common use include nucleosidase, purine beta-ribosidase, purine nucleoside hydrolase, purine ribonucleosidase, ribonucleoside hydrolase, nucleoside hydrolase, N-ribosyl purine ribohydrolase, nucleosidase g, N-D-ribosylpurine ribohydrolase, inosine-adenosine-guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase, purine-specific nucleoside N-ribohydrolase, IAG-nucleoside hydrolase, and IAG-NH. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism.

text:
# Purine nucleosidase

In enzymology, a **purine nucleosidase** (EC 3.2.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

a purine nucleoside + H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ D-ribose + a purine base

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are purine nucleoside and H2O, whereas its two products are D-ribose and purine base.

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **purine-nucleoside ribohydrolase**. Other names in common use include **nucleosidase**, **purine beta-ribosidase**, **purine nucleoside hydrolase**, **purine ribonucleosidase**, **ribonucleoside hydrolase**, **nucleoside hydrolase**, **N-ribosyl purine ribohydrolase**, **nucleosidase g**, **N-D-ribosylpurine ribohydrolase**, **inosine-adenosine-guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase**, **purine-specific nucleoside N-ribohydrolase**, **IAG-nucleoside hydrolase**, and **IAG-NH**. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 11 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1EZR, 1HOZ, 1HP0, 1KIC, 1KIE, 1MAS, 1R4F, 2C40, 2FF1, 2FF2, and 2MAS.

## InfoBox

| purine nucleosidase | |
| --- | --- |
| Purine nucleosidase tetramer, Saccharolobus solfataricus | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.2.2.1 |
| CAS no. | 9025-44-9 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Pterocerina nigripes

abstract: Pterocerina nigripes is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Pterocerina of the family Ulidiidae.

text:
# Pterocerina nigripes

***Pterocerina nigripes*** is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus *Pterocerina* of the family Ulidiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Pterocerina nigripes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ulidiidae |
| Genus: | *Pterocerina* |
| Species: | ***P. nigripes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterocerina nigripes***<br>Hendel, 1909 | |
|


title: Pterocerina pallidibasis

abstract: Pterocerina pallidibasis is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Pterocerina of the family Ulidiidae.

text:
# Pterocerina pallidibasis

***Pterocerina pallidibasis*** is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus *Pterocerina* of the family Ulidiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Pterocerina pallidibasis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ulidiidae |
| Genus: | *Pterocerina* |
| Species: | ***P. pallidibasis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterocerina pallidibasis***<br>Curran, 1934 | |
|


title: Pyaara Dushman (1955 film)

abstract: Pyaara Dushman is a 1955 Bollywood film.

text:
# Pyaara Dushman (1955 film)

***Pyaara Dushman*** is a 1955 Bollywood film.

## Soundtrack

1. "Aa Tujhko Bulaye Ye Pyasi Nigahe" - Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
2. "Ye Duniya Hai Aani Jani" - Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
3. "Ye Duniya Hai Aani Jani" - Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
4. "Mehanga Ho Ya Sasta Ho Par Sauda Kar Lo Pyar Ka" - Mohammed Rafi
5. "Dil Le Ke Dil Ki Duniya Mita Di" - Asha Bhosle
6. "Jine Wale Tu Agar Marne Se Darta" - Mohammed Rafi
7. "Pyaar Kiya Nahi Jata Ho Jata Hai" - Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle

## InfoBox

| Pyaara Dushman | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring | Nadira
Sulochana
Kumkum |
| Music by | Nisar Bazmi |
| Release date | * 1955 (1955) |


title: Pyramidobela quinquecristata

abstract: Pyramidobela quinquecristata is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found in the mountains around the margins of the Great Basin in North America. The length of the forewings is 8.2–9.2 mm (0.32–0.36 in). The ground color of the forewings is dark brown, longitudinally streaked with blackish and ochreous, varying in density and ill-defined except on the veins in the terminal area. The ground color of the hindwings is pale gray-brown, but slightly darker toward the apex. Adults are on wing in June and from August to early September. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Penstemon species, including Penstemon confertus and Penstemon deustus.

text:
# Pyramidobela quinquecristata

***Pyramidobela quinquecristata*** is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is found in the mountains around the margins of the Great Basin in North America.

The length of the forewings is 8.2–9.2 mm (0.32–0.36 in). The ground color of the forewings is dark brown, longitudinally streaked with blackish and ochreous, varying in density and ill-defined except on the veins in the terminal area. The ground color of the hindwings is pale gray-brown, but slightly darker toward the apex. Adults are on wing in June (in British Columbia) and from August to early September (in California).

The larvae have been recorded feeding on *Penstemon* species, including *Penstemon confertus* and *Penstemon deustus*.

## InfoBox

| *Pyramidobela quinquecristata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Pyramidobela* |
| Species: | ***P. quinquecristata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyramidobela quinquecristata***<br>(Braun, 1921) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Enicostoma quinquecristata*  Braun, 1921 | |


title: Pyramidographia

abstract: The Pyramidographia was a seminal historical book written by the English author John Greaves in the year 1646 about the Pyramids of Giza.

text:
# Pyramidographia

The ***Pyramidographia*** was a seminal historical book written by the English author John Greaves in the year 1646 about the Pyramids of Giza.

## InfoBox

Pyramidographia
| Author | John Greaves |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Subject | History |
| Publisher | George Badger |
| Publication date | 1646 |
| Publication place | Kingdom of England |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |


abstract: Pursuit of the Sun & Allure of the Earth is the first full-length album and second studio release by the Canadian black metal band Woods of Ypres. It was recorded in 2004 at Spectre Sound in Tecumseh, Ontario. This marked Woods of Ypres' first release with David Gold on vocals and guitar as well as drums, along with the first appearance of keyboardist Jessica Rose. Steve Jones and Connor Sharpe supplied most of the lead guitar and bass work for this album, but were uncredited in the album booklet due to leaving Woods of Ypres before its release. Four songs from this album were later re-issued in Woods of Ypres' 2009 compilation CD Independent Nature 2002-2007. That same year, the band re-released their song Allure of the Earth from this album as a vinyl-only single, accompanied by a cover of it by Australian cellists Sebastian Simpson and Chris Doig. Songs from this album were not a frequent sight at recent Woods of Ypres concerts. Only "The Sun Was in My Eyes" has been documented as a full setlist addition since 2009, though shortened versions of "Summer's Envy" and "The Ghosts of Summers Past" have been played in a medley style occasionally in the band's later years.

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# Pursuit of the Sun & Allure of the Earth

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Chronicles of Chaos | 4/10 |
| Sputnikmusic |  |

***Pursuit of the Sun & Allure of the Earth*** is the first full-length album and second studio release by the Canadian black metal band Woods of Ypres. It was recorded in 2004 at Spectre Sound in Tecumseh, Ontario. This marked Woods of Ypres' first release with David Gold on vocals and guitar as well as drums, along with the first appearance of keyboardist Jessica Rose. Steve Jones and Connor Sharpe supplied most of the lead guitar and bass work for this album, but were uncredited in the album booklet due to leaving Woods of Ypres before its release.

Four songs from this album were later re-issued in Woods of Ypres' 2009 compilation CD *Independent Nature 2002-2007*. That same year, the band re-released their song *Allure of the Earth* from this album as a vinyl-only single, accompanied by a cover of it by Australian cellists Sebastian Simpson and Chris Doig.

Songs from this album were not a frequent sight at recent Woods of Ypres concerts. Only "The Sun Was in My Eyes (Part I)" has been documented as a full setlist addition since 2009, though shortened versions of "Summer's Envy" and "The Ghosts of Summers Past" have been played in a medley style occasionally in the band's later years.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by David Gold

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro: The Looming of Dust in the Dark (& the Illumination)" | 2:49 |
| 2. | "The Will to Give" | 7:35 |
| 3. | "The Sun Was in My Eyes (Part One)" | 6:29 |
| 4. | "The Sun Was in My Eyes (Part Doom)" | 7:13 |
| 5. | "Allure of the Earth" | 6:20 |
| 6. | "Shedding the Deadwood" | 5:23 |
| 7. | "Dragged Across a Forest Floor" | 9:19 |
| 8. | "Summer's Envy" | 4:44 |
| 9. | "The Ghosts of Summer's Past" | 5:55 |
| 10. | "Outro: The End of August" | 5:24 |
| Total length: | | 61:11 |

## Personnel

Woods of Ypres * David Gold – vocals, drums, guitars, bass
* Jessica Rose – keyboard
* Steve Jones – guitar
* Connor Sharpe – bass

Additional personnel * Sarah Green – backing vocals on "The Ghosts of Summers Past" and "Outro: The End of August"
* Glenn Fricker – Engineer

## InfoBox

| Pursuit of the Sun
& Allure of the Earth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Woods of Ypres | |
| Released | August 14, 2004 |
| Recorded | April–July 2004 |
| Studio | Spectre Sound Studios in Tecumseh, Ontario |
| Genre | Melodic black metal, doom metal, neofolk |
| Length | 61:11 |
| Label | Krankenhaus Records |
| Producer | Glenn Fricker |
| Woods of Ypres chronology | |
| *Against the Seasons: Cold Winter Songs from the Dead Summer Heat*
(2002) ***Pursuit of the Sun
& Allure of the Earth***
(2004) *Woods III: The Deepest Roots and Darkest Blues*
(2008) | |


title: Purna Wildlife Sanctuary

abstract: Purna Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in the Western Ghats mountain range, in the States of Gujarat and Maharashtra, India. In the South Gujarat, it is located between Vyara, Tapi District and Ahwa, Dang District, and in Maharashtra, it is located in Nandurbar District. Apart from the Dangs' District, it is a part of the Northern Division of the Dangs' Forest. It was declared a sanctuary in July 1990. It derives its name from the Purna River, which flows through it.

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# Purna Wildlife Sanctuary

**Purna Wildlife Sanctuary** is a wildlife sanctuary in the Western Ghats mountain range, in the States of Gujarat and Maharashtra, India. In the South Gujarat, it is located between Vyara, Tapi District and Ahwa, Dang District, and in Maharashtra, it is located in Nandurbar District. Apart from the Dangs' District, it is a part of the Northern Division of the Dangs' Forest.

It was declared a sanctuary in July 1990. It derives its name from the Purna River, which flows through it.

## Geography and climate

The sanctuary has thick forest cover of teak and bamboo. It has a tropical climate with moderate to heavy rainfall. The average rainfall received by this region is about 2500mm.

Three distinct climatic seasons are noted: winter, summer and monsoon. Winter is from middle of November to end of February and the average temperature recorded during the coldest month of January is 10 °C (50 °F). Summer is from March to end of May when the temperature range is 35–40 °C (95–104 °F). Monsoon season sets in the middle of June or early July and lasts till September.

A popular time to visit the sanctuary is early winter when the river and rivulets are full of fresh water. The nearest large city, Surat, is 100 kilometres (62 mi) away. Surat has an airport which provides links with the rest of the country. Vyara is the nearest railway station, which is 20 kilometres (12 mi) away.

In a view to develop eco-tourism, the Government of Gujarat maintains Mahal Campsite in this sanctuary.

## Fauna and flora

The sanctuary is within the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests' ecoregion.

There are about 700 species of plants and trees.

Some of the wild animals found here are the leopard, rhesus macaque, bonnet macaque, common mongoose, Indian civet cat, Indian porcupine, four-horned antelope, barking deer, sambar, chital, hyena, and jungle cat. As with Vansda National Park, which is in Navsari District and the Dangs' Forest, and Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, which Narmada District shares with the State of Maharashtra, the Bengal tiger is reportedly extinct in this area, but the place where Gujarat borders the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra has tigers, nevertheless, making the Dangs Forest a potential habitat of the tiger.

Between 1999 and 2003, 139 bird species were recorded here. Some of the birds found here are common grey hornbills, grey jungle fowl, barbets, woodpeckers, shrikes, leafbirds, bee-eaters, flycatchers, forest owlets and raptors.

As recorded in 2000-2001 the sanctuary is home for 116 species of spiders.

## InfoBox

| Purna Wildlife Sanctuary Purna Wildlife Sanctuary | |
| --- | --- |
| Wildlife Sanctuary | |
| Purna River from Campsite
Wildlife Sanctuary named after Purna River | |
| Purna Wildlife SanctuaryLocation in Gujarat, IndiaPurna Wildlife SanctuaryPurna Wildlife Sanctuary (India) | |
| Coordinates: 20°55′N 73°42′E / 20.91°N 73.7°E / 20.91; 73.7 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Dang District, India |
| Purna Wildlife Sanctuary | July 1990 |
| Area | |
| Total | 160.84 km2 (62.10 sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Gujarati, Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | GJ30 |
| Nearest city | Vyara |
| Governing body | Government of India, Government of Gujarat |


title: Puszcza Solska Landscape Park

abstract: Puszcza Solska Landscape Park, also known as Solska Forest Landscape Park, is a Polish Landscape Park protected area in southeastern Poland. Established in 1988, the nature park protects an area of 289.80 square kilometres (111.89 sq mi). Puszcza Solska contains several distinct nature reserves for wildlife preservation, including Czartowe Pole, Nad Tanwią, Szum, Bukowy Las, Obary, and Przecinka. There are three separate and protected zones, including the Solska Wilderness Area.

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# Puszcza Solska Landscape Park

**Puszcza Solska Landscape Park**, also known as **Solska Forest Landscape Park** (*Park Krajobrazowy Puszczy Solskiej*), is a Polish Landscape Park protected area in southeastern Poland. Established in 1988, the nature park protects an area of 289.80 square kilometres (111.89 sq mi).

Puszcza Solska contains several distinct nature reserves for wildlife preservation, including Czartowe Pole, Nad Tanwią, Szum, Bukowy Las, Obary, and Przecinka. There are three separate and protected zones, including the Solska Wilderness Area.

## Geography

The parkland of Puszcza Solska stretches across seven municipalities in three counties of two provinces of Poland. Within the Lublin Province this includes the municipalities of Aleksandrów, Józefów, Łukowa, and Obsza in Biłgoraj County and the municipality of Susiec in Tomaszów Lubelski County. Within the Podkarpackie Province this includes the municipalities of Cieszanów and Narol in Lubaczów County.

50°23′N 23°06′E / 50.383°N 23.100°E / 50.383; 23.100

## InfoBox

| Puszcza Solska Landscape Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Park Krajobrazowy Puszczy Solskiej | |
| IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
| Nad Tanwią nature reserve | |
| Location | Lublin Voivodeship, and
Podkarpackie Voivodeship (Subcarpathian Voivodeship),
southeastern Poland |
| Area | 289.80 km2 |
| Established | 1988 |


title: For America

abstract: "For America" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Jackson Browne from his 1986 album Lives in the Balance. Released as the first single from the album, it reached No. 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, spending 12 weeks on that chart after debuting at No. 72, and peaked at No. 3 on the Mainstream Rock chart, making it his last top 40 hit in the United States. It was also released as a single in the United Kingdom, as an EP in Germany, and as a promotional issue in Spain and Japan. A Statue of Liberty-shaped vinyl picture disc single was also released by Asylum in 1986, manufactured in the United Kingdom.

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# For America

"**For America**" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Jackson Browne from his 1986 album *Lives in the Balance*. Released as the first single from the album, it reached No. 30 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart, spending 12 weeks on that chart after debuting at No. 72, and peaked at No. 3 on the Mainstream Rock chart, making it his last top 40 hit in the United States. It was also released as a single in the United Kingdom, as an EP in Germany, and as a promotional issue in Spain and Japan. A Statue of Liberty-shaped vinyl picture disc single was also released by Asylum in 1986, manufactured in the United Kingdom.

## History

Although concern with the state of the world has always been found in Browne's lyrics ("Doctor My Eyes", "For Everyman"), the more specifically referenced socio-political awareness of the previous album's lead single "Lawyers in Love" became even more overt and political in "For America" (the title of which seems to deliberately link the song to two of Browne's earlier "eulogy" songs, "For a Dancer" and "For a Rocker").

> I was made for America
> It's in my blood and in my bones
> By the dawn's early light / by all I know is right —
> We're gonna reap what we have sown.

And the album from which it came, *Lives in the Balance*, is seen as his first overall "political" album, so critical reaction to the song reflected a perception of this movement in Browne's lyrical themes toward more specific and biting lines in "sharply etched political songs (that) question cultural imperialism, foreign policy and the current state of the American Dream:'"

> The thing I wonder about the Dads and Moms —
> Who send their sons to the Vietnams —
> Will they really think their way of life
> Has been protected as the next war comes?

"When Browne sings in 'For America' of how he used to retreat into "the safety of my own head," he isn't kidding," wrote Jimmy Guterman in a 1986 *Rolling Stone* review of the album, but now Browne opens his new album with a song, "both a prayer and a love song, which damns 'a generation's blank stare.'" Critiquing the musical and production aesthetics, Guterman complains "a gratuitous Clarence Clemons-derived sax riff that mars 'For America' distracts the listener.

The "first single, 'For America', is indicative of the collection's tone – staunchly anti-war and embittered by the sense of ironic betrayal that characterized political songwriting during the Nixon years," noted *Billboard* magazine upon the song's release.

## Reception

*Cash Box* called it a "penetrating look at American values and politics \[that\] stands as a mid-decade call for honesty and self-evaluation."

## Chart positions

| Chart (1986) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 30 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Rock Tracks | 3 |
| Canada Top 50 Singles (RPM) | 90 |

## InfoBox

| "For America" | |
| --- | --- |
| 7-inch picture sleeve | |
| Single by Jackson Browne | |
| from the album  *Lives in the Balance* | |
| B-side | "Till I Go Down" |
| Released | February 1986 |
| Recorded | 1985 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 5:13 |
| Label | Asylum |
| Songwriter(s) | Jackson Browne |
| Producer(s) | Jackson Browne |
| Jackson Browne singles chronology | |
| "Cut It Away"
(1984) "**For America**"
(1986) "In the Shape of a Heart"
(1986) | |


title: Puerto Rican Pottery

abstract: Puerto Rican Pottery was one of two potteries that established Mid Century Modern pottery/ceramics on the island of Puerto Rico. The pottery operated from 1948–1966 in Santurce. It was a small pottery associated with and managed by master potter and ceramicist Hal Lasky. Lasky won scholarships in the early and mid-1940s at several prestigious ceramic arts programs: Dartmouth College, University of the Arts (Philadelphia), the ceramics school at Alfred University and the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Also, he exhibited at the Ceramic Nationals at Syracuse's Everson Museum of Art in both 1947 and 1948. In December 1947, Lasky was asked by Teodoro Moscoso, architect of the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company's Operation Bootstrap, to come to Puerto Rico to manage a small ceramic operation the Puerto Rican government had recently established. The operation had been supervised originally by the husband and wife team of Edwin Scheier and Mary Goldsmith. In 1948, the operation was privatized and funded by a private bank. The pottery produced a line of hand-crafted terra cotta dinnerware and artware. Common dinnerware shapes were mugs, cups, tumblers, plates, bowls, tureens, casserole dishes, trays, teapots, and pitchers. Artware shapes included vases of various sizes, ashtrays, hooded candle holders, planters, incense pots, candelabra, and lamp bases. The most common design patterns are sgraffito—shapes, symbols, and stylized figures of fruit and animals. Less common are inscriptions in English and Spanish or contours of human faces. Colors used in the glazes ranged from red, red and black, blue, blue and green, black, green, yellow, peach, teal, turquoise, as well as other colors. Although all pieces were pressed, not thrown, each piece was individually designed, painted, and wood-fired—unique forms of art on their own. Lasky developed a one-step firing process that enabled him to produce pottery inexpensively and quickly.

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# Puerto Rican Pottery

**Puerto Rican Pottery** was one of two potteries (Iroquois/Sterling China's Caribe Pottery was the other) that established Mid Century Modern pottery/ceramics on the island of Puerto Rico. The pottery operated from 1948–1966 in Santurce. It was a small pottery associated with and managed by master potter and ceramicist Hal Lasky (May 27, 1921 – December 11, 2010).

Lasky won scholarships in the early and mid-1940s at several prestigious ceramic arts programs: Dartmouth College, University of the Arts (Philadelphia) (where he studied under Aurelius Renzetti (1897–1975)), the ceramics school at Alfred University (Alfred, New York) and the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Also, he exhibited at the Ceramic Nationals at Syracuse's Everson Museum of Art in both 1947 and 1948.

In December 1947, Lasky was asked by Teodoro Moscoso, architect of the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company's Operation Bootstrap, to come to Puerto Rico to manage a small ceramic operation the Puerto Rican government had recently established. The operation had been supervised originally by the husband and wife team of Edwin Scheier and Mary Goldsmith. In 1948, the operation was privatized and funded by a private bank.

The pottery produced a line of hand-crafted terra cotta dinnerware and artware. Common dinnerware shapes were mugs, cups, tumblers, plates, bowls (covered and uncovered), tureens, casserole dishes, trays, teapots, and pitchers. Artware shapes included vases of various sizes, ashtrays, hooded candle holders, planters, incense pots, candelabra, and lamp bases.

The most common design patterns are sgraffito—shapes, symbols, and stylized figures of fruit and animals. Less common are inscriptions in English and Spanish or contours of human faces. Colors used in the glazes ranged from red, red and black, blue, blue and green, black, green, yellow, peach, teal, turquoise, as well as other colors.

Although all pieces were pressed, not thrown, each piece was individually designed, painted, and wood-fired—unique forms of art on their own. Lasky developed a one-step firing process that enabled him to produce pottery inexpensively and quickly.

## Production of Pieces

The pieces were shaped and designed with the intent of reflecting artistically the best traditions of Puerto Rican culture and history. Lasky encouraged the artisans he stewarded to express themselves as they saw fit. Theirs was a collaborative effort.

In a 2004 account Lasky wrote:

"The first thing I did was to take away all the Pre-Columbian patterns they had been working with and in my halting Spanish told them they were now free to design anything they wanted at any time. They were obviously shaken; for them 'designers' were either god-like people or Americans and they immediately began to copy the cheap seconds that at that time flooded Puerto Rico. I let them get that out of their systems and some three months later they began designing things they thought would please me.

"Little by little I began encouraging them to use 'found tools': a broken hair comb - I picked up from the floor in front of them, used and discarded pencils - showing them the faceted sides and rounded eraser end as options. One of the best tools turned out to be old-fashioned hairpins women wore in the forties.

"What emerged was an expression which can properly be described as a considerable leap beyond sgraffito. When using colored engobes (thin coatings of different colored clays over the redware clay body we were using) instead of thinly scratching through to reveal the contrasting red clay beneath they made strong, broad, energetic sculptural carvings if you will. Matte glazes were used almost invariably to more thoroughly reveal the sculptural 'carving' technique. Each person signed their own design work and had the satisfaction of seeing their initials permanently fired into their pieces. They were free at any time to stop any work they were doing and create their own designs.

"During this period of time I made it my business to keep away from the work table area where they did the designing. I didn't want even my presence near them to interfere with their own self-expression. I would wait until they had left for the day to go into the damp room where the daily work was placed for slow initial drying to see what creatively had emerged. Imagine, if you will, the profound thrill I would experience as with each ongoing week the design 'personalities' of each would become more strongly expressed so that it was no longer necessary to look for each signature to determine whose work it was."

## Significance

The pottery's significance was twofold. Artistically and culturally it was a melding of 20th century design on what was then a traditional culture. It was also the first time that Puerto Rican artisans were able to express themselves freely in clay since the time of the Taínos. Economically and politically it was part of the opening gambit in the rapid economic development of the island by the US after World War II. The pottery supplied pieces and works for the then burgeoning tourist trade.


title: Denis Burgarella

abstract: Denis Burgarella is a French astrophysicist at Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Marseille.

text:
# Denis Burgarella

**Denis Burgarella** (born 8 May 1960 in Marseille, France) is a French astrophysicist at Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Marseille.

## Education

Denis Burgarella studied in Marseille (Lycée Marcel Pagnol) from 1975 to 1978. From 1978 to 1982, he studied at Université Aix-Marseille II (now Université d'Aix-Marseille). After that, he moved to Nice University where he got a Ph.D. in astrophysics at LAM. From 1987 to 1989, he did a CNES Post-doc there as well. From 1989 to 1992 he did a post-doc in Space Telescope Science Institute.

## Career

Since 1992 Burgarella has a permanent position as an astronomer in LAM.

He was president of SF2A from 2008 to 2010. He was president of the J1 commission of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) from 2015 to 2018. From 2018 to 2021, he is president of IAU Division J. (Galaxies and Cosmology)

## Research

His research works are about galaxy at all redshifts (z), in a cosmological context and more specifically on the formation and evolution of galaxies and the detection, identification and study of galaxies in the early universe using a multi-wavelength approach (Spectral Energy Distribution, SED) via observation and modelling. In Burgarella et al. (2020)). Denis Burgarella and his colleagues have identified and characterised (some of) the first dust grains created from stars in the universe at redshifts 5 \< z \< 10.

To understand these galaxies, they have developed, with Médéric Boquien and a team to seven people, a code that models the emission of galaxies from the X-rays to the sub-mm: CIGALE, Code Investigating GALaxy Emission). CIGALE is parallelised in Python 3 and is designed to fit large samples of several ten of thousands observed SEDs by comparing the observed data to several 100 million models.

## InfoBox

| Denis Burgarella | |
| --- | --- |
| Denis Burgarella | |
| Born | (1960-05-08) 8 May 1960<br>Marseille, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | Aix-Marseille University, Nice University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Astrophysics |
| Institutions | Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Marseille |
| Doctoral advisor | Jean-Michel Deharveng |
|  | |


title: Residual claimant

abstract: The residual claimant refers to the economic agent who has the sole remaining claim on an organization's net cash flows, i.e. after the deduction of precedent agents' claims, and therefore also bears the residual risk. Residual risk is defined in this context as the risk associated with differences between the stochastic inflows of assets into the organization and precedent agents' claims on the organization's cash flows. Precedent agents' claims on an organization's cash flows can consist of e.g. employees' salaries, creditors' interest or the government's taxes. The concept of the residual claimant has been the subject of as well as used in over 8,000 scholarly articles, notably in law and economics, information economics and corporate finance. Its use can be traced back to the late 19th century and Francis Amasa Walker's 'residual claimant theory', which argues that in the distribution of wealth among profits, rent, interest and wages, the laborer is the residual claimant and wages the variable residual share of wealth, thereby going against the established view of profits as the residual share and igniting a debate with Simon Patten, Jacob Hollander and James Bonar. Residual claimancy is generally required in order for there to be a moral hazard, which is a problem typical of information asymmetry. This is specifically the case for the principal–agent problem.

text:
# Residual claimant

The **residual claimant** refers to the economic agent who has the sole remaining claim on an organization's net cash flows, i.e. after the deduction of precedent agents' claims, and therefore also bears the residual risk. Residual risk is defined in this context as the risk associated with differences between the stochastic inflows of assets into the organization and precedent agents' claims on the organization's cash flows. Precedent agents' claims on an organization's cash flows can consist of e.g. employees' salaries, creditors' interest or the government's taxes.

The concept of the residual claimant has been the subject of as well as used in over 8,000 scholarly articles, notably in law and economics, information economics and corporate finance. Its use can be traced back to the late 19th century and Francis Amasa Walker's 'residual claimant theory', which argues that in the distribution of wealth among profits, rent, interest and wages, the laborer is the residual claimant and wages the variable residual share of wealth, thereby going against the established view of profits as the residual share and igniting a debate with Simon Patten, Jacob Hollander and James Bonar.

Residual claimancy is generally required in order for there to be a moral hazard, which is a problem typical of information asymmetry. This is specifically the case for the principal–agent problem.


title: The Theologians

abstract: "The Theologians" is a short story by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. It was featured in the collection Labyrinths. It was originally published in Los Annales de Buenos Aires in April 1947 and appears in the 1949 short story collection The Aleph.

text:
# The Theologians

"**The Theologians**" (original title: "Los teólogos") is a short story by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. It was featured in the collection *Labyrinths*. It was originally published in *Los Annales de Buenos Aires* in April 1947 and appears in the 1949 short story collection *The Aleph*.

## Plot

The story follows Aurelian and John of Pannonia, who compete with one another as theologians. Though much of their work is a thinly veiled criticism of one another, the topic of their writing is regarding the heretical factions that appear around them such as the Monotoni, whose heresy is to preach that "history is a circle, and that all things have existed and will exist again", and the Histrioni, who argue that all individuals occupy dual forms – one on earth and one in heaven – and that actions on earth influence heaven.

Though at first, Aurelian struggles to put to words the nature of their heresy, he is surprised when a subconscious sentence springs forward that efficiently describes their beliefs. Upon closer consideration, he realizes that the sentence was taken from an old text written by John and that such a text could be considered heretical. Aurelian identifies John as the text's author and he is sentenced to death. John is burnt at the stake for heresy, and Aurelian later dies in a fire caused by a lightning strike. The narrator notes that the remainder of the story is rife with metaphor since it must take place in heaven but considers the possibility that in the eyes of an ineffable divine intelligence, both Aurelian and John of Pannonia may appear to be a single person.

## Analysis

A strict reading of the story deals with morality and heresy, but a broader reading deals with the internal pathos man struggles with when questioning truth and one’s own life's importance. The obolus, along with the mirror, is a symbol of one of the new schisms in the story. The author uses a quote of Luke 12:59, that points to reconciling with one's apparent enemy, translated as "no one will be released from prison until he has paid the last obolus."

Meditating over the author's use of symbols is not overindulgence into speculation or academic over-analysis because Borges' attention to symbols in the story appears purposeful. The story's premise, that the orthodoxy of ancient Christianity feared groups breaking away from the Christian world, is first expressed in the story by stating that certain symbols were being exalted by a group of people ("In the mountains, the Wheel and the Serpent had displaced the Cross. ...all were afraid...."). Use of a different symbol is not just the author visually explaining that one group in the mountains has a different version of Truth. The author's attention to symbols (such as the wheel, the cross, the mirror, the obolus, and even the "iron scimitar") suggests that the battle between orthodoxy and heresy is a war between these physical objects that provide a doorway to esoteric spiritual truth. The author Henry Corbin wrote that symbol was the clothing that must not be robbed from us, nor ignored by us, as the symbolism of the physical world is our only entryway into the divine. The stark physical nature of the world is expressed in the story's first symbol, the "iron scimitar" worshipped by the barbarians as a god. Such a preposterous and seemingly ridiculous notion is asserted at the story's beginning so that the reader carelessly overlooks it, only to re-examine one's own reaction later. "The Theologians" is a story about our struggle to discern truth, and the folly that befalls us when we cast aside other notions of truth, however barbaric, only later to see that we had cast our own selves into the flames countless times into eternity.


title: Deloris

abstract: Deloris were an Australian indie rock band, which formed in 1994. They released four albums, Fraulein (1999), The Pointless Gift (2000), Fake Our Deaths (2004) and Ten Lives (2006) before disbanding in 2008. Long-term members were Daniel Brimelow on drums, Simon Heelis on bass guitar and guitar, Leigh Lambert on guitar and Marcus Teague on lead vocals, guitar and keyboards. They undertook tours of Australia both headlining and supporting other artists, Something for Kate, Augie March and Delgados. Teague became a solo artist as Single Twin and issued his debut album in 2011.

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# Deloris

**Deloris** were an Australian indie rock band, which formed in 1994. They released four albums, *Fraulein* (1999), *The Pointless Gift* (2000), *Fake Our Deaths* (2004) and *Ten Lives* (2006) before disbanding in 2008. Long-term members were Daniel Brimelow on drums, Simon Heelis on bass guitar and guitar, Leigh Lambert on guitar and Marcus Teague on lead vocals, guitar and keyboards. They undertook tours of Australia both headlining and supporting other artists, Something for Kate, Augie March and Delgados. Teague became a solo artist as Single Twin and issued his debut album in 2011.

## History

Deloris were formed as an indie rock quartet in Melbourne's outer suburb, Frankston, in 1994 by Stuart Charles on bass guitar, Simon Heelis on guitar, Marcus Teague on lead vocals, guitar and keyboards and Luke Turley on drums. The members had met at secondary school and shared an interest in guitar-based music. The band recorded a four-track demo tape in 1994 at Sandringham Studios, some of that material was released on a various artists' compilation album by the studio. Heelis left and they continued as a trio. Another four tracks were recorded at Backbeach Studios, Rye in 1996.

Deloris played more widely across Melbourne. The trio returned to Backbeach in late 1998 to record material for their debut album, *Fraulein*, which was released on Perth-based label Halflight Records in April 1999. *hEARd*'s reviewer rated it at 10/10, "\[their\] music trades between the sounds of grungey pop in similar fashion to Weezer, while simultaneously managing to get their sound close enough to Archer's Of Loaf & perhaps even Pavement... Way cool debut release, can't wait for the follow up."

In 1999 the band flew to Perth and spent two weeks recording and mixing their second album, *The Pointless Gift*, which was released by Sydney label Quietly Suburban Records in December 2000 and received a glowing critical response, with Melbourne's *The Age* newspaper giving it four stars, saying "a huge future awaits Deloris". Leigh Lambert joined the band as a second guitarist and Deloris toured Australia supporting Augie March, Something for Kate, Art of Fighting and Purplene as well as for international artists the Mountain Goats and Delgados. They issued a split single with Braving the Seabed and United Kingdom label Scientific Laboratories released *The Pointless Gift* in that market. Deloris recorded a live set for Triple J radio's *Oz Music Show*.

In 2001 Turley left the band and, after a brief stint using Something for Kate drummer Clint Hyndman filling in on drums, his replacement was Daniel Brimelow. In 2002 Deloris began assembling material for their third album, *Fake Our Deaths*, using audio engineer Matt Voigt (Cat Power, the Nation Blue, Augie March, the Dirty Three) and assistant engineer Hugh Counsell (later worked with Race the Fray), to commence recording at Melbourne's Sing Sing studios. The band struggled through a long recording process whenever money and time allowed. The thirteen-track album *Fake Our Deaths* was completed in late 2003, only months before Quietly Suburban ceased to operate. Without a label, Deloris issued an extended play featuring album tracks "The Unbroke Part of It" and "Playing the Spaces", which were added by Triple J on high rotation.

Deloris were signed by the newly-formed label Dot Dash (an imprint of Remote Control Records) in mid-2004, and *Fake Our Deaths* was finally released late that year. Throughout the remainder of 2004 and during 2005, the band toured Australia several times. Lambert and Heelis both left at the end of the Fake Our Deaths Tour, leaving Teague and Brimelow to continue as a duo. In 2005 they entered Abercorn studios in Harkaway, to begin work on their fourth album, *Ten Lives*. After recording basic tracks for half an album, Brimelow left to focus on his family. Teague, the sole remaining band member, continued to write and record instrumentation, drafting in friend Ben Gook on bass guitar and Turley on drums. *Ten Lives* was issued in 2006 by Dot Dash records. Deloris headlined a tour of Australia as well as supporting Okkervil River using a flexible line-up which variously included Brimelow on drums, Gook on bass guitar, Turley on drums, Hugh Counsell on guitar, Joe Hammond on drums, Ben Keenan on guitar, Tim O'Connor on guitar and Anthony Petrucci on guitar. In late 2007 Deloris comprised Teague, Gook, Hammond and Petrucci. They were the main support on Something for Kate's national tour. In early 2008 the same line-up played their last high-profile show as guests of Brooklyn band the National.

After a handful of more local shows in 2008, Deloris disbanded without an official announcement. In 2009 Teague, Gook and Hammond started writing for a new project and then added in O'Connor. Teague also completed writing his solo project, Single Twin's debut album. In February 2010, although not playing a show in over a year, an official announcement on the Deloris' MySpace page signified their disbandment. Single Twin's debut album *Marcus Teague* was released in June 2011 and Teague supported it with a tour.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Fraulein* (1999) Halflight Records / MGM
* *The Pointless Gift* (Quietly Suburban Records / MGM – 2001)
* *Fake Our Deaths* (Dot Dash – 2004)
* *Ten Lives* (Dot Dash/Remote Control Records – 2006)

### Extended plays

* *Playing the Spaces* (independent – 2003)
* *Dead Drunks* (Remote Control Records/independent – 2004)
* *Feather Figure/Elastic Bones* (Dot Dash/Independent – 2005)

### Singles

* "Deloris/Braving the Seabed" (Split single — Steady Cam Records – 2002)

## InfoBox

| Deloris | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Genres | Indie rock |
| Years active | 1994 (1994)–2008 (2008) |
| Labels |  |
| Spinoffs | Single Twin |
|  | |
| Past members | * Stuart Charles * Simon Heelis * Marcus Teague * Luke Turley * Leigh Lambert * Daniel Brimelow * Ben Gook * Hugh Counsell * Joe Hammond * Ben Keenan * Tim O'Connor * Anthony Petrucci |