title: The Great Morgani

abstract: The Great Morgani is an American street performer and performance artist from Santa Cruz, California. Although he is an experienced accordionist with 60 years of experience, he is most noted for his spectacular costumes which sometimes take up to 100 hours of work.

text:
# The Great Morgani

**The Great Morgani** (aka Frank Lima) is an American street performer and performance artist from Santa Cruz, California. Although he is an experienced accordionist with 60 years of experience, he is most noted for his spectacular costumes which sometimes take up to 100 hours of work.

## Life and career

Frank Lima was born in 1942 in Los Banos, California. His family moved to Santa Cruz in 1946. Lima started performing at age 11, mostly in trios at Portuguese events. He enjoyed success in his first career as a stockbroker, but retired when he was 35. Almost two decades later in 1995, he embarked on a second career playing accordion as a street performer.

In the first few years of his street performing, he performed with his face uncovered. Gradually, he developed more elaborate costumes, relying on the sewing skills he learned from his mother, a master seamstress. Although he performs barefaced privately, he currently performs in public with face covered, often by the material used in the rest of his costume.

## Current Performances

The Great Morgani has performed a dozen times at the Cotati Accordion Festival and other festivals including the Gilroy Garlic Festival. He regularly performs at farmer's markets throughout Santa Cruz County and Silicon Valley, as well as downtown shopping areas in Santa Cruz and Los Gatos.

He has collected 42 accordions and assembled more than 130 costumes, which he entitles with names such as "Touluse Morgani" and "Glyn-duh", reflecting themes inspired from literature and historical figures. In February 2014 Lima announced his retirement from street performing in downtown Santa Cruz due to city ordinances that regulate artists and vendors.

Purple Mark

## InfoBox

| The Great Morgani | |
| --- | --- |
| The Great Morgani performing in his "Leaning Tower of Squeeza" costume. | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Frank Lima |
| Also known as | The Great Morgani |
| Born | (1942-09-08) September 8, 1942<br>Los Banos, California |
| Origin | Santa Cruz, California, USA |
| Occupation | accordionist |
| Years active | 1995–present |
|  | |
| Website | http://thegreatmorgani.com/ |


title: Farmrail Corporation

abstract: Farmrail System, Inc. is an employee-owned holding company for two Class III common-carrier railroads comprising "Western Oklahoma’s Regional Railroad" based in Clinton, Oklahoma. Farmrail Corporation has acted since 1981 as a lessee-operator for Oklahoma Department of Transportation, managing an 82-mile east-west former Rock Island line between Weatherford and Erick and an additional 89 miles of former Santa Fe track, Westhorn-Elmer, acquired by the State in 1992 from the ATSF Railway. Another wholly owned affiliate, Grainbelt Corporation (GNBC), was formed in 1987 to buy 176 contiguous north-south route-miles linking Enid and Frederick.

text:
# Farmrail Corporation

**Farmrail System, Inc.** is an employee-owned holding company for two Class III common-carrier railroads comprising "Western Oklahoma’s Regional Railroad" based in Clinton, Oklahoma. **Farmrail Corporation** (reporting mark **FMRC**) has acted since 1981 as a lessee-operator for Oklahoma Department of Transportation, managing an 82-mile east-west former Rock Island line between Weatherford and Erick and an additional 89 miles of former Santa Fe track, Westhorn-Elmer, acquired by the State in 1992 from the ATSF Railway. Another wholly owned affiliate, **Grainbelt Corporation (GNBC)**, was formed in 1987 to buy 176 contiguous north-south route-miles linking Enid and Frederick.

## Operations

**Farmrail Corporation** (reporting mark **FMRC**), operates two connected lines:

**Grainbelt Corporation** (reporting mark **GNBC**), 176 miles (283 km) of lines from Enid, Oklahoma, to Frederick, Oklahoma, and over 59 miles (95 km) of BNSF Railway trackage rights from Snyder, Oklahoma, to Quanah, Texas.

In addition, FMRC operates Finger Lakes Railway Corporation (reporting mark **FGLK**) as part of a joint venture; FGLK operates 168 miles of railway in New York state.

FMRC and Grainbelt traffic includes wheat, steel products, fertilizer, rail cars undergoing repair, gypsum rock and associated products, oil field materials, cotton, lumber, feed grains and meals, and farm implements.

The FMRC lines are owned by the state of Oklahoma and were leased to FMRC in 1993. The Grainbelt line began operations as a short-line railroad in 1987.

BNSF named Farmrail System as its “Shortline of the Year” in 2017, citing the company’s entrepreneurial spirit and diligence in attracting new customers, and specifically noting Farmrail’s replacement of 8,400 crossties and more than 10,000 tons of ballast in less than one month to revitalize a siding and capture new business.

## Equipment

| Model | Road number |
| --- | --- |
| EMD SW9 | 169 |
| EMD GP9 | 280, 286, 289, 297, 316-317, 331, 1702, 3648, 6083 |
| EMD GP7 | 617, 620, 1555 |
| EMD GP10 | 1981, 8251, 8253, 8335 |
| EMD GP38-2 | 2100, 2105-2108, 2302 & 2304, 2309, 2314 |
| EMD GP38 | 2675 |
| source: | |

## InfoBox

Farmrail Corporation
Farmrail System, Inc.
| Farmrail 8267, an EMD GP10, sits idle in Weatherford, Oklahoma, February 18, 2017. | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Headquarters | Clinton, Oklahoma |
| Reporting mark | FMRC |
| Locale | Oklahoma |
| Dates of operation | 1981 |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Other | |
| Website | www.farmrail.com |


title: Stockholm Sessions

abstract: Stockholm Sessions is an album by Eric Dolphy. It was recorded in September and November 1961 at the Swedish Broadcast station in Stockholm, Sweden, and was released by Inner City Records and Enja Records in 1981. The album was recorded during Dolphy's second visit to Europe. Three of the tracks were recorded in September 1961 for a radio aircheck, and feature Dolphy on alto sax, bass clarinet, and flute, Knud Jorgensen on piano, Jimmy Woode on bass, and Sture Kallin on drums. The album liner notes list the session as having been recorded on September 25; however, Dolphy was reportedly performing with John Coltrane's group from September 12 through October 1 at the Jazz Workshop in San Francisco, so the recording probably took place earlier in the month, prior to Dolphy's departure for the U.S. The remaining tracks, were recorded on November 19 for a TV special. "God Bless the Child" is a Dolphy bass clarinet solo, while the other tracks from that date feature him along with Idrees Sulieman on trumpet, Rune Ofwerman on piano, Jimmy Woode on bass, and Sture Kallin on drums.

text:
# Stockholm Sessions

***Stockholm Sessions*** is an album by Eric Dolphy. It was recorded in September and November 1961 at the Swedish Broadcast station in Stockholm, Sweden, and was released by Inner City Records and Enja Records in 1981. The album was recorded during Dolphy's second visit to Europe.

Three of the tracks ("Les" (mistitled as "Loss"), "Serene" (mistitled as "Sorino"), and "Don't Blame Me") were recorded in September 1961 for a radio aircheck, and feature Dolphy on alto sax, bass clarinet, and flute, Knud Jorgensen on piano, Jimmy Woode on bass, and Sture Kallin on drums. The album liner notes list the session as having been recorded on September 25; however, Dolphy was reportedly performing with John Coltrane's group from September 12 through October 1 at the Jazz Workshop in San Francisco, so the recording probably took place earlier in the month, prior to Dolphy's departure for the U.S. The remaining tracks ("Miss Ann" (mistitled as "Ann"), "God Bless the Child", "Left Alone" (mistitled as "Alone"), and "G.W." (mistitled as "Geewee")), were recorded on November 19 for a TV special. "God Bless the Child" is a Dolphy bass clarinet solo, while the other tracks from that date feature him along with Idrees Sulieman on trumpet, Rune Ofwerman on piano, Jimmy Woode on bass, and Sture Kallin on drums.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *MusicHound Jazz* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz & Blues Album Guide* |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz* |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Scott Yanow wrote: "This innovative music can serve as a strong introduction of Eric Dolphy's talents to bebop fans who have not yet grasped the avant-garde."

The authors of *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* awarded the album 3 stars, and commented: "here and there Dolphy seems to be having problems with reed, mouthpiece or articulation. Perhaps he was simply tired."

*Texas Monthly'*s Doug Ramsey stated: "Although he's been dead nearly eighteen years, Dolphy's astringent, bounds-breaking reed work has never been matched."

## Track listing

1. "Les" (mistitled as "Loss") (Dolphy) – 3:58
2. "Serene" (mistitled as "Sorino") (Dolphy) – 12:00
3. "Miss Ann" (mistitled as "Ann") (Dolphy) – 4:11
4. "God Bless the Child" (Billie Holiday, Arthur Herzog Jr.) – 5:26
5. "Left Alone" (mistitled as "Alone") (Mal Waldron) – 5:19
6. "G.W." (mistitled as "Geewee") (Dolphy) – 6:00
7. "Don't Blame Me" (Jimmy McHugh) – 12:07
8. "Serene" (mistitled as "Sorino") (Dolphy) (alternate) – 7:40

## Personnel

* Eric Dolphy – alto saxophone, bass clarinet, flute
* Knud Jorgensen – piano (tracks 1, 2, and 7)
* Idrees Sulieman – trumpet (tracks 3, 6 and 8)
* Rune Ofwerman – piano (tracks 3, 5, 6 and 8)
* Jimmy Woode – bass
* Sture Kallin – drums

## InfoBox

| Stockholm Sessions | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eric Dolphy | |
| Released | 1981 |
| Recorded | September and November 1961 |
| Studio | Swedish Broadcast station, Stockholm, Sweden |
| Genre | jazz |
| Label | Inner City Records IC 3007<br>Enja Records 3055 |


title: Steve Kerrigan (footballer)

abstract: Steve Kerrigan is a Scottish former professional footballer who played for several clubs in the Scottish Football League and the Football League in the 1990s and 2000s. He was had various spells coaching at Junior level since ending his playing career, with the first of his managerial stints at Camelon Juniors in July 2009, succeeding Greig Denham. A short spell as boss of Arthurlie followed in 2016. In January 2018, Kerrigan became manager at Bo'ness United having joined the club as assistant to Allan McGonigal in September 2017. In 2022 Steve joined Greig Denham at East of Scotland side Rosyth as his Assistant Manager.

text:
# Steve Kerrigan (footballer)

**Steve Kerrigan** (born 9 October 1972) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played for several clubs in the Scottish Football League and the Football League in the 1990s and 2000s.

He was had various spells coaching at Junior level since ending his playing career, with the first of his managerial stints at Camelon Juniors in July 2009, succeeding Greig Denham. A short spell as boss of Arthurlie followed in 2016.

In January 2018, Kerrigan became manager at Bo'ness United having joined the club as assistant to Allan McGonigal in September 2017. In 2022 Steve joined Greig Denham at East of Scotland side Rosyth as his Assistant Manager.

## InfoBox

Steve Kerrigan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Steven John Kerrigan | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-10-09) 9 October 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | Bellshill, Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000 | Newmains Juveniles | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–1994 | Albion Rovers | 53 | (22) |
| 1994–1995 | Clydebank | 30 | (2) |
| 1995–1996 | Stranraer | 21 | (8) |
| 1996–1998 | Ayr United | 33 | (17) |
| 1998–2000 | Shrewsbury Town | 76 | (26) |
| 2000–2002 | Halifax Town | 78 | (29) |
| 2002–2003 | Stirling Albion | 14 | (5) |
| 2003–2004 | Arbroath | 6 | (0) |
| 2004 | Berwick Rangers | 6 | (0) |
| 2004–2005 | Stenhousemuir | 16 | (0) |
| Total |  | **333** | **(109)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2009–2010 | Camelon Juniors | | |
| 2016 | Arthurlie | | |
| 2018 | Bo'ness United | | |
| 2019 | Linlithgow Rose | | |
| 2022 | Rosyth | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:23, 27 January 2018 (UTC) | | | |


title: Stone Quarry Bridge

abstract: The Stone Quarry Bridge is a historic Pratt truss bridge which carries Township Road 1000N across the Embarras River in Coles County, Illinois, near Charleston, Illinois. The bridge is a double-intersection Pratt truss bridge, a variant of the Pratt truss in which the diagonal supports cross multiple panels; it is the only bridge of its type in the county. It is 180 feet (55 m) long, and its eastern and western portals are 14 feet 10 inches (4.52 m) and 16 feet (4.9 m) high respectively. Built in 1883 by the King Iron Bridge Company, the bridge is the oldest truss bridge in the county as well as the oldest bridge in the county which is still open to traffic. It is named for its propinquity to the Charleston Stone Company quarry. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 30, 1981.

text:
# Stone Quarry Bridge

The **Stone Quarry Bridge** is a historic Pratt truss bridge which carries Township Road 1000N across the Embarras River in Coles County, Illinois, near Charleston, Illinois. The bridge is a double-intersection Pratt truss bridge, a variant of the Pratt truss in which the diagonal supports cross multiple panels; it is the only bridge of its type in the county. It is 180 feet (55 m) long, and its eastern and western portals are 14 feet 10 inches (4.52 m) and 16 feet (4.9 m) high respectively. Built in 1883 by the King Iron Bridge Company, the bridge is the oldest truss bridge in the county as well as the oldest bridge in the county which is still open to traffic.

It is named for its propinquity to the Charleston Stone Company quarry.

The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 30, 1981.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stone Quarry Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Charleston, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 39°31′16″N 88°6′36″W / 39.52111°N 88.11000°W / 39.52111; -88.11000 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1883 |
| Built by | King Iron Bridge Co. |
| Architectural style | double intersection Pratt |
| MPS | Coles County Highway Bridges Over the Embarras River TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000215 |
| Added to NRHP | November 30, 1981 |


title: Steven Schier

abstract: Steven E. Schier is a professor of political science at Carleton College who specializes in American politics. He earned a BA at Simpson College and his MA and PhD degrees from the University of Wisconsin.

text:
# Steven Schier

**Steven E. Schier** (born 1952) is a professor of political science at Carleton College who specializes in American politics. He earned a BA at Simpson College and his MA and PhD degrees from the University of Wisconsin.

## Carleton College

Schier has taught courses on Congress, the presidency, American parties and elections, American public policy, and methods of political research. In 1983 he founded the Carleton in Washington program, an off-campus seminar and internship program, and conducted the program twelve times until 2010.

## Books

### Sole author

* *Panorama of a Presidency: How George W. Bush Acquired and Spent his Political Capital* (2009) Winner of a CHOICE magazine "Outstanding Academic Book" award.
* *You Call This An Election? America’s Peculiar Democracy* (2003)
* *By Invitation Only: The Rise of Exclusive Politics in the United States* (2000)
* *A Decade of Deficits: Congressional Thought and Fiscal Action* (1992)
* *The Rules and the Game: Democratic National Convention Delegate Selection in Iowa and Wisconsin 1968-76* (1980)

### Co-author or contributor

* "American Government and Popular Discontent: Stability without Success" (2013) (Co-author with Todd E. Eberly)
* "Presidential Elections: Strategies and Structures of American Politics" (2011) Thirteenth edition. (Co-author with Nelson W. Polsby, Aaron Wildavsky and David A. Hopkins)
* "Transforming America: Barack Obama in the White House" (2011) (Editor; author of two chapters)
* *Ambition and Division: Legacies of the George W. Bush Presidency* (2009) (Editor; author of two chapters)
* *The American Elections of 2008* (2009) (Coedited with Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier) (Editor, chapter coauthor)
* *High Risk and Big Ambition: The Early Presidency of George W. Bush* (2004) (Editor; author of two chapters)
* *The Post-Modern President: Bill Clinton’s Legacy in American Politics* (2000) Winner of a CHOICE magazine "Outstanding Academic Book" award. (Editor; author of two chapters)
* *Payment Due: A Nation in Debt, A Generation in Trouble* (1996) (Co-authored with Tim Penny)
* *Congress: Games and Strategies* (1995). (Co-authored with Stephen E. Frantzich)
* *Political Economy in Western Democracies* (1985) (Coedited and co-authored two chapters with Norman J. Vig)

## Television appearances

Steven Schier appeared on the *O'Reilly Factor* on October 18 and 25, 2004, to discuss election poll results. He has also appeared on the *CBS Evening News* and Cable News Network as a political analyst and has served as a political analyst for the WCCO and KSTP television stations in Minneapolis-St. Paul.


title: Consualia

abstract: The Consualia or Consuales Ludi was the name of two ancient Roman festivals in honor of Consus, a tutelary deity of the harvest and stored grain. Consuales Ludi harvest festivals were held on August 21, and again on December 15, in connection with grain storage. The shrine of Consus was underground, it was covered with earth all year and was only uncovered for this one day. Mars, the god of war, as a protector of the harvest, was also honored on this day, as were the Lares, the household gods that individual families held sacred. During the celebration horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. Chariot races were held this day in the Circus Maximus, which included an odd race in which chariots were pulled by mules. In Roman mythology, the Consualia was founded by Romulus as an occasion to gather his Sabine neighbors. When the community was assembled and in a state of drunken festivity, Romulus's men abducted the daughters of the Sabines to become their brides. There were also sacrifices to Consus on 7 July. Consus' feasts were followed by those of the related goddess Ops: the Opiconsivia on 25 August and the Opalia on 19 December. According to Livy, the festival honors Neptune.

text:
# Consualia

The **Consualia** or ***Consuales Ludi*** was the name of two ancient Roman festivals in honor of Consus, a tutelary deity of the harvest and stored grain. *Consuales Ludi* harvest festivals were held on August 21, and again on December 15, in connection with grain storage. The shrine of Consus was underground, it was covered with earth all year and was only uncovered for this one day. Mars, the god of war, as a protector of the harvest, was also honored on this day, as were the Lares, the household gods that individual families held sacred.

During the celebration horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. Chariot races were held this day in the Circus Maximus, which included an odd race in which chariots were pulled by mules.

In Roman mythology, the Consualia was founded by Romulus as an occasion to gather his Sabine neighbors. When the community was assembled and in a state of drunken festivity, Romulus's men abducted the daughters of the Sabines to become their brides (see "The Rape of the Sabine Women").

There were also sacrifices to Consus on 7 July. Consus' feasts were followed by those of the related goddess Ops: the Opiconsivia on 25 August and the Opalia on 19 December.

According to Livy, the festival honors Neptune.

### Sources

* H. H. Scullard, *Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic* (London: Thames and Hudson, 1981), 177–8, 181, 205, 207.

## InfoBox

| Consualia | |
| --- | --- |
| Official name | Consuales Ludi |
| Observed by | Roman Republic,<br>Roman Empire |
| Type | Ancient Roman |
| Celebrations | Chariot racing |
| Observances | Horses, Mules and Asses were adorned with garlands |
| Date | 21 August, 15 December |


title: Stonehenge (building)

abstract: The Stonehenge is a residential apartment building on Boulevard East in the Woodcliff section of North Bergen, New Jersey in the United States. Situated adjacent to North Hudson Park, the building was constructed in 1967 during a high-rise building spree and at 369 feet (112 m) is among the tallest buildings in the area and once one of the tallest in the state. The 34-story building has 356 apartments and 5 levels of indoor parking.

text:
# Stonehenge (building)

The **Stonehenge** is a residential apartment building on Boulevard East in the Woodcliff section of North Bergen, New Jersey in the United States. Situated adjacent to North Hudson Park, the building was constructed in 1967 during a high-rise building spree and at 369 feet (112 m) is among the tallest buildings in the area and once one of the tallest in the state. The 34-story building has 356 apartments and 5 levels of indoor parking.

## Stonehenge incident

The "Stonehenge Incident" or the "North Hudson Park UFO sightings" occurred on January 12, 1975. According to George O'Barski, while driving he heard static over his radio and saw in North Hudson Park a dark, round "spacecraft" with brightly lit windows hovering over the ground. Ten small, hooded, identically dressed figures emerged from the UFO, dug up soil and collected it in bags before returning to the craft. O'Barski returned to the site the next day and found the holes. Months later, O'Barski told the story to ufologist Budd Hopkins, who with other ufologists found independent witnesses (including a doorman at the Stonehenge) who also reported sighting the UFO. The incident was reported by Hopkins in *The Village Voice*, his 1981 book *Missing Time*, and also in local newspapers.

## InfoBox

| The Stonehenge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Residential |
| Location | Boulevard East<br>North Bergen, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°47′58″N 73°59′46″W / 40.7995°N 73.9962°W / 40.7995; -73.9962 |
| Completed | 1967 |
| Opening | 1967 |
| Management | Millstein Properties |
| Height | |
| Roof | 369 feet (112 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 34 |
| Lifts/elevators | 2 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Shreve, Lamb and Harmon |
| Website | |
| www.thestonehengeapts.com | |
| References | |
|  | |


title: Constantia (CDP), New York

abstract: Constantia is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Constantia in Oswego County, New York, United States. Located on Oneida Lake, the community lies along State Route 49 and Scriba Creek. The population was 1,182 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Constantia (CDP), New York

**Constantia** is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Constantia in Oswego County, New York, United States. Located on Oneida Lake, the community lies along State Route 49 and Scriba Creek. The population was 1,182 at the 2010 census.

## History

Constantia was incorporated as a village in 1836, but abandoned that status in 1923.

The Trinity Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## Geography

Constantia is located at 43°15′3″N 76°0′5″W / 43.25083°N 76.00139°W / 43.25083; -76.00139 (43.250905, -76.001641).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.5 km2), of which 2.1 square miles (5.5 km2) is land and 0.47% is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 1,109 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,107 people, 436 households, and 303 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 518.8 inhabitants per square mile (200.3/km2). There were 560 housing units at an average density of 262.5 per square mile (101.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.92% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.90% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.

There were 436 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,307, and the median income for a family was $44,844. Males had a median income of $30,568 versus $22,417 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,279. About 4.0% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
2. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
3. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Constantia, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in Oswego County and the state of New York. | |
| Coordinates: 43°15′3″N 76°0′6″W / 43.25083°N 76.00167°W / 43.25083; -76.00167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Oswego |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.04 sq mi (7.87 km2) |
| Land | 3.03 sq mi (7.85 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2) |
| Elevation | 384 ft (117 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,109 |
| Density | 365.89/sq mi (141.26/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13044 |
| Area code | 315 |
| FIPS code | 36-17893 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0947327 |


title: Constantia, New York

abstract: Constantia is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 4,973 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the southeastern part of the county. Within the town is a hamlet and census-designated place of the same name.

text:
# Constantia, New York

**Constantia** is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 4,973 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the southeastern part of the county. Within the town is a hamlet and census-designated place of the same name.

## History

The town was first settled circa 1793 and was known then as "Rotterdam." Francis Adrian Vanderkemp and Marc Isambard Brunel were two of its citizens. The Town of Constantia was created from part of the Town of Mexico in 1808. In 1825, the town was reduced by the formation of the Town of Hastings, and was reduced again in 1839 to form the Town of West Monroe.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 99.6 square miles (258.0 km2), of which 56.9 square miles (147.3 km2) is land and 42.8 square miles (110.8 km2) (42.93%) is water.

The southern town line is the opposite shore of Oneida Lake, which is the border of Madison County. The eastern town line is the border of Oneida County.

The Erie Canal, runs through the town, using Oneida Lake as a waterway.

The north boundary is marked by the south edge of the Tug Hill Plateau.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1820 | 767 |  |  |
| 1830 | 1,193 |  | 55.5% |
| 1840 | 1,476 |  | 23.7% |
| 1850 | 2,495 |  | 69.0% |
| 1860 | 3,413 |  | 36.8% |
| 1870 | 3,437 |  | 0.7% |
| 1880 | 3,124 |  | −9.1% |
| 1890 | 2,691 |  | −13.9% |
| 1900 | 2,259 |  | −16.1% |
| 1910 | 2,023 |  | −10.4% |
| 1920 | 1,789 |  | −11.6% |
| 1930 | 1,405 |  | −21.5% |
| 1940 | 1,538 |  | 9.5% |
| 1950 | 1,947 |  | 26.6% |
| 1960 | 2,730 |  | 40.2% |
| 1970 | 3,547 |  | 29.9% |
| 1980 | 4,312 |  | 21.6% |
| 1990 | 4,868 |  | 12.9% |
| 2000 | 5,141 |  | 5.6% |
| 2010 | 4,973 |  | −3.3% |
| 2016 (est.) | 4,856 |  | −2.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,141 people, 1,893 households, and 1,398 families residing in the town. The population density was 90.4 inhabitants per square mile (34.9/km2). There were 2,351 housing units at an average density of 41.3 per square mile (15.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.29% White, 0.21% Black or African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.33% of the population.

There were 1,893 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,932, and the median income for a family was $45,373. Males had a median income of $31,276 versus $23,299 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,818. About 6.2% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities and locations in Constantia

* Bernhards Bay  A hamlet on the shore of Oneida Lake.
* Cleveland  The Village of Cleveland is on the northern shore of Oneida Lake, on Route 49.
* Carroll Corners  A location between Gay Corners and Dutcherville.
* Constantia  The hamlet of Constantia is on the shore of Oneida Lake on Route 49. The community was incorporated as a village in 1837, but abandoned that status in 1923.
* Constantia Center  A hamlet northwest of Cleveland.
* Doris Park  A hamlet on the shore of Oneida Lake, southwest of Constantia village.
* Dutcherville  A hamlet north of Nicholsville.
* Gayville  A hamlet north of Constantia village.
* Halls Corners  A location east of North Constantia by the northern town line.
* Nicholsville  A hamlet northeast of Constantia village.
* North Constantia  A hamlet north of Gayville.
* Panther Lake  A hamlet and resort north of Bernhards Bay.
* Panther Lake  A lake located by the hamlet of Panther Lake.

1. "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
3. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Constantia | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location in Oswego County and the state of New York. | |
| Coordinates: 43°14′52″N 76°00′00″W / 43.24778°N 76.00000°W / 43.24778; -76.00000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Oswego |
| Area | |
| Total | 99.67 sq mi (258.15 km2) |
| Land | 56.77 sq mi (147.02 km2) |
| Water | 42.91 sq mi (111.13 km2)  42.93% |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 4,973 |
| Estimate (2016) | 4,856 |
| Density | 85.54/sq mi (33.03/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 36-075-17904 |
| Website | constantiany.org |


title: Stone of Farewell

abstract: Stone of Farewell is a 1990 fantasy novel by Tad Williams, the second volume of his Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn trilogy. The saga develops the narrative started in The Dragonbone Chair and focuses primarily on Simon, a former kitchen servant in the largest castle in the land.

text:
# Stone of Farewell

***Stone of Farewell*** is a 1990 fantasy novel by Tad Williams, the second volume of his Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn trilogy. The saga develops the narrative started in *The Dragonbone Chair* and focuses primarily on Simon, a former kitchen servant in the largest castle in the land.

## Plot summary

The previous volume saw Simon wound a dragon with the mystical sword Thorn, splashing himself in dragon’s blood, leaving himself deeply scarred (physically and emotionally). Now bearing the sobriquet "Snowlock", he and his companions leave the mountains in search of the mysterious "Stone of Farewell".

Meanwhile, Josua "Lackhand", brother to the king, leads a motley band of survivors after the disastrous events at Naglimund.

Princess Miriamele, having escaped before the siege of Naglimund, gets caught up in events that demonstrate the evil powers surrounding her father.

Princess Maegwin of Hernystir leads her people deep underground, where they discover secrets that may help turn the tide in a war thought to be hopeless.

Finally, a power rises in the North, but its true implications may not yet be fully revealed.

## Reception

In *Locus*, Carolyn Cushman called the novel "an epic fantasy you can get lost in for days, not just hours".

Kat Hooper of fantasyliterature.com gave *The Stone of Farewell* a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and a mixed review, calling it "excessively lengthy" and saying it "is everything we’ve come to expect from a middle book in a well-written traditional medieval-style epic fantasy trilogy".

## InfoBox

Stone of Farewell
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tad Williams |
| Cover artist | Michael Whelan |
| Language | English |
| Series | Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | DAW Books |
| Publication date | August 1990 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback and paperback) |
| Pages | 608 (hardback) |
| ISBN | 0-88677-435-7 |
| OCLC | 22143548 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 20 |
| LC Class | PS3573.I45563 S76 1990 |
| Preceded by | *The Dragonbone Chair* |
| Followed by | *To Green Angel Tower* |


title: Stick with Me, Kid

abstract: Stick With Me, Kid is a British television series created by Peter Hume that aired in 1995 on The Disney Channel. The series was created by Peter Hume, produced by Buena Vista Productions Ltd. and starred Kristopher Milnes and Leigh Lawson. The executive producer was Daniel Petrie Jr., Supervising Producers were Lee Goldberg & William Rabkin and Hume, and the producers were Ken Kaufman and Harry Waterson.

text:
# Stick with Me, Kid

***Stick With Me, Kid*** is a British television series created by Peter Hume that aired in 1995 on The Disney Channel. The series was created by Peter Hume, produced by Buena Vista Productions Ltd. and starred Kristopher Milnes and Leigh Lawson. The executive producer was Daniel Petrie Jr., Supervising Producers were Lee Goldberg & William Rabkin and Hume, and the producers were Ken Kaufman and Harry Waterson.

## Production

Filming of the show took place at Bray Studios and at places South of London. A production team from Europe was used. Daniel Petrie Jr. was the pilot's executive producer, while Peter Hume penned its teleplay and Gary Nelson directed the show. The show is directed for children between the ages of seven and 11.

## Premise

The show revolved around the life of Ripley Hillard (Milnes), a prodigious but troubled 13-year-old boy. After a diamond is stolen from the local museum, Ripley is determined to solve the case, but fails to attract any attention from the police, as he is only 13 years old. He then seeks the help of Grant Logan (Lawson), an out of work actor, to pose as a detective for him, as the police will only listen to the ideas of an adult.

The first two episodes (the TV movie pilot edited into individual episodes) revolve around the diamond theft, but the remaining 11 episodes focused on a different case each week. Grant would put on the act of the detective, but Ripley would always be the brains. Grant also helped Ripley with his personal problems such as being bullied at school and lack of a father.

## List of the episodes

| Number | Title | Written By | Director/<br>Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Pilot – Part One”* | Peter Hume | Gary Nelson |
| 2 | *The Pilot - Two* | Peter Hume | Gary Nelson |
| 3 | *Cello Goodbye* | Peter Hume | TBA |
| 4 | *Detectives in Training* | Lee Goldberg & William Rabkin | David Tucker |
| 5 | *The Wrath of Rahm* | Peter Hume | TBA |
| 6 | *Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining* | Ken Kaufman | Christopher King |
| 7 | *Frame Up* | Jeffery C. Sherman | Harry Harris |
| 8 | *Man of a Couple Faces* | Lee Goldberg & William Rabkin | Gordon Flemyng |
| 9 | ”Mayhem at the Woodruff Court” | Ken Kaufman | Harry Harris |
| 10 | *Return of the Morlwagget* | Simon Booker | Gordon Flemyng |
| 11 | *Don't Toy with Me* | James L. Novack | Christopher King |
| 12 | *Charity Case* | Peter Hume | Christian I. Nyby II |
| 13 | *Damsel in This Dress* | Fabrice Ziolkowski | Christian I. Nyby II |

## Reception

Louise Leger of *The Globe and Mail* praised the show, writing in reference to the character Ripley Hilliard and the actor Leigh Lawson's portray of the unemployed actor Grant Logan, "Ripley is a likable kid and Lawson's portrayal of the down-and-out-yet-egotistical Logan amounts to good fun."

## InfoBox

| *Stick with Me, Kid* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Peter Hume |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Daniel Petrie Jr. |
| Producers | * Ken Kaufman * Harry Waterson |
| Production company | Walt Disney Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | Disney Channel |
| Release | 1995 (1995) |


title: Stoneleigh (Charleston, West Virginia)

abstract: Stoneleigh, also known as the Charles E. Ward House or Ruffner Payne House, is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was built in 1917 as the residence of Charles E. Ward, a leading West Virginia industrialist. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as part of the South Hills Multiple Resource Area.

text:
# Stoneleigh (Charleston, West Virginia)

**Stoneleigh**, also known as the Charles E. Ward House or Ruffner Payne House, is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was built in 1917 as the residence of Charles E. Ward, a leading West Virginia industrialist.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as part of the South Hills Multiple Resource Area.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stoneleigh | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 909 Ridgeway Rd., Charleston, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°20′17″N 81°38′19″W / 38.33806°N 81.63861°W / 38.33806; -81.63861 |
| Area | 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) |
| Built | 1917 |
| Architectural style | English Romantic |
| MPS | South Hills MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84000411 |
| Added to NRHP | October 26, 1984 |


title: Still Stuck in Your Throat

abstract: Still Stuck in Your Throat is a 2006 studio album by Fishbone, and their most recent full-length release to date, released in Europe on October 16, 2006, and in the United States on April 24, 2007. It was their first album since Fishbone and the Familyhood Nextperience Present: The Psychotic Friends Nuttwerx had been released six years previously, as well as their first to be released on an independent record label. It is also the first album to feature guitarist Rocky George, keyboardist Dre Gipson and trumpeter Curtis Storey, as well as their first to not feature founding member Walter A. Kibby II, who left the band in 2003, having since returned. Still Stuck in Your Throat was recorded in late 2005 and early 2006 with the support of David Kahne who produced all of Fishbone's recordings during the 1980s and early 1990s. Featuring five songs that were written during the unreleased "Hen House" sessions of 2001, the new album also contains six brand new tracks.

text:
# Still Stuck in Your Throat

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| About.com | link |
| Okayplayer | link |

***Still Stuck in Your Throat*** is a 2006 studio album by Fishbone, and their most recent full-length release to date, released in Europe on October 16, 2006, and in the United States on April 24, 2007. It was their first album since *Fishbone and the Familyhood Nextperience Present: The Psychotic Friends Nuttwerx* had been released six years previously, as well as their first to be released on an independent record label. It is also the first album to feature guitarist Rocky George, keyboardist Dre Gipson and trumpeter Curtis Storey, as well as their first to not feature founding member Walter A. Kibby II, who left the band in 2003, having since returned. *Still Stuck in Your Throat* was recorded in late 2005 and early 2006 with the support of David Kahne who produced all of Fishbone's recordings during the 1980s and early 1990s. Featuring five songs that were written during the unreleased "Hen House" sessions of 2001 (some songs of which appear on the live recording *Live at the Temple Bar and More*), the new album also contains six brand new tracks.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Jack Ass Brigade" | Moore, Fisher | 3:37 |
| 2. | "Let Dem Ho's Fight" | Moore, Fisher, Steward and Fishbone | 2:42 |
| 3. | "Skank 'n Go Nuttz" | Fisher | 4:58 |
| 4. | "Party with Saddam" | Gipson | 4:27 |
| 5. | "We Just Lose Our Minds" | Fisher | 9:42 |
| 6. | "Frey'd Fuckin' Nerve Endingz" | Fisher, Moore | 4:41 |
| 7. | "The Devil Made Me Do It" | Fisher | 5:00 |
| 8. | "Forever Moore" | Fisher, Moore | 3:53 |
| 9. | "Behind Closed Doors" | Fisher, Gipson | 5:16 |
| 10. | "Premadawnutt" | Fisher | 4:17 |
| 11. | "Faceplant Scorpion Backpinch" | Moore, Fisher | 3:13 |
| 12. | "Date Rape" | Bradley Nowell and Sublime | 3:31 |

## Personnel

### Fishbone

### Additional

* Jimmy Sloan – slide guitar on "Forever Moore", additional guitar on "Jackass Brigade" and "Faceplant"
* Robbie Gennet – organ on "Forever Moore", piano on "Faceplant"
* Kidd Merv – trumpet on "Forever Moore" and "Faceplant"
* I Timothy – trombone on "Forever Moore" and "Faceplant"
* Kim Manning – background vocals on "We Just Lose Our Minds"
* Bronx Style Bob – harmonies and background vocals on "We Just Lose Our Minds"
* Roger Dexter – announcer on "Let Dem Ho's Fight"

### Engineers

* David Kahne – mixing
* Jimmy Sloan – tracking, recording
* JK Potter – photography

## InfoBox

| Still Stuck In Your Throat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fishbone | |
| Released | October 16, 2006 |
| Recorded | October 2005–March 2006 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 55:17 |
| Label | Ter a Terre (Europe)
Sound in Color (US) |
| Producer | John Norwood Fisher and Jimmy Sloan |
| Fishbone chronology | |
| *Live in Amsterdam*
(2003) ***Still Stuck In Your Throat***
(2006) *Crazy Glue*
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Conus taphrus

abstract: Conus taphrus is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

text:
# Conus taphrus

***Conus taphrus*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Conus taphrus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. taphrus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus taphrus***<br>Woodring, 1970 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Conus (Dauciconus) taphrus* Woodring, 1970 | |


title: Conus terebra

abstract: Conus terebra is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

text:
# Conus terebra

***Conus terebra*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus *Conus*, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 43 mm and 100 mm. The shell is striated throughout. Its color is pale yellowish or ash-color, indistinctly two-banded, often somewhat tinged with violet at the base. The aperture is white or slightly violaceous.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Red Sea, in the tropical Indo-Pacific and off Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia).

* Born, I. von 1778. *Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, pl. 1, Testacea*. – Verzeichniss etc. Illust. Vindobonae. Vienna : J.P. Krauss xlii 458 pp.
* Gmelin J.F. 1791. Caroli a Linné. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer Vermes. Vol. 1(Part 6) pp. 3021–3910.
* Röding, P.F. 1798. *Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa.* Hamburg : Trappii 199 pp.
* Reeve, L.A. 1843. *Monograph of the genus Conus.* pls 1–39 in Reeve, L.A. (ed.). Conchologica Iconica. London : L. Reeve & Co. Vol. 1.
* Hinds, R.B. 1843. *Description of new shells from the collection of Captain Belcher.* Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser. 1 11: 16–21, 36–46, 255–257
* Sowerby, G.B III. Jr. (1881). *Descriptions of eight new species of shells*. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1881): 635–639
* Salvat, B. & Rives, C. 1975. *Coquillages de Polynésie.* Tahiti : Papéete Les editions du pacifique, pp. 1–391.
* Cernohorsky, W.O. 1978. *Tropical Pacific Marine Shells.* Sydney : Pacific Publications 352 pp., 68 pls.
* Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. *Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region*. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp.
* Puillandre, N.; Duda, T.F.; Meyer, C.; Olivera, B.M.; Bouchet, P. (2015). "One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails". *Journal of Molluscan Studies*. **81** (1): 1–23. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyu055. PMC 4541476. PMID 26300576.

## InfoBox

| *Conus terebra* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural and abapertural views of shell of *Conus terebra* Born, I. von, 1778 | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. terebra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus terebra***
Born, 1778 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus (Virgiconus) terebra* Born, 1778 · accepted, alternate representation * *Conus coelebs* Hinds, 1843 * *Conus fusus* Gmelin, 1791 * *Conus terebellum* Gmelin, 1791 (invalid: junior homonym of *Conus terebellum* Linnaeus, 1758) * *Conus thomasi* G. B. Sowerby III, 1881 * *Cucullus albeolus* Röding, 1798 * *Gastridium terebra* Salvat, B. & Rives, C. 1975 * *Hermes terebra* (Born, 1779) * *Virgiconus terebra* (Born, 1778) | |


title: Stoneman's raid

abstract:
Stoneman's raid may refer to:
  - Stoneman's 1863 raid, a cavalry operation in Spotsylvania County that preceded the start of the Battle of Chancellorsville in the American Civil War
  - Stoneman's 1864 raid, an expedition into southwest Virginia involving both cavalry and infantry in the American Civil War
  - Stoneman's 1865 raid, a cavalry raid that occurred in parts of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia near the end of the American Civil War

text:
# Stoneman's raid

**Stoneman's raid** may refer to:

* Stoneman's 1863 raid, a cavalry operation in Spotsylvania County that preceded the start of the Battle of Chancellorsville in the American Civil War
* Stoneman's 1864 raid, an expedition into southwest Virginia involving both cavalry and infantry in the American Civil War
* Stoneman's 1865 raid, a cavalry raid that occurred in parts of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia near the end of the American Civil War


title: Cordillera Central salamander

abstract:
The Cordillera Central salamander is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Costa Rica.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Cordillera Central salamander

The **Cordillera Central salamander** (***Bolitoglossa nigrescens***) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.

It is endemic to Costa Rica. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Cordillera Central salamander | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Bolitoglossa* |
| Species: | ***B. nigrescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bolitoglossa nigrescens***
(Taylor, 1949) | |
|


title: Cordillera Isabelia

abstract: Cordillera Isabelia or Cordillera Isabella in Jinotega, is the northern portion of the central mountain range in Nicaragua, which runs from northwest to southeast through the center of the country. Isabelia reaches an elevation of more than 2100 m, its highest point is Pico Mogoton, on the border with Honduras, at 2107 m; and continues through to the Cordillera Chontaleña. Many of the mountains are forested, with deep valleys between.

text:
# Cordillera Isabelia

**Cordillera Isabelia** or **Cordillera Isabella** in Jinotega, is the northern portion of the central mountain range in Nicaragua, which runs from northwest to southeast through the center of the country. Isabelia reaches an elevation of more than 2100 m (more than 6890 ft), its highest point is Pico Mogoton, on the border with Honduras, at 2107 m; and continues through to the Cordillera Chontaleña. Many of the mountains are forested, with deep valleys between.

13°30′N 85°30′W / 13.500°N 85.500°W / 13.500; -85.500


title: Conus vayssierei

abstract: Conus vayssierei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. The variety Conus vayssierei var. ossea Monterosato, 1917 is a variety of Conus vayssieri characterized by white background color and dots of purple color.

text:
# Conus vayssierei

***Conus vayssierei*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus *Conus*, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

The variety *Conus vayssierei* var. *ossea* Monterosato, 1917 is a variety of *Conus vayssieri* characterized by white background color and dots of purple color.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 28 mm and 40 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea off North Africa.

* Kobelt, W., 1906. Iconogr. Schalentr. Europ. Meeresconch, 4.
* Pallary P., 1904–1906: *Addition à la faune malacologique du Golfe de Gabès*; Journal de Conchyliologie 52: 212–248, pl. 7; 54: 77–124, pl. 4
* Puillandre, N.; Duda, T.F.; Meyer, C.; Olivera, B.M.; Bouchet, P. (2015). "One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails". *Journal of Molluscan Studies*. **81** (1): 1–23. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyu055. PMC 4541476. PMID 26300576.

## InfoBox

| *Conus vayssierei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. vayssierei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus vayssierei***<br>Pallary, 1906 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus (Lautoconus) vayssierei* Pallary, 1906 · accepted, alternate representation * *Conus mediterraneus* var. *vayssierei* Pallary, 1906 * *Lautoconus vayssierei* (Pallary, 1906) | |


title: Coral grouper

abstract: Cephalopholis miniata, also known as the coral grouper, coral hind, coral rock cod, coral cod, coral trout, round-tailed trout or vermillion seabass is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is in the family Serranidae which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is associated with coral reefs and occurs in the Indo-Pacific.

text:
# Coral grouper

***Cephalopholis miniata***, also known as the **coral grouper**, **coral hind**, **coral rock cod**, **coral cod**, **coral trout**, **round-tailed trout** or **vermillion seabass** is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is in the family Serranidae which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is associated with coral reefs and occurs in the Indo-Pacific.

## Description

*Cephalopholis miniata* has a body which is 2.6-3.0 times as long in standard length as it is deep. The dorsal profile of the head is flat to slightly convex between the eyes. It has a rounded, finely serrated preopercle, which has a fleshy lower edge. The maxilla extends beyond the rear of the eye. The membranes of the dorsal fin have distinct indentations between the spines. There are 47-56 scales in the lateral line. The dorsal fin has 9 spines and 14-15 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8-9 soft rays. The colour of the body is orange-red to reddish brown with many small bright blue spots that cover the head, body and the dorsal, anal and caudal fins. They sometimes have diagonal paler bars on the flanks. The colour of the juveniles is orange to yellow with fewer widely separated faint blue spots. They attain a maximum total length of 50 centimetres (20 in).

## Distribution

*Cephalopholis miniata* has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution from eastern coast of Africa where it occurs from the Red Sea to Durban in South Africa and east through the Indian Ocean and into the Pacific as far as the Line Islands. It occurs as far north as southern Japan and south to northern Australia. Its occurs in most islands of the Indian Ocean and the west-central Pacific but it has not been recorded from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. There are also records from southwestern India and the Andaman Sea coasts of Thailand. In Australia it is found from the Houtman Abrolhos in Western Australia to Wigram Island, Northern Territory and the northern Great Barrier Reef to Moreton Bay in Queensland, it is also found at Middleton Reef and Elizabeth Reef in the Coral Sea and Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea.

## Habitat and biology

*Cephalopholis miniata* is found in clear water where there are coastal and offshore coral reefs, it prefers exposed rather than protected areas. It is often seen in caves and below ledges. It is found at depths of 2 to 150 metres (6.6 to 492.1 ft). Like other groupers this species is predatory; over 80% of its diet consists of small fish, predominantly sea goldies (*Pseudanthias squamipinnis*) which are ambushed by the coral hind in a sudden rush up from the substrate. The remainder of its diet consists of crustaceans. They form harems consisting of a single male and up to 12 females. The male defends the harem's territory which is around 475 square metres (5,110 sq ft) in area, each female has a smaller territory which she defends against other females. Coral hinds are protogynous hermaphrodite and they change sex from female to male. The male patrols the territory and visits each female, swimming parallel to each other when they meet.

## Taxonomy

*Cephalopholis miniata* was first formally described as *Perca miniata* by the Swedish explorer, orientalist and naturalist Peter Forsskål (1732-1763) with the type locality given as Jeddah.

## Utilisation

*Cephalopholis miniata* is an important species in commercial fisheries at the local level and is caught using hook and line, fish traps and spears. It is also a quarry species for recreational angling. It is a colourful species and is popular in public aquaria and forms a minor part of the aquarium trade.

## InfoBox

| Coral grouper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Serranidae |
| Subfamily: | Epinephelinae |
| Genus: | *Cephalopholis* |
| Species: | ***C. miniata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cephalopholis miniata***
(Forsskål, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Perca miniata* Forsskål, 1775 * *Epinephelus miniatus* (Forsskål, 1775) * *Serranus miniatus* (Forsskål, 1775) * *Pomacentrus burdi* Lacepède, 1802 * *Serranus cyanostigmatoides* Bleeker, 1849 * *Serranus perguttatus* De Vis, 1884 * *Cephalopholis maculatus* Seale & B.A. Bean, 1907 * *Cephalopholis formosanus* Tanaka, 1911 * *Cephalopholis boninius* Jordan & Thompson, 1914 | |


title: Stizocera consobrina

abstract: Stizocera consobrina is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

text:
# Stizocera consobrina

***Stizocera consobrina*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

## InfoBox

| *Stizocera consobrina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Stizocera*** |
| Species: | ***S. consobrina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stizocera consobrina***<br>Gounelle, 1909 | |
|


title: Coombe Clipless Pedal

abstract: Coombe Pedal Systems are high performance clipless bicycle pedals, manufactured by W Coombe Engineering Ltd in Boulder, Colorado, USA. The original "Coombe Pro" pedal system, released in 1999, featured a unique, twist-in to engage, retention mechanism, and a compact, triple row bearing design, both of which were patented by William Coombe in Boulder, Colorado in May 2001, under US Patents #6234046 and #6227071. Though hailed by many cyclists to be the "best pedal" made, due to the high quality, low profile and lightweight design, this model was discontinued in 2006 after most road cycling shoes had changed exclusively to the 3 bolt cleat mounting pattern, which the cleats were not directly compatible with. Subsequently, the "Millennium II" pedal system was introduced, being almost identical in design and function to the original "Pro" pedals. However, it features a wider pedal platform, and a cleat designed to be mounted directly to cycling shoes with the standard 3 bolt mounting pattern. Years later, in early 2018, Coombe introduced the "Millennium Pro" pedal system. This latest model incorporates a compact, triple row bearing design, but features a new, patent pending, retention mechanism which the company states provides unrivaled performance and safety.

text:
# Coombe Clipless Pedal

**Coombe Pedal Systems** are high performance clipless bicycle pedals, manufactured by W Coombe Engineering Ltd in Boulder, Colorado, USA.

The original "Coombe Pro" pedal system, released in 1999, featured a unique, twist-in to engage, retention mechanism, and a compact, triple row bearing design, both of which were patented by William Coombe in Boulder, Colorado in May 2001, under US Patents #6234046 and #6227071.

Though hailed by many cyclists to be the "best pedal" made, due to the high quality, low profile and lightweight design, this model was discontinued in 2006 after most road cycling shoes had changed exclusively to the 3 bolt cleat mounting pattern, which the cleats were not directly compatible with.

Subsequently, the "Millennium II" pedal system was introduced, being almost identical in design and function to the original "Pro" pedals. However, it features a wider pedal platform, and a cleat designed to be mounted directly to cycling shoes with the standard 3 bolt mounting pattern.

Years later, in early 2018, Coombe introduced the "Millennium Pro" pedal system. This latest model incorporates a compact, triple row bearing design (very similar to its predecessors), but features a new, patent pending, retention mechanism which the company states provides unrivaled performance and safety.


title: Cordyla madagascariensis

abstract: Cordyla madagascariensis, synonym Dupuya madagascariensis, is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.

text:
# Cordyla madagascariensis

***Cordyla madagascariensis***, synonym ***Dupuya madagascariensis***, is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Cordyla madagascariensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Cordyla* |
| Species: | ***C. madagascariensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cordyla madagascariensis***
R.Vig. | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| * *Cordyla madagascariensis* subsp. *madagascariensis* * *Cordyla madagascariensis* subsp. *tamarindoides* (Capuron) Du Puy & Labat | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Dupuya madagascariensis* (R.Vig.) J.H.Kirkbr. | |


title: Corindhap, Victoria

abstract: Corindhap is a town in the Australian state of Victoria located on the Ballarat-Colac Road, 38.9 km from Ballarat and 62.9 km from Colac. Formerly known as Break O'Day.

text:
# Corindhap, Victoria

**Corindhap** is a town in the Australian state of Victoria located on the Ballarat-Colac Road, 38.9 km from Ballarat and 62.9 km from Colac. Formerly known as Break O'Day.

## History

The town was established in 1852 after gold was found at Boundary Hill. By 1857 the town had grown to 5000 people. There were "...four hotels, three bakers, three tailors, two blacksmiths, two drapers, four butchers, two bootmakers, two grocers, two general storekeepers, a tobacconist and numerous "grog shanties". There was an Oddfellows' Hall, two churches and a school. The town even had a brass band..." The Post Office, opened on 25 January 1868, was known as Break O'Day until 1876, and closed in 1993.

A number of the early miners of the district stayed on as farmers. Amongst these was the McDonald family. William, a decommissioned soldier, and his son, William (junior), were some of the first miners at the Break O’Day diggings and remained as settlers in Corindhap.

## Today

With a present population about 100, Corindhap has a pub, a church, a hall, an oval and a wide variety of homes. It has an Australian rules football team in conjunction with the neighbouring township of Rokewood. It previously competed in the Lexton Plains Football League, but the league folded at the end of the 2010 season. The team now play in the Central Highlands Football League.

## InfoBox

| Corindhap
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Corindhap | |
| Coordinates | 37°53′0″S 143°44′0″E / 37.88333°S 143.73333°E / -37.88333; 143.73333 |
| Population | 131 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 3352 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Golden Plains Shire |
| State electorate(s) | Polwarth |
| Federal division(s) | Wannon |
| **Localities around Corindhap:**  Rokewood Junction Dereel Dereel  Rokewood Junction Corindhap Dereel
Rokewood  Rokewood Rokewood Rokewood | |


title: Corindus Vascular Robotics

abstract: Corindus, Inc. was founded in Israel in 2002 by Rafael Beyar, an interventional cardiologist, and his student at the Technion, Tal Wenderow. The company's original goal was to use remote control and robotics to move coronary guidewires and balloon/stent catheters. Corindus Vascular Robotics, Inc. was later moved to the United States to be headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts. The company's FDA-cleared CorPath® System became the first medical device that allows interventionalists to manipulate guidewires and balloon/stents from an interventional cockpit. The company went public in August 2014 and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CVRS. Under the leadership of CEO Mark Toland and CFO David Long, the company continued to grow and received additional clearances from the FDA. Investments in the development of next generation products and expanded regulatory clearances lead to the negotiation of a potential strategic transaction. In August 2019, Siemens Healthineers publicly announced its intention to acquire Corindus for $1.1 billion. The final transaction closed in October 2019, representing one of the largest MedTech deals in 2019.

text:
# Corindus Vascular Robotics

**Corindus, Inc.** was founded in Israel in 2002 by Rafael Beyar, an interventional cardiologist, and his student at the Technion, Tal Wenderow. The company's original goal was to use remote control and robotics to move coronary guidewires and balloon/stent catheters.

Corindus Vascular Robotics, Inc. (NYSE: CVRS) was later moved to the United States to be headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts. The company's FDA-cleared CorPath® System became the first medical device that allows interventionalists to manipulate guidewires and balloon/stents from an interventional cockpit.

The company went public in August 2014 and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CVRS.

Under the leadership of CEO Mark Toland and CFO David Long, the company continued to grow and received additional clearances from the FDA. Investments in the development of next generation products and expanded regulatory clearances lead to the negotiation of a potential strategic transaction. In August 2019, Siemens Healthineers publicly announced its intention to acquire Corindus for $1.1 billion. The final transaction closed in October 2019, representing one of the largest MedTech deals in 2019.

1. "20/20 Healthcare Partners". Archived from the original on 2013-08-12. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
2. "The United States Patent and Trademark Office".
3. "How It Works". Corindus Vascular Robotics.
4. "Siemens Healthineers plant Milliardenübernahme". *Faz.net*. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.

## InfoBox

Corindus Vascular Robotics
| Traded as | AMEX: CVRS<br>Russell Microcap Index component |
| --- | --- |


title: Cora E. Simpson

abstract: Cora Eliza Simpson was an American nurse and nursing educator. She was a missionary in China from 1907 to 1945, and founded and ran the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing in Fuzhou. She was also a founder of the Nurses' Association of China.

text:
# Cora E. Simpson

**Cora Eliza Simpson** (February 13, 1880 – May 14, 1960) was an American nurse and nursing educator. She was a missionary in China from 1907 to 1945, and founded and ran the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing in Fuzhou. She was also a founder of the Nurses' Association of China.

## Early life

Cora Simpson was born near Oberlin, Kansas, the daughter of George Mathew Simpson and Rhoda Rosina Simpson. She trained as a nurse at the Nebraska Deaconess Hospital in Omaha, with further training in Chicago, and courses in public health nursing at Simmons College in Boston.

Her youngest sister, Mabel Ellen Simpson, followed her into nursing and missionary work in Asia. Mabel Simpson spent thirteen years as a Methodist nurse in India before she married in 1939.

## Career

Simpson joined the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was a missionary in China from 1907 until 1944. She founded and ran the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing in Fuzhou. and was superintendent at the Magaw Memorial Hospital and Nurses' Home. "When I came to China I was told that China did not need and was not ready for nurses," she wrote in 1913. "After a day in the hospital and a few visits out into the homes, I decided there were few things that China did need as much as nurses." In 1911, 1917-1918 and 1926-1927, she spent time on furlough, speaking about her work at churches and to other community groups.

Simpson was a co-founder and, later, general secretary of the Nurses' Association of China (N. A. C.). She represented the association at international nursing conferences in Finland in 1925 and in France in 1933. She wrote about her early experiences in China in a memoir, *A Joy Ride Through China for the N. A. C.* (1926). In 1947, she was named N. A. C.'s general secretary emeritus, in honor of her lifetime of service.

## Personal life

Simpson returned to the United States in 1945, and settled in Michigan. She lectured about her time in China in her later years, and died in 1960, in Chelsea, Michigan, aged 80 years. She is remembered by nursing historians as "a key contributor to modern nursing in China".

*

## InfoBox

| Cora E. Simpson | |
| --- | --- |
| Cora E. Simpson (center), with four Chinese women graduates of the Florence Nightingale Training School in Fuzhou, from a 1913 publication. | |
| Born | Cora Eliza Simpson
February 13, 1880
Oberlin, Kansas |
| Died | May 14, 1960(1960-05-14) (aged 80)
Chelsea, Michigan |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | nurse, nursing educator, medical missionary |
| Notable work | *A Joy Ride Through China for the N. A. C.* (1926) |


title: Strengths and weaknesses of evolution

abstract: Scientists are always probing the strengths and weakness of their hypotheses. That is the very nature of the enterprise. But evolution is no longer a hypothesis. It is a theory rigorously supported by abundant evidence. The weaknesses that creationists hope to teach as a way of refuting evolution are themselves antiquated, long since filed away as solved. The religious faith underlying creationism has a place, in church and social studies courses. Science belongs in science classrooms. "Strengths and weaknesses of evolution" is a controversial phrase that has been proposed for public school science curricula. Those proposing the phrase, such as the chairman of the Texas State Board of Education (SBOE), Don McLeroy, purport that there are weaknesses in the theory of evolution and in the evidence that life has evolved that should be taught for a balanced treatment of the subject of evolution. The scientific community rejects that any substantive weaknesses exist in the scientific theory, or in the data that it explains, and views the examples that have been given in support of the phrasing as being without merit and long refuted. This has led scientists and journalists to conclude that the phrase is a creationist tactic to introduce religion into science courses. The phrase was introduced by the SBOE in the late 1980s. Since then it has been promoted in California and Missouri. In late 2008, it became a highly publicized issue as the Texas SBOE held public hearings on whether this language should be removed from the curriculum. According to the National Center for Science Education, the phrase, like 'Teach the controversy' and 'Critical Analysis of Evolution', is an attempt in a series of legal and political tactics adopted by intelligent design advocates to encourage educators to teach fallacious information — that a controversy exists among scientists over whether evolution has occurred.

text:
# Strengths and weaknesses of evolution

> Scientists are always probing the strengths and weakness of their hypotheses. That is the very nature of the enterprise. But evolution is no longer a hypothesis. It is a theory rigorously supported by abundant evidence. The weaknesses that creationists hope to teach as a way of refuting evolution are themselves antiquated, long since filed away as solved. The religious faith underlying creationism has a place, in church and social studies courses. Science belongs in science classrooms.
>
> *The Cons of Creationism*, editorial from The New York Times

"**Strengths and weaknesses of evolution**" is a controversial phrase that has been proposed for (and in Texas introduced into) public school science curricula. Those proposing the phrase, such as the chairman of the Texas State Board of Education (SBOE), Don McLeroy, purport that there are weaknesses in the theory of evolution and in the evidence that life has evolved that should be taught for a balanced treatment of the subject of evolution. The scientific community rejects that any substantive weaknesses exist in the scientific theory, or in the data that it explains, and views the examples that have been given in support of the phrasing as being without merit and long refuted.

This has led scientists and journalists to conclude that the phrase is a creationist tactic to introduce religion into science courses. The phrase was introduced by the SBOE in the late 1980s. Since then it has been promoted in California and Missouri. In late 2008, it became a highly publicized issue as the Texas SBOE held public hearings on whether this language should be removed from the curriculum. According to the National Center for Science Education, the phrase, like 'Teach the controversy' and 'Critical Analysis of Evolution', is an attempt in a series of legal and political tactics adopted by intelligent design advocates to encourage educators to teach fallacious information — that a controversy exists among scientists over whether evolution has occurred.

## History

### Texas SBOE

The "strengths and weaknesses" language was included in the curriculum standards in Texas to appease creationists when the SBOE first mandated the teaching of evolution in the late 1980s.

In 2003, the "strengths and weaknesses" language in the standards was employed by members of the board in an unsuccessful attempt to dilute the treatment of evolution in the biology textbooks they were considering.

In September 2008 the 21st Century Science Coalition released a petition to remove the phrase "strengths and weaknesses" from the public school guidelines for science classrooms in Texas. As of November 2008, 588 scientists at Texas universities and 777 other scientists across the state have signed the petition.

In the summer of 2008/2009 the Texas SBOE is determining the curriculum for the next decade, including deciding whether the "strengths and weaknesses" of evolution should be taught. While this language was described by *The New York Times* as a "benign-sounding phrase", they mention that critics state that it is a new strategy to undermine the teaching of evolution, and for students to hear religious objections under the heading of scientific discourse. The then SBOE Chairman, Don McLeroy, a Young Earth creationist dentist from Central Texas, denied that the language "is subterfuge for bringing in creationism." McLeroy views the debate as being between "two systems of science" — "a creationist system and a naturalist system". These views have alarmed Texas educators, including former chairman of the department of medicine at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Dan Foster, who stated that "\[s\]erious students will not come to study in our universities if Texas is labeled scientifically backward".

In December 2008, the *San Antonio Express-News* stated in an editorial that the Texas SBOE has a "long history of trying to water down the science curriculum with criticisms of evolution that lack scientific credibility."

> The lesson we draw from these shenanigans is that scientifically illiterate boards of education should leave the curriculum to educators and scientists who know what constitutes a sound education.
>
> *Texas Two-Step*, editorial from *The New York Times* condemning the amendments

In January 2009, the Texas SBOE voted to remove the 'Strengths and Weaknesses" language, but its conservative faction, led by Don McLeroy, managed to pass several amendments to the science curriculum that opponents describe as opening the door to teaching objections to evolution that might lead students to reject it. These included one amendment that compels science teachers to teach about aspects of the fossil record that do not neatly fit with gradualism, but rather show the relatively sudden appearance of some species while others seem to remain unchanged for millions of years. Prominent University of Texas biology professor David Hillis described the amendments as "mak\[ing\] no sense to me ... It's a clear indication that the chairman of the state school board doesn’t understand the science." Board member Ken Mercer of San Antonio, who voted to keep "strengths and weaknesses" described his support for the language in explicitly religious terms: "It's an issue of freedom of religion." This view was contradicted by fellow social conservative board member Barbara Cargill, who stated "\[t\]his isn’t about religion."

On March 13, 2009 a bill (HB 4224) was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives that would require the Texas SBOE to restore the "strengths and weaknesses" language in the state science standards.

### California

In 2003 and 2004, creationist lawyer Larry Caldwell sought to persuade the Roseville Joint Union High School District Board of Trustees to adopt a policy which included teaching "the scientific strengths and weaknesses" of evolution. When this was rejected, he filed a complaint in federal court against the district, alleging that his civil rights were violated during the controversy, resulting in a summary judgment against him in September 2007.

### Discovery Institute

In February 2008 the Discovery Institute created an Academic Freedom petition that stated "Teachers should be protected from being fired, harassed, intimidated, or discriminated against for objectively presenting the scientific strengths and weaknesses of Darwinian theory."

### Missouri

In February 2009, House Bill 656, introduced in the Missouri House of Representatives, proposed that "teachers shall be permitted to help students understand, analyze, critique, and review in an objective manner the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of theories of biological and chemical evolution." This bill died when the Missouri legislative session ended on May 15, 2009.

### Tennessee

On February 9, 2011, Tennessee House of Representatives member Bill Dunn introduced House Bill 368, which states that "teachers shall be permitted to help students understand, analyze, critique, and review in an objective manner the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of existing scientific theories covered in the course being taught." On February 16, 2011, Tennessee State Senator Bo Watson introduced an identical bill, Senate Bill 893. The House Bill was passed by the House Education Committee on March 29, 2011, and referred to the House Calendar and Rules Committee. Alan I. Leshner, the Chief Executive Officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Executive Publisher of the journal Science, wrote to the House of Representatives opposing the Bill, stating "There is virtually no scientific controversy among the overwhelming majority of researchers on the core facts of global warming and evolution. Asserting that there are significant scientific controversies about the overall nature of these concepts when there are none will only confuse students, not enlighten them."

## Educational and scientific value

While anti-evolution members of the Texas SBOE have claimed their "weaknesses" campaign has nothing to do with faith, that "We're not putting religion in books", scientists have rebutted that these weaknesses are simply falsehoods. Scientists testified at the state board hearing in November 2008 that evolution is a scientific theory, not a hypothesis and thus does not have weaknesses.

Some scientists, including Andrew Ellington, professor of biochemistry at the University of Texas, and Robert Dennison, Houston Independent School District's AP science lead teacher, are concerned that the mention of "weaknesses" in the curriculum standards has had a chilling effect on science teachers.

In a survey commissioned by the Texas Freedom Network, "94% of Texas scientists indicated that claimed "weaknesses" are not valid scientific objections to evolution (with 87% saying that they “strongly disagree” that such weaknesses should be considered valid)."

## Specific weaknesses and their scientific rebuttals

Supporters of the 'strengths and weaknesses of evolution' language have proposed the following as weaknesses of evolution, and the scientific community has responded with the following rebuttals:

| Argument | Scientific rebuttal |
| --- | --- |
| Evolution violates the first law of thermodynamics | Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth and provides the energy needed for organisms to live and reproduce. As the existence and evolution of life neither creates nor destroys this energy, it does not violate the first law of thermodynamics. |
| Evolution violates the second law of thermodynamics | The second law only applies to closed systems that do not exchange matter or energy with their surroundings. Both the Earth and all living organisms are open systems. For further details see Evolution and the second law of thermodynamics and Entropy and life. |
| Evolution violates the Law of Biogenesis | Pasteur's law only disproved the (then current) idea that life forms such as mice, maggots, and bacteria can appear fully formed. It does not say that very primitive life cannot form from increasingly complex molecules. |
| Evolution is unable to explain the Cambrian Explosion |  |
| Alleged frauds and forgeries such as Piltdown Man and Haeckel's embryo drawings | Rebuttal of allegations that past evidence for evolution has been overturned |
| Evolution is not observable | Observability of evolution |
| Evolution is only a theory and not a fact | Evolution is both a theory and a fact. |


title: Strengthening Nation Forum

abstract: The Strengthening Nation Forum is a Chinese bulletin board on the website of the People's Daily, an official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party. The purpose of the forum is for discussion on how to make China a stronger nation. The forum is somewhat remarkable being sponsored by an organ of the Chinese Communist Party yet having a relatively open amount of uninhibited discussion including sometimes extremely strong criticism of the People's Republic of China government. Scholars of the Chinese internet such as Peng Lan, argue that its creation to mobilize internet resistance to the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade was a landmark moment in Chinese internet history, and the forum has been cited as being important in the development of online Chinese nationalism. With politically sensitive issues such as the July 1, 2003 demonstrations in Hong Kong against Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, the amount of coverage and analysis within the forum is often more extensive than with the paper itself. After Zhao Ziyang's death on January 17, 2005, the forum was flooded with messages expressing condolence. These messages were promptly deleted by the moderators, as the government feared any mass mourning for the purged leader would cause civil unrest, and some posters responded by ridiculing the moderators. One person asked: "I could post messages in the morning, but why not in the evening?"

text:
# Strengthening Nation Forum

The **Strengthening Nation Forum** (Chinese: 强国论坛) is a Chinese bulletin board on the website of the *People's Daily*, an official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party.

The purpose of the forum is for discussion on how to make China a stronger nation. The forum is somewhat remarkable being sponsored by an organ of the Chinese Communist Party yet having a relatively open amount of uninhibited discussion including sometimes extremely strong criticism of the People's Republic of China government. Scholars of the Chinese internet such as Peng Lan, argue that its creation to mobilize internet resistance to the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade was a landmark moment in Chinese internet history, and the forum has been cited as being important in the development of online Chinese nationalism.

With politically sensitive issues such as the July 1, 2003 demonstrations in Hong Kong against Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, the amount of coverage and analysis within the forum is often more extensive than with the paper itself.

After Zhao Ziyang's death on January 17, 2005, the forum was flooded with messages expressing condolence. These messages were promptly deleted by the moderators, as the government feared any mass mourning for the purged leader would cause civil unrest, and some posters responded by ridiculing the moderators. One person asked: "I could post messages in the morning, but why not in the evening?"


title: Streptomyces paucisporeus

abstract: Streptomyces paucisporeus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from acidic soil from the Yunnan Province in China.

text:
# Streptomyces paucisporeus

***Streptomyces paucisporeus*** is a bacterium species from the genus of *Streptomyces* which has been isolated from acidic soil from the Yunnan Province in China.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Streptomyces paucisporeus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Streptomycetales |
| Family: | Streptomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Streptomyces* |
| Species: | ***S. paucisporeus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Streptomyces paucisporeus***<br>Xu et al. 2006 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| CGMCC 4.2025, JCM 13276, NBRC 102072, strain 1413 | |


title: Erhard Bühler

abstract: General Erhard Bühler is a retired officer of the German Army, and the former Director General for Planning German Ministry of Defence in Berlin, Germany. He was the commander of KFOR, from September 2010 to September 2011. He led approximately 5000 troops, although the number declined during his tenure as the security situation in Kosovo improved. In 2004, Bühler had led the Bundeswehr contingent of KFOR in Prizren. Bühler commanded Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum from 31 March 2019 to 22 April 2020.

text:
# Erhard Bühler

General **Erhard Bühler** (born 20 January 1956) is a retired officer of the German Army, and the former Director General for Planning German Ministry of Defence in Berlin, Germany. He was the commander of KFOR, from September 2010 to September 2011. He led approximately 5000 troops, although the number declined during his tenure as the security situation in Kosovo improved. In 2004, Bühler had led the Bundeswehr contingent of KFOR in Prizren. Bühler commanded Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum from 31 March 2019 to 22 April 2020.

## Personal life

Buhler was born in Aichach, Bavaria and grew up in Regensburg. He is married and has a son.

## InfoBox

| Erhard Bühler | |
| --- | --- |
| Erhard Bühler in 2017 | |
| Born | (1956-01-20) 20 January 1956<br>Aichach, Bavaria, Germany |
| Allegiance | Germany |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Years of service | 1976–2020 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany), Kosovo Force, Commander Joint Warfare Centre |


abstract: The Cabinet National Security Committee (NSC) is a cabinet-level committee of the New Zealand Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet that was created in October 2014 by the Fifth National Government. This body is modelled after the British National Security Council and the Australian National Security Committee of Cabinet. The NSC is headed by the Minister of National Security and Intelligence. The NSC is given oversight over New Zealand's intelligence community and security services and tasked with considering policies and proposals relating to those departments. Another function of the Cabinet National Security Committee is to coordinate and direct national responses to major crises or national security problems. The members of the Committee are the Prime Minister and Ministers responsible for the Civil Defence, the Defence, Foreign Affairs, Government Communications Security Bureau, New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, and Police portfolios.

text:
# Cabinet National Security Committee (New Zealand)

The **Cabinet National Security Committee** (**NSC**) is a cabinet-level committee of the New Zealand Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet that was created in October 2014 by the Fifth National Government. This body is modelled after the British National Security Council and the Australian National Security Committee of Cabinet. The NSC is headed by the Minister of National Security and Intelligence.

The NSC is given oversight over New Zealand's intelligence community and security services and tasked with considering policies and proposals relating to those departments. Another function of the Cabinet National Security Committee is to coordinate and direct national responses to major crises or national security problems. The members of the Committee are the Prime Minister and Ministers responsible for the Civil Defence, the Defence, Foreign Affairs, Government Communications Security Bureau, New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, and Police portfolios.

## Committee Members

| Image | Name | Portfolio(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | The Rt. Hon. Christopher Luxon | Prime Minister |
| | | Leader of the New Zealand National Party |
| | | Minister of National Security and Intelligence |
|  | The Rt. Hon. Winston Peters | Deputy Prime Minister |
| | | Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| | | Minister for Racing |
|  | The Hon. Mark Mitchell | Minister of Corrections |
| | | Minister for Emergency Management |
| | | Minister of Police |
|  | The Hon. Judith Collins | Minister of Defence |
| | | Lead Coordination Minister for the Government’s
Response to the Royal Commission’s Report into
the Terrorist Attack on the Christchurch Mosques |
| | | Minister Responsible for the GCSB |
| | | Minister Responsible for the NZSIS |
| | | Attorney General |
| | | Minister for the Digital Economy and Communications
 |
|  | The Hon. Simon Watts | Minister for the Environment |
| | | Minister of Revenue |
|  | The Hon. Todd McClay | Minister of Agriculture |
| | | Minister for Biosecurity |
| | | Minister for Trade and Export Growth |
|  | The Hon. Erica Stanford | Minister of Immigration |
|  | The Hon. Nicola Willis | Minister of Finance |

## InfoBox

New Zealand
Cabinet National Security Committee
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Committee overview | |
| Formed | 6 October 2014 |
| Committee executives |  |
| Parent department | Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |
| Website | Cabinet National Security Committee |