title: Stonyhurst Observatory

abstract: The Stonyhurst Observatory is a functioning observatory and weather station at Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, England. Built in 1866, it replaced a nearby earlier building, built in 1838, which is now used as the Typographia Collegii. The records of temperature, which continue to be taken there, began in 1846 and are among the oldest continuous daily records in the world. In 2004, Stonyhurst replaced Ringway as one of four weather stations used by the Met Office to provide central England temperature data (CET); revised urban warming and bias adjustments have since been applied to the Stonyhurst data. During the course of the twentieth century, the observatory fell out of use for astronomical purposes and after the Second World War its telescope, parts of which dated to the 1860s, was sold. When its private owner came to re-sell it, the College was able to buy it back and restore it to its original home. See: Stonyhurst Refractor The observatory is currently run by Classics master Fintan O'Reilly, who also teaches GCSE astronomy. Occasionally access is permitted to the observatory for visitors.

text:
# Stonyhurst Observatory

The **Stonyhurst Observatory** is a functioning observatory and weather station at Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, England. Built in 1866, it replaced a nearby earlier building, built in 1838, which is now used as the *Typographia Collegii*.

The records of temperature, which continue to be taken there, began in 1846 and are among the oldest continuous daily records in the world (the very oldest continuous daily temperature records have been taken at the Old Stockholm Observatory since 1756). In 2004, Stonyhurst replaced Ringway as one of four weather stations used by the Met Office to provide central England temperature data (CET); revised urban warming and bias adjustments have since been applied to the Stonyhurst data.

During the course of the twentieth century, the observatory fell out of use for astronomical purposes and after the Second World War its telescope, parts of which dated to the 1860s, was sold. When its private owner came to re-sell it, the College was able to buy it back and restore it to its original home. See: Stonyhurst Refractor

The observatory is currently run by Classics master Fintan O'Reilly, who also teaches GCSE astronomy. Occasionally access is permitted to the observatory for visitors.

## History

The observatory was originally established at Stonyhurst College in 1838, and intended primarily to serve as a meteorological station. With the foundation of the Meteorological Office in 1854, it became one of seven key UK stations. The observatory was managed and operated by the Jesuit priests who ran the school. During the mid-nineteenth century, Fathers Weld, Perry and Sidgreaves, broadened the scope of the observatory's operations to include astronomy, geomagnetrometry and seismology.

In 1858, the observatory was chosen as one of the main observing stations by General Sir Edward Sabine, when he was conducting a magnetic survey of England. Five years later, the observatory's first regular series of monthly geomagnetic observations was inaugurated by Fr Sidgreaves. In 1866, the latter installed a set of self-recording photographic magnetographs, donated by the Royal Society, in a specially constructed underground chamber.

Sidgreaves also carried out original research into the solar spectrum, contained in many papers published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. In solar physics he made a long photographic study of the Sun, including hundreds of photographs taken in the violet light of calcium, using a Hilger spectroscope acquired by Father Perry. In this research he showed that the Sun is spectroscopically, a variable star.

During his time as president of the Branch, Sidgreaves carried out original work into the spectroscopy of novae. His work on Nova Aurigae, in 1892, contained some of the first photographs of the spectra of novae ever taken. He recognised in them the similarity between the spectrum of the new star and that of the solar chromosphere, rich in the pink light of ionised hydrogen. Equally significant results were obtained with the spectrum of Nova Perseii, in 1901.

Sidgreaves was particularly interested in the connection between sunspots and fluctuations in Earth's magnetic field. He published several papers on the subject based on observations made at Stonyhurst. In work carried out between 1881 and 1898, he came to the conclusion that although magnetic storms were not directly a result of sunspots, they were due to clouds of electrified particles moving between the Sun and Earth. It is now known that solar mass ejections caused by solar flares can interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce magnetic storms. They are now of great importance, having been known to disrupt national power-grids and cause expensive damage to Earth-orbiting telecommunication satellites.

In 1848, the year in which Sidgreaves first attended the College, the Italian astronomer, Father Angelo Secchi, of the Jesuit Collegio di Romano Observatory, in Rome, had stayed at Stonyhurst, in retreat from revolutionary troubles in Italy. Stonyhurst's astronomical leanings, particularly in solar observation, apparently stemmed from his time in residence.

## Stonyhurst heliographic coordinates

The 'Stonyhurst System of heliographic coordinates' is one of two 'heliographic coordinate' systems used for identifying the position of features on the Sun's surface. In the Stonyhurst system the zero point is set at the intersection of the Sun's equator and central meridian as seen from the Earth. Longitude increases towards the Sun's western limb. A solar feature will have a fixed latitude as it rotates across the solar disk, but its longitude will increase. This is in contrast to the Carrington heliographic coordinate system, where the longitude remains approximately fixed in time. The coordinates take their name from the College where they were devised in the nineteenth century.

## Stonyhurst disks

A 'Stonyhurst disk' is used to determine the longitude and latitude of sunspots. The Earth doesn't orbit precisely around the Sun's equator, so through the year the center of solar pictures moves up and down a little more than 7 degrees. This angle varies sinusoidally through the year and is called B0. Earth crosses the Sun's equator about December 7 and June 7 each year. This means that the lines of latitude on the sun do not appear as lines from the Earth, but as elliptical arcs. Sunspots and other features will rotate across the face of the Sun along lines of latitude. Stonyhurst disks are transparent overlays that match the size of whole-disk images of the Sun. These disks provide a graphic means of locating sunspots on the solar disk in reference to lines of latitude and longitude. Different disk overlays are produced for different dates.

## Further reading

* Muir, T.E. (2006) *Stonyhurst*, (St Omers Press, Gloucestershire) second edition ISBN 0-9553592-0-1

## InfoBox

Stonyhurst Observatory
| The rear of the 1866 Observatory | |
| --- | --- |
| Organization | Stonyhurst College |
| Location | Stonyhurst, Lancashire, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 53°48′N 2°30′W / 53.80°N 2.50°W / 53.80; -2.50 |
| Altitude | 115m / 377 feet |
| Weather | Average temperature: 8.4°C |
| Established | 1838 |
| Website | https://www.stonyhurst.ac.uk |
| Stonyhurst ObservatoryLocation in the United KingdomStonyhurst ObservatoryLocation in LancashireStonyhurst ObservatoryLocation in Ribble Valley Borough | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Cornelius Becker Philip

abstract: Cornelius Becker Philip (1900–1987) was an American entomologist, noted for assigning comedic names to species he described.

text:
# Cornelius Becker Philip

**Cornelius Becker Philip** (1900–1987) was an American entomologist, noted for assigning comedic names to species he described.

## Works

* Philip, C.B. 1931. The Tabanidae (horseflies) of Minnesota. With special reference to their biologies and taxonomy. Technical Bulletin of the Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Minnesota 80, 132 pp., 4 pls.
* Philip, C.B. 1936. New Tabanidae (horseflies) with notes on certain species of the longus group of Tabanus. Ohio Journal of Science36: 149-156.
* Philip, C.B. 1936. The furcatus group of western North American flies of the genus Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 37\[1935\]: 153-161. \[1936.01.17\]
* Philip, C.B. 1936. An interesting new horsefly from North Carolina (Diptera: Tabanidae). Entomological News 47: 229-231. \[1936.11.12\]
* Philip, C.B. 1937. New horseflies (Tabanidae, Diptera) from the southwestern United States. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 13: 64-67. \[1937.05.04\]
* Philip, C.B. 1937. Notes on certain males of North American horseflies (Tabanidae). II. The affinis or 'red-sided' group of Tabanus sens. lat., with a key to the females. The Canadian Entomologist 69: 35-40, 49-58. \[1937.05.04\]
* Philip, C.B. 1941. Notes on Nearctic Tabaninae (Diptera). Part I. Stenotabanus, Atylotus, and Tabanus s. str.; Part II. Tabanus S. lat. and Hybomitra. The Canadian Entomologist 73: 105-110; 142-153.
* Philip, C.B. 1941. Notes on three western genera of flies (Diptera, Tabanidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 36: 185-199.
* Philip, C.B. 1941. Notes on Nearctic Pangoniinae (Diptera, Tabanidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 43: 113-130, 1 pl. \[1941.06.27\]
* Philip, C.B. 1942. Further notes on Nearctic Tabanidae (Diptera). Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 21: 55-68.
* Philip, C.B. 1943. New Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 51: 111-116. \[1943.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1950. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Part II. Tabanidae  \[*sic*\] \[=Tabaninae\]; III. Notes on Tabanus molestus and related horseflies with a prominent single row of triangles on the abdomen. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 43: 115-122; 240-248. \[1950.04.24\]
* Philip, C.B. 1950. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Part I. Pangoniinae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America (1949) 42: 451-460. \[1950.01.20\]
* Philip, C.B. 1953. The genus Chrysozona Meigen in North America (Diptera, Tabanidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 55: 247-251. \[1953.11.13\]
* Philip, C.B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae, VII. Descriptions of Tabaninae from Mexico (Diptera). American Museum Novitates 1695, 26 pp. \[1954.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). VI. Descriptions of Tabaninae and new distributional data. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 47: 25-33. \[1954.05.04\]
* Philip, C.B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae. VIII. Notes on and keys to the genera and species of Pangoniinae exclusive of Chrysops. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2: 13-60.
* Philip, C.B. 1955. New North American Tabanidae. IX. Notes on and keys to the genus Chrysops Meigen. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 3: 47-128.
* Philip, C.B. 1956. Records of horseflies in Northeast Asia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology 7: 221-230. \[1956.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1957. New records of Tabanidae (Diptera) in the Antilles. American Museum Novitates 1858, 16 pp. \[1957.11.29\]
* Philip, C.B. 1958. Five new species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Mexico and Brazil. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 31: 177-184. \[1958.05.30\]
* Philip, C.B. 1958. New records of Tabanidae (Diptera) in the Antilles. Supplemental report. Amer. Mus. Novitates. 1921, 7 pp. \[1958.12.31\]
* Philip, C.B. 1958. Descriptions of new Neotropical Tabanidae mostly in the California Academy of Sciences (Diptera). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 34: 63-76. \[1958.06.06\]
* Philip, C.B. 1959. Tabanidae (Diptera). Philippine Zoological Expedition 1946-1947. Fieldiana, Zoology 33: 543-625, figs. 99-132. \[1959.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1959. New North American Tabanidae. X. Notes on synonymy, and description of a new species of Chrysops. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 85: 193-217.
* Philip, C.B. 1960. Further records of neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) mostly from Peru.Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 31: 69-102. \[1960.07.08\]
* Philip, C.B. 1960. Malaysian parasites XXXV. Descriptions of some Tabanidae (Diptera) from the Far East. Stud. Inst. Med. Res., Fed. Malaysia 29: 1-32. \[1960.08.17\]
* Philip, C.B. 1960. Malaysian parasites XXXV. Descriptions of some Tabanidae (Diptera) from the Far East. Stud. Inst. Med. Res., Fed. Malaysia 29: 1-32. \[1960.08.17\]
* Philip, C.B. 1960. New North American Tabanidae. XI. Supplemental notes pertinent to a catalog of Nearctic species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53: 364-369. \[1960.05.31\]
* Philip, C.B. 1961. Three new tabanine flies (Tabanidae, Diptera) from the Orient. Indian J Ent. 21 (1959): 82-88. \[1961.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1961. Further notes on Far Eastern Tabanidae with description of five new species. Pacif. Insects. 3: 473-479. \[1961.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1961. Additional records of Tabanidae from the west coast of South America (Diptera). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 37: 111-116. \[1961.06.14\]
* Philip, C.B. 1961. New North American Tabanidae. XIII. Change of name for a well-known species of Chrysops. Entomological News 72: 160-162. \[1961.06.07\]
* Philip, C.B. 1962. A review of the Far Eastern biannularis group of Tabanus. Pacific Insects 4: 293-301. \[1962.07.30\]
* Philip, C.B. 1962. New North American Tabanidae. XVI. A new species from the South Texas Gulf Coast (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 64: 171-174. \[1962.10.17\]
* Philip, C.B. 1963. Further notes on Far Eastern Tabanidae. II. Descriptions of two new chrysopine flies. Pacific Insects 5: 1-3. \[1963.04.30\]
* Philip, C.B. 1963. Further notes on Far Eastern Tabanidae. III. Records and new species of Haematopota and a new Chrysops from Malaysia. Pacific Insects 5(3): 519-534. \[1963.10.15\]
* Philip, C.B. 1966. New North American Tabanidae. XVIII. New species and addenda to a Nearctic catalog. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 59(3): 519-527.
* Philip, C.B. 1967. Species of Tabanus related to T. xanthogaster Philippi in Chile. Journal of Medical Entomology 4: 463-466.
* Philip, C.B. 1968. Descriptions of new Neotropical Tabanidae and new records for Argentina. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 22\[1967\]: 105-132. \[1968.11.18\]
* Philip, C.B. 1968. New North American Tabanidae. XIX. Four new species from Mexico, Honduras, and Arizona. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 61: 380-383.
* Philip, C.B. 1969. New or little known Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 137-152.
* Philip, C.B. 1970. Further notes on Oriental Tabanidae (Diptera) IV. Descriptions of Cydistomyia and Tabanus, and other records, particularly from India and Sikkim. pp. 443–452.. In Singh, K. S. & Tandan, B. K. (eds), H. D. Srivastava Commemoration Volume, 653 pp. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Parasitology, Izatnagar. \[1970.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1972. A new Tabanus from South Inida (Dipt., Tabanidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 3: 159-160.
* Philip, C.B. 1973. Diptera: Tabanidae from Ceylon. Entomologica Scandinavica (Suppl.) 4: 56-62.
* Philip, C.B. 1974. Further notes on Oriental Tabanidae (Diptera). 5. New species from southeast Asia. J. Med. Entomol. 11: 393-396.
* Philip, C.B. 1977. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). 23. Additional new Diachlorini from Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 79: 28-32. \[1977.01.24\]
* Philip, C.B. 1978. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). XXV. The genus Hybomitra and some other new tabanine horse flies in Mexico. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54: 107-124. \[1978.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1978. New North American Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera). XXIV. Further comments on certain Pangoniinae in Mexico with special reference to Esenbeckia.Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 41: 345-356. \[1978.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. 1979. Further notes on Far Eastern Tabanidae (Diptera). VI. New and little-known species from the Orient and additional records, particularly from Malaysia. Pacific Insects 21: 179-202. \[1979.12.21\]
* Philip, C.B. 1980. Further notes on Far Eastern Tabanidae VII. New generalized Oriental species of unusual zoogeographic interest (Diptera). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 56: 71-78. \[1980.??.??\]
* Philip, C.B. & Jones, C.M. 1962. New North American Tabanidae. XV. Additions to records of Chrysops in Florida. Florida Entomologist 45: 67-69.
* Philip, C.B. & Mackerras, I.M. 1960. On Asiatic and related Chrysopinae (Diptera: Tabanidae). Philipp, J. Sci. 88 (1959): 279-324


title: Straight Lines (band)

abstract: Straight Lines was a Canadian pop-rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia. They are most noted for their single "Letting Go", which was a Top 10 hit on the Canadian charts in 1982 and earned the band nominations for Best Single and Best Composer at the Juno Awards of 1983.

text:
# Straight Lines (band)

**Straight Lines** was a Canadian pop-rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia. They are most noted for their single "Letting Go", which was a Top 10 hit on the Canadian charts in 1982 and earned the band nominations for Best Single and Best Composer at the Juno Awards of 1983.

## Background

The band was formed in the 1970s by vocalist and keyboardist Bob Buckley and guitarist David Sinclair, initially under the name Spring. Sinclair had previously been associated with Sunshyne, an early incarnation of Prism. Prior to founding Spring, Buckley, an accomplished musician from Britain, had been working as a session musician and playing on the TV series Let's Go. They added bassist Peter Clarke, percussionist Peter Padden and drummer Daryl Burgess and changed their name to Dogstar. By 1979, they were well-known on the Vancouver club scene and, after attracting the attention of Bruce Allen, they were signed to Epic Records, and again changed their name, to Straight Lines.

## Recording career

As Straight Lines, the band released their self-titled debut album in 1980. The album saw modest radio success with the singles "The Things You Didn't Do" and "Roanne", which peaked at #76 on the RPM100. The band toured Canada as an opening act for Prism and Klaatu.

Padden and Burgess were replaced by drummer Geoff Eyre, and the band released their 1981 album *Run for Cover*. The second album featured "Letting Go" and the more modest follow-up hit "There Are No Secrets" (#40), but when the album's third single "Illusions" failed to chart they were dropped by their record label, and broke up at the end of 1982. At the Juno Awards of 1983, "Letting Go" was nominated for Single of the Year; for the same song, Buckley and Sinclair were nominated as Composer of the Year.

## Later career

Following the band's breakup, Sinclair and Buckley went on to form the band Body Electric. Sinclair played guitar parts on "Tears Are Not Enough", and went on to work as a touring and session musician for k.d. lang and Sarah McLachlan, while Buckley became a songwriter for other artists and a composer for film and television, most notably composing the long-running "Root Bear March" jingle for A&W Canada.

## InfoBox

| Straight Lines | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Genres | Pop rock |
| Years active | 1968–1982 |
| Labels | Epic Records |
|  | |
| Members | Robert (Bob) Buckley
David Sinclair
Peter Clarke
Peter Padden
Daryl Burgess
Geoff Eyre |


title: Strophurus williamsi

abstract: Strophurus williamsi, also known commonly as the eastern spiny-tailed gecko, the soft-spined gecko, and Williams' spiny-tailed gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to semi-arid regions of eastern Australia including Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. It has become a popular species as a pet for its distinctive tail features. S. williamsi has been grouped within a clade of seven other species that are believed to have diverged from their ancestors around 20 million years ago. S. williamsi can be distinguished from closer relatives by arboreality and diurnal (day-active) activity.

text:
# Strophurus williamsi

***Strophurus williamsi***, also known commonly as the **eastern spiny-tailed gecko**, the **soft-spined gecko**, and **Williams' spiny-tailed gecko**, is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to semi-arid regions of eastern Australia including Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. It has become a popular species as a pet for its distinctive tail features. *S. williamsi* has been grouped within a clade of seven other species that are believed to have diverged from their ancestors around 20 million years ago. *S. williamsi* can be distinguished from closer relatives by arboreality (living in trees) and diurnal (day-active) activity.

## Description

*S. williamsi* is a small-sized, slender bodied gecko with a snout to vent length of 6 cm and tail length of 5 cm. Their main body colour is grey with darker brown/grey patches and spots. Some individuals may display a diamond or reticulated pattern on the dorsal surface. Ventral surfaces are pale grey or white and are dotted with brown or black spots. During the day, individuals can be found basking on thin branches relying on their camouflage colouration to protect them from predators. Their eyes have an orange to red rim around the iris. The toes are long and expanded with well-developed adhesive pads. Toe tips have large adhesive lamellae that decrease in size towards the palm.

The species can be distinguished from similar looking *Strophurus* from the rows of enlarged projections along the back of the tail. These projections, otherwise known as tubercles, occur in four longitudinal rows along the back of the tail and are orange in colour. Studies conducted by Eric Pianka depict that the tails of eastern spiny-tailed geckos have evolved to obtain antipredator functions and are also commonly used in behavioural displays. The caudal glands are able to project thin streams of a sticky, noxious and odorous substance through the skin ruptures of the mid-dorsal line of the tail. These defence secretions (composed of protein and glycoprotein) can be aimed at a predator by the curving of the tail. It has been found that this caudal-gland ejection (the ejection of a sticky defensive secretion from the tail) has a direct link with lower rates of tail loss in *S. williamsi.* This may also be due to the elaboration of tubercles surrounding the caudal glands as many other species of gecko rely solely on autotomy to escape predators.

Another antipredator function is a defensive posture that usually involves lifting and arching of the body and extending the throat while slowly waving the tail from side to side. During this display, individuals open their mouths exposing their vibrant mouth colour which is usually dark blue or bright yellow.

Males can be distinguished from females from a single diagonal row of cloacal scales. Males generally have one to five scales which are much larger and more prominent in females which have one to three. Males also possess preanal pores which are absent in females.

## Etymology

The specific name, *williamsi*, is in honour of American herpetologist Ernest Edward Williams. Their common name 'Eastern-spiny tailed gecko' directly relates to the distinctive features of 'spikes' protruding from the tail.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Strophurus* is one of only two squamate lineages that obtain specialised causal defence glands. Many species in this genus also have caudal ornamentation or bright coloured patterns on the iris, tail and the mouth. The genus currently contains 20 species which were separated from *Diplodactylus* which are mostly terrestrial ground-dwelling species.

## Ecology and habitat

There are numerous ecosystems and ecoregions which the eastern spiny-tailed gecko inhabits with different vegetation structure and composition. The preferred habitats of *S. williamsi* are sclerophyll forest, savanna, eucalypt woodland and eucalypt forest communities. They have also been found bordering the edge of rainforest communities that are adjacent the previously said vegetation communities. Earlier studies have shown S.williamsi is commonly found beneath the loose bark of Callitrius pine or Ironbarks and in tree hollows and tree trunks. The species is also associated with shrubs, Spinefex, Casuarina, Callitris and Leptospermum. During the night-time when the species is most active, they can be found foraging on the ground around grassy bushes. There are numerous populations of *S.williamsi* inhabiting savanna ecosystems without trees and therefore, the species may also occupy other niches that have not yet been studied.

## Geographic range

In Australia, *S. williamsi* is found in north-eastern New South Wales, Queensland, south-eastern South Australia, and north-western Victoria. The map below shows a patchy distribution of the species distributed throughout the east of the continent as far north as Cairs in QLD, as south as Adelaide in SA and as west as Bourke in NSW. The species can be commonly found within Murray-Darling woodlands and mallee ecoregion in Victoria. In central NSW and south-west QLD, the semi-arid biome makes up the greatest area of occupation for the species with multiple shifts into surrounding sclerophyll and monsoon communities. The preferred temperature range of the species is 25–30 °C.

## Reproduction

The breeding season for eastern spiny-tailed geckos is from September to February and reproduction is dioecious. *S. williamsi* is oviparous which is where young are produced through the expulsion of undeveloped eggs rather than giving birth to live young. Females lay two clutches of two eggs at a time which are generally laid at the base of trees, under rocks or in abandoned burrows that are no longer occupied by other animals. Eggs hatch within 45–80 days within a temperature range of 27–30 °C and optimal humidity of 70–80%. Three to five days after the hatchlings emerge from the eggs, the juvenile geckos can begin feeding. Subsequent matings can be observed as soon as one hour after the deposition of the clutch occurs. On average, females can produce five clutches per year.

## Diet

Eastern spiny-tailed geckos are insectivorous feeding primarily on arthropods. Their main diet consists of crickets, grasshoppers, moths, spiders and termites.

## Threats

*Strophurus williamsi* has been evaluated and categorised by the IUCN as a species of least concern meaning that they are not a focus for conservation because they are not threatened. The species is however, vulnerable to pressure by grazing and habitat loss, mostly occurring due to land clearing for agriculture. Predators of the eastern spiny-tailed gecko include feral cats, larger lizards such as goannas, birds of prey. They are also commonly preyed upon by the pale-headed snake.

## Further reading

* Cogger HG (2014). *Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition*. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350.
* Kluge AG (1963). "A New Species of Gekkonid Lizard, Genus *Diplodactylus* Gray, from Eastern Australia". *Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales* **88**: 230-234 + Plate XIV. (*Diplodactylus williamsi*, new species, pp. 230–233 + Plate XIV, figures a-e).
* Rösler H (2000). "*Kommentierte Liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha)*". *Gekkota* **2**: 28-153. (*Strophurus williamsi*, p. 115). (in German).
* Wilson S, Swan G (2013). *A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition*. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. ISBN 978-1921517280.

## InfoBox

| *Strophurus williamsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Eastern spiny-tailed gecko in Pilliga forest, NSW, Australia | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Diplodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Strophurus* |
| Species: | ***S. williamsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Strophurus williamsi***
(Kluge, 1963) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Diplodactylus williamsi*
Kluge, 1963 | |


title: Strophurus taeniatus

abstract: Strophurus taeniatus, also known commonly as the phasmid striped gecko or the white-striped gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

text:
# Strophurus taeniatus

***Strophurus taeniatus***, also known commonly as the **phasmid striped gecko** or the **white-striped gecko**, is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

## Geographic range

*S. taeniatus* is found in the northern parts of the Australian states and territories of Northern Territory, Queensland, and Western Australia.

## Habitat

The preferred habitats of *S. taeniatus* are grassland and rocky areas.

## Reproduction

*S. taeniatus* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Cogger HG (2014). *Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition*. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350.
* Laver RJ, Nielsen SV, Rosauer DF, Oliver PM (2017). "Trans-biome diversity in Australian grass-specialist lizards (Diplodactylidae: *Strophurus*)". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* **115**: 62–70.
* Lönnberg E, Andersson LG (1913). "Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910—13. III. Reptiles". *Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Ny Följd, Stockholm* **52** (3): 1–17. (*Oedurella taeniata*, new species, pp. 5–6, Figures 1–3).
* Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). *A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition*. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. ISBN 978-1921517280.

## InfoBox

| *Strophurus taeniatus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Diplodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Strophurus* |
| Species: | ***S. taeniatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Strophurus taeniatus***
(Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oedurella taeniata*
Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913 * *Diplodactylus taeniatus*
Cogger, 1975 * *Strophurus taeniatus*
Wells & Wellington, 1984 | |


title: Strip Me (song)

abstract: "Strip Me" is a song performed by British singer-songwriter Natasha Bedingfield. The song is the title track and second single from her third studio album, Strip Me, and was co-written and co-produced by Ryan Tedder. The song was sent to US radio on 31 August 2010 and later to online music stores on 21 September. The single debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week of 6 November 2010 and peaked at number 91.

text:
# Strip Me (song)

"**Strip Me**" is a song performed by British singer-songwriter Natasha Bedingfield. The song is the title track and second single from her third studio album, *Strip Me*, and was co-written and co-produced by Ryan Tedder. The song was sent to US radio on 31 August 2010 and later to online music stores on 21 September. The single debuted at number 95 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 on the week of 6 November 2010 and peaked at number 91.

## Critical reception

Jonathan Keefe from *Slant Magazine* said, positively, that: "Strip Me includes a whole lot of Ryan Tedder's trademark echo-heavy, CAPSLOCK drum-machine arrangements. There's something meta about the laziness in the production of the title track, in that Bedingfield hasn't changed her tune since the days of "Unwritten," so Tedder gives the song only the most insignificant of variations on his "Halo" and "Already Gone", template. Bedingfield uses her raspy warble to full effect, singing lines like "I'm only one voice in a million/But you ain't takin' that from me" as though her very life depended on it, but it's nothing that either she or Tedder haven't already done better before". The song was one of the Track Pick on the Allmusic review.

## Chart performance

"Strip Me" made its US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart debut at number ninety-five on 6 November 2010, where it remained for just one week. However, in the week following the release of her album of the same name, "Strip Me" re-entered the Hot 100 at a new peak of ninety-one. To date, it is Bedingfield's least successful single, not including "Touch" (May 2010) which failed to chart on the *Billboard* Hot 100. However, the song was more successful on the Adult Pop Songs radio format where it logged eight weeks on the chart and peaked at number twenty-three.

## Music video

According to Bedingfield herself, through her Twitter account, she went back to her hometown London to shoot the video for the song with photographer and director Kathie Rankin. The music video premiered 3 November 2010. It features Bedingfield performing in various outfits. The video starts with a black figure of Bedingfield singing the song. She performs the verse while off-screen characters have her change in different outfits. The chorus then shifted in showing her singing in a shiny fur, leather and tribal-like outfit. The next verse shows off-screen characters doing her make-up while she is singing with a megaphone. The second chorus shows her wearing a police cap and a scene where she is crawling on mud. In the bridge, Bedingfield is in a lace dress singing in a black and white patterns. When it goes to the chorus, she threw paints of different colors on the wall and mud-scene returns through while Bedingfield is singing. The last scenes involves her removing all of the outfits that the off-screen characters are trying on her then shifting on her singing with the megaphone. She then fades to black as the video ends.

## Promotion

The song is the official theme song for the 2010 film *Morning Glory*, being featured in the trailer and in the ending credits. According to *All Access*, the single moved to number 79 on the iTunes Top Songs Chart selling 7,000 copies just four days after the song was featured on the trailer for *Morning Glory*.

Bedingfield performed the song on *Live with Regis and Kelly* and *Today Show*. She also performed it on *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno*.

## Track listing

* Digital download

1. "Strip Me" – 3:30

1. "Strip Me" – 3:31
2. "Unexpected Hero" – 3:25 (written by Natasha Bedingfield and Daniel Carey) (produced by Dan Carey)
3. "Unwritten" featuring Carney – 3:44

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 65 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) | 17 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 91 |
| US Adult Pop Songs | 23 |

## Radio adds and release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 31 August 2010 | Hot AC, and Top 40 mainstream radio | Epic Records |
| | 21 September 2010 | Digital download | |

## InfoBox

| "Strip Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Natasha Bedingfield | |
| from the album  *Strip Me* | |
| B-side | "Unexpected Hero" |
| Released | 31 August 2010 |
| Recorded | Sub Zero Studios (Santa Monica)
Patriot Studios (Denver) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:29 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Wilkins * Tedder * Bedingfield |
| Natasha Bedingfield singles chronology | |
| "Touch"
(2010) "**Strip Me**"
(2010) "Jet Lag"
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Strip Me" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Cabinet Office (Spain)

abstract: The Cabinet of the Prime Minister's Office, officially Cabinet of the Presidency of the Government, is a political and technical assistance body at the service of the Prime Minister of Spain. The Cabinet of the Prime Minister is composed of multiple departments directly responsible to the Premier and coordinated by the Chief of Staff. The Cabinet Office, the officials that work on it, their offices and the departments make up the Office of the Prime Minister.

text:
# Cabinet Office (Spain)

The **Cabinet of the Prime Minister's Office**, officially **Cabinet of the Presidency of the Government**, is a political and technical assistance body at the service of the Prime Minister of Spain. The Cabinet of the Prime Minister is composed of multiple departments directly responsible to the Premier and coordinated by the Chief of Staff. The Cabinet Office, the officials that work on it, their offices and the departments make up the Office of the Prime Minister.

## Responsibilities

The functions of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister's Office are freely established by the Prime Minister through a Royal Decree signed by the Monarch. The duties of the Cabinet Office are focused on assisting the chief executive while most responsibilities over Government coordination and Council of Ministers assistance are assumed by the Ministry of the Presidency.

The current duties are:

* To provide the Prime Minister with the political and technical information that is necessary for the exercise of its functions.
* To advice the Prime Minister in the matters that its disposes.
* To know the programs, plans and activities of the different ministerial departments, with the purpose of facilitating the Prime Minister's duties as coordinator of the Government's action.
* To carry out the study and monitoring of all the programs and actions of the European Union that have an impact on the Spanish public policies, providing the necessary information for European decision-making.
* To know the public policies and programs adopted and developed by the regional governments, in order to facilitate cooperation and co-governance in all those matters that demand concurrent and concerted action.
* To facilitate communication with citizens and attend to and respond to all suggestions, complaints and information addressed to the Prime Minister.
* To advice the Prime Minister in matters related to national policy, international policy and economic policy.
* To advise the Prime Minister on matters of National Security.
* To carry out those other activities or functions entrusted to it by the Prime Minister.

It is also responsible for the security of the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Presidency and their families, protocol, human resources and Government healthcare, although this duties are carried out by the Secretary-General of the Prime Minister's Office.

## History

The Cabinet was created for the first time in 1976, with the arrival of Adolfo Suárez to the premiership. Despite having been created in 1976, the Cabinet Office wasn't officially regulated until September 1978. The Royal Decree was very short and it only said that the Cabinet was and advisory body to the Prime Minister with the functions that the Primer would like to grant to it.

With prime minister Felipe González the Cabinet Office grow up establishing new departments and functions like knowing the ministerial departments plans. Moreover, at this time the Secretary of State for Relations with the Cortes and the Office of the Spokesperson of the Government depended it from the Cabinet Office.

Prime minister José María Aznar elevated the rank of the Cabinet Office from Undersecretariat to Secretariat of State and continued boosting the Cabinet. Prime minister José Luis Rodrígez Zapatero didn't made many changes, with the exception of the creation of the Economic Office.

It was during the premiership of Mariano Rajoy when the Cabinet Office was granted with the powers that it has today. Most of the current departments were created at that time and in 2012 it granted the Cabinet responsibilities over national security by creating the Department of Homeland Security and granting the Deputy Chief of Staff the direction of the department. With Rajoy the Cabinet Office also received responsibilities over the Government communication policy by assuming the Secretariat of State for Press.

Prime minister Pedro Sánchez suppressed the Economic Office in 2018 and created in its place the Department for Economic Affairs. He also boosted the international matters by creating the General Secretariat for International Affairs, European Union, G20 and Global Security with rank of Undersecretariat in replace of the Department for International Affairs, that had rank of Directorate-General. Finally, he gave more autonomy to the Department of National Security by separating the offices of Deputy Chief of Staff and Director of the Homeland Security Department in two different officials.

## High-officials

The high-officials of the Cabinet are directly nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Monarch.

| Official | Office | Portfolio |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Diego Rubio Rodríguez | Chief of Staff | With rank of Secretary of State, the Chief of Staff is responsible for supervising and coordinating all the departments of the Cabinet Office and it is the main adviser to the Prime Minister over political matters. In general, it is in charge of exercising the functions entrusted to the Cabinet Office. |
| Ángel Alonso Arroba | Deputy Chief of Staff | Exercising the functions that the Chief of Staff entrust to; helping with the coordination of the Cabinet Office. It has rank of Under-Secretary. |
| Judit Alexandra González Pedraz | Secretary-General | Prime Minister agenda; security; protocol; Cabinet Office domestic tasks such as HR, media, finance, health, etc. It has rank of Under-Secretary. |
| José Fernández Albertos | Secretary-General for National Policy | Assisting the Prime Minister on political planning. It has rank of Under-Secretary. |
| Emma Aparici Vázquez de Parga | Secretary-General for Foreign Affairs | Responsible for advicing and assisting the Prime Minister in matters related to his international activity, foreign relations, multilateral and global affairs. Likewise, it is in charge of the preparation and monitoring of international summits and meetings in which the Prime Minister participates. It has rank of Under-Secretary. |
| Diego Rubio Rodríguez | Secretary-General for Institutional Coordination | It coordinates the services of the Prime Minister's Office related to institutional relations and citizen services. |
| Loreto Gutiérrez Hurtado (BG) | Director of the National Security Department | Advising the Prime Minister on National Security matters; Assisting the National Security Council; Government communications; Keeping the bunker of the Palace running and in good condition. It has rank of Director-General. |
|  | Director of the European Affairs Department | It advises and assists the prime minister on matters relating to the European Union and bilateral relations with European countries. |
| Jesús Javier Perea Cortijo | Director of the Speech Department | It assits the Chief of Staff in all functions related to the proposal and preparation of prime-ministerial speeches and messages. |

## Current departments

The current Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez structured its personal Cabinet in the following way:

### Office of the Chief of Staff

The Office of the Chief of Staff is composed by the Moncloa Chief of Staff and its advisers.

### Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff

The Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff is composed by the Deputy Chief of Staff and four departments:

* The Department for Speech and Message.
* The Department for Territorial Monitoring and Analysis.
* The Directorate for Institutional Affairs. Responsible for relations between the Office of the Prime Minister and other institutions and agencies.

### General Secretariat

Led by the Secretary-General of the Prime Minister's Office, the General Secretariat duties are:

* Organizating and security of the activities of the Prime Minister, both in the national territory and in their movements abroad.
* Coordinating of the support activities and protocol to the Prime Minister in its relationship with the remaining powers of the State.
* Assisting to the different bodies of the Prime Minister's Office in matters of economic administration, personnel, maintenance and conservation, information and communication means.
* Coordinating of logistics programs and devices for travel abroad by Spanish Government Authorities.
* Supervising of the Health Operating System of the Prime Minister's Office.
* Executing those other activities or functions entrusted to it by the Premier.

The General Secretariat is composed by three departments:

* Office of the Deputy Secretary-General. Led by the Deputy Secretary-General, it assists the Secretary-General; it coordinates the media of both Prime Minister's Office and Ministry of the Presidency; it assists the Press Offices of the State High Officials and it develops the transparency policy.
* Department of Security. It is responsible for the security of the Palace of Moncloa, the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, the Ministers, their families and other officials and buildings that the Chief of Staff considers to need protection.
* Department of Protocol. It coordinates the travels of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister; it organizes the meetings of the Prime Minister in the national territory with national or international authorities and it coordinates the protocol.

Because they share assistance duties to the Prime Minister, both Secretary-General and Undersecretary of the Presidency coordinate together their work.

### General Secretariat for Political Planning

The General Secretariat for Political Planning carries out advisory, support and reinforcement functions in the development of the Government's political program.

The General Secretariat is composed by one department:

* The Department for Political Planning.

### Secretariat for Public Policies, European Affairs and Strategic Foresight

The General Secretariat for Public Policies, European Affairs and Strategic Foresight assists the Prime Minister on the design and implementation of national and European public policies, it promotes coordination between ministries to guarantee the comprehensive coherence of government action, it advises the Prime Minister on matters related to the European Union and bilateral relations with European countries, it provides the Prime Minister with the necessary information to exercise his participation in the European Council, it carries out the analysis and monitoring of the programs and actions of the European Union and it is entrusted with the analysis of the challenges and opportunities of Spain in the coming years and help the country prepare for them. It has rank of Under-Secretary.

It is composed of three departments:

* The Department of Public Policies.
* The Department of European Affairs.
* The National Foresight and Strategy Office.

### General Secretariat for Foreign Affairs

It is the responsibility of the General Secretariat for Foreign Affairs, within the scope of the functions assigned to the Prime Minister's Cabinet, to provide advice, support and assistance to the Prime Minister in matters related to its international activity, foreign relations and multilateral and global affairs.

It is composed by a single department:

* The Department for Foreign Affairs.

### Department of Homeland Security

The Department of Homeland Security or Department of National Security, created in 2012 and regulated by the National Security Act of 2015, is the department of the Cabinet Office responsible for collecting and analysing information of interest for national security and advising the Prime Minister on such matters.

The Director of the Department was, until 2018, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Cabinet. The director is a member of the National Security Council along with the Chief of Staff.

The headquarters of the department are located in the bunker of the Palace of Moncloa.

## InfoBox

Cabinet Office
| Gabinete de la Presidencia del Gobierno | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| <br>Seeds Building, Moncloa, Madrid | |
| Department overview | |
| Formed | July 19, 1976 (1976-07-19) |
| Preceding Department |  |
| Jurisdiction | Spain |
| Headquarters | Palace of Moncloa, Madrid |
| Ministers responsible |  |
| Department executives | * Ángel Alonso Arroba, Deputy Chief of Staff * Judit Alexandra González, Secretary-General |


title: Canada–Kenya relations

text:
# Canada–Kenya relations

Canada and the Republic of Kenya established diplomatic relations in 1964. In addition to their bilateral relations, both nations are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

## History

In December 1963, Kenya obtained its independence from the United Kingdom and in 1964, Canada and Kenya established diplomatic relations. In 1967, Canada opened its first resident High Commission in Nairobi. Canada’s High Commission in Nairobi is Canada's largest diplomatic mission in Africa.

Canada and Kenya's relationship is founded on a range of shared interests including poverty reduction, sustainable economic growth, the empowerment of women and girls, supporting refugees, and regional security and stability. In August 1981, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau paid a visit to Kenya to attend a U.N. energy conference.

In 1989, Kenyan President, Daniel arap Moi, recalled the Kenyan high commissioner to Canada. Two weeks earlier Somali Canadians had held a protest outside the Kenyan High Commission in Ottawa over a new law requiring the registration of all ethnic Somalis in Kenya. President Moi accused the Canadian government of approving the protest, and demanded an apology. Protests arranged by Moi's Kenya African National Union took place outside the Canadian High Commission and in other cities. In Mombasa an effigy of then High Commissioner Raynell Andreychuk was imprisoned in a street side stall.

In 2008 Canada pledged one million dollars worth of aid to Kenya after the disputed presidential election of President Mwai Kibaki. Canada posted a travel advisory to any of its citizens cautioning them about situation in Kenya. However, a few months later Canada lifted the advisory and stated that the two were back to "business as usual".

In February 2009, the Canadian government announced that it was dropping Kenya from its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries including the West Bank and countries in the Caribbean.

In 2018, Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta attended the 44th G7 summit in La Malbaie, Canada and the Women Deliver Conference in Vancouver in 2019. Between 2017-2018, Canada provided US$83.84 million in international assistance to Kenya.

## Trade

In 2018, two-way trade between Canada and Kenya totaled US$174.5 million. Canada's main exports to Kenya include: vehicles and equipment, vegetable products, and textile products. Kenya's main exports to Canada include: vegetable products and textile products.

## Resident diplomatic missions

## InfoBox

Canada–Kenya relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Canada |
Kenya |
|  | |


title: Facile

abstract: Facile is a studio album by Italian singer Mina, released on 30 October 2009 by PDU.

text:
# Facile

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Facile*** is a studio album by Italian singer Mina, released on 30 October 2009 by PDU.

## Background

*Facile* is the first album of unreleased material after the Spanish album Todavia and the album Sulla tua bocca lo dirò. For this album, Mina choose both known and unknown writers and the album moves within different musical genres, from rock underground Italian (Afterhours, Boost Subsonica) to R&B (Andrea Mingardi) to pop (Malgioglio).

The album opens with the track Vida loca, a cover of a Cuban singer Francisco Cespedes. The initial idea of using the track came from Axel Pani. In his relentless pursuit of music he was impressed by the song in Spanish. When he discovered that an Italian translation exists by Cristiano Malgioglio, he immediately proposed that his grandmother record the Italian version. Mina agreed and at her request, Malgioglio changed some verses of the translation. This album marks the beginning of a new phase of collaboration between Malgioglio and Mina. They had previously collaborated on the track *L'importante è finire* in 1975, which was a great success. Their last collaboration was on the album *Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula...* in 1985.

After his debut as a writer with the track *Per poco che sia* from Mina’s album (Bau, 2006), Axel Pani composed two songs on this album. *Con o senza te* is one of his first compositions in collaboration with Matthias Gysi. The song was composed in English and translated into Italian by Lele Cerri. The third song *Volpi nei pollai* (Foxes in the henhouse) is an ironic metaphor of infidelity. In this track Mina confirms the legend that even unknown songwriters can have their songs recorded. The writers are not composers or lyricists by profession. Gianni Bindi owns a hardware store and Matthew Mancini is a lawyer who deals with disabilities, but they do know how to write intriguing songs.

Andrea Mingardi, who along with Maurizio Tirelli, composed four tracks for this album (*Ma tu mi ami ancora?*; *Non si butta via niente*; *Più del tartufo sulle uova*; *Eccitanti conflitti confusi*), after having composed six tracks for Mina’s album Bau in 2006. Although Mingardi wrote new material specifically for this album, Mina reimagines the track *Eccitanti conflitti confusi* and gives it new meaning.

*Adesso è facile* is a highlight of the album. It is a collaboration Mina and the major alternative rock group in Italy called Afterhours. They had work together on the album (*Leggera* in 1997) on the track *Tre volte dentro*. Mina’s daughter *Benedetta Mazzini* is a fan of the group and personal friend of the leader Manuel Agnelli. Agnelli initially planned to write a track with the typical sounds of Afterhours but for the range of Mina’s voice. It was Mina who later came to the idea to sing the song as a duet. Benedetta had the idea of promoting the song with a video and the video featuring Manuel and Benedetta was shot in Rome in mid-November 2009 by the director Cosimo Alemà. The video was released on 4 December 2009 and began rotation on MTV and other music channels.

*Carne viva* was written by Cristiano Malgioglio during his participation in the reality show L'isola dei famosi in 2007. Malgioglio has stated that he wrote the track specifically for Mina. The lyrics was then set to music by Corrado Castellari who has been collaborating with Malgioglio for many years.

*Ma c'è tempo* is another song written by fairly unknown composers. One of the three authors, Stefano Cenci composed Brivido feline (Mina Celentano, 1998), while Luca Angelosanti and Francesco Morettini composed tracks for Viola Valentino's album, I tacchi di Giada in 2009.

*Non ti voglio più* is composed by David Dileo. He is known as Boost and is the keyboardist and founder of the group Subsonica. This track sees Mina’s foray into Italian Underground music. Boosta decided to send his songs to Mina and she chose this.

*Il frutto che vuoi*, music by Alex Pani and lyrics by Maurizio Morante, was the lead single chosen by Sony and released on the radio on 9 October 2009. Concurrent with this release, an alternative take of the track was available on Mina’s official website. This track was the unmixed and first draft of the track before.

After the last track *Eccitanti conflitti confusi* there is a hidden track that contains a different version of the track *Questa vita loca* with the voice of Mina reworked to the computer and a long tail of music.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Questa vita loca (Vida loca)" | Francisco Cespedes, Cristiano Malgioglio | 3:52 |
| 2. | "Con o senza te" | Samuele Cerri, Axel Pani, Mattia Gysi | 3:28 |
| 3. | "Volpi nei pollai" | Matteo Mancini, Gianni Bindi | 4:09 |
| 4. | "Ma tu mi ami ancora?" | Andrea Mingardi, Maurizio Tirelli | 4:20 |
| 5. | "Non si butta via niente" | Andrea Mingardi, Maurizio Tirelli | 4:14 |
| 6. | "Adesso è facile - (Afterhours)" | Manuel Agnelli | 3:49 |
| 7. | "Carne viva" | Cristiano Malgioglio, Corrado Castellari | 4:18 |
| 8. | "Ma c'è tempo" | Luca Angelosanti, Francesco Morettini, Stefano Cenci | 4:19 |
| 9. | "Non ti voglio più" | Davide Dileo | 4:55 |
| 10. | "Il frutto che vuoi" | Axel Pani, Maurizio Morante | 3:13 |
| 11. | "Più del tartufo sulle uova" | Andrea Mingardi, Maurizio Tirelli | 5:14 |
| 12. | "Eccitanti conflitti confusi" | Andrea Mingardi, Maurizio Tirelli | 3:46 |
| 13. | "Questa vita loca (Vida loca) (version II - ghost track)" | Francisco Cespedes, Cristiano Malgioglio | 4:33 |

## Charts

## Certifications and sales

Certifications for *Facile*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 35,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Facile | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mina | |
| Released | 30 October 2009 (2009-10-30) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 54:51 |
| Language | Italian |
| Label | PDU |
| Producer | Massimiliano Pani |
| Mina chronology | |
| *Sulla tua bocca lo dirò*
(2009) ***Facile***
(2009) *Caramella*
(2010) | |


title: René-Laurent Vuillermoz

abstract: René-Laurent Vuillermoz is a retired Italian biathlete. He competed in the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics for Italy. His best finish is 8th, as a member of the Italian relay team in 2006. His best individual performance is 13th, in the 2006 pursuit. As of February 2013, his best finish at a Biathlon World Championships is 4th, in the 2007 relay. His best individual performance is 9th, in the sprint of the same year. As of February 2013, he has earned five Biathlon World Cup medals, including two individual medals. He has two silvers, in the mixed relay at Pyeongchang in 2007/08 and the men's relay in Antholz from 2011/12. He also has two individual bronze medals, from sprint races at Ruhpolding in 2004/05 and Oberhof in 2006/07 His best overall finish in the Biathlon World Cup is 27th, in 2005/06.

text:
# René-Laurent Vuillermoz

**René-Laurent Vuillermoz** (born in Aosta on 26 October 1977) is a retired Italian biathlete.

He competed in the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics for Italy. His best finish is 8th, as a member of the Italian relay team in 2006. His best individual performance is 13th, in the 2006 pursuit.

As of February 2013, his best finish at a Biathlon World Championships is 4th, in the 2007 relay. His best individual performance is 9th, in the sprint of the same year.

As of February 2013, he has earned five Biathlon World Cup medals, including two individual medals. He has two silvers, in the mixed relay at Pyeongchang in 2007/08 and the men's relay in Antholz from 2011/12. He also has two individual bronze medals, from sprint races at Ruhpolding in 2004/05 and Oberhof in 2006/07 His best overall finish in the Biathlon World Cup is 27th, in 2005/06 .

## World Cup Podiums

| Season | Location | Event | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002/03 | Antholz | Relay |  |
| 2004/05 | Ruhpolding | Sprint |  |
| 2006/07 | Oberhof | Sprint |  |
| 2007/08 | Pyeongchang | Mixed Relay |  |
| 2010/11 | Antholz | Relay |  |

## InfoBox

| René-Laurent Vuillermoz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1977-10-26)26 October 1977<br>Aosta, Italy |
| Updated on 28 February 2013. | |


title: Paavai Vilakku

abstract: Paavai Vilakku is a 1960 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by K. Somu and written by A. P. Nagarajan. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Sowcar Janaki, Pandari Bai, M. N. Rajam and Kumari Kamala. It is based on Akilan's novel of the same name, serialised in the Tamil magazine Kalki. Paavai Vilakku was released on 19 October 1960, Diwali day.

text:
# Paavai Vilakku

***Paavai Vilakku*** (transl.Lady with a Lamp) is a 1960 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by K. Somu and written by A. P. Nagarajan. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Sowcar Janaki, Pandari Bai, M. N. Rajam and Kumari Kamala. It is based on Akilan's novel of the same name, serialised in the Tamil magazine *Kalki*. *Paavai Vilakku* was released on 19 October 1960, Diwali day.

## Plot

Thanikachalam and Gowri are a married couple, and they have a daughter named Kalyani. Sengamalam is a dancer to whom Thanikachalam is attracted, but they do not marry since he already has a wife. Devaki, a widow, is also attracted to him, but later starts to treat him as a brother. Uma, a friend of Gowri, stays with the couple and raises their child as her own. She too falls in love with Thanikachalam, but is not able to marry him. An accident at Thanikachalam's house results in the death of Kalyani; Uma is not informed of her death. She later meets with a similar accident and upon learning about the child's death, she dies in the arms of Gowri and Thanikachalam.

## Cast

Male cast   Female cast

Balaji, Prem Nazir, Sriram and Santhanam make guest appearances as Thanikachalam's friends.

## Production

*Paavai Vilakku* was a novel written by Akilan and serialised in the Tamil magazine *Kalki*. The film version of this novel was directed by K. Somu, written by A. P. Nagarajan, and produced by editor T. Vijayarangam and cinematographer V. K. Gopanna under the Sri Vijayagopal Pictures. Sivaji Ganesan initially wanted B. R. Panthulu to produce this film. Ganesan's home, Annai Illam, also features in the film.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by K. V. Mahadevan, and the lyrics were written by A. Maruthakasi. The song "Aayiram Kan Podhadhu" is set in the raga known as Mand, and "Mangiyathor Nilavinile" is based on Subramania Bharati's poem of the same name.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Aayiram Kan Podhadhu" | A. Maruthakasi | C. S. Jayaraman | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Kaaviyama Nenjil" | A. Maruthakasi | C. S. Jayaraman, P. Susheela | 5:08 |
| 3. | "Mangiyathor Nilavinile" | Subramania Bharati | C. S. Jayaraman | 3:24 |
| 4. | "Naan Unnai Ninaikkaatha" | A. Maruthakasi | P. Susheela | 5:19 |
| 5. | "Nee Sirithal" | A. Maruthakasi | Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi | 3:44 |
| 6. | "Sidhariya Sadhangaigal" | A. Maruthakasi | P. Susheela | 2:58 |
| 7. | "Vannathamizh Pennoruthi" | A. Maruthakasi | C. S. Jayaraman, L. R. Eswari | 4:06 |
| 8. | "Vetkamaaga Irukkuthu" | A. Maruthakasi | Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi | 1:52 |
| Total length: | | | | 29:55 |

## Release and reception

*Paavai Vilakku* was released on 19 October 1960, during Diwali. The film was distributed by Sivaji Films in Madras. *The Indian Express* wrote, "Despite the picture being crowded with a battalion of familiar faces, the total effect is pleasing and K. Somu's direction compels attention". Kanthan of *Kalki* said K. Sarangapani, Ramasamy and A. Karunanidhi gave light to the film. Facing competition from *Kairasi*, *Petra Manam*, and *Mannathi Mannan*, released on the same day, the film did not perform well at box-office.

## InfoBox

| Paavai Vilakku | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | K. Somu |
| Screenplay by | A. P. Nagarajan |
| Based on | *Paavai Vilakku*
by Akilan |
| Produced by | T. Vijayarangam
V. K. Gopanna |
| Starring | Sivaji Ganesan
Sowcar Janaki
Pandari Bai
M. N. Rajam
Kumari Kamala |
| Cinematography | V. K. Gopanna |
| Edited by | T. Vijayarangam (supervisor)
K. Thurairaj |
| Music by | K. V. Mahadevan |
| Production
company | Sri Vijayagopal Pictures |
| Distributed by | Sivaji Films |
| Release date | * 19 October 1960 (1960-10-19) |
| Running time | 170 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Exoncotis

abstract: Exoncotis is a genus of moths in the family Acrolophidae.

text:
# Exoncotis

***Exoncotis*** is a genus of moths in the family Acrolophidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Exoncotis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Subfamily: | Acrolophinae |
| Genus: | *Exoncotis*<br>Meyrick, 1919 |
|


title: Farevtsi

abstract: Farevtsi is a village in Tryavna Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

text:
# Farevtsi

**Farevtsi** is a village in Tryavna Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Farevtsi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Farevtsi | |
| Coordinates: 42°53′21″N 25°35′17″E / 42.88917°N 25.58806°E / 42.88917; 25.58806 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Gabrovo Province |
| Municipality | Tryavna |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Eric Low

abstract: Eric Low Siak Meng was a Singaporean politician and a general manager. Formerly a member of the People's Action Party (PAP), he decided not to contest for the 2011 general election.

text:
# Eric Low

**Eric Low Siak Meng** (simplified Chinese: 刘锡明; traditional Chinese: 劉錫明; pinyin: *Líu Xī Míng*; 1948 – 3 January 2023) was a Singaporean politician and a general manager. Formerly a member of the People's Action Party (PAP), he decided not to contest for the 2011 general election.

## Political career

Goh Chok Tong was tasked with the "special assignment" of helping Low win Hougang SMC in the 2006 general elections, along with Sitoh Yih Pin, the PAP candidate for Potong Pasir SMC. Low and Sitoh were promised more latitude in the Parliament and freedom from being subjected to the party whip if he won Hougang SMC.

He contested the Hougang SMC in both the 2001 Singapore general election and the 2006 general election, losing both times to Low Thia Khiang from Workers' Party.

In 2011, Low announced that he would not contest Hougang SMC in the coming general election.

## Awards

Low was awarded the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Medal), Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Star) and Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Star) - Bar over the years.

## Death

Low died from natural causes on 3 January 2023 at the age of 74, he would have been 75 at that year.


title: Eric Sheptock

abstract: Eric Jonathan Sheptock is an American advocate for the homeless. Sheptock is currently homeless, and often referred to as a homeless, homeless advocate.

text:
# Eric Sheptock

**Eric Jonathan Sheptock** (born February 15, 1969) is an American advocate for the homeless. Sheptock is currently homeless, and often referred to as a homeless, homeless advocate.

## Early life

Sheptock was born in Atlantic City. He suffered a massive head injury as a child, and was not expected to develop normal cognitive functions. The head injury also left him exhausted and causing him to walk away from many conversations.

Sheptock was in foster care for about five years. Then, when he was five years old, he was adopted by Joanne and Rudy Sheptock, a Polish man and Italian woman. They lived in an old mansion in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey and had a family of thirty-seven children—seven natural-born and thirty adopted children. Most of the children they adopted had some sort of disability, such as: neurological impairment, mental retardation, emotional problems, blindness, missing limbs and lung problems.

In 1985, the family moved to Interlachen, Florida. Sheptock graduated from Hollister Christian Academy.

## Early homelessness

Sheptock was homeless off and on since 1994 after walking off his job as freight handler after a dispute with his supervisor. From 1998 until 2005, he used crack cocaine. In the Summer of 2005, Sheptock hiked from Gainesville, Florida—where he had been homeless and unemployed—to Washington, D.C. His first night in D.C.—where he stayed in Logan Circle Park—was his last night using crack cocaine.

## Fight to save Franklin Shelter

In 2006, around the time the future of Franklin School Shelter was in flux, Eric Sheptock received coaching on homeless advocacy from Mary Ann Luby, a Dominican Nun. Sheptock began his advocacy as a member of the committee to save Franklin Shelter. The Franklin School Shelter was a 235-bed men's shelter in downtown, DC. The Franklin Shelter served as an emergency facility—residents were permitted to stay there only between 4 P.M. and 7 A.M. In November, after the closing of Franklin Shelter, a fellow homeless advocate, David Pirtle, taught him how to use email. Sheptock and other advocate prevented the shelter from closing in 2006.

On September 26, 2008, however, Mayor Adrian Fenty closed the shelter and the residents—including Sheptock—had their personal belongings moved to a homeless shelter in Anacostia. Sheptock brought suit in D.C. Superior Court, alleging two D.C. law violations, as well as a Fifth Amendment procedural due process claim premised on the District's failure to provide advance notice and an opportunity to be heard before closing the shelter. Shortly thereafter, Sheptock brought a new suit in D.C. Superior Court that raised eight claims: "a Fifth Amendment procedural due process claim; a Takings Clause challenge to the appropriation of the former residents' personal belongings; intentional infliction of emotional distress; conversion; negligence; and violations of the Emergency Act, the Frigid Temperature Protection Amendment Act of 1988, D.C.Code § 4–753.01, and the Homeless Services Reform Act of 2005, D.C.Code § 4–754.22." In these suits, Sheptock did not prevail. Sheptock tried to sue in Federal Court, but the suit was dismissed on Res Judicata grounds.

## Homeless advocate

After the Franklin Shelter closed, Sheptock moved to the downtown, D.C. shelter, Community for Creative Non-Violence, which was made famous by fellow activist, Mitch Snyder.

By June 2009, National Public Radio's All Things Considered did a piece on him called "Homeless Advocate Goes High Tech." He appeared on CNN to make a pitch for a job. By 2010, Eric Sheptock had 4,548 Facebook friends, 839 Twitter followers, and two blogs.

Sheptock was mentioned in Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed, speaking to the criminalization of homelessness, saying "Can you imagine?""They arrested a homeless man in a shelter for being homeless?"

In 2011, Sheptock launched "Shelter, Housing, and Respectful Change" for the purpose of informing homeless people about budget cuts that could negatively impact their lives.

In 2013, he launched a robust conversation with activists and government about the possibility of his home, Community for Creative Non-Violence, the 1,350 bed shelter closing.

In 2014, the DC City Council declared December 31, 2014 as "Eric Jonathan Sheptock Day." In a ceremony, Jim Graham and Muriel Bowser presented Sheptock with the honor.

## InfoBox

| Eric Sheptock | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-02-15) February 15, 1969<br>Atlantic City, New Jersey, US |
| Education | Hollister Christian Academy |
| Occupation | Homeless advocate |
| Website | Blog |


title: Erick Mejia

abstract: Erick Augusto Mejia is a Dominican professional baseball infielder and outfielder in the Washington Nationals organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals.

text:
# Erick Mejia

**Erick Augusto Mejia** (born November 9, 1994) is a Dominican professional baseball infielder and outfielder in the Washington Nationals organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals.

## Career

### Seattle Mariners

Mejia was signed as an international free agent by the Seattle Mariners on June 30, 2012. Mejia played in the Seattle organization from 2013 through 2015. During his time with them, he played for the DSL Mariners, AZL Mariners, Everett AquaSox, Clinton LumberKings, and the Tacoma Rainiers.

### Los Angeles Dodgers

Mejia was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for Joe Wieland on January 12, 2016. He was a post-season all-star with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes in 2016 when he hit .287 in 124 games. He split the 2017 season between Rancho Cucamonga and the Tulsa Drillers.

### Kansas City Royals

On January 4, 2018, Mejia was traded to the Kansas City Royals in a three team trade that also sent Jake Peter and Scott Alexander to the Dodgers, Joakim Soria, Luis Avilán, and cash considerations to the Chicago White Sox and Trevor Oaks to the Royals. Mejia spent the 2018 season with the Northwest Arkansas Naturals, hitting .263/.318/.367/.685 with 5 home runs and 59 RBI. He spent the 2019 minor league season with the Omaha Storm Chasers, hitting .271/.338/.382/.720 with 7 home runs and 63 RBI.

On September 3, 2019, the Royals selected Mejia's contract and promoted him to the major leagues. He made his major league debut on September 5 versus the Detroit Tigers. On December 2, 2019, Mejia was non-tendered and became a free agent, but re-signed with the Royals on a minor league contract on December 17.

Overall with the 2020 Kansas City Royals, Mejia batted .071 with no home runs and 0 RBIs in 8 games. On December 2, Mejia was nontendered by the Royals. On December 21, 2020, Mejia re-signed with the Royals on a minor league contract. Mejia spent the 2021 season with Triple-A Omaha. He played in 55 games, hitting .246 with 7 home runs and 30 RBI's. He became a free agent following the season on November 7, 2021.

### Seattle Mariners (second stint)

On February 12, 2022, Mejia signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. In 120 games for the Triple–A Tacoma Rainiers, he batted .261/.330/.433 with a career–high 15 home runs, 58 RBI, and 19 stolen bases. He elected free agency following the season on November 10.

### Washington Nationals

On November 19, 2022, Mejia signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals.

## InfoBox

| Erick Mejia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Washington Nationals | |
| **Infielder / Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1994-11-09) November 9, 1994
Villa Mella, Dominican Republic | |
| **Bats:** Switch**Throws:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 5, 2019, for the Kansas City Royals | |
| MLB statistics
(through 2020 season) | |
| Batting average | .167 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 4 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Medals      Men's baseball  Representing  Dominican Republic  Olympic Games  2020 Tokyo  Team | |


title: Erik Doxtader

abstract: Erik Doxtader is a scholar of rhetoric and critical theory. Born in Fort Collins, Colorado, Doxtader took a BA at the University of Kansas and both an MA and Ph.D. from the Department of Communication Studies at Northwestern University.

text:
# Erik Doxtader

**Erik Doxtader** is a scholar of rhetoric and critical theory. Born in Fort Collins, Colorado, Doxtader took a BA at the University of Kansas and both an MA and Ph.D. from the Department of Communication Studies at Northwestern University.

## Career

Doxtader is a professor in the Department of English at the University of South Carolina, and the current editor of *Philosophy & Rhetoric*, an international quarterly journal published by the Pennsylvania State University Press. Prior to assuming the editorship in 2018, he served as the journal's Book Review Editor from 2005-2017.

Doxtader is a former Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, a recognized non-governmental organization in Cape Town, South Africa. In 1999, he was awarded a 2000-2001 fellowship in the SSRC-MacArthur program in *Peace and Security in a Changing World.* His book, *With Faith in the Works of Words: The Beginnings of Reconciliation in South Africa*, received the 2010 Rhetoric Society of America book award.

## Books

### Monograph

* Doxtader, Erik (2009). *With faith in the works of words: the beginnings of reconciliation in South Africa, 1985-1995*. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-851-5. OCLC 235946025.

### Edited volumes

### Book reviews

1. Faculty page, Department of English, University of South Carolina (accessed 20 September 2021).
2. Philosophy & Rhetoric, Editorial Masthead, Penn State University Press (accessed 21 September 2021).
3. Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, "Institute Research Fellows", *IJR Annual Report*, 2012, 39 (accessed 20 September 2021); Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, "Senior Research Fellows", *IJR Annual Report*, 2013, 34, (accessed 21 September 2021); Daily Maverick, "Erik Doxtader" (accessed 21 September 2021); United Nations, South Africa's Institute for Justice and Reconciliation wins UNESCO award", *UN News*, 28 May (accessed 21 September 2021).
4. Social Science Research Council, "International Peace and Security Postdoctoral Fellows," *Items: Social Science Research Council*, 52:4, (December 1998), 109 (accessed 21 September 2021).
5. Rhetoric Society of America, "Awards - RSA Book Award Recipients" (accessed 21 September 2021).

## InfoBox

| Erik Doxtader | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Fort Collins, Colorado |
| Education |  |
|  | |
| Era | 20th-/21st-century rhetoric |
| Region | rhetoric |
| Institutions |  |
| Main interests |  |
|  | |


title: Erin McGraw

abstract: Erin McGraw is an American author, known primarily for works of fiction, both short stories and novels. Her generous, genial works often depicts familial relations with cold-eyed optimism.

text:
# Erin McGraw

**Erin McGraw** (born 1957) is an American author, known primarily for works of fiction, both short stories and novels. Her generous, genial works often depicts familial relations with cold-eyed optimism.

## Work

Her first book, the story collection *Bodies at Sea* (1989), features a range of characters from a coal miner to college professor who engage in surprising actions. Her next story collection, *Lies of the Saints* (1996), which explores themes including marriage and parenthood through quirky stories about endearing misfits, was described by *The New York Times* as a "gratifyingly substantial" work featuring "savvy, sardonic women". *The Good Life* (2004), which features characters battling daily demons of envy, fear, and disillusionment while somehow maintaining an abiding optimism. Her novels include *The Baby Tree* (2002), *The Seamstress of Hollywood Boulevard* (2008), which draws on her own family history to describe the price one woman pays for independence, and *Better Food for a Better World* (2013), the story of six idealistic college friends who band together to open the Natural High Ice Cream parlor only to find life intruding on their dreams, until … . Her short work has appeared in *The Atlantic Monthly*, *Good Housekeeping*, *The Southern Review*, and *The Kenyon Review*.

## Awards

A former Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University (1988–90), she has received fellowships from the Ohio Arts Council and the corporations of MacDowell and Yaddo.

## Personal life

Born and raised in Redondo Beach, California, McGraw received her MFA at Indiana University Bloomington and has lived in the Midwest ever since. Now an emeritus member of the faculty, McGraw taught in the MFA in Creative Writing program at the Ohio State University alongside her husband, the poet Andrew Hudgins, until her retirement.

## Bibliography

### Novels

* *The Baby Tree* (2002)
* *The Seamstress of Hollywood Boulevard* (2008)
* *Better Food for a Better World* (2013)

### Collections

* *Bodies at Sea* (1989)
* *Lies of the Saints* (1996)
* *The Good Life* (2004)

### Short fiction and essays

| Title | Year | First published | Reprinted/collected |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Punchline | 2011 | McGraw, Erin (Fall 2011). "Punchline". *The Kenyon Review*. **33** (4). | Henderson, Bill, ed. (2013). "Punchline". *The Pushcart Prize XXXVII : best of the small presses 2013*. Pushcart Press. pp. 50–64. |
| Bad Eyes | 1998 | McGraw, Erin (Spring 1998). "Bad Eyes". *Gettysburg Review*. **11**: 89–98. Retrieved 2015-07-07. |

## InfoBox

| Erin McGraw | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1957 (age 6667)<br>Redondo Beach, California, U.S. |
| Education | Indiana University Bloomington (MFA) |
| Notable works | *The Baby Tree*, *The Seamstress of Hollywood Boulevard*, *Better Food for a Better World* |
| Notable awards | Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University |
| Spouse | Andrew Hudgins |


title: Eriogonum prattenianum

abstract: Eriogonum prattenianum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Nevada City buckwheat.

text:
# Eriogonum prattenianum

***Eriogonum prattenianum*** is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name **Nevada City buckwheat**.

## Description

*Eriogonum prattenianum* is a small shrub growing up to about half a meter tall when erect in form or growing in a clump or mat lined with oval-shaped woolly leaves. The inflorescence arises on a slender scape and bears a rounded cluster of yellow flowers.

## Distribution

*Eriogonum prattenianum* is endemic to California, where it can be found in many scattered disjunct populations in the Sierra Nevada and its foothills.

## Taxonomy

There are two varieties of this species. The more common var. *prattenianum* occurs in scattered populations in the mountains and foothills, while the uncommon var. *avium* is limited to granite outcrops in the Sierra Nevada slopes of Madera and Fresno Counties. The latter is generally a smaller plant than the former.

## InfoBox

| *Eriogonum prattenianum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| var. *avium* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | *Eriogonum* |
| Species: | ***E. prattenianum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eriogonum prattenianum***<br>Durand | |
|


title: Erythrohydrobupropion

abstract: Erythrohydrobupropion is a substituted amphetamine derivative—specifically a β-hydroxyamphetamine—and a minor active metabolite of the antidepressant drug bupropion (Wellbutrin). Bupropion is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, with its metabolites contributing substantially to its activities. Erythrohydrobupropion exists as a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers, (1R,2S)-erythrohydrobupropion and (1S,2R)-erythrohydrobupropion. Other metabolites of bupropion include hydroxybupropion and threohydrobupropion. Information on the pharmacological actions of erythrohydrobupropion is scarce. In any case, it is about 20% as pharmacologically potent as bupropion and in the range of 20 to 50% as potent as bupropion in mouse models of depression. It circulates at similar concentrations as bupropion during bupropion therapy. Conversely, two other metabolites, hydroxybupropion and threohydrobupropion, circulate at higher concentrations than bupropion. Erythrohydrobupropion is formed from bupropion via reduction of the ketone group primarily by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and to a minor extent by aldo-keto reductases. It can also be formed from bupropion by carbonyl reductases. The compound is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 into erythro-4'-hydroxy-hydrobupropion and by various glucuronosyltransferase enzymes into glucuronide conjugates. The elimination half-life of erythrohydrobupropion is approximately 33 hours. Its half-life may be longer in older people. Insomnia during bupropion therapy has been associated with erythrohydrobupropion concentrations. Administration of erythrohydrobupropion in mice produces seizures at sufficiently high doses similarly to bupropion and other metabolites. Erythrohydrobupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor and accounts for about 9% of CYP2D6 inhibition during bupropion therapy, with hydroxybupropion accounting for 65% and threohydrobupropion accounting for 21%.

text:
# Erythrohydrobupropion

**Erythrohydrobupropion** (developmental codes **BW 287**, **BW 17U**) is a substituted amphetamine derivative—specifically a β-hydroxyamphetamine—and a minor active metabolite of the antidepressant drug bupropion (Wellbutrin). Bupropion is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, with its metabolites contributing substantially to its activities. Erythrohydrobupropion exists as a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers, (1*R*,2*S*)-erythrohydrobupropion and (1*S*,2*R*)-erythrohydrobupropion. Other metabolites of bupropion include hydroxybupropion and threohydrobupropion.

Information on the pharmacological actions of erythrohydrobupropion is scarce. In any case, it is about 20% as pharmacologically potent as bupropion and in the range of 20 to 50% as potent as bupropion in mouse models of depression. It circulates at similar concentrations as bupropion during bupropion therapy. Conversely, two other metabolites, hydroxybupropion and threohydrobupropion, circulate at higher concentrations than bupropion.

Erythrohydrobupropion is formed from bupropion via reduction of the ketone group primarily by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and to a minor extent by aldo-keto reductases. It can also be formed from bupropion by carbonyl reductases. The compound is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 into erythro-4'-hydroxy-hydrobupropion and by various glucuronosyltransferase enzymes into glucuronide conjugates. The elimination half-life of erythrohydrobupropion is approximately 33 hours. Its half-life may be longer in older people.

Insomnia during bupropion therapy has been associated with erythrohydrobupropion concentrations. Administration of erythrohydrobupropion in mice produces seizures at sufficiently high doses similarly to bupropion and other metabolites. Erythrohydrobupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor and accounts for about 9% of CYP2D6 inhibition during bupropion therapy, with hydroxybupropion accounting for 65% and threohydrobupropion accounting for 21%.

## InfoBox

Erythrohydrobupropion
| (1*S*,2*R*)-Erythrohydrobupropion | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | *erythro*-Hydrobupropion; Erythrohydroxybupropion; BW 287; BW 17U; *erythro*-3-Chloro-*N*-tert-butyl-β-hydroxy-α-methylphenethylamine; *erythro*-3-Chloro-*N*-tert-butyl-β-hydroxyamphetamine |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hydroxylation (CYP2B6, CYP2C19), glucuronidation (UGTs) |
| Elimination half-life | 33 hours |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * rel-(1*R**,2*S**)-2-(*tert*-Butylamino)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1-ol | |
| CAS Number | * 99102-04-2 (racemic)
102141-11-7 (1*S*,2*R*)
292055-72-2 (1*R*,2*S*) |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C13H20ClNO |
| Molar mass | 241.76 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * \[C@H\](\[C@H\](NC(C)(C)C)C)(O)C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1 | |
| InChI * InChI=1/C13H20ClNO/c1-9(15-13(2,3)4)12(16)10-6-5-7-11(14)8-10/h5-9,12,15-16H,1-4H3/t9-,12-/s2 * Key:NDPTTXIBLSWNSF-RKRUEEIYNA-N | |