title: Drainage density

abstract: Drainage density is a quantity used to describe physical parameters of a drainage basin. First described by Robert E. Horton, drainage density is defined as the total length of channel in a drainage basin divided by the total area, represented by the following equation: The quantity represents the average length of channel per unit area of catchment and has units [ L ] [ L 2 ], which is often reduced to [ L − 1 ]. Drainage density depends upon both climate and physical characteristics of the drainage basin. Soil permeability and underlying rock type affect the runoff in a watershed; impermeable ground or exposed bedrock will lead to an increase in surface water runoff and therefore to more frequent streams. Rugged regions or those with high relief will also have a higher drainage density than other drainage basins if the other characteristics of the basin are the same. When determining the total length of streams in a basin, both perennial and ephemeral streams should be considered. If a drainage basin contained only ephemeral streams, the drainage density by the equation above would be calculated to be zero if only the total length of streams was calculated using only perennial streams. Ignoring ephemeral streams in the calculations does not consider the behavior of the basin during flood events and is therefore not completely representative of the drainage characteristics of the basin. Drainage density is indicative of infiltration and permeability of a drainage basin, as well as relating to the shape of the hydrograph. Drainage density depends upon both climate and physical characteristics of the drainage basin. High drainage densities also mean a high bifurcation ratio.

text:
# Drainage density

**Drainage density** is a quantity used to describe physical parameters of a drainage basin. First described by Robert E. Horton, drainage density is defined as the total length of channel in a drainage basin divided by the total area, represented by the following equation:

$D\_{d}={\frac {\sum {L}{A\_{basin}}}}$

The quantity represents the average length of channel per unit area of catchment and has units $\frac {\left\[L\right\]}{\left\[L^{2}\right\]}$, which is often reduced to $\left\[L^{-1}\right\]$.

Drainage density depends upon both climate and physical characteristics of the drainage basin. Soil permeability (infiltration difficulty) and underlying rock type affect the runoff in a watershed; impermeable ground or exposed bedrock will lead to an increase in surface water runoff and therefore to more frequent streams. Rugged regions or those with high relief will also have a higher drainage density than other drainage basins if the other characteristics of the basin are the same.

When determining the total length of streams in a basin, both perennial and ephemeral streams should be considered. If a drainage basin contained only ephemeral streams, the drainage density by the equation above would be calculated to be zero if only the total length of streams was calculated using only perennial streams. Ignoring ephemeral streams in the calculations does not consider the behavior of the basin during flood events and is therefore not completely representative of the drainage characteristics of the basin.

Drainage density is indicative of infiltration and permeability of a drainage basin, as well as relating to the shape of the hydrograph. Drainage density depends upon both climate and physical characteristics of the drainage basin.

High drainage densities also mean a high bifurcation ratio.

## Inverse of drainage density as a physical quantity

Drainage density can be used to approximate the average length of overland flow in a catchment. Horton (1945) used the following equation to describe the average length of overland flow as a function of drainage density:

$l\_{O}={\frac {1}{2D\_{d}}}$

Where $l\_{0}$ is the length of overland flow with units of length and $D\_{d}$ is the drainage density of the catchment, expressed in units of inverse length.

Considering the geometry of channels on the hillslope, Horton also proposed the following equation:

$l\_{O}={\frac {1}{2D\_{d}{\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {s\_{c}{s\_{g}\right)^{2}}}}}}}}$

Where $s\_{c}$ is the channel slope and $s\_{g}$ is the average slope of the ground in the area.

## Elementary components of drainage basins

A drainage basin can be defined by three elementary quantities: channels, the hillslope area associated with those channels, and the source areas. The channels are the well-defined segments that efficiently carry water through the catchment. Labeling these features as “channels” rather than “streams” indicates that there need not be a continuous flow of water to capture the behavior of this region as a conduit of water. According to Arthur Strahler’s stream ordering system, the channels are not defined to be any single order or range of orders. Channels of lower orders combine to form higher order channels. The associated hillslope areas are the hillslopes that slope directly into the channels. Precipitation that enters the system on the hillslopes areas and is not lost to infiltration or evapotranspiration enters the channels. The source areas are concave regions of hillslope that are associated with a single channel. Precipitation entering a source area that is not lost to infiltration or evapotranspiration flows through the source area and enters the channel at the channel’s head. Source areas and the hillslope areas associated with channels are differentiated by source areas draining through the channel head, while the associated hillslope areas drain into the rest of the stream. According to Strahler’s stream ordering system, all source areas drain into a primary channel, by the definition of a primary channel.

Bras et al. (1991) describe the conditions that are necessary for channel formation. Channel formation is a concept intimately tied to the formation and evolution of a drainage system and influence the drainage density of catchment. The relation they propose determines the behavior of a given hillslope in response to a small perturbation. They propose the following equation as a relation between source area, source slope, and the sediment flux through this source area:

$a{\frac {\partial F}{\partial S}{\frac {dS}{da}=F-a{\frac {\partial F}{\partial a}}}}$

Where **F** is the sediment flux, **S** is the slope of the source area, and **a** is the source area. The right-hand side of this relation determines channel stability or instability. If the right-hand side of the equation is greater than zero, the hillslope is stable, and small perturbations such as small erosive events do no develop into channels. Conversely, if the right-hand side of the equation is less than zero, Bras et al. determine the hillslope to be unstable, and small erosive structures, such as rills, will tend to grow and form a channel and increase the drainage density of a basin. In this sense, "unstable" is not used in the sense of the gradient of the hillslope being greater than the angle of repose and therefore susceptible to mass wasting, but rather fluvial erosive processes such as sheet flow or channel flow tend to incise and erode to form a singular channel. Therefore, the characteristics of the source area, or potential source area, influence the drainage density and evolution of a drainage basin.

## Relation to water balance

Drainage density is tied to the water balance equation:

$\frac {dV}{dt}=R+G\_{i}-G\_{o}-G\_{s}-ET-Q\_{w}$

Where $\frac {dV}{dt}$ is the change in reservoir storage, **R** is precipitation, **ET** is evapotranspiration, **Gi** and **Go** are the respective groundwater flux into and out of the basin, **Gs** is the groundwater discharge into streams, and **Qw** is groundwater discharge from the basin through wells. Drainage density relates to the storage and runoff terms. Drainage density relates to the efficiency by which water is carried over the landscape. Water is carried through channels much faster than over hillslopes, as saturated overland flow is slower due to being thinned out and obstructed by vegetation or pores in the ground. Consequently, a drainage basin with a relatively higher drainage density will be more efficiently drained than a higher density one. Because of the more extensive drainage system in a higher density basin, precipitation entering the basement will, on average, travel a shorter distance over the slower hillslopes before reaching the faster-flowing channels and exit the basin through the channels in less time. Conversely, precipitation entering a lower drainage density basin will take longer to exit the basin due to travelling over the slower hillslope longer.

In his 1963 paper on drainage density and streamflow, Charles Carlston found that baseflow into streams is inversely related to the drainage density of the drainage basin:

$Q\_{baseflow}\propto {D\_{d}^{-2}}$

This equation represents the effect of drainage density on infiltration. As drainage density increases, baseflow discharge into a stream decreases for a given basin because there is less infiltration to contribute to baseflow. More of the water entering the drainage basin during a precipitation immediately following a rainfall event exits quickly through streams and does not become infiltration to contribute to baseflow discharge. Gregory and Walling (1968) found that the average discharge through a drainage basin is proportional to the square of drainage density:

$Q\_{runoff}\propto D\_{d}^{2}$

This relation illustrates that a higher drainage density environment transports water more efficiently through the basin. In a relatively low drainage density environment, the lower average discharge results predicted by this relation would be the result of the surface runoff spending more time travelling over hillslope and having a larger time for infiltration to occur. The increased infiltration results in a decreased surface runoff according to the water balance equation.

These two equations agree with each other and follow the water balance equation. According to the equations, a basin with high drainage density, the contribution of surface runoff to stream discharge will be high, while that from baseflow will be low. Conversely, a stream in a low drainage density system will have a larger contribution from baseflow and a smaller contribution from overland flow.

## Relation to hydrographs

The discharge through the central stream draining a catchment reflects the drainage density, which makes it a useful diagnostic for predicting the flooding behavior of a catchment following a storm event due to being intimately tied to the hydrograph. The material that overland flow travels over is one factor that influences the speed that water can flow out of a catchment. Water flows significantly slower over hillslopes compared to channels that form to efficiently carry water and other flowing material. According to Horton’s interpretation of half of the inverse of drainage density as the average length of overland flow implies that overland flow in high-drainage environments will reach a fast-flowing channel faster over a shorter range. On the hydrograph, the peak is higher and occurs over a shorter range. This more compact and higher peak is often referred to as being “flashy”.

The timing of the hydrograph in relation to the peak of the hyetograph is influenced by the drainage density. The water that enters a high-drainage watershed during a storm will reach a channel relatively fast and travel in the high-velocity channels to the outlet of the watershed in a relatively short time. Conversely, the water entering a low drainage density basin will, on average, have to travel a longer distance over the low velocity hillslope to reach the channels. As a result, the water will require more time to reach the exit of the catchment. The lag time between the peak of the hyetograph and the hydrograph is then inversely related to drainage density; as drainage density increases, water is more efficiently drained from the basin and the lag time decreases.

Another impact on the hydrograph that drainage density has is a steeper falling limb following the storm event due to its impact on both overland flow and baseflow. The falling limb occurs after the peak of the hydrograph curve and is when overland flow is decreasing back to ambient levels. In higher drainage systems, the overland flow reaches the channels quicker resulting in a narrower spread in the falling limb. Baseflow is the other contributor to the hydrograph. The peak of baseflow to the channels will occur after the quick-flow peak because groundwater flow is much slower than quick-flow. Because the baseflow peak occurs after the quick-flow peak, the baseflow peak influences the shape of the falling limb. According to the proportionality put forth by Gregory and Walling, as drainage density increases, the contribution of baseflow to the falling limb of the hydrograph diminishes. During a storm event in a high drainage density basin, there is little water that infiltrates into the ground as infiltration because water spends less time flowing over the surface in the catchment before exiting through the central channel. Because there is little water that enters the water as infiltration, baseflow will contribute only a small part to falling limb. The falling limb is thus quite steep. Conversely, a low drainage system will have a shallower falling limb. According to Gregory and Walling’s relation, the decrease in drainage density results in an increase in baseflow to the channels and a more gradual decrease in the hydrograph.

## Formula for drainage density

### Montgomery and Dietrich (1989)

Montgomery and Dietrich (1989) determined the following equation for drainage density by observing drainage basins in the Tennessee Valley, California:

$D={\frac {w\_{s}\rho \_{w}R\_{0}{W^{\ast }\rho \_{s}K\_{z}\ sin\ \theta cos\ \theta }\left\[1-\left({\frac {tan\theta }{tan\psi }\right)\right\]^{-1}}}}$

Where **ws** is the mean source width, **ρw** is the density of water, **R0** is the average precipitation rate, **W\*** is the width of the channel head, **ρs** is the saturated bulk density of the soil, **Kz** is the vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity, **θ** is the slope at the channel head, and **φ** is the soil angle of internal friction.

**R0**, the average precipitation term, shows the dependence of drainage density on climate. With all other factors being constant, an increase in precipitation in the drainage basin results in an increase in drainage density. A decrease in precipitation, such as in an arid environment, results in a lower drainage density. The equation also shows the dependence on the physical characteristics and lithology of the drainage basin. Materials with a low hydraulic conductivities, such as clay or solid rock, would result in a higher-drainage density system. Because of the low hydraulic conductivity, there is little water lost to infiltration and that water exits the system as runoff and can contribute to erosion. In a basin with a higher vertical hydraulic conductivity, water more effectively infiltrates into the ground and does not contribute to saturated overland flow erosion, resulting in a less developed channel system and therefore lower drainage density.

## Relation to the mean annual flood

Charles Carlston (1963) determined an equation to express the mean annual flood runoff, Q2.33, for a given drainage basin as a function of drainage density. Carlston found a correlation between the two quantities when plotting data from 15 drainage basins and determined the following equation:

$Q\_{2.33}=1.3D^{2}$

Where **Q** is in units of cubic feet per second per square mile and **Dd** is in units of inverse miles. From that equation, it is concluded that a drainage basin will adjust itself through erosion such that this equation is satisfied.

## Effect of vegetation on drainage density

The presence of vegetation in a drainage basin has multiple effects on the drainage density. Vegetation prevents landslides in the source area of a basin that would result in channel formation as well as decrease the range of drainage density values regardless of soil composition.

Vegetation stabilizes the unstable source area in basin and prevents channel initiation. Plants stabilize the hillslope that they grow in, which results in physical erosion processes such as rain splash, dry ravel, or freezing and thawing processes. While there is significant variation between species, plant roots grow in underground networks that holds the soil in place. Because the soil is held in place, it is less prone to erosion from those physical methods. Hillslope diffusion was found to decrease exponentially with vegetation cover. By stabilizing the hillslope in the source area of the basins, channel initiation, channel initiation is less likely. The erosional processes that may lead to channel initiation are prevented. The increased soil strength also protects against surface runoff erosion, which hinders channel evolution once it has begun.

At the basin scale, there are fewer channels in the basin and the drainage density is lower than an unvegetated system. The effect of the vegetation on decreasing the drainage density is not unbounded though. At high vegetative coverage, the effect of increasing the coverage diminishes. This effect imposes an upper limit to the total reduction in drainage density that vegetation can result in.

Vegetation also narrows the range of drainage density values for basins of various soil composition. Unvegetated basins can have a large range in drainage densities, from low to high. Drainage density is related to the ease at which channels can form. According to Montgomery and Dietrich’s equation, drainage density is a function of vertical hydraulic conductivity. Coarse-grained sediment like sand would have a higher hydraulic conductivity and are predicted by the equation to form a relatively higher drainage density system than a system formed by finer silt with a lower hydraulic conductivity.

Forest fires play an indirect role in a basin’s drainage density. Forest fires, both natural and unnatural, destroy some or all of the existing vegetation, which removes the stability that the plants and their roots provide. Newly destabilized hillslope in the basin is then susceptible to channel formation processes, and drainage density of the basin may increase until the vegetation grows back to the previous state. The type of plants and the associated depth and density of the plant roots determine how strongly the soil is held in place as well as the intensity of the forest fire in killing and removing the vegetation. Computer simulation experiments have validated that drainage density will be higher in regions that have more frequent forest fires.

## Relation to flood hydrograph

The discharge through the central stream draining a catchment reflects the drainage density, which makes it a useful diagnostic for predicting the flooding behavior of a catchment following a storm event due to being intimately tied to the hydrograph. The material that overland flow travels over is one factor that influences the speed that water can flow out of a catchment. Water flows significantly slower over hillslopes compared to channels that form to efficiently carry water and other flowing material. According to Horton’s interpretation of half of the inverse of drainage density as the average length of overland flow implies that overland flow in high-drainage environments will reach a fast-flowing channel faster over a shorter range. On the hydrograph, the peak is higher and occurs over a shorter range. This more compact and higher peak is often referred to as being “flashy”.

The timing of the hydrograph in relation to the peak of the hyetograph is influenced by the drainage density. The water that enters a high-drainage watershed during a storm will reach a channel relatively fast and travel in the high-velocity channels to the outlet of the watershed in a relatively short time. Conversely, the water entering a low drainage density basin will, on average, have to travel a longer distance over the low velocity hillslope to reach the channels. As a result, the water will require more time to reach the exit of the catchment. The lag time between the peak of the hyetograph and the hydrograph is then inversely related to drainage density; as drainage density increases, water is more efficiently drained from the basin and the lag time decreases.

Another impact on the hydrograph that drainage density has is a steeper falling limb following the storm event due to its impact on both overland flow and baseflow. The falling limb occurs after the peak of the hydrograph curve and is when overland flow is decreasing back to ambient levels. In higher drainage systems, the overland flow reaches the channels quicker resulting in a narrower spread in the falling limb. Baseflow is the other contributor to the hydrograph. The peak of baseflow to the channels will occur after the quick-flow peak because groundwater flow is much slower than quick-flow. Because the baseflow peak occurs after the quick-flow peak, the baseflow peak influences the shape of the falling limb.4 According to the proportionality put forth by Gregory and Walling, as drainage density increases, the contribution of baseflow to the falling limb of the hydrograph diminishes. During a storm event in a high drainage density basin, there is little water that infiltrates into the ground as infiltration because water spends less time flowing over the surface in the catchment before exiting through the central channel. Because there is little water that enters the water as infiltration, baseflow will contribute only a small part to falling limb. The falling limb is thus quite steep. Conversely, a low drainage system will have a shallower falling limb. According to Gregory and Walling’s relation, the decrease in drainage density results in an increase in baseflow to the channels and a more gradual decrease in the hydrograph.

## Effect of climate change on drainage density

Drainage density may also be influenced by climate change. Langbein and Schumm (1958)9 propose an equation for the rate of sediment discharge through catchment as a function of precipitation rate:

$P={\frac {aR^{\alpha }{1+bR^{\gamma }}}}$

Where **P** is sediment yield, **R** is the average effective rainfall, **α** ~ 2.3, **γ** ~ 3.33, and **a** and **b** vary depending on units. The graph of this equation has a maximum between 10 and 14 inches and sharp declines on either side of the peak. At lower effective rainfalls, sediment discharge is lower because there is less rainfall to erode the hillslope. At effective rainfalls of greater than 10-14 inches, the decrease in sediment yield is interpreted to be the result of increasing vegetation cover. Increasing precipitation supports denser vegetation coverage and prevents overland flow and other methods of physical erosion. This finding is consistent with the Istanbulluoglu and Bras’ findings on the effect of vegetation on erosion and channel formation.

## The Caineville Badlands

The badlands of Caineville, Utah are often cited as a region of extremely high drainage density. The region features steep slopes, high relief, an arid climate, and a complete absence of vegetation. Because the slopes of hillslopes are often greater than the angle of repose, the dominant erosional process in the Caineville badlands is mass wasting. There is no vegetation to provide stability to the slopes and increase the angle of repose and prevent mass-wasting. The regions below the angle of repose, however, are still generally at a significant angle, and hillslope diffusion, according to the following relation, is still a significant source of erosion:

$\frac {\partial z}{\partial t}=K\_{s}{\frac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial x^{2}}}$ Where **Ks** is a coefficient of diffusivity of the hillslope, **z** is the elevation of the hillslope, and **x** is horizontal distance.

The range of drainage densities in the Caineville Badlands illustrates the complicated nature of drainage densities in low-precipitation environments. In a study on the region, Alan Howard (1996) found that the effect of increasing relief angles in different basins did not have a constant effect on the drainage density. For regions of relatively low relief, drainage density and relief are positively correlated. This occurs until a threshold is reached at a higher relief ratio, when increase the slope ratio is accompanied by a decrease in drainage density. This is interpreted by Howard to be a result of the critical source area needed to support a channel increasing. At a higher slope, the erosion is faster and more efficiently funneled through fewer channels. The smaller number of channels results in a smaller drainage density for the basin.

This qualitative topographic map of a section of a section of the Caineville Badlands shows the extensive drainage network in the arid environment. Relating to Montgomery and Dietrich’s definition of the elementary parts of a drainage basin, the source area for each of the channels is relatively very small, resulting in a large number of channels forming. The image of the Caineville Badlands displays the lack of vegetation and numerous channels. The Caineville Badlands are located in an arid environment, receiving an average of 125mm of precipitation per year. This low precipitation contrasts with Montgomery and Dietrich’s equation of drainage density, which predicts that drainage density should be low where rainfall is low. This behavior is more consistent with Langbein and Schumm’s expression of erosion rate as a function of rainfall. According to the equation, erosion will increase with precipitation up to a point where the precipitation can support stabilizing vegetation. The lack of vegetation present in the image of the Caineville Badlands implies that the rainfall rate of this region is below the critical rainfall amount vegetation can be supported.


title: The Stumblin' Blox

abstract: The Stumblin' Blox were an American garage rock band from Abilene, Texas who were active in the 1960s. They are known for songs such as "It's Alright." Though they failed to achieve commercial success, their works have come to the attention of garage rock enthusiasts and collectors over the years and have been included several compilations. The band hailed from Abilene, and they were influenced by groups such as the McCoys and Paul Revere & the Raiders. According to music writer Bruce Eder, the Stumblin' Blox "...sounded even more like the early Rascals at their punkiest..." They recorded an unissued acetate in 1966 featuring the organ-driven "It's Alright" baked with the ballad "Lace of Satin." Their songs have been included on various compilations such as Texas Punk 1966, Vol. 1 on Cicadelic Records, as well as Acid Visions: The Complete Collection, Vol. 2. and Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears both put out on Collectables Records.

text:
# The Stumblin' Blox

**The Stumblin' Blox** were an American garage rock band from Abilene, Texas who were active in the 1960s. They are known for songs such as "It's Alright." Though they failed to achieve commercial success, their works have come to the attention of garage rock enthusiasts and collectors over the years and have been included several compilations.

The band hailed from Abilene, and they were influenced by groups such as the McCoys and Paul Revere & the Raiders. According to music writer Bruce Eder, the Stumblin' Blox "...sounded even more like the early Rascals at their punkiest..." They recorded an unissued acetate in 1966 featuring the organ-driven "It's Alright" baked with the ballad "Lace of Satin." Their songs have been included on various compilations such as *Texas Punk 1966, Vol. 1* on Cicadelic Records, as well as *Acid Visions: The Complete Collection, Vol. 2.* and *Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears* both put out on Collectables Records.

## Discography

* "It's Alright" b/w "Lace of Satin" (unissued acetate, 1966)

## InfoBox

| The Stumbling Blox | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Abilene, Texas, United States |
| Genres | Garage rock |
| Years active | 1960s |


title: The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour

abstract: The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour was the ninth concert tour by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey. The tour was featured prominently in the singer's docu-series Mariah's World. The tour kicked off with a show at The SSE Hydro in Glasgow, Scotland, on March 15, 2016, and concluded with a show at the Neal S. Blaisdell Center in Honolulu, Hawaii, on November 26, 2016. The tour saw Carey play six venues across Great Britain and various others across Europe, as well as several dates in Africa. The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour is Carey's first tour to visit the European region in 13 years, the last being the Charmbracelet World Tour in 2003. It is also her first tour to visit Hawaii in almost two decades. The tour's set list was noted by fans for including songs rarely or never before performed by Carey, such as "Loverboy", "Against All Odds" and "When You Believe".

text:
# The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour

**The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour** was the ninth concert tour by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey. The tour was featured prominently in the singer's docu-series *Mariah's World*.

The tour kicked off with a show at The SSE Hydro in Glasgow, Scotland, on March 15, 2016, and concluded with a show at the Neal S. Blaisdell Center in Honolulu, Hawaii, on November 26, 2016. The tour saw Carey play six venues across Great Britain and various others across Europe, as well as several dates in Africa. The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour is Carey's first tour to visit the European region in 13 years, the last being the Charmbracelet World Tour in 2003. It is also her first tour to visit Hawaii in almost two decades.

The tour's set list was noted by fans for including songs rarely or never before performed by Carey, such as "Loverboy", "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" and "When You Believe".

## Set list

1. "Fantasy" (contains elements of the Def Club Mix and Bad Boy Fantasy remix)
2. "Emotions"
3. "My All" (Classic Club Mix)
4. "Always Be My Baby"
5. "I'll Be There" (with Trey Lorenz)
6. "Rock With You" (Interlude) (performed by Trey Lorenz)
7. "Touch My Body"
8. "I Know What You Want" / "Obsessed" / "It's Like That" / "Shake It Off" / "Loverboy" (dubbed the Car Ride Medley)
9. "Heartbreaker" (Desert Storm Remix)
10. "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"
11. "One Sweet Day" (with Daniel Moore II and Trey Lorenz)
12. "When You Believe"
13. "Hero"
14. "We Belong Together"
15. "Without You"
16. "Butterfly Reprise" (Outro)

Notes * "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" was not performed on select dates.
* "One Sweet Day" was not performed in Luxembourg and Munich. It was eventually cut from the set list on November 8.
* "Rainbow" was performed in Oslo.
* "Can't Let Go" was performed in Kraków.
* In Cape Town, Carey performed "Fly Like a Bird" in place of "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)".
* During shows in Durban and Johannesburg, "Don't Forget About Us" replaced "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)". It was later permanently done for shows in Honolulu.
* On November 8, "Breakdown" and "Honey" were added to the set list.
* During shows in Mexico, "Babydoll" and "I Still Believe" were performed.
* Starting on November 23, "Vision of Love", "Infamous", and "#Beautiful" were added to the set list; the latter two being performed with Jussie Smollett. Additionally, "I'll Be There" and "Without You" were no longer performed.
* During the final show in Honolulu, "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was played as the outro.

## Shows

| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leg 1 — Europe | | | |
| March 15, 2016 | Glasgow | Scotland | SSE Hydro |
| March 17, 2016 | Leeds | England | First Direct Arena |
| March 18, 2016 | | Manchester | Manchester Arena |
| March 20, 2016 | | Birmingham | Barclaycard Arena |
| March 21, 2016 | Cardiff | Wales | Motorpoint Arena |
| March 23, 2016 | London | England | The O2 Arena |
| March 26, 2016 | Esch-sur-Alzette | Luxembourg | Rockhal |
| March 29, 2016 | Copenhagen | Denmark | Forum Copenhagen |
| March 31, 2016 | Oslo | Norway | Oslo Spektrum |
| April 2, 2016 | Stockholm | Sweden | Ericsson Globe |
| April 4, 2016 | Helsinki | Finland | Hartwall Arena |
| April 6, 2016 | Tallinn | Estonia | Saku Suurhall |
| April 7, 2016 | Riga | Latvia | Arēna Rīga |
| April 9, 2016 | Kaunas | Lithuania | Žalgiris Arena |
| April 11, 2016 | Kraków | Poland | Tauron Arena |
| April 13, 2016 | Cologne | Germany | Lanxess Arena |
| April 14, 2016 | | Munich | Olympiahalle |
| April 16, 2016 | Milan | Italy | Mediolanum Forum |
| April 18, 2016 | Zürich | Switzerland | Hallenstadion |
| April 19, 2016 | Vienna | Austria | Wiener Stadthalle |
| April 21, 2016 | Paris | France | AccorHotels Arena |
| April 23, 2016 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Ziggo Dome |
| Leg 2 — Africa | | | |
| April 26, 2016 | Cape Town | South Africa | Cape Town Stadium |
| April 29, 2016 | | Durban | Moses Mabhida Stadium |
| May 1, 2016 | | Johannesburg | Ticketpro Dome |
| | | May 2, 2016 |
| Leg 3 — North America | | | |
| November 8, 2016 | Mexico City | Mexico | Mexico City Arena |
| November 9, 2016 | | Monterrey | Arena Monterrey |
| November 23, 2016 | Honolulu | United States | Neal S. Blaisdell Arena |
| | | | November 25, 2016 |
| | | | November 26, 2016 |

## Cancelled shows

List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and reason of cancellation
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Reason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 27, 2016 | Brussels | Belgium | Forest National | 2016 Brussels bombings |
| October 28, 2016 | Buenos Aires | Argentina | GEBA Jorge Newbery | "Promoter negligence" |
| October 30, 2016 | Santiago | Chile | Movistar Arena | |
| November 1, 2016 | São Paulo | Brazil | Allianz Parque | |
| November 4, 2016 | Curitiba | | Pedreira Paulo Leminski | |
| November 5, 2016 | Porto Alegre | | Estádio Beira-Rio | |

## Box office score data

List of concerts, showing venue, city, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue
| Venue | City | Attendance / Capacity | Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SSE Hydro | Glasgow | 3,506 / 3,835 | $311,091 |
| Manchester Arena | Manchester | 9,055 / 9,960 | $843,966 |
| Barclaycard Arena | Birmingham | 8,470 / 9,458 | $764,454 |
| The O2 Arena | London | 15,189 / 16,076 | $1,412,500 |
| Rockhal | Esch-sur-Alzette | 4,500 / 6,500 |  |
| Mediolanum Forum | Milan | 5,393 / 5,393 | $471,929 |
| Hallenstadion | Zürich | 4,007 / 9,500 | $284,757 |
| AccorHotels Arena | Paris | 9,458 / 11,612 | $866,591 |
| Cape Town Stadium | Cape Town | 14,420 / 15,817 | $518,723 |
| Moses Mabhida Stadium | Durban | 18,403 / 19,135 | $570,866 |
| Ticketpro Dome | Johannesburg | 20,014 / 21,203 | $1,195,806 |
| Arena Ciudad de Mexico | Mexico City | 11,054 / 11,054 | $331,489 |
| Total | | **130,469 / 147,543 (88%)** | **$7,572,172** |

## Personnel

* James "Big Jim" Wright – musical director
* Daniel Moore II – keyboards
* Derrieuz Edgecombe – keyboards
* Lance Tolbert – bass
* Joshua Baker – drums
* Trey Lorenz – background vocals
* Mary Ann Tatum – background vocals
* Takeytha Johnson – background vocals

Source:

## InfoBox

The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour
| Tour by Mariah Carey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Start date | March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15) |
| End date | November 26, 2016 (2016-11-26) |
| Legs | 4 |
| No. of shows | * 22 in Europe * 4 in Africa * 5 in North America * 31 total |
| Box office | $6,768,754 (10 Reported Shows) |
| Mariah Carey concert chronology | |


abstract: Dragan Milovanović is a Serbian politician. He served in the National Assembly of Serbia from 1997 to 2001 and was the mayor of Podujevo for a time. For most of his political career, Milovanović was a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS).

text:
# Dragan Milovanović (politician, born 1953)

**Dragan Milovanović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Драган Миловановић; born 1953) is a Serbian politician. He served in the National Assembly of Serbia from 1997 to 2001 and was the mayor of Podujevo for a time. For most of his political career, Milovanović was a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS).

## Early life and career

Milovanović was born to a Kosovo Serb family in Podujevo, in what was then the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija in the People's Republic of Serbia, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He has a Bachelor of Laws degree.

## Politician

### Early candidacies at the federal and republican levels

In the 1990s, Serbian and Yugoslavian politics were dominated by the authoritarian role of Slobodan Milošević, leader of the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS). Most Kosovo Albanians boycotted Serbian political institutions throughout the decade, and as a result the institutions were dominated by the Serb community.

Milovanović ran for the national assembly in the 1990 Serbian parliamentary election as an independent candidate in the Podujevo division. He was defeated by Zoran Paunović of the SPS, the only other candidate on the ballot. The Serbian Radical Party was founded in 1991, and Milovanović became a member of the organization.

The first elections for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Chamber of Citizens were held in May 1992 under a system of mixed proportional representation. Milovanović received the thirty-second position on the SRS's electoral list and was not elected when the list won twenty-three seats.

After the May 1992 vote, all Serbian and Yugoslavian parliamentary elections were held under full proportional representation. Milovanović appeared in the ninth position on the SRS's list for Leskovac in the 1992 Serbian parliamentary election and the tenth position in the 1993 Serbian parliamentary election. The Radicals won eight seats in the division in 1992 and three in 1993, and he did not receive a mandate on either occasion. (From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates on successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of sponsoring parties or coalitions. Milovanović could have been awarded a mandate on either occasion despite his relatively low positions, but he was not.)

Milovanović appeared in the lead position on the SRS's list for Kosovska Mitrovica in the 1996 Yugoslavian parliamentary election and would have been automatically elected had the list won any mandates. Instead, the Socialist Party's list won all three seats in the division.

### Mayor of Podujevo

Milovanović's campaign literature from the 1996 Yugoslavian election indicates that he served as mayor of Podujevo for two mandates. This presumably means that he became mayor after the May 1992 and December 1992 Serbian local elections. The same source also indicates that the SPS overturned the Radical Party's local administration in his second term.

### Parliamentarian

Milovanović was given the third position on the Radical Party's list for Priština in the 1997 Serbian parliamentary election and received a mandate after the list won four seats. The SRS joined a coalition government led by the Socialist Party of Serbia in March 1998, and Milovanović served as a supporter of the administration. In late 1998, he was appointed as the Radical Party's acting chair for Kosovo.

Serbia lost effective control over most of Kosovo, including Podujevo, after the Kosovo War and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.

Vojislav Koštunica of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) defeated Slobodan Milošević in the 2000 Yugoslavian presidential election, a watershed moment in Serbian and Yugoslavian politics. Serbia's government fell in October 2000, the Radical Party moved into opposition, and a new Serbian parliamentary election was held in December 2000. Before the vote, Serbia's electoral laws were reformed such that the entire country became a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order. Milovanović was given the twenty-ninth position on the Radical Party's list. The list won twenty-three seats, and he did not receive a mandate for a second term.

Online sources do not specify Milovanović's activities after 2000. An individual named Dragan Milovanović became the leader of the cultural organization "Sveti Sava" in 2014 and organized an event with Radical Party leader Vojislav Šešelj in December of the same year, but it is unclear if this is the same person.

## Electoral record

### National Assembly of Serbia

**1990 Serbian parliamentary election: Podujevo**
| Candidate | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Dragan Milovanović** | Citizens' Group |
|  | Zoran Paunović | Socialist Party of Serbia |
| Total | | |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |


title: Dragan Milić

abstract: Dragan Milić is a Serbian cardiac surgeon, university professor and politician who is currently the director of the Clinic for Cardiac Surgery in Niš. He was elected to the City Assembly of Niš in the 2024 local elections after his citizens' group placed second with around 25% of the popular vote.

text:
# Dragan Milić

**Dragan Milić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Драган Милић; born August 12, 1965) is a Serbian cardiac surgeon, university professor and politician who is currently the director of the Clinic for Cardiac Surgery in Niš. He was elected to the City Assembly of Niš in the 2024 local elections after his citizens' group placed second with around 25% of the popular vote.

## Biography

Milić was born on August 12, 1965 in Leskovac, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. As a boy, he spent 3 years in England, from 1969 to 1972. He graduated from a gymnasium in Prokuplje. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Niš, where he also obtained his master's degree and a doctorate. He completed trainings in the United Kingdom and United States and specialized in general surgery, vascular surgery and cardiac surgery.

He has been employed at the Clinical Center of Niš since 1998. Since 2001, he has been working at the vascular surgery department of the Clinic for General Surgery as a general surgeon. After completing the sub-specialization in vascular surgery, he was assigned to the post of sub-specialist in vascular surgery at the Clinic for General Surgery. After the establishment of the Clinic for Vascular Surgery, he was appointed to the position of head of the phlebology department, and then to the position of assistant director of the Clinic for Vascular Surgery in 2008 and 2010. After the opening of the Clinic for Cardiovascular and Transplantation Surgery in November 2014, he was appointed as its first director, and after the restructuring of the Clinical Center of Niš and the establishment of the Clinic for Cardiac Surgery in July 2017, he was appointed as the first director of the Clinic.

Under his leadership, the clinic removed the waiting lists for surgeries.

He was appointed associate professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Niš in 2019, but was fired in May 2024.

Milić is a member of various international associations. He is the president of the Serbian-American Friendship Club since its establishment in 2014 and the president of the Serbian-Israeli Friendship Society since its establishment in 2021.

### Political career

In March 2024, Milić founded his citizens' group and later announced participation the 2024 local elections in Niš. His list placed second with around 25% of the popular vote, only behind the ruling Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). Milić proclaimed opposition victory and announced that the opposition will form a new local government. Opposition leaders from Niš accused SNS of electoral fraud and results manipulation.

Milić advocates for decentralization and closer relations between Serbia and the United States.

## InfoBox

| Dragan Milić | |
| --- | --- |
| Драган Милић | |
| Milić in 2024 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1965-08-12) August 12, 1965<br>Leskovac, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater | University of Niš |
| Occupation | * Cardiac surgeon * university professor * politician |
|  | |


title: The Third Coast

abstract: The Third Coast: When Chicago Built the American Dream is a 2013 non-fiction book about Chicago by Thomas Dyja, published by Penguin Books. Dyja noted that, prior to the development of transcontinental aircraft routes in the late 1950s, travelers between the East Coast and West Coast generally traveled through Chicago.

text:
# The Third Coast

***The Third Coast: When Chicago Built the American Dream*** is a 2013 non-fiction book about Chicago by Thomas Dyja, published by Penguin Books.

Dyja noted that, prior to the development of transcontinental aircraft routes in the late 1950s, travelers between the East Coast and West Coast generally traveled through Chicago.

## Reception

Scott Turow of *The New York Times* described the book as "engrossing" and "intricately researched", and had an overall positive reception. Turow argued that there should have been more citations, and that while the title was likely meant to show the prominence of Chicago relative to cities on the two coasts, the title was also "patronizing" in suggesting "that only seaboard cities count".

Bill Savage of the *Chicago Tribune* stated that the book is "deeply researched" and "ambitious", and praised the text for being "energetic, colorful, vigorous".

Kirkus Reviews stated that it was "readable, richly detailed" and "A valuable contribution".


title: The Stranded (Seinfeld)

abstract: "The Stranded" is the 27th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld. It is the tenth episode of the show's third season. It first aired on NBC on November 27, 1991. The episode was originally produced for Season 2 but was postponed because Larry David was dissatisfied with the episode; it was therefore advertised as a "lost" episode. It was also released in the first and second season set instead of the third. The episode was written by Larry David, Jerry Seinfeld and Matt Goldman and was directed by Tom Cherones. Besides the usual cast, other actors in the episode include: Michael Chiklis, Teri Austin, Bobbi Jo Lathan, Gwen Shepherd, and Marcia Firesten.

text:
# The Stranded (Seinfeld)

"**The Stranded**" is the 27th episode of the sitcom *Seinfeld*. It is the tenth episode of the show's third season. It first aired on NBC on November 27, 1991. The episode was originally produced for Season 2 but was postponed because Larry David was dissatisfied with the episode; it was therefore advertised as a "lost" episode. It was also released in the first and second season set instead of the third.

The episode was written by Larry David, Jerry Seinfeld and Matt Goldman and was directed by Tom Cherones. Besides the usual cast, other actors in the episode include: Michael Chiklis, Teri Austin, Bobbi Jo Lathan, Gwen Shepherd, and Marcia Firesten.

## Plot

At a drug store, George has an altercation with the cashier, accusing her of short-changing him ten dollars. He is removed by the security guard.

George is invited to a party on Long Island and brings Elaine and Jerry with him. Jerry and Elaine become trapped in boring conversations. When Ava, a co-worker, comes on to George, Jerry gives him permission to leave with her in his car, even though this strands Jerry and Elaine at the party. As they leave, Elaine confronts Ava over the morality of her fur coat.

They call Kramer and ask him to pick them up, but he forgets the order of digits in the house number, leaving him no recourse but to try every permutation. He arrives at 2am, long after all the other guests are gone. As a sign of gratitude for allowing him and Elaine to wait at their home, Jerry suggests the hosts, Steve and Jenny, stop by his apartment if they are ever in Manhattan.

A week later, Steve takes him up on his offer just as Jerry is heading out the door. Jerry allows him to wait in the apartment until his return. Kramer stops by and he and Steve get drunk and bond. Eventually Steve hires a prostitute to come to Jerry's apartment. Jerry and George meet at the drug store where they speak about the coworker whom George slept with after the party. After Jerry picks a medicine, George puts it in his shirt under his jacket as retribution for the short-changing incident before. The security guard witnesses the attempted shoplifting and takes him to jail.

Jerry returns home to find Steve leaving. The prostitute refuses to leave Jerry's apartment until paid. As Jerry pays her, police arrive and he is arrested for solicitation of prostitution. Elaine arrives and prepares to confront the prostitute over her fur coat. Later, Jerry and George fondly reminisce about their time in jail.

## Production

The episode was originally produced for the second season. Larry David was dissatisfied with the episode and had it shelved until midway through season three. Its initial broadcast included a special introduction by Jerry to explain the continuity error of George still working in the real estate business.

According to Michael Chiklis, the Gulf War began when this episode was filmed. Chiklis also said he’s “gotten more residual checks” from this episode than any of his other television work.

## InfoBox

| "**The Stranded**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Seinfeld* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 10 |
| Directed by | Tom Cherones |
| Written by | Larry David & Jerry Seinfeld and Matt Goldman |
| Production code | 209 |
| Original air date | November 27, 1991 (1991-11-27) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: The Strand (radio programme)

abstract: The Strand was the BBC World Service's daily arts show. It was launched on Monday 27 October 2008. The last weekday edition was aired on Friday 29 March 2013, and the last weekly summary on the subsequent weekend. It was regularly hosted by Harriett Gilbert, Mark Coles, Audrey Brown – who also presented the BBC's flagship African News and Current Affairs programmes Focus on Africa and Network Africa, Anna McNamee, and Bidisha. The programme's title came from the Strand, a busy street in London close to the World Service's former studios at Bush House on Aldwych.

text:
# The Strand (radio programme)

***The Strand*** was the BBC World Service's daily arts show. It was launched on Monday 27 October 2008. The last weekday edition was aired on Friday 29 March 2013, and the last weekly summary on the subsequent weekend. It was regularly hosted by Harriett Gilbert, Mark Coles, Audrey Brown – who also presented the BBC's flagship African News and Current Affairs programmes Focus on Africa and Network Africa, Anna McNamee, and Bidisha. The programme's title came from the Strand, a busy street in London close to the World Service's former studios at Bush House on Aldwych.

## Format

Harriett Gilbert regularly presented the Monday and Friday editions, as well as (on the first Saturday of every month) the new hour-long version of long-standing BBC World Service programme *World Book Club*. She said of the new programme: "I'm delighted to be presenting *The Strand*. As a daily programme, it will be a great position to reveal, explore and debate developments as they happen in the world of the arts – including, of course, the world of literature."

Mark Coles, who previously hosted *The Beat* and *The Ticket* on the World Service, is also a music journalist and won the Sony Reporter of the Year Award in 1993.

The first programme featured: Roger Moore talking about his autobiography; a report on the cultural life available to the people of Gaza, in particular what people in Gaza are watching on satellite TV and how it affects their view of the world; a review of AC/DC's album *Black Ice*; and an interview with Steve McQueen about his film *Hunger*.

*The Strand* replaced a number of existing World Service arts programmes such as *The Word*, *The Beat*, *On Screen*, *Culture Shock* and *The Ticket*.

Editions were also presented by Lawrence Pollard, Louise Fryer, Rajan Datar, Tim Marlow, and Aminatta Forna.

Arts topics were subsequently integrated into the show *Outlook*, the duration of which was extended to one hour as of Monday 1 April 2013.

## *World Book Club*

*World Book Club*, an hour-long programme, occupies some of *The Strand*'s slots in the schedule on the first Saturday in each month and during repeats on following days. Some of the "repeats" are a version edited to fit the usual half-hour slots of *The Strand*. *World Book Club* was previously a half-hour programme broadcast on the last Tuesday in each month, in the slot of now-defunct book programme *The Word*.

## InfoBox

The Strand
| Genre | Public broadcasting |
| --- | --- |
| Language(s) | English |
| Home station | BBC World Service |
| Hosted by | Harriett Gilbert
Mark Coles
Anna McNamee
Bidisha |
| Original release | 27 October 2008 (2008-10-27)
29 March 2013 (2013-03-29) |
| Website | www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p002vsn3 |


title: Dreamland 2021

abstract: Dreamland 2021 is the third studio album by American electronic music producer Zhu, released on April 30, 2021 via the label Astralwerks. The album features vocals from Yuna, Arctic Lake, Tinashe, Channel Tres, partywithray and Kota the Friend.

text:
# Dreamland 2021

***Dreamland 2021*** is the third studio album by American electronic music producer Zhu, released on April 30, 2021 via the label Astralwerks. The album features vocals from Yuna, Arctic Lake, Tinashe, Channel Tres, partywithray and Kota the Friend.

## Chart performance

The album debuted at number 11 on the *Billboard* Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart. The single "Sky is Crying (feat. Yuna)" peaked at No. 39 on the US dance chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lost It" |  | 2:58 |
| 2. | "Distant Lights" | * Aaron Leibowitz * Bell * Zhu | 4:07 |
| 3. | "Blue Dream" | * Zhu | 2:26 |
| 4. | "How Does It Feel" (featuring Channel Tres) | * Leibowitz * Bell * Sheldon Young * Zhu | 3:08 |
| 5. | "Sky is Crying" (featuring Yuna) |  | 4:24 |
| 6. | "Sweet Like Honey" | * Zhu | 4:03 |
| 7. | "Yours" (with Arctic Lake) | * Emma Foster * Bell * Zhu | 4:17 |
| 8. | "SOCO" | * Zhu | 3:34 |
| 9. | "ONLY" |  | 3:50 |
| 10. | "Zhudio54" (featuring partywithray) | * Janney * Zhu | 3:50 |
| 11. | "Good4U" (featuring Kota the Friend) | * Avery Jones * Jon Hume * Nicolas Chiari * Zhu | 4:20 |
| 12. | "I Need That" | * Leibowitz * Bell * Zhu | 3:59 |
| Total length: | | | 45:01 |

## Charts

| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (*Billboard*) | 11 |

## InfoBox

| Dreamland 2021 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Zhu | |
| Released | April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| Recorded | 2021 |
| Genre | Electronic |
| Length | 45:01 |
| Label | Astralwerks |
| Producer | Zhu |
| Zhu chronology | |
| *Ringos Desert*
(2018) ***Dreamland 2021***
(2021) *Musical Chairs Mixtape (Vol. 1)*
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Dreamland 2021* | |
| 1. "Sky Is Crying (feat. Yuna)"
Released: March 26, 2021 2. "Yours (with Arctic Lake)"
Released: April 28, 2021 | |
|  | |


title: Drew Larman

abstract: Drew Robert Larman is an American former professional ice hockey player who played 26 games for the Florida Panthers and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL).

text:
# Drew Larman

**Drew Robert Larman** (born May 15, 1985) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played 26 games for the Florida Panthers and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Playing career

As a youth, Larman played in the 1999 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Detroit Honeybaked minor ice hockey team.

Undrafted, Larman played in the OHL with the Sarnia Sting and the Memorial Cup Championship team, the 2005 London Knights.

On September 25, 2005, Larman was signed by the Florida Panthers as a free agent. Drew made his professional debut with the Panthers affiliates, the Florida Everblades of the ECHL and the Rochester Americans of the AHL, in the 2005-06 season.

Larman made his NHL debut the following 2006-07 season with the Panthers, playing in 16 games. Drew then spent the next two seasons playing primarily for Rochester.

On July 13, 2009, Larman signed a one-year contract with the Boston Bruins. He was assigned to start the 2009–10 season, in the AHL with affiliate the Providence Bruins. In a checking-line role, Larman added 6 goals and 12 points in 55 games with Providence, while also featuring in 4 scoreless games in a recall to the Boston Bruins.

As a free agent and with little NHL interest, Larman belatedly signed a one-year contract in the ECHL with his first professional club, the Florida Everblades on November 11, 2010. Larman played in 57 games with the Everblades, adding little offense with 11 points to draw a close to his professional playing career at the conclusion of the 2010–11 season.

## After hockey

As of 2016, Drew Larman was working as a yoga instructor in Fort Myers, Florida.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2002–03 | Sarnia Sting | OHL | | 67 | 4 | 14 | 18 | 25 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Sarnia Sting | OHL | | 68 | 9 | 18 | 27 | 13 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2004–05 | Sarnia Sting | OHL | | 12 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | London Knights | OHL | | 58 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 28 | | 18 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 |
| 2005–06 | Florida Everblades | ECHL | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | | 8 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
| 2005–06 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 44 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 54 | 17 | 11 | 28 | 35 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Florida Panthers | NHL | | 16 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 54 | 10 | 12 | 22 | 44 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | Florida Panthers | NHL | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2008–09 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 61 | 10 | 13 | 23 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009–10 | Providence Bruins | AHL | | 55 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 26 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009–10 | Boston Bruins | NHL | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Florida Everblades | ECHL | | 57 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 30 | | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| NHL totals | | | | 26 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Drew Larman | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Larman as a member of the Providence Bruins | | | |
| Born | (1985-05-15) May 15, 1985
Canton, Michigan, U.S. | | |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) | | |
| Weight | 180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Center | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | Florida Panthers
Boston Bruins | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 20052011 | | |


title: The Troubles in Ballygawley

abstract:
The Troubles in Ballygawley recounts incidents during The Troubles in Ballygawley, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Incidents in Ballygawley during the Troubles resulting in two or more fatalities: 1975
  - 25 November 1975 - two RUC officers, Samuel Clarke and Patrick Maxwell, were killed when their mobile patrol was caught in an IRA sniper ambush in Clonavaddy, near Ballygawley, County Tyrone. 1983
  - 13 July 1983 - Ronald Alexander (19), John Roxborough (19), Oswald Neely (20) and Thomas Harron (25), all Protestant members of the 6th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment, were killed in a Provisional Irish Republican Army land mine attack on their mobile patrol on Ballymackilroy Hill, near Ballygawley. See Ballygawley land mine attack for more details. 1985
  - 7 December 1985 - William Clements (52) and George Gilliland (34), both Protestant members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, were shot dead during a Provisional Irish Republican Army gun attack on Ballygawley Royal Ulster Constabulary base. See Attack on Ballygawley barracks for more detail. 1988
  - 20 August 1988 - Jayson Burfitt (19), Richard Greener (21), Mark Norsworthy (18), Stephen Wilkinson (18), Jason Winter (19), Blair Bishop (19), Alexander Lewis (18) and Peter Bullock (21), all members of the British Army, were killed in a Provisional Irish Republican Army land mine attack on their coach at Curr, near Ballygawley. See Ballygawley bus bombing for more detail.

text:
# The Troubles in Ballygawley

**The Troubles in Ballygawley** recounts incidents during The Troubles in Ballygawley, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

Incidents in Ballygawley during the Troubles resulting in two or more fatalities:

**1975**

* 25 November 1975 - two RUC officers, Samuel Clarke (aged 35) and Patrick Maxwell (aged 36), were killed when their mobile patrol was caught in an IRA sniper ambush in Clonavaddy, near Ballygawley, County Tyrone.

**1983**

**1985**

**1988**

* 20 August 1988 - Jayson Burfitt (19), Richard Greener (21), Mark Norsworthy (18), Stephen Wilkinson (18), Jason Winter (19), Blair Bishop (19), Alexander Lewis (18) and Peter Bullock (21), all members of the British Army, were killed in a Provisional Irish Republican Army land mine attack on their coach at Curr, near Ballygawley. See Ballygawley bus bombing for more detail.


title: The Troubles in Ardboe

abstract: The Troubles in Ardboe recounts incidents during and the effects of the Troubles in Ardboe, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Incidents in Ardboe during the Troubles resulting fatalities:

text:
# The Troubles in Ardboe

**The Troubles in Ardboe** recounts incidents during and the effects of the Troubles in Ardboe, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

Incidents in Ardboe during the Troubles resulting fatalities:

## 1972

* 16 October 1972 - **John Patrick Mullan** (37) and **Hugh Herron** (37), both Catholic members of the Official Irish Republican Army were shot and killed by members of the Staffordshire Regiment British Army in the carpark of St. Patrick's Hall, Ardboe. John Patrick Mullan died protecting a third Volunteer, the youngest member of the unit at only 19 years old, who managed to escape. All men in the car were unarmed. John Mullan and Hugh Heron were both members of the Official I.R.A. at the time of their deaths, John Mullan was a Staff Captain. Cathal Goulding gave the oration at their funerals, which were widely attended by members of both the Official and Provisional Irish Republican Army. John Mullan and Hugh Herron have been dubbed the Ardboe Martyrs.

## 1977

## 1978

* 26 February 1978 - Paul Duffy (23), a Catholic Volunteer of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), was shot by an undercover British Army (BA) SAS member at an arms dump in an unoccupied farmhouse, near Ardboe. Another IRA Volunteer was injured in the attack but survived. This was the first time the SAS had been used in action outside of South Armagh.

## 1979

* 22 June 1979 - John "Jack" Scott (49), a Protestant off-duty reserve police office was shot by the Irish Republican Army while delivering milk in Ardboe.

## 1984

* 13 July 1984 - William Price (28), a Catholic member of the Irish Republican Army, was ambushed by the SAS during an attempted incendiary bomb attack on Forbes factory in Ardboe.

## 1988

* 26 April 1988 - Edward "Ned" Gibson (22), a Protestant off-duty member of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), was shot by the Provisional Irish Republican Army while working as a bin man in Moortown, near Ardboe.
* On 30 November 1989, Liam Ryan was shot dead in the Battery Bar by the UVF. Civilians Michael Devlin also died and Pat Campbell received life changing injuries as the result of the shootings


abstract: The Trouble with Angels is the tenth solo studio album by country pop singer Juice Newton. It was released by River North Records in 1998. Newton's previous studio album had been Ain't Gonna Cry (1989). After the release of that album she spent several years performing on concert tours and in night clubs. The Trouble With Angels marked her return to studio recording after nine years.

text:
# The Trouble with Angels (Juice Newton album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***The Trouble with Angels*** is the tenth solo studio album by country pop singer Juice Newton. It was released by River North Records in 1998. Newton's previous studio album had been *Ain't Gonna Cry* (1989). After the release of that album she spent several years performing on concert tours and in night clubs. *The Trouble With Angels* marked her return to studio recording after nine years.

## Overview

Juice Newton began her recording career in 1975 but did not achieve major stardom until the release of her 1981 album *Juice*. The album was a crossover success and yielded three hit singles, "Angel of the Morning", "Queen of Hearts", and "The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known)". The last of these peaked at number one on the Billboard Country Chart. She followed *Juice* with *Quiet Lies* (1982), an album that brought her two more hits, "Love's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me" and "Break It to Me Gently", of which the latter earned her the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female. Newton's 1985 album *Old Flame* was her country breakthrough, spawning three number one hits "You Make Me Want to Make You Mine", "Hurt", and the duet with Eddie Rabbitt "Both to Each Other (Friends & Lovers)" and also three additional Top Ten hits: "Old Flame", "Cheap Love", and "What Can I Do with My Heart". After two more albums (*Emotion* and *Ain't Gonna Cry*) Newton concentrated more on concert performing.

In 1998, after an absence of nine years Newton re-united with Richard Landis, the producer of her earlier hits. The album that emerged, *The Trouble With Angels*, came together in a mere three weeks and was recorded over a period of only four days. According to Landis, "There were no glitches. Juice was a gem to work with, very prepared and professional. She recorded differently this time. We used to do more stop and start with her vocals. This was a much more straight-through performance. We made a conscious decision to approach it more organically." The album, however, was not a full-fledged comeback, as Newton chose to make new recordings of seven of her earlier hits: "Angel of the Morning", "Ride 'Em Cowboy", "Love's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me", "This Old Flame", "Break It to Me Gently", "Queen of Hearts", and "The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known)". Some of these contained alternate phrasing and different arrangements. Regarding these alterations Newton stated, "I was very aware that you can't recreate the past, and frankly, we had no desire to make a carbon copy. The core of what a writer is still is there, but there's always a different interpretation."

The album's three remaining songs – "When I Get Over You", "The Trouble With Angels", and "Red Blooded American Girl" – were new to Newton's repertoire. "When I Get Over You" was chosen as the album's first single. It had been recorded by the band Venice on their 1997 album *Born and Raised*. After Newton heard it she bought Venice's album and brought the song to her producer, Richard Landis. Speaking of the album's title track, Newton remarked, "I loved the line 'We've got pseudo big plans.' Sometimes if you've got these grandiose plans, you feel too greedy. I sat there and immediately thought, 'Oh, wow, I've got to hear that again.'"

In his review of *The Trouble With Angels* music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine lamented the reworking of earlier hits but still had some praise for the album: "Presumably, this course was taken with the idea that it would remind audiences of why Newton was a star, but the lack of new material is nevertheless quite disappointing for longtime fans. That said, she's in fine voice on the record, and the album is hardly bad."

In 2011, all tracks from *The Trouble With Angels* were included (in remixed form) on a compilation album called *The Ultimate Hits Collection*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Angel of the Morning" | Chip Taylor | 4:16 |
| 2. | "Ride 'Em Cowboy" | Paul Davis | 4:10 |
| 3. | "Love's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me" | Gary Burr | 3:11 |
| 4. | "When I Get over You" | Kipp Lennon, Mark Lennon, Michael Lennon, John Vester | 3:51 |
| 5. | "The Trouble with Angels" | Terry Wilson | 4:00 |
| 6. | "This Old Flame" | Reed Nielsen | 3:37 |
| 7. | "Break It to Me Gently" | Diane Lambert, Joe Seneca | 4:07 |
| 8. | "Red Blooded American Girl" | Lawrence Gottlieb, Kevin Montgomery | 5:03 |
| 9. | "Queen of Hearts" | Hank DeVito | 3:29 |
| 10. | "The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known)" | Otha Young | 4:15 |

## Personnel

* Juice Newton − primary artist, clapping, background vocals
* Eddie Bayers − drums
* Spady Brannan − bass
* Aubrey Haynie − fiddle, guest artist, mandolin
* David Hungate − bass
* Michael Johnson − dobro, steel guitar
* Jeff King − acoustic & electric guitar
* Richard Landis − bells, clapping, orchestra bells, producer, snaps, tambourine
* B. James Lowry − acoustic guitar
* Kerry Marx − electric guitar
* Terry McMillan − castanets, guest artist, harmonica, percussion, tambourine
* Jimmy Nichols − keyboards, organ, piano, synthesizer
* Christopher Penn − clapping
* John Wesley Riles − background vocals
* Milton Sledge − drums
* Harry Stinson − drums
* Dennis Wilson − background vocals
* Curtis Young − background vocals

## InfoBox

| The Trouble with Angels | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Juice Newton | |
| Released | April 28, 1998 (1998-04-28) |
| Genre | Country rock |
| Length | 39:59 |
| Label | River North |
| Producer | Richard Landis |
| Juice Newton chronology | |
| *Anthology*
(1998) ***The Trouble with Angels***
(1998) *American Girl*
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Trouble with Angels* | |
| 1. "When I Get Over You"
Released: March 31, 1998 | |
|  | |


title: The Trouble with Being Born (film)

abstract: The Trouble with Being Born is a 2020 science fiction drama film directed and co-written by Sandra Wollner. An international co-production of Austria and Germany, the film depicts an android living with a man as a replicant in place of his young daughter who had disappeared years prior. On its premier at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival, the film garnered controversy for its depiction of a relationship between a man and a 10-year-old child, albeit an android, that also resembles his daughter.

text:
# The Trouble with Being Born (film)

***The Trouble with Being Born*** is a 2020 science fiction drama film directed and co-written by Sandra Wollner. An international co-production of Austria and Germany, the film depicts an android (Lena Watson) living with a man (Dominik Warta) as a replicant in place of his young daughter who had disappeared years prior.

On its premier at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival, the film garnered controversy for its depiction of a relationship between a man and a 10-year-old child, albeit an android, that also resembles his daughter.

## Plot

The film explores the topos of the artificial human, presented here in an unusual way with a focus on the emotional level. Elli is an android, a machine, in the shape of a girl, as well as a sex robot. Elli lives with Georg, whom she calls "Papa". They drift through a summer, swimming in the pool during the day and in the evening he takes her to bed with him. Georg created Elli from a personal memory, to make himself happy. A memory that means nothing to her and everything to him. For Elli, it is merely the programming she follows. When she later meets her real-life role model, an odyssey develops that increasingly brings the audience to Elli's perspective. The dystopian film portrays "the story of a machine and the ghosts we all carry within us".

## Cast

## Production

Director and co-writer Sandra Wollner has referred to the film as the "antithesis to *Pinocchio*". Wollner initially intended to cast a 20-year-old actress in the role of the android Elli, but after editing some of the more explicit elements from the film's script, instead chose 10-year-old actress Lena Watson (a stage name, inspired by Emma Watson) for the role. The scenes in which the android is shown nude were accomplished using computer-generated imagery. Watson also wore a silicone mask and wig, which served to both conceal her identity and enable her to resemble another actress who appears later in the film.

## Release and reception

*The Trouble with Being Born* had its world premiere at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival on 25 February 2020, as part of the festival's Encounters section. It was reported that several audience members walked out during the premiere. The film received the Special Jury Award in the Encounters section.

Jonathan Romney of *Screen Daily* called the film "a powerful and revelatory achievement \[...\] complex, artfully crafted, sometimes wilfully perplexing". Jessica Kiang of *Variety* called it a "desperately creepy, queasy, thought-provoking film", and concluded: "Wollner's lacerating intelligence and riveting craft make this extraordinarily effed-up riff on the 'Pinocchio' legend \[...\] much more than empty provocation". Chris Barsanti of *Slant Magazine* gave the film a rating of two out of four stars, and wrote that the film "suffers from the same issue as its moody androids: enervation borne out of repetition."

The Melbourne International Film Festival decided to not screen the film at its 2020 festival, citing concerns raised by two forensic psychologists that it might "\[normalise\] sexual interest in children" and be "used as a source of arousal for men interested in child abuse material". The decision to remove the film from the festival line-up was denounced by film critics Peter Krausz, Tom Ryan and David Stratton.

Amid controversy in Australia, Sandra Hall of Sydney Morning Herald called the film ''strangely moral'' Controversial for its content, the film delves into the manipulation of emotional intelligence, leaving viewers pondering the consequences of such actions in a thought-provoking and unsettling manner.

## Awards and accolades

## InfoBox

| The Trouble with Being Born | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional release poster | |
| Directed by | Sandra Wollner |
| Written by | Roderick Warich
Sandra Wollner |
| Produced by | Lixi Frank
David Bohun
Andi G. Hess
Astrid Schäfer
Viktoria Stolpe
Timm Kröger |
| Starring | Dominik Warta
Lena Watson |
| Cinematography | Timm Kröger |
| Music by | Peter Kutin
David Schweighart |
| Production
company | Panama Film |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Countries | Austria
Germany |
| Language | German |