title: December (Reigan Derry EP)

abstract: December is the second extended play (EP) by Australian singer and songwriter Reigan Derry. The EP was released through Sony Music Australia on 11 December 2015. The four-track EP contains reworked versions of classic Christmas Carols all recorded live and unrehearsed. In a statement, Derry said "The songs I’ve chosen to cover are all between 100-200 years old. I wanted to pay respect to the original songs by keeping the melodies and lyrics the same but changing the structure, tempo and chords." adding "My family are quite festive. We play Christmas music from 1 December until Boxing Day. I have so much Christmas music on my iTunes but I didn’t have any of the timeless carols! I wanted to open these songs up and share some of my favourites."

text:
# December (Reigan Derry EP)

***December*** is the second extended play (EP) by Australian singer and songwriter Reigan Derry. The EP was released through Sony Music Australia on 11 December 2015. The four-track EP contains reworked versions of classic Christmas Carols all recorded live and unrehearsed.

In a statement, Derry said "The songs I’ve chosen to cover are all between 100-200 years old. I wanted to pay respect to the original songs by keeping the melodies and lyrics the same but changing the structure, tempo and chords." adding "My family are quite festive. We play Christmas music from 1 December until Boxing Day. I have so much Christmas music on my iTunes but I didn’t have any of the timeless carols! I wanted to open these songs up and share some of my favourites."

## Release and promotion

On 3 December 2015, Derry announced the release of her "special project" via a video on her Twitter.

The EP was released digitally on 11 December 2015.

Derry performed "Grace" on The Morning Show on 11 December 2015.

## Review

Sounds of Oz said; "This isn’t the Christmas EP that you put on if you want a big family sing-a-long. It’s delicate and introspective. It’s for the quiet moments of reflection that often come at this time of year, as we face saying goodbye to one year and hello to the possibilities of the next. Reigan’s taken the bare bones of Christmas carols and traditional songs of worship and reinterpreted them beautifully, giving them new names and changing a word here or there to make them more modern. Her intimate take on “Amazing Grace,” simply called “Grace” is truly stunning. “We Three Kings” becomes “Star of Wonder,” a haunting, ethereal number. I must admit, I'm not familiar with the Lutheran carol “O Come O Come Emmanuel,” but the Middle Eastern vibe of her version, called “Rejoice,” is so musically interesting and moving. “Holly,” a version of “Deck the Halls,” is December's lightest moment. It brings the celebratory feel that most of us associate with Christmas to the EP. With her strumming her acoustic guitar and friends lending their vocals to the chorus, it feels like a family jam at Reigan's house. December isn't your traditional Christmas recording, but I think that's a good thing. There are so many Christmas recordings delivered schmaltz and sentimentality if that's what you want. This is a recording that showcases a real artist delivering so much more than predictable Christmas covers."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Grace" (interpretation of "Amazing Grace") | John Newton | 2:46 |
| 2. | "Star of Wonder" (interpretation of "We Three Kings") | John Henry Hopkins, Jr. | 2:28 |
| 3. | "Rejoyce" (interpretation of "O come, O come, Emmanuel") |  | 3:06 |
| 4. | "Holly" (interpretation of "Deck the Halls") |  | 4:00 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | 11 December 2015 |  | Sony Music Australia |  |
|

## InfoBox

| December | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Reigan Derry | |
| Released | 11 December 2015 (2015-12-11) |
| Recorded | 2015 |
| Genre | Christmas music |
| Label | Sony Music Australia |
| Reigan Derry chronology | |
| *All of the Pieces*
(2014) ***December***
(2015) | |


title: Experience Based Learning

abstract: Experience Based Learning, also known as EBL, is an Illinois-based Zip-line tour and installation company founded in 1993 by Steven Gustafson. Gustafson served on the board of directors for the standards developer for zip-lines, the Professional Ropes Course Association, as its president until 2015.

text:
# Experience Based Learning

**Experience Based Learning**, also known as EBL, is an Illinois-based Zip-line tour and installation company founded in 1993 by Steven Gustafson. Gustafson served on the board of directors for the standards developer for zip-lines, the Professional Ropes Course Association, as its president until 2015.

## History

EBL was founded in 1993 by owner Steve Gustafson. He obtained his degrees in Recreation, Parks and Tourism and Geology from Western Illinois University. Gustafson has been participating, operating and building ropes challenge course, zip-lines and zip-line courses since 1986. He is considered by some to be the founder of the modern day zipline. EBL installed the first commercially promoted zip line tour with cables in the United States, alongside the client installing their own platforms, and has erected numerous courses since. The first went up in 2002 in Hawai'i. Part of the concept for the touring originated in Costa Rica, as an Ecotourism adventure.

## Operations

EBL has installed zip-line courses at numerous locations throughout the US and also has installations in South Korea and Canada. In 2014 EBL opened a zip-line in its founder's home town of Rockford, Illinois. EBL, along with other zipline operators, has called for stricter self-policing in the light of numerous deaths from other zip-line courses.

## InfoBox

Experience Based Learning, Inc.
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1993 |
| Founder | Steve Gustafson |
| Headquarters | Rockford, Illinois, USA |
| Key people | Steve Gustafson, President & CEO |
| Products | Zip-line tours and installation |
| Website | www.ebl.org |


title: SegReg

abstract: In statistics and data analysis, the application software SegReg is a free and user-friendly tool for linear segmented regression analysis to determine the breakpoint where the relation between the dependent variable and the independent variable changes abruptly.

text:
# SegReg

In statistics and data analysis, the application software **SegReg** is a free and user-friendly tool for linear segmented regression analysis to determine the breakpoint where the relation between the dependent variable and the independent variable changes abruptly.

## Features

SegReg permits the introduction of one or two independent variables. When two variables are used, it first determines the relation between the dependent variable and the most influential independent variable, where after it finds the relation between the residuals and the second independent variable. Residuals are the deviations of observed values of the dependent variable from the values obtained by segmented regression on the first independent variable.

The breakpoint is found numerically by adopting a series tentative breakpoints and performing a linear regression at both sides of them. The tentative breakpoint that provides the largest coefficient of determination (as a parameter for the fit of the regression lines to the observed data values) is selected as the true breakpoint. To assure that the lines at both sides of the breakpoint intersect each other exactly at the breakpoint, SegReg employs two methods and selects the method giving the best fit.

SegReg recognizes many types of relations and selects the ultimate type on the basis of statistical criteria like the significance of the regression coefficients. The SegReg output provides statistical confidence belts of the regression lines and a confidence block for the breakpoint. The confidence level can be selected as 90%, 95% and 98% of certainty.

To complete the confidence statements, SegReg provides an analysis of variance and an Anova table.

During the input phase, the user can indicate a preference for or an exclusion of a certain type. The preference for a certain type is only accepted when it is statistically significant, even when the significance of another type is higher.

ILRI provides examples of application to magnitudes like crop yield, watertable depth, and soil salinity.

A list of publications in which SegReg is used can be consulted.

## Equations

When only one independent variable is present, the results may look like:

* X \< BP   ==\>   Y = A1.X + B1 \+ RY
* X \> BP   ==\>   Y = A2.X + B2 \+ RY

where BP is the breakpoint, Y is the dependent variable, X the independent variable, A the regression coefficient, B the regression constant, and RY the residual of Y. When two independent variables are present, the results may look like:

* X \< BPX   ==\>   Y = A1.X + B1 \+ RY
* X \> BPX   ==\>   Y = A2.X + B2 \+ RY
* Z \< BPZ   ==\>   RY = C1.Z + D1
* Z \> BPZ   ==\>   RY = C2.Z + D2

where, additionally, BPX is BP of X, BPZ is BP of Z, Z is the second independent variable, C is the regression coefficient, and D the regression constant for the regression of RY on Z.

Substituting the expressions of RY in the second set of equations into the first set yields:

* X \< BPX and Z \< BPZ   ==\>   Y = A1.X + C1.Z + E1
* X \< BPX and Z \> BPZ   ==\>   Y = A1.X + C2.Z + E2
* X \> BPX and Z \< BPZ   ==\>   Y = A2.X + C1.Z + E3
* X \> BPX and Z \> BPZ   ==\>   Y = A2.X + C2.Z + E4

where E1 = B1+D1, E2 = B1+D2, E3 = B2+D1, and E4 = B2+D2 .

## Alternative

As an alternative to regressions at both sides of the breakpoint (threshold), the method of partial regression can be used to find the longest possible horizontal stretch with insignificant regression coefficient, outside of which there is a definite slope with a significant regression coefficient. The alternative method can be used for segmented regressions of Type 3 and Type 4 when it is the intention to detect a tolerance level of the dependent variable for varying quantities of the independent, explanatory, variable (also called predictor).

The attached figure concerns the same data as shown in the blue graph in the infobox at the top of this page. Here, the wheat crop has a tolerance for soil salinity up to the level of EC=7.1 dS/m instead of 4.6 in the blue figure. However, the fit of the data beyond the threshold is not as well as in the blue figure that has been made using the principle of minimization of the sum of squares of deviations of the observed values from the regression lines over the whole domain of explanatory variable X (i.e. maximization of the coefficient of determination), while the partial regression is designed only to find the point where the horizontal trend changes into a sloping trend.

## InfoBox

Segmented regression software
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) |
| Written in | Delphi |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Available in | English |
| Type | Statistical software |
| License | Proprietary Freeware |
| Website | SegReg |


title: L. Inc.

abstract: This is L. Inc. (L.) is a privately held, California based social enterprise and public-benefit corporation that makes organic personal care products. The company has a one-for-one give back model: for every product sold, one is made accessible to a person who needs it. L. has supported a network of over 4,000 female entrepreneurs around the world and is on track to give over 200 million health products. L. is the fastest growing feminine care company in the United States according to the market research group IRI. On February 5, 2019, it was announced that P&G acquired This is L.

text:
# L. Inc.

**This is L. Inc.** (L.) is a privately held, California based social enterprise and public-benefit corporation that makes organic personal care products. The company has a one-for-one give back model: for every product sold, one is made accessible to a person who needs it. L. has supported a network of over 4,000 female entrepreneurs around the world and is on track to give over 200 million health products. L. is the fastest growing feminine care company in the United States according to the market research group IRI. On February 5, 2019, it was announced that P&G acquired This is L.

## History

L. was founded by Talia Frenkel, a photojournalist, who worked for organizations such as the United Nations and Red Cross. Frenkel’s coverage of women's lack of access to reproductive rights and the effects of HIV/AIDS on young girls drove her to provide a sustainable solution to improving access to prevention. L. works with female entrepreneurs that distribute donated health products in Kenya, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Eswatini, Rwanda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Ghana, Guatemala, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Ecuador, Nepal, Cambodia, India, Papua New Guinea, and Lebanon.

L. is funded by Y Combinator.

L. has received coverage from press outlets including *The Financial Times*, *Forbes*, *The New York Times*, *Fast Company*, *Vanity Fair*, *Cosmopolitan*, and *Glamour*. L. has partnered with Planned Parenthood, Women’s Health, Revlon, and Refinery 29.

## Products

L.’s feminine care line includes organic cotton tampons, menstrual pads, liners, and wipes. L.’s feminine care products are made with GOTS-certified organic cotton and are free of chlorine, pesticides, fragrances and dyes.

L. condoms were made with low-protein latex. The latex was sourced local to the manufacturing facility and the packaging was made with 100% recyclable materials and vegetable-based inks. The condom packaging was intentionally gender-neutral. Mid-2019, the company ceased production of prophylactics and began solely focusing on menstrual care products.

## InfoBox

This is L. Inc.
|
|  |
| Industry | Personal care products |
| Founded | 2015 (2015) |
| Founder | Talia Frenkel |
| Headquarters | San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Area served | United States |
| Website | www.thisisl.com |


title: Szaszorowice

abstract: Szaszorowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niechlów, within Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) west of Góra, and 74 km (46 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Szaszorowice

**Szaszorowice** \[ʂaʂɔrɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niechlów, within Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany.

It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) west of Góra, and 74 km (46 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Szaszorowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Szaszorowice | |
| Coordinates: 51°39′N 16°23′E / 51.650°N 16.383°E / 51.650; 16.383 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| Powiat | Góra |
| Gmina | Niechlów |


title: Bulbophyllum trigonidioides

abstract: Bulbophyllum trigonidioides is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

text:
# Bulbophyllum trigonidioides

***Bulbophyllum trigonidioides*** is a species of orchid in the genus *Bulbophyllum*.

## InfoBox

| *Bulbophyllum trigonidioides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Bulbophyllum* |
| Species: | ***B. trigonidioides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bulbophyllum trigonidioides***<br>J. J. Sm. | |
|


title: Public Construction Commission

abstract: The Public Construction Commission is an independent government agency of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China (Taiwan) which is responsible for planning, reviewing, coordination, and supervision of public construction projects such as roads, bridges, highways in Taiwan. The agency follows national goals such as sustainability, high-quality, efficient, reliable and competitive national infrastructure.

text:
# Public Construction Commission

The **Public Construction Commission** (**PCC**; Chinese: 公共工程委員會; pinyin: *Gōnggòng Gōngchéng Wěiyuánhuì*) is an independent government agency of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China (Taiwan) which is responsible for planning, reviewing, coordination, and supervision of public construction projects such as roads, bridges, highways in Taiwan. The agency follows national goals such as sustainability, high-quality, efficient, reliable and competitive national infrastructure.

## History

The agency was established in 1995 to oversee public works in Taiwan.

## Administrative structure

The agency is organized into the following departments.

* Department of Planning
* Department of Technology
* Department of Technology Management
* Secretariat
* Personnel Office
* Accounting Office
* Legal Affairs Committee
* Petitions and Appeals Committee
* Complaint Review Board for Government Procurement
* Engineering Technique Corroboration Committee
* Professional Engineers Disciplinary Retrial Committee
* Central Procurement Supervision Unit
* Congressional Liaison Unit
* Private Participation Unit

## Ministers

## InfoBox

Public Construction Commission
| 公共工程委員會<br>Gōnggòng Gōngchéng Wěiyuánhuì | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo | |
|  | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 20 July 1995 |
| Superseding agency | * Public Construction Supervisory Board |
| Jurisdiction | Republic of China (Taiwan) |
| Headquarters | Xinyi, Taipei |
| Ministers responsible |  |
| Parent agency | Executive Yuan |
| Website | Official website |


title: Defensive Runs Saved

abstract: In baseball statistics, defensive runs saved (DRS) measures the number of runs a player saved or cost his team on defense relative to an average player. Any positive number is above average, and the best fielders typically have a DRS figure of 15 to 20 for a season. The statistic was developed by Baseball Info Solutions and the data used in calculating it first became available for Major League Baseball (MLB) in 2003.

text:
# Defensive Runs Saved

In baseball statistics, **defensive runs saved** (**DRS**) measures the number of runs a player saved or cost his team on defense relative to an average player. Any positive number is above average, and the best fielders typically have a DRS figure of 15 to 20 for a season. The statistic was developed by Baseball Info Solutions and the data used in calculating it first became available for Major League Baseball (MLB) in 2003.

## Definition

Fielding percentage is the statistic that has traditionally been used to measure defensive ability, but it fails to account for a fielder's defensive range. Fielders who can cover a large area on defense are able to make plays that most players would not have the chance to make. DRS was created to take range into account when measuring a player's defensive ability.

In calculating DRS, points are either added or subtracted to a fielder's rating depending on whether or not they make a play on a ball that is hit towards them. For example, if a ball hit to the center fielder is expected to be caught 30 percent of the time, the fielder will lose .3 points if he does not catch it, or will gain .7 points if he does catch it. Each player's total points are later adjusted based on league averages, both with regards to average defensive performance, and with regards to how many runs a "point" equates to.

## Example

The table below shows a comparison between the top 10 shortstops in terms of fielding percentage and the top 10 shortstops in terms of defensive runs saved from 2002 to 2019 in MLB. The table shows that only two players appear on both lists (Simmons and Hardy), exemplifying that there is a difference in what the two statistics measure.

Top 10 shortstops (2002–2019)
| Defensive runs saved (shortstops) | Fielding percentage (shortstops) |
| --- | --- |
| Andrelton Simmons | Jimmy Rollins |
| Adam Everett | J. J. Hardy |
| Jack Wilson | Andrelton Simmons |
| Brendan Ryan | Trevor Story |
| Troy Tulowitzki | Paul DeJong |
| J. J. Hardy | Jhonny Peralta |
| Clint Barmes | Francisco Lindor |
| Brandon Crawford | Carlos Correa |
| Nick Ahmed | Royce Clayton |
| Cesar Izturis | David Eckstein |

## Leaders

Note that DRS statistics are only available from the 2003 MLB season through the present. Thus, players of earlier eras who were noted for the defensive skills—such as third baseman Brooks Robinson and shortstop Ozzie Smith—were not evaluated in this manner. Also note that there is some variation in DRS as presented on baseball reference sites—for example, Baseball-Reference.com credits Adrián Beltré with a DRS figure of 201 for his career, while FanGraphs credits him with 200. The below figures are sourced from FanGraphs.

### Single season

Through the end of the 2021 MLB season, the highest DRS recorded in a single season was by shortstop Andrelton Simmons, who had a DRS of 41 in 2017, while the lowest DRS recorded in a single season *at one position* was by center fielder Matt Kemp, who had a DRS of -33 in 2010.

### Career

Through the end of the 2023 MLB season, the highest cumulative DRS for a career is 201, by shortstop Andrelton Simmons, while the lowest DRS for a career is -165 by shortstop Derek Jeter. Note that the totals for both Beltré and Jeter only reflect 2003 onward, even though both players began their MLB careers earlier.


title: John Thewlis (cricketer, born 1828)

abstract: John Thewlis was an English first-class cricketer, active 1862–75, who played for Sheffield and Yorkshire. Thewlis was noted as a right-hand batsman with a full range of strokes.

text:
# John Thewlis (cricketer, born 1828)

**John Thewlis** (30 June 1828 – 29 December 1899) was an English first-class cricketer, active 1862–75, who played for Sheffield and Yorkshire. Thewlis was noted as a right-hand batsman with a full range of strokes.

## Yorkshire breakthrough

Thewlis came late into the game and was the second man to emerge from Lascelles Hall, Huddersfield, and play for his home county. The first, Luke Greenwood, became county captain. George Parr, successor to William Clarke in the management of the All-England Eleven, approached him for advice: "Greenwood, we are going to Southampton to play 22 there. Do you know a good batter?" Greenwood replied that, in Thewlis, he did, and so, on nothing more than that brief paean, Parr included him as opening batsman. He was bowled first ball and, as he left the wicket, turned and vowed to the bowler that it would not happen again; nor did it, as Thewlis worked his way to 41 not out in the second innings.

## Career overview

Thewlis went on to enjoy a successful first-class career with his county and elsewhere, scoring 1,548 runs at an average of 15.48. His solitary century came against Surrey, whom he met seventeen times. He also appeared for the All-England Eleven (1862), North of England (18641865), England (1864–1868, albeit not at Test level), United England Eleven (1865), the Players (1868) and the United North of England Eleven (1875). With his playing days all but behind him, he umpired at least sixteen first-class matches from 1869 to 1887.

## Late life hardship

Like many professional cricketers of his era, Thewlis fell on hard times after the end of his career. When Alfred Pullin, cricket and rugby correspondent for the *Yorkshire Evening Post*, sought to track him down for one of eighteen interviews with veteran cricketers in the winter of 1897–98, he was unable to locate his home. On inquiring of Yorkshire County Cricket Club as to his whereabouts, he was informed, "think dead; if not, in Manchester".

When Pullin finally did find Thewlis, "he was trudging on foot with a heavy basket of laundry clothes on his shoulder" and, at the end of the four-mile trek "was anxious to walk back again, as soon as possible, to earn a few coppers by getting in a load of coals". Thewlis was seventy years old then. He died the following year, in December 1899, at Lascelles Hall.

## Contemporary opinion

Pullin's account of the meeting was published in his *Talks With Old Yorkshire Cricketers*, which he wrote under the pseudonym "Old Ebor". In a subsequent volume, *Talks with Old English Cricketers*, Greenwood pronounced Thewlis "one of the best all-round men that ever Lascelles Hall turned out: he had strokes all round the wicket, and he was perfect in them all."

## Kinsmen

Thewlis's nephews, John Thewlis junior, Henry Lockwood and Ephraim Lockwood, all played first-class cricket for Yorkshire. The Thewlis family produced many fine players for Lascelles Hall CC. In 1866 the Lascelles Hall team consisted of 11 players all called Thewlis, as were the umpire, scorer and gatekeepers.

## Bibliography


title: SegWit

abstract: Segregated Witness, or SegWit, is the name used for an implemented soft fork change in the transaction format of Bitcoin. The formal title "Segregated Witness" had Bitcoin Improvement Proposal number BIP141. The declared purpose was to prevent nonintentional bitcoin transaction malleability, allow optional data transmission, and to bypass certain protocol restrictions with a soft fork. Segregated Witness was activated on 24 August 2017. It was also intended to mitigate a blockchain size limitation problem that reduces bitcoin transaction speed. It does this by splitting the transaction into two segments, removing the unlocking signature from the original portion and appending it as a separate structure at the end. The original section would continue to hold the sender and receiver data, and the new "witness" structure would contain scripts and signatures. The original data segment would be counted normally, but the "witness" segment would, in effect, be counted as a quarter of its real size.

text:
# SegWit

**Segregated Witness**, or **SegWit**, is the name used for an implemented soft fork change in the transaction format of Bitcoin.

The formal title "**Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)**" had Bitcoin Improvement Proposal number BIP141. The declared purpose was to prevent nonintentional bitcoin transaction malleability, allow optional data transmission, and to bypass certain protocol restrictions (such as the block size limit) with a soft fork. Segregated Witness was activated on 24 August 2017.

It was also intended to mitigate a blockchain size limitation problem that reduces bitcoin transaction speed. It does this by splitting the transaction into two segments, removing the unlocking signature ("witness" data) from the original portion and appending it as a separate structure at the end. The original section would continue to hold the sender and receiver data, and the new "witness" structure would contain scripts and signatures. The original data segment would be counted normally, but the "witness" segment would, in effect, be counted as a quarter of its real size.

## History

### Block size limit

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a form of currency using cryptography to keep transactions secure. A collection of bitcoin transactions prefaced by a block header, protected by proof of work, and recorded on a network of computers is called a "block". All blocks are tied together sequentially by using a cryptographic hash on the previous block and storing its output in the next. This forms a blockchain.

Each block contains information about who sends and receives a given unit of bitcoin (a transaction), as well as the signature(s) that approves each transaction. Originally, there was no limit to the size of blocks. However, this allowed malicious actors to make up fake "block" data that was very long as a form of denial-of-service attack (DoS attack). These fake blocks would be detected, but doing so would take a very long time, slowing down the whole system. Therefore, a block size limit of 1 MB was introduced.

### Scalability and malleability

The current bitcoin blockchain design is regarded as having two shortcomings.

#### Scalability

A new block is added to the chain at random intervals averaging, by design, ten minutes (proof of work causes this delay). Together with the limit on block-size, this limits the number of transactions that can be processed in a given time. Some sites work around this problem using "off-chain payments" conducting transactions without writing them to the blockchain, which involves various trade offs regarding trust and transaction finality. Others have proposed changes to bitcoin that would reform the block format in a backward-incompatible way. For example, FlexTrans (Flexible Transactions) would make transactions smaller by changing how they are described to a "tag" system, allowing more transactions per block. This is not compatible with systems that do not upgrade.

#### Malleability

A transaction uses unused outputs from a previous transaction(s) known as unspent transaction outputs (UTXO). This results in a chain of related transactions linked by their transaction identifier. However, it is possible for someone to change (mutate) unconfirmed bitcoin transactions without making them invalid, which changes the transaction's identifier, making child transactions invalid (i.e., link between transactions are broken).

### Segregated witnesses as a solution

The signature data called the *witness* would be separated from the Merkle tree record of who is sending or receiving the bitcoins. The witness data is moved to the end, and each byte of it would only count as one quarter of a "unit".

It also addresses signature malleability, by serializing signatures separately from the rest of the transaction data, so that the transaction ID is no longer malleable.

## Activation

The activation window for the SegWit upgrade started at Midnight 15 November 2016 UTC, and would run until Midnight 15 November 2017 UTC.

SegWit would only be activated once at least 95% of miners signaled readiness for the upgrade across a target adjustment period of 2016 blocks.

On 9 August 2017 a milestone was reached when 100% of miners between blocks 477,792 to 479,807 signaled support for SegWit, which meant the SegWit upgrade was "locked in" and would be fully activated roughly two weeks later at the start of the following target adjustment period.

Segregated Witness was then activated on 24 August 2017 at block height 481,824. The bitcoin price rose almost 50% in the week following SegWit's activation. On 21 July 2017, bitcoin was trading at $2,748, up 52% from 14 July 2017's $1,835.

SegWit alleviates the scaling problem in two ways:

* SegWit solves transaction malleability, thereby enabling the Lightning Network, an overlay network of micropayment channels, hypothetically resolving the scaling problem by enabling virtually unlimited numbers of instant, low-fee transactions to occur "off chain".

Initially, most bitcoin transactions have not been able to use the upgrade.

In the first week of October, the proportion of network transactions using SegWit rose from 7% to 10%, indicating an increase in use rate.

A small group of mostly China-based bitcoin miners, that were unhappy with bitcoin's proposed SegWit improvement plans, pushed forward alternative plans for a split which created Bitcoin Cash.

As of February 2018, SegWit transactions exceed 30%.

### SegWit2x

Segregated Witness (BIP141) should not be confused with SegWit2x (SegWit2Mb). In May 2017, Digital Currency Group (not to be confused with the Digital Currency Initiative of the MIT Media Lab) announced it had offered a proposal, referred to as SegWit2x ("the New York Agreement"), activating Segregated Witness at an 80% threshold of the total bitcoin hash rate, signaling at bit 4; and activating a 2 MB block size limit within six months with support in excess of 80% of the total bitcoin hash rate.

As of mid-2017, although the SegWit2x proposal had support in excess of 90% of the hashrate, however, the SegWit2x proposal has been controversial in that work on the project is limited to an invitation only group of developers. In mid-July 2017, it became apparent that miners supported implementation of the Segwit part of the agreement before the 1 August 2017 UASF, thereby attempting to avoid the risk of a hard fork for the bitcoin network.

On 8 November 2017, the developers of SegWit2x announced that the hard fork planned for around 16 November 2017 was canceled due to a lack of consensus.


title: Rakım Mehmed Pasha

abstract: Rakım Mehmed Pasha was an Ottoman official who served as imperial defterdar, the governor of Egypt and the governor of Jedda.

text:
# Rakım Mehmed Pasha

**Rakım Mehmed Pasha** (transliterated from Arabic as **Muhammad Raqim Pasha**) (died 1769 or 1770) was an Ottoman official who served as imperial *defterdar* (chief treasurer), the governor of Egypt and the governor of Jedda.

## Life

Rakım Mehmed's father, Boz Oglan Ibrahim Effendi (d. c.1746), was an imperial *defterdar*. Rakim Mehmed became a vizier and *defterdar* under Sultan Mustafa III (r.1757–1774). He erected a fountain in honor of his father in the Çoban Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Gebze near the imperial capital Constantinople in 1768.

He was appointed governor of Egypt in February 1767 following the ouster of Governor Hamza Pasha by the warring mamluk beys who dominated the province. Rakim Mehmed Pasha was instructed by the imperial government to prop up the mamluk Ali Bey al-Kabir to balance the growing power of the ruling mamluks Husayn Bey and Khalil Bey. When Ali Bey marched on the provincial capital Cairo, Rakim Mehmed Pasha prevented the intervention of government forces, such as the janissaries, from confronting Ali Bey, thereby enabling him to defeat the ruling mamluks without any actual fighting. Rakim Mehmed Pasha then recognized Ali Bey as *shaykh al-balad* (chief of the country), effectively top bey and practical ruler of the province.

Rakim Mehmed Pasha was appointed governor of Jeddah Eyalet sometime in 1768. He died in Egypt in 1769 or 1770 and was buried near the Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i in Cairo.

## Bibliography

* Crane, Howard, ed. (2000). *Hafiz Hüseyin al-Ayvansarayî's Guide to the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul*. Boston, Leiden and Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11242-1.
* Crecelius, Daniel (1981). *A Study of the Regimes of 'Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 1760-1775*. Minneapolis and Chicago: Bibliotheca Islamica. ISBN 0-88297-029-1.


title: 2015 Cheltenham Gold Cup

abstract: The 2015 Cheltenham Gold Cup was the 87th annual running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup horse race and was held at Cheltenham Racecourse on Friday 13 March 2015. The race was won by Coneygree with a winning margin of a length and a half at the line. Coneygree became the first novice to win the Cheltenham Gold Cup since 1974.

text:
# 2015 Cheltenham Gold Cup

The **2015 Cheltenham Gold Cup** (known as the Betfred Gold Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 87th annual running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup horse race and was held at Cheltenham Racecourse on Friday 13 March 2015.

The race was won by Coneygree with a winning margin of a length and a half at the line. Coneygree became the first novice to win the Cheltenham Gold Cup since 1974.

## Build-up

A week before the race Silviniaco Conti was listed as the favourite at odds of 3/1.

The race was shown live on Channel 4 in the UK and Ireland.

## Details

* *Sponsor:* Betfred
* *Winner's prize money: £313,225.00*
* *Going:Soft, Good to Soft in places*
* *Number of runners: 16*
* *Winner's time: 6m 42.70s*

## Full result

|  | ***** | **Horse** | **Age** | **Jockey** | **Trainer** | **SP** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** |  | Coneygree | 8 | Nico de Boinville | Mark Bradstock | 7/1 |
| **2** | 1 1/2 | Djakadam | 6 | Ruby Walsh | Willie Mullins (Ire) | 10/1 |
| **3** | 2 | Road To Riches | 8 | Bryan Cooper | Noel Meade (Ire) | 8/1 |
| **4** | 6 | Holywell | 8 | Richie McLernon | Jonjo O'Neill | 8/1 |
| **5** | 14 | On His Own | 11 | Mr Patrick Mullins | Willie Mullins (Ire) | 33/1 |
| **6** | 1 | Many Clouds | 8 | Leighton Aspell | Oliver Sherwood | 7/1 |
| **7** | 2 1/2 | Silviniaco Conti | 9 | Noel Fehily | Paul Nicholls | 3/1 Fav |
| **8** | hd | Smad Place | 8 | Wayne Hutchinson | Alan King | 25/1 |
| **9** | 3/4 | Carlingford Lough | 9 | Tony McCoy | John Kiely | 14/1 |
| **10** | 14 | Boston Bob | 10 | Paul Townend | Willie Mullins (Ire) | 33/1 |
| **11** | nse | Houblon Des Obeaux | 8 | Aidan Coleman | Venetia Williams | 33/1 |
| **PU** |  | Bobs Worth | 10 | Barry Geraghty | Nicky Henderson | 16/1 |
| **PU** |  | Home Farm | 8 | David Casey | Henry de Bromhead (Ire) | 100/1 |
| **PU** |  | Lord Windermere | 9 | Davy Russell | Jim Culloty (Ire) | 20/1 |
| **PU** |  | Sam Winner | 8 | Sam Twiston-Davies | Paul Nicholls | 20/1 |
| **PU** |  | The Giant Bolster | 10 | Tom Scudamore | David Bridgwater | 33/1 |

* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. **shd** = short-head.
† Trainers are based in Great Britain unless indicated. PU = pulled-up. NR = non runner

## InfoBox

2015 Cheltenham Gold Cup
| Cheltenham Gold Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cheltenham Racecourse |
| Date | 13 March 2015 |
| Winning horse | Coneygree |
| Starting price | 7/1 |
| Jockey | Nico de Boinville |
| Trainer | Mark Bradstock |
| Owner | The Max Partnership |
| Conditions | Soft, Good to Soft in places |


title: São Francisco do Piauí

abstract: São Francisco do Piauí is a municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil.

text:
# São Francisco do Piauí

**São Francisco do Piauí** is a municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil.

7°15′S 42°32′W / 7.250°S 42.533°W / -7.250; -42.533

## InfoBox

| São Francisco do Piauí | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Nordeste |
| State | Piauí |
| Mesoregion | Sudoeste Piauiense |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 6,420 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Sam Dower

abstract: Sam Dower Jr. is an American basketball player. Standing 6'9, he mainly plays the power forward position. He played college basketball for Gonzaga and currently plays for Polish pro basketball team MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza.

text:
# Sam Dower

**Sam Dower Jr.** (born November 6, 1990) is an American basketball player. Standing 6'9, he mainly plays the power forward position. He played college basketball for Gonzaga and currently plays for Polish pro basketball team MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza.

## College career

Dower committed to Gonzaga over scholarship offers from Marquette, Minnesota, California and George Mason. He redshirted his first year. In his first collegiate game, he scored 19 points in 17 minutes against Southern. He was later named to the WCC All-Freshman Team. As a sophomore, he recorded his first double-double with 20 points and 10 rebounds in a win against Xavier. As a junior, he started seven of the first nine games until Kelly Olynyk took his place at the power forward position. After three successful seasons, in which he was Gonzaga's top scorer off the bench, Dower shouldered the responsibilities as a senior and shared a role with Kevin Pangos as Gonzaga's top scoring option. He sustained an injury as a senior against Kansas State on December 21, 2013, and missed three games. Nonetheless, Dower led the Bulldogs in scoring with roughly 15 points per game. He admitted to being a reluctant rebounder at times, since he focused on scoring. Dower's dominant senior campaign earned him All-WCC First team honors. Dower then led Gonzaga to a berth into the NCAA Tournament, earning MVP honors in the WCC tournament.

## Professional career

On July 21, 2014, Dower signed with Boulogne-sur-Mer, in France, in the first division. In November 2014, he announced that he quit the team, citing personal reasons.

On December 9, 2014, Dower signed with BK Valmiera, a team based in Valmiera, Latvia, in the LBL and Baltic League.

On August 17, 2018, Dower signed with MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza of the Polish side. He returned to action after missing two seasons with a knee injury.

## Statistics

### College

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

Source:

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010–11 | Gonzaga Bulldogs | 35 | 0 | 14.1 | 57.5 | 25.0 | 81.2 | 3.26 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.74 | 7.60 |
| 2011–12 | Gonzaga Bulldogs | 33 | 0 | 18.1 | 53.8 | 40.0 | 76.7 | 3.73 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.30 | 8.30 |
| 2012–13 | Gonzaga Bulldogs | 35 | 8 | 16.0 | 55.8 | 28.6 | 75.4 | 2.69 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 6.91 |
| 2013–14 | Gonzaga Bulldogs | 34 | 31 | 27.0 | 57.1 | 31.6 | 82.5 | 7.21 | 1.09 | 0.44 | 0.71 | 14.38 |
| Total |  | 137 | 39 | 18.8 | 56.2 | 32.8 | 79.7 | 4.2 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 9.28 |

## InfoBox

Sam Dower
| Sam Dower hook shot | |
| --- | --- |
| MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza | |
| Position | Power forward / center |
| League | Polish Basketball League |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1990-11-06) November 6, 1990<br>Brooklyn Park, Minnesota |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) |
| Listed weight | 255 lb (116 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Osseo (Minneapolis, Minnesota) |
| College | Gonzaga (2009–2014) |
| NBA draft | 2014: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2014–present |
| Career history | |
| 2014 | SO Maritime Boulogne |
| 2014–2015 | BK Valmiera |
| 2015–2016 | MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza |
| 2018–present | MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * First-team All-WCC (2014) * WCC All-Freshman Team (2012) | |
|  | |


title: Puente Avíos

abstract: Puente Avíos or Puente-Avíos is a town in the municipality of Suances, Cantabria, Spain.

text:
# Puente Avíos

**Puente Avíos** or **Puente-Avíos** (Spanish: "Avíos Bridge") is a town in the municipality of Suances, Cantabria, Spain.

## Festivities

## InfoBox

| Puente Avíos | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
| Entrance to Avios Bridge. | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 43°24′24″N 4°4′28″W / 43.40667°N 4.07444°W / 43.40667; -4.07444 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Cantabria |
| Province | Cantabria |
| Municipality | Suances |
| Dimensions | |
| Width | 36 km (22 mi) |
| Elevation | 120 m (390 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 163 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 39350 |
| Official language(s) | Spanish |


title: Thalara

abstract: Thalara is a former village development committee that is now a Rural Municipality in Bajhang District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. It lies on the Seti River. Thalara is made with its former VDCs, Dangaji, Parakatne, Kot Bhairab, Koiralakot and Malumela.

text:
# Thalara

**Thalara** is a former village development committee that is now a Rural Municipality in Bajhang District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. It lies on the Seti River. Thalara is made with its former VDCs, Dangaji, Parakatne, Kot Bhairab, Koiralakot and Malumela.

## InfoBox

| Thalara थलारा | |
| --- | --- |
| Gaunpalika | |
| ThalaraLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 29°29′N 80°59′E / 29.483°N 80.983°E / 29.483; 80.983 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Sudurpashchim Province |
| District | Bajhang District |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Center Against Domestic Violence

abstract: The Center Against Domestic Violence is an American not-for-profit organization dedicated to preventing violence in the family and promoting the well-being and economic independence of women and children. It provides safe shelters, a network of supportive services, advocacy, education and resource information, and coalition building. The Center is based in Brooklyn, New York and provides services in the New York City Metro area. It was formerly known as the Center for the Elimination of Violence in the Family, Inc.

text:
# Center Against Domestic Violence

The **Center Against Domestic Violence** is an American not-for-profit organization dedicated to preventing violence in the family and promoting the well-being and economic independence of women and children. It provides safe shelters, a network of supportive services, advocacy, education and resource information, and coalition building.

The Center is based in Brooklyn, New York and provides services in the New York City Metro area. It was formerly known as the Center for the Elimination of Violence in the Family, Inc.

## History

The Center Against Domestic Violence opened the first publicly funded domestic violence shelter in New York State in 1977. The New York City-based effort was spearheaded by lawyers, civil servants, and activists who understood domestic abuse as a crime and violation of human rights, not merely a private family matter.

The Center's Women's Survival Space, a place where abused women and their children could find safety, was the first of its kind in the State and is now the longest operating domestic violence shelter in New York State. Today, the Center houses up to 1,000 women and children each year in three emergency domestic violence shelters. In the 1990s, the Center saw an opportunity to prevent domestic abuse by reaching out to high school students and developed the PEER curriculum (Pride Education Equality Respect). The Center built programs to offer lifesaving teen relationship prevention programs to high school and middle school students in New York City, as well as opportunities to reach out to elementary school students with tools for building healthy relationships.

## Emergency shelters

The Center operates three shelters: Women's Survival Space, Women's Safe Start, and Women's Second Start. The shelters provide a safe place for survivors and their children, and offer services to assist them as they work through the trauma of domestic violence. The Center provides housing, support and a chance to build a life free of abuse for more than 1,000 women and children each year. Some services include:

## School-based date violence prevention

In 1998, the Center became the first and largest provider of teen dating violence prevention services in New York City. Combined, they reach more than 30,000 students and 5,000 school staff each year through extensive teen dating violence prevention workshops, training and support for school personnel and students.

The Relationship Abuse Prevention Program (RAPP) places Center Against Domestic Violence social workers in twelve New York City public high schools and intermediate schools. Each participating high school has a dedicated social worker who coordinates the program. Social workers provide counseling to students on a wide variety of subjects related to teen abuse, including:

* leaving abusive relationships
* helping friends who are in abusive relationships
* dealing with trauma from having witnessed violence in the family
* reporting crimes
* obtaining orders of protection
* building confidence and self esteem
* preventing domestic violence in the community.

The Center has also partnered with the Bank Street College of Education’s Center for Emotionally Responsive Practice to develop a preventive healthy relationship curriculum for elementary school students.

## Crime victims services

New York State's Crime Victims Board provides compensation to innocent victims for losses they incurred as a result of a crime. All domestic violence victims are, by definition, crime victims, and many need financial help to recover health or property destroyed by abusers.

### Support and Education

Bilingual (English and Spanish) case managers coordinate services, educate the community about crime victim benefits and provide counseling to survivors of domestic violence. Services include:

* English and Spanish support groups
* Children's support groups
* Criminal justice support and advocacy
* Emergency assistance
* Personal advocacy
* Home or hospital visits

## Events

The Center's annual *Standing Up Against Domestic Violence* Gala is its primary fundraising event. The Center is a recipient of the Elly Grant, awarded by the New York Women's Agenda at their annual breakfast.


title: Ševal Zahirović

abstract: Ševal Zahirović is a retired Bosnian-Herzegovinian professional footballer.

text:
# Ševal Zahirović

**Ševal Zahirović** (born 2 April 1972 in Kakanj, SFR Yugoslavia) is a retired Bosnian-Herzegovinian professional footballer.

## Club career

Zahirović spent the latter years of his career in the Icelandic lower leagues.

## International career

He was capped once for Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a February 1997 Dunhill Cup match against Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

Ševal Zahirović
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ševal Zahirović | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-04-02) 2 April 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | Kakanj, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1997–2000 | FK Sarajevo | 57 | (18) |
| 2000–2001 | FC Kärnten | 6 | (1) |
| 2001–2002 | Rudar Kakanj (loan) | 23 | (11) |
| 2002–2003 | Rudar Velenje | 19 | (5) |
| 2003–2005 | Rudar Kakanj | 37 | (18) |
| 2006–2009 | Sindri Höfn | 66 | (26) |
| 2009–2010 | Rudar Kakanj | 29 | (9) |
| 2011–2012 | Sindri Höfn | 9 | (4) |
| 2015 | Magni Grenivík | 1 | (0) |
| 2017 | Sindri Höfn | 1 | (0) |
| Total |  | **237** | **(88)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1997 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Semecarpus ochraceus

abstract: Semecarpus ochraceus is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The specific epithet has also been spelt ochracea.

text:
# Semecarpus ochraceus

***Semecarpus ochraceus*** is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The specific epithet has also been spelt *ochracea*.

## InfoBox

| *Semecarpus ochraceus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | *Semecarpus* |
| Species: | ***S. ochraceus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Semecarpus ochraceus***
Alston | |
|


title: John DuVal

abstract: John Tabb DuVal is an American academic and a translator of Old French, Modern French, Italian, Romanesco, and Italian. He has been a professor of English and Creative Writing and Translation at the University of Arkansas since 1982.

text:
# John DuVal

**John Tabb DuVal** (born 1940) is an American academic and a translator of Old French, Modern French, Italian, Romanesco, and Italian. He has been a professor of English and Creative Writing and Translation at the University of Arkansas since 1982.

## Biography

Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1940, to Thaddeus Ernest DuVal and Helene Dupont Cau, John DuVal grew up in Jenkintown, a suburb of Philadelphia. He holds an A.B. in English from Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a Master of Arts in English from the University of Pennsylvania, and a Master's in French, a Master of Fine Arts in Translation, and a PhD in Comparative Literature from the University of Arkansas. Until 2008 DuVal directed the University's Program in Literary Translation. He is the author of 13 books of translation, and his original poems and articles on translation have been published and republished widely. DuVal's teaching areas of expertise include Translation Theory and Practice; Creative Writing; Comparative Literature; World Sonnet; Dante; Medieval Literature; and Epic Poetry. DuVal was named Fulbright College Visiting Fellow to Wolfson College of Cambridge University (UK) for the year 2010–2011 to complete his translation of the French epic, *The Song of Roland*.

## Personal life

His daughter is the historian Kathleen DuVal, with whom he edited the anthology *Interpreting a Continent*.

## Selected honors and awards

## Selected publications

* *The Song of Roland*, tr. from Old French. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishers, 2012.
* *Interpreting a Continent: Voices from Colonial America* (with Kathleen DuVal), Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, March 2009.
* *From Adam to Adam: Seven Old French Plays* (with Raymond Eichmann), Asheville, NC: Pegasus Paperbooks, 2005.
* *Oblivion and Stone: A Selection of Contemporary Bolivian Poetry and Fiction* (ed. Sandra Reyes, co-translated with Reyes, Gastón Fernández-Torriente, and Kay Pritchett). Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998.
* *Fabliaux, Fair and Foul* (with Raymond Eichmann), Binghamton, NY.: Pegasus Paperbooks of The Medieval and Early Renaissance Texts Society, 1992; reprinted by Pegasus, Asheville, N.C., 1999 and 2008.
* *The Discovery of America* by Cesare Pascarella, tr. from Romanesco. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991; reprinted, 2006.
* *Tales of Trilussa* by Carlo Alberto Salustri, tr. from Romanesco. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1990; reprinted, 2006.
* *Long Blues in A Minor* by Gerard Herzhaft, tr. from French. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1988; reprinted, 2006.
* *The Fabliaux: The B.N. 837 Manuscript* (with R. Eichmann). New York: Garland Library of Medieval Literature, Vol. II, 1986.
* *The Fabliaux: The B.N. 837 Manuscript* (with R. Eichmann). New York: Garland Library of Medieval Literature, Vol. I, 1984.
* *Cuckolds, Clerics, and Countrymen: Medieval French Fabliaux* (with Raymond Eichmann). Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1982.

## InfoBox

| John Tabb DuVal | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1940 (age 8384)
Germantown, Philadelphia, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Children | Kathleen DuVal |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Franklin & Marshall College
University of Pennsylvania
University of Arkansas |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | English and creative writing |
| Institutions | University of Arkansas |
|  | |


title: L'Islet (provincial electoral district)

abstract: L'Islet was a provincial electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada. It was created for the 1867 election. Its final election was in 1970. It disappeared in the 1973 election and its successor electoral district was Montmagny-L'Islet.

text:
# L'Islet (provincial electoral district)

**L'Islet** was a provincial electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada.

It was created for the 1867 election (and an electoral district of that name existed earlier in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada). Its final election was in 1970. It disappeared in the 1973 election and its successor electoral district was Montmagny-L'Islet.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly / National Assembly

47°5′0″N 70°19′30″W / 47.08333°N 70.32500°W / 47.08333; -70.32500

## InfoBox

L'Islet
| Quebec electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | National Assembly of Quebec |
| District created | 1867 |
| District abolished | 1972 |
| First contested | 1867 |
| Last contested | 1970 |


title: São Félix de Balsas

abstract: São Félix de Balsas is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.

text:
# São Félix de Balsas

**São Félix de Balsas** is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.

7°08′S 44°52′W / 7.133°S 44.867°W / -7.133; -44.867

## InfoBox

| São Félix de Balsas | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Nordeste |
| State | Maranhão |
| Mesoregion | Sul Maranhense |
| Area | |
| Total | 785 sq mi (2,032 km2) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 4,562 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Sam Doyle

abstract: Thomas "Sam" Doyle (1906–1985) was an African-American artist from Saint Helena Island, South Carolina. His colorful paintings on sheet metal and wood recorded the history and people of St. Helena's Gullah community.

text:
# Sam Doyle

**Thomas** "**Sam**" **Doyle** (1906–1985) was an African-American artist from Saint Helena Island, South Carolina. His colorful paintings on sheet metal and wood recorded the history and people of St. Helena's Gullah community.

## Early life

Sam Doyle was born in 1906 near Frogmore, on St. Helena Island. He attended elementary school at the Penn School, a school for freed African-Americans founded by Unitarians and Quakers from Pennsylvania. It was at the Penn School that Doyle's teachers first recognized his artistic talent and they encouraged him to pursue his practice. Doyle dropped out of the Penn school in the ninth grade and found employment variously as a store clerk, porter, groundskeeper and finally as a laundry worker.

He married Maude Brown in 1931 or 1932; the two divorced in 1949. Doyle died in 1985 in Beaufort, South Carolina.

## Art practice

Doyle continued his art practice in the 1940s, showing his paintings on sheet metal at first in his yard that he called his "Outdoor World-Wide-International Gallery". Doyle would use discarded materials such as metal roofing, plywood, and house paint for his art, exhibiting a rudimentary, but unique art style. After his retirement he took up his art practice more fully in 1968.

Doyle was heavily influence by the Gullah culture of St. Helena Island, known for its high levels of African retention. Doyle documented the strengths, weaknesses, trials, and blunders of his fellow St. Helena residents through painting their portraits. Doyle also documented popular figures of the African American community. Legends like Ray Charles, Martin Luther King Jr, and Jackie Robinson were portrayed in Doyle's collection.

Doyle's work was included in the 1982 exhibition *Black Folk Art in America* at the Corcoran Gallery of Art.

## Collections

Doyle's paintings and sculptures are held in the permanent collections of American Folk Art Museum, the High Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Pérez Art Museum Miami, the Gibbes Museum of Art and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. and Penn Center (Penn School on St. Helena Island).

## InfoBox

| Sam Doyle | |
| --- | --- |
| Sam Doyle in St. Helena, South Carolina, surrounded by his paintings | |
| Born | Thomas Samuel Doyle
1906
St. Helena Island, South Carolina |
| Died | 1985(1985-00-00) (aged 78–79)
St. Helena Island, South Carolina |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Painting, Out Door Art Gallery |
| Movement | Modern Art |


title: Public School Wanderers

abstract: The Public School Wanderers Club is a sports club in the United Kingdom that was formed in 1940 by Charles Burton, a Fleet Street journalist. It was formed to provide cricket and rugby for public schoolboys during their school holidays, but with difficulties arising from World War II the Club started to provide games for servicemen as well. During the period of hostilities the Club provided over a thousand games of cricket and rugby for servicemen from all parts of the British Commonwealth.

text:
# Public School Wanderers

The **Public School Wanderers Club** is a sports club in the United Kingdom that was formed in 1940 by Charles Burton, a Fleet Street journalist. It was formed to provide cricket and rugby for public schoolboys during their school holidays, but with difficulties arising from World War II the Club started to provide games for servicemen as well. During the period of hostilities the Club provided over a thousand games of cricket and rugby for servicemen from all parts of the British Commonwealth.

## Founding principles

### Ethos

After the war the Club became open, though still by invitation only; a player is invited to become a Wanderer because they are a credit to their sport (be it cricket or rugby) and will enter into the spirit of maintaining the high standards of play and conduct achieved by generations of preceding club members.

### Colours, crest and motto

The club colours are red (representing the morning sky), green (for the playing field) and pink (of the setting sun).

The club crest contains five charges, a book (representing scholarship and the schools from which the original players were drawn), the lion of Cambridge University RFC, the crown of Oxford University RFC, the Rod of Asclepius representing the United Hospitals RFC and an escallop which has connotations of pilgrimage in heraldry. There is also a Bishop's Mitre for the church affiliated public schools.

The club motto is *In concordia floreamus* which is Latin for *In friendship we flourish*.

## Rugby

### History

The rugby team play regional fixtures, celebration games, provide teams to play in developing rugby countries and engage in other rugby missionary activities. They play the 15-a-side version of the game though it is in 7-a-side rugby tournaments that the Wanderers have made their reputation. Since its inception, over 2000 players have represented the Wanderers in over 5,000 matches.

The Wanderers have played "international" fixtures against Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Kenya and New Zealand, they have also toured Bermuda, Canada, East Africa, South Africa, Uruguay, United States and most European countries. They even took over the British Lions' cancelled fixtures in Zimbabwe in 1982. They have been finalists on two occasions at the Middlesex Sevens, represented England at the Monte Carlo Sevens in 1987, 1988 and winning in 1989. They were finalists at the 1988 Hong Kong Sevens and won the London Sevens as well as the 1996 Safari Sevens in Nairobi, Kenya.

A notable event in the history of the Wanderers occurred in the 1988 – 89 season when it fielded a team comprising 15 internationals against a Bath XV consisting of a full complement of Internationals also. Bath was the first non-invitation club to have been able to field a fully international side since Newport RFC did so in 1902.

The modern era has required the Wanderers to refocus their fixture list to reflect the realities of modern professional rugby, taking into account the contractual obligations that players now have with their clubs. Clubs still benefit from the more relaxed games that the Wanderers offer and use them to test players returning from injury or to allow younger players to demonstrate their talents.

Nomadic by tradition, the club continues to play representative matches and to tour developing rugby countries, true to their roots – a combination of youth and experience. Though the club has evolved to match the developments in the sport, it still measures its success not by victories but by its established tradition of playing entertaining rugby. Any club wishing to invite the Wanderers to participate in a commemorative game or tournament either at home or abroad should contact the club through its website.

### Matches, tours and tournament results

#### Seven-a-side tournaments

Streatham sevens 1969 - Winners

#### Fifteen-a-side matches and tours

| Date | Notes |
| --- | --- |
| 1971 | Team toured Italy |
| 28 February 1973 | played against Belgrano Athletic Club from Buenos Aires, Argentina at Kingsholm |
| 1973 | Match v Newton Abbot RFC |
| 1973 | Match v Brussels Barbarians RFC |
| May 1974 | Reports of a tour to Rhodesia, contrary to the spirit of sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council upon that country at that time. |
| 27 March 1974 | Match v Gloucester RFC won 21 – 35 Peter Butler scored 3 penalty goals for Gloucester |
| October 1976 | Toured the United States, lost to Miami RFC 10-16 |
| 1980 | Toured Zimbabwe |
| 13 December 1987 | played South Korea at Old Deer Park |
| Tuesday 2 January 1990 | Played v Bridgend RFC at the Brewery Field |
| 2005 | Tour to Sri Lanka, played against Western Province Rugby Union on June 14 at CR & FC Grounds, Longdon Place Colombo 7 (winning 58 points (four goals, four tries, 1 penalty try and 1 penalty) to 13 (1 goal, 2 penalties)), June 16 against Sri Lanka RFU President's XV at Maitland Crescent (see), June 19 versus Central Province Invitation XV at Nittawela (either Nittawela Stadium, Kandy or Nittawela village, original documents do not make clear) and June 22 against the Combined Defence Services Rugby team at Army Grounds, Galle Face. |

## Cricket

## InfoBox

Public School Wanderers
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Public School Wanderers Rugby and Cricket Club |
| Union | Rugby Football Union |
| Nickname(s) | PSW, Wanderers |
| Founded | 1940 |
| Official website | |
| www.wix.com/lwrfc1/publicschoolwanderers/ | |


title: Deep Springs International

abstract: Deep Springs International (DSI) is a US nonprofit corporation, headquartered in Léogâne, Haiti, which supports the establishment and expansion of Gadyen Dlo social enterprises. Gadyen Dlo has been produced and distributed in Haiti since 2002, originally supported by Emory University and the US Centers for Disease Control. Gadyen Dlo is a Haitian produced 0.7% sodium hypochlorite liquid solution used to chlorinate drinking water at "point of use." Gadyen Dlo is produced at four sites throughout Haiti. Gadyen Dlo is distributed to households in refillable bottles, preferably along with safe water storage containers. Several studies by MIT and Emory University have consistently shown that 65 – 85% of households had positive chlorine residual at the time of an unannounced visit. An evaluation in 2007 revealed 76% of tests conducted by technicians showed positive chlorine residual, and there was no significant decrease in correct use after more than three years of families’ entrance into the program. An independent evaluation in 2010 among 706 children under 5 documented a reduction in diarrhoeal disease incidence of 51%.

text:
# Deep Springs International

**Deep Springs International** (DSI) is a US nonprofit corporation, headquartered in Léogâne, Haiti, which supports the establishment and expansion of Gadyen Dlo social enterprises. Gadyen Dlo has been produced and distributed in Haiti since 2002, originally supported by Emory University and the US Centers for Disease Control.

**Gadyen Dlo** (Haitian Creole for "Water Guardian") is a Haitian produced 0.7% sodium hypochlorite liquid solution used to chlorinate drinking water at "point of use." Gadyen Dlo is produced at four sites throughout Haiti (West, Northwest, North, and South Departments). Gadyen Dlo is distributed to households in refillable bottles, preferably along with safe water storage containers (5 gallon plastic buckets with taps, lids, and instructions with pictures and Creole).

Several studies by MIT and Emory University have consistently shown that 65 – 85% of households had positive chlorine residual at the time of an unannounced visit. An evaluation in 2007 revealed 76% of tests conducted by technicians showed positive chlorine residual, and there was no significant decrease in correct use after more than three years of families’ entrance into the program. An independent evaluation in 2010 among 706 children under 5 documented a reduction in diarrhoeal disease incidence of 51%.

## Household distribution

As of November 2010, the Gadyen Dlo household distribution program reaches almost 40,000 households and an estimated 20,408 children under 5 with continuous provision of Gadyen Dlo. These households are located primarily in rural areas throughout eight of the ten departments of Haiti. There are four chlorine production sites, fifteen distinct project sites, and a total of 230 distributors throughout all of these sites. Gadyen Dlo works with a variety of models in which distributors are compensated through structures ranging from full-time employees to part-time employees who conduct other community health services to vendors who simply resell products for a margin. These programs are supported by INGOs, churches, individuals, and corporate donors.

## Wholesale distribution

In 2010 alone, the Wholesale Program has delivered 13,669 L (3,611 gallons) of Gadyen Dlo to treat 48,505,526 L (12,813,805 gallons) of water. These deliveries have been made to and distributed by partners including DINEPA (Haiti's Ministry of Water and Sanitation), UNICEF, United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), and Samaritan's Purse. Additionally, 4,541 household safe water storage containers have been delivered to these partners, which will serve 20,889 Haitians. These distributions are typically accompanied by a training session for the partner organization's staff and distributors on hygiene promotion, distribution methods, and effective use of Gadyen Dlo.

## Dispensers

In partnership with Innovations for Poverty Action and Harvard University, DSI is implementing a chlorine dispensers pilot project in the Grand-Goâve commune in Haiti that dispenses Gadyen Dlo "at source."

## Press

In addition to being the 2008 Templeton Freedom Awards recipient for Social Entrepreneurship, DSI and Gadyen Dlo have been recently recognized in the following media outlets:

## Partners

In addition to working with many individual donors, DSI has implemented Gadyen Dlo programs with INGOs (including UNICEF, Caritas, Spanish Red Cross, American Red Cross, Save the Children, Samaritan's Purse, Tearfund, Population Services International, Catholic Relief Services, and Innovations for Poverty Action), several religious organizations (including CINCH (Central INdiana Churches for Haiti)), and US educational institutions (including Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health, the University of Miami / Project Medishare, and the University of California at Berkeley). DSI's corporate partners have included Nokia, Digicel, LANXESS, NOVA Chemicals, and PPG Industries.

See also the World Health Organization's Background document for WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality.


abstract: The Center Avenue Neighborhood Residential District is a residential historic district located in Bay City, Michigan, running primarily along Center, Fifth, and Sixth Avenues between Monroe and Green Avenues, with additional portions of the district along Fourth between Madison and Johnson, down to Tenth Avenue between Madison and Lincoln, along Green to Ridge, and around Carroll Park. The original section, along Center and portions of Fifth and Sixth, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. A boundary increase including the other sections of the neighborhood was listed in 2012.

text:
# Center Avenue Neighborhood Residential District

The **Center Avenue Neighborhood Residential District** is a residential historic district located in Bay City, Michigan, running primarily along Center, Fifth, and Sixth Avenues between Monroe and Green Avenues, with additional portions of the district along Fourth between Madison and Johnson, down to Tenth Avenue between Madison and Lincoln, along Green to Ridge, and around Carroll Park. The original section, along Center and portions of Fifth and Sixth, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. A boundary increase including the other sections of the neighborhood was listed in 2012.

## History

The first sawmill in Bay City was built in 1837; by 1854, a dozen mills were operating; and by 1860, over eight hundred people lived in the city. The city boomed during the next decade, and by 1870, 7000 people lived in Bay City. The influx of people created a housing shortage for rich and poor alike, and wealthy citizens chose to build along Center Avenue. Although the area had first been platted in 1837, development did not occur until the 1870s and 1880s. Wealthy families, mostly in the lumber and salt trade, found that the area was convenient to bay City's commercial district, while still maintaining a quiet residential feel.

After the turn of the century, lumbering went into decline, and new industry and trades took its place, including agriculture, iron, and textiles. Newer wealthy businessmen followed their predecessors and built houses along Center Avenue, both in among the earlier houses and farther eastward. The district continued to expand until the Great Depression. In the subsequent years, the district has maintained the residences and streetscapes that made it a fashionable place to build early in its history.

In 2005, a group of neighbors began meeting in the area to promote historical preservation in the neighborhood. From this, the Center Avenue Neighborhood Association (CANA) was born. The Association has helped promote the neighborhood and support the City of Bay City in the administration of a National Scenic Byways grant.

## Description

The Center Avenue Neighborhood Residential District contains a total of 936 buildings, of which 879 contribute to the historic character of the neighborhood. These including some of the finest Victorian Italianate, Stick style, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Châteauesque buildings in the city. Most of the structures date from the early 1870s, when the neighborhood first began to develop, to about the turn of the century. Later residences from the first three decades of the 20th century include Georgian Revival, Renaissance Revival, Gothic Revival, Prairie Style, Arts and Crafts, and Bungalow structures.

The district generally progresses from west to east, with the earliest construction in the western part of the district, and later construction on the far north- and south-west edges. The later houses include Arts and Crafts and Colonial Revival houses from the early part of the 20th century, as well as a number of outstanding Moderne and Mid-century modern houses.

The most significant of the houses constructed in the district include:

* James Shearer Residence - 701 Center Avenue. A grand Italianate residence constructed in 1876.
* Benjamin Burbridge Residence - 1403 Fifth Street. An asymmetric brick Italianate house constructed in 1884.
* John Gregory Residence - 1303 Fifth Street. A Stick style house constructed in 1879-80.
* William Clift Residence - 1409 Sixth Street. two story, two bay wood frame Queen Anne residence constructed in 1887.
* Charles Curtiss Residence - 924 Center Avenue. One of the grandest homes in the district, this sandstone and wood Queen Anne style house was constructed in 1891.
* Charles Eddy Residence - 1012 Fifth Street. An eclectic Queen Anne residence constructed in 1882.
* Frederick Bradley Residence - 1400 Center Avenue. A massive Queen Anne home with a complexly asymmetrical floorplan and massing and two elaborate porches, constructed in 1887-89.
* Fremont Chesbrough Residence - 1515 Center Avenue. A rough-faced stone and brick Romanesque residence built in 1891-91.
* Henry Clements Residence - 1601 Center Avenue. A vernacular Chateauesque structure with a steeply hipped roof built in 1890.
* Thomas Cranage Residence - 1001 Center Avenue. A Georgian Revival home with a grand front portico built in 1906.
* Homer Buck Residence - 820 Johnson Street. A Prairie Style-inspired home he built in 1909.

Although primarily residential, the district also includes some public buildings and spaces. These include:

* First Presbyterian Church - 805 Center Avenue. A Romanesque structure built in 1892 and designed by Bay City architects Pratt and Koeppe.
* Bay City Masonic Temple \- 700 Madison Avenue. A large three story sandstone structure built in 1983, with a 1926 addition.
* Bay City Public Library - 708 Center Avenue. A Renaissance Revival-inspired Carnegie library built in 1922.
* First Congregational Church - 900 Sixth Street. A Gothic Revival church.
* Trinity Episcopal Church - 911 Center Avenue. Built in 1887 from a Gothic Revival design by architect Philip C. Floeter.
* St. Boniface Catholic Church - 500 North Lincoln Street. A Gothic Revival church.
* Madison Avenue M.E. Church - 400 Madison Avenue. Built in 1888 from a Gothic Revival design by architect Philip C. Floeter.
* Church of Christ, Scientist - 701 North Van Buren Street. Constructed in 1912 in the Neoclassical style.
* Temple Israel - 2300 Center Avenue. Designed by Alden Dow and constructed in 1960.
* Scottish Rite Temple - 610 Center Avenue. Constructed in 1926.
* Farragut School - 301 North Farragut Street. Art Moderne building was designed by Joseph Goddeyne and completed in 1939.

A small number of commercial buildings are also located in the district.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Center Avenue Neighborhood Residential District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| Michigan State Historic Site | |
|  | |
| Center, between Pendleton and Trumbull | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by N. Madison, Green, & Center Aves., 4th, 5th, 6th, & 10th Sts., Carroll Rd. & Nurmi Dr., Bay City, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 43°35′48″N 83°52′14″W / 43.59667°N 83.87056°W / 43.59667; -83.87056 |
| Area | 335.3 acres (135.7 ha) |
| Architectural style | Mid 19th Century Revival, Late 19th And Early 20th Century American Movements, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 82002826 (original)<br>12001027 (increase) |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 22, 1982 |
| Boundary increase | December 12, 2012 |


title: John Senhouse Goldie-Taubman

abstract: Sir John Senhouse Goldie-Taubman JP was a Manx politician. He was born in London into a prominent family. He followed his father, John Taubman Goldie-Taubman, both into the House of Keys and also as Speaker. He was first elected as a Member by the Keys in 1859 and then elected by the voters of Douglas in 1867, when he was chosen as the new Speaker. He oversaw first the new elected Keys and then its move to the new House of Keys in Douglas in 1874. He became the first Provincial Grand Master of the Isle of Man Freemasons from 1886 to 1898. He was a half-brother of Sir George Taubman Goldie, who founded the Royal Niger Company. In 1860, he married Amelia Donald Ankerville Grove-Ross and they had seven children. One of their children, Lady Ellen Margaret Fry, married General Sir William Fry, Governor of the Isle of Man in 1886. He was knighted on 17 January 1896 by Queen Victoria. Goldie-Taubman died at Douglas residence, The Nunnery, from pleurisy on 9 November 1898, having been ill for over three weeks.

text:
# John Senhouse Goldie-Taubman

**Sir John Senhouse Goldie-Taubman** JP (28 January 1838 – 9 November 1898) was a Manx politician.

He was born in London into a prominent family. He followed his father, John Taubman Goldie-Taubman, both into the House of Keys and also as Speaker. He was first elected as a Member by the Keys in 1859 and then elected by the voters of Douglas in 1867, when he was chosen as the new Speaker. He oversaw first the new elected Keys and then its move to the new House of Keys in Douglas in 1874. He became the first Provincial Grand Master of the Isle of Man Freemasons from 1886 to 1898.

He was a half-brother of Sir George Taubman Goldie, who founded the Royal Niger Company.

In 1860, he married Amelia Donald Ankerville Grove-Ross and they had seven children. One of their children, Lady Ellen Margaret Fry OBE, married General Sir William Fry, Governor of the Isle of Man in 1886.

He was knighted on 17 January 1896 by Queen Victoria.

Goldie-Taubman died at Douglas residence, The Nunnery, from pleurisy on 9 November 1898, having been ill for over three weeks.


title: Carl Quinn

abstract: Carl Quinn is a Cree First Nations singer-songwriter from the Saddle Lake First Nation in Alberta. He is also a traditional pow-wow dancer and sings with the Pisimoyapi drum group, since their inception. Throughout his music career Quinn has developed a genre in which he self-described as "New World" and that can be identified by its assortment of pop, rock, pow-wow, and electronica. He has released three albums focused on life, love, tradition and values, all of which he sang in his Native Cree (Nehiyo) language. In 2003, Quinn was awarded the Best Traditional Album, Contemporary Award at the Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards (CAMAs) for his Nehiyo Album and in 2005 at the CAMAs he was awarded the best songwriter for "Ni Ototem" and "Otapihkes" which were both from his Ni Ototem album.

text:
# Carl Quinn

**Carl Quinn** is a Cree First Nations singer-songwriter from the Saddle Lake First Nation in Alberta. He is also a traditional pow-wow dancer and sings with the Pisimoyapi drum group, since their inception. Throughout his music career Quinn has developed a genre in which he self-described as "New World" and that can be identified by its assortment of pop, rock, pow-wow, and electronica. He has released three albums focused on life, love, tradition and values, all of which he sang in his Native Cree (Nehiyo) language. In 2003, Quinn was awarded the Best Traditional Album, Contemporary Award at the Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards (CAMAs) for his *Nehiyo* Album and in 2005 at the CAMAs he was awarded the best songwriter for "Ni Ototem" and "Otapihkes" which were both from his *Ni Ototem* album.

## History

Carl Quinn is one son from a family of twelve and he was born on the Saddle Lake Cree Nation in a dirt-floored one room shack. Although, throughout his life he has experienced being a hunter, trapper, farm hand, construction worker, and a human resource consultant, he is best known for being a leader in his community by becoming the youngest Chief ever to be elected on the Saddle Lake reserve and even greater known by becoming a great musical inspiration upon his people. The musical influences Quinn originally grew up with were the songs of the traditional ceremony, round dance, handgame, and pow-wow of his Cree heritage. When receiving his first guitar at fifteen Quinn began emulating music of the folk and rock sound from the late sixties and early seventies. Quinn eventually started writing his own music that combined sounds from his musical influences, citing Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Beatles, Dwight Yoakam, and his traditional musical background.

## Discography

Albums * *Ni Ototem* (unknown)
* *Nehiyo* (Copyrighted by Pisimoyapi Productions 2003, arranged by Tomas Brabec and Carl Quinn, released January 18, 2005)

1. Nosisim
2. Kisenapew
3. Ka Sipihkosit Atahkos (a song about the resiliency of the"Nehiyo" and the assault on the "Nehiyo" identity)
4. Nipin (a summer song meant to be lively and fun)
5. Pakamapiskwewin (a song about golf from a humorous perspective)
6. Kiwihtamawin
7. Kise-Yotin
8. Sakastew
9. Takawakin Awasis

* *Nimosom* (2007)

1. Ahaw
2. Akitah
3. Awasis
4. Iyiniw
5. Meena
6. Nehiyo
7. Nemakikwiy
8. Newayak
9. Nimosom
10. Nipahwih
11. Nitanis
12. Nohta
13. O Kistin
14. Onitopayo
15. Otapihkes
16. Pisimoyapi
17. Sakihitwask

## Videos

## InfoBox

| Carl Quinn | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Alberta, Canada |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |


title: São Francisco sparrow

abstract: The São Francisco sparrow is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae that is endemic to Brazil. The species was described in 1997 by Marcos Raposo in his book Ararajuba. The species feeds on caatinga and is found in the valley of Rio São Francisco and in the states such as Bahia and Minas Gerais. Unlike its cousins the pectoral and half-collared sparrows, the São Francisco sparrow has a full breast band, which later reduces itself to two breast patches closer to the wing bend. The species also has other distinguishing features of orange bill and black culmen. They are threatened due to habitat loss.

text:
# São Francisco sparrow

The **São Francisco sparrow** (***Arremon franciscanus***) is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae that is endemic to Brazil. The species was described in 1997 by Marcos Raposo in his book *Ararajuba*. The species feeds on caatinga and is found in the valley of Rio São Francisco and in the states such as Bahia and Minas Gerais. Unlike its cousins the pectoral and half-collared sparrows, the São Francisco sparrow has a full breast band, which later reduces itself to two breast patches closer to the wing bend. The species also has other distinguishing features of orange bill and black culmen. They are threatened due to habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| São Francisco sparrow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Passerellidae |
| Genus: | *Arremon* |
| Species: | ***A. franciscanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arremon franciscanus***
Raposo, 1997 | |
|
|  | |


title: Scott Pask

abstract: Scott Pask is an American scenic and costume designer. He has worked primarily on stage productions in the United States, on Broadway and Off-Broadway, and in regional theatre, as well as in the United Kingdom. He has won Tony Awards for his work on The Pillowman, The Coast of Utopia and The Book of Mormon.

text:
# Scott Pask

**Scott Pask** is an American scenic and costume designer. He has worked primarily on stage productions in the United States, on Broadway and Off-Broadway, and in regional theatre, as well as in the United Kingdom. He has won Tony Awards for his work on *The Pillowman*, *The Coast of Utopia* and *The Book of Mormon*.

## Early life and education

Pask was born and raised in Yuma, Arizona, with his twin brother, Bruce. Pask earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Arizona and a Master of Fine Arts from Yale University. Bruce is a noted stylist and men's fashion director at *T: The New York Times Style Magazine*.

## Career

His Broadway credits include *Les Liaisons Dangereuses*, *Urinetown*, *The Coast of Utopia*, *The Vertical Hour*, *Martin Short: Fame Becomes Me*, *Kiki and Herb: Alive on Broadway*, *The Wedding Singer*, *La Cage aux Folles*, *Amour*, *Sweet Charity*, *Little Shop of Horrors*, *Take Me Out*, *Nine*, *The Pillowman*, and *A Steady Rain*. He made his Metropolitan Opera debut with his design for Benjamin Britten's *Peter Grimes*.

Pask designed the original production of *The Pillowman* and its subsequent UK tour for the National Theatre. Additional credits include *On an Average Day* (West End) and *Tales From Hollywood* (Donmar Warehouse), both directed by John Crowley; *Bash* (Almeida Theatre, New York, Los Angeles, and Showtime); *Albert Herring* (Opera North U.K); *The Underpants*, *The Bomb-itty of Errors*, *The Donkey Show* (NY, London, Edinburgh, Cambridge), *Slanguage*, *The Gimmick*, *Love's Fowl*, *The Beginning of August*, *Refuge*. Also: Baltimore Center Stage, Alliance Theater, South Coast Repertory, Seattle Rep, The Old Globe, ACT, Yale Repertory Theater, Walker Arts Center, Lincoln Center Festival, Spoleto, BAM and Williamstown. He also designed the original scenic design for the debut of *Johnny Baseball* at the American Repertory Theatre Spring 2010.

Of Pask's set design for *Hair*, Ben Brantley in *The New York Times* wrote: "Scott Pask's exposed-wall set is the perfect playground for a world in which imagination (aided by chemical substances) provides the décor." Pask has said of his work, "I do love abstracted places, especially one where I can fill it with so much texture."

Pask designed the holiday snow globes for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS for 2005 and 2009.

## Productions

### Broadway

### Touring

### West End

### Off-Broadway

## Awards and nominations

Pask won the 1999 Lucille Lortel Award and Henry Hewes Award for his work on *The Mineola Twins* and the 2001 Bessie Award for *Verge*.

### Tony Awards

| Year | Category | Work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Best Scenic Design in a Play | *The Pillowman* | Won |
| 2007 | | *The Coast of Utopia (Parts 1-3)* | Won |
| 2008 | | *Les Liaisons Dangereuses* | Nominated |
| 2009 | Best Scenic Design in a Musical | *Pal Joey* | Nominated |
| 2011 | | *The Book of Mormon* | Won |
| 2013 | | *Pippin* | Nominated |
| 2018 | | *Mean Girls* | Nominated |
| | | *The Band's Visit* | Nominated |
| 2022 | Best Scenic Design in a Play | *American Buffalo* | Nominated |
| 2023 | Best Scenic Design in a Musical | *Shucked* | Nominated |
| | | *Some Like It Hot* | Nominated |

### Drama Desk Awards

| Year | Category | Work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | Outstanding Scenic Design of a Play | *Take Me Out* | Nominated |
| 2003 | Outstanding Scenic Design of a Musical | *Amour* | Nominated |
| 2005 | | *Sweet Charity* | Nominated |
| 2006 | | *The Wedding Singer* | Nominated |
| 2007 | Outstanding Scenic Design of a Play | *Blackbird* | Nominated |
| | | *The Coast of Utopia (Parts 1-3)* | Won |
| 2008 | | *Les Liaisons Dangereuses* | Won |
| 2009 | Outstanding Scenic Design of a Musical | *Hair* | Nominated |
| | | *9 to 5* | Nominated |
| 2015 | Outstanding Scenic Design | *The Visit* | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Scott Pask | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Yuma, Arizona, U.S. |
| Education | University of Arizona (BArch)
Yale University (MFA) |
| Occupation(s) | Scenic designer, costume designer |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Awards | Tony Award for Best Scenic Design of a Musical
Tony Award for Best Scenic Design of a Play |


title: Purin Phanichphant

abstract: Purin Phanichphant is an American contemporary artist and designer who is known for his interactive installations. Phanichphant began his artistic career in product design in 2006 and then interactive art in 2014. Because of this unique background, his work combines buttons, knobs, screens, and a touch of code, which often result in interactive experiences for audiences. His work has been featured in museums, galleries and venues around the United States, Japan, and Iceland.

text:
# Purin Phanichphant

**Purin Phanichphant** (born 1984 in Crown Point, Indiana) is an American contemporary artist and designer who is known for his interactive installations. Phanichphant began his artistic career in product design in 2006 and then interactive art in 2014. Because of this unique background, his work combines buttons, knobs, screens, and a touch of code, which often result in interactive experiences for audiences. His work has been featured in museums, galleries and venues around the United States, Japan, and Iceland.

## Education

Phanichphant received a BFA in Industrial Design and Human-Computer Interaction from Carnegie Mellon University in 2006, and an MFA in Product Design from Stanford University in 2011.

## Teaching

Phanichphant has taught design courses on visual design and design thinking at UC Berkeley, Stanford University and General Assembly. Additionally, he has given talks at TEDxBangkok, Pecha Kucha Tokyo, Android Open Conference, and Web 2.0 Expo.


title: Tha Blaqprint

abstract: Tha Blaqprint is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Blaq Poet, released June 30, 2009 on DJ Premier's record label Year Round Records via Fat Beats Records. It features guest appearances by the also Year Round Records signed group NYGz and Nick Javas, Capone-N-Noreaga member N.O.R.E., Imani Montana, Lil' Fame from M.O.P., and the late Screwball member KL. The album was entirely produced by DJ Premier, except for two tracks: "U Phucc’d Up", produced by Easy Mo Bee, and "Sichuwayshunz", produced by Gemcrates. Several tracks have been released on various mixtapes, such as "Blaq Out" or "No Talent Required", dating back to 2006. The album's lead single, "Ain't Nuttin' Changed", has been released in February 2009. There's also a remix version to the single, released in June 2009. It features verses by MC Eiht from Compton's Most Wanted and Young Maylay from Ice Cube's Lench Mob Records.

text:
# Tha Blaqprint

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
| HipHopDX | link |
| PopMatters | link |
| The Message Blog | (94/100) link |
| Time Out | link |
| Remixmag | link |
| HipHopSite.Com |  |

***Tha Blaqprint*** is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Blaq Poet, released June 30, 2009 on DJ Premier's record label *Year Round Records* via *Fat Beats Records*. It features guest appearances by the also Year Round Records signed group NYGz and Nick Javas, Capone-N-Noreaga member N.O.R.E., Imani Montana, Lil' Fame from M.O.P., and the late Screwball member KL. The album was entirely produced by DJ Premier, except for two tracks: "U Phucc’d Up", produced by Easy Mo Bee, and "Sichuwayshunz", produced by Gemcrates.

Several tracks have been released on various mixtapes, such as "Blaq Out" or "No Talent Required", dating back to 2006. The album's lead single, "Ain't Nuttin' Changed", has been released in February 2009. There's also a remix version to the single, released in June 2009. It features verses by MC Eiht from Compton's Most Wanted and Young Maylay from Ice Cube's Lench Mob Records.

## Track list CD 1

| # | Title | Guest Performer(s) | Samples | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "I-Gititin" |  |  | 3:48 |
| 2 | "U Phucc’d Up" | KL |  | 3:36 |
| 3 | "Ain’t Nuttin' Changed" |  | * "Daisy Lady" by 7th Wonder * "Hundreds and Thousands of Guys" by Patti Drew * "Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)" by Four Tops * "I'll Still Kill" by 50 Cent | 3:39 |
| 4 | "What’s the Deal?" |  |  | 3:06 |
| 5 | "Legendary Pt. 1" | Nick Javas, NYGz |  | 3:34 |
| 6 | "Hood Crazy" |  |  | 3:55 |
| 7 | "Voices" |  |  | 3:41 |
| 8 | "Hate" | N.O.R.E. |  | 3:11 |
| 9 | "Sichuwayshunz" |  |  | 4:17 |
| 10 | "Stretch Marks & Cigarette Burns" | Panchi, Imani Montana |  | 3:20 |
| 11 | "S.O.S." |  |  | 3:27 |
| 12 | "Let the Guns Blow" |  |  | 2:37 |
| 13 | "Don’t Give a Fucc" |  |  | 2:55 |
| 14 | "Rap Addiction" | Lil' Fame, Shabeeno | * "City Rider" by The Ebbinghouse Orchestra * "I Ain't No Joke" by Eric B. & Rakim * "Breaker, Breaker" by GZA * "Two Turntables & a Mic" by Black Moon | 3:39 |
| 15 | "Never Goodbye" |  | * "Girl, I Wanna Get Right Up Next to You" by Mammatapee * "Never Can Say Goodbye" by The Jackson 5 | 3:00 |

## Track list CD 2 (instrumentals)

* All songs produced by DJ Premier, except for track 2 by Easy Mo Bee and track 9 by Gemcrates

| # | Title | Performer(s) | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "I-Gititin" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:48 |
| 2 | "U Phucc’d Up" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:36 |
| 3 | "Ain’t Nuttin Changed" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:39 |
| 4 | "What’s the Deal?" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:06 |
| 5 | "Legendary Pt. 1" | \*Instrumental | 3:34 |
| 6 | "Hood Crazy" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:55 |
| 7 | "Voices" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:41 |
| 8 | "Hate" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:11 |
| 9 | "Sichuwayshunz" | \*Instrumental\* | 4:17 |
| 10 | "Stretch Marks & Cigarette Burns" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:20 |
| 11 | "S.O.S." | \*Instrumental\* | 3:27 |
| 12 | "Let the Guns Blow" | \*Instrumental\* | 2:37 |
| 13 | "Don’t Give a Fucc" | \*Instrumental\* | 2:55 |
| 14 | "Rap Addiction" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:39 |
| 15 | "Never Goodbye" | \*Instrumental\* | 3:00 |

## InfoBox

| Tha Blaqprint | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Blaq Poet | |
| Released | June 30, 2009 |
| Recorded | 2006–2009 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 51:52 |
| Label | Year Round Records, Fat Beats Records |
| Producer | DJ Premier, Easy Mo Bee, Gemcrates |
| Blaq Poet chronology | |
| *Rewind: Deja Screw*
(2006) ***Tha Blaqprint***
(2009) *Blaq Poet Society*
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Tha Blaqprint* | |
| 1. "Ain't Nuttin Changed"
Released: 2009 | |
|  | |


title: Center Baldy

abstract: Center Baldy is a mountain in the Gila Wilderness in Catron County, New Mexico. Center Baldy is found in the Mogollon Mountains and is the 7th highest peak in the Mogollon Mountains. Alegres Mountain is 11 miles (19 km) southeast of Mogollon, New Mexico and can be accessed via the Holt Apache Trial.

text:
# Center Baldy

**Center Baldy** is a mountain in the Gila Wilderness in Catron County, New Mexico. Center Baldy is found in the Mogollon Mountains and is the 7th highest peak in the Mogollon Mountains.

Alegres Mountain is 11 miles (19 km) southeast of Mogollon, New Mexico and can be accessed via the Holt Apache Trial.

## InfoBox

| Center Baldy | |
| --- | --- |
| Center BaldyCatron County, New Mexico, United StatesCenter BaldyCenter Baldy (the United States) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 10,525 ft (3,208 m) |
| Prominence | 215 ft (66 m) |
| Isolation | 0.46 mi (0.74 km)<br>to Peak 10565 |
| Coordinates | 33°18′11″N 108°38′19″W / 33.30306°N 108.63861°W / 33.30306; -108.63861 (Center Baldy) |
| Geography | |
| Location | Catron County, New Mexico, United States |
| Parent range | Mogollon Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS Alegres Mountain |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Miocene, between 23 and 5 Million years ago |
| Type of rock | Younger Rhyolite Flows and Domes |
| Volcanic region | Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Bursum Caldera |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hiking, Open Country |


title: John Senio

abstract: John Senio is a Samoan rugby union footballer. He last played for French club FC Grenoble in the Pro D2. Prior to signing with Grenoble he played for Bourgoin ASM Clermont Auvergne, Edinburgh Rugby in the Celtic League and the New Zealand franchise the Blues in the Super 14. He has also played for the Samoan national team, and was a member of their 2003 Rugby World Cup squad. His brothers Kevin Senio and Dimitri Senio are also professional rugby players. He was a CS Bourgoin-Jallieu rugby player for the 2009/2010 season.

text:
# John Senio

**John Senio** (born 10 September 1982) is a Samoan rugby union footballer. He last played for French club FC Grenoble in the Pro D2. Prior to signing with Grenoble he played for Bourgoin ASM Clermont Auvergne, Edinburgh Rugby in the Celtic League and the New Zealand franchise the Blues in the Super 14. He has also played for the Samoan national team, and was a member of their 2003 Rugby World Cup squad. His brothers Kevin Senio and Dimitri Senio are also professional rugby players. He was a CS Bourgoin-Jallieu rugby player for the 2009/2010 season.

## InfoBox

John Senio
| Senio playing for Bourgoin-Jallieu | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1982-09-10) 10 September 1982 |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight | 202 lb (92 kg) |
| School | Kelston Boys' High School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Scrumhalf  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2006–2007
2007–2009
2009–2010
2010–2011 Edinburgh Rugby
Clermont
Bourgoin
FC Grenoble   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  –2006 Northland   ()  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2005–06 Blues  15  (5)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2004-2006  Samoa  10  (10) | |