title: Richard Wershe Jr.

abstract: Richard Wershe Jr., known as "White Boy Rick", is an American former drug trafficker and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informant. The youngest known informant in the history of the FBI, Wershe became a confidential informant when he was 14 to 16 years old. When he was 15, Wershe told the FBI that a major drug dealer had spoken of paying a bribe to Detroit detective inspector and subsequent city council president and mayoral candidate Gil Hill in order to quash the investigation into a 13-year-old boy's murder. At the age of 17, Wershe was arrested for possession of 8 kg of cocaine and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2017, justice campaigners publicized Wershe's case and he was subsequently paroled, but directly to a prison in Florida to serve another five years for an auto theft conviction from 2008. Campaigners for Wershe have suggested to reporters that the length of his incarceration may have been connected to him having provided the FBI with information leading to the arrest of family members and associates of former Detroit mayor Coleman A. Young, as well as the allegation about Young's political ally Hill. In 2016, notorious former Detroit-based hitman Nate "Boone" Craft alleged Hill had once tried to commission the murder of Wershe.

text:
# Richard Wershe Jr.

**Richard Wershe Jr.** (born July 18, 1969), known as "**White Boy Rick**", is an American former drug trafficker and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informant. The youngest known informant in the history of the FBI, Wershe became a confidential informant when he was 14 to 16 years old. When he was 15, Wershe told the FBI that a major drug dealer had spoken of paying a bribe to Detroit detective inspector and subsequent city council president and mayoral candidate Gil Hill in order to quash the investigation into a 13-year-old boy's murder. At the age of 17, Wershe was arrested for possession of 8 kg of cocaine and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2017, justice campaigners publicized Wershe's case and he was subsequently paroled, but directly to a prison in Florida to serve another five years for an auto theft conviction from 2008. Campaigners for Wershe have suggested to reporters that the length of his incarceration may have been connected to him having provided the FBI with information leading to the arrest of family members and associates of former Detroit mayor Coleman A. Young, as well as the allegation about Young's political ally Hill. In 2016, notorious former Detroit-based hitman Nate "Boone" Craft alleged Hill had once tried to commission the murder of Wershe.

## Life

Wershe and his working class family lived in a neighborhood on the east side of Detroit about seven miles (11 km) from the city center. They lived there during a period from the mid 1980s to early 1990s when Detroit and many other major American cities were gaining widespread reputations for crime and violence, largely due to an influx of cocaine and the emergence of the crack cocaine epidemic. Wershe's father was also an FBI informant and first reported to the police and the federal agency alongside him before going solo.

The name "White Boy Rick" was not a street name that Wershe used himself, nor was it one he was ever called by those with whom he associated. The name was instead given to him by reporters who covered his case. When Wershe was 16 the FBI, having secured 20 convictions through his infiltration of a violent drug gang, ceased to employ him as an informant. In 1987, at 17 years of age, Wershe was arrested for possessing cocaine in excess of eight kilograms (18 pounds).

He was sentenced to life in prison in Michigan under the state's 650-Lifer Law, a drug statute passed in 1973 that penalized those found in possession of more than 650 grams (23 ounces) of cocaine or heroin with life imprisonment without parole. The law was overturned, but he was rejected as a menace to society by the Michigan Parole Board in 2003, despite (or perhaps because of) having assisted the FBI in the 1990s with a sting unsuccessfully targeting Gil Hill and drawing in the relatives of influential city politicians. Publicity about the case in 2017, by which time he had spent nearly three decades behind bars in Michigan as a nonviolent drug offender whose offense was committed when he was 17, led to him being paroled, but directly to US Marshals who took him to begin serving five years in Florida State Prison on a 2008 car theft ring conviction (crime committed behind bars). In 2019, his application was denied by the Florida clemency board.

On July 20, 2020, Wershe was released from custody in Florida, having completed his sentence with credits for good behavior.

In July 2021, Wershe sued the FBI, saying in the lawsuit that: "Had I not been an informant for the task force, I would never have gotten involved with drug gangs or criminality of any sort", and that the FBI's actions amounted to child abuse.

## In media

*White Boy*, a documentary chronicling the case of Richard Wershe Jr., premiered on March 31, 2017, at the Freep Film Festival where it won the Audience Choice Award. It began airing on the Starz network in 2019 and was picked up by Netflix in April 2021.

*White Boy Rick*, a film based on his life, was released on September 14, 2018.

Eminem made a cameo appearance as Wershe on the TV show *BMF*.

## InfoBox

| Richard Wershe Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Wershe in 2023 | |
| Born | Richard John Wershe Jr.
(1969-07-18) July 18, 1969
Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Status | Released on July 20, 2020 |
| Other names | "White Boy Rick" |
| Known for | F.B.I. informant at age 14
Spending 27 years in prison for a drug offence committed when he was 17 |
| Criminal charge | Possession of cocaine in excess of eight kg Racketeering (Conspiracy to Commit) |
| Criminal penalty | 27 years imprisonment
5 years imprisonment consecutive |
| Children | 3 |


title: Serum iron

abstract: Serum iron is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin and freely circulate in the blood. Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems. 65% of the iron in the body is bound up in hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. About 4% is bound up in myoglobin molecules. Around 30% of the iron in the body is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin in the spleen, the bone marrow and the liver. Small amounts of iron can be found in other molecules in cells throughout the body. None of this iron is directly accessible by testing the serum.} However, some iron is circulating in the serum. Transferrin is a molecule produced by the liver that binds one or two iron(III) ions, i.e. ferric iron, Fe3+; transferrin is essential if stored iron is to be moved and used. Most of the time, about 30% of the available sites on the transferrin molecule are filled. The test for serum iron uses blood drawn from veins to measure the iron ions that are bound to transferrin and circulating in the blood. This test should be done after 12 hours of fasting. The extent to which sites on transferrin molecules are filled by iron ions can be another helpful clinical indicator, known as percent transferrin saturation. Another lab test saturates the sample to measure the total amount of transferrin; this test is called total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). These three tests are generally done at the same time, and taken together are an important part of the diagnostic process for conditions such as anemia, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and haemochromatosis.

text:
# Serum iron

**Serum iron** is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin and freely circulate in the blood. Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems. 65% of the iron in the body is bound up in hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. About 4% is bound up in myoglobin molecules. Around 30% of the iron in the body is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin in the spleen, the bone marrow and the liver. Small amounts of iron can be found in other molecules in cells throughout the body. None of this iron is directly accessible by testing the serum.}

However, some iron is circulating in the serum. Transferrin is a molecule produced by the liver that binds one or two iron(III) ions, i.e. ferric iron, Fe3+; transferrin is essential if stored iron is to be moved and used. Most of the time, about 30% of the available sites on the transferrin molecule are filled. The test for serum iron uses blood drawn from veins to measure the iron ions that are bound to transferrin and circulating in the blood. This test should be done after 12 hours of fasting. The extent to which sites on transferrin molecules are filled by iron ions can be another helpful clinical indicator, known as percent transferrin saturation. Another lab test saturates the sample to measure the total amount of transferrin; this test is called total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). These three tests are generally done at the same time, and taken together are an important part of the diagnostic process for conditions such as anemia, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and haemochromatosis.

## Normal values

Normal reference ranges are:

* Serum iron:
    + Men: 65 to 176 μg/dL
    + Women: 50 to 170 μg/dL
    + Newborns: 100 to 250 μg/dL
    + Children: 50 to 120 μg/dL
* TIBC: 240–450 μg/dL
* Transferrin saturation: 20–50%

μg/dL = micrograms per deciliter.

Laboratories often use different units and "normal" may vary by population and the lab techniques used; look at the individual laboratory reference values to interpret a specific test (for instance, your own).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Serum iron | |
| --- | --- |
| MedlinePlus | 003488 |


title: Port Afrique

abstract: Port Afrique is a 1956 British drama film based on the 1948 novel of the same name by Bernard Victor Dryer (1918–1995). The colour film was directed by Rudolph Maté and the adapted screenplay was written by John Cresswell. The film was made at Shepperton Studios with sets designed by the art director Wilfred Shingleton. It was filmed on location in the Casbah in Algiers and in Tangiers and Morocco.

text:
# Port Afrique

***Port Afrique*** is a 1956 British drama film based on the 1948 novel of the same name by Bernard Victor Dryer (19181995). The colour film was directed by Rudolph Maté and the adapted screenplay was written by John Cresswell.

The film was made at Shepperton Studios with sets designed by the art director Wilfred Shingleton. It was filmed on location in the Casbah in Algiers and in Tangiers and Morocco.

## Synopsis

Set in July 1945, the film tells the story of a returning American pilot named Rip Reardon who lost his leg during the war and a young woman, Ynez, who is accused of the murder of Rip's wife.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Port Afrique | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Rudolph Maté |
| Written by | Frank Partos
John Cresswell |
| Based on | *Port Afrique*
by Bernard Victor Dryer |
| Produced by | David E. Rose
John R. Sloan |
| Starring | Pier Angeli
Philip Carey
Dennis Price |
| Cinematography | Wilkie Cooper |
| Edited by | Raymond Poulton |
| Music by | Malcolm Arnold |
| Production
company | Coronado Productions |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * 21 August 1956 (1956-08-21) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Prelude in D minor (Rachmaninoff)

abstract: The Prelude in D Minor, Op. 23 No. 3 is a composition by Sergei Rachmaninoff completed and premiered in 1903.

text:
# Prelude in D minor (Rachmaninoff)

The **Prelude in D Minor, Op. 23 No. 3** is a composition by Sergei Rachmaninoff completed and premiered in 1903.

## Structure

The prelude is strictly ternary. In measure 8 (part of the "A" section), a parallel period with a semi-cadence is introduced, and in measure 16 a perfect authentic cadence follows. Reference to the "A" section cadence at measure 17:

Measure 17

Following the reference, measures 1 and 2 are embellished to form the "B" section. Measures 42–62 mark a return to the "A" section, followed by relatively short coda that reflects the main theme.

Measures 3, 11, 35, show the chord progressions, i-III. In measure 11, the III chord is changed to an F-sharp dim. seventh chord, in measure 35, the i and III chords are presented more closely, and in measure 47 the III chord is replaced with a D minor seventh chord.

Measure 3

Measure 11

Measure 35

Measure 47

Many contrapuntal passages appear throughout the prelude: diminution at measure 28, augmentation at measure 75, *stretto* at measure 25, and fragmentation at measure 67.

Measure 25

## Recordings


title: Porotachys bisulcatus

abstract: Porotachys bisulcatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America, Europe, Africa, and temperate Asia.

text:
# Porotachys bisulcatus

***Porotachys bisulcatus*** is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America, Europe, Africa, and temperate Asia.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Porotachys bisulcatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Porotachys* |
| Species: | ***P. bisulcatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Porotachys bisulcatus***<br>(Nicolai, 1822) | |
|


title: Ponale (Milan Metro)

abstract: Ponale is a station on Line 5 of the Milan Metro.

text:
# Ponale (Milan Metro)

**Ponale** is a station on Line 5 of the Milan Metro.

## History

The works for the construction of the first section of Line 5, which includes Ponale station, began in September 2007, and it was opened on 10 February 2013.

## Station structure

Ponale is an underground station with two tracks in one tunnel and, like all the other stations on Line 5, is wheelchair accessible.

It is located at the intersection of Viale Fulvio Testi, Via Ponale and Via Chiese, but has exits only to Viale Fulvio Testi.

## Interchanges

Tram line 31 and bus stops are located near the station.

## Note

1. "Rete metropolitana di Milano". Azienda Trasporti Milanesi. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
2. Metro 5, primo viaggio ufficiale Sito Comune di Milano
3. Comune di Milano - Parte la metropolitana 5 lilla Archived 2013-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
4. "iBinari + CityRailways - linea 5". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2014-09-07.

45°31′19″N 9°12′33″E / 45.5219°N 9.2092°E / 45.5219; 9.2092

## InfoBox

| Ponale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Owned by | Azienda Trasporti Milanesi |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | STIBM: Mi1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 10 February 2013 (2013-02-10) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Milan Metro Following station  BignamiTerminus  Line 5  Bicoccatowards San Siro Stadio | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Portage railway

abstract:
A portage railway is a short and possibly isolated section of railway used to bypass a section of unnavigable river or between two water bodies which are not directly connected.
Cargo from waterborne vessels is unloaded, loaded onto conventional railroad rolling stock, carried to the other end of the railway, where it is unloaded and loaded onto a second waterborne vessel.
A portage railway is the opposite of a train ferry.

text:
# Portage railway

A **portage railway** is a short and possibly isolated section of railway used to bypass a section of unnavigable river or between two water bodies which are not directly connected. Cargo from waterborne vessels is unloaded, loaded onto conventional railroad rolling stock, carried to the other end of the railway, where it is unloaded and loaded onto a second waterborne vessel. A portage railway is the opposite of a train ferry.

## Examples

The following are or were locations of portage railways:

### Australia

### Brazil

### Canada

### Central African Republic

### China

### Congo-Brazzaville

### Congo-Kinshasa

### England

### Greece

### Laos

### Panama

### Russia

### United States

### Czechia

* Narrow gauge line on Kamýk Dam used for transport of canoes and flatboats over the dam.


title: Ponce de Leon Inlet Light

abstract: The Ponce de Leon Inlet Light is a lighthouse and museum located at Ponce de León Inlet in Central Florida. At 175 feet (53 m) in height, it is the tallest lighthouse in the state and one of the tallest in the United States. It is located between St. Augustine Light and Cape Canaveral Light. Restored by the Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse Preservation Association, the lighthouse became a National Historic Landmark in 1998.

text:
# Ponce de Leon Inlet Light

The **Ponce de Leon Inlet Light** is a lighthouse and museum located at Ponce de León Inlet in Central Florida. At 175 feet (53 m) in height, it is the tallest lighthouse in the state and one of the tallest in the United States (the Cape Hatteras Light in North Carolina is taller at 207 feet (63 m)). It is located between St. Augustine Light and Cape Canaveral Light. Restored by the Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse Preservation Association, the lighthouse became a National Historic Landmark in 1998.

## History

The first lighthouse for what is now the Ponce de León Inlet was erected on the south side of Mosquito Inlet in 1835. Unfortunately, the oil for the lamp was never delivered, and soon after the tower was completed a strong storm washed much of the sand from around the base of the tower, weakening it. The Second Seminole War began soon after, and in December 1835 Seminole Indians attacked the lighthouse, smashing the glass in the lantern room and setting fire to its wooden stairs. The area was abandoned. The war prevented repairs from being made to the tower, and it collapsed the next year.

There were many shipwrecks along the coast near the Mosquito Inlet, but it was not until 1883 that another effort was begun to place a light there. Completed in 1887 and located on the north side of the inlet, the new lighthouse was based on Light-House Board standard plans with modifications made for the specific site. Construction was supervised by Chief Engineer Orville E. Babcock until his death by drowning in the Mosquito Inlet in 1884. The tower was completed and the lamp, which could be seen 17 nautical miles; 32 kilometres (20 mi) away, lit in 1887.

In 1897, author and journalist Stephen Crane was en route to cover a brewing revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba, when the ship he was on, the *SS Commodore*, sank off the coast of Florida. Crane escaped in a small dinghy with several crewmen, and they eventually sighted and steered for the Mosquito Inlet Light. Crane used this experience in his short story "The Open Boat".

The original lamp burned kerosene; in 1909 it was replaced with an incandescent oil vapor lamp. In 1924 a generator was installed to provide electricity in the keepers' dwellings and to pump water, replacing an old windmill pump. The lighthouse beacon was electrified in 1933 with a 500-watt lamp. The first order Fresnel lens was replaced with a third order rotating Fresnel lens at the same time.

In 1927 the name of Mosquito Inlet was changed to Ponce de Leon Inlet. The lighthouse was transferred from the abolished Lighthouse Service to the United States Coast Guard in 1939, which would oversee it for the next three decades. In 1970, the Coast Guard abandoned the old light station and established a new beacon at New Smyrna Beach. The abandoned property was then deeded to the Town of Ponce Inlet. At the urging of concerned citizens, the Town of Ponce Inlet accepted the Light Station property from the Coast Guard in 1972, and the Lighthouse Preservation Association was formed to manage the museum. That same year, the lighthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Present day museum

In 1982 the light was restored to active service, primarily because highrise buildings blocked the Coast Guard's beacon on the other side of the inlet. The Ponce De Leon Inlet Light Station was designated a National Historic Landmark on August 5, 1998, one of only eleven lighthouses to earn this designation.

The lighthouse and three keepers' dwellings have been restored, and are open to the public seven days a week. The lighthouse tower is open for climbing. The original 1867 Barbier et Fenestre first order fixed lens (installed 1887), and 1860 "Henry Lepaute" rotating first order Fresnel lens used at Cape Canaveral Light Station are all on display at the museum. The 1904 Barbier, Benard, et Turenne rotating third order Fresnel lens has been restored to service in the tower, which operates today as a private aid to navigation and is maintained by the museum staff. It is just south of Daytona Beach.

Panoramic view of the Atlantic Ocean from the observation deck

## InfoBox

Ponce de Leon Inlet Light
| The Mosquito Inlet Light, later known as the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 4931 South Peninsula Dr
Ponce de Leon Inlet
Ponce Inlet, Florida
South of Daytona |
| Coordinates | 29°4′50.22″N 80°55′40.86″W / 29.0806167°N 80.9280167°W / 29.0806167; -80.9280167 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1835 |
| Foundation | brick |
| Construction | brick |
| Automated | 1953 |
| Height | 175 feet (53 m) |
| Shape | conical tower |
| Heritage | National Historic Landmark, National Register of Historic Places listed place |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1887 (current structure) |
| Deactivated | 1970; reactivated, 1982 |
| Focal height | 159 feet (48 m) |
| Lens | First order Fresnel lens, 1887-1933, Third order Fresnel lens, 1933-1970 and since 2004 |
| Range | 17 nautical miles; 32 kilometres (20 mi) |
| Characteristic | fixed light (original)
Group flashing 6 times every 30 sec (current) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ponce De Leon Inlet Lightstation | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark District | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Ponce Inlet, Florida |
| Area | 9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Built | 1887 |
| NRHP reference No. | 72000355 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 22, 1972 |
| Designated NHLD | August 5, 1998 |
|  | |


title: Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)

abstract: Ponce de Leon Springs was a mineral spring in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. The spring was a popular tourist destination from the mid-1800s through the early 1900s. Around the turn of the century, the land surrounding the spring was developed into an amusement park. By the 1920s, the amusement park was demolished, and the area was developed for industrial and, later, commercial properties. Residents of Atlanta had known of the spring, which was located about 2 miles (3.2 km) northeast of downtown Atlanta, since the early 1800s, though it was not until the mid-1800s that they became a popular tourist area as a local destination spa. The mineral content of the water was thought to provide health benefits to drinkers, and the spring was named in reference to the legend of Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León's search for the Fountain of Youth. By the 1870s, there was a streetcar line extending from downtown to the spring, following a route that would later become Ponce de Leon Avenue, one of the city's busiest thoroughfares. In the early 1900s, the spring was sold to developers who created an amusement park on the site, nicknaming it "the Coney Island of Atlanta". By the 1920s, the amusement park's popularity began to wane and the land was eventually sold to Sears, Roebuck and Co., who built their regional distribution and retail headquarters on the site. Today, the building is Ponce City Market, a mixed-use development, and some of the original land that was home to the spring has been developed into the Historic Fourth Ward Park.

text:
# Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)

**Ponce de Leon Springs** was a mineral spring in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. The spring was a popular tourist destination from the mid-1800s through the early 1900s. Around the turn of the century, the land surrounding the spring was developed into an amusement park. By the 1920s, the amusement park was demolished, and the area was developed for industrial and, later, commercial properties.

Residents of Atlanta had known of the spring, which was located about 2 miles (3.2 km) northeast of downtown Atlanta, since the early 1800s, though it was not until the mid-1800s that they became a popular tourist area as a local destination spa. The mineral content of the water was thought to provide health benefits to drinkers, and the spring was named in reference to the legend of Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León's search for the Fountain of Youth. By the 1870s, there was a streetcar line extending from downtown to the spring, following a route that would later become Ponce de Leon Avenue, one of the city's busiest thoroughfares. In the early 1900s, the spring was sold to developers who created an amusement park on the site, nicknaming it "the Coney Island of Atlanta". By the 1920s, the amusement park's popularity began to wane and the land was eventually sold to Sears, Roebuck and Co., who built their regional distribution and retail headquarters on the site. Today, the building is Ponce City Market, a mixed-use development, and some of the original land that was home to the spring has been developed into the Historic Fourth Ward Park.

## History

### Early history

In the United States in the 1800s, numerous mineral spas were developed around naturally occurring mineral springs. These locations, such as Saratoga Springs in New York and White Sulphur Springs in Virginia, were very popular tourist locations as destination spas, while the mineral water produced at the springs was sought out for its perceived health effects. In the U.S. state of Georgia, there were eleven such mineral springs that had been commercially developed prior to the American Civil War, though many of those resorts were destroyed during that conflict. In Atlanta, Georgia, around the mid-1800s, there were several natural springs that provided the city's residents with fresh drinking water and leisure areas, such as the Atlanta Mineral Spring. Another spring located in the Atlanta metropolitan area was the Ponce de Leon Springs. This spring was located northeast of the city, about 1 mile (1.6 km) outside of the city limits and 2 miles (3.2 km) away from Downtown Atlanta. The area was a low-lying vale where two creeks met, and the spring itself was surrounded by a grove of beech trees. Not far from the area to the southeast was another well-known spring called Angier Spring. People in the area had known of the Ponce de Leon Springs since at least the early 1800s. Between 1818 and 1820, John Young, a cattle rancher from the area, built a house near the spring, and by the 1830s, the spring was being used as a source of drinking water for some local residents. The water originated from a source rock of gneiss and biotite, with the water being chalybeate. The water was considered medicinal and good for health because of its mineral quality. As a result, in the 1860s, Henry L. Wilson, a retired physician from Atlanta, named the spring the Ponce de Leon Springs as a reference to the legend of Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León and his search for the Fountain of Youth.

### Popularity as a trolley park

By the 1860s, the spring was under the private ownership of John Armistead. Around this time, the spring started to become a major source of Atlanta's water supply after Yancey Springs, another freshwater spring in the city, had been filled in in 1868 to make way for a new railroad in the city. By 1870, Ponce de Leon Springs had also become a popular day trip destination for Atlanta citizens. With the spring's popularity well-established, Armistead began bottling the water and established a residential water delivery service by 1871. That same year, the Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway constructed a railroad near the spring, which was located at the foot of its embankment. This railroad would later come under the ownership of Southern Railway. In 1872, an amphitheater with a dance pavilion was constructed near the spring, and that same year, a local businessman established an omnibus service to the spring, with a one-way fare of $0.50. The service ran between the spring and Kimball House in downtown and helped to increase tourism to the spring. At the time, it was one of only a handful of public parks in the area, alongside Oglethorpe Park, Oakland Cemetery, and a small park near Atlanta City Hall. Around this same time, Richard Peters, a co-owner of the Atlanta Street Railway, took notice of the increasing popularity of the spring and had a route created to the location. This route, a part of the railway's Nine-Mile Circle, was an extension of their Peachtree Street line and followed a path that would later become known as Ponce de Leon Avenue, one of the most traveled thoroughfares in the city. The line opened in June 1874 and charged a fare of $0.10, which was twice the amount the railway charged for their other routes. This increased price was due to the remote location of the spring, which was in a sparsely populated area, and the line only ran for six months out of the year, as few people visited the spring during the winter. Additionally, the railway had had to construct a bridge across Clear Creek to reach the spring. By 1884, another rail company, the Gate City Street Railroad, had also established a line to take people from downtown to the spring. In 1875, an article in *The Atlanta Constitution* called the spring "Atlanta's Charming Suburban Resort". By this time, a bath house had also been built at the spring, and there were numerous vendors selling fruit and ice cream to the visitors. A ten-pin bowling alley was added by 1879, the same year that the spring was discussed in the national publication *Harper's New Monthly Magazine*, and by 1881, the spring was receiving several thousand visitors annually. The popularity of the spring during this time was part of a larger nationwide trend of trolley parks that had become popular in large cities throughout the United States.

### Purchase by the Atlanta Street Railway

In May 1886, Armistead, who still owned the land, began to charge visitors $0.05 to drink water from the spring. Armistead's decision was met with resistance from the Atlanta Street Railway, whose management worried that customer frustration over the charge could hurt their business. However, the following year, the railway purchased the land from Armistead. In January 1888, the railway leased the land to N. C. Bosche, a local businessman who planned to convert the area into a beer garden, though this plan never came to fruition. Two years later, in 1890, W. A. Hemphill, the president of the railway, hired Julius Hartman, a local landscape designer, to renovate the area. Hartman had previously worked on developing Little Switzerland, an amusement park near Grant Park that would later be known as the White City. Hartman proposed enhancing the natural beauty of the area by adding walking paths and by creating a 4-acre (1.6 ha) large artificial lake called Ponce de Leon Lake. This lake, as well as a smaller pond called Pairs Pond, were created in mid-1890. Around the same time that the railway company had purchased the land, African Americans began to be denied entry to the area. Throughout the early 1880s and before, the parkland had previously been open to both African Americans and white Americans, though they were required to use separate venues while at the park. However, by 1887, black people who were taking the streetcar to the spring were told by police that they would not be allowed to enter the land.

### Amusement park

In January 1903, 47 acres (19 ha) of land surrounding the spring was purchased by a company that would eventually be known as the Ponce de Leon Amusement Company, which intended to develop the land as an amusement park. Construction began the following month and saw the creation of several new buildings, a theater, a carousel, and a casino. The owners also brought in many other amusement rides and attractions similar to those found at the resort areas of Coney Island, New York, and Atlantic City, New Jersey, such as a ping pong parlor, a gravity railroad, a Ferris wheel, and a penny arcade, among others. The new area soon became known as "the Coney Island of Atlanta". The park was scheduled to open for its inaugural season in May 1903, but this opening was postponed by about a month. The casino opened on June 1 with a performance of *The Lady Slavey* operetta, and the park as a whole opened to several thousand visitors several days later on June 6. Like with the spring area before it, this amusement park enforced a policy of racial segregation, only allowing African Americans entry if they were servants for white guests. In 1906, the park was purchased by the Ponce de Leon Park Association, which was run by casino lessee Jack Wells as president, Joseph Whitehead as treasurer, and Hugh L. Cardoza as secretary and manager. The association invested $50,000 into renovations for the park (equivalent to $1,695,556 in 2023), which added new attractions and ushered in the park's heyday. In 1907, the lake was filled in and a ballpark, Ponce de Leon Park, was built on the location. This ballpark served as the home venue for the Atlanta Crackers, the city's Minor League Baseball team, who debuted at the park on May 23 of that year before 8,000 spectators. The ballpark would later also serve as the home venue for the Atlanta Black Crackers, the city's Negro league baseball team.

### Later land use

While the spring and accompanying amusement park remained a popular retreat throughout the early 1900s, by the 1910s, the area around the spring began to see substantial development. In 1914, the Ford Motor Company built a headquarters for their operations in the southeastern United States near the spring. This building served as a factory, showroom, and office for the company until they sold the building to the United States Department of War in 1942. By the early 1920s, the amusement park had fallen out of fashion and, in 1924, Sears, Roebuck and Co. purchased the land that contained the spring and the amusement park in order to construct their new retail and distribution headquarters for the southeast. In 1966, following the construction of Atlanta Stadium, the ballpark was demolished. Following its demolition, the area was converted into commercial real estate and is currently home to Midtown Place, an outdoor shopping mall. In 1990, Sears sold this building to the government of Atlanta, which operated the building for several years as "City Hall East". In 2011, the building was sold by the city to developers who converted it into a mixed-use development called Ponce City Market. Additionally, as of 2016, the Ford building has been converted into an apartment complex called the Ford Factory Lofts. Also in the 2000s, a significant amount of land just south of Ponce City Market in what had previously been the spring area was converted into the Historic Fourth Ward Park, while the railroad right of way that ran next to the spring area has undergone redevelopment as part of the BeltLine, a series of shared-use paths and urban green spaces that surround the city.

1. Zaring 1987, p. 42.
2. McMahon 1944, p. 220.
3. Partridge 1951, p. 55.
4. Clarke 1881, p. 187.
5. Toton 2008.
6. *Harper's New Monthly Magazine* 1879, pp. 39–40.
7. Williamson & Dunham-Jones 2021, p. 169.
8. King 1939, p. 254.
9. King 1939, p. 255.
10. McMahon 1944, p. 224.
11. Irvine 1938, p. 118.
12. Zaring 1987, p. 44.
13. Gravel 2016, p. 28.
14. Herrick & LeGrand 1949, p. 106.
15. Peale 1886, p. 82.
16. Janes 1876, p. 86.
17. Johnson 2020.
18. Wright 1938, p. 199.
19. McMahon 1944, p. 223.
20. McMahon 1944, p. 221.
21. Davis & Davis 2012, pp. xxvii–xxviii.
22. Klima 1982, p. 71.
23. MacDougald 1940, p. 137.
24. King 1939, p. 253.
25. Garrett 1981, p. 22.
26. McMahon 1944, pp. 222–223.
27. Rabinowitz 1994, pp. 150–151.
28. Grant 1993, p. 218.
29. Rabinowitz 1994, p. 151.
30. Mixer 1906, p. 8.
31. *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution* 2020.
32. Johnston 2016.
33. Williamson & Dunham-Jones 2021, pp. 169–173.

## Sources

## Further reading

Media related to Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ponce de Leon Springs | |
| --- | --- |
| An engraving of the spring in 1879 | |
|  | |
| Type | Mineral spring |
| Location | Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
| Coordinates | 33°46′20″N 84°22′0″W / 33.77222°N 84.36667°W / 33.77222; -84.36667 |


title: Porter Consolidated High School

abstract: Porter Consolidated High School is a high school in Wagoner County in Porter, Oklahoma.

text:
# Porter Consolidated High School

**Porter Consolidated High School** is a high school in Wagoner County in Porter, Oklahoma.

35°52′10″N 95°31′20″W / 35.86944°N 95.52222°W / 35.86944; -95.52222

## InfoBox

| Porter Consolidated High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 125 South Main
Porter, Oklahoma
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public Secondary |
| Principal | Jentri Guinn |
| Teaching staff | 10.45 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 155 (2022-2023) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.83 |
| Color(s) |  |
| Mascot | Pirate |


title: Porter Byrum

abstract: Porter Brown Byrum was an American attorney, businessman and philanthropist. The welcome center at his alma mater Wake Forest University is now named for him, as is the Wingate University School of Business.

text:
# Porter Byrum

**Porter Brown Byrum** (July 23, 1920 – March 27, 2017) was an American attorney, businessman and philanthropist. The welcome center at his alma mater Wake Forest University is now named for him, as is the Wingate University School of Business.

## Early life

Byrum was born in Forsyth County, North Carolina, in 1920 to John Thomas Byrum, a Southern Baptist minister, and Isa Ward. He was their fifth and final child, each of them sons.

In 1942, a year after his mother's death, he graduated with *Juris Doctor* from Wake Forest University School of Law, which was then in Wake Forest, North Carolina. Upon graduating, during World War II, he was deployed to Europe, where he served as a captain in the United States Army under General George Patton in the Battle of the Bulge. He also helped liberate Buchenwald concentration camp.

## Career

In 1967, Byrum bought Park Road Shopping Center in Charlotte, North Carolina. On June 16, 2011, he announced that the shopping center would be donated to three local colleges: Queens University of Charlotte, Wingate University and Wake Forest University. Byrum had held ownership of the shopping center for nearly 44 years. Just one month later, the three colleges sold the shopping center, for $82 million, to Edens & Avant, a shopping center operator and developer.

After the war, he settled in Charlotte, and began a sixty-year career practicing law. He decided not to charge hourly fees, instead billing according to the help offered. He also had a fifty-year association with Charlotte Aircraft Corporation, and was vice-president and of legal counsel to Allied Life Insurance Company.

## Personal life

Byrum donated over $120 million to Wake Forest University, all as scholarships. In 1993, he established the John Thomas Byrum Law Scholarship in memory of his father, who died in 1961. In 2001, he established the Porter B. Byrum Athletic Scholarship, followed five years later by the Porter B. Byrum Scholarship for undergraduate students. He received its Law School's highest honor, the Carroll Weathers Award, in 2006.

In 2011, the Wake Forest University Welcome Center, nicknamed the "front porch" was named for Byrum. His portrait hangs in its lobby.

Wingate University's School of Business, established in 2011, is also named for Byrum.

In 1994, he leased 250 acres (100 ha) of land near Huntersville, North Carolina, for the inaugural Carolina Renaissance Festival.

## Death

Byrum died in 2017, aged 96. He was interred in Ballards Bridge Baptist Church Cemetery in Tyner, North Carolina, alongside his parents and stepmother, Helen, who died in 1982.

## InfoBox

| Porter Byrum | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 23, 1920
Forsyth County, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | March 27, 2017(2017-03-27) (aged 96)
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Resting place | Ballards Bridge Baptist Church Cemetery, Tyner, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |


title: Popiel

abstract: Prince Popiel ІІ was a legendary 9th-century ruler of two proto-Polish tribes, the Goplans and West Polans. He was the last member of the Popielids, a mythical dynasty before the Piasts. According to the chroniclers Gallus Anonymus, Jan Długosz, and Marcin Kromer, as a consequence of his bad rule he was deposed, besieged by his subjects, and eaten alive by mice in a tower in Kruszwica. As the legend goes, Prince Popiel was a cruel and corrupt ruler who cared only for wine, women, and song. He was greatly influenced by his wife, a beautiful but power-hungry German princess. Because of Popiel's misrule and his failure to defend the land from marauding Vikings, his twelve uncles conspired to depose him; however, at his wife's instigation, he had them all poisoned during a feast. Instead of cremating their bodies as was the custom, he had the corpses cast into Lake Gopło. When the commoners saw what Popiel and his wife had done, they rebelled. The couple took refuge in a tower near the lake. As the story goes, a throng of mice and rats rushed into the tower, chewed through the walls, and devoured Popiel and his wife alive. Prince Popiel was succeeded by Piast the Wheelwright and Siemowit. On the shore of Lake Gopło stands a medieval tower, nicknamed the Mouse Tower; however, it bears no relation to the site of the events described in the legend as it was erected some 500 years thereafter.

text:
# Popiel

**Prince Popiel ІІ** (or Duke Popiel) was a legendary 9th-century ruler of two proto-Polish tribes, the Goplans and West Polans. He was the last member of the Popielids, a mythical dynasty before the Piasts. According to the chroniclers Gallus Anonymus, Jan Długosz, and Marcin Kromer, as a consequence of his bad rule he was deposed, besieged by his subjects, and eaten alive by mice in a tower in Kruszwica.

As the legend goes, Prince Popiel was a cruel and corrupt ruler who cared only for wine, women, and song. He was greatly influenced by his wife, a beautiful but power-hungry German princess. Because of Popiel's misrule and his failure to defend the land from marauding Vikings, his twelve uncles conspired to depose him; however, at his wife's instigation, he had them all poisoned during a feast (some believe that she committed the act herself). Instead of cremating their bodies as was the custom, he had the corpses cast into Lake Gopło.

When the commoners saw what Popiel and his wife had done, they rebelled. The couple took refuge in a tower near the lake. As the story goes, a throng of mice and rats (which had been feeding on the unburnt bodies of Popiel's uncles) rushed into the tower, chewed through the walls, and devoured Popiel and his wife alive. Prince Popiel was succeeded by Piast the Wheelwright and Siemowit.

On the shore of Lake Gopło stands a medieval tower, nicknamed the Mouse Tower; however, it bears no relation to the site of the events described in the legend as it was erected some 500 years thereafter.

* Mouse Tower – a similar legend about the cruelty and demise of Hatto II (Archbishop of Mainz).
* *An Ancient Tale* – novel by Polish writer Józef Kraszewski


title: Poole Guildhall

abstract: Poole Guildhall is a municipal building in Market Street, Poole, Dorset, England. The guildhall, which is used as a register office and a venue for weddings and civil partnership ceremonies, is a Grade II* listed building.

text:
# Poole Guildhall

**Poole Guildhall** is a municipal building in Market Street, Poole, Dorset, England. The guildhall, which is used as a register office and a venue for weddings and civil partnership ceremonies, is a Grade II\* listed building.

## History

The guildhall was commissioned at a time when Poole prospered from the cross-Atlantic and Mediterranean trade routes. Ships would sail from Poole to Newfoundland loaded with salt and provisions; they then transported fish from Newfoundland to Spain, Portugal and Italy and returned to Poole laden with wine, olive oil, dried fruits, and salt. The building was funded by public subscription with much of the funding donated by two local members of parliament, Joseph Gulston and Thomas Calcraft. The building was designed in the Georgian style, built in red brick with stone dressings at a cost of £2,250 and was completed in 1761.

The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with three bays facing southwest down Market Street; the central bay, featured a projecting two storey structure consisting of a rusticated base which supported a portico with Tuscan order columns and a pediment accessed by fine curved staircases on either side. The outer bays were fenestrated by segmental sash windows with keystones on the first floor and the whole elevation was surmounted by a pediment with a clock in the tympanum and a sundial at the apex of the pediment. The side elevations were arcaded so that meat markets could be held with seven openings on the ground floor and the same number of segmental sash windows with keystones on the first floor. At roof level, there was a central cupola and weather vane. Internally, the principal room was the council chamber on the first floor.

The guildhall was consecrated and used as the local parish church while the old St. James Church was being rebuilt in the Georgian style between 1819 and 1821. It became the meeting place of the municipal borough of Poole when it was formed in 1836 and continued to serve as a court of record, magistrates' court, Court of Admiralty and a venue for Quarter Sessions for much of the 19th century. It was outside the guildhall that, in 1886, a local man, John King, murdered a councillor, Horatio Hamilton, who had advised him that, unless he found the funds to purchase a boat, his licence as a harbour pilot would be withdrawn.

The building continued to serve as the headquarters of the borough council until the council moved to Poole Civic Centre at the junction between Parkstone Road and Sandbanks Road in May 1932. During the Second World War, the guildhall was used as a canteen and meeting room for American troops preparing to take part in the invasion of France. The showers and washing facilities installed at that time were later converted into public baths which were used until the 1960s.

Poole Museum, which had previously been based in Lagland Street, relocated to the guildhall in 1971 and remained on the first floor of the building until moving to new premises in the Lower High Street area in 1989. After some 16 years of disuse and increasing dilapidation, an extensive programme of refurbishment works was carried out to a design by HGP Conservation in the early 21st century. The works, which cost of £800,000, involved the conversion of the building for use as a register office and a venue for weddings and civil partnership ceremonies. It was officially re-opened by the Princess Royal in October 2007.

## InfoBox

| Poole Guildhall | |
| --- | --- |
| Poole Guildhall | |
| Location | Market Street, Poole |
| Coordinates | 50°42′53″N 1°59′14″W / 50.7147°N 1.9872°W / 50.7147; -1.9872 |
| Built | 1761 |
| Architectural style(s) | Georgian style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | The Guildhall |
| Designated | 14 June 1954 |
| Reference no. | 1266739 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in Dorset | |


title: Portrait of Catharina Brugman

abstract: Portrait of Catharina Brugman is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1634 and now in a private collection. It is considered a pendant to the portrait of Catharina's husband Tieleman Roosterman.

text:
# Portrait of Catharina Brugman

***Portrait of Catharina Brugman*** is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1634 and now in a private collection. It is considered a pendant to the portrait of Catharina's husband Tieleman Roosterman.

## Life

Catharina Brugman was baptized in Amsterdam on 15 October 1609 as the daughter of the cloth merchant Jan Pietersz Brugman and Maria Adriaens. She was engaged to Tieleman on 27 November 1631, the same year that a property investment in the Beemster was made over from Jan's name to his widow Maria. This same property was later made over to Tieleman in 1649.

## Painting

The portrait was inscribed with the year 1634 and the bride's age being 22, but since she was 22 when she married in 1631 it is probably a bit earlier. Similar to Hals' other wedding portraits of standing women, she is holding the back of a chair with her right hand. Her diadem cap is edged with lace in the manner of Hals' portrait of Sara Wolphaerts van Diemen. Her dress is the height of fashion and shows a moment when flat collars and wide millstone collars were worn together. She is holding a wedding glove that presumably matches the one in her husband's portrait. Her portrait was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1910, who wrote:

> 218. CATHARINA BRUGMAN, wife of Tileman Roosterman. . 59; . 66. Three-quarter-length. She stands, turning slightly to the left, and looks at the spectator. Her right hand rests on the back of a chair; her left hand holds her gloves. She wears a lace-trimmed cap, a rich dress with a lace collar as well as a ruff and fine lace ruffles. At the top to the left is her coat-of-arms. Inscribed below the coat-of-arms, "AETA SVAE 22 (and under this) ANo 1634"; canvas, 46 inches by 34 inches. Exhibited by the Amsterdam dealers F. Muller, 1907, No. 13. In the collection of Count Andre Mniszech, Paris. In the possession of the Paris dealer F. Kleinberger.

Hofstede de Groot did not identify it as a pendant of Tieleman's portrait, but he wrote very little about it: "354. Portrait of a Man. See B. 126; M. 131. He wears a velvet coat with a white collar and wristbands. He holds his hat in one hand, and his gloves in the other. Inscribed, "aetat 36, 1634"; canvas, 46 inches by 33 1/2 inches. Sale. F. J. Gsell, Vienna, March 14, 1872, No. 40."

In 1974 Seymour Slive listed these as pendants.

The painting was exhibited publicly for the first time since the 1930s at the Frans Hals exhibition at the National Gallery, London in 2023-24 alongside its pendant.

## Wedding Pendant

## InfoBox

| Portrait of Catharina Brugman | |
| --- | --- |
| *Portrait of Catharina Brugmans*, 1634, oil on canvas, 115 cm x 85 cm. | |
| Artist | Frans Hals |
| Year | 1634 (1634) |
| Catalogue | Hofstede de Groot, Catalog 1910: #218 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 115 cm × 85 cm (45 in × 33 in) |
| Owner | Private collection |


title: Port Aggregation Protocol

abstract: Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is a Cisco Systems proprietary networking protocol, which is used for the automated, link aggregation of Ethernet switch ports, known as an EtherChannel. PAgP is proprietary to Cisco Systems. A similar protocol known as Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) — released by the IEEE — is an industry standard and is not tied to a specific vendor. PAgP messages are always sent to the well-known Cisco multicast address 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CC with protocol type code 0x0104. PAgP uses the same multicast group MAC address of CDP.

text:
# Port Aggregation Protocol

**Port Aggregation Protocol** (**PAgP**) is a Cisco Systems proprietary networking protocol, which is used for the automated, link aggregation of Ethernet switch ports, known as an EtherChannel. PAgP is proprietary to Cisco Systems. A similar protocol known as Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) — released by the IEEE — is an industry standard and is not tied to a specific vendor.

PAgP messages are always sent to the well-known Cisco multicast address 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CC with protocol type code 0x0104. PAgP uses the same multicast group MAC address of CDP.

## Cisco implementation

PAgP can be configured on a Cisco switch to operate in three different modes:

* *auto* \- passive negotiation of the channel
* *desirable* \- active negotiation of the channel
* *on* \- no protocols are used: it assumes the other side has enabled link aggregation.

On Cisco network devices running CatOS, a single switch module may only be configured to run in either LACP or PAgP modes. Cisco devices that run IOS (native and/or non-hybrid mode boxes) support individual port configuration for LACP and are not restricted to per-module settings as with CatOS.

## Limitations

A limitation of Port Aggregation Protocol is that all the physical ports in the aggregation group must reside on the same switch. Cisco's 6500 and the 4500E platforms, remove this limitation using Virtual Switching System (VSS), which allows port channels to be split between two chassis.

PAgP is not supported in Cisco Nexus Switches.

## Advantages

With Port Aggregation Protocol "the line speed of an agport is the total of the line speeds of each of its physical ports." This does not automatically mean that a single transfer will use all of the aggregated interfaces bandwidth; rather, this depend on the distribution method of choice. Most Cisco switches use src/dst MAC address hash as distribution method, meaning that a single session will use the bandwidth of a single interface. Other Cisco switches uses a proprietary distribution method which enable true frame round-robin, enabling maximum link speed to be the same as the sum of the interfaces composing the aggregation group. This mean packet order can be altered, however.

Plain EtherChannel load-balancing works by having the switch assign a hash result from 0-7 based on the configured hash method (load-balancing algorithm) for the type of traffic. This hash result is commonly called a Result Bundle Hash (RBH). They are then divided out over the available links. Therefore, no single flow can exceed the speed of a physical port. However, some PagP-enabled switches can negotiate between a "maximize load balancing" and "preserve ordering" link: the former give maximum aggregated bandwidth at the expense of packet ordering, while the latter assures no packet reordering to occur but limit a single transfer to the bandwidth of a single interface.


title: Pores of Kohn

abstract: The pores of Kohn are discrete holes in walls of adjacent alveoli. Cuboidal type II alveolar cells, which produce surfactant, usually form part of aperture.

text:
# Pores of Kohn

The **pores of Kohn** (also known as **interalveolar connections** or **alveolar pores**) are discrete holes in walls of adjacent alveoli. Cuboidal type II alveolar cells, which produce surfactant, usually form part of aperture.

## Etymology

The pores of Kohn take their name from the German physician and pathologist Hans Nathan Kohn (1866–1935) who first described them in 1893.

## Development

They are absent in human newborns. They develop at 3–4 years of age along with canals of Lambert during the process of thinning of alveolar septa.

## Function

The pores allow the passage of other materials such as fluid and bacteria, which is an important mechanism of spread of infection in lobar pneumonia and spread of fibrin in the grey hepatisation phase of recovery from the same. They also equalize the pressure in adjacent alveoli and, combined with increased distribution of surfactant, thus play an important role in prevention of collapse of the lung.

Unlike adults, in children these inter-alveolar connections are poorly developed which aids in limiting the spread of infection. This is thought to contribute to round pneumonia.


title: Popolopen

abstract: Popolopen is the name of several related landmarks mainly within the Hudson Highlands of Orange County, New York. These include a peak, Popolopen Torne—or simply "The Torne", and a short and steep-sided nearby valley officially called Hell Hole, but often Popolopen Gorge. Popolopen Creek runs through this valley. The Popolopen Bridge spans its mouth at the Hudson River and is crossed by Route 9W. Popolopen Lake feeds the headwaters of its namesake creek. Despite local usage, the United States Board on Geographical Names recognizes only the lake, creek and bridge as bearing the name "Popolopen."

text:
# Popolopen

**Popolopen** is the name of several related landmarks mainly within the Hudson Highlands of Orange County, New York. These include a peak, Popolopen Torneor simply "The Torne", and a short and steep-sided nearby valley officially called Hell Hole, but often Popolopen Gorge. Popolopen Creek runs through this valley. The Popolopen Bridge spans its mouth at the Hudson River and is crossed by Route 9W. Popolopen Lake feeds the headwaters of its namesake creek. Despite local usage, the United States Board on Geographical Names recognizes only the lake, creek and bridge as bearing the name "Popolopen."

## Popolopen Torne

Popolopen Torne (officially called "The Torne") is a small peak with a relatively sharp and barren summit, part of the Hudson Highlands, at 942 feet (287 meters) above sea level. The blue-blazed, horseshoe-shaped Timp Torne trail makes a loop from Mine Torne Road to the summit and back again. Its short and steep ascent offers hikers 360° views of the Hudson River, West Point, Bear Mountain, and Harriman State Park. U.S. Route 6 passes through the valley formed between Popolopen Torne and Bear Mountain just before it reaches the Bear Mountain Bridge.

## Lake Popolopen

Lake Popolopen is a lake northwest of the mountain, on the West Point Military Reservation near New York State Route 293. Camp Buckner and Camp Natural Bridge are located at the lake, which is frequently used for training and recreation. The lake comprises the largest body of water at West Point, and is used for aquatic training such as scuba diving and amphibious assault.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, cadets from West Point traditionally had a three-day war game dubbed "the Battle of Popolopen" each August. The lake was originally the site of a summer camp. Its waters were drawn to supply nearby mining operations.

During World War II, the Army purchased the land for exclusive military use. It adapted the remains of the summer retreat as Camp Popolopen, a POW camp for German prisoners. After the war, the name was changed to Camp Buckner.

The New York Department of Environmental Conservation began stocking tiger muskies in Lake Popolopen in 2011. 400 fish measuring 10.5" were stocked in 2011, and 800 fish measuring 10.5" were stocked in 2012.

## Popolopen Creek

Popolopen Creekalso called Popolopen Brookis an approximately 10.4-mile-long (16.7 km) stream, fed mainly by Lake Popolopen, Mine Lake, Stillwell Lake, and Weyant's Pond, eventually draining into the Hudson River. The creek's watershed, or drainage basin, covers about 30 square miles (77 km²) It runs mainly through lands occupied by the US Military Academy, to a gorge between Bear Mountain and Popolopen Torne, and drains to the Hudson River at Fort Clinton, New York.

### "Hell Hole"

Local usage applies "Hell Hole" to a series of small plunge pools within this gorge, although the usage contradicts the U.S. Geological Survey maps and other widely used sources.

The geologist K.E. Lowe wrote that the gorge known as Hell Hole is the result of a fault within a regional intrusion of crystalline rock called Storm King granite. He said, "Despite painstaking investigation, the writer found only one outcrop revealing direct evidence of faulting. A badly weathered, unhealed zone of crushed Storm King granite is exposed in the south wall of upper Hell Hole. Its continuation is unfortunately lost under debris from the construction of \[highway\] US 6 which mantles most of the Bear Mountain side of the valley."

For most of its length through the gorge, the creek is narrow and extremely rocky, with fast moving rapids and several waterfalls. It can only be reached on foot and is not generally navigable by boat.

The red-blazed Popolopen Gorge Trail runs along the south side of the creek to a foot bridge just south of Popolopen Torne. Here, it joins the blue-blazed Timp-Torne, 1777 West and 1779 trails. These run along the north side of the creek from Hell Hole to the bridge, with the Timp-Torne detouring over the summit of Popolopen Torne. They cross the footbridge and join the Popolopen Gorge Trail to detour around West Point property, and the combined trails turn southwest and follow the valley of Queensboro Brook.

## Popolopen Bridge

During the American Revolution, the mouth of Popolopen Creek was spanned by a pontoon bridge. Much later, the road north from Hessian Lake to Fort Montgomery once crossed the lower part of the gorge by an iron bridge. The steep descents into the gorge and sharp turns onto this bridge made it dangerous for auto traffic. In 1916 the road (then Route 3, renumbered U.S. Route 9W in 1930) was rerouted over a high steel viaduct further downstream, near the site of Fort Montgomery, in 1916. Another bridge was built immediately adjacent in 1936.

Called Popolopen Bridge, the 1936 structure is of the deck truss design, more than 600 feet long, 48 feet wide. It rises about 150 feet above the mouth of Popolopen Creek. As of 2000, its average daily traffic was about 18,000 vehicles. Although rehabilitation was performed in 1992, additional repairs were completed in 2007. .

As noted above a new footbridge (built 2002) has been constructed across the Popolopen Creek's just downstream from this bridge. The concept design of this bridge was proposed by Bruce Ramsay & Jim Hume of Cleveland Bridge Pty. Ltd. of the U.K., Cleveland Bridge were also responsible for its construction. The footbridge was designed as a suspended rope truss, which results in a very stiff bridge due to its diagonal braces. Another special feature is the fiber composite deck in lieu of a traditional timber deck for this type of structure. The fiber composite deck adds lightness, long term durability and reduced maintenance requirements. The bridge is of similar design to the Wheeling Suspension Bridge in West Virginia.

## Industry

Iron mining and smelting once took place along the upper reaches of Popolopen Creek. The Forest of Dean Mine produced iron ore from the Revolutionary era into the twentieth century, and operated a narrow gauge railroad along the creek as far as the eastern slopes of Popolopen Torne. The mine site has been submerged by Stilwell Lake. Queensboro Furnace, located just above the outlet of Queensboro Brook into the creek, smelted iron during the late eighteenth century. The remains of the furnace have been preserved, as part of the grounds of the West Point Military Reservation.

A grist mill was built in 1799 by Eugene Lucet. The Route 9W highway crossing was later constructed downriver from this. A dam was built upstream in 1901, just above the old Hell Hole bridge, to improve the water supply to the mill. The dam is still intact, and water pools behind it when the creek flow exceeds that of the outlet near the bottom. This intermittent body of water is marked "Roe Pond" on some maps; at least one other pond in the area has the same name. Later converted to a hydroelectric plant, the mill building was demolished in the 1950s.

An aqueduct was built on the north side of the gorge in 1906 to bring water from Queensboro Brook and Popolopen Creek to West Point. Another was built on the south side in 1929–30 to supply Bear Mountain State Park with water from Queensboro Lake. Repairs to the latter required the closing of the combined Popolopen Gorge–1777 West–1779–Timp-Torne trails from the fall of 2008 to spring 2009.

## Representation in other media

## InfoBox

| Popolopen | |
| --- | --- |
| Summit of Popolopen Torne in 2006, facing northwest, with Cranberry Brook and the military reservation below. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 942 ft (287 m) |
| Coordinates | 41°19′37″N 74°00′37″W / 41.3269°N 74.0103°W / 41.3269; -74.0103 |
| Naming | |
| Language of name | Dutch |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Highlands, Orange County, New York, U.S. |
| Parent range | Hudson Highlands |
| Topo map | New York New Jersey Trail Conference #119 |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hike |


title: Popua FC

abstract: Popua is a football club from Tonga, currently playing in the Tonga Major League, the highest level of association football competition in Tonga.

text:
# Popua FC

**Popua** is a football club from Tonga, currently playing in the Tonga Major League, the highest level of association football competition in Tonga.

## History

The first record of Popua playing in the Tongan football league system is in the 2013 season, where they finished fourth and last in the Major League Premier Division. They achieved only one point, a 0–0 draw against Marist Prems and lost their other three games, 1–6 to Marist Prems, 2–10 to Ha'amoko United Youth and 0–20 to Lotoha'apai United.

## InfoBox

Popua
| Full name | Popua FC |
| --- | --- |
| League | Tonga Major League |
| 2021 | 2nd |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Port de Grave (electoral district)

abstract: Port de Grave is a defunct provincial electoral district for the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Fishing was a prime industry in the district and many people commute to work in the St. John's area. Bay Roberts was an important service centre for the region and there is some light industrial activity. In 2011, there were 8,914 eligible voters living within the district. The district included the communities of Bay Roberts, Bareneed, Bishop's Cove, Blow Me Down, Bryant's Cove, Hibb's Cove, Port de Grave, Ship Cove, Spaniard's Bay, The Dock, Tilton and Upper Island Cove. The district was one of the strongest Liberal regions of the province, and was one of only three districts to return a Liberal MHA in the 2007 election. The district was abolished in 2015, and was succeeded by the new district of Harbour Grace-Port de Grave.

text:
# Port de Grave (electoral district)

**Port de Grave** is a defunct provincial electoral district for the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Fishing was a prime industry in the district and many people commute to work in the St. John's area. Bay Roberts was an important service centre for the region and there is some light industrial activity. In 2011, there were 8,914 eligible voters living within the district.

The district included the communities of Bay Roberts, Bareneed, Bishop's Cove, Blow Me Down, Bryant's Cove, Hibb's Cove, Port de Grave, Ship Cove, Spaniard's Bay, The Dock, Tilton and Upper Island Cove.

The district was one of the strongest Liberal regions of the province, and was one of only three districts to return a Liberal MHA in the 2007 election.

The district was abolished in 2015, and was succeeded by the new district of Harbour Grace-Port de Grave.

## Members of the House of Assembly

The district has elected the following members of the House of Assembly:

| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29th | 1949–1951 |  | George T. Makinson | Liberal |
| 30th | 1951–1956 | | Isaac Mercer | |
| 31st | 1956–1959 | | Llewellyn Strange | |
| 32nd | 1959–1962 | ||
| 33rd | 1962–1966 | | Eric Dawe | |
| 34th | 1966–1971 | ||
| 35th | 1971–1972 | | James J. Hussey | |
| 36th | 1972–1975 |  | George Wilson | Progressive Conservative |
| 37th | 1975–1979 |  | Eric Dawe | Reform Liberal |
| 38th | 1979–1982 |  | Randy Collins | Progressive Conservative |
| 39th | 1982–1985 | | | |
| 40th | 1985–1989 |  | John Efford | Liberal |
| 41st | 1989–1993 | | | |
| 42nd | 1993–1996 | | | |
| 43rd | 1996–1999 | | | |
| 43rd | 1999–2001 | | | |
| | 2001–2003 | | Roland Butler | |
| 44th | | | 2003–2007 | |
| 45th | | | 2007–2011 | |
| 46th | 2011–2015 |  | Glenn Littlejohn | Progressive Conservative |
|

## Election results

2011 Newfoundland and Labrador general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Glenn Littlejohn | 3,647 | 60.13% |  |
|  | Liberal | Leanne Hussey | 2,022 | 33.34% |  |
|  | NDP | Sarah Downey | 396 | 6.53% |  |

2007 Newfoundland and Labrador general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Roland Butler | 3329 | 50.75% |  |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Glenn Littlejohn | 3069 | 46.78% |  |
|  | NDP | Randy Wayne Dawe | 162 | 2.47% |  |

2003 Newfoundland and Labrador general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Roland Butler | 3983 | 62.66% |  |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Clarence Gosse | 2374 | 37.34% |  |

By-election, 2001 On resignation of John Efford
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Roland Butler | 3309 | 50.75% |  |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Ed Neil | 3211 | 49.24% |  |

1999 Newfoundland and Labrador general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | John Efford | 4488 |  |  |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Paul Cooper | 1026 |  |  |
|  | NDP | Steve Quigley | 185 |  |  |

## InfoBox

Port de Grave
| Newfoundland and Labrador electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Port de Grave in relation to other districts in Newfoundland | |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly |
| District created | 1972 |
| First contested | 1972 |
| Last contested | 2011 |
| Demographics | |
| Population (2006) | 12,015 |
| Electors (2011) | 8,914 |


title: Possum Point

abstract: Possum Point is a small peninsula in Northern Virginia that juts out into Quantico Creek and separates it from the Potomac River. It lies in a suburban area of Washington D.C. Dominion Virginia Power operates a power plant on the point. The area is rich in Civil War History, and a nearby peak, Possum Nose, was the site of a Confederate fort.

text:
# Possum Point

38°32′05″N 77°16′57″W / 38.53472°N 77.28250°W / 38.53472; -77.28250 **Possum Point** is a small peninsula in Northern Virginia that juts out into Quantico Creek and separates it from the Potomac River. It lies in a suburban area of Washington D.C.

Dominion Virginia Power operates a power plant on the point. The area is rich in Civil War History, and a nearby peak, Possum Nose, was the site of a Confederate fort.

## Possum Point Power Station

Possum Point Power Station is a power plant owned by Dominion Virginia Power (A division of Dominion Resources). The plant supplies some of the electricity for the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C. It burns natural gas and oil, however it used to burn coal, and was converted in 2003. Unit 6, a combined cycle unit, was also installed in 2003. Unit 5 was scheduled for retirement by June 1, 2021. Units 3 & 4, previously converted from coal to natural gas, have been identified for retirement in a move away from steam generation.

### Generating Units

| Unit Number | Fuel | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Coal | Retired |
| 2 | Coal | Retired |
| 3 | Natural Gas | Converted From Coal 2003 |
| 4 | Natural Gas | Converted From Coal 2003 |
| 5 | Oil | Uses #6 Low Sulfur Oil |
| 6 | Oil and Natural Gas | Combined Cycle unit, New in 2003 |

## Civil War History

Possum Nose was the site of one of many forts that were built along the Potomac River during the Civil War. It was named Cockpit Point Battery. "The Confederates effectively closed the Potomac to imports into Washington, D.C." It lies halfway between Freestone Point Battery in Leesylvania State Park and Quantico, Virginia.

1. "Coal & Oil Facilities". *Dominion Energy*. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
2. "Possum Point Generating Station". *Dominion's Website*. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014.
3. "1.11.3 Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards", *2020 Virginia Integrated Resource Plan* (PDF), p. 21, archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2020, retrieved 2021-06-17
4. "Dominion Energy will retire more than 2,000 MW of oil, gas, coal capacity". *www.spglobal.com*. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
5. Sale May Save Civil War Fort From Obscurity, by Nikita Stewart, *The Washington Post*.
6. Virginia Forts


title: Potamophylax

abstract: Potamophylax is a genus of insects belonging to the family Limnephilidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

text:
# Potamophylax

***Potamophylax*** is a genus of insects belonging to the family Limnephilidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

## Species

The following are included in *BioLib.cz*:

1. *Potamophylax albergaria* Malicky, 1976
2. *Potamophylax borislavi* Kumanski, 1975
3. *Potamophylax carpathicus* (Dziędzielewicz, 1912)
4. *Potamophylax cingulatus* (Stephens, 1837)
5. *Potamophylax coronavirus* Ibrahimi, Bilalli & Vitecek, 2021
6. *Potamophylax gambaricus* Malicky, 1971
7. *Potamophylax goulandriorum* Malicky, 1974
8. *Potamophylax gurunaki* Malicky, 1992
9. *Potamophylax haidukorum* Malicky, 1999
10. *Potamophylax inermis* Moretti & Cianficconi, 1994
11. *Potamophylax juliani* Kumanski, 1999
12. *Potamophylax jungi* Mey, 1976
13. *Potamophylax latipennis* (Curtis, 1834)
14. *Potamophylax luctuosus* (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783)
15. *Potamophylax millenii* (Klapalek, 1899)
16. *Potamophylax nigricornis* (Pictet, 1834)
17. *Potamophylax pallidus* (Klapalek, 1899)
18. *Potamophylax rotundipennis* (Brauer, 1857)
19. *Potamophylax schmidi* Marinkovic-Gospodnetic, 1971
20. *Potamophylax seprus* J. Olah, O Lodovici & M Valle, 2011
21. *Potamophylax winneguthi* (Klapálek, 1902)

## InfoBox

| *Potamophylax* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Potamophylax nigricornis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Trichoptera |
| Family: | Limnephilidae |
| Tribe: | Stenophylacini |
| Genus: | *Potamophylax*<br>Wallengren, 1891 |
|


title: Pousada de Rengos

abstract: Pousada de Rengos is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

text:
# Pousada de Rengos

**Pousada de Rengos** is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

## Villages

* Caldeviḷḷa de Rengos
* Pousada de Rengos
* Ventanueva
* Viḷḷar de Pousada

## InfoBox

| Pousada de Rengos | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish | |
| Pousada de Rengos | |
| Coordinates: 43°03′N 6°36′W / 43.05°N 6.6°W / 43.05; -6.6 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Asturias |
| Province | Asturias |
| Municipality | Cangas del Narcea |


title: Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn

abstract: Poul Thomsen Vendelbo de Løvenørn, born Poul Thomsen was a Danish military officer, diplomat and landowner. He served as Secretary of War and Minister of the Navy in the 1730s and was the owner of Bregentved Manor.

text:
# Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn

**Poul Thomsen Vendelbo de Løvenørn**, born **Poul Thomsen** (5 April 1686 – 27 February 1740) was a Danish military officer, diplomat and landowner. He served as Secretary of War and Minister of the Navy in the 1730s and was the owner of Bregentved Manor.

## Early life and education

He was born at Horsens, the son of farmer Thomas Poulsen Vendelbo (or Windelboe) (died 1693) and wife Anne Nielsdatter (1645–1708). His father died in 1693 and the mother then married customs officer Stephan Jacobsen (1664–1728) in 1694. He studied theology.

## Career

He then travelled to Russia where he initially worked as a teacher and later became adjutant general at the court of Peter the Great.

King Frederick IV raised him to the peerage under the surname Løvenørn on his return to Denmark in 1711. He was promoted through the ranks as a military officer and on 16 April 1722, was created Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. He later served as Danish envoy om Berlin. In 1726, he was appointed to district governor (*amtmand*) of Aarhus County.

Løbenørn was appointed to Secretary of War in 1730 and *gehejmeråd* in 1731. In 1733 he was appointed to general. He was a favorite of both King Frederick IV and King Christian VI. He was granted the Order of the Elephant in 1739.

## Personal life

Løvenørn married on 21 March 1714 in the Church of Our lady to Ingeborg Dorthea Vinding, (13 June 1686 – 28 January 1734), daughter of professor at the University of Copenhagen Poul Vinding (1658–1712) and Margrethe S. Bøgvad (1660–1721). His wife bore him a son, Frederik de Løvenørn (6 May 1715 – 15 October 1779) who became a military officer and district governor of Kronborg and Antvorskov.

Løvenørn purchased Bregentved Manor on very favorable conditions from the king in 1721. He died on 27 February 1740.

## Cultural references

Ambrosius Stub (1705–1758) wrote the poem *Om Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn* (1740) about Løvenørn on the occasion of his death.

Carl Ploug (1813–1894) wrote a six-page romantic poem about Løvenørn's early years and first encounter with his wife. The poem, entitled *A Kiss*, is included on the anthology *Hovedværker i den danske Literatur* (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1889).

## InfoBox

| Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Secretary of War of the Navy | |
| **In office**
1730–1740 | |
| Preceded by | Ditlev Revenfeld |
| Succeeded by | Michael Numsen |
| Secretary of War of the Navy | |
| **In office**
1730–1735 | |
| Preceded by | Ditlev Revenfeld |
| Succeeded by | Frederik Danneskiold-Samsøe |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Poul Vendelbo
(1686-04-05)5 April 1686
Horsens, Denmark |
| Died | 27 February 1740(1740-02-27) (aged 53)
Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Spouse | Dorthea Vinding (m. 1714) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Denmark-Norway |
| Branch/service | Royal Danish Army |
| Years of service | (1711–1740) |
| Rank | General (1738) |
| Commands | Cavalry |
|  | |


title: Poullin JP.30

abstract: The Poullin JP.30 was a French single-seat agricultural aircraft designed and built by Jean Poullin, of which one example was constructed and first flown on 15 August 1952.

text:
# Poullin JP.30

The **Poullin JP.30** was a French single-seat agricultural aircraft designed and built by Jean Poullin, of which one example was constructed and first flown on 15 August 1952.

## Development

The JP.30 was specified for agricultural use including crop-spraying. The powerplant was a Continental C-90 of 90 hp (67 kW). It was a single-seat high-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage.

## Operational history

After several years agricultural service, the aircraft, *F-WGIR*, was retired and used as an advertising feature for the former Bar de l'Escadrille at Guyancourt airfield to the west of Paris, where it was last noted in June 1963.

## Specifications (variant)

*Data from* Aviafrance

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 6.06 m (19 ft 11 in)
* **Wingspan:** 10.00 m (32 ft 10 in)
* **Height:** 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in)
* **Empty weight:** 445 kg (981 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 695 kg (1,532 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Continental C-90 , 67 kW (90 hp)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 140 km/h (87 mph, 76 kn)

## InfoBox

| JP.30 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The sole Poullin JP.30 after retirement, up-ended on its nose, in use as an advertising feature at Guyancourt airfield, Paris, in June 1963. | |
| Role | single-seat agricultural aircraft |
| National origin | France |
| Designer | Jean Poullin |
| First flight | 15 August 1952 |
| Introduction | 1952 |
| Status | scrapped |
| Primary user | agriculture |
| Number built | 1 |


title: Praxis (album)

abstract: Praxis is a live album by Cecil Taylor recorded in Italy in July 1968 and released on the Greek Praxis label as a double LP. It features the first solo piano performance released by Taylor but has yet to be released on CD.

text:
# Praxis (album)

***Praxis*** is a live album by Cecil Taylor recorded in Italy in July 1968 and released on the Greek Praxis label as a double LP. It features the first solo piano performance released by Taylor but has yet to be released on CD.

## Track listing

*All compositions by Cecil Taylor.* 1. "Praxis, Part I" - 18:37
2. "Praxis, Part II" - 19:14
3. "Praxis, Part III" - 19:15
4. "Praxis, Part IV" - 19:00

* Recorded in Italy in July 1968

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Praxis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Cecil Taylor | |
| Released | 1982 |
| Recorded | July 1968 |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 76:06 |
| Label | Praxis |
| Cecil Taylor chronology | |
| *Communications*
(1966) ***Praxis***
(1982) *The Great Concert of Cecil Taylor*
(1969) | |


title: Premios Oye! 2009

abstract: The 8th Annual Premios Oye! took place at the Auditorio del Estado in Guanajuato, Guanajuato on November 24, 2009. The nominees were announced on September 29 with Alexander Acha and Banda el Recodo receiving 4 nominations, followed by Fanny Lu, Jenni Rivera, Vicente Fernández and Zoé with 3 each one. It will be celebrated in Guanajuato in order to commemorate the 200th Anniversary of the Mexican Independence Day Grito de Dolores. Rapahel will be awarded by the Academia Nacional de la Música en México for his 50 years or career. The voting process is certified by PricewaterhouseCoopers.

text:
# Premios Oye! 2009

The **8th Annual Premios Oye!** took place at the Auditorio del Estado in Guanajuato, Guanajuato on November 24, 2009. The nominees were announced on September 29 with Alexander Acha and Banda el Recodo receiving 4 nominations, followed by Fanny Lu, Jenni Rivera, Vicente Fernández and Zoé with 3 each one. It will be celebrated in Guanajuato in order to commemorate the 200th Anniversary of the Mexican Independence Day Grito de Dolores. Rapahel will be awarded by the Academia Nacional de la Música en México for his 50 years or career. The voting process is certified by PricewaterhouseCoopers.

## Arrivals

## Performers

## Nominees and Winners

## General Field

### Album of the Year

### Record of the Year

### Best New Artist

## Pop Field

### Best Male Pop

### Best Female Pop

### Best Pop by a Duo/Group

## Rock Field

### Best Rock by a Duo/Group or Solo

## English Field

### Album of the Year

### Record of the Year

### Best New Artist

### Album of the Year

### Record of the Year

### Best New Artist

### Best Norteño by a Duo/Group or Solo

### Best Grupero by a Duo/Group or Solo

### Best Ranchero by a Duo/Group or Solo

### Best Banda/Duranguense by a Duo/Group or Solo

### Best Tropical by a Duo/Group or Solo

## Video of the Year Field

### Video in Spanish

* *Te Amo*Alexander Acha
    + Esteban Madrazo, video director; LGA Entertainment, video producer
* *Te Presumo*Banda el Recodo
    + Nene González, video director; LGA Entertainment, video producer
* "Tu No Eres Para Mi" - Fanny Lu
    + Simón Brand, video director; Mauricio Osorio, video producer
* *Causa y Efecto*Paulina Rubio
    + P. Blond, video director; Art And Music, video producer
* ***Nada*Zoé**
    + Alejandro Romero "Chicle", video director

## Theme from a Telenovela, Movie or T.V. Series

### Theme of the year in Spanish

## Best Song with a Message

## Audience Award

## Tribute to the artistic

## Special Tribute

* **Maestro Manuel Esperon**

## InfoBox

| 8th Gala Premios Oye! | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | November 24, 2009 |
| Location | Centro de Convenciones, Guanajuato, Guanajuato |
| Hosted by | Yuri and Jorge Poza |
| Television/radio coverage | |
| Network | Televisa |
|


title: Decet (music)

abstract: In music, a decet—sometimes dectet, decimet, decimette, or even tentet—is a composition that requires ten musicians for a performance, or a musical group that consists of ten people. The corresponding German word is Dezett, the French is dixtuor. Unlike some other musical ensembles such as the string quartet, there is no established or standard set of instruments in a decet.

text:
# Decet (music)

In music, a **decet**—sometimes **dectet**, **decimet**, **decimette**, or even **tentet**—is a composition that requires ten musicians for a performance, or a musical group that consists of ten people. The corresponding German word is **Dezett**, the French is **dixtuor**. Unlike some other musical ensembles such as the string quartet, there is no established or standard set of instruments in a decet.

## History

Of the ensemble types named according to the number of musicians in the group, the decet and the larger undecet, duodecet, etc., are names less common in music than smaller groupings. In the eighteenth century, ten-part ensembles were most often encountered in the genre of the wind serenade, or divertimento (for example, Mozart, K. 186 and 166, both for 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 cor anglais, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons). Because the wind-serenade tradition was carried on during the 19th century primarily in France, the term *dixtuor* is somewhat more widely used in French than is its English equivalent, and French works figure most prominently in this ten-instrument configuration—most commonly the double wind quintet. One of the earliest examples to use the English term is the Decet for oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, piano, 2 violins, viola, cello, and contrabass (ca. 1841) by John Henry Griesbach (1798–1875). Perhaps the best-known work in this genre from the nineteenth century is Joachim Raff's Sinfonietta for ten winds, Op. 188.

## Wind decets

* Denis ApIvor, *Vista*, Op. 77, for double wind quintet (1983)
* Malcolm Arnold, *Trevelyan Suite*, Op. 96, for 3 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 horns, and cello (or 2 bassoons) (1967)
* Claude Arrieu, Dixtuor pour instruments à vent (1967) for flute, piccolo, oboe, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, horn, trumpet, and trombone.
* Andre Caplet, *Suite Persane*, pour dixtuor d'instruments à vent, for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, and 2 horns.
* Francis Casadesus, *London Sketches*, petite suite humoristique, pour dixtuor d'instruments à vent, for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, and 2 horns.
* Anna Clyne (2020), *Overflow*, for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, and 2 horns.
* George Enescu, Decet, Op. 14 (1906), for 2 flutes, oboe, English horn, 2 clarinets, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons.
* Jean Françaix, *Sept danses*, from the ballet *Les Malheurs de Sophie* (1970)
* Jean Françaix, *Neuf pièces caractéristiques* (1973)
* Rudolf Koumans, *Dekaphonie*, Op. 98, for 2  flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons
* Jonathan Harvey, Serenade in homage to Mozart, for ten wind players (2 flutes (1 doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (1 doubling bass clarinet), 2 bassoons and 2 horns) (1991)
* Alan Hovhaness, *Tower Music*, Op. 129, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, trombone, and tuba (1954)
* Tilo Medek, Decet, for double wind quintet (second flute doubling piccolo, second oboe doubling cor anglais, second clarinet doubling bass clarinet, second bassoon doubling contrabassoon) (1993)
* Grace-Evangeline Mason (2023), *The Water Garden*, for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, and 2 horns, and harp.
* Darius Milhaud, *Cinq symphonies pour petit orchestre. V: Dixtuor d'instruments à vent*, Op. 75 (1921), for piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, clarinet, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 2 horns.
* Lior Navok, *Tetris* (2009), for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons.
* Joachim Raff, Sinfonietta, Op. 188, for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons.
* Ronald Roseman, Double Quintet, for woodwinds and brass (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, trombone, and tuba or bass trombone)
* Florent Schmitt, *Lied et Scherzo*, Op. 54 (1910), for double woodwind quintet (with the principal horn as a featured soloist)
* Gunther Schuller, Double Quintet, for woodwinds and brass (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, trombone, and tuba)
* Jeff Scott, *Sacred Women* for 2 flutes (2 doubling alto flute), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (2 doubling bass clarinet), 2 horns, 2 bassoons.
* James Tenney, Sonata for ten wind instruments (piccolo, flute, oboe, B clarinet, E alto saxophone, bassoon, B trumpet, horn, trombone, and tuba) (1959, rev. 1983)
* Guy Woolfenden, *Reflections: Serenade no. 2* for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 horns, 2 bassoons.

## String decets

## Mixed-instrument decets

* Benjamin Britten, Sinfonietta, Op. 1 (1932), for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, 2 violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* Sven-Erik Bäck, Decet (1972), for wind quintet and string quintet.
* Donte Davis, Decet No. 1 in D Minor, Op. 53 (2010), for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, 2 violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* Donte Davis, Decet No. 2 in G Minor, Op. 58 (2017), for 3 violins, 3 violas, 3 violoncellos, and double bass.
* Théodore Dubois, Dixtuor (1906), for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, 2 violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* Jean Françaix, Dixtuor (1986), for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, 2 violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* Jean Françaix, *Onze variations sur un thème de Haydn* (1982), for 9 winds and double bass.
* Pierre Hasquenoph, *Divertissement*, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, 2 violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* Gustav Helsted, Decet Op. 18 (1891), for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, 2 violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* György Ligeti, *Fragment*, for contrabassoon, bass trombone, contrabass tuba, percussion, harp, piano, harpsichord, and three contrabasses (1961, rev. 1964)
* Jerzy Maksymiuk, Decet, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, piano, violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* Robert Moevs, *Musica da camera*, for flute/piccolo, clarinet (A/E/B), horn, 3 percussionists, harp, violin, viola, and cello (listed by Moevs’s publisher, Edward B. Marks Music Company, under decet)
* Steve Reich, *2 × 5*, for 4 electric guitars, 2 bass guitars, 2 drum sets, and 2 pianos (2010)
* Staffan Rejle, Decet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, 2 violins, viola, cello, and double bass (1998)
* Bogusław Schaeffer, Decet: for harp, prepared piano, violoncello, percussion (2 performers), vibraphone, marimba, bassoon, trombone, and double bass
* Peter Seabourne, Chamber Concerto No. 1 *Adrift*, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, 2 violins, viola, cello, and double bass (2008)
* Peter Seabourne, Chamber Concerto No. 2 *Phantasy Caprices*, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, violin, viola, cello, double bass, and piano (2009)
* Karlheinz Stockhausen, *Kontra-Punkte*, for flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, piano, harp, violin, and cello (1952–1953)
* Antoine Tisné, *Caractères*, for wind quintet, string quintet and percussion, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, percussion (1 player), 2 violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
* Robert Washburn, *Concertino*, for flute, oboe, 2 clarinets, bassoon, 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba. (1965)
* Iannis Xenakis,
    + *Atrées*, for flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, horn, trumpet, trombone, 2 percussionists, violin, and cello (1962)
    + *Amorsima-Morsima*, for clarinet, bass clarinet, 2 horns, harp, percussion, and string quartet (1962)
    + *ST/10*, for clarinet, bass clarinet, 2 horns, harp, percussion, 2 violins, viola, and cello (1956–1962)

## Opera

## Sources

## Further reading