abstract: The Church of God is a Holiness Pentecostal Christian denomination with roots in the late 19th-century American Holiness movement and early 20th-century Pentecostal revival. It shares a common history with The Church of God (TCOG) until 2006 when a separation occurred. The official name is The Church of God. The phrase Alexander Jackson Sr. General Overseer is added to distinguish this group from many others called Church of God. The Church of God claims a membership from many states in the United States and 24 nations worldwide. The official publication of The Church of God, The Arise Shine, is printed monthly in Cleveland, Tennessee and sent out internationally. The church's general headquarters are located in Cleveland, Tennessee.

text:
# The Church of God, Alexander Jackson Sr. General Overseer

**The Church of God** is a Holiness Pentecostal Christian denomination with roots in the late 19th-century American Holiness movement and early 20th-century Pentecostal revival. It shares a common history with The Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee) (TCOG) until 2006 when a separation occurred. The official name is *The Church of God*. The phrase *Alexander Jackson Sr. General Overseer* is added to distinguish this group from many others called Church of God.

The Church of God claims a membership from many states in the United States and 24 nations worldwide. The official publication of The Church of God, *The Arise Shine*, is printed monthly in Cleveland, Tennessee and sent out internationally. The church's general headquarters are located in Cleveland, Tennessee.

## History

### Origins

The Church of God developed from a movement led by Richard Spurling and Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson which would become in 1903 the Church of God. Throughout its history the Church of God movement has experienced a number of divisions. In 1923, Tomlinson was impeached as General Overseer of the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee). This caused a part of the church to separate and form the Church of God of Prophecy which continued to be led by Tomlinson. In 1943, he was succeeded by his son Milton Ambrose Tomlinson who served as General Overseer until his retirement in 1990.

That year during the election of M. A. Tomlinson's successor, another schism occurred. One group within the Church of God of Prophecy declared that the selection process of Tomlinson's successor was a departure from what had historically been perceived as "theocratic government" within the body's governing structure and procedure. In 1993, this group called for a "solemn assembly", borrowing an Old Testament term for corporate devotion to prayer to rhetorically emphasize its earnestness. Coincidentally, the "solemn assembly" resulted in the formation of The Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee). Robert J. Pruitt was chosen to be the new overseer, and he remained so until 2006, when age-related disability prompted his retirement.

### 2006 Continuation

Once again division characterized the succession process. A meeting of leadership of The Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee) during the summer of 2006 ended with the selection of Stephen Smith as the interim General Overseer. In September of the same year during the 101st General Assembly of TCOG (Charleston, Tennessee), Stephen Smith was selected to be the organizations General Overseer, after not vacating the office of Interim General Overseer.

There was then a group of people who chose to remove themselves from the Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee) and continue as The Church of God over which Bishop James C. Nabors is General Overseer. During a meeting on September 3, 2006, at the Tivoli Auditorium, Bishop James C. Nabors was chosen to be the General Overseer of a new organization. Bishop James C. Nabors previously had been administrative assistant and field secretary to the former general overseer of The Church of God (Charleston), Robert J. Pruitt. In 2009 Bishop James C. Nabors was removed as General Overseer. In 2009 Bishop Alexander Jackson Sr. was selected by unanimous agreement by the Overseers during a called meeting in order to act as the Interim General Overseer.

During that same year (2009) Bishop Alexander Jackson Sr. vacated the office of Interim General Overseer during the General Assembly. During this same Assembly he was chosen by unanimous agreement by those present that he would continue as General Overseer. At the present moment Bishop Alexander Jackson Sr. is the General Overseer of The Church of God. In 2015 their new Assembly Tabernacle was dedicated in the City of Cleveland, TN where each church event internationally would be held.

## Beliefs

The Church of God is a Pentecostal church in the Wesleyan-Holiness tradition. It believes that one is saved or born again as a result of repentance, justification and regeneration. After one is saved, a second work of grace (sanctification) makes living a holy life possible. The church is opposed to the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs; opposed to membership in secret societies; opposed to wearing jewelry and other ornamentation; and against divorce and remarriage. It also condemns the swearing of oaths. The church believes it is possible to lose salvation, or fall from divine grace, if one goes back into sin.

The Church of God believes all the gifts of the Spirit are in operation in the church, and that the baptism of the Holy Spirit is evidenced by speaking in tongues. The church holds the following three ordinances: water baptism by immersion, the Lord's Supper reserved for sinless and consecrated Christians, and feet washing. Tithing is also practiced. This body is premillennial in eschatology.

An important belief which distinguishes it from many other Holiness Pentecostal churches is its assertion that it is the one true church. It believes the Christian Church was established before Pentecost around A.D. 28 and was plunged into apostasy when the First Council of Nicaea was held in A.D. 325. The true church was restored in North Carolina on June 13, 1903, and this is considered a fulfillment of the Isaiah 60:1-5 prophecy. The church experienced disruptions in 1923, 1993, and 2006, but it continues to be the church of God.

## Structure

The Church of God is governed as a theocracy. Christ is considered the head of the church and the Bible, the word of God, as interpreted by the General Assembly is considered the highest authority.

The General Assembly, consisting of all members of the TCOG in attendance, functions only as a judicial body, not an executive or legislature, whose duty is to correctly interpret the Bible and insure that God's will is done. While men and women can participate in the General Assembly, only men can have an actual role in decision making. The General Overseer is moderator of the General Assembly and speaks for the church when the General Assembly is not in session. According to the TCOG, "the office of General Overseer is filled by Divine appointment".

1. About The Church of God

## InfoBox

| The Church of God | |
| --- | --- |
| Classification | Pentecostal |
| Orientation | Holiness Pentecostal |
| Official website | www.tcogonline.org |


title: Send Me an Angel (Scorpions song)

abstract: "Send Me an Angel" is a song by the German rock band Scorpions, recorded for their 11th studio album, Crazy World (1990). The song was composed by Rudolf Schenker, written by Klaus Meine, and produced by Keith Olsen and the band. It was released as the album's fourth and final single in September 1991. Along with "Wind of Change", the song became the album's signature track, reaching number 44 on Billboard Hot 100 Chart on 25 January 1992, number 8 on the Mainstream Rock Chart on 19 October 1991, and high chart positions in many European countries.

text:
# Send Me an Angel (Scorpions song)

"**Send Me an Angel**" is a song by the German rock band Scorpions, recorded for their 11th studio album, *Crazy World* (1990). The song was composed by Rudolf Schenker, written by Klaus Meine, and produced by Keith Olsen and the band. It was released as the album's fourth and final single in September 1991. Along with "Wind of Change", the song became the album's signature track, reaching number 44 on *Billboard* Hot 100 Chart on 25 January 1992, number 8 on the Mainstream Rock Chart on 19 October 1991, and high chart positions in many European countries.

## Other versions

An orchestral version of the song was recorded for the 2000 orchestral album *Moment of Glory* that features vocals split with Italian singer Zucchero. An acoustic version of the song was also recorded for the 2001 acoustic album *Acoustica*.

## Influence

In 1994, heavy metal band Black Sabbath released the *Cross Purposes* studio album which contains the same burning angel in the design of the cover that the "Send Me an Angel" single has.

## Track listings

**7-inch single**

1. "Send Me an Angel" – 4:32
2. "Crazy World" – 5:08

**CD maxi**

1. "Send Me an Angel" – 4:32
2. "Crazy World" – 5:08
3. "Holiday (live)" – 3:15

## Personnel

**Scorpions**

**Additional musician**

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Europe | 17 September 1991 | * 7-inch vinyl * CD | Mercury |  |
| United Kingdom | 18 November 1991 | * 7-inch vinyl * 12-inch vinyl * CD * cassette |  |  |

## Covers and remixes

* The song was covered by the German pop organist Klaus Wunderlich on one of his last albums, *Keys for Lovers*.
* In 2007, electronica group Sleepthief featuring Canadian singer Kristy Thirsk on vocals for their EP *The Chauffeur*. The song was featured on an episode of *Cold Case* ("Who's Your Daddy?").
* Swedish singer Sofia Kaarlson covered the song in 2010 featuring the pop group Augustfamiljen.
* Australian sisters Gabrielle and Abigail Stahlschmidt covered the song in 2012.
* French group Kaktus Project covered the song in 2013.
* Twin sisters Camille and Kennerly, from the U.S., covered the song as an electric harp duet in 2013.
* Puerto Rican singer Daddy Yankee used the instrumental in his song "Ora Por Mí" in 2014, with other lyrics.
* Brazilian rock project Fleesh covered the song in 2017.
* The song was covered by the Italian singer Emma Marrone with Italian lyrics.
* The song was covered by Russian Darkpsy artist Psykovsky with Tan Tan.

* The song was used at the end of the fifth episode of the second season of the TV show Cold Case

## InfoBox

| "Send Me an Angel" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Scorpions | |
| from the album  *Crazy World* | |
| B-side | "Crazy World" |
| Released | 17 September 1991 (1991-09-17) |
| Studio | Goodnight LA (Los Angeles, California) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 4:32 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Scorpions singles chronology | |
| "Wind of Change"
(1991) "**Send Me an Angel**"
(1991) "Hit Between The Eyes"
(1991) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Scorpions - Send Me An Angel" on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract: February 27 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 1. All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 13 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 28th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 15.

text:
# February 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

February 27 \- Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar \- March 1 (February 29 on leap years).

All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 13 (March 12 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For February 28th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 15.

## Saints

*Commemorated on February 29 / March 13 in leap years; otherwise here on February 28:*

## Pre-Schism Western saints

*Commemorated on February 29 / March 13 in leap years; otherwise here on February 28:*

## Post-Schism Orthodox saints

*Commemorated on February 29 / March 13 in leap years; otherwise here on February 28:*

### New martyrs and confessors

* New Hieromartyr Sergius, Priest (1932)

## Other commemorations

* Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Antioch (1092)

*Commemorated on February 29 / March 13 in leap years; otherwise here on February 28:* * "Devpeteruv" Icon of the Mother of God (1392)
1. February 28 / March 13. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
2. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Νυμφᾶς καὶ Εὔβουλος οἱ Ἀπόστολοι.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
3. (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. *28 Φεβρουαρίου.* Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια τησ Ελλαδοσ).
4. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "SS. Nymphas and Eubulus. (1st Cent.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. p. 449.
5. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Νέστωρας ὁ Μάρτυρας.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
6. *Hieromartyr Nestor the Bishop of Magydos in Pamphylia.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
7. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Μακάριος, Ρουφῖνος, Ἰοῦστος καὶ Θεόφιλος οἱ Μάρτυρες.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
8. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 61.
9. February 28. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
10. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Καιράλιος, Πουπούλιος, Γάϊος καὶ Σεραπίων οἱ Μάρτυρες.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
11. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἕξι Μάρτυρες οἱ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
12. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀβίρκιος ὁ Μάρτυρας.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
13. *Venerable Domnica (Domnina) of Syria.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
14. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ὁσίες Κύρα καὶ Μαράνα.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
15. *Venerable Marana of Syria.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
16. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Προτέριος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Ἀλεξανδρείας.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
17. *Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
18. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Proterius, M. Patr. of Alexandria. (A.D. 457.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 451-452.
19. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Βασίλειος ὁ Ὁμολογητής.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
20. *Venerable Basil the Confessor, companion of the Venerable Procopius at Decapolis.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
21. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Γερμανὸς ἐκ Ρουμανίας.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
22. *St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea).* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
23. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Κασσιανὸς ὁ Ρωμαῖος.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
24. *Venerable John Cassian the Roman.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
25. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Βάρσος Ἐπίσκοπος Δαμασκοῦ.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
26. *Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
27. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Γεώργιος ὁ Ὁμολογητής Ἐπίσκοπος Δεφέλτου.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
28. *St Leo of Cappadocia.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
29. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Θεοστήρικτος.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
30. *Martyr Theokteristus.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
31. March 13 / February 28. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
32. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Romanus, Ab. of Condate. (A.D. 460.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 452-454.
33. Very Rev. John O'Hanlon. "Article I. — St. Sillan, Siollan, Silvan, or Sylvan, Abbot of Bangor, County of Down. \[Sixth and Seventh Centuries\]." In: *Lives of the Irish Saints: With Special Festivals, and the Commemorations of Holy Persons.* Vol. II. Dublin, 1875. pp. 723-728.
34. Rev. Richard Stanton. *A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries.* London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 88-91.
35. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Oswald, Archb. of York. (A.D. 992.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 455-456.
36. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰαροσλάβος ὁ Σοφός.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
37. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Τεσσαράκοντα Χιλιάδες Μάρτυρες.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
38. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Νικόλαος ὁ διὰ Χριστὸν Σαλός τοῦ Πσκὼφ.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
39. *Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
40. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Κυράννα ἡ Νεομάρτυς.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
41. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀρσένιος Μητροπολίτης Ροστὼβ.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
42. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Μελέτιος Ἐπίσκοπος Χαρκώβ.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
43. *St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkiv and Akhtyr.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
44. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Μνήμη Μεγάλου Σεισμοῦ.* 28 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
45. 28 февраля (ст.ст.) 13 марта 2014 (нов. ст.) Archived 2014-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей.

## Sources

**Greek Sources**

**Russian Sources**


title: Chinese siege weapons

text:
# Chinese siege weapons

This is an overview of Chinese siege weapons.

## Siege ladders

Siege ladders were used starting from the Warring States period. A hinged folding ladder known as the "cloud ladder" was quite prominent. Originally it used a counterweight to unfold once within reach of the enemy walls, but the contraption proved to be too vulnerable, and switched to a simple pulling mechanism during the Song dynasty. The newer version had men pull on ropes from behind with the aid of a long pole to move the top ladder into position. Some ladders had a compartment built below it to house soldiers who provided covering fire with crossbows.

## Hook carts

Hook carts such as the fork and falcon carts were used to pull down parapets and the top part of walls to make it easier for ladders to access. Once attached, 50 to 100 men took hold of a rope and pulled until the wall came down. They were used as early as the Three Kingdoms period, as mentioned by Chen Lin:

> The hook carts join the fray and the nine oxen turn and heave, bellowing like thunder, and furiously smash the towers and overturn the parapets... Then the flying ladders, movable overlooks, cloud pavilions and the buildings in the void are rolled forward into the breaches so that the attackers can swarm into the city.
>
> Chen Lin

## Assault cover

Various protective covers were used during a siege. The most typical were mobile screens and assault wagons. More complex contraptions such as plaited galleries were used for mining and filling in moats.

## Observation tower

Static observation towers such as the nest and watchtower carts were used to see into the city. Static towers were also used in close proximity to enemy walls to rain down projectiles on the defenders.

## Mobile siege tower

Mobile siege towers have been used in China since the 6th century BC. They were often called overlook carts, assault carts, or some combination of the two. A typical mobile siege tower was five stories tall mounted on axles with two wheels on each side. The tower was pushed forward by men on the lowest storey or pulled by horses and oxen.

The king of Wu mentioned it in a passage comparing land armies to the navy.

> These days in training we use the (same) tactics of land armies for the best effect. Thus big wing ships correspond to the army's heavy chariots, small wing ships to their light chariots, stomach strikers to battering rams, castled ships to mobile assault towers and bridge ships to the light cavalry.
>
> King of Wu (514 – 496 BC)

During the Tang dynasty, in the 783 siege of Fengtian, an assault cart 10 m (33 ft) tall was constructed, protected by layers of cowhide and equipped with leather bags of water to douse fires. It was used in an attempt to breach the city. The defenders managed to dig a trench in front of the siege engine, which tipped it over, and they burnt it and had it destroyed.

In 1132, the Jurchen Jin dynasty constructed assault carts called "sky bridges" during the Siege of De'an, but failed to reach the enemy walls due to the use of long beams to push them away.

The last recorded use of assault carts was in 1851 by the Taiping rebels to besiege Guilin after their first attempt with ladders failed. They mounted cannons on it to bombard the Qing soldiers manning the walls, but the tower was destroyed by a combination of burning oil and long poles wrapped in incendiary material at the ends.

## Ram

The Chinese ram used an iron-plated head. After the introduction of gunpowder it added a cannon as well.

## Traction trebuchet

The traction trebuchet, also referred to as a mangonel in some sources, is an artillery weapon which derives from manpower its motive force, and was probably used by the Mohists starting from the 4th century BC. Descriptions of it can be found in the *Mojing* (compiled in the 4th century BC). It consisted of an arm and sling mounted on a wooden frame, sometimes with wheels. Attached to one end of the arm were pulling ropes for men to power the weapon. In Chapter 14 of the *Mojing*, the traction trebuchet is described hurling hollowed out logs filled with burning charcoal at enemy troops. Trebuchets mounted on wheels were said to have needed 200 men to pull each of them.

By the Qin and Han dynasties, traction trebuchets were a common weapon used in both attack and defense. Later on in 617 Li Mi (Sui dynasty) constructed 300 trebuchets for his assault on Luoyang, in 621 Li Shimin did the same at Luoyang, and onward into the Song dynasty when in 1161, trebuchets operated by Song dynasty soldiers fired bombs of lime and sulphur against the ships of the Jin dynasty navy during the Battle of Caishi.

"Whirlwind" and "four footed" trebuchets appeared during the Tang dynasty. The whirlwind trebuchet used a single vertical pole which could be rotated 360 degrees for increased versatility at the cost of projectile strength. The four footed trebuchets were essentially the same as the previous Warring States weapons, differentiated from the whirlwinds by specifying its stability and larger size.

As defensive weapons, traction trebuchets were positioned behind city walls and guided by an "artillery observer" on the walls. Range was determined by the strength and number of men pulling. Increasing and decreasing range meant adding and removing men from the pulling ropes.

The traction trebuchet continued to be used until the counterweight trebuchet was introduced in 1272 during the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty.

### Wheel catapult

A military engineer of the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun, devised a device which threw large stones using a wheel. This device consisted of a drum wheel attached with a curved knife. When rotated, the stones which hung on the wheel would be cut loose by the knife and launched. It is not clear how well this device worked in practice. Successful tests with roof tiles instead of stones are mentioned, but according to Liang Jieming, this contraption never made it past the testing phase and could not have been possible with the available technology at the time.

## Counterweight trebuchet

The introduction of the counterweight trebuchet in China is usually attributed to Muslim engineers during the Battle of Xiangyang in 1273, but it is possible that it was independently invented earlier in 1232 by the Jurchen Jin commander Qiang Shen. Qiang Shen invented a device called the "Arresting Trebuchet" which only needed a few men to work it, and could hurl great stones more than a hundred paces, further than even the strongest traction trebuchet. However no details on the construction of the machine are given. Qiang died the following year and no further references to the Arresting Trebuchet appear. Even earlier, a Song officer, Wei Sheng, had invented a trebuchet in 1176 that could hurl stones and gunpowder projectiles some 200 paces.

> Qiang Shen furthermore invented a trebuchet called the 'Arresting Trebuchct' \[E Pao\], which was used to prevent \[the enemy\] from overrunning \[his positions\]. Only a few men were needed to work it, yet (with this engine\] great stones could be hurled more than 100 paces, and there was no target which it did not hit right in the middle.
>
> *History of Jin*

The counterweight trebuchet, known as the Muslim trebuchet (or Huihui Pao) in China, replaced the traction version after its introduction in the late 13th century. Its greater range was however, somewhat countered by the fact that it had to be constructed at the site of the siege unlike traction trebuchets, which were easier to take apart and put back together again where necessary.

The counterweight trebuchet remained in use in China for roughly two centuries, at which point it was well on its way to obsolescence.

| Weapon | Crew | Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds) | Range: meters (feet) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Whirlwind trebuchet | 50 | 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) | 78 m (256 ft) |
| Crouching tiger trebuchet | 70 | 7.25 kg (16.0 lb) | 78 m (256 ft) |
| Four footed (one arm) trebuchet | 40 | 1.1 kg (2.4 lb) | 78 m (256 ft) |
| Four footed (two arm) trebuchet | 100 | 11.3 kg (25 lb) | 120 m (390 ft) |
| Four footed (five arm) trebuchet | 157 | 44.5 kg (98 lb) | 78 m (256 ft) |
| Four footed (seven arm) trebuchet | 250 | 56.7 kg (125 lb) | 78 m (256 ft) |
| Counterweight trebuchet | ? | ~86 kg (190 lb) | 200–275 m (656–902 ft) |

## Mounted crossbow

Large crossbows called "bed crossbows" were mounted on rectangular frameworks, often wheeled. Bowstaves were also sometimes combined to increase tension and initial velocity of the bolt.

### Bed crossbow

Large mounted crossbows known as "bed crossbows" were used as early as the Warring States period. Mozi described them as defensive weapons placed on top the battlements. The Mohist siege crossbow was described as humongous device with frameworks taller than a man and shooting arrows with cords attached so that they could be pulled back. By the Han dynasty, crossbows were used as mobile field artillery and known as "Military Strong Carts". Around the 5th century AD, multiple bows were combined to increase draw weight and length, thus creating the double and triple bow crossbows. Tang versions of this weapon are stated to have obtained a range of 1,060 m (3,480 ft), which is supported by Ata-Malik Juvayni on the use of similar weapons by the Mongols in 1256. According to Juvayni, Hulagu Khan brought with him 3,000 giant crossbows from China, for the siege of Nishapur, and a team of Chinese technicians to work a great 'ox bow' shooting large bolts a distance of 2,500 paces, which was used at the siege of Maymun Diz. Constructing these weapons, especially the casting of the large triggers, and their operation required the highest order of technical expertise available at the time. They were primarily used from the 8th to 11th centuries. The bed crossbow has been compared with the ballista elephant that can be seen on the bas-relief of the 13th century Bayon in Cambodia.

Joseph Needham on the range of the triple-bow crossbow:

> This range seems credible only with difficulty, yet strangely enough there is a confirmation of it from a Persian source, namely the historian 'Alā'al-Dīn al-Juwainī, who wrote of what happened when one of the almost impregnable castles of the Assassins was taken by Hulagu Khan. Here, in 1256, the Chinese arcuballistae shot their projectiles 2500 (Arab) paces 1,000 m (3,300 ft)) from a position on the top of some mountain... His actual words are: "and a kamān-i-gāu which had been constructed by Cathayan craftsmen, and which had a range of 2500 paces, was brought to bear on those fools, when no other remedy remained, and of the devil-like Heretics many soldiers were burnt by those meteoric shots". The castle in question was not Alamūt itself, but Maimūn-Diz, also in the Elburz range, and it was the strongest military base of the Assassins.
>
> Joseph Needham

### Multiple bolt crossbow

The multiple bolt crossbow appeared around the late 4th century BC. A passage dated to 320 BC states that it was mounted on a three-wheeled carriage and stationed on the ramparts. The crossbow was drawn using a treadle and shot 3 m (9.8 ft) long arrows. Other drawing mechanisms such as winches and oxen were also used. Later on pedal release triggers were also used. Although this weapon was able to discharge multiple bolts, it was at the cost of reduced accuracy. It had a maximum range of 460 m (1,510 ft).

When Qin Shi Huang's magicians failed to get in touch with "spirits and immortals of the marvellous islands of the Eastern Sea", they excused themselves by saying large monsters blocked their way. Qin Shi Huang personally went out with a multiple bolt crossbow to see these monsters for himself. He found no monsters but killed a big fish.

In 99 BC, they were used as field artillery against attacking nomadic cavalry.

In 759 AD, Li Quan described a type of multiple bolt crossbow capable of destroying ramparts and city towers:

> The arcuballista is a crossbow of a strength of 12 dan, mounted on a wheeled frame. A winch cable pulls on an iron hook; when the winch is turned round until the string catches on the trigger the crossbow is drawn. On the upper surface of the stock there are seven grooves, the centre carrying the largest arrow. This has a point 275 cm (108 in) long and 125 cm (49 in) round, with iron tail fins 125 cm (49 in) round, and a total length of 91.5 cm (36.0 in). To left and right there are three arrows each steadily decreasing in size, all shot forth when the trigger is pulled. Within 700 paces (525 m (1,722 ft)) whatever is hit will collapse, even solid things like ramparts and city towers."
>
> Li Quan

In 950 AD, Tao Gu described multiple crossbows connected by a single trigger:

> The soldiers at the headquarters of the Xuan Wu army were exceedingly brave. They had crossbow catapults such that when one trigger was released, as many as 12 connected triggers would all go off simultaneously. They used large bolts like strings of pearls, and the range was very great. The Jin people were thoroughly frightened by these machines. Literary writers called them Ji Long Che (Rapid Dragon Carts; 疾龙车).
>
> Tao Gu

The weapon was considered obsolete by 1530.

Handheld bows
| Weapon | Shots per minute | Range: meters (feet) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chinese composite bow |  | 150 m (490 ft) |
| Manchu bow |  | 180–230 m (590–750 ft) |
| Chinese crossbow |  | 170–450 m (560–1,480 ft) |
| Cavalry crossbow |  | 150–300 m (490–980 ft) |
| Repeating crossbow | 28–48 | 73–180 m (240–591 ft) |
| Double shot repeating crossbow | 56–96 | 73–180 m (240–591 ft) |

Siege crossbows
| Weapon | Crew | Shots per minute | Range: meters (feet) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mounted multi-bolt |  | 6–12 | 365–460 m (1,198–1,509 ft) |
| Mounted single-bow |  |  | 250–500 m (820–1,640 ft) |
| Mounted double-bow | 4–7 |  | 350–520 m (1,150–1,710 ft) |
| Mounted triple-bow | 20–30 |  | 1,060 m (3,480 ft) |

## Incendiaries

Prior to the introduction of gunpowder, fire arrows used mineral oil and sulphur as incendiaries. They were most commonly used by defenders to burn enemy siege engines such as ladders and rams. They were also used to create fires in defending cities.

### Gunpowder

When gunpowder arrived in the 10th century, fire arrows switched to gunpowder incendiaries. Production of gunpowder and fire arrows heavily increased in the 11th century as the court centralized the production process, constructing large gunpowder production facilities, hiring artisans, carpenters, and tanners for the military production complex in the capital of Kaifeng. One surviving source from c. 1023 lists all the artisans working in Kaifeng while another notes that in 1083 the imperial court sent 100,000 gunpowder arrows to one garrison and 250,000 to another. When the Jin captured Kaifeng in 1126 they captured 20,000 fire arrows for their arsenal.

Gunpowder was also used in fire balls launched by trebuchets. "Barbed fire balls" used a series of hooks to latch onto its target. A "molten metal bomb" also saw use during the Jin siege of Kaifeng in 1126. These were ceramic containers filled with molten metal kept in a mobile furnace.

Fire birds were a form of live delivery system for incendiaries. A walnut sized piece of burning tinder was tied to the birds' neck or leg. The idea was that once released, they would settle on the roofs of the enemy city, setting fire to the thatch.

The fire ox was another live delivery system. The ox was let loose with two spears attached to its sides and an incendiary tied to its behind. Later on a delayed-action bomb was also added.

Around 900, Greek fire entered the Chinese arsenal. The flamethrower consisted of a brass container and a horizontal pump connected to the gunpowder ignition chamber. When pushed, the pump caused burning petrol to squirt out. It was recommended that these devices be placed on the walls so that when rolls of straw were thrown at siege engines, they would be ignited by the petrol fire. Flamethrowers were also used at sea, sometimes disastrously. In 975, the commander of Southern Tang's navy panicked when enemy ships assaulted them with a barrage of arrows. In desperation, he projected petrol from flamethrowers at the enemy, but a sudden northern wind blew the flames in the opposite direction, setting his entire fleet ablaze. The commander jumped into the fire and died.

## Chemical warfare

Gas bombs consisting of gunpowder mixed with various poisons wrapped in hemp and moxa were used as defensive weapons. These were said to cause great discomfort in the enemy, having effects such as bleeding from the mouth and nose. Other than poison, lime and excrement were also used for their noxious and blinding properties.

## Various defensive measures

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title: Bernd Hofmann

abstract: Bernd Hofmann was a German screenwriter and film director. He wrote and directed the 1940 film Journey to Life The same year he died after complications from dental surgery. Before his death he had been regarded as a rising German director.

text:
# Bernd Hofmann

**Bernd Hofmann** (23 November 1904 – 4 December 1940) was a German screenwriter and film director. He wrote and directed the 1940 film *Journey to Life* The same year he died after complications from dental surgery. Before his death he had been regarded as a rising German director.

## Selected filmography

### Screenwriter

### Director

## Bibliography

* Giesen, Rolf. *Nazi Propaganda Films: A History and Filmography*. McFarland & Company 2003.

## InfoBox

| Bernd Hofmann | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 23 November 1904
Elberfeld, German Empire |
| Died | 4 December 1940 (1940-12-05) (aged 36)
Berlin, Nazi Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Screenwriter
Director |
| Years active | 1935–1940 (film) |


title: Cerium(IV) sulfate

abstract: Cerium(IV) sulfate, also called ceric sulfate, is an inorganic compound. It exists as the anhydrous salt Ce(SO4)2 as well as a few hydrated forms: Ce(SO4)2(H2O)x, with x equal to 4, 8, or 12. These salts are yellow to yellow/orange solids that are moderately soluble in water and dilute acids. Its neutral solutions slowly decompose, depositing the light yellow oxide CeO2. Solutions of ceric sulfate have a strong yellow color. The tetrahydrate loses water when heated to 180-200 °C. It is insoluble in glacial acetic acid and pure (96%) ethanol. It was historically produced by direct reaction of fine, calcined cerium (IV) oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid, yielding the tetrahydrate.

text:
# Cerium(IV) sulfate

**Cerium(IV) sulfate,** also called **ceric sulfate,** is an inorganic compound. It exists as the anhydrous salt Ce(SO4)2 as well as a few hydrated forms: Ce(SO4)2(H2O)x, with x equal to 4, 8, or 12. These salts are yellow to yellow/orange solids that are moderately soluble in water and dilute acids. Its neutral solutions slowly decompose, depositing the light yellow oxide CeO2. Solutions of ceric sulfate have a strong yellow color. The tetrahydrate loses water when heated to 180-200 °C.

It is insoluble in glacial acetic acid and pure (96%) ethanol.

It was historically produced by direct reaction of fine, calcined cerium (IV) oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid, yielding the tetrahydrate.

## Uses

The ceric ion is a strong oxidizer, especially under acidic conditions. If ceric sulfate is added to dilute hydrochloric acid, then elemental chlorine is formed, albeit slowly. With stronger reducing agents it reacts much faster. For example, with sulfite in acidic environments it reacts quickly and completely.

When ceric compounds are reduced, so-called *cerous* compounds are formed. The reaction taking place is:

Ce4+ \+ e → Ce3+

The cerous ion is colorless.

Ceric sulfate is used in analytical chemistry for redox titration, often together with a redox indicator.

A related compound is ceric ammonium sulfate.

The solubility of Ce(IV) in methanesulfonic acid is approximately 10 times the value obtainable in acidic sulfate solutions.

1. Lide, David R., ed. (2006). *CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics* (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
2. Mariappan Periasamy, Ukkiramapandian Radhakrishnan "Cerium(IV) Ammonium Sulfate" Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2001, John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rc040
3. Kreh, Robert P. (1989). "Mediated electrochemical synthesis of aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and quinones using ceric methanesulfonate". *The Journal of Organic Chemistry*. **54** (7): 1526–1531. doi:10.1021/jo00268a010.

## InfoBox

Cerium(IV) sulfate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Other names Ceric sulfate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.033.648 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/Ce.2H2O4S/c;2\*1-5(2,3)4/h;2\*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+4;;/p-4 NKey: VZDYWEUILIUIDF-UHFFFAOYSA-J N * InChI=1/Ce.2H2O4S/c;2\*1-5(2,3)4/h;2\*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+4;;/p-4Key: VZDYWEUILIUIDF-XBHQNQODAK | |
| SMILES * \[Ce+4\].\[O-\]S(=O)(=O)\[O-\].\[O-\]S(\[O-\])(=O)=O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Ce(SO4)2 |
| Molar mass | 332.24 g/mol (anhydrous)
404.304 (tetrahydrate) |
| Appearance | Yellow solid (anhydrous)
yellow-orange crystals (tetrahydrate) |
| Density | 3.91 g/cm3 (tetrahydrate) |
| Melting point | 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) (decomposes) |
| Boiling point | N/A |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in small amounts, hydrolyzes in large amounts of water
21.4 g/100 mL (0 °C)
9.84 g/100 mL (20 °C)
3.87 g/100 mL (60 °C) |
| Solubility | soluble in dilute sulfuric acid |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | +37.0·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | orthorhombic |
| Hazards | |
| **Occupational safety and health** (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | Oxidizer |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | External MSDS |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Expletive Delighted!

abstract: Expletive Delighted! is a 1986 album by British folk rock band Fairport Convention, their fifteenth studio album since their debut in 1968. It is the band's only album consisting solely of instrumental tracks, despite the claim "Lyric sheet enclosed" on the album cover. Ric Sanders, who had played on some tracks on the previous album Gladys' Leap, was invited to join Fairport full-time, as was Maartin Allcock; the result, according to Dave Pegg, "Ric and Maart were both writing stuff, composing these great instrumental pieces. I thought we should do something immediately, catch the moment. So we put out an all instrumental album, Expletive Delighted. I really wanted to show everyone just what these new chaps could do, how brilliantly they could play.... The line-up meant we could tour again, it meant we had new material for Cropredy, it meant there was a Fairport again. So from 1986 on, Cropredy wasn't just a reunion festival any more. We had a band." This new lineup would last for the next eleven years, the most stable of all of Fairport's configurations to that point.

text:
# Expletive Delighted!

***Expletive Delighted!*** is a 1986 album by British folk rock band Fairport Convention, their fifteenth studio album since their debut in 1968. It is the band's only album consisting solely of instrumental tracks, despite the claim "Lyric sheet enclosed" on the album cover.

Ric Sanders, who had played on some tracks on the previous album *Gladys' Leap*, was invited to join Fairport full-time, as was Maartin Allcock; the result, according to Dave Pegg,

> "Ric and Maart were both writing stuff, composing these great instrumental pieces. I thought we should do something immediately, catch the moment. So we put out an all instrumental album, Expletive Delighted. I really wanted to show everyone just what these new chaps could do, how brilliantly they could play. ... The line-up meant we could tour again, it meant we had new material for Cropredy, it meant there was a Fairport again. So from 1986 on, Cropredy wasn't just a reunion festival any more. We had a band."

This new lineup would last for the next eleven years, the most stable of all of Fairport's configurations to that point.

## Reception

Allmusic's reviewer described Expletive Delighted! as "alternately enjoyable and maddening", criticising the prominence of Dave Mattacks's drums in the mix, while praising "Portmeirion" and the title track as "delicate and beautiful as any work that this version of the band has done".

## Track listing

Side one 1. "The Rutland Reel/Sack the Juggler" (Ric Sanders) - 3:20
2. "The Cat on the Mixer/Three Left Feet" (Maartin Allcock) - 3:37
3. "Bankruptured" (Dave Pegg) - 3:04
4. "Portmeirion" (Ric Sanders) - 5:21
5. "Jams O'Donnell's Jigs" (Dave Pegg) - 2:48

Side two 1. "Expletive Delighted" (Ric Sanders) - 1:55
2. "Sigh Beg Sigh Mor" (O' Carolan) - 7:18
3. "Innstuck" (Maartin Allcock) - 2:08
4. "The Gas Almost Works" (John Kirkpatrick) 1:58
5. "Hanks for the Memory" (various, arrangement by Jerry Donahue) - 4:38
    1. "Shazam!" (Duane Eddy, Lee Hazlewood)
    2. "Pipeline" (Bob Spickard, Brian Carmen)
    3. "Apache" (Jerry Lordan)
    4. "Peter Gunn" (Henry Mancini)

## Release history

* 1986, August : Woodworm Records WR009, UK LP; WRC004 UK Cassette
* 1986 : Varrick Records VR029, US LP
* 1986, December : Sandstock SSM019, Australia LP
* 1987, August : Entente 12-3074 (833 074-928), Germany, LP (different cover, gatefold sleeve)
* 1990 :Varrick CD-VR-029, US CD
* 1990 : Folkprint FP002CD, UK CD, reissue with Gladys' Leap

## Personnel

Fairport Convention Additional musicians on "Hanks for the Memory" Technical * Tim Matyear - engineer

## InfoBox

| Expletive Delighted! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fairport Convention | |
| Released | August 1986 |
| Recorded | February, April and May 1986 |
| Studio | Woodworm Studios, Barford St. Michael, Oxfordshire
51°59′30″N 1°21′58″W / 51.9918°N 1.3661°W / 51.9918; -1.3661 |
| Genre | British folk rock |
| Length | 35:53 |
| Label | Woodworm |
| Producer | Fairport Convention |
| Fairport Convention chronology | |
| *Gladys' Leap*
(1985) ***Expletive Delighted!***
(1986) *In Real Time: Live '87*
(1987) | |


title: Charles A. Allen (American football)

abstract: Charles A. Allen was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Alma College in Alma, Michigan for one season, in 1900, compiling a record at Alma was 7–2–1.

text:
# Charles A. Allen (American football)

**Charles A. Allen** was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Alma College in Alma, Michigan for one season, in 1900, compiling a record at Alma was 7–2–1.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Alma Maroon and Cream** *(Independent)* (1900) | | | | | | | | |
| 1900 | Alma | 7–2–1 |  |  |  |
| **Alma:** | | 7–2–1 |  |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 7–2–1 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Charles A. Allen
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| --- | --- |
| 1900 | Alma |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 7–2–1 |
|  | |


title: The Broken Penny

abstract: The Broken Penny is a 1953 thriller novel by the British writer Julian Symons set during the early Cold War.

text:
# The Broken Penny

***The Broken Penny*** is a 1953 thriller novel by the British writer Julian Symons set during the early Cold War.

## Synopsis

After the Second World War, Professor Jacob Arbitzer rose to be president of an Eastern European country whose shape resembles a broken penny. Since overthrown by the Communists, the British government encourages him to return behind the Iron Curtain to lead an insurgency against the dictatorship. In turn, he demands he be accompanied by British former revolutionary Charles Garden.

## Bibliography

* Miskimmin, Esme. *100 British Crime Writers*. Springer Nature, 2020.
* Reilly, John M. *Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers*. Springer, 2015.
* Walsdorf, John J. & Allen, Bonnie J. *Julian Symons: A Bibliography*. Oak Knoll Press, 1996.

## InfoBox

The Broken Penny
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Julian Symons |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Publisher | Gollancz |
| Publication date | 1953 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |


title: The Riches

abstract: The Riches is an American drama television series which was originally broadcast from March 12, 2007, to April 29, 2008, on FX. The series stars Eddie Izzard and Minnie Driver as members of a family of Irish Travellers who "steal the American dream" by stealing the home and identities of a wealthy dead couple. The series received positive reviews but was cancelled after two seasons.

text:
# The Riches

***The Riches*** (styled as ***the R1¢hes***) is an American drama television series which was originally broadcast from March 12, 2007, to April 29, 2008, on FX. The series stars Eddie Izzard and Minnie Driver as members of a family of Irish Travellers who "steal the American dream" by stealing the home and identities of a wealthy dead couple. The series received positive reviews but was cancelled after two seasons.

## History

Originally named *Low Life*, the show was created and head written by Dmitry Lipkin for Maverick Films and FX Networks. The one-hour pilot was written by Lipkin and Eddie Izzard, and directed by Carl Franklin. The pilot was then rethought and reshot over 10 days by Peter O'Fallon. It first aired on March 12, 2007, followed by a further 12 episodes. Additionally, the first two episodes were made available on the Internet prior to their television air dates. FX announced on May 8, 2007, that *The Riches* would return for a second season, the first episode of which aired on March 18, 2008. The second season ran for 7 episodes. FX President John Landgraf described *The Riches* as a "family show", albeit one featuring "a family unlike any television viewers have seen before".

The second season was affected by the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike and was abruptly cut short. Several months after the season ended, the show was cancelled, with FX blaming a drop in ratings. In 2019, Minnie Driver lamented the cancellation, and wrote that the show was "cancelled in the wake of punitive measures taken against writers who were vocal in the writers strike".

## Plot

The show features Izzard and Driver as Wayne and Dahlia Malloy who, along with their family, are Irish Traveller con artists and thieves. They travel with their children Di Di (Delilah), Cael, and Sam.

As the series begins, Dahlia has just been paroled from prison. During her 2-year sentence, she has developed various drug addictions. In her absence, Wayne and the children have been continuing to act as con artists across the U.S. After a brief reunion with their Traveller clan, the family flees to avoid an arranged marriage for Di Di. Wayne steals a large amount from the clan's hoard of cash, and the family runs off. After getting into an altercation and RV chase with another Traveller family, the Malloys are involved in a car accident that kills a very wealthy couple, the eponymous Riches. In the hopes of pursuing a "better life", they decide to "steal the American dream" and adopt the Riches' identities in an affluent gated community in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. They struggle to adjust to their new lives as *buffers*, as they call people who are not Travellers.

## Cast and characters

* Wayne Malloy (Eddie Izzard) – Wayne is the paternal head of the Malloy family (not to be confused with the extended Malloy 'clan'). He is a consummate, intelligent grifter and thief who experienced an 'existential crisis' while his wife was serving time in prison. He has become disillusioned with the nomadic, scamming lifestyle of the Travellers; it was his idea to steal the identities of deceased Doug and Cherien Rich and settle down into a normal life. Dahlia has referred to him as a 'halfbreed' or 'half buffer', because he did not come from a Traveller bloodline.
* Dahlia Malloy (Minnie Driver) – Dahlia is Wayne's newly paroled wife. Her behavior is erratic and unpredictable, exacerbated by drug habits picked up in prison. A recovering methamphetamine addict, Dahlia imbibed a wide array of legal and illegal drugs since her parole, but recently she appears to be trying to get clean. Dahlia is considered 'royalty' in their Traveller clan, and her connection to the clan (both by blood and ideology) appears to be much stronger than Wayne's. She was initially very skeptical of Wayne's plan to leave their old lifestyle and impersonate the Riches and has struggled to live as Cherien Rich.
* Cael Malloy (Noel Fisher) – Cael is the eldest Malloy son. He is quiet and intelligent. His skills include carrying out petty cash-register cons, faking epileptic seizures, picking locks, creating fake identity documents, disabling alarm systems, and stealing cars. While his sister Di Di is more supportive of their father, Cael is more supportive of their mother and the traditional Traveller lifestyle and beliefs. Likewise, his reception to the "Rich" lifestyle is less enthusiastic than that of his ambitious father and siblings.
* Delilah "Di Di" Malloy (Shannon Marie Woodward) – Di Di is the adolescent daughter of Wayne and Dahlia. Like her siblings she is intelligent, crafty, and adept at various scams and thievery. In the pilot's opening scene she is seen pickpocketing people at a high-school class reunion while Wayne distracts them. Di Di's relationship with her mother appears to be strained; at one point when angered, she lies to her mother about sleeping with her boyfriend Erick. When it temporarily seemed the family would split up, Di Di chose to stay with her father. She embraced the Riches' way of life and no longer seems interested in the Traveller lifestyle.
* Sam Malloy (Aidan Mitchell) – Sam, the youngest Malloy child, is gender non-conforming, and frequently dresses in feminine clothing. The idea for Sam's non-binary gender expression came about before Izzard—a gender non-conforming comedian—joined the show. Sam's gender expression is accepted and respected by their parents and siblings. On their first night in the Rich home, Sam draws a large mural on a bedroom wall depicting the family's recent adventures, including the car accident and Dahlia's release from prison. In addition to artistic skill, Sam is interested in French and very earnest about getting a good education. Like the rest of the family, Sam appears to be very clever and adept at trickery. In episode 3, Sam is the key player in an elaborate con of Dahlia's to get the Malloy children into Rosemere Academy. During the season 1 finale, Sam expresses reluctance and even denial in leaving Eden Falls.
* Dale Malloy (Todd Stashwick) – Dale is cousin to Dahlia. He and Wayne were raised like brothers in the Malloy clan. Within the code of the family Dale expected that one day he would marry Dahlia and take his rightful place as head of the family once his father, Earl, died. A borderline sociopath whose life becomes slowly unhinged. Feeling wronged many times over by Wayne he is hell bent on revenge against Wayne and his family. Feeling the pain of his unrequited love and the fact that his father was going to pass the reins of the clan on to Wayne, Dale goes to murderous lengths to protect his legacy. Eventually discovering the Riches' secret, he now finds himself in an unholy alliance with Wayne, leveraging the truth to his selfish needs.

## Episodes

### Season 1 (2007)

The first season's episodes began airing on March 12, 2007. The pilot episode and episode 1.2 ("Believe the Lie") were made available early for online viewing at MSN, Yahoo!, and TV.com at various times.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Pilot" | Carl Franklin
Peter O'Fallon | *Story by*: Dmitry Lipkin & Eddie Izzard
*Teleplay by*: Dmitry Lipkin | March 12, 2007 (2007-03-12) |
| After Dahlia Malloy is paroled, her Irish Traveller con artist family finds themselves on the run from their relatives after avoiding an arranged marriage for their daughter and stealing the clan's money. When they're accidentally involved in the death of the Riches, the Malloys decide to adopt the Riches' identity in suburban Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At the end of the episode, Wayne recites a passage from William Stafford's *A Story That Could Be True* | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Believe the Lie" | Peter O'Fallon | *Story by*: Dmitry Lipkin and Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich
*Teleplay by*: Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich | March 19, 2007 (2007-03-19) |
| Wayne attends a job interview with a law firm, but ends up bluffing his way into a job as in-house counsel for Hugh Panetta instead. Dahlia, still struggling with her drug issues and their new 'buffer' lifestyle, hides the clan's money, but forgets where she buried it when the family RV is towed. Di Di and Cael try to adjust to their new life, helping Wayne find out information about the dead Riches; Cael still misses his girlfriend back at the camp. Dale Malloy and Ginny Dannegan have several altercations. | | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Operation Education" | Peter O'Fallon | Dmitry Lipkin | March 26, 2007 (2007-03-26) |
| Wayne begins work at his new job as a lawyer for Panco, one of Hugh Panetta's companies. One of his first duties, assigned to him by Hugh, is to fire his predecessor. Meanwhile, Wayne and Dahlia decide the kids should go to school, so they get them social security cards and attend an interview at Rosemere Academy, an exclusive private school. When they are rejected, Dahlia's pride is hurt, and she cooks up an elaborate scheme to win over the school's headmistress. Back at the Traveller camp, Dale is pressuring Cael's girlfriend Tammy to help him find out where the family has fled. | | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Been There, Done That" | Gwyneth Horder-Payton | Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich | April 2, 2007 (2007-04-02) |
| Wayne continues his new job at Panco, where he learns that Hugh Panetta has developed real estate on old military sites containing unexploded ordnance. Doug Rich's ex-wife Jolinda tracks down Wayne (posing as Doug) because Doug owes her $75,000 in back alimony. Wayne and Dahlia work a complicated con involving Jolinda's lawyer and the sale of one of Jim Burns' alpacas in order to pay her off. Dahlia continues to struggle with drug issues, and gets stoned with Nina. It is revealed that one of Wayne's scams went wrong and caused Dahlia's jail sentence; Wayne and Dahlia finally discuss the situation and Dahlia's resulting drug use, and have a reconciliation of sorts. At Rosemere Academy, Cael helps some classmates break in after hours to alter grade records, and Di Di appears to be striking up a romance with local stoner and musician Erick. Finally, Hugh Panetta catches Dahlia stealing a pill bottle in the bathroom of the Burns' house. | | | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "The Big Floss" | Brian Kirk | Lydia Woodward | April 9, 2007 (2007-04-09) |
| While Wayne must deal with legal arcana in an eminent-domain case, Dahlia gets a job for which she is equally unqualified: a dental hygienist. Meanwhile, Ginny Dannegan has tracked down the Malloys at their new home, and apparently blackmails Wayne and Dahlia into going through with the arranged marriage between Di Di and Ken. | | | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "Reckless Gardening" | Guy Ferland | Ellen Herman | April 16, 2007 (2007-04-16) |
| The Riches have trouble dealing with Ken, while Dahlia becomes Hugh's Personal Assistant. The family must rely on Dahlia's skills to save them when Di Di takes a fall for Ken when her classmates plant cannabis on him. Dale Malloy takes brutal action when he learns that his father, Earl Malloy, has planned for Wayne to lead the Malloy clan upon his death. Dale then leaves Earl in the woods to die before he can proclaim Wayne the leader. | | | | | | |
| 7 | 7 | "Virgin Territory" | Brian Kirk | Wendy Riss | April 23, 2007 (2007-04-23) |
| Wayne, Dahlia, Cael, Di Di and Sam go back to the camp for Earl's funeral. Traveller tradition dictates that after a funeral comes a wedding (something dies, something is born), so Di Di prepares to marry Ken until Wayne can think of a way out. Meanwhile, Dale gives a nervous and guilty confession to Dahlia regarding Earl's death. She forces him at gunpoint to write a letter to his mother and the rest of the clan revealing what he's done. Wayne fails to come through for Di Di and the wedding ceremony goes on as planned, that is until Di Di ultimately refuses to marry Ken. Afterwards, in her RV, Ginny again threatens Di Di, making her agree to sleep with Ken. She leaves and Ken comes in, and when Di Di refuses to sleep with him, she explains that she only went as far as she did with the wedding because of Ginny's threats. Ken assures Di Di that she is safe from Ginny because he'll always love her and protect her. | | | | | | |
| 8 | 8 | "X Spots the Mark" | Dan Lerner | Aaron Blitzstein | April 30, 2007 (2007-04-30) |
| The Malloys return from the funeral to find Hugh Panetta is having a fit; $40,000 is missing from his safe, and he is forcing all the employees to undergo lie detector tests and searches. Hugh attacks Wayne, accusing him of taking the money (which he is not certain of), and disappearing for two days (which is provable). Wayne concocts a story about a potential Panco investor, who is possibly going to invest a half-million dollars in the company. After mollifying Hugh with this lie, Wayne and Dahlia then need to find a mark who can actually be conned into doing just that. With the help of some recent acquaintances from a nearby trailer park, they proceed to lay in a plan to get Rudy Blue (Clancy Brown), a former baseball star with a known sex addiction, to invest the money. | | | | | | |
| 9 | 9 | "Cinderella" | Matt Shakman | Colette Burson | May 7, 2007 (2007-05-07) |
| While at the liquor store shopping for a dinner party, Dahlia runs into her best friend from prison, Chunky K. After some reservations about not revealing herself to Chunky, Dahlia, who is becoming increasingly isolated, takes her home, and hires her to be the maid during the dinner party. Chunky, however, is a more common criminal, and is not up to the high-stakes level of deceit the Malloys are engaging in. | | | | | | |
| 10 | 10 | "This Is Your Brain On Drugs" | Jeremy Podeswa | Ellen Herman | May 14, 2007 (2007-05-14) |
| Wayne suspects that Dahlia still has a drug addiction and takes meth himself as a way of showing her how much her drug use hurts their family. Meanwhile, when things at Panco go crazy, it is up to Dahlia to keep everything and everyone together. Finally, Dale shows up at Edenfalls and befriends the family's neighbor, Hartley. | | | | | | |
| 11 | 11 | "Anything Hugh Can Do, I Can Do Better" | Adam Arkin | *Story by*: Ellen Herman
*Teleplay by*: Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich | May 21, 2007 (2007-05-21) |
| Wayne takes over Panco when Hugh goes missing, and Dahlia struggles to repair her relationship with Di Di. Dale tells Hartley why he's at Edenfalls. Guest Star: Jonathan Goldstein as Wes | | | | | | |
| 12 | 12 | "It's a Wonderful Lie" | Peter O'Fallon | *Story by*: Lydia Woodward
*Teleplay by*: Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich | May 28, 2007 (2007-05-28) |
| When Doug's friend Pete visits, the Malloys must keep him in the dark about what they have done. The family cons Pete into thinking that Doug is avoiding him by giving him the wrong address, which causes Pete to come close to a nervous breakdown. Wayne pretends to be a psychologist when Pete is on vacation. Nina comes across the Malloys deceiving Pete and she becomes convinced that the family is in the Witness Protection Program. Dahlia is heartbroken that she must deceive her friend. Meanwhile, Hugh returns with a new wife whom he met during his relapse and subsequent disappearance. However, Hugh demands a post-nuptial agreement which leads the girl to question his love for her. | | | | | | |
| 13 | 13 | "Waiting For Dogot" | Jamie Babbit | Dmitry Lipkin | June 4, 2007 (2007-06-04) |
| Pete figures out the Malloys are impersonating the Riches and wants to know why. Doug spins a new lie, claiming to be Gene and that he was hired by Doug, who is in hiding. After pretending to leave a coded message for Doug (by singing *Amazing Grace*), Wayne takes Pete to the woods and threatens him with a gun. Wayne explains that Doug and Cherien are in hiding, having witnessed a murder, and Cael fakes a text message from Doug to tell Wayne that Pete is not a threat. Pete begins to believe Wayne's farce, but when he realizes the gun is a water pistol, Wayne is forced to knock Pete out. Dale shows up at the house, while Wayne is gone, and Dahlia convinces him to leave, but the jig is up. Drugging Pete with rohypnol, the Malloys bolt for the RV. Dale comes back to the house and finds Pete, whom he beats up and threatens with a hammer. Meanwhile, the Malloys are unable to flee Edenfalls, as Dale secretly sabotaged their RV engine. | | | | | | |

### Season 2 (2008)

A second season of 13 episodes was announced on May 8, 2007, by FX for broadcast in the first half of 2008. It premiered on March 18, 2008. Due to a long writer's strike, only 7 episodes were produced.

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 | 1 | "The Last Temptation of Wayne" | Guy Ferland | Dmitry Lipkin | March 18, 2008 (2008-03-18) |
| Wayne sends Dahlia, the kids, and Cherien's mother away while he stays to deal with Pete Mincey, which Dale has continued to screw up. However, things look up when Hugh offers Wayne a piece of a land deal. Meanwhile, Nina decides to leave Eden Falls with Dahlia. | | | | | | |
| 15 | 2 | "Friday Night Lights" | Guy Ferland | Ellen Herman & Dmitry Lipkin | March 25, 2008 (2008-03-25) |
| Wayne deals with Dale and Pete while Dahlia and the kids get held up in Blunt, Texas where they have to rescue Nina who is being held hostage by a local couple. | | | | | | |
| 16 | 3 | "Field of Dreams" | Peter O'Fallon | Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin | April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01) |
| Wayne is forced to deal with the Eden Falls elite after Cael is caught tampering with the school's computer. Meanwhile, Hugh is deemed psychologically inept to handle the Bayou Hills deal due to depression. Also, Dale demands a job at Panco, and nobody is happy that a traveler named Quinn arrives after spending 20 years in prison. | | | | | | |
| 17 | 4 | "Slums of Bayou Hills" | Seith Mann | Ellen Herman | April 8, 2008 (2008-04-08) |
| Living honestly isn't as easy as Dahlia had hoped. Wayne runs into trouble when Doug's past creeps up on him in an important investors meeting. Cael and Didi try to recapture the spirit of their Traveller childhood. | | | | | | |
| 18 | 5 | "Trust Never Sleeps" | Peter O'Fallon | Timothy J. Lea | April 15, 2008 (2008-04-15) |
| Dahlia continues to struggle to live an honest life while Wayne is surprised by a visitor at work. Meanwhile, Cael meets another group of Travelers. | | | | | | |
| 19 | 6 | "Dead Calm" | Michael Spiller | Wendy Riss | April 22, 2008 (2008-04-22) |
| Wayne struggles to regain Dahlia's trust while also attempting to keep Dale and the other Travellers away. Meanwhile, Cael and Rosaleen become closer, and Nina throws a party for Jim. | | | | | | |
| 20 | 7 | "The Lying King" | Peter O'Fallon | Alexander Cary | April 29, 2008 (2008-04-29) |
| The rift in Wayne and Dahlia's relationship continues to widen while Nina becomes sick of Dahlia's lies. The Bayou Hills deal is put at risk because of treacherous behavior at the construction site. Meanwhile, a relationship between Di Di and Ike blossoms, and Cael decides to stay at Rosaleen's camp, which is exactly what Quinn wants. | | | | | | |

## Ratings

The pilot episode of *The Riches* drew 3.8 million viewers. With 2.5 million of those viewers in the 18–49 demographic, *The Riches* scored second only to the premiere of *The Shield*, thus beating out the premieres of other FX dramas such as *Rescue Me*, *Over There*, and *Dirt*. The pilot was also FX's first-ever Sunday night premiere of an original series, and more than doubled the channel's highest-ever ratings for the Sunday 10pm slot. The show averaged 5.9 million cumulative viewers per week in the US, sufficient for FX to commission a second season. *The Riches* has gained popularity through online resources, such as Hulu and iTunes' "What We Are Watching" for April 2008.

## Critical reception

Television critics gave *The Riches* enthusiastic reviews. *The Baltimore Sun* described it as "the kind of TV drama that makes one think while being entertained". and *The Boston Globe* lauded a "layered drama" full of "unexpectedly soulful pleasures". *The New York Times* wrote that "together, \[Izzard and Driver\] are superb". Meanwhile, *The Los Angeles Times* complained that the show lacked originality.

*Time* magazine's James Poniewozik named it one of the Top 10 New TV Series of 2006, ranking it at #7, while Minnie Driver was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for her performance.

In a review of the second season, *The Hollywood Reporter* said that "Izzard and Driver remain a joy to watch in this odd but fascinating series that is derivative of nothing on TV", while the *San Francisco Chronicle* described the second season as "gloriously inventive, daring and provocative".

## Home releases

## Film

In 2008, Eddie Izzard said that a low-budget *Riches* movie was being developed, and added "We'll shoot it guerilla-style, using gorillas to actually shoot it. We're going to give them cameras...No, we're going to just get in there and maybe not have permission to do things, but just film it." But the film never materialized.

## InfoBox

| *The Riches* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Serial drama |
| Created by | Dmitry Lipkin |
| Starring |  |
| Theme music composer | Toby Chu |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 20 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producers | Paul Kurta
Sara E. Morrow |
| Production locations | Marrero, Louisiana
New Orleans, Louisiana
Santa Clarita, California |
| Camera setup | Single-camera setup |
| Running time | 40-60 minutes |
| Production companies | Maverick Television
Fox Television Studios
FX Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | FX |
| Release | March 12, 2007 (2007-03-12)
April 29, 2008 (2008-04-29) |


title: Joseph Gage

abstract: Joseph Edward Gage was an entrepreneur and speculator. He was the son of Joseph Gage of Sherborne Castle and Elizabeth Penruddock and the brother of Thomas Gage, 1st Viscount Gage Bt As a young man in Paris, he borrowed money from Richard Cantillon to speculate in shares in Mississippi Company and the South Sea Company. He made a vast paper fortune, whereupon he offered Augustus II the Strong the King of Poland 3,000,000 pounds for his crown. When this offer was declined, he made a similar offer for the crown of Sardinia. Later, he was granted a silver mine, and entered into the service of the King of Spain, given the command of his armies in Sicily and Lombardy, and created a grandee of the first class of the kingdom of Spain. He was also presented by the King of Naples with the order of San Gennaro, and a pension of 4000 ducats a year. He married Lady Mary Herbert, who was also involved in Gage's financial speculations. She was twice bailed out by her father, William Herbert, 1st Marquess of Powis, after incurring substantial losses.

text:
# Joseph Gage

**Joseph Edward Gage** (c.1687 – 1766) was an entrepreneur and speculator. He was the son of Joseph Gage of Sherborne Castle and Elizabeth Penruddock and the brother of Thomas Gage, 1st Viscount Gage Bt

As a young man in Paris, he borrowed money from Richard Cantillon to speculate in shares in Mississippi Company and the South Sea Company. He made a vast paper fortune, whereupon he offered Augustus II the Strong the King of Poland 3,000,000 pounds for his crown. When this offer was declined, he made a similar offer for the crown of Sardinia. Later, he was granted a silver mine, and entered into the service of the King of Spain, given the command of his armies in Sicily and Lombardy, and created a grandee (March 1743) of the first class of the kingdom of Spain. He was also presented by the King of Naples with the order of San Gennaro, and a pension of 4000 ducats a year.

He married Lady Mary Herbert, who was also involved in Gage's financial speculations. She was twice bailed out by her father, William Herbert, 1st Marquess of Powis, after incurring substantial losses.

* *Richard Cantillon: Entrepreneur and Economist* by Antoin E. Murphy ISBN 0-19-828535-3


title: Seyyid Ali Baba

abstract: Seyyid Ali Baba is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Narman, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 54 (2022).

text:
# Seyyid Ali Baba

**Seyyid Ali Baba** (formerly: *Tuztaşı*) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Narman, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 54 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Seyyid Ali Baba | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Erzurum |
| District | Narman |
| Population (2022) | 54 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Sonny Collins

abstract: Alfred Eugene "Sonny" Collins is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round of the 1976 NFL draft. He played college football for the Kentucky Wildcats.

text:
# Sonny Collins

**Alfred Eugene "Sonny" Collins** (born January 17, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round of the 1976 NFL draft. He played college football for the Kentucky Wildcats.

## College career

Collins rushed for 3,835 yards with 26 touchdowns during his college career and was the 1973 SEC Player of the Year. He finished his collegiate career at Kentucky as the all-time leading rusher. The record would stand for 43 years until Benny Snell surpassed it in 2019.

In 2012, he was named an SEC Football Legend.

## NFL career

Collins was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round (#36 overall) of the 1976 NFL draft. He only played for a year before retiring with a career ending knee injury.

## InfoBox

Sonny Collins
| No. 41 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1953-01-17) January 17, 1953<br>Madisonville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 196 lb (89 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Madisonville North Hopkins |
| College: | Kentucky |
| NFL draft: | 1976 / round: 2 / pick: 36 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Rushing attempts: 91  Rushing yards: 319  Receptions: 4  Receiving yards: 37 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Bernd Hüttemann

abstract: Bernd Hüttemann has been serving as Secretary-General of the European Movement Germany since 2003. Hüttemann is also a European policy advisor to the German Catholic Bishops' Conference and a lecturer at the Jean Monnet Chair of European Politics at the University of Passau.

text:
# Bernd Hüttemann

**Bernd Hüttemann** (born December 8, 1970, in Paderborn) has been serving as Secretary-General of the European Movement Germany since 2003. Hüttemann is also a European policy advisor to the German Catholic Bishops' Conference and a lecturer at the Jean Monnet Chair of European Politics at the University of Passau.

## Education

Bernd Hüttemann attended the Gymnasium Theodorianum in Paderborn and studied political science, history, and European Law at the University of Bonn.

## Career

Since 2003, Hüttemann has been serving as full-time Secretary-General of the European Movement Germany (EBD), a civil society network in Berlin institutionally funded by the German Foreign Office. Simultaneously, he has been an adjunct professor at the University of Passau at the Joan Monnet Chair of European Politics since 2011. Furthermore, from 2015 to 2018, Hüttemann taught regularly at the Berlin School of Economics and Law.

In his previous professional positions, Hüttemann worked as a staff member at the Robert Bosch Stiftung, as a PR consultant, and as a research associate at the Institute for European Politics. From 2000 to 2003, he managed programs of the German Foreign Office on the EU pre-accession of Slovakia and Croatia, among others as an advisor to the Slovak government office in Bratislava.

## European politics

Hüttemann initially began his engagement in European politics with the Young European Federalists(JEF). In this context, he served as office manager in Bonn and Brussels, among other positions. Furthermore, from 2003 to 2013, Hüttemann was involved as honorary secretary-general for the Europa-Union Deutschland under Peter Altmaier. Between 2014 and 2020, he was Vice-President of the European Movement International.

In 2010, Bernd Hüttemann was named one of Germany's 160 best young executives under 40 by the business magazine Capital. The German radio station Deutschlandfunk describes him as a full-time lobbyist for the EU. Hüttemann's main areas of expertise include representing European interests, political communication, and coordinating European policy in Germany.

## Bibliography

* Bernd Hüttemann (2021). Werner Weidenfeld, Wolfgang Wessels (ed.). *Interessenvertretung*. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 173–176. doi:10.5771/9783748912668. ISBN 978-3-8487-7252-0. S2CID 245940452. `{{cite book}}`: `|periodical=` ignored (help)
* Bernd Hüttemann and Elena Sandmann (2020). Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen (ed.). "Im Mittelfeld der Europapolitik: Zivilgesellschaft, Lobbyismus und Partizipative Demokratie im Mehrebenensystem der EU". *Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen*. **32** (4): 557–569. doi:10.1515/fjsb-2019-0061. S2CID 211229338.
* Bernd Hüttemann (2021). Daniel Göler, Eckart Stratenschulte (ed.). *Norm- und Regeltransfer in der europäischen Außenpolitik*. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 173–176. doi:10.5771/9783748912668. ISBN 978-3-8487-7252-0. S2CID 245940452.
* Bernd Hüttemann (2017). Werner Weidenfeld, Wolfgang Wessels (ed.). *Lobbyismus in der partizipativen Demokratie*. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 193–196. doi:10.5771/9783845284897. ISBN 978-3-8487-4225-7. `{{cite book}}`: `|periodical=` ignored (help)
* Bernd Hüttemann, "Tackling Populism In Europe With A New Form Of Public Diplomacy", *Turkish Policy Quarterly*, vol. Spring 2017, Istanbul
* Bernd Hüttemann (2015). "Das "Schwarze Loch" der deutschen Europapolitik Lobbyismus und europapolitische Koordinierung in Deutschland". In Daniel Göler; Alexandra Schmid; Lukas Zech (eds.). *Das "Schwarze Loch" der deutschen Europapolitik – Lobbyismus und europapolitische Koordinierung in Deutschland*. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 175–195. doi:10.5771/9783845260570-174. ISBN 978-3-8487-1943-3. `{{cite book}}`: `|periodical=` ignored (help)
* "Fondazioni ex-bancarie: Die Renaissance des italienischen Stiftungswesens". *Stiftung & Sponsoring*. 2000. pp. 29–30.
* Bernd Hüttemann and Ingo Linsenmann (2011). Wolfgang Wessels, Werner Weidenfeld (ed.). *Europa im Internet*. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 460–466. ISBN 978-3-8252-3528-4. `{{cite book}}`: `|periodical=` ignored (help)
* Bernd Hüttemann and Juraj Alner (2007). Wolfgang Wessels, Werner Weidenfeld (ed.). "Slowakei". *Jahrbuch der Europäischen Integration*. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges.
* Bernd Hüttemann und Thomas Traguth (2009). Tartu Ülikool Euroopa Kolledž (ed.). "Europeanisation. The Impact of Europe. What You See Is What You Do Not Get". *EL Ajalooline Kujunemine Ja Euroopastumise Teooria*. Tartu. hdl:10062/10287.

1. "Sonntagabend: Menschen in der Zeit – Bernd Hüttemann". Vatican News. October 19, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
2. Vgl. zur Aufgabe und Entwicklung der EBD seit 2003 Adriana Lettrari (2010), "Brüssel in Berlin (er)leben", *Zeitschrift für Politikberatung* (in German), no. 1, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 69–73, ISSN 1865-4789, archived from the original on April 19, 2007, retrieved March 30, 2011, S. 73.
3. "Zurück auf die Schulbank: EBD-Generalsekretär wird Lehrbeauftragter an der Universität Passau | Netzwerk EBD".
4. "Bernd Hüttemann als Generalsekretär verabschiedet". Europa-Union Deutschland. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
5. "European Movement International elects new Board and decides political future". Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
6. Claudio De Luca; Nikos Späth (2010), Capital (ed.), *Die Gut-Verdiener: Junge Elite* (PDF) (in German), p. 56, archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2011, retrieved March 30, 2011
7. Vgl. "Der deutsche Patient im Lazarett Europa: Zur Europa-Koordination und –Kommunikation in Deutschland". EurActiv. October 6, 2005. Retrieved March 30, 2011.


title: Chalan (music)

abstract:
In Hindustani music, a Chalan is an extensive series of note patterns which summarises the development of a particular raga. It discloses the basic grammar of the raga and provides a treatment and melodic context of each tone. Chalan is the movement of a raga or development of a raga while performing Alap. It may also refer to a Pakad of a raga. For example, the Chalan of the Kedar (raga) is सा म ग प मे (tivra) म रे सा | Beneath are some Chalans of different ragas for better understanding:
  - Bridabani Sarang - Ni Sa Re Ma Re Pa Ma Re Ni Sa
  - Sohni - Sa Ni Dha, Ga Ma# Dha Ga Ma# Ga
  - Ahir Bhairav - S r G M G M r ṇ Ḍ ṇ r S

text:
# Chalan (music)

In Hindustani music, a **Chalan** is an extensive series of note patterns which summarises the development of a particular raga. It discloses the basic grammar of the raga and provides a treatment and melodic context of each tone.

Chalan is the movement of a raga or development of a raga while performing Alap. It may also refer to a Pakad of a raga. (Note: Chalan is mostly similar to the Pakad of a raga)

For example, the Chalan of the Kedar (raga) is सा म ग प मे (*tivra*) म रे सा |

Beneath are some Chalans of different ragas for better understanding:


title: Expleuracanthus

abstract: Expleuracanthus is a genus of xenacanthidan shark. It was erected by Hayler in 1969 as a replacement for Pleuracanthus, which had priority as a name for a genus of beetles. It is considered to be dubious due to it being based on non-diagnostic remains. It is probably a junior synonym of Triodus or Xenacanthus.

text:
# Expleuracanthus

***Expleuracanthus*** is a genus of xenacanthidan shark. It was erected by Hayler in 1969 as a replacement for *Pleuracanthus,* which had priority as a name for a genus of beetles. It is considered to be dubious due to it being based on non-diagnostic remains. It is probably a junior synonym of *Triodus* or *Xenacanthus.*

## InfoBox

| *Expleuracanthus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Order: | Xenacanthida |
| Family: | Xenacanthidae |
| Genus: | ***Expleuracanthus*** |
|


title: Charles A. Andrew

abstract: Charles A. Andrew was a politician from Maryland. He served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1904 to 1906 and the Maryland Senate from 1910 to 1912.

text:
# Charles A. Andrew

**Charles A. Andrew** (1857 – May 6, 1932) was a politician from Maryland. He served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1904 to 1906 and the Maryland Senate from 1910 to 1912.

## Early life

Charles A. Andrew was born in 1857 in Darlington, Maryland, to Mary E. (née Keene) and John W. Andrew. His father was a blacksmith and farmer. Andrew was educated at Darlington Academy.

## Career

Around 1881, Andrew started a canning business and worked there for six years. He sold his business to his brother Joseph and moved to Berkley. In 1887, he started a canning factory and farmed in Berkley. In 1893, he purchased the Emlow brothers' warehouse in Berkley. He also owned a warehouse in Conowingo and worked in the hay, grain and feed business. He was president of the Berkley Building and Loan Association for four years.

Andrew was a Democrat. In 1891, he was a candidate for sheriff. In 1897, he was candidate for county clerk. Andrew served in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County, from 1904 to 1906. He served in the Maryland Senate, representing Harford County, from 1910 to 1912.

In October 1917, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker appointed Andrew to a committee on awards to value the land the War Department purchased for the construction of Aberdeen Proving Ground. Andrew also worked as a coal and lumber dealer.

## Personal life

In 1883, Andrew married Julia Ann Jackson of Baltimore County. They had two daughters, Estelle K. and Mary. He was a member of the Methodist Church.

Andrew died on May 6, 1932, at his home in Berkley. He was buried at Darlington Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Charles A. Andrew | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Maryland Senate | |
| **In office**
1910–1912 | |
| Preceded by | William Benjamin Baker |
| Succeeded by | James J. Archer |
| Constituency | Harford County |
| Member of the Maryland House of Delegates | |
| **In office**
1904–1906Serving with Daniel H. Carroll, Thomas Hitchcock, George W. McComas, Harry C. Lawder, Walter R. McComas, Edmund L. Oldfield | |
| Constituency | Harford County |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1857 (1857)
Darlington, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | May 6, 1932(1932-05-06) (aged 74–75)
Berkley, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | Darlington Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Julia Ann Jackson (m. 1883) |
| Children | 2 |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |