title: Briarcroft Pasture

abstract: Briarcroft Pasture is a 1.76 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham, England notified in 2004.

text:
# Briarcroft Pasture

**Briarcroft Pasture** (grid reference NZ394193) is a 1.76 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham, England notified in 2004.

## Reason for notification

SSSIs are designated by Natural England, formally English Nature, which uses the 1974–1996 county system. This means there is no grouping of SSSIs by Stockton-on-Tees unitary authority, or County Durham which is the relevant ceremonial county . As such Briarcroft Pasture is one of 18 SSSIs in the Cleveland area of search.

Briarcroft Pasture is nationally important for its species-rich grassland which is unimproved by fertilisers. This type of grassland – once common in the Tees lowland – is becoming increasingly rare, with associated species also becoming rare. Briarcroft Pasture is one of only two remaining examples of this habitat in the Tees lowland area. The other example is Whitton Bridge Pasture an SSSI approximately 3 km to the north which was designated at the same time but is significantly larger.

Under the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC), Briarcroft Pasture is considered as mesotrophic grassland because it represents a well-drained and permanent pasture. In particular it is considered the MG5 community due to the species present. MG5 is widespread in many lowland areas in England, Wales and Scotland as well as the Midlands and Yorkshire. Briarcroft Pasture is predominantly subcommunity MG5c (*Danthonia decumbens*); however, this forms a mosaic with community MG9, which is associated with poorly drained permanent pastures.

## Site description

### Abiotic

Briarcrift Pasture, located west of Stockton-on-Tees and close to Whinney Hill, County Durham, is a small site 1.8 hectares (4.4 acres). Topographically the site is level and has an altitude of approximately 50 m and is adjacent to a small stream. The underlying geology of Whitton Bridge Pasture is responsible for shaping the species-rich community found on the surface. Glacial tills and sands are the prominent geological features resulting in a relatively base-poor soil, characteristic of glacial drift geology. The soils of MG5c (*Danthonia decumbens*) subcommunity are typically acidic.

Located in North East England, Briarcroft Pasture experience a climate that differs from the UK average.<sup>\[A\]</sup> The North East receives on average 370 mm less rainfall than the UK over a year. Similarly the North East has roughly 129 days each year with more than 1 mm of rainfall, this is over 25 days less than UK average. Temperature is similar for both the North East and the UK, although the North East does have fewer days with air frost and more hours of sunshine per year.

### Biotic

The majority of the site is made up of species-rich grassland (subcommunity MG5c), which comprises three dominant species of grass and several other grass species at lower abundances. The dominant species are Red Fescue (*Festuca rubra*), Common Bent (*Agrostis capillaris*) and Yorkshire Fog (*Holcus lanatus*). The less abundant species of grass include, Crested Dog’s-tail (*Cynosurus cristatus*), Heath-grass (*Danthonia decumbens*) and Cocksfoot (*Dactylis glomerata*). The subcommunity also has many broad-leaved herbs including Common Knapweed (*Centaurea nigra*), Tormentil (*Potentilla erecta*), Devils-bit scabious (*Succisa pratensis*) and Betony (*Stachys officinalis*).

A second community, MG9, forms a mosaic with the species rich grassland of MG5. This second community is associated with *Holcus lanatus* and *Deschampsia caespitosa*. Other prominent plants are herbs, including many species with a local distribution among them; Saw-wort (*Serratula tinctoria*) and dyer’s greenweed (*Genista tinctoria*). Meadow Barley (*Hordeum secalinum*) is also present.

It is therefore likely that the differences described in the article are an underestimate of how Whitton Bridge Pasture differs to the national climate.

## InfoBox

| Briarcroft Pasture | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England |
| Coordinates | 54°34′4″N 1°23′23″W / 54.56778°N 1.38972°W / 54.56778; -1.38972 |
| Area | 1.8 ha (4.4 acres) |
| Established | 2004 |
| Governing body | Natural England |
| Website | Map of site |


title: SM U-5 (Germany)

abstract: SM U-5 was a German Type U 5 U-boat built for the Imperial German Navy. She was commissioned 2 July 1910 in Germaniawerft in Kiel. She served in World War I under the command of Kptlt. Johannes Lemmer, with no recorded sinkings of enemy ships on two patrols. She was lost in an accident off the Belgian coast on 18 December 1914, and sank with no survivors - all of her 29 crew members died. On 4 September 2023, it was announced that the wreck of U-5 was successfully identified.

text:
# SM U-5 (Germany)

**SM *U-5*** was a German Type U 5 U-boat built for the Imperial German Navy. She was commissioned 2 July 1910 in Germaniawerft in Kiel. She served in World War I under the command of *Kptlt.* Johannes Lemmer, with no recorded sinkings of enemy ships on two patrols. She was lost in an accident off the Belgian coast on 18 December 1914, and sank with no survivors - all of her 29 crew members died.

On 4 September 2023, it was announced that the wreck of U-5 was successfully identified.

## Bibliography

* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *German Warships 1815–1945, U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
* Rössler, Eberhard (1985). *Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften: U-Bootbau bis Ende des 1. Weltkriegs, Konstruktionen für das Ausland und die Jahre 1935–1945* \[*The German Submarines and Their Shipyards: Submarine Construction Until the End of the First World War*\] (in German). Vol. I. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5213-7.
* Kemp, Paul (1997). *U-boats destroyed, German submarine losses in the World Wars*. London: Arms & Armour Press. p. 9. ISBN 1-85409-321-5.
* Stern, Robert C (2002). *Battle Beneath the Waves: U-boats at War*. Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 0-304-36228-X.

* Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 5". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 27 February 2007.

51°23′N 3°11′E / 51.383°N 3.183°E / 51.383; 3.183

## InfoBox

| SM *U-5* in the Harbour of Kiel (second boat left) | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| German Empire | |
| Name | *U-5* |
| Ordered | 8 April 1908 |
| Builder | Germaniawerft, Kiel |
| Cost | 2,540,000 Goldmark |
| Yard number | 147 |
| Laid down | 24 August 1908 |
| Launched | 8 January 1910 |
| Commissioned | 2 July 1910 |
| Fate | Sunk 18 December 1914 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | German Type U 5 submarine |
| Displacement | * 505  (497 long tons) surfaced * 636 t (626 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 5.60 m (18 ft 4 in) (o/a) * 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in) (pressure hull) |
| Draught | 3.55 m (11 ft 8 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 13.4 knots (24.8 km/h; 15.4 mph) surfaced * 10.2 knots (18.9 km/h; 11.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 3,300 nmi (6,100 km; 3,800 mi) at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) surfaced * 55 nmi (102 km; 63 mi) at 4.5 knots (8.3 km/h; 5.2 mph) |
| Test depth | 30 m (98 ft) |
| Boats & landing <br>craft carried | 1 dingi |
| Complement | 4 officers, 24 men |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: | * I Flotilla * 1 August – 18 December 1914 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Johannes Lemmer * 1 August – 18 December 1914 |
| Operations: | 2 patrols |
| Victories: | None |


title: Brienne-la-Vieille

abstract: Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France. The commune is bordered to the north by Brienne-le-Château in southern Champagne, and is traversed by the river Aube. It lies to the north of Lake Amance in the Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient, one of the regional natural parks of France.

text:
# Brienne-la-Vieille

**Brienne-la-Vieille** (French pronunciation: \[bʁijɛn la vjɛj\]) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

The commune is bordered to the north by Brienne-le-Château in southern Champagne, and is traversed by the river Aube. It lies to the north of Lake Amance in the Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient, one of the regional natural parks of France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 412 |  |
| 1968 | 456 | +10.7% |
| 1975 | 404 | −11.4% |
| 1982 | 486 | +20.3% |
| 1990 | 447 | −8.0% |
| 1999 | 420 | −6.0% |
| 2008 | 450 | +7.1% |
| 2012 | 452 | +0.4% |

## Administration

Previous mayors:

* Benoit Cerf, elected 2001, re-elected 2008.

## InfoBox

| Brienne-la-Vieille | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Brienne-la-Vieille | |
| Location of Brienne-la-Vieille | |
| Brienne-la-VieilleBrienne-la-Vieille | |
| Coordinates: 48°22′32″N 4°31′46″E / 48.3756°N 4.5294°E / 48.3756; 4.5294 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Aube |
| Arrondissement | Bar-sur-Aube |
| Canton | Brienne-le-Château |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20232026) | Gaël Grosmaire |
| Area**1** | 16.21 km2 (6.26 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 394 |
| Density | 24/km2 (63/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 10063 /10500 |
| Elevation | 117–153 m (384–502 ft)
(avg. 126 m or 413 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Brice Prairie, Wisconsin

abstract: Brice Prairie is a census-designated place (CDP) in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,887 at the 2010 census. Brice Prairie is located in the Town of Onalaska.

text:
# Brice Prairie, Wisconsin

**Brice Prairie** is a census-designated place (CDP) in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,887 at the 2010 census. Brice Prairie is located in the Town of Onalaska.

## History

Brice Prairie is named after pioneer farmers Alexander and Lucy Brice, who settled there in 1855. Alexander was a United States veteran of the War of 1812.

## Geography

Brice Prairie is located on the east bank of the Mississippi River waterway system. It is 6 miles (10 km) northwest of the center of the city of Onalaska and 11 miles (18 km) north of La Crosse, the county seat.

Brice Prairie borders the Mississippi's Lake Onalaska to the southwest and the Black River to the northwest. Halfway Creek empties into Lake Onalaska at the southeastern corner of Brice Prairie. The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, La Crosse District, borders the CDP to the west and north, and in part to the southeast. Historically, the area has been divided into Lower Brice Prairie and Upper Brice Prairie.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.6 square miles (11.9 km2), all of it land.

Brice Prairie

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 1,031 |  |
| 2000 | 1,804 | +75.0% |
| 2010 | 1,887 | +4.6% |
| 2020 | 1,961 | +3.9% |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,804 people, 654 households, and 516 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 398.0 people per square mile (153.8/km2). There were 691 housing units at an average density of 152.4/sq mi (58.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.29% White, 0.28% African American, 1.50% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. 1.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 654 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.1% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $49,303, and the median income for a family was $49,952. Males had a median income of $31,766 versus $23,472 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,295. 3.8% of the population and 2.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 1.0% of those under the age of 18 and 11.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

## Arts and culture

Brice Prairie holds an outdoor music festival the fourth Saturday in August. "Rockin' the Prairie" is held at the Brice Prairie 1st Responder building. Proceeds benefit Brice Prairie EMS and Rescue.

## Parks and recreation

The Upper Brice Prairie Landing and Mosey Landing offer access to Lake Onalaska and the Mississippi River. Lytles Landing is a canoe landing offering access to the Black River. The Great River State Bike Trail runs along Brice Prairie, and the Midway Railroad Prairie State Natural Area encompasses the eastern entrance to the prairie. Neighborhood parks are in residential areas, including Swarthout Park.

## Infrastructure

Brice Prairie is served by Brice Prairie EMS and Rescue and the Holmen Fire Department. Law enforcement coverage is provided by the La Crosse County Sheriff's Department, with mutual aid provided by the Onalaska Police Department and Holmen Police Department.

## InfoBox

| Brice Prairie, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location of Brice Prairie, Wisconsin | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 43°56′24″N 91°18′37″W / 43.94000°N 91.31028°W / 43.94000; -91.31028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | La Crosse |
| Town | Onalaska |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.59 sq mi (11.88 km2) |
| Land | 4.59 sq mi (11.88 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 666 ft (203 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,961 |
| Density | 430/sq mi (170/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 54650 (Onalaska) |
| Area code | 608 |
| FIPS code | 55-09465 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1867653 |


title: SSH2

abstract: Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SSH2 gene. The ADF/cofilin family is composed of stimulus-responsive mediators of actin dynamics. ADF/cofilin proteins are inactivated by kinases such as LIM domain kinase-1. The SSH family appears to play a role in actin dynamics by reactivating ADF/cofilin proteins in vivo.[supplied by OMIM]

text:
# SSH2

**Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 2** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *SSH2* gene.

The ADF (actin-depolymerizing factor)/cofilin family (see MIM 601442) is composed of stimulus-responsive mediators of actin dynamics. ADF/cofilin proteins are inactivated by kinases such as LIM domain kinase-1 (LIMK1; MIM 601329). The SSH family appears to play a role in actin dynamics by reactivating ADF/cofilin proteins in vivo (Niwa et al., 2002).\[supplied by OMIM\]

## Further reading

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *Q76I76* (Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 2) at the PDBe-KB.

## InfoBox

| SSH2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SSH2, SSH-2, SSH-2L, slingshot protein phosphatase 2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606779; MGI: 2679255; HomoloGene: 14116; GeneCards: SSH2; OMA:SSH2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001282129
NM\_001282130
NM\_001282131
NM\_033389   NM\_001291190
NM\_177710   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001269058
NP\_001269059
NP\_001269060
NP\_203747   NP\_001278119
NP\_808378   Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 29.63 – 29.93 Mb Chr 11: 77.11 – 77.35 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Saba Mumtaz

abstract: Saba Mumtaz is a noted Indian television writer and producer. She is the writer of successful shows like Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, Bade Achche Lagte Hain Chand Chupa Badal Mein, Molkki, Saraswatichandra, Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke, Ek Boond Ishq, Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey, 'Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan, Shakuntala, Dharam Veer, Parrivaar – Kartavya Ki Pariksha, Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal, Haqeeqat, Meri Saasu Maa, Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Parivaar.. Udariyan and films Disha, Kori and The IMAAM

text:
# Saba Mumtaz

**Saba Mumtaz** is a noted Indian television writer and producer. She is the writer of successful shows like *Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai*, *Bade Achche Lagte Hain Chand Chupa Badal Mein*, *Molkki*, *Saraswatichandra*, *Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke*, Ek Boond Ishq, *Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey*, 'Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan*,* Shakuntala*,* Dharam Veer*, Parrivaar – Kartavya Ki Pariksha,* Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal*,* Haqeeqat*,* Meri Saasu Maa*,* Mariam Khan - Reporting Live *Parivaar .. Udariyan and films Disha, Kori and The IMAAM*

## Early life and background

She studied mass communication at AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre, Jamia Milia Islamia University in Delhi.

## Personal life

She is from Delhi, but resides in Mumbai with her daughter, Noveera. As of 2019, she is working on her new shows.

## Career

Saba got her first break in script writing with TV series, *Haqeeqat* on Sahara One in 2001, which was based on real-life incidents. This was followed by *Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan* (2006–2009), *Dharam Veer* (2008), *Mohe Rang De* (2009) and *Mere Ghar Aayi Ek Nanhi Pari* (2009) on Colors TV. She wrote for *Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai* (2009) and *Chand Chupa Badal Mein* (2010–2011) on Star Plus and *Ek Boond Ishq* on Life OK.

## Television

As Writer

Feature Film - **Disha** \[ FOR FILMS DIVISION \]

**As Director**

Feature Film - **Disha** \[ FOR FILMS DIVISION \]

**As Producer**

*Ek Boond Ishq* (2013)

Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey (2017)

Meri Saasu Maa (2016)

Feature Film - **Disha** \[ FOR FILMS DIVISION \]


title: Saba Labour Party

abstract: The Saba Labour Party (SLP) is a political party in Saba. The 2019 elections saw the SLP lose both their seats in the Island Council.

text:
# Saba Labour Party

The **Saba Labour Party** (SLP) is a political party in Saba. The 2019 elections saw the SLP lose both their seats in the Island Council.

## Netherlands Antilles

Until the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, the party competed in island council elections and for the single Saba seat in the Estates of the Netherlands Antilles (which it failed to win in the 2002, 2006 and 2010 elections).

## InfoBox

| Saba Labour Party | |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Ishmael Levenston |
| Founded | 2002? |
| Ideology | Social democracy |
| Political position | Centre-left |
| Colours | Blue |
| Saba Island council | 0 / 5 |
|  | |


title: STK 50MG

abstract: The STK 50 MG, formerly known as the CIS 50MG, is a gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed heavy machine gun developed and manufactured by Chartered Industries of Singapore in the late 1980s, in response to a request by the Singaporean Defence Ministry to replace the 12.7mm Browning M2HB machine guns then in ubiquitous service with the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The aim was to have a brand new heavy machine gun design, that fires the same type of.50 cal rounds as the M2HB machine guns and to have the gun parts more readily available in view of easing SAF's chain of logistics and supplies.

text:
# STK 50MG

The **STK 50 MG**, formerly known as the **CIS 50MG**, is a gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed heavy machine gun developed and manufactured by **Chartered Industries of Singapore** (CIS, now ST Kinetics) in the late 1980s, in response to a request by the Singaporean Defence Ministry to replace the 12.7mm Browning M2HB machine guns then in ubiquitous service with the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).

The aim was to have a brand new heavy machine gun design, that fires the same type of .50 cal rounds as the M2HB machine guns and to have the gun parts more readily available in view of easing SAF's chain of logistics and supplies.

## Design

The CIS engineers learned from the lesson of the canceled (lack of funding) American "Dover Devil GPHMG" program known as the Special Projects Group at Picatinny Arsenal led by Charles J. Rhoades. Curt Johnson and Phil Baker developed the original concept to create a modular weapon suited for modern tactical doctrines and production techniques. In 1988, CIS introduced the new 12.7mm machine gun which was aptly named as the **CIS 50MG**, after two years of development and testing phase.

As the STK 50 MG is a gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed weapon, the gun is operated using dual gas pistons, located in two gas tubes placed on either side of the barrel. The barrel is locked by means of a rotary bolt with multiple radial lugs that engages the barrel extension, eliminating the need for headspace adjustments. The CIS 50MG utilises the same "constant recoil" system used in the Ultimax 100 and it also has a quick-detachable barrel equipped with a carrying handle to facilitate the ease of barrel changing under combat situations or during operational manoeuvres.

### Features

The one unique feature of the weapon is its dual belt-feed system, the system allows for fast and easy switching of ammunition from standard ball rounds to the Raufoss Mk 211 Armor-Piercing-Incendiary rounds or the Saboted light armor penetrator (SLAP), which are capable of penetrating a rolled homogeneous armour plate with a thickness of 25 mm (0.98 in) from a range of 1 km (0.62 mi).

Such systems are more commonly used in modern automatic cannons such as the M242 Bushmaster 25mm cannon and the Mk44 Bushmaster II 30mm cannon, both of which are also in use by the Singapore Army's Bionix AFVs.

## Users

## Explanatory notes

### Citations

1. Richard J, 2008.
2. "50MG Product Brochure" (PDF). ST Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
3. Andrew C, 1989.
4. "Maximum Firepower: The Machine Guns of the SAF". Singaporean Defence Ministry. 7 June 2008. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
5. "STK 50MG". *Military Today*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
6. "5 x Patrol Craft BN". *Khulna Shipyard*. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
7. "Un repaso a las armas ligeras de Pindad" (in Spanish). ARMAS. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
8. "\[Indo Defense 2018\] MP5 Clones, 7.62mm Rifles, News from Indonesia's Pindad -". *The Firearm Blog*. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
9. Binnie, Jeremy; de Cherisey, Erwan (2017). "New-model African armies" (PDF). Jane's. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2017.
10. Muhammad Juffry, Bin Joihani (July–August 2009). "PCG upgrades with new fleet and training centre". *Police Life Monthly*. **35** (7). Singapore: Singapore Police Force. ISSN 0217-8699. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010.

### General and cited references

## InfoBox

| STK 50MG | |
| --- | --- |
| The CIS 50MG on display during Singapore Army open house 2007. | |
| Type | Heavy machine gun |
| Place of origin | Singapore |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1991–present |
| Used by | See *Users* |
| Wars | Myanmar conflict |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS, now ST Kinetics) |
| Designed | Mid-1980s |
| Manufacturer | • CIS: 1988–2000<br>• ST Kinetics: 2000–present |
| Produced | 1988–present |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 30 kg (66.14 lb) (complete gun assembly w/o feed chute and tripod adaptor) |
| Length | 1,778 mm (70.0 in) with stock |
| Barrel length | 1,143 mm (45.0 in) |
| Width | 190 mm (7.5 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 12.7×99mm NATO |
| Calibre | 12.7 mm (0.50 in) |
| Barrels | Single barrel (progressive RH parabolic twist, 8 grooves) |
| Action | Gas-operated, rotating bolt |
| Rate of fire | 400–600 rounds/min |
| Muzzle velocity | 890 m/s (2,920 ft/s) |
| Feed system | Single sprocket Belt-fed with dual-feed chutes |
| Sights | Folding leaf sight |


title: British Biographical Index

abstract: British Biographical Index in four vols. Edited by David Bank and Anthony Esposito. London: K.G. Saur. It is the key to the British Biographical Archive. Edited by Laureen Baillie and Paul Sieveking. Munich: K.G. Saur, 1984-. 1236 fiches. The collection includes 330,000 biographical entries from 324 reference books originally published between 1601 and 1929. Most major reference libraries have it. In digital online form, it forms part of the World Biographical Information System Online

text:
# British Biographical Index

***British Biographical Index*** in four vols. Edited by David Bank and Anthony Esposito. London: K.G. Saur. It is the key to the British Biographical Archive. Edited by Laureen Baillie and Paul Sieveking. Munich: K.G. Saur, 1984-. 1236 fiches.

The collection includes 330,000 biographical entries from 324 reference books originally published between 1601 and 1929. Most major reference libraries have it. In digital online form, it forms part of the World Biographical Information System Online


title: ST Koraaga

abstract: Koraaga was a Castle-class steel-hulled trawler built in 1914 by Smith's Dock Company, South Bank, Middlesbrough. She was requisitioned as an auxiliary minesweeper operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in October 1917 for minesweeping duties during World War I, but she was never commissioned. Koraaga returned to be operated commercially as a fishing trawler until she wrecked when she struck a reef off Bass Point whilst carrying returning to Sydney. She was refloated on the tide after having becoming stranded and drifted till she was finally lost five miles (8.0 km) east of Black Head, Gerringong on 10 September 1931.

text:
# ST Koraaga

***Koraaga*** was a Castle-class steel-hulled trawler built in 1914 by Smith's Dock Company, South Bank, Middlesbrough. She was requisitioned as an auxiliary minesweeper operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in October 1917 for minesweeping duties during World War I, but she was never commissioned. *Koraaga* returned to be operated commercially as a fishing trawler until she wrecked when she struck a reef off Bass Point whilst carrying returning to Sydney. She was refloated on the tide after having becoming stranded and drifted till she was finally lost five miles (8.0 km) east of Black Head, Gerringong on 10 September 1931.

## Ship description and construction

The vessels were designed with a single deck with a long, raised quarterdeck carried to the fore side of the trawl winch and also a raised top-gallant forecastle. On the forecastle deck a windlass for working the winch was fitted, and an anchor of the stockless type housed in a long hawse pipe. An iron breakwater was also fitted to divert the sea when the vessels are being driven in heavy weather. The crew was housed under the forecastle deck, the entrance being through a lobby on the starboard side over which the forecastle deck was carried affording ample protection to the crew when entering or leaving the forecastle in heavy weather.

The vessel was described by one of the crew:

They were pretty good sea boats, although very wet, there was a saying that they submerged at the Heads and surfaced down at Gabo Island. We worked mainly four on, four off. Turn to, to 'shoot away', pick up and store the catch and clean up. We worked bloody long hours. I think there were six deckies, four firemen, one engineer, one wireless operator and the master and mate. The galley was right aft with the mess room beneath. You would get your feed, climb down the hatchway to the mess room below. We would get a bucket of water from the galley to take to the forecastle where we bunked. By the time we got forward we would have only half a bucket of hot water to wash in but after a couple of days you didn’t worry about washing. You were wet through most of the time so it didn’t matter.

## Ship service history

### New South Wales state service

Government trawlers *Brolga*, *Koraaga*, and *Gunundaal* left for Sydney on 17 February 1915, came out via the Suez Canal, and had an uneventful trip with the only bad weather being in the Australian Bight. Captain D. Rousfield brought the vessel out and thought highly of her sea-going capabilities.

#### Reasoning for the State trawling vessels

From the late 1890s, the State Government had been investigating the possibility of a deepwater fishery off New South Wales. Prior to World War I estuary based fishing dominated the New South Wales catch.

In 1914 the Holman State Government set up a publicly owned company called the State Trawling Industry to encourage the development of off-shore fishing and to supply Sydney and Newcastle with large quantities of cheap fish. The Manager, David Stead was sent to Great Britain to examine steam trawling methods and acquire the necessary ships and crews.

Steam trawler *Brolga* arrived in Sydney on 24 April 1915, followed a few days later by *Koraaga* arriving 27 April and the following month by *Gunundaal*.

Trawling operations began in June 1915. In 1916 the Government expanded its fishing operations and placed an order for three more trawlers with the State Dockyard in Newcastle. The Government also established an integrated fishing and marketing system, with the new company opening four retail outlets in Sydney by 1916. By 1922 this network had grown to 20 outlets, 14 of which were in the Sydney area

By 1920 due to consistently large financial losses arising from State Trawling Industry operations, management was replaced and a major cost-cutting program was begun. In 1923 the Fuller Government sold off the operation which had a running loss of over £180,000. The steam trawlers were sold to private companies.

#### Union and social issues

Cabled advice was recently received from London announcing the departure of three trawlers, which were purchased by Mr. David G. Stead for the New South Wales Government. The three vessels – the *Brolga*, the *Gunundaal*, and the *Koraaga* – will form the nucleus of a State fleet, and they are manned by. Grimsby men, who have been engaged by the State Government to teach trawling. The coastal fishing industry has until now been carried on by small sailing craft and motor-boats.

Industrial issues ensued from when the vessels arrived by 1916. An award had been secured to allow 24-hour leave periods for trawling crews. Between October 1921 and August 1922, trawler skippers were ordered to land no more than twenty boxes of fish other than flathead, when flathead were plentiful as a directed scheme to keep trawled flathead lower priced than so-called prime fish (estuarine mullet, for instance) so that it "could be attractive to the lower classes".

#### Shipping incidents

The Government trawlers *Koraaga* and *Gunundaal* had a collision on the night of Monday, 14 February 1916. The *Gunundaal*, when coming alongside No 5 wharf Woolloomooloo Bay collided with the *Koraaga*. The *Gunundaal* had her stem twisted towards the starboard quarter and the *Koraaga*had her starboard side abreast of the refrigeration hatch damaged. The damage to both vessels was estimated at £600 with the *Gunundaal* having to be repaired before she could go to sea again.

On Monday 16 July 1917 the *Koraaga* found the *Swift*, an 86 ft (26 m) motor launch, which was drifting between three and four miles east of Botany Bay, as her engine had broken and it was brought into Sydney.

#### Royal Australian Navy service

On 26 September 1917 the trawlers *Gunundaal* and *Koraaga*were requisitioned by the RAN as auxiliary minesweepers to conduct minesweeping operations off the New South Wales and Victoria coasts, searching for mines laid by the German raider *Wolf*.

On 8 October 1917 the trawlers *Koraaga*and *Gunundaal*, manned by the Royal Australian Naval Brigade under Lieutenant-Commander F. J. Ranken, RNR, began to sweep a German minefield off Gabo Island. Thirteen mines were destroyed. Minesweepers were not commissioned in the RAN in WWI. By early January 1918, they had swept a total of 13 mines. *Koraaga* was returned to her owners in February 1918, but her sister ships were retained until 1919.

#### Discoveries of old wreck sites

The State Trawling vessels become well known for the discovery of various wreck sites and artefacts as they were the first vessels to systematically trawl in deeper waters.

Two of the State trawling vessels have located wrecks during their trawling operations. On her last trip the *Gunundaal* let down her trawl about five miles off Botany South Head, and at 30 fathoms (55 m) struck an obstruction which proved to be a wreck. The trawling net suffered very severely and most of it was lost, but what was dragged out of depths brought with it a piece of angle steel about 30 feet (9.14 m) in length, with a spring about 9 inches (0.23 m) long attached to it. It evidently came off the decking of a vessel. The steel appeared to have been in the water a very long time, and was heavily oxidized, but the name, "Consett & Co.", a well-known firm of steel makers in Yorkshire, was discernible on it. On the same day and about the same locality the *Koraaga* at a depth of 50 fathoms (91 m) fouled something very substantial, and in her case to the trawl net was considerably damaged. It brought up with it a ship's boat davit.

The vessel fouled by the *Gunundaal* could well be the *Woniora*, built in April 1863, which sank on 28 October 1882, which is regularly dived in 63 meters of water. Although the boat davit brought up by the *Koraaga*suggests there may be a further wreck in deeper water.

The trawler *Koraaga*, which returned to port yesterday, after a successful fishing cruise on grounds reaching from off Botany to the vicinity of Coalcliff, located, 4 miles (6.44 km) east of Wattamolla, another wreck. On this occasion a large stock anchor very old and heavily corroded was picked up, with also pieces of wooden wreckage. The anchor or what remains of it weighs about 4 cwt or 5 cwt (200-250 kg).

This is prior to the sinking of the *Undola* (20 December 1918) or *Tuggerah* (17 May 1919) the only currently known wrecks in this approximate position. The vessel was also to trawl up remnants from World War I disasters.

At the War Trophies Exhibition in the education building is a remarkable exhibit. This is a bale of "greasy" wool picked up by the State trawler *Koraaga* in the vicinity of Green Cape at a depth of 300 feet (91.44 m). There is little doubt that this bale of wool is part of the cargo of the *Cumberland*, which was destroyed some time back after coming into contact with a German mine near Gabo Island. The wool is in good condition.

Again in the region of the Royal National Park near Wattamolla, the vessel ran into remains of vessels were discovered that were originally involved in the transport of Coal from the Illawarra region shortly after the sinking of the *Undola* (20 December 1918) but prior to the sinking of the *Tuggerah* (17 May 1919).

There is to be seen at the Government Tourist Bureau, in Martin Place, the old ship's anchor which was recently trawled by the *Koraaga* from the sea at a depth of 318 feet (96.93 m) off Wata Mooli. The anchor appears to have been in the sea for a very long period. A little distance on the landward side of the spot where the anchor was taken from the skipper of, the State trawler *Brolga* trawled a portion of a very old wreck.

Just 11 months later:

Captain Stuart, of the State trawler *Brolga*, has reported to his department that when fishing on the "Rome" grounds between Cape Solander and Wata Mooli on 26 January the trawl became fast to an old wreck. On hauling the trawl was half-full of old rotten timber, with pieces of metal attached, and also an old-fashioned anchor windlass lever on crusted with coal. Apparently this windlass lever was from a very old wreck, because the timber would crumble at the touch.

### Coastal Trawling Company / Red Funnel Fisheries

In 1923 the fleet of State trawlers was disposed of to be taken over by private enterprise. The *Koraaga*, one of the seven trawlers offered for sale, was purchased by a syndicate, which is to work on a cooperative basis. All the crew of the *Koraaga* are men who served on the trawlers under the Government regime, and will be shareholders of the syndicate.

The move to the cooperative also encouraged changes to fishing practices including:

Unlike the system obtaining under State control, when hauls wore left on deck until all operations ended, the method adopted was to place each haul of fish straight into a separate ice-house, and, to prevent-crushing of the lower layers of fish, each ice-house is divided into sections by removable shelves. This system also obviates the use of grappling hooks, which formerly tore the flesh of the fish, and so made large quantities unsaleable. Under the new system loading into the baskets is affected by a simple inclination of the shelves. Mr. Creamer, general manager of the Coastal Trawling Company, which controls the *Koraaga*, pointed out yesterday that the reduction of handling to a minimum must ensured the good condition of all fish. The ‘*Koraaga*, moreover, should show a profit with even moderate catches. The weakness of the State trawling enterprise was, in his opinion, the large administrative and storage expenses. The Coastal Trawling Company has entirely eliminated the latter. Arrangements were made for the landing of fish at the markets in as fresh a condition as possible. Voyages were cut short; bonus systems were introduced, which made it worthwhile for the crews to see that no damage was done in the stowage or unloading of their hauls. Unnecessary handling was obviated by all discoverable devices.

Despite the accumulated losses of £300,000 suffered by the Stale trawling industry, private enterprise during the next seven or eight months has established the industry on a profitable and flourishing footing:

A representative of the original trawling syndicate that purchased the *Koraaga* said yesterday: "We started with everything against us. State administration had muddled every path we wanted to take. We were told that people would not eat trawled fish. We were told that trawled fish could not be landed fresh. We were told we should not make our running expenses. To-day we are doing everything that the State industry at tempted, and are making it pay. We have put the trawling industry firmly on its feet. We started off with no better equipment than the State, and with handicaps Imposed on us by the State., But throughout we had the advantages of business administration and of cleanliness. As for the profits to be made, take our own case. Our profits have long since repaid us the cost of our trawler. We have Just floated ourselves into a company, with a capital of £20,000. We are looking round now in Scotland for a second trawler. We have only begun to show the possibilities of the industry. There are further big developments to come."

### Cam & Sons

The vessel came into the ownership of Cam & Sons a major player in the then-new growing industry in July 1929.

The trawler *Koraaga* continued to work hard but returned early to Sydney late on Wednesday 2 October 1929 with a broken foremast. As early on the Tuesday, morning, when the ship was 28 miles south of Cape Everard, the mast broke about 10 feet from the deck, under the strain of a trawl full of fish which was being hauled in. No one was injured.

A few weeks later a German mine, apparently one of those laid in the track of shipping off Gabo Island by the raider *Wolf* in 1917, for which the vessel had previously been engaged in clearing was recovered by the *Koraaga* 14 miles east by south from Cape Everard on Thursday morning 24 October 1929.

After the trawl had been dragging for some time on the ocean bottom in 65 fathoms, it was raised and the crew stood by to receive the catch. Those with experience of mine sweeping during the war were startled when the mine tumbled out on deck. It stood about four feet high with a diameter of two feet and weighed about five cwt. Long immersion and rolling about on the ocean floor had made the mine harmless. The cap and firing mechanism were gone, and there was no cable. A quantity of explosive still remained. This was taken out and the mine brought back to Sydney where the trawler berthed yesterday morning. Any marks of identification are hidden by a heavy marine growth. Captain J. Farquhar, master of the Koraaga, who gained a knowledge of mines while fishing in the North Sea, said last night that he believed the mine had been cut adrift from a minefield during sweeping, and after going to the bottom was carried south by the current. It was possible, he said, that the *Koraaga* was responsible for rendering the mine harmless, since she swept the Gabo field with the Brolga and Gunundaal. The Gabo minefield was first discovered by one of the State trawlers, and that before the danger area was properly swept the Cumberland was blown up. "The laying of the mines by the Wolf was very cleverly done," he said. "They were put down at night in an area that was in full view of the Gabo lighthouse during daylight." The mine will be retained by Mr. Cam among the many curiosities that have been brought back to Sydney by his trawlers.

This mine made the total recovered number of mines in Australian waters as 27 and confirmed the statement made by the Germans after the war that the raider *Wolf* had put down two minefields, each of 15 mines, along the Australian coast. The site of the second minefield indicated by the Germans was off Cape Everard. This area was swept on two occasions without apparent result.

## Shipwreck event

The *Koraaga* struck a reef off Bass Point, Shellharbour late in the night of Wednesday 9 September 1931. By the morning of the Thursday the vessel had refloated with the tide and drifted away to the south and east slowly filling with water, until she sank in the afternoon five miles east of Black Head, Gerringong, Thursday 10 September 1931.

The vessel struck a reef off Bass Point, Shellharbour, late on Wednesday night, and was badly holed. As she appeared likely to founder quickly, she was abandoned, and the crew of 11 rowed to Kiama, five miles away. Returning to the scene early yesterday morning, they were astonished to find that the Incoming tide had refloated the vessel, which was rapidly drifting out to sea. The crew, in the ship's dinghy, reached Kiama at 2 o'clock yesterday morning, and Captain James Reid, the master, reported the matter to the police. The men rested until shortly before daybreak, and then set out in a launch owned by Mr. C. Stead to retrieve their personal belongings. As they drew near the spot where the *Koraaga* had gone ashore they found she had disappeared, and it was feared that she had already foundered. Within a few minutes, however, the vessel was seen about a mile and a half offshore, drifting southward under the influence of a strong current and a stiff north-easterly breeze. Her trawling flags were still flying, and she gave the appearance of being under control. So much so that, several hours later, two Interstate steamers passed without noticing anything amiss. By noon the trawler, now low in the water, was several miles out to sea. Members of the crew overtook the *Koraaga* early in the morning and went on board. They found that the engine room was flooded, and the vessel was being kept afloat by watertight compartments. There were then two possibilities, either that she would founder when the weight of water broke down the bulkheads, or that she would go ashore on Gerringong Beach. Word was sent to Sydney, and Cam and Sons, the owners, dispatched the trawler *Charlie Cam*, equipped with towing gear, to the scene. It was hoped to reach her before she went ashore or sank, and that she would have sufficient buoyancy to enable her to be towed to Sydney. She disappeared, however, before the *Charlie Cam* had reached the scene, and the salvage trawler was recalled. Worn out by his all day vigil beside the sinking vessel, Captain Reid returned to Kiama at 4 o'clock. He reported that the trawler had heeled over and foundered an hour before, about five miles east of Black Head, Gerringong, 9 miles from Kiama. Captain Reid was on board until just before the foundering. He said that the *Koraaga* sank in two minutes. The trawling flags and signals were still flying when she disappeared.

## Wreck site and wreckage

The wreck site is described as "about five miles east of Black Head, Gerringong, 9 miles from Kiama" and at 70 metres (230 ft) depth.

## Further reading

34°47′00″S 150°54′36″E / 34.783268°S 150.909879°E / -34.783268; 150.909879

## InfoBox

| Model of the *Koraaga* from the Powerhouse Museum | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Name | *Koraaga* |
| Owner | * New South Wales Government Fisheries, Sydney * Coastal Trawling Company, Sydney * Cam & Sons, Sydney |
| Port of registry | Sydney registration number: 26/1923 |
| Builder | Smith's Dock Company Middlesbrough, England |
| Yard number | 594 |
| Launched | 3 December 1914 |
| Completed | January 1915 |
| Identification | UK official number: 151981 |
| Fate | Wrecked and sank striking reef on 10 September 1931 |
| Australia | |
| Name | *Koraaga* |
| In service | 8 October 1917 |
| Out of service | February 1918 |
| Fate | Returned to owners in 1918 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Castle-class naval trawler |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 34.93 m (114 ft 7 in) |
| Beam | 6.644 m (21 ft 9.6 in) |
| Draught | 3.596 m (11 ft 9.6 in) |
| Installed power | Triple expansion steam engine |
| Crew | 11 |


title: Brown Candover

abstract: Brown Candover is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Candovers, in the Basingstoke and Deane district, in the county of Hampshire, England. The village belongs to the parish of the Candovers and its nearest town is New Alresford, 5 miles (8.0 km) away from the village. In 1931 the parish had a population of 131.

text:
# Brown Candover

**Brown Candover** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Candovers, in the Basingstoke and Deane district, in the county of Hampshire, England. The village belongs to the parish of the Candovers and its nearest town is New Alresford, 5 miles (8.0 km) away from the village. In 1931 the parish had a population of 131.

## Governance

The village of Brown Candover is part of the Upton Grey and the Candovers ward of Basingstoke and Deane borough council. The borough council is a Non-metropolitan district of Hampshire County Council. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished to form "Candovers".

Media related to Brown Candover at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Brown Candover | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Peter's Parish Church | |
| Brown CandoverLocation within Hampshire | |
| Population | 236 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SU5739 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Alresford |
| Postcode district | SO24 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
|


title: Brown Chamberlin

abstract: Brown Chamberlin was a Quebec lawyer, publisher and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Missisquoi from 1867 to 1870. He was born in Frelighsburg, Lower Canada in 1827, the son of Brown Chamberlin, a doctor. He studied at McGill College and was called to the bar in 1850. Chamberlin worked as a journalist and was publisher of the Montreal Gazette from 1853 to 1867. He later sold the paper to Richard and Thomas White. He resigned his seat in the House of Commons when he was named Queen's Printer in Ottawa in 1870; Chamberlin held this post until 1891. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the local militia and was named a companion of the Order of St Michael and St George for his role in repelling Fenian raiders at Eccles Hill. He was also a Freemason, and a member of Civil Service Lodge No. 148, in Ottawa. Chamberlin died in Lakefield, Ontario at the age of 70.

text:
# Brown Chamberlin

**Brown Chamberlin** (March 26, 1827 – July 13, 1897) was a Quebec lawyer, publisher and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Missisquoi from 1867 to 1870.

He was born in Frelighsburg, Lower Canada in 1827, the son of Brown Chamberlin, a doctor. He studied at McGill College and was called to the bar in 1850. Chamberlin worked as a journalist and was publisher of the *Montreal Gazette* from 1853 to 1867. He later sold the paper to Richard and Thomas White. He resigned his seat in the House of Commons when he was named Queen's Printer in Ottawa in 1870; Chamberlin held this post until 1891. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the local militia and was named a companion of the Order of St Michael and St George for his role in repelling Fenian raiders at Eccles Hill. He was also a Freemason, and a member of Civil Service Lodge No. 148, in Ottawa. Chamberlin died in Lakefield, Ontario at the age of 70.

## Family

In 1870, Brown Chamberlin married Agnes Dunbar FitzGibbon, daughter of Sheriff Moodle, of Belleville and Susanna Moodie. The couple had one daughter, Mrs. Badgley. Agnes had married her first husband, Charles FitzGibbon, Barrister-at-law, in 1850 and survived him. By her first husband Mrs. Chamberlin had one son and three daughters. Her daughter Miss Mary Agnes FitzGibbon, wrote a biography of her grandfather, Colonel James FitzGibbon, entitled "A Veteran of 1812."

Mrs. Chamberlin was an artist and the author of *Canadian Wildflowers* (1867) and other works. She drew on the lithographing stone the set of Canadian Fungi (edible) published by the Geological Survey of Canada. She illustrated Mrs. Traill's "Studies of Plant Life". Her drawings were exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia.

## Archives

There is a Brown Chamberlin fonds (R3030) at Library and Archives Canada.


title: SS Irwell

abstract: SS Irwell was a freight vessel built for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1906.

text:
# SS Irwell

**SS *Irwell*** was a freight vessel built for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1906.

## History

She was built in 1906 by Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson as a sister ship to SS Mersey, and launched on 10 May 1906 for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to provide freight services from Goole to Rotterdam. She made her maiden voyage from the River Tyne to Goole on 13 June 1906.

In June 1907, two stowaways were discovered when she had departed Hamburg. Clowes Enoch of Schleswig Holstein, and Joseph Todhunter of Birkenhead were found among the sails in the after part between decks

In December 1913, she was returning to Goole from Ghent when she reversed forcefully into the north wall of the dock. A small boat was smashed and some pieces of the wall were dislodged.

In 1914, she was engaged in the potato trade from Jersey, bringing the produce directly into Kingston upon Hull. She was transferred to the London and North Western Railway in 1922 and to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923.

On 15 May 1929, she left Goole for Copenhagen, but became stuck in ice off the Danish Coast north of Sjaelland with a broken rudder and the steward was reported as dead. The mate of the ship fell overboard, striking his head against one of the anchor chains, and was killed. On 18 October 1934, she collided with the British sloop *Edna* in the Humber estuary at Whitton, Lincolnshire, England. *Edna* sank.

She was transferred to Associated Humber Lines in 1935. She was based in Icelandic waters as a naval supply ship during World War II. In 1946, she switched to Larne to Loch Ryan service.

On 28 December 1947, she was on a voyage from Rotterdam in heavy seas; the second officer reported seeing a yacht tossing helplessly flying distress signals. The American vessel, the *Seafarer* had set out from Cowes to sail to Norway. During the crossing, their engine failed, and the sail was blown away by the westerly gale. They had drifted for two days before being spotted by *Irwell*. The crew of *Irwell* managed to get a line aboard *Seafarer*, and they towed the yacht to Masslius.

In 1948, she was transferred to the British Transport Commission and she was scrapped in March 1954 at Gateshead.

## InfoBox

| Postcard depicting the SS Irwell | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | 1906–1954: SS *Irwell* |
| Operator |  |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson |
| Yard number | 758 |
| Launched | 10 May 1906 |
| Completed | May 1906 |
| Out of service | 3 April 1954 |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 1,040 gross register tons (GRT) |
| Length | 255 feet (78 m) |
| Beam | 36 feet (11 m) |
| Draught | 16.3 feet (5.0 m) |


title: Recovery (1811 ship)

abstract: Recovery was a merchant ship built at Batavia in 1799 and taken in prize circa 1811. She made two voyages transporting convicts from England to Australia and one from Ireland to Australia. She also made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). She was last listed in 1847.

text:
# Recovery (1811 ship)

***Recovery*** was a merchant ship built at Batavia in 1799 and taken in prize circa 1811. She made two voyages transporting convicts from England to Australia and one from Ireland to Australia. She also made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). She was last listed in 1847.

## Career

*Recovery* was built at Batavia in 1799. She was taken in prize and sold to John Chapman, who renamed her. She entered *Lloyd's Register* in 1811 with Hindmarsh, master, Chapman, owner, and trade London transport. She underwent rebuilding in 1811, but it is not clear whether before or after her capture.

*Recovery* underwent lengthening in 1817.

On her first convict voyage, under the command of William Fotherly and surgeon Peter Cunningham, she departed Woolwich on 31 July 1819, and arrived in Sydney on 18 December 1819. She embarked 188 male convicts and there were no convict deaths en route.

On her second convict voyage, under the command of William Fotherly and surgeon Peter Cunningham, she departed Cork, Ireland on 5 April 1823 and arrived in Sydney on 30 July 1823. She embarked 131 male convicts and had one convict death en route.

On *Recovery*'s first voyage for the EIC, Captain Henry Cleaver Chapman sailed from The Downs on 7 June 1830, bound for Madras and Bengal. She reached Madras on 17 September, and arrived at Calcutta on 12 October. Homeward bound, she was at Kedgeree on 4 January 1831, reached St Helena on 8 March, and arrived at The Downs on 12 May.

Captain Thomas Wellbank sailed *Recovery* from Falmouth on 9 July 1832, bound for Bengal, again for the EIC. She reached Calcutta on 3 December. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 24 January 1833 and the Cape of Good Hope on 27 March. She reached St Helena on 9 April and arrived at The Downs on 30 May.

On her third convict voyage, under the command of Thomas Johnson and surgeon Alexander Neill, *Recovery* departed London on 30 October 1835 and arrived in Sydney on 25 February 1836. She embarked 280 male convicts and there were five convict deaths en route.

*Recovery* underwent large repairs in 1837 and 1842.

| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1839 | Johnson | Chapman | London | *LR*; lengthened 1817, & large repairs 1837 |
| 1845 | Johnson | Chapman | London | *LR*; lengthened 1817, & damages repaired 1837, & large repair 1842 |
|

## Fate

*Recovery* was last listed in *Lloyd's Register* in 1847 with Johnson, master, Chapman, owner, homeport London, and trade London.

## Citations

* Bateson, Charles (1959). *The Convict Ships*. Brown, Son & Ferguson. OCLC 3778075.
* Hackman, Rowan (2001). *Ships of the East India Company*. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| \*1799:  Batavian Republic | |
| Launched | 1799, Batavia |
| Captured | c.1811 |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Recovery* |
| Owner | John Chapman & Co. |
| Acquired | 1811 by purchase of a prize |
| Fate | Removed from *Lloyd's Register* in 1848 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | * At capture:470, * Post 1817:493, or 494, or 499 (bm) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Armament | 8 × 18-pounder guns "of the New Construction" |
| Notes | Teak built |


title: Erwin Baker

abstract: Erwin George "Cannon Ball" Baker was an American motorcycle and automobile racer and organizer in the first half of the 20th century. Baker began his public career as a vaudeville performer, but turned to driving and racing after winning a dirt-track motorcycle race at Crawfordsville, Indiana, in about 1904. Baker was also famous for his record-setting point-to-point drives, in which he was paid to promote the products of various motorcycle and automobile manufacturers. In all, he made 143 cross-country motorcycle speed runs totaling about 550,000 miles (890,000 km). In 1908, Baker purchased an Indian motorcycle and began entering and winning local races. His most famous victory came in 1909 at the first race ever held at the newly built Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Baker also raced at the 1922 Indianapolis 500, placing 11th in a Frontenac. He became the first NASCAR Commissioner in 1947. Baker was inducted into the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 1981, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1989, and the American Motorcyclist Association Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998.

text:
# Erwin Baker

**Erwin George "Cannon Ball" Baker** (March 12, 1882 – May 10, 1960) was an American motorcycle and automobile racer and organizer in the first half of the 20th century. Baker began his public career as a vaudeville performer, but turned to driving and racing after winning a dirt-track motorcycle race at Crawfordsville, Indiana, in about 1904.

Baker was also famous for his record-setting point-to-point drives, in which he was paid to promote the products of various motorcycle and automobile manufacturers. In all, he made 143 cross-country motorcycle speed runs totaling about 550,000 miles (890,000 km).

In 1908, Baker purchased an Indian motorcycle and began entering and winning local races. His most famous victory came in 1909 at the first race ever held at the newly built Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Baker also raced at the 1922 Indianapolis 500, placing 11th in a Frontenac. He became the first NASCAR Commissioner in 1947. Baker was inducted into the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 1981, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1989, and the American Motorcyclist Association Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998.

## Life

Baker was born in Dearborn County, Indiana, possibly in the community of Weisburg, in 1882. In January 1912, he left Indianapolis on a two-speed Indian and covered 14,000 miles (23,000 km) in three months, traveling through Florida, down to Cuba and Jamaica, and then to Panama. He took a steamer up to San Diego where he based himself for a while and from there he competed in several endurance runs in both California and Arizona. It was during this time that Baker decided he would attempt to break the transcontinental record. After a record-setting transcontinental drive in 1914, he received his nickname "Cannon Ball" from a New York newspaper writer who compared him to the *Cannonball Express* train of the Illinois Central made famous by Casey Jones.

## Records

Baker set 143 driving records from the 1910s through the 1930s. His first was set in 1914, riding coast to coast on an Indian motorcycle in 11 days. He normally rode to sponsor manufacturers, guaranteeing them "no record, no money".

In 1915, Baker drove from Los Angeles to New York City in 11 days, 7 hours and fifteen minutes in a Stutz Bearcat, and the following year drove a Cadillac 8 roadster from Los Angeles to Times Square in 7 days, 11 hours, and 52 minutes, while accompanied by an Indianapolis newspaper reporter. For ReVere, he drove a car that might have been the first work's prototype vehicle on a very extended reliability, endurance, and promotion run. The trip took about four months from June to September 1918, went over 16,234 miles and connected the 48 state capitals. In 1924, he made his first midwinter transcontinental run in a stock Gardner sedan at a time of 4 days, 14 hours, and 15 minutes. He was so impressed by the car that he purchased one thereafter. In 1926, he drove a loaded two-ton truck from New York to San Francisco in a record 5 days, 17 hours, and 30 minutes, and in 1928, he beat the *20th Century Limited* train from New York to Chicago. Also in 1928, he competed in the Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race, and set a record time of 14:49.6 seconds, driving a Franklin.

His best-remembered drive was a 1933 New York City to Los Angeles trek in a Graham-Paige model 57 Blue Streak 8, setting a 53.5 hour record that stood for nearly 40 years. This drive inspired the later Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, better known as the "Cannonball Run", which itself inspired at least five movies and a television series. In 1941, he drove a new Crosley Covered Wagon across the nation in a trouble free 6,517-mile (10,488 km) run to prove the economy and reliability characteristics of Crosley automobiles. Other record and near-record transcontinental trips were made in Model T Fords, Chrysler Imperials, Marmons, Falcon-Knights, and Columbia Tigers, among others.

## Death

Baker died of a heart attack at Community Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana, on May 10, 1960, at age 78. He is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

## Historical marker

In 2017, an Indiana state historical marker commemorating "Cannon Ball" Baker was installed by the Indiana Historical Bureau in front of Baker's home at 902 East Garfield Drive in Indianapolis. The home overlooks Garfield Park.

## *Car and Driver* "Cannonball Run"

In the 1970s, *Car and Driver* magazine reporter Brock Yates and editor Steve Smith conceived the idea of an unsanctioned, informal race across the country, replicating the 53.5-hour transcontinental drive made by Baker in 1933. The New York to Los Angeles Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, later shortened to the "Cannonball Run", was staged in 1971, 1972, 1975, and 1979. The stunt served as the inspiration for several Hollywood movies, such as *Cannonball!*, *The Gumball Rally*, *The Cannonball Run*, *Cannonball Run II*, and *Cannonball Run III*.

## Motorsports career results

### Indianapolis 500 results

## InfoBox

| Erwin "Cannon Ball" Baker | |
| --- | --- |
| Baker in New York with his Indian motorcycle after his 1912 international journey | |
| Born | Erwin George Baker
(1882-03-12)March 12, 1882
Dearborn County, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | May 11, 1960(1960-05-11) (aged 78)
Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
|  | |
| Champ Car career | |
| 1 race run over 1 year | |
| First race | 1922 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis) |
| Wins Podiums Poles  0 0 0 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows

abstract: The Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows ecoregion covers the high meadows and shrubland of the Qilian Mountains, on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in central China. These mountains form a divide between the dry regions of the Gobi Desert to the north, and the Qaidam Basin and the Tibetan Plateau to the south. While the habitat supports populations of marmots, grouse and some rare mammal species, the grasslands of the region are under pressure from over-grazing by domestic livestock.

text:
# Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows

The **Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows** ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1015) covers the high meadows and shrubland of the Qilian Mountains, on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in central China. These mountains form a divide between the dry regions of the Gobi Desert to the north, and the Qaidam Basin and the Tibetan Plateau to the south. While the habitat supports populations of marmots, grouse and some rare mammal species, the grasslands of the region are under pressure from over-grazing by domestic livestock.

## Location and description

The Qilian Mountains lie on the northeastern rim of the Tibetan Plateau in central China, forming a border between Qinghai Province and Gansu Province. The mountains range in elevation from 3,000 meters to 5,547 meters, with a terrain of rolling hills surrounding rocky and glaciated peaks.

## Climate

Because of the altitude, latitude, and distance from the ocean, the climate of the ecoregion is *Tundra climate* (Köppen climate classification ET), a local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow (0 °C (32 °F)), but no month with an average temperature in excess of 10 °C (50 °F).

## Flora and fauna

The vegetation of the ecoregion exhibits altitude zoning typical to the Tibetan Plateau. Meadows are found below 3,300 meters, particularly on the drier southern slopes. Deciduous shrubs are dominant from 3,300 to 4,500 meters, and above 4,500 meters are found mostly cushion plants and barren rock. There are scattered sub-alpine conifer forests in the Qilian Mountains, mostly on the northern slopes; these forests constitute a separate ecoregion, the Qilian Mountains conifer forests.

The area supports herds of the vulnerable Thorold's deer, Tibetan antelope, and yak. The wild ungulates compete with domestic sheep for the available grasses.

## InfoBox

| Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows | |
| --- | --- |
| Qilian Mountains | |
| Ecoregion territory (in purple) | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Palearctic |
| Biome | Montane grasslands and shrublands |
| Geography | |
| Area | 73,297 km2 (28,300 sq mi) |
| Countries | China |
| Coordinates | 39°00′N 97°30′E / 39.000°N 97.500°E / 39.000; 97.500 |


title: Eriogonum parvifolium

abstract: Eriogonum parvifolium is a species in the family Polygonaceae that occurs on dune formations in the coastal area of Central and Southern California. This evergreen shrub grows to a height of 30 to 100 centimeters with a spread of approximately the same dimension. This plant is an important host for a number of pollinating insects including certain endangered species. E. parvifolium occurs both on bluffs along the Pacific Ocean coast as well as Coastal Strand dunes formations, but is restricted to altitudes below 700 meters. In at least one instance within the Carbonera Creek watershed, it occurs farther inland in a Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forest. This shrub is also known by the common names dune buckwheat, coast buckwheat, cliff buckwheat, or seacliff buckwheat.

text:
# Eriogonum parvifolium

***Eriogonum parvifolium*** is a species in the family Polygonaceae that occurs on dune formations in the coastal area of Central and Southern California. This evergreen shrub grows to a height of 30 to 100 centimeters with a spread of approximately the same dimension. This plant is an important host for a number of pollinating insects including certain endangered species. *E. parvifolium* occurs both on bluffs along the Pacific Ocean coast as well as Coastal Strand dunes formations, but is restricted to altitudes below 700 meters. In at least one instance within the Carbonera Creek watershed, it occurs farther inland in a Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forest. This shrub is also known by the common names **dune buckwheat**, **coast buckwheat**, **cliff buckwheat**, or **seacliff buckwheat**.

## Description

The thick cauline leaves are five to thirty millimeters in size and may be lanceolate to rounded. Alternatively leaves may be folded under, with the result of appearing more or less triangular; moreover they are smooth on the upper surfaces and woolly below. Foliage is green with reddish tinge, and the flowers white to pinkish or yellowish-green. The perianth measures 2.5 to 3.0 millimeters. This plant's glabrous fruits are 2.5 to 3.0 millimeters across.

## Ecology

*E. parvifolium* grows in sandy soils with pH ranging from five to eight (e.g. tolerates mildly acidic to mildly alkaline soils). In cultivation this species will actually tolerate clay soils. While this shrub grows in part to full sun, it may tolerate shade in cultivation. It is not subject to herbivory by deer, although many smaller fauna will consume its flowers, fruits and leaves. This species thrives in rainfall regimes of 39 to 78 centimeters per annum.

Dune buckwheat is the host plant to a large variety of insects, and thus there is intense competition among various insects. Specifically it is a host plant to ten different Lepidoptera species, including the El Segundo blue butterfly and Smith's blue butterfly; moreover, in the case of the El Segundo blue, it is the only host plant used by that species in all of its life stages.

## Conservation

Because of the host relationship to number of insect species, *E. parvifolium* has been the subject of numerous restoration programs including a significant and well researched program at Los Angeles International Airport, one of only three extant colonies of the endangered El Segundo blue.

## InfoBox

| *Eriogonum parvifolium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | *Eriogonum* |
| Species: | ***E. parvifolium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eriogonum parvifolium***<br>Sm. | |
|


title: The DeFranco Family

abstract: The DeFranco Family, featuring Tony DeFranco, was a 1970s pop music group and family from Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. The group, all siblings, consisted of guitarist Benny DeFranco; keyboardist Marisa DeFranco; guitarist Nino DeFranco; drummer Merlina DeFranco; and lead singer Tony DeFranco. The group had a number of hits between 1973 and 1977, including "Abra-Ca-Dabra" and their biggest hit, "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat." Either Tony DeFranco or the entire family made frequent appearances in the teen magazines of this period, such as Tiger Beat and Flip. By the late 1970s, the group had faded from the pop scene.

text:
# The DeFranco Family

**The DeFranco Family, featuring Tony DeFranco,** was a 1970s pop music group and family from Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. The group, all siblings, consisted of guitarist **Benny DeFranco** (born 11 July 1953); keyboardist **Marisa DeFranco** (born 23 July 1954); guitarist **Nino DeFranco** (born 19 October 1955); drummer **Merlina DeFranco** (born 20 July 1957); and lead singer **Tony DeFranco** (born 31 August 1959).

The group had a number of hits between 1973 and 1977, including "Abra-Ca-Dabra" and their biggest hit, "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat." Either Tony DeFranco or the entire family made frequent appearances in the teen magazines of this period, such as *Tiger Beat* and *Flip*. By the late 1970s, the group had faded from the pop scene.

## Biography

The five siblings who comprised the DeFranco Family were born to Italian immigrant parents and raised in Port Colborne and Welland, Ontario. Initially performing as the DeFranco Quintet, the group found success after a demo tape of their songs was heard by Sharon Lee, editor of teen magazine *Tiger Beat.* Impressed by what she heard, Lee arranged for Charles Laufer to fly the group to Los Angeles for an audition. Laufer signed the group to an exclusive deal with his company, Laufer Entertainment, financed a three-song demo, and helped them to secure a contract with 20th Century Records.

The DeFranco Family recorded at United Western Recorders studios in Hollywood with accompaniment by Wrecking Crew veterans Hal Blaine on drums, Larry Carlton on guitar, and Max Bennett on bass. They appeared on Dick Clark's *American Bandstand* nine times.

With their lighthearted approach to music, the DeFranco Family became a successful pop music act in the mid-1970s. They benefited from two major factors: the imposition of Canadian content regulations that encouraged Canadian radio stations to broadcast songs by artists from their home country, and the early 1970s popularity of two other family quintets often led by preteens, The Osmonds and The Jackson 5. The DeFranco Family's debut 1973 single, "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat," featuring the lead vocals of then 13-year-old Tony DeFranco, reached number one on WLS for five straight weeks (and was number two there for the entire year 1973), number three in the U.S. on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart and the top slot on the Cashbox singles chart, as well as hitting number three in their native Canada on the *RPM 100* national Top Singles chart, selling more than two million copies in the process. It was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A in November 1973. The song's writer, Purdue alumnus Michael T. Kennedy, was a long-time executive at Boeing/McDonnell Douglas. Their second single, "Abra-Ca-Dabra," which reached the Top 40, was followed by their final hit, "Save the Last Dance for Me," which reached number 18 on the charts in May 1974. Much of their success in 1973 came at the expense of the Osmonds, who (themselves making an attempt at proselytizing with their music that year) declined in popularity, though they would recover in 1974.

The DeFranco Family's active career reached a roadblock after that point. Family quintets were beginning to fall out of favor in the mid-1970s as disco began ascending (the Osmonds similarly saw a drop in popularity at the same time, while the Jackson 5 quickly adapted to disco), which coincided with Tony's voice changing because of puberty. A rock version of their tune "Write Me a Letter" failed to generate much attention and reached no higher than the 104th slot on the charts. Although their earlier hits had been produced by Walt Meskell, the disappointing sales of "Write Me a Letter" prompted their record label, 20th Century Records, to fire Meskell and team the group with Mike Curb, who had previously worked with The Osmonds. But the collaboration proved disastrous. When Curb attempted to recast the group as a cover band, they resisted and severed their relationship with their publisher and manager, Charles Laufer and Laufer Entertainment, and 20th Century Records.

Unable to attract interest from another label, they continued to tour and perform in Las Vegas until they ceased performing in 1978. A reunion concert at Rhino Records' Retro Fest in August 1999 was followed by the family's final performance at B.B. King's Nightclub in Los Angeles in April 2000.

The siblings took up residences in California within an hour's drive from each other and remain close. Although the family gave up its involvement in the music industry, Tony and Marisa perform on occasion. Tony is a real estate agent with Sotheby's International.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat* (1973) \[Hot 200: #109; RPM: #31\]
* *Save the Last Dance for Me* (1974) \[Hot 200: #163\]

### Singles

* 1973 "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat” \[Hot 100: #3; Cash Box: #1(1); RPM: #3; Australia: #6\]
* 1973 "Abra-ca-dabra" \[Hot 100: #32; Cash Box: #23; RPM: #15\]
* 1974 "Save the Last Dance for Me" \[Hot 100: #18; Cash Box: #16; RPM: #8\]
* 1974 "Write Me a Letter" \[Bubbling Under: #104; RPM: #90(2)\]
* 1975 "We Belong Together" \[Received airplay but didn't chart\]
* 1976 "Venus" \[Released in Japan\]

## Television appearances

## InfoBox

| The DeFranco Family | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Port Colborne, Ontario<br>Canada |
| Genres | Bubblegum pop |
| Years active | 1972–1978, 2000 |
| Labels | 20th Century Fox Records |
|  | |
| Past members | * Tony DeFranco * Benny DeFranco * Marisa DeFranco * Nino DeFranco * Merlina DeFranco |


title: Ciężkowice

abstract: Ciężkowice is a town in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,444 inhabitants as of December 2021. It lies in the Ciężkowice Foothills, on the Biała river. The town is located on regional road nr. 977, it also has a rail station, on a line which goes from Tarnów to the Slovak border crossing at Leluchów. Ciężkowice is home to a sports club Ciężkowianka, founded in 1948.

text:
# Ciężkowice

**Ciężkowice** \[t͡ɕɛ̃ʂkɔˈvʲit͡sɛ\] is a town in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,444 inhabitants as of December 2021. It lies in the *Ciężkowice Foothills*, on the Biała river. The town is located on regional road nr. 977, it also has a rail station (Bogoniowice - Ciężkowice), on a line which goes from Tarnów to the Slovak border crossing at Leluchów. Ciężkowice is home to a sports club *Ciężkowianka*, founded in 1948.

## History

The history of Ciężkowice dates back to the year 1125, when in a document of Papal legate Gilles de Paris, the village is mentioned as a property of the Tyniec Benedictine Abbey. On February 29, 1348, King Kazimierz Wielki granted it Magdeburg rights town charter. At that time, Ciężkowice was partly inhabited by the German settlers. In the late Middle Ages, Ciężkowice was located on a merchant route from the Kingdom of Hungary to Kraków. Weekly fairs took place here every Wednesday, where local dairy products, clothes, salt, horses and Hungarian wines were sold. In 1358, St. Andrew parish church was built.

After the Swedish invasion of Poland, Ciężkowice lost its importance. Until 1772 (see Partitions of Poland), the town belonged to Sandomierz Voivodeship. From 1772 to late 1918, it was part of Austrian Galicia. The decline of Ciężkowice was so severe that in 1934, the government of the Second Polish Republic stripped it of the town charter, and Ciężkowice remained a village until 1998.

## Points of interest

* Nature Museum of Krystyna and Wlodzimierz Tomek, with a collection of birds and insects,
* neo-Gothic St. Andrew church, with an Ecce Homo painting, presented to the town by Pope Innocent XI,
* Classicist town hall in the market square,
* wooden houses in the market square, typical of the Carpathian Foothills,
* St. Florian monument (patron saint of the town), in the market square,
* several roadside chapels,
* World War I military cemeteries nr. 137, 138,139 and 140,
* Ignacy Jan Paderewski manor house with a spacious park, located on the other side of the Biala river, in the village of Kąśna Dolna. The manor house was built in the early 19th century, and in 1897, it was remodelled by its new owner, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who in 1903 sold it to Helena and Wlodzimierz Kodrębski. Currently, it houses the Paderewski Center.

## Stone Town Nature Reserve

*Stone Town Nature Reserve* (known in Polish as *Rezerwat przyrody Skamieniałe Miasto*) is located on the right bank of the Biała river, near Ciężkowice. It has the area of 15 hectares, and it was created in 1931, with official recognition in 1974. The reserve spreads from the Biała valley to the peak of the Skała hill (367 meters above sea level). Among oak and pine forest there are several large sandstone rocks, shaped during the process of erosion. Altogether, they make the so-called stone town, and names of individual rocks are based on their appearance (“Pyramid”, “Witch”, “Town Hall”, “Club”). There also is a small waterfall nearby.

## InfoBox

| Ciężkowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Panorama of the town | |
|  | |
| Ciężkowice | |
| Coordinates: 49°48′N 20°58′E / 49.800°N 20.967°E / 49.800; 20.967 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Tarnów |
| Gmina | Ciężkowice |
| First mentioned | 1125 |
| City rights | 1348-1934, 1998 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jowita Jurkiewicz-Drąg (PSL) |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.99 km2 (3.86 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2021) | |
| Total | 2,444 |
| Density | 240/km2 (630/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 33-190 |
| Area code | +48 14 |
| Car plates | KTA |
| Website | http://www.ciezkowice.pl |


title: Edward Henry Potthast

abstract: Edward Henry Potthast was an American Impressionist painter. He is known for his paintings of people at leisure in Central Park, and on the beaches of New York and New England.

text:
# Edward Henry Potthast

**Edward Henry Potthast** (June 10, 1857 – March 9, 1927) was an American Impressionist painter. He is known for his paintings of people at leisure in Central Park, and on the beaches of New York and New England.

## Life and work

Edward Henry Potthast was born on June 10, 1857, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Henry Ignatz Potthast and Bernadine Scheiffers. Starting in 1870 he studied art at the McMicken School in Cincinnati and in 1873 he started working at the Strobridge Lithography Company. From June 10, 1879, to March 9, 1881, Potthast studied under Thomas Satterwhite Noble, a retired Confederate army captain who had studied with Thomas Couture in Paris. Potthast later studied at the Royal Academy in Munich with the American-born instructor Carl Marr. After returning to Cincinnati in 1885 he resumed his studies with Noble. In 1886, he departed for Paris, where he studied with Fernand Cormon. In 1895 he relocated to New York City and remained there until his death in 1927.

Until the age of thirty-nine Potthast earned a living as a lithographer. The purchase of one of his paintings by the Cincinnati Museum of Art may have encouraged him to abandon lithography for a career as a fine artist. His paintings retained the subdued colors and strong contrasts of the Munich school until he adopted the Impressionist palette late in his career.

After his arrival in New York Potthast worked as a magazine illustrator, and exhibited regularly at the National Academy of Design, the Society of American Artists and the Salmagundi Club, winning numerous prizes. By 1908 he was installed in a studio in the Gainsborough Building. Thereafter he painted sun-saturated images of Central Park, New England landscapes, and the Long Island beach scenes for which he is best remembered.

His work is included in many major museums in the United States, including the Orlando Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Cape Ann Museum, the Delaware Art Museum, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Phoenix Art Museum, the Nasher Museum of Art, and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.

## Further reading

* Jacobowitz, Arlene, *Edward Henry Potthast: 1857-1927*, New York City: The Chapellier Galleries, 1968
* Pierce, Patricia Jobe, Marco Apollo, and Prescott S. Bush. *Edward Henry Potthast: More Than One Man*, Hingham: Pierce Galleries, Inc., 2006, 158 pages
* Stula, Nancy with Nancy Noble. *American Artists Abroad and their Inspiration*, New London: Lyman Allyn Art Museum, 2004, 64 pages

## InfoBox

| Edward Henry Potthast | |
| --- | --- |
| Edward Henry Potthast, Self-Portrait, ca. 1920–27 | |
| Born | Edward Henry Potthast
(1857-06-10)June 10, 1857
Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Died | March 9, 1927(1927-03-09) (aged 69)
New York City |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Académie Julian |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | American Impressionism |
| Awards | * Medal, Royal Munich Academy, 1885
 * Inness Prize, 1903, 1906 * Silver Medal, University of Saint Louis Exhibition, 1904 * Hudnut Prize, 1914 |


title: Cyrteumenes

abstract:
Cyrteumenes is a Malagasy genus of potter wasps. It contains the following species:
  - Cyrteumenes floricola
  - Cyrteumenes mochii Borsato, 1999
  - Cyrteumenes seyrigi

text:
# Cyrteumenes

***Cyrteumenes*** is a Malagasy genus of potter wasps. It contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Cyrteumenes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Eumeninae |
| Genus: | *Cyrteumenes*<br>Giordani Soika, 1991 |
|


title: Cyrtidium

abstract: Cyrtidium is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown. Also, the placement of this genus within the Dothideomycetes is uncertain. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Cyrtidium naevium.

text:
# Cyrtidium

***Cyrtidium*** is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (*incertae sedis*). Also, the placement of this genus within the Dothideomycetes is uncertain. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ***Cyrtidium naevium***.

## InfoBox

| *Cyrtidium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Subdivision: | Pezizomycotina |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | *incertae sedis* |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | ***Cyrtidium***
Vain. |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Cyrtidium naevium***
Vain. | |


title: Cyrtepistomus

abstract: Cyrtepistomus is a genus of oriental broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least 20 described species in Cyrtepistomus.

text:
# Cyrtepistomus

***Cyrtepistomus*** is a genus of oriental broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least 20 described species in *Cyrtepistomus*.

## Species

These 27 species belong to the genus *Cyrtepistomus*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Cyrtepistomus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cyrtepistomus castaneus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Tribe: | Cyphicerini |
| Genus: | *Cyrtepistomus*<br>Marshall, 1913 |
|