title: Tank Stream

abstract: The Tank Stream is a heritage-listed former fresh water tributary of Sydney Cove and now tunnel and watercourse located in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The Tank Stream was the fresh water supply for the fledgling colony of New South Wales in the late 18th century. Today it is little more than a storm water drain. It originated from a swamp to the west of present-day Hyde Park and at high tide entered Sydney Cove at what is now the intersection of Bridge and Pitt Streets in the Sydney central business district. The catchment was 65 hectares, corresponding roughly the size of the Sydney central business district. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

text:
# Tank Stream

The **Tank Stream** is a heritage-listed former fresh water tributary of Sydney Cove and now tunnel and watercourse located in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The Tank Stream was the fresh water supply for the fledgling colony of New South Wales in the late 18th century. Today it is little more than a storm water drain. It originated from a swamp to the west of present-day Hyde Park and at high tide entered Sydney Cove at what is now the intersection of Bridge and Pitt Streets in the Sydney central business district. The catchment was 65 hectares (161 acres), corresponding roughly the size of the Sydney central business district. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

The history of Tank Stream incorporates aboriginal use of the land; the history of European settlement; the natural forming stream as a water supply; and its later use for waste disposal and as a part of the stormwater system. The Gadigal (or Cadigal) people were the Aboriginal group most commonly accepted to have lived around the Sydney Cove area prior to European arrival. The catchment area around Tank Stream provided "a range of environments- marine, estuarine, rock platform, creek, open forest, wetland" all located within a short distance and able to provide a range of food and material. Excavations around Tank Stream have uncovered aboriginal flake stone artifacts made from water-worn pebbles. The stream is thought to have given the Aboriginal people fresh water, fish and other resources.

Although it was unable to consistently provide water in dry weather, the stream also played a role in dividing the settlement, with the eastern side being held for government and administrative functions and convicts living on the western side. The area was chosen by the commander of the First Fleet, Captain Arthur Phillip, R.N., in 1788 as the location for the New South Wales colony for similar reasons. The colony had originally been planned for Botany Bay, on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks who had visited the area with Captain James Cook 17 years earlier, but when no fresh water was found there, Phillip sought a better site, and found it in the previously unvisited Port Jackson. Sydney Cove was chosen for settlement as it "was at the head of the cove, near the run of fresh water which stole silently along through a very thick wood". On 26 January 1788 the new colony was inaugurated. In 1790 Tanks were cut into the bedrock of the stream (hence the name), the number of tanks is believed to be three or four, and are thought to have held 20,000 litres and been 5m deep.

As early as 1791 Governor Phillip enclosed Tank Stream with a fence in an attempt to prevent stock muddying the water; and later, trenches were cut alongside the stream in an attempt to catch runoff before it could enter the stream. Yet due to the increasing population; number of buildings around the stream and the loss of trees as land was cleared, runoff increased, which included human and animal wastes and domestic products. In 1795 orders were made to prevent the grazing of stock or cutting of trees within a 15m distance of the stream. These measures were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1792 a stone arch bridge over Tank Stream was constructed, replacing existing wooden structures. Its foundations may survive within the streambed under modern Bridge Street.

The Tank Stream rose in marshy ground roughly bounded by what is now Elizabeth, Market, Pitt and Park Streets. It filtered through the soil between Pitt and George Streets before forming a definite channel near King Street and flowing to Sydney Cove. Tank Stream was the main source of fresh water until the completion of Busby's Bore in 1837. Other dams were later added within the catchment area of Lachlan Swamps; now located within Centennial Park. Yet by 1826 Tank Stream had become an unofficial sewer, it became an official sewer in 1857. This (and other) sewers discharged directly into the harbour; a situation that created discontent as social attitudes changed. The form of the open channels was generally a convict period shallow V profile which assisted in improving the flow of the stream; in the late 1850s work commenced in covering the Bridge Street- Hunter Street section of Tank Stream. This was necessary to reduce smells. The form of the channel was a mixture of stone and brick in the lower half, with a sandstone arch roof. Later sections were also roofed, generally with an arch to oviform. Prior to 1888 Tank Stream also carried salt water, stored in council reservoirs for the purpose of street cleaning and dust suppression. Salt water was used to minimise the use of fresh water supplies.

During a drought in 1790 three storage tanks were constructed in the sandstone beside the Tank Stream and it is from these that the stream gets its name. One of these was at the present intersection of Pitt and Spring Streets and the other two in Bond Street on the opposite side of the stream. The Tank Stream could not meet the needs of the growing colony and, despite efforts by successive Governors, it became increasingly polluted by runoff from the settlement. It was finally abandoned in 1826, though it had been little more than an open sewer for the preceding decade. Sydney's next supply of water was Busby's Bore, in 1830.

In 1850 the swamp feeding the Tank Stream was drained. Starting in 1860, the Tank Stream was progressively covered and is now a storm water channel which is controlled by Sydney Water. In 2007 there were calls from some to see it run above ground again to create a central feature in the city.

Over the past century, Tank Stream has remained a part of the stormwater channel within the Sydney system. Changes to the channel have been largely restricted to replacing sections with modern pipe. This has destroyed a number of sections of the channel and is largely tied to post-World War II redevelopment where little regard was paid to the historic value of the Tank Stream. Redevelopment of the GPO site allowed further investigation of Tank Stream and has provided information on the building development of Tank Stream over time. Brick drains, possibly dated pre 1820, were found. A further search revealed soil from the original Tank Stream bed.

## Description

The surviving fabric of the Tank Stream is extant from King Street in the south at a point between Pitt and George Streets to Circular Quay in the north.

The Stream has been blocked at a point just south of King Street and for 13 metres north of this point represents the 1866 open sewer, which was covered in 1876. The dimensions are 810mm broad by 1220mm high. Between King Street and Martin Place (163 metres) there are three phases of construction, beginning with a modern concrete pipe (750mm diameter), the section approaching the GPO is part of the historic oviform sewer (810 by 1220mm) and lastly a stainless steel box-profile pipe (1070 by 750mm). The section between Martin and Angel Places returns to the 1866 brick open drains enclosed in 1876. This form continues between Angel Place and Hunter Street for 95 metres before being interrupted by a 36-metre section of modern cement lined pipe laid in 1962 and a steel section laid in 1958 and 1978 (both are 1350mm).

From Hunter to Bond Street the Stream is a semi-circular stone arch with a shallow V-shaped floor for 35 metres (1500 by 3000mm). The 1790 cut tanks were originally located in this area, but are not thought to have survived. For the following 86 metres, below Australia Square, the original sewer has been replaced with concrete box-profile pipe (1220 by 1830mm), inserted during the construction of the Square in 1962. The Australia Square Tower basement houses the access to Tank Stream for public tours and as an inspection point for Sydney Water.

The boxed concrete section (1220 by 1830mm) continues from Bond Street to Abercrombie Lane, a distance of 60 metres. Tank Stream between Abercrombie Lane and Bridge Street, a length of 40 metres, is of c.1860 semi-circular stone arch (1500 by 3000mm). From Bridge Street Tank Stream diverts to run under Pitt Street to Circular Quay, a length of 185 metres. Beginning with a stone oviform sewer of 810mm by 1220mm, constructed in c.1878, the shape changes to a semi-elliptic stone arch of 3000mm and varying between 1100 and 1400mm.

### Modifications and dates

Major modification include the following:

* 1788-1826: Clearing of vegetation within the vicinity of stream, construction of dwellings, grazing and watering of animals.
* 1790: Cutting of tanks for water storage
* 1790: Chiselling of stone and inset of additional slabs into base of stream to improve flow in a shallow V profile.
* 1791: Enclosure within a fence against livestock and trespass.
* 1792: First bridge crossing.
* 1810: Cut-off drains alongside of Tank Stream channel to reduce inflow of polluted stormwater
* 1826: Tank Stream disallowed for drinking by Governor Brisbane. Governor Darling arranged for seven wells to be dug in the city. Governor Darling employed people to repair existing sewers.
* 1832: Construction of sewers seriously discussed.
* 1833: Water from partly built Busby's Bore used to pipe water to ships.
* 1842: City Council incorporated.
* c.1850: Semi Circular Quay was formed which necessitated the extension of the Tank Stream for the area north of Bridge St.
* 1855: Brickworks at Newtown was purchased, along with vitreous clay pipes and Roman Cement.
* 1857: Work completed on first part of the Bennelong Sewer to discharge sewage as far out as possible into the harbour. This would service the more elevated areas, whereas the Tank Stream in Hunter St and King St as a bolted cast iron oviform aqueduct. This sewer (and possibly stormwater) network had the effect of draining the swamp area that had previously supplied some water to the Tank Stream, making the Tank stream more polluted by being less "cleansed".
* The section of the Tank Stream from the Sydney Cove to the Interception Chamber in Pitt St was completed, approx. 200m. The section at the mouth (approx. 5m has been strengthened with concrete in the two filleted corners. The next 10 m is sandstone arch. The next 15m section has the original stone floor overlaid with concrete, date unknown. The remaining section up to the Interception Champer (approx. 170m) is sandstone arch.
* 1858: Independent outfalls also completed at Woolloomooloo, Hay Street and Black Wattle Bay. Over the next 20 years, approx 10 other minor outlets were also opened.
* 1860: The sandstone arch between Bridge St and Hunter St was constructed. This was done to reduce odours from the previously open sewer/stormwater that up until that time had been more of a slops line.
* 1866: Section from south of Hunter St to Martin Place was formed as an open stone channel. In late 1870s was converted by roofing with an arch to oviform, whereas more southerly section was oviform invert with a flat roof, where it passes under Challis House... (Other parts were replaced in 2001 as part of the Angel Place project).
* Two sections were laid as oviform through the future GPO.
* To the south, two sections were laid as brick oviform and with some amendments in 1878.
* 1878: The brick oviform section from the Interception Chamber to Bridge St was constructed by contract for the City council. This was built to replace the open section that ran through private property. At the southern end there is a transition section (reducer), which leads to the sandstone arch, which is in Tank Stream Way (formerly Hamilton St.).
* 1879: The section from Bridge St to Hunter St, with its sandstone arch roof in place has its floor slabs lifted and re-instated with mortar foundations to water proof the floor for its use as a sewer. In addition a terra cotta "scouring channel" was cut into the centre of the floor
* The section immediately upstream of Hunter St was built as oviform. This included a terra cotta flow channel.
* The next section upstream was also constructed. It was a bottom only oviform, and part of it was built underneath an existing stone arch bridge.
* 1880: Brick oviform was constructed for the full width of King St and terminating.
* 1898: SPS \[Sewerage Pumping Station\] 16 constructed. the section immediately downstream of the interception chamber, has an interception pipe leading to SPS 16 form the tidal weir.
* 1940: Section just upstream of Martin Place was replaced with concrete pipe under the GPO in 1940. This replaced 1866 brick oviform.
* 1951: Stormwater drainages charges were introduced for parts of the City of Sydney from 16 November 1951.
* 1958: Replacement, at the rear of 105-107 Pitt St.
* 1962: Replacement, at rear of Commercial Union House \[south end of Pitt St.\]
* 1965: Replacement within Australia Square. Construction of Tank Stream visitor access space.
* 1975: Replacement within basement of New Zealand Insurance Building \[North of Bond St.\]
* 2001: Replacement in Former GPO site.
* 2002: Replacement within Angel Place project.

## Tourism

Tank Stream tours are run by the Sydney Living Museums and Sydney Water. These are usually in April and November. The tickets are limited and allocated by ballot. There is an information centre behind locked gates at the beginning of the tour. One can also trace the previous stream course following art work, street names, and pub names.

The Tank Stream has been commemorated in a sculpture by Stephen Walker, created in 1981. The sculpture, known as the Tank Stream Fountain, is located at Circular Quay.

## Heritage listing

As at 31 May 2006, The Tank Stream is significant because it was the reason the First Fleet settlement was established in Sydney Cove, and therefore influenced the future shape of Sydney over two centuries. It is linked in the public mind with the period of first European settlement and retains value as an iconic representation of that period and is interpreted as a metaphor of the period of contact and early urban settlement in Australia.

The Tank Stream itself has retained an identity through the functional changes from being a fresh water supply, through subsequent use as combined sewer and stormwater drain to its current function as a stormwater drain. It is an important survivor of the first period of organised and integrated water management in an Australian city. The stone-cut water tanks, which may survive archaeologically, are important symbols of the reliance upon water in the colony, both in absolute terms and as an indication of the fragility of the European presence in Australia.

The surviving fabric documents mid-nineteenth century sanitation design and construction, and subsequent changes in methods and also the theory of urban wastewater management. This evidence is preserved in the drain enclosing the Tank Stream, in physical evidence of change, and may also be present archaeologically in buried parts of the Tank Stream line. The archaeological evidence of the Tank Stream has the potential to contain deposits that can contain information about pre-human and pre-urban environments in Sydney, Aboriginal occupation and early non-indigenous occupation of Sydney. The fabric enclosing the watercourse demonstrates one of the most comprehensive collections of hydrological technology in Australia.

The sections of the former Tank Stream south of King Street which survive have potential for retaining evidence of the earliest periods of its human use, although this is likely to have been severely compromised by development. The swampy source of the stream may provide evidence of past environmental conditions.

Tank Stream was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The Tank Stream is significant because it was the reason the First Fleet settlement was established in Sydney Cove, and therefore influenced the future shape of Sydney over two centuries. It is linked in the public mind with the period of first European settlement and retains value as an iconic representation of that period and is interpreted as a metaphor of the period of contact and early urban settlement in Australia.

The Tank Stream itself has retained an identity through the functional changes from being a fresh water supply, through subsequent use as combined sewer and stormwater drain to its current function as a stormwater drain. It is an important survivor of the first period of organised and integrated water management in an Australian city. The stone-cut water tanks, which may survive archaeologically, are important symbols of the reliance upon water in the colony, both in absolute terms and as an indication of the fragility of the European presence in Australia.

The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

The original watercourse and catchment would have provided a resource for exploitation by the Gadigal people who occupied the southern shore of Sydney Harbour at contact and their ancestors. As a result of the severity of this displacement the Tank Stream has become symbolic of the European settlers immediate appropriation of essential resources and Aboriginal dispossession.

The Tank Stream influenced, and has been influenced by, Governor Phillip and subsequent early governors of the Australian colony. The course of the stream determined Phillip's siting of the first camp and this early administrative decision influenced the subsequent urban form of Sydney.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The Tank Stream features fine quality stonemasonry and brickwork from the nineteenth century, houman scale and an intriguing form showing layers of different phases of construction. This includes modifications introduced to improve the operation, e.g. terracotta drains.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The Tank Stream is of State significance for its recognition in the community with the placement of Sydney in its current location, as evidenced by the popularity of tours. Community value of the Stream has increased with the growth of heritage consciousness since the 1970s.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The sections of the former Tank Stream south of King Street which survive have potential for retaining evidence of the earliest periods of its human use. This includes early construction, brickmaking and waterproofing techniques. The swampy source of the stream may provide evidence of past environmental conditions and potentially of Aboriginal occupation prior to European arrival.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Tank Stream is of State significance as the only water source available to the First Fleet arrival in their settlement of Sydney. Tank Stream is the only surviving evidence of this early period of water resource development.

The fabric of the Tanks Tream and its enclosing stormwater drain contains rare surviving evidence of the eighteenth and nineteenth century water supply and sewerage construction in the one linear site.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

The Tank Stream is representative of a significant collection of water and wastewater heritage assets from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. From the operational perspective the Tank Stream competently serves as a stormwater drain, from the historical and social perspective, the Tank Stream serves to represent the system and Sydney Water as a whole, as its most high profile, historic and valued heritage item.

The fabric of the Tank Stream and of the enclosing stormwater drain is representative of a range of technologies associated with water reticulation, sewerage and drainage for a period of two centuries.

### Bibliography

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article contains material from Tank Stream, entry number 636 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 13 October 2018.

## InfoBox

| Tank Stream | |
| --- | --- |
| Brick-lined section of the Tank Stream, pictured in November 2008 | |
| Location in Sydney central business district | |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | New South Wales |
| Local government area | City of Sydney |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Hyde Park |
| location | Sydney CBD |
| coordinates | 33°52′13.2″S 151°12′27.9″E / 33.870333°S 151.207750°E / -33.870333; 151.207750 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Sydney Cove |
| location | Circular Quay |
| coordinates | 33°51′50.0472″S 151°12′31.1688″E / 33.863902000°S 151.208658000°E / -33.863902000; 151.208658000 |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Port Jackson |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Tank Stream; Tank Stream Fountain Circular Quay |
| Type | State heritage (built) |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 636 |
| Type | Spring |
| Category | Utilities - Water |
| Builders | Various |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1964 Preakness Stakes

abstract: The 1964 Preakness Stakes was the 89th running of the $200,000 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 16, 1964, and was televised in the United States on the CBS television network. Northern Dancer, who was jockeyed by Bill Hartack, won the race by two and one quarter lengths over runner-up The Scoundrel. Approximate post time was 5:47 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:56-4/5. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 35,975, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1964.

text:
# 1964 Preakness Stakes

The **1964 Preakness Stakes** was the 89th running of the $200,000 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 16, 1964, and was televised in the United States on the CBS television network. Northern Dancer, who was jockeyed by Bill Hartack, won the race by two and one quarter lengths over runner-up The Scoundrel. Approximate post time was 5:47 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:56-4/5. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of **35,975**, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1964.

## Payout

**The 89th Preakness Stakes Payout Schedule**

| Program
Number | Horse Name
 | Win
 | Place
 | Show
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **4** | **Northern Dancer** | 6.20 | $3.60 | $2.20 |
| **5** | **The Scoundrel** | - | $6.20 | $2.20 |
| **6** | Hill Rise | - | - | $2.20 |

## The full chart

| Finish
Position | Margin
(lengths) | Post
Position | Horse name | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Post Time
Odds | Purse
Earnings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1st** | 0 | 4 | **Northern Dancer** | Bill Hartack | Horatio Luro | Windfields Farm | 2.10-1 | $124,200 |
| **2nd** | 21/4 | 5 | **The Scoundrel** | Henry E. Moreno | Mesh Tenney | Rex C. Ellsworth | 9.20-1 | $30,000 |
| **3rd** | 21/2 | 6 | Hill Rise | Bill Shoemaker | William B. Finnegan | El Peco Ranch | **0.80-1**
**favorite** | $15,000 |
| 4th | 3 | 3 | Quadrangle | Braulio Baeza | J. Elliott Burch | Rokeby Stables | 7.70-1 | $7,500 |
| 5th | 6 | 2 | Roman Brother | Wayne Chambers | Burley Parke | Harbor View Farm | 25.40-1 |  |
| 6th | 26 | 1 | Big Pete | Joe Culmone | Bernard P. Bond | Harriet N. Ball | 32.10-1 |  |

* Winning Breeder: **E. P. Taylor; (CAN)**
* Winning Time: **1:56 4/5**
* Track Condition: **Fast**
* Total Attendance: **35,975**

## InfoBox

89th Preakness Stakes
| The Preakness Stakes | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Pimlico Race Course,
Baltimore, Maryland,
United States |
| Date | May 16, 1964 |
| Winning horse | Northern Dancer |
| Winning time | 1:56 4/5 |
| Jockey | Bill Hartack |
| Trainer | Horatio Luro |
| Owner | E. P. Taylor |
| Conditions | Three-year-olds |
| Surface | Dirt |
|  | |


title: Cartel party theory

abstract: In politics, a cartel party or cartel political party is a party which uses the resources of the state to maintain its position within the political system, operating similar to a cartel. The premise is that the parties do not compete with one another, but rather collude to protect their collective interests and keep small outsider parties from being viable. Richard Katz and Peter Mair argue that "parties in Western Europe have adapted themselves to declining levels of participation and involvement in party activities by not only turning to resources provided by the state but by doing so in a collusive manner".

text:
# Cartel party theory

In politics, a **cartel party** or **cartel political party** is a party which uses the resources of the state to maintain its position within the political system, operating similar to a cartel. The premise is that the parties do not compete with one another, but rather collude to protect their collective interests and keep small outsider parties from being viable.

Richard Katz and Peter Mair argue that "parties in Western Europe have adapted themselves to declining levels of participation and involvement in party activities by not only turning to resources provided by the state but by doing so in a collusive manner".

## Concept

The concept of the cartel party was first proposed in 1992 as a means of drawing attention to the patterns of inter-party collusion or cooperation rather than competition; and as a way of emphasising the influence of the state on party development. In definitional terms, the cartel party is a type of party that emerges in advanced democratic polities and that is characterised by the interpenetration of party and state and by a pattern of inter-party collusion. With the development of the cartel party, the goals of politics become self-referential, professional and technocratic, and what little inter-party competition remains becomes focused on the efficient and effective management of the polity. The election campaigns that are conducted by cartel parties are capital-intensive, professionalized and centralized, and are organized on the basis of a strong reliance on the state for financial subventions and for other benefits and privileges. Within the party, the distinction between party members and non-members becomes blurred, in that through primaries, electronic polling, and so on, the parties invite all of their supporters, members or not, to participate in party activities and decision-making. Above all, with the emergence of cartel parties, politics becomes increasingly depoliticised.

## Contrast with mass parties

The cartel party is contrasted with the traditional view of the mass party, where political parties organize around the issues of large numbers of people. Mass parties are often linked to specific groups with specific policy needs and compete in elections to advance their constituents needs. Mass parties traditionally had little formal support from the government and were largely financed and organized from civil society. In Western Europe the growth of socialist parties in the 19th and early 20th century are traditionally linked to the growth of mass parties, who emerged in working class communities to advance issues like universal suffrage and labor reform.

## Reasons for growth

### Decline of mass parties

The mass party as an organizational model declined in many countries in the later 20th century due to political parties' gradual moderation of policy ideas and breakdown of traditional group identities. Party membership has been in decline in many democracies, which has led to a decline in financial and personal investment in parties from the electorate.

### Political campaigning

To compensate for decline in popular support, parties have turned to larger and more expensive political campaigns. Parties have turned to increasingly expensive forms of campaigning that rely on large amounts of public subsidies and outside political contributions.

1. Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (2018). "The Cartel Party". *Democracy and the Cartelization of Political Parties*. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199586011.003.0006.
2. Slater, Dan (2004). "Indonesia's Accountability Trap: Party Cartels and Presidential Power after Democratic Transition". *Indonesia* (78): 61–92. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3351288.
3. K Detterbeck, Cartel Parties in Western Europe?, Party Politics, Vol. 11, No. 2, p173-191 (2005)
4. Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (January 1995). "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party". *Party Politics*. **1** (1): 5–28. doi:10.1177/1354068895001001001. ISSN 1354-0688. S2CID 143611762.
5. Richard S Katz and Peter Mair, Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: the emergence of the cartel party, Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, p 5-31 (1995).
6. Hopkin, Jonathan (January 2002). "The emergence and convergence of the cartel party: parties, State and economy in Southern Europe". Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2020-11-14.


title: Castra of Șinca Veche

text:
# Castra of Șinca Veche

It was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia.

## InfoBox

| Castra of Șinca Veche | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Romania | |
| Founded | 2nd century AD |
| Place in the Roman world | |
| Province | Dacia |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Apulensis |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Superior |
| Structure | |
| — Stone structure — | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 45°45′N 25°10′E / 45.750°N 25.167°E / 45.750; 25.167 |
| Town | Șinca Veche |
| County | Brașov |
| Country | Romania |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |


title: Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt

abstract: Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt was a Hereditary Princess of Baden by marriage to Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden. She was the daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Henriette Karoline of Palatine-Zweibrücken.

text:
# Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt

**Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt** (20 June 1754 – 21 June 1832) was a Hereditary Princess of Baden by marriage to Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden. She was the daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Henriette Karoline of Palatine-Zweibrücken.

## Life

Amalie was born in Prenzlau and was brought to St Petersburg with her mother in 1772 to visit the Russian court as one of the candidates for a marriage with the Tsarevich Paul Petrovich; Paul, however, decided upon her sister Wilhelmine.

### Hereditary Princess of Baden

Amalie married her first cousin, Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden on 15 July 1774. He was the son of Margrave Charles Frederick (who in 1806, after his father's death, became the 1st Grand Duke of Baden) and Princess Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, the daughter of Ludwig VIII of Hesse-Darmstadt.

During her marriage, Amalie complained about her father-in-law's coldness and the childish behaviour of her husband. Amalie also missed the Prussian and Russian courts. She served ceremoniously as the first lady of the court from the death of her mother-in-law in 1783 until the marriage of her son in 1806. In 1801, she visited her daughter Louise (Empress Elizabeth) in Russia with her family, and thereafter her second daughter, the Swedish Queen Friederike, in Sweden in September 1801. During Amalie's stay in Sweden, she was described as witty, intelligent and correct, and fully dominated her spouse. They visited Drottningholm Palace and Gripsholm Castle. Amalie befriended Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, which was disliked by the King, and reprimanded her daughter about her stiff and unfriendly manners in public. In December 1801, her husband died due to an accident near Arboga, and she remained in Sweden with her family until May 1802. Shortly before her departure, she was inducted in the Yellow Rose lodge of Karl Adolf Boheman, by him referred to as a branch of the Freemasons.

### Later years

During her visits in Russia and Sweden she made attempts to reconcile her sons-in-law, the Russian and Swedish monarchs with each other. In 1803, she received the royal Swedish family as guests in Baden, during which it was said that she had the chance to gain influence over her son-in-law, as she was lovable and amusing, had a lively interest in politics and the same views as him. It was said of Amalie that: "The Landgravine of Baden could in power hunger and will force measure up to that of Catherine II". As an opponent of Napoleon Bonaparte, she had tried to prevent the wedding of her son to Stéphanie de Beauharnais, and after their wedding in 1806, she retired to her widow estate at Schloss Bruchsal in the Kraichgau. In 1807, Amalie sent her daughter, Queen Frederica of Sweden, a letter from her second daughter, the Empress of Russia, in an attempt to convince Frederica to use her influence to persuade her spouse to make peace between Sweden and Napoleon, which did not succeed.

In 1809, she received her daughter Frederica and her family upon the deposition of her son-in-law from the Swedish throne. In 1811, she tried to persuade Gustav Adolf not to divorce Frederica, but when it proved necessary, she arranged for her daughter's economic independence and the custody of her grandchildren. In 1815, her grandson Gustav of Sweden was referred to as "Prince of Sweden" in an announcement from the Baden court, which caused protests from Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, who believed it to have been instigated by Amalie, as she had a reputation for plotting, in an attempt to secure a throne for her grandson. During the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Amalie's influence upon her son-in-law Tsar Alexander I contributed to the fact that Baden was allowed to remain a Grand Duchy without loss of territory.

She died in Bruchsal, aged 78, having outlived her husband and six of their eight children.

## Issue

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt | |
| --- | --- |
| *Hereditary Princess of Baden* | |
|  | |
| Born | (1754-06-20)20 June 1754
Prenzlau |
| Died | 21 June 1832(1832-06-21) (aged 78)
Bruchsal |
| Burial | Schlosskirche St. Michael, Pforzheim |
| Spouse | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden  (m. 1774; died 1801) |
| Issue | Princess Amalie
Karoline, Queen of Bavaria
Louise, Empress of Russia
Frederica, Queen of Sweden
Marie, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Prince Karl Friedrich
Karl, Grand Duke of Baden
Wilhelmine, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine |
| Names  Friederike Amalie | |
| House | Hesse-Darmstadt |
| Father | Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt |
| Mother | Henriette Karoline of Palatine-Zweibrücken |


title: Prey (American TV series)

abstract: Prey is an American science fiction television series that aired for one season in 1998 on ABC. The series stars Debra Messing, Adam Storke, Larry Drake, Frankie Faison, James Morrison, Roger Howarth, and Vincent Ventresca. It was commissioned by ABC following their decision to cancel Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman after four seasons, despite having originally announced a fifth. Prey's commissioning made up for ABC's commitment to Warner Bros. Television.

text:
# Prey (American TV series)

***Prey*** is an American science fiction television series that aired for one season (13 episodes) in 1998 on ABC. The series stars Debra Messing, Adam Storke, Larry Drake, Frankie Faison, James Morrison, Roger Howarth, and Vincent Ventresca. It was commissioned by ABC following their decision to cancel *Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman* after four seasons, despite having originally announced a fifth. *Prey's* commissioning made up for ABC's commitment to Warner Bros. Television.

## Premise

The series follows Dr. Sloan Parker (Debra Messing), an anthropologist studying genetic variation in humans. Sloan's mentor, Dr. Ann Coulter, is a geneticist who believes that the violent behavior of certain criminals may have a genetic basis. She has collected genetic samples from a variety of convicted murderers and other violent criminals and is currently preparing to serve as an expert witness in the trial of an accused serial killer. After the killer escapes and murders Dr. Coulter, Sloan discovers her body, along with a collection of data demonstrating that many violent criminals—especially serial killers—often share a fairly large number of genetic markers that set them apart from normal human beings, rendering them as genetically different from humans as humans are from chimpanzees. They are a new species of hominid, or very manlike ape, characterized as being capable of "unspeakable evil", much like a human sociopath.

Sloan shares Dr. Coulter's discovery with fellow scientists, law-enforcement personnel, and a few others, and soon comes to realize that the new species is on the verge of supplanting humankind in the same way that *Homo sapiens* supplanted the Neanderthals at the end of the last ice age, even theorizing that their emergence might be connected to global warming.

Meanwhile, as the escaped killer cuts a murderous swath through California, Sloan makes the acquaintance of Tom Daniels (Adam Storke), a federal agent determined to capture him. Tom is eventually revealed to be a member of the new species himself and describes them as "hunting" human beings the same way humans hunt deer and other animals, hence the show's title. Daniels leads Sloan and others to a well-hidden cave, in which is found a rather large pile of the personal effects—such as wallets, eyeglasses, shoes, belts—of a great many people. Daniels advises that these trophy hoards are used as status displays among his kind, and further advises that he wanted the investigators to know "exactly what you're dealing with". Serial killers often collect trophies of their kills, and the new species does the same.

Upon learning that the new species can breed with humanity, but due to their dominant genetic traits, the children of such a pairing are always the new species, they are given the name *Homo dominant*.

## Traits of *Homo dominant*

Dominants (*Homo dominant*) are 1.6% different from normal humans (*H. sapiens*).

Dominants are stronger, more intelligent, and more aggressive than *H. sapiens* and are convinced that as a superior form of life, they are entitled to subjugate their human relatives by whatever means necessary. They often express an antipathy toward human beings that borders on racism. Their aggression towards *H. sapiens* is portrayed as an instinctive genetic characteristic, present even in young children, for the purpose of their own survival as a species, though this could have been a skewed conclusion, as most of the early genetic information was drawn from the criminal population (those genetic samples being readily available).

Dominants also possess various psychic traits, including the ability to cloud the minds of others, sense other members of their own species telepathically, see 10 seconds into the future, and sense emotions empathically. The show does not make clear that these are actually extrasensory perception, but Sloan and other investigators are advised that Dominants are definitely aware of others who are quite nearby, and use this ability to co-ordinate group actions such as paramilitary operations or simple hunting of humans as sport.

The Dominants are able to exist comfortably in much warmer climates than humans, barely perspiring even in desert conditions. They have smaller crania than humans with their brains displaying greater synaptic interconnectivity, neural density, and processing speed as a result. The proximate half-century-old mummified remains of a 9-year-old Dominant girl, pregnant with four fetuses, reveal that the females of their species possess four uteri. However, the remains suggest that some young females at that time died due to some complications, but that now (present time) they have evolved enough that Dominant young females of that age can give birth (up to four children at a time) without any birth complications - and with ease. At least some of the time, these children are identical quadruplets.

Sloan speculates at one point, as many as 200,000 members of the new species may exist. Their point of origin is revealed to be a deserted village in Oaxaca, Mexico, a location the Dominants regard as sacred. It is also the location of a mysterious monolith with arcane writings on its surface. The location is thought to have once been a swamp-like environment, with the villagers living in huge old ruins, but due to some type of climate change, the area quickly changed into a desert.

Some groups of humans are aware of the Dominants and collaborate with them. Similarly, some groups of Dominants wish to co-exist peacefully with humans. Technologically, the Dominants use genetic engineering in an attempt to "convert" humans into members of their own species. They also make use of cloning and nanotechnology.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | "Hungry for Survival" | Tobe Hooper | William Schmidt | Unaired pilot |
| 1 | "Existence" | Peter O'Fallon | William Schmidt | January 15, 1998 (1998-01-15) |
| 2 | "Discovery" | Dan Lerner | *Story by*: Charlie Craig & Jeremy R. Littman
*Teleplay by*: Chris Levinson | January 22, 1998 (1998-01-22) |
| 3 | "Pursuit" | Stephen Cragg | Laurence Andries | January 29, 1998 (1998-01-29) |
| 4 | "Origins" | Bill Corcoran | Donald Marcus | February 5, 1998 (1998-02-05) |
| 5 | "Revelations" | Jim Charleston | Laurence Andries & Chris Levinson | February 19, 1998 (1998-02-19) |
| 6 | "Infiltration" | Winrich Kolbe | Charlie Craig & Jeremy R. Littman | March 5, 1998 (1998-03-05) |
| 7 | "Transformations" | James A. Contner | Donald Marcus | March 12, 1998 (1998-03-12) |
| 8 | "Veil" | Martha Mitchell | Charlie Craig & Jeremy R. Littman | March 19, 1998 (1998-03-19) |
| 9 | "Collaboration" | Ian Toynton | Laurence Andries & Chris Levinson | June 11, 1998 (1998-06-11) |
| 10 | "Sleeper" | Vern Gillum | Donald Marcus | June 18, 1998 (1998-06-18) |
| 11 | "Vengeance" | Bill Corcoran | Laurence Andries | June 25, 1998 (1998-06-25) |
| 12 | "Progeny" | Terrence O'Hara | *Story by*: James Halpern
*Teleplay by*: Donald Marcus | July 2, 1998 (1998-07-02) |
| 13 | "Deliverance: Part 1" | Bill Corcoran | Charlie Craig & Jeremy R. Littman | July 9, 1998 (1998-07-09) |

## InfoBox

| *Prey* | |
| --- | --- |
| Main cast | |
| Created by | William Schmidt |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Charlie Craig * William Schmidt |
| Producers | * Donald Marcus * Phil Parslow |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | January 15 (1998-01-15)
July 9, 1998 (1998-07-09) |


title: Dread Mar I

abstract: Mariano Javier Castro, known professionally as Dread Mar I, is an Argentine singer of reggae rock, reggae en Español, ska and pop music.

text:
# Dread Mar I

**Mariano Javier Castro** (born 31 January 1978), known professionally as **Dread Mar I**, is an Argentine singer of reggae rock, reggae en Español, ska and pop music.

## Early life

Born in Quequén, Argentina, Castro dropped out of school in the seventh grade and moved to Maipú, Buenos Aires to work in his father's bakery. After a decade in the town, he travelled to Buenos Aires where he eventually began making music. In 2004 he recorded the song "Mi amor" with a musician called DreadGon, and performed with a group called *Messengers Reggae* on their album *Luz* in 2005.

## Career

In 2005, Castro began performing as a solo artist under the name "Dread Mar I", and released his first album *Jah Guia*. He also performed as the backup singer for a group called *Los Cafres*. In 2006, he performed with the Argentine artist Guillermo Bonetto and released the album *Hermanos* while performing domestically. In 2008, he started performing internationally in Chile and Uruguay and was the Argentine reggae artist with the most shows that calendar year with 60 shows in less than 8 months. That year he also released his album *Amor-es*.

In 2010, he released his album *Viví en do*. In June 2012, he released the album *Transparente*. In 2015, he performed at the Galileo Galilei Planetarium celebrating a decade of performing. The performance was recorded under an album called *10 años (en vivo)* , and released at Estadio Luna Park. In 2018, he recorded *Caminarás caminos* in Jamaica with renowned reggae artists.

In the year 2020, his single "Tú sin mí" and record for the most viewed Argentine song on YouTube with 550 million views. In October 2020, he had the three most popular songs on YouTube. In 2021, he released his album *Yo*.

## Discography

* *Luz* (with Reggae Messengers) (2005)
* *Jah Guia* (2005)
* *Hermanos* (2006)
* *Amor-es* (2008)
* *Vive en do* (2010)
* *Transparente* (2012)
* *En el sendero* (2014)
* *10 años (en vivo)* (2016)
* *Caminarás caminos* (2018)
* *Yo* (2021)

## InfoBox

| Dread Mar I | |
| --- | --- |
| Dread Mar I in 2011 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mariano Javier Castro |
| Born | (1978-01-31) January 31, 1978<br>Quequén, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels |  |


title: Protolophus singularis

abstract: Protolophus singularis is a species of harvestman in the family Protolophidae. It is found in the Western US.

text:
# Protolophus singularis

***Protolophus singularis*** is a species of harvestman in the family Protolophidae. It is found in the Western US.

## InfoBox

| *Protolophus singularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Family: | Protolophidae |
| Genus: | *Protolophus* |
| Species: | ***P. singularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protolophus singularis***<br>Banks, 1893 | |
|


title: Castlemaine Brewery

abstract: The Castlemaine Brewery was an Australian brewery and brewing company established in 1857 by Edward Fitzgerald. He was joined in the business by his brother Nicholas Fitzgerald in 1859, after which the firm spread rapidly, opening breweries in Melbourne, Newcastle, Sydney and Brisbane, along with smaller breweries at Daylesford and Newbridge. The breweries, though all originating from the same brothers, were either established or later floated as separate companies with distinct histories thereafter, even though the brothers retained a stake in them.

text:
# Castlemaine Brewery

The **Castlemaine Brewery** was an Australian brewery and brewing company established in 1857 by Edward Fitzgerald. He was joined in the business by his brother Nicholas Fitzgerald in 1859, after which the firm spread rapidly, opening breweries in Melbourne, Newcastle, Sydney and Brisbane, along with smaller breweries at Daylesford and Newbridge. The breweries, though all originating from the same brothers, were either established or later floated as separate companies with distinct histories thereafter, even though the brothers retained a stake in them.

## Castlemaine

The first brewery founded by Fitzgerald was located in Castlemaine, Victoria in 1857. It was closed and the company wound up in 1925, at which time it was reportedly the oldest industry in the district, with many employees who had worked there for much of their careers.

## Melbourne

A Melbourne brewery was established in South Melbourne (now Southbank) by Nicholas Fitzgerald and a managing partner, James B. Perrins, in 1871. It was floated as the Castlemaine Brewery Company (Melbourne) in 1885. It amalgamated with five other breweries to form Carlton and United Breweries in 1907, at which time the brewery was closed. Several of the historic buildings remain today.

## Queensland

In 1878, the Fitzgerald brothers partnered with the Brisbane business and shipping firm Quinlan & Co to form a new company, Fitzgerald, Quinlan & Co., for the purposes of opening a brewery in the Brisbane suburb of Milton. The new firm redeveloped the former Queensland Distillery into a new brewery. In 1887, The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co. Brisbane Ltd was formed to acquire the assets of Fitzgerald, Quinlan & Co. and Quinlan, Gray & Co (the renamed Quinlan & Co). The company purchased competitor Perkins & Co Ltd in 1928, becoming Castlemaine Perkins.

## Newcastle

In 1874, Edward Fitzgerald and his partner in the Sydney brewery, Robert Prendergast, partnered with the Newcastle firm of Wood Bros. to build a new brewery there, which was completed the following year. It was operated by the partnership of Prendergast, Wood & Co. from 1886. In 1887, a new public company was formed to acquire the interests of the brewery, Castlemaine Brewery and Wood Brothers and Co., Newcastle, Limited. It was acquired by Tooth & Co in 1921, and continued as a Tooth & Co brewery until its closure in 1931 during the Great Depression.

## Sydney

In 1869, Edward Fitzgerald and partner Robert Prendergast built a brewery in Hay Street, Sydney, near Darling Harbour. The brewery was floated as the public Castlemaine Brewery and Malting Company in 1881 and reconstituted as the Castlemaine Brewing, Malting, Wine and Spirit Company Ltd. in 1885. In 1890, the company purchased the Australian Brewery and renamed itself the Australian Brewery and Wine and Spirit Co., Limited. The Castlemaine Brewery was closed after the sale and was demolished in 1905.


title: Randal Edward Sherborne Plunkett

abstract: Randal Edward Sherborne Plunkett was a British Conservative politician. He was the eldest son of Admiral Edward Plunkett, 16th Baron of Dunsany, and the Hon. Anne Constance, daughter of John Dutton, 2nd Baron Sherborne. Agricultural reformer and pioneer of the cooperative movement, Sir Horace Plunkett, was his younger brother. Plunkett was elected Member of Parliament for Gloucestershire West in 1874, a seat he held until 1880. Plunkett died unmarried at Madeira in December 1883, aged 35, predeceasing his father by six years. His younger brother John later succeeded in the barony.

text:
# Randal Edward Sherborne Plunkett

**Randal Edward Sherborne Plunkett** (15 November 1848 – 25 December 1883) was a British Conservative politician.

He was the eldest son of Admiral Edward Plunkett, 16th Baron of Dunsany, and the Hon. Anne Constance, daughter of John Dutton, 2nd Baron Sherborne. Agricultural reformer and pioneer of the cooperative movement, Sir Horace Plunkett, was his younger brother.

Plunkett was elected Member of Parliament for Gloucestershire West in 1874, a seat he held until 1880.

Plunkett died unmarried at Madeira in December 1883, aged 35, predeceasing his father by six years. His younger brother John later succeeded in the barony.


title: Dares philippinensis

abstract: Dares philippinensis is a species of stick insects. This species is not native to Borneo like most other members of the genus Dares, but to the Philippine island Palawan.

text:
# Dares philippinensis

***Dares philippinensis*** is a species of stick insects. This species is not native to Borneo like most other members of the genus *Dares*, but to the Philippine island Palawan.

## Characteristics

The insects show in both sexes the typical habitus for the genus. The antennae consist of 24 segments. Their basal segment (scapus) is flat and has a tooth on the outside. The 43 to 45 millimetres (1.7 to 1.8 in) long females have a body surface covered by tubercles. While most of the other females of the genus have no spines, the females of *Dares philippinensis* can often have relatively clear spines at the widest point of meso- and metanotum on the lateral edge, whereby a short spike is formed per segment and side. In the top view, four spines can be seen. The coloring of the females is more contrasting than that of the males. Usually a lighter brown dominates, which often deviates into a reddish shade. There are also darker specimens and those with dark brown patterns. The pair of white spots typical of many older nymphs of the genus at the base of the abdomen is often still a light area in the adult females of this species to find. Overall, the females resemble those of *Dares verrucosus*. This also applies to the 34 to 35 millimetres (1.3 to 1.4 in) long males. Their basic color is usually a light brown. Black spots or dots can be found especially on the rear area of the meso- and metanotum and can merge to form lines. In addition, a black-brown continuous line runs along the side of the pleura of meso- and metathorax. There are no distinct spines on the top of the meso- and metanotum. Only on the side are four spines in the same places where they can also appear in the females. In addition, the males have four distinct spines on their heads. The tibiae of their legs are colored black. On the upper side of the abdomen there are small lobes on the segments that grow larger towards the end of the abdomen.

## Distribution area and way of life

*Dares philippinensis* has so far only been found on the Philippine island Palawan.

In its nocturnal way of life and defensive behavior, it is similar to the other *Dares* species. Also with *Dares philippinensis* the defense strategy consists in phytomimesis. This is achieved through color and body shape, but also through behavior in the event of a disturbance (dropping and playing dead). The eggs are almost spherical and dark brown in color with light brown spots and a few thick bristles. One of the three arms of the micropylar plate reaches the edge of the lid, the other two run circularly around the egg.

## Discovery and taxonomy

The first specimen of the species, a female nymph, was found by R. Rodriguez in 1974 on Palawan. Other specimens, both adults and nymphs, were found by C. L. Chan 1983 also in Palawan in Brooke’s Point. He left this in 1994 Philip Edward Bragg, who recognized it as a representative of a new species and described it in 1998. The chosen by him specific epithet *philippinensis* indicates the special position of the species in the genus, which is considered to be the only Filipino *Dares* species. It also leaves open whether the species, which has so far only been found in Palawan, is also found on other islands in the Philippines. An adult female is deposited as holotype at the Natural History Museum, London. This is one of the animals that Chan collected. Further species of his 1983 collection are deposited as paratypes at the Natural History Museum. The same applies to the nymph that Rodriguez collected.

## Terraristic

*Dares philippinensis* came into the European terrariums as the fifth species of the genus. The first specimens were distributed around 2010/2011 by the Dutch \- Belgian Phasma under the name *Dares* sp. 'Philippines'. The species is easy to keep and breed if a higher humidity is maintained and a slightly moist substrate is offered on the ground for incubation of the eggs. Leaves of bramble and many other Rosaceae are eaten.

*Dares philippinensis* has been listed by the Phasmid Study Group since 2013 under PSG number 331.

1. Philip Edward Bragg (2001). *Phasmids of Borneo*, Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 144–146, ISBN 983-812-027-8
2. Dräger, H. (2012). *Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 2: Die Unterfamilie Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1839*, ZAG Phoenix, Nr. 5 Juni 2012 Jahrgang 3(1), pp. 22–45, ISSN 2190-3476
3. *Dares philippinensis* on phasmatodea.com by Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Kneubühler, B. & Valero, P.
4. Bragg, P. E. (1998). *A revision of the Heteropteryginae (Insecta: Phasmida: Bacillidae) of Borneo, with the description of a new genus and ten new species*, Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 316, pp. 47–50 & 58–60, figs 72. ISSN 0024-1652, ISBN 90-73239-61-3, Download version
5. Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W. *Phasmida Species File Online*. Version 5.0. (accessdate 31 July 2021)
6. Phasmid Study Group Culture List

## InfoBox

| *Dares philippinensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Dares philippinensis*, pair | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Dataminae |
| Tribe: | Datamini |
| Genus: | *Dares* |
| Species: | ***D. philippinensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dares philippinensis***<br>Bragg, 1998 | |
|


title: 1964 Pittsburgh Steelers season

abstract: The 1964 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the team's 32nd in the National Football League. The team played all of their home games at Pitt Stadium, and won five games, while losing nine, resulting in a fifth-place finish in the NFL Eastern Conference. Following the season, the Steelers dismissed head coach Buddy Parker and replaced him with Mike Nixon.

text:
# 1964 Pittsburgh Steelers season

The **1964 Pittsburgh Steelers season** was the team's 32nd in the National Football League.

The team played all of their home games at Pitt Stadium, and won five games, while losing nine, resulting in a fifth-place finish in the NFL Eastern Conference. Following the season, the Steelers dismissed head coach Buddy Parker and replaced him with Mike Nixon.

## Roster

**1964 Pittsburgh Steelers roster**
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Quarterbacks** **Running backs**
**Wide receivers**
**Tight ends** |  | **Offensive linemen** **Defensive linemen** |  | **Linebackers** **Defensive backs**
**Special teams** |  | **Practice squad**
**Reserve lists**

*Rookies in italics* |

## Regular season

### Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 13 | Los Angeles Rams | **L** 14–26 | 0–1 | Pitt Stadium |
| 2 | September 20 | **New York Giants** | **W** 27–24 | 1–1 | Pitt Stadium |
| 3 | September 27 | **Dallas Cowboys** | **W** 23–17 | 2–1 | Pitt Stadium |
| 4 | October 4 | at **Philadelphia Eagles** | **L** 7–21 | 2–2 | Franklin Field |
| 5 | October 10 | at **Cleveland Browns** | **W** 23–7 | 3–2 | Cleveland Municipal Stadium |
| 6 | October 18 | at Minnesota Vikings | **L** 10–30 | 3–3 | Metropolitan Stadium |
| 7 | October 25 | **Philadelphia Eagles** | **L** 10–34 | 3–4 | Pitt Stadium |
| 8 | November 1 | **Cleveland Browns** | **L** 17–30 | 3–5 | Pitt Stadium |
| 9 | November 8 | at **St. Louis Cardinals** | **L** 30–34 | 3–6 | Busch Stadium |
| 10 | November 15 | **Washington Redskins** | **L** 0–30 | 3–7 | Pitt Stadium |
| 11 | November 22 | at **New York Giants** | **W** 44–17 | 4–7 | Yankee Stadium |
| 12 | November 29 | **St. Louis Cardinals** | **L** 20–21 | 4–8 | Pitt Stadium |
| 13 | December 6 | at **Washington Redskins** | **W** 14–7 | 5–8 | D.C. Stadium |
| 14 | December 13 | at **Dallas Cowboys** | **L** 14–17 | 5–9 | Cotton Bowl |
| **Note:** Intra-conference opponents are in **bold** text. | | | | | | | |

### Game summaries

#### Week 1 (Sunday September 13, 1964): Los Angeles Rams

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Rams** | 0 | 13 | 13 | 0 | **26** |
| Steelers | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | **14** |

*at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 33,988
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Los Angeles – FG Gossett 9 0–3
* Los Angeles – FG Gossett 39 0–6
* Los Angeles – Wilson 1 run (Gossett kick)0–13
* Pittsburgh – Ballman 25 pass from Brown (Clark kick)7–13
* Los Angeles – Allen 10 pass from Munson (kick failed)7–19
* Los Angeles – Lundy 14 interception return (Gossett kick)7–26
* Pittsburgh – King 4 run (Clark kick)14–26

#### Week 2 (Sunday September 20, 1964): New York Giants

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Giants | 14 | 0 | 7 | 3 | **24** |
| **Steelers** | 0 | 13 | 7 | 7 | **27** |

*at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 33,053
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* New York Giants – Barnes 26 interception (Chandler kick)0–7
* New York Giants – Webster 2 run (Chandler kick)0–14
* Pittsburgh – Hinton 8 interception return (kick failed)6–14
* Pittsburgh – Johnson 2 pass from Brown (Clark kick)13–14
* Pittsburgh – Brown 2 run (Chandler kick)20–14
* New York Giants – James 2 run (Chandler kick)20–21
* Pittsburgh – Brown 1 run (Clark kick)27–21
* New York Giants – FG Chandler 22 27–24

#### Week 3 (Sunday September 26, 1964): Dallas Cowboys

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cowboys | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **10** |
| **Steelers** | 3 | 6 | 14 | 0 | **23** |

*at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 33,594
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 3–0
* Dallas – FG Van Raaphorst 16 3–3
* Pittsburgh – Ballman 32 pass from Brown (kick failed)9–3
* Dallas – Clarke 7 pass from Meredith (Van Raaphorst kick)9–10
* Pittsburgh – Kelly 21 pass from Brown (Clark kick)16–10
* Pittsburgh – King 4 pass from Brown (Clark kick)23–10

#### Week 4 (Sunday October 4, 1964): Philadelphia Eagles

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steelers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | **7** |
| **Eagles** | 7 | 7 | 0 | 7 | **21** |

*at Franklin Field, Philadelphia*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 59,394
* **Referee:** Bud Brubaker
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Philadelphia – T. Brown 23 pass from Snead (Baker kick)0–7
* Philadelphia – T. Brown 87 pass from Snead (Baker kick)0–14
* Philadelphia – Retzlaff 31 pass from Snead (Baker kick)0–21
* Pittsburgh – J. Bradshaw 33 run with recovered fumble (Clark kick)7–21

#### Week 5: at Cleveland Browns

**Pittsburgh Steelers 23, Cleveland Browns 7**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Steelers** | 10 | 6 | 7 | 0 | **23** |
| Browns | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **7** |

*at Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio*

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

#### Week 6 (Sunday October 18, 1964): Minnesota Vikings

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steelers | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **10** |
| **Vikings** | 6 | 7 | 7 | 10 | **30** |

*at Metropolitan Stadium, Bloomington, Minnesota*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 39,873
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring Drives:**

* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 12 3–0
* Minnesota – Brown 6 pass from Tarkenton (kick failed)6–3
* Pittsburgh – Hoak 17 pass from Brown (Clark kick)10–6
* Minnesota – Brown 59 pass from Tarkenton (Cox kick)10–13
* Minnesota – Brown 1 run (Cox kick)10–20
* Minnesota – FG Cox 25 10–23
* Minnesota – Hawkins 56 interception return (Cox kick)10–30

#### Week 7 (Sunday October 25, 1964): Philadelphia Eagles

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Eagles** | 7 | 10 | 3 | 14 | **34** |
| Steelers | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 | **10** |

*at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 38,393
* **Referee:** George Rennix
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Philadelphia – Concannon 15 run (Baker kick)0–7
* Pittsburgh – Peaks 70 run (Clark kick)7–7
* Philadelphia – Mack 53 pass from Snead (Baker kick)7–14
* Philadelphia – FG Baker 14 7–17
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 13 10–17
* Philadelphia – FG Baker 47 10–20
* Philadelphia – Snead 1 run (Baker kick) 10–27
* Philadelphia – Cross 94 interception return (Baker kick)10–34

#### Week 8: vs. Cleveland Browns

**Cleveland Browns 30, Pittsburgh Steelers 17**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Browns** | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10 | **30** |
| Steelers | 0 | 10 | 0 | 7 | **17** |

*at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

#### Week 9 (Sunday November 8, 1964): St. Louis Cardinals

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steelers | 3 | 10 | 3 | 14 | **30** |
| **Cardinals** | 3 | 10 | 7 | 14 | **34** |

*at Busch Stadium, St. Louis, Missouri*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 28,245
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* St. Louis – FG Bakken 12 0–3
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 19 3–3
* St. Louis – Gautt 2 run (Bakken kick)3–10
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 43 6–10
* St. Louis – FG Bakken 16 6–13
* Pittsburgh – Ballman 28 pass from Brown13–13
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 38 16–13
* St. Louis – Conrad 2 pass from Johnson (Bakken kick)16–20
* St. Louis – Gambrell 8 pass from Johnson (Bakken kick)16–27
* St. Louis – Meinert 18 interception return (Bakken kick)16–34
* Pittsburgh – Hoak 22 pass from Nelsen (Clark kick)23–34
* Pittsburgh – Ballman 29 pass from Nelsen (Clark kick)30–34

#### Week 10 (Sunday November 15, 1964): Washington Redskins

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Redskins** | 7 | 13 | 10 | 0 | **30** |
| Steelers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **0** |

*at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 31,587
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Washington – Taylor 3 run (Martin kick)0–7
* Washington – Coia 80 pass from Jurgensen (kick failed)0–13
* Washington – Taylor 80 pass from Jurgensen (Martin kick)0–20
* Washington – Sample 15 interception (Martin kick)0–27
* Washington – FG Martin 31 0–30

#### Week 11 (Sunday November 22, 1964): New York Giants

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Steelers** | 3 | 14 | 20 | 7 | **44** |
| Giants | 0 | 3 | 0 | 14 | **17** |

*at Yankee Stadium, The Bronx, New York*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 62,691
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 10 3–0
* Pittsburgh – Thomas 13 pass from Brown (Clark kick)10–0
* Pittsburgh – Johnson 10 run (Clark kick)17–0
* New York Giants FG Chandler 22 yd FG17–3
* Pittsburgh – Ballman 22 pass from Brown (Clark kick)24–3
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 28 27–3
* Pittsburgh – Johnson 2 run (Clark kick)34–3
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 23 37–3
* New York Giants – Wood 8 run (Chandler kick)37–10
* Pittsburgh – Hoak 5 run (Clark kick)44–10
* New York Giants – Barnes recovered fumble in end zone (Chandler kick)44–17

#### Week 12 (Sunday November 29, 1964): St. Louis Cardinals

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Cardinals** | 7 | 0 | 0 | 14 | **21** |
| Steelers | 0 | 3 | 7 | 10 | **20** |

*at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 27,807
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* St. Louis – Crow 5 run (Bakken kick)0–7
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 30 3–7
* Pittsburgh – J. Bradshaw 47 fumble return (Clark kick)10–7
* Pittsburgh – Hoak 3 run (Clark kick) 17–7
* Pittsburgh – FG Clark 36 20–7
* St. Louis – Smith 42 pass from Johnson (Bakken kick)20–14
* St. Louis – Fischer 49 fumble return (Bakken kick)20–21

#### Week 13 (Sunday December 6, 1964): Washington Redskins

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Steelers** | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | **14** |
| Redskins | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **7** |

*at D.C. Stadium, Washington, D.C.*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 42,219
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Pittsburgh – Johnson 4 run (Clark kick)7–0
* Washington – Taylor 36 run (Martin kick)7–7
* Pittsburgh – Ballman 47 pass from Brown (Clark kick)14–7

#### Week 14 (December 13, 1964): Dallas Cowboys

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steelers | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7 | **14** |
| **Cowboys** | 10 | 0 | 0 | 7 | **17** |

*at Cotton Bowl, Dallas, Texas*

* **Game time:**
* **Game weather:**
* **Game attendance:** 35,271
* **Referee:**
* **TV announcers:**

**Scoring drives:**

* Dallas – FG Van Raaphorst 10 0–3
* Dallas – Norman 8 pass from Meredith (Van Raaphorst kick)0–10
* Pittsburgh – Hoak 3 pass from Brown (Clark kick)7–10
* Dallas – Dunn 3 run (Van Raaphorst kick)7–17
* Pittsburgh – Ballman 36 pass from Brown (Clark kick)14–17

## Standings

| NFL Eastern Conference | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | CONF | PF | PA | STK |
| Cleveland Browns | 10 | 3 | 1 | .769 | 9–2–1 | 415 | 293 | W1 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 9 | 3 | 2 | .750 | 8–2–2 | 357 | 331 | W4 |
| Philadelphia Eagles | 6 | 8 | 0 | .429 | 6–6 | 312 | 313 | L1 |
| Washington Redskins | 6 | 8 | 0 | .429 | 5–7 | 307 | 305 | L2 |
| Dallas Cowboys | 5 | 8 | 1 | .385 | 4–7–1 | 250 | 289 | W1 |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | 5 | 9 | 0 | .357 | 5–7 | 253 | 315 | L1 |
| New York Giants | 2 | 10 | 2 | .167 | 2–8–2 | 241 | 399 | L4 |

**Note:** Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.

## InfoBox

| 1964 Pittsburgh Steelers season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Buddy Parker |
| Home field | Pitt Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | 5–9 |
| Division place | 5th NFL Eastern |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|


title: Castilleja de la Cuesta

abstract: Castilleja de la Cuesta is a town and municipality in the province of Seville, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Castilleja de la Cuesta has a local specialty, the "torta de aceite". This is a thin, crisp baked good made with olive oil and a hint of anise. They are eaten throughout Spain and exported to many countries.

text:
# Castilleja de la Cuesta

**Castilleja de la Cuesta** is a town and municipality in the province of Seville, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.

Castilleja de la Cuesta has a local specialty, the "torta de aceite". This is a thin, crisp baked good made with olive oil and a hint of anise. They are eaten throughout Spain and exported to many countries.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Castilleja de la Cuesta | |
| --- | --- |
| Image of Castilleja de la Cuesta | |
|  | |
| Castilleja de la CuestaLocation in Spain and in Andalusia.Castilleja de la CuestaCastilleja de la Cuesta (Andalusia) | |
| Coordinates: 37°23′N 6°03′W / 37.383°N 6.050°W / 37.383; -6.050 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Andalusia |
| Province | Seville |
| Government | |
| Mayor | María Carmen Herrera Coronil (PSOE) |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.17 km2 (0.84 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 96 m (315 ft) |
| Population (2023) | |
| Total | 17,167 |
| Density | 7,900/km2 (20,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | www.castillejadelacuesta.es |


title: Shangxinhe

abstract: Shangxinhe is a former town in the Jianye District of Nanjing, China located on the Jia River (夹江), a tributary of the Yangtze River. The former Wang Hanzhou residence, Jianghan Hall (江汉会馆), Ancient Sun Palace (古太阳宫), and other ancient cultural sites are located in the area.

text:
# Shangxinhe

Shangxinheclass=notpageimage|Location in Jiangsu

**Shangxinhe** (Chinese: 上新河镇; pinyin: *Shàngxīnhé Zhèn*; lit. 'New River Town') is a former town in the Jianye District of Nanjing, China located on the Jia River (夹江), a tributary of the Yangtze River. The former Wang Hanzhou residence, Jianghan Hall (江汉会馆), Ancient Sun Palace (古太阳宫), and other ancient cultural sites are located in the area.

## History

### Ming dynasty

During the early Ming dynasty, Shangxinhe embarked on the creation of infrastructure to effectively move timber up the Yangtze River. In time, this led to a period of commercial prosperity for the town and region. The Huizhou Hall was built, and it became the site of the town's annual Grand Lantern event. Huizhou wood was shipped from Nanjing to places like Jiangxi, Hunan, and Hubei. The lively and prosperous port became the subject of scholarly and literary works. Shangxinhe novelist Ming Feng Meng was a successful Ming Dynasty novelist, with a widespread reputation for his foreboding stories.

### Qing dynasty

The Shangxinhe timber trade reached its economic peak during the Qing dynasty. Markets for Qing Imperial wood had opened up in distant towns and cities along the Yangtze River, which were using it for myriad uses, e.g. construction and making furniture. Merchants operated and shipped lumber from Hunan, Dongting, and Poyang Lake. Shangxinhe wood suppliers had lucrative sales of Huizhou timber to Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and other places. Fir and bamboo from Nanjing were also shipped. In *White Next Suo Yan,* In reference to Shangxinhe, Gan Hee (born 1798) described the town's annual grand lantern event, where the lanterns' lights glowed off of the Huizhou wood. It was described as a scene of "peace and prosperity". In the late Qing dynasty, up to 32 timber suppliers were shipping to Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan. As business expanded, Shangxinhe markets expanded into northern Jiangsu and Zhejiang. When the railroad was introduced, it became a more convenient means of transportation, leading to a gradual decline in the Shangxinhe economy.

32°01′30″N 118°43′17″E / 32.0250°N 118.7214°E / 32.0250; 118.7214


title: Shallowater Independent School District

abstract:
Shallowater Independent School District is a public school district based in Shallowater, Texas (USA) that serves students in northwestern Lubbock County. In addition to Shallowater, the district includes a section of Lubbock. The district has five schools:
  - Shallowater Elementary
  - Shallowater Intermediate
  - Shallowater Middle
  - Shallowater High
  - Woodward Academy. In 2011, the school district was rated "exemplary" by the Texas Education Agency.

text:
# Shallowater Independent School District

**Shallowater Independent School District** is a public school district based in Shallowater, Texas (USA) that serves students in northwestern Lubbock County.

In addition to Shallowater, the district includes a section of Lubbock.

The district has five schools:

* Shallowater Elementary (grades PK-1)
* Shallowater Intermediate (grades 2-4)
* Shallowater Middle (grades 5-8)
* Shallowater High (grades 9-12)
* Woodward Academy (alternative high school).

In 2011, the school district was rated "exemplary" by the Texas Education Agency.

## Chivalry controversy

An assignment at Shallowater High School was the subject of controversy in March 2021. "A 'chivalry' assignment given to students at Shallowater High School in Texas instructed girls to 'dress in a feminine manner' to please men, 'walk behind men daintily as if their feet were bound,' and 'not complain or whine.' The public relations director for the high school said the assignment had been given in a historical context, but was removed.

33°42′14″N 102°01′16″W / 33.704°N 102.021°W / 33.704; -102.021


title: Shallow water marine environment

abstract: Shallow water marine environment refers to the area between the shore and deeper water, such as a reef wall or a shelf break. This environment is characterized by oceanic, geological and biological conditions, as described below. The water in this environment is shallow and clear, allowing the formation of different sedimentary structures, carbonate rocks, coral reefs, and allowing certain organisms to survive and become fossils.

text:
# Shallow water marine environment

**Shallow water marine environment** refers to the area between the shore and deeper water, such as a reef wall or a shelf break. This environment is characterized by oceanic, geological and biological conditions, as described below. The water in this environment is shallow and clear, allowing the formation of different sedimentary structures, carbonate rocks, coral reefs, and allowing certain organisms to survive and become fossils.

## Sediment

The sediment itself is often composed of limestone, which forms readily in shallow, warm, calm waters. While siliciclastic and carbonaceous sediments can coexist, shallow marine environments can also contain only one or the other. Shallow water marine sediment primarily features larger grain sizes because smaller grains have washed out to deeper water. Within carbonaceous sedimentary rock, evaporite minerals such as gypsum, anhydrite, and halite may be present. The most common evaporite minerals found within modern and ancient deposits are gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. These minerals can occur as crystalline layers, isolated crystals, or clusters of crystals.

Approximately 75% of surface sediments are in shallow marine environments, holding most Phanerozoic and Precambrian sedimentary rock. This is visible in the North American and Caribbean regions. However, shallow marine sediment quantity varies significantly over geologic time due to supercontinent breakup and shifting tectonic plate processes.

## Sedimentary Structures

### Shallow Marine Environments

Shallow marine environments are characterized by various types of sedimentary structures, including:

* Graded Bedding: characterized by a vertical gradation in grain size, with the smallest grains at the top
* Ripples: the smallest bedform type
* Dunes: larger and similar in shape to ripples

### Carbonaceous Rocks in SMEs

Carbonaceous sedimentary rock in SMEs contain significant amounts of non-skeletal matter along with siliciclastic or chemical constituents and can exhibit a range of sedimentary structures, including:

* Cross stratification: a layering structure found in gravel, sand, and coarse silt-sized sediment, characterized by distinct layers that are steeply inclined to the underlying surface.
* Desiccation cracks: cracks formed by the drying of newly deposited mud in sub-aerial climates.
* Flame structures: mud shaped like flames that intrude into the overlying layer of rock.
* Convolute Folds: sediment folded into irregular anticlines and/or synclines.
* Flutes: outstretched ridges that are rounded at one end and flared at the other.
* Groove casts: outstretched, almost straight grooves in sediment caused by the dragging of an object.
* Chevron structures: a v-shaped type of groove cast, resulting from stress applied in two or more directions, found on the bottoms of beds deposited in shallow water environments.
* Syneresis cracks: cracks formed by other than by sub-aerial climate exposure, including contraction by clay clumping, contraction from settling during faulting, smectitic clay compaction from dewatering due to a salinity change in surrounding water, compaction dewatering under sediment causing injection from below or collapsing from above, and tensional opening due to down-sloping of a surface mud layer.
* Fenestrae: open or partially filled spaces occupied by different sediment or cement

## Water composition

### Characteristics

Shallow marine environments are typically characterized by clear and shallow water. The distributional patterns of marine organisms in these environments can be used to define different types of shallow marine environments based on temperature, which can also provide insights into past patterns in paleolithic zones.

The boundaries between different shallow marine environment types in terms of climatic zones are not always agreed upon. However, three major criteria are used to define SME types: faunal provinces, faunal elements, and latitude.

#### Carbonate factory zones

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere when it dissolves in seawater and turns into carbonic acid. The acid then weathers rocks, creating bicarbonate and other ions. Calcium carbonate is a precipitate from calcium and the bicarbonate ions, while the carbon is precipitates as limestone. Many shallow marine environments are associated with carbonate factory zones, where processes that remove CO
2 from the water change bicarbonate ions into carbonate ions, supporting lime precipitation. These processes include increasing temperature, intense evaporation, and mixing water that is high in CO
3 and low in calcium cations with seawater.

#### Changes in limestone composition over geologic time

Over geologic time, the composition of limestone has changed from calcite-rich to aragonite-rich. This change is influenced by the presence of magnesium ions, which can inhibit calcite precipitation. Aragonite and calcite have the same chemical formula but a different crystal system, although aragonite is less prone to magnesium inhibition. Changes in the Mg/Ca ratio over geologic time, influenced by seafloor spreading and tectonic plate movement, have also increased aragonite abundance.

## Organisms

Shallow marine environments, particularly the intertidal zone, are home to a diverse range of organisms, including starfish, sea anemones, sponges, marine worms, clams, mussels, predatory crustaceans, barnacles and small fish.

### Hydrozoa and microinvertebrates

Hydrozoa, also known as hydroids, inhabit SMEs and feed on surrounding algae and zooplankton. Species of isopods and amphipods are found in intertidal zones, creating complex burrows and surface tracks in the sediment. Brittle stars may bury themselves in sediment with their arms exposed.

### Carbonate reefs

SMEs are characterized by carbonate reefs, which support many species. Estimates suggest that coral reefs alone may host between 1-9 million species. The three main types of reef formations are:

* Fringing Reefs: attached to the shore
* Barrier Reefs: separated from the mainland by a lagoon
* Atoll Reefs: ring-shaped reefs surrounding a lagoon

### Reef Organisms

Organisms that inhabit these reefs include red algae, green algae, bivalves and echinoderms. Many of these organisms contribute to reef formation. Furthermore, unicellular dinoflagellates live in coral tissues, engaging in a mutualistic relationship where they provide corals with essential organic molecules.

## Fossils

The majority of the fossil record has been discovered in lithified SMEs, which were once home to diverse organisms. Many of these fossils date to periods when much of the Earth was covered in shallow seas.

Several types of fossils can be found in these environments, including:

* Skolithos Ichnofacies: vertical, cylindrical, or U-shaped burrows created by organisms for protection. These are classified as trace fossils.
* Glossifungites Ichnofacies: vertical, cylindrical, U-shaped, or tear-shaped borings or burrows created by organisms such as shrimp, crabs, worms, and bivalves. These are also classified as trace fossils.
* Stromatolites: laminated sedimentary structures formed when cyanobacteria create microbial mats, trapping clay, silt sediment, and organic materials. These mats eventually lithify, embedding fossils.


title: Catesby, Northamptonshire

abstract: Catesby is a civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England. There are two hamlets, Lower Catesby and Upper Catesby, each of which is a shrunken village. The site of the abandoned village of Newbold is also in the parish. The 2001 Census recorded a parish population of 76. Catesby Priory was a community of Cistercian nuns in Lower Catesby, founded in about 1175 and suppressed in 1536. In the eastern part of the parish is Catesby Tunnel, a tunnel on the former Great Central Line that was completed in 1897 and has been disused since 1966.

text:
# Catesby, Northamptonshire

**Catesby** is a civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England. There are two hamlets, Lower Catesby and Upper Catesby, each of which is a shrunken village. The site of the abandoned village of Newbold is also in the parish. The 2001 Census recorded a parish population of 76.

Catesby Priory was a community of Cistercian nuns in Lower Catesby, founded in about 1175 and suppressed in 1536. In the eastern part of the parish is Catesby Tunnel, a tunnel on the former Great Central Line that was completed in 1897 and has been disused since 1966.

Media related to Catesby, Northamptonshire at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Catesby | |
| --- | --- |
| One of Catesby Tunnel's ventilation shafts | |
| CatesbyLocation within Northamptonshire | |
| Population | 76 (2001 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SP5259 |
| Civil parish | * Catesby |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Daventry |
| Postcode district | NN11 |
| Dialling code | 01327 |
|  | |
| Police | Northamptonshire |
| Fire | Northamptonshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Catesby (Parish Meeting) |
|


title: Catesby Tunnel

abstract: Catesby Tunnel is a disused railway tunnel in Northamptonshire on the route of the former Great Central Main Line. Its northern portal is about 1,100 yards (1,000 m) south of Catesby Viaduct and 250 yards (230 m) west of Upper Catesby, with the tunnel ending at Charwelton to the south. In terms of both length and gauge, Catesby Tunnel is unusually large, at 27 feet (8.2 m) wide, 25 feet 6 inches (7.8 m) high, and 2,997 yards long. The tunnel was completed in 1897, and was closed in 1966 when the line was made redundant by British Rail. After lying abandoned and flooded for over 50 years, proposals were granted in 2017 for the conversion of the wide, straight tunnel into an aerodynamic test facility for road and race cars.

text:
# Catesby Tunnel

**Catesby Tunnel** is a disused railway tunnel in Northamptonshire on the route of the former Great Central Main Line. Its northern portal is about 1,100 yards (1,000 m) south of Catesby Viaduct and 250 yards (230 m) west of Upper Catesby, with the tunnel ending at Charwelton to the south. In terms of both length and gauge, Catesby Tunnel is unusually large, at 27 feet (8.2 m) wide, 25 feet 6 inches (7.8 m) high, and 2,997 yards (2.7 km; 1.7 mi) long.

The tunnel was completed in 1897, and was closed in 1966 when the line was made redundant by British Rail. After lying abandoned and flooded for over 50 years, proposals were granted in 2017 for the conversion of the wide, straight tunnel into an aerodynamic test facility for road and race cars.

## Description

The tunnel, its portals and air shafts are all lined and faced with hard Staffordshire blue brick and a total of about 30 million bricks were used. The tunnel has five air shafts; four are in Catesby parish and each has a diameter of 10 feet (3 m). The fifth is in the neighbouring parish of Hellidon, and has a diameter of 15 feet (4.6 m) for greater airflow. About 2,900,000 cubic yards (2,200,000 m3) of material was dug out to make the tunnel, which is straight throughout due to the Great Central Railway (GCR) being built for speed and on a rising gradient of 1:176 to the south.

## History

The Great Central Railway (GCR) intended its London Extension to pass through Catesby parish in a cutting. However, the occupant of Catesby House, Henry Attenborough, owned much of the land in the parish and insisted that the line pass beneath it in a tunnel to preserve the landscape. Thomas Oliver & Son of Horsham was the contractor to build the Rugby CentralWoodford Halse section of the line. The first 44 yards (40 m) from the north portal were dug using cut-and-cover, with the remainder built by sinking nine construction shafts in 1895 (a Roman cinerary urn was found in one shaft), and completed the tunnel in May 1897. Unlike the tunnel construction of the earlier Victorian era, excavation was able to be accelerated through the use of Ruston steam navvies instead of being entirely dug by hand. The first services to use the tunnel were coal trains, which started running on 25 July 1898. The line opened fully on 15 March 1899.

On 4 January 1906 a rail on the Down track broke and derailed an afternoon express from Marylebone to Manchester Piccadilly with about 50 passengers aboard. The train was travelling at about 60 mph (97 km/h) and tore up about 440 yards (400 m) of track before it came to a halt. All five coaches were derailed and the last coach fouled the Up track, on which a goods train was due. The crew of the express acted to protect their train: the driver placed a detonator on one rail of the Up track and the guard sounded the train whistle, both of which gave the crew of the approaching Up goods enough warning to stop short of the wreckage.

British Railways closed the Great Central Main Line (GCML) through the tunnel on 5 September 1966, and the track was lifted shortly thereafter. With the withdrawal of a maintenance regime after closure, a blocked drain exacerbated water ingress such that a foot or more of floodwater filled some parts of the tunnel.

### Redevelopment

Numerous reopening proposals for sections of the GCML have featured Catesby Tunnel. In 2000, Chiltern Railways expressed an interest in reopening the route to passengers as far as Rugby or even Leicester, though this never came forward. The trackbed was also included in failed proposals by Central Railway to build a new intermodal freight line from Liverpool to Europe. It was also part of a possible alignment explored during the planning phase of High Speed 2; the preferred route ended up following a course several miles further west.

Proposals emerged in 2014 to convert the tunnel into a vehicle testing facility. The planning approval was granted in February 2017. The facility allows performance, aerodynamics, air cooling and emissions to be analysed in a controlled environment at full scale, the only facility of its type for hire anywhere in the world. With the ends of the tunnel being preserved for roosting bats, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) in the centre is available for testing. Cars will be able to maintain 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) for about 40 seconds before braking. Public access to the tunnel will be offered on Sundays for cycling. Engineering work for conversion to a wind tunnel, including renovation of the drainage, was started in 2020 with a projected cost of £13 million. The facility opened as a test facility in summer 2021, with a remote-control turntable at the end.

In 2024 the tunnel was used the location for the YouTube series "Top Gear Tunnel Run"

Sources

52°13′24″N 1°13′43″W / 52.2232°N 1.2287°W / 52.2232; -1.2287


title: Cartter Building

abstract: The Cartter Building is a historic commercial building at 303 Broadway in Cottonwood Falls, Kansas. Local businessman and rancher Dr. William H. Cartter had the building constructed in 1888. The two-story building housed Cartter's grocery store on the first floor and had a meeting hall, which was used by the local Freemasons and Odd Fellows, on the second floor. Builder David Rettiger designed the stone building to match the neighboring Chase County National Bank, which he had built six years earlier. The building's design includes a pedimented metal cornice, segmental arched windows, and stone banding; it originally featured an arcade along the storefront as well. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1977.

text:
# Cartter Building

The **Cartter Building** is a historic commercial building at 303 Broadway in Cottonwood Falls, Kansas. Local businessman and rancher Dr. William H. Cartter had the building constructed in 1888. The two-story building housed Cartter's grocery store on the first floor and had a meeting hall, which was used by the local Freemasons and Odd Fellows, on the second floor. Builder David Rettiger designed the stone building to match the neighboring Chase County National Bank, which he had built six years earlier. The building's design includes a pedimented metal cornice, segmental arched windows, and stone banding; it originally featured an arcade along the storefront as well.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1977.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Cartter Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 303 Broadway, Cottonwood Falls, Kansas |
| Coordinates | 38°22′19″N 96°32′30″W / 38.37194°N 96.54167°W / 38.37194; -96.54167 (Cartter Building) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1888 (1888) |
| Built by | David Rettiger |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000573 |
| Added to NRHP | November 23, 1977 |


title: Catholic epistles

abstract: The catholic epistles are seven epistles of the New Testament. Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the catholic epistles are:

text:
# Catholic epistles

The **catholic epistles** (also called the **general epistles**) are seven epistles of the New Testament. Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the catholic epistles are:

| Traditional epistle name | Author according to the text (NRSV) | Traditional attribution | Modern consensus | Addressee(s) according to the text (NRSV) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Epistle of James | "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" | James, brother of Jesus | An unknown James | "To the twelve tribes in the Dispersion" |
| First Epistle of Peter | "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ" | Simon Peter | Maybe Simon Peter | "To the exiles of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia" |
| Second Epistle of Peter | "Sim(e)on Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ" | Simon Peter | Not Simon Peter | To all Christians |
| First Epistle of John | *anonymous* | John, son of Zebedee | Unknown | To fellow Christians |
| Second Epistle of John | *anonymous* | John, son of Zebedee | Unknown | "To the elect lady and her children" |
| Third Epistle of John | *anonymous* | John, son of Zebedee | Unknown | "To the beloved Gaius" |
| Epistle of Jude | "Jude" (or "Judas"), "a servant," (Gk. slave), "of Jesus Christ and brother of James" | Jude, brother of Jesus | An unknown Jude | To all Christians |

## Naming

The use of the word *catholic* in the term '*catholic* epistles' has been a convention going back to the fourth century. Untied to a particular denomination, it simply meant "general" at that time. Later, the word *catholic* would become part of the name of the Catholic Church. To avoid the assumption that these texts are therefore specific to the Catholic Church or Catholicism, alternative terms such as "general epistles" or "general missionary epistles" are used.

In the historical context, the word *catholic* probably signified that the letters were addressed to the general church, and not to specific, separate congregations or persons, as with the Pauline epistles. However, 2 John and 3 John appear to contradict this view, because their addresses are respectively to the "elect lady", speculated by many to be the church itself, and to "Gaius", about whom there has been much speculation but little in the way of conclusive proof as to his identity. Some historians therefore think that the label *catholic* was originally applied to just 1 John, and expanded to all other non-Pauline epistles later on.

Some Protestants have termed these "Lesser Epistles".

## Authorship

Three of the seven letters are anonymous. These three have traditionally been attributed to John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee and one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Consequently, these letters have been labelled the Johannine epistles, despite the fact that none of the epistles mentions any author. Most modern scholars believe the author is not John the Apostle, but there is no scholarly consensus for any particular historical figure. (See Authorship of the Johannine works.)

Two of the letters claim to have been written by Simon Peter, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Therefore, they have traditionally been called the Petrine epistles. However, most modern scholars agree the second epistle was probably not written by Peter, because it appears to have been written in the early 2nd century, long after Peter had died. Yet, opinions on the first epistle are more divided; many scholars do think this letter is authentic, although it is written in a polished Greek even better than that of Paul, which is unlikely for an illiterate Jewish fisherman, and adopts Paul's theology, which fits poorly with the tension between Paul and Peter.

In one epistle, the author only calls himself James (Ἰάκωβος *Iákobos*). It is not known which James this is supposed to be. There are several different traditional Christian interpretations of other New Testament texts which mention a James, brother of Jesus. However, most modern scholars tend to reject this line of reasoning, since the author himself does not indicate any familial relationship with Jesus. A similar problem presents itself with the Epistle of Jude (Ἰούδας *Ioudas*): the writer names himself a brother of James (ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ἰακώβου *adelphos de Iakóbou*), but it is not clear which James is meant. According to some Christian traditions, this is the same James as the author of the Epistle of James, himself reputedly a brother of Jesus; and so, this Jude should also be a brother of Jesus, despite the fact he does not indicate any such thing in his text.

With the exception of the Petrine epistles, both of which may be pseudepigrapha, the seven catholic epistles were added to the New Testament canon because early church fathers attributed the anonymous epistles to important people, and attributed the epistles written by people with the same name as important people to those important people.

## Rejection from the biblical canon

Acceptance of the Catholic epistles was contentious for the first few centuries of Christianity. Rejection among some Christians was first described by Origen in the early third century. Even after the epistles began to widely appear in canonical lists from the late fourth century, some groups continued to reject some or all the catholic epistles into the sixth and seventh centuries.