title: Cornwall Tool Library

abstract: Cornwall Tool Library (CTL) is a tool lending public library system based in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada. Tool libraries loan specialized tools for both experienced and inexperienced community members who are interested in home repair, maintenance, building projects, community projects, gardening and landscaping. The CTL is a part of the Resource-Based Economy Group (RBEG), a registered Canadian non-profit, is responsible for the operations and management of the CTL. The CTL offers standard memberships to community members over 18 years of age.

text:
# Cornwall Tool Library

**Cornwall Tool Library** (**CTL**) is a tool lending public library system based in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada. Tool libraries loan specialized tools for both experienced and inexperienced community members who are interested in home repair, maintenance, building projects, community projects, gardening and landscaping. The CTL is a part of the Resource-Based Economy Group (RBEG), a registered Canadian non-profit, is responsible for the operations and management of the CTL. The CTL offers standard memberships to community members over 18 years of age.

## History

In 2014, the CTL was founded by Rony Macarone as a community resource to reduce the burden of improving and greening the places where we live, work and play. In 2014 the CTL moved into 10-A Fourth St. East, Unit A, Cornwall, Ontario. On Monday October 11, 2014, they had their grand opening and have been operating since. The CTL motto is "improving and greening the places where we live, work and play."

## Governance

The CTL is a project started by the Resource-Based Economy Group, a non-profit organization in Cornwall, Ontario. CTL is governed by a Board composed of citizen members who are responsible for the strategic planning, financial stability, and oversight of staff and volunteers. The Tool Committee and New Space Committee are used on both a temporary and permanent basis to meet requirements of the organization.

## Services

### Collections

The tool library adapted Share Starter's free "Tool Library Starter Kit" which includes start up guidelines, frequently asked questions, and sample documents. The library uses "Local Tools" from "myTurn.com, PBC", a web-based inventory management system to track tool library members and to automatically display the tool availability online. The library has 367+ specialized tools from power drills and ladders to pressure washers and roto-tillers to loan to community members with all skill levels welcomed. The inventory of equipment includes automotive, bike, carpentry and woodworking, electrical and soldering, home maintenance, metalworking, plumbing, remodelling, sustainable living, and yard and garden. The types of equipment include: microcontrollers, signage & displays, hand tools, and power tools.

### Training

The CTL offers affordable workshops open both to Tool Library members and the public on tool related skills and projects. In the Intro to Tools workshop, participants built a planter box; while in Routers 101, attendees created a cutting board.

## Mission

### Tool library

The Tool library performs the following main tasks:

* **Tool Lending:** all kinds for use in volunteer projects, facility maintenance and improvement projects, community improvement events, and special events.
* **Tool Advocacy:** for the complete and timely return of all borrowed tools, to guarantee the long-term sustainability of available inventory. Staff also seeks compensation for lost tools and tools returned late.
* **Tool Maintenance:** performing routine maintenance and repairs on all equipment to ensure good condition and to extend the lifespan of the inventory. This function is typically performed by volunteers and community service workers.

### Makerspace

Makerspace are places where people perform the following main tasks:

* to learn about technology, crafts and other kinds of making;
* to share knowledge and skills with others; and
* to apply this knowledge and skill by creating things.

## InfoBox

| Cornwall Tool Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Ontario, Ontario, Canada |
| Established | 2014 |
| Branches | 1 |
| Collection | |
| Size | 228 |
| Access and use | |
| Population served | 58,957 |
| Members | 150 |
| Other information | |
| Director | Rony Macrone (Founding President) |
| Employees | 0 |
| Website | cornwalltoollibrary.myturn.com |


title: Corbin Park

abstract: Corbin Park is a private game reserve in New Hampshire. It contains land in Croydon, Cornish, Plainfield, and Grantham. It occupies somewhere between 24,000 and 26,000 acres of land and was started in 1889 by businessman Austin Corbin. The park is known today for its secrecy.

text:
# Corbin Park

**Corbin Park** (also known as the **Blue Mountain Forest and Game Preserve**) is a private game reserve in New Hampshire. It contains land in Croydon, Cornish, Plainfield, and Grantham. It occupies somewhere between 24,000 and 26,000 acres (97 and 105 km2) of land and was started in 1889 by businessman Austin Corbin. The park is known today for its secrecy.

## History

Austin Corbin founded the park in 1889 by buying up a large number of parcels of land in western New Hampshire. The nonprofit Blue Mountain Association was created in 1891 to manage the park. After Corbin died in 1896, his son Austin Jr. took over management of the Association and the park, and held the role until his own death in 1938. In 1944 ownership of the park was transferred to a group of wealthy hunters. In 1949, the New Hampshire legislature passed a law holding the park responsible for escaped pigs. The park has been subject to multiple lawsuits from the 1950s to the 1990s.

In 2020, NH state representative Renny Cushing filed legislation to require a special safari hunting license to take exotic game from the park. It was not passed.

## Geography

Croydon Peak, the highest mountain in Sullivan County at 2,760 feet (840 m) of elevation, is located within the park boundary. It is not accessible to hikers. Croydon Peak is also the location of Sullivan County's only fire tower, but, as the mountain as a whole is inaccessible to the public, the fire tower is also inaccessible to the public.

## Flora and fauna

Corbin Park is home to bison, deer, elk, pheasants, and wild hogs. Some of these animals have been known to escape on several occasions, such as when the 1938 New England hurricane knocked down much of the park fence, or when the gates were left open in 1953 for firefighting purposes. A wild boar that had escaped from Corbin Park was struck and killed on Interstate 89 in Lebanon in 2017.

## Notable hunters

Many famous people have been known to hunt at or otherwise visit the park, including Teddy Roosevelt, Grover Cleveland, Herbert Hoover, Rudyard Kipling, Joe DiMaggio, William Ruger, Sr., and his son, William Junior.

43°27′11″N 72°13′24″W / 43.45306°N 72.22333°W / 43.45306; -72.22333


title: Scott Hornbacher

abstract: Scott Hornbacher is an American television producer and director. He has worked in both capacities on the AMC drama series Mad Men. He shared the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Drama Series with the production team when they won in 2008 and 2009.

text:
# Scott Hornbacher

**Scott Hornbacher** is an American television producer and director. He has worked in both capacities on the AMC drama series *Mad Men*. He shared the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Drama Series with the production team when they won in 2008 and 2009.

## Biography

Hornbacher began his career as a production assistant for films in the 1980s. He became a location manager for films in the 1990s.

In 2000 he began working in television as an assistant unit production manager for the second season of HBO drama *The Sopranos*. He was promoted to unit production manager for the third season in 2001. In 2002 he joined the production staff in the junior role of associate producer for the fourth season. He remained the show's unit production manager. He was promoted to co-producer for the fifth season in 2004. He remained a co-producer and unit production manager for the first part of the sixth season in 2006. He did not return for the second part of the sixth season in 2007. On *The Sopranos* Hornbacher worked alongside writer / producer Matthew Weiner.

Weiner went on to create the AMC drama series *Mad Men*. He hired Hornbacher as a producer and unit production manager for the pilot episode "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" in 2007. Following the pilot Hornbacher became the on set producer for the first season. He was promoted to co-executive producer for the second season in 2008. He was promoted to executive producer for the third season in 2009. He made his directorial debut with the season's ninth episode "Wee Small Hours". He remained an executive producer for the fourth season in 2010. He directed the season's fifth episode "Waldorf Stories".

Hornbacher and Weiner also collaborated on the 2014 movie *Are You Here*.

## InfoBox

| Scott Hornbacher | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Television producer |
| Nationality | American |
| Notable works | *Mad Men* |


title: Canadian Epoch

abstract: The Canadian is the Lower or Early Ordovician in North America. The term is common in the older literature and has been well understood for more than a century. However it has no official recognition by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and has been superseded by the more recently defined Ibexian series of western Utah.

text:
# Canadian Epoch

The **Canadian** is the Lower or Early Ordovician in North America. The term is common in the older literature and has been well understood for more than a century. However it has no official recognition by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and has been superseded by the more recently defined Ibexian series of western Utah.

## Background

Dana introduced the Canadian as the name for a system separated from the rest of the Ordovician (Weller 1980), then known as the Lower Silurian, and referred to the rest of the Lower Silurian as the Trenton System. At that time the Ordovician had not yet been recognized. Later Ulrich redefined the Canadian as roughly equivalent to the Beekmantown strata of the Lower Ordovician.

Flower (1957 p. 17) felt that recognition of the Canadian as a separate system would greatly solve problems in Early Paleozoic stratigraphy. As such, faunas in limestones of Canadian age are uniformly widespread and set off sharply from black shale graptolite facies (Flower 1957) whereas those in the remaining Ordovician are more local in nature and the two facies are more integrated.

In common practice (e.g. MLK 1952, Weller 1960) the Canadian has been viewed as the Early, or Lower Ordovician. Flower however (1957, 1964) separated the Canadian from the rest of the Ordovician and defined it as a four-part system, divided in ascending order into the Gasconadian, Demingian, Jeffersonian, and Cassinian which stands today. The remaining Ordovician was also divided (Flower 1964, fig 3 p. 23) into four parts, the Whiterockian, Chazyan, Mohawkian, and Cincinnatian.

## Divisions, Stages

Starting at the bottom:

* The **Gasconadian**, named for the Gasconade Formation in the Ozarks in Missouri is the Lower Canadian. The base of the Gasconade is a dolomitic sand, the Gunter Sandstone which is deposited on an erosional surface on the underlying Cambrian. The North American Gasconadian and the Tremedocian of the standard section are equivalent.
* The **Demingian**, named for the town of Deming in southern New Mexico which lies near localities where outcrops of this age are found is Middle Canadian and roughly equivalent to the Lower Arenigian.
* The **Jeffersonian** which is the Lower Upper Canadian is based on the dolomitic Jefferson City Formation of Missouri, roughly the Middle Arenigian
* The Cassinian, named for the Fort Cassin limestone of western Vermont, named for Fort Cassin which stood on the shore of Lake Champlain, is Upper Upper Canadian, equivalent in part to the Upper Arenigian.

## The El Paso Group

All four stages of the Canadian, except for the uppermost Cassinian, are represented in the El Paso Group in New Mexico and West Texas. The name comes from the City of El Paso, Texas, which is next to the Franklin Mountains were the type section is found.

## Ibexian Correlation

The Ibexian and Canadian correlate imprecisely. Their upper boundaries are equivalent, found at the base of the Whiterock stage and the base of the Middle Ordovician. The Ibexian however extends below the Ordovician into the Upper Cambrian as each is defined. On the other hand, the Canadian and Lower (Early) Ordovician are entirely equivalent.

* Flower, R.H. 1957; Flower, R.H. 1957, Studies of the Actinoceratida; Mem 2, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM
* Flower, R.H. 1964;The Nautiloid Order Ellesmeroceratida (Cephalopoda);Memoir 12; New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM
* Moore Lalicker, and Fischer, 1952; Interbebrate Paleontology; McGraw-HIll;New York, Toronto, London.
* Weller,J.M 1960, Stratigraphic Principles and Practice, Harper's Geoscience Series, Harper and Brothers, New York.

(Geowhen: http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/timelinestages.html )


title: Stuart Gilbert (civil servant)

abstract: Stuart William Gilbert was a British Civil Servant who was Director of National Savings from 1981 to 1986.

text:
# Stuart Gilbert (civil servant)

**Stuart William Gilbert** CB (August 1926 in Maidstone, Kent, England – December 2007 near Cambridge, England) was a British Civil Servant who was Director of National Savings from 1981 to 1986.

## Early life

Gilbert was born in Maidstone Kent. His father was Rodney Stuart Gilbert. His mother was Edith Esgate.

Gilbert gained entry to Maidstone Grammar School where he was a member of the ATC. His progression on to Emmanuel College Cambridge as an Open Exhibitioner and State Scholar to read history (later changed to economics), was interrupted by wartime service in the Royal Air Force.

## Royal Air Force

In 1943 conscripts in the UK became eligible to be chosen by lot such that ten percent of all male conscripts aged 18–25 became Bevin Boys, a programme of wartime conscription of coal mining labour. Gilbert was conscripted and volunteered for Signals Intelligence in the Royal Air Force on 30 May 1944 as an AC2 with the trade C/CSL (Clerk Signals Linguist). He joined the famous Bedford Japanese School above the gas showroom in Bedford where he learned Japanese. He was then posted via RAF Mauripur to serve in Burma with 164 S.W., 368 W.U. and 164(S) Wing. After serving close to the front line intercepting enemy signals for the Y Service feeding Bletchley Park and its outposts around the empire, Gilbert succumbed in April 1946 to malaria and was shipped back via Bombay by hospital ship. By June 1946 Gilbert had recovered sufficiently to be posted to RAF Chicksands, then in January 1947 to "NSA Boston Spa", and in February 1947 to RMU London "Gen". He was discharged on 15 September 1947, though remained in the reserve till 1959. In 2020 Gilbert was added to the Bletchley Park Roll of Honour as a former member of the Y Service, in recognition of his wartime service in the Burma Campaign.

## Civil Service career

Gilbert joined the British Civil Service as an assistant principal, in the Ministry of Health in 1949. He was promoted as follows: Assistant Private Secretary: to Minister of Housing and Local Government, 1952; Parliamentary Secretary, 1954; Principal, 1955; Secretary to the Parker Morris Committee on Housing Standards, 1958–61, Rapporteur to ECE Housing Committee, 1959–61; Reporter to ILO Conference on Workers’ Housing, 1960; Assistant Secretary to the Local Government Finance Division, 1964; Under-Secretary, Department of the Environment, 1970–80 (for New Towns, 1970, Business Rents, 1973, Construction Industries, 1974, Housing, 1974, Planning Land Use, 1977); Deputy Director, 1980–81, Director (Deputy Secretary grade), 1981–86, Department for National Savings.

In February 1981 Gilbert corresponded with the Financial Secretary to the Treasury in respect of likely industrial action by the Society of Civil Service and Public Servants (a trade union), in the DNS HQ Transaction Accounting Branch.

In 1980, Chancellor Geoffrey Howe had decided that National Savings should fund a substantial part of the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR), and for the first time in its history, National Savings was given a specific target (£2Bn), and under Gilbert's leadership it met that target, and subsequent targets for 1981-82 (£3.5Bn target), and for 1982-3 (£3Bn target). In August 1983, Gilbert commented: "It's easier to run an organisation which has a clear objective". Gilbert further commented that the Department had a "close and informal relationship" with the Treasury. In 1983-84 the Department's target was again £3Bn, which at that time was about one third of PSBR.

In August 1982, Income Bonds were launched for the first time, and by the end of the financial year they had taken £891 million, after National Savings' own research suggested that there was a low awareness among the investing public of monthly income accounts. Gilbert noted that: "We don't have as large a research capacity as some institutions seem to have, but we're increasingly hoping to use outside organisations".

In May 1984 Gilbert presided over the end of the "Save as You Earn" scheme (SAYE), which was replaced by the new National Savings Yearly Plan.

On 2 August 1986, Mr J.A. Patterson succeeded Gilbert, who had previously been his deputy, as Director of Savings at National Savings.

## In retirement

Gilbert worked as a Trustee (1988–2002) at Upkeep (a Trust for training and education in building maintenance, formerly the Building Conservation Trust). He was Chairman, 1993–96, and Vice-President 2003–2007.

## Personal life

Gilbert married Marjorie Laws Vallance (1924–2004) in 1955. They had a daughter (born 1956) and a son (born 1959).

Gilbert was made Companion of the Order of the Bath in June 1983.


title: Canner (surname)

abstract:
Canner is an English surname found mainly in the Midlands of England and also distributed in New England and elsewhere. It was first recorded as early as 1201 but has never been at all common: the meaning was thought by P. H. Reaney to be a tradesman who made base-metal cans In Hanks, Patrick et al. (2002) The Oxford Names Companion. Oxford U P; p. 109 there is an entry for Cann which claims that Canner is just a variant. No explanation is given and the two names have as far as the evidence goes to be quite separate: that part of the volume was first issued in 1988. The very early record is—le Cannere and the distribution in the Midlands suggests Burton on Trent as significant. People with the surname include:
  - Liz Canner, American filmmaker
  - Thomas Canner, Archdeacon of Dorset from 1542 to 1547

text:
# Canner (surname)

**Canner** is an English surname found mainly in the Midlands of England and also distributed in New England and elsewhere. It was first recorded as early as 1201 but has never been at all common: the meaning was thought by P. H. Reaney to be a tradesman who made base-metal cans (e.g. ale cans, oil cans, etc.)

In Hanks, Patrick et al. (2002) *The Oxford Names Companion*. Oxford U P; p. 109 there is an entry for *Cann* which claims that *Canner* is just a variant. No explanation is given and the two names have as far as the evidence goes to be quite separate: that part of the volume was first issued in 1988 (ed. Hanks & Hodges). The very early record is—le Cannere and the distribution in the Midlands suggests Burton on Trent as significant (Burton Abbey was famous for the brewing of beer and ale which still continues commercially).

People with the surname include:

## InfoBox

Canner
| Origin | |
| --- | --- |
| Meaning | *maker of (metal) cans* |
| Reaney, P. H. (2005) *Dictionary of British Surnames*; rev. R. M. Wilson; 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press | |


title: Strandagaldur

abstract: Strandagaldur, also known as The Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft, is a privately operated and publicly accessible museum dedicated to the folklore and history of sorcery and witchcraft in Iceland. First opened in 2000, and curated by Sigurður Atlason, the museum is located in the coastal town Hólmavík. Based on research which began in 1996, the museum contains various permanent and special exhibitions on subjects such as the Nábrók Icelandic magical staves, Tilberi, and Icelandic grimoires. An upstairs area focuses on the history of witch hunts in Iceland, and the genealogy of witches and their accusers. A note invites visitors to consider how they might be related to the historical figures.

text:
# Strandagaldur

**Strandagaldur** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈstrantaˌkaltʏr̥\]), also known as **The Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft**, is a privately operated and publicly accessible museum dedicated to the folklore and history of sorcery and witchcraft in Iceland. First opened in 2000, and curated by Sigurður Atlason (d. 2018), the museum is located in the coastal town Hólmavík. Based on research which began in 1996, the museum contains various permanent and special exhibitions on subjects such as the Nábrók (or necropants) Icelandic magical staves, Tilberi, and *Icelandic* grimoires. An upstairs area focuses on the history of witch hunts in Iceland, and the genealogy of witches and their accusers. A note invites visitors to consider how they might be related to the historical figures.

## Restaurant Galdur

**Restaurant Galdur** is the restaurant located within Strandagaldur, offering meatsoup, seafood soup, and beef steak as well as a vegetarian and vegan option, plus a variety of beer, coffee, and wine.

65°42′23″N 21°39′56″W / 65.7064°N 21.6656°W / 65.7064; -21.6656


title: Cannery Row

abstract: Cannery Row is a waterfront street in the New Monterey section of Monterey, California, known for formerly being home to a number of now-defunct sardine canneries. The last closed in 1973. The street name, formerly a nickname for Ocean View Avenue, became official in January 1958 to honor John Steinbeck and his novel Cannery Row. In the novel's opening sentence, Steinbeck described the street as "a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream." The street borders the adjacent city of Pacific Grove.

text:
# Cannery Row

**Cannery Row** is a waterfront street in the New Monterey section of Monterey, California, known for formerly being home to a number of now-defunct sardine canneries. The last closed in 1973. The street name, formerly a nickname for Ocean View Avenue, became official in January 1958 to honor John Steinbeck and his novel *Cannery Row*. In the novel's opening sentence, Steinbeck described the street as "a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream." The street borders the adjacent city of Pacific Grove.

## History

The first sardine cannery opened on Valentine's Day, 1908. Others joined it, and profited during the two World Wars, but a sardine shortage led to their failure. Entrepreneurs subsequently resurrected Cannery Row as a tourist attraction.

Cannery Row was the setting of John Steinbeck's novels *Cannery Row* (1945) and *Sweet Thursday* (1954). Both were the basis for the 1982 movie *Cannery Row*, starring Nick Nolte and Debra Winger. It is also mentioned in Bob Dylan's song "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands". Pacific Biological Laboratories, a biological supply house, was located at 800 Ocean View Avenue (now 800 Cannery Row) from 1928 to 1948, and operated by Edward F. Ricketts, who was the inspiration for several characters in Steinbeck novels. The laboratory is still preserved. Across from the laboratory still exists a Chinese-American-owned store mentioned in both *Cannery Row* and *Sweet Thursday*, as well as a vacant lot that was the "home" of some of the homeless characters in the novel. The former reflects Chinese American history in the area, starting with Chinese immigrants who entered the fishing industry, exporting seafood and abalone shells to China, Europe, and other parts of the U.S. At 851 Cannery Row, across from Pacific Biological Laboratories, is the original building that inspired the bar from the novel named La Ida Cafe.

Cannery Row was adjoined by a grand mansion owned by Montana mining tycoon James Andrew Murray. Known as "Casa de las Olas" or the Murray Hacienda, the mansion was demolished in the 1940s to make way for the expansion of more canneries. A historical marker is located on the site. The canneries failed after the collapse of the fishing industry in Monterey Bay in the mid-1950s, which resulted from a combination of factors, including unfavorable oceanic conditions, overfishing, and competition from other species. In his investigation of where the sardines had gone, Ed Ricketts finally concluded "They're in cans." Before the collapse, the fishery was one of the most productive in the world due to the upwelling of cold yet nutrient-rich water along the California coastline.

## Today

Today the area offshore from Cannery Row is the Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area (part of the larger Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary) and is home to a large resurgent population of California sea lions.

Cannery Row itself is now a tourist attraction with many restaurants and hotels, several of which are located in former cannery buildings, and a few historic attractions. Some privately owned fishing companies still exist on Cannery Row, housed on piers located a short distance from the historic district frequented by tourists.

In recent years, Cannery Row has become increasingly popular among sport fishermen due to extensive public fishing facilities. MacAbee Beach and San Carlos Beach, which bookend Cannery Row are both popular spots for kayak-launching; San Carlos Beach is one of Monterey Bay's most popular scuba-diving spots.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium (opened in 1984) is located at the north end of Cannery Row, at the former site of the major Hovden Cannery. Norwegian immigrant Knut Hovden founded Hovden Food Products Corporation which opened on July 7, 1916. By canning squid at the end of its life, Hovden Cannery managed to outlast its neighbors, finally closing its doors in 1973 when it became the last cannery on the row to close. The aquarium remains a very popular attraction today.

In 2023, Cannery Row opened a pirate-themed ride called "Treasure Hunt: The Ride".

## Further reading

36°36′59″N 121°54′02″W / 36.6165°N 121.9006°W / 36.6165; -121.9006


title: Cantonese nasal-stop alternation

abstract: In Cantonese phonology, a close relationship exists between the nasal codas and the stop codas. These two types of codas can also be classified into three homorganic pairs: the bilabial m/p, the dental n/t, and the velar ŋ/k. Their close association is best evidenced by the very fact that all stop sounds come from nasal sounds.

text:
# Cantonese nasal-stop alternation

In Cantonese phonology, a close relationship exists between the nasal codas (-m, -n, -ŋ) and the stop codas (-p, -t, -k). These two types of codas can also be classified into three homorganic pairs: the bilabial m/p, the dental n/t, and the velar ŋ/k. Their close association is best evidenced by the very fact that all stop sounds come from nasal sounds.

## The phonological alternation

Apart from phonetical association, the homorganic pairs are also semantically related. For some characters (or words) with syllables ending in nasals, there are semantically similar characters which have the homorganic stops. For example, both *dam3*  and “dap1”  means ‘to hang down’. The initial consonants and the vowels of the alternating pair are identical while the terminal nasal /–m/ and stop /–p/ are a homorganic pair. In Cantonese phonology, this interesting phenomenon is known as nasal-stop alternation (陽入對轉), mainly an alternation of homorganic consonants between nasal and stop finals. In other dialects, it could be oral-nasal or oral-stop alternation.

Regarding the initial consonants, a few items may alternate between aspirated and unaspirated initial stops, e.g. “kim4”  ‘to pinch’ and “gip6”  ‘to squeeze together’. As for tones, high or low tones on syllables with nasal codas usually (but not always) correspond to high or low tones on syllables with stop codas, e.g. “ngam4”  ‘to grumble’ has a low tone whereas “ngap1”  ‘to babble’ has a high tone.

Many of these characters are colloquial verbs which lack standard Chinese characters as their written forms. For example, there is not a widely accepted character for “jip3”, ‘to pickle in salt’. Consequently, the homorganic character “jim1”  is also used to represent both syllables. The same is true for ‘‘doeŋ3’’  ‘to peck’ being used to stand for ‘‘doek1’’ as well.

As for their semantics or usage, the paired characters are not completely equivalent or interchangeable in every case. The colloquial verb “kam2”  seems to be more commonly used than the corresponding “kap1” , both meaning ‘to cover on top’. On the other hand, “fiŋ6”  and “fik6”  both mean ‘to throw away; to swing an object in the hand’ and are interchangeable; the same is also true for “niŋ1” 拎 and “nik1”  ‘to carry in the hand’.

## Different theories

Most linguists believe that the syllables with nasal codas are the more basic originals while the stops are the colloquial variants. A few opine that there are an equal number of word pairings that are originated from the syllables with stop codas. However, it is generally agreed that the usage of the nasal members are less restricted than their stop counterparts.

Other linguists regard the alternation between homorganic final consonants in pairs of semantically-related words as a feature widely found among languages of Southeast Asia as well as south China (Chuang-chia and Hmong for example). Such paired words belong to a “word-family”, a term first used by Bernhard Karlgren (1934) to refer to sets of words with similar (but not identical) sound in Archaic Chinese that were related in meaning, representing relics of morphological processes. Similarly, Bauer notes that the Cantonese phenomenon is believed to be a remnant of an ancient word-derivation process, now no longer productive, in which different types of suffixes (causative and transitive) were attached to lexical roots.

## Some examples

In the Cantonese syllabary, there are about 50 pairs of such characters that show alternation between homorganic nasal and stop codas. The following is a list of some examples for reference:

| Nasal codas | | | Stop codas | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| laam5 |  | look at | laap3 |  | glance at |
| dam3 |  | to hang down, sag | dap1 |  | to hang down, droop |
| kam2 |  | to cover on top | kap1 |  | to cover on top |
| ŋam4 |  | to grumble | ŋap1 |  | to babble, gossip |
| jim1 |  | to pickle in salt | jip3 |  | to pickle in salt |
| saan3 |  | to disperse, spread | saat3 |  | to scatter, sow, spill |
| ŋan3 |  | to stand on tiptoes | ŋat6 |  | to stand on tiptoes |
| bin6 |  | to distinguish | bit6 |  | to identify |
| kin2 |  | to open up (book); remove | kit3 |  | to open up (book); unveil |
| fun1 |  | spacious | fut3 |  | wide |
| ciŋ3 |  | to lift up (luggage) | cik1 |  | to pull up (trousers) |
| fiŋ6 |  | to fling away; swing (a limb) | fik6 |  | to fling away; swing (a flag) |
| niŋ1 |  | to carry by hand | nik1 |  | to carry by hand |
| toŋ3 |  | to slide open (a door) | tok3 |  | to push up (a bar) |
| doeŋ1 |  | to peck | doek3 |  | to cut |


title: Candyland (Theatres des Vampires album)

abstract: Candyland is the tenth studio album by Italian gothic metal band Theatres des Vampires, released through Scarlet Records on 14 October 2016. Initially announced on 7 July 2016, it is their first studio album in 5 years since Moonlight Waltz, and also their first release with guitarist Giorgio Ferrante, who replaced Stephan Benfante early in 2016. It is noticeably more guitar-driven than the band's previous releases with Sonya Scarlet on vocals, and its lyrics focus less on the vampiric and occult themes the band is famous for. A music video for the track "Morgana Effect" was uploaded to the band's official YouTube channel on 29 September 2016. The album counts with guest appearances by Moonspell vocalist Fernando Ribeiro and J.T.R. Sickert frontman Tiziano Panini, Scarlet's husband.

text:
# Candyland (Theatres des Vampires album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| New Noise Magazine | link |
| Eternal Terror | 4/6 link |

***Candyland*** is the tenth studio album by Italian gothic metal band Theatres des Vampires, released through Scarlet Records on 14 October 2016. Initially announced on 7 July 2016, it is their first studio album in 5 years since *Moonlight Waltz*, and also their first release with guitarist Giorgio Ferrante, who replaced Stephan Benfante early in 2016. It is noticeably more guitar-driven than the band's previous releases with Sonya Scarlet on vocals, and its lyrics focus less on the vampiric and occult themes the band is famous for. A music video for the track "Morgana Effect" was uploaded to the band's official YouTube channel on 29 September 2016.

The album counts with guest appearances by Moonspell vocalist Fernando Ribeiro and J.T.R. Sickert frontman Tiziano Panini (a.k.a. Billy T. Cooper), Scarlet's husband.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Sonya Scarlet (except for "Photographic" by Vince Clarke); all music is composed by Scarlet and Christian Ice

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Morgana Effect" | 3:42 |
| 2. | "Resurrection Mary" | 4:15 |
| 3. | "Delusional Denial" (feat. Billy T. Cooper) | 3:09 |
| 4. | "Parasomnia" | 4:09 |
| 5. | "Candyland" | 4:03 |
| 6. | "Your Ragdoll" | 3:21 |
| 7. | "Pierrot Lunaire" | 3:16 |
| 8. | "Photographic" (Depeche Mode cover) | 3:35 |
| 9. | "Opium Shades" | 3:28 |
| 10. | "Seventh Room" (feat. Fernando Ribeiro) | 3:25 |
| 11. | "Autumn Leaves" | 3:35 |
| Total length: | | 39:58 |

## Critical reception

The album has received mostly positive reviews since its release. Writing for *New Noise Magazine*, Grim Lord gave it 3 out of 5 stars, comparing its sonority favorably to Lacuna Coil, Theatre of Tragedy, The Dreamside and "the gothic metal/rock of \[his\] younger days". However, he also stated that "\[he\] didn't find Scarlet's vocal approach to be to \[his\] taste in most songs" ("Pierrot Lunaire" excepted, which he thought of as "one of the disc's main standouts"), and commented on the lack of "occult-/Lilith-/Lucifer-style lyrics" as being "a kind of a drag". Matt Coe of *Eternal Terror* webzine rated the album with a 4 out of 6, and stated that "*Candyland* has multi-level appeal and should satisfy the long-timers while hopefully attain some new followers along the way".

## Personnel

* Sonya Scarlet – vocals
* Zimon Lijoi – bass guitar
* Gabriel Valerio – drums
* Giorgio Ferrante – guitar
* Fernando Ribeiro – vocals (track 10)
* Billy T. Cooper (Tiziano Panini) – vocals (track 3)
* Francesco Sosto – keyboards, arrangements (track 7)
* Luca Bellanova – keyboards, arrangements (track 11)
* Elisa Pezzuto – backing vocals
* Christian Ice – production, mixing, mastering
* Daniele Pompei, Luca Cavallari – photography

## InfoBox

| Candyland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Theatres des Vampires | |
| Released | 14 October 2016 |
| Genre | Gothic metal |
| Length | 39:58 |
| Label | Scarlet Records |
| Producer | Christian Ice |
| Theatres des Vampires chronology | |
| *Moonlight Waltz Tour 2011*
(2012) ***Candyland***
(2016) | |


title: Canada Banking Company

abstract: Canada Banking Company was an early and short-lived bank established in 1792 in Montreal. The bank was established by three firms led by nine Montreal merchants and attempted to issue banknotes to be used in the British colony. It failed to obtain permission to issue the notes, faded after few months of operations and disappeared before the start of the 19th century. The company was a private not public bank, and appears to have been only a deposit-taking institution that issued a few bills, notably army bills. A surviving copy is held in the National Currency Collection of the Bank of Canada. Richardson and Forsyth founded the more successful Bank of Montreal in 1817.

text:
# Canada Banking Company

**Canada Banking Company**  was an early and short-lived bank established in 1792 in Montreal (then Lower Canada).

The bank was established by three firms led by nine Montreal merchants (notably John Forsyth, John Richardson, James McGill and Isaac Todd) and attempted to issue banknotes to be used in the British colony. It failed to obtain permission to issue the notes, faded after few months of operations and disappeared before the start of the 19th century.

The company was a private not public bank, and appears to have been only a deposit-taking institution that issued a few bills, notably army bills. A surviving copy is held in the National Currency Collection of the Bank of Canada.

Richardson and Forsyth founded the more successful Bank of Montreal in 1817.

## InfoBox

Canada Bank Company
| Industry | Banking |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | March 17, 1792 (1792-03-17) in Montreal (British North America) |
| Fate | defunct |
| Headquarters | Montreal (Lower Canada) |


title: Strandarkirkja

abstract: Strandarkirkja is a Lutheran parish church in Selvogur, on the southern coast of Iceland. The church is a landmark for travellers at sea. It has more supporters all over the world than any other church in Iceland and is often referred to as the 'miracle church' with the locals' longstanding belief that it has profound, divine powers.

text:
# Strandarkirkja

**Strandarkirkja** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈstrantarˌcʰɪr̥ca\]) is a Lutheran (Church of Iceland) parish church in Selvogur \[ˈsɛlˌvɔːɣʏr̥\], on the southern coast of Iceland. The church is a landmark for travellers at sea. It has more supporters all over the world than any other church in Iceland and is often referred to as the 'miracle church' with the locals' longstanding belief that it has profound, divine powers.

## History

The Church was originally built sometime in the 12th century. The story relates that there is one night when a group of sailors tried to navigate back to Iceland in a storm. The southern coast of Iceland is notorious for its hidden reefs and rough coast. The distressed sailors prayed to God for a safe return and vowed to build a church wherever they landed. When they ended their prayer an angel, seemingly made of light, appeared before their bow. The angel guided them through the rough surfs and led the crew into a bay for safe landing. The sailors, making good on the promise, built a wooden church at the site and named it Strandarkirkja. The bay nearby is named Angel's Bay (**Engilsvík** \[ˈeiɲcɪlsˌviːk\] in Icelandic) to commemorate the incident. Many miracles have been attributed to Strandarkirkja and there was a time when it was one of the richest churches in Iceland from the donations of Icelanders coming from all over the country in hopes of having their prayers and wishes realized.

### The Estate of Strönd

In earlier times Strönd (**Coast** in Icelandic) was a rich farm, where both sea and land gave generously. The pastures were rich, consisting of good land facing south for grazing sheep and sheltered from the cold northern wind by the mountain Hlíðarfjall 5–6 km north of Selvogur. The good fishing grounds were also not far away so the farmers in Selvogur reaped from both the land and the sea. In addition to this there were mentions of farmers collecting timber from woods nearby and having the right to collect eggs and kill birds in the sea-cliffs at Krísuvíkurberg.

Census Population of Selvogur, 1703-2015
| Year | Inhabitants |
| --- | --- |
| 1703 | 154 |
| 1729 | 120 |
| 1801 | 115 |
| 1901 | 115 |
| 1920 | 114 |
| 1930 | 100 |
| 1990 | 12 |
| 2010 | 13 |
| 2015 | 14 |

### Selvogur

Strandarkirkja served as the parish church of the community of Selvogur (**Seal Cove** in Icelandic). In the early days of Icelandic settlement the area had numerous substantial farms. The town is first mentioned in *Sturlunga Saga*, where Gissur Þorvaldsson allows Dufgusi Þorleifsson take up residence there in the summer of 1238.

Over the years, the town began to decline as wind and water erosion began to cause a collapse of the farming culture. The population has dwindled substantially as people started to move into cities, dropping to little more than 110 at the turn of the 20th Century and to 14 people in 2015. Selvogur remained one of the most isolated settlements in the region, with electricity not being available in the area until 1970. Around the church, many abandoned farmhouses and other ruins can be seen as a reminder and insight into the life of the settlement in the past. Selvogur now has only a couple of isolated farms and a popular free campground, as well as a café **T-Bær** for the travelers passing through.

### Present day

Strandarkirkja still functions as a parish church, although only on occasion. There is no longer a regular service for the small populace of Selvogur. The church is open in summer, from mid-May to August, hosting biweekly services, and is also open on weekends in spring and autumn. In addition, masses are also held by the parish priest on Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost. A harvest sermon (*Uppskerumessa* \[ˈʏhpˌscɛːrʏˌmɛsːa\]) is held at the end of August by ancient tradition to celebrate the end of the harvest season. There is also a fisherman's mass (*Veiðimannamessa* \[ˈveiːðɪˌmanːaˌmɛsːa\]) in October that is open to all, but primarily caters to the hunters with their hunting cabin at the nearby Hlíðarvatn, a lake owned by the church.

A statue of Norwegian granite carved by the Icelandic sculptor Gunnfríður Jónsdóttir (1889–1968) in 1950 called **Landsýn** \[ˈlantˌsiːn\], or 'Land in Sight', now stands by Strandarkirkja to commemorate the story of the church's founding. Gunnfríður Jónsdóttir herself is buried in the Strandarkirkja cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Strandarkirkja | |
| --- | --- |
| The Coastal Church | |
| Strandarkirkja | |
|  | |
| 63°50′00″N 21°42′00″W / 63.83333°N 21.70000°W / 63.83333; -21.70000 | |
| Location | Ölfus Municipality, Southern Region |
| Country | Iceland |
| Denomination | Lutheran |
| Website | Website of the Church |
| History | |
| Status | Active |
| Founded | 12th Century |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Parish Church |
| Completed | 1888 |
| Administration | |
| Deanery | Strandarsókn |
| Parish | Þorlákshafnarprestkall |
| Clergy | |
| Pastor(s) | Baldur Kristjánsson |


title: Cottage (68 Stephen Street)

abstract: 68 Stephen Street is a heritage-listed cottage in South Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the earliest surviving dwellings in Toowoomba, the land having been part of one of the first subdivisions when the town was developed. It was built by the mid-1860s for Charles Taylor, who was described in his will as a "well-sinker", and was constructed using laterite, an uncommon material in Toowoomba buildings. The building was originally recorded as being a single-storey four-room stone cottage. The original calico ceilings were lined in the 1910s and the exterior of the cottage was rendered at about this time. A new bathroom, and kitchen/dining area appears to have been added to the rear of the cottage during the 1920s. A toilet and laundry block has also been added at the rear of the cottage. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 February 1995.

text:
# Cottage (68 Stephen Street)

**68 Stephen Street** is a heritage-listed cottage in South Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the earliest surviving dwellings in Toowoomba, the land having been part of one of the first subdivisions when the town was developed. It was built by the mid-1860s for Charles Taylor, who was described in his will as a "well-sinker", and was constructed using laterite, an uncommon material in Toowoomba buildings.

The building was originally recorded as being a single-storey four-room stone cottage. The original calico ceilings were lined in the 1910s and the exterior of the cottage was rendered at about this time. A new bathroom, and kitchen/dining area appears to have been added to the rear of the cottage during the 1920s. A toilet and laundry block has also been added at the rear of the cottage. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 February 1995.

## History

Records indicate that this single-storeyed stone cottage was erected by the mid-1860s, replacing an earlier timber building. Erected on part of Portion 46, initially an area of 27 acres (11 ha) acquired by William Shuttlewood and Charles Taylor during the late 1850s, it survives as evidence of the development of Toowoomba from this time.

Settlement of the area commenced at Drayton in the early 1840s, Thomas Alford opening a general store in 1843. In the same year, residents of Drayton petitioned the Governor to form a township at Drayton, and a survey of the town was prepared in 1849. In laying out Drayton, Government Surveyor James Charles Burnett was also instructed to mark out suburban allotments for garden and agricultural purposes; his ideal site for the "Drayton Swamp Agricultural Reserve" was an area approximately three to four miles northeast of Drayton where two swampy creeks joined to form the headwaters of Gowrie Creek. The reason for Burnett's selection of this area has been attributed to an incident whereby Shuttlewood, a timber-getter then living in Drayton, was one of two men sent by William Horton to cut reeds from the nearby swamp, and who upon returning to Drayton, had gossiped ... about the potential of the area and been overheard by Burnett. The Agricultural Reserve included 12 allotments bounded by the left bank of the west swamp, and the present Bridge, West and Stephen streets.

Six of the 12 "Swamp allotments" were first offered at auction in November 1849, however not all the allotments were sold until 1853 at which time Shuttlewood acquired Suburban Allotment One (SA 1), the southernmost of the Swamp allotments. Further allotments at the Swamp were surveyed in 1856. Portion 46, described as a Suburban Farm, located parallel to, and on the southern side of Shuttlewood's SA 1, was acquired in July 1858 by Shuttlewood and Taylor.

By late 1857, the name "Toowoomba" had gradually taken over from "The Swamp", as the town continued to expand. At the time of its incorporation into a municipality in November 1860, Toowoomba had well outgrown Drayton. Shuttlewood appears to have been actively involved in the development of Toowoomba, in matters including the establishment of the boundaries of the town (possibly because his major land purchases were situated in the vicinity of the proposed southern boundary). In January 1861, Shuttlewood was one of nine aldermen elected to the first municipal council of Toowoomba. Following Shuttlewood's death in 1894, he was described as ...one of the first to arrive in Toowoomba and take up his residence here. From the earliest period of its existence he has known the town and has watched its growth and development. ... he took a very prominent interest in all pertaining to the welfare of the district.

Little is recorded about Taylor. He appears to have been acquiring land at The Swamp during the 1850s. In 1857, Taylor acquired from Shuttlewood, the western half (15 acres (6.1 ha)) of SA 1, opposite Portion 46. Taylor's name appears immediately below Shuttlewood's on a petition published in the local newspaper in 1859. Taylor's will described him as a well-sinker of Stephen Street.

Shuttlewood and Taylor entered into a Deed of Partition in November 1859, at which time Taylor acquired sub A of portion 46, the western portion of the allotment. Although there are no further references to Shuttlewood in the title documents pertaining to this land, rates records refer to Shuttlewood as the "owner" of the property until the mid-1860s during which period there appears to have been an earlier building on the land, described as a slab and shingle house.

Taylor took out a mortgage on the land in February 1866; according to the mortgage documents, the money was used to subdivide the land. Although money was taken for 26 of the 31 allotments auctioned in April that year, not all purchases were paid in full at that time. A deposit was paid on the allotment on which the cottage is located by James Jennings, whose name is recorded in the rate books for the property for 1868–69. Jennings however, does not appear to have ever paid the final balance due on the land.

A new building appears to have been erected by the late 1860s, at which time rates records refer to a four-room stone cottage. The stone used for the construction of the cottage has been identified as laterite, a reddish rock material rich in iron and aluminium oxides which is produced through the processes of weathering. Laterite, a soft and easily cut material when quarried, dries and hardens with exposure to the atmosphere, forming an extremely durable brick. Extensive deposits of Laterite, which typically occurs in humid, tropical conditions as well as some drier areas, are found in Toowoomba, including visible deposits at the top of the "Old Toll Bar Road" on the east escarpment of the Main Range. Although no comprehensive survey of stone buildings has been undertaken to establish how many, if any, other dwellings constructed of laterite are extant in Toowoomba, it is considered that this is an uncommon building in Toowoomba.

Taylor died in June 1866, and Samuel George Stephens and Thomas Perkins were appointed as Trustees. The resolution of Taylor's estate was a complex process, and was not finalised until 1902, when the estate was bought under the provisions of the Real Property Act. Rate records indicate continuing occupancy of the cottage during this period from the 1860s to the 1900s, although it is unclear as to the claim the persons being rated may have had on the property. Sale of the allotments on the estate commenced in 1903.

The allotment on which the cottage is located was acquired by Ellen Clubley in 1903, and has continued to change hands a number of times. The ceilings, originally calico, were lined during the early 1910s, and the exterior of the cottage was rendered at about this time. A new bathroom, and kitchen/dining area appears to have been added to the rear of the cottage during the 1920s. A toilet and laundry block has also been added at the rear of the cottage. (The cottage was acquired by the present owners in 1975).

## Description

68 Stephen Street, a small single-storeyed rendered laterite stone cottage with a steeply pitched hipped corrugated iron roof, is located fronting Stephen Street to the north.

The symmetrical northern street facade has a verandah with a corrugated iron skillion awning supported by timber posts, with a timber floor and batten balustrade. The central entry has a timber framed door with glass panels, and is flanked by a sash window to either side. There is a single brick chimney stack on the eastern side, and the building has timber sash windows with arched headers. The laterite stone has been rendered and painted, but the southwest corner wall exhibits evidence of stone coursing and the rough pitted surface of the laterite stone. The walls display large bulges and variation and texture. A timber addition is attached to the rear of the building, and consists of a corrugated iron gabled roofed structure with another timber free standing structure to the south.

Internally, the plan consists of four rooms with a central rear foyer. Walls are rendered and painted laterite stone, and display large bulges and variation in texture. The building has boarded ceilings, narrow skirtings, and doors have timber frames. The northeast room has a large fireplace with recessed storage boxes either side, and the floors consist of boards with carpet over.

The rear addition contains a kitchen and bathroom, with an early recessed stove and a terrazzo bath and basin. The walls and ceilings are lined with hardboard sheeting with timber cover strips. The rear structure contains a laundry and toilet.

A driveway is located on the western side of the house, accessing the rear of the property.

## Heritage listing

The Cottage at 68 Stephen Street was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 February 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

The cottage survives as one of the earliest dwellings in Toowoomba, and is important in demonstrating the evolution of Toowoomba from an agricultural reserve to an important municipal centre, from the 1850s.

**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**

The stone building, an uncommon example of a Toowoomba dwelling constructed of laterite, also represents an unusual use of laterite as a building material in Queensland.

Located in one of Toowoomba's earliest residential subdivisions, the cottage is important in demonstrating unusual 1860s methods of design and construction and makes an aesthetic contribution to the Stephen Street streetscape.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

Located in one of Toowoomba's earliest residential subdivisions, the cottage is important in demonstrating unusual 1860s methods of design and construction and makes an aesthetic contribution to the Stephen Street streetscape.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Cottage (68 Stephen Street) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Cottage, 68 Stephen Street | |
| --- | --- |
| Cottage, 1994 | |
| Location | 68 Stephen Street, South Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°34′22″S 151°56′34″E / 27.5728°S 151.9427°E / -27.5728; 151.9427 |
| Design period | 1840s–1860s (mid-19th century) |
| Built | 1860s–1920s |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Cottage (68 Stephen Street) |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 20 February 1995 |
| Reference no. | 601313 |
| Significant period | 1860s, 1910s–1920s (fabric)<br>1860s (historical) |
| Significant components | extension/s or addition/s, residential accommodation – main house, furniture/fittings |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Cottage, 68 Stephen Street in QueenslandCottage (68 Stephen Street) (Australia) | |


title: Cosmopterix chalupae

abstract: Cosmopterix chalupae is a moth of the Cosmopterigidae family. The species was first described in 1995 in the Salta Province of Argentina, and was classified as a distinct species in 2010. Physically, C. chalupae resembles Cosmopterix trifasciella, but differ in the coloration of the antennae. Additionally, C. chalupae possesses a collection of pale yellow spots on the abdomen, further distinguishing it from other species in the genus.

text:
# Cosmopterix chalupae

***Cosmopterix chalupae*** is a moth of the Cosmopterigidae family. The species was first described in 1995 in the Salta Province of Argentina, and was classified as a distinct species in 2010.

Physically, *C. chalupae* resembles *Cosmopterix trifasciella*, but differ in the coloration of the antennae. Additionally, *C. chalupae* possesses a collection of pale yellow spots on the abdomen, further distinguishing it from other species in the genus.

*As of this edit, this article uses content from* "The genera Cosmopterix Hübner and Pebobs Hodges in the New World with special attention to the Neotropical fauna (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae)"*, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.*

## InfoBox

| *Cosmopterix chalupae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cosmopterigidae |
| Genus: | *Cosmopterix* |
| Species: | ***C. chalupae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cosmopterix chalupae***<br>Koster, 2010 | |
|


title: Streets in the Sky

abstract: Streets in the Sky is the third studio album by Coventry-based indie rock band The Enemy, released on 21 May 2012 through Cooking Vinyl and eOne Music. It entered the UK Albums Chart at no. 9, and was met with universally negative reviews.

text:
# Streets in the Sky

***Streets in the Sky*** is the third studio album by Coventry-based indie rock band The Enemy, released on 21 May 2012 through Cooking Vinyl and eOne Music. It entered the UK Albums Chart at no. 9, and was met with universally negative reviews.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Coventry Telegraph* | (favourable) |
| *Drowned in Sound* |  |
| *The Fly* |  |
| *musicOMH* |  |
| *NME* | 6/10 |
| PopMatters | 2/10 |
| Sputnikmusic | 2.0/5 |
| *The Quietus* | (unfavourable) |
| *York Vision* | (unfavourable) |

Critical reception was mostly extremely negative, with Album of the Year rating it as the worst album of 2012 as reviewed by critics. The album scored 2.9/10 at aggregator website AnyDecentMusic? (the fifth-lowest rated album of all time). However, NME gave the album a mixed review.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Gimme the Sign" | 3:09 |
| 2. | "Bigger Cages (Longer Chains)" | 2:57 |
| 3. | "Saturday" | 3:12 |
| 4. | "1-2-3-4" | 2:59 |
| 5. | "Like a Dancer" | 3:09 |
| 6. | "Come into My World" | 2:57 |
| 7. | "This Is Real" | 4:38 |
| 8. | "2 Kids" | 3:56 |
| 9. | "Turn It On" | 3:33 |
| 10. | "It's a Race" | 3:29 |
| 11. | "Get Up and Dance" | 3:52 |
| 12. | "Make a Man" | 2:47 |

### Music videos

* 1,2,3,4 (acoustic)
* Gimme the Sign
* Saturday
* Saturday (acoustic)
* Like a Dancer

## InfoBox

| Streets in the Sky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Enemy | |
| Released | 21 May 2012 |
| Genre | Indie rock, punk rock |
| Length | 40:38 |
| Label | Cooking Vinyl, eOne Music |
| Producer | Joby J Ford |
| The Enemy chronology | |
| *Music for the People*
(2009) ***Streets in the Sky***
(2012) *It's Automatic*
(2015) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Streets in the Sky* | |
| 1. "Saturday"
Released: 15 May 2012 2. "Like a Dancer"
Released: 16 July 2012 | |
|  | |


title: Corn Exchange, King's Lynn

abstract: The Corn Exchange is a commercial building in Tuesday Market Place, King's Lynn, Norfolk, England. The structure, which was commissioned as a corn exchange and is now used as an events venue, is a Grade II listed building.

text:
# Corn Exchange, King's Lynn

The **Corn Exchange** is a commercial building in Tuesday Market Place, King's Lynn, Norfolk, England. The structure, which was commissioned as a corn exchange and is now used as an events venue, is a Grade II listed building.

## History

Until the mid-19th century, corn merchants in the town traded their goods in the open, with sacks piled in the paved area around the market cross. The market cross, which had become unstable, was demolished in 1830. In the mid-19th century, the civic leaders in King's Lynn decided to commission a purpose-built corn exchange: the site they selected had been occupied by Angel Inn in the 18th century and then by a market house, with butchers' stalls on the ground floor and a concert hall on the first floor, from 1834.

The current building was designed by Frederick Haydon Cruso and Alfred William Maberley in the Baroque style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1854. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of three bays facing onto Tuesday Market Place. The central bay featured a doorway with an architrave, a frieze and a cornice supported by brackets on the ground floor, and a panel containing a carved borough coat of arms on the first floor. The outer bays contained similar doorways on the ground floor and panels containing carved sheafs of corn on the first floor. The bays were flanked by full-height Ionic order columns supporting a modillioned cornice and a balustraded parapet. At roof level, there was a central panel carved with the words "Corn Exchange Erected 1854" and surmounted by a statue of the goddess, Ceres. The architectural historian, Nikolaus Pevsner, described the design as "jolly and vulgar".

The use of the building as a corn exchange declined significantly in the wake of the Great Depression of British Agriculture in the late 19th century. Instead, it became a community events venue, but the condition of the building declined significantly during the 1980s. After an extensive programme of refurbishment works costing £4.4 million to a design by Levitt Bernstein Associates in the mid-1990s, the building was re-opened as an events and concert venue in 1996. A new glass roof incorporated blinds designed by Sharon Ting depicting local history. Subsequent performers included the musician, Midge Ure, (formerly a member of Ultravox) in May 2005 and the musician, Ian Anderson, (formerly leader of the rock band Jethro Tull) in September 2009.

A further programme of works to convert the foyer on the first floor into a two-screen cinema was completed at a cost of £1.6 million in September 2020.

## InfoBox

| Corn Exchange, King's Lynn | |
| --- | --- |
| Corn Exchange, King's Lynn | |
| Location | Tuesday Market Place, King's Lynn |
| Coordinates | 52°45′23″N 0°23′37″E / 52.7564°N 0.3935°E / 52.7564; 0.3935 |
| Built | 1854 |
| Architect | Frederick Haydon Cruso and Alfred William Maberley |
| Architectural style(s) | Baroque style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Corn Exchange |
| Designated | 1 December 1951 |
| Reference no. | 1212488 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in Norfolk | |


title: Strati (automobile)

abstract: Strati is the world's first 3D printed car. It is an electric car developed and produced by Local Motors and manufactured in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Cincinnati Incorporated. It is the world's first electric car to heavily utilize 3D printing during the production process. The car was manufactured using a Large Scale 3D Printer developed by ORNL and Cincinnati Inc. The car took just 44 hours to print during the 2014 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago, Illinois. The printing was followed by three days of milling and assembling, with the completed car first test-driven on September 13, 2014. Strati is claimed to be the world's first 3D-Printed electric car.

text:
# Strati (automobile)

**Strati** is the world's first 3D printed car. It is an electric car developed and produced by Local Motors and manufactured in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Cincinnati Incorporated. It is the world's first electric car to heavily utilize 3D printing during the production process. The car was manufactured using a Large Scale 3D Printer developed by ORNL and Cincinnati Inc. The car took just 44 hours to print during the 2014 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago, Illinois. The printing was followed by three days of milling and assembling, with the completed car first test-driven on September 13, 2014. Strati is claimed to be the world's first 3D-Printed electric car.

## Design

In April 2014, Local Motors organized the 3D Printed Car Design Challenge crowdsourcing to assist in the production of a full-body 3D-printed car. Seven finalists were selected from more than 200 submissions. In June 2014, Local Motors announced that the challenge was won by Michele Anoé of Italy, who was awarded the $5,000 prize. After the contest, Local Motors took the design and made several modifications so that the car could be manufactured through 3D-Printing.

## Specifications

The two-seat Strati is considered to be a "neighborhood" electric car. Depending on the configuration of the battery packs, the range of the car can be 100 to 120 mi (160 to 190 km) with top speeds of 40 mph (64 km/h). The car is not designed to be used on highways, as it does not meet the required safety test requirements. Production is planned by the end of 2015, with prices between $18,000 and $30,000.

## Manufacturing

Following the design competition, Local Motors handed off the design to the engineers at ORNL who perfected the process of Large Scale 3D Printing such that the Local Motors design could actually be manufactured. ORNL worked with Cincinnati Incorporated to develop the printer that would allow for the printing of the entire car. With the printer, ORNL and Cincinnati Inc. manufactured all body parts of the car and allowed for easy mounting of the mechanical parts, such as the electric motors and batteries.

Strati is printed from thermoplastic using a big area additive manufacturing (BAAM) machine (a large FDM 3D-printer). This material is fully recyclable, which can be chopped and reprocessed to be used in printing another car. After the car is printed, the mechanical and electrical parts such as battery, motors, and suspension are manually assembled.

The printing process has been improved by ORNL since July 2014, bringing the printing time of 140 hours down to less than 45 hours in September. Since IMTS, ORNL has brought the printing time of the Strati to less than 24 hours and is continuing their research efforts with the hope of printing the car in less than 10 hours.

## The world's first title

Disputes exist over the title of the world's first 3D-printed car. In 2010, a hybrid car "Urbee" was 3D-printed using an additive manufacturing process for the entire body. Local Motors claimed that Urbee's manufacturer only 3D-printed the panels and other exterior parts, but used standard parts for the internal structure. For Strati, the company claimed that 3D printing was used for all except the parts that are "mechanically involved". Strati claims to be the world's first 3D-printed electric car.


title: Cotton production in Egypt

abstract: Cotton production in Egypt was insignificant before the 1800s, but production increased drastically in the years preceding the beginning of the 20th century. The increase was influenced by historical events such as the American Civil War, which disrupted the supply of cotton from the United States. The Egyptian cotton market declined in the 20th century, but is again on the rise as of 2023.

text:
# Cotton production in Egypt

**Cotton production in Egypt** was insignificant before the 1800s, but production increased drastically in the years preceding the beginning of the 20th century. The increase was influenced by historical events such as the American Civil War, which disrupted the supply of cotton from the United States. The Egyptian cotton market declined in the 20th century, but is again on the rise as of 2023.

## History

### 19th century cotton boom

For Egypt, the 19th century brought drastic and sudden changes to the economy. The groundwork for this explosion of production had been in place for decades. Earlier, cotton production for export was present, but represented an insignificant portion of revenue for the country. By the 20th century, this was completely reversed. This drastic economical change was afforded with the help of continual investment into the actual production and processing of cotton, which enabled several infrastructure improvements. Several social movements occurred simultaneously, influenced by the continuous changing of the economic landscape.

Muhammad Ali of Egypt saw an opportunity in long-staple cotton and acted to promote its cultivation. He instituted Egypt’s tenured land system to promote production, and his foreign relations enabled the export of cotton, thus giving rise to export-oriented industrialization. He converted peasants into factory workers, using the corvee system. This feudal-like system began to face national pushback in the 1880s; a process heavily influenced by the British.

One factor that led the cotton industry to success was continuous dedication to its funding. Change is not the first example of federal investment in cotton. Previously, the Egyptian government had funded research in cotton production. The research resulted in an improved cotton plant that was nearly unrivaled.

Several infrastructure projects were taken on by the government throughout the entirety of the 1800s. These projects focused on both production and processing of cotton. Production and agricultural improvements included canal and dam construction. The canals, as well as several newly built railways, enabled greater national travel. Other projects included the development of several ports and communication improvements. The new infrastructure played a key role in the “boom” of the Egyptian cotton industry.

The American Civil war began in 1861. The Egyptian cotton market boomed to fill the sudden cotton demand from the Cotton Supply Association and its many member British factories and investors. Prior to the American Civil War, American cotton made up the overwhelming majority of cotton imported into Britain. Cotton was also imported from India, but Indian cotton was of inferior quality when compared with American cotton. Demand for cotton increased steadily during the latter half of the century propelled by the ongoing “Cotton Famine.” Egypt took advantage of this. During the three-year period between 1861 and 1864, Egypt ceased nearly all agricultural activity unrelated to cotton.

### 1900s Cotton market decline

The decline of Egypt’s Cotton Market and foreign trade created an economic crisis brought by a drop in demand. Some of the contributing factors included increased competition, production issues and national debt. More foreign competition in the cotton industry plateaued international cotton prices, leaving the Egyptian market with little room to grow. Egypt’s agricultural production had swelled at an incredible rate and kept up with itself until the early 1900s. In the early 1900s, environmental and human factors both lowered production rates. After the prior “boom” of the cotton industry, the population began to increase quickly and consistently. The economy did not follow suit. Earlier expansions done to increase cotton production were costly, and the accumulated cost of these projects created high amounts of national debt. In 1914, Egypt’s debt added up to over one hundred million pounds.

## Current production

The United States Department of Agriculture notes that cotton production is on the rise in Egypt, with 2023 production estimates to be at 320,000 bales.


title: Cortinarius quarciticus

abstract: Cortinarius quarciticus is an agaric fungus of the genus Cortinarius found in Europe. It was described as new to science in 1994.

text:
# Cortinarius quarciticus

***Cortinarius quarciticus*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Cortinarius* found in Europe. It was described as new to science in 1994.

## InfoBox

| *Cortinarius quarciticus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Torrböle, Ångermanland, Sweden | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Cortinariaceae |
| Genus: | *Cortinarius* |
| Species: | ***C. quarciticus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cortinarius quarciticus***<br>H.Lindstr. (1994) | |
|


title: Canada Billie Jean King Cup team

abstract: The Canada women's national tennis team represents Canada in the Billie Jean King Cup tennis competition since 1963. They are overseen by Tennis Canada, the governing body of tennis in Canada. Canada is the reigning Billie Jean King Cup champion, winning the tournanent in 2023. They also reached the semifinals in 1988, and the quarterfinals on four occasions in 1964, 1967, 1987 and 2015. They have only missed one competition since the inaugural edition in 1963.

text:
# Canada Billie Jean King Cup team

The **Canada women's national tennis** **team** represents Canada in the Billie Jean King Cup (previously known as the Federation Cup and the Fed Cup) tennis competition since 1963. They are overseen by Tennis Canada, the governing body of tennis in Canada.

Canada is the reigning Billie Jean King Cup champion, winning the tournanent in 2023. They also reached the semifinals in 1988, and the quarterfinals on four occasions in 1964, 1967, 1987 and 2015. They have only missed one competition since the inaugural edition in 1963.

## History

### 1963–1994: Appearances in the World Group quarterfinals and semifinals

Canada played its first tie in 1963 when the team of Ann Barclay and Louise Brown was defeated 0–3 by Great Britain in World Group first round. Canada and its team of Benita Senn, Vicki Berner and Louise Brown reached the World Group quarterfinals in 1964 with a 2–1 victory over Sweden in the second round, but was defeated 0–3 the next round by Australia. In 1967, Canada made it again to the World Group quarterfinals after beating Switzerland 2–1 in the opening round, but was defeated this time 0–3 by Germany. Team members were Susan Butt, Vicki Berner and Faye Urban.

In 1987, Canada reached the third World Group quarterfinal of its history. The team of Helen Kelesi, Carling Bassett-Seguso and Jill Hetherington defeated Netherlands 3–0 in the first round and the Soviet Union 2–1 in the second round. They were however eliminated 1–2 by Czechoslovakia. Canada had its better run to date when Rene Simpson, Helen Kelesi and Jill Hetherington helped the country reach the World Group semifinals in 1988. Canada beat South Korea 2–1 and Finland 3–0 in the first and second rounds respectively, and then Sweden 3–0 in the quarterfinals. Their run was ended by Czechoslovakia with a score of 0–3.

### 1995–2009: Moderate success

In 1995, Canada had its second best result with the new World Group format when they made it to the World Group I playoffs after beating Italy 3–2 in the World Group II first round. The squad of Jana Nejedly, Patricia Hy-Boulais, Jill Hetherington and Rene Simpson were then defeated 0–5 by Japan.

In 2006, Canada earned its spot back in the World Group II when team members Aleksandra Wozniak, Stéphanie Dubois and Marie-Ève Pelletier beat Argentina 3–2 in the World Group II playoffs. They were eliminated in the first round the next year by Israel 2–3. Canada was not able to secure its place in the World Group II for the second straight year as the team was eliminated by Argentina in the World Group II playoffs later that year.

### 2010–13: World Group II contender

In 2010, Canada (team members were Aleksandra Wozniak, Marie-Ève Pelletier, Valérie Tétreault and Sharon Fichman) won the World Group II playoff over Argentina by the convincing score of 5–0 and regained the World Group II.

In the World Group II first round in 2011, Rebecca Marino won the opening match over Aleksandra Krunić and Aleksandra Wozniak lost the second one to Bojana Jovanovski. The next day, Marino lost the third rubber to Jovanovski, but Wozniak tied the meeting thanks to a win over Ana Jovanović. Canada's doubles team of Sharon Fichman and Marie-Ève Pelletier was however eliminated by Jovanovski and Krunić to give the win 3–2 to Serbia. Canada then had to play a playoff to stay in the World Group II for the second straight year, but lost a close tie to Slovenia 2–3.

In 2013, Canada was promoted to the World Group II for the first time since 2011 when the team of Eugenie Bouchard, Gabriela Dabrowski, Sharon Fichman and Stéphanie Dubois beat Ukraine 3–2 in the World Group II playoffs.

### 2014–15: Run to the World Group

In the first round of the World Group II in 2014, Wozniak won the first rubber over Vesna Dolonc. Bouchard then gave Canada a 2–0 lead after the first day when she beat Jovana Jakšić. In the third rubber the next day, Bouchard defeated Dolonc and secured the victory for Canada. Canadians Dabrowski and Fichman lost the doubles match to Jakšić and Stojanović to end the tie with a 3–1 score in favour of Canada. Canada next played a World Group I playoff in April against Slovakia, the first time since 2004. The first day, Wozniak upset No. 52 Jana Čepelová and Bouchard won her match over Kristína Kučová to end day one with a 2–0 lead for Canada. Bouchard then won her next match the following day over Čepelová to clinch the tie for the host country with an insurmountable 3–0 lead. The win means Canada has its place in the World Group I next year, the first time ever for the country since the introduction of the new World Group format in 1995. Slovaks Janette Husárová and Anna Karolína Schmiedlová beat the Canadian duo of Dabrowski and Fichman to close the meeting with a 3–1 score for Canada.

Canada played their 2015 World Group first round against the reigning champions and number one seed the Czech Republic at home. The team, without its two best players Bouchard and Wozniak in its ranks, lost the four matches of the meeting. Canada had to host Romania in a World Group playoff in April to stay in the World Group for the next year. Françoise Abanda surprised No. 33 Irina-Camelia Begu in the first match, her first Fed Cup win, but Bouchard was upset by Alexandra Dulgheru in the second to end day one in a 1–1 tie. Bouchard and Abanda both lost their matches the next day (to Mitu and Dulgheru respectively) to give the win to Romania. Dabrowski and Fichman defeated the Romanian doubles team of Mitu and Olaru to end the meeting with a 3–2 score in favour of Romania.

### 2016 to present: Short relegation to the Americas Zone and return to the World Group II

Canada next played a World Group II first round tie at home against Belarus in February 2016, but lost the meeting by a score of 2–3. Canada then played a playoff in April 2016 to secure its place in the World Group II for the next year, but lost a fourth tie in a row with a score of 3–2 for Slovakia. They were relegated in the Americas Zone Group I for 2017, the first time since 2013.

In February 2017, the team of Bianca Andreescu, Charlotte Robillard-Millette, Katherine Sebov and Carol Zhao defeated respectively Venezuela, Bolivia and Paraguay in the Round Robin, and Chile in the promotional playoff. Canada next played in April 2017 at the World Group II play-offs against Kazakhstan. Françoise Abanda won her two singles matches over world No. 51 Yaroslava Shvedova and world No. 31 Yulia Putintseva. 16-year-old Bianca Andreescu lost her first rubber to Putintseva but defeated Shvedova in the second. The doubles team of Gabriela Dabrowski and Katherine Sebov lost the final rubber to Kamila Kerimbayeva and Galina Voskoboeva. Canada won the tie 3-2 and will be back in the World Group II in 2018.

In 2018, the team of Bianca Andreescu, Gabriela Dabrowski, Katherine Sebov and Carol Zhao lost in the first round of the World Group II first round to Romania by the score of 1-3. Zhao and Andreescu lost the two singles matches the first day, respectively to Sorana Cîrstea and Irina-Camelia Begu. The second day, Sebov was defeated by Begu and Canada's doubles team of Dabrowski and Zhao won over Ana Bogdan and Raluca Olaru. In the World Group II play-offs, Andreescu lost the first rubber in three sets to world No. 40 Lesia Tsurenko and Bouchard won her two singles matches over Kateryna Bondarenko and Tsurenko. Dabrowski lost the fourth singles match to Bondarenko, sending the tie to a decisive doubles match. The team of Andreescu and Dabrowski won over Bondarenko and Olga Savchuk to secure Canada's place in the World Group II for a second straight year.

## Current team

*Rankings as of November 6, 2023*

Players representing Canada in 2023
| Name | Born | First | Last | | Ties | Win/Loss | | | Rankings | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Year | Tie | | Sin | Dou | Tot | Sin | Dou |
| Eugenie Bouchard | February 26, 1994 | 2011 | 2023 | Italy | 10 | 12–4 | 3–0 | 15–4 | 273 |  |
| Marina Stakusic | November 27, 2004 | 2023 | 2023 | Italy | 1 | 3-1 | 0–0 | 3-1 | 258 | 449 |
| Gabriela Dabrowski | April 1, 1992 | 2013 | 2023 | Italy | 20 | 0–5 | 12–7 | 12–12 |  | 8 |
| Leylah Annie Fernandez | September 6, 2002 | 2019 | 2023 | Italy | 7 | 12–3 | 4–0 | 16–3 | 35 | 20 |
| Rebecca Marino | December 16, 1990 | 2011 | 2023 | Italy | 9 | 4–7 | 3–2 | 7–9 | 176 | 1039 |

## Players

| Most ties played   # Name CAN career Ties Tot W/L  1. **Aleksandra Wozniak** 2004–2016 36 40–12  2. Marie-Ève Pelletier 2002–2012 30 25–16  2. Jill Hetherington 1983–1996 30 16–20  4. **Sharon Fichman** 2005–2021 28 24–10  5. Sonya Jeyaseelan 1997–2003 24 29–7  5. Rene Simpson 1988–1998 24 20–16  6. Gabriela Dabrowski 2013–Present 23 15-12  6. Jana Nejedly 1995–2003 23 20–6  7. Stéphanie Dubois 2004–2013 22 23–11  8. Patricia Hy-Boulais 1991–1998 19 14–15 | Most singles wins   # Name CAN career Ties Sin W/L Dou W/L  1. **Aleksandra Wozniak** 2004–2016 36 32–11 8–1  2. Jana Nejedly 1995–2003 23 19–5 1–1  3. **Eugenie Bouchard** 2011–present 10 12–4 1–0  3. Sonya Jeyaseelan 1997–2003 24 12–5 17–2  3. Stéphanie Dubois 2004–2013 22 12–8 11–3  6. Helen Kelesi 1986–1994 17 11–5 4–5  7. Maureen Drake 2000–2003 15 10–3 6–1  7. Carling Bassett-Seguso 1982–1987 15 10–5 2–4  7. Marjorie Blackwood 1976–1982 18 10–7 6–4  7. Rene Simpson 1988–1998 24 10–7 10–9  7. Patricia Hy-Boulais 1991–1998 19 10–12 4–3 | Most doubles wins   # Name CAN career Ties Dou W/L Sin W/L  1. Sonya Jeyaseelan 1997–2003 24 17–2 12–5  2. Marie-Ève Pelletier 2002–2012 30 16–7 9–9  3. Gabriela Dabrowski 2013–Present 23 15-7 0-5  3. **Sharon Fichman** 2005–2021 28 15–7 9–3  4. Jill Hetherington 1983–1996 30 13–15 3–5  5. Stéphanie Dubois 2004–2013 22 11–3 12–8  6. Rene Simpson 1988–1998 24 10–9 10–7  7. **Aleksandra Wozniak** 2004–2019 36 8–1 32–11  8. Renata Kolbovic 1999–2001 8 7–1 1–0  8. Vanessa Webb 2000–2003 8 7–1 0–0  9. Maureen Drake 2000–2003 15 6–1 10–3  9. Marjorie Blackwood 1976–1982 18 6–4 10–7  9. Jane O'Hara 1969–1975 18 6–6 8–8  9. Hélène Pelletier 1981–1985 12 6–6 2–0 |
| --- | --- | --- |

*\*Active players in bold, statistics as of September 9, 2019*

## Recent performances

Here is the list of all match-ups since 1995, when the competition started being held in the current World Group format.

### 1990s

### 2000s

### 2010s

| Year | Competition | Date | Surface | Location | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 3 Feb | Clay | Lambaré (PAR) | Cuba | 3–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 4 Feb | Clay | Lambaré (PAR) | Puerto Rico | 3–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 5 Feb | Clay | Lambaré (PAR) | Brazil | 2–1 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Final | 6 Feb | Clay | Lambaré (PAR) | Colombia | 2–0 | Win |
| | World Group II, Relegation Play-offs | 24–25 Apr | Carpet (i) | Montreal (CAN) | Argentina | 5–0 | Win |
| 2011 | World Group II, 1st Round | 5–6 Feb | Hard (i) | Novi Sad (SRB) | Serbia | 2–3 | Loss |
| | World Group II, Relegation Play-offs | 16–17 Apr | Clay | Koper (SLO) | Slovenia | 2–3 | Loss |
| 2012 | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 1 Feb | Clay | Curitiba (BRA) | Peru | 2–1 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 2 Feb | Clay | Curitiba (BRA) | Argentina | 0–3 | Loss |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 3 Feb | Clay | Curitiba (BRA) | Bahamas | 3–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, 3rd To 4th Play-offs | 4 Feb | Clay | Curitiba (BRA) | Paraguay | 0–2 | Loss |
| 2013 | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 6 Feb | Clay | Medellín (COL) | Peru | 3–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 7 Feb | Clay | Medellín (COL) | Venezuela | 3–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 8 Feb | Clay | Medellín (COL) | Colombia | 2–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Final | 9 Feb | Clay | Medellín (COL) | Brazil | 2–1 | Win |
| | World Group II, Relegation Play-offs | 20–21 Apr | Clay (i) | Kyiv (UKR) | Ukraine | 3–0 | Win |
| 2014 | World Group II, 1st Round | 8–9 Feb | Hard (i) | Montreal (CAN) | Serbia | 3–1 | Win |
| | World Group, relegation play-offs | 19–20 Apr | Hard (i) | Quebec City (CAN) | Slovakia | 3–1 | Win |
| 2015 | World Group, 1st Round | 7–8 Feb | Hard (i) | Quebec City (CAN) | Czech Republic | 0–4 | Loss |
| | World Group, relegation play-offs | 18–19 Apr | Hard (i) | Montreal (CAN) | Romania | 2–3 | Loss |
| 2016 | World Group II, 1st Round | 6–7 Feb | Hard (i) | Quebec City (CAN) | Belarus | 2–3 | Loss |
| | World Group II, Relegation Play-offs | 16–17 Apr | Clay (i) | Bratislava (SVK) | Slovakia | 2–3 | Loss |
| 2017 | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 7 Feb | Hard | Metepec (MEX) | Venezuela | 2–1 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 8 Feb | Hard | Metepec (MEX) | Bolivia | 3–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Round Robin | 9 Feb | Hard | Metepec (MEX) | Paraguay | 3–0 | Win |
| | Americas Zone Group I, Final | 11 Feb | Hard | Metepec (MEX) | Chile | 2–0 | Win |
| | World Group II, Relegation Play-offs | 22–23 Apr | Hard (i) | Montreal (CAN) | Kazakhstan | 3–2 | Win |
| 2018 | World Group II, 1st Round | 10–11 Feb | Hard (i) | Cluj-Napoca (ROU) | Romania | 1–3 | Loss |
| | World Group II, Relegation Play-offs | 21–22 Apr | Hard (i) | Montreal (CAN) | Ukraine | 3–2 | Win |
| 2019 | World Group II, 1st Round | 9–10 Feb | Clay (i) | Den Bosch (NED) | Netherlands | 4–0 | Win |
| | World Group play-offs | 20–21 Apr | Clay (i) | Prostějov (CZE) | Czech Republic | 0–4 | Loss |

### 2020s

| Year | Competition | Date | Surface | Location | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020–21 | Qualifying round | 7–8 Feb | Hard (i) | Biel/Bienne (SUI) | Switzerland | 0–4 | Loss |
| | Play-offs | 16–17 Apr | Hard (i) | Kraljevo (SRB) | Serbia | 4–0 | Win |
| | Finals (Group A) | 1 Nov | Hard (i) | Prague (CZE) | France | 2–1 | Win |
| | Finals (Group A) | 2 Nov | Hard (i) | Prague (CZE) | Russia | 0–3 | Loss |
| 2022 | Qualifying round | 15–16 Apr | Hard (i) | Vancouver (CAN) | Latvia | 4–0 | Win |
| | Finals (Group A) | 10 Nov | Hard (i) | Glasgow (SCO) | Italy | 3–0 | Win |
| | Finals (Group A) | 11 Nov | Hard (i) | Glasgow (SCO) | Switzerland | 1–2 | Loss |
| 2023 | Qualifying round | 14–15 Apr | Hard (i) | Vancouver (CAN) | Belgium | 3–2 | Win |
| | Finals (Group C) | 8 Nov | Hard (i) | Seville (ESP) | Spain | 3–0 | Win |
| | Finals (Group C) | 9 Nov | Hard (i) | Seville (ESP) | Poland | 3–0 | Win |
| | Finals (Semifinals) | 11 Nov | Hard (i) | Seville (ESP) | Czech Republic | 2–1 | Win |
| | Finals (Final) | 12 Nov | Hard (i) | Seville (ESP) | Italy | 2–0 | **Champion** |

## Head-to-head record

| **Country** **Record** **W%** **Hard** **Clay** **Grass** **Carpet**  Brazil 12–0 100% 1–0 10–0 1–0 0–0  Uruguay 7–0 100% 1–0 6–0 0–0 0–0  Mexico 7–1 88% 1–1 6–0 0–0 0–0  Chile 6–0 100% 1–0 5–0 0–0 0–0  Puerto Rico 5–1 83% 2–0 3–1 0–0 0–0  Bahamas 4–0 100% 2–0 2–0 0–0 0–0  Paraguay 4–2 67% 2–0 2–2 0–0 0–0  Netherlands 4–3 57% 1–0 3–2 0–1 0–0  Cuba 3–0 100% 0–0 3–0 0–0 0–0  Denmark 3–0 100% 2–0 1–0 0–0 0–0  Ecuador 3–0 100% 0–0 3–0 0–0 0–0  Peru 3–0 100% 0–0 3–0 0–0 0–0  Colombia 3–1 75% 0–0 3–1 0–0 0–0  Sweden 3–1 75% 2–0 0–1 1–0 0–0  Switzerland 3–2 60% 0–0 2–1 1–0 0–1  Venezuela 3–2 60% 1–0 2–2 0–0 0–0  Argentina 3–4 43% 2–0 0–4 0–0 1–0  El Salvador 2–0 100% 0–0 2–0 0–0 0–0  Norway 2–0 100% 0–0 2–0 0–0 0–0  Ukraine 2–0 100% 1–0 1–0 0–0 0–0  ***Italy*** 2–1 67% 0–0 1–1 1–0 0–0  Bolivia 1–0 100% 1–0 0–0 0–0 0–0  Bulgaria 1–0 100% 0–0 1–0 0–0 0–0  Chinese Taipei 1–0 100% 0–0 1–0 0–0 0–0  Finland 1–0 100% 1–0 0–0 0–0 0–0  Greece 1–0 100% 0–0 1–0 0–0 0–0 | **Country** **Record** **W%** **Hard** **Clay** **Grass** **Carpet**  Ireland 1–0 100% 0–0 0–0 1–0 0–0  Kazakhstan 1–0 100% 1–0 0–0 0–0 0–0  Poland 1–0 100% 0–0 1–0 0–0 0–0  South Korea 1–0 100% 1–0 0–0 0–0 0–0  Israel 1–1 50% 1–0 0–0 0–0 0–1  **South Africa** 1–1 50% 0–0 1–1 0–0 0–0  Hungary 1–2 33% 0–1 1–1 0–0 0–0  ***Russia*** 1–2 33% 1–1 0–1 0–0 0–0  Serbia 1–2 33% 1–1 0–1 0–0 0–0  ***Slovakia*** 1–2 33% 1–0 0–2 0–0 0–0  ***France*** 1–3 25% 0–1 1–2 0–0 0–0  Japan 1–3 25% 1–0 0–1 0–1 0–1  **Spain** 1–3 25% 1–1 0–2 0–0 0–0  Belarus 0–1 0% 0–1 0–0 0–0 0–0  New Zealand 0–1 0% 0–0 0–0 0–1 0–0  Slovenia 0–1 0% 0–0 0–1 0–0 0–0  **United States** 0–1 0% 0–0 0–1 0–0 0–0  Austria 0–2 0% 0–0 0–2 0–0 0–0  Indonesia 0–2 0% 0–1 0–0 0–1 0–0  **Belgium** 0–3 0% 0–0 0–3 0–0 0–0  Great Britain 0–3 0% 0–0 0–2 0–1 0–0  Romania 0–3 0% 0–2 0–1 0–0 0–0  **Australia** 0–4 0% 0–1 0–2 0–1 0–0  **Germany** 0–5 0% 0–1 0–3 0–1 0–0  ***Czech Republic*** 0–7 0% 0–5 0–2 0–0 0–0  Overall win–loss 102–70 59% 29–17 67–43 5–7 1–3 |
| --- | --- |

*\*Previous champions in bold. Teams that have been ranked No. 1 in italics. Statistics as of September 9, 2019*

## InfoBox

| Canada | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Captain | Heidi El Tabakh |
| ITF ranking | 1  (November 15, 2023) |
| Highest ITF ranking | 1 (November 15, 2023) |
| Colors | Red & White |
|  | |
| First year | 1963 |
| Years played | 55 |
| Ties played (W–L) | 170 (101–69) |
| Years in
World Group | 22 (13–20) |
| Titles | 1 (2023) |
|  | |
| Most total wins | Aleksandra Wozniak (40–12) |
| Most singles wins | Aleksandra Wozniak (32–11) |
| Most doubles wins | Sonya Jeyaseelan (17–2) |
| Best doubles team | Sonya Jeyaseelan /
Rene Simpson (6–1)
Sharon Fichman /
Marie-Ève Pelletier (6–3) |
| Most ties played | Aleksandra Wozniak (36) |
| Most years played | Jill Hetherington (14) |