title: Segesa

abstract: SEGESA is the national electricity company of Equatorial Guinea, with its head offices in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. It is the sole operator of the electricity sector of Equatorial Guinea. The company was created in November 2001 by a merger of the national rural electrification company SONER and the national electricity corporation ENERGE. In 2013 the company was reorganized into three units: SEGESA Comercial for distribution and sales, SEGESA Generación for generation activities and SEGESA Transmisión for transmission. The three units are overseen by SEGESA Holding. Equatorial Guinea has two main electricity systems, for Bioko Island, and for the continental Rio Muni region. SEGESA has 730 employees across the three business units in Malabo for the Bioko system, and 823 employees in Bata and the continental region. The primary lawmaking body for national electricity policy in Equatorial Guinea is the Ministry of Industry and Energy. The Ministry is responsible for regulation and compliance in the sector. Specific laws that deal with power sector management, tariffs and operations were passed in 2002 and 2005. Private companies wishing to invest in the sector must obtain licenses from the Ministry and can enter partnerships with SEGESA.

text:
# Segesa

**SEGESA** (stands for *Sociedad de Electricidad de Guinea Ecuatorial*) is the national electricity company of Equatorial Guinea, with its head offices in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. It is the sole operator of the electricity sector of Equatorial Guinea. The company was created in November 2001 by a merger of the national rural electrification company SONER and the national electricity corporation ENERGE. In 2013 the company was reorganized into three units: SEGESA Comercial for distribution and sales, SEGESA Generación for generation activities and SEGESA Transmisión for transmission. The three units are overseen by SEGESA Holding.

Equatorial Guinea has two main electricity systems, for Bioko Island, and for the continental Rio Muni region. SEGESA has 730 employees across the three business units in Malabo for the Bioko system, and 823 employees in Bata and the continental region.

The primary lawmaking body for national electricity policy in Equatorial Guinea is the Ministry of Industry and Energy. The Ministry is responsible for regulation and compliance in the sector. Specific laws that deal with power sector management, tariffs and operations were passed in 2002 and 2005. Private companies wishing to invest in the sector must obtain licenses from the Ministry and can enter partnerships with SEGESA.

## Institutional Framework

The institutional framework for the power sector in Equatorial Guinea has a vertical structure. The Ministry of Industry and Energy defines the strategy for the power company (guided by the government's Horizon 2020 diversification plan). The ministry administers and assigns financing for projects and hands them over to SEGESA for implementation through its three business units.

## Organization chart of the Power Sector

Over the last decade, SEGESA and the government have implemented a range of generation, transmission and distribution projects to ensure that the country no longer suffers power outages. The power grid in Equatorial Guinea is divided in two parts: the island grid (Malabo, Bioko Island) and the continental grid (Bata, Rio Muni). The high voltage power grid in the Rio Muni region has allowed the government to invest in interconnection points with Gabon and Cameroon.

## Supply and demand in Equatorial Guinea

### Bioko Island

The Bioko grid is powered by the Malabo Turbogas gas-fired power plant at Punta Europa (near Malabo) with 154.2 MW capacity. It has eight turbines: 3 x 42 MW, 2 x 10 MW, 2 x 5.2 MW and a 4 MW turbine. These supply the city of Malabo and Bioko Island via 33 kW and 66 kW transmission lines.

In addition to the Punta Europa gas complex, the island has the SEMU power station that has 7.2 MW capacity (4 x 1.8 MW), the hydroelectric station at Riaba at 3 MW (2 x 1.5 MW) and the hydroelectric station at Musola. The latter two are out of service.

The demand for energy on Bioko Island in 2016 was about 79 MW (7% more than the previous year’s demand). The current oversupply of electricity on the island facilitates development.

### Rio Muni

The continental Rio Muni area of the country has a high-voltage grid of 220 kW, one of 110 kW and one of 20 kW, all of which are connected to the Djibloho Dam.

The power plants that supply the continental region are: Djibloho hydroelectric dam at 120 MW (4 x 30 MW), the Bata diesel/fuel oil fired power plant at 24 MW (3 x 8 MW), the 'Socorro' battery storage power plant (2 x 16.4 MW), a Cummins Group thermal plant (2 x 1 MW) and the Bikomo hydro plant, which is in the process of being restored (8 x 800 kVa)

Power demand in the continental area is around 65 MW and power capacity is equal to that of the insular region, meaning that it exceeds demand. In the dry season electricity production at the Djibloho plant is reduced and SEGESA is forced to cut supply. For this reason, a dam is needed to improve water flow to the Djibloho dam and increase the power of the plant. New power plant projects are underway to increase electricity availability and Equatorial Guinea has built the interconnection points that would allow it to export power to Gabon and Cameroon from Ebibeyín (220 kW) and Mongomo, which is 50 km from the Gabonese city of Oyem.

## Ongoing and future projects

Equatorial Guinea continues to invest heavily in the production and distribution of energy. The following power projects are scheduled: Construction of the Sendje 200 MW hydro plant (4 x 50 MW) – 2017, Construction of the Djibloho dam with two turbines of 42.5 MW - 2016, rehabilitation of Riaba Musola 1 and 2 and Bikomo hydro plants, Bata thermal plant conversion from diesel to gas, a natural gas storage area and Annobon solar micro-grid.

## InfoBox

SEGESA
|
|  |
| Native name | *Sociedad de Electricidad de Guinea Ecuatorial* |
| Company type | Public |
| Industry | Electricity |
| Predecessor | SONER
ENERGE |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Headquarters | Malabo, Equatorial Guinea |
| Area served | Equatorial Guinea |
| Key people | H.E. Eugenio Edu Ndong (Minister of Industry and Energy and Chairman of the Board) |
| Products | Electric power |
| Production output | 390.47 MW |
| Services | Electric power transmission |
| Owner | Government of Equatorial Guinea |
| Number of employees | 1,598 |
| Parent | SEGESA Holding |
| Divisions | SEGESA Comercial
SEGESA Generación
SEGESA Transmisión |
| Website | http://www.segesa.gq/ |


title: Jorge Panta

abstract: Jorge Brian Panta Herreros is a Peruvian tennis player. Panta has a career high ATP singles ranking of 485 achieved on 13 January 2020. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 402 achieved on 7 March 2020. Panta has won 5 ITF doubles titles. He also had reached a career high ranking of 9 on the juniors circuit, where he was a semifinalist at the 2012 US Open boys' doubles event. Panta has represented Peru at the Davis Cup where he has a W/L record of 2–2.

text:
# Jorge Panta

**Jorge Brian Panta Herreros** (born 22 July 1995) is a Peruvian tennis player.

Panta has a career high ATP singles ranking of 485 achieved on 13 January 2020. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 402 achieved on 7 March 2020. Panta has won 5 ITF doubles titles. He also had reached a career high ranking of 9 on the juniors circuit, where he was a semifinalist at the 2012 US Open boys' doubles event.

Panta has represented Peru at the Davis Cup where he has a W/L record of 2–2.

## ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals

### Singles: 11 (3–8)

| Legend  ATP Challenger (0–0)  ITF Futures (3–8) | Finals by surface  Hard (2–5)  Clay (1–3)  Grass (0–0)  Carpet (0–0) |
| --- | --- |

| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 0–1 | Apr 2014 | Peru F3, Lima | Futures | Clay | Rui Machado | 1–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 0–2 | Jul 2014 | Venezuela F3, Maracaibo | Futures | Hard | Roberto Quiroz | 3–6, 4–6 |
| Win | 1–2 | Sep 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Mauricio Echazú | 2–6, 6–2, 6–3 |
| Loss | 1–3 | Oct 2019 | M15 Santa Tecla, El Salvador | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Ricardo Rodriguez | 6–3, 3–6, 4–6 |
| Loss | 1–4 | Oct 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Alec Adamson | 6–4, 3–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 1–5 | Dec 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Nick Chappell | 3–6, 3–6 |
| Loss | 1–6 | Nov 2021 | M15 Cochabamba, Bolivia | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Tomas Farjat | 4–6, 6–7(5–7) |
| Loss | 1–7 | Dec 2021 | M15 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Johannes Ingildsen | 4–6, 3–6 |
| Win | 2–7 | Aug 2022 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Adam Walton | 1–6, 6–3, 6–4 |
| Win | 3–7 | Oct 2022 | M15 Manizales, Colombia | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Gustavo Heide | 6–1, 3–6, 7–6(7–3) |
| Loss | 3–8 | Nov 2022 | M15 Lima, Peru | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Victor Lilov | 6–2, 3–6, 1–6 |

### Doubles: 38 (17–21)

| Legend  ATP Challenger (0–1)  ITF Futures (17–20) | Finals by surface  Hard (8–9)  Clay (9–12)  Grass (0–0)  Carpet (0–0) |
| --- | --- |

| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 0–1 | May 2014 | Mexico F4, Morelia | Futures | Hard | Mauricio Echazú | Cesar Remirez
Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela | 6–7(3–7), 3–6 |
| Win | 1–1 | Jul 2014 | Mexico F8, Quintana Roo | Futures | Hard | Mauricio Echazú | Duilio Vallebuona
Lucas Gomez | 6–1, 7–6(7–1) |
| Loss | 1–2 | Jul 2014 | Venezuela F2, Valencia | Futures | Hard | Duilio Vallebuona | Mateo Nicolas Martinez
Luis Patiño | 2–6, 4–6 |
| Win | 2–2 | Aug 2014 | Peru F4, Arequipa | Futures | Clay | Juan Pablo Varillas | Ryusei Makiguchi
Devin McCarthy | 6–3, 3–6, \[10–6\] |
| Loss | 2–3 | Oct 2014 | Peru F7, Lima | Futures | Clay | Eduardo Agustin Torre | Romain Arneodo
Benjamin Balleret | 6–4, 3–6, \[1–10\] |
| Win | 3–3 | May 2015 | Mexico F3, Mexico City | Futures | Hard | Mauricio Echazú | Alberto Rojas-Maldonado
Mauricio Astorga | 6–4, 6–3 |
| Loss | 3–4 | Sep 2015 | Bolivia F2, La Paz | Futures | Clay | Mauricio Echazú | Christopher Díaz Figueroa
Franco Feitt | 6–2, 4–6, \[8–10\] |
| Loss | 3–5 | Sep 2015 | Bolivia F3, Cochabamba | Futures | Clay | Mauricio Echazú | Federico Zeballos
Manuel Sánchez | 3–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 3–6 | Nov 2015 | Venezuela F2, Maracay | Futures | Hard | Mauricio Echazú | Agustín Velotti
Luis David Martinez | 3–6, 4–6 |
| Win | 4–6 | Nov 2015 | Peru F4, Lima | Futures | Clay | Iván Endara | Guillermo Rivera Aránguiz
Cristóbal Saavedra Corvalán | 6–3, 7–6(7–5) |
| Win | 5–6 | Nov 2015 | Peru F5, Lima | Futures | Clay | Iván Endara | Andrea Collarini
Juan Ignacio Galarza | walkover |
| Win | 6–6 | Oct 2016 | Ecuador F2, Quito | Futures | Clay | Alejandro Mendoza | Mauricio Echazú
Federico Zeballos | walkover |
| Win | 7–6 | Nov 2016 | Bolivia F1, La Paz | Futures | Clay | Mauricio Echazú | Hugo Dellien
Federico Zeballos | 6–2, 7–6(7–3) |
| Loss | 7–7 | Nov 2016 | Bolivia F2, Cochabamba | Futures | Clay | Mauricio Echazú | Franco Agamenone
Matias Zukas | 6–7(3–7), 3–6 |
| Win | 8–7 | Dec 2017 | Peru F2, Lima | Futures | Clay | Junior Alexander Ore | Boris Arias
Federico Zeballos | 6–1, 7–5 |
| Win | 9–7 | May 2018 | Mexico F2, Mexico City | Futures | Hard | Junior Alexander Ore | Harrison Adams
Miles Seemann | 6–3, 6–7(1–7), \[10–6\] |
| Win | 10–7 | Oct 2018 | Peru F3, Lima | Futures | Clay | Junior Alexander Ore | Manuel Pena Lopez
Genaro Alberto Olivieri | 6–3, 6–3 |
| Loss | 10–8 | Nov 2018 | Chile F1, Viña del Mar | Futures | Clay | Mauricio Echazú | Mateo Nicolas Martinez
Juan Carlos Sáez | 3–6, 6–7(0–7) |
| Win | 11–8 | Mar 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Gerardo Lopez Villasenor | João Lucas Reis da Silva
Fernando Yamacita | 7–6(11–9), 4–6, \[10–8\] |
| Loss | 11–9 | Apr 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Iván Endara | Julian Bradley
Henry Craig | 3–6, 3–6 |
| Loss | 11–10 | Sep 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Juan Sebastián Gómez | Julian Bradley
Jack Findel-hawkins | 6–7(2–7), 5–7 |
| Loss | 11–11 | Sep 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Juan Sebastián Gómez | Julian Bradley
Jack Findel-hawkins | 3–6, 2–6 |
| Win | 12–11 | Sep 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Juan Sebastián Gómez | Cristian Rodríguez
Felipe Mantilla | 2–6, 6–4, \[11–9\] |
| Loss | 12–12 | Dec 2019 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Juan Carlos Manuel Aguilar | Reese Stalder
Tanner K Smith | 7–6(7–3), 1–6, \[9–11\] |
| Loss | 12–13 | Feb 2020 | M25 Lima, Peru | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Nicolas Alberto Arreche | Marcelo Tomas Barrios Vera
Carlos Gómez-Herrera | 5–7, 2–6 |
| Loss | 12–14 | Feb 2020 | M25 Lima, Peru | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Nicolas Alvarez | Conner Huertas del Pino
Sergio Galdós | 4–6, 6–4, \[5–10\] |
| Loss | 12–15 | Jun 2021 | M25 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Conner Huertas del Pino | Diego Hidalgo
Igor Marcondes | 5–7, 7–6(12–10), \[6–10\] |
| Win | 13–15 | Jun 2021 | M25 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Conner Huertas del Pino | Diego Hidalgo
Igor Marcondes | 7–6(9–7), 2–6, \[10–7\] |
| Loss | 13–16 | Aug 2021 | M25 Guayaquil, Ecuador | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Conner Huertas del Pino | Diego Hidalgo
Cristian Rodríguez | 3–6, 7–6(9–7), \[6–10\] |
| Win | 14–16 | Oct 2021 | M25 Lima, Peru | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Murkel Dellien | Cayetano March
Pol Martin Tiffon | 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–3) |
| Loss | 14–17 | Oct 2021 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Peter Bertran | Mbwendwa Mbithi
Joshua Peck | 5–7, 6–7(4–7) |
| Loss | 14–18 | Nov 2021 | M15 Cochabamba, Bolivia | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Dali Blanch | Boris Arias
Brandon Perez | 6–3, 1–6, \[5–10\] |
| Win | 15–18 | Feb 2022 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Arklon Huertas del Pino | Ryan Dickerson
Francesco Ferrari | 4–6, 6–3, \[10–5\] |
| Loss | 15–19 | Feb 2022 | M15 Punta Cana, Dominican Republic | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Conner Huertas del Pino | David Pichler
Oleg Prihodko | 0–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 15–20 | Jun 2022 | M15 Quito, Ecuador | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Alejandro Mendoza | Murkel Dellien
Arklon Huertas del Pino | 3–6, 5–7 |
| Win | 16–20 | Aug 2022 | M15 Cancún, Mexico | World Tennis Tour | Hard | Ignacio Buse | Marco Brugnerotto
Alexander Cozbinov | 6–2, 7–6(7–5) |
| Win | 17–20 | Nov 2022 | M15 Lima, Peru | World Tennis Tour | Clay | Conner Huertas del Pino | Miguel Fernando Pereira
Ignacio Carou | walkover |
| Loss | 17–21 | Aug 2023 | Lima, Peru | Challenger | Clay | Ignacio Buse | Gonzalo Bueno
Daniel Vallejo | 4–6, 2–6 |

## InfoBox

Jorge Panta
| Panta at the 2013 US Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Jorge Brian Panta Herreros |
| Country (sports) | Peru |
| Residence | Lima, Peru |
| Born | (1995-07-22) 22 July 1995
Piura, Peru |
| Plays | Right-handed (two handed-backhand) |
| Coach | Jorge Luis Panta Yarleque |
| Prize money | $61,041 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 3–2 (at ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 0
0 Challenger, 1 Futures |
| Highest ranking | No. 485 (13 January 2020) |
| Current ranking | No. 549 (24 May 2021) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 2–4 (at ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 0
0 Challenger, 12 Futures |
| Highest ranking | No. 402 (7 March 2020) |
| Current ranking | No. 453 (24 May 2021) |
| Team competitions | |
| Davis Cup | 2–2 |
| Medal record      Representing  Peru  Men's tennis  South American Games  2018 Cochabamba Men's doubles | |
| Last updated on: 26 May 2021. | |


title: Laurent Malet

abstract: Laurent Marie Guespin-Malet is a French actor, and the twin brother of actor Pierre Malet.

text:
# Laurent Malet

**Laurent Marie Guespin-Malet** (born 3 September 1955, in Bayonne) is a French actor, and the twin brother of actor Pierre Malet.

## Life

Malet's stage debut came in *La guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu* as Troilus alongside Claude Jade in 1975. In 1978 he was made famous by his role as *Andrew* alongside Donald Sutherland, Lisa Langlois and Stéphane Audran in *Les Liens de Sang* by Claude Chabrol. That same year, Gilles Béhat gave him the lead role in *Haro*. En 1979, he starred alongside Yves Montand in *Les Routes du sud* by Joseph Losey and played Lino Ventura's son in *Jigsaw (L'Homme en colère)*. He also played *Roger Bataille* in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's *Querelle* (after Jean Genet), and starred alongside Sandrine Bonnaire in 1984's *Tir à vue*, directed by Marc Angelo. In 1995 he played Arthur Rimbaud in Marc Rivière's *L'Homme aux semelles de vent*.

Highly attached to his brother and mother, he feels asked by the latter (in the terminal stages of a brain tumour) to put an end to her sufferings. He writes of this in his 2006 book *En attendant la suite*, in which he calls on the candidates in the presidential election to bring the state to legislate on euthanasia.

## Filmography

## TV

## Réalisateur/Scénariste


title: Soltec Team

abstract: Soltec Team is a Spanish women's road cycling team that was founded in 2022.

text:
# Soltec Team

**Soltec Team** is a Spanish women's road cycling team that was founded in 2022.

## Major results

2022 Trofeo Entre Viñas–Tomelloso, Almudena Montalvo

## National Champions

2023  Ethiopia Time Trial, Teklehaimanot Tsesfay  Romania Time Trial, Manuela Muresan  Ethiopia Road Race, Teklehaimanot Tsesfay

## InfoBox

Soltec Team
| Team information | |
| --- | --- |
| UCI code | STC (2022–) |
| Registered | Spain |
| Founded | 2022 (2022) |
| Discipline(s) | Road |
| Status | UCI Women's Continental Team (2022–) |
| Team name history | |
| 2022– | Soltec Team |


title: Ridgewood Pearl

abstract: Ridgewood Pearl (1992–2003) was an Irish-based Thoroughbred racehorse who in 1995 won four Group/Grade 1 races in four countries including over male horses in the Breeders' Cup Mile at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. The filly was bred by Sean Couglan and raced by his wife, Anne. Ridgewood Pearl was retired to broodmare duty and produced five foals before dying in 2003 as a result of hemorrhaging after producing a dead foal.

text:
# Ridgewood Pearl

**Ridgewood Pearl** (1992–2003) was an Irish-based Thoroughbred racehorse who in 1995 won four Group/Grade 1 races in four countries including over male horses in the Breeders' Cup Mile at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York.

The filly was bred by Sean Couglan and raced by his wife, Anne.

Ridgewood Pearl was retired to broodmare duty and produced five foals before dying in 2003 as a result of hemorrhaging after producing a dead foal.

## InfoBox

| Ridgewood Pearl | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Indian Ridge |
| Grandsire | Ahonoora |
| Dam | Ben's Pearl |
| Damsire | Tap On Wood |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 1992 |
| Country | Great Britain |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | Sean Coughlan |
| Owner | Anne Coughlan |
| Trainer | John Oxx |
| Record | 8: 6-1-1 |
| Earnings | US$1,179,371 (equivalent) |
| Major wins | |
| C. L. Weld Park Stakes (1994)
Athasi Stakes (1995)
Irish 1,000 Guineas (1995)
Coronation Stakes (1995)
Prix du Moulin de Longchamp (1995) **Breeders' Cup wins:**
Breeders' Cup Mile (1995) | |
| Awards | |
| Cartier Champion Three-year-old Filly (1995)
European Horse of the Year (1995) | |
| Honours | |
| Ridgewood Pearl Stakes at the Curragh | |
| Last updated on September 13, 2008 | |


title: Chab

abstract: Chab is the stage name used by Swiss trance music producer and remixer François Chabloz. Known for his progressive trance style, Chabloz has an extensive history as a remixer and he has also released original material under the monikers Moogwai and Star. Artists remixed by Chab include Gorillaz, Depeche Mode, Röyksopp, Ayumi Hamasaki, Nelly Furtado, and Every Little Thing. The work of Chab has been noticed by electronic DJ Paul Oakenfold and subsequently used on a trance compilation album of the same. In 2001, electronic music producer and DJ Tiësto featured Chab's work as well.

text:
# Chab

**Chab** is the stage name used by Swiss trance music producer and remixer **François Chabloz**. Known for his progressive trance style, Chabloz has an extensive history as a remixer and he has also released original material under the monikers **Moogwai** and **Star**. Artists remixed by Chab include Gorillaz, Depeche Mode, Röyksopp, Ayumi Hamasaki, Nelly Furtado, and Every Little Thing.

The work of Chab has been noticed by electronic DJ Paul Oakenfold and subsequently used on a trance compilation album of the same. In 2001, electronic music producer and DJ Tiësto featured Chab's work as well.

## Discography

* 1999 "Running Up That Hill" (with Frank Gee)
* 1999, 6/26 "A Night Out" (Moogwai)
* 2000 "Tunneling"/"The Sinus" (as Chab)
* 2000 "Rock Rose" (as Star)
* 2001 "Viola" (as Moogwai) - UK #55
* 2001 "The Labyrinth" (as Moogwai) - UK #68
* 2005 "5 Wishes & More" (as Moogwai)
* 2005 "Dub, Edits and Whisky-Coke" (as Chab)

## InfoBox

| Chab | |
| --- | --- |
| Chab performing in 2007 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | François Chabloz |
| Also known as | Moogwai, Star |
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Genres | Epic trance |


title: Single-board microcontroller

abstract: A single-board microcontroller is a microcontroller built onto a single printed circuit board. This board provides all of the circuitry necessary for a useful control task: a microprocessor, I/O circuits, a clock generator, RAM, stored program memory and any necessary support ICs. The intention is that the board is immediately useful to an application developer, without requiring them to spend time and effort to develop controller hardware. As they are usually low-cost, and have an especially low capital cost for development, single-board microcontrollers have long been popular in education. They are also a popular means for developers to gain hands-on experience with a new processor family.

text:
# Single-board microcontroller

A **single-board microcontroller** is a microcontroller built onto a single printed circuit board. This board provides all of the circuitry necessary for a useful control task: a microprocessor, I/O circuits, a clock generator, RAM, stored program memory and any necessary support ICs. The intention is that the board is immediately useful to an application developer, without requiring them to spend time and effort to develop controller hardware.

As they are usually low-cost, and have an especially low capital cost for development, single-board microcontrollers have long been popular in education. They are also a popular means for developers to gain hands-on experience with a new processor family.

## Origins

Single-board microcontrollers appeared in the late 1970s, when the appearance of early microprocessors, such as the 6502 and the Z80, made it practical to build an entire controller on a single board, as well as affordable to dedicate a computer to a relatively minor task.

In March 1976, Intel announced a single-board computer product that integrated all of the support components required for their 8080 microprocessor, along with 1 kilobyte of RAM, 4 kilobytes of user-programmable ROM, and 48 lines of parallel digital I/O with line drivers. The board also offered expansion through a bus connector, but could be used without an expansion card cage when applications did not require additional hardware. Software development for this system was hosted on Intel's Intellec MDS microcomputer development system; this provided assembler and PL/M support, and permitted in-circuit emulation for debugging.

Processors of this era required a number of support chips to be included outside of the processor. RAM and EPROM were separate, often requiring memory management or refresh circuitry for dynamic memory. I/O processing might have been carried out by a single chip such as the 8255, but frequently required several more chips.

A single-board microcontroller differs from a single-board computer in that it lacks the general-purpose user interface and mass storage interfaces that a more general-purpose computer would have. Compared to a microprocessor development board, a microcontroller board would emphasize digital and analog control interconnections to some controlled system, whereas a development board might by have only a few or no discrete or analog input/output devices. The development board exists to showcase or train on some particular processor family and, therefore, internal implementation is more important than external function.

## Internal bus

The bus of the early single-board devices, such as the Z80 and 6502, was universally a Von Neumann architecture. Program and data memory were accessed via the same shared bus, even though they were stored in fundamentally different types of memory: ROM for programs and RAM for data. This bus architecture was needed to economise the number of pins needed from the limited 40 available for the processor's ubiquitous dual-in-line IC package.

It was common to offer access to the internal bus through an expansion connector, or at least provide space for a connector to be soldered on. This was a low-cost option and offered the potential for expansion, even if it was rarely used. Typical expansions would be I/O devices or additional memory. It was unusual to add peripheral devices such as tape or disk storage, or a CRT display

Later, when single-chip microcontrollers, such as the 8048, became available, the bus no longer needed to be exposed outside the package, as all necessary memory could be provided within the chip package. This generation of processors used a Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses, both internal to the chip. Many of these processors used a modified Harvard architecture, where some write access was possible to the program data space, thus permitting in-circuit programming. None of these processors required, or supported, a Harvard bus across a single-board microcontroller. When they supported a bus for expansion of peripherals, a dedicated I/O bus, such as I²C, 1-Wire or various serial buses, was used.

## External bus expansion

Some microcontroller boards using a general-purpose microprocessor can bring the address and data bus of the processor to an expansion connector, allowing additional memory or peripherals to be added. This provides resources not already present on the single board system. Since not every system will require expansion, the connector may be optional, with a mounting position provided for installation by the user if desired.

## Input and output

Microcontroller systems provide multiple forms of input and output signals to allow application software to control an external "real-world" system. Discrete digital I/O provides a single bit of data (on or off). Analog signals, representing a continuous variable range, such as temperature or pressure, can also be inputs and outputs for microcontrollers.

Discrete digital inputs and outputs might be buffered from the microprocessor data bus only by an addressable latch, or might be operated by a specialized input/output IC, such as an Intel 8255 or Motorola 6821 parallel input/output adapter. Later single-chip microcontrollers have input and output pins available. These input/output circuits usually do not provide enough current to directly operate devices like lamps or motors, so solid-state relays are operated by the microcontroller digital outputs, and inputs are isolated by signal conditioning level-shifting and protection circuits.

One or more analog inputs, with an analog multiplexer and common analog-to-digital converter, are found on some microcontroller boards. Analog outputs may use a digital-to-analog converter or, on some microcontrollers, may be controlled by pulse-width modulation. For discrete inputs, external circuits may be required to scale inputs, or to provide functions like bridge excitation or cold junction compensation.

To control component costs, many boards were designed with extra hardware interface circuits but without the components for these circuits installed, leaving the board bare. The circuit was added as an option on delivery, or could be populated later.

It is common practice for boards to include "prototyping areas", areas of the board laid out as a solderable breadboard area with the bus and power rails available, but without a defined circuit. Several controllers, particularly those intended for training, also include a pluggable, re-usable breadboard for easy prototyping of extra I/O circuits that could be changed or removed for later projects.

## Communications and user interfaces

Communications interfaces vary depending on the age of the microcontroller system. Early systems might implement a serial port to provide RS-232 or current loop. The serial port could be used by the application program or could be used, in conjunction with a monitor ROM, to transfer programs into the microcontroller memory. Current microcontrollers may support USB, wireless networks (Wi-Fi, Zigbee, or others), or provide an Ethernet connection. In addition, they may support a TCP/IP protocol stack. Some devices have firmware available to implement a Web server, allowing an application developer to rapidly build a Web-enabled instrument or system.

## Programming

Many early systems had no internal facilities for programming, and relied on a separate "host" system for this task. This programming was typically done in assembly language, or sometimes in  or PL/M, and then cross-assembled or cross-compiled on the host. Some single-board microcontrollers support a BASIC language system, allowing programs to be developed on the target hardware. Hosted development allows all the storage and peripherals of a desktop computer to be used, providing a more powerful development environment.

### EPROM burning

Early microcontrollers relied on erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) devices to hold the application program. The object code from a host system would be "burned" onto an EPROM with an EPROM programmer. This EPROM was then physically plugged into the board. As the EPROM would be removed and replaced many times during program development, it was common to provide a ZIF socket to avoid wear or damage. Erasing an EPROM with a UV eraser takes a considerable time, and so it was also common for a developer to have several EPROMs in circulation at any one time.

Some microcontroller devices were available with on-board EPROM. These would also be programmed in a separate burner, then put into a socket on the target system.

The use of EPROM sockets allowed field updates to the application program, either to fix errors or to provide updated features.

### Keypad monitors

When the single-board controller formed the entire development environment (typically in education), the board might also have included a simple hexadecimal keypad, calculator-style LED display, and a "monitor" program set permanently in ROM. This monitor allowed machine code programs to be entered directly through the keyboard and held in RAM. These programs were in machine code, not even in assembly language, and were often assembled by hand on paper before being inputted. It is arguable as to which process was more time-consuming and error prone: assembling by hand, or keying byte-by-byte.

Single-board "keypad and calculator display" microcontrollers of this type were very similar to some low-end microcomputers of the time, such as the KIM-1 or the Microprofessor I. Some of these microprocessor "trainer" systems are still in production today, used as very low-cost introductions to microprocessors at the hardware programming level.

### Hosted development

When desktop personal computers appeared, initially CP/M or Apple II, then later the IBM PC and compatibles, there was a shift to hosted development. Hardware was now cheaper and RAM capacity had expanded such that it was possible to download the program through the serial port and hold it in RAM. This massive reduction in the cycle time to test a new version of a program gave an equally large boost in development speed.

This program memory was still volatile and would be lost if power was lost. Flash memory was not yet available at a viable price. As a completed controller project was usually required to be non-volatile, the final step in a project was often to burn it to an EPROM.

## Single-chip microcontrollers

Single-chip microcontrollers, such as the Intel 8748, combined many of the features of previous boards into a single IC package. Single-chip microcontrollers integrate memory (both RAM and ROM) on-package and, therefore, do not need to expose the data and address bus through the pins of the IC package. These pins are then available for I/O lines. These changes also reduce the area required on the printed circuit board and simplify the design of the single-board microcontroller. Examples of single-chip microcontrollers include:

### Program memory

For production use as embedded systems, the on-board ROM was either mask programmed at the chip factory or one-time programmed (OTP) by the developer as a PROM. PROMs often used the same UV EPROM technology for the chip, but in a cheaper package without the transparent erasure window. During program development, it was still necessary to burn EPROMs. In this case, the entire controller IC, and therefore the ZIF sockets, would be provided.

With the development of affordable EEPROM and flash memory, it became practical to attach the controller permanently to the board and to download program code from a host computer through a serial connection. This was termed "in-circuit programming". Erasure of old programs was carried out by either over-writing them with a new download, or bulk erasing them electrically (for EEPROM). The latter method was slower, but could be carried out in-situ.

The main function of the controller board was then to carry the support circuits for this serial or, on later boards, USB interface. As a further convenience during development, many boards also had low-cost features like LED monitors of the I/O lines or reset switches mounted on board.

## Single-board microcontrollers today

It is now cheap and simple to design circuit boards for microcontrollers. Development host systems are also cheap, especially when using open source software. Higher level programming languages abstract details of the hardware, making differences between specific processors less obvious to the application programmer. Rewritable flash memory has replaced slow programming cycles, at least during program development. Accordingly, almost all development now is based on cross-compilation from personal computers and programs are downloaded to the controller board through a serial-like interface, usually appearing to the host as a USB device.

The original market demand for a simplified board implementation is no longer as relevant for microcontrollers. Single-board microcontrollers are still important, but have shifted their focus to:

* Easily accessible platforms aimed at traditionally "non-programmer" groups, such as artists, designers, hobbyists, and others interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Some typical projects in 2011 included: the backup control of DMX stage lights and special effects, multi-camera control, autonomous fighting robots, controlling bluetooth projects from a computer or smart phone, LEDs and multiplexing, displays, audio, motors, mechanics, and power control. These controllers may be embedded to form part of a physical computing project. Popular choices for this work are the Arduino, Dwengo or Wiring.
* Technology demonstration boards for innovative processors or peripheral features:


title: John Sinclair (British Army officer)

abstract: Sir John Alexander Sinclair, was a British Army general who was head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) from 1953 to 1956.

text:
# John Sinclair (British Army officer)

**Sir John Alexander Sinclair**, KCMG, CB, OBE (29 May 1897 – 22 March 1977) was a British Army general who was head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) from 1953 to 1956.

## Career

Sinclair was the second son of a Church of England priest, John Sinclair. He was educated at West Downs School, Winchester, and the Naval Colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth. He served in the Royal Navy during World War I but had to leave the Navy due to ill health. At the end of the war he transferred to the army and after training at Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, was commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery. In 1938 he was appointed an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley. By 1941 he was Deputy Director of Operations at the War Office and then in 1942 he became Commander Royal Artillery for 1st Division. In 1944 he was appointed Director of Military Intelligence at the War Office. In 1946, while still in the army, he started working for the SIS.

Following his retirement from the military in 1952 as a Major-General, Sinclair was appointed head of the SIS, taking up the post in 1953. He led the Service through the transition from its wartime operations, directing operations in the emerging Cold War environment in a "practical and responsible fashion", "instead of accommodating the risk-takers". He also introduced reforms to recruitment and conditions of service designed to introduce a professional career structure within SIS suited to post-war conditions. His personal integrity was recognised not just by colleagues, but also by opponents.

Sir John's retirement coincided with a failed frogman mission to investigate the *Sverdlov*-class cruiser *Ordzhonikidze* that had brought the leader of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev, and Prime Minister Nikolai Bulganin on a diplomatic mission to Britain, resulting in the death of frogman Lionel Crabb. The Prime Minister had not approved this mission and some accounts incorrectly claimed that Sir John had been forced to resign. The "Authorized History of MI5" confirms that the decision that the head of that service should succeed Sir John at his planned retirement date in 1956 had been taken by the Prime Minister in 1954.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Major GeneralSir John SinclairKCMG CB OBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Major General Sinclair in 1944. | |
| Born | (1897-05-29)29 May 1897
Fulham, London |
| Died | 22 March 1977(1977-03-22) (aged 79)
Funtington, West Sussex |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Intelligence officer |
| Awards | KCMG, CB, OBE, Commander of the Legion of Merit, Commander of the Order of the Crown |
| **Espionage activity** | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service branch |  |
| Rank |  |
|  | |


title: Double-swing model

abstract: The double-swing model is a model of intercultural communication, originated by Muneo Yoshikawa, conceptualizing how individuals, cultures, and intercultural notions can meet in constructive ways. The communication is understood as an infinite process where both parties change in the course of the communicative or translational exchange.

text:
# Double-swing model

The **double-swing model** (also known as the **Möbius integration philosophy**) is a model of intercultural communication, originated by Muneo Yoshikawa, conceptualizing how individuals, cultures, and intercultural notions can meet in constructive ways. The communication is understood as an infinite process where both parties change in the course of the communicative or translational exchange.

## Overview

Yoshikawa highlights four major ways of handling the crossing of a cultural boundary:

* *The ethnocentric mode* – In this mode I take no interest whatsoever in the perspective of the person with whom I am speaking, concentrating entirely on my own point of view.
* *The control mode* – Here, I do take an interest in the beliefs of my conversational partner, but I do not take them seriously. The information is only useful in assisting me to manipulate the situation in my advantage.
* *The dialectical mode* – In this case, my objective amounts to something like fusion of opinions. My purpose is to make differences disappear, so that both I and the person with whom I am communicating lose any sense of independent identity. Thus true differences get lost beneath a spuriously generated consensus.
* *The dialogical mode* – The above three modes all assume that encounters are between individuals who are at some fundamental level isolated from each other. The dialogical mode draws upon the Buddhist philosophy (the logic of soku hi) and the ideas of the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber (the I-Thou relationship) in seeing human beings as complete only in relationship. Whilst the dialogue is between two people who are separate and independent, they are simultaneously and inevitably interdependent. It is from this stance of mutual respect that the difficult process of entering the gap in understanding takes place.

He emphasizes that both communication parties play the role of addresser and addressee. In the double-swing model, communication is seen as an infinite process and the two participants will both change during their meeting. He underlines that the goal of communication is not to eliminate differences, but to use the dynamics that arise through the encounter.

The model is graphically presented as the infinity symbol (∞), also as a Möbius strip, visualizing the twofold movement between the self and the other that allows for both unity and uniqueness. The front side and the back side of the strip appear divided, but both sides are apparently interconnected, and may be viewed as one and the same. This theoretical model indicates that one is neither this side or that side nor beyond both sides, but one is the between. Yoshikawa calls the unity that is created out of the realization of differences "identity in unity". This dialogical unity does not eliminate the tension between basic potential unity and apparent duality.

Yoshikawa coined the term "dynamic in-betweenness", suggesting how the individual is able to move between different cultural traditions, acting appropriately and feeling at home in each, and in doing so simultaneously maintains an integrated, multi-cultural sense of self. Rather than the either/or identity of encapsulated marginals, constructive marginals experience their movement between cultures as both/and.

The model has been related to the notion of pendulation described by Peter A. Levine, the swinging back and forth between our point of view and that of the other that allows the potential for understanding each other.

## History

In 1978, Muneo Yoshikawa published an essay of personal reflections upon his psychological evolution as a Japanese in the United States, highlighting the role of identity inclusiveness and identity security as the very essence of what it means to be an interculturally competent person. In 1980, he first proposed the double-swing model, developing it later in 1987. The theory became also known as the *Möbius integration philosophy* and served as a premise for the theory of "integrative philosophy", developed by Muneo Yoshikawa in collaboration with Shozo Hibino.


title: Dennos Museum Center

abstract:
The Dennos Museum Center is a fine art museum and cultural center located in Traverse City, Michigan on the campus of Northwestern Michigan College (NMC). Most notable for its permanent collection of Inuit art, the Dennos Museum opened in 1991 and features rotating exhibitions of Modern
and Contemporary art. The museum consists of three changing exhibit galleries, a sculpture court, an Interactive Discovery Gallery for children and adults, and semi-permanent galleries for Inuit art and the museum's permanent collections. The museum has a permanent collection of 3,100 works, of which nearly 2,000 are Inuit art prints and sculptures. The museum is home to three temporary exhibition galleries that cover 8,000 square feet (740 m⁲) combined with an additional 12,000 square feet of semi-permanent exhibition space for the museum's permanent collection. As a cultural center, the Dennos Museum Center also provides exhibitions and programs in the sciences and performing arts. It includes the Milliken Auditorium, a 367-seat concert hall that hosts an annual concert series emphasizing world, jazz and blues music along with NMC and community events. The museum also oversees a collection of 14 outdoor sculptures by international and Michigan artists on the grounds of the college campus. In 2000, the museum was recognized by ArtServe Michigan with the Governor's Award for Arts and Culture.

text:
# Dennos Museum Center

The **Dennos Museum Center** is a fine art museum and cultural center located in Traverse City, Michigan on the campus of Northwestern Michigan College (NMC). Most notable for its permanent collection of Inuit art, the Dennos Museum opened in 1991 and features rotating exhibitions of Modern and Contemporary art.

The museum consists of three changing exhibit galleries, a sculpture court, an Interactive Discovery Gallery for children and adults, and semi-permanent galleries for Inuit art and the museum's permanent collections. The museum has a permanent collection of 3,100 works, of which nearly 2,000 are Inuit art prints and sculptures. The museum is home to three temporary exhibition galleries that cover 8,000 square feet (740 m2) combined with an additional 12,000 square feet of semi-permanent exhibition space for the museum's permanent collection.

As a cultural center, the Dennos Museum Center also provides exhibitions and programs in the sciences and performing arts. It includes the Milliken Auditorium, a 367-seat concert hall that hosts an annual concert series emphasizing world, jazz and blues music along with NMC and community events. The museum also oversees a collection of 14 outdoor sculptures by international and Michigan artists on the grounds of the college campus. In 2000, the museum was recognized by ArtServe Michigan with the Governor's Award for Arts and Culture.

## History

### Formation

The Inuit art collection was started in 1960 by Northwestern Michigan College librarian Bernie Rink, who began collecting sculptures and prints for a library exhibition fundraiser. Rink organized the event as an annual sale of Canadian Inuit Art. Many of the items sold by Rink were prints. He retained some of the items each year, both prints and sculptures, resulting in the gradual growth of the Inuit art collection to 500 pieces by 1991, and 1500 pieces by 2015.

A need for an art collection and cultural center in Traverse City was identified in the 1980s. Barbara and husband Michael Dennos, then an executive with Chef Pierre (Sarah Lee Corporation), were both instrumental in the formation and funding of the museum.

In 1988, founding director Eugene Jenneman was hired by Northwestern Michigan College to work with architect Bob Holdeman to design and oversee the building of the museum. After a $6.5-million community campaign, the museum, named for Michael and Barbara Dennos, was opened in July 1991. The Barbara and Michael Dennos Museum Center was one of the first collections of Inuit art open to the public in the United States.

The Dennos Museum Center building, designed by Holdeman, includes the 367-seat Milliken Auditorium, home to a concert and lecture series, educational events, and other programming.

### Expansion

Following fundraising efforts which began in 2015, the museum received significant funds from local benefactors, including a $1 million gift from Barbara and Dudley Smith for the Inuit art gallery expansion and a $2 million gift from Diana and Richard Milock, the museum expanded its Inuit Gallery and added an additional 10,000 square feet of semi-permanent exhibition space as part of a $5 million building expansion that opened in 2018. The addition for the Inuit Collection was named the Barbara and Dudley Smith Wing for Inuit Art.

## Collections

The Dennos Museum established one of the first public collections in the United States of Inuit Art of the Canadian Arctic. The majority of works in the permanent collection are from Inuit of the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, and Alaska. The museum also holds a collection of works by Canadian artists associated with the Woodlands style including Norval Morrisseau and Carl Ray, as well as works by key Michigan contemporary artists such as Charles McGee.

Notable Inuit artists in the Dennos Museum's collection include:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

The museum also oversees the care of fourteen large-scale outdoor sculptures on the grounds of Northwestern Michigan College which includes works by Hanna Stiebel and Clement Meadmore.

In 2021, the museum began providing access to part of the collection via an online database that contains images of approximately 800 Inuit works on paper.

## Management

The museum is led by executive director Craig Hadley, former curator of the art museum at DePauw University in Indiana, who took the reins in late 2019. Hadley succeeded Eugene Jenneman, the museum's founding executive director, who was hired by the college in 1988 to help finalize the museum's design and construction and oversaw several major expansions during his 27-year tenure.

In 2021, the museum began to pursue museum accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums (a several year process) by publishing a board approved mission statement expressing that the museum “builds community, sparks conversation, and inspires change for audiences of all ages through its exhibitions, programs, and the collection and preservation of art.

44°45′53.0″N 85°35′15.9″W / 44.764722°N 85.587750°W / 44.764722; -85.587750

## InfoBox

Dennos Museum Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within the United States | |
| Established | 1991 |
| Location | Northwestern Michigan College
1410 College Drive
Traverse City, Michigan 49686 |
| Type | Art Museum |
| Collections | Inuit art,
Modern art,
Contemporary art |
| Collection size | 3,100 |
| Director | Craig Hadley |
| Architect | Bob Holdeman |
| Website | www.dennosmuseum.org |


title: Seeekret

abstract: Seeekret is the seventh and final album by American New York City based Kleeer.

text:
# Seeekret

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Seeekret*** is the seventh and final album by American New York City based Kleeer.

## Track listing

1. "Take Your Heart Away" 6:14
2. "You Got Me Rockin'" 5:13
3. "Lay Ya Down Ez" 5:07
4. "Seeekret" 6:07
5. "Do Not Lie To Me" 4:57
6. "Never Cry Again" 4:49
7. "Call My Name" 4:23

## Personnel

* Norman Durham - bass, keyboards, lead and backing vocals
* Woody Cunningham - Percussion, lead and backing vocals
* Paul Crutchfield - Percussion, lead and backing vocals
* Richard Lee - guitar, backing vocals
* Eumir Deodato \- synthesizer
* Keith O'Quinn - trombone
* Bob Malach - tenor saxophone
* Barbara Byrd, Christine Holmes - backing vocals

## Charts

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
R&B |
| 1985 | "Take Your Heart Away'" | 62 |
|

## InfoBox

| Seeekret | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kleeer | |
| Released | 1985 |
| Recorded | 1985 |
| Genre | Soul, funk |
| Length | 36:50 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | Eumir Deodato |
| Kleeer chronology | |
| *Intimate Connection*
(1984) ***Seeekret***
(1985) | |


title: Vatrak River

abstract: The Vatrak is a tributary of the Sabarmati River which flows for 243 kilometers in Gujarat, India. It originates in the hills of Dungarpur, Rajasthan and enters in Gujarat near village Moydi of Meghraj taluka.

text:
# Vatrak River

The **Vatrak** is a tributary of the Sabarmati River which flows for 243 kilometers in Gujarat, India. It originates in the hills of Dungarpur, Rajasthan and enters in Gujarat near village Moydi of Meghraj taluka.

## Basin

Vatrak run parallel to the Mahi River, for about 29 km in Rajasthan, before entering the Sabarkantha district near village Moyedi. It runs in the southwest direction of the district, joining Mazum river near the district border with Kheda. Near Untadiya village, Vatrak river meets Zanzari river and the Utkanteshwar Mahadev temple is located on the sangam (lit.'confluence').

The river joins Shedhi and Meshwo near Kheda and finally drains into Sabarmati at Vautha near Dholka.

## InfoBox

| Vatrak | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 22°39′14″N 72°32′34″E / 22.6539°N 72.5429°E / 22.6539; 72.5429 |
| Length | 243 kilometers |


title: Laurent Mailhot

abstract: Laurent Mailhot was a Canadian historian, writer, professor, essayist, and literary critic.

text:
# Laurent Mailhot

**Laurent Mailhot** (22 September 1931 – 4 January 2021) was a Canadian historian, writer, professor, essayist, and literary critic.

## Biography

Born in Saint-Alexis on 22 September 1931, Mailhot studied at the Séminaire de Joliette. He earned a master's degree from the Université de Montréal and a doctorate from the University of Grenoble. He began teaching at the Université de Montréal in 1963. He was an editor at the journal *Études françaises* from 1979 to 1987.

Laurent Mailhot died in Trois-Rivières on 4 January 2021 at the age of 89.

## Publications

### Studies

* *Le théâtre québécois. Introduction à dix dramaturges contemporains* (1970)
* *Albert Camus ou l’imagination du désert* (1973)
* *La littérature québécoise* (1974)
* *Le réel, le réalisme et la littérature québécoise* (1974)
* *Théâtre québécois II. Nouveaux auteurs, autres spectacles* (1980)
* *Répertoire pratique de littérature et de culture québécoises* (1981)
* *Guide culturel du Québec* (1982)
* *Le Conseil des arts du Canada 1957-1982* (1982)
* *Ouvrir le livre* (1992)
* *La littérature québécoise depuis ses origines* (1997)
* *Plaisirs de la prose* (2005)
* *André Brochu, écrivain* (2006)

### Anthologies

* *Anthologie d'Arthur Buies* (1978)
* *Monologues québécois : 1890-1980* (1980)
* *Le Québec en textes 1940-1980* (1980)
* *La poésie québécoise des origines à nos jours. Anthologie* (1980)
* *Essais québécois 1837-1983. Anthologie littéraire* (1984)
* *L’essai québécois depuis 1845. Étude et anthologie* (2005)

## Distinctions

## InfoBox

| Laurent Mailhot | |
| --- | --- |
| Laurent Mailhot | |
| Born | 22 September 1931
Saint-Alexis, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | 4 January 2021(2021-01-04) (aged 89)
Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada |
| Occupation(s) | Historian
Writer |


title: China Health Care Corporation

abstract: The China Health Care Corporation is a healthcare company based in Hong Kong, China.

text:
# China Health Care Corporation

The **China Health Care Corporation** is a healthcare company based in Hong Kong, China.

## History

The China Health Care Corporation or CHC Healthcare for short was co-founded in 2005 by American business executive Charles A. Elcan and his father-in-law, Thomas F. Frist Jr. whose father was the founder of Hospital Corporation of America. Charles Elcan served as its president. Charles was had previously owned and operated Medcap Properties which sold over 150 HCA operated hospital properties to HCP Inc. in a 575-million-dollar deal allowing Charles the additional capital to invest in China. It opened its first hospital in Cixi City in partnership with the local Chinese government in January 2014. It was "the first-ever joint venture between Chinese government and a private hospital company." The hospital has 500 beds for patients, and is expected to expand to 600 beds in phase 2. The local government owns 30%, the Frist family owns 70% minus the minority shareholders agreements by CHC executive leadership teams representing 3%.

The first flagship hospital investment was made outside of Ningbo in the Cixi region of China where the Cilin Hospital was built. Cilin Hospital was a greenfield project designed by GS&P that took over the physicians and patients of a dilapidated facility located within the city called Cixi Peoples Hospital 2. The existing conditions for medical care at the hospital where in a third-world state with unsanitary operating conditions and under skilled medical staff. The majority of its income was made by selling medications through the pharmacy. CHC brought in US resources to train and mentor the existing staff as well as define a new healthcare operating model that merged the best of western medical technology and eastern traditional Chinese healthcare. It would eventually facilitate care for over 22,000 out-patients per day and 500 plus ongoing care inpatients. There are 12 operating rooms with an ICU and NICU in the facility. Nuclear medicine and advanced surgical procedures are conducted on a daily basis since its opening.

There existed no software that fit the operating model developed by CHC Leadership. CHC Healthcare's CIO, Mederick Jones created a US$1.2 million project to develop a state of the art bilingual web-based HIS system that included RIS, LIS, PACs, EMR, and HRP modules to run the facility. CHC corporate executive team worked closely with the local Health Bureau and Chinese government to establish a Digital Electronic Personal Health Record ID card and physicians Digital Signature system that would be recognized legally by the Ministry of Health in China. Through these technical developments the hospital was able to deliver a greatly improved quality of care and regional analytics for the Ningbo Bureau of Health that made the CHC operating model unique.

CHC Healthcare was one of the best-funded healthcare startups in China with plans to quickly purchase additional hospitals or put in place hospital operating agreements with tier 2 and 3 public hospitals located conveniently near the high-speed rail systems in China. Five facilities were ultimately purchased and/or operated by CHC spanning 3600 beds before its sale in 2017 to Bain Capital.

## InfoBox

China Health Care Corporation
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Founder | Charles A. Elcan, Thomas F. Frist, Jr. |
| Headquarters | Hong Kong, China |
| Key people | Charles A. Elcan (president) |


title: Benson Idahosa

abstract:
Benson Andrew Idahosa, was a Charismatic Pentecostal preacher. He founded Church of God Mission International. Archbishop Benson Idahosa was popularly referred to as the father of Pentecostalism in Nigeria. Idahosa was the founder of Benson Idahosa University (BIU) in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
His only son, Bishop F.E.B. Idahosa, is now the president of BIU, founder and president of Big Ben's Children Hospital, and vice-president of All Nations for Christ Bible Institute International, among other positions.

text:
# Benson Idahosa

**Benson Andrew Idahosa** (11 September 1938 – 12 March 1998), was a Charismatic Pentecostal preacher. He founded Church of God Mission International. Archbishop Benson Idahosa was popularly referred to as the father of Pentecostalism in Nigeria. Idahosa was the founder of Benson Idahosa University (BIU) in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. His only son, Bishop F.E.B. Idahosa, is now the president of BIU, founder and president of Big Ben's Children Hospital, and vice-president of All Nations for Christ Bible Institute International, among other positions.

## Biography

In October 1968, Idahosa officially inaugurated the Church of God Mission International, which had started previously, as a "small prayer group". A claim made by Idahosa that he had raised eight people from the dead was dropped when challenged by the Advertising Standards Authority, who sought evidence that the individuals concerned had been dead. He was commissioned into ministry in 1971 by Pa Elton and James Gordon Lindsey. He was ordained a Bishop in 1981, and ordained several others, including Bishop David Oyedepo of the Living Faith Church Worldwide in 1989.

Idahosa died on 12 March 1998. He was survived by his wife, Margaret Idahosa and four children. His wife subsequently took over as the Archbishop of the Church of God Mission International (CGMI), the Christian ministry he founded, she is also the Chancellor of Benson Idahosa University.

## InfoBox

| ArchbishopBenson Idahosa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 3rd President of PFN | |
| **In office**
1995–1998 | |
| Preceded by | Enoch Adeboye |
| Succeeded by | Mike Okonkwo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Benson Andrew Idahosa
(1938-09-11)11 September 1938
Benin City, Edo, Nigeria |
| Died | 12 March 1998(1998-03-12) (aged 59)
Benin City, Nigeria |
| Resting place | Benin City, Nigeria |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Spouse | Archbishop Margaret Idahosa |
| Children | 1 son, 3 daughters |
| Occupation | Televangelist, author, pastor |
|  | |


title: Chalaaboun

abstract: Chalaaboun is an archeological site in the outskirts of Ain Ebel in South Lebanon.

text:
# Chalaaboun

**Chalaaboun** (Arabic: **شلعبون)** is an archeological site in the outskirts of Ain Ebel in South Lebanon.

## History

Ernest Renan visited Chalaaboun during his mission to Lebanon and described what he found in his book Mission de Phénicie (1865-1874). Renan believed that Chalaaboun was the Biblical town of Shaalabbin of the Tribe of Dan. He found a tomb similar to that of Jesus Christ.

In 1875, Victor Guérin called for the "attention to the sarcophagi alluded to by Lieutenant Kitchener. He says there are two which have sculptured on the sides a winged figure holding up a garland to right and left, the curve of which is surmounted on one side by a disc, and on the other by a cross. Beside one lies the cross, furnished with a ridge and acroteria. To the west of this hill rises a second, the slopes of which are terraced, the highest platform being sustained by a strong wall. Here are the vestiges of a small town, in the shape of cisterns and foundations of cut stones.

In 1881, the PEF's *Survey of Western Palestine* (SWP) described it: "Heaps of well-cut stones, some of large size ; four or five sarcophagi, very large and well-preserved, decorated with figures holding up a wreath, similar to those at Kades, but better preserved. There are also two caves and many cisterns, and a large birkeh on the south side. This was an ancient and important place.

## Bibliography

* Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). *The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology*. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
* Guérin, V. (1880). *Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine* (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
* Palmer, E.H. (1881). *The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer*. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
* Renan, E. (1864). *Mission de Phénicie* (in French). Paris: Imprimerie impériale.

33°07′27″N 35°25′02″E / 33.1242°N 35.4172°E / 33.1242; 35.4172


title: Charged particle beam

abstract:
A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same position, kinetic energy, and direction. The kinetic energies of the particles are much larger than the energies of particles at ambient temperature. The high energy and directionality of charged particle beams make them useful for many applications in particle physics. Such beams can be split into two main classes:
  - unbunched beams, which have no longitudinal substructure in the direction of beam motion.
  - bunched beams, in which the particles are distributed into pulses (bunches) of particles. Bunched beams are most common in modern facilities, since the most modern particle accelerators require bunched beams for acceleration. Assuming a normal distribution of particle positions and impulses, a charged particle beam is characterized by
  - the species of particle, e.g. electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei
  - the mean energy of the particles, often expressed in electronvolts
  - the (average) particle current, often expressed in amperes
  - the particle beam size, often using the so-called β-function
  - the beam emittance, a measure of the area occupied by the beam in one of several phase spaces. These parameters can be expressed in various ways. For example, the current and beam size can be combined into the current density, and the current and energy can be combined into the perveance K = I V−3/2. The charged particle beams that can be manipulated in particle accelerators can be subdivided into electron beams, ion beams and proton beams.

text:
# Charged particle beam

A **charged particle beam** is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same position, kinetic energy (resulting in the same velocity), and direction. The kinetic energies of the particles are much larger than the energies of particles at ambient temperature. The high energy and directionality of charged particle beams make them useful for many applications in particle physics (see Particle beam#Applications and Electron-beam technology).

Such beams can be split into two main classes:

1. *unbunched beams* (*coasting beams* or *DC beams*), which have no longitudinal substructure in the direction of beam motion.
2. *bunched beams*, in which the particles are distributed into pulses (bunches) of particles. Bunched beams are most common in modern facilities, since the most modern particle accelerators require bunched beams for acceleration.

Assuming a normal distribution of particle positions and impulses, a charged particle beam (or a bunch of the beam) is characterized by

These parameters can be expressed in various ways. For example, the current and beam size can be combined into the current density, and the current and energy (or beam voltage V) can be combined into the perveance *K* = *I* *V*<sup>−3/2</sup>.

The charged particle beams that can be manipulated in particle accelerators can be subdivided into electron beams, ion beams and proton beams.

## Common types

1. Ruggiero, F; Thomashausen, J (June 2005), *CERN Accelerator School: Basic Course On General Accelerator Physics*, p. 296, doi:10.5170/CERN-2005-004, CERN-2005-004, retrieved 14 November 2017
2. Edwards, D.A.; Syphers, M.J. (1993). *An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators*. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 9780471551638.
3. Humphries, Stanley (1990). *Charged particle beams* (PDF). New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 9780471600145.


title: John Sinclair, 23rd Lord Herdmanston

abstract: John Sinclair, Lord Herdmanston, was a Scottish noble of the 17th century.

text:
# John Sinclair, 23rd Lord Herdmanston

**John Sinclair**, Lord Herdmanston, (14 February 1632 – 13 July 1666) was a Scottish noble of the 17th century.

## Early life

John was baptized 14 February 1632. He was the eldest son of John Sinclair, 22nd Lord Herdmanston, and Elizabeth Sinclair. Among his brothers were William St Clair of Carfrae, Robert St Clair (Governor of Tilbury), George St Clair (a merchant, Baillie and Magistrate of Edinburgh), and Dr. Matthew St Clair.

His maternal grandfather was John Sinclair of Stevenson. His paternal grandparents were Sir John Sinclair, 21st Lord Herdmanston, and Mary Richardson (a daughter of Sir James Richardson of Smeaton). Through his brother Matthew, he was uncle to Charles St Clair of Herdmanston, later *de jure* Lord Sinclair (grandfather to Charles St Clair, 13th Lord Sinclair), and Dr. Andrew St Clair, physician to King George II.

## Career

St Clair was taken prisoner at the Battle of Worcester in 1651, and exempted from Cromwell's Act of Grace.

## Personal life

John married his distant cousin, Catherine Sinclair, Mistress of Sinclair, only child and heiress of John Sinclair, 10th Lord Sinclair, and Lady Mary Wemyss (eldest daughter of John Wemyss, 1st Earl of Wemyss). Among their children were:

* Henry St Clair (1660–1723), Master of Herdmanston, who succeeded as the 11th Lord Sinclair.
* John Sinclair (1663–c.1687)
* Mary Sinclair (1666–c.1721), who married merchant George Wilson, son of Thomas Wilson, of Edinburgh.

St Clair died on 13 July 1666 and was buried at Greyfriars Kirkyard.

### Descendants

Through his son Henry, he was a grandfather of John St Clair, Master of Sinclair (1683–1750), who was attainted in 1715 and never allowed to assume title, and James St Clair (d. 1762), who never assumed the title.

## InfoBox

| John Sinclair | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Herdmanston | |
| Predecessor | John Sinclair |
| Successor | Henry Sinclair |
| Born | (1632-02-14)14 February 1632 |
| Died | 13 July 1666(1666-07-13) (aged 34) |
| Noble family | Clan Sinclair |
| Father | John Sinclair |
| Mother | Elizabeth Sinclair |


title: The Pendragons

abstract: Jonathan and Charlotte Pendragon were a husband-and-wife team of American illusionists who called their work "physical grand illusion". They are widely known due to numerous national and international television appearances.

text:
# The Pendragons

**Jonathan and Charlotte Pendragon** were a husband-and-wife team of American illusionists who called their work "physical grand illusion". They are widely known due to numerous national and international television appearances.

## Performing partnership

The couple met at the University of California, Irvine, where Jonathan was studying theatre and Charlotte was studying dance under choreographers Eugene Loring and George Balanchine. They married soon after. Charlotte (born Charlotte Ann Brown in Kalispell, Montana) is a dancer and former gymnast and body builder. Jonathan (born Claude Douglas Yarbrough) was a gymnast, spring board diver, martial arts expert and fencer. He used his athletic skills in a career as a Hollywood stuntman, performing the back hand springs for John Belushi down the church aisle in *The Blues Brothers*. He became Belushi's stunt double and friend, coordinating stunts and second directing in the movie *Continental Divide*.

Jonathan and Charlotte's athletic skills allowed the pair to develop a distinctive and graceful take on classic illusions such as levitation. Their shows included a number of illusions with which they became particularly associated, including *Interlude*, in which a woman crawls through a man's chest. They were the first artists to perform this trick. They are noted for their version of *Metamorphosis*. This illusion won them a place in the 50th edition of The Guinness Book of Records, under the heading of the "Fastest Transformation Illusion". Another illusion was *Clearly Impossible*, a sawing in half trick designed by Jonathan. Its distinctive feature is a transparent box that allowed the audience to see Charlotte from head to toe throughout the trick.

In 1996, for the finale of the third of NBC's *World's Greatest Magic* television specials, the duo made 25 show girls vanish and then re-appear in front of a live audience at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada.

The couple performed together and resided in San Luis Obispo County, California until July 2009.

## Notable appearances

The Pendragons appeared on television in more than 50 countries and starred in 14 prime time specials on US networks, including their own *Night of Magic* show for Disney, several *World's Greatest Magic* shows for NBC, and *Champions of Magic* for ABC. For PBS television they performed with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, presenting illusions to classical music. For Universal Studios they wrote, directed and starred in a night-time magic spectacular, *Cinemystique: Illusions of the Night* which played to more than a million people. They were also frequently guests on programmes such as *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno* and the *Paul Daniels Magic Show*. They performed at presidential galas for US presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, including a performance for President Clinton at the Ford's Theater for an ABC TV Special. They were singled out for praise by President George W. Bush at the end of a gala for him in June 2005.

In Britain they appeared at the Royal Variety Performance. They also appeared in a 1996 televised Royal gala show in Monaco, which included a collaboration with Princess Stéphanie. Jonathan and Charlotte performed their *Artist's Dream* illusion, a vignette about an artist's wife dying and appearing as a ghost, which was accompanied by a song composed and sung by Princess Stephanie and dedicated to her late mother Princess Grace. Jonathan also performed his *Clearly Impossible* sawing in half illusion, with Princess Stephanie taking Charlotte's place as the assistant being sawed in half. The gala was seen across the US as part of an ABC television special, *Champions of Magic*.

On June 24, 2008, the Pendragons appeared as contestants on NBC's reality television show, *America's Got Talent*. They were sent on to the next stage in Las Vegas. However they were never selected nor seen to move on to the top 40.

## Directing and production

Jonathan Pendragon has been involved with production and direction in many of the shows in which The Pendragons appeared and was jointly responsible with conductor Erich Kunzel for creating their innovative show with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra.

Alongside director Norman Jewison, Jonathan co-directed a segment for the movie *Bogus* starring Whoopi Goldberg. He created and directed a levitation similar to the Pendragons' *Midsummer's Night Dream* levitation performed for Disney in Europe. He also directed second unit work for the movie *Continental Divide*.

## Awards and honors

Charlotte was the first woman to receive "The Magician of the Year Award" from the Academy of Magical Arts (The Magic Castle) in the USA. Together The Pendragons have won the prestigious award twice, a feat that only four other living magicians have accomplished. In 1991, Charlotte Pendragon became the first woman to become a Member of the Inner Circle of the British conjuring society The Magic Circle. Jonathan was chosen by *Magic* magazine as one of ten living magicians whose work shaped magic in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Jonathan was honored by the Lab School in Washington DC. Every year the school honors five distinguished individuals who have overcome a learning disability while growing up and gone on to accomplish great achievements in their fields. Other honorees include Cher and Tom Cruise.

## Accident

During a fall at his home in late September 2006, one of the arrows from Jonathan's archery collection pierced his liver, his stomach, and his heart. It happened while rehearsing a dangerous trick for his upcoming show involving a compound bow and arrow.

Shortly after the accident, Charlotte Pendragon published an account of the event. She wrote, "Jonathan is in the hospital following an accident involving an arrow from his archery. He fell on the non-sharp broken end of the arrow while trying to hang a light fixture. The arrow pierced through his stomach, liver, an artery and several inches in his heart. It is through speed of hospitalization, modern surgical techniques and Jonathan's will to live that he continues with us today. His surgeon \[...\] said this injury is always fatal and it is a miracle Jonathan is alive. He is recovering well after several hours of surgery including open heart surgery."

Jonathan made a full recovery.

## Arrest of Jonathan

On July 8, 2009, Jonathan (as Claude Yarbrough) was arrested at gunpoint for allegedly firing a bullet into the floor of his home during a dispute with his then wife.

On August 10, 2009, Pendragon was not able to attend his arraignment since he was confined in a medical facility on involuntary psychiatric hold. On 23 October 2009 at San Luis Obispo County Superior Court, Judge John Trice ruled that Claude Yarbrough must stand trial on felony charges of assault with a firearm, making criminal threats and other charges. On 9 March 2010, Jonathan pleaded no contest to two felony counts of assault with a deadly weapon as part of a plea bargain in which other charges were dropped. He was released after serving 245 days in county jail and sentenced to five years of probation.

After two years he was taken off formal and put on informal probation, and on 19 June 2014 at Orange County Superior Court, both felony charges were reduced to misdemeanors, and then dismissed.

## Solo life and careers

Charlotte premiered her solo act at the 2009 Daytona Festival of Magic. She marketed a floating ball Wonderball several years ago. She has seemingly retired and currently lives near her hometown of Porterville, California, along with her fiancé Randy Lessley.

Jonathan began his own solo act in 2010, at first with a new style of mentalism performed as a savant, rather than as a psychic, which he calls Metaphysics. He has since blended this style into his Grand Illusion, refining his character into an archetype called "the Poet/Wizard." He filed for divorce in 2011, and it became final in May 2012. On September 22, 2012, he married West McDonough, a member of the Glover family who owned the Magic Castle land and building. In 2014-2015 he was one of the most frequent performers on the CW television series Masters of Illusion, the Pop TV series Don't Blink, and on the REELZ series Extreme Escapes, as well as being a regular performer in the Masters of Illusion Live touring show. Since January 2014 he has been a regular bi-monthly columnist for Genii Magazine.

## Further reading

* Moehring, John (August 1999). "The Century: The Pendragons". *Magic Magazine*. **8** (12).