title: Buccinum

abstract: Buccinum is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks. Snails in this genus are commonly called whelks, a name shared with several related and unrelated species. The common whelk Buccinum undatum is the most common representative of the genus in the northern Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Buccinum

***Buccinum*** is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.

Snails in this genus are commonly called *whelks*, a name shared with several related and unrelated species. The common whelk *Buccinum undatum* is the most common representative of the genus in the northern Atlantic Ocean.

## Description

The shell is ovate or ovate-conical and elongated. The spire is moderate and pointed. The aperture is oval or oblong with a deep notch anteriorly and without a siphonal canal. The columella is plain, not flattened, swollen above, and often covered with a wide and flattened calcareous callosity, of more diaphanous substance. There sometimes exists a fold at the base of the columella. The outer lip is plain, quite thin, sometimes recurved, and forming a margin on the exterior. The thin, horny operculum is ovate and concentrically striate.

The soft body is elongated and spiral. The foot almost always considerable and subelliptical. It is shielded or two-lobed before, emarginated behind, bearing an operculum. The mantle is simple and forms a thin-edged flap over the branchial cavity. It is provided with a branchial siphon, projecting, thick, very long and dorsal, issuing from the emargination at the base of the shell. The head is rather thick, furnished with two conical, depressed tentacles supporting the eyes upon the outer side, (sometimes the eyes do not exist, but this case is extremely rare) . The mouth is provided with a retractile trunk, armed with minute teeth. The radula acts as a rasp. The sexes are separate. The love dart of the male is considerable, without an exterior furrow at its base.

All animals are carnivores and scavengers, feeding on dead or damaged marine animals. They are provided with a cylindrical trunk, susceptible of being much elongated or of being concealed entirely within the body. This trunk is armed at its extremity with beaks, which enable the animal to pierce the shell of other molluscs and crustaceans, upon which it preys.

The sexes are separate. The shells of the males are generally smaller, and less inflated than those of the females. The males are provided with a very large love dart, i.e. an exciting appendage, which, in a state of repose, is situated under the right edge of the mantle.

The eggs are generally united together. They are sometimes driven and transported by the waves to distances far removed from the places where they had been deposited; whence the same species of *Buccinum* are often found in very different climates.

## Distribution

The whelks are met with in all seas, especially upon rocks, where they occur in large numbers. The warmest climates furnish the species most brilliant in coloring. Some species serve for food to the inhabitants of many countries, particularly upon the shores of the English Channel and the North Sea.

## Species

Species in the genus *Buccinum* include:

## Species brought into synonymy

This is a long list because, originally, all species resembling a *Buccinum* were categorized in this genus. Most of them have become synonyms in the course of time.

Synonyms * *Buccinum abbreviatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Demoulia abbreviata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum achatinum* Lamarck, 1816: synonym of *Bullia digitalis* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum acicula* O. F. Müller, 1774: synonym of *Cecilioides acicula* (O. F. Müller, 1774)
* *Buccinum aciculatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Hastula solida* (Deshayes, 1857)
* *Buccinum aciculatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Mazatlania cosentini* (Philippi, 1836)
* *Buccinum acuminatum* Menke, 1843: synonym of *Mitrella menkeana* (Reeve, 1858)
* *Buccinum acuminatum* Broderip, 1830: synonym of *Buccinum undatum* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Buccinum acutecostatum* Philippi, 1844: synonym of *Amphissa acutecostata* (Philippi, 1844)
* *Buccinum acute-costatum* Philippi, 1844: synonym of *Amphissa acutecostata* (Philippi, 1844)
* *Buccinum adspersum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Cominella adspersa* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum aethiops* Reeve, 1847: synonym of *Macron aethiops* (Reeve, 1847)
* *Buccinum affinis* Lesson, 1842: synonym of *Cominella adspersa* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum afrum* Philippi, 1851: synonym of *Nassarius coronulus* (A. Adams, 1852)
* *Buccinum albescens* Dunker, 1846: synonym of *Nassarius albescens* (Dunker, 1846)
* *Buccinum albozonatum* Watson, 1886: synonym of *Falsimohnia albozonata* (Watson, 1886)
* *Buccinum aleuticum* Dall, 1895 \- Aleut whelk: synonym of *Japelion aleuticus* (Dall, 1895)
* *Buccinum alicei* Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1912: synonym of *Buccinum nivale* Friele, 1882
* *Buccinum allium* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Tonna allium* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum altile* Conrad, 1832: synonym of † *Ptychosalpinx altilis* (Conrad, 1832)
* *Buccinum amaliae* Verkruzen, 1878: synonym of *Buccinum undatum* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Buccinum ambiguum* Pulteney, 1799: synonym of *Nassarius ambiguus* (Pulteney, 1799): synonym of *Nassarius antillarum* (d'Orbigny, 1847): synonym of *Phrontis antillara* (d'Orbigny, 1847)
* *Buccinum ampullaceum* Deshayes, 1844: synonym of *Buccinanops globulosus* (Kiener, 1834)
* *Buccinum ancillariaeforme* Grateloup, 1834: synonym of † *Cyllenina ancillariaeformis* (Grateloup, 1834)
* *Buccinum anglicanum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Burnupena papyracea* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum anglicum* Röding, 1798: synonym of *Nassarius reticulatus* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Tritia reticulata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum annulatum* Lamarck, 1816: synonym of *Bullia annulata* (Lamarck, 1816)
* *Buccinum antillarum* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *Nassarius vibex* (Say, 1822): synonym of *Phrontis vibex* (Say, 1822)
* *Buccinum aquilarum* Watson, 1882: synonym of *Gymnobela aquilarum* (Watson, 1882)
* *Buccinum arcularia* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Nassarius arcularia* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum areolatum* Link, 1807: synonym of *Babylonia areolata* (Link, 1807)
* *Buccinum armatum* Wood, 1828: synonym of *Mexacanthina lugubris* (Sowerby, 1821)
* *Buccinum ascanias* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Nassarius incrassatus* (Strøm, 1768): synonym of *Tritia incrassata* (Strøm, 1768)
* *Buccinum assimile* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Pollia assimilis* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum atractodeum* Locard, 1887: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum atrum* Schrank, 1803: synonym of *Stagnicola atra* (Schrank, 1803)
* *Buccinum aurantium* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Anachis aurantia* (Lamarck, 1822)
* *Buccinum australe* Menke, 1843: synonym of *Nassarius pauperatus* (Lamarck, 1822)
* *Buccinum australe* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Phasianella australis* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum avellana* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Cronia avellana* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum avenacea* Lesson, 1842: synonym of *Cronia avenacea* (Lesson, 1842)
* *Buccinum bellangeri* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Bullia tranquebarica* (Röding, 1798)
* *Buccinum bezoar* Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of *Rapana bezoar* (Linnaeus, 1767)
* *Buccinum biarmatum* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Casmaria ponderosa* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum bicostatum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Haustrum lacunosum* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum bifasciatum* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Impages hectica* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Hastula hectica (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum bimucronatum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Orania bimucronata (*Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum boreale* Broderip & Sowerby G.B. I, 1829: synonym of *Buccinum ciliatum* (Fabricius, 1780)
* *Buccinum boucheti* Tiba, 1984: synonym of *Buccinum kashimanum* Okutani, 1964
* *Buccinum brasilianum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Hinea brasiliana* Lamarck, 1822
* *Buccinum brevidentatum* Wood, 1828: synonym of *Acanthais brevidentata* (W. Wood, 1828)
* *Buccinum britanicum* Röding, 1798: synonym of *Burnupena papyracea* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum bromsi* Hägg, 1904: synonym of *Buccinum cyaneum* Bruguière, 1792
* *Buccinum bronnii* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *Nassarius coronatus* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum brucei* Melvill & Standen, 1900: synonym of *Colus verkruezeni* (Kobelt, 1876): synonym of *Anomalisipho verkruezeni* (Kobelt, 1876)
* *Buccinum brunneum* Donovan, 1804: synonym of *Chauvetia brunnea* (Donovan, 1804)
* *Buccinum bulbosum* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Rapana rapiformis* (Born, 1778)
* *Buccinum burchardi* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *Nassarius burchardi* (Philippi, 1849): synonym of Tritia burchardi (Philippi, 1849)
* *Buccinum calcar* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Acanthina monodon* (Pallas, 1774)
* *Buccinum callosum* W. Wood, 1828: synonym of *Bullia callosa* (W. Wood, 1828)
* *Buccinum calmeilii* Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of *Nassarius corniculum* (Olivi, 1792): synonym of *Tritia corniculum* (Olivi, 1792)
* *Buccinum canaliculatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius siquijorensis* (A. Adams, 1852)
* *Buccinum canariense* d'Orbigny, 1840: synonym of *Mitrella pallaryi* (Dautzenberg, 1927)
* *Buccinum cancellarioides* Reeve, 1847: synonym of *Xymenopsis muriciformis* (King, 1832)
* *Buccinum cancellatum* Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: synonym of *Phos textus* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum candidissimum* C. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of *Nassarius candidissimus* (C. B. Adams, 1845): synonym of *Phrontis candidissima* (C. B. Adams, 1845)
* *Buccinum candidissimum* Philippi, 1836: synonym of *Chauvetia candidissima* (Philippi, 1836)
* *Buccinum candidum* Born, 1778: synonym of *Terebra guttata* (Röding, 1798)
* *Buccinum canetae* Clench & Aguayo, 1944: synonym of *Gaillea canetae* (Clench & Aguayo, 1944)
* *Buccinum capense* Dunker, 1846: synonym of *Nassarius capensis* (Dunker, 1846)
* *Buccinum carinatum* Phipps, 1774: synonym of *Buccinum glaciale* Linnaeus, 1761
* *Buccinum cariniferum* Küster, 1858: synonym of *Pollia subcostata* (Krauss, 1848)
* *Buccinum cassideum* G.B. Sowerby I, 1825: synonym of *Demoulia abbreviata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum castaneum* Dall, 1877: synonym of *Volutopsion castaneum* (Dall, 1877)
* *Buccinum catarrhacta* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Burnupena catarrhacta* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum caudatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Linatella caudata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum cautleyi* d'Archiac & Haime, 1854: synonym of † *Nassarius cautleyi* (d'Archiac & Haime, 1854)
* *Buccinum cereale* Krauss, 1848: synonym of *Anachis kraussii* (Sowerby I, 1844)
* *Buccinum charcoti* Lamy, 1910: synonym of *Harpovoluta charcoti* (Lamy, 1910)
* *Buccinum chinense* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Tonna chinensis* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum chrysostomum* Röding, 1798: synonym of *Nassarius reticulatus* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Tritia reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum cicatricosum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Semicassis granulata* (Born, 1778)
* *Buccinum cinctum* Röding, 1798: synonym of *Burnupena cincta cincta* (Röding, 1798) represented as *Burnupena cincta* (Röding, 1798)
* *Buccinum cinereum* Born, 1778: synonym of *Impages cinerea* (Born, 1778)
* *Buccinum cingulatum* Lamarck, 1816: synonym of *Stramonita haemastoma* (Linnaeus, 1767)
* *Buccinum cingulatum* Linnaeus, 1771: synonym of *Trochia cingulata* (Linnaeus, 1771)
* *Buccinum elatior* (Tryon, 1880): synonym of *Buccinum scalariforme* Møller, 1842
* *Buccinum cinis* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Engina cinis* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum citrinum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Buccinanops paytensis* (Kiener, 1834)
* *Buccinum clathratum* Born, 1778: synonym of † *Nassarius clathratus* (Born, 1778)
* *Buccinum clathratum* Wood, 1825: synonym of *Nassarius conoidalis* (Deshayes, 1832)
* *Buccinum clathratum* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Nassarius globosus* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Buccinum clathratum* A. Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of *Metula amosi* Vanatta, 1913
* *Buccinum clausiliforme* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Aesopus clausiliformis (*Kiener, 1834)
* *Buccinum coccinella* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius incrassatus* (Strøm, 1768): synonym of *Tritia incrassata* (Strøm, 1768)
* *Buccinum cochlidium* auct.: synonym of *Buccinanops gradatus* (Deshayes, 1844): synonym of *Buccinanops cochlidium* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum cochlidiu*m Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Buccinanops cochlidium* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum commaculatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Cinguloterebra commaculata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum concholepas* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Concholepas concholepas* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum concinnum* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Hastula strigilata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum concinnum* Tiba, 1980: synonym of *Buccinum kashimanum* Okutani, 1964
* *Buccinum concinnum* C. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of *Parvanachis obesa* (C. B. Adams, 1845)
* *Buccinum conglobatum* Brocchi, 1814: synonym of †*Demoulia conglobata* (Brocchi, 1814)
* *Buccinum conoidale* Deshayes, 1832: synonym of *Nassarius conoidalis* (Deshayes, 1832)
* *Buccinum conspersum* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *Nassarius conspersus* (Philippi, 1849): synonym of *Tritia conspersa* (Philippi, 1849)
* *Buccinum contractum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Ergalatax contracta* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum corniculatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Mitrella scripta* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum corniculum* Olivi, 1792: synonym of *Nassarius corniculum* (Olivi, 1792): synonym of *Tritia corniculum* (Olivi, 1792)
* *Buccinum coromandelianum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Gemophos auritulus* (Link, 1807)
* *Buccinum coronatum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Nassarius coronatus* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum coronatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Nassa serta* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum coronatum* Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: synonym of Nassarius distortus (A. Adams, 1852)
* *Buccinum corrugatum* Reeve, 1847: synonym of *Amphissa columbiana* Dall, 1916
* *Buccinum corrugatum* Brocchi, 1814: synonym of † *Nassarius corrugatus* (Brocchi, 1814)
* *Buccinum costatum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Harpa costata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum costellatum* Grateloup, 1845: synonym of † *Lyrofusus costellatus* (Grateloup, 1845)
* *Buccinum costulatum* Renieri, 1804: synonym of *Nassarius cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Tritia cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Buccinum crassiusculum* Nyst, 1845: synonym of *Nassarius crassiusculus* (Nyst, 1845)
* *Buccinum crassum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Pseudoliva crassa* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum crassum* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *Nassarius semisulcatus* (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848)
* *Buccinum crenulatum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Oxymeris crenulata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum cribrarium* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Mitrella ocellata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum cruentatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Stramonita cruentata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum cumingii* Powys, 1835: synonym of *Tritonoturris cumingii* (Powys, 1835)
* *Buccinum cuvierii* Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of *Nassarius cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Tritia cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Buccinum dalei* J. Sowerby, 1825: synonym of † *Liomesus dalei* (Sowerby, 1825)
* *Buccinum decussatum* Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of *Phalium decussatum* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum decussatum* Kiener, 1841 : synonym of *Nassarius pagodus* (Reeve, 1844) : synonym of *Phrontis pagoda* (Reeve, 1844)
* *Buccinum deforme* King, 1832 : synonym of *Buccinanops deformis* (King, 1832)
* *Buccinum delalandii* Kiener, 1834 : synonym of *Burnupena catarrhacta* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum dentatum* Wood, 1818 : synonym of *Acanthina unicornis* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum dermestoideum* Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of *Pseudamycla dermestoidea* (Lamarck, 1822)
* *Buccinum dermestoideum* Lamarck, 1822 sensu Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of *Nassarius corniculum* (Olivi, 1792) : synonym of *Tritia corniculum* (Olivi, 1792)
* *Buccinum diadema* Brocchi, 1814 † : synonym of Galeodea echinophora (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum digitale* Dillwyn, 1817 : synonym of *Bullia digitalis* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum dimidiatum* Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of *Oxymeris dimidiata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum dirum* Reeve, 1846 : synonym of *Lirabuccinum dirum* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum discors* Risso, 1826 : synonym of *Nassarius incrassatus* (Strøm, 1768) : synonym of *Tritia incrassata* (Strøm, 1768)
* *Buccinum distortum* W. Wood, 1828 : synonym of *Triumphis distorta* (Wood, 1828)
* *Buccinum dolium* Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of *Tonna dolium* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum donovani* Sars G.O., 1878 : synonym of *Buccinum undatum* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Buccinum donovani* Gray J.E., 1839 : synonym of *Buccinum glaciale* Linnaeus, 1761
* *Buccinum dorbignyi* Payraudeau, 1826 : synonym of *Pollia dorbignyi* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Buccinum dorsatum* Röding, 1798 : synonym of *Nassarius dorsatus* (Röding, 1798)
* *Buccinum dunkeri* Küster, 1858 : synonym of *Burnupena catarrhacta* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum duplicatum* Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of *Duplicaria duplicata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum echinophorum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Galeodea echinophora (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum edentulum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Impages hectica* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Hastula hectica* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum ekblawi* Baker, 1919: synonym of *Buccinum glaciale* Linnaeus, 1761
* *Buccinum elatior* (Middendorff, 1849): synonym of *Buccinum scalariforme* Møller, 1842
* *Buccinum elegans* Reeve, 1842: synonym of *Nassarius fossatus* (Gould, 1850)
* *Buccinum elegans* O. G. Costa, 1830: synonym of *Nassarius cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Tritia cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Buccinum elegans* Dujardin, 1837 †: synonym of † *Nassarius spectabilis* (Nyst, 1845)
* *Buccinum elegans* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Nassarius crassiusculus* (Nyst, 1845)
* *Buccinum elongatulum* Anton, 1838: synonym of *Bullia digitalis* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum elongatum* Wood, 1828: synonym of *Oxymeris strigata* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825)
* *Buccinum erinaceus* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Casmaria erinaceus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum erythrostoma* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Cantharus erythrostoma* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum euthriaeforme* Paulus & Mars, 1942: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum falconeri* d'Archiac & Haime, 1854 †: synonym of †*Nassarius falconeri* (d'Archiac & Haime, 1854)
* *Buccinum fasciatum* (Martini, 1777): synonym of *Tonna sulcosa* (Born, 1778)
* *Buccinum fasciatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius pyrrhus* (Menke, 1843)
* *Buccinum fasciculatum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Pisania fasciculata* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum fasciolatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius corniculum* (Olivi, 1792): synonym of *Tritia corniculum* (Olivi, 1792)
* *Buccinum felinum* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Oxymeris felina* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum ferreum* Reeve, 1847: synonym of *Japeuthria ferrea* (Reeve, 1847)
* *Buccinum ferussaci* Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of *Nassarius cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Tritia cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Buccinum filiceum* Crosse & Fischer, 1864: synonym of *Cominella eburnea* var. *filicea* (Crosse & Fischer, 1864): synonym of *Cominella eburnea* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum filosum* A. Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of *Truncaria filosa* (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
* *Buccinum filosum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Nucella lapillus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum fimbriatum* Martyn, 1784: synonym of *Trophon geversianus* (Pallas, 1774)
* *Buccinum finmarchianum* Verkrüzen, 1875: synonym of *Buccinum finmarkianum* Verkrüzen, 1875
* *Buccinum flammeum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Maxacteon flammeus* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum flavulum* Mörch, 1869: synonym of *Buccinum ciliatum* (Fabricius, 1780)
* *Buccinum flavum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Pyrene flava* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum flexuosum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Euplica scripta* (Lamarck, 1822)
* *Buccinum flexuosum* Costa O.G., 1830: synonym of *Nassarius cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of *Tritia cuvierii* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Buccinum floridanum* Petit de la Saussaye, 1856: synonym of *Solenosteira cancellaria* (Conrad, 1846)
* *Buccinum floridanum* Lesson, 1842: synonym of *Anachis varia* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1832)
* *Buccinum foliorum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Nassarius mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Tritia mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum foliosum* Wood W., 1818: synonym of *Nassarius mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Tritia mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum fossatum* Gould, 1850: synonym of *Nassarius fossatus* (Gould, 1850)
* *Buccinum foveolatum* Dunker, 1847: synonym of *Nassarius foveolatus* (Dunker, 1847)
* *Buccinum francolinus* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Nassa francolina* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum frielei* Pfeffer, 1886: synonym of *Buccinum ciliatum* (Fabricius, 1780)
* *Buccinum fumosum* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Pollia fumosa* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum fuscatum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Pareuthria fuscata* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum fusiforme* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum fusiforme* Broderip, 1830: synonym of *Turrisipho fenestratus* (Turton, 1834)
* *Buccinum gaillardoti* Puton, 1856: synonym of *Pollia dorbignyi* (Payraudeau, 1826)
* *Buccinum galea* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Tonna galea* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum gayii* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Nassarius gayii* (Kiener, 1834)
* *Buccinum gemma* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *Nassarius complanatus* (Powys, 1835): synonym of *Phrontis complanata* (Powys, 1835)
* *Buccinum gemmatum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Gemophos gemmatus* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum gemmulatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius conoidalis* (Deshayes, 1832)
* *Buccinum geversianum* Pallas, 1774: synonym of *Trophon geversianus* (Pallas, 1774)
* *Buccinum gibbosulum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Nassarius gibbosulus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum gibbum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Nassarius mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Tritia mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum giratum* Röding, 1798: synonym of *Babylonia zeylanica* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum glaberrimum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Nassarius pfeifferi* (Philippi, 1844): synonym of *Tritia pfeifferi* (Philippi, 1844)
* *Buccinum glabratum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Eburna glabrata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum glabrum* O. F. Müller, 1774: synonym of *Omphiscola glabra* (O. F. Müller, 1774) †
* *Buccinum glans* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Nassarius glans glans* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Nassarius glans* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum glaucum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Phalium glaucum* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum globosum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Semicassis granulata* (Born, 1778)
* *Buccinum globosum* Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: synonym of *Nassarius globosus* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Buccinum globulosum* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Buccinanops globulosus* (Kiener, 1834)
* *Buccinum glutinosum* O. F. Müller, 1774: synonym of *Myxas glutinosa* (O. F. Müller, 1774)
* *Buccinum gouldi* Verrill, 1882: synonym of *Buccinum cyaneum* Bruguière, 1792
* *Buccinum gouldii* A.E. Verrill, 1882 synonym of *Buccinum cyaneum* Bruguière, 1792
* *Buccinum gracile* da Costa, 1778: synonym of *Colus gracilis* (da Costa, 1778)
* *Buccinum gracile* Settepassi, 1977: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum gracile* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Prodotia lannumi* (Schwengel, 1950)
* *Buccinum gradatum* Deshayes, 1844: synonym of *Buccinanops cochlidium* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum grana* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius granum* (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of *Tritia grana* (Lamarck, 1822)
* *Buccinum graniferum* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Nassarius graniferus* (Kiener, 1834)
* *Buccinum graniferum* Dujardin, 1837: synonym of † *Nassarius turonensis* (Deshayes, 1844)
* *Buccinum granulatum* Born, 1778: synonym of *Semicassis granulata* (Born, 1778)
* *Buccinum griseum* Brocchi, 1821: synonym of *Planaxis savignyi* Deshayes, 1844
* *Buccinum gruneri* Dunker, 1846: synonym of *Nassarius gruneri* (Dunker, 1846)
* *Buccinum guillain*i Petit de la Saussaye, 1850: synonym of *Cyllene grayi* Reeve, 1846
* *Buccinum gussonii* Calcara, 1845: synonym of *Nassarius tinei* (Maravigna, 1840)
* *Buccinum haemastoma* Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of *Stramonita haemastoma* (Linnaeus, 1767)
* *Buccinum haldemani* Dunker, 1847: synonym of *Nassarius haldemani* (Dunker, 1847)
* *Buccinum haldemanni* \[sic\]: synonym of *Nassarius haldemani* (Dunker, 1847)
* *Buccinum hancocki* Mörch, 1857: synonym of *Buccinum glaciale* Linnaeus, 1761
* *Buccinum harpa* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Harpa harpa* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum hastatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Hastula hastata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum haustorium* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Haustrum haustorium* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum hecticum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Hastula hectica* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum hepaticum* Montagu, 1803: synonym of *Nassarius nitidus* (Jeffreys, 1867)
* *Buccinum hinnulus* Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of *Siphonalia hinnulus* (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
* *Buccinum hirasei* Pilsbry, 1901: synonym of *Japelion hirasei* (Pilsbry, 1901)
* *Buccinum hirtum* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Nassarius hirtus* (Kiener, 1834)
* *Buccinum horridum* Dunker, 1847: synonym of *Nassarius horridus* (Dunker, 1847)
* *Buccinum igneum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Pisania ignea* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum inclitum* Pilsbry, 1904: synonym of *Buccinum glaciale* Linnaeus, 1761
* *Buccinum inclytum* Pilsbry, 1904: synonym of *Buccinum glaciale* Linnaeus, 1761
* *Buccinum incrassatum* Strøm, 1768: synonym of *Nassarius incrassatus* (Strøm, 1768): synonym of *Tritia incrassata* (Strøm, 1768)
* *Buccinum inexhaustum* Verkruzen, 1878 : synonym of *Buccinum finmarkianum* Verkrüzen, 1875
* *Buccinum inflatum* Aradas & Benoit, 1876: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum inflatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Tritia mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum intinctum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Burnupena papyracea* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum iris* Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of *Turrilatirus iris* (Lightfoot, 1786)
* *Buccinum isabellei* d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of *Anachis isabellei* (d'Orbigny, 1839)
* *Buccinum jacksonianum* Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: synonym of *Nassarius jacksonianus* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Buccinum jacksonianum* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Nassarius pyrrhus* (Menke, 1843)
* *Buccinum jaspideum* Link, 1807: synonym of *Nassarius mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Tritia mutabilis* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum jonasii* Dunker, 1846: synonym of *Nassarius jonasii* Dunker, 1846
* *Buccinum kennicotti* \[sic\]: synonym of *Beringius kennicottii* (Dall, 1871)
* *Buccinum kennicottii* Dall, 1871: synonym of *Beringius kennicottii* (Dall, 1871)
* *Buccinum kieneri* Monterosato, 1872: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum kieneri* Anton, 1838: synonym of *Nassarius kieneri* (Anton, 1838)
* *Buccinum kochianum* Dunker, 1846: synonym of *Nassarius kochianus* (Dunker, 1846)
* *Buccinum kraussianum* Dunker, 1846: synonym of *Nassarius kraussianus* (Dunker, 1846)
* *Buccinum labiatum* J. Sowerby, 1823: synonym of † *Editharus labiatus* (J. Sowerby, 1823)
* *Buccinum labiosum* J. de C. Sowerby, 1824: synonym of † *Nassarius labiosus* (J. de C. Sowerby, 1824)
* *Buccinum lacepedii* Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of *Nassarius incrassatus* (Strøm, 1768): synonym of *Tritia incrassata* (Strøm, 1768)
* *Buccinum laciniatus* sensu Martyn Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Trophon plicatus* (Lightfoot, 1786)
* *Buccinum lacteum* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Pyrene obtusa* (Sowerby I, 1832)
* *Buccinum lacunosum* Bruguière, 1789: synonym of *Haustrum lacunosum* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum laeve* (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961): synonym of *Antillophos laevis* (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961)
* *Buccinum laevigatum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Rhombinella laevigata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum laevigatum* Lamarck, 1816: synonym of *Bullia laevissima* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum laevissimum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Bullia laevissima* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum lamarckii* Kiener, 1834: synonym of *Buccinanops cochlidium* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum lamellatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Boreotrophon clathratus* (Linnaeus, 1767)
* *Buccinum lamellosa* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Nucella lamellosa* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum lanceatum* Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of *Hastula lanceata* (Linnaeus, 1767)
* *Buccinum lapillus* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Nucella lapillus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum latescens* Schröter in Martini, 1788: synonym of *Tonna allium* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum lefebvrii* Maravigna, 1840: synonym of *Chauvetia lefebvrii* (Maravigna, 1840)
* *Buccinum leucozonum* Philippi, 1844: synonym of *Enginella leucozona* (Philippi, 1844)
* *Buccinum lima* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Nassarius lima* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum lima* Chemnitz, 1795: synonym of *Nassarius lima* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum limatum* Philippi, 1836: synonym of *Nassarius lima* (Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum limatum* Chemnitz, 1795: synonym of *Nassarius lima (*Dillwyn, 1817)
* *Buccinum limnaeiforme* Dunker, 1847: synonym of *Nassarius limnaeiformis* (Dunker, 1847)
* *Buccinum linea* Martyn, 1784: synonym of *Buccinulum linea* (Martyn, 1784)
* *Buccinum lineatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Littoraria scabra* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum lineatum* Röding, 1798: synonym of *Nassarius glans* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum lineatum* da Costa, 1778: synonym of *Angiola lineata* (da Costa, 1778)
* *Buccinum lineolatum* Lamarck, 1816: synonym of *Cominella lineolata* (Lamarck, 1809)
* *Buccinum linnaei* Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of *Mitrella scripta* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum liocephalum* Pallary, 1931: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum litiopa* Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: synonym of *Litiopa melanostoma* Rang, 1829
* *Buccinum littorinoides* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Buccinulum vittatum vittatum* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) represented as *Buccinulum vittatum* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Buccinum livescens* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *Nassarius livescens* (Philippi, 1849)
* *Buccinum lividum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Orania livida* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum luctuosum* Tapparone Canefri, 1880: synonym of *Pisania luctuosa* (Tapparone Canefri, 1880)
* *Buccinum lugubre* C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of *Trachypollia lugubris* (C. B. Adams, 1852)
* *Buccinum luridum* Hutton, 1873: synonym of *Cominella quoyana* A. Adams, 1855
* *Buccinum lusitanicum* Pallary, 1931: synonym of *Buccinum humphreysianum* Bennett, 1824
* *Buccinum luteolum* Chenu, 1845: synonym of *Oxymeris crenulata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum luteostoma* Holten, 1803: synonym of *Reishia luteostoma* (Holten, 1803)
* *Buccinum lyratum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Boreotrophon clathratus* (Linnaeus, 1767)
* *Buccinum lyratum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Cyllene lamarcki* Cernohorsky, 1975
* *Buccinum macula* Montagu, 1803: synonym of *Nassarius incrassatus* (Strøm, 1768): synonym of *Tritia incrassata* (Strøm, 1768)
* *Buccinum maculatum* Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of *Oxymeris maculata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum maculatum* Martyn, 1784: synonym of *Cominella adspersa* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum maculosum* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Tonna pennata* (Mörch, 1853)
* *Buccinum maculosum* Martyn, 1784: synonym of *Cominella maculosa* (Martyn, 1784)
* *Buccinum maculosum* Röding, 1798: synonym of *Babylonia areolata* (Link, 1807)
* *Buccinum maculosum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Pisania striata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum magnum* da Costa, 1778: synonym of *Neptunea antiqua* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum margaritiferum* Dunker, 1847: synonym of *Nassarius margaritifer* (Dunker, 1847)
* *Buccinum marginatum* Gmelin, 1791: synonym of *Aspa marginata* (Gmelin, 1791)
* *Buccinum marginulatum* Lamarck, 1822: synonym of *Nassarius reticulatus* (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of *Tritia reticulata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum marmoratum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Prodotia iostoma* (Gray, 1834)
* *Buccinum melanoides* Deshayes, 1832: synonym of *Bullia melanoides (*Deshayes, 1832)
* *Buccinum meles* Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of *Casmaria erinaceus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Buccinum melo* Lesson, 1840: synonym of *Cominella adspersa* (Bruguière, 1789)
* *Buccinum meridionale* Verkrüzen, 1884: synonym of *Buccinum undatum* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Buccinum microconcha* Habe & Ito, 1965 : synonym of *Buccinum jeffreysii* Smith, 1875
* *Buccinum midori*  Habe & ITO, 1965  synonym of *Buccinum oedematum* Dall, 1907
* *Buccinum moerchi* Friele, 1877 synonym of *Buccinum sericatum* Hancock, 1846
* *Buccinum morchianum* Dunker, 1858: synonym of *Buccinum glaciale* Linnaeus, 1761
* *Buccinum orotundum* Dall, 1907: synonym of *Buccinum terraenovae* Mörch, 1869
* *Buccinum osseum* Menke, 1829: synonym of *Bullia osseum* (Menke, 1829)
* *Buccinum picturatum* Dall, 1877 \- painted whelk : synonym of *Buccinum mirandum picturatum* Dall, 1877
* *Buccinum pulchrum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Engina pulchra* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum rhodium* Dall, 1919: synonym of *Buccinum scalariforme* Møller, 1842
* *Buccinum rubiginosum* Reeve, 1846: synonym of *Pollia rubiginosa* (Reeve, 1846)
* *Buccinum sandersoni* A.E. Verrill, 1882 : synonym of *Buccinum fragile* G. O. Sars, 1878
* *Buccinum sericatum* Hancock, 1846 \- silky whelk : synonym of *Buccinum ciliatum sericatum*
* *Buccinum solenum* Dall, 1919: synonym of *Buccinum terraenovae* Mörch, 1869
* *Buccinum soyomaruae* Okutani, 1977: synonym of *Buccinum yoroianum* Ozaki, 1958
* *Buccinum taphrium* Dall, 1891 : synonym of *Sulcosinus taphrium* (Dall, 1891)
* *Buccinum tenebrosum* Hancock, 1846 : synonym of *Buccinum cyaneum* Bruguière, 1792
* *Buccinum totteni* Stimpson, 1865 \- thin whelk, synonym of *Buccinum polare* Gray, 1839
* *Buccinum zebra* Wood, 1828: synonym of *Anachis miser* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1844)

* Golikov A.N. (1980). Molluscs Buccininae of the World Ocean \[in Russian\]. Fauna of USSR, Mollusks. 5(2): 1-466.
* Golikov A.N. & Sirenko B.I. (1988). New data on the systematics of the subfamily Buccininae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Bucciniformes) \[Новые данные к построению системы подсемейства Buccininae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Bucciniformes)\]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR

## InfoBox

| *Buccinum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live individual of *Buccinum undatum* being held above the substrate | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Buccinoidea |
| Family: | Buccinidae |
| Genus: | *Buccinum*<br>Linnaeus, 1758 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Buccinum undatum*<br>Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mada* Jeffreys, 1867 (Invalid: junior homonym of Mada Mulsant, 1850; Mala and Madiella are replacement names) * *Madiella* Wenz, 1943 (Replacement name for Mada Jeffreys, 1867) * *Mala* Cossmann, 1901 (Replacement name for Mada Jeffreys, 1867, but itself a junior homonym of Mala Distant, 1854) * *Nassa (Buccinum)* Linnaeus, 1758 * *Reticubuccinum* Ito & Habe, 1980 * *Tritonellium* Valenciennes, 1858 (unnecessary replacement name for Tritonium O. F. Müller, 1776, by Valenciennes considered a homonym of Tritonia Cuvier) * *Tritonium* O. F. Müller, 1776 * *Tritonium (Buccinum)* Linnaeus, 1758 | |


title: Saint James High School (New Jersey)

abstract: Saint James High School was a Roman Catholic high school located in Carneys Point Township, in Salem County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. It closed at the end of the 1999-2000 school year. Colors: Green & Gold; Mascot: Spartans

text:
# Saint James High School (New Jersey)

**Saint James High School** was a Roman Catholic high school located in Carneys Point Township, in Salem County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. It closed at the end of the 1999-2000 school year. Colors: Green & Gold; Mascot: Spartans

## History

The high school opened in the late 1920s at St. James Church in Penns Grove and a new high school building was later constructed at 350 Georgetown Road in Carneys Point.

The school, the last Catholic high school in Salem County, was closed in 2000 by the Diocese of Camden as part of a retrenchment in which two elementary schools in Salem County were also closed. Starting in the 2000-2001 school year, Bishop Guilfoyle Regional Catholic School was created in the former Saint James High School building, to serve elementary school students from across the county. With enrollment declining from the peak of 373 students reach in 2001-02 to the 111 students enrolled in 2008-09 and with an annual deficit of $400,000 per year, the school was closed by the diocese at the end of the 2009-10 school year, ending Catholic education in the county.

## Athletics

**Baseball** The baseball team won the Non-Public C South state championship in 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964 and 1965. The team won the Non-Public B state championship in 1988, using seven runs in the seventh inning to defeat Pope John XXIII Regional High School by a score of 8-2 in the tournament final.

**Football** The undefeated 1981 football team was awarded the Parochial B South championship as the only school eligible to qualify.

**Wrestling** The wrestling team won the Parochial B South sectional championship in 1989, 1990 and 1992.


abstract: Saint James School is an independent, nonsectarian, college preparatory school located in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. Established in 1955, Saint James School, Montgomery's oldest private school, serves more than 850 students in pre-kindergarten through grade 12.

text:
# Saint James School (Montgomery, Alabama)

**Saint James School** is an independent, nonsectarian, college preparatory school located in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. Established in 1955, Saint James School, Montgomery's oldest private school, serves more than 850 students in pre-kindergarten through grade 12.

## History

Saint James School began in 1955 as an independent elementary school, housed in Saint James United Methodist Church. In 1970, the school's enrollment doubled after the court ordered the desegregation of public schools. That same year, the school purchased property and opened a second campus, providing classrooms and facilities to meet the needs of a growing student body population including junior and high school students.

In 1972, a federal judge prohibited the city of Montgomery from allowing the school and three other private schools from using city recreational facilities, due to the fact that the schools in question either refused to admit black students by policy or claimed to accept black students and teachers but remained all white.

By 1974, Saint James School had 951 students enrolled in kindergarten through twelfth grade and graduated its first high school class. The two campuses united two years later.

In 1976 the Saint James School, along with the Montgomery Academy, was named in a suit filed against United States Secretary of the Treasury William Simon and Commissioner of Internal Revenue Donald C. Alexander by five black women from Montgomery charging that the two men had encouraged the development of segregated schools by allowing them tax-deductible status.

In 1982, the school leased a new facility on a 30-acre campus, in the city's booming eastern section, which would serve as key to the school's future development and expansion. In 1984, Winton Blount, benefactor of the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, endowed Saint James School the funds to build a Arts Building.

In 1991, a modern new high school building was constructed on the Vaughn Road campus, and after a devastating tornado destroyed the school's elementary site on Vaughn Road (in the early morning hours on March 6, 1996), more construction was soon underway. Within 18 months, a new campus greeted returning students. Designed and organized like a small college campus, the facilities included a middle school, a high school building, a gym, a performing arts building, as well as elementary buildings. Both Saint James campuses were consolidated at the Vaughn Road site in 2002-03, enabling the co-location of elementary, middle, and high schools all at one site.

Saint James School admits students of any race, religion, color, gender, creed, and national and ethnic origin. The school serves students from approximately 15 different countries each year.

## Athletics

Saint James School is a member of the Alabama High School Athletic Association. The school's athletic teams include baseball, fast pitch softball, basketball, cheerleading, dance, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, volleyball, equestrian, and wrestling. Many students have gone on to play either college or professional sports, including Davis Daniels and Mervyl “MJ” Melendez (Major League Baseball) and Collin Duncan and KJ Jackson (NCAA football).

The Trojans baseball team won state championships in Division 2A in 1991 and in Division 4A in 2006.

The Lady Trojans softball team won Division 4A state championships in 1996 (1A-4A), 2001, 2005, 2006 and 2008.

The Lady Trojans volleyball team won Division 4A state championships in 2001, 2003, and 2017.

The Lady Trojans indoor track team won a state title in 2002 in 1A-4A.

The Lady Trojans tennis team won a state title in 2003 under division 4A and another title in 2019 under division 1A-3A.

Varsity wrestling won a state title in 2013.

Varsity golf won a state title in 2015.

Varsity Girls Indoor Track and Field won the 4A state title in 2019 and the 1A-3A state title in 2020.

Varsity Girls Outdoor Track and Field won the 1A-3A state title in 2019.

Varsity Football won the 3A state title in 2022.

Varsity Tennis won the 1A-3A Boy Tennis Championship in 2023.

## InfoBox

| Saint James School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 6010 Vaughn Road
Montgomery, Alabama 36116
United States | |
| Coordinates | 32°20′17″N 86°12′25″W / 32.338°N 86.207°W / 32.338; -86.207 |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent day school |
| Motto | Formally "We are Saint James School" Currently "We are Trojans, 24/7" |
| Established | 1955 (1955) |
| CEEB code | 011904 |
| Head of school | Lawrence U. (Larry) McLemore |
| Grades | K2-12 |
| Enrollment | 832 |
| Color(s) | Navy and gold
 |
| Athletics conference | Capital City Conference
Alabama High School Athletic Association |
| Mascot | Trojan |
| Team name | Trojans |
| Accreditation | Southern Association of Independent Schools
Cognia |
| Newspaper | *The Odyssey* |
| Website | www.stjmontgomery.org |


title: Bryce Canyon Lodge

abstract: Bryce Canyon Lodge is a lodging facility in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, United States, built between 1924 and 1925 using local materials. Designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood, the lodge is an excellent example of National Park Service rustic design, and the only remaining completely original structure that Underwood designed for Bryce Canyon National Park, Zion National Park, and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon.

text:
# Bryce Canyon Lodge

**Bryce Canyon Lodge** is a lodging facility in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, United States, built between 1924 and 1925 using local materials. Designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood, the lodge is an excellent example of National Park Service rustic design, and the only remaining completely original structure that Underwood designed for Bryce Canyon National Park, Zion National Park, and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon.

## Description

The two-story lodge is built on a stone base with intentionally oversized log framing, creating a massive, rustic appearance. The central portion of the building dates to 1924, with the addition of the north and southeast wings taking place in 1926. The lodge is entered by a long porch fronting the entire lobby, whose roof rests on a 52-foot (16 m) long log beam supported by paired log columns. The lodge is capped by a heavy, steeply-pitched shingled roof with clipped gables and shed dormers.

The main floor of the lodge comprises the lobby, a dining room, a small auditorium, a gift shop, kitchen and administrative and utility spaces. The dining room and auditorium are open to the roof with exposed log trusses. The lobby features milled timbers with Arts and Crafts detailing. Fireplaces of rough rubble stone are found in the lobby, where the firebox is constructed in a pointed arch, and in the auditorium. A basement underlies much of the main level.

The lodge's roof is notable for its unusual shingling pattern, originally designed by Underwood, in which the lower edges of the horizontal shingle courses form irregular, undulating moiré or wave-like patterns across the roof. This creates an optical illusion that the roof is warped, or in motion. This unique shingling pattern is on the original cabins as well as the main lodge buildings, and has been replicated with each re-roofing of the complex, using the original pattern, as a way to keep the craftsman's trademarks of the original builders and Underwood's design.

### Deluxe cabins

The satellite cabins, called deluxe cabins, are to the southeast of the lodge. Five buildings contain four lodging units, and ten contain two. The cabins have rubble stone chimneys and corner pilasters, with log slab siding on the main wall exposures, simulating full log construction, complete with chinking. The cabins have log-framed porches with log railings. On the interior the roof trusses are exposed. Original paneling complements the stone fireplaces. The area formerly included two other lines of cabins, the budget cabins and standard cabins, since removed.

## History

The Bryce Canyon Lodge was built by the Utah Parks Company, a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, and opened by T. E. Fitzgerald, a noted hotel manager in the region. The lodge was part of the railroad's project to develop tourist traffic to Bryce, Zion, and the Grand Canyon by providing noteworthy destination hotels at each park. The Union Pacific was following in the footsteps of other railroads' efforts to promote the western parks of the United States and Canada. Architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood was in charge of the design work for the Union Pacific hotels. Construction at the Bryce Canyon Lodge started in 1924 and was completed in the early summer of 1925. The guest wings were added in 1926 and the auditorium in 1927. The second floor of the lodge was used as the dormitory for women employees of the lodge. The budget and economy cabins, also designed by Underwood, were mostly built in 1927, with five deluxe cabins. Ten more deluxe cabins were completed by 1929.

Bryce Canyon Lodge is operated by Aramark, a park-management company selected and contracted by the National Park Service. The lodge and cabins were declared a National Historic Landmark (NHL) on May 28, 1987 under the name "Bryce Canyon Lodge and Deluxe Cabins." The historic district was expanded on April 25, 1995, as the Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District which encompasses the National Historic Landmark District but is not itself an NHL.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bryce Canyon Lodge and Deluxe Cabins | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Bryce Canyon Lodge | |
|  | |
| Location | Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah |
| Coordinates | 37°37′37″N 112°10′2″W / 37.62694°N 112.16722°W / 37.62694; -112.16722 |
| Built | 1925 |
| Architect | Gilbert S. Underwood |
| Architectural style | National Park Service Rustic |
| MPS | Bryce Canyon National Park MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 87001339 (NHL), 95000434 (HD boundary increase) |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 28, 1987 (NHL), April 25, 1995 (HD boundary increase) |
| Designated NHL | May 28, 1987 |


title: Saint-Roch, Indre-et-Loire

abstract: Saint-Roch is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

text:
# Saint-Roch, Indre-et-Loire

**Saint-Roch** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʁɔk\] ) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 223 |  |
| 1975 | 257 | +2.05% |
| 1982 | 535 | +11.04% |
| 1990 | 853 | +6.00% |
| 1999 | 871 | +0.23% |
| 2007 | 1,172 | +3.78% |
| 2012 | 1,226 | +0.90% |
| 2017 | 1,255 | +0.47% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Roch | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Saint-Roch | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Roch | |
| Saint-RochSaint-Roch | |
| Coordinates: 47°26′46″N 0°34′48″E / 47.4461°N 0.58°E / 47.4461; 0.58 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Indre-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Chinon |
| Canton | Château-Renault |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Alain Anceau |
| Area**1** | 4.75 km2 (1.83 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,308 |
| Density | 280/km2 (710/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 37237 /37390 |
| Elevation | 78–113 m (256–371 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster

abstract: Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster is a 2011 Indian romantic thriller film directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia with screenwriter Sanjay Chauhan and starring Jimmy Sheirgill, Mahi Gill, and Randeep Hooda in lead roles. It is the first installment of Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster film series.

text:
# Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster

***Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster*** (transl.The master, the wife and the gangster; Hindi pronunciation: \[saːɦeːb biːbiː ɔːɾ\]) is a 2011 Indian romantic thriller film directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia with screenwriter Sanjay Chauhan and starring Jimmy Sheirgill, Mahi Gill, and Randeep Hooda in lead roles. It is the first installment of *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster film series*.

## Plot

Based in a small town in Uttar Pradesh, *Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster* is a story packed with intrigue, betrayal, and ambition between a beautiful Raani, her husband Raja, and an ambitious young man, Babloo.

The Raja and his Raani live in their ancestral royal house, trying to maintain the status and structure their ancestors had left behind. But due to the changing times, some extreme financial conditions, and the long-gone habit of a royal having a mistress, Raja tries hard to maintain his status and financial conditions. His rival political party, belonging to Gainda Singh, is on a constant mission to eliminate the Raja and his allies and to get a hold of the administration, which has been with this royal family for decades. Eventually, he is left with just one ally, Kanhaiya, who is Saheb's most trusted and dangerous servant. Due to the Raja's interest in his beautiful mistress, Raani yearns for his attention and tries to get him to return to her. The Raja starts taking contract killing assignments to be able to cope up with his lifestyle and to be able to get a stronger hold over his political situation while campaigning for the elections, which becomes a difficult battle considering the loss of his allies and deteriorating financial situation.

The drama deepens when the same rival gang plants Babloo to get information and plot the Raja's killing as the temporary driver for Raani. Raani, saddened by the lack of her husband's attention and slightly hysterical due to the same, gets into a sexual relationship with Babloo, who seems to be giving more of his time to her. In this process, Babloo falls deeply in love with Raani and confesses his assignment in front of Raja. The Raani uses Babloo to get the mistress killed to gain her husband. Babloo manages to fulfill her demand but in turn gets ambitious, wanting the Raani and the power that Saheb now holds for himself.

The climax is set at a point where Babloo has planned to execute Saheb and succeeds in shooting him and Kanhaiya. Later, Raani has Babloo shot dead, stating that "he can only be a partner in the bedroom, but not as a Saheb." Saheb is slowly recovering as he wins the election. In the end, Raani is shown appointing a new driver for herself, which hints at a sequel.

## Cast

## Production

The budget of the film was ₹60 million. Its title was inspired by that of *Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam* (1962).

## Soundtrack

| Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio album by Amit Sial, Sunil Bhatia, Mukhtar Sahota, Jaidev Kumar, Anuj Garg, Abhishek Ray, Ankit Tiwari | |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Label | Bb Music Studio |

### Track list

| No. | Title | Music | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chu Chu Chu" | Sunil Bhatia | Parthiv Gohil | 4:18 |
| 2. | "Jugni" | Jaidev Kumar | Babbu Maan | 5:29 |
| 3. | "Main Ek Bhanwara" | Amit Sial | Shail Hada | 4:33 |
| 4. | "I Love To Love You" | Anuj Garg | Rekha Bhardwaj | 4:45 |
| 5. | "Saheb Bada Hathila" | Ankit Tiwari | Vipin Aneja, Ankit Tiwari | 5:08 |
| 6. | "Ankhian" | Mukhtar Sahota | Arif Lohar | 4:30 |
| 7. | "Raat Mujhe" | Abhishek Ray | Shreya Ghoshal | 3:20 |
| 8. | "Chu Chu Chu (Acoustic)" | Sunil Bhatia | Debojit Saha | 4:18 |

## Reception

### Critical reception

*Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster* received critical acclaim from top critics. Taran Adarsh from *Bollywood Hungama* rated it 3.5/5 stars applauding its powerful plot, engaging script, commanding dialogue, and super performances. Nikhat Kazmi from the *Times of India* gave the film 4/5 stars calling the film a "must watch". Aniruddha Guha from *DNA India* gave the film 4/5 stars and said, "*Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster* draws you in from the very start, keeps you hooked throughout, and ends on a high." Guha also applauded the perfect mix of romance, action, and humour in the film. Ayaz Shaikh from *Rediff.com* commended the film and said "*Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster* is a gripping tale of intricate politics, love and betrayal", and gave the film 3.5/5 stars.

## Box office

*Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster* collected around ₹09.2 million nett on its first day of its release. *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster* remained on the lower side with around ₹35.1 million nett over its first weekend. *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster* remained steady but on the lower side on the weekdays as it grossed ₹55.2 million nett approx in its first week. It is grossed ₹107.5 million at the end of its theatrical run.

## Awards and nominations

**Star Screen Awards**

* Nominated: Best Actor In A Negative Role (male)—Jimmy Sheirgill
* Nominated: Best Actress In A Negative Role (female)—Mahi Gill

**Filmfare Awards**

**Stardust Awards (Stardust Searchlight Awards)**

* **Won: Best Director—Tigmanshu Dhulia**
* Nominated: Best Film—Rahul Mittra
* Nominated: Best Actor—Jimmy Shergill
* Nominated: Best Actress—Mahi Gill

**Zee Cine Awards**

**IIFA Awards**

**Apsara Awards**

## Sequel

Following the huge critical success of the film, a sequel was announced. Principal shooting started in April 2012 and was completed in October 2012. The sequel, titled *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns*, was released on 8 March 2013. It starred Jimmy Sheirgill and Mahi Gill, who reprised their roles from the previous film, as well as new additions Irrfan Khan and Soha Ali Khan. Raj Babbar and Mugdha Godse also appeared in the film.

A third sequel, titled *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3*, was released on 27 July 2018.

## InfoBox

| Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical Release Poster | |
| Directed by | Tigmanshu Dhulia |
| Screenplay by | Tigmanshu Dhulia
Sanjay Chauhan |
| Story by | Tigmanshu Dhulia
Sanjay Chauhan |
| Produced by | Rahul Mittra
Tigmanshu Dhulia |
| Starring | Jimmy Sheirgill
Mahi Gill
Randeep Hooda |
| Cinematography | Aseem Mishra |
| Edited by | Rahul Srivastava |
| Music by | Abhishek Ray
Mukhtar Sahota
Ankit Tiwari
Jaidev Kumar
Anuj Garg
Sunil Bhatia
Amit Sial |
| Production
companies | Rahul Mittra Films
Brandsmith Motion Pictures
Tigmanshu Dhulia Films
Bohra Bros Production |
| Distributed by | Bohra Bros Production |
| Release date | * 30 September 2011 (2011-09-30) |
| Running time | 123 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |
| Budget | ₹60 million |
| Box office | ₹107.5 million |


title: Brussels Airport diamond heist

abstract: On 18 February 2013, eight masked gunmen in two cars with police markings stole approximately €38,000,000 worth of diamonds from a Swiss-bound Fokker 100 operated by Helvetic Airways on the apron at Brussels Airport, Belgium, just before 20:00 CET. The heist was accomplished without a single shot being fired.

text:
# Brussels Airport diamond heist

On 18 February 2013, eight masked gunmen in two cars with police markings stole approximately 38,000,000 (US$50,000,000, 33,000,000) worth of diamonds from a Swiss-bound Fokker 100 operated by Helvetic Airways on the apron at Brussels Airport, Belgium, just before 20:00 CET. The heist was accomplished without a single shot being fired.

## Robbery

The robbers hid in a construction site outside the airport prior to the robbery. They were armed with Kalashnikov-type assault rifles and dressed as police officers. Entering the airport through a hole they created in the airport security fence, the robbers drove on the property with two vehicles, a Mercedes van and an Audi, both of which were black with flashing blue police lights. They drove straight to the airplane where the gems were being transferred from a Brink's armored van, which had driven from Antwerp, onto the Fokker 100 twin engine jet Swiss Flight LX789, which was bound for Zurich.

The time between the loading procedure and the moment the plane started to move to take off would only have lasted 15 minutes, according to Caroline De Wolf, a spokeswoman for the Antwerp World Diamond Centre. De Wolf stated that the window for opportunity was so small that the perpetrators must have known ahead of time about the transfer procedures and timing.

The robbers stopped the plane, then brandished their guns, stopping the pilots and transport security. The Brussels prosecutor's office described the weapons used as "like Kalashnikovs", most likely the Galil. The robbers never dropped their weapons. The robbers loaded 130 bags into their cars and drove off, but left behind some gems in their hurry.

The whole robbery took about 3 minutes. The robbery did not appear to disturb any of the passengers, who did not know that anything had happened until they were told to disembark because the flight had been cancelled. The van believed to be used in the robbery was later found abandoned and burned.

In May 2013, 31 people were arrested in connection with the theft, and some of the diamonds were recovered. Charges were brought against 19 of those (16 men and 3 women). In contrast to the clockwork execution of the robbery, the arrests came as a result of mistakes made when the suspects tried to sell the stolen goods. Pascal Pont, a Swiss real estate agent, was given a large sack of diamonds from his friend Marc Bertoldi, a luxury car dealer from the French Riviera, whose car was discovered in the vicinity of the robbery. Pont was investigated for his relationship with Bertoldi, and by monitoring his phone calls, police uncovered Pont's unsuccessful attempts to fence the diamonds in Geneva, which is not a city known for its diamond trade.

The trial was scheduled to begin in September 2017, but it was delayed because Bertoldi was serving a sentence in a French prison for kidnapping and could not be extradited. Bertoldi admitted to having received diamonds stolen in the robbery, but denied any involvement.

In May 2018, 18 of those tried in connection to the heist were acquitted. The case against Bertoldi, the suspected mastermind, was yet to be heard, pending the outcome of his appeal over his kidnapping conviction.

In June 2019, the correctional tribunal of Brussels sentenced Bertoldi to five years of imprisonment and a fine for being a co-conspirator in the heist, for being part of a criminal organisation and for money laundering. The tribunal did not consider him to be the mastermind behind the heist however, contrary to the prosecutor.

## Reaction

Belgian prosecutor Ine Van Wymersch said the robbers "were very, very professional". French airport security consultant Doron Levy said that he was "certain this was an inside job", adding the heist was "incredibly audacious and well organized" and that big jobs like that were often so well organized that the robbers "probably know the employees by name".

## InfoBox

Brussels Airport diamond heist
| Brussels Airport runway | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 18 February 2013 |
| Time | 19:40 CET (estimated) |
| Location | Brussels Airport, Belgium |
| Coordinates | 50°54′5″N 4°29′4″E / 50.90139°N 4.48444°E / 50.90139; 4.48444 |
| Perpetrator | Eight masked men |
| Outcome | Approximately US$50,000,000 in gems stolen |


title: Boisavia Mercurey

abstract: The Boisavia B.60 Mercurey was a series of four-seat light aircraft developed in France shortly after World War II.

text:
# Boisavia Mercurey

The **Boisavia B.60 Mercurey** was a series of four-seat light aircraft developed in France shortly after World War II.

## Design and operations

The Mercurey was a conventional high-wing braced monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. It was built in small numbers and found use in the normal general aviation roles of tourer, trainer, agricultural aircraft, and glider tug.

## Variants

B.60 Mercurey3 prototypes powered by 100 kW (140 hp) Renault 4Pei engine B.601 MercureyPowered by a 140 kW (190 hp) Avco Lycoming O-435-1 engine;three built. B.601L MercureyMain production version, equipped with an 130 kW (180 hp) Avco Lycoming O-360-A engine;twenty-seven built. B.602 MercureyPowered by a 123 kW (165 hp) Continental E165-4 engine;two built. B.602A1x 159 kW (213 hp) Continental O-470-11 B.603 Mercurey SpecialGlider tug version, powered by a 180 kW (240 hp) Salmson 8 As engine (Argus As 10);five built. B.604 Mercurey IIDedicated glider tug with lengthened fuselage, powered by a 170 kW (230 hp) Salmson 9ABc radial piston engine;one built). B.605 MercureySimilar to the B.60, powered by a 130 kW (170 hp) Régnier 4LO2 (SNECMA 4L-02) engine;four built. B.606 Mercurey130 kW (170 hp) Régnier 4LO20 (SNECMA 4L-00) engine;one built.

## Specifications (B.60)

*Data from* Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1958–59

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Capacity:** 3 passengers
* **Length:** 7.20 m (23 ft 7 in)
* **Wingspan:** 11.38 m (37 ft 4 in)
* **Height:** 2.20 m (7 ft 3 in)
* **Wing area:** 18 m2 (190 sq ft)
* **Airfoil:** NACA 23.012
* **Empty weight:** 710 kg (1,565 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,277 kg (2,815 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 220 L (58.1 US gal; 48.4 imp gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Lycoming O-320 4-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 100 kW (140 hp)

(or 170 hp (127 kW) Lycoming O-340) * **Propellers:** 2-bladed Ratier fixed-pitch propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 235 km/h (146 mph, 127 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 70 km/h (43 mph, 38 kn)
* **Range:** 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 5,500 m (18,000 ft)
* **Rate of climb:** 4 m/s (790 ft/min)
* **Take-off run:** 210 m (689 ft)
* **Landing run:** 150 m (492 ft)

## Further reading

* Bridgman, Leonard (1953). *Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953–54*. London: Jane's All The World's Aircraft Publishing Company.
* Gaillard, Pierre (June 2000). "Boisavia: Les petites vendanges de Lucien Tielès". *Le Fana de l'Aviation* (in French). No. 367. pp. 32–41.
* Simpson, R. W. (1995). *Airlife's General Aviation*. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. pp. 408–09.
* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions. p. 192.
* *World Aircraft Information Files*. London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 890 Sheet 73.

## InfoBox

| B.60 Mercurey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Civil utility aircraft |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | Boisavia |
| Number built | 46 |
| History | |
| First flight | 3 April 1949 |


title: Sutri Treasure

abstract: The Sutri Treasure is an important Lombardic hoard found at Sutri, Italy in the late nineteenth century that is currently in the collections of the British Museum in London.

text:
# Sutri Treasure

The **Sutri Treasure** is an important Lombardic hoard found at Sutri, Italy in the late nineteenth century that is currently in the collections of the British Museum in London.

## Discovery

The rich grave group was found in 1878 near the town of Sutri in the province of Viterbo in central Italy. Dating to the 6th-7th centuries AD, the treasure was buried at a time of conflict between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Eastern Roman Empire. Nine years after its discovery, the hoard was purchased by the British Museum, where it resides to this day.

## Description

Given the large number of prestigious items in the treasure, it probably belonged to a noble lady of high rank from the Lombardic court. It includes a blue glass drinking horn, two greenish-blue small amphoras, a gilded fan-shaped silver brooch, a gold and garnet encrusted S-shaped brooch, a simple gold cross and a pair of earrings with triple pendants. A number of other items (including a pin, beads, coins, another drinking horn and a third brooch) were not purchased by the museum at the time; their current whereabouts is unknown.

## Further reading

* S. Marzinzik, Masterpieces: Early Medieval Art (London, British Museum Press, 2013)
* T.W. Potter and A.C. King, Excavations at the Mola di Mon (British School at Rome London in association with the British Museum, 1997)

## InfoBox

| Sutri Treasure | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Sutri Treasure displayed in the British Museum | |
| Material | Gold and precious stones |
| Created | 6th-7th Centuries AD |
| Period/culture | Lombardic |
| Present location | British Museum |
| Identification | 1887,0108,3-9 |


title: Rackenford and Knowstone Moors

abstract: Rackenford and Knowstone Moors is a nature reserve of the Devon Wildlife Trust, situated about 8 miles (13 km) north-west of Tiverton, in Devon, England. The habitat is culm grassland.

text:
# Rackenford and Knowstone Moors

**Rackenford and Knowstone Moors** is a nature reserve of the Devon Wildlife Trust, situated about 8 miles (13 km) north-west of Tiverton, in Devon, England. The habitat is culm grassland.

## Description

The reserve is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. Its area is 122 hectares (300 acres).

Culm grassland is found in poorly drained lowland areas of acidic soil where there is high rainfall. The vegetation includes abundant purple moor grass and sharp-flowered rush.

Over the last century, over 90% of culm grassland has been lost. The remaining parts are mostly in fragmented areas in north Devon; the most extensive fragment is this reserve. The Trust endeavours to protect, re-establish and link together isolated sites of culm grassland. In the reserve there is light grazing by cattle and deer; the low-intensity land management, little changed from prehistoric times, allows a wide diversity of plant species.

### Species

In the wetter areas, besides purple moor grass and sharp-flowered rush, species include ragged-robin, meadowsweet and wild angelica; in waterlogged areas there is sphagnum moss and sundew. In dry areas there is saw-wort, thistles and heathers. The plants support many species of butterflies, such as small pearl-bordered fritillary, marbled white and dingy skipper; birds including curlew, snipe and reed bunting may be found.

### Prehistoric site

On Knowstone Inner Moor there is saucer barrow, of the early Bronze Age: it is a mound, diameter 5.7 metres (19 ft) and height up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in), surrounded by a ditch and outer bank.

## InfoBox

| Rackenford and Knowstone Moors | |
| --- | --- |
| Looking south-east on Knowstone Outer Moor | |
| Location in Devon | |
| Location | near Tiverton, Devon |
| OS grid | SS 851 211 |
| Coordinates | 50°58′40″N 3°38′17″W / 50.97778°N 3.63806°W / 50.97778; -3.63806 |
| Area | 122 hectares (300 acres) |
| Operated by | Devon Wildlife Trust |
| Designation | Site of Special Scientific Interest<br>Special Area of Conservation |
| Website | www.devonwildlifetrust.org/nature-reserves/rackenford-and-knowstone-moors |


title: Eleanor Vadala

abstract: Eleanor Vadala was an American chemist, materials engineer and balloonist. She became director of research and development at the Naval Air Development Center in Pennsylvania, where she helped to develop light synthetic materials for use in aircraft. One of her jobs was the testing of fabric in existing balloons to ensure they could be used safely. Vadala was the third woman in the United States to be FAA-certified as a balloon pilot. As member of the Balloon Club of America, Vadala participated in 66 balloon flights, 47 flights in gas balloons and 19 flights in hot air balloons. Vadala was one of the first female pilots to participate internationally. She was involved in 13 flights hosted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) between 1959 and 1963. On July 28, 2019, Vadala was inducted into the Balloon Federation of America Hall of Fame, at the National Balloon Museum in Indianola, Iowa.

text:
# Eleanor Vadala

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| "Eleanor Vadala's First Flight", March 6, 2018 | |

**Eleanor Vadala** (September 8, 1923 – July 19, 2023) was an American chemist, materials engineer and balloonist. She became director of research and development at the Naval Air Development Center in Pennsylvania, where she helped to develop light synthetic materials for use in aircraft. One of her jobs was the testing of fabric in existing balloons to ensure they could be used safely.

Vadala was the third woman in the United States to be FAA-certified as a balloon pilot. As member of the Balloon Club of America, Vadala participated in 66 balloon flights, 47 flights in gas balloons and 19 flights in hot air balloons. Vadala was one of the first female pilots to participate internationally. She was involved in 13 flights hosted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) between 1959 and 1963.

On July 28, 2019, Vadala was inducted into the Balloon Federation of America Hall of Fame, at the National Balloon Museum in Indianola, Iowa.

## Education and early career

Eleanor Vadala was born on September 8, 1923, in National Park, New Jersey. She attended school in Atlantic City and Cardiff in New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Between 1943 and 1945, Vadala worked at Kellett Aircraft Company, making aircraft parts. After World War II ended, she returned to university at Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. She graduated in 1947 with a Bachelor of Science in nutrition and a minor in chemistry.

After graduating, Vadala worked at the Franklin Institute for eight years, as a lecturer on science and technology. She has said that she loved the work, but it did not pay well. Vadala volunteered at the Franklin for another ten years after finding a new job. In 1957 she helped to record the orbit of the Russia's Sputnik satellite as part of the Franklin Institute's Moon Watch Team.

Interested in astronomy, she built by herself a 6-inch telescope. She joined the Rittenhouse Astronomy Society, eventually serving as Treasurer, Secretary, and President. Her acceptance of the presidency at a time when the organization had largely fallen into disarray was important in restarting its activities. For two terms, she served the Astronomical League in the position of Secretary of the Middle East.

## Aviation materials research

Eleanor Vadala worked for the Naval Air Development department, studying synthetic laminated materials for use in the construction of aircraft. She held positions at the Naval Air Material Center at the Philadelphia Naval Yard, which carried out materials testing and laboratory experiments, and at the Naval Air Development Center in Warminster, Pennsylvania. She eventually became director of research and development at the Naval Air Development Center.

One of her jobs involved testing the balloons stored in the Naval Air Facility in Lakehurst, New Jersey, to ensure that they were still safe to use. She used an Instron Tensile Testing machine to assess the weight, compressive strength and tensile strength of the fabrics used. As a result of her findings, a number of balloons were ruled unfit for use.

Vadala also used the Instron to test laminated light weight materials to see if they were suitable for use in aircraft. Her publications include *Failure mechanisms for advanced composite sandwich construction in hostile environments* (1979) and *Triaxially Woven Fabrics of Kevlar, Dacron Polyester and Hybrids of Kevlar and Dacron Polyester* (1980).

## Ballooning

Vadala was introduced to ballooning through Tony Fairbanks, a fellow member of the Rittenhouse Astronomy Society. Fairbanks was a charter member of the Balloon Club of America (BCA), incorporated in 1952 in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.

Eleanor Vadala enjoyed her first balloon flight on January 9, 1954, a date that commemorated the first balloon flight in the Americas on January 9, 1793, by Jean-Pierre Blanchard. Don Piccard piloted the Balloon Club of America's N9071H, a former U.S. Army balloon built by Goodyear, on its fourth flight for the BCA. Known as the "Old 80", N9071H was an 80,000-cubic-foot (2,300 m3) gas balloon. Don Piccard was accompanied by Francis Shield, Eleanor Vadala, and another first-time woman balloonist, Kate C. Ornsen. They landed in Netcong, New Jersey. Vadala has spoken eloquently of their landing. "We drifted down like one of the snowflakes. We touched down and landed so softly that the deer didn't even move—such a quiet serenity with the snow coming down so gently." The flight was reported by *The Philadelphia Inquirer* and other newspapers and was the basis for *Argosy*'s April 1954 cover story.

Vadala's second hot air balloon flight was on July 4, 1954, with Tony Fairbanks. They flew from Valley Forge airport, celebrating Independence Day.

Vadala became an active member of the BCA, not only learning to fly, but also repairing the balloons, making nets for them, filling sandbags to use as weights, and driving the chase vehicles that followed the balloons after they launched. The club launched from both the Valley Forge Airport and from Wings Field in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania.

Vadala was the third woman to receive FAA Balloon Pilot Certification, passing the written test on June 27, 1962, and the flight test on July 13, 1963. She flew from Doylestown, Pennsylvania, to Hilltown, Pennsylvania. Vadala was preceded as a licensed woman balloon pilot in the United States by Constance C. Wolf ("Connie Wolf"), November 26, 1956, and by Jeannette Piccard who was issued her FAI-ACA ballooning license as of July 27, 1934.

Vadala's first solo flight occurred on October 20, 1962, in *La Coquette*. She flew from Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania, to College Avenue in Havertown, Pennsylvania. One of her early solo flights was mentioned with a photograph, in *Sports Illustrated* for December 24, 1962.

Originally owned by the Navy, the balloon *La Coquette* was constructed in 1928, and later sold to the Balloon Club of America. In 1955, it was redecorated and featured in the 1956 film "Around the World in Eighty Days". (The original book by Jules Verne did not include a balloon flight.) After filming, *La Coquette* was returned to the Club and continued to fly.

In 1967, the Philadelphia Navy Yard decided to commemorate their 50th anniversary with a gas balloon launch. Vadala organized the launch, and was pilot-in-command of *La Coquette* for the flight, which occurred on July 29, 1967.

Vadala presented public educational programs about ballooning and was an instructor for hot air balloons. Unofficially, she served as the first secretary of the Balloon Federation of America, when it was formed in 1961.

Vadala also taught classes in English as a Second Language (ESL) to immigrants. At age 63 she married an amateur balloonist, Rittenhouse Astronomical Society member, and astronomer for the Franklin Institute, Edwin F. Bailey (1907–1986). After his death, she established the Edwin F. Bailey Scholarship Award at Villanova University in his memory.

## Death

Eleanor Vadala died at her home in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, on July 19, 2023, at the age of 99.

## InfoBox

| Eleanor Vadala | |
| --- | --- |
| Vadala in 1953 | |
| Born | (1923-09-08)September 8, 1923
National Park, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | July 19, 2023(2023-07-19) (aged 99)
Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Juniata College |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Materials science, ballooning |
| Institutions | Franklin Institute, Naval Air Development Center in Warminster, PA |
|  | |


title: Tour Swiss Life

abstract: The Tour Swiss Life is a skyscraper of offices located in La Part-Dieu quarter, in the 3rd arrondissement of Lyon. This 82-metre tower was built in 1989 by French architect Charles Delfante. It was the second tallest tower in Lyon before the end of the construction of the Tour Oxygène in 2010, and is now the 4th tallest, with 20 floors. The tower was originally to be about 120 metres, but the City Council was opposed to highrises at the time. It is surrounded by a ditch and has its ground floor at level -1, the entrance is via a gateway. It houses in particular the Swiss Life company. At the MIPIM exhibition in 2009, the Mayor of Lyon, Gérard Collomb confirmed the desire of Swiss Life to raise the tower. The project has since been modified, a new tower has been proposed to be built in place of the current 4-storey-high parking garage of SwissLife tower.

text:
# Tour Swiss Life

The **Tour Swiss Life** is a skyscraper of offices located in La Part-Dieu quarter, in the 3rd arrondissement of Lyon. This 82-metre tower was built in 1989 by French architect Charles Delfante. It was the second tallest tower in Lyon before the end of the construction of the Tour Oxygène in 2010, and is now the 4th tallest, with 20 floors. The tower was originally to be about 120 metres, but the City Council was opposed to highrises at the time. It is surrounded by a ditch and has its ground floor at level -1, the entrance is via a gateway. It houses in particular the Swiss Life company. At the MIPIM exhibition in 2009, the Mayor of Lyon, Gérard Collomb confirmed the desire of Swiss Life to raise the tower. The project has since been modified, a new tower has been proposed to be built in place of the current 4-storey-high parking garage of SwissLife tower.

45°45′47″N 4°51′31″E / 45.76306°N 4.85861°E / 45.76306; 4.85861

## InfoBox

| Tour Swiss Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Office |
| Location | La Part-Dieu, Lyon, France |
| Completed | 1990 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 82 m (269 ft) |
| Top floor | 82 m (269 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 21 |
| Floor area | 16.600 m2 (178.68 sq ft) |
| Lifts/elevators | 6 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Christian Batton, cabinet Batton-Roustit |


title: Electric Brae (novel)

abstract: Electric Brae: A Modern Romance was the first novel by Scottish writer Andrew Greig. The title is a reference to Electric Brae in South Ayrshire, where a natural optical illusion makes it seem that things can roll uphill.

text:
# Electric Brae (novel)

***Electric Brae: A Modern Romance*** was the first novel by Scottish writer Andrew Greig. The title is a reference to Electric Brae in South Ayrshire, where a natural optical illusion makes it seem that things can roll uphill.

## Plot summary

Jimmy Renilson is an engineer aboard a North Sea oil rig, who divides his time between his affair with temperamental artist Kim Russell (born Ruslawska) and rock climbing. The narrative describes Jimmy's stormy relationship with Kim, and events affecting their circle of friends, especially Jimmy's climbing friend Graeme and his bisexual partner Lesley. Set in various parts of Scotland, especially Orkney, the book describes the two men's ambition to climb the Old Man of Hoy.

The main story is framed in a memory game Jimmy is playing with Kim's daughter.

The author has described the book as 'a modern romance without heather or hardmen'. It was shortlisted for the McVitie's Prize for Scottish Writer of the Year.

## InfoBox

Electric Brae: A Modern Romance
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Andrew Greig |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Novel |
| Publisher | Canongate |
| Publication date | 1992 |
| Publication place | Scotland |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 320 pp |
| ISBN | 0-571-21285-9 |
| OCLC | 48236280 |


title: Electric Car Corporation

abstract:
The Electric Car Corporation plc was an electric car manufacturer and dealer based in Mayfair, London with an assembly plant in Flitwick, Bedfordshire. It made and sold the Citroën C1 ev'ie, an electric car adapted from the Citroën C1. The car was first released on 30 April 2009 with a list price of £16,850.
The company was dissolved in 2012. The company was dissolved in 2012. Starting with a complete vehicle, The Electric Car Corporation removed components from the new car such as the petrol engine, transmission and other unnecessary parts. These were sold to the motor trade to offset some of the price of the initial new vehicle purchase.

text:
# Electric Car Corporation

The **Electric Car Corporation** plc was an electric car manufacturer and dealer based in Mayfair, London with an assembly plant in Flitwick, Bedfordshire. It made and sold the Citroën C1 ev'ie, an electric car adapted from the Citroën C1. The car was first released on 30 April 2009 with a list price of £16,850 ($24,989 US). The company was dissolved in 2012.

The company was dissolved in 2012. Starting with a complete vehicle, The Electric Car Corporation removed components from the new car such as the petrol engine, transmission and other unnecessary parts. These were sold to the motor trade to offset some of the price of the initial new vehicle purchase.

## Board of directors

Its board of directors comprised:

51°30′33″N 0°09′23″W / 51.509167°N 0.156389°W / 51.509167; -0.156389


title: Toronto Lions

abstract: The Toronto Lions were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1931 to 1939. They played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto and were coached by Eddie Livingstone. The team was previously known as the Victorias, and changed their name in 1931 when they became affiliated with the Lions Club. Lions centre Jimmy Good won the OHA scoring title in 1934-35, playing with future Hockey Hall of Fame inductee Gordie Drillon on his wing. Three alumni of the Toronto Lions graduated to play in the National Hockey League: Drillon, Charlie Phillips, and Lefty Wilson.

text:
# Toronto Lions

The **Toronto Lions** were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1931 to 1939. They played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto and were coached by Eddie Livingstone. The team was previously known as the Victorias, and changed their name in 1931 when they became affiliated with the Lions Club.

Lions centre Jimmy Good won the OHA scoring title in 1934-35, playing with future Hockey Hall of Fame inductee Gordie Drillon on his wing. Three alumni of the Toronto Lions graduated to play in the National Hockey League: Drillon, Charlie Phillips, and Lefty Wilson.

## Yearly results

*Results prior to 1937–38 unavailable.*

| **Season** | **Games** | **Won** | **Lost** | **Tied** | **Points** | **Pct %** | **Goals
For** | **Goals
Against** | **Standing** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1937–38 | 11 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0.091 | 22 | 72 | 7th OHA |
| 1938–39 | 14 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 0.071 | 24 | 76 | 4th Group 2 |

## InfoBox

| Toronto Lions | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Toronto |
| League | Ontario Hockey Association |
| Operated | 1931 to 1939 |
| Home arena | Maple Leaf Gardens |