title: Justin Langer

abstract: Justin Lee Langer is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer. He is the former coach of the Australia men's national team, having been appointed to the role in May 2018 and leaving in February 2022 and became the coach of Lucknow based IPL franchise Lucknow Super Giants in July, 2023. A left-handed batsman, Langer is best known for his partnership with Matthew Hayden as Australia's test opening batsmen during the early and mid-2000s, considered one of the most successful ever. Representing Western Australia domestically, Langer played English county cricket for Middlesex and also Somerset. He holds the record for the most runs scored at first-class level by an Australian. As Australia's coach, he led the team to victory in the 2021 T20 World Cup. Born in Perth, Western Australia, Langer excelled at cricket from an early age, representing Western Australia at under-age level, as well as the Australia under-19 team. He also won a scholarship to the Australian Cricket Academy at the Australian Institute of Sport in 1990. Langer made his first-class debut for Western Australia during the 1991–92 Sheffield Shield, and, after good form at state level, made his Test debut for Australia the following season at the age of 22, during the West Indies' 1992–93 tour. Although maintaining his place in the side, he struggled for form, and only made sporadic appearances for Australia until his selection for Australia's 1998–99 tour of Pakistan, in which he scored his first Test century. Establishing himself at number three in the batting order, Langer maintained this role until the 2001 Ashes series. Having been injured for the first four Tests, he replaced Michael Slater as Matthew Hayden's opening partner for the final Test, and scored a century in Australia's innings win. This was the first of three centuries in consecutive matches that secured Langer's position at the top of the order. Except for injuries, the partnership between Hayden and Langer persisted until Langer's retirement at the conclusion of the 2006–07 Ashes series. Their partnership included a total of 5,655 runs over a period of 113 innings, second only to the partnership between West Indians Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes. Langer's retirement came after several injuries had restricted his batting, including a concussion sustained during Australia's 2005–06 tour of South Africa. Despite having been one of the leading runscorers in Australia's domestic limited-overs competition, he only played eight One Day International matches for Australia, all during a period from 1994 to 1997. After his retirement, Langer played one final season with Western Australia, as well as continuing as captain of Somerset in English domestic cricket. He retired from all forms of the cricket at the end of the 2009 English cricket season. Langer was the Australian national cricket team's batting coach and senior assistant coach from November 2009 until November 2012, when he was appointed senior coach of the Perth Scorchers and Western Australia. In 2016, Langer became interim coach for the Australian team while then coach Darren Lehmann took leave to scout for the Ashes and away matches late in 2016. In a fan poll conducted by the CA in 2017, he was named in the country's best Ashes XI in the last 40 years. On 3 May 2018, Langer was announced as coach of the Australian national cricket team, following a ball tampering scandal which led to the resignation of Darren Lehmann. His four-year term began on 22 May 2018. On 4 February 2022, Langer announced his resignation as head coach of the Australia men's team. His contract was set to expire in June 2022, and he turned down a short-term extension.

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# Justin Langer

**Justin Lee Langer** AM (born 21 November 1970) is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer. He is the former coach of the Australia men's national team, having been appointed to the role in May 2018 and leaving in February 2022 and became the coach of Lucknow based IPL franchise Lucknow Super Giants in July, 2023. A left-handed batsman, Langer is best known for his partnership with Matthew Hayden as Australia's test opening batsmen during the early and mid-2000s, considered one of the most successful ever. Representing Western Australia domestically, Langer played English county cricket for Middlesex and also Somerset. He holds the record for the most runs scored at first-class level by an Australian. As Australia's coach, he led the team to victory in the 2021 T20 World Cup.

Born in Perth, Western Australia, Langer excelled at cricket from an early age, representing Western Australia at under-age level, as well as the Australia under-19 team. He also won a scholarship to the Australian Cricket Academy at the Australian Institute of Sport in 1990. Langer made his first-class debut for Western Australia during the 1991–92 Sheffield Shield, and, after good form at state level, made his Test debut for Australia the following season at the age of 22, during the West Indies' 1992–93 tour. Although maintaining his place in the side, he struggled for form, and only made sporadic appearances for Australia until his selection for Australia's 1998–99 tour of Pakistan, in which he scored his first Test century. Establishing himself at number three in the batting order, Langer maintained this role until the 2001 Ashes series. Having been injured for the first four Tests, he replaced Michael Slater as Matthew Hayden's opening partner for the final Test, and scored a century in Australia's innings win. This was the first of three centuries in consecutive matches that secured Langer's position at the top of the order.

Except for injuries, the partnership between Hayden and Langer (with Ricky Ponting moving to Langer's previous position at number three) persisted until Langer's retirement at the conclusion of the 2006–07 Ashes series. Their partnership included a total of 5,655 runs over a period of 113 innings, second only to the partnership between West Indians Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes. Langer's retirement came after several injuries had restricted his batting, including a concussion sustained during Australia's 2005–06 tour of South Africa. Despite having been one of the leading runscorers in Australia's domestic limited-overs competition, he only played eight One Day International matches for Australia, all during a period from 1994 to 1997. After his retirement, Langer played one final season with Western Australia (having served as the state's captain since the 2002–03 season), as well as continuing as captain of Somerset in English domestic cricket. He retired from all forms of the cricket at the end of the 2009 English cricket season. Langer was the Australian national cricket team's batting coach and senior assistant coach from November 2009 until November 2012, when he was appointed senior coach of the Perth Scorchers and Western Australia.

In 2016, Langer became interim coach for the Australian team while then coach Darren Lehmann took leave to scout for the Ashes and away matches late in 2016. In a fan poll conducted by the CA in 2017, he was named in the country's best Ashes XI in the last 40 years.

On 3 May 2018, Langer was announced as coach of the Australian national cricket team, following a ball tampering scandal which led to the resignation of Darren Lehmann. His four-year term began on 22 May 2018.

On 4 February 2022, Langer announced his resignation as head coach of the Australia men's team. His contract was set to expire in June 2022, and he turned down a short-term extension.

## International career

### 1993–2000

Langer made his Test debut against the West Indies at the Adelaide Oval, in January 1993. He received a rough welcome against an in-form West Indian bowling attack, including being hit on the back of the head by his very first ball in Test cricket, delivered by Ian Bishop, who went on to become a close friend in later life. Along with the rest of the Australian team, he took numerous blows from their pace bowlers. After only managing to score 20 in the first innings, Langer top-scored for Australia with 54 in the second, a famous chase by Australia that fell just 2 runs short. In the fifth and final Test of the series, Langer only managed to score 11 runs between his two innings in a match that was dominated by the bowling of Curtly Ambrose and Ian Bishop.

He retained his place for the following tour of New Zealand. After decent but not awe-inspiring totals in the first two Tests (63 & 24), Langer suffered the indignity of getting a pair in the third Test, falling for a duck in both innings. He was subsequently dropped, and other than a few scattered appearances did not return to the Australian Test team until October 1998, for the tour of Pakistan.

In November 1999 at Bellerive Oval in Hobart, he shared a match-winning 238-run partnership with Adam Gilchrist to rescue Australia from 126/5 chasing a victory target of 369 against Pakistan. The century scored in this innings was scored in 388 minutes, an Australian record for the slowest century.

### 2001–2002

Langer was a number three batsman until 2001 when he was dropped after failing to convert a series of starts during Australia's 2–1 loss in India. During the second Test in Kolkata, he bowled a single over when V. V. S. Laxman and Rahul Dravid defied the Australian attack for the entirety of the fourth day, forcing captain Steve Waugh to try almost all his players as bowlers; it was the only time Langer ever bowled at Test level. Shortly after though, he replaced Michael Slater as an opening batsman for the final 2001 Ashes series Test at The Oval where he celebrated his return with a century. He did not get dropped again and as an opening batsman he averaged 52.38 and scored 14 centuries in 44 matches; previously he scored 7 centuries in 41 matches at an average of 39.04. Langer returned to Australia in the 2002–03 Ashes series, where his very successful partnership with Matthew Hayden developed. In this series, Langer scored his top score of 250 against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

### 2003–2007

Langer personally outscored the entire Pakistan side in the Perth Test of 2004. He scored 191 and 97 while Pakistan made 179 and 72. It was the first occasion of a player being dismissed in both the 190s and 90s in a Test.

He captained the Prime Minister's XI in December 2005 in their match against the West Indies.

In the 2005 Ashes series, Langer top-scored for an unsuccessful Australian team, with 391 in the series. His top score was 105, scored in the final test.

After this, pressure was mounting on the opening partnership of Hayden and Langer. Calls were coming to have the pair replaced by a younger duo, that would ensure the future and stability of the team to come. However, the partnership had support from the Australian selectors and was only disrupted in the 2006 Summer series when Langer was out with injury. He was replaced by Mike Hussey and Phil Jaques for two tests.

Langer then suffered a number of injuries, increasing the pressure on selectors to drop him for rising star Phil Jaques. Langer was selected over Jaques for the 2007 Ashes series, which turned out to be his last. Langer scored an 80 and a century in the first test, but it was slim pickings to follow for him.

Despite success in the Australian Test team, he did not get recalled to the one-day team, even after he was named as the domestic ING Cup's player of the season in 2002/03.

### Retirement

On 1 January 2007, Langer announced his retirement from Test cricket after the fifth Ashes Test against England, starting at the Sydney Cricket Ground the following day. In doing so, he joined Shane Warne and Glenn McGrath who had both announced their retirements earlier in the month, and it came only three matches after the surprise departure of Damien Martyn. He came to the decision during the previous match in Melbourne, having earlier decided against retiring after the tour of South Africa to help Australia reclaim the Ashes. He said of his decision: "Everyone keeps saying 'you'll know when it's time'. Well, at one o'clock two days ago I knew it was time – it just came to me."

Despite his retirement from international cricket, Langer opted to continue to play first-class cricket, with Somerset announcing on the same day that Langer had agreed to return to the English county in 2007 as captain. Langer had said during his retirement announcement that he was relishing returning to Somerset: "There's an amazing challenge at Somerset. They're at the bottom of everything, and I've got a great regard for the coach over there and I'm looking forward to that challenge." Langer also stayed on with Western Australia for a final season in 2007–08.

## List of international centuries

Langer scored his first Test century against Pakistan at Peshawar in October 1998, scoring 116. He scored his final Test century against England at The Gabba in November 2006. His highest Test score is 250, scored against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in December 2002.

Langer never made a century in the ODI format; his highest score was 36, which he made against India at Sharjah in 1994.

Test centuries
| No. | Score | Against | Pos. | Inn. | Test | Venue | H/A/N | Date | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 116 | Pakistan | 3 | 1 | 2/3 | Peshawar | Away | 15 October 1998 | Drawn |  |
| 2 | 179 not out | England | 3 | 1 | 3/5 | Adelaide | Home | 11 December 1998 | Won |  |
| 3 | 127 | West Indies | 3 | 3 | 4/4 | St. John's | Away | 3 April 1999 | Won |  |
| 4 | 127 | Pakistan | 3 | 4 | 2/3 | Hobart | Home | 18 November 1999 | Won |  |
| 5 | 144 | Pakistan | 3 | 2 | 3/3 | Perth | Home | 26 November 1999 | Won |  |
| 6 | 223 | India | 3 | 2 | 3/3 | Sydney | Home | 2 January 2000 | Won |  |
| 7 | 122 not out | New Zealand | 3 | 4 | 3/3 | Hamilton | Away | 31 March 2000 | Won |  |
| 8 | 102 not out | England | 2 | 1 | 5/5 | The Oval | Away | 23 August 2001 | Won |  |
| 9 | 104 | New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | Brisbane | Home | 8 November 2001 | Drawn |  |
| 10 | 123 | New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 2/3 | Hobart | Home | 22 November 2001 | Drawn |  |
| 11 | 116 | South Africa | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | Adelaide | Home | 14 December 2001 | Won |  |
| 12 | 126 | South Africa | 1 | 1 | 3/3 | Sydney | Home | 2 January 2002 | Won |  |
| 13 | 250 | England | 1 | 1 | 4/5 | Melbourne | Home | 26 December 2002 | Won |  |
| 14 | 146 | West Indies | 1 | 2 | 1/4 | Georgetown | Away | 10 April 2003 | Won |  |
| 15 | 111 | West Indies | 1 | 3 | 4/4 | St. John's | Away | 9 May 2003 | Lost |  |
| 16 | 121 | India | 1 | 1 | 1/4 | Brisbane | Home | 4 December 2003 | Drawn |  |
| 17 | 117 | India | 1 | 2 | 4/4 | Sydney | Home | 2 January 2004 | Drawn |  |
| 18 | 166 | Sri Lanka | 1 | 3 | 3/3 | Colombo | Away | 24 March 2004 | Won |  |
| 19 | 162 | Sri Lanka | 1 | 1 | 2/2 | Cairns | Home | 9 July 2004 | Drawn |  |
| 20 | 215 | New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 2/2 | Adelaide | Home | 26 November 2004 | Won |  |
| 21 | 191 | Pakistan | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | Perth | Home | 16 December 2004 | Won |  |
| 22 | 105 | England | 1 | 2 | 5/5 | The Oval | Away | 8 September 2005 | Drawn |  |
| 23 | 100 not out | England | 1 | 3 | 1/5 | Brisbane | Home | 23 November 2006 | Won |  |

## Domestic career

### Western Australia

Langer was the captain of the Western Warriors until the end of the 2006/2007 season. He became the highest run-scorer for Western Australia in 4-day matches, after passing Tom Moody's old record of 8853 runs on 5 December 2007 against Tasmania at Bellerive Oval. On 5 March 2008, Langer announced his retirement from Australian first-class domestic cricket. Earlier in the year, Langer had announced his retirement from the Australian domestic one-day cricket. However, Langer said that he would play another season for Somerset in county cricket. Langer played for Western Australia in a career spanning 17 years, leaving as the highest run-scorer in Western Australia's history.

### County Cricket

Langer played county cricket for Middlesex County Cricket Club from 1998 to 2000, captaining the side in 2000. In his first season, he scored his maiden century in English domestic cricket in superb fashion with 233 not out against Somerset at Lord's, in the same match that he was awarded his county cap. He went on to score centuries in his next two County Championship matches, and achieved 1,000 runs for the season after only eight matches. He finished the season with the second highest runs total and batting average in the Championship, behind John Crawley on both counts.

In June 2006 it was announced that he would join Somerset later that month for six weeks, while fellow countryman Dan Cullen was on duty with Australia A. On 20 July 2006, he made his highest first-class score of 342 playing for Somerset in a County Championship match against Surrey at the Woodbridge Road ground in Guildford. This was also the highest score ever by a Somerset batsman, breaking the record of Sir Viv Richards who made 322 against Warwickshire at Taunton in 1985, and is the 10th highest score in a first-class match in England. During his six-week spell at the club, Langer also enjoyed particular success in the Twenty20 competition, topping the batting charts along with fellow Australian Cameron White.

On 20 April 2007 he became the first Somerset player to score two triple centuries in the County Championship when he hit 315 against Middlesex in a match noted for its batting. Responding to a Middlesex first innings of 600, Somerset set a new ground record at the County Ground, Taunton with 850–7 declared. On 19 September 2007 it was announced that Langer would stay with Somerset (as captain) for the 2008 season. In 15 first-class matches for the county in 2007, Langer scored 1215 runs at 57.85 and a further 764 in one-day competitions.

Early in the 2008 season, Langer and Marcus Trescothick put on a 272-second wicket partnership during the second innings against Hampshire at the County Ground, Taunton; falling just 18 short of the 1924 ground record.

On 23 July 2009, playing his 615th innings, he surpassed Sir Donald Bradman as the leading Australian first-class run scorer when he scored his 86th century while playing Worcestershire. At the end of the 2009 season, Langer announced that he would not be returning to Taunton in a playing capacity the following season, and retiring from all competitive cricket. He commented in an interview with BBC Somerset that he was in discussions to potentially return at some point to the county in the future in a coaching capacity. Langer played his last home game in English domestic cricket on 27 September 2009, captaining Somerset against Durham in the Nat West Pro40. A game which Somerset lost by two runs. Langer's last act as Somerset captain was to lead the side to the second stage of the 2009 Twenty20 Champions League.

## Career best performances

|  | Batting | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Score | Fixture | Venue | Season |
| **Test** | 250 | Australia v England | MCG, Melbourne | 2002 |
| **ODI** | 36 | Australia v India | Sharjah Cricket Stadium | 1994 |
| **FC** | 342 | Surrey v Somerset | Sports Ground, Woodbridge Road, Guildford | 2006 |
| **LA** | 146 | Western Australia v South Australia | WACA, Perth | 2000 |
| **T20** | 97 | Somerset v Northamptonshire | County Ground, Taunton | 2006 |

## Post-playing career

Langer through to the end of his career remained publicly undecided about what he wanted to do after his retirement. Speculation hence rose in the media with suggestions of a coaching position with Middlesex, and an open invitation to return to Somerset in some capacity. In November 2009, Cricket Australia announced the appointment of Langer as assistant coach of their Test team under national boss Tim Nielsen, as a batting coach and mentor. In November 2012, Langer was appointed to the position of senior coach of Western Australia and the Perth Scorchers, after the resignation of Lachlan Stevens, with a contract until the end of the 2015–16 season.

In July 2017, Langer was appointed to the board of the West Coast Eagles football club.

In May 2018, Langer was announced as the coach of the Australian national cricket team, and then in October 2019, Andrew McDonald was appointed as his assistant coach. In 2019, he coached Australia to the semi-finals of the 2019 Cricket World Cup, losing to England by 8 wickets. It was noted before the game that Langer had got Australia to walk barefoot around the edge of Edgbaston before the match in a bid to capture "positive energy coming out of the earth".

Langer was announced as the head coach of Lucknow Super Giants in July 2023 replacing Andy Flower.

## Famous duels and partners

In his 100th test, Langer was hit by a bouncer from Makhaya Ntini (South Africa v Australia, 3rd Test, Johannesburg, 2nd day). He suffered concussion and underwent scans in hospital. Despite the risk of being killed if hit on the head again, Langer padded up to bat in the second innings if it was required of him. Captain Ricky Ponting wrote in his diary that because of Langer's intention of defying medical advice, he would have had to declare the run chase and forfeit the match to prevent Langer from facing the bowling. Brett Lee scored the winning runs before Langer was needed.

Langer's most notable opening batting partner was Matthew Hayden. The opening pair represented Australia in more than 100 Test innings. The pair made 5654 runs while batting together in partnerships, with an average of 51 runs per partnership; only Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes of the West Indies have scored more Test runs as a partnership, with 6482.

## Personal life

Langer is an alumnus of Perth schools Newman College and Aquinas College. The Justin Langer Shield is played between year sevens of Newman and Aquinas.

He is the nephew of Rob Langer, a left-handed batsman for Western Australia during the 1970s and 1980s. Langer is married to his high school sweetheart, Sue, and has four daughters. When resident in Somerset, the family stayed in a rented home in Hatch Beauchamp: "Mate, I say this with the utmost affection and respect, but it's like living in the olden days."

He is a martial artist and has obtained the rank of Shodan-Ho (probationary 1st degree black belt) in Zen Do Kai.

Langer has written five books. His first was entitled *From Outback to Outfield: A Revealing Diary of Life on the County Cricket Circuit*. His second, an autobiography released after his return from rock bottom in 2001, entitled *The Power of Passion*. He also released a book with Steve Harmison entitled *Ashes Frontline: The Ashes War Diaries of Steve Harmison and Justin Langer* about the 2006–07 Ashes series in Australia. He also wrote *Seeing the Sunrise* which has been described as "a handbook for overcoming self-doubt, for revelling in success, for aiming high. It is about mastering physical and mental goals, enjoying victories and fighting adversity." His most recent book is *Keeping My Head: A Life in Cricket*.

Melbourne rock band Telemachus Brown wrote a song about Langer entitled *(Wrong about) Justin Langer*. It was released on their 2006 EP *Medicine Songs* and was a hit for the band on Melbourne university radio. The song could be a reference to Langer's transformation from being an average Test batsman in his early career to a world-class opener later in his career.

Langer is a devout Catholic, as was his Australian opening batsman partner Matthew Hayden. Politically, he is conservative, an admirer of former Liberal Australian Prime Minister John Howard, and considered running for office as a member of the Liberal Party of Australia.

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| External videos | |
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| One Plus One: Justin Langer, One Plus One, ABC News | |

## InfoBox

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| Langer in 2007 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Justin Lee Langer |
| Born | (1970-11-21) 21 November 1970<br>Perth, Western Australia |
| Nickname | JL, Alfie |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Opening batsman |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 354) | 23 January 1993 v West Indies |
| Last Test | 5 January 2007 v England |
| ODI debut (cap 117) | 14 April 1994 v Sri Lanka |
| Last ODI | 25 May 1997 v England |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1991/92–2007/08 | Western Australia |
| 1998–2000 | Middlesex |
| 2006–2009 | Somerset |
|  | |
| Head coaching information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2012–2018 | Western Australia |
| 2012–2018 | Perth Scorchers |
| 2018–2022 | Australia |
| 2023– | Lucknow Super Giants |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test ODI FC LA  Matches 105 8 360 239  Runs scored 7,696 160 28,382 7,875  Batting average 45.27 32.00 50.23 38.60  100s/50s 23/30 0/0 86/110 14/53  Top score 250 36 342 146  Balls bowled 6 0 386 193  Wickets 0  5 7  Bowling average   42.00 30.71  5 wickets in innings   0 0  10 wickets in match   0 0  Best bowling   2/17 3/51  Catches/stumpings 73/– 2/1 322/– 113/2 | |
|  | |
| Medal record      Men's Cricket  Representing  Australia (as manager)  T20 World Cup  **Winner** 2021 UAE & Oman | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 28 September 2009 | |


title: The Starving Children

abstract: "The Starving Children", is a fairy tale included in the first edition of the Grimm's Fairy Tales. It has been removed from the book since its second edition. It is related to the longer Gottes Speise that appeared in the Kinder-legende section from 1819.

text:
# The Starving Children

"**The Starving Children**" (German: *Die Kinder in Hungersnot*), is a fairy tale included in the first edition of the *Grimm's Fairy Tales*. It has been removed from the book since its second edition. It is related to the longer Gottes Speise that appeared in the Kinder-legende section from 1819.

## Plot summary

There was a mother with two daughters. They were very poor and starving. The mother was so hungry that she lost her mind and was about to kill one of her daughters for food. The daughter asked the mother not to kill her as she would go out and find them food. However, she could only find a small piece of bread. It did not last long and the mother again lost her mind and tried to kill the other daughter. This time, this daughter told her the same thing and brought home two pieces of bread. They ate the bread but it was not enough.

The mother was about to try killing her daughters again. This time, the daughters suggested they sleep until the end of the world. They slept, but no one could ever wake up, the mother disappeared and no one has seen her again.


title: Cofradía, Cortés

abstract: Cofradia is a town in northwestern Honduras, in the Naco Valley, with a population of 45,430 making it the second largest city in San Pedro Sula Municipality. The town is located 24 km southwest from the city of San Pedro Sula.

text:
# Cofradía, Cortés

**Cofradia** is a town in northwestern Honduras, in the Naco Valley, with a population of 45,430 (2023 calculation) making it the second largest city in San Pedro Sula Municipality. The town is located 24 km southwest from the city of San Pedro Sula.

## Physical and political geography

The limits of Cofradia are:

Cofradia stands at 15°24' north latitude and 88°09' west longitude and is approximately 160 metres above sea level. The urbanised area of Cofradia covers 48 hectares. It is generally hilly, with only a few flat areas. The land sits in the watersheds of the Manchaguala, Chamelecon and San Bartolo rivers.

Mining of ferrous ores has resulted in erosion, forming cracks and gullies.

### Forest

In the low-lying areas there is a dry mountainous and forest with thick underbrush; towards El Merendón, there is an abundant mountainous forest of pine and oak. Also, as one ascends to the higher parts of the Sierra del Merendón cloudy mountain forest and tropical rain forest.

### Climate

* Based on data from 1966 to 1985 September is the rainiest month and March the driest.
* The windward side experiences heavy, semi-seasonal rainfall.
* The anticyclone of the Bermudas produces especially hot weather in August.
* There are an average of 160 to 180 rainy days each year, with an average annual rainfall of 53 to 57 inches (1300 to 1400 mm).

## Infrastructure

* A boulevard of approximately 800 meters and paved streets.
* A public park named after Donaldo Sabillon Vásquez.
* Approximately seven churches

Public services:

* Potable water
* Mail service by Honduran postal system
* Interurban transport: Empresas de Transporte inter-urbano Cofradia (ETICA) and Empresa San Isidro
* A public health centre called "CLIPECC"
* Two police precincts
* A firehouse
* A social centre
* A municipal market
* Phone service from Hondutel
* An old people's dining hall

Privately owned services

* "Hermanas Agustinas" dispensary
* "Adonay" private clinic
* "San Antonio" private clinic
* Dr. Seren private clinic
* Four Internet Centers and 5 Internet cafés
* Three hardware and goods stores
* Two telegraph offices
* Children's nursery

### Educational institutions

Institutes:

* Instituto Técnico "José Castro López" (public), that offers the Basic Cycle option with Home Workshops, Metal and Wooden Structures, Electricity, as well as the Commerce Education, Business Administration and Quality Control majors.
* El I.D.E.S. (private) has the Common Cycle on General Culture option with the majors of Business Administration, *CCLL* and Marketing Technician, *CCLL* and Computing technician.
* El ITECC (private) offers the Common cycle with Computing and the majors of Business Administration and *CCLL* and Computing Technician.
* Instituto Luz del Milenio (private)

Public schools

* Escuela Dr. Miguel Paz Barahona
* Escuela Laura Vda. de Alcocer
* Escuela Margarita Suazo de Matamoros
* Escuela Donaldo Sabillon Vasquez

Private schools:

* Cofradia's Bilingual School  – CBS was founded in 1997 and is dedicated to offering a bilingual education (Spanish, English) to children from all social levels in the community. No application is ever denied on the basis of inability to pay tuition. CBS recruits volunteer teachers from all over the developed world every year to bring a global reality to all the students and operates in partnership with the Hope for Tomorrow foundation (501)(c)(3) in Massachusetts to ensure that the poorer students continue to receive the same opportunities as their more affluent classmates. The school also has a partnership with Crescent School in Canada, in which students from Crescent help on projects and teaching around the school. 143 out of the 210 students enrolled in 2006 are receiving scholarship assistance.
* San Jeronimo Bilingual School  – a nonprofit bilingual school operated collaboratively by a local association of Hondurans and the US based non-profit "BECA" (www.becaschools.org). BECA's mission is to promote cultural exchange and affordable bilingual education. The organisation's volunteer driven bilingual school model creates an environment in which deserving Central American students learn from dedicated volunteer teachers, and those volunteers learn from the community in which they are immersed. SJBS is proud to be a true example of sustainable international development work in practice.
* Escuela Luz Milenium

Kindergartens:

* Lila Luz de Maradiaga (public)

Academies:

* Academia de Corte y Confección (private academy for clothes design)

## Demography

Counting together the urban centre of Cofradia and what are now 25 *colonias* (suburbs or outlying neighbourhoods), Cofradia has grown by a factor of more than 35 in the last century:

* 1906: 412 inhabitants
* 1983: 3,249 inhabitants
* 1993: 8,213 inhabitants
* 2001: 15,000 inhabitants, with approximately 2,473 dwellings.

### Colonias

* Col. 9 de Mayo
* Col. 24 de Abril
* Col. Arévalo
* Bo. El Centro
* Ojo de Agua No. 2
* San Bartolo
* Col. Matamoros
* Col. Ojo de Agua No. 1
* Col. Vida Nueva
* Col. Roberto Micheletti
* Col. Los Ángeles
* Col. Gracias A Dios
* Col. Rivera Fajardo
* Col. Victoria
* Col. Salazar
* Altos de Cofradía
* Francisco Méndez
* Col. Brisas de Occidente
* Col. Nueva Cofradia
* Col. San Manuel
* Col. Milenium
* Col. Miramontes
* Col. El Paraíso
* Col. 4 de Febrero
* Bo. Guadalupe
* Col. Brisas del Valle No. 2
* Senderos de Occidente
* Suban
* Col. San Juan Bosco
* Bo. El Campo
* Col. Tito Consani
* 10 de Enero
* Col. El Calanar
* Residencial Cofradía
* Residencial Las Flores
* La Gran Familia

## Commerce

As of 2004, Cofradia is considered part of San Pedro Sula municipality, since San Pedro Sula's development can only grow southwestward; in fact, 5 maquilas have already opened in that sector. Development may be limited by the fact that the area is not properly legalised, and has lands to which more than one owner can produce a title; as a result it is hard to legally buy and sell property.

The commercial zone is the centre of Cofradia, where most retail buying and selling occurs.

## Events

General Esperanzano Gregorio Ferrera surrendered at Cofradia 26 June 1931 after a six-years-long attempted uprising.

Telegraph service in Cofradia began 7 November 1905; the first telegraphist was Don Juan Magnar. Other early telegraphists were Cesar Mejia, who arrived in 1908 from an unknown location and Don Rodolfo Castillo who arrived on 7 March 1911 from Santa Bárbara.

The dam was built in 1936–37 under the supervision of engineer Gonzalo R. Luque. The mayor of San Pedro Sula at this time was Don José Castro López, who presided over the inauguration of the dam 24 December 1937.

## Education

The first school was founded in 1900; its first teacher was Don Filadelfo López Morales.

A boys' school was founded in 1900, by teacher Donaldo Sabillon Vásquez.

The girls' school was founded between in 1905 and 1912; its first teacher was Elvia Julia Morales.

Another boys' school was founded in 1930 under the direction of Leandro Rodríguez.

The Miguel Paz Barahona girls school was founded 24 December 1937 at the same time as the inauguration of a municipal water system. The mayor of San Pedro Sula at this time, Don José Castro López, appointed Doña Laura Vda. de Alcocer the director, and in 1920 Don Donaldo was promoted to the position, with a monthly salary of Lps. 90.

At that time, sixth grade was offered only in the more advanced villages, with children in others only going to the fifth grade. The age of matriculation ranged between 7 and 18 years. The teachers were very strict disciplinarians: if a student failed to show up for school, a teacher's assistant would seek the student out and bring him or her back to school, to be punished there by the teacher; and punished again by his or her parents upon arriving back home. The students received 8 hours of lessons daily. Teaching materials for students included a notebook made of sewn office paper, ink made with blue aniline. Pencils were of made candle wax, the satchels were made of cloth or nylon.

15°25′01″N 88°09′37″W / 15.416816°N 88.160305°W / 15.416816; -88.160305


title: Edmonton/Lechelt Field Aerodrome

abstract: Edmonton/Lechelt Field Aerodrome is a private aerodrome located 26 nautical miles east of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

text:
# Edmonton/Lechelt Field Aerodrome

**Edmonton/Lechelt Field Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CGF2**) is a private aerodrome located 26 nautical miles (48 km; 30 mi) east of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

1. *Canada Flight Supplement*. Effective 0901 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.

## InfoBox

| Edmonton/Lechelt Field Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Owner/Operator | Loretta Hagen |
| Serves | Edmonton Metropolitan Region |
| Location | Strathcona County, near Elk Island National Park, Alberta |
| Time zone | MST (UTC−07:00) |
| Summer (DST) | MDT (UTC−06:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 2,400 ft / 732 m |
| Coordinates | 53°34′35″N 112°58′51″W / 53.57639°N 112.98083°W / 53.57639; -112.98083 |
| Map | |
| CGF2Location in Alberta | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  08/26 2,351 717 Turf | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Christoph Betzl

abstract: Christoph Betzl is a German former international speedway rider. He earned 24 international caps for the West German national speedway team.

text:
# Christoph Betzl

**Christoph Betzl** (born 13 February 1949) is a German former international speedway rider. He earned 24 international caps for the West German national speedway team.

## Speedway career

Betzl reached the final of the Speedway World Championship in the 1979 Individual Speedway World Championship representing West Germany. He has also reached the final of the Individual Speedway Long Track World Championship on eight occasions in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1982. He won a bronze medal in the 1980 final and a silver medal in the 1981 final.

Betzl was prt of the German team that competed in an eight match tour of Britain in 1975. This was the same season that he rode in British Speedway leagues, riding for Poole Pirates.

## World final appearances

### Individual World Championship

### World Pairs Championship

### World Longtrack Championship

### Individual Ice Speedway World Championship

## InfoBox

Christoph Betzl
| Born | (1949-02-13) 13 February 1949<br>Rott am Inn, Germany |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | German |
| Career history | |
| West Germany | |
| 1980 | Landshut |
| Great Britain | |
| 1975 | Poole Pirates |
|  | |
| Individual honours | |
| 1979 | Speedway World Championship finalist |
| 1979 | Continental Final Champion |
| 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 | World Long Track finalist |
|  | |


title: 1924–28 Nordic Football Championship

abstract: The 1924–28 Nordic Football Championship was the first Nordic Football Championship staged. Three Nordic countries participated, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The tournament was arranged by the Danish Football Association (DBU) which celebrated its 35th anniversary. The trophy was named the Jubilæumspokal. A total of 15 matches were played and 73 goals scored giving an average of 4.87 goals per match.

text:
# 1924–28 Nordic Football Championship

The **192428 Nordic Football Championship** was the first Nordic Football Championship staged. Three Nordic countries participated, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The tournament was arranged by the Danish Football Association (DBU) which celebrated its 35th anniversary. The trophy was named the *Jubilæumspokal* (Anniversary Trophy). A total of 15 matches were played and 73 goals scored giving an average of 4.87 goals per match.

## Participants

The participants were:

## Results

### 1924

| Denmark | 2-3 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Olsen  2'
Nilsson  47' | Report | Kaufeldt  59'
Rydell  71', 75' |

Idrætsparken, CopenhagenAttendance: 25,000Referee: Noel Watson (England)

| Norway | 1-3 | Denmark |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Berstad  11' (pen.) | Report | Olsen  21'
Nielsen  26', 31' |

Gressbanen, KristianiaAttendance: 15,000Referee: Eric Ohlson (Sweden)

| Sweden | 6-1 | Norway |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Keller  2'
Kaufeldt  44', 54'
Rydell  66', 78', 89' | Report | Berstad  32' |

Råsunda IP, SolnaAttendance: 8,000Referee: John Langenus (Belgium)

### 1925

| Sweden | 0-2 | Denmark |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Larsen  37'
Nielsen  65' |

Stockholms Stadion, StockholmAttendance: 19,000Referee: Noel Watson (England)

| Denmark | 5-1 | Norway |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nilsson  7', 71'
Nielsen  49'
Rohde  73'
Larsen  81' | Report | Lunde  60' |

Idrætsparken, CopenhagenAttendance: 23,000Referee: Noel Watson (England)

| Norway | 3-7 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Berstad  3', 34'
Strøm  68' | Report | Rydell  22', 42', 44', 62'
Kaufeldt  30', 89'
Haglund  71' |

Gressbanen, OsloAttendance: 15,000Referee: Lauritz Andersen (Denmark)

### 1926

| Sweden | 3-2 | Norway |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kaufeldt  31'
Rydell  60', 69' | Report | Andersen  19'
Gundersen  26' |

Stockholms Stadion, StockholmAttendance: 13,500Referee: Frantisek Cejnar (Czechoslovakia)

| Norway | 2-2 | Denmark |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gundersen  24'
Berstad  35' | Report | Rohde  9', 48' |

Gressbanen, OsloAttendance: 15,000Referee: Axel Bergqvist (Sweden)

| Denmark | 2-0 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bendixen  41' (pen.)
Rohde  70' | Report |  |

Idrætsparken, CopenhagenAttendance: 26,000Referee: Peco Bauwens (Germany)

### 1927

| Sweden | 0-0 | Denmark |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Stockholms Stadion, StockholmAttendance: 20,000Referee: John Langenus (Belgium)

| Norway | 3-5 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Berstad  5', 80'
Gundersen  89' | Report | Rydell  18', 23', 65'
Olsson  38', 68' |

Gressbanen, OsloAttendance: 13,000Referee: Otto Remke (Denmark)

| Denmark | 3-1 | Norway |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jørgensen  48'
Rohde  58'
Hansen  69' | Report | Gundersen  19' |

Idrætsparken, CopenhagenAttendance: 20,000Referee: Alfred Birlem (Germany)

### 1928

| Sweden | 6-1 | Norway |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Keller  15', 70'
Lundahl  22', 57'
Kroon  28', 76' | Report | Gundersen  55' |

Stockholms Stadion, StockholmAttendance: 19,000Referee: Otto Remke (Denmark)

| Norway | 2-3 | Denmark |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Berstad  64' (pen.)
Andersen  81' | Report | Hansen  66'
Rohde  70'
Jørgensen  72' |

Ullevaal, OsloAttendance: 18,000Referee: Vidar Stenborg (Sweden)

| Denmark | 3-1 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rohde  6'
Jørgensen  8'
Nilsson  31' | Report | Rydell  32' |

Idrætsparken, CopenhagenAttendance: 27,500Referee: Fritz Spranger (Germany)

## Table

|  | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Denmark | 10 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 25 | 11 | +14 | 16 |
| 2 | Sweden | 10 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 31 | 19 | +12 | 13 |
| 3 | Norway | 10 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 17 | 43 | –26 | 1 |

## Winner

| 1924–28 Nordic Football Championship |
| --- |
| **
Denmark
first title** |

## Statistics

### Goalscorers

There were 73 goals scored in 15 matches, for an average of 4.87 goals per match.

**15 goals**

**8 goals**

**7 goals**

**6 goals**

**4 goals**

**3 goals**

**2 goals**

**1 goal**

Balkan Cup
Baltic Cup
Central European International Cup
Mediterranean Cup

* Alsiö, Martin; Frantz, Alf; Lindahl, Jimmy; Persson, Gunnar, eds. (2004). *100 år: Svenska fotbollförbundets jubileumsbok 1904-2004, del 2: statistiken*. Vällingby: Stroemberg Media Group. ISBN 91-86184-59-8.
* Aarhus, Lars; Elbech, Søren; Pietarinen, Heikki (2001-02-06). "Nordic Championships". RSSSF. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
* "Landsholdsdatabasen". DBU. Retrieved 2007-02-24.

## InfoBox

1924–28 Nordic Football Championship
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Host countries | Denmark
Norway
Sweden |
| Dates | 15 June 1924 – 7 October 1928 |
| Teams | 3 |
| Venue(s) | 5 (in 5 host cities) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Denmark (1st title) |
| Runners-up | Sweden |
| Third place | Norway |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 15 |
| Goals scored | 73 (4.87 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Sven Rydell
(15 goals) |
|


title: Charles Forbes (Royal Navy officer)

abstract: Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Morton Forbes, was a Royal Navy officer. He served in the First World War, seeing action in the Dardanelles campaign and at the Battle of Jutland and, as captain of a cruiser, was present at the surrender of the German fleet. During the Second World War, he served as Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet: his fleet suffered heavy losses including the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and nine destroyers during the Norwegian campaign in Spring 1940. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in May 1941 and in that capacity he organised the defence of Plymouth from air attack, prosecuted attacks on enemy shipping using the harbour at Brest as well as other ports along the French coast, and also initiated the St Nazaire Raid in March 1942 before retiring in August 1943.

text:
# Charles Forbes (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral of the Fleet **Sir Charles Morton Forbes**, GCB, DSO (22 November 1880 – 28 August 1960) was a Royal Navy officer. He served in the First World War, seeing action in the Dardanelles campaign and at the Battle of Jutland and, as captain of a cruiser, was present at the surrender of the German fleet. During the Second World War, he served as Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet: his fleet suffered heavy losses including the aircraft carrier HMS *Glorious* and nine destroyers during the Norwegian campaign in Spring 1940. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in May 1941 and in that capacity he organised the defence of Plymouth from air attack, prosecuted attacks on enemy shipping using the harbour at Brest as well as other ports along the French coast, and also initiated the St Nazaire Raid in March 1942 before retiring in August 1943.

### Early career

Born in Ceylon, to James Forbes and Caroline Forbes (née Delmege). His father was a tea-broker, founder of the merchant brokerage house Forbes and Walker Ltd. Charles Forbes was educated at Dollar Academy and Eastman's Royal Naval Academy. He joined the training ship HMS *Britannia* as a cadet on 15 July 1894. He was promoted to midshipman on 15 July 1896 and posted to the battleship HMS *Magnificent* in the Channel Fleet in September 1896 and to the armoured cruiser HMS *Imperieuse* on the Pacific Station in January 1898. Promoted to acting sub-lieutenant on 15 January 1900, he returned to the United Kingdom for his promotion courses. Promoted to lieutenant on 15 January 1901, he was appointed to the battleship HMS *Royal Oak* in the Mediterranean Fleet.

In early April 1902 Forbes transferred to the armoured cruiser HMS *Aboukir*, also serving in the Mediterranean Fleet. After attending the gunnery school HMS *Excellent* in 1903, he was assigned to Directing Staff at the gunnery school HMS *Cambridge* in June 1904. He then became gunnery officer in the armoured cruiser HMS *Carnarvon* in the Mediterranean Fleet in May 1905 and gunnery officer in the battleship HMS *Dominion* in the Channel Fleet in May 1908. After joining the staff of the Inspectorate of Target Practice in October 1910, he became gunnery officer in the battleship HMS *Superb* in the Home Fleet in February 1911 and then, having been promoted to commander on 31 December 1912, he returned to the gunnery school HMS *Excellent* in early 1913.

### First World War

Forbes served in the First World War as Executive Officer in the battleship HMS *Queen Elizabeth* in the Mediterranean Fleet from November 1914 and saw action in the Dardanelles campaign in April 1915. He became Flag Commander to Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet, in the battleship HMS *Iron Duke* in October 1915 and saw action at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 15 September 1916. He moved on to become Flag Commander to Admiral Sir Charles Madden, Second-in-Command of the Grand Fleet, in the battleship HMS *Revenge* in February 1917. He was awarded the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd Class with Swords for his action during the Battle of Jutland on 5 June 1917. Promoted to captain on 30 June 1917, he was given command of the cruiser HMS *Galatea* in the Grand Fleet in July 1917 and was present at the surrender of the German fleet in November 1918.

### Inter-war years

After the end of the war, Forbes served as Naval Member of the Ordnance Committee from October 1919 and then, after attending the Senior Officers' course at the Royal Naval War College, he served as Deputy Director of the Royal Navy Staff College from August 1921. He became Flag Captain to the Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet in the battleship HMS *Queen Elizabeth* in June 1923, Flag Captain to the Flag Officer Commanding the 3rd Battle Squadron in the battleship HMS *Iron Duke* in October 1924 and Director of Naval Ordnance at the Admiralty in June 1925. He was appointed a naval aide-de-camp to the King on 12 April 1928. Promoted to rear admiral on 5 October 1928 and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1929, he became Rear Admiral commanding the Destroyer Flotillas in the Mediterranean Fleet with his flag in the cruiser HMS *Coventry* in August 1930 and Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy in March 1932. Promoted to vice admiral on 21 January 1933, he became Vice Admiral commanding 1st Battle Squadron and Second in Command of the Mediterranean Fleet with his flag in the battleship HMS *Revenge* in April 1934. Advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1935, he re-deployed his fleet from Malta to Alexandria to avoid attack by the Italian Navy at the start of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in October 1935. Promoted to full admiral on 19 August 1936, he became Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet with his flag in the battleship HMS *Nelson* in April 1938.

### Second World War

Forbes served in the Second World War as Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet, in which role he transferred his flag to the battleship HMS *Rodney* in December 1939. His fleet suffered heavy losses including the aircraft carrier HMS *Glorious* and nine destroyers during the Norwegian campaign in Spring 1940. He was on board *Rodney* when she came under air attack and was hit by a 500 kg (1,103 lb) bomb that pierced the armoured deck on 9 April 1940. Promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 8 May 1940 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 11 July 1940, he became Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in May 1941. In that capacity he organised the defence of Plymouth from air attack, prosecuted attacks on enemy shipping using the harbour at Brest as well as other ports along the French coast, and also initiated the St Nazaire Raid in March 1942.

## Retirement

After retiring on 24 August 1943, Forbes pursued his interests in golf and lived at Cawsand Place at Wentworth in Surrey. He attended the funeral of King George VI in February 1952 and the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953. He died at the Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in London on 28 August 1960.

## Family

In 1909 Forbes married Agnes Millicent Ewen; they had a son and a daughter. Following the death of his first wife, he married Marie Louise Berndtson in 1921. They had one daughter; the opera critic, journalist, author, and musicologist Elizabeth Forbes. His younger brother was Colonel Oswald Boyd Forbes.

## Sources

* Heathcote, Tony (2002). *The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995*. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.

## InfoBox

| Admiral of the Fleet
Sir Charles Forbes
GCB, DSO | |
| --- | --- |
| Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Forbes | |
| Born | (1880-11-22)22 November 1880
Colombo, Ceylon |
| Died | 28 August 1960(1960-08-28) (aged 79)
Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, London |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1894–1943 |
| Rank | Admiral of the Fleet |
| Commands | Plymouth Command
Home Fleet
1st Battle Squadron
HMS *Iron Duke*
HMS *Queen Elizabeth*
HMS *Galatea* |
| Battles/wars | First World War Second World War |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Distinguished Service Order
Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd Class with Swords (Russia)
Legion of Honour (France) |


title: Booger Hollow, Arkansas

abstract: Established in 1961, Booger Hollow Trading Post was a tourist attraction in Pope County, Arkansas. A sign near the attraction's entrance read "Population 7...countin' one coon dog". The trading post offered hillbilly and locally themed novelties for tourists as well as local goods such as lye-soap, honey, and sorghum. The Boogerhollow Chuckwagon Cafe had standard fare with colorful menu names such as the "boogerburger" and the "boogerdog." The attraction actually was actually twelve miles from the community of Booger Hollow, Arkansas. It is also located on a ridgetop of the Ozarks' Boston Mountains, instead of within a hollow. The name of the hollow is derived from a belief in the 1800s that the area where the road through the hollow ran between two cemeteries was haunted. Booger in this instance is a variant of bogeyman, a mythical creature, ghost, or hobgoblin; also boogerman, or boogieman. The Booger Hollow Trading Post owner decided to sell in 2004, but the new owners never reopened the attraction. The former trading post buildings are abandoned and being reclaimed by nature. A popular photo prop was a two-story outhouse. The lower level was functional but the upper level was perpetually closed "until we git the plummin' figgered out."

text:
# Booger Hollow, Arkansas

Established in 1961, **Booger Hollow Trading Post** was a tourist attraction in Pope County, Arkansas. A sign near the attraction's entrance read "Population 7...countin' one coon dog". The trading post offered hillbilly and locally themed novelties for tourists as well as local goods such as lye-soap, honey, and sorghum. The Boogerhollow Chuckwagon Cafe had standard fare with colorful menu names such as the "boogerburger" and the "boogerdog."

The attraction actually was actually twelve miles from the community of Booger Hollow, Arkansas. It is also located on a ridgetop of the Ozarks' Boston Mountains, instead of within a hollow.

The name of the hollow is derived from a belief in the 1800s that the area where the road through the hollow ran between two cemeteries was haunted. Booger in this instance is a variant of bogeyman, a mythical creature, ghost, or hobgoblin; also boogerman, or boogieman.

The Booger Hollow Trading Post owner decided to sell in 2004, but the new owners never reopened the attraction.

The former trading post buildings are abandoned and being reclaimed by nature.

A popular photo prop was a two-story outhouse. The lower level was functional but the upper level was perpetually closed "until we git the plummin' figgered out."

35°36′48″N 93°03′41″W / 35.61324°N 93.06125°W / 35.61324; -93.06125


title: 3169 Ostro

abstract: 3169 Ostro, provisional designation 1981 LA, is a Hungaria family asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 4 June 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona, and named after planetary scientist Steven J. Ostro at JPL.

text:
# 3169 Ostro

**3169 Ostro**, provisional designation 1981 LA, is a Hungaria family asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.

The asteroid was discovered on 4 June 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona, and named after planetary scientist Steven J. Ostro at JPL.

## Orbit and classification

*Ostro* is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–2.0 AU once every 2 years and 7 months (950 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 25 with respect to the ecliptic.

## Physical characteristics

In the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, *Ostro* is classified as a TS-type and Xe-type asteroid, respectively. It has also been characterized as an E-type asteroid.

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Ostro* measures 4.662 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an outstandingly high albedo of 0.960. The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* derives an albedo of 0.5152 and a diameter of 5.27 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.73.

In May 2012, a rotational lightcurve of *Ostro* was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.503 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.79 magnitude (U=3).

## Naming

This minor planet was named after American planetary scientist Steven J. Ostro at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 April 1987 (M.P.C. 11749).

## InfoBox

3169 Ostro
| *Ostro* imaged by the 0.7-m telescope
at Heidelberg Observatory | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | E. Bowell |
| Discovery site | Anderson Mesa Stn. |
| Discovery date | 4 June 1981 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (3169) Ostro |
| Named after | Steven J. Ostro
(planetary scientist) |
| Alternative designations | 1981 LA |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (inner) **·** Hungaria |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 63.43 yr (23,166 days) |
| Aphelion | 2.0184 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.7652 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 1.8918 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.0669 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 2.60 yr (950 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 120.41 |
| Mean motion | 0° 22m 43.68s / day |
| Inclination | 24.906° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 96.376° |
| Argument of perihelion | 32.622° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 4.662±0.118
5.27 km (derived) |
| Synodic rotation period | 6.503±0.003 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.5152 (derived)
0.960±0.023 |
| Spectral type | TS (Tholen)
Xe (SMASS)
B–V = 0.771
U–B = 0.306 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 12.73 |
|  | |


title: Space Fury

abstract: Space Fury is a multidirectional shooter arcade game developed by Gremlin. Sega/Gremlin released the game in North America in June 1981, and then Sega released it in Japan the following month. It is the first game with color vector graphics, and was Sega's second game to use speech synthesis. Coleco published a ColecoVision version with raster graphics in 1983.

text:
# Space Fury

***Space Fury*** is a multidirectional shooter arcade game developed by Gremlin. Sega/Gremlin released the game in North America in June 1981, and then Sega released it in Japan the following month. It is the first game with color vector graphics, and was Sega's second game to use speech synthesis. Coleco published a ColecoVision version with raster graphics in 1983.

## Gameplay

The player controls a spaceship battling alien spacecraft. It is controlled by four buttons: rotate left, rotate right, thrust and fire. The player could collect different upgrades for the first three levels. One upgrade allows the player to shoot in a three-way pattern, the second allows the player to fire forward and backwards simultaneously, and the third concentrates firepower in the front.

At the conclusion of the following round, the player picks another shell, although multiple ones cannot be used together. Between rounds and during the attract mode, the Alien Commander taunts the player through the use of synthesized speech. The game continues indefinitely but stops calculating the score after the completion of level four.

At the beginning of each level a synthesized excerpt from Aaron Copland's *Fanfare for the Common Man* is played.

### Alien Commander's quotes

1. "Does anyone dare challenge my Imperial fleet?"
2. "So! A creature for my amusement. Prepare for battle!"
3. "So you defeated my scouts? Well, my cruisers will destroy you."
4. "You are starting to annoy me, Creature. My destroyers will annihilate you!"
5. "You survived! Warships, dispose of this annoyance at once!"
6. "Well done. Prepare to battle my entire fleet!"
7. "Our battle is completed, Warrior. You were an \[easy / amusing / adequate / stimulating / outstanding\] opponent" (depending on score).

## Development

*Space Fury* was the first released vector graphics game to use a color monitor, developed by Electrohome. This X-Y monitor became a standard piece of kit in the G-80 graphics system developed at Sega/Gremlin as an interchangeable arcade system which could feature either a vector or raster game in the arcade cabinet.

The game was developed and programmed by Sega/Gremlin game designer Murphy Bivens and shares a resemblance to Atari's *Asteroids*. Bivens notably reduced the amount of inertia the ship experienced while moving in any direction while keeping features such as the screen wrap-around. To make the gameplay more interesting, he also added the option for players to choose a variable weapon between stages. This marks the first instance of a shoot 'em up game providing players with the option to upgrade their ship's firepower.

One additional innovation of *Space Fury* was the use of a character who provided lines via speech synthesis, an alien commander. The speech was generated using the General Instrument SP0256-19 with voice samples provided by a DJ with a deep voice which was easier to modulate. The same voice actor would be responsible for the voice clips used in *Star Trek: Strategic Operations Simulator*.

The monitors used in the game (the G08) were infamous for being unreliable, due to a deflector amplification circuit put in place by the company Electrohome. Reportedly this circuit was in place to circumnavigate vector technology patented by Atari, but caused a great deal of electronic failure as the machines were powered on and off. Later revisions of the G08 vector monitors amended this problem.

## Reception

Raymond Dimetrosky of *Video Games Player* gave the ColecoVision version a generally positive review. He called the original arcade game "one of the best games to follow in the wake of *Asteroids*" while praising the accuracy of the conversion. He criticized the lack of the arcade game's speech synthesis, but praised the replacement music. He also compared the game unfavorably with another ColecoVision arcade port released about the same time, Nintendo's *Donkey Kong Jr.*

## Legacy

The alien commander who appears in the game and on the marquee also makes an appearance in the video game *Zektor*, also designed by Murphy Bivens and released by Sega/Gremlin.

The game is included as an unlockable game in the PSP version of *Sega Genesis Collection*.

## InfoBox

| Space Fury | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Gremlin |
| Publisher(s) | **Arcade**  **ColecoVision**
Coleco |
| Platform(s) | Arcade, ColecoVision |
| Release | **Arcade**  **ColecoVision**
1983 |
| Genre(s) | Multidirectional shooter |
| Mode(s) | Up to two players, alternating |
| Arcade system | G80 |


title: 1968–69 Bundesliga

abstract: The 1968–69 Bundesliga was the sixth season of the Bundesliga, West Germany's premier football league. It began on 17 August 1968 and ended on 7 June 1969. 1. FC Nürnberg were the defending champions.

text:
# 1968–69 Bundesliga

The **1968–69 Bundesliga** was the sixth season of the Bundesliga, West Germany's premier football league. It began on 17 August 1968 and ended on 7 June 1969. 1. FC Nürnberg were the defending champions.

## Competition modus

Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal average. The team with the most points were crowned champions while the two teams with the fewest points were relegated to their respective Regionalliga divisions.

## Team changes to 1967–68

Borussia Neunkirchen and Karlsruher SC were relegated to the Regionalliga after finishing in the last two places. They were replaced by Hertha BSC Berlin and Kickers Offenbach, who won their respective promotion play-off groups.

## Season overview

The dominant team of the 1968–69 season was FC Bayern Munich. Bayern were in first place of the standings from the very first matchday and never looked back, continuously increasing their margin to eventually eight points, the biggest so far in league history. They were victorious in the DFB Cup as well, beating Schalke in the final by a 2–1 score. Keys to their double win were their improved defense and top scorer Gerd Müller, who scored 30 goals.

Behind Bayern, the league continued to create surprises. Alemannia Aachen ended up in second place after a campaign which featured almost every position between second and 16th. Other notable astonishments were Eintracht Braunschweig, who finished in fourth place, and 1. FC Köln, who ended their season in a dismal 13th position.

Köln even were in danger of being relegated prior to the last matchday, sitting in 15th place with 30 points at that time. They played 1. FC Nürnberg at home, who also were in relegation trouble as 16th-placed team, one point behind Köln. Another match on that day was the clash between 17th-placed Borussia Dortmund and 18th-placed Kickers Offenbach. Both teams had 28 points prior to the game. After the matches were over, both Nürnberg and Offenbach had received 3–0 defeats, resulting in the demotion of both teams.

The demotion of Nürnberg was especially tragic as they had been Bundesliga champions only 12 months ago. Nevertheless, a pre-season sell-out of their best players and continuous quarrels between coach Max Merkel and his players proved to be costly, and although Merkel was sacked in late March 1969, it was too late to reverse tides. A home draw to Dortmund on matchday 33 and the defeat against Köln one week later eventually sealed their fate.

## Team overview

AachenHertha BSCBraunschweigBremenDortmundDuisburgFrankfurtHamburgHannoverKaiserslauternKölnM'gladbach1860
BayernNürnbergOffenbach
SchalkeStuttgartclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in Bundesliga 1968–69

| Club | Ground | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alemannia Aachen | Tivoli | 30,000 |
| Hertha BSC | Olympiastadion | 100,000 |
| Eintracht Braunschweig | Eintracht-Stadion | 38,000 |
| SV Werder Bremen | Weserstadion | 32,000 |
| Borussia Dortmund | Stadion Rote Erde | 30,000 |
| MSV Duisburg | Wedaustadion | 38,500 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | Waldstadion | 87,000 |
| Hamburger SV | Volksparkstadion | 80,000 |
| Hannover 96 | Niedersachsenstadion | 86,000 |
| 1. FC Kaiserslautern | Stadion Betzenberg | 42,000 |
| 1. FC Köln | Müngersdorfer Stadion | 76,000 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach | Bökelbergstadion | 34,500 |
| TSV 1860 Munich | Stadion an der Grünwalder Straße | 44,300 |
| FC Bayern Munich | Stadion an der Grünwalder Straße | 44,300 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | Städtisches Stadion | 64,238 |
| Kickers Offenbach | Bieberer Berg | 30,000 |
| FC Schalke 04 | Glückauf-Kampfbahn | 35,000 |
| VfB Stuttgart | Neckarstadion | 53,000 |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bayern Munich (C) | 34 | 18 | 10 | 6 | 61 | 31 | 1.968 | 46 | Qualification to European Cup first round |
| 2 | Alemannia Aachen | 34 | 16 | 6 | 12 | 57 | 51 | 1.118 | 38 |  |
| 3 | Borussia Mönchengladbach | 34 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 61 | 46 | 1.326 | | 37 |
| 4 | Eintracht Braunschweig | 34 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 46 | 43 | 1.070 | | 37 |
| 5 | VfB Stuttgart | 34 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 60 | 54 | 1.111 | 36 | Qualification to Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round |
| 6 | Hamburger SV | 34 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 55 | 55 | 1.000 | | 36 |
| 7 | Schalke 04 | 34 | 14 | 7 | 13 | 45 | 40 | 1.125 | 35 | Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup first round |
| 8 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 34 | 13 | 8 | 13 | 46 | 43 | 1.070 | 34 |  |
| 9 | Werder Bremen | 34 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 59 | 59 | 1.000 | | 34 |
| 10 | 1860 Munich | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 44 | 59 | 0.746 | 34 | Qualification to Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round |
| 11 | Hannover 96 | 34 | 9 | 14 | 11 | 47 | 45 | 1.044 | | 32 |
| 12 | MSV Duisburg | 34 | 8 | 16 | 10 | 33 | 37 | 0.892 | 32 |  |
| 13 | 1. FC Köln | 34 | 13 | 6 | 15 | 47 | 56 | 0.839 | | 32 |
| 14 | Hertha BSC | 34 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 31 | 39 | 0.795 | 32 | Qualification to Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round |
| 15 | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 34 | 12 | 6 | 16 | 45 | 47 | 0.957 | 30 |  |
| 16 | Borussia Dortmund | 34 | 11 | 8 | 15 | 49 | 54 | 0.907 | | 30 |
| 17 | 1. FC Nürnberg (R) | 34 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 45 | 55 | 0.818 | 29 | Relegation to Regionalliga |
| 18 | Kickers Offenbach (R) | 34 | 10 | 8 | 16 | 42 | 59 | 0.712 | | 28 |

Source: www.dfb.de
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal ratio.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## Results

| Home \ Away | AAC | BSC | EBS | SVW | BVB | DUI | SGE | HSV | H96 | FCK | KOE | BMG | M60 | FCB | FCN | KOF | S04 | VFB |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alemannia Aachen |  | 0–0 | 1–4 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 4–0 | 4–2 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 4–0 | 2–4 | 4–2 | 1–2 | 4–1 | 1–3 |
| Hertha BSC | 0–1 |  | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 |
| Eintracht Braunschweig | 2–0 | 3–3 |  | 0–3 | 4–3 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 3–3 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–3 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 3–0 | 1–2 |
| Werder Bremen | 1–2 | 2–0 | 2–1 |  | 2–1 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 6–5 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 3–3 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 1–0 |
| Borussia Dortmund | 3–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 3–2 |  | 2–1 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 |
| MSV Duisburg | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 |  | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–4 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | 0–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 |  | 2–2 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 3–2 | 1–0 | 3–0 |
| Hamburger SV | 3–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 5–2 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 1–4 |  | 1–4 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 4–2 | 3–0 | 1–3 | 2–1 |
| Hannover 96 | 5–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 |  | 0–2 | 3–0 | 2–3 | 3–2 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 |
| 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 2–1 | 1–0 | 4–0 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 0–0 |  | 4–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 |
| 1. FC Köln | 1–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 3–3 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 |  | 1–4 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 5–2 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach | 2–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 3–2 | 4–0 | 2–1 |  | 3–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 4–4 |
| 1860 Munich | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 4–3 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 3–3 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–4 |  | 0–3 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 3–1 |
| Bayern Munich | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 6–0 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–2 |  | 3–0 | 5–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | 1–4 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 4–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 |  | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 |
| Kickers Offenbach | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 4–3 | 0–0 | 4–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 2–3 | 0–0 | 2–1 |  | 1–0 | 2–1 |
| Schalke 04 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 4–1 | 3–0 |  | 1–1 |
| VfB Stuttgart | 3–1 | 4–2 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 3–2 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 4–3 | 6–1 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 1–1 |  |

Source: DFB
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Top goalscorers

30 goals 23 goals 17 goals 15 goals 14 goals 13 goals 12 goals

## Champion squad

| FC Bayern Munich |
| --- |
| **Goalkeeper:** Sepp Maier (34).
**Defenders:** Werner Olk (34 / 1); Peter Pumm  (34); Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck (34); Franz Beckenbauer (33 / 2); Peter Kupferschmidt (22).
**Midfielders:** August Starek  (34 / 4); Franz Roth (34 / 2); Helmut Schmidt (21 / 2).
**Forwards:** Rainer Ohlhauser (34 / 10); Dieter Brenninger (34 / 9); Gerd Müller (30 / 30); Gustav Jung (4).
*(league appearances and goals listed in brackets)*
**Manager:** Branko Zebec .
**On the roster but have not played in a league game:** Fritz Kosar; Benno Zellermayer; Peter Stegmann; Albrecht Wachsmann; Reinhard Lippert. |

1. "Archive 1968/1969 Schedule". DFB.
2. Grüne, Hardy (2001). *Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs, Band 7: Vereinslexikon* (in German). Kassel: AGON Sportverlag. ISBN 3-89784-147-9.

## InfoBox

Bundesliga
| Season | 1968–69 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 17 August 1968 – 7 June 1969 |
| Champions | Bayern Munich
1st Bundesliga title
2nd German title |
| Relegated | 1. FC Nürnberg
Kickers Offenbach |
| European Cup | FC Bayern Munich |
| Cup Winners' Cup | FC Schalke 04 (losing DFB Cup finalists to Bayern) |
| Goals scored | 873 |
| Average goals/game | 2.85 |
| Top goalscorer | Gerd Müller (30) |
| Biggest home win | FC Bayern 6–0 Werder Bremen (29 March 1969) |
| Biggest away win | 1860 Munich 0–4 M'gladbach (28 September 1968) |
| Highest scoring | Werder Bremen 6–5 M'gladbach (11 goals) (7 June 1969) |
| 1967–68 1969–70 | |


title: Dragan Mikerević

abstract: Dragan Mikerević is a Bosnian Serb politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Republika Srpska from 2003 to 2005. Previously, he served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina from March to December 2002. Mikerević was appointed Prime Minister of Republika Srpska on 17 January 2003. He announced his resignation in December 2004 after conflicts with the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving officially until 17 February 2005. He was also Minister for European Integration in the Council of Ministers from 2001 to 2002. Mikerević was a member of the Party of Democratic Progress from 1999 to 2009.

text:
# Dragan Mikerević

**Dragan Mikerević** (Serbian Cyrillic: Драган Микеревић; born 12 February 1955) is a Bosnian Serb politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Republika Srpska from 2003 to 2005. Previously, he served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina from March to December 2002.

Mikerević was appointed Prime Minister of Republika Srpska on 17 January 2003. He announced his resignation in December 2004 after conflicts with the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving officially until 17 February 2005. He was also Minister for European Integration in the Council of Ministers from 2001 to 2002.

Mikerević was a member of the Party of Democratic Progress from 1999 to 2009.

## InfoBox

| Dragan Mikerević | |
| --- | --- |
| Драган Микеревић | |
|  | |
| 8th Prime Minister of Republika Srpska | |
| **In office**
17 January 2003  17 February 2005 | |
| President | Dragan Čavić |
| Preceded by | Mladen Ivanić |
| Succeeded by | Pero Bukejlović |
| Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| **In office**
15 March 2002  23 December 2002 | |
| President | *See list* |
| Preceded by | Zlatko Lagumdžija |
| Succeeded by | Adnan Terzić |
| Ministerial offices   Minister for European Integration  **In office**
22 February 2001  23 December 2002  Prime Minister Božidar Matić
Zlatko Lagumdžija
*Himself*  Preceded by Bisera Turković  Succeeded by *Office abolished* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1955-02-12) 12 February 1955
Doboj, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia |
| Political party | Party of Democratic Progress (1999–2009) |
|  | |


title: Starburst anemone

abstract: The starburst anemone or sunburst anemone is a species of sea anemone in the family Actiniidae. The sunburst anemone was formerly considered the solitary form of the common aggregating anemone, but was identified as a separate species in 2000.

text:
# Starburst anemone

The **starburst anemone** or **sunburst anemone** (*Anthopleura sola*) is a species of sea anemone in the family Actiniidae. The sunburst anemone was formerly considered the solitary form of the common aggregating anemone, but was identified as a separate species in 2000.

## Description

The sunburst anemone is a solitary anemone that averages 12 cm (4.7 in) but can grow up to 25 cm (9.8 in) wide, much larger than the aggregating anemone. The column is pale green to white in color and is twice as long as its width when extended. The column has numerous sticky protuberances (called verrucae) arranged in vertical rows to which gravel and shell fragments adhere. The oral disc is radially striped and has five rings of thick, pointed feeding tentacles. Tentacles are pale with the tips colored in pink, blue or lavender.

The sunburst anemone can be differentiated from the aggregating anemone by its larger size and usual solitary form. It is differentiated from *Anthopleura xanthogrammica* by the coloration of the tentacle tips, striped oral disk, and vertical rows of verrucae.

The color of the anemone is partly caused by symbiotic *Zooxanthellae* in the gastrodermal layer. This species of anemone reproduces sexually.

## Distribution and habitat

The sunburst anemone is found in the north west Pacific Ocean. In the United States it occurs between central California and Baja California. It lives in the lower intertidal zone in rocky habitats, often in the shelter of cracks and crevices. It also occurs in the subtidal, often in kelp forests, to depths of at least 20 m (70 ft). When the tide is out it is often concealed by shell fragments and other particles that adhere to the column, which folds into an encrusted ball. The encrusted column may serve as camouflage from predators as well as protection from solar radiation and desiccation.

## Territorial defense

The sunburst anemone aggressively defends its territory from other anemones which are genetically dissimilar. When it encounters a different genetic colony, the anemones extend specialized tentacles (called acrorhagi). The white tips of acrorhagi have a concentration of stinging cells (nematocytes) and are used solely to deter other colonies from encroaching on their space. The nematocysts sting the ectoderm of the invader, causing tissue necrosis and forcing the competitor to move away. The similar aggregating anemone also possesses acrorhagi.

## InfoBox

| Starburst anemone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hexacorallia |
| Order: | Actiniaria |
| Family: | Actiniidae |
| Genus: | *Anthopleura* |
| Species: | ***A. sola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anthopleura sola***<br>Pearse & Francis, 2000 | |
|


abstract: Edmonton/Morinville Aerodrome is located 4 nautical miles northeast of Morinville in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, Alberta, Canada.

text:
# Edmonton/Morinville (Mike's Field) Aerodrome

**Edmonton/Morinville (Mike's Field) Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CMN6**) is located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Morinville in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, Alberta, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Edmonton/Morinville (Mike's Field) Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Operator | Michael Poworoznik |
| Serves | Edmonton Metropolitan Region |
| Location | Sturgeon County, near Morinville, Alberta |
| Time zone | MST (UTC−07:00) |
| Summer (DST) | MDT (UTC−06:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 2,302 ft / 702 m |
| Coordinates | 53°50′13″N 113°33′48″W / 53.83694°N 113.56333°W / 53.83694; -113.56333 |
| Map | |
| CMN6Location in AlbertaCMN6CMN6 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  16/34 2,336 712 Turf | |
| Sources: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda

abstract: Rt. Rev. Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda D.D. was the first Japanese born Bishop of Tokyo in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai, the Anglican Church in Japan.

text:
# Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda

**Rt. Rev. Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda** D.D. (22 February 1862 – 16 April 1928, 元田 作之進) was the first Japanese born Bishop of Tokyo in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai, the Anglican Church in Japan.

## Education and Church Ministry

Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda was ordained in America in 1893. He studied variously at Kenyon College, the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Motoda obtained a Doctorate in Philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania in 1895 and was granted a Doctorate in Divinity from the Philadelphia Divinity School in 1916.

Motoda later became the first person of Japanese heritage to become an Anglican Bishop, when he was consecrated as Bishop of Tokyo on December 7, 1923. Motoda advocated for the education of a native ministry and for an increasingly autonomous national church in Japan.

During the course of his studies and church ministry, Motoda travelled extensively. A frequent visitor to the United States, Motoda also travelled with the Rev. Tasuku Harada in 1905 to India as a guest of the Indian YMCA. During a visit to England in 1928 he preached at Canterbury Cathedral.

Motoda also served as President of St Paul's College, Tokyo.

## InfoBox

| The Rt Revd
Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1862-02-22)February 22, 1862
Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan |
| Died | 16 April 1928(1928-04-16) (aged 66)
Tokyo, Japan |


title: Sir Lionel Pilkington, 5th Baronet

abstract: Sir Lionel Pilkington, 5th Baronet was a British Member of Parliament. He was the eldest son of Sir Lyon Pilkington, 4th Baronet of Stanley, near Wakefield, Yorkshire and educated at Westminster School (1721) and Christ Church, Oxford (1725). He succeeded his father in 1716. He was appointed High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1740–41 and elected MP for Horsham in a by-election in 1748, sitting until 1768. He bought Chevet Hall near Wakefield from his sister-in-law, Anne, where he lived until his death. He died unmarried in 1778 and was buried at Wakefield. He was succeeded by his brother Sir Michael Pilkington, 6th Baronet.

text:
# Sir Lionel Pilkington, 5th Baronet

**Sir Lionel Pilkington, 5th Baronet** (c.1707 – 11 August 1778) was a British Member of Parliament.

He was the eldest son of Sir Lyon Pilkington, 4th Baronet of Stanley, near Wakefield, Yorkshire and educated at Westminster School (1721) and Christ Church, Oxford (1725). He succeeded his father in 1716.

He was appointed High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1740–41 and elected MP for Horsham in a by-election in 1748, sitting until 1768. He bought Chevet Hall near Wakefield from his sister-in-law, Anne, where he lived until his death.

He died unmarried in 1778 and was buried at Wakefield. He was succeeded by his brother Sir Michael Pilkington, 6th Baronet.

* "PILKINGTON, Sir Lionel, 5th Bt. (1707-78), of Stanley, Yorks". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 7 March 2013.


title: Rowland Langmaid

abstract: Rowland John Robb Langmaid R.A. was a British seaman, engraver, artist and war artist.

text:
# Rowland Langmaid

**Rowland John Robb Langmaid** R.A. (1 December 1897 – 11 February 1956) was a British seaman, engraver, artist and war artist.

## Life

Langmaid was born in to a Navy family in Vancouver and he studied maritime art with William Lionel Wyllie.

He himself joined the Royal Navy in 1910 and trained on the Isle of Wight. His artistic abilities led to him sketching landings in the Dardanelles, where he served aboard the battleship HMS *Agamemnon*. He retired in 1922 to paint. He returned to his studies at the Royal Academy School and the Royal College of Art. He enjoyed some popularity and staged exhibitions in London, New York and Paris.

In the second world war he returned with the rank of Lieutenant commander and he was a war artist in Alexandria. He was known for illustrating Ronald Arthur Hopwood's poem called *The Laws of the Navy* (see illustration). The poem dates from 1896 when it was written by Hopgood to make fun of organisations. Full of cynicism and humour the poem was recreated on bulkheads and the poem and Langmaid's illustration was applauded by Eeyore Smith.

Langmaid was the official war artist to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet from 1941 to 1943.

In 1956, he died near Málaga on the south coast of Spain and was buried at the English Cemetery in Málaga.

## InfoBox

| Rowland Langmaid | |
| --- | --- |
| Langmaid (centre) in 1942, sitting to the right of Mohammed Ali Tewfik | |
| Born | 1 December 1897 |
| Died | 11 February 1956<br>Calle de la Bolsa, Málaga |
| Nationality | British |


title: Slettfjellklumpen Spur

abstract: Slettfjellklumpen Spur is a rock spur forming the north end of Slettfjell, on the Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52), and named Slettfjellklumpen in association with Slettfjell.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Slettfjellklumpen Spur". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Slettfjellklumpen Spur

**Slettfjellklumpen Spur** (72°8′S 3°18′W / 72.133°S 3.300°W / -72.133; -3.300) is a rock spur forming the north end of Slettfjell, on the Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52), and named Slettfjellklumpen (the level mountain lump) in association with Slettfjell.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Slettfjellklumpen Spur". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Church of the Virgin Mary (Zeitoun)

abstract: The Church of the Virgin Mary at Zeitoun is a Christian church in Cairo, Egypt, built in 1924.

text:
# Church of the Virgin Mary (Zeitoun)

The **Church of the Virgin Mary at Zeitoun (The Apparition Church)** is a Christian church in Cairo, Egypt, built in 1924.

## Overview

The church was built by Tawfik Khalil Ibrahim, in memory of his father. It was designed as a miniature of the Hagia Sophia church in Istanbul, Turkey and built under the supervision of the Italian architect Leomingelli.

Allegedly based upon a vision Ibrahim had seen, it is said that the Virgin Mary told him that she would appear in her church at Zeitoun after forty years. The church was consecrated during a mass on June 29, 1925. According to tradition, the site is one of the locations where the holy family stayed during their flight into Egypt.

Some of the icons in the church were donated by the Emperor Haile Selassie.

## Apparition

On the evening of Tuesday, 2 April 1968 (24 Baramhat 1684 in the Coptic calendar), sightings of the Virgin Mary and associated phenomena were reported by a group of individuals at the church. Luminous scenes were reported to be seen over the domes of St. Mary's church at Zeitoun. The first apparition was seen by the workmen of a garage belonging to the Public Transport Authority opposite the church. Among them was the watchman, Abdul Aziz Ali, who saw a luminous body of a young lady kneeling next to the cross located on the largest dome of the church.

Ali started shouting, "A light over the dome!" Then he called upon his fellow workers to look at the lady on the roof of the church. Some of them thought it was a young lady trying to commit suicide, so they shouted a warning to her. She was standing over the dome in her white robe, and she was holding in her hand what appeared to be an olive branch. Then they saw her moving, and a light was emanating from her body all around her. After identifying her as the Virgin Mary, they began shouting, "It is the Virgin... It is Virgin Mary."

This apparition was reported to be accompanied by various spiritual phenomena including:

* Spiritual bodies in the form of doves, flying with great speed, breaking through the sky over the church.
* Stars dropping very rapidly above the domes and over the roof of the church.
* Flashes, like lightning, radiating from the church domes, mainly from the northeast dome.
* Fragrant incense spreading and filling the place over the central dome, the roof, and the church itself.
* Luminous clouds over the church domes, in the form of the Virgin Mary.

The apparitions lasted for three years. They were investigated by the Coptic Church and Roman Catholic Church and were accepted by both.

In 1971, after the "miracle of Zeitoun", the Egyptian artist Yacoub Fanous painted additional icons on the walls of the church. He adorned the apse with a painting of Jesus Christ Pantocrator and, on the dome that had been arranged with stars on a blue background, he painted the Virgin Mary with outspread arms.

## Annual celebration

Every year on 2 April, the church celebrates the apparition in a gathering of thousands of believers who wish to honor Mary, seeking her blessing and intercession.

* "Blessed are you, O Mary, the ever-lighted lamp." – St. Cyril of Alexandria
* "Blessed are you, O Mary, the heaven-bearer of the Divinity." – St. Ephrem the Syrian
* "Blessed are you, O Mary, who is more honored than the Cherubim and more glorified than the Seraphim." – St. John Chrysostom
* "Blessed is our land, and blessed is our Holy church, which the Blessed Virgin has chosen from all parts of the world to appear in, in a very special and unprecedented manner." – Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria

## Facilities

The church runs a hospital and accommodation for the elderly.

* Church of the Virgin Mary at Zeitoun, official website
* Dunning, Brian (9 February 2021). "Skeptoid #766: Illuminating Our Lady of Zeitoun". *Skeptoid*.

## InfoBox

| Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Zeitoun, Cairo |
| Country | Egypt |
| Denomination | Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria |
| History | |
| Founded | 29 June 1925 |
| Dedication | Saint Mary |
| Consecrated | 29 June 1925 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Tawfik Kalil Ibrahim |
| Architectural type | Byzantine architecture |
| Style | Byzantine architecture |
| Clergy | |
| Bishop(s) | Pope Tawadros II |