title: Reginald Bevins

abstract: John Reginald Bevins was a British Conservative politician who served as a Liverpool Member of Parliament (MP) for fourteen years. He served in the governments of the 1950s and 1960s, playing an important role in establishing independent television.

text:
# Reginald Bevins

**John Reginald Bevins** (20 August 1908 – 16 November 1996) was a British Conservative politician who served as a Liverpool Member of Parliament (MP) for fourteen years. He served in the governments of the 1950s and 1960s, playing an important role in establishing independent television.

## Early life

Born in Liverpool, Lancashire, Bevins was one of five children. He was educated at the Dovedale Road School and then at Liverpool Collegiate School. He joined the insurance business, and also became interested in politics: he joined the Labour Party. In 1935 he was elected to Liverpool City Council.

## Wartime service

At the outbreak of the Second World War, Bevins enlisted in the Royal Artillery. He served as a gunner in 1940, and was stationed in the middle-east and in Europe. He completed his tour of duty as a Major in the Royal Army Service Corps, and became a strong supporter of the Conservative Party. At the conclusion of the war he immediately sought a Parliamentary nomination. He was chosen to run for the West Toxteth division Labour-held seat; he lost by 4,814 votes, on a pro-Labour swing much less than the national average.

## Search for a seat

Bevins, who remained on the City Council after his change of parties, became a popular figure in the Liverpool Conservative Association. In 1947 he was chosen to fight the Liverpool Edge Hill division in a by-election. Although he did not win, he reduced the Labour majority to less than 2,000. Boundary changes announced the next year created a united seat in Liverpool Toxteth, and the sitting Member of Parliament for East Toxteth, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, chose to move constituencies to Beckenham. Bevins was chosen to attempt to retain the new seat for the Conservatives.

## Parliament

He succeeded in the 1950 general election by 2,620 votes. When the Conservative Party returned to office in 1951, Bevins was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Housing and Local Government, Harold Macmillan. His knowledge of Liverpool municipal housing issues was valuable to the Minister who was leading a housing drive. In November 1953, he was brought into the government himself as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works.

## Rise through Government

Macmillan became Prime Minister in January 1957 and moved Bevins back to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. He had a key role in guiding through Parliament the Rent Act 1957, which removed rent control and was highly controversial. After the 1959 general election, Bevins was appointed Postmaster-General, placing him in control of a government department. Although the role was not in Macmillan's cabinet and rather low in the formal priorities, it had a higher public profile than this situation would suggest. Bevins was also appointed to the Privy Council and became "The Right Honourable Reginald Bevins".

## Postmaster General

Among the responsibilities for the Postmaster General was television. Bevins was, like Macmillan, a supporter of commercial television, which many in the Conservative Party then regarded as un-British. He had guidance from a friend of Macmillan, Norman Collins, who was involved in Associated TeleVision (ATV). Bevins had a delicate role as the potential profitability of the new entertainment medium was high; Bevins observed that when Lord Thomson said commercial television was "a licence to print money", he had been more indiscreet than inaccurate. In November 1962, Bevins was telephoned by journalists who asked him about the new BBC satire programme *That Was The Week That Was*; Bevins said he intended to do something about it. However, Macmillan immediately sent him a memo telling him to do nothing.

After the Great Train Robbery in August 1963, Bevins was criticised for laxity in security as the robbery had happened on a mail train. He moved to increase security, but resisted calls to have armed police guarding the trains. That October, Bevins was shocked at the choice of Sir Alec Douglas-Home as the new Prime Minister (to replace Macmillan), as he thought Douglas-Home was part of the upper-class traditional leadership of the Conservatives who would find it difficult to win support from the electorate.

The General Post Office workers' pay negotiations of 1964 were particularly fraught. The government was running an incomes policy, but Bevins pressed for an offer of 5%; the Cabinet insisted on a lower offer, which resulted in a strike threat. The eventual settlement was 6·5%, and Bevins ended up taking the blame for fuelling wage inflation; he felt resentful, on the ground that his own approach would have led to a lower settlement.

## Defeat

At the 1964 general election, Bevins lost his marginal seat. He immediately declared he would have no further political involvement until the upper-class establishment was removed from the Conservative leadership. Although supporting Reginald Maudling, he was cheered by Edward Heath's election in 1965. He knew he would have no chance of a comeback in politics and wrote a book called *The Greasy Pole*, which laid bare his bitterness with his treatment. He also called for reforms of Parliamentary procedure to reduce the Parliamentary week to three days and to sit for only 20 weeks in the year.

Bevins worked for Francis Industries, an engineering company. His son Anthony Bevins became a political journalist.

* John Biffen, "Reginald Bevins: Prototype Thatcherite" (Obituary), *The Guardian*, 19 November 1996
* "Reginald Bevins" (Obituary), *The Times*, 19 November 1996
* Cosgrave, Patrick (19 November 1996). "Obituary: Reginald Bevins". *The Independent*.
* "Who Was Who", A & C Black

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableReginald Bevins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Postmaster General | |
| **In office**
1959–1964 | |
| Preceded by | Ernest Marples |
| Succeeded by | Tony Benn |
| Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government | |
| **In office**
1957–1959 | |
| Preceded by | Enoch Powell |
| Succeeded by | Sir Keith Joseph |
| Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works | |
| **In office**
1953–1957 | |
| Preceded by | Hugh Molson |
| Succeeded by | Harmar Nicholls |
| Member of Parliament
for Liverpool Toxteth | |
| **In office**
23 February 1950  25 September 1964 | |
| Preceded by | *Constituency created* |
| Succeeded by | Richard Crawshaw |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1908-08-20)20 August 1908
Liverpool |
| Died | 16 November 1996(1996-11-16) (aged 88)
Liverpool |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
|  | |


title: Skrwa Prawa

abstract: The Skrwa Prawa is a river of Poland, and a right tributary of the Vistula. Its own tributaries include the Okalewka, the Urszulewka, the Chraponianka, the Sierpienica, and the Bobrownica. Its shorter counterpart, the Skrwa Lewa joins the Vistula about three miles upstream on the opposite bank.

text:
# Skrwa Prawa

The **Skrwa Prawa** (*Right Skrwa*; in Polish also *Skrwa*, *Skrwa Północna*, or *Płosznica*) is a river of Poland, and a right tributary of the Vistula. Its own tributaries include the Okalewka, the Urszulewka, the Chraponianka, the Sierpienica, and the Bobrownica.

Its shorter counterpart, the Skrwa Lewa (*Left Skrwa*) joins the Vistula about three miles upstream on the opposite bank.

## InfoBox

| Skrwa Prawa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Poland |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Vistula |
| coordinates | 52°34′51″N 19°31′58″E / 52.580869°N 19.532673°E / 52.580869; 19.532673 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | VistulaBaltic Sea |


title: Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura

abstract: Shantinatha Basadi, a Jain temple dedicated to the sixteenth Tirthankar Shantinatha is located in the historically important temple town of Jinanathapura near Shravanabelagola. It is a village in Channarayapatna taluk in the Hassan district of Karnataka state, India.

text:
# Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura

**Shantinatha Basadi** (or **Shanteshvara basadi**), a Jain temple dedicated to the sixteenth Tirthankar Shantinatha is located in the historically important temple town of Jinanathapura near Shravanabelagola (also spelt "Jainanathapura"). It is a village in Channarayapatna taluk in the Hassan district of Karnataka state, India.

## History

Jinanathapura was founded by Ganga Raja, a commander and an influential Jain patron in the early 12th century during the rule of the noted Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana. The Shantinatha Basadi (also spelt "basti") is a fine specimen of the Hoysala style of architecture and was built in c.1117 A.D. during the rule of King Veera Ballala II. According to the art historian Adam Hardy, the Basadi is a single shrine (*vimana*) construction with a closed *mantapa* and the building material used is Soap stone. The monument is protected by the Karnataka state division of the Archaeological Survey of India.

## Temple plan

The Shantinatha Basadi exhibits interesting departure from contemporary austere Jain temples (such as the Akkana Basadi) because of its rich and bold exterior panel relief, an idiom that was more common with the contemporary Hindu temples built by the Hoysala kings or by influential persons associated with the empire. A Kannada language inscription on the pedestal of the seated image of the Shantinatha reveals the Basadi was built by Recana (also called Recimayya, Recarasa and Recaprabhu), a general and minister of the king Ballala II. It also gives some information about his Jain preceptors. Recana, who was earlier in the service of the Kalyani Chalukyas and later the Southern Kalachuris appears to have transferred his loyalty to the Hoysala king. Inscriptions reveal that he built Jain temples at Lakkundi and Arasikere as well.

The temple stands on a *jagati* (platform) which is about a meter in height. According to art historian Gerard Foekema, being a single *vimana* (shrine) construction it qualifies as a *ekakuta* plan (a tower called *shikhara* over one shrine). The ceiling of the closed *mantapa* is supported by four lathe turned pillars. These are, according to art historian Percy Brown are key note Hoysala features. Despite the rich exterior decoration, the temple lacks the decorative bands of molding frieze that encircle the temple on the base of the outer walls, a feature that is characteristic of Hoysala temples of the 12th and 13th centuries. The interior walls of the Basadi is plain but the lintel decoration over the entrance to the sanctum is elaborate and consists of five Jainas (Jain monks), the central of which is a replica of the image of Shantinatha which sits on a seven sectioned throne inside the sanctum.

## InfoBox

| Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura | |
| --- | --- |
| Shantinatha Basadi in Jinanaathapura | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Jainism |
| Deity | Shantinatha |
| Festivals | Mahavir Jayanti |
| Location | |
| Location | Hassan district, Karnataka |
| Location in Karnataka, IndiaShantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura (India) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 12°51′40.9″N 76°29′11.6″E / 12.861361°N 76.486556°E / 12.861361; 76.486556 |
| Architecture | |
| Creator | Vishnuvardhana |
| Date established | 1117 A.D. |


title: Reticulate blind snake

abstract: The reticulate blind snake is a species of snake in the family Leptotyphlopidae. It is endemic to Somalia.

text:
# Reticulate blind snake

The **reticulate blind snake** (***Epacrophis reticulatus***) is a species of snake in the family Leptotyphlopidae. It is endemic to Somalia.

## InfoBox

| Reticulate blind snake | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Leptotyphlopidae |
| Genus: | *Epacrophis* |
| Species: | ***E. reticulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epacrophis reticulatus***<br>(Boulenger, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Glauconia reticulata* * *Leptotyphlops reticulata* * *Leptotyphlops reticulatus* | |


title: Shockley Shoemake

abstract: Shockley Taliaferro Shoemake was a lawyer and politician. Born at White Sands Teacherage near Bennington, Oklahoma, Shoemake graduated from Mount Valley High School in 1939. Shoemaker served in the United States Army during World War II and Korean War. He graduated from University of Oklahoma and then practiced law in Pawhuska, Oklahoma. Shoemake served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 1951 to 1961 and was a Democrat. Shoemake died at his home in Pawhuska, Oklahoma from a brain tumor.

text:
# Shockley Shoemake

**Shockley Taliaferro Shoemake** (November 5, 1922  June 2, 2015) was a lawyer and politician.

Born at White Sands Teacherage near Bennington, Oklahoma, Shoemake graduated from Mount Valley High School in 1939. Shoemaker served in the United States Army during World War II and Korean War. He graduated from University of Oklahoma and then practiced law in Pawhuska, Oklahoma. Shoemake served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 1951 to 1961 and was a Democrat. Shoemake died at his home in Pawhuska, Oklahoma from a brain tumor.


title: Evol (Future album)

abstract: Evol is the fourth studio album by American rapper Future. It was released on February 6, 2016, through A1 Recordings and Freebandz, and distributed by Epic Records. The album features a sole guest appearance from the Weeknd. It premiered on DJ Khaled's We The Best Radio debut on Beats 1. Evol released five months after the collaborative mixtape What a Time to Be Alive (2015) and a month after Purple Reign (2016). Production was handled by frequent collaborators Metro Boomin, Southside, TM88 and DJ Spinz, among others. Evol was supported by two singles: "Low Life" and "Wicked". The album received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. It also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

text:
# Evol (Future album)

***Evol*** (stylized in all caps) is the fourth studio album by American rapper Future. It was released on February 6, 2016, through A1 Recordings and Freebandz, and distributed by Epic Records. The album features a sole guest appearance from the Weeknd. It premiered on DJ Khaled's *We The Best Radio* debut on Beats 1. *Evol* released five months after the collaborative mixtape *What a Time to Be Alive* (2015) and a month after *Purple Reign* (2016). Production was handled by frequent collaborators Metro Boomin, Southside, TM88 and DJ Spinz, among others.

*Evol* was supported by two singles: "Low Life" and "Wicked". The album received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the US *Billboard* 200. It also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

## Background and release

On December 25, 2015, The Weeknd released a collaborative song with Future, titled "Low Life", on SoundCloud. It was produced by Metro Boomin and Ben Billions and co-produced by The Weeknd. The song was later revealed to be included on *Evol*. On March 1, 2016, "Low Life" was released as the album's first single. A music video for the track premiered on MTV on the same month.

On February 1, 2016, DJ Khaled announced that he would be premiering Future's fourth album on the debut show of *We The Best Radio* on Beats 1. Future then announced the album title, release date and artwork, as well as individually tweeting the track list.

The album cover artwork was created by the Polish creative production studio Ars Thanea. The album's title is love spelled backwards.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 6.8/10 |
| Metacritic | 68/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Billboard* |  |
| *Clash* | 8/10 |
| *Consequence* | B+ |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *HipHopDX* | 3.0/5 |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.3/10 |
| *PopMatters* | 6/10 |
| *Spin* | 8/10 |
| *XXL* | 4/5 |

*Evol* was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 68, based on 17 reviews. The aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.8 out of 10, based on its assessment of the critical consensus.

In his review, Craig Jenkins of *Billboard* states, "The spite of 2014 mixtape *Monster*, the woe of 2015's *Beast Mode*, and the devilish glee of his No. 1 album *DS2* have all chilled into a dull malaise here". He concluded with "*Evol* doesn't break any rules or set many new ones, but as the latest in a seemingly never-ending series of wonders Future and his team wield in their creation of druggy, downcast afterparty dispatches, it is a joy". Matthew Ramirez of *Pitchfork* found that while *Evol* "has slightly more misses than hits, the highs are high—arguably higher than *Purple Reign*'s". Sheldon Pearce of *Consequence* said, "It's an extraordinary triumph of ambitious trap soundscapes and an excellent complement for a driven artist, a man no longer inhibited by loss. With every passing release, Future grows more confident, and more callous". Dean Van Nguyen of *Clash* said, "Again Future marshals the glittering soundscapes expertly, his tuneful flow reining in the beats while imbuing all the fragility, heartsickness and aggression that make it the most impressive instrument in rap right now". Israel Daramola of *Spin* said, "*EVOL*, along with the *Purple Reign* mixtape, doesn't provide that instant hit that Future's world-class 2015 was so full of. Instead it crawls into your brain and makes itself at home; you'll find yourself going back to it over and over without even realizing".

Chris Gibbons of *XXL* said, "*EVOL* is only the latest building block on one of the most impressive runs from any rapper we've seen, and Future shows no signs of slowing down for anything". Grant Rindner of *The Line of Best Fit* said, "Odds are Future will drop another project or five between now and the end of the calendar year, so while *EVOL* is ultimately dispensable it's still a pretty good time". Shirley Ju of *HipHopDX* said, "As it stands, *EVOL* is nothing out of the ordinary from his past endeavors. With no measures in place preventing from Future releasing new full-length projects, this album could easily be surpassed in a month or two". Lanre Bakare of *The Guardian* said, "The formula is working, but for fans using his albums as a way in, they're missing a big part of what makes Future so intriguing". Brian Duricy of *PopMatters* said, "*EVOL* doesn't stand up to his critical peaks, but this could easily be seen as but a release to tide fans over before the next blockbuster". Andy Gill of *The Independent* said, "His raps here still stick fairly closely to the trap-music conventions that have dominated the hip-hop scene in Future's hometown Atlanta for the past decade or so".

## Commercial performance

*Evol* debuted at number one on the US *Billboard* 200 with 134,000 album-equivalent units; it sold 100,000 copies in its first week, and boasted over 25 million streams. *Evol* is the third project by Future to debut on the *Billboard* 200 at number one in seven months. As of March 2016, the album has sold 125,000 copies domestically. As of May 2018, the album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 1,000,000 units in the United States.

## Track listing

*Evol* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ain't No Time" |  | Southside | 3:22 |
| 2. | "In Her Mouth" | * Wilburn * Luellen | Southside | 3:12 |
| 3. | "Maybach" | * Wilburn * Luellen | Southside | 3:40 |
| 4. | "Xanny Family" |  |  | 3:05 |
| 5. | "Lil Haiti Baby" |  |  | 4:37 |
| 6. | "Photo Copied" | * Wilburn * Luellen | Southside | 2:52 |
| 7. | "Seven Rings" |  | TM88 | 3:25 |
| 8. | "Lie to Me" |  |  | 3:32 |
| 9. | "Program" | * Wilburn * Luellen | Southside | 2:56 |
| 10. | "Low Life" (featuring The Weeknd) |  |  | 5:13 |
| 11. | "Fly Shit Only" | * Wilburn * Hill * McGee | * DJ Spinz * SK | 3:32 |
| Total length: | | | | 39:26 |

Streaming edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Wicked" |  | * Metro Boomin * Southside | 2:53 |
| Total length: | | | | 42:19 |

**Sample credits**

* "Wicked" contains a sample of "Kanet Rohi", written by Özcan Deniz and performed by Rayan.

## Charts

## Certifications

Certifications for *Evol*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for *Evol*
| Region | Date | Label(s) | Format(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | February 6, 2016 |  |  |  |
| | | September 28, 2018 | Vinyl |  |

## InfoBox

| Evol | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Future | |
| Released | February 6, 2016 (2016-02-06) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 39:26 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Future chronology | |
| *Purple Reign*
(2016) ***Evol***
(2016) *Free Bricks 2K16 (Zone 6 Edition)*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Evol* | |
| 1. "Low Life"
Released: March 1, 2016 2. "Wicked"
Released: April 13, 2016 | |
|  | |


title: Campatonema

abstract: Campatonema is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by E. Dukinfield Jones in 1921.

text:
# Campatonema

***Campatonema*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by E. Dukinfield Jones in 1921.

## Species

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.
* Bolling, Sullivan. (March 2010)."New species of the Neotropical genus *Campatonema* Jones (Geometridae, Ennominae) with the first description of the female". *ZooKeys*. **39** doi:10.3897/zookeys.39.433

## InfoBox

| *Campatonema* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male *Campatonema tapantia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Ourapterygini |
| Genus: | *Campatonema*<br>E. D. Jones, 1921 |
|


title: Secret Agent of Japan

abstract: Secret Agent of Japan is a 1942 film directed by Irving Pichel and starring Preston Foster. It was the first American anti-Japanese war film produced by a major studio after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

text:
# Secret Agent of Japan

***Secret Agent of Japan*** is a 1942 film directed by Irving Pichel and starring Preston Foster. It was the first American anti-Japanese war film produced by a major studio after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

## Plot

A nightclub owner in Shanghai becomes involved in espionage revolving around preparations for the attack.

## Cast

## Critical reception

The film drew mixed reviews from critics. Theodore Strauss of *New York Times* panned the film, calling it "a very mild hate-brew" and "third-rate drama", and stating, "Nowadays, we doubt whether anybody, even Hirohito, will be much excited". *Variety* wrote that "the picture doesn't achieve more than moderately entertaining proportions for the adult ... Foster and Miss Bari show off excellently, though some of the supporting parts are pretty awful." *Film Daily* called it "a rousing melodrama" but found the twists and turns of the plot confusing. *Harrison's Reports* wrote: "An engrossing espionage melodrama that is timely. The story value is good, and competent direction and excellent performances help maintain the interest throughout."

The film seems to "have legs", though, as it scores a 6.9/10 stars on IMDB (see link below).

## InfoBox

| Secret Agent of Japan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Irving Pichel |
| Written by | John Larkin |
| Starring | Preston Foster
Lynn Bari |
| Cinematography | Lucien N. Andriot |
| Edited by | Alfred Day |
| Production
company | 20th Century Fox |
| Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
| Release dates | * March 21, 1942 (1942-03-21) (New York City) * April 3, 1942 (1942-04-03) (USA) |
| Running time | 72 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Teresa A. H. Djuric

abstract: Teresa A.H. Djuric is a retired United States Air Force brigadier general. Her last assignment was deputy director, Space and Intelligence Office, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.

text:
# Teresa A. H. Djuric

**Teresa A.H. Djuric** is a retired United States Air Force brigadier general. Her last assignment was deputy director, Space and Intelligence Office, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.

## Military career

Teresa Anne Hudachek Djuric is the daughter of U.S. Army Major General John W. Hudachek and Anne (Hamilton) Hudachek. She was commissioned in 1983 through Officer Training School. She has operated space systems at three space wings and Headquarters 14th Air Force. In 2004, she deployed to Southwest Asia as director of space forces for operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. She has commanded at the squadron, group and wing levels, and has served on staffs at the Air Force Personnel Center, United States Strategic Command and Headquarters United States Air Force. Prior to her final assignment, she was Commander, Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.

## Post retirement

Djuric is the commandant of cadets for the Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL) and special assistant to the president at Mary Baldwin College, effective October 1, 2013.

## Education

1983 Bachelor of Science degree in computer science, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 1983 Officer Training School, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 1987 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 1994 Master of Arts degree in Curriculum & Instruction, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado 1996 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 1999 Air War College, by correspondence 2001 Master of Strategic Studies degree, Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 2006 Joint and Combined Warfighting School, Joint Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia

## Assignments

* October 1983 – August 1987, satellite operations officer, North American Aerospace Defense Command, Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, Colorado
* August 1987 – November 1988, crew commander, 5th Space Warning Squadron, Woomera, South Australia
* November 1988 – January 1992, flight commander, Squadron Officer School, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
* January 1992 – May 1994, section commander, 21st Crew Training Squadron, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
* May 1994 – August 1995, flight commander, 21st Operations Support Squadron, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
* July 1995 – June 1996, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
* June 1996 – March 1998, section chief, division chief and executive officer, Assignments Directorate, Air Force Personnel Command, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas
* March 1998 – June 2000, commander, 614th Space Operations Squadron, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California
* June 2000 – June 2001, student, Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania
* July 2001 – June 2003, U.S. Strategic Command representative to U.S. Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
* June 2003 – May 2005, commander, 21st Operations Group, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado (April 2004 – August 2004, director of space forces, U.S. Central Command Air Forces, Southwest Asia)
* May 2005 – September 2006, chief, Space Superiority Division, Deputy Chief of Staff for Strategic Plans and Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
* September 2006 – May 2007, vice commander, 30th Space Wing, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California
* May 2007 – June 2008, commander, 50th Space Wing, Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado
* June 2008 – October 2010, commander, Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
* October 2010 – September 2013, deputy director, Space and Intelligence Office, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.

## Awards and decorations

|  | Command Space Badge |
| --- | --- |
|  | Headquarters Air Force Badge |
|  | Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge |
|

### Other achievements

2005 Gen. Jerome O'Malley Distinguished Space Leadership Award

## Effective dates of promotion

| Insignia | Rank | Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Brigadier general | December 9, 2008 |
|  | Colonel | August 1, 2002 |
|  | Lieutenant colonel | September 1, 1998 |
|  | Major | October 1, 1995 |
|  | Captain | September 30, 1987 |
|  | First lieutenant | September 30, 1985 |
|  | Second lieutenant | September 30, 1983 |
|

## InfoBox

| Teresa A. H. Djuric | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigadier General Teresa Djuric in 2013 | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1983–2013 |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
| Commands | Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development
50th Space Wing
21st Operations Group
614th Space Operations Squadron |
| Awards | Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (3) |


title: PFDC Fashion Week

abstract: PFDC Fashion Week is an annual fashion week held in Lahore and Karachi in Pakistan. The event is organised by the Pakistan Fashion Design Council (PFDC) along with the sponsor of Sunsilk.

text:
# PFDC Fashion Week

**PFDC Fashion Week** is an annual fashion week held in Lahore and Karachi in Pakistan. The event is organised by the *Pakistan Fashion Design Council* (PFDC) along with the sponsor of Sunsilk.

## 2010

1st PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week was held on February 16–19, 2010 in Lahore.

## 2011

3rd PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week was held in 2011 in Lahore and Karachi.

## 2012

5th PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week was held in April 2012. The venue for the event was Expo Centre Lahore.

## 2017

The 9th PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week was held in March 2017. This four-day event was held in Lahore and showcased top Pakistani fashion designers. In addition to this, at least four new designers were also launched in collaboration with Bank Al Falah Rising Talent Segment.

PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week 2013


title: Causus rhombeatus

abstract: Causus rhombeatus, commonly known as the rhombic night adder, is a viper species endemic to subsaharan Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized. Like all other vipers, it is venomous.

text:
# Causus rhombeatus

***Causus rhombeatus***, commonly known as the **rhombic night adder**, is a viper species endemic to subsaharan Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized. Like all other vipers, it is venomous.

## Description

With an average total length (body + tail) of 60 cm (24 in), this is the largest member of the genus *Causus*. The longest individual ever recorded was a male, 93 cm (37 in) in total length, collected in eastern Zimbabwe.

The head has a snout that is relatively blunt (i.e., more rounded than in other members of this genus), on the sides of which the nostrils are positioned. The circumorbital ring consists of 2–3 preoculars, 1–2 postoculars, and 1–2 suboculars that separate the eye from the supralabials. The temporal scales usually number 2+3, sometimes 2+4, but very rarely 2+2 or 3+3. There are 6 supralabial scales, very rarely 7. The sublabial scales usually number 7 or 10, rarely 8, and very rarely 11, 12 or 13. The first 3–4 sublabials are in contact with the anterior chin shields. The posterior chin shields are small and often indistinguishable from the gulars.

At midbody there are 15–21 rows of dorsal scales that are moderately keeled and have a satiny texture. The ventral scales number 120–166, the subcaudals, most of which are divided, 15–36.

The color pattern consists of a ground color that is usually some shade of brown (possibly pinkish or grayish-brown), but occasionally olive green. This is overlaid with a pattern of 20–30 rhombic blotches that have pale edges, as well as a sprinkling of black scales and oblique black bars on the sides. Each oblique black bar is topped by one or two black spots, each with a pale centre, and strongly resembling an eye. Northern populations may be patternless, making them difficult to identify, while in others the pale edges may be missing, the rhombic blotches may be a darker color, or there may even be a dark brown vertebral stripe. The head has a characteristic V-shaped mark that may be solid black, or brown with a black outline. Compare this with the description of the common egg-eater *Dasypeltis scabra*, a species that has a colour pattern and behaviour that may be an evolutionary strategy for defensive mimicry.

## Common names

Rhombic night adder, demon night adder, Cape night adder, African night adder, Cape viper.

## Geographic range

Savannas of subsaharan Africa from Nigeria east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south through Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Eswatini, and eastern South Africa to Riverdale in the Western Cape Province. No type locality is listed. Ghana

## Behavior

This is an active species that can often move relatively quickly—up to an estimated speed of 92 cm per second (3 feet per second). They are usually found on the ground, but have no trouble climbing or swimming. They are largely nocturnal, but are often seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. However, Mallow et al. (2003) reported collecting a dozen specimens that were all active during the heat of the day.

Most specimens are docile, seldom attempting to bite unless severely provoked. FitzSimons is quoted in Pitman (1938) as saying that, in captivity, they "become so tame that you may allow them to creep, climb and slither round your neck and inside your garments." Others, however, are more temperamental.

When seriously disturbed, they will put on a "ferocious" threat display that includes coiling up, inflating the body (making the dark markings stand out), hissing and puffing loudly, flattening the anterior portion of the body, and striking frantically. They may also flatten the neck and move forward with the tongue extended, much like a small cobra. Striking is done with such vigor that small specimens may lift themselves off the ground entirely.

## Feeding

The diet consists mainly of toads, but it also includes frogs and small mammals.

## Reproduction

Females produce an average clutch of two dozen eggs that require a lengthy incubation period of approximately four months. The hatchlings are 10–12.5 cm (3.9–4.9 in) in total length and feed on tiny frogs and toads.

## Venom

Rhombic Night Adder bites can be serious and in at least one bite a child had to have a fasciotomy. The few documented bites involved pain and minor swelling with minimal necrosis. These symptoms usually disappear within 2–3 days. There have been no modern well-documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species. Venom yield has varied from 20 to 30 mg to 300 mg, but the venom toxicity is low with LD50 values of 10.8, 14.6, \>16.0 mg/kg IV and 15 mg/kg SC being reported.

## Further reading

* Boulenger, G.A. 1896. *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ.* Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (*Causus rhombeatus*, pp. 467–468.)
* Branch, Bill. 2004. *Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa*. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 399 pp. ISBN 0-88359-042-5. (*Causus rhombeatus*, p. 113 + Plate 15.)
* Lichtenstein, \[M.\]H. 1823. *Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen*. T. Trautwein. Berlin. x + 118 pp. + 1 plate. (*Sepedon rhombeata*, p. 106.)

## InfoBox

| Rhombic night adder | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Viperidae |
| Genus: | *Causus* |
| Species: | ***C. rhombeatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Causus rhombeatus***
(Lichtenstein, 1823) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sepedon rhombeata*
Lichtenstein, 1823 * *Col*\[*uber*\]. *v nigrum* F. Boie, 1827 * *Col*\[*uber*\]. *V. nigrum*  Cuvier, 1829 * \[*Causus*\] *rhombeatus*
Wagler, 1830 * *Naja rhombeatus*  Schlegel, 1837 * *Aspedilaps rhombeatus*  Jan, 1859 * *A*\[*spedilaps*\]. (*Causus*) *rhombeatus*  Jan, 1863 * *Causus rhombeatus*
Boulenger, 1896 * *C*\[*ausus*\]. *rhombeatus* var. *taeniata* Sternfeld, 1912 * *Causus rhombeatus rhombeatus*  Laurent, 1956 * *Causus rhombeatus*
FitzSimons, 1962 * *Sepedon rhombeatus*  Elter, 1981 * *Causus rhombeatus*
Golay et al., 1993 | |


title: Bavojigudam

abstract: Bavojigudem is a village located 13 km from Maripeda, the Mandal headquarters, in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The neighbouring villages are Venkampadu, Neelukurti, and Giripuram. Previously this village was under the control of the neighbouring village panchayat, Neelukurthi. 15 years ago, the village has got a separate panchayat. The name of the sarpanch is Smt Baby Rani. The prominent people of the village are Sri K Karunakar reddy, M Kesava rao, D Hanumanthu. Recently village tank is repaired and 2 crops are assured in this village.

text:
# Bavojigudam

**Bavojigudem** is a village located 13 km from Maripeda, the Mandal headquarters, in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The neighbouring villages are Venkampadu, Neelukurti, and Giripuram. Previously this village was under the control of the neighbouring village panchayat, Neelukurthi. 15 years ago, the village has got a separate panchayat. The name of the sarpanch is Smt Baby Rani. The prominent people of the village are Sri K Karunakar reddy, M Kesava rao, D Hanumanthu. Recently village tank is repaired and 2 crops are assured in this village.

## InfoBox

| Bavojigudam Bavojigudam | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


abstract: The Center for Minorities and People with Disabilities in Information Technology (CMD-IT) is an American 501(c)(3), non-profit organization of public and private agencies, corporations, and institutions that focuses on supporting the development of an information technology workforce strong in underrepresented groups including African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and People with disabilities. CMD-IT works with key advisors in the IT field and is responsible for the Underrepresented Women in Computing Committee at the annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing, one of the world's largest gatherings of Women in Technology.

text:
# Center for Minorities and People with Disabilities in Information Technology

The **Center for Minorities and People with Disabilities in Information Technology (CMD-IT)** is an American 501(c)(3), non-profit organization of public and private agencies, corporations, and institutions that focuses on supporting the development of an information technology workforce strong in underrepresented groups including African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and People with disabilities. CMD-IT works with key advisors in the IT field and is responsible for the Underrepresented Women in Computing Committee at the annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing, one of the world's largest gatherings of Women in Technology.

## Programs and initiatives

CMD-IT ("command it") supports the following programs and initiatives:

* Tapia Conference. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing is a leading conference for celebrating diversity in computing. Tapia 2019 conference demographics included 30% African American, 20% Hispanic, 52% Women, and 12% people with disabilities. The Tapia Conference is sponsored by Association for Computing Machinery and presented by CMD-IT.
* Academic Career Workshops for Underrepresented Participants. In these workshops, underrepresented assistant- and associate-level faculty, senior doctoral students, and post-docs are mentored in areas related to the academic career ladder. The workshops include panels of diverse senior faculty focused on areas such as the tenure and promotion process, launching a research program, effective teaching, and proposal writing. The workshops have been funded by NSF since 2007.
* Newsletter. The organization newsletter is distributed monthly to over 8000 students, faculty, and professionals. It includes a calendar of events from different organizations and groups focused on the target groups and two to three important articles about current news or initiatives related to minorities and people with disabilities in IT.
* Graduation Statistics of Underrepresented Groups in Computing. This project utilizes multiple databases, including WebCASPAR and CRA Taulbee Survey, to gather statistics about the graduation rates for the different computer science degree levels (associate, bachelor, masters, doctorate) for ethnic minorities and where possible, people with disabilities.
* CMD-IT University Award for Retention of Minorities and Students with Disabilities in Computer Science. CMD-IT recognizes academic institutions for success in retaining underrepresented groups in computer science. The awards are presented at the ACM Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing conferences. Recent recipients include Georgia Tech in 2017, University of North Caroline Charlotte in 2018, and University of Texas El Paso in 2019.
* Achievement Award for Scientific Scholarship, Civic Science and Diversifying Computing. CMD-IT recognizes distinguished scientists and engineers for their contributions and service. Recent recipients include Dr. Cristina Villalobos of UTRGV in 2019 and Dr. Ayanna Howard, JPL's "Bionic Woman" in 2018.

## InfoBox

Center for Minorities and People with Disabilities in Information Technology
|
|  |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Focus | Diversity in Computing |
| Area served | National |
| Key people | Dr. Valerie Taylor, CEO and President; Rosario Robinson, Executive Director |
| Website | www.cmd-it.org |


title: Evoken

abstract: Evoken is an American funeral doom band from Lyndhurst, New Jersey, United States. Evoken is one of the earliest U.S. death-doom bands that are still active today, along with Novembers Doom and Rigor Sardonicous.

text:
# Evoken

**Evoken** is an American funeral doom band from Lyndhurst, New Jersey, United States. Evoken is one of the earliest U.S. death-doom bands that are still active today, along with Novembers Doom and Rigor Sardonicous.

## History

### Founding years

The band was founded by guitarist Nick Orlando under the name Funereus in April 1992. The original line-up consisted of Rob (bass/vocals), Nick (guitar), Phil (guitar) and Vince (drums). They recorded a rehearsal demo in 1992, which would be the only release under the Funereus name. After briefly changing their name to Asmodeus the following year, the band eventually decided upon the name Evoken in 1994 after several line-up changes. The name was taken from the Thergothon song found on the *Fhtagn nagh Yog-Sothoth* demo.

### Reaching mainstream

In 2003, Evoken headlined the Dutch Doomsday Festival during a brief European tour of the Netherlands, Belgium and the UK.

Evoken left *Avantgarde Music* of Italy after releasing two albums with the label and signed to Sweden's *I Hate Records* in January 2007.

Evoken returned to tour Europe in 2009, and again in 2011 for Roadburn Festival in the Netherlands. The following year they signed to Canada's Profound Lore Records and performed on the inaugural Decibel Magazine tour in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. 2012 saw the release of their fifth full-length album Atra Mors, which was Profound Lore's 100th release.

## Stylistic influences

Evoken credits its main influences to be Australian band Disembowelment, England's Paradise Lost, the American band Winter, and the Finnish band Thergothon.

## Members

Current * Vince Verkay – drums (1992–present)
* John Paradiso – guitar, vocals (1994–present), keyboards (1994, 2007), bass (2004–2007)
* Don Zaros – keyboards (2007–present)
* Dave Wagner – bass (2008–present)
* Chris Molinari – guitar (2009–present)
* Randy Cavanaugh – guitar (2018–present)

Former * Nick Orlando – guitar (1992–2008), keyboards (2007)
* Phil Wilson – guitar (1992)
* Rob Robichaud – bass, vocals (1992–1993)
* Bill Manley – bass (1994–1996)
* Dario Derna – keyboards (1995–2002)
* Steve Moran – bass (1996–2004)
* Denny Hahn – keyboards (2003–2007)
* Craig Pillard – Bass, Keyboards (2007)

Session * Charles Lamb – cello (1998)
* Suzanne Bass – cello (1999)
* Chris Kuffner – cello (2005)
* Craig Pillard – bass (2007)
* Brian Sanders – cello (2012)

## Timeline

## Discography

### Studio albums

### Demos

* *Demo 1992* (1992, as Funereus)
* *Into the Autumn Shade* (1992, as Funereus)
* *Shades of Night Descending* (1994)
* *Promo '96* (1996)
* *Promo 1997* (1997)
* *Promo 2002* (2002)

### Split album

* *Evoken / Beneath The Frozen Soil* (2010)

### Compilation album

* *A Caress of the Void / Omniscient* (2018)

### Single

* *Rotting Misery* (2012)

## InfoBox

| Evoken | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Funereus (1992)
Asmodeus (1993) |
| Origin | Lyndhurst, New Jersey, United States |
| Genres | Funeral doom |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | Elegy Records, Avantgarde Music, I Hate, Profound Lore |
|  | |
| Members | John Paradiso
Chris Molinari
Dave Wagner
Don Zaros
Vince Verkay |
|  | |
| Past members | Nick Orlando
Phil Wilson
Rob Robichaud
Bill Manley
Steve Moran
Dario Derna
Denny Hahn |
|  | |
| Website | evokendoom.net |


title: Directional boring

abstract: Directional boring, also referred to as horizontal directional drilling (HDD), is a minimal impact trenchless method of installing underground utilities such as pipe, conduit, or cables in a relatively shallow arc or radius along a prescribed underground path using a surface-launched drilling rig. Directional boring offers significant environmental advantages over traditional cut and cover pipeline/utility installations. The technique is routinely used when conventional trenching or excavating is not practical or when minimal surface disturbance is required. Although often used interchangeably, the terms directional boring and horizontal directional drilling are distinct in that they convey a different sense of scale. The term "directional boring" or "bore" is generally reserved for mini/small sized drilling rigs, small diameter bores, and crossing lengths in terms of hundreds of feet. Generally, the term Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is intended to describe large/maxi sized drilling rigs, large diameter bores, and crossing lengths in terms of thousands of feet. Directional boring and HDD are similar in some respects to directional drilling associated with the oil industry, however, an equal comparison cannot be drawn as the procedures serve markedly different functions. Directional boring can be utilized with various pipe materials such as PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, ductile iron, and steel provided that the pipe's properties enable it to be both installed and operated under acceptable stress limits. Directional boring/HDD is generally accomplished in three principal phases. First, a small diameter pilot hole is drilled along a directional path from one surface point to another. Next, the bore created during pilot hole drilling is enlarged to a diameter that will facilitate installation of the desired pipeline. Lastly, the pipeline is pulled into the enlarged hole, thus creating a continuous segment of pipe underground exposed only at the two initial endpoints. Directional boring can be utilized to cross any number of surface obstacles including roadways, railroads, wetlands, and water bodies of varying sizes/depths. The process is suitable for a variety of soil conditions including clay, silt, sand, and rock. Problematic soil conditions include large grain content in the form of coarse gravel, cobbles, and boulders. Other subsurface conditions which can impact the feasibility of directional boring include excessive rock strength and abrasivity, poor rock quality, and rock exhibiting karst features.

text:
# Directional boring

**Directional boring**, also referred to as **horizontal directional drilling** (**HDD**), is a minimal impact trenchless method of installing underground utilities such as pipe, conduit, or cables in a relatively shallow arc or radius along a prescribed underground path using a surface-launched drilling rig. Directional boring offers significant environmental advantages over traditional cut and cover pipeline/utility installations. The technique is routinely used when conventional trenching or excavating is not practical or when minimal surface disturbance is required.

Although often used interchangeably, the terms directional boring and horizontal directional drilling are distinct in that they convey a different sense of scale. The term "directional boring" or "bore" is generally reserved for mini/small sized drilling rigs, small diameter bores, and crossing lengths in terms of hundreds of feet. Generally, the term Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is intended to describe large/maxi sized drilling rigs, large diameter bores, and crossing lengths in terms of thousands of feet. Directional boring and HDD are similar in some respects to directional drilling associated with the oil industry, however, an equal comparison cannot be drawn as the procedures serve markedly different functions. Directional boring can be utilized with various pipe materials such as PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, ductile iron, and steel provided that the pipe's properties (wall thickness and material strength) enable it to be both installed and operated (if applicable) under acceptable stress limits.

Directional boring/HDD is generally accomplished in three principal phases. First, a small diameter pilot hole is drilled along a directional path from one surface point to another. Next, the bore created during pilot hole drilling is enlarged to a diameter that will facilitate installation of the desired pipeline. Lastly, the pipeline is pulled into the enlarged hole, thus creating a continuous segment of pipe underground exposed only at the two initial endpoints. Directional boring can be utilized to cross any number of surface obstacles including roadways, railroads, wetlands, and water bodies of varying sizes/depths.

The process is suitable for a variety of soil conditions including clay, silt, sand, and rock. Problematic soil conditions include large grain content in the form of coarse gravel, cobbles, and boulders. Other subsurface conditions which can impact the feasibility of directional boring include excessive rock strength and abrasivity, poor rock quality, and rock exhibiting karst features.

## Equipment

The equipment used in directional boring depends on the length of the (proposed) crossing, the pipe properties (of the to-be-installed pipeline), and the (anticipated) subsurface conditions.

For longer more challenging crossings, tractor trailer mounted drills capable of 1,320,000 lbs (thrust/pullback force) and 150,000 ft-lbs (rotary force) may be used \[600 tonnes\- 204,000 N-M \]. These units are used in conjunction with a drilling fluid reclaimer, high volume pump or pumps, an excavator (or comparable equipment for managing drill pipe), along with an assortment of other ancillary equipment (e.g. water tanks, spoil containers, etc.) to facilitate typical operations.

For smaller bores, proportionally smaller and more portable equipment is available. These units may be capable of anywhere from 5,000 lbs to 100,000 lbs of thrust/push force and may be used for spanning between a house basement to a nearby shared water pipe. Fluid exhaustion associated with smaller bores is proportionally less as well. In many instances, smaller bores do not require the use of drilling fluid, only water, and in even less significant bores no fluids at all.

Tooling, as in the mechanical apparatus that are installed to the drill string to conduct operations, are available in a wide number of different shapes and sizes. Directional boring tooling includes the suite of drill bits or drill heads used during pilot hole operations, reamers and hole-openers used for hole enlargement, and swab tools which are used for hole conditioning and pullback. Tooling intended to navigate rock, or tougher formations, may use tungsten carbide alloys or polycrystalline diamond (PCD). In contrast, tooling intended to navigate soft soils may be limited to high carbon steel (milled to a desired shape and size). The methodology of advancement also varies somewhat between soil and rock crossings. Advancement of tooling within loose uncemented soils is largely accomplished by hydraulic excavation. That is, the soil is being cut and or removed under the influence of high pressure fluid. Within rock formations, hydraulic excavation is still taking place to some degree (evacuating spoil) but the lion's share of cutting and breaking up material is due to mechanical work being done by the tool itself.

## Technique

Directional boring is used for installing infrastructure such as telecom and power cable conduits, water lines, sewer lines, gas lines, oil lines, product pipelines, and environmental remediation casings. It is used for crossing waterways, roadways, shore approaches, congested areas, environmentally sensitive areas, and areas where other methods are costlier or not possible. It is used instead of other techniques to provide less traffic disruption, lower cost, deeper and/or longer installation, no access pit, shorter completion times, directional capabilities, and environmental safety.

The technique has extensive use in urban areas for developing subsurface utilities as it helps in avoiding extensive open cut trenches. The use requires that the operator have complete information about existing utilities so that they can plan the alignment to avoid damaging those utilities. Since uncontrolled drilling can lead to damage, different agencies/government authorities owning the urban *right-of-way* or the utilities have rules for safe work execution. For standardization of the techniques, different trenchless technology promoting organizations have developed guidelines for this technique.

## Process

The process starts with the receiving hole and entrance pits. These pits will allow the drilling fluid to be collected and reclaimed to reduce costs and prevent waste. The first stage drills a pilot hole on the designed path, and the second stage (reaming) enlarges the hole by passing a larger cutting tool known as the back reamer. The reamer's diameter depends on the size of the pipe to be pulled back through the bore hole. The driller increases the diameter according to the outer diameter of the conduit and to achieve optimal production. The third stage places the product or casing pipe in the enlarged hole by way of the drill stem; it is pulled behind the reamer to allow centering of the pipe in the newly reamed path.

Horizontal directional drilling is done with the help of a viscous fluid known as drilling fluid. It is a mixture of water and, usually, bentonite or polymer continuously pumped to the cutting head or drill bit to facilitate the removal of cuttings, stabilize the bore hole, cool the cutting head, and lubricate the passage of the product pipe. The drilling fluid is sent into a machine called a reclaimer which removes the drill cuttings and maintains the proper viscosity of the fluid. Drilling fluid holds the cuttings in suspension to prevent them from clogging the bore. A clogged bore creates back pressure on the cutting head, slowing production.

## Locating and guidance

Location and guidance of the drilling head is an important part of the drilling operation, as the drilling head is under the ground while drilling and, in most cases, not visible from the ground surface. Uncontrolled or unguided drilling can lead to substantial destruction, which can be eliminated by properly locating and guiding the drill head.

There are three types of locating equipment for locating the bore head: the *walk-over* locating system, the *wire-line* locating system and the gyro guided drilling, where a full inertial navigation system is located close to the drill head.

* Walk-over locating system — A sonde, or transmitter, behind the bore head registers angle, rotation, direction, and temperature data. This information is encoded into an electromagnetic signal and transmitted through the ground to the surface in a walk-over system. At the surface a receiver (usually a hand-held *locator*) is manually positioned over the sonde, the signal is decoded and steering directions are relayed to the bore machine operator.
* Wire-line locating system — The wire-line system is a magnetic guidance system. With a magnetic guidance system (MGS), the tool reads inclination and azimuth. The MGS, also has a secondary means of location verification utilizing wire grids laid on the ground surface. It is the only system that has the capability of verifying the location. This information is transmitted through the wire-line fitted within the drill string. At the surface, the navigator in the drill cab performs the necessary calculations to confirm the parameters have been met. The MGS, even without the use of the wire grid, has been accurate to over 2 km with an accuracy of 2% at depth. The operator of the MGS communicates with the driller and guides him towards a predetermined engineered drill path.
* Gyro-based locating system — The gyro based system is fully autonomous and therefore one of the most accurate systems where sufficient diameter (200 mm) is available and where long distances (up to 2 km) have to be traversed with minimal deviation (less than 1 m position error). Currently the actual depth is not verifiable without the use of surface coils, a near surface transponder or sonde used in walkover systems.

All three systems have their own merits, and a particular system is chosen depending upon the site requirements.

1. PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 3)
2. PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 29)
3. PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 19)
4. PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 12)
5. "Fant ny løsning som gir gravefri tilkobling av hus til hovedvannledning". Teknisk Ukeblad. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
* PR-277-144507-Z01 *Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling, An Engineering Design Guide*, prepared under the sponsorship of the Pipeline Research Committee at the American Gas Association, April 15, 1995, Revised under the sponsorship of the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015.
* HDD Design Guideline Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Trenchless Installation of Pipelines (TIPS) of the Pipeline Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Pipeline design for installation by horizontal directional drilling - *ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice (MOP) No. 108* : ASCE manual of practice. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. Reston, VA. ISBN 978-0-7844-0804-9
* Skonberg, Eric R., and Tennyson M. Muindi. Pipeline Design for Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling - *ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice (MOP) No. 108* (2nd Edition). Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. ISBN 978-0-784413-50-0
* ASME, *Pipeline Geohazards, Planning, Design, Construction and Operations*, Second Edition of Pipeline Geo-Environmental Design and Geohazard management, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. ISBN 978-0791861790
* Willoughby, David (2005). *Horizontal Directional Drilling*, p. 1-263. Mcgraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-145473-X.
* Short, Jim (1993). *Introduction to Directional and Horizontal Drilling*, p. 1-222. PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma. ISBN 0-87814-395-5.
* v. Hinueber, Edgar (iMAR Navigation) (2006). *Most accurate drilling guidance by dead-reckoning using high precision optical gyroscopes*, Proceedings NoDig Conference of Horizontal Directional Drilling, Brisbane 2006.
* Rizkalla, Moness. Pipeline geo-environmental design and geohazard management. New York, NY: ASME, 2008. ISBN 978-0-791802-81-6

https://ppdrillingfluids.in/


title: Campaspe

abstract: Campaspe, or Pancaste, was a supposed mistress of Alexander the Great and a prominent citizen of Larissa in Thessaly. No Campaspe appears in the five major sources for the life of Alexander and the story may be apocryphal. The biographer Robin Lane Fox traces her legend back to the Roman authors Pliny, Lucian of Samosata and Aelian's Varia Historia. Aelian surmised that she initiated the young Alexander in love. According to tradition, she was painted by Apelles, who had the reputation in antiquity for being the greatest of painters. The episode occasioned an apocryphal exchange that was reported in Pliny's Natural History: "Seeing the beauty of the nude portrait, Alexander saw that the artist appreciated Campaspe more than he. And so Alexander kept the portrait, but presented Campaspe to Apelles." Fox describes this bequest as "the most generous gift of any patron and one which would remain a model for patronage and painters on through the Renaissance." Apelles also used Campaspe as a model for his most celebrated painting of Aphrodite "rising out of the sea", the iconic Venus Anadyomene, "wringing her hair, and the falling drops of water formed a transparent silver veil around her form".

text:
# Campaspe

**Campaspe** (/kæmˈpæsp/; Greek: Καμπάσπη, *Kampaspē*), or **Pancaste** (/pæŋˈkæst/; Greek: Πανκάστη, *Pankastē*; also *Pakate*), was a supposed mistress of Alexander the Great and a prominent citizen of Larissa in Thessaly. No Campaspe appears in the five major sources for the life of Alexander and the story may be apocryphal. The biographer Robin Lane Fox traces her legend back to the Roman authors Pliny (Natural History), Lucian of Samosata and Aelian's *Varia Historia*. Aelian surmised that she initiated the young Alexander in love.

According to tradition, she was painted by Apelles, who had the reputation in antiquity for being the greatest of painters. The episode occasioned an apocryphal exchange that was reported in *Pliny's Natural History*: "Seeing the beauty of the nude portrait, Alexander saw that the artist appreciated Campaspe (and loved her) more than he. And so Alexander kept the portrait, but presented Campaspe to Apelles." Fox describes this bequest as "the most generous gift of any patron and one which would remain a model for patronage and painters on through the Renaissance." Apelles also used Campaspe as a model for his most celebrated painting of Aphrodite "rising out of the sea", the iconic Venus Anadyomene, "wringing her hair, and the falling drops of water formed a transparent silver veil around her form".

## Legacy

Campaspe became a generic poetical synonym for a man's mistress; The English University wit and poet John Lyly (1553–1606), who produced his comedy *Campaspe* in 1584, also wrote:

> Cupid and my Campaspe play'd
> At cards for kisses—Cupid paid:
> He stakes his quiver, bow and arrows,
> His mother's doves, and team of sparrows;
> Loses them too; then down he throws
> The coral of his lip, the rose
> Growing on's cheek (but none knows how);
> With these, the crystal of his brow,
> And then the dimple of his chin:
> All these did my Campaspe win.
> At last he set her both his eyes,
> She won, and Cupid blind did rise.
> O Love! has she done this to thee?
> What shall (alas!) become of me?

The Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca wrote his own play on the Campaspe story, *Darlo todo y no dar nada* (1651).

In 1819, the painting *Générosité d'Alexandre*, by Jérôme-Martin Langlois depicted the scene where Alexander the Great gifted Campaspe to Apelles.

The Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia, the Campaspe River in Queensland, Australia and the Shire of Campaspe are named after her.

## Sources


title: Secret Agent of Terra

abstract: Secret Agent of Terra is a 1962 science fiction novel by British writer John Brunner. It is the first book of the Zarathustra Refugee Planets series; the other books are Castaways' World (1963) and The Repairmen of Cyclops (1965). Secret Agent of Terra was first published as Ace Double F-133, with The Rim of Space by A. Bertram Chandler. Brunner later reworked the story for his 1969 novel The Avengers of Carrig.

text:
# Secret Agent of Terra

***Secret Agent of Terra*** is a 1962 science fiction novel by British writer John Brunner. It is the first book of the Zarathustra Refugee Planets series; the other books are *Castaways' World* (1963) and *The Repairmen of Cyclops* (1965). *Secret Agent of Terra* was first published as Ace Double F-133, with *The Rim of Space* by A. Bertram Chandler.

Brunner later reworked the story for his 1969 novel *The Avengers of Carrig*.

## Bibliography

* *Secret Agent of Terra*. New York: Ace Books. 1962.
* *The Avengers of Carrig*. New York: Daw Books. 1980 \[1969\]. ISBN 0-87997-509-1.

## InfoBox

Secret Agent of Terra
| Cover of the first edition. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Brunner |
| Cover artist | Ed Emshwiller |
| Language | English |
| Series | Zarathustra Refugee Planets |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Ace Books |
| Publication date | 1962 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 127 pp |
| Followed by | *Castaways' World* |


title: Teresa A. Sullivan

abstract: Teresa Ann "Terry" Sullivan is an American sociologist. She previously served as interim provost of Michigan State University from 2019 to 2020, the 8th president of the University of Virginia from 2010 to 2018, and provost of the University of Michigan from 2006 to 2010.

text:
# Teresa A. Sullivan

**Teresa Ann "Terry" Sullivan** (born July 9, 1949) is an American sociologist. She previously served as interim provost of Michigan State University from 2019 to 2020, the 8th president of the University of Virginia from 2010 to 2018, and provost of the University of Michigan from 2006 to 2010.

## Early life and education

Sullivan was born on July 9, 1949. In 1970, she received her undergraduate degree from Michigan State University's James Madison College. She was asked to work as an intern in the office of president Clifton R. Wharton Jr.

She continued graduate work, completing her Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1975.

## Career

Sullivan joined the faculty of the University of Texas as an instructor in sociology. At Texas, she advanced to hold a variety of academic and administrative posts, including the chair of the sociology department, vice provost, and vice president and dean of graduate studies. She was also inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa as a faculty/staff initiate in 1982. She later moved to the University of Michigan, where she served as the Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs.

Sullivan has written or co-written six books and over 80 scholarly articles in sociology. In 1978, Sullivan authored *Marginal Workers, Marginal Jobs: The Underutilization of American of Workers.* In 1983, Sullivan co-authored *The Dilemma of American Immigration: Beyond the Golden Door* with Pastora San Juan Cafferty, Barry R. Chiswick and Andrew M. Greeley. In 1990, she co-authored *The Social Organization of Work* with Randy Hodson, which was described as a "pathbreaking textbook in the sociology of work" by Daniel B. Cornfield. In 2020, Sullivan published *Census 2020: Understanding the Issues*, a textbook that covers the historical, logistical, and legal aspects of the United States Census.

She is an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

Early in her career, Sullivan published on the labor force and immigration in the United States. This included "Labor Force Composition and Unemployment Trends," (Clifford C. Clogg and Sullivan), "The Occupational Prestige of Women Immigrants," "Documenting Immigration," "Measuring Underemployment and Inequality in the Work Force" (Clogg, Sullivan, and Jan E. Mutchler), "Estimating Labor Absorption with Published Data," and "Women Minority Workers in the New Economy: Optimistic, Pessimistic, and Mixed Scenarios ."

Throughout the 1990s and the 2000s, Sullivan continued to publish on immigration as well as issues undertaken by universities to diversify their campuses—including the 'Texas Top 10 Percent' law. Among Sullivan's publications during this period are: "Student Feelings of Connection to the Campus and Openness to Diversity and Challenge at a Large Research University: Evidence of Progress?" (Jessica J. Summers, Marilla D. Svinicki, Joanna S. Gorin, and Sullivan), "Minority College Aspirations, Expectations and Applications under the Texas Top 10% Law" (Kim M. Lloyd, Kevin T. Leicht, and Sullivan), "Minority Talent Loss and the Texas Top 10 Percent Law" (Sunny Xinchun Niu, Sullivan, and Marta Tienda), and "The Promise and the Peril of the Texas Uniform Admission Law" (with Marta Tienda).

### Consumer Bankruptcy study

In the 1980s, Sullivan worked with legal scholars Elizabeth Warren and Jay Lawrence Westbrook on what could become Phase I of the Consumer Bankruptcy Project, which, at its time, was the largest study of consumer bankruptcy in the United States.

The findings of Phase 1 of this project culminated in several academic articles, including "Limiting Access to Bankruptcy Discharge: An Analysis of Creditors' Data," "Folklore and Facts: A Preliminary Report from the Consumer Bankruptcy Project," "The Use of Empirical Data in Formulating Bankruptcy Policy," and "Laws, Models, and Real People: Choice of Chapter in Personal Bankruptcy." In 1989, Sullivan, Warren, and Westbrook published the book-length study, *As We Forgive Our Debtors: Bankruptcy and Consumer Credit in America*, which was described as setting "an example for legal scholarship which has rarely been, and will rarely be, met," by Michael J. Herbert. This book was given the Silver Gavel Award in 1990 by the American Bar Association and was a finalist for the American Sociological Association’s Distinguished Scholarly Contribution competition. The authors were also invited to give testimony before congressional committees, state legislatures, and the National Commission on Bankruptcy Reform to explain the findings of their study and what their study uncovered about the American consumer bankruptcy system, its strengths, and its weaknesses.

Phase II of the Consumer Bankruptcy Study centered on the use of the bankruptcy system by middle-class Americans. Sullivan, Warren, and Westbrook published several academic articles on their findings including, "Consumer Credit Ten Years Later: A Financial Comparison of Consumer Bankrupts 1981-1991" and "Consumer Bankruptcy in the United States: A Study of Alleged Abuse and of Local Legal Culture: Journal of Consumer Policy." Sullivan also published "Methodological Realities: Social Science Methods and Business Reorganizations." The authors published their book-length study, *The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt* in 1999, which was described by Andrew Greeley as "a well-designed and carefully executed study."

Phase III of the Consumer Bankruptcy Study studied the growing numbers of women and older Americans filing for bankruptcy. Several academic articles were published on Phase III findings including, "Rethinking The Debates Over Health Care Financing: Evidence from the Bankruptcy Courts" (Melissa B. Jacoby, Sullivan, and Warren), Sullivan's "Gender Differences in Accounts of Bankruptcy," Sullivan, Warren, and Westbrook's "Less Stigma or More Financial Distress: An Empirical Analysis of the Extraordinary Increase in Bankruptcy Filings," "The Increasing Vulnerability of Older Americans" (Deborah Thorne, Sullivan, and Warren), and Sullivan's "Debt and Simulation of Social Class."

### Presidency of the University of Virginia

Sullivan was unanimously elected on January 11, 2010, and became the University's first female president on August 1, 2010.

On June 10, 2012, it was announced to the University that Sullivan would step down from her position on August 15, 2012, after serving two years of a five-year contract. Leaders of the university’s governing board said they had decided to remove Sullivan, "largely because of her unwillingness to consider dramatic program cuts in the face of dwindling resources and for her perceived reluctance to approach the school with the bottom-line mentality of a corporate chief executive".

Media reported the resignation as an "ouster" organized by Helen Dragas, rector of the university's Board of Visitors; with strong suggestions of Dragas' conflicting views of the future of the university, and personal ambitions playing a role in her actions. Although a formal meeting and vote of the full board was not held at the time, Sullivan was presented with the news of her loss of majority support within the board, and given the 'opportunity' to resign.

Dragas made the public announcement of her resignation by email, on behalf of the Board of Visitors. The action generated wide-scale protest and support for Sullivan from students, faculty, alumni, as well as the national academic community. The faculty senate demanded that the leaders of the Board of Visitors, Rector Helen Dragas and Vice Rector Mark J. Kington, be removed. The student government demanded an explanation for the ouster. In the face of this pressure, including a statement from Virginia Governor Robert McDonnell that he would remove the entire board if they failed to resolve the issue at their June 26 meeting, the board unanimously voted to reinstate Sullivan as president.

In 2014 *Rolling Stone* reported in "A Rape on Campus" that a gang rape had allegedly taken place in one of the University's fraternities. Sullivan suspended all Greek organizations until January 9, 2015. In January 2015 Sullivan acknowledged that the magazine's reporting had been "discredited": the story's author failed to interview numerous alleged witnesses named in the source's account, in addition to other inconsistencies.

Sullivan said,

> "Before the Rolling Stone story was discredited, it seemed to resonate with some people simply because it confirmed their darkest suspicions about universities—that administrations are corrupt; that today's students are reckless and irresponsible; that fraternities are hot-beds of deviant behavior."

In January 2017, Sullivan announced her intention to retire effective September 30, 2018. She was succeeded by James Ryan on August 1, 2018.

### Interim Provost of Michigan State University

On September 16, 2019, Michigan State University named Sullivan as the new interim provost and executive vice president for academic affairs, effective October 1, 2019, serving through the end of the academic year.

## Personal life

Sullivan is married to legal scholar Douglas Laycock, known for his work on religious freedom.

## InfoBox

| Teresa A. Sullivan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Interim Provost of Michigan State University | |
| **In office**
October 1, 2019  June 30, 2020 | |
| 8th President of the University of Virginia | |
| **In office**
August 1, 2010  July 31, 2018 | |
| Preceded by | John T. Casteen III |
| Succeeded by | James Ryan |
| Provost of the University of Michigan | |
| **In office**
June 1, 2006  July 1, 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Courant |
| Succeeded by | Philip J. Hanlon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Teresa Ann Sullivan
(1949-07-09) July 9, 1949
Kewanee, Illinois, U.S. |
| Spouse | Douglas Laycock (m. 1971) |
| Education | Michigan State University (BA)
University of Chicago (PhD) |
| Profession | Sociologist, Professor |
|  | |


title: Vallateen Virginia Dudley Abbington

abstract: Vallateen Virginia Dudley Abbington was an African American activist, educator, and social worker. She is known for being the plaintiff in Abbington v. Board of Education of Louisville, where she fought for the equalization of teacher's salaries in Louisville, Kentucky.

text:
# Vallateen Virginia Dudley Abbington

**Vallateen Virginia Dudley Abbington** (1907 – October 13, 2003) was an African American activist, educator, and social worker. She is known for being the plaintiff in *Abbington v. Board of Education of Louisville*, where she fought for the equalization of teacher's salaries in Louisville, Kentucky.

## Personal life and education

Vallateen Virginia Dudley Abbington was born in rural Indiana in 1907 and was one of eight children. She attended Michigan State Normal College, where she joined the sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha. Once she completed college she married Jesse Matthew Abbington and the pair eventually moved to Louisville and later to St. Louis, Missouri. While in Missouri, Abbington completed a Master's in social work.

Abbington died on October 13, 2003, in Los Angeles, California, and is buried in the Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery in St. Louis.

## Civil rights

While living in Louisville, Abbington taught at Jackson Junior High School. She noted that she and other African American teachers were paid far less than their white peers, which led her to join forces with the NAACP to bring the issue to court in the 1940 case *Abbington v. Board of Education of Louisville*. Prior to this the NAACP had experienced issues with locating a teacher willing to go forward with a lawsuit, as many black teachers were afraid of losing their jobs during the Great Depression. In the suit she argued for pay equality, as Abbington and other African American teachers earned from $1,490 while white teachers earned $1,750. The lawsuit went to the Federal District Court and the school board informed Abbington that they would provide equal pay for all if she dropped her case against them, which they did in 1941. This was the third such case for the NAACP and the first such case in Kentucky.

After moving to St. Louis, Abbington continued to remain active with civil rights and tried to desegregate both the area's low-income public housing and her church, Trinity Episcopal.

1. Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (2015-08-28). *The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia*. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6067-2.
2. "Vallateen Abbington, social worker, civic leader". *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. October 19, 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
3. "News". *Indianapolis Recorder*. November 16, 1940.
4. Adams, Luther (2010). *Way Up North in Louisville: African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930-1970*. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-8078-3422-0.
5. "Abbington v Board of Education of Louisville (KY)". *Notable Kentucky African Americans Database*. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
6. *A History of Blacks in Kentucky: In pursuit of equality, 1890-1980*. University Press of Kentucky. 1992. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-916968-21-2.

## InfoBox

| Vallateen Virginia Dudley Abbington | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1907
Indiana |
| Died | October 13, 2003(2003-00-00) (aged 95–96)
Los Angeles, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Activist, educator, social worker |


title: Chase the Cat

abstract: Chase the Cat is the thirteenth studio album by American rapper Too Short. It was released on November 20, 2001, through Jive Records. The album found moderate success, peaking at #71 on the Billboard 200 and #14 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

text:
# Chase the Cat

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *RapReviews* | (7/10) |

***Chase the Cat*** is the thirteenth studio album by American rapper Too Short. It was released on November 20, 2001, through Jive Records. The album found moderate success, peaking at #71 on the *Billboard* 200 and #14 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Keep Fuckin' Me" | 3:30 |
| 2. | "I Luv" (featuring Trick Daddy, Scarface, and Daz Dillinger) | 3:47 |
| 3. | "Late Night Creep" (featuring Jazze Pha, Murda, and Packy) | 4:27 |
| 4. | "These Are the Tales" | 4:41 |
| 5. | "This Is How We Eat" (featuring Tha Eastsidaz, Big Tigger, and Kokane) | 4:45 |
| 6. | "Candy Paint" (featuring MC Breed) | 4:42 |
| 7. | "Fire" (featuring Erick Sermon) | 3:56 |
| 8. | "Can I Hit It" | 3:01 |
| 9. | "Chase The Cat" (featuring Dolla Will) | 3:41 |
| 10. | "Looking for a Baller" (featuring Jazze Pha) | 3:54 |
| 11. | "Pimpin Ken (Interlude)" | 1:31 |
| 12. | "Domestic Violence" (featuring Butch Cassidy and E-40) | 4:11 |
| 13. | "Player for Life" | 3:32 |
| 14. | "Analyze the Game" | 3:34 |
| 15. | "Talkin' Shit" (featuring B-Legit and Ant Banks) | 4:52 |
| 16. | "U Stank" (featuring George Clinton and Baby DC) | 5:56 |
| 17. | "Don't Ever Give Up" (featuring Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis) | 4:15 |

## Personnel

* MC Breed \- Performer
* Torrance - Scott Guitar
* Scarface \- Vocals
* Spearhead X - Drum Programming, Keyboards
* Taj "Mahal" Tilghman - Keyboards, Producer, Engineer, Drum Programming
* Erick Sermon \- Performer
* Joan of Arc - Vocals
* Daz Dillinger \- Producer, Vocals
* G Fabulous \- Illustrations
* Quint Black - Drum Programming, Keyboards
* Todd Shaw \- Executive Producer, Producer
* Shorty B. \- Drum Programming, Guitar, Vocals, Keyboards
* Marc Regan - Mastering
* Jay Mac - Drum Programming, Guitar, Keyboards
* Todd A. Shaw - Main Performer, Vocals
* Trick Daddy \- Vocals
* Michelle Lynn Forbes - Engineer
* Tha Eastsidaz \- Performer
* Butch Cassidy - Vocals
* Baby DC - Performer
* Asif Ali - Engineer
* Yaku Allen - Engineer, Producer
* Ax - Vocals
* Tone Capone - Drums, Producer, Keyboards
* Robin Mays - Engineer
* Kokane \- Performer
* Ant Banks \- Drums, Engineer, Mixing, Producer, Keyboards
* Harm - Vocals
* Meech Wells - Drum Programming, Producer, Keyboards
* L-Roc - Drum Programming, Keyboards
* Xavier Hargrove - Engineer

## Charts

| Chart (2001) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 71 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 14 |

## InfoBox

| Chase the Cat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Too Short | |
| Released | November 20, 2001 |
| Recorded | 200001 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 68:22 |
| Label | Jive Records |
| Producer |  |
| Too Short chronology | |
| *You Nasty*
(2000) ***Chase the Cat***
(2001) *What's My Favorite Word?*
(2002) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Chase the Cat* | |
| 1. "I Luv"
Released: 2001 | |
|  | |


title: Shapwick Hoard

abstract: The Shapwick Hoard is a hoard of 9,262 Roman coins found at Shapwick, Somerset, England in September 1998. The coins dated from as early as 31–30 BC up until 224 AD. The hoard also notably contained two rare coins which had not been discovered in Britain before, and the largest number of silver denarii ever found in Britain.

text:
# Shapwick Hoard

51°09′06″N 2°49′26″W / 51.1517°N 2.8238°W / 51.1517; -2.8238

The **Shapwick Hoard** is a hoard of 9,262 Roman coins found at Shapwick, Somerset, England in September 1998. The coins dated from as early as 31–30 BC up until 224 AD. The hoard also notably contained two rare coins which had not been discovered in Britain before, and the largest number of silver denarii ever found in Britain.

## Discovery, excavation and valuation

The hoard was discovered by cousins Kevin and Martin Elliott, who were amateur metal detectorists, in a field at Shapwick. Excavation of the site found that it had been "buried in the corner of a room of a previously unknown Roman building" and, after further excavation and geophysical surveying, "revealed the room to be part of a courtyard villa".

Following a treasure inquest at Taunton, the hoard was declared treasure and valued at £265,000. Somerset County Museum Services acquired the hoard, with the aid of Somerset County Council, the National Heritage Memorial Fund, and other organisations, and it is now displayed at the Museum of Somerset in the grounds of Taunton Castle.

An addendum to the discovery was filed in the Treasure Annual Report 2000 which added a further 23 coins, valued at £690, also found by Kevin and Martin Elliott.

## Items discovered

Notable inclusions in the hoard were 260 coins from the reign of Mark Antony from 31–30 BC, with over half the coins being struck in the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211). There were also two rare coins not discovered in Britain before depicting Manlia Scantilla, the wife of Didius Julianus, an emperor who was murdered four weeks after the coins were struck. Non-Roman coins included were three Lycian drachmae and one drachma of Caesarea in Cappadocia. The latest coin struck was in 224 AD, and it is estimated that the hoard as a whole represented ten years' pay for a Roman legionary.

| Reign | Date | № of coins |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mark Antony | 31 BC | 260 |
| Nero | 54–68 | 44 |
| Galba | 68–69 | 12 |
| Otho | 69 | 9 |
| Vitellius | 69 | 30 |
| Vespasian | 69–79 | 548 |
| Titus | 79–81 | 69 |
| Domitian | 81–96 | 21 |
| Nerva | 96–98 | 12 |
| Trajan | 98–117 | 91 |
| Hadrian | 117–138 | 117 |
| Antoninus Pius | 138–161 | 567 |
| Marcus Aurelius | 161–180 | 171 |
| Commodus | 180–192 | 356 |
| Septimius Severus | 193–211 | 5,741 |
| Caracalla | 198–217 | 345 |
| Macrinus | 217–218 | 61 |
| Elagabalus | 218–222 | 688 |
| Severus Alexander | 222–235 | 120 |
|

## Other hoards

Shapwick has been the site of various hoard discoveries over the years, although the 1998 find was by far the largest.

* In 1868, fourteen coins from 306–361 were found in the Shapwick turbary and given to Glastonbury Museum in 1948.
* Between 1936 and 1938, four hoards were found in close proximity to each other:
    + Hoard A: a pewter cup, containing a pottery beaker of 120 mid-fourth to early-fifth century silver siliquae, along with a pewter saucer and platter
    + Hoard B: a pottery beaker inside a pewter jug containing 125 silver siliquae from the same era as Hoard A
    + Hoard C: a pewter canister containing around 1,170 bronze coins from 320–390, mostly of Valentinianic dynasty (364–375)
    + Hoard D: a bronze cased wooden stave tankard; a pewter bowl with pedestal; a bronze bowl. Estimated late fourth century
* In 1978, over 1,000 copper coins from 305–423 were found in a pewter vessel.

## InfoBox

| Shapwick Hoard | |
| --- | --- |
| Coins from the Shapwick Hoard on display at the Museum of Somerset | |
| Material | Coins |
| Size | 9,262 coins |
| Period/culture | Romano-British |
| Discovered | Shapwick, Somerset by Kevin and Martin Elliott in September 1998 |
| Present location | Somerset County Museum, Taunton |
| Identification | 1998–99 Fig 294.1–9; 2000 Fig 251 |


title: Resonet in laudibus

abstract: "Resonet in laudibus" is a 14th-century Christmas carol which was widely known in medieval Europe, and is still performed today. Although probably earlier, in manuscript form it first appears in the Moosburg gradual of 1360 and occurs in several 15th, 16th and 17th century printed collections from both Catholic and Lutheran traditions. There is no definitive version of the Latin text, and there are many variations and parodies in various sacred songbooks, as well as extended, embellished versions. Georg Witzel, a contemporary of Martin Luther, referred to the carol as "one of the chief Christmas songs of joy" in 1550. In addition to its literal English translation, it has also appeared as "Christ was Born on Christmas Day" in two different translations by John Mason Neale in 1853 and Elizabeth Poston in 1965. In Germany, the melody is used for the traditional song "Joseph, lieber Joseph mein", originally sung as a lullaby by the Virgin Mary in a 16th-century mystery play in Leipzig. The Lutheran poet and composer Johann Walter wrote one of his finest motets using this song. Sir David Willcocks' arrangement in Carols for Choirs 2 titles the work "Resonemus laudibus".

text:
# Resonet in laudibus

"**Resonet in laudibus**" (Latin for "Resound in praises") is a 14th-century Christmas carol which was widely known in medieval Europe, and is still performed today. Although probably earlier, in manuscript form it first appears in the Moosburg gradual of 1360 and occurs in several 15th, 16th and 17th century printed collections from both Catholic and Lutheran traditions.

There is no definitive version of the Latin text, and there are many variations and parodies in various sacred songbooks, as well as extended, embellished versions (for example motets by the Franco-Flemish composer Orlande de Lassus or the Slovenian-German composer Jacobus Gallus). Georg Witzel, a contemporary of Martin Luther, referred to the carol as "one of the chief Christmas songs of joy" in 1550. In addition to its literal English translation, it has also appeared as "Christ was Born on Christmas Day" in two different translations by John Mason Neale in 1853 (who based his version on the 1582 Swedish song collection *Piae Cantiones*) and Elizabeth Poston in 1965.

In Germany, the melody is used for the traditional song "Joseph, lieber Joseph mein" ("Joseph dearest, Joseph mine"), originally sung as a lullaby by the Virgin Mary in a 16th-century mystery play in Leipzig (and doubtfully credited to Johannes Galliculus). The Lutheran poet and composer Johann Walter wrote one of his finest motets using this song. Sir David Willcocks' arrangement in *Carols for Choirs 2* titles the work "Resonemus laudibus".

## Tune

Source: Erk, Ludwig; Böhme, Franz Magnus, eds. (1894). *Deutscher Liederhort*. Vol. 3. Leipzig. pp. 642–643.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


title: Short Brothers of Sunderland

abstract: Short Brothers Limited was a British shipbuilding company formed in 1850 and based at Pallion, Sunderland since 1869. The company closed in 1964 when it failed to invest to build bigger ships.

text:
# Short Brothers of Sunderland

**Short Brothers Limited** was a British shipbuilding company formed in 1850 and based at Pallion, Sunderland since 1869. The company closed in 1964 when it failed to invest to build bigger ships.

## 19th century

In 1850 George Short founded a shipyard at Hylton to build small wooden ships for local users. In 1860 Short moved the yard downriver to Pallion and his four sons became partners in the business. In 1871 the yard built its first iron-hulled ship the *High Stretfield* and the company started using the name **Short Brothers**. John Y Short became a distinguished naval architect and at the 1878 Paris Exhibition he was awarded a gold medal.

In 1883 Short's built a cargo liner for James Knott's Prince Line of Newcastle upon Tyne. This was the beginning of a 35-year relationship in which Short's supplied Prince Line with a total of 37 ships. They included the passenger liner SS *Spartan Prince*, built in 1897, which spent its early years of service carrying thousands of Italian migrants to the USA.

In 1895 John Y Short made a substantial investment in John Thomas North's Nitrate Producers' Steamship Company Ltd ("Anglo Line"). Short's went on to supply the line with 30 ships, starting with SS *Colonel J.T. North* and continuing until at least 1929.

From 1897 Short's undertook contract work for several Tyneside shipyards. In 1900 John Y Short died, his brother Joseph took over and the business was converted from a partnership into a limited company, **Short Brothers Limited**. The yard now employed 1,500 people.

## 20th century

In the First World War the yard built 14 barges for the Admiralty, plus merchant ships including four cargo ships to the War Shipping Controller's standard B type design. After the war Short's built its first two turbine steamers; the 7,607 GRT sister ships TS *Sandown Castle* (1921) and TS *Sandgate Castle* (1922) for Union-Castle Line.

During the 1920s shipbuilding declined. Short's workforce struck in 1923 and 1926 and the yard closed in June 1930.

In 1933 Short's reopened to build SS *Arcwear*, a tramp steamer designed by Joseph Isherwood. She was the first of Isherwood's new "arcform" design, which increased cargo capacity by 10% and increased speed, but also reduced fuel consumption. *Arcwear* was launched in November 1933 and made her maiden voyage in 1934. Her fuel economy and speed exceeded expectations but she rolled badly in heavy weather and did not even move smoothly in calm weather. Only a few further arcform cargo ships and tankers were built. In 1938 Short's closed again, despite having a tramp ship still under construction.

In the summer of 1939 Short's reopened again. During the Second World War it built mostly tramp steamers, plus two tankers and one LCT. Under the direction of the Ministry of War Transport by the end of 1944 Short's switched from building ships to its own design to assembling partly prefabricated government standard C-type cargo ships. By the end of the war Short's was employing about 900 people.

In 1946 John H Short was company chairman and H.S. Short, great-grandson of the founder, joined the board of directors.

In the early 1960s the Short family did not want to invest in lengthening the yard's berths to build bigger ships. Therefore, after Short's launched the universal bulk carrier MV *Carlton* on 17 October 1963 and completed her in January 1964, they closed the business with the loss of 300 jobs.