title: Julius Blackburn House

abstract: Julius Blackburn House, also known as Warwick, is an historic estate located in the western area of Scott County, Kentucky. The oldest section of the structure is a log cabin dating prior to 1799, with a newer stone section built by Thomas Metcalfe for Julius Blackburn in 1799. The property was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1977.

text:
# Julius Blackburn House

**Julius Blackburn House**, also known as **Warwick**, is an historic estate located in the western area of Scott County, Kentucky. The oldest section of the structure is a log cabin dating prior to 1799, with a newer stone section built by Thomas Metcalfe for Julius Blackburn in 1799. The property was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1977.

## History

American Revolutionary War veteran Sergeant Julius Blackburn originally settled in Woodford County, Kentucky at Blackburn's Fort in 1790 after serving with Gist's Virginia Brigade. In 1799, Blackburn relocated to Scott County, Kentucky with his wife Elizabeth (Betsy) Scruggs. The Blackburn's moved into a log cabin and engaged stonemason Thomas Metcalfe to construct their house with stone from Chinn River Kentucky marble quarry in Woodford, County. The older log cabin joins the newer stone section to become a structure known as the Warwick House.

D.L. Nunnelly resided at the estate from 1912 until 1951, followed by John White.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Julius Blackburn House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Georgetown, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 38°13′49″N 84°43′27″W / 38.23028°N 84.72417°W / 38.23028; -84.72417 |
| Built | 1799 |
| Architect | Thomas Metcalfe |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000641 |
| Added to NRHP | April 14, 1977 |


title: Eclipse Group

abstract: Eclipse Group was a private intelligence agency run by former CIA officer Duane "Dewy" Clarridge, who was also the founding director of the CIA Counterterrorist Center. Until May 2010, Eclipse Group received funding from the US Government; it then relied on private donors. As of 2011, its operations include obtaining information related to the politics of Afghanistan and the AfPak region. Clarridge operated the Eclipse Group "from poolside at his home near San Diego.[2] According to The New York Times, the Eclipse Group "fielded operatives in the mountains of Pakistan and the desert badlands of Afghanistan."[2] Clarridge and the Eclipse Group "sought to discredit Ahmed Wali Karzai, the Kandahar power broker who has long been on the C.I.A. payroll, and planned to set spies on his half brother, the Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, in hopes of collecting beard trimmings or other DNA samples that might prove Mr. Clarridge's suspicions that the Afghan leader was a heroin addict."[2] In November 2011, the Eclipse Group partnered with Blue Mountain in Libya before parting the following spring over unknown problems with contracts in Tripoli. In addition to these efforts, Clarridge's "dispatches—an amalgam of fact, rumor, analysis and uncorroborated reports—have been sent to military officials who, until last spring [2010] at least, found some credible enough to be used in planning strikes against militants in Afghanistan. They are also fed to conservative commentators, including Oliver L. North, a compatriot from the Iran-contra days and now a Fox News analyst, and Brad Thor, an author of military thrillers and a frequent guest of Glenn Beck."[2]

text:
# Eclipse Group

**Eclipse Group** was a private intelligence agency run by former CIA officer Duane "Dewy" Clarridge, who was also the founding director of the CIA Counterterrorist Center. Until May 2010, Eclipse Group received funding from the US Government; it then relied on private donors. As of 2011, its operations include obtaining information related to the politics of Afghanistan and the AfPak region.

Clarridge operated the Eclipse Group "from poolside at his home near San Diego.\[2\] According to *The New York Times*, the Eclipse Group "fielded operatives in the mountains of Pakistan and the desert badlands of Afghanistan."\[2\] Clarridge and the Eclipse Group "sought to discredit Ahmed Wali Karzai, the Kandahar power broker who has long been on the C.I.A. payroll, and planned to set spies on his half brother, the Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, in hopes of collecting beard trimmings or other DNA samples that might prove Mr. Clarridge's suspicions that the Afghan leader was a heroin addict."\[2\] In November 2011, the Eclipse Group partnered with Blue Mountain in Libya before parting the following spring over unknown problems with contracts in Tripoli.

In addition to these efforts, Clarridge's "dispatches—an amalgam of fact, rumor, analysis and uncorroborated reports—have been sent to military officials who, until last spring \[2010\] at least, found some credible enough to be used in planning strikes against militants in Afghanistan. They are also fed to conservative commentators, including Oliver L. North, a compatriot from the Iran-contra days and now a Fox News analyst, and Brad Thor, an author of military thrillers and a frequent guest of Glenn Beck."\[2\]


title: Josef Jarno

abstract: Josef Jarno was an Austrian actor and theatre director. He was the older brother of opera composer Georg Jarno.

text:
# Josef Jarno

**Josef Jarno** (born 24 August 1866 in Pest, died 11 January 1932 in Vienna) was an Austrian actor and theatre director. He was the older brother of opera composer Georg Jarno.

## Life

Jarno made his debut in the *Lehártheater* in Bad Ischl, Upper Austria. He visited the place every summer for the following 14 years.

In 1897 a summer theatre was initiated in Bad Aussee, with Jarno as its first director. Two years later he gave up the job and moved to Vienna to take over as the leader of the Theater in der Josefstadt. In Vienna, Jarno could carry out his ideas about modern drama. He brought plays by Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg, Arthur Schnitzler and George Bernard Shaw onto the stage. Jarno worked in Vienna until 1923. During this time, he married the actress Johanna Niese.

The German-language premiere of Ferenc Molnár's suburban legend *Liliom* (1913) featured Jarno in the title role and made the play a worldwide success.

In 1905, Jarno bought the Fürst-Theater and lead it in parallel with the Theater in der Josefstadt. In 1926 he assumed leadership of the Renaissance-Bühne theatre in Vienna.

Jarno died in 1932 and is buried in the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna.

## Personal life

He was married to Hansi Niese.


title: Sound of Love (song)

abstract: "Sound of Love" is a ballad number performed by the Bee Gees, It was written by Barry, Robin & Maurice Gibb, and appeared on their album Odessa in 1969.

text:
# Sound of Love (song)

"**Sound of Love**" is a ballad number performed by the Bee Gees, It was written by Barry, Robin & Maurice Gibb, and appeared on their album *Odessa* in 1969.

## Background

It was originally recorded at Atlantic Studios, New York City on August 20, 1968, and was finished at IBC Studios, London in November of that year. A mix with the original vocal take appears on the *Sketches for Odessa* disc released with the remastered edition in 2009. The song starts with a piano introduction from Maurice Gibb, the bass and drums come in at 0:37. The orchestra was conducted by Bill Shepherd, with a powerful lead vocal from Barry Gibb.

## Personnel

## Cover versions

## InfoBox

| "Sound of Love" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Bee Gees | |
| from the album  *Odessa* | |
| Released | March 1969 (1969-03) |
| Recorded | 20 August 1968 (Atlantic Studios)
November 1968 (IBC Studios) |
| Length | 3:27 |
| Label | Polydor
Atco (United States/Canada) |
| Songwriter(s) | Barry, Robin & Maurice Gibb |
| Producer(s) | Robert Stigwood, Bee Gees |


title: Bluke

abstract: Bluke or Blook is a trick-taking card game known to parts of the East Coast and the Midwest and possibly other parts of the United States of America. The game features use of the Jokers, which are sometimes referred to as the Blukes. One version goes under the name Back Alley or Blooper and appears to be a game that originated in the American military probably during the Second World War.

text:
# Bluke

**Bluke** or **Blook** is a trick-taking card game known to parts of the East Coast and the Midwest and possibly other parts of the United States of America. The game features use of the Jokers, which are sometimes referred to as the *Blukes*. One version goes under the name **Back Alley** or **Blooper** and appears to be a game that originated in the American military probably during the Second World War.

## Dealing

Bluke is best played with three or four players. Although less exciting, it can be played as a two-player game. It can also be played with five or more players (up to about 15), but for larger games the dealing must be altered and the game is thereby shortened.

Bluke is a trump game using a traditional poker deck of 52 cards, plus the 2 jokers. The number of cards dealt changes with every hand.

To begin the game, each player draws a card from the deck. The player who draws the highest card is the first dealer.

In a 2 to 4 player game, the dealer deals 13 cards to each player on the first hand, dealing clockwise. After the first hand, dealing is passed to the player on the dealer's left, who deals 12 cards on the second hand. Then 11 cards are dealt on the third hand, and so on until only 1 card is dealt, after which 2 are dealt, then 3, and so on all the way back to 13 (see more about ending the game below).

Thus for a standard game of Bluke, a total of 25 hands are dealt. One player needs to be designated as score-keeper and will record bids, tally scores and keep track of how many cards are to be dealt for each hand.

## Hi Bluke, Lo Bluke and Trump

Once a hand has been dealt, the remaining cards (2 or more) are passed face down to the player on the dealer's left who cuts the deck (or taps it if they wish to select the top card). The dealer turns up the top card, and the suit that comes up will be the trump suit for that hand. If the card that comes up is a Bluke (one of the 2 jokers), then there is no trump for that hand.

When there is trump, *any* card of the trump suit outranks any card of a non-trump suit, with the exception of the 2 Blukes, which are the highest ranking cards in the deck. The highest card of each suit is the Ace, followed by King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2.

At the outset of the game, players must be informed which of the two Blukes is Hi Bluke and which is Lo Bluke. (Usually Hi Bluke is red while Lo Bluke is black, or Lo Bluke has small writing where Hi Bluke has none. Some decks will require markings to be added to the Bluke cards to distinguish Hi from Lo.) No card outranks Hi Bluke. Lo Bluke can only be beaten by Hi Bluke.

## Play

The player on the dealer's left lays the first card, followed in a clockwise direction by the other players, who each lay one card. The highest card takes the *trick*.

Players must follow suit if they have it, unless they have a Bluke. Blukes may be played at any time, and this adds an element of surprise to the game, and makes the Blukes extremely powerful cards to possess.

### Example

For example, in a four-player game, spades are trump, and the following cards have been played:

* Player 1: Jack of Diamonds
* Player 2: King of Diamonds
* Player 3 has a 6 of Diamonds in his hand, but he also has the Lo Bluke. In the absence of holding one of the Blukes, he would have to play the 6 of Diamonds, but he now has the option to play the Bluke, which he plays.

Now, if Player 4 has the Hi Bluke, she may play it and overpower the Lo Bluke and take the trick. Suppose Player 4 had no Bluke but played trump (let us say the 2 of Spades), this would not win the trick for Player 4, because Blukes are higher than trump.

## Bidding and Scoring

What makes Bluke challenging is the bidding. Once the cards are dealt, the remaining cards in the blind have been cut, and the trump suit (or "no trump") is determined, each player may make a bid from 1 to the total number of cards dealt, beginning with the player on the dealer's left.

### Going Set

The bid is like a contract; it represents the number of tricks the player thinks they will take. However, players must be careful not to bid too high because if they take *fewer* tricks than the number of their bid, they *go set* and lose ten points times the number bid, regardless of how many tricks were actually taken. For example, John bid 4, but took no tricks, so he gets -40 points. Even if John bid 4 and took three tricks, the result is the same: -40 points.

Unlike most card games, it is not only possible but very easy to find yourself starting the game with a negative score after the first hand. A truly greedy and foolish player will find him or herself deep in the hole after only a few hands.

### Making Your Bid

If a player "makes" their bid, they get 10 points times the number of tricks bid, plus one point for each additional trick.

For example, Betsy bid 3, and took 5 tricks. So she gets 30 for the 3 she bid, and 2 "overtricks", for a total of 32 to be added to her score.

## Scorekeeping

The scorekeeper will need a fairly large sheet or pad of paper to keep the scores, making one large column for each player and within that column a small column on the left for recording the bid, with scores to be kept in the remaining (larger) column to the right. One small column to the far left is needed to write the number of cards being dealt.

### Sample Scorecard

Here is a sample scorecard, showing the first 3 hands:

Scorecard for Bluke
| Deal | John | Margaret | Steve | Betsy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **13** | **3** 31 | **3** -30 | **2** 22 | **5** 50 |
| **12** | **2** 11 | **4** -70 | **5** -28 | **3** 82 |
| **11** | **1** 22 | **4** -29 | **1** -18 | **3** 112 |
| **10** |  |  |  |  |
| **etc** |  |  |  |  |

On the first hand, only Margaret went set. Betsy met her bid exactly. John got 1 overtrick, and Steve got 2.

On the second hand, John, Margaret and Steve all went set. Betsy got 2 overtricks.

On the third hand, no players went set. Steve and Betsy met their bids exactly, and Margaret and John got 1 overtrick each.

## Ending the game, and variations

The player with the highest score at the end of the game is declared the winner.

A standard 2 to 4 player game of Bluke begins and ends with 13 cards. However, with a deck of 54 cards including the Blukes it is possible to continue the game up to 17 cards in 3-player Bluke, or 18 if players agree that the last hand is automatically a "no trump" hand.

2-player Bluke could conceivably end on a 26-card "no trump" hand, but in general 4-player is more exciting than 3-player and 3-player is more exciting than 2-player, so it is probably advisable for 2 players to stick to the standard format of starting with 13 cards, playing down to 1 and finishing the game at 13 cards.

With 5 or more players, the game can be even more challenging, but will also be a shorter game by necessity. The upward limit of the number of cards that can be dealt for games with 5 or more players is:

* **5 players**: 10 cards (21 hands total)
* **6 players**: 8 cards (15 hands total)
* **7 players**: 7 cards (13 hands total)
* **8 players**: 6 cards (11 hands total)
* **9 or 10 players**: 5 cards (9 hands total)
* **10 players**: 5 cards (9 hands total)
* **11-13 players**: 4 cards (7 hands total)
* **14-15 players**: 3 cards (5 hands total)

Note: With 6 and 8 players, an additional "no trump" hand can be played by dealing out all the cards, making the hand a "no trump" hand automatically, but that is not considered standard play.

### "New Jersey" variant

One variant of Bluke (perhaps the original) known to have been played in New Jersey differs from the standard rules given above in two respects:

1. The order of cards is the opposite, with players being dealt 1 card on the first hand, continuing up to 13 cards on the 13th hand and then continuing back down to 1. This makes for a shorter game.
2. Blukes are considered part of the trump suit and must be played as such. So for example, if Player 1 plays spades and player 2 has no spades other than a Bluke, that player must play the Bluke. Or to take another example: spades are trump and player 1 plays the Ace of hearts; Player 2 holds a Bluke, but also holds one heart, which they must play.

## Creative scoring

The scoring example above does not tell us exactly how many tricks each player took. Here we add that information:

### Scorecard

Creative Scorecard for Bluke
| Deal | John | Margaret | Steve | Betsy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *13*/**13** | *4*/**3** 31 | *0*/**3** -30 | *4*/**2** 22 | *5*/**5** 50 |
| *14*/**12** | *1*/**2** 11 | *2*/**4** -70 | *3*/**5** -28 | *5*/**3** 82 |
| *10*/**11** | *2*/**1** 22 | *5*/**4** -29 | *1*/**1** -18 | *3*/**3** 112 |
| \_/**10** |  |  |  |  |
| **etc** |  |  |  |  |

On the first hand, the players collectively bid the full number of tricks (13 of 13); John bid 3 and took 4, and so on.

On the second hand, the players collectively overbid (14 of 12).

On the third hand, the players collectively underbid (10 of 11).

While it is not entirely necessary to record the number of tricks taken for a player who went set, this method of scorekeeping does help avoid scoring errors. It also allows the scorekeeper to tally the total number of tricks taken and the total number of bids for each player.

For the scorekeeper who enjoys statistics, there are only three outcomes for each player on each hand. Either the player goes set (S), gets overtricks (O) or makes a *perfect bid* (P). At the bottom of the scorecard the scorekeeper can include rows labeled "S", "O", and "P". Circling each hand a player goes set and drawing a square box around each hand a player gets a perfect bid (taking the same number of tricks as bid), allows the scorekeeper to easily tally these at the end of the game.

An overly cautious player may have many overtricks but few sets. The greedy player who went set the most will typically lose the game. The skilful player who has the most perfect bids and/or the least sets and overtricks will typically win the game.

## InfoBox

Bluke
| In this game, jokers are known as *Blukes*, which beat all other cards | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | United States |
| Alternative names | Blook |
| Type | Trick-taking |
| Players | 3-4 |
| Cards | 52 cards |
| Deck | French |
| Related games | |
| Oh hell | |


title: Solniki, Bielsk County

abstract: Solniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boćki, within Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Boćki, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Bielsk Podlaski, and 52 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Solniki, Bielsk County

**Solniki** \[sɔlˈniki\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boćki, within Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Boćki, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Bielsk Podlaski, and 52 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Solniki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Solniki | |
| Coordinates: 52°40′N 22°58′E / 52.667°N 22.967°E / 52.667; 22.967 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Bielsk |
| Gmina | Boćki |


title: Solomon Hirschell

abstract: Rabbi Solomon Hirschell was the Chief Rabbi of Great Britain, 1802–42. He is best remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to stop the spread of Reform Judaism in Britain by excommunicating its leaders. His name is also spelt Hirschel and Herschell. His father was a Polish Jew from Galicia, Hirschel Levin, Chief Rabbi of London and Berlin and a friend of Moses Mendelssohn. His older brother was the Talmudist Saul Berlin. He died on 31 October 1842, and was buried in the Brady Street Cemetery near Whitechapel in London's East End.

text:
# Solomon Hirschell

Rabbi **Solomon Hirschell** (12 February 1762, London – 31 October 1842, London) was the Chief Rabbi of Great Britain, 1802–42. He is best remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to stop the spread of Reform Judaism in Britain by excommunicating its leaders.

His name is also spelt Hirschel and Herschell.

His father was a Polish Jew from Galicia, Hirschel Levin, Chief Rabbi of London and Berlin and a friend of Moses Mendelssohn. His older brother was the Talmudist Saul Berlin.

He died on 31 October 1842 (27th of Cheshvan 5603), and was buried in the Brady Street Cemetery near Whitechapel in London's East End.

* "Solomon Hirschel – High Priest of the Jews"
* History of the Great Synagogue, Cecil Roth, Chapter XIII:Rabbi Solomon Hirschell and his contemporaries (Susser archive)
* Rubinstein, Hilary L. (2004). "Hirschell , Solomon (1762–1842)". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13363. Retrieved 9 December 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* The British Chief Rabbinate

Specific 1. "Brady Street Cemetery". United Synagogues. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

## InfoBox

| RabbiSolomon Hirschell | |
| --- | --- |
| Rabbi Solomon Hirschell | |
| Title | Chief Rabbi |
| Personal | |
| Born | 12 February 1762
London, Great Britain |
| Died | 31 October 1842
London, Great Britain |
| Nationality | British |
| Parent | Hirschel Levin |
| Known for | Chief Rabbi of Great Britain, 1802–42 |
| Occupation | Rabbi |
| Senior posting | |
| Predecessor | David Tevele Schiff |
| Successor | Nathan Marcus Adler |
| Post | Chief Rabbi of Great Britain |


title: China Numismatic Society

abstract: The China Numismatic Society is a society focusing on numismatics in the People's Republic of China, with its secretariat in the China Numismatic Museum in Beijing.

text:
# China Numismatic Society

The **China Numismatic Society** (Chinese: 中国钱币学会; pinyin: *Zhōngguó qiánbì xuéhuì*) is a society focusing on numismatics in the People's Republic of China, with its secretariat in the China Numismatic Museum in Beijing.

## About

The China Numismatic Society (CNS) was founded in 1982. It is a non-governmental academic organization registered with the Ministry of Civil Affairs. It is a full member of International Numismatic Commission (INC).

CNS is a non-profit academic organization comprising research institutes of numismatics, numismatics researchers, collectors and volunteers. Its mission is: "to unite all members and fans of numismatics, abide by the Constitution, laws and regulations of the state as well as the social ethics, organize various academic activities on numismatics and push forward numismatic studies and researches on the monetary history, organize coin-collecting activities oriented to the public and publicize the awareness about numismatics; to carry forward Chinese numismatic culture and serve the people and socialist construction. CNS is subject to the guidance and supervision from People’s Bank of China (PBOC) and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, as well as the guidance from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Ministry of Culture and the State Administration of Cultural Heritage."

## Publications

### Journal: *China Numismatics*

The Society publishes the journal *China Numismatics* 《中国钱币》. The journal includes an annual summary of numismatic research, which in recent years has formed the basis of the China section of the INC's *Survey of Numismatic Literature*; see for example (the following are all in English):

* Summary of Numismatic Research in China, 2013
* China – A Survey of Numismatic Literature 2008–2012
* China – a survey of numismatic literature 2002–2007
* Summary of Chinese numismatics 2011
* Summary of Chinese numismatics 2010
* English summaries, published in the Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society – Zhongguo Qianbi 76–79 (2002/1-4), in ONS Newsletter 176 (Summer 2003), pp.19–28. Zhongguo Qianbi 74–75 (2001/3-4), in ONS Newsletter 174 (Winter 2003), pp.28–33. Zhongguo Qianbi 72–73 (2001/1-2), in ONS Newsletter 173 (Autumn 2002), pp.27–30. Zhongguo Qianbi 70–71 (2000/3-4), in ONS Newsletter 168 (Spring 2001), pp.23–28. Zhongguo Qianbi 68–69 (2000/1-2), in ONS Newsletter 165 (Autumn 2000), pp.19–22.

### Books

The China Numismatic Society has published over 20 books in its China Numismatic Series:

* 1: 《秦汉钱币研究》 Research on Qin and Han Coinage
* 2: 《新疆红钱大全图说》 Complete Illustrated Catalogue of Xinjiang Red Coins
* 3: 《新订北宋符合泉志》 Newly Edited Northern Song Catalogue
* 4: 《中国钱票》 Notes issued by private banks in China
* 5: 《咸丰钱的版式系列--自藏自拓咸丰钱集》 Xianfeng Coin Types
* 6: 《中国山西民间票帖》 Privately issued paper money in Shanxi province, China
* 7: 《民国地方钱票图录》 Illustrated catalogue of local banknotes in the Republican period
* 8: 《两宋铁钱》 Iron coins of the Northern and Southern Song
* 9: 《先秦货币研究》 Research on Pre-Qin Currency
* 10: 《福建货币史略》 History of money in Fujian
* 11: 《钱币学与冶铸史论丛》 Collection of papers on numismatics and casting history
* 12: 《半两钱研究与发现》 Research and discoveries of banliang coins
* 13: 《中国古代钱币合金成分研究》 Research on the metal alloys of coins in ancient China
* 14: 《两宋货币史料汇编》 Historical materials relating to the money of the Northern and Southern Song
* 15: 《永隆通宝钱范》 On Yong long tongbao coin moulds
* 16: 《世界各国铸币史》 History of the different currencies of the world
* 17: 《戴志强钱币学文集》 Collection of numismatic papers by Dai Zhiqiang
* 18: 《中国近代机制币》 Machine-struck coins of modern China
* 19: 《中国铜元分类研究（上下册）》 Classification of Chinese copper dollars (2 vols)
* 20: 《清代地方私帖图录》 Illustrated catalogue of local notes of the Qing dynasty
* 21: 《新编顺治通宝钱谱》 Newly edited Catalogue of Shunzhi tongbao coins
* 22: 《新疆历史货币》 Historical coinage of Xinjiang
* 23: 《北宋铜钱》 Bronze coins of the Northern and Southern Song
* 24: 《川康银锭》 Silver ingots of Chuan-Kang
* 25: 《钱币与西域历史研究》 Coins and historical research of Tibet
* 26: 《金紫银青--金银钱币的研究与收藏》Gold and silver treasures – researching and collecting gold and silver coins


title: Chinki Yadav

abstract: Chinki Yadav is an Indian sport shooter who competes in the 25 metre pistol event. She secured a quota place for India at the 2020 Summer Olympics by qualifying for the final of the 2019 Asian Shooting Championships.

text:
# Chinki Yadav

**Chinki Yadav** is an Indian sport shooter who competes in the 25 metre pistol event. She secured a quota place for India at the 2020 Summer Olympics by qualifying for the final of the 2019 Asian Shooting Championships.

## Early and personal life

Yadav was born on 26 November 1997 in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Her family lived in a single-room dormitory in the premises of the Tatya Tope Nagar Sports Complex where her father Mehtab Singh Yadav worked as an electrician. Yadav would accompany her father to the shooting range at the complex and, in 2012, decided to make a career in the sport. While she took up pistol shooting and trained at the Madhya Pradesh Shooting Academy, her younger brother Rajesh chose shotgun but "did not pursue it as seriously as Chinki".

As of 2019, Yadav works as an assistant bank manager.

## Career

Yadav won the bronze medal in the junior women's 25 metre pistol event at 2015 Asian Shooting Championships in Kuwait City with a score of 570. At the 2016 ISSF Junior World Cup, Yadav won bronze in the 25 metre pistol team event in Gabala and bronze in the same event at Suhl. She won bronze at the 2017 ISSF Junior World Championships in Suhl in the team event, along with Muskan and Gauri Sheoran.

Yadav finished second in the qualification round of 2019 Asian Shooting Championships with a score of 588 and qualified for the final. This performance secured her a quota place for the 2020 Summer Olympics as four of the eight finalists were from countries which had already earned maximum quota places for the event. She came sixth in the final with a score of 116.

## Awards

## InfoBox

Chinki Yadav
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Born | (1997-11-26) 26 November 1997<br>Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Shooting |
| Event | 25 metre pistol |
| Coached by | Jaspal Rana |
| Medal record      25 metre pistol shooting  Representing  India  ISSF World Cup  2021 New Delhi Individual  2021 New Delhi Team  ISSF Junior World Championships  2017 Suhl Team  ISSF Junior World Cup  2016 Gabala Team  2016 Suhl Team  Asian Shooting Championships  2015 Kuwait City Junior Team  2015 Kuwait City Junior Individual | |
| Updated on 26 March 2021 | |


title: Chinkiang pot cover noodles

abstract: The Chinkiang pot-cover noodle is a Chinese dish popular in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. The dish is notable for its peculiar method of cooking, as the noodles are boiled with a small wooden lid floating in the cooking pot. The lid, typically made of fir, is said to impart a particular aroma on the noodles. Pot-lid noodles are typically served with toppings such as pork, eel, vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, and scallions.

text:
# Chinkiang pot cover noodles

The **Chinkiang pot-cover noodle** (Chinese: 镇江锅盖面; pinyin: *Zhènjiānguogàimiàn*) is a Chinese dish popular in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. The dish is notable for its peculiar method of cooking, as the noodles are boiled with a small wooden lid floating in the cooking pot. The lid, typically made of fir, is said to impart a particular aroma on the noodles. Pot-lid noodles are typically served with toppings such as pork, eel, vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, and scallions.

## Legends

One story of the dish's origins holds that, long ago, a wooden pot lid accidentally fell into a boiling pot of noodles as a woman prepared dinner for her husband. The husband enjoyed the taste of these noodles so much that he began to sell them, calling them "pot-cover noodles." Chefs say that boiling the noodles with a wooden lid enhances the aroma.

Another story, dating from the 1700s, recounts that the Qianlong Emperor stopped to eat at a restaurant while visiting Zhenjiang. The restaurant owner, nervous to cook for such a distinguished guest, accidentally dropped a sandalwood pot lid into a boiling pot of noodles. The Emperor enjoyed the noodles and complimented the chef, hence the beginning of the tradition.

## InfoBox

Chinkiang pot cover noodles
| Type | Noodle |
| --- | --- |
| Region or state | Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China |
| Serving temperature | Hot |


title: Chinatown (The Move song)

abstract: "Chinatown" is a single performed by English band The Move. Released in 1971, the song reached number 23 on the UK Singles Chart. It was recorded at the same time as the band's alter-ego Electric Light Orchestra were laying down tracks for their first album. Former Move vocalist Carl Wayne said it was his favourite single by the band. Record World said that the Move "sound ready to move with this artfully crafted side of Anglo-pop." The B-side was a Jeff Lynne-penned song "Down on the Bay". In the US, the single was issued on MGM, but quickly withdrawn. The single with the same edit was almost immediately issued on United Artists.

text:
# Chinatown (The Move song)

"**Chinatown**" is a single performed by English band The Move. Released in 1971, the song reached number 23 on the UK Singles Chart. It was recorded at the same time as the band's alter-ego Electric Light Orchestra were laying down tracks for their first album.

Former Move vocalist Carl Wayne said it was his favourite single by the band. *Record World* said that the Move "sound ready to move with this artfully crafted side of Anglo-pop."

The B-side was a Jeff Lynne-penned song "Down on the Bay".

In the US, the single (with an edited version of "Chinatown") was issued on MGM, but quickly withdrawn (probably before regular stock copies were pressed, although yellow label promos have been seen). The single with the same edit was almost immediately issued on United Artists.

## Personnel

Source:

## InfoBox

| "Chinatown" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Move | |
| B-side | "Down on the Bay" |
| Released | October 1971 |
| Recorded | 1971 Philips Studios |
| Length | 3:06 |
| Label | Harvest (UK)
MGM (US) (withdrawn)
United Artists (US) |
| Songwriter(s) | Roy Wood |
| Producer(s) | Roy Wood, Jeff Lynne |
| The Move singles chronology | |
| "Tonight"
(1971) "**Chinatown**"
(1971) "California Man"
(1972) | |


title: Solar canopy

abstract: Solar canopies are solar arrays installed on canopies, which could be a parking lot canopy, carport, gazebo, Pergola, or patio cover.

text:
# Solar canopy

Solar canopy in parking lot at WSU in Minnesota.

**Solar canopies** are solar arrays installed on canopies, which could be a parking lot canopy, carport, gazebo, Pergola, or patio cover.

## Solar canopy parking lots

The mounting structure makes solar canopy parking lots 50% to twice as expensive to build as traditional grass field solar arrays, but as distributed energy resources they avoid transmission congestion and losses. The canopies can protect the cars and asphalt from extreme weather.

A French law passed in 2023 will require parking lots larger than 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2) to build solar canopies covering half their area. This could result in installed capacity of 6.75–11.25 gigawatts, at a cost of $8.7–14.6 billion.

In 2022, the world's largest solar car park canopy opened in the Netherlands with 35 MW capacity.

Rutgers University is building 14.5 MW of solar canopies on parking lots in 2023, which will generate 18 GWh annually, in addition to the 32-acre 8.8 MW solar canopy parking lot already installed there in 2013.

If Walmart Supercenters installed Solar canopies on their 3,500+ parking lots it would generate 11.1 gigawatts of solar power nameplate capacity.

**Community Solar**

Solar canopies have a lot of potential when developing community solar. Community solar can easily implement solar canopy development to provide nearby residents with a reliable source of renewable energy. This is beneficial for residents wanting to invest in solar that do not have the means to construct panels on their own property. The use of solar canopies in community solar allows more people to have easy and reliable access to renewable resources without as many limitations, such as funds or space, as personal solar panels. This is due to the fact that solar canopies are constructed over preexisting parking lots and other open areas within the community rather than within one's own property. Additionally, the construction of solar canopies within communities helps to provide covered parking areas for residents and can be used for shade in parks and other open spaces that house solar structures.

## Gazebos

At parks or backyard patios, gazebos can be installed as a solar canopy. Some studies have looked into the development solar gazebos that rotate in order to follow sunlight as another option for solar energy. These solar panels operate on a Rotating Roof Gazebo System which allows the solar panels to turn towards the sun as it moves throughout the day. This allows for the solar panels to have direct sunlight throughout most of the day unlike stationary solar panels that will only receive full sunlight for a limited period of time. Due to this, rotating solar gazebos can produce a higher percent of solar energy.

These rotating gazebos can be beneficial to community solar as well. As stated in the Community Solar section, community solar provides renewable energy to many residents through solar structures built over parking lots and other open spaces. Rotating gazebos can potential be implemented in a similar fashion to provide higher energy resources to community solar programs.

## Tesla Supercharger stations with solar canopies

Some Tesla Supercharger stations have solar canopies installed to protect drivers and vehicles from the elements while recharging. Tesla Megapacks are also installed at some of these locations to store that energy locally.


title: Chionodes esor

abstract: Chionodes esor is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Florida. The larvae feed on the flower heads of Borrichia arborescens.

text:
# Chionodes esor

***Chionodes esor*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Florida.

The larvae feed on the flower heads of *Borrichia arborescens*.

## InfoBox

| *Chionodes esor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Chionodes* |
| Species: | ***C. esor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chionodes esor***<br>Hodges, 1999 | |
|


abstract: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLCO1B1 gene. Pharmacogenomic research indicates that genetic variations in this gene are associated with response to simvastatin. Clinical guidelines exist that can guide dosing of simvastatin based on SLCO1B1 gene variant using genotyping or whole exome sequencing.

text:
# Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

**Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SLCO1B1* gene. Pharmacogenomic research indicates that genetic variations in this gene are associated with response to simvastatin. Clinical guidelines exist that can guide dosing of simvastatin based on *SLCO1B1* gene variant using genotyping or whole exome sequencing.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| SLCO1B1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SLCO1B1, HBLRR, LST-1, LST1, OATP-C, OATP1B1, OATP2, OATPC, SLC21A6, solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 604843; MGI: 1351899; HomoloGene: 74575; GeneCards: SLCO1B1; OMA:SLCO1B1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_006446   NM\_020495<br>NM\_178235   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_006437   NP\_065241   Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 21.13 – 21.24 Mb Chr 6: 141.58 – 141.63 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Somebody Else's Life

abstract: "Somebody Else's Life" is a song recorded by British-Irish girl group the Saturdays for their fourth studio album, Living for the Weekend (2013). The song was written by band members Una Healy, Frankie Bridge, Rochelle Humes, Vanessa White and Mollie King as well as Lucie Silvas, Judie Tzuke and Charlie Holmes co-writing the song with the band members. The song's genre is dance-pop. When creating the song, the band wanted to create something "amazing", "crazy" and "very pop". The song was chosen to be the opening theme for the band's reality television show Chasing the Saturdays.

text:
# Somebody Else's Life

"**Somebody Else's Life**" is a song recorded by British-Irish girl group the Saturdays for their fourth studio album (fifth overall), *Living for the Weekend* (2013). The song was written by band members Una Healy, Frankie Bridge, Rochelle Humes, Vanessa White and Mollie King as well as Lucie Silvas, Judie Tzuke and Charlie Holmes co-writing the song with the band members. The song's genre is dance-pop. When creating the song, the band wanted to create something "amazing", "crazy" and "very pop". The song was chosen to be the opening theme for the band's reality television show *Chasing the Saturdays*.

## Background and recording

"Somebody Else's life was the first song recorded when the band arrived in the United States to record their fourth studio album, *Living for the Weekend*. The band said they were looking to go back to their "roots" with the song and record a song which related to their first studio album, *Chasing Lights* (2009). They were looking to great a song that was "amazing", "crazy" and "very pop" like they were known for back in their native, the United Kingdom. In late October 2012, it was revealed to the public that the Saturdays were in talks to feature in their own reality television programme. Although, they had already done this previously with *The Saturdays: 24/7* broadcast through *ITV2*. It was later revealed that American television network, *E!* were interested in showing their show programme. It was announced that they did sign a contract with the network and *Chasing the Saturdays* would be broadcast through *E!* internationally. It was later revealed that the band had signed a joint record deal with Island Def Jam Records and Mercury Records, with a view to releasing future material internationally mainly the United States and Canada. While the band were filming their reality television in United States the band began working on new music and collaborating with a number of producers. Rodney Jerkins, who is known as "Darkchild" was revealed to be included in the band's fourth studio album. "Somebody Else's Life is the opening theme for the band's reality show *Chasing the Saturdays*.

## Commercial performance

After the release of *Living for the Weekend*, "Somebody Else's Life" debuted on Official Charts Company UK Singles Chart at number 94, becoming the Saturdays twenty-third top 100 on the chart.

## Live performance

"Somebody Else's Life" was included on the set list of The Greatest Hits! Live Tour. During their *Chasing the Saturdays* row, the band performed the song to Island Def Jam and Mercury Records executives, which led to them signing a US record deal.

## Charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Euro Digital Songs (*Billboard*) | 85 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 71 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 94 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Somebody Else's Life" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by The Saturdays | |
| from the album  *Living for the Weekend* | |
| Genre | Dance-pop |
| Length | 2:52 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Holmes |


title: Somebody Else (Big Country song)

abstract: "Somebody Else" is a song by Scottish rock band Big Country, released in 2000 as the third and final single from their eighth studio album Driving to Damascus (1999). The song was written by Stuart Adamson and Ray Davies, and was produced by Rafe McKenna and Big Country. "Somebody Else" reached number 126 in the UK Singles Chart and was the band's final single release prior to lead vocalist and guitarist Stuart Adamson's suicide in 2001.

text:
# Somebody Else (Big Country song)

"**Somebody Else**" is a song by Scottish rock band Big Country, released in 2000 as the third and final single from their eighth studio album *Driving to Damascus* (1999). The song was written by Stuart Adamson and Ray Davies, and was produced by Rafe McKenna and Big Country. "Somebody Else" reached number 126 in the UK Singles Chart and was the band's final single release prior to lead vocalist and guitarist Stuart Adamson's suicide in 2001.

## Background

"Somebody Else" was one of two songs on *Driving to Damascus* to be written by Big Country's lead vocalist and guitarist Stuart Adamson with Ray Davies of the Kinks. Davies and Big Country first worked together after Davies approached the band's management in 1997 to ask whether their rhythm section, bassist Tony Butler and drummer Mark Brzezicki, were available to back him at his upcoming performance at Glastonbury Festival. Big Country's manager Ian Grant used the opportunity to get the entire band involved, although guitarist Bruce Watson was unable to take part due to other engagements. After rehearsals in Cornwall, the three members of Big Country backed Davies at Glastonbury and a friendship was established, with Davies expressing interest in further collaborations with the band. He also attempted to get them signed to the US label Velvel Records, although this ultimately did not come to fruition.

Big Country began writing and working on new material from late 1997 and by September 1998, the band had approximately 30 new songs. Davies, who had attended some of the band's rehearsals and sessions, felt these "weren't quite there" and suggested Adamson come over to his apartment in New York to write together. The collaboration resulted in "Somebody Else", "Devil in the Eye" and a third, uncompleted song being written in December 1998. Both completed songs were recorded by Big Country in 1999 for their eighth studio album, *Driving to Damascus*. Speaking of his collaboration with Davies, Adamson commented in 1999, "Both Ray and I pushed each other into areas we wouldn't normally go."

In 2006, bassist Tony Butler considered "Somebody Else" to be "superb lyrically". The song has been described as being about a "splitting couple dividing up old possessions".

## Release

"Somebody Else" was released in the UK on 30 May 2000 as a farewell single and to coincide with the band's UK tour, "The Final Fling". Originally scheduled for release on 22 May, the CD single was limited to 5,000 copies. Two previously unreleased tracks were included on the single, "Sleep Until Dawn" and "Another Misty Morning". The latter, which was written by bassist Tony Butler, who also sang lead vocals on the track, is a song about masturbation.

To promote the single, the band performed the song on the BBC TV programme *Weekend Watchdog* on 26 May 2000.

## Critical reception

In a review of *Driving to Damascus*, Aaron Badgley of AllMusic praised "Somebody Else" as "brilliant" and added, "To hear \[it\], one would never guess that there was any involvement from Davies. The song \[is\] fit for Big Country, but would be out of place on a Davies' or Kinks' album."

## Track listing

**CD single**

1. "Somebody Else" – 4:04
2. "Sleep Until Dawn" – 4:35
3. "Another Misty Morning" – 4:55

## Personnel

**Big Country**

**Production**

* Rafe McKenna – production ("Somebody Else")
* Big Country – production (all tracks)

**Other**

* RA – artwork

## Charts

| Chart (2000) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Chart | 126 |
| UK Independent Singles Chart (OCC) | 27 |

## InfoBox

| "Somebody Else" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Big Country | |
| from the album  *Driving to Damascus* | |
| B-side | * "Sleep Until Dawn" * "Another Misty Morning" |
| Released | 30 May 2000 |
| Length | 4:04 |
| Label | Track Record |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Rafe McKenna * Big Country |
| Big Country singles chronology | |
| "See You"/"Perfect World"
(1999) "**Somebody Else**"
(2000) "Another Country"
(2011) | |


title: Sommerhuber

abstract: Sommerhuber is a traditional ceramics producer from Steyr city, Austria founded in 1491. It produces tiles for tiled stoves and tile chimneys and the heat ceramics for the spas. The company was an Imperial and Royal Warrant of Appointment.

text:
# Sommerhuber

**Sommerhuber** is a traditional ceramics producer from Steyr city, Austria founded in 1491. It produces tiles for tiled stoves and tile chimneys and the heat ceramics for the spas. The company was an Imperial and Royal Warrant of Appointment.

## History

The ceramics manufactory Sommerhuber was first mentioned in 1491, when its name was Wärmprecht. In 1843, Josef Sommerhuber (1817-1881) married the owner of the hut, and the name Sommerhuber was transferred to the craft business. His son Rudolf (1858-1935) took over the business after his father.

Produced were stoves for the nobility, citizens and the peasants in baroque, renaissance and gothic style. Sommerhuber was allowed to equip the imperial palaces in Persenbeug and Nieder- Wallsee, and the offices in the entire monarchy.

Customers abroad were Prince Arnulf of Bavaria, Prince Joachim of Prussia and Duke Albrecht of Bavaria. Also the royal castle Cotroceni in Romania was equipped by Sommerhuber.

For this achievement Sommerhuber was appointed to the Imperial court supplier in 1900. At the Paris World Exposition in 1910, the company received the Silver Medal. In 1910 the company became the court supplier of Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Rudolf Sommerhuber worked together with famous artists such as Saibl, Barwig, Obsieger and Michael Powolny and designed the tiles of them. This tradition is also carried on today by collaboration with artists like Gerald Brandstötter.

The collapse of the monarchy in 1918 hit Sommerhuber, as an important sales market erupted. Nevertheless, the company continued to hold its own. During the Second World War, the company had to cease production and was largely spared the war. Nevertheless, the resumption of production on the basis of a lack of raw materials after 1945 was slow.

In 1973 the company received the Bavarian Handicrafts Prize in Gold at the Handwerksmesse in Munich.

New products such as the ceramic electronic storage have been developed. The oil crisis of the 1970s led to a strongly growing demand for wood-fired tiled stoves.

In 1980 was built a new factory in Resthofstrasse, where the headquarters of the Sommerhuber manufactory are located. The production of interior ceramics and the wholesale trade, which were taken up in the 1980s, were abandoned for economic reasons. Sommerhuber concentrated on the heat ceramics.

The company has been managed since 1993 by Rudolfs Ururenkel Christian (IV.) Sommerhuber (\* 1959).

Since 1998, the Sommerhuber manufactory has increasingly devoted itself to the development of large ceramics (with a length of up to 135 cm). Since 2005, the enJOY product line has also been offering heat ceramics for the spa sector in the form of electrically heated heaters, seats and benches as well as ceramic foot basins.

The Sommerhuber manufactory currently employs around 120 people.

## InfoBox

Sommerhuber
| Native name | Sommerhuber GmbH |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Ceramics |
| Founded | 1491 |
| Headquarters | Resthofstrasse 69, 4400 Steyr, Upper Austria, Austria |
| Key people | Rudolf Christian Sommerhuber |
| Number of employees | about 120 |
| Website | www.sommerhuber.com |


title: Sommerheim Park Archaeological District

abstract: The Sommerheim Park Archaeological District includes a group of six archaeological sites west of Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. The sites are in Sommerheim Park, one of the few undeveloped areas of the Lake Erie shoreline, in Millcreek Township. This district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This is one of the leading archaeological sites in the Erie area and along the southern shoreline of Lake Erie, due to the amount of artifacts and the lack of disturbance on the site.

text:
# Sommerheim Park Archaeological District

The **Sommerheim Park Archaeological District** includes a group of six archaeological sites west of Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. The sites are in Sommerheim Park, one of the few undeveloped areas of the Lake Erie shoreline, in Millcreek Township. This district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This is one of the leading archaeological sites in the Erie area and along the southern shoreline of Lake Erie, due to the amount of artifacts and the lack of disturbance on the site.

## Discoveries

Excavations revealed artifacts across a wide area of the park, including in the north where there are former farmlands and in dense woods along the park's eastern edge. The artifacts uncovered represent a wide range of archaeological cultures. Digs at six sites have found evidence from the entire Archaic period (roughly 8,000BCE to 1,000BCE) and the Early and Middle Woodland period (roughly 1,000BCE to 500CE). Artifacts include an especially dense concentration of Late Archaic remnants as well as a nineteenth-century dump created after European settlement. Various stone tools and evidence of Late Archaic houses have been found, indicating that the area may have been occupied seasonally by a fishing and hunting people.

Although the findings have been largely limited to the tops of the area's bluffs, scholars believe that the edges of the bluffs may yield evidence of prehistoric cemeteries. The district is significant because few seasonal campsites from before the Late Woodland period have been discovered along Lake Erie.

## Excavation

Local archaeologist C. Frederick Sanford's discovery of Plano points in Sommerheim Park in 1975 led to the first recognition of the area as a possible archaeological site. Students at Erie's Gannon University investigated the park under the leadership of a university archaeologist in the summer of that year, beginning a program of annual field schools that continued through the rest of the 1970s. These excavations yielded little evidence of disturbance at the sites, adding to their significance. While some parts of the bluffs had been cultivated after European settlement of the area, the damage was limited to the shallow upper layers of earth that could be cultivated with horse-drawn plows. The district's location on a lake bluff is likely to be the reason that it has survived; many similar sites likely once existed along nearby beaches and ridges, but they have likely been destroyed by the expansion of Erie and its suburbs and by quarrying for sand and gravel.

## Preservation

Well-preserved Native American archaeological sites are a rarity in the Lake Erie plain. The amount of information found at the Sommerheim Park sites makes them one of the leading archaeological sites in the Erie area and the southern shoreline of Lake Erie. In recognition of their significance, the sites were designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. No other Native American village sites northwest of Pittsburgh are listed on the Register, and the only other prehistoric site on the Register in northwestern Pennsylvania is Indian God Rock, a petroglyph in Venango County.

## Further reading

* Kirkpatrick, M.J. *Sommerheim Site — 36Er68 — An Archaic (Transitional) Situation 1975-76-77-78*. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 1978.
* Schooler, E.E. "Pleistocene Beach Ridges of Northwestern Pennsylvania." *Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Fourth Series, General Geology Report* 68, 1978.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sommerheim Park Archaeological District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Sommerheim Park Archaeological District, April 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | On bluffs above Sommerheim Drive and Presque Isle Bay in Millcreek Township |
| Nearest city | Erie, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 42°6′49″N 80°8′42″W / 42.11361°N 80.14500°W / 42.11361; -80.14500 |
| Area | 44 acres (18 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 86000397 |
| Added to NRHP | March 6, 1986 |


title: Sommeri

abstract: Sommeri is a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

text:
# Sommeri

**Sommeri** is a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## History

In 1967, Sommeri was created when the municipalities of Niedersommeri and Obersommeri merged. Sommeri is first mentioned in 905 as *Sumbrinaro*. Between 1474 and 1798, the *vogteien* of Niedersommeri and Obersommeri formed a court of the Prince-Abbot of St. Gall.

In 1474 the Church of St. Mauritius was dedicated. It was renovated to its current appearance in the first half of the 15th Century. After the Protestant Reformation reached Sommeri in 1528, the church became a shared church for both faiths in 1534.

Originally the major economic activities in Sommeri were predominantly grain production and forestry. In the second half of the 19th Century fruit production, hay production, cattle and dairy farming were added. A cheese factory was opened in 1852. In the last third of the 20th Century some industrial plants moved into the villages, especially embroidery and furniture manufacturing. At the beginning of the 21st Century there were companies in the HVAC industry, precision engineering and manufacturing school furniture in Sommeri.

## Geography

Sommeri has an area, as of 2009, of 4.21 square kilometers (1.63 sq mi). Of this area, 2.87 km2 (1.11 sq mi) or 68.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.01 km2 (0.39 sq mi) or 24.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.27 km2 (0.10 sq mi) or 6.4% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 0.2% and transportation infrastructure made up less than 0.1%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 52.3% is used for growing crops, while 15.9% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located in the Arbon district, south of Romanshorn. It consists of the village of Sommeri and the hamlets of Buerüüti, Fälwis and Hungerbüel.

## Demographics

Sommeri has a population (as of December 2020) of 630. As of 2008, 9.2% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 1.6%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (95.5%), with Italian being second most common ( 0.9%) and Albanian being third ( 0.8%).

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 50.3% male and 49.7% female. The population was made up of 225 Swiss men (44.0% of the population), and 32 (6.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 239 Swiss women (46.8%), and 15 (2.9%) non-Swiss women.

In 2008 there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there was 1 death of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 3 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man, 5 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 3 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was an increase of 5 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 9 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.8%.

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Sommeri is; 54 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 65 teenagers or 12.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 73 people or 14.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 51 people or 9.8% are between 30 and 39, 80 people or 15.4% are between 40 and 49, and 89 people or 17.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 39 people or 7.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 43 people or 8.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 22 people or 4.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.

As of 2000, there were 181 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. In 2000 there were 72 single family homes (or 83.7% of the total) out of a total of 86 inhabited buildings. There were 9 two family buildings (10.5%), 3 three family buildings (3.5%) and 2 multi-family buildings (or 2.3%). There were 83 (or 15.6%) persons who were part of a couple without children, and 308 (or 58.0%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 16 (or 3.0%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 8 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 6 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 8 who lived in a household made up of unrelated persons, and 53 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 1.89%. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 8 new units per 1000 residents. In 2000 there were 194 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 6 room apartment of which there were 57. There were - single room apartments and 57 apartments with six or more rooms.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 48.12% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (21.28%), the CVP (13.59%) and the SP (4.96%). In the federal election, a total of 203 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 54.7%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1831 | 455 |
| 1850 | 429 |
| 1900 | 418 |
| 1960 | 588 |
| 1990 | 502 |
| 2000 | 495 |
|

## Sights

The entire village of Sommeri is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

## Economy

As of  2007, Sommeri had an unemployment rate of 0.94%. As of 2005, there were 52 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 23 businesses involved in this sector. 73 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 9 businesses in this sector. 190 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector.

In 2000 there were 402 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 160 or about 39.8% of the residents worked outside Sommeri while 211 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 453 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 3.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 39.4% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 282 or 53.1% were Roman Catholic, while 168 or 31.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there is 1 individual who belongs to the Orthodox Church, and there are 19 individuals (or about 3.58% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There were 14 (or about 2.64% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 5 individuals (or about 0.94% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 30 (or about 5.65% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 12 individuals (or about 2.26% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Sommeri about 68.3% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

## InfoBox

| Sommeri | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Sommeri | |
| SommeriSommeri | |
| Coordinates: 47°34′N 9°17′E / 47.567°N 9.283°E / 47.567; 9.283 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Thurgau |
| District | Arbon |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.2 km2 (1.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 465 m (1,526 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 571 |
| Density | 140/km2 (350/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8580 |
| SFOS number | 4446 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-TG |
| Surrounded by | Amriswil, Erlen, Güttingen, Hefenhofen, Kesswil, Langrickenbach |
| Website | www.sommeri.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Sole Survivor (1970 film)

abstract: Sole Survivor is a CBS Friday Night Movie directed by Paul Stanley and starring Richard Basehart, William Shatner, and Vince Edwards. The film, written by screenwriter Guerdon Trueblood, was first aired on television in 1970. While the film follows the fate of the six-man crew of a B-25 Mitchell bomber, Sole Survivor is loosely based on the 1958 discovery of the B-24 Liberator bomber Lady Be Good in the Libyan desert. The Lady Be Good and her nine-man crew had disappeared without a trace in 1943, following its first and only combat mission in World War II. The bodies of eight of the crew were found in 1960.

text:
# Sole Survivor (1970 film)

***Sole Survivor*** is a CBS Friday Night Movie directed by Paul Stanley and starring Richard Basehart, William Shatner, and Vince Edwards. The film, written by screenwriter Guerdon Trueblood, was first aired on television in 1970.

While the film follows the fate of the six-man crew of a B-25 Mitchell bomber, *Sole Survivor* is loosely based on the 1958 discovery of the B-24 Liberator bomber *Lady Be Good* in the Libyan desert. The *Lady Be Good* and her nine-man crew had disappeared without a trace in 1943, following its first and only combat mission in World War II. The bodies of eight of the crew were found in 1960.

## Plot

While returning from a World War II bombing mission, a United States Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell bomber sustains damage from action with German fighters. Without any order to abandon the aircraft, the navigator, Lieutenant Hamner (Richard Basehart), panics and bails out. Having no navigator, the remaining crew is now lost and overfly their base by 300 miles. The five remaining crewmen, believing they are still over water, bail out and survive their parachute landings, although one of the crew, Brandy (Dennis Cooney), is badly injured. Needing water and desert survival gear, one of the group, Tony (Lou Antonio), walks to the aircraft following the heading that would have been flown, hoping to find the aircraft and bring back much needed supplies. The aircraft had eventually crash landed in the Libyan desert.

Unfortunately, when Tony arrives at the bomber and crawls underneath the tail to escape the sun, the tail, which has been hanging precariously, breaks away, instantly crushing him. After several days beneath the relentless African sun, the remaining crewmen ultimately die of exposure. Their ghosts make their way back to the wreckage of the aircraft where they spend the next 17 years in a type of limbo state, playing baseball and longing for repatriation back to their home country, which can occur only if their bodies are recovered.

An oil surveying aircraft finally spots the wreckage, reporting the discovery back to the United States Air Force. Seeing the survey aircraft and realizing that they are soon about to "have visitors", the five remaining crew members' ghosts begin returning the aircraft to its state at the time of the crash, putting objects and artifacts in their original positions in hopes of convincing their visitors they had stayed with the aircraft and hopefully inducing them to search for their bodies.

Having survived the crash, Hamner, who had remained in the military after the war and is now an Air Force brigadier general, is asked by investigators Lieutenant Colonel Josef Gronke (William Shatner) and Major Michael Devlin (Vince Edwards) to accompany their team to the remains of the B-25. Fearing disciplinary action and the end of his military career should the truth of his cowardice be found out, he tries to convince Gronke and Devlin that the entire crew bailed out over the Mediterranean with him and that the pilotless aircraft somehow flew on by itself. Although the discovery of a harmonica belonging to crewman Gant (Lawrence P. Casey) indicates that the crew did not bail out over the sea, the bodies are nowhere to be seen.

Unable to find evidence to the contrary, the team has no choice but to accept Hamner's explanation, though Devlin is convinced that Hamner is lying, knowing firsthand the guilt over his own bad judgment when he crashed his military aircraft in California, killing some school children. Devlin confronts an inebriated Hamner, who finally admits his actions, although he points out that pilot Mac (Patrick Wayne) had turned down navigator Hamner's heading to a Nazi occupied landing point, and then believed that the others had probably (and "should have") bailed out rather than flying on in the damaged aircraft.

When Devlin returns to his tent, the ghosts of the crew make their appearance to Hamner, leading him to flee in panic across the desert in a jeep. Followed by the investigators, the chase ends with them arriving at the scene of an abandoned life raft (the crew having abandoned the aircraft in the darkness, convinced they were still over open water), revealing to the entire team what Hamner has already admitted to Devlin.

The heading to the life raft and an estimate of how long they could survive on foot helps the team find the missing bodies. The ghost of each crewman vanishes as their bodies are recovered, their spirits accompanying their remains back to the United States. Tony, however, had died under the tail of the aircraft and a solitary Tony remains at the aircraft. A glimmer of hope remains, as a diary is found near Mac's body, mentioning Tony's return to the aircraft. The team decides to make one final detailed search at the crash site.

## Cast

## Production

*Sole Survivor* was shot primarily on location in the El Mirage Dry Lake in the northwestern Victor Valley of the central Mojave Desert, within San Bernardino County, California. The shooting schedule involved a three-and-a-half-week period in May–June, 1969.

The aircraft that were used in the film were:

## Historical background

In 1943, the actual aircraft—*Lady Be Good*—failed to find its airbase near the African coast after a bombing raid on Naples. Instead the crew mistakenly flew on hundreds of miles into the desert. This was because the navigation system could not distinguish between a direct or reciprocal bearing contact. The same radio bearing would be returned whether the bomber was inbound or outbound from its base.

Eventually as the B-24's fuel ran out, the nine-man crew bailed out into the Libyan desert. The eight survivors tried to walk to safety; their remains were eventually found in 1960 some 80 to 100 miles north of the wreckage site. The aircraft broke into two pieces upon impact. When it was found in 1958 by an oil surveying team, the bomber's remains were well preserved with edible food and water still on board. Its machine guns and radio were also still in working order.

## Reception

*Sole Survivor* aired on January 9, 1970, and was the first of made-for-TV movies broadcast on CBS, and produced by CBS-owned Cinema Center Films (the company's short-lived foray into feature film production). *Sole Survivor* was released in Region B/2 in a DVD/Blu-ray dual-disk set on March 14, 2016.

Film aviation historian Simon D. Beck in *The Aircraft-Spotter's Film and Television Companion* (2016) described *Sole Survivor* as "a tense, well-crafted story."

### Notes

### Citations

1. Farmer 1984, pp. 61, 65.
2. Santoir, Christian (May 28, 2011). "Article: 'Sole Survivor'". *Aeromovies*. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
3. McClendon 1962, p. 62.
4. McClendon 1962, p. 84.
5. Farmer 1984, p. 63.
6. Review: 'Sole Survivor'." *Amazon.ca*, 2019. Retrieved: June 12, 2019.
7. Beck 2018. p. 236.

### Bibliography

* Beck, Simon D. *The Aircraft-Spotter's Film and Television Companion*. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 2016. ISBN 978-1-4766-2293-4.
* Farmer, James H. *Broken Wings: Hollywood's Air Crashes.* Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Pub. Co., 1984. ISBN 978-0-933126-46-6.
* McClendon, Dennis E. *Lady Be Good, Mystery Bomber of World War II*. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1962. ISBN 978-0-81686-624-3.

## InfoBox

| *Sole Survivor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Screen capture | |
| Genre | Drama
Fantasy |
| Written by | Guerdon Trueblood |
| Directed by | Paul Stanley |
| Starring | Vince Edwards
Richard Basehart
William Shatner |
| Music by | Paul Glass |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Steve Shagan |
| Producer | Wally Burr |
| Cinematography | James Crabe |
| Editor | Renn Reynolds |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Production company | Cinema Center 100 Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBS |
| Release | January 9, 1970 (1970-01-09) |


title: Chinese monoid

abstract:
In mathematics, the Chinese monoid is a monoid generated by a totally ordered alphabet with the relations cba = cab = bca for every a ≤ b ≤ c. An algorithm similar to Schensted's algorithm yields characterisation of the equivalence classes and a cross-section theorem. It was discovered by Duchamp & Krob (1994) during their classification of monoids with growth similar to that of the plactic monoid, and studied in detail by Julien Cassaigne, Marc Espie, Daniel Krob, Jean-Christophe Novelli, and Florent Hivert in 2001. The Chinese monoid has a regular language cross-section
  - a ∗   ∗ b ∗   ∗ ∗ c ∗ ⋯ and hence polynomial growth of dimension n 2. The Chinese monoid equivalence class of a permutation is the preimage of an involution under the map w ↦ w ∘ w − 1 where ∘ denotes the product in the Iwahori-Hecke algebra with q s = 0.

text:
# Chinese monoid

In mathematics, the **Chinese monoid** is a monoid generated by a totally ordered alphabet with the relations *cba* = *cab* = *bca* for every *a**b**c*. An algorithm similar to Schensted's algorithm yields characterisation of the equivalence classes and a cross-section theorem. It was discovered by Duchamp & Krob (1994) during their classification of monoids with growth similar to that of the plactic monoid, and studied in detail by Julien Cassaigne, Marc Espie, Daniel Krob, Jean-Christophe Novelli, and Florent Hivert in 2001.

The Chinese monoid has a regular language cross-section

$$a^{\*}\ (ba)^{\*}b^{\*}\ (ca)^{\*}(cb)^{\*}c^{\*}\cdots $$

and hence polynomial growth of dimension $\frac {n(n+1)}{2}$.

The Chinese monoid equivalence class of a permutation is the preimage of an involution under the map $w\mapsto w\circ w^{-1}$ where $\circ $ denotes the product in the Iwahori-Hecke algebra with $q\_{s}=0$.


title: Chinese mortgage boycott

abstract: The Chinese mortgage boycott is an ongoing mass protest in the People's Republic of China primarily in response to delayed and substandard property development from China Evergrande Group, the second-largest property development firm in China by market capitalization alongside other property development corporations. The boycott was initiated by homebuyers who had been paying mortgages for properties within China Evergrande Group's Dynasty Mansion real estate development project located in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province in southeast China. Angered by the lack of progress in erecting the building itself and the financial drain of paying mortgages on unfinished homes, prospective tenants released a public letter wherein they threatened to cease repaying their mortgage loans unless construction resumed before October 20, 2022. The letter was widely circulated across Chinese social media and messaging platforms such as WeChat, Douyin, and Weibo as netizens shared their own frustrations with perceived mortgage-related injustices or commiserated with those who did. Within a month, sustained protests were observed in roughly one hundred Chinese cities, prompting the national government to introduce measures to prop up the low-volume real estate market and mitigate public outrage. Such measures include establishing local bailout funds to avoid insolvency and reducing the costs associated with taking out a mortgage loan.

text:
# Chinese mortgage boycott

The **Chinese mortgage boycott** is an ongoing mass protest in the People's Republic of China primarily in response to delayed and substandard property development from China Evergrande Group, the second-largest property development firm in China by market capitalization alongside other property development corporations.

The boycott was initiated by homebuyers who had been paying mortgages for properties within China Evergrande Group's Dynasty Mansion real estate development project located in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province in southeast China. Angered by the lack of progress in erecting the building itself and the financial drain of paying mortgages on unfinished homes, prospective tenants released a public letter wherein they threatened to cease repaying their mortgage loans unless construction resumed before October 20, 2022. The letter was widely circulated across Chinese social media and messaging platforms such as WeChat, Douyin, and Weibo as netizens shared their own frustrations with perceived mortgage-related injustices or commiserated with those who did. Within a month, sustained protests were observed in roughly one hundred Chinese cities, prompting the national government to introduce measures to prop up the low-volume real estate market and mitigate public outrage. Such measures include establishing local bailout funds to avoid insolvency and reducing the costs associated with taking out a mortgage loan.

## Background

Buoyed by the financial wave of the Chinese housing market during the 2010s, China Evergrande Group sought to further diversify by expanding into new economic sectors, such as the energy industry, electric vehicle production, and theme parks. To do so, Evergrande acquired debt from a variety of creditors, including the Chinese government, which ballooned to roughly $300 billion as of October 2022. This degree of leverage followed the “three red lines” rule imposed by the Chinese government in 2020, which dictated stricter borrowing thresholds and lower debt limits.

As Evergrande's liquidity reached precarious levels and its creditors became less inclined to take on further debt, Evergrande struggled to fund its property development concurrently with its ventures into alternative projects. Evergrande, already over-leveraged, was declared ‘weak’ in its liquidity position by several credit rating agencies from late 2021 to early 2022. This downturn morphed into a contagion, weakening other aspects of China's property market and slowing infrastructure growth; as of June 2022, total Chinese sales in real estate development have fallen 22% year-on-year

## Timeline

### Pre-COVID-19

One of the key reasons for the Chinese mortgage boycott is a result of the previous high demand for housing. The rise of the middle-class in China since the early 2000s precipitated a substantial investment in property, with many channelling savings into real estate as given the widely-held perception of Chinese property as one of the most stable forms of investment, with house prices averaging an annual 10% growth since 2006. As a result of this market stability and the shift towards neoliberal economics, individuals were able to borrow higher sums of money to purchase second or third homes with the intention of reselling for a higher price. The overall property price increase was fueled by rising land costs rather than construction costs (as a result of urbanisation); thus, much of the money invested by the population was allocated towards buying land rather than construction itself (Global Business Review, 2022). So, “when the time came to pay for construction, they would sell more unbuilt flats and use that money instead”. The faith that Chinese citizens had in the housing market and the purportedly ‘secure’ investment that real estate appeared allowed this process to flourish. This was a positive investment for the middle class as a result of both the increasing house prices and the lack of property tax. Property is estimated to make up between 17 and 29 percent of GDP in 2022, highlighting how reliant the Chinese economy is on the property sector. The pre-sale property model came into play as a result of the lack of housing in major cities, and, as Chinese citizens (prospective buyers) worried about rising house costs, they became willing to purchase property that was not yet constructed. Presently, 85% of Chinese households are purchased through pre-sale, an increase from 50 percent in 2005. Following 20 years of high-speed development, there has been a shift in the Chinese housing market. In the early 2000s China experienced an excessive population growth, implying an increasing number of buyers; however, as population growth slowed, the relative number of prospective buyers decreased. Accordingly, demand for new housing fell, and the funds allocated towards housing construction decreased, leaving many citizens paying mortgages on homes where building had halted.

### COVID-19-Present day

Issues began to arise with China's housing market during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. With a slowing economy largely caused by strict lockdowns, the property sector suffered a significant loss of investment, causing construction on new builds to halt. This decline is illustrated by statistics from the first six months of 2022, which show a 5.4% deterioration in growth of China's housing market

Additionally, it is common practice for developers within China to exploit the money obtained via pre-sale of unbuilt homes to invest into more land instead of allocating it to build homes that already have down-payments. Therefore, when investment decreased concurrently with the onset of COVID-19, issues regarding developers' lack of liquidity were more broadly exposed. In 2021, Evergrande, one of China's largest property developers, confirmed that it was unable to repay all of its $300 billion debt. This caused a significant public loss of confidence in developers across the nation, resulting in additional cuts in funding. Moreover, in the past three years, developers in China have undertaken work on over 6 billion square metres of property; however in August 2022, under half of the project had been completed.

If developers fail to deliver home by the contractual deadline, buyers are generally entitled to terminate their contract and recover their deposit. However, because construction has only been suspended, lenders have continued to demand payment from buyers of unfinished homes. Affected homebuyers began responding in July 2022 by organising collective defaults on mortgage payments until construction resumes. This boycott is notable for being largely organised on social media, a rare form of collective action under China's strict online censorship.

Shortly following the mass mobilisation, many Chinese social media accounts associated with the protests were deleted or banned from using the apps. Despite government censorship of the boycott, the number of mortgagees refusing to make payments continues to grow alongside the debt being accrued by developers . Currently, the mortgage boycott spans over 100 cities in China, affecting over 320 projects. Although the number of mortgages affected by the boycott only stands at 2%, it has raised concern across various levels of government, with schemes to provide relief under development. Investors in turn have baulked at the boycott, with large property firms such as China Vanke and Country Garden experiencing considerable declines in share price.

## Government response

The response by Chinese authorities to mortgage boycotts and the broader debt crisis facing property developers has primarily been concentrated on aiding developers and lenders to complete pre-sold projects on which construction has halted. There has also been consideration of a payment holiday for mortgage debtors, but any such action will require approval from officials in Beijing, and the priority remains delivering sold housing units.

Relief for developers and lenders has thus far been led at the local government level, with Zhengzhou city, the capital of Henan province and the city most affected by mortgages at risk of default, having created a property developer bailout fund. The fund has been established jointly by two local government backed firms, Henan Asset Management and Zhengzhou Real Estate Group. The governments of Chongqing and Ningbo have also set up working groups to address unfinished housing projects, but these have not led to any affirmative steps as of yet.

Action from the central government has so far been mostly constrained to announcements of potential initiatives and strategic shifts from regulators. The China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC), has in its statements confirmed that it is undertaking efforts to coordinate with the central bank and housing regulator to ensure the delivery of sold housing units. It has also instructed banks to meet developers’ financing requirements “where reasonable”. Further, the CBIRC is exploring tightening regulations surrounding the escrow accounts into which mortgage servicing payments are received to ensure that the funds are used for their intended purpose of completing housing projects rather than servicing debt. The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has requested that banks disclose their degree of exposure to mortgage related assets at risk from the property crisis. The Housing Regulator has also distributed surveys among affected homebuyers to assess the scope of the situation. The only major initiative so far announced by the central government is the launch of a central real estate fund to help property developers resolve their debt crisis. The plan is for the central bank to raise Rmb80bb of funding initially, with other banks then raising the total to Rmb300bb ($44bb). This initiative is not aimed at completing projects like the one in Zhengzhou, but rather at assisting developers in servicing their debt, the primary cause of the construction delays.

## Impact

The mortgage boycott has further exacerbated the already extensive damage to the Chinese real estate sector, the largest economic sector in China. The threat of widespread mortgage default risks damage to a financial sector already burdened by real estate firms struggling to service their debt. The boycott's ramifications however have so far been contained to China. Lack of contamination was likely due to policies restricting foreign investment in the real estate market. At most, the greatest impact on foreign investors came in the form of stock dips in East Asian markets, notably in SARs of Hong Kong and Macau.

According to Reuters, real estate investment in China fell 12.3% between July 2021 and July 2022. In the same timeframe, new project numbers dropped by 45.4% and bank loans made out to developers dropped by 36.8%. Evergrande, the conglomerate responsible for most in-progress developments, invests in multiple industries outside of the housing market as well. Reports suggest that activity in these sectors has declined with the housing market.

In addition to developers, halted construction projects have also negatively impacted businesses along the housing supply chain which handle construction materials, plumbing, and landscaping. Without a revenue stream from homeowners and developers, many of these small businesses which build and sustain housing projects have been unable to or refused to pay bills.

Individual Chinese homeowners, who have largely used real estate as a primary avenue of investment in the past decade, no longer view the market as a haven for their earnings. As a result, the historic Chinese development model which is dependent on the “pay before build” system is under threat. Despite the growing boycott, the Chinese government stressed that the country's broader economy was well protected.

By July 2022, 235 property developments were affected by boycotts spanning across 24 of China's 31 provinces. Researchers fear that the boycott could affect even more homebuyers. The country's high home ownership rate (96% in 2020) combined with the amount of wealth which Chinese citizens tie in with real estate was cause for alarm. As a result, economic as well as social instability was a growing concern for Chinese officials.


title: Silverstream railway station

abstract: Silverstream railway station is a suburban railway station serving Silverstream in Upper Hutt, New Zealand. The station is located on the Hutt Valley section of the Wairarapa Line, 26.8 km (16.7 mi) north of Wellington. The station is served by Metlink's electric multiple unit trains of the "Matangi" FP class. Trains stopping at Silverstream run to Wellington and Upper Hutt. The station has an island platform between two tracks, linked to Field Street in the south by a footpath, and to Fergusson Drive in the north-west and Whitemans Road to the north-east via pedestrian level crossings.

text:
# Silverstream railway station

**Silverstream railway station** is a suburban railway station serving Silverstream in Upper Hutt, New Zealand. The station is located on the Hutt Valley section of the Wairarapa Line, 26.8 km (16.7 mi) north of Wellington. The station is served by Metlink's electric multiple unit trains of the "Matangi" FP class. Trains stopping at Silverstream run to Wellington and Upper Hutt.

The station has an island platform between two tracks, linked to Field Street in the south by a footpath, and to Fergusson Drive in the north-west and Whitemans Road to the north-east via pedestrian level crossings.

## Services

### Rail

TransDev operates Hutt Valley Line electric suburban services between Wellington and Upper Hutt via Silverstream. The basic daytime off-peak timetable is:

* 3 tph to Wellington, stopping all stations (2 tph on weekends)
* 3 tph to Upper Hutt, stopping all stations (2 tph on weekends)

The basic morning peak timetable is:

* 3 tph to Wellington, stopping all stations to Taita then Waterloo only
* 2 tph to Upper Hutt, stopping all stations

### Bus

The following Metlink bus services serve the station:

| Previous timetabled stop | Metlink Bus Services | Next timetabled stop |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Upper Hutt Station
*towards Timberlea* | **93**
Upper Hutt Commuter | Belmont Flat - Western Hutt Road
*towards Courtenay Place* |
| Fergusson Drive
*towards Emerald Hill* | **110**
Upper Hutt | Stokes Valley Entrance
*towards Petone Station* |
| Upper Hutt Station
*Terminus* | **115**
Pinehaven | Field Street
*towards Pinehaven* |

## History

The present Silverstream railway station replaced the earlier station from 21 November 1954 when the section of line alongside the hill south of Silverstream, which passed over the wooden truss bridge just below Silverstream Hospital, was closed. The deviation of the line is some distance to the west of the original line and crosses the Hutt River on a steel bridge with concrete piers - the replacement station is several hundred yards to the north of the old station.

An adjacent level crossing had automatically locking gates installed to stop pedestrians using the crossing until a second train clears the crossing (after a 2003 accident).

The station was damaged by a small fire circa 2000, which left it leaking and with no lights under the shelter for several years. The fire damage showed until some repairs were made that the station had toilets at one point until the area was boarded up again.

In 2019–20 the GWRC is to "renew" the Silverstream railway station.

## InfoBox

| Silverstream | |
| --- | --- |
| Metlink suburban rail | |
| Silverstream station in 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Fergusson Drive and Kiln Street, Silverstream, Upper Hutt, New Zealand |
| Coordinates | 41°08′50.42″S 175°00′38.63″E / 41.1473389°S 175.0107306°E / -41.1473389; 175.0107306 |
| Owned by | Greater Wellington Regional Council |
| Line(s) | Wairarapa Line |
| Tracks | Main line (2) |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Island |
| Parking | Yes |
| Bicycle facilities | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | SILV |
| Fare zone | 6 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 March 1954 |
| Electrified | 24 July 1955 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Transdev Wellington Following station  Heretaungatowards Upper Hutt  Hutt Valley Line  Manor Parktowards Wellington | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: The Revival: Women and the Word

abstract: The Revival Women and the Word is a 2016 documentary film directed by Sekiya Dorsett, a queer filmmaker who works to give voice to issues of equality. This documentary chronicles a US tour group of black lesbian poets and musicians who are traveling performing making history as queer women of color. Their journey is to bring together their community and include interviews from leading black feminist and queer thinkers including Alexis Pauline Gumbs, Nikki Finney, and Alexis De Veaux. This documentary tackles themes such as gender, race, and sexuality. This film works to represent community and provide a special insight to the experience of queer women of color performers. Additionally, this film works to empower and raise the voices of the marginalized.

text:
# The Revival: Women and the Word

***The Revival Women and the Word*** is a 2016 documentary film directed by Sekiya Dorsett, a queer filmmaker who works to give voice to issues of equality. This documentary chronicles a US tour group of black lesbian poets and musicians who are traveling performing making history as queer women of color. Their journey is to bring together their community and include interviews from leading black feminist and queer thinkers including Alexis Pauline Gumbs, Nikki Finney, and Alexis De Veaux. This documentary tackles themes such as gender, race, and sexuality. This film works to represent community and provide a special insight to the experience of queer women of color performers. Additionally, this film works to empower and raise the voices of the marginalized.

## Background

Four years ago in 2012, 50 friends mostly queer and black identified gathered in a small living room in Washington, D.C. for a poetry event called The Revival. The host, a queer black woman, Jade Foster, dreamed of building a safe space where queer women and allies could celebrate being black, women, and carriers of the word. The word short for the creating of poetry. That same year in 2012, the event evolved into a nine-day tour that went to eight cities. The project was powerful and touched thousands of lives, and connected five exceptional women who are all performers. The documentary is the story of how that dream of Jade Foster came to be and came into fruition.

## Synopsis

The documentary tells the story of how poet Jade Foster recruited a group of five dynamic poets and musicians to become a part of a movement that builds community among queer women of color, upholds literary arts excellence, and occupies living rooms across the country. The film follows Foster, Be Steadwell, Jonquille Rice, T'ai Freedom Ford and Eli Turner on a road trip as part of the Revival tour, wherein these queer black poets perform their work in various cities across the country. The movie starts in Brooklyn, before the first performance of what is dubbed the Revival tour. Within the film it takes you on a journey of their personal narratives while interweaving black feminist thinkers. Foster delivers powerful poetry throughout the film that speaks of both her own identity and her community. Ford brings up her mother's history of addiction within the film. Some of the black feminist thinkers include author Alexis De Veaux, tells of the period of time in the mid-1970s when she offered a space for poetry in her own Brooklyn living room. Her personal narrative tells of the struggle black queer women performing poetry had attempting to navigate their identity and create safe spaces. The film does not shy away from the police brutality happening within the US by including black feminist poet Nikki Finney who plays a huge role in connecting the historical oppression of black people in the past to the current oppression black bodies currently face within the US. Additionally, the film brings up the harm done to black queer bodies and they present their stories as a way to challenge this oppression of black queer bodies. One of the most important aspects of this movie is how it presents the identity of these queer black women as one whole thing. Not three, separated by gender, race and sexuality. This is the very definition of intersectionality. They show the lives of these five women to provide context of the experience of black queer women poets, musicians, authors, thinkers, feminists, activists, educators, and performers across the country.

## Cast

* Jade Foster
* Be Steadwell
* Jonquille Rice
* T'ai Freedom Ford
* Elizah Turner

Other featured feminist voices include activist Farah Tanis, writer Alexis De Veaux, writer Alexis Pauline Gumbs, and poet Nikki Finney.

## Awards and reception

This film is a documentary that takes on the necessary task to bring marginalized voices and experiences from the periphery to the center. The documentaries main goal is to empower communities around the U.S. whilst telling their own stories. For those reasons the film has been recognized by multiple film festivals including: Frameline Film Festival, Outfest Los Angeles LGBT Film Festival, NewFest New York LGBT Film Festival, Urbanworld Film Festival, and Twist: Seattle Queer Film Festival.

## InfoBox

| The Revival: Women and the Word | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sekiya Dorsett |
| Produced by | Jade Foster and Andrea Boston |
| Cinematography | Charla Harlow and Alexis Casson |
| Edited by | Patrick Flynn |
| Release date | * July 15, 2016 (2016-07-15) (Outfest Film Festival) |
| Running time | 82 minutes |
| Country | United States |


title: Stadtkind

abstract: Stadtkind is the debut album by German experimental techno musician Ellen Allien. Released on Allien's own label, BPitch Control in 2001, it was an homage to the city of Berlin, whose post-reunification culture inspired the work. The album's title means "city child" in German.

text:
# Stadtkind

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Stadtkind*** is the debut album by German experimental techno musician Ellen Allien. Released on Allien's own label, BPitch Control in 2001, it was an homage to the city of Berlin, whose post-reunification culture inspired the work. The album's title means "city child" in German.

## Track listing

1. "Send" – 6:27
2. "Fensterbrettmusik" – 5:19
3. "Tief in Mir" – 5:05
4. "Stadtkind" – 5:14
5. "Shorty" – 3:40
6. "Funkenflug der Träume" – 4:21
7. "Salzsee" – 4:30
8. "Licht" – 5:03
9. "Wolken Ziehen" – 5:30
10. "Trust and ..." – 3:20
11. "Data Romance" – 4:02

## InfoBox

| Stadtkind | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ellen Allien | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Genre | Techno/Electro |
| Label | BPitch Control |
| Ellen Allien chronology | |
| ***Stadtkind***
(2001) *Weiss Mix*
(2002) | |