title: Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet

abstract: Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet of Powderham Castle, Powderham, Devon, was an English landowner, a leading member of the Devonshire gentry and Tory politician who sat in the English House of Commons from 1701 to 1707 and in the British House of Commons almost continually from 1707 to 1735.

text:
# Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet

**Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet** (11 March 1676 – 6 October 1735) of Powderham Castle, Powderham, Devon, was an English landowner, a leading member of the Devonshire gentry and Tory politician who sat in the English House of Commons from 1701 to 1707 and in the British House of Commons almost continually from 1707 to 1735.

## Early life

Courtenay was the son of Colonel Francis Courtenay, MP for Devonshire from 1689 to 1699, and his wife Mary Boevey, daughter of William Boevey (died 1661), of Flaxley Abbey, Gloucestershire. The Boevey family was of Netherlandish Huguenot descent. Mary's brother was John Boevey (died 1706) who refers to himself in his will dated 6 March 1703 as "John Boevey of Powderham Castle". Courtenay's father died in 1699, predeceasing his own father Sir William Courtenay, 1st Baronet. Courtenay succeeded his grandfather in 1702 to the baronetcy and the estate of Powderham Castle. He married Lady Anne Bertie, daughter of James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon on 13 July 1704.

## Career

Courtenay first stood for Parliament at Honiton at the first general election of 1701. He was defeated, but was then returned unopposed for Devonshire at the second general election of 1701. He was returned again unopposed in the general elections of 1702, 1705, and 1708. He was a moderate Tory, but opposed the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell in 1710. He stood down at the 1710 general election in favour of Sir William Pole, but when Pole had to submit to re-election on appointment to office, Courtenay was pressured by popular demand to stand again. He defeated Pole by a massive majority at the by-election on 22 July 1712. He was returned unopposed at the 1713 general election. From 1714 to 1716 he served as Lord Lieutenant of Devon. He was returned as a Tory at the 1715 general election and was returned unopposed again at the succeeding general elections in 1722, 1727 and 1734.

## Death and legacy

Courtenay died on 6 October 1735. He directed his body to be buried in the north aisle of Powderham Church "near the monument there erected". He further desired "my executor *(who was his nephew William Courtenay (died 1735) of Powderham)*...to bestow and lay out the summe of fifty pounds in erecting a monument near the place of interment in such manner as my executor shall think fit". No such monument survives. His children included:

There is a fuller list of his children in the Powderham parish registers available through FindMyPast. (Mary born 1705, William 1706, James 1707, Anna Sophia 1708, William 1709, Eleanora 1710, Bridget 1712, Henry Reginald 1714, Isabella 1716, Mary 1717, Elizabeth 1718, Peregrine 1720). Peregrine, Anna Sophia and Isabella (wife of John Andrew of Exeter) were mentioned in a deed dated 2 May 1765 and registered in Dublin.

He left £10 each to his nieces Elizabeth, Mary, Lucy and Isabella Courtenay for mourning clothes. He also bequeathed them each the sum of £30 to buy a diamond ring each, to be worn in his memory. He bequeathed to Sir William Courtenay his nephew the sum of £100 and also made him his residuary beneficiary.

In 1831 Courtenay was recognised as having been *de jure* 6th Earl of Devon.

## InfoBox

| Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Devon | |
| **In office**
1701-1707
1707-1710
1712-1735 | |
| Lord Lieutenant of Devon | |
| **In office**
1714–1716 | |
| Member of Parliament for Honiton | |
| **In office**
1715-1716 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1676-03-11)11 March 1676 |
| Died | 6 October 1735(1735-10-06) (aged 59) |
| Political party | Tory |
| Spouse | Anne Bertie (m. 1704) |
| Children | 12, including William and Henry |
| Parent |  |
| Relatives | William Courtenay (grandfather) |
|  | |


title: Just Say Stet

abstract: "Just Say Stet" is the debut single by American hip hop group Stetsasonic, released in 1985 via Tommy Boy Records. It was included on their debut album On Fire, released the following year. All members of the group have credits as composers of the song, which they produced in collaboration with Eric Calvi and Robin Halpin as per the liner notes credits. The song has a production based on electro music. Also in it DBC is credited with playing keyboards and horn, being one of the most remarkable peculiarities of the group that its members play instruments. In 1999, Ego Trip's editors ranked "Just Say Stet" at No. 10 in their list of Hip Hop's 40 Greatest Singles by Year 1985 in Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists.

text:
# Just Say Stet

"**Just Say Stet**" is the debut single by American hip hop group Stetsasonic, released in 1985 via Tommy Boy Records. It was included on their debut album *On Fire*, released the following year. All members of the group have credits as composers of the song, which they produced in collaboration with Eric Calvi and Robin Halpin as per the liner notes credits.

The song has a production based on electro music. Also in it DBC is credited with playing keyboards and horn, being one of the most remarkable peculiarities of the group that its members play instruments.

In 1999, *Ego Trip*'s editors ranked "Just Say Stet" at No. 10 in their list of Hip Hop's 40 Greatest Singles by Year 1985 in *Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists*.

## Conception and composition

Prince Paul told *Complex* in 2011, that he was still attending high school at the time of producing the song:

> "I was like 17. I was naïve until the record came out. I was just like, 'Oh, I got a record out.' You know? I never took it seriously. So that’s how my earlier records just randomly came about.(...) I remember the first record getting played on the radio was "Just Say Stet." And I was like freaking out. Like, 'Mom! Check this out!' I was like 18 at the time. First record, first single, and boom it was on WHBI. I really don’t remember who played it, but I remember turning on the radio, and it was like, 'My record’s on. Oh, my God. I have a record on the radio.'"

Though it's labeled "Instrumental", A2 is in fact more like a slightly extended dub version of A1. It ends in a locked groove with the word "Stet" at the end of the final "Just say Stet!" repeating over and over to infinity (The scratched message in the runout groove on Side A references this). Some copies came with a free STET sticker.

## Reception

John Leland at *Spin* said, "This isn’t so much a record as a challenge. Stetsasonic gets inside your shirt and for four minutes threatens to kick your ass. Not in so many words, but the sound of this record is so tough and the raps so aggressive, that it just bullies you into submission."

## Personnel

Credits are taken from the liner notes and the official page of the ASCAP.

* Written By – Glenn Bolton, Arnold Hamilton, Paul Huston, Martin Nemley, Leonardo Roman, Marvin Shahid Wright
* Producer – Stetsasonic
* Co-producer – Eric Calvi, Robin Halpin (tracks: A1, A2), Jim Klein (track B)
* Keyboards, Horns – DBC
* Mastered By – Herbie Jr :^)\* (Herb Powers Jr.)
* Engineer – Eric Calvi
* Producer (exec.) – Tom Silverman

## Single track listing

### 12" Vinyl

#### A-Side

1. "Just Say Stet" (3:40)
2. "Just Say Stet" (Instrumental) (3:44)

#### B-Side

1. "Rock De La Stet" (Vocal) (6:30)

## InfoBox

| "Just Say Stet" | |
| --- | --- |
| Side A of the US 12-inch vinyl | |
| Single by Stetsasonic | |
| from the album  *On Fire* | |
| B-side | "Rock De La Stet (Vocal)" |
| Released | 1985 |
| Studio | Tommy Boy Recording |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 3:40 |
| Label | Tommy Boy |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Stetsasonic singles chronology | |
| "**Just Say Stet**"
(1985) "Go Stetsa I"
(1986) | |


title: The Sandwich EP

abstract: The Sandwich EP is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song "Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's "The Lock Up" with Mike Davies. The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but is referred to as The Sandwich EP by fans. Although the EP is now out of print, having sold more than 1000 copies it is currently available for download from the iTunes Store.

text:
# The Sandwich EP

***The Sandwich EP*** is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song "Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's "*The Lock Up*" with Mike Davies.

The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records (a label founded to release the EP) on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but is referred to as The Sandwich EP by fans.

Although the EP is now out of print, having sold more than 1000 copies it is currently available for download from the iTunes Store.

## Track listing

1. "One Up"
2. "Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo"
3. "PG-13"
4. "Captain Stabbin'"
5. "Sense of Humour"

## Trivia

## InfoBox

| The Sandwich EP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Grown at Home | |
| Released | May 2004 |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Length | 15:58 |
| Label | Cash For Pigs Records CFP-EP1 |
| Producer | Iain Wetherall |
| Grown at Home chronology | |
| ***The Sandwich EP***
(2004) *Assemble*
(2006) | |


title: Clivina columbica

abstract: Clivina columbica is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1846.

text:
# Clivina columbica

***Clivina columbica*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1846.

## InfoBox

| *Clivina columbica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Clivina* |
| Species: | ***C. columbica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clivina columbica***<br>Putzeys, 1846 | |
|


title: To Catch a Copper

abstract: To Catch a Copper is a 2024 British documentary series about investigations into officer misconduct within the Avon and Somerset Police. The series has three episodes, which are themed around mental health, race, and sex crimes. Concerns include use of force and racial profiling. In one case, a constable is fired after publishing revenge porn; in another, an officer is acquitted after having sex on duty with an intoxicated woman. The series aired on Channel 4 after four years of filming in collaboration with the Counter-Corruption Unit, who received complaints and sometimes referred them to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC). The filmmakers intended to make a non-fiction programme in the style of the fictional police procedural Line of Duty, but came to the conclusion that there were systemic issues in the police misconduct process. They also heard that many incidents went unreported due to mistrust in the system. After its release, the Police Federation surveyed local officers and found that most opposed Chief Constable Sarah Crew's co-operation with the documentary, which she believed would increase public trust in policing. Reviewers believed that the documentary raised concerns over policing. External criticisms include the CEO of the sexual abuse charity SARSAS, who said specialist training was needed, and the Independent Scrutiny of Police Powers Panel, who said misconduct procedures "protect the police rather than the public".

text:
# To Catch a Copper

***To Catch a Copper*** is a 2024 British documentary series about investigations into officer misconduct within the Avon and Somerset Police. The series has three episodes, which are themed around mental health, race, and sex crimes. Concerns include use of force and racial profiling. In one case, a constable is fired after publishing revenge porn; in another, an officer is acquitted after having sex on duty with an intoxicated woman.

The series aired on Channel 4 after four years of filming in collaboration with the Counter-Corruption Unit, who received complaints and sometimes referred them to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC). The filmmakers intended to make a non-fiction programme in the style of the fictional police procedural *Line of Duty*, but came to the conclusion that there were systemic issues in the police misconduct process. They also heard that many incidents went unreported due to mistrust in the system.

After its release, the Police Federation surveyed local officers and found that most opposed Chief Constable Sarah Crew's co-operation with the documentary, which she believed would increase public trust in policing. Reviewers believed that the documentary raised concerns over policing. External criticisms include the CEO of the sexual abuse charity SARSAS, who said specialist training was needed, and the Independent Scrutiny of Police Powers Panel, who said misconduct procedures "protect the police rather than the public".

## Series overview

The documentary series follows the Counter-Corruption Unit of the Avon and Somerset Police. During the four years of filming, 5,000 complaints are filed: 4,000 result in no action; 43 officers are dismissed; three officers are convicted on criminal charges. The series has three episodes, which are themed around mental health, race and sex crimes, respectively. They aired weekly from Monday 29 January 2024, in a 9 p.m. timeslot.

One woman is arrested under the grounds of disturbing the peace after police assess that she is attempting to jump from the Clifton Suspension Bridge. She is restrained by two female officers with a hand to her throat, a spit hood, and use of PAVA spray at close range. At the police station, she is pinned down and searched as she screams. The level of force used in this case is questioned by a Counter-Corruption Unit officer. In another incident, recorded on body camera footage, police are called to stop a disabled and mentally ill woman from leaving hospital during a crisis. Officers laugh about her allegedly urinating on herself and one says, "fucking bitch". Chief Constable Sarah Crew states her concerns with the incidents depicted and hopes for reform. One officer tells filmmakers that it is difficult to continually engage with vulnerable individuals experiencing mental health crises.

The documentary shows the potential racial profiling of a man who is "stopped and searched", assaulted, arrested, and strip searched. In a separate case, a young, black woman on a bus is PAVA sprayed while holding her toddler close to her in an incident involving six officers. A black man reports head and neck pain, confusion, and loss of balance as he is taken into custody. He is refused medical attention despite his symptoms of brain bleeding. An ambulance is called three hours after he collapses and vomits in a cell.

Constable Dave Lovell is found to have committed gross misconduct by an internal investigation over three instances of revenge porn involving different women. His pattern of sending images of his genitals to co-workers were well known within the force; he had continued as an officer after five investigations into his behaviour, with a verbal warning in 2006 and a written warning in 2016. Additionally, a female police community support officer (PCSO) accuses a male PCSO twice her age of sexual assault by groping. The female PCSO said she joined the police to "make positive change" after they had failed to resolve domestic violence in her childhood.

The officer Lee Cocking had sex on duty with an intoxicated woman on 24 December 2017 after offering to drive her home safely. Investigation into his conduct was previously reported in the media. The documentary reports his acquittal in a criminal misconduct trial and an internal police misconduct process. Cocking says that the drunk woman initiated sex and PTSD caused his passivity, in a defence that another officer calls "farcical". During the investigations, he is suspended on full pay for around five years. Afterwards, he retires on a full pension.

Some incidents are referred to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), who have the power to remove officers from their jobs. In 2022, of 81,000 complaints against the UK police, under 1% led to misconduct proceedings. Overall, the programme features cases involving 16 officers and one PCSO. Two of these people were dismissed. Of the others, the police stated that three resigned, one retired, nine are "put on reflective practice" and two people are not found to have engaged in misconduct. Possible criminal assault in the Clifton Suspension Bridge incident was not referred to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS).

## Production

The filmmakers Hugo Pettitt and Ashley Francis-Roy, who served as director, pitched the series to Channel 4 in 2020 as a documentary in the style of *Line of Duty*, a BBC police procedural based in the fictional Anti-Corruption Unit 12 (AC-12). Pettitt commented that they expected to find "an enjoyable journey of officers solving cases and crimes, rooting out individual officers", but according to Francis-Roy they discovered "a misconduct process that was unfit for purpose in addressing seriously concerning behaviour". The production company Story Films collected footage for four years. During this time, the murder of Sarah Everard by the constable Wayne Couzens and the prosecution of the serial rapist and police officer David Carrick led to public concern over police misconduct. A subsequent report by Louise Casey, Baroness Casey of Blackstock, found that the police were institutionally racist, misogynistic, and homophobic.

Documentary-makers in the genre often rely on police departments continuing to allow them filming access. Such programmes include *24 Hours in Police Custody*, *The Met: Policing London,* and *The Force*. In Pettitt's case, work on *Drugsland* and the U.S. *24 Hours in Police Custody* aided negotiation. According to the journalist Duncan Campbell, media coverage of police became more positive in the mid-1990s due to increased litigation by the Police Federation. Pettitt suggested he may previously have been guilty of accepting police accounts uncritically.

Francis-Roy said they produced a different style of documentary from these non-fiction series about policing, which he felt "tell stories of investigations with police heroes" as entertainment. The Channel 4 commissioner Sacha Mirzoeff said that other series suffer from covering cases retrospectively. The filmmakers were influenced instead by the 1982 documentary series *Police*. In one episode of *Police*, "A Complaint of Rape", a woman reporting rape is interrogated about her mental health, sex life and reproductive system, before officers decide she is lying.

Chief Constable Sarah Crew—the first woman to hold that position after her November 2021 appointment—is featured in the documentary. She stated in June 2023 that the police were institutionally racist. A recent predecessor of hers resigned due to inappropriate conduct towards junior female officers. Crew said that the documentary showed the force was confronting its issues. She hoped it would "improve trust and confidence" and the "ability to police by consent". A member of the Professional Standards Department who is featured said that, from her 21 years' experience, "the culture that once existed is no longer acceptable". Mark Shelford, the local Police and Crime Commissioner, said the "very courageous" decision to allow filming accompanied an increase in misconduct cases, which showed the system worked.

Pettitt said members of the public were reluctant to participate as filmmakers were seen "as another arm of the police". Francis-Roy commented that the police's reaction to incidents in the programme was "a million miles away" from the community response and that victims often saw complaints as a "pointless exercise". Francis-Roy said they heard from many people who did not report incidents due to mistrust of the Professional Standards Department.

## Responses

Spokespeople for the Avon and Somerset Police said that since the documentary was filmed, "significant changes" were made to the misconduct process and that officers had received additional training. They described implementing a new approach to sexual offence investigations, Operation Bluestone. Crew commented that "recovery work" was needed to counteract falling public trust in police, that police misconduct was the "exception", that transparency was "right" and that removal of a "minority of wrongdoers" required "concerted effort" from all officers.

The Police Federation concluded, from surveying 400 members of the Avon and Somerset Police, that most officers opposed the force's co-operation with the documentary-makers and felt "utterly betrayed" and "unsupported". The vice-chair said that the police is "the most accountable of public services" and "fairness and balance" is needed when scrutinising policing. The local chair said that police were increasingly summoned to incidents they had not been trained to deal with, such as mental health crises, and that investigations into officers were increasingly biased towards dismissal "to bring back public confidence".

Desmond Brown, chair of the force's Lammy Group (set up in response to The Lammy Review), said that he was "appalled, angry, but, unfortunately, not surprised" by the issues depicted, as they had been present since he joined and "did not seem to be going anywhere".

The CEO of the sexual abuse charity SARSAS said in reaction that systemic change, additional vetting processes and specialist training by sexual violence services was needed within the police. She connected this to the charity's experience that most people they work with do not feel they can make police reports "for fear of not being believed or taken seriously", or have "negative experiences with the police".

The Independent Scrutiny of Police Powers Panel (ISOPPP), a volunteer organisation set up by the Avon and Somerset Police, said that "radical overhaul" of the system was needed as the Professional Standards Department and IOPC "protect the police rather than the public", which undermines the principle of policing by consent.

The programme garnered ratings of four stars in *The Daily Telegraph*, and three stars in *The Guardian*. Gerard Gilbert of  found the series "eye-opening". Writing in the *Irish Independent*, Pat Stacey commented that the "hardworking" Counter-Corruption Unit are limited in jurisdiction and asked: "How rotten does a rotten apple have to be before it's thrown out?" Similarly, Deputy Mayor Asher Craig told the Royal Television Society that the IOPC is "marking their own homework" without outside scrutiny. In *The Times*, Sean O'Neill said the system appeared "slow, bureaucratic and broken". *The Daily Telegraph* reviewer Anita Singh did not believe the programme would increase public trust in the police. After the first episode, *The Guardian*'s Jack Seale wrote that the series should make a "more focused" argument for police reform.

## InfoBox

| *To Catch a Copper* | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Directed by | Ashley Francis-Roy |
| Narrated by | Isabelle Farah |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 3 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Hugo Pettitt |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Production company | Story Films |
| Original release | |
| Network | Channel 4 |
| Release | 29 January (2024-01-29) <br>12 February 2024 (2024-02-12) |


title: Josef Hipp

abstract: Josef Hipp was a German athlete. He competed in the men's discus throw and the men's decathlon at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Josef Hipp

**Josef Hipp** (13 February 1927  21 January 1959) was a German athlete. He competed in the men's discus throw and the men's decathlon at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Josef Hipp
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1927-02-13)13 February 1927 |
| Died | 21 January 1959(1959-01-21) (aged 31) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | Discus throw<br>Decathlon |


title: Soul Fixin' Man

abstract: Soul Fixin' Man is an album by American blues guitarist Luther Allison, released in 1994 by Alligator Records. It is also known as Bad Love. Some editions have a different track listing.

text:
# Soul Fixin' Man

***Soul Fixin' Man*** is an album by American blues guitarist Luther Allison, released in 1994 by Alligator Records. It is also known as *Bad Love*. Some editions have a different track listing.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings* |  |

Scott Yanow wrote on AllMusic, "A powerful player whose intensity on this set sometimes borders on rock (although remaining quite grounded in blues), Luther Allison (who contributed eight of the dozen songs) displays the large amount of musical growth he had experienced since the mid-'70s. Joined by his quintet, the Memphis Horns, and (on "Freedom") a choir, Allison is heard throughout in top form."

## Track listing

1. "Bad Love" (Luther Allison, James Solberg) - 6:23
2. "I Want to Know" (Ron Badger, Sugar Pie DeSanto, Robert Geddins) - 4:52
3. "Soul Fixin' Man" (Allison, Solberg) - 3:07
4. "Middle of the Road" (Allison) - 4:55
5. "She Was Born That Way" (Bob Johnson, Sam Mosley) - 4:38
6. "Give It All" (Allison) - 3:56
7. "You Been Teasin' Me" (Allison, Solberg) - 3:01
8. "Nobody but You" (Allison, Solberg) - 4:30
9. "Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is" (Allison, Solberg) - 6:28
10. "The Things I Used to Do" (Guitar Slim) - 3:18
11. "Love String" (Johnson, Mosley) - 3:53
12. "Freedom" (Allison, Michael Carras, Oscar Brown, Jr., Frank "Fast Frank" Rabaste) - 4:47

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Soul Fixin' Man | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Luther Allison | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Genre | Blues |
| Label | Alligator |
| Producer | Jim Gaines |
| Luther Allison chronology | |
| *Serious*
(1987) ***Soul Fixin' Man***
(1994) *Blue Streak*
(1994) | |


title: Chang Qing

abstract: Chang Qing is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics. After he left the Chinese national team, he became a coach for Win Tin Swimming Club (WTSC).

text:
# Chang Qing

**Chang Qing** (born 1 November 1966) is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

After he left the Chinese national team, he became a coach for Win Tin Swimming Club (WTSC).

## InfoBox

Chang Qing
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| National team | China |
| Born | (1966-11-01) November 1, 1966<br>China |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Backstroke |
| Club | Win Tin Swimming Club |
|  | |


title: Bonnie Schneider

abstract: Bonnie Schneider is a national television meteorologist and the author of Extreme Weather, published by Palgrave Macmillan. She appears on The Weather Channel. She previously worked for Headline News, and Bloomberg Television. A native of Jericho, New York, Schneider earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from Boston University. She pursued her meteorological studies at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and Hunter College in Manhattan. She started her career as a weekend meteorologist at KPLC-TV in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Bonnie covered Hurricane Sandy for Bloomberg Television from their world headquarters in New York City While reporting on Hurricane Sandy for Bloomberg, Schneider was asked to participate on a panel for a live chat for Huffington Post Live and provide her analysis on the storm in an interview with Former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee on his nationally syndicated radio show on Cumulus Media Networks. Schneider is the co-executive producer and Extreme Weather expert for a television special airing on the DIY Network, called Last House Standing. The show, which was shot on location in California, Alabama and Florida, provides home-owners tips on how to storm-proof against earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes. Schneider's debut on CNN was on June 11, 2005, which was just in time to cover the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which included in-studio analysis of Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, she contributed to CNN International's coverage of Cyclone Nargis and the 2008 earthquake in China. During HLN's coverage of Hurricane Irene in August 2011. Bonnie contributed news reports for Atlanta's NBC affiliate, WXIA throughout the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2014 Winter Olympics. Prior to CNN, Bloomberg TV, and WXIA, Schneider had been the weekend meteorologist and special assignment reporter for "The Ten O'Clock News" on WLVI-TV in Boston. While in Boston, she also provided entertainment and lifestyle reporting as a special assignment reporter three days a week. Prior to WLVI, she was the weekend meteorologist at WFOR-TV in Miami. She has held several meteorology and reporting positions, including News 12 Long Island, a 24-hour cable news television network, and WXII-TV, the NBC affiliate in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She also worked for the CBS network in New York City as a frequent fill-in meteorologist on The Saturday Early Show. Schneider was awarded the American Meteorological Society's seal of approval for broadcast meteorologists who achieve the highest standard of excellence in both technical weather knowledge and communication skills. She has also had the opportunity to interview a number of famous celebrities. While in New York at News 12, she earned the Associated Press Award for "Best Interview" for her half-hour special, "A Conversation with Billy Joel." She said she suffered from nerves just prior to the interview, but her uneasiness subsided after the legendary singer flashed her a smile and admitted that he watched her station's newscasts frequently and always kept an eye out for her "marine forecasts." Bonnie was inducted into the Jericho High School Hall of Fame on April 16, 2015.

text:
# Bonnie Schneider

**Bonnie Schneider** is a national television meteorologist and the author of *Extreme Weather*, published by Palgrave Macmillan. She appears on The Weather Channel. She previously worked for Headline News, and Bloomberg Television.

A native of Jericho, New York, Schneider earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from Boston University. She pursued her meteorological studies at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and Hunter College in Manhattan. She started her career as a weekend meteorologist at KPLC-TV in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

Bonnie covered Hurricane Sandy for Bloomberg Television from their world headquarters in New York City While reporting on Hurricane Sandy for Bloomberg, Schneider was asked to participate on a panel for a live chat for *Huffington Post Live* and provide her analysis on the storm in an interview with Former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee on his nationally syndicated radio show on Cumulus Media Networks.

Schneider is the co-executive producer and Extreme Weather expert for a television special airing on the DIY Network, called *Last House Standing*. The show, which was shot on location in California, Alabama and Florida, provides home-owners tips on how to storm-proof against earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes.

Schneider's debut on CNN was on June 11, 2005, which was just in time to cover the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which included in-studio analysis of Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, she contributed to CNN International's coverage of Cyclone Nargis and the 2008 earthquake in China. During HLN's coverage of Hurricane Irene in August 2011.

Bonnie contributed news reports for Atlanta's NBC affiliate, WXIA throughout the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Prior to CNN, Bloomberg TV, and WXIA, Schneider had been the weekend meteorologist and special assignment reporter for "The Ten O'Clock News" on WLVI-TV in Boston. While in Boston, she also provided entertainment and lifestyle reporting as a special assignment reporter three days a week. Prior to WLVI, she was the weekend meteorologist at WFOR-TV in Miami. She has held several meteorology and reporting positions, including News 12 Long Island, a 24-hour cable news television network, and WXII-TV, the NBC affiliate in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She also worked for the CBS network in New York City as a frequent fill-in meteorologist on *The Saturday Early Show*.

Schneider was awarded the American Meteorological Society's seal of approval for broadcast meteorologists who achieve the highest standard of excellence in both technical weather knowledge and communication skills. She has also had the opportunity to interview a number of famous celebrities. While in New York at News 12, she earned the Associated Press Award for "Best Interview" for her half-hour special, "A Conversation with Billy Joel." She said she suffered from nerves just prior to the interview, but her uneasiness subsided after the legendary singer flashed her a smile and admitted that he watched her station's newscasts frequently and always kept an eye out for her "marine forecasts."

Bonnie was inducted into the Jericho High School Hall of Fame on April 16, 2015.


title: Libera Trevisani Levi-Civita

abstract: Libera Trevisani Levi-Civita was an Italian mathematician born in Verona.

text:
# Libera Trevisani Levi-Civita

**Libera Trevisani Levi-Civita** (17 May 1890 – 11 December 1973) was an Italian mathematician born in Verona.

## Biography

Libera Trevisani earned her classical lyceum A levels in 1908 at the "Bernardino Telesio" Lyceum in Cosenza. In the 1908–1909 academic year, she matriculated at the University of Padova.

In 1912, she graduated at the University of Padova, under the guidance of the mathematician Tullio Levi-Civita, with a thesis titled *Sul moto medio dei nodi nel problema dei tre corpi* ("About the average motion within the three body problem"). This thesis extended Levi-Civita's researches on the average asymptotic motion existence, for a point represented by the generic solution of a linear system with periodic coefficients, to the problem of the three bodies, whenever this is referred to the moon theory. The results achieved by Trevisani were so satisfactory that her mentor decided to present them to 28 April 1912 meeting at the Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti (Veneto's Institute of sciences, letters and arts). The note was published in the *Atti* (Records) in the same year.

In April 1914, the young Libera Trevisani married her mentor, Tullio Levi-Civita.

In 1944 she was elected president of the reinstated FILDIS (*Federazione Italiana Laureate e Diplomate di Istituti Superiori* – Federation of Italian Graduated Women in Higher Education) which had been dissolved in 1935 by the fascist regime. She remained in office until 1953 and carried on institutional initiatives aimed at the empowerment of women and the protection of women's rights.

In 1945 Libera retrieved Susanna Silberstein from the Florentine convent where her parents had placed her just before they were rounded up by the Nazis in 1943, and she later adopted her.

## InfoBox

| Libera Trevisani Levi-Civita | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1890-05-17)17 May 1890
Verona, Italy |
| Died | 11 December 1973(1973-12-11) (aged 83)
Rome, Italy |
| Alma mater | University of Padua |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Thesis | *Sul moto medio dei nodi nel problema dei tre corpi*  (1912) |
| Doctoral advisor | Tullio Levi-Civita |
|  | |


title: Chuen Yan Cheng

abstract: Chuen Yan Cheng is a Senior Scientist for the Population Council's Center for Biomedical Research. He is most well known as the inventor of the non-steroid male contraceptive drug——Adjudin, which is the first male contraceptive drug on the market now finished clinical trials showing no side effects.

text:
# Chuen Yan Cheng

**Chuen Yan Cheng** (Chinese: 鄭泉恩) is a Senior Scientist for the Population Council's Center for Biomedical Research. He is most well known as the inventor of the non-steroid male contraceptive drug——Adjudin, which is the first male contraceptive drug on the market now finished clinical trials showing no side effects.

## Career

He graduated from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with a B.Sc. in 1977, and obtained his Ph.D. in biochemistry and cell biology at the University of Newcastle, Australia, in 1981. He came to New York as a Population Council post-doctoral trainee in 1981, studying in the laboratory of Drs. Wayne Bardin, Neal Musto, and Glen Gunsalus and was appointed as a research investigator in December 1982.

Cheng's research focuses on the development of a novel contraceptive for human males. These studies currently are supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the CONRAD Program, and the Andrew Mellon Foundation.

## InfoBox

| Prof Chuen Yan Cheng | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-06-18) June 18, 1954
Hong Kong, China |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Chinese University of Hong Kong (B.Sc.)
University of Newcastle, Australia (Ph.D.) |
| Known for | Male contraceptive drug |
| Awards | Richard E. Weizman Memorial Award
Best Scientific Paper Award |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Biochemistry |
| Institutions | Rockefeller University |
|  | |


title: Ricinocarpos linearifolius

abstract: Ricinocarpos linearifolius is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a monoecious or dioecious shrub with hairy young branchlets, linear leaves and white flowers, arranged either singly, with two to four male flowers, or a single female flower surrounded by up to three male flowers.

text:
# Ricinocarpos linearifolius

***Ricinocarpos linearifolius*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a monoecious or dioecious shrub with hairy young branchlets, linear leaves and white flowers, arranged either singly, with two to four male flowers, or a single female flower surrounded by up to three male flowers.

## Description

*Ricinocarpos linearifolius* is a monoecious or dioecious shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in), its young branchlets densely covered with greyish-white, star-shaped hairs. The leaves are linear, 15–45 mm (0.59–1.77 in) long and 1.0–1.3 mm (0.039–0.051 in) wide on a densely hairy petiole 0.8–1.5 mm (0.031–0.059 in) long. The upper surface of the leaves quickly becomes glabrous and the lower surface is densely covered with silky hairs, so that only the midrib is visible. The flowers are arranged either as a single male or female flower, or as clusters of two to four male flowers, or with a single female flower surrounded by up to three male flowers. Male flowers are on a slender, densely hairy pedicel 4–15 mm (0.16–0.59 in) long, the sepals joined at the base and densely hairy, the sepal lobes egg-shaped, 3.0–4.5 mm (0.12–0.18 in) long. The petals are white and egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base to round, 6.2–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long and 4.2–5.5 mm (0.17–0.22 in) wide. Each male flower has 40 to 50 stamens. Female flowers are on a stout, hairy pedicel 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) long, the sepal lobes egg-shaped, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 2.2–3.0 mm (0.087–0.118 in) wide. The petals are white and egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, and 7.5–9.3 mm (0.30–0.37 in) long with smooth edges. Flowering occurs throughout the year with a peak from August to October, and the fruit is a more or less spherical capsule 8.0–9.5 mm (0.31–0.37 in) in diameter and covered with star-shaped hairs.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Ricinocarpos linearifolius* was first formally described in 2007 by David Halford and Rodney Henderson in the journal *Austrobaileya* from specimens collected by Henderson in the northern end of the Blackdown Tableland National Park in 1987. The specific epithet (*linearifolius*) means "linear-leaved".

## Distribution and habitat

This species grows in heath, woodland and open forest between Jericho, Biggenden and Inglewood in Queensland, and near Warialda in New South Wales.

## InfoBox

| *Ricinocarpos linearifolius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| I the Blackdown Tableland National Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | *Ricinocarpos* |
| Species: | ***R. linearifolius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ricinocarpos linearifolius***<br>Halford & R.J.F.Hend. | |
|


title: Downieville-Lawson-Dumont, Colorado

abstract: Downieville-Lawson-Dumont is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the unincorporated communities of Downieville, Lawson, and Dumont located in and governed by Clear Creek County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Dumont post office ZIP code 80436 serves the area. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP was 527.

text:
# Downieville-Lawson-Dumont, Colorado

**Downieville-Lawson-Dumont** is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the unincorporated communities of Downieville, Lawson, and Dumont located in and governed by Clear Creek County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Dumont post office ZIP code 80436 (post office boxes) serves the area. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP was 527.

## Geography

Downieville, Lawson, and Dumont are adjacent in Clear Creek Canyon alongside Interstate 70.

The Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP has an area of 511 acres (2.068 km2), including 13 acres (0.054 km2) of water.

## Demographics

The United States Census Bureau initially defined the Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP for the United States Census 2000.

Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP, Colorado
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 364 |  |
| 2010 | 594 | +63.2% |
| 2020 | 527 | −11.3% |
| Source: United States Census Bureau | | |

## InfoBox

| Downieville-Lawson-Dumont, Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Census Designated Place | |
| The Dumont School in Dumont. | |
| Location of the Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP in Clear Creek County, Colorado. | |
| Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDPLocation of the Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP in the United States. | |
| Coordinates: 39°45′55″N 105°37′15″W / 39.76528°N 105.62083°W / 39.76528; -105.62083 (Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP, Colorado) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Clear Creek County |
| Government | |
| Type | unincorporated communities |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.068 km2 (0.798 sq mi) |
| Land | 2.014 km2 (0.778 sq mi) |
| Water | 0.054 km2 (0.021 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,441 m (8,009 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 527 |
| Density | 250/km2 (660/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP Code | Dumont 80436 |
| Area codes | 303 & 720 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2408685 |


title: Clyde Stanway

abstract: George Clyde Stanway was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Clyde Stanway

**George Clyde Stanway** (23 June 1886 – 6 June 1968) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Clyde Stanway | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | George Clyde Stanway | | |
| Date of birth | (1886-06-23)23 June 1886 | | |
| Place of birth | Fitzroy, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 6 June 1968(1968-06-06) (aged 81) | | |
| Place of death | Coburg North, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Brunswick | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1906 | Melbourne | 13 (1) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1906. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Eddie Paynter

abstract: Edward Paynter was an English cricketer: an attacking batsman and excellent fielder. Among batsmen with at least ten Test dismissals, his batting average of 59.23 is the eighth highest ever; among batsmen with at least 25 Test dismissals, his average is the fifth highest ever, second only to Herbert Sutcliffe amongst Englishmen. Against Australia alone Paynter averaged an extraordinary 84.42. Born in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, Paynter did not make his first-class debut for Lancashire County Cricket Club until the relatively advanced age of 24 in July 1926. He made a slow start to his career, however, not establishing himself as a first-team player until 1930 and only scoring his first century in July of the following year, making exactly 100 against Warwickshire in his 48th first-class match. He scored 102 against the touring New Zealanders in the very next game, and in August made his Test debut against the same opposition. However, the match was ruined by rain, with no play possible on the first two of the game's scheduled three days, and Paynter made just three in his only innings. Perhaps the most famous of his Test appearances came against Australia, on the "Bodyline tour" of 1932/33. At Brisbane Paynter was taken to hospital suffering from tonsillitis, yet with England in difficulty at 216/6 in reply to Australia's 340, came out to bat. After spending the night in hospital, he made his way to 83 and helped his team to an unlikely first-innings lead, and though he only fielded for a couple of hours, returned for the second innings and had the honour of hitting the winning runs – with a six off McCabe. Paynter averaged a fine 61.33 over his five innings on this tour. Paynter was then out of the England side for a time, but in 1937 his county form – 2,904 runs and a five-hour triple century against Sussex brought him a recall against New Zealand, as well as Wisden Cricketer of the Year recognition in the next year's Almanack. In 1938 Paynter had another outstanding series against Australia, averaging 101.75 and hitting 216 not out at Nottingham, at the time an England record for Ashes Tests in England. He also filled in very competently as wicket-keeper when Les Ames was injured at Lord's. Paynter was again very successful the following winter against South Africa, scoring three centuries and two fifties in eight innings, including 243 at Durban, to average 81.62. The Second World War brought an effective end to Paynter's career, though he did play a few special and festival games after the war. His final first-class innings was 75 not out for a Commonwealth XI against the Bombay Governor's XI in 1950/51; he then stood for one season (1951) as a first-class umpire. He spent the rest of his working life stacking wool in a Yorkshire mill. He died at the age of 77 in Keighley, Yorkshire.

text:
# Eddie Paynter

**Edward Paynter** (5 November 1901 – 5 February 1979) was an English cricketer: an attacking batsman and excellent fielder. Among batsmen with at least ten Test dismissals, his batting average of 59.23 is the eighth highest ever; among batsmen with at least 25 Test dismissals, his average is the fifth highest ever, second only to Herbert Sutcliffe amongst Englishmen. Against Australia alone Paynter averaged an extraordinary 84.42.

Born in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, Paynter did not make his first-class debut for Lancashire County Cricket Club until the relatively advanced age of 24 in July 1926. He made a slow start to his career, however, not establishing himself as a first-team player until 1930 and only scoring his first century in July of the following year, making exactly 100 against Warwickshire in his 48th first-class match. He scored 102 against the touring New Zealanders in the very next game, and in August made his Test debut against the same opposition. However, the match was ruined by rain, with no play possible on the first two of the game's scheduled three days, and Paynter made just three in his only innings.

Perhaps the most famous of his Test appearances came against Australia, on the "Bodyline tour" of 1932/33. At Brisbane Paynter was taken to hospital suffering from tonsillitis, yet with England in difficulty at 216/6 in reply to Australia's 340, came out to bat. After spending the night in hospital, he made his way to 83 and helped his team to an unlikely first-innings lead, and though he only fielded for a couple of hours, returned for the second innings and had the honour of hitting the winning runs – with a six off McCabe. Paynter averaged a fine 61.33 over his five innings on this tour.

Paynter was then out of the England side for a time, but in 1937 his county form – 2,904 runs and a five-hour triple century against Sussex brought him a recall against New Zealand, as well as Wisden Cricketer of the Year recognition in the next year's Almanack. In 1938 Paynter had another outstanding series against Australia, averaging 101.75 and hitting 216 not out at Nottingham, at the time an England record for Ashes Tests in England. He also filled in very competently as wicket-keeper when Les Ames was injured at Lord's. Paynter was again very successful the following winter against South Africa, scoring three centuries and two fifties in eight innings, including 243 at Durban, to average 81.62.

The Second World War brought an effective end to Paynter's career, though he did play a few special and festival games after the war. His final first-class innings was 75 not out for a Commonwealth XI against the Bombay Governor's XI in 1950/51; he then stood for one season (1951) as a first-class umpire. He spent the rest of his working life stacking wool in a Yorkshire mill. He died at the age of 77 in Keighley, Yorkshire.

Paynter was played by Alan David Lee in *Bodyline*, the dramatisation of the "Bodyline tour" of 1932/33.

## InfoBox

Eddie Paynter
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Edward Paynter |
| Born | (1901-11-05)5 November 1901
Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, England |
| Died | 5 February 1979(1979-02-05) (aged 77)
Keighley, Yorkshire, England |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium pace |
| Role | Batsman |
| Relations | DE Paynter (great-grandson) |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 263) | 15 August 1931 v New Zealand |
| Last Test | 22 July 1939 v West Indies |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1926–1945 | Lancashire |
| 1932–1939 | Marylebone Cricket Club |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test FC  Matches 20 352  Runs scored 1540 20075  Batting average 59.23 42.26  100s/50s 4/7 45/95  Top score 243 322  Balls bowled  3105  Wickets  30  Bowling average  45.70  5 wickets in innings  0  10 wickets in match  0  Best bowling  3/13  Catches/stumpings 7/– 160/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 21 August 2009 | |


title: Veeresh Malik

abstract: Veeresh Malik is an Indian author, syndicated columnist and social worker. He is a Co-convenor and co-founder of the India Against Corruption anti-corruption movement. He writes a column for Chowk.com, Moneylife. Outlook India and Times of India

text:
# Veeresh Malik

**Veeresh Malik** is an Indian author, syndicated columnist and social worker. He is a Co-convenor and co-founder of the India Against Corruption anti-corruption movement. He writes a column for Chowk.com, Moneylife. Outlook India and Times of India

## Achievements

1. Malik co-founded the India Against Corruption anti-corruption movement in 2007.

2. Malik is a leading RTI activist of India who helped in defining the scope of the Right to Information Act with the pathbreaking judgment in his case *Indian Olympic Association vs Veeresh Malik & Ors. on 7 January 2010* "which confirmed that the IOC and the Commonwealth Games Organising Committee were public authorities for the purposes of the meaning of Section 2(h) of the Right to Information Act, 2005".

3. A former mariner, Malik is an expert on piracy.

4. Mr Veeresh Malik is an expert on counterfeit currency. From May 2014 he along with another associate began filing numerous (over 190) representations to India's financial authorities to "demonetise" India's much counterfeited Rs.500 and Rs.1,000 currency notes. The Bank finally acted on India Against Corruption's representations in Nov of 2016.

## Books Authored

1. Train to Pakistan - 2004

2. Just an Indian - the Man who Will not Bribe

3. Train to Goa

4. Essays on Pakistan from an Indian Point of View

5. Nirmal Hoon, Buccaneer of Turner Morrison: Life and times of the man who would not give up

6. Turbulence - my life in the Indian Merchant Navy Redux: Going out to sea?

7. BONDA! The 007 of dogs!!: Live and let live-dogs and humans

8. India's Online Public Grievance Mechanism: Case Studies 2013


title: Soul Flowers

abstract: Soul Flowers is an album by jazz organist Johnny "Hammond" Smith recorded for the Prestige label in 1967.

text:
# Soul Flowers

***Soul Flowers*** is an album by jazz organist Johnny "Hammond" Smith recorded for the Prestige label in 1967.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

The Allmusic site awarded the album 3 stars stating "When a soul-jazz artist decides to devote the bulk of his album to pop standards and themes from the movies, stage, and TV, he better make damn sure that he interprets them in an inventive fashion. Fortunately, that's what Smith manages to do on this 1967 session".

## Track listing

All compositions by Johnny "Hammond" Smith except where noted

1. "N.Y.P.D." (Charles Gross) - 3:30
2. "Dirty Apple" - 5:00
3. "Days of Wine and Roses" (Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer) - 3:20
4. "Ode to Billie Joe" (Bobbie Gentry) - 3:15
5. "You'll Never Walk Alone" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) - 3:10
6. "Alfie" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) - 3:05
7. "Tara's Theme" (Max Steiner) - 3:35
8. "Here's That Rainy Day" (Johnny Burke, Jimmy Van Heusen) - 4:45
9. "I Got a Woman" (Ray Charles, Renald Richard) - 5:20

## Personnel

### Production

## InfoBox

| Soul Flowers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Johnny "Hammond" Smith | |
| Released | 1968 |
| Recorded | September 27, 1967 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJ |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 35:00 |
| Label | Prestige
PR 7549 |
| Producer | Cal Lampley |
| Johnny "Hammond" Smith chronology | |
| *Gettin' Up*
(1967) ***Soul Flowers***
(1968) *Dirty Grape*
(1968) | |


title: Single-responsibility principle

abstract: The single-responsibility principle (SRP) is a computer programming principle that states that "A module should be responsible to one, and only one, actor." The term actor refers to a group that requires a change in the module. Robert C. Martin, the originator of the term, expresses the principle as, "A class should have only one reason to change". Because of confusion around the word "reason", he later clarified his meaning in a blog post titled "The Single Responsibility Principle", in which he mentioned Separation of Concerns and stated that "Another wording for the Single Responsibility Principle is: Gather together the things that change for the same reasons. Separate those things that change for different reasons.". In some of his talks, he also argues that the principle is, in particular, about roles or actors. For example, while they might be the same person, the role of an accountant is different from a database administrator. Hence, each module should be responsible for each role.

text:
# Single-responsibility principle

The **single-responsibility principle** (**SRP**) is a computer programming principle that states that "A module should be responsible to one, and only one, actor." The term actor refers to a group (consisting of one or more stakeholders or users) that requires a change in the module.

Robert C. Martin, the originator of the term, expresses the principle as, "A class should have only one reason to change". Because of confusion around the word "reason", he later clarified his meaning in a blog post titled "The Single Responsibility Principle", in which he mentioned Separation of Concerns and stated that "Another wording for the Single Responsibility Principle is: Gather together the things that change for the same reasons. Separate those things that change for different reasons.". In some of his talks, he also argues that the principle is, in particular, about roles or actors. For example, while they might be the same person, the role of an accountant is different from a database administrator. Hence, each module should be responsible for each role.

## History

The term was introduced by Robert C. Martin in his article "The Principles of OOD" as part of his *Principles of Object Oriented Design*, made popular by his 2003 book *Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices*. Martin described it as being based on the principle of cohesion, as described by Tom DeMarco in his book *Structured Analysis and System Specification*, and Meilir Page-Jones in *The Practical Guide to Structured Systems Design*. In 2014 Martin published a blog post titled "The Single Responsibility Principle" with a goal to clarify what was meant by the phrase "reason for change."

## Example

Martin defines a responsibility as a *reason to change*, and concludes that a class or module should have one, and only one, reason to be changed (e.g. rewritten).

As an example, consider a module that compiles and prints a report. Imagine such a module can be changed for two reasons. First, the content of the report could change. Second, the format of the report could change. These two things change for different causes. The single responsibility principle says that these two aspects of the problem are really two separate responsibilities, and should, therefore, be in separate classes or modules. It would be a bad design to couple two things that change for different reasons at different times.

The reason it is important to keep a class focused on a single concern is that it makes the class more robust. Continuing with the foregoing example, if there is a change to the report compilation process, there is a greater danger that the printing code will break if it is part of the same class.

1. Martin, Robert C. (2018). *Clean architecture : a craftsman's guide to software structure and design*. Boston. ISBN 978-0-13-449432-6. OCLC 1003645626.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
2. Martin, Robert C. (2003). *Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices*. Prentice Hall. p. 95. ISBN 978-0135974445.
3. Martin, Robert C. (2014). "The Single Responsibility Principle". *The Clean Code Blog*.
4. Robert C. Martin (2018). *Clean Architecture: A Craftsman's Guide to Software Structure and Design*. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-449416-6.
5. Martin, Robert C. (2005). "The Principles of OOD". *butunclebob.com*.
6. Martin 2003, pp. 95–98
7. DeMarco, Tom. (1979). *Structured Analysis and System Specification*. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-854380-1.
8. Page-Jones, Meilir (1988). *The Practical Guide to Structured Systems Design*. Yourdon Press Computing Series. p. 82. ISBN 978-8120314825.


title: Bonny Pierce Lhotka

abstract: Bonny Pierce Lhotka is a painter and mixed-media artist, and tradigital art.

text:
# Bonny Pierce Lhotka

**Bonny Pierce Lhotka** (born 1942) is a painter and mixed-media artist, and tradigital art.

## Life

She was born in La Grange, Illinois on 14 July 1942. She attended Bradley University and graduated with a Bachelors in Fine Art in 1964.

She has shown her work in numerous shows and exhibitions, including the 2011 *Digital Darkroom* group show at the Annenberg Space for Photography that was the focus of a 2015 KCET documentary.

She has written a number of instructional books.

## Works

* Bonny Pierce Lhotka (20 December 2010). *Digital Alchemy: Printmaking techniques for fine art, photography, and mixed media*. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-256294-2.
* Bonny Pierce Lhotka (9 April 2013). *The Last Layer: New methods in digital printing for photography, fine art, and mixed media*. New Riders. ISBN 978-0-13-337300-4.
* Bonny Pierce Lhotka (24 January 2015). *Hacking the Digital Print: Alternative image capture and printmaking processes with a special section on 3D printing*. New Riders. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0-13-403653-3.
* Karin Schminke, Dorothy Simpson Krause, Bonny Pierce Lhotka, *Digital Art Studio: Techniques for Combining Inkjet Printing with Traditional Art Materials* Watson-Guptill Publications, 2004, ISBN 9780823013425

## InfoBox

| Bonny Pierce Lhotka | |
| --- | --- |
| Unique Editions, tradigital art collective of the 1990s:
top, left to right: Bonny Lhotka, Judith Moncrieff;
bottom, left to right: Dorothy Krause, Karin Schminke, Helen Golden | |
| Born | 1942
La Grange, Illinois |
| Alma mater | Bradley University |
| Known for | digital print |


title: Skin Companion EP 1

abstract: Skin Companion EP 1 is an extended play (EP) by Australian electronic musician Flume. The four-track EP was written during the production of Flume's studio album, Skin. It was released digitally and on vinyl, by Future Classic on 25 November 2016.

text:
# Skin Companion EP 1

***Skin Companion EP 1*** is an extended play (EP) by Australian electronic musician Flume. The four-track EP was written during the production of Flume's studio album, *Skin*.

It was released digitally and on vinyl, by Future Classic on 25 November 2016.

## Background

In August 2016, Flume announced the release of the EP. It follows the release of his second studio album, *Skin* and is "some more music that was written around the same time" as that album.

Flume said: "I've been overwhelmed by the support you guys have shown for *Skin* over the past few months and I wanted to share some more music that was written around the same time. The first *Skin Companion EP* is a 12" of songs we are releasing in November. It will be available on vinyl at lots of great indie record stores around the world."

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Pitchfork | 6.6/10 |

Nathan Reese of Pitchfork said that *Skin Companion EP 1* is a "lithe, quirky, understated EP".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Harley Streten

*Skin Companion EP 1* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "TRUST" (featuring Isabella Manfredi) | 3:17 |
| 2. | "V" | 2:29 |
| 3. | "Heater" | 4:05 |
| 4. | "Quirk" | 3:36 |
| Total length: | | 13:26 |

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 29 |
| US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |

## InfoBox

| Skin Companion EP 1 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Flume | |
| Released | 25 November 2016 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 13:26 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Harley Streten |
| Flume chronology | |
| *Skin*
(2016) ***Skin Companion EP 1***
(2016) *Skin Companion EP 2*
(2017) | |


title: Christine Payne

abstract: Christine Grace Payne is a British former trade union leader. Payne graduated from Loughborough University and studied industrial relations at Middlesex Polytechnic. In 1979, she began working for the trade union Equity, becoming the television commercials organiser in 1981. She served as Assistant Secretary between 1991 and 1999, when she became Assistant General Secretary. In 2005 Payne was elected as the union's General Secretary, becoming the first woman to lead the union. Under Payne's leadership, membership of Equity grew from just over 35,000 in 2005, to just under 49,000 in 2020. She served on the executive committee of the International Federation of Actors, and the General Council of the Trades Union Congress. Payne was re-elected unopposed as general secretary in 2010 and 2015, retiring in 2020. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to the trade union movement.

text:
# Christine Payne

**Christine Grace Payne** MBE (born 30 December 1956) is a British former trade union leader.

Payne graduated from Loughborough University and studied industrial relations at Middlesex Polytechnic. In 1979, she began working for the trade union Equity, becoming the television commercials organiser in 1981. She served as Assistant Secretary (Recorded Performance) between 1991 and 1999, when she became Assistant General Secretary (Live Performance).

In 2005 Payne was elected as the union's General Secretary, becoming the first woman to lead the union.

Under Payne's leadership, membership of Equity grew from just over 35,000 in 2005, to just under 49,000 in 2020. She served on the executive committee of the International Federation of Actors, and the General Council of the Trades Union Congress.

Payne was re-elected unopposed as general secretary in 2010 and 2015, retiring in 2020.

She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to the trade union movement.

1. "Payne, Christine Grace", *Who's Who*
2. Natalie Woolman, "Christine Payne re-elected as Equity general secretary", *The Stage*, 7 September 2010
3. David Hutchison, "Christine Payne re-elected as Equity's general secretary", *The Stage*, 4 September 2015
4. International Federation of Actors, Executive Committee
5. Trades Union Congress, TUC General Council members Archived 2017-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
6. "No. 64082". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 17 June 2023. p. B23.


title: Ricinocarpos megalocarpus

abstract: Ricinocarpos megalocarpus is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae and is endemic to the south coast of Western Australia. It is a compact, rounded, usually monoecious shrub with linear leaves and white flowers, arranged either singly, or male flowers in groups, or with a single female flower surrounded by up to six male flowers.

text:
# Ricinocarpos megalocarpus

***Ricinocarpos megalocarpus*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae and is endemic to the south coast of Western Australia. It is a compact, rounded, usually monoecious shrub with linear leaves and white flowers, arranged either singly, or male flowers in groups, or with a single female flower surrounded by up to six male flowers.

## Description

*Ricinocarpos megalocarpus* is a compact, rounded, usually monoecious, rarely dioecious shrub that typically grows to height of up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in), its young branchlets glabrous. The leaves are linear, 9–20 mm (0.35–0.79 in) long and 1.6–1.8 mm (0.063–0.071 in) wide on a glabrous petiole 1.5–2.0 mm (0.059–0.079 in) long. The upper surface of the leaves is smooth and glabrous and the lower surface is covered with soft, white hairs. The flowers are arranged either singly, in groups of male flowers, or by a single female flower surrounded by up to six male flowers. Male flowers are on a slender pedicel 8–22 mm (0.31–0.87 in) long, the sepals joined at the base, densely hairy on the inner surface, the sepal lobes 1.3–1.7 mm (0.051–0.067 in) long. The petals are white, glabrous and narrowly egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 9.5–11 mm (0.37–0.43 in) long and 3.5–4.5 mm (0.14–0.18 in) wide. Each male flower has about 55 stamens. Female flowers are on a stout pedicel 4–15 mm (0.16–0.59 in) long, the petals 11–12 mm (0.43–0.47 in) long and 3.5–4.0 mm (0.14–0.16 in) wide. Flowering occurs from August to February, and the fruit is an oval capsule about 14–16 mm (0.55–0.63 in) long and 10–13 mm (0.39–0.51 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Ricinocarpos megalocarpus* was first formally described in 2007 by David Halford and Rodney Henderson in the journal *Austrobaileya* from specimens collected by Paul Wilson in the Duke of Orleans Bay in Cape Le Grand National Park in 1968. The specific epithet (*megalocarpus*) means "large-fruited", referring to the fruits compared to those of the similar *R. tuberculatus*.

## Distribution and habitat

This species grows in heath on coastal sand dunes between Cape Le Grand and Cape Arid National Park, in the Esperance Plains, Mallee and Swan Coastal Plain bioregions of south-western Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Ricinocarpos megalocarpus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | *Ricinocarpos* |
| Species: | ***R. megalocarpus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ricinocarpos megalocarpus***<br>Halford & R.J.F.Hend. | |
|


title: Doug Berndt

abstract: Douglas Brian Berndt was an American figure skater. He competed in pairs with partner Barbara Brown. The duo twice won the bronze medal at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships and competed in the 1972 Winter Olympics. Following his skating career, Berndt was a flight attendant with United Airlines.

text:
# Doug Berndt

**Douglas Brian Berndt** (born September 10, 1949, in Denver, Colorado; died February 2, 1995, in Denver) was an American figure skater. He competed in pairs with partner Barbara Brown. The duo twice won the bronze medal at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships and competed in the 1972 Winter Olympics.

Following his skating career, Berndt was a flight attendant with United Airlines.

## Results

(pairs with Barbara Brown)

| Event | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winter Olympic Games |  |  | 12th |
| World Championships |  | 11th | 14th |
| U.S. Championships | 1st J. | 3rd | 3rd |


title: Starkweather School

abstract: Starkweather School is an educational building located at 550 North Holbrook Street in Plymouth, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. It is the only school from its time still extant in Plymouth, and the only school in Plymouth designed by Malcomson and Higginbotham, who designed numerous schools for the Detroit school district.

text:
# Starkweather School

**Starkweather School** is an educational building located at 550 North Holbrook Street in Plymouth, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. It is the only school from its time still extant in Plymouth, and the only school in Plymouth designed by Malcomson and Higginbotham, who designed numerous schools for the Detroit school district.

## History

Until the 1920s, the Plymouth school district had relied on a single, centrally located school to service its student population. The first school, a log structure, was built in 1830. This was replaced with a frame structure in 1840 and a larger brick school in 1884, which housed both elementary and high school students. This school burned in 1916, and was replaced with a large building. However, by 1922, the district had grown to nearly 1000 students, and even the 1916 school was severely overcrowded. An elementary school was added that year, located near the main school. By 1926, even this school was overcrowded, and the school board decided to construct a neighborhood elementary school in the North Village section of the city.

The school board hired the firm of Malcomson and Higginbotham to design this school, which was constructed by contractors Talbot & Meier. It was named for George Anson Starkweather, one of the pioneers of Plymouth and a former teacher in the district. The school opened in 1927. It was used as a neighborhood school for several decades, and a gymnasium and cafeteria addition was constructed at the rear in 1961. The school later was converted into an adult education center. It closed in 2013. The district sold the building in early 2016, and developers have plans to renovate the structure into 22 loft spaces, to be called "Schoolhouse Lofts of Plymouth".

## Description

Starkweather School is a two-story I-plan structure, faced with red/brown brick with limestone trim, and topped with a high hipped roof. The front facade is symmetrical, with each end featuring prominent bay windows surrounded with limestone and topped with a parapet containing inset brick squares. Hipped roof sections project forward over the bays. Two entryways with arched limestone surrounds are located inboard of the bay windows. The roof was originally clad with slate, but now has asphalt shingles. A pair of limestone-trimmed red brick chimneys sit atop the roof, complementing the facade.

The front facade originally has banks of five tall side-by-side double-hung nine-over-nine windows. One bank was located in each of the two center bays and one more in each bay window in the bay above each. The bay windows had metal spandrel panels with raised center panels between the center bays’ upper and lower tiers. The side and rear facades also had more of these windows, with surrounds that matched those in the front facade. However, the original windows have been replaced with much smaller vinyl windows set into insulated panels that infill the original openings, and dramatically change the look of the building.

Two additions are connected to the main structure. The first is a single-story flat-roof red brick garage connected at the northeast rear corner. The second is a modern hipped roof, red brick gymnasium and cafeteria addition, connected at the southeast rear corner. The gymnasium addition has a windowless red brick base with clerestory windows above, now also replaced with smaller vinyl windows.

On the interior, the building is substantially original. The two entry vestibules have quarry tile floors and brick walls with decorative tiles, manufactured by the Flint Faience Tile Company inset. The corridors floors feature rust-colored sheet linoleum inset into a cream-colored terrazzo bases and with coved border. Corridor walls have a cement wainscoting topped with oak trim. The classroom floors are carpeted, with original wood floors beneath. Each classroom has a blackboard surrounded by stained oak trim, and coat and storage areas on another wall, with bulletin boards either side. The kindergarten room has, in addition, a fireplace surrounded with Flint Faience tile in a field of green, and an oak mantel. The same green Flint Faience tiles surround a drinking fountain.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Starkweather School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 550 N. Holbrook St., Plymouth, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°22′42″N 83°27′34″W / 42.37833°N 83.45944°W / 42.37833; -83.45944 |
| Built | 1927 |
| Built by | Talbot & Meier |
| Architect | Malcomson and Higginbotham |
| Architectural style | Late Gothic Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 16000762 |
| Added to NRHP | November 7, 2016 |


title: Edith Birkin

abstract: Edith Birkin was a Jewish artist and writer born in Prague, who spent her later years in Britain. She was a survivor of the Holocaust.

text:
# Edith Birkin

**Edith Birkin** (née **Hofmann**; 13 November 1927 – 20 September 2018) was a Jewish artist and writer born in Prague, who spent her later years in Britain. She was a survivor of the Holocaust.

## Early life and war years

Edith Hofmann was born in Prague in 1927; in 1941, aged 14, she was sent with her family to the Lodz ghetto in Poland. Her parents died within their first year there. When the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, Birkin was sent to the concentration camp at Auschwitz where she spent the rest of her time there working in an underground munitions factory.

Birkin was liberated from Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945, having survived a death march to the Flossenbürg concentration camp. She returned to Prague at the end of the war to discover that none of her family had survived.

> It was really I think the worst time of the war. Although we were free and liberated, it was the very worst time because we realised, or I realised that nobody was going to come back, and that life is never going to be the same, and what I hoped for would happen after the war is never going to happen. The hope was gone.

Birkin wrote down her experiences shortly after liberation and in 2001 they were published in the form of a novel, *Unshed Tears* under her maiden name, Edith Hofmann.

## Art career

In 1946 Birkin moved to England, where she became a teacher and went on to adopt three children. In the 1970s she studied A-level History of Modern Art and went on to take a course in fine art. She painted a series of paintings in response to her experiences, and also written a book of poems titled *The Last Goodbye*, also published as Edith Hofmann. She described her work as expressing the "sense of loneliness or isolation experienced by so many".

Birkin died on 20 September 2018, at the age of 90.

## Collections

## Exhibitions

## InfoBox

| Edith Birkin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Edith Hofmann
(1927-11-13)13 November 1927
Prague, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | 20 September 2018(2018-09-20) (aged 90) |


title: Vassily Sinaisky

abstract: Vassily Serafimovich Sinaisky is a Russian conductor and pianist.

text:
# Vassily Sinaisky

**Vassily Serafimovich Sinaisky** (Russian: Васи́лий Серафи́мович Сина́йский, born in Abez camp, Komi Republic, April 20, 1947) is a Russian conductor and pianist.

## Biography

Sinaisky studied conducting with Ilya Musin at the Leningrad Conservatory and began his career as assistant to Kirill Kondrashin at the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra.

Sinaisky was Chief Conductor of the Latvian National Symphony Orchestra from 1976 to 1989. He served as Music Director and Principal Conductor of the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra from 1991 to 1996. He has also held the post of Principal Guest Conductor of the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra.

Sinaisky was Principal Guest Conductor of the BBC Philharmonic from 1996 until January 2012. Sinaisky has made several recordings with the BBC Philharmonic for Chandos, including works by Karol Szymanowski, Rodion Shchedrin, Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Franz Schreker, as well as a series of recordings of Dmitri Shostakovich's film music. Sinaisky now has the title of conductor emeritus with the BBC Philharmonic.

Sinaisky was principal conductor of the Malmö Symphony Orchestra from January 2007 through the 2010-2011 season. With the Malmö orchestra, he has conducted commercial recordings for the Naxos label, including music of Franz Schmidt. He became Conductor in Residence at the Bolshoi Theatre with the 2009-2010 season. In August 2010, he was named the Bolshoi's music director and chief conductor. In December 2013, Sinaisky resigned his posts with the Bolshoi Theatre, with immediate effect.

In December 2018, Sinaisky first guest-conducted the Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra. He returned for a second guest-conducting engagement at the start of the 2019-2020 season. In April 2020, the orchestra announced the appointment of Sinaisky as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2020-2021 season. Sinaisky concluded his chief conductorship of the Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra at the close of the 2023-2024 season.

## Recordings

* Shostakovich: Film Music Vol. 1. Chandos 10023
* Shostakovich: Film Music Vol. 2. Chandos 10183
* Schreker: Orchestral Works Vol. 1. Chandos 9797
* Schreker: Orchestral Works Vol. 2. Chandos 9951
* Balakirev: Symphony 1, Overture King Lear, In Bohemia. Chandos 24129
* Liadov: Baba Yaga, Enchanted Lake, Kikimora. Chandos 9911
* Dvořák: Slavonic Dance, The Water Goblin, Symphony No. 7. BBC Music MM60
* Tchaikovsky - Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 23 / Grieg - Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 16. Denis Kozhukhin, Vassily Sinaisky, Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Berlin. Pentatone PTC 5186566


title: Chris Woodford

abstract:
Christopher J Woodford is a British science writer. He has written several dozen educational science books
for adults and children, which have won multiple awards, been published in numerous languages, and collectively sold around 4 million copies.

text:
# Chris Woodford

**Christopher J Woodford** (born 13 December 1966) is a British science writer. He has written several dozen educational science books for adults and children, which have won multiple awards, been published in numerous languages, and collectively sold around 4 million copies.

## Writing

Woodford's 2015 book *Atoms Under the Floorboards*, which explains the science underpinning apparently mundane, everyday phenomena, won the 2016 American Institute of Physics Science Writing Award and was one of *Physics World'*s Top 10 Books of the Year in 2015. It was published in English, worldwide, by Bloomsbury and in foreign-language editions in Russia, China, Taiwan, Poland, South Korea, Italy, Germany, and Vietnam. Woodford based the book around intriguing questions he received by email from readers of his popular science website (Explain that Stuff), such as how many pedalling hamsters you would need to generate enough energy to boil water for a cup of coffee.

Woodford set up the website in 2006; its articles have been downloaded over 100 million times and cited in hundreds of books and scientific papers.

Woodford began his career writing and editing children's science books, and wrote three best-selling titles in the *Cool Stuff* technology series for Dorling Kindersley. The third volume, *Cool Stuff Exploded*, won the National Science Teachers Association/CBC Outstanding Science Books Award for 2009 and was described by *New Scientist* as "a stunning reminder of the ingenuity behind innovations we all too often take for granted".

Woodford's other titles include *Science: A Children's Encyclopedia* with Steve Parker, published in 2014, and a volume about the social impacts of the Internet, published by ABC-Clio in 2005.

Apart from writing his own books, he has acted as a science consultant for other authors, including British TV scientists Richard Hammond, Robert Winston, and Johnny Ball, and the British-born American illustrator David Macaulay.

Woodford's 2021 book *Breathless*, about the global problem of air pollution, was picked as a book of the month by *The Independent* in March 2021 and its introduction featured as an illustrated centre-page spread article in *The i* newspaper the same month.

## Activism

Woodford describes himself as a "lifelong environmentalist" and, as an activist, has worked on a range of green issues. In the mid-1990s, he was a member of the campaign against the Newbury bypass, which the BBC described as "a fight between eco-warriors and police that caught the attention of a nation" and "a turning point in British protesting history".

During the campaign, Woodford documented evidence, which, he argued, showed English Nature (the statutory wildlife "watchdog") had deliberately sacrificed numerous protected habitats and species along the route of the road, including a colony of rare Desmoulin's whorl snails, which were "strictly protected" under European law. According to a later investigation by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF): "Woodford sums up English Nature's involvement in Newbury as 'a catalogue of repeated failure to present a balanced view of the environmental impacts of the road... (these)... have played an important part in insuring the construction of one of the most environmentally destructive road proposals in the country.'" English Nature countered that it was "not a campaigning organization" but, in June 1996, in one of the final attempts to halt the road, the issue became the subject of a High Court legal challenge, led by Friends of the Earth. Although unsuccessful, this case turned the "Newbury snail" into a cause célèbre. The Judge, Mr Justice Sedley, described his own legal verdict as "regretful... for one can appreciate the force of the view that if the protection of the natural environment keeps coming second we shall end by destroying our own habitat." Some years later, Woodford ruefully told John Vidal in a *Guardian* interview how stopping the Newbury bypass had become a blinkered obsession for everyone involved but, more positively, also "a personal turning point, a huge thing where we felt we had really achieved something".

Woodford later spent "almost a decade" campaigning against a proposed road tunnel through the Stonehenge World Heritage Site. Woodford has also campaigned on various other "green" issues, including sustainable housing, opencast mining, air pollution and climate change.

Woodford's writing and activism often overlap; he regards failures to tackle environmental issues partly as problems of science communication. In his 2015 book *Atoms Under the Floorboards*, he wrote: "We confuse the ozone layer and climate change, we think nuclear power is more risky than crossing the road, and despite 70 per cent of us thinking that newspapers and TV sensationalise science, 86 per cent of us rely on precisely these unreliable media to keep us informed". He writes about green topics because he believes “communication about the environment is a major failure – possibly the biggest and most disastrous for the scientific community”. Woodford is, nevertheless, sceptical of what he calls "feel-good" (superficial) environmentalism, which he believes gets in the way of solving urgent problems such as pollution, because, as he told Neil Mackay in an interview in *The Herald*: "People see \[it\] as a sort of dilettantism".

Woodford grew up near Birmingham, UK and studied Natural Sciences at Cambridge University.

## Selected publications

### Books for adults

* Woodford, Chris (2005). Poole, Hilary W. (ed.). *The Internet: A Historical Encyclopedia: Issues*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851096590. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
* Woodford, Chris (2015). *Atoms Under the Floorboards: The Surprising Science Hidden in Your Home*. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472923233. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
* Woodford, Chris (2021). *Breathless: Why Air Pollution Matters and How it Affects You*. London: Icon. ISBN 9781785787102.

### Books for children

## InfoBox

| Chris Woodford | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-12-13) 13 December 1966
Birmingham |
| Occupation | Author |
| Language | English |
| Alma mater | University of Cambridge |
| Subject |  |
| Notable awards | Science Writing Award
2016
 |
| Website | |
| chriswoodford.com | |