title: The Great American Traffic Jam

abstract: The Great American Traffic Jam is a 1980 American made-for-television movie which first aired on NBC on October 2, 1980. The comedy revolves around a large "all-star" cast getting stuck in a massive Los Angeles area traffic jam, with multiple interweaving story lines among those stuck.

text:
# The Great American Traffic Jam

***The Great American Traffic Jam*** (alternate title ***Gridlock***) is a 1980 American made-for-television movie which first aired on NBC on October 2, 1980. The comedy revolves around a large "all-star" cast getting stuck in a massive Los Angeles area traffic jam, with multiple interweaving story lines among those stuck.

## Background and reception

The movie debuted on NBC on Thursday October 2, 1980. The *TV Guide* summary of the week's TV movies described it as a film that "provides stale characters in staler situations," but another promotional blurb in the same issue stated "what sets this 1980 TV-movie apart are its flashes of wit, delivered in a running commentary by a glib disc jockey (Howard Hesseman) and its satirically staged sequences--such as a helicopter's convoy's delivering portable toilets."

Though Ed McMahon refers to the movie as a "semiclassic" in his biography, Rue McClanahan (who plays his wife) admits she did it just to fill a contractual obligation with NBC and said "it was about as funny as *Mom and Me, MD*", a reference to another television movie she did in 1979.

On its debut, the movie was the 14th most watched primetime show of the week with a 17.8/30 rating. The serious Holocaust drama *Playing for Time*, which won a number of Emmys, was the most watched program that week.

Writers Steve Hattman and Dave Hackel dreamed up the idea for the movie when they were stuck in an L.A. traffic jam. It appears the original title of the film was "Gridlock", but there is no evidence of it ever being released under that title. It was released on VHS in the United States in December 1987.

## Primary cast

Though the cast is large, the opening credits billed cast are listed in alphabetical order as follows:

Other actors appearing in the film include Lyle Waggoner, Abe Vigoda, Marcia Wallace, and Paul Willson; game show hosts Wink Martindale, Jack Clark, Art James, and Jim Perry; and Howard Hesseman (who was playing a DJ role on *WKRP in Cincinnati* at this time) as the voice of the radio announcer.

## InfoBox

| *The Great American Traffic Jam* | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of one version of VHS release of movie | |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Written by | Dave Hackel
Steve Hattman |
| Directed by | James Frawley |
| Music by | Arthur B. Rubinstein |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Greg Strangis
Sam Strangis |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Production company | Ten-Four Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | October 2, 1980 (1980-10-02) |


title: Everything I Love (Roland Hanna album)

abstract: Everything I Love is a solo album by pianist Sir Roland Hanna performing compositions associated with Tommy Flanagan recorded in 2002 and released by IPO Recordings.

text:
# Everything I Love (Roland Hanna album)

***Everything I Love*** is a solo album by pianist Sir Roland Hanna performing compositions associated with Tommy Flanagan recorded in 2002 and released by IPO Recordings.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated "On *Everything I Love*, one of pianist Sir Roland Hanna's final recordings, he is in a relaxed mood, digging into a variety of strong melodies. Hanna, who is heard throughout playing solo, strides lightly, alters the mood and tempos enough to keep one's interest, and shows that he was a masterful interpreter ... Hanna's style was based in swing but open to bop and later styles, and since he was very much a two-handed pianist, his solo outing is a constant delight".

In JazzTimes Doug Ramsey wrote "His repertoire in the solo album *Everything I Love* consists mostly of standards and reflects a love of minor keys that encourage his blues leanings ... Through this collection of 13 songs, Hanna entertains and enlightens with inspiration and an eclecticism that never interferes with his ability to get to the heart of the music".

On All About Jazz C. Michael Bailey said "Sir Roland Hanna has left us a beautiful love letter in the form of *Everything I Love*. We are blessed that he thought of us before leaving"

## Track listing

1. "Comedy Tonight" (Stephen Sondheim) – 3:19
2. "Bags - A Tribute" (Roland Hanna) – 5:23
3. "Lullaby of the Leaves" (Bernice Petkere, Joe Young) – 2:48
4. "I Hear a Rhapsody" (George Fragos, Jack Baker, Dick Gasparre) – 6:30
5. "You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To" (Cole Porter) – 5:22
6. "Send in the Clowns" (Sondheim) – 4:50
7. "In the Blue of the Evening" (Al D'Artega, Tom Adair) – 5:26
8. "All Blues" (Miles Davis) – 5:57
9. "Comes Autumn" (Hanna) – 7:18
10. "Embraceable You" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 6:30
11. "How Deep Is the Ocean?" (Irving Berlin) – 7:24
12. "Alone Together" (Arthur Schwartz, Howard Dietz) – 6:45
13. "Ev'rything I Love" (Porter) – 4:39

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Everything I Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sir Roland Hanna | |
| Released | October 29, 2002 |
| Recorded | June 2002 |
| Studio | SUNY Performing Arts Center, Purchase, NY |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 72:11 |
| Label | IPO
IPOC1002 |
| Producer | William F. Sorin |
| Sir Roland Hanna chronology | |
| *Milano, Paris, New York: Finding John Lewis*
(2002) ***Everything I Love***
(2002) *Tributaries: Reflections on Tommy Flanagan*
(2003) | |


title: Varshavski-Shapiro Piano Duo

abstract: Stanislava Varshavski and Diana Shapiro is a piano duo, formed in Israel and residing in the United States. Stanislava Varshavski was born in Kharkiv, Ukraine. A young piano prodigy, she had her orchestral debut at the age of eight. After receiving her initial musical training in Ukraine, Stanislava proceeded with her studies at the Jerusalem Rubin Academy in Israel. Diana Shapiro was born in Moscow, Russia. At the age of 17 she moved to Israel and started her studies at the Jerusalem Rubin Academy under Berkovich. In 1998, at one of their classes in the Academy, Stanislava and Diana were encouraged by Alexander Tamir to try playing as a piano duo. The collaboration turned to be a real success and within a year the duo captured their first top prize at the International Piano Duo Competition in Bialystok, Poland. Both Ms. Varshavski and Ms. Shapiro received Bachelor and master's degrees from the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance, where they studied with the Israeli duo Bracha Eden and Alexander Tamir, and in 2005 moved to Boston, MA to continue their education under renowned American pianist Victor Rosenbaum. In 2011 both pianists completed Doctoral degree studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. During their studies at UW-Madison both artists served on the faculty of the Maranatha University and upon completion joined the faculty of the Silver Lake College in Manitowoc, WI. The Varshavski-Shapiro Piano Duo has performed in such venues as the HKAPA Concert Hall in Hong Kong, Henry Crown Symphony Hall in Jerusalem, Teatro Valle in Rome, and Lincoln Theater in Miami. They have appeared with the Radio Orchestra in Munich, the Israel Chamber Orchestra, Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, Miami's New World Symphony, and Wichita Falls Symphony Orchestra, and have recorded for Bavarian Radio, Radio 4 of Hong Kong, New York's WQXR, Israeli National Radio, and Wisconsin Public Radio. In 2012 the duo has been featured in a documentary film presented on the Wisconsin Public Television. As music educators, Diana Shapiro and Stanislava Varshavski have presented master classes at a number of universities across the United States and gave lectures at WMTA, ISMTA and College Music Society conferences. In 2016, Varshavski and Shapiro have been invited to showcase at the 2016 National Conference of the Chamber Music America and served as judges at the 2016 Chicago International Competition for Piano Duos.

text:
# Varshavski-Shapiro Piano Duo

**Stanislava Varshavski and Diana Shapiro** is a piano duo, formed in Israel and residing in the United States.

Stanislava Varshavski was born in Kharkiv, Ukraine. A young piano prodigy, she had her orchestral debut at the age of eight. After receiving her initial musical training in Ukraine, Stanislava proceeded with her studies at the Jerusalem Rubin Academy in Israel.

Diana Shapiro was born in Moscow, Russia. At the age of 17 she moved to Israel and started her studies at the Jerusalem Rubin Academy under Berkovich.

In 1998, at one of their classes in the Academy, Stanislava and Diana were encouraged by Alexander Tamir to try playing as a piano duo. The collaboration turned to be a real success and within a year the duo captured their first top prize at the International Piano Duo Competition in Bialystok, Poland.

Both Ms. Varshavski and Ms. Shapiro received Bachelor and master's degrees from the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance, where they studied with the Israeli duo Bracha Eden and Alexander Tamir, and in 2005 moved to Boston, MA to continue their education under renowned American pianist Victor Rosenbaum. In 2011 both pianists completed Doctoral degree studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. During their studies at UW-Madison both artists served on the faculty of the Maranatha University and upon completion joined the faculty of the Silver Lake College in Manitowoc, WI.

The Varshavski-Shapiro Piano Duo has performed in such venues as the HKAPA Concert Hall in Hong Kong, Henry Crown Symphony Hall in Jerusalem, Teatro Valle in Rome, and Lincoln Theater in Miami. They have appeared with the Radio Orchestra in Munich, the Israel Chamber Orchestra, Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, Miami's New World Symphony, and Wichita Falls Symphony Orchestra, and have recorded for Bavarian Radio, Radio 4 of Hong Kong, New York's WQXR, Israeli National Radio, and Wisconsin Public Radio. In 2012 the duo has been featured in a documentary film presented on the Wisconsin Public Television.

As music educators, Diana Shapiro and Stanislava Varshavski have presented master classes at a number of universities across the United States and gave lectures at WMTA, ISMTA and College Music Society conferences. In 2016, Varshavski and Shapiro have been invited to showcase at the 2016 National Conference of the Chamber Music America and served as judges at the 2016 Chicago International Competition for Piano Duos.

## Awards

* 2012 – Winner of National Auditions of the Astral Artists in Philadelphia, PA
* 2008 – Career Grant from "Salon De Virtuosi" in New York, NY
* 2005 – Second Prize at the Murray Dranoff International Two Piano Competition in Miami, Florida
* 2004 – The Grand Prize at the 15th International Piano Competition "Rome 2004" (two pianos section) in Rome, Italy
* 2004 – First Prize at the 15th International Piano Competition "Rome 2004" (one piano four hands section) in Rome, Italy
* 2004 – First Prize at the "Kol HaMusica" Young Artists Competition in Jerusalem, Israel
* 2003 – First Prize at the 13th Schubert Competition in Jesenik, Czech Republic
* 2003 – First Prize at the Israel Chamber Music competition in Jerusalem, Israel, 2003
* 2000 – Top 5 at the ARD Competition in Munich, Germany
* 1999 – First Prize (and two special prizes) at the International Piano Duo Competition in Bialystok, Poland

## InfoBox

| Stanislava Varshavski and Diana Shapiro | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Israel, United States |
| Genres | Classical music |
| Occupations |  |
| Instrument | Piano four hands |
| Years active | 1998–present |
|  | |
| Website | www.piano-4-hands.com |


title: Sarah Avraham

abstract: Sarah Avraham is an Indian-born Israeli Muay Thai kickboxer. She converted to Judaism and moved to Israel after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Avraham was the 2012 Israeli women's champion in Thai boxing, in the 57–63 kilograms (126–139 lb) weight class. She is also the 2014 World Muaythai Federation pro-am women's world champion in the 57–63.5 kg (125–140 lbs) class.

text:
# Sarah Avraham

**Sarah Avraham** (born 1993/1994) is an Indian-born Israeli Muay Thai kickboxer. She converted to Judaism and moved to Israel after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

Avraham was the 2012 Israeli women's champion in Thai boxing, in the 57–63 kilograms (126–139 lb) weight class. She is also the 2014 World Muaythai Federation pro-am women's world champion in the 57–63.5 kg (125–140 lbs) class.

## Early life

Avraham was born in Bombay, India, to a Hindu father who is a physician, Aaron Avraham (formerly Hagirdas Pradesh) and a Christian mother who was a nurse. Her family was close friends with Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka, who were killed in the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, by terrorists who attacked the Mumbai Chabad House where the couple served as emissaries. Avraham was 14 years old at the time.

## Immigration to Israel

A year after the attack, she and her family converted to Judaism and moved to Israel. They settled in the West Bank Israeli settlement of Kiryat Arba, south of Jerusalem, on the outskirts of Hebron, where she now lives.

She is now a religious Orthodox Jew, and studies at an ulpana in Kiryat Arba. Avraham also volunteers as a firefighter, and has taken part in scores of firefighting operations.

Avraham is considering studying medicine, or she may eventually become a full-time firewoman.

## Thai boxing career

While attending a Kiryat Arba school for religious girls, Avraham made the decision to participate in sports. Michael Pollack, a fitness trainer from nearby Hebron's Jewish neighborhood, melded kickboxing into her sports training. Pollack put Thai boxing coach Eddie Yusopov and Avraham in contact with each other, and Yusopov became her trainer.

Avraham trains in Muay Thai boxing five times a week, at the boxing center at Jerusalem's Teddy Stadium. As is the case with most Israeli athletes, she does not receive any funding. To pay for her training (NIS 230 a month) and trips abroad for competitions, since she does not like to ask for money, she cleans houses and also works as a dog walker and waitress. In addition, Avraham hitchhikes to her practices in Jerusalem, as she does not have money to take the bus. Because she is religious, she brings kosher food with her when she travels to fights.

### 2012 Israeli Champion

In September 2012, Avraham won the Israeli national women’s Thai boxing championship in her weight class of 57–63 kilos (125–140 pounds), at the age of 18.

### 2014 World Champion

In early 2014, while still in high school Avraham won the Women's World Thai-Boxing Championship in Bangkok, Thailand, in her 57–63 kilos (125–140 pounds) weight class.

## InfoBox

| Sarah Avraham | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1993 or 1994 (age 30–31)<br>Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra, India |
| Residence | Kiryat Arba |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Style | Muay Thai kickboxer |
| Trainer | Eddie Yusopov |
| Rank | Women's World Thai-Boxing Champion; 57–63 kilos (125–140 pounds) weight class |
| Occupation | Student |


title: Sander Fischer

abstract: Sander Fischer is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for VV Capelle.

text:
# Sander Fischer

**Sander Fischer** (born 23 September 1988) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for VV Capelle.

## Club career

He formerly played for NAC Breda, SC Cambuur, FC Emmen, AGOVV, Excelsior, Go Ahead Eagles, and Sparta.

On 29 March 2021, he agreed to join VV Capelle in the fifth-tier Hoofdklasse for the 2021–22 season.

## InfoBox

Sander Fischer
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1988-09-23) 23 September 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Rhoon, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | VV Capelle | | |
| Number | 3 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | SV WCR | | |
|  | NAC Breda | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008 | NAC Breda | 1 | (0) |
| 2008–2010 | Cambuur | 14 | (0) |
| 2010 | Emmen (loan) | 16 | (0) |
| 2010–2012 | Emmen | 53 | (3) |
| 2012–2013 | AGOVV | 16 | (2) |
| 2013–2016 | Excelsior | 113 | (4) |
| 2016–2017 | Go Ahead Eagles | 33 | (1) |
| 2017–2018 | Sparta Rotterdam | 29 | (1) |
| 2017 | Sparta Rotterdam II | 2 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Vendsyssel | 30 | (1) |
| 2019–2021 | Excelsior | 54 | (2) |
| 2021– | VV Capelle | 27 | (3) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 7 January 2023 | | | |


title: Samuel Saunders (journalist)

abstract: Samuel Saunders (1857–1943) was a New Zealand journalist and newspaper editor.

text:
# Samuel Saunders (journalist)

**Samuel Saunders** (1857–1943) was a New Zealand journalist and newspaper editor.

## Biography

Saunders was born in Nelson, New Zealand in 1857 to Rhoda Saunders (née Flower) and Alfred Saunders. His uncle was William Saunders and his sister was Sarah Page. In 1880 he married Helen Johnston who was a granddaughter of William Cargill.

He was editor of the Lyttelton Times from 1891 to 1914.

Saunders died in Eastbourne, New Zealand in 1943, aged 86.

## InfoBox

| Samuel Saunders | |
| --- | --- |
| Saunders with his mother. Date unknown. | |
| Born | 1857
Nelson, New Zealand |
| Died | 1943
Eastbourne, New Zealand |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, newspaper editor |
| Spouse | Helen Johnston (m. 1880) |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives |  |


title: San Francisco del Monte

abstract: San Francisco del Monte, also referred to as SFDM and Frisco, is a district of Quezon City, Philippines. It is bisected by two major thoroughfares, Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue and the eponymous Del Monte Avenue, and is bounded by Atty. Pat Senador Sr. Street and Baler Street to the north, and Judge Juan Luna Street, Paraiso Street, and Cooper Street to the east. The district encompasses the barangays of Del Monte, Damayan, Mariblo, and Paraiso, and its water borders are defined by the San Juan River to the west and the Mariblo Creek to the south.

text:
# San Francisco del Monte

**San Francisco del Monte**, also referred to as **SFDM** and **Frisco**, is a district of Quezon City, Philippines. It is bisected by two major thoroughfares, Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue and the eponymous Del Monte Avenue, and is bounded by Atty. Pat Senador Sr. Street and Baler Street to the north, and Judge Juan Luna Street, Paraiso Street, and Cooper Street to the east.

The district encompasses the barangays of Del Monte, Damayan, Mariblo, and Paraiso, and its water borders are defined by the San Juan River to the west and the Mariblo Creek to the south.

## History

San Francisco del Monte may be considered as Quezon City's oldest district. It was founded as a pueblo by then-Franciscan missionary Fray Pedro Bautista on February 17, 1590, who named it after St. Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan Order. *Del Monte*, which is Spanish for "on the mountain" was added to the name not only because the area was hilly, but also to distinguish the place from the San Francisco de Manila Church in Intramuros, Manila.

After World War II, the portions of the district hosted the United States Armed Forces Cemetery #2, where remains of deceased American POWs from the early part of the war were interred.

The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately 2.5 square kilometers (0.97 sq mi) and covered parts of what is currently known as Project  and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was previously part of the town of San Juan del Monte until it was absorbed by Quezon City. It later composed of barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old San Pedro Bautista Church was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.

Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment. The transmitter and studios of IBC are located along Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue.

Famous residents include the late Filipino actor Fernando Poe Jr. whose ancestral home can still be found in Barangay Paraiso along Roosevelt Avenue; the aforementioned avenue would be later renamed after him in 2022.


title: C-5 sterol desaturase

abstract: C-5 sterol desaturase is an enzyme that is highly conserved among eukaryotes and catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a C-5(6) bond in a sterol intermediate compound as a step in the biosynthesis of major sterols. The precise structure of the enzyme's substrate varies by species. For example, the human C-5 sterol desaturase oxidizes lathosterol, while its ortholog ERG3 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae oxidizes episterol.

text:
# C-5 sterol desaturase

**C-5 sterol desaturase** (also known as **sterol C-5 desaturase** and **C5SD**) is an enzyme that is highly conserved among eukaryotes and catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a C-5(6) bond in a sterol intermediate compound as a step in the biosynthesis of major sterols. The precise structure of the enzyme's substrate varies by species. For example, the human C-5 sterol desaturase (also known as lathosterol oxidase) oxidizes lathosterol, while its ortholog ERG3 in the yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* oxidizes episterol.

## Mechanism

C-5 sterol desaturase couples sterol oxidation to the oxidation of NAD(P)H and the reduction of molecular oxygen. Either NADH or NADPH can be used; in the model plant species *Arabidopsis thaliana* C-5 sterol desaturase catalyzes the reaction twice as fast with NADH while in *S. cerevisiae* the enzyme has little preference. The precise details of the reaction have been thought to vary between mammals and yeast. However, the enzymes do share a conserved cluster of histidine residues, which when mutated (in *A. thaliana*) dramatically reduce or eliminate enzyme activity, suggesting the involvement of a coordinated iron cation in the mechanism. Mutagenesis studies suggest that in *A. thaliana* threonine 114 (which is a serine in humans, mice, and yeast) may help to stabilize the enzyme-substrate complex. Rahier has proposed a reaction mechanism in which an iron-coordinated oxygen abstracts a hydrogen from the substrate leading to a radical intermediate.

## Biological role

C-5 sterol desaturase catalyzes an intermediate step in the synthesis of major sterols. The particular biosynthetic pathway varies across eukaryotes. In animals C5SD catalyzes the dehydration of lathosterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol, a step in the synthesis of cholesterol. Cholesterol serves multiple roles in the cell including modulating membrane fluidity serving as a precursor to steroid hormones. In fungi C5SD catalyzes the dehydration of episterol as a step in the synthesis of ergosterol, a sterol that regulates cell membrane fluidity and permeability. In plants such as *Arabidopsis thaliana*, C-5 sterol desaturase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of episterol and avenasterol in a pathway thought to lead to a variety of membrane components as well as a class of hormones called brassinosteroids.

### Subcellular localization

Based on its amino acid profile C-5 sterol desaturase appears to have four to five membrane-spanning regions, suggesting that it is a transmembrane protein. C5SD activity has been demonstrated in microsomes from rat tissue, implying that rat enzyme localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum Fluorescence microscopy experiments have shown that in the ciliate *Tetrahymena thermophila* C5SD localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and that in *S. cerevisiae* C5SD localizes to both the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. In *Arabidopsis thaliana* C5SD is located in both the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid particles.

## Clinical Relevance

### Antifungal resistance

The common class of antifungal drugs known as azoles disrupts the fungal sterol biosynthesis pathway, upstream of C-5 sterol desaturase leading to the accumulation of nontoxic 14α-methylated sterols. C5SD then converts these intermediates into a toxic product. Consequently, in both the pathogenic fungus *Candida albicans* and model organism *S. cerevisiae* mutations in the gene encoding C-5 sterol desaturase (ERG3) allow the cell to avoid synthesizing the toxic sterol products and have been shown to confer azole resistance. In at least the case of fluconazole, antifungal resistance due to C5SD inactivation is dependent on the activity of the chaperone protein Hsp90 and the phosphatase calcineurin. However, the clinical relevance of this azole resistance mechanism is controversial because while the deletion of ERG3 alone confers fluconazole resistance to *C. albicans in vitro*, it is insufficient to confer fluconazole resistance in a live mouse model.

### Lathosterolosis

In at least one patient, a deficiency in C-5 sterol desaturase activity (termed lathosterolosis) was associated with multiple malformations, metal retardation, and liver disease. This patient was also found to have low levels of blood cholesterol and high levels of lathosterol in cell membranes when compared to those of healthy control subjects. These symptoms resemble those of other defects in cholesterol synthesis such as Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome.

## Potential applications

Scientists have found that tomato plants engineered with the C-5 sterol desaturase from the mushroom *Flammulina velutipes* show improved drought tolerance and fungal pathogen resistance as well as increased iron and polyunsaturated fat content. The authors of the study suggest that the fungal enzyme may be a useful tool for plant biotechnology as improving multiple aspects of a crop is typically time- and labor-intensive.


title: Samuel Cole (Wisconsin pioneer)

abstract: Samuel Cole IV was an American mechanic, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer. He served four years in each house of the Wisconsin Legislature, representing Lafayette County. He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate in 1861, 1862, 1865, and 1866, and was a member of the State Assembly in 1851, 1860, 1864, and 1868.

text:
# Samuel Cole (Wisconsin pioneer)

**Samuel Cole IV** (February 8, 1815  September 8, 1885) was an American mechanic, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer. He served four years in each house of the Wisconsin Legislature, representing Lafayette County. He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate in 1861, 1862, 1865, and 1866, and was a member of the State Assembly in 1851, 1860, 1864, and 1868.

## Biography

Samuel Cole was born in what is now Stanstead, Quebec, in the domain then known as Lower Canada. His family was from Vermont, but he was born when they were living on the Canada side of the border.

He learned the blacksmith trade as a young man and came to the Wisconsin Territory in 1838. He settled in what is now the town of Gratiot, Wisconsin, in Lafayette County, where he resided for the rest of his life. He opened a blacksmith shop shortly after arriving.

In 1847, he served on the first grand jury of Lafayette County, and then served as the first chairman of the town of Gratiot. He served on the last board of county commissioners in 1848, andas chairman of Gratiothe was *ex officio* a member of the first board of county supervisors in 1849the at-large commissioner system was replaced by the district-based supervisor system. He went on to serve five more terms as town chairmanand therefore five more terms on the county boardin the next decade. He was also chosen as the first justice of the peace in Gratiot, and served at least 30 years in that office.

During that decade, he also won his first term in the Wisconsin State Assembly, running on the Democratic Party ticket. He represented roughly the south and east parts of the county in the 1851 session. He next ran for state office in 1859, running for Assembly again. Redistricting had taken place in 1856, and his district for this term comprised roughly the eastern half of the county. The following year, he was the Democratic nominee for Wisconsin Senate in the 13th Senate district, which then comprised all of Lafayette County. He defeated Republican former state representative A. A. Townsend in the general election, and went on to serve in Senate for the 1861 and 1862 legislative sessions.

After the start of the American Civil War, Cole became affiliated with the National Union coalition and never returned to the Democratic Party. He was elected to his third term in the Assembly in 1863, running on the Union ticket. He defeated Democrat J. B. Parkinson.

The following year, he ran for another term in the Wisconsin Senate, and was elected on the Union ticket, defeating the Democratic incumbent James Earnest. The 1864 election sparked a controversy, and his opponent formally contested the results, challenging the validity of some of the soldiers' absentee votes. The Senate, which then had a substantial Union majority, delayed hearing the challenge until March, and ultimately ruled in Cole's favor.

Cole sought renomination for another term in the Senate in 1866, but the convention instead chose Allen Warden. He returned a year later, however, and was the Republican Party nominee for State Assembly again. His district again comprised roughly the eastern half of the county. He defeated Democrat Elias Slothower in the general election.

Cole did not run for state office again after serving in the 1868 legislative session, but remained active in the Republican Party of Wisconsin for most of the rest of his life.

He contracted Typhoid fever in January 1885, and suffered the lingering effects of the disease for several months. He died at his home in Gratiot on September 8, 1885.

## Personal life and family

Samuel Cole IV was one of at least eight children born to Samuel Cole III and his second wife Sarah (*née* Hartshorn). Samuel Cole III served as a sergeant in the New Hampshire militia during the American Revolutionary War. The Coles were direct descendants of Thomas Cole, who came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from England in the 1640s.

Samuel Cole IV married Jane Connery, an Irish American immigrant, in April 1841 at Gratiot. They had at least four children. Their eldest daughter, Mary, married Francis Campbell, who also represented the Gratiot area in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Cole tragically shot his son in a hunting accident in 1868, resulting in the loss of his eye.

1. "Gratiot Gatherings". *The Pick and Gad*. September 17, 1885. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
2. Butterfield, Consul Willshire (1881). *History of Lafayette County, Wisconsin*. Western Historical Company. pp. 482, 489–490, 591, 593. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
3. "The Legislature of 1861The Nominees of all Parties". *The Daily Milwaukee News*. November 4, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
4. "Death of the Hon. Samuel Cole". *Grant County Witness*. September 17, 1885. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
5. "Legislative Nominations of 1863". *Wisconsin State Journal*. October 31, 1863. p. 1. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
6. "Democratic National Nominations". *South Western Local*. November 4, 1864. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
7. "To Be Contested". *South Western Local*. January 6, 1865. p. 3. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
8. *Journal of the Senate of Wisconsin for the Year 1865*. Wisconsin Legislature. 1865. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via HathiTrust.
9. "Senator Sam Cole". *LaFayette County Democrat*. September 29, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
10. "Elias Sothower". *LaFayette County Democrat*. November 8, 1867. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
11. Cole, Frank T. (1887). *The Early Genealogies of the Cole Families in America*. pp. 120, 129. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
12. "Mr. Samuel Cole". *Wisconsin State Journal*. September 12, 1868. p. 1. Retrieved May 23, 2023  via Newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

| Samuel Cole | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Wisconsin Senate
from the 13th district | |
| **In office**
January 2, 1865  January 7, 1867 | |
| Preceded by | James Earnest |
| Succeeded by | James Earnest |
| **In office**
January 7, 1861  January 5, 1863 | |
| Preceded by | Philemon Simpson |
| Succeeded by | James Earnest |
| Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
from the Lafayette 2nd district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1868  January 4, 1869 | |
| Preceded by | William Monroe |
| Succeeded by | Norman B. Richardson |
| **In office**
January 4, 1864  January 2, 1865 | |
| Preceded by | Lloyd T. Pullen |
| Succeeded by | Sylvester W. Osborn |
| **In office**
January 2, 1860  January 7, 1861 | |
| Preceded by | William M. McGranahan |
| Succeeded by | Lloyd T. Pullen |
| **In office**
January 6, 1851  January 5, 1852 | |
| Preceded by | John K. Williams |
| Succeeded by | James Earnest |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1815-02-08)February 8, 1815
Stanstead, Lower Canada |
| Died | September 8, 1885(1885-09-08) (aged 70)
Gratiot, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Resting place | Gratiot Cemetery, Gratiot, Wisconsin |
| Political party |  |
| Spouse | Jane Connery (m. 18411885) |
| Children | * Mary Jane (Campbell) * (b. 1842; died 1916) * Sarah Ann (Cook) * (b. 1845; died 1922) * Edwin Witson Cole * (b. 1849; died 1904) * Emmett J. Cole * (b. 1851; died 1915) |
| Occupation | Blacksmith, farmer |
|  | |


title: Bąk, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Bąk is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Bąk, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Bąk** \[bɔŋk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Bąk | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Bąk | |
| Coordinates: 53°0′57″N 17°32′2″E / 53.01583°N 17.53389°E / 53.01583; 17.53389 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Nakło |
| Gmina | Kcynia |


title: San Felice, Massa Martana

abstract: San Felice is a Roman Catholic church in the town of Massa Martana, province of Perugia, Umbria, Italy.

text:
# San Felice, Massa Martana

**San Felice** is a Roman Catholic church in the town of Massa Martana, province of Perugia, Umbria, Italy.

## History

The church is dedicated to the town patron saint, Felice, said to have been the bishop and later martyr during the persecutions by Emperors Diocletian and Maximinian.

While the church was initially erected by medieval times, the present structure has undergone many re-edifications. The church was damaged during the second world war. The façade with stone blocks has tall pilasters and a baroque belltower rising from the cornice. The interior has a single nave surrounded by large pilasters. The main altarpiece depicts the *Madonna with Blessed Ruggero, St Felix, Santa Rita and St Pope Pius V* (1723) by Giacinto Boccanera. On the wall to the left of the entrance are two 16th-century frescoes depicting a *Crucifixion* and an *Enthroned Virgin and Child with Saints Roch and Ambrosius*. There are also 15th-century frescoes including a *Virgin and Child with St Sebastian and St Bernardino da Siena.*


title: San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park

abstract: San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park in Alachua County, Florida. It is located northwest of Gainesville, Florida on CR 232, just south of the town of Alachua.

text:
# San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park

**San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park** is a Florida State Park in Alachua County, Florida. It is located northwest of Gainesville, Florida on CR 232 (Millhopper Road), just south of the town of Alachua.

## Fauna

Among the wildlife of the park are feral pigs, bobcats, white-tailed deer, gray foxes, wild turkeys, and many species of songbirds.

## Flora

Many species of hardwood trees, the sandhill, hydric hammock and swamp plant communities, including rare plants.

## History

The park includes 56 archaeological sites, representing various eras from the Paleo-Indian period (10,000 to 12,000 years ago) up to the 20th century. The site of the Spanish-era Mission San Francisco de Potano, on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, is in the park. ("San Felasco" derives from the Seminole pronunciation of "San Francisco".) Spain began granting land to individuals in Florida after 1790, including a grant of 6,000 acres (24 km2) to S. D. Fernandez and another grant to a Sanchez in the present-day park. Four of the archaeological sites in the park are possibly associated with those land grants, and/or with the settlement of Spring Grove, which existed in the 1830s and 1840s. The Battle of San Felasco Hammock, part of the Second Seminole War, was fought in the hammock in 1836, but the site of the battle has not been identified. Sites in the park from the 20th century include remains of moonshine stills, a dairy farm, tung oil operations, and a commune.

## Recreational activities

Activities include hiking, biking, horseback riding, and nature viewing.

Amenities include 65 mi (105 km) of single-track bike, horse, and nature trails.

## Hours

Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year.

## InfoBox

| San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
| Entrance to San Felasco Hammock State Park | |
|  | |
| Location | Alachua County, Florida, US |
| Nearest city | Alachua, Florida |
| Coordinates | 29°43′44″N 82°26′31″W / 29.72889°N 82.44194°W / 29.72889; -82.44194 |
| Area | 6,500 acres |
| Governing body | Florida Department of Environmental Protection |
|  | |
| U.S. National Natural Landmark | |
| Designated | December 1974 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: C.L.I.F. 4

abstract: C.L.I.F. 4 is a Singaporean police procedural series produced and telecast on MediaCorp Channel 8 in collaboration with the Singapore Police Force. The series stars Li Nanxing, Rui En, Zhang Yaodong, Elvin Ng, and Ya Hui as the main characters of the series. The series is co-sponsored by Sheng Siong Supermarkets and Soon Bee Huat. This is also the first C.L.I.F. series to feature a VSC police officer.

text:
# C.L.I.F. 4

| C.L.I.F. 4 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 警徽天職4 |
| Simplified Chinese | 警徽天职4 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Jǐng Huī Tiān Zhí 4 | |
|  | |

***C.L.I.F. 4*** (Chinese: 警徽天职4, short-form for *Courage, Loyalty, Integrity, Fairness*, commonly pronounced as **cliff**) is a Singaporean police procedural series produced and telecast on MediaCorp Channel 8 in collaboration with the Singapore Police Force. The series stars Li Nanxing, Rui En, Zhang Yaodong, Elvin Ng, and Ya Hui as the main characters of the series. The series is co-sponsored by Sheng Siong Supermarkets and Soon Bee Huat. This is also the first *C.L.I.F.* series to feature a VSC police officer.

## Plot

Teo Kwee Xiang (Elvin Ng), who played a traffic police officer last season, will return to his NPC Community Policing Unit (CPU) as **Senior Staff Sergeant** and will take his relationship with Eng Xuan Bee (Sora Ma) one step further as marriage is on the cards for the couple.

The other anchor couple, Wee Lum Thiam (Li Nanxing) and Ng Tze Keat (Rui En) will welcome a new member to their family, Matthew Wee, but that doesn't mean Tze Keat will sit out of all the crime-busting action as the pair will continue to head their respective teams in the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

New characters include Chan Yu (Zhang Yaodong), Ong Shi Shi (Ya Hui), Tsai Yen Chi (Mei Xin), Zhou Jingze (Yusuke Fukuchi) and Teo Hark Wee (Chen Tianwen). Out of the 5 new characters, 4 of them are among the 8 main characters of this series.

Chan Yu, a spot-on police officer, is stuck in a love triangle between Ong Shi Shi and Tsai Yen Chi, who are both police officers (Yenqi joined later). Yenqi was once his ex-girlfriend who still had feelings for him. At the same time, Chan Yu isn't on good terms with his superior officer, Ng Tze Keat.

## Cast

### Main cast

| Cast | Role | Description | Episodes Appeared |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Li Nanxing | Wee Lum Thiam (魏蓝天) | **ASP Wee Lum Thiam**
Younger version portrayed by **Edwin Goh*** CID (SCD) officer, later transfer to CAD, then back to CID. * Ng Tze Keat's husband. * Matthew Wee's father. * Often quarrels with Ng Tze Keat. * Transferred to Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) in Episode 2. * Beaten up by Teo Hark Wee's men in Episode 11. * House broken into in Episode 11. * Hit by a car with Zhou Jingze in Episode 20. * Knocked out unconscious by Teo Hark Wee by pushing him to a wall in Episode 20. * Sabotaged by Chan Yu to have murdered Teo Hark Wee in Episode 20. | 1-14, 16-20 |
| Rui En | Ng Tze Keat (黄芷婕) | **INSP Ng Tze Keat*** OC Team C at Special Investigation Section, CID. * Wee Lum Thiam's wife. * Matthew Wee's Mother. * Prejudice against Chan Yu's impulsive personality. * Often quarrel with Wee Lum Thiam. * Was peeped at by a woman-in-disguise inside the toilet cubicle in Episode 1. * House broken into in Episode 11. * Indirectly caused the death of Hu Xianghai in Episode 13. * Diverted to the Home Team Academy as Instructor. | 1-3, 5-9, 11-20 |
| Zhang Yaodong | Chan Yu (陈宇) | **Main Antagonist**
**INSP Chan Yu**
**Hitman**
* Team Leader at Airport Police Division. * Later transfer to Special Investigation Section, CID as an IO. * Ng Tze Keat's subordinate. * Tsai Yen Chi's ex-boyfriend. * In love with Ong Shishi. * Teo Xiufeng's son. * Teo Hark Wee's nephew. * Nabbed a voyeur at the Airport in Episode 1. * Transferred to CID in Episode 2. * Reprimanded by Ng Tze Keat for acting on his own in Episode 3. * Accidentally pushed Hu Shijian down the sea and killed Zhou Guorong in impulse 5 years ago. * Resigned as a police officer in Episode 15 to help Hark Wee in laundering money while helping Lum Thiam to investigate on Xuewei. * Purposely kissed Tsai Yen Chi in front of Ong Shishi. * Broke up with Ong Shishi in Episode 19. * Killed Teo Hark Wee and Ruoting in Episode 20, later sabotaged Wee Lum Thiam for murdering Teo Hark Wee. * Saved Ong Shishi in Episode 20. * Committed suicide by cop by getting shot by Tze Keat and her team in Episode 20. | 1-20 |
| Elvin Ng | Teo Kwee Xiang (张贵祥) | **SSSGT Teo Kwee Xiang*** NPC Community Policing Unit (CPU) Officer from J Division. * Eng Xuan Bee's boyfriend, later husband. * Ong Shishi's colleague. * Liang Dexun's friend and benefactor. * Accused by Eng Xuan Bee of visiting a prostitute in Episode 2. * Quarreled with Eng Xuan Bee in Episode 3. * Followed Amy to where she and Ah Song had abducted Eng Xuan Bee and managed to save Eng Xuan Bee. * Proposed to Eng Xuan Bee in Episode 10 and 20 respectively. | 1-4, 6-7, 9-11, 13, 15-20 |
| Ya Hui | Ong Shishi (王诗诗) | **SGT Ong Shi Shi*** IO in J Division. * Teo Kwee Xiang's colleague. * Tsai Yen Chi's best friend. * Chan Yu's love interest. * Moved in with Tsai Yen Chi as a tenant. * Broke up with Chan Yu when she saw him and Tsai Yen Chi kissing in the car in Episode 19. * Abducted by Ruoting and saved by Chan Yu in Episode 20. | 1, 3-6, 8-17, 19-20 |
| Sora Ma | Eng Xuan Bee (翁选美) | **Jelly**, **Eng Suan Bee*** Teo Kwee Xiang's girlfriend, later wife. * Works in a salon. * Accused Teo Kwee Xiang of finding a prostitute in Episode 2. * Decided to quit her night job as a singer in Episode 3. * Agreed to Teo Kwee Xiang's marriage in Episode 10, later reject due to her illness in later part. * Was brutally assaulted by Zen and led to stroke on the right face in Episode 15. * Diagnosed with epilepsy in Episode 18. * Abducted by Amy and Ah Song, later head stabbed by a wall nail in Episode 19. * Finally married Teo Kwee Xiang in Episode 20. | 1-7, 10-11, 13, 15-20 |
| Mei Xin | Tsai Yen Chi (蔡彦琪) | **SGT(V) Tsai Yen Chi*** Reporter. * Ong Shi Shi's best friend. * Chan Yu's ex-girlfriend. * Zhou Jingze's love interest. * Became a Volunteer Special Constabulary Police Officer in episode 12. * Became a regular police officer (officer cadet) in episode 20. | 3-5, 7-9, 12, 14-15, 17, 19-20 |
| Yusuke Fukuchi | Zhou Jingze (周井泽) | * Taiwanese Interpol officer. * In love with Tsai Yen Chi. * Found out about his father's death in Episode 9. * Hit by another car with Wee Lum Thiam in Episode 20, suffered minor injuries. | 3-5, 7, 9, 14-17, 19-20 |
|

### Other cast

| Cast | Role | Description | Episodes Appeared |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chen Tianwen | Teo Hark Wee (赵学伟) | **Main Villain**
**Teo Hark Wee**
* Art gallery boss. * Teo Xiufeng's younger brother. * Chan Yu's uncle. * Yang Zhongzheng's boss. * Shot to death by Chan Yu. | 1-4, 6-20 |
| Bonnie Loo | Yang Hongxi (杨红夕) | * Student. * Yang Zhongzheng's daughter. * Staying with Wee Lum Thiam and Ng Tze Keat. * Stabbed in Episode 10 but survived. * Knocked down by a van while being chased by Teo Hark Wee's men. | 2, 4-6, 8-11, 16-18 |
| Terence Cao | Yang Zhongzheng (杨忠正) | **Main Villain From *C.L.I.F. 3* (repented)**
**Younger Version Portrayed by Fraser Tiong*** Yang Hongxi's father. * Eng Xuan Bee's ex-boyfriend. * Jailed 15 months ago for murder and sentenced to death for his crimes in *C.L.I.F. 3*. * Wee Lum Thiam's best friend. * Died after having stage 4 pancreatic cancer. | 1, 2, 6, 8, 10-11 |
| Liu Kai Xin | Teo Xiufeng (赵秀凤) | * Chan Yu's mother. * Teo Hark Wee's elder sister. * Eng Xuan Bee's boss. | 1-4, 6-13, 15-17, 19-20 |
| Renfred Ng | Evan Poh | * NPC Community Policing Unit (CPU) Officer. * Teo Kwee Xiang's good friend and partner. | 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14-15, 18-20 |
| Zong Zijie | Liang Dexun (梁德迅) | * Liang Zhixiong's son. * Teo Kwee Xiang's friend. * Staying with Teo Kwee Xiang. * Mixed with gangsters after his father went to prison. * Repented after being given a warning. * Going to be enlisted for National Service as mentioned by Teo Kwee Xiang in Episode 13. | 3-7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 |
| Sunny Pang | Liang Zhixiong (梁志雄) | * Liang Dexun's father. * Arrested in Episode 7 for the gruesome murders of 2 pub ladies and attempted murder of Xuan Bee. | 3-7 |
| Xavier Ong | Zen | * Skateboard molester. * Molested and then assaulted Xuan Bee using skateboard and caused her to be half-paralyzed in Episode 15. | 15-16 |
| Grace Teo | Fang Ruoting (方若婷) | **Supporting Villain**
**Vanessa*** Teo Hark Wee's assistant. * Injured in Episode 16. * Shot in the leg by Tze Keat in Episode 16. * Kidnapped Shishi in Episode 20. * Shot by Chan Yu while attacking him. | 8-17, 20 |

## Development

The series was first announced to be under planning in 2016. Prior to the announcement, Elvin Ng mentioned that he will return for the fourth installment after he is done with the filming of *If Only I Could*, and Li Nanxing also mentioned that he will return for the series. In the *House of Fortune* press conference in January 2016, it was also announced that Ya Hui will be playing a cop in the series. On 23 February 2016, Li and Ng, together with the latest additions Zhang Yaodong, Ya Hui, and Mei Xin attended a weapon training session at the Home Team Academy to prepare for the series; Rui En was absent as she was unwell. Imaging sessions were done in March, where Ng revealed a collaboration with Rui En in a L'Oréal commercial.

Bonnie Loo, who plays Yang Zhongzheng's daughter Hongxi, and ex-infotainment host Liu Kaixin hosted the lensing ceremony, held on 24 March 2016. Some of the cast members revealed that they diligently went to great lengths to prepare themselves for their roles by picking up a sport, or resuming their exercise regimes. They also talked about their brush with the law. It was also revealed that Yang Zhongzheng (Terence Cao) will die in the series and his funeral is filmed at Mount Vernon on 29 April.

A press conference was held at the Ministry of Home Affairs, New Phoenix Park on 23 August 2016. Li Nanxing, Elvin Ng, Sora Ma, Zhang Yaodong, Ya Hui, Mei Xin, Chen Tianwen, Yusuke Fukuchi, and Bonnie Loo attended the conference. Notably absent was Rui En, who was in New Zealand to spend time with her father. A meet-and-greet session was held on 3 September at One KM Mall. Elvin Ng, Ya Hui, Sora Ma, Mei Xin, Chen Tianwen, Terence Cao, and Bonnie Loo were present at the event. The first 150 audience to form the queue for the event got to receive an autographed poster and a goodie bag each.

## Incident

On 12 April 2016, Rui En was reportedly involved in a Clementi car park accident, and this made waves all over the internet the next day. Responding in an official statement on 14 April 2016 through her manager from Hype Records, she clarified the context of the conversation, and made an apology.

Responding to media queries, executive producer Chong Liung Man said that they have no intention of replacing her or her character in the drama. Rui En showed up for work as usual on that day, but he gave her a day off as he was worried that she might not be in the most ideal state for shooting.

## Potential sequel

Chong Liung Man shared that doing a sequel was "something the team strived towards to during *C.L.I.F. 3*". In a separate interview, he said, "When I was filming part 3, I told them the mission is to have a part 4. Now that it has succeeded, we’d have to wait for a few more years before knowing if part 5 will happen." He added that the drama's aim is to develop the characters and their back stories to make them more relatable and touching.

Chong also expressed interest in doing a Singapore Army drama, if given the opportunity to shoot a similar drama about a different uniform group in Singapore, adding that "it has been a long time since we last did a proper drama about the army in MediaCorp."

## Episodes

| No. in series | No. in season | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 66 | 1 | "Episode 1" | September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)
PG Some Violence |
| 67 | 2 | "Episode 2" | September 7, 2016 (2016-09-07)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 68 | 3 | "Episode 3" | September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 69 | 4 | "Episode 4" | September 9, 2016 (2016-09-09)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 70 | 5 | "Episode 5" | September 12, 2016 (2016-09-12)
PG Some Sexual References |
| 71 | 6 | "Episode 6" | September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 72 | 7 | "Episode 7" | September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
PG Some Violence |
| 73 | 8 | "Episode 8" | September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 74 | 9 | "Episode 9" | September 16, 2016 (2016-09-16)
PG Some Violence |
| 75 | 10 | "Episode 10" | September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 76 | 11 | "Episode 11" | September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 77 | 12 | "Episode 12" | September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
PG Some Violence |
| 78 | 13 | "Episode 13" | September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)
PG Some Violence |
| 79 | 14 | "Episode 14" | September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
PG Some Violence |
| 80 | 15 | "Episode 15" | September 26, 2016 (2016-09-26)
PG Some Violence |
| 81 | 16 | "Episode 16" | September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 82 | 17 | "Episode 17" | September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 83 | 18 | "Episode 18" | September 29, 2016 (2016-09-29)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 84 | 19 | "Episode 19" | September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
PG Some Disturbing Scenes |
| 85 | 20 | "Episode 20 (Finale)" | October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)
PG Some Violence |

## Awards and nominations

### Star Awards 2017

*C.L.I.F. 4* has the least nominations in Star Awards 2017.

The other drama serials that are nominated for Star Awards 2017 are *Hero*, *You Can Be an Angel 2*, *Fire Up*, and *The Dream Job*.

It won 1 out of 2 nominations.

The Star Awards are presented by Mediacorp.

| Star Awards – Acting Awards | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Accolades | Category | Nominees | Result |
| The Road to Star Awards 2017 Episode 1 | Best Director | Martin Chan | Won |
| Star Awards 2017 Awards Ceremony | Best Drama Serial |  | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| *C.L.I.F. 4* | |
| --- | --- |
| 警徽天职4 | |
| Genre | Police procedural
Action
Thriller |
| Written by | Tang Yeow
Seah Choon Guan |
| Directed by | Sam Loh
Oh Liang Cai
Martin Chan |
| Starring | Li Nanxing
Rui En
Zhang Yaodong
Elvin Ng
Ya Hui |
| Opening theme | 奉陪到底 by Ric |
| Ending theme | 奉陪到底 by Ric |
| Country of origin | Singapore |
| Original languages | Mandarin, with some English dialogue |
| No. of episodes | 20 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Chong Liung Man |
| Running time | approx. 45 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Mediacorp Channel 8 |
| Release | 6 September (2016-09-06)
3 October 2016 (2016-10-03) |
| Related | |
| *C.L.I.F.* (2011)
*C.L.I.F. 2* (2013)
*C.L.I.F. 3* (2014)
*C.L.I.F. 5* (2019) | |


title: Sandy Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador

abstract: Sandy Cove is a town located on the Eastport Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is located on Newman Sound, which is part of Bonavista Bay. It had a population of 120 in the 2021 census.

text:
# Sandy Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador

**Sandy Cove** is a town located on the Eastport Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is located on Newman Sound, which is part of Bonavista Bay. It had a population of 120 in the 2021 census.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sandy Cove had a population of 120 living in 56 of its 95 total private dwellings, a change of -1.6% from its 2016 population of 122. With a land area of 8.99 km2 (3.47 sq mi), it had a population density of 13.3/km2 (34.6/sq mi) in 2021.

48°38′51″N 53°42′31″W / 48.64750°N 53.70861°W / 48.64750; -53.70861

## InfoBox

| Sandy Cove Savage Cove-Sandy Cove | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Sandy Cove | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 120 |
| Time zone | UTC-3:30 (Newfoundland Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-2:30 (Newfoundland Daylight) |
| Area code | 709 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Sandy Creek, North Carolina

abstract: Sandy Creek is a town in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 260 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Wilmington, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Sandy Creek, North Carolina

**Sandy Creek** is a town in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 260 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Wilmington, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography

Sandy Creek is located in northern Brunswick County. U.S. Routes 74 and 76 (the Andrew Jackson Highway) run along the northern edge of the town and lead 13 miles (21 km) east to Wilmington and 33 miles (53 km) west to Whiteville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Sandy Creek has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.3 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 243 |  |  |
| 2000 | 246 |  | 1.2% |
| 2010 | 260 |  | 5.7% |
| 2020 | 248 |  | −4.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 246 people, 91 households, and 64 families residing in the town. The population density was 411.2 inhabitants per square mile (158.8/km2). There were 105 housing units at an average density of 175.5 per square mile (67.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.87% White, 5.69% African American, 0.81% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.03% of the population.

There were 91 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,333, and the median income for a family was $40,625. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,296. About 9.0% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Sandy Creek, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Sandy CreekLocation within the state of North Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 34°16′38″N 78°09′00″W / 34.27722°N 78.15000°W / 34.27722; -78.15000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Brunswick |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.43 sq mi (3.69 km2) |
| Land | 1.43 sq mi (3.69 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 62 ft (19 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 248 |
| Density | 173.91/sq mi (67.13/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 28451 |
| Area codes | 910, 472 |
| FIPS code | 37-59090 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2407284 |
| Website | www.townofsandycreek.com |


title: Béjar

abstract: Béjar is a town and municipality of Spain located in the province of Salamanca, autonomous community of Castile and León. As of 2018, it had a population of 12,961. The historical development of the town has been linked to its once thriving textile manufacturing industry.

text:
# Béjar

**Béjar** (Spanish pronunciation: \[ˈbexaɾ\]) is a town and municipality of Spain located in the province of Salamanca, autonomous community of Castile and León. As of 2018, it had a population of 12,961. The historical development of the town has been linked to its once thriving textile manufacturing industry.

## History

Béjar was founded towards October–November 1208 and it was presumably granted a *fuero* afterwards. It was originally placed to the south of the current settlement, but the population relocated to its current location in the first half of the 14th century. Featuring a cattle-based economy, the town sustained a quick early growth. Over the rest of the middle ages, the town passed several times from a royal demesne to seigneurial lordship and vice versa. The town saw its *fuero* ratified in 1333. Béjar celebrated an eight-day long medieval fair every year. The town enjoyed from availability to plenty of wood resources, hydropower and sheep flocks.

The arrival to power of the Zúñiga family after 1396 favoured the installment of numerous courtiers and servants, who increased the demand for clothing products. Cloth-making boomed in the late-17th century. The Ducal House of Béjar brought Flemish artisans to update the wool manufacturing techniques.

Unlike other textile manufacturing hubs in the Castilian Meseta, the local textile industry got to survive past the Early Modern Period. The late modern history of Béjar is indeed marked by its thriving textile industry, and during the 19th century it came to be referred to as the "Castilian Manchester".

Due to the peripheral location of the town and the rugged relief, railway arrived late to Béjar, in 1894. Following the end of the Civil War, Béjar became a major provider of wool clothes, primarily used for military and civil servants' uniforms.

Béjar maintained a positive demographic growth until 1970, peaking at 17,576 inhabitants. The textile industry entered a crisis in the 1970s, prompting to staffing cutbacks. Passenger train services in the Astorga–Plasencia line closed on 1 January 1985, and rail freight transport a decade later, worsening rural flight patterns in the area and hindering business development. In the wake of the decline of the secondary sector, the municipality has tried to foster other alternatives for the local economy such as tourism.

## Name

The name *Béjar* is presumably of pre-Roman origin and it has been documented as *Biclara* and *Biclaro*.

## Monuments

Béjar has many remarkable monuments and historical buildings:

* City walls: well-preserved medieval fort
* Church of Saint James (Santiago): built in the 12th century, now serves as a Museum of Religious Art
* Church of Saint Mary the Great (Santa María la Mayor): built between the 12th and 17th centuries, in several different architectural styles (from Mudejar to Baroque)
* Jewish Museum David Melul: shows Béjar's Hebrew past
* Ducal Palace and Camera Obscura: an ancient fortress transformed into a palace for the Duke and Duchess of Béjar in the 16th century.

Citations Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Béjar | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| BéjarBéjar | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′N 5°46′W / 40.383°N 5.767°W / 40.383; -5.767 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Area | |
| Total | 46 km2 (18 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 959 m (3,146 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 12,961 |
| Density | 280/km2 (730/sq mi) |
| Demonym | bejarano |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37700 |
| Dialing code | 923 |
| Website | www.aytobejar.com |


title: C. C. Cundiff House

abstract: C. C. Cundiff House, also known as the Cundiff House, is a historic home located near Siloam, Surry County, North Carolina, United States. It was built about 1865, and is a two-story brick dwelling, with a low hipped roof and simple details of vernacular Greek Revival and later Victorian inspiration. It consists of two sections, one having four rooms and the other two rooms joined by a one-story shed-roofed front porch. Also on the property are the contributing well/wash house, smokehouse, privy, and family cemetery. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# C. C. Cundiff House

**C. C. Cundiff House**, also known as the Cundiff House, is a historic home located near Siloam, Surry County, North Carolina, United States. It was built about 1865, and is a two-story brick dwelling, with a low hipped roof and simple details of vernacular Greek Revival and later Victorian inspiration. It consists of two sections, one having four rooms and the other two rooms joined by a one-story shed-roofed front porch. Also on the property are the contributing well/wash house, smokehouse, privy, and family cemetery.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| C. C. Cundiff House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | SR 2230, near Siloam, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 36°17′1″N 80°35′12″W / 36.28361°N 80.58667°W / 36.28361; -80.58667 |
| Area | 9.8 acres (4.0 ha) |
| Built | c. 1865 (1865) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 83001918 |
| Added to NRHP | July 21, 1983 |


title: C/S Origin

abstract: C/S Origin was an entertainment channel that was owned by Solar Entertainment Corporation. The flagship channel of C/S 9. It shows mostly American crime and suspense dramas, science-fiction, mysteries, reality and investigation. The initial broadcast was launched on September 14, 2008. This channel was available on Global Destiny Cable and SkyCable. Solar Entertainment had decided "handover" all programs shown on C/S Origin back to its terrestrial channel, C/S 9, on July 15, 2009. C/S Origin, which was available on Global Destiny Cable and SkyCable, has now been replaced by Sci Fi Channel on their respective channel line-up.

text:
# C/S Origin

**C/S Origin** was an entertainment channel that was owned by Solar Entertainment Corporation. The flagship channel of **C/S 9** (on free TV owned by RPN). It shows mostly American crime and suspense dramas, science-fiction, mysteries, reality and investigation. The initial broadcast was launched on September 14, 2008. This channel was available on Global Destiny Cable and SkyCable.

Solar Entertainment had decided "handover" all programs shown on C/S Origin back to its terrestrial channel, C/S 9, on July 15, 2009. C/S Origin, which was available on Global Destiny Cable and SkyCable, has now been replaced by Sci Fi Channel (now Universal Channel) on their respective channel line-up.

## Profile

**C/S** (better known as **Crime/Suspense**), the home of the world's critically acclaimed and award-winning US television series, takes entertainment to the next level with **C/S Origin**. The channel that gives you an unparalleled selection of choice programming from the hottest shows to the latest seasons. To the most investigative factuals and blockbuster movies.

## Programming

## InfoBox

C/S Origin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Philippines |
| Broadcast area | Defunct |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Solar Entertainment |
| Sister channels | ETC
2nd Avenue
C/S 9
Jack TV
Solar Sports
Basketball TV |
| History | |
| Launched | September 14, 2008 (2008-09-14) |
| Replaced | Sci Fi Channel |
| Closed | July 15, 2009 (2009-07-15) |


title: C. Shannon Bacon

abstract: C. Shannon Bacon is an American attorney, legal scholar, and jurist serving as a justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court.

text:
# C. Shannon Bacon

**C. Shannon Bacon** (born 1971 or 1972) is an American attorney, legal scholar, and jurist serving as a justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court.

## Early life and education

Bacon was raised in North Valley, New Mexico. She earned a Bachelor of Arts from Creighton University in Omaha and a Juris Doctor from the Creighton University School of Law.

## Career

After graduating from law school, Bacon returned to Albuquerque, where she was admitted to the State Bar of New Mexico in 1997. She was formerly partner at a pair of Albuquerque law firms and clerked under Judge A. Joseph Alarid at the New Mexico Court of Appeals. Bacon is an adjunct professor at the University of New Mexico School of Law, where she teaches courses on evidence and trial practice.

### Judicial service

#### State district court

Bacon was appointed a Judge of the Second Judicial District Court in 2010, where she served until her elevation to the Supreme Court.

#### New Mexico Supreme Court

In December 2018, Bacon was one of fourteen applicants who applied for two upcoming vacancies on the Supreme Court. On January 11, 2019 the Nominating Commission submitted her name along with six others to fill the vacancies. On January 25, 2019 Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham announced her pick of Bacon to fill the vacancy left by the retirement of Charles W. Daniels. She was sworn in on February 4, 2019. She was elected to serve as the next chief justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court and sworn in on April 13, 2022. and served until April 16, 2024, when she was succeeded by David K. Thomson.

## Personal

Bacon identifies as a lesbian. She is the first openly LGBT member of the New Mexico Supreme Court.

## InfoBox

| Shannon Bacon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
April 13, 2022  April 16, 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Michael E. Vigil |
| Succeeded by | David K. Thomson |
| Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
February 4, 2019 | |
| Appointed by | Michelle Lujan Grisham |
| Preceded by | Charles W. Daniels |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1971 or 1972 (age 52–53) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Creighton University (BA, JD) |
|  | |


title: Béla Tóth

abstract: Béla Tóth was a Hungarian professional football manager who managed the Turkey national team.

text:
# Béla Tóth

**Béla Tóth** was a Hungarian professional football manager who managed the Turkey national team.

## Managerial career

Tóth managed the Turkey national football team from 1927 to 1932. He made his managerial debut in a set of matches against Bulgaria in June 1927, tying 3-3 and winning the rematch with a score of 3-1. He participated in the 1928 Summer Olympics with the Turkish national team. He was dismissed on 17 April 1932 after a streak of 4 consecutive losses. In total, he managed Turkey for 8 matches and had a record of 2 wins 1 draw and 5 losses, with 14 goals scored and 25 conceded.

## InfoBox

Béla Tóth
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Béla Tóth | | |
| Place of birth | Hungary | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 1927-1932 | Turkey | | |


title: Sangma

abstract:
Sangma is an Indian surname found among people of Meghalaya, India. People with this surname include:
  - P. A. Sangma: Indian politician, former Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chief Minister of Meghalaya
  - Admiral K. Sangma: Indian politician, Assembly
  - Agatha Sangma: Indian politician, daughter of P. A. Sangma and Member of parliament
  - Conrad Sangma: Indian politician, son of P. A. Sangma and incumbent current chief minister of Meghalaya
  - James Sangma: Indian politician, Assembly
  - Mukul Sangma: Indian politician, former Chief Minister of Meghalaya
  - Williamson A. Sangma: Indian politician who served as first CM of Maghalaya

text:
# Sangma

**Sangma** is an Indian surname found among people of Meghalaya, India. People with this surname include:

* P. A. Sangma: Indian politician, former Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chief Minister of Meghalaya (February 6, 1988 – March 25, 1990)
* Admiral K. Sangma: Indian politician, Assembly
* Agatha Sangma: Indian politician, daughter of P. A. Sangma and Member of parliament
* Conrad Sangma: Indian politician, son of P. A. Sangma and incumbent current chief minister of Meghalaya
* James Sangma: Indian politician, Assembly
* Mukul Sangma: Indian politician, former Chief Minister of Meghalaya
* Williamson A. Sangma: Indian politician who served as first CM of Maghalaya


title: Sangmeshwar Gurav

abstract: Sangameshwar Gurav was a singer associated with the Kirana Gharana movement. He was taught musical skills by Ganpatrao Gurav.

text:
# Sangmeshwar Gurav

**Sangameshwar Gurav** was a singer associated with the Kirana Gharana movement. He was taught musical skills by Ganpatrao Gurav.

## Career

Gurav was born in Jamkhandi where his father, Ganpatrao Gurav, was a court musician. Ganpatrao was a direct descendant of Abdul Karim Khan. He was raised by father in Dharwad. He was a teacher in the music department of Karnatak University where he worked alongside Mallikarjun Mansur, Basavraj Rajguru, and Gangubai Hangal.

## Awards

Gurav received the Central Sangeet Natak Akademi award for Hindustani vocal music in 2001.

## Death and descendants

Gurav died on 7 May 2014 at the age of 86. He is survived by wife, two sons, and two daughters. His son Kaivalya Kumar Gurav continues the musical lineage. His other son Nandikeshwar is a tabla artist employed at Karnatak University.

## InfoBox

| Sangameshwar Gurav | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Sangameshwar Gurav |
| Died | 7 May 2014 |
| Genres | Hindustani classical music |
| Occupation | singer |


title: CB Insights

abstract: CB Insights is a private company with a business analytics platform and global database that provides market intelligence on private companies and investor activities. The platform is targeted at private equity, venture capital, investment banking, angel investing, and consulting professionals by providing insights about high growth private companies.

text:
# CB Insights

**CB Insights** is a private company with a business analytics platform and global database that provides market intelligence on private companies and investor activities. The platform is targeted at private equity, venture capital, investment banking, angel investing, and consulting professionals by providing insights about high growth private companies.

## Founding

CB Insights was founded on January 1, 2008, by Anand Sanwal, and Jonathan Sherry and is headquartered in New York. CB Insights uses a combination of big data tools and algorithms, as well as sentiment analysis on publicly available signals to gather and analyze data about private companies, investors, and industries.

## Funding

The company has raised capital in three rounds of funding with the most recent one being $10 million in series A funding raised in 2015, led by the growth stage investment firm RSTP. The company had previously raised $1.15 million in grants from the National Science Foundation for its private company scoring software, called Mosaic.

## Clients and partners

Some of CB Insights clients include Cisco, Salesforce, Castrol, Gartner, as well as top-tier VCs including, NEA, Upfront Ventures, RRE, and FirstMark Capital. The company periodically partners with companies such as The New York Times Company, and Pricewaterhouse Coopers, to generate reports on the health of private companies, growth startups, and venture capital across industries.

CB Insights' primary competitors include Crunchbase, and Owler.

## CB Insights AI 100

Since 2017, CB Insights publishes the annual global rating of companies in artificial intelligence classified into multiple categories.

## Acquisitions

The company announced acquisition of VentureSource data assets from Dow Jones & Company on July 15, 2020. The assets will add to the company's private market coverage capabilities.

## InfoBox

CB Insights, Inc.
|
|  |
| Industry | Mergers and Acquisitions, Private Equity and Venture Capital |
| Founded | New York, NY - June 2008 |
| Founders | Anand Sanwal, Jonathan Sherry |
| Headquarters | New York, NY, United States |
| Revenue | $100 Million (Est. 2022) |
| Number of employees | 400 (Est. 2021) |
| Website | cbinsights.com |


title: Sanjan (Khorasan)

abstract: Sanjan is an ancient city on the southern edge of the Kara-kum Desert, in the vicinity of the historically eminent oasis-city of Merv. Topographically, Sanjan is located in the Greater Khorasan region of Central Asia. Politically, Sanjan is in the present-day Mary Province of Turkmenistan. Together with Merv, Sanjan was an important stopping place and center of trade on the southern route of the Silk Road. Sanjan gained further importance following the Seleucid establishment of Merv as the principal city of the Margiana province, a status it also held during the subsequent Parthian and Sassanid eras. As a site in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, Sanjan is subject to the hypothesis that the Indo-Iranians, a major branch that split off from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, originated there. According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, an epic poem from around 1600, the Zoroastrians who fled to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th or 9th century, to escape religious persecution from Islamic invaders, established the settlement of Sanjan (Gujarat). These Zoroastrians, who were at first called Sanjanas or Khorasanis, are thought to have named the Indian west-coast settlement after the city of their origin. Sanjan must not be confused with the phonetically similar Iranian province Zanjan, or its capital, the city of Zanjan.

text:
# Sanjan (Khorasan)

**Sanjan** is an ancient city on the southern edge of the Kara-kum Desert, in the vicinity of the historically eminent oasis-city of Merv. Topographically, Sanjan is located in the Greater Khorasan region of Central Asia. Politically, Sanjan is in the present-day Mary Province of Turkmenistan.

Together with Merv, Sanjan was an important stopping place and center of trade on the southern route of the Silk Road. Sanjan gained further importance following the Seleucid establishment of Merv as the principal city of the Margiana province, a status it also held during the subsequent Parthian (250 BCE–226 CE) and Sassanid (226-651 CE) eras.

As a site in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, Sanjan is subject to the hypothesis that the Indo-Iranians, a major branch that split off from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, originated there. (see also: BMAC:Indo-Iranian hypothesis)

According to the *Qissa-i Sanjan*, an epic poem from around 1600, the Zoroastrians who fled to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th or 9th century, to escape religious persecution from Islamic invaders, established the settlement of Sanjan (Gujarat). These Zoroastrians, who were at first called *Sanjana*s or *Khorasani*s (today, the descendants of these and later Zoroastrian emigrants are collectively known as the Parsis), are thought to have named the Indian west-coast settlement after the city of their origin.

*Sanjan* must not be confused with the phonetically similar Iranian province Zanjan, or its capital, the city of Zanjan.

37°35′07″N 61°50′53″E / 37.5854°N 61.8480°E / 37.5854; 61.8480


title: Ercta pedicialis

abstract: Ercta pedicialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1895. It is found on Java.

text:
# Ercta pedicialis

***Ercta pedicialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1895. It is found on Java.

## InfoBox

| *Ercta pedicialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Ercta* |
| Species: | ***E. pedicialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ercta pedicialis***<br>Snellen, 1895 | |
|


title: Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway

abstract: The Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway was a single track railway branch line, 22 miles (35 km) long, in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. It was opened in succession by two companies, the first in 1861 to connect the important woollen town of Witney to the main line network, and the second in 1873 as the rump of an ambitious scheme to connect to Cheltenham, but which ran only between Witney and Fairford. The junction with the main line was at Yarnton, north of Oxford. The Great Western Railway worked the two companies' lines as a single branch line from 1873, and later absorbed them. British Railways withdrew passenger services in 1962; a residual goods service to Witney remained until 1970.

text:
# Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway

The **Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway** was a single track railway branch line, 22 miles (35 km) long, in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. It was opened in succession by two companies, the first in 1861 to connect the important woollen town of Witney to the main line network, and the second in 1873 as the rump of an ambitious scheme to connect to Cheltenham, but which ran only between Witney and Fairford. The junction with the main line was at Yarnton, north of Oxford.

The Great Western Railway worked the two companies' lines as a single branch line from 1873, and later absorbed them. British Railways withdrew passenger services in 1962; a residual goods service to Witney remained until 1970.

## Origins

Witney had been an important town with a significant woollen industry, but found itself at a competitive disadvantage as northern manufacturing towns gained railway connections. A number of schemes were put forward, including a possible branch from the London and Birmingham Railway at Tring.

The Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway (OW&WR) opened on 4 June 1853 from Wolvercot Junction, on the Great Western Railway (GWR) a little north of Oxford to Evesham, and Witney had at least a nearby station at Handborough.

Nonetheless a railway to Witney itself was desirable, and after some false starts a public meeting was held on 23 December 1858 to propose a branch line from the OW&WR at Yarnton, where there was to be a new junction station. Sir Charles Fox was appointed Engineer and in the 1859 session a bill was presented to Parliament to authorise the railway. Despite GWR opposition, the Witney Railway was authorised by the **Witney Railway Act 1859** (22 & 23 Vict. c. xlvi) of 1 August 1859. Capital was to be £50,000 in shares and £16,000 in borrowings.

## Opening to Witney

Joseph Pickering was appointed contractor to build the line, and an arrangement was made with the OW&WR company for it to work the line for 10 years for 50% of gross receipts. By the time of opening, the OW&WR had merged with another company and formed the West Midland Railway.

On 5 November 1861 Captain Tyler of the Board of Trade made a formal inspection. He approved the line for opening, noting that the Witney station was temporary only, "pending construction of a permanent station, the probable site of which is as yet uncertain". There was no turntable at Witney, so only tank engines might be used, and a turntable was to be provided within twelve months. Sidings seem not to have been provided at first. The line was single, and eight miles long, with earthworks and overbridges made for double track. It was to be worked on the *one engine in steam* principle.

The permanent way employed Seaton rails, in which the material below the head was formed in an inverted V in section; the rail was supported on a triangular longitudinal timber itself bedded on longitudinal timbers. Tyler commented that

> This form of rail is not well adapted for obtaining a maximum of strength from the iron employed, but the roadway will I conceive be a safe one for the light traffic There is one disadvantage attending it, that it is not available for the application of points and crossings, and where these are employed, other forms of rails have to be intermingled with it.

The line was ceremonially opened amid considerable festivity on 13 November 1861, and the public passenger service started the next day, 14 November 1861. As the connections to the goods facilities were not yet in place, the operation of a goods service was delayed until 1 March 1862, a local contractor Malachi Bartlett being brought in to complete work apparently left unfinished by Pickering. It appears that goods working was performed by mixed (passenger and goods) trains.

There were four or five daily return trips to Oxford in the early years of the line's operation. Intermediate stations were at South Leigh and Eynsham.

At the time of planning the new line, the OW&WR was running through trains to London over the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) and Yarnton would have been an important interchange. By the time of opening, the OW&WR had changed its allegiance to the GWR, and Yarnton lost its significance. Building the new station there was the responsibility of the West Midland Railway, and they delayed opening it until summer 1863. It had a separate bay platform and run-round for the Witney trains.

The company was profitable, earning annually between £4,000 and £4,600 throughout its first decade.

## The East Gloucestershire Railway

| East Gloucestershire Railway Act 1862 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 25 & 26 Vict. c. ccvi |

| East Gloucestershire Railway Act 1864 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 27 & 28 Vict. c. cclxxxv |

The East Gloucestershire Railway was originally conceived as a through line from Faringdon to Cheltenham, with a branch to Witney. It obtained an authorising act of Parliament, the **East Gloucestershire Railway Act 1862** (25 & 26 Vict. c. ccvi), with share capital of £600,000, but Great Western Railway (GWR) opposition frustrated the promoters' intentions, and a second act of Parliament, the **East Gloucestershire Railway Act 1864** (27 & 28 Vict. c. cclxxxv), was obtained on 29 July 1864, for a 50 miles (80 km) line to be worked by the Midland Railway. The GWR appealed against the arrangement, and the powers were reduced to building a 14 miles (23 km) line from Witney to Fairford, with share capital of £300,000.

The usual Board of Trade inspection took place on 10 January 1873 and the line was opened with the usual ceremony on 14 January 1873, with ordinary passenger operation starting the next day. In effect the line was simply an extension of the Witney line. The junction at Witney was on the Oxford side of the original Witney station, so that the new Witney station was on the new line; the former Witney station was reduced to the status of a goods station.

Stations on the new line were therefore Fairford, Lechlade, Alvescot, Bampton and Witney. The GWR operated the line (as a continuous branch incorporating the Witney line and the new extension) and also maintained the line.

## Absorption by the GWR

Whereas the Witney Railway had achieved its objective, of connecting the town to the railway network, the East Gloucestershire Railway failed in its long-distance objective. Limited to a local service only, and being worked by and dependent on the GWR, the question of its absorption by the larger company arose. The East Gloucestershire Company was absorbed by share purchase on 1 July 1890; the Witney Railway Company sold out on the same date.

The line was now in effect the Fairford branch of the GWR.

## Stations and features on the line

The stations on the line were:

* Fairford; the configuration showed its conception as a through station, with a platform on the Cheltenham side of Lechlade Road overbridge, and the run-round loop and goods shed to the west of it.
* Lechlade
* Kelmscott and Langford; opened on 4 November 1907; initially referred to as a *platform*.
* Alvescot
* Carterton; opened on 2 October 1944 to serve the new RAF station at Brize Norton.
* Bampton; renamed Brize Norton and Bampton on 1 May 1940.
* Witney; the passenger station was the new, through station built by the East Gloucestershire Railway; the original Witney Railway terminus was a goods station on a short spur.
* South Leigh
* Eynsham
* Cassington Halt; opened on 9 March 1936; on the south side of the Cheltenham main road, the access was found to be dangerous and in 1947 it was moved to the north side, where direct access to the village was provided, avoiding the main road crossing.

## Later years

British Railways (BR) closed the line to passenger traffic on 18 June 1962. The section between Yarnton and Witney only remained open to goods traffic until 2 November 1970, when BR closed it completely.

## Reopening the railway

There is a strong case for reopening the line, with severe traffic congestion on the roads to and from Oxford.

In June 2009 the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC), since 2017 the Rail Delivery Group, published "Connecting Communities: Expanding Access to the Rail Network." Restoring a rail connection for Witney was one of 20 schemes recommended for 'review in the light of the consultation responses to the study, with the costs and benefits refined/updated using NATA, and in the light of increasing population and employment figures.'

In January 2019, the Campaign for Better Transport released a report identifying this line was listed as Priority 2 for reopening. Priority 2 is for those lines which require further development or a change in circumstances (such as housing developments).

1. Butt 1995, p. 113.
2. Jenkins 2013
3. Carter 1959
4. Christiansen 1981
5. MacDermot 1927, pp. 551, 866.
6. Butt 1995, p. 55.
7. Cobb 2003
8. Jenkins 1975, p. 35.
9. Jenkins 1975, p. 40.
10. "Bid to reopen Witney train track ahead of key rail summit". 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
11. "Connecting Communities: Expanding Access to the Rail Network". *Rail Delivery Group*. June 2009. p. 16. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
12. "The case for expanding the rail network" (PDF). *Campaign for Better Transport*. January 2019. p. 42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Witney Railway Act 1859 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 22 & 23 Vict. c. xlvi |


title: Eurypetalum

abstract:
Eurypetalum is a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes two species of trees native to the Guineo-Congolian forest of southern Cameroon, Gabon, and mainland Equatorial Guinea.
  - Eurypetalum tessmannii Harms
  - Eurypetalum unijugum Harms

text:
# Eurypetalum

***Eurypetalum*** is a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes two species of trees native to the Guineo-Congolian forest of southern Cameroon, Gabon, and mainland Equatorial Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Eurypetalum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eurypetalum tessmannii* botanical drawing, 1910 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Detarioideae |
| Tribe: | Detarieae |
| Genus: | *Eurypetalum*<br>Harms (1910) |
|


title: Comarca de Vitigudino

abstract:
Comarca de Vitigudino is a comarca in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León. It contains the following subcomarcas:
  - El Abadengo, which contains the municipalities of Ahigal de los Aceiteros, Bañobárez, Bermellar, Bogajo, Cerralbo, Fuenteliante, La Fregeneda, Hinojosa de Duero, Lumbrales, Olmedo de Camaces, La Redonda, San Felices de los Gallegos, Sobradillo and Villavieja de Yeltes.
  - Las Arribes, which contains the municipalities of Aldeadávila, Masueco, Mieza, Pereña, Saucelle, Villarino and Vilvestre.
  - La Ramajería, which contains the municipalities of Ahigal de Villarino, Almendra, Barceo, Barruecopardo, Brincones, Cabeza del Caballo, Cerezal de Peñahorcada, El Manzano, El Milano, Encinasola de los Comendadores, Guadramiro, Iruelos, La Peña, La Vídola, La Zarza de Pumareda, Puertas, Saldeana, Sanchón de la Ribera, Trabanca, Valderrodrigo, Valsalabroso, Villar de Samaniego and Villasbuenas.
  - Tierra de Vitigudino, which contains the municipalities of Cipérez, El Cubo, Espadaña, Moronta, Peralejos de Abajo, Peralejos de Arriba, Pozos de Hinojo, Villar de Peralonso, Villares de Yeltes, Villarmuerto, Vitigudino and Yecla.

text:
# Comarca de Vitigudino

**Comarca de Vitigudino** is a comarca in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León. It contains the following subcomarcas:

## InfoBox

| Comarca de Vitigudino | |
| --- | --- |
| Comarca | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| Coordinates: 40°59′42″N 6°26′02″W / 40.99500°N 6.43389°W / 40.99500; -6.43389 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,362.3 km2 (912.1 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 19,070 |
| Density | 8.1/km2 (21/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Evan Reilly

abstract: Evan Reilly, sometimes credited as Evan T. Reilly, is an American television writer, producer and director who is best known as a long-time writer and producer on the FX series Rescue Me, which he worked on beginning with its second season and continuing through to its seventh and final season. During this time he wrote or co-wrote forty-three episodes and made his directorial-debut on the penultimate episode, "Vows". He is currently serving as a co-executive producer on the AMC horror/drama series The Walking Dead. He has worked on the production team on a number of other series, including Law and Order: Criminal Intent, Heist and The Sopranos.

text:
# Evan Reilly

**Evan Reilly**, sometimes credited as **Evan T. Reilly**, is an American television writer, producer and director who is best known as a long-time writer and producer on the FX series *Rescue Me*, which he worked on beginning with its second season and continuing through to its seventh and final season. During this time he wrote or co-wrote forty-three episodes and made his directorial-debut on the penultimate episode, "Vows". He is currently serving as a co-executive producer on the AMC horror/drama series *The Walking Dead*. He has worked on the production team on a number of other series, including *Law and Order: Criminal Intent*, *Heist* and *The Sopranos*.

## Rescue Me (43 episodes)

* 2.07 - "Shame"
* 2.08 - "Believe"
* 2.25 - "Happy" (co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)
* 3.03 - "Torture"
* 3.05 - "Chlamydia"
* 3.08 - "Karate"
* 3.10 - "Retards"
* 4.03 - "Commitment"
* 4.06 - "Balance"
* 4.08 - "Solo" (co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)
* 4.09 - "Anger"
* 4.12 - "Keefe" (co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)
* 4.13 - "Yaz" (co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)
* Minisodes (co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)
    + "Fast"
    + "Fantasy"
    + "Criteria"
    + "Juiced"
    + "Spelling"
    + "Supreme"
    + "Sandwich"
    + "Clue"
    + "Sweat"
    + "Smoke"
* 5.01 - "Baptism"
* 5.04 - "Jimmy"
* 5.05 - "Sheila" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 5.08 - "Iceman" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 5.09 - "Thaw" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 5.10 - "Control" (story co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan, teleplay by Mike Martineau)
* 5.12 - "Disease"
* 5.14 - "Wheels"
* 5.16 - "Clean" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 5.18 - "Carrot" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 5.19 - "David" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 5.20 - "Zippo" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 5.21 - "Jump" (co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)
* 6.02 - "Change" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 6.03 - "Comeback"
* 6.04 - "Breakout"
* 6.06 - "Sanctuary" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 6.07 - "Forgiven" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 6.09 - "Goodbye" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 7.01 - "Mutha" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 7.02 - "Menses" (co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)
* 7.03 - "Press" (co-written with Denis Leary and Zach Robbins)
* 7.04 - "Brownies" (co-written with Denis Leary and Zach Robbins)
* 7.05 - "Head" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 7.06 - "344" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 7.07 - "Jeter" (co-written with Denis Leary)
* 7.08 - "Vows" (also director; co-written with Denis Leary and Peter Tolan)

## Heist (1 episode)

* 1.03 “Strife” (co-written with Mark Cullen & Robb Cullen)

## The Walking Dead (6 episodes)

## Ballers (14 episodes)

* 1.02 "Raise Up"
* 1.03 "Move the Chains"
* 1.06 "Everything Is Everything"
* 1.08 "Gaslighting"
* 1.09 "Flamingos" (co-written with Stephen Levinson)
* 2.01 "Face of the Franchise"
* 2.02 "Enter the Temple"
* 2.05 "Most Guys"
* 2.09 "Million Bucks in a Bag" (co-written with Steve Sharlet)
* 2.10 "Game Day"
* 3.02 "Belly Rush"
* 3.05 "Make Believe"
* 3.09 "Crackback" (co-written with Steve Sharlet)
* 3.10 "Yay Area"

## Sex, Drugs & Rock & Roll (3 episodes)

* 1.06 "Tattoo You"
* 2.09 "Rolling in the Deep"
* 2.10 "Bang Bang"

## Happy! (1 episode)

* 2.02 "Tallahassee"

## InfoBox

| Evan Reilly | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Evan T. Reilly |
| Occupation(s) | Television writer, producer, director |
| Known for | *Rescue Me*<br>*The Walking Dead* |


title: Fajã de Baixo, Cape Verde

abstract: Fajã de Baixo is a town in the northern part of the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde. It is situated 2 km south of Estância de Brás and 5 km northwest of Ribeira Brava.

text:
# Fajã de Baixo, Cape Verde

**Fajã de Baixo** is a town in the northern part of the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde. It is situated 2 km south of Estância de Brás and 5 km northwest of Ribeira Brava.

## Notable person

## InfoBox

| Fajã de Baixo | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Fajã de Baixo | |
| Coordinates: 16°38′49″N 24°19′41″W / 16.647°N 24.328°W / 16.647; -24.328 | |
| Country | Cape Verde |
| Island | São Nicolau |
| Municipality | Ribeira Brava |
| Civil parish | Nossa Senhora da Lapa |
| Elevation | 278 m (912 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 620 |
| ID | 31103 |


title: Calisto occulta

abstract: Calisto occulta is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is known from a few localities from the middle part of the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains, from the Monte Iberia plateau north to near Yamanigüey, in north-eastern Cuba. The length of the forewings is 17–20 mm for males and 18–21 mm for females. The larvae feed on various grasses.

text:
# Calisto occulta

***Calisto occulta*** is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is known from a few localities from the middle part of the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains, from the Monte Iberia plateau north to near Yamanigüey, in north-eastern Cuba.

The length of the forewings is 17–20 mm for males and 18–21 mm for females.

The larvae feed on various grasses.

## InfoBox

| *Calisto occulta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male, upperside | |
|  | |
| Male, underside | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Calisto* |
| Species: | ***C. occulta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calisto occulta***<br>Núñez, 2012 | |
|


title: Satellite Wonderland

abstract: Satellite Wonderland the fourth EP by Australian band Horsell Common. It was released on 25 September 2006

text:
# Satellite Wonderland

***Satellite Wonderland*** the fourth EP by Australian band Horsell Common. It was released on 25 September 2006

## Track listing

1. "You" – 2:52
2. "Blood & Wine" – 3:35
3. "Royal Artillery" – 2:49
4. "Stop...Don't Stop" – 3:32
5. "Satellites" – 4:48

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA Charts) | 57 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Satellite Wonderland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Horsell Common | |
| Released | 25 September 2006 (2006-09-25) |
| Recorded | Studio One, Melbourne, Victoria |
| Genre | Alternative rock, grunge, rock |
| Length | 17:28 |
| Label | Boomtown Records |
| Producer | Kalju Tonuma |
| Horsell Common chronology | |
| *The Birds and the Bees*
(2006) ***Satellite Wonderland***
(2006) *The Rescue*
(2007) | |