title: Simon Efemey

abstract: Simon Efemey is an English record producer and sound engineer, most noted for his work with metal and hard rock groups, including Napalm Death, Paradise Lost, Obituary, Amorphis, Deceased and The Wildhearts. He has also provided live sound mixing with bands including The Wonder Stuff, Jesus Jones, Diamond Head, Orson, Obituary and Napalm Death. Efemy was instrumental in setting up the recording studio and rehearsal rooms in Stourbridge known as Wreckless and later on The Icicle Works, providing a local source of affordable practice space and recording facilities for local amateur bands. During this time Efemey also participated in musical performances, fronting acts such as Stinkin’ Fish. Efemey was the cover star of the withdrawn sleeve design for The Wildhearts' 1993 single "Greetings from Shitsville", on which he was depicted defecating into a pita bread held by the four band members.

text:
# Simon Efemey

**Simon Efemey** is an English record producer and sound engineer, most noted for his work with metal and hard rock groups, including Napalm Death, Paradise Lost, Obituary, Amorphis, Deceased and The Wildhearts. He has also provided live sound mixing with bands including The Wonder Stuff, Jesus Jones, Diamond Head, Orson, Obituary and Napalm Death.

Efemy was instrumental in setting up the recording studio and rehearsal rooms in Stourbridge known as Wreckless and later on The Icicle Works, providing a local source of affordable practice space and recording facilities for local amateur bands. During this time Efemey also participated in musical performances, fronting acts such as Stinkin’ Fish.

Efemey was the cover star of the withdrawn sleeve design for The Wildhearts' 1993 single "Greetings from Shitsville", on which he was depicted defecating into a pita bread held by the four band members.

## Discography

*Efemey is credited as producer except where noted.*


title: Clethrionomys

abstract:
Clethrionomys is a genus of small, slender voles. In recent years the genus name was changed to Myodes, however a 2019 paper found that Myodes was actually a junior synonym for Lemmus, thus making it unusable. As such, Clethrionomys is re-established as the proper genus name. At the same time, several species were moved to the genus Craseomys, so members of both genera are referred to as red-backed voles. This genus was described by Johannes von Nepomuk Franz Xaver Gistel under the pseudonym "G. Tilesius". Some authors cite the taxonomic authority as "Gistel, 1850", whereas others still use "Tilesius, 1850". The complete list of species is:
  - Western red-backed vole, Clethrionomys californicus
  - Tien Shan red-backed vole, Clethrionomys centralis
  - Southern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys gapperi
  - Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus
  - Northern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus

text:
# Clethrionomys

***Clethrionomys*** is a genus of small, slender voles. In recent years the genus name was changed to *Myodes*, however a 2019 paper found that *Myodes* was actually a junior synonym for *Lemmus*, thus making it unusable. As such, *Clethrionomys* is re-established as the proper genus name. At the same time, several species were moved to the genus *Craseomys*, so members of both genera are referred to as red-backed voles. This genus was described by Johannes von Nepomuk Franz Xaver Gistel under the pseudonym "G. Tilesius". Some authors cite the taxonomic authority as "Gistel, 1850", whereas others still use "Tilesius, 1850".

The complete list of species is:

## InfoBox

| *Clethrionomys*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Southern red-backed vole, *Clethrionomys gapperi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Arvicolinae |
| Tribe: | Clethrionomyini |
| Genus: | *Clethrionomys*
G. Tilesius, 1850 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Clethrionomys rutilus*
 | |
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Chima (singer)

abstract: Chimaobinna Enyiakanwanne Onyele, known by the stagename Chima ([t͡ʃiːma]) is a German singer based in Frankfurt. A member of Brothers Keepers, since 2012 he has recorded as a solo artist for Universal Music.

text:
# Chima (singer)

**Chimaobinna Enyiakanwanne Onyele** (born 6 November 1972, in Frankfurt, Germany), known by the stagename **Chima** (\[t͡ʃiːma\]) is a German singer based in Frankfurt. A member of Brothers Keepers, since 2012 he has recorded as a solo artist for Universal Music.

## Life

Chima's parents moved in the 1960th from Nigeria to Germany. He was born in 1972 in Frankfurt, where he graduated from the Ernst-Reuter-School. Afterwards he has studied Sociology.

## Discography

Albums:

* 2002: *Reine Glaubenssache*
* 2005: *Im Rahmen der Möglichkeiten*
* 2012: *Stille*
* 2014: *Von Steinen und Elefanten*

Singles:

* 2001: *Ich leb das*
* 2002: *Lass los*
* 2005: *Wundervoll*
* 2006: *Immer noch*
* 2012: *Morgen*
* 2012: *Ausflug ins Blaue*
* 2012: *Fliegen*
* 2014: *100 Elefanten*
* 2014: *Das große Schweigen* (exclusive on Spotify)


title: Tim Whitsett

abstract: Tim Whitsett was an American music publisher, musician, songwriter, producer, author, and consultant. He was a founding member of the Imperial Show Band, a popular 1960s American musical group. Whitsett is the author of multiple non-fiction books about the music business. He is the elder brother of Carson Whitsett.

text:
# Tim Whitsett

**Tim Whitsett** was an American music publisher, musician, songwriter, producer, author, and consultant. He was a founding member of the Imperial Show Band, a popular 1960s American musical group.

Whitsett is the author of multiple non-fiction books about the music business.

He is the elder brother of Carson Whitsett.

## Biography

Whitsett's instrumental "Jive Harp" b/w "Pipe Dreams" was released on Imperial Records when he was sixteen. With his band, The Imperials (later renamed The Imperial Show Band), he recorded over twenty singles in a variety of genres (R&B, Pop, Instrumental) for a number of labels, including Epic, Ace, Atlas, Capitol, Lowery, Sue, Island, Musicor and others, as well as for his own Rim Records.

In 1966, at the peak of tensions in Mississippi over civil rights, Whitsett introduced two new singers to his band, Tommy Tate and Dorothy Moore, both black, and both later to achieve chart acclaim as solo artists. Considering the times and possible repercussions, the band from Mississippi was extremely well received by both black and white southerners, as well as audiences in the Great Lakes, Las Vegas, Hollywood, Lake Tahoe, New York City and elsewhere.

Until disbanding the group in 1969, Whitsett wrote, produced, arranged, or played on numerous records for other artists, including The Vels, Peggy Scott & Jo Jo Benson, Huey "Piano" Smith & The Clowns, Bobby Marchan, Junior Parker, Paul Davis, Barbara Lynn, Sam Myers, Dorothy Moore and others.

Due to many personnel changes resulting from marriages and the military draft for the Vietnam War, Whitsett dissolved The Imperial Show Band. Shortly afterwards, in 1970, some demos the group had recorded ended up in the hands of noted producer Don Davis, who was then vice president of Stax Records. The MGs were breaking up. Booker T. Jones had just left the company, and Steve Cropper would soon follow. Davis wanted Whitsett’s band to augment The Bar-Kays as a second house band for Stax.

However, Whitsett's musicians had now scattered, joining other bands in other parts of the country. Davis then signed Whitsett and Tommy Tate as producer/songwriters. But within days of arriving at Stax, Whitsett was asked to take charge of the company’s music publishing division, East/Memphis Music Corp., which included works written or recorded by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Al Green, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas and Booker T. & the MGs. During his years with Stax, Whitsett was the motivating force behind the releases of million sellers, such as "I've Been Lonely For So Long" (Frederick Knight), "I'll Play the Blues For You" (Albert King), and "Mr. Big Stuff" (Jean Knight), among others.

In 1976, Whitsett resigned as president of East/Memphis when offered the opportunity to run Chrysalis Music's European division in London. Six years later, he took another senior management position in London with Chappell Music, prior to its acquisition by Warner Music Group. He also forged a partnership with Chick Churchill, keyboardist with British rock group Ten Years After, in a record production and music publishing company, Whitsett Churchill Music.

At Chrysalis, then Chappell, Whitsett managed song catalogs that included works by David Bowie, Jethro Tull, The Chieftains, Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, Chuck Berry, George Gershwin, Rodgers and Hammerstein, etc.

In 1982, Whitsett set up a consultancy service for music publishers, which included specialized newsletters and target-marketing directories. Clients included EMI, Chappell, Gamble and Huff, Jobete, CBS Songs, Virgin, MCA, et al., as well as publishing companies owned by Paul McCartney, Michael Jackson and Elton John.

Returning to the States, Whitsett founded Urgent! Records. The label's roster included Bobby Rush, The Dells, Luther Ingram, Tommy Tate, and Jerry Butler.

The label was later folded into the Malaco Music Group, with whom Whitsett became associated in 1998. In addition to his work with Malaco Records, Whitsett authored three music-publishing textbooks and a dictionary of music business terms, while actively maintaining his consulting services for music publishers and copyright investors.

In 2008, Whitsett's *Big Mistakes: The Memoirs of Tyrone Hatchback*, a novel, was published. That same year, Whitsett founded LocoBop which started out as a digital only record label, but has since began to release physical CDs as well. Artists include, among many others, Ivory Joe Hunter, The Bar-Kays, Rufus Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Jerry Butler, The Masqueraders, Carla Thomas, and Luther Ingram.

Whitsett passed away on January 15, 2022.

## Books

*The Dictionary of Music Business Terms* (1998)

*Music Publishing: The Real Road To Music Business Success* (2000)

*The Business of Music Publishing* (2012)

* *Soulsville USA: The Story of Stax Records* by Rob Bowman
* *Music Publishing: The Real Road to Music Business Success* by Tim Whitsett
* *The Last Soul Company: Malaco, A Thirty Year Retrospective* by Rob Bowman
* *All Shook Up: Mississippi Roots of American Popular Music* by Christine Wilson
* *Heeey Baby Days of Beach Music* by Greg Haynes
* *Classic Magnolia Rock: History of Original Mississippi Rock and Roll 1953-1970* by John Sumrall

## InfoBox

| Paul Timothy Whitsett Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1943-12-23)December 23, 1943<br>Jackson, Mississippi |
| Died | January 15, 2022(2022-01-15) (aged 78) |
| Education | Bellhaven College |
| Years active | 1960-1969 |
| Known for | Musician, bandleader, music executive and author |


title: Tina Tailor Soldier Spy

abstract: "Tina Tailor Soldier Spy" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers and the overall 74th episode, and is written by Holly Schlesinger and directed by Don MacKinnon. It aired on Fox in the United States on December 14, 2014.

text:
# Tina Tailor Soldier Spy

"**Tina Tailor Soldier Spy**" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series *Bob's Burgers* and the overall 74th episode, and is written by Holly Schlesinger and directed by Don MacKinnon. It aired on Fox in the United States on December 14, 2014.

## Plot

Tina decides to quit her Thundergirls troop, Troop 119, after feeling that her troop does not care for her adherence to the older Thundergirl manual. However, her former troop leader, Ginny, recruits her to return to the troop as a spy. She needs Tina to help her figure out which girl in the troop is a mole for their rivals, Troop 257. Every year, Troop 119's Thundergirl cookie sales are terrible and Ginny has learned that it is due to someone giving Troop 257 all of their planned cookie sale locations ahead of time. She is certain now, because she told Troop 119 that her new workplace would be perfect, only to have Troop 257 appear and sell all her coworkers cookies before Troop 119 was able to arrive. Ginny spoke to all the girls in the troop—Katie, Julie, Rena, Jodi, and Molly—and cannot determine which one is the mole; she knows it cannot be Tina, because Tina quit before the sabotage at her workplace happened. Tina agrees to help her.

Louise learns about Tina's mission and tells Tina she will need her help if she wants to solve the case. When Tina refuses, Louise surprises her by joining Troop 119. Louise dubs her and Tina the "Mole Patrol". Tina's plan is to gain the mole's trust slowly and carefully, but Louise thinks a better idea would be to spread rumors to turn the girls against one another until the mole is revealed. Louise's plan sends the troop into chaos and when she threatens Jodi for a confession, Tina has enough and tells Louise that Mole Patrol is over and that she should leave the troop. Louise is angered and joins Troop 257 on her own under the name "Alanis" to determine who the mole is from the other end. She finds that Troop 257 is made up of extreme and hard edged girls who use a secret handshake involving farting noises when their finger is pulled.

Meanwhile, in a subplot, Gretchen convinces Linda to dye her hair blonde. At first, Linda is enamored with her new look and aspires to play the "dumb, sexy blonde", but begins to fear that she truly is losing her intelligence because of her hair color. After seeing Gretchen dye her hair brunette, Linda changes her hair color back and feels secure that her intelligence has returned.

Being no closer to solving the mystery, Tina loses hope and concludes that perhaps her adherence to the old manual indeed makes her too dated for the Thundergirls. However, looking into her old manual, she gets an idea. Meanwhile, Louise is forced to go with Troop 257 to sell cookies at their latest lead and sees that they have arrived at Bob's Burgers. Bob and Linda inadvertently reveal Louise's identity to Troop 257 just as Troop 119 enter, as summoned by Tina. Tina reveals that she used a Thundergirl survival trapping strategy of setting multiple traps for prey: she privately told each of the girls in her troop a different cookie lead location and waited to see which location Troop 257 went to, allowing her to know which girl was the mole based on the lead she gave her. She reveals that she gave Rena the restaurant location, and that Rena is the mole. Rena counters that the mole could be Tina since she also knew the location, but Louise pulls on Rena's finger and she reflexively makes the telltale Troop 257 farting noise handshake, confirming her as the mole. Rena coldly explains that she joined Troop 257 first and was selected after her first year to infiltrate their rival Troop 119 as a mole. She and Troop 257 then leave.

Afterward, Tina states that she has decided to stay with Troop 119, and Louise is unimpressed, calling it a waste of time. Linda suggests that Louise only helped Tina and created the Mole Patrol because she wanted to spend time with her big sister and felt jealous that the Thundergirls monopolized her time. Louise reluctantly admits this to be the case. Tina invites her to join Troop 119, but Louise tells her she is not interested. Regardless, Tina gives her a friendship bracelet she made in Thundergirls and Louise quickly takes it and tells her that she will wear it forever.

## Reception

Alasdair Wilkins of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode an A−, praising the character development for Tina from an initially weird and awkward teenager into a weird, but outgoing girl. However, Wilkins also noted that the episode specifically allowed more emotional insight into Louise as a character, stating, "Yes, this is a Thundergirl espionage story, but it’s also, as the once-again dark-haired Linda recognizes at episode’s end, a sweet little story about a little sister who is jealous of the organization that monopolizes so much of her big sister’s time. Throw in that bit of business about Linda going blonde and Troop 257 being the single most evil assortment of cookie sellers ever assembled, and you’ve got a special episode on your hands." Robert Ham of *Paste* gave the episode an 8.2 out of 10, calling it the least funny episode of the season. However, he noted that, "What tonight’s edition lost in spit-take inducing gags and one-liners, it made up for with a nicely silly plot, and an opportunity to see Tina doing something other than rhapsodizing about boys and horses."

The episode received a 1.3 rating and was watched by a total of 2.54 million people. This made it the fourth most watched show on Fox that night, behind *Brooklyn Nine-Nine*, *Family Guy*, and *The Simpsons*.

## InfoBox

| "**Tina Tailor Soldier Spy**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Bob's Burgers* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 5
Episode 7 |
| Directed by | Don MacKinnon |
| Written by | Holly Schlesinger |
| Production code | 4ASA15 |
| Original air date | December 14, 2014 (2014-12-14) |
| Guest appearances | |
| Brooke Dillman as Ginny
Rachel Dratch as Jodi
Sarah Baker as Rena
Melissa Galsky as Julie
Betsy Sodaro as Patty | |
|
|


title: Eburia stroheckeri

abstract: Eburia stroheckeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Eburia stroheckeri

***Eburia stroheckeri*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Eburia stroheckeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eburia* |
| Species: | ***E. stroheckeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eburia stroheckeri***<br>Knull, 1949 | |
|


title: Ecleora solieraria

abstract: Ecleora solieraria is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in France, Andorra and Spain. The wingspan is about 30 mm. The larvae feed on Cupressus and Juniperus species.

text:
# Ecleora solieraria

***Ecleora solieraria*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in France, Andorra and Spain.

The wingspan is about 30 mm.

The larvae feed on *Cupressus* and *Juniperus* species.

## InfoBox

| *Ecleora solieraria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Ecleora* |
| Species: | ***E. solieraria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ecleora solieraria***<br>(Rambur, 1834) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Boarmia solieraria* Rambur, 1834 * *Boarmia nana* Fernandez, 1933 | |


title: Finkenbach-Gersweiler

abstract: Finkenbach-Gersweiler is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

text:
# Finkenbach-Gersweiler

**Finkenbach-Gersweiler** is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Finkenbach-Gersweiler | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Finkenbach-Gersweiler within Donnersbergkreis district | |
| Finkenbach-Gersweiler Finkenbach-Gersweiler | |
| Coordinates: 49°40′58″N 7°44′44″E / 49.68278°N 7.74556°E / 49.68278; 7.74556 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Donnersbergkreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Nordpfälzer Land |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Eva Schlemmer |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.73 km2 (2.98 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 230 m (750 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 190 m (620 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 283 |
| Density | 37/km2 (95/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 67822 |
| Dialling codes | 06362 |
| Vehicle registration | KIB |
| Website | www.finkenbachgersweiler.de |


title: Jono Grant (Canadian musician)

abstract: Jonothan Jonas Grant is a Canadian composer, producer and multi-instrumentalist who was nominated for a Genie award for "Achievement in Music/Original Score" on his first film score Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang in 1999. He was also nominated for a Gemini award in the category "Best Original Music Score for an Animated Program or Series" in 2006 for the first episode of Captain Flamingo, an animated series created by Breakthrough Films and Television. Grant has created scores for many television series and films from his personal studio Victory Drive Music located in Toronto's Leslieville.

text:
# Jono Grant (Canadian musician)

**Jonothan Jonas Grant** (born September 13, 1969) is a Canadian composer, producer and multi-instrumentalist who was nominated for a Genie award for "Achievement in Music/Original Score" on his first film score *Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang* in 1999.

He was also nominated for a Gemini award in the category "Best Original Music Score for an Animated Program or Series" in 2006 for the first episode of *Captain Flamingo*, an animated series created by Breakthrough Films and Television. Grant has created scores for many television series and films from his personal studio Victory Drive Music located in Toronto's Leslieville.

## Career

In the mid 90s, Grant worked a composer, producer, arranger and performer with a number of bands including the eccentric jazz/lounge outfit Jaymz Bee and the Royal Jelly Orchestra, producing the first three albums for BMG and co-writing the debut album with lyricist Bee. The band toured across Canada and did multiple television appearances with Grant as musical director, keyboardist and guitarist. During this time Grant was introduced to pop artist John Southworth, producing and arranging on his first album: "Mars Pennsylvania" in 1996. That same year he also produced The Shuffle Demons album *Get Right* (Grant would later co-produce three Juno-nominated albums with Toronto Jazz saxophonist and Shuffle Demon Richard Underhill including the Juno award winning album *Tales From the Blue Lounge*).

In 1997, Grant was hired as an arranger on Kim Stockwood's EMI release *Twelve Years Old* and also produced and arranged her Christmas hit "Marshmallow World" for the EMI compilation *Christmas at Home* the following year Nearly a decade later, Grant and Stockwood created a full Christmas album titled *I Love Santa*, co-writing the title track, also for EMI. Grant arranged strings for The Tea Party (EMI) for a live Much Music simulcast performance featuring the song "Psychopomp" in the mid-summer of 1998. Then in 1999, Grant teamed up with Richard Underhill and Great Bob Scott in the Electro-Jazz improv band Astrogroove. They played a number of shows including the Montreal Jazz Festival and the Beaches International Jazz festival that same year. Grant produced the debut self-titled CD which was released in 2000.

At this time Grant started working as a composer in film and television beginning with *Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang* in 1999. The feature was created by Shaftesbury Films, directed by George Bloomfield and starred Gary Busey, Miranda Richardson and Ice-T. His next film was MTV's *Undergrads* and *Radio Free Roscoe* for the Family Channel; both series were created by Decode Entertainment. He then did a variety of film and television work including the Shaftesbury series *Screech Owls*, *Overruled* and *Life with Derek*, Decode's *Girlstuff/Boystuff* and *Captain Flamingo* for Breakthrough Entertainment. During this period Grant continued to produce recording artists.

Grant scored the Lifetime film "An Officer and a Murderer", nominated for a 2014 Canadian Screen Award for "Best Original Score for a Program" and also scored Season 2 of the original Sprout series: "The Chica Show" for NBC Kids.

Grant produced Jon Stancer's 2017 release of the album "For The Birds".

## InfoBox

| JohnoGrant | |
| --- | --- |
| Grant at Canterbury Studio 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jonothan Jonas Grant |
| Born | (1969-09-13) September 13, 1969<br>Toronto, Ontario |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, producer, musician |
|  | |
| Website | victorydrive.com |


title: Sonning Cutting

abstract: Sonning Cutting is on the original Great Western Railway built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. It is to the east of Reading station and to the west of Twyford station near the village of Sonning in Berkshire, England. Originally planned to route around the north of Sonning Hill past the village, the railway instead bypasses the village due to local objections. The resulting route follows a cutting over 1-mile (1.6 km) and up to 60 feet (18 m) deep, through the hill, giving a more direct route between Twyford and Reading. The cutting was hand-dug without machinery and the spoil removed in wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts. It took two years to complete and there were several casualties in the process. The line was opened on 30 March 1840. After the ending of the broad gauge in 1892, the railway was widened to four tracks. This involved a major rebuilding of the cutting, during which the slope of the sides was reduced.

text:
# Sonning Cutting

**Sonning Cutting** is on the original Great Western Railway built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. It is to the east of Reading station and to the west of Twyford station near the village of Sonning in Berkshire, England. Originally planned to route around the north of Sonning Hill past the village, the railway instead bypasses the village due to local objections. The resulting route follows a cutting over 1-mile (1.6 km) and up to 60 feet (18 m) deep, through the hill, giving a more direct route between Twyford and Reading.

The cutting was hand-dug without machinery and the spoil removed in wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts. It took two years to complete and there were several casualties in the process. The line was opened on 30 March 1840.

After the ending of the broad gauge in 1892, the railway was widened to four tracks. This involved a major rebuilding of the cutting, during which the slope of the sides was reduced.

## Accident

Early on 24 December 1841, a mixed goods and passenger train ran into a landslide in the cutting, caused by earlier persistent heavy rain. Many passengers who were carried in open-topped wagons were thrown out or crushed between the wagons. Eight people died there and seventeen, one of whom died later, were injured. Among the casualties were artisans returning home after working on the new Parliament building. The tragedy stimulated William Ewart Gladstone, while President of the Board of Trade (1843–1845), to introduce legislation to improve safety on the railways.

51°27′42″N 0°54′47″W / 51.46174°N 0.91318°W / 51.46174; -0.91318


title: Bobigny–Pantin–Raymond Queneau station

abstract: Bobigny–Pantin–Raymond Queneau is a station on line 5 of the Paris Métro, located on the border between the communes of Pantin and Bobigny, in Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France. It is named after the communes of Bobigny and Pantin, as well as the nearby rue Raymond Queneau, named after Raymond Queneau (1903-1976), a 20th-century French author and member of the Oulipo group whose most famous works were Zazie dans le métro and Exercices de style, set on a bus. Despite its name, the station serves mainly Pantin and Romainville. It only serves a thin industrial fringe in Bobigny.

text:
# Bobigny–Pantin–Raymond Queneau station

**Bobigny–Pantin–Raymond Queneau** (French pronunciation: \[bɔbiɲi pɑ̃tɛ̃ ʁɛmɔ̃ kəno\]) is a station on line 5 of the Paris Métro, located on the border between the communes of Pantin and Bobigny, in Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France. It is named after the communes of Bobigny and Pantin, as well as the nearby rue Raymond Queneau, named after Raymond Queneau (1903-1976), a 20th-century French author and member of the Oulipo group whose most famous works were *Zazie dans le métro* and *Exercices de style*, set on a bus. Despite its name, the station serves mainly *Pantin* (district of Petit-Pantin) and Romainville (district of the Bas-Pays). It only serves a thin industrial fringe in *Bobigny*.

## History

The station opened on 25 April 1985 with the extension of the line from Église de Pantin to Bobigny–Pablo Picasso.

In 2024, it will be served by line 3 of the T Zen network, a bus rapid transit system. It was originally slated to open 2018, then postponed to the end of 2022, then again to 2024.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,951,030 passengers, making it the 178th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,726,493 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 143rd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,335,465 passengers, making it the 144th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

## Passenger services

### Access

The station has two accesses:

* Access 1: avenue de Paris
* Access 2: avenue Anatole France (with an ascending escalator)

### Station layout

| **Street Level** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Mezzanine | |
| **Line 5 platforms** | Southbound | toward Place d'Italie (Église de Pantin) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Northbound | toward Bobigny–Pablo Picasso (Terminus) |

### Platforms

The station has a single island platform flanked by two tracks, with stairs leading to a mezzanine and an emergency staircase at the end of the platform.

### Other connections

The station is also served by lines 145,147, 318, and 330 of the RATP Bus Network, and at night, by the line N45 of the Noctilien network.

## Nearby

* Roland, Gérard (2003). *Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram.* Éditions Bonneton.

## InfoBox

| Bobigny–Pantin
Raymond Queneau | |
| --- | --- |
| MF 01 at Bobigny–Pantin Raymond Queneau | |
| General information | |
| Location | 7, Rue de Paris
280, Av. Jean Lolive
Bobigny
Île-de-France
France |
| Coordinates | 48°53′42″N 2°25′30″E / 48.895°N 2.425°E / 48.895; 2.425 |
| Owned by | RATP |
| Operated by | RATP |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 (2 side platforms) |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | No |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 03-11 |
| Fare zone | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 25 April 1985 (1985-04-25) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2,335,465 (2021) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Paris Métro Following station  Église de Pantintowards Place d'Italie  Line 5  Bobigny–Pablo PicassoTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Bobigny–Pantin
Raymond QueneauLocation within Paris | |


title: Levubu

abstract: Levubu is a village in the Makhado Local Municipality, part of the Vhembe District Municipality of Limpopo province, South Africa. It is located some 10 km south-west of Rembander. It takes its name from the Luvuvhu River.

text:
# Levubu

**Levubu** is a village in the Makhado Local Municipality, part of the Vhembe District Municipality of Limpopo province, South Africa. It is located some 10 km south-west of Rembander. It takes its name from the Luvuvhu (or Levubu) River.

## InfoBox

| Levubu | |
| --- | --- |
| LevubuLevubu | |
| Coordinates: 23°05′06″S 30°17′02″E / 23.085°S 30.284°E / -23.085; 30.284 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Limpopo |
| District | Vhembe |
| Municipality | Makhado |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.41 km2 (0.16 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 207 |
| Density | 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 39.1% |
| Coloured | 2.9% |
| White | 58.0% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 59.3% |
| Venda | 17.6% |
| Tsonga | 7.8% |
| Northern Sotho | 6.4% |
| Other | 8.8% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 0929 |
| PO box | 0929 |
| Area code | 015 |


title: Dorcas Medical Mission

abstract: Dorcas Medical Mission, Inc. (DMMI) is a religious-based, non-profit, international organization. It provides medical, surgical, dental and vision care to the poor and underserved globally. Established in 2000, Dorcas Medical Mission was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) organization in August 2007, with corporate offices in Brooklyn, New York.

text:
# Dorcas Medical Mission

**Dorcas Medical Mission, Inc. (DMMI)** is a religious-based, non-profit, international organization. It provides medical, surgical, dental and vision care to the poor and underserved globally. Established in 2000, Dorcas Medical Mission was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) organization in August 2007, with corporate offices in Brooklyn, New York.

## History

Dorcas Medical Mission, Inc. was co-founded by president and chief executive officer, Lorna Mullings, a registered nurse and an ordained minister, and her husband Rev. Dr. Sidley Mullings. Lorna Mullings, whose strong faith and belief in God "called her to serve mankind through missionary work", combined her love for ministry and her skills as a registered nurse in creating DMMI. The organization was named after the biblical figure Dorcas (also called Tabitha), mentioned in the ninth chapter of the Book of Acts, verses 36 to 42. Dorcas stands out as a biblical character of good works and charitable deeds.

## Currently

Dorcas Medical Mission, Inc. performs two missions annually. To date, the non-profit has completed 16 missions to nine countries and served over 100,000 persons in the Caribbean, Africa, Latin America and South America. It hopes to continue expanding its geographical reach. In addition to providing health care services, DMMI also affects the lives of the disenfranchised through education, food and clothing programs.

Lorna Mullings continues as president and chief executive officer of DMMI alongside her husband and member of the board of directors, Dr. Bishop Sidley Mullings, Sharon Shorter MSN, RNC (DMMI's director of nursing), Dr. Hyacinth Bailey (dental director) and Dr. Bert Petersen (medical director).


title: Stadion Banja Ilidža (Gradačac)

abstract: Stadion Banja Ilidža is a football stadium in Gradačac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the home stadium of First League of FBiH club NK Zvijezda Gradačac. The stadium holds 5,000 spectators.

text:
# Stadion Banja Ilidža (Gradačac)

**Stadion Banja Ilidža** is a football stadium in Gradačac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the home stadium of First League of FBiH club NK Zvijezda Gradačac. The stadium holds 5,000 spectators.

44°53′13″N 18°24′46″E / 44.88694°N 18.41278°E / 44.88694; 18.41278

## InfoBox

Stadion "Banja Ilidža"
| Banja | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Stadion "Banja Ilidža" |
| Location | Gradačac, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Owner | NK Zvijezda Gradačac |
| Operator | NK Zvijezda Gradačac |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Tenants | |
| NK Zvijezda Gradačac | |


title: Soltendieck

abstract: Soltendieck is a municipality in the district of Uelzen, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

text:
# Soltendieck

**Soltendieck** is a municipality in the district of Uelzen, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Soltendieck | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Soltendieck within Uelzen district | |
| Soltendieck Soltendieck | |
| Coordinates: 52°52′22″N 10°45′42″E / 52.87278°N 10.76167°E / 52.87278; 10.76167 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Uelzen |
| Municipal assoc. | Aue |
| Subdivisions | 8 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jürgen Wöhling (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 34.01 km2 (13.13 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 77 m (253 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,057 |
| Density | 31/km2 (80/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 29594 |
| Dialling codes | 05874 |
| Vehicle registration | UE |
| Website | www.samtgemeinde-aue.de |


title: Chad Taylor (guitarist)

abstract: Chad David Taylor is an American guitarist and backing vocalist for the band The Gracious Few and former guitarist for the band Live. Live have sold over 20 million records, including the 8× platinum album Throwing Copper.

text:
# Chad Taylor (guitarist)

**Chad David Taylor** (born November 24, 1970, in York, Pennsylvania) is an American guitarist and backing vocalist for the band The Gracious Few and former guitarist for the band Live. Live have sold over 20 million records, including the 8× platinum album *Throwing Copper*.

## Career

Taylor was the lead guitarist and backing vocalist of the band Live and had appeared on all their albums to June 2022. He met his Live bandmates aged 13 in middle school in York, Pennsylvania. When vocalist Ed Kowalczyk left the band in 2009, Taylor formed the band The Gracious Few along with Live bandmates Patrick Dahlheimer and Chad Gracey and Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy from Candlebox. They released their debut album *The Gracious Few* in 2010. In 2011, he announced that Live would reform without Kowalczyk. In 2012, Live reformed with new lead singer Chris Shinn. In June 2022, Live lead singer Ed Kowalczyk announced that Taylor had been fired from the band.

Taylor has produced records for other artists, including the 1996 album *Happily Ever After* by Solution A.D. and *Play the Piano Drunk*, the debut EP of his brother Adam Taylor.

In November 2022, Taylor was sued by a former business associate for fraudulent misrepresentations and failing to pay alleged debts. The lawsuit contained detailed allegations and documents demonstrating that Taylor had grossly inflated his net worth before and during the transaction. In response to the suit, former bandmate Chad Gracey stated "unfortunately for my former band mate who tends to deny the truth no matter what, the note is real and the supporting information in the claim seems irrefutable."

In May 2023, Taylor accepted a friend's invitation to sing and play guitar at a small brewpub in Wrightsville, Pennsylvania. This led to his forming a band called Chad Taylor and Friends, with performances at a downtown Lancaster venue in October and November 2023.

## Personal life

Taylor is married to Lisa, a yoga practitioner. They have three children, Ruby Lou, Scarlett and Delilah. They live in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Taylor runs a guitar shop named Tone Tailors in northern Lancaster County within an industrial park named Rock Lititz.

## Discography

For Taylor's history with the band Live through 2022, see the Live discography.

### With The Gracious Few

## Equipment used

Taylor's equipment was listed in a September 2010 interview with *Guitar Edge* magazine.

* Guitars: Two Gibson 1959 Les Paul Reissues.
* Amps and Cabinets: Early 1960s Marshall JMP, Marshall 4x12 cabinet with Celestion 30-watt Greenbacks, Orange AD30HTC.

## InfoBox

| Chad Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
| Taylor in 2011 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1970-11-24) November 24, 1970 |
| Origin | York, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Genres | Alternative rock, post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | 1980s–present |
| Labels | Radioactive Records
Epic Records
Questionable Entertainment |


title: Richard Tovey

abstract: Richard Tovey was an Australian cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Auckland and Queensland between 1957 and 1964.

text:
# Richard Tovey

**Richard Tovey** (25 December 1930  31 May 2002) was an Australian cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Auckland and Queensland between 1957 and 1964.

## InfoBox

Richard Tovey
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Edward Richard Tovey |
| Born | (1930-12-25)25 December 1930
Sydney, Australia |
| Died | 31 May 2002(2002-05-31) (aged 71)
Sydney, Australia |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 25 June 2016 | |


title: Jono Gibbes

abstract: Jonathan Brian Gibbes is a rugby union former player and coach. He is a former New Zealand rugby union player who captained Waikato, the Chiefs and the Māori All Blacks, and appeared in various All Blacks teams. He is the former forwards coach of Leinster in Ireland and Clermont Auvergne in France while also serving as head coach of Ulster in Ireland, and was the director of rugby at La Rochelle. He is currently the head coach of the New Zealand U20 team.

text:
# Jono Gibbes

**Jonathan Brian Gibbes** (born 22 January 1977) is a rugby union former player and coach. He is a former New Zealand rugby union player who captained Waikato, the Chiefs and the Māori All Blacks, and appeared in various All Blacks teams. He is the former forwards coach of Leinster in Ireland and Clermont Auvergne in France while also serving as head coach of Ulster in Ireland, and was the director of rugby at La Rochelle. He is currently the head coach of the New Zealand U20 team.

## Rugby playing career

Gibbes traditionally played at the position of Blindside Flanker, or No.6, but has also played at Lock. Due to his height of 194 cm, he was overlooked by the All Black selectors for being too short for an international class lock.

Weighing 109 kg, Gibbes's career was plagued by injury. Nonetheless, his line-out jumping skills were impressive, and under the guidance of John Mitchell was selected as captain of the Waikato NPC team in 2003. Despite various appearances for the All Blacks, Gibbes highest career achievement was captaining the NZ Maori to their first ever victory over the British & Irish Lions 19–13. During the match, which was played at Waikato and Chiefs home ground of Waikato Stadium, Gibbes was on the ground suffering from cramp but staggered to his feet to make a try-saving tackle.

On 13 June 2006, it was announced that Gibbes would be joining the Ospreys in Wales. On 6 September 2006 however, the NZRU and Waikato announced that he has signed a new three-year contract with them. The 2007 season saw Gibbes remain in New Zealand and continue with the Chiefs, with injury again affecting his availability.

## Rugby coaching career

In July 2008 it was announced that Gibbes had been appointed as forwards coach of Leinster in Ireland.

In February 2017 it was announced that Gibbes had been appointed as head coach of Ulster in Ireland, on a two-year contract from the 2017/18 season.

In March 2018 he announced he was leaving Ulster to return to New Zealand for family reasons after only one season.  A few days later it was revealed he would take over as coach at Waikato, a move he described as a product of his need to find employment following his decision to move home.

However, in June 2018, less than three months after his departure from Ulster to return to New Zealand was made public it was revealed he would become head coach of La Rochelle in France.

Rory Best has subsequently written of his disappointment at the manner of Gibbes’ exit from Ulster.

## InfoBox

Jono Gibbes
| Birth name | Jonathan Brian Gibbes |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1977-01-22) 22 January 1977 |
| Place of birth | Henderson, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.94 m (6 ft 4+12 in) |
| Weight | 112 kg (17 st 9 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Loose forward, Lock  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2000–2007 Waikato  64  ((?))  Correct as of 26 July 2007  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2001–2008 Chiefs  68  (33)  Correct as of 17 May 2008  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2002–2006 Māori All Blacks  9  (0)  2004–2005 New Zealand  8  (0)  Correct as of 2 July 2005  Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  2008–2014 Leinster (Forwards coach)  2014–2017 Clermont Auvergne (Forwards coach)  2017–2018 Ulster  2018 Waikato  2018–2021 La Rochelle (Director of Rugby)  2021–2023 Clermont Auvergne  2023– New Zealand U20  Correct as of 30 April 2021 | |


title: Ronnie Yell

abstract: Ronald Irving Yell is an American former professional football defensive back. He played college football at San Jose State and began his professional football career in 2013 with the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He then joined the BC Lions late in the 2013 season. Yell was also a member of the Toronto Argonauts.

text:
# Ronnie Yell

**Ronald Irving Yell** (born April 15, 1991) is an American former professional football defensive back. He played college football at San Jose State and began his professional football career in 2013 with the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He then joined the BC Lions late in the 2013 season. Yell was also a member of the Toronto Argonauts.

## Early life

Yell was born in Los Angeles, California. His grandfather Bobo Henderson was a Negro league baseball player. After transferring from Crawford High, Yell graduated from Lincoln High School in San Diego in 2009. At Lincoln, Yell was a quarterback on the football team; he played on the basketball and track and field teams as well. Yell also was the activities commissioner for two years on the Lincoln High student body.

US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
| Name | Hometown | High school / college | Height | Weight | Commit date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ronnie Yell**
*DB* | San Diego, CA | Lincoln HS | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | 165 lb (75 kg) | Feb 4, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Overall recruiting rankings:** Scout: *284 (CB); 92 (school)*   Rivals: *88 (school)* | | | | | | |
| * *Note*: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. * In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.  *Sources:*
* "2009 San Jose St. Football Commitment List". Rivals.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014. * "2009 San Jose State College Football Team Recruiting Prospects". Scout.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014. * "Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014. * "2009 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014. | | | | | | |

## College career

Yell attended San Jose State University and played for the Spartans football team as a defensive back, in 2009 under coach Dick Tomey and from 2010 to 2012 under Mike MacIntyre. As a freshman, Yell played 10 games and started at cornerback in the last six games of 2009 and had 19 tackles and a pass deflected. Yell also became the punt return specialist late in 2009. San Jose State finished the 2009 season 2–10.

In 2010, his sophomore year, Yell played all 13 games and started 10. He had 44 tackles (3 for loss), 11 passes deflected, and one interception. He returned one punt for six yards and 32 kickoffs for 645 yards (an average 20.2 yards per return). In Mike MacIntyre's first year as head coach, San Jose State went 1–12 this season.

For his junior year in 2011, Yell played the final 10 games of the year and started 6. Yell had 37 tackles (1.5 for loss), an interception, 5 tackles, a pass deflected, and 3 punt returns for 42 yards (14 yards per carry). In San Jose State's 38–31 win over Colorado State on October 1, Yell intercepted a Colorado State pass in Colorado State's final possession to seal San Jose State's first road win in 13 games. San Jose State improved to 5–7 in 2011.

As a senior in 2012, Yell played all 13 games and had 41 tackles, 9 passes deflected, and 15 punt returns for 42 yards (2.8 yards average). San Jose State finished the season 11–2, including a victory over Bowling Green in the 2012 Military Bowl in Washington, D. C. Yell broke up 3 passes in that game. Yell graduated from San Jose State in 2013 with a B.A. in sociology.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 ft 9 in
(1.75 m) | 189 lb
(86 kg) | 4.65 s | 1.63 s | 2.70 s | 4.51 s | 7.37 s | 33+12 in
(0.85 m) | 10 ft 1 in
(3.07 m) | 14 reps |
| All values from Pro Day at San Jose State. | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Arizona Cardinals

Following the 2013 NFL draft, Yell signed with the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2013. Yell played in two preseason games and had one tackle. The Cardinals cut Yell on August 25.

### BC Lions

On October 7, 2013, during the team's practice roster expansion period, the CFL team BC Lions signed Yell, who would remain on the practice roster through the end of the season.

In his preseason debut with the Lions on June 14 against the Edmonton Eskimos, Yell forced a fumble recovered by teammate Alex Hoffman-Ellis, and this play set up BC's winning field goal in a 14–11 win. Yell also had two tackles and an interception.

On August 1, Yell made his first regular season CFL interception in BC's 25–24 win over the previously undefeated Calgary Stampeders and returned it 34 yards for BC's first score of the game. With 51 seconds left and BC leading, Yell forced a Calgary fumble, and BC ran out the clock to 4 seconds remaining. BC won after Calgary's final play was an incomplete pass.

### Toronto Argonauts

Yell became a free agent in 2018 and subsequently signed with the Toronto Argonauts on February 17, 2018, then Yell was released in 2019.

## InfoBox

Ronnie Yell
| No. 25 | |
| --- | --- |
| Yell at the 2012 Military Bowl | |
| Date of birth | (1991-04-15) April 15, 1991 |
| Place of birth | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Career information | |
| CFL status | International |
| Position(s) | Defensive back |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| US college | San Jose State |
| High school | Lincoln (San Diego, California) |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 2013* | Arizona Cardinals |
| 20132017 | BC Lions |
| 2018 | Toronto Argonauts |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
| Career stats | |
| Tackles | 168 |
| Interceptions | 7 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Letter of recommendation

abstract: A letter of recommendation or recommendation letter, also known as a letter of reference, reference letter, or simply reference, is a document in which the writer assesses the qualities, characteristics, and capabilities of the person being recommended in terms of that individual's ability to perform a particular task or function. Letters of recommendation are typically related to employment, admission to institutions of higher education, or scholarship eligibility. They are usually written by someone who worked with or taught the person, such as a supervisor, colleague, or teacher. Financial institutions, such as banks, may ask other institutions for references to judge, for example, a potential customer's creditworthiness. References may also be required of companies seeking to win contracts, particularly in the fields of engineering, consultancy, manufacturing, and construction, and with regard to public procurement and tenders, to assess their ability to deliver the required level of service.

text:
# Letter of recommendation

A **letter of recommendation** or **recommendation letter**, also known as a **letter of reference**, **reference letter,** or simply **reference**, is a document in which the writer assesses the qualities, characteristics, and capabilities of the person being recommended in terms of that individual's ability to perform a particular task or function. Letters of recommendation are typically related to employment (such a letter may also be called an **employment reference** or **job reference**), admission to institutions of higher education, or scholarship eligibility. They are usually written by someone who worked with or taught the person, such as a supervisor, colleague, or teacher. Financial institutions, such as banks, may ask other institutions for references to judge, for example, a potential customer's creditworthiness.

References may also be required of companies seeking to win contracts, particularly in the fields of engineering, consultancy, manufacturing, and construction, and with regard to public procurement and tenders, to assess their ability to deliver the required level of service.

## Referee

The person providing a reference is called a **referee**. An employment reference letter is usually written by a former employer or manager, but references can also be requested from co-workers, customers, and vendors. Teachers and professors often supply references for former students. Reference letters for organizations are usually supplied by parties to which the company has provided similar services in the past.

Reference letters for students are usually written by a former teacher or professor.

## Content

The employment reference letter can cover topics such as:

* the employee's tasks and responsibilities
* the duration of employment or tasks/ responsibilities
* the position relative to the author of the reference letter
* the employee's abilities, knowledge, creativity, intelligence
* the employee's qualifications (foreign languages, special skills)
* the employee's social attitude
* the employee's power of rapport
* reason(s) of employment termination
* some text with the actual recommendation itself (e.g. 'I unequivocally recommend ... \[name\] as a ... \[function/role\] and would be happy to hire him/ her again').

## Language

In some countries, elements of performance are evaluated using established forms of expression, sometimes euphemistic. For example, in the German-language *Arbeitszeugnis*, the following terms are frequently used:

* Excellent = *stets zu unserer vollsten Zufriedenheit erledigt* (always done to our complete satisfaction)
* Good = *stets zu unserer vollen Zufriedenheit* (always to our full satisfaction)
* Satisfactory = *zu unserer vollen Zufriedenheit* (to our full satisfaction)
* Adequate = *zu unserer Zufriedenheit* (to our satisfaction)
* Poor = *hat sich bemüht, den Anforderungen gerecht zu werden* (has endeavored to meet the demands)

This language established itself as an unwritten code in the employment world. Its purpose was to give even weakly performing employees a letter of recommendation that does not sound negative. However, the euphemistically glazed-over descriptions are now codified and generally known, so that the original cryptic intent is no longer served. Nonetheless, it is still standard to use this codified language.

## Recipient of the letter

Depending on context and issuer, letters can be either:

* specifically requested to be written about someone, and therefore addressed to a particular requester (such as a new employer, university admissions officer)
* or may be issued to the person being recommended without specifying an addressee

For example, a German *Arbeitszeugnis* is usually issued automatically to a leaving employee, and is therefore not addressed to a particular requester. A letter of recommendation for a university of college in the US is usually written for and addressed to a specific institution the student wants to apply to.

If the letter is addressed to a particular requester, the letter will often be sent directly to that requester, and not to the applicant. In that case, applicants usually have the right to view a copy of the letter. Some applications, such as professional schools, give applicants the choice to waive their right to view their letters. Usually, applicants are encouraged to waive their rights because if they do not, it is a sign they are not confident in their recommenders.

## Checking of references

Most potential employers will contact referees to obtain references before offering a job to a new employee. A survey by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) found that eight out of ten resource professionals said they regularly conduct reference checks for professional (89%), executive (85%), administrative (84%) and technical (81%) positions. Candidates are advised to ensure that they provide a suitable list of referees to their new prospective employer or institution, and to contact those referees to ensure that they are able and willing to provide a suitable reference. In some cases, employers will contact a candidate's former company for a reference even if no contact is supplied by the candidate.

## Duty to provide a reference

Some employers may not be willing to provide reference letters because they may be concerned about potential lawsuits. In this case, the employer may only provide the job title, dates of employment, and salary history. Finland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary and Bulgaria are the only countries in Europe where employees can legally claim an employment reference, including the right to a correct, unambiguous, and benevolent appraisal.

While there is no common law duty to provide a reference, the Supreme Court of Canada has held that a refusal to do so may constitute "conduct that is unfair or is in bad faith" with respect to a wrongful dismissal, and thus "indicative of the type of conduct that ought to merit compensation by way of an addition to the notice period." There is a duty of care to ensure that, where one is provided, it is accurate and fair and not give a misleading impression, as held by the House of Lords in *Spring v Guardian Assurance plc*. If an employer goes beyond what a reference should contain, or if it gives inaccurate or misleading information, liability may arise in the areas of breach of statutory duty, negligent misstatement, deceit, defamation or malicious falsehood. It does not matter what form the reference might take.

In the United Kingdom, references received by an employer from another person or organization can be disclosed to the person about whom they are written under the subject access provisions of the Data Protection Act 1998, but certain confidentiality considerations apply as to the identity of the person giving the reference. As a result, together with the duty of care under *Spring*, many organizations have issued guidance as to best practice to be undertaken by reference providers.

The duty of care has also been held to apply in non-reference situations, as noted in 2011 in  *McKie v Swindon College*. In another case, the Court of Appeal of England and Wales has held that "a reference must not give an unfair or misleading impression overall, even if its discrete components are factually correct." However, while a reference must be accurate and fair, it is not necessary to report all material facts concerning an individual, but it can be argued that, if an agreed reference arising from a settlement agreement is misleadingly incomplete, the employer can be sued by a subsequent employer for breaching its duty of care. The Employment Appeal Tribunal, in an unfair dismissal case, ruled that, in preparing a reference, it was not reasonable to provide details of complaints against an employee of which the employee was not aware.

The Court of Appeal has further held that, if an employee leaves when an investigation is ongoing but has not been concluded, or where issues arise after an employee leaves that have not been investigated, employers can disclose this information but should do so in a measured and fair way, which will be particularly important if to omit this information would mean providing a misleading reference.

In 2014, the UK government's Crown Commercial Service issued an information note clarifying that government departments are permitted to issue references relating to suppliers, and that failure to do so, reflecting a belief that policy matters prevented references from being issued, could have a detrimental effect on companies' development, especially small and medium sized enterprises. The information note emphasized the importance of references being based on evidence and contemporaneous records, related to a specific proposed contract for which a reference has been requested, and issued by a member of staff formally authorized to speak for the organization providing the reference.

In 2016, the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority are issuing rules that will require the furnishing of references, before any approval or certification may be given by them, as well as specifying the information that they must contain.

## Relieving letters in India

In India, employees typically receive a **relieving letter** (also called an **experience certificate** or **service certificate**) from their employer when leaving a job. While the relieving letter may also serve as a letter of recommendation, the specific purpose of the relieving letter is to prove to any new employer that the applicant properly resigned from their old job and fulfilled all obligations to the former employer, such as working the notice period.

Generally, employers are legally required to provide a relieving letter to leaving employees. In Kerala, for example, this is regulated in the Kerala Shops and Commercial Establishments Bill Despite this, employers will sometimes deny or delay providing a relieving letter, which makes it difficult for a leaving employee to start a new job.

## Bibliography

* Karl-Heinz List: *Das zeitgemäße Arbeitszeugnis. Ein Handbuch für Zeugnisaussteller*. 3. Auflage. BW Bildung und Wissen Verlag, Nürnberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8214-7676-6.
* Hein Schleßmann: *Das Arbeitszeugnis. Zeugnisrecht, Zeugnissprache, Bausteine, Muster*. 18. Auflage. Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-8005-3083-0.
* Volker Stück: *Das Arbeitszeugnis*. In: *Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht*. 60. Jg., Bd. 2, 2006, S. 791–799.
* Arnulf Weuster, Brigitte Scheer: *Arbeitszeugnisse in Textbausteinen. Rationelle Erstellung, Analyse, Rechtsfragen*. 11. Auflage. Richard Boorberg Verlag, Stuttgart, München, Hannover, Berlin, Weimar, Dresden 2007, ISBN 978-3-415-03862-2.
* Gowe, Gregory T. (May 2006). "Reference Letters" (PDF). *greggowe.com*. Vancouver: Lawson Lundell LLP.


title: The Promise (Fly to the Sky album)

abstract: The Promise was the second studio album released by R&B duo Fly to the Sky. Like the debut album, the album included poppy ballads and upbeat dance tracks. Hits from this album includes "The Promise" and "Maybe God Knows." As a bonus track, the remix of "The Promise" is also included in the album. The album peaked at #2, selling more than 200,000 copies in its first month of release. However, it quickly slipped off the charts, falling less than 4,000 copies short of surpassing the chart performance of the duo's debut album. The album features vocal collaboration by Kangta and BoA and songs written by R&B singer Kim Jo-Han.

text:
# The Promise (Fly to the Sky album)

***The Promise*** was the second studio album released by R&B duo Fly to the Sky. Like the debut album, the album included poppy ballads and upbeat dance tracks. Hits from this album includes "The Promise" and "Maybe God Knows." As a bonus track, the remix of "The Promise" is also included in the album. The album peaked at #2, selling more than 200,000 copies in its first month of release. However, it quickly slipped off the charts, falling less than 4,000 copies short of surpassing the chart performance of the duo's debut album. The album features vocal collaboration by Kangta and BoA and songs written by R&B singer Kim Jo-Han.

## Track listing

1. 약속 (The Promise)
2. A Confession (고백)
3. What U Want
4. I Want (feat. Kangta and BoA)
5. I Want You I Need You
6. Retry
7. Always Together
8. Maybe God Knows
9. In Your Eyes
10. Crystal (Featuring Jinju)
11. Don't Forget Me
12. Shy Love
13. Baby Love
14. Should I Stay...
15. 약속 (CD Bonus Track, Booty Mix)

## Chart performance

| Release | Chart | Peak position | Sales total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| February 2001 | February 2001 Monthly Chart | 2 |  |
| | 2001 Semi-annual Chart | 13 | 227,001 |
| | 2001 Yearly Chart | 29 | 229,234 |

1. Record sales of 2001.2 Archived 2004-09-02 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| The Promise | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fly to the Sky | |
| Released | February 3, 2001 |
| Genre |  |
| Language | Korean |
| Label | S.M. Entertainment, Synnara Records |
| Producer | Yoo Young-jin |
| Fly to the Sky chronology | |
| *Day By Day*
(1999) ***The Promise***
(2001) *Sea of Love*
(2002) | |


title: Claude Gauthier (ice hockey)

abstract: Claude Gauthier is a Canadian former ice hockey forward who played right wing and was drafted first overall in the 1964 NHL Amateur Draft by the Detroit Red Wings. He never played in the National Hockey League.

text:
# Claude Gauthier (ice hockey)

**Claude Gauthier** (born September 12, 1947) is a Canadian former ice hockey forward who played right wing and was drafted first overall in the 1964 NHL Amateur Draft by the Detroit Red Wings. He never played in the National Hockey League.

## InfoBox

| Claude Gauthier | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1947-09-12) September 12, 1947
Montréal, Quebec, Canada | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Played for | St. Jerome Alouettes (QJAHL) | | |
| NHL draft | 1st overall, 1964
Detroit Red Wings | | |
| Playing career | 19641965 | | |


title: Soltau (river)

abstract: Soltau is a small river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Böhme in the town Soltau.

text:
# Soltau (river)

**Soltau** is a small river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Böhme in the town Soltau.

## InfoBox

| Soltau | |
| --- | --- |
| The Soltau in the town Soltau | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Böhme |
| coordinates | 52°59′02″N 9°50′26″E / 52.9838°N 9.8406°E / 52.9838; 9.8406 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | BöhmeAllerWeserNorth Sea |


title: Chaerilus

abstract: Chaerilus is a genus of scorpions in the family Chaerilidae. They live in tropical parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. A fossil genus Electrochaerilus is known from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber.

text:
# Chaerilus

***Chaerilus*** is a genus of scorpions in the family Chaerilidae. They live in tropical parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. A fossil genus *Electrochaerilus* is known from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber.

## Description

Total length is 15 to 75.4 mm. Orthobothriotaxy is type B. Pedipalp patella with 3 ventral trichobothria and pedipalp femur with 9 trichobothria. Ventral edge of cheliceral movable finger is crenulated. Ventrum of cheliceral fixed finger with denticle. Hemisperatophore fusiform. Pedipalp chela exhibits "8-carinae" configuration. Fifth metasomal segment consists with a single ventral carina. Legs are without tibial spurs. However prolateral and retrolateral pedal have spurs. Telson is without a subaculear tubercle.

## Species

It contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Chaerilus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Chaerilus pseudoconchiformus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Scorpiones |
| Family: | Chaerilidae |
| Genus: | *Chaerilus*
Simon, 1877 |
|
| Diversity | |
| 46 species | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chaerilus* Simon, 1877 * *Chelomachus* Thorell, 1889 * *Uromachus* Pocock, 1890 | |


title: Eclipta sallaei

abstract: Eclipta sallaei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.

text:
# Eclipta sallaei

***Eclipta sallaei*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.

## InfoBox

| *Eclipta sallaei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eclipta* |
| Species: | ***E. sallaei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eclipta sallaei***<br>(Bates, 1885) | |
|


title: Richard Towa

abstract: Richard Towa is a Cameroonian professional manager and former footballer. He currently manages Elite One club Colombe Sportive du Dja.

text:
# Richard Towa

**Richard Towa** (born 16 November 1969) is a Cameroonian professional manager and former footballer. He currently manages Elite One club Colombe Sportive du Dja.

## Playing career

He played 13 matches for the Cameroon and helped them qualify for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, but did not participate due to an injury.

## Managerial career

In January 2018, he signed a contract to become manager of Dragon Club. He left in September 2018 to become new manager of Feutcheu FC. In April 2019, he resigned as manager of Feutcheu FC. On 5 December 2019, he was named new manager of Union Douala.

On 5 July 2022, Indian I-League defending champion Gokulam Kerala officially announced that they roped in Towa as their new head coach. He left by mutual consent on 26 December 2022 with the club in 4th place.

In November 2023, Towa became the manager of Elite One club Colombe Sportive du Dja.

## InfoBox

Richard Towa
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1969-11-16) 16 November 1969 | | |
| Place of birth | Douala, Cameroon | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1984–1986 | Unité de Douala |  |  |
| 1986–1988 | Colombe de Sangmelima |  |  |
| 1988–1991 | Panthère de Bangangté |  |  |
| 1991–1992 | Fortuna Köln |  |  |
| 1992–1994 | Fortuna Düsseldorf |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Cameroon | 13 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2002–2004 | Fortuna Düsseldorf (youth) | | |
| 2004–2008 | Alemannia Aachen II | | |
| 2008 | KFC Uerdingen 05 | | |
| 2008–2010 | KFC Uerdingen 05 (youth) | | |
| 2010 | Sportfreunde Siegen (assistant coach) | | |
| 2010–2012 | Cameroon U17 | | |
| 2012–2015 | Les Astres FC (Director of Sport) | | |
| 2015–2018 | Cameroon U23 | | |
| 2018 | Dragon Club | | |
| 2018–2019 | Feutcheu | | |
| 2019–2021 | Union Douala | | |
| 2022 | Gokulam Kerala | | |
| 2023– | Colombe Sportive du Dja | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Christian Fong

abstract: Christian Fong is an entrepreneur and former political candidate. A former resident of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, he currently lives in Littleton, Colorado with his wife Jenelle and three children. He announced in June 2009 that he was seeking the Republican nomination for the 2010 Iowa Gubernatorial Election. In December 2009, Fong suspended his campaign due to difficulty raising campaign funds after the entry of former Governor Terry E. Branstad to the race. At the age of 35, Fong was widely seen as a rising star within the Iowa Republican Party and was named as a possible Lieutenant Governor candidate for former Governor Terry E. Branstad's successful 2010 gubernatorial bid.

text:
# Christian Fong

**Christian Fong** is an entrepreneur and former political candidate. A former resident of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, he currently lives in Littleton, Colorado with his wife Jenelle and three children. He announced in June 2009 that he was seeking the Republican nomination for the 2010 Iowa Gubernatorial Election. In December 2009, Fong suspended his campaign due to difficulty raising campaign funds after the entry of former Governor Terry E. Branstad to the race. At the age of 35, Fong was widely seen as a rising star within the Iowa Republican Party and was named as a possible Lieutenant Governor candidate for former Governor Terry E. Branstad's successful 2010 gubernatorial bid.

## Life and education

Fong is the son of a Chinese immigrant who fled Communist China as his family was persecuted and killed for their Christian faith. Fong was born in the state of Maine in the United States in 1977 and was brought up in humble circumstances. Christian graduated from Underwood (Iowa) High School at age 16 with valedictorian honors, received a B.S. in Statistics, summa cum laude, from Creighton University in 1996 and then studied at Dartmouth College, receiving his MBA in Statistics from the Tuck School of Business, with high distinction.

## Political positions

Christian Fong was known for pro-growth political policies. He was appointed by then Iowa Governor Chet Culver to the Generation Iowa Commission in 2007, and was elected by his peers as Chair where he traveled around the state meeting and advising local and state government entities, as well as business groups, on attracting and retaining next generation workforce. Fong proposed tax reform to increase sustainable growth and to lower the tax burden on the middle class, stating that during a deep recession is "the worst possible time to raise taxes". He was a strong supporter of a balanced budget, fiscal responsibility, community driven business growth policies and expanding sustainable sources of power.

After the Iowa Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the state's statute banning same-sex marriage, Fong urged the GOP to move past being a single-issue party focused on banning same-sex marriage. Fong encouraged a middle ground of civil unions and democratically-driven change, stating "The Legislature says one thing and the Supreme Court says the opposite. The law is clear. There is one arbiter when you have a disagreement and it's not the governor, it's the people of Iowa". He is also pro-life.

## Career

After his campaign for Governor of Iowa, Christian founded Renewable Energy Trust Capital (RET), a clean energy renewable energy power producer headquartered in San Francisco, CA, credited with inventing the financial technology that become the multi-billion dollar industry of renewable energy "yieldcos". Christian served as the original CEO, raising over $250 million in venture capital, then as COO/CFO and Chief Investment Officer after former California PUC commissioner John Bohn was recruited as CEO. BlueMountain Capital acquired RET for an undisclosed amount in a private transaction. He went on to serve as an Independent Director on the Boards of Directors of prominent yieldco Terraform Power (NASDAQ: TERP), of privately owned Spruce Finance, a solar and energy efficiency finance firm and as Founder and President of Fong Management LLC. In 2018, Fong became the CEO of Spruce Power, based in Houston, TX, at the time and was the largest privately held residential solar company in the United States. They currently serve more than 80,000 clean energy customers in 16 states. Under Fong’s leadership, Spruce Power grew substantially through the acquisition of distressed and often orphaned portfolios containing neglected customers. During the first three years of Fong's leadership, Spruce Power had received more than 369 complaints from customers on the Better Business Bureau website and has an average customer rating of one in five stars or F by BBB. The complaints reflected less than 0.1% of Spruce Power's total customer base, ranking Spruce Power with a lower complaint rate than the residential solar industry average. In April, 2024, Christian Fong departed as CEO of Spruce Power.

Prior to his 2009 campaign for Governor of Iowa, Christian was Managing Director of Capital Markets at AEGON USA Reality Advisors and served as president and CEO of Corridor Recovery, helping with flood recovery efforts in Eastern Iowa. Additionally, Christian chaired the Small Business Task Force of the Cedar Rapids Chamber of Commerce.

## InfoBox

| Christian Fong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chairman, CEO of Spruce Power | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Maine, United States |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Jenelle |
| Children | Two sons, one daughter |
| Alma mater | Creighton University <br>Dartmouth College |
| Profession | Renewable power businessman |
| Website | www.christianfong.com |
|  | |


title: Ronnie Wingo

abstract: Ronnie Irving Wingo Jr. is an American football running back. He played college football at Arkansas. He has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons and Buffalo Bills. He was also a former Assistant Coach for the Affton High School freshman football team.

text:
# Ronnie Wingo

**Ronnie Irving Wingo Jr.** (born February 18, 1991) is an American football running back. He played college football at Arkansas. He has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons and Buffalo Bills. He was also a former Assistant Coach for the Affton High School freshman football team.

## Early life

He attended St. Louis University High School in St. Louis, Missouri. He was selected to the U.S. Army All-American Bowl West team and was selected to the first-team Class 6A all-state team. He rushed for 4,449 yards and scored 48 touchdowns in high school.

## College career

Wingo attended the University of Arkansas from 2009 to 2012.

In his freshman season, he rushed for 319 yards on 49 carries (6.5 avg) and 3 rushing touchdowns. He also recorded 5 receptions, for 99 yards and one touchdown.

In his sophomore season, he rushed for 253 yards on 41 carries (6.2 avg) and one touchdown. He recorded a career-high 27 receptions, for 274 yards receiving yards and 4 touchdowns.

In his junior season, he rushed for a career best 458 yards on 104 carries (4.4 avg) and one touchdown. He also recorded 20 receptions, for 187 yards and 2 touchdowns.

In his senior season, he rushed for 59 yards on 12 carries (4.9 avg) and one touchdown. He also recorded 7 receptions for 50 yards.

## Professional career

### Atlanta Falcons (first stint)

On April 27, 2013, he signed with the Atlanta Falcons as undrafted free agent following the 2013 NFL draft.

### Buffalo Bills

On September 2, 2013, he signed with the Buffalo Bills to the practice squad. Due to C. J. Spiller being hurt and the Bills released Brandon Burton he was signed off the practice squad to be the third string running back. The Bills released Wingo on August 25, 2014.

### Atlanta Falcons (second stint)

Wingo was signed to the Falcons' practice squad on December 23, 2014. He was released by the Falcons on May 1, 2015.

### Hamilton Tiger-Cats

After a series of injuries, Ronnie Wingo was added to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats' practice roster on September 1, 2015. On April 15, 2016, Wingo was offered a new contract for the 2016 season.

## Personal life

He is the son of Ronnie, Sr. and Tiffany Wingo. His major while at College was sociology. As of 2013, he was 6 feet 2 inches, approximately 231 pounds with a speed of 4.47. His younger brother, Ryan Wingo is a wide receiver for the Texas Longhorns.

## InfoBox

Ronnie Wingo
| Wingo with the Atlanta Falcons | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 27 | |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1991-02-18) February 18, 1991<br>St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 231 lb (105 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | St. Louis University (St. Louis, Missouri) |
| College: | Arkansas (2009–2012) |
| Undrafted: | 2013 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Rushing yards: 4  Receptions: 1  Receiving yards: 2 | |
|  | |


title: Sidney Low

abstract: Sir Sidney James Mark Low was a British journalist, historian, and essayist.

text:
# Sidney Low

**Sir Sidney James Mark Low** (22 January 1857 – 14 January 1932) was a British journalist, historian, and essayist.

## Biography

Low was born to Jewish parents Therese (née Schacherl; 1835–1887) and Maximillian Loewe (1830–1900), who emigrated to Britain from Hungary following the 1848 uprising.

Following education at King's College School, London he went to the University of Oxford. Initially an undergraduate at Pembroke College, he moved to Balliol when he was awarded a Brakenby scholarship. He received a first class degree in modern history in 1879. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1892.

He was the editor of the *St. James's Gazette* from 1888 to 1897, and was a leader writer and literary editor for the *Standard*. He was the paper's special correspondent on a number of occasions, covering such events as the visit of the Prince of Wales to India, the coronation of Haakon VII of Norway and the Hague Conference of 1907. From 1901 to 1905 he was an alderman on the London County Council for the Conservative-backed Moderate Party.

During the First World War he was a journalist in France and Italy, and edited the wireless service of the Ministry of Information. He was knighted in 1918.

Low was twice married. In 1887 he married Elsie Davison, who died in 1921. In 1924 his second marriage was to Ebba Cecilia Byström, of Stockholm, who has translated several works of George Bernard Shaw to Swedish.

He spent his later years writing and lecturing in imperial and colonial history at King's College, London. He died suddenly at his Kensington home in January 1932, aged 74.

## Works

* *The Dictionary of English History* (1884) and subsequent editions (in collaboration with F. S. Puling) *Link, vol I* *Link, vol II*
* *The Governance of England* (1904), revised edition (1914)
* *The Political History of the Reign of Queen Victoria*
* *The British Constitution*
* *Egypt in Transition* (1914)
* *A Vision of India* (1906)
* *The History of England during the Reign of Victoria* (1907) (in collaboration with L. C. Sanders)
* *A Vision of India as Seen during the Tour of the Prince and Princess of Wales* (1907)
* *The Spirit of the Allied Nations* (1915)
* *The North American Review*, *English Democracy in Wartime* (1916)
* *Italy in the War* (1916)
* *Igor I Sikorsky*
* *The British Constitution: Its Growth and Character* (1928)
* *The Indian States and Ruling Princes* (1929)
* "Suggests Germany wants war with us" (PDF). *The New York Times*. 15 February 1915.
* "Mr. Alden's views" (PDF). *The New York Times*. 30 July 1904.

In addition to this, Low wrote articles for the *Dictionary of National Biography*.

## InfoBox

| SirSidney James Mark Low | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1857-01-22)22 January 1857
Blackheath, UK |
| Died | 14 January 1932(1932-01-14) (aged 74)
Kensington, UK |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, Author |
| Employer | The *Standard* |
| Parent | Maximilian Low |
| Relatives | Barbara Low (sister)
A. Maurice Low (brother)
Ivy Low Litvinov (niece) |


title: Sidney Loeb

abstract: Sidney Loeb (1917–2008) was an American-Israeli chemical engineer. Loeb made reverse osmosis (RO) practical by developing, together with Srinivasa Sourirajan, semi-permeable anisotropic membranes. The invention of the practical reverse osmosis membrane revolutionized water desalination. Loeb invented the power generating process pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)--making accessible a rich previously unknown source of green energy, and a method of producing power by a reverse electrodialysis (RED) heat engine, among other inventions in related fields. The production of energy by PRO and RED, among others, is sometimes called "osmotic power."

text:
# Sidney Loeb

**Sidney Loeb** (1917–2008) was an American-Israeli chemical engineer. Loeb made reverse osmosis (RO) practical by developing, together with Srinivasa Sourirajan, semi-permeable anisotropic membranes. The invention of the *practical reverse osmosis membrane*  revolutionized water desalination. Loeb invented the power generating process *pressure retarded osmosis* (PRO)--making accessible a rich previously unknown source of green energy, and a method of producing power by a reverse electrodialysis (RED) heat engine, among other inventions in related fields. The production of energy by PRO and RED, among others, is sometimes called "osmotic power."

## Biography

Loeb was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1917. He studied chemical engineering at the University of Illinois, Chicago. Sidney Loeb received his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1941. Prior to joining UCLA as a graduate student, he worked in the Los Angeles area in the fields of petrochemicals, rocket engines, and nuclear reactors. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from UCLA in 1959 and 1964, respectively. It was in the course of his M.Sc. thesis research that the Loeb-Sourirajan membrane breakthrough was achieved.

Loeb's reverse osmosis membrane was first tested in 1965 in Coalinga, California, whose water became unpotable due to the very high presence of minerals; the town received its drinking water supply from deliveries brought in by train from other towns. The membrane successfully purified Coalinga's water. Loeb patented his membrane. Throughout the duration of the patent, Loeb received $14,000 for an invention that led to a multi-billion dollar industry.

In 1967 Loeb came to Beersheva to teach RO technology at the Negev Institute for Arid Zone Research, later incorporated into the Institutes for Applied Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU). Loeb later accepted a half time teaching and half time research position as Professor of Chemical Engineering at the newly established BGU. For 15 years at BGU, Loeb carried out research and taught membrane processes, desalination, and other subjects. It was at BGU that Loeb invented pressure retarded osmosis and a method of producing power by a reverse electrodialysis heat engine.

## InfoBox

| Sidney Loeb | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Sidney Loeb
1917
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | December 11, 2008(2008-12-11) (aged 91)
Omer, Israel |
| Nationality | American, Israeli |
| Alma mater | University of Illinois(B.S.),
University of California at Los Angeles (M.Sc., Ph.D.) |
| Known for | Reverse Osmosis |
| Spouse | Mickey Loeb |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemical Engineering |
| Institutions | Ben-Gurion University |
| Doctoral advisor | Samuel Yuster |
| Other academic advisors | Srinivasa Sourirajan |
|  | |


title: Leštane

abstract: Leštane is a suburban settlement in Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Grocka.

text:
# Leštane

**Leštane** (Serbian Cyrillic: Лештане) is a suburban settlement in Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Grocka.

## Location

Leštane is located 15 km east of Belgrade, originally further away from the major roads. As the settlement expanded, it reached both major *Smederevski put* and *Kružni put* roads and, in the last decade, expanded even further.

It is located at the mouth of the *Kaluđerički Potok* into the Bolečica river. The name of the settlement is one of the variants for *hazel grove* in the Serbian language.

## Population

Leštane is one of the fastest growing suburbs of Belgrade, especially since the mid-1970s, experiencing an annual growth of over 10% in the 1971-1981 period. It is still classified as a rural settlement (village), though agriculture is no longer an essential branch of the economy. Population of Leštane:

* 1971 - 1,484
* 1981 - 4,019
* 1991 - 6,681
* 2002 - 8,492

Leštane is more crowded than its municipal seat, Grocka. Thousands of people migrated to the settlement from southern Serbia and especially Kosovo and Metohija in the 1970s, and after the exodus of Serbs from Kosovo and Goranci in 1999, new thousands settled in Leštane, so it is estimated it might have reached up to 15,000 inhabitants today.

## Living conditions and economy

Like most of the booming suburbs of Belgrade, Leštane has been expanding uncontrolled and without any urbanistic plans. This causes today's big communal problems the settlement is experiencing, especially the sewage system, waterworks and transportation, as streets are curved, without any order and, in many cases, without pavement. All of this brings about big problems in settlements during rain.

Until the late 1970s and early 1980s, the economy of Leštane was based mainly on agriculture. Still, since then, a boom in privately owned small companies boosted the economy and attracted a new population to migrate to the settlement. Some significant economic facilities are a shoe factory, an outpost of the National Customs Service, construction company *Geosonda* and a power relay station, a major one for the eastern parts of Belgrade, which was severely damaged during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.

In the 2000s, the area from the crossroad of *Smederevski put* and *Kružni put*, along the Bolečica River, was designed as an industrial zone (*Industrijska zona Leštane*). So far, several hangars, construction and transportation companies, a parquetry factory, and a few smaller facilities (medicine factory, etc.) have been established, while some significant areas are still in the process of construction.

A small open farmer's market developed in the 1980s along the *Smederevski put*, next to the Vinča community health center. It expanded a bit in time, but the communal situation surrounding the market worsened. In February 2019, it was announced that a new market would be built. It will be a fully closed, energy-efficient, one-storey building with a total floor area of 1,670 m2 (18,000 sq ft).

## Novo Naselje

Novo Naselje (Cyrillic: *Ново Насеље*; Serbian for *new settlement*) is the eastern extension of Leštane, located on both the *Smederevski put* and *Kružni put* roads. As its name says, it is a new settlement, having been mainly developing since the 1990s, with many small workshops, groceries, and residential houses. It connects, in an urban sense, Leštane with Kaluđerica (and thus with Belgrade), Vinča and Boleč. In the 2000s, Leštane began expanding to the west, opposite Novo Naselje, in the direction of Bubanj Potok.

## Sources

* Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): *Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije*; Svjetlost-Sarajevo; ISBN 86-01-02651-6

## InfoBox

| Leštane Лештане | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburban settlement | |
| LeštaneLocation within Belgrade | |
| Coordinates: 44°43′50″N 20°34′33″E / 44.73056°N 20.57583°E / 44.73056; 20.57583 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| Region | Belgrade |
| Municipality | Grocka |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.34 km2 (3.61 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +381(0)11 |
| Car plates | BG |


title: The Promise (Chris Cornell song)

abstract: "The Promise" is a song by American singer-songwriter Chris Cornell. The song was written as the ending credits song for the film of the same name. The song was released as a single on March 10, 2017, and is notable as being the last solo release from Cornell prior to his death on May 18, 2017.

text:
# The Promise (Chris Cornell song)

"**The Promise**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Chris Cornell. The song was written as the ending credits song for the film of the same name. The song was released as a single on March 10, 2017, and is notable as being the last solo release from Cornell prior to his death on May 18, 2017.

## Background

The song was first written by Chris Cornell after being approached by movie producer Eric Esrailian to write a song for his movie, *The Promise*. Cornell agreed, as the film's topic—the Armenian genocide—resonated with him. While he was not personally Armenian, his wife was Greek, and her family line had been affected by the genocide. He initially had reservations, being surprised that Serj Tankian of System of a Down was not asked to write the song, as Tankian was working on the movie itself, and had been quite outspoken about the genocide in the past, though with introspection and discussions with the production staff, he came to the understanding that he was a good combination of being neither too close, nor too far removed from the subject.

Initial sessions for the song were difficult, with Cornell working a week on a completely different arrangement for the song before scrapping it and starting over. After starting over, the creation of the final version came together much faster, with Cornell no longer trying to force things on how the songs should sound.

The song was released as a charity single on March 10, 2017, to help benefit the International Rescue Committee. It received a lyric video on the same date. On April 19, 2017, he performed the song live with Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and a string quartet on *The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon*.

## Themes and composition

The song features Cornell on vocals, and an orchestrated instrumentation by Paul Buckmaster, a composer known for his past collaborations with Elton John and The Rolling Stones. The final version was recorded with a twenty-four-piece orchestra. The song was noted by *Rolling Stone* as a departure from the sound Cornell was known for with his work in grunge band Soundgarden. *Spin* described the track as "sounding a lot more like modern-day Peter Gabriel than Soundgarden and Audioslave." Cornell explained that the change in sound was an effort to fit the themes of the movie, stating:

> I wasn't trying to record a song that sounded like it was from 1915, but I didn't want there to be obvious modern references because obviously at the time there was no such thing as the Beatles or Metallica or everything that is my reference for musical ideas. So the orchestra works just because that did exist and it can be a little bit out of time, so I was swimming in those waters of ambiguity.

The song is described as having gentle, acoustic verses leading into a powerful chorus containing a "lush orchestral" sound. The song's only live performance implemented a grand piano part as well.

## Reception

Consequence of Sound praised the song for being "equal parts grace and poignancy" and specifically noting that Cornell's vocals did well in evoking the painful situations conveyed in the movie. While Radio.com referred to the song as an orchestral tearjerker, *Spin* was overall less positive, stating that the song was "skillfully put together: tuneful and majestic" but that "it feels a little too overwrought to embrace wholeheartedly." Spin later commented on the song's live performance as well, referring to it as slightly "sappy", though conceding that the message, and its proceeds going to charity, were commendable. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Rock Performance category for 2018, and for an International Press Academy Satellite Award for Best Original Song.

## InfoBox

| "The Promise" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Chris Cornell | |
| from the album  *The Promise soundtrack* | |
| Released | March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10) |
| Recorded | 2016 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 4:27 |
| Songwriter(s) | Chris Cornell |
| Chris Cornell singles chronology | |
| "Nearly Forgot My Broken Heart"
(2015) "**The Promise**"
(2017) | |


title: China Aerospace Studies Institute

abstract: The China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI) is a United States Department of the Air Force think tank which examines all facets of the People's Republic of China and Chinese Communist Party's efforts to project power in the air and space domains. Part of Air University, it provides support to the Air Force, the Space Force, the joint services, civilian federal agencies, and academic research institutions.

text:
# China Aerospace Studies Institute

The **China Aerospace Studies Institute** (**CASI**) is a United States Department of the Air Force think tank which examines all facets of the People's Republic of China and Chinese Communist Party's efforts to project power in the air and space domains. Part of Air University, it provides support to the Air Force, the Space Force, the joint services, civilian federal agencies, and academic research institutions.

## History

The China Aerospace Studies Institute began in 2017 as a resource to examine Chinese aerospace power projection. It was officially chartered by General Charles Q. Brown Jr. in July 2021, in order to increase awareness of Chinese aerospace capabilities, and "learn what makes them tick" as competition between the United States and China has increased.

## Mission

The mission of the institute is to advance understanding of the capabilities, development, operating concepts, strategy, doctrine, personnel, organization, and limitations of China's aerospace forces, which include: the PLA Air Force (PLAAF); PLA Naval Aviation (PLAN Aviation); PLA Army Aviation; PLA Rocket Force (PLARF); the Strategic Support Force (PLASSF), primarily space and cyber; and the civilian and commercial infrastructure that supports all of the preceding units.

CASI supports the Secretary of the Air Force, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and other senior leaders of the Air and Space Forces. CASI provides expert research and analysis supporting decision and policy makers in the Department of Defense and across the U.S. government.

## Key functions

CASI accomplishes its mission through conducting the following activities:

* CASI primarily conducts open-source native-language research supporting its five main topic areas.
* CASI conducts conferences, workshops, roundtables, subject matter expert panels, and senior leader discussions to further its mission. CASI personnel attend such events, government, academic, and public, in support of its research and outreach efforts.
* CASI publishes research findings and papers, journal articles, monographs, and edited volumes for both public and government-only distribution as appropriate.
* CASI establishes and maintains institutional relationships with organizations and institutions in the PLA, the People's Republic of China writ large, and with partners and allies involved in the region.
* CASI maintains the ability to support senior leaders and policy decision makers across the full spectrum of topics and projects at all levels, related to Chinese aerospace.

CASI supports the U.S. Defense Department and the China research community writ-large by providing unclassified research on Chinese aerospace developments in the context of U.S. strategic imperatives in the Asia-Pacific region. Primarily focused on China’s Military Air, Space, and Missile Forces, CASI capitalizes on publicly available native language resources to gain insights as to how the Chinese speak to and among one another on these topics.

1. "China Aerospace Studies Institute". *Air University*. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
2. "CSAF signs charter for China Aerospace Studies Institute". *United States Air Force*. July 28, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
3. "China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI) Mission". *Air University*. Retrieved 2021-08-24.

This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force

## InfoBox

China Aerospace Studies Institute
| Seal | |
| --- | --- |
| Institute logo including Chinese characters<br>航空航天 (zh:Aerospace) | |
| Institute overview | |
| Formed | 2017 (2017) |
| Type | Defense strategy think tank |
| Headquarters | Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama |
| Motto | "Advancing the understanding of China's aerospace forces" |
| Institute executives | * Brendan Mulvaney, Director * Lt Col Justin Settles, Deputy Director |
| Parent department | Department of the Air Force |
| Parent institution | Air University |
| Website | www.airuniversity.af.edu/CASI |