title: Carmyllie Railway

abstract: The Carmyllie Railway was built in 1855 to enable transport of stone products from the Carmyllie area of Scotland to markets. At the time the stone was highly sought after for the urban development in progress. The 6.5 miles (10.5 km) line ran to the main line of the Dundee and Arbroath Railway at Elliot Junction railway station. In 1900 a passenger service was initiated on the line under the terms of Light Railway legislation. It was the first such in Scotland. However it was unsuccessful and ended in 1929. The line closed completely in May 1965 except for a stub at Elliot which continued to serve a private siding until it too closed in 1984.

text:
# Carmyllie Railway

The **Carmyllie Railway** was built in 1855 to enable transport of stone products from the Carmyllie area of Scotland to markets. At the time the stone was highly sought after for the urban development in progress.

The 6.5 miles (10.5 km) line ran to the main line of the Dundee and Arbroath Railway at Elliot Junction railway station.

In 1900 a passenger service was initiated on the line under the terms of Light Railway legislation. It was the first such in Scotland. However it was unsuccessful and ended in 1929.

The line closed completely in May 1965 except for a stub at Elliot which continued to serve a private siding until it too closed in 1984.

## History

### Arbroath pavement

In the nineteenth century, urban development in Scotland proceeded at great speed, and there was considerable demand for construction materials. The sedimentary rocks located around Arbroath were exceptionally suited to roofing slates and paving slabs, being easily worked into flat sheets, and this product became known as *Arbroath pavement*. The most important quarry for extraction of the material was around the village of Carmyllie, a settlement located in high ground about 6 miles (8 km) west of Arbroath. With the exception of certain turnpike roads, the roadways in the area were very poor, and transport to market by horse and cart to Arbroath (for onward coastwise shipping) was difficult. The *General Report* of 1814 stated:

> The quarries of Carmyllie, near Arbroath, are famous for paving freestone, and are the most esteemed in Scotland. The stones are easily quarried; of various thicknesses; large dimensions; and so smooth, that they require little dressing, yet are hard and durable. These advantages, however, are lessened by the tedious land carriage to the port of shipping (Arbroath), distant seven miles, and without a railway.

### A railway connection

In 1839 the Dundee and Arbroath Railway (D&AR) opened its line, giving access to Arbroath harbour, but the line was remote from the quarries, and was of no use in transporting the stone.

The Marquess of Dalhousie was the principal landlord in the area, and he determined to improve the situation by building a railway branch line to the D&AR at Elliot. The route was fairly easy, descending with the Elliot Water. Dalhousie had no opposition to his scheme and did not seek an Act of Parliament. The line probably opened at the end of January 1855 It was a private mineral railway, and was probably worked by the D&AR.

This had a considerable effect on the volume of the trade, and by 1864 Bremner wrote (using the spelling *Carmylie*):

> The Carmylie Quarries ... are the most extensive in the country. They are situated six miles from Arbroath in the parish of Carmylie which forms part of the south eastern breast of the Sidlaw Hills and consists chiefly of a series of high grounds scarcely approaching to hills with their intervening valleys running from south west to east The quarries belong to the Earl of Dalhousie and are at present leased by Messrs Duncan Falconer & Co They have been worked for several centuries all over the parish.

Earlier farmers had quarried stone on their own land and carted the stone to Arbroath in their milk carts; but about 1804 the

> quarries began to be worked on a more extensive scale. Windmills with movable wooden frames were erected for the purpose of pumping the water ... The machinery employed at that time consisted of a small single power crane which with care might be made to lift a stone a ton in weight. The present state of things at Carmylie is much different from what it was even twenty or thirty years ago. There are about 300 men in constant employment at the place. The machinery consists of eight planing machines, several cutting machines, eight saws for jointing pavement, one machine for making steps, coping and tabling; two polishing machines, six steam engines and from twelve to fourteen steam and other cranes ... The weight of stones sent away from the Carmylie Quarries daily is about 150 tons. A single line of railway extends from the quarries - the rails going to the bottom - to Elliot Junction near Arbroath a distance of five miles. The Carmylie Railway as it is called passes near the village of Arbirlot and skirts the beautiful Kelly Den which is of so much interest to the geologist. The line was constructed by the Earl of Dalhousie who sold it some years ago to the Caledonian Railway Company. It is used exclusively for the carriage of paving and other stones from the Carmylie Quarries.

### Sale to the SNER

The Scottish North Eastern Railway (SNER) purchased the line from the Marquess of Dalhousie in 1865, under the terms of the *Scottish North-Eastern Railway Purchase of Carmyllie Railway Act, 1865*.

The SNER itself was absorbed by the Caledonian Railway on 10 August 1866.

### Joint ownership

The Caledonian saw its future as the controller of a large railway network throughout much of Scotland, and it engaged in continuing absorptions of smaller concerns. Parliament began to take the view that this was anti-competitive and granted running powers to the rival North British Railway (NBR) over much of the northern part of the Caledonian Railway system. The NBR opened the Tay bridge in 1878, giving it direct access to the north shore of the Firth of Tay. Its objective was to reach Aberdeen, and it requested the transfer of the Dundee and Arbroath line to joint ownership (between the Caledonian Railway and the NBR). At Arbroath the NBR had built its own line from there to Montrose and northwards.

The transfer took place by Act of Parliament of 21 July 1879, and was effective from 1 February 1880.

### Passengers

The railway had been conceived for the transport of minerals down to the coast. Over the years agricultural products and household materials had been carried in ordinary goods trains also.

The Government had wished to encourage the provision of rail passenger services in remote areas without the heavy costs of main line operating controls, and in 1896 the Light Railways Act 1896 was passed. A Board of Trade certificate was required without the expense of an individual Act of Parliament, and with (unspecified in legislation) relaxations of operational procedures.

The branch line obtained authorisation to operate as a light railway in 1898, and the first passenger trains ran on 1 February 1900.

Geraldine Mitton states that this was the first such operation in Scotland:

"From Arbroath a light railway runs (7 miles) up country to the village of Carmyllie, 600 feet above the sea, famous for its quarries of "Arbroath pavement". This, the first light railway in Scotland, was opened for passenger traffic on 1st Feb. 1900."

During World War I many railways suspended passenger operation in marginal areas because of the shortage of manpower, and the passenger service on the Carmyllie branch was temporarily withdrawn in January 1917; it was reinstated in September 1917, Saturdays only, and daily from 1 January 1918.

Typical passenger services in 1922 consisted of two round trips per day between Arbroath and Carmyllie, one in the morning and one in the evening, with journey times between 31 and 46 minutes.

The passenger service to the very small communities was lightly used, and on 2 December 1929 it was finally withdrawn. The line was now serving goods and mineral traffic only.

### Grouping and nationalisation

In 1923 the main line railways of Great Britain were "grouped" by the terms of the Railways Act 1921; the Caledonian Railway was a constituent of the new London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and the North British Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). As the line had been jointly owned and operated, it officially retained joint status under the LMS and LNER. In 1948 the railways were nationalised, and the line moved to the control of British Railways, Scottish Region.

### Elliot private siding

In the early 1960s the Metal Box company established a new factory at Elliot, on the north side of the line and of the main road (A92). A private siding connection was installed off the Carmyllie branch, facing Carmyllie and requiring a backshunt off the main line.

### Closure

With the growth of efficient road transport, the residual goods service on the line also declined substantially, and the line closed on 19 May 1965, when LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0 No. 46464 operated a service train to collect furnishings and effects from along the length of the route. The Metal Box factory private siding continued in use, served by a stub of the branch line, until 1984.

### Subsequent use

Sections of the route between the former Elliot Junction station and Arbirlot have become a nature walk. The site of Elliot Junction station remains part of the operational railway between Dundee and Aberdeen, with the outline of the central island platform visible between the two running lines.

## Topography

The line was steeply graded, typically at 1 in 36 falling from Carmyllie.

Passenger services operated from 1 February 1900 and closed on 2 December 1929. The service was suspended on 1 January 1917; it was back in the timetable in September 1917, Saturdays only; daily from 1 January 1918.

* Carmyllie;
* Denhead;
* Cuthlie;
* Arbirlot;
* Elliot Junction Light Railway Platform; used by Carmyllie branch trains if platform in main line station was not available;
* Elliot Junction; station on Dundee and Arbroath main line; closed 1 January 1917; back in timetable September 1917, Saturdays only; from 1 January 1918 served every day by branch trains, which started from Arbroath; main line trains resumed calls from 1 February 1919; the station was known as Elliot and Kellyfield Junction at one time.

1. Stansfield, Gordon (2000). *Angus and Kincardineshire's Lost Railways*. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-84033-111-9.
2. Sinclair, Sir John, ed. (1814). *The General Report of the Agricultural State, and Political Circumstances, of Scotland*. Vol. II. Edinburgh: Constable & Co. p. 306.
3. Anticipated in statement at the half-yearly meeting of the Dundee and Arbroath Railway Company, quoted in: *The Railway Record, Mining Register and Joint Stock Companies' Reporter*. 6 January 1855. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
4. Bremner, David (1864). *The Industries of Scotland: Their Rise, Progress and Present Condition*. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
5. *The Edinburgh Gazette*. 24 November 1865. p. 1514. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
6. "No. 11014". *The Edinburgh Gazette*. 16 August 1898. p. 806.
7. "Carmyllie Light Railway". *Dundee Courier*. DC Thomson. 1 February 1900. p. 3.
8. Mitton, Geraldine Edith (1907). *Black's Guide to Scotland*. p. 190.
9. Quick, M.E. (2002). *Railway Passenger Stations in England Scotland and Wales—A Chronology*. The Railway and Canal Historical Society.
10. *Bradshaw's General Railway and Steam Navigation Guide*. London: Guild Publishing. 1985 \[July 1922\].
11. "Carmyllie Light Railway To Go". *Dundee Courier*. DC Thomson. 11 November 1929. p. 4.
12. "Carmyllie No More". *Arbroath Herald*. 28 May 1965.
13. "History". The Carnoustie Pilot Company Ltd. 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2013. 46464 crossing the Dundee road at Elliot Junction en route to the Metal Box sidings, 9/6/65
14. "Map 382" (Map). *Arbroath, Montrose & Carnoustie*. 1:25000. Explorer. Ordnance Survey. 1986.
15. Hogarth, Colin. "Making tracks to Arbirlot". *Walk Scotland*. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
16. "Arbroath Path Network" (PDF). Angus Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2013.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Carmyllie Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | partly disused |
| Owner | * The Marquess of Dalhousie (1855-1865) * Scottish North-Eastern Railway (1865) * Caledonian Railway (1866-1880) * joint by Caledonian and North British Railway (1880-1923) * joint by LMS and LNER (1923-1948) * British Railways (1948-1965) |
| Locale | Scotland |
| Termini | * Arbroath * Carmyllie quarries |
| History | |
| Opened | 1855 |
| Closed | 1965 |
| Route map | |


title: Prairie Band Casino & Resort

abstract: Prairie Band Casino & Resort is a Native American casino in Mayetta, Kansas, owned by the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation. It was originally operated by Harrah's Entertainment under a management agreement with the tribe until July 1, 2007, when the tribe took over operations. The casino is open 24 hours daily and has a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m⁲) casino, with 1,090 slot machines, a bingo hall and 31 table games. The casino also has three restaurants and 297 guestrooms.

text:
# Prairie Band Casino & Resort

**Prairie Band Casino & Resort** is a Native American casino in Mayetta, Kansas, owned by the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation. It was originally operated by Harrah's Entertainment under a management agreement with the tribe until July 1, 2007, when the tribe took over operations. The casino is open 24 hours daily and has a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) casino, with 1,090 slot machines, a bingo hall and 31 table games. The casino also has three restaurants and 297 guestrooms.

## History

### Under Harrah's management

The casino and resort opened in 1998 as the first full-service casino in the state of Kansas. When it opened on January 12, 1998, the entertainment complex was 63,000 square-feet. As of 2000, a billboard on U.S. Highway 75 traveling north from Topeka read "Harrah's Prairie Band Casino, 12 miles." At the time, after opening, the 100-room hotel adjacent to the casino was "generally full" with reservations recommended. It was the only of the four casinos in Kansas at the time that had a hotel.

### Transition to new ownership

In May 2005, the casino announced that Harrah's would not be renewing its management contract, which expired in January 2008. In May 2007, the casino unveiled a new name and logo after it prepared to assume complete control from Harrah's. The new logo featured "a flame, a traditional Potawatomi symbol, and a diamond to represent gaming." The transition from Harrah's to the tribe took place on July 1, 2007, with the casino renamed Prairie Band Casino and Resort. Management for Harrah's Prairie Band Casino-Topeka transferred to the tribe on July 1, 2007, which was ahead of the scheduled termination date by nine months.

In April 2007, Harrah's Prairie Band Casino in Mayetta was the largest casino in Kansas. Earlier that year, the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation sued the state of Kansas in a bid to stop legislation that would allow four state casinos and slot machines at horse and dog tracks.

In August 2008, Prairie Band filed a lawsuit against Harrah's to enforce a non-compete agreement with Harrah's, after Harrah's involved itself in a proposed casino in Sumner County. The Lottery Gaming Facility Review Board throughout 2008 reviewed proposals for a contract to develop and manage a state-owned casino in Kansas - in August 2008, the Prairie Band Potwatomi Nation sued Harrah's for submitting a bid, alleging that in doing so, Harrah's "violated a noncompete agreement with the tribe" related to Prairie Band Casino & Resort, which Harrah's denied.

After the tribe opened the casino in 1998, and added the nearby The Nation Station gas station in 1999. The casino was then expanded in 2000 and 2004, with a hotel and convention center added in 2004. Jacob Wamego became Prairie Band LLC president and CEO in January 2017.

### Remodel and coronavirus

In January 2018, the resort announced a "massive expansion" including a new hotel tower with 80 rooms, among them a pool, spa and fitness center, party rooms, and rooms. It also announced a 500-space parking garage to be connected to the event center. The casino announced the casino floor would be remodeled and expanded, with the lobby and Buffalo Grill also remodeled. It was said the renovations would take 2.5 years. The initial casino remodel was finished in October 2018 after "years of planning and weeks of construction," with the tower and game room expansion still pending. In July 2019, the casino announced it was moving into Phase 2 of construction, and would be breaking ground on new facilities. The plans had been changed to include 74 new guest rooms, pools both indoor and outdoor, a sauna and steam room, business meeting rooms, and a game room with "virtual Top Golf," as well as party rooms. At the time, the casino remained a "wholly owned subsidiary of the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation." Plans for Phase 2 included a new lobby bar, a Kapi coffee bar, and the Embers Bar and Grille.

Due to coronavirus, on March 17, 2020, the Potawatomi Tribal Council directed the casino to suspend operations until March 20, 2020. The casino continued to pay wages and benefits for part-time and full-time employees, it stated, with hotel reservations refunded. After announcing the closure mandate on March 17, 2020, on March 27, the Kansas Lottery extended the suspension of state casino operations for Hollywood Casino, Kansas Crossing, Crossing, Kansas Star Casino, and Boot Hill Casino. That week, Prairie Band Casino & Resort extended its own closures through April 30, although not required to follow the mandate. When the casino reopened in June 2020, it had a number of restrictions.

## Hotel and casino

The casino is open 24 hours daily and has 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) of gaming space, with 1,090 slot machines, a bingo hall and 31 table games. The casino also has three restaurants: Longhouse Buffet, Embers Bar & Grille, and 3 Fires Steakhouse. It also has 297 guestrooms.

## Entertainment

Country musician Gary Allan appeared at the resort to perform in 2021, after first performing in June 2019. Musician Lee Greenwood performed in April 2022. As of 2022, the upcoming March lineup included artists such as KC and the Sunshine Band and comedian George Lopez.

## InfoBox

| Prairie Band Casino & Resort
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | 12305 150th Road
Mayetta, Kansas |
| Opening date | January 1998 |
| No. of rooms | 297 |
| Total gaming space | 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m2) |
| Notable restaurants | Longhouse Buffet, Buffalo Grill, Three Fires Steakhouse |
| Casino type | Native American casino |
| Owner | Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation |
| Previous names | Harrah's Prairie Band |
| Renovated in | 2008, 2018- |
| Coordinates | 39°18′55″N 95°45′04″W / 39.31528°N 95.75111°W / 39.31528; -95.75111 |
| Website | Casino & Resort Website |


title: The Reason We Fall in Love

abstract: The Reason We Fall in Love The Reason We Fall in Love is a Japanese anthology manga series written and illustrated by ma2. It was serialized in Shodensha's josei manga magazine Feel Young from May 2020. The manga was transferred to Line Corporation's digital platform Line Manga in December 2023 and has also been published digitally on ShuCream's Our Feel since June 2024.

text:
# The Reason We Fall in Love

***The Reason We Fall in Love*** (Japanese: 私たちが恋する理由, Hepburn: *Watashitachi ga Koisuru-riyū*) is a Japanese anthology manga series written and illustrated by ma2. It was serialized in Shodensha's *josei* manga magazine *Feel Young* from May 2020. The manga was transferred to Line Corporation's digital platform Line Manga in December 2023 and has also been published digitally on ShuCream's *Our Feel* since June 2024.

## Media

### Manga

Written and illustrated by ma2, *The Reason We Fall in Love* started in Shodensha's *josei* manga magazine *Feel Young* on May 8, 2020. The last chapter in the magazine was published on July 7, 2023, and the series was later transferred to Line Corporation's digital platform Line Manga on December 7 of the same year. On June 6, 2024, ShuCream, the manga production company that produced *Feel Young*, launched the manga website *Our Feel*, where the series has also continued its publication. Shodensha collected its chapters in four *tankōbon* volumes, released from April 8, 2021, to June 8, 2023. ShuCream re-released the four volumes digitally on June 1, 2024, and a fifth volume was released digitally as well on July 4 of the same year.

#### Volumes

| No. | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | April 8, 2021 (print)
June 1, 2024 (digital) | 978-4-396-76820-1 (print) |
| 2 | January 8, 2022 (print)
June 1, 2024 (digital) | 978-4-396-76848-5 (print) |
| 3 | October 7, 2022 (print)
June 1, 2024 (digital) | 978-4-396-76871-3 (print) |
| 4 | June 8, 2023 (print)
June 1, 2024 (digital) | 978-4-396-76883-6 (print) |
| 5 | July 7, 2024 (digital) |  |

### Live-action drama

A live action television drama adaptation is scheduled to air on TV Asahi in October 2024, with Fuma Kikuchi and Rinka Kuwada starring as the protagonists.

## Reception

The manga placed third in the eBookJapan Manga Award 2023. It ranked ninth in the second Crea Nighttime Manga Award in 2023.

1. Fukuda, Ryoko. 『花男』『俺物語!!』『椿町』……ゴールデンウィークに読みたい名作恋愛漫画6選. *Mangapedia* (in Japanese). Voyage Group. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
2. 「セキララにキス」の芥文絵、「目の毒すぎる職場のふたり」のma2がフィーヤンで新連載. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. May 8, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
3. 私たちが恋する理由. *Mangapedia* (in Japanese). Voyage Group. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
4. フィールヤング 2023年8月号 (発売日2023年07月07日) (in Japanese). Fujisan Magazine Service Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
5. 「私たちが恋する理由」がLINEマンガに移籍して再始動、10話まで無料公開中. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
6. 【プレスリリース】新しいマンガレーベル［OUR FEEL］（アワフィール）創刊！ 無料WEBマンガサイトオープンのお知らせ (in Japanese). ShuCream. June 6, 2024. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
7. フィール・ヤング編集部発の新Webマンガサイト誕生、新連載8本とヤマシタトモコの読切登場. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. June 6, 2024. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
8. Tai, Anita (June 6, 2024). "Feel Young Magazine Launches New Manga Site Our Feel". *Anime News Network*. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
9. オフィスで生まれるトキメキ切り取ったオムニバス、ma2「私たちが恋する理由」1巻. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. April 8, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
10. 「私たちが恋する理由」ma2が地元・北海道札幌でサイン会、新刊発売記念し. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. May 14, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
11. 私たちが恋する理由【新装単行本版】1. *Comic Seymour* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
12. 私たちが恋する理由【新装単行本版】4. *Comic Seymour* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
13. ma2「私たちが恋する理由」34話分を72時間限定で無料公開、ためこうの読み切りも. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. July 4, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
14. 【4月8日付】本日発売の単行本リスト. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. April 8, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
15. 【1月8日付】本日発売の単行本リスト. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. December 8, 2016. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
16. 私たちが恋する理由【新装単行本版】2. *Comic Seymour* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
17. 【10月7日付】本日発売の単行本リスト. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. October 7, 2022. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
18. 私たちが恋する理由【新装単行本版】3. *Comic Seymour* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
19. 【6月8日付】本日発売の単行本リスト. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. June 8, 2023. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
20. 私たちが恋する理由【新装単行本版】5. *Comic Seymour* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
21. 菊池風磨"寡黙な上司"役で笑顔&アドリブ封印 ヒロイン・久間田琳加は25センチ断髪「自分が自分じゃないみたい」. *Oricon News* (in Japanese). September 3, 2024. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
22. やまもり三香「うるわしの宵の月」ebookjapanマンガ大賞2023の大賞受賞. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. February 24, 2023. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
23. 田沼朝「いやはや熱海くん」がCREAの「夜ふかしマンガ大賞」1位を獲得. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. September 7, 2023. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2024.

## InfoBox

| The Reason We Fall in Love | |
| --- | --- |
| First *tankōbon* volume cover | |
| 私たちが恋する理由
(*Watashitachi ga Koisuru-riyū*) | |
| Genre | Romance |
| Manga | |
| Written by | ma2 |
| Published by |  |
| Magazine | ** Feel Young (2020–2023) * Line Manga (2023–present) * Our Feel (2024–present)* |
| Demographic | *Josei* |
| Original run | May 8, 2020 – present |
| Volumes | * 4 (print) * 5 (digital) |


title: Planet Hollywood bombing

abstract: The Planet Hollywood bombing was a terrorist bomb attack that took place at the Planet Hollywood restaurant at the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town, South Africa. On the night of 25 August 1998 a bomb detonated beneath the footrest of the bar at the restaurant. One victim died in the blast whilst a second victim died later in hospital. A number of victims lost limbs in the blast and were permanently maimed including a 12-year-old British tourist. The United States government sent FBI agents to assist in the investigation of the blast. The attack was committed by the vigilante group Muslims Against Global Oppression later known as People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD). PAGAD admitted they committed the attack stating that it was done in retaliation for American air-raids in Sudan and Afghanistan.

text:
# Planet Hollywood bombing

The **Planet Hollywood bombing** was a terrorist bomb attack that took place at the Planet Hollywood restaurant at the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town, South Africa. On the night of 25 August 1998 a bomb detonated beneath the footrest of the bar at the restaurant. One victim died in the blast whilst a second victim died later in hospital. A number of victims lost limbs in the blast and were permanently maimed including a 12-year-old British tourist. The United States government sent FBI agents to assist in the investigation of the blast.

The attack was committed by the vigilante group Muslims Against Global Oppression later known as People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD). PAGAD admitted they committed the attack stating that it was done in retaliation for American air-raids in Sudan and Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| Planet Hollywood bombing | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | V&A Waterfront,Cape Town, South Africa |
| Coordinates | 33°54′23″S 18°25′10″E / 33.9065°S 18.4194°E / -33.9065; 18.4194 |
| Date | 25 August 1998 (1998-08-25) |
| Weapons | pipe bomb |
| Deaths | 2 |
| Injured | 26 |
| Perpetrators | People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD) |


title: Syvänsi

abstract: Syvänsi is a medium-sized lake in the Vuoksi main catchment area. It is located in the region Southern Savonia.

text:
# Syvänsi

**Syvänsi** is a medium-sized lake in the Vuoksi main catchment area. It is located in the region Southern Savonia.

## InfoBox

| Syvänsi | |
| --- | --- |
| Syvänsi | |
| Coordinates | 62°20′42″N 27°31′12″E / 62.345°N 27.52°E / 62.345; 27.52 |
| Catchment area | Vuoksi |
| Basin countries | Finland |
|  | |
| Surface area | 14.935 km2 (5.766 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 6.92 m (22.7 ft) |
| Max. depth | 38.62 m (126.7 ft) |
| Water volume | 0.103 km3 (84,000 acre⋅ft) |
| Shore length1 | 78.15 km (48.56 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 102.2 m (335 ft) |
|  | |
| Frozen | December–April |
| Settlements | Jäppilä |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Pony Express Rider

abstract: Pony Express Rider is a 1976 American Western film directed by Robert Totten and starring Henry Wilcoxon, Maureen McCormick and Joan Caulfield. In 1860 young Jimmie Richardson joins the Pony Express to help find the man he believes killed his father.

text:
# Pony Express Rider

***Pony Express Rider*** is a 1976 American Western film directed by Robert Totten and starring Henry Wilcoxon, Maureen McCormick and Joan Caulfield. In 1860 young Jimmie Richardson joins the Pony Express to help find the man he believes killed his father.

## Plot

The year is 1860. The United States is inexorably heading towards civil war. Gold fever excites prospectors with wild dreams. Pioneers are pushing the western frontier further. Against these events, is the story of two rugged frontiersmen. They are friends - Trevor Kingman is a rancher who lusts for power and Jed Richardson is a modest man who hopes to carve decency into the western wilds.

Kingman's pursuit of political fame and fortune eventually splits the friends. The only link between them is the love that developed between Richardson's son, Jimmy D., and Kingman's daughter, Rose of Sharon.

When a feud develops between the two families, Bovey (Kingman's son) - in a moment of anger - murders Jed. Jimmy D., despite his love for Rose, decides to avenge his father's death. He sets out after Bovey, racing through the wilderness plains across Native American-held country. By a chanceful opportunity Jimmy D. joins the Pony Express mail rider service. It is through the Pony Express that he is able to ride across hostile territory in his vengeance mission. Eventually, in uncharted territory, Jimmy D. gets his revenge.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Monaco, James. *The Encyclopedia of Film*. Perigee Books, 1991.

## InfoBox

| Pony Express Rider | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Robert Totten |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Bernie Abramson |
| Edited by | Marsh Hendry |
| Music by | Robert O. Ragland |
| Production<br>company | Doty-Dayton Production |
| Release date | * November 18, 1976 (1976-11-18) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Plastic automotive engine

abstract: The Plastic automotive engine has its origins in the late 1970s with research and work done by Matthew (Matti) Holtzberg of Polimotor Research and his associates. Since then Holtzberg and others have done steady work in the field.

text:
# Plastic automotive engine

The **Plastic automotive engine** has its origins in the late 1970s with research and work done by Matthew (Matti) Holtzberg of Polimotor Research and his associates. Since then Holtzberg and others have done steady work in the field.

## Holtzberg's early work

Matti Holtzberg first attempted to make polymer pistons for an Austin Mini engine in 1969. The pistons ran for only 20 minutes until failure. Holtzberg remedied this by fitting the pistons with aluminium crowns and he sold these pistons to racing builders during the early 1970s.

## Polimotor research

Matti Holtzberg founded Polimotor Research Inc. in 1979. It was based in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. The company, in cooperation with its suppliers and sponsors, created and raced engines consisting of a large percentage of polymers in the 1980s.

### Version One

Version one was based on Ford's 2.3-liter Pinto engine and weighed 152 pounds (69 kg) (vs. 415 pounds (188 kg) for its cast iron counterpart). It was designed to produce 318 horsepower (237 kW) at 9200 rpm. It was composed of metal cylinder sleeves, metal combustion chamber tops, metal piston crowns, bearings, valves and seats, and a stock 2.3L Pinto crankshaft. Nearly everything else in the engine, including the block, rods and piston skirts, were made of glass reinforced Polyamide-imide thermoplastic resins manufactured at the time by Amoco Chemicals Co. The engine was never installed in a vehicle.

Although sources claimed that Ford had been a partner in creating the engine, Holtzberg was later quoted as saying that "Ford was not involved at all".

### Version Two

Another engine, supposedly based upon the Cosworth BDA and YB series engines, weighed 168 pounds (76 kg), half the weight of its metal counterpart. Plastic parts included the engine block, cam cover, air intake trumpets, intake valve stems, piston skirts and wrist pins, connecting rods, oil scraper piston rings, tappets, valve spring retainers and timing gears.

The engine was raced over two seasons. It was raced in a Lola T616 HU04 and competed in the International Motor Sports Association's (IMSA) Camel GT Championship in the Camel Lights (Group C2) category in 1984 and 1985. The car earned several top 5 finishes including its best finish of third in class at the 1985 Lime Rock 2 hours.

## Holtzberg patents

Throughout the 1980s, Holtzberg was granted 10 patents for composite engine parts and their methods of production. The patents were issued between 1983 and 1988 and are elaborated on in this section.

The first patent issued was for ignition cables, citing prior art for other non-metallic conductive materials and their ability to reduce RF interference related problems. These cables consisted of a graphite/resin composite conductor strands and a protective silicone sheath. The strands were to be twisted together and drawn through the liquid matrix material, finally being surrounded by the sheath. The two parts would be extruded together to form the cable and ensure a well bound structure of thousands of individual graphite composite filaments.

The majority of patents are for Polyamide-imide engine components, with the potential for graphite, glass or titanium reinforcement as a composite. The inventions are claimed to have a superior stiffness-to-weight ratio, be up to 70% lighter than traditional parts and reduce vibration and forces within the engine. The composite parts are also claimed to reduce production requirements due to being injection moulded with consequently reduced finishing work.

Although the temperature, time and other process variables differ between parts, the general manufacturing process follows. The component is first injection moulded and allowed to cool past its plastic deformation temperature. It is then post cured by solid state polymerisation at a series of temperature steps. This is performed in an inert atmosphere which helps to expel by-products of reactions until the polymer is chemically stable. During this process the heat deflection temperature of the material also increases. The part is now cooled and post-processed. Post processing can take the form of machining, insertion or adhesion of metal parts or a simple cleaning of the part.

## Composite Castings LLC

In 1990 Matti Holtzberg founded Composite Castings LLC, based in West Palm Beach, Florida. By 2011 they had developed a V4 carbon reinforced epoxy composite engine block with materials supplied by Toho Tenax. The block is claimed by Holtzberg to be up to 50% lighter than an equivalent aluminium model. The blocks are produced to net shape so minimal finishing work is required to make them ready for use. Holtzberg claims that this reduces tooling and production costs by 50% in comparison to die casting.

## Fraunhofer and Sumitomo research

In April 2015 the Fraunhofer group in collaboration with the high performance polymer division of Sumitomo Bakelite Co announced their development of a single cylinder research engine with a casing made of injection moulded glass fibre reinforced phenolic resin (55/45 respective composition). The engine weighs about 20% less than an equivalent of aluminium. Their design uses metal inserts in places of high thermal and mechanical stress, for example in the cylinder liner.

The engine was presented at the 2015 Hannover Messe.

## Solvay revival of Polimotor

In May 2015 it was reported that the Belgian chemical company Solvay had shown interest in reviving the concept with assistance from Matti Holtzberg. The engine is planned to weigh less than 148 pounds (67 kg) and generate over 420 horsepower (310 kW), it is also planned to be turbocharged. Several components will be replaced with polymer counterparts, these can be seen in the table below.

| Part | Material | Description | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cam sprockets | PAI | 30% carbon fibre |  |
| Oil scavenge lines | PEEK | 30% carbon fibre |  |
| Water pump outlet | PPA | 30% glass fibre |  |
| Water pump seal | FKM |  |  |
| Water pump internals | PPS | 40% glass fibre |  |
| Fuel rail | PPS | 40% glass fibre |  |
| Injector o-rings | FKM |  |  |
| Intake runner | PEEK | 30% carbon fibre, FDM manufactured |  |
| Plenum chamber | PA6 | 40% glass beads, SLS manufactured |  |
| Oil pump housing | PEEK | 30% carbon fibre |  |
| Cam cover | PPS |  |  |

The engine was planned to be installed in a Norma M-20 chassis and raced at Lime Rock in 2016 and a possible Le Mans entry in 2017. However this did not materialise.


title: Carter Bridge

abstract: Carter Bridge built in 1901 is one of three bridges connecting Lagos Island to the mainland, the other are the Third Mainland and Eko bridges. At the time of its construction, this was the only bridge connection between the mainland and Lagos Island. The bridge starts from Iddo on the mainland and ends at Idumota area of Lagos Island. The bridge was named after Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, a former Governor of the Colony of Lagos. The Carter Bridge was originally constructed by the British colonial government, prior to Nigerian independence in 1960. After independence, the bridge was dismantled, redesigned and rebuilt during late 1970s. The Alaka-Ijora flyover, on the Iddo end of the span was completed in 1973.

text:
# Carter Bridge

**Carter Bridge** built in 1901 is one of three bridges connecting Lagos Island to the mainland, the other are the Third Mainland and Eko bridges. At the time of its construction, this was the only bridge connection between the mainland and Lagos Island. The bridge starts from Iddo on the mainland and ends at Idumota area of Lagos Island.

The bridge was named after Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, a former Governor of the Colony of Lagos.

The Carter Bridge was originally constructed by the British colonial government, prior to Nigerian independence in 1960. After independence, the bridge was dismantled, redesigned and rebuilt during late 1970s. The Alaka-Ijora flyover, on the Iddo end of the span was completed in 1973.

## Overview

The parking of vehicles on the bridge has resulted in both severe road congestion in addition to contributing to its rapid deterioration. In 2003, the Nigerian Institute of Structural Engineers noted that the parking of vehicles along the span may result in collapse if left unaddressed. To address this issue, the Lagos State government has instituted a  50,000 fine for persons parking their vehicles along the span. Additionally, in April 2006, the Lagos State Transport Commissioner announced that all commercial vehicles would be banned from entering Lagos Island by way of the Carter Bridge to keep buses and other vehicles from parking on the bridge.

In addition to congestion on the bridge, Carter was perceived as unsafe at night due to the lack of streetlights. In July 2013, Governor Fashola of Lagos State commissioned streetlights on Carter Bridge powered by an Independent Power Project. The project was conceptualized, designed and completed by the State's Electricity Board (www.lseb.gov.ng) using local components and technicians.

## InfoBox

| Carter Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 6°28′02″N 3°23′05″E / 6.4672°N 3.3847°E / 6.4672; 3.3847 |
| Carries | Vehicular traffic |
| Crosses | Lagos Lagoon<br>connects Lagos Island to mainland Lagos State |
| Locale | Lagos, Nigeria |
| Statistics | |
| Toll | No |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: The Sads

abstract: The Sads are an indie-rock band based in Prague, Czech Republic, with five members from Canada, America, and Scotland.

text:
# The Sads

**The Sads** are an indie-rock band based in Prague, Czech Republic, with five members from Canada, America, and Scotland.

## Overview

The Sads' first release was the 1998 single, "On The Back Of A Billygoat" and two EPs titled Our Lives Abide In Heaven and The Sads which were released on a small indie label, Fairly Good Records. Following these releases, in 2008, The Sads signed briefly to Free Records, in the UK, resulting in their debut album Pregnancy Scare on October 17, 2008, a dual-album release party with The Tower of Dudes at Palac Akropolis in Prague.

Pregnancy Scare was produced by The Sads themselves (with mastering by Ron Synovitz). Mojo magazine gave the album four stars in a review that dubbed the disc "an album that exudes stark hollow originality, without the burden of personal narrative". The production has been described as baroque, “using a many layers, piano, organs, strings and so on, at or just below the volume at which they can be distinguished."

The Sads have many festivals around the world including the 2007 Glastonbury Festival, Electric Picnic (Ireland), Love City (Czech Republic), and Alt (Germany).

## Discography

### Albums

* *Pregnancy Scare* (2008)

### EPs

* *Our Lives Abide In Heaven* (EP) (2002)
* *The Sads* (EP) (2004)

### Singles

* "On The Back Of A Billygoat" (July, 1998)
* "I Am The Beach Boy Who Died In The Ocean" (July, 2002)
* "Phoebe Cates" (October, 2004)

### Compilation appearances

* "Songs For František Skála" (*"Prague Presents...", 2007*)
* PIMC "Prague Independent Music collective Plan 1A" (2007)
* "Kenspiracy: A tribute to the music of Ken Nash" (2009)

* The Sads' Myspace site

## InfoBox

| The Sads | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Prague, Czech Republic |
| Genres | Indie rock |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Labels | none |
|  | |
| Members | Steven Rusling
Matt Ford
Nick Jennings
Mark Tierney
Marc Cram |
|  | |
| Past members | James Babson |


title: The Sitter Downers

abstract: The Sitter Downers is a 1937 short subject directed by Del Lord starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges. It is the 27th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

text:
# The Sitter Downers

***The Sitter Downers*** is a 1937 short subject directed by Del Lord starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard). It is the 27th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

## Plot

The Stooges, positioned as suitors seeking approval for their matrimonial aspirations from a reticent prospective father-in-law, initiate a sit-down strike within the confines of their fiancees' abode. Their protest garners widespread attention, propelling them into the limelight and eliciting a deluge of fan mail and offerings, including a parcel comprising a "ready-cut" house. Despite the father-in-law's concerted efforts to solicit governmental intervention in their eviction, legal recourse proves elusive, compelling him to acquiesce to the Stooges' matrimonial desires to quell the unrest.

Subsequently united in wedlock, the newly formed couples find themselves confronted with the daunting task of erecting their donated domicile, a feat necessitating manual construction owing to its rudimentary state. Bound by their marital obligations, the Stooges embark upon the laborious endeavor, albeit amidst vociferous demands from their spouses. Despite encountering a series of setbacks and mishaps during the construction process, including structural irregularities such as a misaligned door and an enigmatic staircase to nowhere, the Stooges persevere, eventually completing the edifice albeit in a haphazard manner.

Their efforts, however, culminate in calamity when a seemingly innocuous gesture precipitates the catastrophic collapse of the roof, ensnaring the newlyweds beneath its weight.

## Production notes

The Stooges' wives are named Florabell (June Gittelson), Corabell (Betty Mack), and Dorabell (Marcia Healy, sister of the Stooges' former boss, Ted Healy). This was the last Stooge film released during Ted Healy's lifetime: he died on December 21, 1937. Filming commenced between May 27 and June 2, 1937.

A colorized version of this film was released as part of the 2004 DVD collection entitled "Goofs on the Loose".

## InfoBox

| The Sitter Downers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Del Lord |
| Written by | Ewart Adamson |
| Produced by | Jules White |
| Starring | Moe Howard
Larry Fine
Curly Howard
Marcia Healy
June Gittelson
Betty Mack
James C. Morton |
| Cinematography | George Meehan |
| Edited by | Charles Nelson |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * November 26, 1937 (1937-11-26) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 15:34 |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Dotties Pick

abstract: Dotties Pick (1952–1980) was a champion Standardbred pacing horse. She was by Adios and out of Pick Up. Dotties Pick was bred in Ontario, Canada. She compiled a then-record of 42 wins, 27 seconds and 13 thirds and earnings of $263,978 in a four-year campaign. She was the first pacing mare to top $100,000 in a single season. Dotties Pick was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 1976, thirteen years before her brother Adios Pick.

text:
# Dotties Pick

**Dotties Pick** (1952–1980) was a champion Standardbred pacing horse. She was by Adios and out of Pick Up.

Dotties Pick was bred in Ontario, Canada. She compiled a then-record of 42 wins, 27 seconds and 13 thirds and earnings of $263,978 in a four-year campaign. She was the first pacing mare to top $100,000 in a single season.

Dotties Pick was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 1976, thirteen years before her brother Adios Pick.

## InfoBox

| Dotties Pick | |
| --- | --- |
| Breed | Standardbred |
| Sire | Adios |
| Dam | Pick Up |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 1952 |
| Died | 1980 |
| Country | Canada |
| Owner | J. Elgin & Charles E. Armstrong |
| Trainer | Delvin Miller |
| Record | 42-27-13 |
| Earnings | $263,978 |
| Major wins | |
| American Pacing Classic (1956) | |
| Honours | |
| Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame (1976) | |


title: The Scions of Shannara

abstract: The Scions of Shannara, first published in 1990, is a fantasy novel by American writer Terry Brooks. It is the first book in the Heritage of Shannara series, taking place three hundred years after the end of the previous Shannara trilogy. The book follows the lives of the Scions of Shannara, Par Ohmsford, Walker Boh, and Wren (Ohmsford).

text:
# The Scions of Shannara

***The Scions of Shannara***, first published in 1990, is a fantasy novel by American writer Terry Brooks. It is the first book in the *Heritage of Shannara* series, taking place three hundred years after the end of the previous *Shannara* trilogy. The book follows the lives of the *Scions of Shannara*, Par Ohmsford, Walker Boh, and Wren (Ohmsford).

## Plot summary

Par Ohmsford and his brother Coll start the story in Varfleet, telling legends of the past in a tavern through the use of Par's magic, the wishsong. At this point, Par can only use his magic to create illusions. What Par and Coll are doing, however, is illegal under the law of the Federation because magic is supposedly the cause for various problems that are occurring in the Four Lands. Rimmer Dall, first seeker for the Federation, bursts in and tries to arrest Par and Coll. They escape and decide to travel to Leah to meet up with their friend, Morgan Leah.

A former Druid named Cogline visits all the "scions of Shannara": Par Ohmsford, Walker Boh, and Par's cousin, Wren. All the scions meet at the Valley of Shale and receive tasks from the shade of Allanon. Wren is charged to return the missing elves, Walker is charged with returning Paranor and the Druids, and Par is charged with finding the lost Sword of Shannara. Both Wren and Walker see their charges as impossible and leave, but Par is determined to fulfill his task.

Par heads to the city of Varfleet with his companions, Morgan Leah, Coll Ohmsford, Steff, and Teel to request for help from an outlaw ally. Upon reaching their meeting point, however, they are pursued by Federation. Hirehone, one of the outlaws, hides them in an underground basement before taking them to the Parma Key.

The party then enlists the help of the outlaw chief, Padishar Creel. Leaving the Dwarves behind, Creel, Morgan, Coll, a group of outlaws, and Par set out for Tyrsis, the last known place of the Sword of Shannara. Once in Tyrsis, Creel leads them to a hiding place. Par and Creel go out to show Par about the truth. They meet with a girl, Damson Rhee. They go for a walk and Creel explains that the Bridge of Sendric and People's Park were fake and the real ones had been covered up. They devise a plan so that Morgan, Par, Coll, Padishar, and some of the other outlaws venture into the pit, where the Sword of Shannara was last seen.

That at night, the group venture out to the pit. They lower a ladder into The Pit, unfortunately the Federation guards managed to see them. They were captured and told that someone had betrayed them. On the way to prison, Par uses the Wishsong to distract the guards so he could escape.

## Characters

In the film *The Big Short* (2015), Michael Burry names his hedge fund company, Scion Capital, after *The Scions of Shannara*. The film also shows Burry (played by Christian Bale) reading the book.

## InfoBox

The Scions of Shannara
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Terry Brooks |
| Cover artist | Keith Parkinson |
| Language | English |
| Series | Heritage of Shannara |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | Del Rey Books |
| Publication date | March 1990 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 419 pp |
| ISBN | 0-345-37074-0 |
| OCLC | 23250182 |
| Preceded by | *The Wishsong of Shannara* |
| Followed by | *The Druid of Shannara* |


title: Downing, Missouri

abstract: Downing is a city in Schuyler County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 300. It is part of the Kirksville Micropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Downing, Missouri

**Downing** is a city in Schuyler County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 300. It is part of the Kirksville Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Although not being laid out as a town until 1872, the Downing area was one of the earliest settled areas of Schuyler County, with Henry Downing building a home and claiming land a few miles south of the area *circa* 1837. It was also near present-day Downing that the first school in the county was established. In the spring of 1841, a crude log cabin was built for use as a school near Henry Downing's home and Miss Esther Hathaway was employed as a teacher. One of the early names for the unincorporated settlement was Cherry Grove.

During the Civil War, on July 1, 1862, a small skirmish took place near Cherry Grove. Cavalry from the second battalion, Eleventh Missouri State Militia, a pro-Union force, engaged a small number of Confederate troops under Colonel Joseph C. Porter. Porter's outnumbered forces were defeated, with four killed and several men and horses captured. The Union forces had one man badly injured, who would die a few days later. At the time of the skirmish, Porter was heavily involved in recruiting men in northeast Missouri for the Confederate cause. The following month, he would suffer a larger defeat some twenty-five miles southwest at the Battle of Kirksville.

In September 1872, the Missouri Town Company created the original town plat, naming it for the president of the company, H. H. Downing. Land for the town, the railroad right of way, and depot were donated by James Prime, and the Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Railway constructed the depot in April, 1872. By the late 1880s, the Downing business district included four general stores, two drug stores, two grocers, two hardware stores, a restaurant, blacksmith, and two hotels. Manufacturing included two handle factories, a wagon maker, a hoop factory, a harness and saddle maker, and two combination saw/grist mills. Downing had two tobacco-buying warehouses in the late 1800s, with both reporting extensive business. At its peak in 1902, over 155,000 pounds of tobacco were dealt through the Downing warehouses. The town's location on the Keokuk & Western railroad provided opportunity for the convenient shipment of goods, crops, and livestock from the Downing area.

The Downing Railroad Depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and now serves as a museum. The depot was moved approximately one-quarter mile from its original trackside location and now serves as the centerpiece of a city park with other nearby buildings, including the former Downing jail.

## Geography

Downing is located at 40°29′16″N 92°22′5″W / 40.48778°N 92.36806°W / 40.48778; -92.36806 (40.487682, -92.368022).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.67 square miles (1.74 km2), of which 0.66 square miles (1.71 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 152 |  |  |
| 1890 | 406 |  | 167.1% |
| 1900 | 501 |  | 23.4% |
| 1910 | 513 |  | 2.4% |
| 1920 | 566 |  | 10.3% |
| 1930 | 514 |  | −9.2% |
| 1940 | 507 |  | −1.4% |
| 1950 | 453 |  | −10.7% |
| 1960 | 463 |  | 2.2% |
| 1970 | 406 |  | −12.3% |
| 1980 | 462 |  | 13.8% |
| 1990 | 359 |  | −22.3% |
| 2000 | 396 |  | 10.3% |
| 2010 | 335 |  | −15.4% |
| 2020 | 300 |  | −10.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 335 people, 160 households, and 90 families residing in the city. The population density was 507.6 inhabitants per square mile (196.0/km2). There were 195 housing units at an average density of 295.5 per square mile (114.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.6% White, 0.3% Asian, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 160 households, of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.8% were non-families. 40.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.79.

The median age in the city was 44.8 years. 20% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 22.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 396 people, 176 households, and 99 families residing in the city. The population density was 595.4 inhabitants per square mile (229.9/km2). There were 210 housing units at an average density of 315.7 per square mile (121.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.96% White, 0.25% Native American, 1.26% from other races, and 2.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.27% of the population.

There were 176 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.2% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the city the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $18,864, and the median income for a family was $26,875. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,626. About 19.8% of families and 18.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 19.0% of those age 65 or over.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Downing, Missouri
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
5. *A History of Northeast Missouri* by Walter Williams. Lewis Publishing Co., Chicago, 1913. pp. 602-604
6. *History of Adair, Sullivan, Putnam, and Schuyler Counties, Missouri*, Goodspeed Publishing Co., Chicago, 1888. page 730.
7. "Abandoned Rails: The Keokuk and Western Railroad". *www.abandonedrails.com*. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
8. Application for National Register of Historic Places, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 1981
9. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
10. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
11. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
12. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
13. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Downing, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Historic Downing railroad depot | |
| Location of Downing, Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 40°29′14″N 92°22′08″W / 40.48722°N 92.36889°W / 40.48722; -92.36889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Schuyler |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.66 sq mi (1.72 km2) |
| Land | 0.66 sq mi (1.71 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 873 ft (266 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 300 |
| Density | 455.24/sq mi (175.73/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 63536 |
| Area code | 660 |
| FIPS code | 29-19990 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2394558 |


title: Draculoides bythius

abstract: Draculoides bythius is a species of schizomid arachnids in the Hubbardiidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2008 by Australian arachnologists Mark Harvey, Oliver Berry, Karen Edward and Garth Humphreys. The specific epithet bythius, from Greek bythios, refers to the species’ subterranean habitat.

text:
# Draculoides bythius

***Draculoides bythius*** is a species of schizomid arachnids (commonly known as short-tailed whip-scorpions) in the Hubbardiidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2008 by Australian arachnologists Mark Harvey, Oliver Berry, Karen Edward and Garth Humphreys. The specific epithet *bythius*, from Greek *bythios* (‘of the deep’), refers to the species’ subterranean habitat.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in the Pilbara region of North West Western Australia where there is underground water. The type locality is a borehole at Mesa B, some 40 km west of the iron-ore mining town of Pannawonica and 1,400 km north of Perth.

## InfoBox

| *Draculoides bythius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Schizomida |
| Family: | Hubbardiidae |
| Genus: | *Draculoides* |
| Species: | ***D. bythius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Draculoides bythius***<br>(Harvey, Berry, Edward & Humphreys, 2008) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paradraculoides bythius* Harvey, Berry, Edward & Humphreys, 2008 | |


title: The Soft Machine (Ozark Henry album)

abstract: The Soft Machine is the fifth studio album of Ozark Henry, the first of his albums to top the charts. The track "These Days" was released as a single and reached the top 50 of the Ultratop charts, the first of his track releases to do so.

text:
# The Soft Machine (Ozark Henry album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| HUMO |  |

**The Soft Machine** is the fifth studio album of Ozark Henry, the first of his albums to top the charts.

The track "These Days" was released as a single and reached the top 50 of the Ultratop charts, the first of his track releases to do so.

## Track list

All songs written by Piet Goddaer

1. "These Days" – 3:32
2. "Christine" – 3:38
3. "We Were Never Alone" – 3:46
4. "Splinter" – 4:18
5. "Play Politics" – 3:28
6. "Weekenders" – 4:03
7. "Echo as Metaphor" – 2:50
8. "Cincinnati" – 3:54
9. "Morpheus" – 3:46
10. "Sun Dance" – 3:37
11. "Le Temps Qui Reste" – 3:37
12. "Jailbird" – 3:56

## Charts

1. HUMO review
2. ultratop.be - Ozark Henry - The Soft Machine Archived 22 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
3. "Ultratop.be – Ozark Henry – The Soft Machine" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
4. "Ultratop.be – Ozark Henry – The Soft Machine" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
5. "Dutchcharts.nl – Ozark Henry – The Soft Machine" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
6. "Jaaroverzichten 2006". Ultratop. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
7. "Rapports Annuels 2006". Ultratop. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
8. "Jaaroverzichten 2007". Ultratop. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
9. "Rapports Annuels 2007". Ultratop. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

## InfoBox

| The Soft Machine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ozark Henry | |
| Released | 19 September 2006 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 44:18 |
| Label | Sony BMG |
| Producer | Ozark Henry |
| Ozark Henry chronology | |
| *The Sailor not the Sea*
(2004) ***The Soft Machine***
(2006) *Hvelreki*
(2010) | |


title: The Squeeze (2015 film)

abstract: The Squeeze is a 2015 feature film starring Jeremy Sumpter as Augie, a young golfer who just won the local tournament by 15 strokes and tied and broke the public course record during the tournament, and is seduced by a gambler to play golf for bet money. Everything goes well until he goes to Las Vegas and has his life and his family on the line on a high stake gambling scheme. The film was based on the real-life events of Keith Flatt. The film was written and directed by Terry Jastrow, a senior producer of many golf tournaments, winner of 7 Emmy Awards and is recognized by his innovations on golf and sports television coverage.

text:
# The Squeeze (2015 film)

***The Squeeze*** is a 2015 feature film starring Jeremy Sumpter as Augie, a young golfer who just won the local tournament by 15 strokes and tied and broke the public course record during the tournament, and is seduced by a gambler to play golf for bet money. Everything goes well until he goes to Las Vegas and has his life and his family on the line on a high stake gambling scheme. The film was based on the real-life events of Keith Flatt.

The film was written and directed by Terry Jastrow, a senior producer of many golf tournaments, winner of 7 Emmy Awards and is recognized by his innovations on golf and sports television coverage.

## Plot summary

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Squeeze | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Terry Jastrow |
| Screenplay by | Terry Jastrow |
| Produced by | * Anne Archer * Michael Doven * Terry Jastrow * Brian McCormack * George Parra |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Taron Lexton |
| Edited by | * Eric Treiber * Alexa Vier |
| Music by | Michael D. Simon |
| Production<br>company | JAM Films |
| Distributed by | ARC Entertainment |
| Release date | * April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Squire's Tale

abstract: "The Squire's Tale" is a tale in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. It is unfinished, because it is interrupted by the next story-teller, the Franklin, who then continues with his own prologue and tale. The Squire is the Knight's son, a novice warrior and lover with more enthusiasm than experience. His tale is an epic romance, which, if completed, would probably have been longer than rest of the Tales combined. It contains many literary allusions and vivid descriptions. The original source of the tale remains unknown. According to some critics the source of the tale is The Arabian Nights.

text:
# The Squire's Tale

"**The Squire's Tale**" is a tale in Geoffrey Chaucer's *The Canterbury Tales*. It is unfinished, because it is interrupted by the next story-teller, the Franklin, who then continues with his own prologue and tale. The Squire is the Knight's son, a novice warrior and lover with more enthusiasm than experience. His tale is an epic romance, which, if completed, would probably have been longer than rest of the *Tales* combined. It contains many literary allusions and vivid descriptions.

The original source of the tale remains unknown. According to some critics the source of the tale is *The Arabian Nights*.

## Plot

Genghis Khan ("Cambyuskan" in Chaucer's version) leads the Mongol Empire with two sons, Algarsyf and Cambalo, and a daughter, Canace. At the twentieth anniversary of his reign, he holds a feast, and a strange knight sent from "the kyng of Arabe and of Inde" approaches him bearing gifts, a motif common in Arthurian legends. These are a brass horse with the power of teleportation, a mirror which can reveal the minds of the king's friends and enemies, a ring which confers understanding of the language of birds (as some legends say King Solomon owned), and a sword which deals deadly wounds that only its touch can heal again (both the spear of Achilles and the Holy Lance have these powers). After much learned talk of the gifts, digressing into astrology, the first part of the tale ends.

A subplot of the tale deals with Canace and her ring. Eagerly rising the next morning, she goes on a walk and discovers a grieving falcon. The falcon tells Canace that she has been abandoned by her false lover, a tercelet (male hawk), who left her for a kite. (In medieval falconry, kites were birds of low status.) Canace heals the bird and builds a mew, or coop for it, which is painted on the outside blue for true faith within and green for falsity, and with pictures of deceitful birds. (This description of deceitful birds is similar to the images painted on the garden walls in the *Romance of the Rose*.)

The second part ends with a promise of more to come involving Genghis Khan's sons and the quest of Cambalo to win Canace as his wife. When the Squire briefly describes the third part of the story that he is about to tell, there is a hint that in it Canace and her brothers will commit incest, as happens in John Gower's version of the story. However, it is unlikely that Chaucer intended to finish the tale. Instead the Franklin breaks into the beginning of the third section with elaborate praise of the Squire's gentility—the Franklin being something of a social climber—and proceeds to his own tale.

## Criticism and continuations

Early critics were admiring of the Squire's tale. John Milton was convinced that Chaucer had intended to conclude it. Authors of the Elizabethan period, including Edmund Spenser, used characters from the tale in their own works; some, like John Lane, wrote complete continuations of it.

In general, modern critics have not paid it much attention, and consider it Chaucer's way of poking gentle fun at the young Squire's love of romance literature, which frequently contains somewhat pretentious digressions, and his lack of narrative self-control. Compared to the tale told by his father, the Knight, which is formal, serious, and complete, the rambling and fantastical story shows the Squire's inexperience. Some critics see the gifts as symbolic of the powers of poetry, which the Squire is still learning to use.

There is no clear source for the story, which is a collection of ideas and themes from many romances, as befits the Squire, a lover of such literature. The extravagant details on Eastern kingdoms come from the travel literature of the time, such as Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Simon of St Quentin and John Mandeville. The episode of the falcon and the tercelet is similar to part of *Anelida and Arcite*, an early work of Chaucer's.

## Notes and references


title: The Secret (WJSN EP)

abstract: The Secret is the second extended play by South Korean-Chinese girl group WJSN. It marked their first album as a thirteen-member group since the addition of Yoo Yeon-jung in July 2016. It was released on August 17, 2016 by Starship Entertainment and distributed by LOEN Entertainment. To promote the EP, the group appeared on several South Korean music programs, including Music Bank and Inkigayo. The song "Secret" was released as the lead single from the EP with a Chinese version also included. The EP was a commercial success peaking at number six on Gaon Album Chart. It has sold over 14,939 physical copies as of September 2016.

text:
# The Secret (WJSN EP)

***The Secret*** is the second extended play by South Korean-Chinese girl group WJSN. It marked their first album as a thirteen-member group since the addition of Yoo Yeon-jung in July 2016. It was released on August 17, 2016 by Starship Entertainment and distributed by LOEN Entertainment. To promote the EP, the group appeared on several South Korean music programs, including *Music Bank* and *Inkigayo*. The song "Secret" was released as the lead single from the EP with a Chinese version also included.

The EP was a commercial success peaking at number six on Gaon Album Chart. It has sold over 14,939 physical copies as of September 2016.

## Background and release

*The Secret* was released digitally on August 17, 2016 through several music portals, including iTunes for the global market. Two days later, on August 19, a physical album was released.

## Promotion

On August 17, WJSN held a showcase to celebrate the album release, performing for the first time the new songs, alongside past singles.

On August 18, the group held their first comeback stage on Mnet's *M Countdown* performing "BeBe" and "Secret". It was followed by KBS's *Music Bank* on August 19 and SBS's *Inkigayo* on August 21.

## Commercial performance

*The Secret* entered at number 7 on the Gaon Album Chart on the chart issue dated August 14–20, 2016. In its third week, the album climb back to the Top 10 at number 6, achieving a new peak.

The mini-album entered at number 15 on the Gaon Album Chart for the month of August 2016 with 8,629 physical copies sold. A month later, the mini-album peaked at number 14 for the month of September 2016 with 6,310 physical copies sold. It has sold over 14,939 copies.

The title track "Secret", entered and peaked at number 49 on the Gaon Digital Chart on the chart issue dated August 14–20, 2016 with 39,334 downloads sold. In its second week, the song fell to number 57 with 29,333 downloads sold and in its third week, the song fell to number 80 with 20,552 downloads sold. It has sold over 134k+ downloads as of September 2016.

## Track listing

**Digital download**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Secret" (비밀이야: bimiliya; lit: It Is A Secret) | * e.one * Exy |  | 3:43 |
| 2. | "BeBe" | * e.one * Exy | e.one | 3:18 |
| 3. | "Would You Kiss Me?" (우주키스미: ujukiseumi) | * 김경 * Robin | Robin | 3:37 |
| 4. | "Prince" (짠!: jjan!) | * e.one * Exy | e.one | 3:21 |
| 5. | "ROBOT" | Giriboy | Giriboy | 3:39 |
| 6. | "Good Night" (이층침대: icheungchimdae; lit: Bunk Bed) | Robin | Robin | 3:33 |
| 7. | "Secret" (是秘密呀 (Chinese Ver.)) | * e.one * Exy | e.one | 3:43 |
| Total length: | | | | 24:56 |

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| South Korea (Gaon Album Chart) | 6 |

### Monthly charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| South Korea (Gaon Album Chart) | 14 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Worldwide | August 17, 2016 | Digital download | Starship Entertainment, LOEN Entertainment |
| South Korea | | | |
| | August 19, 2016 | CD | |

## InfoBox

| The Secret | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by WJSN | |
| Released | August 17, 2016 |
| Recorded | 2016 |
| Venue | Seoul, South Korea |
| Studio | Starship Studios |
| Length | 24:56 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| WJSN chronology | |
| *Would You Like?*
(2016) ***The Secret***
(2016) *From. WJSN*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Secret* | |
| 1. "Secret"
Released: August 17, 2016 | |
| Music video | |
| "Secret" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: The Secret (Marie Picasso album)

abstract: The Secret was released on 19 December 2007, and is Marie Picasso's debut album.

text:
# The Secret (Marie Picasso album)

**The Secret** was released on 19 December 2007, and is Marie Picasso's debut album.

## Track listing

1. Winning Streak
2. Good Thing
3. Earth And Sky
4. This Moment
5. Miracle
6. Romeo
7. Out of My Hands
8. Weak
9. It's Over Now
10. I'll Be There

## Chart positions

| Chart (2007–2008) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden | 1 |

## InfoBox

| The Secret | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Marie Picasso | |
| Released | 19 December 2007 (2007-12-19) |
| Genre | pop |
| Length | 36:17 |
| Label | Sony BMG |


title: The Scoop (film)

abstract: The Scoop is a 1934 British crime film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring Anne Grey, Tom Helmore and Wally Patch. A reporter kills another man in self-defence.

text:
# The Scoop (film)

***The Scoop*** is a 1934 British crime film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring Anne Grey, Tom Helmore and Wally Patch. A reporter kills another man in self-defence.

## Cast

1. Goble, Alan (1 January 1999). *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110951943  via Google Books.
2. "The Scoop (1934)". Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
3. Gifford, Denis (1 April 2016). *British Film Catalogue: Two Volume Set - The Fiction Film/The Non-Fiction Film*. Routledge. ISBN 9781317740636  via Google Books.

## InfoBox

| The Scoop | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Maclean Rogers |
| Written by |  |
| Based on | play *The Scoop* by Jack Heming |
| Produced by | A. George Smith |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Geoffrey Faithfull |
| Production<br>company | British and Dominions Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Paramount British Productions (UK) |
| Release date | * October 1934 (1934-10) (UK) |
| Running time | 68 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: The Scoop

abstract: The Scoop is an outdoor amphitheatre situated on the south side of the River Thames near Tower Bridge in London, located next to City Hall, providing seating for approximately 800 people. Designed by Townshend Landscape Architects, it is a venue used during the summer to show films, musical performances and theatre productions by such companies as The Steam Industry and The Pantaloons. In June 2008, films shown at The Scoop included The Dam Busters, Atonement and Withnail and I. The Scoop has been used as a performance venue since 2002.

text:
# The Scoop

**The Scoop** is an outdoor amphitheatre situated on the south side of the River Thames near Tower Bridge in London, located next to City Hall, providing seating for approximately 800 people. Designed by Townshend Landscape Architects, it is a venue used during the summer to show films, musical performances and theatre productions by such companies as The Steam Industry and The Pantaloons. In June 2008, films shown at The Scoop included *The Dam Busters*, *Atonement* and *Withnail and I*. The Scoop has been used as a performance venue since 2002.

the large stainless steel tube, was fabricated by A.Fisher of the stainless steel works.

51°30′18″N 0°4′45″W / 51.50500°N 0.07917°W / 51.50500; -0.07917


title: The Story of India

abstract: The Story of India is a BBC documentary series, written and presented by historian Michael Wood about the history of India. It originally aired on BBC Two in six episodes in August and September 2007 as part of the BBC season "India and Pakistan 07", which marked the 60 year independence of India and Pakistan. An accompanying text to the series, titled Michael Wood: The Story of India, was published by BBC Books on 16 August 2007. As in most of his documentaries, Michael Wood explains historical events by travelling to the places where they took place, examining archaeological and historical evidence at first hand and interviewing historians and archaeologists, as well as talking with local people.

text:
# The Story of India

***The Story of India*** is a BBC documentary series, written and presented by historian Michael Wood about the history of India. It originally aired on BBC Two in six episodes in August and September 2007 as part of the BBC season "India and Pakistan 07", which marked the 60 year independence of India and Pakistan. An accompanying text to the series, titled *Michael Wood: The Story of India*, was published by BBC Books on 16 August 2007.

As in most of his documentaries, Michael Wood explains historical events by travelling to the places where they took place, examining archaeological and historical evidence at first hand and interviewing historians and archaeologists, as well as talking with local people.

## Episodes

### Episode 1 – "Beginnings"

Through ancient manuscripts and oral tales, Wood charts the first human migrations out of Africa. He travels from the tropical backwaters of South India through lost ancient cities of the Indus Valley civilization in today's Pakistan to the vibrant landscapes of the Ganges plain. Archaeological discoveries in the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in Turkmenistan by Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi, including horse-drawn carts (mentioned in the Rig Veda), cast new light on India's past. Wood also attempts to re-create soma, an ancient drink recorded in the Rig Veda.

### Episode 2 – "The Power of Ideas"

The second episode in Michael Wood's series moves on to the revolutionary years after 500BC – the Age of the Buddha and Mahavira. Travelling by rail to the ancient cities of the Ganges plain, by army convoy through Northern Iraq, and down Pakistan's Khyber Pass, he shows how Alexander the Great's invasion of India inspired her first major empire in the form of the Mauryan Empire, ruled by Chandragupta Maurya.

### Episode 3 – "Spice Routes and Silk Roads"

Episode 3 describes how, after the bell rang and subsequent exploitation of the monsoon winds, trading of spices and gold with the ancient Romans and Greeks put the subcontinent at the heart of global commerce. The trading of pepper, rice and silk put peninsular India on the map of global business.

This episode also looks at how the invading Kushan empire from Central Asia, particularly the emperor Kanishka, established major trading cities in Peshawar and Mathura, as well as helping to take Buddhism to China.

### Episode 4 – "Ages of Gold"

The achievements of the country's golden age, including how India discovered zero, calculated the circumference of the Earth and wrote the world's first sex guide, the *Kama Sutra*. In the south, the giant temple of Tanjore built by emperor Rajaraja Chola and traditional bronze casters, working as their ancestors did 1,000 years ago are shown. Michael Wood calls Tamil Nadu, "the only surviving 'Classical Civilization' in the world".

In an interview to *The Hindu* Michael Wood said, "One that's 2,000 years old like ancient Greece or Rome, Tamil is the last living classical Indian language.The first surviving work in Tamil, a 300 BC book on linguistics, refers to an already existing culture. Tamil is older than any modern European language. I wanted to remind Western-centric audiences, who implicitly assume the superiority of Western modes of thought, that Tamil is one of 23 official Indian languages, with a literature comparable to any in the West. It makes viewers sit up and question their assumptions".

### Episode 5 – "The Meeting of Two Oceans"

The documentary series about the history of India charts the coming of Islam to the subcontinent and one of the greatest ages of world civilisation: the Mughals. Mahmud of Ghazni leads an expedition to Somnath and destroys the temple of Shiva and all idols there. Michael Wood visits Sufi shrines in Old Delhi, desert fortresses in Rajasthan and the cities of Lahore and Agra, where he offers a new theory on the design of the Taj Mahal. He also looks at the life of Akbar, a Muslim emperor who decreed that no one religion could hold the ultimate truth, but whose dream of unity ended in civil war. In the narrative he movingly describes the murder of Darah Shikuh.

### Episode 6 – "Freedom"

This episode examines the British Raj and India's struggle for freedom. Wood reveals how, in South India, a global corporation came to control much of the subcontinent, and explores the magical culture of Lucknow, discovering the enigmatic Briton who helped found the freedom movement. He traces the Amritsar massacre, the rise of Gandhi and Nehru, and the events that led to the Partition of India in 1947.

## Merchandise

* An accompanying hardback book and audio book has been published by BBC Books on 16 August 2007, titled *Michael Wood: The Story of India* (ISBN 9780563539155).
* A 2-disc Region 2 DVD was released by 2 Entertain on 5 November 2007 (BBCDVD2375), featuring all six full-length episodes.
* A 2-disc Region 1 DVD was released by PBS Home Video on 10 March 2009.
* A 2-disc Region A Blu-ray Disc was released by PBS Home Video on 14 April 2009.
* A 2-disc Region 4 DVD and Blu-ray Disc was released by ABC DVD/Village Roadshow on 1 July 2009.

## Re-runs

In the United States, PBS broadcast the series on three consecutive Mondays, 5 to 19 January 2009, from 0900pm to 1100pm. In Australia, the series was broadcast on ABC1 each Sunday at 0730pm from 29 March until 3 May 2009. In India, the series was broadcast on the Discovery Channel in 2008.

## Reception

Kevin McDonough of *United Feature Syndicate* wrote, "A great story, big ideas and dazzling photography."

## InfoBox

| *The Story of India* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Directed by | Jeremy Jeffs |
| Presented by | Michael Wood |
| Composer | Howard Davidson |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | hindi |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Martin Davidson |
| Producer | Rebecca Dobbs |
| Cinematography | Jeremy Jeffs |
| Running time | ~60 minutes per episode |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC Two |
| Release | 24 August (2007-08-24) <br>28 September 2007 (2007-09-28) |


title: Patrick G. Carrick

abstract: Patrick G. Carrick is a member of the Senior Executive Service and an academic.

text:
# Patrick G. Carrick

**Patrick G. Carrick** is a member of the Senior Executive Service and an academic.

## Career

Before joining the United States Department of Defense, Carrick, aka The Goat, was assistant professor of physics at Mississippi State University and Director of the Shared Laser Facility at the University of Oregon. In 1989 he was assigned to Edwards Air Force Base to do research in rocket propulsion. He was assigned to The Pentagon in 2004. In 2007 he was named Director of Physics and Electronics of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. In 2014 he was assigned to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as deputy director of the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA). He became Director of HSARPA in 2015. In 2016 he was also assigned to be the Acting Chief Scientist for the DHS Science and Technology Directorate. In November 2017 he became the Chief Scientist, Science and Technology Directorate at DHS.

## Education