title: Evan Flatow

abstract: Evan Flatow is an American orthopaedic surgeon-scientist. As of 2023, he is President of Mount Sinai West, part of the Mount Sinai Health System. He published more than 400 book chapters and peer-reviewed articles. Flatow is indicated as principal or co-principal investigator for nine research grants and listed on six patents for influential shoulder implant systems. Before Flatow's appointment at Mount Sinai West, he served as the Bernard J. Lasker Professor and Chair of the Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, where he established a basic science tendon research group in the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and he also served as Director of the Orthopaedic Surgery Service at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. He was chosen by Castle Connolly as one of America's top doctors and has won the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons' Neer Award, its highest honor, four times. He is the President of the Board of Trustees of St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's, where he graduated in 1973.

text:
# Evan Flatow

**Evan Flatow** (born March 21, 1956) is an American orthopaedic surgeon-scientist. As of 2023, he is President of Mount Sinai West (formerly Mount Sinai Roosevelt), part of the Mount Sinai Health System. He published more than 400 book chapters and peer-reviewed articles. Flatow is indicated as principal or co-principal investigator for nine research grants and listed on six patents for influential shoulder implant systems.

Before Flatow's appointment at Mount Sinai West, he served as the Bernard J. Lasker Professor and Chair of the Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, where he established a basic science tendon research group in the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and he also served as Director of the Orthopaedic Surgery Service at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. He was chosen by Castle Connolly as one of America's top doctors and has won the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons' Neer Award, its highest honor, four times. He is the President of the Board of Trustees of St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's, where he graduated in 1973.

## Career

Flatow graduated from Princeton University with an A.B. in biomedical sciences in 1977 after completing a 39-page long senior thesis titled "The Comparative Biochemistry of Microtubule Accessory Proteins." He earned his medical degree from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1981 and completed a surgical residency at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and an orthopaedic residency and fellowship at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.

In 1998, after 11 years on the faculty at Columbia University, Flatow joined the staff at Mount Sinai Hospital. He was Chair of Orthopaedics from 2005 until 2014, and then President of Mount Sinai West, a position he still holds as of 2023. In collaboration with Mount Sinai's Department of Anesthesiology, Flatow pioneered the use of regional blocks to diminish the need for general anesthesia in shoulder surgery.

He held positions as Chair of the Trustees of the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, and Chair of the Publications Committee and of the Council on Education of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. He also served as President of American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons.

## Scientific contributions

### Grants

As of 2023, Flatow was Principal Investigator (PI) or Co-Principal on 11 research grants. Partial list:

* Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation PI, Career Development Award, April, 1989, $100,000 over 2 years. Biomechanical investigations into shoulder joint surface anatomy and modes of articulation.
* PI, National Institutes of Health/NIAMSD K-08 Clinician Investigator Award, April, 1994, Pathobiology of rotator cuff tendon injury.
* PI, Orthopaedic Research and Education Society, Prospective Clinical Research Grant, February, 1996. Surgical repair of the torn rotator cuff tendon: a prospective analysis of function, quality of life, costs and factors that affect these analyses.
* PI, Aircast Foundation, Research Grant, December, 2001. Assessment of Damage Accumulation in Rat Tendons.
* PI, National Institutes of Health/NIAMSD R01 “Tendon response to In Vivo Fatigue Damage”.
* PI, August 2011 –June 2014, Co-Investigator June 2014 –July 2016, National Institutes of Health/NIAMSD R01 “Effect of tendon damage accumulation on healing and adaptation.”
* Co-PI, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Aging R01 August 2012 – April 2017 “Human stem cell progenitor cell aging and regeneration.”
* Co-PI, National Institutes of Health/NIAMSD R13 2014 “New Frontiers in Tendon Research.”
* Co-PI, New York City Economic Development Corporation Grant to build a Comprehensive Center for Surgical Innovation, Awarded November 2022, $11.6M over 2 years.

### Patents

Flatow co-developed humeral stem and glenoid socket designs and procedures for coated and uncoated shoulder replacements. The process requires minimal bone resection and as of 2023 is used globally in total shoulder arthroplasty. Patents include:

* Orthopaedic implant having an articulating surface with a conforming and translational surface, (1997).
* Orthopaedic implant having an articulating surface with a conforming and translational surface, (1999).
* Clamp assembly for use with orthopaedic retractor frame assembly, (2000).
* Instrument for seating a prosthesis, (2000).
* Method and instruments for positioning humeral component during shoulder arthroplasty, (2010).
* Intervention for tendinopathy, (2020).

### Developments and implications

Flatow focuses on minimally invasive fracture repair, arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery, arthroscopic repair and shoulder replacement. Developments include:

Shoulder articular geometry and kinematics: Flatow contributed to the development of a glenoid implant with dual-curvatures allowing central conformity with low contact stress.

Cadaver studies of rotator cuff tendon injury: demonstrated the effects of subacromial compression and tensile load on the supraspinatus tendon, with implications for clinical failure.

Clinical outcome studies of rotator cuff tendon repair: rotator cuff tendon failure and repair, demonstration that cuff-tendon repair was a cost-effective procedure, that re-tears were common, and that muscle atrophy did not recover after tendon repair.

Development of a rat infrapatellar tendon repetitive fatigue-damage model of tendon injury: collaborated to refine histologic and imaging techniques to assess tendon damage.

Characterization of the mechanical and biologic response of tendon to repetitive fatigue damage, and the effect of exercise.Demonstrated that damage is permanent, apoptosis resulted, and fatigued tendon failed to mount a robust biologic and reparative response.

## Honors and awards

* Manfred Pyka Physics Prize, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, June, 1974
* Phi Beta Kappa, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, June, 1977
* Alumni Association Bronze Medal, College of Physicians and Surgeons Alumni Association, Columbia University, June, 1981
* The Frank E. Stinchfield Award for Excellence in Orthopaedic Surgery, New York, 1985, 1986
* Orthopaedic Hospital at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York, April, 1986
* Career Development Award, Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation, April, 1989
* The Neer Award for Excellence in Shoulder Research, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2004
* Irving Scholar Award, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, March, 1993
* European Traveling Fellowship, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, May, 1993
* Clinician Investigator Award, National Institutes of Health/NIAMSD, April, 1994
* American, British, Canadian Exchange Traveling Fellowship, American Orthopaedic Association, May, 1995
* Lifetime Achievement Award, New York Chapter, Arthritis Foundation, 2009
* Elected to College of Fellows, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, 2010
* Jacobi Medallion, Association of the Alumni of The Mount Sinai Hospital, 2021

## Publications

Flatow is a reviewer for Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Arthroscopy, the Journal of Orthopaedic Research, and the American Journal of Sports Medicine. He is the former North American editor and chair, board of trustees, for the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. He is a reviewer for that journal as of 2022.

### Books

* Shoulder Arthroplasty. Louis U. Bigliani, Evan L. Flatow (editors). Springer, 2005. ISBN 0-387-22336-3
* The Rotator Cuff. Part I. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. Evan L. Flatow (author). Saunders, 1997. ASIN B0019FV1QW
* The Rotator Cuff. Part II. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. Evan L. Flatow (author). Saunders, 1997. ASIN B0018OPBX8
* Humerus (Musculoskeletal Trauma Series). Evan L. Flatow, Christoph Ulrich (authors); Evan L. Flatow (editor). Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN 0-7506-0840-4
* The Unstable Shoulder. Louis U. Bigliani, Robert A. Arciero, Evan L. Flatow, Roger G. Pollock, James E. Tibone, Jon J. P. Warner (editors). Amer Acad of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1996. ISBN 0-89203-120-4
* Complex and Revision Problems in Shoulder Surgery. Jon JP Warner, Joseph P Iannotti, Evan L Flatow (editors). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. ISBN 0-7817-4658-2
* Atlas of Essential Orthopaedic Procedures, Second Edition, Evan L. Flatow, Alexis C. Colvin, Wolters Kluwer Health, 2019. ISBN 9781975124878

### Peer reviewed publications

As of 2023, Flatow was cited 22,600 times, has an h-index of 81and an i10-index of 194.

Highest cited (partial list):

* Gladstone JN, Bishop JY, Lo IKY, Flatow EL. Fatty Infiltration and Atrophy of the Rotator Cuff do not Improve after Rotator Cuff Repair and Correlate with Poor Functional Outcome. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2007;35(5):719-728. doi:10.1177/0363546506297539 Citations: 930
* Bigliani LU, Pollock RG, Soslowsky LJ, Flatow EL, Pawluk RJ, Mow VC. Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. J Orthop Res. 1992 Mar;10(2):187-97. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100100205. PMID 1740736. Citations: 735
* Bishop J, Klepps S, Lo IK, Bird J, Gladstone JN, Flatow EL. Cuff integrity after arthroscopic versus open rotator cuff repair: a prospective study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006 May-Jun;15(3):290-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2005.09.017. PMID 16679227. Citations: 668
* Bigliani LU, Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Soslowsky LJ, Mow VC. The relationship of acromial architecture to rotator cuff disease. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1991 Oct;10(4):823-838. PMID 1934099. Citations: 619
* Flatow EL, Soslowsky LJ, Ticker JB, et al. Excursion of the Rotator Cuff Under the Acromion: Patterns of Subacromial Contact. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1994;22(6):779-788. doi:10.1177/036354659402200609 Citations: 481

Most recent:

* Duey, Akiro & Li, Troy & White, Christopher & Patel, Akshar & Cirino, Carl & Parsons, Bradford & Flatow, Evan & Cagle, Paul. (2023). A comparison of pegged and keeled glenoid clinical outcomes at long-term follow-up after total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Orthopaedics. 36. 10.1016/j.jor.2023.01.006. PMID 36710938
* White, Christopher & Patel, Akshar & Wang, Kevin & Cirino, Carl & Parsons, Bradford & Flatow, Evan & Cagle, Paul. (2023). The impact of tobacco use on clinical outcomes and long-term survivorship after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Orthopaedics. 36. 10.1016/j.jor.2023.01.002. PMID 36659901
* White, Christopher & Duey, Akiro & Parsons, Bradford & Flatow, Evan & Cagle, Paul. (2023). Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Outcomes and Implant Survivability at Greater Than 22 Years Postoperative Follow-up: A Case Series. Journal of Orthopaedic Reports. 2. 100129. 10.1016/j.jorep.2022.100129.
* White, Christopher & Patel, Akshar & Cirino, Carl & Wang, Kevin & Gross, Benjamin & Parsons, Bradford & Flatow, Evan & Cagle, Paul. (2022). Does Body Mass Index Influence Long-Term Outcomes After Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 10.1016/j.jse.2022.10.032. PMID 36464204
* Wang, Kevin & Kantrowitz, David & Patel, Akshar & Parsons, Bradford & Flatow, Evan & Cagle, Paul. (2022). Survivorship of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty versus Hemiarthroplasty for the Treatment of Avascular Necrosis at Greater than 10-Year Follow-up. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 31. 10.1016/j.jse.2022.02.019. PMID 35339708

## InfoBox

| Evan Flatow | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-03-21) March 21, 1956
New York City |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Princeton University, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons |
| Known for | shoulder surgery, scientist, researcher |
| Awards | The Neer Award for Excellence in Shoulder Research, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2004 Lifetime Achievement Award, New York Chapter, Arthritis Foundation, 2009
Elected to College of Fellows, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, 2010 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | orthopaedic surgeon |
| Institutions | President, Mount Sinai West |
|  | |


title: Erynephala maritima

abstract: Erynephala maritima is a species of skeletonizing leaf beetle from the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, and North America.

text:
# Erynephala maritima

***Erynephala maritima*** is a species of skeletonizing leaf beetle from the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, and North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Erynephala maritima* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Erynephala* |
| Species: | ***E. maritima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erynephala maritima***<br>(J. L. LeConte, 1865) | |
|


title: Svay Chrum District

abstract: Svay Chrum District, lit. 'The Mango camp' is a district located in Svay Rieng Province, Cambodia. The district is subdivided into 17 khums (commune) and 168 phums (village). According to the 1998 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 129,573.

text:
# Svay Chrum District

**Svay Chrum District** (Khmer: ស្រុកស្វាយជ្រំ), lit.'The Mango camp' is a district located in Svay Rieng Province, Cambodia. The district is subdivided into 17 khums (commune) and 168 phums (village). According to the 1998 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 129,573.

## InfoBox

| Svay Chrum ស្រុកស្វាយជ្រំ | |
| --- | --- |
| District (*srok*) | |
| Location of Svay Chrum District | |
| Country | Cambodia |
| Province | Svay Rieng |
| Communes | 17 |
| Villages | 168 |
| Time zone | +7 |
| Geocode | 2005 |


abstract: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) include both autonomous drones and remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs). The UAVs used in World War I were RPVs. Soon after its re-purposing from the Army Balloon Factory to the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1912, designers at this Farnborough base turned their thoughts to flying an unmanned aircraft. During the First World War this pioneering work resulted in trials of remotely controlled aircraft for the Royal Flying Corps and unmanned boats for the Royal Navy that were controlled from 'mother' aircraft. By the end of the war in 1918 Britain had successfully flown and controlled a drone aircraft and a number of fast unmanned motor boats operating in close flotilla formation had been individually controlled by radio from operators flying in "mother" aircraft. This work then continued in the interwar years.

text:
# British unmanned aerial vehicles of World War I

**Unmanned Aerial Vehicles** (UAVs) include both autonomous (capable of operating without human input) drones and remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs). The UAVs used in World War I were RPVs. Soon after its re-purposing from the Army Balloon Factory to the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1912, designers at this Farnborough base turned their thoughts to flying an unmanned aircraft. During the First World War this pioneering work resulted in trials of remotely controlled aircraft for the Royal Flying Corps and unmanned boats for the Royal Navy that were controlled from 'mother' aircraft. By the end of the war in 1918 Britain had successfully flown and controlled a drone aircraft and a number of fast unmanned motor boats operating in close flotilla formation had been individually controlled by radio from operators flying in "mother" aircraft. This work then continued in the interwar years.

## The Factory's 1914 design

There is a Royal Aircraft Factory engineering drawing dated October 1914 of an unmanned powered monoplane 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) long with a 10 ft (3.0 m) wingspan. This was developed as a possible defence to counter the threat of aerial bombing from German dirigible airships. This new potential weapon was called "Aerial Target" (AT), a misnomer to fool the Germans into thinking it was a drone plane to test anti-aircraft capabilities.

## Ruston Proctor

Henry Folland at the Royal Aircraft Factory designed an AT powered by an ABC Gnat engine which was built by Ruston Proctor of Lincoln in 1916/1917.

## Sopwith

With Harry Hawker, Sopwith at Kingston upon Thames built a single-bay biplane AT with a wingspan of about 14 ft (4.3 m) which was to carry a 50 lb (23 kg) explosive charge. Stability came from pronounced dihedral and there was a four-wheel undercarriage. The aircraft was damaged during erection at Feltham and was never tested. The design was later reworked into the Sopwith Sparrow.

## 1917 Aerial Target

The history of UAV target drones started when the Royal Flying Corps developed their prototype remote controlled aircraft and gave it the cover name "Aerial Target" (AT). All the 1917 "Aerial Target" aircraft from the various designers used the radio control system devised by Archibald Low at the RFC's Experimental Works in Feltham. One of Geoffrey de Havilland's "AT" aircraft powered by a Gnat engine that was launched from a pneumatically powered ramp in the RFC trials at Upavon on 21 March 1917 became the world's first powered drone aircraft to fly under radio control. The engine driven actuator applied progressively increasing deflection of the selected control (elevators or rudder) up to its limit until the selection lever was released by the ground operator. With no control demanded the control surface was returned to its trim position by springs. The mechanism was later exhibited by the IWM as "The original model receiving set installed in the radio controlled monoplane used in the trial flight." along with the Selective Transmitter which the operator on the ground used to send control the control signals.

Low's system's encoded the command transmissions as a countermeasure to prevent enemy intervention. These codes could be changed daily.

By July 1917 six Aerial Targets designed by the Factory had been built and were tested at Northholt. Attempts were made to launch the first three from rails laid on the ground but they all crashed in various ways during the launching process and these trials were terminated. Nevertheless, the Aerial Target was later acknowledged as a viable weapon, stating "aircraft carrying high explosive charges are capable of being controlled by wireless."

The "AT" project was transferred to Biggin Hill, to what became the Wireless Experimental Establishment. By 1922 this work had all transferred to the R.A.E., back at Farnborough where it had all begun in 1914.

## The Royal Flying Corps 1917 Guided Rocket

Archibald Low stated "in 1917 the Experimental Works designed an electrically steered rocket... Rocket experiments were conducted under my own patents with the help of Cdr. Brock" Like Low, Brock was an experimental officer. Brock commanded the Royal Navy Experimental Station at Stratford. Pertinent to these rocket experiments, Brock was also a Director of the C.T. Brock & Co. fireworks manufacturers. The patent "Improvements in Rockets" was raised in July 1918 referring by then to the Royal Air Force. It was not published until February 1923 for security reasons. Firing and guidance controls could be either wire or wireless. The propulsion and guidance rocket eflux emerged from the deflecting cowl at the nose. The 1950s IWM exhibition label states "Later in 1917, an electrically steered rocket was designed…. with the designed purpose of pursuing a hostile airman." A model of this dirigible rocket was included in this exhibition. The model was accompanied by a note: "Exhibit that is part of Professor AM Low's exhibits. Model of the wireless controlled dirigible rocket missile designed to pursue a hostile airman."

## Radio guidance and the Feltham Unit

During World War One, work started on radio guided weapons at various establishments, such as the experiments of Capt. Cyril Percy Ryan at Hawkcraig Experimental Station (H.M.S. Tarlair). However, as control by the Munitions Inventions Department over military research was introduced, a centre for the Royal Flying Corps radio guided weapons was established. This was the secret Experimental Works in Feltham. The focus of their work was radio guided systems but the unit also assisted with other tasks. They were involved in testing the Pomeroy bullet and George Constantinescu's synchronization gear. They provided ‘distractions’ for the Zeebrugge raid and its Commanding Officer Archibald Low travelled to France and into neutral Spain during the war to debunk reports of ‘fantastic’ weapons. Low had at least 30 specialists under his command at Feltham supported by their contractors and suppliers. They had motor transport assets and military and police security. Their balloon facility was used to conducted radio reception experiments and they tested their equipment using aircraft with trailing aerials. Low was a qualified RFC Observer. His officers included his second in command Henry Jeffrey Poole, his radio engineer George William Mahoney Whitton, the talented inventor Ernest Windsor Bowen and the carburation specialist Louis Mantell.

Low was commended for this work by a number of senior officers including Sir David Henderson (the wartime commander of the RFC) and Admiral Edward Stafford Fitzherbert (Director of Mines and Torpedoes). Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet (Chairman of the War Office Committee on Wireless Telegraphy and at this time the Munitions Inventions Department's permanent attaché to the French Ministry of Inventions.) wrote to Low in March 1918, saying "I know of no man who has more extensive and more profound scientific knowledge, combined with a greater gift on imaginative invention than yourself."

Their work had started in 1915 the commercial motor garage business owned by Henry Poole. This was in Chiswick. During 1916 the development showed such promise that the RFC established their secret Experimental Works in premises commandeered from the Davis Paraffin Carburettor Company and the Duval Composition Company which were situated in the old Ivory Works in Feltham. Later these Experimental Works were moved to Archibald Low's own premises at 86 High Street, Feltham where all the Navy work was also carried out in 1918.

## The Adjutant-General investigation

Details of the Feltham Experimental Works have survived in the records of a legal claim against Archibald Low. On 5 December 1917 he was accused of plagiarism and abuse of office by a civilian inventor Clifton West.

On 26 January 1918 colonel Ernest Swinton provided his friend J. H. Morgan with an assessment of Clifton West as "...a clever man and very ingenious, but tends towards the type of inventions 'crank'. He is also the most perfect mug in the world, as I have told him and is like a bit of toasted cheese to all the rats and crooks within a hundred miles: they smell him coming and get out their Bowie knives." The case against Archibald Low was not pursued.

Clifton's plagiarism case involved his Land Torpedo, a rolling cable drum device to snag and destroy barbed wire defences, similar to that patented under instruction from his superiors on behalf of the RFC by Archibald Low.

## 1918 aircraft-controlled unmanned boats

In 1917 the priority for Low's control system changed; the new imperative being to counter the submarine threat. Low and Ernest Bowen transferred into the Royal Navy to adapt the AT system to the airborne control of Royal Navy Distance Control Boats (DCB), a variant of the Coastal Motor Boat to be filled with an explosive charge. Thornycroft were contracted to design these new DCB’s (and the conversions of some of the existing CMBs) to carry this large and heavy explosive payload in the bow. The resulting craft was considered to be fragile though seaworthy (but only in fair weather). The AT work was documented and transferred to Royal Flying Corps radio unit at Biggin Hill. The Feltham Works were still under Low's command and this is where the redevelopment and production of equipment was carried out, clock-driven impulse senders for DCBs being ordered on 13 March 1918. The port/starboard demand from the controller's sender units in the aircraft caused a gyroscope on the boat to change the direction of its axis by "precession" to the "new" required heading. Any "difference" between the boats current heading and the required heading (i.e. the gyroscopes alignment) started an electric motor driving a worm gear in the appropriate direction to turn the rudder. This reduced any "difference" as the boat responded and acquired the new required heading. Thus any difference caused the boat to manoeuvre to keep it on the gyroscope's "required" heading, whether that difference occurred due to wave, wind or tide deflecting the boat or to control signal demands from the "mother" aircraft precessing the gyroscope.

Conversions of the 40-ft CMBs Number 3, 9 and 13 were three of the five DCBs built.

The extensive trials were successful and the DCB weapon was acknowledged to be "capable of control up to the moment of hitting." Admiral Edward Stafford Fitzherbert (Director of Mines and Torpedoes) stated on 18 March 1918 in a letter concerning Archibald Low's achievements during his Navy tour of duty that "Captain Low was gazetted as Lieut. Commander as from 2 October 1917 recommended by Sir David Henderson, Brig. General Caddell, Brig. General Pitcher and Major, Sir Henry Norman, M.P., P.C.", ... "He has assigned about 14 complete Patent to Services", ... "He has voluntarily lent his entire laboratory and staff to Admiralty etc. where manufacturing is now carried out." and "Three distinct inventions have now been accepted into service after being tested, namely...1. Complete sending control gear for D.C.B. 2. Electrical Gun Timing Apparatus 3. Gun Silencer audiometer Measuring Device".

## The Royal Navy's D.C.B. Section

The secret Distantly Controlled Boat (D.C.B.) Section of the Royal Navy's Signals School, Portsmouth, was set up to develop aerial radio systems for the control of unmanned naval vessels from 'mother' aircraft. This D.C.B. Section was based at Calshot under the command of Eric Gascoigne Robinson VC. On 1 September 1917 George Callaghan, Commander-in-Chief, The Nore, was informed that significant shore and mooring facilities were to be made available for D.C.B. trials and rehearsals in the Thames Estuary. Airfield facilities were also requested in the area for the ‘mother’ aircraft. On 9 October 1917 the Deputy Director of Naval Construction, William Henry Gard assessed HMS Carron for use as a D.C.B. blocking ship but it was considered more suitable as a parent ship and floating repair depot for the D.C.B. Section. By then this D.C.B. Section had access to many vessels including a submarine HMS C4 and to the necessary support of aircraft, pilots and the trained radio control operators. They had conducted trials guiding unmanned boats into the busy waters around Portsmouth Harbour. Then between 28 May and 31 May 1918 trials were undertaken by the Royal Navy Dover Command, using operators in Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8 aircraft Nos. 5082, 5117, in charge of Captain Tate, R.A.F., to control the boats. During these trials Acting Vice-Admiral Sir Roger J. B. Keyes and Rear-Admiral Cecil Frederick Dampier were on board one of these D.C.B.s while it was remotely controlled. Trials included steering them through 'gates' created by motor launches anchored 60 yards apart. A significant number of high ranking and senior Admiralty, Naval and political officials are referenced in the surviving records.

Harbour blocking and shipping attacks were considered prime targets for this new weapon. Considerable resources would have been required (and put at risk) to get DCBs within range to launch attacks and this had to be balanced against the chances of success. The launch range was based upon running for 2 hours at 30 knots, the time that the DBC engines could be operated without attention. Capt. Dudley Pound's Admiralty Plans Division report of 6 April 1918 on operations with D.C.B's controlled from aircraft began "It is considered that the time is now ripe to formulate concrete plans. It is assumed that 60–80 miles should be considered the maximum range possible at present under normal conditions. Owing to limitations of wave-lengths, four D.C.B's would be used at a time, but further relays of four boats could be sent at intervals of not less than 5 miles. The D.C.B.s. will contain an explosive charge considerably heavier than any modern Torpedo." The targets he evaluated in detail were enemy vessels at Emden. Zeebrugge. Ostend, at enemy harbours in Adriatic, at Constantinople and its vicinity and at sea. The report states, "As regards lock-gates, wharfs, piers, etc. These can be found at Emden, Zeebrugge, Ostend, etc. Targets on the Elbe are, at present, at rather long range unless it is feasible to employ aircraft in relays." He states, "These boats, with their heavy load of explosive, will tide over the time until suitable aircraft are produced which can carry a torpedo with a head capable of creating a decisive effect on capital ships", and "If 3 or 4 Flotillas (of four each) of these boats were prepared, a continued attack might be made on Ostend". Following a request from the Commander-In-Chief Grand Fleet on 22 July 1918 the report of the Dover Trials assessed the employment of these boats in the Bight or for fleet operations and this report of the 27 September 1918 began with the declaration that stated "Wireless controlling gear for steering a vessel from an aircraft, ship or shore station, is an accomplished fact, and can probably be fitted to any type of vessel. Successful experiments have already been carried out with submarines, motor launches, and 40-foot coastal motor boats." Their main sources of radio control developments were Captain Ryan at the Hawkcraig Experimental Station and Captain Low in the Feltham Experimental Works. However, the DCB Section accessed the work of others such as the Birmingham inventor George Joseph Dallison and the Russian Air Force officer Sergey Alekseevich Oulianine who was based in Paris at this time.

As an indication of the extent and urgency of the D.C.B. Section's work, Captain Low recorded the supply of aircraft radio control sender units for trials with DCB No's, 20, 21, 22, and 24 and in one letter stated "... it has meant a very large amount of over time and night work I think it will be necessary to give my men at least two days' rest when once this complete device has been delivered to you."

## Preparation for D.C.B. Operations

Charles Penrose Rushton Coode, The Director of Operations Division (Foreign) suggested that operations would be impeded in Northern areas during the coming winter season. Commanders of the areas covering the targets assessed in the Plans Division report were advised of the capabilities of Distantly Controlled Boats including, on the 7 October 1918, Admiral of the Fleet, Sir Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, C-in-C, Mediterranean. No D.C.B. operations were mounted before the Armistice.

## Post War assessment

Before the Feltham Experimental Works were closed John Knowles Im Thurn who was at this time the assistant director of Electrical Torpedo and Mining wrote to Archibald Low on 19 May 1919 stating "It is a matter of great regret to me that the Armistice and consequent demobilisation came too soon for your enlarged establishment to fill the important place we had assigned to it, as an experimental offshoot of the Signal School, Portsmouth.....Your extraordinary ability and originality as a designer, combined with your sound scientific training will be a great loss to us.." The Works closed on 13 October 1919.

The Final Report of the Post-War Questions Committee, dated 27 March 1920, stated: "We have heard evidence that aircraft carrying high explosive charges are capable of being controlled by wireless as are the Distant Control Boats, but we do not consider that they will be a real menace to Capital Ships." The Questions Committee said on the subject of the DCBs that "it is difficult, if not impossible, for an enemy to interfere with the control by wireless jambing, since each boat works on a different wave length and the discovery of the wave length is a delicate operation" and "these weapons are already capable of being handled in numbers: two of them can be controlled by one aircraft, three of them have been manoeuvred close to one another simultaneously without mutual interference, and probably as many as eight can be handled in a group if the groups are not within about four miles of one another." The committee concluded the DCB weapon "is in a different category from all others in that it is capable of control up to the moment of hitting, and this fact alone justifies close attention to development" into ultimate form as "into a shallow or surface-running torpedo of great size". While they thought that "In its present state of development...that it is not a great menace to the Capital Ship", they said it merited "uninterrupted research both in the perfection of the weapon itself and in the preparation of counter measures".

In 1921 the R.A.E. resumed unmanned aircraft development, setting up the Radio Controlled Aircraft Committee. Initially they used their ‘1917 Type Aerial Target’ aircraft refitted with a more powerful 45 h.p. Armstrong Siddeley Ounce engine. In 1925 they developed the \`Larynx’. By January 1933 a Fairey Queen IIIF drone target survived unscathed through a major RN gunnery trial. Following further demonstrations using the Queen IIIF ('Faerie Queen') aircraft, the world's first fleet of drones was developed and these entered service in 1935. They were the de Havilland DH.82 Queen Bees. Their control system came out of the same First World War / R.A.E. stable as the original de Havilland 1917 Aerial Target and they were also launched from a pneumatically powered ramp. Over 400 of these were in service before WWII. They were used to test anti-aircraft defences. A 1939 article on the Queen Bee concluded "Twenty years is a long time, but the men who have designed and developed the radio-controlled target aircraft have made full use of that time. Furthermore, the experiments of those twenty years cannot be imitated in a matter of weeks. Not only is Great Britain many years in advance of every other country in this sphere, but she is also likely to remain ahead."

The next major development were the first US fleets of target drones during the Second World War. Four veterans of the RFC (and its successor, the Royal Air Force) link the 1917 Aerial Target to these subsequent US drone developments. Archibald Low's commanding officer on the RFC Aerial Target project was Duncan Pitcher. In 1921 he was Robert Loraine's best man. Loraine had a great deal in common with Reginald Denny who founded the Radioplane Company in California. Denny and Loraine were both British actors who had successful careers in the USA. They had been in a West End production together in 1902 in London. They were both veterans of the RFC, they both visited close relative living on the boundaries of Richmond Park in London and they were both flying and making films in Hollywood in the 1930s when Denny became interested in radio controlled aircraft. Denny's Radioplane, the 1940s company that made the first mass-produced drones for the US Army and Navy was eventually acquired by Northrop Grumman who make the RQ-4 Global Hawk drone.

The Royal Navy also continued to develop their remote radio control assets. The pre-dreadnought battleship HMS *Agamemnon* was converted into a remote control target ship in 1920.

## Imperial War Museum exhibition

On 29 June 1955 Low and Lord Brabazon presented a model of the AT and the various artefacts from the Feltham Unit to the Imperial War Museum for their planned exhibition. These included the control system that flew in March 1917.

## Surviving artefacts and their photographs

The Royal Flying Corps' Aerial Target was the world's first drone unmanned aircraft (UAV) to fly under control from the ground. A photograph of this 1917 22-foot (6.7-metre) wingspan Aerial Target aircraft exists. Parts of it were saved by Low and these still exist as well as contemporary photographs although they are not on public display. One of the 1918 Distance Control Boats CMB9/DCB1 has been saved and carefully restored.

## Recent archival research

Until 2016 the RFC Aerial Target project was deemed by most sources to have failed and been terminated. The on-line images of the Imperial War Museum Feltham artefacts were not presented as a collection. Prior to 2019 no known source had published details of the Royal Flying Corps secret patents or demonstrated that they matched and described the items in this IWM collection. The Feltham Works re-application of their system to control the Royal Navy DCBs had not been established. Details of the mysterious Feltham Works were in the National Archives but not published. References to the post war influence of the Feltham Works success as it passed via Biggin Hill to the Royal Aircraft Establishment have now been researched. The suspected influence of Pitcher and Loraine on Denny's involvement with UAVs was recognised in 2019. The Imperial War Museum now state... "The Aerial Target... became the first drone to fly under control when it was tested in March 1917. The pilot (in control of the flight from the ground) on this occasion was the future world speed record holder Henry Segrave".

## Historical significance

During the First World War the Aerial Targets and subsequent DCBs were developed as ripostes to the Central Powers aerial bombing and naval blockade of Britain. The ATs involved the industrial efforts of at least three of the countries major aircraft companies along with the novel engine development of the "Gnat" engine by ABC Motors, the control system development by the Feltham Works and the integration and trials facilities of other RFC bases. The project was sustained over the worst years of the war when continued Munitions Inventions Department approval was required for such projects. The unit also provided radio controls for floating mines. The Feltham Works were one of the precursors of the R.A.E. who inherited the Feltham patents and AT hardware. They resumed development of Remote Piloted Vehicles through the interwar years, leading to the fleet of Queen Bee RPVs. In 1976 Low was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame and has been called the "Father of Radio Guidance Systems".

## Sources

* Allen, Dennis W. (2015). *Unmanned Aircraft*. Farnborough Air Sciences Trust - FAST Monograph No 003.
* Bloom, Ursula (1958). *He Lit The Lamp - A Biography Of Professor A. M. Low*. Burke.
* Lewis, Peter (1979). *The British Fighter Since 1912*. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-10049-2.
* Low, A. M. (3 October 1952). "The First Guided Missile". Flight: 436 onwards. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Mills, Steve (2019). *The Dawn of the Drone: from the back room boys of the Royal Flying Corps*. Havertown: Casemate. ISBN 9781612007908.


title: Cairo, Oklahoma

abstract: Cairo is an unincorporated community in Coal County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located seven miles northeast of Coalgate. The community was named after the town of Cairo, Illinois. A post office operated in Cairo from March 28, 1902, to July 15, 1939.

text:
# Cairo, Oklahoma

**Cairo** is an unincorporated community in Coal County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located seven miles northeast of Coalgate. The community was named after the town of Cairo, Illinois. A post office operated in Cairo from March 28, 1902, to July 15, 1939.

## InfoBox

| Cairo, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| CairoLocation within the state of OklahomaCairoCairo (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 35°34′26″N 96°07′55″W / 35.57389°N 96.13194°W / 35.57389; -96.13194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Coal |
| Elevation | 640 ft (200 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1100257 |


title: Porepunkah railway station

abstract: Porepunkah railway station was located on the Bright line serving the town of Porepunkah in Victoria. It opened on 17 October 1890 and closed on 30 November 1983. Porepunkah station was the location where the Manfield family transported tourists who were staying with them on their trips to Mount Buffalo Chalet. It is now part of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail.

text:
# Porepunkah railway station

**Porepunkah railway station** was located on the Bright line serving the town of Porepunkah in Victoria. It opened on 17 October 1890 and closed on 30 November 1983.

Porepunkah station was the location where the Manfield family transported tourists who were staying with them on their trips to Mount Buffalo Chalet. It is now part of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail.

## InfoBox

| Porepunkah | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Station Street, Porepunkah<br>Australia |
| Coordinates | 36°42′S 146°55′E / 36.700°S 146.917°E / -36.700; 146.917 |
| Elevation | 281 metres |
| Owned by | Victorian Railways |
| Operated by | Victorian Railways |
| Line(s) | Bright |
| Distance | 309.90 kilometres from Southern Cross |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground |
| History | |
| Opened | 17 October 1890 |
| Closed | 30 November 1983 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station   Disused railways   Following station  Eurobin   Bright line   Bright  **List of closed railway stations in Victoria** | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: David Barron (film producer)

abstract: David Barron is a British film producer, best known for his involvement in the Harry Potter film series.

text:
# David Barron (film producer)

**David Barron** is a British film producer, best known for his involvement in the *Harry Potter* film series.

## Career

Barron has worked in the entertainment industry for more than 25 years, beginning his career in commercials before moving into television and film production. He has held a wide range of posts, including location manager, assistant director, production manager and production supervisor, working on such films as *The French Lieutenant's Woman*, *The Killing Fields*, *Revolution*, *Legend*, *The Princess Bride* and Franco Zeffirelli's *Hamlet*.

In 1991, Barron was appointed executive in charge of production on George Lucas' ambitious television project *The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles*. The following year, he served as the line producer on the feature *The Muppet Christmas Carol*. In 1993, Barron joined Kenneth Branagh's production team as associate producer and unit production manager on *Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.* That film began an association with Branagh, with Barron going on to produce the director's films *A Midwinter's Tale*, *Hamlet* and *Love's Labour's Lost*. Barron also produced Oliver Parker's *Othello*, in which Branagh starred with Laurence Fishburne. In spring 1999, he formed his own company, Contagious Films, with British director Paul Weiland. Barron more recently launched Runaway Fridge Films and Beagle Pug Films.

He worked as a producer on *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1* and *Part 2*. He previously served as a producer on *Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince* and *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix*. He was also an executive producer on both *Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets* and *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.*

## Filmography

**Producer**

**Executive producer**

**Production supervisor**

**Other credits**

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | *The French Lieutenant's Woman* | Location Manager |
| 1984 | *The Killing Fields* | 2nd Assistant Director |
| 1985 | *Legend* | Unit Manager |
| 1992 | *The Muppet Christmas Carol* | Line Producer |
| 1994 | *Mary Shelly's Frankenstein* | Associate Producer and Unit Production Manager |
| 2005 | *Sahara* | Co-Producer |

## InfoBox

| David Barron | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-10-10) 10 October 1954<br>Ipsden, South Oxfordshire, England |
| Occupation | Film producer |
| Spouse | Sheelagh Barron |


title: Krzewie, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Krzewie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krośniewice, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south of Krośniewice, 13 km (8 mi) west of Kutno, and 55 km (34 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Krzewie, Łódź Voivodeship

**Krzewie** \[ˈkʂɛvjɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krośniewice, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south of Krośniewice, 13 km (8 mi) west of Kutno, and 55 km (34 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Krzewie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Krzewie | |
| Coordinates: 52°14′15″N 19°10′44″E / 52.23750°N 19.17889°E / 52.23750; 19.17889 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Kutno |
| Gmina | Krośniewice |
| Population | 80 |


title: John Miller Turpin Finney

abstract: John Miller Turpin Finney was an American surgeon and academic who also served as a brigadier general during World War I. He is best remembered for serving as the first president of the American College of Surgeons.

text:
# John Miller Turpin Finney

**John Miller Turpin Finney** (June 20, 1863 – May 30, 1942) was an American surgeon and academic who also served as a brigadier general during World War I. He is best remembered for serving as the first president of the American College of Surgeons.

## Biography

Finney was born on June 20, 1863, on a plantation near Natchez, Mississippi. His father, Ebenezer Dickey Finney, was a Presbyterian minister, and his mother, Annie Parker Finney, died shortly after his birth. His grandfather William D. Finney was pastor of Churchville Presbyterian Church in Churchville, Maryland. Finney attended Princeton University and graduated on his twenty-first birthday. He then attended and graduated from Harvard Medical School. he played on the football teams of both schools.

After interning at Massachusetts General Hospital, Finney joined the Johns Hopkins University in 1889 as a member of its surgical staff. He worked alongside William Stewart Halsted, became a professor at the university, and started the school's dispensary. He had a good reputation and received patients from across the United States and even had house calls to the White House. Upon Woodrow Wilson's resignation as Princeton University's president in 1911, the school's trustees unanimously chose Finney to succeed him, though Finney declined the appointment. In May 1913, he became the first president of the American College of Surgeons and served in that position for three years.

Finney had been commissioned as a major in the Maryland Army National Guard. During World War I, he commanded the Johns-Hopkins Medical Unit, Base Hospital Number Eighteen while at the rank of colonel. Upon his promotion to brigadier general on October 1, 1918, he became the American Expeditionary Forces' chief consultant in surgery. His method for treating duodenal ulcers became the standard practice. For his efforts, he received the Order of the Crown from Belgium and the Legion of Honour from France.

Finney wrote *A Surgeon's Life*, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, in 1940.

## Personal life

Finney married Mary Elizabeth Gross in 1892, and they had four children together. He was "a very religious man" and was active in the Presbyterian Church.

He died on May 30, 1942. He was buried at Churchville Presbyterian Church in Churchville, Maryland.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| John Miller Turpin Finney | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Finney by Isabella Hunner Parsons (1926) | |
| Born | (1863-06-20)June 20, 1863
Natchez, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Died | May 30, 1942(1942-05-30) (aged 78)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Buried | Churchville Presbyterian Church
Churchville, Maryland, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1898–19?? |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | Order of the Crown
Legion of Honour |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Elizabeth Gross  (m. 1892) |
| Children | 4 |
| Signature |  |


title: School of Open Learning

abstract: The University of Delhi-School of Open Learning (DU-SOL) is a constituent school of the University of Delhi. It was established in 1962, and offers programmes in humanities, sciences and commerce. Courses offered are under correspondence courses and continuing education policies of the university and respective government agencies.

text:
# School of Open Learning

The **University of Delhi-School of Open Learning** (**DU-SOL**) is a constituent school of the University of Delhi. It was established in 1962, and offers programmes in humanities, sciences and commerce. Courses offered are under correspondence courses and continuing education policies of the university and respective government agencies.

## Overview

The school offers undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in the subjects of Arts/Humanities and Commerce.

In 2022, DU has implemented the New Education Policy(NEP) 2020 and Undergraduate Curriculum Framework (UGCF) 2022.

Many students take admission here due to many of them living very far from colleges, due to financial issues or not been able to take admission in regular courses, etc.

## Recognition of degrees and certificates

A degree of DU-SOL is equivalent to a degree from a regular college at Delhi University.

## Courses offered

Following courses are offered by DU-SOL.

### Bachelor's degree

### Masters Degree

## Centres

The school also has four regional centres across Delhi{North (Head Office), South, East (Under Construction) and West(COL)}.

* School of Open Learning, North Campus, University of Delhi, 5 Cavalry Lines University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007
* School of Open Learning, South Study Center, University of Delhi, Old Moti Lal Nehru College Building, Block C, Moti Bagh South Market, South Moti Bagh, New Delhi, Delhi 110021
* Campus of Open Learning, West Campus, University of Delhi, C-2, Lawrence Rd, Block C3, Keshav Puram, Tri Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110035
* The East Campus is under construction.

## InfoBox

Delhi University, School Of Open Learning (DU SOL)
| Seal of the University of Delhi | |
| --- | --- |
| Former name | School of Correspondence Courses and Continuing Education |
| Motto | निष्ठा धृतिः सत्यं |
| Motto in English | Dedication, Steadfastness and Truth |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1962 (1962) |
| Affiliation | University of Delhi |
| Vice-Chancellor | Yogesh Singh |
| Location | New Delhi, India<br>28°41′35″N 77°12′47″E / 28.693165°N 77.213016°E / 28.693165; 77.213016 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colours | White |
| Website | sol.du.ac.in |


title: Cuchillas, Moca, Puerto Rico

abstract: Cuchillas is a barrio in the municipality of Moca, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 4,352.

text:
# Cuchillas, Moca, Puerto Rico

**Cuchillas** is a barrio in the municipality of Moca, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 4,352.

## History

Cuchillas was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Cuchillas barrio was 1,552.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 1,552 |  |  |
| 1910 | 1,594 |  | 2.7% |
| 1920 | 2,129 |  | 33.6% |
| 1930 | 2,240 |  | 5.2% |
| 1940 | 2,587 |  | 15.5% |
| 1950 | 3,095 |  | 19.6% |
| 1960 | 3,420 |  | 10.5% |
| 1970 | 2,920 |  | −14.6% |
| 1980 | 3,589 |  | 22.9% |
| 1990 | 3,967 |  | 10.5% |
| 2000 | 4,507 |  | 13.6% |
| 2010 | 4,352 |  | −3.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1899 (shown as 1900) 1910-1930
1930-1950 1960 1980-2000 2010 | | | |

## InfoBox

| Cuchillas | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrio | |
| Location of Cuchillas within the municipality of Moca shown in red | |
| CuchillasLocation of Puerto Rico | |
| Coordinates: 18°24′13″N 67°04′52″W / 18.403493°N 67.081075°W / 18.403493; -67.081075 | |
| Commonwealth | Puerto Rico |
| Municipality | Moca |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.85 sq mi (7.4 km2) |
| Land | 2.85 sq mi (7.4 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 545 ft (166 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 4,352 |
| Density | 1,527/sq mi (590/km2) |
|  | Source: 2010 Census |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AST) |


title: Saas Bahu Aur Sensex

abstract: Saas Bahu aur Sensex is an Indian Hindi film which was released on 19 September 2008, directed by Shona Urvashi. It stars Kirron Kher, Tanushree Dutta, Ankur Khanna, Farooq Shaikh, Masumeh Makhija, Lillete Dubey, and Sharon Prabhakar. The film focuses on the complexities of discovering love in the world of the new Mumbai. The movie is set against the backdrop of the stress of working in financial markets, embarrassing kitty parties, outrageous soap operas, and the ongoing angst and excitement of an ever-emerging India. It is considered part of the Masala film genre, which depicts a mixture of action, comedy, romance, and drama/melodrama.

text:
# Saas Bahu Aur Sensex

***Saas Bahu aur Sensex*** is an Indian Hindi film which was released on 19 September 2008, directed by Shona Urvashi. It stars Kirron Kher, Tanushree Dutta, Ankur Khanna, Farooq Shaikh, Masumeh Makhija, Lillete Dubey, and Sharon Prabhakar. The film focuses on the complexities of discovering love in the world of the new Mumbai. The movie is set against the backdrop of the stress of working in financial markets, embarrassing kitty parties, outrageous soap operas, and the ongoing angst and excitement of an ever-emerging India. It is considered part of the Masala film genre, which depicts a mixture of action, comedy, romance, and drama/melodrama.

## Synopsis

When her mother suddenly divorces her father and leaves their comfortable home in Kolkata, Nitya finds herself in the new setting of Navi Mumbai. Her life is turned upside down. She must navigate life in a new city, start a new job at a call centre, and let go of her ambition to go to the United States to get an MBA. She soon meets and befriends the extremely nice Ritesh Jetmalani, who helps her cope with all this change.

Kirti Wagaskar, Ritesh's girlfriend, has plans to marry rich. She spends an entire month's salary on a Gucci bag and dreams of marrying Yash Modi, a billionaire by birth. She resents her elder sister Parimal's life as a housewife with her grouchy traditional husband, Ganpatrao.

Nitya's mother, Binita Sen, is troubled by her failed marriage. She hopes to find the new start she needs in New Mumbai. She is befriended by the women in the colony and joins their kitty party. She knows her daughter is angry with her and blames her for their situation, but believes that this was their best alternative. Binita's father had left her some shares. At her father's old stock brokerage house, she meets Firoz Sethna, an ethical, but cranky and eccentric, stock broker who teaches her the ropes of investing.

In the meantime, the group of kitty party ladies feels that Binita is up to something. They learn that she is trying to sell stocks, and they want to become amateur investors, switching from watching soap operas to watching CNBC to look for investing opportunities.

One day at work, Nitya overhears CEOs discussing plans to get their children married. She tells her mother, who advises her friends to invest in their companies because the stock prices are likely to go up with the marriage. With all the kitty ladies invested emotionally and financially in the company, Binita determines that having Ritesh marry Kirti is best for everyone. Nitya, despite her feelings for Ritesh, waits for the wedding day to arrive in silence. Binita sees her daughter's dilemma and finally tells her the real reason for her coming to New Mumbai. Her husband had left her for a younger woman, and she did not want her daughter to deal with the pressure or gossip, nor did she want to be dependent on him.

## Cast

## Box office

Saas Bahu Aur Sensex earned 2.38 crores gross and 1.25 crores net in its theatrical run.

## InfoBox

| Saas Bahu Aur Sensex | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Shona Urvashi |
| Written by | Shona Urvashi |
| Produced by | Jayshri Makhija |
| Starring | Tanushree Dutta
Ankur Khanna
Kirron Kher
Farooq Sheikh |
| Cinematography | Diego Rodriguez |
| Edited by | Adesh Verma |
| Music by | Bipin and Blaze (direction)
Raqueeb Alam
Blaze (lyrics) |
| Production
company | PLA Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release date | * 19 September 2008 (2008-09-19) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |
| Box office | 2.38 Crores |


title: Cairo, Sumner County, Tennessee

abstract: Cairo is an unincorporated community in Sumner County, Tennessee. It is the location of Cairo Rosenwald School, a historic Rosenwald School open during 1923 to 1959 that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Cairo, Sumner County, Tennessee

**Cairo** is an unincorporated community in Sumner County, Tennessee.

It is the location of Cairo Rosenwald School, a historic Rosenwald School open during 1923 to 1959 that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

| Cairo, Tennessee | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Cairo, TennesseeCairo, Tennessee | |
| Coordinates: 36°21′39″N 86°21′49″W / 36.36083°N 86.36361°W / 36.36083; -86.36361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Sumner |
| Elevation | 459 ft (140 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 615 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1279297 |


title: Popolocan languages

abstract: The Popolocan languages are a subfamily of the Oto-Manguean language family of Mexico, spoken mainly in the state of Puebla. The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called Popoluca spoken in the state of Veracruz, which belong to the unrelated Mixe–Zoquean language family. The term comes from the Nahuatl language and means to speak unintelligibly, which is why Nahuatl speakers called several different unrelated languages "Popolōca". The Nahuatl term was later adopted by the Spanish. The convention now is that the Oto-Manguean languages are referred to as "Popoloca" and the Mixe–Zoquean languages are referred to as "Popoluca", although the latter term is falling into disuse.

text:
# Popolocan languages

The **Popolocan languages** are a subfamily of the Oto-Manguean language family of Mexico, spoken mainly in the state of Puebla.

The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called Popoluca spoken in the state of Veracruz, which belong to the unrelated Mixe–Zoquean language family. The term comes from the Nahuatl language and means to speak unintelligibly, which is why Nahuatl speakers called several different unrelated languages "Popolōca". The Nahuatl term was later adopted by the Spanish. The convention now is that the Oto-Manguean languages are referred to as "Popoloca" and the Mixe–Zoquean languages are referred to as "Popoluca", although the latter term is falling into disuse.

## Languages

The Popolocan languages are subdivided into:

## Proto-language

Fernández (1951) reconstructed Proto-Popolocan utilizing data from Chocho, Popoloca, Ixcatec, and Mazatec (Huautla de Jiménez, Oaxaca).

## InfoBox

| Popolocan | |
| --- | --- |
| Geographic<br>distribution | Oaxaca, Mexico |
| Linguistic classification | Oto-Manguean* Eastern     + Popolocan–Zapotecan         - **Popolocan** |
| Subdivisions |  |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | ``popo1293`` |


title: Eupithecia elbuta

abstract: Eupithecia elbuta is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Chile and/or Peru.

text:
# Eupithecia elbuta

***Eupithecia elbuta*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Chile and/or Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia elbuta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. elbuta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia elbuta***<br>Vojnits, 1992 | |
|


abstract: The School of Nursing at Ayub Teaching Hospital, located in Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan serves as the nursing education unit of Ayub Medical College, though much of the teaching and clinical training takes place at Ayub Teaching Hospital. The school offers a four-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree, accredited by the Pakistan Nursing Council, which prepares students for professional nursing roles beyond bedside care. The curriculum emphasizes nursing science, research, leadership, and nursing informatics. The school's mission is to train nurses, midwives, lady health visitors, and nursing auxiliaries, focusing on the holistic care of individuals, families, and communities. It operates under the supervision of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Health Services Academy.

text:
# School of Nursing at Ayub Teaching Hospital

The **School of Nursing at Ayub Teaching Hospital**, located in Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan serves as the nursing education unit of Ayub Medical College, though much of the teaching and clinical training takes place at Ayub Teaching Hospital.

The school offers a four-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree, accredited by the Pakistan Nursing Council, which prepares students for professional nursing roles beyond bedside care. The curriculum emphasizes nursing science, research, leadership, and nursing informatics.

The school's mission is to train nurses, midwives, lady health visitors, and nursing auxiliaries, focusing on the holistic care of individuals, families, and communities. It operates under the supervision of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Health Services Academy.

## InfoBox

School of Nursing at Ayub Teaching Hospital
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1998 |
| Parent institution | Ayub Teaching Hospital |
| Location | Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan<br>34°12′17″N 73°14′00″E / 34.2046°N 73.2332°E / 34.2046; 73.2332 |
| Affiliations | Pakistan Nursing Council, Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, Ayub Medical College |


title: Quota rule

abstract: In mathematics and political science, the quota rule describes a desired property of proportional apportionment methods. It says that the number of seats allocated to a party should be equal to their entitlement plus or minus one. The ideal number of seats for a party, called their seat entitlement, is calculated by multiplying each party's share of the vote by the total number of seats. Equivalently, it is equal to the number of votes divided by the Hare quota. For example, if a party receives 10.56% of the vote, and there are 100 seats in a parliament, the quota rule says that when all seats are allotted, the party may get either 10 or 11 seats. The most common apportionment methods violate the quota rule in situations where upholding it would cause a population paradox, although unbiased apportionment rules like Webster's method do so only rarely.

text:
# Quota rule

In mathematics and political science, the **quota** **rule** describes a desired property of proportional apportionment methods. It says that the number of seats allocated to a party should be equal to their entitlement plus or minus one. The ideal number of seats for a party, called their seat entitlement, is calculated by multiplying each party's share of the vote by the total number of seats. Equivalently, it is equal to the number of votes divided by the Hare quota. For example, if a party receives 10.56% of the vote, and there are 100 seats in a parliament, the quota rule says that when all seats are allotted, the party may get either 10 or 11 seats. The most common apportionment methods (the highest averages methods) violate the quota rule in situations where upholding it would cause a population paradox, although unbiased apportionment rules like Webster's method do so only rarely.

## Mathematics

The entitlement for a party (the number of seats the party would ideally get) is:

$$\frac {{\text{Votes}\_{\text{party}{\\#{\text{Votes}\cdot \\#{\text{Seats}}}}}}}$$

The lower frame is then the entitlement rounded down to the nearest integer while the upper frame is the entitlement rounded up. The frame rule states that the only two allocations that a party can receive should be either the lower or upper frame. If at any time an allocation gives a party a greater or lesser number of seats than the upper or lower frame, that allocation (and by extension, the method used to allocate it) is said to be in violation of the quota rule.

### Example

If there are 5 available seats in the council of a club with 300 members, and party *A* has 106 members, then the entitlement for party *A* is $\frac {106}{300}\cdot 5\approx 1.8$. The lower frame for party *A* is 1, because 1.8 rounded down equal 1. The upper frame, 1.8 rounded up, is 2. Therefore, the quota rule states that the only two allocations allowed for party *A* are 1 or 2 seats on the council. If there is a second party, *B*, that has 137 members, then the quota rule states that party *B* gets $\frac {137}{300}\cdot 5\approx 2.3$, rounded up and down equals either 2 or 3 seats. Finally, a party *C* with the remaining 57 members of the club has a entitlement of $\frac {57}{300}\cdot 5\approx 0.95$, which means its allocated seats should be either 0 or 1. In all cases, the method for actually allocating the seats determines whether an allocation violates the quota rule, which in this case would mean giving party *A* any seats other than 1 or 2, giving party *B* any other than 2 or 3, or giving party *C* any other than 0 or 1 seat.

### Relation to apportionment paradoxes

The Balinski–Young theorem proved in 1980 that if an apportionment method satisfies the quota rule, it must fail to satisfy some apportionment paradox. For instance, although largest remainder method satisfies the quota rule, it violates the Alabama paradox and the population paradox. The theorem itself is broken up into several different proofs that cover a wide number of circumstances.

Specifically, there are two main statements that apply to the quota rule:

* Any method that follows the quota rule must fail the population paradox.
* Any method that is free of the population paradox must fail the quota rule for some circumstances.

## Use in apportionment methods

Different methods for allocating seats may or may not satisfy the quota rule. While many methods do violate the quota rule, it is sometimes preferable to violate the rule very rarely than to violate some other apportionment paradox; some sophisticated methods violate the rule so rarely that it has not ever happened in a real apportionment, while some methods that never violate the quota rule violate other paradoxes in much more serious fashions.

The largest remainder method does satisfy the quota rule. The method works by assigning each party its seat quota, rounded down. Then, the surplus seats are given to the party with the largest fractional part, until there are no more surplus seats. Because it is impossible to give more than one surplus seat to a party, every party will always be equal to its lower or upper frame.

The D'Hondt method, also known as the Jefferson method sometimes violates the quota rule by allocating more seats than the upper frame allowed. Since Jefferson was the first method used for Congressional apportionment in the United States, this violation led to a substantial problem where larger states often received more representatives than smaller states, which was not corrected until Webster's method was implemented in 1842. Although Webster's method can in theory violate the quota rule, such occurrences are extremely rare.

1. Michael J. Caulfield. "Apportioning Representatives in the United States Congress - The Quota Rule" Archived 2019-05-22 at the Wayback Machine. MAA Publications. Retrieved October 22, 2018
2. Alan Stein. Apportionment Methods Retrieved December 9, 2018
3. Beth-Allyn Osikiewicz, Ph.D. Impossibilities of Apportionment Archived 2020-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 23, 2018.
4. M.L. Balinski and H.P. Young. (1980). "The Theory of Apportionment" Archived 2024-07-31 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 23 2018
5. Hilary Freeman. "Apportionment" Archived 2018-09-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 22 2018
6. "Apportionment 2" Retrieved October 22, 2018.
7. Jefferson’s Method Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 22, 2018.
8. Ghidewon Abay Asmerom. Apportionment. Lecture 4. Archived 2020-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 23, 2018.


title: Cuchillas, Morovis, Puerto Rico

abstract: Cuchillas is a rural barrio in the municipality of Morovis, Puerto Rico. Cuchillas has fourteen sectors and its population in 2010 was 2,333.

text:
# Cuchillas, Morovis, Puerto Rico

**Cuchillas** (*Barrio Cuchillas*) is a rural barrio in the municipality of Morovis, Puerto Rico. Cuchillas has fourteen sectors and its population in 2010 was 2,333.

## History

Cuchillas was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Cuchillas barrio was 716.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 716 |  |  |
| 1910 | 822 |  | 14.8% |
| 1920 | 1,017 |  | 23.7% |
| 1930 | 1,149 |  | 13.0% |
| 1940 | 1,084 |  | −5.7% |
| 1950 | 1,369 |  | 26.3% |
| 1960 | 1,126 |  | −17.8% |
| 1970 | 1,023 |  | −9.1% |
| 1980 | 1,021 |  | −0.2% |
| 1990 | 1,164 |  | 14.0% |
| 2000 | 2,211 |  | 89.9% |
| 2010 | 2,333 |  | 5.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1899 (shown as 1900) 1910-1930
1930-1950 1980-2000 2010 | | | |

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called **sectores** (*sectors* in English). The types of *sectores* may vary, from normally *sector* to *urbanización* to *reparto* to *barriada* to *residencial*, among others.

The following sectors are in Cuchillas barrio:

*Parcelas Juan José Otero Claverol, Sector Cuchillas, Sector El Bombo, Sector El Cocal, Sector Gobeo, Sector La Placita, Sector Las Ánimas, Sector Los Burgos, Sector Los Otero, Sector Los Reyes, Sector Pimiento, Sector Platanal, Sector Rosado*, and *Sector Sandoval*.

## InfoBox

| Cuchillas | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrio | |
| View from near the top of Cuchillas in Morovis | |
| Location of Cuchillas within the municipality of Morovis shown in red | |
| CuchillasLocation of Puerto Rico | |
| Coordinates: 18°18′16″N 66°23′09″W / 18.304461°N 66.385908°W / 18.304461; -66.385908 | |
| Commonwealth | Puerto Rico |
| Municipality | Morovis |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.9 sq mi (8 km2) |
| Land | 2.9 sq mi (8 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,148 ft (350 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 2,333 |
| Density | 804.5/sq mi (310.6/km2) |
|  | Source: 2010 Census |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AST) |
| ZIP code | 00687 |


title: Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi

abstract: Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi is a 1970 Indian Hindi film starring Sanjay Khan, Leena Chandavarkar, Om Prakash, and Jagdeep among others. It deals with the relationship between mothers-in-law and their daughters-in-law. The film was a remake of Telugu film Atha Okinti Kodale.

text:
# Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi

***Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi*** (transl.A mother-in-law was once a daughter-in-law, too) is a 1970 Indian Hindi film starring Sanjay Khan, Leena Chandavarkar, Om Prakash, and Jagdeep among others. It deals with the relationship between mothers-in-law and their daughters-in-law. The film was a remake of Telugu film *Atha Okinti Kodale*.

## Plot

Pretty Sadhana, the daughter of Rangpur-based widow, Bhagmati, falls in love, and marries Haripur-based Deepak Chaudhary, who lives with his dad, Motilal; and mom, Maya. It is here she will find that her mom expects her to abuse Maya, and drive her out; while Bhagmati herself abuses her very own daughter-in-law, Lajwanti, for not bringing any dowry, and prevents her submissive son, Kanhaiya, from being intimate with her. Sadhana will also find out why Motilal and Maya do not converse with each other directly, and why the former keeps a photo-less frame in the main living room of their mansion.

## Cast

* Sanjay Khan as Deepak 'Deepu' M. Chaudhary (as Sanjay)
* Leena Chandavarkar as Sadhana D. Chaudhary
* Om Prakash as Motilal Chaudhary
* Jagdeep as Kanhaiya
* Lalita Pawar as Bhagmati
* Shashikala as Maya M. Chaudhary
* Anupama (actress, fl. 1969-1982)|Anupama as Lajwanti 'Laajo'
* Manmohan Krishna as Chamanlal (as Man Mohan Krishna)
* Pratima Devi (Hindi actress)|Pratima Devi as Lakshmi Chaudhary
* N. S. Bedi as Shevakram
* Sunder (actor)|Sunder as Gobind (as Sundar)

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by R. D. Burman.

| Track# | Title | Singer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Suno Ji Tum" | Suman Kalyanpur, Kishore Kumar |
| 2 | "Khol Ke Aankhen Chalo Sethji Badal Gaya Hai Jamana" | Mohammed Rafi |
| 3 | "Le Lo Chudiyaan" | Lata Mangeshkar, Kishore Kumar |
| 4 | "Dukh Sukh Mere Tere Hawale Ho Mere Ghanshyam" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 5 | "Ek Botal Ho Bagal Me Aur Hath Me Ho Ek Jaam" | Kishore Kumar |
| 6 | "Suno Re Saadhu Ye Sansaram" | Manna Dey |
| 7 | "Ram Kahe Mai Itni Jawaan Ho Gayi" | Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar |
|

## InfoBox

| Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | V. Madhusudan Rao |
| Written by | Rajendra Krishan
N.S. Bedi |
| Story by | Barampuram Kollady |
| Produced by | C.S. Kumar
Vasu Menon |
| Starring | Sanjay Khan
Leena Chandavarkar
Om Prakash
Shashikala
Lalita Pawar
Jagdeep |
| Music by | R. D. Burman |
| Release date | * 1970 (1970) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Satomi Suzuki

abstract: Satomi Suzuki Satomi Suzuki is a Japanese swimmer. She won a silver medal in the 200m breaststroke event and a bronze medal in the 100m breaststroke at the 2012 Summer Olympics, as well as a silver in the women's 4 x 100 m medley relay for Japan. She also swam in the 100 m breaststroke and 4 x 100 m medley relay at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She currently belongs to Miki House.

text:
# Satomi Suzuki

**Satomi Suzuki** (鈴木聡美, *Suzuki Satomi*, born 29 January 1991 in Onga, Fukuoka) is a Japanese swimmer. She won a silver medal in the 200m breaststroke event and a bronze medal in the 100m breaststroke at the 2012 Summer Olympics, as well as a silver in the women's 4 x 100 m medley relay for Japan. She also swam in the 100 m breaststroke and 4 x 100 m medley relay at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She currently belongs to Miki House.

## InfoBox

Satomi Suzuki
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Born | (1991-01-29) January 29, 1991<br>Onga, Fukuoka, Japan |
| Height | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 137 lb (62 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Breaststroke |
|  | |
| Medal record      Representing  Japan  Olympic Games  2012 London 200 m breaststroke  2012 London 100 m breaststroke  2012 London 4×100 m medley  Pan Pacific Championships  2018 Tokyo  200 m breaststroke  Asian Games  2014 Incheon  50 m breaststroke  2018 Jakarta  50 m breaststroke  2018 Jakarta  100 m breaststroke  2018 Jakarta  4×100 m medley  2010 Guangzhou  100 m breaststroke  2010 Guangzhou  4×100 m medley  2022 Hangzhou  50 m breaststroke  2022 Hangzhou  100 m breaststroke  2010 Guangzhou  50 m breaststroke | |


title: Portuguese Democratic Movement

abstract: The Portuguese Democratic Movement/Democratic Electoral Commission was one of the most important organizations of the democratic opposition to the Estado Novo. It was founded in 1969 as an electoral coalition meant to run in the non-democratic and widely manipulated parliamentary election.

text:
# Portuguese Democratic Movement

The **Portuguese Democratic Movement/Democratic Electoral Commission** (Portuguese: *Movimento Democrático Português / Comissão Democrática Eleitoral*, **MDP/CDE** or just **MDP**) was one of the most important organizations of the democratic opposition to the Estado Novo. It was founded in 1969 as an electoral coalition meant to run in the non-democratic and widely manipulated parliamentary election.

## History

In 1973 the MDP took part in the Democratic Congress of Aveiro, the largest meeting of democratic militants during the dictatorship. After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, it was made part of every provisional government, with exception of the 6th and in 1979 it ran in coalition with the Portuguese Communist Party in the FEPU and later in APU, achieving important electoral results.

In 1986, disagreements with the PCP arose, the coalition was dissolved and the MDP was later disbanded. A fraction formed the political association Democratic Intervention (Portuguese: Intervenção Democrática) and another group formed a new party, the Politics XXI (Portuguese: Política XXI) that now is part of the Left Bloc.

## InfoBox

| Portuguese Democratic Movement Movimento Democrático Português | |
| --- | --- |
|
| President | Francisco Pereira de Moura |
| Founded | 1969 (1969) |
| Dissolved | 28 March 1994 (1994-03-28) |
| Succeeded by | Politics XXI |
| Headquarters | Lisbon |
| Think tank | Democratic Intervention |
| Ideology | Left-wing nationalism<br>Democratic socialism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| National affiliation | United People Alliance (1979–1987) |
| Colours | Red and black |
|  | |


title: Tasermiut Fjord

abstract: Tasermiut Fjord is a 70-kilometre-long fjord in southwestern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Kujalleq municipality. Nanortalik Island is located near the mouth of the fjord. Tasermiut Fjord has some of the very few growths of dwarf trees in Greenland, notably in Qinngua Valley and Tiningnertoq valley.

text:
# Tasermiut Fjord

**Tasermiut Fjord** is a 70-kilometre-long fjord in southwestern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Kujalleq municipality. Nanortalik Island is located near the mouth of the fjord.

Tasermiut Fjord has some of the very few growths of dwarf trees in Greenland, notably in Qinngua Valley and Tiningnertoq valley.

## Geography

The fjord is oriented in a roughly NE/SW direction, to the southwest the fjord opens into the Labrador Sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It separates two long mountainous peninsulas, the 1,590 m high Napasorsuaq peak rising in the peninsula to the west of the fjord. To the east rise the 1,858 m high Ulamertorsuaq, the 2,045 m high Nalumasortoq and the 2,010 m high Ketil.

The glacier at the inland end of this fjord has been undergoing a well documented recession in recent history. A similar retreat of the glacier at the fjord's head has been documented in the Sermeq Glacier in neighbouring Southern Sermilik Fjord as well.

## Tourism

This fjord attracts climbers, kayakers, and trekkers, and is famous for its mountains and challenging rock faces. Many mountaineering expeditions have come to Tasermiut Fjord because of the challenge of peaks and the possibility of new climbing routes. As well as climbing, Tasermiut is used as a starting point for challenging treks to Kangikitsoq, Kangerdluk, Herjofsnaes, and Stordalen Havn.

Tasermiut Fjord can be accessed by short boat journey from Nanortalik, which is the southernmost major settlement in Greenland, with a population of around 1000 people.

## InfoBox

| Tasermiut Fjord | |
| --- | --- |
| Tasermiut FjordLocation in Greenland | |
| Location | Arctic |
| Coordinates | 60°16′N 44°47′W / 60.27°N 44.78°W / 60.27; -44.78 |
| Ocean/sea sources | Labrador Sea |
| Basin countries | Greenland |
|  | |
| Max. length | 70 km (43 mi) |
| Max. width | 4.1 km (2.5 mi) |


abstract: The men's 500 meter at the 2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships took place in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice skating rink on Friday 9 November 2012. It consisted of twice 500 meter where the speed skaters started once in the inner and once in the outer lane. Although this tournament was held in 2012 it was part of the speed skating season 2012–2013. There were 24 participants.

text:
# 2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Men's 500 m

The **men's 500 meter** at the **2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships** took place in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice skating rink on Friday 9 November 2012. It consisted of twice 500 meter where the speed skaters started once in the inner and once in the outer lane. Although this tournament was held in 2012 it was part of the speed skating season 2012–2013. There were 24 participants.

## Statistics

## InfoBox

| 2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Men's 500 m | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Thialf, Heerenveen |
| Dates | 9 November 2012 |
| Competitors | 24 |
| Medalist men | |
| **Michel Mulder**  NED  Jan Smeekens  NED  Hein Otterspeer  NED | |
|


title: Carriage driving

abstract: Carriage driving is a form of competitive horse driving in harness in which larger two- or four-wheeled carriages are pulled by a single horse, a pair, tandem or a four-in-hand team. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh helped to expand the sport. He started to compete in carriage driving in 1971, and the early rule book was drafted under his supervision. In competitions, the driver and horse(s) have to complete three tests: Dressage, Marathon, and Obstacle Driving. The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) oversees International Shows. The FEI Driving rules are followed in these competitions, which aim to protect the welfare of the horse and also ensure fairness in competitions. Pleasure competitions also have classes which are judged on the turnout, neatness or suitability of the horse(s) and carriage.

text:
# Carriage driving

Competitors in carriage driving classes at the Royal Show at Stoneleigh Park 2009

**Carriage driving** is a form of competitive horse driving in harness in which larger two- or four-wheeled carriages (sometimes restored antiques) are pulled by a single horse, a pair, tandem or a four-in-hand team. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh helped to expand the sport. He started to compete in carriage driving in 1971, and the early rule book was drafted under his supervision.

In competitions, the driver and horse(s) have to complete three tests: Dressage, Marathon, and Obstacle Driving. The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) oversees International Shows. The FEI Driving rules are followed in these competitions, which aim to protect the welfare of the horse and also ensure fairness in competitions.

Pleasure competitions also have classes which are judged on the turnout, neatness or suitability of the horse(s) and carriage.


title: John Porter (bishop)

abstract: John Porter was an 18th-century Anglican bishop in Ireland. Porter was the son of Rev. Thomas Porter, perpetual curate of Northenden. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1768, graduating B.A. 1773, M.A. 1776, D.D. 1792. He was ordained deacon on 6 June 1773 and priest on 18 December 1774, and became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1774. He was Boyle Lecturer in 1786, and Regius Professor of Hebrew from 1790 to 1795. He was appointed Archdeacon of Llandaff in 1789. Moving to Ireland as chaplain to Lord Lieutenant Earl Camden, he was nominated Bishop of Killala and Achonry on 6 May 1795 and consecrated on 7 June 1795 that year. He was translated to Clogher on 30 December 1797 and died in office on 27 July 1819.

text:
# John Porter (bishop)

**John Porter** (1751 – 27 July 1819) was an 18th-century Anglican bishop in Ireland.

Porter was the son of Rev. Thomas Porter, perpetual curate of Northenden. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1768, graduating B.A. (5th wrangler) 1773, M.A. 1776, D.D. (*per lit. reg.*) 1792.

He was ordained deacon on 6 June 1773 and priest on 18 December 1774 (both ordinations performed by John Hinchliffe, Bishop of Peterborough and Master of Trinity College), and became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1774. He was Boyle Lecturer in 1786, and Regius Professor of Hebrew from 1790 to 1795.

He was appointed Archdeacon of Llandaff in 1789. Moving to Ireland as chaplain to Lord Lieutenant Earl Camden, he was nominated Bishop of Killala and Achonry on 6 May 1795 and consecrated on 7 June 1795 that year. He was translated to Clogher on 30 December 1797 and died in office on 27 July 1819.

## Family

On 3 December 1784, Porter married Mary Smith, daughter of Joseph Smith of Coltishall, Norfolk (and niece of the Cambridge astronomer and academic John Smith). They had the following children:

* Rev. John Grey Porter (1789–1873), married Margaret Lavinia Lindsey in 1816.
* Commodore Thomas Porter, R.N.
* Rev. Charles Porter (1796–1877), married Penelope Fleetwood in 1827.
* Major-General Henry Edward Porter (1801–1871).
* Captain William Henry Porter (1802–1887), married Elizabeth Gibbs Ludlow in 1830.
* Margaret Porter (died 1859), married Hugh Harris.
* Elizabeth Porter, married Lieutenant-Colonel John O'Ferrall Carmichael (son of Lieutenant-General Sir Hugh Lyle Carmichael).


abstract: The School of Naval and Industrial Engineers was created in 1963 by a Ministerial Order from Madrid, in accordance with a direct initiative of General Francisco Franco. It was Franco's intention to be present for the official inauguration of the premises in 1966, but in the end this was not possible. The School kept always its dependency to the Ministry of Education and Science in Madrid, but when in 1990 the University of A Corunna came to exist as a fully independent body fully detached from the University of Santiago de Compostela, it was decided from A Coruña that a full integration with the newly created institution was going to be a good idea. So, as a consequence of that decision, and from that date onwards the School has been part of the University of A Coruña. It is now the Escuela Universitaria Politécnica Ferrol.

text:
# School of Naval and Industrial Engineers

The **School of Naval and Industrial Engineers** (also **Escuela de Peritos Navales de Ferrol** and **Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Naval de Ferrol**) was created in 1963 by a Ministerial Order from Madrid, in accordance with a direct initiative of General Francisco Franco. It was Franco's intention to be present for the official inauguration of the premises in 1966, but in the end this was not possible.

The School kept always its dependency to the Ministry of Education and Science in Madrid, but when in 1990 the University of A Corunna came to exist as a fully independent body fully detached from the University of Santiago de Compostela, it was decided from A Coruña that a full integration with the newly created institution was going to be a good idea. So, as a consequence of that decision, and from that date onwards the School has been part of the University of A Coruña. It is now the **Escuela Universitaria Politécnica Ferrol**.

## Historical background

In 1772, during the reign Charles III of Spain it was created in Ferrol the First Royal Academy of Naval Engineers in Spain. The purpose of this Royal Academy was to train the future members of the 1770 newly created Professional Body.

About a century later, in the nineteenth century a totally modernized "school of Naval Engineers" was put in Ferrol as part of the general renewal of the Spanish Navy after the abandonment of the entire sector after the naval disaster of Trafalgar in 1805 which saw the streets of Ferrol empty of life as empty were its shipyards. But by the mid nineteenth century things were looking very differently as the latest technological achievements of the English Industrial revolution were brought forward to the best shipyard in the country.

So, in 1858 the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol were launching Spain's first steam propelled ship which it was the first iron-hulled too.

1. "The Armies of Europe - Spain as a War-making power". *The New York Times*. 6 February 1858.


title: Eruptive vellus hair cyst

abstract: Eruptive vellus hair cysts are small lesions that occur most often in the chest wall, abdomen and extremities, often with a crusted surface. EVHC may occur randomly, or it can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; sporadic cases usually appear at 4–18 years of age. The cysts appear similar clinically to steatocystoma multiplex, as well as acneiform eruptions and milia. Histopathology is the basis of diagnosis. Retinoids, surgery, and lasers are used as treatment modalities.

text:
# Eruptive vellus hair cyst

**Eruptive vellus hair cysts** (or **EVHC**) are small lesions that occur most often in the chest wall, abdomen and extremities, often with a crusted surface. EVHC may occur randomly, or it can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; sporadic cases usually appear at 4–18 years of age. The cysts appear similar clinically to steatocystoma multiplex, as well as acneiform eruptions and milia. Histopathology is the basis of diagnosis. Retinoids, surgery, and lasers are used as treatment modalities.

## Signs/symptoms

Eruptive vellus hair cysts are small lesions that occur most often in the chest wall, abdomen and extremities, often with a crusted surface. It was first described in 1977. The cysts appear similar clinically to steatocystoma multiplex, as well as acneiform eruptions and milia.

## Cause

EVHC may occur randomly, or it can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The condition affects males and females equally, and sporadic cases usually appear at 4–18 years of age.

## Diagnosis

Histopathology is the basis of diagnosis. Stratified-squamous epithelium with a granular layer that surrounding a cystic space filled with laminated keratin and a variable number of vellus hair cysts is seen to be present. It can be difficult to distinguish from other skin conditions, including molluscum contagiosum and acne vulgaris but can be corroborated with histopathology.

### Associations

It can be associated with Steatocystoma multiplex.

## Treatment

Therapeutic techniques that are safe and effective are rare, with incision and drainage being the primary form of treatment when sporadic regression does not occur. The primary indication for treatment is cosmesis. Retinoids, surgery, and lasers are used as treatment modalities.

## Further reading


title: Bridget Kahele

abstract: Bridget Kahele is an American rugby union player. She debuted for the Eagles in 2022 and competed at the 2021 Rugby World Cup.

text:
# Bridget Kahele

**Bridget Kahele** (born 1 August 1996) is an American rugby union player. She debuted for the Eagles in 2022 and competed at the 2021 Rugby World Cup.

## Rugby career

Kahele was named in the United States squad to the 2022 Pacific Four Series in New Zealand. She made her international debut against Canada in the opening game of the tournament. She also started in their narrow 16–14 victory over Australia in her second appearance. She came off the bench when the Eagles faced the Black Ferns in her third match.

Kahele was selected in the Eagles squad for the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.

## InfoBox

Bridget Kahele
| Date of birth | (1996-08-01) 1 August 1996 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Aldie, Virginia, United States |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) |
| Weight | 154 lb (70 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Scrumhalf  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2022  United States  3  (0) | |


title: Satyalapadu

abstract: Satyalapadu is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.

text:
# Satyalapadu

**Satyalapadu** is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.

## InfoBox

| Satyalapadu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Interactive map | |
| Location in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaSatyalapadu (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°59′39″N 80°29′11″E / 16.9942°N 80.4865°E / 16.9942; 80.4865 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | NTR |
| Mandal | Gampalagudem |
| Government | |
| Type | Gram Panchayat |
| Sarpanch | Vennapusa Govardhana Reddy |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Portuguese Diamond

abstract: The Portuguese Diamond is a large octagonal-cut diamond known for its flawlessness and clarity. It weighs 127.01 carats (25.402 g). Under ultraviolet light the stone gives out a strong fluorescence; under daylight or artificial light, it exudes a soft fluorescence and a bluish haze. The name "The Portuguese Diamond" was given by Harry Winston, who acquired it from dancer Peggy Hopkins Joyce, noted for her many marriages and affairs with wealthy men. He in turn arranged a 1963 trade with its current owner, the Smithsonian Institution, for 3,800 carats (760 g) of smaller diamonds.

text:
# Portuguese Diamond

The **Portuguese Diamond** is a large octagonal-cut diamond known for its flawlessness and clarity. It weighs 127.01 carats (25.402 g).

Under ultraviolet light the stone gives out a strong fluorescence; under daylight or artificial light, it exudes a soft fluorescence and a bluish haze.

The name "The Portuguese Diamond" was given by Harry Winston, who acquired it from dancer Peggy Hopkins Joyce, noted for her many marriages and affairs with wealthy men. He in turn arranged a 1963 trade with its current owner, the Smithsonian Institution, for 3,800 carats (760 g) of smaller diamonds.

## History

According to one of the legends, the diamond was mined in Brazil in the eighteenth century and became part of the Portuguese Crown Jewels; however, there is no documentation to support this account. Documented reports of the diamond state that it was most likely found at the Premier Mine in Kimberly, South Africa, in the early 20th century, after which it was bought and owned by a succession of individuals.

The stone was first documented as being owned by Black, Starr & Frost. Peggy Hopkins Joyce, a *Ziegfeld Follies* performer noted for her marriages and affairs with wealthy men, acquired it in February 1928, for a $350,000 pearl necklace and $23,000 in cash. Joyce had it mounted on a short platinum choker. Winston bought the diamond from Joyce in 1951 and added it to his "Court of Jewels". In 1963, Winston traded it to the Smithsonian Institution in exchange for 3,800 carats (760 g) of smaller diamonds.


title: Dausara orionalis

abstract: Dausara orionalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found on Borneo. The wings are brown with purple and cupreous reflections. The forewings are yellowish white at the base, except along the costa. There is a white semihyaline purple-tinged band which is bordered with blackish on the outer margin. There is also a brown subcostal spot which is connected with the brown costa. The hindwings are white, but semihyaline at the base.

text:
# Dausara orionalis

***Dausara orionalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found on Borneo.

The wings are brown with purple and cupreous reflections. The forewings are yellowish white at the base, except along the costa. There is a white semihyaline (almost glasslike) purple-tinged band which is bordered with blackish on the outer margin. There is also a brown subcostal spot which is connected with the brown costa. The hindwings are white, but semihyaline at the base.

## InfoBox

| *Dausara orionalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Dausara* |
| Species: | ***D. orionalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dausara orionalis***<br>(Walker, 1859) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Glyphodes orionalis* Walker, 1859 | |


abstract: The men's 1000 meter at the 2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships took place in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice skating rink on Sunday 11 November 2012. Although this tournament was held in 2012 it was part of the speed skating season 2012–2013. There were 24 participants.

text:
# 2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Men's 1000 m

The **men's 1000 meter** at the **2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships** took place in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice skating rink on Sunday 11 November 2012. Although this tournament was held in 2012 it was part of the speed skating season 2012–2013. There were 24 participants.

## Statistics

## InfoBox

| 2013 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Men's 1000 m | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Thialf, Heerenveen |
| Dates | 11 November 2012 |
| Competitors | 24 |
| Medalist men | |
| **Kjeld Nuis**  NED  Hein Otterspeer  NED  Sjoerd de Vries  NED | |
|