title: Unduloid

abstract: In geometry, an unduloid, or onduloid, is a surface with constant nonzero mean curvature obtained as a surface of revolution of an elliptic catenary: that is, by rolling an ellipse along a fixed line, tracing the focus, and revolving the resulting curve around the line. In 1841 Delaunay proved that the only surfaces of revolution with constant mean curvature were the surfaces obtained by rotating the roulettes of the conics. These are the plane, cylinder, sphere, the catenoid, the unduloid and nodoid.

text:
# Unduloid

In geometry, an **unduloid**, or **onduloid**, is a surface with constant nonzero mean curvature obtained as a surface of revolution of an elliptic catenary: that is, by rolling an ellipse along a fixed line, tracing the focus, and revolving the resulting curve around the line. In 1841 Delaunay proved that the only surfaces of revolution with constant mean curvature were the surfaces obtained by rotating the roulettes of the conics. These are the plane, cylinder, sphere, the catenoid, the unduloid and nodoid.

## Formula

Let $\operatorname {sn} (u,k)$ represent the normal Jacobi sine function and $\operatorname {dn} (u,k)$ be the normal Jacobi elliptic function and let $\operatorname {F} (z,k)$ represent the normal elliptic integral of the first kind and $\operatorname {E} (z,k)$ represent the normal elliptic integral of the second kind. Let *a* be the length of the ellipse's major axis, and *e* be the eccentricity of the ellipse. Let *k* be a fixed value between 0 and 1 called the modulus.

Given these variables,

$$\operatorname {x} (u)=-a(1-e)(\operatorname {F} (\operatorname {sn} (u,k),k)+\operatorname {F} (1,k))-a(1+e)(\operatorname {E} (\operatorname {sn} (u,k),k)+\operatorname {E} (1,k))\\,$$

$$\operatorname {y} (u)=a(1+e)\operatorname {dn} (u,k)\\,$$

The formula for the surface of revolution that is the unduloid is then

$$\operatorname {X} (u,v)=\langle \operatorname {x} (u),\operatorname {y} (u)\cos(v),\operatorname {y} (u)\sin(v)\rangle \\,$$

## Properties

One interesting property of the unduloid is that the mean curvature is constant. In fact, the mean curvature across the entire surface is always the reciprocal of twice the major axis length: 1/(2*a*).

Also, geodesics on an unduloid obey the Clairaut relation, and their behavior is therefore predictable.

## Occurrence in material science

Unduloids are not a common pattern in nature. However, there are a few circumstances in which they form. First documented in 1970, passing a strong electric current through a thin (0.16—1.0mm), horizontally mounted, hard-drawn (non-tempered) silver wire will result in unduloids forming along its length. This phenomenon was later discovered to also occur in molybdenum wire. Unduloids have also been formed with ferrofluids. By passing a current axially through a cylinder coated with a viscous magnetic fluid film, the magnetic dipoles of the fluid interact with the magnetic field of the current, creating a droplet pattern along the cylinder’s length.


title: C. C. Dejoie

abstract: Constant "C. C." Dejoie Sr. (1881-1970) was a businessman and entrepreneur in New Orleans, Louisiana who co-founded The Louisiana Weekly newspaper. He was African-American.

text:
# C. C. Dejoie

**Constant "C. C." Dejoie Sr.** (1881-1970) was a businessman and entrepreneur in New Orleans, Louisiana who co-founded *The Louisiana Weekly* newspaper. He was African-American.

## Biography

Dejoie was born on November 11, 1881, in New Orleans, Louisiana, to his parents Aristede Dejoie and Ellen Dejoie (*née* Chambers), a family of Creole heritage. Dejoie was educated in the New Orleans Public Schools and subsequently attended Southern University, graduating in 1898. He worked in various capacities in the New Orleans area, later joining the Unity Industrial Life Insurance Company which his father had founded. Dejoie served as business manager of the then-small enterprise.

In 1921, Dejoie became president of Unity Life, initiating a period of rapid expansion of its business. He expanded this insurance company by building branch offices throughout Louisiana and establishing a subsidiary company in the then rapidly growing metropolis of Chicago. The company suffered significantly during the Great Depression, and Dejoie carried the company through the economic downturn by focusing on whole life policies. Unity Life was philanthropic, having made donations to Flint-Goodridge Hospital and to the YMCA.

In August 1939, Dejoie was accused of conspiracy to murder his nephew Prudhomme John Earl Dejoie, in an incident that became known as the "Dejoie Affair". C.C. Dejoie was subsequently cleared of the allegation, while a friend and Unity Life employee Henry Wilcox was convicted. Late in the Great Depression, Dejoie sold his interests in Unity Life.

With former New Orleans public school teacher O.C.W. Taylor, Dejoie founded *The Louisiana Weekly* newspaper in 1925. The intent of the newspaper was to provide an outlet and a voice for the African-American community, a serious need in the Jim Crow South of the time. Dejoie and Taylor provided $2000 for initial financing, and they established its offices at the corner of Gravier St. and Saratoga St. (now Loyola Ave.) at the black-owned Pythian Temple Building. Its first publication was on September 19, 1925, published under the name *The New Orleans Herald*. However, it was renamed *The Louisiana Weekly* less than one month later. Taylor left *The Louisiana Weekly* after one year, leaving management of the enterprise entirely to Dejoie. In the early years of the publication, Dejoie made use of his business associates to sell the newspaper and to gather information for publication.

Dejoie died in 1970.

## Personal life

Dejoie married Vivian Baxter in 1914 with whom he subsequently had three children, Constant Charles Jr., Vivian (Mrs. John V. Roussell) and Henry Baxter. Dejoie's descendants, including Renette Dejoie-Hall, continued to serve in editorial capacities of *The Louisiana Weekly* at least until 2014.

## InfoBox

| Constant C. Dejoie Sr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1881-11-11)November 11, 1881<br>New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Died | March 23, 1970(1970-03-23) (aged 88) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman and Publisher |
| Known for | Founding *The Louisiana Weekly* newspaper |


title: Scanlon Farm

abstract: Scanlon Farm is a late 19th-century loghouse and farm overlooking Three Churches Run east of the unincorporated community of Three Churches, West Virginia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 3, 1988.

text:
# Scanlon Farm

**Scanlon Farm** (also known as the **Scanlon Log House**) is a late 19th-century loghouse and farm overlooking Three Churches Run east of the unincorporated community of Three Churches, West Virginia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 3, 1988.

## Architecture

### Exterior

The farm's main structure is the Scanlon Log House, a two-story log structure built around 1840 by the Larimore family and acquired by the Scanlon family in the 1860s. It is a folk house of the Midland tradition, in the early German settlement era pattern. The house is one room deep and linear in design with external chimneys on both gable ends of the house. The logs in its construction are squared, hand-hewn, and laid horizontally, notched on the ends, and with narrow chinking. (Chinking refers to the mortar between the logs). There are vertical end logs that serve to anchor the structure's four corners. The two massive stone chimneys are original to the house, although the east side has been partially rebuilt. The side-gable roof is moderately pitched and is composed of slate. The Scanlon Log House was constructed in two sections: the east side being the original section built by the Larimore family and the western half was added around 1865 by Thomas Scanlon shortly after the Scanlon family acquired the property. To the rear of the house and slightly to the west stands the remains of a large stone chimney. This chimney (circa 1840) served the detached kitchen which itself disappeared in the 19th century.

### Interior

The interior of the Scanlon Log House consists of a "two rooms over two rooms" arrangement with a narrow winding staircase connecting the two floors. The two bedrooms on the second floor are slightly smaller than their corresponding rooms on the first floor, with a small connecting room. Overhead beams are exposed on the interior, and the interior walls are composed of unadorned vertical wood siding. A wooden mantelpiece graces the end of the first floor parlor. Much of the furnishings on the interior are original Scanlon family pieces.

### Contributing structures

To the rear of the Scanlon Log House are two adjacent outbuildings, both dating from the 19th century. One is a one-story, wood-frame, gable- roof smoke house with wide vertical siding. Next to it is a slightly smaller gable-roof, wood outbuilding that serves as a privy. The privy is characterized by whitewashed vertical narrow boards and some slightly decorative woodwork over the door and along the roof line on the exterior. Also on the Scanlon Farm is the two-story, gable-roof, wood-sided barn constructed in the 19th century.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Scanlon Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Scanlon FarmScanlon FarmScanlon Farm | |
| Location | Three Churches Run Road (County Route 5/4), Three Churches, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 39°23′46″N 78°38′24″W / 39.39611°N 78.64000°W / 39.39611; -78.64000 |
| Area | 7 acres (2.8 ha) |
| Built | circa 1840, 1865 |
| Architectural style | Midland Tradition Log House |
| NRHP reference No. | 87002521 |
| Added to NRHP | February 3, 1988 |


title: Tabernaemontana penduliflora

abstract: Tabernaemontana penduliflora is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Nigeria to Zaïre.

text:
# Tabernaemontana penduliflora

***Tabernaemontana penduliflora*** is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Nigeria to Zaïre.

## InfoBox

| *Tabernaemontana penduliflora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Tabernaemontana* |
| Species: | ***T. penduliflora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tabernaemontana penduliflora***<br>K.Schum. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Camerunia penduliflora* (K.Schum.) Boiteau * *Conopharyngia penduliflora* (K.Schum.) Stapf | |


title: Reading services

abstract: Reading services comprises a pair of adjacent motorway service areas on the M4 motorway to the south of the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. The two areas are on opposite sides of the motorway, with Reading West services serving westbound traffic and Reading East services serving eastbound traffic. Reading services are operated by Moto. Co-located with each of the two service areas is a Travelodge budget hotel. In 2021, consumer organisation Which? ranked Reading Services as second place on the M4, and 29th overall in the United Kingdom. The services are within the civil parish of Burghfield. There is no direct vehicular or pedestrian link between the two service areas, whilst each area has its own access to the local road network that is gated and restricted to authorised vehicles.

text:
# Reading services

**Reading services** comprises a pair of adjacent motorway service areas on the M4 motorway to the south of the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. The two areas are on opposite sides of the motorway, with **Reading West services** serving westbound traffic and **Reading East services** serving eastbound traffic.

Reading services are operated by Moto. Co-located with each of the two service areas is a Travelodge budget hotel. In 2021, consumer organisation Which? ranked Reading Services as second place on the M4, and 29th overall in the United Kingdom.

The services are within the civil parish of Burghfield. There is no direct vehicular or pedestrian link between the two service areas, whilst each area has its own access to the local road network that is gated and restricted to authorised vehicles.

## Further reading

* Crockett, A, *Iron Age to Saxon settlement at Wickhams Field, near Reading, Berkshire: excavations on the site of the M4 Granada Reading Motorway Service Area*, vol. 10, Wessex Archaeology Report

## InfoBox

| Reading Services | |
| --- | --- |
| Reading East services | |
| Reading ServicesLocation within Berkshire | |
| Information | |
| County | Berkshire |
| Road | M4 |
| Coordinates: | 51°25′28″N 1°02′08″W / 51.4245°N 1.0356°W / 51.4245; -1.0356 |
| Operator | Moto Hospitality |
| Date opened | 1993 |
| Website | moto-way.com/services/reading-westbound/ |


title: Selimiye, Ceyhan

abstract: Selimiye is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ceyhan, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 137 (2022).

text:
# Selimiye, Ceyhan

**Selimiye** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ceyhan, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 137 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Selimiye | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| SelimiyeLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°59′45″N 35°57′43″E / 36.9957°N 35.9620°E / 36.9957; 35.9620 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Adana |
| District | Ceyhan |
| Population (2022) | 137 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Serampore Trio

abstract: The Serampore Trio was the name given to three pioneering English missionaries in India, namely William Carey (1761-1834), a shoemaker, Joshua Marshman, (1768-1837), a schoolteacher, and William Ward (1769-1823), a printer. William Carey arrived in Bengal in 1793 and Marshman and Ward arrived in 1799. As missionaries were prohibited from working in areas controlled by the British East India Company, they selected as their base a Danish trading post in the village of Serampore, 13 km (8.1 mi) north of Calcutta. They became known as the Serampore Trio.

text:
# Serampore Trio

Left to right: William Carey, William Ward, and Joshua Marshman

The **Serampore Trio** was the name given to three pioneering English missionaries in India, namely William Carey (1761-1834), a shoemaker, Joshua Marshman, (1768-1837), a schoolteacher, and William Ward (1769-1823), a printer. William Carey arrived in Bengal in 1793 and Marshman and Ward arrived in 1799. As missionaries were prohibited from working in areas controlled by the British East India Company, they selected as their base a Danish trading post in the village of Serampore, 13 km (8.1 mi) north of Calcutta. They became known as the Serampore Trio.

## New college in Serampore

On 5 July 1818, Carey, Marshman and Ward issued a prospectus (written by Marshman) for a proposed new "College for the instruction of Asiatic, Christian, and other youth in Eastern literature and European science". Thus was born Serampore College \- which continues to this day.

At times funds were tight, and after a brief and false rumour alleging misapplication of funds caused the flow of funds being raised by Ward in America dried up, Carey wrote, "Dr. Marshman is as poor as I am, and I can scarcely lay by a sum monthly to relieve three or four indigent relatives in Europe. I might have had large possessions, but I have given my all, except what I ate, drank, and wore, to the cause of missions, and Dr. Marshman has done the same, and so did Mr. Ward."

The trio's aim was to give an education in arts and sciences to students of every "caste, colour or country" and to train people for ministry in the growing church in India (See: Christianity in India).

From its beginning the College has been ecumenical but this means that it has no automatic basis of support from any one branch of the Christian church. Prior to 1818, the Serampore Trio had worked together in providing education for their own children and the children, including females, of the native Indians.

## Further information

* Arts of transitional India twentieth century, Volume 1 By Vinayak Purohit
* National Council of Churches review, Volume 126
* Muslims and missionaries in pre-mutiny India By Avril Ann Powell
* Banglapedia: national encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Volume 3
* Encyclopedia of evangelicalism By Randall Herbert Balmer
* Christianity Today


title: Ralph Rowe

abstract: Ralph Emanuel Rowe was an American outfielder and manager in minor league baseball, and a coach at the Major League level. A native of Newberry, South Carolina, Rowe threw right-handed, batted left-handed, stood 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) tall and weighed 175 pounds (79 kg). He was signed at age 17 by the Cleveland Indians after graduating from Newberry High School in 1942. Rowe's professional career got off to a rousing start in 1942, when he batted.357 for the Thomasville Hi-Toms, a Cleveland affiliate in the Class D North Carolina State League. But he lost the next four full seasons (1943–1946) to military service and, despite batting.360 and leading the 1948 Class B Tri-State League in runs batted in (123), he spent most of his playing career at the Double-A level. Rowe's career reached its apex with a 14-game trial with the Los Angeles Angels of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in 1949. In 1951, while playing for the Nashville Vols, Rowe was named to the Southern Association All-Star team. He played in the farm systems of the Indians, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators through 1958, then became a manager in the Washington/Minnesota Twins farm system from 1959 to 1971, winning four league championships. His overall record was 836–757 (.525). At age 47, he reached the Major Leagues as a coach, serving for four seasons with the Twins (1972–1975) as their third base coach, and four more (1981–1984) as the batting coach of the Baltimore Orioles. He was a member of the Orioles' staff during their 1983 world championship season. Rowe also served as a roving minor league batting coach for the Twins, Orioles, and, after 1984, the Montreal Expos. Rowe moved his family to Charlotte, North Carolina, after he played for the baseball Hornets in 1958. While living in Charlotte, he was a player-coach for the Hornets in 1961, and managed the 1969 Hornets to the Double-A Southern League championship. After returning to his home town of Newberry in 1974, he lived there until his death in 1996 at age 71.

text:
# Ralph Rowe

**Ralph Emanuel Rowe** (July 14, 1924 – February 29, 1996) was an American outfielder and manager in minor league baseball, and a coach at the Major League level. A native of Newberry, South Carolina, Rowe threw right-handed, batted left-handed, stood 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) tall and weighed 175 pounds (79 kg).

He was signed at age 17 by the Cleveland Indians after graduating from Newberry High School in 1942. Rowe's professional career got off to a rousing start in 1942, when he batted .357 for the Thomasville Hi-Toms, a Cleveland affiliate in the Class D North Carolina State League. But he lost the next four full seasons (1943–1946) to military service and, despite batting .360 and leading the 1948 Class B Tri-State League in runs batted in (123), he spent most of his playing career at the Double-A level. Rowe's career reached its apex with a 14-game trial with the Los Angeles Angels of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in 1949. In 1951, while playing for the Nashville Vols, Rowe was named to the Southern Association All-Star team. He played in the farm systems of the Indians, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators through 1958, then became a manager in the Washington/Minnesota Twins farm system from 1959 to 1971, winning four league championships. His overall record was 836–757 (.525).

At age 47, he reached the Major Leagues as a coach, serving for four seasons with the Twins (1972–1975) as their third base coach, and four more (1981–1984) as the batting coach of the Baltimore Orioles. He was a member of the Orioles' staff during their 1983 world championship season. Rowe also served as a roving minor league batting coach for the Twins, Orioles, and, after 1984, the Montreal Expos.

Rowe moved his family to Charlotte, North Carolina, after he played for the baseball Hornets in 1958. While living in Charlotte, he was a player-coach for the Hornets in 1961, and managed the 1969 Hornets to the Double-A Southern League championship. After returning to his home town of Newberry in 1974, he lived there until his death in 1996 at age 71.

* Howe News Bureau, *1985 Montreal Expos Organization Book.* St. Petersburg, Florida: The Baseball Library, 1985.


title: C. C. Field Film Company

abstract: C. C. Field Film Company, also known as Field's Feature Film Company, was a short-lived film studio company in Miami, Florida. Construction of a studio for the company at South Miami Avenue at 25th Street began in 1915. It was headed by Charles C. Field who also established the Prismatic Film Company, its predecessor. Field relocated to Hollywood before returning to Florida in 1916. His partner took over and soon after the company ceased operations having produced only a few films. The studio building was later used by Tilford's studio. Field responded to film recruitment efforts by Miami's Chamber of Commerce. After producing a promotional film for the city was produced by his Prismatic Studio, he left for Hollywood. He returned in 1916 and set up Field's Feature Film Company which became Florida Film Company when his partner took over. The studio operated with two sets of 44 member cast and crew units. William A. Howell left Thanhouser to work for Field. Alice Hollister and George Hollister also joined it. Noah Beery was one of the studio's starring actors. Julia Calhoun was also contracted as an actress. "Tomato King" Thomas Peters was his partner in the studio building project and took over when the company's first films struggled to find buyers and received unfavorable reviews. A screening office was opened in New York City. Three five-reel film were produced.

text:
# C. C. Field Film Company

**C. C. Field Film Company**, also known as **Field's Feature Film Company**, was a short-lived film studio company in Miami, Florida. Construction of a studio for the company at South Miami Avenue at 25th Street began in 1915. It was headed by Charles C. Field who also established the **Prismatic Film Company**, its predecessor. Field relocated to Hollywood before returning to Florida in 1916. His partner took over and soon after the company ceased operations having produced only a few films. The studio building was later used by Tilford's studio.

Field responded to film recruitment efforts by Miami's Chamber of Commerce. After producing a promotional film for the city was produced by his Prismatic Studio, he left for Hollywood. He returned in 1916 and set up Field's Feature Film Company which became Florida Film Company when his partner took over.

The studio operated with two sets of 44 member cast and crew units. William A. Howell left Thanhouser to work for Field. Alice Hollister and George Hollister also joined it. Noah Beery was one of the studio's starring actors. Julia Calhoun was also contracted as an actress.

"Tomato King" Thomas Peters was his partner in the studio building project and took over when the company's first films struggled to find buyers and received unfavorable reviews.

A screening office was opened in New York City. Three five-reel film were produced.

## Establishment

Field arrived in Miami by private railcar. He was later described as "half movie producer and half con man" and negotiated with the City Council for his Prismatic Film Company.

## Filmography


title: Saye-Taayor Adolphus Dolo

abstract: Adolphus Dolo is a Liberian politician. HE was a member of the Liberian Senate representing Nimba County. He served an Army general during the presidency of Charles G. Taylor. Senator Saye-Taayor A. Dolo was the junior senator for Nimba County. Also, he is the chairman person of the statutory committee, Internal Affairs, Governance and Reconciliation.

text:
# Saye-Taayor Adolphus Dolo

**Adolphus Dolo** (born March 21, 1963) is a Liberian politician. HE was a member of the Liberian Senate representing Nimba County. He served an Army general during the presidency of Charles G. Taylor.

Senator Saye-Taayor A. Dolo was the junior senator for Nimba County. Also, he is the chairman person of the statutory committee, Internal Affairs, Governance and Reconciliation.

## InfoBox

| Adolphus Dolo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Senate of Liberia
from Nimba County | |
| **In office**
13 January 2006  9 January 2012 | |
| Preceded by | NTLA |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Grupee |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Prince Yormie Johnson
(1963-03-21) 21 March 1963
Sanniquellie, Nimba, Liberia |
| Political party | Unity Party |
| Nickname | "General Peanut Butter" |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | National Patriotic Front |
| Battles/wars | First Liberian Civil War
Second Liberian Civil War |
|  | |


title: Tabernaemontana peschiera

abstract: Tabernaemontana peschiera is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to northern Brazil, Suriname, and French Guiana.

text:
# Tabernaemontana peschiera

***Tabernaemontana peschiera*** is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to northern Brazil, Suriname, and French Guiana.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1851 by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel as *Peschiera albiflora*. In 1906, August Adriaan Pulle transferred it to the genus *Tabernaemontana* as *Tabernaemontana albiflora*. However, this was an illegitimate name, as it had already been used in 1897 for a different species, now accepted as *Tabernaemontana catharinensis*. As of November 2023, Plants of the World Online used what appears to be a replacement name, *Tabernaemontana peschiera*, but without a known author.

## InfoBox

| *Tabernaemontana peschiera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Tabernaemontana* |
| Species: | ***T. peschiera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tabernaemontana peschiera***<br>ined. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bonafousia albiflora* (Miq.) Boiteau & L.Allorge * *Echites albiflorus* (Miq.) Miers * *Peschiera albiflora* Miq. * *Taberna albiflora* (Miq.) Markgr. * *Tabernaemontana albiflora* (Miq.) Pulle, nom. illeg. | |


title: Siege of Novo Brdo (1455)

abstract: The siege of Novo Brdo was a successful siege led by Mehmed the Conqueror and Ishak Bey on Novo Brdo, defended by Demetrios Jakšic, during the Second Serbian campaign in 1455.

text:
# Siege of Novo Brdo (1455)

The **siege of Novo Brdo** was a successful siege led by Mehmed the Conqueror and Ishak Bey on Novo Brdo, defended by Demetrios Jakšic, during the Second Serbian campaign in 1455.

## Siege

The Sultan set out from Edirne and arrived in front of the castle via Sofia. Konstantin Mihailović, who would later become a Serbian janissary, explains that he started resistance against the Ottomans.

Initially, the Sultan sent an offer to the castle's defenders to surrender, which was delivered by Isak Bey to the castle in person. After the castle's commander refused the city was besieged.

The Sultan blockaded the city and began to besiege it by setting up his cannons. When the Serbian ruler Branković heard of the siege, he did not know what to do and fortified all the other fortresses.

The siege lasted for 40 days throughout May and June, and continued despite threats by the Hungarians.

## Aftermath

The surrender agreement stated that the inhabitants of the city would be permitted to remain within its walls, but this right was only granted to the miners, whose work was essential. The notables of the city were executed; 320 young men were recruited into the Janissaries and 700 Serbian women were enlisted into the army. The roof of St. Nicholas Church, popularly known as the Saxon church, was removed along with its bells. In 1467, the rest of the people were taken to Istanbul. The Ottoman colony established in the conquered city could not prevent its cultural and economic decline. Novo Brdo, which became noteworthy as the eventual site of an Ottoman mint, maintained its importance until the reign of Murad IV.

## InfoBox

| Siege of Novo Brdo | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the 1455 Ottoman invasion of Serbia | |
|
Novo Brdo Fortress Layout | |
| Date May – June 1455  Location Serbian Despotate, Novo Brdo42°36′N 21°26′E / 42.600°N 21.433°E / 42.600; 21.433  Result  Ottoman victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Mehmed the Conqueror
Ishak Bey | Demetrios Jakšic
Konstantin Mihailović |
| Strength | |
| 50,000 | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Heavy troop losses
* All the people of the castle were taken prisoner * 320 people were recruited to the Janissaries * 700 Serbian women were conscripted into the army |


abstract: The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism was a department of the government of South Africa from 1994 to 2009. Political responsibility for the department rested with the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. After the election of President Jacob Zuma in May 2009, the department was divided into the Department of Environmental Affairs and the Department of Tourism.

text:
# Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

The **Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism** was a department of the government of South Africa from 1994 to 2009. Political responsibility for the department rested with the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. After the election of President Jacob Zuma in May 2009, the department was divided into the Department of Environmental Affairs and the Department of Tourism.

## Ministers of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

| No. | Name | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Dawie de Villiers | National Party | 1994 - 1996 |
| 2. | Pallo Jordan | ANC | 1996 - 1999 |
| 3. | Valli Moosa | ANC | 1999 - 28 April 2004 |
| 4. | Marthinus van Schalkwyk | ANC | 29 April 2004 to 10 May 2009 |


title: Reading stone

abstract: A reading stone is an approximately hemispherical lens that can be placed on top of text to magnify the letters so that people with presbyopia can read it more easily. Reading stones were among the earliest common uses of lenses. The invention of reading stones is often credited to Abbas ibn Firnas in the 9th century, although the regular use of reading stones only began around 1000 AD. Early reading stones were manufactured from rock crystal (quartz) or beryl as well as glass, which could be shaped and polished into stones used for viewing. The Swedish Visby lenses, dating from the 11th or 12th century, may have been reading stones. The function of reading stones was replaced by the use of spectacles from the late 13th century onwards, but modern implementations are still used. In their modern form, they can be found as rod-shaped magnifiers, flat on one side, that magnify a line of text at a time, or as large dome magnifiers which magnify a circular area of a page. Larger Fresnel lenses can be placed over an entire page. The modern forms are usually made of plastic.

text:
# Reading stone

A **reading stone** is an approximately hemispherical lens that can be placed on top of text to magnify the letters so that people with presbyopia can read it more easily. Reading stones were among the earliest common uses of lenses.

The invention of reading stones is often credited to Abbas ibn Firnas in the 9th century, although the regular use of reading stones only began around 1000 AD. Early reading stones were manufactured from rock crystal (quartz) or beryl as well as glass, which could be shaped and polished into stones used for viewing. The Swedish Visby lenses, dating from the 11th or 12th century, may have been reading stones.

The function of reading stones was replaced by the use of spectacles from the late 13th century onwards, but modern implementations are still used. In their modern form, they can be found as rod-shaped magnifiers, flat on one side, that magnify a line of text at a time, or as large dome magnifiers which magnify a circular area of a page. Larger Fresnel lenses can be placed over an entire page. The modern forms are usually made of plastic.

1. Geoffrey de Villiers and E. Roy Pike (2016). *The Limits of Resolution*. CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 9781498758123.
2. Rubin, Melvin L. (1986). "Spectacles: Past, present, and future". *Survey of Ophthalmology*. **30** (5): 321–327. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(86)90064-0. PMID 3520911.
3. Quercioli, Franco (2011). Alberto Diaspro (ed.). *Optical Fluorescence Microscopy: From the Spectral to the Nano Dimension*. Springer. p. . ISBN 978-3-642-42281-2.


title: Carbohydrate dehydrogenase

abstract:
Carbohydrate dehydrogenases are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the conversion from a carbohydrate to an aldehyde, lactone, or ketose. Carbohydrate dehydrogenases are the most common quinoprotein oxidoreductases, which are enzymes that oxidize a wide range of molecules. An example includes L-gulonolactone oxidase. They are categorized under EC number 1.1. More specifically, they are in three subcodes: 1, 2, and 99, categorized as follows:
  - EC 1.1.1 With NAD or NADP as acceptor
  - EC 1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor
  - EC 1.1.99 With other acceptors

text:
# Carbohydrate dehydrogenase

**Carbohydrate dehydrogenases** are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the conversion from a carbohydrate to an aldehyde, lactone, or ketose.

Carbohydrate dehydrogenases are the most common quinoprotein oxidoreductases, which are enzymes that oxidize a wide range of molecules.

An example includes L-gulonolactone oxidase.

They are categorized under EC number 1.1. More specifically, they are in three subcodes: 1, 2, and 99, categorized as follows:


title: Serrulacaulis

abstract: Serrulacaulis was a genus of early land plant with branching axes. Known fossils are of Late Devonian age. A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Serrulacaulis in the core of a paraphyletic stem group of broadly defined "zosterophylls", basal to the lycopsids.

text:
# Serrulacaulis

***Serrulacaulis*** was a genus of early land plant with branching axes. Known fossils are of Late Devonian age (383 to 359 million years ago).

A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places *Serrulacaulis* in the core of a paraphyletic stem group of broadly defined "zosterophylls", basal to the lycopsids (living and extinct clubmosses and relatives).

## InfoBox

| *Serrulacaulis*<br>Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Lycophytes |
| *Plesion*: | Zosterophylls |
| Genus: | *Serrulacaulis* |
|


title: John Edward Underhill

abstract: John Underhill (1574–1608) was the son of Thomas Underhill and grandson of Sir Hugh Underhill, two figures favored under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. He would later have to emigrate to Holland to escape persecution. John Underhill was born in 1574 at Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England, the son of Thomas Underhill and Magdalen Amyas. He first married Mary Moseley who lived at Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England. Following her death he married his second wife Leonora Honor Pawley in 1595 at the age of 21. Pawley had been born in 1575 at Uny Lelant, Cornwall, England. Of their three children, two daughters - Petronella and Lettice, are both recorded to have been born in 1593. Their son, the future Captain John Underhill, was born 7 October 1597 in Baginton, Warwickshire, England. John Underhill was a friend and companion to the Earls of Leicester and Essex, and while a youth held a commission in the Earl of Leicester's own Troop of Guards, that was sent to the assistance of the Dutch by Queen Elizabeth I. When the Netherlands offered their sovereignty to the Earl of Leicester, John Underhill was the bearer of confidential dispatches to Lord Burleigh, the Queen's Minister. The Queen sent for Underhill and had a private interview. There she instructed him to deliver a confidential letter to Leicester. Soon afterward the Earl resigned and returned to England. Underhill after the fall and death of Leicester attached himself to the Earl of Essex. He accompanied Essex on a successful attack on Cadiz, Spain, and shared his ill fortune on a campaign against Tyronne and the revolted class in Ireland. For his gallant conduct he was knighted by Elizabeth. Meanwhile, the Earl of Essex rose in insurrection against the Queen. Essex was subsequently executed and Underhill left for the safety of Holland until the accession of King James in 1603, when he applied for pardon and leave to return to his native country. His request being denied, he remained in The Netherlands a number of years thereafter, in the company of a group of pious Puritans under the Rev. Mr. Robinson who had fled persecution in England. They lived in Bergen op Zoom, a heavily fortified city in The Netherlands. There John Underhill was Sergeant in the Company of Captain Roget Orme. He died there in October 1608 and is buried in the Gertrudiskerk. Of his remaining family members, two are known to have emigrated to America. His wife Lenora Honor Pawley died on 18 December 1658 in Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island. And his son Captain John Underhill emigrated with the Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and died in Oyster Bay, New York in 1672.

text:
# John Edward Underhill

**John Underhill** (1574–1608) was the son of Thomas Underhill and grandson of Sir Hugh Underhill, two figures favored under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. He would later have to emigrate to Holland to escape persecution.

John Underhill was born in 1574 at Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England, the son of Thomas Underhill and Magdalen Amyas. He first married Mary Moseley (born 1580) who lived at Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England. Following her death he married his second wife Leonora Honor Pawley in 1595 at the age of 21. Pawley had been born in 1575 at Uny Lelant, Cornwall, England.

Of their three children, two daughters - Petronella and Lettice, are both recorded to have been born in 1593. Their son, the future Captain John Underhill, was born 7 October 1597 in Baginton, Warwickshire, England.

John Underhill was a friend and companion to the Earls of Leicester and Essex, and while a youth held a commission in the Earl of Leicester's own Troop of Guards, that was sent to the assistance of the Dutch by Queen Elizabeth I. When the Netherlands offered their sovereignty to the Earl of Leicester, John Underhill was the bearer of confidential dispatches to Lord Burleigh, the Queen's Minister.

The Queen sent for Underhill and had a private interview. There she instructed him to deliver a confidential letter to Leicester. Soon afterward the Earl resigned and returned to England. Underhill after the fall and death of Leicester attached himself to the Earl of Essex. He accompanied Essex on a successful attack on Cadiz, Spain, and shared his ill fortune on a campaign against Tyronne and the revolted class in Ireland. For his gallant conduct he was knighted by Elizabeth.

Meanwhile, the Earl of Essex rose in insurrection against the Queen. Essex was subsequently executed and Underhill left for the safety of Holland until the accession of King James in 1603, when he applied for pardon and leave to return to his native country. His request being denied, he remained in The Netherlands a number of years thereafter, in the company of a group of pious Puritans under the Rev. Mr. Robinson who had fled persecution in England. They lived in Bergen op Zoom, a heavily fortified city in The Netherlands. There John Underhill was Sergeant in the Company of Captain Roget Orme. He died there in October 1608 and is buried in the Gertrudiskerk.

Of his remaining family members, two are known to have emigrated to America. His wife Lenora Honor Pawley died on 18 December 1658 in Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island. And his son Captain John Underhill emigrated with the Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and died in Oyster Bay, New York in 1672.

## Famous descendants

Captain John Underhill, great-grandson of Hugh Underhill, would emigrate from England to The Netherlands with his family, and then from The Netherlands to the Massachusetts Bay Colony where he became a leading figure in Colonial America.

Myron Charles Taylor, America's leading industrialist, and a key diplomatic figure at the hub of many of the most important geopolitical events before, during, and after World War II. Also eighth generation descended from Captain John Underhill.

Amelia Earhart, American aviation pioneer and author famous for her mysterious disappearance.

* Bulletin of the Underhill Society of America Education and Publishing Fund, 1967
* Boyer, Carl, Ancestral Lines: 144 Families in England, Germany, New England, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1975


title: Béla Varga (politician)

abstract: Béla Varga was a Hungarian Catholic priest and politician. He was one of the founders of the Independent Smallholders' Party. Varga was arrested by the Soviet troops in 1945 and sentenced to death, but released and served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary February 7, 1946 – July 3, 1947. Msgr. Varga emigrated to the United States in 1947, where he worked as a priest in New York City, but returned to his native country after the communists lost their power.

text:
# Béla Varga (politician)

**Béla Varga** (18 February 1903 – 13 October 1995) was a Hungarian Catholic priest and politician. He was one of the founders of the Independent Smallholders' Party. Varga was arrested by the Soviet troops in 1945 and sentenced to death, but released and served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary February 7, 1946 – July 3, 1947. Msgr. Varga emigrated to the United States in 1947, where he worked as a priest in New York City, but returned to his native country after the communists lost their power.

## InfoBox

| Béla Varga | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the High National Council | |
| **In office**
7 December 1945  8 January 1946Serving with Zoltán Tildy, Ferenc Nagy, and László Rajk | |
| Preceded by | Béla MiklósBéla ZsedényiMátyás Rákosi |
| Succeeded by | Zoltán Tildyas President of the Republic |
| Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary | |
| **In office**
7 February 1946  3 July 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Ferenc Nagy |
| Succeeded by | Árpád Szabó |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1903-02-18)18 February 1903
Börcs, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 13 October 1995(1995-10-13) (aged 92)
Budapest, Hungary |
| Nationality | Hungarian |
| Profession | Priest, politician |
|  | |


title: La Haye-Saint-Sylvestre

abstract: La Haye-Saint-Sylvestre is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.

text:
# La Haye-Saint-Sylvestre

**La Haye-Saint-Sylvestre** (French pronunciation: \[la ɛ sɛ̃ silvɛstʁ\]) is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 184 |  |
| 1968 | 269 | +46.2% |
| 1975 | 281 | +4.5% |
| 1982 | 264 | −6.0% |
| 1990 | 243 | −8.0% |
| 1999 | 231 | −4.9% |
| 2008 | 232 | +0.4% |

## InfoBox

| La Haye-Saint-Sylvestre | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of La Haye-Saint-Sylvestre | |
| La Haye-Saint-SylvestreLa Haye-Saint-Sylvestre | |
| Coordinates: 48°54′35″N 0°36′31″E / 48.9097°N 0.6086°E / 48.9097; 0.6086 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Eure |
| Arrondissement | Bernay |
| Canton | Breteuil |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Hélène Biquet |
| Area**1** | 18.64 km2 (7.20 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 290 |
| Density | 16/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 27323 /27330 |
| Elevation | 178–224 m (584–735 ft)
(avg. 209 m or 686 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: RCW Catalogue

abstract: The RCW Catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of Hα-emission regions in the southern Milky Way, described in. It contains 182 objects, including many of the earlier Gum catalogue objects. The later Caldwell catalogue included some objects from the RCW catalogue. There is also some overlap with the Sharpless catalogue-2, although that primarily covered the northern hemisphere, whereas RCW and Gum primarily covered the southern hemisphere. The RCW catalogue was compiled by Alexander William Rodgers, Colin T. Campbell and John Bartlett Whiteoak. They catalogued southern nebulae while working under Bart Bok at the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Australia in the 1960s.

text:
# RCW Catalogue

The **RCW Catalogue** (from **R**odgers, **C**ampbell & **W**hiteoak) is an astronomical catalogue of -emission regions in the southern Milky Way, described in (Rodgers et al. 1960). It contains 182 objects, including many of the earlier Gum catalogue (84 items) objects.

The later Caldwell catalogue included some objects from the RCW catalogue. There is also some overlap with the Sharpless catalogue-2 (312 items), although that primarily covered the northern hemisphere, whereas RCW and Gum primarily covered the southern hemisphere.

The RCW catalogue was compiled by Alexander William Rodgers, Colin T. Campbell and John Bartlett Whiteoak. They catalogued southern nebulae while working under Bart Bok at the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Australia in the 1960s.

## Examples

| RCW | Name | Images | Names & Designations |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| RCW 11 | RCW 11 |  | Sh2-308, LBN 1052 |
| RCW 16 | NGC 2467 |  |  |
| RCW 34 | RCW 34 |  | Gum 19 |
| RCW 36 | RCW 36 |  | Gum 20 |
| RCW 42 | RCW 42 |  | Gum 26 |
| RCW 38 | RCW 38 |  | RCW 38 |
| RCW 49 | RCW 49 |  | Gum 29 |
| RCW 57 | RCW 57 |  | NGC 3582, The Torchbearer |
| RCW 75 | Stock 16 |  | Gum 48a, Stock 16 |
| RCW 79 | RCW 79 |  | RCW 79 |  |
| RCW 86 | RCW 86 |  | RCW 86 |
| RCW 88 | RCW 88 |  | RCW 88 |
| RCW 106 | RCW 106 |  |  |
| RCW 108 | RCW 108 |  | Gum 53 |
| RCW 124 | NGC 6302 |  | Sh2-6, NGC 6302, Bug Nebula, PK 349+01 1, Butterfly Nebula, RCW 124, Gum 60, Caldwell 69 |
| RCW 127 | NGC 6334 |  | ESO 392-EN 009, Sharpless 8, RCW 127, Gum 64, NGC 6334 |
| RCW 131 | NGC 6357 |  | Sh2-11, NGC 6357, RCW 131, Gum 66, War and Peace Nebula |
| RCW 146 | Lagoon Nebula |  | Sh2 25, RCW 146, Gum 72 |
| RCW 147 | Trifid Nebula |  | Sh2 30, M20, NGC 6514, RCW 147, Gum 76 |
| RCW 160 | Omega Nebula |  | Omega Nebula, M17, NGC 6618, Swan Nebula, Sharpless 45, RCW 160, Gum 81 |
| RCW 165 | Eagle Nebula |  | Sh2-49, Messier 16, NGC 6611, RCW 165, Gum 83 |
| RCW 174 | W 40 |  | Sh2-64 |
|

## List

## InfoBox

RCW Catalogue
| Named after | **R**odgers, **C**ampbell & **W**hiteoak |
| --- | --- |
| Related media on Commons | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Tabernaemontana persicariifolia

abstract: Tabernaemontana persicariifolia is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Mauritius and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The species is listed as endangered. The epithet "persicariifolia" is sometimes spelled "persicariaefolia." This is a misspelling to be corrected according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, article 60.8.

text:
# Tabernaemontana persicariifolia

***Tabernaemontana persicariifolia*** is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Mauritius and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The species is listed as endangered.

The epithet *"persicariifolia"* is sometimes spelled *"persicariaefolia."* This is a misspelling to be corrected according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, article 60.8.

## InfoBox

| *Tabernaemontana persicariifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Tabernaemontana* |
| Species: | ***T. persicariifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tabernaemontana persicariifolia***
Jacq. | |
|


title: Department of Geodesy GUT

abstract:
Department of Geodesy Gdańsk University of Technology – continues the tradition of the Department of Surveying and Cartography, established at Gdańsk University of Technology in 1945. In the annals of the Gdańsk University of Technology the Department of Geodesy appears for the first time at the Technical University and the Faculty of Civil Engineering (1904). The first head of the Department of Geodesy was Prof. Hermann Otto Paul Eggert. In 1921–1937 the next head of the Institute of Geodesy was Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Lührs. In 1938–1945 the Institute of Geodesy and Geometry was led by Prof. Paul Albert Ulrich Graf. The Department of Geodesy at the Gdańsk University of Technology is the oldest in the present Polish unit dealing with science and education in the field of geodesy and cartography. After 1945, the Department of Geodesy was led by:
  - Prof. Paweł Kułakowski (1945-1959)
  - Doc. Kazimierz Dziubiński (1959)
  - Dr. Henryk Wesołowski (1959-1968)
  - Prof. Władysław Wędziński (1968-1971)
  - Doc. Marian Sieradzki (1971-1985)
  - Prof. Adam Żurowski (1985-1999)
  - Dr hab. Zygmunt Kurałowicz (1999-2008)
  - Dr. Jakub Szulwic (2008-2011)
  - Dr. Janusz Orzechowski (2011-2013)
  - Prof. Marek Przyborski (2013-2020)
  - Prof. Dominika Wróblewska (2020) Department of Geodesy - previous names:
  - Department of Geodesy (1904-1921)
  - Institute of Geodesy (1921-1938)
  - Institute of Geodesy and Geometry (1938–1945)
  - Department of Surveying and Cartography (1/10/1945-10/05/1949)
  - Department of Surveying and Geodesy (11/05/1949-22/06/1956)
  - Department of Geodesy (23/06/1956-6/10/1968)
  - Department of Geodesy and Land Reclamation (7/10/1968-30/09/1971)
  - Department of Geodesy

text:
# Department of Geodesy GUT

**Department of Geodesy Gdańsk University of Technology** – continues the tradition of the Department of Surveying and Cartography, established at Gdańsk University of Technology in 1945 (formal appointment of the new Department: October 1, 1945, and the formal appointment of the head of the Department: September 1, 1946).

In the annals of the Gdańsk University of Technology the Department of Geodesy appears for the first time at the Technical University (Preussische Königliche Technische Hochschule) and the Faculty of Civil Engineering (1904). The first head of the Department of Geodesy was Prof. Hermann Otto Paul Eggert (b. 4 February 1874 in Tilsit, d. January 20, 1944 in Gdańsk). In 1921–1937 the next head of the Institute of Geodesy was Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Lührs. In 1938–1945 the Institute of Geodesy and Geometry was led by Prof. Paul Albert Ulrich Graf (February 6, 1908, in Wolgast – September 11, 1954, in Düsseldorf).

The Department of Geodesy at the Gdańsk University of Technology is the oldest in the present Polish unit dealing with science and education in the field of geodesy and cartography (currently in the field of civil engineering and transport).

After 1945, the Department of Geodesy was led by:

* Prof. Paweł Kułakowski (1945-1959)
* Doc. Kazimierz Dziubiński (1959)
* Dr. Henryk Wesołowski (1959-1968)
* Prof. Władysław Wędziński (1968-1971)
* Doc. Marian Sieradzki (1971-1985)
* Prof. Adam Żurowski (1985-1999)
* Dr hab. Zygmunt Kurałowicz (1999-2008)
* Dr. Jakub Szulwic (2008-2011)
* Dr. Janusz Orzechowski (2011-2013)
* Prof. Marek Przyborski (2013-2020)
* Prof. Dominika Wróblewska (2020)

Department of Geodesy - previous names:

* Department of Geodesy (1904-1921)
* Institute of Geodesy (1921-1938)
* Institute of Geodesy and Geometry (1938–1945)
* Department of Surveying and Cartography (1/10/1945-10/05/1949)
* Department of Surveying and Geodesy (11/05/1949-22/06/1956)
* Department of Geodesy (23/06/1956-6/10/1968)
* Department of Geodesy and Land Reclamation (7/10/1968-30/09/1971)
* Department of Geodesy (from 1/10/1971)

## Organizational structure

* Head of the Department of Geodesy: Marek Przyborski, Assoc.Prof of GUT.
* Deputy of the Department of Geodesy: Dominika Wroblewska, Dr.Eng.

### The Research and Teaching Teams

* The Scientific team of Geodesy, Cartography and Navigation in Transport,
* The Scientific team of Engineering Surveying and Environmental applications,
* Teaching team of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems,
* Teaching team of Geodesy and Metrology,
* Teaching team of Geodesy and GNSS,
* Teaching team of Geometry and Engineering Graphics,
* Laboratory of Surveying Instruments.

### Members of Department - currently

* Zofia Baldysz (Dr.Eng.)
* Katarzyna Bobkowska (Dr.Eng.)
* Paweł Burdziakowski (Dr.Eng)
* Mariusz Chmielecki (MSc.)
* Karol Daliga (MSc.)
* Mariusz Figurski (full Prof.)
* Daria Filipiak-Kowszyk (Dr.Eng.)
* Waldemar Gierski (MSc.)
* Lucyna Gliniecka (Tech.)
* Adam Inglot (MSc.)
* Artur Janowski (Dr.Habil.Eng.)
* Waldemar Kamiński (full Prof.)
* Zygmunt Kurałowicz (Assoc.Prof of GUT)
* Karolina Makowska (MSc.)
* Krystyna Michałowska (Dr.Eng.)
* Aleksander Nowak (Dr.Eng.)
* Grzegorz Nykiel (Dr.Eng.)
* Janusz Orzechowski (Dr.Eng.)
* Marek Przyborski (Assoc.Prof of GUT)
* Jerzy Pyrchla (Assoc.Prof of GUT)
* Karol Rudziński (Eng.)
* Anna Sobieraj-Zlobinska (Dr.Eng.)
* Andrzej Stateczny (full Prof.)
* Jakub Szulwic (Dr.Eng.)
* Magdalena Szyc
* Paweł Tysiąc (Dr.Eng..)
* Tadeusz Widerski (Dr.Eng.)
* Dominika Wróblewska (Dr.Eng.)
* Paweł Wysocki (Dr.Eng.)
* Marek Zienkiewicz (Dr.Eng.)

### Former Members of Department

* Barbara Bielecka
* Wioleta Błaszczak-Bąk
* Mariusz Burdukiewicz
* Katarzyna Ciszkiewicz
* Ryszard Dunikowski
* Kazimierz Dziubiński
* Hermann Paul Otto Eggert
* Jan Faustmann
* Jerzy Frąckowiak
* Witold Gottowt-Wojszwiłło
* Ulrich Paul Albert Graf
* Agnieszka Jurkowska
* Paweł Kułakowski
* Jan Kwaśniewski
* Eugeniusz Łoboda
* Wojciech Majewski
* Waldemar Milewski
* Krzysztof Mroczkowski
* Janusz Najder
* Wilhelm Lührs
* Adam Plejewski
* Tadeusz Rogiński
* Martin Schirmer
* Gustav Schütz
* Marian Sieradzki
* Danuta Sosińska
* Cezary Specht
* Bogdan Szczechowski
* Tadeusz Tarnawski
* Fritz Weber
* Henryk Wesołowski
* Władysław Wędziński
* Mieczysław Wizmur
* Tomasz Wronowski
* Wiesław Wszelaczyński
* Adam Żurowski.

## Scientific activity

Scientific activity of the Department of Geodesy includes research in the following areas:

* Research displacements and deformations of land and water structures and technical equipment.
* The use of electronic measuring instruments in the construction industry.
* Geodetic control measurements during erection and operation of offshore structures.
* Surveying control of overhead cranes and lifting equipment.
* The use of digital maps for construction and environmental engineering.
* Navigation and positioning of vehicles, aircraft and construction equipment.
* Geographic information systems in managing and protecting the environment.
* Inventory and modeling of urban and architectural heritage.
* Field studies and modeling of displacements and stability of structures erected on weak ground.
* Methods of protection against environmental noise.
* Special measurements.

## Conferences and Symposiums

**
Surveying the Maritime Economy (1975-1988)**

A series of scientific conferences held in 1975, 1979, 1988 by a team led by Adam Żurowski and in cooperation with the Gdańsk branch of the Association of Polish Surveyors.

**Special Issues Geodetic measurements Engineering (1989)**

Polish-German seminar technology in Gdańsk.

**Conference Departments and Institutes of Geodesy (1994)**

Cyclical conference, which is held on 14–15.10.1994 was held in the Department of Geodesy under the auspices of the Section Departments and Institutes of Geodesy Committee of Geodesy Polish Academy of Sciences.

**Jubilee session the Department of Geodesy (2005)**

June 17, 2005 on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Department of Geodesy at the Polish Gdańsk University of Technology held a symposium with the presentation of research papers.

Published materials Jubilee Session of the 60th anniversary of the Department of Geodesy

**Conference Innovative technologies surveying (2009)**

It took place on 29 June 2009. In the Auditorium GUT in the main building of the Technical University of Gdańsk in the framework of the workshop IV of Technology. The theme was surveying Innovative technologies - used in construction and architecture. Co-organizers were the companies: OPGK Gdańsk, BI and ZSI Microsystem Ltd.

**Scientific-Technical Conference Geomatics 2010**

It was held from 1–2 July 2010. In the main building of the Technical University of Gdańsk. Gathered approx. 200 people of Polish and abroad and published 6 volumes of monograph themes.

As part of Geomatics 2010 took place:

* XXIII Conference of Geodesy Departments and Institutes Special Section of Geodesy at the Polish Academy of Sciences,
* The national celebration of the World Hydrography Day 2010
* VII Workshop Technology with an exhibition of equipment and hydrographic surveying.

**Surveying Forum (2013)**

It was held on September 19, 2013 in the Main Building at the Gdańsk University of Technology Foucault pendulum in the Johnan Hevelius courtyard. The meeting agenda consisted of the following fields: "Provincial Local Government Administration Geodetic and Cartographic - tasks and effects", "Current comments on the functioning of the Municipal Centre for Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation", "Sources of financing the construction ZSIN and BDOT 500", the "Offer training in the field geodesy and cartography", "Use of GNSS reference station networks". There were presentations of companies and open discussions on current industry topics. Forum accompanied by an exhibition of works of diploma graduates Geodesy and Cartography. The Forum was organized in close cooperation with the Gdańsk branch of the Association of Polish Surveyors.

**GIS Day**

Since 2011, the SC Hevelius with the participation of the Department of Geodesy organizes GIS Day (in cooperation with the University of Gdańsk and ESRI Poland).

**Baltic Geodetic Congress and Geomatics 2016**

Department of Geodesy with the Polish Association of Surveyors Polish are going organise the Baltic Geodetic Congress. BGC was held 2–4 June 2016 year at the Gdańsk University of Technology. Conference proceedings were published in IEEE Xplore - 2016 Baltic Geodetic Congress (BGC Geomatics) and are indexed in Scopus and Web of Science.

The following events took part Congress:

* 70th anniversary of the Polish Association of Surveyors in Gdańsk,
* Jubilee of Prof. Mirosław Żak and Prof. Adam Żurowski,
* International scientific-technical conference Geomatics 2016. *Geomatics 2016 funded under decision 965/P-DUN/2016 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education Republic of Poland allocated to the activities of disseminating science.*
* Forum Innovation in Geodesy. *Forum Innovations in Geodesy funded under decision 965/P-DUN/2016 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education Republic of Poland allocated to the activities of disseminating science.*
* Exhibitions, meetings, seminars.

**Baltic Geodetic Congress (Geomatics) 2017**

Department of Geodesy with the Institute of Geodesy University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn are going organise the Baltic Geodetic Congress (Geomatics) 2017. BGC was held 22–25 June 2017 year at the Gdańsk University of Technology.

The conference proceedings of the 2017 Baltic Geodetic Congress (Geomatics) 2017 are indexed in IEEE Xplore.

**Baltic Geodetic Congress (Geomatics) 2018**

BGC was held 21–23 June 2018 year at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.

The conference proceedings of the 2018 Baltic Geodetic Congress (Geomatics) 2017 are indexed in IEEE Xplore.

## InfoBox

Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology
| Katedra Geodezji, Wydział Inżynierii Lądowej i Środowiska, Politechnika Gdańska | |
| --- | --- |
| Building No. 20, HYDRO - the seat of the Department of Geodesy, Gdańsk University of Technology | |
| Established | 1945 (1904) |
| Head of Department | Marek Przyborski, Assoc.Prof of GUT |
| Academic staff | 24 |
| Administrative staff | 3 |
| Location | Gdańsk, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
54°22′17″N 18°36′59″E / 54.371489°N 18.616295°E / 54.371489; 18.616295 |
| Website | wilis.pg.edu.pl/web/katedra-geodezji/ |


title: Carlyle S. Beals

abstract: Carlyle Smith Beals, FRS was a Canadian astronomer.

text:
# Carlyle S. Beals

**Carlyle Smith Beals**, OC FRS (June 29, 1899  July 2, 1979) was a Canadian astronomer.

## Early life and education

Carlyle Smith Beals was born in Canso, Nova Scotia to Rev. Francis H. P. Beals and his wife, Annie Florence Nightingale Smith Beals, on June 29, 1899. He is the brother of artist and educator Helen D. Beals.

Beals received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Acadia University in 1919, specializing in physics and mathematics. Although he wished to continue his studies, he was forced to postpone those plans due to poor health. He taught at a small country school in Nova Scotia during the winter of 1920.

He began his Ph.D. studies in physics at Yale University in 1921, but was forced to return home in the winter of 1921 when his health failed again. He resumed his graduate studies in 1922 at University of Toronto and received a master's degree in Physics in 1923. His master's thesis work on triboluminescence spectra, the frequencies of light generated by breaking chemical bonds, was done under the supervision of John Cunningham McLennan, one of the leading physicists in Canada at the time.

Beals spent one year as the Science Master at the High School of Quebec in Quebec City, before enrolling in a graduate programme in physics in 1924 at the Royal College of Science at Imperial College London. Working under Alfred Fowler, he studied the Zeeman effect and the spectra of palladium, copper, and ionized silver. During this time Beals became acquainted with observational astronomy by using the small observatory in the Royal College of Science building. He received a Ph.D. in 1926.

## Career

After obtaining his PhD, Beals returned to Acadia University as an assistant professor of physics, but left one year later for an Assistant Astronomer position at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO), Victoria, British Columbia. Beals worked at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory from 1927 until 1946, becoming Assistant Director of the DAO in 1940.

At the DAO, he studied emission lines in the spectra of hot stars and gas clouds in the interstellar medium. His work established a reliable temperature scale for hotter stars, based on their spectra. He showed that the broad emission lines seen in Wolf-Rayet and P Cygni-type stars were due to strong stellar winds. Beals was the first astronomer to quantitatively measure the ratio of sodium and calcium absorption lines in the interstellar medium (the gas between stars) and the ratio of the two lines in the sodium D doublet. He also found that rather than being uniform, the interstellar medium was clumpy and moved with different velocities.

During his time at the DAO, he developed several astronomical instruments to analyse astronomical spectra, including a self-recording micro-photometer and a high efficiency grating spectrograph.

During World War II, Beals spent two-year researching defenses against chemical weapons and designed gas masks.

In 1946, he left the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in British Columbia and began work at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, Ontario. He was appointed Dominion Astronomer one year later, and began to rebuild the observatory's scientific programme, which had suffered due to budget cuts during the great depression and a lack of staff during World War II. He also oversaw the establishment of the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, near Penticton, British Columbia.

While in Ottawa, he became interested in the geophysical activities of the observatory. He began a study of meteorite impact craters in the Canadian shield, searching for circular features in aerial photographs and organising drill core studies of the most promising targets.

He retired in 1964, but continued his work on impact craters and published several works during his retirement.

## Awards and recognition

Beals was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1933. He was president of Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada from 1949-1950, and received the Henry Marshall Tory Medal from the Society in 1957 for outstanding achievement in scientific research.

He served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada from 1951-1952. He also served as president of the American Astronomical Society from 1962-1964, the only Canadian to hold the position.

In March 1951, Beals was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1966, he was awarded the inaugural Meteoritical Society Leonard Medal for his work on identifying Canadian impact craters. In 1969, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Beals received honorary degrees from Acadia University, the University of New Brunswick, Queen's University and the University of Pittsburgh.

The Carlyle S. Beals Award was established by the Canadian Astronomical Society (CASCA) in 1981.

The asteroid 3314 Beals and the crater Beals on the Moon are both named for Beals.

## Personal life

In 1931, Beals married Miriam White Bancroft, a professional musician and piano teacher. She was the daughter of Joseph Bancroft, a longtime Liberal member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The couple adopted a daughter, Janitza.

Beals died on July 2, 1979, aged 80.

## Selected publications

* Beals, C. S. (1929). "On the Nature of Wolf-Rayet Emission. (Plates 7 and 8.)". *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **90** (2): 202–212. Bibcode:1929MNRAS..90..202B. doi:10.1093/mnras/90.2.202. ISSN 0035-8711.
* Beals, C. S. (1953). "The Spectra of the P Cygni Stars". *Publications of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory Victoria*. **9**: 1. Bibcode:1953PDAO....9....1B. ISSN 0078-6950.
* Beals, C. S.; Oke, J. B. (1953-10-01). "On the Relation Between Distance and Intensity For Interstellar Calcium and Sodium Lines". *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **113** (5): 530–552. Bibcode:1953MNRAS.113..530B. doi:10.1093/mnras/113.5.530. ISSN 0035-8711.
* Beals, C. S.; M., Ferguson, G.; A., Landau (1956). "Canadian Scientists Report (II. A Search for Analogies Between Lunar and Terrestrial Topography on Photographs of the Canadian Shield, Part I". *Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada*. **50**: 203. Bibcode:1956JRASC..50..203B. ISSN 0035-872X.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Beals, Carlyle Smith; Canada; Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (1968). *Science, history and Hudson Bay*. Ottawa: Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources. OCLC 19459450.

## Archives

There is a Carlyle Beals fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Archival reference number is R15735.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Carlyle S. Beals | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Carlyle Smith Beals
(1899-06-29)June 29, 1899
Canso, Nova Scotia, Canada |
| Died | July 2, 1979(1979-07-02) (aged 80)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
| Citizenship | Canadian |
| Education | Acadia University (BA)
University of Toronto (MA)
Imperial College London (PhD) |
| Known for | Research on Wolf-Rayet and P Cygni stars, the Interstellar Medium and meteorite impact craters.
Assistant Director of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Dominion Astronomer at the Dominion Observatory. |
| Awards | Henry Marshall Tory Medal (1957),
Leonard Medal,
Order of Canada,
Fellow of the Royal Society |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Astronomy |
| Doctoral advisor | Alfred Fowler |
|  | |


title: John Edward Walcott

abstract: Admiral John Edward Walcott (1790–1868) was a British naval officer and politician.

text:
# John Edward Walcott

Admiral **John Edward Walcott** (1790–1868) was a British naval officer and politician.

## Life

He was born the third son of Edmond Walcott Sympson, of Winkton, Hampshire. He joined the Royal Navy in 1802 as a First Class volunteer on HMS *Blenheim* in which he sailed to the West Indies. He then transferred in 1804 to the newly commissioned HMS *Lively*, which in company with *Medusa*, *Indefatigable* and *Amphion* captured three Spanish bullion ships and sank a fourth in the action of 5 October 1804.

He then sailed under his friend Sir Samuel Hood on a number of different ships until Hood's death in 1814, taking part in the second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807. Promoted to signal-lieutenant on HMS *Centaur* in 1808 he was involved in the capture and burning of the 74-gun Russian ship *Vsevolod* off Rager Vik, the Russian naval base in Estonia.

In 1823, commanding HMS Tyne and in company with HMS Thracian, Walcott was sent in search of pirate ships off the coast of Cuba and discovered the *Zaragozana*, a notorious pirate schooner, which they captured after a gunfight, along with the survivors of the pirate crew. The latter were subsequently hanged.

He became a Member of Parliament for Christchurch in 1852.

He was advanced to the rank of Admiral on the Retired List on 1 May 1863.

## Family

Walcott married, in 1819, Charlotte Anne, daughter of Colonel John Nelley of the Bengal Artillery, and had a son, the clergyman Mackenzie Walcott, and two daughters.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Admiral
John Edward Walcott | |
| --- | --- |
| John Edward Walcott, 1857 portrait | |
| Born | 1790 |
| Died | 1868 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1802–1868 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Carnation*
HMS *Tyne*
 |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Relations | Mackenzie Walcott (son) |


title: CB Isla Única

abstract: Club Baloncesto Isla Única de Tenerife is a Spanish women's basketball club from Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

text:
# CB Isla Única

**Club Baloncesto Isla Única de Tenerife** is a Spanish women's basketball club from Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

## History

The club was founded as **CB Isla de Tenerife** in 2012 as a merger between Uni Tenerife and CB Isla de Tenerife.

As CB Isla de Tenerife, better known as **Symel Tenerife** for sponsorship reasons, it played in the LFB until 2003, and it made several appearances in the Ronchetti Cup, reaching the quarter-finals in 1995.

After the relegation in 2014, the club was dissolved due to its financial trouble and the administrative problems to register the team.

## Season by season

| Season | Tier | Division | Pos. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012–13 | 2 | Liga Femenina 2 | 11th |
| 2013–14 | 2 | Liga Femenina 2 | 11th |

## InfoBox

| CB Isla Única | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leagues | LF 2 |
| Founded | 2012 |
| Dissolved | 2014 |
| Arena | Pabellón Municipal de Santa Cruz |
| Location | Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain |
| Team colors | Blue and white |
| President | - |
| Head coach | Esther Herrero |
| Website | islaunic-cp56.webjoomla.es |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: RC Aachen

abstract: The RC Aachen is a German rugby union club from Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, currently playing in the 2e klasse, the 3 tier of Dutch Rugby after being promoted mid-season due to good results. From 2012 till 2015 Aachen played in Rugby-Bundesliga.

text:
# RC Aachen

The **RC Aachen** is a German rugby union club from Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, currently playing in the 2e klasse, the 3 tier of Dutch Rugby after being promoted mid-season due to good results. From 2012 till 2015 Aachen played in Rugby-Bundesliga.

## History

The club was formed in 1980 and has made occasional appearances in the 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga South/West, the second tier of the German league system, playing at this level in 2000–01, 2006–07 and again in 2011–12. In between the club played in the tier three Rugby-Regionalliga North Rhine-Westphalia until becoming a founding member of the 3rd Liga South/West in 2010. The team finished the 2011–12 season on a relegation rank in the 2nd Bundesliga but, courtesy to an expansion of the Rugby-Bundesliga from ten to 24 teams, was instead promoted to the first tier of German rugby, the Bundesliga. RCA finished sixth in their group in the 2012–13 season and failed to qualify for the championship round, instead entering the second tier DRV-Pokal, where it came fifth in the south/west division. The club advanced to the quarterfinals of the play-offs after opponent USV Potsdam Rugby canceled their first round play-off game. In the quarterfinals it was knocked out by TSV Handschuhsheim after a 0—107 defeat.

The club once more qualified for the play-offs to the DRV-Pokal in 2013–14, where it lost to Heidelberger TV in the semifinals of the playoffs. In the 2014–15 season the club finished fourth in the south-west DRV-Pokal group and was knocked out by DSV 78 Hannover II in the quarterfinals of the play-offs after a first round victory over Bremen 1860. With the reduction of the Bundesliga from 24 to 16 clubs Aachen dropped back to the 2. Bundesliga in 2015.

Former German captain Mustafa Güngör hails from Aachen and began his rugby career at the club in 1990.

## Club honours

## Recent seasons

Recent seasons of the club:

| Year | Division | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2004–05 | Rugby-Regionalliga North Rhine-Westphalia (III) | 3rd |
| 2005–06 | Rugby-Regionalliga North Rhine-Westphalia | 1st — Promoted |
| 2006–07 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga South/West (II) | 7th — Relegated |
| 2007–08 | Rugby-Regionalliga North Rhine-Westphalia (III) | 3rd |
| 2008–09 | Rugby-Regionalliga North Rhine-Westphalia | 3rd |
| 2000–10 | Rugby-Regionalliga North Rhine-Westphalia | 2nd |
| 2010–11 | 3rd Liga South/West (III) | 3rd — Promoted |
| 2011–12 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga South/West (II) | 9th — Promoted |
| 2012–13 | Rugby-Bundesliga qualification round – West | 6th |
| | DRV-Pokal – South-West | 5th — Quarter finals |
| 2013–14 | Rugby-Bundesliga qualification round – West | 5th |
| | DRV-Pokal – South-West | 4th — Semi finals |
| 2014–15 | Rugby-Bundesliga qualification round – West | 4th |
| | DRV-Pokal – South-West | 4th — Quarter finals — Relegated |
| 2015–16 | 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga West | 2nd |

* Until 2001, when the single-division Bundesliga was established, the season was divided in autumn and spring, a *Vorrunde* and *Endrunde*, whereby the top teams of the Rugby-Bundesliga would play out the championship while the bottom teams together with the autumn 2nd Bundesliga champion would play for Bundesliga qualification. The remainder of the 2nd Bundesliga teams would play a spring round to determine the relegated clubs. Where two placing's are shown, the first is autumn, the second spring. In 2012 the Bundesliga was expanded from ten to 24 teams and the 2nd Bundesliga from 20 to 24 with the leagues divided into four regional divisions.

## InfoBox

RC Aachen
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Rugby Club Aachen e. V. |
| Union | German Rugby Federation |
| Founded | 1980 |
| Location | Aachen, Germany |
| Chairman | Michael Maurer |
| Coach(es) | Julius König |
| League(s) | Dutch 1st Division |
| 2023/24 | Dutch 2nd Division, 2nd |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Dan Footman

abstract: Dan Footman is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL).

text:
# Dan Footman

**Dan Footman** (born January 13, 1969) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL).

## Collegiate career

He played college football for the Florida State Seminoles. He started out as an Outside linebacker in 1990 before being switched to Defensive end for the 1991 and 1992 seasons.

He would finish his career with 102 tackles, 7 tackles for loss, and 8.5 Sacks including 4 in 11 games as a Senior.

## NFL career

He was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the second round of the 1993 NFL draft. Footman also played for the Baltimore Ravens and Indianapolis Colts.

While playing under Bill Belichick, Footman accumulated 8.5 Sacks over 3 seasons including 5.0 in 16 starts during the 1995 season. In 1997, he went to the Indianapolis Colts and recorded a career best 10.5 Sacks in 10 starts. He made just 3 starts in 1998 before retiring due to injury.

## InfoBox

Dan Footman
| No. 78, 98 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive lineman |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1969-01-13) January 13, 1969<br>Tampa, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) |
| Weight: | 290 lb (132 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Tampa (FL) Hillsborough |
| College: | Florida State |
| NFL draft: | 1993 / round: 2 / pick: 42 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Tackles: 139  Sacks: 19.5  Fumble recoveries: 3 | |
|  | |


title: Carpophyllum

abstract:
Carpophyllum is a genus of brown algae belonging to the family Sargassaceae. Species:
  - Carpophyllum angustifolium J.Agardh
  - Carpophyllum elongatum (Dickie) A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp
  - Carpophyllum flexuosum (Esper) Greville
  - Carpophyllum japonicum (G.Martens) De Toni
  - Carpophyllum longifolium (Turner) De Toni
  - Carpophyllum macrophyllum Montagne
  - Carpophyllum maschalocarpum (Turner) Greville
  - Carpophyllum phyllanthum (Turner) J.D.Hooker & Harvey
  - Carpophyllum plumosum (A.Richard) J.Agardh
  - Carpophyllum scalare Suhr
  - Carpophyllum serratum Suhr

text:
# Carpophyllum

***Carpophyllum*** is a genus of brown algae belonging to the family Sargassaceae.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Carpophyllum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Carpophyllum plumosum* observed at the Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Phaeophyceae |
| Order: | Fucales |
| Family: | Sargassaceae |
| Genus: | *Carpophyllum*<br>Greville, 1830 |
|


title: Carpophthoromyia tessmanni

abstract: Carpophthoromyia tessmanni is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Carpophthoromyia of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Carpophthoromyia tessmanni

***Carpophthoromyia tessmanni*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Carpophthoromyia* of the family Tephritidae.

## InfoBox

| *Carpophthoromyia tessmanni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Genus: | *Carpophthoromyia* |
| Species: | ***C. tessmanni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Carpophthoromyia tessmanni***<br>(Enderlein, 1920) | |
|


title: CB Guadalajara

abstract: Club Baloncesto Guadalajara was a professional Basketball team based in Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It was also known as Rayet Guadalajara by sponsorship reasons. After the 1992–93 season, the team was promoted to Liga ACB, the Spanish top league, but due to financial problems CB Guadalajara renounced promotion In 2011, the club was dissolved due to huge debts.

text:
# CB Guadalajara

**Club Baloncesto Guadalajara** was a professional Basketball team based in Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It was also known as **Rayet Guadalajara** by sponsorship reasons.

After the 1992–93 season, the team was promoted to Liga ACB, the Spanish top league, but due to financial problems CB Guadalajara renounced promotion

In 2011, the club was dissolved due to huge debts.

## Season by season

| Season | Tier | Division | Pos. | W–L | Cup competitions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1978–79 | 4 | 3ª División | 3rd |  |  | |
| 1979–80 | 4 | 3ª División | 7th |  |  | |
| 1980–81 | 4 | 3ª División | 5th |  |  | |
| 1981–82 | 4 | 3ª División |  |  |  | |
| 1982–83 | 3 | 2ª División | 5th |  |  | |
| 1983–84 | 3 | 2ª División | 1st |  |  | |
| 1984–85 | 2 | 1ª División B | 13th | 7–19 |  | |
| 1985–86 | 3 | 2ª División | 1st |  |  | |
| 1986–87 | 2 | 1ª División B | 11th | 16–18 |  | |
| 1987–88 | 2 | 1ª División B | 19th | 22–20 |  | |
| 1988–89 | 2 | 1ª División | 8th | 18–15 |  | |
| 1989–90 | 2 | 1ª División | 9th | 15–15 |  | |
| 1990–91 | 2 | 1ª División | 9th | 20–19 |  | |
| 1991–92 | 2 | 1ª División | 10th | 20–16 |  | |
| 1992–93 | 2 | 1ª División | 2nd | 33–13 |  | |
| 1993–94 | 2 | 1ª División | 15th | 11–19 |  | |
| 1994–95 | 2 | Liga EBA | 3rd | 17–9 |  | |
| 1995–96 | 3 | Liga EBA | 7th |  |  | |
| 1996–97 | 3 | Liga EBA | 10th |  |  | |
| 1997–98 | 3 | Liga EBA | 6th | 13–12 |  | |
| 1998–99 | 3 | Liga EBA | 4th | 20–10 |  | |
| 1999–00 | 3 | Liga EBA | 2nd | 19–8 |  | |
| 2000–01 | 3 | LEB 2 | 12th | 12–18 |  | |
| 2001–02 | 3 | LEB 2 | 8th | 16–17 | Copa LEB 2 | SF |
| 2002–03 | 3 | LEB 2 | 13th | 12–18 |  | |
| 2003–04 | 3 | LEB 2 | 10th | 11–15 |  | |
| 2004–05 | 4 | LEB 2 | 15th | 11–24 |  | |
| 2005–06 | 4 | Liga EBA | 3rd | 23–1–9 |  | |
| 2006–07 | 4 | Liga EBA | 3rd | 21–8 |  | |
| 2007–08 | 4 | LEB Bronce | 5th | 21–14 |  | |
| 2008–09 | 4 | LEB Bronce | 13th | 12–18 |  | |
| 2009–10 | 3 | LEB Plata | 12th | 12–18 |  | |
| 2010–11 | 3 | LEB Plata | 13th | 8–20 |  | |

1. History of the club Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine cbguadalajara.es
2. CB Guadalajara approves its dissolution after 39 years of history Archived 2011-06-24 at the Wayback Machine El Día Digital, 21 June 2011

## InfoBox

| CB Guadalajara | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nickname | Rayet Guadalajara |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Dissolved | 2011 |
| Arena | Palacio Multiusos de Guadalajara |
| Location | Guadalajara, Spain |
| Team colors | Purple, white |
| President | Antonio de la Orden |
| Head coach | Román Peinado |
| Website | www.cbguadalajara.es |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sandy Rivera

abstract: Sandy Rivera is an American house music DJ, record producer and label owner. Born in New York City, he is now based in New Jersey.

text:
# Sandy Rivera

**Sandy Rivera** (born January 18, 1971) is an American house music DJ, record producer and label owner. Born in New York City, he is now based in New Jersey.

## Biography

Rivera started his career at age 13 as a DJ in his native Spanish Harlem. He began producing house music in 1992, specializing in a more soulful sound. He has worked under a variety of pseudonyms, including **Kings of Tomorrow**, **Soul Vision** and **Mysterious People**, either alone or with partners Jose Burgos, HAZE and Jay 'Sinister' Sealee (Rivera parted ways with Sealee in 2002). He is the owner of labels BlackWiz (founded 1993) and Deep Vision Records (founded in 1995).

Rivera's best known track is "Finally", released in 2000 under the alias Kings of Tomorrow on Distance Records, with vocals by Julie McKnight, which peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart and at number 17 on the *Billboard* dance chart, and appeared in a large number of compilations from labels such as Defected Records, Ministry of Sound, Hed Kandi, and Warner Music. The track is included on K.O.T.'s first album *It's in the Lifestyle*. The same album also yielded the track "Young Hearts". The vocal version of "Finally" was also used as part of a remixed single by the British act Layo & Bushwacka for their 2003 single "Love Story (vs. Finally)". The second K.O.T. album was released in 2005, titled *Trouble*. Rivera claimed that the album was his first produced without recourse to samples, and marked the official separation between this and other aliases: Kings of Tomorrow is used for more radio-friendly tracks, while his real name was to be used for club-friendly tracks.

As a producer and remixer, Rivera has worked for a variety of other artists, including veteran jazz musician Terry Callier, Gisele Jackson, Bini & Martini, Michelle Weeks, Ladysmith Black Mambazo and Walter L. Robinson.

## Discography

### Albums

* 1998 *The Beginning*, as Kings of Tomorrow (not a K.O.T. album, includes various tracks produced or remixed by Rivera; the CD version is mixed)
* 2000 *The Calling*, as Sandy Rivera & Jose Burgos
* 2000 *It's in the Lifestyle*, as Kings of Tomorrow
* 2000 *It's in the Lifestyle - Limited Edition*, as Kings of Tomorrow
* 2001 *Kings of Tomorrow Sessions - Mixed by Sandy Rivera*
* 2002 *It's in the Lifestyle - The Remixes*, as Kings of Tomorrow
* 2005 *Trouble*, as Kings of Tomorrow

### Singles

Sandy Rivera * 1996 *The King Size EP*
* 1997 "Come On", with Jon Cutler and Mike Delgado
* 1997 "Expansions '97/Head Hunters"
* 1998 "Come into My Room", with Littleton Brown
* 2001 "Class Is in Session"
* 2001 "Forever", with John "DNR" Alvarez and Shawnee Taylor
* 2002 "Changes", with HAZE
* 2002 "I Can't Stop", with Littleton Brown
* 2005 "Hope", with Elzi Hall
* 2005 "Just Won't Do", with Robert Owens
* 2007 "Freak", with HAZE
* 2009 "Deeper", with HAZE
* 2009 "Whatever", with Andy Daniell
* 2017 "Try a Little Tenderness"

Sandy Rivera & Jose Burgos

All are collaborations with Jose Burgos.

* 1997 "The Path"
* 1999 *Expanded EP*
* 2000 "12th Street Soul"
* 2000 "Keep It Coming"
* 2000 "I Wanna Dance with You", with Karen Workman
* 2000 "No Smoke"
* 2001 "Leaving Me"
* 2001 *La Cultura EP*

Kings of Tomorrow/K.O.T. * 1993 *D'Menace EP*, with John "DNR" Alvarez
* 1993 *Showcase EP*, with George Rivera
* 1993 "Go Black Scatt", with George Rivera
* 1994 "Abstract Collage"
* 1994 *Black Sinister Science EP*, with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Stacey Alexander
* 1995 "I'm So Grateful", with Densaid
* 1996 "10 Minute High", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Michelle Weeks
* 1996 "Fade II Black", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
* 1996 "Open Your Mind/K.O.T. Anthem", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
* 1997 "Set My Spirit Free", with Dawn Tallman
* 1997 "Ancestors", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
* 1997 *Witness Protection EP*
* 1997 "The Session"
* 1997 "Organic Warfare", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
* 1998 "I Want You (For Myself)", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Julie McKnight
* 1998 "Let It Go", with Dawn Tallman
* 1998 *The Blackwiz EP*
* 1998 *The K.O.T. Invasion EP*, with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
* 1999 "My Love Is Real", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
* 2000 *Going Back to Blackwiz EP*, with Jose Burgos and Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
* 2000 "In the Night", with Littleton Brown
* 2000 "Finally", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Julie McKnight
* 2000 "Tear It Up", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Julie McKnight
* 2001 "Class Is in Session"
* 2002 "Young Hearts", with Treasa Fennie
* 2003 "Dreams/Thru", with HAZE and George Rivera
* 2004 "Dreams", with HAZE
* 2004 "So Alive"
* 2005 "Another Day", with Leedia Urtega
* 2005 "Thru", with HAZE
* 2005 "6PM", with Nina Lares
* 2008 "Can't Stop", with Rae
* 2011 "Take Me Back", with April
* 2011 "I Need to Love Me", with April
* 2012 "Show Me", with Elzi Hall
* 2013 "Fall for You" with April
* 2016 "Kaoz"
* 2016 "Closer" with Alex Mills
* 2016 "Please" with Random Soul
* 2018 "Faded" with Kandace Springs

Soul Vision

All are collaborations with Jose Burgos.

* 1998 "Don't Stop", with Littleton Brown
* 1999 "Low Down", with Jaquito May Perkins
* 2000 "Don't Hold Back", with Dihann Moore
* 2000 "Tracey in My Room", as EBTG vs. Soul Vision (official mash-up produced by Ben Watt)
* 2001 "You've Been on My Mind", with D'Layna

Mysterious People All are collaborations with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee. * 1996 "Love Revolution"
* 1997 *The Rude Movements EP*
* 1998 "Fly Away"

D'Menace * 1997 "Spirit in My Soul"
* 1997 "Ya-Yahoo!"
* 1998 "Deep Menace (Spank)"

Other aliases * 1992 "Right Now/Break the Ice", as Awesome Foursome, with George Rivera, Wilson X. Yepez and Víctor "Overdose" Sánchez
* 1994 "The K.O.T. Theory of Rhythmic Seduction", as Kidz of Tomorrow, with Jose Burgos
* 1995 "The Blackwiz", as Ancestors, with Treasa Fennie
* 2000 "Free Call", as Delicious Inc meets Sandy Rivera, with Jamie Lewis and Littleton Brown
* 2000 "Scream & Shout", as The Committee, with Jose Burgos, Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Kim Armstrong
* 2001 "Life", as Auréi
* 2001 "Let the Reign Begin", as Organized Noize, with John "DNR" Alvarez
* 2001 "I am the Drum", as Organized Noize, with Chris "Ludikris" Conway
* 2002 *Keep Flowing EP*, as Sanjose, with Jose Burgos
* 2003 "Moodbangers", as Moodbangers
* 2004 "Midnight Express", as Moodbangers, with John Alvarez

### (Co-)productions for other artists

* 1993 Trique-Dik-Slik - "Euphoria (Mary Jane Too)", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealée and Eric Priest
* 1995 Michelle Wilson- "Lifted Higher"
* 1995 Sabrynaah Pope \- "Shelter"
* 1995 Big O - "Shmoov wit da Ruffness"
* 1996 Sean Grant - "I Hear My Calling", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealée
* 1996 Sean Grant - "Keep On Pressing", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealée
* 1997 Gisele Jackson \- "Happy Feelings"
* 1997 Julie McKnight \- "Rock Steady", Jay 'Sinister' Sealée
* 1997 Big Foot - "Black Lagoons"
* 2003 GR-69 - "Trouble"
* 2007 DADA \- "Lollipop", with Trix - #18 UK
* 2014 Ivy Queen - "Cuando Las Mujeres" (Remix)


title: The Art of the Rifle

abstract: The Art of the Rifle is a concise book explaining the use and techniques of rifles. It was authored by Lt. Col. (R) Jeff Cooper (1920–2006) and published in 1997. In it, Cooper uses short chapters to teach about both physical and mental preparedness for successful rifle shooting, whether for defense, hunting, or competition. His goal was to help the rifle shooter be accurate at any time or place. Col. Cooper was particularly well known for his pistol shooting expertise, popularizing the widely used “Weaver stance” and establishing a large training center in Arizona for military, law enforcement and civilians interested in gaining skill with firearms and defense techniques. Col. Cooper also authored at least half a dozen other books related to shooting since the 1950s. As of 2012, The Art of the Rifle was still in print in hardcover, softcover and electronic formats.

text:
# The Art of the Rifle

***The Art of the Rifle*** is a concise book explaining the use and techniques of rifles. It was authored by Lt. Col. (R) Jeff Cooper (1920–2006) and published in 1997. In it, Cooper uses short chapters to teach about both physical and mental preparedness for successful rifle shooting, whether for defense, hunting, or competition. His goal was to help the rifle shooter be accurate at any time or place. Col. Cooper was particularly well known for his pistol shooting expertise, popularizing the widely used “Weaver stance” and establishing a large training center in Arizona for military, law enforcement and civilians interested in gaining skill with firearms and defense techniques. Col. Cooper also authored at least half a dozen other books related to shooting since the 1950s. As of 2012, *The Art of the Rifle* was still in print in hardcover, softcover and electronic formats.

## Rifle common sense

*The Art of the Rifle* suggests reasons for owning a rifle. These include the defense of oneself or one's country. A rifle can also be used to properly fell an animal while hunting. A rifle is used to compete in target shooting matches or just for personal enjoyment. It is important for the rifle to be comfortable for the shooter. Cooper suggests that if the rifle is uncomfortable to hold out from the body with the right arm for a minute, it is too heavy.

The general rules of firearm safety apply before, during, and after use of the firearm. The general safety rules are: all guns are always loaded, never point the muzzle toward anything you are not willing to destroy, keep your finger off the trigger until the sights are on the target, and be sure of your target and what is beyond.

## Trajectory: curve of a bullet in flight

A bullet in flight is in projectile motion, meaning no other forces are acting on it except the acceleration due to gravity (and sometimes wind). When a bullet leaves the muzzle, it not only travels forward, but also begins to fall due to the influence of gravity. The downward acceleration is constant and does not depend on how fast the bullet leaves the muzzle. Therefore, in order for a shooter to aim at a distant target and then hit it, the actual trajectory, or path that the bullet follows is a curve, not a straight line. That is, the bullet is shot at a slightly upward angle, and the goal of sighting in the rifle is to match the vertical position of the bullet on the downward part of its trajectory with the target.

This is the reason why rifles are sighted in for specific target distances. This means that the sights are adjusted so that the bullet will hit the location on the target viewed in the center of the sights at a known distance. When shooting at a target significantly closer or farther than the distance for which the rifle was sighted in, the shooter must know about how much higher or lower than the center of the sights the bullet will hit and adjust the aim accordingly. The study of bullet trajectories after they leave the firearm is known as external ballistics.

## Positioning of the body while shooting

Cooper instructs that, in the field, the shooting position taken depends on the situation. A standing position would be used when the hunter has to shoot over brush. The animal has usually spotted the hunter and is on the move. The standing position is the least stable of all shooting positions. The kneeling position can also be used when brush is in the way, but the animal is usually unaware of the hunter. It is somewhat steady. The hunter can use shooting sticks or a bi-pod to support the front of the gun while in the position. A rest can also be used in the sitting position. The sitting position is more accurate than the kneeling position; however it is not as quickly assumed. Shooters in the prone position are usually on a somewhat flat surface. Prone is the most comfortable of all the shooting positions, but it takes the longest to assume.

The rest positions used in the field can be almost anywhere. The different shooting positions can be used to take advantage of the rest opportunities. The fork in a tree, a rock, a log, a stump; any of these can be used to steady the gun and show a clearer sight picture. The shooter's right hand should be such that the index finger is above the trigger, but can be adjusted quickly to fire the weapon. The shooter's left hand is usually steadying the firearm in front of the trigger system.

When adjusting the position of the crosshairs on a scope, the shooter should keep their “good” eye open. This is the eye that the shooter is the most comfortable with. Switching eyes is not recommended. Breathing techniques vary, however most prefer to exhale before the shot. The rifle will move the slightest bit when you breathe, so practice is great to determine the breathing patterns while shooting.

The shooting sling can be used to carry a gun when it is more efficient to do so. The gun can be slung muzzle up over the shoulder, or muzzle down. Keeping the firearm pointed in a safe direction is extremely important when using a shooting sling. The shooting sling can also be used to steady the firearm in the sitting, kneeling, or standing positions.

Some shooting competitions are designed to test the ability of the shooter in several positions. The International Shooting Sports Federation (ISSF) recognizes four, three-position events. Two of these events, both called 50 m Rifle, are shot in the Olympics, one for men, the other for women. The two Olympic events are shot with a rimfire rifle at 50m. The two three position events not in the Olympics, 300 m Rifle and 300 m Standard Rifle, are shot with a centerfire rifle at a distance of 300m.

## Being prepared for different situations

Cooper insists that practice is the only way to prepare for a situation that requires a quick shot. When that situation arises, the gun is usually not ready. Quickly raising the gun, loading, aiming, and firing take time. When the situation comes, the shooter will be better prepared is he/she practices the scenarios beforehand.

If time allows, sighting in the firearm is important. The scope needs to be adjusted for different ranges, so knowing the expected range beforehand is helpful. Knowing the direction and force of the wind is also important. For a moving target, keeping as steady a sight picture as possible is paramount. Keeping the rifle steady and at the same latitude is good. If the target is moving in longitude, adjustments need to be made. If the target is moving directly toward or away from the shooter, the rifle should not need to be moved side to side.

In the case of a rifle, Cooper suggests that keeping the chamber empty is usually a good idea for safety considerations. However, loading quickly can make the difference between life and death. Keeping the ammunition on the shooters person in a readily accessible position minimizes the time taken fumbling for it. Practicing the slide or action of the rifle gives the shooter a better idea of how smoothly he/she can gain access to the chamber. Putting in the round and closing the access point can be difficult. Practice smooths the process considerably.

## Mindset

If the shooter gets too excited, necessary concentration will be lost. Concentrating on the task at hand is more important than worrying or what ifs. The celebrating and adrenaline rush need to be kept in check. Professionalism needs to be kept right after the shot as well, in case a second shot is needed. Every hunter dreams of killing the target in one shot. Even if the shooter is confident that the target is mortally wounded, quickly reloading before checking to see if the animal has dropped can make the difference between possessing the target and having the target get away because of premature celebration. Practicing before the hunt or shooting match will hone or refresh marksmanship skills. Practicing from different positions can prepare the shooter for many of the situations that could arise. Every aspect of practice is important to performance in an actual situation.

## About the author

Jeff Cooper (May 10, 1920-September 25, 2006) was known as an expert with firearms. He was one of the world's foremost shooters and shooting experts. Jeff Cooper fought on behalf of the United States in WWII and the Korean War, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1976 he founded API (American Pistol Institute) just north of Prescott, Arizona. Now known as Gunsite Training Center, the facility was developed to teach rifle and shotgun classes to military, law enforcement and civilians. He authored many columns related to shooting skills; some of his writings are archived at various websites. in the 1950s and 1960s, Cooper authored several books that are still available, including *Custom Rifles*, *Fighting Handguns*, *Guns of the Old West*, and *Handguns Afield*. Other more recent books authored by Jeff Cooper include *To Ride, Shoot Straight and Speak the Truth*, and *Principles of Personal Defense*.