title: Eric Brewer (ice hockey)

abstract: Eric Peter Brewer is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played sixteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 2000 to 2015. He is an NHL All-Star and Olympic gold medalist. He began his career as a distinguished junior ice hockey player, named to the Western Hockey League (WHL) West Second All-Star Team and the Western Conference roster for the 1998 WHL All-Star Game. Drafted in the first round, fifth overall by the New York Islanders in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft, Brewer has spent parts of his sixteen-year NHL career with the Islanders, the Edmonton Oilers, the St. Louis Blues, Tampa Bay Lightning, Anaheim Ducks and Maple Leafs, and captained the Blues for two years. He has also suited up for the Prince George Cougars of the WHL and the Lowell Lock Monsters of the American Hockey League (AHL). In 1999, Brewer was selected for the Prince George Cougars' all-time team in a Canadian Hockey League promotion. Brewer has represented Canada at eight International Ice Hockey Federation-sanctioned events, winning three Ice Hockey World Championships gold medals and one World Cup of Hockey gold medal. He won his Olympic gold medal during the 2002 Winter Olympics. For this accomplishment, he was inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame with his British Columbian teammates in 2003. Brewer has been a part owner of the Prince George Cougars, the team with which he played his junior hockey, since 2014. In 2022, Brewer was inducted into the BC Hockey Hall of Fame.

text:
# Eric Brewer (ice hockey)

**Eric Peter Brewer** (born April 17, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played sixteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 2000 to 2015. He is an NHL All-Star and Olympic gold medalist.

He began his career as a distinguished junior ice hockey player, named to the Western Hockey League (WHL) West Second All-Star Team and the Western Conference roster for the 1998 WHL All-Star Game (although he missed the game due to injury). Drafted in the first round, fifth overall by the New York Islanders in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft, Brewer has spent parts of his sixteen-year NHL career with the Islanders, the Edmonton Oilers, the St. Louis Blues, Tampa Bay Lightning, Anaheim Ducks and Maple Leafs, and captained the Blues for two years. He has also suited up for the Prince George Cougars of the WHL and the Lowell Lock Monsters of the American Hockey League (AHL). In 1999, Brewer was selected for the Prince George Cougars' all-time team in a Canadian Hockey League promotion.

Brewer has represented Canada at eight International Ice Hockey Federation-sanctioned events, winning three Ice Hockey World Championships gold medals and one World Cup of Hockey gold medal. He won his Olympic gold medal during the 2002 Winter Olympics. For this accomplishment, he was inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame with his British Columbian teammates in 2003.

Brewer has been a part owner of the Prince George Cougars, the team with which he played his junior hockey, since 2014. In 2022, Brewer was inducted into the BC Hockey Hall of Fame.

## Personal life

Brewer was born on April 17, 1979, in Vernon, British Columbia, to Anna and Frank Brewer. He was raised in Ashcroft, British Columbia, and began playing ice hockey in the Ashcroft Minor Hockey program. When he was fourteen, his family moved to Kamloops, British Columbia, where he attended junior and senior high school. Brewer excelled with the Kamloops Bantam AAA Jardine Blazers of the British Columbia Amateur Hockey Association (BCAHA). In 1995, Brewer was exposed to BCAHA Best Ever, a program designed to find and develop players and coaches for play in international competition. As a young hockey player, Brewer looked up to NHL stars Scott Niedermayer and Jeremy Roenick as role models.

In mid-2004, Brewer married Rebecca Flann, whom he met while playing junior hockey with the Prince George Cougars; they live in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Brewers have two daughters. Brewer's sister, Kristi, played for the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds women's ice hockey team.

Brewer is involved in numerous charitable organizations. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Brewer participated in several charity hockey games, playing in the four-game Ryan Smyth and Friends All-Star Charity Tour, the three-game Brad May and Friends Hockey Challenge, as well as the Our Game to Give charity hockey game held at Ivor Wynne Stadium in Hamilton, Ontario. During off-seasons, Brewer has participated in numerous charity golf tournaments, including the Burn Fund Golf Tournament in Prince George and the Recchi-Doan Charity Classic in Kamloops.

In 2014, Brewer became a part owner of the Prince George Cougars, joining a group of investors that includes fellow Cougars alumnus Dan Hamhuis. In July 2022, Brewer was inducted into the BC Hockey Hall of Fame as part of the 2020 induction class, after the original induction ceremony was postponed due to COVID-19-related gathering restrictions.

## Playing career

### Prince George Cougars

Brewer was drafted in the sixth round, 81st overall, by the Prince George Cougars in the 1994 WHL Bantam Draft. After being drafted, he played one final season with the Jardine Blazers, recording 38 points in only forty games. The following year, Brewer began his WHL career with the Cougars, playing 63 games in the 1995–96 season. Brewer finished his rookie WHL season with fourteen points, including four goals, and was named Cougars' Rookie of the Year.

In his sophomore season, Brewer became a leader on the Cougars' blue line. He was named to play for Team Orr in the 1997 CHL Top Prospects Game in February 1997 at Maple Leaf Gardens. He doubled his point total from the previous season, finishing with 29 points in 71 games played. Brewer followed his regular season by helping the Cougars go on a playoff run. After clinching the last spot in the West Division with a losing record, the Cougars defeated the number-one seed Portland Winter Hawks in the conference quarterfinals and the third-ranked Spokane Chiefs in the conference semifinals before finally losing to the second-ranked Seattle Thunderbirds in the Western Conference final. Brewer finished this run with six points in the Cougars' fifteen games.

Brewer's final season with Prince George was his best, statistically, in the WHL. After representing Canada at the 1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, he was named to the Western Conference team for the WHL All-Star Game in Regina, Saskatchewan, which he missed, as well as much of the season, due to injury. However, Brewer finished the year with 33 points in only 34 games, a near one point-per-game average, and was named to the WHL West Second All-Star Team. Brewer was the highest ranked defenceman at sixth overall among North American skaters heading into the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He was drafted fifth overall by the New York Islanders in June 1997.

### New York Islanders

Just over a year after being drafted, Brewer signed his first professional contract with his draft team, the New York Islanders, in August 1998. Entering the NHL, Brewer was regarded as a future Norris Trophy candidate, and as a result, his contract was an entry level three-year, $2.775-million deal complemented by a $1-million signing bonus, the highest base salary available for a rookie. Brewer made his NHL debut on October 10, 1998, against the Pittsburgh Penguins, and on November 5, Brewer scored his first career goal against the Carolina Hurricanes' Trevor Kidd. Throughout his rookie season, Brewer was considered an integral part of the Islanders' defence, and, along with Zdeno Chára, Kenny Jönsson and Roberto Luongo, was considered untouchable by management at the 1999 NHL trade deadline. Brewer finished his rookie season with eleven points in 63 games.

After playing just three games of the 1999–2000 NHL season, Brewer was assigned to the Islanders' AHL affiliate, the Lowell Lock Monsters. It was speculated that the reason behind this move was laziness by Brewer, who was benched during the final thirty minutes by head coach Butch Goring after losing a race for the puck against Mike Knuble in the Islanders' October 11, 1999, loss to the New York Rangers. Brewer also took a bad penalty earlier in the game, putting the Islanders down two men. After a two-week, five-game stint with the Lock Monsters, Brewer was subsequently recalled by the Islanders. After playing 26 games with the Islanders in which he only recorded two assists, Brewer was reassigned to the Lock Monsters on January 8, 2000, for the remainder of the season. Shortly after joining the Lock Monsters, Brewer suffered a sprained knee and missed the next two-and-a-half months of the season. Brewer went on to play 25 games for the Lock Monsters, recording two goals and two assists. He also participated in his first professional playoffs, as the Lock Monsters swept the Saint John Flames in three games in the first round, before being swept themselves in four games in the Eastern Conference semifinals by the Providence Bruins.

### Edmonton Oilers

At the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, the Islanders traded Brewer, Josh Green and their second round selection (Brad Winchester) in the same draft to the Edmonton Oilers for Roman Hamrlík. Although surprised to be traded, Brewer was excited at the prospect of playing for the Oilers, who saw Brewer as a top-four defenceman. However, Brewer's Oiler career began on a sour note as he suffered a bruised left hip and tailbone in his first game with the team. Brewer missed the next four games before returning to the lineup. Brewer scored his first goal as an Oiler on November 7, 2000, against the New York Rangers. Brewer finished his first Oiler season with career highs in goals, assists and points, as well as the best plus/minus rating on the Oilers team, a plus-15. Further, Brewer gained his first NHL playoff experience, a quarterfinal series versus the Dallas Stars. Brewer had six points, but the Oilers were eliminated four games to two by the Stars.

The Oilers re-signed Brewer, who was a free agent, to a one-year, $907,500 contract in August 2001. In his second season with the Oilers, Brewer was assigned to play against the opposing teams' best offensive players by Oilers head coach Craig MacTavish. Brewer began to play more minutes in games, typically placing among the NHL leaders in average minutes played per game. With this enhanced role on the team, Brewer finished his season with new career highs in assists and points for the second consecutive season, and matched his career high in goals. Although his single year contract expired, his role on the Oilers had become more important and Brewer expected a large raise for his third season with the Oilers.

After a long holdout that lasted until the beginning of Oilers training camp, Brewer finally signed a two-year, $4-million contract in September 2002. At the half of the 2002–03 NHL season, Brewer was named to play in his first NHL All-Star Game, dressing for the Western Conference in the fifty-third edition of the game. He finished with career highs for assists and points and set a career high for goals for the third consecutive season. He appeared in his second NHL playoffs, another quarterfinal series against the Dallas Stars in which the Oilers were once again eliminated four games to two. Brewer finished the playoffs with four points in the Oilers' six games.

In his fourth season with the Oilers, Brewer continued his role as a top defenceman. On November 22, 2003, Brewer was among the participants in the historic 2003 Heritage Classic ice hockey game versus the Montreal Canadiens at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. Brewer scored the Oilers first goal of the game in a 4–3 loss in front of a then record crowd of 57,167. Later in the season, in a game on January 29, 2004, versus the Chicago Blackhawks, Brewer recorded his one-hundredth career point. Since his team depended on Brewer to play against the opposing teams' best offensive players, he finished the season with an average time on ice of 24:39, ranking fourteenth in the league. In the final year of his two-year contract, Brewer finished the season with his point totals matching those from his 2001–02 NHL season, a slight fall from his career highs set in his third season with the Oilers.

With the Oilers unwilling to pay what he was expecting, Brewer decided to go to salary arbitration to get a new contract. However, on August 4, 2004, Brewer signed a one-year, $2.65 million contract with the Oilers, avoiding his arbitration hearing set for only a few days later. Brewer was unable to play out his new contract due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

### St. Louis Blues

In August 2005, following the lockout, the Oilers traded Brewer, Jeff Woywitka and Doug Lynch to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for defenceman Chris Pronger. At the time of the trade, Brewer was a restricted free agent, so on August 15, 2005, Brewer accepted the Blues' qualifying offer, signing a one-year, $2-million contract. Brewer's first season with the Blues was a particularly poor one. After playing the first 18 games of the season, Brewer separated his shoulder on November 16, 2005, in a 2–0 victory over the Columbus Blue Jackets. Brewer missed ten games before being activated from the injured reserve list, returning to the St. Louis line-up for a game on December 17, 2005, against the Philadelphia Flyers. Less than a month later, in a game on January 13, 2006, against the Atlanta Thrashers, Brewer collided with the Thrashers' centre Karl Stewart, and dislocated his left shoulder, which ended his season. In just 32 games, Brewer finished his season with nine points, including six goals, two shy of his career best of eight set in the 2002–04 season. Despite his limited play, the Blues re-signed Brewer to a one-year, $2.014 million contract for the 2006–07 season.

Brewer's second season with the Blues began as a disappointment. By the first half of December 2006, Brewer had only amassed six points and a plus-minus rating of –11, often referred to as "the worst player on the ice" by both the media and Blues fans alike. Brewer was often involved in trade rumours, as he was set to become an unrestricted free agent following the completion of the season. Brewer believed his performance was the result of having only played in 32 NHL games since the 2003–04 season. However, after the firing of head coach Mike Kitchen on December 11, 2006, Brewer began playing much better under new head coach, Andy Murray. Over the next nineteen games, Brewer changed his –11 into a +2 and became an integral part of the Blues' defence. His turnaround was rewarded on February 24, 2007, when, rather than being traded as was previously rumoured, Brewer signed a four-year, $17-million contract extension with the Blues. Brewer continued his turnaround through the end of the season, finishing the year with six goals and 23 assists for 29 points, tying his career high for points set in the 2002–03 season and setting a new career high for assists.

In his third season with the Blues, Brewer continued to do well under Andy Murray. Brewer evolved into one of the top two-way defencemen in the NHL, with comparisons being made between him and former first overall draft pick Chris Phillips of the Ottawa Senators. His play and leadership abilities were recognized, when on February 8, 2008, Brewer was named as the nineteenth captain in the history of the St. Louis Blues, filling the vacancy created when former Blues captain Dallas Drake had his contract bought out following the 2006–07 season. On February 17, 2008, in a game against the Columbus Blue Jackets, Brewer set a career high for points in a game with four, all assists, eclipsing his previous career high of three points set on January 16, 2007. Brewer finished the season with only one goal in his 77 games played, his lowest goal total since the 1999–2000 season, although he added 21 assists, three short of a career high. At the completion of the season, Brewer underwent reconstructive surgery on his right shoulder to repair damage suffered in a fight in the Blues' season opening game against the Phoenix Coyotes on October 4, 2007.

Despite Brewer's end-of-season shoulder surgery, he was able to join the Blues for his fourth season with the team in time for their season-opening game against the Nashville Predators, where he led the Blues with 24:43 of ice time in a 5–2 victory. Eight days later, Brewer played in his 600th career NHL game, a 4–3 shootout victory against the Chicago Blackhawks. Prior to the Christmas break, Brewer underwent season-ending back surgery. The surgery ended Brewer's season after only 28 games played and six points, his lowest games played and point totals since his sophomore season with the New York Islanders. Brewer subsequently underwent two more surgeries that off-season, including a second back surgery in April and a knee surgery in August.

Unlike the previous season, Brewer's off-season surgeries delayed the start of his fifth season with the Blues until the team's eleventh game of the season, a 2–0 loss to the Arizona Coyotes. Brewer had missed the Blues' previous 64 games prior to his return against the Coyotes, which was earlier than expected after rehabbing from his back surgeries that had been considered career threatening. Brewer's health largely remained stable throughout the season as he finished the year with 15 points in 59 games played, including tying his career-high in goals with eight.

Healthy to begin his sixth season with the Blues, Brewer recorded his 200th career point on December 15, 2010 against the Detroit Red Wings, assisting on a goal by Carlo Colaiacovo. Brewer remained healthy well into the season, only missing one game in February due to his wife being in labour. However, as the 2011 NHL trade deadline approached, Brewer's name was mentioned in trade rumours.

### Tampa Bay Lightning

On February 18, 2011, Brewer was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Brock Beukeboom and Tampa Bay's third-round selection in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. In 22 games with Tampa Bay, he scored one goal and one assist. He also led the Lightning in average ice time per game, with 21:34. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Brewer recorded a career-high nine goals and also amassed 81 penalty minutes, good for the second-highest total of his NHL career. He also appeared in a career-high 18 post-season games with the Lightning in the 2011 playoffs, registering one goal and seven points, helping the Lightning in their first playoff appearance in four seasons. He set a career-high with three points in game 2 of the Eastern Conference Quarter-finals against the Pittsburgh Penguins and finished the playoffs ranked third among all skaters with 51 blocked shots. On June 24, 2011, Brewer signed a four-year, $15.4 million contract extension with the Lightning.

The 2011–12 NHL season was Brewer's first full season with the Lightning and first under his four-year contract extension. Throughout the season, Brewer was relied upon heavily by the Lightning, leading the team in average ice time per game with 23:16. He finished the season having played in all 82 games, his first season without missing a single game since the 2006–07 NHL season. He also set career highs with 176 shots blocked and 197 hits.

With the NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement set to expire on September 15, 2012, the 2012–13 NHL lockout resulted in the postponement of the 2012–13 NHL season until January 2013. Brewer did not play in Europe during the lockout, instead supporting the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) by participating in negotiations between the NHL and NHLPA. Upon the end of the lockout, Brewer started the season with a two-goal performance in the Lightning's season opening 6–3 victory against the Washington Capitals. Brewer finished the lockout-shortened season with twelve points while playing in all 48 games.

After Martin St. Louis was traded at the 2014 NHL trade deadline and Steven Stamkos replaced him as team captain, Brewer was named as an alternate captain for the rest of the 2013–14 NHL season. Brewer appeared in all four games for the Lightning during the 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs as the team was swept in their first round series against the Montreal Canadiens.

### Anaheim Ducks

On November 28, 2014, while in the final year of his contract with the Lightning, Brewer was traded to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft. At the time, Brewer had appeared in 17 games with the Lightning during the 2014–15 NHL season and had four assists on the year. He finished his career with the Lightning having played in 246 games and scored ten goals and 46 assists. The next night, Brewer played in his first game with the Ducks, recording 15:07 in ice time in a 6–4 loss to the San Jose Sharks. On December 3, 2014, after playing in only two games for the Ducks, the team announced that Brewer was expected to miss four-to-six weeks after breaking a bone in his foot from a blocked shot. Brewer returned to the Ducks lineup two months later on February 3, 2015 against the Carolina Hurricanes and scored his first goal for Anaheim on February 8, 2015 against his former teammates in a 5–3 loss to the Tampa Bay Lightning.

### Toronto Maple Leafs

On March 2, 2015, the 2015 NHL trade deadline, the Ducks traded Brewer and a fifth-round pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for defenceman Korbinian Holzer, ending a brief nine game career with the Anaheim Ducks. Brewer's first game as a member of the Maple Leafs came on March 5, 2015 against the Tampa Bay Lighting. On March 21, 2015, Brewer became the 300th NHL player to play in 1,000 career games in a 5–3 loss to the Ottawa Senators. Two days later, the Maple Leafs honored Brewer's achievement with a ceremony prior to their game against the Minnesota Wild, at which they presented him with a silver stick, and Rolex watch, and a $10,000 charitable donation in his name. He scored his first goal with the club two games later, the game-winning overtime goal in a 4–3 victory over the Ottawa Senators on March 28, 2015. After missing the playoffs with the Maple Leafs, Brewer finished the 2014–15 NHL season with two goals and three assists in eighteen games with the Maple Leafs. Through his entire 2014–15 NHL season with the Lightning, Ducks, and Maple Leafs, Brewer scored three goals and eight assists in 44 games played, the fewest games played of his career since his injury-plagued 2008–09 NHL season with the St. Louis Blues.

Ahead of the 2015–16 NHL season, Brewer was not re-signed by the Maple Leafs and became an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 2015. He spent the summer training in hopes of signing an NHL contract, but realized by mid-August that he was unlikely to find a team interested in his services, and chose not to extend his career by playing in Europe.

## International play

| <br>Brewer with Team Canada in 2007 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medal record | | |
| Men's ice hockey | | |
| Representing  Canada | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 2002 Salt Lake City |  |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2003 Helsinki |  |
|  | 2004 Prague |  |
|  | 2007 Moscow |  |
| World Cup | | |
|  | 2004 Toronto |  |

Throughout his career, Brewer has represented Canada at various international ice hockey tournaments. He first competed internationally as a member of Team Pacific Canada at the 1995 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in Moncton, New Brunswick. Three years later, he represented Canada as a whole as a member of the national junior team at the 1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he was named an alternate captain. This was the tournament in which Canada had its worst ever showing, an eighth-place finish including a loss to Kazakhstan, giving Brewer an unkind welcome to IIHF international ice hockey. Although eligible for the 1999 edition of the same tournament, Brewer was unable to play due to NHL commitments with the New York Islanders.

Brewer made his debut with the Canadian national men's team on April 24, 2001, when he joined Canada for the 2001 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships in Nuremberg, Cologne, and Hanover, Germany. Later that year, on July 24, 2001, Brewer was invited to the orientation camp for the Canadian team for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. Five months later, on December 12, 2001, Brewer was named to the final Canadian roster for the tournament. In the opening game of the tournament against Sweden, Brewer scored Canada's second goal of the game in a 5–2 loss, while in the semi-finals of the tournament, Brewer scored the game-winning goal against Belarus in a 7–1 victory, helping send Canada to the gold medal game against the host United States. Canada would go on to defeat the Americans by a score of 5–2, winning their first Olympic gold medal in fifty years.

Shortly after his Olympic experience, Brewer was named to the Canadian roster for the 2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships in Gothenburg, Karlstad and Jönköping, Sweden, his second consecutive Ice Hockey World Championships. He represented Canada once again the following year, when on April 22, 2003, Brewer was named to the Canadian roster for the 2003 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. In the tournament quarterfinals versus Germany, Brewer scored the game-winning goal 37 seconds into overtime to give Canada a 3–2 victory. Canada would go on to win their first Ice Hockey World Championships gold medal since the 1997 tournament, defeating Sweden 3–2 in overtime in the final. Brewer once again participated for Canada at the 2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, his fourth consecutive Ice Hockey World Championships, where he helped Canada win its second consecutive championship after defeating Sweden 5–3 in the gold medal game.

On May 15, 2004, Brewer was named to the Canadian roster for the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. In the semifinal of the tournament, Brewer scored Canada's first goal of the game in 4–3 overtime victory against the Czech Republic. Team Canada would go on to win the tournament on home ice in Toronto, defeating Finland 3–2 in the final. Just under one year following his World Cup appearance, Brewer was named to the orientation camp for the Canadian team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy held from August 15–20, 2005, in Vancouver and Kelowna, British Columbia. Following the camp, on October 18, 2005, Brewer was named to the preliminary 81-man Canadian roster for the tournament. However, when the final roster was announced on December 21, 2005, Brewer was not among the 26 players listed. As a result, it would be nearly three years before Brewer would next suit up for his country, when on April 3, 2007, Brewer was among the first five players named to play for Canada at the 2007 IIHF World Championship in Moscow and Mytishchi, Russia. For the tournament, Brewer was named as the team's only permanent alternate captain and helped the team to its third gold medal at the tournament in the past five years.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1995–96 | Prince George Cougars | WHL | | 63 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 25 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Prince George Cougars | WHL | | 71 | 5 | 24 | 29 | 81 | | 15 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 16 |
| 1997–98 | Prince George Cougars | WHL | | 34 | 5 | 28 | 33 | 45 | | 11 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 19 |
| 1998–99 | New York Islanders | NHL | | 63 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 32 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Lowell Lock Monsters | AHL | | 25 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 26 | | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1999–00 | New York Islanders | NHL | | 26 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Edmonton Oilers | NHL | | 77 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 53 | | 6 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| 2001–02 | Edmonton Oilers | NHL | | 81 | 7 | 18 | 25 | 45 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Edmonton Oilers | NHL | | 80 | 8 | 21 | 29 | 45 | | 6 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
| 2003–04 | Edmonton Oilers | NHL | | 77 | 7 | 18 | 25 | 67 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 32 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 45 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 82 | 6 | 23 | 29 | 69 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 77 | 1 | 21 | 22 | 91 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2008–09 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 28 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009–10 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 59 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 46 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 54 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 57 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 22 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 24 | | 18 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 14 |
| 2011–12 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 82 | 1 | 20 | 21 | 49 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 48 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 30 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 77 | 4 | 13 | 17 | 59 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014–15 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 17 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Anaheim Ducks | NHL | | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 18 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 1,009 | 77 | 194 | 271 | 792 | | 34 | 3 | 14 | 17 | 22 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Canada | WJC | | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 2001 | Canada | WC | | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2002 | Canada | OLY | | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2002 | Canada | WC | | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 |
| 2003 | Canada | WC | | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| 2004 | Canada | WC | | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 2004 | Canada | WCH | | 6 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
| 2007 | Canada | WC | | 9 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| Senior totals | | | | | 52 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 36 |

## Awards and achievements

## Transactions

## InfoBox

| Eric Brewer | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brewer with the Tampa Bay Lightning in April 2011 | | | |
| Born | (1979-04-17) April 17, 1979<br>Vernon, British Columbia, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 5 in (196 cm) | | |
| Weight | 222 lb (101 kg; 15 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | New York Islanders <br>Edmonton Oilers <br>St. Louis Blues <br>Tampa Bay Lightning <br>Anaheim Ducks <br>Toronto Maple Leafs | | |
| National team | Canada | | |
| NHL draft | 5th overall, 1997<br>New York Islanders | | |
| Playing career | 19982015 | | |


title: Eric Ledermann

abstract: Eric Kurt Ledermann was a German psychiatrist, homeopath, naturopath and philosopher.

text:
# Eric Ledermann

**Eric Kurt Ledermann** (16 May 1908 – 7 May 2005) MRCS LRCP was a German psychiatrist, homeopath, naturopath and philosopher.

## Biography

Ledermann was born in 1908 to Jewish parents in Berlin. He studied medicine at the University of Freiburg and took interest in philosophical vitalism. He attended a lecture of Alfred Adler and was deeply influenced by his work. He also took influence from Jan Smuts' book *Holism and Evolution*. In 1932, he obtained his MD from the University of Freiburg.

He fled Nazi Germany in 1933 to become House Physician at Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital. He qualified L.R.C.P. Edinburgh in 1934. He moved to London in 1935 to start his own medical practice. In 1936, he joined the Nature Cure Clinic where he practiced for over 50 years. He worked at the Children’s Homoeopathic Dispensary in Shepherds Bush for 20 years and joined the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital where he became consultant physician in 1965. He was a psychiatrist at Marlborough Day Hospital.

He married Marjorie Alice Smith on 2 June 1943. From 1948 he worked for the British National Health Service. He was a member of the Faculty of Homoeopathy and a Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. He was a lifelong vegetarian and exercised regularly. He was an anti-vaccinationist and a Medical Vice President for the National Anti-Vaccination League's *The Vaccination Inquirer and Health Review*.

Ledermann developed a type of psychotherapy he termed "true-self psychotherapy", which aimed to make "the unconscious conscience conscious". He took a holistic approach to medicine and authored several books on the topic. He opposed the "mechanistic materialism" of orthodox medicine. His holistic medicine was derived from existential and phenomenological philosophy. During his later years Ledermann researched acupuncture and in 2001 received an honorary membership of the Chinese Medical Institute and Register.

## Selected publications

* *Status of Naturopathy* (*The British Medical Journal*, 1951)
* *Natural Therapy: An Exposition of the Scientific and Educational Aspects of Nature Cure* (1953)
* *Philosophy and Medicine* (1970)
* *Existential Neurosis* (1972)
* *Good Health Through Natural Therapy* (1977)
* *Ethics in Psychiatry: The Patient's Freedom and Bondage* (*Journal of Medical Ethics*, 1982)
* *Mental Health and Human Conscience* (1985)
* *Your Health in Your Hands: A Case for Natural Medicine* (1989)
* *Medicine for the Whole Person: A Critique of Scientific Medicine* (1997)

## InfoBox

| Eric Ledermann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 16 May 1908
Berlin |
| Died | 7 May 2005
London |
| Occupation | Psychiatrist |


title: Rüdiger Lucassen

abstract: Rüdiger Lucassen is a German politician for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party and, since 2017, he has been a member of the Bundestag.

text:
# Rüdiger Lucassen

**Rüdiger Lucassen** (born 19 August 1951) is a German politician for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party and, since 2017, he has been a member of the Bundestag.

## Life and politics

Lucassen was born 1951 in the West German village of Westerholz and studied at the Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg and became a commissioned officer of the Bundeswehr, the West German military force. Lucassen entered the populist AfD in 2016 and became after the 2017 German federal election member of the Bundestag. Lucassen was chairman of the state association of the AfD in North Rhine-Westphalia from 2019 to 2022.

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, when fellow AfD Bundestag members Steffen Kotré and Eugen Schmidt made an appearance on Russian propaganda journalist Vladimir Solovyov's TV show, Lucassen denounced it as "treason against the people". However, he had previously voted against arms deliveries to Ukraine.

## InfoBox

| Rüdiger Lucassen | |
| --- | --- |
| Lucassen in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Bundestag | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>24 October 2017 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-08-19) 19 August 1951 |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | AfD |
|  | |


title: Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults, Quebec

abstract: Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults is a parish municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of southwestern Quebec. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 737.

text:
# Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults, Quebec

**Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults** is a parish municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of southwestern Quebec. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 737.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults had a population of 737 living in 305 of its 321 total private dwellings, a change of 1.9% from its 2016 population of 723. With a land area of 70.79 km2 (27.33 sq mi), it had a population density of 10.4/km2 (27.0/sq mi) in 2021.

**Population trend:**

| Census | Population | Change (%) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | 737 | 0.3% |
| 2006 | 739 | 2.1% |
| 2001 | 724 | 1.6% |
| 1996 | 736 | 3.8% |
| 1991 | 765 | N/A |

**Mother tongue language (2006)**

| Language | Population | Pct (%) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| French only | 700 | 95.24% |
| English only | 15 | 2.04% |
| Both English and French | 0 | 0.00% |
| Other languages | 20 | 2.72% |

## InfoBox

| Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish municipality | |
| Location within Drummond RCM. | |
| Sainte-Brigitte-des-SaultsLocation in southern Quebec. | |
| Coordinates: 46°02′N 72°29′W / 46.033°N 72.483°W / 46.033; -72.483 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Centre-du-Québec |
| RCM | Drummond |
| Constituted | March 9, 1878 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jean-Guy Hébert |
| Federal riding | Drummond |
| Prov. riding | Nicolet-Bécancour |
| Area | |
| Total | 72.00 km2 (27.80 sq mi) |
| Land | 71.87 km2 (27.75 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 737 |
| Density | 10.3/km2 (27/sq mi) |
| Pop 2006-2011 | 0.3% |
| Dwellings | 304 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J0C 1E0 |
| Area code | 819 |
| Highways | No major routes |
| Website | www.sainte
brigittedessaults.ca |


# 1860 Liverpool Plains colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Liverpool Plains on 10 August 1860 because of the resignation of Andrew Loder.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 5 March 1860 | Andrew Loder resigned. |
| 7 March 1860 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 29 March 1860 | Nominations |
| 10 April 1860 | Polling day |
| 27 April 1860 | Return of writ |

## Result

**1860 Liverpool Plains by-election**
Tuesday 10 April
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Charles Kemp (elected) | | 164 | 55.6 |
| Thomas Dangar | | 131 | 44.4 |
| Total formal votes | | 295 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turnout | | 295 | 25.0 |


title: Pulse diagnosis

abstract: Pulse diagnosis is a diagnostic technique used in Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Mongolian medicine, Siddha medicine, traditional Tibetan medicine, and Unani. Pulse diagnosis is ill-defined and subjective.

text:
# Pulse diagnosis

**Pulse diagnosis** is a diagnostic technique used in Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Mongolian medicine, Siddha medicine, traditional Tibetan medicine, and Unani. Pulse diagnosis is ill-defined and subjective.

## Traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda and Siddha-Veda)

In Ayurveda, advocates claim that by taking a pulse examination, imbalances in the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) can be diagnosed. The ayurvedic pulse also claims to determine the balance of prana, tejas, and ojas.

Ayurvedic pulse measurement is done by placing index, middle and ring finger on the wrist. The index finger is placed below the wrist bone on the thumb side of the hand (radial styloid). This index finger represents the Vata dosha. The middle finger and ring finger are placed next to the index finger and represents consequently the Pitta and Kapha doshas of the patient. Pulse can be measured in the superficial, middle, and deep levels thus obtaining more information regarding energy imbalance of the patient.

## Traditional Chinese medicine

The main sites for pulse assessment are the radial arteries in the left and right wrists, where it overlays the styloid process of the radius, between the wrist crease and extending proximal, approximately 5 cm in length (or 1.9 cun, where the forearm is 12 cun). In traditional Chinese medicine, the pulse is divided into three positions on each wrist. The first pulse closest to the wrist is the *cun* (inch, 寸) position, the second *guan* (gate, 關), and the third pulse position furthest away from the wrist is the *chi* (foot, 尺).

There are two main systems of diagnostic interpretation of pulse findings utilised in the Chinese medicine system. The first is eight principle diagnosis (Cun Kou) utilise overall pulse qualities, looking at changes in the assessed parameters of the pulse to derive one of the traditional 29 pulse types. The traditional 29 pulse types include Floating, Soggy, Empty, Leathery, Scattered, Hollow, Deep, Firm, Hidden, Long, Surging, Short, Rapid, Hasty, Hurried, Moderate, Slow, Knotted, Full, Thready, Minute, Slippery, Choppy, Wiry, Tight, Weak, Regularly intermittent, rapid-irregular, and Stirred. They are analyzed based on several factors, including depth, speed, length, and fluid level. Some pulses are a combination of more than one factor.

The second approach focuses on individual pulse positions, looking at changes in the pulse quality and strength within the position focused on the cause and not the symptoms, with each position having an association with a particular body area. For example, each of the paired pulse positions can represent the upper, middle and lower cavities of the torso, or are associated individually with specific organs. (For example, the small intestine is said to be reflected in the pulse at the left superficial position, and the heart at the deep position.)

Various classic texts cite different arrangements to the pairings of organs, some omitting the second organ from the pulse entirely while others show organ systems reflecting the acupuncture channels (Wuxing, five phase pulse associations), and another the physical organ arrangement used in Chinese herbal medicine diagnosis (Li Shi Zhen). Generally, the commonly used organ associations are: first position on the left hand represents the heart in the deep position and small intestine is in the superficial position, the second, deep is the liver and superficial is the gallbladder, and third the kidney *yin* is deep and the bladder superficial. On the right hand, the first deep position is representative of the lungs and superficially the large intestine, the second of the spleen and stomach, and the third represents the kidney *yang* at a deep level and uterus or the pericardium and the san jiao in the deep position. The strengths and weaknesses of the positions are assessed at 3 depths each, namely *fu* (floating or superficial, 浮), *zhong* (middle, 中) and *chen* (deep, 沉). These 9 positions are used to assess the patient diagnostically, along with the different qualities and speed of the pulse.

## In ancient Islamic medicine

Pulse diagnosis, or pulsology, was part of medicine in the medieval Islamic world. The Canon of Medicine, published in 1025, included instructions on how to analyse the pulse and from such examination, physicians considered that they could identify problems ranging from jaundice to dropsy, diphtheria, pregnancy, and anxiety.

## Further reading

* Vasant Lad, Secrets of the Pulse: The Ancient Art of Ayurvedic Pulse Diagnosis, The Ayurvedic Press; 2006 ISBN 1-883725-13-5.
* Mahesh Krishnamurthy, Nadi Pariksha - The Sacred Science of Pulse Diagnosis, Jayanthi Enterprises; 2018 ISBN 978-1-7321901-1-5.
* Bob Flaws,The Secret of Chinese Pulse Diagnosis,1995 ISBN 978-0-9361856-7-5.


title: Ordnance, Oregon

abstract: Ordnance is a ghost town in Umatilla County, Oregon, United States, southwest of Hermiston on Interstate 84/U.S. Route 30, near the intersection with Interstate 82. In 1941, the United States Department of War commissioned the establishment of Umatilla Ordnance Depot in northern Umatilla County; it was later renamed Umatilla Army Depot and then Umatilla Chemical Depot. The town was named after the depot, and Ordnance post office was established in 1943. Due to gradual reductions in military funding for the area after World War II, by the 1960s, Ordnance was no longer a community.

text:
# Ordnance, Oregon

**Ordnance** is a ghost town in Umatilla County, Oregon, United States, southwest of Hermiston on Interstate 84/U.S. Route 30, near the intersection with Interstate 82. In 1941, the United States Department of War commissioned the establishment of **Umatilla Ordnance Depot** in northern Umatilla County; it was later renamed **Umatilla Army Depot** and then Umatilla Chemical Depot. The town was named after the depot, and Ordnance post office was established in 1943. Due to gradual reductions in military funding for the area after World War II, by the 1960s, Ordnance was no longer a community.

## InfoBox

| Ordnance | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
|  | |
| OrdnanceLocation within the state of Oregon | |
| Coordinates: 45°47′48″N 119°25′01″W / 45.79667°N 119.41694°W / 45.79667; -119.41694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Umatilla |
| Elevation | 587 ft (179 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP codes | 97882 |
| Area code | 541 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1136600 |


abstract: December is a collaborative Christmas extended play (EP) by English singer Gabrielle Aplin and Welsh singer Hannah Grace. The EP was released through Never Fade Records on 4 December 2018. It is Aplin's seventh EP, following Avalon (2017), and Grace's fourth. The album includes an original song, "December", accompanied by three cover tracks. It was re-released on 15 November 2019, featuring 2 additional covers.

text:
# December (Gabrielle Aplin and Hannah Grace EP)

***December*** is a collaborative Christmas extended play (EP) by English singer Gabrielle Aplin and Welsh singer Hannah Grace. The EP was released through Never Fade Records on 4 December 2018. It is Aplin's seventh EP, following *Avalon* (2017), and Grace's fourth. The album includes an original song, "December", accompanied by three cover tracks. It was re-released on 15 November 2019, featuring 2 additional covers.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "December" |  | 4:20 |
| 2. | "River" | Joni Mitchell | 3:01 |
| 3. | "Blue Christmas" | * Billy Hayes * Jay Johnson | 1:56 |
| 4. | "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" |  | 2:21 |
| Total length: | | | 11:38 |

2019 Re-release
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "December" |  | 4:21 |
| 2. | "All I Want for Christmas is You" |  | 4:39 |
| 3. | "In the Bleak Midwinter" |  | 3:25 |
| 4. | "River" | Joni Mitchell | 3:01 |
| 5. | "Blue Christmas" | * Billy Hayes * Jay Johnson | 1:57 |
| 6. | "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" |  | 2:21 |
| Total length: | | | 19:43 |

## InfoBox

| December | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Gabrielle Aplin and Hannah Grace | |
| Released | 4 December 2018 (2018-12-04) |
| Length | 11:38 |
| Label | Never Fade |
| Gabrielle Aplin chronology | |
| *Avalon*
(2017) ***December***
(2018) *Dear Happy*
(2020) | |
|  | |
| Hannah Grace chronology | |
| *Praise You*
(2016) ***December***
(2018) | |
|  | |


title: Soğucak, Yenice

abstract: Soğucak is a village in the Yenice District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 237 (2021).

text:
# Soğucak, Yenice

**Soğucak** is a village in the Yenice District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 237 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Soğucak | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SoğucakLocation in TurkeySoğucakSoğucak (Marmara) | |
| Coordinates: 40°00′29″N 27°22′16″E / 40.0080°N 27.3711°E / 40.0080; 27.3711 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çanakkale |
| District | Yenice |
| Population (2021) | 237 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: East Elliott, San Diego

abstract: East Elliott is an uninhabited community in the city of San Diego. It is bordered by Marine Corps Air Station Miramar to the north and west, the city of Santee to the east, and California State Route 52 to the south. The area houses the Sycamore Canyon Landfill. In 2013 the city of San Diego approved a residential development on the eastern border of the community, and recommended deannexation of the development to Santee.

text:
# East Elliott, San Diego

**East Elliott** is an uninhabited community in the city of San Diego. It is bordered by Marine Corps Air Station Miramar to the north and west, the city of Santee to the east, and California State Route 52 to the south. The area houses the Sycamore Canyon Landfill. In 2013 the city of San Diego approved a residential development on the eastern border of the community, and recommended deannexation of the development to Santee.

## History

The area comprising East Elliott was once part of Camp Elliott, a training ground for the U.S. Marine Corps purchased in 1941. About half of the camp was declared surplus in 1961 and sold, becoming East Elliott, Tierrasanta, and part of Mission Trails Regional Park. In 1997, the majority of East Elliott was designated as open space under the Multiple Species Conservation Program. In 2003, a residential development company applied to build several hundred homes on the eastern edge of the community, bordering Santee. The Weston development was approved by the city of San Diego in September 2013, along with a recommendation that the area be deannexed to Santee. In October 2013, the city of Santee approved a measure to annex the development.

## Facilities and resources

East Elliott contains several distinct types of native habitats, including coastal sage scrub, chaparral, native grassland and oak and sycamore woodland. A number of endangered and threatened wildlife species inhabit the area. The area represents one of the largest and most biologically diverse open space areas remaining in San Diego.

About 519 acres (210 ha) of the community are designated for use by the Sycamore Canyon Landfill. When the landfill reaches the end of its scheduled use, it will be covered and replanted with native vegetation.

1. City of San Diego website. Accessed Sept. 7, 2014.
2. Pearlman, Karen. Castlerock Heads Toward Annexation in Santee. U-T San Diego. October 14, 2013. Accessed Sept. 7, 2014.
3. East Elliott Community Plan. City of San Diego. Accessed Sept. 7, 2014.
4. 2013 Mission Trails Regional Park Master Plan Update Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. City of San Diego. Accessed Sept. 7, 2014.

32°51′48″N 117°03′35″W / 32.8632°N 117.0596°W / 32.8632; -117.0596


title: F.C. Cape Town

abstract: FC Cape Town was a South African football club based in the Parow suburb of Cape Town. The club was founded in 2006 when it was agreed to purchase the franchise license of Vasco da Gama. It was dissolved in 2017 when the franchise license was sold to Ubuntu Cape Town FC.

text:
# F.C. Cape Town

**FC Cape Town** was a South African football club based in the Parow suburb of Cape Town.

The club was founded in 2006 when it was agreed to purchase the franchise license of Vasco da Gama. It was dissolved in 2017 when the franchise license was sold to Ubuntu Cape Town FC.

## History

| Season | Division | Pos. | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007–08 | National First Division (Coastal Stream) | 4 | 21 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 24 | 24 | 26 |
| 2008–09 | National First Division (Coastal Stream) | 2 | 21 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 32 | 20 | 39 |
| 2009–10 | National First Division (Coastal Stream) | 6 | 21 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 21 | 26 | 25 |
| 2010–11 | National First Division (Coastal Stream) | 5 | 21 | 4 | 11 | 6 | 23 | 20 | 23 |
| 2011–12 | National First Division | 8 | 30 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 38 | 36 | 39 |
| 2012–13 | National First Division | 12 | 30 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 31 | 32 | 35 |
| 2013–14 | National First Division | 12 | 30 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 35 | 41 | 35 |
| 2014–15 | National First Division | 8 | 30 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 35 | 33 | 42 |
| 2015–16 | National First Division | 10 | 30 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 33 | 50 | 33 |
| 2016–17 | National First Division | 13 | 30 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 35 | 49 | 34 |

## Post-sale

Following the club's license sale to Ubuntu Cape Town, the club's management continued to operate a global advisory and legal services firm known as FC Cape Town Consulting.

FC Cape Town Consulting operates with football clients across the globe and is active in the following areas in terms of the FIFA Regulations: Umbro kit Supply (exclusivity in Africa), training and development compensation, solidarity payment mechanisms, legal services for overdue payables, legal services for contractual disputes, legal services for transfer disputes, legal services for club/coach/player disputes, player risk assessments, compliance services, intermediary services, regulations and Internal constitutions, sponsorship acquisition, sports marketing, representation before FIFA and CAS as well as anti doping.

## InfoBox

FC Cape Town
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Football Club Cape Town |
| Nickname(s) | *African Beasts* |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Dissolved | 2017 |
| Ground | NNK Rugby Stadium, Parow, Cape Town |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Owner | Errol Dicks |
| Chairman | Errol Dicks |
| Manager | Johnny Ferreira |
| League | National First Division |
| 2015–16 | National First Division, 10th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Rüdiger Marmulla

abstract: Rüdiger Marmulla is a German cranio-maxillofacial surgeon.

text:
# Rüdiger Marmulla

**Rüdiger Marmulla** (born 19 December 1963, in Frankfurt am Main) is a German cranio-maxillofacial surgeon.

## Career

On 24 March, 1998, Rüdiger Marmulla performed the first computer-assisted bone segment navigation at the University of Regensburg, Germany. For this, a new navigation system was used which Marmulla developed in cooperation with Carl Zeiss. The Surgical Segment Navigator uses for the first time complete anatomical surfaces instead of single reference points for the patient registration process.

After his academic studies in human medicine and dentistry at the University of Frankfurt/Main, Rüdiger Marmulla received two doctorates as Dr. med. (MD) and Dr. med. dent. (DMD) in the field of electron-microscopic research at the Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie. Later, Rüdiger Marmulla joined the medical branch of the Christian AIDS Help Facility in Frankfurt/Mainz.

From 1994 to 1998, Rüdiger Marmulla worked as resident in the clinic for oral and maxillofacial surgery at the University of Regensburg, as of 1998 he was senior physician. In 1999, Rüdiger Marmulla qualified as a professor with his thesis in computer-assisted bone segment navigation. Since 1995, Rüdiger Marmulla acts as consultant for Carl Zeiss AG and since 2005 as consultant for Fraunhofer Institute IPK, Berlin.

From 2002 on he led a special research field funded by the German Research Foundation for computer-supported surgery at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Karlsruhe. Since 2005, Rüdiger Marmulla had, among others, a joint research and development project for navigation with the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR).

## Monographs

* *Time Scheduling Professional.* Jungjohann Publishing house, Neckarsulm 1997, ISBN 3-931253-12-0.
* *Comprehensive Patient Administrator.* 2nd ed. Jungjohann Publishing house, Neckarsulm 2003, ISBN 3-932347-18-8.
* with Michael Dieterich: *Church in Progress.* 1st ed. IPP Publishing house, Freudenstadt 2015, ISBN 978-3-943815-05-4.

## Patents

* *Marmulla, Rüdiger (inventor), Carl Zeiss Oberkochen (submitter): Bone Segment Navigation System, International Patent PCT/EP98/06828, 1998*
* *Marmulla, Rüdiger (inventor), Carl Zeiss Oberkochen (submitter): Bone Segment Navigation system, European Patent EP/98954456, 1999*
* *Marmulla, Rüdiger System and method for bone segment navigation, United States Patent 6.241.735, 2001*
* *Marmulla, Rüdiger (inventor), Carl Zeiss (submitter): System and method for bone segment navigation, Japanese Patent 1999-523260, 2002*
* *Marmulla, Rüdiger and Lüth, Tim: Device for instrument, bone segment, tissue, and organ navigation, European Patent 1237493, 2004*
* *Marmulla, Rüdiger and Lüth, Tim: Method and device for instrument, bone segment, tissue, and organ navigation, United States Patent 7.079.885, 2006*

1. Marquis Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare, 2001. Chicago, Ill: Marquis Who's Who
2. Marmulla, Rüdiger (inventor), Carl Zeiss (submitter): System and method for bone segment navigation. United States Patent 6.241.735, 2001
3. Marmulla R, Niederdellmann H: Computer-assisted Bone Segment Navigation. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 26: 347–359, 1998
4. Luebbers HT, Messmer P, Obwegeser JA, Zwahlen RA, Kikinis R, Graetz KW, Matthews F: Comparison of different registration methods for surgical navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. Journal of Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 109–116, 2008
5. Bell RB: Computer Planning and Intraoperative Navigation in Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 135–156, 2010
6. Marquis Who's Who in the World, 2001. Chicago, Ill: Marquis Who's Who
7. Projects of Prof. Dr. Dr. Rüdiger Marmulla, granted by the German Research Foundation


title: Petenwell Lake

abstract: Lake Petenwell is an artificial lake on the Wisconsin River in central Wisconsin. It is located in Adams, Juneau, and Wood counties next to Castle Rock Lake. It covers over 23,000 acres (93 km⁲) and is 42 feet (13 m) deep. Lake Petenwell is Wisconsin's second largest lake at 23,040 acres (93.2 km⁲) or approximately 36 square miles (93 km⁲). It was created in 1948 by the Wisconsin River Power Company with the construction of a dam across the Wisconsin River near Necedah. It has a maximum depth of 42 feet (13 m) and is used for water skiing, sailing and fishing. Private lakefront property is very limited as most of the virgin shoreline is undeveloped forest. Wildlife includes wintering bald eagles. Game fish include walleye, northern pike, bass, panfish, and muskellunge. The area around the lake has restaurants, a community theater, a golf course and two casinos. In 1973, the Juneau County extension resource agent submitted a letter on behalf of the County Industrial-Recreation, and Agriculture and Education Committees to the Wisconsin Power and Light Company requesting a nuclear power plant be constructed near the lake.

text:
# Petenwell Lake

**Lake Petenwell** is an artificial lake on the Wisconsin River in central Wisconsin. It is located in Adams, Juneau, and Wood counties next to Castle Rock Lake. It covers over 23,000 acres (93 km2) and is 42 feet (13 m) deep.

Lake Petenwell is Wisconsin's second largest lake at 23,040 acres (93.2 km2) or approximately 36 square miles (93 km2). It was created in 1948 by the Wisconsin River Power Company with the construction of a dam across the Wisconsin River near Necedah. It has a maximum depth of 42 feet (13 m) and is used for water skiing, sailing and fishing. Private lakefront property is very limited as most of the virgin shoreline is undeveloped forest. Wildlife includes wintering bald eagles. Game fish include walleye, northern pike, bass, panfish, and muskellunge.

The area around the lake has restaurants, a community theater, a golf course and two casinos.

In 1973, the Juneau County extension resource agent submitted a letter on behalf of the County Industrial-Recreation, and Agriculture and Education Committees to the Wisconsin Power and Light Company requesting a nuclear power plant be constructed near the lake.

## Algae

Blue-green algae was reported in the lake in 2013. In 2019, Adams County website stated that the beaches were not closed due to algae, and that the situation was being monitored.

## InfoBox

| Petenwell Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Dam which forms Lake Petenwell | |
| Petenwell LakePetenwell Lake | |
| Location | Adams / Juneau / Wood counties, Wisconsin, US |
| Coordinates | 44°08′06″N 89°58′16″W / 44.134969°N 89.971062°W / 44.134969; -89.971062 |
| Type | artificial lake |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 23,000 acres (9,300 ha) |
| Max. depth | 42 ft (13 m) |


title: Oral Mathram

abstract: Oral Mathram is a 1997 Malayalam film directed by Sathyan Anthikkad. The film stars Mammootty, Shruti, Sreenivasan, Sudheesh and Lalu Alex.

text:
# Oral Mathram

***Oral Mathram*** is a 1997 Malayalam film directed by Sathyan Anthikkad. The film stars Mammootty, Shruti, Sreenivasan, Sudheesh and Lalu Alex.

## Plot

Shekhara Menon is a retired income tax officer from Mumbai and has now settled in a remote village in Kerala. He owns some land and a house where he, his three daughters, and Menon's elderly father live together and leads a calm, silent and happy life. Menon owns a smaller house adjacent to his own which is given for rent, and is his source of income other than agricultural income. Mr. Menon's Pension from the service has been blocked due to some unclear issues. Hareendran is a struggling small-time contractor and comes in as a new tenant to the rented house. Hareendran is constantly put under unwanted troubles by his aide Balachandran, who convinces Hareendran to help people in trouble. His experience with Balachandran has made Hareendran a selfish man and he presently is least concerned about other people's problems around him.

But the things take a change after Menon goes absconding leaving three daughters and the grandfather alone in the house. Hareendran, the selfish tenant quickly decides to vacate the house to avoid unwanted troubles. Even though selfish and unkind outside, the good-hearted Hareendran cannot stand the harsh difficulties forced to be faced by the girls in front of his house and rest of the story is about how only Hareendran (*Oral Mathram* -\> the only person) steps up to help the girls.

After Shekhara Menon’s disappearance his aged father starts doubting that he is no longer alive since he has not returned to see them for a long time. Eventually he dies out of grief. Hareendran approaches the District Collector with a request to speed up the police investigation which leads SI Mathew Varghese to find out that Shekhara Menon has travelled to Mumbai some days back, based on the ticket he took from the railway station. He also finds a co-traveler Hameed who was able to confirm this since he travelled with Menon that day briefly. Hareendran further seeks the help of his now suspended CI friend Sachi who deduces after meeting Menon’s daughters that there is no chance of Menon absconding and would’ve been dead by now in all likeness. Meanwhile Hareendran is approached by Kunjachan, a manager who wants Hareendran to undertake a wedding hall construction project on behalf of his boss settled at USA. Hareendran is confused as he is attacked by a couple of goons one night and his current project work getting halted midway under mysterious circumstances due to govt. issues. Sachi, on investigating further at Mumbai railway stations, find out that the train had Menon’s reservation, but he never turned up for the trip and was mentioned as a ‘no show’ in the records. Hareendran and Sachi round up Hameed and beat him up to get the truth from him since it was now evident that he was lying about Menon travelling with him. He does not divulge anything even after intense questioning and physical torture but blurts out the name KRK while semi-conscious. On checking with Mathew Varghese, Hareendran and Sachi find out that KRK might be the name for KR Kuttikrishnan, a wealthy business owner who had got rich quickly and is notorious for his fraudulent ways. Sachi and Hareendran decide to visit KRK at his office and while there Hareendran is shocked to learn that KRK is the same person as Kunjachan. Hari lures him to his construction site pretending to discuss about the new project and beats him up there.

It is revealed that KRK was Menon’s subordinate before in Income Tax department and was a highly corrupt employee. Based on Menon’s action, he was imprisoned for 3 years which lead to his family getting humiliated and his sister’s wedding getting cancelled. KRK soon becomes rich with his corrupt ways, getting hell bent on revenge at Menon. He starts blocking all alliances coming for Menon’s elder daughter Devika using his wealth, power, and connections. Menon, too late to realize that KRK was all along behind his pension fund issue and his daughter’s wedding problems, confronts KRK and requests him to stay out of his daughter’s life. There is a struggle between the two where KRK kills Menon. To divert the case, he books a dummy ticket to Mumbai under Menon’s name and has Hameed give false witness to the police to confirm his story. KRK goes behind bars and Sachi joins the force back, leaving Hareendran as the sole supporter for the 3 girls now.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Oral Mathram | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Johnson | |
| Genre | Film |
| Language | Malayalam |

The film features songs composed by Johnson and written by Kaithapram.

| Song Title | Singer |
| --- | --- |
| "Aardramaay Chandrakalabham" | K. J. Yesudas |
| "Aardramaay Chandrakalabham" | K. S. Chithra |
| "Chaithranilaavinte" | K. J. Yesudas |
| "Kaarvarnane Kando Sakhi" | K. J. Yesudas |
| "Kaarvarnane Kando Sakhi" | K. S. Chithra |
| "Mangalappaala" | K. S. Chithra |

## InfoBox

| Oral Mathram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Sathyan Anthikkad |
| Written by | S. N. Swamy |
| Starring | Mammootty
Shruti
Sreenivasan
Sudheesh
Lalu Alex |
| Cinematography | Vipin Mohan |
| Edited by | K. Rajagopal |
| Music by | Johnson |
| Release date | * 1 September 1997 (1997-09-01) |
| Running time | 149 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


abstract: Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science is an electronic computer science journal published by Elsevier, started in 1995. Its issues include many post-proceedings for workshops, etc. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and Science Citation Index. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science has been discontinued as of 2021.

text:
# Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science

***Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science*** is an electronic computer science journal published by Elsevier, started in 1995. Its issues include many post-proceedings for workshops, etc. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and Science Citation Index.

Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science has been discontinued as of 2021.

## InfoBox

*Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | computer science |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Michael W. Mislove |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1995-2021 |
| Publisher | Elsevier (Netherlands) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1571-0661
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Tetramolopium

abstract:
Tetramolopium is a genus of plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae. Most of the species are native to New Guinea, 11 species are found in Hawaii, and one in the Cook Islands, with the island populations apparently representing a recent colonization. It is related to Camptacra, Kippistia, Minuria, Peripleura, and Vittadinia all of which are from Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, or Pacific islands.
  - Species
  - formerly included see Diplostephium
  - Tetramolopium ochraceum - Diplostephium ochraceum
  - Tetramolopium phylicoides  - Diplostephium phylicoides
  - Tetramolopium rupestre  - Diplostephium rupestre

text:
# Tetramolopium

***Tetramolopium*** is a genus of plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae.

Most of the species are native to New Guinea, 11 species are found in Hawaii, and one in the Cook Islands, with the island populations apparently representing a recent (by evolutionary standards) colonization. It is related to *Camptacra*, *Kippistia*, *Minuria*, *Peripleura*, and *Vittadinia* all of which are from Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, or Pacific islands.

Species   formerly included

see *Diplostephium*

## InfoBox

| *Tetramolopium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tetramolopium rockii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Astereae |
| Subtribe: | Brachyscominae |
| Genus: | *Tetramolopium*<br>Nees |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Vittadinia* sect. *Tetramolopium* (Nees) A.Gray * *Luteidiscus* H.St.John | |


title: Chrysotoxum chinook

abstract: Chrysotoxum chinook is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Chrysotoxum chinook

***Chrysotoxum chinook*** is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae.

## InfoBox

| *Chrysotoxum chinook* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Tribe: | Syrphini |
| Genus: | *Chrysotoxum* |
| Species: | ***C. chinook*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chrysotoxum chinook***<br>Shannon, 1926 | |
|


title: Emanuel Medical Center

abstract: Emanuel Medical Center is a 209-bed acute care hospital located in Turlock, Calif. Hospital services include 24-hour emergency care, the only heart attack receiving center between Modesto and Fresno, an advanced center for mothers and newborns, rehabilitation and therapy, and more. The Emanuel Cancer Center provides specialized cancer services that include diagnosis, treatment and support.

text:
# Emanuel Medical Center

**Emanuel Medical Center** is a 209-bed acute care hospital located in Turlock, Calif. Hospital services include 24-hour emergency care, the only heart attack receiving center between Modesto and Fresno, an advanced center for mothers and newborns, rehabilitation and therapy, and more. The Emanuel Cancer Center provides specialized cancer services that include diagnosis, treatment and support.

## Management

Tenet Healthcare completed the acquisition of Emanuel Medical Center on August 1, 2014.

## Key Services

General and specialty medical services offered at Emanuel Medical Center include:

* Cardiovascular
* Diagnostic Imaging
* Emergency Department
* Gastroenterology
* General Surgery
* Gynecology
* Laboratory Medicine
* Obstetrics
* Oncology
* Orthopedics
* Pediatrics
* Physical Therapy

## InfoBox

| Emanuel Medical Center | |
| --- | --- |
| Tenet Healthcare | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 825 Delbon Avenue, Turlock, California, United States |
| Coordinates | 37°30′44″N 120°50′21″W / 37.51222°N 120.83917°W / 37.51222; -120.83917 |
| Services | |
| Beds | 209 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1917 |
| Links | |
| Website | EmanuelMedicalCenter.org |
| Lists | Hospitals in California |


title: Por todo lo alto

abstract: Por todo lo alto is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by Radio Caracas Television in 2006 based on a story written by Vivel Nouel. Marianela González and Winston Vallenilla starred as the protagonists with Jean Carlo Simancas, Roxana Díaz and Sheyene Gerardi as the villains.

text:
# Por todo lo alto

***Por todo lo alto*** is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by Radio Caracas Television in 2006 based on a story written by Vivel Nouel.

Marianela González and Winston Vallenilla starred as the protagonists with Jean Carlo Simancas, Roxana Díaz and Sheyene Gerardi as the villains.

## Plot

The San Miguel Arcángel Airport located in the Caribbean is the setting of this love story led by three airport stewards: Anabela Marcano, Morana Bastardo and Dulce María Hidalgo. These women struggle to manage their own lives and make their own way in a world dominated by men.

Anabela dreams of being a professional pilot like her late father, who died in a mysterious plane crash. While planning how to achieve his dream, pretends to settle for employment in the airline Alas del Caribe. In her desire for freedom, Anabela decides to flee her home with Humberto, a mediocre pilot who seduces her with the false promise of helping her in her Aeronautical studies.

In Anabela's plans, Rubén Alegría, who possesses the same dream as herself, has the unconditional support of his humble parents, Divina and Bienvenido, and sisters, Celia and Cruz. Everyone encourages Rubén to fulfill his dreams even though no one understands Rubén's lack of enthusiasm for popular music and much less share his strange obsession with flying, as everyone in the family suffer from vertigo.

Morana is the veteran head of the Alas del Caribe stewardesses. Ignacio has an ambition of power and is also lover of Ignacio Urquiaga, owner of the Lince airline, direct competition of the first. However, everyone is unaware that Morana is half-sister to Humberto, Anabela's boyfriend, and that she is the only person for whom Morana feels a sincere and disinterested love. In his many attempts to rid himself of his rival, Morana will use Enrique Álvarez, a competent, respected instructor pilot, who is blindly in love with her.

Dulce María, the third protagonist, also chooses to take a little traveled road by becoming an aircraft mechanic for the airline "Lince". Contrary to what her name indicates, she is a sullen, homeless-looking girl, very ungrateful, who has secretly fallen in love with Alcides Urquiaga, the son of her boss, a heartthrob heartthrob.

Alcides devotes every spare hour to his true passion, music, behind his severe father, Ignacio Urquiaga; He demands that his son fulfill the family tradition of becoming a pilot, like all men in the family, without realizing that his son has a very severe vertigo that prevents him from boarding an aircraft.

In the turbulent world of aviation, where competition and professional strife, adventure and unbridled romance reign, the three women will each drive their fate to their particular sky, using their own weapons to reach it.

## Cast

* Marianela González as *Anabela Marcano*
* Winston Vallenilla as *Rubén Alegría*
* Roxana Díaz as *Morana Bastardo*
* Jerónimo Gil as *Alcides Uriquiaga*
* Ámbar Díaz as *Dulce María Hidalgo*
* Sheyene Gerardi as *Sonia*
* Jean Carlo Simancas as *Ignacio Uriquiaga*
* Marialejandra Martín as *Divina Alegría*
* Daniel Alvarado as *Bienvenido Alegría*
* Ricardo Bianchi as *Tomás Torres "Totó"*
* Aileen Celeste as *Victoria Bermúdez de Torres*
* Sandro Finoglio as *Enrique Álvarez*
* Luis Gerardo Núñez as *Arturo Alcántara*
* Marlene Maseda as *Lucía de Alcántara*
* Margarita Hernández as *Violeta de Uriquiaga*
* Cayito Aponte as *Viejo "El Carrizo"*
* Gioia Lombardini as *Lucía Carrizo de Cantaclaro*
* Estefanía López as *Cruz Alegría*
* César Román as *Zarataco*
* Daniela Navarro as *Chacha Martínez*
* Sandra Martínez as *Reina Patricia Hidalgo*
* Carmen Alicia Lara as *Celia Alegría*
* Juan Carlos Martínez as *Zuzú*
* Eric Noriega as *Tirso*
* Aleska Díaz-Granados as *Ifigenia*
* Enrique Izquierdo as *Lucho*
* Liliana Meléndez as *Finita*
* Natalia Romero as *Nereida*
* Andreína Mazzeo as *Martita*
* Ileana Alomá as *Gladys*
* Luis Olavarrieta as *Torcuato Pérez*
* José Madonía as *Rómulo*
* Eduardo Orozco as *Humberto Bastardo*

## InfoBox

| *Por todo lo alto* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Telenovela |
| Created by | Vivel Nouel |
| Written by | Vivel Nouel
Carolina Mata
Manuel Mendoza
Yutzil Martínez
José Vicente Spataro |
| Directed by | Otto Rodríguez |
| Starring | Marianela González
Winston Vallenilla
Roxana Díaz
Jerónimo Gil |
| Opening theme | "Desde que llegaste a mí" by Olga Tañón |
| Country of origin | Venezuela |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of episodes | 120 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Carlos Lamus Alcalá |
| Producer | Marco Godoy |
| Production location | Caracas |
| Production company | RCTV |
| Original release | |
| Network | RCTV |
| Release | March 2 (2006-03-02)
September 25, 2006 (2006-09-25) |
| Related | |
| *El Desprecio* | |


title: Portulacaria afra

abstract: Portulacaria afra is a small-leaved succulent plant found in South Africa. These succulents commonly have a reddish stem and green leaves, but a variegated cultivar is often seen in cultivation. They are simple to care for and make easy houseplants for a sunny location. In frost-free regions they may be used in outdoor landscaping.

text:
# Portulacaria afra

***Portulacaria afra*** (known as **elephant bush**, **porkbush**, **purslane tree**, **dwarf jade** and ****spekboom**** in Afrikaans) is a small-leaved succulent plant found in South Africa. These succulents commonly have a reddish stem and green leaves, but a variegated cultivar is often seen in cultivation. They are simple to care for and make easy houseplants for a sunny location. In frost-free regions they may be used in outdoor landscaping.

## Description

It is a soft-wooded, semi-evergreen upright shrub or small tree, usually 2.5–4.5 metres (8–15 ft) tall. *P. afra* has smaller and rounder pads and more compact growth (shorter internodal spaces, down to 1.5 millimetres (0.059 in)). It is much hardier, faster growing, more loosely branched, and has more limber tapering branches than *Crassula* once established.

The genus *Portulacaria* has been shown to be an outlier, relatively unrelated to the other genera in the family, which are all restricted to small ranges in the arid far west of Southern Africa.

## Distribution and habitat

It is very widespread in the east of South Africa (as well as Eswatini). In this moist climate, it is relatively rare, and tends to favour dryer rocky outcrops and slopes.

It is also found in much denser numbers in the dryer southern Cape. Here it occurs from the Little Karoo of the Western Cape, eastwards up until the thicket vegetation of the Eastern Cape. Spekboom is found most prolifically in the Albany thickets, a woodland ecoregion, which locally is often called **noorsveld**, after the high number of succulent *Euphorbia* species, which are often called **noors** plants. In these environments, *P. afra* is a source of food for multiple large herbivores, such as the Black rhinoceros and the African elephant. Although it is not the primary food source for these animals, it still makes up a significant portion of their diet.

## Cultivation and uses

In the wilds of South Africa, large plants do survive the winter frosts by growing dense enough to provide their own natural cover. Drought-tolerant and fire-resistant, it will endure desert sun and heat once established, which the jade plant will not. *P. afra* is a common landscape plant in Phoenix, Arizona, and southern California, growing in USDA plant hardiness zones 9-11. Cuttings root very easily in most potting media.

### Ornamental

It is popular as a specimen for bonsai, and as a hardy xeriscaping plant. Several varieties exist - some bred in cultivation, others naturally occurring:

* **"Limpopo"**: A variety with much larger leaves. It is the natural form from the far north of the species' range.
* **"Prostrata"**: A low-lying, decumbent form that is frequently used as a ground-cover.
* **"Aurea"**: A compact, upright form with rounded leaves that go bright yellow in the sun.
* **"Foliis variegatus"**: A variegated form.
* **"Medio-picta"**: Variegated with a lighter centre.

### Culinary

In Southern Africa it is commonly eaten, usually as one component of a salad or a soup. It should not be confused with the jade plant, which is mildly toxic.

*P. afra* is also used to feed livestock during periods of drought due to its succulent nature. Most commonly used for cattle and goats, these plants also act as a supplemental source of water on top of their nutritional benefits for livestock.

### Medicinal

This is one of the many plants used as a traditional treatment for skin conditions used by people in rural areas that do not have easy access to more modern medicine.

### Carbon sequestration and ecological impact

*P. afra* is capable of either C3 or CAM carbon fixation, depending on factors such as the season and the age of the leaves. In the dry season, it relies on the CAM pathway due to the lack of water, but when water is reintroduced, the plant quickly reverts to the C3 pathway in order to conserve energy. The maturity of the leaf tissue also matters because younger tissue is unable to completely seal the stomata, making CAM impossible. So while the older leaves are able to switch pathways based on the season and conditions, the younger leaves have to rely solely on the C3 pathway. It can sequester a maximum of 15.4 t CO2 ha−1yr−1.

The South African government's Working for Ecosystems programme proposes restoring a million hectares (2.5 million acres) of *P. afra* thicket. The addition of more spekboom into the environment can also help restore native species to areas where they no longer can grow. P. afra has been shown to help create shade and add organic material into sandy soil, which allows for an environment more hospitable to young plants, thus helping restore populations of native species that were reduced by overgrazing and desertification.

## Further reading

* Paviour, Sarah-Jane (2014). *Carbon sequestration and trading potential in semi-arid South Africa: A Karoo case study* (MA thesis). Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa: Stellenbosch University. hdl:10019.1/95794.

## InfoBox

| *Portulacaria afra* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Didiereaceae |
| Genus: | *Portulacaria* |
| Species: | ***P. afra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Portulacaria afra***
Jacq. | |
|


title: East Hill-Meridian, Washington

abstract: East Hill-Meridian is a former census-designated place (CDP) in King County, Washington. The population was 29,878 at the time of the 2010 census. The majority of the census area is now within the limits of Kent and Renton.

text:
# East Hill-Meridian, Washington

**East Hill-Meridian** is a former census-designated place (CDP) in King County, Washington. The population was 29,878 at the time of the 2010 census. The majority of the census area is now within the limits of Kent and Renton.

## Geography

East Hill-Meridian is located at 47°24′36″N 122°10′59″W / 47.41000°N 122.18306°W / 47.41000; -122.18306 (47.409889, -122.183151).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.0 square miles (23.2 km2), of which, 8.9 square miles (23.1 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.45%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 42,696 |  |  |
| 2000 | 29,308 |  | −31.4% |
| 2010 | 29,878 |  | 1.9% |
| source: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 29,308 people, 9,845 households, and 7,856 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,282.4 people per square mile (1,267.2/km2). There were 10,084 housing units at an average density of 1,129.4/sq mi (436.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 73.41% White, 4.65% African American, 0.60% Native American, 14.54% Asian, 0.65% Pacific Islander, 1.70% from other races, and 4.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.81% of the population.

There were 9,845 households, out of which 44.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $65,721, and the median income for a family was $70,598. Males had a median income of $49,623 versus $35,241 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,621. About 3.6% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

On the national level, East Hill-Meridian leans toward the Democratic Party, delivering John Kerry a victory with 54 percent of the vote in the 2004 presidential election to Republican George W. Bush's 45 percent.

1. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
2. U.S. Census Geographic Change Notes: Washington State
3. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
4. "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790-2000)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-07-31.

## InfoBox

| East Hill-Meridian, Washington | |
| --- | --- |
| Former CDP | |
| Location of East Hill-Meridian, Washington | |
| Coordinates: 47°24′36″N 122°10′59″W / 47.41000°N 122.18306°W / 47.41000; -122.18306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Washington |
| County | King |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.0 sq mi (23.2 km2) |
| Land | 8.9 sq mi (23.1 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 505 ft (154 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 29,878 |
| Density | 3,282.4/sq mi (1,267.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| FIPS code | 53-19515 |


title: Poste Maurice Cortier

abstract: Poste Maurice Cortier was a desert halt in the Sahara Desert in southern Algeria, along the way from Algiers to French Sudan. It became popularly known as Bidon 5 because its sign board was an empty gas-can with the numeral 5 painted upon it; and "bidon" is French for "gas-can".

text:
# Poste Maurice Cortier

**Poste Maurice Cortier** was a desert halt in the Sahara Desert in southern Algeria, along the way from Algiers to French Sudan.

It became popularly known as **Bidon 5** because its sign board was an empty gas-can with the numeral 5 painted upon it; and "bidon" is French for "gas-can".

It is mentioned in Arthur Mee's 2 volume work *1000 Heroes: Immortal men & women of every age & every land*. Page 284 and in William B. Seabrook's Air Adventure.

22°19′07″N 1°06′57″E / 22.3185°N 1.1157°E / 22.3185; 1.1157


title: East forum Berlin

abstract: Every year, the east forum Berlin brings together opinion leaders from the political and business worlds in the East and the West to discuss challenges and opportunities faced by the economic area from Lisbon to Vladivostok and beyond. It was founded in 2013. The overall aim of the east forum Berlin is to facilitate dialogue in order to overcome barriers for prosperity, to exchange know-how and intensify networks. In addition, this international event is an opportunity to present Berlin as a vibrant location of political and economic debate.

text:
# East forum Berlin

Every year, the **east forum Berlin** brings together opinion leaders from the political and business worlds in the East and the West to discuss challenges and opportunities faced by the economic area from Lisbon to Vladivostok and beyond. It was founded in 2013.

The overall aim of the *east forum Berlin* is to facilitate dialogue in order to overcome barriers for prosperity, to exchange know-how and intensify networks. In addition, this international event is an opportunity to present Berlin as a vibrant location of political and economic debate.

## *east forum Berlin* 2015

The third east forum Berlin was devoted to the opportunities and challenges for a common economic space from Lisbon to Vladivostok. The central issues of the forum were economic reforms aimed at external stabilization and a progress assessment.

## *east forum Berlin* 2016

It is the 4th forum that took place during Germany's OSCE Chairmanship in the middle of new deadlocks and new dynamics that characterise the transforming economic and political realities between Europe and the East. Generally, the event focused on Europe’s economic future. One of the main topics was the trade relations between the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union, and China’s Silk Road Initiative.

The two opposing trends are embedded in new division lines, leading to an unfamiliar status quo of alienation. Secondly, they are surrounded by recently formed alliances consisting of as yet poorly known stakeholders, which create new spheres of influence. These dynamics offer potential for growth but also involve geopolitical and geo-economic challenges for all stakeholders in the region.

## *east forum, Berlin* 2017

The title of the forum was: "The future of European and Eurasian partnership: Rebuilding trust. Defining drivers. Overcoming barriers"**.**

## List of speakers since 2013

| Name | Name | Name | Name | Name | Name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mikhail Alekseev | Dr Gernot Erler | Andrzej Kopyrski | Ara Nranyan | Bakytzhan Sagintayev | Dr Volker Treier |
| Chris Antonopoulos | Joschka Fischer | Prof Hans-Helmut Kotz | Günther Oettinger | Dr Harald Schwager | Jérôme Vacher |
| Dr Anders Åslund | Mark Frese | Alena Kupchyna | Dr Heinz Olbers | Giuseppe Scognamiglio | Prof Günter Verheugen |
| Dr Péter Balás | Dr Ricardo Giucci | Giorgi Kvirikashvili | Marcus Osegowitsch | Željko Sertić | Dr Giuseppe Vita |
| Gianfranco Bisagni | Alexey Grigoriev | Iurie Leancă | Djoomart Otorbaev | Pavlo Sheremeta | Carlo Vivaldi |
| Dr Wolf-Ruthart Born | Alexei Gromyko | Rasim Ljajić | Gianni Franco Papa | Igor Shuvalov | Hristiyana Vucheva |
| Dr Karl Brauner | Dr Azra Hadziahmetovic | Kristjan Maruste | Bill Pavleski | Dmytro Shymkiv | Dr Theo Waigel |
| Vasile Bumacov | Dr Johannes Hahn | Dr Hans-Jürgen Meyer | Daniels Pavluts | Andrei Slepnev | Niko Warbanoff |
| Dr Erhard Busek | James Hansen | Frauke Mispage | Gerhard Pfeifer | Stephan Steinlein | Siegfried Wolf |
| Fikret Čaušević | Fadil Ismajli | Lubomir Mitov | Alain Pilloux | Dr Frank-Walter Steinmeier | Klaus Wowereit |
| Sir Suma Chakrabarti | Florin Nicolae Jianu | Jan Mládek | Dmitri Polyanskiy | Ludwig Soukup | Cornelia Yzer |
| Cathrina Claas-Mühlhäuser | Guido Kerkhoff | Dr Peter Mooslechner | Friedrich A. Rather | Dmytro Tabachnyk | Dr Guido Westerwelle |
| Dr Eckhard Cordes | Viktor Khristenko | Michael Müller | Dr Albert Rau | Dr Johannes Teyssen | Wolfgang Büchele |
| Lutz Diederichs | Dr Thomas Kirchberg | Dr Christian Nagel | Johannes Regenbrecht | Hashim Thaçi | Witold Waszczykowski |
| Vjačeslavs Dombrovskis | Olaf Koch | Erik Nielsen | Janusz Reiter | Emmanuel Thomassin | Ulrich Grillo |
| Mircea Ciopraga | Dr Michael Diederich | Niko Warbanoff | Wang Dezhan | Prof Dr Rainer Lindner | Volker Treier |
| Vache Gabrielyan | Elena Burmistrova | Klaus Schäfer | Zhecho Stankov | Pieter Boone | Philipp Rösler |

## Organization

The *east forum Berlin* has been founded by Achim Oelgarth, Rainer Lindner as well as Ivonne Bollow and is organized by UniCredit, Metro Group, and the Committee on Eastern European Economic Relations (Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft) in cooperation with the Federal State of Berlin. Since 2016 BDI and DIHK have joined as well. Media partners are eastonline and Ost-Ausschuss Informationen. Participation is by invitations only, which are extended to representatives from politics and business.

## InfoBox

| east forum Berlin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | Annually |
| Location(s) | Berlin, Germany |
| Inaugurated | 2013 by Achim Oelgarth and Rainer Lindner and since 2015 with Ivonne Bollow |
| Most recent | April 2015 |
| Participants | 250 to 350 from 30 countries |
| Organised by | UniCredit, METRO GROUP, Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft, Federal State of Berlin |
| Website | www.eastforum-berlin.de |


title: East of Borneo

abstract: East of Borneo is a 1931 American Pre-Code adventure film directed by George Melford, co-written by Edwin H. Knopf and Dale Van Every, starring Rose Hobart, Charles Bickford, Georges Renavent, Lupita Tovar, and Noble Johnson, and released by Universal Studios. In 1936, artist Joseph Cornell edited this feature film into his short experimental film Rose Hobart which runs about 19 minutes.

text:
# East of Borneo

***East of Borneo*** is a 1931 American Pre-Code adventure film directed by George Melford, co-written by Edwin H. Knopf and Dale Van Every, starring Rose Hobart, Charles Bickford, Georges Renavent, Lupita Tovar, and Noble Johnson, and released by Universal Studios.

In 1936, artist Joseph Cornell edited this feature film into his short experimental film *Rose Hobart* which runs about 19 minutes.

## Plot

Linda Randolph looks for her husband on the island of Marado just east of Borneo. Although Linda is warned that Marado's jungles are "entirely too dangerous" for a white woman, she persists through dangerous raft rides and wild crocodiles. She discovers that her husband is now the personal physician to the island’s enigmatic prince. The prince lusts for Linda, and a love triangle ensues.

## Cast

## Production

The film was shot largely at Universal Studios. Despite being essentially a B-picture, *East of Borneo* featured elaborate sets. Props and set dressing used in the film were reportedly valued at $100,000; this figure includes a large $25,000 Buddha statue, a very rare small white Buddha and a long mother-of-pearl inlaid bench, silver dinner utensils, and Oriental rugs and drapery.

* *East of Borneo* at IMDb
* *East of Borneo* at AllMovie
* Hall, Mordaunt (September 26, 1931). "*East of Borneo*". *The New York Times*.
* *East of Borneo* website with synopsis and poster
* *East of Borneo* is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive

## InfoBox

| East of Borneo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | George Melford |
| Written by | Edwin H. Knopf
Dale Van Every |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | George Robinson |
| Edited by | Arthur Tavares |
| Production
company | Universal Pictures |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * August 1, 1931 (1931-08-01) |
| Running time | 77 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Porphyrocrinus

abstract: Porphyrocrinus is a genus of crinoids within the family Phrynocrinidae. Members of this genus have been found from 2103 to 4240 meters below sea level.

text:
# Porphyrocrinus

***Porphyrocrinus*** is a genus of crinoids within the family Phrynocrinidae. Members of this genus have been found from 2103 to 4240 meters below sea level.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Porphyrocrinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Crinoidea |
| Order: | Comatulida |
| Family: | Phrynocrinidae |
| Genus: | *Porphyrocrinus*
Gislén 1925 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Porphyrocrinus verrucosus*
Gislén, 1925 | |