title: Shaman of Oberstdorf

abstract: Shaman of Oberstdorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night is a study of the arrest and trial of Chonrad Stoecklin (1549–1587), a German herdsman from the town of Oberstdorf who was accused and executed for the crime of witchcraft after experiencing a series of visions. Written by the German historian Wolfgang Behringer, himself a specialist in the Early Modern witch trials of Germany, Shaman of Oberstdorf was initially published in German as Chonrad Stoekhlin und die Nachtschar: Eine Geschichte aus der frühen Neuzeit by R. Piper GmbH & Co. in 1994. It was subsequently translated into English by H.C. Erik Midelfort and published in 1998 by the University of Virginia Press. The reviews published in specialist academic journals were largely positive, with several reviewers remarking that Behringer had presented a more believable case than Ginzburg for the existence of visionary traditions in Early Modern Europe.

text:
# Shaman of Oberstdorf

***Shaman of Oberstdorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night*** is a study of the arrest and trial of Chonrad Stoecklin (15491587), a German herdsman from the town of Oberstdorf who was accused and executed for the crime of witchcraft after experiencing a series of visions. Written by the German historian Wolfgang Behringer, himself a specialist in the Early Modern witch trials of Germany, *Shaman of Oberstdorf* was initially published in German as *Chonrad Stoekhlin und die Nachtschar: Eine Geschichte aus der frühen Neuzeit* by R. Piper GmbH & Co. in 1994. It was subsequently translated into English by H.C. Erik Midelfort and published in 1998 by the University of Virginia Press.

The reviews published in specialist academic journals were largely positive, with several reviewers remarking that Behringer had presented a more believable case than Ginzburg for the existence of visionary traditions in Early Modern Europe.

## Background

> "Historians such as Carlo Ginzburg, Gabór Klaniczay and Éva Pócs have argued that descriptions of sabbath experiences and familiar-encounters found in early modern European witch trials were expressions of popular experiential traditions rooted in pre-Christian shamanistic beliefs and practices. As a result of this work, most scholars now acknowledge that there was a genuinely folkloric component to European witch beliefs in this period, although opinions still differ as to its extent."

Emma Wilby, 2005.

### Shamanistic traditions in Early Modern Europe

From the 1960s onward, various historians studying the witch trials on continental Europe had begun arguing that in some areas, the image of the witch had been influenced by underlying local folklore about visionary journeys.

Poc's book on Hungarian witchcraft and magic appeared in her native language in 1997, before being published in an English translation in 1999 as *Between the Living and the Dead*.

### Behringer and his research

## Synopsis

## Arguments

## Reviews and reception

### Academic reviews

> "In discussing popular beliefs in the phantoms of the night Behringer emphasizes the continuities between ancient pagan ideas and those of the peasants and herdsmen in the Allgäu. At the same time, however, he modifies the controversial thesis, advanced by Carlo Ginzburg... that the Friulian peasants known as *benandanti* who, like Stoecklin, fell into trances and went out at night to fight the witches, represented the essence of a mythic pan-European consciousness rooted in pagan fertility rites. He also modifies the arguments of Russian folklorists that men like Stoecklin embodied a pure form of ancient shamanism. For Behringer the long process of Christianization during the Middle Ages, coupled with the efforts of the Counter Reformation to root out superstition and to provide catechetical instruction during the sixteenth century, had already dissolved some of the elements of these ancient myths. Instead, a more complex process occurred by which fragments of old myths survived and then generated new ones."

Brian P. Levack, 2000.

Writing in *Church History*, the journal of the American Society of Church History, the historian Brian P. Levack of the University of Texas (2000) described *Shaman of Oberstdorf* as a "fascinating study of popular witch beliefs in late-sixteenth-century Germany", relating that the "most valuable part of Behringer's investigation lies in his exploration" of these popular beliefs and how they "served as a prelude to the massive regional witch hunt that took place in southern Germany from 1587 until 1592." Ultimately, he felt that the book was "a carefully constructed, judicious, and gracefully translated work of original scholarship that illuminates some of the most important issues in the history of witchcraft and the history of popular culture. It deserves a wide audience."

Georg Modestin of the University of Fribourg (2000) reviewed Behringer's book for *The Sixteenth Century Journal*, in which he remarked that it was "obvious that the issue of this particular book is not social history", instead focusing in on "Stoeckhlin's depositions". In this respect, Modestin felt that *Shaman of Oberstdorf* was exploring a form of "mythical archaeology" which "may at times remind one of Carlo Ginzburg's attempts in *Ecstasies*"; however Modestin recognised that "Behringer is well aware of all the pitfalls related to the subject", thereby not expanding his search for the origins of the shamanistic visionary traditions into prehistory as Ginzburg had done. Although predominantly positive about the book, Modestin did criticise the choice of title chosen for the English translation, believing that "*Shaman of Oberstdorf*" was "unnecessarily spectacular" considering the fact that in the book, "Behringer only very tentatively speaks of shamanism."

> "Where Ginzburg sought typologically to prove the continuous existence of a reified shamanistic tradition stretching back into Eurasian prehistory, Behringer's analysis more sensibly foregrounds the contingent and the contextual: no cultic continuity then, but rather survivals of mythic fragments, "vestigial mythologems" (p. 145), subject to constant reconfiguration and hermeneutic and functional shifts."

Trevor Johnson, 2001.

*The American History Review* published a review written by Trevor Johnson (2001) of the University of the West of England, Bristol, in which he described Behringer's work in a positive manner. Johnson noted that Behringer "deftly unpacks the nuances of Alpine legend-motifs from the often careless and naïve, if not designing, assumptions of nineteenth and twentieth-century nationalist folklorists." He goes on to note that Behringer's "patient dissection of \[the folklorists'\] sleights of hand is one of the many delights of the book, but another is his vivid and moving evocation of the social, economic, and political realities of the early modern Alpine world and his tone of solidarity with the victims and their class (for example, automatically supplying the birth and death dates of even the humblest bit-players in his story)." Johnson notes that *Shamans of Oberstdorf* inevitably "invites comparison with the modern classics of Carlo Ginzburg, particularly *The Night Battles* (1983) and *Ecstasies* (1990)", with the two historians dealing with a clear "material overlap", but nonetheless Johnson believes that the two "employ radically different methodoligies." Praising Midelfort's English language translation, Johnson believed that it was a "tribute to Behringer's fascinating book" that it left the reader yearning "to know more", particularly about "how the social, economic, political and religious tensions evident in this region, as elsewhere, in the post-Reformation period affected relationships between the living and the dead generally."

### Wider influence

The French Medievalist Claude Lecouteux highlighted Behringer's book in the preface to the 1996 edition of his book *Witches, Werewolves and Fairies: Shapeshifters and Astral Doubles in the Middle Ages*. Arguing that Behringer's findings supported his own theories regarding the concept of the double, he lamented however that Behringer seemed "completely unfamiliar" with such a theory.

### Footnotes

### Bibliography

Academic sources  * Davies, Owen (2003). *Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History*. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-297-6.
* Ginzburg, Carlo (1983). *The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
* Ginzburg, Carlo (2004). *Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Hutton, Ronald (2010). "Writing the History of Witchcraft: A Personal View". *The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies*. **12** (2). London: Equinox Publishing: 239–262. doi:10.1558/pome.v12i2.239.
* Pócs, Éva (1999). *Between the Living and the Dead: A Perspective on Witches and Seers in the Early Modern Age*. Budapest: Central European Academic Press.
* Purkiss, Diane (2000). *At the Bottom of the Garden: A Dark History of Fairies, Hobgoblins and Other Troublesome Things*. New York: New York University Press.
* Wilby, Emma (2005). *Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic*. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-078-5.

Academic book reviews

## InfoBox

Shaman of Oberstdorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night
| The English language cover of the book. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Wolfgang Behringer |
| Language | German,
English |
| Subject | German history
History of religion |
| Publisher | R. Piper GmbH & Co |
| Publication date | 1994,
1998 (translation) |
| Publication place | Germany |
| Media type | Print (Hardback and paperback) |
| Pages | 203 |
| ISBN | 978-0-8139-1853-2 |


title: 2014 Brisbane Lions season

abstract: The 2014 Brisbane Lions season is the club's 18th season in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club also fielded its reserves team in the NEAFL.

text:
# 2014 Brisbane Lions season

The **2014 Brisbane Lions season** is the club's 18th season in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club also fielded its reserves team in the NEAFL.

## Squad

*Players are listed by jersey number, and 2014 statistics are for AFL regular season and finals series matches during the 2013 AFL season only. Career statistics include a player's complete AFL career, which, as a result, means that a player's debut and part or whole of their career statistics may be for another club. Statistics are correct of Round 19 of the 2014 season (3 August 2014) and are taken from AFL Tables*

| No. | Name | AFL debut | Games (2014) | Goals (2014) | Games (Brisbane) | Goals (Brisbane) | Games (AFL career) | Goals (AFL career) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Luke McGuane | 2006 *(Richmond)* | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 108 | 39 |
| 2 | Ryan Harwood | 2010 | 14 | 2 | 56 | 6 | 56 | 6 |
| 3 | Brent Moloney | 2003 *(Geelong)* | 5 | 1 | 21 | 9 | 166 | 46 |
| 4 | James Aish | 2014 | 21 | 6 | 21 | 6 | 21 | 6 |
| 5 | Jack Crisp | 2012 | 6 | 6 | 18 | 10 | 18 | 10 |
| 6 | Josh Green | 2011 | 20 | 33 | 54 | 72 | 54 | 72 |
| 7 | Jed Adcock | 2004 | 22 | 3 | 185 | 42 | 185 | 42 |
| 8 | Rohan Bewick | 2011 | 16 | 9 | 63 | 47 | 63 | 47 |
| 9 | Ashley McGrath | 2001 | 6 | 5 | 214 | 170 | 214 | 170 |
| 10 | Daniel Rich | 2009 | 3 | 0 | 101 | 67 | 101 | 67 |
| 11 | Pearce Hanley | 2008 | 20 | 6 | 96 | 35 | 96 | 35 |
| 12 | Stefan Martin | 2008 *(Melbourne)* | 12 | 1 | 17 | 5 | 74 | 28 |
| 13 | Trent West | 2008 *(Geelong)* | 10 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 64 | 27 |
| 14 | Brent Staker | 2003 *(West Coast Eagles)* | 0 | 0 | 44 | 35 | 154 | 119 |
| 15 | Dayne Zorko | 2012 | 21 | 18 | 59 | 60 | 59 | 60 |
| 16 | Jonathan Brown | 2000 | 11 | 21 | 256 | 594 | 256 | 594 |
| 17 | Claye Beams | 2011 | 13 | 9 | 28 | 21 | 28 | 21 |
| 18 | Nick Robertson | 2014 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| 19 | Jordan Lisle | 2011 *(Hawthorn)* | 5 | 0 | 18 | 15 | 23 | 16 |
| 21 | Daniel Merrett | 2005 | 19 | 12 | 171 | 69 | 171 | 69 |
| 22 | Marco Paparone | 2013 | 18 | 7 | 23 | 12 | 23 | 12 |
| 23 | Matthew Leuenberger | 2007 | 5 | 0 | 94 | 20 | 94 | 20 |
| 24 | Joel Patfull | 2006 | 21 | 2 | 182 | 24 | 182 | 24 |
| 25 | Daniel McStay | 2014 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 7 |
| 26 | Tom Cutler | 2014 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 2 |
| 27 | Darcy Gardiner | 2014 | 17 | 2 | 17 | 2 | 17 | 2 |
| 28 | Lewis Taylor | 2014 | 22 | 12 | 22 | 12 | 22 | 12 |
| 29 | Andrew Raines | 2004 *(Richmond)* | 4 | 1 | 67 | 14 | 123 | 15 |
| 30 | Jack Redden | 2009 | 14 | 6 | 112 | 50 | 112 | 50 |
| 31 | James Polkinghorne | 2008 | 2 | 0 | 94 | 53 | 94 | 53 |
| 32 | Sam Mayes | 2013 | 21 | 11 | 39 | 23 | 39 | 23 |
| 33 | Michael Close | 2014 | 14 | 10 | 14 | 10 | 14 | 10 |
| 34 | Jonathan Freeman | 2014 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
| 35 | Ryan Lester | 2011 | 14 | 3 | 52 | 12 | 52 | 12 |
| 36 | Matt Maguire | 2002  *(St Kilda)* | 13 | 1 | 69 | 2 | 168 | 21 |
| 37 | Patrick Wearden | \**** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 38 | Tom Rockliff | 2009 | 18 | 10 | 101 | 51 | 101 | 51 |
| 39 | Jackson Paine | 2012 *(Collingwood)* | 6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 11 |
| 40 | Isaac Conway | \**** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 41 | Mitchell Golby | 2011 | 12 | 0 | 51 | 6 | 51 | 6 |
| 42 | Justin Clarke | 2013 | 22 | 1 | 36 | 1 | 36 | 1 |
| 43 | Nick Hayes | \**** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 44 | Archie Smith | \**** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 45 | Jordon Bourke | 2014 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 46 | Sam Michael | 2013 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 47 | Zac O'Brien | 2014 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 |

## Season summary

### Pre-season matches

Brisbane Lions' 2014 NAB Challenge fixtures
| **Rd** | **Date and local time** | **Opponent** | **Scores** (Brisbane's scores indicated in **bold**) | | | **Venue** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Home | Away | Result | | |
| 1 | Monday, 17 February (4:10 pm) | Hawthorn | 1.22.13 (154) | **0.3.5 (23)** | Lost by 131 points | Etihad Stadium (A) | 5,003 |
| 2 | Sunday, 23 February (3:40 pm) | Gold Coast | **1.14.13 (106)** | 0.8.11 (59) | Won by 47 points | Tony Ireland Stadium (H) | 6,426 |

Brisbane Lions' 2014 Practice Matches
| **Rd** | **Date and local time** | **Opponent** | **Scores** (Brisbane's scores indicated in **bold**) | | | **Venue** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Home | Away | Result | | |
| 1 | Saturday, 8 March (2:30 pm) | Sydney | **8.11 (59)** | 12.14 (86) | Lost by 27 points | Burpengary Regional Sports Park (H) | 6,096 |

### Home and Away Season

| **Rd** | **Date and local time** | **Opponent** | **Scores** (Brisbane's scores indicated in **bold**) | | | **Venue** | **Attendance** | **Ladder position** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Home | Away | Result | | | |
| 1 | Saturday, 22 March (4:40 pm) | Hawthorn | 21.13 (139) | **13.13 (91)** | Lost by 48 points | Aurora Stadium (A) | 12,430 | 15th |
| 2 | Sunday, 30 March (1:10 pm) | Geelong | **10.8 (68)** | 13.15 (93) | Lost by 25 points | Gabba (H) | 20,933 | 15th |
| 3 | Saturday, 5 April (3:40 pm) | Gold Coast | 17.12 (114) | **9.7 (61)** | Lost by 53 points | Metricon Stadium (A) | 16,593 | 16th |
| 4 | Saturday, 12 April (1:40 pm) | Port Adelaide | 24.15 (159) | **7.4 (46)** | Lost by 113 points | Adelaide Oval (A) | 36,231 | 18th |
| 5 | Thursday, 17 April (7:50 pm) | Richmond | **9.9 (63)** | 15.16 (106) | Lost by 43 points | Gabba (H) | 20,676 | 18th |
| 6 | Friday, 25 April (7:45 pm) | St Kilda | 11.13 (79) | **12.10 (82)** | Won by 3 points | Westpac Stadium (A) | 13,409 | 18th |
| 7 | Saturday, 3 May (7:40 pm) | Sydney | **6.8 (44)** | 18.15 (123) | Lost by 79 points | Gabba (H) | 17,957 | 18th |
| 8 | Saturday, 10 May (4:40 pm) | Essendon | **8.9 (57)** | 9.11 (65) | Lost by 8 points | Gabba (H) | 26,432 | 18th |
| 9 | Saturday, 17 May (4:40 pm) | North Melbourne | 17.23 (125) | **6.2 (38)** | Lost by 87 points | Etihad Stadium (A) | 21,152 | 18th |
| 10 | *Bye* | | | | | | | 18th |
| 11 | Saturday, 31 May (4:40 pm) | Carlton | **14.14 (98)** | 13.13 (91) | Won by 7 points | Gabba (H) | 24,625 | 18th |
| 12 | Saturday, 7 June (7:40 pm) | Western Bulldogs | 13.9 (87) | **14.11 (95)** | Won by 8 points | Etihad Stadium (A) | 18,054 | 16th |
| 13 | Saturday, 14 June (7:40 pm) | Greater Western Sydney | **12.8 (80)** | 19.11 (125) | Lost by 45 points | Gabba (H) | 12,700 | 17th |
| 14 | Saturday, 21 June (5:40 pm) | Fremantle | 15.15 (105) | **3.4 (22)** | Lost by 83 points | Patersons Stadium (A) | 25,152 | 17th |
| 15 | Saturday, 28 June (7:40 pm) | North Melbourne | **10.10 (70)** | 9.12 (66) | Won by 4 points | Gabba (H) | 15,862 | 17th |
| 16 | Saturday, 5 July (1:45 pm) | Richmond | 12.7 (79) | **7.12 (54)** | Lost by 25 points | MCG (A) | 34,560 | 17th |
| 17 | Saturday, 12 July (7:40 pm) | West Coast | **9.10 (64)** | 11.10 (76) | Lost by 12 points | Gabba (H) | 13,610 | 17th |
| 18 | Saturday, 26 July (4:40 pm) | Gold Coast | **16.14 (110)** | 8.8 (56) | Won by 54 points | Gabba (H) | 27,167 | 15th |
| 19 | Sunday, 3 August (1:10 pm) | Melbourne | 6.15 (51) | **11.8 (74)** | Won by 23 points | Etihad Stadium (A) | 18,079 | 15th |
| 20 | Sunday, 10 August (1:10 pm) | Adelaide | **9.9 (63)** | 25.18 (168) | Lost by 105 points | Gabba (H) | 19,657 | 15th |
| 21 | Saturday, 16 August (7:40 pm) | Collingwood | 8.8 (56) | **18.15 (123)** | Won by 67 points | MCG (A) | 32,926 | 15th |
| 22 | Sunday, 24 August (1:10 pm) | Fremantle | **6.12 (48)** | 15.16 (106) | Lost by 58 points | Gabba (H) | 17,473 | 15th |
| 23 | Saturday, 30 August (7:40 pm) | Geelong | 21.17 (143) | **12.9 (81)** | Lost by 62 points | Simonds Stadium (A) | 24,659 | 15th |

## Ladder

2014 AFL ladder
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | D | PF | PA | PP | Pts |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sydney | 22 | 17 | 5 | 0 | 2126 | 1488 | 142.9 | 68 | Finals series |
| 2 | Hawthorn (P) | 22 | 17 | 5 | 0 | 2458 | 1746 | 140.8 | | 68 |
| 3 | Geelong | 22 | 17 | 5 | 0 | 2033 | 1787 | 113.8 | | 68 |
| 4 | Fremantle | 22 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 2029 | 1556 | 130.4 | | 64 |
| 5 | Port Adelaide | 22 | 14 | 8 | 0 | 2180 | 1678 | 129.9 | | 56 |
| 6 | North Melbourne | 22 | 14 | 8 | 0 | 2026 | 1731 | 117.0 | | 56 |
| 7 | Essendon | 22 | 12 | 9 | 1 | 1828 | 1719 | 106.3 | | 50 |
| 8 | Richmond | 22 | 12 | 10 | 0 | 1887 | 1784 | 105.8 | | 48 |
| 9 | West Coast | 22 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 2045 | 1750 | 116.9 | 44 |  |
| 10 | Adelaide | 22 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 2175 | 1907 | 114.1 | | 44 |
| 11 | Collingwood | 22 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 1766 | 1876 | 94.1 | | 44 |
| 12 | Gold Coast | 22 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 1917 | 2045 | 93.7 | | 40 |
| 13 | Carlton | 22 | 7 | 14 | 1 | 1891 | 2107 | 89.7 | | 30 |
| 14 | Western Bulldogs | 22 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 1784 | 2177 | 81.9 | | 28 |
| 15 | Brisbane Lions | 22 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 1532 | 2212 | 69.3 | | 28 |
| 16 | Greater Western Sydney | 22 | 6 | 16 | 0 | 1780 | 2320 | 76.7 | | 24 |
| 17 | Melbourne | 22 | 4 | 18 | 0 | 1336 | 1954 | 68.4 | | 16 |
| 18 | St Kilda | 22 | 4 | 18 | 0 | 1480 | 2436 | 60.8 | | 16 |

Source: AFL Tables
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) percentage; 3) number of points for.
(P) Premiers   1. afl.com.au
2. afl.com.au
3. afl.com.au
4. afl.com.au
5. afl.com.au
6. afl.com.au
7. afl.com.au
8. afl.com.au
9. afl.com.au
10. afl.com.au
11. afl.com.au
12. afl.com.au
13. afl.com.au
14. afl.com.au
15. afl.com.au
16. afl.com.au
17. afl.com.au
18. afl.com.au
19. afl.com.au
20. afl.com.au
21. afl.com.au
22. afl.com.au
23. afl.com.au
24. afl.com.au
25. afl.com.au

## InfoBox

Brisbane Lions
| 2014 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Coach | Justin Leppitsch |
| Captain(s) | Jed Adcock |
| Home ground | The Gabba |
| Regular season | *15th* |
| Highest home attendance | 27,167 vs. Gold Coast (Round 18) |
| Lowest home attendance | 13,610 vs. West Coast Eagles (Round 17) |
| Average home attendance | 19,735 |
|  | |


title: Žlutava

abstract: Žlutava is a municipality and village in Zlín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants. Žlutava lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of Zlín and 242 km (150 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Žlutava

**Žlutava** is a municipality and village in Zlín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.

Žlutava lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of Zlín and 242 km (150 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 589 |  |
| 1880 | 651 | +10.5% |
| 1890 | 651 | +0.0% |
| 1900 | 768 | +18.0% |
| 1910 | 758 | −1.3% |
| 1921 | 799 | +5.4% |
| 1930 | 844 | +5.6% |
| 1950 | 1,007 | +19.3% |
| 1961 | 1,080 | +7.2% |
| 1970 | 1,047 | −3.1% |
| 1980 | 935 | −10.7% |
| 1991 | 870 | −7.0% |
| 2001 | 963 | +10.7% |
| 2011 | 1,114 | +15.7% |
| 2021 | 1,151 | +3.3% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Žlutava | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Common in Žlutava | |
|  | |
| ŽlutavaLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°11′59″N 17°29′25″E / 49.19972°N 17.49028°E / 49.19972; 17.49028 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Zlín |
| District | Zlín |
| First mentioned | 1667 |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.40 km2 (2.86 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 298 m (978 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,178 |
| Density | 160/km2 (410/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 763 61 |
| Website | www.zlutava.cz |


title: Cape lechwe

abstract: The Cape lechwe or Venter's lechwe is an extinct species similar to the red lechwe, Kobus leche. It was described by Robert Broom from a frontlet and horn core from Haagenstad, which Broom believed to be an intermediate form between lechwe and waterbuck. However others have failed to find justification for separating the species from Kobus leche. It formerly occurred in the North West, Gauteng, Free State, Northern Cape, and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. Like the other subspecies within the Kobus leche group, the Cape lechwe inhabited extensive marshlands, fens and alluvial flooded grasslands that flourished across the vast plains of the aforementioned Provinces of the Republic of South Africa in the not so distant past. The estimated southern limit of Cape lechwe range within the Eastern Cape Province seems to have been the central plateau that is the South African Highveld, in the environs of Cradock and Tarkastad. The Cape lechwe stood between 90 and 100 centimetres at the shoulder and topped the scale at between 70 and 120 kilograms. In all probability they were marked similarly to the red lechwe Kobus l. leche subspecies, being golden brown with a white belly. Therefore, males were darker in colour, but the general hue of their hide varied depending on the southern ecotypical cline. The long spiral structured horns were vaguely lyre-shaped, and were found only in males. Their hind legs were somewhat longer in proportion than in other antelopes, as with all subspecies within the Kobus leche group, to ease long-distance running in moist, inundated, and marshy soils.

text:
# Cape lechwe

The **Cape lechwe** or **Venter's lechwe** (***Kobus venterae***) is an extinct species similar to the red lechwe, *Kobus leche*. It was described by Robert Broom from a frontlet and horn core from Haagenstad (now known as Florisbad), which Broom believed to be an intermediate form between lechwe and waterbuck. However others have failed to find justification for separating the species from *Kobus leche*.

It formerly occurred in the North West, Gauteng, Free State, Northern Cape, and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. Like the other subspecies within the *Kobus leche* group, the Cape lechwe inhabited extensive marshlands, fens and alluvial flooded grasslands that flourished across the vast plains of the aforementioned Provinces of the Republic of South Africa in the not so distant past. The estimated southern limit of Cape lechwe range within the Eastern Cape Province seems to have been the central plateau that is the South African Highveld, in the environs of Cradock and Tarkastad.

The Cape lechwe stood between 90 and 100 centimetres at the shoulder and topped the scale at between 70 and 120 kilograms. In all probability they were marked similarly to the red lechwe *Kobus l. leche* subspecies, being golden brown with a white belly. Therefore, males were darker in colour, but the general hue of their hide varied depending on the southern ecotypical cline. The long spiral structured horns were vaguely lyre-shaped, and were found only in males. Their hind legs were somewhat longer in proportion than in other antelopes, as with all subspecies within the *Kobus leche* group, to ease long-distance running in moist, inundated, and marshy soils.

## Habitat

The Cape lechwe, as with the other extant subspecies, were highly specialized in their habitat requirements, with water being at the center of their existence. This being the case, lechwe in general rarely venture further than say 2 to 3 kilometres from a permanent water source. Their characteristic haunt, as with the extant subspecies, were shallow inundated floodplains on the periphery of rivers, lakes and swamps, and especially on the ecotone that these habitats form with papyrus *Cyperus papyrus*, both *Phragmites australis* and *Phragmites mauritianus* reeds, and tall aquatic grasses. These habitats in addition to knee-deep water were used as protection against predators. Their legs are covered in a water repelling substance allowing them to run quite fast in knee-deep water.

Lechwe are diurnal. They gather in herds which can include many thousands of individuals. Herds are usually all of one sex but during mating season they mix.

## Nomenclature Controversy

## Extinction

## InfoBox

| Cape lechwe | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Genus: | *Kobus* |
| Species: | ***K. venterae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Kobus venterae***<br>Broom, 1913 | |
|


title: USS Ammen (DD-35)

abstract: The first USS Ammen (DD-35) was a Paulding-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and later in the United States Coast Guard, designated as CG-8. She was named for Rear Admiral Daniel Ammen.

text:
# USS Ammen (DD-35)

The first **USS *Ammen* (DD-35)** was a *Paulding*-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and later in the United States Coast Guard, designated as **CG-8**. She was named for Rear Admiral Daniel Ammen.

## Construction

*Ammen* was laid down on 29 March 1910 by the New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, New Jersey; launched on 20 September 1910; sponsored by Miss Ethel C. Andrews; and commissioned at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 23 May 1911. Construction cost $655,075.13 (hull and machinery).

## World War I

Following commissioning, *Ammen* was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. She operated with the Torpedo Flotilla along the east coast. Upon the outbreak of World War I in Europe in 1914, *Ammen* began neutrality patrols and escort duty along the east coast. After the United States entered the conflict in April 1917, *Ammen* sailed for the Bahamas on a reconnaissance mission. When she returned to the United States, the destroyer entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 6 May to be fitted out for overseas service. *Ammen* was assigned to Division 9, Destroyer Force, and sailed on 18 June for St. Nazaire, France.

After the arrival of the convoy at St. Nazaire on 2 July, *Ammen* proceeded to Queenstown, Ireland, and was attached to American naval forces based there. The ship carried out convoy escort duty between Ireland and France, patrolled off the Irish coast for enemy submarines, and went to the aid of vessels in distress. *Ammen* returned to the United States in January 1919. She made a cruise to the Gulf of Mexico before going out of commission at Philadelphia on 11 December 1919. The vessel was designated DD-35 on 17 July 1920.

## Inter-war period

*Ammen* remained at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania until 28 April 1924, when she was transferred to the Coast Guard, in whose hands she was redesignated **CG-8**. *Ammen* was one of 20 destroyers that formed the Coast Guard Offshore Patrol Force, established to help suppress bootlegging.

On 22 May 1931, *Ammen* was returned to the Navy, but she performed no further active service. Her name was dropped on 1 July 1933, and thereafter she was referred to as DD-35. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 5 July 1934 and sold to Michael Flynn, Inc, Brooklyn, New York.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| USS *Ammen* (DD-35), undated, location unknown. Prior to World War I. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Ammen* |
| Namesake | Rear Admiral Daniel Ammen |
| Builder | New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, New Jersey |
| Cost | $655,075.13 |
| Laid down | 29 March 1910 |
| Launched | 20 September 1910 |
| Sponsored by | Miss Ethel C. Andrews |
| Commissioned | 23 May 1911 |
| Decommissioned | 11 December 1919 |
| Stricken | 5 July 1934 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate |  |
| Notes | *Ammen* lost her name to new construction on 1 July 1933 |
| United States | |
| Name | *Ammen* |
| Acquired | 28 April 1924 |
| Commissioned | 22 January 1925 |
| Decommissioned | 18 May 1931 |
| Identification | Hull symbol:CG-8 |
| Fate | Transferred back to the United States Navy |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Paulding*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | * 742 long tons (754 ) normal * 887 long tons (901 t) full load |
| Length | 293 ft 10 in (89.56 m) |
| Beam | 27 ft (8.2 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft 4 in (2.54 m) (mean) |
| Installed power | 12,000 ihp (8,900 kW) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 29.5 kn (33.9 mph; 54.6 km/h) * 30.48 kn (35.08 mph; 56.45 km/h) (Speed on Trial) |
| Complement | 4 officers 87 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: Cyril Ponnamperuma

abstract: Dr. Cyril Andrew Ponnamperuma was a Sri Lankan scientist in the fields of chemical evolution and the origin of life.

text:
# Cyril Ponnamperuma

**Dr.** **Cyril Andrew Ponnamperuma** (Sinhala: ආචාර්ය **සිරිල් ඇන්ඩෘ පොන්නම්පෙරුම**) (16 October 1923  20 December 1994) was a Sri Lankan scientist in the fields of chemical evolution and the origin of life.

## Biography

Cyril Ponnamperuma was born in Sri Lanka on 16 October 1923. After completing his early education with flying colours at St. Aloysius' College, Galle and subsequently at St. Joseph's College, Colombo, Ponnamperuma proceeded to India and in 1948 obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from the University of Madras.

Later he moved to the United Kingdom and enrolled at Birkbeck, University of London, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1959. At the same time he had the opportunity to work with Professor J. D. Bernal, a pioneering scientist engaged in research on the origin of life. Afterwards he proceeded to the United States, where in 1962 he received a doctorate in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley under the direction of the Nobel Laureate Melvin Calvin.

In 1962, he was honoured with a National Academy of Sciences resident associateship with NASA at Ames Research Center. In 1963 he joined NASA's Exobiology Division and take over the helm of the Chemical Evolution Division. He was selected as the principal investigator for analysis of lunar soil brought to Earth by Project Apollo.

Thereafter, he was closely involved with NASA in the Viking and Voyager programmes and was offered membership in both the Space Science Advisory Council and Life Sciences Advisory Council of NASA.

According to Arthur C. Clarke, "No other scientist of Sri Lankan origin was internationally known and respected as he was". He produced over 400 scientific publications and held a number of prestigious academic posts during his rather short lifespan.

His studies focused mainly towards the origin of life, but only after he was selected for the analysis of the Moon dust in the 'Apollo Programme' his name and photo appeared on the cover-pages of world class newspapers and magazines such as *Time* and *Newsweek*.

The "Third World Academy of Sciences" (TWAS) based in Trieste, Italy, elected him as its vice president in 1989 and appointed him chairman of the *International Network of Science Centres* in selected developing Countries. He contributed immensely to the Third World Foundation of North America as its chairman.

He was the first director of the "*Arthur C. Clarke Centre for Modern Technologies*" in Sri Lanka, and in 1984 was appointed science advisor to the president of Sri Lanka by the late president J. R. Jayewardene. He was so fortunate, indeed, as to be associated with many universities in the US and other countries. He served as a distinguished lecturer at the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for a considerable period.

The Atomic Energy Commission of India offered him an assignment as a visiting professor in 1967. UNESCO appointed him for a period covering 1970–1971 as its director of the programme for the development of basic research in Sri Lanka. After that, in his endeavour to widen the horizon of knowledge of the fellow human beings the distinguished academic apex he selected was University of Maryland in the US. Since 1971 he provided his service to that university as a professor of chemistry as well as the director of the laboratory of chemical evolution.

His contribution to the development of international programmes of that university was acknowledged in deserved manner in January 1991, the first distinguished International Service Award was presented to him by that university. Among the many awards that Professor Ponnamperuma received one can mention the "Alexander Oparin Gold Medal" for the 'Best sustained Programme' on the origin of life awarded by the International Society for the study of the origin of life in 1980. In recognition of his service to Sri Lanka, he was conferred, "The Honour of Vidya Jyothy" at the 1990 National Day investiture ceremony by President Ranasinghe Premadasa.

The presence of this great son of Sri Lanka, was so conspicuous all over the world as to be nominated to the prestigious Pontical Academy of Sciences, a body represented by world-renowned scientists who excelled in the spheres of mathematical and experimental sciences.

The Academy of Creative Endeavors, Moscow, awarded him the Harold Urey Prize and the Academy Medal for his outstanding contribution to the study of the origin of life.

His participation in the Sri Lankan scientific arena began in 1984, when he became the science adviser to the late Sri Lanka President J. R. Jayewardena. Within a matter of months he was appointed Director of the Institute of Fundamental Studies. His country was fortunate to have a son so highly recognized in the world and so dedicated to many public causes. His organisational abilities and communication skills have been widely acknowledged.

He died soon after suffering a heart attack at the Laboratory of Chemical Evolution, University of Maryland USA.

The remains of Professor Cyril Ponnamperuma were flown to Colombo on 9 January 1995.

## InfoBox

| Cyril Ponnamperuma
සිරිල් පොන්නම්පෙරුම | |
| --- | --- |
| Cyril Ponnamperuma analyzing a Moon sample | |
| Born | 16 October 1923
Galle, Southern Province, Sri Lanka |
| Died | 20 December 1994(1994-12-20) (aged 71)
Takoma Park, Maryland |
| Citizenship | Sri Lanka (1923-1971)
United States (1971-1994) |
| Alma mater | St. Joseph's College, Colombo
University of MadrasUniversity of London
University of California, Berkeley |
| Awards | Ordre des Arts et des Lettres |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemical evolution |
| Institutions | University of Maryland |
|  | |


title: Calliotropis helix

abstract: Calliotropis helix is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

text:
# Calliotropis helix

***Calliotropis helix*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eucyclidae.

## Description

The length of the shell reaches 20 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Taiwan and in the South China Sea.

* Vilvens C. (2007) *New records and new species of Calliotropis from Indo-Pacific*. Novapex 8 (Hors Série 5): 1–72

* "*Calliotropis helix*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Calliotropis helix* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Calliotropis helix* (paratype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | Calliotropidae |
| Genus: | *Calliotropis* |
| Species: | ***C. helix*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calliotropis helix***<br>Vilvens, 2007 | |
|


title: Prideaux (name)

abstract: Prideaux is both a given name and surname of Cornish origin, derived from the place called Prideaux in the parish of Luxulyan. The place-name had the form Pridias in the 12th and 13th centuries; by folk etymology both the place-name and the surname have been altered to a form based on the French près d'eaux or pré d'eaux. Notable people with the name include:

text:
# Prideaux (name)

**Prideaux** is both a given name and surname of Cornish origin, derived from the place called Prideaux in the parish of Luxulyan. The place-name had the form Pridias in the 12th and 13th centuries; by folk etymology both the place-name and the surname have been altered to a form based on the French *près d'eaux* or *pré d'eaux* (near waters or meadow of waters).

Notable people with the name include:

## Surname

## Given name

## Families

The ancient gentry family of Prideaux was seated variously at Orcheton, Modbury; Adeston, Holbeton; Thuborough, Sutcombe; Soldon, Holsworthy; Netherton, Farway; Ashburton; Nutwell, Woodbury; Ford Abbey, Thorncombe all in Devon, and at Prideaux Place, Padstow and Prideaux manor, Luxulyan, in Cornwall. Fox (1874) stated in regard of the Kingsbridge branch of Prideaux: *"We have no intention ... of tracing the pedigree back to old Paganus de Prideaux, who came over from Normandy with William the Conqueror, and who was Lord of the Castle of Prideaux, in Cornwall"*.

## In fiction

## Footnotes


title: David Leffell

abstract: David J. Leffell, MD, was born in 1956 in Montreal, Canada and educated at McGill University and Yale University. He is founder and chief of the Dermatologic Surgery Program at Yale School of Medicine. Leffell is an internationally recognized expert in skin cancer and the Mohs technique, plastic reconstruction, and new technologies in dermatology. He specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. He is the David Paige Smith Professor of Dermatology and Surgery, chief of Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, and former Deputy Dean for Clinical Affairs at Yale University School of Medicine. In January 2012, Dr. Leffell stepped down as chief executive officer of the Yale Medical Group, after 15 years of leadership of the organization. He serves on the board of Validus Pharmaceuticals and is a trustee of The Hopkins School, one of America's oldest independent schools.

text:
# David Leffell

**David J. Leffell,** MD, was born in 1956 in Montreal, Canada and educated at McGill University and Yale University. He is founder and chief of the Dermatologic Surgery Program at Yale School of Medicine. Leffell is an internationally recognized expert in skin cancer and the Mohs technique, plastic reconstruction, and new technologies in dermatology. He specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. He is the David Paige Smith Professor of Dermatology and Surgery, chief of Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, and former Deputy Dean for Clinical Affairs at Yale University School of Medicine . In January 2012, Dr. Leffell stepped down as chief executive officer of the Yale Medical Group , after 15 years of leadership of the organization. He serves on the board of Validus Pharmaceuticals and is a trustee of The Hopkins School, one of America's oldest independent schools.

## Research

While still in medical training, Leffell developed and patented a laser method for measuring the aging of skin. With Douglas Brash and others he has also published work that clarifies the genetic basis of the cancer-causing ultraviolet rays of the sun. This work represented proof that an environmental agent could directly be linked to a genetic injury that causes cancer . Leffell was a member of the international team that discovered PTC1, a tumor suppressor gene that plays a critical role in the development of hereditary and sporadic basal cell cancer. He shares patents for the PTC gene and PTCH protein. In 2012, GenentechRoche introduced an oral medication based on the related hedgehog pathway Leffell also invented a simple office-based method for the treatment of vitiligo, a depigmenting disorder for which treatment is otherwise limited. In collaboration with Susan Mayne, PhD at the Yale School of Public Health, Leffell has researched the role of tanning parlors in the development of skin cancer in young women.

## Publications

Dr. Leffell is the author or co-author of more than 130 publications, book chapters, and other media. He is an editor of the world's leading textbook of dermatology, *Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine*. He is also author of *Manual of Skin Surgery* (English and Chinese editions), a highly illustrated textbook of fundamental skin surgery for medical students, residents, and all specialties involved in skin surgery. A second English edition was published in 2012 Manual of Skin Surgery. Leffell also wrote *Total Skin: The Definitive Guide to Whole Skin Care for Life*, a "user-friendly" book intended to educate the general public about skin health. The book, originally published by Hyperion in 2000 has become a standard reference for the lay public on all aspects of skin health and disease and is now available as an ebook Totalskinandhealth. He has held editorial positions with many dermatology journals, including the Archives of Dermatology, The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, and Medical & Surgical Dermatology and is on the editorial board of Faculty of 1000. Leffell also appears extensively in print, on television, on the radio and on the web. In addition to medical publications, Leffell has appeared in The Enlightened Bracketologist with a chapter on Longevity and the Final Four of Everything writing on ways to enhance and preserve a youthful appearance. In 2011 Leffell published Connecticut Pastoral, a collection of photographs of the Connecticut Berkshires (Gaoh Press). In 2012, with colleagues Sumaira Aasi, MD of Stanford and Rossitza Lazova, MD of Yale, Leffell published Atlas of Practical Mohs Histopathology.

## Yale Medical Group

Leffell has held successive leadership positions in the clinical practice at Yale since 1996. The group practice currently includes more than 900 full-time Yale School of Medicine faculty physicians who practice in more than 60 locations throughout the state of Connecticut. Leading a team of operations and strategic executives he focused on developing a patient-centered approach in a large, complex specialty organization. In addition to overseeing a major branding initiative (converting the Yale faculty practice to the Yale Medical Group) and professionalizing the business operations of the organization, he spearheaded initiatives focused on enhanced patient service and integration of clinical research and clinical trials with the clinical practice. Leffell also oversaw the development of the medical billing compliance program and initiated the first program for faculty on the "Business of Medicine". Stephen Rimar, MD, who helped develop the program published one of the first textbooks of its kind based on the multidisciplinary lectures intended to provide practicing clinicians with fundamental knowledge of business. In 2010, with colleagues at Yale New Haven Hospital, he led the selection of Epic as the electronic medical record for Yale School of Medicine and the Yale New Haven Health System. Leffell reported on the effort in the CEO Newsletter of the Yale Medical Group. Leffell also believes that the cost/value paradox of academic medical centers is sustainable but requires thoughtful change. The centers, which represent huge capital investment, will always be the high cost providers of healthcare but will also be the source of cost-reducing innovation in medical care. The essay The Ostrich and the Wolf appeared in a communication to the faculty and staff of the Yale Medical Group.

## Education

Dr. Leffell received his undergraduate degree in biology from Yale College where he was on the editorial board of the Yale Daily News and a resident of Pierson College. He returned to Montreal to attend McGill University Faculty of Medicine where he received his MD, CM degree in 1981. He completed residencies in internal medicine at Cornell Cooperating Hospitals and in dermatology at Yale New Haven Hospital. At Yale, he also completed a post-doctoral research year as a National Institutes of Health research fellow. Following his residencies, he completed a fellowship in advanced dermatologic surgery at the University of Michigan. Dr. Leffell founded the Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology program at Yale in 1988.


title: Castilleja campestris

abstract: Castilleja campestris is a species of Indian paintbrush known by the common name vernal pool Indian paintbrush. It is native to California and southern Oregon, where it grows in seasonally moist habitat, especially vernal pools.

text:
# Castilleja campestris

***Castilleja campestris*** is a species of Indian paintbrush known by the common name **vernal pool Indian paintbrush**. It is native to California and southern Oregon, where it grows in seasonally moist habitat, especially vernal pools.

## Description

It is an annual herb growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall with linear or narrowly lance-shaped leaves up to 4 centimeters long. The inflorescence is up to 15 centimeters long. It is filled with leaflike green bracts which are generally not tipped with another color. The flower is yellow or orange.

## Subspecies

There are two subspecies of this plant. The rare *Castilleja campestris* subspecies *succulenta*, the **succulent owl's clover** or **fleshy Indian paintbrush**, is endemic to California and limited to the San Joaquin Valley of California and adjacent lower Sierra Nevada foothills, where its vernal pool habitat has been largely eliminated for human activity such as agriculture and development.

## InfoBox

| *Castilleja campestris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | *Castilleja* |
| Species: | ***C. campestris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Castilleja campestris***<br>(Benth.) T.I.Chuang & Heckard | |
|


title: 10th Independent Spirit Awards

abstract: The 10th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1994, were announced on March 25, 1995. Hosted by Kevin Pollak, it was the second ceremony to be held under a tent in a parking lot on the beach in Santa Monica.

text:
# 10th Independent Spirit Awards

The **10th Independent Spirit Awards**, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1994, were announced on March 25, 1995. Hosted by Kevin Pollak, it was the second ceremony to be held under a tent in a parking lot on the beach in Santa Monica.

## Winners and nominees

| Best Feature | Best Director |
| --- | --- |
| ***Pulp Fiction*** | **Quentin Tarantino  *Pulp Fiction*** |
| Best Male Lead | Best Female Lead |
| **Samuel L. Jackson  *Pulp Fiction*** | **Linda Fiorentino  *The Last Seduction*** |
| Best Supporting Male | Best Supporting Female |
| **Chazz Palminteri  *Bullets Over Broadway*** | **Dianne Wiest  *Bullets Over Broadway*** |
| Best Screenplay | Best First Screenplay |
| ***Pulp Fiction*  Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary** | ***Spanking the Monkey*  David O. Russell** |
| Best First Feature | Best Debut Performance |
| ***Spanking the Monkey*** | **Sean Nelson  *Fresh*** |
| Best Cinematography | Best Foreign Film |
| ***Barcelona*  John Thomas** | ***Red*France/Poland** |

### Films that received multiple nominations

| Nominations | Film |
| --- | --- |
| 6 | *Eat Drink Man Woman* |
| 5 | *Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle* |
| | *Pulp Fiction* |
| 4 | *Bullets Over Broadway* |
| | *I Like It Like That* |
| | *Spanking the Monkey* |
| 3 | *Clerks* |
| 2 | *The Beans of Egypt, Maine* |
| | *Fresh* |
| | *Fun* |
| | *Red Rock West* |
| | *Suture* |
| | *Vanya on 42nd Street* |
| | *What Happened Was...* |

### Films that won multiple awards

| Awards | Film |
| --- | --- |
| 4 | *Pulp Fiction* |
| 2 | *Bullets Over Broadway* |
| | *Spanking the Monkey* |

## Special awards

### Special Distinction Award

### Someone to Watch Award

### Friends of Independence Award

## InfoBox

| 10th Independent Spirit Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | March 25, 1995 |
| Site | Santa Monica, California, U.S. |
| Hosted by | Kevin Pollak |
| Highlights | |
| Best Film | *Pulp Fiction* |
| Most awards | *Pulp Fiction* (4) |
| Most nominations | *Eat Drink Man Woman* (6) |
|


title: Cao Keming

abstract: Cao Keming, also known as "Clear Sky Cao" (曹青天) and "Contemporary Bao Zheng" (当代包拯), was a politician of the People's Republic of China. He served as Chairman of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference between February 1998 to March 2003, Secretary of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party, from July 1987 to September 2001, and Deputy Secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the CPC between February 1991 to September 2001. He was a delegate to the 13th, 14th and 15th CPC National Congresses and a member of the 9th CPPCC National Committee.

text:
# Cao Keming

**Cao Keming** (Chinese: 曹克明; pinyin: *Cáo Kèmíng*; November 1934 – 2 September 2014), also known as "Clear Sky Cao" (曹青天) and "Contemporary Bao Zheng" (当代包拯), was a politician of the People's Republic of China. He served as Chairman of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference between February 1998 to March 2003, Secretary of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party, from July 1987 to September 2001, and Deputy Secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the CPC between February 1991 to September 2001.

He was a delegate to the 13th, 14th and 15th CPC National Congresses and a member of the 9th CPPCC National Committee.

## Life

Cao was born and raised in Nanyang, Henan, during the Republic of China.

He got involved in politics in November 1951 and joined the Chinese Communist Party in July 1959.

Cao worked as a manager at the Nanjing No. 307 Plant for over 20 years. Beginning in 1953, he served in several posts in Nanjing, capital of Jiangsu province, including group leader, section chief, factory director, and CPC Party Chief.

In July 1987, Cao was promoted to become the Secretary of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, a position he held until September 2001. He also served as Deputy Secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the CPC between February 1991 to September 2001. In 1996, he investigated and prosecuted the illegal fund-raising case of Wuxi Emerging Industrial Company (Chinese: 无锡新兴实业总公司), and he was awarded "First-Class Merit". In 2002, the corruption case of Ma Xiangdong (simplified Chinese: 马向东; traditional Chinese: 馬向東; Vice-Mayor of Shenyang) was heard by him.

From February 1998 to March 2003, Cao served as the Chairman of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

In March 2003, he was transferred to Beijing as the Director of the Chinese Society and Law Committee of CPPCC, he served until March 2008.

On 2 September 2014, Cao died in Nanjing, Jiangsu.

## InfoBox

| Cao Keming | |
| --- | --- |
| 曹克明 | |
|  | |
| Director of the Chinese Society and Law Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference | |
| **In office**
March 2003  March 2008 | |
| Chairman | Jia Qinglin |
| Chairman of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference | |
| **In office**
February 1998  March 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Sun Han (孙颔) |
| Succeeded by | Xu Zhonglin (许仲林) |
| Deputy Secretary of the CPC Jiangsu Provincial Committee | |
| **In office**
February 1991  September 2001 | |
| Secretary | Chen Huanyou |
| Secretary of Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| **In office**
July 1987  September 2001 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 1934
Nanyang, Henan, China |
| Died | 2 September 2014(2014-09-02) (aged 79)
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
|  | |


title: Zooillogix

abstract: Zooillogix is a zoology blog on the ScienceBlogs network, created and edited by Andrew and Benny Bleiman. The site has been featured on ABC News, in Seed magazine, Mental Floss, FHM, and the Annals of Improbable Research, awarders of the Ig Nobel Prize. The site attracts a diverse readership from notable scientists, such as PZ Myers, to biology students to young children.

text:
# Zooillogix

**Zooillogix** is a zoology blog on the ScienceBlogs network, created and edited by Andrew and Benny Bleiman. The site has been featured on ABC News, in Seed magazine, Mental Floss, FHM, and the Annals of Improbable Research, awarders of the Ig Nobel Prize. The site attracts a diverse readership from notable scientists, such as PZ Myers, to biology students to young children.

## Content

Zooillogix focuses on bizarre zoological news, covering research published in scientific journals, such as the Public Library of Science (PLoS), as well as stories reported in general news outlets. Typical items include the discovery of new species, newly documented animal behavior, zoo and aquarium industry news, and interviews with scientists and researchers. Content is written to be accessible to a non-scientific audience.


title: Cyprinus

abstract: Cyprinus is the genus of typical carps in family Cyprinidae. Most species in the genus are of East Asia origin with only the common carp in Western Asia and Europe; this invasive species has also been introduced to many other regions around the world. Cyprinus are closely related to some more barb-like genera, such as Cyclocheilichthys and Barbonymus (tinfoils). The crucian carps (Carassius) of western Eurasia, which include the goldfish, are apparently not as closely related. This genus's most widespread and well-known member is the common carp species complex. Although traditionally considered a single species, recent authorities have split the European and West Asian populations from the East Asian, with the latter named C. rubrofuscus. Members of the species complex are famed as a food fish and have been widely traded and introduced since antiquity, but in certain areas has multiplied inordinately and become a pest. In its long use it has been domesticated, and a number of breeds have been developed for food and other purposes. The koi are well-known carp breeds, selectively bred for being enjoyed by spectators from above. Strictly speaking, koi is simply the Japanese name of the East Asian carp. The other species of typical carp are generally found in more restricted areas of eastern Asia, centered on the Yunnan region. In some cases, they are endemic to a single lake, most notably Lake Erhai, as well as Lake Dian, Fuxian Lake, Lake Jilu, Lake Qilihu, Lake Xingyun and Lake Yi-Lung, which are all in Yunnan proper. Several of these species are seriously threatened and five are possibly already extinct: C. yilongensis, C. yunnanensis, C. daliensis, C. megalophthalmus and C. fuxianensis.

text:
# Cyprinus

***Cyprinus*** /sɪˈprnəs/ is the genus of **typical carps** in family Cyprinidae. Most species in the genus are of East Asia origin with only the common carp (*C. carpio*) in Western Asia and Europe; this invasive species has also been introduced to many other regions around the world. *Cyprinus* are closely related to some more barb-like genera, such as *Cyclocheilichthys* and *Barbonymus* (tinfoils). The crucian carps (*Carassius*) of western Eurasia, which include the goldfish (*C. auratus*), are apparently not as closely related.

This genus's most widespread and well-known member is the common carp (*C. carpio*) species complex. Although traditionally considered a single species, recent authorities have split the European and West Asian populations from the East Asian, with the latter named *C. rubrofuscus* (syn. *C. carpio haematopterus*). Members of the species complex are famed as a food fish and have been widely traded and introduced since antiquity, but in certain areas has multiplied inordinately and become a pest. In its long use it has been domesticated, and a number of breeds have been developed for food and other purposes. The koi (from Japanese *nishikigoi*, 錦鯉) are well-known carp breeds, selectively bred for being enjoyed by spectators from above. Strictly speaking, *koi* is simply the Japanese name of the East Asian carp.

The other species of typical carp are generally found in more restricted areas of eastern Asia, centered on the Yunnan region. In some cases, they are endemic to a single lake, most notably Lake Erhai, as well as Lake Dian, Fuxian Lake, Lake Jilu, Lake Qilihu, Lake Xingyun and Lake Yi-Lung, which are all in Yunnan proper. Several of these species are seriously threatened and five are possibly already extinct: *C. yilongensis* (Lake Yi-Lung), *C. yunnanensis* (Lake Qilihu), *C. daliensis* (Lake Erhai), *C. megalophthalmus* (Lake Erhai) and *C. fuxianensis* (Fuxian Lake).

## Species

The following species are currently recognized in the genus.

### Fossil species

## Footnotes

* de Graaf, Martin; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Samallo, Johannis & Sibbing, Ferdinand A. (2007): Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small *Barbus* species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation. *Anim. Biol.* **57**(1): 39–48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069 (HTML abstract)

## InfoBox

| Typical carps
Temporal range: Miocene–recent | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Wild-type common carp (*C. carpio*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Cyprininae |
| Genus: | *Cyprinus*
Linnaeus, 1758 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cyprinus carpio*
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
| Species | |
| 19 living species
5 possibly recently extinct
1 fossil | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mesocyprinus* Fang, 1936 | |


title: Calliandra juzepczukii

abstract: Calliandra juzepczukii is a species of flowering plants of the genus Calliandra in the family Fabaceae.

text:
# Calliandra juzepczukii

***Calliandra juzepczukii*** is a species of flowering plants of the genus *Calliandra* in the family Fabaceae.

## InfoBox

| *Calliandra juzepczukii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| *Clade*: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | *Calliandra* |
| Species: | ***C. juzepczukii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calliandra juzepczukii***<br>Standl. | |
|


title: Princess of Nangnang (1st century)

abstract: According to the ancient Korean record of Samguk Sagi, the Princess of Nakrang was a daughter of Choi Ri who was the king of Nakrang Kingdom. However, the kingdom's sovereignty is often disputed, which is often viewed as an independent kingdom by Korean scholars while Chinese and Japanese academic communities usually interpret the name Nakrang to be referring to Lelang Commandery.

text:
# Princess of Nangnang (1st century)

| Princess of Nangnang | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 낙랑공주 |
| Hanja | 公主 |
| Revised Romanization | *Nangnang Gongju* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Nal'lang Kongch'u* |

According to the ancient Korean record of Samguk Sagi, the **Princess of Nakrang** (Korean: 낙랑공주; Hanja: 樂浪公主; ? – c.32) was a daughter of Choi Ri (Korean: 최리; Hanja: 崔理) who was the king of Nakrang Kingdom. However, the kingdom's sovereignty is often disputed, which is often viewed as an independent kingdom by Korean scholars while Chinese and Japanese academic communities usually interpret the name Nakrang to be referring to Lelang Commandery.

## Outline

When Hodong, a child of Daemusin of Goguryeo, the third king of Goguryeo went Okjeo for hunting, he met Choi Ri, the king of Nakrang Kingdom and they decided welcome his daughter Princess of Nakrang as a wife of Hodong. Daemusin of Goguryeo was planning to attack Nakrang Kingdom, and asked Hodong to destroy the drum and oliphant that automatically notify people when enemy attack the country. Hodong send a messenger and ask Princess of Nakrang to destroy the drum and Oliphant.

For Hodong, Princess of Nakrang destroyed the drum and Oliphant by a sword, after that Goguryeo attacked Nakrang Kingdom. Choi Ri could not be prepared for that attack because the drum and Oliphant were destroyed and he could not know Goguryeo’s invasion. He only knew that the drums and Oliphant were destroyed after Goguryeo’s aggression, but there’s nothing to do but surrender to Goguryeo. At that time, Choi Ri killed Princess of Nakrang who destroyed the drum and oliphant.

## InfoBox

| Princess Nakrang | |
| --- | --- |
| *Princess of Nakrang Kingdom* | |
| Died | 32 AD<br>Nakrang Kingdom |
| Husband | Prince Hodong |
| Father | Choi-Ri |


title: David Leeson

abstract: David Leeson was a staff photographer for The Dallas Morning News. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2004, together with Cheryl Diaz Meyer, for coverage of the Iraq War. He also received the RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award, the National Headliner Award, and a regional Emmy Award in 2004 for his work as executive producer and photographer for the WFAA-TV documentary "War Stories." Before his 2004 win, Leeson had been a finalist for the Pulitzer three times — twice individually and once as member of a team — in feature photography (1986), explanatory journalism, and spot news photography (1995).

text:
# David Leeson

**David Leeson** (October 18, 1957 – April 16, 2022) was a staff photographer for *The Dallas Morning News*. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2004, together with Cheryl Diaz Meyer, for coverage of the Iraq War. He also received the RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award, the National Headliner Award, and a regional Emmy Award in 2004 for his work as executive producer and photographer for the WFAA-TV documentary "War Stories."

Before his 2004 win, Leeson had been a finalist for the Pulitzer three times  twice individually and once as member of a team  in feature photography (1986), explanatory journalism (1990, as part of the newspaper staff), and spot news photography (1995).

## Photojournalism career

Leeson was a 1978 graduate of Abilene Christian University, where he received a degree in journalism and mass communication. While still in college, he was on the staff of the *Abilene Reporter-News*, where he began in 1977 and stayed until 1982. He left Abilene for New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was on the staff of *The Times-Picayune* from 1982 to 1984.

Since joining the staff of *The Dallas Morning News* in 1984, Leeson has covered local and regional news and issues, such as homelessness and natural disasters; national stories on death row inmates across the United States; international conflicts in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Sudan, Angola, Kuwait and Iraq in the first and second Gulf Wars; earthquakes in Turkey; and apartheid in South Africa. His 1985 series on homelessness earned him a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award, an honor he received again in 1994 for his coverage of the civil war in Angola. The year 1985 also saw his first Pulitzer nomination, for coverage of apartheid in South Africa; he returned twice to that nation, the last time in 1994, when he recorded the historic event of South Africa's first non-racial presidential elections.

While photographing protesters during the buildup to the ousting of Manuel Noriega in 1988, Leeson was wounded when a shotgun pellet entered his cheek, chipping his tooth and sending him to a Panama City emergency room.

Leeson was a finalist for the Pulitzer a second time, in 1994, for a photograph of a family fleeing floodwaters in southeast Texas, a picture that also won him a Texas Headliner Award.

In 2008, Leeson decided to accept a buy-out offer and leave *The Dallas Morning News*, as part of an A. H. Belo Corporation cost-cutting measure involving buyouts of more than 400 journalists. He planned to continue in freelance photojournalism and documentary film work.

### Unattributed photos

While Leeson's work is well known within the journalism community, he has endured a number of cases of credit for his Iraq photos being given to others, following his loaning of a CD of 200 full-resolution photos to the U.S. Army 3rd Infantry Division for one-time use in a yearbook for the soldiers. He has written about the incident in a public blog, stating that although he included copyright symbols with each photo, placed a README file on the CD explaining that the images were for one-time use, and explained to the public affairs officer that the images should be guarded closely to prevent plagiarism, someone made several copies and distributed them. In many cases, the soldiers appear to have been unaware that Leeson never intended for copies to be made of the CD, as more than one has written to him asking for a replacement copy after losing their disc.

Subsequently, numerous incidents have occurred in which soldiers, photographers, or others have passed off Leeson's work as their own, either on photography sites, blogs, or print periodicals.

## Personal data

Leeson was born October 18, 1957, in Abilene, Texas, and died there April 16, 2022. He was most recently married to former *Dallas Morning News* photographer Kim Ritzenthaler (on April 17, 2000), with whom he had two children. He also had three children from a previous marriage, which ended in 1998.

1. Jaklewicz, Greg. "Abilene native, 2-time Pulitzer winner David Leeson, 64, admired for skills, personally". *Abilene Reporter-News*. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
2. ACU press release."Pulitzer Prize-winning alumnus David Leeson wins Murrow, Headliner awards," Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine July 19, 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
3. David Leeson, profile at LinkedIn. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
4. Jay DeFoore. "Leeson, Diaz Meyer Of DMN And LAT's Cole Win Photo Pulitzers," *Photo District News* Online, April 5, 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
5. Text of H.R. No. 1520, resolution in the Texas House of Representatives honoring Leeson, adopted May 16, 2005. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
6. David Leeson biography at *The Dallas Morning News* official site. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
7. Breaking News Photography: Biography, from pulitzer.org. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
8. Associated Press. "Riot at Panama hospital: Workers demand paychecks from Noriega Regime," *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*, March 16, 1988, page A1.
9. Rick Hampson, Associated Press. "Journalism Pulitzer Prizes announced: Coverage of Rwanda, natural disaster, and life in the inner city earned top honors," *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, April 19, 1995, page A2.
10. "Veteran Chronicle editor, 3 staffers win Headliners awards," *Houston Chronicle*, October 1, 1995, page 40.
11. David Walker. "Leeson to leave *Dallas Morning News*," Archived 2008-09-12 at the Wayback Machine *Photo District News*, September 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
12. David Leeson. "Behind the scenes of image theft", *The Creative Alchemist*, December 5, 2005. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
13. Jaklewicz, Greg (April 19, 2022). "Editor". Abilene Reporter-News. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
14. Ancestry.com. *Texas Marriage Collection, 1814-1909 and 1966-2002* \[database on-line\]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.
15. Ancestry.com. *Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997* \[database on-line\]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. Original data: Texas. Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997. Texas: Texas Department of State Health Services. Microfiche.
16. Ancestry.com. *Texas Divorce Index, 1968-2002* \[database on-line\]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. Original data: Texas Department of State Health Services. Texas Divorce Index, 1968-2002. Texas, USA: Texas Department of State Health Services.

## InfoBox

| David Leeson | |
| --- | --- |
| Leeson in Iraq in 2003 | |
| Born | (1957-10-18)October 18, 1957
Abilene, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | April 16, 2022(2022-04-16) (aged 64)
Abilene, Texas, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Abilene Christian University |
| Spouse | Kim Ritzenthaler  (m. 2000; div. 2020) |
| Children | 5 |


title: Castilleja collegiorum

abstract: Castilleja collegiorum is a species of Castilleja known by the common name collegial paintbrush. It is endemic to a single meadow complex in Oregon, where it grows in open mixed-species meadow sites. Like all narrow endemics, it is highly vulnerable to habitat destruction.

text:
# Castilleja collegiorum

***Castilleja collegiorum*** is a species of *Castilleja* known by the common name **collegial paintbrush**.

It is endemic to a single meadow complex in Oregon, where it grows in open mixed-species meadow sites. Like all narrow endemics, it is highly vulnerable to habitat destruction.

## Description

The plant is a small, slender, perennial herb with erect, unbranched stems and narrow leaves 15 to 35 millimetres (0.59 to 1.38 in) long. Its flowers are pale greenish-yellow, 18 to 25 millimetres (0.71 to 0.98 in) long, and each is subtended by a reddish bract. Other than the flowers, there is little visible difference between the inflorescence and the sterile parts of the stem below it; the bracts and foliage leaves are only weakly differentiated.

## InfoBox

| *Castilleja collegiorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | *Castilleja* |
| Species: | ***C. collegiorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Castilleja collegiorum***
J.M.Egger & Malaby | |
|


title: German submarine U-1308

abstract: German submarine U-1308 was the last Type VIIC/41 submarine to be laid down, launched and commissioned by Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The Oberkommando der Marine or OKM,, had decided near the end of World War II to put all of its resources into building newer types of Unterseeboot, such as the types XXI and XXIII. U-1308 was part of a batch of eight U-boats ordered on 1 August 1942 to be built at Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, Flensburg. She was laid down on 16 February 1944 and launched on 22 November. The eight boats were commissioned over a 12-month period between February 1944 and 17 January 1945. As U-1308 was the last Type VII, the Kriegsmarine fitted her out to be one of the most advanced. U-1308 was one of nine Type VIIs that the Kriegsmarine fitted with an experimental synthetic rubber skin of anechoic tiles known as Alberich, which had been designed to counter the Allies' asdic/sonar devices. U-1308 was also one of two Type VIIC/41s that was equipped with a new design of passive sonar hydrophones, thus increasing detection ranges by approximately 70% over the older designs. A few days before Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, U-1308 was taken approximately 5 km (2.7 nmi) north-west of Warnemünde and scuttled on 1 May at approximately 54°13′00″N 12°02′00″E. During the final days of Nazi Germany there was a plethora of U-boats which suffered the same fate. In the last week of the war, 28 other boats joined her. She would not remain on the sea floor for long however, as she was salvaged in February 1953 for potential use in East Germany's fledgling U-boat program. However, the U-1308 would ultimately be scrapped in mid 1953 following the abandonment of the East Germany's plans for a U-boat fleet.

text:
# German submarine U-1308

**German submarine *U-1308*** was the last Type VIIC/41 submarine to be laid down, launched and commissioned by Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II. The *Oberkommando der Marine* or *OKM*, (the German naval high command), had decided near the end of World War II to put all of its resources into building newer types of *Unterseeboot*, such as the types XXI and XXIII. *U-1308* was part of a batch of eight U-boats (U-1301 to U-1308) ordered on 1 August 1942 to be built at Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, Flensburg (54°48′30″N 9°26′07″E / 54.80833°N 9.435173°E / 54.80833; 9.435173). She was laid down on 16 February 1944 and launched on 22 November. The eight boats were commissioned over a 12-month period between February 1944 and 17 January 1945 .

As *U-1308* was the last Type VII, the *Kriegsmarine* fitted her out to be one of the most advanced. *U-1308* was one of nine Type VIIs that the *Kriegsmarine* fitted with an experimental synthetic rubber skin of anechoic tiles known as *Alberich*, which had been designed to counter the Allies' asdic/sonar devices. *U-1308* was also one of two Type VIIC/41s that was equipped with a new design of passive sonar hydrophones, thus increasing detection ranges by approximately 70% over the older designs.

A few days before Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, *U-1308* was taken approximately 5 km (2.7 nmi) north-west of Warnemünde and scuttled on 1 May at approximately 54°13′00″N 12°02′00″E / 54.216667°N 12.033333°E / 54.216667; 12.033333. During the final days of Nazi Germany there was a plethora of U-boats which suffered the same fate. In the last week of the war, 28 other boats joined her.

She would not remain on the sea floor for long however, as she was salvaged in February 1953 for potential use in East Germany's fledgling U-boat program. However, the U-1308 would ultimately be scrapped in mid 1953 following the abandonment of the East Germany's plans for a U-boat fleet.

## Emblem

*U-1308*'s emblem was an oak leaf, with an anchor and a knife or dagger. She shared this emblem with *U-3*, *U-29*, *U-120*, *U-747* and *U-1274*.

## Complement

### Commander

Heinrich Besold was born on 18 October 1920 in Nürnberg. He entered the navy as *Offiziersanwärter* (16 September 1939), rising to *Fähnrich zur See* (1 July 1940), *Oberfähnrich zur See* (1 July 1941), *Leutnant zur See* (1 March 1942) and *Oberleutnant zur See* (1 October 1943). He also served aboard two other U-boats, *U-981* between March and May 1944 and *U-518* between July and November 1944. He commanded *U-1308* during her working-up at the 4th U-boat Flotilla. He was decorated on 29 October 1944 with the Iron Cross 2nd Class and the U-boat War Badge in 1939.

## Bridge

The bridge was equipped with a UZO (*Überwasserzieloptik*) pedestal located forward. While making a surface attack, a set of large, heavy binoculars were mounted on top of the pedestal. Information of the bearing to the target was transmitted to the control room, where an electro-mechanical computer calculated the exact angle for firing the torpedoes. Sometime late in World War II, an updated version of the UZO entered service with the Type VIIC boats. *U-1308* would have mounted the latest version.

*U-1308*, like most Type VIIs, IXs and XXIs, was equipped with two periscopes, one for the attack, the second for the purposes of navigation and search. This observation periscope was frequently used during twilight and night attacks, as it let in more light and had better light transmission. The observation periscope had two magnifications – 1.5× and 6×. The attack periscope was used exclusively for that purpose. To make it less visible to the enemy and to reduce the wake, the periscope head and neck-size were keep to a minimum. The attack periscope was fitted with a heating system that served to prevent fogging of the lenses.

*U-1308*'s Direction Finder Antenna Loop was located on the starboard side of the bridge. It was used to detect and get bearings from the radio signals of Allied surface ships. *U-1308* would have been outfitted with a late-war version which look slightly different from the earlier model.

## Radar

### Thetis

Thetis was the name of a floating decoy used by U-boats to confuse Allied warship radars. The device was stored, dismantled, in the bow compartment, as a pole about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long. Assembly usually took place in the conning tower, she could be put together in about four minutes. Later versions could be launched from the standard torpedo tube. When deployed it was extended to a total length of 4 metres (13 ft 1 in), half of which was submerged. The upper half had a series of radar reflectors that were tuned to Allied anti-submarine radar wavelengths to give the same return signal as a U-boat. *U-1308* typically carried between 15 and 20 of these decoys.

## Propulsion

### Electric Motor

*U-1308* was powered by two AEG Type GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors. Each motor weighed 8,130 kilograms (17,920 lb), without its fan 7,900 kilograms (17,400 lb). Each rotor weighed 3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb). The Type GU 460/8-276 electric motor could create 1,540 A (560 kW) at between 7.5 Hz (450 RPM) and 10.3 Hz (620 RPM).

## *Schnorchel*

*U-1308* was the last Type VIIC/41 to be built and would have been fitted with a *schnorchel*, an apparatus to enhance the U-boats' performance below the surface, thus making its position more difficult to detect. Later model Type VIIC/41 boats were built with the device from the start. She would have been constructed with the final version of the *schnorchel*.

## Sensors

### Passive sonar

*U-1308* was one of only ten Type VIIC's to be fitted with a *Balkongerät* (literally 'Balcony apparatus or equipment'). The *Balkongerät* was used on U-boats (*U-682*, *U-788*, *U-799*, *U-997*, *U-1021*, *U-1105*, *U-1172*, *U-1306*, *U-1307* and *U-1307*). The *Balkongerät* was standard on the Type XXI and the Type XXIII. Nonetheless, it was also fitted to several Type IXs and one Type X. The *Balkongerät* was an improved version of Gruppenhorchgerät (GHG) (group listening device). The GHG had 24 hydrophones, the *Balkongerät* had 48 hydrophones and improved electronics, which enabled more accurate readings to be taken.

### Anti-sonar coating

*U-1308* was one of nine Type VIIs that the *Kriegsmarine* fitted with an experimental synthetic rubber skin of anechoic tiles, designed to counter the Allies' sonar devices. The code name *Alberich* was given to the coating. The *OKM* named it after the dwarf with the helmet of invisibility in Wagner's Ring Cycles. It was the first coating for any submarine.

## Armament

### FLAK weaponry

*U-1308* would have been mounted with a single 3.7 cm Flakzwilling M43U gun on the rare LM 43U mount. The LM 43U mount was the final design of mount used on U-boats and is only known to be installed on U-boats (*U-249*, *U-826*, *U-977*, *U-1023*, *U-1171*, *U-1305* and *U-1306*). The 3.7 cm Flak M42U was the marine version of the 3.7 cm Flak used by the Kriegsmarine on Type VII and Type IX U-boats.

### Torpedoes

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2..
* Gröner, Erich (1985). *Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945 / 3, U-Boote, Hilfskreuzer, Minenschiffe, Netzleger, Sperrbrecher* (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-4802-4. OCLC 310610321.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *German Warships 1815–1945, U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.

Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC/41 boat U-1308". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-1308* |
| Ordered | 1 August 1942 |
| Builder |  |
| Yard number | 501 |
| Laid down | 16 February 1944 |
| Launched | 22 November 1944 |
| Commissioned | 17 January 1945 |
| Homeport | Stettin |
| Fate | * Scuttled on 1 May 1945 * Raised in February 1953, broken up at Neptun Dockyard, Rostock |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Type VIIC/41 submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.72 m (15 ft 6 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Calculated crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40-48 enlisted |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | Passive sonar |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 49 123 |
| Commanders: |  |
| Operations: | None |
| Victories: | None |


title: Unobtrusive research

abstract: Unobtrusive research is a method of data collection used primarily in the social sciences. The term unobtrusive measures was first coined by Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest in a 1966 book titled Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. The authors described methodologies which do not involve direct elicitation of data from the research subjects. Unobtrusive measures are contrasted with interviews and questionnaires, in that they try to find indirect ways to obtain the necessary data. The unobtrusive approach often seeks unusual data sources, such as garbage, graffiti and obituaries, as well as more conventional ones such as published statistics. Unobtrusive measures should not be perceived as an alternative to more reactive methods such as interviews, surveys and experiments, but rather as an additional tool in the tool chest of the social researcher. Unobtrusive measures can assist in tackling known biases such as selection bias and experimenter's bias. Webb and his colleagues emphasize the importance of triangulating the results obtained through various methodologies, each with its own unique set of biases. The proliferation of digital media opened a new era for communication researchers in search of unobtrusively obtained data sources. Online communication creates digital footprints that can allow an analysis of data that are obtained through unobtrusive methods, and are also massively larger than any corpora obtained via elicitation and human transcription. These footprints can now be used to analyze topics such as the content of communication events, the process of communication, and the structure of the communicative network. The surge of Internet-sourced research data rekindled the discussion of the ethical aspects of using unobtrusively obtained data. For example, can all data collected in the public domain be used for research purposes? When should we seek consent, and is it realistic to require informed consent from sources of unobtrusively collected data? These questions do not have a simple answer, and the solution is a result of a careful and ongoing dialog between researchers, and between researchers and society.

text:
# Unobtrusive research

**Unobtrusive research** (or **unobtrusive measures**) is a method of data collection used primarily in the social sciences. The term *unobtrusive measures* was first coined by Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest in a 1966 book titled *Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences*. The authors described methodologies which do not involve direct elicitation of data from the research subjects. Unobtrusive measures are contrasted with interviews and questionnaires, in that they try to find indirect ways to obtain the necessary data. The unobtrusive approach often seeks unusual data sources, such as garbage, graffiti and obituaries, as well as more conventional ones such as published statistics.

Unobtrusive measures should not be perceived as an alternative to more reactive methods such as interviews, surveys and experiments, but rather as an additional tool in the tool chest of the social researcher. Unobtrusive measures can assist in tackling known biases such as selection bias and experimenter's bias. Webb and his colleagues emphasize the importance of triangulating the results obtained through various methodologies, each with its own unique set of (usually unknown) biases.

The proliferation of digital media opened a new era for communication researchers in search of unobtrusively obtained data sources. Online communication creates digital footprints that can allow an analysis of data that are obtained through unobtrusive methods, and are also massively larger than any corpora obtained via elicitation and human transcription. These footprints can now be used to analyze topics such as the content of communication events, the process of communication, and the structure of the communicative network. The surge of Internet-sourced research data rekindled the discussion of the ethical aspects of using unobtrusively obtained data. For example, can all data collected in the public domain be used for research purposes? When should we seek consent, and is it realistic to require informed consent from sources of unobtrusively collected data? These questions do not have a simple answer, and the solution is a result of a careful and ongoing dialog between researchers, and between researchers and society.


title: Cao Lan language

abstract: Cao Lan, sometimes Caolan or Man Cao-Lan, is a Tai language of northern Vietnam. It is spoken by the Cao Lan subgroup of the San Chay people. According to Pittayaporn (2009), it is closest to the Chongzuo and Shangsi Zhuang across the border in China, both of which are lumped under the apparently polyphyletic Yongnan Zhuang by Ethnologue. Together, Cao Lan, Chongzuo, and Shangsi form a primary branch of the Tai languages.

text:
# Cao Lan language

**Cao Lan**, sometimes *Caolan* or *Man Cao-Lan*, is a Tai language of northern Vietnam. It is spoken by the Cao Lan subgroup of the San Chay people. According to Pittayaporn (2009), it is closest to the Chongzuo and Shangsi Zhuang across the border in China, both of which are lumped under the apparently polyphyletic Yongnan Zhuang by *Ethnologue*. Together, Cao Lan, Chongzuo, and Shangsi form a primary branch of the Tai languages (Pittayaporn 2009).

## Demographics

Cao Lan is spoken by the Cao Lan subgroup of the San Chay people of Tuyên Quang Province. According to the people, the Cao Lan and Sán Chay peoples had arrived from southern China 400 years ago together as one group, even though they spoke two different languages. Notably, they both use Chinese characters to record their languages. Smaller numbers are also found in Xichou County, Yunnan, China and in the following provinces.

## Classification

The Sán Chay speak a form of Chinese, while the Cao Lan speak a Tai language. Gregerson & Edmondson (1998) considers Caolan to have a combination of both Northern Tai and Central Tai features. Like the E language of northern Guangxi, Cao Lan also displays influences form Pinghua, a Chinese vernacular spoken in Guangxi, China. Haudricourt (1973) believes that the Cao Lan may have adopted a form of Tai when they had stopped in Guangxi during their historical southward migration. The Chinese-speaking Sán Chay, on the other hand, might have been a Yao (or Mienic-speaking) group, as the Yao of Fangcheng, Guangxi call themselves *san˧ tɕai˧*. Today, the Chinese-speaking Sán Chay live mostly in Quảng Ninh, whereas the Cao Lan are mostly concentrated in Tuyên Quang, Thái Nguyên, and Bắc Giang.

* Gregerson, Kenneth J.; Edmondson, Jerold A. (1998). "Some Puzzles in Cao Lan" (PDF). In Somsonge, Burusphat (ed.). *The International Conference on Tai Studies*. Bangkok: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 151–164.
* Nguyễn, Nam Tiến (1975). "Lại bàn về mối quan hệ giữa hai nhóm Cao Lan – Sán Chỉ". In Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học (ed.). *Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam* (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. pp. 274–286.

## Further reading

* Strecker, David (1985). "The Classification of the Caolan Languages" (PDF). In Suriyā Rattanakun; David D. Thomas; Suwilai Prēmsīrat (eds.). *Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies: Presented to André-G. Haudricourt*. Bangkok: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 479–492.

## InfoBox

| Cao Lan | |
| --- | --- |
| *Man Cao-Lan* | |
| Native to | Vietnam, China |
| Native speakers | 170,000 (2009 census) |
| Language family | Kra–Dai |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `mlc` |
| *Glottolog* | `caol1238` |


abstract: The Men's 50 metre freestyle competition of the 2019 African Games was held on 24 August 2019.

text:
# Swimming at the 2019 African Games – Men's 50 metre freestyle

The **Men's 50 metre freestyle** competition of the 2019 African Games was held on 24 August 2019.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.

|  | Name | Nation | Time | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **World record** | César Cielo | Brazil | 20.91 | São Paulo | 18 December 2009 |
| **African record** | Roland Schoeman | South Africa | 21.67 | Beijing | 16 August 2008 |
| | | | | Barcelona | 2 August 2013 |
| **Games record** | Salim Iles | Algeria | 22.34 | Algiers | 18 July 2007 |
| | Gideon Louw | South Africa | | Maputo | 10 September 2011 |

The following new records were set during this competition.

| Date | Event | Name | Nation | Time | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 August | Heat | Brad Tandy | South Africa | 22.24 | **GR** |
| 21 August | Final | Ali Khalafalla | Egypt | 22.17 | **GR** |

## Results

### Heats

The heats were started on 24 August at 10:20.

| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 6 | 4 | Brad Tandy | South Africa | 22.24 | Q **GR** |
| 2 | 6 | 5 | Ali Khalafalla | Egypt | 22.41 | Q |
| 3 | 4 | 4 | Douglas Erasmus | South Africa | 22.66 | Q |
| 4 | 5 | 4 | Oussama Sahnoune | Algeria | 22.67 | Q |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | Mehdi Nazim Benbara | Algeria | 23.13 | Q |
| 6 | 6 | 3 | Souhail Hamouchane | Morocco | 23.18 | Q |
| 7 | 6 | 6 | Xander Skinner | Namibia | 23.19 | Q |
| 7 | 4 | 5 | Peter Wetzlar | Zimbabwe | 23.19 | Q |
| 9 | 5 | 5 | Abdelrahman Elaraby | Egypt | 23.34 |  |
| 10 | 4 | 3 | Abeiku Jackson | Ghana | 23.57 |  |
| 11 | 5 | 2 | El Hadj Adama Niane | Senegal | 23.75 |  |
| 12 | 4 | 2 | Merwane El Merini | Morocco | 23.79 |  |
| 13 | 5 | 6 | Steven Aimable | Senegal | 23.80 |  |
| 14 | 5 | 7 | Issa Mohamed | Kenya | 24.02 |  |
| 15 | 6 | 8 | Ralph Goveia | Zambia | 24.17 |  |
| 16 | 5 | 1 | Swaleh Talib | Kenya | 24.37 |  |
| 17 | 4 | 7 | Yellow Yeiyah | Nigeria | 24.39 |  |
| 18 | 5 | 8 | Daniel Francisco | Angola | 24.41 |  |
| 19 | 6 | 7 | Gregory Anodin | Mauritius | 24.48 |  |
| 20 | 6 | 1 | Efrem Ghimai | Eritrea | 24.51 |  |
| 21 | 4 | 8 | Samuele Rossi | Seychelles | 24.57 |  |
| 22 | 4 | 6 | Mathieu Bachmann | Seychelles | 24.64 |  |
| 23 | 4 | 1 | Filipe Gomes | Malawi | 24.65 |  |
| 24 | 3 | 5 | Ahllan Bique | Mozambique | 24.85 |  |
| 25 | 6 | 2 | Mathieu Marquet | Mauritius | 24.89 |  |
| 26 | 3 | 6 | Billy-Scott Irakose | Burundi | 24.90 |  |
| 27 | 3 | 4 | Ambala Atuhaire Ogola | Uganda | 25.02 |  |
| 28 | 3 | 7 | Seydoli Alaassan | Niger | 25.20 |  |
| 29 | 3 | 3 | Belly-Crésus Ganira | Burundi | 25.31 |  |
| 30 | 3 | 8 | Ayman Khatoun | Zimbabwe | 25.39 |  |
| 31 | 3 | 1 | Adama Ouedraogo | Burkina Faso | 25.67 |  |
| 32 | 3 | 2 | Kitso Matija | Botswana | 26.03 |  |
| 33 | 2 | 4 | Solomon Dzingai | Botswana | 26.40 |  |
| 34 | 2 | 5 | Kumaren Naidu | Zambia | 26.45 |  |
| 35 | 2 | 2 | Abdelmalik Muktar | Ethiopia | 26.71 |  |
| 36 | 2 | 3 | Julius Wyse | Sierra Leone | 27.29 |  |
| 37 | 2 | 6 | Tindwende Sawadogo | Burkina Faso | 27.72 |  |
| 38 | 1 | 5 | Eméric Kpegba | Togo | 27.75 |  |
| 39 | 2 | 8 | Mamadou Bah | Guinea | 27.91 |  |
| 40 | 2 | 1 | Ebrima Buaro | The Gambia | 28.36 |  |
| 41 | 1 | 4 | Houssein Gaber | Djibouti | 28.37 |  |
| 42 | 1 | 3 | Adam Mpali | Gabon | 28.45 |  |
| 43 | 2 | 7 | Shala Gekabel | Ethiopia | 28.89 |  |
| 44 | 1 | 1 | Diosdado Miko | Equatorial Guinea | 30.80 |  |
| 45 | 1 | 7 | Munyu Kupiata | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 31.45 |  |
|  | 1 | 2 | Jonathan Mubikayi | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Disqualified |  |

### Final

The final was started on 24 August at 17:00.

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 5 | Ali Khalafalla | Egypt | 22.17 | **GR** |
|  | 6 | Oussama Sahnoune | Algeria | 22.19 |  |
|  | 4 | Brad Tandy | South Africa | 22.21 |  |
| 4 | 3 | Douglas Erasmus | South Africa | 22.57 |  |
| 5 | 1 | Xander Skinner | Namibia | 23.09 |  |
| 6 | 7 | Souhail Hamouchane | Morocco | 23.10 |  |
| 7 | 2 | Mehdi Nazim Benbara | Algeria | 23.14 |  |
| 8 | 8 | Peter Wetzlar | Zimbabwe | 23.28 |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 50 metre freestyle
at the 2019 African Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Mohammed V Sports Complex – Olympic Pool |
| Dates | 24 August (heats and final)
 |
| Competitors | 46 from 31 nations |
| Winning time | 22.17 |
| Medalists | |
| Egypt  Algeria  South Africa | |
|


title: Saboktakin Saloor

abstract: Saboktakin Saloor was an Iranian journalist and historical novelist. He also wrote many popular serialized radio and television programs.

text:
# Saboktakin Saloor

**Saboktakin Saloor** (October 26, 1923 – November 8, 1991) was an Iranian journalist and historical novelist. He also wrote many popular serialized radio and television programs.

## Life and works

His novels, which include *Ghorbangah*, *Bedoone Esgh Hargez*, *Ghobad* and *Gharatgaran* were suspenseful stories usually marked by themes of sacrifice, honour, and family tragedy. In 1980, following the Islamic revolution, he was forced to flee Iran as the environment was no longer safe for a journalist and author known for his glorification of Persian monarchical history. He settled in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and died there in 1991.

Saloor had a passion for storytelling; his stories, usually set in Ancient Persia, expressed the importance of family and the patriarchal figure as a symbol of self-sacrifice. In terms of literary technique, he was heavily influenced by Persian literary masters such as Ferdowsi, but also by American cinema, particularly Westerns. A master of building suspense, his stories were a constant draw for radio audiences in the 1960s.

Saloor's books remain in print to this day, and many of his stories continue to be serialized in Iranian newspapers across North America.

He was the great-grandson of Abdol-samad Mirza Ezz ed-Dowleh Saloor.

* "Gharatgaran" Television Series, *Saboktakin Saloor* (novel)
* Saboktakin Saloor, *Bedoone Esgh Hargez*, 2006, ISBN 964-5967-68-6
* Saboktakin Saloor, *Ghobad*, 1997, ISBN 964-5870-23-2
* Saboktakin Saloor, *Ghorbangah*, 2000, ISBN 964-6552-84-6


title: Sau turaga

abstract: The Sau turaga clan is the second highest clan of the Fijian social hierarchy system. The name itself means "steward chief". Holders of such a title have the paramount role of crowning a new chief, assisting the chief and above all else defending the sovereignty of the chief. Usually the turaga clan and the sau clan are but one family, the latter being the younger sibling in the original clan of nobility. But the title holds prestige in the society as one of the closest in rank to that of the chief. Only they can make a new chief and can temporarily hold the position until one is made. The clan is the second most important in the traditional Fijian hierarchical social structure. They are also called king makers and thus they have the most important role of installing a chief. They have gifted powers called the 'Sau', given from their Ancient creator who lives in the sea. These powers can make them foretells the future, make a curse or break them. Before they passed, their powers will be returned to the one who gave it to them and He, will give the power of the Sau to one of the Sau Turaga clans.

text:
# Sau turaga

The **Sau turaga** clan is the second highest clan of the Fijian social hierarchy system. The name itself means "steward chief". Holders of such a title have the paramount role of crowning a new chief, assisting the chief and above all else defending the sovereignty of the chief. Usually the turaga clan and the sau clan are but one family, the latter being the younger sibling in the original clan of nobility. But the title holds prestige in the society as one of the closest in rank to that of the chief. Only they can make a new chief and can temporarily hold the position until one is made. The clan is the second most important in the traditional Fijian hierarchical social structure.

They are also called king makers and thus they have the most important role of installing a chief. They have gifted powers called the 'Sau', given from their Ancient creator who lives in the sea. These powers can make them foretells the future, make a curse or break them. Before they passed, their powers will be returned to the one who gave it to them and He (The Creator), will give the power of the Sau to one of the Sau Turaga clans.