title: Tyne Electrical Engineers

abstract: The Tyne Electrical Engineers (TEE) is a Volunteer unit of the British Army that has existed under various titles since 1860. It has been the parent unit for a large number of units fulfilling specialist coastal and air defence roles in the Royal Engineers (RE) and Royal Artillery (RA), many seeing service during both World Wars. TEE companies currently form part of the RE and of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in the Army Reserve.

text:
# Tyne Electrical Engineers

The **Tyne Electrical Engineers** (TEE) is a Volunteer unit of the British Army that has existed under various titles since 1860. It has been the parent unit for a large number of units fulfilling specialist coastal and air defence roles in the Royal Engineers (RE) and Royal Artillery (RA), many seeing service during both World Wars. TEE companies currently form part of the RE and of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in the Army Reserve.

## Early history

The **1st Newcastle Engineer Volunteers** (EV) was raised at company strength in Newcastle upon Tyne during the first enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement engendered by the invasion scare of 1859; its officers' commissions were dated 1 September 1860. The first volunteers came from Armstrong's engineering works at Elswick. The company was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st Newcastle upon Tyne Rifle Volunteer Corps.

Eight years later another unit was formed at Jarrow on the opposite (County Durham) bank of the River Tyne. The 1st Durham EV was raised and commanded by Charles Palmer (1822–1907), founder of Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company and later the first mayor and Member of Parliament for Jarrow. The 1st Durham initially comprised six companies and Palmer was commissioned as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant.

By 1874 the Newcastle (1 Company) and Durham (8 Companies) units were united into the 1st Durham Administrative Battalion EV, consolidated in 1880 as the **1st Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham EV**, with Palmer as commanding officer and an establishment of 1300 men.

## Submarine miners

Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Clarke, Inspector-General of Fortifications 1882–6, did not have enough Regular Royal Engineers (RE) to man the fixed minefields being installed to defend British ports. He decided to utilise the Volunteer Engineers for this task, and the first experiments were carried out in February 1884 on the Tyne with Palmer's 1st Newcastle & Durham EV. By 1886 one of the companies was designated as submarine miners. The system was successfully rolled out to defend other ports around the country. Later units of Submarine Miners were drawn from the Regulars, the Militia and the Volunteers.

In 1885 Clarke also sent Volunteers to the Red Sea port of Suakin to assist the Regular REs in railway construction in support of the British force engaged there. The detachment of 40 men was drawn from the 1st Newcastle & Durham EV and the 1st Lancashire EV.

Palmer, by now created Sir Charles Palmer, 1st Baronet of Grinkle Park, retired from the unit in 1888 with the rank of Colonel. The same year, the 1st Newcastle & Durham was split into three separate units: the **1st Newcastle RE (Volunteers)**, the **1st Durham RE (V)**, and the **Tyne Division RE (V), Submarine Miners**, with Palmer as Honorary Commandant of both the latter units. The Tyne Submarine Miners consisted of three companies and a number of working boats, and was based at Clifford's Fort, North Shields. Both the 1st Newcastle RE and the Tyne Submarine Miners derived their seniority from the original 1st Newcastle EV established in 1860.

The full dress uniform of the Tyne Submarine Miners consisted of the usual Volunteer RE pattern scarlet tunic with blue facings, white cords and shoulder cords, with the addition of the letters S.M. and the word "TYNE" on the shoulder straps, and a silver grenade badge worn on the right arm by NCOs and trained sappers. The working dress comprised a blue reefer jacket, blue woolen Guernsey sweater, Navy pattern trousers and leather knee-boots, and a Navy pattern cap with a ribbon bearing the words 'Submarine Miners'. Some fishermen recruited at Cullercoats for their skills as boatmen only wore the latter uniform.

## Electrical Engineers

In 1895 a searchlight was installed at Clifford's Fort to illuminate the fixed minefield. At first the light was manned by Regulars of the Coast Battalion, RE, but by 1897 these duties were taken on by the Submarine Miners. In 1902 the number of searchlights on the Tyne was increased to four, to cooperate with coast artillery as well as to light the minefield. Meanwhile, a specialist volunteer unit (the London Electrical Engineers (LEE)) had been formed to develop searchlight defences, and when the submarine mine defences were scrapped in 1907 the Tyne Submarine Miners were redesignated **Tyne Electrical Engineers** (TEE), one of six new Volunteer RE divisions of that specialism converted from submarine miners.

In 1906 the unit developed a mobile searchlight and generator mounted on a petrol lorry chassis. This equipment was tested for coast defence operations at Portsmouth, and in conjunction with an RE balloon section on Salisbury Plain. Mobile searchlights became standard equipment the following year.

When the Territorial Force (TF) was established in 1908, the Electrical Engineers were to have been redesignated Fortress Engineers, but this was rescinded in the case of London and the Tyne, and the LEE and TEE remained in the order of battle, though the TEE transferred one Electric Light Company to the Durham Fortress Engineers. By January 1914 the TEE had four companies based at North Shields. The unit was known locally as 'The Electricals' or 'The Tynes'.

## World War I

In the period of tension in late July 1914 before the outbreak of World War I, two 'special service detachments' of the TEE were mobilised, one taking its place in the Tyne Garrison, the other travelling to man defence lights at Portsmouth. When war was formally declared on 4 August, the remainder of the unit mobilised, No 1 Company in the Tyne defences, Nos 2–4 at Portsmouth, based at Haslar Barracks on the Gosport side of the harbour.

### Tynemouth

Clifford's Fort remained the TEE's depot, from where the flood of volunteers were sent to Haslar for advanced training. No 1 Company also carried out a range of duties in the Tyne Garrison, such as installing electric generators for the hutted camps, signal stations and hospitals springing up in NE England. When the Hospital Ship *Rohilla* ran aground of Whitby in October 1914, the TEE set up a searchlight on the clifftop to help rescue operations, while Captain H.E. Burton of the TEE took the Tynemouth Lifeboat *Henry Vernon* in to help take off survivors. Apart from many awards made to those directly concerned in the "Rohilla" disaster, Major Burton received the Gold Medal of the R.N.L.I., the thanks of the Lords of the Admiralty and his services entered in the records by order of the Army Council, Gold Medal of the Borough of Tynemouth and clasp to Gold Medal of the Tynemouth Trust and silver tea and coffee service by public subscriptions. Later, he was awarded the American Gold Cross of Honour, given once in two years by the United States to a foreign national. This was only the second occasion for such an award. His task completed, he resigned from active life-boat service, knowing that the local men, led by Coxswain Smith, shared his faith in the powered boat. The second world war brought new responsibilities ; the Tyne defence and the work in Training Schools. Here, his specialised knowledge of engineering, signalling, telephony, bombing and anti-gas instruction made heavy demands on him. As Commandant, with six instructors, the strength went up to well over a thousand. The measure of his work may be judged by the fact that 10,000 officers and 18,000 n.c.o.s passed through the schools. Apart from other awards, for these services he received the O.B.E., the Coronation Medal as a personal gift from the King and the E.G.M. for gallantry, later exchanged by the King for the George Cross. Burton was awarded the Empire Gallantry Medal in 1924, which was converted into the George Cross in 1940. He was also awarded the Tynemouth Medal Trusts Gold medal and bar. Here is an extract from the TMT files. "Captain HERBERT EDGAR BURTON, Royal Engineers (Tyne Submarine Miners) - For gallant service in the Tynemouth Lifeboat “Henry Vernon” on the occasion of the wreck of the steamship “Dunelm” at Blyth on 11 January 1913. The steamship ran ashore in a severe storm on the Sow and Pig Rocks outside of the North Pier at Blyth. Rescue from the shore was proving very difficult and several men were injured in the attempts. Later one rescuer died, so a message was sent to Tynemouth to ask for the motor lifeboat to come and try a rescue in seas where the local pulling lifeboats could not live. The lifeboat set out from the Tyne in atrocious weather under the command of Robert “Scraper” Smith, with Captain Burton on board as mechanical superintendent to tend the engine. By the time they reached Blyth, however, the crew had been rescued. The next morning the lifeboat returned to the Tyne through still mountainous seas and Coxswain Smith was badly injured by a sea which came on board. For their efforts, the following awards were made by the Tynemouth Medal Trust : To Captain Burton, the second Gold Medal ; to Coxswain Smith, Frederick Luter of the crew of the “Dunelm” and Coastguard William Marsden of Blyth Coastguard, Silver Medals ; to J.G. Smith, Thomas Cummings, J.R. Grant, J.R. Brownlee, and J.S. Brownlee, all of the crew of the Tynemouth lifeboat, Anthony Nixon, Robert Lisle Dawson, Ralph Macarthy, George Renner Armstrong, Adam Robertson and Emanuel Morgan Kelsey, Parchment Certificates. Captain Burton had previously been awarded the Tynemouth Medal Trust's silver medal in August 1904. In 1914, he was also awarded a bar, the only bar awarded to date (1998) to his gold medal for the rescue of part of the crew of the hospital ship “Rohilla” at Whitby."

Early in the war a new minefield was laid in the mouth of the Tyne by the Royal Marines and the TEE. Former submarine miners of the TEE were transferred or recalled, and provided many instructors for the new Royal Marine Submarine Miners, who laid and maintained minefields at anchorages all down the east and Channel coasts of the UK during World War I.

Also spun out of the TEE was the Northern Command School of Bombing, Signalling and Telephony, and Field Engineering, commanded by Major Burton (*see above*) until the end of the war.

The first German night air raids on the UK occurred on 19/20 January 1915. The first Anti-Aircraft (AA) searchlight in the Tyne Garrison was set up the following month by the RE on the roof of the CWS Flour Mills at Dunston, and later handed over to the TEE. This was an oxy-acetylene light. The first Zeppelin air raid on Tyneside, by *Kapitanleutnant* Mathy in L9, was on 14 April, and casualties were few. Afterwards an electric searchlight was set up at Carville power station, Wallsend, to work with a 3-inch AA gun operated by the Royal Garrison Artillery. This installation had just been completed when the second air raid on Tyneside took place on 15/16 June. Warning and blackout arrangements were inadequate, and L10 under *Kapitanleutnant* Hirsch caused considerable damage and casualties to industrial sites, including Palmer's.

The TEE at Clifford's Fort continued to be responsible for coast defence and AA searchlights and for telephones in the Tyne Garrison throughout the war, comprising No 1 (Depot), No 3 (Electric Light) and No 4 (AA) Companies, the latter later being split into Nos 34 and 35 (Tyne) AA Companies. The coastal defences were progressively increased, especially at Sunderland and Blyth.

### Haslar

One of the first duties of the TEE on arrival at Portsmouth was to set up telephone links. During the war the TEE telephone section based at Milldam Barracks, Portsmouth, became responsible for the entire military telephone system for the Southern Coast Defences, including Portsmouth, Southampton and the Isle of Wight. The skills of the former submarine miners were employed when a cable linking the sea forts had to be repaired.

The remainder of the TEE sent to Portsmouth on the outbreak of war supplemented the Hampshire (Fortress) Engineers (TF), manning a number of coastal light stations on both shores of the Solent and the three sea forts of Spitbank Fort, No Man's Land Fort and Horse Sand Fort. In November 1915 the TEE formed an additional company (No 5) from Haslar to supplement the Scottish coast defences of the Firth of Forth and to set up coast and AA searchlights to defend the explosives works at Ardeer. These were handed over to local forces by June 1916

As the war progressed, the London Electrical Engineers (LEE) and Tyne Electrical Engineers (TEE) gradually took full responsibility for the RE's searchlight operations. By December 1915 the LEE set up and ran an experimental establishment, while the TEE took over the RE School of Electric Lighting at Stokes Bay, Gosport. As AA defence became more important, the school's name was changed to AA Searchlight and Sound Locator School, based at Ryde on the Isle of Wight.

### Western Front

In August 1915, a detachment of volunteers from the TEE (72 men) and LEE (39 men) proceeded to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France. They were formed into 13 small detachments, each assigned to a Field Company of the RE to operate small oxy-acetylene searchlights to detect enemy raiding parties in No-Man's Land. Although these were used with some success for a few months, exposing a light drew heavy fire from the enemy, and the dangerous work earned the detachments the nickname of 'the suicide brigade'.

In November 1915 a joint LEE/TEE company was formed for service in France, designated No 1 (London and Tyne) Electrical & Mechanical Company, RE. It assembled at the LEE's HQ in London, and landed at Le Havre on 15 December, where it was attached to General Headquarters (GHQ) of the BEF. It carried out a variety of duties, ranging from installing electric lighting for hospitals, water pumps and laundry equipment, to erecting a printing works and building a trench locomotive. After the Battle of the Somme it was decided to form an E & M Company for each of the Armies of the BEF and the London & Tyne Company was split to form 351 Company (Second Army) and 354 Company (Fifth Army). 354 Company was later responsible for the development of air-lift and belt water pumps to supply drinking water. During the German spring offensive of 1918, 351 and 354 E &M Companies were entrusted with destroying electrical installations and water supplies ahead of the advancing enemy. These then had to be replaced during the Hundred Days advance.

### Home AA Defence

Prior to the outbreak of war, searchlights were still being used in the coastal defence role, and had yet to be seen as an AA asset, but as early as August 1914 the TEE set up the first AA searchlight in the Portsmouth defences, at Lumps Fort. In the early part of 1915 the TEE was involved in pioneering AA defences in NE England (*see above*)

In December 1915, the War Office urgently required AA searchlight units to defend London and other vital points. Immediately, the LEE provided No 1 Company and the TEE formed No 2 (Tyne) Company, which took over responsibility for NW London in May 1916. Further companies were despatched at intervals to London, Hull and other districts subject to Zeppelin raids. Early in 1916, mobile AA brigades began to be formed, with batteries of 13-pounder guns, supported by a searchlight company. No 9 (Tyne) Mobile SL Company was one of the first formed at Haslar, proceeding to London to complete mobilisation on 11 March. In the early stages, the coordination of AA guns and searchlights was poor, but improvements were made, a barrage of lights was established down the East Coast, and searchlight units soon became adept at picking up Zeppelins. A detachment of No 9 Mobile Company was in action at Darenth when the first Zeppelin destroyed over England (L15, *Kapitanleutnant* Breithaupt) was shot down into the Thames Estuary by AA guns on 31 March, and members of the detachment were awarded gold medals by the Lord Mayor of London.

In April the Royal Flying Corps began to form home defence squadrons, and each had a searchlight section attached. The 'aeroplane lights' were trained to work in close cooperation with the aircraft and were distinct from the 'gun lights'. The TEE formed No 33 (Tyne) AA Company to cooperate with home defence aircraft in Northern England, including No 36 Squadron RFC at Cramlington near Newcastle, while No 22 (Tyne) Aeroplane Squadron Searchlight Section from Haslar operated at Sutton's Farm in Essex with No 39 Squadron RFC and at Beverley in East Yorkshire with No 52 Squadron RFC.

On 2 September the Germans attempted a mass Zeppelin attack on London, but only two airships reached the capital and one of these, SL 11, was held in the searchlight beams of 22 (Tyne) Company while it was shot down by Lt W. Leefe Robinson of 39 Squadron. On 23 September another mass raid bombed Nottingham, but L32, endeavouring to avoid the London defences, was shot down by 2/Lt F. Sowrey of 39 Squadron cooperating with lights from Nos 9 and 22 Companies.

On 25 September 1916 the only air attack on Portsmouth during World War I occurred when *Kapitänleutnant* Mathy, this time commanding L31, hovered over the harbour in the searchlight beams, without actually dropping any bombs. By October 1916, the Zeppelin threat had all but ended and the Germans attentions turned to use of bomber aircraft.

Late in 1916 the AA defences of Britain were expanded to include the industrial towns of the North and Midlands. No 2 (Tyne) Company was moved from London to the Midlands and renumbered 42, and a series of new gun light companies were formed, No 4 AA Company TEE being split into Nos 34 and 35 (Tyne) AA Companies, and Nos 37 (Tyne) at Leeds, 38 (Tyne) at Hull and 40 (Tyne) at Sheffield being formed by drafts from Haslar. The mobile companies (including the aeroplane units) were mobilised at the Royal Army Medical Corps HQ at Queen Alexandra Military Hospital at Millbank in London before being despatched around the country.

By July 1917, when German raids by fixed wing aircraft became common, there were 42 AA Companies of the RE located around the country. These included the following TEE units, manning some 300 lights:

* No 9 (Tyne) Mobile Searchlight Company – *attached to No 3 Mobile AA Brigade, RGA*
* No 10 (Tyne) Mobile Searchlight Company, Harwich
* No 33 (Tyne) Aeroplane Squadron Searchlight Company, Cramlington
* Nos 34–35 (Tyne) AA Companies, Newcastle
* No 37 (Tyne) AA Company, Leeds
* No 38 (Tyne) AA Company, Hull
* No 40 AA Company, Sheffield
* No 41 AA Company, Birmingham
* No 42 (Tyne) AA Company, Coventry*formerly No 2 Company TEE*
* No 50 AA Company, Gretna
* No 56 AA Company, York*formerly No 29 (Tyne) Aeroplane Squadron Company*
* No 57 AA Company, Lincoln*formerly No 25 (Tyne) Aeroplane Squadron Company*
* No 58 AA Company, Cranwell*formerly No 22 (Tyne) Aeroplane Squadron Company*
* No 60 AA Company, Selby*formerly No 27 (Tyne) Aeroplane Squadron Company*
* No 63 AA Company, Nottingham

In November 1917 the air defences of Great Britain were reorganised: the number of AA searchlight companies was considerably reduced, instead RE sections were attached to the AA gun batteries, while 12 new AA companies of the RE were formed. The TEE units in the new organisation were as follows:

London Air Defence Area

* No 1 Mobile Brigade, HQ at Epping, with Nos 8, 9 & 10 Batteries
* No 2 Mobile Brigade, HQ at Sevenoaks, with Nos 7, 11 & 12 Batteries
* Portsmouth AA defences

Northern Air Defences

* Tyne AA Defence Command
    + No 1 AA Company, RE, HQ at Newcastle, covering Alnwick to Hartlepool, cooperating with 36 Sqn RFC – *formed from Nos 34 and 35 AA Company*
    + No 19 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 34 AA Company*
    + No 20 AA Company, RGA
    + No 21 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 50 AA Company*
* Leeds AA Defence Command
    + No 2 AA Company, RE, HQ at Ripon*formed from No 37 AA Company*
    + No 3 AA Company, RE, HQ at York – *formed from Nos 56 and 60 AA Companies*
    + No 24 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 37 AA Company*
    + No 25 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 37 AA Company*
    + No 28 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 60 AA Company*
* Humber AA Defence Command
    + No 4 Company, RE, HQ at Gainsborough, cooperating with 33 Sqn RFC – *formed from Nos 38 and 57 AA Companies*
    + No 27 AA Company RGA – *formed from No 38 AA Company*
* Nottingham AA Defence Command
    + No 5 AA Company, RE, HQ at Grantham, cooperating with 38 Sqn RFC – *formed from No 58 AA Company*
    + No 29 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 40 AA Company*
    + No 30 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 57 AA Company*
    + No 33 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 63 AA Company*
* Birmingham AA Defence Command
    + No 12 AA Company, RGA – *formed from No 41 AA Company*

During 1918 enemy air raids were concentrated on London and Norfolk, and the Northern Air Defences were hardly involved. On 19 May, No 9 Mobile Battery, operating under the Dover AADC, was engaged when 40 Giant and Gotha bombers made the biggest raid of the war; the battery illuminated 24 of these raiders during the night, when eight were shot down. 2nd Lieutenant Metcalf of the TEE, commanding this battery, developed a new system of height determination, which was adopted throughout the AA defences.

### Western Front AA defence

Between 1915 and 1918, the RE formed 76 AA Searchlight Sections for overseas service. The TEE is known to have found 21 of these: Nos 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 26–8, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44 and 46, together with No 22, which was formed in France from Nos 1–8 AAS sections. Others were formed by the Regular RE (No 1) and by the LEE. The parent units of a further 29 AAS sections are not known, but the cadres were probably mixed TEE and LEE personnel.

Most of the early AAS sections were posted to guard targets such as railway yards, ammunition dumps and lines of communications that were the target of night bomber attacks. When No 19 Section arrived in France in March 1917 it was stationed at a large ammunition dump at Zeneghem, but was given the additional task of setting up a dummy target. This consisted of rows of electric lights on poles laid out to resemble the real dump; when bombers approached these lights were the last to be blacked out, in imitation of the dump receiving the alarm late. Dummy rail tracks were laid and the decoy target was protected by 12 AA guns; on one occasion paraffin fires were lit to resemble a successful raid on the 'dump'. The area around Nieuport and Dunkirk, where many of the supply dumps were concentrated received regular raids, and 14 AAS sections were concentrated on this part of the front.

During and after the 3rd Battle of Ypres some of the searchlights were established close to the front, to illuminate bombers as they crossed the lines. These light sections regularly became bombing targets themselves. During the winter of 1917–18 some sections were moved south from the Ypres Salient to the Somme area around Bapaume and Péronne, though enemy night activity in this sector was low. One morning a German aircraft bombed horse lines near to No 17 (Tyne) AASS, and was shot down by Sapper G. Bage using a Lewis gun. Sapper Bage was awarded the Military Medal.

When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, Nos 8, 10 and 15 (Tyne) AASS were with Third Army around Bapaume, and No 17 with Fifth Army at Péronne. These sections had to be withdrawn hastily ahead of the advancing Germans. No 10 AASS retired to Méaulte, where Third Army HQ was subject to continuous night bombing and the lights themselves were bombed and machine-gunned. On 25 March, in the face of German advances and the absence of transport, No 10 AASS had to disable its equipment and withdraw.

The second phase of the German offensive (the Battle of the Lys) hit First Army and Second Army, and here Nos 11 and 44 (Tyne) AASS and No 14 (London) AASS were forced to retreat under enemy artillery fire. After the German advance was halted, the AA defences were re-established, with a belt of searchlights now cooperating with AA guns and with Sopwith Camel night-fighter aircraft (forming the 'Camel Line'). Each searchlight team was also equipped with a Lewis gun for AA defence. The number of enemy night bombers brought down began to rise.

The Allied advances of the Hundred Days Offensive meant that to maintain an unbroken AA barrage along the whole front the searchlight sections were frequently shifted forwards through traffic-clogged roads, across damaged bridges, often under shell-fire. After the Armistice, the lights were found useful for illuminating round-the-clock work by sappers to repair bridges and railways. Several sections moved into Germany with the British Army of the Rhine, and some were used in policing river traffic on the Rhine. Demobilisation began early in 1919 and the last AAS sections were demobilised at Haslar in March 1920.

### Italy

In January 1918 No 34 AASS was transferred from France to join the British forces on the Italian Front. The men were split up to train Italian searchlight teams, but this was not a success. At the end of March, three sets of highly mobile Italian equipment were purchased, and the section operated these for the rest of the war. German night bombers were withdrawn from the Italian Front in April 1918, but No 34 AASS acted as directors for Allied night insertion operations by air, and in front-line illumination for heavy artillery.

### Independent Air Force

During May 1918 the RAF's Independent Air Force was established at airfields in Lorraine for strategic bombing of Germany. The airfields in turn were frequently bombed, and AA guns and AAS sections, including No 27 (Tyne), were sent to help defend them, joined in August by No 10 (Tyne) AASS.

### Manpower

When GHQ in France requested an increase in AA searchlight provision in August 1917, the shortage of manpower meant that the new sections consisted of approximately 30 per cent TEE and LEE personnel and 60 per cent Medical Category B personnel transferred from the infantry and trained in the existing sections. Canadian and US sappers were also attached to the sections for training during 1918.

As the war progressed, most of the 'A1' category men in home forces were withdrawn for overseas duty, and the AA defences were manned by personnel of lower medical category. A large contingent of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps took over administrative duties at the Haslar depot and the AA establishments, while the Women's League provided motor transport drivers. Late in 1918, a large draft of men was dispatched to France from Haslar, intended to reinforce infantry units, but they were appropriated by the Inspector of Searchlights on arrival and sent to searchlight sections. At the time of the Armistice, the TEE comprised 143 officers and approximately 5000 other ranks, of whom 50 officers and 700 other ranks were serving overseas.

During the war the TEE established a war savings scheme, which became one of the largest in the army. Two military aircraft were named after the TEE in recognition of these deposits.

## Interwar

The Territorial Force was re-established and renamed the Territorial Army after the war. Recruitment to the postwar TEE commenced on 16 February 1920, but it was not until November that year that the title and establishment of the revived unit was fixed as:
**Tyne Electrical (Fortress) Royal Engineers**

* No 1 Works Company
* No 2 Electric Light Company

Responsibility for fortress telephones came under the new Royal Corps of Signals. The former Durham Fortress Engineers at Jarrow was not reformed at this time and was subsumed into the TEE until 1947.

In the coal strike of April 1921 a Defence Force was raised from the Territorials, with personnel from the TEE forming an HQ and two Electrical and Mechanical (E&M) Companies, whose role would have been to run electricity generation and water supply plant if required. Apart from erecting some barbed-wire defences, the companies were never actually employed, and were demobilised after three months.

Postwar, a TA air defence organisation had been established in the London area, with the LEE forming 26 and 27 AA Battalions, RE (301–306 AA Searchlight Companies). Further independent AASL companies were then organised in other parts of the UK. In September 1924, the TEE's No 1 Works Company was more than doubled in size and converted back into a searchlight unit, designated **307th (Tyne) AASL Company, RE (Tyne Electrical Engineers)**. (The other independent companies were numbered 309–18: the number 308 was kept vacant in case of expansion of the TEE). No 307 AASL Company and No 2 (later No 1) Electric Light Company remained part of the TEE as a single corps, but each was responsible to a different command structure.

Because of the inconvenient location of Clifford's Fort, the unit also used a small drill hall at Rockcliffe Avenue, Whitley Bay, formerly the HQ of G Company of the disbanded Northern Cyclist Battalion, which the TEE shared with a squadron of the Northumberland Hussars. In 1927 the TEE exchanged Clifford's Fort for a new site adjoining Tynemouth station, where it built a new HQ.

On 10 December 1936, as part of the expansion of AA defences in the TA, 307 AA Company was expanded into a full battalion, **37th (Tyne) AA Bn (Tyne Electrical Engineers), RE (TA)**, with HQ, 307 and 308 Companies at Station Rd, Tynemouth, and 348 and 349 Companies at Heaton, Newcastle. The battalion formed part of 30th (Northumbrian) AA Group (later Brigade) based at Sunderland, in 2 AA Division.

At about the same time (certainly by 1941) No 1 Electric Light and Works Company was redesignated **128 Electrical and Mechanical Company, RE (Tyne Electrical Engineers)** and became an independent unit.

When the TA doubled in size following the Munich Crisis, the TEE formed a duplicate unit as a Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) regiment of the Royal Artillery (RA). This was designated **37th (Tyne Electrical Engineers) LAA Regiment, RA (TA)**.

## World War II

### 37 Searchlight Regiment

In common with other AA units of the RE, 37th AA Battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery early in 1940, becoming **37th (TEE) Searchlight Regiment, RA**. The Battle of France had already begun when 37 S/L Regiment embarked for France. Part of the regiment landed at Dunkirk on 16 May 1940, but because of the rapid advance of the Germans, they were withdrawn to take up positions protecting Le Havre while the main BEF was being evacuated from Dunkirk. Other parts of the regiment subsequently landed at Cherbourg and were deployed in Normandy. By now Le Havre was under continuous bombing attacks, and detachments of 37 S/L Regiment were deployed to reinforce the ground defences. On 9–10 June the regiment was withdrawn to St Malo, the detachments north of the River Seine destroying their equipment and escaping by sea to Cherbourg. On 17 June the regiment destroyed its remaining equipment and was evacuated to Southampton, one of the last British units to leave France. Some of the regiment's personnel were aboard the *Lancastria* when she was sunk off St Nazaire, but all except two were rescued.

37th S/L Regiment was re-equipped and deployed to defend South Wales and the Severn Valley, where it remained until early 1944.

In May 1944 the regiment transferred to Essex, where from June it was in action against 'Divers', the codename for V-1 flying bombs. In the winter of 1944–45 the regiment was deployed to establish a searchlight line along the Essex and Suffolk coast to support the AA guns engaging the V-1s. 'Diver' alerts continued until the end of March 1945. After VE Day the regiment moved to Widnes, except one battery conducting War Office trials.

37 Searchlight Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1947.

### 37 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment

37 LAA Regiment was still in course of formation at Tynemouth when World War II broke out in September 1939. During the winter of 1939–40 detachments of the regiment were deployed to RAF stations and other vital points in North East England, which they defended during the Battle of Britain and The Blitz.

In May 1941 the regiment handed over its VPs and began training for mobile warfare. At the end of August it embarked for Iraq, landing at Basra and moving up to Baghdad for further training. Early in 1942 it moved to Lebanon under Ninth Army, and then to Egypt, where its batteries were dispersed defending VPs around the Nile Delta and Suez Canal zones.

After the Second Battle of El Alamein, 37 LAA Regiment concentrated its batteries and followed the subsequent advance of Eighth Army, defending the ports of Benghazi and Tripoli, and then airfields in Tunisia used by the USAAF

37 LAA Regiment returned to training in Egypt and Palestine after the Tunisian Campaign. After the cancellation of operations in the Dodecanese for which it was earmarked, the regiment was disbanded and placed in suspended animation in September 1944.

### 128 E&M Company

This company formed part of the War Office reserve until January 1942. No other details of its service are known. In 1942 stationed in Middle East Force

## Postwar

When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, no less than seven units were reformed in the Tyne Electrical Engineers' lineage, in three different corps of the British Army:

* **537 Searchlight Regiment (Tyne Electrical Engineers) RA**
* **104 (Tyne) Army Engineer Regiment, RE**
* **105 (Northumberland) Construction Regiment, RE**
* **132 Field Engineer Regiment, RE***from Durham Fortress Engineers*
* **128 Electrical & Mechanical Squadron, RE**
* **322 Electrical & Mechanical Squadron, RE**
* **86 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery Workshop (TEE)**, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME)

### Royal Artillery

537 Searchlight Regiment reformed at Tynemouth as part of 83 AA Brigade (the old 57 LAA Bde at Newcastle). Two years later it was redesignated as a (Mixed) Light Anti-Aircraft/Searchlight Regiment (the 'mixed' referring to the fact that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the regiment).

When AA Command was disbanded in 1955, the regiment was amalgamated with 669 (Durham) LAA/SL Regiment at South Shields and 670 (Tyneside Scottish, Black Watch) LAA Regiment at Newcastle into **439 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (TA)**:

* HQ Battery – from 537 LAA/SL Regiment
* P (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Battery
* Q (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Battery
* R (South Shields) Battery
* T (Tyneside Scottish) Battery

In 1956 the regiment absorbed 404 (Tynemouth) Coast Regiment, which formed P (Tynemouth) Battery, while Q Battery retained the Tyne Electrical Engineers title. At the same time, the whole regiment adopted the subtitle '(Tyne)'. In 1964 it was redesignated **439 (Tyne) Light Air Defence Regiment**, but in 1967 it was amalgamated with several others into 101st (Northumbrian) Medium Regiment and only the Tyneside Scottish lineage was continued.

### Royal Engineers

Two of the RE units reformed in the TA (104 and 105 Regts) were considered descendants of the TEE and took their Army precedence from the 1st Newcastle EV of 1860, while a third (132) was considered to be the successor of the 1st Durham EV. The three units together comprised 22 Engineer Group in Northern Command, based at Gateshead:
**104 (Tyne) Army Engineer Regiment, RE**

* HQ Gateshead
* 303 Field Squadron
* 304 Field Squadron
* 307 Field Squadron – *transferred to 118 Construction Regiment 1950*
* 317 Field Park Squadron

**105 (Northumberland) Construction Regiment, RE**

* HQ Newcastle
* 233 Construction Squadron
* 234 Construction Squadron
* 507 Construction Squadron
* 508 Plant Park Squadron

**132 Field Engineer Regiment, RE**

* HQ Sunderland
* 333 Field Squadron – *became 608 Field Sqn 1953*
* 334 Field Squadron
* 335 Field Squadron – *transferred to 118 Construction Regiment 1950*
* 336 Field Park Squadron – *became 336 Crane Operating Sqn 1956*

In 1950, 104 and 105 Regiments were amalgamated as 105 Construction Regiment, which in 1955 was redesignated **105 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Engineer Regiment, RE**. The independent 128 Squadron RE based on Tyneside was attached to the regiment as a field squadron from 1955 to 1961. The other independent squadron at Newcastle, 322 Sqn, was probably disbanded before 1961.

In 1957, 132 Field Engineer Regiment was redesignated a Corps Engineer Regiment, but in 1961 it was disbanded and the remnants absorbed into 233 Squadron of 105 (TEE) Regiment.

In the reduction of the TA and formation of the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967, 105 Regiment and 128 Squadron together were reduced to create **105 (Durham) Plant Squadron RE**, based at Gateshead and forming part of 72 Engineer Regiment, RE. (The regimental HQ and 103 (Newcastle) Field Squadron came from the former 50th (Northumbrian) Divisional Engineers, descended from the Newcastle RE (V) of 1888, thus uniting the lineages of all the Newcastle and Durham Engineer Volunteers of 1860 and 1874).

In 1999, the whole of 72 Engineer Regiment was reduced to 72 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Air Support Field Squadron, Royal Engineers in 71 Engineer Regiment, RE.

However, **72 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Engineer Regiment (V)** reformed in 2006 as a Close Support RE regiment, with the following organisation:

* 103 Field Squadron at Newcastle and Sunderland
* 106 Field Squadron at Sheffield and Bradford
* 299 Parachute Squadron at Wakefield and Hull

Under the Future of the British Army (Army 2020) plans, 72 Engineer Regiment was disbanded in 2014, and its squadrons assigned to regular RE regiments: 103 Sqn to 21 Engineer Rgt, 106 Sqn to 32 Engineer Rgt, and 299 Sqn to 23 Parachute Engineer Rgt.

### Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers

86 (Field) AGRA Workshop (TEE), REME, was formed in Newcastle in 1947 to support the RA units of 86 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), a Nottingham-based successor of the wartime 6 AGRA. However, the REME workshop continued an independent existence (as 186 Vehicle Workshop (TEE)) after the disbandment of 86 AGRA in 1956.

In 1967, 186 Vehicle Workshop (TEE) merged with 124 Corps Recovery Company at Gateshead, 149 (Sunderland) Infantry Workshop, 151 Infantry Workshop at Middlesbrough (all of the REME) and 51 Company (Motor Ambulance), Royal Army Service Corps, at Newton Aycliffe. From this merger were formed:

Both companies formed part of 102 Battalion REME and continue to do so. There are no plans to change this arrangement under the Army 2020 proposals.

However, under the Army 2020 Refine (announced in 2015/16), 186 Coy was reduced to **186 (B) (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Detached Platoon** in Newcastle under 124 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Theatre Support Company in Newton Aycliffe.

## Insignia

In December 1911, War Office authority was obtained for officers of the Tyne Electrical Engineers to have the word 'TYNE' embroidered on the scroll beneath the RE grenade badge in place of the honour 'UBIQUE' worn by the Regular RE. The word 'TYNE' was also added beneath the 'T/RE' of the shoulder titles of all ranks.

On 31 October 1922 the crest of the Tyne Electrical Engineers was registered at the College of Arms: 'issuant out of a mural crown or, a dexter cubit arm grasping a winged arrow inflamed proper'. In the old crest carved above the gateway to Clifford's Tower the arm had been grasping a thunderbolt: this was the form used by the Submarine Mining Service and was derived from the crest of the Master-General of the Ordnance used on the Blue Ensign flown by RE vessels.

During World War II, 37 S/L Regiment wore a regimental arm flash of a stylised lighthouse with one beam pointing upwards, embroidered in yellow with a black edging.

On formation in 1947, 537 LAA/SL Regiment wore an additional arm title bearing the word 'TYNE' embroidered in red on navy blue beneath the normal RA shoulder title. In 1953 this was replaced by the TEE winged arrow crest embroidered in yellow on navy blue, and the unit probably also wore the RA grenade badge with 'Tyne' in place of 'UBIQUE'.

186 Workshop Company still uses the TEE winged arrow crest.

## Traditions

The TEE formed a pipe band in 1902, but it was not successful. However, the unit retained two pipers (playing Highland rather than Northumbrian pipes), who wore Clan Fergusson tartan (two of the unit's officers at the time were Fergussons). In 1932, two pipers were again added to the establishment of No 1 Electric Light Company, once more wearing Fergusson tartan with the permission of the Clan chief.

The pipe band was transferred from 72 Engineer Regt to 102 Bn REME in 1999 and is active today.

## Honorary Colonels

The following have served as Honorary Commandant or Colonel of TEE units:

124 Company (TEE), REME:

* Major David Francis Howard, appointed 1 April 1987.

102 Battalion, REME:

* Col T.G.E. Gillanders, appointed 1 August 2000.

## Commanding officers

The following served as Commanding Officer of TEE units:

* Lieutenant-Colonel W. Johnson (3 March 1888 – 31 October 1911)
* Lieutenant-Colonel F.C. Scott (1 November 1911 – 4 February 1915, transferred to Royal Marine Submarine Miners)
* Lieutenant-Colonel C.R. Toomer (5 February 1915 – 30 August 1918)
* Brevet-Colonel E. Robinson (31 August 1918 – 31 October 1925)
* Lieutenant-Colonel N.H. Firmin (1 November 1925 – 31 October 1929)
* Lieutenant-Colonel E.H.E. Woodward (1 November 1929– )
* Lieutenant-Colonel B.H. Leeson (5 November 1938– )

## Prominent members

* Ian F.W. Beckett, *Riflemen Form: A study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908*, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, ISBN 0-85936-271-X.
* Keith Brigstock *Royal Artillery Searchlights*, presentation to Royal Artillery Historical Society at Larkhill, 17 January 2007 (cached on Google).
* *Burke's Peerage and Baronetage*, 68th Edn, 1906.
* Norman E.H. Litchfield, *The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)*, Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
* Capt Joseph Morris, *The German Air Raids on Great Britain 1914–1918*, first published 1925; Stroud: Nonsuch, 2007, ISBN 1-84588-379-9.
* Maj O.M. Short, Maj H. Sherlock, Capt L.E.C.M. Perowne and Lt M.A. Fraser, *The History of the Tyne Electrical Engineers, Royal Engineers, 1884–1933*, 1933/Uckfield: Naval & Military, nd, ISBN 1-84574-796-8.
* Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, *The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018*, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, ISBN 978-171790180-4.
* R.A. Westlake, *Royal Engineers (Volunteers) 1859–1908*, Wembley: R.A. Westlake, 1983, ISBN 0-9508530-0-3.

## External sources

## InfoBox

| Tyne Electrical Engineers, RE | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1 September 1860 – present |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Territorial Army |
| Type | Searchlight unit |
| Role | Coast Defence<br>Air Defence |
| Garrison/HQ | Tynemouth |
| Nickname(s) | Tyne Submarine Miners:<br>* Deep-Sea Pitmen<br>* Fish-Quay Lancers<br>* Mussel Shifters<br>Tyne Electrical Engineers:<br>\*The Electricals<br>* The Tynes<br>* Suicide Brigade |
| Engagements | Suakin Expedition<br>World War I<br>* Home Defence<br>* Western Front<br>* Italian Front<br>World War II<br>* Battle of France<br>* Battle of Britain<br>* The Blitz<br>* North African Campaign |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Col Sir Charles Palmer |


title: Rychłowiec

abstract: Rychłowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rząśnia, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Rząśnia, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Pajęczno, and 67 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Rychłowiec

**Rychłowiec** \[rɨˈxwɔvjɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rząśnia, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Rząśnia, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Pajęczno, and 67 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Rychłowiec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rychłowiec | |
| Coordinates: 51°14′N 19°5′E / 51.233°N 19.083°E / 51.233; 19.083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Pajęczno |
| Gmina | Rząśnia |


title: Santos Vega (1936 film)

abstract: Santos Vega is a 1936 Argentine historical film directed by Luis Moglia Barth. It is based on the story of Santos Vega.

text:
# Santos Vega (1936 film)

***Santos Vega*** is a 1936 Argentine historical film directed by Luis Moglia Barth. It is based on the story of Santos Vega.

## Cast

1. Portorrico p.165

## Bibliography

* Emilio Pedro Portorrico. *Diccionario biográfico de la música argentina de raíz folklórica*. 2004.

## InfoBox

| Santos Vega | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Luis Moglia Barth |
| Written by |  |
| Cinematography | Bob Roberts |
| Edited by | Nicolás Proserpio |
| Music by | Alejandro Gutiérrez del Barrio |
| Release date | * 17 September 1936 (1936-09-17) |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Country | Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Piskorów

abstract: Piskorów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puławy, within Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Puławy and 56 km (35 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Piskorów

**Piskorów** \[pisˈkɔruf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puławy, within Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Puławy and 56 km (35 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Piskorów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Piskorów | |
| Coordinates: 51°24′N 21°49′E / 51.400°N 21.817°E / 51.400; 21.817 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Puławy |
| Gmina | Puławy |


title: Tadeusz Sawicz

abstract: Tadeusz Władysław Sawicz was a Polish World War II fighter pilot. He served in the Polish Air Force, and after the fall of Poland, he served in the Polish and allied units in France and United Kingdom. He was the commander of several air units, including the No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron, 1st Polish Fighter Wing, 3rd Polish Fighter Wing, 131st (Polish) Fighter Wing and 133rd Fighter Wing. He participated in the Battle of Britain and was ranked as the 82nd highest scoring Polish fighter pilot of the war. In addition to receiving Poland's highest military decoration, the Virtuti Militari, he was awarded a British Distinguished Flying Cross, an American Distinguished Flying Cross and the Dutch equivalent, the Airman's Cross or Vliegerkruis. In 2006 Sawicz was appointed honorary brigadier-general in the Polish Air Force. After the war, he emigrated to Canada. At his death, he was believed to have been the last surviving Polish pilot to have fought in the Battle of Britain.

text:
# Tadeusz Sawicz

**Tadeusz Władysław Sawicz** (13 February 1914 – 19 October 2011) was a Polish World War II fighter pilot. He served in the Polish Air Force, and after the fall of Poland, he served in the Polish and allied units in France and United Kingdom. He was the commander of several air units, including the No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron, 1st Polish Fighter Wing, 3rd Polish Fighter Wing, 131st (Polish) Fighter Wing and 133rd Fighter Wing. He participated in the Battle of Britain and was ranked as the 82nd highest scoring Polish fighter pilot of the war.

In addition to receiving Poland's highest military decoration, the Virtuti Militari, he was awarded a British Distinguished Flying Cross, an American Distinguished Flying Cross and the Dutch equivalent, the Airman's Cross or *Vliegerkruis*. In 2006 Sawicz was appointed honorary brigadier-general in the Polish Air Force.

After the war, he emigrated to Canada. At his death, he was believed to have been the last surviving Polish pilot to have fought in the Battle of Britain.

## Biography

### In Poland and France

Sawicz was born on 13 February 1914 in Warsaw. In 1934, he joined the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic, as an officer and in 1934, began training in the air force. In August 1936, he received the rank of podporucznik and joined the 111th Fighter Escadrille. In 1937, he was transferred to the 114th Fighter Escadrille.

During the Polish September Campaign in September 1939 he served (from 5 September) as the deputy commander of the 114th Escadrille, which together with several other air units was a part of the Pursuit Brigade. He claimed a half-share in damaging a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 on the first day of the war, while flying a PZL P.11c. Over the next week he was reported to have shot down two Dorniers Do 17 bombers, damaging two more. On 14 September, he was assigned a courier mission, delivering messages to General Juliusz Rómmel, and Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, flying into the encircled pocket at Młynów. After the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September, the Polish government decided to evacuate the country and ordered the remaining airforce to evacuate as well. Travelling via Romania, Yugoslavia and Italy, Sawicz eventually reached France where he was assigned to the French Air Force (see also Polish Army in France). After training in Lyon, on 1 June 1940 he was assigned to Groupe de Chasse III/10 stationed in Deauville.

### In Great Britain

After the fall of France, like many other Polish pilots he did not surrender and took a Bloch MB.152 across the Mediterranean to Algeria, from where he went to Casablanca in Morocco and via Gibraltar to Great Britain, arriving on 17 July. After four months training at No.5 OTU at Aston Down, he joined the newly recreated Polish Air Force in the Great Britain.

In Great Britain he was assigned on 20 October to No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain. On 22 February 1941m he was transferred to No. 316 Polish Fighter Squadron. On 9 April he shot down a Heinkel He 111 bomber, which was reported as the new squadron's first confirmed kill. In July he was awarded the first Cross of Valour and promoted. From 9 November 1941 he served as commander of the Escadrille A of the No. 316 Squadron.

From June 1942, he served as a flight instructor with No. 58 OTU. On 25 September 1942, he became commander of No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron. During his time with 315 Squadron he damaged a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 on 4 April. On 16 April 1943, he became the deputy commander of the 1st Polish Fighter Wing, and was awarded the Poland's highest military decoration, the Virtuti Militari. From June 1943, he was a liaison officer with No. 12 Group RAF. From 18 October 1943, he served in a training capacity at Rednal. On 3 April 1944, he was attached to the headquarters of the 9th Air Force of the USAAF as liaison officer.

He was then assigned to the 56th Fighter Group, under Polish-American fighter ace Francis Gabreski where he formed a Polish section. For his time with the 56th Group, he was awarded the US Air Medal and Distinguished Flying Cross. On 14 June 1944, he was given the command of the 3rd Polish Fighter Wing, and on 10 October 1944, became commander of the 131st (Polish) Fighter Wing. Soon after taking the command, he was injured in a crash. On 16 July 1945, he returned to duty as the commander of the Polish 3rd Wing. Later he commanded the 133rd Fighter Wing.

During the war he had claimed 3 confirmed victories and 3 and a half "damaged". He is ranked (on Bajan's list) as the 82nd highest scoring Polish fighter pilot of the war.

### After the war

He was demobilized in January 1947 with the rank of major. He chose not to return to Poland, where the new communist government was hostile towards those who had served in the Polish Armed Forces in the West. In 1957 he emigrated to Canada, where he worked in the air industry, living in Montreal and Etobicoke.

In 2006 Sawicz was appointed honorary brigadier-general by then-Polish president Lech Kaczyński. At his death on 19 October 2011 he was believed to have been the last surviving Polish pilot to have fought in the Battle of Britain.

## Decorations

## InfoBox

| Tadeusz Władysław Sawicz | |
| --- | --- |
| Sawicz in July, 1943 | |
| Born | (1914-02-13)13 February 1914
Warsaw, Poland |
| Died | 19 October 2011(2011-10-19) (aged 97)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Allegiance | Poland,
Allied Powers |
| Service/branch | Polish Air Force
French Air Force
Royal Air Force
US Army Air Forces |
| Years of service | 1934–1947 |
| Rank | Wing Commander,
Brigadier General (Hon) |
| Unit | 111th Fighter Escadrille
114th Fighter Escadrille
Groupe de Chasse III/10
No. 303 Squadron
No. 316 Squadron
56th Fighter Group |
| Commands | No. 315 Squadron
No. 131 Wing
No. 133 Wing |
| Battles/wars | World War II |


title: George Clamback

abstract: George Clamback (1901-1978) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s, was a referee in the 1930s and was later a club administrator. Frederick Charles Clamback, known as 'George' Clamback was a Newtown junior who was graded in 1917 and debut in 1918. He went on to play 6 years at Newtown and also played two seasons with the Eastern Suburbs club. He later became a first grade referee in the NSWRFL in the late 1920s-1930s before taking on the job of Secretary of the Newtown. He was President of the Newtown in 1939, and the club delegate to the NSWRFL for many years. Clamback died in Toukley, New South Wales on 23 September 1978 aged 77.

text:
# George Clamback

**George Clamback** (1901-1978) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s, was a referee in the 1930s and was later a club administrator.

Frederick Charles Clamback, known as 'George' Clamback was a Newtown junior who was graded in 1917 and debut in 1918. He went on to play 6 years at Newtown and also played two seasons with the Eastern Suburbs club.

He later became a first grade referee in the NSWRFL in the late 1920s-1930s before taking on the job of Secretary of the Newtown. He was President of the Newtown in 1939, and the club delegate to the NSWRFL for many years.

Clamback died in Toukley, New South Wales on 23 September 1978 aged 77.

## InfoBox

George Clamback
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Frederick Charles Clamback |
| Born | (1901-02-02)2 February 1901
Newtown, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 23 September 1978(1978-09-23) (aged 77)
Toukley, New South Wales, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Prop |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1918–21 Newtown 47 8 0 0 24  1922 Eastern Suburbs 13 4 0 0 12  1923–24 Newtown 16 2 0 0 6  1927 Eastern Suburbs 15 2 0 0 6  Total 91 16 0 0 48 | |
| Source: | |


title: Seiko Obonai

abstract: Seiko Obonai Seiko Obonai was a Japanese track and field athlete. She competed in the women's shot put at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Seiko Obonai

**Seiko Obonai** (小保内 聖子, *Obonai Seiko*, 16 February 1940 – 6 March 2023) was a Japanese track and field athlete. She competed in the women's shot put at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Seiko Obonai
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Born | (1940-02-16)16 February 1940
Ninohe, Iwate, Japan |
| Died | 6 March 2023(2023-03-06) (aged 83)
Tokyo, Japan |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Shot put |


title: Saurauia schultzeorum

abstract: Saurauia schultzeorum is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Saurauia schultzeorum

***Saurauia schultzeorum*** is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Saurauia schultzeorum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Actinidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Saurauia* |
| Species: | ***S. schultzeorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Saurauia schultzeorum***
Sleumer | |
|


title: Tyspanodes creaghi

abstract: Tyspanodes creaghi is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found on Borneo and in Papua New Guinea and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland. The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults are ochreous yellow, the forewings with pale blue streaks below the base of the costa and the cell. There is some fuscous in and below the cell, as well as fuscous streaks at the base and on the medial part of the inner margin. The veins on the outer area are streaked with black and the interspaces above vein 2 are semihyaline, with short black streaks towards the termen. The hindwings are semihyaline yellow with a fuscous tinge.

text:
# Tyspanodes creaghi

***Tyspanodes creaghi*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found on Borneo and in Papua New Guinea and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults are ochreous yellow, the forewings with pale blue streaks below the base of the costa and the cell. There is some fuscous in and below the cell, as well as fuscous streaks at the base and on the medial part of the inner margin. The veins on the outer area are streaked with black and the interspaces above vein 2 are semihyaline, with short black streaks towards the termen. The hindwings are semihyaline yellow with a fuscous tinge.

## InfoBox

| *Tyspanodes creaghi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Tyspanodes* |
| Species: | ***T. creaghi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tyspanodes creaghi***<br>Hampson, 1898 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Clupeosoma strigatalis* Rothschild, 1915 | |


title: Sumin, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

abstract: Sumin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biskupiec, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

text:
# Sumin, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

**Sumin** \[ˈsumin\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biskupiec, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Sumin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Street in Sumin | |
| Sumin | |
| Coordinates: 53°28′43″N 19°14′52″E / 53.47861°N 19.24778°E / 53.47861; 19.24778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Nowe Miasto |
| Gmina | Biskupiec |


title: Ryvardenia

abstract: Ryvardenia is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It contains two species, Ryvardenia campyla (Berk.) Rajchenb. (1994) and the type, Ryvardenia cretacea (Lloyd) Rajchenb. (1994), formerly placed in the genus Polyporus. Ryvardenia was circumscribed by Argentinian botanist Mario Rachenberg in 1994. The genus name of Ryvardenia is in honour of Leif Randulff Ryvarden who is a Norwegian mycologist. Molecular analysis of specimens from Argentina and Australia has shown that the species separate into two distinct clades that are each restricted biogeographically to one side of the Pacific, suggesting that the taxa are speciating. However, there are no consistent morphological characteristics that can be used to distinguish between them, which according to Rajchenberg and Pildain "supports the maintenance of a complex but taxonomically single entity.

text:
# Ryvardenia

***Ryvardenia*** is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It contains two species, *Ryvardenia campyla* (Berk.) Rajchenb. (1994) and the type, *Ryvardenia cretacea* (Lloyd) Rajchenb. (1994), formerly placed in the genus *Polyporus*. *Ryvardenia* was circumscribed by Argentinian botanist Mario Rachenberg in 1994.

The genus name of *Ryvardenia* is in honour of Leif Randulff Ryvarden (born 9 August 1935) who is a Norwegian mycologist.

Molecular analysis of specimens from Argentina and Australia has shown that the species separate into two distinct clades that are each restricted biogeographically to one side of the Pacific, suggesting that the taxa are speciating. However, there are no consistent morphological characteristics that can be used to distinguish between them, which according to Rajchenberg and Pildain "supports the maintenance of a complex but taxonomically single entity.

## InfoBox

| *Ryvardenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ryvardenia cretacea* in New South Wales, Australia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Polyporaceae |
| Genus: | ***Ryvardenia***
Rajchenb. (1994) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ryvardenia cretacea*
(Lloyd) Rajchenb. (1994) | |
| Species | |
| *R. campyla*
*R. cretacea* | |


title: Santos Vega (1971 film)

abstract: Santos Vega is a 1971 Argentine historical film directed by Carlos Borcosque Jr. and starring José Larralde, Ana María Picchio and Walter Vidarte. It was the fourth film to be based on the story of Santos Vega.

text:
# Santos Vega (1971 film)

***Santos Vega*** is a 1971 Argentine historical film directed by Carlos Borcosque Jr. and starring José Larralde, Ana María Picchio and Walter Vidarte. It was the fourth film to be based on the story of Santos Vega.

## Cast

1. Plazaola p.37

## Bibliography

* Plazaola, Luis Trelles. *South American Cinema*. La Editorial, UPR, 1989.

## InfoBox

| Santos Vega | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Carlos Borcosque Jr. |
| Written by |  |
| Cinematography | Julio Duplaquet |
| Edited by | Gerardo Rinaldi |
| Release date | * 22 July 1971 (1971-07-22) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Plant Genetic Systems

abstract: Plant Genetic Systems (PGS), since 2002 part of Bayer CropScience, is a biotech company located in Ghent, Belgium. The focus of its activities is the genetic engineering of plants. The company is best known for its work in the development of insect-resistant transgenic plants. Its origin goes back to the work of Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell at the University of Ghent who were among the first to assemble a practical system for genetic engineering of plants. They developed a vector system for transferring foreign genes into the plant genome, by using the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They also found a way to make plant cells resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin by transferring a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the plant genome. PGS was the first company to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

text:
# Plant Genetic Systems

**Plant Genetic Systems** (**PGS**), since 2002 part of Bayer CropScience, is a biotech company located in Ghent, Belgium. The focus of its activities is the genetic engineering of plants. The company is best known for its work in the development of insect-resistant transgenic plants.

Its origin goes back to the work of Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell at the University of Ghent who were among the first to assemble a practical system for genetic engineering of plants. They developed a vector system for transferring foreign genes into the plant genome, by using the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They also found a way to make plant cells resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin by transferring a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the plant genome. PGS was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

## History

The company was founded in 1982 by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell who worked at the University of Ghent, Belgium. In 1996 the company was acquired by *AgrEvo*. In 2000, Aventis CropScience was formed through a merger of AgrEvo and Rhône-Poulenc Agro. In 1999, a trial of AgrEvo genetically modified maize was the target of a Greenpeace direct action near Lyng, Norfolk, and was involved in the subsequent trial of the activists.

In 2000 StarLink, a genetically modified maize developed by Plant Genetic Systems was detected in over 300 consumer food products in the US, triggering a recall. StarLink had not been approved for human consumption by the FDA. Following the recalls, PGS at first tried to get the application for human consumption approved, and then withdrew the product entirely from the market.

In 2002, Bayer CropScience was formed through Bayer's acquisition of the plant biotech branch Aventis CropScience.

* Hofte H, de Greve H, Seurinck J, Jansens S, Mahillon J, Ampe C, Vandekerckhove J, Vanderbruggen H, van Montagu M, Zabeau M, et al., Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715, Eur. J. Biochem. 1986 December 1;161(2):273-80.
* Leemans J, Ti to Tomato, Tomato to Market: A decade of plant biotechnology, Bio/Technology, vol. 11, March 1993.
* Vaeck, M., A. Reynaerts, H. Hofte, S. Jansens, M. De Beuckeleer, C. Dean, M. Zabeau, M. Van Montagu & J. Leemans. 1987, Transgenic plants protected from insect attack, Nature 328: 33-37.

## InfoBox

Plant Genetic Systems
| Industry | Biotechnology |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1982 (1982) |
| Founder |  |
| Headquarters | Ghent, Belgium |
| Parent | Aventis CropScience |


title: Dan Martin (cartoonist)

abstract: Dan Martin is a 20th and 21st century American cartoonist. Martin, a St. Louis native, was graduated from Lindbergh High School. At age 16, He worked at Six Flags Over Mid-America as caricaturist. He joined the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1980 out of the University of Kansas. Martin draws the Weatherbird for the Post-Dispatch. He is the sixth cartoonist to draw the Weatherbird, which debuted in 1901 and appears every day on the paper's front page. He is the second-longest serving Weatherbird artist, having taken over the strip in 1986. "Albert Schweitzer, who was drawing the Bird at the time, told me he was planning to retire" Martin said. "After I had practiced for about a year, we took 10 Weatherbird drawings of mine mixed in with 10 of Albert’s and showed them to editor Bill Woo, who couldn’t tell the difference... So I got the job." In 1987, Martin eliminated the cigar which had been emblematic of the character since its inception, He also restored the bird's beak to some degree. It usually takes Martin about 45 minutes to create a Weatherbird cartoon. Martin also drew the weekly cartoon "Postcard From Mound City" for the Post-Dispatch editorial page. Martin went into semi-retirement in 2023. He still draws the Weatherbird, but gave up additional cartooning duties.

text:
# Dan Martin (cartoonist)

**Dan Martin** is a 20th and 21st century American cartoonist.

Martin, a St. Louis native, was graduated from Lindbergh High School. At age 16, He worked at Six Flags Over Mid-America as caricaturist. He joined the *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* in 1980 out of the University of Kansas.

Martin draws the Weatherbird for the *Post-Dispatch*. He is the sixth cartoonist to draw the Weatherbird, which debuted in 1901 and appears every day on the paper's front page. He is the second-longest serving Weatherbird artist (after Amadee Wohlschlaeger), having taken over the strip in 1986. "Albert Schweitzer, who was drawing the Bird at the time, told me he was planning to retire" Martin said. "After I had practiced for about a year, we took 10 Weatherbird drawings of mine mixed in with 10 of Albert’s and showed them to editor Bill Woo, who couldn’t tell the difference... So I got the job."

In 1987, Martin eliminated the cigar which had been emblematic of the character since its inception, He also restored the bird's beak to some degree (previous Weatherbird cartoonists had atrophied the beak to the point of a flat-faced Weatherbird). It usually takes Martin about 45 minutes to create a Weatherbird cartoon.

Martin also drew the weekly cartoon "Postcard From Mound City" for the *Post-Dispatch* editorial page ("Mound City" is a nickname for St. Louis, based on the nearby Cahokia Mounds).

Martin went into semi-retirement in 2023. He still draws the Weatherbird, but gave up additional cartooning duties.

## Works

* Martin, Dan (2001). *The Story of the First 100 Years of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch Weatherbird: The Oldest Continuously Running Daily Cartoon in American Journalism*. Virginia Publishing. ISBN 978-1891442155.
* Martin, Dan (2008). *See You in the Funny Papers: The Rich Tradition of St. Louis Cartooning*. Reedy Press. ISBN 978-1933370279.


title: George W. Norris House

abstract: The Senator George William Norris House is a historic house museum at 706 Norris Avenue in McCook, Nebraska. It was purchased in 1899 by George W. Norris (1862–1944), a Nebraska politician who championed the New Deal of the 1930s and the Rural Electrification Act. It was donated to the Nebraska State Historical Society in 1968 by his wife, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967.

text:
# George W. Norris House

The **Senator George William Norris House** is a historic house museum at 706 Norris Avenue in McCook, Nebraska. It was purchased in 1899 by George W. Norris (1862–1944), a Nebraska politician who championed the New Deal of the 1930s and the Rural Electrification Act. It was donated to the Nebraska State Historical Society in 1968 by his wife, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967.

## Description and history

The Norris House stands north of downtown McCook, on the west side of Norris Avenue opposite Norris Park, a small public park. The house is 2+12 stories in height, built out of wood with a stucco exterior and covered by a gabled roof. It is basically rectangular in shape, with shallow two-story gabled projects on either side, and a single-story gabled sunroom on the south side. Gable ends are finished in stucco like the main body, but also have applied Stick style decorative elements. The front entrance is in the rightmost of three bays, in a round-arch opening. The interior is furnished and finished mainly with items belonging to the Norris family.

The house was purchased in 1899 by Norris, who was then early in his political career. He served five terms in the United States House of Representatives and five as a United States senator, and was an advocate of progressive Republican policies. He supported creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (whose first dam bears his name), and was a major proponent of the Rural Electrification Act, which helped bring electricity to large parts of the country.

Norris died in 1944; his wife gave the property to the state historical society in 1968.

Media related to George Norris House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| George W. Norris House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| George Norris House, seen from the southeast. At lower left is a seated statue of Norris. | |
|  | |
| Location | 706 Norris Ave., McCook, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 40°12′15″N 100°37′32″W / 40.20417°N 100.62556°W / 40.20417; -100.62556 |
| Built | 1899 |
| NRHP reference No. | 67000006 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 28, 1967 |
| Designated NHL | May 28, 1967 |


title: Semra Ertan

abstract: Semra Ertan was a Turkish migrant worker and writer in Germany who, in protest against racism, specifically, the treatment of Turks in Germany, set herself on fire in a Hamburg marketplace.

text:
# Semra Ertan

**Semra Ertan** (31 May 1956 – 26 May 1982) was a Turkish migrant worker and writer in Germany who, in protest against racism, specifically, the treatment of Turks in Germany, set herself on fire in a Hamburg marketplace.

## Biography

Semra Ertan was born on 31 May 1956, in Mersin, Turkey. She was the daughter of Gani Ertan and Vehbiya Ertan, who lived in Kiel and Hamburg as foreign workers. She moved to Germany at the age of 15, with her sisters following a little later. In addition to working as an interpreter, she wrote more than 350 poems and political satires. Devoted to lyricism, one of her most notable poems, "Mein Name ist Ausländer" (My name is foreigner), was published in Turkish school books. She also published books in Germany regarding the "emotional and physical effects that loneliness, deprivation, and alienation have on immigrants".

A few days before her 26th birthday, Ertan called the broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk to announce she would be committing suicide by self-immolation. She explained her motive as a response to growing xenophobia in Germany. The public self-immolation occurred in the early morning hours at the intersection of Simon-von-Utrecht-Strasse and Detlef-Bremer-Straße in Hamburg's St. Pauli quarter. Ertan doused herself with 5 litres (1.1 imp gal; 1.3 US gal) of gasoline that she had purchased at a petrol station that morning and ignited it.

Coincidentally, a police unit was marching past the marketplace at the time and attempted to smother the flames with blankets. However, Ertan died in hospital due to extensive burns.

Ertan's perception of increasing xenophobia was confirmed by statistical data and sociological studies. In November 1978, 39% of Germans demanded that foreigners return to their home countries, while two months before Ertan's death, 68% of West Germans were of this opinion. In addition, violence against foreigners in 1982 was no longer an isolated phenomenon. Furthermore, foreigners were increasingly excluded from social life in the country, and contact with them by the Germans was avoided to the extent possible. With unemployment and housing shortages in Germany, migrant workers were increasingly seen by Germans as competitors to the workplace and living space.

## Legacy

German novelist Sten Nadolny credited the genesis of his 1990 novel *Selim oder Die Gabe der Rede* (Selim or the Gift of Speech) to Ertan's suicide. The novel's protagonist, Ayse, is a fictionalized version of Ertan. German investigative journalist Günter Wallraff dedicated his 1985 book *Ganz unten* (The Lowest of the Low), which examined his experience posing as a Turkish guest worker in Germany, *inter alia*, to Semra Ertan. *Semra Ertan*, a 2013 documentary produced by Cana Bilir-Meier, screened at the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen and received the Innovative Film Award at the YOUKI International Youth Media Festival Austria.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Semra Ertan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-05-31)31 May 1956
Mersin, Turkey |
| Died | 26 May 1982(1982-05-26) (aged 25)
Hamburg, West Germany |
| Nationality | Turkish |


title: Đorđe Pantić

abstract: Đorđe Pantić is a Serbian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He is the goalkeeping coach at the Russian club Pari Nizhny Novgorod.

text:
# Đorđe Pantić

**Đorđe Pantić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Пантић; born 27 January 1980) is a Serbian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He is the goalkeeping coach at the Russian club Pari Nizhny Novgorod.

## Career

After beginning his career at Radnički Beograd, Pantić was transferred to Partizan on 1 July 1999. He made four appearances in the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League, debuting for Partizan with a clean sheet in a goalless home draw versus Real Madrid on 4 November 2003.

In August 2011, Pantić signed a one-plus-one-year contract with Sarajevo. He made his debut for the club in a 5–4 cup loss away at Rudar Prijedor on 19 October 2011, as Sarajevo advanced to the next round. In May 2012, Pantić left the club.

In 2014, Pantić began working as a goalkeeper coach at Partizan.

## Personal life

In 2007, he married Serbian karateka Snežana Pantić (née Perić) with whom he has a daughter named Manja (born 2007). Snežana died of cancer in 2022.

## Honours

Partizan Debrecen

## InfoBox

Đorđe Pantić
| Pantić in 2009 with Debrecen | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1980-01-27) 27 January 1980 | | |
| Place of birth | Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Pari Nizhny Novgorod (GK coach) | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Radnički Beograd | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998–1999 | Radnički Beograd | 15 | (0) |
| 1999–2006 | Partizan | 26 | (0) |
| 2000–2002 | Teleoptik (loan) | 50 | (0) |
| 2006 | Obilić (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2007 | TuS Koblenz | 0 | (0) |
| 2008 | Enköpings SK | 23 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Debrecen | 8 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Debrecen II | 10 | (0) |
| 2011 | Pyunik | 3 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Sarajevo | 0 | (0) |
| Total |  | **142** | **(0)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2019–2020 | Partizan (U19 GK coach) | | |
| 2021–2022 | Al-Fayha (GK coach) | | |
| 2023 | Partizan (GK coach) | | |
| 2024– | Pari Nizhny Novgorod (GK coach) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Saurauia pentapetala

abstract: Saurauia pentapetala is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is found in Malaysia and Thailand.

text:
# Saurauia pentapetala

***Saurauia pentapetala*** is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is found in Malaysia and Thailand.

## InfoBox

| *Saurauia pentapetala* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Actinidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Saurauia* |
| Species: | ***S. pentapetala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Saurauia pentapetala***
(Jack) R.D.Hoogland | |
|


title: Tyspanodes albidalis

abstract: Tyspanodes albidalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found on the Solomon Islands, where it has been recorded from Bougainville Island. The wingspan is about 22 mm. The forewings are dirty white, the end of the cell and area just before the apex faintly tinged with yellow. There is a faint obliquely curved antemedial line, a slight discoidal lunule, and traces of a curved postmedial line. The hindwings are rather dirty white.

text:
# Tyspanodes albidalis

***Tyspanodes albidalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found on the Solomon Islands, where it has been recorded from Bougainville Island.

The wingspan is about 22 mm. The forewings are dirty white, the end of the cell and area just before the apex faintly tinged with yellow. There is a faint obliquely curved antemedial line, a slight discoidal lunule, and traces of a curved postmedial line. The hindwings are rather dirty white.

## InfoBox

| *Tyspanodes albidalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Tyspanodes* |
| Species: | ***T. albidalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tyspanodes albidalis***<br>Hampson, 1912 | |
|


title: Ryuzo Yanagimachi

abstract: Ryuzo Yanagimachi was a Japanese-born, American-based scientist. He made numerous key contributions to the study of mammalian fertilization, and he was also a pioneer in the cloning field. Accordingly, he assisted in fertilization technologies such as in vitro fertilization and direct sperm injection into the egg, which are widely used today in human infertility clinics throughout the world. In 1997, his laboratory at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa successfully cloned mice using the Honolulu technique.

text:
# Ryuzo Yanagimachi

**Ryuzo Yanagimachi** (柳町 隆造, *Yanagimachi Ryūzō*, August 27, 1928 – September 27, 2023) was a Japanese-born, American-based scientist. He made numerous key contributions to the study of mammalian fertilization, and he was also a pioneer in the cloning field. Accordingly, he assisted in fertilization technologies such as *in vitro* fertilization and direct sperm injection into the egg (commonly called intracytoplasmic sperm injection or ICSI), which are widely used today in human infertility clinics throughout the world. In 1997, his laboratory at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa successfully cloned mice using the Honolulu technique.

## Biography

Yanagimachi was born in Ebetsu and raised in Sapporo, Japan. He received a BS in zoology in 1952 and a DSc in animal embryology in 1960, both from Hokkaido University. Being unable to find a research position initially, he then worked as a high school teacher for two years.

Yanagimachi applied for a post-doctoral position with Dr. M. C. Chang of the Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. He got this position and there discovered how to fertilize hamster eggs *in vitro*. This work led to *in vitro* fertilization of eggs of humans and other mammalian species.

In 1964, he returned to Hokkaido University as a temporary lecturer, with the possibility of later being appointed to an assistant professorship. However, another person eventually got the position.

In 1966 Yanagimachi ended up at the University of Hawaiʻi as an assistant professor and became a full professor of the Department of Anatomy and reproductive biology at the John A. Burns School of Medicine. After working for 38 years at the University of Hawaii, he retired at the end of 2005 to become a professor emeritus but kept working with junior fellows. He was married to Hiroko, a former child psychologist. She could not find work in her field when they came to the U.S. due to a language barrier, so she went to work with researchers in his lab as an electron microscopist.

Ryuzo Yanagimachi died in Honolulu from complications of a fall on September 27, 2023, at the age of 95.

## Cloning

In July 1998, Yanagimachi's team published work in *Nature* on cloning mice from adult cells. Yanagimachi named the new cloning technique they had created to do this to work the "Honolulu technique". The first mouse born was named Cumulina, after the cumulus cells whose nuclei were used to clone her. At the time of the publication of this work, over fifty mice spanning three generations had been produced through this technique. This was accomplished by an international team of scientists, including co-authors Teruhiko Wakayama, Tony Perry, Maurizio Zuccotti and K.R. Johnson.

The Yanagimachi laboratory moved from the warehouse which had housed it for over thirty years into the newly created Institute for Biogenesis Research in the Biomedical Sciences Tower of the John A. Burns School of Medicine. Money and renown from the opportunities opened up by the *Nature* article made the institute possible.

The Yanagimachi laboratory and his former associates continued to make advances in cloning. The first male animal cloned from adult cells was announced in 1999. In 2004 the laboratory participated in the cloning of an infertile male mouse. This advance may be used to produce many infertile animals for use in research on human infertility.

Mice cloned by the Honolulu technique were displayed at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, and the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois.

## Major work before and after 1960

As a graduate student of Hokkaido University in Japan, Yanagimachi studied fish (herring) fertilization and the sexual organization of rhizocephalans (parasitic barnacles). In fish, he discovered calcium-dependent, chemotactic movement of spermatozoa into the micropyle through which the fertilizing spermatozoon enters the egg. This was the first discovery of sperm chemotaxis in vertebrate animals. In rhizocephala, he found that adults are not hermaphroditic as generally thought, but bisexual. The so-called "testis" in an adult animal is a receptacle of cells from larval males. This discovery revolutionized biological studies of rhizocephalans and related animals.

While he was at the Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research as Dr. M.C. Chang's postdoctoral fellow (1960-1964), he witnessed and recorded the entire process of sperm penetration through the zona pellucida and fusion with the egg proper in a living (hamster) egg, which was the first in mammals. He was one of few who began to study the process and mechanisms of mammalian fertilization using *in vitro* fertilization technique.

Throughout his career he has made numerous, fundamental contributions to our understanding of mammalian fertilization and to the development of assisted fertilization technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) which are widely used today in human infertility clinics throughout the world. His comprehensive review of the basic biology of "Mammalian Fertilization" published in 1994 (In: Physiology of Reproduction, Knobil & Neill eds, Ravan Press) is classic.

Yanagimachi himself considered "cloned mice" to be byproducts of fertilization study and that the production of cloned animals in various species triggered/accelerated the research on the genomic reprogramming of adult somatic (body) cell nuclei as well as the production of pluripotent stem cells from adult cells for therapeutic purposes. He retired in 2005, but continued working on natural and assisted reproduction.

In 2014, he had an interview with *The Prism* in which he was quoted saying:

> Unlike people, nature never lies.

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| Ryuzo Yanagimachi | |
| --- | --- |
| Yanagimachi in 2014 | |
| Born | (1928-08-27)August 27, 1928
Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan |
| Died | September 27, 2023(2023-09-27) (aged 95)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Hokkaido University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research
John A. Burns School of Medicine
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |
|  | |


title: Santa Maria, Federal District

abstract: Santa Maria is an administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. Santa Maria was founded on February 10, 1991, receiving the status of administrative region, according to Law 348, of November 4, 1992.

text:
# Santa Maria, Federal District

**Santa Maria** is an administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. Santa Maria was founded on February 10, 1991, receiving the status of administrative region, according to Law 348, of November 4, 1992.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Santa Maria | |
| --- | --- |
| Administrative region | |
| *Região Administrativa de Santa Maria*
Administrative Region of Santa Maria | |
|  | |
| Location of Santa Maria in the Federal District | |
| Coordinates: 16°00′55″S 48°00′47″W / 16.01528°S 48.01306°W / -16.01528; -48.01306 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Central-West |
| State | Federal District |
| Established | 10 February 1991 |
| Government | |
| Regional administrator | Marileide Romão |
| Area | |
| Total | 215.86 km2 (83.34 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 115,607 |
| Density | 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-3 (UTC-3) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-2 (UTC-2) |
| Area code | +55 61 |
| Website | www.santamaria.df.gov.br |


title: Plan Voisin

abstract: The Plan Voisin was a planned redevelopment of Paris designed by French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1925. The redevelopment was planned to replace a large area of central Paris, on the Right Bank of the River Seine. Although it was never implemented, the project is one of Le Corbusier's most well known; its principles inspired a number of other plans around the world.

text:
# Plan Voisin

48°52′10″N 2°21′15″E / 48.86943°N 2.35413°E / 48.86943; 2.35413

The **Plan Voisin** was a planned redevelopment of Paris designed by French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1925. The redevelopment was planned to replace a large area of central Paris, on the Right Bank of the River Seine. Although it was never implemented, the project is one of Le Corbusier's most well known; its principles inspired a number of other plans around the world.

## Background

### Ville Contemporaine

In 1922, Le Corbusier presented Ville Contemporaine at Salon d'Automne; the plan was a utopian urban concept intended to house three million inhabitants in a series of skyscrapers. Following the exhibition, Le Corbusier continued work on the project, developing the plan from a non site-specific concept to a concrete proposal. This proposal was sponsored by his friend, the avant garde aircraft and automobile builder Gabriel Voisin, whose cutting-edge design aesthetic was admired by Le Corbusier.

### Motivation

Le Corbusier's motivation to develop the Plan Voisin was founded in frustrations with the urban design of Paris.

While upper class citizens of many urban areas relocated to suburbs, the bourgeois residents of late 19th century Paris largely remained in the city center. Pushed out by rising land prices, poorer Parisians left for shanty towns on the city's outskirts. Economic segregation was exacerbated by Georges Haussmann's renovation of the city which separated affluent and poor neighborhoods with wide avenues.

Within Paris' poorer neighborhoods, severe disease – worsened by poor sanitation – was rampant. Tuberculosis, in particular, was highly concentrated within the city's slums.

## Characteristics

The Plan Voisin consisted of 18 identical skyscrapers, which were spread out evenly over an open plain of roads and parks. These skyscrapers would have adhered to the Le Corbusian model of the unité d'habitation, a comprehensive living and working space, and an early inspiration for brutalism. The development could accommodate 78,000 residents over an area of 260 hectares. In stark contrast to the dense urban area that the plan intended to replace, only 12% of the area of Plan Voisin was to be built-up. Of the built-up area, 49% was partitioned for residential use, while the other 51% accounted for all other uses of the space. Roughly a third of the open area was reserved for vehicle use, while the rest was pedestrian-only.

Le Corbusier developed his proposal for Plan Voisin in this way in explicit contrast to dense urban areas such as Downtown New York City, which he described as a "nightmare". The proposal called for wider roads to accommodate for automobile traffic, and to lessen the burden that horse-drawn carriages had on automobiles. These roads would be paired with tree-lined pedestrian walkways, which would be surrounded by the skyscrapers in the open air above the tree line. These walkways would lead gradually to the buildings, which contained ground-floor cafés, shops, and offices. The residential spaces in the above floors were described as "dormitories".

## Rejection and legacy

### Rejection

Ultimately, Plan Voisin was rejected by the city of Paris, as it was seen to be too radical. While it is unclear if the general public supported the plan, Le Corbusier did promote his ideas through manifestos and periodicals, which were widely read by industrialists and the avant-garde of the time. Additionally, Le Corbusier would showcase his plans at international expositions, spreading the influence of the plan's principles around the world.

### Legacy

The Plan Voisin was the first of Le Corbusier's proposals, and its principles were paramount in the spread of modernist urbanism around the world. Particularly, the openness and relative sparseness of built-up area proposed in the plan and the use of residential towers were practices that were replicated in many places. La Cité de la Muette was built in Drancy – a suburb of Paris – closely mimicking the design techniques of Plan Voisin. The complex was used as a concentration camp from 1941 to 1944, from where over 67,000 Jews were sent directly to Auschwitz.

Additionally, the La Défense business district of Paris drew inspiration from Plan Voisin, with its concrete slab foundation a notably similar feature to Le Corbusier's plan.

These plans arose in the context of the post-war construction boom in Europe, lasting roughly between 1945 and 1980. During this period, urban development was rapidly spurred on by rural-to-urban migration and immigration from former colonies. The simplicity and high capacity of modernist residential towers made them suitable for this rapid development, and are commonplace in many Parisian suburbs as a result. These principles were summarized in the Athens Charter of 1947, which acted as a treatise for functional, modernist urban planning.

Internationally, many plans were influenced by Plan Voisin and Athens Charter. The plan had significant influence in the purpose-built Brazilian capital of Brasília as well as the Lekkumerend housing in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, which drew inspiration from the principles of the Athens Charter. By the 1990s, the Lekkumerend quarter was a byword for criminality and poverty, and most of the original Corbusier-inspired buildings have been demolished in an effort to improve living conditions. The unpopular name Lekkumerend was changed to 'Vrijheidswijk'.


title: Dan Marina

abstract: Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh, also known as Dan Marina, was a 17th-century Islamic scholar from Katsina. He is regarded as one of the three patron saints of Katsina, alongside Dan Masanih, and Dan Tukum. Even today, Muslims, primarily from Katsina, continue to pilgrimage to his tomb for ziyara. In the1820s, the Sokoto scholar Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa visited his tomb for ziyara while in his 1812 work Infaq al-maysur, Muhammad Bello, first Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate, described him as al-ustadh, al-mukashaf and dihliz al-ilm. His most well known work is his commentary of the book Ishriniyyat written by Abdul Rahman bn Yakhftan al-Fazazi.

text:
# Dan Marina

**Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh** (fl. 1640), also known as **Dan Marina**, was a 17th-century Islamic scholar from Katsina. He is regarded as one of the three patron saints of Katsina, alongside Dan Masanih, and Dan Tukum. Even today, Muslims, primarily from Katsina, continue to pilgrimage to his tomb for ziyara. In the1820s, the Sokoto scholar Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa visited his tomb for ziyara while in his 1812 work Infaq al-maysur, Muhammad Bello, first Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate, described him as *al-ustadh* ('the teacher'), *al-mukashaf* ('the one illuminated') and *dihliz al-ilm* ('the hall-way of learning'). His most well known work is his commentary of the book *Ishriniyyat* written by Abdul Rahman bn Yakhftan al-Fazazi.

## Life

Dan Marina's father, an Arab who migrated to Kano from 'the east', was hosted by a dyer named Kayaba. His mother was the daughter of Sarkin Katsina Mahmud.

Little is known about Dan Marina's early life. According to a local legend in Katsina, his mother passed away during childbirth and was interred before his birth. After her burial, he was said to have 'emerged' from the grave. Several nights later, the owner of some dye pits in the area observed the indigo from his splattered around the ground for consecutive nights. Determined to apprehend the perpetrator, he stayed awake for one night and discovered it was a young Dan Marina playing around the pits before slipping away. Following the baby, the dyer found him sleeping beside his mother's grave in the graveyard. The dyer then took him in and raised him as part of his own family.

During the mid 17th-century, a Muslim intelligentsia (mallamai) formed in Katsina which held considerable influence in Birnin Katsina and other urban centres. Among the influential mallamai was Dan Marina who lived in the Marina quarter of Birnin Katsina. He was an active scholar and produced a number of works, with his most important being his commentary of the *Ishriniyyat* of Abdul Rahman bn Yakhftan al-Fazazi. Another important work of his was a poem he composed to celebrate the victory of Bornu under the leadership of Mai Ali against Kwararafa. This poem is one of the earliest pieces of Hausa literature composed in Arabic.

The burial site of Dan Marina is one of Katsina state's most prominent graveyards, with many who revere him as a wali (saint) choosing to be buried close to him. Among those interred there are notable figures such as musicians, Islamic scholars, and politicians, including Umaru Yar'Adua, Nigeria's 13th President, alongside his brother General Shehu Yar'Adua, and their father Musa Yar'Adua.

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3. Tsiga, Ismaila Abubakar; Adamu, Abdalla Uba. "Islam and the history of learning in Katsina". *search.worldcat.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
4. *History of West Africa*. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longmann. 1985. ISBN 978-0-582-64683-4.
5. John O. Hunwick, Razaq Abubakre (1995). *Arabic Literature of Africa: The writings of Central Sudanic Africa. Vol. 2*.
6. Walsh, Gretchen (1970). *Katsina; profile of a Nigerian city*. New York: Praeger Publishers.
7. Ibrahim, Tijjani (2021-05-29). "Cemetery series: Dan Marina: Final home of 'Yar'aduas, prominent Katsina people". *Daily Trust*. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
8. Palmer, H. R. (1927). "History of Katsina". *Journal of the Royal African Society*. **26** (103): 216–236. ISSN 0368-4016.
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## InfoBox

| WaliMuhammad ibn al-Sabbagh | |
| --- | --- |
| Ɗan Marina | |
| Personal | |
| Born | Katsina |
| Resting place | Dan Marina cemetery, Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria |
| Religion | Islam |
| Flourished | 1640–1659 |
| Region | Hausaland |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Maliki school |
| Pen name | Muhammad b. al-Sabbagh b. Muhammad b. al-Hajj b. Baraka b. Ibrahim al-Kashnawi al-Arabi |
| Muslim leader | |
| Students | |