title: China Agricultural University Gymnasium

abstract:
The China Agricultural University Gymnasium is an indoor arena located on the campus of the China Agricultural University in Beijing. It hosted the wrestling events of the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Gymnasium's rooftop has a staggered, stair-like design. It covers an area of 23,950 square metres and has a capacity of 8,200 which was reduced to 6,000 after the events. It was also turned into a sports complex for students of the China Agricultural University after the Olympic Games.
Construction started the first half of 2005 and was completed in July 2007.

text:
# China Agricultural University Gymnasium

The **China Agricultural University Gymnasium** (simplified Chinese: 中国农业大学体育馆; traditional Chinese: 中國農業大學體育館; pinyin: *Zhōngguó Nóngyè Dàxué Tǐyùguǎn*) is an indoor arena located on the campus of the China Agricultural University in Beijing. It hosted the wrestling events of the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Gymnasium's rooftop has a staggered, stair-like design.

It covers an area of 23,950 square metres and has a capacity of 8,200 which was reduced to 6,000 after the events. It was also turned into a sports complex for students of the China Agricultural University after the Olympic Games. Construction started the first half of 2005 and was completed in July 2007.

40°0′9″N 116°21′11″E / 40.00250°N 116.35306°E / 40.00250; 116.35306

## InfoBox

China Agricultural University Gymnasium
| <br>The indoor arena at the 2008 Summer Olympics. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | China Agricultural University |
| Owner | China Agricultural University |
| Capacity | 6,000 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 2007 |
| Architect | South China University of Technology Institute of Architectural Design |
| Tenants | |
| China Agricultural University | |


title: Drepanulatrix carnearia

abstract: Drepanulatrix carnearia is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Drepanulatrix carnearia is 6688.

text:
# Drepanulatrix carnearia

***Drepanulatrix carnearia*** is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Drepanulatrix carnearia* is 6688.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Drepanulatrix carnearia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Drepanulatrix* |
| Species: | ***D. carnearia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Drepanulatrix carnearia***<br>(Hulst, 1888) | |
|


title: The WEIRDest People in the World

abstract: The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous is a 2020 book by Harvard professor Joseph Henrich that aims to explain history and psychological variation using approaches from cultural evolution and evolutionary psychology. In the book, Henrich explores how institutions and psychology jointly influence each other over time. More specifically, he argues that a series of Catholic Church edicts on marriage that began in the 4th century undermined the foundations of kin-based society and created the more analytical, individualistic thinking prevalent in western societies.

text:
# The WEIRDest People in the World

***The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous*** is a 2020 book by Harvard professor Joseph Henrich that aims to explain history and psychological variation using approaches from cultural evolution and evolutionary psychology. In the book, Henrich explores how institutions and psychology jointly influence each other over time. More specifically, he argues that a series of Catholic Church edicts on marriage that began in the 4th century undermined the foundations of kin-based society and created the more analytical, individualistic thinking prevalent in western societies.

## Summary

*The WEIRDest People in the World* has been described as a work of Big History and compared with works such as Jared Diamond's *Guns, Germs, and Steel* (1997) and Yuval Noah Harari's *Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow* (2016).

The first part, "The Evolution of Societies and Psychologies", describes WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) populations "in broad strokes", according to reviewer Pauline Grosjean. Henrich discusses the research of Richard Nisbett suggesting that people in WEIRD cultures think reductively with a focus on personal attributes and intentions, while Asians think holistically with a focus on relationships and situations. Non-Westerners will emphasize family connections and allegiances. Henrich also presents a large body of evidence that WEIRD people are more trusting of strangers and more likely to give blood than most humans. Westerners, according to reviewer Judith Shulevitz, "identify more as members of voluntary social groups—dentists, artists, Republicans, Democrats, supporters of a Green Party—than of extended clans."

The second part of the book, "The Origins of WEIRD People", provides a comparative political account of how societies have used religion to scale up from families to states. More specifically, the author draws on an array of qualitative and quantitative evidence to argue that religious beliefs, impersonal markets, urbanization and competition among voluntary associations like guilds, charter towns, universities and religious orders shifted people's psychology and social lives. Uniquely, the author both discusses how present-day institutions shape psychology and seats these processes in an account of the past.

The third section, "New Institutions, New Psychologies", is about how the Catholic Church and its offshoot, Protestantism, shaped early institutions and psychology, paving the way (in the view of the author) for modern institutions. While accounts of modern history frequently argue that the Protestant Reformation created individualism and a belief in rule of law, Henrich argues that edicts by the Church that he calls the "Marriage and Family Program" (MFP) reduced clannishness, making Western Europeans more analytic and individualistic, leading to various intermediating institutions and trust in abstract rules; thus, as Henrich argues in the fourth section, "Birthing the Modern World", the Marriage and Family Program opened the doors for the Reformation, with Protestantism being simply a "booster shot" (in the author's words) for a process the Catholic Church set in motion.

Henrich has been described as espousing "macro-cultural relativism" with the book.

## Reception

In *The Week*, the book was billed as "a work of dazzling ambition ... Henrich goes to great pains to back \[his arguments\] up with a huge variety of 'data points' and statistics." Andrew Wilson of The Gospel Coalition dubbed the book "sweeping, polymathic, counterintuitive, and provocative. In a number of places, it looks like Henrich is shoehorning facts into his theory ... but he hits far more than he misses ... the splutters of incredulity you experience are more than made up for by the breadth and *chutzpah* of the narrative." Wilson compared it with the work of N. T. Wright. Wilson had also discussed the Philip Jenkins book *Fertility and Faith* (which makes a different argument), and described it as "more focused" than *The WEIRDest People in the World*.

In *Kirkus Reviews* it was praised as a "fascinating, vigorously argued work that probes deeply into the way 'WEIRD people' think."

Hilton Root, Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, said that despite "jumping from the fifth century to the High Middle Ages ... the book makes a significant contribution to the study of what makes the West unique and will be a landmark of early twenty-first-century social science." He further argues that Henrich's application of social science to uncover universal laws of social science was methodological original and that there is strong evidence for limiting kinship in the development of modernity, but notes that a reader would not learn about more general context of European society, citing as an example that the Henrich's merely noted in passing that marriage rules did not apply to elites. They also argue that tracing the psychology of Western society to a Church ban on cousins weddings is "itself WEIRD".

Judith Shulevitz of *The Atlantic* was skeptical of the claim that WEIRD and non-WEIRD people possess opposing cognitive styles, saying differences in subjects' personal experience may be the reason for differences in Triad Task responses. She also said the author's "indifference to individual and institutional intentions is guaranteed to drive historians nuts." However, Shulevitz argued, "The big-picture approach soars above the reigning paradigms in the study of European history ... Henrich offers a capacious new perspective that could facilitate the necessary work of sorting out what's irredeemable and what's invaluable in the singular, impressive, and wildly problematic legacy of Western domination."

A reviewer in *The Economist* said they were not fully convinced of Henrich's thesis that the Roman Catholic church ushered in a more fluid society, saying that more likely "the medieval church was negotiating with, rather than Moulding, a social reality which was evolving fast as cities emerged." The reviewer also criticized the dichotomy between Western-style and kinship-intensive societies, noting that one family can contain a range of roles and attitudes.

Pauline Grosjean, Professor in the School of Economics at University of New South Wales, noted in *Science* that marriage age has varied over time and that the colonies of the U.S. and Australia (places with abundant land) saw a sharp drop in marriage age among migrating 19th century Europeans; she described this as evidence against Henrich's suggestion that the Church's marriage prohibitions explain the Europeans' propensity for late marriage, though both the U.S. and Australia had sentiments of anti-Catholicism as both were more Protestant in their formation. Additionally, she said Henrich fails to address "the role that states may have played as competitors and regulators of the Church". Philosopher Daniel Dennett praised *The WEIRDest People in the World* as an "engagingly written, excellently organized and meticulously argued book ... One of the first lessons that must be learned from this important book is that the WEIRD mind is real; ... we must stop assuming that *our* ways are 'universal.'" However, Dennett claimed that on "why the church fathers enforced these prohibitions so tenaciously against resistance over the centuries, this is still a bit of a mystery. ... This book calls out for respectful but ruthless vetting".

Razib Khan wrote that "Henrich's engrossing narrative is filled with neat facts and insightful theories. The sequence of coincidences and correlations across history, psychology, and anthropology make for compelling reading." Khan said the author "makes a strong case that the Christian Church's MFP was the cause for the transformation of Western European society during the medieval period. ... But the second half of the book is arguably much more tendentious, as the author attempts to answer the great riddle of economic historians, the 'great divergence' between the West and the rest."

Nicholas Guyatt of *The Guardian* anticipated that scholars would point out the uneven effects of the church's "marriage and family programme" across time and space; the Protestant church accepting cousin marriage more than its Catholic rival; and the increase in cousin marriage across many European societies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Guyatt also said the book insufficiently discusses the wrongs of the west, overly stereotypes non-WEIRD societies, lacks insight into the phenomenon of non-Europeans carrying ideas and practices; and emphasizes "the supposedly discrete nature of culture and \[the\] virtues of 'weird' thinking" almost to the point of endorsing social Darwinism. In a Q&A about the book, however, Henrich said that it aims to fill the void often used by white supremacists (the absence in public discourse of scientific explanations for global diversity) with a deep "explanation for these patterns, and how off-the-mark those claiming genetics or 'superior' cultures are." The journalist Coleman Hughes has also referenced Henrich's book when criticizing hereditarianism and discussing the impact of culture on psychology.

## InfoBox

The WEIRDest People in the World
How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Joseph Henrich |
| Subject | Evolutionary psychology, European history |
| Publisher | Farrar, Straus and Giroux |
| Publication date | 8 September 2020 |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 704 pp (hardcover) |
| ISBN | 978-0374173227 |


title: The WQXR All-Day Bach Organ Marathon

abstract: The WQXR All-Day Bach Organ Marathon was a marathon performance of the nearly complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach, hosted by WQXR-FM. The series of recitals was held at St. Peter Lutheran Church in Manhattan from 7:00 A.M. on November 22, 2014, to 1:00 A.M the next day. The organ was built in 1978 by Klais Orgelbau. Grammy-winning Juilliard professor and department chair, Paul Jacobs, curated the event. The works were divided among Jacobs, eighteen of his Juilliard students, and Juilliard faculty member David Enlow. Fourteen recitals consisted of over 150 preludes, fugues, chorales, concerti, and other forms.

text:
# The WQXR All-Day Bach Organ Marathon

The **WQXR All-Day Bach Organ Marathon** was a marathon performance of the nearly complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach, hosted by WQXR-FM. The series of recitals was held at St. Peter Lutheran Church in Manhattan from 7:00 A.M. on November 22, 2014, to 1:00 A.M the next day. The organ was built in 1978 by Klais Orgelbau. Grammy-winning Juilliard professor and department chair, Paul Jacobs, curated the event. The works were divided among Jacobs, eighteen of his Juilliard students (including alumni), and Juilliard faculty member (and alumnus) David Enlow. Fourteen recitals consisted of over 150 preludes (fantasias, toccatas), fugues, chorales, concerti, and other forms.

## Media

The organ marathon received attention on Facebook and Twitter through the use of hashtags #*bachstock* and #*bachathon*. The marathon was featured in articles online and in print by The Wall Street Journal, The New Yorker, and The New York Times, as well as several others.

## Performers

* David Ball
* Chelsea Chen*
* David Crean\*
* Isabelle Demers*
* David Enlow, Juilliard faculty\*
* Daniel Ficarri
* Michael Hey\*
* Christopher Houlihan*
* Ryan Jackson\*
* Paul Jacobs, Chair, Juilliard Organ Department
* Ryan Kennedy
* Yinying Luo
* Colin MacKnight
* Griffin McMahon
* Raymond Nagem
* Alexander Pattavina
* Benjamin Sheen\*
* James Wetzel\*
* Janet Yieh
* Gregory Zelek

Juilliard alumni (at the time of performance)\*

## Program

| Time | Organist | Program |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7:00am | David Crean | Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 535
Allein Gott in der Höh, BWV 715
Allein Gott in der Höh, BWV 717
Allein Gott in der Höh, BWV 716
Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend, BWV 709
Partita on "Ach, was soll..." BWV 770
Prelude in G Major, BWV 568
Pastorale, BWV 590
Ach Gott und Herr, BWV 714
Christ lag in Todesbanden, BWV 718
Wir Christenleut, BWV 710
Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich, BWV 719
Ein feste Burg, BWV 720
Prelude and Fugue in G Major, BWV 550 |
| 8:15am | James Wetzel | Prelude and Fugue in C Major, BWV 531
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, BWV 730
Gott, durch deine Güte, BWV 724
Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 722
Lobt Gott, ihr Christen, allzugleich, BWV 732
In dulci jubilo, BWV 729
Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 739
Concerto in C Major, BWV 594
Erbarm dich mein, o Herre Gott, BWV 721
Herzlich tut mich verlangen, BWV 727
Jesus, meine Zuversicht, BWV 728
Alla Breve, BWV 589
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, BWV 731
‘Little’ Fugue in G Minor, BWV 578 |
| 9:30am | Raymond Nagem | Prelude and Fugue in G Major, BWV 541
Komm, heiliger Geist, BWV 651 & BWV 652
Christum wir sollen loben schon, BWV 696
Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 697
Herr Christ, der ein'ge Gottes-Sohn, BWV 698
Vom Himmel hoch, da komm' ich her, BWV 700
Vom Himmel hoch, da komm' ich her, BWV 701
Trio in D Minor, BWV 583
Meine Seele erhebt den Herrn, BWV 733
Komm, Gott Schöpfer, heiliger Geist, BWV 667
Vor deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit, BWV 668
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor (Dorian), BWV 538 |
| 10:45am | Yinying Luo | Vater unser im Himmelreich, BWV 737
Trio Sonata in E-flat, BWV 525
Prelude and Fugue in C Major, BWV 545 |
| 10:45am | Colin MacKnight | Mit Fried' und Freud' ich fahr' dahin, BWV 616
Herr Gott, nun schleuß den Himmel auf, BWV 617
O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig, BWV 618
Christe, du Lamm Gottes, BWV 619
Christus, der uns selig macht, BWV 620
Prelude and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 543 |
| 10:45am | Janet Yieh | In dich hab' ich gehoffet, Herr, BWV 640
Wenn wir in hoechsten Nothen sein, BWV 641
Wer nur den lieben Gott laesst walten, BWV 642
Alle Menschen mussen sterben, BWV 643
Ach wie nichtig, ach wie fluechtig, BWV 644
Prelude and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 546 |
| 12:00pm | Chelsea Chen | Toccata, Adagio, and Fugue, BWV 564
An Wasserflüssen Babylon, BWV 653
Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele, BWV 654
'Legrenzi' Fugue in C Minor, BWV 574
Allein Gott in der Hoeh' sei Her, BWV 711
In dich hab' ich gehoffet, Herr, BWV 712
Jesu meine Freude (Fantasia), BWV 713
Trio Sonata in E Minor, BWV 528
O Mensch, bewein' dein' Suende gross, BWV 622
Prelude and Fugue in D Major, BWV 532 |
| 1:15pm | Ryan Jackson | Prelude and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 549
Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend, BWV 655
Nun danket alle Gott, BWV 657
Fantasia in B Minor, BWV 563
'Gigue' Fugue, BWV 577
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 599
Gott, durch deine Guete, BWV 600
Herr Christ, der ein'ge Gottes-Sohn, BWV 601
Lob sei dem allmaechtigen Gott, BWV 602
Puer natus in Bethlehem, BWV 603
Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 604
Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich, BWV 605
Vom Himmel hoch, da komm'ich her, BWV 606
Vom Himmel kam der Engel Schaar, BWV 607
In dulci jubilo, BWV 608
Lobt Gott, ihr Christen allzugleich, BWV 609
Jesu, mein Freud, BWV 610
Partita: O Christ, der bist der helle Tag, BWV 766
Concerto in A Minor, BWV 593 |
| 2:30pm | Benjamin Sheen | Prelude in E-flat, BWV 552a
Kyrie, Gott Vater in Ewigkeit, BWV 669
Christe, aller Welt Trost, BWV 670
Kyrie, Gott heiliger Geist, BWV 671
Kyrie, Gott Vater in Ewigkeit, BWV 672
Christe, aller Welt Trost, BWV 673
Kyrie, Gott heiliger Geist, BWV 674
Allein Gott in der Hoeh' sei Her, BWV 675
Allein Gott in der Hoeh' sei Her, BWV 676
Allein Gott in der Hoeh' sei Her, BWV 677
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot, BWV 678
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot, BWV 679
Wir glauben all' an einen Gott, BWV 680
Wir glauben all' an einen Gott, BWV 681
Vater unser Himmelreich, BWV 682
Vater unser im Himmelreich, BWV 683
Christ, unser Herr, zum Jordan kam, BWV 684
Christ, unser Herr, zum Jordan kam, BWV 685
Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 686
Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 687
Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der von uns
den Zorn Gottes wandt, BWV 688
Jesus Christus unser Heiland, BWV 689
Duet BWV 802
Duet BWV 803
Duet BWV 804
Duet BWV 805
Fugue in E-flat, BWV 552b |
| 4:15pm | David Ball | Prelude and Fugue in B Minor, BWV 544
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, BWV 633
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, BWV 634
Dies sind die heil'gen zehn Gebot', BWV 635
Vater unser im Himmelreich, BWV 636
Durch Adam's Fall ist ganz verderbt, BWV 637
Es ist das Heil uns kommen her, BWV 638 |
| 4:15pm | Daniel Ficarri | Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund', BWV 621
Wir danken dir, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 623
Christ lag in Todesbanden, BWV 625
Prelude and Fugue in E Minor, BWV 533 (The "Cathedral")
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645
Woll soll ich fliehen hin, BWV 646
Wer nur den lieben Gott laesst walten, BWV 647 |
| 4:15pm | Griffin McMahon | Hilf Gott, dass mir's gelinge, BWV 624
Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, BWV 626
Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend', BWV 632
Concerto in D Minor, BWV 596 |
| 5:30pm | Isabelle Demers | Sei gegrusset, BWV 768
Prelude and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 551
Allein Gott in der Höh' sei Ehr', BWV 662
Allein Gott in der Höh' sei Ehr', BWV 663
Allein Gott in der Höh' sei Ehr', BWV 664
Fantasy in C Minor, BWV 562
Fugue in C Minor, BWV 575
Canonic Variations, BWV 769 |
| 6:45pm | David Enlow | Toccata and Fugue in F Major, BWV 540
Trio Sonata in C Minor, BWV 526
Jesu Christus unser Heiland, BWV 665
Jesus Christus unser Heiland, BWV 666
Canzona in D Minor, BWV 588
Prelude and Fugue in A Major, BWV 536
Das Jesulein soll doch mein Trost, BWV 702
Gottes Sohn ist kommen, BWV 703
Lob sei dem allmaechtigen Gott, BWV 704
Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt, BWV 705
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, BWV 706
Piece d'orgue BWV 572 |
| 8:00pm | Paul Jacobs | Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 565
Chorale-Prelude: Von Gott will ich nicht lassen, BWV 658
Trio Sonata in C Major, BWV 529
Prelude and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 539 (The "Fiddle")
Prelude and Fugue in C Major, BWV 547
Prelude and Fugue in E Minor, BWV 548 (The "Wedge") |
| 9:15pm | Christopher Houlihan | Prelude and Fugue in F Minor, BWV 534
'Corelli' Fugue in B Minor, BWV 579
O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig, BWV 656
Trio Sonata in G Major, BWV 530
Prelude in A Minor, BWV 569
Wer nur den lieben Gott lasst walten, BWV 690
Wer nun den lieben Gott lasst walten, BWV 691
Wo soll ich fliehen hin, BWV 694
Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 695
Passacaglia in C Minor, BWV 582 |
| 10:30pm | Michael Hey | Concerto in G Major, BWV 592
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 659
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 660
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 661
Partita: O Gott, du frommer Gott, BWV 767
Nun freut euch, lieben Christen/
Es ist gewisslich an der Zeit, BWV 734
Valet will ich dir geben, BWV 735
Valet will ich dir geben, BWV 736
Von Himmel hoch, da komm' ich her, BWV 738
Ach, was ist doch unser Leben, BWV 743
Christus, der uns selig macht, BWV 747
Prelude and Fugue in E Major, BWV 566 |
| 11:45pm | Ryan Kennedy | Concerto in C Major, BWV 595
Ach Herr, mich armen Sunder, BWV 742
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, BWV 754
Nun freut euch, lieben Christen, BWV 755
O herre Gott, din goettlich's Wort, BWV 757
Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, BWV 648
Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 649
Kommst du nun, Jesu, von Himmel herunter, BWV 650 |
| 11:45 P.M. | Alexander Pattavina | Christum wir sollen loben schon, BWV 611
Wir Christenleut', BWV 612
Helft mir Gottes Güte preisen, BWV 613
Das alte Jahre vergangen ist, BWV 614
In dir ist Freude, BWV 615
Fantasy and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 537 |
| 11:45 P.M. | Gregory Zelek | Trio Sonata in D Minor, BWV 527
Fantasy and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542 (The "Great") |

## InfoBox

| The WQXR All-Day Bach Organ Marathon | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Baroque, Bach |
| Dates | November 22, 2014 |
| Location(s) | St. Peter Lutheran Church, NYC |


title: Dual-control modes of ventilation

abstract: Dual-control modes of ventilation are auto-regulated pressure-controlled modes of mechanical ventilation with a user-selected tidal volume target. The ventilator adjusts the pressure limit of the next breath as necessary according to the previous breath's measured exhaled tidal volume. Peak airway pressure varies from breath to breath according to changes in the patient's airway resistance and lung compliance. The pressure waveform is square, and the flow waveform is decelerating. This mode is a form of continuous mandatory ventilation as a minimum number of passive breaths will be time-triggered, and patient-initiated breaths are time-cycled and regulated according to operator-set tidal volume. The first few breaths are delivered to the patient according to the ventilator manufacturer's particular algorithm for determining the patient's resistance and compliance. These are 'test breaths' that the ventilator can then use to calculate the optimal pressures for the next, regulated breaths. The pressure is constant during the set inspiratory time as with pressure-controlled CMV. The ventilator will use the exhaled tidal volume measured at the end of that breath's expiratory phase to calculate the pressure of the next breath. If the exhaled tidal volume is lower than the software threshold, the next breath will be delivered at a higher pressure, and if the exhaled tidal volume is higher than the software threshold, the next breath will be delivered at a lower pressure. The theory is to ensure that the lowest inspiratory pressure necessary to achieve the desired tidal volume is used. As a safety feature, the ventilator will not increase the pressure beyond a predetermined high pressure limit. This is usually tied to the operator-set high pressure alarm setting. If the ventilator delivers a breath at this high pressure limit and is still unable to achieve the operator-desired exhaled tidal volume, an alarm will sound to warn the operator that the volume target cannot be met.

text:
# Dual-control modes of ventilation

**Dual-control modes of ventilation** are auto-regulated pressure-controlled modes of mechanical ventilation with a user-selected tidal volume target. The ventilator adjusts the pressure limit of the next breath as necessary according to the previous breath's measured exhaled tidal volume. Peak airway pressure varies from breath to breath according to changes in the patient's airway resistance and lung compliance.

The pressure waveform is square, and the flow waveform is decelerating. This mode is a form of continuous mandatory ventilation as a minimum number of passive breaths will be time-triggered, and patient-initiated breaths are time-cycled and regulated according to operator-set tidal volume.

The first few breaths are delivered to the patient according to the ventilator manufacturer's particular algorithm for determining the patient's resistance and compliance. These are 'test breaths' that the ventilator can then use to calculate the optimal pressures for the next, regulated breaths. The pressure is constant during the set inspiratory time as with pressure-controlled CMV. The ventilator will use the exhaled tidal volume measured at the end of that breath's expiratory phase to calculate the pressure of the next breath. If the exhaled tidal volume is lower than the software threshold, the next breath will be delivered at a higher pressure, and if the exhaled tidal volume is higher than the software threshold, the next breath will be delivered at a lower pressure.

The theory is to ensure that the lowest inspiratory pressure necessary to achieve the desired tidal volume is used. As a safety feature, the ventilator will not increase the pressure beyond a predetermined high pressure limit. This is usually tied to (but not the same as) the operator-set high pressure alarm setting. If the ventilator delivers a breath at this high pressure limit and is still unable to achieve the operator-desired exhaled tidal volume, an alarm will sound to warn the operator that the volume target cannot be met.

## Advantages

* Adapts to the patient's resistance and compliance on a breath-by-breath basis
* Tidal volume varies less than with pressure-controlled CMV (PC-CMV)
* As inspiratory flow is not limited, as with volume-controlled CMV (VC-CMV) 'assisted' breaths triggered by the patient are more comfortable for those with high inspiratory flow demands (as long as tidal volume is set appropriately, see below)

## Disadvantages

* Varying mean airway pressure
* When patient demand is increased (when the patient is short of breath) the ventilator will reduce the inspiratory pressure even though more support is needed, increasing the patient's work of breathing and discomfort


title: Drug coupon

abstract: A drug coupon is a coupon intended to help consumers save money on pharmaceutical drugs. They are offered by drug companies or distributed to consumers via doctors and pharmacists, and most can be obtained online. There are drug coupons for drugs from many categories such as cholesterol, acne, migraine, allergies, etc.

text:
# Drug coupon

A **drug coupon** is a coupon intended to help consumers save money on pharmaceutical drugs. They are offered by drug companies or distributed to consumers via doctors and pharmacists, and most can be obtained online. There are drug coupons for drugs from many categories such as cholesterol, acne, migraine, allergies, etc.

## Drug coupons as pharmaceutical marketing

Direct-to-consumer or "DTC" marketing of prescription drugs is common in the United States. Patients frequently inquire about or request medications they have seen advertised in print or on television.

Pharmaceutical companies use drug coupons as a marketing tool to stimulate demand for their products.

Drug coupons are commonly offered for new products to stimulate demand or ameliorate high co-pays for non-formulary (non-preferred products) as a way to level the playing field and remove the disincentive for using a drug that is not covered by insurance.

## Restrictions

In an effort to avoid unregulated resale of drugs, the Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1988 banned the traffic or counterfeiting of redeemable drug coupons.

## Types

Most drug coupons are printed by consumers using their personal computers and printers. Drug coupons reduce out-of-pocket costs for consumers in a variety of ways such as instant savings offers, free trial offers (also known as try-before-you-buy offers), copay reduction or rebates.

Generic drug companies rarely offer coupons, though insurance companies occasionally offer discounts on generic drugs.

In addition PBMs (Pharmacy Benefit Managers) offer discount cards that act similarly to coupons. These cards work for both generic and brand medications and can save cash paying customers up to 75% on their prescription medication.

## Drug coupons and healthcare costs

Critics of prescription drug coupon programs have argued that these programs lead to higher healthcare costs for consumers. Typically, American patients with health insurance pay a percentage of the cost of a prescription drug out of pocket, with insurance companies responsible for the rest of the medication's cost. Insurance companies charge higher copayments for brand-name drugs than for generics in order to encourage patients to choose less expensive alternative medications when they are available. However, by reducing a patient's copayment, prescription drug coupons also reduce a patient's incentive to choose a less expensive generic medication. As an example, NPR reported in 2009 that the generic acne medication Minocin cost $109 a month while a newer alternative called Solodyn cost $514 a month. Solodyn can be taken only once daily, while Minocin must be taken twice daily. Since Solodyn's manufacturer offers a coupon to reduce copays, patients may believe that both drugs cost the same amount.

Drug coupon advocates argue that coupon programs enhance medication adherence by reducing or eliminating drug copays.

As of 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was planning a study to see if coupons make patients overlook drug risks and side effects in their effort to save money. All medicines come with a certain level of risk. This is why all prescription drugs include information reviewed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) about how the medication works in the body, its uses and when it should not be used, possible side effects, the recommended dosage, and other facts about the appropriate use of the drug. Most Americans have never heard of “Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies” (REMS); yet, these drug safety protections give millions of Americans with serious diseases, such as cancer and multiple sclerosis, access to medicines that would otherwise be too dangerous to be allowed on the market. REMS programs exist because certain medicines can cause serious side effects, life-threatening infections, allergic reactions, liver damage or birth defects. Before patients take one of these drugs, they and their prescriber should be aware of the risks, and may need to take certain steps that lessen these risks, in order to ensure they benefit from the treatment.

Unions have filed several lawsuits seeking to ban drug coupons, characterizing them as illegal kickbacks. As of June, 2013 Three of these lawsuits have been dismissed. Six more are pending. This ruling is seen as vindication for the Pharmaceutical industry that drug coupons are an acceptable business practice.


title: The Voice of Kazakhstan season 5

abstract: The fifth season of musical reality show The Voice of Kazakhstan premiered on September 4, 2021. This is the revival of the show after the four year absence to the country's television and the airing of the program once again commissioned by Qazaqstan TV after the airing of its season four to Perviy Kanal Evraziya. With the new season, new coaches and presenters are in line. Alem, Arapbayeva Marzhan, Mayra Muhammad and Saken Maigaziyev are the new coaches of the show. Galym Kenshilik and Taukel Musilim are the new presenters. Quralay Meryambek from Team Saken was proclaimed as the winner of the "Voice of Kazakhstan 2021". With Meryambek's victory, this marks Saken's first win of the show.

text:
# The Voice of Kazakhstan season 5

The **fifth season** of musical reality show ***The Voice of Kazakhstan*** (Kazakh : **Qazaqstan дауысы / Qazaqstan Dauisi**) premiered on September 4, 2021. This is the revival of the show after the four year absence to the country's television and the airing of the program once again commissioned by Qazaqstan TV after the airing of its season four to Perviy Kanal Evraziya.

With the new season, new coaches and presenters are in line. Alem, Arapbayeva Marzhan, Mayra Muhammad and Saken Maigaziyev are the new coaches of the show. Galym Kenshilik and Taukel Musilim are the new presenters.

Quralay Meryambek from Team Saken was proclaimed as the winner of the "Voice of Kazakhstan 2021". With Meryambek's victory, this marks Saken's first win of the show.

## Teams

| Coaches | Top 64 artists | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alem |  | | | | | |
| | Erik Tölenov | Beksultan Kenishkaliev | Ayan Bayjigit | Nurjigit Subanqulov | Alima Turarbek | Rimma Akhmetova |
| | Inzhu Bolat | Nurbolat Qanay | Danïyar Meyram | Almat Turlıqoja | Rïza Mağzom | Ruslan Azhigaliev |
| | Azïz Äbdirasul | Äygerim Zhangïldïnova | Alwa Nurlıbaeva | Tomïrïs Nurqoja |  | |
| Mayra Muhammad |  | | | | | |
| | Ernar Amandıq | Raxman Sätïev | Murat Dälelxan | Ardaq Tölepbergen | Aynur Nurpeyisova | Äygerim Temirbekova |
| | Muxammedäli Sultanov | Nuray Seyitqalïev | Nurqanat Tapïev | Serik Jubatqan | Aizhan Zharkynbek | Güldana Muratbay |
| | Ajar Järdenbekqızı | Nurasıl Satıbaldı | Äset Köşerbay | Viktoriya Buleeva |  | |
| Saken Maigaziyev |  | | | | | |
| | Quralay Meyrambek | Danïyar Kärim | Anna Uvarova | Jayna Tarğınova | Madïna Jumabaeva | Ädil Axmetjanov |
| | Ernazar Juban | Janïya Qarabatır | Altınbek Aqnïet | Küläyim Qayırbaeva | Nurbolat Qosanov | Balawsa Sansızbay |
| | Diana Altayevna | Janerke Qabataeva | Birzhan Nazarov | Älïya Namïyalïeva |  | |
| Arapbayeva Marzhan |  | | | | | |
| | Aruzhan Aydarbek | Venera Ismagilova | Tatia Kobaladze | Aydana Nawkeeva | Medet Orynbaev | Madï Syzdiqov |
| | Diana Bekmurzaeva | Arsen Narkhanov | Janerke Qabdrashitova | Baqtiyar Aqylbek | Ayawlım Qusayın | Dwman Raxım |
| | Lana Sapïna | Dana Mazhitova | Talğat Manas | Alwa Serikqazy |  | |

## Blind Auditions

Blind Auditions premiered on September 4, 2021. Coaches must have 16 members on its team at the end of the blind Auditions

**Blind auditions colour key**
|  | Coach pressed "I WANT YOU" button |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist defaulted to a coach's team |
|  | Artist picked a coach's team |
|  | Artist eliminated as no coach pressing their button |
|  | Four-chair turner artist |

Blind auditions results
| Episode | Order | Artist | Age | Song | Coach's and artist's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Alem | Mayra | Saken | Marzhan |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Episode 1
*(September 4, 2021)* | 1 | Beksultan Kenishkaliev | 25 | "It's a Man's Man's World" |  |  |  |  |
| | 2 | Alima Turarbek | 18 | "Bir suraq" |  |  |  |  |
| | 3 | Bakhtiyar Aqylbek | 24 | "Qayda" |  |  |  |  |
| | 4 | Bekbolat Saghadiev | 28 | "Sen qasımda bolmasañ" |  |  |  |  |
| | 5 | Alua Serikqazy | 17 | "Can't Be Love" |  |  |  |  |
| | 6 | Birzhan Nazarov | 29 | "Qoş, maxabbat" |  |  |  |  |
| | 7 | Ruslan Azhigaliev | 27 | "There's Nothing Holding Me Back" |  |  |  |  |
| | 8 | Güldana Muratbay | 28 | "Samaltau" |  |  |  |  |
| | 9 | Dilnaz Musazhanova | 19 | "Ayıptama" |  |  |  |  |
| | 10 | Mïras Äbdikärim |  | "Asıl zhanım-ay" |  |  |  |  |
| | 11 | Inzhu Bolat | 19 | "Isn't She Lovely" |  |  |  |  |
| | 12 | Medet Orynbaev |  | "Bulbul qus" |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Episode 2
*(September 11, 2021)* | 1 | Aruzhan Aydarbek | 20 | "Fallin'" |  |  |  |  |
| | 2 | Azïz Äbdirasul | 34 | "Kök aspan" |  |  |  |  |
| | 3 | Almagul Nabïeva | 31 | "Aytarım joq" |  |  |  |  |
| | 4 | Anna Uvarova | 22 | "Sen" |  |  |  |  |
| | 5 | Ernazar Juban | 22 | "Don\`t You Worry \`bout a Thing" |  |  |  |  |
| | 6 | Madï Syzdiqov | 32 | "Tañğı qala" |  |  |  |  |
| | 7 | Janerke Qabdrashitova | 27 | "Qazaq eli osınday" |  |  |  |  |
| | 8 | Araylım Bayarlïna | 37 | "Armanıma asığamın" |  |  |  |  |
| | 9 | Venera Ismagilova | 27 | "Tamşılar" |  |  |  |  |
| | 10 | Muxamedäli Sultanov | 29 | "This Masquerade" |  |  |  |  |
| | 11 | Khalid Orynkul | 24 | "Gülstan - Qazaqstanım" |  |  |  |  |
| | 12 | Diana Bekmurzaeva | 26 | "If Ain't Got You" |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Episode 3
*(September 18, 2021)* | 1 | Aysha Umbet | 22 | "Ayşa bïbi" |  |  |  |  |
| | 2 | Alwa Nurlıbaeva | 19 | "Qoy, kürsinbe" |  |  |  |  |
| | 3 | Anar Berliqulova | 49 | "I don\`t Lose You" |  |  |  |  |
| | 4 | Victoria Buleeva | 22 | "Bring Me To Life" |  |  |  |  |
| | 5 | Diana Altayevna | 22 | "Qısmet" |  |  |  |  |
| | 6 | Äygerim Temirbekova | 19 | "Bulbul" |  |  |  |  |
| | 7 | Quralay Meyrambek | 18 | "Qorqıt-qobız" |  |  |  |  |
| | 8 | Mïrjan Jïdebay | 16 | "Sağan ğaşıq" |  |  |  |  |
| | 9 | Nurjigit Swbanqwlov | 34 | "Stand by Me" |  |  |  |  |
| | 10 | Rïza Mağzom | 21 | "Неге?" |  |  |  |  |
| | 11 | Serik Jubatqan | 25 | "Moldabaydıñ äni" |  |  |  |  |
| | 12 | Tatia Kobaladze | 28 | "Sulika" |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Episode 4
*(September 25, 2021)* | 1 | Arsen Narkhanov | 21 | "Telefon" |  |  |  |  |
| | 2 | Allahverdi Karimov | 27 | "Bul ömirde" |  |  |  |  |
| | 3 | Raxman Sätïev | 18 | "SOS d'un terrien en détresse" |  |  |  |  |
| | 4 | Dana Mazhitova | 18 | "Samaltaw" |  |  |  |  |
| | 5 | Danïyar Meyram | 24 | "Maxabbatım" |  |  |  |  |
| | 6 | Äset Köşerbay | 23 | "Ulıtaw" |  |  |  |  |
| | 7 | Madïna Jumabaeva | 19 | "Ain't nobody" |  |  |  |  |
| | 8 | Qïyaş Baqıtjan | 19 | "Ökinbe sen" |  |  |  |  |
| | 9 | Talğat Manas | 20 | "When a Man Loves a Woman" |  |  |  |  |
| | 10 | Aida Baigelova | 31 | "Jelkildek" |  |  |  |  |
| | 11 | Murat Dälelxan | 52 | "Tıñnan bastaw" |  |  |  |  |
| | 12 | Altınbek Aqnïet | 26 | "Allağa şükir" |  |  |  |  |
| | 13 | Ädil Axmetjanov | 30 | "Köñil şirkin" |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Episode 5
*(October 2, 2021)* | 1 | Ardaq Tölepbergen | 24 | "Sağındım seni" |  |  |  |  |
| | 2 | Äygerim Jangïldïnova | 25 | "Burnin up" |  |  |  |  |
| | 3 | Nuray Seyitqalïev | 19 | "If I Were a Boy" |  |  |  |  |
| | 4 | Janerke Qabataeva | 24 | "Sen ediñ" |  |  |  |  |
| | 5 | Danïyar Kärim | 24 | "Tonight again" |  |  |  |  |
| | 6 | Farïda Süyewbaeva | 46 | "Bew, ayday" |  |  |  |  |
| | 7 | Ayawlım Qusayın | 18 | "Ala ketpediñ" |  |  |  |  |
| | 8 | Ädilxan Jeksenbaev | 30 | "Xat jazıp tur" |  |  |  |  |
| | 9 | Küläyim Qayırbaeva | 29 | "Men jaylı" |  |  |  |  |
| | 10 | Nurbolat Qanay | 28 | "Tağdır" |  |  |  |  |
| | 11 | Rimma Akhmetova | 17 | "Hit the Road Jack" |  |  |  |  |
| | 12 | Nurdana Arğın | 22 | "Sarjaylaw" |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Episode 6
*(October 9, 2021)* | 1 | Ajar Järdenbekqızı | 18 | "Qazağımsıñ" |  |  |  |  |
| | 2 | Nurasıl Satıbaldı | 21 | "O, maxabbat" |  |  |  |  |
| | 3 | Nurbolat Qosanov | 29 | "Joldar" |  |  |  |  |
| | 4 | Sangina Sharipova | 19 | "Queen Of The Night" |  |  |  |  |
| | 5 | Oljas Ospan | 27 | "Djaz älemi" |  |  |  |  |
| | 6 | Ayan Bayjigit | 22 | "Smile" |  |  |  |  |
| | 7 | Lana Sapïna | 19 | "Qazağım-ay" |  |  |  |  |
| | 8 | Balawsa Sansızbay | 16 | "Stand up" |  |  |  |  |
| | 9 | Ernar Amandıq | 22 | "Sandwğaş" |  |  |  |  |
| | 10 | Dwman Raxım | 26 | "Someone You Loved" |  |  |  |  |
| | 11 | Janïya Qarabatır | 21 | "Bang Bang" |  |  |  |  |
| | 12 | Aqerke Amalyat | 19 | "Ğaşıq jürek" |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Episode 7
*(October 16, 2021)* | 1 | Mırzaxmet Dïas | 26 | "I Feel Good" |  |  |  |  |
| | 2 | Erik Tölenov | 28 | "Jan ana" |  |  |  |  |
| | 3 | Farïza Dosbolova | 16 | "Jibek sezim" |  |  |  |  |
| | 4 | Tomïrïs Nurqoja | 19 | "Bang Bang" |  |  |  |  |
| | 5 | Jayna Tarğınova | 18 | "Zawreş" |  |  |  |  |
| | 6 | Aydana Nawkeeva | 29 | "Sıy" |  |  |  |  |
| | 7 | Aynur Nurpeyisova | 30 | "Still love you" |  |  |  | Team Full |
| | 8 | Nurqanat Tapïev | 21 | "Tıñda" |  | |  |  |
| | 9 | Almat Turlıqoja | 26 | "Jarq etpes qara köñilim ne qılsa da" |  | |  |  |
| | 10 | Aizhan Zharkynbek | 19 | "Survivor" | Team Full | |  |  |
| | 11 | Medet Slamğazı | | 24 | "Bomba" | | Team Full |  |
| | 12 | Älïya Namïyalïeva | | 20 | "Qazağım-ay" | |  |

## The Battles

The battle rounds began on October 23. Each coach has sixteen artists on their team, narrowing down into pair to sing a song together. No "Steal" were available at this round. Artist who win their respective battle will go through to the next round.

**Battles colour key**
|  | Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated |

| Episode | Coach | Order | Winner | Song | Loser |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 8
*(October 23, 2021)* | Alem | 1 | Beksultan Kenişqalïev | "Qosıla şırqayıq" | Aigerim Zhangildinova |
| | Saken | 2 | Jayna Tarğınova | "Aynamköz" | Dïana Altayqızı |
| | Marzhan | 3 | Medet Orınbaev | "Almatınıñ tünderi-ay" | Dana Majitova |
| | Mayra | 4 | Ernar Amandıq | "Gül Almatı" | Nurqanat Tapïev |
| | Alem | 5 | Alïma Turarbek | "Boyı bulğañ" | Alwa Nurlıbaeva |
| | Mayra | 6 | Ardaq Tölepbergen | "The Phantom of the Opera" | Viktoriya Buleeva |
| | Marzhan | 7 | Diana Bekmurzaeva | "I Wanna be Loved by You" | Talgat Manas |
| | Saken | 8 | Ernazar Juban | "Senen basqa" | Balawsa Sansızbay |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 9
*(October 30, 2021)* | Marzhan | 1 | Aydana Nawkeeva | "Ömir - öze" | Lana Sapïna |
| | Alem | 2 | Nurjigit Subanqulov | "20, 21 Sholy" | Azïz Äbdirasul |
| | Saken | 3 | Danïyar Kärim | "How come, How long" | Birjan Nazarov |
| | Mayra | 4 | Murat Dälelxan | "Sulw boyjetken" | Äset Köşerbay |
| | Marzhan | 5 | Venera Ïsmagïlova | "I'm Your Baby Tonight" | Alwa Serikqızı |
| | Alem | 6 | Rïmma Axmetova | "Unaydı mağan" | Tomïrïs Nurqoja |
| | Mayra | 7 | Äygerim Temirbekova | "Men senimen kezdestim" | Nurasıl Satıbaldı |
| | Saken | 8 | Anna Uvarova | "Sway" | Janerke Qabataeva |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 10
*(November 6, 2021)* | Saken | 1 | Janïya Qarabatır | "Sen kelersiñ" | Nurbolat Qosan |
| | Marzhan | 2 | Arsen Narxanov | "Latte" | Ayawlım Qusayın |
| | Saken | 3 | Madïna Jumabaeva | "Munı nege bilmeysiñ?" | Küläyim Qayırbaeva |
| | Mayra | 4 | Nuray Seyitqalïeva | "Ayla" | Ajar Jardenbekqızı |
| | Marzhan | 5 | Arujan Aydarbek | "Arıs jağasında" | Dwman Raxım |
| | Alem | 6 | Erik Tulenov | "Leave the Door Open" | Ruslan Azhigaliev |
| | 7 | Nurbolat Qanay | "Juldızım" | Rïza Mağzom |
| | Mayra | 8 | Muxammedäli Sultanov | "Time To Say Goodbye" | Güldana Muratbay |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 11
*(November 13, 2021)* | Mayra | 1 | Raxman Sätïev | "Prince Igor" | Aizhan Zharkynbek |
| | Alem | 2 | Ayan Bayjigit | "Sağındım seni" | Almat Turlıqoja |
| | Saken | 3 | Ädil Axmetjanov | "Asıl ana" | Altınbek Aqnïet |
| | Marzhan | 4 | Madï Sızdıqov | "Maxabbat muñı" | Baqtïyar Aqılbek |
| | Alem | 5 | Inzhu Bolat | "Can't help falling in love" | Danïyar Meyram |
| | Saken | 6 | Quralay Meyrambek | "Qay zaman" | Älïya Namïyalïeva |
| | Mayra | 7 | Aynur Nurpeyisova | "Sügirdiñ termesi" | Serik Jubatqan |
| | Marzhan | 8 | Tatïya Kobaladze | "Qusnï-Qorlan" | Janerke Qabdraşïtova |

## Knockouts

Knockout Rounds began on November 20. The remaining eight contestant is divided into two batch per episode (quartets). In this round, instead of grouping them into trio or quartets, there will be two seats available in the backstage. After a contestant performs a song of his or her choice, he or she will sit in one of these seats; this will occur for the first two artists performing on a team.

However, after these first contestants perform, the fate of the third artist will be decided based on whether his or her coach would like to switch out an artist already seated in favor of this performer. In the case of a switch-out, the artist that was switched out will be eliminated, and this performer will sit down. If the coach would instead like to keep the performers already seated and thus not give a seat to this performer, he or she will be immediately eliminated. After all artists in the batch have performed, those who end up seated will advance to the next round. At the end of the round, four artists will be remaining on the team.

**Knockouts colour key**
|  | Artist was given a chair and advanced to the Live shows |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist was eliminated after being switched in favor of another artist |
|  | Artist was eliminated automatically |

| Episode | Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Chair given | Switched with | Final result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Episode 12 *(November 20)* | Marzhan | 1 | Aydana Nawkeeva | "Keşir meni" |  | N/A | Advanced |
| | 2 | Diana Bekmurzaeva | "Arman joldar" |  | | Eliminated |
| | 3 | Arsen Narxanov | "Jılaydı jürek" | Not Given | | Eliminated |
| | 4 | Tatïya Kobaladze | "I Will Always Love You" |  | Diana Bekmurzaeva | Advanced |
| | Mayra | 5 | Muxammedäli Sultanov | "Jayaw" |  | N/A | Eliminated |
| | 6 | Murat Dälelxan | "Atameken" |  | | Advanced |
| | 7 | Ernar Amandıq | "Atameken" |  | Murat Dälelxan | Advanced |
| | 8 | Nuray Seyitqalïeva | "I'm Outta Love" | Not Given | N/A | Eliminated |
| | Saken | 9 | Janïya Qarabatır | "DOP" |  | N/A | Eliminated |
| | 10 | Ernazar Juban | "Armandaymın adam bop jaralğan soñ" |  | | Eliminated |
| | 11 | Janïya Qarabatır | "Qız däwren-än däwren" |  | Janïya Qarabatır | Advanced |
| | 12 | Quralay Meyrambek | "Listen" |  | Ernazar Juban | Advanced |
| | Alem | 13 | Inzhu Bolat | "Men seni süyemin" |  | N/A | Eliminated |
| | 14 | Nurjigit Subanqulov | "Way Down We Go" |  | | Advanced |
| | 15 | Ayan Bayjigit | "Mooz" |  | Inzhu Bolat | Advanced |
| | 16 | Nurbolat Qanay | "Jıltır köylek" | Not Given | N/A | Eliminated |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Episode 13 *(November 27)* | Saken | 1 | Danïyar Kärim | "Suranamın" |  | N/A | Advanced |
| | 2 | Ädil Axmetjanov | "Qïyalï qız" |  | | Eliminated |
| | 3 | Madïna Jumabaeva | "Ündemediñ" |  | Ädil Axmetjanov | Eliminated |
| | 4 | Anna Uvarova | "Köziñniñ möldirin-ay" |  | Madïna Jumabaeva | Advanced |
| | Mayra | 5 | Ardaq Tölepbergen | "Baqıt quşağında" |  | N/A | Advanced |
| | 6 | Aynur Nurpeyisova | "Esiñde me?" |  | | Eliminated |
| | 7 | Raxman Sätïev | "Lovely" |  | Aynur Nurpeyisova | Advanced |
| | 8 | Äygerim Temirbekova | "Gawhar tas" | Not Given | N/A | Eliminated |
| | Alem | 10 | Rïmma Axmetova | "Shou" |  | N/A | Eliminated |
| | 9 | Erik Tulenov | "Ğasırlıq muñ" |  | | Advanced |
| | 11 | Beksultan Kenişqalïev | "I have nothing" |  | Rïmma Axmetova | Advanced |
| | 12 | Alïma Turarbek | "Forever" | Not Given | N/A | Eliminated |
| | Marzhan | 13 | Arujan Aydarbek | "Human" |  | N/A | Advanced |
| | 14 | Madï Sızdıqov | "I Don’t Want to Miss a Thing" |  | | Eliminated |
| | 15 | Venera Ïsmagïlova | "Alğaşqı köktem" |  | Madï Sızdıqov | Advanced |
| | 16 | Medet Orınbaev | "Jalt etip ötken" | Not Given | N/A | Eliminated |

## Live Shows

Live Shows aired on Saturdays at 20:40. Each week there is a one contestant would be eliminated per team. Live shows divided into four stages; the Concerts, Quarterfinals, Semi-Finals and the Grand Finale. Although it is broadcast live, three weeks of lives doesn't involve interactive real-time voting, thus, the coaches themselves would determine on who will advance to the next round.

|  | Artist was saved and advanced to the next phase. |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist was eliminated |

### Live Concerts Week 1 (December 4)

Live Shows begin at Top 16. Each contestant will perform a song for their coach whether to proceed in next phase or not. The show for the week would be concluded by eliminating one contestant out of four.

| Episode | Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 14 *(December 4)* | Marzhan | 1 | Arujan Aydarbek | «Өткінші сезім» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Mayra | 2 | Ardaq Tölepbergen | «Япурай» | Eliminated |
| | Alem | 3 | Beksultan Kenişqalïev | «Қайтадан» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Marzhan | 4 | Tatya Kobaladze | «Туған жер» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Mayra | 5 | Ernar Armandiq | "I Just Called to Say I Love You" | Coaches' Choice |
| | Alem | 6 | Erik Tolenov | "Call Out My Name" | Coaches' Choice |
| | Mayra | 7 | Murat Dälelxan | «Құтты ұям» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Saken | 8 | Janïya Qarabatır | «Ізін көрем» | Eliminated |
| | Marzhan | 9 | Venera Ismagilova | «Жаным» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Saken | 10 | Quralay Meyrambek | «Үзілмес үміт» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Alem | 11 | Nurjigit Subanqulov | «Қайран көңіл-ай» | Eliminated |
| | Mayra | 12 | Raxman Sätïev | "Remember" | Coaches' Choice |
| | Saken | 13 | Danïyar Kärim | «Оригиналсың» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Marzhan | 14 | Aydana Nawkeeva | "Roar" | Eliminated |
| | Saken | 15 | Anna Uvarova | «Өмір-өмір» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Alem | 16 | Ayan Bayjigit | «Куә бол» | Coaches' Choice |

### Week 2 : Quarter-finals (December 11)

| Episode | Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 15 *(December 11)* | Mayra | 1 | Murat Dalexan | «Ақтамақ» | Eliminated |
| | Alem | 2 | Ayan Bayjigit | «Зымыран» | Eliminated |
| | Saken | 3 | Anna Uvarova | «Тағы да сүй» | Eliminated |
| | Mayra | 4 | Raxman Sätïev | «Балқадиша» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Marzhan | 5 | Venera Ismagilova | «Ән әлемі» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Alem | 6 | Erik Tolenov | «Жүрек үні» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Mayra | 7 | Ernar Armandiq | «Шәпибай-ау» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Saken | 8 | Quralay Meyrambek | «Hepsi Senin Mi» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Alem | 9 | Beksultan Kenişqalïev | «Ей, лапылда» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Marzhan | 10 | Tatya Kobaladze | «Арго» | Eliminated |
| | Saken | 11 | Danïyar Kärim | «Сағынып жүрмін» | Coaches' Choice |
| | Marzhan | 12 | Arujan Aydarbek | «Домбыра туралы баллада» | Coaches' Choice |

### Week 3 : Semi-finals (December 18)

| Episode | Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
| Episode 16 *(December 11)* | Mayra | 1 | Raxman Sätïev | "Өмірге ғашықпын" | Eliminated |
| | Marzhan | 2 | Venera Ismagilova | "Stop / Uptown Funk" | Eliminated |
| | Alem | 3 | Erik Tolenov | "Қош бол" | Alem's Choice |
| | Mayra | 4 | Ernar Armandiq | "Aq sisa" | Mayra's Choice |
| | Saken | 5 | Quralay Meyrambek | "My Heart Will Go On" | Saken's Choice |
| | Alem | 6 | Beksultan Kenişqalïev | "Алыстама менен" | Eliminated |
| | Saken | 7 | Danïyar Kärim | "Жауап бер" | Eliminated |
| | Marzhan | 8 | Arujan Aydarbek | "Rolling in the Deep" | Marzhan's Choice |

### Week 4 : The Grand Finale (December 25)

|  | Artist was proclaimed as the winner |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist ended as the runner-up |
|  | Artist ended as the third placer |
|  | Artist ended as the fourth placer |

| Coach | Artist | Round 1 : Solo Song | | Round 2 : Duet with Coach | | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Order | Song | Song | With | |
| Mayra | Ernar Armandiq | 1 | «Көзімнің қарасы» | "You Raised Me Up" | Mayra Muhammad | Third Place |
| Marzhan | Arujan Aydarbek | 2 | «Ана туралы баллада» | «Самға, Қазақстан» | Arapbayeva Marzhan | Fourth Place |
| Alem | Erik Tolenov | 3 | «Дударай» | "Love Me Again" | Alem | Runner-up |
| Saken | Quralay Meyrambek | 4 | «Толғау» | «Арман-ау» | Saken Maigaziyev | Winner |

## Elimination Chart

### Results Key

|  | Winner |  |  |  |  |  | Saved by their coach |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Runner-up |  |  |  |  |  | Eliminated |
|  | Third place |  |  |  |  |
|  | Fourth place |  |  |  |  |

|  | Team Alem |
| --- | --- |
|  | Team Mayra |
|  | Team Saken |
|  | Team Marzhan |

### Overall Elimination

| Artists | | Week 1 Live Concerts | Week 2 Quarterfinals | Week 3 Semi-Finals | Week 4 Finale Week |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
|  | Quralay Meyrambek | Safe | Safe | Advanced | **Winner** |
|  | Erik Tolenov | Safe | Safe | Advanced | **Runner-up** |
|  | Ernar Armandiq | Safe | Safe | Advanced | **Third Place** |
|  | Arujan Aydarbek | Safe | Safe | Advanced | **Fourth Place** |
|  | Beksultan Kenişqalïev | Safe | Safe | Eliminated | Eliminated (Week 3) |
|  | Raxman Sätïev | Safe | | Safe | Eliminated |
|  | Danïyar Kärim | Safe | | Safe | Eliminated |
|  | Venera Ismagilova | Safe | | Safe | Eliminated |
|  | Ayan Bayjigit | Safe | Eliminated | Eliminated (Week 2) | |
|  | Murat Dalexan | | Safe | Eliminated |
|  | Anna Uvarova | | Safe | Eliminated |
|  | Tatya Kobaladze | | Safe | Eliminated |
|  | Nurjigit Subanqulov | Eliminated | Eliminated (Week 1) | | |
|  | | Ardaq Tölepbergen | Eliminated |
|  | | Janïya Qarabatır | Eliminated |
|  | | Aydana Nawkeeva | Eliminated |

1. "'Qazaqstan Dauysy' project looks for talent". *ERTIS* (in Kazakh).
2. ""QAZAQSTAN ДАУЫСЫ" ЖОБАСЫНА ІРІКТЕУ ӨТТІ". *ONTÚSTIK* (in Kazakh).
3. "Show "Qazaqstan dauysy" will hold a casting in Pavlodar". *Pavlodar News.kz* (in Kazakh).

## InfoBox

| *The Voice of Kazakhstan* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 5 | |
|  | |
| Presented by | * Galym Kenshilik * Taukel Musilim |
| Coaches | * Alem * Mayra Muhammad * Saken Maigaziyev * Arapbayeva Marzhan |
| Winner | Quralay Meyrambek |
| Winning coach | Saken Maigaziyev |
| Runner-up | Erik Tölenov |
|  | |
| Release | |
| Original network | Qazaqstan TV |
| Original release | September 4 (2021-09-04)
December 25, 2021 (2021-12-25) |


title: The Wasp (1918 film)

abstract: The Wasp is a lost 1918 silent film comedy drama directed by Lionel Belmore and starring stage star Kitty Gordon. It was produced by William A. Brady and distributed by World Film Company.

text:
# The Wasp (1918 film)

***The Wasp*** is a lost 1918 silent film comedy drama directed by Lionel Belmore and starring stage star Kitty Gordon. It was produced by William A. Brady and distributed by World Film Company.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Wasp | |
| --- | --- |
| Text description of the film in a contemporary industry magazine | |
| Directed by | Lionel Belmore |
| Written by | Willard Mack (story) |
| Produced by | World Film Company<br>William A. Brady |
| Starring | Kitty Gordon |
| Cinematography | Louis Ostland |
| Distributed by | World Film Company |
| Release date | * March 11, 1918 (1918-03-11) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | USA |
| Language | Silent..English titles |


title: Dryopteris nigropaleacea

abstract: Dryopteris nigropaleacea is a species of perennial leptosporangiate fern endemic to parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, western Nepal, and Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in India.

text:
# Dryopteris nigropaleacea

***Dryopteris nigropaleacea*** is a species of perennial leptosporangiate fern endemic to parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, western Nepal, and Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in India.

## Synonyms

* *Dryopteris juxtaposita* subsp. *nigropaleacea* (Fraser-Jenk.) Khullar
* *Dryopteris pallida* subsp. *nigropaleacea* Fraser-Jenk.

1. Fraser-Jenk., 1982 *In: Bol. Soc. Broter. 55: 238*
2. Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A. (2014). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist".
3. "World Ferns: Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2016-08-27.

## InfoBox

| *Dryopteris nigropaleacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Suborder: | Polypodiineae |
| Family: | Dryopteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Dryopteris* |
| Species: | ***D. nigropaleacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dryopteris nigropaleacea***<br>(Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk. | |
|


title: The Wayfarer (novel)

abstract: The Wayfarer The Wayfarer is a 1912 novel by Japanese writer Natsume Sōseki. It is the second part of a trilogy starting with To the Spring Equinox and Beyond (1912) and ending with Kokoro (1914).

text:
# The Wayfarer (novel)

***The Wayfarer*** (Japanese: 行人, Hepburn: *Kōjin*) is a 1912 novel by Japanese writer Natsume Sōseki. It is the second part of a trilogy starting with *To the Spring Equinox and Beyond* (1912) and ending with *Kokoro* (1914).

## Plot

Jirō, a young office worker in late Meiji era Tokyo and narrator of the novel, tells of the unhappy marriage of his older brother Ichirō, a university professor, and his wife Onao. During a family excursion to Osaka, the suspicious Ichirō asks Jirō to try Onao's fidelity by staying overnight at an inn with her in Wakayama. Jirō, reluctant at first, eventually agrees to the plan. Soon after their return, Jirō tells Ichirō that his brother has no reason to question his wife's loyalty, but Ichirō is unsatisfied with Jirō's answer and insists on further reports. Jirō evades his brother's inquiries, which strains their relationship. Weary of the growing familial tensions, Jirō decides to leave home and move into a quarter of his own. When he learns that his parents worry about Ichirō's increasingly eccentric behaviour, he persuades his brother's colleague H to take Ichirō on a holiday with him to help Ichirō regain his mental stability. While en route, H sends a long letter to Jirō in which he explains that Ichirō's nervous state is due to his being too demanding of himself and his surroundings, and to his constant aiming at the absolute.

## Publication history

*The Wayfarer* was first serialised in the Asahi Shimbun newspaper. The first three chapters, "Tomodachi" ("Friend"), "Ani" ("Brother"), and "Kaeru te kara" ("Return and after") appeared between 6 December 1912 and 17 April 1913, the final chapter "Jinrō" ("Anguish") between 16 September and 15 November 1913. The delay between chapters three and four was owed to Natsume's health issues.

## Influences

Miguel de Cervantes' story "El curioso impertinente", included in his novel *Don Quixote*, has repeatedly been cited as an influence on Natsume's novel. In this story, a nobleman tries his wife's fidelity by talking a close friend into attempting to seduce her, with tragic results.

The novel's character Ichirō repeatedly refers to the story of Paolo and his sister-in-law Francesca, two characters (based on actual persons) from Dante's *Divine Comedy* who are condemned to suffer in hell for committing adultery, betraying Paolo's brother and Francesca's husband Giovanni.

## English translation

An English translation by Beongcheon Yu was published in 1967.

## InfoBox

The Wayfarer
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Natsume Sōseki |
| Original title | *Kōjin* |
| Translator | Beongcheon Yu |
| Language | Japanese |
| Publisher | The Asahi Shimbun (newspaper) |
| Publication date | 1912 |
| Publication place | Japan |
| Published in English | 1967 |
| Media type | Print |
| Preceded by | *To the Spring Equinox and Beyond* |
| Followed by | *Kokoro* |


title: The Workshop (Smash)

abstract: "The Workshop" is the seventh episode of the American television series, Smash. The episode aired on March 19, 2012.

text:
# The Workshop (Smash)

"**The Workshop**" is the seventh episode of the American television series, *Smash*. The episode aired on March 19, 2012.

## Plot

The workshop of *Marilyn* is finally held. Ivy (Megan Hilty) gets stage fright and slips up, leading Derek to tell her off at intermission, much to the chagrin of Tom. Karen (Katharine McPhee) has the opportunity to meet with a big record exec, but because the meeting is at the same time as the workshop, she decides to do the workshop instead. Julia (Debra Messing) feels guilty about what she and Michael (guest star Will Chase) did, and gives rebuking Michael one more shot.

## Production

Recurring guest stars include Will Chase as actor Michael Swift.

Bernadette Peters was announced to guest star on the show on October 11, 2011. She will portray Leigh Conroy, the mother of Megan Hilty's character, Ivy Lynn, who was once a Tony-award winning actress but "now lives vicariously through her daughter". The release also mentioned that Peters will sing in the episode. On March 15, 2012, it was revealed that Peters would sing "Everything's Coming Up Roses" from *Gypsy: A Musical Fable*, which she previously sang in the 2003 Broadway revival of the musical.

In addition, another version of "Let Me Be Your Star" was heard as well as several other previous numbers heard on the show including "The 20th Century Fox Mambo", "History is Made at Night" and "The National Pastime". It also included a new number performed by Will Chase entitled "On Lexington & 52nd Street". Only "On Lexington & 52nd Street" was made available as a single.

## InfoBox

| "**The Workshop**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Smash* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 1
Episode 7 |
| Directed by | Mimi Leder |
| Written by | Jason Grote |
| Featured music | "Brighter Than the Sun"
"Everything's Coming Up Roses"
"Let Me Be Your Star"
"The 20th Century Fox Mambo"
"History is Made at Night"
"The National Pastime"
"On Lexington & 52nd Street" |
| Original air date | March 19, 2012 (2012-03-19) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Drugshøi

abstract: Drugshøi is a mountain in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,748-metre (5,735 ft) tall mountain lies within the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Dombås and about 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of the village of Lesja. The mountains Larstinden and Store Langvasstinden lie about 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) to the east, the mountain Storstyggesvånåtinden lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southeast, the mountain Mjogsjøhøi lies about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the south, and the mountains Storskrymten and Salhøa lie about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) to the northwest.

text:
# Drugshøi

**Drugshøi**  is a mountain in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,748-metre (5,735 ft) tall mountain lies within the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Dombås and about 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of the village of Lesja. The mountains Larstinden and Store Langvasstinden lie about 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) to the east, the mountain Storstyggesvånåtinden lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southeast, the mountain Mjogsjøhøi lies about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the south, and the mountains Storskrymten and Salhøa lie about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) to the northwest.

## InfoBox

| Drugshøi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,748 m (5,735 ft) |
| Prominence | 14 m (46 ft) |
| Parent peak | Drugshøeggen |
| Isolation | 0.778 km (0.483 mi) |
| Coordinates | 62°19′19″N 9°06′44″E / 62.32191°N 9.11218°E / 62.32191; 9.11218 |
| Geography | |
| DrugshøiLocation of the mountainDrugshøiDrugshøi (Norway) | |
| Location | Innlandet, Norway |
| Parent range | Dovrefjell |


title: Drugstore.com

abstract: drugstore.com was an internet retailer in health and beauty care products. Its web operations were launched on February 24, 1999, and shut down on September 30, 2016 after being acquired by Walgreens in March 2011 for $409 million. In June 1999, Rite Aid entered into a ten-year strategic relationship with Drugstore.com which allowed Drugstore.com customers to pick up prescriptions at Rite Aid stores, and enabled Drugstore.com to sell Rite Aid products, as well as vitamins from retailer General Nutrition Center (GNC). On September 3, 2008, Drugstore.com amended and restated both the main agreement and the pharmacy supply and services agreement dated June 17, 1999 between Rite Aid and Drugstore.com. Through those agreements with Rite Aid, Drugstore.com had access to Rite Aid customers through the RiteAid.com website and the Rite Aid online store, which was powered by the Drugstore.com website. Drugstore.com ended a sourcing deal with Amazon.com in 2005. In addition to the Drugstore.com website, the company also maintained storefronts at Beauty.com, VisionDirect.com, Lensmart.com, Lensworld.com, and Lensquest.com. Its headquarters were at 411 108th Ave. NE, Suite 1600; Bellevue, WA 98004; (425) 372-3200, and the company had customer service centers in Bellevue, Washington and Halifax, Nova Scotia. DS Distribution, Inc., located in the Pureland Industrial Complex in Logan Township, New Jersey, was its wholly owned subsidiary responsible for the distribution of OTC products, beauty.com products, and CNS products. Distribution of VisionDirect.com products is from a center in Logan Township, New Jersey. Prescriptions were handled by Walgreens. It had an "FSA store" containing items that are likely to be eligible for purchase using a medical flexible spending account, and by extension a health reimbursement account or health savings account as well. This in turn led to its invention of the first inventory information approval system (IIAS) in 2005; it wasn't used in brick-and-mortar retailing until 2006 by Walgreens. Under a 2006 Internal Revenue Service ruling, IIAS must be installed by every grocery store, discount store, and Internet pharmacy that accepts FSA debit cards by the end of 2007, and by most chain pharmacies by the end of 2008. On December 27, 2009, Drugstore.com announced plans to acquire Salu Inc., the operator of SkinStore.com, for $36 million. The transaction completed on February 19, 2010. On March 24, 2011, Drugstore.com was acquired by Walgreens for $409 million. On July 28, 2016, Walgreens said it would shut down Drugstore.com and Beauty.com at the end of September, 2016, to focus on its own Walgreens.com website.

text:
# Drugstore.com

**drugstore.com** was an internet retailer in health and beauty care products. Its web operations were launched on February 24, 1999, and shut down on September 30, 2016 after being acquired by Walgreens in March 2011 for $409 million.

In June 1999, Rite Aid entered into a ten-year strategic relationship with Drugstore.com which allowed Drugstore.com customers to pick up prescriptions at Rite Aid stores, and enabled Drugstore.com to sell Rite Aid products, as well as vitamins from retailer General Nutrition Center (GNC). On September 3, 2008, Drugstore.com amended and restated both the main agreement and the pharmacy supply and services agreement dated June 17, 1999 between Rite Aid and Drugstore.com. Through those agreements with Rite Aid, Drugstore.com had access to Rite Aid customers through the RiteAid.com website and the Rite Aid online store, which was powered by the Drugstore.com website. Drugstore.com ended a sourcing deal with Amazon.com in 2005. In addition to the Drugstore.com website, the company also maintained storefronts at Beauty.com, VisionDirect.com, Lensmart.com, Lensworld.com, and Lensquest.com.

Its headquarters were at 411 108th Ave. NE, Suite 1600; Bellevue, WA 98004; (425) 372-3200, and the company had customer service centers in Bellevue, Washington and Halifax, Nova Scotia.

DS Distribution, Inc., located in the Pureland Industrial Complex in Logan Township, New Jersey, was its wholly owned subsidiary responsible for the distribution of OTC products, beauty.com products, and CNS (Custom Nutrition Services) products. Distribution of VisionDirect.com products is from a center in Logan Township, New Jersey. Prescriptions were handled by Walgreens.

It had an "FSA store" containing items that are likely to be eligible for purchase using a medical flexible spending account, and by extension a health reimbursement account or health savings account as well. This in turn led to its invention of the first inventory information approval system (IIAS) in 2005; it wasn't used in brick-and-mortar retailing until 2006 by Walgreens. Under a 2006 Internal Revenue Service ruling, IIAS must be installed by every grocery store, discount store, and Internet pharmacy that accepts FSA debit cards by the end of 2007, and by most chain pharmacies by the end of 2008.

On December 27, 2009, Drugstore.com announced plans to acquire Salu Inc., the operator of SkinStore.com, for $36 million. The transaction completed on February 19, 2010.

On March 24, 2011, Drugstore.com was acquired by Walgreens for $409 million.

On July 28, 2016, Walgreens said it would shut down Drugstore.com and Beauty.com at the end of September, 2016, to focus on its own Walgreens.com website.

## InfoBox

Drugstore.com, Inc.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Subsidiary
Retail
Online shopping |
| Available in | English |
| Owner | Walgreens Boots Alliance |
| Editor | Dawn G. Lepore, Chairman, President, and CEO 2004 - 2011, when Walgreens purchased the company |
| URL | Archived official website at the Wayback Machine (archive index) |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | No |
| Launched | February 24, 1999 (1999-02-24) to September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30) |
| Current status | defunct |


title: Spędoszyn

abstract: Spędoszyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wartkowice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Wartkowice, 8 km (5 mi) north of Poddębice, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Spędoszyn

**Spędoszyn** \[spɛnˈdɔʂɨn\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wartkowice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Wartkowice, 8 km (5 mi) north of Poddębice, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Spędoszyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Spędoszyn | |
| Coordinates: 51°58′N 19°0′E / 51.967°N 19.000°E / 51.967; 19.000 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Poddębice |
| Gmina | Wartkowice |


title: Kathryn O'Reilly

abstract: Kathryn O'Reilly is a British actress and playwright.

text:
# Kathryn O'Reilly

**Kathryn O'Reilly** is a British actress and playwright.

## Early life

She began acting in local youth theatre in Surrey before going to the National Youth Theatre of Great Britain, she also trained at BRIT Performing Arts School, attended Anna Scher and Ken Campbell classes and completed her classical training at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in 2008 where she won the original poetry writing competition two years consecutively; in 2007 with her poem Him and Me and in 2008 with Klink Klank Echoes that she performed with fellow classmate Gary Carr.

It was during her first year of training at LAMDA that she landed the role of Penny Collins in The Bill and in the second year she started filming on the award-winning feature film Zebra Crossing directed by Sam Holland.

## Career

Kathryn graduated from LAMDA with a Bachelor of Arts hons in 2008. During her training, Kathryn acted in many productions at LAMDA; Breaking Barriers In Burnley, Twelfth Night, Blue Remembered Hills and also director showcases; After The Accident, directed by Edwina Casey, Peter Pan and Desdemona a play about a Handkerchief.

Kathryn's theatre work includes work with leading touring theatre company Out Of Joint. Kathryn O'Reilly gave over 318 performances playing Liz Morden in Timberlake Wertenbaker's Oliver award winning play Our Country's Good and received rave reviews. "Kathryn O'Reilly is hugely impressive as the flinty thief who ultimately saves her neck by discovering her voice" - Michael Billington, The Guardian

"Kathryn O'Reilly gives a brilliantly sparky and furious performance as one of the most disaffected prisoners, Liz Morden, who faces the gallows" \- Charles Spencer, The Telegraph

"Kathryn O'Reilly prize-worthy performance as Liz Morden" - TC Daily Planet Guthrie Theatre, Minneapolis

### Theatre

Theatre includes; for Out of Joint; Close Quarters (Sheffield Crucible), A View From Islington North (Arts Theatre, Leicester Square), Liz Morden / Will Dawes for Out of Joint 2014 international tour and 2012/13 tour of Our Country's Good (St James Theatre), Andersen's English (Hampstead Theatre) & Mixed Up North (Wilton's Music Hall). YOU by Mark Wilson, directed by Sarah Meadows, starring Stephen Myott-Meadows & Kathryn O'Reilly (Show of the Week Winners at Vault Festival) YOU (Argus Angel Winners at Brighton Fringe Festival) Arms and the Man directed by Brigid Larmour (Watford Palace Theatre) Caught by Christopher Chen nominated for an Offie directed by Cressida Brown (Arcola Theatre) hamlet is dead. no gravity (Arcola Theatre) The Golden Dragon (Plymouth theatre Royal) Love on the Tracks (Soho Theatre Studio & Redbridge Drama Centre) A Christmas Carol (Trafalgar Studios), Oedipus (Sheffield Crucible) Rift (Brewhouse Theatre) was granted the prestigious Inspire mark by the London 2012 Inspire programme.

### Television

* Grantchester
* Call The Midwife
* Holby City
* The Watcher
* Lewis V
* The Bill
* Rough Justice
* Doctors

### Film

includes; Rare Beasts written, starring and directed by Billie Piper *The Little Stranger* (Potboiler Films) directed by Lenny Abrahamson Zebra Crossing (Crown Films; winner of Raindance award; Socal California, Radar Hamberg film festival); Cold Calling (Woolfcub films, winner of indi short film comp 2008); Los Jack Machine (Free Seed Films, winner Best Shorts awards winner, nominated for outstanding cast performanceAOF International film festival), Klink Klank (DameTK Productions); RANDOM (Channel 4 & Hillbilly Films, winner of BAFTA 2012 best single drama).

### Playwriting

Kathryn's second play Poisoned Polluted premiered at Old Red Lion Theatre in 2019 and is published by Nick Hern Books. She starred in this along with Anna Doolan, both actresses have been nominated an Offie for Best Female Performance on a Play.

Kathryn's debut play Screwed, directed by Sarah Meadows who was nominated an Offie for Best Director premiered at Theatre503 June - July 2016 and is published by Nick Hern Books. “A witty look at female friendship in a broken society. O’Reilly has a great ear for the scrappy rhythm of everyday speech. An assured debut, at times sharply observed and bruisingly funny” - Tom Wicker, Time Out

“Highly impressive, very authentic writing, combined with great acting made for an altogether very unpleasant and yet strangely compelling play” Terry Eastham - LondonTheatre1

“Screwed has a lusty vitality that feels both hectically excitable and, so far as it goes, emotionally truthful. With its punchy dialogue, and alcohol-inflected hilarity, Screwed has a vulgar vigour and an emotional energy that throbs like an inflamed sex organ. O’Reilly writes convincing dialogue and has added variety and pace to the storytelling by using monologues and choral passages” Aleks Sierz - My Theatre Mates

http://kathryn-oreilly.com/ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4392927/?ref\_=fn\_al\_nm\_1 http://www.outofjoint.co.uk/c/our-countrys-good https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/feb/05/our-countrys-good-review https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/9850495/Our-Countrys-Good-St-James-Theatre-London-review.html https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/our-countrys-good-st-james--review-8494571.html http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/our-countrys-good http://thefactoryline.com/kathrynoreillyissetforstardom/


title: Ringarooma

abstract:
Ringarooma is a small town in north-eastern Tasmania. It is located just east of the Ringarooma River and is about 12 km (7.5 mi) south-west from Derby and 55 km (34 mi) east-northeast from Launceston. The area around Ringarooma is known for dairy farming and timber harvesting.
The locality is in the Dorset Council local government area, except for about 2.5% which is in the Break O'Day Council area.

text:
# Ringarooma

**Ringarooma** is a small town in north-eastern Tasmania. It is located just east of the Ringarooma River and is about 12 km (7.5 mi) south-west from Derby and 55 km (34 mi) east-northeast from Launceston. The area around Ringarooma is known for dairy farming and timber harvesting. The locality is in the Dorset Council local government area, except for about 2.5% which is in the Break O'Day Council area.

## History

The district was opened up to farming in the 1860s, and the town itself was founded in 1882 when a rural property was subdivided into lots by landowner Christopher Krushka. It was initially known as Krushka Town before being renamed Ringarooma in November 1888, taking on the name of a coastal town near Bridport, which was renamed Boobyalla. Ringarooma is believed to be an Aboriginal word meaning happy hunting ground.

Ringarooma Post Office opened on 1 October 1874.

In 2017 it was named the Legendary Capital of Tasmania.

## Present day

Today, Ringarooma is a small town surrounded by dairy farming and timber harvesting country near mountains such as Mount Victoria and Ben Lomond.

The Mount Victoria Forest Reserve that contains Ralphs Falls and Cash Gorge/Falls is about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the SouthEast of Ringarooma, while the St Columba Falls is a further 10 km (6.2 mi) away (70 km \[43 mi\] by road).

## Notable people

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Ringarooma<br>Tasmania | |
| --- | --- |
| Area surrounding Ringarooma which is right of centre | |
| Ringarooma | |
| Coordinates | 41°14′S 147°40′E / 41.233°S 147.667°E / -41.233; 147.667 |
| Population | 338 (2016 census) |
| Established | 1882 |
| Postcode(s) | 7263 |
| Elevation | 283 m (928 ft) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Dorset Council |
| State electorate(s) | Bass |
| Federal division(s) | Bass |


title: Robert Boyd (journalist)

abstract: Robert Skinner Boyd was an American journalist who spent most of his career working for the Knight Newspaper Group, spending two decades as the group's Washington bureau chief. He and Clark Hoyt won a Pulitzer Prize in 1973 for uncovering the fact that Senator Thomas Eagleton, George McGovern's choice for vice president, had had severe psychiatric problems and undergone three shock treatments. Instead of publishing their scoop, they disclosed their findings to McGovern's top advisor, and Eagleton withdrew as the Democratic nominee.

text:
# Robert Boyd (journalist)

**Robert Skinner Boyd** (January 11, 1928 – September 20, 2019) was an American journalist who spent most of his career working for the Knight Newspaper Group, spending two decades as the group's Washington bureau chief. He and Clark Hoyt won a Pulitzer Prize in 1973 for uncovering the fact that Senator Thomas Eagleton, George McGovern's choice for vice president, had had severe psychiatric problems and undergone three shock treatments. Instead of publishing their scoop, they disclosed their findings to McGovern's top advisor, and Eagleton withdrew as the Democratic nominee.

## Early career and education

Born in Chicago, Boyd was the son of Alden W. Boyd and Mary A. (Skinner) Boyd. Raised as an Episcopalian, he earned a B.A. and M.A. from Harvard University in 1949. At Harvard, he studied ancient languages.

## Career

After serving in the U.S. Army in 1946–1947 and as a staff member in the U.S. State Department in 1950–1953, Boyd worked as a reporter for the Lafayette Louisiana *Daily Advertiser* between 1953–1954 and as state editor for the Benton Harbor, Michigan *News-Palladium* in 1954–1957.

He then joined the *Detroit Free Press*/Knight Newspaper Group, working as a reporter in 1957–1960, as a correspondent in the group's Washington, D.C. office in 1960–1967, as the chief of that bureau in 1967–1987, and as its chief Washington correspondent beginning in 1987.

Boyd toured the Bay of Pigs battlefield with Fidel Castro in 1961, covered the revolution in the Dominican Republic in 1965, toured the USSR in 1967, and spent two weeks in North Vietnam in 1970. He was one of five journalists who accompanied President Nixon to China in 1972 and were allowed to stay for a time after Nixon's departure.

During his 20 years in charge of the Washington bureau, "Boyd presided over an expansion in which the D.C. team grew from a staff of seven to more than 50." Knight colleague James McCartney said Boyd "was the antithesis of the sort of ego-driven Washington bureau chief who stepped all over his reporters....He was the best editor I ever had." *The Washington Post* reporter David Broder described Boyd as one of the most honest and fair reporters in Washington. "He's totally independent," Broder said. "I have no idea what his politics may be, and I've known him for 30 years."

In 1993 he became Knight Ridder's Washington science writer. "At the age of 71, he found himself spending weeks in Antarctica 'talking to scientists and building igloos.'"

### Eagleton case

In 1972, after receiving a tip to the effect that Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern's running mate, Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton, had had shock treatments, Boyd and his Knight Newspapers colleague Clark Hoyt did some investigating. Hoyt looked through the files of the *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* from the 1960s, when Eagleton was state attorney general, and found gaps where Eagleton seemed to "disappear", as well as a report of him being treated "for exhaustion." Hoyt also tracked down a doctor who been present when Eagleton received a shock treatment, but she refused to talk about it. Nonetheless, it became clear to Boyd and Hoyt that Eagleton had received shock treatments.

Instead of writing an article, Boyd and Hoyt went to North Dakota to present McGovern and his campaign chairman Frank Mankiewicz with their evidence and give them a chance to respond. "It was the only fair and decent thing to do," Boyd later said. In return, McGovern "double-crossed" them, in the words of a colleague, James McCartney, by holding a press conference on July 25, 1972, at which Eagleton announced that he had been hospitalized three times for "nervous exhaustion and fatigue" and McGovern expressed confidence in Eagleton's current health. "They said 'Sorry boys, we're going public,'" Boyd later recalled. "It was a frustrating thing for us." By holding the press conference, Mankiewicz blew Boyd's and Hoyt's chances at an exclusive. On July 31, Eagleton withdrew. The incident raised "critical journalistic questions: Had Boyd and Hoyt, in an excess of caution, tossed away a major exclusive by insisting on total confirmation, or had they been rigorously responsible? Was the tip...just another dirty trick by the Nixon crowd? Did that matter, because it turned out to be true? Was it better to have the revelation come against Eagleton the candidate rather than against Eagleton the vice-president? Was the journalistic responsibility to tell the news and let the public decide? Is that what happened?" Although they had been deprived of their scoop, Boyd and Hoyt ended up winning the Pulitzer Prize for uncovering the facts about Eagleton's psychiatric history anyway. One account suggests that Boyd was rewarded at least in part for his "touch of compassion," that the Pulitzer board "tipped its hat to him for his judicious restraint." The prize was described by "one Washington cynic" as "the first time anybody ever won a Pulitzer for a story they didn't write."

## Works

Boyd and David Kraslow collaborated on a novel, *A Certain Little Evil*, published in 1964.

His book *The Decline, but Not Yet the Fall, of the Russia Empire: The Lewis Cass Lectures* appeared in 1969.

## Honors and awards

In 1973, Boyd and Clark Hoyt won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting "for their disclosure of United States Senator Thomas Eagleton's history of psychiatric therapy, resulting in his withdrawal as the Democratic Vice Presidential nominee in 1972."

He was a John S. Knight Journalism Fellow at Stanford.

## Personal life

He married Gloria L. Paulsen in 1949, and they had four children (Tim, Suzy, Peter and Andy). Boyd died from congestive heart failure at a nursing home in Philadelphia on September 20, 2019.

## InfoBox

| Robert Boyd | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert Skinner Boyd
(1928-01-28)January 28, 1928
Chicago, Illinois, US |
| Died | September 20, 2019(2019-09-20) (aged 91)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | B.A. and M.A., Harvard University |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist and bureau chief |
| Employer | Knight Newspaper Group |
| Spouse | Gloria L. Paulsen (m. 1949) |
| Children | 4 |
| Awards | Pulitzer Prize, 1973 |


title: Robert Bones

abstract: Commander Robert Bones was a Royal Navy officer who, as a lieutenant, was acting Governor of Sierra Leone for two months in 1811. Bones had previously been commander of HMS Tigress. Bones was given command of Tigress in October 1808 and sailed her from Portsmouth to Spithead where he joined Edward H. Columbine who was in command of HMS Solebay. They were involved in naval action, attacking the French slave station at Gorée on 24 June 1809.

text:
# Robert Bones

Commander **Robert Bones** (died 1813) was a Royal Navy officer who, as a lieutenant, was acting Governor of Sierra Leone for two months in 1811. Bones had previously been commander of HMS *Tigress*.

Bones was given command of *Tigress* in October 1808 and sailed her from Portsmouth to Spithead where he joined Edward H. Columbine who was in command of HMS *Solebay*. They were involved in naval action, attacking the French slave station at Gorée on 24 June 1809.


title: Electric Chair (album)

abstract: Electric Chair is a compilation album by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. It was originally released as a 2-CD set with Armchair Gurus in October 1997. The album features seventeen Hoodoo Gurus' rock/party tracks while Armchair Gurus contains seventeen ballads and slower songs. The album peaked at number 33 on the ARIA charts and was certified gold.

text:
# Electric Chair (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Electric Chair*** is a compilation album by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. It was originally released as a 2-CD set with *Armchair Gurus* in October 1997. The album features seventeen Hoodoo Gurus' rock/party tracks while *Armchair Gurus* contains seventeen ballads and slower songs. The album peaked at number 33 on the ARIA charts and was certified gold.

## Track listing

1. "The Real Deal" - 4:44
2. "God-Fearing Family Man" - 4:54
3. "Quicksand" - 3:32
4. "Down on Me" - 3:24
5. "Be My Guru" - 2:38
6. "Death Ship" - 2:35
7. "Hypocrite Blues" - 3:00
8. "Glamourpuss" - 2:35
9. "Where's the Action" - 3:40
10. "Brainscan" - 3:19
11. "I Think You Know" - 3:32
12. "I Was a Kamikaze Pilot" - 3:09
13. "Axegrinder" - 3:24
14. "Gene Hackman" - 2:26
15. "A Hard Day's Night" - 2:31
16. "The Right Time" - 3:53
17. "Form a Circle" / "She" - 7:48

## Personnel

Credited to:

* Alan Thorne - engineer (tracks: "Be My Guru", "Death Ship", "Glamourpuss", "I Think You Know", "I Was A Kamikaze Pilot", "Axegrinder")
* John Bee - engineer (tracks: "Form A Circle")
* Paul Hamingson - engineer (tracks: "Hypocrite Blues", "Brainscan", "The Right Time")
* Paul McKercher - engineer (tracks: "The Real Deal", "God-Fearing Family Man", "Quicksand", "Down On Me")
* Howie Weinberg - mastering
* David Thoener - mixer (tracks: "Glamourpuss", "Axegrinder")
* Kevin Shirley - mixer (tracks: "The Real Deal", "God-Fearing Family Man", "Quicksand", "Down On Me")
* Dave Collins (tracks: "Hypocrite Blues", "The Right Time", "Form A Circle")
* Adrienne Overall - photography
* Alan Thorne - producer (tracks: "Be My Guru", "Death Ship", "I Was A Kamikaze Pilot")
* Charles Fisher - producer (tracks: "Quicksand", "Down On Me", "Form A Circle")
* Ed Stasium - producer (tracks: "Hypocrite Blues", "The Right Time")
* Hoodoo Gurus (tracks: "The Real Deal", "God-Fearing Family Man", "Quicksand", "Down On Me", "Glamourpuss", "Where's The Action", "Brainscan", "I Think You Know", "Axegrinder", Gene Hackman")

## Charts

| Chart (1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 33 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Electric Chair | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Hoodoo Gurus | |
| Released | October 1997 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 37:23 |
| Label | Mushroom Records
Shock Records |
| Producer | Hoodoo Gurus |
| Hoodoo Gurus chronology | |
| *Hoodoo Voodoo*
(1997) ***Electric Chair***
(1997) *Armchair Gurus*
(1997) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Electric Chair* | |
| 1. "The Real Deal"
Released: November 1997 | |
|  | |


title: Block graph

abstract: In graph theory, a branch of combinatorial mathematics, a block graph or clique tree is a type of undirected graph in which every biconnected component (block) is a clique. Block graphs are sometimes erroneously called Husimi trees, but that name more properly refers to cactus graphs, graphs in which every nontrivial biconnected component is a cycle. Block graphs may be characterized as the intersection graphs of the blocks of arbitrary undirected graphs.

text:
# Block graph

In graph theory, a branch of combinatorial mathematics, a **block graph** or **clique tree** is a type of undirected graph in which every biconnected component (block) is a clique.

Block graphs are sometimes erroneously called Husimi trees (after Kôdi Husimi), but that name more properly refers to cactus graphs, graphs in which every nontrivial biconnected component is a cycle.

Block graphs may be characterized as the intersection graphs of the blocks of arbitrary undirected graphs.

## Characterization

Block graphs are exactly the graphs for which, for every four vertices u, v, x, and y, the largest two of the three distances *d*(*u*,*v*) + *d*(*x*,*y*), *d*(*u*,*x*) + *d*(*v*,*y*), and *d*(*u*,*y*) + *d*(*v*,*x*) are always equal.

They also have a forbidden graph characterization as the graphs that do not have the diamond graph or a cycle of four or more vertices as an induced subgraph; that is, they are the diamond-free chordal graphs. They are also the Ptolemaic graphs (chordal distance-hereditary graphs) in which every two nodes at distance two from each other are connected by a unique shortest path, and the chordal graphs in which every two maximal cliques have at most one vertex in common.

A graph G is a block graph if and only if the intersection of every two connected subsets of vertices of G is empty or connected. Therefore, the connected subsets of vertices in a connected block graph form a convex geometry, a property that is not true of any graphs that are not block graphs. Because of this property, in a connected block graph, every set of vertices has a unique minimal connected superset, its closure in the convex geometry. The connected block graphs are exactly the graphs in which there is a unique induced path connecting every pair of vertices.

Block graphs are chordal, distance-hereditary, and geodetic. The distance-hereditary graphs are the graphs in which every two induced paths between the same two vertices have the same length, a weakening of the characterization of block graphs as having at most one induced path between every two vertices. Because both the chordal graphs and the distance-hereditary graphs are subclasses of the perfect graphs, block graphs are perfect.

Every tree, cluster graph, or windmill graph is a block graph.

Every block graph has boxicity at most two.

Block graphs are examples of pseudo-median graphs: for every three vertices, either there exists a unique vertex that belongs to shortest paths between all three vertices, or there exists a unique triangle whose edges lie on these three shortest paths.

The line graphs of trees are exactly the block graphs in which every cut vertex is incident to at most two blocks, or equivalently the claw-free block graphs. Line graphs of trees have been used to find graphs with a given number of edges and vertices in which the largest induced subgraph that is a tree is as small as possible.

The block graphs in which every block has size at most three are a special type of cactus graph, a triangular cactus. The largest triangular cactus in any graph may be found in polynomial time using an algorithm for the matroid parity problem. Since triangular cactus graphs are planar graphs, the largest triangular cactus can be used as an approximation to the largest planar subgraph, an important subproblem in planarization. As an approximation algorithm, this method has approximation ratio 4/9, the best known for the maximum planar subgraph problem.

## Block graphs of undirected graphs

If *G* is any undirected graph, the block graph of *G*, denoted *B*(*G*), is the intersection graph of the blocks of *G*: *B*(*G*) has a vertex for every biconnected component of *G*, and two vertices of *B*(*G*) are adjacent if the corresponding two blocks meet at an articulation vertex. If *K*1 denotes the graph with one vertex, then *B*(*K*1) is defined to be the empty graph. *B*(*G*) is necessarily a block graph: it has one biconnected component for each articulation vertex of *G*, and each biconnected component formed in this way must be a clique. Conversely, every block graph is the graph *B*(*G*) for some graph *G*. If *G* is a tree, then *B*(*G*) coincides with the line graph of *G*.

The graph *B*(*B*(*G*)) has one vertex for each articulation vertex of *G*; two vertices are adjacent in *B*(*B*(*G*)) if they belong to the same block in *G*.