title: Relax...It's Just Sex

abstract: Relax...It's Just Sex is a 1998 romantic comedy film directed by P. J. Castellaneta.

text:
# Relax...It's Just Sex

***Relax...It's Just Sex*** is a 1998 romantic comedy film directed by P. J. Castellaneta.

## Premise

A diverse group of couples from different sexual orientations struggle and support each other through various issues, including violent hate crimes, HIV, conception, commitment, and love in 1990s Los Angeles.

## InfoBox

| Relax...It's Just Sex | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | P. J. Castellaneta |
| Written by | P. J. Castellaneta |
| Produced by | Steven Wolfe
Megan O'Neill
Harold Warren |
| Starring | Mitchell Anderson
Seymour Cassel
Eddie Garcia
Lori Petty
Jennifer Tilly
Susan Tyrrell
Serena Scott Thomas
Cynda Williams
Paul Winfield
Billy Wirth
Terrence "T.C." Carson |
| Cinematography | Lon Magdich |
| Music by | Lori Eschler Frystak |
| Distributed by | A-Pix Entertainment Inc. |
| Release date | * June 28, 1998 (June 28, 1998) |
| Running time | 110 min |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: The Rencontres cinématographies et numériques de Cotonou (ReCiCo) is a Beninese film festival established in 2019. The first edition of ReCiCo was held in September 2019. The jury for the 2019 special jury prize consisted of Jacques Béhanzin, Florisse Adjanohoun, Akambi Akala and Djaz.

text:
# Rencontres cinématographies et numériques de Cotonou

The **Rencontres cinématographies et numériques de Cotonou** (**ReCiCo**) is a Beninese film festival established in 2019.

The first edition of ReCiCo was held in September 2019. The jury for the 2019 special jury prize consisted of Jacques Béhanzin, Florisse Adjanohoun, Akambi Akala and Djaz.

## 2019 awards

| Prize | Winner | Nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Grand Paulin Vieyra Prize for Best Feature Film | *Desrance* by Apolline Traoré | *Le voyage des oubliés* by Sénami Kpètèhogbé
*Owo Oba, la récade de Zoundji* by Roger Nahum and Samson Adjaho
*Le grand tournant* by Alain Déguénon and Exécute Mivékanne
*Biyondo* by Pierre-Claver Tossou and Prince Ogoudjobi |
| Best Short Film | *Un air de kora* by Angèle Dabiang | *Batouré tem* by Kocou Yémadjê
*Suru* by Kismath Baguiri
*Colis 9* by Gildas Adamou
*La trace* |
| General Mathieu Kérékou Special Jury Prize | *Le Grand tournant* by Alain Déguénon |  |
| Patrice Talon prize for Best Actress | Florisse Adjanohoun |  |


title: Regny

abstract: Regny is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Regny

**Regny** (French pronunciation: \[ʁəɲi\]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 276 |  |
| 1968 | 256 | −7.2% |
| 1975 | 266 | +3.9% |
| 1982 | 256 | −3.8% |
| 1990 | 234 | −8.6% |
| 1999 | 247 | +5.6% |
| 2008 | 212 | −14.2% |

## InfoBox

| Regny | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall and school of Regny | |
| Location of Regny | |
| RegnyRegny | |
| Coordinates: 49°49′51″N 3°25′47″E / 49.8308°N 3.4297°E / 49.8308; 3.4297 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Quentin |
| Canton | Ribemont |
| Intercommunality | Val de l'Oise |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Julien Simeon |
| Area**1** | 11.89 km2 (4.59 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 198 |
| Density | 17/km2 (43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02636 /02240 |
| Elevation | 66–124 m (217–407 ft)
(avg. 100 m or 330 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Regoul

abstract: Regoul is a small rural hamlet, located 4.5 miles south of Nairn, in Nairnshire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

text:
# Regoul

**Regoul** is a small rural hamlet, located 4.5 miles south of Nairn, in Nairnshire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/Nairn/Regoul,+Nairn,+Highland+IV12,+UK/@57.5618045,-3.8826192,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x48857f60bce16edb:0x26f7d88216ab010e!2m2!1d-3.868475!2d57.586422!1m5!1m1!1s0x4885807e044cea97:0x579889ef53fc285a!2m2!1d-3.867742!2d57.536735?hl=en

## InfoBox

| Regoul | |
| --- | --- |
| RegoulLocation within the Nairn area | |
| OS grid reference | NH915520 |
| Council area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Nairn |
| Postcode district | IV12 4 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
|


title: Regresa (film)

abstract: Regresa is a 2010 Mexican romantic comedy film directed by Alejandro González Padilla and starring Jaime Camil and Blanca Soto. It won best film at the 2010 Monaco Charity Film Festival. The comedy concerns a wife who is regressed in hypnotherapy to a previous life as a 15th-century Basque girl, but then will not snap out of this identity. The film has the Basque language byline "Asko maite zaitut" - "I love you very much". The story has a distant connection with Malayalam horror romantic comedy film Manichitrathaazhu, which was dubbed almost all Indian and some foreign languages.

text:
# Regresa (film)

***Regresa*** is a 2010 Mexican romantic comedy film directed by Alejandro González Padilla and starring Jaime Camil and Blanca Soto. It won best film at the 2010 Monaco Charity Film Festival. The comedy concerns a wife who is regressed in hypnotherapy to a previous life as a 15th-century Basque girl, but then will not snap out of this identity. The film has the Basque language byline "Asko maite zaitut" - "I love you very much". The story has a distant connection with Malayalam horror romantic comedy film Manichitrathaazhu, which was dubbed almost all Indian and some foreign languages.

## Plot

The movie is about husband and wife, who ultimately long for each other's love. It starts with 3 friends, who discuss about their daily life and for instance start discussing about "Regresa" (English: "Comeback") the two friends "Pato " and "Isabel" convince their friend "Maria" to visit a Certified Therapist "Olga" to know about her past life, for which Maria is not reluctant. Pato suspects that Maria 's husband "Ernesto" is having an affair and that Maria should hire a lawyer or detective.

Maria visits the Doctor Olga and after the session over, Maria doesn't return to Present Life, which makes Doctor nervous later "Maria" screams and doesn't remember any of her friends. Isabel tries to call Maria 's husband but is unable to connect to him later when he receives, he is shocked to know that his wife is admitted to hospital and is tied up, Doctors are confused about her condition and record what she says while screaming, which later is partially interpreted as a "Basque" language.

Ernesto and Adolfo (Isabel husband) visit Spanish Embassy for a translator but end up with " Inaki"Javier Tolosa a chef, who helps them to interpret, and is shocked when Maria reveals herself as a Princess of "Kingdom of Navare" of 15th Century and is about to marry a Prince, and is frightened to see the electronic Gadgets around her, and believes that some witch has placed her into the present era, later Ernesto takes Maria to a village and instructs the maids to remove all electronic items.

With the help of Inaki, he tries to win her back

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Regresa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alejandro González Padilla |
| Written by | Monica Abin, Alejandro González Padilla |
| Starring | Jaime Camil, Blanca Soto |
| Production<br>company | Producciones X Marca |
| Release date | * 22 January 2010 (2010-01-22) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Mexico |
| Language | Spanish & Basque |


abstract:
The Research Foundation for Governance in India (RFGI) is a think tank based in Ahmedabad, India, with the aim to research, promote, and enact legal and political changes in Gujarat and across India. RFGI acts as a consultant to help implement government reforms. The Foundation researches issues for legal reform in law and governance. It also sponsors public events to raise awareness, especially among youth. RFGI’s definition of governance is based upon the one given by the European Commission:
  - "rules, processes and behaviour that affect the way in which powers are exercised…. particularly as regards openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence" The Foundation is a non-partisan and independent organization which does not support any ideology, specific candidate, or party.

text:
# Research Foundation for Governance in India

**The Research Foundation for Governance in India** (RFGI) is a think tank based in Ahmedabad, India, with the aim to research, promote, and enact legal and political changes in Gujarat and across India. RFGI acts as a consultant to help implement government reforms. The Foundation researches issues for legal reform in law and governance. It also sponsors public events to raise awareness, especially among youth.

RFGI’s definition of governance is based upon the one given by the European Commission:

*"rules, processes and behaviour that affect the way in which powers are exercised…. particularly as regards openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence"*

The Foundation is a non-partisan and independent organization which does not support any ideology, specific candidate, or party.

## Introduction

Started in January 2009, the Research Foundation for Governance in India (RFGI) is an Ahmedabad-based think tank. RFGI is a think tank in the area of law and governance, with the idea of having citizenry, and especially youth, be more aware and participative to the legal processes in the country.

The objective of the Foundation is to help create strong processes of governance and an awareness of citizenry, primarily through seeking reforms in the legal and political arena by involving youth from different spheres.

RFGI aims to pursue this objective through spreading awareness of laws pertaining to governance, as well as by conducting research on key legal issues which affects governance of the country.

RFGI has a growing member-base of 600 members. This total includes eminent academicians, industrialists, lawyers, media professionals, policy-makers, politicians and students. The organisation has the potential to grow in the future, given the needs of political and legal reforms in the country.

## Focus areas and activities

The activities of RFGI are mainly structured around three focus areas, titled: Awareness, Research, and Consultation.

Awareness initiatives

One of the primary objectives of the foundation is to spread awareness on issues pertaining to governance and law amongst the citizens of India. The Foundation seeks to make people think about politics in a more positive way through making presentations and interactive sessions in schools and colleges, organising discussions and debates, and by getting more and more people interested in the process of governance.

The following are some of the awareness initiatives carried out by RFGI:

Research activities

The research activities at the Foundation include examining and undertaking research on issues concerning politics, law, governance, infrastructure, functioning of public institution, welfare related issues, including those pertaining to elections as part of the function. The Foundation, through its research activities recommends and advocates systems of good governance at different levels of the society. Some of RFGI's publications are the following:

* *“Acquisition of Land for 'Development' projects in India: The need for serious reconsideration of existing law"* – Kelly Dhru, 2008
* *"Whether the graduates of the National Law Schools cater to the need of Bar/Bench?"* – Rohit Moonka
* *"Freedom within the Law – The Search for Adivasi Autonomy"* – Curtis Riep, 2009

RFGI impact

As part of the first phase of this project, RFGI had organised a panel discussion on the issue, on 5 July 2009, at GLS Auditorium, Gujarat. The event was graced by the Chief Justice of Gujarat, Justice Radhakrishnan as well as Dr. Madhava Menon, Founder Director, National Law School Bangalore and National Judicial Academy, Bhopal.

The seminar was able to generate debate and discussion on issues pertaining to legal reforms. Two of the recommendations which stemmed from the seminar are already in the stage of implementation:

* RFGI has been invited by the Gujarat Bar Association as Advisors on their 'Education & Training' Committee and work has already begun on structuring courses for training of the young lawyers in Gujarat.
* Shri Veerappa Moily, Union Law Minister, recently announced scholarships for young lawyers.

Consultation

The Foundation gets directly involved with Government projects and initiatives through its consultancy work. This involves working closely with different Government departments and organisations. One recent consultancy project was that on Library Development in the city of Ahmedabad for the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. RFGI's recommendations are now being implemented by the relevant Government authority.

## Notable members and associates

**Kanan Dhru – Founder & managing director**

Kanan Dhru is the Founder of RFGI. She is a practicing lawyer with degrees from the Gujarat National Law University (GNLU), Gandhinagar and the London School of Economics, United Kingdom. Prior to coming to India, she had briefly worked with the World Health Organization in Geneva. In India, she has worked with the National Knowledge Commission, a Prime Minister's Advisory Body, New Delhi. She has been an External Consultant with McKinsey & Company, a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University and been associated with the Government of Gujarat on several initiatives.

**Kelly Dhru – Director**

Kelly Dhru is a law graduate from the Gujarat National Law University (GNLU), Gandhinagar and BCL (Distinction) from the Oxford University, United Kingdom. Dhru has done internships at a variety of legal institutions and courts, including the Legal and Treatise Division of Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India and Amarchand Mangaldas. She has researched for various projects of the World Bank and presented papers, including at Harvard University.

The following individuals are associated with RFGI:

* Professor (Dr.) Madhava Menon, Founder Director, National Law School and National Judicial Academy
* Professor Dilip Mavalankar, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
* Dr. Kireet Joshi, Education Advisor to the Chief Minister of Gujarat
* Shri Girish Patel, post graduate from Harvard Law School, Senior Counsel at the High Court of Gujarat and a social activist.

RFGI has collaborated on various projects and activities with the following organisations and institutions:

## Media coverage

* Indian Express: RFGI & JaaGo Re! One Billion Votes awakens 8,000 voters in Ahmedabad (18 April 2009)
* Indian Express: Seminar on youth participation in electoral politics (27 April 2009)
* Ahmedabad Mirror: Amdavadi youth talk on why they shun politics (27 April 2009)
* Times of India: Well-known personalities debate youth participation in politics (27 April 2009)
* DNA: Speak Up (28 April 2009)
* Indian Express: Disillusioned voter (3 May 2009)
* Hindustan Times: Why I didn't want to Vote (3 May 2009)
* Indian Express: Most junior lawyers in HC unhappy over working conditions (20 May 2009)
* Indian Express: Bar Council to consider junior lawyers' issues (2 June 2009)
* Times of India: Some appointments in judiciary political: CJ (8 July 2009)
* DNA: Appoint law officers on merit, says chief justice (8 July 2009)
* Ahmedabad Mirror: Gujarat needs more law schools (8 July 2009)
* Ahmedabad Mirror: Foreigner helps NGO create benchmark for politics (4 August 2009)
* Divyabhaskar: Rajkaran ma ras le yuvano (24 November 2009)
* Interview with Kanan Dhru of RFGI
* DNA: 'More youths in politics will ensure better governance' (7 December 2009)
* Indian Express: No three-year law college in Ahmedabad has requisite faculty strength: survey (9 December 2009)
* Times of India: Experts to discuss Indian legal system (12 December 2009)
* Times of India: 'India’s legal system needs to be updated' (14 December 2009)
* Ahmedabad Mirror: India’s legal system worst:HC lawyer (15 December 2009)
* Indian Express: Three-year law colleges could be a thing of the past (13 January 2010)
* Indian Express: People divided over compulsory voting (13 January 2010)
* DNA: Opinion divided over Compulsory Voting Bill (14 January 2010)

## Projects

**1) Project on Understanding and Removing Entry Barriers to the Profession of Litigation**

Research Foundation for Governance in India aims at motivating youth into the processes of governance. These include the fields of politics, administration, and judiciary. Unfortunately, the common perception of the profession of litigation and of judges is that of an inefficient, corrupt system full of delays and malpractices. The aim in this study is to ensure that the profession of litigation is welcoming to young law students. At the same time, it is desirable that the students from five-year as well as three-year colleges are adequately trained to best contribute to the profession and are ultimately working towards an efficient justice-delivery mechanism which will help society.

As part of the Phase-2 of the project, work has begun to increase the survey respondents to 1000. In parallel, work to develop a white paper containing concrete recommendations on reconsidering entry level requirements and working conditions for young law graduates in litigation is being undertaken. The white paper would also profile case-studies of some of the individuals who have established themselves as arguing lawyers despite adversity.

After the completion of the white-paper, the recommendations will be taken through a volley of round-table discussions with prominent people and opinion makers and finally culminate with publication of the same. RFGI thereafter aims to create awareness and lobby for the implementation of the recommendations to the relevant government departments as well as other stakeholders.

RFGI hopes that by implementing recommendations that help attract bright young people to the profession of litigation, many of the issues facing the Indian legal system will improve.

**2) Project on Analysing Inner-party Democracy in Political Parties in India**

This study aims at providing a link between a common Indian citizen and the main political parties. The basic objective is to raise awareness amongst citizens on how political parties function in terms of the democratic processes followed for its administrative and functional aspects. The research would also look at the way parties outline a career growth for a party member in terms of opportunity and accessibility, while looking at the broader question of the attractiveness of 'politics' as a career.

The message would be encapsulated in the premise of moving towards a more democratic and reformist model of political party functioning wherein party members get a bigger say in the functioning and decision making stages, making the party machinery reflect a complete inclusive system of all those involved. In the future, the aim is to create an evolved system with citizens having more faith in political parties, primarily derived from RFGI's proposed new model of meritocracy and fairness in all aspects, be it office bearers, ticket distribution etc.

A White Paper would be published on this research idea, taking it through a volley of round table discussions with prominent people and opinion makers and finally culminate with a grand seminar to raise awareness on this issue. RFGI thereafter aims to create new benchmarks and present the recommendations to relevant stakeholders as well as to people of the nation.

**3) Study on "Preventive Law: lessons to be learnt from preventive medicine"** under the guidance from Professor Dileep Mavalankar, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and Columbia School of Public Policy

Significant research and developments have been made in the field of preventive andsocial medicines, which have alleviated human suffering to a great extent. By spreading awareness about health and hygiene, vaccinations, spraying of medicines and other such measures, certain diseases have been reduced, and have been 'nipped in the bud'.

Like medicine, the role of the legal system of a country is also to alleviate human suffering. So far, the Indian legal system has concentrated on 'Remedial Measures', rather than adopt a preventive approach. The existing courts in India are flooded with cases. The number of pending cases in the courts of Gujarat is 2,300,000. At the same time, the citizens are less aware about their legal rights, and fear the system.

The objective of this paper is to draw a parallel between two disciplines which have similar objectives. The hypothesis is to test whether similar paths can be followed and lessons be learnt by the Indian legal system from the Preventive and Social Medicine.

The paper focuses on the Human Resource issues pertaining to Law and Medicine, particularly, on the entry requirements, professional qualifications, ethics and the population to provider ratios. The possibilities of customisation of legal assistance provided in different areas are explored. This paper also reviews certain legislations which can be better implemented and the disputes under which can be prevented by following certain key features of preventive medicine.

After the completion of the white-paper, the observations would be taken through round table discussions and disseminate the suggestions through publication and distribution of the paper. The suggestions would thereafter be presented to relevant government departments as well as other stakeholders and lobby for their implementation.

**4) Study on "Efficiency and Accountability of Lok-Adalats in Gujarat** in partnership with Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi

Lok Adalat is an alternative form of dispute settlement mechanism, introduced in India in the early 80s. The main idea behind having them was to improve access to justice at local levels, and ease the burden on the regular courts due to millions of petty cases that clog up their scare resources, awaiting settlement. Lok Adalats provide a speedy, arguably fair and deliberative form of dispute settlement, drawing on traditional methods of conciliation where the presiding judge – who is an experienced adjudicator with legal acumen and a record of public service – brings about an understanding between the claimants, and settles the cases as compromise between the two sides.

Due to a variety of reasons – ranging from misinformation and lack of awareness among people as to what the Lok Adalat was for, lack of knowledge and capacity on the part of the Lok Adalat benches to deal with the cases properly, and even intimidation of complainants against approaching Lok Adalats with their grievances, Lok Adalats often have limited results. Arguably, many of these problems in implementation could be addressed with some attention to detail, and a commitment to results on the part of the authorities. In theory Lok Adalats still remain a possible option to serve as a platform for solving cases at the pre-litigation stage.

Given this context, the research project aims to explore the efficacy and efficiency of Lok Adalats and test their accountability to the common Indian citizen.

**5) Awareness seminars on Law & Governance in schools & colleges**

One of the primary objectives of the foundation is to spread awareness on issues pertaining to governance and law amongst the citizens of India. The Foundation seeks to make people think about politics in a more positive way through making presentations in schools and colleges, organising discussions and debates, and by getting more and more people interested in the process of governance.

## InfoBox

The Research Foundation for Governance in India
| Founded | 26 January 2009 |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Kanan Dhru |
| Type | Research, Awareness, Consulting |
| Focus | Good Governance, Legal System, Civil Society |
| Location | * 3, Brahmin Mitra Mandal Society, Mangaldas Road, Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad – 380006, India |
| Area served | India |
| Method | Research, Awareness, Consulting |
| Members | 3000+ |
| Key people | Kanan Dhru (Founder & managing director)
Kelly Dhru (Director)
Swar Shah (Director) |
| Volunteers | 18 |
| Website | Research Foundation for Governance in India |


title: Reparenting

abstract: Reparenting is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist actively assumes the role of a new or surrogate parental figure for the client, in order to treat psychological disturbances caused by defective, even abusive, parenting. The underlying assumption is that all mental illness results principally from such parenting, even including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

text:
# Reparenting

**Reparenting** is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist actively assumes the role of a new or surrogate parental figure for the client, in order to treat psychological disturbances caused by defective, even abusive, parenting. The underlying assumption is that all mental illness results principally from such parenting, even including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

## History

In the late 1960s, Jacqui Lee Schiff developed a form of therapy based on transactional analysis theory. She would dub this form of therapy as total regression reparenting. Schiff and her followers claimed success with curing clients with schizophrenia using reparenting, which resulted in the expansion of its practice. The promising findings of reparenting by Schiff led other therapists to develop their own application and forms of re-parenting. The other most notable forms of reparenting that later came include time-limited, spot, and self-re-parenting. Some people consider reparenting to be one of the many forms of New Age psychotherapy.

## Mechanism

Deriving from transactional analysis theory, reparenting seeks to treat problems associated with defective parenting. The theory of reparenting states that psychological problems due to defective parenting can be overcome by reforming the parent ego state of the client. This is achieved by regressing the client to a state of mind that is vulnerable to new experiences, called the child ego state in transactional analysis theory. Once the client is in the child ego state, the therapist adopts the role of the client's parent and attempts to correctly reparent the client. The nature of reparenting by the therapist should be more positive and influence the client into developing a healthier parent ego state, which ultimately negates the psychological problems the client may have experienced before reparenting therapy.

## Methods

Due to the wide varying forms of reparenting, each therapist may adopt different methods when treating clients. However, the mechanism that underlie the theory of reparenting is generally agreed upon. Typically, reparenting starts with the regression of the client to the child ego state. The therapist accomplishes this by partaking in child-rearing acts such as bottle feeding, lap pillows, and other techniques wherein the client consciously adopts physical positions and behaviors of a small child. These actions will also gain the client's trust in the therapist as his or her new parent. Once the ideal level of closeness is achieved, the therapist can finally proceed to providing the messages that reform the client's negative way of thinking by lecturing, entering discussions, or other forms of communication appropriate in a parent-child relationship.

## Forms of reparenting

### Total regression

Developed by Jaqui Lee Schiff, this form of reparenting was the first form of therapy built upon transactional analysis theory. Typically, the patient lives with the therapist for up to several years at an institution. During this time, the patient is totally immersed in the reliving of his or her childhood. The therapist provides all the care and nurturing with the goal of totally reforming the client's parent ego state. Total regression reparenting is famously associated with the Cathexis Institution, which was founded by Jaqui Lee Schiff.

### Time-limited regression

Thomas Wilson developed time-limited regression reparenting for the purpose of treating patients with schizophrenia. But unlike Schiff's therapy, the patient is only required to attend five two-hour sessions with the therapist instead of living with the therapist. Nurturing is also more intensive and more structured than total regression reparenting.

### Spot reparenting

Spot reparenting was developed by Russell Osnes. In addition to also being less time intensive than Schiff's total regression reparenting, Osnes's form of reparenting focuses more on patients traumatized by specific experiences and incidents rather than by general disturbances in childhood.

### Self-reparenting

Self-reparenting was developed by Muriel James. Unlike prior forms of reparenting, James's form of reparenting did not attempt to totally replace the parent ego state of the client. Instead, the therapy confirms the positive aspects already apparent in the client's ego. The client is also the primary agent in therapy instead of the therapist.

### Del Casale's method

Developed by Del Casale, this form of reparenting, like Wilson's time-limited regression reparenting, focused primarily on treatment for schizophrenic patients. But unlike both Schiff and Wilson, Del Casale proposes that the therapist does not play the role of the parent for the client. Instead, Del Casale had the client's actual parents become an active participator in the therapy. Del Casale bases this model on the belief that some parts of the client's parent ego state is still healthy, and that defective parenting is not at the fault of the parents, but of the weak communication between the parent and child.

## Efficacy

### Kline case

Dr. David Kline practiced Schiff's total regression reparenting and was a staff member of the Cathexis Institute. Among his most noted clients was a young girl diagnosed with severe anorexia nervosa. Dr. Kline theorized that the patient's anorexia was due to her mother's strict expectations. Reparenting was then used to counteract the negative influence of the patient's mother's parenting style. According to the patient, the therapy was a success, and she now lives with more confidence in her image as suggested by her therapist's reparenting.

### Biochemical

Jaqui Lee Schiff conducted a study to attain biochemical evidence for reparenting's effectiveness on schizophrenics. Schiff based this study on the observation that individuals with schizophrenia tend to have low levels of tryptophan reuptake. In the study, 20 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were divided into three groups: a group going through reparenting treatment at the Cathexis Institute, a group going through separate treatment at the Lafayette Institute, and a control group that did not receive reparenting treatment. The results show that the subjects going through reparenting treatment at the Cathexis and Lafayette Institute had a mean tryptophan reuptake of 3.32 and 3.75 respectively. The control group had a group mean of 2.13. The numbers show that subjects that received reparenting had significantly higher tryptophan reuptake at the end of the experiment.

### Self-esteem

Lilian M. Wissink conducted a study to determine self-reparenting's effect on self-esteem. Human subjects were divided into two groups, a treatment group that consisted of 10 people, and a control group that consisted of 12 people. The sample group was made up of students and staff from a rural university, and only the treatment group went through self-reparenting treatment. The subjects were given questionnaires to measure their level of self-esteem before and after treatment. The result showed that subjects that received self-reparenting had significantly increased levels of self-esteem while the control group had decreased levels of self-esteem.

### Crime rehabilitation

Gloria Noriega conducted a study to analyze the effects of self-reparenting on female delinquents in jail, who were between the ages of eleven and eighteen. In the study, all of the subjects received exactly the same treatment to support the theory that the effects of self-reparenting can be directly replicated. According to the results, twenty seven of the twenty eight subjects expressed less aggression, fewer conflicts with parents, increased motivation to achieve goals, and increased self-esteem in comparison to how they were before treatment. The subject that didn't show change was a drug abuser and clinicians concluded that more specialized treatment was required.

## Controversies

### Terminology and definitions

Although reparenting is widely practiced, there is no set system of terminology among practitioners. In addition, the definitions of commonly used terms differ in definition among practitioners. The vagueness produced by these two weaknesses present danger of miscommunication between the therapist and the patient during treatment. The patient may also not fully understand the information shared with them when contracting or terminating treatment.

### Therapist-patient relationship

The nature of reparenting often requires the therapist to develop a close relationship with the client. There is no protocol to provide the boundary as to what the therapist can or cannot do. Often, it is up to the therapist to determine the plan of action to take when faced with a dilemma during treatment.

### Frame of reference

There is no way to objectively determine the success in completely replacing the client's parent ego state after reparenting therapy. The therapist can only rely on the client's subjective statement, which may conflict with the therapist's account of the results. This conflict leads to questioning whether the therapy actually succeeded in reforming the Parent ego state.

### Monitoring

This problem is especially true for total regression reparenting. Clients in therapy are totally immersed in an environment that promotes regression into the child ego state. However, during this time at which the client may spend months or years, the client is left at the mercy of the therapist and the institution.

### Scientific efficacy

Although some studies have been done to test the efficacy of reparenting, the amount of statistically powerful studies available are few. Few studies try to confirm the mechanism or isolate moderating variables of reparenting.


title: Reno (Washington, D.C.)

abstract: Reno was a town and then neighborhood in Washington, D.C. that existed from the 1860s into the mid-twentieth century on the ground that is now Fort Reno Park in the Tenleytown neighborhood. The town's residents were largely African American, which eventually led to its clearance for Fort Reno Park and Alice Deal Middle School. Its original developers referred to it as Reno City, however this name faded from use before the 1920s.

text:
# Reno (Washington, D.C.)

**Reno** was a town and then neighborhood in Washington, D.C. that existed from the 1860s into the mid-twentieth century on the ground that is now Fort Reno Park in the Tenleytown neighborhood. The town's residents were largely African American, which eventually led to its clearance for Fort Reno Park and Alice Deal Middle School. Its original developers referred to it as Reno City, however this name faded from use before the 1920s.

## History

The land lies on a promontory and was mostly part of the "Fletchall's Chance" land patent. In 1853, a Treasury Department official named Giles Dyer purchased the land to establish a 62-acre estate, where he held several slaves. Upon Dyer's death in 1856, the property was left to his wife, Jane, who managed the farm until the United States government during the Civil War. Union Army engineers constructed a fortress to surveil Wisconsin Avenue. Originally named Fort Pennsylvania, it was renamed after Union general Jesse L. Reno after his death during the Battle of South Mountain.

In 1867, two years after the Civil war had ended, the Dyer family attempted to subdivide and sell the property, but were unable to because Giles Dyer's will was invalid. As a result, the family settled by hiring real estate brokers called Newell Onion and Alexander Butts to subdivide the property as small, affordable homesites.. The pair divided the land into over 1,000 residential lots "of 2,500 square feet each, and one half of these...at the low figure of $12.50" as advertised in the July 27, 1869 issue of the Evening Star. They called this new subdivision “Reno City.”

Although it is possible that freedpeople, either laborers employed to build forts or “contrabands”, had settled around Fort Reno prior to the end of the war, evidence of such is minimal. In a report for Jane Dyer regarding the occupation property, E. E. Camp of the Quartermaster's Department described the layout to Montgomery C. Meigs noted, “Twenty acres by Fortifications, the remaining Fifty acres by barracks, Camps and as parade grounds…” but makes no mention of any home made by and for Black laborers. Rather it appears that Renos's Black population began settling in around the area after the Civil War. For example, the 1870 census counts a Black family with a surname Jones lived in Tenleytown in Reno. With a three-year-old child born in Maryland, it is clear that Madison and Catherine Jones and their family had not lived in Reno for very long.

Later census data shows a rise in Reno's Black population over the course of a couple of decades. In a local police census conducted in 1897, the data collected noted a 74 percent increase of Black people living in the area from the data reported five years earlier.

By the year 1872, Reno was home to a Black church: Rock Creek Baptist Church, located on the corner of what is now Nebraska Avenue and Chesapeake Street. According to a 1970s oral history with a displaced Reno resident, Mary Daniel, the church often sponsored events such as picnics, pageants, Sunday School trips to the National Zoo. Reno's second Black church, St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal Church, was founded in 1888, Reno's final local church, St. George's Episcopal Church was founded as a mission of St. Albans Parish in 1913.

At the request of Reno's African American residents, the District of Columbia Commissioners constructed the segregated Reno School in 1903.

### Clearance

However, as early as 1901, the presence of this African American neighborhood in what were becoming elite segregated suburbs presented a problem for white developers. They began efforts to removing the community and redeveloping the land. During the 1920s, developer the Chevy Chase Land Company and the Chevy Chase Citizens’ Association lobbied the federal government to purchase or condemn Reno for the development of schools and a park for Chevy Chase residents’ use. In November 1925, the National Capital Park Commission voted to clear the Reno neighborhood for schools and park and asked the United States Congress, which directly administered the District of Columbia between 1873 and 1975, to pay for it separately. Within weeks, bills to eradicate Reno were introduced in both houses and endorsed by the appointed city managers, the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia. In march of 1926, three Black men, James Neill, Thomas Walker, and Thomas Johnson hurried to the Capitol, and were given the opportunity to plead for Reno's non-removal in public hearings. Transcripts of the hearings show these men and several residents including Thornton Lewis, the multiple-time elected vice president of the Reno Citizens' Association (RCA) argued fervently to save their homes from destruction and themselves from removal.

Despite the clear opposition, desire had not faltered amongst Reno's surrounding white neighbors and city officials to continue efforts to remove and redevelop Reno. In 1929, the National Capital Park and Planning Commission (NCPPC) began to buy houses in Reno, threatening the use of eminent domain to owners that refused to sell. Evidence that the clearance of Reno was racially motivated is robust. In a NCPPC meeting in February 1928, after a vote in general support of Reno's redevelopment, NCPPC member Ulysses S. Grant III stated, “There have been many schemes to get the colored settlements out of there, and this is merely one way of doing it.” Similarly, a white employee at the waterworks in Reno related to a research assistant of E. Franklin Frazier that Reno was being cleared as part of a deliberate segregationist plot. Through the 1930 and into the late 1940s, NCPPC continued to make offers and buy Reno property.

## Legacy

Reno's citizens left as they were bought out or evicted. Their houses were demolished and the ground was redeveloped. Today, Alice Deal Middle School and Fort Reno Park occupy the same land that where Reno's houses stood. The Reno School survived and was restored in 2014 and is now a wing of the Deal school. A prominent physical relic of Reno is a fire hydrant that stands solitarily on Fort Reno Park.

Many of the individuals who were involved in clearing Reno were major figures in urban planning at the time, and others would go on to be influential. Melvin Hazen went on to serve as District Commissioner for nearly a decade. The membership of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission that voted multiple times to clear Reno included Frederic Delano, architect Milton Medary, developer J. C. Nichols, and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. In addition to Ulysses S. Grant III, commission staff who worked on the project included director of the National Resource Planning Board Charles Eliot II, director of the National Park Service Conrad L. Wirth, and John Nolen Jr. Grant and Nolen continued to work at NCPPC, developing and overseeing plans for Southwest DC's urban renewal in the 1950s and the development the mostly unbuilt highway system for DC.

Fort Reno Park

Chevy Chase (Washington, D.C.)

Media related to Reno (Washington, D.C.) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Reno | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | |
| Photograph of Reno taken during its clearance. | |
| Coordinates: 38°57′07″N 77°04′33″W / 38.952°N 77.0759°W / 38.952; -77.0759 | |
| Country | United States |
| District | Washington, D.C. |
| Ward | Ward 3 |
| Subdivision | 1869 |
| Cleared | c.1956 |


title: Reno (Dottie West song)

abstract: "Reno" is a song written by Ruby Allmond, and recorded by American country music artist Dottie West. It was released August 1968 as the first single from the album The Best of Dottie West. The song peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. In addition, "Reno" peaked at number 6 on the Canadian RPM Country chart.

text:
# Reno (Dottie West song)

"**Reno**" is a song written by Ruby Allmond, and recorded by American country music artist Dottie West. It was released August 1968 as the first single from the album *The Best of Dottie West*. The song peaked at number 19 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart. In addition, "Reno" peaked at number 6 on the Canadian *RPM* Country chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1968) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 19 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 6 |

## InfoBox

| "Reno" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Dottie West | |
| from the album  *The Best of Dottie West* | |
| B-side | "My Heart Has Changed Its Mine" |
| Released | August 1968 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Ruby Allmond |
| Producer(s) | Chet Atkins |
| Dottie West singles chronology | |
| "Country Girl"
(1968) "**Reno**"
(1968) "Rings of Gold"
(1969) | |


title: Battle of El Toro

abstract: The Battle of El Toro was fought near Maullín, Chile between Chilean patriots and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence.

text:
# Battle of El Toro

The **Battle of El Toro** (March 6, 1820) was fought near Maullín, Chile between Chilean patriots and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence.

## Background

After the capture of Valdivia, Lord Cochrane departed, leaving Colonel Jorge Beauchef as commander and governor of Valdivia. Beauchef decided to head south in order to secure Osorno, to expel the remains of the royalist forces from the Chilean mainland and to take possession of the area south to the Maullín River, so that the Spanish would not be able to reoccupy Valdivia by land. His main worry was a possible regrouping of the Royalist forces in the area, since they far outnumbered his own. Beauchef and his small army arrived at Trumao where they were aided by local Mapuche-Huilliche who ferried them over Bueno River and provided the Spanish with ox carts. Beuchef reciprocated by giving the Mapuche-Huilliche liqueur and indigo dye which he had brought with him for this end. Oral traditions seem to indicate that local Mapuche-Huilliche joined the patriot army and fought in the battle. This support was in breach with the Parliament of Las Canoas where Mapuche-Huilliche had agreed to support Spain against its enemies.

Previous to this battle, all the royalists garrisons that had managed to escape from the cities of Valdivia and Osorno gathered at the Carelmapu Fort. The governor of Chiloé Brigadier Antonio de Quintanilla was disgusted with the poor performance of the old colonel Manuel Montoya and replaced him with Gaspar Fernández de Bobadilla and captain Miguel Senosiaín, and ordered them to return north and combat the patriots. Bobadilla and Senosiain re-crossed the Maullín River at the head of 300 soldiers.

## The battle

On March 6, Colonel Beauchef sent an advanced scouting group of 50 soldiers under the command of captain José María Labé. As the scouting party was advancing south, they were attacked by the royalists, who ambushed them from a forest near the Hacienda El Toro. Labé managed to maintain his ground for about an hour answering the fire, but finally started to retreat overwhelmed by the numerically superior enemy.

The royalists came out of their shelters and started to closely pursue the patriots, who by then were in full retreat. When Beauchef heard the shots, he decided to intervene with the 90 soldiers under his command, while allowing Labe's troop to move to his rear, in order for them to rest and recharge his ammunition. The Royalist were then left to face the fresh and entrenched patriot forces, who faced them with increased firepower. As they didn't know how big were Beauchef's forces, they became discouraged and demoralized, and halted their attack.

Beauchef immediately seized the opportunity and ordered a frontal bayonet counter-charge with all the forces under his command, causing the Royalists to flee. The patriots, using the horses captured to the enemy began an implacable persecution. The Spanish royalists left the field, leaving behind 40 dead, 106 prisoners and 140 guns and most of their ammunition. Beauchef lost 11 soldiers and had 29 injured.

41°09′11″S 73°25′50″W / 41.15306°S 73.43056°W / -41.15306; -73.43056

## InfoBox

| Battle of El Toro | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Chilean War of Independence | |
|
Monument of the battle of El Toro , March 6, 1820 , Chilean war of independence . | |
| Date March 6, 1820  Location Hacienda El Toro, near Tegualda in Fresia commune  Result  Patriot victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Chilean patriots
Lof of Railef | Royalists |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Jorge Beauchef
José María Labé | Gaspar Fernández de Bobadilla
Miguel Senosiaín |
| Strength | |
| 140
2 cannons | 300 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 11 killed
29 wounded | ~40 killed
106 prisoners |


title: Resurrection (Adina Howard album)

abstract: Resurrection is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Adina Howard. It was released on April 14, 2017 and features the King Gas-produced track "Blasphemy" and "Nasty" which samples her hit single "Freak Like Me."

text:
# Resurrection (Adina Howard album)

***Resurrection*** is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Adina Howard. It was released on April 14, 2017 and features the King Gas-produced track "Blasphemy" and "Nasty" which samples her hit single "Freak Like Me."

## Background

Following the release of her album *Private Show* (2007), Howard did some touring and later started work on her next album. In 2012, she released two buzz tracks ("2 Close" and "Ooh Wee") online on her YouTube account. On January 16, 2013, Howard wrote on her Twitter account that her new single "Better Than Ever" would be released soon. She premiered a snippet of the single on January 28 on her official YouTube page. A longer version premiered on March 6 on the mixtape *DJ Jump Off's R&B Madness Volume 4*. Additionally, she signed a new record deal with Monarchy Records in April 2013. In July, she announced that she will be releasing an EP next, ahead of her forthcoming fifth studio album.

On September 10, 2013, Howard released a new single called "Switch" which was supposed to be the lead single off the album. It received positive reviews, and won "Best Dance/Club Single of the Year" at the 2013 UB Honors, which was voted by the public.

Howard announced in November 2014 that she signed a new label deal with SMG/Sony Red in addition to news of a new single "Bad 4 Me" set for release in December. She released a cover of Amy Winehouse's "Love is a Losing Game" in January 2015 to media outlets.

In May 2016, she announced that the title of the album would be called *Resurrection* and previewed four new songs ("Love Jonez" "Come Over" "Nasty" "Run It") on her Periscope account, in addition to doing a mini-concert for her fans. In July, one of her new promotional photos went viral, in which she released a sneak peek into her album for her fans the following weekend. A year after its release, the album's lead single "Bad 4 Me" was featured on MTV and garnered renewed interest and radio airplay.

In a radio interview in November, she announced the album will be released on March 17, 2017.

On December 19, 2016, it was announced that rapper Tech N9ne (one of Howard's all-time wishlist collaborators) contributed featured verses on her track "Radiation".

On December 21, 2016, she announced the album's next single to be a track called "Shots".

On January 25, 2017, she shot a music video for the track "Blasphemy" in California. It premiered on March 20, 2017.

On March 29, 2017, Howard unveiled a tentative album cover, in addition to a new track listing, which no longer included the single "Bad 4 Me" but featured a newly recorded track ("Shots") in its place. On April 9, 2017, Howard posted the official album cover on her Instagram.

On April 14, 2017, the album wasn't yet released to digital retailers due to technical difficulties, but Howard announced on Twitter that the album would be temporarily released for free on her SoundCloud account for 24 hours at 12PM PST. A week later, the album was finally released on iTunes and other digital retail services.

In late 2017, the album was pulled from streaming/digital services due to a new distribution deal Howard signed. The album is set for a re-release on March 9, 2018.

Following the re-release of the album, Howard released the set's second single, "Nasty" to digital/streaming services on March 23.

On August 14, the physical edition of the album was made available through Howard's official website.

## Track listing

1. "Radiation" (featuring Tech N9ne) \- 4:17
2. "Run It" - 3:45
3. "Nasty" - 3:58
4. "Love Jonez" - 3:25
5. "Come Over" - 3:39
6. "I'm the Plug" - 3:27
7. "Shots" (featuring King Gas) \- 4:14
8. "Dishonest Mistake" (featuring Adrian Crutchfield) \- 3:17
9. "Blasphemy" (featuring King Gas) \- 3:45
10. "Work" (featuring King Gas) \- 4:17
11. "Dearly Departed" - 4:49

## Reception

In November, Howard received two UB Honors nominations in the Best Artist Return Single (for "Blasphemy" with King Gas) and Best Independent R&B Album Release (for *Resurrection*).

In December, she further received two more award nominations, at the MCP Music Awards for Best Deep Cut of the Year ("Radiation" (with Tech N9ne)) and Best Comeback of the Year (for "Blasphemy" with King Gas).

## InfoBox

| Resurrection | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Adina Howard | |
| Released | April 14, 2017
March 9, 2018 (Re-Release)
August 14, 2018 (Physical) |
| Recorded | 2012–2016 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:12 |
| Label | Indelible Enterprises, RED |
| Adina Howard chronology | |
| *Private Show*
(2007) ***Resurrection***
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Resurrection* | |
| 1. "Blasphemy"
Released: March 20, 2017 2. "Nasty"
Released: March 23, 2018 | |
|  | |


title: Rerun (film)

abstract: Rerun is a 2018 American drama film directed by Alyssa Rallo Bennett and starring Christopher Lloyd.

text:
# Rerun (film)

***Rerun*** is a 2018 American drama film directed by Alyssa Rallo Bennett and starring Christopher Lloyd.

## Cast

* Christopher Lloyd
* Andrew Bridges
* Amelia Dudley
* Allison Frasca
* Shannon Kronstadt
* Danielle Lebron
* Tre’von Lyle
* Teo Rapp-Olsson
* Rishon Salters

## Release

The film premiered at the Woodstock Film Festival on October 15, 2018.

## Reception

Caryn James of *The Hollywood Reporter* gave the film a negative review and wrote, "It seems like an act of immense generosity that Christopher Lloyd has added his warm, affecting presence to *ReRun*, an otherwise pallid and clumsy contemporary spin on *It's a Wonderful Life*."

## InfoBox

| Rerun | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Alyssa Rallo Bennett |
| Written by | Gary O. Bennett |
| Produced by | Alyssa Rallo Bennett
Gary O. Bennett |
| Starring | Christopher Lloyd |
| Cinematography | Fidel Ruiz-Healy
Eric LaPlante |
| Edited by | Veronica Pomilla
Pati Amoroso |
| Music by | Ethan Gustavson |
| Production
companies | Stonestreet Studios
Jamaad Productions |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Resistance (The Casualties album)

abstract: Resistance is the ninth studio album by New York street punk band The Casualties. It was released on September 25, 2012 on Season of Mist.

text:
# Resistance (The Casualties album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AbsolutePunk | (74%) |
| MetalUnderground |  |

***Resistance*** is the ninth studio album by New York street punk band The Casualties. It was released on September 25, 2012 on Season of Mist.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My Blood, My Life, Always Forward" | 2:09 |
| 2. | "Behind Barbed Wire" | 1:45 |
| 3. | "Resistance" | 2:16 |
| 4. | "Modern Day Slaves" | 2:21 |
| 5. | "Warriors on the Road" | 2:34 |
| 6. | "South East Asian Rebels" | 2:02 |
| 7. | "Morality Police" | 2:31 |
| 8. | "Brick Wall Justice" | 1:55 |
| 9. | "Always Walk Alone" | 2:32 |
| 10. | "Constant Struggle" | 1:52 |
| 11. | "It's Coming Down on You" | 2:19 |
| 12. | "Life On the Line" | 1:50 |
| 13. | "No Hope" | 2:03 |
| 14. | "Corazones Intoxicados" | 4:56 |
| 15. | "Soul of Fire (bonus track)" |  |
| 16. | "Voice of the Outcast" | 2:55 |

## InfoBox

| Resistance | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Casualties | |
| Released | September 25, 2012 |
| Genre | Hardcore punk, street punk, thrash metal |
| Length | 36:00 |
| Label | Season of Mist |
| Producer | Chris "Zeuss" Harris |
| The Casualties chronology | |
| *We Are All We Have*
(2009) ***Resistance***
(2012) *Chaos Sound*
(2016) | |


# Results breakdown of the 1983 Spanish local elections (Valencian Community)

The results breakdown of the local elections held in the Valencian Community on 8 May 1983 are shown in the following tables, which display detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.

## Overall

Councillor share for parties securing \>1.0% of councillors up for election.

PSOE (47.96%)  AP–PDP–ULUV (31.93%)  PCE–PCPV (5.52%)  PDL (1.54%)  OIV (1.17%)  Other (11.88%)

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 municipal election results in the Valencian Community
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Councillors | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 961,941 | 50.37 | +14.87 | 2,579 | +1,019 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 560,638 | 29.36 | +27.27 | 1,717 | +1,631 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 159,232 | 8.34 | –6.10 | 297 | –203 |
|  | Valencian People's Union (UPV)2 | 29,342 | 1.54 | +0.91 | 38 | +26 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 29,226 | 1.53 | *New* | 49 | +49 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 20,814 | 1.09 | *New* | 83 | +83 |
|  | Valencian Independent Organization (OIV) | 16,735 | 0.88 | *New* | 63 | +63 |
|  | Valencian Regional Union (URV) | 4,759 | 0.25 | –0.80 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) | 4,196 | 0.22 | +0.03 | 7 | +2 |
|  | Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) | 3,345 | 0.18 | *New* | 7 | +7 |
|  | Independents (Sagunto) (INDEP) | 2,831 | 0.15 | *New* | 2 | +2 |
|  | Independents (Gandia) (INDEP) | 2,791 | 0.15 | +0.05 | 2 | +1 |
|  | Independents (Vinaroz) (INDEP) | 2,252 | 0.12 | *New* | 4 | +4 |
|  | Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 1,696 | 0.09 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Independents (Villarreal/Vila-real) (INDEP) | 1,656 | 0.09 | *New* | 2 | +2 |
|  | Socialist Action Party (PASOC)3 | 1,438 | 0.08 | –0.03 | 1 | –1 |
|  | Independent Candidacy of Elda (CIE) | 1,385 | 0.07 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 1,281 | 0.07 | *New* | 2 | +2 |
|  | Independent Group of Orihuela (AIO) | 1,130 | 0.06 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Villajoyosa Group (AV) | 1,029 | 0.05 | *New* | 2 | +2 |
|  | Others | 100,021 | 5.24 |  | 521 | –2,654 |
| Blank ballots | | 1,838 | 0.10 | +0.02 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 1,909,576 | 100.00 |  | 5,377 | +34 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 1,909,576 | 99.73 | +1.16 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 5,093 | 0.27 | –1.16 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 1,914,669 | 72.20 | +3.13 | |
| Abstentions | | 737,052 | 27.80 | –3.13 | |
| Registered voters | | 2,651,721 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

| Popular vote   PSOE  50.37%  AP–PDP–ULUV  29.36%  PCE–PCPV  8.34%  UPV  1.54%  CDS  1.53%  PDL  1.09%  Others  7.67%  Blank ballots  0.10% |
| --- |

## City control

The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in **bold**). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

| Municipality | Population | Previous control | | New control | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alcoy | 66,396 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| **Alicante** | 245,963 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Benidorm | 24,983 |  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| **Castellón de la Plana** | 124,487 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Elche | 164,779 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Elda | 53,128 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Gandia | 48,558 |  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Orihuela | 50,084 |  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (AP in 1986) |
| Paterna | 33,237 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Sagunto | 55,294 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Torrent | 51,762 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Torrevieja | 12,321 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| **Valencia** | 744,748 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |

## Municipalities

### Alcoy

*Population: 66,396*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Alcoy election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 23,130 | 66.23 | +24.06 | **18** | +7 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 8,176 | 23.41 | +20.15 | **6** | +6 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 2,210 | 6.33 | –10.25 | **1** | –3 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | CIM (CIM) | 700 | 2.00 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 375 | 1.07 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Candidacy (CC) | 335 | 0.96 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –35.49 | 0 | –10 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.17 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 34,926 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 34,926 | 100.00 | +0.46 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.46 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 34,926 | 67.87 | –2.44 | |
| Abstentions | | 16,534 | 32.13 | +2.44 | |
| Registered voters | | 51,460 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Alicante

*Population: 245,963*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Alicante election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 70,453 | 61.68 | +18.35 | **19** | +6 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 32,193 | 28.19 | +25.23 | **8** | +8 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 5,649 | 4.95 | –8.65 | 0 | –4 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 2,439 | 2.14 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 2,100 | 1.84 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 1,042 | 0.91 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) | 341 | 0.30 | –0.15 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –31.37 | 0 | –10 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 114,217 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 114,217 | 100.00 | +0.84 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.84 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 114,217 | 65.38 | +7.62 | |
| Abstentions | | 60,480 | 34.62 | –7.62 | |
| Registered voters | | 174,697 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Benidorm

*Population: 24,983*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Benidorm election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 5,941 | 48.75 | +17.38 | **12** | +5 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 3,153 | 25.87 | +19.97 | **6** | +5 |
|  | Valencian People's Union (UPV)2 | 941 | 7.72 | +0.84 | **2** | +1 |
|  | Benidorm Independent Group (AIB) | 908 | 7.45 | –4.83 | **1** | –2 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 537 | 4.41 | –5.32 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 401 | 3.29 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 271 | 2.22 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) | 34 | 0.28 | –2.21 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –31.36 | 0 | –7 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 12,186 |  | | 21 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 12,186 | 100.00 | +1.30 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.30 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 12,186 | 60.90 | +6.37 | |
| Abstentions | | 7,825 | 39.10 | –6.37 | |
| Registered voters | | 20,011 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Castellón de la Plana

*Population: 124,487*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Castellón de la Plana election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 38,559 | 63.52 | +22.72 | **19** | +7 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 16,930 | 27.89 | +22.82 | **8** | +7 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Valencian People's Union (UPV)2 | 2,213 | 3.65 | –4.12 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 1,157 | 1.91 | –5.34 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 934 | 1.54 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 909 | 1.50 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –36.66 | 0 | –10 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 60,702 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 60,702 | 100.00 | +1.27 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.27 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 60,702 | 67.99 | +1.49 | |
| Abstentions | | 28,577 | 32.01 | –1.49 | |
| Registered voters | | 89,279 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Elche

*Population: 164,779*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Elche election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 40,694 | 57.68 | +12.55 | **17** | +4 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 19,801 | 28.07 | +21.33 | **8** | +6 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 5,743 | 8.14 | –6.19 | **2** | –2 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 1,648 | 2.34 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 1,648 | 2.34 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 654 | 0.93 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) | 359 | 0.51 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –27.92 | 0 | –8 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 70,547 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 70,547 | 100.00 | +0.85 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.85 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 70,547 | 62.53 | –1.46 | |
| Abstentions | | 42,279 | 37.47 | +1.46 | |
| Registered voters | | 112,826 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Elda

*Population: 53,128*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Elda election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 17,218 | 63.92 | +25.26 | **17** | +7 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 6,527 | 24.23 | +15.76 | **6** | +4 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 1,808 | 6.71 | –13.90 | **1** | –4 |
|  | Independent Candidacy of Elda (CIE) | 1,385 | 5.14 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –28.29 | 0 | –8 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 26,938 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 26,938 | 100.00 | +0.57 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.57 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 26,938 | 71.79 | +10.59 | |
| Abstentions | | 10,585 | 28.21 | –10.59 | |
| Registered voters | | 37,523 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Gandia

*Population: 48,558*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Gandia election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 9,205 | 37.89 | +13.28 | **9** | +3 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPUVUL)1 | 6,759 | 27.82 | +22.49 | **6** | +5 |
|  | Valencian People's Union (UPV)2 | 2,928 | 12.05 | +9.89 | **3** | +3 |
|  | Independent Group (AI) | 2,791 | 11.49 | –0.72 | **2** | ±0 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 1,345 | 5.54 | –3.52 | **1** | –1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 886 | 3.65 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Socialist Action Party (PASOC) | 382 | 1.57 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –31.75 | 0 | –7 |
|  | United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –8.18 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Goal: Gandia (OG) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –6.70 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 24,296 |  | | 21 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 24,296 | 100.00 | +1.24 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.24 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 24,296 | 69.80 | –0.93 | |
| Abstentions | | 10,514 | 30.20 | +0.93 | |
| Registered voters | | 34,810 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Orihuela

*Population: 50,084*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Orihuela election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 7,075 | 30.46 | +13.75 | **9** | +5 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 7,053 | 30.37 | +11.87 | **9** | +4 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 5,718 | 24.62 | *New* | **7** | +7 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Independent Group of Orihuela (AIO) | 1,130 | 4.87 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 952 | 4.10 | –5.60 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Valencian Independent Organization (OIV) | 867 | 3.73 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 429 | 1.85 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –52.33 | 0 | –14 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 23,224 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 23,224 | 100.00 | +0.91 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.91 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 23,224 | 66.04 | +4.39 | |
| Abstentions | | 11,940 | 33.96 | –4.39 | |
| Registered voters | | 35,164 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Paterna

*Population: 33,237*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Paterna election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 9,219 | 58.26 | +19.97 | **14** | +5 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPUVUL) | 3,728 | 23.56 | *New* | **5** | +5 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 1,706 | 10.78 | –12.04 | **2** | –3 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Popular Unity Alternative Candidacy (CAUP) | 656 | 4.15 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Socialist Action Party (PASOC) | 515 | 3.25 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –18.39 | 0 | –4 |
|  | Independent Candidacy of the Town of Paterna (AE) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –10.11 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Communist MovementOrganization of Communist Left (MCPV–OEC) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –5.76 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 15,824 |  | | 21 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 15,824 | 100.00 | +1.62 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.62 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 15,824 | 68.18 | +3.15 | |
| Abstentions | | 7,384 | 31.82 | –3.15 | |
| Registered voters | | 23,208 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Sagunto

*Population: 55,294*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Sagunto election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 10,857 | 41.00 | +1.17 | **11** | ±0 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 5,226 | 19.74 | –9.99 | **5** | –3 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPUVUL) | 4,057 | 15.32 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | Left Independent Electors' Group of Sagunto (IIS) | 2,831 | 10.69 | *New* | **2** | +2 |
|  | Valencian Independent Organization (OIV) | 2,038 | 7.70 | *New* | **2** | +2 |
|  | Valencian People's Union (UPV) | 1,469 | 5.55 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –23.52 | 0 | –6 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 26,478 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 26,478 | 100.00 | +1.84 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.84 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 26,478 | 63.53 | –2.82 | |
| Abstentions | | 15,202 | 36.47 | +2.82 | |
| Registered voters | | 41,680 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Torrent

*Population: 51,762*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Torrent election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 14,941 | 58.87 | +18.77 | **15** | +6 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPUVUL) | 7,924 | 31.22 | *New* | **8** | +8 |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 1,920 | 7.56 | –9.10 | **2** | –2 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Valencian People's Union (UPV) | 596 | 2.35 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –33.96 | 0 | –8 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 25,381 |  | | 25 | +4 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 25,381 | 100.00 | +1.16 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.16 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 25,381 | 69.95 | +2.80 | |
| Abstentions | | 10,901 | 30.05 | –2.80 | |
| Registered voters | | 36,282 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Torrevieja

*Population: 12,321*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Torrevieja election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 4,318 | 65.90 | +18.93 | **12** | +3 |
|  | People's CoalitionValencian Union (APPDPULUV)1 | 1,612 | 24.60 | +13.25 | **4** | +2 |
|  | Socialist Action Party (PASOC)2 | 340 | 5.19 | –2.44 | **1** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Communist Party of the Valencian Country (PCE–PCPV) | 282 | 4.30 | –2.28 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –24.22 | 0 | –4 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 6,552 |  | | 17 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 6,552 | 100.00 | +1.03 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.03 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 6,552 | 68.16 | –0.17 | |
| Abstentions | | 3,060 | 31.84 | +0.17 | |
| Registered voters | | 9,612 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Valencia

*Population: 744,748*


title: Battle of Big Bethel order of battle

text:
# Battle of Big Bethel order of battle

The following Union Army and Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Big Bethel on June 10, 1861 during the American Civil War.

## Abbreviations used

### Military rank

### Other

## Confederate forces

Col John B. Magruder, Commander of the Hampton Division (1404 men)

* Acting Quartermaster: William R. Vaughan
* Acting Commissary: Robert H. Vaughan
* Volunteer Aide-de-camp: George A. Magruder, jr.
* Volunteer Aide-de-camp: Hugh Stannard

| Brigade | Regiments and Others |
| --- | --- |
| Hill's Command
Col Daniel Harvey Hill

* Volunteer Aide-de-camp: James W. Ratchford | * 1st North Carolina Volunteers (800 men): Col D.H. Hill, Ltc Charles C. Lee * 3rd Virginia Infantry (3 Coys, 208 men): Ltc William D. Stuart * Montague's (Virginia) Battalion (4 Coys, 140 men): Maj Edgar B. Montague * Richmond (Virginia) Howitzers (2 Coys, 150 men): Maj George W. Randolph * Peninsula Cavalry (2 Coys, 100 men): Maj John Bell Hood * Mecklenburg Dragoons (Coy): Cpt William N. Jones * Wythe Rifles (Coy, 28): Lt Samuel R. Chisman |
|

## Union forces

MG Benjamin Butler, Commander of the Department of Virginia (4400 men)

* Military Secretary: Maj Richard S. Fay
* Volunteer Aide-de-camp: Maj Theodore Winthrop (**k**)

| Brigade | Regiments and Others |
| --- | --- |
| Peirce's Command
BG Ebenezer W. Peirce

* Aide-de-camp: Cpt Peter Haggerty |  |
|

* Quarstein, John V. *Big Bethel: The First Battle*. North Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2011. ISBN 1-6094-9354-0. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
* U.S. War Department. *The War of the Rebellion* Archived 2009-09-13 at the Wayback Machine: *a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies*. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880. Series I, Volume 2 \[S# 2\], Chapter IX.


title: Respiratory quotient

abstract: The respiratory quotient is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body, when the body is in a steady state. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect calorimetry. It is measured using a respirometer. The respiratory quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. If metabolism consists solely of lipids, the respiratory quotient is approximately 0.7, for proteins it is approximately 0.8, and for carbohydrates it is 1.0. Most of the time, however, energy consumption is composed of both fats and carbohydrates. The approximate respiratory quotient of a mixed diet is 0.8. Some of the other factors that may affect the respiratory quotient are energy balance, circulating insulin, and insulin sensitivity. It can be used in the alveolar gas equation.

text:
# Respiratory quotient

The **respiratory quotient** (**RQ** or **respiratory coefficient**) is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body, when the body is in a steady state. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect calorimetry. It is measured using a respirometer. The respiratory quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. If metabolism consists solely of lipids, the respiratory quotient is approximately 0.7, for proteins it is approximately 0.8, and for carbohydrates it is 1.0. Most of the time, however, energy consumption is composed of both fats and carbohydrates. The approximate respiratory quotient of a mixed diet is 0.8. Some of the other factors that may affect the respiratory quotient are energy balance, circulating insulin, and insulin sensitivity.

It can be used in the alveolar gas equation.

## Respiratory exchange ratio

The **respiratory exchange ratio** (**RER**) is the ratio between the metabolic production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the uptake of oxygen (O2).

The ratio is determined by comparing exhaled gases to room air. Measuring this ratio is equal to RQ only at rest or during mild to moderate aerobic exercise without the accumulation of lactate. The loss of accuracy during more intense anaerobic exercise is among others due to factors including the bicarbonate buffer system. The body tries to compensate for the accumulation of lactate and minimize the acidification of the blood by expelling more CO2 through the respiratory system.

The RER can exceed 1.0 during intense exercise. A value above 1.0 cannot be attributed to the substrate metabolism, but rather to the aforementioned factors regarding bicarbonate buffering. Calculation of RER is commonly done in conjunction with exercise tests such as the VO2 max test. This can be used as an indicator that the participants are nearing exhaustion and the limits of their cardio-respiratory system. An RER greater than or equal to 1.0 is often used as a secondary endpoint criterion of a VO2 max test.

## Calculation

The respiratory quotient (**RQ**) is the ratio:

**RQ** = CO2 eliminated / O2 consumed

where the term "eliminated" refers to carbon dioxide (CO2) removed from the body in a steady state.

In this calculation, the CO2 and O2 must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either moles, or else volumes of gas at standard temperature and pressure.

Many metabolized substances are compounds containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples include fatty acids, glycerol, carbohydrates, deamination products, and ethanol. For complete oxidation of such compounds, the chemical equation is

CxHyOz \+ (x + y/4 - z/2) O2 → x CO2 \+ (y/2) H2O

and thus metabolism of this compound gives an RQ of x/(x + y/4 - z/2).

For glucose, with the molecular formula, C6H12O6, the complete oxidation equation is C6H12O6 \+ 6 O2 → 6 CO2 \+ 6 H2O. Thus, the RQ= 6 CO2/ 6 O2=1.

For oxidation of a fatty acid molecule, namely palmitic acid:

$$23\ \mathrm {O} \_{2}+\mathrm {C} \_{16}\mathrm {H} \_{32}\mathrm {O} \_{2}\to 16\ \mathrm {CO} \_{2}+16\ \mathrm {H} \_{2}\mathrm {O} +129\ \mathrm {ATP} $$

$$\mathrm {RER} ={\frac {\mathrm {VCO} \_{2}{\mathrm {VO} \_{2}={\frac {16\ \mathrm {CO} \_{2}{23\ \mathrm {O} \_{2}\approx 0.7}}}}}}$$

A RQ near 0.7 indicates that fat is the predominant fuel source, a value of 1.0 is indicative of carbohydrate being the predominant fuel source, and a value between 0.7 and 1.0 suggests a mix of both fat and carbohydrate. In general a mixed diet corresponds with an RER of approximately 0.8. For fats, the RQ depends on the specific fatty acids present. Amongst the commonly stored fatty acids in vertebrates, RQ varies from 0.692 (stearic acid) to as high as 0.759 (docosahexaenoic acid). Historically, it was assumed that 'average fat' had an RQ of about 0.71, and this holds true for most mammals including humans. However, a recent survey showed that aquatic animals, especially fish, have fat that should yield higher RQs on oxidation, reaching as high as 0.73 due to high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid.

The range of respiratory coefficients for organisms in metabolic balance usually ranges from 1.0 (representing the value expected for pure carbohydrate oxidation) to ~0.7 (the value expected for pure fat oxidation). In general, molecules that are more oxidized (e.g., glucose) require less oxygen to be fully metabolized and, therefore, have higher respiratory quotients. Conversely, molecules that are less oxidized (e.g., fatty acids) require more oxygen for their complete metabolism and have lower respiratory quotients. See BMR for a discussion of how these numbers are derived. A mixed diet of fat and carbohydrate results in an average value between these numbers.

**RQ** value corresponds to a caloric value for each liter (L) of CO2 produced. If O2 consumption numbers are available, they are usually used directly, since they are more direct and reliable estimates of energy production.

**RQ** as measured includes a contribution from the energy produced from protein. However, due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single **RQ** can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet.

Insulin, which increases lipid storage and decreases fat oxidation, is positively associated with increases in the respiratory quotient. A positive energy balance will also lead to an increased respiratory quotient.

## Applications

Practical applications of the respiratory quotient can be found in severe cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in which patients spend a significant amount of energy on respiratory effort. By increasing the proportion of fats in the diet, the respiratory quotient is driven down, causing a relative decrease in the amount of CO2 produced. This reduces the respiratory burden to eliminate CO2, thereby reducing the amount of energy spent on respirations.

Respiratory Quotient can be used as an indicator of over or underfeeding. Underfeeding, which forces the body to utilize fat stores, will lower the respiratory quotient, while overfeeding, which causes lipogenesis, will increase it. Underfeeding is marked by a respiratory quotient below 0.85, while a respiratory quotient greater than 1.0 indicates overfeeding. This is particularly important in patients with compromised respiratory systems, as an increased respiratory quotient significantly corresponds to increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume, placing compromised patients at a significant risk.

Because of its role in metabolism, respiratory quotient can be used in analysis of liver function and diagnosis of liver disease. In patients with liver cirrhosis, non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) values act as good indicators in the prediction of overall survival rate. Patients having a npRQ \< 0.85 show considerably lower survival rates as compared to patients with a npRQ \> 0.85. A decrease in npRQ corresponds to a decrease in glycogen storage by the liver. Similar research indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases are also accompanied by a low respiratory quotient value, and the non protein respiratory quotient value was a good indication of disease severity.

Recently the respiratory quotient is also used from aquatic scientists to illuminate its environmental applications. Experimental studies with natural bacterioplankton using different single substrates suggested that RQ is linked to the elemental composition of the respired compounds. By this way, it is demonstrated that bacterioplankton RQ is not only a practical aspect of Bacterioplankton Respiration determination, but also a major ecosystem state variable that provides unique information about aquatic ecosystem functioning. Based on the stoichiometry of the different metabolized substrates, the scientists can predict that dissolved oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in aquatic ecosystems should covary inversely due to the processing of photosynthesis and respiration. Using this quotient we could shed light on the metabolic behavior and the simultaneous roles of chemical and physical forcing that shape the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems.

Moving from a molecular and cellular level to an ecosystem level, various processes account for the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the biosphere and atmosphere. Field measurements of the concurrent consumption of oxygen (-ΔO2) and production of carbon dioxide (ΔCO2) can be used to derive an apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ). This value reflects a cumulative effect of not only the aerobic respiration of all organisms (microorganisms and higher consumers) in the sample, but also all the other biogeochemical processes which consume O2 without a corresponding CO2 production and vice versa influencing the observed RQ.

## Respiratory quotients of some substances

| Name of the substance | Respiratory Quotient |
| --- | --- |
| Carbohydrates | 1 |
| Proteins | 0.8 - 0.9 |
| Ketones (eucaloric) | 0.73 |
| Ketones (hypocaloric) | 0.66 |
| Triolein (Fat) | 0.71 |
| Oleic acid (Fat) | 0.71 |
| Tripalmitin (Fat) | 0.7 |
| Malic acid | 1.33 |
| Tartaric acid | 1.6 |
| Oxalic acid | 4.0 |

* Indirect calorimetry – Measurement of the heat of living organisms through indirect means
* Fick principle – Principle applied to the measurement of blood flow to an organ


title: Resyllabification

abstract: In some languages, resyllabification is a phenomenon where consonants become attached to vowels in a syllable different than the one from which they originally came. This can even occur across word boundaries, as happens in the enchaînment of contemporary French-language phonology. Resyllabification is related to the process of rebracketing.

text:
# Resyllabification

In some languages, **resyllabification** is a phenomenon where consonants become attached to vowels in a syllable different than the one from which they originally came. This can even occur across word boundaries, as happens in the *enchaînment* of contemporary French-language phonology.

Resyllabification is related to the process of rebracketing.

## English

In English, the word *apron* is an example of historical resyllabification. Originally *naperon* in French (from *nappe*, "cloth"), the ⟨n⟩ in the phrase ⟨a napron⟩ shifted across the word boundary to create the modern form ⟨an apron⟩, changing the pronunciation of the word in contexts even without the indefinite article ⟨a⟩ present.


title: Kamrupi Brahmin

abstract: Kamrupi Brahmins, also known as Kamarupi Brahmana and Kamrupi Bamon; are those brahmins who claimed their descent from the Kanauji Brahmins and Maithili Brahmins who settled in Kamarupa. They brought with them different Hindu epics and became the torch-bearers of Indo-Aryan culture in the region.

text:
# Kamrupi Brahmin

**Kamrupi Brahmins**, also known as Kamarupi Brahmana and Kamrupi Bamon; are those brahmins who claimed their descent from the Kanauji Brahmins and Maithili Brahmins who settled in Kamarupa (present day Assam). They brought with them different Hindu epics and became the torch-bearers of Indo-Aryan culture in the region.

## Background

Kamrupi brahmins are those brahmins who claimed their descent from the Kanauji immigrant brahmins and Maithil Brahmins of Mithila of a very early period. They settled in Kamrup and later on spread out.

## Rites and rituals

Many rituals followed by Kamrupi Brahmins are unique to their community. During a ritual named Amati, mother earth is believed passing through menstrual period and thus to be in an unclean state. Hence on those days farmers would not till the soil or plant any seeds. Orthodox widows and Brahmins abstain from any food except fruits. Devi, a special synthesized form of both Durga of the Hindu pantheon and a tribal female deity, is still being worshiped in Cooch Behar. Worship of Devi is generally performed by a Kamrupi Brahmin of North Bengal.

## History

Kamrupi Brahmins were prosperous during the Varman dynasty's reign of Kamarupa. The Kamrupi king Bhaskaravarman regularly gave land grants to the Kamrupi Brahmins. With these land grants they were also given copper plates grants. A portion of the copper-plate grant of Bhaskaravarman states: Rigvedic, Samavedic and Yajurvedic Brahmins lived in Kamarupa before the time of Bhaskaravarman. Of these three classes of Brahmins the followers of the Bahvrichya branch of the Rigveda were divided into the gotras of: \- Kasyapa, \- Kausika, \- Gautama, \- Parasarya, \- Bharadvaja, \- Varaha, \- Vatsya, \- Varhaspatya and \- Saunaka ; Of those following the Chhandoga branch of the Samaveda belonged to the gotras of : \- Paskalya The followers of the Taittiriya branch of the Yajurveda belonged to the gotra of: \- Kasyapa And those of the Charaka branch to the gotra of: \- Katyayana ; The followers of the Vajasaneya branch belonged to the gotras of: \- Angirasa, \- Alambayana, \- Gargya, \- Gautama, \- Bharadvaja, \- Yaska, \- Sakatayana, and \- Salankayana besides the six gotras mentioned before. In all these three groups of Brahmanas living in Kamarupa had 26 gotras at the time of their greatest power and standing. In later ages any traces of the Samavedic and Rigvedic Brahmanas disappeared . Most probably they had changed their residence or their lines came to an end. The following lines occur in Raja Harendra Narayan's Raja vansabali -

> The Brahmanas living on the northern bank of the Lauhitya were all followers of the Yajurveda. They were all saddcharis and ritvijas (Vedic sacrificers).


title: Rage (Smith novel)

abstract: Rage is a 1987 novel by Wilbur Smith set in the Union of South Africa, immediately following World War II. It starts in 1952 and goes until the late 1960s, touching on the country's declaration of a republic and the subsequent Sharpeville Massacre. The plot centers around Shasa Courtney and black resistance leader Moses Gama. Smith described it at the time as "the most onerous book I have ever written... and also the biggest book" because of its subject matter. At the time of its publication it was the longest South African novel with the paperback having 626 pages. The previous record holder had been Madge Swindells' 1983 novel Summer Harvest, which had 26 fewer pages.

text:
# Rage (Smith novel)

***Rage*** is a 1987 novel by Wilbur Smith set in the Union of South Africa, immediately following World War II. It starts in 1952 and goes until the late 1960s, touching on the country's declaration of a republic and the subsequent Sharpeville Massacre. The plot centers around Shasa Courtney and black resistance leader Moses Gama.

Smith described it at the time as "the most onerous book I have ever written... and also the biggest book" because of its subject matter.

At the time of its publication it was the longest South African novel with the paperback having 626 pages. The previous record holder had been Madge Swindells' 1983 novel *Summer Harvest*, which had 26 fewer pages.

## Plot

Shasa Courtney, now a member of the ailing United Party, is offered a position within the dominant National Party, complete with ministerial rank, by his half-brother Manfred De La Ray. Having grown doubtful of the United Party's prospects, Shasa accepts, with the hope that he can provide moderation within the National Party; while he does not support black rights, he views the National Party's policy of apartheid as little more than an excuse for the Afrikaner population to hoard South Africa's resources for themselves, despite the risk of provoking the black population. He later begins an affair with Kitty Godolphin, a news producer covering the civil rights struggle in South Africa.

Unbeknowest to Shasa, his wife Tara begins an affair with Moses Gama, now a prominent political activist alongside Nelson Mandela and others. Moses continues to fight for black rights, while his brother Hendrick ends his involvement with the movement, fearing that his vast wealth would be lost in the struggle, leading his son Raleigh to take up the fight in his stead. Tara continues working for Moses and bears his child – a mixed race boy named Benjamin Afrika. Moses later marries a Zulu woman in order to secure the tribe's allegiance.

Moses eventually gets Tara involved in a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament of South Africa, in order to kill the entire white government and allow a revolution of Moses's supporters. Shasa, Manfred and their father in law Blaine Malcomess are able to foil the plot, but Blaine is killed in the struggle. Not wanting their children to know what their mother has done, Shasa exiles Tara from South Africa for her part in the plot. Moses is tried for his crimes, and is cleared of high treason on the basis that he owes no loyalty to the government as a result of the apartheid policy, but he is convicted of his other crimes and sentenced to death. Learning from his wife that Mandela and other campaigners will use him as a martyr, Moses betrays them to the government in exchange for his sentence being reduced to life imprisonment.

Jakobus Stander, a left-wing revolutionary and Manfred's illegitimate son with Sarah Stander, bombs a railway station, and is subsequently convicted and sentenced to death. Sarah pleads with Manfred to save him, but Manfred, who has been antagonising Sarah over the years as revenge for her sabotage of the Ossewabrandwag coup depicted in *Power of the Sword*, refuses, expecting her to be emotionally broken by this. Manfred learns that he and Shasa will both be sacked by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd, who has grown increasingly obsessed with the issue of race following the 1960 attempt on his life. Having foreseen a future in which he and Shasa rule South Africa together, Manfred convinces his half-brother not to intervene when Verwoerd is assassinated by Dimitri Tsafendas. However, his plans are ruined when a bitter Sarah reveals to Shasa that Manfred is "White Sword", the killer of his grandfather Sir Garrick Courtney.

Moses is freed from prison by the efforts of Raleigh. After an interview with Godolphin, Raleigh – who considers Moses a traitor to the black rights movement as a result of his betrayal of Mandela and the others – murders him, framing the South African Police Force for the crime in order to make him a martyr. Elsewhere, Shasa confronts Manfred over the killing of his grandfather. Though Manfred tries to justify his actions, having intended to kill Jan Smuts, Shasa declares him to no better than Moses. He tries to have Manfred convicted, only for Centaine to reveal to him that Manfred is his half-brother, and that Manfred has been looking out for Shasa ever since Centaine blackmailed him into not revealing Shasa's bastard status to the world. Feeling betrayed by Manfred, Shasa blackmails him into retiring from politics as punishment for Sir Garrick's murder, accepting that he will lose his own political career by doing so. He is subsequently appointed the South African Ambassador to Britain by B.J. Vorster, a move that removes him from South African politics.

## Reception

Worldwide it sold nearly a million copies in 1988 and was the best selling book in the United Kingdom in that same year.

## InfoBox

| First edition (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Wilbur Smith |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Courtney Novels |
| Publisher | Heinemann (UK)
Little, Brown (US)
Stoddart (Canada) |
| Publication date | 1987 |
| Publication place | South Africa |
| Preceded by | *Power of the Sword* |
| Followed by | *A Time to Die* |