title: The Scouring of the Shire

abstract: "The Scouring of the Shire" is the penultimate chapter of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy The Lord of the Rings. The Fellowship hobbits, Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, return home to the Shire to find that it is under the brutal control of ruffians and their leader "Sharkey", revealed to be the Wizard Saruman. The ruffians have despoiled the Shire, cutting down trees and destroying old houses, as well as replacing the old mill with a larger one full of machinery which pollutes the air and the water. The hobbits rouse the Shire to rebellion, lead their fellow hobbits to victory in the Battle of Bywater, and end Saruman's rule. Critics have considered "The Scouring of the Shire" the most important chapter in The Lord of the Rings. Although Tolkien denied that the chapter was an allegory for Britain in the aftermath of World War II, commentators have argued that it can be applied to that period, with clear contemporary political references that include a satire of socialism, echoes of Nazism, allusions to the shortages in postwar Britain, and a strand of environmentalism. According to Tolkien, the idea of such a chapter was planned from the outset as part of the overall formal structure of The Lord of the Rings, though its details were not worked out until much later. The chapter was intended to counterbalance the larger plot, concerning the physical journey to destroy the One Ring, with a moral quest upon the return home, to purify the Shire and to take personal responsibility. Tolkien considered other identities for the wicked Sharkey before settling on Saruman late in his composition process. The chapter, which has been called one of the most famous anticlimaxes in literature, has generally been excluded from film adaptations of The Lord of the Rings. Peter Jackson's film trilogy omits the chapter, but maintains two key elements: a burning Shire, glimpsed by Frodo in the crystal ball-like Mirror of Galadriel; and the means of Saruman's death, transposed to Isengard.

text:
# The Scouring of the Shire

"**The Scouring of the Shire**" is the penultimate chapter of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy *The Lord of the Rings*. The Fellowship hobbits, Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, return home to the Shire to find that it is under the brutal control of ruffians and their leader "Sharkey", revealed to be the Wizard Saruman. The ruffians have despoiled the Shire, cutting down trees and destroying old houses, as well as replacing the old mill with a larger one full of machinery which pollutes the air and the water. The hobbits rouse the Shire to rebellion, lead their fellow hobbits to victory in the **Battle of Bywater**, and end Saruman's rule.

Critics have considered "The Scouring of the Shire" the most important chapter in *The Lord of the Rings*. Although Tolkien denied that the chapter was an allegory for Britain in the aftermath of World War II, commentators have argued that it can be applied to that period, with clear contemporary political references that include a satire of socialism, echoes of Nazism, allusions to the shortages in postwar Britain, and a strand of environmentalism.

According to Tolkien, the idea of such a chapter was planned from the outset as part of the overall formal structure of *The Lord of the Rings*, though its details were not worked out until much later. The chapter was intended to counterbalance the larger plot, concerning the physical journey to destroy the One Ring, with a moral quest upon the return home, to purify the Shire and to take personal responsibility. Tolkien considered other identities for the wicked Sharkey before settling on Saruman late in his composition process.

The chapter, which has been called one of the most famous anticlimaxes in literature, has generally been excluded from film adaptations of *The Lord of the Rings*. Peter Jackson's film trilogy omits the chapter, but maintains two key elements: a burning Shire, glimpsed by Frodo in the crystal ball-like Mirror of Galadriel; and the means of Saruman's death, transposed to Isengard.

## Fictional history

### Context

The chapter follows all the main action of *The Lord of the Rings*. The story tells how the One Ring, a ring of power made by the Dark Lord Sauron, lost for many centuries, has reappeared and is in the hands of a hobbit, Frodo Baggins, in the England-like Shire. If Sauron finds the Ring, he will use it to take over the whole of Middle-earth. A Wizard, Gandalf, tells Frodo the history of the ring and persuades him to leave the Shire to destroy the Ring. He is joined by three other hobbits, his friends Sam, Merry, and Pippin. They are pursued by Sauron's Black Riders, but escape to a stronghold of the Elves, Rivendell. There, they learn that it can only be destroyed in the volcano, Mount Doom, where Sauron forged the Ring, in the evil land of Mordor. They are joined by others opposed to Sauron, forming a Fellowship of the Ring, led by Gandalf. They face many perils on the journey, and the Fellowship is split up. Merry and Pippin become involved in wars against the evil Wizard Saruman and then against Sauron: Merry becomes a knight of Rohan, while Pippin becomes a guard of Gondor. With Sauron distracted, Frodo and Sam manage to travel to Mount Doom. The Ring is destroyed in the Cracks of Doom, and Sauron is overthrown. The hobbits, much changed by their experiences, ride home to the Shire, hoping to return to a peaceful rural life.

### The scouring

The hobbits of the Fellowship – Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin – returning home to the Shire, come to its border, the Brandywine Bridge, late at night. They are surprised to find it barred, but are taken in, after some convincing, by the Shiriffs, a kind of hobbit police, who are guarding the bridge. They are shocked at the state of the Shire, with endless rules, ugly new buildings, and wanton destruction of trees and old buildings. Sam recognises one of the Shiriffs and tells him he should be ashamed of himself for joining in with "such nonsense". All the cheerful inns are closed, so the Fellowship hobbits stay in the depressing, badly-built new Shiriff-house.

Setting off on ponies for Hobbiton at the centre of the Shire the next morning, the four hobbits are met by Shiriffs at the village of Frogmorton who attempt to arrest them for breaking several rules the night before. Unable to keep up with the ponies, the Shiriffs let the hobbits pass.

Reaching the village of Bywater, the four hobbits discover that Sandyman's mill has been replaced by a big, noisy one full of machinery that fouls the water and pollutes the air; Ted Sandyman is the only hobbit who likes it, and he works for the Men who built it, where his father was his own boss. Merry, Pippin and Sam use their swords and their height to scare away a group of ruffians. The hobbits decide to 'raise the Shire'; Merry blows the magic horn given to him by Éowyn of Rohan, while Sam recruits his neighbour Tom Cotton and his sons, who rouse the village. Cotton tells them that wagonloads of goods, including tobacco, have been sent "away", causing shortages; they were paid for with unexplained funds by Lotho Sackville-Baggins, known as the "Chief" or the "Boss", who moved into Frodo's home, Bag End, when Frodo left on the quest to destroy the Ring. Pippin rides to his home village, Tuckborough, to rally his kin, the large Took clan. A gang of twenty ruffians from Hobbiton try to take farmer Cotton prisoner; the leader of the gang is killed with arrows, and the other ruffians quickly surrender.

The next morning the hobbits at Bywater learn that Pippin's father, Thain Paladin II, has raised Tookland and is pursuing ruffians who have fled south; that Pippin will return with all the hobbits his father could spare; and that a much larger group of ruffians is heading towards them. Pippin returns with one hundred members of his family, before the ruffians arrive. Merry and Pippin lead the hobbits to victory in the brief Battle of Bywater. They ambush the ruffians by blocking a high-hedged lane with wagons in front of them and then behind them; most of the ruffians are killed. Frodo does not take part in the fighting.

The hobbits go to Hobbiton to visit Lotho. The whole area has been despoiled, and Bag End is apparently empty and unused. There they meet "Sharkey", alias the Wizard Saruman; he is accompanied by his servant Wormtongue. He has lost his Wizard's power, except for his deceptive voice; he tells them he has deliberately harmed their home in revenge. Frodo tells him to leave the Shire; Saruman in reply tries to stab Frodo, but the knife snaps on Frodo's hidden coat of chain-mail. Frodo asks the other hobbits not to kill Saruman and offers Wormtongue the opportunity to stay. Saruman reveals that Wormtongue killed Lotho, provoking Wormtongue to cut Saruman's throat. Wormtongue is shot dead by hobbit archers. A column of mist arises from Saruman's corpse and is blown away in the wind.

### Aftermath

After the scouring, "the clearing up certainly needed a lot of work, but it took less time than Sam had feared". The cleanup is described in the first pages of the final chapter, "The Grey Havens"; the new buildings put up during Sharkey's rule are torn down and their materials reused "to repair many an old \[hobbit\] hole". Sam goes around the Shire planting saplings to replace lost trees, giving each one a grain of the dust from Galadriel's garden; the single nut he plants in the Party Field. The work is successful: "spring surpassed his wildest hopes", and "altogether 1420 in the Shire was a marvellous year". A mallorn sapling like those of Lothlórien replaces the Party Tree, many children are born with "a rich golden hair", and young hobbits "very nearly bathed in strawberries and cream".

## Concept and creation

### Formal structure

Tolkien scholars and critics have noted that the chapter implies some kind of formal structure for the whole work. The critic Bernhard Hirsch writes that "The Scouring of the Shire" has "provoked considerable critical debate", unlike the rest of the "homeward journey" in Book 6. Hirsch accepts Tolkien's statement in the foreword to the *Fellowship of the Ring* that the formal structure of *The Lord of the Rings*, namely a journey outward for the quest and a journey home, meant that the chapter, along with the other two chapters of the return journey, was "foreseen from the outset". Another critic, Nicholas Birns, notes approvingly David Waito's argument that the chapter is as important morally as the Fellowship's main quest to destroy the One Ring, "but applies \[the morals\] to daily life". The Tolkien scholar Paul Kocher writes that Frodo, having thrown aside his weapons and armour on Mount Doom, chooses to fight "only on the moral plane" in the Shire.

Birns goes further, arguing that the chapter has an important formal role in the overall composition of *The Lord of the Rings*, as Tolkien had stated. In Birns's view, the chapter's main surprise is the appearance of Saruman, and it was indeed, Birns writes, his presence that made it necessary to scour the Shire. Evidence that Tolkien had planned something of the sort is found, Birns notes, in Frodo's vision of the future of the Shire in peril when he looks in the Mirror of Galadriel in Lothlorien in *The Fellowship of the Ring*.

### Origins

Scholars have identified several possible origins and antecedents for the chapter, and these have been added to by Christopher Tolkien's exploration of the literary history of his father's work on it over the years. Scholars agree that the "Scouring" has an ancient pedigree, echoing Homer's *Odyssey* when after long years away Odysseus returns to his home island of Ithaca to scour it of Penelope's worthless suitors. Robert Plank adds that Tolkien could have chosen as a pattern any number of other returning heroes. This theme, of a last obstacle to the heroic homecoming, was paradoxically both long-planned (certainly back to the time of writing of the Lothlorien chapter) and, in the person of Saruman-as-Sharkey, "a very late entry". David Greenman in addition contrasts the scouring with Tuor's Aeneas-like escape from a wrecked kingdom as told in *The Fall of Gondolin*.

In *Sauron Defeated*, earlier drafts of the chapter show that Tolkien had considered giving Frodo a far more energetic part in confronting Sharkey and the ruffians. These throw light on Tolkien's choice of who Sharkey actually was, whether the "boss" hobbit Lotho Sackville-Baggins, a human leader of the gang of ruffians, or Saruman. Tolkien had thus hesitated over how to implement the "Scouring", only arriving at Saruman after trying other options. Birns argues that the effect is to bring the "consequentiality of abroad" (including Isengard, where Saruman was strong) back to the "parochialism of home", not only scouring the Shire but also strengthening it, with Merry and Pippin as "world citizens".

In his "Foreword to the Second Edition", Tolkien denies that the chapter is an allegory or relates to events in or after the Second World War:

> An author cannot of course remain wholly unaffected by his experience, but the ways in which a story-germ uses the soil of experience are extremely complex, and attempts to define the process are at best guesses from evidence that is inadequate and ambiguous.... it has been supposed by some that 'The Scouring of the Shire' reflects the situation in England at the time \[in the 1940s and 1950s\] when I was finishing my tale. It does not. It is an essential part of the plot, foreseen from the outset, though in the event modified by the character of Saruman as developed in the story without, need I say, any allegorical significance or contemporary political reference whatsoever.

The Tolkien critic Tom Shippey writes that the Shire is certainly where Middle-earth comes nearest to the 20th century, and that the people who had commented that the "Scouring of the Shire" was about Tolkien's contemporary England were not wholly wrong. Shippey suggests however that rather than seeing the chapter as an allegory of postwar England, it could be taken as an account of "a society suffering not only from political misrule, but from a strange and generalized crisis of confidence." Shippey draws a parallel with a contemporary work, George Orwell's 1938 novel *Coming Up for Air*, where England is subjected to a "similar diagnosis" of leaderless inertia.

Critics including Plank have noted that Tolkien denied that the "Scouring of the Shire" reflected England in the late 1940s, claiming instead that the chapter echoed his youthful experience of seeing his home at Sarehole, then in rural Warwickshire, being taken over by the growing city of Birmingham in the early 1900s. Tolkien related the chapter to his childhood experiences at the end of the 19th century:

> It has indeed some basis in experience, though slender (for the economic situation was entirely different), and much further back \[than the Second World War\]. The country in which I lived in childhood was being shabbily destroyed before I was ten, in days when motor-cars were rare objects (I had never seen one) and men were still building suburban railways. Recently I saw in a paper a picture of the last decrepitude of the once thriving corn-mill \[Sarehole Mill\] beside its pool that long ago seemed to me so important. I never liked the looks of the Young miller, but his father, the Old miller, had a black beard, and he was not named Sandyman.

Instead of a strict allegory with exact correspondences between the elements of the chapter and 20th century events and personages, Plank suggested that the chapter was "a realistic parable of reality". Birns and others note, too, that there is an echo in the chapter of the soldiers, including Tolkien, returning home from the trenches of the First World War, and meeting an unfair lack of appreciation of their contribution, as when Sam's father, Gaffer Gamgee, is more concerned with the damage to his potatoes than any "trapessing in foreign parts".

## Significance

### Satire on mid-20th century politics

Various commentators have noted that the chapter has political overtones. The critic Jerome Donnelly suggests that the chapter is a satire, of a more serious kind than the knockabout "comedy of manners" at the start of *The Hobbit*. Plank calls it a caricature of fascism. Donnelly agrees with Tolkien that the "Scouring" is not an allegory, but proposes that Saruman's "Ruffians" echo the tyrannical behaviour of the Nazis, as do "the use of collaborators, threats, torture and killing of dissenters, and internment".

Jay Richards and Jonathan Witt write that "conservatives and progressives alike" had seen the chapter as a "pointed critique of modern socialism", citing the scholar of politics Hal Colebatch's comment that the rule- and redistribution-heavy Saruman regime "owed much to the drabness, bleakness and bureaucratic regulation of postwar Britain under the Attlee Labour Government". They note similarly Plank's identification of "parallels" between the Shire under Saruman and both the German Nazi Party under Hitler and Italian Fascism under Mussolini. Plank discusses, for example, why the hobbits did not resist fascism, giving as reasons cowardice, lack of solidarity, and what he finds "the most interesting and the most melancholy": the shirriff-hobbit's statement "I am sorry, Mr. Merry, but we have orders." Plank comments that this recalls statements from the Nuremberg trials. He further compares Saruman with Mussolini, noting that they both came to "a miserable end". Richards and Witt concede that the chapter has wider themes, including the ugliness of Saruman's "vengeful heart", the nastiness of (sub)urban development, the hobbits' love-inspired defence of their homeland, and the need not to just obey orders, but state that Tolkien's letters demonstrate his dislike of socialism, and that in the chapter Tolkien deftly satirizes "socialism's pose of moral superiority".

Shippey comments that whatever Tolkien's protestations, readers back in the 1950s would have noticed some features of the Shire during the "Scouring" that "seem\[ed\] slightly out of place", such as the fact that wagonloads of "pipeweed" (tobacco) are being taken away, seemingly at the wizard Saruman's orders, with no visible in-universe explanation. What, Shippey asks, was Saruman doing with so much tobacco: a wizard was hardly going to be trading it for profit, nor "issuing" it to his orcs in Isengard. Instead, Shippey suggests, it echoes Britain's shortages just after the Second World War, routinely explained at that time with "the words 'gone for export'". Kocher adds that the devastation and people's responses in the Shire after the War would have been only too familiar to people in the 20th century.

Not all critics have seen the chapter as political; the medievalist Jane Chance notes the "domestic image" of the "Scouring" in the chapter's title, suggesting in her view a "rejuvenation" of the Shire. She describes the chapter's social cleansing of the Shire in similar terms, writing of washing and purifying it of "the reptilian monsters" Sharkey and Wormtongue.

### A "novelistic" chapter

Tolkien critics have noted that the chapter has a distinctive novel-like quality. Birns echoes Plank's comment that the chapter is "fundamentally different from the rest of the book", and states that it is "the most novelistic episode in Tolkien's massive tale." He cites Janet Brennan Croft's description of it as "that deceptively anti-climactic but all-important chapter". Birns argues that it meets three aspects of Ian Watt's definition of the kind of novel read by the middle class, dominant among the reading public: firstly, it shows multiple social classes interacting; secondly, it is in a domestic context, the homely Shire; thirdly, it favours the point of view of the "emerging and aspiring middle classes". Birns concludes that "'The Scouring of the Shire' is where Tolkien's dark romance bends the most towards the realistic novel of domestic reintegration and redemption." Plank writes that the distinctive feature of the "Scouring" is that unlike in the rest of the book, there are no miracles and the laws of nature work with "full and undisputed force". Saruman, Plank notes, was once able to work magic, but in the chapter he works as a politician, without sorcery: the chapter is "realistic", not fantasy, except for the moment of Saruman's death.

Michael Treschow and Mark Duckworth, writing in *Mythlore*, note that the return to the Shire emphasises the protagonists' growth in character, so that they can deal with life's challenges for themselves. Just as at the end of *The Hobbit* Gandalf tells Bilbo that he is "not the hobbit that you were", having learnt from his adventures, so in *The Lord of the Rings* Gandalf tells Frodo and the other hobbits that he will not be coming to the Shire with them since "you will need no help. You are grown up now. Grown indeed very high; among the great you are, and I have no longer any fear at all for any of you."

### Wish-fulfilment

Another element in the chapter is the appearance of Tolkien's own feelings about England. Shippey writes that there is a "streak of 'wish-fulfilment'" in the account, and that Tolkien would have liked "to hear the horns of Rohan blow, and watch the Black Breath of inertia dissolve" from England. More specifically, Shippey applies this idea to "The Scouring of the Shire", noting that Merry returns from Rohan with a horn, brought by Eorl the Young, founder of Rohan, from the dragon-hoard of Scatha the Worm from the North. The horn, he explains, is "a magic one, though only modestly so": blowing it brings joy to his friends in arms, fear to his enemies, and in the chapter, it awakens the "revolution against sloth and shabbiness and Saruman-Sharkey" and quickly gets the Shire purified. Shippey suggests that Tolkien wished to do the same, and notes that with his novels he at least succeeded in bringing joy. Tolkien wrote in a letter that "the *man-made* ... is ultimately daunting and insupportable", and that "If a Ragnarök would burn all the slums and gas-works, and shabby garages, and long arc-lit suburbs, it \[could\] for me burn all the works of art – and I'd go back to trees." Caitlin Vaughn Carlos writes that Sam Gamgee's exclamation "This is worse than Mordor! ... It comes home to you, they say; because it is home, and you remember it before it was ruined" encapsulates the impulse to nostalgia, since Sam is longing for the remembered home, not the one which now exists.

### Environmentalism

Critics since the 1970s have observed one more theme in the chapter: environmentalism. One of the first to note that "Tolkien was \[an\] ecologist" was Paul H. Kocher. Birns calls it "as much conservationist as it is traditionalist", writing that it presents a strong pro-environmentalist argument in addition to its other themes. Plank describes the chapter's emphasis on the "deterioration of the environment" "quite unusual for its time", with the returning hobbits finding needless destruction of the old and beautiful, and its replacement by the new and ugly; pollution of air and water; neglect; "and above all, trees wantonly destroyed". Matthew Dickerson and Jonathan Evans look at the chapter from the point of view of rousing people to environmental action in their "own backyard".

### A pacifist dilemma

The scholars Nan Scott and Janet Brennan Croft have commented on the pacifist dilemma embodied in the chapter. The hobbits return home from the War of the Ring, wanting peace, but find themselves obliged to fight, and indeed to lead the fighting, to rid the Shire of the enemy. Scott notes that the hobbits were indeed so innocent and peace-loving that they had set out for Rivendell without weapons; and they are surprised when Tom Bombadil gives them swords from the Barrow-wight's hoard. Aragorn states at Rivendell that the Shire is peaceful only because it is constantly watched by his Rangers. Further, Scott writes, Tolkien shows war to be at once "exhilarating and thrilling", as at the Battle of Helm's Deep, and ugly, as when human heads are catapulted into the besieged Minas Tirith. Frodo feels pity even for Saruman; but his pacifism will not rid the Shire of Saruman's ruffians. Merry, seeing the dilemma, tells Frodo "if there are many of these ruffians ... it will certainly mean fighting."

### Other opinions

Brian Attebery, introducing Birns's article in *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*, notes that Birns calls *The Scouring of the Shire* "one of the most famous anticlimaxes in literature", and that conventional wisdom is to stop at once when the action has completed. Attebery begs to differ, saying that he likes anticlimaxes, as when Jane Austen's heroes and heroines work everything out in detail once they have at last reached agreement. In his view, the novel "would be much the less" without the chapter.

Tolkien critics John D. Rateliff and Jared Lobdell have compared the sudden shrivelling of Saruman's flesh from his skull at the moment of his death with the instantaneous aging of the protagonist Ayesha in Rider Haggard's 1887 novel *She*, when she bathes in the fire of immortality. Tolkien acknowledged Haggard as a major influence, especially *She*.

In an interview in 2015, the novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin called this section of the *Lord of the Rings* story brilliant, and said it was the tone he would be aiming for at the end of *Game of Thrones*.

Jonathon D. Langford, writing in *Mythlore*, describes the scouring as the hobbits' coming of age, the culmination of their individual quests. He states that Merry and Pippin have clearly matured on their journey, while Frodo and Sam see the success of their quest reassessed by hobbit society. He notes that a heroic quest as described by Joseph Campbell ends with the hero's return from the enchanted lands to the ordinary world, renewing his community, as the hobbits' return does.

## Adaptations

The 1981 BBC *The Lord of the Rings* radio play covers "The Scouring of the Shire", including the original showdown and ending in which Saruman dies by Wormtongue's knife and Wormtongue is killed by arrows in the Shire.

The events of "The Scouring of the Shire" are retold in the Finnish miniseries *Hobitit*.

The chapter has been left out of the *Lord of the Rings* film trilogy, except as a brief flash-forward when Frodo looks into the crystal ball-like Mirror of Galadriel in Peter Jackson's 2001 *The Fellowship of the Ring*. In the extended edition of *The Return of the King*, Wormtongue kills Saruman (stabbing him in the back, not slitting his throat) and is in turn killed by an arrow as in the chapter; however, this takes place at Isengard instead of the Shire and it is Legolas who shoots Wormtongue. Peter Jackson called the chapter anticlimactic, and decided in 1998 not to include it in the film trilogy. He decided to merge Saruman's and Wormtongue's death scene with "The Voice of Saruman" chapter from *The Two Towers*, but did not wish to go back to Isengard after the Battle of Helm's Deep. Jackson explained that in post-production of *The Return of the King*, the scene felt like a seven-minute wrap up of *The Two Towers*, gave the film an unsteady beginning, and made the film too long, so it ended up in the extended DVD.

Alan Lee, in the last of his series of 50 illustrations of *The Lord of the Rings*, depicted the four hobbits of the Fellowship returning on horseback along a hedged lane, with the stumps of recently cut trees and felled trunks in the foreground, and a tall chimney making a plume of dark smoke in the background. The painting was reviewed for *Mythlore* by Glen GoodKnight, who wrote that it was "anti-clima\[c\]tic, containing no joy, and denying us even the hint of the bitter-sweet resolution of the story".

### Primary

1. Tolkien 1955, book 6 ch. 8 "The Scouring of the Shire"
2. Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"
3. Tolkien 1966, pp. 11–12 "Foreword to the Second Edition"
4. Tolkien 1966, p. 12
5. Tolkien 1966, p. 12
6. Carpenter 2023, Letter 83 to Christopher Tolkien, 6 October 1944

### Secondary

1. Shippey 2005, pp. 115–118.
2. Sturgis 2007, pp. 386–388.
3. Hardy 2013.
4. Birns 2012.
5. Hirsch 2014.
6. Waito 2010.
7. Kocher 1974, p. 108.
8. Plank 1975, p. 108.
9. Greenman 1992, pp. 4–9.
10. Fisher 2006, p. 593.
11. Shippey 2001, pp. 219–220.
12. Plank 1975, pp. 107–115.
13. Shippey 2001, pp. 166–168.
14. Jackson 2015, p. 303.
15. Donnelly 2018.
16. Plank 1975, p. 113.
17. Richards & Witt 2014, p. 138.
18. Colebatch 1989.
19. Colebatch 2007.
20. Plank 1975, p. 112.
21. Kocher 1974, p. 107.
22. Chance 1980, p. 125.
23. Croft 2011.
24. Plank 1975, p. 109.
25. Treschow & Duckworth 2006, article 13.
26. Shippey 2005, pp. 198–199.
27. Carlos 2020, p. 535.
28. Dickerson & Evans 2006, pp. xvii–xviii, 215–234.
29. Kocher 1974, p. 28.
30. Plank 1975, pp. 114–115.
31. Scott 1972.
32. Croft 2004.
33. Attebery, Brian (2012). "Introduction: In Praise of Anticlimaxes". *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*. **23** (1): 1–3.
34. Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 664.
35. Rogers & Underwood 2000, pp. 121–132.
36. "Exclusive: George R.R. Martin Says 'Game of Thrones' Ending Will Be 'Bittersweet'". *Observer*. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
37. Tassi, Paul. "George R.R. Martin Aiming For A 'Lord of the Rings' Ending To 'Game of Thrones'". *Forbes*. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
38. Langford 1991, pp. 4–9.
39. GoodKnight, Glen H. (1992). "Reviews: The Ring Goes Grey". *Mythlore*. **18** (3): 55, Article 14.
40. "The Lord of the Rings 1981 & 1982". Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
41. Kajava, Jukka (29 March 1993). "Tolkienin taruista on tehty tv-sarja: Hobitien ilme syntyi jo Ryhmäteatterin Suomenlinnan tulkinnassa" \[Tolkien's tales have been turned into a TV series: The Hobbits have been brought to life in the Ryhmäteatteri theatre\]. *Helsingin Sanomat* (in Finnish). (subscription required)
42. Beranek, Birgit-Ann (2013). *'One Ring to Rule Them All': Tolkien on Screen. An Analysis of Peter Jackson's Adaptation of The Lord of the Rings*. Vienna: University of Vienna (PhD Thesis). p. 29.
43. "The Return of the King". *The One Ring*. Retrieved 22 January 2020. Saruman dies after Wormtongue slashes his throat in the Shire at the end of the War of the Ring. Pro: If there is no time to fully depict the Scouring of the Shire as Tolkien wrote it in the third film, then this death provides his character with a fitting end.
44. Spelling, Ian (February 2004). "The Middle-Earth Years". *Starlog*. No. 319. Starlog Group. pp. 46–53. ISSN 0191-4626.
45. Nelson, Valerie J. (14 November 2010). "Glen Howard GoodKnight II dies at 69; Tolkien enthusiast founded the Mythopoeic Society". *Los Angeles Times*.

## Sources

## Further reading


title: Sem, Akershus

abstract: Sem is a village in Asker, Akershus, Norway.

text:
# Sem, Akershus

**Sem** is a village in Asker, Akershus, Norway.

## InfoBox

| Sem | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SemLocation in Akershus | |
| Coordinates: 59°51′06″N 10°25′18″E / 59.8517°N 10.4217°E / 59.8517; 10.4217 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Østlandet |
| County | Akershus |
| Municipality | Asker |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |


abstract: The 1923 Waratahs tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union games undertaken by the New South Wales Teams against invitational and national teams of New Zealand. The Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1922 tour.

text:
# 1923 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand

The **1923 Waratahs tour of New Zealand** was a series of rugby union games undertaken by the New South Wales Teams against invitational and national teams of New Zealand.

The Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand

Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1922 tour.

## Matches

*Scores and results list Waratahs' points tally first.*

| Opposing Team | For | Against | Date | Venue | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wellington /
Manawatu | 16 | 23 | 19 August 1923 | Athletic Park, Wellington | Tour match |
| South Canterbury | 23 | 10 | 23 August 1923 | Fraser Park, Timaru | Tour match |
| **New Zealand XV** | **9** | **19** | **25 August 1923** | **Carisbrook, Dunedin** | **Test match** |
| Southland | 9 | 31 | 29 August 1923 | Rugby Park, Invercargill | Tour match |
| **New Zealand XV** | **6** | **34** | **1 September 1923** | **Lancaster Park, Christchurch** | **Test match** |
| Hawke's Bay /
Poverty Bay /
East Coast | 15 | 32 | 5 September 1923 | McLean Park, Napier | Tour match |
| Auckland | 11 | 27 | 8 September 1923 | Eden Park, Auckland | Tour match |
| South Auckland | 11 | 6 | 12 September 1923 | Claudelands Racecourse, Hamilton | Tour match |
| **New Zealand XV** | **11** | **38** | **15 September 1923** | **Athletic Park, Wellington** | **Test match** |
| Wairarapa | 6 | 14 | 18 September 1923 | Memorial Park, Masterton | Tour match |

All found on link

## InfoBox

| 1923 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| Total | 10 02 00 08 |
| Test match | 03 00 00 03 |
|  | |
| Opponent | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| New Zealand XV | 3  0  0  3 |


title: Shadeep Silva

abstract: Elle Hennadige Shadeep Nadeeja Silva, usually known as Shadeep Silva, is a Sri Lankan-born cricketer who played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team. A left-handed batsman and left-arm orthodox spin bowler, he played one One Day International (ODI) for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team in 2008. Earlier in his career he played first-class and List A cricket for Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club in his native Sri Lanka.

text:
# Shadeep Silva

**Elle Hennadige Shadeep Nadeeja Silva** (born 18 August 1978), usually known as **Shadeep Silva**, is a Sri Lankan-born cricketer who played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team. A left-handed batsman and left-arm orthodox spin bowler, he played one One Day International (ODI) for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team in 2008. Earlier in his career he played first-class and List A cricket for Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club in his native Sri Lanka.

## Biography

Born in Galle in 1978, Shadeep Silva's cricket career began with Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club. He played three List A matches for them in 2000 and one first-class match in February 2001. He also played four matches for their Under-23 side.

He began playing for the UAE in 2006, first playing for them in the 2006 ACC Trophy in Kuala Lumpur. Later in the year he played ACC Premier League matches against Nepal and Hong Kong in addition to an ICC Intercontinental Cup match against Namibia in what was his second first-class match almost six years after his first. He also played against Ireland in the 2006/07 tournament.

In 2007, he toured Scotland and Canada with the UAE. He played a one-day match against a Scotland XI and an Intercontinental Cup match against Scotland on the Scottish leg of the tour, and an Intercontinental Cup match against Canada and one-day matches against a Canadian Invitation XI and Ontario on the Canadian leg.

Later in the year he played in the ACC Twenty20 Cup in Kuwait and returned to List A cricket when he played in Division Two of the World Cricket League in Namibia. He played an Intercontinental Cup match against Bermuda between the two tournaments.

He played for an Abu Dhabi XI against Ireland in early 2008, making his ODI debut later in the year when he played for the UAE against Bangladesh in the 2008 Asia Cup. He most recently represented his adopted country in the 2008 ACC Trophy Elite tournament in Kuala Lumpur.

Shadeep Silva is a Coach at Desert Cubs Cricket Academy which is based in Sharjah and Dubai.

## InfoBox

Shadeep Silva
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Elle Hennadige Shadeep Nadeeja Silva |
| Born | (1978-08-18) 18 August 1978<br>Galle, Sri Lanka |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Left-arm orthodox spin |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Only ODI (cap 36) | 24 June 2008 v Bangladesh |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2000–2001 | Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition ODI FC LA  Matches 1 11 11  Runs scored 7 152 17  Batting average 7.00 10.13 8.50  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 7 43 7  Balls bowled 42 1,061 397  Wickets 0 16 12  Bowling average  33.31 28.00  5 wickets in innings  0 0  10 wickets in match  0 0  Best bowling  3/53 2/13  Catches/stumpings 0/ 1/ 1/ | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 3 January 2009 | |


title: Chinese francolin

abstract: The Chinese francolin or Burmese francolin is a species of game bird in the family Phasianidae.

text:
# Chinese francolin

The **Chinese francolin** (***Francolinus pintadeanus***) or **Burmese francolin** is a species of game bird in the family Phasianidae.

## Description

On average, the length of the bird is 30–34 cm (12–13 in) and it weighs 280–400 g (9.9–14.1 oz). Females are slightly smaller than males.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is found in Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Introduced to Mauritius, the Philippines, Madagascar, United States, Chile and Argentina. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

## InfoBox

| Chinese francolin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Francolinus pintadeanus phayrei* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Phasianidae |
| Genus: | *Francolinus* |
| Species: | ***F. pintadeanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Francolinus pintadeanus***
(Scopoli, 1786) | |
|


title: Benjamin Ochan

abstract: Benjamin Ochan is a Ugandan professional footballer who plays for KCCA FC in the Uganda Premier League as a goalkeeper. He is also a member of Uganda national football team. Since October 2021, he serves as KCCA FC captain.

text:
# Benjamin Ochan

**Benjamin Ochan** is a Ugandan professional footballer who plays for KCCA FC in the Uganda Premier League as a goalkeeper. He is also a member of Uganda national football team. Since October 2021, he serves as KCCA FC captain.

## Career

**Ochan** has played for different clubs such as KCCA FC, Bloemfontein Celtic, Villa SC, Victoria University SC, Kabwe Warriors, AFC Leopards and currently in KCCA FC

### KCCA FC

In 2015, he joined KCCA FC from Victoria University SC, and signed a 2-year contract. Made his debut against Uganda Revenue Authority. He is one of the few players in the league who played all the 15 games in the first round of the 2016/17 Uganda Premier League **Ochan** kept 8 clean sheets with 4 coming in the first round while the other 4 came in the second round. In December 2016, **Ochan** signed another 1-year contract which kept him at KCCA FC up to January 2018. While at KCCA FC **Ochan** was the second assistant captain. In His fruitful and best days at Lugogo were when KCCA FC qualified for continental football after edging Egyptian club Al-Masry in penalties through converting the decider in Egypt.,

### Kabwe Warriors

In January 2018, **Ochan** joined Kabwe Warriors after 2018 African Nations Championship which were held in Morocco and signed a 3years contract. On 14 July 2019 Ochan left Kabwe Warriors F.C. on mutual consent contract.

## A.F.C. Leopards

On 16 July 2019 he joined A.F.C. Leopards on a one-year contract.

## KCCA FC

Ochan re-joined KCCA FC on a two-year contract on September 13, 2021. He has been the captain of KCCA FC since October 2021.

## International career

**Ochan** made his debut for Uganda national football team on 30 September 2013 against Egypt national football team in a friendly. In January 2014, coach Milutin Sedrojevic, invited him to be included in the Uganda national football team for the 2014 African Nations Championship. The team placed third in the group stage of the competition after beating Burkina Faso, drawing with Zimbabwe and losing to Morocco.

## Honours

Victoria University

**Kampala Capital City Authority FC**

2015–16, 2016–17 2016–17

## InfoBox

Benjamin Ochan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Benjamin Ochan | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-09-18) 18 September 1989 | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | KCCA FC | | |
| Number | 99 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2007 | AGF Aarhus | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2009 | KCCA FC |  |  |
| 2010 | Bloemfontein Celtic |  |  |
| 2011–2012 | Villa SC |  |  |
| 2013–2014 | Victoria University SC |  |  |
| 2015–2018 | KCCA FC |  |  |
| 2018–2019 | Kabwe Warriors |  |  |
| 2019–2021 | A.F.C. Leopards |  |  |
| 2021– | KCCA FC | 27 |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2013– | Uganda | 18 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Sigma 24mm F1.4 DG HSM Art

abstract: The Sigma 24mm F1.4 DG HSM Art is an interchangeable wide angle lens for full frame cameras. It was announced by Sigma Corporation on February 10, 2015. A full two stops faster than most 24mm primes, it is designed to capture wide angle imagery with shallow depth of field, as one might with a medium or large format camera. A review by LensTip gave the lens high praise in all aspects except coma, vignetting and autofocus speed, while Amateur Photographer highlighted its sharpness and "smooth, attractive rendition of out-of-focus regions".

text:
# Sigma 24mm F1.4 DG HSM Art

The **Sigma 24mm F1.4 DG HSM Art** is an interchangeable wide angle lens for full frame cameras. It was announced by Sigma Corporation on February 10, 2015. A full two stops faster than most 24mm primes, it is designed to capture wide angle imagery with shallow depth of field, as one might with a medium or large format camera.

A review by LensTip gave the lens high praise in all aspects except coma, vignetting and autofocus speed, while Amateur Photographer highlighted its sharpness and "smooth, attractive rendition of out-of-focus regions".

## InfoBox

Sigma 24mm F1.4 DG HSM Art
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maker | Sigma |
| Lens mount(s) | Canon EF, Nikon F (FX), Sigma SA |
| Technical data | |
| Type | Prime |
| Focus drive | Ultrasonic |
| Focal length | 24mm |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/1.4 |
| Close focus distance | 0.25 metres (0.82 ft) |
| Diaphragm blades | 9 |
| Construction | 15 elements in 11 groups |
| Features | |
| Manual focus override | No |
| Weather-sealing | No |
| Lens-based stabilization | No |
| Aperture ring | No |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 90 millimetres (3.5 in) |
| Diameter | 85 millimetres (3.3 in) |
| Weight | 665 grams (1.466 lb) |
| Filter diameter | 77mm |
| History | |
| Introduction | 2015 |


title: Simplicial polytope

abstract:
In geometry, a simplicial polytope is a polytope whose facets are all simplices. For example, a simplicial polyhedron in three dimensions contains only triangular faces and corresponds via Steinitz's theorem to a maximal planar graph. They are topologically dual to simple polytopes. Polytopes which are both
simple and simplicial are either simplices or two-dimensional polygons.

text:
# Simplicial polytope

In geometry, a **simplicial polytope** is a polytope whose facets are all simplices. For example, a *simplicial polyhedron* in three dimensions contains only triangular faces and corresponds via Steinitz's theorem to a maximal planar graph.

They are topologically dual to simple polytopes. Polytopes which are both simple and simplicial are either simplices or two-dimensional polygons.

## Examples

Simplicial polyhedra include:

Simplicial tilings:

Simplicial 4-polytopes include:

Simplicial higher polytope families:

* Cromwell, Peter R. (1997). *Polyhedra*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66405-5.


title: Ranko Moravac

abstract: Ranko Moravac is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder.

text:
# Ranko Moravac

**Ranko Moravac** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ранко Моравац; born 25 January 1995) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Club career

Moravac came to Slovenia with his father in summer 2010, when he was on a trial with Maribor youth selections. He officially joined Maribor on 1 July 2011. However, being under the age of 18 and foreigner, he could not be registered for the club, thus he was unable to play in official matches. He trained with the first team and played a few friendlies until 25 January 2013, when he turned 18 and was finally registered for official competitions.

## International career

Moravac was capped for Serbia at under-16 level.

## Personal life

His younger brother, Ljubomir Moravac, is a former football goalkeeper. On 2 August 2016, Ljubomir was seriously injured in a traffic collision after returning from a training session and had to retire.

## Honours

**Maribor**

## InfoBox

Ranko Moravac
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1995-01-25) 25 January 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Novi Sad, FR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2001–2008 | Vojvodina | | |
| 2008–2010 | ČSK Čelarevo | | |
| 2011–2014 | Maribor | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2018 | Maribor | 8 | (0) |
| 2013 | Veržej (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 2014–2017 | Maribor B | 28 | (10) |
| 2016 | Krško (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 2018 | Fužinar (loan) | 13 | (6) |
| 2018–2019 | Fužinar | 19 | (9) |
| 2020 | Fužinar | 1 | (0) |
| 2020–2021 | Jedinstvo Rumenka |  |  |
| 2021–2022 | Jedinstvo Stara Pazova |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Serbia U16 |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: The Cedars (Clinton, Mississippi)

abstract: The Cedars is a private home in Clinton, Mississippi. Built around 1839, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is one of the oldest extant houses in Hinds County. Named for a grove of more than fifty cedar trees located on the 5-acre (2.0 ha) property, the one-story frame house was built as a Greek revival cottage, and is typical of the simple but spacious cottages once popular in Mississippi.

text:
# The Cedars (Clinton, Mississippi)

**The Cedars** (also **Cedar Grove**) is a private home in Clinton, Mississippi. Built around 1839, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is one of the oldest extant houses in Hinds County.

Named for a grove of more than fifty cedar trees located on the 5-acre (2.0 ha) property, the one-story frame house was built as a Greek revival cottage, and is typical of the simple but spacious cottages once popular in Mississippi.

## History

The original property was owned by pioneer settlers Minerva Fitz Morgan and Jacob B. Morgan.

The exact date of construction of the home is unknown, though land records indicate that by 1839 there was a structure on the site, and architectural evidence places the period of the house at between 1835 and 1850.

The house changed hands at least five times during its first twenty years of existence. In 1859, Emile Menger, a professor of music at Mississippi College in Clinton, arrived from Germany with his family and took possession of home and property. The Mengers sold the house and property in 1903 to Patrick Henry Eager, a professor of English and acting president of Mississippi College, who added an addition to the home that same year. The name of the house was changed by Mrs. Eager from "Cedar Grove" to "The Cedars" to avoid confusion with her family home "Cedar Grove" in Aberdeen, Mississippi. The Eager family owned the home for 72 years, during which time the property was divided and reduced in size to 0.75 acres (0.30 ha). The Cedars was sold in 1975 to James T. Currie and Patricia Sumners Currie, who renovated and restored The Cedars.

The home has been included on the "Walking Tour of Historic Clinton", and was opened to the public during Clinton's Bicentennial Pilgrimage in 1976.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| The Cedars | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Cedars in Clinton, Mississippi | |
| Location of The Cedars in Mississippi | |
| Location | 405 East College Street<br>Clinton, Mississippi |
| Coordinates | 32°20′16″N 90°19′28″W / 32.33778°N 90.32444°W / 32.33778; -90.32444 |
| Built | c.1835 |
| Architectural style | Greek revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000787 |
| Added to NRHP | January 4, 1977 |


title: The Royal Lodge, Holmenkollen

abstract: The Royal Lodge or The Royal Villa is located in Holmenkollen in Oslo, Norway, and is in the Norwegian royal family's private possession. The property is used mainly in winter, and the royal family usually celebrates Christmas there, and stays at the Royal Lodge during the Holmenkollen Ski Festival every year. King Haakon VII and Queen Maud received the Royal Lodge as a gift from the Norwegian people for the coronation in 1906. It was financed by a fundraising campaign. The villa was designed by architect Kristian Hjalmar Biong, who won the architectural competition with their project "Slot over Slot." Some of the details are taken from the Norwegian stabbur tradition, especially the corners of the building. Otherwise, the character of the neo-baroque style with some elements of Art Nouveau. The Baroque can be found particularly in the gable walls symmetrical plant ornamentation in strong colors, which is inspired by Norwegian wood carving art in the 18th century. The Royal Lodge was completed in 1911. King Olav V often resided at the Royal Lodge. On 17 January 1991, while staying at the lodge, he became ill and died there.

text:
# The Royal Lodge, Holmenkollen

**The Royal Lodge** or **The Royal Villa** (Norwegian: *Kongsseteren*, *The King's Seter*) is located in Holmenkollen in Oslo, Norway, and is in the Norwegian royal family's private possession. The property is used mainly in winter, and the royal family usually celebrates Christmas there, and stays at the Royal Lodge during the Holmenkollen Ski Festival every year.

King Haakon VII and Queen Maud received the Royal Lodge as a gift from the Norwegian people for the coronation in 1906. It was financed by a fundraising campaign. The villa was designed by architect Kristian Hjalmar Biong, who won the architectural competition with their project "Slot over Slot." Some of the details are taken from the Norwegian stabbur tradition, especially the corners of the building. Otherwise, the character of the neo-baroque style with some elements of Art Nouveau. The Baroque can be found particularly in the gable walls symmetrical plant ornamentation in strong colors, which is inspired by Norwegian wood carving art in the 18th century. The Royal Lodge was completed in 1911.

King Olav V often resided at the Royal Lodge. On 17 January 1991, while staying at the lodge, he became ill and died there.

59°58′25.306″N 10°39′37.7″E / 59.97369611°N 10.660472°E / 59.97369611; 10.660472

## InfoBox

| The Royal Lodge
Kongsseteren | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Villa for the Norwegian royal family |
| Architectural style | Neo-Baroque
Dragestil |
| Location | Holmenkollen
Oslo, Norway |
| Completed | 1911 |
| Technical details | |
| Structural system | Timber Logs. |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Kristian Hjalmar Biong |


title: Semecarpus obovatus

abstract: Semecarpus obovatus is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The specific epithet was originally spelt obovata.

text:
# Semecarpus obovatus

***Semecarpus obovatus*** is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The specific epithet was originally spelt *obovata*.

## InfoBox

| *Semecarpus obovatus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | *Semecarpus* |
| Species: | ***S. obovatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Semecarpus obovatus***
Moon ex Thwaites | |
|


title: Chizu Iiyama

abstract: Chizu Iiyama was a Japanese American activist, social worker, and educator active in the Redress Movement, desegregation in Chicago, and other causes. She is best known for her contributions to the Japanese American Redress Movement, which sought to obtain reparations and a formal apology from the United States government for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

text:
# Chizu Iiyama

**Chizu Iiyama** (November 14, 1921 - August 26, 2020) was a Japanese American activist, social worker, and educator active in the Redress Movement, desegregation in Chicago, and other causes. She is best known for her contributions to the Japanese American Redress Movement, which sought to obtain reparations and a formal apology from the United States government for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

## Early life

Iiyama (née Kitano) was born in San Francisco on November 14, 1921. The fifth daughter of seven children, she is reported to have felt that her family were disappointed at having another daughter. Her family operated a boarding house for Japanese American and African American laborers in San Francisco's Chinatown. Iiyama enrolled at University of California, Berkeley in 1938 as a psychology major, paying her way by working as a "schoolgirl" (a servant in a private home). She became active in campus organizations such as "Fair Bear Labor Standards," an organization to ensure students working on campus had fair working conditions.

Immediately after the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the FBI began arresting Japanese Americans—primarily Issei (first generation Japanese immigrant) men—who had been black-listed because of their status as community leaders or perceived connections to Japan. Iiyama's father, an active member of the local Japanese Association, was among those arrested, leaving her sisters to run the family's boarding house in his absence.

Following the authorization of Japanese American incarceration under Executive Order 9066, the Kitano family was forcibly removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center in April 1942. Iiyama worked as the "Education and Recreation Supervisor," creating youth programs such as art, music, sports, boy scouts, dances. She received her degree from UC Berkeley by mail in May 1942.

The family was subsequently transferred to Topaz concentration camp in Utah, where Iiyama became a block social worker and met her future husband, Ernest Iiyama. Ernest introduced her to a group of inmates formerly known as the "Nisei Young Democrats," a radical organization of Japanese Americans active in the Bay Area prior to the forced removal.

## Postwar life and activism

After obtaining early release from Topaz, the Iiyamas moved to New York, where they started a dry cleaning company and joined the American Labor Party and the Japanese American Committee for Democracy. Iiyama started giving talks about her camp experience, which was rare at a time when most survivors were still reluctant to speak openly about this history.

Chizu and Ernest moved to Chicago in 1948 and founded a chapter of the Nisei Progressives, a group that supports movements for equality, justice, and peace. Iiyama also served as assistant director for the Chicago Resettlers Committee, which provided support in securing jobs and housing for Japanese Americans relocating to Chicago after leaving the camps.

In the meantime, Iiyama obtained a master's degree in child development from the University of Chicago and became involved with local civil rights issues like job discrimination against African Americans, the nuclear disarmament movement, and the desegregation of beaches and other public facilities. They returned to the Bay Area in 1955.

In 1970, Iiyama moved to El Cerrito where she served as the chair of the Human Rights Commission.

Iiyama was on the advisory board of the program '*Here in America? The Assembly on Wartime Relocation & Internment of Civilians'*

## InfoBox

| Chizu Iiyama | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Chizu Kitano <br>14 November 1921 |
| Died | 26 August 2020  (aged 98) |
| Occupation | Activist, social worker, teacher |


title: Riga Assembly constituency

abstract: Riga is an assembly constituency in Sitamarhi district in the Indian state of Bihar.

text:
# Riga Assembly constituency

**Riga** is an assembly constituency in Sitamarhi district in the Indian state of Bihar.

## Overview

As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 23. Riga Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Riga, Bairgania and Suppi community development blocks.

Riga is part of 4. Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Until 2008: Constituency did not exist* | | | |
| 2010 | Moti Lal Prasad |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2015 | Amit Kumar |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2020 | Moti Lal Prasad |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results

### 2020

2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election: Riga
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Motilal Prasad** |  |  |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above |  |  |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | **gain** from | | Swing |  |  |

26°38′40″N 85°26′21″E / 26.64444°N 85.43917°E / 26.64444; 85.43917

## InfoBox

| Riga | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 23 for the Bihar Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | East India |
| State | Bihar |
| District | Sitamarhi |
| LS constituency | 4. Sheohar |
| Established | 2008 |
| Reservation | None |
|  | |
| Elected year | 2020 |


title: Sigma 50-500mm f/4-6.3 DG lens

abstract: The Sigma 50-500mm f/4-6.3 EX DG HSM is a super-telephoto zoom lens produced by Sigma Corporation. It is commonly known as the "Bigma" because of its long and heavy body. It contains four SLD glass elements to provide correction for chromatic aberration. It is aimed at advanced consumers.

text:
# Sigma 50-500mm f/4-6.3 DG lens

The **Sigma 50-500mm f/4-6.3 EX DG HSM** is a super-telephoto zoom lens produced by Sigma Corporation. It is commonly known as the "**Bigma**" because of its long and heavy body. It contains four SLD (Special Low Dispersion) glass elements to provide correction for chromatic aberration. It is aimed at advanced consumers.

## Versions

The Bigma was originally announced by Sigma in 2000 at that year's Photo Expo and released in 2001. The lens has a variable minimum focusing distance and varifocal design, which was remedied partially through autofocusing technology.

Over the years, it has gone through several iterations and improvements. This includes the 2006 DG model which has upgraded coatings optimized for digital cameras. In 2010, Sigma added built-in optical stabilization (OS) to the Bigma.

| ReleaseFeature | AF 50-500mm F4-6.3 EX APO RF HSM
(2001) | APO 50-500mm F4-6.3 EX DG HSM
(2006) | 50-500mm F4.5-6.3 APO DG OS HSM
(2010) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Focal length | 50~500 mm | | |
| Aperture | f/4.0~6.3
\[to f/22~36\] | | f/4.5~6.3 |
| Construction | 20e/16g (4 SLD) | | 22e/16g |
| Min. focus dist. | 100, 300 cm (39.4, 118.1 in)
\[for f=50, 500 mm\] | | 50–180 cm (19.7–70.9 in) |
| Max. mag. | 1:5.2 (at f=200 mm) | | 1:3.1 |
| Filter (mm) | 86 | | 95 |
| Dims. (Φ×L) | 94 mm × 216 mm (3.7 in × 8.5 in) | 95 mm × 218.5 mm (3.74 in × 8.60 in) | 104.4 mm × 219 mm (4.11 in × 8.62 in) |
| Wgt. | 1,850 g (65 oz) | 1,840 g (65 oz) | 1,970 g (69 oz) |
| Mounts | Sigma SA, Minolta α, Pentax K(AF), Nikon (AF-D), Canon EF | Sigma SA, Minolta α, Pentax K(AF), Nikon (AF-D), Canon EF, 4/3 | Sigma SA, Minolta α, Pentax K(AF), Nikon (AF-D), Canon EF |

1. High Magnification Zoom Lens with a 10x zoom ratio. Optimized for digital SLR cameras. APO 50-500mm f/4-6.3 EX DG HSM
2. Ohsone, Yasuhiro. "Episode 1 · The 60-600mm F4.5-6.3 DG OS HSM | Sports". *Sigma Sein*. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
3. "NEW AF 50-500mm F4-6.3 EX APO RF HSM". Archived from the original on February 11, 2001.
4. "APO 50-500mm F4-6.3 EX DG HSM". Archived from the original on May 15, 2007.
5. "50-500mm F4.5-6.3 APO DG OS HSM". Archived from the original on January 31, 2022.

## InfoBox

APO 50-500mm f/4-6.3 EX DG HSM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maker | Sigma |
| Technical data | |
| Type | Telephoto zoom |
| Focal length | 50–500 mm |
| Crop factor | 1.0 |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/4-6.3-f/22 |
| Close focus distance | 100–300 cm |
| Max. magnification | 1:5.2 |
| Diaphragm blades | 9 |
| Construction | 20 elements in 16 groups |
| Features | |
| Short back focus | No |
| Ultrasonic motor | Yes |
| Lens-based stabilization | No |
| Macro capable | No |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 218.5 mm |
| Diameter | 95 mm |
| Weight | 1840 g |
| Filter diameter | 86 mm |
| Retail info | |
| MSRP | $1059.00USD |


title: Ranko Simović

abstract: Ranko Simović is a Serbian professional basketball player who currently plays for FMP of the ABA League as a loaned player of Crvena zvezda mts.

text:
# Ranko Simović

**Ranko Simović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ранко Симовић, born June 7, 1999) is a Serbian professional basketball player who currently plays for FMP of the ABA League as a loaned player of Crvena zvezda mts.

## Professional career

Simović grew up playing basketball for Mladost Čačak. In 2016, he was added to the Crvena zvezda U18 team.

On June 19, 2017, Simović signed a four-year contract with Crvena zvezda. Prior to the 2018–19 season he was loaned out to Vršac. Through 21 games in the 2018–19 ABA 2 season, he averaged 5.5 points, 3.6 rebounds, and 0.9 assists per game. In April 2019, he joined FMP for the rest of the 2018–19 season. In December, he was loaned to Sloboda Užice for the rest of the 2019–20 season.

In May 2022, Simović signed a two-year contract with FMP.

## National team career

Simović was a member of the Serbia under-18 team that finished 10th at the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship in Samsun, Turkey. Over seven tournament games, he averaged 3.8 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 0.6 assists per game. Simović was a member of the Serbian under-20 team that finished 15th at the 2019 FIBA U20 European Championship in Tel Aviv, Israel. Over seven tournament games, he averaged 9.9 points, 7.1 rebounds, and 1.7 assists per game.

## InfoBox

Ranko Simović
| No. 11  FMP | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Small forward |
| League | Basketball League of Serbia
ABA League |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1999-06-07) June 7, 1999
Podgorica, Montenegro, FR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Listed height | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) |
| Listed weight | 90 kg (198 lb) |
| Career information | |
| NBA draft | 2021: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2018–present |
| Career history | |
| 2018–2022 | Crvena zvezda |
| 2018–2019 | Vršac |
| 2019 | FMP |
| 2019–2020 | Sloboda Užice |
| 2020–2022 | → FMP |
| 2022–present | FMP |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Desdemona (Searchers song)

abstract: "Desdemona" is a song recorded in 1971 by The Searchers. It was their final charting single and their first in the U.S. following an almost five-year hiatus. The song was the first of two singles from their Second Take LP, and the only one to chart. It was written by the songwriting team of Valerie Murtagh and Harold Spiro. The B-side was a non-album track. "Desdemona" reached No. 94 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and No. 79 on Cash Box. It did not chart outside the United States.

text:
# Desdemona (Searchers song)

"**Desdemona**" is a song recorded in 1971 by The Searchers. It was their final charting single and their first in the U.S. following an almost five-year hiatus.

The song was the first of two singles from their *Second Take* LP, and the only one to chart. It was written by the songwriting team of Valerie Murtagh and Harold Spiro. The B-side was a non-album track.

"Desdemona" reached No. 94 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 and No. 79 on *Cash Box*. It did not chart outside the United States.

## Chart history

| Chart (1971) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 94 |
| U.S. *Cash Box* Top 100 | 79 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Desdemona" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Searchers | |
| from the album  *Second Take* | |
| B-side | "The World Is Waiting for Tomorrow" |
| Released | August 1971 (U.S.) |
| Recorded | 1971 |
| Genre | Rock, pop |
| Length | 2:20 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Valerie Avon & Harold Spiro |
| Producer(s) | David Paramor |
| The Searchers singles chronology | |
| "Kinky Kathy Abernathy"
(1969) "**Desdemona**"
(1971) | |


title: The Royal Magazine

abstract: The Royal Magazine was a monthly British literary magazine that was published between 1898 and 1939. Its founder and publisher was Sir Arthur Pearson. The Royal Magazine's first edition was published in November 1898. According to this issue, one million copies of the first edition of the magazine were ordered. Editors of the magazine included Percy Everett (1901–1911). Throughout the 1930s, as the magazine struggled to regain its relevance, it changed names a number of times. With the December 1930 issue, the magazine re-christened itself The New Royal Magazine. Beginning in June 1932, it became The Royal Pictorial. Beginning in January 1935, it was The Royal Screen Pictorial, and in June 1935, the word "Royal" was dropped entirely as it became The Screen Pictorial. The magazine's final issue was in September 1939, the month in which the Second World War began in Europe. In total, 491 issues were published. The magazine was the initial publisher of a number of the works of fiction by Agatha Christie. "The Tuesday Night Club", which appeared in the December 1927 issue, was the first published appearance of Christie's character, Miss Marple.

text:
# The Royal Magazine

***The Royal Magazine*** was a monthly British literary magazine that was published between 1898 and 1939. Its founder and publisher was Sir Arthur Pearson.

*The Royal Magazine'*s first edition was published in November 1898. According to this issue, one million copies of the first edition of the magazine were ordered. Editors of the magazine included Percy Everett (1901–1911).

Throughout the 1930s, as the magazine struggled to regain its relevance, it changed names a number of times. With the December 1930 issue, the magazine re-christened itself ***The New Royal Magazine***. Beginning in June 1932, it became ***The Royal Pictorial***. Beginning in January 1935, it was ***The Royal Screen Pictorial***, and in June 1935, the word "Royal" was dropped entirely as it became ***The Screen Pictorial***. The magazine's final issue was in September 1939, the month in which the Second World War began in Europe. In total, 491 issues were published.

The magazine was the initial publisher of a number of the works of fiction by Agatha Christie. "The Tuesday Night Club", which appeared in the December 1927 issue, was the first published appearance of Christie's character, Miss Marple.

## InfoBox

*The Royal Magazine*
| Copy of the cover of the June 1898 issue of *The Royal Magazine*. | |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | literary magazine |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Publisher | C. Arthur Pearson Ltd |
| Founder | Sir Arthur Pearson |
| First issue | November 1898 (1898-11) |
| Final issue | September 1939 (1939-09) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Based in | London |
| Language | English |


title: Farida Arriany

abstract: Frieda Thenu, better known by the stage name Farida Arriany, also known as Frieda Shagniarty, was an Indonesian actress, model, and singer. She was named the most successful Indonesian film star in 1960s.

text:
# Farida Arriany

**Frieda Thenu** (24 November 1938 – 15 October 1977), better known by the stage name **Farida Arriany**, also known as **Frieda Shagniarty**, was an Indonesian actress, model, and singer. She was named the most successful Indonesian film star in 1960s.

## Early life

Farida Arriany was born Frieda Thenu on 24 November 1938 in Bandung, West Java. Her younger sister, Onny Arriany, was an Indonesian child actress who starred with her in *Anakku Sajang* (1957) and *Arriany* (1958). She completed a junior high school education.

## Personal life

### Marriages, relationship, and children

Arriany was reported to have had affairs with several man such as Wim Tomasoa, Sukarno M. Noor, and Sudomo. She was married to Sri Budoyo, an entrepreneur who was the president director of PR Nusan Tour Data Development Corp and PT Nusan Data Investmen Corp. They had four children: Ary Dewanti, Sri Resphaty, Trisno Subroto, and Ario Sutejo.

### Illness and death

During the filming of *Yoan* (1977), Arriany suffered a fall from epilepsy. On 28 September 1977, she was rushed to Husada Hospital in Central Jakarta, due to appendicitis and cirrhosis. Arriany then underwent surgery but later died on 15 October, due to complication from the disease at the age of 38.

## Career

Arriany started her acting career by starred in *Tjemburu* (1953), along with Nurnaningsih. She made her feature film debut in 1955, taking the role of Sari in Golden Arrow's *Kasih Ibu* (*A Mother's Love*). She was credited as Frieda Shagniarty in this film, only taking the stage name Farida Arriany some time later. She appeared in eighteen further films in the following six years. These included the role of Atikah in *Air Mata Ibu* (*A Mother's Tears*, 1957), a remake of the 1941 film of the same name; Lastri in *Anakku Sajang* (*My Dear Child*, 1957), for which she won Best Leading Actress at the 1960 Indonesian Film Week; and a role in *Pedjuang* (*Warriors for Freedom*, 1961), which was screened in competition at the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival in 1961.

In the early 1960s, Arriany established her own film company, the Farida Arriany Film Corporation. JB Kristanto's Indonesian film catalogue lists the company as only producing a single film, *Kami Bangun Hari Esok* (*We Wake Tomorrow*, 1963); this was the first Indonesian film shot with CinemaScope. In his encyclopedia of film figures, however, Misbach Yusa Biran writes that the company completed two films, as well as *Road to Bali* (1968), a collaborative project with Japan.

During the mid-1960s Arriany was inactive from film acting. She made her return in 1969, taking two roles that year: as a singer in Sjumandjaja's *Apa Jang Kau Tjari, Palupi?* (*What Are You Seeking, Palupi?*) and in Wim Umboh's *Laki-Laki Tak Bernama* (*Man Without a Name*). Over the next eight years she took numerous supporting roles, including in *Lewat Tengah Malam* (*After Midnight*, 1971), *Salah Asuhan* (*Wrong Upbringing*, 1972), and *Menanti Kelahiran* (*Awaiting Birth*, 1977).

Arriany was an active promoter of tourism. She was also involved in an organisation supporting older actors. In 1975 she was appointed Second Treasurer for the Indonesian Film Actors Union. Her term would have ended in 1978.

## Filmography

During her twenty-four-year career, Arriany appeared in more than forty films.

### Footnotes

### Works cited

* "1961 year". *moscowfilmfestival.ru*. Moscow International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
* "Air Mata Ibu". *filmindonesia.or.id* (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
* Biran, Misbach Yusa, ed. (1979). *Apa Siapa Orang Film Indonesia 1926–1978* \[*What and Who: Film Figures in Indonesia, 1926–1978*\]. Jakarta: Sinematek Indonesia. OCLC 6655859.
* "Filmografi Frieda Thenu" \[Frieda Thenu Filmography\]. *filmindonesia.or.id* (in Indonesian). Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
* Kristanto, JB, ed. (2007). *Katalog Film Indonesia 19262007*. Jakarta: Nalar. ISBN 978-979-26-9006-4.
* Asa (1977-10-22). "Nama & peristiwa: Farida Arriany meninggal dunia". *Kompas* (in Indonesian). p. 6. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
* Administrator (1977-10-29). "Meninggal dunia". *Tempo* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-04-07.
* Administrator (1976-10-02). "Karir Farida". *Tempo* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-04-07.

## InfoBox

| Farida Arriany | |
| --- | --- |
| Arriany in c. 1960 | |
| Born | Frieda Thenu
(1938-11-24)24 November 1938
Bandung, Dutch East Indies |
| Died | 15 October 1977(1977-10-15) (aged 38)
Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Other names | Frieda Shagniarty |
| Occupations | * Actress * model * singer |
| Years active | 1953–1977 |
| Spouse | Sri Budoyo |
| Children | 4 |


title: Chivukula Anjaneya Murthy

abstract: C. A. Murthy (1958–2018) was a senior scientist and higher academic grade Professor of the Indian Statistical Institute, whose primary research contributions were to the fields of pattern recognition, image processing, machine learning, neural networks, fractals, genetic algorithms, wavelets and data mining. He was the head (2005-2010) of the Machine Intelligence Unit and professor-in-charge (2012-2014) of the Computer and Communication Sciences Division at the Indian Statistical Institute.

text:
# Chivukula Anjaneya Murthy

**C. A. Murthy** (**Chivukula Anjaneya Murthy**) (19582018) was a senior scientist and higher academic grade Professor of the Indian Statistical Institute, whose primary research contributions were to the fields of pattern recognition, image processing, machine learning, neural networks, fractals, genetic algorithms, wavelets and data mining.

He was the head (2005-2010) of the Machine Intelligence Unit and professor-in-charge (2012-2014) of the Computer and Communication Sciences Division at the Indian Statistical Institute.

## Education

Murthy received his B. Stat., M. Stat. and Ph.D. degrees from the Indian Statistical Institute. He was a visiting researcher at Michigan State University in 1991-92, and Pennsylvania State University in 1996-97.

## Awards and recognition

Murthy was a Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering Fellow (2001), National Academy of Sciences Fellow (2007) and VASVIK Fellow (1999). Murthy's “An efficient method of hard and fuzzy clustering of multidimensional data” was awarded Computer Engineering Division Medal by the Institution of Engineers (India) in 1996-97.

According to Google Scholar, Murthy's work has been cited more than 5,000 times.

Murthy's NPTEL lecture series on pattern recognition has been reached more than 1 million views.

## Patents

Murthy's invention can be noted by his several research patents.

## Edited books

1. S. K. Pal and C. A. Murthy (Guest Editors), Image Processing, Vision and Pattern Recognition, Special issue of Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, Part-A, vol. 67, A, no. 2, March 2001.

2. B. B. Bhattacharya, C. A. Murthy, B. Chanda and B. B. Chaudhury (Eds), Proceedings of international conference on Computing: Theory and Applications, IEEE Press, pages 749, 2007.

3. B. Chanda and C. A. Murthy (Editors), Advances in intelligent information processing, Platinum Jubilee Series, Indian Statistical Institute, World Scientific, 2008. Series Editor is S.K. Pal.

4. S. Choudhury, S. Mitra, C. A. Murthy, P. S. Sastry and S. K. Pal (eds), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on -Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence (PReMI), Vol. LNCS 5909, ISBN 978-3-642-11163-1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.

## Death

Murthy died in a road accident in front of the Indian Statistical Institute.

## InfoBox

| Chivukula Anjaneya Murthy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1958-01-01)January 1, 1958
Ongole, India |
| Died | 14 March 2018(2018-03-14) (aged 60)
Baranagar, Kolkata, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | Indian Statistical Institute |
| Known for | Convergence of Genetic Algorithm |
| Awards | Indian National Academy of Engineering Fellow (2001),
National Academy of Sciences Fellow (2007),
VASVIK Fellow (1999) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Statistics, Pattern Recognition, Machine Intelligence |
| Institutions | Indian Statistical Institute |
|  | |
| Website | www.isical.ac.in/~murthy/ |


title: Benoisey

abstract: Benoisey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

text:
# Benoisey

**Benoisey** (French pronunciation: \[bənwazɛ\]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 66 |  |
| 1968 | 90 | +36.4% |
| 1975 | 76 | −15.6% |
| 1982 | 81 | +6.6% |
| 1990 | 88 | +8.6% |
| 1999 | 72 | −18.2% |
| 2008 | 72 | +0.0% |

## InfoBox

| Benoisey | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Benoisey | |
| BenoiseyBenoisey | |
| Coordinates: 47°34′38″N 4°23′56″E / 47.5772°N 4.3989°E / 47.5772; 4.3989 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Montbard |
| Canton | Montbard |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | François Bouhier |
| Area**1** | 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 101 |
| Density | 17/km2 (45/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21064 /21500 |
| Elevation | 219–378 m (719–1,240 ft)
(avg. 265 m or 869 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Sigma 24mm f/1.8 EX DG lens

abstract: The Sigma 24mm f/1.8 EX DG is wide-angle lens which features a fast f/1.8 maximum aperture for use in low-light situations, and macro focusing capability to a reproduction ratio of 1:2.7. It uses aspherical lens elements. Though intended for 35mm film and full-frame digital SLRs, this lens is available for several makes of APS-C digital SLR cameras, where the angle of view is similar to a moderate wide-angle lens. This lens is capable of macro photography, with minimum focusing down to 18 cm/7.1". It incorporates a floating focus system in order to minimize distortion, spherical aberration and astigmatism, and provides high performance at all shooting distances. The high reproduction ratio and wide angle of view allow capturing high quality images not only of a subject but also the surrounding scenery. The Lens was introduced in 2001.

text:
# Sigma 24mm f/1.8 EX DG lens

The **Sigma 24mm f/1.8 EX DG** is wide-angle lens which features a fast f/1.8 maximum aperture for use in low-light situations, and macro focusing capability to a reproduction ratio of 1:2.7. It uses aspherical lens elements. Though intended for 35mm film and full-frame digital SLRs, this lens is available for several makes of APS-C digital SLR cameras, where the angle of view is similar to a moderate wide-angle lens (in the 35mm-40mm range, depending on the size of the D-SLR sensor).

This lens is capable of macro photography, with minimum focusing down to 18 cm/7.1" (reproduction ratio 1:2.7). It incorporates a floating focus system in order to minimize distortion, spherical aberration and astigmatism, and provides high performance at all shooting distances. The high reproduction ratio and wide angle of view allow capturing high quality images not only of a subject but also the surrounding scenery.

The Lens was introduced in 2001.

## InfoBox

Sigma 24mm f/1.8 EX DG
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maker | Sigma Corporation |
| Technical data | |
| Type | wide angle lens |
| Focal length | 24 mm |
| Crop factor | 84 degrees (FX or 35mm), 62 degrees ( DX or APS-C) |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/1.8, f/22 |
| Close focus distance | 18 cm |
| Max. magnification | 1:2.7 |
| Construction | 10 elements in 9 groups |
| Features | |
| Short back focus | n/a |
| Ultrasonic motor | n/a |
| Lens-based stabilization | No |
| Macro capable | Yes |
| Unique features | Very fast maximum aperture |
| Application | low-light, landscape, macro, general purpose wide angle |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 82 mm |
| Diameter | 84 mm |
| Weight | 485 g |
| Filter diameter | 77mm |
| Accessories | |
| Lens hood | included (bayonet) |
| Case | included (soft) |
| Angle of view | |
| Horizontal | 73 degrees (FX or 35mm)/54 degrees (DX or APS-C) |
| Vertical | 54 degrees (FX or 35mm)/37 degrees (DX or APS-C) |
| Diagonal | 84 degrees (FX or 35mm)/62 degrees (DX or APS-C) |
| Retail info | |
| MSRP | $450 (street price $340)USD |


title: Chapter 20 (Legion)

abstract: "Chapter 20" is the first episode of the third season of the American cable television series Legion, based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller, and connected to the X-Men film series. It is the 20th overall episode of the series and was written by series creator Noah Hawley and co-executive producer Nathaniel Halpern and directed by Andrew Stanton. It originally aired on FX on June 24, 2019. The series follows David Haller, a "mutant" diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age. Struggling to differentiate reality from fantasy, Haller tries to control his mutant powers and the sinister forces trying to control them while evading a government agency, Division 3. Summerland and Division 3 eventually team up in order to catch Amahl Farouk from finding his original body. While Farouk was captured, David is now labeled as a threat and hunted down, prompting him to escape. In the episode, a young girl with the power of time travel joins a cult led by David and Lenny. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.377 million household viewers and gained a 0.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the narrative, character development, performances and pacing.

text:
# Chapter 20 (Legion)

"**Chapter 20**" is the first episode of the third season of the American cable television series *Legion*, based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller, and connected to the *X-Men* film series. It is the 20th overall episode of the series and was written by series creator Noah Hawley and co-executive producer Nathaniel Halpern and directed by Andrew Stanton. It originally aired on FX on June 24, 2019.

The series follows David Haller, a "mutant" diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age. Struggling to differentiate reality from fantasy, Haller tries to control his mutant powers and the sinister forces trying to control them while evading a government agency, Division 3. Summerland and Division 3 eventually team up in order to catch Amahl Farouk from finding his original body. While Farouk was captured, David is now labeled as a threat and hunted down, prompting him to escape. In the episode, a young girl with the power of time travel joins a cult led by David and Lenny.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.377 million household viewers and gained a 0.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the narrative, character development, performances and pacing.

## Plot

A young girl named Jia-yi (Lauren Tsai) lives a sophisticated life, all while listening to Mandarin lessons on time travel in her headphones. Throughout the day, she finds symbols that refer to time travel and "beware the basket". While investigating the symbols, she catches a radio signal from Lenny (Aubrey Plaza), inviting "them" to join them. She also hears the voice of David (Dan Stevens) telling her to "follow the yellow bus".

As she walks in the street, she finds a red double-decker bus with yellow lights inside. She follows the bus, which leads her to a door in an alley. Inside the door, after passing a maze of clothing, eventually passes through a secret passageway and enters a hippie community. Her guide, Salmon (Vanessa Dubasso), shows her the place, which turns out to be a cult that uses psychedelic drugs. One of the members, Squirrel (Wally Rudolph), tells Jia-yi that her name will now be referred to as Switch. She is then led to a room where the leader will come to visit her. Unwilling to wait, she reveals her mutant powers by accelerating time. Lenny enters the room to invite her, although she wants to talk with David.

Switch visits David, who has accepted his powers and is now more relaxed in nature. David was interested in finding a time traveler, planning to save his friends. Suddenly, Division 3 agents raid the compound, killing some of its members. Kerry (Amber Midthunder) arrives and chops off David's right arm, prompting David to evaporate her and some of the agents. Syd (Rachel Keller) arrives and kills David by shooting him in the chest. In her shock, Switch escapes through a doorway, reversing time by one hour. Despite Switch's pleas, David stubbornly stays in the cult and fends off some of the agents, only to be distracted by the presence of Farouk (Navid Negahban) and getting killed by Syd again.

Switch once again reverses time, now by two hours. However, she finds herself in the astral plane with Farouk, who is aware of her powers. He tells her about David's dangerous nature and offers her a chance to join them in catching him. Switch refuses and escapes through another doorway. Farouk then heads back to the Division 3 headquarters, which are now set in an aircraft. He informs Clark (Hamish Linklater) about David working with a time traveler, concluding that they must kill her too. During this, Cary (Bill Irwin) creates an android version of Ptonomy (Jeremie Harris), consisting of the mainframe.

As Division 3 prepares for the raid, Farouk informs Syd. Farouk tries to persuade her to not participate in the raid, but she refuses. Division 3 arrives at the compound, ready for another operation. However, a blast from the compound ruins the mission. As the team stares, they find that the compound has been teleported.

## Production

### Development

In May 2019, it was reported that the first episode of the season would be titled "Chapter 20", and was to be directed by Andrew Stanton and written by series creator Noah Hawley and co-executive producer Nathaniel Halpern. This was Hawley's fifteenth writing credit, Halpern's eleventh writing credit, and Stanton's first directing credit.

### Casting

In January 2019, it was announced that Lauren Tsai would join the series in the role of Switch, described as "a young mutant whose secret ability serves as the key to executing David Haller's plan."

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "Chapter 20" was seen by an estimated 0.377 million household viewers and gained a 0.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.1 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 19% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.315 million viewers with a 0.2 in the 18-49 demographics.

### Critical reviews

"Chapter 20" received mostly positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 8.5/10 for the episode, based on 7 reviews.

Alicia Lutes of *IGN* gave the episode a "good" 7.3 out of 10 and wrote in her verdict, "*Legion*'s third season premiere is as quirky and whimsical as you want it to be. Lauren Tsai, the latest addition to the cast, is fantastic in her first-ever acting role, and Rachel Keller and Aubrey Plaza still feel like the beating heart of the show. The acting continues to delight in its weird and wonderful nature (Navid Negahban needs to be a movie star). But as the series continues its inevitable roll towards villainy (with a chance of redemption) for David, the path towards a resolution feels hollow, often thanks to Hawley's overreliance on music to do the emotional heavy-lifting for him. What we're left with is something that feels more derivative — and less special — than the *Legion* we previously knew and loved. But hey, maybe they'll go back and do it all over again in the final two minutes, and we'll change our mind about everything we just watched."

Alex McLevy of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a "B+" grade and wrote, "The smartest move that this first episode makes is to transfer the audience into the perspective of a brand-new character, essentially using Switch's mutant power to rescue the story, the series, and the characters from the dour fate it created."

Nick Harley of *Den of Geek* gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Though *Legion*'s whacky ways could be grating last year, the Season 3 premiere successfully splits the difference between psychedelic eye-candy and intriguing story developments. The episode is table-setting of the highest order, and it looks like the main course will be just as unconventional as we've come to expect." Kevin Lever of *Tell Tale TV* wrote, "Coupled with Switch and a strong visual command, the show is confident heading towards its end, Noah Hawley & Nathaniel Halpern's clever writing setting a stage of completely open possibilities."

### Accolades

*TVLine* named Dan Stevens as an honorable mention for the "Performer of the Week" for the week of June 29, 2019, for his performance in the episode. The site wrote, "*Legion*'s final season finds telekinetic mutant David Haller as the leader of a far-out hippie commune, and Dan Stevens was hilariously blissed out in this week's premiere as he welcomed time traveler Switch into his flock. Clad in flowing scarves and beaming with quiet serenity, this New Age-y David was a far cry from the frantic, tortured David we're used to seeing, and Stevens' laid-back delivery added a nice comedic punch, like when he calmly told Switch he tried trusting people, but 'it's better to read people's minds.' Stevens also showed off his action chops, storming through a couple of high-intensity fight scenes that set up the major battle ahead — but honestly, we'd be happy just sipping tea and listening to the Zen wisdom of the Magic Man."

## InfoBox

| "**Chapter 20**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Legion* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 1 |
| Directed by | Andrew Stanton |
| Written by |  |
| Featured music | Jeff Russo |
| Cinematography by | Dana Gonzales |
| Editing by | Curtis Thurber |
| Production code | XLN03001 |
| Original air date | June 24, 2019 (2019-06-24) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Guest appearance | |
| * Vanessa Dubasso as Salmon | |
|
|


abstract: "The Big Sleep" is a 1950 American TV play based on the novel by Raymond Chandler. It was an episode of the anthology series Robert Montgomery Presents. Montgomery had played Philip Marlowe previously in Lady in the Lake. Many episodes of the series were adaptations of Hollywood films. The broadcast was Zachary Scott's first appearance on TV.

text:
# The Big Sleep (Robert Montgomery Presents)

"**The Big Sleep**" is a 1950 American TV play based on the novel by Raymond Chandler. It was an episode of the anthology series *Robert Montgomery Presents*. Montgomery had played Philip Marlowe previously in *Lady in the Lake*. Many episodes of the series were adaptations of Hollywood films.

The broadcast was Zachary Scott's first appearance on TV.

## Premise

Private detective Philip Marlowe is hired by General Sternwood to keep an eye on troubled daughter.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| "**The Big Sleep**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Robert Montgomery Presents* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 2
Episode 2 |
| Directed by | Norman Felton |
| Teleplay by | Richard Morrison |
| Based on | *The Big Sleep*
by Raymond Chandler |
| Original air date | 25 September 1950 (1950-09-25) |
| Running time | 60 mins |


title: The Royal Kangaroos

abstract: The Royal Kangaroos was a professional wrestling tag team consisting of cousins "Lord" Jonathan Boyd and Norman Frederick Charles III. The duo played off their Australian heritage which included using a boomerang as their weapon of choice. Boyd and Charles were known for their brutal, brawling style.

text:
# The Royal Kangaroos

**The Royal Kangaroos** was a professional wrestling tag team consisting of cousins **"Lord" Jonathan Boyd** and **Norman Frederick Charles III**. The duo played off their Australian heritage which included using a boomerang as their weapon of choice. Boyd and Charles were known for their brutal, brawling style.

## History

Cousins Jonathan Boyd and Norman Frederick Charles III both came into the pro wrestling world with a solid amateur background behind them. Initially they wrestled in singles competition but a few years after their debut they decided to team up and head to North America. The two became known as **The Royal Kangaroos**, a name inspired by the legendary tag team the "Fabulous Kangaroos." Like the original Fabulous Kangaroos (Al Costello and Roy Heffernan) who were despised heels and started riots wherever they appeared, Boyd and Charles were vicious rulebreakers. Boyd and Charles worked mainly for Pacific Northwest Wrestling in Oregon, capturing their first NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship from Kurt and Karl Von Steiger on 11 July 1971, their first reign lasted only 6 weeks before losing the titles to Frankie Laine and Big Snuka. The Kangaroos regained the titles and held on to them by hook or by crook until Dutch Savage and Beauregarde defeated them on 26 November 1971.

The Royal Kangaroos regained the titles only a few short weeks later and would hold them until 17 April where they fell to the PNW Tag Team powerhouse of Tony Borne and Moondog Mayne (it was their 11th reign together as PNW Tag Team champions). Like before the Kangaroos were not without the title for long as they cheated their way to a victory on 9 May. After losing the title to Dutch Savage and Moondog Mayne on 17 June the Royal Kangaroos ventured outside of the Portland Territory. The team would win the South Pacific World Tag Team Championship in 1974, a championship that represented Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, French Numea, Western Samoa and parts of Africa.

After travelling around the world the Kangaroos returned to the territory that brought them the most fame and won their 5th PNW Tag Team Championship on 27 February 1975 when they defeated Dutch Savage and Jimmy Snuka. The Australians would go on to dominate the Portland tag team division as they held on to the titles for 10 months before finally being unseated by Savage and Snuka on 25 December. Their sixth and last run with the PNW tag team title only lasted 3 days as they won the gold from and then lost it back to the combination of Jesse Ventura and Apache Bull Ramos between 5 June and 8 June.

After working for Pacific Northwest for a number of years, the Royal Kangaroos headed south a bit to work for the San Francisco based World Wrestling Alliance. In San Francisco the duo won the S.F. version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship from Pat Patterson and Tony Garea on 18 September 1976. Their run with the gold ended on 4 December when they lost to Jimmy and Johnny Valiant. After losing the gold the Royal Kangaroos moved on from the San Francisco territory and headed further north to join Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling promotion in Calgary. In June 1977, the duo defeated Leo Burke and Keith Hart for the Stampede International Tag Team Championship but dropped it to Leo Burke and his new tag team partner Bobby Burke only a short time later. After their run in Stampede the duo briefly worked for the NWA Mid-Atlantic where they held the Mid-Atlantic Brass Knucks Championship. After teaming for over seven years together the Royal Kangaroos broke up in 1978; Charles returned to Stampede for some time while Jonathan Boyd returned to the Pacific Northwest. Jonathan Boyd would later find fame as one-half of the Sheepherders alongside Luke Williams while Norman Frederick Charles III remained a singles competitor.

## Championships and accomplishments

## InfoBox

| The Royal Kangaroos | |
| --- | --- |
| Tag team | |
| Members | "Lord" Jonathan Boyd<br>Norman Frederick Charles III |
| Billed from | Sydney, Australia |
| Debut | 1969 |
| Disbanded | 1978 |


title: Velinalloor

abstract: Velinalloor is a village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India.

text:
# Velinalloor

**Velinalloor**  is a village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Velinalloor had a population of 27065 with 13041 males and 14024 females.

## InfoBox

| Velinalloor | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| VelinalloorLocation in Kerala, IndiaVelinalloorVelinalloor (India) | |
| Coordinates: 8°51′0″N 76°46′0″E / 8.85000°N 76.76667°E / 8.85000; 76.76667 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kollam |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 27,065 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | KL- |


title: Son (Alto Aneu)

abstract: Son is a hamlet located in the municipality of Alt Àneu, in Province of Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 44.

text:
# Son (Alto Aneu)

**Son** (Catalan pronunciation: \[ˈson\]) is a hamlet located in the municipality of Alt Àneu, in Province of Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 44.

## Geography

Son is located 169km north-northeast of Lleida.

## InfoBox

| Son | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
|  | |
| SonSonSon | |
| Coordinates: 42°37′11″N 1°5′48″E / 42.61972°N 1.09667°E / 42.61972; 1.09667 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Catalonia |
| Province | Lleida |
| Municipality | Alt Àneu |
| Elevation | 1,377 m (4,518 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 44 |