title: Prosthogonimus

abstract:
Prosthogonimus is a genus of trematodes belonging to the family Prosthogonimidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe, Northern America, Southeastern Asia, Australia. Species:
  - Prosthogonimus anatinus Markov, 1903
  - Prosthogonimus crecci Bhutta & Khan, 1975
  - Prosthogonimus cuneatus
  - Prosthogonimus dollfusi Jaiswal, 1957
  - Prosthogonimus gracilis Skrjabin, 1941
  - Prosthogonimus guiyangensis K.u.Chin, 1976
  - Prosthogonimus hyderabadensis Jaiswal, 1957
  - Prosthogonimus ketupi Jaiswal, 1957
  - Prosthogonimus limani Gnedina, 1941
  - Prosthogonimus longus Seifreid, 1924
  - Prosthogonimus macrorchis Macy, 1934
  - Prosthogonimus malaysiae Fischthal & Kuntz, 1973
  - Prosthogonimus mesolecithus Jaiswal, 1957
  - Prosthogonimus orientalis Yamaguti, 1933
  - Prosthogonimus ovatus
  - Prosthogonimus pellucidus
  - Prosthogonimus querquedulae Yamaguti, 1933
  - Prosthogonimus robdollfusi Anantaraman, 1966
  - Prosthogonimus ryjikowi Ablasov, 1955
  - Prosthogonimus singhi Jaiswal, 1957
  - Prosthogonimus skrjabini Zakharov, 1920
  - Prosthogonimus sobolevi Leonov & Belogurov, 1963
  - Prosthogonimus vitellatus Nicoll, 1914
  - Schistogonimus rarus

text:
# Prosthogonimus

***Prosthogonimus*** is a genus of trematodes belonging to the family Prosthogonimidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe, Northern America, Southeastern Asia, Australia.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Prosthogonimus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Trematoda |
| Order: | Plagiorchiida |
| Family: | Prosthogonimidae |
| Genus: | *Prosthogonimus*<br>Lühe, 1899 |
|


title: Prostitute (1980 film)

abstract: Prostitute is a 1980 British drama film, the directorial debut of Tony Garnett who also wrote and produced the film. The film tells the story of Sandra, "an ambitious working girl who moves to London."

text:
# Prostitute (1980 film)

***Prostitute*** is a 1980 British drama film, the directorial debut of Tony Garnett who also wrote and produced the film.

The film tells the story of Sandra (Eleanor Forsythe), "an ambitious working girl who moves to London."

## Plot

In Birmingham, several prostitutes know and look out for one another. One, Sandra, has a child, and ambitions to advance beyond just taking street pickups. Her acquaintance Rose, who lives with her mother (who may also have been a prostitute in her youth) and has multiple children, is arrested by the vice squad when she was otherwise walking home and not actively seeking clients. She is pressured into taking a guilty plea and is sentenced to three months in prison. Their mutual friend Louise, a social worker who shares a flat with Sandra, is upset by how the working-class women are harassed by police and are unaware of the rights they have under the law. She recruits Rose's mother to urge other local prostitutes to build a discussion group where they can eventually lobby to change the laws; Louise, friendly enough with Sandra that she takes her as a guest to a wedding, tries to enlist her as well, but Sandra seeks to find better paying sex work in London. Louise, in her research, meets Griff, a lecturer on penal reform, who takes an interest in her cause, but in attempting to summarize its significance, shows himself to have no real knowledge of sex workers' lives. Nonetheless, she is attracted to him, and invites him to stay the night with her, briefly meeting Sandra in the process.

After meeting Andrea, a London-based sex worker, at a business event where several regional prostitutes have been recruited, Sandra decides to decamp to London, making arrangements with Louise and a longtime friend, Winston, to look after her teenage son. Andrea steers Sandra to work as a dubious massage provider for abrasive local boss Mrs. "T" (whom Andrea herself split from acrimoniously), and warns her no favors will be made for her under her employ. Sandra works an increasingly dour array of clients who treat her in hostile manners she never experienced in Birmingham, to the point where she angrily quits Mrs. T's employ, and in turn, Andrea cuts ties with her. When she tries to go fully independent, corrupt vice police invade her apartment without warrant, plant drugs on the premises, and then demand all her money and free sexual services in order to avoid arrest.

Louise faces pressure from her superior, who suggests she is getting too involved with her specific body of sex workers, but otherwise, her activism draws in more local prostitutes, and reserved interest from the city's local MP. Rose is released from her sentence, and happily rejoins her mother and their extended family of sex workers. Louise attracts interest from the BBC to make a documentary about her cause, but cautiously grills their researcher to make sure the women that have earned her trust will not be exploited in the quest for sensationalist TV. Quietly, Sandra returns to Birmingham, and while she misses out on seeing her son, goes to a park and helps other children on swings, demonstrating her parental empathy is still intact.

## Cast

## Production

### Filming

Many scenes were shot on location in Balsall Heath, Birmingham's former red-light district. Garnett wrote, produced and directed the film, shooting for six weeks, with a script based on meticulous research conducted over four years and a close collaborative working relationship with Programme for Reform of the Law on Soliciting (PROS) whose growing campaign for changes in the law Garnett positively recognized as a result of his experience making the film.

## InfoBox

| Prostitute | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Tony Garnett |
| Screenplay by | Tony Garnett |
| Produced by | Tony Garnett |
| Starring | Eleonor Forsythe
Kate Crutchley |
| Cinematography | Charles Stewart
Diane Tammes |
| Edited by | Bill Shapter |
| Music by | The Gangsters |
| Production
company | Kestrel Films |
| Release date | * 13 September 1980 (1980-09-13) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | England |
| Language | English |


title: Protheselaus

abstract: Protheselaus is a verse romance composed in Anglo-Norman by Hugh of Rhuddlan at the end of the 12th century. Hugh lived at Credenhill near Hereford, according to his earlier poem Ipomedon. Protheselaus is dedicated to Hugh's patron Gilbert fitzBaderon, lord of Monmouth. Gilbert died in or just before 1191: that date is a terminus ante quem for the completion of Protheselaus. It is a sequel to Ipomedon in the same sense in which sequels were composed to the chansons de geste: Protheselaus is introduced as the son of Ipomedon, he has adventures that are similar to his father's, and faces similar problems. He is deprived of his inheritance. He is in love with Medea and believes that she hates him. With the help of Dardanus and Melander he attempts to conciliate her and travels through distant lands to prove his knightly prowess, then returns and enters her service in disguise. He travels to Burgundy, defends Ismeine, is made prisoner by the "Maiden of the Isle", finally escapes, recovers his inheritance and marries Medea. Although Protheselaus is a continuation of the story of Ipomedon it has a different atmosphere In Ipomedonte auctor. In place of the satire, burlesque and occasional eroticism of Ipomedon the characters in Protheselaus -- especially the hero himself and his friends Dardanus and Melander -- are virtuous, selfless, and motivated by concern for the wellbeing of others. By contrast with Ipomedon, Protheselaus attracted relatively few readers in later times and was not translated into other languages.

text:
# Protheselaus

***Protheselaus*** is a verse romance composed in Anglo-Norman by Hugh of Rhuddlan at the end of the 12th century. Hugh lived at Credenhill near Hereford, according to his earlier poem *Ipomedon*. *Protheselaus* is dedicated to Hugh's patron Gilbert fitzBaderon, lord of Monmouth. Gilbert died in or just before 1191: that date is a terminus ante quem for the completion of *Protheselaus*.

It is a sequel to *Ipomedon* in the same sense in which sequels were composed to the chansons de geste: Protheselaus is introduced as the son of Ipomedon, he has adventures that are similar to his father's, and faces similar problems. He is deprived of his inheritance. He is in love with Medea and believes (wrongly, it appears) that she hates him. With the help of Dardanus and Melander he attempts to conciliate her and travels through distant lands to prove his knightly prowess, then returns and enters her service in disguise. He travels to Burgundy, defends Ismeine, is made prisoner by the "Maiden of the Isle" (*Pucele de l'Isle*), finally escapes, recovers his inheritance and marries Medea.

Although *Protheselaus* is a continuation of the story of *Ipomedon* it has a different atmosphere In *Ipomedonte* auctor. In place of the satire, burlesque and occasional eroticism of *Ipomedon* the characters in *Protheselaus* -- especially the hero himself and his friends Dardanus and Melander -- are virtuous, selfless, and motivated by concern for the wellbeing of others. By contrast with *Ipomedon*, *Protheselaus* attracted relatively few readers in later times and was not translated into other languages.

## Bibliography

Editions of the Anglo-Norman text * Franz Kluckow, ed., *Hue de Rotelande: Protheselaus*. Göttingen, 1924
* A. J. Holden, ed., *Protheselaus by Hue de Rotelande*. London: Anglo-Norman Text Society. 3 vols

Further reading * William Calin, "The Exaltation and Undermining of Romance: Ipomedon" in Norris J. Lacy and others, eds, *The Legacy of Chrétien de Troyes*
* Walther Hahn, *Der Wortschatz des Dichters Hue de Rotelande*. Berlin, 1910
* F. Lecoy, "Un episode du *Protheselaus* et le conte du mari trompé" in *Romania* vol. 76 (1955)
* Dominica Legge, *Anglo-Norman Literature and its Background* (Oxford, 1963) pp. 86-95
* André de Mandach, *Naissance et développement de la chanson de geste en Europe, IV: Chanson d'Aspremont* (Geneva: Droz, 1980) pp. 18-27
* R. M. Spensley, "Form and Meaning in Hue de Rotelande's *Protheselaus*" in *Modern Language Review* vol. 67 (1972) pp. 763-774


title: Priyaar Priyo

abstract: Priyaar Priyo is a 2017 Indian Assamese-language romantic comedy film directed by Munin Barua and produced under Azaan Films. It is the 9th highest grossing Assamese film.

text:
# Priyaar Priyo

***Priyaar Priyo*** is a 2017 Indian Assamese-language romantic comedy film directed by Munin Barua and produced under Azaan Films. It is the 9th highest grossing Assamese film.

## Cast

* Zubeen Garg as Priyobrat Kakoti
* Aradhana Buragohain as Priya Baruah
* Pranjal Saikia as Brikodar Phukan
* Gunjan Bhardwaj as Priyonath Nath
* Sunita Kaushik as Hiya
* Bikram Rajkhowa as Priyo Ranjan Talukdar
* Nikumoni Baruah as Priya's mother
* Saurabh Hazarika as Bhaskar Borah
* Pabitra Baruah as Sripati
* Siddhartha Sharma as M.L.A. Priyo Ranjan's bodyguard
* Manjula Barua (guest appearance)
* Tridip Lahon
* Sasanka Samir
* Achinta Shankar as Dipu

## Awards

| Date | Award | Category | Recipients | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27 May 2018 | Prag Cine Awards | Best Popular Actor (Male) | Zubeen Garg | Won |  |
| | Best Actress-Popular | Aradhana Buragohain | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actor in Male | Pranjal Saikia | Won | |
| | Jury's Special Award | Munin Barua | Won | |

## InfoBox

| Priyaar Priyo | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Munin Barua |
| Produced by | Abdul Mannan Faruk |
| Starring | Zubeen Garg Aradhana Buragohain Gunjan Bhardwaj |
| Cinematography | Pradip Daimary |
| Edited by | Samujjal Kashyap |
| Music by | Zubeen Garg |
| Release date | * 10 November 2017 (2017-11-10) (Assam) |
| Running time | 173 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Assamese |
| Budget | ₹75,000 |


title: Procedural defense

abstract:
In jurisprudence, procedural defenses are forms of defense challenging the legitimacy of the legal proceeding. A party argues that it should not be held liable for a legal charge or claim brought against them by some legal process, because it has been found such a process is illegitimate. Procedural defenses are built into legal systems as incentives for systems to follow their own rules. In common law jurisdictions, the term has applications in both criminal law and civil law. Procedural defenses do not settle questions of guilt or innocence in a criminal proceeding, and are independent of substantive findings for or against a plaintiff or defendant in a civil proceeding. As an example, defendants might claim there is something about the method of bringing them to be judged that is unable to result in justice done to someone in their situation. They might claim the process is incompatible with the goals of the justice system. In the United States, procedural defenses include:
  - collateral estoppel
  - denial of a speedy trial
  - double jeopardy
  - entrapment
  - prosecutorial misconduct
  - selective prosecution
  - exclusionary rule
  - facts found by judge rather than jury
  - denial or neglect of public counsel appointment
  - no opportunity to impugn witnesses against you
  - breaches of due process, such as precedent established in Rhode Island v. Innis (1980) or Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
  - denial of a jury trial in a civil case Traditional procedural defenses in "equity" in the U.S. and other common law jurisdictions:
  - laches
  - estoppel

text:
# Procedural defense

In jurisprudence, **procedural defenses** are forms of defense challenging the legitimacy of the legal proceeding. A party argues that it should not be held liable for a legal charge or claim brought against them by some legal process, because it has been found such a process is illegitimate. Procedural defenses are built into legal systems as incentives for systems to follow their own rules. In common law jurisdictions, the term has applications in both criminal law and civil law. Procedural defenses do not settle questions of guilt or innocence in a criminal proceeding, and are independent of substantive findings for or against a plaintiff or defendant in a civil proceeding. As an example, defendants might claim there is something about the method of bringing them to be judged that is unable to result in justice done to someone in their situation. They might claim the process is incompatible with the goals of the justice system.

In the United States, procedural defenses include:

Traditional procedural defenses in "equity" in the U.S. and other common law jurisdictions:


title: Prostanoic acid

abstract: Prostanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid which contains a cyclopentane ring. Its derivatives are prostaglandins - physiologically active lipid substances. Prostanoic acid is not found in nature, but it can be synthesized in vitro.

text:
# Prostanoic acid

**Prostanoic acid** (7-\[(1S,2S)-2-octylcyclopentyl\]heptanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid which contains a cyclopentane ring. Its derivatives are prostaglandins \- physiologically active lipid substances. Prostanoic acid is not found in nature, but it can be synthesized *in vitro*.

## Synthesis

For the first time the synthesis of prostanoic acid from 1-formylcyclopentene was considered in detail in the scientific literature in 1975 by a group of French pharmacists. One year later, a group of Japanese scientists, who worked in the central research laboratory of the "Sankyo Co., Ltd." company (Shinagawa, Tokyo), published another method for obtaining prostanoic acid from 2-\[4-hydroxy-5-(methoxymethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl\] acetic acid. In 1986, a group of Japanese scientists from Kyushu University in Fukuoka proposed their own scheme for obtaining prostanoic acid from limonene.

## InfoBox

Prostanoic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 7-\[(1*S*,2*S*)-2-Octylcyclopentyl\]heptanoic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H38O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-9-13-18-15-12-16-19(18)14-10-7-8-11-17-20(21)22/h18-19H,2-17H2,1H3,(H,21,22)/t18-,19-/m0/s1Key: WGJJROVFWIXTPA-OALUTQOASA-N | |
| SMILES * CCCCCCCCC1CCCC1CCCCCCC(=O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C20H38O2 |
| Molar mass | 310.522 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Przywodzie, Gmina Lipiany

abstract: Przywodzie is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Lipiany, within Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

text:
# Przywodzie, Gmina Lipiany

**Przywodzie** \[pʂɨˈvɔd͡ʑɛ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Lipiany, within Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

## InfoBox

| Przywodzie | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Przywodzie | |
| Coordinates: 53°00′22″N 14°55′03″E / 53.00611°N 14.91750°E / 53.00611; 14.91750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Pyrzyce |
| Gmina | Lipiany |


title: Przywsie

abstract: Przywsie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żmigród, within Trzebnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

text:
# Przywsie

**Przywsie** \[ˈpʂɨfɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żmigród, within Trzebnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

## InfoBox

| Przywsie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przywsie | |
| Coordinates: 51°34′34″N 16°52′35″E / 51.57611°N 16.87639°E / 51.57611; 16.87639 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Trzebnica |
| Gmina | Żmigród |


title: Pothyne proxima

abstract: Pothyne proxima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

text:
# Pothyne proxima

***Pothyne proxima*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

## InfoBox

| *Pothyne proxima* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pothyne* |
| Species: | ***P. proxima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pothyne proxima***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|


title: Casimir Polemus

abstract:
Casimir Polemus is the name of a man supposedly involved in three separate shipwrecks, being the sole survivor of each. He was born in Ploërmel, France, in the 19th century.
  - He sailed with the Jeanne Catherine, which was wrecked off Brest on July 11, 1875.
  - Five years later, he again sailed on the Trois Frères, which was wrecked in the Bay of Biscay on September 4, 1880.
  - Two years later, he again sailed on L'Odéon, which was wrecked off Newfoundland on January 1, 1882. Ripley's Believe It or Not reported the legend, assuming that it was true.

text:
# Casimir Polemus

**Casimir Polemus** is the name of a man supposedly involved in three separate shipwrecks, being the sole survivor of each.

He was born in Ploërmel, France, in the 19th century.

* He sailed with the *Jeanne Catherine*, which was wrecked off Brest on July 11, 1875.
* Five years later, he again sailed on the *Trois Frères*, which was wrecked in the Bay of Biscay on September 4, 1880.
* Two years later, he again sailed on *L'Odéon*, which was wrecked off Newfoundland on January 1, 1882.

*Ripley's Believe It or Not* reported the legend, assuming that it was true.


title: Carrom in India

abstract: Carrom is a popular tabletop game in India, enjoyed by people of all ages. Its roots can be traced back to the Indian subcontinent, where it has evolved into a major competitive sport with organized tournaments and federations. Played across households, clubs, and competitions, carrom has grown from being a casual family game to a recognized sport in India and around the world.

text:
# Carrom in India

**Carrom** is a popular tabletop game in India, enjoyed by people of all ages. Its roots can be traced back to the Indian subcontinent, where it has evolved into a major competitive sport with organized tournaments and federations. Played across households, clubs, and competitions, carrom has grown from being a casual family game to a recognized sport in India and around the world.

## History

The origins of carrom in India are not precisely documented, but it is believed to have been developed in the Indian subcontinent in the late 19th century. One of the earliest references to carrom in India is a glass carrom board found in a palace in Patiala, Punjab. It gained widespread popularity among the middle class during the 20th century. Early evidence suggests that it was inspired by billiards or pool, albeit adapted to Indian cultural contexts, using a flat board instead of pockets.

Carrom became more formalized in the 20th century, and several carrom clubs and organizations were established. The game has spread not only across India but to several parts of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and even the Middle East, largely due to Indian diaspora communities.

## Governing body

Carrom in India is administered by the All-India Carrom Federation, which was established in 1956. The AICF is affiliated with the International Carrom Federation, which oversees the global development of the sport.

## Tournaments and competitions

Carrom is widely played both casually and professionally in India. The National Carrom Championship is the most prestigious competition organized by the AICF, where top players from across the country compete. In addition, regional tournaments take place at the state level, organized by state carrom associations. India has hosted two World Carrom Championships, in 1991 and 2000, both held in New Delhi.

India has also produced several world champions in carrom, with notable players such as A. Maria Irudayam, K. Srinivas, R. M. Shankra, Ravinder Goud and S. Sudhakar winning international titles. Irudayam, a two-time world champion, is often regarded as one of the best carrom players of all time.

The Indian teams won both the men's and women's teams championships at the sixth Asian carrom champions in the Maldives in April 2023.

## Cultural significance

Carrom is deeply ingrained in Indian culture and is a common pastime in many households. The game is played in both rural and urban settings, often as a recreational activity during family gatherings and festivals. Carrom boards are found in public places such as cafes, schools, and clubs, where people gather to play the game casually.

In some regions of India, carrom tournaments are also organized as part of local festivals, making it an important element of community entertainment.

Films depicting Carrom include the 2003 Hindi film *Munna Bhai M.B.B.S*, the 2010 Hindi film *Striker* and the 2018 Tamil film *Vada Chennai*.

## InfoBox

| Carrom in India | |
| --- | --- |
| Children playing carrom in India | |
| Country | India |
| Governing body | All-India Carrom Federation |
| National team(s) | India |


title: Denis-Luc Frayssinous

abstract: Denis-Antoine-Luc, comte de Frayssinous was a French prelate and statesman, orator and writer. He was the eighth member elected to occupy Seat 3 of the Académie Française in 1822.

text:
# Denis-Luc Frayssinous

**Denis-Antoine-Luc, comte de Frayssinous** (9 May 1765  12 December 1841) was a French prelate and statesman, orator and writer. He was the eighth member elected to occupy Seat 3 of the Académie Française in 1822.

## Biography

De Frayssinous was born of humble parentage at Curières, in the *département* of Aveyron. He owes his reputation mainly to the lectures on dogmatic theology, known as the conferences of Saint Sulpice, delivered in the church of Saint Sulpice, Paris, from 1803 to 1809, to which admiring crowds were attracted by his lucid exposition and by his graceful oratory. The freedom of his language in 1809, when Napoleon had arrested the pope and declared the annexation of Rome to France, led to a prohibition of his lectures; and the dispersion of the congregation of Saint Sulpice in 1811 was followed by his temporary retirement from the capital. He returned with the Bourbons, and resumed his lectures in 1814; but the events of the Hundred Days again compelled him to withdraw into private life, from which he did not emerge until February 1816.

As court preacher and almoner to Louis XVIII of France, he now entered upon the period of his greatest public activity and influence. In connection with the controversy raised by the signing of the reactionary concordat of 1817, he published in 1818 a treatise entitled *Les vrais principes de l'Église gallicane sur la puissance ecclésiastique*, which though unfavourably criticized by Lamennais, was received with favor by the civil and ecclesiastical authorities.

The consecration of Frayssinous as bishop of Hermopolis *in partibus*, his election to the Académie française, and his appointment to the grand-mastership of the university, followed in rapid succession. In 1824, on the accession of Charles X of France, he became minister of public instruction and of ecclesiastical affairs under the administration of Jean-Baptiste, Comte de Villèle; and about the same time he was created a peer of France with the title of count. His term of office was chiefly marked by the recall of the Jesuits.

In 1825 he published his lectures under the title *Défense du christianisme*. The work passed through 15 editions within 18 years, and was translated into several European languages. In 1828 he, along with his colleagues in the Villèle ministry, was compelled to resign office, and the subsequent revolution of July 1830 led to his retirement to Rome. Shortly afterwards he became tutor to the duke of Bordeaux (Comte de Chambord) at Prague, where he continued to live until 1838. He died at Saint-Geniez-d'Olt on 12 December 1841.

## Literary quotations

The famous novel of Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, mentions the Conferences of Saint Sulpice by the abbot Frayssinous, habitual readings during the stay of Emma Rouault (not yet Bovary) in a nunnery.

## Further reading


title: The Shape of Things to Come (Lost)

abstract: "The Shape of Things to Come" is the 81st episode of the American Broadcasting Company's Lost and is the ninth episode of the fourth season. It aired on April 24, 2008 on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada. The episode was written by co-executive producer Drew Goddard and co-producer Brian K. Vaughan in late February 2008 and directed by executive producer Jack Bender in mid-March. The narrative centers on Ben Linus as he and the Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 crash survivors at the Barracks come under attack in December 2004, while flashforwards to late 2005 show him recruiting Sayid Jarrah as a hitman and confronting his enemy Charles Widmore. "The Shape of Things to Come" is one of a few Lost episodes to contain footage filmed outside Hawaii. The episode aired as the first of the second batch of fourth-season episodes that were originally planned to air uninterrupted by a hiatus with the rest of the season; however, the 100-day 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike paused production and caused the writers to condense the second half of the season, which aired after a four-week break. "The Shape of Things to Come" received positive critical reviews, and the original broadcast in the United States was viewed by 14 million people. Much praise was directed at Emerson's acting skills, particularly in his reaction to the execution of his character's daughter Alex. His performance in this specific episode received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards; the episode was also nominated in the category of Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series.

text:
# The Shape of Things to Come (Lost)

"**The Shape of Things to Come**" is the 81st episode of the American Broadcasting Company's *Lost* and is the ninth episode of the fourth season. It aired on April 24, 2008 on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada. The episode was written by co-executive producer Drew Goddard and co-producer Brian K. Vaughan in late February 2008 and directed by executive producer Jack Bender in mid-March. The narrative centers on Ben Linus (played by Michael Emerson) as he and the Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 crash survivors at the Barracks come under attack in December 2004, while flashforwards to late 2005 show him recruiting Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) as a hitman and confronting his enemy Charles Widmore (Alan Dale).

"The Shape of Things to Come" is one of a few *Lost* episodes to contain footage filmed outside Hawaii. The episode aired as the first of the second batch of fourth-season episodes that were originally planned to air uninterrupted by a hiatus with the rest of the season; however, the 100-day 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike paused production and caused the writers to condense the second half of the season, which aired after a four-week break. "The Shape of Things to Come" received positive critical reviews, and the original broadcast in the United States was viewed by 14 million people. Much praise was directed at Emerson's acting skills, particularly in his reaction to the execution of his character's daughter Alex (Tania Raymonde). His performance in this specific episode received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards; the episode was also nominated in the category of Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series.

## Plot

The episode is set on December 27, 2004, the survivors' 97th day on the island. At the beach camp, the corpse of Dr. Ray (Marc Vann), the freighter *Kahana*'s doctor, washes ashore. Daniel Faraday (Jeremy Davies) calls the freighter and asks what happened to Ray via morse code. Daniel lies about the response, saying that rescue helicopters will be sent soon; however, Bernard Nadler (Sam Anderson) calls him out on this and correctly interprets the freighter's message: "What are you talking about? The doctor is fine." Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), who suffers from stomach pains throughout the day, forces Daniel to reveal that it was never their intention to rescue the survivors.

Meanwhile, Alex is captured by Martin Keamy (Kevin Durand) and others from the freighter. As they take her to the Barracks, she sets off an alarm heralding the arrival of Ben's enemies. Ben, John Locke (Terry O'Quinn), and Hugo "Hurley" Reyes (Jorge Garcia) fortify Ben's house, while James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) goes to retrieve the other survivors in the Barracks. He is partially successful, as he saves Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) from her exploded and burning house, but three survivors (portrayed by extras) are shot to death by the mercenaries. Keamy finds and frees Miles Straume (Ken Leung), giving him a walkie-talkie to take to Ben. Ben communicates with Keamy, who threatens to kill Alex if Ben does not surrender. Ben attempts to negotiate and is shocked when Keamy executes Alex. Locking himself in the house's secret room, Ben enters a hidden chamber. He re-emerges shortly after covered in soot, and the smoke monster attacks Keamy's henchmen. The survivors flee for the forest, with Ben lingering briefly to grieve over Alex's body. Afterward, Ben and Locke depart to locate Jacob for further instructions. Sawyer, Hurley, Claire and Aaron turn to return to the beach with Miles, but Locke holds them at gunpoint, successfully demanding that Hurley goes with him (as he has found Jacob's cabin before).

Flashforwards show Ben on three continents in autumn 2005. Ben is startled when he wakes up in the Sahara Desert wearing a winter jacket and with a large cut on his upper arm; challenged by two armed locals, he kills one of them (Nick Hermz) and knocks the other (Sammy Sheik) unconscious and travels on horseback to Tozeur, Tunisia on October 24, 2005. Ben journeys to Tikrit, Iraq, where the funeral of Sayid's wife Nadia Jazeem (Andrea Gabriel) is taking place. Ben tells Sayid that Widmore ordered Ishmael Bakir (Faran Tahir) to kill Nadia. Ben lures Bakir into a trap to be killed by Sayid, who shoots Bakir repeatedly. Ben recruits Sayid to become Ben's assassin, and leaves for London, where he breaks into Widmore's penthouse; although Ben cannot kill Widmore, he states that he is going to kill Widmore's daughter Penelope (Sonya Walger) in retribution for Alex's death. In their conversation, Widmore claims that the island is his and that he will take it back from Ben one day.

## Production

The Writers Guild of America went on strike on November 4, 2007, by which time only eight of the planned sixteen episodes of *Lost*'s fourth season had been written. These episodes aired from January to March 2008. After the strike ended on February 12, 2008, the writers found that there was only enough time to produce five episodes, although the fifth episode would later be expanded to two episodes—and they proceeded to compress most of the storylines of the planned eight episodes into six, with some carrying over into the fifth season. Executive producer/head writer Damon Lindelof stated that "we are going to execute our full story plan for season four. This simply requires a shift from high-octane storytelling to superhigh-octane storytelling. It requires no cramming, only a slightly heavier foot on the gas pedal ... so, hold on to your hats. Those of you waiting for the long-anticipated \[Jin Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim)\] and Hurley Ping-Pong tournament, however, will be very disappointed." The writers expressed interest to air the eighth episode with the second batch of episodes, but ABC did not comply and "The Shape of Things to Come" served as the mid-season premiere. The writers realized some advantages to the strike: they were able to use actors whose shows had been canceled during the strike, and they were able to respond to confusion from the audience. They would later even conclude that the season was better as a result of the interruption, as they were able to discard "languid, contemplative material" and felt "recharged \[with\] a real energy to attack \[the\] last six episodes". The first three seasons were broadcast on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada; the pre-strike fourth-season episodes aired on Thursdays at 9:00 p.m., a time slot normally occupied by *Grey's Anatomy*. "The Shape of Things to Come" and the following three episodes were broadcast on Thursdays at 10:00 p.m., after *Grey's Anatomy*.

"The Shape of Things to Come" was written alongside "Something Nice Back Home" and "Cabin Fever" in February and March 2008. Its title is derived from the 1933 science fiction novel of the same name by H.G. Wells. Co-executive producer/writer Drew Goddard called the episode "maybe my favorite thing I've done on *Lost*, and I've been lucky with all the episodes I've gotten so far". Shooting began on March 10 and continued through March 25, alongside filming of "Something Nice Back Home". The scene in which Ben confronts Widmore was actually filmed in London, because actor Alan Dale was unable to fly to Hawaii as he had been appearing in a production of the play *Spamalot*. Several crew members and Michael Emerson flew to London to film the scene. A scene in which Claire has a prophetic vision was produced; however, it was cut due to runtime constraints.

A shoot-out early in the episode sees the end of the three background survivors who joined Locke in his trip to the Barracks in the early fourth season. One of them, Doug, was played by Sean Douglas Hoban, who received credit as a co-star for the first time in his run on the show, having been cast in the pilot as "Passenger #4". Hoban later also acted as a stunt double for Dominic Monaghan, who plays Charlie Pace, a major character in the first three seasons. Hoban has one line in "The Shape of Things to Come", and he had to audition for it against the other background actors.

The episode's flashforwards commence with Ben waking up alarmed in the Sahara with a wounded right arm and vapor rising from him. The Dharma Initiative parka that he wears was codenamed "Dharka" by the writers. A couple of Easter eggs are present in this scene: Ben's parka has a name tag that indicates that it was formerly owned by Edgar Halliwax (François Chau) and it displays the first appearance of the logo for a Dharma station called the "Orchid" that would not be seen until the episode titled "There's No Place Like Home". Another Easter egg is glimpsed in the next scene, when Ben reveals his forged Canadian passport previously seen in "The Economist" for his alias Dean Moriarty, which is also the name of the central character in Jack Kerouac's 1951 novel *On the Road*. Among the most frequent questions that the writers are asked is whether they have planned out future storylines, so the writers try to allude to future plot points, such as with the Dharka scene, that they can later call on as proof that they do know where the story is headed. Director Jack Bender described the scene, which was filmed in a Hawaiian rock quarry, as especially hard to shoot because the actors had to ride horses and use guns, the crew had to relocate due to rocks present that were unsuitable for the scene, and Bender walked head-first into a crane. Emerson stated that the set is "definitely a no-glamour zone ... I thought we would ease into things. Instead, I get this all-Ben extravaganza: combat, riding horses, foreign languages. And piano playing! All waaaay outside my comfort zone. How can you work two weeks and feel like you need a vacation already?"

## Reception

"The Shape of Things to Come" was viewed in the United States live or within five hours of broadcast by 12.075 million people, ranking *Lost* as the fourteenth most watched program of the week. A total in the United States of 14.067 million people watched the episode live or within seven days; this number was factored into the season's average. This was an improvement over the previous *Lost* episode that had aired six weeks earlier. *Lost* also improved its Canadian ratings with 1.443 million viewers. In Australia, "The Shape of Things to Come" was watched by only 683,000 viewers, but *Lost* was nominated in the same week for two *Sun-Herald* Bogie Awards—a parody of the Australian Logie Awards—in the categories of "Most Underrated" series and "Most Jerked Around by the Networks".

"The Shape of Things to Come" received critical acclaim. Karla Peterson of *The San Diego Union-Tribune* gave "The Shape of Things to Come" an "A+." Jeff Jensen of *Entertainment Weekly* called "The Shape of Things to Come" "one of those deliciously dense episodes in which the nourishment of revelation is mixed with huge chunks of sugary intrigue" and speculated that the scene in which Alex is executed will be "sitting very high on this ranking of all-time pivotal *Lost* moments" by the series' May 2010 end. Before the season finale aired, Jensen ranked this as the second best moment of the season and put the scene in which the monster attacks the mercenaries in ninth place. Dan Kois and Lane Brown of *New York* magazine thought that this "episode didn't exactly feel like the usual moderately paced, secret-revealing drama *Lost* usually is; it felt like an action movie ... it was like watching *Die Hard* on an island". Chris Carabott of IGN gave the episode a 9.3/10, concluding that "if 'The Shape of Things to Come' is any indication of the level of quality that \[the audience\] should expect from here on out then we are in for some incredible storytelling" and "Alex's death will probably be remembered as one of the more pivotal scenes in the entire series \[because\] it is such a phenomenally shot, edited and acted moment ... it would be incredibly hard not to feel for \[Ben\] here." Upon grading the best episodes of the first five seasons, the episode ranked second, beating episodes like "Through the Looking Glass" and the pilot and losing to "The Constant." Erin Martell of AOL's TV Squad summed up "The Shape of Things to Come" as "a brilliant episode ... \[with\] tons of action, several big revelations, and more questions to ponder". Don Williams of BuddyTV decided that the episode was "worth waiting five weeks for" and "so jam packed that I need to give my brain time to rest". Williams's colleague Oscar Dahl ranked the scene in which Alex is killed as the fifth best moment of the season, noting that "it was perfectly paced ... and provided a huge shock ... and some of the best acting you'll ever see". Jay Glatfelter of The Huffington Post wrote that "'The Shape of Things to Come' was the perfect episode to get everyone back into the swing of *Lost*. It wasn't a mindfuck à la 'The Constant'. It was an edge-of-your-seat thrill ride, which to me matched the 'Pilot''s bombastic grandeur".

Alan Sepinwall of *The Star-Ledger* wrote that the episode "was overflowing with manna from post-strike heaven: lots of action, lots of intrigue \[and\] the odd answer or three"; however, he criticized the deaths of the three 815 survivors played by extras and survival of main characters, saying that "that sequence with Sawyer dodging bullets was supposed to be tense and frightening; instead, it was funny". Kristin Dos Santos of E! agreed with Sepinwall's latter assessment. Jamie Poniewozik of *Time* worried about the show's direction in which Widmore is suddenly the antagonist and Ben travels the globe to seek revenge. He said that it "looks a little too much like *Alias*"; Poniewozik enjoyed the island drama. Daniel of TMZ called "The Shape of Things to Come" "another solid episode of *Lost*", grading it as a "B" and claiming that "I enjoyed it the whole way through, even if it never gave me that 'OH MY GOD!!!!' moment, though I loved the Alex execution scene."

Before the episode began shooting, Michael Emerson had already decided to submit his performance in this episode for consideration in the Supporting Actor in a Drama Series category of the Primetime Emmy Awards because of the script's strength. He received his second consecutive Emmy nomination for this role; however, he lost to Željko Ivanek of the FX series *Damages*. Emerson won the next year for the episode "Dead Is Dead". Kevin Thompson of *The Palm Beach Post* wrote that "with those big ol' eyes of his, \[Emerson\] could always say more with a lengthy stare than he could with twenty pages of dialogue.... \[He has\], once again, proved why he has become *Lost*'s star as well as its heart and soul.... an Emmy should belong to \[him\]." Jennifer Godwin of E! wrote that "no one has ever done better work humanizing a supervillain." Among those who also praised Emerson's performance as Ben were Robert Bianco of *USA Today*, Matt Roush of *TV Guide*, Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy, who gave the episode a perfect rating of five stars, John Kubicek of BuddyTV and aforementioned critics from *The Star-Ledger*, *The San Diego Union-Tribune*, *Time*, *Entertainment Weekly*, IGN and TV Squad.

## InfoBox

| "**The Shape of Things to Come**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Lost* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 4<br>Episode 9 |
| Directed by | Jack Bender |
| Written by |  |
| Production code | 409 |
| Original air date | April 24, 2008 (2008-04-24) |
| Running time | 42 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Point24

abstract: Point24 is a free daily newspaper in Luxembourg.

text:
# Point24

***Point24*** is a free daily newspaper in Luxembourg.

## History and profile

*Point24* was established in 2007. It is published by Saint-Paul Luxembourg. Originally published exclusively in French, like the rival freesheet *L'essentiel*, *Point24* then was divided, with a German front page and a French one, opposite to each other. Later on the 2 versions were divided into 2 separate newspapers, in a smaller format, magazine like. Finally in February 2011 a Portuguese version of the newspaper, with editions on Thursdays and Tuesdays, was launched.

## InfoBox

Point24
| Type | Free daily newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Compact |
| Owner(s) | Saint-Paul Luxembourg |
| Publisher | Saint-Paul Luxembourg |
| Founded | 27 November 2007 |
| Language | French, German and Portuguese |
| Headquarters | 2 rue Christophe Plantin,<br>L-2988 Luxembourg City |
| Website | www.point24.lu |


title: Prádena de Atienza

abstract: Prádena de Atienza is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 50 inhabitants.

text:
# Prádena de Atienza

**Prádena de Atienza** is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 50 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Prádena de Atienza, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Prádena de Atienza, SpainPrádena de Atienza, SpainPrádena de Atienza, Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°10′25″N 3°00′19″W / 41.17361°N 3.00528°W / 41.17361; -3.00528 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile-La Mancha |
| Province | Guadalajara |
| Municipality | Prádena de Atienza |
| Area | |
| Total | 28 km2 (11 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 42 |
| Density | 1.5/km2 (3.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: June Blum

abstract: June Druiett Blum was an American multimedia artist who produced paintings, sculptures, prints, light shows, happenings, jewelry, art books, pottery, conceptual documentations, and drawings. She was also a feminist curator and activist who worked to advance the women's movement and increase visibility for women artists.

text:
# June Blum

**June Druiett Blum** (December 10, 1929—June 14, 2017) was an American multimedia artist who produced paintings, sculptures, prints, light shows, happenings, jewelry, art books, pottery, conceptual documentations, and drawings. She was also a feminist curator and activist who worked to advance the women's movement and increase visibility for women artists.

## Early life and education

June Blum, née Druiett, was born in Maspeth, Queens, New York, on December 10, 1929, where she was raised mostly by her mother, Elsie Sally Druiett (1897–1983), because her father, Henry Charles Druiett (1899–1941), died at the age of 41. In 1958, she married Maurice C. Blum (1913–1985), a businessman, poet, and avid photographer who documented the women's art movement. A collection of his poems, *Love in Bloom: Poetry and Photography*, was published posthumously in 1988.

Blum studied at Brooklyn College, Pratt Graphic Art Center, Art Students League of New York, Craft Students League, and The New School for Social Research. At the Brooklyn Museum Art School, she studied with Reuben Tam, Tom Doyle, and Reuben Kadish, among others. Her first solo exhibition was at the Hicks Street Gallery, Brooklyn, in 1965.

## Work

### Curatorial work and political activism

As curator of the Contemporary Art Program (1971–75) at the Suffolk Museum (now the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages), Blum conceived *Unmanly Art* (1972), the first in-house museum-curated exhibition of works by women artists. Blum also coordinated *Works on Paper/Women Artists* (1975) at the Brooklyn Museum, another show that supported the work of women. The exhibition, however, "was outflanked by a major exhibit" called *Of Men Only: A Review of Men's and Boys' Fashions, 1750–1975*. During *Works on Paper/Women Artists*, Blum served as the moderator for "Curators, Critics & the Economics of the Woman Artist," a panel that included Judith Van Baron, Patricia Mainardi, and Janet Schneider. Also in 1975, she formed an organization called Women Artists Living in Brooklyn and served as a juror for *Washington to Washington*, an exhibition held at the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Blum participated in the first formal panel on "Gender and Art" to be held in Seattle, which coincided with her solo exhibition in 1977 at NN Gallery. On the panel, she stated her belief that "there is gender in art, that female consciousness exists and should be encouraged," which contrasted with the idea that art is gender-neutral. In 1980, after moving to Cocoa Beach, Florida, Blum formed the East Central Florida chapter of Women's Caucus for Art. She also founded Women for Art, an imprimatur for the publication of catalogues, and was a member of the New York Professional Women Artists. In addition, Blum was a founding member of Central Hall Artists Gallery (est. 1973), an all-women cooperative exhibition space in Port Washington, New York.

### Art

June Blum's early work focused on black-and-white abstractions, especially between 1963 and 1968, although she painted both figuratively and abstractly throughout her career. She was inspired by Theodoros Stamos and Ad Reinhardt, but their forms were "not enough" because she "needed more visual involvement," according to the artist. Blum's "black and whites," as she called them, have distinctive organic forms that arc, loop, and curve against a dark background.

Derived from her abstractions and the influence of Happenings, Blum sporadically created "time–light–space environment events" between 1968 and 1982. The first was *The Female President* (1968–69), in which she posited a female commander-in-chief of the United States, conveyed abstractly through changing light effects on dancers and actors, accompanied by sounds and electronic music. Other such events were *Medusa* (1970) and *American Queen* (1972), both of which concerned feminist themes that coincided with Blum's emerging activism. Blum also created "conceptual documentations," likewise feminist, which included *The Female Connection* (1978).

In the 1970s, Blum began to paint portraits of women in feminist circles, including Alice Neel (c. 1972–73), Patricia Mainardi (1974), Cindy Nemser (1975), Sylvia Sleigh (1975), and Betty Friedan. For *The Sister Chapel*, which premiered at PS1 in 1978, she created a nine-foot portrait of *Betty Friedan as the Prophet* (1976), a towering figure who has just descended from a distant mountain like a biblical prophet with *The Feminine Mystique* tucked under her arm. Friedan was Blum's main inspiration for becoming a feminist and she continued to inspire the artist's work, most notably in a series of portraits and a group of "conceptual documentations," created between 1976 and 1978.

## Recognition

Blum was awarded the Medal of Honor in 2003 for her role in advancing the study of women in the arts. In January 2011, Blum was the Veteran Feminists of America artist of the month.

## InfoBox

| June Blum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | June Druiett
(1929-12-10)December 10, 1929
Maspeth, Queens, New York, U.S. |
| Died | June 14, 2017(2017-06-14) (aged 87)
Cocoa Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Spouse | Maurice C. Blum |


abstract: The 1965 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State College—now known as California State University, Fresno—as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. Led by Phil Krueger in his second and final season as head coach, Fresno State compiled an overall record of 6–4 with a mark of 1–3 in conference play, placing fourth in the CCAA. The Bulldogs played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California.

text:
# 1965 Fresno State Bulldogs football team

1965 California Collegiate Athletic Association football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 4/2 Cal St Los Angeles $ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| No. NR/9 Long Beach State | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| San Diego State | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Fresno State | 1 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Cal Poly | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| Valley State | 0 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP/UPI small college polls | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1965 Fresno State Bulldogs football team** represented Fresno State College—now known as California State University, Fresno—as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. Led by Phil Krueger in his second and final season as head coach, Fresno State compiled an overall record of 6–4 with a mark of 1–3 in conference play, placing fourth in the CCAA. The Bulldogs played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 25 | at Colorado* |  |  | L 7–10 | 29,000 |  |
| October 2 | Washburn* |  |  | W 54–0 | 9,388 |  |
| October 9 | Montana State* |  | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA | W 25–14 | 10,862 |  |
| October 16 | at Cal Poly |  |  | W 23–13 | 7,000 |  |
| October 23 | No. 4 Cal State Los Angeles | No. 8 | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA | L 12–32 | 13,455 |  |
| October 30 | San Diego State |  | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA (rivalry) | L 7–26 | 9,009 |  |
| November 6 | at No. 6 Long Beach State |  |  | L 12–14 | 9,100–9,120 |  |
| November 13 | at Pacific (CA)* |  |  | W 20–0 | 1,000–4,000 |  |
| November 20 | San Jose State* |  | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA (rivalry) | W 24–18 | 7,897 |  |
| November 27 | at Hawaii* |  |  | W 7–3 | 2,356 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## Team players in the NFL

No Fresno State Bulldogs were selected in the 1966 NFL draft.

## InfoBox

| 1965 Fresno State Bulldogs football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | California Collegiate Athletic Association |
| Record | 6–4 (1–3 CCAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Ratcliffe Stadium |
|


title: Finn Gold Cup

abstract: The Finn Gold Cup is the premier competition in Finn Class sailboat racing. Organized by the International Sailing Federation, it decides the Finn World Championships and has been held every year since 1956. Finn is an Olympic class.

text:
# Finn Gold Cup

The **Finn Gold Cup** is the premier competition in Finn Class sailboat racing. Organized by the International Sailing Federation, it decides the **Finn World Championships** and has been held every year since 1956.

Finn is an Olympic class.

## Editions

| Year | City | Country | Dates | Athletes | Nations | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1956 | Burnham-on-Crouch | United Kingdom | 29 March – 2 April |  |  |  |
| 1957 | Karlstad | Sweden | 31 July – 4 August |  |  |  |
| 1958 | Zeebrugge | Belgium | 1–5 May |  |  |  |
| 1959 | Hellerup | Denmark | 4–9 August |  |  |  |
| 1960 | Torquay | United Kingdom | 4–10 June |  |  |  |
| 1961 | Travemünde | West Germany | 14–19 August |  |  |  |
| 1962 | Tønsberg | Norway | 6–11 August |  |  |  |
| 1963 | Medemblik | Netherlands | 12–19 August |  |  |  |
| 1964 | Torquay | United Kingdom | 18–26 July |  |  |  |
| 1965 | Gdynia | Poland | 22–29 July |  |  |  |
| 1966 | La Baule | France | 21–29 August |  |  |  |
| 1967 | Hanko | Finland | 6–12 August |  |  |  |
| 1968 | Whitstable | United Kingdom | 6–12 August |  |  |  |
| 1969 | Hamilton | Bermuda | 6–12 August |  |  |  |
| 1970 | Cascais | Portugal | 14–22 August |  |  |  |
| 1971 | Toronto | Canada | 1–9 October |  |  |  |
| 1972 | Anzio | Italy | 25 June – 1 July |  |  |  |
| 1973 | Brest | France | 14–23 July |  |  |  |
| 1974 | Long Beach | United States | 10–17 August |  |  |  |
| 1975 | Malmö | Sweden | 10–19 June |  |  |  |
| 1976 | Brisbane | Australia | 2–10 January |  |  |  |
| 1977 | Palamós | Spain | 6–17 September |  |  |  |
| 1978 | Manzanillo | Mexico | 16–26 November |  |  |  |
| 1979 | Weymouth | United Kingdom | 5–15 September |  |  |  |
| 1980 | Takapuna | New Zealand | 18–27 February |  |  |  |
| 1981 | Grömitz | West Germany | 5–19 July |  |  |  |
| 1982 | Medemblik | Netherlands | 9–19 September |  |  |  |
| 1983 | Milwaukee | United States | 13–21 August |  |  |  |
| 1984 | Anzio | Italy | 17–27 May |  |  |  |
| 1985 | Marstrand | Sweden | 26 June – 6 July |  |  |  |
| 1986 | Palma | Spain | 5–13 July |  |  |  |
| 1987 | Kiel | West Germany | 26 June – 7 July |  |  |  |
| 1988 | Ilhabela | Brazil | 31 January – 11 February |  |  |  |
| 1989 | Alassio | Italy | 6–16 April |  |  |  |
| 1990 | Porto Carras | Greece | 5–15 July |  |  |  |
| 1991 | Kingston | Canada | 1–3 September |  |  |  |
| 1992 | Cádiz | Spain | 10–17 May |  |  |  |
| 1993 | Bangor | United Kingdom | 9–19 July |  |  |  |
| 1994 | Pärnu | Estonia | 12–21 August |  |  |  |
| 1995 | Melbourne | Australia | 7–15 January |  |  |  |
| 1996 | La Rochelle | France | 1–10 May |  |  |  |
| 1997 | Gdańsk | Poland | 3–13 July |  |  |  |
| 1998 | Athens | Greece | 17–23 August |  |  |  |
| 1999 | Melbourne | Australia | 6–17 January |  |  |  |
| 2000 | Weymouth | United Kingdom | 11–16 June |  |  |  |
| 2001 | Marblehead | United States | 21–29 September |  |  |  |
| 2002 | Athens | Greece | 20–28 July |  |  |  |
| 2003 | Cádiz | Spain | 11–24 September | part of the 2003 ISAF Sailing World Championships | |  |
| 2004 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | 12–20 February |  |  |  |
| 2005 | Moscow | Russia | 9–17 September |  |  |  |
| 2006 | Split | Croatia | 8–16 July |  |  |  |
| 2007 | Cascais | Portugal | 28 June – 13 July | part of the 2007 ISAF Sailing World Championships | |  |
| 2008 | Melbourne | Australia | 20–29 January |  |  |  |
| 2009 | Vallensbæk | Denmark | 3–11 July |  |  |  |
| 2010 | San Francisco | United States | 27 August – 4 September |  |  |  |
| 2011 | Perth | Australia | 3–18 December | part of the 2011 ISAF Sailing World Championships | |  |
| 2012 | Falmouth | United Kingdom | 10–18 May |  |  |  |
| 2013 | Tallinn | Estonia | 23–31 August |  |  |  |
| 2014 | Santander | Spain | 12–21 September | part of the 2014 ISAF Sailing World Championships | |  |
| 2015 | Takapuna | New Zealand | 20–30 November |  |  |  |
| 2016 | Gaeta | Italy | 5–15 May |  |  |  |
| 2017 | Balatonföldvár | Hungary | 1–10 September |  |  |  |
| 2018 | Aarhus | Denmark | 30 July – 12 August | part of the 2018 Sailing World Championships | |  |
| 2019 | Melbourne | Australia | 13–21 December |  |  |  |
| 2021 | Porto | Portugal | 8–12 May |  |  |  |
| 2022 | Malcesine | Italy | 17–21 May | 110 | 17 |  |
| 2023 | Coconut Grove | United States | 27–31 January | 58 | 17 |  |
| 2024 | Aarhus | Denmark | 3–7 September | 103 | 21 |  |

## Medalists

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1956 Burnham-on-Crouch
 | André Nelis (BEL) | Paul Elvstrøm (DEN) | Brian Roswell (CAN) |
| 1957 Karlstad
 | Jürgen Vogler (GDR) | Harald Bredo Eriksen (NOR) | André Nelis (BEL) |  |
| 1958 Zeebrugge
 | Paul Elvstrøm (DEN) | André Nelis (BEL) | Adelchi Pelaschier (ITA) |  |
| 1959 Hellerup
 | Paul Elvstrøm (DEN) | André Nelis (BEL) | Pierre Poullain (FRA) |  |
| 1960 Torquay
 | Vernon Stratton (GBR) | André Nelis (BEL) | Desmond Stratton (GBR) |  |
| 1961 Travemünde
 | André Nelis (BEL) | Hans Fogh (DEN) | Fred Miller (USA) |
| 1962 Tønsberg
 | Arne Åkerson (SWE) | Boris Jacobsson (SWE) | André Nelis (BEL) |
| 1963 Medemblik
 | Wilhelm Kuhweide (FRG) | Boris Jacobsson (SWE) | Hans Willems (NED) |
| 1964 Torquay
 | Hubert Raudaschl (AUT) | Hakan Kellner (SWE) | Richard Creagh (CAN) |
| 1965 Gdynia
 | Jürgen Mier (GDR) | Bernd Dehmel (GDR) | Richard Hart (GBR) |
| 1966 La Baule
 | Wilhelm Kuhweide (FRG) | Jörg Bruder (BRA) | Bernhard Straubinger (FRG) |
| 1967 Hanko
 | Wilhelm Kuhweide (FRG) | Valentin Mankin (URS) | Uwe Mares (FRG) |
| 1968 Whitestable
 | Henning Wind (DEN) | Uwe Mares (FRG) | Jörg Bruder (BRA) |
| 1969 Hamilton
 | Thomas Lundqvist (SWE) | Jörg Bruder (BRA) | Peter Barrett (USA) |
| 1970 Cascais
 | Jörg Bruder (BRA) | Henry Spraque (USA) | Robert Andre (USA) |
| 1971 Toronto
 | Jörg Bruder (BRA) | Carl Van Duyne (USA) | Serge Maury (FRA) |
| 1972 Anzio
 | Jörg Bruder (BRA) | John Bertrand (AUS) | Lennart Gustafsson (SWE) |
| 1973 Brest
 | Serge Maury (FRA) | Magnus Olin (SWE) | Guy Lilljegren (SWE) |
| 1974 Long Beach
 | Henry Spraque (USA) | Guy Lilljegren (SWE) | Kent Carlsson (SWE) |
| 1975 Malmö
 | Magnus Olin (SWE) | Baudouin Binkhorst (NED) | Jonty Farmer (NZL) |
| 1976 Brisbane
 | Chris Law (GBR) | Jonty Farmer (NZL) | John Bertrand (AUS) |  |
| 1977 Palamos
 | Joaquín Blanco (ESP) | José Luis Doreste (ESP) | Cláudio Biekarck (BRA) |  |
| 1978 Manzanillo
 | John Bertrand (USA) | Joaquín Blanco (ESP) | Carl Buchan (USA) |  |
| 1979 Weymouth
 | Cameron Lewis (USA) | John Bertrand (USA) | Mark Neeleman (NED) |  |
| 1980 Auckland
 | Cameron Lewis (USA) | John Bertrand (USA) | Lawrence Lemieux (CAN) |  |
| 1981 Gromitz
 | Wolfgang Gerz (FRG) | Lasse Hjortnæs (DEN) | Miroslav Rychzik (POL) |  |
| 1982 Medemblik
 | Lasse Hjortnæs (DEN) | Henryk Blaszka (POL) | Buzz Reynolds (USA) |  |
| 1983 Milwaukee
 | Paul van Cleve (USA) | Wolfgang Gerz (FRG) | Mark Neeleman (NED) |
| 1984 Anzio
 | Lasse Hjortnæs (DEN) | Terence Neilson (CAN) | Jörgen Lindhardtsen (DEN) |
| 1985 Marstrand
 | Lasse Hjortnæs (DEN) | Oleg Khoperski (URS) | Ingvar Bengtsson (SWE) |
| 1986 El Arenal
 | Stig Westergaard (DEN) | Brian Ledbetter (USA) | José Luis Doreste (ESP) |
| 1987 Kiel
 | José Luis Doreste (ESP) | Lasse Hjortnæs (DEN) | Brian Ledbetter (USA) |
| 1988 Ilha Bela
 | Thomas Schmid (FRG) | Roy Heiner (NED) | Gordon Anderson (CAN) |
| 1989 Alassio
 | Stig Westergaard (DEN) | Eric Mergenthaler (MEX) | Oleg Khoperski (URS) |
| 1990 Porto Carras
 | Hank Lammens (CAN) | Lawrence Lemieux (CAN) | Eric Mergenthaler (MEX) |  |
| 1991 Kingston
 | Hank Lammens (CAN) | Brian Ledbetter (USA) | Oleg Khoperski (URS) |  |
| 1992 Cadiz
 | Eric Mergenthaler (MEX) | Glen Bourke (AUS) | Hans Spitzauer (AUT) |  |
| 1993 Bangor
 | Philippe Presti (FRA) | Fredrik Lööf (SWE) | Richard Clarke (CAN) |  |
| 1994 Pärnu
 | Fredrik Lööf (SWE) | Hank Lammens (CAN) | José van der Ploeg (ESP) |  |
| 1995 Melbourne
 | Hans Spitzauer (AUT) | Fredrik Lööf (SWE) | Philippe Presti (FRA) |  |
| 1996 La Rochelle
 | Philippe Presti (FRA) | Hans Spitzauer (AUT) | Fredrik Lööf (SWE) |  |
| 1997 Gdańsk
 | Fredrik Lööf (SWE) | Luca Devoti (ITA) | Xavier Rohart (FRA) |  |
| 1998 Athens
 | Mateusz Kusznierewicz (POL) | Fredrik Lööf (SWE) | Xavier Rohart (FRA) |  |
| 1999 Melbourne
 | Fredrik Lööf (SWE) | Mateusz Kusznierewicz (POL) | Richard Clarke (CAN) |  |
| 2000 Weymouth
 | Mateusz Kusznierewicz (POL) | Sébastien Godefroid (BEL) | Aimilios Papathanasiou (GRE) |  |
| 2001 Marblehead
 | Sébastien Godefroid (BEL) | Mateusz Kusznierewicz (POL) | Aimilios Papathanasiou (GRE) |  |
| 2002 Athens
 | Ben Ainslie (GBR) | Mateusz Kusznierewicz (POL) | Aimilios Papathanasiou (GRE) |  |
| 2003 Cadiz
 | Ben Ainslie (GBR) | Rafael Trujillo (ESP) | Andrew Simpson (GBR) |  |
| 2004 Rio de Janeiro
 | Ben Ainslie (GBR) | Richard Clarke (CAN) | David Burrows (IRL) |  |
| 2005 Moscow
 | Ben Ainslie (GBR) | Aimilios Papathanasiou (GRE) | Chris Cook (CAN) |  |
| 2006 Split
 | Jonas Høgh-Christensen (DEN) | Aimilios Papathanasiou (GRE) | Edward Wright (GBR) |  |
| 2007 Cascais
 | Rafael Trujillo (ESP) | Pieter-Jan Postma (NED) | Gašper Vinčec (SLO) |  |
| 2008 Melbourne
 | Ben Ainslie (GBR) | Dan Slater (NZL) | Jonas Høgh-Christensen (DEN) |  |
| 2009 Vallensbæk
 | Jonas Høgh-Christensen (DEN) | Zach Railey (USA) | Ivan Kljaković Gašpić (CRO) |  |
| 2010 San Francisco
 | Edward Wright (GBR) | Rafael Trujillo (ESP) | Giles Scott (GBR) |  |
| 2011 Perth
 | Giles Scott (GBR) | Pieter-Jan Postma (NED) | Edward Wright (GBR) |  |
| 2012 Falmouth
 | Ben Ainslie (GBR) | Edward Wright (GBR) | Jonas Høgh-Christensen (DEN) |  |
| 2013 Tallinn
 | Jorge Zarif (BRA) | Edward Wright (GBR) | Pieter-Jan Postma (NED) |  |
| 2014 Santander
 | Giles Scott (GBR) | Ivan Kljaković Gašpić (CRO) | Edward Wright (GBR) |  |
| 2015 Takapuna
 | Giles Scott (GBR) | Jonathan Lobert (FRA) | Vasilij Žbogar (SLO) |  |
| 2016 Gaeta
 | Giles Scott (GBR) | Jonas Høgh-Christensen (DEN) | Pieter-Jan Postma (NED) |  |
| 2017 Balatonföldvár
 | Max Salminen (SWE) | Jonathan Lobert (FRA) | Nicholas Heiner (NED) |  |
| 2018 Aarhus
 | Zsombor Berecz (HUN) | Max Salminen (SWE) | Pieter-Jan Postma (NED) |  |
| 2019 Melbourne
 | Josh Junior (NZL) | Nicholas Heiner (NED) | Zsombor Berecz (HUN) |  |
| 2021 Porto
 | Andy Maloney (NZL) | Joan Cardona (ESP) | Josh Junior (NZL) |  |
| 2022 Malcesine
 | Pieter-Jan Postma (NED) | Oskari Muhonen (FIN) | Domonkos Németh (HUN) |  |
| 2023 Coconut Grove
 | Ed Wright (GBR) | Domonkos Németh (HUN) | Miguel Fernández (ESP) |  |
| 2024 Aarhus
 | Oskari Muhonen (FIN) | Domonkos Németh (HUN) | Alessandro Marega (ITA) |  |

## Multiple medallists

| # | Athlete | Country | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ben Ainslie | Great Britain | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 2 | Giles Scott | Great Britain | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| 3 | Fredrik Lööf | Sweden | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
| 4 | Jörg Bruder | Brazil | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| 5 | Lasse Hjortnæs | Denmark | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 6 | Willi Kuhweide | West Germany | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |

## InfoBox

Finn Gold Cup
| First held | 1956 (1956) |
| --- | --- |
| Classes | Finn |
| Competitors | 113 (2017) |
| Champions | Max Salminen (2017) |
| Most titles | Ben Ainslie (6) |


title: 1965 Texas Longhorns football team

abstract: The 1965 Texas Longhorns football team was an American football team that represented the University of Texas as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their ninth year under head coach Darrell Royal, the Longhorns compiled an overall record of 6–4, with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, and finished tied for fourth in the SWC.

text:
# 1965 Texas Longhorns football team

1965 Southwest Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 3 Arkansas $ | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Texas Tech | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| TCU | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Texas | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Baylor | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| SMU | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Texas A&M | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Rice | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1965 Texas Longhorns football team** was an American football team that represented the University of Texas (now known as the University of Texas at Austin) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their ninth year under head coach Darrell Royal, the Longhorns compiled an overall record of 6–4, with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, and finished tied for fourth in the SWC.

## Regular season

Tommy Nobis was in his final year at Texas and was known as an "iron man", playing (and starting) on both defense and offense for his entire college career. Aside from being an All-American linebacker, he also played guard on the offensive side of the ball and was often the primary blocker on touchdown runs. Famed Texas coach Darrell K Royal called him "the finest two-way player I have ever seen." A knee injury slowed him during the latter part of his senior season, but he still was able to perform at a high level and won a number of major individual awards including the Knute Rockne Award, best lineman, the Outland Trophy, best interior lineman, and the Maxwell Award for college football's best player. Nobis also finished seventh in the Heisman voting to USC's Mike Garrett. He appeared on the covers of *LIFE*, *Sports Illustrated* and *TIME* magazines.

## Schedule

The season opener against Tulane was originally scheduled to be played in New Orleans, but was switched to Austin because of significant destruction caused by Hurricane Betsy.

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 18 | 8:00 p.m. | Tulane* | No. 2 |  |  | W 31–0 | 40,000 |  |
| September 25 | 7:30 p.m. | Texas Tech | No. 3 | * Memorial Stadium * Austin, TX (rivalry) |  | W 33–7 | 65,310 |  |
| October 2 | 7:30 p.m. | Indiana* | No. 1 | * Memorial Stadium * Austin, TX |  | W 27–12 | 57,000 |  |
| October 9 | 2:00 p.m. | vs. Oklahoma* | No. 1 |  |  | W 19–0 | 75,504 |  |
| October 16 | 2:30 p.m. | at No. 3 Arkansas | No. 1 |  | NBC | L 24–27 | 42,000 |  |
| October 23 | 7:00 p.m. | Rice | No. 5 | * Memorial Stadium * Austin, TX (rivalry) |  | L 17–20 | 63,000 |  |
| October 30 | 2:00 p.m. | at SMU | No. 9 | * Cotton Bowl * Dallas, TX |  | L 14–31 | 48,000 |  |
| November 6 | 1:30 p.m. | Baylor |  | * Memorial Stadium * Austin, TX | NBC | W 35–14 | 57,500 |  |
| November 13 | 2:00 p.m. | TCU |  | * Memorial Stadium * Austin, TX (rivalry) |  | L 10–25 | 51,500 |  |
| November 25 | 1:00 p.m. | at Texas A&M |  |  |  | W 21–17 | 40,000 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Central time | | | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### Oklahoma

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0  **Texas** 0 9 0 10 **19** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

Texas' eight straight win in the Red River series.

## Awards and honors

## 1965 team players in the NFL

The following players were drafted into professional football following the season.

| **Player** | **Position** | **Round** | **Pick** | **Franchise** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tommy Nobis | Linebacker | 1 | 1 | Atlanta Falcons |
| Diron Talbert | Defensive tackle | 5 | 66 | Los Angeles Rams |
| Phil Harris | Back | 7 | 104 | New York Giants |
| Pete Lammons | End | 14 | 213 | Cleveland Browns |
|

* Tommy Nobis was also drafted by the Houston Oilers in the first round of the 1966 American Football League draft.

## InfoBox

| 1965 Texas Longhorns football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Southwest Conference |
| Record | 6–4 (3–4 SWC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Memorial Stadium |
|


title: Junior Coghlan

abstract: Frank Coghlan Jr. also known as Junior Coghlan, was an American actor who later became a career officer in the United States Navy and a naval aviator. He appeared in approximately 129 films and television programs between 1920 and 1974. During the 1920s and 1930s, he became a popular child and juvenile actor, appearing in films with Pola Negri, Jack Dempsey, William Haines, Shirley Temple, Mickey Rooney, William Boyd and Bette Davis. He appeared in early "Our Gang" comedies, but he is best known for the role of Billy Batson in the 1941 motion picture serial, and first comic book superhero film, Adventures of Captain Marvel. Coghlan later served 23 years as an aviator and officer in the U.S. Navy, from 1942 to 1965. After retiring from the Navy, he returned to acting and appeared in television, films, and commercials. He published an autobiography in 1992 and died in 2009 at age 93.

text:
# Junior Coghlan

**Frank Coghlan Jr.** (March 15, 1916 – September 7, 2009) also known as **Junior Coghlan**, was an American actor who later became a career officer in the United States Navy and a naval aviator. He appeared in approximately 129 films and television programs between 1920 and 1974. During the 1920s and 1930s, he became a popular child and juvenile actor, appearing in films with Pola Negri, Jack Dempsey, William Haines, Shirley Temple, Mickey Rooney, William Boyd and Bette Davis. He appeared in early "Our Gang" comedies, but he is best known for the role of Billy Batson in the 1941 motion picture serial, and first comic book superhero film, *Adventures of Captain Marvel*. Coghlan later served 23 years as an aviator and officer in the U.S. Navy, from 1942 to 1965. After retiring from the Navy, he returned to acting and appeared in television, films, and commercials. He published an autobiography in 1992 and died in 2009 at age 93.

## Early life

Coghlan was born in New Haven, Connecticut, but his parents moved to Hollywood when he was still a baby. His father was a doctor, and in "Who's Who on the Screen" for 1932 he hoped to be a doctor, too, when he grew up. Coghlan began appearing in motion pictures in 1920 as an extra and worked his way up to more important roles. He later boasted that he had been gainfully employed since age three. The freckle-faced Coghlan was billed as "Junior Coghlan" and became one of Hollywood's most popular child stars. Film historian Leonard Maltin said, "He was one of the busiest child actors of the late '20s and 1930s. He was a fresh, freckle-faced boy with great All-American-type appeal."

### Silent films

Coghlan began his acting career in 1920, appearing with Jack Dempsey in *Daredevil Jack*. In 1922 he co-starred with Brownie the Dog in a film called *Rookies*, and in 1923 he played a small role in the Pola Negri film *The Spanish Dancer*. He also appeared in early "Our Gang" films, including the 1923 Hal Roach short "Giants vs. Yanks," in which the gang, after having a baseball game called off, gets stuck in an elegant home, which they destroy. In 1924 Coghlan was again cast opposite Jack Dempsey in *Winning His Way*.

One newspaper story described Coghlan's rise to fame this way: "When the boy was seven years old, his great mop of hair, freckled face, genial grin, and likable personality attracted the attention of several directors who urged his parents to permit him to engage in screen work. Mrs. Coghlan finally consented and one day he was cast for a 'bit' role in Goldwyn's *Poverty of Riches*, in which he played the son of Leatrice Joy."

By the mid 1920s, Coghlan had caught the eye of one of Hollywood's leading directors, Cecil B. DeMille. DeMille called Coghlan "the perfect example of a homeless waif" and signed the boy to a long-term contract in 1926. The *Los Angeles Times* reported on the event:

> **DeMille Signs Child Actor**
> So far, Cecil B. DeMille hasn't run much to giving picture contracts to youngsters. But yesterday Mr. DeMille signified what he thought of Junior Coghlan by placing him under a long-term contract. The boy has appeared in several DeMille pictures, including 'The Road to Yesterday.' The boy gives promise of being another Wesley Berry, with the same impish glance, the same freckles and the same cleverness. Of course, the office of freckled boy of the movies is a fixed institution, and now that Wes Berry has gone and got himself married he can't pretend to like playing marbles in the movies. Little Junior is to be cofeatured with Eleanor Faire and William Boyd in Rupert Julian's The Yankee Clipper.

In 1927, Coghlan appeared in the baseball comedy *Slide, Kelly, Slide*, playing an orphan who became a mascot and inspiration for an ace baseball pitcher, played by William Haines.

By 1928, Coghlan was such a well-known star that the *Los Angeles Times* reported on his schooling as well as his film projects. By age 11, Coghlan was asking to play grownup roles. A newspaper article at the time reported that Coghlan, "like every other young and red-blooded American, desires to arrive at manhood as soon as possible. Long trousers is what he wants, but the motion picture claims him and demands that he stay in knee breeches."

Coghlan's final film on his four-year DeMille-Pathe contract was 1929's military academy drama *Square Shoulders*. Conceived as a silent film, *Square Shoulders* was transformed into a "talkie" by the expedient of adding sound to the final reel. Only the silent version is known to survive.

A 1929 newspaper story on Coghlan noted that the twelve-year-old actor was "recognized by the motion picture public as the leading juvenile screen player in the world."

### Talking pictures

With the arrival of the talking pictures, Coghlan continued to be one of the most popular juvenile actors. In the classic 1931 gangster film *The Public Enemy*, Coghlan played the role of James Cagney's character, Tom Powers, as a boy. In the 1931 screen version of Booth Tarkington's *Penrod and Sam*, Coghlan starred as Sam, with Leon Janney playing Penrod.

In 1932, Coghlan appeared in the Bette Davis drama *Hell's House*. Davis played the girlfriend of Pat O'Brien's bootlegger character. Coghlan played the role of Shorty, a sickly boy who was sent to a state industrial school where children were forced to work at hard labor, ending up in solitary confinement.

Coghlan had another starring role in the 1932 film serial *The Last of the Mohicans*, based on the James Fennimore Cooper novel. Coghlan played the part of Uncas, the sachem of the Mohegan tribe who through an alliance with the English made the Mohegans the leading regional Indian tribe.

He helped launch the career of Shirley Temple, appearing in a series of short films with her in 1933 and 1934. In the shorts, Coghlan played Sonny Rogers, a star baseball player and high school class president. Temple played Coghlan's pesky younger sister, Mary Lou. The Coghlan-Temple titles included *Merrily Yours*, *What's to Do?*, *Pardon My Pups*, and *Managed Money*.

Coghlan also had large roles in other features through the mid 1930s, including *Kentucky Blue Streak*, a 1935 crime drama about a jockey who was wrongfully imprisoned and escapes to ride in the Kentucky Derby; *The Little Red Schoolhouse*, a 1936 drama in which Coghlan plays the lead role, a 17-year-old who runs away to New York City; and *Red Lights Ahead*, a 1936 comedy in which he plays the son of an eccentric father who invests in a gold mining scheme.

In 1939, Coghlan starred in *Blazing Barriers*, one of the last roles in which he was billed as Junior Coghlan. He played a young hoodlum from the city who hides out at a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in the mountains. A newspaper story described the physical challenges that faced Coghlan in the role: "If you think being a screen star is a lot of fun, just ask Frank 'Junior' Coghlan." For two days, Coghlan had to pick up Milburn Stone, an actor 50 pounds heavier than Coghlan, and run about 200 yards. In another scene, Coghlan had to jump into a creek and rescue Edward Arnold, Jr. Although both could swim, director Aubrey Scotto wanted realism, and each time Coghlan would try to save the 195-pound (88 kg) Arnold, "both would sink and come up sputtering for breath." In a third scene, Coghlan went into the boxing ring with another actor. The newspaper article noted:

> Inasmuch as he doesn't use a double, Coghlan had to insert more realism. That was okay as he is very adept with his fists. Unfortunately the sequence called for Coghlan to take a severe beating. He did.

## *Gone with the Wind*

By the late 1930s, Junior Coghlan was no longer a child actor and parts became harder to find. He played an uncredited role as a "collapsing" Confederate soldier in the 1939 classic *Gone with the Wind*. In his scene, Coghlan spoke the line "Put me down, put me down, ***damn*** ya', I can walk" as he was being carried off the battlefield. Coghlan's scene preceded Clark Gable's famous use of the expletive later in the film, leading Coghlan to boast, "It was the first time the word damn had ever been used in a movie. I used the word before Gable did, but his created a huge flap." Coghlan's line was cut from later prints of the film.

## *Adventures of Captain Marvel*

In 1941, the 25-year-old Coghlan revitalized his career, landing the part of Billy Batson in the Republic Pictures serial *Adventures of Captain Marvel*. In his role as Batson, Coghlan transformed into Captain Marvel by saying the magic word "Shazam." Whenever he spoke the magic word, a flash and cloud of smoke appeared, with Captain Marvel (played by Tom Tyler) appearing in his place after the smoke cleared. Coghlan recalled, "Every time we did that, they ignited flash powder, which was in a trough in front of me, and if the wind was unkind, I'd get the powder flash in my face and lose some eyebrows." The 12 episodes of the "Adventures of Captain Marvel" "marked the first time a comic book superhero was depicted on the big screen."

When Coghlan was asked to audition for the part of Billy Batson, he later recalled that he "had no idea who Captain Marvel or Billy Batson were." After the audition, he bought a copy of the comic book and said to himself, "Hey, I do kind of look like that kid."

Though Coghlan played more than 100 other parts, his role as Billy Batson led to his most lasting fame. In 1990, the *Los Angeles Times* published a profile about Coghlan's celebrity under the headline "Shazam! Actor Turning Into Celebrity." The article noted that Coghlan "may be reaching his finest hour" as the continuing popularity of "Captain Marvel" kept Coghlan busy. Coghlan noted at the time:

> There's a whole cult of people out there who are fascinated by Captain Marvel. I'm getting invited to a lot more things these days. They think I'm a celebrity.

Coghlan attributed the long-term popularity of the 1941 serial to the fact that the shows were "exciting and fun."

During World War II, Coghlan enlisted in the U.S. Navy as a naval aviator. After 23 years as an actor, Coghlan spent the next 23 years in the Navy. In 1954, Hedda Hopper included a report on Coghlan in her newspaper column:

> I hope the press didn't miss the arrival of Frank Coghlan, now lieutenant in the USN, and a far cry from Junior Coghlan of the 'Our Gang' comedies. He's assigned to Air Transport Squadron 7 at Hickam Field and will fly the Pacific. Wife Betty and three little Coghlans will live at Oahu so they can see Frank when he returns from his trips to the Orient.

Coghlan achieved the rank of Lieutenant Commander and was often assigned as a liaison and technical advisor on motion pictures, including *PT 109*, *The Caine Mutiny*, *The Bridges at Toko-Ri*, *Mister Roberts*, and *In Harm's Way* starring John Wayne. In the 1960s, he was the officer in charge of the navy's Hollywood station.

By the time he retired in 1965, Coghlan had accumulated over 4500 hours of flight time and had flown during World War II and the Korean War and had been to Vietnam.

## Later years

After retiring from the navy, Coghlan returned to acting, appearing in motion pictures, television programs, and commercials. His later work included appearances in the television series *The Beverly Hillbillies* and *Dragnet* and a small role in the 1966 feature *The Sand Pebbles*. In 1969, he was hired as the director of planning and development at the Los Angeles College of Optometry. At the time, he lived in Sepulveda in the San Fernando Valley (the area is now known as North Hills) with his wife, Betty, and their five children (sons Michael and Patrick and daughters Libby, Cathy, and Judy). In 1971, Coghlan joined the firm of George Colletta Realty in Sepulveda, working in the listing and sale of residential, income, and commercial real estate. In 1974, he had a cameo role as a zoo employee in 'The Braggart' episode of *Shazam!*, a live-action CBS television series based upon DC Comics' superhero Captain Marvel.

In 1992, Coghlan wrote an autobiography that was published under the title *They Still Call Me Junior*.

## Death

Coghlan's first wife died in 1974, and his second wife Letha Schwarzrock died in 2001. Coghlan died at the age of 93 at his home at an assisted living facility in Saugus, California, in September 2009. He was survived by a son, three daughters, three stepchildren, and six grandchildren.

## Selected filmography

## Further reading

* Wise, James (1997). *Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509379. OCLC 36824724.
* Holmstrom, John (1996). *The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995*. Norwich, Michael Russell, pp. 71–72.

## InfoBox

| Frank Coghlan Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Coghlan in *Adventures of Captain Marvel* (1941) | |
| Born | (1916-03-15)March 15, 1916
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | September 7, 2009(2009-09-07) (aged 93)
Saugus, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | All Souls Cemetery, Long Beach, California |
| Other names | Junior Coghlan |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1920–1969 |
| Spouses | *   Betty Corrigan  (m. 1943; died 1974) *   Letha Schwarzrock  (m. 1975; died 2001) |
| Children | 5 |


abstract: The 1959–60 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season featured the beginning of tropical cyclone naming in the basin.

text:
# 1959–60 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

The **1959–60 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season** featured the beginning of tropical cyclone naming in the basin.

## Systems

### November tropical cyclone

A tropical cyclone was observed northeast of Madagascar on November 26. The storm moved westward, passing north of the island on December 6. Two days later, the storm moved through the Comoros. On December 9, the cyclone struck northeastern Mozambique, dissipating soon after.

### December tropical cyclone

On December 26, a tropical cyclone was first observed west of Diego Garcia. The system moved westward at first, passing north of Tromelin Island on December 30. The track shifted to the southwest, bringing the storm between Madagascar and Réunion. The storm was last observed on January 4, moving southward away from land.

### Tropical Cyclone Alix

| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | January 10 – January 21 |
| Peak intensity | 120 km/h (75 mph) (1-min);
\<970 hPa (mbar) |

A tropical cyclone developed south of Diego Garcia on January 10, which would eventually become Cyclone Alix, the first named storm in the basin. The storm moved westward for several days, eventually moving near St. Brandon on January 17. After turning southward, Cyclone Alix passed between Mauritius and Réunion on January 19, producing wind gusts of 200 km/h (120 mph), and a barometric pressure of 970 mbar (29 inHg). The storm turned to the southeast and was last observed on January 21.

During its passage near Mauritius, Cyclone Alix killed eight people, and injured more than 100 others. The cyclone destroyed more than 20,000 huts and buildings, leaving 21,000 people homeless. Rainfall on the island reached 168 mm (6.6 in).

### Tropical Cyclone Carol

| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | February 20 – March 2 |
| Peak intensity | 120 km/h (75 mph) (1-min);
943 hPa (mbar) |

On February 27, 1960, Cyclone Carol struck Mauritius, producing wind gusts of 256 km/h (159 mph), the strongest on record at the time and only surpassed by Cyclone Gervaise in 1975. Carol killed 42 people on Mauritius and seriously injured 95 others. The storm destroyed or seriously damaged about 100,000 houses, leaving over 15% of the island's population homeless, or over 100,000 people, of whom 70,000 stayed in emergency shelters. The high winds also wrecked about 60% of the sugar crop. Storm damage was estimated at RS450 million (US$95 million). King's African Rifles personnel and the Red Cross distributed relief supplies in its aftermath.

### Tropical Depression Diane

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | March 18 – March 28 |
| Peak intensity | 65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
 |

Tropical Depression Diane formed in the southwestern Mozambique Channel on March 18. It moved northeastward and later eastward, striking western Madagascar north of Morondava on March 22. Diane crossed the island and proceeded to the southeast over the Indian Ocean. On March 24, the depression passed southwest of Réunion, and was last observed four days later.

### Tropical Depression Elise

| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | March 30 – April 7 |
| Peak intensity | 120 km/h (75 mph) (1-min);
 |

The final known storm of the season  Tropical Depression Elise  developed on March 30, southeast of Diego Garcia. Elise moved southwestward and gradually turned more to the south, attaining estimated winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). After the storm accelerated southeastward, it was last observed on April 7 departing the tropics.

### Other storms

A tropical depression was first observed northeast of Madagascar on October 27. On November 2, the storm struck northern Madagascar, and dissipated three days later.

From November 2026, a tropical depression existed in the northeast portion of the basin. The system moved west, then south, and again to the west before dissipating.

From January 1518, a tropical depression existed near the Comoros. Tropical Depression Brigitte formed in the Mozambique Channel on January 28, near Juan de Nova Island. It moved to the west-southwest, and was last noted on February 1.

* Atlantic hurricane seasons: 1959, 1960
* Eastern Pacific hurricane seasons: 1959, 1960
* Western Pacific typhoon seasons: 1959, 1960
* North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1959, 1960

## InfoBox

| 1959–60 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season | |
| --- | --- |
| Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | October 27, 1959 |
| Last system dissipated | April 7, 1960 |
| Strongest storm | |
|  | |
| Name | Carol |
| Lowest pressure | 943 hPa (mbar) |
|  | |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 9 |
| Tropical cyclones | 4 |
| Total fatalities | 50 |
| Total damage | $95 million (1960 USD) |
| Related articles | |
|  | |
|


title: 1959–60 Southern Football League

abstract: The 1959–60 Southern Football League season was the 57th in the history of the league, an English football competition. The league split into a Premier Division and Division One, the first time the league had had two hierarchical divisions since 1919–20. Bath City won the championship, whilst Clacton Town, Romford, Folkestone Town and Guildford City were all promoted to the Premier Division. Eleven Southern League clubs applied to join the Football League at the end of the season, but none were successful.

text:
# 1959–60 Southern Football League

The **1959–60 Southern Football League season** was the 57th in the history of the league, an English football competition.

The league split into a Premier Division and Division One, the first time the league had had two hierarchical divisions since 1919–20. Bath City won the championship, whilst Clacton Town, Romford, Folkestone Town and Guildford City were all promoted to the Premier Division. Eleven Southern League clubs applied to join the Football League at the end of the season, but none were successful.

## Premier Division

Premier Division was formed at the end of the previous season, with eleven top clubs from both North-West and South-East divisions joined.

At the end of the season Headington United was renamed Oxford United.

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bath City | 42 | 32 | 3 | 7 | 116 | 50 | 2.320 | 67 |  |
| 2 | Headington United | 42 | 23 | 8 | 11 | 78 | 61 | 1.279 | | 54 |
| 3 | Weymouth | 42 | 22 | 9 | 11 | 93 | 69 | 1.348 | | 53 |
| 4 | Cheltenham Town | 42 | 21 | 6 | 15 | 82 | 68 | 1.206 | | 48 |
| 5 | Cambridge City | 42 | 18 | 11 | 13 | 81 | 72 | 1.125 | | 47 |
| 6 | Chelmsford City | 42 | 19 | 7 | 16 | 90 | 70 | 1.286 | | 45 |
| 7 | Bedford Town | 42 | 21 | 3 | 18 | 97 | 85 | 1.141 | | 45 |
| 8 | King's Lynn | 42 | 17 | 11 | 14 | 89 | 78 | 1.141 | | 45 |
| 9 | Boston United | 42 | 17 | 10 | 15 | 83 | 80 | 1.038 | | 44 |
| 10 | Wisbech Town | 42 | 17 | 10 | 15 | 81 | 84 | 0.964 | | 44 |
| 11 | Yeovil Town | 42 | 17 | 8 | 17 | 81 | 73 | 1.110 | | 42 |
| 12 | Hereford United | 42 | 15 | 12 | 15 | 70 | 74 | 0.946 | | 42 |
| 13 | Tonbridge | 42 | 16 | 8 | 18 | 79 | 73 | 1.082 | | 40 |
| 14 | Hastings United | 42 | 16 | 8 | 18 | 63 | 77 | 0.818 | | 40 |
| 15 | Wellington Town | 42 | 13 | 11 | 18 | 63 | 78 | 0.808 | | 37 |
| 16 | Dartford | 42 | 15 | 7 | 20 | 64 | 82 | 0.780 | | 37 |
| 17 | Gravesend & Northfleet | 42 | 14 | 8 | 20 | 69 | 84 | 0.821 | | 36 |
| 18 | Worcester City | 42 | 13 | 10 | 19 | 72 | 89 | 0.809 | | 36 |
| 19 | Nuneaton Borough | 42 | 11 | 11 | 20 | 64 | 78 | 0.821 | 33 | Relegated to Division One |
| 20 | Barry Town | 42 | 14 | 5 | 23 | 78 | 103 | 0.757 | | 33 |
| 21 | Poole Town | 42 | 10 | 8 | 24 | 69 | 96 | 0.719 | | 28 |
| 22 | Kettering Town | 42 | 9 | 10 | 23 | 60 | 90 | 0.667 | | 28 |

Source: rsssf.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal ratio.

## Division One

Division One was formed at the end of the previous season with clubs finished below eleventh place in North-West and South East divisions joined. Also, Division One featured ten new clubs:

### League table

Southern Football League
Division One
| Season | 1959–60 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Clacton Town |
| Promoted | Clacton Town
Romford
Folkestone Town
Guildford City |
| Matches played | 462 |
| Goals scored | 1,625 (3.52 per match) |
| 1958–59 (North-West)
1958–59 (South-East) 1960–61 | |

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Clacton Town | 42 | 27 | 5 | 10 | 106 | 69 | 1.536 | 59 | Promoted to the Premier Division |
| 2 | Romford | 42 | 21 | 11 | 10 | 65 | 40 | 1.625 | | 53 |
| 3 | Folkestone Town | 42 | 23 | 5 | 14 | 93 | 71 | 1.310 | | 51 |
| 4 | Exeter City II | 42 | 23 | 3 | 16 | 85 | 62 | 1.371 | 49 | Left the league |
| 5 | Guildford City | 42 | 19 | 9 | 14 | 79 | 56 | 1.411 | 47 | Promoted to the Premier Division |
| 6 | Sittingbourne | 42 | 20 | 7 | 15 | 66 | 56 | 1.179 | 47 |  |
| 7 | Margate | 42 | 20 | 6 | 16 | 88 | 77 | 1.143 | | 46 |
| 8 | Trowbridge Town | 42 | 18 | 9 | 15 | 89 | 78 | 1.141 | | 45 |
| 9 | Cambridge United | 42 | 18 | 9 | 15 | 71 | 72 | 0.986 | | 45 |
| 10 | Yiewsley | 42 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 83 | 71 | 1.169 | | 43 |
| 11 | Bexleyheath & Welling | 42 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 85 | 77 | 1.104 | | 43 |
| 12 | Merthyr Tydfil | 42 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 63 | 65 | 0.969 | | 42 |
| 13 | Ramsgate Athletic | 42 | 16 | 8 | 18 | 84 | 85 | 0.988 | | 40 |
| 14 | Ashford Town (Kent) | 42 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 61 | 70 | 0.871 | | 40 |
| 15 | Tunbridge Wells United | 42 | 17 | 5 | 20 | 77 | 74 | 1.041 | | 39 |
| 16 | Hinckley Athletic | 42 | 14 | 8 | 20 | 62 | 75 | 0.827 | | 36 |
| 17 | Gloucester City | 42 | 13 | 9 | 20 | 56 | 84 | 0.667 | | 35 |
| 18 | Dover | 42 | 14 | 6 | 22 | 59 | 85 | 0.694 | | 34 |
| 19 | Kidderminster Harriers | 42 | 14 | 6 | 22 | 59 | 97 | 0.608 | 34 | Switched to the Birmingham & District League |
| 20 | Corby Town | 42 | 15 | 3 | 24 | 75 | 91 | 0.824 | 33 |  |
| 21 | Burton Albion | 42 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 52 | 79 | 0.658 | | 32 |
| 22 | Rugby Town | 42 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 67 | 91 | 0.736 | | 31 |

Source: rsssf.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal ratio.

## Football League elections

Eleven Southern League clubs (including Guildford City and Romford from Division One) applied for election to the Football League. Although none were successful, Peterborough United were elected at the expense of Gateshead.

| Club | League | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oldham Athletic | Football League | 39 |
| Peterborough United | Midland League | 35 |
| Hartlepools United | Football League | 34 |
| Southport | Football League | 29 |
| Gateshead | Football League | 18 |
| Headington United | Southern League | 10 |
| Chelmsford City | Southern League | 3 |
| Bedford Town | Southern League | 2 |
| Cambridge City | Southern League | 2 |
| Guildford City | Southern League | 2 |
| New Brighton | Lancashire Combination | 2 |
| Romford | Southern League | 2 |
| Scarborough | Midland League | 2 |
| Worcester City | Southern League | 2 |
| Ellesmere Port Town | Cheshire League | 1 |
| Kettering Town | Southern League | 1 |
| Morecambe | Lancashire Combination | 1 |
| South Shields | Midland League | 1 |
| Hereford United | Southern League | 0 |
| King's Lynn | Southern League | 0 |
| Yeovil Town | Southern League | 0 |

## InfoBox

Southern Football League
Premier Division
| Season | 1959–60 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Bath City |
| Relegated | Barry Town
Kettering Town
Nuneaton Borough
Poole Town |
| Matches played | 462 |
| Goals scored | 1,722 (3.73 per match) |
| 1958–59 (North-West)
1958–59 (South-East) 1960–61 | |


title: Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford

abstract: Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford PC, styled The Honourable from 1651 to 1694 and subsequently Viscount Newport until 1708, was an English peer and Whig politician.

text:
# Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford

**Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford** PC (3 September 1644 – 14 June 1723), styled **The Honourable** from 1651 to 1694 and subsequently **Viscount Newport** until 1708, was an English peer and Whig politician.

## Background

He was the oldest son of Francis Newport, 1st Earl of Bradford and his wife Lady Diana Russell, fourth daughter of Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford. His younger brother was Thomas Newport, 1st Baron Torrington. In 1708, he succeeded his father as earl. Newport was educated in Christ Church, Oxford and graduated with a Master of Arts.

## Career

Newport entered the English House of Commons in 1670, sitting for Shropshire until 1685. He represented the constituency again between 1689 and 1698. In 1704, Newport was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire and in 1708 Custos Rotulorum of Shropshire, serving in these offices until 1712, whereafter both were held concurrently. Two years later, he was readmitted and exercised it until his death in 1723.

The latter period, Newport was also Custos Rotulorum of Montgomeryshire, a post he had previously occupied between 1701 and 1711. A year before he had been sworn of the Privy Council of Great Britain.

## Family

Lord Bradford died aged 78 in Soho Square, London and was buried at Wroxeter. On 20 April 1681, he had married Mary Wilbraham, younger daughter of Sir Thomas Wilbraham, 3rd Baronet, and had by her four daughters and four sons.

He was succeeded in his titles successively by his oldest son Henry and his third son Thomas. Richard, the second son, was a Member of Parliament and predeceased his father. Newport's second daughter Anne was married to Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 4th Baronet, and his third daughter Diane to Algernon Coote, 6th Earl of Mountrath.