title: Control plane

abstract: In network routing, the control plane is the part of the router architecture that is concerned with establishing the network topology, or the information in a routing table that defines what to do with incoming packets. Control plane functions, such as participating in routing protocols, run in the architectural control element. In most cases, the routing table contains a list of destination addresses and the outgoing interface(s) associated with each. Control plane logic also can identify certain packets to be discarded, as well as preferential treatment of certain packets for which a high quality of service is defined by such mechanisms as differentiated services. Depending on the specific router implementation, there may be a separate forwarding information base that is populated by the control plane, but used by the high-speed forwarding plane to look up packets and decide how to handle them. In computing, the control plane is the part of the software that configures and shuts down the data plane. By contrast, the data plane is the part of the software that processes the data requests. The data plane is also sometimes referred to as the forwarding plane. The distinction has proven useful in the networking field where it originated, as it separates the concerns: the data plane is optimized for speed of processing, and for simplicity and regularity. The control plane is optimized for customizability, handling policies, handling exceptional situations, and in general facilitating and simplifying the data plane processing. The conceptual separation of the data plane from the control plane has been done for years. An early example is Unix, where the basic file operations are open, close for the control plane and read write for the data plane.

text:
# Control plane

In network routing, the **control plane** is the part of the router architecture that is concerned with establishing the network topology, or the information in a routing table that defines what to do with incoming packets. Control plane functions, such as participating in routing protocols, run in the architectural control element. In most cases, the routing table contains a list of destination addresses and the outgoing interface(s) associated with each. Control plane logic also can identify certain packets to be discarded, as well as preferential treatment of certain packets for which a high quality of service is defined by such mechanisms as differentiated services.

Depending on the specific router implementation, there may be a separate forwarding information base that is populated by the control plane, but used by the high-speed forwarding plane to look up packets and decide how to handle them.

In computing, the control plane is the part of the software that configures and shuts down the data plane. By contrast, the data plane is the part of the software that processes the data requests. The data plane is also sometimes referred to as the forwarding plane.

The distinction has proven useful in the networking field where it originated, as it separates the concerns: the data plane is optimized for speed of processing, and for simplicity and regularity. The control plane is optimized for customizability, handling policies, handling exceptional situations, and in general facilitating and simplifying the data plane processing.

The conceptual separation of the data plane from the control plane has been done for years. An early example is Unix, where the basic file operations are open, close for the control plane and read write for the data plane.

## Building the unicast routing table

A major function of the control plane is deciding which routes go into the main routing table. "Main" refers to the table that holds the unicast routes that are active. Multicast routing may require an additional routing table for multicast routes. Several routing protocols e.g. IS-IS, OSPF and BGP maintain internal databases of candidate routes which are promoted when a route fails or when a routing policy is changed.

Several different information sources may provide information about a route to a given destination, but the router must select the "best" route to install into the routing table. In some cases, there may be multiple routes of equal "quality", and the router may install all of them and load-share across them.

### Sources of routing information

There are three general sources of routing information:

* Information on the status of directly connected hardware and software-defined interfaces
* Manually configured static routes
* Information from (dynamic) routing protocols

#### Local interface information

Routers forward traffic that enters on an input interface and leaves on an output interface, subject to filtering and other local rules. While routers usually forward from one physical (e.g., Ethernet, serial) to another physical interface, it is also possible to define multiple logical interfaces on a physical interface. A physical Ethernet interface, for example, can have logical interfaces in several virtual LANs defined by IEEE 802.1Q VLAN headers.

When an interface has an address configured in a subnet, such as 192.0.2.1 in the 192.0.2.0/24 (i.e., subnet mask 255.255.255.0) subnet, and that interface is considered "up" by the router, the router thus has a directly connected route to 192.0.2.0/24. If a routing protocol offered another router's route to that same subnet, the routing table installation software will normally ignore the dynamic route and prefer the directly connected route.

There also may be software-only interfaces on the router, which it treats as if they were locally connected. For example, most implementations have a "null" software-defined interface. Packets having this interface as a next hop will be discarded, which can be a very efficient way to filter traffic. Routers usually can route traffic faster than they can examine it and compare it to filters, so, if the criterion for discarding is the packet's destination address, "blackholing" the traffic will be more efficient than explicit filters.

Other software defined interfaces that are treated as directly connected, as long as they are active, are interfaces associated with tunneling protocols such as Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). Loopback interfaces are virtual interfaces that are considered directly connected interfaces.

#### Static routes

Router configuration rules may contain static routes. A static route minimally has a destination address, a prefix length or subnet mask, and a definition where to send packets for the route. That definition can refer to a local interface on the router, or a next-hop address that could be on the far end of a subnet to which the router is connected. The next-hop address could also be on a subnet that is directly connected, and, before the router can determine if the static route is usable, it must do a **recursive lookup** of the next hop address in the local routing table. If the next-hop address is reachable, the static route is usable, but if the next-hop is unreachable, the route is ignored.

Static routes also may have preference factors used to select the best static route to the same destination. One application is called a **floating static route**, where the static route is less preferred than a route from any routing protocol. The static route, which might use a dialup link or other slow medium, activates only when the dynamic routing protocol(s) cannot provide a route to the destination.

Static routes that are more preferred than any dynamic route also can be very useful, especially when using traffic engineering principles to make certain traffic go over a specific path with an engineered quality of service.

#### Dynamic routing protocols

See routing protocols. The routing table manager, according to implementation and configuration rules, may select a particular route or routes from those advertised by various routing protocols.

### Installing unicast routes

Different implementations have different sets of preferences for routing information, and these are not standardized among IP routers. It is fair to say that subnets on directly connected active interfaces are always preferred. Beyond that, however, there will be differences.

Implementers generally have a numerical preference, which Cisco calls an "administrative distance", for route selection. The lower the preference, the more desirable the route. Cisco's IOS implementation makes exterior BGP the most preferred source of dynamic routing information, while Nortel RS makes intra-area OSPF most preferred.

The general order of selecting routes to install is:

1. If the route is not in the routing table, install it.
2. If the route is "more specific" than an existing route, install it in addition to the existing routes. "More specific" means that it has a longer prefix. A /28 route, with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.240, is more specific than a /24 route, with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.
3. If the route is of equal specificity to a route already in the routing table, but comes from a more preferred source of routing information, replace the route in the table.
4. If the route is of equal specificity to a route in the routing table, yet comes from a source of the same preference,
    1. Discard it if the route has a higher metric than the existing route
    2. Replace the existing route if the new route has a lower metric
    3. If the routes are of equal metric and the router supports load-sharing, add the new route and designate it as part of a load-sharing group. Typically, implementations will support a maximum number of routes that load-share to the same destination. If that maximum is already in the table, the new route is usually dropped.

## Routing table vs. forwarding information base

See forwarding plane for more detail, but each implementation has its own means of updating the forwarding information base (FIB) with new routes installed in the routing table. If the FIB is in one-to-one correspondence with the RIB, the new route is installed in the FIB after it is in the RIB. If the FIB is smaller than the RIB, and the FIB uses a hash table or other data structure that does not easily update, the existing FIB might be invalidated and replaced with a new one computed from the updated RIB.

## Multicast routing tables

Multicast routing builds on unicast routing. Each multicast group to which the local router can route has a multicast routing table entry with a next hop for the group, rather than for a specific destination as in unicast routing.

There can be multicast static routes as well as learning dynamic multicast routes from a protocol such as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM).


abstract: The Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) is an independent agency of the U.S. government which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China. The commission was given the mandate by the U.S. Congress to monitor and report on human rights issues with a particular focus on compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Its reporting covers developments in freedom of expression, the right to peaceful assembly, religious freedom, freedom of movement, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention or torture, and the right to a fair trial, among others. The commission publishes an annual report to the President of the United States and Congress, typically in the fall of each year. It also maintains a database of prisoners of conscience, holds regular roundtables and hearings, and issues letters to other institutions concerning human rights matters.

text:
# Congressional-Executive Commission on China

The **Congressional-Executive Commission on China** (**CECC**) is an independent agency of the U.S. government which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China. The commission was given the mandate by the U.S. Congress to monitor and report on human rights issues with a particular focus on compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Its reporting covers developments in freedom of expression, the right to peaceful assembly, religious freedom, freedom of movement, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention or torture, and the right to a fair trial, among others. The commission publishes an annual report to the President of the United States and Congress, typically in the fall of each year. It also maintains a database of prisoners of conscience, holds regular roundtables and hearings, and issues letters to other institutions concerning human rights matters.

## Creation

The creation of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China (along with the United States-China Economic and Security Review Committee) was a concession to political forces sceptical of China to obtain further support for permanent normal trade relations with China upon its accession to the World Trade Organization.

The commission was created in October 2000 under Title III of H.R. 4444, which authorizes normal trade relations with China, and establishes a framework for relations between the two countries.

## Work

### Annual report

The CECC publishes an annual report on human rights and rule of law developments in China, usually in the fall of each year, and covers issues such as freedom of expression, worker rights, religious freedom, ethnic minority rights, population planning, the status of women, climate change and the environment, treatment of North Korean refugees, civil society, access to justice, and democratic governance. The reports draw on a variety of sources, including information from human rights groups, media reports, government, and Chinese Communist Party documents.

### Prisoner database

As part of its mandate from Congress, the CECC maintains a partial database of religious and political prisoners believed to be detained in China. As of June 30, 2022, the database contained 10,645 names, of which 2,506 were believed to be detained at that time, while the remainder were released, deceased, or escaped. The database was created with the assistance of the Dui Hua Foundation and Tibet Information Network.

## Staff

The commission consists of a staff of researchers and analysts and is overseen by as many as nine members each from the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, as well as senior executive branch officials. The chairmanship of the commission rotates between the majority parties from the House and Senate. The commission is currently chaired by Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ).

On December 23, 2022, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi announced that Todd Stein, CECC deputy staff director, would be one of two individuals sanctioned by China with effect from the same day. The order specified that this was in retaliation to the United States having sanctioned two Chinese officials earlier that month over human rights issues in Tibet. In an emailed comment to The Associated Press, Stein said the sanction order against him did not matter in light of the "thousands of prisoners of conscience jailed by Chinese authorities."

## Commissioners

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## Historical leadership

| Term start | Term-end | Chair | Co-chair | Ranking Member | Vice Ranking Member |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | 2003 | Sen. Max Baucus (D-MT) | Rep. Doug Bereuter (R-NE) | Rep. Sandy Levin (D-MI) | Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-NE) |
| 2003 | 2005 | Rep. Jim Leach (R-IA) | Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-NE) | Sen. Max Baucus (D-MT) | Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) |
| 2005 | 2007 | Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-NE) | Rep. Jim Leach (R-IA) | Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) | Sen. Max Baucus (D-MT) |
| 2007 | 2009 | Rep. Sandy Levin (D-MI) | Sen. Byron Dorgan (D-ND) | Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-NE) | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) |
| 2009 | 2011 | Sen. Byron Dorgan (D-ND) | Rep. Sandy Levin (D-MI) | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) | Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-NE) |
| 2011 | 2013 | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) | Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-OH) | Sen. Susan Collins (R-ME) | Rep. Tim Walz (D-MN) |
| 2013 | 2015 | Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-OH) | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) | Rep. Tim Walz (D-MN) | Sen. Susan Collins (R-ME) |
| 2015 | 2017 | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) | Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) | Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) | Rep. Tim Walz (D-MN) |
| 2017 | 2019 | Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) | Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) | Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) |
| 2019 | 2021 | Rep. Jim McGovern (D-MA) | Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) | Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) |
| 2021 | 2023 | Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) | Rep. Jim McGovern (D-MA) | Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) | Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) |


abstract: The Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (CAA), the first piece of legislation passed by the 104th United States Congress, applied several civil rights, labor, and workplace safety and health laws to the U.S. Congress and its associated agencies, requiring them to follow many of the same employment and workplace safety laws applied to businesses and the federal government. Previously, agencies in the legislative branch had been exempt from these laws. The act also established a dispute resolution procedure as an alternative to filing claims in federal court. The act is administered and enforced by the Office of Congressional Workplace Rights. The Congressional Accountability Act was passed by vote of 98–1 in the Senate and 390–0 in the House. The law was the first plank in the Contract with America, the Republican Party agenda for the 1994 Congressional elections. The act was amended by the passage of the Office of Compliance Administrative and Technical Corrections Act of 2015.(H.R. 1213, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law  114–6 )

text:
# Congressional Accountability Act of 1995

The **Congressional Accountability Act of 1995** (**CAA**) (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 104–1 (text) (PDF)), the first piece of legislation passed by the 104th United States Congress, applied several civil rights, labor, and workplace safety and health laws to the U.S. Congress and its associated agencies, requiring them to follow many of the same employment and workplace safety laws applied to businesses and the federal government. Previously, agencies in the legislative branch had been exempt from these laws. The act also established a dispute resolution procedure as an alternative to filing claims in federal court. The act is administered and enforced by the Office of Congressional Workplace Rights.

The Congressional Accountability Act was passed by vote of 98–1 in the Senate and 390–0 in the House. The law was the first plank in the Contract with America, the Republican Party agenda for the 1994 Congressional elections.

The act was amended by the passage of the **Office of Compliance Administrative and Technical Corrections Act of 2015**.(H.R. 1213, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 114–6 (text) (PDF))

## Specific laws applied

The CAA applies twelve specific laws to the U.S. Congress and its associated agencies, giving various rights to the 30,000 employees in the legislative branch.

## Criticism

Due to revelations related to Harvey Weinstein's alleged sexual offenses and other sexual victims, the Congress has been criticized for lack of regular civil rights protections for its workers against sexual harassment by Members. Many have advocated for changes in the Congressional Accountability Act in light of these scandals.


abstract: The Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act 1949 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It provides a procedure for including "minor corrections and improvements" in Consolidation Bills. In 1995, Halsbury's Laws of England said that the procedure authorised by this Act was "no longer used in practice". The Marriage Act 1949 was the first Act to be enacted under the Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act 1949.

text:
# Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act 1949

The **Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act 1949** (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 33) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It provides a procedure for including "minor corrections and improvements" in Consolidation Bills.

In 1995, *Halsbury's Laws of England* said that the procedure authorised by this Act was "no longer used in practice".

The Marriage Act 1949 was the first Act to be enacted under the Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act 1949.

## InfoBox

Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act 1949
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act to facilitate the preparation of Bills for the purpose of consolidating the enactments relating to any subject. |
| Citation | 12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 33 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 31 May 1949 |
| Commencement | 31 May 1949 |
| Status: Amended | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Revised text of statute as amended | |


title: Octagonal prism

abstract: In geometry, the octagonal prism is a prism comprising eight rectangular sides joining two regular octagon caps.

text:
# Octagonal prism

| **Uniform** octagonal prism | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Prismatic uniform polyhedron |
| Elements | *F* = 10, *E* = 24, *V* = 16 (χ = 2) |
| Faces by sides | 8{4}+2{8} |
| Schläfli symbol | t{2,8} or {8}×{} |
| Wythoff symbol | 2 8 | 2
2 2 4 | |
| Coxeter diagrams |

 |
| Symmetry | D8h, \[8,2\], (\*822), order 32 |
| Rotation group | D8, \[8,2\]+, (822), order 16 |
| References | 76(f) |
| Dual | Octagonal dipyramid |
| Properties | convex, zonohedron |
|
Vertex figure
4.4.8 | |

In geometry, the **octagonal prism** is a prism comprising eight rectangular sides joining two regular octagon caps.

## Symmetry

| Name | **Ditetragonal prism** | **Ditetragonal trapezoprism** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Image |  |  |
| Symmetry | D4h, \[2,4\], (\*422) | D4d, \[2+,8\], (2\*4) |
| Construction | tr{4,2} or t{4}×{}, | s2{2,8}, |

## Images

The octagonal prism can also be seen as a tiling on a sphere:

## Use

In optics, octagonal prisms are used to generate flicker-free images in movie projectors.

## In uniform honeycombs and 4-polytopes

It is an element of three uniform honeycombs:

| Truncated square prismatic honeycomb
 | Omnitruncated cubic honeycomb
 | Runcitruncated cubic honeycomb
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

It is also an element of two four-dimensional uniform 4-polytopes:

| Runcitruncated tesseract
 | Omnitruncated tesseract
 |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

| Family of uniform *n*-gonal prisms | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prism name | Digonal prism | (Trigonal)
Triangular prism | (Tetragonal)
Square prism | Pentagonal prism | Hexagonal prism | Heptagonal prism | Octagonal prism | Enneagonal prism | Decagonal prism | Hendecagonal prism | Dodecagonal prism | ... | Apeirogonal prism |
| Polyhedron image |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ... |  |
| Spherical tiling image |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Plane tiling image |  |
| Vertex config. | 2.4.4 | 3.4.4 | 4.4.4 | 5.4.4 | 6.4.4 | 7.4.4 | 8.4.4 | 9.4.4 | 10.4.4 | 11.4.4 | 12.4.4 | ... | ∞.4.4 |
| Coxeter diagram |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ... |  |

| **n*42 symmetry mutation of omnitruncated tilings: *4.8.2n* | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Symmetry
**n*42
\[n,4\] | Spherical | | Euclidean | Compact hyperbolic | | | | Paracomp. |
| | \*242
\[2,4\] | \*342
\[3,4\] | \*442
\[4,4\] | \*542
\[5,4\] | \*642
\[6,4\] | \*742
\[7,4\] | \*842
\[8,4\]... | *42
\[,4\] |
| Omnitruncated
figure |
4.8.4 |
4.8.6 |
4.8.8 |
4.8.10 |
4.8.12 |
4.8.14 |
4.8.16 |
4.8. |
| Omnitruncated
duals |
V4.8.4 |
V4.8.6 |
V4.8.8 |
V4.8.10 |
V4.8.12 |
V4.8.14 |
V4.8.16 |
V4.8. |

* Weisstein, Eric W. "Octagonal prism". *MathWorld*.
* Interactive model of an Octagonal Prism


title: Donna Stifler

abstract: Donna Stifler was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, representing District 35A, Harford County in 2006 after defeating incumbent Joanne Parrott.

text:
# Donna Stifler

**Donna Stifler** (born February 24, 1965) was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, representing District 35A, Harford County in 2006 after defeating incumbent Joanne Parrott.

## Education

Stifler attend Bel Air High School. She earned her B.S. from North Carolina State University in 1987.

## Career

After college, Stifler was a pharmaceutical sales representative and also a fifth grade teacher. She is the founder and director of the Bel Air High School Foundation.

She is a member of several organizations including Harford Habitat for Humanity, Harford County Republican Women, the Republican Club of Harford County and the Harford County Chamber of Commerce.

### Legislative Notes

* voted against in-state tuition for illegal immigrants in 2007 (HB6)
* voted against the Clean Indoor Air Act of 2007 (HB359)

## Election results

**Voters to choose two:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Barry Glassman, Rep. | 21,766 | 40.1% | **Won** |
|
| Donna Stifler, Rep. | 18,909 | 34.8% | **Won** |
|
| Craig H. DeRan, Dem. | 13,589 | 25.0% | Lost |
| Other Write-Ins | 81 | 0.1% |  |
|

## References and notes

## InfoBox

| Donna Stifler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Maryland House of Delegates
from the 35A district | |
| **In office**
January 10, 2007  January 14, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Joanne Parrott |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1965-02-24) February 24, 1965
Baltimore, Maryland |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Psary-Podłazy

abstract: Psary-Podłazy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bodzentyn, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Bodzentyn and 21 km (13 mi) east of the regional capital, Kielce.

text:
# Psary-Podłazy

**Psary-Podłazy** \[ˈpsarɨ pɔdˈwazɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bodzentyn, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Bodzentyn and 21 km (13 mi) east of the regional capital, Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Psary-Podłazy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Psary-Podłazy | |
| Coordinates: 50°57′6″N 20°53′9″E / 50.95167°N 20.88583°E / 50.95167; 20.88583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Kielce |
| Gmina | Bodzentyn |
| Population | 220 |


title: Robert Young (Hawaii chief)

abstract: Robert Young was a Hawaiian chief and the son of John Young, the British advisor of Kamehameha the Great.

text:
# Robert Young (Hawaii chief)

**Robert Young** (1796 – c.1813) was a Hawaiian chief and the son of John Young, the British advisor of Kamehameha the Great.

## Early life

He was born February 14, 1796, the eldest son of John Young and his wife Namokuelua. Robert's mother, the chiefess Namokuelua, was of Oahuan aristocracy, although not of high rank. Even though he was his father's first son, Young was advanced in age, being over 48 while Robert's mother was 16 when he was born. Robert was the elder full brother of James Kanehoa Young, and he was elder half-brother of Fanny Kekelaokalani Young, Grace Kamaikui Young, John Kalaipaihala Young, and Jane Lahilahi Young, children of his father's second marriage to Kaoanaeha. He was one year older than James, 8 years older than Fanny, 10 years older than Grace, 14 years older than John and 17 years older than Jane.

## Education

In 1802, Robert and probably James were both sent abroad to Boston, Massachusetts for a Western education. A letter in the Archives, dated in 1804, referring to Robert having been left at school in America, would indicate the event to have been an early politic step. It is dated at Canton, February 10, 1804, directed to John Young, and is as follows:

> I have sent you by Mr. Davis 20 pieces of Blue Nankeens and two boxes of tea. I left your son Robert well in America about six months since; he is at school and behaves very well. I shall do everything for him that I promised you, you may depend on it. I am very fond of him, and shall take great care to make him a good man. Remember me to Stewart, Davis, and Holmes when you see them, and believe me,
>
> Your friend, JAMES MAGEE.

According to this letter, Robert could have only arrived in Boston, in October 1803. He made have started out from Hawaii in 1802, but the journey even by the standard of those days would not have taken more than 11 or 10 months.

## Death

Robert joined the American Navy at age 16 and served in the War of 1812. Although he was half-British, he was captured by the British and taken prisoner in the Battle of Lake Champlain. He was sent to the island of Bermuda, where he became lost to history. Nothing definite was ever heard from him again. One source states: *It is said that he died early in his school career and was buried in the States, but no particulars can be gathered.*

## Family tree

1. "Puʻukohola Heiau National Historic Site". U.S. National Park Service.
2. John F. G. Stokes (1939). "Nationality of John Young, A Chief of Hawaii". *Hawaiian Journal of History*. Hawaiian Historical Society: 13–38. hdl:10524/38.
3. "John Young". *Our Family History and Ancestry*. Families of Old Hawaii. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
4. *Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1911* (1910) Thomas G. Thrum, Compiler and Publisher. p. 101
5. Annual Report of Hawaiian Historical Society. 1910. Page 240.
6. Spirit of Aloha - Aloha Airlines' in-flight magazine with information on Hawaii vacations, Hawaiian island maps and the best places to travel in Hawaii Archived 2008-06-07 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Robert Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1796-02-14)February 14, 1796
Kawaihae, Hawaii |
| Died | 1813 (aged 1617)
Bermuda |
| House | House of Olohana
Royal House of Oahu |
| Father | John Young ʻOlohana |
| Mother | Namokuelua |


title: Ebenezer (given name)

abstract: Ebenezer, less commonly spelled Ebenezar, is a male given name of Hebrew origin meaning "stone of the help". The name is sometimes abbreviated as Eben. Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol has given the name a negative connotation.

text:
# Ebenezer (given name)

**Ebenezer**, less commonly spelled **Ebenezar**, is a male given name of Hebrew origin meaning "stone of the help" (derived from the phrase *Eben ha-Ezer*). The name is sometimes abbreviated as Eben. Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens's *A Christmas Carol* has given the name a negative connotation.

## List of people with the given name Ebenezer

### Fictional characters

* Eben-Ezer, a place mentioned as the site of two battles in the Books of Samuel of the Old Testament
* "Ebeneezer Goode", a song by The Shamen
* "Ebenezer Scrooge", a fictional character from Charles Dickens' 1843 novella *A Christmas Carol*. Scrooge is widely known in the English-speaking world as a cold-hearted miser who becomes redeemed after being visited by three ghosts on Christmas.

## InfoBox

Ebenezer
| Gender | Male |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Language(s) | Hebrew |
| Meaning | "stone of the help" |
| Other names | |
| Short form(s) | Eben, Ben |


title: Szaleniec

abstract: Szaleniec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Pole, within Malbork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Stare Pole, 16 km (10 mi) east of Malbork, and 55 km (34 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Szaleniec

**Szaleniec** \[ʂaˈlɛɲɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Pole, within Malbork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Stare Pole, 16 km (10 mi) east of Malbork, and 55 km (34 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Szaleniec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Szaleniec | |
| Coordinates: 54°2′27″N 19°15′53″E / 54.04083°N 19.26472°E / 54.04083; 19.26472 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Malbork |
| Gmina | Stare Pole |
| Population | 103 |


title: Edward Little High School

abstract: Edward Little High School is a public high school in Auburn, Maine, United States that was first established as Lewiston Falls Academy in 1835. Philanthropist Edward Little donated 9 acres (3.6 ha) and considerable money to the academy, which was named in his honor. The school is now situated on a 56.25-acre (22.76 ha) tract of land overlooking the city from the top of Goff Hill in Auburn Heights.

text:
# Edward Little High School

**Edward Little High School** is a public high school in Auburn, Maine, United States that was first established as Lewiston Falls Academy in 1835. Philanthropist Edward Little donated 9 acres (3.6 ha) and considerable money to the academy, which was named in his honor. The school is now situated on a 56.25-acre (22.76 ha) tract of land overlooking the city from the top of Goff Hill in Auburn Heights.

## History

### 1834-1959

The school was first commissioned by the Maine State Legislature as Lewiston Falls Academy. Little contributed numerous resources to the school, including land and money. It was renamed to the Edward Little Institute in September 1849. When the City of Auburn was given control over the school in April 1874, it came with the condition that the school always be named in honor of Edward Little. At the beginning of the 1930s, a second building was erected. The school suffered a fire that destroyed the entire third floor in 1943.

### 1960-present

In 1961, the building formerly used as Edward Little High School was completed. It cost US$1.9 million to build.

In June 2009, the school was placed on probation by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. Reasons cited for this probation included "the poor and inadequate condition of the school's kitchen facility...the insufficient heating system," and low funding for educational resources and technology.

In 2023, the construction of a replacement school building reached completion, opening for the 2023-24 school year. The former building has since been demolished.

The school's sports teams are known as the Red Eddies, with the ghost of Edward Little as their mascot. The school is a member of the Kennebec Valley Athletic Conference. The school's most successful teams in recent years include Alpine ski racing, soccer, basketball and track and field. Other sports offered include soccer, baseball, cheering, cross country, football, lacrosse, swimming, ice and field hockey, and tennis.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Edward Little High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 77 Harris St.
Auburn, Androscoggin Country, Maine 04210
United States | |
| Coordinates | 44°5′40″N 70°14′5″W / 44.09444°N 70.23472°W / 44.09444; -70.23472 |
| Information | |
| Established | 1835 (1835) as Lewiston Falls Academy |
| School district | Auburn School Department |
| Superintendent | Susan Dorris |
| CEEB code | 200035 |
| Principal | Scott Annear |
| Enrollment | 1,040 (2020-2021) |
| Color(s) | Maroon and White |
| Nickname | Red Eddies |
| Rivals | Lewiston High School, Oxford Hills Comprehensive High School |
| Yearbook | *Oracle* |
| Website | elhs.auburnschl.edu |


title: Bill Bryson (politician)

abstract: William George Bryson was an Australian politician for the Australian Labor Party from 1943 to 1946 and 1949 to 1955 and helped establish the Democratic Labor Party. Bryson won the House of Representatives seat of Bourke at the 1943 election, but was beaten by the independent Doris Blackburn at the 1946 election. Bourke was abolished prior to the 1949 election and partly replaced by Wills and Bryson defeated Blackburn at the election. In 1955, Bryson and six other Victorian federal members were expelled from the Labor Party as members of the Industrial Groups. In April 1955, they established the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist), which was renamed the Democratic Labor Party in 1957. Bryson was beaten by the Labor candidate, Gordon Bryant at the 1955 election. Bryson was the treasurer of the Carlton Football Club from 1927 to 1943. He died on 2 March 1973, in Coburg, aged 75.

text:
# Bill Bryson (politician)

**William George Bryson** (24 February 1898 – 2 March 1973) was an Australian politician for the Australian Labor Party from 1943 to 1946 and 1949 to 1955 and helped establish the Democratic Labor Party.

Bryson won the House of Representatives seat of Bourke at the 1943 election, but was beaten by the independent Doris Blackburn at the 1946 election. Bourke was abolished prior to the 1949 election and partly replaced by Wills and Bryson defeated Blackburn at the election. In 1955, Bryson and six other Victorian federal members were expelled from the Labor Party as members of the Industrial Groups. In April 1955, they established the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist), which was renamed the Democratic Labor Party in 1957. Bryson was beaten by the Labor candidate, Gordon Bryant at the 1955 election.

Bryson was the treasurer of the Carlton Football Club from 1927 to 1943.

He died on 2 March 1973, in Coburg, aged 75.

## InfoBox

| Bill Bryson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Australian Parliament
for Bourke | |
| **In office**
21 August 1943  28 September 1946 | |
| Preceded by | Maurice Blackburn |
| Succeeded by | Doris Blackburn |
| Member of the Australian Parliament
for Wills | |
| **In office**
10 December 1949  10 December 1955 | |
| Preceded by | *New seat* |
| Succeeded by | Gordon Bryant |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1898-02-24)24 February 1898
Maldon, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | 2 March 1973(1973-03-02) (aged 75)
Coburg, Victoria, Australia |
| Political party | Labor (194355)
Labor (A-C) (1955) |
|  | |


title: Ruel Fox

abstract: Ruel Adrian Fox is a former professional footballer and the club chairman of Whitton United. As a player he was a midfielder who played in the Premier League for Norwich City, Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur. He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion. He was capped twice at England B level, but later, despite it being two years since retiring, he awarded himself two caps for Montserrat whilst serving as head coach. Following retirement, Fox had a spell as manager of non-league Whitton United, where he has also acted as assistant manager and currently remains as the chairman. He has also worked as a personal trainer and has worked for Suffolk College.

text:
# Ruel Fox

**Ruel Adrian Fox** (born 14 January 1968) is a former professional footballer and the club chairman of Whitton United.

As a player he was a midfielder who played in the Premier League for Norwich City, Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur. He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion. He was capped twice at England B level, but later, despite it being two years since retiring, he awarded himself two caps for Montserrat whilst serving as head coach.

Following retirement, Fox had a spell as manager of non-league Whitton United, where he has also acted as assistant manager and currently remains as the chairman. He has also worked as a personal trainer and has worked for Suffolk College.

## Club career

### Norwich City

Fox made his senior debut for Norwich City during the 1986–87 season in a Full Members Cup match against Coventry City and made his league debut against Oxford United at Carrow Road a few days later.

After several seasons of being a substitute and finding it difficult to hold down a regular first team spot, he eventually established himself and played an important part in the 1992–93 and 1993–94 campaigns, which were two of the best in the club's history. In 1992–93, they led the inaugural FA Premier League several times before finished a club best third, and in 1993–94 they reached the last 16 of the UEFA Cup, defeating Bayern Munich on the way. He had also been involved in Norwich’s runs to the semi-finals of the FA Cup final in 1989 and 1992, and their previous highs of finishing fifth in the old First Division in 1987 and fourth in 1989.

He was a fast, tricky winger who outran defenders and provided good crosses. In 2002, Norwich supporters voted Fox an inaugural member of the Norwich City F.C. Hall of Fame.

### Newcastle United

Fox left Norwich on 2 February 1994 to join Newcastle United for a fee of £2,250,000. Upon signing him, Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan described him as "the best player in his position in the country".

Fox was an early member of the Newcastle teams known as "the Entertainers". He played in Newcastle's final 14 games of the 1993–94 season and scored twice as they finished third in the Premier League and qualified for the UEFA Cup – the first time since the 1970s that the Magpies had competed in Europe. He scored 10 league goals in the 1994–95 season, as the Magpies finished sixth and just missed out on another European campaign having led the league for the first quarter of the season, but the arrival of David Ginola in June 1995 left Fox facing a fight for regular first team action. He did, however, play five times for the Magpies the following season.

### Tottenham Hotspur

Fox signed for Tottenham Hotspur on 6 October 1995 in a deal worth £4.25 million. His fee made him Tottenham's second most costly player at the time, behind Chris Armstrong whose £4.5 million deal had been concluded just a few months earlier. Despite not being part of Tottenham's squad for the 1999 Football League Cup Final he made three appearances during their victorious League Cup campaign.

### West Bromwich Albion

Fox found it difficult to settle at White Hart Lane and he was constantly linked with moves away from Tottenham Hotspur before joining West Bromwich Albion at the start of the 2000–01 season. He helped them to promotion in 2001–02, before being released at the end of the season. He subsequently retired from playing professionally.

## Coaching career

Fox was named head coach of Montserrat in October 2004, and despite being two years since he retired from playing, he gave himself two international caps and scored once for his adopted nation in a 5–4 defeat against Antigua on 2 November 2004.

Upon his return he was named as coach of non-League football club Whitton United and remained in that role until 2008, where he was replaced by his assistant Ronnie Mauge. He has also acted as assistant manager and now is the club's chairman. He also became a coach at Suffolk College.

## Personal life

In November 2008, Fox returned to hometown Ipswich and ran his own restaurant and bar.

In 2012, Fox was working as a personal trainer in Ipswich.

## InfoBox

Ruel Fox
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ruel Adrian Fox | | |
| Date of birth | (1968-01-14) 14 January 1968 | | |
| Place of birth | Ipswich, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Whitton United (chairman) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1986–1994 | Norwich City | 173 | (22) |
| 1994–1995 | Newcastle United | 58 | (12) |
| 1995–2000 | Tottenham Hotspur | 106 | (13) |
| 2000–2002 | West Bromwich Albion | 56 | (2) |
| Total |  | **395** | **(49)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1994 | England B | 2 | (0) |
| 2004 | Montserrat | 2 | (1) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2004–2009 | Whitton United | | |
| 2004 | Montserrat (player-manager) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Big House, Irene

abstract: The Big House, or Smuts House, is a historic house in Irene, Gauteng, which was inhabited by South African statesman Jan Smuts and his family. Today, it is part of the Smuts House Museum.

text:
# Big House, Irene

The **Big House** (Afrikaans: *Groothuis*), or **Smuts House**, is a historic house in Irene, Gauteng, which was inhabited by South African statesman Jan Smuts and his family. Today, it is part of the **Smuts House Museum**.

## History

The land on which the house is now situated was previously owned by Michiel Christiaan, son of Voortrekker Daniel Elardus Erasmus, who subdivided his farm between his three sons. It was bought by Jan Smuts in 1908 for £900. Twelve squatter families were inhabiting the property in 1908 and remained for a few years.

Smuts purchased a wood-and-iron building for £300 during a sale in Middelburg by the Imperial Government of military property, so that it would serve as a home for his family. The building is believed to have been prefabricated in Britain before being shipped to India and later to South Africa, where it served as an officer's mess at Lord Kitchener's headquarters in Middelburg. It was re-erected at the property in 1909, and Mrs Smuts moved her family into it on 10 July while General Smuts was at sea.

Though initially meant to be temporary, the family ultimately remained in the Big House, and numerous additions were added to it. The Smuts raised seven children in it.

The house was inherited by Mrs Kitty Smuts, Jan Smuts' daughter-in-law and widow of Japie Smuts. She found it difficult to maintain, and after unsuccessfully offering it to various organisations, it was bought in July 1960 for £7000 by ex-serviceman and Pretoria attorney Mr Braithwaite.

On 31 October 1969, the Big House was declared a National Monument as per the Government Gazette. Since 1961, it has been owned by the General Smuts Foundation, known until 1994 as the General Smuts War Veterans' Foundation. The house reflects Smuts' modest lifestyle.

## Museum

The house today is part of the Smuts House Museum, operated by the General Smuts Foundation, which is dedicated to the legacy of Jan Smuts. A short walk from the house is Smuts Koppie, where the ashes of Jan Smuts and his wife Isie were scattered. The museum also has a tea garden for light refreshments.

1. Smuts, Jannie (1952). *Jan Christian Smuts*. Cassell. p. 271. ISBN 9780837170596.
2. *History of the Big House, Doornkloof*. Friends of the General Smuts Foundation. 2010. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-9869751-2-7.
3. "Smuts House details". *www.artefacts.co.za*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
4. "Smuts House". *www.smutshouse.co.za*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
5. "Smuts House Museum – Gauteng Tourism Authority". *www.gauteng.net*. Archived from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2021-07-01.

## InfoBox

Big House
| Groothuis | |
| --- | --- |
| The Big House and a statue of Jan Smuts | |
|  | |
| Established | 1909 |
| Location | Jan Smuts Avenue, Irene, Gauteng |
| Coordinates | 25°53′21.5″S 28°13′51.2″E / 25.889306°S 28.230889°E / -25.889306; 28.230889 |
| Architect | Herbert Baker |
| Website | www.smutshouse.co.za |


title: Don Manning

abstract: Don Manning is a former American football linebacker at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was a consensus All-American in 1967.

text:
# Don Manning

**Don Manning** (born c.1946) is a former American football linebacker at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was a consensus All-American in 1967.

## College career

Manning lettered for the UCLA Bruins football team under coach Tommy Prothro during the 1965, 1966 and 1967 seasons. He made 1st team All-Coast team in both the 1966 and 1967 seasons. In his final year, as a 6-foot, 2-inch, 204-pound Linebacker, Manning was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from several publications and organizations including the Walter Camp Foundation, and United Press International (UPI). He was joined on the consensus All-American team by Gary Beban, marking the first time UCLA had two members in the same year. Manning was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the seventeenth round (436th overall) of the 1968 NFL/AFL draft. In 1993, he was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

Don Lee Manning
| Born: | c.1946 |
| --- | --- |
| Career information | |
| Position(s) | LB |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) |
| Weight | 204 lb (93 kg) |
| College | UCLA |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 1964–1966 | UCLA |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Big Horn River Bridge

abstract:
The Big Horn River Bridge is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Custer, Montana. It was added to the Register on January 4, 2010. The bridge is a riveted Pennsylvania through truss structure that was constructed over a two-year period between 1931 and 1933. It is 624 feet in length and 21 feet wide.
The bridge is located in a floodplain near the mouth of the river, which has historically been prone to flooding. Flooding has been reduced since the building upstream of Yellowtail Dam, completed in 1967, but high waters have occurred since, including notably 1978 and 2011. The classic Western novel The Virginian, published by Owen Wister in 1902, mentions a washout of the Northern Pacific railroad bridge over the Big Horn River near here:
  - "This filling and repairing looks like the washout might have been true."
  - "Washout? said Scipio.
  - "Big Horn bridge, they say--four days ago."
    -

text:
# Big Horn River Bridge

The **Big Horn River Bridge** is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Custer, Montana. It was added to the Register on January 4, 2010. The bridge is a riveted Pennsylvania through truss structure that was constructed over a two-year period between 1931 and 1933. It is 624 feet in length and 21 feet wide. The bridge is located in a floodplain near the mouth of the river, which has historically been prone to flooding. Flooding has been reduced since the building upstream of Yellowtail Dam, completed in 1967, but high waters have occurred since, including notably 1978 and 2011. The classic Western novel *The Virginian*, published by Owen Wister in 1902, mentions a washout of the Northern Pacific railroad bridge over the Big Horn River near here:

"This filling and repairing looks like the washout might have been true." "Washout? said Scipio. "Big Horn bridge, they say--four days ago." (chapter 16, p.204)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Big Horn River Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Milepost 2 on Montana Highway 104, Custer, Montana |
| Coordinates | 46°08′50″N 107°28′03″W / 46.14722°N 107.46750°W / 46.14722; -107.46750 |
| NRHP reference No. | 09001188 |
| Added to NRHP | January 4, 2010 |


title: Philharmonia basinigra

abstract: Philharmonia basinigra is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Wang and Wang in 2015. It is found in China.

text:
# Philharmonia basinigra

***Philharmonia basinigra*** is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Wang and Wang in 2015. It is found in China (Tibet, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang).

## InfoBox

| *Philharmonia basinigra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lecithoceridae |
| Genus: | *Philharmonia* |
| Species: | ***P. basinigra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Philharmonia basinigra***<br>Wang & Wang, 2015 | |
|


title: Rudra Pratap Singh

abstract: Rudra Pratap Singh Bundela was the founder and first raja of the kingdom that became the princely state of Orchha, India, during the Lodi dynasty. His name is sometimes spelled Rudrapratap Singh and his last name, Bundela, is often omitted. He reigned between 1501–1531, during which time he built the fort at what is now the town of Orchha, on the banks of the river Betwa. He moved his capital from Garh Kundar to that town in 1531 and died in the same year.

text:
# Rudra Pratap Singh

**Rudra Pratap Singh Bundela** (r. 1501–1531) was the founder and first raja of the kingdom that became the princely state of Orchha, India, during the Lodi dynasty . His name is sometimes spelled **Rudrapratap Singh** and his last name, **Bundela**, is often omitted.

He reigned between 1501–1531, during which time he built the fort at what is now the town of Orchha, on the banks of the river Betwa. He moved his capital from Garh Kundar to that town in 1531 and died in the same year.


title: Robert Williams (Virginia politician)

abstract: Robert Williams was an American lawyer, patriot, planter and politician in Virginia and North Carolina, who served in the fifth Virginia Revolutionary Convention, first meeting of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1776 and in 1788 the Virginia Ratifying Convention, all representing Pittsylvania County, as well as led Pittsylvania's militia during the American Revolutionary War.

text:
# Robert Williams (Virginia politician)

**Robert Williams** (circa 1740 – circa 1793) was an American lawyer, patriot, planter and politician in Virginia and North Carolina, who served in the fifth Virginia Revolutionary Convention, first meeting of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1776 and in 1788 the Virginia Ratifying Convention, all representing Pittsylvania County, as well as led Pittsylvania's militia during the American Revolutionary War.

## Early life and education

Because Williams was not born among the First Families of Virginia, little documentation exists as to his birth or education. Genealogists searching for his antecedents seem to agree that he was born in Hanover County, Virginia in the early 1740s, but disagree as to his parents, especially since many families moved from Hanover County south to the developing and newly surveyed frontier along the Dan River between the Virginia Colony and the North Carolina colony. Thus his father may have been Daniel Williams, Nathaniel Williams (who had several sons who held military or political office in North Carolina) or Charlie A Williams. The Williams family would remain politically active in North Carolina, Tennessee and Mississippi as the 19th century began, but vanished from Pittsylvania county. When this man was a boy, the Virginia side was part of vast Halifax County, Virginia and the North Carolina side was then-vast Orange County, North Carolina. In the modern era (as well as at the end of this man's life), the 214-mile long Dan River begins in Patrick County, Virginia, crosses into Stokes County, North Carolina and Rockingham County, North Carolina before becoming at times the dividing line between Caswell County, North Carolina and Pittsylvania County, Virginia and later Halifax County, Virginia and joining the Roanoke River near a dam which forms Kerr Reservoir, the largest lake in Virginia, and which borders Halifax, Charlotte and Mecklenburg counties in Virginia, as well as Vance, Granville and Warren Counties in North Carolina, and ultimately drains into the Atlantic Ocean in North Carolina.

## Personal life

Robert Williams and his brother Col. Joseph Williams lived across the border in North Carolina before the revolutionary war, and both married Lanier sisters, daughters of Thomas Lanier of Granville County, North Carolina, with Robert marrying Sarah Lanier (1748–1814) and Joseph marrying Rebekah Lanier. Joseph Williams died in 1774 while his only child, daughter Mary was under age, so this uncle became her guardian, which guardianship ended on June 15, 1789, because she married future Virginia congressman Matthew Clay. Col. Joseph Williams had a significant estate, with both real estate and more than a dozen enslaved people, and apparently Matthew Clay was disappointed in whatever documents concerning the guardianship which this man's widow (and her attorney Haynes Morgan, who had served as delegate in 1781) provided to him concerning that guardianship. Sarah Lanier Williams remarried after her husband's death, but disagreement also exists as to her second husband's identity, although her gravestone remains in Caswell County, North Carolina.

## Career

This Robert Williams was clearly a lawyer in Virginia around the time of the American Revolutionary War. In fact, in addition to his patriotic activities described below, he was the Commonwealth attorney (prosecutor) for Pittsylvania County, and later for Patrick Henry County when it was formed in 1777, and still later the first commonwealth attorney for Franklin County after it was formed in 1786. In that era, because of limited court sessions, one man could serve as prosecutor for more than one county, since residence was not required, provided the locations of the court sessions were close enough.

Around the time of the Revolutionary War, Williams owned a plantation in Halifax or Pittsylvania County along Sandy Creek, a tributary of the Banister River, which flowed into the Dan River. There he also farmed tobacco using enslaved labor. In the 1787 Virginia tax census, Robert Williams lived in and paid taxes in Pittsylvania county for two white overseers as well as 21 enslaved teenagers, 32 enslaved adults, 22 horses and 88 cattle.

Pittsylvania voters elected Williams as one of their delegates to the fifth (last) Virginia Revolutionary Convention, and the following year to the first session of the Virginia House of Delegates. During the conflict, Williams continued to serve as commonwealth attorney (prosecutor) for Pittsylvania County, as well as officer in the local militia. In 1775, he held the rank of colonel in the county militia, and was promoted to Pittsylvania county lieutenant in 1778 when the former burgess and county lieutenant John Donelson announced he was leaving for Tennessee. In that era the county lieutenant was essentially the county's highest executive office, and so controlled the militia and was responsible for obtaining provisions for them as well as the Continental Army. Williams served in that position for about a year, as well as provided more supplies for that militia and Continental troops than anyone else in the county.

In 1788, Pittsylvania voters elected Wilson and Williams as their representatives to the Virginia Ratifying Convention. Both men (perhaps following the lead of the original Pittsylvania County's other leading man (until the split-off of Patrick Henry County, Virginia, Patrick Henry) voted (unsuccessfully) against adoption of the federal Constitution. That narrow adoption vote may have led James Madison to draft the Bill of Rights pursuant to an earlier document drafted by another prominent anti-Federalist, George Mason, the Virginia Declaration of Rights.

Although no Robert Williams is listed as a landowner in now-published Caswell County real estate title books, Robert Williams(b. 1773) successfully ran for Congress from a district which included Caswell County, North Carolina in 1796.

## Death and legacy

According to a lawsuit filed by his former ward Mary and her husband Matthew Clay before November 1793 against this man's widow Sarah, this Robert Williams died intestate (without a will), but with several children under the legal age of 21 years who are named as Elizabeth, Nathaniel, Sarah, Patsey and Francis). Pittsylvania lawyer and politician Haynes Morgan represented the widow. Partly because of his common name, and unindexed handwritten records, genealogists disagree as to the date and location of this Williams' death. Clearly, the Williams family left Pittsylvania county by the early 19th century, and no Robert Williamses appear in the United States Census for 1800, in either Caswell County, North Carolina nor Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Pittsylvania historian Frences Hurt believed Williams died in Caswell County, North Carolina in 1790 (as does the unattributed annotation in his findagrave entry), but he continued to figure as a witness in now-published Pittsylvania records for several years, No parents are listed for brother North Carolina congressmen Robert Williams (b.1773) and Lewis Williams (b. 1783), although both were supposedly born in Surry County, North Carolina which adjoins Patrick County Virginia and the former's mother supposedly died in 1814 (this year of this man's widow's death) and both may be brothers of John Williams (b.1778) whose mother was Rebekah Lanier. Hurt only specifically denied knowledge of this man's relationship with Henry Williams of Peytonsburg (then the Pittsylvania county seat) who also served on Pittsylvania's Committee of Safety in 1775 and as a militia captain. That Henry Williams also once advertised for a runaway indentured servant and schoolteacher with the same Williams surname. Henry Williams was a prominent landowner in Caswell County, North Carolina. The 1790 date appears too early, although it also appears in the unattributed printed genealogy attached to Sarah Lanier's findagrave entry states that the estate of this Robert Williams was admitted to probate in Pittsylvania County in 1799.

## InfoBox

| Robert Williams | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Virginia House of Delegates for Pittsylvania County | |
| **In office**
October 7, 1776  December 1776Serving with Benjamin Lankford | |
| Preceded by | position established |
| Succeeded by | Abraham Shelton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | circa 1740
Hanover County, Colony of Virginia |
| Died | circa 1793 |
| Spouse | Sarah Lanier |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | Virginia Militia |
| Rank | county lieutenant |
| Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War |
|  | |


title: Donny McCrary

abstract: Donny McCrary is an Irish-American professional boxer.

text:
# Donny McCrary

**Donny McCrary** (born October 15, 1982 in St. Joseph, Missouri) is an Irish-American professional boxer.

## Professional career

Known as "The Savage", McCrary began his professional career in 2003, and has lost to contenders Lucian Bute, Kofi Jantuah, Allan Green, and Yuri Foreman. In 2007 he won via 1st round TKO against Eric Regan. Donny is now trained by former IBF World Champion Cool Vince Phillips.

On August 22, 2008, McCrary lost by 2nd-round TKO to Peter Manfredo. It was a terrible decision to stop the fight. Donny was not hurt and was ready to go. He was up at the count of two and responding and communicating with his corner. The fans were outraged by the stoppage.

## David Lemieux Fight

On October 3, 2009, McCrary fought David Lemieux in Montreal. The fight ended two minutes and seven seconds into the first round with McCary being knocked out. McCrary did not fight for over 3 years after that, losing by 5th-round TKO to Steve Franjic in December 2012.

### Walid Smichet fight

In February 2006, McCrary, fought Walid Smichet, who was on a four-year unbeaten stretch, at the Montreal Casino.

McCrary landed some solid punches, especially in the second round. However, Smichet waved McCrary forward dismissively and then streamed forward, and towards the later rounds outworked McCrary.

The fight was over eight rounds and was scored a draw with one judge each giving the decision to either fighter and the other judging it a draw.

## The Contender (TV series)

In 2007, McCrary was one of the featured boxers on the 3rd season of the boxing reality TV series, *The Contender*.

1. Benevides, Eric (2008-08-23). "Manfredo's second-round TKO lands him NABF title". Pawtucket Times. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
2. Graham Houston. "SEBASTIEN DEMERS vs WALID SMICHET". *FightNews Canada*. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
3. Boxrec. "Walid Smichet". *Boxrec Fighter Page*. Archived from the original on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 5 June 2007.


title: Bill Coplin

abstract: Bill Coplin is an American professor, advisor and author. He established the Policy Studies major at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, as well as a high school introductory course mirroring the Policy Studies major. In 1995, Coplin was one of the first three to be appointed the J. and L. Douglas Meredith Professor for Teaching Excellence at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University and College of Arts and Sciences at Syracuse University. Coplin has received grants from the Sloan Foundation, the Kellogg Foundation, and the National Science Foundation in support of his research and educational programs.

text:
# Bill Coplin

**Bill Coplin** is an American professor, advisor and author. He established the Policy Studies major at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, as well as a high school introductory course mirroring the Policy Studies major.

In 1995, Coplin was one of the first three to be appointed the J. and L. Douglas Meredith Professor for Teaching Excellence at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University and College of Arts and Sciences at Syracuse University. Coplin has received grants from the Sloan Foundation, the Kellogg Foundation, and the National Science Foundation in support of his research and educational programs.

## Education

* Johns Hopkins University | BA | Social Sciences, 1960
* American University | MA | International Relations, 1962
* American University | PhD | International Relations, 1964
* University of Michigan | Postdoctoral | Quantitative Methods, 1968-1969

## Books


title: Don Stenberg

abstract: Don Stenberg is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 31st Attorney General of Nebraska from 1991 to 2003 and 43rd Treasurer of Nebraska from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously was legal counsel to Governor Charles Thone from 1979 to 1983. He unsuccessfully ran for Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska in 1978; Attorney General of Nebraska in 1986; and the United States Senate in 1996, 2000, 2006, and 2012.

text:
# Don Stenberg

**Don Stenberg** (born September 30, 1948) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 31st Attorney General of Nebraska from 1991 to 2003 and 43rd Treasurer of Nebraska from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously was legal counsel to Governor Charles Thone from 1979 to 1983.

He unsuccessfully ran for Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska in 1978; Attorney General of Nebraska in 1986; and the United States Senate in 1996, 2000, 2006, and 2012.

## Early life, education, and law career

Stenberg was born and raised in Tekamah, Nebraska. To pay for college, he detasseled corn, hauled bales, mowed lawns, and life guarded at the local swimming pool. After graduating from University of Nebraska–Lincoln (1970), Harvard Law School (1974), and Harvard Business School (1974) he practiced law in Lincoln.

## Early political career (1978–1989)

### 1978 run for lieutenant governor

In 1978, Stenberg ran for Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska, coming in fourth in the Republican primary with just 13% of the vote. Roland A. Luedtke won the primary with a plurality of 31%.

### Thone administration

In 1979, he was named as legal counsel to Republican governor of Nebraska Charles Thone. Stenberg has also served as director of the Governor's Policy Research Office, assistant to the governor, and director of the Department of Administrative Services.

### 1986 run for attorney general

He first ran for Nebraska Attorney General in 1986, but lost in the Republican primary to incumbent Robert Spire 53%–47%.

## State attorney general (1991–2003)

### Elections

In 1990, he ran for attorney general again. In the Republican primary, he won with a plurality of 38%. In the general election, he defeated Democrat Gene Crump 54%–46%. He won re-election in 1994 (67%) and 1998 (68%).

### Tenure

Stenberg was the named defendant in the noted Supreme Court abortion case, *Stenberg v. Carhart* 530 U.S. 914 (2000).

### 1996 U.S. Senate election

Stenberg first ran for the U.S. Senate in 1996 to succeed retiring Democratic U.S. Senator J. James Exon. Initially seen as the frontrunner, he was defeated by business executive Chuck Hagel 62%–38%. Hagel went on to win an upset against Democratic Governor Ben Nelson.

### 2000 U.S. Senate election

After being re-elected Attorney General in 1998, Stenberg again ran for the U.S. Senate in 2000 to succeed retiring Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey. He won the six candidate primary with 50% of the vote. In one of the closest elections in Nebraska history, Nelson defeated Stenberg 51%–49%, even as Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush won the state with 62%.

## Post-Attorney General career (2003–present)

### Private sector

Stenberg left office as attorney general in 2003 and returned to work in the private sector as of counsel at Erickson and Sederstrom, the same firm where his former boss, Charles Thone, is a partner.

### 2006 U.S. Senate election

In 2006, Stenberg launched his third bid for the U.S. Senate. Once again, an early frontrunner, he was defeated by former Ameritrade chief operating officer Pete Ricketts 48%–38%. Ricketts went on to lose to incumbent U.S. Senator Nelson.

### State Treasurer

In 2010, Stenberg ran for Nebraska State Treasurer to succeed retiring Shane Osborn. He won the primary over state Senator Tony Fulton 52%–28% and won the general election with 73% of the vote.

### 2012 U.S. Senate election

In 2011, he announced his intention to run for the U.S. Senate a fourth time.

After receiving endorsements from Club for Growth and Freedomworks, Stenberg split the Tea Party vote with attorney general Jon Brunning. Stenberg came in third place, taking 18.8% of the vote. The nomination went to State senator Deb Fischer.

### 2014 election

Following the withdrawal of the two leading candidates for the Republican nomination for Governor, Stenberg said that he would consider "what is the best way to serve the state of Nebraska". He has said that it was "unlikely, but possible" that he would run for governor. He also considered running for the open U.S. Senate seat, but decided instead to run for re-election to a second term as Treasurer.

## Personal life

He is married to Sue Hoegemeyer of Hooper, Nebraska. They have been married 39 years and have four children.

## Electoral history

| Nebraska Lieutenant Governor Republican Primary Election, 1978 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Roland Luedtke** | **53,762** | **30.68** |
| Republican | Dennis Rasmussen | 50,627 | 28.89 |
| Republican | Rosemary Mara Skrupe | 29,532 | 16.85 |
| Republican | Don Stenberg | 22,592 | 12.89 |
| Republican | Herbert Duis | 18,736 | 10.69 |

| Nebraska Attorney General Republican Primary Election, 1986 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Robert Spike** | **99,578** | **55.41** |
| Republican | Don Stenberg | 80,130 | 44.59 |

| Nebraska Attorney General Republican Primary Election, 1990 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg** | **72,177** | **38.28** |
| Republican | Mike Heavican | 69,478 | 36.85 |
| Republican | John DeCamp | 46,880 | 24.87 |

| Nebraska Attorney General Election, 1990 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg** | **297,815** | **53.68** |
| Democratic | Gene Crump | 256,686 | 46.26 |
| Write-ins | Write-ins | 335 | 0.06 |

| Nebraska Attorney General Election, 1994 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg (inc.)** | **367,396** | **67.48** |
| Democratic | Steve Scherr | 176,594 | 32.44 |
| Write-ins | Write-ins | 463 | 0.09 |

| Nebraska U.S. Senate Republican Primary Election, 1996 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Chuck Hagel** | **112,953** | **56.22** |
| Republican | Don Stenberg | 87,974 | 43.78 |

| Nebraska Attorney General Election, 1998 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg (inc.)** | **353,939** | **68.07** |
| Democratic | Pat Knapp | 151,054 | 29.05 |
| Libertarian | Andrew Sullivan | 14,693 | 2.83 |
| Write-ins | Write-ins | 253 | 0.05 |

| Nebraska U.S. Senate Republican Primary Election, 2000 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg** | **91,981** | **50.22** |
| Republican | Scott Moore | 39,493 | 21.56 |
| Republican | David Hergert | 31,560 | 17.23 |
| Republican | George Grogan | 7,943 | 4.34 |
| Republican | John DeCamp | 7,096 | 3.87 |
| Republican | Elliott Rustad | 5,074 | 2.77 |

| Nebraska U.S. Senate Election, 2000 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Democratic** | **Ben Nelson** | **353,093** | **51.00** |
| Republican | Don Stenberg | 337,977 | 48.82 |
| Write-ins | Write-ins | 1,280 | 0.18 |

| Nebraska U.S. Senate Republican Primary Election, 2006 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Pete Ricketts** | **129,643** | **48.02** |
| Republican | Don Stenberg | 96,496 | 35.75 |
| Republican | David Kramer | 43,815 | 16.23 |

| Nebraska Treasurer Republican Primary Election, 2010 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg** | **83,461** | **51.77** |
| Republican | Tony Fulton | 44,771 | 27.77 |
| Republican | Tom Nesbitt | 32,979 | 20.46 |

| Nebraska Treasurer Election, 2010 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg** | **345,661** | **72.94** |
| Democratic | Mark Stoj | 128,231 | 27.06 |

| Nebraska U.S. Senate Republican Primary Election, 2012 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Deb Fischer** | **79,941** | **40.99** |
| Republican | Jon Bruning | 70,067 | 35.92 |
| Republican | Don Stenberg | 36,727 | 18.83 |
| Republican | Pat Flynn | 5,413 | 2.78 |
| Republican | Spencer Zimmerman | 1,601 | 0.82 |
| Republican | Sharyn Elander | 1,294 | 0.66 |

| Nebraska Treasurer Republican Primary Election, 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg (inc.)** | **172,861** | **84.97** |
| Republican | Christopher Costello | 30,566 | 15.03 |

| Nebraska Treasurer Election, 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| **Republican** | **Don Stenberg (inc.)** | **357,474** | **68.14** |
| Democratic | Michael O'Hara | 139,101 | 26.52 |
| Libertarian | Michael Knebel | 28,009 | 5.34 |

## InfoBox

| Don Stenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Stenberg in 2011 | |
|  | |
| 43rd Treasurer of Nebraska | |
| **In office**
January 6, 2011  January 9, 2019 | |
| Governor | Dave Heineman
Pete Ricketts |
| Preceded by | Shane Osborn |
| Succeeded by | John Murante |
| 31st Attorney General of Nebraska | |
| **In office**
January 14, 1991  January 13, 2003 | |
| Governor | Ben Nelson
Mike Johanns |
| Preceded by | Robert Spire |
| Succeeded by | Jon Bruning |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1948-09-20) September 20, 1948
Tekamah, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Sue Hoegemeyer |
| Education | University of Nebraska, Lincoln (BA)
Harvard University (JD, MBA) |
| Website | Campaign website |
|  | |


title: Bill Copson

abstract: William Henry Copson was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire County Cricket Club between 1932 and 1950, and for England between 1939 and 1947. He took over 1,000 wickets for Derbyshire, and was prominent in their 1936 Championship season. Cricket correspondent, Colin Bateman, noted Copson was, "a flame-haired pace bowler with a temper to match, became a cricketer by accident".

text:
# Bill Copson

**William Henry Copson** (27 April 1908 – 14 September 1971) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire County Cricket Club between 1932 and 1950, and for England between 1939 and 1947. He took over 1,000 wickets for Derbyshire, and was prominent in their 1936 Championship season. Cricket correspondent, Colin Bateman, noted Copson was, "a flame-haired pace bowler with a temper to match, became a cricketer by accident".

## Life and career

Bill Copson was born in Stonebroom, Derbyshire, and became a miner. Like his fellow bowler, Tommy Mitchell, he was a cricketing product of the 1926 General Strike. He took no interest in cricket until the Strike, when some fellow miners persuaded him to join in cricket on the local recreation ground while they were absent from work. His ability as a bowler of considerable pace and exceptional straightness, who made the batsmen play every ball was clearly revealed. In the next season he was given a place in the Morton Colliery team and, from there, he progressed to Clay Cross club in the Derbyshire League, and his success was such that Derbyshire engaged him in 1932.

He made his debut in first-class cricket for Derbyshire against Surrey when he sensationally dismissed Andy Sandham with his first ball. However, his record for the rest of the season was moderate. In 1933, Copson became a regular member of the Derbyshire side, and, if he did not, in spite of his short run-up, possess the build to undertake as much work as fast bowlers were expected to then, he was consistently good in a summer unfavourable to bowlers. In the following two summers, Copson was so plagued by injury that there were serious worries about his long-term health. When he did play he developed so well that he headed Derbyshire's averages in 1935, for a team that recorded more victories than any other Derbyshire side before or since.

Having been sent to Skegness to restore his health, he responded with a marvellous season in 1936. His 12 for 52 against the strong Surrey batting side on an admittedly damaged pitch was his finest feat. In all, he took 140 wickets for less than 13 runs each in the County Championship, and was chosen for the Ashes tour at the end of the season. Though he headed the averages for all matches, Copson's body was not resilient enough for the timeless matches on rock-hard Australian pitches, and he did not play in any of the Tests.

In 1937, Copson suffered more injury problems, but featured one of the most magnificent bowling feats in county cricket history when he took 8 for 11 – including the first performance in first-class cricket of five wickets with six consecutive balls – against Warwickshire on a pitch giving bowlers almost no help. Copson also took 8 for 64 against Sussex on a good pitch, and the following year took 103 wickets, but could not dislodge Farnes and Bowes from the Test team. At last, Copson played his first Test against the West Indies in 1939 at Lord's and did not disappoint, taking nine wickets on a blameless pitch, including five in the first innings. He took 146 wickets that year, but World War II put paid to him being a regular Test bowler. By 1946, he had lost a yard of pace, and, if he could bowl straighter than anyone, he had not the venom of pre-war years. Copson did play one Test in 1947 with almost no success, but retired at the age of 41 in 1949.

Copson was a right-arm fast medium bowler, and took 1,094 first-class wickets at an average of 18.96, with a best performance of 8 for 11. He also took 15 Test wickets. He was a right-hand batsman, and played 359 innings in 279 first-class matches, with an average of 6.81, and a top score of 43.

From 1958 to 1967, Copson was a first-class umpire, but persistent health problems took so much toll, that he died in Clay Cross, Derbyshire, at the age of 63 in 1971.

## InfoBox

Bill Copson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | William Henry Copson |
| Born | (1908-04-27)27 April 1908
Stonebroom, Derbyshire, England |
| Died | 14 September 1971(1971-09-14) (aged 63)
Clay Cross, Derbyshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut | 24 June 1939 v West Indies |
| Last Test | 16 August 1947 v South Africa |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1932–1950 | Derbyshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 3 279  Runs scored 6 1,711  Batting average 6.00 6.81  100s/50s 0/0 0/0  Top score 6 43  Balls bowled 762 50,415  Wickets 15 1094  Bowling average 19.80 18.96  5 wickets in innings 1 66  10 wickets in match 0 6  Best bowling 5/85 8/11  Catches/stumpings 1/– 103/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 19 April 2010 | |


abstract: The Philippine Senate Committee on Local Government is a standing committee of the Senate of the Philippines.

text:
# Philippine Senate Committee on Local Government

The **Philippine Senate Committee on Local Government** is a standing committee of the Senate of the Philippines.

## Jurisdiction

According to the Rules of the Senate, the committee handles all matters relating to local government units in the Philippines, such as autonomous regions, provinces, cities, special metropolitan political subdivisions, municipalities and barangays.

## Members, 18th Congress

Based on the Rules of the Senate, the Senate Committee on Local Government has 13 members.

The President Pro Tempore, the Majority Floor Leader, and the Minority Floor Leader are *ex officio* members.

Here are the members of the committee in the 18th Congress as of September 24, 2020:

| Position | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Chairperson** | Francis Tolentino |  | PDP–Laban |
| **Vice Chairperson** | Imee Marcos |  | Nacionalista |
| **Members**
**for the**
**Majority** | Ronald dela Rosa |  | PDP–Laban |
| | Bong Go |  | PDP–Laban |
| | Bong Revilla |  | Lakas |
| | Win Gatchalian |  | NPC |
| | Nancy Binay |  | UNA |
| | Cynthia Villar |  | Nacionalista |
| | Panfilo Lacson |  | Independent |
| | Joel Villanueva |  | CIBAC |
| | Koko Pimentel |  | PDP–Laban |
| **Members**
**for the**
**Minority** | Francis Pangilinan |  | Liberal |
| | Risa Hontiveros |  | Akbayan |

**Committee secretary:** Bernadine B. Mahinay

1. "Rules of the Senate" (PDF). *Senate of the Philippines*. July 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. "Senate Permanent Committees - 18th Congress" (PDF). *Senate of the Philippines*. September 24, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Committee on Local Government | |
| --- | --- |
| 18th Congress | |
|  | |
| History | |
| New session started | July 22, 2019 (2019-07-22) |
| Leadership | |
| Chairman | Francis Tolentino (PDP–Laban)
since 2019 |
| Minority Leader | Francis Pangilinan (Liberal)
since 2019 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 13 members |
| Political groups | **Majority** (12) * PDP–Laban (4) * Nacionalista (2) * CIBAC (1) * Independent (1) * Lakas (1) * NPC (1) * UNA (1)  **Minority** (2) |


title: Robinsonekspedisjonen 2002

abstract: Robinsonekspedisjonen: 2002, was the fourth season of the Norwegian version of the Swedish show Expedition Robinson and it premiered on 22 September 2002 and aired until 15 December 2002.

text:
# Robinsonekspedisjonen 2002

***Robinsonekspedisjonen: 2002***, was the fourth season of the Norwegian version of the Swedish show *Expedition Robinson* and it premiered on 22 September 2002 and aired until 15 December 2002.

## Season summary

The fourth season took place on an island in Malaysia. For the fourth season the amount of contestants was raised from sixteen to eighteen. The first twist this season took place in episode one when both tribes were forced to vote out one member prior to their first immunity challenge. As another twist this season when a contestant was voted out they were sent to "destiny island". Ann Molvig eventually won the final duel and returned to the game. Once on the island the ousted contestant would compete in a series of duels with other eliminated players in order to gain a spot in the final five. Ultimately, it was Ann Molvig who won the season over Halvard Fence with an initial jury vote of 5-5, and eventually a 6-4 vote when Bjørn Jarli changed his vote.

## Finishing order

| Contestant | Original
Tribes | Episode 3
Tribes | Episode 5
Tribes | Merged
Tribe | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ane Elise Tunstad**
22, Tårnåsen | North Team |  |  |  | 1st Voted Out
Day ? |
| **Magnus Larsen**
30, Oslo | South Team |  |  |  | |
| **Cathrine Sandli**
28, Oslo | North Team |  |  |  | 2nd Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
Day ? |
| **Sandra Bekkelund**
27, Gjerdrum | South Team |  |  |  | 3rd Voted Out
Day ?
Refused Duel
Day ? |
| **Bjørn Schei**
59, Oslo | North Team | North Team |  |  | 5th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
Day ? |
| **Mathis Jenssen**
25, Haugesund | South Team | South Team | South Team |  | 6th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
Day ? |
| **Even Mjøen**
24, Oslo | South Team | South Team | South Team |  | 7th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
Day ? |
| **Kjetil Wang**
25, Oslo | South Team | South Team | South Team | Robinson | 8th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
1st Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Lill Hege Furulund**
28, Oslo | South Team | South Team |  | | 4th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
2nd Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Gina Celso**
24, Oslo | South Team | South Team | South Team | | 9th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
3rd Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Jo Nguyen**
25, Oslo | North Team | South Team | South Team | | 10th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
4th Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Mona Eilertsen**
37, Saupstad | North Team | North Team | North Team | | 11th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
5th Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Bjørn André Jarli**
34, Oslo | North Team | North Team | North Team | | 12th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
6th Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Ann-Mari Mathiassen**
25, Mysen | South Team | South Team | South Team | | 13th Voted Out
Day ?
Lost Duel
7th Jury Member
Day ? |
| *Ann Karene Molvig*
Returned to game | North Team | North Team | North Team | | 14th Voted Out
Day ? |
| **Roger Altræk**
36, Bergen | South Team | South Team | North Team | | Lost Challenge
8th Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Hilde Baugstø**
23, Oslo | North Team | North Team | North Team | | Lost Challenge
9th Jury Member
Day ? |
| **Halvard Gjerdebakken**
25, Bergen | North Team | North Team | North Team | | Runner-Up
Day 47 |
| **Ann Karene Molvig**
25, Moss | North Team | North Team | North Team | | Won Duel
Day ?
Sole Survivor
Day 47 |

## Voting history

|  | | Original Tribes | | | | | | Mixed Tribes | | Merged Tribe | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Episode #: | | 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | | 13 | | Reunion | |
| Eliminated: | | Ane
1/1 vote | Magnus
1/1 vote | Cathrine
?/8 votes | Sandra
?/8 votes | Lill
5/8 votes | Bjørn S
4/6 votes | Mathis
4/6 vote | Even
3/5 votes | Kjetil
7/10 votes | Gina
?/9 vote | Jo
?/8 votes | Mona
6/7 votes | Bjørn J
6/9 votes | Ann-Mari
1/1 vote | Ann
3/4 votes | Ann-Mari
Bjørn J
No vote | Roger
Hilde
No vote | Halvard
4/10 votes | Ann
6/10 votes |
| Voter | | Vote | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Ann | Ane |  | ? |  |  | Bjørn S |  |  | Kjetil | Gina | Jo | Mona | Bjørn J |  | ? | On FI |  | Jury Vote | |
|  | Halvard |  |  | ? |  |  | Bjørn S |  |  | Kjetil | Gina | Jo | Mona | Ann | Ann-Mari | Ann |  |  | |
|  | Hilde |  |  | ? |  |  | Bjørn S |  |  | Kjetil | Gina | Jo | Mona | Ann |  | Ann |  |  |  |  |
|  | Roger |  |  |  | ? | Lill |  |  |  | Kjetil | Gina | Jo | Mona | Bjørn J |  | Ann |  |  |  |  |
|  | Ann-Mari |  |  |  | ? | Even |  | ? | Kjetil | Kjetil | ? | ? | Mona | Bjørn J |  | On FI | |  |  |  |
|  | Bjørn J |  |  | ? |  |  | Bjørn S |  |  | Kjetil | Gina | Jo | Mona | Ann | On FI | | |  |  |  |
|  | Mona |  |  | ? |  |  | Bjørn S |  |  | Kjetil | Gina | Jo | Ann-Mari | On FI |  | | | |  |  |
|  | Jo |  |  | ? |  | Lill |  | Mathis | Even | Ann | Ann | Bjørn J | On FI |  | | | | |  |  |
|  | Gina |  |  |  | ? | Lill |  | Mathis | Even | Ann | Ann | On FI | | | |  | | |  |  |
|  | Lill |  |  |  | ? | Even | On Fate Island | | | | | |  | | | | | |  |  |
|  | Kjetil |  |  |  | ? | Lill |  | Mathis | Even | Ann | On FI |  | | | | | | |  |  |
|  | Even |  |  |  | ? | Lill |  | Mathis | ? | On FI |  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Mathis |  |  |  | ? | Even |  | Kjetil | On FI |  | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Bjørn S |  |  | ? |  |  | Hilde | On FI |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Sandra |  |  |  | ? |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Cathrine |  |  | Ann | On FI | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Magnus |  | Magnus |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Ane |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| *Robinsonekspedisjonen 2002* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 4 | |
|  | |
| Presented by | Christer Falck |
| No. of days | 47 |
| No. of castaways | 18 |
| Winner | Ann Karene Molvig |
| Runner-up | Halvard Gjerdebakken |
| Location | Malaysia |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 14 |
| Release | |
| Original network | TV3 |
| Original release | 22 September (2002-09-22)
25 December 2002 (2002-12-25) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Rudra Narain Jha

abstract: Rudra Narain Jha (1925-1971) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's Parliament, as a member of the Samyukta Socialist Party.

text:
# Rudra Narain Jha

**Rudra Narain Jha** (1925-1971) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's Parliament, as a member of the Samyukta Socialist Party.

## InfoBox

| Rudra Narain Jha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**<br>1968-1971 | |
| Constituency | Bihar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1925-12-20)20 December 1925 |
| Died | May 24, 1971(1971-05-24) (aged 45) |
| Political party | Samyukta Socialist Party |
| Spouse | Kunti Devi |
| Source: | |


title: Philippe Perrin

abstract: Philippe Perrin is a French test pilot, engineer and former CNES and European Space Agency astronaut. He served as mission specialist on the STS-111 mission where he conducted three spacewalks attaching new hardware to the International Space Station and replacing a wrist joint on the Canadarm2.

text:
# Philippe Perrin

**Philippe Perrin** (Colonel, French Air Force) (born January 6, 1963) is a French test pilot, engineer and former CNES and European Space Agency astronaut. He served as mission specialist on the STS-111 mission where he conducted three spacewalks attaching new hardware to the International Space Station and replacing a wrist joint on the Canadarm2.

## Background

Perrin was born 6 January 1963, in Meknes, Morocco, but considers Avignon, Provence, to be his hometown. He entered the École polytechnique in 1982 and graduated in 1985. Perrin then received his Test Pilot Licence in 1993 from the École du personnel navigant d'essais et de réception (EPNER), the French Test Pilot School at Istres Air Force Base and received his Air Line Pilot Certificate in 1995.

## Military and flight career

Prior to graduating from the École polytechnique, Perrin completed military duty in the French Navy, where he was trained in ship piloting and navigation, and spent six months at sea in the Indian Ocean. Following École polytechnique, he entered the French Air Force in 1985, was awarded his pilot's wings in 1986, and was assigned to the 33rd Reconnaissance Wing at Strasbourg Air Force Base (1987–1991). He flew the Mirage F1CR and made detachments in Africa and Saudi Arabia.

Perrin has flown 26 combat missions and has logged over 2,500 flying hours in over 30 types (from jet fighters to Airbus).

Upon graduating from EPNER, the French Test Pilot School, he worked on a variety of test programs while assigned to the Bretigny Test Center. In 1992, he was temporarily detached to the French Space Agency (CNES) and sent to Star City, Russia, where he trained for two months. In 1993, he reported to the 2nd Air Defense Wing of Dijon Air Force Base as Senior Operations Officer (Operation Southern Watch). In 1995, he returned to the Bretigny Test Center, as Chief Pilot Deputy, in charge of the development of the Mirage 2000-5.

## CNES and ESA career

In July 1996, CNES announced his selection as an astronaut candidate and assigned him to attend NASA’s Astronaut Candidate Training in Houston, Texas.

Perrin reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. Having completed two years of training and evaluation, he qualified for flight assignments as a mission specialist. Perrin was initially assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Spacecraft Systems/Operations Branch.

He served as a mission specialist on the STS-111 mission in 2002 and logged over 332 hours in space, including 19 hours and 31 minutes in three spacewalks, performed with Franklin Chang-Diaz.

After his flight, Perrin returned to France to work as support astronaut on the Automated Transfer Vehicle program. December 2002 he was transferred from CNES to the European Space Agency's astronaut corps.

He did not fly in space with ESA and left the European Astronaut Corps in 2004. He is currently working as a test pilot for Airbus.

### Spaceflight experience

STS-111 Endeavour (5–19 June 2002). The STS-111 mission delivered a new ISS resident crew and a Canadian-built mobile base for the orbiting outpost’s robotic arm. The crew also performed late-notice repair of the station’s robot arm by replacing one of the arm’s joints. It was the second Space Shuttle mission dedicated to delivering research equipment to the space platform. Perrin performed three EVAs (spacewalks) with Franklin Chang-Diaz. STS-111 also brought home the Expedition 4 crew from their 6+12-month stay aboard the station. Mission duration was 13 days, 20 hours and 35 minutes. Unacceptable weather conditions in Florida necessitated a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

## Awards and honors

Perrin is the only French astronaut to have received the Légion d'Honneur before flying in space as he became *chevalier* due to his actions while he was a military pilot. He was then elevated to the *officier* class after his space mission.

## InfoBox

| Philippe Perrin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1963-01-06) 6 January 1963<br>Meknes, Morocco |
| Status | Retired |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Pilot |
| **Space career** | |
| CNES/ESA astronaut | |
| Rank | Colonel, French Air Force |
| Time in space | 13d 20h 35m |
| Selection | 1990 CNES Group 3, 1999 ESA Group |
| Missions | STS-111 |
| Mission insignia |  |
|  | |