title: Super Robot Spirits

abstract: Super Robot Spirits is a 3D fighting game for the Nintendo 64, and a spinoff of the Super Robot Wars line of games. It was released only in Japan in 1998.

text:
# Super Robot Spirits

***Super Robot Spirits*** is a 3D fighting game for the Nintendo 64, and a spinoff of the *Super Robot Wars* line of games. It was released only in Japan in 1998.

## Gameplay

*Super Robot Spirits* is a 3D fighting game that pits players in one-on-one battles against mecha from select Japanese anime series. The plot involves an ongoing war throughout the universe between humans and a fleet of robots named the "Aerogater". To stop the Aerogater from destroying Earth, robots from other dimensions are transported to Earth to destroy them once and for all. *Spirits* includes seven playable characters from the start: Shining Gundam from *Mobile Fighter G Gundam*, Daitarn 3 from *Invincible Steel Man Daitarn 3*, Dunbine from *Aura Battler Dunbine*, Voltes V from *Chōdenji Machine Voltes V*, Walker Gallier from *Combat Mecha Xabungle*, Dancouga from *Dancouga – Super Beast Machine God*, and R-1, a robot created by Banpresto that first appeared in the 1996 PlayStation game *Shin Super Robot Wars*. By fulfilling certain conditions, players can also unlock the Master Gundam and Devil Gundam from *Mobile Fighter G Gundam*, and the Judecca from *Super Robot Wars Alpha*.

The game is presented from a 2.5D perspective; while the characters and environments are rendered in 3D, the gameplay takes place on a 2D plane. Each character is able to kick, punch, block incoming attacks, and use weapons such as turret guns and energy swords. In each battle, which are made to represent anime episodes, the player must defeat their opponent by depleting their health. Hitting opponents provides the player with "spirit skills", which fill up an orange gauge underneath their health bar. Spirit skills are used to unleash a powerful super attack, which can't be deflected by opponents. Super attacks differ for each character, and are stronger depending on how many spirit skills the player possesses, and are different for each character. The player can also combine their weapons with an attack to cause a different super attack to unfold, which varies depending on the character selected.

## Reception

*Super Robot Spirits* received largely mediocre reviews from publications. It struggled to gain sales; according to *Famitsu*, it only sold around 9,000 copies total. *Spirits* sold significantly less than the other *Super Robot* game on the console, *Super Robot Wars 64*, which sold over 100,000 copies total.

The game's graphics were met with mixed reactions. Martin Kitts of *N64 Magazine* was particularly critical of the backdrops, which he stated were poorly-drawn and created a bad contrast with the character models. Kitts also criticized the graphical effects for being poorly-designed, using the ghosting effects with the special moves and the feet of the player's robot disappearing underwater as examples. The staff at *Gamers' Republic* felt that the graphics were of decent quality, as were the character animations. Disagreeing with both publications was Tobias Partetzke of *Total! Germany*, who believed that the visuals were mediocre at best and the animations were stiff and awkward. Publications believed that the beginning of *Super Robot Spirits* had a good presentation. Kitts labeled its opening animation as "stylish", and one that was close to impressing its players upon boot-up. *Ultra 64*'s Eric commented that the game presents itself a nice atmosphere.

Most critics disliked *Super Robot Spirits* for its gameplay. Eric felt that it was lacking in design and omits what he considered to be basic mechanics for any fighting game, such as a large amount of movesets for each character. Tobias, whose review of the game was largely scathing, claimed the gameplay was so awful that he wouldn't have been surprised if Banpresto did it on purpose, in an ironic attempt to make the Nintendo 64's worst fighting game. On the contrary, *Gamers' Republic* believed that *Super Robot Spirits* posed the best fighting game engine on the console, finding it superior than Konami's *Rakugakids*. While they disliked the playing arenas for being bland and uninspired, they enjoyed the character movesets and powerful super attacks. The controls themselves were criticized for their simplicity, which Kitts claimed was a pointless decision due to how few moves the characters actually possessed. The game's story mode and multiplayer were praised and seen as the highlights of the game. Overall, critics stated that *Super Robot Spirits* was a poorly-designed fighting game that was clearly rushed to market in hopes to capitalize on the properties used. Kitts described it as being "a crushing disappointment for fans of the cartoons", a waste of so many beloved licenses, and an average-at-best fighter for the platform. Eric agreed with his statement and further added that it would serve as nothing but a disappointment for fans. Tobias likened the game to Hudson's *Dual Heroes*, another poorly-received fighter for the Nintendo 64. He believed that *Spirits* felt like more like an unfinished prototype than a completed product, concluding his review with: "Be glad that this terrible trash has not been announced for Germany!"

1. IGN Staff (8 October 1997). "Super Robot Spirits". IGN. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
2. *スーパーロボットスピリッツ 完全攻略ガイド* \[*Super Robot Spirits Strategy Guide*\] (in Japanese). Japan: Media Works, Dengeki N64. 17 July 1998. ISBN 978-4073095132.
3. Eric (October 1998). "Test 64 - Super Robot Spirits" (in French). No. 9. France. Ultra 64. p. 110. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
4. "スーパーロボットスピリッツ (N64)" \[Super Robot Spirits (N64)\]. *Famitsu* (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
5. "World Republic - Super Robot Spirits". No. 5. Millennium Publications. *Gamers' Republic*. October 1998. p. 105. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
6. Kitts, Martin (October 1998). "Import Arena: Super Robot Spirits". No. 20. United Kingdom. N64 Magazine. p. 83. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
7. Partetzke, Tobias (October 1998). "Test N64 - Super Robot Spirits" (in German). Germany: Future plc. Total! Germany. p. 40. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
8. Eric (October 1998). "Test 64 - Super Robot Spirits" (in French). No. 9. France. Ultra 64. p. 111. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
9. "Nintendo 64 Japanese Ranking". *altervista.org (data from Famitsu)*. 14 October 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
10. "Game Search (based on Famitsu data)". *Game Data Library*. 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.

## InfoBox

| Super Robot Spirits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Banpresto |
| Publisher(s) | Banpresto |
| Series | *Super Robot Wars* |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo 64 |
| Release | * JP: July 17, 1998 |
| Genre(s) | Fighting |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Surendra P. Shah

abstract: Surendra Poonamchand Shah is an engineer and emeritus professor, currently at The University of Texas at Arlington, USA. Shah started his academic career and has worked in fracture, fiber reinforced composites, non-destructive evaluation, transport properties, processing, rheology, nanotechnology, and use of solid waste materials. His contributions to the fields of civil engineering and materials science have been recognized worldwide through membership and leadership in various scientific societies and universities.

text:
# Surendra P. Shah

**Surendra Poonamchand Shah** is an engineer and emeritus professor, currently at The University of Texas at Arlington, USA. Shah started his academic career and has worked in fracture, fiber reinforced composites, non-destructive evaluation, transport properties, processing, rheology, nanotechnology, and use of solid waste materials. His contributions to the fields of civil engineering and materials science have been recognized worldwide through membership and leadership in various scientific societies and universities.

## Education

Shah received his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from BVM Engineering College, India in 1959. He received his MSc and PhD degrees from Lehigh University in 1960 and Cornell University in 1965, respectively.

## Professional career

In 1966, Shah joined the faculty of the University of Illinois, where he held the role of assistant professor (1966–1969), associate professor (1969–1973), and the director of the graduate program in the Department of Materials Engineering (1973–1981). In 1981, Shah joined the faculty of Northwestern University and held various positions there. From 1981 to 2012, he was a Professor of Civil Engineering and a Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering within the Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science. Also, from 1990 to 2012, he was the director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials. He has served as a Presidential Distinguished Professor of the Department of Civil Engineering and Materials Science Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington since 2019. He has also held the title of Walter P. Murphy Professor Emeritus at Northwestern University since 2012.

Shah has served as a consultant for the United Nations, various government bodies, and industries across the United States, France, Switzerland, China, Denmark and the Netherlands. He has been a visiting professor at universities including Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Delft University of Technology, Technical University of Denmark, LCPC in France, The University of Syndey, and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He served as a visiting scientist at NATO in 1992. In addition to this, Shah has held the post of Distinguished Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology at Madras since 2014.

He has held positions as an honorary professor at several universities including the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Tongji University among others. He is a member of Institute of Advanced Studies at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Shah has over 500 articles in scholarly journals. As an editor, he has overseen the publication of 20 books and served as editor-in-chief for the journal Materials and Structures from 2001 to 2005 and the co-author-in-chief for the journal Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering since 2017.

Shah was appointed as the chairman of the technical committees of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and the International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures (RILEM). Within the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), he has served as the chairman of the technical committee, an executive committee member, and a member of the advisory board of the Engineering Mechanics Division. He is part of the committee conducting research on concrete materials for the Transportation Research Board.

## Honors and awards

* Elected Member, National Academy of Engineering
* Elected Member, National Academy of Inventors
* Elected Member, Chinese Academy of Engineering
* Elected Member, Indian Academy of Engineering
* Elected Member, Academy of Athens
* Elected Member, Russian Academy of Engineering
* Two-time Fullbright Lectureship Award
* Della Roy Lectureship, American Ceramic Society
* Honorary Member, American Concrete Institute
* Honorary Member, International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems, and Structures
* Thompson Award, American Society of Testing and Materials, 1983
* Distinguished U.S. Visiting Scientist Award, Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation, 1989
* Swedish Concrete Award, 1993
* Engineering News Record Award, Newsmaker, 1995
* ASCE Charles Penkow Award, 1997


title: Surendra Nath Naik

abstract: Surendra Nath Naik was an Indian politician, a senior leader of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), and a former minister in Odisha. He served seven terms as a Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly. Naik was a cabinet minister in the BJD-BJP coalition government led by Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik from 2000 to 2009, overseeing various portfolios including excise, revenue, school and mass education, and Panchayati Raj. Naik also served as the deputy chairman of the Odisha Planning Board from 2012 to 2014.

text:
# Surendra Nath Naik

**Surendra Nath Naik** (17 May 1937 – 5 July 2024) was an Indian politician, a senior leader of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), and a former minister in Odisha. He served seven terms as a Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly. Naik was a cabinet minister in the BJD-BJP coalition government led by Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik from 2000 to 2009, overseeing various portfolios including excise, revenue, school and mass education, and Panchayati Raj. Naik also served as the deputy chairman of the Odisha Planning Board from 2012 to 2014.

## Early life and education

Surendra Nath Naik was born on 17 May 1937, to Narayan Naik and married Charubala Devi. He was inspired to enter politics by Chief Minister Biju Patnaik. Naik's political journey began early, as he was active in politics since his student days. In 1968, he was arrested for protesting a bus fare increase and was again detained in 1975 under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA).

## Political career

Naik started his political career as Chairperson of the Astaranga Panchayat Samiti during 1960–1967. He was first elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly in 1971 from the Kakatpur constituency on an Utkal Congress ticket. He was re-elected six more times from the same constituency in 1977, 1985, 1990, 1995 (by-election), 2000, 2004, and 2009. Naik represented the 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th (by-election), 12th, and 13th Odisha Legislative Assembly sessions, respectively.

During his career, Naik served in several key roles. He was the Minister for Revenue and Excise in 1990 under Chief Minister Biju Patnaik. From 2002 to 2004, he held the position of Minister for School and Mass Education, and in 2004, he became the Minister for Agriculture. He was also appointed as deputy chairman, Odisha Planning Commission during the tenure of Naveen Patnaik government.

He served as Deputy Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly from 27 July 1977, to 17 February 1980. He was also imprisoned during the Emergency period due to his political activities.

## Political affiliation

Naik was associated with several political parties, including the Biju Janata Dal, Janata Party, Janata Dal, and Utkal Congress. He was often referred to as the Bhishma Pitamah of Odisha politics.

## Health and passing

Naik passed away on 5 July 2024, at his residence in Bhubaneswar at the age of 93. He had been suffering from a brain stroke since 2019. A guard of honour was held for him at the Odisha Legislative Assembly, where Speaker Surama Padhy, Chief Minister Mohan Charan Majhi, deputy chief ministers Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo and Pravati Parida, along with several ministers and MLAs, paid their tributes. His body was also taken to Sankha Bhawan, the BJD headquarters, where Leader of Opposition Naveen Patnaik, party leaders, and MLAs paid their final respects.

## InfoBox

| Surendra Nath Naik | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1971–2009 | |
| Constituency | Kakatpur |
| Minister for Revenue and Excise | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1990 | |
| Minister for School and Mass Education | |
| **In office**
2002–2004 | |
| Minister for Agriculture | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2004 | |
| Deputy Chairman, Odisha Planning Board | |
| **In office**
2012–2014 | |
| Deputy Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
27 July 1977  17 February 1980 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 17 May 1937 |
| Died | 5 July 2024
Bhubaneswar, India |
| Political party | Biju Janata Dal, Janata Party, Janata Dal, Utkal Congress |
| Spouse | Charubala Devi |
| Residence(s) | Bhubaneswar, India |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Crime in Pennsylvania

text:
# Crime in Pennsylvania

In 2008 there were 351,353 crimes reported in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, including 707 murders. In 2014 there were 287,180 crimes reported, including 614 murders.

## Policing

In 2008, Pennsylvania had 1,117 State and local law enforcement agencies. Those agencies employed a total of 33,670 staff. Of the total staff, 27,413 were sworn officers (defined as those with general arrest powers).

### Police ratio

In 2008, Pennsylvania had 218 police officers per 100,000 residents.

## Capital punishment laws

Capital punishment is applied in Pennsylvania.


title: Crossodactylus

abstract: Crossodactylus is a genus of frogs in the family Hylodidae. The genus occurs in Brazil, southern Paraguay, and northern Argentina. These frogs are sometimes known as Limnocharis, Tarsopterus, Calamobates, and by the common name spinythumb frogs. They typically inhabit streams in mountainous areas in the Atlantic Forest or in montane savanna.

text:
# Crossodactylus

***Crossodactylus*** is a genus of frogs in the family Hylodidae. The genus occurs in Brazil, southern Paraguay, and northern Argentina. These frogs are sometimes known as *Limnocharis, Tarsopterus, Calamobates,* and by the common name **spinythumb frogs**. They typically inhabit streams in mountainous areas in the Atlantic Forest or in montane savanna.

## Species

There are 14 species:

## InfoBox

| *Crossodactylus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An unidentified *Crossodactylus* species | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylodidae |
| Genus: | *Crossodactylus*
Duméril and Bibron, 1841 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Crossodactylus gaudichaudii*
Duméril and Bibron, 1841 | |
| Species | |
| 14 species (see text) | |


title: Croton Township, Michigan

abstract: Croton Township is a civil township of Newaygo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,368 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Croton Township, Michigan

**Croton Township** is a civil township of Newaygo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,368 at the 2020 census.

## Communities

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.38 square miles (94.22 km2), of which 33.70 square miles (87.28 km2) is land and 2.68 square miles (6.94 km2) (7.37%) is water.

The Croton Dam on the Muskegon River is located in the township.

### Major highways

* M-82 (88th Street) runs east–west through the southern portion of the township.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,042 people, 1,222 households, and 874 families residing in the township. The population density was 89.4 inhabitants per square mile (34.5/km2). There were 1,696 housing units at an average density of 49.8 per square mile (19.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.84% White, 0.39% African American, 0.79% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.85% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.64% of the population.

There were 1,222 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the township the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $41,596, and the median income for a family was $48,229. Males had a median income of $40,219 versus $22,717 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,036. About 5.2% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Croton Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| The Croton Dam along the Muskegon River | |
| Croton TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganCroton TownshipLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 43°25′03″N 85°37′25″W / 43.41750°N 85.62361°W / 43.41750; -85.62361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Newaygo |
| Established | 1840 |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Morgan Heinzman |
| Clerk | Debbra Wright |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.38 sq mi (94.22 km2) |
| Land | 33.70 sq mi (87.28 km2) |
| Water | 2.68 sq mi (6.94 km2) |
| Elevation | 906 ft (276 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,368 |
| Density | 99.9/sq mi (38.6/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49239 (Howard City)
49337 (Newaygo) |
| Area code | 231 |
| FIPS code | 26-18980 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626143 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Cross-entropy method

abstract:
The cross-entropy (CE) method is a Monte Carlo method for importance sampling and optimization. It is applicable to both combinatorial and continuous problems, with either a static or noisy objective. The method approximates the optimal importance sampling estimator by repeating two phases:
  - Draw a sample from a probability distribution.
  - Minimize the cross-entropy between this distribution and a target distribution to produce a better sample in the next iteration. Reuven Rubinstein developed the method in the context of rare-event simulation, where tiny probabilities must be estimated, for example in network reliability analysis, queueing models, or performance analysis of telecommunication systems. The method has also been applied to the traveling salesman, quadratic assignment, DNA sequence alignment, max-cut and buffer allocation problems.

text:
# Cross-entropy method

The **cross-entropy** (**CE**) **method** is a Monte Carlo method for importance sampling and optimization. It is applicable to both combinatorial and continuous problems, with either a static or noisy objective.

The method approximates the optimal importance sampling estimator by repeating two phases:

1. Draw a sample from a probability distribution.
2. Minimize the *cross-entropy* between this distribution and a target distribution to produce a better sample in the next iteration.

Reuven Rubinstein developed the method in the context of *rare-event simulation*, where tiny probabilities must be estimated, for example in network reliability analysis, queueing models, or performance analysis of telecommunication systems. The method has also been applied to the traveling salesman, quadratic assignment, DNA sequence alignment, max-cut and buffer allocation problems.

## Estimation via importance sampling

Consider the general problem of estimating the quantity

$\ell =\mathbb {E} \_{\mathbf {u} }\[H(\mathbf {X} )\]=\int H(\mathbf {x} )\\,f(\mathbf {x} ;\mathbf {u} )\\,{\textrm {d}\mathbf {x} }$,

where $H$ is some *performance function* and $f(\mathbf {x} ;\mathbf {u} )$ is a member of some parametric family of distributions. Using importance sampling this quantity can be estimated as

$\hat {\ell }={\frac {1}{N}\sum \_{i=1}^{N}H(\mathbf {X} \_{i}){\frac {f(\mathbf {X} \_{i};\mathbf {u} )}{g(\mathbf {X} \_{i})}}}$,

where $\mathbf {X} \_{1},\dots ,\mathbf {X} \_{N}$ is a random sample from $g\\,$. For positive $H$, the theoretically *optimal* importance sampling density (PDF) is given by

$g^{\*}(\mathbf {x} )=H(\mathbf {x} )f(\mathbf {x} ;\mathbf {u} )/\ell $.

This, however, depends on the unknown $\ell $. The CE method aims to approximate the optimal PDF by adaptively selecting members of the parametric family that are closest (in the Kullback–Leibler sense) to the optimal PDF $g^{\*}$.

## Generic CE algorithm

1. Choose initial parameter vector $\mathbf {v} ^{(0)}$; set t = 1.
2. Generate a random sample $\mathbf {X} \_{1},\dots ,\mathbf {X} \_{N}$ from $f(\cdot ;\mathbf {v} ^{(t-1)})$
3. Solve for $\mathbf {v} ^{(t)}$, where
$\mathbf {v} ^{(t)}=\mathop {\textrm {argmax} \_{\mathbf {v} }{\frac {1}{N}\sum \_{i=1}^{N}H(\mathbf {X} \_{i}){\frac {f(\mathbf {X} \_{i};\mathbf {u} )}{f(\mathbf {X} \_{i};\mathbf {v} ^{(t-1)})}\log f(\mathbf {X} \_{i};\mathbf {v} )}}}$
4. If convergence is reached then **stop**; otherwise, increase t by 1 and reiterate from step 2.

In several cases, the solution to step 3 can be found *analytically*. Situations in which this occurs are

* When $f\\,$ belongs to the natural exponential family
* When $f\\,$ is discrete with finite support
* When $H(\mathbf {X} )=\mathrm {I} \_{\\{\mathbf {x} \in A\\}}$ and $f(\mathbf {X} \_{i};\mathbf {u} )=f(\mathbf {X} \_{i};\mathbf {v} ^{(t-1)})$, then $\mathbf {v} ^{(t)}$ corresponds to the maximum likelihood estimator based on those $\mathbf {X} \_{k}\in A$.

## Continuous optimizationexample

The same CE algorithm can be used for optimization, rather than estimation. Suppose the problem is to maximize some function $S$, for example, $S(x)={\textrm {e}^{-(x-2)^{2}+0.8\\,{\textrm {e}^{-(x+2)^{2}}}}}$. To apply CE, one considers first the *associated stochastic problem* of estimating $\mathbb {P} \_{\boldsymbol {\theta }(S(X)\geq \gamma )}$ for a given *level* $\gamma \\,$, and parametric family $\left\\{f(\cdot ;{\boldsymbol {\theta })\right\\}}$, for example the 1-dimensional Gaussian distribution, parameterized by its mean $\mu \_{t}\\,$ and variance $\sigma \_{t}^{2}$ (so $\boldsymbol {\theta }=(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})$ here). Hence, for a given $\gamma \\,$, the goal is to find $\boldsymbol {\theta }$ so that $D\_{\mathrm {KL} }({\textrm {I}\_{\\{S(x)\geq \gamma \\}\\|f\_{\boldsymbol {\theta })}}}$ is minimized. This is done by solving the sample version (stochastic counterpart) of the KL divergence minimization problem, as in step 3 above. It turns out that parameters that minimize the stochastic counterpart for this choice of target distribution and parametric family are the sample mean and sample variance corresponding to the *elite samples*, which are those samples that have objective function value $\geq \gamma $. The worst of the elite samples is then used as the level parameter for the next iteration. This yields the following randomized algorithm that happens to coincide with the so-called Estimation of Multivariate Normal Algorithm (EMNA), an estimation of distribution algorithm.

### Pseudocode

```
*// Initialize parameters*
μ := −6
σ2 := 100
t := 0
maxits := 100
N := 100
Ne := 10
*// While maxits not exceeded and not converged*
**while** t < maxits **and** σ2 > ε **do**
    *// Obtain N samples from current sampling distribution*
    X := SampleGaussian(μ, σ2, N)
    *// Evaluate objective function at sampled points*
    S := exp(−(X − 2) ^ 2) + 0.8 exp(−(X + 2) ^ 2)
    *// Sort X by objective function values in descending order*
    X := sort(X, S)
    *// Update parameters of sampling distribution via elite samples*
    μ := mean(X(1:Ne))
    σ2 := var(X(1:Ne))
    t := t + 1
*// Return mean of final sampling distribution as solution*
**return** μ
```

## Journal papers

* De Boer, P.-T., Kroese, D.P., Mannor, S. and Rubinstein, R.Y. (2005). A Tutorial on the Cross-Entropy Method. *Annals of Operations Research*, **134** (1), 19–67.
* Rubinstein, R.Y. (1997). Optimization of Computer Simulation Models with Rare Events, *European Journal of Operational Research*, **99**, 89–112.

## Software implementations


title: Cross-examination

abstract: In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness by one's opponent. It is preceded by direct examination and may be followed by a redirect. A redirect examination, performed by the attorney or pro se individual who performed the direct examination, clarifies the witness' testimony provided during cross-examination including any subject matter raised during cross-examination but not discussed during direct examination. Recross examination addresses the witness' testimony discussed in redirect by the opponent. Depending on the judge's discretion, opponents are allowed multiple opportunities to redirect and recross examine witnesses.

text:
# Cross-examination

In law, **cross-examination** is the interrogation of a witness by one's opponent. It is preceded by direct examination (known as examination-in-chief in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, South Africa, India and Pakistan) and may be followed by a redirect (known as re-examination in the aforementioned countries). A redirect examination, performed by the attorney or pro se individual who performed the direct examination, clarifies the witness' testimony provided during cross-examination including any subject matter raised during cross-examination but not discussed during direct examination. Recross examination addresses the witness' testimony discussed in redirect by the opponent. Depending on the judge's discretion, opponents are allowed multiple opportunities to redirect and recross examine witnesses (this may vary by jurisdiction).

## Variations by jurisdiction

In the United States federal courts, a cross-examining attorney is generally limited by Rule 611 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to the "subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the witness's credibility". The rule also permits the trial court, in its discretion, to "allow inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination". Many state courts do permit a lawyer to cross-examine a witness on matters not raised during direct examination, though California restricts cross-examination to "any matter within the scope of the direct examination". Similarly, courts in England, South Africa, Australia, and Canada allow a cross-examiner to exceed the scope of direct examination.

Since a witness called by the opposing party is presumed to be hostile, leading questions are allowed on cross-examination. A witness called by a direct examiner, on the other hand, may only be treated as hostile by that examiner after being permitted to do so by the judge, at the request of that examiner and as a result of the witness being openly antagonistic and/or prejudiced against the party that called them.

## Affecting the outcome of jury trials

Cross-examination is a key component of a trial and the topic is given substantial attention during courses on trial advocacy. The opinions of a jury or judge are often changed if cross-examination casts doubt on the witness. On the other hand, a credible witness may reinforce the substance of their original statements and enhance the judge's or jury's belief. Though the closing argument is often considered the deciding moment of a trial, effective cross-examination wins trials.

Attorneys anticipate hostile witnesses' responses during pretrial planning, and often attempt to shape the witnesses' perception of the questions to draw out information helpful to the attorney's case. Typically during an attorney's closing argument, they will repeat any admissions made by witnesses that favor their case. In the United States, cross-examination is seen as a core part of the entire adversarial system of justice, in that it "is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested." Another key component affecting a trial outcome is jury selection, in which attorneys will attempt to include jurors from whom they feel they can get a favorable response or at the least an unbiased fair decision. So while there are many factors affecting the outcome of a trial, the cross-examination of a witness will often influence an open-minded unbiased jury searching for the certainty of facts upon which to base their decision.

* Litigation strategy – high level plan to achieve the overarching goal of a lawsuit
* Testimony – Solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter
* Trial advocacy – Improving effectiveness of advocates
* Witness impeachment – Process of calling into question the credibility of an individual testifying in a trial

## Further reading


title: Croton texensis

abstract: Croton texensis, commonly known as Texas croton, goat weed, skunk weed, and doveweed, is a species of plant found in the United States.

text:
# Croton texensis

***Croton texensis***, commonly known as **Texas croton**, **goat weed**, **skunk weed**, and **doveweed**, is a species of plant found in the United States.

## Uses

Among the Zuni people, a decoction of the plant is taken for "sick stomach", as a purgative, and as a diuretic. An infusion is also taken for stomachaches, for syphilis, and for gonorrhea. The fresh or dried root is chewed by a medicine man before sucking snakebite and a poultice is applied to the wound. The whole plant can be placed under the mattress or burned to repel bedbugs.

Media related to Croton texensis at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Croton texensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male plant | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | *Croton* |
| Species: | ***C. texensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Croton texensis***
(Klotzsch) Müll.Arg. | |
|


title: Croton verreauxii

abstract: Croton verreauxii, known as the green native cascarilla, is a small tree or shrub growing in dry rainforest and rainforest margins in eastern Australia. The range of natural distribution is from Kiama in the Illawarra district of eastern New South Wales to Gympie in southeastern Queensland. Alexander Floyd mentions a recording of this species at Darwin, Northern Territory.

text:
# Croton verreauxii

***Croton verreauxii***, known as the **green native cascarilla**, is a small tree or shrub growing in dry rainforest and rainforest margins in eastern Australia.

The range of natural distribution is from Kiama (34° S) in the Illawarra district of eastern New South Wales to Gympie (27° S) in southeastern Queensland. Alexander Floyd mentions a recording of this species at Darwin, Northern Territory.

## Description

Usually a shrub on the ecotone between eucalyptus forest and rainforest. However, it can grow in rainforest and reach a height of 20 metres and a trunk diameter of 20 cm.

The trunk is short, not buttressed, and crooked. Branches form near the ground. The bark is dark brown, sometimes with thin vertical cracks. Small branches are grey and slender, with a few irregularities, such as scales and hairs. When crushed, a pleasant sweet scent may be noticed.

Leaves are alternate, blunt tipped, and tapering or rounded at the base. They are glossy green above, somewhat duller below. An occasional orange senescent leaf will be seen in the canopy. Leaves are 5 to 12 cm long, elliptic in shape, toothed or sometimes not toothed. Leaf stalks are 5 to 13 mm long, and channeled on the upper surface. At the top of the leaf stalks are two small glands.

Yellowish green flowers form on racemes from November to January. The five-petaled flowers are either male or female on the same plant. The fruit is an orange-brown capsule, with three lobes, each containing a single reddish-brown smooth, angular seed. Seed size is 2mm in diameter. Fruit matures mostly from April to September, but may occur at any other time of the year.

* PlantNET - The Plant Information Network System of Botanic Gardens Trust, Sydney, Australia - 8 August 2009. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Croton~verreauxii
* Floyd, A. G. (1989). *Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia* (1st ed.). Port Melbourne: Elsevier Australia - Inkata Imprint, copyright Forestry Commission of New South Wales (published 1 December 1989). p. 143. ISBN 0-909605-57-2. Retrieved 8 August 2009. (other publication details, included in citation)

## InfoBox

| Green native cascarilla | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| At Eastwood, NSW | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | *Croton* |
| Species: | ***C. verreauxii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Croton verreauxii***<br>Baill. | |
|


title: Suspensura

abstract: Suspensura is the architectural term given by Vitruvius to piers of square bricks that supported a suspended floor of a Roman bath covering a hypocaust cavity through which the hot air would flow.

text:
# Suspensura

**Suspensura** is the architectural term given by Vitruvius to piers of square bricks (about 20 cm × 20 cm) that supported a suspended floor of a Roman bath covering a hypocaust cavity through which the hot air would flow.

1. *Vitruvii De architectura libri decem*, V, 10 («De balnearum dispositionibus et partibus»).
2. Forbes, R. J. (1966). *Studies in Ancient Technology*. Vol. 6 (2nd, revised ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 38. ISBN 9004006265.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Suspensura". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 163.


title: Suspicion (1982 film)

abstract: Suspicion is a 1982 Japanese film directed by Yoshitaro Nomura.

text:
# Suspicion (1982 film)

***Suspicion*** (疑惑, *Giwaku*) is a 1982 Japanese film directed by Yoshitaro Nomura.

## Plot summary

A woman is saved from a car in which her lover drowned. The police are suspicious, because her affect is hardly that of a grieving spouse. When the dead man is revealed to be extremely rich she is charged with murder, and is assigned a divorced female lawyer to defend her case..

## Cast

| Actor | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Kaori Momoi | Kumako Onizawa |
| Shima Iwashita | Ritsuko Sahara |
| Akira Emoto | Shigekazu Akitani |
| Isuzu Yamada | Tokie Horiuchi |
| Takeshi Kaga | Katsuo Toyosaki |
| Norihei Miki | Tamotsu Kinoshita |
| Jiro Kawarazaki | Detective Kobayashi |
| Tanie Kitabayashi | Harue Shirakawa |
| Akiji Kobayashi | Chief of Police, Ishihara |
| Nenji Kobayashi | Judge Munakata |
| Akira Nagoya | Iwasaki |
| Tetsurō Tamba | Okamura |

## Awards and nominations

**7th Hochi Film Award**

## Other adaptations

## InfoBox

| Suspicion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Japanese name | |
| **Kanji** | 疑惑 |
| Transcriptions  Revised Hepburn Giwaku | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Yoshitaro Nomura |
| Written by | Motomu Furuta<br>Motomu Furuta |
| Produced by | Yoshitaro Nomura |
| Starring | Kaori Momoi |
| Cinematography | Takashi Kawamata |
| Music by | Yasushi Akutagawa |
| Distributed by | Shochiku |
| Release date | * September 18, 1982 (1982-09-18) |
| Running time | 127 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Crucify My Love

abstract: Tonight 2 "Crucify My Love" is the fifteenth single by Japanese heavy metal band X Japan, released on August 26, 1996. A power ballad, "Crucify My Love" is written and performed entirely in English, unlike most of the band's songs.

text:
# Crucify My Love

"**Crucify My Love**" is the fifteenth single by Japanese heavy metal band X Japan, released on August 26, 1996. A power ballad, "Crucify My Love" is written and performed entirely in English, unlike most of the band's songs.

## Summary

Its B-side is a live version of one of the band's earlier singles, "Week End", recorded on December 31, 1995 at the Tokyo Dome.

"Crucify My Love" was covered by Spanish gothic metal band Gothic Dolls on their 2008 album *The Last Breath*. It was the ending theme of the TV programme *Tonight 2* (トゥナイト2) on Asahi TV, and used in Nippon Oil's ZOA television advertisement.

## Commercial performance

The single reached number 2 on the Oricon charts, and charted for 9 weeks. It is certified Gold by RIAJ.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Yoshiki

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Crucify My Love" | 4:38 |
| 2. | "Week End ('95 Tokyo Dome Live Version)" | 6:15 |

## Personnel

* Co-Producer – X Japan
* Orchestra arranged by – Yoshiki, Dick Marx, Shelly Berg
* Scored by – Tom Halm
* Orchestra – American Symphony Orchestra
* Mixed by – Mike Ging
* Recorded by – Mike Ging, Rich Breen
* Assistant engineers – Tal Miller, Carl Nappa, Paul Falcone
* Mastered by – Stephen Marcussen
* A&R directed by – Osamu Nagashima
* Art directed by – Shige "#11" Komai
* Executive producers – Ryuzo "Jr." Kosugi, Yukitaka Mashimo

## InfoBox

| "Crucify My Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by X Japan | |
| from the album  *Dahlia* | |
| Released | August 26, 1996 (1996-08-26) |
| Recorded | One on One Recording, Hit Factory, December 31, 1995 at Tokyo Dome (track 2) |
| Genre | Symphonic rock |
| Length | 10:53 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Songwriter(s) | Yoshiki |
| Producer(s) | Yoshiki |
| X Japan singles chronology | |
| "Forever Love"
(1996) "**Crucify My Love**"
(1996) "Scars"
(1996) | |


title: Susie Williams

abstract: Susannah Jane Williams, better known as Susie Williams, was an Australian educator. She served for 16 years as principal of The Women's College at the University of Sydney.

text:
# Susie Williams

**Susannah Jane Williams** (15 September 1875 – 27 May 1942), better known as **Susie Williams**, was an Australian educator. She served for 16 years as principal of The Women's College at the University of Sydney.

## Early life and education

Williams was born at Castlemaine in Victoria on 15 September 1875. Her parents were Jane (née Jones) and Welsh-born grocer Edward David Williams. Her father was Member for Castlemaine in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1894 to 1904. She completed her secondary education at Castlemaine Grammar School, then attended the University of Melbourne, living at Trinity College Hostel while she studied for a Bachelor of Arts. She graduated in 1897 with first-class honours. She went to England and enrolled at Newnham College, Cambridge reading classics (1897–1901) and also read archaeology at the University of London (1897–1898).

## Career

Williams returned to Australia where she tutored in classics at the University of Melbourne. She joined Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School in 1902 as an English and classics teacher and was promoted to head of staff in 1908. In 1914 she returned tutor in classics at Trinity College and became acting principal of Trinity College Hostel in 1919.

In June 1919 Williams was appointed the second principal of The Women's College (TWC) at the University of Sydney, taking over from Louisa Macdonald who had served in the role since it opened in 1892. Under her management, the college grew from 40 to 70 students.

Following her retirement from TWC in 1935 she was appointed principal of University Women's College at the University of Melbourne, overseeing its opening in 1937. She was succeeded by Greta Hort in 1938.

## InfoBox

| Susie Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Susannah Jane Williams
(1875-09-15)15 September 1875
Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | 27 May 1942(1942-05-27) (aged 66)
Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia |
| Education | University of Melbourne |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, classicist |
| Known for | Principal, The Women's College, University of Sydney |


title: Comunn Gàidhlig Thoronto

abstract: The Comunn Gàidhlig Thoronto began to meet in 1880 and was formally established in 1887. Its primary purpose was to give assistance to immigrants from the Gàidhealtachd, but it also aimed to preserve the Scottish Gaelic language and culture. Through the years, as the country itself established a social safety net and more benefits, the society took on a cultural role, preserving Gaelic traditions such as cèilidhs. As its membership aged, the club began to wane and finally ended at the end of the 1980s. It was revived in 2012, however, by young learners interested in the language.

text:
# Comunn Gàidhlig Thoronto

The **Comunn Gàidhlig Thoronto** (Toronto Gaelic Society) began to meet in 1880 and was formally established in 1887. Its primary purpose was to give assistance to immigrants from the Gàidhealtachd, but it also aimed to preserve the Scottish Gaelic language and culture. Through the years, as the country itself established a social safety net and more benefits, the society took on a cultural role, preserving Gaelic traditions such as cèilidhs. As its membership aged, the club began to wane and finally ended at the end of the 1980s. It was revived in 2012, however, by young learners interested in the language.


title: Saint Faber

abstract: Saint Faber is the patron saint of the Sacred Heart Church in Boho, County Fermanagh and of Monea. One of the first references to St Faber's is in the text of the manuscript known as The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee Óengus of Tallaght estimated to have been written at the beginning of the 9th century. This links the saint with Boho (Botha) and Tuath Ratha together with her feast day, as follows: "Fedbair a virgin of Botha eich uaichnich in Tir ratha". This is reiterated in the 1630 text, "The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland". There is a popular myth that St Faber had a pet deer which carried the sacred books that she was entrusted with. One day, as she was travelling to meet Baron O Phelan at his castle in Boho, the deer was harassed by some hunting hounds. In order to escape, the deer jumped into the Sillees River and in the process ruined St Fabers books. The saint then placed a curse on the river that it would run backwards, "the river writhed and recoiled," and now its route goes towards upper Lough Erne rather than the sea. The second part of her curse was that the river would be good for drowning and bad for fishing. If you look closely at the river route today you can still see some of the old routes that have dried up or formed oxbow-like depressions in the ground. It is reputed that Saint Faber set up a monastery/nunnery in Boho, possibly at the site of the church in Toneel North and introduced Christianity to the area. There are several sites associated with St Faber around Boho including St Faber's bullán and St Faber's well, both found in the townland of Killydrum, Boho.

text:
# Saint Faber

**Saint Faber** (also **St *Feadhbar*** or **St Febor**) is the patron saint of the Sacred Heart Church in Boho, County Fermanagh and of Monea.

One of the first references to St Faber's is in the text of the manuscript known as The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee Óengus of Tallaght estimated to have been written at the beginning of the 9th century. This links the saint with Boho (Botha) and Tuath Ratha (Tir Ratha) together with her feast day (6 November), as follows: "*Fedbair a virgin of Botha eich uaichnich in Tir ratha*". This is reiterated in the 1630 text, "The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland".

There is a popular myth that St Faber had a pet deer which carried the sacred books that she was entrusted with. One day, as she was travelling to meet Baron O Phelan at his castle in Boho, the deer was harassed by some hunting hounds. In order to escape, the deer jumped into the Sillees River and in the process ruined St Fabers books. The saint then placed a curse on the river that it would run backwards, (previously, the Sillees river ran from Boho towards the sea) "the river writhed and recoiled," and now its route goes towards upper Lough Erne rather than the sea. The second part of her curse was that the river would be good for drowning and bad for fishing. If you look closely at the river route today you can still see some of the old routes that have dried up or formed oxbow-like depressions in the ground.

It is reputed that Saint Faber set up a monastery/nunnery in Boho, possibly at the site of the church in Toneel North and introduced Christianity to the area. There are several sites associated with St Faber around Boho including St Faber's bullán (rock cut basin) and St Faber's well, both found in the townland of Killydrum, Boho.


title: Expektoration

abstract: Expektoration is a 2010 live album by British-American rapper/producer MF Doom, featuring Big Benn Klingon. Recorded in New York, this performance was originally released as a DVD packaged with the 2007 expanded edition of Mm..Food.

text:
# Expektoration

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 61/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 6.0/10 |

***Expektoration*** is a 2010 live album by British-American rapper/producer MF Doom, featuring Big Benn Klingon. Recorded in New York, this performance was originally released as a DVD packaged with the 2007 expanded edition of *Mm..Food*.

## Critical reception

At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 61% based on 7 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Act 1 ("Hoe Cakes", "Kon Queso", "Kon Karne", "One Beer", "Beef Rapp", "Vomitspit", "Accordion", "Meat Grinder", "All Caps", "Curls", "Figaro", "People Places Things")" | 30:06 |
| 2. | "Intermission" | 1:36 |
| 3. | "Act 2 ("Go with the Flow", "Doomsday", "Hey!", "Rhymes Like Dimes", "Change the Beat", "The Fine Print")" | 19:38 |

## InfoBox

| Expektoration | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by MF Doom | |
| Released | September 14, 2010 (2010-09-14) |
| Recorded | November 24, 2004 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 51:33 |
| Label | Gold Dust Media |
| MF Doom chronology | |
| *Unexpected Guests*
(2010) ***Expektoration***
(2010) *Key to the Kuffs*
(2012) | |


title: Sabine Stoller

abstract: Sabine Stoller is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for MSV Duisburg.

text:
# Sabine Stoller

**Sabine Stoller** (born 2 September 1991) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for MSV Duisburg.

## InfoBox

Sabine Stoller
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1991-09-02) 2 September 1991 | | |
| Place of birth | Mannheim, Germany | | |
| Height | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |


title: Brown Building (Westerly)

text:
# Brown Building (Westerly)

The Brown Building at 16-26 High Street in Westerly, Rhode Island was built in 1896 in the late Victorian style, and rebuilt in 1903 after a fire. It is one of the best-preserved parts of the Westerly Downtown Historic District.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Brown Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Brown Building in 2021 | |
| Location | Westerly, Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°22′41.71″N 71°49′49.29″W / 41.3782528°N 71.8303583°W / 41.3782528; -71.8303583 |
| Built | 1896 |
| Architect | Randolf, Bently, and Company |
| Architectural style | Romanesque |
| NRHP reference No. | 84002055  (original)
95001288 (increase 1)
07001297 (increase 2) |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 1984 |
| Boundary increases | November 7, 1995
December 19, 2007 |


title: Brown Building (Austin, Texas)

abstract: The Brown Building is a ten-story office and residential tower in Downtown Austin, Texas. It is 137 feet (42 m) tall. Completed in 1938 at the southwest corner of 8th Street and Colorado Street, the building was home to many significant companies throughout 20th century Austin, including the holding corporation for the Lyndon Johnson family. The Texas Broadcasting Corporation (KTBC) operated from the building for many years around World War II, counting among its employees humorist Cactus Pryor and future governor John Connally. The engineering company Brown & Root also had its headquarters in the Brown Building at one time. The building was renovated and converted to high-end lofts in the early 2000s. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Brown Building (Austin, Texas)

The **Brown Building** is a ten-story office and residential tower in Downtown Austin, Texas. It is 137 feet (42 m) tall. Completed in 1938 at the southwest corner of 8th Street and Colorado Street, the building was home to many significant companies throughout 20th century Austin, including the holding corporation for the Lyndon Johnson family. The Texas Broadcasting Corporation (KTBC) operated from the building for many years around World War II, counting among its employees humorist Cactus Pryor and future governor John Connally. The engineering company Brown & Root also had its headquarters in the Brown Building at one time.

The building was renovated and converted to high-end lofts in the early 2000s. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Media related to Brown Building (Austin, Texas) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Brown Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Recorded Texas Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 710 Colorado St<br>Austin, Texas, USA |
| Coordinates | 30°16′12″N 97°44′38″W / 30.27000°N 97.74389°W / 30.27000; -97.74389 |
| Built | 1938 |
| Architect | C.H. Page & Son |
| Architectural style | Moderne |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000364 |
| RTHL No. | 17512 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 24, 1997 |
| Designated RTHL | 2013 |


title: SS Ironsides

abstract: SS Ironsides was a wooden-hulled American package freighter in service between 1864 and 1873. She was built in 1864 in Cleveland, Ohio, by either Ira Lafrinier or Quayle & Martin. She was built for John E. Turner, also of Cleveland, and operated as part of the Cleveland & Lake Superior Line. She had an identical sister ship named Lac La Belle. Ironsides operated between Cleveland and Lake Superior for a number of years, and was sold several times. In 1869, she was sold to Nathan Englemann of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and operated between Milwaukee and Grand Haven, Michigan. In 1871, she became part of the Englemann Transportation Company. On the night of September 14, 1873, Ironsides left Milwaukee for Grand Haven with 13,000 bushels of wheat, 500 barrels of flour, 125 barrels of pork, general merchandise, 19 passengers and about 30 crewmen on board. Later that evening, the light breeze that had been blowing became a powerful gale. At 4:00 a.m. the next day, Ironsides began to take on water quickly. After failing to navigate Ironsides into Grand Haven harbour twice, Captain Harry Sweetman decided instead to anchor, and ride out the storm offshore. Later that morning, the water extinguished the fire in Ironsides' boilers. By 11:00 a.m., all people onboard had escaped in five lifeboats. Ironsides sank at 12:10 p.m. Three of the five lifeboats capsized, killing roughly 18 to 28 people. In 1878, pieces of Ironsides' wreck were brought up by fishermen in their nets. In 1887, the Englemann Transportation Company claimed they would raise Ironsides' wreck, however, the salvage never occurred. The wreck was discovered in about 1966 by shipwreck hunter Gene Turner. The wreck lies partially collapsed in between 109 feet (33.2 m) and 122 feet (37.2 m) of water.

text:
# SS Ironsides

**SS *Ironsides*** was a wooden-hulled American package freighter in service between 1864 and 1873. She was built in 1864 in Cleveland, Ohio, by either Ira Lafrinier or Quayle & Martin. She was built for John E. Turner, also of Cleveland, and operated as part of the Cleveland & Lake Superior Line. She had an identical sister ship named *Lac La Belle*. *Ironsides* operated between Cleveland and Lake Superior for a number of years, and was sold several times. In 1869, she was sold to Nathan Englemann of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and operated between Milwaukee and Grand Haven, Michigan. In 1871, she became part of the Englemann Transportation Company.

On the night of September 14, 1873, *Ironsides* left Milwaukee for Grand Haven with 13,000 bushels of wheat, 500 barrels of flour, 125 barrels of pork, general merchandise, 19 passengers and about 30 crewmen on board. Later that evening, the light breeze that had been blowing became a powerful gale. At 4:00 a.m. the next day, *Ironsides* began to take on water quickly. After failing to navigate *Ironsides* into Grand Haven harbour twice, Captain Harry Sweetman decided instead to anchor, and ride out the storm offshore. Later that morning, the water extinguished the fire in *Ironsides*' boilers. By 11:00 a.m., all people onboard had escaped in five lifeboats. *Ironsides* sank at 12:10 p.m. Three of the five lifeboats capsized, killing roughly 18 to 28 people.

In 1878, pieces of *Ironsides*' wreck were brought up by fishermen in their nets. In 1887, the Englemann Transportation Company claimed they would raise *Ironsides*' wreck, however, the salvage never occurred. The wreck was discovered in about 1966 by shipwreck hunter Gene Turner. The wreck lies partially collapsed in between 109 feet (33.2 m) and 122 feet (37.2 m) of water.

## History

### Design and construction

*Ironsides* (US official number 12091) was built in 1864 in Cleveland, Ohio. Sources conflict on who built her; she was built by either Ira Lafrinnier or Quayle & Martin. She had an identical sister ship named *Lac La Belle*, built by Lafrinnier. Her name stemmed from the metal plating her hull was sheathed in. Her hull contained two watertight bulkheads, and was stiffened with two "hogging arches" which were reinforced with iron. *Ironsides* had 44 state rooms, which were furnished with chandeliers, damask curtains and colourful carpets.

*Ironsides*' hull had an overall length 231 feet (70.4 m) and a length between perpendiculars of 218.66 feet (66.6 m) (some source states 218.8 feet (66.7 m) or 219 feet (66.8 m)). Her beam was 30.75 feet (9.4 m) (some sources state 30.7 feet (9.4 m) or 31 feet (9.4 m)) wide. At her main deck, *Ironsides* had overhanging hull guards, which brought her over all beam to 38 feet (11.6 m). *Ironsides*' hull was 12.75 feet (3.9 m) (some sources state 12.9 feet (3.9 m) or 14 feet (4.3 m)) deep. She had a gross tonnage of 973 tons.

She was powered by two dual-cylinder 1,284 hp (957 kW) low pressure direct acting engines, designed by J.F. Holloway, and nicknamed "Jack and Jill" by *Ironsides*' crew. The cylinders of the engine were 34 inches (86.4 cm) in diameter, and had a stroke of 42 inches (110 cm). Steam for the engine was provided by two 21 feet (6.4 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide firebox boilers with 378 return tubes. *Ironsides*' engine and boilers were both built by the Cuyahoga Iron Works of Cleveland. She was propelled by two four-bladed fixed-pitch propellers, 9 feet (2.7 m) in diameter.

### Service history

*Ironsides* was launched at 4:00 p.m. on July 23, 1864. Commissioned by John E. Turner of Cleveland, she operated as part of the Cleveland & Lake Superior Line between Cleveland, Detroit, Michigan, Mackinac Island and several Lake Superior ports. On September 16, *Ironsides* was enrolled in Cleveland, which was also her home port. Later in her career, her home port was changed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Throughout her career, *Ironsides* was involved in multiple accidents and incidents.

During the American Civil War, *Ironsides* hauled iron ore from Lake Superior. After the old measurement system was abolished, *Ironsides* was remeasured in Cleveland on September 20, 1865; under the new system, *Ironsides* had a gross tonnage of 1123.75 tons. While in Detroit in June 1865, *Ironsides* was slightly damaged by a fire in her cargo hold. On April 25, 1867, *Ironsides* was sold to Dwight Scott of Cleveland. She was sold to Thomas A. Howe of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on April 30, 1869; on May 10, that same year, *Ironsides* was sold to Nathan Englemann of Milwaukee, and travelled between Milwaukee and Grand Haven, Michigan.

*Ironsides* had three accidents in 1869. While loaded with corn and 15,000 bushels of wheat, one of *Ironsides*' crankpins broke while travelling off Point Betsie in May 1869. Propelled by only one engine, *Ironsides* made it to Detroit on May 21, and was repaired in Buffalo, New York. In August, she collided with a dredge in either Milwaukee, or Racine, Wisconsin. In October, she collided with the revenue cutter *Andrew Johnson* in Milwaukee.

On May 30, 1871, *Ironsides* became part of the Englemann Transportation Company of Milwaukee, and operated in conjunction with the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railway. On October 15, that same year, *Ironsides* was damaged in a collision with an unknown propeller-driven steamship in Saginaw Bay. A month later, one of her propellers broke as she was travelling across Lake Michigan. She was laid up for two weeks while the repairs to her propeller and boiler were made. On October 14, 1872, *Ironsides*' sister ship, *Lac La Belle* sank in a storm off Racine, Wisconsin. *Ironsides* collided with the schooner *Floretta* on December 5, 1872. She was repaired at the Wolf & Davidson shipyard in Milwaukee, in March 1873. The repairs cost $10,000 (equivalent to $232,000 in 2023).

### Final voyage

At 9:30, 9:40 or 9:45 p.m. on September 14, 1873, *Ironsides* left Milwaukee for Grand Haven under the command of Captain Harry Sweetman, with 13,000 bushels of wheat, 500 barrels of flour, 125 barrels of pork, general merchandise, 19 passengers and about 30 crewmen on board. Throughout the night, the light southwest breeze that had been blowing when she left port became a powerful gale. By 4:00 a.m. on September 15, *Ironsides*' starboard midships gangways had been smashed in by the waves, causing her to take on water fast.

Captain Sweetman tried to guide her into Grand Haven harbour, but the bad weather pushed *Ironsides* off course, forcing him to turn back and try again. After failing to guide her into the harbour a second time, Captain Sweetman decided to ride out the storm while anchored offshore. At the time, it was reported that *Ironsides* "narrowly missed going on the beach".

By 9:00 or 9:30 a.m., *Ironsides* began to sink; the rising water in her engine room extinguished the fire in her boilers, and her signal of distress was hoisted. As *Ironsides*' crew were unable to pump her free of water, Captain Sweetman gave the order to abandon ship. The passengers and crew were ready to leave *Ironsides* 10:30 a.m.; the first lifeboat was launched at 11:20 a.m., and the last was launched at 11:50 a.m. She sank at 12:10 p.m. It was reported that she "settled down stern first, her bow remaining in sight a full minute". Out of the five lifeboats, three of them capsized before they reached land. Between 18 and 28 people died.

In 1878, pieces of *Ironsides*' wreck were brought up by fishermen in their nets. In 1887, the Englemann Transportation Company claimed they would raise *Ironsides*' wreck, however, the salvage never occurred.

## *Ironsides* wreck

The wreck of *Ironsides* was discovered in about 1966 by Illinois shipwreck hunter Gene Turner. Resting 4 miles (6.4 km) west-southwest of the Grand Haven harbour entrance, the stern of her wreck rests in 109 feet (33.2 m) of water, while the bow lies slightly deeper at 122 feet (37.2 m). The hull is split open at the bow. Although both of the "hogging arches" have fallen inward, they remain intact. *Ironsides*' engines, boilers, propellers and rudder remain in place. Investigation of her wreck revealed evidence that *Ironsides* did run aground on the beach, likely sustaining damage to the bottom of her hull. Six of her eight propeller blades are missing, indicating that they were turning at a high speed when they were damaged. The wreck is considered an advanced dive due to the depth.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Ironsides* while she was owned by the Englemann Transportation Company | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Ironsides* |
| Owner | * John E. Turner (1864–1867) * Dwight Scott (1867–1869) * Thomas A. Howe (April 30, 1869 – May 10, 1869) * Nathan Englemann (May 10, 1869–1873) |
| Operator | * Cleveland & Lake Superior Line (1864–1867) * Englemann Transportation Company (1871–1873) |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | Ira Lafrinier or Quayle & Martin of Cleveland, Ohio |
| Launched | July 23, 1864 |
| In service | 1864 |
| Out of service | September 15, 1873 |
| Identification | US official number 12091 |
| Fate | Sank in a storm on Lake Michigan 43°2′53.88″N 86°19′8.76″W / 43.0483000°N 86.3191000°W / 43.0483000; -86.3191000 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Package freighter |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | * 231 feet (70.4 m) LOA * 218.66 feet (66.6 m) LBP |
| Beam | * 30.75 feet (9.4 m) * 38 feet (11.6 m) (with overhanging guards) |
| Depth | 12.75 feet (3.9 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 × 9 feet (2.7 m) 4–bladed fixed pitch propellers |


title: SS Iron Knight (1937)

abstract: SS Iron Knight was a bulk carrier that was built in Scotland in 1937 for the Australian Broken Hill Pty, Ltd (BHP) to carry iron ore. A Japanese submarine sank her by torpedo off the coast of New South Wales in 1943, killing 36 of her crew. A wreck that was identified as that of Iron Knight is protected by the Australian federal Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018.

text:
# SS Iron Knight (1937)

**SS *Iron Knight*** was a bulk carrier that was built in Scotland in 1937 for the Australian Broken Hill Pty, Ltd (BHP) to carry iron ore. A Japanese submarine sank her by torpedo off the coast of New South Wales in 1943, killing 36 of her crew. A wreck that was identified as that of *Iron Knight* is protected by the Australian federal Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018.

## Building

In 1936 and 1937 Lithgows in Port Glasgow built four sister ships for BHP. *Iron Baron* and *Iron King* were launched in 1936. *Iron Knight* and *Iron Chieftain* were launched in 1937. *Iron Knight* was launched in 27 August and completed in October.

The four ships shared a similar layout, with a bridge and main superstructure amidships and engine room and funnel aft. All four ships had the same beam of 56.2 ft (17.1 m) and depth of 23.2 ft (7.1 m). *Iron Knight* and *Iron Chieftain* had a registered length of 404.5 ft (123.3 m), which was 11.3 ft (3.4 m) longer than *Iron Baron* and *Iron King*. *Iron Knight*'s tonnages were 4,812 GRT and 2,737 NRT.

A Lithgows' subsidiary, David Rowan and Co of Glasgow, built the engines for all four sisters. Each ship had a single screw, driven by a quadruple-expansion steam engine, supplemented by an exhaust steam turbine driving a steam compressor. The exhaust turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Between them, *Iron Knight*'s piston engine and exhaust turbine were rated at 553 NHP and gave her a speed of 11 knots (20 km/h).

BHP registered *Iron Knight* in Melbourne. Her UK official number was 159568 and her call sign was VLJZ.

## Second World War

*Iron Knight* carried iron ore in Australian coastal waters. After Japan entered the Second World War in December 1941, *Iron Knight* sailed in CO and OC series coastal convoys for protection. Typically she took iron ore from Newcastle, NSW to ports in Victoria and South Australia.

Japanese submarines attacked shipping in Australian waters, and particularly off the coast of New South Wales. Ore carriers acquired a reputation as "death ships" because the density of their cargo caused them to sink too quickly for their crew to launch lifeboats. Life-rafts were fitted on sloping skids to be launched quickly. When *Iron Chieftain* was sunk on 3 June 1942, 37 of her 49 crew survived, 12 of them thanks to a life-raft.

### Loss

Early in February 1943 *Iron Knight* left Whyalla, South Australia. On 5 February she joined Convoy OC 68, which left Melbourne bound for Newcastle. Including *Iron Knight*, OC 68 comprised ten merchant ships escorted by the corvettes HMAS *Mildura* and *Townsville*.

On 8 February OC 68 was about 11 nautical miles (20 km) off Montague Island, with *Iron Knight* at the head of the convoy. At 0230 hrs Japanese submarine *I-21* fired a torpedo at *Townsville*. It passed under the corvette's bow and then hit *Iron Knight*. She sank by her bow within two minutes, killing 36 members of her crew. Another 14 crew members survived by clinging to wreckage and boarding one of *Iron Knight*'s life-rafts.

In accordance with naval practice at the time, OC 68 kept going and other ships the convoy did not stop to rescue survivors. Instead, 10 hours later the Free French destroyer *Le Triomphant* arrived and rescued them. To give the survivors clean dry clothes to change into, the destroyer crew issued French naval uniforms to them all.

In accordance with standard practice at the time, BHP stopped the survivors' pay from the moment *Iron Knight* was sunk. The company gave the survivors 30 days unpaid leave after the sinking, but deducted their time adrift in the raft from that 30 days.

## Heritage

In 2006 a wreck believed to be *Iron Knight* was found off the coast of Bermagui, NSW, at a depth of 125 m (410 ft). Federal Australian law protects the wreck. On 4 August 2006 the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage declared it a protected wreck. A few years later, the identification of the wreck as *Iron Knight* was cast into doubt. However, whatever its identity, the wreck is now protected by the Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018.

The Newcastle Merchant Mariners Memorial, outside Newcastle railway station, includes the names of the 36 members of the crew who were killed.

## Bibliography

36°31′S 150°23′E / 36.51°S 150.38°E / -36.51; 150.38

## InfoBox

| *Iron Knight* in 1940 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Name | *Iron Knight* |
| Owner | Broken Hill Pty |
| Port of registry | Melbourne |
| Builder | Lithgows, Port Glasgow |
| Yard number | 902 |
| Launched | 27 August 1937 |
| Completed | October 1937 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Sunk by torpedo, 8 February 1943 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | bulk carrier |
| Tonnage | 4,812 GRT, 2,737 NRT |
| Length | 404.5 ft (123.3 m) registered |
| Beam | 56.2 ft (17.1 m) |
| Draught | 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) |
| Depth | 23.2 ft (7.1 m) |
| Decks | 1 |
| Installed power | 553 NHP |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 11 knots (20 km/h) |
| Crew | 50 |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | echo sounding device |
| Armament | DEMS |
| Notes | sister ships: *Iron Baron*, *Iron King*, *Iron Chieftain* |


title: SS Iron Knob

abstract: SS Iron Knob was a 3,349 GRT Australian cargo ship of BHP Shipping. It was built by Poole & Steel of Adelaide, South Australia in 1922 for the Commonwealth Line and initially named SS Euwarra. It was sold to BHP Shipping in October 1923 and renamed Iron Knob, becoming one of three "E" class steamships in BHP service. In its 32 years of service, it made 393 voyages between Newcastle and other Australian ports. In 1955 it was sold to Panatiotis Vrangos of Italy, reregistered in Panama, and renamed SS Clarisse. The Clarisse sank in heavy seas in the Indian Ocean near 8°4′N 51°10′E on 15 July 1957.

text:
# SS Iron Knob

**SS *Iron Knob*** was a 3,349 GRT Australian cargo ship of BHP Shipping. It was built by Poole & Steel of Adelaide, South Australia in 1922 for the Commonwealth Line and initially named SS *Euwarra*. It was sold to BHP Shipping in October 1923 and renamed *Iron Knob*, becoming one of three "E" class steamships in BHP service.

In its 32 years of service, it made 393 voyages between Newcastle and other Australian ports.

In 1955 it was sold to Panatiotis Vrangos of Italy, reregistered in Panama, and renamed SS *Clarisse*. The *Clarisse* sank in heavy seas in the Indian Ocean near 8°4′N 51°10′E / 8.067°N 51.167°E / 8.067; 51.167 on 15 July 1957.

## InfoBox

| *Iron Knob* c1920s | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Name | SS *Iron Knob* |
| Namesake | Iron Knob, South Australia |
| Owner | BHP Shipping |
| Port of registry | Melbourne, Australia |
| Builder | Poole & Steel, Adelaide, South Australia |
| Launched | 17 December 1921 |
| Homeport | Melbourne |
| Fate | Sunk |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | "E" class |
| Type | General cargo |
| Tonnage | 3,349 GRT |
| Length | 331 ft 5 in (101.02 m) |
| Beam | 47 ft 9 in (14.55 m) |
| Depth | 2,326 ft 1 in (708.99 m) |
| Propulsion | 1 x triple expansion steam engine (Poole & Steele) 516 hp (385 kW) |
| Speed | 10 knots (19 km/h) |


title: British racing green

abstract: British racing green, or BRG, is a colour similar to Brunswick green, hunter green, forest green or moss green. It takes its name from the green international motor racing colour of the United Kingdom. This originated with the 1903 Gordon Bennett Cup, held in Ireland, as motor-racing on public roads was illegal in Great Britain. As a mark of respect, the British cars were painted shamrock green. There is no exact hue for BRG – currently the term is used to denote a spectrum of deep, rich greens. "British racing green" in motorsport terms meant only the colour green in general – its application to a specific shade has developed outside the sport.

text:
# British racing green

**British racing green**, or **BRG**, is a colour similar to *Brunswick green*, *hunter green*, *forest green* or *moss green* (RAL 6005). It takes its name from the green international motor racing colour of the United Kingdom. This originated with the 1903 Gordon Bennett Cup, held in Ireland (then still part of the UK), as motor-racing on public roads was illegal in Great Britain. As a mark of respect, the British cars were painted shamrock green.

There is no exact hue for BRG – currently the term is used to denote a spectrum of deep, rich greens. "British racing green" in motorsport terms meant only the colour green in general – its application to a specific shade has developed outside the sport.

## Origins of the association

In the days of the Gordon Bennett Cup, Count Eliot Zborowski, father of inter-war racing legend Louis Zborowski, suggested that each national entrant be allotted a different colour. Every component of a car had to be produced in the competing country, as well as the driver being of that nationality. The races were hosted in the country of the previous year's winner. When Britain first competed in 1902, they had to choose a different colour from the national flag colours of red, white and blue, because those had been taken for the 1900 race by America, Germany and France respectively. When Selwyn Edge won the 1902 Gordon Bennett Cup race for England in his Napier & Son it was decided that the 1903 race would be held in Ireland, as motor racing on public roads was at the time illegal in Great Britain. As a mark of respect for their Irish hosts the English Napier cars were painted shamrock green.

In keeping with these Irish/Napier roots, many of the earliest greens used on British racing cars were of a lighter *olive*, *moss* or *emerald* green. Later, darker shades became more common, though there was a return to lighter greens by HWM and other teams in the 1950s. Initially the colour use only applied to the grandes épreuves, but was later codified in the *Code Sportif International* (*CSI*) of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (*FIA*) for use in all international-level motor racing events.

## International rise to prominence

The foremost British participant in international motor Racing at the highest echelons both before and after the Great War was Sunbeam (from 1920 part of STD Motors). Green liveried Sunbeam racing cars won the 1912 Coupe de l’Auto as well as being the first (and last for several decades) British team to win the European Grand Épreuves Grand Prix in both 1923 and 1924. The green Sunbeams driven by the likes of Henry Segrave and K.L Guinness were during prominent competitions.

In the 1920s Bentley cars were hugely successful at the Le Mans 24h races, all sporting a mid- to dark-green. The first recorded use of the darkest green shades was on the Bugatti of Briton William Grover-Williams, driving in the very first Monaco Grand Prix, in 1929. This colour has become known as *British Racing Green*.

In the 1950s and 1960s British teams such as Aston Martin, Vanwall, Cooper, Lotus, and BRM were successful in Formula One and Sports car racing, all in different shades of green. The British Racing Partnership team used a very pale green. Scottish teams such as Ecurie Ecosse and Rob Walker Racing used a dark blue, which did not strictly conform to the CSI rules but was tolerated by officials. The Australian-owned but British-based and licensed Brabham team also used a shade of BRG, and this was augmented with a gold (later yellow) stripe, gold and green being the national sporting colours of Australia. Another British-based and licensed team, McLaren, made their debut at the 1966 Monaco Grand Prix with the McLaren M2B car painted white with a green stripe, to represent a fictional Yamura team in the John Frankenheimer´s film Grand Prix.

Since a country is represented in the motorsport through a team and not through a constructor, British privateer teams entering cars built by constructors from another country before the 1968 season painted cars in the British racing green, e.g. Stirling Moss drove three races during the 1954 season in a British racing green Maserati 250F because the Italian-built car was entered by the British privateer teams Equipe Moss and A.E.Moss respectively.

Under pressure from a number of teams, most famously the Team Lotus who wished to use the Gold Leaf livery on the Lotus 49 car, in the 1968 season the sponsorship regulations were relaxed in Formula One. Subsequently, Lotus made their debut in this new livery at the 1968 Spanish Grand Prix, becoming the first works team (second only to Team Gunston entering a private Brabham car at the 1968 South African Grand Prix) to paint their cars in the livery of their sponsors.

In the 1970 season the FIA formally gave Formula One an exemption from the national colours ruling and the previously common green colour soon disappeared, being replaced by various sponsor liveries. This exemption has since been extended to all race series, unless specific regulations require the adoption of national colours.

## Modern usage

The history of the famous greens was revived in 2000 by Jaguar Racing in Formula One, but after this team was sold to Red Bull by Ford in 2004, the new Red Bull Racing team used their own colours.

Other traditionally British manufacturers have since followed suit. Bentley returned briefly to the Le Mans circuit in 2001, 2002 and 2003, winning with the Bentley Speed 8, painted in a very dark shade of BRG. In recent years Aston Martin has also returned to endurance racing, with their DBR9s painted in, a typically Aston, light BRG. Rocketsports Racing also used green for its Jaguar XK in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and American Le Mans Series and other.

In 2010 the Lotus name returned to Formula One after a gap of 16 years with the Lotus Racing team's Lotus T127 car liveried in dark green with yellow. Although registered in Malaysia, the new team is based in Britain and chose BRG with the aim of "striking an emotional chord with young and old alike and evoking memories of some of motor racing most iconic moments".

With the many successes of British racing teams through the years, British Racing Green became a popular paint choice for British sports and luxury cars. Originally a solid colour, British Racing Green is increasingly a metallic paint due to the limited range of solids offered by today's manufacturers.

Paying tribute to the small British roadsters of the 1960s that inspired the Mazda MX-5 (such as the Triumph Spitfire, Austin-Healey Sprite, MG MGB and the Lotus Elan), Mazda produced a limited edition version of the model in 1991 and 2001 called the "British Racing Edition", which included green paint. Similarly, the modern BMW-owned Mini Hatchback marque, which is assembled at their Oxford, Birmingham and Swindon factories, includes a BRG colour option. Originally a somewhat murky dark olive, this was updated to a fresher shade of metallic green in the 2011 version.

In 2020 Lawrence Stroll, owner and founder of the Racing Point F1 Team, purchased a stake in Aston Martin and by next season Racing Point would be rebranded into AMR GP F1 team. For the 2021 season, the team used the iconic British racing green as their livery for the AMR21, as Aston Martin returned after being away from the sport as a constructor for 61 years. This livery is still in use as of 2024.

## Historic paint mixing formulas

Imperial Chemical Industries, Belco Car Finishes, Colour Mixing Book 1953, as used on Jowett Cars 1948-1953

* British Racing Green, Code 284-8120: Light Brunswick Green 71%, Middle Brunswick Green 19%, White 7%, Black 3%.

* Connaught Green, Code 284 - 97: Deep Brunswick Green 40%, Light Brunswick green 32%, Black 28%, Yellow Oxide Trace%.

## InfoBox

| British racing green | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Colour coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #004225 |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (0, 66, 37) |
| HSV (, , ) | (154°, 100%, 26%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (24, 26, 143°) |
| Source | ColorHexa |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Very dark yellowish green |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |


title: Sacha Polak

abstract: Sacha Polak is a Dutch film director.

text:
# Sacha Polak

**Sacha Polak** (born 1982) is a Dutch film director.

## Career

In 2012 Polak's feature film debut *Hemel* played at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival. Additionally her short *Brother* and her step-mother Meral Uslu's film on which she was a script supervisor, all played at the festival as well.

In 2014 Polak was initially going to direct the film *Vita & Virginia* about the love-affair between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West but was she replaced by Chanya Button.

In 2015 Polak's second film *Zurich* played at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.

Polak's next feature film was the movie *Dirty God* about a woman who sustained facial burns after an acid attack by her ex-partner. This film won her the Golden Calf award for best direction at the 2019 Netherlands Film Festival. The lead actress in the film, Vicky Knight, won a BAFTA Breakthrough Brits award for new talent at the 2019 British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards.

## Personal life

Polak's mother died of breast cancer 11 months after she was born.

Director Meral Uslu is her step-mother.

## Filmography


title: Sacha Pitoëff

abstract: Sacha Pitoëff was a Swiss-born French actor and stage director.

text:
# Sacha Pitoëff

**Sacha Pitoëff** (born **Alexandre Pitoëff**; 11 March 1920 – 21 July 1990) was a Swiss-born French actor and stage director.

## Early life and education

Pitoëff was born in Geneva, Switzerland, on 11 March 1920, the son of Russian-born parents Ludmilla (née Smanova) and Georges Pitoëff. Both of his parents were born in the city of Tbilisi (in modern-day Georgia), then a part of the Russian Empire. The Pitoëffs were prominent actors in France, Georges was a founding member of the *Cartel des Quatre* (Group of Four), a group including Louis Jouvet, Charles Dullin, and Gaston Baty, dedicated to rejuvenating the French theatre.

Sacha graduated from Lycée Pasteur in Neuilly-sur-Seine, outside Paris. He studied acting and stage direction under Jouvet at the Théâtre de l'Athénée.

## Career

### Stage career

During World War II, the younger Pitoëff followed his mother back to Switzerland, where he played his earliest roles. After the war he returned to Paris, becoming general manager at the Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord. He made his directorial debut with a 1950 staging of *Uncle Vanya*, which proved both a critical and commercial success.

He became a fixture of Parisian theatre in the 1960s, becoming the director of his own troupe. His repertoire included works by Jean Genet, Eugène Ionesco, Hugo Claus, Robert Musil, Anna Langfus and Anton Chekhov. With Romy Schneider, he staged *The Seagull*, *Uncle Vanya* and *Three Sisters* at Théâtre de l'Œuvre.

In 1967, he achieved his greatest success with a well-regarded production of Luigi Pirandello's *Henry IV*, which he directed and starred in, with Claude Jade.

### Film acting

Pitoëff played his first film role in 1952, in the omnibus film *The Seven Deadly Sins*. Appearing in over 50 films, he is probably best known for his performance in Alain Resnais's enigmatic *Last Year at Marienbad* (1960), as the unnamed man who may or may not be Delphine Seyrig's husband.

He was featured in roles of various sizes in such films as Henri-Georges Clouzot's *Les Espions* (1957), Peter Ustinov's *Lady L* (1965), René Clément's *Is Paris Burning?* (1966), and Jacques Demy's *Donkey Skin* (1970). He also appeared in several Hollywood productions, including Anatole Litvak's *Anastasia* (1956) and *The Night of the Generals* (1967), Mark Robson's *The Prize* (1963) and Dick Clement's *To Catch a Spy* (1971).

Toward the end of his acting career, he began appearing in horror films. His final role was as the bookseller Kazanian in Dario Argento's *Inferno* (1980).

For the last ten years of his life, Pitoëff was a professor at the National School of Theatre Arts and Techniques (ENSATT) in Lyon, where his students included Gérard Depardieu, Jean-Roger Milo and Niels Arestrup.

## Personal life and death

Pitoëff was married to French actress Luce Garcia-Ville, until her death by suicide in 1975. He had two siblings, actress Svetlana Pitoëff and writer Aniouta Pitoeff.

His height and distinctively-gaunt, lanky appearance may have been a consequence of Marfan syndrome.

Having suffered from depression in the final years of his life, he died in Paris at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital on 21 July 1990, at the age of 70.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | *The Seven Deadly Sins* | Pianist | Claude Autant-Lara | Segment: "Pride" |
| 1954 | *Rasputin* | Police Chief | Georges Combret |  |
| 1956 | *Anastasia* | Pyotr Ivanovich Petrovin | Anatole Litvak |  |
| 1957 | *La Polka des menottes* | Eugène | Raoul André |  |
| | *Les Espions* | Léon | Henri-Georges Clouzot |  |
| 1958 | *A Tale of Two Cities* | Gaspard | Ralph Thomas | Uncredited |
| | *That Night* | Shakespearean Actor | Maurice Cazeneuve |  |
| | *The Gambler* | Afpley | Claude Autant-Lara |  |
| 1960 | *Bouche cousue* | Jo | Jean Boyer |  |
| 1961 | *Captain Fracasse* | Matamore | Pierre Gaspard-Huit |  |
| | *The Three Musketeers* | John Felton | Bernard Borderie |  |
| | *Last Year at Marienbad* | The Second Man | Alain Resnais |  |
| 1962 | *La Poupée* | Alexandre Sayas | Jacques Baratier |  |
| | *La Dénonciation* | Commissioner Malferrer | Jacques Doniol-Valcroze |  |
| 1963 | *The Prize* | Daranyi | Mark Robson |  |
| 1965 | *Lady L* | Revolutionary | Peter Ustinov |  |
| 1966 | *Is Paris Burning?* | Frédéric Joliot-Curie | René Clément |  |
| 1967 | *The Night of the Generals* | Dr. Lipinski | Anatole Litvak |  |
| 1968 | *L'écume des jours* | Pharmacist | Charles Belmont |  |
| | *La louve solitaire* | Saratoga | Edouard Logereau |  |
| 1969 | *The Pleasure Pit* | Calzo | André Cayatte |  |
| 1970 | *The Ball of Count Orgel* | Prince Naroumouf | Marc Allégret |  |
| | *Donkey Skin* | Prime Minister | Jacques Demy |  |
| 1971 | *To Catch a Spy* | Stefan | Dick Clement |  |
| 1972 | *Escape to the Sun* |  | Menahem Golan |  |
| | *Le journal d'un suicidé* | Jailer | Stanislav Stanojevic |  |
| 1975 | *La guerre du pétrole n'aura pas lieu* | Essaan | Souheil Ben-Barka |  |
| 1978 | *Dossier 51* | Minerve 1 (voice) | Michel Deville |  |
| 1979 | *Subversion* | The President | Stanislav Stanojevic |  |
| 1980 | *Patrick Still Lives* | Dr. Herschel | Mario Landi |  |
| | *Inferno* | Kazanian | Dario Argento |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1955 | *Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion* | Bartender | Episode: "Camel Race" |
| | *Sherlock Holmes* | Constable Smith / Morgue Attendant / Gustav | 3 episodes |
| 1967 | *Au théâtre ce soir* | Antonio Fabrizzi | Episode: "Le système Fabrizzi", also director |
| | *Lagardère* | Prince Gonzague | 6 episodes |
| | *Henri IV* | Henri | TV movie, also director |
| 1969 | *Une soirée au bungalow* | Northover | TV movie |
| | *La cravache d'or* |  | 12 episodes |
| 1970 | *Le fauteuil hanté* | Eliphas de la Nox | TV movie |
| 1972 | *Schulmeister, espion de l'empereur* | Dangberg | Episode: "Schulmeister contre Schulmeister" |
| | *Comme il vous plaira* | Jacques de Boys | TV movie |
| | *Antigone* | | Tiresias |
| | *Graf Luckner* | Dr. Morgan | Episode: "Der Jazzsänger" |
| 1973 | *Byron libérateur de la Grèce ou Le jardin des héros* | Baron de Blaquiere | TV movie |
| | *Incident à Vichy* | Prince von Berg | |
| | *Arsène Lupin* | Ignateff | Episode: "L'écharpe de soie rouge" |
| 1974 | *Graf Yoster* | Professor Ourbiche | Episode: "Die Feuer-Probe" |
| | *Des lauriers pour Lila* | Professor Hassman | 5 episodes |
| | *Notre correspondant à Madras* | Jim Sieger | TV movie |
| 1975 | *Les grands détectives* | Arkabad | Episode: "Nick Carter: Mission secrète" |
| 1976 | *La poupée sanglante* | Dr. Sahib Khan | 6 episodes |
| | *Le château des Carpathes* | Gortz | TV movie |
| 1977 | *The Magical World of Disney* | Sergeant | Episodes: "Barry of the Great St. Bernard (Parts 1 & 2)" |
| | *The New Avengers* | Kerov | Episodes: "K Is for Kill (Parts 1 & 2)" |
| 1979 | *La maréchale d'Ancre* | Samuel | TV movie |
| 1980 | *Louis XI, un seul roi pour la France* | Drunk | |
| 1981 | *Les amours des années folles* | The Abbot | Episode: "La femme qui travaille" |

## Partial stage credits

| Year | Title | Venue | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1939 | *An Enemy of the People* | Théâtre des Mathurins | Georges Pitoëff |  |
| | *The Lady of the Camellias* | | |  |
| 1951 | *Vogue la galère* | Théâtre de la Madeleine | Georges Douking |  |
| 1953 | *L'Épouse injustement soupçonnée* | Théâtre des Noctambules | Himself |  |
| | *Dolorès au balcon* | | |  |
| 1953 | *Le Gardien des oiseaux* | | |  |
| 1955 | *Andréa ou la fiancée du matin* | Théâtre de l'Œuvre | |  |
| | *Three Sisters* | | |  |
| 1956 | *The Lower Depths* | | |  |
| 1959 | *Uncle Vanya* | Théâtre des Champs-Élysées | |  |
| 1960 | *Three Sisters* | Théâtre de l'Alliance française | |  |
| 1961 | *The Seagull* | Théâtre Moderne | |  |
| 1962 | *Ivanov* | | |  |
| 1963 | *Le système Fabrizzi* | | |  |
| 1964 | *Uncle Vanya* | | |  |
| 1965 | *Comme un oiseau* | | |  |
| | *The Cherry Orchard* | | |  |
| 1967 | *The Seagull* | | |  |
| 1967-68 | *Henry IV* | | |  |
| 1968 | *Der schwarze schwan* | | |  |
| 1969 | *Uncle Vanya* | | |  |
| | *The Caretaker* | | Jean-Laurent Cochet |  |
| 1970 | *Henry IV* |  | Himself |  |
| | *Three Sisters* | Théâtre des Célestins | Himself |  |
| 1971 | *The Caretaker* | Théâtre des Célestins | Jean-Laurent Cochet |  |
| | | Tour | |  |
| 1972 | *L'Impromptu de Paris* | Bellac Festival | Edmond Tamiz |  |
| 1973 | *Le Borgne* | Théâtre de l'Athénée | Michel Fagadau |  |
| 1976 | *La Tour* | Théâtre Récamier | Antoine Bourseiller |  |

## InfoBox

| Sacha Pitoëff | |
| --- | --- |
| Pitoëff in *Anastasia* (1956) | |
| Born | Alexandre Pitoëff
(1920-03-11)11 March 1920
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Died | 21 July 1990(1990-07-21) (aged 70)
Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Education | Lycée Pasteur
Théâtre de l'Athénée |
| Occupations | * Actor * director |
| Years active | 1952–1980 |
| Spouse | Luce Garcia-Ville |
| Parent(s) | Georges Pitoëff
Ludmilla Pitoëff |


abstract: The Safeway Stores Office and Warehouse Building is a historic building near downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The building was designed by Kansas City architects Archer and Gloyd and was built by local contractor J. H. Thompson in 1929. It served as Safeway's regional produce and canned goods warehouse, as well as the regional headquarters for the chain. The warehouse served a region extending from Topeka, Kansas in the west to St. Joseph, Missouri in the north, Columbia, Missouri in the east to Joplin, Missouri in the south. The 84,000-square-foot (7,800 m⁲) four-story building is approximately 100 feet (30 m) by 140 feet (43 m). The concrete structure is clad with brick and stone on the main (west) facade, while the remaining sides reveal the concrete. The interior is supported by concrete mushroom columns. A loading dock was added in 1949. The facility was operated by Safeway until 1953, when it was purchased by the Halls Company. Another addition was made in 1976.

text:
# Safeway Stores Office and Warehouse Building

The **Safeway Stores Office and Warehouse Building** is a historic building near downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The building was designed by Kansas City architects Archer and Gloyd and was built by local contractor J. H. Thompson in 1929. It served as Safeway's regional produce and canned goods warehouse, as well as the regional headquarters for the chain. The warehouse served a region extending from Topeka, Kansas in the west to St. Joseph, Missouri in the north, Columbia, Missouri in the east to Joplin, Missouri in the south.

The 84,000-square-foot (7,800 m2) four-story building is approximately 100 feet (30 m) by 140 feet (43 m). The concrete structure is clad with brick and stone on the main (west) facade, while the remaining sides reveal the concrete. The interior is supported by concrete mushroom columns.

A loading dock was added in 1949. The facility was operated by Safeway until 1953, when it was purchased by the Halls Company. Another addition was made in 1976.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Safeway Stores Office and Warehouse Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Safeway Stores Office and Warehouse Building in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Location | 2029-2043 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 39°5′28″N 94°35′6″W / 39.09111°N 94.58500°W / 39.09111; -94.58500 |
| Built | 1929 |
| Architect | Archer and Gloyd; Thompson, J.H. |
| Architectural style | Early Commercial |
| NRHP reference No. | 00000435 |
| Added to NRHP | May 05, 2000 |


title: Sacred Hearts' School, Mangalore

abstract: Sacred Hearts' School is a school situated at Kulshekar locality in Mangalore city of Karnataka state in India. It was established on 31 May 1943. This school is run by the Bethany Educational Society.

text:
# Sacred Hearts' School, Mangalore

**Sacred Hearts' School** is a school situated at Kulshekar locality in Mangalore city of Karnataka state in India. It was established on 31 May 1943. This school is run by the Bethany Educational Society.

## History

The school was started on 31 May 1943 by Msgr. R.F.C. Mascarenhas. The Sacred Hearts’ Secondary School (as it was then called) was inaugurated on 4 June 1943. The first batch from the school appeared for the SSLC Examination in 1947. The first 3 Headmistresses of this school were Smt. Laxmi Bai (1943-44), Sr. Bertha (1944-45) and Sr. Macrina (1945).

## InfoBox

| Sacred Hearts' School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Mangalore, Karnataka<br>India | |
| Coordinates | 12°51′14″N 74°53′47″E / 12.853916°N 74.896424°E / 12.853916; 74.896424 |
| Information | |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Catholic |
| Established | 1943 |


title: Brisbane Apollo Male Choir

abstract: Brisbane Apollo Male Choir is the longest running male choir in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Formed in 1884, the choir still performs today.

text:
# Brisbane Apollo Male Choir

**Brisbane Apollo Male Choir** (formerly Brisbane Liedertafel) is the longest running male choir in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Formed in 1884, the choir still performs today.

## Formation and history

Under its original name, Brisbane Liedertafel, the choir was formed in 1884 after a group of sixteen men expressed an interest in forming a male choir. The German word Liedertafel, meaning ‘song table’, indicates the German custom of men singing in harmony at social events. Brisbane Liedertafel's first public performance was given on 16 July 1885 at the Brisbane Town Hall.

On 23 September 1914, the Brisbane Liedertafel performed a patriotic concert at the Centennial Hall, in aid of the Queensland Patriotic Fund and the Red Cross Society. The concert was attended by Sir Arthur Morgan, Lieutenant-Governor of Queensland.

In 1916, due to anti-German sentiment prevalent during World War I, the name of the choir was changed to the Brisbane Apollo Choir, after the classical Greek God.

In 1985, the Brisbane Apollo Choir gave a special concert was given in Brisbane's City Hall to mark the centenary of the choir. Proceeds from this concert were given to St Vincent’s Hostel, South Brisbane.

The Brisbane Apollo Male Choir currently meets and rehearses at St James Anglican Church Hall at Kelvin Grove, Brisbane.

Three volumes of minutes of general meetings, committee meetings and special meetings of the Brisbane Liedertafel from 12 May 1885 to 29 May 1907 are held by State Library of Queensland.