title: Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement

abstract: The Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement was a series of secret military unequal treaties between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, signed in May 1918. Drawn up following China's entry into the First World War on the part of the Allied Powers, the agreements, which were concluded in secrecy, granted Japan numerous military privileges within Chinese territory along the Sino-Russian border. The content of agreements were leaked to the press at an early stage, sparking a widespread protest movement by Chinese students in Japan and across China. The agreements were officially terminated in January 1921, their continuance made untenable by Chinese public opinion.

text:
# Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement

The **Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement** was a series of secret military unequal treaties between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, signed in May 1918. Drawn up following China's entry into the First World War on the part of the Allied Powers, the agreements, which were concluded in secrecy, granted Japan numerous military privileges within Chinese territory along the Sino-Russian border. The content of agreements were leaked to the press at an early stage, sparking a widespread protest movement by Chinese students in Japan and across China. The agreements were officially terminated in January 1921, their continuance made untenable by Chinese public opinion.

## Background

| Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 中日共同防敵軍事協定 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhōng rì gòngtóng fáng dí jūnshì xiédìng | |
| Japanese name | |
| Kanji | 日支共同防敵軍事協定 |
| Transcriptions  Romanization Nisshi kyōdō bōteki gunji kyōtei | |
|  | |

The government of the Republic of China, led by Premier Duan Qirui, declared war on the German Empire and Austria-Hungary on 14 August 1917, marking China's entry into the First World War on the side of the Allied Powers, which included the Empire of Japan. As a result, Germany and Austria-Hungary became China and Japan's common enemy. Furthermore, following the outbreak of the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, the Allies declared the new communist government of Vladimir Lenin a threat.

From this time, Tanaka Giichi, then Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, began planning to conclude a military pact with China, including a potential military alliance. In late January, Tanaka wired instructions to the Japanese military attaché in Beijing, ordering him to swiftly move to form a Sino-Japanese agreement, and furthermore, to try and get the Chinese side to suggest the idea first.

Within the Chinese government, there were doubts about the Japanese side's intentions with regard to any agreement, and specifically, they were concerned that such an agreement might lead to the Japanese effecting control over Manchuria. However, Japanese foreign minister Motono Ichirō offered the example of Allied military co-operation in France, and said that, if the Allies could jointly operate their military forces there, it would be illogical to not do the same in Manchuria. The Japanese side also hinted at the possibility of unilateral deployment in the event China did not acquiesce. With the 3 March 1918 signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the nascent Russian Soviet Republic and Germany, the Chinese side grew increasingly concerned about the presence of 100,000 German prisoners of war in neighbouring Siberia. Worried that these German forces would be released and threaten the security of the Far East, they came to feel the necessity of concluding a Sino-Japanese agreement.

## The agreement

The Terauchi Masatake government decided on 8 March to begin drawing up plans for the proposed Sino-Japanese agreement, and informed Chinese Minister in Tokyo Zhang Zongxiang as such. A team led by Major General Saitō Suejirō was despatched to China to negotiate the terms of the agreement. On 25 March, Zhang and foreign minister Motono exchanged correspondence wherein they agreed that enemy forces were spreading rampantly along the Russian border, threatening the Far East's security, and agreed to consider the conclusion of a joint defence agreement.

While these negotiations were conducted in secret, newspapers quickly caught wind of them, and reported on them from early April. Opposition to the agreement spread quickly throughout China. The Japanese side's intent is made clear by a Foreign Ministry record written around this time, which states that the establishment of a Sino-Japanese alliance would allow for the free movement of Japanese troops within Chinese territory, the commandeering of any resources that were militarily required, active interference in China's domestic politics, and the "planting" of pro-Japanese forces across China.

On 3 May, Tanaka Giichi visited Zhang at the Chinese Legation in Tokyo, and demanded an apology from the Chinese side for doubting Japan's intentions and failing to participate in further deliberations. He stated that, until an agreement was signed, Japan would have no choice but to suspend the financial and military aid it had been providing to China through the Nishihara Loans. Accordingly, negotiations were reopened the following day, and by 16 May, the army agreement was signed. A naval agreement, largely mirroring the army agreement, was signed on 19 May.

The army agreement consists of twelve articles. While the second article ostensibly establishes the parties of the agreement as equals, the third article specifies that the Chinese authorities must "try their best" to co-operate with the Japanese military in the relevant regions and prevent them from "experiencing any obstacles" in their operations. The fourth article specifies that Japanese troops will be "entirely withdrawn" from Chinese territory at the termination of the war. The seventh article specifies the placement of liaison officers in each party's military to facilitate communication between the two parties, and specifies that both parties must provide whatever resources are required to for facilitate their joint defence. The full contents of the pact were not officially disclosed until 14 March 1919.

Because of the start of the Paris Peace Conference on 18 January 1919, it was necessary to clarify the end date of the agreements, which was done on 5 February for the army agreement and 1 March for the naval agreement. The pact was thus specified to terminate when both the Chinese and Japanese governments approved the peace treaties with Germany and Austria negotiated by the European powers, and when all Chinese and Japanese troops stationed outside of Chinese territory had been withdrawn.

## Effect

While the agreement's ostensible goal was to counter German–Austrian forces, the emergent communist threat in Siberia and Manchuria was of a more immediate concern. The agreement allowed Japan to lay the groundwork for its intervention in Siberia, and effectively placed the Chinese military in northern Manchuria under Japanese command.

Though the Japanese government had issued orders prohibiting any discussion of the negotiations in the domestic media, Chinese students in Japan were made aware of the impending signing of the agreement through reporting in foreign newspapers, and swiftly moved to organise a protest movement against the agreement from the end of April 1918. Called the "Returning Home Movement", it resulted in one-third of the three thousand students in Japan returning to China. The students returned to Japan in the autumn of 1918, however. Future Chinese premier Zhou Enlai, then studying in Japan, observed the movement with interest, but did not return to China. Protests also occurred in China, specifically by students in Beijing and by chambers of commerce across the country. The agreement, which was essentially an alliance, was viewed by the Chinese public as an attempt by Japan to use Duan Qirui to control China, and the anti-agreement movement that it spurred laid the groundwork for the May Fourth movement.

While Duan desired to retain the agreement in some form after the end of the First World War, public opinion driven by the protest movement made this impossible. Duan was forced to resign in August 1920 following his loss in the Zhili–Anhui War, and as a result, the basis for the agreement completely collapsed. It was officially terminated on 28 January 1921.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Itoh, Mayumi (2016). *The origins of contemporary Sino-Japanese relations : Zhou Enlai and Japan*. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-56616-4. OCLC 950459548.
* "日華共同防敵軍事協定とは". *Kotobank* (in Japanese). Retrieved 14 July 2021.
* Putnam Weale, B.L. (1919). *The Truth about China and Japan* (PDF). New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
* Sugano, Tadashi (1985). "五四前夜の日中軍事協定反対運動" (PDF). *Nara Journal of History* (in Japanese). **3** (12): 44–77.
* Sugano, Tadashi (1986). "日中軍事協定の廃棄について" (PDF). *Nara Journal of History* (in Japanese). **4** (12).
* Yokoyama, Hisayuki (2006). "一九一八年の日中軍事協定と兵器同盟について" (PDF). *Sophia Historical Studies* (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.

## InfoBox

Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement
| Signed | 16 May 1918 (1918-05-16) (Army agreement)<br>19 May 1918 (1918-05-19) (Naval agreement) |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Beijing |
| Expiration | 28 January 1921 (1921-01-28) |
| Parties |  |
| Languages |  |


title: Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns

abstract: The Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns in Tarrytown, New York, serves both Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow, New York. It was constructed in 1837 as an extension of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow to serve the Tarrytown community. The new community of Dutch Reformed would have had its own Elders and Deacons and shared a minister with the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow. That church has a similar arrangement with the Dutch Reformed at Cortlandt Manor dating from 1697 when the Sleepy Hollow community was first recorded as established, though the structure had been completed in 1685 and the community had been there for long before. The Cortlandt Manor community had its own Elders and Deacons but recognized the community at Sleepy Hollow as its head, and regularly went down to the village for services and to record their births and marriages. The community at Tarrytown became independent from Sleepy Hollow in the 1850s and soon after dropped the “Dutch” association from its name. As the Sleepy Hollow community diminished and the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow became less used, the Tarrytown community adopted the name for their landmark church the Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns, adding that it was a “continuation of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow.” Presenting an impressive façade on North Broadway, the structure's steeple remains the highest point on North Broadway and the tallest physical structure in Tarrytown, despite not being built on the heights of the city. The church's porch of four columns supporting an extended pediment offers a refined architectural addition to the business district of historic Tarrytown.

text:
# Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns

**The Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns** in Tarrytown, New York, serves both Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow, New York. It was constructed in 1837 as an extension of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow to serve the Tarrytown community.

The new community of Dutch Reformed would have had its own Elders and Deacons and shared a minister with the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow. That church has a similar arrangement with the Dutch Reformed at Cortlandt Manor dating from 1697 when the Sleepy Hollow community was first recorded as established, though the structure had been completed in 1685 and the community had been there for long before. The Cortlandt Manor community had its own Elders and Deacons but recognized the community at Sleepy Hollow as its head, and regularly went down to the village for services and to record their births and marriages.

The community at Tarrytown became independent from Sleepy Hollow in the 1850s and soon after dropped the “Dutch” association from its name. As the Sleepy Hollow community diminished and the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow became less used, the Tarrytown community adopted the name for their landmark church the Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns, adding that it was a “continuation of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow.”

Presenting an impressive façade on North Broadway, the structure's steeple remains the highest point on North Broadway and the tallest physical structure in Tarrytown, despite not being built on the heights of the city. The church's porch of four columns supporting an extended pediment offers a refined architectural addition to the business district of historic Tarrytown.

41°4′38.7″N 73°51′26.76″W / 41.077417°N 73.8574333°W / 41.077417; -73.8574333


title: Shilidian station

abstract: Shilidian Station is a metro station at Chengdu, Sichuan, China. It was opened on December 18, 2020 with the opening of Chengdu Metro Line 8.

text:
# Shilidian station

**Shilidian Station** is a metro station at Chengdu, Sichuan, China. It was opened on December 18, 2020 with the opening of Chengdu Metro Line 8.

## InfoBox

| Shilidian
十里店 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Chenghua District, Chengdu, Sichuan
China |
| Operated by | Chengdu Metro Limited |
| Line(s) | Line 8 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 18 December 2020 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Chengdu Metro Following station  *Terminus*  Line 8  Chengdu University of Technologytowards Lianhua | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Dictionarium quatuor linguarum

abstract: Dictionarium quatuor linguarum is a 16th-century book by the German polymath Hieronymus Megiser that includes a multilingual dictionary and a multilingual grammar of Italian, Slovene, German, and Latin. It also includes some Croatian words. It was compiled and published in 1592 in Graz (Austria), then part of the Habsburg monarchy. The dictionary is the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene. The appendix, named Exempla aliquot declinationum et coniugationium contains some grammar of the included languages and has been recognised as the second grammar of Slovene and the first multilingual grammar that includes Slovene. The book marks the beginning of Slovene lexicography. An extended edition was published under the same title in 1744 at Klagenfurt (Austria) by the Jesuits. This second edition also contains example phrases in German and Slovene, illustrating the use of the entries given. The number of Slovene equivalents in this edition is notably higher; they often reflect Carinthian Slovene.

text:
# Dictionarium quatuor linguarum

***Dictionarium quatuor linguarum*** (The Dictionary of Four Languages) is a 16th-century book by the German polymath Hieronymus Megiser that includes a multilingual dictionary and a multilingual grammar of Italian, Slovene, German, and Latin. It also includes some Croatian words. It was compiled and published in 1592 in Graz (Austria), then part of the Habsburg monarchy. The dictionary is the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene. The appendix, named *Exempla aliquot declinationum et coniugationium* (Some examples of declensions and conjugations) contains some grammar of the included languages and has been recognised as the second grammar of Slovene and the first multilingual grammar that includes Slovene. The book marks the beginning of Slovene lexicography. An extended edition was published under the same title in 1744 at Klagenfurt (Austria) by the Jesuits. This second edition also contains example phrases in German and Slovene, illustrating the use of the entries given. The number of Slovene equivalents in this edition is notably higher; they often reflect Carinthian Slovene.

1. "Dictionarium quatuor linguarum videlicet, Germanicae, Latinae, Illyricae, (quae vulgo Sclavonica appellatur) & Italicae, sive Hetruscae". *Digital Library of Slovenia (dLib.si)*. Ljubljana: National and University Library (NUK).
2. For information on Bavarian characteristics of the German entries see Bergmann, Hubert: Beobachtungen zu Megisers "Dictionarium quatuor linguarum" von 1592 bzw. 1744 aus Sicht der bairischen Dialektlexikographie. In: Bergmann, Hubert et al. (eds.): Fokus Dialekt. Analysieren – Dokumentieren – Kommunizieren. Festschrift für Ingeborg Geyer zum 60. Geburtstag. Hildesheim et al. 2010 (= Germanistische Linguistik 199-201)
3. Google knjige Edward Stankiewicz: *Grammars and dictionaries of the Slavic languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850*, Mouton, 1984., ISBN 3-11-009778-8
4. "Primeri nekaj sklanjatev in spregatev v Megiserjevem Dictionarium quatuor linguarum 1592" \[The Concise Grammar of Four Languages in Megiser’s 1592 Dictionary\]. *Jezikoslovni Zapiski* (in Slovenian and English). **13** (1/2). Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU: 23–32. 2007. ISSN 0354-0448. COBISS 26967085.
5. Hriberšek, Matej (2008). Jesenšek, Marko (ed.). "Slovaropisje klasičnih jezikov na Slovenskem v 16. stoletju" \[Lexicography of Classical Languages in the Slovene Lands in the 16th Century\] (PDF). *Slavia Centralis (SCN)* (in Slovenian). **I** (2). Department of Slavic languages and Literatures, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor: 77–87. ISSN 1855-6302.


title: Lake Cities (train)

abstract: The Lake Cities was a passenger train operated by the Erie Railroad and successor Erie Lackawanna Railway between Chicago and Jersey City, New Jersey and then Hoboken, New Jersey.

text:
# Lake Cities (train)

The ***Lake Cities*** was a passenger train operated by the Erie Railroad and successor Erie Lackawanna Railway between Chicago and Jersey City, New Jersey and then Hoboken, New Jersey.

## History

The *Lake Cities* began in 1939 as the *Midlander*, a Jersey City to Chicago service with sections to Cleveland, and Buffalo, New York. From its eastern terminus, the Erie's Pavonia Terminal in Jersey City, the route ran through Port Jervis to Binghamton, New York over the traditional Erie main line through Sullivan and Orange County in New York's Southern Tier and on to Chicago. Unlike other New York City to Chicago trains, it bypassed Buffalo to the south, running through Jamestown, Youngstown, Akron, and Marion in Ohio.

A few years before the Erie's 1960 merger with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, the *Lake Cities* began running into the Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. Upon the merger, it was routed over the Lackwanna's Poconos main line route in northern New Jersey and northeastern Pennsylvania. Between 1961 and 1962, the train was known as the "*Chicago Lake Cities/Buffalo Lake Cities*", but reverted to *Lake Cities*. Sleeper service ended on October 28, 1962. From April 26 until October 25, 1964, the *Lake Cities* was renamed *The World's Fair* in connection with the 1964 World's Fair in New York. After the conclusion of the fair in 1965, the *Lake Cities* name was restored to the train. On November 28, 1966, the *Lake Cities* regained diner and sleeper service to compensate for the withdrawal of the *Phoebe Snow* (which had its final run the previous day), but by 1967 the sleeping service went no further west than Marion, Ohio, while the dining car stopped at Huntington, Indiana.

On August 30, 1969, the Erie–Lackawanna asked for permission from the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to discontinue the service effective August 30, 1969. The ICC ordered a 120-day stay to allow for hearings on the proposal in cities along the route of the service. The railroad then planned to end service after December 30, 1969, but continued it until January 4, 1970, due to additional ridership at the end of the holidays. After January 4, the Erie–Lackawanna withdrew the train, which was its last intercity service. Eliminating the service was expected to save the railroad $1.2 million a year.

## Equipment

After World War II the Erie acquired seven lightweight sleepers from Pullman-Standard, each with ten roomettes and six double bedrooms. The *Lake Cities* carried one in each direction between New York and Chicago.

## Station stops

This late 1960s timetable with the New Jersey and Pennsylvania stops reflects a consolidation of service with the *Phoebe Snow* train, which was discontinued in 1966.

Before the 1960 Erie-Lackawanna merger, the *Lake Cities'* route ran through New York's Sullivan and Orange Counties.

| State | City | Milepost | Station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New Jersey | Hoboken | 0.0 miles (0 km) | Hoboken Terminal |
| | Newark | 7.8 miles (12.6 km) | Newark |
| | East Orange | 10.6 miles (17.1 km) | Brick Church |
| | Summit | 20.1 miles (32.3 km) | Summit |
| | Dover | 40.9 miles (65.8 km) | Dover |
| | Blairstown | 67.2 miles (108.1 km) | Blairstown |
| Pennsylvania | East Stroudsburg | 83.9 miles (135.0 km) | East Stroudsburg |
| | Barrett Township | 97.0 miles (156.1 km) | Cresco |
| | Pocono Summit | 105.0 miles (169.0 km) | Pocono Summit |
| | Scranton | 135.5 miles (218.1 km) | Scranton |
| New York | Binghamton | 194.1 miles (312.4 km) | Binghamton |
| | Waverly | 235.3 miles (378.7 km) | Waverly |
| | Elmira | 252.9 miles (407.0 km) | Elmira |
| | Corning | 271.0 miles (436.1 km) | Corning |
| | Hornell | 311.5 miles (501.3 km) | Hornell |
| | Wellsville | 337.7 miles (543.5 km) | Wellsville |
| | Olean | 374.9 miles (603.3 km) | Olean |
| | Salamanca | 393.0 miles (632.5 km) | Salamanca |
| | Randolph | 410.4 miles (660.5 km) | Randolph |
| | Jamestown | 426.8 miles (686.9 km) | Jamestown (Chautauqua Lake) |
| Pennsylvania | Corry | 453.5 miles (729.8 km) | Corry |
| | Meadville | 495.2 miles (796.9 km) | Meadville |
| | Greenville | 521.4 miles (839.1 km) | Greenville |
| | Sharon | 536.3 miles (863.1 km) | Sharon |
| Ohio | Youngstown | 549.9 miles (885.0 km) | Youngstown |
| | Warren | 563.8 miles (907.3 km) | Warren |
| | Kent | 594.2 miles (956.3 km) | Kent |
| | Akron | 604.9 miles (973.5 km) | Akron |
| | Ashland | 654.7 miles (1,053.6 km) | Ashland |
| | Mansfield | 671.3 miles (1,080.4 km) | Mansfield |
| | Galion | 686.8 miles (1,105.3 km) | Galion |
| | Marion | 707.7 miles (1,138.9 km) | Marion |
| | Lima | 759.6 miles (1,222.5 km) | Lima |
| Indiana | Huntington | 834.2 miles (1,342.5 km) | Huntington |
| | Rochester | 875.9 miles (1,409.6 km) | Rochester |
| | Hammond | 955.8 miles (1,538.2 km) | Hammond |
| Illinois | Chicago | 977.0 miles (1,572.3 km) | Dearborn Station |
|

## InfoBox

*Lake Cities*
| The *Lake Cities* in Marion, Ohio in 1969 | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Service type | Inter-city rail |
| Status | discontinued |
| Locale | Midwestern United States/Northeastern United States |
| First service | 1939 |
| Last service | 1970 |
| Former operator(s) | Erie Lackawanna |
| Route | |
| Termini | Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.<br>Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Distance travelled | 977.0 miles (1,572.3 km) (1969) |
| Service frequency | Daily |
| Train number(s) | 5 (westbound), 6 (eastbound) |
| On-board services | |
| Seating arrangements | coach |
| Sleeping arrangements | sections, Roomettes and Double Bedrooms |
| Catering facilities | diner-lounge |
|  | |


title: Teatro Sá de Miranda

abstract: The Teatro Sá de Miranda, is a theatre in Viana do Castelo in northern Portugal. Believed to be the fifth-oldest Portuguese theatre that still retains its original features, the Sá de Miranda has a capacity of 400.

text:
# Teatro Sá de Miranda

The ***Teatro Sá de Miranda*** (also known as the Teatro Municipal Sá de Miranda), is a theatre in Viana do Castelo in northern Portugal. Believed to be the fifth-oldest Portuguese theatre that still retains its original features, the *Sá de Miranda* has a capacity of 400.

## Origins

The theatre's construction was the result of the efforts of a group of people from Viana do Castelo, who formed the *Companhia Fomentadora Vianense* in 1879. It is named after Francisco de Sá de Miranda (1481–1558), who was a Portuguese Renaissance poet. It follows an Italian style and was designed by José Geraldo da Silva Sardinha, with horseshoe-shaped stalls and three rows of boxes, 21 first-class and 16 second-class. The curtain was designed by Luigi Manini and painted by Hercole Labertini, both set designers of the *Teatro Nacional de São Carlos* in Lisbon. The ceiling, a trompe l'oeil image of the sky with portraits of playwrights, was painted by João Baptista do Rio. There are 20 friezes. The theatre was inaugurated on 29 April 1885.

In his *Dictionary of Portuguese Theatre*, published in 1908, António de Sousa Bastos described the *Sá de Miranda* as "one of the best in the provinces… a truly comfortable and luxurious theatre." He noted that most of the leading performers from Lisbon and Porto had performed there.

## Later life

With theatres beginning to face competition from films, the *Sá de Miranda* was converted to also show movies. At one stage it was showing pornographic films. Over time it became increasingly dilapidated and, in 1985, it was purchased by the city council. Since then, it has undergone improvement, first in 1993, to improve comfort and safety (in a country that has suffered many theatre fires) and, in a second phase in 2000, to equip the stage with modern equipment. Situated under the stage are 17 dressing rooms, together with storage rooms. It is now equipped with two performance halls, a rehearsal room, an exhibition hall and a café-concert room.

Since 1991, the theatre has housed a resident company, the *Teatro do Noroeste – Centro Dramático de Viana*. Since 2021 it has been a member of the *Rede de Teatros e Cineteatros Portugueses* (Network of Portuguese Theatres and Cinema-theatres).

## InfoBox

Teatro Sá de Miranda
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | Rua de Sá de Miranda,
Viana do Castelo
Portugal |
| Coordinates | 41°41′44″N 08°49′44″W / 41.69556°N 8.82889°W / 41.69556; -8.82889 |
| Owner | Municipality of Viana do Castelo |
| Capacity | 400 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 29 April 1885 |
| Architect | José Geraldo da Silva Sardinha |


title: Satomi Okuie

abstract: Satomi Okuie is a Japanese instructor of Shotokan karate. She is currently an instructor of the Japan Karate Association.

text:
# Satomi Okuie

**Satomi Okuie** (*Okuie Satomi*, 21 March 1982) is a Japanese instructor of Shotokan karate.

She is currently an instructor of the Japan Karate Association.

## Biography

Satomi Okuie was born in Aomori Prefecture, Japan on 21 March 1982. She studied at Komazawa University. Her karate training began during her Age 4.

## Competition

Satomi Okuie has had considerable success in karate competition.

### Major Tournament Success

* 53rd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2010) - 3rd Place Women's Kumite
* 52nd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2009) - 1st Place Women's Kumite
* 51st JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2008) - 1st Place Women's Kumite
* 50th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2007) - 1st Place Women's Kumite
* 49th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2006) - 3rd Place Women's Kumite
* 48th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2005) - 1st Place Women's Kumite
* 9th Shoto World Cup Karate Championship Tournament (Tokyo, 2004) - 1st Place Women's Kumite
* 47th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2004) - 3rd Place Women's Kumite
* 46th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2003) - 2nd Place Women's Kumite
* 45th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2002) - 3rd Place Women's Kumite
* 44th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2001) - 3rd Place Women's Kumite
* 43rd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (2000) - 2nd Place Women's Kumite

## InfoBox

| Satomi Okuie | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-03-21)21 March 1982<br>Aomori Prefecture, Japan |
| Style | Shotokan Karate |
| Teacher(s) | Masaaki Ueki |
| Rank | 3rd Dan karate (JKA) |


title: John of Montson

abstract: John of Montson was an Aragonese Dominican theologian and controversialist. His refusal to tolerate other beliefs regarding the Immaculate Conception resulted in his condemnation and clandestine exile to Spain.

text:
# John of Montson

**John of Montson** (also known as **Juan de Monzón** or **Monzon de Montesono**; born at Monzón, Spain; c. 1340 – after 1412) was an Aragonese Dominican theologian and controversialist. His refusal to tolerate other beliefs regarding the Immaculate Conception resulted in his condemnation and clandestine exile to Spain.

## Biography

Montson joined the Dominicans probably in Valencia. In 1383 he was lecturing on theology at Valencia Cathedral. Thence he went to Paris, taught in the convent of St. James there, and obtained the mastership of theology in 1387.

In that same year, Montson became embroiled in a conflict between the Dominican and Franciscan orders over the Immaculate Conception, not yet defined as a doctrine of the Catholic Church. Taking the Dominican side, Montson declared in his lectures that the Immaculate Conception was a heresy. The faculty of the University of Paris, which maintained a neutral position on the conflict, demanded that he retract the claim that the opposing opinion was heretical. When Montson refused, the faculty escalated the issue to the bishop of Paris, Pierre d'Orgemont, who sided with the faculty and excommunicated Montson. Montson and the Dominicans appealed the decision to Antipope Clement VII.

Later, foreseeing that the case was going against him, Montson, despite the command under pain of excommunication to remain at Avignon, secretly withdrew into Aragon, then went to Sicily, changing his allegiance to Pope Urban VI, Clement's rival. There and in Spain, whither he afterwards returned, he filled several important positions. In 1412 Alfonso, Duke of Gandia, chose him as head of a legation sent to defend his claim to the crown of Aragon.

## Works

Besides four works against Clement's claim as pope, he wrote: "Tractatus de Conceptione B. Virginis", a number of sermons, and various opuscula in the vernacular.

1. "Gerson, John". *The Encyclopaedia Britannica*. University of California. 1910.
2. *Censure and Heresy at the University of Paris 1200* - *1400*, J.M.M.H. Thijssen, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998, pg. 11.
3. Traver, Andrew G. (Spring 1995). "Secular and Mendicant Masters of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Paris, 1505-1523". *Sixteenth Century Journal*. **26** (1): 141. doi:10.2307/2541530. JSTOR 2541530. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John of Montesono". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. This entry cites:

* + Quétif and Jacques Échard, *Scriptores ordinis prædicatorum recensiti, notisque historicis illustrati ad annum 1700 auctoribus*, I (Paris, 1719), 691;
    + Hugo von Hurter, *Nomenclator*;
    + Denifle, *Chartul.*, III (Paris, 1894), 486–533.


title: Reformed Churches in Namibia

abstract:
The Reformed Churches in Namibia is a confessional Reformed church in Namibia. Reformed people come from Angola to Namibia in 1929. The Dorslandtrekkers were mostly Reformed people who had settled in Angola but later moved to Namibia. The Dorslandtrekkers were originally from Transvaal, South Africa, and migrated northwestward starting in 1874 in two large and one smaller group, starting the Humpata Reformed Church under the Rev. Jan Lion Cachet. Later in 1930 3 congregations were established. More farmers came and the church grew. Missionary work was started in 1969 under the Bushmans of the Gobabis region, Botswana.
It has 2,757 members and 14 congregations, and adheres to the Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, Heidelberg Catechism, Belgic Confession and the Canons of Dort.There's no women ordination. Official languages are Afrikaans, Bushman, Gobabis-Kung.

text:
# Reformed Churches in Namibia

The **Reformed Churches in Namibia** is a confessional Reformed church in Namibia. Reformed people come from Angola to Namibia in 1929. The Dorslandtrekkers were mostly Reformed people who had settled in Angola but later moved to Namibia. The Dorslandtrekkers were originally from Transvaal, South Africa, and migrated northwestward starting in 1874 in two large and one smaller group, starting the Humpata Reformed Church under the Rev. Jan Lion Cachet. Later in 1930 3 congregations were established. More farmers came and the church grew. Missionary work was started in 1969 under the Bushmans of the Gobabis region, Botswana. It has 2,757 members and 14 congregations, and adheres to the Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, Heidelberg Catechism, Belgic Confession and the Canons of Dort.There's no women ordination. Official languages are Afrikaans, Bushman, Gobabis-Kung.

## Reasons for repatriation

An unsuccessful effort was made as early as 1883 to get the Angola-Afrikaners to return to Transvaal. For some time, the emigrants led a very comfortable life, but remained strangers to the land. The coming of the railways eroded their living from wagon shipping, and their hunting revenue declined. Agricultural consolidation also worked against them. Relationships with the Portuguese authorities deteriorated as the latter came to rely less on the Trekkers to teach them animal husbandry and shooting. The Swedish traveler and Army officer Peter Möller commented as early as 1895-1896 on some of the many reasons the Afrikaners may want to leave Angola: "The Boers could not obtain full citizenship, gain full ownership of their farms, or teach their children in Afrikaans, and their \[Protestant\] faith was threatened while their chance to make a living farming or shipping declined."

Leaders of the Afrikaner community petitioned the Union government to help them return to South African territory, especially in the South West Africa (SWA) mandate. After negotiations between the Portuguese governor and the Union land minister, the Gen. J.B.M. Hertzog government pledged £500,000 for the second great trek of the Angola-Boers south across the Cunene River to SWA. On August 22, 1928, the first group crossed the Kunene near Swartbooisdrift, and by February 27, 1929, 1,922 people, including 373 families, had been repatriated to SWA. A number of people also emigrated to SWA and South Africa by ship in 1928-29. Not all 420 families issued certificates for the purpose emigrated. Many Afrikaners in northern Angola, who may not have been aware of the migration, were not issued certificates then, but the last Afrikaners returned from Angola in 1930-31.

## Church founding

The approximately 300 whites who arrived in Angola in 1880 were almost all affiliated to the Reformed Churches in South Africa (GKSA or *Gereformeerde Kerk*), and so the Humpata church was affiliated with that denomination by the church council. In 1928, however, quite a few Angola-Boers were affiliated to the Dutch Reformed Churches in South Africa (NHK), the result of a schism in Angola in 1908. Therefore, the first three congregations of the NHK also stemmed from the repatriation in 1937: in Gobabis on July 31, in Otjiwarongo on August 21, and in Grootfontein on September 4. After the repatriation, there remained in Angola only 15 members of the NHK in Angola, but 35 whole families in the GKSA. The NHK in Humpata did not disband until 1958 (with the last great repatriation), while the Humpata Reformed Church had already done so in 1926. The disparity persists in Namibia today in the GKSA's Namibian numbers of 2,000 confirmed members and the NHK's local tally of 1,058.

The schism in the Reformed Churches erupted at an April 6, 1908 church council meeting, where it became apparent that most members of the Humpata congregation differed from the Synod over the mission. The following day, 118 members renounced their GKSA membership, objecting to their pastor, Rev. H.P.J. Pasch (Humpata pastor from 1908 to 1911) preaching to the native *mat volk* ("tame folks," as the Boers called the servants they brought with them on their journey) and administering sacraments only every three months. On April 18 of the same year, 124 members informed the Synod they needed to withdraw from the Reformed Church because their sense of the mission was "at odds with the insights of the Synod." Some withdrew their resignation soon afterward. Appeals by the schismatics to the Dutch Reformed Church in the Netherlands proper failed when the latter declared the NHK position Scripturally erroneous and advised the malcontents to reconcile themselves with the Rev. Pasch and the South African church that had spiritually and financially nurtured them, a prospect with which the schismatics were dissatisfied.

Therefore, the Rev. Pieter van Drimmelen founded the NHK congregation in Humpata on May 31, 1910. After the Rev. Van Drimmelen drew up the bylaws, 34 people signed them, all but one heads of household. On January 11, 1919, the Mombolo NHK congregation was also founded by the Rev. Van Drimmelen with 14 charter members. He died on his return to Humpata. In 1923, the NHK Rev. S.J. Strydom described ecumenical relations between the GKSA and NHK in Angola to still be poor, but not as "miserably bad" as immediately after the schism. By 1926, the controversy had largely subsided, however. GKSA members attended NHK services, but there were some NHK worshippers who would never set foot in a GKSA church.

The GKSA and NHK thus were both tasked with participating in a church council in the mandate lands. The Dutch Reformed Churches in South Africa (NGK), which had almost no Dorsland Trekker members and urged the few remaining ones after the evacuation to turn to the GKSA. In fact, the Gobabis Reformed Church (NGK), the main center for the repatriated Afrikaners, was founded in 1939, nine years before the local GKSA church and two years before the local NHK one. The Aranos (1952) and Outjo (1943) were also not the result of repatriation.

## Founding of Gobabis

Angola-Boers made up the bulk of the Gobabis Reformed Church, founded in 1930 under the GKSA.

In *Kerk in 'n beter land: Die Kerkverhaal van die Dorsland- en Angolatrekkers 1873–1937*, J.M. van Tonder (ed.) writes as follows about the Afrikaners' role in the founding of the settlement: "The Particular Synod of the Cape Reformed Church had, on May 26, 1930, delegated the Rev. H.S. van Jaarsveld to seek out members from Angola and South Africa and organize a church to guide them in the Word and the Sacrament. The Rev. Van Jaarsveld met with the elders Sarel du Plessis and E.T. Meyer and traveled to Farm 412, where a large group of parishioners awaited." Prof. Dr. Jooste write in his *Gedenkboek van die Dorstandtrek*:

> During the first week of June, the Rev. Van Jaarsveld concentrated on testimonial catechism. On Saturday, June 6, 1930 (actually the next day), the Gobabis congregation was founded (on the Auheib farm). The Rev. Van Jaarseveld blessed the inauguration with the words of Ephesians 2:19-22: 'Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and strangers, but fellow citizens with God's people and also members of his household, built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the chief cornerstone. In him the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord. And in him you too are being built together to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit.' On June 6, 1930, all the church councilors of Angola gathered to approve the new congregation. An emotional moment arose when the last minutes from a meeting in Humpata, Angola, were read, approved, and signed by the council. Grounds acquisition was discussed, and the Humpata church council agreed to stay active until the foundation. A letter would also be sent to GKSA members in Ghanzi, Botswana, to which Gobabis would be the nearest GKSA congregation. On Saturday, June 7, 1930 (the Gobabis congregation's foundation date), the Reformed Church members gathered at Helew 408 farm, near the house of P.C. Akkerman, to pitch the tent. There were 364 confirmed and 462 baptized members, altogether 826, in the new Gobabis S.W.A. Reformed Church. The Rev. Van Jaarsveld, the chairman, explained to the congregation that the existing Angola church council had been dissolved and a new one needed to be elected, which it then was by secret ballot. The new councilors would be confirmed during the dedication service. As in Angola, a cattle fund was established to which people were expected to contribute to the best of their ability.

Also in 1930, the Gibeon and Outjo congregations were founded, because the Gibeon district (on the Nossob River) and the Outjo district were the two remaining locales toward which Afrikaners had returned from Angola. Gibeon's name was changed in 1938 to Omrah and in 1959 to Aranos.

## Further foundations

The first GKSA pastor in South West Africa was the Rev. H.F.V. Kruger, who founded the Reddersburg Reformed Church with A.S.E. Yasel on the Halma farm on November 14, 1931. Kruger served in all three congregations (Gibeon, Outjo, and Gobabis), and also visited Keetmanshoop, where a congregation was founded in 1936. The members in Ghanzi, Bechuanaland, were also his responsibility. The members there founded a church in 1948, but it was dissolved in 1973. The Rev. Kruger left the area in 1935 to become pastor in Fauresmith, Free State. On May 17 of that year, he left the SWA congregations, leaving them without a pastor until 1939, and so they sought various pastors from the Union (Cape Particular Synod). More Namibian congregations came and went:

1. Usakos Reformed Church (1953-1960)
2. Bitterwater Reformed Church (Windhoek district) (1935-1964)
3. Bethanie Reformed Church (1969-1975)
4. Kamanjab Reformed Church (1969-1977)
5. Erongo Reformed Church (1972-1982)
6. Oshakati Reformed Church (1988-1990)
7. Rundu Reformed Church (1988-1993)

After several candidates were interviewed in vain, the Rev. J.L. van der Merwe from the Kuruman Reformed Church was hired for the Gobabis parish, and confirmed as such on March 3, 1939 to serve Gobabis, Windhoek, Bitterwater, Omrah, and Keetmanshoop. He occasionally visited Ghanzi as well. Outjo was then served by Cape pastors; the Rev. H.S. van Jaarsveld was the main one active there. The Rev. Van der Merwe went to Windhoek first, but difficulties serving the area from there led him to relocate to Gobabis in May 1940. The financial prognosis of the congregations was poor, requiring most to travel by train to Windhoek or Keetmanshoop. It took several days to make the journey. When visiting Bitterwater and Omrah (Aranos) by car, he was often gone from Gobabis for eleven days. However, the ministry was easier than it had been for the Rev. Kruger, in part thanks to improved roads in the area. The Rev. Van der Merwe worked hard to build the Gobabis church, but World War II delayed his plans, so it would not be until October 27, 1944, that he would return to begin construction.

The Keetmanshoop Reformed Church, the fifth GKSA church in Namibia to be founded in 1936, was the first unrelated to the repatriation, since most members were immigrants from the Cape and Transvaal provinces of South Africa who had settled around Keetmanshoop, Mariental, and Karasburg. The sixth and last congregation founded before World War II was the Windhoek Reformed Church in the regional capital. The Windhoek Reformed Church (NGK), founded in 1929, was the fifth congregation of its denomination in Namibia, as was the Windhoek Reformed Church (NHK), founded on November 25, 1950, after those in Gobabis, Otjiwarongo, Grootfontein, and Outjo.

From 1935 to 1949, pastors from the Cape visited members of the Otjiwarongo, Outjo, and Keetmanshoop congregations, while pastors from Gobabis ministered in Windhoek, Aranos, Leonardville (part of the Aranos congregation), and Ghanzi. In 1950, Dr. D.C.S. van der Merwe was confirmed as Windhoek's first full-time pastor, and he stayed there until 1957, when he left to serve as a missionary at the Potchefstroom-Noord Reformed Church. The Rev. Johan van Ryssen had in 1949 already become the first pastor to serve Outjo regularly, until he left for Parys, Free State in 1953. Otjiwarongo started in 1955 with a full-time pastor, the Rev. M.W. van der Walt, who stayed there until 1958. According to the agreement by which the Otjiwarongo congregation seceded from Outjo, the Rev. Van der Walt preached 11 Sundays a year in Grootfontein, 11 in Walvis Bay and Usakos, and 22 in Otjiwarongo. In 1959, he was replaced by E.W. Meyer, who in 1965 accepted a post at the Pongola Reformed Church near Goedgegund, Swaziland.

In 1959, the centennial year of the GKSA, there were 12 congregations in South West Africa with 1,436 confirmed and 1,328 baptized members served by 4 pastors. In 1998, the two Klassis (Nossob and Etosha) included 1,887 confirmed and 877 baptized members served by 11 pastors. By 2014, there were 1,723 confirmed but only 481 baptized members. That year, 9 pastors were active in 17 congregations (18 including the missionary congregation known as the Sanveld Reformed Church). The Klassis Etosha included most of the congregations, but Aranos, Outjo, Biermanskool (known as Vanjaarsveld from 1955 to 1961 and from 1961 to 1985 as Outjo-West), Namib-Kus, and Khomas-Hoogland) belonged to Klassis Waterberg before their 2016 secession from the GKSA.

## Bibliography

* (af) Jooste, Prof. Dr. J.P. 1959. *Die Geskiedenis van die Gereformeerde Kerk in Suid-Afrika 1859–1959*. Potchefstroom: Administratiewe Buro van die Gereformeerde Kerk.
* (en) Potgieter, D.J. (ed.) 1972. *Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa*. Cape Town: Nasionale Opvoedkundige Uitgewery Beperk.
* (af) Stassen, Nicol. 2009. *Afrikaners in Angola 1928–1975*. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis.
* (af) Swart, Dr. M.J. (chairman: editing committee). 1980. *Afrikaanse kultuuralmanak*. Auckland Park: Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge.
* (af) Viljoen, Lood (chairman). 2005. *75-jarige feesvieringe van die Gereformeerde kerk Gobabis 1930–2005*. Gobabis: Gereformeerde Kerkraad.
* (af) Vogel, Rev. Willem. 2013. *Die Almanak van die Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika vir die jaar 2014*. Potchefstroom: Administratiewe Buro.

### Miscellaneous

### Churches

1. Fasse, Christoph. "Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions". *www.reformiert-online.net*. Retrieved 2017-07-13.


title: United States v. Cook

abstract: United States v. Cook, 86 U.S. 591 (1873), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Indian tribes do not own the land their reservations are on, the land is owned by the United States and the Indians only have a right to occupy the land. They may not cut and sell timber merely for the purpose of selling timber, they may only sell timber that was cut incidental to another purpose. The government has a right to take action to recover damages for timber sold illegally from that land.

text:
# United States v. Cook

***United States v. Cook***, 86 U.S. (19 Wall.) 591 (1873), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Indian tribes do not own the land their reservations are on, the land is owned by the United States and the Indians only have a right to occupy the land. They may not cut and sell timber merely for the purpose of selling timber, they may only sell timber that was cut incidental to another purpose. The government has a right to take action to recover damages for timber sold illegally from that land.

## Background

In 1831, the Menominee tribe turned over part of their reservation in Wisconsin to the United States for use by the Stockbridge Indians. Some of the tribe cut timber and sold the logs to George Cook. The federal government brought an action in common law known as a *writ of replevin* to recover the logs from Cook. It came to the Supreme Court on a certificate of division. The only side to present an argument was the United States, Cook was not represented before the Court.

## Opinion of the Court

Chief Justice Morrison Waite delivered the opinion of the Court. Justice Waite stated that the title held by the Stockbridge tribe was one of occupancy only, that the United States held the fee title to the land. Justice Waite noted that this had been decided in *Johnson v. McIntosh* 50 years earlier, in 1823. The Indians were not allowed to cut and sell lumber under the legal principal of waste. If they were clearing land for agriculture, they could sell the lumber as an incidental byproduct of the improvement to the land. The sale must be incidental to the improvement, and if not, the federal government may take legal action to recover the lumber.

## Subsequent developments

This principle of waste and sale of material from reservation land was changed in 1920, when Congress passed a law authorizing the sale of timber for the benefit of the tribes.

The citations in this article are written in Bluebook style. Please see the talk page for more information.

## InfoBox

| United States v. Cook | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Decided May 4, 1874 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. George Cook* |
| Citations | 86 U.S. 591 (*more*)19 Wall. 591; 22 L. Ed. 210 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Certificate of division, C.C.E.D. Wis. |
| Holding | |
| Indian tribes do not own the land their reservations are on, the land is owned by the United States and the Indians only have a right to occupy the land. They may not cut and sell timber merely for the purpose of selling timber, they may only sell timber that was cut incidental to another purpose. The government has a right to take action to recover damages for timber sold illegally from that land. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Morrison Waite  Associate Justices Nathan Clifford **·**  Noah H. Swayne
Samuel F. Miller **·**  David Davis
Stephen J. Field **·**  William Strong
Joseph P. Bradley **·**  Ward Hunt | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Waite, joined by *unanimous* |
| Laws applied | |
| Common law decision, based on replevin, waste, and Indian right of occupancy | |
| Superseded by | |
| Statute, 25 U.S.C. §§ 406407, as stated in *United States v. Mitchell*, 463 U.S. 206 (1983). | |


title: Dictyneis

abstract: Dictyneis is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is endemic to Chile. It is apterous.

text:
# Dictyneis

***Dictyneis*** is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is endemic to Chile. It is apterous.

## Taxonomy

The original type species designated for *Dictyneis* was *Myochrous pulvinosus* Blanchard, 1851. This species was moved to *Glyptoscelis* by Jerez and Berti (1987), which would automatically make *Dictyneis* a synonym of *Glyptoscelis*. However, Jerez (1991) then designated *Myochrous asperatus* Blanchard, 1851 as the type species, which is considered invalid by Elgueta, Daccordi & Zoia (2017). Despite this, *Dictyneis* continues to be used, as it is intended that a submission to the ICZN will be made to preserve the name.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Dictyneis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Subfamily: | Eumolpinae |
| Tribe: | Bromiini |
| Genus: | *Dictyneis*
Baly, 1865 |
|
| Type species | |
| *(See text)*
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Myochrous* Blanchard, 1851
(nec Erichson, 1847) | |


title: David Banfield

abstract: David Banfield is an AHL and former NHL referee. Banfield began his NHL refereeing career on March 17, 2008 with the Colorado Avalanche at Minnesota Wild game. A member of the NHL Officials' Association from 2007 until 2012, Banfield refereed 74 games at the NHL level. He has not officiated NHL matches since the 2011-12 season, but he continues to work AHL matches.

text:
# David Banfield

**David Banfield** (born April 30, 1979 in Halifax, Nova Scotia) is an AHL and former NHL referee. Banfield began his NHL refereeing career on March 17, 2008 with the Colorado Avalanche at Minnesota Wild game. A member of the NHL Officials' Association from 2007 until 2012, Banfield refereed 74 games at the NHL level.

He has not officiated NHL matches since the 2011-12 season, but he continues to work AHL matches.


title: Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan

abstract: Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan is an Indian Actor, Director, Playwright, Writer, Theatre Activist from Assam.

text:
# Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan

**Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan** is an Indian Actor, Director, Playwright, Writer, Theatre Activist from Assam.

## Personal life

Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan was born in 1973 in Guwahati, Assam, India. He is the son of Dhiru Bhuyan, a Theatre Actor, Director and Assamese filmmaker, and Reeta Bhuyan, a homemaker. He is married to Rudrakshi Bhuyan, and they have a son named Gyaan Bhuyan and a daughter named Reeha Bhuyan.

## Early life and education

He completed his schooling from Faculty Higher Secondary School, Guwahati and went on to receive his Bachelor of Arts in English from Cotton College in 1994. In 2000, he completed his Master of Arts in Linguistics (Sociolinguistics) from Gauhati University while working with The Telegraph as a correspondent.

## Career

Since 1991, Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan has been a columnist, writing articles and features by invitation for various regional and national newspapers and magazines in India. His insightful contributions in the field of music and culture have been featured in publications including The Times of India, The Wire, The Sentinel, The Telegraph, The Assam tribune.

From 2005 to 2014, D'com worked as a Communications Associate for the International Finance Corporation (World Bank Group) based in Kolkata, India, and Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Since 2014, Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan has been serving as the Dean and Mentor for Communication Skills, English Language Teaching, and Theatre at the Royal Global School. He also holds the position of Adjunct Faculty at the School of Communication and Media at The Royal Global University. A national mentor for Katha Utsav, a festival of young writers in India and Metropolis Asia apart from conducting theatre workshops

He has also participated in the International Year of Indigenous Languages, 2019 through his Indigenous storytelling in Axomiya and Nagamese through Bamhum and Howey Music.

He has participated in many TEDx events organized in Guwahati on the different themes like Wider Horizons, "Reality Rings in Ancient Gongs - The Backstory." And "Boundaries No More".

## Theatre, Films and Acting

He is the founder of the theatre group "D'Passion Collective". He is also a member of the North East Writers Forum.

He is enhancing the livelihood of folk media artists through classroom programs in many colleges and universities. He regularly conducts theatre workshops for the overall development of creative minds

He has played the role of a sniper in the movie Mission China and the Assamese film Aamis. Apart from that, he has also appeared in "Anurag", "Asene Kunuba Hiyat", "Jwlwi", and others. On 4 February 2023, a documentary celebrating the life of the iconic musician Lou Majaw titled ‘The Platinum Gong’ directed by Sattyakee Dcom Bhuyan and produced by Dipak Chandra Das was released.

### Plays

* A Street Car Named Desire: Tennessee Williams
* The Virtuous Burglar: Dario Fo
* To Each His Own: Nicholas Bernard Kharkongor
* Where There Is A Will: Mahesh Dattani
* Ahh! Women: Miro Gavran
* Laughter Prohibited: Miro Gavran
* Tch, Tch, Tch : Sattyakee D’com Bhuyan (Workshop Production)
* Animal Farm: George Orwell
* 30 Days In September: Mahesh Dattani
* The Merchant of Venice: William Shakespeare
* Going Solo: Sattyakee D’com Bhuyan (Workshop Production)
* The Shakespearewallahas : Sattyakee D’com Bhuyan
* Matho Chithi : Sattyakee D’com Bhuyan
* Just Letters: Sattyakee D’com Bhuyan (An Adaptation of Gurney’s Love Letters)
* Who Is Manto? Adaptation of Saadat Hasan Manto’s three Stories by Sattyakee D’com Bhuyan
* Park Bench Blues: by Sattyakee D’com Bhuyan
* Shakespeare Revisits by Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan
* Clowning Glory- A Day in the Life of an Actor by Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan

## Awards

* India Today Youth Icon (2010)

## InfoBox

| Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan
সাত্যকী ডি'কম ভূঞা | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1973-03-15) 15 March 1973
Uzan Bazar, Guwahati |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, Director and Theatre Activist |
| Parent(s) | Dhiru Bhuyan (Father)
Reeta Bhuyan (Mother) |


title: Recreio da Juventude

abstract: Recreio da Juventude is a club in the Brazilian city of Caxias do Sul. Founded in 1912, it is one of the oldest and most traditional clubs in the city. It has engaged in intense social, cultural, recreational, and sports activities since its foundation; the Esporte Clube Juventude branched out from the club. Currently, the Recreio da Juventude has a social headquarters, a large countryside headquarters with sports and leisure equipment, and remains the owner of the building of the old Central Cinema, which although deactivated since 1990, was one of the main show houses in Caxias, offering cinema, theater, and music. It won several titles in sports and the Central Cinema and the social headquarters building are listed as a heritage site.

text:
# Recreio da Juventude

**Recreio da Juventude** (English: Youth Recreation) is a club in the Brazilian city of Caxias do Sul. Founded in 1912, it is one of the oldest and most traditional clubs in the city. It has engaged in intense social, cultural, recreational, and sports activities since its foundation; the Esporte Clube Juventude branched out from the club. Currently, the Recreio da Juventude has a social headquarters, a large countryside headquarters with sports and leisure equipment, and remains the owner of the building of the old Central Cinema, which although deactivated since 1990, was one of the main show houses in Caxias, offering cinema, theater, and music. It won several titles in sports and the Central Cinema and the social headquarters building are listed as a heritage site.

## History

The Recreio da Juventude was created on December 28, 1912, as a dissidence of the Clube Juvenil, by 29 young people in a house owned by José Bragatti, at 66 Júlio de Castilhos Avenue. Its name came from a provision in its first statute that admitted only single men; this restriction would soon be repealed. The first to assume the presidency was Ferdinando Jaconi. The official ceremonies to inaugurate the social headquarters took place on February 4, 1913, and began with a procession of ladies that left Ludovico Sartori's house in the morning carrying the flag made by the families of Caxias, which was delivered to the president in the first headquarters at Dante Alighieri Square, among cheers and speeches. Afterwards, there was a lunch at the Firenze Hotel, a civic march down Julio Avenue in the afternoon, and in the evening, the solemn inauguration of the board of directors and a dance that extended into the early hours of the morning.

In the beginning, the club did not have its own headquarters and its main focus was soccer. The first team was amateur and established on June 29, 1913, with the name Sport Club Foot Ball Juventude. This creation drew the attention of the community of Caxias, and the entire day was marked by civil and religious ceremonies, parades, and parties; its first president was Antônio Chiaradia Neto. On March 16, 1915, it was decided to completely disassociate the soccer team from *Recreio da Juventude*, forming an autonomous entity. It is the current *Esporte Clube Juventude*, the oldest team in town still active.

From 1914 on, the social and recreational activities intensified, and by 1916 there was already one dance a month; the club's birthday parties were especially brilliant. Initially, it was defined as an elite club, achieving "beautiful results and charming graces for our social environment, gathering the hard-working people of this land, linking the families of our best society, pushing the youth to conquer more and more the true social culture", as described by the press of the time. When the *Recreio* was in the Círculo Operário Caxiense building, it hosted the first edition of the Grape Festival. It had several rented headquarters until it inaugurated its first facilities in 1918, in a big house located where the gardens of the Pompeia Hospital are today.

In 1924, the club inaugurated a large space for film projection in its headquarters, with a stable orchestra and capacity for 600 people. In 1925, the members bought a plot of land in Dante Square from the Sartori family to build the Central Cinema, a large movie theater that opened in 1928. The building had an elegant and richly decorated facade, with statuary and masks by Estacio Zambelli, matching the sumptuous interior decoration. As the same year it opened, the city had lost its Apollo Theater to a fire, the Central took over as the town's main playhouse.

A women's branch called Éden Juventudista was created in 1927. *Éden* was founded by the poet Vico Thompson and a group of society ladies, with Ida Sartori Paternoster as honorary president. It was the first cultural club in the city composed and managed by women. According to Rodrigo Lopes, "the *Recreio da Juventude* broke the customs of a very conservative time, allowing the feminine contribution in the organization of several cultural activities".

In 1939, the club had a patrimony of more than 600 *contos de réis*, and over 600 members, "the finest in the society of Caxias", and was described in the press as "a traditionally esteemed and respected society", that figured "in a prominent plan in our city". The Éden Juventudista had more than 200 members. In 1947, it started the construction of the current social headquarters at Pinheiro Machado Street 1762, a good example of modernist architecture, which was inaugurated in 1955. On December 10, 1958, it acquired land for the installation of its countryside headquarters, and in 2011 it incorporated the assets of the extinct Clube Guarany.

Throughout its history, the club has developed intense social, cultural, sports, and recreational activities, as well as promoting charitable activities. Its cultural department, created in 1956, holds a permanent schedule with events in several areas, such as classical music, theater, cinema, art exhibitions, lectures, popular shows, and thematic projects. In 2016, a partnership was signed with the University of Caxias do Sul to create a music school and a youth orchestra, foreseeing the establishment of workshops and an official concert season. In 2019, a project was launched to rescue the club's memory and create a historical collection. The Central Cinema, which had been falling into decay since the 1970s, closed permanently in 1990; then, the building was rented, and its interior was dismantled for other uses. The facade was declared a heritage site by the City Hall on December 15, 2008, along with the social headquarters building. According to the City Hall,

> The protected complex, which belongs to the entity Recreio da Juventude, stands out for its architectural and evocative importance in the local urban landscape, in different styles and contexts of social and cultural life. The building on Júlio de Castilhos Avenue, known as the Old Central Cinema, was inaugurated in 1928. The volumetry and ornaments expressed its use as a house for shows and leisure. The boldness of the half-naked figures on the facade - a woman and two young men - caused controversy in the eminently Catholic community. At Pinheiro Machado street, we find the set composed by the remaining 1925 construction, connected to the social headquarters in modern style, with three floors and large glass facades that characterizes the urban landscape since its inauguration in 1955.

Its countryside headquarters is a large wooded park of 29 hectares, with swimming pools, barbecue grills, areas for events and shows, and courts for various sports. The incentive to sports has always been in the center of the interests, and a specific department was created to organize internal and open competitions, participate in local, state, and national contests, and contemplate many sports, including basketball, swimming, judo, soccer, handball, bocce ball, ping-pong, tennis, volleyball, and others. In the 1980s, the club gathered the largest number of tennis players in the state and the largest number of courts in the countryside. Its promotion of judo received national recognition. In 2016, the club received the Outstanding Trophy from the Regional Physical Education Council of the 2nd Region for its promotion of sports.

Three candidates from Recreio were queens of the Grape Festival: Roxane Torelly, Annemarie Brugger, and Marília Conte. In 1989 it received trophies as Outstanding Club RS and Best Debutante Ball of the state. In 2012, after celebrating its centennial, *Recreio* was honored in a solemn session of the City Council in recognition of "its role in the city's development" and for its "protagonist role in local daily life". In 2020, through Law No. 8,572, the City Hall declared *Recreio* a public utility institution. In 2022, the club was honored at the Grape Festival for having hosted the first edition of the event.

## Sports Titles

### Handball

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **Gaúcho Men's Handball Championship** | **3** | 2014, 2015, 2016 |
| **State Handball Championship** | **6** | 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 categories infantile (2) and juvenile (4) male |
| **Brazilian Club Championship** | **1** | 2004, men's cadet category |
| **Curitiba International Handball Cup** | **1** | 2004, category 87/88 |

### Judo

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **National Judo Championship** | 7 | 1987, 1988, several categories |
| **State Judo Championship** | 10 | 1998, 2007, several categories |
| **Judo Summer Cup (State)** | **1** | 2003, junior men's category |
| **South American Judo Championship** | **1** | 2003, men's pre-juvenile category, middle-lightweight |
| **Summer Tournament (State)** | 1 | 2007, women's pre-juvenile category |
| **Manoel Rodrigues Cação Cup (State)** | 3 | 2007, women's pre-juvenile category; 2008, men's junior category; 2009, men's junior category |
| **Alberico Passadore Cup (Uruguay)** | 6 | 2007, categories 7–8 years old over 44 kg; 11–12 years old over 52 kg; junior up to 60 kg; junior up to 70 kg; senior up to 90 kg; senior over 100 kg |
| **Santa Maria Cup (State)** | 2 | 2009, light female and heavy male categories |

### Basketball

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **Minibasket State Championship** | 1 | 1989 |
| **Serrano Championship (Regional)** | 1 | 2007, sub-17 category |
| **Children's State Championship** | **1** | 2007 |

### Tennis

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **Sogipa Open Championship (State)** | 1 | 1990, children's category |
| **Gramado Tennis Cup (State)** | 3 | 2006, singles and doubles, category 12 (2); doubles, category 18 (1) |
| **ALJ Tennis Cup (State)** | 1 | 2007, single mode, category 14 |

### Cycling

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **Gaúcho Middle Distance Championship** | 1 | 1990, women's category |

### Swimming

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **General Indoor Winter State Championship** | 7 |  |
| **World Series - Parathletics** | 2 | 2022, categories 200m freestyle and 150 medley |
| **State Summer Master Championship** | 54 gold medals | 2004, 2008 |
| **Brazilian Masters Championship** | 1 | 2005, by team, small team category |

### Futsal

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **Nordestão Cup** | 1 | 2005, children's category |

### Gymnastics

| International, National and State | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Competition** | **Titles** | **Seasons** |
| **Gymnastics State Championship - 2nd Division** | 1 | 2007, by team, children's category |

1. Dal Bó, Juventino (1990-03-18). "Sinal dos Tempos". *Folha de Hoje*.
2. "Recreio da Juventude". *O Brazil*. 1913-02-06.
3. "HISTÓRICO". *Recreio da Juventude*.
4. Gardelin, Gardelin (1978-01-18). "Juventude — 65 anos de paixão e glória". *Pioneiro*.
5. "Recreio da Juventude". *O Brazil*. 1914-01-19.
6. "Recreio da Juventude". *O Brazil*. 1914-06-06.
7. "Recreio da Juventude". *O Brazil*. 1916-06-10.
8. "Recreio da Juventude". *Città di Caxias*. 1918-01-12.
9. "A commemoração de 13 de Maio". *O Brazil*. 1918-05-18.
10. "Caxias Social". *O Momento*. 1933-10-16.
11. "Recreio da Juventude". *A Encrenca*. 1915-02-21.
12. "Pelos theatros". *O Brazil*. 1924-06-19.
13. Lopes, Rodrigo (1914-12-26). "Vico Thompson e o Éden Juventudista". *Pioneiro*.
14. "Recreio da Juventude, uma das mais conceituadas sociedades de Caxias". *A Época*. 1939-01-10.
15. "Festa & Festa agita semana do RJ". *Folha de Caxias*. 1989-11-11.
16. "Espaço Cultural". *Folha de Hoje*. 1989-12-08.
17. "Novidades no Recreio da Juventude". *Folha de Hoje*. 1990-02-13.
18. "Legislativo caxiense homenageia o centenário do Recreio da Juventude". *City Council of Caxias do Sul*. 2012-11-29.
19. "Recreio da Juventude, de Caxias do Sul, promove 19ª edição do Bazar Beneficente Criando com Arte". *Tua Rádio*. 2019-12-10.
20. "As ações que zelam por pessoas em situação de rua em Caxias do Sul". *GaúchaZH*. 2021-07-30.
21. "O dia de hoje, 4 de julho, na história do Rio Grande do Sul". *Canguçu em Foco*. 2013-07-04.
22. Rigon, Roni (2017-09-22). "Além do palco, Ferronato: As memórias do produtor de inesquecíveis espetáculos da década de 1980 em Caxias". *Pioneiro*.
23. Lopes, Rodrigo (2016-06-23). "Recreio da Juventude, um novo espaço cultural no centro de Caxias do Sul". *Pioneiro*.
24. "Terça Cult | Espetáculo 'Rock Classics' abre temporada 2018, em Caxias". *UCS FM*. 2018-03-05.
25. "Projeto Legislativo nº 17/2012". *City Council of Caxias do Sul*.
26. "UCS e Clube Recreio da Juventude fazem parceria para formação de Orquestra Jovem". *University of Caxias do Sul*. 2016-12-08.
27. Lopes, Rodrigo (2019-02-04). "Recreio da Juventude resgata sua história no projeto Memórias RJ". *Pioneiro*.
28. "Relação dos Bens Tombados pelo Patrimônio Histórico e Cultural de Caxias do Sul" (PDF). *Municipal Secretariat of Culture of Caxias do Sul*.
29. "Recreio da Juventude". *City Hall of Caxias do Sul*. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14.
30. "Piscinas de clubes, lazer de mais de 75 mil caxienses". *Folha de Hoje*. 1990-02-14.
31. "Temporada de Verão no Recreio da Juventude". *Folha de Hoje*. 1990-01-10.
32. "Skate é sensação". *Folha de Caxias*. 1988-11-12.
33. "Curtas". *Folha de Caxias*. 1988-11-26.
34. "RJ terá quadras de tênis cobertas". *Folha de Caxias*. 1989-02-09.
35. "Judô caxiense é destaque nacional". *Folha de Caxias*. 1989-06-03.
36. "Troféu Destaque homenageia os melhores profissionais do ano". *Regional Council of Physical Education 2nd Region*. 2016-09-02.
37. "Deliz De Zorzi é a Rainha da Festa da Uva do ano que vem". *Folha de Caxias*. 1988-10-19.
38. Spier, Marisa Dotti (1989-06-24). "Metropolitan". *Folha de Caxias*.
39. "LEI Nº 8.572, DE 1 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2020". *City Hall of Caxias do Sul*.
40. "Trajes oficiais das Soberanas relembram os 90 anos de história da Festa da Uva". *City Hall of Caxias do Sul*. 2021-12-03.
41. "Handebol". *Tempo Todo*. 2022-12-06.
42. "Handebol". *Tempo Todo*. 2004-12-02.
43. "Handebol". *Tempo Todo*. 2004-06-03.
44. "Handebol". *Tempo Todo*. 2004-06-24.
45. "Judô RJ: 7 campeões brasileiros". *Folha de Caxias*. 1988-09-24.
46. "Judô". *Tempo Todo*. 2007-12-06.
47. "Judô: Estadual". *Folha de Hoje*. 1989-11-29.
48. "Judô". *Tempo Todo*. 2003-03-06.
49. Mendes, Gilberto (2003-07-31). "Destaques do Amador". *Tempo Todo*.
50. "Destaques do Amador". *Tempo Todo*. 2008-03-08.
51. "Judô". *Tempo Todo*. 2007-03-22.
52. "Judô". *Tempo Todo*. 2008-03-19.
53. "Judô". *Tempo Todo*. 2009-02-04.
54. "Judô". *Tempo Todo*. 2007-10-04.
55. "Judô". *Tempo Todo*. 2009-04-16.
56. "RJ derrota o União". *Folha de Hoje*. 1989-11-28.
57. "Basquete". *Tempo Todo*. 2007-10-31.
58. "Basquete". *Tempo Todo*. 2007-11-08.
59. "Novo campeão de tênis caxiense tem apenas nove anos de idade". *Folha de Hoje*. 1990-04-10.
60. "Tênis". *Tempo Todo*. 2006-10-26.
61. "Tênis". *Tempo Todo*. 2007-06-21.
62. "Destaques caxienses em mais um campeonato de ciclismo". *Folha de Hoje*. 1990-05-08.
63. Dutra, Laudir (2019-06-26). "Natação do Recreio da Juventude, de Caxias do Sul, é heptacampeã do Estadual Geral de Inverno do Interior". *Jornal Ponto Inicial*.
64. Grandi, Rafaela (2022-04-06). "Paratleta ipeense Larissa Rodrigues conquista 5 medalhas em Berlim". *Leouvre*.
65. "Natação". *Tempo Todo*. 2004-12-06.
66. "Natação". *Tempo Todo*. 2008-02-10.
67. "Natação". *Tempo Todo*. 2005-05-05.
68. "Futsal". *Tempo Todo*. 2005-12-22.
69. "Ginástica". *Tempo Todo*. 2007-12-08.


abstract: Shaffer Union Elementary School District is a public school district in Lassen County, California, United States.

text:
# Shaffer Union Elementary School District

**Shaffer Union Elementary School District** is a public school district in Lassen County, California, United States.

## InfoBox

| Shaffer Union Elementary School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 722-055 Highway 395 North Litchfield, California, 96117<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | K–8 |
| Schools | 1 elementary |
| NCES District ID | 0636420 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 187 (2020–2021) |
| Teachers | 9.0 (FTE) |
| Staff | 8.5 (FTE) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 20.78:1 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.shafferschool.com |


title: Charles Gunn (actor)

abstract: Charles E. Gunn was an American silent film actor with the Vitagraph Company of America. Gunn was born in Wisconsin but was educated in San Francisco after his family moved to California. After debuting in a bit part in a play in San Francisco, Gunn acted on stage with the Harry Davis, Morosco, and Alcazar stock theater troupes, and was the leading man for theatrical companies in Cincinnati, Minneapolis, and Pittsburgh. He also toured in productions of St. Elmo and The Conspiracy. On December 6, 1918, Gunn died in Los Angeles in the Spanish flu pandemic.

text:
# Charles Gunn (actor)

**Charles E. Gunn** (July 31, 1883 – December 6, 1918) was an American silent film actor with the Vitagraph Company of America.

Gunn was born in Wisconsin but was educated in San Francisco after his family moved to California.

After debuting in a bit part in a play in San Francisco, Gunn acted on stage with the Harry Davis, Morosco, and Alcazar stock theater troupes, and was the leading man for theatrical companies in Cincinnati, Minneapolis, and Pittsburgh. He also toured in productions of *St. Elmo* and *The Conspiracy*.

On December 6, 1918, Gunn died in Los Angeles in the Spanish flu pandemic.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Charles Gunn | |
| --- | --- |
| Gunn with Alma Rubens in the 1917
comedy *The Firefly of Tough Luck* | |
| Born | Charles Edward Gunn
(1883-07-31)July 31, 1883
Wisconsin, US |
| Died | December 6, 1918(1918-12-06) (aged 35)
Los Angeles, California, US |
| Occupation | actor |
| Spouse | Nina |


title: Recapitulation

abstract:
Recapitulation may refer to:
  - Recapitulation (music), a section of musical sonata form where the exposition is repeated in an altered form and the development is concluded
  - Recapitulation theory, a scientific theory influential on but no longer accepted in its original form by both evolutionary and developmental biology, namely, that the congruence in form between the same embryonic developmental stages of different species is evidence that the embryos are repeating the evolutionary stages of their ancestral history
  - Recapitulation theory of atonement, first clearly expressed by Irenaeus
  - Recapitulation (Castaneda), a spiritual practice appearing first in the writings of Carlos Castaneda and later in those of Miguel Ángel Ruiz, Victor Sanchez and others
  - Recapitulation (Dentistry-Endodontics), Recapitulation is the sequential reentry and reuse of each previous instrument. Throughout the debriding or filing process, the root canal must be recapitulated. A smaller diameter file is intermittently and finally inserted to the measured apical length and the small bits of debris that are packed into the apex are removed to ensure total canal debridement. Recapitulation is a necessity for proper endodontic success.

text:
# Recapitulation

**Recapitulation** may refer to:

* Recapitulation (music), a section of musical sonata form where the exposition is repeated in an altered form and the development is concluded
* Recapitulation theory, a scientific theory influential on but no longer accepted in its original form by both evolutionary and developmental biology, namely, that the congruence in form between the same embryonic developmental stages of different species is evidence that the embryos are repeating the evolutionary stages of their ancestral history
* Recapitulation theory of atonement, first clearly expressed by Irenaeus
* Recapitulation (Castaneda), a spiritual practice appearing first in the writings of Carlos Castaneda and later in those of Miguel Ángel Ruiz, Victor Sanchez and others
* Recapitulation (Dentistry-Endodontics), Recapitulation is the sequential reentry and reuse of each previous instrument. Throughout the debriding or filing process, the root canal must be recapitulated. A smaller diameter file is intermittently and finally inserted to the measured apical length and the small bits of debris that are packed into the apex are removed to ensure total canal debridement. Recapitulation is a necessity for proper endodontic success.


title: United States v. Correll

abstract: United States v. Correll, 389 U.S. 299 (1967), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled 5-3 that in order for the taxpayer to be allowed to deduct the cost of his meals incurred while on a business trip, the trip must have required him to stop for sleep or rest.

text:
# United States v. Correll

***United States v. Correll***, 389 U.S. 299 (1967), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled 5-3 that in order for the taxpayer to be allowed to deduct the cost of his meals incurred while on a business trip, the trip must have required him to stop for sleep or rest.

## Facts

The respondent, a traveling salesman from Tennessee, routinely took same-day business trips throughout 1960 and 1961. He would leave on business early in the morning and come back by dinner. Because he would eat breakfast and lunch on the road, he deducted the cost of those meals from his 1960 and 1961 income tax return pursuant to § 162(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code. § 162(a)(2) allows the taxpayer to deduct "traveling expenses \[incurred\] while away from home in the pursuit of a trade or business." The Commissioner of Internal Revenue ("Commissioner") disallowed the deductions on the ground that the respondent did not meet the definition of "away from home" under § 162(a)(2) because his trip did not require him to sleep or rest. Therefore, the Commissioner ruled that the cost of the meals was not a § 162(a)(2) business expense, but rather a "’personal, living’ expense under § 262." The respondent paid the tax and sued for a refund in the District Court. He received a favorable verdict in the District Court, which was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The Supreme Court granted certiorari “in order to resolve a conflict among the circuits on this recurring question of federal income tax administration.”

## Analysis

If the cost of the meals did not qualify for a § 162(a)(2) business expense deduction, then they would be classified as a § 262 personal expense, and would be non-deductible. Whether the cost of the meals falls under § 162(a)(2) depends on how the phrase "traveling ... away from home" is interpreted. The Commissioner has interpreted the phrase as requiring the taxpayer to sleep or rest during his trip. The Court found two advantages to the Commissioner’s interpretation. First, the Court noted that a business traveler who is allowed a § 162(a)(2) business deduction receives a windfall, because part of what is spent on meals represents a personal living expense that other taxpayers are not entitled to deduct at all. Therefore, fairness demands that § 162(a)(2) should not extend to all situations involving business travel. Allowing a taxpayer who has to travel two blocks from his home on a business trip to take a § 162(a)(2) deduction, but not the taxpayer whose business requires no travel at all, illustrates the inequitable result of a contrary approach. Second, the requirement that the taxpayer must sleep away from home in order to qualify for a § 162(a)(2) deduction is a bright-line, easy to administer rule that avoids unnecessary litigation.

The Court uses statutory interpretation to affirm the Commissioner’s approach. First, the Court notes that “traveling” implies being “away from home.” Therefore, a broad interpretation of “away from home” would make the phrase redundant. In addition, the Court observes that the statute groups “meals and lodging” together, suggesting Congress’ intent to allow a deduction for the cost of meals only where the business traveler has to pay for lodging as well.

Finally, the Court notes that even if alternatives to this bright-line rule are available, it is not the Court’s role to fashion a new rule. “In this area of limitless factual variations, ‘it is the province of Congress and the Commissioner, not the courts, to make the appropriate adjustments.’”

Justices Douglas, Black and Fortas dissented on the ground that the phrase “while away from home” goes to geography and not time. The dissent argued that the majority’s approach of interpreting the phrase as “overnight” incorrectly switches the focus to a time element.

## Significance of the decision

The Court affirmed the Commissioner’s interpretation of the “away from home” requirement of § 162(a)(2). By doing so, the Court chose to retain a bright-line rule instead of a case-by-case approach — thereby avoiding uncertainty and excessive litigation.

Furthermore, the decision puts all one-day travelers forced to pay for their meals on an equal footing when it comes to allowing a § 162(a)(2) business expense deduction.

## InfoBox

| United States v. Correll | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 14, 1967
Decided December 11, 1967 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. Correll* |
| Citations | 389 U.S. 299 (*more*)88 S.Ct. 445; 19 L. Ed. 2d 537; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 2957 |
| Holding | |
| In order for the taxpayer to be allowed to deduct the cost of his meals incurred while on a business trip, the trip must have required him to stop for sleep or rest. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Earl Warren  Associate Justices Hugo Black **·**  William O. Douglas
John M. Harlan II **·**  William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart **·**  Byron White
Abe Fortas **·**  Thurgood Marshall | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Stewart, joined by Warren, Harlan, Brennan, White |
| Dissent | Douglas, joined by Black, Fortas |
| Marshall took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | |
| Laws applied | |
| Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 162 | |


title: Dictyna saltona

abstract: Dictyna saltona is a species of spider in the family Dictynidae. The scientific name of this species was first published in 1958 by Ralph Vary Chamberlin & Willis J. Gertsch

text:
# Dictyna saltona

***Dictyna saltona*** is a species of spider in the family Dictynidae. The scientific name of this species was first published in 1958 by Ralph Vary Chamberlin & Willis J. Gertsch

## InfoBox

| *Dictyna saltona* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Dictynidae |
| Genus: | *Dictyna* |
| Species: | ***D. saltona*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dictyna saltona***<br>Ralph Vary Chamberlin & Willis J. Gertsch, 1958 | |
|


title: Date and time notation in Brazil

abstract: Date and time notation in Brazil records the date using the day–month–year format. The country follows the national standard NBR 5892:2019 for date and time. It was originally published in 1989 and updated in 2019. In the long format, the day is written as a numeral, followed by the preposition "de" (of), the month written in lowercase, and the year. The time is written using the 24-hour clock; in spoken language and informal contexts the 12-hour clock is also commonly adopted.

text:
# Date and time notation in Brazil

**Date and time notation in Brazil** records the date using the day–month–year format (05/10/2024 or 05.10.2024). The country follows the national standard NBR 5892:2019 for date and time. It was originally published in 1989 and updated in 2019. In the long format, the day is written as a numeral, followed by the preposition "de" (of), the month written in lowercase, and the year (23 de janeiro de 2024). The time is written using the 24-hour clock (14:55 or 14 h 55 min); in spoken language and informal contexts the 12-hour clock is also commonly adopted.

## Date

In Brazil, dates follow the "day month year" order, using a slash as the separator. Example: 20/06/2008 or 20/06/08. Leading zeros may be omitted, specifically on the month, but never on the year field: 9/5/08. In formal writing, months are spelled out and not capitalized, e.g., "*20 de junho de 2008*" (lit. *20 of June of 2008* / English: *20th of June 2008*). Besides, day (except the first) and year numbers are read as ordinals and year numbers are not grouped as in English. So, for instance, Brazilians never say "*dezenove dezoito*" ("nineteen eighteen") for 1918, but they spell it as "*mil, novecentos e dezoito*" ("one thousand, nine hundred and eighteen"). Below are some examples of dates and various formats of writing and reading them.

Date: 01/05/1927 or 1/5/1927 or *1o de maio de 1927* or *1o. de maio de 1927*.
Read as: *primeiro de maio de mil, novecentos e vinte e sete* (first of May of one thousand, nine hundred and twenty-seven).
Or informally as: *um de maio de vinte e sete*. (one of May of twenty-seven).

Note: If the century in question is specified in the context (this is particularly true for years of the twentieth century) only the final part may be read. For example, the above date might be very shortly spelled as "*um do cinco de vinte e sete*" (one of the five of twenty-seven).

Date: 2/12/1967 or 02/12/1967 or *2 de dezembro de 1967*.
Read as: *dois de dezembro de mil, novecentos e sessenta e sete* (two of December of one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-seven).
Or informally as: *dois do doze de mil, novecentos e sessenta e sete* (two of the twelve of one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-seven).

Within a month, days are referred to as "*no dia*"+"ordinal number that corresponds to the date". Let us suppose a test is set up for April 15 and hearers know what the month in question is. In situations like this, the speaker usually says "*O teste será no dia quinze*" ("The test will be on the day fifteen"). Again, if we suppose the month in question is April, then "*(o) dia quinze do mês passado*"="(the) day fifteen of last month" means March 15 and "*(o) dia quinze do mês que vem*"="(the) day fifteen of next month" is used for May 15.

## Time

The 24-hour notation is always used in formal and informal writing; an "*h*" or ":" is used as separator formal writing, e.g., *7h45* (formal) or 14:20 (informal). In formal writing full hours can be written just with an "*h*", e.g., *6h* (not *6h00*). It is more common, however, to speak in a 12-hour notation; one usually says "*sete da noite*" (seven in the night) for *19h*.

## InfoBox

Date and time notation in Brazil \[\]
| All-numeric date | 05/10/2024
05.10.2024 |
| --- | --- |
| Time | 14:55
14 h 55 min |


title: 1911 Massachusetts Aggies football team

abstract: The 1911 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1911 college football season. The team was coached by Jack Hubbard and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1911 season was Hubbard's only as head coach of the Aggies. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–7.

text:
# 1911 Massachusetts Aggies football team

The **1911 Massachusetts Aggies football team** represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1911 college football season. The team was coached by Jack Hubbard and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1911 season was Hubbard's only as head coach of the Aggies. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–7.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 23 | Rhode Island State |  | L 0–5 |  |
| September 30 | at Dartmouth |  | L 0–22 |  |
| October 7 | at Brown |  | L 0–26 |  |
| October 14 | Worcester Tech | * Alumni Field * Amherst, MA | W 12–0 |  |
| October 21 | at Holy Cross |  | L 0–6 |  |
| October 28 | at Tufts |  | L 0–6 |  |
| November 4 | at New Hampshire | Durham, NH (rivalry) | W 8–0 |  |
| November 11 | at Trinity (CT) |  | L 6–35 |  |
| November 18 | at Springfield Training School | Springfield, MA | L 3–12 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1911 Massachusetts Aggies football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Athletic League of New England State Colleges |
| Record | 2–7 ( Athletic League of New England State Colleges) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Alumni Field |
|


title: Caspar Phair

abstract: Caspar Phair was one of the early settlers of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, arriving about 1877 to take up the role of the village's school teacher. He emigrated from Ireland. Caspar Phair became Lillooet's Government Agent, a position which at one time encompassed a wide-ranging assemblage of duties. In time he assumed the roles of magistrate, chief constable, coroner, fire chief, and game warden. His lasting mark was made in business as a merchant-launching the family's general store on a 'run' that would extend over 50 years. In 1879 he married Cerise Eyre, daughter of Maria Josephine Martley by a previous marriage. Cerise Armit Eyre and her sister Mary Eyre had remained in England with their grandparent's when the Martley's travelled to the new colony of British Columbia in 1861. Maria's daughter's by Eyre joined the family in 1871. The wedding took place on The Grange, the Martley ranching property near Pavilion. Cerise's sister Mary would marry Henry Cornwall of Ashcroft Ranch. In the 1890s the Phairs had a residence that they named Longford House, built in Lillooet. This elegant building is said to be partially modeled on and named after Mrs Phair's home in Eyrecourt, of County Galway in Ireland. Longford survives to this day as the village's only significant example of heritage-quality domestic architecture. Caspar Phair's son, A.W.A. (Artie) Phair, was a coroner as well as a noted chronicler and photographer of Lillooet's history. Caspar and Cerise Phair died in 1933, leaving their house to Harold Phair, Artie's son. Longford House was later bought by Dr. Masajiro Miyazaki and is now called the Miyazaki House.

text:
# Caspar Phair

**Caspar Phair** (died 1933) was one of the early settlers of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, arriving about 1877 to take up the role of the village's school teacher. He emigrated from Ireland. Caspar Phair became Lillooet's Government Agent, a position which at one time encompassed a wide-ranging assemblage of duties. In time he assumed the roles of magistrate, chief constable, coroner, fire chief, and game warden. His lasting mark was made in business as a merchant-launching the family's general store on a 'run' that would extend over 50 years.

In 1879 he married Cerise Eyre, daughter of Maria Josephine Martley by a previous marriage. Cerise Armit Eyre and her sister Mary Eyre had remained in England with their grandparent's when the Martley's travelled to the new colony of British Columbia in 1861. Maria's daughter's by Eyre joined the family in 1871. The wedding took place on The Grange, the Martley ranching property near Pavilion. Cerise's sister Mary would marry Henry Cornwall of Ashcroft Ranch.

In the 1890s the Phairs had a residence that they named Longford House, built in Lillooet. This elegant building is said to be partially modeled on and named after Mrs Phair's home in Eyrecourt, of County Galway in Ireland. Longford survives to this day as the village's only significant example of heritage-quality domestic architecture.

Caspar Phair's son, A.W.A. (Artie) Phair, was a coroner as well as a noted chronicler and photographer of Lillooet's history.

Caspar and Cerise Phair died in 1933, leaving their house to Harold Phair, Artie's son. Longford House was later bought by Dr. Masajiro Miyazaki and is now called the Miyazaki House.

* Edwards, Irene "Short Portage to Lillooet, and other Trails and Tales" (Self-published, Lillooet BC, various editions, out of print)
* Harris, Lorraine "Halfway to the Goldfields; A History of Lillooet," J. J. Douglas, North Vancouver, 1977 (out of print)
* Martley Family History Collective 2012
* http://www.eyrehistory.net/eyrecourt\_and\_eyreville/fam192.php


title: Charles Miossec

abstract: Charles Miossec was a French politician. Miossec was born on 25 December 1938 in Lanhouarneau. The family moved to Paris, as his father was a member of the Republican Guard. Miossec finished business school, and began work for Rhône-Poulenc. By 1963, he returned to Finistère and worked for the Guével winery in Pleyber-Christ. He served on the Loc-Eguiner-Saint-Thégonnec municipal council. Miossec won his first election to the National Assembly in 1978, succeeding Yves Michel, who was himself completing the term of Antoine Caill, who had died in office. Throughout his tenure as a deputy, Miossec represented Finistère's 5th constituency and was affiliated with Rally for the Republic. Miossec faced opposition only in 1997, his final reelection campaign, defeating mayor of Landerneau Jean-Pierre Thomin. Miossec was elected to the Finistère general council in 1982 and served as president of the body from 1988 to 1998. He replaced Louis Orvoën and was succeeded by Pierre Maille. Miossec was mayor of Landivisiau between 1983 and 2001. In this role, he succeeded Yves Queguiner and proceeded Georges Tigréat. Following his retirement from politics, Miossec was awarded knighthood of the Legion of Honor in 2002, and named honorary mayor of Landivisiau in 2005. He died on 12 April 2020, aged 81.

text:
# Charles Miossec

**Charles Miossec** (25 December 1938 – 12 April 2020) was a French politician.

Miossec was born on 25 December 1938 in Lanhouarneau. The family moved to Paris, as his father was a member of the Republican Guard. Miossec finished business school, and began work for Rhône-Poulenc. By 1963, he returned to Finistère and worked for the Guével winery in Pleyber-Christ. He served on the Loc-Eguiner-Saint-Thégonnec municipal council. Miossec won his first election to the National Assembly in 1978, succeeding Yves Michel, who was himself completing the term of Antoine Caill, who had died in office. Throughout his tenure as a deputy, Miossec represented Finistère's 5th constituency and was affiliated with Rally for the Republic. Miossec faced opposition only in 1997, his final reelection campaign, defeating mayor of Landerneau Jean-Pierre Thomin.

Miossec was elected to the Finistère general council in 1982 and served as president of the body from 1988 to 1998. He replaced Louis Orvoën and was succeeded by Pierre Maille. Miossec was mayor of Landivisiau between 1983 and 2001. In this role, he succeeded Yves Queguiner and proceeded Georges Tigréat. Following his retirement from politics, Miossec was awarded knighthood of the Legion of Honor in 2002, and named honorary mayor of Landivisiau in 2005. He died on 12 April 2020, aged 81.


title: Recurvidris browni

abstract: Recurvidris browni is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae, which can be found from Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia and Thailand. The size of the ant is about 2.50–2.60 mm. Its body colour is yellow.

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# Recurvidris browni

***Recurvidris browni*** is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae, which can be found from Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak and West Malaysia) and Thailand. The size of the ant is about 2.502.60 mm. Its body colour is yellow.

* "Recurvidris - Facts". *AntWeb*. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
* "Recurvidris browni". at *antwiki.org*
* Animaldiversity.org
* Itis.org

## InfoBox

| *Recurvidris browni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Recurvidris* |
| Species: | ***R. browni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Recurvidris browni***<br>Bolton, 1992 | |
|