title: Debra L. Stephens

abstract: Debra Leigh Stephens is an American lawyer who has served as an associate justice of the Washington Supreme Court. She was appointed to the court in December 2007 by Governor Christine Gregoire and took office on January 1, 2008. She was elected by voters in 2008 and re-elected in 2014 and 2020. Prior to her appointment, Stephens served as a judge for Division Three of the Washington Court of Appeals and as an adjunct professor at Gonzaga University School of Law. She is the first judge from Division Three of the Court of Appeals to serve on the Washington State Supreme Court, and the first woman from Eastern Washington to do so.

text:
# Debra L. Stephens

**Debra Leigh Stephens** (née **Williams**; born 1965) is an American lawyer who has served as an associate justice of the Washington Supreme Court. She was appointed to the court in December 2007 by Governor Christine Gregoire and took office on January 1, 2008. She was elected by voters in 2008 and re-elected in 2014 and 2020. Prior to her appointment, Stephens served as a judge for Division Three of the Washington Court of Appeals and as an adjunct professor at Gonzaga University School of Law. She is the first judge from Division Three of the Court of Appeals to serve on the Washington State Supreme Court, and the first woman from Eastern Washington to do so.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Debra Leigh Williams grew up in Spokane, Washington. She graduated from West Valley High School, where she was student body president and a national "Century III Leader." In 2012, she was inducted into its alumni Hall of Fame. She graduated from Gonzaga University and taught speech communication and coached the debate team at Spokane Falls Community College before entering Gonzaga University School of Law as a Thomas More Scholar. She earned her J.D. degree with honors, graduating summa cum laude in 1993.

### Career

After completing law school, Stephens served as a staff attorney for the Honorable Frederick L. Van Sickle, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington from 1993 to 1995. Stephens then went into private practice. From 1995 until April 2007 she helped coordinate the Amicus Curiae Program of the Washington State Trial Lawyers Association Foundation. She also taught federal and state constitutional law, community property, appellate advocacy, and legal research and writing as an adjunct professor for Gonzaga University School of Law.

In 2007, she was appointed and then elected as a judge for Division Three of the Washington Court of Appeals. Judge Stephens was then appointed to the Washington State Supreme Court effective January 1, 2008. She was then elected in 2008 to the Washington Supreme Court and re-elected in 2014.

In October 2018, Stephens concurred when the majority abolished the state's death penalty because they found its racist imposition violated the Constitution of Washington.

On November 6, 2019, Stephens was unanimously selected to be the next Chief Justice of the Washington Supreme Court, following the retirement of Mary Fairhurst.

Stephens was re-elected as an associate justice in 2020. She was succeeded as Chief Justice by Steven González on January 11, 2021.

### Marriage and children

Stephens and her husband, Craig, have been married since 1989, and have two children.

## InfoBox

| Debra Stephens | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of the Washington Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
January 5, 2020  January 11, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Mary Fairhurst |
| Succeeded by | Steven González |
| Justice of the Washington Supreme Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 1, 2008 | |
| Appointed by | Christine Gregoire |
| Preceded by | Bobbe Bridge |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Debra Leigh Williams
1965 (age 5859)
Spokane, Washington, U.S. |
| Spouse | Craig Stephens (m. 1989) |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Gonzaga University (BA, JD) |
|  | |


title: Falcone, Sicily

abstract: Falcone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Messina. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,927 and an area of 9.3 square kilometres (3.6 sq mi). Falcone borders the following municipalities: Furnari, Montalbano Elicona, Oliveri, and Tripi.

text:
# Falcone, Sicily

**Falcone** (Sicilian: ***Falcuni***) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Messina.

As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,927 and an area of 9.3 square kilometres (3.6 sq mi).

Falcone borders the following municipalities: Furnari, Montalbano Elicona, Oliveri, and Tripi.

## Public transport

### Railways

***Falcone railway station*** is on the Palermo–Messina railway. It is served by trains run by Trenitalia, including services from Messina. Outside of the station is available a Uber service by App.

### Bus and tram

Falcone is served by bus provided from **Azienda Siciliana Trasporti**.

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

## InfoBox

| Falcone | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Falcone | |
|  | |
| Location of Falcone | |
| FalconeLocation of Falcone in ItalyFalconeFalcone (Sicily) | |
| Coordinates: 38°7′N 15°5′E / 38.117°N 15.083°E / 38.117; 15.083 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Sicily |
| Metropolitan city | Messina (ME) |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.3 km2 (3.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 2,927 |
| Density | 310/km2 (820/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 98060 |
| Dialing code | 0941 |


title: Cheiridopsis speciosa

abstract: Cheiridopsis speciosa is a species of plant from South Africa.

text:
# Cheiridopsis speciosa

***Cheiridopsis speciosa*** is a species of plant from South Africa.

## Description

This succulent is a robust, clump-forming subshrub that grows up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall with a diameter of up to 30 cm (12 in). The leaves are a pale grey-green in colour with crimped margins. They are lightly keeled and faintly spotted.

Flowers are present between August and September. As with the other species of the genus, the flowers are open during the day and closed at night. The flowers are solitary and with carmine to coppery petals. The centers may be magenta. They may also rarely be pure golden in colour. The anthers are pale yellow.

The fruit is 10-locular and cylindrical.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is endemic to the Northern Cape of South Africa, whre it grows in the dry habitats found in Namaualand. It grows on quartzite outcrops and flats between Lekkersing, Vlakmyn and Spitskloof.

## Conservation

*Cheiridopsis speciosa* is considered to be of least concern by the South African National Biodiversity Institute.

1. "*Cheiridopsis speciosa*". *Global Biodiversity Information Facility*. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
2. e-Flora of South Africa. v1.36. 2022. South African National Biodiversity Institute. http://ipt.sanbi.org.za/iptsanbi/resource?r=flora\_descriptions&v=1.36
3. Snijman, D.A. (2013). *Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Regionn, Vol. 2: the Extra Cape flora* (PDF). Strelitzia. John Manning, Peter Goldblatt. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. ISBN 978-1-919976-74-7. OCLC 866860203.
4. Hammer, Steven (1993). "Macro-Observations on Cheiridopsis N.E.Br. and Odontophorus N.E.Br. (Aizoaceae)". *Bradleya*. **11** (11): 75–85. doi:10.25223/brad.n11.1993.a5. ISSN 0265-086X. S2CID 91077749.
5. Burgoyne, P.M (2006). "Cheiridopsis speciosa L.Bolus. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1". *SANBI Red List of South African Plants*. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
6. "Cheiridopsis speciosa L.Bolus | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". *Plants of the World Online*. Retrieved 2023-01-30.

## InfoBox

| *Cheiridopsis speciosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Aizoaceae |
| Genus: | *Cheiridopsis* |
| Species: | ***C. speciosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cheiridopsis speciosa***<br>L.Bolus | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cheiridopsis comptonii* L.Bolus * *Cheiridopsis comptonii* L.Bolus ex Jacobsen | |


title: Cavolinia pachysoma

abstract: Cavolinia pachysoma is a species of gastropod in the family Cavoliniidae.

text:
# Cavolinia pachysoma

***Cavolinia pachysoma*** is a species of gastropod in the family Cavoliniidae.

## InfoBox

| *Cavolinia pachysoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| *Clade*: | Euopisthobranchia |
| Order: | Pteropoda |
| Family: | Cavoliniidae |
| Genus: | *Cavolinia* |
| Species: | ***C. pachysoma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cavolinia pachysoma***<br>Rampal, 2002 | |
|


title: Reynolds Homestead

abstract: The Reynolds Homestead, also known as Rock Spring Plantation, is a slave plantation turned historical site on Homestead Lane in Critz, Virginia. First developed in 1814 by slaveowner Abram Reynolds, it was the primary home of R. J. Reynolds (1850–1918), founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and the first major marketer of the cigarette. Upon liberation of the plantation in 1863, 88 people were freed from captivity and enslavement. It was later designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977. The homestead is currently an outreach facility of Virginia Tech, serving as a regional cultural center. The house is open for tours.

text:
# Reynolds Homestead

The **Reynolds Homestead**, also known as **Rock Spring Plantation**, is a slave plantation turned historical site on Homestead Lane in Critz, Virginia. First developed in 1814 by slaveowner Abram Reynolds, it was the primary home of R. J. Reynolds (1850–1918), founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and the first major marketer of the cigarette. Upon liberation of the plantation in 1863, 88 people were freed from captivity and enslavement. It was later designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977. The homestead is currently an outreach facility of Virginia Tech, serving as a regional cultural center. The house is open for tours.

## Description and history

The Reynolds Homestead is located in a rural area of eastern Patrick County, Virginia, about one mile north of the village of Critz. The estate house is a two-story brick building with a hip roof, from which an older two-story ell extends. Outbuildings of the plantation complex include a large corn crib, a brick kitchen, milkhouse, and icehouse. The Reynolds family cemetery is located near the house and across a field is the slave cemetery. The house has been restored to its nineteenth century state and includes many of the original family furnishings.

The property was first developed by Abram Reynolds, who built a log cabin near where the main house stands. His son, Hardin W. Reynolds, developed the estate in the mid-19th century, and it here that his son, R. J. Reynolds was born and lived for the first 24 years of his life. Reynolds achieved early economic success selling plug tobacco, but made an instant success out of the introduction of the Camel cigarette brand, which he marketed and advertised widely.

Reynolds moved out of the family homestead in 1874. It remained within the family, but in declining condition, into the mid-20th century. In 1968, Nancy Susan Reynolds, R.J.'s only surviving child, purchased over 700 acres (280 ha) of the original plantation, most of which she gave to Virginia Tech, retaining life interest in the homestead, which was carefully restored. The property is now managed by Virginia Tech, and includes a continuing education center managed by its Department of Outreach and International Affairs. It hosts educational and cultural events, and the house is open for tours for both individuals and groups.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Reynolds Homestead | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Historic marker for Reynolds Homestead | |
|  | |
| Location | N of Critz on SR 798 |
| Coordinates | 36°38′39″N 80°8′55″W / 36.64417°N 80.14861°W / 36.64417; -80.14861 |
| Area | 6.99 acres (2.83 ha) |
| Built | 1850 |
| Architect | Reynolds, Hardin W. |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000987 |
| VLR No. | 070-0005 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 22, 1971 |
| Designated NHL | December 22, 1977 |
| Designated VLR | November 3, 1970 |


title: Shujaul Mulik

abstract:
Shujaul Mulik was elected to represent Kunar Province in Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its National Legislature, in 2005. A report on Kunar prepared at the Navy Postgraduate School stated that he had been a refugee in Pakistan.
It stated that he was a high school graduate who had run a free clinic [sic].
It stated he sat on the internal security committee. His ruling time witnessed peace and stability and he introduced appealing changes to his people

text:
# Shujaul Mulik

**Shujaul Mulik** was elected to represent Kunar Province in Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its National Legislature, in 2005.

A report on Kunar prepared at the Navy Postgraduate School stated that he had been a refugee in Pakistan. It stated that he was a high school graduate who had run a free clinic  \[*sic*\]. It stated he sat on the internal security committee.

His ruling time witnessed peace and stability and he introduced appealing changes to his people

1. "Profile: Kunar Profile" (PDF). Navy Postgraduate School. 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-14. mirror
2. Shuja ul-Mulk

## InfoBox

| Shuja ul-Mulk | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Afghan |
| Occupation | legislator |


title: Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem

abstract: In optics, the Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem, sometimes referred to as just the extinction theorem, is a theorem that underlies the common understanding of scattering. It is named after Paul Peter Ewald and Carl Wilhelm Oseen, who proved the theorem in crystalline and isotropic media, respectively, in 1916 and 1915. Originally, the theorem applied to scattering by an isotropic dielectric objects in free space. The scope of the theorem was greatly extended to encompass a wide variety of bianisotropic media.

text:
# Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem

In optics, the **Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem**, sometimes referred to as just the **extinction theorem**, is a theorem that underlies the common understanding of scattering (as well as refraction, reflection, and diffraction). It is named after Paul Peter Ewald and Carl Wilhelm Oseen, who proved the theorem in crystalline and isotropic media, respectively, in 1916 and 1915. Originally, the theorem applied to scattering by an isotropic dielectric objects in free space. The scope of the theorem was greatly extended to encompass a wide variety of bianisotropic media.

## Overview

An important part of optical physics theory is starting with microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and using it to *derive* the familiar, macroscopic, laws of optics. In particular, there is a derivation of how the refractive index works and where it comes from, starting from microscopic physics. The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem is one part of that derivation (as is the Lorentz–Lorenz equation etc.).

When light traveling in vacuum enters a transparent medium like glass, the light slows down, as described by the index of refraction. Although this fact is famous and familiar, it is actually quite strange and surprising when you think about it microscopically. After all, according to the superposition principle, the light in the glass is a superposition of:

* The original light wave, and
* The light waves emitted by oscillating electrons in the glass.

(Light is an oscillating electromagnetic field that pushes electrons back and forth, emitting dipole radiation.)

Individually, each of these waves travels at the speed of light in vacuum, *not* at the (slower) speed of light in glass. Yet when the waves are added up, they surprisingly create *only* a wave that travels at the slower speed.

The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem says that the light emitted by the atoms has a component traveling at the speed of light in vacuum, which exactly cancels out ("extinguishes") the original light wave. Additionally, the light emitted by the atoms has a component which looks like a wave traveling at the slower speed of light in glass. Altogether, the *only* wave in the glass is the slow wave, consistent with what we expect from basic optics.

A more complete description can be found in Classical Optics and its Applications, by Masud Mansuripur. A proof of the classical theorem can be found in *Principles of Optics*, by Born and Wolf., and that of its extension has been presented by Akhlesh Lakhtakia.

## Derivation from Maxwell's equations

### Introduction

When an electromagnetic wave enters a dielectric medium, it excites (resonates) the material's electrons whether they are free or bound, setting them into a vibratory state with the same frequency as the wave. These electrons will in turn radiate their own electromagnetic fields as a result of their oscillation (EM fields of oscillating charges). Due to the linearity of Maxwell equations, one expects the total field at any point in space to be the sum of the original field and the field produced by oscillating electrons. This result is, however, counterintuitive to the practical wave one observes in the dielectric moving at a speed of c/n, where n is the medium index of refraction. The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem seek to address the disconnect by demonstrating how the superposition of these two waves reproduces the familiar result of a wave that moves at a speed of c/n.

### Derivation

The following is a derivation based on a work by Ballenegger and Weber. Let's consider a simplified situation in which a monochromatic electromagnetic wave is normally incident on a medium filling half the space in the region z\>0 as shown in Figure 1.

The electric field at a point in space is the sum of the electric fields due to all the various sources. In our case, we separate the fields in two categories based on their generating sources. We denote the incident field $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }$ and the sum of the fields generated by the oscillating electrons in the medium $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }(z,t).$

The total field at any point z in space is then given by the superposition of the two contributions, $\mathbf {E} (z,t)=\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }(z,t)+\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }(z,t).$

To match what we already observe, $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }$ has this form. However, we already know that inside the medium, z\>0, we will only observe what we call the transmitted E-field $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {T} }$ which travels through the material at speed c/n.

Therefore in this formalism, $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }(z,t)=-\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }(z,t)+\mathbf {E} \_{T}(z,t)$

This to say that the radiated field cancels out the incident field and creates a transmitted field traveling within the medium at speed c/n. Using the same logic, outside the medium the radiated field produces the effect of a reflected field $\mathbf {E} \_{R}$ traveling at speed c in the opposite direction to the incident field. $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }(z,t)=-\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }(z,t)-\mathbf {E} \_{R}(z,t)$ assume that the wavelength is much larger than the average separation of atoms so that the medium can be considered continuous. We use the usual macroscopic E and B fields and take the medium to be nonmagnetic and neutral so that Maxwell's equations read $\begin{aligned}\nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} &=0\\\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} &=0\\\nabla \times \mathbf {E} &=-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}\\\nabla \times \mathbf {B} &={\boldsymbol {\mu }\_{0}\mathbf {J} +\epsilon \_{0}{\boldsymbol {\mu }\_{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}\end{aligned}}}}}$ both the total electric and magnetic fields $\mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }+\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} },\quad \mathbf {B} =\mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {vac} }+\mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {rad} }$ the set of Maxwell equations inside the dielectric $\begin{array}{l}{\nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }=0}\\\{\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {rad} }=0}\\\{\nabla \times \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }=-\partial \mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {rad} }/\partial t}\\\{\nabla \times \mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {rad} }=\mu \_{0}\mathbf {J} +\epsilon \_{0}\mu \_{0}\partial \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }/\partial t}\end{array}$ where $\mathbf {J} $ includes the true and polarization current induced in the material by the outside electric field. We assume a linear relationship between the current and the electric field, hence $\mathbf {J} ={\sigma }\left(\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }+\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }\right)$

The set of Maxwell equations outside the dielectric has no current density term $\begin{array}{l}{\nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }=0}\\\{\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {vac} }=0}\\\{\nabla \times \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }=-\partial \mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {vac} }/\partial t}\\\{\nabla \times \mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {vac} }=\epsilon \_{0}\mu \_{0}\partial \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }/\partial t}\end{array}$

The two sets of Maxwell equations are coupled since the vacuum electric field appears in the current density term.

For a monochromatic wave at normal incidence, the vacuum electric field has the form $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }(z,t)=\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }\exp\[i(kz-\omega t)\],$ with $k=\omega /{c}$.

Now to solve for $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }$, we take the curl of the third equation in the first set of Maxwell equation and combine it with the fourth. $\begin{aligned}\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }&=-{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}(\nabla \times \mathbf {B} \_{\mathrm {rad} })\\\\[1ex\]\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }&=-{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}\left(\mu \_{0}\mathbf {J} +\epsilon \_{0}\mu \_{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }{\partial t}\right)\end{aligned}}}}}$

We simplify the double curl in a couple of steps using Einstein summation. $\begin{aligned}(\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf {E} )\_{i}&=\epsilon \_{ijk}\epsilon \_{klm}\partial \_{j}\partial \_{l}E\_{m}\\\&=(\delta \_{il}\delta \_{j\mathrm {m} }-\delta \_{i\mathrm {m} }\delta \_{jl})\partial \_{j}\partial \_{l}E\_{m}\\\&=\partial \_{i}(\partial \_{j}E\_{j})-\partial \_{j}\partial \_{j}E\_{i}\end{aligned}$

Hence we obtain, $\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf {E} \_{rad}=\nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} \_{rad})-\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {E} \_{rad}$

Then substituting $\mathbf {J} $ by $\sigma }\left(\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }+\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }\right)$, using the fact that $\nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }=0$ we obtain, $\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}(\mu \_{0}{\sigma }\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }+\mu \_{0}{\sigma }\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }+\epsilon \_{0}\mu \_{0}\partial \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }/\partial t)}$

Realizing that all the fields have the same time dependence $\exp(-i\omega t)$, the time derivatives are straightforward and we obtain the following inhomogeneous wave equation $\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }+\mu \_{0}\omega ^{2}\left(\epsilon \_{0}+i\sigma /\omega \right)\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }=-i\mu \_{0}\omega \sigma \mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }(z)$ with particular solution $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }^{P}=-\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }(z)$

For the complete solution, we add to the particular solution the general solution of the homogeneous equation which is a superposition of plane waves traveling in arbitrary directions $\left(\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }^{c}\right)\_{i}=\int g\_{i}({\boldsymbol {\theta },{\boldsymbol {\phi })\exp \left(i\mathbf {k} '\cdot \mathbf {r} \right)d\Omega }}$ where $k'$ is found from the homogeneous equation to be $k^{\prime 2}=\mu \_{0}\epsilon \_{0}\omega ^{2}\left(1+i{\frac {\sigma }{\epsilon \_{0}\omega }\right)}$

Note that we have taken the solution as a coherent superposition of plane waves. Because of symmetry, we expect the fields to be the same in a plane perpendicular to the $z$ axis. Hence $\mathbf {k} '\cdot \mathbf {a} =0,$ where $\mathbf {a} $ is a displacement perpendicular to $z$.

Since there are no boundaries in the region $z\>0$, we expect a wave traveling to the right. The solution to the homogeneous equation becomes, $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }^{c}=\mathbf {E} \_{T}\exp \left(ik'z\right)$

Adding this to the particular solution, we get the radiated wave inside the medium ( $z\>0$) $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {rad} }=-\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {vac} }(z)+\mathbf {E} \_{T}\exp \left(ik'z\right)$

The total field at any position $z$ is the sum of the incident and radiated fields at that position. Adding the two components inside the medium, we get the total field $\mathrm {E} (z)=\mathrm {E} \_{T}\exp \left(ik'z\right),\qquad z\>0$

This wave travels inside the dielectric at speed $c/n,$ $n=ck'/\omega ={\sqrt {1+i{\frac {\sigma }{\epsilon \_{0}\omega }}}}$

We can simplify the above $n$ to a familiar form of the index of refraction of a linear isotropic dielectric. To do so, we remember that in a linear dielectric an applied electric field $\mathbf {E} $ induces a polarization $\mathbf {P} $ proportional to the electric field $\mathbf {P} =\epsilon \_{0}\chi \_{e}\mathbf {E} $. When the electric field changes, the induced charges move and produces a current density given by $\partial \mathbf {P} /\partial t$. Since the time dependence of the electric field is $\exp(-i\omega t)$, we get $\mathbf {J} =-i\epsilon \_{0}\omega \chi \_{e}\mathbf {E} ,$ which implies that the conductivity $\sigma =-i\epsilon \_{0}\omega \chi \_{e}.$

Then substituting the conductivity in the equation of $n$, gives $n={\sqrt {1+\chi \_{e}}}$ which is a more familiar form. For the region $z\<0$, one imposes the condition of a wave traveling to the left. By setting the conductivity in this region $\sigma =0$, we obtain the reflected wave $\mathrm {E} (z)=\mathrm {E} \_{R}\exp \left(-ikz\right),$ traveling at the speed of light.

Note that the coefficients nomenclature, $\mathbf {E} \_{T}$ and $\mathbf {E} \_{R}$, are only adopted to match what we already expect.

## Hertz vector approach

The following is a derivation based on a work by Wangsness and a similar derivation found in chapter 20 of Zangwill's text, Modern Electrodynamics. The setup is as follows, let the infinite half-space $z\<0$ be vacuum and the infinite half-space $z\>0$ be a uniform, isotropic, dielectric material with electric susceptibility, $\chi .$

The inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation for the electric field can be written in terms of the electric Hertz Potential, $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }$, in the Lorenz gauge as $\nabla ^{2}{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }-{\frac {1}{c^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }{\partial t^{2}=-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{\epsilon \_{0}.}}}}}}}}}$

The electric field in terms of the Hertz vectors is given as $\mathbf {E} =\nabla \times \nabla \times {\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{\epsilon \_{0}-{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}\left(\nabla \times {\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {m} }\right),}}}}}$ but the magnetic Hertz vector $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {m} }$ is 0 since the material is assumed to be non-magnetizable and there is no external magnetic field. Therefore the electric field simplifies to $\mathbf {E} =\nabla \times \nabla \times {\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{\epsilon \_{0}.}}}$

In order to calculate the electric field we must first solve the inhomogeneous wave equation for $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }$. To do this, split $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }$ in the homogeneous and particular solutions $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }(\mathbf {r} ,t)={\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{e,h}(\mathbf {r} ,t)+{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }(\mathbf {r} ,t).}}$

Linearity then allows us to write $\mathbf {E} (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\mathbf {E} \_{h}(\mathbf {r} ,t)+\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {p} }(\mathbf {r} ,t).$

The homogeneous solution, $\mathbf {E} \_{h}(\mathbf {r} ,t)$, is the initial plane wave traveling with wave vector $k\_{0}=\omega /c$ in the positive $z$ direction $\mathbf {E} \_{h}(\mathbf {r} ,t)=\mathbf {E} \_{0}e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}.$

We do not need to explicitly find $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{e,h}(\mathbf {r} ,t)$ since we are only interested in finding the field.

The particular solution, $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }(\mathbf {r} ,t)$ and therefore, $\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {p} }(\mathbf {r} ,t)$, is found using a time dependent Green's function method on the inhomogeneous wave equation for $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }$ which produces the retarded integral $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }(\mathbf {r} ,t)={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon \_{0}\int d^{3}r'{\frac {\mathbf {P} \left(\mathbf {r} ',t-\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '\right|/c\right)}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '\right|}.}}}$

Since the initial electric field is polarizing the material, the polarization vector must have the same space and time dependence $\mathbf {P} (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\mathbf {P} \_{0}e^{i(kz-\omega t)}.$ More detail about this assumption is discussed by Wangsness. Plugging this into the integral and expressing in terms of Cartesian coordinates produces $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }(\mathbf {r} ,t)={\frac {\mathbf {P} \_{0}e^{i(kz-\omega t)}{4\pi \epsilon \_{0}\int \_{0}^{\infty }dz'e^{ik\left(z'-z\right)}\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }dx'\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }dy'{\frac {e^{ik\_{0}\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '\right|}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '\right|}.}}}}}$

First, consider only the integration over $x'$ and $y'$ and convert this to cylindrical coordinates $(x,y,z)\rightarrow (\rho ,\varphi ,z)$ and call $\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '\right|=R$ $I:=\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }dx^{\prime }\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }dy^{\prime }{\frac {e^{ik\_{0}\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} ^{\prime }\right|}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} ^{\prime }\right|}=\int \_{0}^{2\pi }d\varphi '\int \_{0}^{\infty }d\rho '{\frac {e^{ik\_{0}R}{R}=2\pi \int \_{0}^{\infty }d\rho '{\frac {e^{ik\_{0}R}{R}.}}}}}}$

Then using the substitution $R^{2}=\rho ^{2}+\left|z'-z\right|^{2}\Rightarrow \rho ^{2}=R^{2}-\left|z'-z\right|^{2}\Rightarrow \rho \\,d\rho =R\\,dR$ and $\rho ={\sqrt {R^{2}-\left|z'-z\right|^{2}}}$ so the limits become $\rho =0={\sqrt {R^{2}-\left|z'-z\right|^{2}\Rightarrow R=\left|z'-z\right|}}$ and $\rho =\infty ={\sqrt {R^{2}-\left|z'-z\right|^{2}\Rightarrow R=\infty .}}$

Then introduce a convergence factor $e^{-\epsilon R}$ with $\epsilon \in \mathbb {R} $ into the integrand since it does not change the value of the integral,

$\begin{aligned}I&=2\pi \int \_{\left|z'-z\right|}^{\infty }dRe^{ik\_{0}R}\\\&=2\pi \lim \_{\epsilon \to 0}\int \_{\left|z'-z\right|}^{\infty }dRe^{(ik\_{0}-\epsilon )R}\\\&=\left.2\pi \lim \_{\epsilon \to 0}\left\[{\frac {e^{(ik\_{0}-\epsilon )R}{ik\_{0}-\epsilon }\right\]\right|\_{\left|z'-z\right|}^{\infty }\\\&=2\pi \lim \_{\epsilon \to 0}\left\[{\frac {e^{(ik\_{0}-\epsilon )\infty }{ik\_{0}-\epsilon }-{\frac {e^{(ik\_{0}-\epsilon ){\left|z'-z\right|}{ik\_{0}-\epsilon }\right\].\end{aligned}}}}}}}}$

Then $\epsilon \in \mathbb {R} $ implies $\lim \_{\epsilon \to 0}e^{-\epsilon \infty }=0$, hence $\lim \_{\epsilon \to 0}e^{(ik\_{0}-\epsilon )\infty }=\lim \_{\epsilon \to 0}e^{ik\_{0}\infty }e^{-\epsilon \infty }=0$. Therefore, $\begin{aligned}I&=2\pi \lim \_{\epsilon \to 0}\left\[0-{\frac {e^{(ik\_{0}-\epsilon ){\left|z^{\prime }-z\right|}{ik\_{0}-\epsilon }\right\]\\\&=-2\pi {\frac {e^{ik\_{0}{\left|z'-z\right|}{ik\_{0}\\\&=2\pi i{\frac {e^{ik\_{0}{\left|z'-z\right|}{k\_{0}.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}$

Now, plugging this result back into the z-integral yields $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }(z,t)={\frac {i\mathbf {P} \_{0}e^{i(kz-\omega t)}{2k\_{0}\epsilon \_{0}\int \_{0}^{\infty }dz'e^{ik\left(z'-z\right)}e^{ik\_{0}\left|z-z'\right|}}}}$

Notice that $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }$ is now only a function of $z$ and not $\mathbf {r} $, which was expected for the given symmetry.

This integration must be split into two due to the absolute value $\left|z-z'\right|$ inside the integrand. The regions are $z\<0$ and $z\>0$. Again, a convergence factor must be introduced to evaluate both integrals and the result is $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }(z,t)=-{\frac {\mathbf {P} e^{-i\omega t}{2\epsilon \_{0}k\_{0}{\begin{cases}{{\frac {1}{k+k\_{0}e^{-ik\_{0}z}&{z\<0}\\\{{\frac {2k\_{0}{k\_{0}^{2}-k^{2}e^{ikz}+{\frac {1}{k-k\_{0}e^{ik\_{0}z}&{z\>0.}\end{cases}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

Instead of plugging $\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }$ directly into the expression for the electric field, several simplifications can be made. Begin with the curl of the curl vector identity, $\nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf {{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} } )=\nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf {{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} } )-\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} } ,}}}}}}$ therefore, $\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {p} }&=\nabla \times \nabla \times {\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e} }-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{\epsilon \_{0}\\\&=\nabla (\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} })-\nabla ^{2}{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{\epsilon \_{0}.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}$

Notice that $\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }=0}$ because $\mathbf {P} $ has no $\mathbf {z} $ dependence and is always perpendicular to $\hat {\mathbf {z} }$. Also, notice that the second and third terms are equivalent to the inhomogeneous wave equation, therefore, $\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E} \_{\mathrm {p} }&=-{\frac {1}{c^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }{\partial t^{2}\\\&=-{\frac {1}{c^{2}(-i\omega )^{2}{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }\\\&=k\_{0}^{2}{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}$

Therefore, the total field is $\mathbf {E} (z,t)=\mathbf {E} \_{0}e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}+k\_{0}^{2}{\boldsymbol {\pi }\_{\mathrm {e,p} }(z,t)}$ which becomes, $\mathbf {E} (z,t)=\left\\{{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf {E} \_{0}e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{2\epsilon \_{0}{\frac {k\_{0}{k+k\_{0}e^{-i\left(k\_{0}z+\omega t\right)}&{z\<0}\\\{\mathbf {E} \_{0}e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{2\epsilon \_{0}{\frac {k\_{0}{k-k\_{0}e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}-{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{\epsilon \_{0}{\frac {k\_{0}^{2}{k\_{0}^{2}-k^{2}e^{i(kz-\omega t)}&{z\>0.}\end{array}\right.}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

Now focus on the field inside the dielectric. Using the fact that $\mathbf {E} (z,t)$ is complex, we may immediately write $\mathbf {E} (z\>0,t)=\mathbf {E} e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}$ recall also that inside the dielectric we have $\mathbf {P} =\epsilon \_{0}\chi \mathbf {E} $.

Then by coefficient matching we find, $e^{i\left(kz-\omega t\right)}\Rightarrow 1=-\chi {\frac {k\_{0}^{2}{k\_{0}^{2}-k^{2}}}}$ and $e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}\Rightarrow 0=\mathbf {E} \_{0}-{\frac {\chi }{2}{\frac {k\_{0}{k-k\_{0}\mathbf {E} .}}}}$

The first relation quickly yields the wave vector in the dielectric in terms of the incident wave as $\begin{aligned}k&={\sqrt {1+\chi }k\_{0}\\\&=nk\_{0}.\end{aligned}}$

Using this result and the definition of $\mathbf {P} $ in the second expression yields the polarization vector in terms of the incident electric field as $\mathbf {P} =2\epsilon \_{0}(n-1)\mathbf {E} \_{0}.$

Both of these results can be substituted into the expression for the electric field to obtain the final expression $\mathbf {E} (z,t)=\left\\{{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf {E} \_{0}e^{i\left(k\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}-\left({\frac {n-1}{n+1}\right)\mathbf {E} \_{0}e^{-i\left(k\_{0}z+\omega t\right)}&{z\<0}\\\{\left({\frac {2}{n+1}\right)\mathbf {E} \_{0}e^{i\left(nk\_{0}z-\omega t\right)}&{z\>0.}\end{array}\right.}}}}}}$

This is exactly the result as expected. There is only one wave inside the medium and it has wave speed reduced by n. The expected reflection and transmission coefficients are also recovered.

## Extinction lengths and tests of special relativity

The characteristic "extinction length" of a medium is the distance after which the original wave can be said to have been completely replaced. For visible light, traveling in air at sea level, this distance is approximately 1 mm. In interstellar space, the extinction length for light is 2 light years. At very high frequencies, the electrons in the medium can't "follow" the original wave into oscillation, which lets that wave travel much further: for 0.5 MeV gamma rays, the length is 19 cm of air and 0.3 mm of Lucite, and for 4.4 GeV, 1.7 m in air, and 1.4 mm in carbon.

Special relativity predicts that the speed of light in vacuum is independent of the velocity of the source emitting it. This widely believed prediction has been occasionally tested using astronomical observations. For example, in a binary star system, the two stars are moving in opposite directions, and one might test the prediction by analyzing their light. (See, for instance, the De Sitter double star experiment.) Unfortunately, the extinction length of light in space nullifies the results of any such experiments using visible light, especially when taking account of the thick cloud of stationary gas surrounding such stars. However, experiments using X-rays emitted by binary pulsars, with much longer extinction length, have been successful.


title: The Knowledge (film)

abstract: The Knowledge is a 1979 British comedy-drama television film about a group of men and a woman doing "The Knowledge", the training required to become a London taxi driver. It was directed by Bob Brooks with an ensemble cast including Nigel Hawthorne, Mick Ford, Jonathan Lynn and Maureen Lipman.

text:
# The Knowledge (film)

***The Knowledge*** is a 1979 British comedy-drama television film about a group of men and a woman doing "The Knowledge", the training required to become a London taxi driver. It was directed by Bob Brooks with an ensemble cast including Nigel Hawthorne, Mick Ford, Jonathan Lynn and Maureen Lipman.

## Plot

Four out of work Londoners apply to do "The Knowledge" to become London taxi drivers. They have to contend with learning approximately 15,842 streets and 468 set routes as well as Mr Burgess, a notoriously sadistic examiner from the Public Carriage Office.

## Cast

## Production

In 1978 Jack Rosenthal received a telephone call from Bob Brooks, an American who had lived in London for many years, wanting to make a film about something "exclusive to London". After some discussion they decided on "The Knowledge", the training and testing required to become a driver of a hackney carriage. They initially pitched the idea to Euston Films as a feature-length drama before settling on the concept of a comedy drama. Executive producer Verity Lambert agreed to commission a 90-minute television film, despite reservations that Rosenthal and Brooks would struggle working together. Rosenthal researched the story by accompanying taxi drivers around London to collect their stories about doing The Knowledge. Lambert later recalled "Jack Rosenthal and Bob Brooks had this good idea  it was Bob's idea and Jack wrote it."

It was the first production by Euston Films to make use of Steadicam.

In his autobiography, Rosenthal describes Nigel Hawthorne as "such a lovely actor" who "gives a superlative, unforgettable comic performance as Mr Burgess, based on a real-life, notoriously sadistic examiner".

## Reception

When shown in 1995 on Channel Four during a Thames Television tribute, film historian Geoff Phillips described it as "certainly the best TV play Britain has ever produced".

In 2000 it was voted #83 in the BFI TV 100.

## Accolades

*The Knowledge* was nominated for a BAFTA in the category Television, Best Single Play in 1980.

## Theatrical version

A theatrical adaptation of the film, directed by Maureen Lipman, was staged at the Charing Cross Theatre in London, running from 4 September through 11 November 2017. The cast included Steven Pacey as Mr Burgess.

## InfoBox

| The Knowledge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Bob Brooks |
| Screenplay by | Jack Rosenthal |
| Based on | Bob Brooks (idea) |
| Produced by | Verity Lambert (executive producer)
Christopher Neame (producer) |
| Starring | Nigel Hawthorne
Mick Ford
Kim Taylforth
Jonathan Lynn
David Ryall
Michael Elphick
Maureen Lipman
Lesley Joseph
Derek Deadman
Derek Benfield |
| Cinematography | David McDonald |
| Edited by | Ben Rayner |
| Music by | Jeff Wayne |
| Production
company | Euston Films |
| Distributed by | Thames Television |
| Release date | * 27 December 1979 (1979-12-27) |
| Running time | 89 min |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: School Board station

abstract: School Board is a Metromover station near the northwestern end of Downtown, Miami, Florida, south of Midtown and west of the Arts & Entertainment District. It is the northern terminus of the people mover system. This station is located near the intersection of Northeast 15th Avenue and Miami Place, about one block north of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools Administration Building. It opened to service May 26, 1994. School Board has consistently been one of the lowest used stations in the system, with well under 1,000 riders a day. As of 2017, two large apartment buildings totaling over 1,200 units were under construction nearby, such as Canvas and Square Station, Art Plaza, and Miami Plaza, with others planned. Prior to this, the station was surrounded by mostly empty lots.

text:
# School Board station

**School Board** is a Metromover station near the northwestern end of Downtown, Miami, Florida, south of Midtown and west of the Arts & Entertainment District. It is the northern terminus of the people mover system.

This station is located near the intersection of Northeast 15th Avenue and Miami Place, about one block north of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools Administration Building. It opened to service May 26, 1994. School Board has consistently been one of the lowest used stations in the system, with well under 1,000 riders a day. As of 2017, two large apartment buildings totaling over 1,200 units were under construction nearby, such as Canvas and Square Station, Art Plaza, and Miami Plaza, with others planned. Prior to this, the station was surrounded by mostly empty lots.

## Places of interest

## InfoBox

| School Board | |
| --- | --- |
| Metromover people mover station | |
| Station in March 2017 with nearby construction underway (Canvas) | |
| General information | |
| Location | 50 NE 15th Street<br>Miami, Florida 33132 |
| Coordinates | 25°47′21″N 80°11′37″W / 25.78917°N 80.19361°W / 25.78917; -80.19361 |
| Owned by | Miami-Dade County |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Metrobus: 9 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | May 26, 1994 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Miami-Dade Transit Following station  Adrienne Arsht Centertoward Downtown  Omni Loop  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Terry Butler (rugby league)

abstract: Terry Butler was an Australian professional rugby league footballer. He played for Wynnum-Manly Seagulls in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership's grand final victory in 1982 as a winger, scoring the first try of the match. The following year he was selected to represent Queensland in Game II of the 1983 State of Origin series. He later had an uneventful year with the North Sydney Bears in the New South Wales Rugby League competition in 1986. He died aged 58 of cancer in 2016.

text:
# Terry Butler (rugby league)

**Terry Butler** (22 April 1958 – 4 October 2016) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer. He played for Wynnum-Manly Seagulls in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership's grand final victory in 1982 as a winger, scoring the first try of the match. The following year he was selected to represent Queensland in Game II of the 1983 State of Origin series. He later had an uneventful year with the North Sydney Bears in the New South Wales Rugby League competition in 1986. He died aged 58 of cancer in 2016.

## InfoBox

Terry Butler
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1958-04-22)22 April 1958<br>Kyogle, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 4 October 2016(2016-10-04) (aged 58) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  Wynnum Manly Seagulls       1986 North Sydney Bears 4 0 0 0 0  Total 4 0 0 0 0  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1983 Queensland 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: | |


title: Falcondale Lake

abstract: Falcondale Lake is a man-made lake in the hamlet of Falcondale near Lampeter in Ceredigion It was created as part of the landscaping for Falcondale House. The lake now supports fishing and nature trails. The lake was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1982 as the only lake in the county supporting reed sweet- grass and blunt-leaved pondweed but its designation was revoked in 2004 when better sites for these species were identified and because the trophic state of the lake had deteriorated from mesotrophic to eutrophic.

text:
# Falcondale Lake

**Falcondale Lake** is a man-made lake in the hamlet of Falcondale near Lampeter in Ceredigion It was created as part of the landscaping for Falcondale House. The lake now supports fishing and nature trails. The lake was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1982 as the only lake in the county supporting reed sweet- grass and blunt-leaved pondweed but its designation was revoked in 2004 when better sites for these species were identified and because the trophic state of the lake had deteriorated from mesotrophic to eutrophic.

## InfoBox

| Falcondale Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Falcondale Lake | |
| Falcondale Lake | |
| Location | Ceredigion |
| Coordinates | 52°07′44″N 4°05′28″W / 52.129°N 4.091°W / 52.129; -4.091 |
| Type | reservoir |


title: Slonik

abstract: Slonik is an extinct genus of weevils in the family Brentidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Slonik sibiricus.

text:
# Slonik

***Slonik*** is an extinct genus of weevils in the family Brentidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species ***Slonik sibiricus***.

## InfoBox

| *Slonik sibiricus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Brentidae |
| Genus: | *Slonik*
Zherichin, 1977 |
| Species: | ***S. sibiricus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Slonik sibiricus***
Zherichin, 1977 | |
|


title: Cavoatrial junction

abstract: The cavoatrial junction (CAJ) is the point at which the superior vena cava meets and melds into the superior wall of the cardiac right atrium. Both the superior and inferior vena cavae enter the right atrium, but only the superior entry is called the cavoatrial junction. This junction marks the inferior end of the superior vena cava, the continuation below that point being considered part of the heart. For purposes of radiographic visualization, the most reliable indicator of junction location is to find the carina, then observe the vertebrae it overlies. The junction will lie two vertebral body units (VBUs) below the carina, counting the single intervertebral disc between them, but not the disc below them. It has been demonstrated that the more ordinary method of looking for the "bulge" in the cardiac outline is unreliable, since cardiac or other thoracic pathology can shift the apparent position of that landmark. Hospitalized patients may need to receive solutions and medications that, if given through an ordinary intravenous therapy catheter, would severely damage both blood cells and the vascular system. In these cases, it is common to insert a central venous catheter. All such catheters placed for the purpose of venous access and being inserted in the upper body will ideally have the tip placed within the superior vena cava at or just above the cavoatrial junction. Passing the line through the junction and into the atrium is avoided by some practitioners, as they fear the result may be cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac tamponade, a potentially fatal outcome. However, other practitioners prefer the proximal RA and state that there is no evidence of harm. Modern catheter tip verification systems often rely on ECG readouts which correlate with tip position. A chest xray may still be obtained to confirm or when an ECG is contraindicated.

text:
# Cavoatrial junction

The **cavoatrial junction** (CAJ) is the point at which the superior vena cava meets and melds into the superior wall of the cardiac right atrium. Both the superior and inferior vena cavae enter the right atrium, but only the superior entry is called the **cavoatrial junction**. This junction marks the inferior end of the superior vena cava, the continuation below that point being considered part of the heart.

For purposes of radiographic visualization, the most reliable indicator of junction location is to find the carina, then observe the vertebrae it overlies. The junction will lie two vertebral body units (VBUs) below the carina, counting the single intervertebral disc between them, but *not* the disc below them. It has been demonstrated that the more ordinary method of looking for the "bulge" in the cardiac outline is unreliable, since cardiac or other thoracic pathology can shift the apparent position of that landmark.

Hospitalized patients may need to receive solutions and medications that, if given through an ordinary intravenous therapy catheter, would severely damage both blood cells and the vascular system. In these cases, it is common to insert a central venous catheter. All such catheters placed for the purpose of venous access *and* being inserted in the upper body will ideally have the tip placed within the superior vena cava at or just above the cavoatrial junction. Passing the line *through* the junction and into the atrium is avoided by some practitioners, as they fear the result may be cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac tamponade, a potentially fatal outcome. However, other practitioners prefer the proximal RA and state that there is no evidence of harm. Modern catheter tip verification systems often rely on ECG readouts which correlate with tip position. A chest xray may still be obtained to confirm or when an ECG is contraindicated.

* Baskin KM, Jimenez RM, Cahill AM, Jawad AF, Towbin RB (March 2008). "Cavoatrial junction and central venous anatomy: implications for central venous access tip position". *Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology*. **19** (3): 359–65. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2007.09.005. PMID 18295694.

* Vesely, Thomas M, MD (March 2003). "Central Venous Catheter Tip Position: A Continuing Controversy". *Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology*. **14** (5): 527–534. doi:10.1097/01.RVI.0000071097.76348.72.


title: Bay City (album)

abstract: Bay City is an album by David Thomas and Foreigners, released in 2000.

text:
# Bay City (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

***Bay City*** is an album by David Thomas and Foreigners, released in 2000.

## Production

The album was recorded in Denmark, over a period of three years. Its title is an homage to the Bay City of Raymond Chandler's writings.

## Critical reception

*CMJ New Music Monthly* wrote that Thomas "has to be one of the most soulful abstractionists going, and these three Danish improvisers are as simpatico as any band he's been with."

## Track listing

All tracks composed by David Thomas, Peter Ole Jørgensen, Per Buhl Acs and Jørgen Teller

1. "Clouds of You" – 4:24
2. "White Room" – 3:37
3. "Black Coffee Dawn" – 4:35
4. "Salt" – 5:58
5. "Nobody Lives On The Moon" – 2:06
6. "Charlotte" – 3:52
7. "The Doorbell" – 2:51
8. "15 Seconds" – 5:19
9. "The Radio Talks To Me" – 3:57
10. "Shaky Hands" – 4:56
11. "Black Rain" – 5:47
12. "Turpentine" – 2:34
13. "White Room #4" – 3:36

## Personnel

David Thomas and Foreigners * David Thomas - vocals
* Jørgen Teller - guitar, Casio synthesizer
* Per Buhl Acs - bass, clarinet, melodica
* Peter Ole Jørgensen - drums, percussion, steel drums, vibraphone

## InfoBox

| Bay City | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by David Thomas and Foreigners | |
| Released | 2000 |
| Studio | Ninth World Studios, Helsingør, Denmark; Hearpen Studios |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Thirsty Ear |
| Producer | David Thomas |
| David Thomas and Foreigners chronology | |
| *Mirror Man*
(1999) ***Bay City***
(2000) *Surf's Up!*
(2001) | |


title: Euseius ploreraformis

abstract: Euseius ploreraformis is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Euseius ploreraformis

***Euseius ploreraformis*** is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Euseius ploreraformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Genus: | *Euseius* |
| Species: | ***E. ploreraformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euseius ploreraformis***<br>(Schicha & Corpuz-Raros, 1992) | |
|


title: Central Square, Chennai

abstract: The Central Square is a city square and major intersection in Chennai. Areas surrounding the Ripon Building, Victoria Public Hall, Moore Market Complex, Chennai Central Railway Station, the Southern Railway Headquarters and the Government General Hospital are being developed as part of the Central Square. The total site area is estimated to be about 37,800 square meters, and the development is estimated to cost about ₹4 billion (US$48 million) and will be funded by the CMDA.

text:
# Central Square, Chennai

The **Central Square** is a city square and major intersection in Chennai. Areas surrounding the Ripon Building, Victoria Public Hall, Moore Market Complex, Chennai Central Railway Station, the Southern Railway Headquarters and the Government General Hospital are being developed as part of the Central Square. The total site area is estimated to be about 37,800 square meters (7.8 acres), and the development is estimated to cost about 4 billion (US$48 million) and will be funded by the CMDA.

## The square

The square will have a multi-storied parking lot in its basement, which will also form the foundation of the complex. The 3-storied parking lot will have the capacity to accommodate 1000 cars. The total area of the square will be 154,950 sq meters. A 135-meter-tall, 27-storey building will mark the center of the square. The Central Square is deemed to ease congestion along the Poonamallee High Road and integrate several modes of transportation in the city. Construction began in April 2019. In addition to underground passages and subways connecting people to Ripon Buildings, Park railway station, Park Town railway station, Chennai Central Railway Station, Moore Market Complex building, and the Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, the intersection will have bus bays, auto stands, and taxi drop-off points to facilitate seamless travel from one mode of transport to another.

There are about 21 structures that are of historical importance in the Central Square area.

A Metro Rail museum showcasing the process that went into the construction of the city's Metro is being commissioned in Raja Sir Savalai Ramaswamy Mudaliar Choultry, a heritage building opposite the Chennai Central railway station.

## Progress

As of March 2020, fountains and beautification works were expected to be complete in three months and an underground parking and two pedestrian subways (renovation of the existing subway and construction of a new subway connecting Central Metro station) were expected to be complete in a year's time. The underground parking lot at the Chennai Park suburban railway station will have a capacity to accommodate more than 800 cars. Two more subways are under construction, one linking the Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital with Chennai Central and the other linking Evening Bazaar Road with Chennai Central.

Central Square was inaugurated by Chief Minister M. K. Stalin on 30 March 2022.


abstract: The District of Columbia Judicial Nominating Commission is the judicial nominating commission of Washington D.C. It selects potential judges for the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

text:
# District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission

The **District of Columbia Judicial Nominating Commission** is the judicial nominating commission of Washington D.C. It selects potential judges for the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

## Duties

When there occurs a vacancy on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia or the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the commission, which consists of a seven-member panel, is responsible for creating a list of three candidates to fill vacant positions on the District's judiciary. The commission then sends the list to the President of the United States who selects one nominee to fill the position. The nomination is then sent to the United States Senate for confirmation. Judges serves a fifteen-year term.

The commission is also responsible on selecting the chief judges on the courts to their four-year term.


title: Schneekloths Skole

abstract: Schneekloths Skole was a school which under changing names existed between 1854 and 1992 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Its former premises on Værnedamsvej in Frederiksberg now houses the French-language school Lycée Français Prins Henrik.

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# Schneekloths Skole

**Schneekloths Skole** was a school which under changing names existed between 1854 and 1992 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Its former premises on Værnedamsvej in Frederiksberg now houses the French-language school Lycée Français Prins Henrik.

## History

The school was founded by Hans Schneekloth on 2 May 1854 as "Realskolen for Frederiksberg og Vesterbro". It was initially based on Vesterbrogade but a new, purpose-built school building on Værnedamsvej (No. 13B) was inaugurated in 1856. It was soon expanded with a grammar school whose first students graduated in 1863. The name of the school was changed to "Schneekloths Latin- og Realskole" in 1882. It moved to a new building away from the street on the same lot (Mo. 13A) in 1885. Its old building (No. 13B) was purchased by Aksel Mikkelsen and turned into a teacher training college under the name Dansk Sløjdlærerskole in 1886.

In 1904 Schneekloths Skole was merged with Hertz' Forberedelsesskole (formerly Phillippavej Skole) under the name "Schneekloths Latin- og Realskole og Hertz forberedelsesskole".

On 1 August 1919 the grammar school (*latin- og realskolen*) was taken over by the state under the name Svanholm Gymnasium-Schneekloths Skole while the primary school remained a private school. In 1930 the name of the secondary school was changed to Statsgymnasiet Schneekloths Skole. The school was a boys' school until 1969 when it moved to Brøndbyerne. Im 1986, it was taken over by Copenhagen County under the name Schneekloths Gymnasium. It closed in 1992.

## Alumni

55°40′27″N 12°32′54″E / 55.67407°N 12.54834°E / 55.67407; 12.54834


title: Valsain Mountains

abstract: The Valsain Mountains are located in the Valsain Valley, on the northern slope of the Sierra de Guadarrama and in the municipality of Real Sitio de San Ildefonso, belonging to the province of Segovia. They are formed by two mountains, Pinar and Matas, both of public utility and belonging to the National Parks Autonomous Agency, which manages it through the Centro Montes y Aserradero de Valsaín. Three areas for recreation and dissemination of natural values have been enabled within its boundaries. These are: Boca de Asno—which has an interpretation center—Los Asientos, and El Robledo. The Centro Nacional de Educación Ambiental (CENEAM) also has its facilities there.

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# Valsain Mountains

The **Valsain Mountains** (Spanish: ***Montes de Valsaín***) are located in the Valsain Valley, on the northern slope of the Sierra de Guadarrama and in the municipality of Real Sitio de San Ildefonso, belonging to the province of Segovia (Castilla y León, Spain).

They are formed by two mountains (called *Montes*, in Spanish), Pinar and Matas, both of public utility and belonging to the National Parks Autonomous Agency, which manages it through the Centro Montes y Aserradero de Valsaín ("Valsain Mountains and Sawmill Center").

Three areas for recreation and dissemination of natural values have been enabled within its boundaries. These are: Boca de Asno—which has an interpretation center—Los Asientos, and El Robledo. The Centro Nacional de Educación Ambiental (CENEAM) also has its facilities there.

## Description

The Valsain Valley is located on the northern slope of the Sierra de Guadarrama crowned by the passes of Navacerrada and La Fuenfría, known as the historical pass of the sierra. The Sierra de Guadarrama covers it on the east side, while the mountain range of La Mujer Muerta covers it on the west. Between them, the valley extends with an orientation from south to north, an average width of 6 km and an approximate length of 9 km. The altitude of the area varies between 1100 masl and the 2125 of Siete Picos. It is crossed by the rivers Eresma, Acebeda, and Peces. The soils are acid based on granite and gneiss.

The surface occupied by the Valsain Mountains is 10 672 ha, of which 7622 are of Monte Pinar and 3046 of Monte Matas, both occupied by different tree species depending on the altitude. Scots pine is predominant and has received the nickname *Pino de Valsaín* ("Valsain Pine"). It produces excellent wood and has been exploited for a long time, being the economic engine of the valley.

The environmental richness is very high as this is an area of little human activity and historically protected as a reserve and hunting ground by the Spanish monarchy. There is a great diversity of animal species, especially birds and plants.

The valley and the mountains are crossed by the CL-601 regional road that connects Segovia with Madrid through the Navacerrada pass. Another series of asphalted roads and highways (in different states of preservation) cross the area too; they are usually closed to vehicular traffic. Among these roads, the road that crosses the Fuenfría pass stands out, a historic pass through the mountain range that has been adapted over time to the different types of roads, from the mere prehistoric blacksmith road, the Roman road (of which there are important remains) to the asphalted road (whose last version was the road known as *Carretera de la República* or "Road of the Republic"). This pass has been closed to traffic and replaced by the pass of Navacerrada first and the Alto del León—and the corresponding tunnels—later.

### Geology and landscape

Like the rest of the Sistema Central, the materials that form the soil of the valley in which the Valsain Mountains are located are of granite and gneiss origin. They are rigid materials that give the soil an outstanding acidity. These materials were broken following a series of fracture lines that formed the pits and mountain massifs.

The physiognomy of the mountains is structured in three landscape units that are organized depending on altitude, orientation (one is on the sunny side and the other on the shady side), soil, water and prevailing winds, among other factors, where human intervention is one of the most important. These units are: the mountains, the valleys, and the ramps.

### Hydrography

The main water courses that run through the Valsain Valley—and with it its mountains—are the rivers Eresma, Acebeda and Peces, all of them in the upper part of their basins. These rivers are formed by the sum of a multitude of small streams that flow down from the mountains surrounding the valley. Annual rainfall usually ranges from 885 mm in the lowlands to 1170 mm in the highlands. It is very often in the form of snow, especially on the summits of the mountains where snow can be seen well into the spring.

The Eresma river is formed by the streams that flow down the northern slopes of Siete Picos, Alto del Telégrafo and Minguete, on its left side and the stream that flows down from Puerto de Cotos.

The Acebeda river is formed by the waters that flow down the slopes of Montón de Trigo and La Pinareja.

The Peces river runs along the eastern edge of the Monte del Pinar.

### Vegetation

The predominant tree species of this area is the pinus sylvestris or Scots pine, that occupies the upper part of the mountains, above 1200 meters. Further down, the Pyrenean oak can be found, and in the lower area there are patches of holm oak. On the banks of the rivers there are formations of gallery forests, and we can also find holly, yew, poplar, sour cherry, ash and maple trees, which are combined with the shrubs and bushes such as broom, rock rose steppe, juniper, and heather. The vegetation is complemented by meadows where cattle and horses graze. Therefore, we find a diversity that goes from the oak and holm oak groves at the bottom of the valley to the meadows of the summits.

There are 867 catalogued species, of which only 69 are allochthonous (non-native) and are located in gardens and urbanized spaces.

The main species that exist in the Valsain Mountains are the following:

#### Scots pine

The Scots pine (*Pinus sylvestris*) forms the extensive pine forests that cover most of the mountains. It is located between 1200 and 1900 masl of altitude, this being the forest limit of the area. It reaches an average height of 25 meters and can sometimes exceed 30 meters. In the sunny areas the volume of the canopy is lower than in the shady areas. The undergrowth of the pine forests is usually composed of oak (*Quercus pyrenaica*, this below 1400 masl) and *retama*, juniper, broom, and brambles. In the clearings that open up in the pine forests, brambles abound.

In the upper parts of the undergrowth there is juniper, broom, nightshade, and wild berries. And in the lower parts, retamas, rowan, blackthorn, hawthorn, heather, hazel, cherry and holly.

#### Pyrenean oak

The Pyrenean oak (*Quercus pyrenaica*) occupies the lower part. It is located between 1000 and 1400 meters of altitude. It is very affected by the late and early snowfalls. Many times it plays the role of undergrowth species.

In its forests there is an undergrowth composed mainly of steppe, blackthorn, blackthorn, privet, honeysuckle, broom, hawthorn and rose.

#### Holm oak

Holm oak (*Quercus ilex*) occupies two small areas in the Valsain Mountains. It is established between the altitudes of 1300 and 1350 meters in the area of the slopes of Cabeza Grande and between 1118 and 1225 meters in the northern wing of Cerro Matabueyes. Its understory is composed of steppe and similar species.

#### Grasslands

There are different types of grasslands. All of them are dotted with thorny woody species such as *Rosa sp.*, *Crataegus monogyna*, *Prunus spinosa*, if heavily razed; and by shrubs such as steppe, but also by scotch broom (*Cytisus scoparius*) or broom (*Genista florida*).

The grasslands are:

### Fauna

The catalog of the fauna of the Valsaín Mountains lists more than 210 species of vertebrate animals and 570 species of insects.

Among the vertebrates we find the following distribution:

#### Birds

It is the most numerous group with 150 different species among which there are more than 100 nesting birds. The black vulture (*Aegypus monachus*) and specimens of imperial eagle (*Aquila adalberti*) stand out for their numbers. There are also griffon vulture (*Gyps fulvus*) and other nocturnal and diurnal birds of prey. We also find an important community of forest birds: tits, piciformes, and several forest corvidae (jays, ravens and crows.)

#### Mammals

There are 45 species of mammals of which 15 are bats. You can find wild boars, foxes, roe deers, wild cats and otters. Among the bats: *Myotis blythii nathalinae* is an Iberian endemism, as are *Sorex granarius*, *Talpa caeca occidentalis* and *Microtus lusitanicus depressus (Pitymys)* . The hedgehog (*Erinaceus europaeus)* is also abundantly present, as well as the red squirrel *(Sciurus vulgaris*).

#### Reptiles

There are 15 different species of reptiles, the most relevant being the snub-nosed viper (*Vipera latastei*), the ringed snake (*Natrix natrix*), the cyren's rock lizard (*Iberolacerta cyreni*) and the Schreiber's green lizard (*Lacerta schreiberi*).

#### Amphibians

There are 10 catalogued species of amphibians. They are found in wetlands and the most relevant are salamanders (*Salamandra salamandra bejarae*), newts and different species of frogs and toads such as the Iberian stream frog (*Rana iberica*).

#### Fish

In the rivers of the mountains live 5 species of fish, the most abundant are the trout, the gobies and the bermejuela.

#### Insects

Among the more than 570 species of insects, we can find the emblematic greater stag beetle (*Lucanus cervus*) and the butterflies *Graellsia isabelae*, *Parnassius apollo*, *Leptidea sinapis* and *Boloria selene castellana*.

## Management and uses

The management of the Valsaíi forests is carried out by the Centro Montes y Aserradero de Valsaín, which seeks to maintain the traditional use of the richness of the forests with their conservation.

The management combines forest and livestock exploitation, the traditional use of the forests, with public use. The opening of the Valsain forests for the enjoyment and relaxation of the citizens also seeks to disseminate the natural values among the population.

The activity generated around the Valsain Mountains has a very significant influence on the environment and on the municipality of Real Sitio de San Ildefonso. It generates direct activity for more than 150 people a year and is the main driver of forestry and wood processing activity.

### Public use

Aimed at the enjoyment of the mountains by the general public and the dissemination of natural values, three recreational areas have been set up. These are *Boca de Asno*, *Los Asientos* and *El Robledo*. All of them are on the edge of the road that crosses the valley, the CL-601 and have parking areas and different services.

In the Boca del Asno area, there is an Interpretation Center, opened in 2004, which brings the mountains closer to visitors by showing their history, natural wealth and management. The center is structured in six parts:

* **Entrance**: On display is the cutting of a century-old trunk of a pine tree, which shows the historical events that have taken place during its life and, once inside the building, there are several terrariums where you can observe cuts of the soil of the mountains.
* **Reception:** It is the point of attention to the public and where you can acquire different publications with information about the area and also information about the different routes that can be taken, both free and guided.
* **Projection:** A historical video about the mountains is shown in a projection room. It shows the link between the mountains and the monarchy and its impact on the inhabitants of Valsain and La Granja.
* **Scenographic exhibition:** A virtual walk through the different ecosystems that can be found in the mountains. A full day that begins with a sunrise and sunset in the mountains.
* **Thematic exhibition:** Information is displayed in different formats, from panels to computer screens, on different aspects of the Valsain Mountains and the different routes available.
* **Audiovisual room:** Projection of an audiovisual showing, through the thread of the history of a pine tree, the process of pine forest management, and its interpellation with other species.

A system of guided routes—free service—intends to disseminate the natural values and knowledge of the terrain. These routes start in the three recreation areas and other places in the mountains such as Cogorros, Puente de la Cantina, Puerto los Cotos and Pradera de Navalhorno.

A dense network of roads and highways, with unauthorized access for unauthorized vehicles, allows any excursion or ascent to any of the mountains surrounding the valley, which in many cases exceed 2000 masl, with slopes of more than 1000 masl.

The facilities of the Centro Nacional de Educación Ambiental (the CENEAM) are located within the lands occupied by the Valsain Mountains. The CENEAM is oriented to inform, educate and raise awareness about the environment. The center consists of several facilities among which the projection of a slideshow about life in the mountains during the seasons of the year stands out. There are several rooms showing the different peculiarities of the Valsain Valley and the Guadarrama mountain range, which are complemented by an interactive walk through the pine forest surrounding the facilities.

Among the different routes available to learn about the natural environment, the Pesquerías del Eresma ("Eresma Fisheries") is worth mentioning for its singularity and low difficulty (which makes it suitable for any type of person). The Pesquerías del Eresma is a route by the margins of the river that begins in Boca del Asno and ascends by the left bank using the adjustments made so that the kings could travel comfortably to go fishing.

### Forest management

The Montes y Aserradero de Valsaín organization is responsible of managing the development of the Valsain forests, making their exploitation compatible with the traditional uses and the conservation and improvement of the different habitats in which the different species of fauna and flora develop, thus obeying the dictates of Law 43/2003 on Montes, which states:

> *Los montes deben ser gestionados de forma sostenible, integrando los aspectos ambientales con las actividades económicas, sociales y culturales con la finalidad de conservar el medio natural al tiempo que generar empleo y colaborar al aumento de la calidad de vida y expectativas del desarrollo de la población.*
> (Translation: Mountains must be managed in a sustainable manner, integrating environmental aspects with economic, social and cultural activities in order to conserve the natural environment while generating employment and collaborating to increase the quality of life and development expectations of the population.)

To achieve these objectives, the area of the Valsain forests is divided into different zones or quarters, in which lines of action are established depending on their characteristics. This means that there are areas dedicated to forestry exploitation, recreation, grazing or the protection of different species. The main harvesting activity is the logging of Scots pine.

The management of forest resources is established in the following documents:

* 6ª Revisión de la Ordenación del Monte Pinar de Valsaín (period of validity 2000–2009).
* 2ª Rev. de la Ordenación del Monte Matas de Valsaín (period of validity 2004–2019).
* 1ª Rev. de la Ordenación Silvopastoral de los Montes de Valsaín (period of validity 2000–2009).
* IV Plan Cinegético del Coto Montes de Valsaín (period of validity 2006–07 to 2009–10).

#### Sistema de Gestión Forestal Sostenible de los Montes de Valsaín (SGFS)

Management is carried out in accordance with five basic documents that involve knowledge of the space to be managed and the long-term and short-term plans (the General Plan and the Special Plan) that determine the planning of environmental measures to act on the different agents such as the fauna, flora, territory, etc. The knowledge of the space to be managed is collected under different points of view or states, these are:

* Legal Status.
* Natural State.
* Inventory Status.
* Forestry Report.

There is a permanent revision and correction of the plans, making comparative revisions with previous inventories and correcting undesired deviations.

The surface of the forests has been divided into 25 different quarters, most of them destined to production, one of the quarters has been left out of the forestry exploitation with the objective of achieving a mature semi-naturalized pine forest surface. In the rest, restrictions are determined depending on their particular characteristics.

The main species exploited is Scots pine, but there are also exploitations of other species. The following table shows the different volumes of wood of each species in each of the forests and their exploitation possibilities:

| Species | Stock Monte Matas (m³) | Exploitation potential Monte Matas (m³) | Stock Monte Pinar (m³) | Exploitation potential Monte Pinar (m³) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scots pine | 284.216,00 | 3.626,25 | 2.337.974,00 | 28.748,50 |
| Laricio pine | 2.393,00 | - | - | - |
| Oak | 56.720,00 | - | 2.073,00 | 250,00 |
| Holm oak | 3.822,00 | - | - | - |

With the exception of 50 ha, the main harvestable species in the Pinar Mountain is Scots pine. In the Matas mountain the Pyrenean oak is also harvested.

### Form of exploitation

In the pine forest, thinning is carried out successively by coppicing in order to replace mature trees with younger ones. In the oak grove, the dry and overgrown trees are eliminated.

These activities are limited in terms of the way and time of cutting, in certain areas, for different reasons such as landscaping, non-interference in the awnings and headlands or in the reproduction of protected species. No harvesting is carried out in some areas and within a radius of 100 meters from the nesting areas of the black vulture and imperial eagle. Within a radius of 500 meters, harvesting is done at specific times.

The pines are cut when they are 120 years old. The felling is done by cutting with a chainsaw, then the pines are removed from the forest with different means (horses, tractors or loaders) and are transported and stacked with crane trucks after being measured.

The management is carried out using the *Tramo Móvil* method. This method divides the barracks into different *cantones* that are usually delimited by natural disaster areas or roads and in this area the number of trees and their characteristics are inventoried. Depending on the state of maturity of the tree, three sections are assigned:

* Regeneration, when the trees are in the regeneration period. In this section, thinning cuts are made.
* Improvement, when regeneration has been completed. Cutting of the "parent" trees that have been left for seed supply.
* Preparation, when they are close to maturity. Sick and dry trees are cut, preparing the optimum density to achieve, when thinning is carried out, a new regeneration.

One section is always left for thinning, another for protection without cutting and others with only improvement sections.

There are 50 ha in the Revenga quarter where the aim is to achieve an adult mass of holly by thinning the undergrowth of the pine forest formed by holly.

For the development of the different works within the Valsain Mountains there are 50 people working in different areas. There are field workers, administrative workers, sawmill workers, park rangers, guides, environmental agents, technicians... and there are also contracts with companies, both public and private.

#### El Pinar

The felling age of Scots pine is about 120 years. The traditional way of exploiting these forests is to thin the pine forests. In the clearings opened up by the felling of the adult pines, the light index rises, which facilitates the germination of the pine nuts and, thus, a new generation of pines. Over time, the mass of adult trees is replaced by new young pines, completely regenerating the pine forest.

At the beginning, the mass of young pines is very dense and decreases by natural process and by human intervention that performs different cleanings and cuts until reaching the convenient density for an optimal development of the tree.

In areas of special protection, where some endangered species live, no intervention is carried out in order to preserve the structure of the "tree canopy" and not to disturb with the movement of men and machines.

### The sawmill

The forestry exploitation of the Valsain forests is carried out through El Aserradero ("The Sawmill"). This facility, located in Monte de Matas, next to the town of Valsain and the facilities of the Centro Nacional de Educación Ambiental, occupies an area of 12 ha.

It was created in 1884 by the Royal House. In its beginnings the motive power was based on steam. The ownership of the sawmill followed the same fate as the forests. When, in 1945, the mountains became part of the Patrimonio Nacional, the sawmill also became part of the Patrimonio Nacional. On July 16, 1982, it came under the control of the Instituto Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (ICONA).

In 1952, the facilities were enlarged and modernized, and were equipped with a head, a splitting machine, a pendulum saw and a galley. In 1985, the last reform was carried out in which the facilities were updated with modern machinery and automation.

On October 1, 2005, it was affected by a fire that brought production to a standstill. The flames affected the machinery and the warehouse. In 2007, sawmilling operations were resumed with a mobile sawmill carriage and the reconstruction work continued, taking advantage of the same to equip the sawmill with the most modern lumber production technology.

The production is marketed under the brand name *Maderas de Valsaín* ("Valsain Woods") and is adapted to market requirements.

Sustainable forest management system certificates have been obtained. The FSC (SW-FM/COC-1441) was obtained in February 2005, issued by FSC Spain, and includes the chain of custody for the wood processed by the sawmill. And the PEFC (PEFC/14-23-00008) in November 2004, issued by PEFC España.

There are plans to build a Wood Museum at the sawmill facilities, which would occupy the former facilities of the *Real Taller de Aserrío Mecánico*.

## History

Historically, the Valsain Mountains belonged to the city of Segovia and were managed by the *Noble Junta de Linajes y al Común de su Tierra*. In 1579, hunting and fishing were prohibited in these areas, making them the first protected natural space.

In 1761, the hunting richness of these areas led King Carlos III to acquire them for use as a hunting reserve. Between December 9 of 1869—date on which the ley de desvinculación y venta de bienes de la Corona ("law of dissociation and sale of Crown propert") was enacted—and the Law of June 1876, the mountains were in private hands. Their return to the Crown was not complete, leaving the Matas Pirón, Mata de la Saúca and Navalosar in private hands.

With the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic, they ceased to be the property of the Crown and became part of the State patrimony.

In 1940 they became the property of Patrimonio Nacional and in 1982, by means of Law 23 of June 16, regulating the assets of Patrimonio Nacional, they were transferred to ICONA which, with its disappearance in 1985, became part of the National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN) until the present day.

The first attempt to protect the environment took place in 1920 when an attempt was made to declare the entire Sierra de Guadarrama and the Valsain Mountains a national park. This attempt failed. Later, in 1930 three small areas were protected as Sitios Naturales de Interés Nacional, one of which was the Pinar de La Acebeda.

In 1988, it was declared SPA, Special Protection Area, given the importance and uniqueness of the bird wealth with more than 100 nesting species and was included in the Natura 2000 Network of protected areas of the European Union in 1995, according to their conditions of SPA and SCI. The proposal for the declaration of Site of Community Importance (SCI) was made in 1998.

It is included in the Plan de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Castilla y León since 2003.

## Environmental provisions

* Special Protection Area (SPA).
* *Sitio Natural de Interés Nacional del Pinar de la Acebeda* ("Natural Site of National Interest of the Acebeda Pine Forest") located on 587 ha of the Valsain Pine Forest (declared in 1930).
* Critical Area SG -3 for the purposes of the Plan de Recuperación del Águila Imperial Ibérica en Castilla y León.

1. "Centro de visitantes del Valle de Valsaín-Boca del Asno". Espirdo, Segovia (Spain): Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. 2005.
2. "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de la presidencia. 22 November 2003.
3. "Flora y vegetación de los Montes de Valsaín". Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
4. "Aserradero de Valsaín". Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
5. "Ley 23/1982, de 16 de junio, Reguladora del Patrimonio Nacional" (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Noticias Jurídicas. Leggio, Contenidos y Aplicaciones Informáticas, S.L.
6. "Entorno" (in Spanish). Valsaín, Segovia (Spain): Tariflex S.L. Archived from the original on 3 July 2008.


abstract: Sleeping on Trash: A Collection of Songs Recorded 2005–2010 is a compilation album by American rock band The Wonder Years.

text:
# Sleeping on Trash: A Collection of Songs Recorded 2005–2010

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Big Cheese* | 4/5 |

***Sleeping on Trash: A Collection of Songs Recorded 2005–2010*** is a compilation album by American rock band The Wonder Years.

## Contents and release

The album is a compilation of all of The Wonder Years recordings prior to the release of *The Upsides*, with the exception of *Get Stoked on It!*. The compilation features 18 rare tracks, demos and cover songs. Vocalist Dan Campbell commented that the band "made it a priority to get music to listeners outside of \[their albums\]. Because of that, there are a lot of old tracks floating around from out-of-print 7 inches, CD-R demos or comps. *Sleeping On Trash* is a way \[...\] to get all of it on just one record. It’s a tangible way to own our old material without having to pay out the nose for it on eBay."

On November 27, 2012 *Sleeping on Trash* was announced for release. On February 8, 2013, the album was made available for streaming. On February 12, the album was released through No Sleep.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by The Wonder Years

| No. | Title | Originally appeared on | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mike Kennedy Is a Bad Friend" | *Won't Be Pathetic Forever* (2008) | 1:15 |
| 2. | "Solo & Chewy: Holdin' It Down" | *Won't Be Pathetic Forever* | 3:14 |
| 3. | "Won't Be Pathetic Forever" | *Won't Be Pathetic Forever* | 3:00 |
| 4. | "You're Not Salinger. Get Over It." | *Won't Be Pathetic Forever* | 3:43 |
| 5. | "An Elegy for Baby Blue" | *Distances* (2009) (split with All or Nothing) | 2:25 |
| 6. | "Don't Open the Fridge!" | *Distances* (split with All or Nothing) | 2:57 |
| 7. | "Christmas at 22" | *No Sleep 'Till Christmas* (2008) | 2:37 |
| 8. | "Leavenhouse. 11:30." | "Leavenhouse. 11:30." (2010) | 2:12 |
| 9. | "My Geraldine Lies Over the Delaware" (split version) | split with Bangarang (2006) | 2:30 |
| 10. | "I Ain't Saying He a Gold Digga (Sike!)" | split with Bangarang | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Let's Moshercise!!!" (split version) | split with Bangarang | 2:33 |
| 12. | "Through Two Hearts" | split with Bangarang | 5:07 |
| 13. | "Cheap Shots, Youth Anthems" (Kid Dynamite cover) | *Carry the Torch: A Tribute to Kid Dynamite* (2009) | 2:01 |
| 14. | "Zip Lock" (Lit cover) | *Under the Influence Vol. 13* (2009) (split with Fallen from the Sky) | 3:22 |
| 15. | "Hey Julie" (Fountains of Wayne cover) | *Vs. the Earthquake* (2011) | 2:45 |
| 16. | "Buzz Aldrin: The Poster Boy for Second Place" (demo) | split with Emergency and I (2005) | 2:52 |
| 17. | "Cowboy Killers" | split with Emergency and I | 2:38 |
| 18. | "I Fell in Love with a Ninja Master" (demo) | split with Emergency and I | 3:15 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Independent Albums | 46 |

## InfoBox

| Sleeping on Trash: A Collection of Songs Recorded 2005–2010 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by The Wonder Years | |
| Released | February 11, 2013 |
| Recorded | 2005–10 |
| Genre | Pop punk |
| Length | 52:28 |
| Label | No Sleep |
| Producer | Various |
| The Wonder Years chronology | |
| *Suburbia I've Given You All and Now I'm Nothing*
(2011) ***Sleeping on Trash: A Collection of Songs Recorded 2005–2010***
(2013) *The Greatest Generation*
(2013) | |


title: Battleship (rocketry)

abstract: In rocketry, 'battleship' was a term used during the design of the Saturn V to refer to a heavy duty rocket stage which was used to test configuration and integration of a launch vehicle. The term was used in contrast to the boilerplate nickname, which refers to a non-functional mock-up used to test spacecraft. A battleship is functional, but simpler, cheaper and heavier than the operational version. Thus, it functions but does not achieve the same performance as the operational one. In particular, propellant tanks and major structural components were made of thicker, more rugged materials rather than being carefully thinned to save as much weight as possible. This is done mainly to test the liquid engines operationally and the configuration of the propellant tank passively.

text:
# Battleship (rocketry)

In rocketry, '**battleship**' was a term used during the design of the Saturn V to refer to a heavy duty rocket stage which was used to test configuration and integration of a launch vehicle.

The term was used in contrast to the boilerplate nickname, which refers to a non-functional mock-up used to test spacecraft.

A battleship is functional, but simpler, cheaper and heavier than the operational version. Thus, it functions but does not achieve the same performance (such as thrust-to-weight ratio) as the operational one. In particular, propellant tanks and major structural components were made of thicker, more rugged materials rather than being carefully thinned to save as much weight as possible. This is done mainly to test the liquid engines operationally and the configuration of the propellant tank passively.


title: Euseius relictus

abstract: Euseius relictus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Euseius relictus

***Euseius relictus*** is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Euseius relictus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Genus: | *Euseius* |
| Species: | ***E. relictus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euseius relictus***<br>Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool, 1979 | |
|