title: Pierre Gönczy

abstract: Pierre Gönczy is a Swiss and Italian cell and developmental biologist. His research focuses on centriole biology and asymmetric cell division. He is currently professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), where he directs the Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology.

text:
# Pierre Gönczy

**Pierre Gönczy** (born 1962 in Winterthur, Switzerland) is a Swiss and Italian cell and developmental biologist. His research focuses on centriole biology and asymmetric cell division. He is currently professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), where he directs the Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology.

## Career

Gönczy studied biology at University of Geneva and graduated in 1987 with a diploma thesis in molecular immunology at the Department of Microbiology at University of Geneva. In 1995, he received a PhD for his work on developmental biology and molecular genetics from the Rockefeller University, New York City, United States. From 1996 to 2000 Gönczy joined the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany as a postdoctoral research fellow with Anthony Hyman to work on cell biology, cell division, and early embryonic development. In 2000, he became Junior Group leader at Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) in Lausanne, Switzerland. In 2005, he was first nominated Associate Professor, and since 2009 has been a Full Professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).

## Research

Gönczy's research is in the realm of cell and developmental biology, focused mainly on the questions of centriole assembly and function, as well as asymmetric cell division. His laboratory employs notably the model organism C. elegans and human cell lines in their research. The methods they use include functional genomics, cell biology, live imaging, super-resolution microscopy, biophysical analysis, and electron cryotomography. He spearheaded the first ever functional genomic screening of a metazoan organism, leading to the systematic discovery of the function of the compendium of genes needed to build an embryo.

## Distinctions

Gönczy is recipient of the EMBO Young Investigator Program Award (2000). In 2005, he was elected an EMBO member. He was co-founder of the startup company Cenix Bioscience. He was a Whitman Fellow at the Marine Biology Laboratory, Woods Hole, USA in 2015, 2017, and 2018.

## Select publications

* Gönczy, Pierre; Echeverri, Christophe; Oegema, Karen; Coulson, Alan; Jones, Steven J. M.; Copley, Richard R.; Duperon, John; Oegema, Jeff; Brehm, Michael; Cassin, Etienne; Hannak, Eva; Kirkham, Matthew; Pichler, Silke; Flohrs, Kathrin; Goessen, Anoesjka; Leidel, Sebastian; Alleaume, Anne-Marie; Martin, Cécilie; Özlü, Nurhan; Bork, Peer; Hyman, Anthony A. (2000). "Functional genomic analysis of cell division in C. Elegans using RNAi of genes on chromosome III". *Nature*. **408** (6810): 331–336. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..331G. doi:10.1038/35042526. PMID 11099034. S2CID 4364278.
* Colombo, K.; Grill, Stephan W.; Kimple, Randall J.; Willard, Francis S.; Siderovski, David P.; Gönczy, Pierre (2003). "Translation of Polarity Cues into Asymmetric Spindle Positioning in Caenorhabditis elegans Embryos". *Science*. **300** (5627): 1957–1961. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1957C. doi:10.1126/science.1084146. PMID 12750478. S2CID 46204090.
* Leidel, Sebastian; Delattre, Marie; Cerutti, Lorenzo; Baumer, Karine; Gönczy, Pierre (2005). "SAS-6 defines a protein family required for centrosome duplication in C. Elegans and in human cells". *Nature Cell Biology*. **7** (2): 115–125. doi:10.1038/ncb1220. PMID 15665853. S2CID 4634352.
* Kitagawa, Daiju; Vakonakis, Ioannis; Olieric, Natacha; Hilbert, Manuel; Keller, Debora; Olieric, Vincent; Bortfeld, Miriam; Erat, Michèle C.; Flückiger, Isabelle; Gönczy, Pierre; Steinmetz, Michel O. (2011). "Structural Basis of the 9-Fold Symmetry of Centrioles". *Cell*. **144** (3): 364–375. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.008. PMC 3089914. PMID 21277013.
* Guichard, Paul; Hachet, Virginie; Majubu, Norbert; Neves, Aitana; Demurtas, Davide; Olieric, Natacha; Fluckiger, Isabelle; Yamada, Akinori; Kihara, Kumiko; Nishida, Yuichiro; Moriya, Shigeharu; Steinmetz, Michel O.; Hongoh, Yuichi; Gönczy, Pierre (2013). "Native Architecture of the Centriole Proximal Region Reveals Features Underlying Its 9-Fold Radial Symmetry". *Current Biology*. **23** (17): 1620–1628. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.061. PMID 23932403. S2CID 17329110.
* Nievergelt, Adrian P.; Banterle, Niccolò; Andany, Santiago H.; Gönczy, Pierre; Fantner, Georg E. (2018). "High-speed photothermal off-resonance atomic force microscopy reveals assembly routes of centriolar scaffold protein SAS-6" (PDF). *Nature Nanotechnology*. **13** (8): 696–701. Bibcode:2018NatNa..13..696N. doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0149-4. PMID 29784964. S2CID 205567962.

1. "Pierre Gönczy". *people.epfl.ch*. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
2. "Gönczy Lab – Cell and Developmental Biology". *www.epfl.ch*. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
3. Gönczy, P; Reith, W; Barras, E; Lisowska-Grospierre, B; Griscelli, C; Hadam, M R; Mach, B (1989-01-01). "Inherited immunodeficiency with a defect in a major histocompatibility complex class II promoter-binding protein differs in the chromatin structure of the HLA-DRA gene". *Molecular and Cellular Biology*. **9** (1): 296–302. doi:10.1128/MCB.9.1.296. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 362172. PMID 2467188.
4. Trelsman, Jessica; Gönczy, Pierre; Vashishtha, Malini; Harris, Esther; Desplan, Claude (1989-11-03). "A single amino acid can determine the DNA binding specificity of homeodomain proteins". *Cell*. **59** (3): 553–562. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90038-X. PMID 2572327. S2CID 29300056.
5. Castrillon, D. H.; Gonczy, P.; Alexander, S.; Rawson, R.; Eberhart, C. G.; Viswanathan, S.; DiNardo, S.; Wasserman, S. A. (1993-10-01). "Toward a Molecular Genetic Analysis of Spermatogenesis in Drosophila Melanogaster: Characterization of Male-Sterile Mutants Generated by Single P Element Mutagenesis". *Genetics*. **135** (2): 489–505. doi:10.1093/genetics/135.2.489. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1205651. PMID 8244010.
6. Gonczy, P (1994-07-01). "roughex is a dose-dependent regulator of the second meiotic division during Drosophila spermatogenesis". *Cell*. **77** (7): 1015–1025. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90441-3. PMID 8020092. S2CID 32059039.
7. Gönczy, Pierre; Echeverri, Christophe; Oegema, Karen; Coulson, Alan; Jones, Steven J. M.; Copley, Richard R.; Duperon, John; Oegema, Jeff; Brehm, Michael; Cassin, Etienne; Hannak, Eva (2000-11-16). "Functional genomic analysis of cell division in C. elegans using RNAi of genes on chromosome III". *Nature*. **408** (6810): 331–336. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..331G. doi:10.1038/35042526. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11099034. S2CID 4364278.
8. Kitagawa, Daiju; Vakonakis, Ioannis; Olieric, Natacha; Hilbert, Manuel; Keller, Debora; Olieric, Vincent; Bortfeld, Miriam; Erat, Michèle C.; Flückiger, Isabelle; Gönczy, Pierre; Steinmetz, Michel O. (2011-02-04). "Structural Basis of the 9-Fold Symmetry of Centrioles". *Cell*. **144** (3): 364–375. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.008. PMC 3089914. PMID 21277013.
9. Guichard, Paul; Hachet, Virginie; Majubu, Norbert; Neves, Aitana; Demurtas, Davide; Olieric, Natacha; Fluckiger, Isabelle; Yamada, Akinori; Kihara, Kumiko; Nishida, Yuichiro; Moriya, Shigeharu (2013-09-09). "Native Architecture of the Centriole Proximal Region Reveals Features Underlying Its 9-Fold Radial Symmetry". *Current Biology*. **23** (17): 1620–1628. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.061. PMID 23932403. S2CID 17329110.
10. Colombo, K. (2003-05-15). "Translation of Polarity Cues into Asymmetric Spindle Positioning in Caenorhabditis elegans Embryos". *Science*. **300** (5627): 1957–1961. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1957C. doi:10.1126/science.1084146. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12750478. S2CID 46204090.
11. Leidel, Sebastian; Delattre, Marie; Cerutti, Lorenzo; Baumer, Karine; Gönczy, Pierre (2005-02-23). "SAS-6 defines a protein family required for centrosome duplication in C. elegans and in human cells". *Nature Cell Biology*. **7** (2): 115–125. doi:10.1038/ncb1220. ISSN 1465-7392. PMID 15665853. S2CID 4634352.
12. Nievergelt, Adrian P.; Banterle, Niccolò; Andany, Santiago H.; Gönczy, Pierre; Fantner, Georg E. (2018-08-21). "High-speed photothermal off-resonance atomic force microscopy reveals assembly routes of centriolar scaffold protein SAS-6". *Nature Nanotechnology*. **13** (8): 696–701. Bibcode:2018NatNa..13..696N. doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0149-4. ISSN 1748-3387. PMID 29784964. S2CID 205567962.
13. "Pierre Gönczy - Find an EMBO Young Investigator / EMBO Installation Grantee / EMBO Global Investigator". *yip-search.embo.org*. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
14. Katja. "Find a Member". *EMBO*. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
15. "Cenix Ends Worm Work with Screen Publication". *GenomeWeb*. May 2005. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
16. "2015 MBL Research Awardees". *www.mbl.edu*. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
17. "2017 Whitman Center Research Awardees". *www.mbl.edu*. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
18. "2018 Whitman Center Research Awardees". *www.mbl.edu*. Retrieved 2020-09-15.

## InfoBox

| Full ProfessorPierre Gönczy | |
| --- | --- |
| Pierre Gönczy in his laboratory in 2020 | |
| Born | 1962 (age 6162)
Winterthur, Switzerland |
| Citizenship | Switzerland |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Geneva |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Biology |
| Sub-discipline | Cell biology
Developmental biology |
| Institutions | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) |
| Main interests | Centriole assembly and function
Asymmetric cell division |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.epfl.ch/labs/gonczy-lab/ |


title: Romanogobio

abstract: Romanogobio is a genus of cyprinid fish found in Europe and Asia.

text:
# Romanogobio

***Romanogobio*** is a genus of cyprinid fish found in Europe and Asia.

## Species

Currently, 19 described species are in this genus, including the extinct *R. antipai*:

## InfoBox

| *Romanogobio* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Northern whitefin gudgeon (*Romanogobio belingi*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Gobioninae |
| Genus: | *Romanogobio*
Bănărescu, 1961 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Romanogobio kesslerii*
(Dybowski, 1862) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rheogobio* Bănărescu, 1961 | |


title: Chih-Ming Ho

abstract: Chih-Ming Ho (何志明) is an engineering professor in interdisciplinary fields, which span from aerodynamics to AI-medicine[1]. He received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from National Taiwan University in 1967 and a Ph.D. in Mechanics and Material Sciences from Johns Hopkins University in 1974. In 1997, Ho was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the understanding and control of turbulent flows.

text:
# Chih-Ming Ho

**Chih-Ming Ho** (何志明) is an engineering professor in interdisciplinary fields, which span from aerodynamics to AI-medicine\[1\]. He received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from National Taiwan University in 1967 and a Ph.D. in Mechanics and Material Sciences from Johns Hopkins University in 1974.

In 1997, Ho was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the understanding and control of turbulent flows.

## Academic career

Dr. Chih-Ming Ho started his career at the University of Southern California (USC) in 1975 and rose to the rank of full professor. In 1991, he moved to the University of California, Los Angeles to lead the university's establishment of the micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) field, while serving as the founding Director of the Center for Micro Systems. He is the Ben Rich-Lockheed Martin Professor Emeritus. Ho was the Director of the NASA-supported Institute for Cell Mimetic Space Exploration and the NIH-supported Center for Cell Control at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science. He served as UCLA Associate Vice Chancellor for Research from 2001 to 2005.

## Research accomplishments

### Control of turbulent flows

Ho was the first to introduce the idea of actively perturbing the free shear layer with subharmonics of its Kelvin-Helmholtz instability frequency for increasing the entrainment of the ambient fluid into the jet stream\[2,3\]. Furthermore, with an elliptic jet of a small aspect ratio, he found that the entrainment of the elliptic jet can be up to five times higher than that of a round jet at a passive control mode\[4\]. Ho applied micro shear stress sensor arrays to detect the turbulent separation line at the leading edge of the airfoil and used micro actuators to produce asymmetric separation vortices, such that the aircraft can be maneuvered in rolling, pitching and yawing modes\[5,6\]. These innovative flow control technologies made him a global front-runner in aerodynamics during the 1980s.

### Microfluidics

In early 1990s, Ho was among the pioneers of studying flows inside microfluidic channels\[7,8\] and micro bio-molecular sensors\[9,10\]. Microfluidic devices are in the dimension of microns, which match the cell sizes, such that only a minute amount of biosample is needed for analysis. With surface molecular modifications, amperometric sensors can detect DNA/RNA even without PCR amplification in the 2000s\[9\]. In addition, because the electrokinetic forces also work in the micro/nano scale range, it became possible to detect single molecules in microfluidic device\[10\]. These bio-marker sensors can have ultrasensitivity in body fluids, blood, saliva, and urine\[11\].

### AI personalized medicine

Almost all diseases are treated by combinatorial drugs. However, M drugs with N doses for each drug constitute a huge search space of NM possible combinations. In addition, the interactions among drug molecules and omics mechanisms are an insurmountable maze. Around 2010, Ho applied the mechanism independent artificial intelligence analysis and discovered that drug-dose inputs are correlated with phenotypic outputs with a Phenotypic Response Surface (PRS)\[12,13,14,16,17,18\], which is governed by second-order polynomial type function. The coefficients of the PRS function can be determined by a small number of calibration tests. Hence, the AI-PRS function in turn eliminates the need for big data training set for AI analysis, which is not feasible in in vivo tests, especially in clinical settings. AI-PRS is an indication agnostic and mechanism free platform technology, which has been successfully demonstrated in about 30 diseases, including clinical trials of cancers\[15\], infectious diseases\[20\] and organ transplants\[19\]. The AI-PRS platform can realize unprecedented levels of adaptability to identify the optimized drug combination for a specific patient, even if dynamic changes to the regimen and dose/drug optimization are needed on a continuous basis\[15,19,20\].

## Honors and awards

Ho was ranked by Thomson Reuters ISI as one of the top 250 most cited researchers in all engineering categories (2001-2014). In 1997, Dr. Ho was inducted as a member of the National Academy of Engineering. In the next year, he was elected as an Academician of Academia Sinica. Ho has received a Doctor of Engineering Honoris Causa from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and he holds ten honorary professorships, including the Einstein Professorship from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Ho was elected a Fellow of American Physics Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Services in Professional Communities

In services to professional societies. Ho was a Chair of the Division of Fluid Dynamics (DFD) for the American Physical Society, which is the platform in the United States for scientists interested in fundamental fluid dynamics. He was on the advisory board for the AIAA Journal and is a member of the IEEE/ASME coordinating Committee of Journal of MEMS. He was an Associate Editor of the ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering and an Associate Editor of the AIAA Journal. He also has served as a Guest Editor for the Annual Review of Fluid Dynamics. He also has chaired or served on many advisory or organizing committees of international conferences on high technology topics.

Ho has served on advisory panels to provide assistance to the US, China, France, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom, on the developments of nano/micro technologies.

## Industrial participation

Ho is a co-founder of GeneFluidics, which specializes in rapid PCR-less molecular based identification of pathogen-specific sequence. He is also a co-founder of Kyan Therapeutics, which specializes in AI driven drug development/dosage optimization.

1. Predictable response: Finding optimal drugs and doses using artificial intelligence”, by Chakradhar, S., Nature Medicine, V.23, pages 1244–1247 (2017.)
2. Ho, C.M. and Huang, L.S., "Subharmonics and Vortex Merging in Mixing Layers", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 119, pp. 443–473, 1982.
3. Ho, C.M. and Huerre, P., "Perturbed Free Shear Layers", Ann. Rev. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 16, pp. 365–424, 1984.
4. Ho, C.M. and Gutmark, E., "Vortex Induction and Mass Entrainment in a Small Aspect Ratio Elliptic Jet", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 179, pp. 383–405, 1987.
5. Lee, G.B., Chiang, S., Tai, Y.C., Tsao, T., Liu, C., Huang, P.H. and Ho, C.M., "Robust Vortex Control of a Delta Wing Using Distributed MEMS Actuators" Journal of Aircraft, 37(4):697-706, 2000.
6. Micro machines help solve intractable problem of turbulence”, by Browne, M.W., New York Times, Jan. 3, 1995,
7. Liu, J., Tai, Y.C., Pong, K., and Ho, C.M., "Micromachined Channel/Pressure Sensor Systems for Micro Flow Studies," Tech. Digest, 1993 International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators (TRANSDUCERS’93), Yokohama, Japan, pp. 995–999, June 1993.
8. Pong, K.C., Ho, C. M., Liu, J. and Tai, Y.C., "Nonlinear Pressure Distribution in Uniform Microchannels," Application of Microfabrication to Fluid Mechanics, FED-Vol. 197, pp. 51–56, ASME, 1994.
9. Gau, J.J., Lan, E. H., Dunn, B., Ho, C.M., "A MEMS-based Amperometric Detector for E. Coli Bacteria - Using Self-Assembled Monolayers", Journal of Biosensor and Bioelectronics, Volume 9, Number 12, pp. 745–755, 2001.
10. Wang, T.H., Peng, Y., Zhang, C., Wong, P.K. and Ho, C.M., “Single-Molecule Tracing on a Fluidic Microchip for Quantitative Detection of Low-Abundance Nucleic Acids”, Journal of the American Chemical Society 127, 5354–5359, 2005.
11. 20 New Biotech Breakthroughs that Will Change Medicine”, by Wenner, M., Popular Mechanics, Dec 9, 2009
12. Al-Shyoukh, I., Yu, F., Feng, J., Yan, K., Dubinett, S., Ho, C. M., Shamma, J.S. and Sun R., “Systematic quantitative characterization of cellular responses induced by multiple signals”, BMC Systems Biology, Vol. 5, pp. 88, 2011.
13. Wong, P.K, Yu, F., Shahangian A., Cheng, G., Sun, R. and Ho, C.M., “Closed-Loop Control of Cellular Functions Using Combinatory Drugs Guided by a Stochastic Search Algorithm”, Proceeding of National Academy of Science, Vol. 105, No.13 pp. 5105–5110, 2008
14. Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska, Andrea Weiss, Xianting Ding, Paul J Dyson, Hubert van den Bergh, Arjan W Griffioen & Chih-Ming Ho, “Optimization of drug combinations using Feedback System Control”, Nature Protocols, VOL.11 NO.2, pp. 302–315, 2016
15. Pantuck,\* A.J., Lee, D.K., Kee, T., Wang, P., Lakhotia, S., Silverman, M.H., Mathis, C., Drakaki, A., Belldegrun, A.S., Ho, C.M., and Ho, D., “Modulating BET Bromodomain Inhibitor ZEN-3694 and Enzalutamide Combination Dosing in a Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patient Using CUREATE.AI, an Artificial Intelligence Platform”, Advanced Therapeutics, DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800104, 2018.
16. Rashid, M. B. M. A., Toh, T. B., Hooi, L., Silva, A., Zhang, Y., Tan, P. F., Teh, A. L., Karnani, N., Jha, S., Ho, C. M., Chng, W. J., Ho, D., Chow, E. K. H., “Optimizing drug combinations against multiple myeloma using a quadratic phenotypic optimization platform (QPOP)”. Sci. Transl. Med. 10, eaan0941 2018.
17. Silva, A., Lee, B.Y., Clemens, D.L., Kee, T., Ding, X., Ho, C.M. and Horwitz, M.A., “Output-driven feedback system control platform optimizes combinatorial therapy of tuberculosis using A macrophage cell culture model”, PNAS, Vol. 113, No. 15, 2016.
18. Lee, B.Y., Clemens, D.L., Silva, A., Dillon, B.J., Sasˇa Maslesˇa-Galic´, Nava, S., Ding, X., Ho, C.M., and Horwitz, M.A., “Drug regimens identified and optimized by output-driven platform markedly reduce tuberculosis treatment time”, Nat. Commun. 8, 14183 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14183, 2017.
19. Zarrinpar, A., Lee, D.-K., Silva, A., Datta, N., Kee, T., Eriksen, C., Weigle, K., Agopian, V., Kaldas, F., Farmer, D., Wang, S.E., Busuttil, R., Ho, C.M., “Individualizing liver transplant immunosuppression using a phenotypic personalized medicine platform”, Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 333ra49, 2016.
20. Shen, Y., Liu, T., Chen, J., Li, X., Liu, L., Shen, J., Wang, J., Zhang, R., Sun, M., Wang, Z., Song, W., Qi, T., Tang, Y., Meng, X., Zhang, L., Ho, D., Ho, C. M., Ding, X., and Zhou Lu, H.Z., “Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Optimize Long-Term Maintenance Dosing for Antiretroviral-Naive Adults with HIV-1 Infection” DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900114, Adv. Therap.2019

## InfoBox

| Chih-Ming Ho | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1945 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | National Taiwan University, Johns Hopkins University |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Discipline | AI-Medicine, Microfluidics,
Turbulence |
| Institutions | University of California, Los Angeles |
|  | |


title: Boathoist Cave

abstract: Boathoist Cave, also known as Bulman's Cave, is a huge sea cave on the south eastern flank of the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.

text:
# Boathoist Cave

**Boathoist Cave** (or **Boat Hoist Cave**), also known as **Bulman's Cave**, is a huge sea cave on the south eastern flank of the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.

## Description

Boathoist Cave is only accessible from the east coast of Gibraltar by boat or from inside the Rock of Gibraltar. During World War II access steps were built from man-made tunnels inside the Rock. The steps were intended to be used as an escape route for the Governor of Gibraltar if the Rock was invaded under the Axis powers' planned Operation Felix. From the cave he could have been transported to a waiting submarine. This huge cave contains a beach which can be accessed by boat. This beach has been created by sand and debris blown out through the relatively small entrance.

This cave has been mentioned as one of the ten locations which include Vanguard Cave, Gorham's Cave, Ibex Cave and Bennett's Cave that give clear evidence on the Neanderthals of Gibraltar.

## Sources

* Stringer, Chris (2000). "Gibraltar and the Neanderthals 1848-1998". In Stringer, Chris; Barton, R.N.E.; Finlayson, Clive (eds.). *Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar*. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781842170151.

## InfoBox

| Boathoist Cave | |
| --- | --- |
| Bulman's Cave | |
| Coordinates | 36°07′15″N 5°20′31″W / 36.12096°N 5.34197°W / 36.12096; -5.34197 |


title: Bobby Marshman

abstract: George Robert Marshman, was an American racecar driver. Born the son of auto race promoters George and Evelyn Marshman in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, Marshman died in San Antonio, Texas of injuries sustained in a tire test in Phoenix, Arizona. He drove in the USAC Championship Car series, racing in the 1961-1964 seasons, with 49 career starts, including each Indianapolis 500 contest in that span. He finished in the top ten 25 times, with one victory, in 1962 at the Arizona State Fairgrounds in Phoenix. His 7th-place finish at the 1961 Indianapolis 500 earned him co-Rookie of the Year honors with Parnelli Jones. Marshman may be best known for his performance during the 1964 Indianapolis 500. Early in the race, following a fiery crash that claimed the lives of Eddie Sachs and Dave MacDonald, Marshman took the lead from polesitter and race favorite Jim Clark. Marshman, driving a Lotus 29-Ford, extended his lead until the 37th lap, when he was forced off the track to avoid hitting a slower car driven by Johnny White. The instant he spent off the track tore loose oil and water lines, and retired the car. Many observers felt Marshman was on his way to a comfortable victory before luck intervened. A story from the time holds that Marshman wandered the crowd for an hour before returning to the pits and his crew. Marshman, dressed in his fireproof overalls and with oily goggle-marks around his eyes, was holding a race program. Jack Beckley, Marshman's crew chief, studied him quizzically and finally asked, "what are you doing with that?" An embarrassed and crestfallen Marshman replied, "I thought if I bought it no one would know I was a driver and they wouldn't ask me silly questions." On November 27, 1964, Marshman was conducting tire tests at the Phoenix 1-mile paved oval. When his Lotus-Ford crashed into the west retaining wall and ruptured the fuel tank, he was not wearing fire-retardant clothing to protect him according to some reports. First able to leave the wreck unassisted, Marshman succumbed to his second and third degree burns six days later. About a year after her husband's death, Marshman's widow, Janet F. Marshman, sued Ford Motor Company for $5 million, claiming that the crash resulted from negligence by the car owner, purported to be Ford, which also failed to comply with a warranty that the car was safe according to the suit. The first Bobby Marshman Memorial race, which featured ARDC midget cars and was promoted by George Marshman, was held at Hatfield Speedway in June 1966.

text:
# Bobby Marshman

**George Robert Marshman** (September 24, 1936 – December 3, 1964), was an American racecar driver.

Born the son of auto race promoters George and Evelyn Marshman in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, Marshman died in San Antonio, Texas of injuries sustained in a tire test in Phoenix, Arizona.

He drove in the USAC Championship Car series, racing in the 1961-1964 seasons, with 49 career starts, including each Indianapolis 500 contest in that span. He finished in the top ten 25 times, with one victory, in 1962 at the Arizona State Fairgrounds in Phoenix. His 7th-place finish at the 1961 Indianapolis 500 earned him co-Rookie of the Year honors with Parnelli Jones.

Marshman may be best known for his performance during the 1964 Indianapolis 500. Early in the race, following a fiery crash that claimed the lives of Eddie Sachs and Dave MacDonald, Marshman took the lead from polesitter and race favorite Jim Clark. Marshman, driving a Lotus 29-Ford, extended his lead until the 37th lap, when he was forced off the track to avoid hitting a slower car driven by Johnny White. The instant he spent off the track tore loose oil and water lines, and retired the car. Many observers felt Marshman was on his way to a comfortable victory before luck intervened. A story from the time holds that Marshman wandered the crowd for an hour before returning to the pits and his crew. Marshman, dressed in his fireproof overalls and with oily goggle-marks around his eyes, was holding a race program. Jack Beckley, Marshman's crew chief, studied him quizzically and finally asked, "what are you doing with that?" An embarrassed and crestfallen Marshman replied, "I thought if I bought it no one would know I was a driver and they wouldn't ask me silly questions."

On November 27, 1964, Marshman was conducting tire tests at the Phoenix 1-mile paved oval. When his Lotus-Ford crashed into the west retaining wall and ruptured the fuel tank, he was not wearing fire-retardant clothing to protect him according to some reports. First able to leave the wreck unassisted, Marshman succumbed to his second and third degree burns six days later.

About a year after her husband's death, Marshman's widow, Janet F. Marshman, sued Ford Motor Company for $5 million, claiming that the crash resulted from negligence by the car owner, purported to be Ford, which also failed to comply with a warranty that the car was safe according to the suit.

The first Bobby Marshman Memorial race, which featured ARDC midget cars and was promoted by George Marshman, was held at Hatfield Speedway in June 1966.

## Complete USAC Championship Car results

| Year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Pos | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | TRE | INDY
 | MIL
 | LAN
 | SPR
 | MIL | DUQ
 | SYR | ISF | TRE
DNQ | SAC | PHX |  | - | 0 |
| 1961 | TRE
17 | INDY
7 | MIL
19 | LAN
11 | MIL
15 | SPR
9 | DUQ
8 | SYR
7 | ISF
2 | TRE
19 | SAC
3 | PHX
11 |  | 8th | 769 |
| 1962 | TRE
10 | INDY
5 | MIL
12 | LAN
5 | TRE
21 | SPR
4 | MIL
3 | LAN
9 | SYR
13 | ISF
6 | TRE
3 | SAC
15 | PHX
1 | 5th | 1,581 |
| 1963 | TRE
6 | INDY
16 | MIL
7 | LAN
5 | TRE
19 | SPR
15 | MIL
22 | DUQ
4 | ISF
DNQ | TRE
20 | SAC
18 | PHX
18 |  | 15th | 323 |
| 1964 | PHX
7 | TRE
3 | INDY
25 | MIL
21 | LAN
3 | TRE
22 | SPR
2 | MIL
24 | DUQ
2 | ISF
16 | TRE
16 | SAC
2 | PHX
13 | 7th | 867 |

## Indianapolis 500 results

| Year | Chassis | Engine | Start | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1961 | Epperly | Offy | 33rd | 7th |
| 1962 | Epperly | Offy | 3rd | 5th |
| 1963 | Epperly | Offy | 7th | 16th |
| 1964 | Lotus | Ford | 2nd | 25th |

## InfoBox

| Bobby Marshman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | George Robert Marshman
(1936-09-24)September 24, 1936
Pottstown, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | December 3, 1964(1964-12-03) (aged 28)
San Antonio, Texas, U.S. |
|  | |
| Champ Car career | |
| 49 races run over 5 years | |
| Years active | 1960–1964 |
| Best finish | 5th – 1962 |
| First race | 1961 Trenton 100 (Trenton) |
| Last race | 1964 Bobby Ball Memorial (Phoenix) |
| First win | 1962 Bobby Ball Memorial (ASF) |
| Wins Podiums Poles  1 10 1 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pierre Géraud-Keraod

abstract: Perig (Pierre) Géraud-Keraod was one of the founders of the Bleimor Scouting movement in 1946, and later founder of the Scouts d'Europe.

text:
# Pierre Géraud-Keraod

**Perig (Pierre) Géraud-Keraod** (July 1, 1917  October 21, 1997) was one of the founders of the Bleimor Scouting movement in 1946, and later founder of the *Scouts d'Europe*.

## Background

He attended the railroad school of Orléans, to become an inspector, and developed training courses. At the end of World War II, he was deputy stationmaster in Étampes, where he avoided being shot by the Wehrmacht. After the war he entered the Ministère de la Reconstruction (Ministry for Rebuilding) and moved his family in Paris. New to the capital, he entered a Celtic Circle, where participants meet each week, welcome newcomers from Brittany and dance and sing together. Among the members of this Celtic Circle were many Boy Scouts and Girl Guides. At this point he and his wife Lizig had the idea to create a *Centre Scout d'expression bretonne* (Scout Center of Breton Expression). This center took the name *Bleimor*, the pen name of the Breton poet Jean-Pierre Calloc'h, who died in 1917 at the battle of the Somme. This Breton Scout Center was created within the framework of the Saint-Denis district of the Scouts de France. The activities at the beginning dealt with Breton dance, song and dramatic art. The first Breton Scout camp took place during the summer of 1946, in Plomelin, close to Quimper. Very quickly Perig and Lizig made the decision to train the Breton Scouts in emergency services, as they considered that folklore would not be enough to form in-depth true Scouts and Guides. At the beginning of 1947, the older Guides were attached to the Guides of France. The older Scouts were for many years within the framework of the *Mission bretonne de l'Ile-de-France*, which had been created to occupy the Breton young people who had emigrated to the Paris area, in order to help them to preserve their Breton religious practice, which they had a tendency to give up in Paris. The service activity of Bleimor consisted of launching **pardons bretons** (Breton festivals) in the parishes of the Paris area where many Breton emigrants were established. The day before festivals, the Scouts distributed invitations, accompanied by bell ringers and bagpipes.

## InfoBox

| Pierre Géraud-Keraod | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Perig Géraud-Keraod
(1917-07-01)July 1, 1917
Brittany |
| Died | October 21, 1997(1997-10-21) (aged 80) |
| Nationality | French |
| Known for | founder of Bleimor Scouting movement and Scouts d'Europe |
| Spouse | Lizig Sournac (m. 1941) |
| Children | 5 |


title: Bob Elliott (comedian)

abstract: Robert Brackett Elliott was an American comedian and actor, one-half of the comedy duo of Bob and Ray. He was the father of comedian/actor Chris Elliott and grandfather of actresses and comedians Abby Elliott and Bridey Elliott. He is most remembered for the character of radio reporter Wally Ballou.

text:
# Bob Elliott (comedian)

**Robert Brackett Elliott** (March 26, 1923 – February 2, 2016) was an American comedian and actor, one-half of the comedy duo of Bob and Ray. He was the father of comedian/actor Chris Elliott and grandfather of actresses and comedians Abby Elliott and Bridey Elliott. He is most remembered for the character of radio reporter Wally Ballou.

## Life and career

Elliott was born in Winchester, Massachusetts, the son of Gail Marguarite (née Brackett), a needleworker, and Fred Russell Elliott, who worked in insurance. Bob Elliott served in the U.S. Army in Northern Europe during World War II. On radio, he appeared in programs with his long-time partner Ray Goulding. These were in different series and time slots over decades, beginning in the late 1940s at Boston's WHDH radio on the show *Matinee with Bob and Ray*.

> "The funniest people in this country, these guys are also two of the keenest observers of the American scene and the finest interviewers in the business."

David Letterman said of the duo prior to one interview.

On television, Elliott and Goulding hosted *Bob and Ray* from 1951 to 1953. He appeared on a number of other television programs, including *Happy Days*; *Newhart*; and *Bob & Ray, Jane, Laraine & Gilda* in 1979 (with Goulding, Jane Curtin, Laraine Newman and Gilda Radner); *The David Steinberg Show*; and *Saturday Night Live*. In 1982, Elliott was in *Author! Author!* as Patrick Dicker. He would star in made-for-TV-Movie's such as *Between Time and Timbuktu* and *FDR: A One Man Show*. Elliott also made television commercials, and co-wrote some humor articles with Ray Goulding for *Mad Magazine* in the 1950s.

In 1970, the duo debuted in *The Two and Only* on Broadway. Bob and Goulding worked together up until Goulding's death in 1990.

## Solo works

In 1990, Elliott portrayed a bank guard in *Quick Change*. In 1990, he portrayed "Fred Peterson" in the television series *Get a Life*, which starred Chris as his son. Four years later, the elder Elliott appeared in the Tim Burton production *Cabin Boy*, playing Chris's father again. In 2004, he appeared in a skit on the Air America radio program *The O'Franken Factor*. Elliott appeared on radio with Garrison Keillor in *The American Radio Company of the Air*.

## Personal life

Elliott married Jane Underwood in 1943. They divorced in 1953, having no children. *Bob and Ray* writer Raymond Knight died in 1953. In 1954, Elliott married Knight's widow, Lee (née Peppers). They were married for 58 years until her death in 2012. They had two sons, Chris Elliott and Bob Elliott Jr., and one daughter, Amy Andersen. They adopted Lee and Ray Knight's two children, Colony Elliott Santangelo and Shannon Elliott. They had 11 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.

In 1989, Elliott co-authored son Chris's mock autobiography, *Daddy's Boy: A Son's Shocking Account of Life with a Famous Father*.

### Death

Elliott died in Cundy's Harbor, Maine on February 2, 2016, from throat cancer at the age of 92.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1959 | *Test Dive Buddies* | Bob | Short film directed by Ed Graham Jr. |
| 1960 | *Kid Gloves* | Bob | Short film directed by Ed Graham Jr. |
| 1971 | *Cold Turkey* | Hugh Upson/David Chetley/Sandy Van Andy | Satirical comedy film directed by Norman Lear. |
| 1980 | *Vengeance* | Luke | Directed and written by Bob Bliss. |
| 1981 | *B.C.: A Special Christmas* | Peter (voice) | American animated short film directed by Vlad Goetzelman. |
| 1982 | *Author! Author!* | Patrick Dicker | American comedy drama film directed by Arthur Hiller and written by Israel Horovitz. |
| 1984 | *Kidco* | Policeman #2 | Comedy film directed by Ronald F. Maxwell. |
| 1987 | *The Gnomes' Great Adventure* | Fred |  |
| 1990 | *Quick Change* | Bank Guard | * Crime comedy film written by Howard Franklin, produced by and starring Bill Murray, and directed by both. * Despite not being a major commercial success, the film was well received critically. |
| 1994 | *Cabin Boy* | William Mayweather |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1951–53 | *Bob and Ray* | Co-Host | 15-minute television series on NBC. |
| 1972 | *Between Time and Timbuktu* | Bud Williams, Jr. |  |
| 1976 | *The David Steinberg Show* | Guest | Episode: "Episode #1.1 (Pilot)" |
| 1978 | *Saturday Night Live* | Interviewer | Episode: "Elliott Gould/Peter Tosh" |
| 1979 | *Happy Days* | Gil Crawford | Episode: "Here Comes the Bride, Again" |
| 1981 | *The Steve Allen Comedy Hour* | Guest | Episode: "Episode #1.22" |
| 1985 | *Trapper John, M.D.* | Zeke Rainey | Episode: "A False Start" |
| 1986 | *Action Family* | The Vendor |  |
| 1987 | *FDR: A One Man Show* | Make-Up Man | * Made-for-TV-Movie * Directed by Matt Wickline. |
| 1988 | *Coming of Age* | Guest | Episode: "Hale to the Chief" |
| | *Newhart* | Bill Loudon | Episode: "I Came, I Saw, I Sat" |
| 1990–92 | *Get a Life* | Fred Peterson | Contract role |
| 1999 | *LateLine* | Wally Van Horn | Episode: "The Minister of Television" |
| 2008 | *King of the Hill* | Edgar Hornsby (voice) | Episode: "Square-Footed Monster" |
|

Media related to Bob Elliott at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Bob Elliott | |
| --- | --- |
| Elliott on *Monitor* in 1960 | |
| Born | Robert Brackett Elliott
(1923-03-26)March 26, 1923
Winchester, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | February 2, 2016(2016-02-02) (aged 92)
Cundy Harbor, Maine, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Comedian, actor |
| Years active | 1946–2008 |
| Spouses | * Jane Underwood  (m. 1943; div. 1953) * Lee Peppers  (m. 1954; died 2012) |
| Children | 5; including Chris |
| Relatives |  |


title: Solar power in Tennessee

abstract: Solar power in Tennessee is capable of producing much of the state's electricity; however, the industry remains in early stages in the state. With 129 MW of solar power in 2015, Tennessee ranked 20th among states for installed solar capacity. In 2012, Tennessee's largest solar installation was the 5 MW West Tennessee Solar Farm. In 2013, Volkswagen opened an 8 MW solar farm at its assembly plant in Chattanooga. The largest solar installations in Tennessee in 2014 were the 20 MW Selmer and 20 MW Mulberry Solar Farms in McNairy County. In 2015, White Farms, a grain farm in rural Carroll County, installed a 49.725 kW solar array. A 68.5 MW(DC) solar farm near Millington became the state's largest solar installation in 2019.

text:
# Solar power in Tennessee

**Solar power in Tennessee** is capable of producing much of the state's electricity; however, the industry remains in early stages in the state. With 129 MW of solar power in 2015, Tennessee ranked 20th among states for installed solar capacity.

In 2012, Tennessee's largest solar installation was the 5 MW West Tennessee Solar Farm.

In 2013, Volkswagen opened an 8 MW solar farm at its assembly plant in Chattanooga. The largest solar installations in Tennessee in 2014 were the 20 MW Selmer and 20 MW Mulberry Solar Farms in McNairy County.

In 2015, White Farms, a grain farm in rural Carroll County, installed a 49.725 kW solar array.

A 68.5 MW(DC) (53 MW(AC)) solar farm near Millington became the state's largest solar installation in 2019.

## Rooftop solar

Photovoltaic panels installed on rooftops is estimated to be capable of producing 23% of all electricity used in Tennessee, with 16,000 MW of solar panels.

Federal law requires net metering upon request, but Tennessee is one of only four states without established policy, meaning that it needs to be negotiated with the utility. A more practical approach is to assume net metering by each utility. Net metering is simply an accounting procedure, and the only requirement is a bi-directional electric meter. Most meters are bi-directional. It is more practical for utilities to discover net metering instead of requiring registration and reporting, just as there is no registration or reporting requirement in connecting an air conditioner, which is instead discovered by utilities. Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kilowatt credits instead of converting to a monetary value.

A 2012 estimate suggests that a typical 5 kW system will pay for itself in about 14 years, and thereafter generate a net savings of $16,622 over the 25 year life of the system.

## Climate impact

Solar power installations in Tennessee have a relatively high climate impact, because almost 25% of the state's electrical generation (as of 2021) comes from coal.

A Nashville-based startup, Clearloop, is targeting solar installations based on three criteria: “Where are the sunniest places? Where’s the grid the dirtiest? And where can a dollar invested in infrastructure go the longest way?” The company's first installation, in Jackson, has capacity to power about 200 homes. Clearloop plans to build additional installations based on investment by companies which want to transition to 100% renewable electricity or offset corporate emissions.

## Statistics

| Tennessee Photovoltaics Capacity (MWp) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Capacity | Installed | % Change |
| 2007 | 0.4 | 0 | 0% |
| 2008 | 0.4 | 0 | 0% |
| 2009 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 125% |
| 2010 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 533% |
| 2011 | 22.0 | 16.3 | 286% |
| 2012 | 45.0 | 23.0 | 105% |
| 2013 | 64.8 | 19.8 | 44% |
| 2014 | 110 | 45.2 | 70% |
| 2015 | 129 | 19 | 17% |
| 2016 | 163 | 34 | 26% |
| 2017 | 230 | 67 | 41% |
| 2018 | 262 | 32 | 14% |
| 2019 | 350.8 | 88.8 | 34% |
| 2020 | 356.1 | 5.3 | 1.5% |
| 2021 | 367.9 | 11.8 | % |
| 2022 | 779 | 411.1 | % |

Utility-scale solar generation in Tennessee (GWh)
| Year | Total | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | 21 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 2014 | 26 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| 2015 | 79 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| 2016 | 78 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 |
| 2017 | 91 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 5 |
| 2018 | 166 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 9 | 9 |
| 2019 | 327 | 11 | 12 | 27 | 33 | 39 | 36 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 23 | 22 | 15 |
| 2020 | 325 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 33 | 38 | 39 | 38 | 33 | 28 | 25 | 21 | 17 |
| 2021 | 245 | 17 | 17 | 27 | 36 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 36 |  |  |  |


title: Drôle de Félix

abstract: Drôle de Félix is a 2000 French film, a road movie written and directed by Olivier Ducastel and Jacques Martineau. It stars Sami Bouajila as the title character.

text:
# Drôle de Félix

***Drôle de Félix*** (literally meaning *Comedy of Félix* or *Amazing Félix*; also known as ***(The) Adventures of Felix***) is a 2000 French film, a road movie written and directed by Olivier Ducastel and Jacques Martineau. It stars Sami Bouajila as the title character.

## Plot

Félix, a young gay man of Arab descent, living in Dieppe, is currently unemployed and HIV positive. While cleaning out the apartment of his recent deceased mother, he discovers that the father he never knew is living in Marseilles. Félix decides to hitchhike south to meet him, promising to see his lover Daniel there five days later.

Carrying with him only a small bag, his HIV medication and a rainbow kite, Félix takes to the road. He witnesses a racist attack and is beaten up by one of the assailants. He is unable, however, to bring himself to report it to the police. Later, Félix encounters a series of people who form an alternative family for him: a young gay man studying art, who Félix teaches to draw, a lone old widow, who shelters him in her house, a handsome railroad worker, with whom he has a brief sexual encounter, a mother of three children by three different fathers, and a kind, middle aged fisherman. As he calls each of these characters "brother", "cousin", "grandmother" and the like, he gradually constructs a sort of family and new understandings of life through this odyssey, no matter whether he actually meets his "true" father at the end of the story.

Félix is haunted by the racist crime he witnessed, in which he learns, the victim died, and in his inability to do anything about it. Stopping at a hotel, he sees the police arresting the murderer. When he arrives at Marseilles, Felix decides not to see his father and goes instead on a romantic holiday to Tunisia with his lover.

## Cast

## Reception

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 69%, based on 39 reviews, with an average score of 6.3/10. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 63, based on 16 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## Accolades

| Award / Film Festival | Category | Recipients and nominees | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Berlin International Film Festival | Teddy Jury Award |  | Won |
| | Siegessäule Reader Award |  | Won |
| Cabourg Film Festival | Swann d'Or for Male Revelation | Sami Bouajila | Won |
|

## InfoBox

| *Drôle de Félix* | |
| --- | --- |
| Original poster | |
| Directed by | Olivier Ducastel
Jaques Martineau |
| Written by | Olivier Ducastel
Jacques Martineau |
| Produced by | Philippe Martin |
| Starring | Sami Bouajila |
| Cinematography | Matthieu Poirot-Delpech |
| Edited by | Sabine Mamou |
| Distributed by | Pyramide Distribution |
| Release date | * 19 April 2000 (2000-04-19) |
| Running time | 95 mins |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |
| Budget | €2.8 million |


title: Ron Ferrari

abstract: Ronald Lee Ferrari is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons for the San Francisco 49ers.

text:
# Ron Ferrari

**Ronald Lee Ferrari** (born July 30, 1959) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons for the San Francisco 49ers.

## InfoBox

Ron Ferrari
| No. 54 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1959-07-30) July 30, 1959<br>Springfield, Illinois, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 212 lb (96 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Illinois |
| NFL draft: | 1982 / round: 7 / pick: 195 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Sacks: 4.0 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Chiasmocleis mehelyi

abstract:
Chiasmocleis mehelyi is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae.
It is endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and pastureland.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Chiasmocleis mehelyi

***Chiasmocleis mehelyi*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and pastureland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Chiasmocleis mehelyi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Chiasmocleis* |
| Species: | ***C. mehelyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chiasmocleis mehelyi***
(Caramaschi & Cruz, 1997) | |
|


title: Blood (Project Pitchfork album)

abstract: Blood is a 2014 album by the German electro-industrial band Project Pitchfork. It is their 15th studio album and was released in multiple formats, including a double-disc limited edition, featuring two B-sides and three remixes. A music video for "Blood-Diamond" was released on October, 19th 2014.

text:
# Blood (Project Pitchfork album)

***Blood*** is a 2014 album by the German electro-industrial band Project Pitchfork. It is their 15th studio album and was released in multiple formats, including a double-disc limited edition, featuring two B-sides and three remixes. A music video for "Blood-Diamond (See Him Running)" was released on October, 19th 2014.

## Track listing

1. "Blood-Line (Never)" – 5:49
2. "Blood-Loss (Sometimes)" – 4:02
3. "Blood-Stained (Give Me Your Body)" – 4:22
4. "Blood-Money (No More)" – 4:00
5. "Blood-Moon (Romance)" – 4:50
6. "Blood-Diamond (See Him Running)" – 5:41
7. "Blood-Pressure (Just For My Pleasure)" – 4:43
8. "Blood-Shed (Dark River)" – 4:51
9. "Blood-Game (For You)" – 4:29
10. "Blood-Lust (Mental Island)" – 5:01
11. "Blood-Stream (Will I Be)" – 4:18

### Limited 2CD Special Edition

1. "Blood-Night" – 5:50
2. "Blood-Thirst" – 4:35
3. "Blood-Stained (RMX)" – 5:15
4. "Blood-Money (RMX)" – 6:20
5. "Blood-Line (RMX)" – 6:32

## Limited 2CD Special Edition

Limited 2CD Deluxe Edition was strictly limited to 2,000 copies and includes:

• Opulent double CD

• Hardback book

• Black front and rear endpapers

• 40 pages, (14 x 21 cm approx)

• Booklet consisting of paper and blood red, transparent foil

• High grade art print on high quality art paper with durable thread stitching

• Booklet includes all lyrics and additional artwork

• Two exclusive tracks

• Three exclusive remixes

## InfoBox

| Blood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Project Pitchfork | |
| Released | September 19, 2014 |
| Genre | Electro-industrial, EBM, Dark wave |
| Length | 1:19:35 |
| Label | Trisol Music Group, Candyland Entertainment, Prussia Records |
| Producer | Peter Spilles |
| Project Pitchfork chronology | |
| *Black*
(2013) ***Blood***
(2014) | |


title: Chiasmocleis quilombola

abstract: Chiasmocleis quilombola is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil and found between the Doce River and the Mucuri River in the state of Espírito Santo. The specific name quilombola is derived from quilombo, the name for a Brazilian community founded by escaped slaves.

text:
# Chiasmocleis quilombola

***Chiasmocleis quilombola*** is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil and found between the Doce River and the Mucuri River in the state of Espírito Santo. The specific name *quilombola* is derived from *quilombo*, the name for a Brazilian community founded by escaped slaves.

## Description

Males in the type series measure 14–17 mm (0.6–0.7 in) and the sole female 17 mm (0.7 in) in snout–vent length. The body is ovoid with a triangular head and small, protruding eyes; the snout is rounded. The tympanum is indistinct. Fingers are slightly fringed but not webbed. Toes are fringed and slightly webbed. The skin is smooth and lacking dermal spines. Coloration is dark brown with cream-colored spots. Throat is black and belly is cream colored. Males have vocal slits.

## Habitat and conservation

*Chiasmocleis quilombola* has been collected with pitfall traps after heavy rains near a permanent lagoon and a temporary swamp. The area has mostly sandy soils and consists of secondary forests and plantations, with few remnants of primary Atlantic Forest.

*Chiasmocleis quilombola* occurs in an area of strong human pressure. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is known from some protected areas, including its type locality, Rio Preto National Forest.

## InfoBox

| *Chiasmocleis quilombola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female *C. quilombola* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Chiasmocleis* |
| Species: | ***C. quilombola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chiasmocleis quilombola***<br>Tonini, Forlani, and de Sá, 2014 | |
|


title: Pilar Cattaneo

abstract: Pilar Cattaneo is an Argentine rhythmic gymnast.

text:
# Pilar Cattaneo

**Pilar Cattaneo** (born 12 November 2007) is an Argentine rhythmic gymnast.

## Career

Pilar became a senior in 2023, she was asked to integrate the Argentine senior group, competing at the Pan American Championships in Guadalajara as a member of the national group along Lara Aimeri, Maria Cantale, Ana Acosta, Lucia Arrascaeta, and Lucia González. They took 9th place in the All-Around, 8th with 5 hoops and 10 with 3 ribbons and 2 balls.

In 2024 she won an historical bronze medal in the 3 ribbons & 2 balls at the Pan American Championships in Ciudad de Guatemala along Lucia Arrascaeta, Lara Aimeri, Lucia González and Gabriela Vega.

## InfoBox

| Pilar Cattaneo | |
| --- | --- |
| Country represented | Argentina |
| Born | (2007-11-12) 12 November 2007<br>Cordoba, Argentina |
| Discipline | Rhythmic Gymnastics |
| Level | International Elite |
| Years on national team | 2022-present |
| Medal record      Rhythmic gymnastics  Representing  Argentina  Pan American Championships  2024 Ciudad de Guatemala 3 Ribbons + 2 Balls | |


title: Romeo Knight

abstract: Romeo Knight is the third and final album by American rap group Boogie Boys, released in 1988 on Capitol Records. Following the departure of Rudy "Lil' Rahiem" Sheriff, the remaining Boogie Boys headed into the studio to create Romeo Knight.

text:
# Romeo Knight

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Philadelphia Inquirer* |  |

***Romeo Knight*** is the third and final album by American rap group Boogie Boys, released in 1988 on Capitol Records. Following the departure of Rudy "Lil' Rahiem" Sheriff, the remaining Boogie Boys (William "Boogie Knight" Stroma and Joe "Romeo J.D." Malloy) headed into the studio to create *Romeo Knight*.

## Track listing

1. This Is Us (4:26)
2. Kick It (4:18)
3. Pit Bull (3:27)
4. Body (3:24)
5. Peep It (3:25)
6. Romeo Knight (4:22)
7. I'm Comin' (3:38)
8. I'm a Lover (3:25)
9. Home Girl (3:36)
10. Pussi Cat (3:09)
11. Always on My Mind (5:21)
12. Rise Up (3:16)

## Artwork

The cover was created by PHASE 2, a popular graffiti artist in New York. "Boogie Knight hooked that up," Malloy said in an interview, "as a matter of fact. That was crazy, we had a whole Egyptian thing going on with the pyramids and being born on January 13th, 1964 - Phase dug deep on that. Me and Boogie always talked about old R&B who had album covers we used to love, like Earth, Wind & Fire. So yeah, that cover was crazy."

## InfoBox

| Romeo Knight | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Boogie Boys | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 45:47 |
| Label | Capitol Records |
| Producer | Ted Currier |
| Boogie Boys chronology | |
| *Survival of the Freshest*
(1986) ***Romeo Knight***
(1988) | |


title: Sofia Iosifidou

abstract: Sofia Iosifidou is a Greek former female water polo player. She was a member of the Greece women's national water polo team, playing as a centre back Water Polo.

text:
# Sofia Iosifidou

**Sofia Iosifidou** (Σοφία Ιωσηφίδου, born 13 January 1981) is a Greek former female water polo player. She was a member of the Greece women's national water polo team, playing as a centre back Water Polo.

## Career

She was a part of the team at the 2008 Summer Olympics. On club level she played for Ethnikos Piraeus and ANO glyfada in Greece and is one of the four who has winning Three European champions league and eight national champions.

## Family

Her father is water polo player Kyriakos Iosifidis, who was part of the Greece men's national water polo team at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics. She is married with two children

1. "Profile of Sofia Iosifidou". *sports-reference*. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2016.

## InfoBox

Sofia Iosifidou
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1981-01-13) 13 January 1981<br>Piraeus, Greece |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Water polo |


title: Bobili

abstract: Bobili is a village in the Ouham region in the Central African Republic. Nearby towns and villages include Bondia Kete (3.0 nm), Bonase Kete (10.3 nm), Padang (5.8 nm), Vora (5.0 nm) and Bankara (6.0 nm).

text:
# Bobili

**Bobili** is a village in the Ouham region in the Central African Republic.

Nearby towns and villages include Bondia Kete (3.0 nm), Bonase Kete (10.3 nm), Padang (5.8 nm), Vora (5.0 nm) and Bankara (6.0 nm).

## InfoBox

| Bobili | |
| --- | --- |
| BobiliLocation in Central African Republic | |
| Coordinates: 6°45′N 16°51′E / 6.750°N 16.850°E / 6.750; 16.850 | |
| Country | Central African Republic |
| Prefecture | Ouham |
| District | Bossangoa |


title: Chikuku, Zimbabwe

abstract: Chikuku is a ward in Bikita District of Masvingo Province in south-eastern Zimbabwe.

text:
# Chikuku, Zimbabwe

**Chikuku** is a ward in Bikita District of Masvingo Province in south-eastern Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| Chikuku | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| ChikukuLocation in Zimbabwe | |
| Coordinates: 19°59′S 31°52′E / 19.983°S 31.867°E / -19.983; 31.867 | |
| Country | Zimbabwe |
| Province | Masvingo Province |
| District | Bikita District |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (Central Africa Time) |


title: Drum (2004 film)

abstract: Drum is a 2004 film based on the life of South African investigative journalist Henry Nxumalo, who worked for Drum magazine, called "the first black lifestyle magazine in Africa". It was director Zola Maseko's first film and deals with the issues of apartheid and the forced removal of residents from Sophiatown. The film was originally to be a six-part television series called Sophiatown Short Stories, but Maseko could not get the funding. The lead roles of Henry Nxumalo and Drum main photographer Jürgen Schadeberg were played by American actors Taye Diggs and Gabriel Mann, while most of the rest of the cast were South African actors. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2004, and did the rounds of international film festivals before going on general release in South Africa in July 2006. It was released in Europe, but failed to get a distributor for the USA where it went straight to DVD. The film was generally well received critically. It was awarded Best South African Film at the Durban International Film Festival, and director Maseko gained the top prize at the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO).

text:
# Drum (2004 film)

***Drum*** is a 2004 film based on the life of South African investigative journalist Henry Nxumalo, who worked for *Drum* magazine, called "the first black lifestyle magazine in Africa". It was director Zola Maseko's first film and deals with the issues of apartheid and the forced removal of residents from Sophiatown. The film was originally to be a six-part television series called *Sophiatown Short Stories*, but Maseko could not get the funding. The lead roles of Henry Nxumalo and *Drum* main photographer Jürgen Schadeberg were played by American actors Taye Diggs and Gabriel Mann, while most of the rest of the cast were South African actors.

The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2004, and did the rounds of international film festivals before going on general release in South Africa in July 2006. It was released in Europe, but failed to get a distributor for the USA where it went straight to DVD.

The film was generally well received critically. It was awarded Best South African Film at the Durban International Film Festival, and director Maseko gained the top prize at the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO).

## Plot

The story is based on real events and real people and is set in the mid-1950s freehold township of Sophiatown, Johannesburg one of the few areas in South Africa where blacks could own property and drink alcoholic beverages. *Drum* begins with the central character, sportswriter Henry Nxumalo, reporting on a boxing match with Nelson Mandela. Nxumalo leaves his wife Florence at home while going out into his community's night life and has an affair with a female singer. He works for *Drum* magazine, which was "the first black lifestyle magazine in Africa." The magazine was financed by whites and had a multiracial staff; it was popular among the black community. *Drum'*s British editor, Jim Bailey (Jason Flemyng), asks Nxumalo to write on the township crime scene, and Nxumalo, while at first unwilling, finally agrees. While on the job, he encounters Slim (Zola), a gang leader, that he had previously met in illegal township drinking places, and witnesses him kill a man in Sophiatown.

Initially Nxumalo stays away from political articles, but eventually writes about more than entertainment after his wife and Mandela encourage him. When a young man goes missing at a Boer farm and is feared enslaved, Nxumalo decides to investigate undercover. He gets employment as a labourer at the farm, where he is treated like a slave and nearly killed. He becomes a celebrity when his story is published, further reinforced by getting himself in prison and reporting about its conditions. Nxumalo decides that his destiny is to be a muckraker and, with the help of the German photographer Jürgen Schadeberg (Gabriel Mann), ventures on more risky investigations.

Nxumalo frequently fights the racism and apartheid that is beginning to creep into his hometown. He tries to tackle stories important to his society's well-being. However, he is no match to the plan to evict residents and ultimately destroy Sophiatown. Constantly harassed by the government, at the end of the film he is stabbed to death. The attacker has never been identified.

## Cast

American actor Taye Diggs played the lead role of investigative journalist Henry Nxumalo, with fellow American actor Gabriel Mann as his photographer Jürgen Schadeberg, and South African Moshidi Motshegwa as his wife, Florence Nxumalo. The South African short-story author, Can Themba, who also worked with Nxumalo at *Drum* magazine, was played by the little-known South African actor, Tumisho Masha. Apart from the British actor Jason Flemyng who took the part of Jim Bailey, the ex-R.A.F. pilot who owned *Drum*, the rest of the parts were taken by South African actors, the best known being Zola (credited as Bonginkosi Dlamini) playing the part of Slim, the Sophiatown gang leader.

Notable people portrayed in the film include Nelson Mandela, played by Lindani Nkosi; jazz columnist Todd Matshikiza played by Fezile Mpela; and the writer Casey Motsisi played by Thapelo Mokoena.

Aptly portraying the music of the day, (Manhattan Brothers) was a fresh new outfit, formally approved by Miriam Makeba and Joe Mogotsi, the Junior Manhattan Brothers from Ladysmith, Kwa Zulu Natal.

## Production

*Drum* is Zola Maseko's first feature film. He originally wanted to tell Sophiatown's story in a six-part television series called *Sophiatown Short Stories*. Unsuccessful in convincing the "South African Television Company" to pursue such a series, he decided to change the medium to that of film. He secured a large amount of his funding by convincing Taye Diggs to fill the lead role.

American screenwriter Jason Filardi was asked to write the script by production company Armada and subsequently "fell in love" with *Drum'*s plotline. In preparation for this task, he read books on Nxumalo and the history of South Africa, and stayed for a month in Johannesburg. Filardi said that his work on the film was his fondest experience with the medium. Filming began in May 2004 and lasted for six weeks.

The soundtrack was written by Terence Blanchard and Cédric Gradus Samson. Much of it is a jazz score, which has been called "strong". This is a reflection of the music that was popular during the movie's place and time.

## Release

*Drum* premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2004. It was the lead film in the festival's Spotlight on South Africa program. The Sundance Film Festival picked up the film, for its US premiere in January 2005, as did the Cannes Film Festival in May. On 21 June, *Drum* was screened at the Boston International Film Festival during its first session. The film opened the 2005 Filmfest München on 25 June.

For his work with *Drum*, Maseko received the top prize at FESPACO, the Golden Stallion of Yennenga, in addition to a cash prize of 10 million CFA francs (US$20,000) at its closing ceremony in March 2005. He was the first South African to do such. In addition, *Drum* is only the second English language film to have won the Golden Stallion at FESPACO, the first being Kwaw Ansah's *Heritage Africa* in 1989.

The film premièred in South Africa at the 26th Durban International Film Festival (DIFF) on 17 July 2005 where it won the Best South African Film Award. It was released at 29 South African movie theatres on 22 July. Events to help promote the film included toyi-toyi dances in various South African market places, and the production crew holding a contest in which South African schoolchildren would have to research a lost community and the winners would get to meet the actors.

Outside film festivals, the first release in the USA was at the Olde Mistick Village theater in Filardi's hometown of Mystic, Connecticut, on 22 December 2006. Despite wide releases in Europe, *Drum* did not obtain one in the US, mostly due to a failure to find distributors. Instead, it went straight to DVD.

## Reception

*Drum* was mostly met with favorable reviews. Review aggregate website *Rotten Tomatoes* reported that 86% percent of seven critics gave the film positive write-ups, a rating that it considered "Fresh".

Sura Wood of *The Hollywood Reporter* called it "an intelligent, moving film steeped in an authentic sense of time and place." Her sentiments were echoed by Joe Leydon of *Variety*, who thought *Drum* was "an intelligent and affecting take on political radicalization in 1950s Johannesburg." According to Film Threat's Jeremy Matthews, *Drum* was "a solid work of classical storytelling." He observed that it was "heartbreaking in its portrayal of Johannesburg at a time when its rulers had convinced many people that whites were born to command and blacks were born to obey and serve."

Critic David Nussair gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Diggs as "fantastic". The supporting actors also delivered "solid" performances. He believed that the film was anything but superfluous, and it moved at a fast pace. While the screenplay was predictable, Maseko's "steady" direction "ensure\[d\] Drum's place among better-than-average true-life tales." The *Arizona Republic* disagreed with Nussair's first point, not thinking Diggs looked like a South African. It called the film "a well-meaning but static look at apartheid in the 1950s."

Shadows on the Wall's Rich Kline noted that the storyline was "compelling and eye-opening" and praised the actors as "excellent" and "committed to getting the truth out." He was impressed with the "lively and fascinating sense of local culture" that dominated the film. Kline, who gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, was mainly concerned with the film's "rather clumsy" direction and screenwriting. Maseko directed with "energy and verve," though his "struggles to capture the human drama" led to the impression that *Drum* was "a clunky TV movie, with awkward camera angles, wonky editing and clumsy sound recording." Filardi was guilty of a dialogue which "echoes with cliches, while contrived plotting put characters into situations that may be true, but they feel corny and movie-like." Kline also criticised the wide variety of political issues that characterised the film, though added that "maybe this helps us begin to understand what life must have been like under such an oppressive government."

One of the most critical reviews was by Francesca Dinglasan of *Boxoffice Magazine*. Dinglasan, who gave *Drum* 2.5 out of 5 stars, was unimpressed by the "unoriginal plotting techniques to convey the story of an investigative journalist attempting to expose racial injustices in a society coming to grips with the newly introduced edicts of apartheid." Although Diggs's acting was "engaging", according to her the film "depends on just a few too many big-screen cliches and predictable plot turns." The "richly designed sets and costumes were not able to overcome the less-than-satisfactory" *Drum*.

Bibliography * *Drum: The Making of a Magazine*, Jonathan Ball Publishers, 31 Aug 2005, ISBN 1-86842-211-9

## InfoBox

| Drum | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD release cover | |
| Directed by | Zola Maseko |
| Written by | Jason Filardi |
| Produced by | Dumisani Dlamini |
| Starring | Taye Diggs
Gabriel Mann
Jason Flemyng
Zola |
| Cinematography | Lisa Rinzler |
| Edited by | Troy Takaki |
| Music by | Terence Blanchard
Cédric Gradus Samson |
| Distributed by | Armada Pictures International |
| Release dates |  |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Countries | United States
South Africa |
| Languages | English
Afrikaans
German |


title: Brian Smith (long snapper)

abstract: Brian Smith is an American football coach who is currently the offensive coordinator and running backs coach at Ohio University. He was previously the associate head coach and offensive coordinator at the University of Hawaii, where he also played college football.

text:
# Brian Smith (long snapper)

**Brian Smith** (born August 9, 1980) is an American football coach who is currently the offensive coordinator and running backs coach at Ohio University. He was previously the associate head coach and offensive coordinator at the University of Hawaii, where he also played college football.

## Playing career

Smith played center at Hawaii from 1998 to 2001. He was also the team's starting long snapper in that same time duration. He was the college roommate of Nick Rolovich, and the two would practice long snaps in their apartment hallway. Following his playing career at Hawaii, Smith signed professional contracts with the Green Bay Packers and Baltimore Ravens in 2002 and 2003, respectively.

## Coaching career

After spending one year coaching the offensive line at Royal High School in Simi Valley, California, Smith joined the coaching staff at Hawaii as a student assistant while he completed his bachelor's degree. He also spent time as an assistant at Cal Lutheran, Oregon State, and Portland State.

### Second stint at Hawaii

Smith was hired to be the offensive line coach at Hawaii in 2008 on Greg McMackin's inaugural staff, before shifting to coaching running backs in 2009. Smith was not retained by newly hired head coach Norm Chow for the 2012 season.

### Return to Cal Lutheran and Occidental College

Smith spent 2012 as the offensive line coach at Cal Lutheran, and was hired to be the offensive coordinator and offensive line coach at Occidental College in 2013.

### Third stint at Hawaii

Smith joined the Hawaii coaching staff for the third time in his coaching career, this time under his college roommate Rolovich and as the associate head coach and offensive coordinator. He was also the team's running backs coach the entire duration of his stint, while also working as the tight ends coach in 2017 before the position was vacated in 2018 due to the change in offensive scheme from spread option to run and shoot.

### Washington State

After Rolovich departed Hawaii to be the next head coach at Washington State, Smith was considered by the public eye to be a possible successor to Rolovich at Hawaii before Todd Graham was named the Rainbow Warriors head coach a couple of weeks later. Smith was then officially added to Rolovich's coaching staff as the offensive coordinator & running backs coach. He added the title of associate head coach in 2021.

### Ohio

Smith was named the passing game coordinator and running backs coach at Ohio in 2022. In his first season with the Bobcats Smith coached running back Sieh Bangura to Freshman All-American honors and MAC Freshman of the Year honors while improving the Ohio passing attack to 23rd nationally, up from 108th in previous season. Prior to the 2023 season Smith was promoted to associate head coach and helped the Bobcats to a second straight ten win season. Prior to the 2024 season he has taken over play calling duties as Ohio's new offensive coordinator.

## InfoBox

Brian Smith
| Current position | |
| --- | --- |
| Title | Offensive coordinator & running backs coach |
| Team | Ohio |
| Conference | MAC |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1980-08-09) August 9, 1980<br>Thousand Oaks, California |
| Playing career | |
| 1998–2001 | Hawaii |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Center, long snapper |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 2003 | Royal HS (CA) (OL) |
| 2004 | Hawaii (SA) |
| 2005 | Cal Lutheran (RB/WR) |
| 2006 | Oregon State (GA) |
| 2007 | Portland State (OL) |
| 2008 | Hawaii (OL) |
| 2009–2011 | Hawaii (RB) |
| 2012 | Cal Lutheran (OL) |
| 2013–2015 | Occidental (OC/OL) |
| 2016 | Hawaii (AHC/OC/RB) |
| 2017 | Hawaii (AHC/OC/RB/TE) |
| 2018–2019 | Hawaii (AHC/OC/RB) |
| 2020 | Washington State (OC/RB) |
| 2021 | Washington State (AHC/OC/RB) |
| 2022 | Ohio (PGC/RB) |
| 2023 | Ohio (AHC/PGC/RB) |
| 2024–present | Ohio (AHC/OC/RB) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tada, Tirupati district

abstract: Tada is a place in Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh.

text:
# Tada, Tirupati district

**Tada** is a place in Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh.

## Transport

National Highway 16, a part of Golden Quadrilateral highway network, bypasses the village.

* Tada travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Tada | |
| --- | --- |
| Mandal | |
| Tada Falls near SriCity | |
| TadaLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaTadaTada (India) | |
| Coordinates: 13°35′11″N 80°02′11″E / 13.586311°N 80.036473°E / 13.586311; 80.036473 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Tirupati district |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 524401 |
| Telephone code | 08623 |
| Vehicle registration | AP 26 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Tirupati |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Sulurupeta |


title: Elias Muukka

abstract: Elias Muukka was a Finnish painter. He mainly painted landscapes, usually from the rural areas of Karelia and from Turku.

text:
# Elias Muukka

**Elias Muukka** (10 June 1853 – 2 October 1938) was a Finnish painter. He mainly painted landscapes, usually from the rural areas of Karelia and from Turku.

## Biography

He was born at the village of Suontakainen in Lemi, Finland. He attended school at Vyborg. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki in 1874–1877, at the Düsseldorf Art Academy in 1877–1879 and at the Académie Colarossi in Paris 1880–1881.

Following his début in 1876, he exhibited regularly at the Finnish Artists Exhibitions from 1892 to 1938. His works were also presented in Paris (1889) and Stockholm (1929). Muukka adopted the style of the Düsseldorf School. Typical of the Düsseldorf School, his work often includes landscapes of water scenes featuring figures.

He worked as a drawing instructor at the seminar in Sordavala in Karelia in 1883-1885 and founded a private school for drawing and painting in Vaasa in 1886. He worked as an instructor at Turku between 1891 and 1918. Later he was a teacher at the upper secondary schools in Savonlinna and Mikkeli until 1927.

Muukka was one of the artists who joined Victor Westerholm (1860–1919) in the artists colony at Önningeby on the island of Åland in the late 1880s. He lived from 1933 until his death during 1938 at Helsinki.

## InfoBox

| Elias Muukka | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Muukka by Kaarlo Vuori, 1899 | |
| Born | (1853-06-10)10 June 1853
Lemi, Grand Duchy of Finland |
| Died | 2 October 1938(1938-10-02) (aged 85)
Helsinki, Finland |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Known for | Painting |


title: Prunus fruticosa

abstract: Prunus fruticosa, the European dwarf cherry, dwarf cherry, Mongolian cherry or steppe cherry is a deciduous, xerophytic, winter-hardy, cherry-bearing shrub. It is also called ground cherry and European ground cherry, but is not to be confused with plants in the distinct "Groundcherry" genus of Physalis. Prunus fruticosa is native to central and southeastern Europe, Ukraine, European Russia, the northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and the Altai.

text:
# Prunus fruticosa

***Prunus fruticosa***, the **European dwarf cherry**, **dwarf cherry**, **Mongolian cherry** or **steppe cherry** is a deciduous, xerophytic, winter-hardy, cherry-bearing shrub. It is also called **ground cherry** and **European ground cherry**, but is not to be confused with plants in the distinct "Groundcherry" genus of *Physalis*.

*Prunus fruticosa* is native to central and southeastern Europe, Ukraine, European Russia, the northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and the Altai.

## Description

As a shrub *Prunus fruticosa* grows 1–2 metres (3–7 ft) high and as wide, in almost any soil, but best in loamy soil, spreading via suckers. Roots are abundant. The plant requires full sun, it is a steppe rather than a forest plant, although it does form thickets at the edges of open forest.

The bark is dark brown with yellow lenticels. The leaves are oblanceolate to obovate, about 12 mm by 6 mm, with acuminate apex, glabrous above, thick, serrated with crenate margin, dark green, yellow in autumn, with a short petiole.

The flowers are white hermaphroditic blossoms in leafy bracts located 2-4 each on short peduncles in sessile umbels. They are pollinated by bees. In the Northern Hemisphere, the plant flowers in May. The fruit is light to dark red, globose to pyriform, about 8–25 mm in diameter, ripening in August. The taste is sour-sweet, or tart.

## Uses

As a sour tasting cherry, the fruit is used in cooking, and for jams and jellies. It has medicinal uses as an astringent. The flowers are its basis of bee-keeping honey plant.

### Cultivation

*Prunus fruticosa* is planted in hedgerows as an ornamental plant privacy screen and windbreak, and as a host plant for bees and other beneficial insects and birds. The shrub's network of penetrating roots are useful for soil stabilization in designed landscapes and habitat restoration projects.

The hardiness of *Prunus fruticosa* is a desirable quality in grafting and production of horticultural cultivars. It is grafted to *Prunus avium* 'tree' rootstock, forming rounded top trees.

## Classification

Linnaeus

Linnaeus included this species in his *Species Plantarum*, referencing the *Pinax* of Gaspard Bauhin, to whom he gives credit as "Bauh. pin. 450." The name assigned by Linnaeus is *Prunus cerasus pumila*, where *pumila* means "dwarf" (a rare word in Latin) and must come from Bauhin. He regards the shub as a variety of *Prunus cerasus*, the sour cherry.

Pallas

It was first authoritatively defined by Peter Simon Pallas, the German naturalist invited by Catherine the Great to work in St. Petersburg. His unfinished *Flora Rossica*, a description of all the plants in the Russian Empire, dedicates one page to *Prunus fruticosa*, a shrub found *in campis Isetensibus*, "in the plains of the Iset;" that is, the Siberian steppe. He states the Linnaean synonym, giving the same reference to Bauhin, but makes the variety into a species, *Pr. fruticosa*. The last paragraph of Page 19 states his reasons for the classification, which have nothing to do with the name, but are in true Linnaean cryptic form, in this case a pun.

The two Latin words of the pun are *fructus* or *frux*, from *fruor*, "enjoy" – a fruit is a result enjoyed – and *frutex*, "shrub", adjective *fruticosus*, "bushy", from a totally different root. *Prunus* is a grammatical feminine, so *Prunus fruticosa* agrees in gender. However, Pallas says *Haec mihi tantum fructibus suis innotuit, qui distinctam itidem speciem indicare videntur*, "It came to my attention at last because of its fruit, which repeatedly seemed to indicate a distinct species." The fruit seemed *fere Pruni forma*, "nearly in the form of *Prunus*", especially because *praedita oblongo nucleo*, "furnished with an oblong seed." So, Pallas moved it from *Cerasus* to *Prunus*.

Woronow

In 1925 Yury Nikolaevich Voronov, known botanically as (Ju.N, G., G.N. or GJN) Woronow, made an unsuccessful effort to retain *Cerasus* as a genus name and move *fruticosa* to it, creating another synonym, *Cerasus fruticosa*.

## Hybridisation and genetic erosion

*Prunus fruticosa*, a tetraploid with 2n=32 chromosomes, is thought to be one of the parent species of *Prunus cerasus* (the sour cherry) by way of ancient crosses between it and *Prunus avium* (the wild/sweet cherry) in the areas where the two species overlap. Both species can interbreed with each other, as well as with *Prunus cerasus*. *Prunus cerasus* is now a species in its own right having developed beyond a hybrid and stabilized.

A recent study of native *Prunus fruticosa* stands in northern Poland finds that it is disappearing there by "genetic erosion" or "disappearance of typical morphological characters". It hybridizes naturally with *Prunus cerasus* to form *Prunus × eminens*, and with *Prunus avium* to form *Prunus × stacei*.

These forest plants are brought into closer contact with *Prunus fruticosa* by the modern disappearance of "contemporaneous sites of the steppe relics" once common in northern Poland, due to forest management since the 18th century, and the planting of stands of *Prunus cerasus*, which are more prolific in pollen.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus fruticosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *P. fruticosa* flowers | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Subgenus: | *Prunus subg. Cerasus* |
| Species: | ***P. fruticosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus fruticosa***
Pall. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerasus fruticosa* (Pall.) Woronow * *Prunus intermedia* Poiret | |


title: Corradino D'Ascanio

abstract: General Corradino D'Ascanio was an Italian aeronautical engineer. D'Ascanio designed the first production helicopter, for Agusta, and designed the first motor scooter for Ferdinando Innocenti. After the two fell out, D'Ascanio helped Enrico Piaggio produce the original Vespa.

text:
# Corradino D'Ascanio

General **Corradino D'Ascanio** (1 February 1891 in Popoli, Pescara – 6 August 1981 in Pisa) was an Italian aeronautical engineer. D'Ascanio designed the first production helicopter, for Agusta, and designed the first motor scooter for Ferdinando Innocenti. After the two fell out, D'Ascanio helped Enrico Piaggio produce the original Vespa.

## Biography

D'Ascanio had an early passion for flight and design: by the age of fifteen, after studying flying techniques and the ratio between weight and wingspan of some birds, he built an experimental glider which he would launch from the hills near his home town.

### World War I

After graduating in 1914 in mechanical engineering at the Politecnico di Torino, he enlisted in the voluntary division of the Italian Army entitled "weapon of Engineers, Division Battalion Aviatori" in Piedmont, where he was assigned the testing of airplane engines. Appointed sub-lieutenant on March 21, 1915, D'Ascanio was sent to France to choose a rotary engine to be produced in Italy for the Corpo Aeronautico Militare, returning with an agreement to produce the Gnome et Rhône designed Le Rhône.

After a brief pilot training course in Corsica on a Farman MF.7, he returned to engineering, designing a patented forward-facing monitoring device to improve maintenance monitoring within flight squadrons (estimated to have saved fifty lives), and took part in the trials of the first radio equipment installed in Italian aircraft.

In 1916 D'Ascanio was assigned to join Fabbrica Aeroplani Ing. O. Pomilio, engaged in the manufacture of equipment SP2, Type C, D Type and others. Following the end of World War I, the Pomilio brothers sold the company and moved in 1918 with key staff, including D'Ascanio, to Indianapolis in the United States to form the Pomilio Brothers Corporation.

### Between the wars

On his return to Italy after a year in 1919, D'Ascanio again settled in Popoli, focused on the control mechanisms for helicopters, through which he derived a number of patents. In 1925 he founded a company with Baron Pietro Trojani, which commissioned by the Ministry dell'Aeronautica produced in 1930 its third prototype, the coaxial D'AT3. This relatively large machine had two double-bladed, counter-rotating rotors, with control achieved by using auxiliary wings or servo-tabs on the trailing edges of the blades, a concept that was later adopted by other helicopter designers, initially by the French Breguet-Dorand Gyroplane Laboratoire in 1935, and still later by designs from both Bleeker and Kaman. Three small propellers mounted on the airframe were used for additional control of pitch, roll, and yaw. Piloted by Marinello Nelli in October 1930 at Ciampino Airport, this machine held modest Fédération Aéronautique Internationale speed and altitude records for the time, including altitude (18 m), duration (8 minutes 45 seconds) and distance flown (1,078 m). D'Ascanio's altitude record would be "unofficially" shattered by the Soviet-built, Yuriev-Cheremukhin TsAGI-1EA single-lift rotor helicopter in mid-August 1932, with a 605 meters (1,985 ft) altitude achievement, and also possessed fore-and-aft tubular fuselage structures for similar "anti-torque" stabilization rotors.

However, during the Depression, in which the fascist government of Benito Mussolini concentrated on "standard" production items, the company collapsed in 1932, and D'Ascanio went to work for Enrico Piaggio at his father's company, designing numerous successful high-speed adjustable pitch propellers for Piaggio Aero. His work was considered so important during World War II, he was promoted to General in the Regia Aeronautica, and restarted helicopter development under instruction from President of Piaggio S.p.A. Enrico Piaggio from 1942.

### After the war

Like many Italians, D'Ascanio found himself unemployed—the Piaggio factory was destroyed through Allied bombing. Worse still, Italy was under an agreement not to research or produce military or aerospace technology for a ten-year period, and so he was unemployable in Italy. Approached by pre-war tubing manufacturer Ferdinando Innocenti, who saw the future of cheap private transport and decided to produce a motor scooter—competing on cost and weather protection against the ubiquitous motorcycle.

### The Vespa

The main stimulus for the design style of the proposed Lambretta dated back to Pre-WWII Cushman scooters made in Nebraska, USA. These olive green scooters were in Italy in large numbers, ordered originally by the US Government as field transport for the Paratroops and Marines. The US military had used them to get around Nazi defence tactics, destroying roads and bridges during the Battle of Monte Cassino and in the Dolomites and the Austrian border areas.

## The motor scooter

Ferdinando Innocenti gave D'Ascanio the job of designing a simple, robust and affordable vehicle. The vehicle had to be easy to ride for both men and women, be able to carry a passenger, and not get its driver's clothes dirty. D'Ascanio, who hated motorcycles, designed a revolutionary vehicle. It was built on a spar-frame with a handlebar gear change, and the engine mounted directly on to the rear wheel. The front protection "shield" kept the rider dry and clean in comparison to the open front-end on motorcycles. The pass-through leg area design was geared towards all user groups, including women, whose skirts made riding a motorcycle a challenge. The front fork, like an aircraft's landing gear, allowed for easy wheel changing. The internal mesh transmission eliminated the standard motorcycle chain, a source of oil, dirt, and aesthetic misery. This basic design allowed a series of features to be deployed on the frame, which would later allow quick development of new models.

However, D'Ascanio fell out with Innocenti, who wanted to produce his frame from rolled tubing, rather than a stamped spar frame, thereby allowing him to revive both parts of his pre-war company. General D'Ascanio dissociated himself from Innocenti, and took his design directly to Enrico Piaggio, who produced the spar-framed Vespa from 1946. Innocenti, faced by design problems and production issues surrounding his tube frame, produced the Lambretta from 1947. In the decades of its history, the Vespa scooter has become one of the most famous brand designs worldwide, with 16 million units produced in 130 different models as of 2005.

### After Vespa

In 1948 D'Ascanio attended an international congress for the helicopter in Philadelphia, where he was hailed as a true pioneer. He continued to work for Piaggio, tweaking designs for the Piaggio PD.3, and in 1952 the Piaggio PD.4. However, restricted legally through neutrality agreements and financially through reconstruction, Piaggio had by now fallen behind the developments of the American Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, and few of D'Ascanio helicopter designs or aeronautical developments made it beyond the drawing board.

In 1964 D'Ascanio left Piaggio to join the Agusta Group of Cascina Costa, by then the largest Italian manufacturer of helicopters. In 1969 D'Ascanio designed a small training helicopter, the Agusta ADA, which could be modified for agricultural use—but it was not developed, due to Agusta's commitment to re-equipping the Italian military.

Author of numerous scientific publications, published between 1954 and 1980, he was professor of design of machines and projects at the University of Pisa between 1937 (when he was an employee of Piaggio) and 1961. D'Ascanio, for his services to Italy and aeronautical development, was decorated with the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by the President of the Italian Republic.

Always disappointed by the fact that, publicly, he was recognised more for his association with the Vespa motor scooter than for his inventions and patents in the world of aviation, D'Ascanio died in Pisa on 6 August 1981.

* Bassi, Alberto – *Flying Machines of Corradino D'Ascanio* – Pub Milano, 2000
* Marinacci, Sandro Abruzz – *The flight of Vespa*

## InfoBox

| Corradino D'Ascanio | |
| --- | --- |
| Corradino D'Ascanio | |
| Born | (1891-02-01)1 February 1891
Popoli, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 5 August 1981(1981-08-05) (aged 90)
Pisa, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Alma mater | Polytechnic University of Turin |
| Occupation(s) | Aeronautical engineer, aircraft designer |
| Known for | Design of the first production helicopter
Design of original Vespa |
| Awards |  |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Italy |
| Service/branch | Arma del genio |
| Years of service | 1915–1918 |
| Rank | Sottotenente |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ronnie Wood (ice hockey)

abstract: Ronnie Wood is a retired Scottish professional ice hockey player who played between 1980 and 1993 in the United Kingdom. He is credited, with David Gardner-Brown, for creating the Sheffield Steelers in 1991, for whom he was also the General Manager between 1991 and February 1993.

text:
# Ronnie Wood (ice hockey)

**Ronnie Wood** (born 13 November 1960) is a retired Scottish professional ice hockey player who played between 1980 and 1993 in the United Kingdom. He is credited, with David Gardner-Brown, for creating the Sheffield Steelers in 1991, for whom he was also the General Manager between 1991 and February 1993.

## Playing career

After making his senior level debut in the 1980–81 season for the Murrayfield Racers, who he helped to win the Northern League, Wood joined the Dundee Rockets for the 1981–82 season. He played for Dundee for the next six season, helping them to win the Northern League and the Scottish National League in 1981–82, the Autumn Cup in 1983, the British Hockey League in 1982–83 and 1983–84 and the playoffs in 1982, 1983 and 1984.

Wood joined the Fife Flyers for the 1987–88 and 1988–89 seasons before he joined the Tayside Tigers for the end of the 1988–89 season. He then joined the Solihull Barons for the start of the 1989–90 season, which he finished with the Ayr Bruins before returning to Solihull for the 1990–91 season.

After Solihull folded in 1991, he helped form the Sheffield Steelers with David Gardner-Brown and played for them for the next two seasons, helping them gain promotion from English League Division 1 to the British League Division 1 and then the Premier Division. In 1998 Wood moved to South Africa where he coaches at club, Provincial and National Team level. He has coached South African Senior National men's team To Silver in I.I.H.F.World s Div 3 and is currently coaching in Cape Town.

## Honours and awards

## Records

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1980–81 | Murrayfield Racers | Northern (UK) | | 33 | 58 | 33 | 91 | 48 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1981–82 | Dundee Rockets | Northern (UK) | | 14 | 29 | 26 | 55 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1981–82 | Dundee Rockets | SNL | | 8 | 20 | 24 | 44 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1982–83 | Dundee Rockets | BHL | |  |  |  |  |  | | 3 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 2 |
| 1983–84 | Dundee Rockets | BHL | | 31 | 62 | 57 | 119 | 34 | | 6 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 8 |
| 1984–85 | Dundee Rockets | BHL | | 33 | 56 | 47 | 103 | 50 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1985–86 | Dundee Rockets | BHL | | 36 | 33 | 41 | 74 | 36 | | 6 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 18 |
| 1986–87 | Dundee Rockets | BHL | | 36 | 64 | 60 | 124 | 47 | | 5 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 2 |
| 1987–88 | Fife Flyers | BHL | | 32 | 17 | 25 | 42 | 8 | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 4 |
| 1988–89 | Fife Flyers | BHL | | 20 | 23 | 28 | 51 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988–89 | Tayside Tigers | BHL | | 14 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Solihull Barons | BHL | | 27 | 18 | 18 | 36 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Ayr Bruins | BHL | | 6 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990–91 | Solihull Barons | BHL | | 34 | 28 | 29 | 57 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1991–92 | Sheffield Steelers | BHL | | 32 | 43 | 50 | 93 | 28 | | 6 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 2 |
| 1992–93 | Sheffield Steelers | BHL | | 27 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 2 | | 6 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 0 |
| Totals | | | | 383 | 470 | 466 | 936 | 347 | | 38 | 37 | 31 | 68 | 36 |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Ronnie Wood | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1960-11-13) 13 November 1960
Scotland, GBR | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Played for | Murrayfield Racers
Dundee Rockets
Fife Flyers
Tayside Tigers
Solihull Barons
Ayr Bruins
Sheffield Steelers | | |
| Playing career | 19801993 | | |


title: Sokołów Górny

abstract: Sokołów Górny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sobków, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Sobków, 16 km (10 mi) north-east of Jędrzejów, and 21 km (13 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Sokołów Górny

**Sokołów Górny** \[sɔˈkɔwuf ˈɡurnɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sobków, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Sobków, 16 km (10 mi) north-east of Jędrzejów, and 21 km (13 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Sokołów Górny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Entrance to the village Sokołów Górny | |
| Sokołów Górny | |
| Coordinates: 50°44′N 20°27′E / 50.733°N 20.450°E / 50.733; 20.450 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Jędrzejów |
| Gmina | Sobków |