title: Sidney M. Wolfe

abstract: Sidney Manuel Wolfe was an American physician and the co-founder and director of Public Citizen's Health Research Group, a consumer and health advocacy lobbying organization. He publicly crusaded against many pharmaceutical drugs, which he believed to be a danger to public health.

text:
# Sidney M. Wolfe

**Sidney Manuel Wolfe** (June 12, 1937 – January 1, 2024) was an American physician and the co-founder and director of Public Citizen's Health Research Group, a consumer and health advocacy lobbying organization. He publicly crusaded against many pharmaceutical drugs, which he believed to be a danger to public health.

## Early life and education

Wolfe was born in Cleveland, Ohio on June 12, 1937. His father was a workplace safety inspector for the Labor Department and his mother was an English teacher.

In 1959, he received a BA in chemical engineering from Cornell University. While working at a summer job, he received first degree burns from hydrofluoric acid that made him decide not to pursue chemistry as a career. In 1965, he received a medical degree from Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University). He trained under pediatrician Benjamin Spock.

## Career

After earning his medical degree at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, Wolfe completed an internship and residency in internal medicine. Beginning in 1966, he researched blood-clotting and alcoholism at the National Institutes of Health. He met consumer advocate Ralph Nader in Washington, D.C. at a meeting of the American Patients Association, and advised Nader on health problems in the United States. Wolfe co-founded the consumer lobbying organization Health Research Group with Nader in 1971. In March 1971, Wolfe heard about bacterial contamination of intravenous fluid bags made by Abbott Laboratories. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), had recommended to continue use of "unless the patient developed an infection". After ensuring that a product recall would not cause a shortage Wolfe and Nader wrote a letter to the FDA demanding such a recall and released this letter to the news media. Two million bags were recalled two days later.

For more than 30 years, Wolfe campaigned to have propoxyphene (*Darvon*, *Darvocet*) removed from the American market, because it can cause heart arrhythmias. In 2009, an FDA advisory panel recommended that it be withdrawn from the market. The recommendation to ban the drug was ultimately not upheld and instead manufacturers were required to place additional warning labels on packaging. In 2009, Wolfe was appointed to the FDA's Drug Safety and Risk Management Committee. On November 19, 2010, the FDA recommended against continued prescribing and use of propoxyphene.

Other drugs that Wolfe has campaigned against include Yaz, Yasmin, phenacetin, Oraflex, Zomax, Vioxx, and Crestor.

In 1995, he became an Adjunct Professor of Internal Medicine at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.

From 2008 to 2012, he was a member of the FDA's Drug Safety and Risk Management Committee.

Wolfe was interviewed on television by Phil Donahue, Barbara Walters, Bill Moyers, and Oprah Winfrey, and wrote for the *Huffington Post*. He was the editor of *Health Letter*, published since 1985, and *Worst Pills Best Pills News*, published since 1995.

Wolfe was a member of the Society of General Internal Medicine and the American Public Health Association. He retired from his position as director of the Health Research Group in 2013, He continued in the role of senior adviser until his death.

## Awards

## Personal life

Wolfe was first married to Ava Albert. Together they had four children. The marriage ended in divorce. In 1978, he married Suzanne Goldberg, a clinical psychologist and artist.

Wolfe died of a brain tumor on January 1, 2024, at the age of 86.

## Works

### Books

* *Off Diabetes Pills: A Diabetic's Guide to Longer Life* (1978) with Rebecca Warner; Health Research Group; ISBN 9789996451034
* *Pills That Don't Work: A Consumers' and Doctors' Guide to Over 600 Prescription Drugs That Lack Evidence of Effectiveness*; Farrar, Straus & Giroux; Revised edition (1981), with Christopher M. Coley & the Health Research Group OL 4259817M, ISBN 9780374233419
* *Worst Pills, Best Pills: A Consumer's Guide to Avoiding Drug-Induced Death or Illness* (1990), with Larry D. Sasich and Peter Lurie; (Public Citizen Health Service, 1988) ISBN 9780937188514
* Torrey, E. Fuller; Stieber, Joan; Ezekiel, Jonathan; Wolfe, Sidney M; Sharfstein, Joshua; Noble, John H; Flynn, Laurie M (1992), *Criminalizing the Seriously Mentally Ill: The Abuse of Jails as Mental Hospitals*, A joint report of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill and Public Citizen's Health Research Group, ISBN 0-7881-4279-8, retrieved November 12, 2010
* *Unnecessary Cesarean Sections: Curing a National Epidemic State Report for Illinois*, with Mary Gabay & the Public Citizen Group (1994) OL 11507865M, ISBN 9780937188552
* *Questionable Doctors; Disciplined by States or the Federal Government*; Public Citizen Health Research Group; 1996 edition ISBN 9780937188057
    + *2,815 Questionable Doctors; Disciplined by State and Federal Governments, Region 4: California, Hawaii*, with Phyllis McCarthy, John Paul Fawcett, and Benita Marcus Adler; Public Citizen's Health Research Group; 2002 edition; ASIN B0014099QQ

### Articles, book chapters

## InfoBox

| Sidney M. Wolfe | |
| --- | --- |
| Sidney in 2016 | |
| Born | Sidney Manuel Wolfe
(1937-06-12)June 12, 1937
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | January 1, 2024(2024-01-01) (aged 86)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Alma mater | Case Western University |
| Occupation | Physician |
| Known for | Health Research Group |
| Awards | MacArthur Fellows Program |


title: The Man Without Nerves

abstract: The Man Without Nerves is a 1924 German silent crime film directed by Harry Piel, assisted by Gérard Bourgeois and starring Piel, Dary Holm and Albert Paulig. It was shot at the EFA Studios in Berlin. It premiered in Berlin on 5 December 1924.

text:
# The Man Without Nerves

***The Man Without Nerves*** (German: ***Der Mann ohne Nerven***) is a 1924 German silent crime film directed by Harry Piel, assisted by Gérard Bourgeois and starring Piel, Dary Holm and Albert Paulig. It was shot at the EFA Studios in Berlin. It premiered in Berlin on 5 December 1924.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Grange, William. *Cultural Chronicle of the Weimar Republic*. Scarecrow Press, 2008.

## InfoBox

| The Man Without Nerves | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Harry Piel |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Production<br>company | Harry Piel for Hape-Film (Berlin) |
| Distributed by | Bayern-Film |
| Release date | * 5 December 1924 (1924-12-05) |
| Running time | 108 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages |  |


title: Campylopus pyriformis

abstract: Campylopus pyriformis is a species of moss belonging to the family Dicranaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution.

text:
# Campylopus pyriformis

***Campylopus pyriformis*** is a species of moss belonging to the family Dicranaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution.

## InfoBox

| *Campylopus pyriformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Dicranidae |
| Order: | Dicranales |
| Family: | Leucobryaceae |
| Genus: | *Campylopus* |
| Species: | ***C. pyriformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Campylopus pyriformis***<br>(Schultz) Brid. | |
|


title: Deep Sleep (hotel)

abstract: Deep Sleep is an underground hotel located in Wales. It is built 1,375 feet below ground level, inside an abandoned mine in Cwmorthin quarry in Snowdonia (Eryri) national park. It was opened in April 2023 and claims themselves as the deepest accommodation in the world. The mine where the hotel is located was abandoned and left to rot in the mid-twentieth century.

text:
# Deep Sleep (hotel)

**Deep Sleep** is an underground hotel located in Wales. It is built 1,375 feet (419 m) below ground level, inside an abandoned mine in Cwmorthin quarry in Snowdonia (Eryri) national park. It was opened in April 2023 and claims themselves as the deepest accommodation in the world. The mine where the hotel is located was abandoned and left to rot in the mid-twentieth century.

## Overview

To reach the accommodation, guests have to trek with a trip guide through a Victorian slate mine. Helmet, light, harness and boots are provided to the guests before the journey. The hotel has to be reached through a challenging path through the mine, which operated from 1810 to 1939. The hotel includes four private twin-bed cabins and a romantic grotto with a double bed.

1. "Deep Sleep - the worlds deepest sleep with Go Below Underground Adventures Snowdonia". *www.go-below.co.uk*. Retrieved 7 July 2023. Deep Sleep isn't a hotel, a bed-and-breakfast or self-catering accommodation. The overnight stay is a remote-camp adventure experience.
2. "'World's Deepest Hotel' That Lets Guests Sleep In Underground Mine Opens In UK". *NDTV.com*. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
3. "Going underground for the world's deepest sleep". *BBC News*. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
4. "Now you can book a stay at the world's deepest hotel". *The Indian Express*. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
5. Bakht, Shayma (6 July 2023). "Need a deeper sleep? Try the slate mine hotel". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 6 July 2023.

## InfoBox

| Deep Sleep | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Overnight stay accommodation |
| Town or city | Tanygrisiau, Gwynedd |
| Country | Wales |
| Coordinates | 52°59′N 3°58′W / 52.99°N 3.96°W / 52.99; -3.96 |
| Opened | April 2023 |
| Owner | Go Below Underground Adventures |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 4 |
| Website | |
| www.go-below.co.uk/deep-sleep.asp | |
| The coordinates are not precise. | |


title: Fajã das Almas

abstract: The Fajã das Almas, also known as Fajã do Calhau, is a debris field, known as a fajã, built from the collapsing cliffs on the southern coast of the civil parish of Manadas, in the municipality of Velas, island of São Jorge, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

text:
# Fajã das Almas

The **Fajã das Almas**, also known as *Fajã do Calhau*, is a debris field, known as a fajã, built from the collapsing cliffs on the southern coast of the civil parish of Manadas, in the municipality of Velas, island of São Jorge, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

## History

This fajã contains two hermitages, the Hermitage of Nossa Senhora das Almas, situated in the area of Barbós, and the Hermitage of Santo Cristo, constructed in 1876. On 9 September 1880, the hermitage of Santo Cristo suffered a fire, and was reconstructed through initiatives of the Baron of Ribeiro, Francisco José de Bettencourt e Ávila, and was consecrated on 14 January 1882. Near this church is a cistern, which was also ordered built by the Baron, who was one of the principal proprietors of the fajã.

In 1981, the fajã had 78 residents, but along the preceding years, this population slowly decreased to the point that there were only five permanent inhabitants.

Yet, through the reconstruction of the accessway to the fajã, the number of buildings in the fajã have increased, principally by emigrants.

## Geography

It is accessed by a roadway that winds down to fajã, to a platform with limited parking. From this point the homes and coastal area reachable by foot or by small single-engine vehicles.

The port is used for small-scale fishing, from along the coast and in the channel, which includes the capture of Gadiformes such as Atlantic horse mackerel. The more frequent migratory and marine birds in the fajã include: sea-gulls, terns, shearwaters, kites, blackbirds and even wild ducks, as well as occasionally sandpipers.

Due to the rich ecosystem the fajã is part of the IBA that includes the coast from Ribeira da Fajã das Almas until the ravine of Pico das Brenhas. This IBA comprises a long strip of coast, that includes examples of Azorina vidalii and Perrexil-do-mar.

Notes Sources * Cordoso, Ana (March 2012), *Fajã das Almas* (PDF) (in Portuguese), SRAM Secretária Regional do Ambiente e do Mar, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015, retrieved 4 February 2015

## InfoBox

| Fajã das Almas | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Manadas, São Jorge, Central, name=Azores, Portugal |
| Coordinates | 38°37′40″N 28°4′34″W / 38.62778°N 28.07611°W / 38.62778; -28.07611 |
| Named for | Souls |
| Visitors | Accessible by foot, yet restricted during periods of inclimate weather |
| Geographic detail from Portuguese Army map | |


title: Small nucleolar RNA SNORA28

abstract: In molecular biology, SNORA28 is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.

text:
# Small nucleolar RNA SNORA28

In molecular biology, **SNORA28** (also known as **ACA28**) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.

### Further reading

## InfoBox

| Small nucleolar RNA SNORA28 | |
| --- | --- |
| Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA28 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SNORA28 |
| Alt. Symbols | snoACA28 |
| Rfam | RF00400 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; snRNA; snoRNA; H/ACA-box |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | GO:0006396  GO:0005730 |
| SO | SO:0001263 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Ced Landrum

abstract: Cedric Bernard Landrum is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder. He played in parts of two seasons in the majors, 1991 for the Chicago Cubs and 1993 for the New York Mets. He was also the hitting coach for the Joliet JackHammers. Of his 78 games in the majors, Landrum appeared 25 times as a pinch runner and 21 times as a pinch hitter. In 1991, he stole 27 bases in 56 games, getting caught just 5 times.

text:
# Ced Landrum

**Cedric Bernard Landrum** (born September 3, 1963) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder. He played in parts of two seasons in the majors, 1991 for the Chicago Cubs and 1993 for the New York Mets. He was also the hitting coach for the Joliet JackHammers.

Of his 78 games in the majors, Landrum appeared 25 times as a pinch runner and 21 times as a pinch hitter. In 1991, he stole 27 bases in 56 games, getting caught just 5 times.

## InfoBox

| Ced Landrum | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1963-09-03) September 3, 1963<br>Butler, Alabama | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 28, 1991, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 25, 1993, for the New York Mets | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .238 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 7 |
| Stolen bases | 27 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Be-Bop High School (song)

abstract: " "Be-Bop High School" is the third single by Japanese entertainer Miho Nakayama. Composed by Kyōhei Tsutsumi with lyrics by Takashi Matsumoto, the single was released on December 5, 1985, by King Records.

text:
# Be-Bop High School (song)

"**Be-Bop High School**" (ビーバップ・ハイ・スクール, *Bībappu Hai Sukūru*) is the third single by Japanese entertainer Miho Nakayama. Composed by Kyōhei Tsutsumi with lyrics by Takashi Matsumoto, the single was released on December 5, 1985, by King Records.

## Background and release

"Be-Bop High School" was the theme song of the Toei film of the same name, which starred Nakayama. The song was arranged with the incorporation of a steel guitar riff.

"Be-Bop High School" peaked at No. 4 on Oricon's weekly singles chart and sold over 179,000 copies, becoming Nakayama's first top-five hit.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Takashi Matsumoto; all music is composed by Kyōhei Tsutsumi

7" single
| No. | Title | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Be-Bop High School" | Mitsuo Hagita | 3:52 |
| 2. | "Hōkago" ((放課後, "After School")) | Hiroshi Shinkawa |  |

## Charts

**Weekly charts**

| Chart (1985) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 4 |
| The Best Ten | 5 |

**Year-end charts**

| Chart (1986) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Oricon Year-End Chart | 54 |

## InfoBox

| "Be-Bop High School" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Miho Nakayama | |
| from the album  *Collection* | |
| Language | Japanese |
| B-side | "Hōkago" |
| Released | December 5, 1985 (1985-12-05) |
| Recorded | 1985 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:52 |
| Label | King Records |
| Composer(s) | Kyōhei Tsutsumi |
| Lyricist(s) | Takashi Matsumoto |
| Miho Nakayama singles chronology | |
| "Namaiki"
(1985) "**Be-Bop High School**"
(1985) "Iro White Blend"
(1986) | |


title: Żelazo railway station

abstract: Żelazo is a non-operational PKP railway station in Żelazo, Poland.

text:
# Żelazo railway station

**Żelazo** is a non-operational PKP railway station in Żelazo (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

## Lines crossing the station

| Start station | End station | Line type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Siecie-Wierzchocino | Smołdzino | *Dismantled* |

## InfoBox

| Żelazo | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Żelazo
Poland |
| Coordinates | 54°38′29″N 17°14′14″E / 54.641508°N 17.237166°E / 54.641508; 17.237166 |
| Owned by | Polskie Koleje Państwowe S.A. |
| Platforms | None |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Building: No
Depot: No
Water tower: No |
| History | |
| Previous names | Selesen |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sidney Maiden

abstract: Sidney Maiden was an American country blues musician. Maiden principally played harmonica accompaniment, but also sang on some of his own recordings, in addition to writing several compositions. His best known work is "Eclipse of the Sun" (1948).

text:
# Sidney Maiden

**Sidney Maiden** (April 1917 – c. 1987) was an American country blues musician. Maiden principally played harmonica accompaniment, but also sang on some of his own recordings, in addition to writing several compositions. His best known work is "Eclipse of the Sun" (1948).

## Life and career

Maiden was born in Evelyn, DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, in 1917, although some sources state 1923. By the early 1940s, he had relocated to California and met K. C. Douglas. They both steadfastly stuck to playing in a country blues style and performed in nightclubs on the West Coast. The K. C. Douglas Trio's first recording was "Mercury Boogie" (later renamed "Mercury Blues"), in 1948, which included Maiden playing the harmonica. The B-side was "Eclipse of the Sun", which was also produced by the record label owner Bob Geddins and released on his Down Town label. It was Maiden's vocal on the latter track.

By 1952, Maiden recorded a session for Imperial Records, in which he was backed by the Blues Blowers, which included Douglas. Three years later, another Maiden track, "Hurry Hurry Baby", was released by Flash Records. This was followed by "Hand Me Down Baby", recorded by Maiden with Al Simmons and Slim Green in Los Angeles in 1957.

In April 1961, Maiden recorded his only album, *Trouble an' Blues*, which was originally released by the Prestige Bluesville label, thus reuniting a partnership with Douglas that had started in the 1940s. The same year, Arhoolie Records released the album *Mercy Dee*, by Mercy Dee Walton, recorded in Stockton, California. It featured Walton plus Maiden on harmonica, Douglas on electric guitar and Otis Cherry on the drums.

Afterwards Maiden performed occasionally in Fresno County, both as a solo performer and in various group settings. His later life is largely unrecorded. According to the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc, he died in Arizona in the late 1980s; some other sources date his death to 1970.

## Discography (reissue)

| Year | Title | Label | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Trouble an' Blues* | Original Blues Classics | Recorded April 16, 1961 |
|

## InfoBox

| Sidney Maiden | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | April 1917
DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, United States |
| Died | c. 1987 (age about 70)
Arizona, United States |
| Genres | Country blues |
| Occupation(s) | Harmonica player, singer and songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Harmonica, vocals |
| Years active | 1940s1970 |
| Formerly of | K. C. Douglas |


title: The Last Days of Jesus

abstract: The Last Days of Jesus is a Slovak rock band. Formed in Bratislava in May 1992, the band combines the spirit of old school deathrock with new musical sounds and patterns. The name originates from a headline band member MaryO read in an American newspaper.

text:
# The Last Days of Jesus

**The Last Days of Jesus** is a Slovak rock band. Formed in Bratislava in May 1992, the band combines the spirit of old school deathrock with new musical sounds and patterns. The name originates from a headline band member MaryO read in an American newspaper.

## History

MaryO formed the band with Vajco on drums and Sulo, an organist. They then collected Feššy and Andrea, an early bass player. During 1994 this line-up recorded their first demotape and played several shows around Slovakia culminating in a support slot for Das Ich and Faith and the Muse. They continued to tour throughout 1995 including Germany with Marquee Moon and Forthcoming Fire and completed another demo tape, gaining considerable interest within the European goth scene. A few lineup changes have occurred since then and apart from bringing in a session bass player for their studio albums their current lineup continues to record and play live.

The band has made many (mainly gothic) festival appearances almost every year since their formation including Wave-Gotik-Treffen five times. In 2003 and 2004 they did two mini-tours of the UK which included Beyond the Veil and Dead and Buried. Also in 2004 they were featured in a Slovak music TV show which resulted in their only live album to date. On the side MaryO organises regular events under BatCave.SK

## Personnel

* MaryO (vocals)
* Feššy (guitar)
* Anjou (keyboards)
* Vajco (drums)
* Bajo (bass)

## Discography

### Albums

* *The Time of Crucifixtion* (Demotape, 1994)
* *Sepulcrum Christi Viventis* (Demotape, 1995)
* *Arma Christi* (Alice in..., 1997)
* *Narrentanz (Musik für die Massen)* (New Christian Music, 1999)
* *Songs From the Psycho TV* (Monitor-EMI, 2001)
* *Monsters Paranoia Circus (Live Album)* (The Last Days of Jesus, 2004)
* *Alien Road*(Strobelight Records, 2004)
* *Dead Machines' Revolution!* (Strobelight Records, 2007)
* *The Last Circus* (Zim-Zum, 2017)

### Extended plays

* *Once Upon a Time in the East* (Strobelight Records, 2011)

### Singles

* Guns'n'Drums'n'March'n'Fun (Batcave.sk, 2003)

### Other releases

* Animal Boy & Mechanical Toy (2005) (CD Single supplement for a book *"Kvapky krvi, štruktúry sadomasochizmu" Drops of Blood, Structures of Sadomasochism* by Martin Gerboc)

### Compilation tracks

* "Der Trug" on *The Gothic Grimore Compilation Vol.2* (1996)
* "Dark Side of My Mind" on *The Sounds of New Hope* (1997)
* "Still Alive" (f.r.s.t. version) on **Künstler zum 7. Wave- und Gotik-Treffen** (Orkus, 1998)
* "Still Alive" on *New Alternatives Vol.5* (Nightbreed, 2001)
* "Arrest the Angels" on *Cold* (2001)
* "Guns'n'Drums'n'March'n'Fun" on *New Dark Age Vol.1* (Strobelight Records, 2004)
* "Everyday Is Halloween" on *Gothic Compilation XXIV* (Batbeliever, 2004)
* "Pet Sematary" on *Gabba Gabba Metal: A Metal Tribute to the Ramones* (2004)
* "Guns'n'Drums'n'March'n'Fun" on *Death Dizko Vol.1* (Death Dizko Division, 2005)
* "Death Song" on *Sonic Seducer/Cold Hands Seduction* (Sonic seducer, 2005)
* "Connected or Infected" on *New Dark Age Vol.2* (Strobelight Records, 2005)
* "Everyday Is Halloween" on *Castle Party 2005* (Metal Mind Records, 2005)

## InfoBox

| The Last Days of Jesus | |
| --- | --- |
| The Last Days of Jesus during Old Skull festival in Warsaw, Poland, 2009 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Slovakia |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Labels | Strobelight |
|  | |
| Members | MaryO
Vajco
Feššy
Anjou |


title: Schooley's Mountain

abstract: Schooley's or, officially, Schooleys Mountain is a mountain ridge in northern New Jersey that stretches from Lake Hopatcong in the north to Hampton in the south. It is centrally located within the southern Highlands, positioned almost equidistantly from the Kittatinny Valley in the west and the Piedmont plateau in the east. Schooley's Mountain is also one of the largest ridges in a group of geologically similar and parallel mountains, which include Allamuchy Mountain, Pohatcong Mountain, Scotts Mountain, and Jenny Jump Mountain.

text:
# Schooley's Mountain

**Schooley's** or, officially, **Schooleys Mountain** is a mountain ridge in northern New Jersey that stretches from Lake Hopatcong in the north to Hampton in the south. It is centrally located within the southern Highlands, positioned almost equidistantly from the Kittatinny Valley in the west and the Piedmont plateau in the east. Schooley's Mountain is also one of the largest ridges in a group of geologically similar and parallel mountains, which include Allamuchy Mountain, Pohatcong Mountain, Scotts Mountain, and Jenny Jump Mountain.

## Geography

Schooley's Mountain is separated from Musconetcong Mountain by a gap and the valley of Spruce Run, which bifurcates the mountain itself higher in its course. The mountain ridge extends about 20 miles northeast, being separated by Budd Lake and the South Branch Raritan River from Mooney Mountain. The northeasternmost point looks out upon Waterloo and the Musconetcong River, the valley of which lies upon its northwestern side; on the southeastern side is Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey, drained by the South Branch Raritan River.

Prominent subsidiary peaks include Mount Kipp (951 feet (290 m)), at the southeastern tip, and Point Mountain (935 feet (285 m)), overlooking Anderson in the Musconetcong Valley. The summit of the ridge proper lies in an area of private homes on Kim Lane, on the northeastern part of the ridge.

The community of Schooley's Mountain is on top and in the middle of the ridge, which rises about 400 to 800 feet (120 to 240 m) above the surrounding valley.

## History

The mountain is named for the Schooley family, Quaker landowners in the area during the 1790s.

The mountain air and the chalybeate springs on the mountain once made it a fashionable summer destination. For similar reasons, a state tuberculosis sanatorium was once located around Mount Kipp.

Many small iron mines were worked on the mountain in the late 19th century; remains of some are still visible today. Granite was also quarried from the mountain.

The main crossing at the mountain is Schooley's Mountain Road, formerly Washington Turnpike. General George Washington noted in his diary that he considered the route from "Dutch Valley to Schooley's Mountain a hazardous and round about thoroughfare."

## Recreation

While much of the flatter terrain on the ridge has been cultivated or, more recently, developed for residential housing, much of Schooley's Mountain is still wooded. On the northwest side, Cataract Park, along Schooleys Mountain Road (Route 24), preserves a waterfall and an old mine opening on the steep side of the ridge. Schooley's Mountain County Park, home of Randolph YMCA's Camp Washington, encloses the valley of Long Valley and small Lake George on the southeastern side of the mountain. Lake George has been drained and dredged but swimming is no longer permitted. The Electric Brook runs from Lake George over several waterfalls in the park before it reaches the south branch of the Raritan River. The park offers once offered boat rentals and currently has a baseball field and gazebos beyond hiking. One of the completed segments of Patriots' Path runs through the park.

* *Christmas in Long Valley 2005 House Tour*, Washington Township Historical Society.

## InfoBox

| Schooleys Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Schooley's Mountain, view from Long Valley, New Jersey | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,200 feet (366 m) |
| Coordinates | 40°49′45″N 74°47′37″W / 40.8292660°N 74.7934986°W / 40.8292660; -74.7934986 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS Hackettstown |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Road |


title: December 16

abstract: December 16 is the 350th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 15 days remain until the end of the year.

text:
# December 16

| \<\< | December | | | | | \>\> |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
| 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 |
| 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
| 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 |
| 29 | 30 | 31 |  | | | |
|
| **2024** | | | | | | |

|
|  |
| **December 16 in recent years** |
| 2023 (Saturday) |
| 2022 (Friday) |
| 2021 (Thursday) |
| 2020 (Wednesday) |
| 2019 (Monday) |
| 2018 (Sunday) |
| 2017 (Saturday) |
| 2016 (Friday) |
| 2015 (Wednesday) |
| 2014 (Tuesday) |

**December 16** is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar;  15 days remain until the end of the year.

## Events

### Pre-1600

### 1601–1900

### 1901–present

## Births

### Pre-1600

### 1601–1900

### 1901–present

## Deaths

### Pre-1600

### 1601–1900

### 1901–present

## Holidays and observances


title: Septet (Beethoven)

abstract: The Septet in E-flat major for clarinet, horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, Op. 20, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was sketched out in 1799, completed, and first performed in Vienna in 1800 and published in 1802. The score contains the notation: "Der Kaiserin Maria Theresia gewidmet". It was one of Beethoven’s most popular works during his lifetime, much to the composer's dismay. Several years later, Beethoven even wished the score to have been destroyed, saying: "That damn work! I wish it were burned!" The concert was extremely popular in Paris where it was played for decades, often more than once a year by the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire. At the auction of Beethoven's possessions after his death, the manuscript for his Missa solemnis fetched 7 florins, but the Septet was sold for 18 florins.

text:
# Septet (Beethoven)

The **Septet** in E-flat major for clarinet, horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, Op. 20, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was sketched out in 1799, completed, and first performed in Vienna in 1800 and published in 1802. The score contains the notation: "Der Kaiserin Maria Theresia gewidmet" (Dedicated to the Empress Maria Theresa). It was one of Beethoven’s most popular works during his lifetime, much to the composer's dismay. Several years later, Beethoven even wished the score to have been destroyed, saying: "That damn work! I wish it were burned!"

The concert was extremely popular in Paris where it was played for decades, often more than once a year by the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire. At the auction of Beethoven's possessions after his death, the manuscript for his Missa solemnis fetched 7 florins, but the Septet was sold for 18 florins.

## Structure and analysis

The composition is in six movements and runs approximately 40 minutes in performance:

1. *AdagioAllegro con brio* (in E-flat major) (approx. 10 min.)
2. *Adagio cantabile* (in A-flat major) (approx. 9 min.)
3. *Tempo di menuetto* (in E-flat major) (approx. 3 min.)
4. *Tema con variazioni: Andante* (in B-flat major) (approx. 7 min.)
5. *Scherzo: Allegro molto e vivace* (in E-flat major) (approx. 3 min.)
6. *Andante con moto alla marcia* (in E-flat minor) – *Presto* (in E-flat major) (approx. 7 min.)

### Analysis

The overall layout resembles a serenade and is in fact more or less the same as that of Mozart's string trio, K. 563, in the same key, but Beethoven expands the form by the addition of substantial introductions to the first and last movements and by changing the second minuet to a scherzo. Beethoven had already used the theme of the third movement in his Piano Sonata Op. 49 No. 2, which was an earlier work despite its higher opus number. The finale features a violin cadenza.

The scoring of the Septet for a single clarinet, horn and bassoon (rather than for pairs of these wind instruments) was innovative. So was the unusually prominent role of the clarinet, as important as the violin.

The Septet was one of Beethoven's most successful and popular works and circulated in many editions and arrangements for different forces. In about 1803, Beethoven himself arranged the work as a trio for clarinet (or violin), cello, and piano, and this version was published as his Op. 38 in 1805 in Vienna. Beethoven dedicated the Trio Op. 38 to Professor Johann Adam Schmidt (1759–1809), a German-Austrian surgeon and ophthalmologist, and a personal physician of Beethoven, whom he attended to from 1801 until 1809.

Conductor Arturo Toscanini rearranged the string section of the Septet so that it could be played by the full string section of the orchestra, but he did not change the rest of the scoring. He recorded the Septet for RCA Victor with the NBC Symphony Orchestra on 26 November 1951 in Carnegie Hall.

## Influence

## Further reading


title: Fang Wenquan

abstract: Fang Wenquan, is the founder and executive chairman of Tianda Group and Tianda Institute, Hong Kong.

text:
# Fang Wenquan

**Fang Wenquan** (方文权, born May 1969), is the founder and executive chairman of Tianda Group and Tianda Institute, Hong Kong.

## Early life

He studied international relations at the University of Sydney and Tsinghua University. His public roles include co-chairman of the National Strategy Institute, Tsinghua University, a council member of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs, a council member of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, honorary chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organizations, and honorary chairman of the Australian Council for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China. He is actively involved with philanthropy, promoting the value of “Caring for a Better World” and contributing to community services, including donations for poverty relief, education and training, healthcare, scientific research and environmental protection, culture, and the arts.

## Tianda Institute

The Tianda Institute is a Hong Kong-based non-profit think tank established by Fang in 2005. Leveraging the competitive edge of Hong Kong as an international city, Tianda Institute aims to contribute to the revival of the Chinese nation, peace, and development of the world through explorations, discussions, and studies on global and Chinese development issues, raising new ideas, arguments, and theories to address economic and social development challenges. Tianda Institute and Tsinghua University co-established the National Strategy Institute at Tsinghua University.


title: Small nucleolar RNA SNORA29

abstract: In molecular biology, SNORA29 is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. The family also contains the mouse sequence MBI-39.

text:
# Small nucleolar RNA SNORA29

In molecular biology, **SNORA29** (also known as **ACA29**) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.

The family also contains the mouse sequence MBI-39.

## InfoBox

| Small nucleolar RNA SNORA29 | |
| --- | --- |
| Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA29 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SNORA29 |
| Alt. Symbols | snoACA29 |
| Rfam | RF00429 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; snRNA; snoRNA; H/ACA-box |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | GO:0006396  GO:0005730 |
| SO | SO:0000594 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Sheila Abdus-Salaam

abstract: Sheila Abdus-Salaam was an American lawyer and judge. In 2013, after having served on the New York City Civil Court, the New York Supreme Court, and the Appellate Division, Abdus-Salaam was nominated to the New York Court of Appeals and was unanimously confirmed as an Associate Judge by the New York State Senate. She was the first African-American female judge to serve on the New York Court of Appeals.

text:
# Sheila Abdus-Salaam

**Sheila Abdus-Salaam** (née **Turner**; March 14, 1952 – April 12, 2017) was an American lawyer and judge. In 2013, after having served on the New York City Civil Court, the New York Supreme Court, and the Appellate Division, Abdus-Salaam was nominated to the New York Court of Appeals (New York's highest court) and was unanimously confirmed as an Associate Judge by the New York State Senate. She was the first African-American female judge to serve on the New York Court of Appeals.

## Early life and education

Sheila Turner was born on March 14, 1952, in Washington, D.C., where she grew up in a working-class family with six siblings. She attended public schools there, graduating from Eastern High School in 1970. While researching her family history as a child, she learned that her great-grandfather was a slave in Virginia.

Turner obtained a bachelor's degree from Barnard College in 1974 and graduated from Columbia Law School in 1977. Among her classmates at Columbia was Eric Holder, the future United States Attorney General.

## Career

Turner took her first husband's surname, Abdus-Salaam, and retained it during her professional career.

Before joining the bench, Abdus-Salaam worked as a staff attorney for Brooklyn Legal Services and served in the New York State Department of Law as an assistant attorney general in the civil rights and real estate financing bureaus. She subsequently served on the New York City Civil Court, from 1992 to 1993. Abdus-Salaam was elected a justice of the New York Supreme Court in 1993, and served in that capacity from 1993 to 2009. In 2009, she was designated as a justice of the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, First Judicial Department by Governor David Paterson. She served as an associate justice of the Appellate Division from 2009 until 2013.

On April 5, 2013, following the death of New York Court of Appeals Judge Theodore T. Jones, Abdus-Salaam was nominated by Governor Andrew Cuomo to fill the resulting vacancy on New York's highest court. She was confirmed by the New York State Senate without opposition in a voice vote held May 6, 2013. She became the first female African-American judge to serve on the New York Court of Appeals.

Abdus-Salaam was seen as a liberal voice on the bench. In 2016, she authored the opinion of the Court in *In Re Brooke S.B. v. Elizabeth A. C.C.*, a landmark decision allowing the domestic partners of biological parents to seek child custody or visitation in circumstances where the partners had decided to conceive and raise a child together.

## Personal life

Abdus-Salaam's second husband, James Hatcher, was the son of Andrew Hatcher, who worked as a press officer for John F. Kennedy. Her third husband was Hector Nova, from whom she was divorced in 2005. Abdus-Salaam married her fourth husband, Episcopal priest Gregory A. Jacobs, in June 2016.

Abdus-Salaam's religious affiliation has been the subject of conflicting reports. While it was widely reported that Abdus-Salaam was the first Muslim to serve as a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, it appears that these reports were incorrect. Following Abdus-Salaam's death, Court of Appeals spokesperson Gary Spencer stated that she had never converted to Islam, but had merely retained the last name of her first husband. However, in an article on Abdus-Salaam's death, NBC News described Abdus-Salaam as "the first Muslim woman to serve as a U.S. judge" and added that her family asserted that she "\[had\] not been a practicing Muslim for 20 years".

### Death

Abdus-Salaam was found dead near West 132nd Street in Manhattan on the afternoon of April 12, 2017. Her fully clothed body was found floating in the Hudson River hours after she was reported missing from her home in Harlem.

On April 13, police stated that the death of Abdus-Salaam appeared to be a suicide, and added that she had been struggling with depression. On April 18, however, police told reporters that the death was considered "suspicious" due to the lack of witnesses and lack of a suicide note. An autopsy, while reaching no conclusion about the cause of Abdus-Salaam's death, found bruises on her neck and water in her lungs; this data indicated that she had likely been alive when she entered the river. The bruising could have been caused by someone choking Abdus-Salaam, or could have resulted from the recovery of her body from the river. On April 21, police said they had recovered video from the night of April 11 that showed Abdus-Salaam, dressed in the clothes in which she was found dead, walking around Riverbank State Park along the Hudson River for hours. Police added that the final images captured by the camera showed her standing near the water.

On May 3, the New York Police Department announced that its investigation into the death of Abdus-Salaam was complete, and that investigators believed she had committed suicide. The medical examiner concluded that the cause of death was drowning and that the manner of death was suicide.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Sheila Abdus-Salaam | |
| --- | --- |
| Abdus-Salaam speaking at Barnard College | |
|  | |
| Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals | |
| **In office**
May 6, 2013  April 12, 2017 | |
| Appointed by | Andrew Cuomo |
| Preceded by | Theodore Jones |
| Succeeded by | Paul G. Feinman |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sheila Turner
(1952-03-14)March 14, 1952
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Died | April 12, 2017(2017-04-12) (aged 65)
New York City, U.S. |
| Education | Barnard College (BA)
Columbia University (JD) |
|  | |


title: Sidney Webster Fish

abstract: Sidney Webster Fish was an American lawyer and military officer who retired from the law and moved to California, becoming a rancher at the Palo Corona Ranch.

text:
# Sidney Webster Fish

**Sidney Webster Fish** (March 16, 1885 – February 5, 1950) was an American lawyer and military officer who retired from the law and moved to California, becoming a rancher at the Palo Corona Ranch.

## Early life

Fish was born on March 16, 1885, in New York City and was named after his uncle, Sidney Webster. A member of the prominent Fish family, he was the youngest of four children of Stuyvesant Fish (1851–1923) and Marian Graves Anthon Fish (1853–1915), a leader of "The 400". His two surviving siblings were Marian Anthon Fish (1880–1944), who married (and divorced) Albert Zabriskie Gray (a son of Judge John Clinton Gray, and Stuyvesant Fish Jr., who married Isabelle Mildred Dick (a daughter of Evans R. Dick. Another brother, Livingston Fish, was born and died before Sidney was born.

His paternal grandparents were Hamilton Fish, the 16th Governor of New York, a U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of State, and Julia Ursin Niemcewicz (née Kean) Fish (sister of Col. John Kean), a descendant of New Jersey governor William Livingston. His maternal grandparents were Sarah Attwood (née Meert) Athon and Gen. William Henry Anthon, a successful lawyer and Staten Island Assemblyman who was a son of jurist John Anthon.

Fish prepared for college at Groton School before graduating from Harvard University, in 1908, and then Columbia Law School.

## Career

After his admission to the bar, he practiced law until 1928. He was a partner in the firm of Colgate, Parker & Co. with Craig Colgate, Prescott Erskine Wood, Henry S. Parker, Frank Hamilton Davis and Darragh A. Park. In 1921, the firm reorganized as Parker & Company when Colgate, Wood and special partner Louis du Pont Irving withdrew; Fish then became a special partner.

### Later life

In April 1927, Fish and his wife Olga purchased over 1,000 acres (400 ha), which they named the Palo Corona Ranch in Carmel Valley, California. The ranch was part of the Rancho San José y Sur Chiquito Mexican land grant to the west, with some inland areas within the Rancho Potrero de San Carlos land grant. Fish built a home and ranch on the property and ran a herd of Hereford cattle. In 1929, the ranch barn was designed and built by M. J. Murphy.

In the 1940s, the film *National Velvet* was partly filmed at the ranch. In the 1930s, Fish hosted Charles Lindbergh at the ranch and, in 1965, his son hosted Princess Margaret and the Earl of Snowden at the ranch for dinner. After his sons death, the ranch passed to his widow, Diana Fish.

## Personal life

On September 18, 1915, Fish married Olga Martha Wiborg (1890–1937) at St. Luke's Church in East Hampton, New York. The wedding was quiet due the recent death of his mother. They spent their honeymoon aboard Harold Vanderbilt's yacht *Vagrant*. Olga was a daughter of Frank Bestow Wiborg and sister to socialite Sara Sherman Wiborg and playwright Mary Hoyt Wiborg. They had a country home known as "Duck Pond" in Roslyn, New York adjoining the August Belmont place, and in North Hempstead, New York adjacent to the estates of Mrs. Frederick Guest, Clarence Mackay, and Harry Payne Whitney. They sold it in 1929, and bought a house in East Hampton, where they were known for their entertaining. Before her death, they were the parents of:

In 1939, he married Esther (née Foss) Moore Roark (1894–1954), the daughter of Massachusetts Governor Eugene Noble Foss. She had previously been married to George Gordon Moore, a polo player whom she divorced in 1933, and Aiden Roark, another polo player whom she married in 1934 and divorced in 1937.

He died in Carmel on February 5, 1950, and was buried at Monterey City Cemetery. His widow died in November 1954.

Notes Sources  1. Times, Special to The New York (17 February 1923). "Mrs. Sarah Morris Fish Webster". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
2. "SIDNEY WEBSTER, NOTED LAWYER, DEAD; Corporation and International Law Authority--Once Secretary of President Pierce. ILLINOIS CENTRAL DIRECTOR Mentor of Late E. H. Harriman, Who Wrote to Him His Celebrated "Where Do I Stand?" Letter". *The New York Times*. 31 May 1910. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
3. "Obituary 1 -- No Title". *The New York Times*. 31 January 1944. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
4. "MRS. MARION FISH GRAY; Daughter of Late Stuyvesant Fish, Illinois Rail Head". *The New York Times*. 30 January 1944. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
5. "Albert Z. Gray Dies at 83". *The New York Times*. 30 August 1964. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
6. "ALBERT Z. GRAY WEDS MISS MARIAN FISH; 5,000 Guests Invited to the Ceremony at St. Bartholomew's in Madison Avenue. CRUSH AT THE CHURCH Guests Present from Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and Elsewhere -- MacCracken-Dodd Wedding". *The New York Times*. 13 June 1907. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
7. "DIVORCES ALBERT Z. GRAY.; Wife Waives Alimony in Obtaining Decree at Newport". *The New York Times*. 5 December 1934. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
8. "STUYVESANT FISH, FINANCIER, DEAD; Retired Stockbroker, 69, Was of Family Noted in Society Father Headed Railroad". *The New York Times*. 27 June 1952. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
9. "STUYVESANT FISH, JR., TO WED; Engaged to Miss Mildred Dick. Daughter of Evans R. Dick". *The New York Times*. 6 May 1910. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
10. College, Radcliffe (1971). *Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary*. Harvard University Press. p. 620. ISBN 9780674627345. Retrieved 7 April 2017. Sarah Attwood Meert anthon.
11. American Heritage Editors (December, 1981), *The Ten Best Secretaries Of State...*.
12. Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York (1916). *Genealogical Record of the Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York City*. The Society. p. 22. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
13. Burke, Arthur Meredyth (1908). *The Prominent Families of the United States of America*. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 385. ISBN 9780806313085. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
14. Corning (1918), pp. 20-22.
15. "OBITUARY.; GEN. WILLIAM HENRY ANTHON". *The New York Times*. 9 November 1875. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
16. "SIDNEY W. FISH, 64, ONCE LAWYER HERE". *The New York Times*. 7 February 1950. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
17. "Colgate, Parker & Co". *New-York Tribune*. 3 May 1921. p. 17. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
18. "S. Stuyvesant Fish. Rancher, host to English royalty". *The San Francisco Examiner*. 16 May 1988. p. 11. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
19. "Fish Ranch goes on market with price tag of $7.5 million". *The San Francisco Examiner*. 26 November 1995. p. 78. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
20. Abraham, Kera (30 August 2014). "Palo Corona Regional Park neighbor threatens legal challenge to parking lot project". *Monterey County Weekly*. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
21. "TO WED SON OF LEADER OF "THE 400"". *Orlando Evening Star*. 6 August 1915. p. 9. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
22. "MISS WlBORG, BRIDE OF SIDNEY W. FISH; Youngest Daughter of Mr. and Mrs. F. B. Wiborg Married in St. Luke's, East Hampton. HER SISTERS ATTENDANTS A Simple Ceremony Owing to Recent Death of Bridegroom's Mother Honeymoon on Vanderbilt Yacht". *The New York Times*. 19 September 1915. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
23. "MRS. SIDNEY FISH, A SOCIETY WOMAN; Member of the East Hampton Summer Colony Dies at Her California Home". *The New York Times*. 19 April 1937. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
24. "Sidney Stuyvesant Fish Birth Announcement". *New York Daily News*. 21 June 1921. p. 15. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
25. "NASSAU COUNTY DEALS; Long Island Country Place of Sidney W. Fish Sold". *The New York Times*. 16 August 1929. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
26. TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK (18 August 1934). "CLAMBAKE PLANNED AT EAST HAMPTON; Mr. and Mrs. Sidney W. Fish Will Entertain Tonight -- The Robert Scheys Have Guests". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
27. "Stuyvesant Fish is Hero, Saves 2 from Undertow at Beach". *The Pomona Progress Bulletin*. 20 July 1935. p. 3. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
28. "Sidney Stuyvesant Fish and Virginia Small Recite Vows". *The Los Angeles Times*. 9 November 1954. p. 53. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
29. Moffat, Frances (14 December 1959). "2d Honeymoon. Stuyvesant Fish and Wife Drop Plan for Divorce". *The San Francisco Examiner*. p. 9. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
30. "Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish Is In Reno Again". *The San Francisco Examiner*. 7 September 1960. p. 21. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
31. "Romantic Surprise From the Islands". *The San Francisco Examiner*. 8 April 1965. p. 27. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
32. Cutter, William Richard (1910). *Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts*. Lewis historical Publishing Company. pp. 2462–2464. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
33. "Wife Divorces Aidan Roark". *New York Times*. December 23, 1937. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Mrs. Esther F. Roark, formerly of Boston and Pebble Beach, Calif., won a divorce today from Aidan Roark, film executive and polo star. She testified that he was rude and brusque.
34. "MRS. SIDNEY FISH". *The New York Times*. 27 November 1954. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
35. "SIDNEY FISH MARRIES; Mrs. Esther Foss Roark Is Bride of New Yorker in West". *The New York Times*. 11 January 1939. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
36. Times, Special to The New York (27 November 1954). "MRS. SIDNEY FISH". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

## InfoBox

| Capt. Sidney Webster Fish | |
| --- | --- |
| *Capt. Fish, 1919* | |
| Born | (1885-03-16)March 16, 1885
New York City, New York |
| Died | February 2, 1950(1950-02-02) (aged 64)
Carmel, California |
| Education | Groton School |
| Alma mater | Harvard University
Columbia Law School |
| Spouses | *   Olga Martha Wiborg  (m. 1915; died 1937) *   Esther Foss Moore Roark  (m. 1939) |
| Children | Sidney Stuyvesant Fish |
| Parent(s) | Stuyvesant Fish
Marian Graves Anthon Fish |
| Relatives | Hamilton Fish (grandfather)
Nicholas Fish II (uncle)
Hamilton Fish II (uncle)
Hamilton Fish III (cousin)
Hamilton Fish (cousin) |


title: Dixon, Illinois

abstract: Dixon is a city and the county seat of Lee County, Illinois, United States. The population was 15,274 as of the 2020 census. The city is named after founder John Dixon, who operated a rope ferry service across the Rock River, which runs through the city. The Illinois General Assembly designated Dixon as "Petunia Capital of Illinois" in 1999 and "The Catfish Capital of Illinois" in 2009. Dixon was the boyhood home of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan. The city is also the site of the Lincoln Monument State Memorial, marking the spot where Abraham Lincoln joined the Illinois militia at Fort Dixon in 1832 during the Black Hawk War. The memorial is located on the west side of Dixon's main north-south street, Galena Avenue, north of the Rock River. The city is also the site of the Dixon Bridge Disaster of 1873, the worst road bridge disaster in American history. A marker for the disaster stands near the Lincoln Statue, on the north bank of the river.

text:
# Dixon, Illinois

**Dixon** is a city and the county seat of Lee County, Illinois, United States. The population was 15,274 as of the 2020 census. The city is named after founder John Dixon, who operated a rope ferry service across the Rock River, which runs through the city. The Illinois General Assembly designated Dixon as "Petunia Capital of Illinois" in 1999 and "The Catfish Capital of Illinois" in 2009.

Dixon was the boyhood home of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan. The city is also the site of the Lincoln Monument State Memorial, marking the spot where Abraham Lincoln joined the Illinois militia at Fort Dixon in 1832 during the Black Hawk War. The memorial is located on the west side of Dixon's main north-south street, Galena Avenue (U.S. Route 52, also Illinois Route 26), north of the Rock River. The city is also the site of the Dixon Bridge Disaster of 1873, the worst road bridge disaster in American history. A marker for the disaster stands near the Lincoln Statue, on the north bank of the river.

## History

Around 1828, Joseph Ogee, a man of mixed French and Native American descent, established a ferry and a cabin along the banks of the Rock River. In 1829, an employee of Ogee was named postmaster at the newly constructed post office. John Dixon, the eponymous founder, bought Ogee's Ferry in the spring of 1830 and brought his family to his newly purchased establishment on April 11 of that year. Shortly after, the name of the post office was changed to Dixon's Ferry.

On May 4, 1873, the Truesdell Bridge collapsed resulting in the deaths of 46 people. About 150-200 people were on the bridge in order to watch a baptism ceremony in the river below.

Running by Interstate 88 is a road named Bloody Gulch Road. The road is named after a murder and body disposal. On September 12, 1885, two young men walked along a county road south of Dixon, one a farm hand named Joseph M. Mosse and the other, Frank C. Thiel, a traveling salesman from Elgin, IL. The unemployed farmhand told the salesman of a place he could sell his Bibles and proceeded to take him to a farm where he had worked. As the two men passed a gulch the farmhand struck and killed the salesman with a knife and a walnut baluster he was seen carrying under his arm. He then buried the body in the culvert. The body was later discovered when cattle refused to use the underpass en route to a milking barn. An overnight rain had washed away some of the dirt exposing a limb. When the sheriff arrived to question the farm hand, since he was seen leaving Dixon with the deceased, he pretended to get a drink while throwing a watch chain taken from the salesman in the bushes. The evidence was found and the farmhand was eventually put in jail for life, while the road over the underpass began to be called Bloody Gulch Road.

In April 2012, Dixon Municipal Comptroller Rita Crundwell was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury for embezzlement. She used the embezzled funds to pay for her lavish lifestyle and what became one of the nation's best-known quarter horse-breeding programs, among other things. Crundwell's crimes, thought to be the most substantial municipal theft in U.S. history, impacted Dixon's finances severely. Federal prosecutors estimated the amount embezzled at $53 million since 1990. The city sued the auditors who had failed to detect the embezzlement and the bank at which Crundwell maintained a secret account, and received $40 million in settlements. In February 2013, Crundwell was sentenced to almost 20 years in prison.

On May 16, 2018, Matthew Milby, a 19-year-old student, entered Dixon High School and fired shots during graduation practice. He was pursued by School Resource Officer Mark Dallas, of the Dixon Police Department. After firing shots at the officer, the shooter was wounded by Dallas as he returned fire. Milby was then taken into custody. There were no additional injuries. Milby was diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder and initially found unfit to stand trial. On July 14, 2022 he pleaded guilty to aggravated discharge of a firearm towards a peace officer and aggravated discharge of a firearm in a school building; he was sentenced to thirty years in prison.

### Ronald Reagan

Dixon was the childhood home of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. Reagan was born in nearby Tampico and moved to Dixon, aged nine. In his teen years, he lifeguarded along the banks of the Rock River. His family house is preserved at 816 South Hennepin Avenue, and authorized by Congress to become the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home. On February 6, 1984, during his first term as president, Reagan returned to Dixon to celebrate his 73rd birthday. He toured his boyhood residence and the city held a parade in his honor.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, Dixon has a total area of 7.862 square miles (20.36 km2), of which 7.43 square miles (19.24 km2) (or 94.51%) is land and 0.432 square miles (1.12 km2) (or 5.49%) is water.

### Climate

Dixon has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) with four seasons. The winters are generally cold and see frequent snowfall, while the summers are warm and humid. Typically Dixon ranges from a low of 10 °F (-12 °C) to a high of 82 °F (28 °C). A low of -32 °F (-35 °C) was recorded during the January–February 2019 North American cold wave, and a record high of 110 °F (43 °C) was recorded during the 1936 North American heat wave. Average monthly precipitation ranges from 1.43 inches (36 mm) in February to 4.88 inches (124 mm) in June.

| Climate data for Dixon, Illinois (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 65
(18) | 71
(22) | 87
(31) | 93
(34) | 105
(41) | 106
(41) | 110
(43) | 103
(39) | 102
(39) | 95
(35) | 81
(27) | 68
(20) | 110
(43) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 29.0
(−1.7) | 33.6
(0.9) | 46.3
(7.9) | 59.9
(15.5) | 71.0
(21.7) | 79.8
(26.6) | 82.7
(28.2) | 81.4
(27.4) | 75.3
(24.1) | 62.8
(17.1) | 47.6
(8.7) | 34.5
(1.4) | 58.7
(14.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 21.3
(−5.9) | 25.5
(−3.6) | 37.3
(2.9) | 49.4
(9.7) | 60.9
(16.1) | 70.2
(21.2) | 73.5
(23.1) | 71.9
(22.2) | 64.6
(18.1) | 52.4
(11.3) | 39.0
(3.9) | 27.3
(−2.6) | 49.4
(9.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 13.6
(−10.2) | 17.3
(−8.2) | 28.3
(−2.1) | 38.8
(3.8) | 50.7
(10.4) | 60.7
(15.9) | 64.3
(17.9) | 62.4
(16.9) | 53.8
(12.1) | 42.0
(5.6) | 30.5
(−0.8) | 20.1
(−6.6) | 40.2
(4.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −32
(−36) | −27
(−33) | −13
(−25) | 8
(−13) | 24
(−4) | 34
(1) | 43
(6) | 37
(3) | 22
(−6) | 7
(−14) | −8
(−22) | −25
(−32) | −32
(−36) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.97
(50) | 1.81
(46) | 2.63
(67) | 3.98
(101) | 4.82
(122) | 5.59
(142) | 4.29
(109) | 4.19
(106) | 3.69
(94) | 2.96
(75) | 2.43
(62) | 2.17
(55) | 40.53
(1,029) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 13.0
(33) | 5.7
(14) | 4.5
(11) | 0.6
(1.5) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 1.8
(4.6) | 5.6
(14) | 31.2
(79) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.9 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 9.8 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 97.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 6.0 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 17.2 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1860 | 2,218 |  |  |
| 1870 | 4,055 |  | 82.8% |
| 1880 | 3,658 |  | −9.8% |
| 1890 | 5,161 |  | 41.1% |
| 1900 | 7,917 |  | 53.4% |
| 1910 | 7,216 |  | −8.9% |
| 1920 | 8,191 |  | 13.5% |
| 1930 | 9,908 |  | 21.0% |
| 1940 | 10,671 |  | 7.7% |
| 1950 | 11,523 |  | 8.0% |
| 1960 | 19,565 |  | 69.8% |
| 1970 | 18,147 |  | −7.2% |
| 1980 | 15,710 |  | −13.4% |
| 1990 | 15,144 |  | −3.6% |
| 2000 | 15,941 |  | 5.3% |
| 2010 | 15,733 |  | −1.3% |
| 2020 | 15,274 |  | −2.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

**Dixon city, Illinois – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 12,698 | 11,442 | 80.71% | 74.91% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 1,583 | 1,698 | 10.06% | 11.12% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 25 | 13 | 0.16% | 0.09% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 152 | 134 | 0.97% | 0.88% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 2 | 3 | 0.01% | 0.02% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 17 | 44 | 0.11% | 0.29% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 205 | 566 | 1.30% | 3.71% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 1,051 | 1,374 | 6.68% | 9.00% |
| **Total** | **15,733** | **15,274** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, 15,941 people, 5,681 households, and 3,488 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,519.8 inhabitants per square mile (972.9/km2). The city consisted of 6,138 housing units at an average density of 970.3 per square mile (374.6/km2). The city's racial makeup included 86.33% White, 10.48% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.82% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.10% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race comprised 4.30% of the population.

There were 5,681 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,720, and the median income for a family was $45,088. Males had a median income of $32,511 versus $21,777 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,630. About 5.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 12.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

Dixon is a regional employment hub and is part of two fast growing distribution and warehousing and food processing districts: one is I-88 West and the other, the I-39 Logistics Corridor. The biggest industries are healthcare and government. Healthcare employs over 1,700, while government jobs approach 1,500. The Dixon Correctional Center employs over 600 workers, as does the Department of Transportation. KSB Hospital has nearly 1,000 employees. Dixon has many industries employing thousands of the region's residents. The largest are Raynor Garage Doors, Donaldson Inc., Borg Warner, and Spectrum Brands. Fifteen miles away in Ashton, Crest Foods employs over 600.

## Arts and culture

The city of Dixon has numerous art venues including: a downtown art gallery, 2 galleries held in museums, and several private business galleries. Dixon also has a performing arts theatre called Dixon Stage Left, and a musician and visual arts co-op called Rosbrook Studio. The city has numerous festivals throughout the year including: Gardenstock Arts & Music Fest, Venitian Night on the Riverfront, a downtown wine festival, Blues-Brews-and BBQ, Reagan Trail Days, and the fall Scarecrow Festival.

Every summer Dixon holds the annual Petunia Festival featuring a parade, carnival (Farrow shows), country concert, fireworks show, and a 5K race—the Reagan Run. The parade features a multitude of floats from surrounding businesses, politicians, and other area groups. A carnival is also held in Dixon during this time, and the festival ends with the Fourth of July fireworks. The Downtown district has become a National Historic District. The Rock River which runs through the center of Dixon has been designated a National Waterway by the Federal Government. Dixon residents have supported a variety of large-scale projects that have created several aspects to their rural community. One aspect of this small town is that an individual can kayak the Rock River to the city's downtown docks and join a public Yoga session on the riverfront.

The Petunia Festival was conceived after Dutch Elm Disease and highway expansion wiped out the trees along the major roads in the late 1950s. In response to the dramatic change the streetscape underwent, the Dixon Men's Garden Club planted petunias along Galena Avenue to regain some sort of streetscape identity once again in the early 1960s. Before this annual festival, volunteers plant thousands of pink petunias along the main streets. The flowers are watered and maintained by the combined efforts of city workers and volunteers.

An iconic arch along Galena Avenue, just south of the Rock River, features the word "Dixon" in neon glasswork. Though commonly referred to as the Dixon Arch, the proper name for the structure is the War Memorial Arch. The Northwest Territory Historic Center is a History Research and Learning Center housed in President Ronald Reagan's boyhood South Central School. Restored with the dedicated support of the townspeople and Reagan colleagues, the Center is proudly affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.

The Center houses the Veterans History Project Regional Center, auditorium, research library, historical exhibits, art gallery, surround-sound theater, and museum store.

## Parks and recreation

The Dixon Park District owns more than 1,100 acres (450 ha) of land including two historic parks platted in 1842. The parks range from Lowell Park's 200 acres (81 ha) which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places; rural Meadows Park which encompasses 567 acres (229 ha) of recreational opportunities with natural areas and farm land; to neighborhood parks located throughout the city. Lee County, of which Dixon is the County Seat, offers many recreational areas and campgrounds; over 7,000 campsites are located within 17 miles (27 km) of the city. Tourists from nearby Chicago take advantage of Lee County's recreational opportunities, particularly during summer weekends, adding approximately 20,000 people to the area's population.

## Infrastructure

### Health care

Dixon is a regional center for healthcare. The community has KSB Hospital which is a medical student teaching facility, 4 adult clinics, a children's clinic, 2 dialysis centers, 2 urgent care clinics, and is home to Sinnissippi Mental Health Center and the Northern Illinois Cancer Center. There is also a hospital, an infirmary, and a clinic for the mentally ill at the Dixon Correctional Center. The Mabley State Mental Health complex is also located in Dixon.

## Airport

Dixon is served by the Dixon Municipal, Charles R Walgreen Field Airport, a general aviation only airport.

## Notable people

## Sister cities

Dixon has four sister cities.

## InfoBox

| Dixon, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Aerial view of Dixon, Illinois | |
|  | |
| Nickname: Petunia City | |
| Location of Dixon in Lee County, Illinois | |
| DixonDixon | |
| Coordinates: 41°50′46″N 89°29′6″W / 41.84611°N 89.48500°W / 41.84611; -89.48500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Lee |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Glen Hughes |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.79 sq mi (22.76 km2) |
| Land | 8.48 sq mi (21.96 km2) |
| Water | 0.31 sq mi (0.80 km2) |
| Elevation | 712 ft (217 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 15,274 |
| Density | 1,801.60/sq mi (695.64/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code(s) | 61021, 61022, 61023 |
| Area code | 815 |
| FIPS code | 17-20162 |
| GNIS ID | 2394537 |
| Wikimedia Commons | Dixon, Illinois |
| Website | www.discoverdixon.org |


title: Schooley peneplain

abstract: The Schooley peneplain is a peneplain in the eastern Appalachians extending from the US state of New Jersey into Pine Mountain in Kentucky. The peneplain takes name from Schooley's Mountain where it can be appreciated as a flattish surface. The age of formation of the peneplain and its extent have been subjects of a protracted debate. Some 20th century geologists and geographers considered that the peneplain dipped east under the Atlantic Plain as an unconformity underlying Cretaceous sediments. Consequently, they posited an Early Cretaceous or Jurassic age. Various authors, including Douglas Wilson Johnson, have however objected to the equivalence of the peneplain to the unconformity. Since the 2000s, an Oligocene to middle Miocene age has been proposed for the peneplain. According to this last view, the uplift and dissection of the peneplain started in the late Miocene. Schooley peneplain is one of the four main peneplains identified in the Appalachians, the others being Fall Zone, Harrisburg and Sommerville.

text:
# Schooley peneplain

The **Schooley peneplain** is a peneplain in the eastern Appalachians extending from the US state of New Jersey into Pine Mountain in Kentucky. The peneplain takes name from Schooley's Mountain where it can be appreciated as a flattish surface. The age of formation of the peneplain and its extent have been subjects of a protracted debate. Some 20th century geologists and geographers considered that the peneplain dipped east under the Atlantic Plain as an unconformity underlying Cretaceous sediments. Consequently, they posited an Early Cretaceous or Jurassic age. Various authors, including Douglas Wilson Johnson, have however objected to the equivalence of the peneplain to the unconformity. Since the 2000s, an Oligocene to middle Miocene age has been proposed for the peneplain. According to this last view, the uplift and dissection of the peneplain started in the late Miocene.

Schooley peneplain is one of the four main peneplains identified in the Appalachians, the others being Fall Zone, Harrisburg and Sommerville.


title: Septet (Chick Corea album)

abstract: Septet is an album by pianist Chick Corea recorded in October 1984 and released on ECM November the following year. the septet features flautist Steve Kujala and French horn player Peter Gordon with a string quartet featuring violinists Ida Kavafian and Theodore Arm, violist Steven Tenenbom, and cellist Fred Sherry.

text:
# Septet (Chick Corea album)

***Septet*** is an album by pianist Chick Corea recorded in October 1984 and released on ECM November the following year. the septet features flautist Steve Kujala and French horn player Peter Gordon with a string quartet featuring violinists Ida Kavafian and Theodore Arm, violist Steven Tenenbom, and cellist Fred Sherry.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

The album received a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Composition.

The AllMusic review awarded the album 2 stars.

*The Penguin Guide to Jazz* described it as "Po-faced and slight".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Chick Corea* 1. "1st Movement" - 1:57
2. "2nd Movement" - 2:20
3. "3rd Movement" - 8:08
4. "4th Movement" - 5:31
5. "5th Movement" - 9:58
6. "The Temple of Isfahan" - 13:49

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Septet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chick Corea | |
| Released | November 1985 |
| Recorded | October 1984 |
| Studio | Mad Hatter Studios
Los Angeles, California |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 39:38 |
| Label | ECM 1297 |
| Producer | Chick Corea |
| Chick Corea chronology | |
| *Voyage*
(1985) ***Septet***
(1985) *Trio Music Live in Europe*
(1986) | |


title: Fannia lepida

abstract: Fannia lepida is a fly species in the Fanniidae family. This species is smaller and more slender than the house fly, Musca domestica, and is similar in appearance to the lesser house fly, Fannia canicularis. It is found in the Palearctic. For identification see

text:
# Fannia lepida

***Fannia lepida*** is a fly species in the Fanniidae family. This species is smaller and more slender than the house fly, *Musca domestica*, and is similar in appearance to the lesser house fly, *Fannia canicularis*. It is found in the Palearctic. For identification see

## InfoBox

| *Fannia lepida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Fannia lepida* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Fanniidae |
| Genus: | *Fannia* |
| Species: | ***F. lepida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fannia lepida***<br>(Wiedemann, 1817) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Anthomyia lepida* Wiedemann, 1817 * *Aricia mutica* Zetterstedt, 1845 * *Fannia mutica* (Zetterstedt, 1845) * *Fannia nigrisquama* (Meade, 1887) * *Homalomyia nigrisquama* Meade, 1887 | |


title: Small nucleolar RNA SNORA30

abstract: In molecular biology, SNORA30 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of eukaryotic cells. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA' as it 'guides' the modification process. ACA30 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs based on its structure and the proteins it is associated with. snoRNA ACA30 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U4643 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the to the different isomeric form pseudouridine(Ψ). This snoRNA is related to other snoRNAs identified in human (ACA37) and mouse (MBI-26).

text:
# Small nucleolar RNA SNORA30

In molecular biology, **SNORA30** (also known as ACA30) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of eukaryotic cells. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA' as it 'guides' the modification process.

ACA30 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs based on its structure and the proteins it is associated with. snoRNA ACA30 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U4643 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine(Ψ).

This snoRNA is related to other snoRNAs identified in human (ACA37) and mouse (MBI-26).

## InfoBox

| Small nucleolar RNA SNORA30/SNORA37 family | |
| --- | --- |
| Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA30 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SNORA30 |
| Alt. Symbols | snoACA30 |
| Rfam | RF00415 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; snRNA; snoRNA; H/ACA-box |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | GO:0006396  GO:0005730 |
| SO | SO:0000594 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Celine Laforge

abstract: Celine Laforge is a Belgian female former volleyball player, playing as a setter. She was part of the Belgium women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship.

text:
# Celine Laforge

**Celine Laforge** (born 13 May 1985) is a Belgian female former volleyball player, playing as a setter. She was part of the Belgium women's national volleyball team.

She competed at the 2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship.

1. "Team Roster – Belgium". *cev.lu*. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.

## InfoBox

| Celine Laforge | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Born | (1985-05-13) 13 May 1985 |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | setter |
| Number | 13 (national team) |
| National team | |
| 2007  Belgium | |


title: Rhabdobelus

abstract: Rhabdobelus is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.

text:
# Rhabdobelus

***Rhabdobelus*** is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.

1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Cephalopoda entry)". *Bulletins of American Paleontology*. **363**: 1–560. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

## InfoBox

| *Rhabdobelus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| (unranked): | Belemnoidea |
| Genus: | ***Rhabdobelus*** |
|


title: 1441 Bolyai

abstract: 1441 Bolyai, provisional designation 1937 WA, is a dark asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 November 1937, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. The asteroid was named after Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai.

text:
# 1441 Bolyai

**1441 Bolyai**, provisional designation 1937 WA, is a dark asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 November 1937, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. The asteroid was named after Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai.

## Orbit and classification

*Bolyai* orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,559 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 14 with respect to the ecliptic. *Bolyai*'s observation arc begins the night following its official discovery observation in 1937, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.

## Physical characteristics

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Bolyai* measures between 12.31 and 14.76 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.047 and 0.05.

The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* (CALL) derives an albedo of 0.0426 and a diameter of 14.75 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.2. For asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7 AU, the probability of an asteroid being either of a stony (albedo of 0.20) or of a carbonaceous (albedo of 0.057) composition is considered equally likely by CALL (which then uses an albedo of 0.10 as a compromise value between the two main types). In the case of *Bolyai*, however, the space-based albedo measurements suggest that it is most likely of a carbonaceous composition.

### Lightcurve

As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of *Bolyai* has been obtained. Its rotation period, composition and shape remain unknown.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai (1802–1860), a co-founder of non-Euclidean geometry in the early 19th century. Naming citation was first mentioned in *The Names of the Minor Planets* by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 130) and a clarification of the naming is given in a paper published in Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage in 2012.

## InfoBox

1441 Bolyai
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | G. Kulin |
| Discovery site | Konkoly Obs. |
| Discovery date | 26 November 1937 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1441) Bolyai |
| Named after | János Bolyai
(Hungarian mathematician) |
| Alternative designations | 1937 WA |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (middle) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 79.57 yr (29,064 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.2591 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.0031 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.6311 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.2387 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.27 yr (1,559 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 287.12 |
| Mean motion | 0° 13m 51.24s / day |
| Inclination | 13.918° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 254.02° |
| Argument of perihelion | 116.01° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 12.31±3.67 km
13.50±3.27 km
14.65±6.43 km
14.75 km (derived)
14.76±1.4 km (IRAS:2) |
| Geometric albedo | 0.0426 (derived)
0.0467±0.011 (IRAS:2)
0.047±0.101
0.05±0.03
0.05±0.07 |
| Spectral type | ()/ (assumed) |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 13.1 **·** 13.2 **·** 13.35 |
|  | |


title: Sidney Weintraub (economist, born 1914)

abstract: Sidney Weintraub was an American economist, one of the most prominent American members of the Post Keynesian economics school. He was the co-founder and co-editor of The Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (1978). His views included criticism of monetarism and the neoclassical synthesis, and promotion of the tax-based incomes policy (TIP).

text:
# Sidney Weintraub (economist, born 1914)

**Sidney Weintraub** (/ˈwntrɑːb/; April 28, 1914 – June 19, 1983) was an American economist, one of the most prominent American members of the Post Keynesian economics school. He was the co-founder and co-editor of *The Journal of Post Keynesian Economics* (1978). His views included criticism of monetarism and the neoclassical synthesis, and promotion of the tax-based incomes policy (TIP).

## Biography

After a year at the London School of Economics in 1938–39, Weintraub received a Ph.D. from New York University in 1941, and worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until 1943, when he was drafted into the U.S. Army. In 1945 he joined the faculty of St. John's University in Brooklyn, New York. In 1950 he joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1957 he was awarded a Ford Foundation fellowship to travel to Europe. In 1969–70 he taught at the University of Waterloo. In 1972–3 he wrote a weekly column for the *Philadelphia Bulletin*. During his career he gave over 500 guest lectures in the U.S., Canada, and Europe, and published 18 books, 80+ scholarly articles, and 50+ popular articles. His students include Paul Davidson and Douglas Peters.

In August 1940 he married Sheila Tarlow.

He is the father of the mathematical economist E. Roy Weintraub.

## Publications

* *Price Theory*, 1949.
* *Income and Employment Analysis*, 1951.
* *Approach to the Theory of Income Distribution*, 1958.
* *A General Theory of the Price Level, Output, Income Distribution, and Economic Growth*, 1959.
* *Classical Keynesianism, Monetary Theory, and the Price Level*, 1961.
* *A General Theory of the Price Level*, 1959.
* *A Tax-Based Incomes Policy* (with Henry C. Wallich), Journal of Economic Issues, 1971.
* *Keynes and the Monetarists* (1973). 2nd ed. 1978.
* Weintraub, Sidney (1988), "A Jevonian Seditionist: Mutiny to Enhance the Economic Bounty", in Kregel, J. A. (ed.), *Recollections of Eminent Economists*, Washington Square: New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-4599-7

## Further reading

* *Sidney Weintraub: A Profile* by Arthur L. Bloomfield.
* *Sidney Weintraub: An Economist of the Real World* by Paul Davidson, 1985.

## InfoBox

| Sidney Weintraub | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1914-04-28)April 28, 1914
New York City |
| Died | June 19, 1983(1983-06-19) (aged 69)
Philadelphia |
| Nationality | American |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Institution | University of Pennsylvania
New York University
London School of Economics |
| School or
tradition | Post Keynesian economics |
|  | |


title: Deatt Hudson

abstract: Deatt Hudson (1931-1988) was an American educator and writer. She taught English in schools and colleges in Colorado. Her poetry and short stories were published in The New Yorker and other leading magazines.

text:
# Deatt Hudson

**Deatt Hudson** (1931-1988) was an American educator and writer. She taught English in schools and colleges in Colorado. Her poetry and short stories were published in *The New Yorker* and other leading magazines.

## Early life and education

Deatt Hudson was born June 20, 1931, at Presbyterian Hospital in Denver, Colorado, to Margaret McEwan Hudson and George Fletcher Hudson. The family moved to Georgetown and Longmont before settling in Dolores, Colorado. In an autobiography she wrote as a school assignment, she said that although the bars in town outnumbered the stores 2 to 1, she found the people "good-hearted and friendly". Even at this early age, she wanted to write poetry and short stories, although she admitted that teaching would probably be a better choice if she wanted to eat. Her parents had high expectations for their daughter, and yet allowed her to make her own decisions. She believed that this helped her become self-reliant and taught her to form her own opinions.

Deatt Hudson received her first literary award during her junior year of high school, when she won first place in a Western State College scholarship contest in American literature. Hudson attended Dolores High School and graduated valedictorian in 1948. She was awarded a scholarship to any of the state schools, but opted to earn her B.A. at the University of Denver where she was elected Phi Beta Kappa. She also participated in Ballroom Partners, a dance group. She received an M.A. in American Studies from Yale University in 1954 and another in English from the Breadloaf School of English at Middlebury College in 1967.

## Teaching career

Upon receiving her first M.A., Hudson began teaching at North High School in Denver. After some time at North High School, she began teaching English at Colorado Women's College. After retiring from her position, she continued to teach at Emily Griffith Opportunity School where she taught English as a Second Language. Those who knew her all agreed that she was an outstanding teacher, who believed that teaching was the noblest profession.

## Writing career

Throughout her life, Hudson wrote poetry and short stories, which were published in *The New Yorker*, *The Nation*, *Prism International* and other periodicals.

## Personal life

She loved to travel, and a year-long trip to Peru in 1962-1963 had a great deal of influence on both her writing and teaching styles. Deatt Hudson never married and was an only child, so at the time of her death her friends and her students were her family. Towards the end of her life, Deatt Hudson suffered greatly from asthma, which significantly curtailed her activities. She died of respiratory arrest November 19, 1988, at the age of 57.

### Sources


title: Fannia Cohn

abstract: Fannia Mary Cohn was a leading figure in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) during the first half of the 20th century. She is remembered as one of the pioneers of the workers' education movement in the United States and as a prolific author on the theme of trade union education.

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# Fannia Cohn

**Fannia Mary Cohn** (April 5, 1885 – December 24, 1962) was a leading figure in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) during the first half of the 20th century. She is remembered as one of the pioneers of the workers' education movement in the United States and as a prolific author on the theme of trade union education.

## Biography

### Early years

Fannia Mary Cohn was born on April 5, 1885, to an ethnic Jewish family in Kletsk, Belarus, then part of the Russian empire. She was the fourth of five children of a successful owner of a flour mill and his wife. Fannia received an education in private schools, with her parents encouraging their daughter to read extensively.

Cohn was radicalized during her teenaged years in the Tsarist empire. At the age of 16 she joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), the intellectual successor of the Narodnik movement of the 1870s. She was active in the Minsk section of the PSR, a secret revolutionary political party, for the next three years.

### Emigration to America

In 1904 her brother was nearly killed in an anti-Jewish pogrom, spurring Fannia to emigrate to the United States. Arriving in New York City, Cohn soon joined the Socialist Party of America. Cohn decided against further formal education in 1905, instead taking a job as a garment worker in order to participate directly in the Yiddish-language labor movement of New York City.

In 1906 Fannia began her efforts to organize workers in the white goods trade. Organizing this particular trade was difficult because workers within it were of various nationalities and spoke different languages. During a 1908 strike of household linen makers, Cohn met Rose Schneiderman, with whom she became closely associated. Both Cohn and Schneiderman believed in the efficacy of recruiting female strike leaders from the union rank-and-file rather than relying upon a male-dominated centralized union bureaucracy for the settlement of labor disputes. They employed this outlook to bridge the ethnic gaps amongst worker in the white goods trade, finding a leader amongst the women of different ethnicities who could speak to the workers in their own language and cultivating her organizing talents. This strategy was successful and by 1909 the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) recognized the white goods' worker's union.

Fannia helped to organize Local 24 of the ILGWU in Brooklyn and was elected to the Executive Board of the local in 1909 at the young age of 24. She was elected Chair of the Executive Board in 1913 and remained in that position until 1914. During the years 1912 and 1913 Cohn played a prominent role as a leader of the strike movement of New York City's organized garment workers.

In 1914 the National Women's Trade Union League (NWTUL), an organization established in 1903, launched a training school for women organizers, a year-long program combining academics and field work. New York ILGWU leader Cohn was one of the first three chosen to attend the program in Chicago. In 1915, she was asked by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union to organize Chicago dressmakers and in doing so founded ILGWU Local No. 59. In connection with this activity, Cohn was a key leader of a major strike of Chicago garment workers which began late in 1915 and continued into the following year, serving as a general organizer for the ILGWU.

In 1916 Cohn was elected as the first female vice president of the ILGWU. She would serve in this capacity until 1925.

### Workers' education

In 1918 Cohn took the leadership of the ILGWU's Education Committee, and eventually rose to become Vice President of the union. After being elected as the first female vice president of ILGWU, Fannia Cohn continued to pioneer and promote an image of the labor movement that integrated education as well as personal growth. Cohn, soon after her promotion, lobbied for the establishment of an Education Department within the union and subsequently, served as secretary upon its launch.

In the wake of this new educational reform, women within the union began to militantly mobilize due to their growing discontent with the ILGWU leadership and in turn, jumpstarted a rebellion that consequently crippled the union’s infrastructure. As a result, Fannia Cohn would be blamed for this rebellion as well as her failure to condemn it and would thus be castigated and ostracized from all fronts – including the militants she inspired. Cut off by union leaders, Cohn later channelled her activism into education, as she fostered some of the country's prominent scholars as allies and even teachers in her workers education courses.

Cohn was instrumental in the formation of the Workers' Education Bureau of America in 1921.

Cohn was a co-founder of Brookwood Labor College in 1924, an initiative associated with labor educator A. J. Muste. She would serve as a director of Brookwood until 1933, also sitting on the board of Brookwood's Labor Publication Society, publisher of the magazine *Labor Age.* In 1932 Cohn was named a vice president of Brookwood Labor College, a position in which she remained until 1937. During her time at Brookwood, Cohn served as a mentor to Floria Pinkney, the first African-American labor organizer in the ILGWU.

### Conferences and political activity

Fannia Cohn was selected as an American delegate to the International Women's Conference held in Washington, D.C., in 1919. She was also a delegate to the 1st International Conference on Workers' Education, held in Brussels, Belgium in 1922. She served in a similar capacity at the 2nd International Conference on Workers' Education, held in Oxford, England, in 1924.

In 1924 Cohn became active in the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA), a group envisioned as an umbrella organization of progressive political and trade union activists leading towards the establishment of a labor party in the United States. Cohn was elected a member of the National Committee of the CPPA. Despite the failure of that organization to survive beyond 1925, Cohn remained active in left wing politics at least through the 1940s as a member of the League for Industrial Democracy.

### Death and legacy

Fannia Cohn retired from trade union affairs in 1961. She died in New York City on December 24, 1962. She was 77 years old at the time of her death.

## Footnotes

## Works

* *The Educational Work of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: Report Submitted to the Conference of the Worker's Education Bureau of America, April 2, 1921.* New York : Educational Dept., International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, \[1921\].
* *Report of First International Conference on Workers' Education held in Brussels, Belgium, August 16th and 17th, 1922.* With Spencer Miller. New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, n.d. \[c. 1922\].
* *Winning Workingmen to Unionism.* New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. \[1920s\].
* *Woman's Eternal Struggle: What Workers Education Will Do for Woman.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. \[c. 1932\].
* *The Uprising of the Sixty Thousand: The General Strike of the Dressmakers' Union, August 16, 1933.* New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. \[1933\].
* *A New Era Opens for Labor Education: Discussion at the Workers' Education Bureau Conference, October 2, 1933, Washington, DC.* New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, n.d. \[1933\].
* *Social Responsibility.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. \[c 1933\].
* *Workers' Education and Labor Leadership.* New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, 1935.
* *Can Women Lead?* New York: n.p., 1936.
* *Working Women in Action.* New York: n.p., 1936.
* *We Kept Our Faith: A Memorial to Our Triangle Victims.* New York: n.p., 1936.
* *Action Based on Knowledge is Power.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. \[c. 1936\].
* *The Workers Education Bureau — An Arm of the Labor Movement.* New York: Workers Education Bureau, n.d. \[c. 1936\].
* *Method and Approach in a Discussion of the Economics of the Garment Industry for Young Workers.* New York: n.p., 1937.
* *History: Fiction or Fact: What is Workers' Education, Including Suggestions for Teachers in Workers' Classes.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1938.
* *Progressives Must Choose.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. \[c. 1938\].
* *Why is Our Union Different?* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1939.
* *Workers' Education in the World Crisis: A Discussion at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Adult Education on May 21, 1940, at the Hotel Astor, New York.* New York: American Association for Adult Education, 1940.
* *Workers' Education in War and Peace.* New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, 1943.
* *Facing the Future: Where Do We Go from Here? ...* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1945.
* *Labor Unions and the Community.* New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, 1946.
* *Organized Labor's Contribution to the Nation.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1946.
* *UNESCO: Its Objectives and How to Implement Them.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1947.
* *Learn - Play - Act: A Program of Progressive Workers' Education.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1947.
* *Philosophy of Workers' Education.* n.c.: n.p., n.d. \[c. 1948\].
* *Workers' Education: The Dream and the Reality.* New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1948.
* *Adult Labor Education in a Troubled World: A Guide for Teachers.* New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1958.
* *Why Workers' Education?* Los Angeles: n.p., n.d.

## Further reading

* Ricki Carole Myers Cohen, *Fannia Cohn and the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.* PhD dissertation. University of Southern California, 1976.
* Brian Dolber, "Sweating for Democracy: Working Class Media and the Struggle for 'Hegemonic Jewishness,' 1919-1941." PhD dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2011.
* Louis Levine, *The Women's Garment Workers: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.* New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1924.
* Benjamin Stolberg, *Tailor's Progress: The Story of a Famous Union and the Men Who Made It.* New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1944.

## InfoBox

| Fannia Cohn | |
| --- | --- |
| Fannia Cohn, from a 1915 publication | |
| Born | (1885-05-05)May 5, 1885
Kletsk, Belarus |
| Died | December 24, 1962(1962-12-24) (aged 77)
New York, New York, US |
| Occupation(s) | Labor organizer, union leader |