title: Drowning (film)

abstract: Drowning is a 2019 drama film written and directed by Melora Walters and starring Walters, Gil Bellows, Jay Mohr, Joanna Going, Steven Swadling, Sergio Rizzuto, and Mira Sorvino. Inspired by real life events experienced by Walters, the film recounts the story of a mother (Walters) coming to terms with her emotions as her only son (Rizzuto) is deployed to war.

text:
# Drowning (film)

***Drowning*** is a 2019 drama film written and directed by Melora Walters and starring Walters, Gil Bellows, Jay Mohr, Joanna Going, Steven Swadling, Sergio Rizzuto, and Mira Sorvino. Inspired by real life events experienced by Walters, the film recounts the story of a mother (Walters) coming to terms with her emotions as her only son (Rizzuto) is deployed to war.

## Cast

## Production

Filming started in Los Angeles in January 2019 and completed principal photography in 9 days.

## Release

*Drowning* made its world debut at the Rome Film Festival 2019 and concluded its festival run in Italy at the Marateale International Film Festival 2020, where Melora Walters took home “Best Director” and Mira Sorvino was honored with the “La Marateale International Award” for her career and her commitment to the advancement of women in film. The film was released publicly in North America on October 20, 2020, by Gravitas Ventures.

## Reception

The film was reviewed by Common Sense Media and MadMass Magazine.

## InfoBox

| Drowning | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Melora Walters |
| Written by | Melora Walters |
| Produced by | * Sergio Rizzuto * Albert Chi * Rory Rooney * Melora Walters * Jerry Ying |
| Starring | * Melora Walters * Gil Bellows * Jay Mohr * Joanna Going * Steven Swadling * Sergio Rizzuto * Mira Sorvino * Christopher Backus * Sarah Butler * Jim O'Heir |
| Cinematography | Christopher Soos |
| Edited by | Alexis Evelyn |
| Production<br>companies | * Potato Eater Productions * Room in the Sky Films * Hero LA * Eight Trick Pony |
| Distributed by | Gravitas Ventures |
| Release date | * October 2019 (2019-10) (Rome Film Festival) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Social welfare model

abstract: A social welfare model is a system of social welfare provision and its accompanying value system. It usually involves social policies that affect the welfare of a country's citizens within the framework of a market or mixed economy.

text:
# Social welfare model

A **social welfare model** is a system of social welfare provision and its accompanying value system. It usually involves social policies that affect the welfare of a country's citizens within the framework of a market or mixed economy.

## Elements of a social welfare model

### Taxation

Taxation is concerned with how the state taxes the people, whether by a flat tax, regressive tax or a progressive tax system. The most common guiding rule of taxation is to levy taxes by the ability to pay.

### Social insurance

Social insurance is concerned with how the state implements benefits for the unemployed, pensions, maternity and paternity leave and disabilities.

### Public services

Services such as health care can be almost entirely state funded, private insurance-based, or somewhere in-between. For example, the United Kingdom has an almost entirely publicly funded health service, the National Health Service (NHS), and Canada offers public health care offered at a provincial level. Conversely, in the United States, individuals have to rely on health insurance policies in the event of hospitalization, and a minimal amount of state support for the poorer people exists. Another element can be public transport, as some countries have nationalized rapid transit systems, while others have privatized them (in the UK for example, public transport has been privatised in Great Britain but not in Northern Ireland).

### Employment

Economies with a more laissez-faire approach to employment will do nothing to provide job security. Other countries will rely on some degree of regulation to protect workers from arbitrary firings. A high degree of regulation such as expensive severance fees is often cited reason for making employers reluctant to hire and causing unemployment.

## Examples

### European welfare models

#### British Model

Used by the UK, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Asian countries the British model tends to have a welfare state of roughly average size, relative to high-income OECD countries, but less comprehensive than those in Scandinavia and much of continental Europe. They have somewhat more poverty and higher inequality. Despite having a smaller welfare state than most Western European countries, the UK, Ireland and Canada do provide, among other things, universal single payer health care, redistribute income and guarantee an income at subsistence level.

#### Continental European

Used by Austria, France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg, the Continental model has strict rules on job protection and a large amount of regulation in industry. However, the labour market has proven to be inflexible and slow to react to globalization. Generous insurance-based unemployment benefits and a well funded welfare state are used to reduce poverty and provide high quality health care. This model can generally be seen as middle ground between the British and Nordic models.

#### Mediterranean

Used by Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal, the Mediterranean model is similar to the Continental model, but focuses welfare on generous state-pensions. The labour market is inflexible with the same job protectionism as in the Continental model, but is not good at reducing poverty within the lower end of society.

#### The Nordic Model

The Nordic Model, mainly refers to Nordic countries Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland but some include the Netherlands, also called 'Nordic corporatist' model because of strong influence of the corporatist elements such as labor unions and employers' organizations, advocates a highly developed and government-funded welfare state which provides generous unemployment benefits among other resources for the general public. Labor markets are kept mobile with easy firing and hiring, and government taking care of those laid off with unemployment benefits and retraining. The equality of the Nordic model is achieved through progressive taxation. As a result of the policy, Sweden, Denmark and Norway have the lowest income disparities in the world. Nordic countries have been enjoying high economic and productivity growth, but most remarkably they consistently conquer top spots in world happiness surveys.

The welfare systems within the Nordic Model also emerge as highly-rated in many standard international comparisons of welfare or well-being (e.g. World Economic Forum 2020). However, as a limited critique, some Nordic-based welfare and gender researchers have argued that such assessments, based on conventional welfare/well-being criteria, may to some extent over-privilege the Nordic countries in terms of, for instance, gender and racial equality. For example, they suggest that if one takes a broader perspective on well-being incorporating issues associated with bodily integrity or bodily citizenship (Pringle 2011), then some major forms of men’s domination and/or white privilege can be seen to still stubbornly persist in the Nordic countries, e.g. business, violence to women, sexual violence to children, the military, academia and religion (Hearn and Pringle 2006; Hearn et al. 2018; Pringle 2016)

#### The United States of America

Before the Great Depression, the United States adhered to a social model that could be summarized by the term "rugged individualism": the understanding that because most people are capable of taking care of themselves, each person should be left to succeed or fail on their own, only fettered by the bounds of the law, and the government should be limited to protection of civil liberties. The United States had very little in the way of a social safety net for its citizens, with most people depending on their families and private social organizations if they were unable to provide for themselves; this partially explains the enduring greater emphasis on family and religion in American society and politics today than in other comparably developed countries in Western Europe.

As a result of increased modernization in the late 19th century, this view changed in the emergence of the Progressive Movement, which held that the government can and should have a greater role in regulating the economy, so as to promote a better life for all of its citizens. The biggest change came with President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal, during which time the American government intervened extensively in the economy, guided often by Keynesian economics. New programs included relief for the poor, unemployed, and those who cannot work due to youth, old age, or disability.

However, since the Great Depression, the United States has not followed other developed democracies in the establishment of a more comprehensive model for assuring its citizens' well being. One possible explanation for this is that the U.S was not affected in the same way by World War II as Europe was: while Europeans relied on strong centralized governments to help rebuild their economies after two world wars, the United States was enjoying a period of unprecedented economic growth due to its being one of the few industrialized countries on the planet whose productive capacity had not been destroyed by enemy nations. But now, with the rise of industrial and geo-political competition in Europe and Asia, growing income inequality, high energy prices, and mounting public debt, there is renewed debate over the role of government in modern society.

For more comprehensive information, see *Social programs in the United States*


title: Civilian Pilot Training Program

abstract: The Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP) was a flight training program (1938–1944) sponsored by the United States government with the stated purpose of increasing the number of civilian pilots, though having a clear impact on military preparedness.

text:
# Civilian Pilot Training Program

The **Civilian Pilot Training Program** (**CPTP**) was a flight training program (1938–1944) sponsored by the United States government with the stated purpose of increasing the number of civilian pilots, though having a clear impact on military preparedness.

## Establishment

In the years immediately preceding World War II, several European countries, particularly Italy and Nazi Germany, began training thousands of young people to become pilots. Purportedly civilian in nature, these European government-sponsored programs were, in fact, nothing more than clandestine military flight training academies.

In October 1938, General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold brought in the top three aviation school representatives to request they establish an unfunded startup of CPTP schools at their own risk. These were Oliver Parks of Parks Air College, C. C. Moseley of the Curtiss-Wright Technical Institute, and Theophilus Lee Jr. of the Boeing School of Aeronautics; all agreed to start work. The Civil Aeronautics Authority Act of 1938 formed the Civil Aeronautics Authority headed by Robert H. Hinckley. The act contained language authorizing and funding a trial program for what would evolve into the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP), as run by the CAA. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveiled the program on December 27, 1938, announcing at a White House press conference that he had signed off on a proposal to provide a needed boost to general aviation by providing pilot training to 20,000 college students a year.

Following the precedent established in Europe, the CPTP was established as a civilian program, but its potential for national defense was undisguised. The program started in 1939 with two laws passed by Congress in April and June, with the government paying for a 72-hour ground school course followed by 35 to 50 hours of flight instruction at facilities located near eleven colleges and universities. It was an unqualified success and provided a grand vision for its supporters  to greatly expand the nation's civilian pilot population by training thousands of college students to fly.

A joint publication released in 1970 by the Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration recounts the historical success of the CPTP, stating the program "was planned originally as an experiment in vocational training." The intent was to boost industry and aviation manufacturing, with the "added benefit to the Armed Services building a reserve of knowledgeable pilots." It began in 1939 with 13 colleges and 330 students, and by the summer of 1944 had grown to incorporate 1,132 educational institutions and 435,165 qualified trainees – including several hundred women, all of whom had been qualified by 1,460 contractors. Members of the CPTP became an impetus of innovation which transformed United States history, long after World War II. Their efforts proved the necessity for a radical departure from conventional thinking, when required, to preserve failing sectors of industry and become a vital adjunct to national defense.

## Controversy

The military establishment was initially unenthusiastic about the CPTP concept, quite unimpressed by any program initiated and administered by civilians. Congress, too, was split along mostly party lines as to the value of the CPTP. Isolationists branded the program as provocative saber-rattling that threatened the nation's neutrality; others slammed it as a pork barrel waste of tax dollars, while supporters touted the positive impacts on the aviation industry and the defense value of a vastly enlarged base of trained pilots.

After the Nazi invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, triggered World War II, the military value of the CPTP became obvious, even to the program's detractors. The United States started to evaluate its ability to fight an air war and the results were appalling. Pilots, instructors, and training aircraft were all in short supply. Acknowledging the shortage of trained pilots, both the Army Air Corps and Navy reluctantly waived certain “elimination” courses for CPTP graduates and allowed them to proceed directly into pilot training.

The Army Air Corps deemed the situation to be so grave it proposed that private aviation be suspended and all pilot training (most notably the CPTP) be brought under the control of the military. The December 13, 1940, issue of *American Aviation Daily* carried this account of the Army's intentions:

> Preliminary plans are understood to be already drafted by the Army to ground all private flying in the United States for the duration of the national emergency...The Army will take over all training (including CPTP).

The Army's proposal met with stiff resistance. Just two weeks after the American Aviation Daily article appeared, 83 companies with a vested interest in general aviation organized the National Aviation Training Association (NATA). NATA members recognized that, if left unchallenged, the Army plan would, for all practical purposes, ban private aircraft from U.S. skies. The NATA and other aviation interests blunted the Army's bid with an effective lobbying campaign in Congress. Their actions not only saved the CPTP, they may have saved the entire general aviation industry in the United States.

## Buildup

The result was a revitalized CPTP and an expansion of its curriculum to a larger segment of the nation's colleges and universities. In May 1939 the first nine schools were selected, nine more were added in August 1940 (as the Battle of Britain was raging), 11 more in March 1941, and 15 more by October 1941  four months after the formation of the USAAF  and just two months before the United States' entry into World War II. By the program's peak, 1,132 educational institutions and 1,460 flight schools were participating in the CPTP. Institutions such as the University of Michigan; University of Virginia; University of Washington; Georgia Institute of Technology; Pomona College; San Jose State Teachers College; and the Tuskegee Institute, all included the CPTP in their curricula. (See References below to access complete list of educational institutions participating in the CPTP.)

The inclusion of Tuskegee University in the ranks of CPTP participants, along with Hampton University, Virginia State University, Delaware State University, and Howard University, helped open the doors for the first African-American military pilots. The onset of World War II and political pressure combined to compel the U.S. Army Air Corps  as it was known before June 20, 1941  to employ African-Americans as officers and pilots, with the majority of its personnel being graduates of the CPTP.

The decision to train civilian pilots also produced an unexpected, but welcome, side effect on the general aviation industry. As it turned out, the United States faced just as large a shortage of training aircraft as it did civilian pilots. The federal Civil Aeronautics Authority (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) regulations required a CPTP-participating flight school to own one aircraft for every ten students enrolled in the program.

Furthermore, the requirements specified for these aircraft narrowed down the field to only several models in production at that time, with most flight schools preferring the tandem-seat configuration of the Piper Cub. Seizing the opportunity unexpectedly thrust upon them, several light aircraft manufacturers quickly filled the market void with CPTP-compatible aircraft of their own, such as the WACO UPF-7 and the Meyers OTW biplane. Aeronca and Taylorcraft also produced tandem versions of their existing side-by-side seating high-winged monoplanes, each of which would lead to their own military equivalents.

## War Training Service

After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entrance into World War II, the CPTP changed forever, including the name. The Civilian Pilot Training Program became the **War Training Service (WTS)**, or **Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) War Training Service** and, from 1942 to 1944, served primarily as the screening program for potential pilot candidates. Students still attended classes at colleges and universities and flight training was still conducted by private flight schools, but all WTS graduates were required to sign a contract agreeing to enter the military following graduation. There is a list of colleges and universities participating in the CPTP in '43–'44 in the appendix of "They Flew Proud".

The CPTP/WTS program was largely phased out in the summer of 1944, but not before 435,165 people, including hundreds of women and African-Americans, had been taught to fly. Notable legends trained under the CPTP include: Astronaut/Senator John Glenn, top Navy ace Alexander Vraciu, Douglas test pilot Robert Rahn, top World War II ace Major Richard Bong, triple ace Bud Anderson, future Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern, WASP Dora Dougherty Strother and Tuskegee airman Major Robert W. Deiz. The CPTP admirably achieved its primary mission, best expressed by the title of aviation historian Dominick Pisano's book, *To Fill the Skies with Pilots*.

Two of the largest CPT/WTS schools were Piedmont Aviation, operated by Tom Davis, and Southern Airways, operated by Frank W. Hulse. Piedmont's school was based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, while Southern had schools in Charlotte, North Carolina, Greenville and Camden, South Carolina, and in Birmingham and Decatur, Alabama. Both companies trained over 60,000 war pilots including young men from Brazil (Piedmont) and a large number of Royal Air Force pilots from England (Southern). By 1947 Davis had turned his school into Piedmont Airlines with scheduled passenger flights between North Carolina and Ohio. In 1949, Hulse had Southern Airways flying commercial service between Jacksonville, Florida and Memphis, Tennessee, and between Atlanta and Charlotte. Both airlines began operations with war surplus Douglas DC-3 aircraft that were modified for commercial service in their former CPT/WTS maintenance hangars.

One of the few women instructors in the CPTP later wrote about her experiences. With the threat of war rising on the horizon, Opal Kunz renewed her pilot's license after taking a refresher course at Hagerstown, Maryland, and began teaching aviation students at the Arkansas State College (now Arkansas State University). She later moved to Rhode Island, and at the start of World War II became an instructor at the Rhode Island State Airport Terminal for Navy cadets and the government sponsored “Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP)” during the war, teaching over 400 young men how to fly for the Air Corps. This was her old dream of the Betsy Ross Air Corps come true, as she helped train the men who would fly fighter aircraft in combat. An account from the time shows the work she was doing by saying: “Mrs. Kunz has been in Providence since January \[1942\] as a member of the staff of E.W. Wiggins Airways. She has a mother’s confidence in her ‘boys’ and they reciprocate with respect and enthusiasm. Nothing gives her greater joy than to see them solo, to know she has taken them one step nearer to Uncle Sam's aerial defense line.” Later, at her home in California, she would recall her experiences with fondness. “I trained about 400 boys and it was easily the highlight of my career. I really became a sort of foster mother to them. You would be surprised how many of my boys brought their wives and children to see me after the war.” She also indicated in a letter that she had trained combat pilots. "...I was a flight instructor all during the war. Had over three hundred students who served as combat pilots in the war.”

Several CPTP graduates, including Betty Tackaberry Blake, Florence Shutsy-Reynolds and Betty Jane Williams, went on to serve as a Women Airforce Service Pilot (WASP).

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of CPTP Schools in 1940 | |


title: Frank Fontaine

abstract: Frank Fontaine was an American stage, radio, film and television comedian, singer, and actor.

text:
# Frank Fontaine

**Frank Fontaine** (April 19, 1920 – August 4, 1978) was an American stage, radio, film and television comedian, singer, and actor.

## Early years and personal life

Born and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Fontaine came from a family of entertainers. His father, Ray Fontaine, of French-Canadian descent, was a popular vocalist whose career in Canada resulted in his being compared to Bing Crosby. His mother, Anna McCarthy, of Irish and Scottish descent, performed as a dancer, and he had a brother who also became a singer. Fontaine left school and married Alma Clair Wakeham, his high school sweetheart, on April 17, 1937, at age sixteen, two days before his 17th birthday. Later, they moved to Medford.

Fontaine went right to work as an all‐purpose singer‐dancer‐comedian in Boston-area supper clubs. After Pearl Harbor, he spent three years in the Army.

Known as a family man, Fontaine was devoted to his wife and children. He would rearrange his schedule so that he was never away from them for too long. In addition, he was well known for the size of his family, as Alma and he had two daughters and nine sons.

## Career

Fontaine is best known for his appearances on television shows of the 1950s and 1960s, including *The Jack Benny Program*, *The Jackie Gleason Show*, *The Tonight Show*, and *The Ed Sullivan Show*. One of his earliest appearances was on the radio version of *The Jack Benny Program*. During an episode which aired on April 9, 1950, Fontaine played a bum named "John L.C. Sivoney" who asked Benny for a dime for a cup of coffee. The smallest coin Benny had to offer was a fifty-cent piece, so he gave it to him. The story Benny told about this event became a running gag during later shows. Fontaine's goofball laugh and other vocal mannerisms made a hit with the audience, and Benny brought him back for several more radio shows between 1950 and 1952. He also later appeared on four of Jack Benny's television shows between 1951 and 1961. In 1952, Fontaine starred in *The Frank Fontaine Show*, a weekly variety program on CBS radio. The program featured four other members of Fontaine's family in addition to singer Helen O'Connell and announcer Harry von Zell. He also was heard regularly on *The Bob Hope Show* on radio.

Fontaine was hired by TV producer Ben Frye to be the master of ceremonies of his new series *Showtime* (1955). Frye owned the Snader Telescriptions library of three-minute musicals filmed for television, and wanted to edit them into half-hour programs. Unlike Fontaine's usual comic characterization with floppy hat, baggy suit, and goofy voice, Fontaine appeared on *Showtime* in a standard business suit with no comic accessories or makeup. Fontaine's role was to stand in front of a theater curtain, offer a comic monologue, and then introduce each filmed performance as though the artists were taking the stage in person. The show went into first-run syndication in mid-1955; it made its debut on KTTV in Los Angeles on June 3, 1955.

## Fame with Jackie Gleason

Comedian Jackie Gleason invited Fontaine to appear on Gleason's weekly *American Scene Magazine* series on CBS-TV. Fontaine used the same comic character familiar from the Jack Benny radio show, complete with bug-eyed grin, goofy voice, and silly laugh. The character was now named "Crazy Guggenham" and appeared during Gleason's "Joe the Bartender" sketches. At the end of each conversation between Fontaine and Gleason, "Craze" would usually sing a sentimental song in Fontaine's natural voice, demonstrating a surprisingly strong baritone. Frank Fontaine became a fixture on the Gleason hour, and when Gleason moved the production from New York to Florida in 1964, Fontaine followed him. Fontaine made 88 *American Scene Magazine* appearances between 1962 and when the series ended in 1966.

## Legacy

Frank Fontaine's character voice was easily recognizable and inspired a host of imitations. Stan Freberg's voice characterization for Pete Puma, a would-be nemesis for Bugs Bunny in the 1952 cartoon short *Rabbit's Kin*, was based on Fontaine's character voice, along with Daws Butler's voice for Sam the Cat in the Sylvester cartoons *Trick or Tweet* in 1958 and *Mouse and Garden* in 1960 and Mr. Jinks from Hanna-Barbera's *Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks*. Actor Lennie Weinrib imitated the "Crazy Guggenheim" character on *The Dick Van Dyke Show* episode "The Sam Pomerantz Scandals" (1963). Muppet performer Jerry Nelson based the voice of one of his characters, Lew Zealand, off of Fontaine's "Crazy Guggenheim" voice.

Fontaine received mention in satirist Tom Lehrer's 1965 song "National Brotherhood Week", from the album *That Was the Year That Was*. In the live show, Lehrer mentioned National Make-Fun-of-the-Handicapped Week, "Which Frank Fontaine and Jerry Lewis are in charge of, as you know". He was credited in Bobby Rydell and Chubby Checker's song *Jingle Bells Imitations*, which was the flip side of their *Jingle Bell Rock* record.

## Later life

Fontaine continued to reside in his home state of Massachusetts, and appeared in nightclubs and on television. During the late 1960s and into the '70s, he toured children's hospitals to spread cheer among juvenile patients. Children had always enjoyed seeing Crazy on television, so Fontaine visited the bedridden children in full costume as Crazy. He found, to his dismay, that it was much more difficult to entertain youngsters in person. When he asked young patients to call him Crazy, the patients took him literally and were afraid to insult him. Their frightened reactions troubled Fontaine, who stopped using the "Crazy" name and now called himself "Happy Guggenheim".

## Death

In early August 1978, Fontaine was in Spokane, Washington, to perform at the Eagles International convention, headlining its Vaudeville Night with Arthur Godfrey and Corbett Monica at the Opera House on Friday, August 4, and was scheduled to lead the parade through the city the following afternoon as grand marshal. He had just completed a live stage benefit show, having accepted a check for $25,000 which he planned to donate for heart research, when he collapsed and died of a heart attack at age 58.

Fontaine's former residence in Winchester, a substantial house on Highland Avenue, is now the home of Winchester Community Music School.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | *Nancy Goes to Rio* | Masher |  |
| 1950 | *Stella* | Don |  |
| 1950 | *Hit Parade of 1951* | John L.C. Sivoney |  |
| 1951 | *Call Me Mister* | Sergeant |  |
| 1951 | *Here Comes the Groom* | Crazy Guggenheim | Uncredited |
| 1951 | *The Model and the Marriage Broker* | Mr. Hjalmer Johannson |  |
| 1953 | *Scared Stiff* | Drunk on Pier | Uncredited |
| 1975 | *The Godmothers* | Don Palermo | Final film role |

## InfoBox

| Frank Fontaine | |
| --- | --- |
| Fontaine in 1971 | |
| Born | (1920-04-19)April 19, 1920
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | August 4, 1978(1978-08-04) (aged 58)
Spokane, Washington |
| Occupations | * Comedian * vocalist * actor |
| Years active | 1948–1975 |
| Spouse | Alma Clair Wakeham (m. 1937) |
| Children | 11 |


title: Bengangai Game Reserve

abstract: The Bangangai Game Reserve is found in South Sudan, on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, west of the town of Yambio. Established in 1939, it is both a game reserve and an Important Bird Area. This site covers 170 square kilometres (17,000 ha). Reserve is named after prominent 679 m height Bangani hill Chimpanzees are thought to habitate the game reserve; however, there is no recent information on their population. The vegetation of the area consists mainly of Guinea-Congolian forest.

text:
# Bengangai Game Reserve

The **Bangangai Game Reserve** (also spelled **Bengangai Game Reserve**) is found in South Sudan, on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, west of the town of Yambio. Established in 1939, it is both a game reserve and an Important Bird Area. This site covers 170 square kilometres (17,000 ha). Reserve is named after prominent 679 m height *Bangani hill* Chimpanzees are thought to habitate the game reserve; however, there is no recent information on their population.

The vegetation of the area consists mainly of Guinea-Congolian forest.

## InfoBox

| Bangangai Game Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| Bengangai Game Reserve | |
| IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) | |
| Bangangai Game ReserveBangangai Game Reserve | |
| Location | South Sudan |
| Coordinates | 5°1′N 27°32′E / 5.017°N 27.533°E / 5.017; 27.533 |
| Area | 170.0 square kilometres (17,000 ha) |
| Established | 1939 |
| Governing body | South Sudan National Wildlife Service (SSWS) |
|  | |


title: Benicolet

abstract: Benicolet is a municipality in the comarca of Vall d'Albaida in the Valencian Community, Spain.

text:
# Benicolet

**Benicolet** (Valencian pronunciation: \[benikoˈlet\]) is a municipality in the *comarca* of Vall d'Albaida in the Valencian Community, Spain.

* Media related to Benicolet at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Benicolet | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| BenicoletLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 38°55′10″N 0°20′46″W / 38.91944°N 0.34611°W / 38.91944; -0.34611 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Valencian Community |
| Province | Valencia |
| Judicial district | Ontinyent |
| Government | |
| Alcalde | Antonio Pastor Pérez |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.3 km2 (4.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 241 m (791 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 582 |
| Density | 52/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Benicoletà, benicoletana |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 46838 |
| Official language(s) | Valencian |
| Website | Official website |


title: Ridgewood Pearl Stakes

abstract: The Ridgewood Pearl Stakes, also known as the Lanwades Stud Stakes, is a Group 2 flat horse race in Ireland open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged four years or older. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 1 mile, and it is scheduled to take place each year in May. The event's registered title honours Ridgewood Pearl, a successful Irish-trained filly in the mid 1990s. Ridgewood Pearl died in 2003, and the title was first used for that year's running of a race now called the Renaissance Stakes. The present Ridgewood Pearl Stakes was established in 2004, and it initially held Group 2 status. It was downgraded to Group 3 level in 2007 and returned to Group 2 status in 2015. The race was sponsored by TRI Equestrian from 2009 to 2012, and was referred to as the TRI Equestrian Stakes. In 2013 it was renamed the Abu Dhabi Stakes and in 2014 the sponsorship was taken over by Lanwades Stud. It is held on the same afternoon as the Irish 2,000 Guineas.

text:
# Ridgewood Pearl Stakes

Ridgewood Pearl Stakes
| 2024 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| Ocean Jewel | Goldana | Rogue Millennium |

| Previous years | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Just Beautiful | Jumbly | Insinuendo |
| 2022 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Pearls Galore | Emphatic Answer | Sh Boom |
| 2021 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Epona Plays | Soul Search | Too Soon To Panic |

| 2020-2011 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Magic Wand | Hamariyna | Silk Forest |
| 2019 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Beshaayir | I Can Fly | Red Tea |
| 2018 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Opal Tiara | Hydrangea | Making Light |
| 2017 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Creggs Pipes | Opal Tiara | Turret Rocks |
| 2016 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Devonshire | Irish Rookie | Hint of A Tint |
| 2015 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Brooch | Ramone | Amazing Maria |
| 2014 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Purr Along | Fiesolana | Princess Loulou |
| 2013 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Chigun | La Collina | Lily's Angel |
| 2012 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Emulous | One Spirit | Alanza |
| 2011 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Emulous | Lolly For Dolly | Kinky Afro |

| 2010-2004 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Shamwari Lodge | Indiana Gal | Annabelle's Charm |
| 2009 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Emily Blake | Beach Bunny | Deauville Vision |
| 2008 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Grecian Dancer | Mooretown Lady | Cheyenne Star |
| 2007 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Cheyenne Star | Heaven Sent | Modeeroch |
| 2006 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Pout | Jazz Princess | Royal Alchemist |
| 2005 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Airwave | Miss Trish | Kinnaird |
| 2004 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Soviet Song | Livadiya | Hanami |
|  | | |

The **Ridgewood Pearl Stakes**, also known as the **Lanwades Stud Stakes**, is a Group 2 flat horse race in Ireland open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged four years or older. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in May.

The event's registered title honours Ridgewood Pearl, a successful Irish-trained filly in the mid 1990s. Ridgewood Pearl died in 2003, and the title was first used for that year's running of a race now called the Renaissance Stakes.

The present Ridgewood Pearl Stakes was established in 2004, and it initially held Group 2 status. It was downgraded to Group 3 level in 2007 and returned to Group 2 status in 2015.

The race was sponsored by TRI Equestrian from 2009 to 2012, and was referred to as the TRI Equestrian Stakes. In 2013 it was renamed the Abu Dhabi Stakes and in 2014 the sponsorship was taken over by Lanwades Stud. It is held on the same afternoon as the Irish 2,000 Guineas.

## Records

**Most successful horse (2 wins):**

* Emulous - *2011, 2012*

**Leading jockey (5 wins):**

* Billy Lee \-  *Devonshire (2016), Epona Plays (2021), Pearls Galore (2022), Just Beautiful (2023), Ocean Jewel (2024)*

**Leading trainer (3 wins):**

* Dermot Weld \- *Emulous (2011, 2012), Brooch (2015)*
* Paddy Twomey -  *Epona Plays (2021), Pearls Galore (2022), Just Beautiful (2023)*

## Winners

| **Year**
 | **Winner**
 | **Age**
 | **Jockey**
 | **Trainer**
 | **Time**
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | Soviet Song | 4 | Johnny Murtagh | James Fanshawe | 1:39.50 |
| 2005 | Airwave | 5 | Kieren Fallon | Aidan O'Brien | 1:41.60 |
| 2006 | Pout | 4 | Danny Grant | John Joseph Murphy | 1:52.10 |
| 2007 | Cheyenne Star | 4 | Pat Smullen | Frances Crowley | 1:38.70 |
| 2008 | Grecian Dancer | 5 | Fran Berry | Charles O'Brien | 1:39.69 |
| 2009 | Emily Blake | 5 | Johnny Murtagh | John Hayden | 1:47.61 |
| 2010 | Shamwari Lodge | 4 | Richard Hughes | Richard Hannon Sr. | 1:41.35 |
| 2011 | Emulous | 4 | Pat Smullen | Dermot Weld | 1:38.95 |
| 2012 | Emulous | 5 | Pat Smullen | Dermot Weld | 1:41.20 |
| 2013 | Chigun | 4 | Tom Queally | Sir Henry Cecil | 1:37.78 |
| 2014 | Purr Along | 4 | Jamie Spencer | Johnny Murtagh | 1:47.55 |
| 2015 | Brooch | 4 | Pat Smullen | Dermot Weld | 1:39.65 |
| 2016 | Devonshire | 4 | Billy Lee | Willie McCreery | 1:46.20 |
| 2017 | Creggs Pipes | 5 | Declan McDonogh | Andrew Slattery | 1:41.16 |
| 2018 | Opal Tiara | 5 | Ronan Whelan | Mick Channon | 1:39.24 |
| 2019 | Beshaayir | 4 | Frankie Dettori | William Haggas | 1:37.06 |
| 2020 | Magic Wand | 5 | Seamie Heffernan | Aidan O'Brien | 1:38.17 |
| 2021 | Epona Plays | 4 | Billy Lee | Willie McCreery | 1:42.56 |
| 2022 | Pearls Galore | 5 | Billy Lee | Paddy Twomey | 1:39.62 |
| 2023 | Just Beautiful | 5 | Billy Lee | Paddy Twomey | 1:39.61 |
| 2024 | Ocean Jewel | 4 | Billy Lee | Willie McCreery | 1:40.93 |

1. "European Pattern Committee announces changes to the 2015 European Programme". *britishhorseracing.com*. Retrieved 22 February 2015.

## InfoBox

Ridgewood Pearl Stakes
(Lanwades Stud Stakes)
| Group 2 race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Curragh Racecourse
County Kildare, Ireland |
| Inaugurated | 2004 |
| Race type | Flat / Thoroughbred |
| Sponsor | Lanwades Stud |
| Website | Curragh |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1 mile (1,609 metres) |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Right-handed |
| Qualification | Four-years-old and up
fillies & mares |
| Weight | 9 st 2 lb
**Penalties**
3 lb for G1 winners\*
* *since 1 September last year* |
| Purse | 112,800 *(2022)*
**1st:** €70,800 |


title: Benjamin Stoddert Ewell

abstract: Benjamin Stoddert Ewell was a United States and Confederate army officer, civil engineer, and educator from James City County, Virginia. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1832 and served as an officer and educator. Although he personally did not favor secession of Virginia from the Union, at the outset of the American Civil War (1861–1865), he helped form local militia in the Peninsula region of Hampton Roads. His work designing and constructing the Williamsburg Line of defensive works of the city and Fort Magruder at its center was a factor in delaying Federal troops attempting to chase retreating Confederates during the Peninsula Campaign, a failed attempt to capture the capital city of Richmond in 1862. His younger brother was Confederate General Richard S. Ewell, a senior commander under Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee. Benjamin Ewell is best remembered for his long tenure as the sixteenth president of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg before, during and after the American Civil War. Benjamin Ewell's tireless efforts to restore the historic school and its programs during and after Reconstruction became legendary in Williamsburg and at the college and were ultimately successful, with funding from both the U.S. Congress and the Commonwealth of Virginia.

text:
# Benjamin Stoddert Ewell

**Benjamin Stoddert Ewell** (June 10, 1810  June 19, 1894) was a United States and Confederate army officer, civil engineer, and educator from James City County, Virginia. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1832 and served as an officer and educator.

Although he personally did not favor secession of Virginia from the Union, at the outset of the American Civil War (1861–1865), he helped form local militia in the Peninsula region of Hampton Roads. His work designing and constructing the Williamsburg Line of defensive works of the city and Fort Magruder at its center was a factor in delaying Federal troops attempting to chase retreating Confederates during the Peninsula Campaign, a failed attempt to capture the capital city of Richmond in 1862. His younger brother was Confederate General Richard S. Ewell, a senior commander under Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee.

Benjamin Ewell is best remembered for his long tenure as the sixteenth president of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg before, during and after the American Civil War. Benjamin Ewell's tireless efforts to restore the historic school and its programs during and after Reconstruction became legendary in Williamsburg and at the college and were ultimately successful, with funding from both the U.S. Congress and the Commonwealth of Virginia.

## Youth, education, early career

Benjamin Stoddert Ewell was born in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. He was the son of Dr. Thomas Ewell and his wife Elizabeth Stoddert Ewell, and was a grandson of Benjamin Stoddert, first U.S. Secretary of the Navy.

He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1832, and assigned to the Fourth Artillery of the U.S. Army. However, Ewell stayed on as an assistant professor of mathematics at West Point from 1832 to 1835, and assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy there in 1835 and 1836.

In 1836, he left West Point and became an assistant engineer of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, connecting Baltimore, Maryland with Sunbury, Pennsylvania, from 1836 until 1839.

Moving to Virginia in 1839, at Hampden–Sydney College, he became professor of mathematics, serving from 1839 to 1842 and of mathematics and natural philosophy from 1842 to 1846. He then moved to Lexington, Virginia, where he was professor of mathematics and military science at Washington College (which later became Washington and Lee University) from 1846 to 1848.

In 1848, he accepted a position as professor of mathematics and acting president of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He purchased a farm in nearby James City County west of the old colonial capital city along the Richmond-Williamsburg Stage Road (now U.S. Route 60) and built a large plantation house there which became known as Ewell Hall. He was later named permanent president, and served in that capacity between 1854 and 1888, even between 1861 and 1865 when the college was in abeyance.

## American Civil War

In 1861, he became captain of the college militia. Enlistments in the Confederate States Army depleted the student body, and on May 10, 1861, the faculty voted to close the college for the duration of the conflict. The College Building was used as a Confederate barracks and later as a hospital, first by Confederate, and later Union forces.

Although he had been opposed to secession for Virginia, during the American Civil War, he joined the regular forces. The 32nd Virginia Infantry was accepted into Confederate service on July 1, 1861, after it had been formed for local defense at Hampton by Ewell from several local militia units from Elizabeth City County, Warwick County, York County, and James City County. He was commissioned as a colonel in the Confederate Army. In 1861 and 1862, under General John B. Magruder and the Army of the Peninsula, Ewell had the primary responsibility for developing and constructing the Williamsburg Line, a line of defensive fortifications across the Virginia Peninsula east of Williamsburg anchored by College Creek a tributary of the James River on the south and Queen's Creek, a tributary of the York River on the north. A series of 14 redoubts were built along the line, with the earthen Fort Magruder at the junction of the two main loads leading from the lower Peninsula to the east, the Williamsburg-Yorktown Road, and the Lee's Mill Road.

Following the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862, during the Peninsula Campaign, with 3,800 Confederate and Union casualties, Williamsburg and the College of William and Mary were occupied by the Union Army. The Brafferton building of the college was used for a time as quarters for the commanding officer of the Union garrison occupying the town. On September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set fire to the college building, purportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover. Much damage was done to the community during the Union occupation, which lasted until September 1865.

After the Battle of Williamsburg, Ewell left the 32nd Virginia Infantry to join the staff of General Joseph E. Johnston. He was later adjutant to his younger brother, General Richard S. Ewell, who was a senior commander under Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee.

## Post-war: Restoration of the College of William and Mary

After the war, the college and its building lay in ruins, and the Virginia economy was destitute. Ewell had opposed Virginia's secession from the Union in 1861. He went to Washington, D.C., and unsuccessfully sought reparations from the U.S. Congress, speaking there several times in an attempt to gain appropriations for the college for the damages done during the War. Some payment was finally made by the U.S. Government, but not until 1893.

In 1869, Ewell finally re-opened the school with his own personal funds and became president of the College of William and Mary again. He mortgaged his family farm, purchased nearby in 1858, and it was lost to a foreclosure and auction sale. Despite Ewell's efforts, the college was forced to close again for financial reasons in 1881 did not reopen until 1888.

It has become legendary at the college and in the Williamsburg community that, every single morning of that long seven-year period, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell would arise and ring the bell calling students to class, so it could never be said that William and Mary had abandoned its mission to educate the young men of Virginia.

In 1888, William & Mary resumed operations under a substitute charter when the Virginia General Assembly passed a bill appropriating $10,000 to support the college as a state teacher-training institution. Once he had ensured that the college he had cherished and protected would survive, the 71-year-old Ewell relinquished the presidency and went into retirement. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (son of US President and alumnus John Tyler) became the 17th president of the college following President Ewell's retirement.

Benjamin Ewell remained in Williamsburg as president emeritus of the college until his death on June 19, 1894. He was interred in the College of William and Mary Cemetery in Williamsburg. Both his personal papers and papers relating to his service as president of the College of William and Mary can be found at the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William and Mary.

## Legacy

### Sources

* McCartney, Martha W. (1977) *James City County: Keystone of the Commonwealth*; James City County, Virginia; Donning and Company; ISBN 0-89865-999-X
* *Benjamin Stoddert Ewell*. Columbia Encyclopedia.

## InfoBox

| Benjamin Stoddert Ewell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 16th President of the
College of William & Mary | |
| **In office**
1854–1888 | |
| Preceded by | John Johns |
| Succeeded by | Lyon Gardiner Tyler |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1810-06-10)June 10, 1810
Washington, D.C., US |
| Died | June 19, 1894(1894-06-19) (aged 84)
Williamsburg, Virginia, US |
| Resting place | College of William and Mary Cemetery, Williamsburg |
| Relations | Richard S. Ewell (brother) |
| Alma mater | United States Military Academy |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America
Confederate States of America |
| Branch/service | United States Army
Confederate States Army |
| Years of service | 183236 (USA)
186165 (CSA) |
| Rank | 2nd Lieutenant (USA)
Colonel (CSA) |
| Commands | 32nd Virginia Infantry |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
|  | |


title: Benjamin-Hyacinthe-Martin Cherrier

abstract: Benjamin-Hyacinthe-Martin Cherrier was a surveyor and political figure in Lower Canada. He was born Benjamin-Hyacinthe Cherrier at Longueuil in 1757, the son of François-Pierre Cherrier, and studied at the Collège Saint-Raphaël. He settled at Saint-Denis on the Richelieu River, where he set up his practice as a surveyor. He was elected to the 1st Parliament of Lower Canada for Richelieu in 1792 and was reelected in 1796. Cherrier died at Saint-Denis in 1836. His brother Séraphin practiced medicine and also served in the legislative assembly. His nephew, Côme-Séraphin Cherrier, became a lawyer and served in the legislative assembly. His sister Rosalie married notary Joseph Papineau, also a member of the assembly, and was the mother of Louis-Joseph Papineau. Another sister, Périne-Charles, married Denis Viger and was the mother of Denis-Benjamin Viger. His daughter Marguerite married Léonard Godefroy de Tonnancour.

text:
# Benjamin-Hyacinthe-Martin Cherrier

**Benjamin-Hyacinthe-Martin Cherrier** (November 11, 1757  December 15, 1836) was a surveyor and political figure in Lower Canada.

He was born **Benjamin-Hyacinthe Cherrier** at Longueuil in 1757, the son of François-Pierre Cherrier, and studied at the Collège Saint-Raphaël. He settled at Saint-Denis on the Richelieu River, where he set up his practice as a surveyor. He was elected to the 1st Parliament of Lower Canada for Richelieu in 1792 and was reelected in 1796. Cherrier died at Saint-Denis in 1836.

His brother Séraphin practiced medicine and also served in the legislative assembly. His nephew, Côme-Séraphin Cherrier, became a lawyer and served in the legislative assembly. His sister Rosalie married notary Joseph Papineau, also a member of the assembly, and was the mother of Louis-Joseph Papineau. Another sister, Périne-Charles, married Denis Viger and was the mother of Denis-Benjamin Viger. His daughter Marguerite married Léonard Godefroy de Tonnancour.

* "Biography". *Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours* (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
* *Les députés au premier Parlement du Bas-Canada (1792-1796)*, F-J Audet (1946)


title: Riegner telegram

abstract: The Riegner telegram was a telegraph message sent on 8 August 1942 from Gerhart Riegner, then Secretary of World Jewish Congress (Geneva), to its New York and London offices. The cable confirmed the alarming reports that had reached the West previously about the German intention to mass murder the European Jews. Riegner was office manager of the WJC in Geneva. He was indirectly informed about the German plans for the final solution by German industrialist Eduard Schulte. Through his British and American diplomatic channels Riegner sent the following message to his contacts via the British Foreign Office and the State Department in Washington: Received alarming report stating that, in the Fuehrer's Headquarters, a plan has been discussed, and is under consideration, according to which all Jews in countries occupied or controlled by Germany numbering 3½ to 4 millions should, after deportation and concentration in the East, be at one blow exterminated, in order to resolve, once and for all the Jewish question in Europe. Action is reported to be planned for the autumn. Ways of execution are still being discussed including the use of prussic acid. We transmit this information with all the necessary reservation, as exactitude cannot be confirmed by us. Our informant is reported to have close connexions with the highest German authorities, and his reports are generally reliable. Please inform and consult New York. However, in England and the United States, Riegner's telegram was met with disbelief. The US State Department considered the telegram "a wild rumor, fueled by Jewish anxieties" while the British Foreign Office didn't forward the telegram for some time. Only on the 28 August 1942 did it find its way to the President of the World Jewish Congress, Rabbi Stephen Wise. On the advice of Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles, Wise decided to not make it public until confirmation had been received from State Department sources. When that happened in November, Wise held a press conference about it but it received little attention until the Bergson Group began to publicise it.

text:
# Riegner telegram

The **Riegner telegram** was a telegraph message sent on 8 August 1942 from Gerhart Riegner, then Secretary of World Jewish Congress (Geneva), to its New York and London offices. The cable confirmed the alarming reports that had reached the West previously about the German intention to mass murder the European Jews.

Riegner was office manager of the WJC in Geneva. He was indirectly informed about the German plans for the final solution by German industrialist Eduard Schulte. Through his British and American diplomatic channels (Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise of the American Jewish Congress in New York and Sydney Silverman, a Jewish Member of Parliament and Chairman of the British Section, World Jewish Congress) Riegner sent the following message to his contacts via the British Foreign Office and the State Department in Washington:

> Received alarming report stating that, in the Fuehrer's Headquarters, a plan has been discussed, and is under consideration, according to which all Jews in countries occupied or controlled by Germany numbering 3½ to 4 millions should, after deportation and concentration in the East, be at one blow exterminated, in order to resolve, once and for all the Jewish question in Europe. Action is reported to be planned for the autumn. Ways of execution are still being discussed including the use of prussic acid. We transmit this information with all the necessary reservation, as exactitude cannot be confirmed by us. Our informant is reported to have close connexions with the highest German authorities, and his reports are generally reliable. Please inform and consult New York.

However, in England and the United States, Riegner's telegram was met with disbelief. The US State Department considered the telegram "a wild rumor, fueled by Jewish anxieties" while the British Foreign Office didn't forward the telegram for some time. Only on the 28 August 1942 did it find its way to the President of the World Jewish Congress, Rabbi Stephen Wise. On the advice of Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles, Wise decided to not make it public until confirmation had been received from State Department sources. When that happened in November, Wise held a press conference about it but it received little attention until the Bergson Group began to publicise it.

Encyclopedia article


title: Benson House (Wading River, New York)

abstract: The Benson House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Wading River Radio Station, is a three-story, red-shingled wood-frame home in Wading River, New York, situated on the North Shore of Long Island, on a 150-foot-high (46 m) bluff overlooking Long Island Sound. From 1942 until 1945 it housed an important World War II counterintelligence operation, designed to deceive Germany and Japan about Allied war plans. In 2018 New York's Historic Preservation Board nominated it to the National Register; it was listed later that year.

text:
# Benson House (Wading River, New York)

The **Benson House**, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the **Wading River Radio Station**, is a three-story, red-shingled wood-frame home in Wading River, New York, situated on the North Shore of Long Island, on a 150-foot-high (46 m) bluff overlooking Long Island Sound. From 1942 until 1945 it housed an important World War II counterintelligence operation, designed to deceive Germany and Japan about Allied war plans.

In 2018 New York's Historic Preservation Board nominated it to the National Register; it was listed later that year.

## History

When an Argentinian Nazi spy defected to the American legation in Montevideo, Uruguay, early in World War II, the Federal Bureau of Investigation decided to create a cover operation to convince the Nazis that he and other spies were still working for Germany. The FBI took over Benson House and moved a special agent, Donworth Johnson, and his family into the house, with a cover story that Johnson suffered from tuberculosis and so needed quiet and fresh air. The illness would also explain his military deferment. Johnson's wife, Betty Ann, cooked meals for her husband and other agents who moved in and out under cover of night. They worked on the second and third stories of the house.

The main mission of the operation was to broadcast coded radio transmissions to the Germans in Hamburg, supposedly from the Nazi spies. These transmissions contained a mixture of true and false information. In 1943, counterintelligence designed to keep German troops in northwest Europe and away from the eastern and Italian fronts was transmitted. In 1944, information designed to confuse the Germans about D-Day plans was transmitted. False information about Allied plans to invade Formosa and the Kuril Islands in the Pacific was also sent, to be passed on to Japanese forces.

Transmissions were also received. Intelligence about German interest in developing an atomic bomb, received in 1942, played a role in President Franklin Roosevelt's decision to develop an American bomb.

In order to carry out the operation, several large shortwave radios were installed in the house. In order not to attract attention due to the large amount of electricity needed to run the radios and associated equipment, a Buick car engine was bolted to the floor of the basement to supply power. A muffler helped deaden the noise. Large antennas were required to be placed outside, but were hidden by trees, helped by the then isolated location of the house.

## Current use

Until recently, very little has been written or publicly known about the building or the operation carried out there. Benson House was named in honor of Mary Benson, who donated funds to the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island to purchase the house after the war. After it was acquired by the Diocese in 1947, the house was renamed and began its new life as a part of the diocesan summer camp and retreat center, Camp DeWolfe. On June 7, 2014 - the day after the 70th anniversary of D-Day - the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI and the diocese dedicated a plaque affixed to the house, which explains the building's significance.

## Further reading

* Raymond J. Batvinis. *Hoover's Secret War Against Axis Spies* (2014)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wading River Radio Station | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| South elevation and west profile, 2016 | |
| Benson HouseLocation of within New York StateBenson HouseLocation within United States | |
| Location | Wading River, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°58′05″N 72°50′26″W / 40.9680°N 72.8406°W / 40.9680; -72.8406 |
| Built | 1912 |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 100002389 |
| Added to NRHP | May 4, 2018 |


title: Benson Idonije

abstract: Benson Idonije is a Nigerian broadcaster and music critic popularly known for being the first band manager of Afrobeat musician Fela Kuti. Regarded as one of Nigeria's most revered music critics, he was part of the pioneering group of broadcasters who started Radio Nigeria 2 in 1977.

text:
# Benson Idonije

**Benson Idonije** (born 13 June 1936) is a Nigerian broadcaster and music critic popularly known for being the first band manager of Afrobeat musician Fela Kuti. Regarded as one of Nigeria's most revered music critics, he was part of the pioneering group of broadcasters who started Radio Nigeria 2 (now Metro FM) in 1977.

## Early life and education

Idonije was born in Otuo, with his family house at ighera, one of the twelve quarters of Otuo, a town in Owan East local government area of Edo State, Nigeria, where he began his early education. He completed his secondary school education at Holy Trinity Grammar School, Sabongida Ora, where he obtained a Cambridge School Certificate before proceeding to Yaba College of Technology where he studied Communications Engineering.

## Career

Idonije started writing about jazz-related articles and columns for several newspapers including the *Morning Post Newspaper* in 1953. In 1957, he began his career as an Engineering Assistant at the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (now Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria) before he moved into mainstream broadcasting in 1960, presenting and anchoring popular on-air programmes such as *The Big Beat* and *Stereo Jazz Club*. Prior to his retirement from broadcasting in 1992, he was once appointed as the Principal Lecturer and Training Officer of the FRCN Training School for eight years. Upon his retirement, he began to write and contribute critiques, opinions and articles to several art-related media houses in Nigeria before he got a job as a writer for *The Guardian* in 1996 where he wrote columns including "Evergreen", "Sound and Screen" and "All That Jazz".

## Recognitions

In 2012, The Wole Soyinka Centre for Investigative Journalism awarded him the Life Time Award for Journalism Excellence. He is a fellow of Adam Fiberesima School of Music and Conservatory, University of Port Harcourt.

## Published books

* *Dis Fela Sef*
* *The Great Highlife Party*
* *All That Jazz*

## Personal life

Idonije is the grandfather of Nigerian singer Burna Boy and the father of Bose Ogulu. To celebrate his 80th birthday, a week-long event featuring paper presentations and musical performances was organized by the Committee of Relevant Arts and Culture Advocates Caucus in several parts of Lagos including the Ojo campus of the Lagos State University, Freedom Park, Broad Street and the MUSON Centre.

## InfoBox

| Benson Idonije | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1936-06-13) 13 June 1936<br>Otuo, Owan East, Edo State, Nigeria |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 1957–present |


abstract: Richelieu is a provincial electoral riding in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada, which elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It notably includes the municipalities of Sorel-Tracy, Sainte-Anne-de-Sorel, Saint-Roch-de-Richelieu and Sainte-Victoire-de-Sorel. It was created for the 1867 election. Its final election was in 1936. It disappeared in the 1939 election and its successor electoral district was Richelieu-Verchères. However, Richelieu-Verchères disappeared in the 1944 election and its successor electoral district was the re-created Richelieu. In the change from the 2001 to the 2011 electoral map, it gained territory from Nicolet-Yamaska and from Verchères electoral districts. It is named after former French Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu.

text:
# Richelieu (provincial electoral district)

**Richelieu** is a provincial electoral riding in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada, which elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It notably includes the municipalities of Sorel-Tracy, Sainte-Anne-de-Sorel, Saint-Roch-de-Richelieu and Sainte-Victoire-de-Sorel.

It was created for the 1867 election (and an electoral district of that name existed earlier in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada). Its final election was in 1936. It disappeared in the 1939 election and its successor electoral district was Richelieu-Verchères.

However, Richelieu-Verchères disappeared in the 1944 election and its successor electoral district was the re-created Richelieu.

In the change from the 2001 to the 2011 electoral map, it gained territory from Nicolet-Yamaska and from Verchères electoral districts.

It is named after former French Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly / National Assembly

| Legislature | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | 1867–1869† |  | Joseph Beaudreau | Conservative |
| | 1869–1871 | | Pierre Gélinas | |
| 2nd | 1871–1875 | | Joseph Adolphe Dorion | |
| 3rd | 1875–1878 | | Michel Mathieu | |
| 4th | 1878–1881 | ||
| 5th | 1881–1886 | | Léon Leduc | |
| 6th | 1886–1890 |  | Louis-Pierre-Paul Cardin | Liberal |
| 7th | 1890–1892 | | | |
| 8th | 1892–1897 |  | Louis Lacouture | Conservative |
| 9th | 1897–1900 |  | Louis-Pierre-Paul Cardin | Liberal |
| 10th | 1900–1904 | | | |
| 11th | 1904–1908 | | | |
| 12th | 1908–1912 | | | |
| 13th | 1912–1916 | | Maurice-Louis Péloquin | |
| 14th | 1916–1919 | ||
| 15th | 1919–1923 | ||
| 16th | 1923–1927 | | Jean-Baptiste Lafrenière | |
| 17th | 1927–1929 | ||
| | 1929–1931 | | Avila Turcotte | |
| 18th | | | 1931–1935 | |
| 19th | | | 1935–1936 | |
| 20th | | | 1936–1939 | |
| ***Riding dissolved into* Richelieu-Verchères** | | | | |
| ***Riding re-created from* Richelieu-Verchères** | | | | |
| 22nd | 1944–1948 |  | Joseph-Willie Robidoux | Liberal |
| 23rd | 1948–1952 |  | Bernard Gagné | Union Nationale |
| 24th | 1952–1956 |  | Gérard Cournoyer | Liberal |
| 25th | 1956–1960 |  | Bernard Gagné | Union Nationale |
| 26th | 1960–1962 |  | Gérard Cournoyer | Liberal |
| 27th | 1962–1966 | | | |
| 28th | 1966–1970 |  | Maurice Martel | Union Nationale |
| 29th | 1970–1973 |  | Claude Simard | Liberal |
| 30th | 1973–1976 | | | |
| 31st | 1976–1981 |  | Maurice Martel | Parti Québécois |
| 32nd | 1981–1985 | | | |
| 33rd | 1985–1989 |  | Albert Khelfa | Liberal |
| 34th | 1989–1994 | | | |
| 35th | 1994–1998 |  | Sylvain Simard | Parti Québécois |
| 36th | 1998–2003 | | | |
| 37th | 2003–2007 | | | |
| 38th | 2007–2008 | | | |
| 39th | 2008–2012 | | | |
| 40th | 2012–2014 | | Élaine Zakaïb | |
| 41st | 2014–2014 | ||
| | 2015–2018 | | Sylvain Rochon | |
| 42nd | 2018–2022 |  | Jean-Bernard Émond | Coalition Avenir Québec |
| 43rd | 2022–Present | | | |

## Election results

| 2022 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Jean-Bernard Émond |  |  |  |
|  | Parti Québécois | Gabriel Arpin |  |  |  |
|  | Québec solidaire | David Dionne |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative | Marie-Ève Dionne |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal | Anthony Sauriol |  |  |  |
|  | Climat Québec | Alejandra Velasquez |  |  |  |
|  | Démocratie directe | André Blanchette |  |  |  |
| Total valid votes | | |  |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |
| Electors on the lists | | |  |  |  |

| 2018 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Jean-Bernard Émond | 15,258 | 49.79 | +17.3 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvain Rochon | 7,062 | 23.05 | -12.94 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Sophie Pagé Sabourin | 4,101 | 13.38 | +10.71 |
|  | Liberal | Sophie Chevalier | 3,456 | 11.28 | -13.66 |
|  | Green | Ksenia Svetoushkina | 402 | 1.31 | -0.43 |
|  | Conservative | Patrick Corriveau | 364 | 1.19 | +0.72 |
| Total valid votes | | | 30,643 | 98.10 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 592 | 1.90 |
| Turnout | | | 31,235 | 70.43 |
| Eligible voters | | | 44,346 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec **gain** from Parti Québécois | | Swing | | +15.12 |
| Source(s) "Rapport des résultats officiels du scrutin". Élections Québec. | | | | | | |

| Quebec provincial by-election, March 9, 2015 | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvain Rochon | 7,294 | 35.99 | -3.03 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Jean-Bernard Émond | 6,584 | 32.49 | +5.68 |
|  | Liberal | Benoît Théroux | 5,054 | 24.94 | -0.71 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Marie-Ève Mathieu | 541 | 2.67 | -2.63 |
|  | Green | Vincent Pouliot | 352 | 1.74 | +0.59 |
|  | Option nationale | Sol Zanetti | 316 | 1.56 | +0.22 |
|  | Conservative | Daniel Gaudreau | 95 | 0.47 | -0.25 |
|  | Équipe Autonomiste | Louis Chandonnet | 30 | 0.15 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 20,266 | 98.46 | +1.01 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 318 | 1.54 | -0.99 |
| Turnout | | | 20,584 | 46.41 | -23.17 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 44,356 |  |  |
|  | Parti Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | -4.35 |

| 2014 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Élaine Zakaïb | 11,695 | 39.02 | -4.03 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Martin Baller | 8,036 | 26.81 | -5.52 |
|  | Liberal | Alain Plante | 7,687 | 25.65 | +7.42 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Marie-Ève Mathieu | 1,589 | 5.30 | +2.08 |
|  | Option nationale | Jean-François Tremblay | 403 | 1.34 | -1.82 |
|  | Green | Claude Bourgault | 346 | 1.15 |  |
|  | Conservative | Marc Gaudet | 215 | 0.72 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 29,971 | 97.45 |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 785 | 2.55 |  |
| Turnout | | | 30,756 | 69.58 | -8.11 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 44,201 |  |  |
|  | Parti Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | +0.75 |

| 2012 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Élaine Zakaïb | 14,474 | 43.05 | -5.81 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Jean-Bernard Émond | 10,873 | 32.34 | +19.58 |
|  | Liberal | Alain Plante | 6,128 | 18.23 | -14.82 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Marie-Ève Mathieu | 1,084 | 3.22 | +0.50 |
|  | Option nationale | Michaël Rocheleau | 1,065 | 3.17 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 33,624 | 98.16 |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 629 | 1.84 |  |
| Turnout | | | 34,253 | 77.69 | +15.94 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 44,088 |  |  |
|  | Parti Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | -12.69 |

^ Change is from redistributed results. CAQ change is from ADQ.

| 2008 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvain Simard | 11,591 | 46.99 | +8.96 |
|  | Liberal | Christian Cournoyer | 8,552 | 34.67 | +10.43 |
|  | Action démocratique | Patrick Fournier | 3,126 | 12.67 | −18.70 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Paul Martin | 705 | 2.86 | +0.27 |
|  | Green | Patrick Lamothe | 693 | 2.81 | −0.48 |
| Total valid votes | | | 24,667 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 554 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 25,221 | 61.75 | −13.36 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 40,842 |  |  |
|  | Parti Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | −0.73 |
| *Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.* | | | | | | |

| 2007 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvain Simard | 11,411 | 38.03 | −8.33 |
|  | Action démocratique | Philippe Rochat | 9,413 | 31.37 | +18.26 |
|  | Liberal | Gilles Salvas | 7,275 | 24.24 | −13.89 |
|  | Green | François Desmarais | 986 | 3.29 |  |
|  | Québec solidaire | Éric Noël | 778 | 2.59 |  |
|  | Independent | Normand Philibert | 145 | 0.48 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 30,008 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 389 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 30,397 | 75.11 | +2.18 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 40,468 |  |  |
|  | Parti Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | −13.30 |
| *Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.* | | | | | | |

| 2003 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvain Simard | 13,286 | 46.36 | −9.95 |
|  | Liberal | Benoît Lefebvre | 10,927 | 38.13 | +10.46 |
|  | Action démocratique | Micheline Ulrich | 3,756 | 13.11 | −1.31 |
|  | Bloc Pot | Marie-Hélène Charbonneau | 407 | 1.42 |
|  | Independent | Nidal Joad | 109 | 0.38 |
|  | Independent | Steve Ritter | 100 | 0.35 |
|  | Christian Democracy | Florette Villemure Larochelle | 74 | 0.26 |
| Total valid votes | | | 28,659 | 100.00 |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 484 |  |
| Turnout | | | 29,143 | 72.93 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 39,961 |  |
|  | Parti Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | −10.21 |
| *Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.* | | | | | | |

| 1998 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvain Simard | 17,745 | 56.31 | +1.22 |
|  | Liberal | Gilles Ferlatte | 8,718 | 27.66 | −12.22 |
|  | Action démocratique | Patrick Gauthier | 4,543 | 14.42 |
|  | Independent | Michel Groleau | 261 | 0.83 |  |
|  | Socialist Democracy | Isabelle Latour | 246 | 0.78 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 31,513 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 689 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 32,202 | 80.99 | −2.24 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 39,762 |  |  |
|  | Parti Québécois **hold** | | Swing | | +6.72 |
| *Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.* | | | | | | |

| 1995 Quebec referendum | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Side | | Votes | % |
|  | Oui | 22,490 | 62.32 |
|  | Non | 13,597 | 37.68 |
|

| 1994 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvain Simard | 17,186 | 55.09 | +12.84 |
|  | Liberal | Albert Khelfa | 12,441 | 39.88 | −13.49 |
|  | Independent | Marcel Cloutier | 1,570 | 5.03 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 31,197 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 1,003 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 32,200 | 83.23 | +3.42 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 38,688 |  |  |
| *Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.* | | | | | | |

| 1992 Charlottetown Accord referendum | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Side | | Votes | % |
|  | Non | 20,521 | 64.07 |
|  | Oui | 11,510 | 35.93 |
|

| 1989 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Albert Khelfa | 15,790 | 53.37 | +0.22 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Guy Savard | 12,502 | 42.25 | −1.00 |
|  | Independent | Rodrigue Lemoyne | 1,296 | 4.38 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 29,588 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 1,260 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 30,848 | 79.81 |  |
| Electors on the lists | | | 38,650 |  |  |

| 1985 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Albert Khelfa | 16,373 | 53.14 | +13.01 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Maurice Martel | 13,326 | 43.25 | −12.81 |
|  | New Democratic | Guy Verville | 587 | 1.91 |
|  | Independent | Michel Guilbault | 347 | 1.13 |
|  | Christian Socialist | Diane Dufour | 105 | 0.34 |
|  | Commonwealth of Canada | Jean-Paul Belley | 72 | 0.23 |
| Total valid votes | | | 30,810 |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 585 |
| Turnout | | | 31,395 | 81.90 | −3.95 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 38,335 |

| 1981 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Maurice Martel | 18,198 | 56.06 |
|  | Liberal | Jean Frappier | 13,025 | 40.13 |
|  | Union Nationale | Julien Cordeau | 1,037 | 3.19 |  |
|  | Independent | Guy Mandeville | 77 | 0.24 |  |
|  | Workers Communist | Jean-Paul Cadorette | 72 | 0.22 |  |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Mario Bellavance | 50 | 0.15 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 32,459 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 328 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 32,787 | 85.85 |  |
| Electors on the lists | | | 38,189 |  |  |

| 1980 Quebec referendum | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Side | | Votes | % |
|  | Non | 16,455 | 51.40 |
|  | Oui | 15,559 | 48.60 |
|

| 1976 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Parti Québécois | Maurice Martel | 16,141 | 51.98 |
|  | Liberal | Jean Cournoyer | 11,867 | 38.22 |
|  | Union Nationale | Camille Vertefeuille | 2,189 | 7.05 |  |
|  | Ralliement créditiste | Guy Guilbault | 854 | 2.75 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 31,051 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected and declined votes | | | 399 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 31,450 | 90.28 |  |
| Electors on the lists | | | 34,835 |  |  |

| 1973 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Claude Simard | 15,198 | 55.21 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Serge Lachapelle | 9,464 | 34.38 |
|  | Parti créditiste | Édouard Frigon | 2,017 | 7.33 |
|  | Union Nationale | A.-Yvon Lamy | 848 | 3.08 |
| Total valid votes | | | 27,527 | 98.23 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 496 | 1.77 |
| Turnout | | | 28,023 | 87.23 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 32,124 |

| 1970 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Claude Simard | 12,047 | 42.01 |
|  | Union Nationale | Maurice Martel | 9,819 | 34.24 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Claude Rochon | 5,866 | 20.45 |
|  | Ralliement créditiste | Octave Grosariu | 947 | 3.30 |
| Total valid votes | | | 28,679 | 98.42 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 461 | 1.58 |
| Turnout | | | 29,140 | 89.02 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 32,736 |

| 1966 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Union Nationale | Maurice Martel | 12,257 | 49.43 |
|  | Liberal | Gérard Cournoyer | 11,177 | 45.08 |
|  | RIN | Normand Héon | 1,221 | 4.92 |
|  | Ralliement national | Lorenzo Bonneau | 141 | 0.57 |
| Total valid votes | | | 24,796 | 98.49 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 379 | 1.51 |
| Turnout | | | 25,175 | 87.46 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 29,702 |

| 1962 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Gérard Cournoyer | 10,598 | 55.61 |
|  | Union Nationale | Bernard Gagné | 8,461 | 44.39 |
| Total valid votes | | | 19,059 | 98.85 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 222 | 1.15 |
| Turnout | | | 19,281 | 90.11 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 21,396 |

| 1960 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Gérard Cournoyer | 9,617 | 52.91 |
|  | Union Nationale | Bernard Gagné | 8,472 | 46.61 |
|  | Independent | Joseph-Alexandre-Hervé Larivère | 46 | 0.25 |
|  | Independent | Guy Mandeville | 42 | 0.23 |
| Total valid votes | | | 18,177 | 98.99 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 185 | 1.01 |
| Turnout | | | 18,362 | 88.91 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 20,652 |

| 1956 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Union Nationale | Bernard Gagné | 9,552 | 54.28 |
|  | Liberal | Gérard Cournoyer | 7,962 | 45.24 |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | Gérard Labelle | 66 | 0.38 |
|  | Labor–Progressive | Jean-Paul Lecavalier | 19 | 0.11 |
| Total valid votes | | | 17,599 | 99.03 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 172 | 0.97 |
| Turnout | | | 17,771 | 89.78 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 19,794 |

| 1952 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Gérard Cournoyer | 8,751 | 52.88 |
|  | Union Nationale | Bernard Gagné | 7,797 | 47.12 |
| Total valid votes | | | 16,548 | 98.92 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 181 | 1.08 |
| Turnout | | | 16,729 | 89.91 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 18,606 |

| 1948 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Union Nationale | Bernard Gagné | 6,647 | 47.86 |
|  | Liberal | Joseph-Willie Robidoux | 6,270 | 45.15 |
|  | Union des électeurs | Roger Tardif | 970 | 6.98 |
| Total valid votes | | | 13,887 | 99.06 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 132 | 0.94 |
| Turnout | | | 14,019 | 84.48 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 16,594 |

| 1944 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Joseph-Willie Robidoux | 7,636 | 55.98 |
|  | Union Nationale | Joseph-Honorius Michaud | 3,344 | 24.51 |
|  | Bloc populaire | Théode Perron | 2,661 | 19.51 |
| Total valid votes | | | 13,641 | 99.24 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 132 | 0.76 |
| Turnout | | | 13,745 | 77.73 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 17,682 |

Information Election results Maps

45°54′54″N 72°56′49″W / 45.915°N 72.947°W / 45.915; -72.947

## InfoBox

Richelieu
| Quebec electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | National Assembly of Quebec |
| MNA |
     Jean-Bernard Émond
Coalition Avenir Québec |
| District created | 1867 |
| District abolished | 1939 |
| District re-created | 1944 |
| First contested | 1867, 1944 |
| Last contested | 1939, 2018 |
| Demographics | |
| Population (2011) | 53,975 |
| Electors (2014) | 44,201 |
| Area (km²) | 880.7 |
| Pop. density (per km²) | 61.3 |
| Census division(s) | Pierre-De Saurel, Les Maskoutains |
| Census subdivision(s) | Massueville, Saint-Aimé, Sainte-Anne-de-Sorel, Saint-Bernard-de-Michaudville, Saint-David, Saint-Gérard-Majella, Saint-Joseph-de-Sorel, Saint-Jude, Saint-Louis, Saint-Marcel-de-Richelieu, Saint-Ours, Saint-Robert, Saint-Roch-de-Richelieu, Sainte-Victoire-de-Sorel, Sorel-Tracy, Yamaska |


title: Benson Block

abstract: The Benson Block is a historic building located in downtown Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It is two-fifths of a building that was originally constructed in 1883 and was damaged in a fire in 1923. This part of the building was re-constructed as a theatre, but because it lacked a sufficient number of exits, was never used for that purpose. It is noteworthy for the decorative Neoclassical white terra cotta cladding on the façade, which enabled its owners to transform its original appearance. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. In 2016, it was included as a contributing property in the Greater Second Street Historic District.

text:
# Benson Block

The **Benson Block** is a historic building located in downtown Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It is two-fifths of a building that was originally constructed in 1883 and was damaged in a fire in 1923. This part of the building was re-constructed as a theatre, but because it lacked a sufficient number of exits, was never used for that purpose. It is noteworthy for the decorative Neoclassical white terra cotta cladding on the façade, which enabled its owners to transform its original appearance. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. In 2016, it was included as a contributing property in the Greater Second Street Historic District.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Benson Block | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 109-112 N. Market
Ottumwa, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 41°1′3″N 92°24′35″W / 41.01750°N 92.40972°W / 41.01750; -92.40972 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1924 |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| Part of | Greater Second Street Historic District (ID16000365) |
| NRHP reference No. | 85000009 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | January 3, 1985 |
| Designated CP | June 24, 2016 |


title: Benson Building (Baltimore, Maryland)

abstract: Benson Building, also known as the IPC Building, is a historic retail and office located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is on the corner of East Franklin and North Charles Streets. The main side is on Charles Street and has seven bays with store windows and entrances on the first floor, and office windows on the upper floors. The recessed storefronts feature bronzed aluminum infill panels above and below the glass panes. It was constructed in 1911 and the principal original occupant was C.J. Benson and Company, a local interior decorating and furniture establishment. The Benson Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Benson Building (Baltimore, Maryland)

**Benson Building**, also known as the IPC Building, is a historic retail and office located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is on the corner of East Franklin and North Charles Streets. The main side is on Charles Street and has seven bays with store windows and entrances on the first floor, and office windows on the upper floors. The recessed storefronts feature bronzed aluminum infill panels above and below the glass panes. It was constructed in 1911 and the principal original occupant was C.J. Benson and Company, a local interior decorating and furniture establishment.

The Benson Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Benson Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Benson Building, March 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 4 E. Franklin St., Baltimore, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°17′43″N 76°36′55″W / 39.29528°N 76.61528°W / 39.29528; -76.61528 |
| Area | 0.2 acres (0.081 ha) |
| Built | 1911 (1911) |
| Architect | Baldwin & Pennington; Walters, Edward & Co. |
| Architectural style | Chicago, Classical Revival, The Commercial Style |
| NRHP reference No. | 80001782 |
| Added to NRHP | March 26, 1980 |


title: Benjamin J. Hill

abstract: Benjamin Jefferson Hill was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War. Before the war, he was a merchant and served in the Tennessee Senate. After the war, he was a merchant, lawyer and president of the McMinnville and Manchester Railroad.

text:
# Benjamin J. Hill

**Benjamin Jefferson Hill** (June 13, 1825 – January 5, 1880) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War. Before the war, he was a merchant and served in the Tennessee Senate. After the war, he was a merchant, lawyer and president of the McMinnville and Manchester Railroad.

## Early life

Benjamin Jefferson Hill was born on June 13, 1825, in McMinnville, Tennessee. He was a successful merchant and Tennessee state senator from 1855 until the beginning of the Civil War in 1861.

## American Civil War

Benjamin J. Hill began his Civil War service as colonel of the 5th Tennessee Volunteers in the Provisional Army of Tennessee. He resigned to enter Confederate States Army service as colonel of the 35th Tennessee Infantry Regiment by Tennessee Governor Isham Harris, which was the designation given to the 5th Tennessee Volunteers when they were mustered into Confederate service. Hill's regiment was assigned to the brigade of Brigadier General Patrick Cleburne and fought at the Battle of Shiloh. Hill served under Cleburne until Cleburne was killed at the Battle of Franklin on November 30, 1864. Hill also led the regiment at the Siege of Corinth.

Hill led his regiment in Bragg's Kentucky Campaign, in which they initiated the attack at the Battle of Richmond, and at the Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro). Hill led Cleburne's brigade at Richmond and at the Battle of Perryville after Cleburne was wounded in those battles. Hill also was wounded at Richmond. Hill and his regiment also fought at the Battle of Chickamauga and in the Chattanooga Campaign, including the unsuccessful defense of Missionary Ridge, where they were consolidated with the 48th Tennessee Infantry. Hill served as provost marshal of the Army of Tennessee between February 3, 1864, and August 23, 1864.

Hill was promoted to brigadier general (temporary) on November 30, 1864. Although his experience had been in the infantry, Hill was transferred to Brigadier General William Hicks Jackson's division of Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest's Cavalry Corps. He cooperated with Major General William Bate's division in destroying the railroad and blockhouses between Murfreesboro and Nashville near the end of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. In the closing months of the war, he participated in Forrest's defense against Union Army Major General James H. Wilson's raid in Alabama and Georgia. Hill was paroled at Chattanooga, Tennessee on May 16, 1865.

## Aftermath

After the war, Hill returned to McMinnville where he again engaged in business as a merchant and practiced law. He also was president of the McMinnville and Manchester Railroad.

He was also the Mayor of McMinnville, TN. Col. Hill and Col. Savage took to the podium one day when there was a group crying out for the KKK. Both Col. Savage and Col. Hill denounced joining or supporting the KKK in the local middle Tennessee area around Warren County or any counties tangenting Warren County TN. Col. Hill spoke that the citizens and local County leadership work together for the benefit of all and did not need the KKK's help at all.

However, when 1878 arrived, so did a terrible cholera and yellow fever epidemic that affected all of Tennessee. It was so terrible that people were advised to stay away from crowds and not to assemble in large groups. This killed the hopes for a reunion of the 35th. By 1879, Hill's health was so poor that he could not organize a reunion. The reunion was to have included ex-President Jefferson Davis with an expected crowd of twenty thousand traveling to McMinnville for the festivities. Benjamin Jefferson Hill died at his home on January 5, 1880, only fifty-four years old. He was laid to rest under a large oak tree next to his baby daughter in the old City Cemetery in McMinnville. His devoted wife, Mary Vesta, lived until March 1, 1909, and became one of the last people to be interred in the old cemetery on High Street.

Benjamin Jefferson Hill died of yellow fever January 5, 1880, at McMinnville, Tennessee and is buried in Old City Cemetery, McMinnville. Benjamin Jefferson Hill died at his home on January 5, 1880, only fifty-four years old. He was laid to rest under a large oak tree next to his baby daughter in the old City Cemetery in McMinnville. His devoted wife, Mary Vesta, lived until March 1, 1909, and became one of the last people to be interred in the old cemetery on High Street, McMinnville TN.

* Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. *The Civil War Dictionary*. New York: McKay, 1988. ISBN 0-8129-1726-X. First published New York, McKay, 1959.
* Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. *Civil War High Commands*. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
* Faust, Patricia L. "Hill, Benjamin Jefferson" in *Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War*, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 978-0-06-273116-6.
* Sifakis, Stewart. *Who Was Who in the Civil War.* New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 0-8160-1055-2.
* Warner, Ezra J. *Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5.

## InfoBox

| Benjamin J. Hill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1825-06-13)June 13, 1825
McMinnville, Tennessee |
| Died | January 5, 1880(1880-01-05) (aged 54)
McMinnville, Tennessee |
| Buried | Old McMinnville City Cemetery, McMinnville, Tennessee |
| Allegiance | Confederate States of America |
| Service/branch | Confederate States Army |
| Years of service | 18611865 |
| Rank | Brigadier General, CSA |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |


title: Ridge Avenue (Chicago)

text:
# Ridge Avenue (Chicago)

## Route description

**Ridge Avenue**, also called **Ridge Boulevard** from Devon Avenue and Howard Street is a street in Chicago and Evanston. It begins at Broadway and Bryn Mawr Avenue in Chicago. From here, it carries U.S. Route 14 to Peterson Avenue. U.S. Route 14 continues south onto Broadway and west onto Peterson Avenue. Between the two intersections, the street also intersects with Clark Street.

The next streets that intersect with Ridge Avenue (called Ridge Boulevard between the first and last streets in the upcoming list) are Devon Avenue, Touhy Avenue, and Howard Street. At Howard Street, Ridge Avenue leaves Chicago and enters Evanston. En route to its north end at Sheridan Road, it also intersects with Dempster Street.

The road is so named because it follows the ancient shoreline of Lake Michigan (formerly Lake Checaugou).

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Cook County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicago | 0.0 | 0.0 |
US 14 east (North Broadway) | Southern terminus; southern end of US 14 concurrency |
| | 0.8 | 1.3 |
US 14 west (West Peterson Avenue) | Northern end of US 14 concurrency |
| Evanston | 6.4 | 10.3 | Isabella Street / Sheridan Road | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Ridge Avenue (Ridge Boulevard)
| Part of | US 14 |
| --- | --- |
| Length | 6.40 mi (10.30 km) |
| Location | Chicago |
| South end | US 14 (Broadway and Bryn Mawr Avenue) in Chicago |
| North end | Sheridan Road in Evanston |