title: Deseret Telegraph Company

abstract: The Deseret Telegraph Company was a telegraphy company headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The company was organized in 1867 to direct operation of the recently completed Deseret Telegraph Line; its largest stakeholder was the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Deseret line ran north and south through the Utah Territory, connecting the numerous settlements with Salt Lake City and the First Transcontinental Telegraph. The company was dissolved in 1900 when its assets, including the Deseret line, were sold to the Western Union Telegraph Company.

text:
# Deseret Telegraph Company

The **Deseret Telegraph Company** (/ˌdɛzəˈrɛt/ ) was a telegraphy company headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The company was organized in 1867 to direct operation of the recently completed Deseret Telegraph Line; its largest stakeholder was the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Deseret line ran north and south through the Utah Territory, connecting the numerous settlements with Salt Lake City and the First Transcontinental Telegraph. The company was dissolved in 1900 when its assets, including the Deseret line, were sold to the Western Union Telegraph Company.

## Constructing the Deseret Telegraph Line

On June 16, 1860 the 36th United States Congress had passed the Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860, allowing the federal government to facilitate and seek bids on the construction of a telegraph line connecting the Eastern United States with the country's West. This act resulted in the First Transcontinental Telegraph, which was completed October 24, 1861 when a line from the East and a line from the West met in a telegraph office in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Utah's Mormon settlers—members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS Church—had supplied labor, food, and transportation for the line, along with poles for about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of its length. Church President Brigham Young served as contractor for supplying the materials and labor, bring 11,000 in gold to the LDS Church ($373,022 in today's terms). Completion of the transcontinental line raised the question of constructing another line to connect the numerous Mormon settlements in the Utah Territory. In February 1861, Brigham Young expressed his desire for a local territorial line, and a telegraphy school was established in Salt Lake City. Yet construction on the line was not started until 1865, due mainly to complications caused by the American Civil War.

On November 9, 1865 a letter was published by the *Deseret News* from LDS Church Headquarters to the various leaders in settlements up and down the territory. The letter included instructions that each settlement would be responsible for constructing the segment of the line near their community, and laid out steps that needed to be completed immediately. Money or other means were collected to purchase the wires, insulators, and other equipment, while poles—22 feet long, and as straight as possible—were to be cut and placed by the settlers. The co-operative efforts of the line's construction made it the first publicly constructed and owned telegraph line in the United States.

By the fall of 1866 all the poles had been set, and wire was being strung out from Salt Lake City; resulting in communities close to the Salt Lake Valley being connected to the system sooner than more distant settlements. On December 1, 1866 the line was completed from Salt Lake City to Ogden, Utah and Brigham Young sent the first message across the Deseret line to other Church leaders in Ogden. On January 15, 1867 the line was completed between its northern terminus in Logan and southern terminus in St. George. Later the line was extended north to Paris, Idaho, and south to Pipe Springs, Arizona, with extensions into the Sanpete and Sevier Valleys, Tooele, Gunnison, Kanab, and several mining districts, such as Tintic and Frisco in Utah, along with Bullionville and Panaca in Nevada.

## Operations

The Utah Territorial Assembly incorporated the Deseret Telegraph Company on January 18, 1867 to direct operation of the Deseret line. The company had issued 5,000 shares of stock, with the vast majority held by the LDS Church (the Church President would also serve as president of the telegraph company).

Because of the unique co-operative ownership of the company, rates were set much differently than other contemporary telegraph companies. Only for messages between Ogden and Salt Lake City was a per-word-per-mile rate charged (the common rate system for telegraphy). Most communities paid a monthly sum, and could receive so many words per month depending on the amount paid. Most territorial and Church communications were sent free of charge, as was local personal and community correspondence. As a result, very rarely was the company able to make a profit, running in the red numerous times (LDS Church tithes were often used to make up the difference).

Passage of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887 led to the United States government confiscating the company in 1888. In 1894 ownership of the company was returned to the LDS Church.

## Acquisition

On February 20, 1900 the Western Union Telegraph Company (who had built the first transcontinental telegraph line) purchased the assets of the Deseret Telegraph Company from the LDS Church for $10,000 ($366,240 in today's terms) with the remainder of the stockholders receiving $2.00 per share ($73 in today's terms). The line was turned over on April 4, 1900 and its operations absorbed into the Western Union company.

* Arrington, Leonard J., "The Deseret Telegraph: A Church-owned Public Utility" *The Journal of Economic History* Volume 11, Number 2 (Spring, 1951):117-139.
* Durham, Michael S. (1999). *Desert Between the Mountains: Mormons, Miners, Padres, Mountain Men, and the Opening of the Great Basin, 1772-1869*. University of Oklahoma Press.

## InfoBox

Deseret Telegraph Company
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Industry | Telegraphy |
| Founded | January 18, 1867 (1867-01-18) in
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |
| Founder | Brigham Young |
| Defunct | April 1900 (1900-04) |
| Fate | Dissolved, assets sold |
| Successor | Assets acquired by
Western Union |
| Headquarters | Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |
| Area served | Utah, parts of Arizona, Idaho, and Nevada |
| Key people |  |
| Owner | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and private stockholders |


title: Three Lake (Idaho)

abstract: Three Lake is a small alpine lake in Boise County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. There are no trails leading to the lake or the Goat Creek drainage. Three Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. Limber Lake is upstream of Three Lake while Oreamnus Lake is downstream.

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# Three Lake (Idaho)

**Three Lake** is a small alpine lake in Boise County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. There are no trails leading to the lake or the Goat Creek drainage.

Three Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. Limber Lake is upstream of Three Lake while Oreamnus Lake is downstream.

## InfoBox

| Three Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Three LakeThree Lake | |
| Location | Boise County, Idaho |
| Coordinates | 44°03′00″N 115°04′26″W / 44.049972°N 115.073997°W / 44.049972; -115.073997 |
| Type | Glacial |
| Primary inflows | Goat Creek |
| Primary outflows | Goat Creek to South Fork Payette River |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 0.25 mi (0.40 km) |
| Max. width | 0.21 mi (0.34 km) |
| Surface elevation | 8,490 ft (2,590 m) |


title: RFA Blue Ranger

abstract: RFA Blue Ranger (A157) was a Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was launched by Harland & Wolff from their Govan yard on 29 January 1941 and served until June 1966 when she was laid up in reserve at Devonport. In January 1972 she was sold commercially and renamed Korytsa. The ship was scrapped at Aliaga in September 1987.

text:
# RFA Blue Ranger

**RFA *Blue Ranger* (A157)** was a Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was launched by Harland & Wolff from their Govan yard on 29 January 1941 and served until June 1966 when she was laid up in reserve at Devonport. In January 1972 she was sold commercially and renamed *Korytsa*. The ship was scrapped at Aliaga in September 1987.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Blue Ranger* |
| Ordered | 28 August 1939 |
| Builder | Harland and Wolff |
| Yard number | 1047 |
| Laid down | 26 October 1939 |
| Launched | 29 January 1941 |
| Completed | 6 June 1941 |
| Commissioned | 5 June 1941 |
| Decommissioned | * June 1966 * Laid up at Devonport |
| Stricken | 1975 |
| Identification | IMO number: 5046786 |
| Fate | * Sold commercially in January 1972 and renamed *Korytsa* * Arrived Aliaga for demolition, 8 September 1987 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Ranger-class fleet support tanker |
| Displacement | 6,700 long tons (6,808 t) full load |
| Length | 365 ft 10 in (111.51 m) |
| Beam | 47 ft (14 m) |
| Draught | 20 ft 2 in (6.15 m) |
| Propulsion | * 1 × 6-cylinder B&W diesel * 3,500 shp (2,600 kW) * 1 shaft |
| Speed | 13 knots (15 mph; 24 km/h) |
| Range | 6,000 nmi (11,000 km) at 13 kn (15 mph; 24 km/h) |
| Complement | 40 |


title: Single-root input/output virtualization

abstract: In virtualization, single root input/output virtualization (SR-IOV) is a specification that allows the isolation of PCI Express resources for manageability and performance reasons.

text:
# Single-root input/output virtualization

In virtualization, **single root input/output virtualization** (**SR-IOV**) is a specification that allows the isolation of PCI Express resources for manageability and performance reasons.

## Details

A single physical PCI Express bus can be shared in a virtual environment using the SR-IOV specification. The SR-IOV offers different virtual functions to different virtual components (e.g. network adapter) on a physical server machine. SR-IOV uses physical and virtual functions to control or configure PCIe devices. Physical functions have the ability to move data in and out of the device while virtual functions are lightweight PCIe functions that support data flowing but also have a restricted set of configuration resources. The virtual or physical functions available to the hypervisor or guest operating system depend on the PCIe device.

The SR-IOV allows different virtual machines (VMs) in a virtual environment to share a single PCI Express hardware interface. In contrast, MR-IOV allows I/O PCI Express to share resources among different VMs on different physical machines.

## InfiniBand

A major field of application for SR-IOV is within high-performance computing (HPC). The use of high-performance InfiniBand networking cards is growing within the HPC sector, and there is early research into the use of SR-IOV to allow for the use of InfiniBand within virtual machines such as Xen.


title: Been Down So Long

abstract: "Been Down So Long" is a song by the American rock band the Doors. It appears as the third track on L.A. Woman, the last studio album that lead singer Jim Morrison recorded with the group. It has been called, notably by critic Robert Christgau, as a "take-off" on the album. A live version recorded on May 8, 1970, at Cobo Arena in Detroit, appears on the 2000 compilation album The Bright Midnight Sampler.

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# Been Down So Long

"**Been Down So Long**" is a song by the American rock band the Doors. It appears as the third track on *L.A. Woman*, the last studio album that lead singer Jim Morrison recorded with the group. It has been called, notably by critic Robert Christgau, as a "take-off" on the album.

A live version recorded on May 8, 1970, at Cobo Arena in Detroit, appears on the 2000 compilation album *The Bright Midnight Sampler*.

## Lyrics

The song's lyrics were written by lead singer and frontman Jim Morrison, though the performance rights organization ASCAP, along with the actual album liner notes, has given the songwriting credit to all members of the group evenly.

> \[Morrison\] took the title of a Richard Farina novel. It's another retrospectively prophetic song. He was tired and worn out. He needed to be in a quieter, calmer place.

Ray Manzarek, assaying the song's lyrics

Morrison's lyrics draws upon themes of depression, liberation, and sexuality, referring to his imprisonments during live performances. The title makes reference to Richard Fariña's book *Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me*, and was influenced by the lyrics of Furry Lewis's 1928 song, "I Will Turn Your Money Green": "I been down so long/It seem like up to me." It is also considered to be Morrison at his most "mock tough", and his disapproval of the judicial system in the US.

## Music and contributions

Session musician Jerry Scheff contributed on bass guitar, while the rhythm guitars were played by Marc Benno and keyboardist Ray Manzarek. Musically, "Been Down So Long" is a conventional blues song, with rambunctious aggression, and having the "old Doors, slow blues" style. It features a distinct slide guitar by Robby Krieger, a rough sound, and a stomping beat. In response to Morrison's bluesy interpretation in an interview with *L.A. Weekly*, Elektra Records president Jac Holzman said about Morrison's general enthusiasm for the blues during that time:

> Jim always thought he was the world's best blues singer. He'd see somebody up on the stage and say, "You can't sing the blues worth shit," and nearly get into a fight with them. He was generally drunk by then. Jim had a preponderance of wonderful qualities, a great gentleness.

## Critical response

In his music reference book *Rock Albums of the '70s: A Critical Guide*, published in 1981, Robert Christgau considered *L.A. Woman* to be the Doors' greatest effort; however he also deemed "Been Down So Long" along with "L'America" as one of the few "disappointing" tracks of the album. Will Hermes of *Rolling Stone* rating *L.A. Woman* with four-and-a-half stars out five, he characterized the song as a "garage-style classic". *PopMatters* critic Nathan Wisnicki wrote in his review that with "Been Down So Long" the Doors "overestimated their jaming abilities", adding that the song "could've been tightened-up without losing any fire". Music journalist James Perone declared it one of the "must-hear blues songs" of the band.

## Personnel

**The Doors**

**Additional musicians**

## Sources

## InfoBox

| "Been Down So Long" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by the Doors | |
| from the album  *L.A. Woman* | |
| Released | April 19, 1971 (1971-04-19) |
| Recorded | December 1970  January 1971 |
| Studio | The Doors Workshop, Los Angeles |
| Genre | Blues |
| Length | 4:40 |
| Label | Elektra |
| Songwriter(s) | The Doors |
| Producer(s) |  |


title: Been It

abstract: "Been It" is a song by a Swedish band called the Cardigans. It was released from their third studio album entitled First Band on the Moon. In additional to reaching number 56 on the UK Singles Chart, the song also became an alternative hit in Canada, climbing to number nine on the RPM Alternative 30.

text:
# Been It

"**Been It**" is a song by a Swedish band called the Cardigans. It was released from their third studio album entitled *First Band on the Moon*. In additional to reaching number 56 on the UK Singles Chart, the song also became an alternative hit in Canada, climbing to number nine on the *RPM* Alternative 30.

## Formats and track listings

All songs were written by composers Nina Persson and Peter Svensson.

* **German CD single**

1. "Been It" (censored radio edit) – 3:41
2. "Blah Blah Blah" – 2:58

* **European, UK, and Australia CD single**

1. "Been It" (censored radio edit) – 3:41
2. "Been It" (radio edit) – 3:40
3. "Blah Blah Blah" – 2:58
4. "Losers" (first try) – 3:15

* **UK limited-edition 7-inch single**

A. "Been It" (censored radio edit) – 3:41 B. "Been It" (radio edit) – 3:40 * **US 12-inch single**

1. "Been It" (Tee's Freeze mix) – 6:59
2. "Been It" (Tee's Inhouse vocal) – 6:15
3. "Lovefool" (Tee's Indeep mix) – 7:56
4. "Lovefool" (Tee's Freeze club) – 7:10

* **Canadian and US CD single**

1. "Been It" (Tee's Freeze mix) – 6:59
2. "Been It" (Tee's Inhouse vocal) – 6:16
3. "Been It" (album version) – 4:06
4. "Lovefool" (Tee's Indeep mix) – 7:58
5. "Lovefool" (Tee's Freeze club) – 7:10

## Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from the liner notes of *First Band on the Moon*.

**Musicians**

**Technical personnel**

## Charts

| Chart (1996–1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Rock/Alternative (*RPM*) | 9 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 54 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 56 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 25 November 1996 | * CD * cassette | Stockholm |  |
| United States | 22 April 1997 | Contemporary hit radio | Mercury |  |
| | 24 June 1997 | | CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "Been It" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by the Cardigans | |
| from the album  *First Band on the Moon* | |
| B-side | "Blah Blah Blah" |
| Released | 25 November 1996 (1996-11-25) |
| Studio | Tambourine Studios (Malmö, Sweden) |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 4:05 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Tore Johansson |
| The Cardigans singles chronology | |
| "Lovefool"
(1996) "**Been It**"
(1996) "Your New Cuckoo"
(1996) | |


title: Belvoir, Kansas

abstract: Belvoir is a ghost town in Douglas County, Kansas, United States.

text:
# Belvoir, Kansas

**Belvoir** is a ghost town in Douglas County, Kansas, United States.

## History

The first settlement at Belvoir was made in the 1850s. A post office was established at Belvoir in 1869, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1903. The community was named after Belvoir, the plantation home of William Fairfax in Virginia.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Belvoir, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
| BelvoirLocation within the state of KansasBelvoirBelvoir (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°55′13″N 95°25′41″W / 38.92028°N 95.42806°W / 38.92028; -95.42806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Douglas |
| Elevation | 876 ft (267 m) |
| Population | |
| Total | 0 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 785 |
| GNIS ID | 481830 |


title: Belvoir (Crownsville, Maryland)

abstract: Belvoir is a historic house at Crownsville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a two-story, T-shaped building, constructed of brick, stone, and wood. The home is a product of building evolution spanning the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The earliest portion was probably built about 1736, but could date to the 17th century. It was the home of the grandmother of Francis Scott Key, who composed the United States' national anthem, Star Spangled Banner. Key visited in the summer in 1789. Archaeological research is being performed on the plantation site to document the lives of slaves during the 18th and 19th centuries. A foundation from the slave quarters made of stone from the last quarter of the 18th century was found, with many artifacts from the period when slaves lived in the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

text:
# Belvoir (Crownsville, Maryland)

**Belvoir** is a historic house at Crownsville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a two-story, T-shaped building, constructed of brick, stone, and wood. The home is a product of building evolution spanning the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The earliest portion was probably built about 1736, but could date to the 17th century. It was the home of the grandmother of Francis Scott Key, who composed the United States' national anthem, *Star Spangled Banner*. Key visited in the summer in 1789.

Archaeological research is being performed on the plantation site to document the lives of slaves during the 18th and 19th centuries. A foundation from the slave quarters made of stone from the last quarter of the 18th century was found, with many artifacts from the period when slaves lived in the building.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Belvoir | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Crownsville, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°1′25″N 76°34′57″W / 39.02361°N 76.58250°W / 39.02361; -76.58250 |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000366 |
| Added to NRHP | November 19, 1971 |


title: Richard Roberts (engineer)

abstract: Richard Roberts was a Welsh patternmaker and engineer whose development of high-precision machine tools contributed to the birth of production engineering and mass production.

text:
# Richard Roberts (engineer)

**Richard Roberts** (22 April 1789  11 March 1864) was a Welsh patternmaker and engineer whose development of high-precision machine tools contributed to the birth of production engineering and mass production.

## Early life

Roberts was born at Llanymynech, Powys, on the border between England and Wales. He was the son of William Roberts, a shoemaker who also kept the New Bridge tollgate. Roberts was educated by the parish priest and early found employment with a boatman on the Ellesmere Canal and later at the local limestone quarries. He received some instruction in drawing from Robert Bough, a road surveyor, who was working under Thomas Telford.

Roberts then found employment as a patternmaker at Bradley Iron works, Staffordshire and, probably in 1813, moved to a supervisory position in the pattern shop of the Horsely Iron works, Tipton. He had gained skills in turning, wheel-wrighting and the repair of millwork. He was drawn for the militia and to avoid this made for Liverpool, but finding no work there he shifted to Manchester, where he found work as a turner for a cabinet-maker. He then moved to Salford working at lathe- and tool-making.

Because the militia was still seeking him, he walked to London where he found employment with Henry Maudslay as a fitter and turner. At Maudslay's he absorbed his master's philosophy of "the importance of accurate machine tools where hand-work was replaced by mechanisms".

By 1816, when defeat of Napoleon had removed the threat of the militia, it was safe for him to return north, he had set up at Manchester as a "turner of plain and eccentric work at No 15 Deans Gate". The lathe was upstairs in a bedroom, driven by a big wheel in the basement turned by his wife. Roberts soon moved into New Market Buildings at Pool Fold, and was described as a "Lathe and Tool Maker".

## Machine tools

Roberts built a range of machine tools, some to his own design, the first being a gear-cutting machine. For checking the dimensions of the gears he adapted the sector, which he developed for sale to other engineers. Roberts adopted rotary cutters, which he had seen used at Maudslays. This is one of the earliest records of a milling cutter used in engineering. In 1816 he made the first reliable wet gas meter. In 1817 he made a lathe able to turn work 6 ft long (1.8 m). This had a back gear to give an increased range of speeds and a sliding saddle to move the tool along the work. The saddle was driven by a screw through gearing which could be disengaged when the end of the cut was reached. Also in 1817 he built a planing machine to allow the machining of flat surfaces. Previous to this flat surfaces were laboriously made by hand with the fitter using hammers and chisels, files and scrapers to get a true surface.

Following the success of his power loom, in 1825 he invented a slotting machine to cut keyways in gears and pulleys to fasten them to their shafts. Previously this was done by hand chipping and filing. The tool was reciprocated vertically, and by adopting Maudslay's slide rest principle, he made the work table with a universal movement, both straight line and rotary so that the sides of complex pieces could be machined. Later he developed the shaping machine, where the cutting tool was reciprocated horizontally over the work, which could be moved in all directions by means of screw-driven slides. Examples of his machine tools, including the oldest existing metal planer, are in the collections of the National Museum of Science and Industry, London.

Roberts also manufactured and sold sets of stocks and dies to his range of pitches, so other engineers could cut threads on nuts and bolts and other machine parts. Roberts' inventions had a seminal influence on other machine-tool engineers, including Joseph Whitworth, when he came to Manchester, a decade later. His efforts have been largely overlooked by later writers until now.

## Textile machines

Roberts moved his business in 1821, to the Globe Works in Faulkner Street. Whilst there he improved a reed-making machine, originally invented by the American Jeptha Avery Wilkinson, and in 1822 he patented a power loom. This was made entirely of iron and being precision-made was able to operate at high speed. They were turned out at the rate of 4,000 per year by 1825. In 1824 he invented his most famous machine, the self-acting spinning mule, and patented it in March 1825. These were made in hundreds, and Roberts made extensive use of templates and gauges to standardise production. By 1826 he was working in Mulhouse, Alsace with Koechlin & Co where he contributed to the building of textile machinery for the French cotton industry.

## Sharp, Roberts & Co.

When developing his textiles machines, Roberts took as partners Thomas Sharp, an iron merchant, and his brother John Sharp, Robert Chapman, Thomas Jones Wilkinson and James Hill. They formed two firms, Sharp Hill & Co and Roberts, Hills & Co, and in May 1826 these were amalgamated to form **Sharp, Roberts & Co**. The firm later became well known for making locomotives. In 1834 Charles Beyer joined the firm and contributed to its success in locomotive building as Roberts soon delegated most of the locomotive design work to Beyer.

Roberts was a prolific inventor and manufacturer, ranging over turret clock-making, to road vehicles, to iron ship building, to a punching machine, operating on the same system as the Jacquard loom, for punching the rivet holes in the iron plates making up the railway bridge over the river Conwy in North Wales.
His Alpha turret clock won a prize medal at the Great Exhibition of 1851. He was not a particularly successful businessman, and Sharp, Roberts & Co. closed in June 1852 (by which time the more successful Sharp, Stewart and Company were formed).

## Death and legacy

Roberts continued as a consulting engineer and inventor until his death, taking out 18 patents. In 1860, aged 71 he moved to London, where he became financially distressed. Various friends, almost all engineers, raised a fund to help him, but he died in his daughter's arms in London on 11 March 1864 aged 74. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London. His daughter later received a civil list pension in recognition of her father's achievements.

He has been described as the most important British mechanical engineer of the 19th century. According to biographer Richard Leslie Hills, his main contribution was the introduction of improved machine tools without which high standards of accuracy could not be achieved. This laid the foundation of production engineering as we know it today, leading to the interchangeability of standard parts and mass production. The Roberts mechanism, a linkage for generating approximate straight-line movement, is named after him.

## InfoBox

| Richard Roberts | |
| --- | --- |
| by Edward Villiers Rippingille | |
| Born | 22 April 1789 (1789-04-22)
Llanymynech |
| Died | 11 March 1864 (1864-03-12) (aged 74)
London |
| Resting place | Kensal Green Cemetery |
| Nationality | Welsh |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Known for | Machine tools |


title: Richard Roberts (American soccer)

abstract: Richard “Dick or Dickie” Roberts is a former American soccer forward who played professionally in the American Soccer League and earned one cap with the U.S. national team.

text:
# Richard Roberts (American soccer)

**Richard “Dick or Dickie” Roberts** is a former American soccer forward who played professionally in the American Soccer League and earned one cap with the U.S. national team.

## Professional

In 1948–49 he played for New York Americans, notably scoring a goal in both of the championship playoff tie breakers of that season. In 1949, Roberts signed with the Kearny Scots of the American Soccer League. In 1952, he led the league in scoring with nineteen goals. In 1953, he played with Brooklyn Hispano.

## National team

On April 30, 1952, Roberts earned his lone cap with the U.S. national team in a 6–0 loss to Scotland.

## InfoBox

Dick Roberts
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Richard Roberts | | |
| Place of birth | United States | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1948–1949 | New York Americans |  |  |
| 1949–1953 | Kearny Scots |  |  |
| 1953–1955 | Brooklyn Hispano |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1952 | United States | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Belnapia rosea

abstract: Belnapia rosea is a bacterium from the genus of Belnapia which has been isolated from forest soil on the Hainan Island in China.

text:
# Belnapia rosea

***Belnapia rosea*** is a bacterium from the genus of Belnapia which has been isolated from forest soil on the Hainan Island in China.

## InfoBox

| *Belnapia rosea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Rhodospirillales |
| Family: | Acetobacteraceae |
| Genus: | *Belnapia* |
| Species: | ***B. rosea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Belnapia rosea***<br>Jin et al. 2012 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| CPCC 100156, CGMCC 1.10758, CPCC 100156, DSM 23312 | |


title: Ben Mahmoud

abstract: Ben Mahmoud was a contemporary American artist.

text:
# Ben Mahmoud

**Ben Mahmoud** (October 6, 1935 – June 2, 2009) was a contemporary American artist.

## Life and work

Mahmoud was born and grew up in Charleston, West Virginia. He received his higher education at the Columbus (Ohio) Art School and Ohio University, graduating in 1960. For most of his professional career, he taught at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, Illinois, where he also kept his art studio. He was an emeritus professor at Northern Illinois before his death.

Painting was his most successful medium, attracting critical acclaim and commercial success, but he also worked in other media, including print making, photography, and sculpture. In 1972 he established an affiliation with the Sonia Zaks Gallery in Chicago that would last thirty years. His work currently remains affiliated with the Patricia Rozvar galleries in Washington.

Mahmoud has exhibited his work at galleries and museums throughout the American Midwest, and also in Washington, Holland, and Germany. His work has been added to over 25 permanent, public collections, including the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Brooklyn Museum. Mahmoud lived the last several years of his life in New Port Richey, Florida, where his fascination with the surrounding flora influenced a collection of sculptures he called *The Florida Series*.

1. "Image 6 x 1A | The Art Institute of Chicago". *www.artic.edu*. 1977. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
2. "Brooklyn Museum". *www.brooklynmuseum.org*. Retrieved 2018-04-05.


title: Belval, Manche

abstract: Belval is a commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

text:
# Belval, Manche

**Belval** (French pronunciation: \[bɛlval\] ) is a commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 290 |  |
| 1975 | 234 | −3.02% |
| 1982 | 253 | +1.12% |
| 1990 | 274 | +1.00% |
| 1999 | 274 | +0.00% |
| 2009 | 303 | +1.01% |
| 2014 | 310 | +0.46% |
| 2020 | 325 | +0.79% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Heraldry

|  | The arms of Belval are blazoned :
*Argent, a rose gules seeded Or slipped and leaved vert, chaussé vert.*

 |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Belval | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church of Saint-Martin | |
|  | |
| Location of Belval | |
| BelvalBelval | |
| Coordinates: 49°02′25″N 1°21′45″W / 49.0403°N 1.3625°W / 49.0403; -1.3625 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Manche |
| Arrondissement | Coutances |
| Canton | Quettreville-sur-Sienne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Serge Court |
| Area**1** | 5.72 km2 (2.21 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 330 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 50044 /50210 |
| Elevation | 32–145 m (105–476 ft)
(avg. 85 m or 279 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Belval, Ardennes

abstract: Belval is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

text:
# Belval, Ardennes

**Belval** (French pronunciation: \[bɛlval\] ) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

## Geography

The Sormonne forms most of the commune's northern border.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 114 |  |
| 1968 | 120 | +5.3% |
| 1975 | 107 | −10.8% |
| 1982 | 140 | +30.8% |
| 1990 | 156 | +11.4% |
| 1999 | 197 | +26.3% |
| 2008 | 225 | +14.2% |

## InfoBox

| Belval | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall and church | |
| Location of Belval | |
| BelvalBelval | |
| Coordinates: 49°46′38″N 4°38′07″E / 49.7772°N 4.6353°E / 49.7772; 4.6353 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Ardennes |
| Arrondissement | Charleville-Mézières |
| Canton | Charleville-Mézières-1 |
| Intercommunality | CA Ardenne Métropole |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Michel Normand |
| Area**1** | 4.94 km2 (1.91 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 221 |
| Density | 45/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 08058 /08090 |
| Elevation | 145–215 m (476–705 ft)
(avg. 160 m or 520 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Bembecia syzcjovi

abstract: Bembecia syzcjovi is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Turkey, Georgia and Iran. Adults are on wing in late August and September. The larvae feed on the roots of Astragalus species, including Astragalus ponticus.

text:
# Bembecia syzcjovi

***Bembecia syzcjovi*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Turkey, Georgia and Iran.

Adults are on wing in late August and September.

The larvae feed on the roots of *Astragalus* species, including *Astragalus ponticus*.

## Subspecies

* *Bembecia syzcjovi syzcjovi* (Turkey, Georgia)
* *Bembecia syzcjovi kappadocica* Špatenka, 1997 (Turkish Kappadocia)
* *Bembecia syzcjovi alborzica* Kallies & Špatenka, 2003 (Iran)

## InfoBox

| *Bembecia syzcjovi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Bembecia* |
| Species: | ***B. syzcjovi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembecia syzcjovi***<br>Gorbunov, 1990 | |
|


title: Richtersveldia columnaris

abstract: Richtersveldia columnaris is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is a succulent subshrub endemic to the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. It is the sole species in genus Richtersveldia.

text:
# Richtersveldia columnaris

***Richtersveldia columnaris*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is a succulent subshrub endemic to the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. It is the sole species in genus ***Richtersveldia***.

## InfoBox

| *Richtersveldia columnaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asclepiadoideae |
| Tribe: | Ceropegieae |
| Genus: | *Richtersveldia*
Meve & Liede (2002) |
| Species: | ***R. columnaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Richtersveldia columnaris***
(Nel) Meve & Liede (2002) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ceropegia columnaris* (Nel) Bruyns (2017) * *Echidnopsis columnaris* (Nel) R.A.Dyer & Hardy (1968) * *Notechidnopsis columnaris* (Nel) Lavranos & Bleck (1985) * *Trichocaulon columnare* Nel (1933) | |


title: Richcraft

abstract: Richcraft is a 1959 studio big band album by Buddy Rich and a big band / orchestra with arrangements by Ernie Wilkins. A nearly identical album, titled The Rich Rebellion was released by Wing Records without "I Want a Little Girl" but with two additional tracks from an April, 1960 (Septet) recording session.

text:
# Richcraft

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Richcraft*** is a 1959 studio big band album by Buddy Rich and a big band / orchestra with arrangements by Ernie Wilkins. A nearly identical album, titled ***The Rich Rebellion*** was released by Wing Records without "I Want a Little Girl" but with two additional tracks from an April, 1960 (Septet) recording session ("That's Rich Man" and "Astronaut").

## Track listing

### *Richcraft*

LP Side A

1. "Indiana (Back Home Again in Indiana)" (Ballard MacDonald, James F. Hanley) – 3:38
2. "Richcraft" (Ernie Wilkins) – 3:06
3. "Sweets Tooth" (Ernie Wilkins) – 4:01
4. "Clap Hands! Here Comes Charley!" (Ballard MacDonald, Joseph Meyer, Billy Rose) – 3:04
5. "Yardbird Suite" (Charlie Parker) – 2:59

LP Side B

1. "Cherokee (Indian Love Song)" (Ray Noble) – 4:08
2. "I Want a Little Girl" (Billy Moll, Murray Mencher) – 4:12
3. "From the Sticks" (Ernie Wilkins) – 4:42
4. "Song of the Islands" (Charles E. King) – 4:09

### *The Rich Rebellion*

LP Side A

1. "Indiana" ("Back Home Again In Indiana") – 3:38
2. "That's Rich Man" – 5:26
3. "Sweets Tooth" – 4:01
4. "Song Of The Islands" – 4:09
5. "From The Sticks" – 4:42

LP Side B

1. "Astronaut" – 7:36
2. "Richcraft" – 3:06
3. "Yardbird Suite" – 2:59
4. "Cherokee" – 4:08
5. "Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie" – 3:04

## Personnel

Septet (only) on "That's Rich Man" and "Astronaut":

* Mercury MG 20451 (mono)
* Mercury SR 60136 (stereo)
* Wing SRW 16407 (stereo)

## InfoBox

| Richcraft | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Buddy Rich | |
| Released | 1959 |
| Recorded | April 9–10, 1959 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 33:59 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Producer | Jack Tracy |
| Buddy Rich chronology | |
| *Buddy Rich in Miami*
(1959) ***Richcraft***
(1959) *Rich Versus Roach*
(1959) | |
|  | |
| Alternate release | |
|  | |
| Wing Records LP cover | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Richbourg Motors Building

abstract: Richbourg Motors Building was a historic auto showroom located at Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. It was built in 1926, and is a three-story slightly curved building faced in brick. It featured a parapet with brick panels and limestone coping. The building was built for Tench C. Coxe and leased to the Richbourg Motor Company, Asheville's Ford and Lincoln dealer. The building has since been demolished. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

text:
# Richbourg Motors Building

**Richbourg Motors Building** was a historic auto showroom located at Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. It was built in 1926, and is a three-story slightly curved building faced in brick. It featured a parapet with brick panels and limestone coping. The building was built for Tench C. Coxe and leased to the Richbourg Motor Company, Asheville's Ford and Lincoln dealer. The building has since been demolished.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Richbourg Motors Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Site of the Richbourg Motors Building, September 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 50 Coxe Ave., Asheville, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°35′32″N 82°33′17″W / 35.59222°N 82.55472°W / 35.59222; -82.55472 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1926 (1926) |
| Architect | Wirth, Albert C. |
| MPS | Asheville Historic and Architectural MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 79001681 |
| Added to NRHP | April 26, 1979 |


title: Bembidion ephippium

abstract: Bembidion ephippium is a small, fast-moving water beetle in the Trechinae subfamily that can be found in such Belgian cities as Nieuwpoort and Ostend. It can also be found in Wimereux, France.

text:
# Bembidion ephippium

***Bembidion ephippium*** is a small, fast-moving water beetle in the Trechinae subfamily that can be found in such Belgian cities as Nieuwpoort and Ostend. It can also be found in Wimereux, France.

## Threat status

The species is considered to be Critically Endangered in Belgium. It is under protection since September 22, 1980.

## InfoBox

| *Bembidion ephippium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Bembidion* |
| Species: | ***B. ephippium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembidion ephippium***<br>(Marsham, 1802) | |
|


title: Richard Swan

abstract: Richard Gordon Swan is an American mathematician who is known for the Serre–Swan theorem relating the geometric notion of vector bundles to the algebraic concept of projective modules, and for the Swan representation, an l-adic projective representation of a Galois group. His work has mainly been in the area of algebraic K-theory.

text:
# Richard Swan

**Richard Gordon Swan** (/swɑːn/; born 1933) is an American mathematician who is known for the Serre–Swan theorem relating the geometric notion of vector bundles to the algebraic concept of projective modules, and for the Swan representation, an *l*-adic projective representation of a Galois group. His work has mainly been in the area of algebraic K-theory.

## Education and career

As an undergraduate at Princeton University, Swan was one of five winners in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition in 1952. He earned his Ph.D. in 1957 from Princeton University under the supervision of John Coleman Moore.

In 1969 he proved in full generality what is now known as the Stallings–Swan theorem. He is the Louis Block Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Chicago.

His doctoral students at Chicago include Charles Weibel, also known for his work in K-theory.

## Awards and honors

In 1970 Swan was awarded the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra.

## Books

* Swan, R. G. (1964). *The Theory of Sheaves*. Chicago lectures in mathematics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
* Swan, R. G. (1968). *Algebraic K-theory*. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 76. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/BFb0080281. ISBN 978-3-540-04245-7. MR 0245634.
* Swan, Richard G. (1970). *K-theory of finite groups and orders*. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 149. Notes by E. Graham Evans. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/BFb0059150. ISBN 978-3-540-04938-8. MR 0308195.


title: Bengal slow loris

abstract: The Bengal slow loris or northern slow loris is a strepsirrhine primate and a species of slow loris native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina. Its geographic range is larger than that of any other slow loris species. Considered a subspecies of the Sunda slow loris (N. coucang) until 2001, phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Bengal slow loris is most closely related to the Sunda slow loris. However, some individuals in both species have mitochondrial DNA sequences that resemble those of the other species, due to introgressive hybridization. It is the largest species of slow loris, measuring 26 to 38 cm from head to tail and weighing between 1 and 2.1 kg. Like other slow lorises, it has a wet nose (rhinarium), a round head, flat face, large eyes, small ears, a vestigial tail, and dense, woolly fur. The toxin it secretes from its brachial gland differs chemically from that of other slow loris species and may be used to communicate information about sex, age, health, and social status. The Bengal slow loris is nocturnal and arboreal, occurring in both evergreen and deciduous forests. It prefers rainforests with dense canopies, and its presence in its native habitat indicates a healthy ecosystem. It is a seed disperser and pollinator, as well as a prey item for carnivores. Its diet primarily consists of fruit, but also includes insects, tree gum, snails, and small vertebrates. In winter, it relies on plant exudates, such as sap and tree gum. The species lives in small family groups, marks its territory with urine, and sleeps during the day by curling up in dense vegetation or in tree holes. It is a seasonal breeder, reproducing once every 12–18 months and usually giving birth to a single offspring. For the first three months, mothers carry their offspring, which reach sexual maturity at around 20 months. The Bengal slow loris can live up to 20 years. The species is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, and is threatened with extinction due to growing demand in the exotic pet trade and traditional medicine. It is one of the most common animals sold in local animal markets. In traditional medicine, it is primarily used by wealthy to middle-class, urban women following childbirth, but also to treat stomach problems, broken bones, and sexually transmitted diseases. It is also hunted for food and suffers from habitat loss. Wild populations have declined severely, and it is locally extinct in several regions. It is found within many protected areas throughout its range, but this does not protect them from rampant poaching and illegal logging. Critical conservation issues for this species include enhancing protection measures, stricter enforcement of wildlife protection laws, and increased connectivity between fragmented protected areas.

text:
# Bengal slow loris

The **Bengal slow loris** (***Nycticebus bengalensis***) or **northern slow loris** is a strepsirrhine primate and a species of slow loris native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina. Its geographic range is larger than that of any other slow loris species. Considered a subspecies of the Sunda slow loris (*N. coucang*) until 2001, phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Bengal slow loris is most closely related to the Sunda slow loris. However, some individuals in both species have mitochondrial DNA sequences that resemble those of the other species, due to introgressive hybridization. It is the largest species of slow loris, measuring 26 to 38 cm (10 to 15 in) from head to tail and weighing between 1 and 2.1 kg (2.2 and 4.6 lb). Like other slow lorises, it has a wet nose (rhinarium), a round head, flat face, large eyes, small ears, a vestigial tail, and dense, woolly fur. The toxin it secretes from its brachial gland (a scent gland in its arm) differs chemically from that of other slow loris species and may be used to communicate information about sex, age, health, and social status.

The Bengal slow loris is nocturnal and arboreal, occurring in both evergreen and deciduous forests. It prefers rainforests with dense canopies, and its presence in its native habitat indicates a healthy ecosystem. It is a seed disperser and pollinator, as well as a prey item for carnivores. Its diet primarily consists of fruit, but also includes insects, tree gum, snails, and small vertebrates. In winter, it relies on plant exudates, such as sap and tree gum. The species lives in small family groups, marks its territory with urine, and sleeps during the day by curling up in dense vegetation or in tree holes. It is a seasonal breeder, reproducing once every 12–18 months and usually giving birth to a single offspring. For the first three months, mothers carry their offspring, which reach sexual maturity at around 20 months. The Bengal slow loris can live up to 20 years.

The species is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, and is threatened with extinction due to growing demand in the exotic pet trade and traditional medicine. It is one of the most common animals sold in local animal markets. In traditional medicine, it is primarily used by wealthy to middle-class, urban women following childbirth, but also to treat stomach problems, broken bones, and sexually transmitted diseases. It is also hunted for food and suffers from habitat loss. Wild populations have declined severely, and it is locally extinct in several regions. It is found within many protected areas throughout its range, but this does not protect them from rampant poaching and illegal logging. Critical conservation issues for this species include enhancing protection measures, stricter enforcement of wildlife protection laws, and increased connectivity between fragmented protected areas.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

*Nycticebus bengalensis*, commonly known as the Bengal slow loris or northern slow loris, is a strepsirrhine primate in the slow loris genus, *Nycticebus*. Formerly considered a subspecies of the Sunda slow loris (*N. coucang*), it was recognized as a distinct species in 2001 by taxonomist and primatologist Colin Groves. It is difficult to distinguish from the other species in its genus.

To help clarify species and subspecies boundaries, and to establish whether morphology-based classifications were consistent with evolutionary relationships, the phylogenetic relationships within the genus *Nycticebus* have been investigated using DNA sequences derived from the mitochondrial markers D loop and cytochrome *b*. Although most of the recognized lineages of *Nycticebus* (including *N. pygmaeus*, *N. menagensis,* and *N. javanicus*) were shown to be genetically distinct—the analysis suggested that DNA sequences from some individuals of *N. coucang* and *N. bengalensis* apparently share a closer evolutionary relationship with each other than with members of their own species. The authors suggest that this result may be explained by introgressive hybridization, as the tested individuals of these two taxa originated from a region of sympatry in southern Thailand. The precise origin of one of the *N. coucang* individuals was not known. This hypothesis was corroborated by a 2007 study that compared the variations in mitochondrial DNA sequences between *N. bengalensis* and *N. coucang*, and suggested that there has been gene flow between the two species.

## Anatomy and physiology

The Bengal slow loris is the largest species of slow loris, weighing 1 to 2.1 kg (2.2 to 4.6 lb), and measuring between 26 and 38 cm (10 and 15 in) from head to tail. It has a skull length of more than 62 mm (2.4 in). It has dense, woolly, brown-gray fur on its back and white fur on its underside. It also has a clear dark stripe that runs up to the top of its head, but does not extend laterally towards the ears. Its forearm and hand are almost white. The limbs of the pelvis vary in color from brown to nearly white, and the feet are always pale. Moulting may cause seasonal variations in the color of the dorsal surface. Like other slow lorises, its tail is vestigial and it has a round head and short ears. It has a rhinarium (the moist, naked surface around the nostrils of the nose) and a broad, flat face with large eyes. Its eyes reflect a bright orange eye shine. On its front feet, the second digit is smaller than the rest; the big toe on its hind foot opposes the other toes, which enhances its gripping power. Its second toe on the hindfoot has a curved "toilet-claw" that the animal uses for scratching and grooming, while the other nails are straight.

In addition to being smaller than the Bengal slow loris, the sympatric Sunda slow loris also differs in its coloring: it does not have the pale areas of the head, nape, and shoulders, and its overall color is a tawny\- or golden-brown. The pygmy slow loris (*N. pygmaeus*) is much smaller, with a skull length less than 55 mm (2.2 in). It also lacks the dark dorsal stripe of the Bengal slow loris, has dark brown fur, and longer ears.

The Bengal slow loris has a small swelling on the ventral side of its elbow called the brachial gland, which secretes a pungent, clear oily toxin that the animal uses defensively by wiping it on its toothcomb. The oil has been analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and it has been shown that almost half of the several dozen volatile or semi-volatile chemicals present do not occur in the closely related pygmy slow loris. The most predominant component was the phenolic compound *m*-cresol. The authors of the study suggest that the chemically complex oils may help the lorises communicate with each other, allowing them to transmit by scent information about sex, age, health and nutritional status, and dominance.

## Behavior and ecology

The preferred habitats of the Bengal slow loris range across tropical and subtropical regions, and include evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests with forest edges and continuous, dense canopies. It can also be found in bamboo groves. It prefers habitats with larger diameter, tall trees with a large crown depth (defined as the length along the main axis from the tree tip to the base of the crown); these areas are typically associated with greater food abundance, and decreased risk of predation. Because of its preference for dense forests, it acts as a good indicator of the ecosystem's health.

The species acts as an important seed disperser and pollinator, as well as a prey item for several carnivores. The Bengal slow loris feeds on plant exudates such as sap, gums, resins, and latexes, particularly those from the family Fabaceae. Even though the species does not have keeled nails, it will scrape the plant, actively breaking its surface; this behavior resembles that of marmosets and the fork-marked lemurs. Exudates are also obtained by gouging holes in the bark. The winter food supply consists almost entirely of plant exudates. The bastard myrobala (*Terminalia belerica*), a deciduous tree common in Southeast Asia, is a preferred source for exudates, but it has also been observed taking plant exudates from a number of families: Moraceae (*Artocarpus*), Magnoliaceae (*Manglietia*), Fabaceae (*Acacia*, *Bauhinia*), Lecythidaceae (*Careya arborea*), and Sterculiaceae (*Pterospermum*). Although it will feed on large insects (such as katydids and crickets), gum, snails, small birds, and reptiles, it is primarily frugivorous. Lianas of the flowering plant genus *Bauhinia* are a commonly-used food source.

A nocturnal animal, the Bengal slow loris has excellent night vision, enhanced by a tapetum lucidum—a layer of tissue in the eye that reflects visible light back through the retina. It sleeps during the day curled up in a ball in dense vegetation or in tree holes. Males and females mark their territory with urine. The species is known to live in small family groups. Animals may practice social grooming.

### Reproduction

The Bengal slow loris is not a seasonal breeder, unlike the pygmy slow loris. Females in an estrous cycle attract males with a loud whistle. Females reproduce every 12–18 months and have a six-month gestation. Because they are not seasonal breeders, females could become pregnant when their offspring are approximately 6 months old, making possible for females to produce two offspring per year. Females typically give birth to a single offspring, although twins rarely occur. This differs from the sympatric pygmy slow loris, which commonly has twins. The mother carries her young about three months before they become independent, although they may be temporarily left on branches while the mother searches for food. Sexual maturity is reached at approximately 20 months of age. The species is known to live up to 20 years.

## Distribution

The species has the largest geographic range of all slow loris species and is native to Bangladesh, Northeast India, and Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam, southern China, and Thailand). It is the only nocturnal primate found in the northeast Indian states, which include Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura. It is found in parts of Yunnan and in southwest Guangxi in China, and has been recorded in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. It is known from 24 protected areas in Vietnam, and is distributed across most of Thailand. In Burma, it has been reported from Bhamo, Sumprabum, Kindat, Chin Hills, Pathein, Thaungdaung, and Pegu; populations in Laos have been recorded in the north, central, and southern portions of the country.

The Bengal slow loris is sympatric (shares its range) with the pygmy slow loris in the southeast of China, Vietnam, and Laos. The Bengal slow loris is also sympatric with the Sunda slow loris on the southern peninsula of Thailand. In 2001, Groves reported the existence of hybrids between these two species in this region.

## Conservation

Listed as "Data Deficient" as recently as 2006 on the IUCN Red List, the Bengal slow loris was evaluated in 2020 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as endangered-a decision based solely on habitat loss due to lack of sufficient field data. It is found within numerous protected areas within its range. However, poaching and illegal logging are rampant while conservation measures are not species-specific. The species can be found in at least 43 protected areas in Northeast India, 14 conservation areas in Laos, and 24 protected areas in Vietnam. It can be found at Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh, and 80% of its range in China is protected. The species has been listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, and in June 2007, it was transferred, along with all other slow loris species, to CITES Appendix I, which forbids international commercial trade.

The most severe threats facing the species are the wildlife trade (trapping for exotic pets and use in traditional medicine) and deforestation. Slash and burn agriculture has also resulted in the destruction of its habitat, and road construction is another factor in its decline. Hunting has been found to be most severe when nearby urban human populations increase. Enhancing protection measures, enforcing current wildlife protection laws, and improving the connectivity between protected areas are factors considered critical to ensure the survival of this species.

The species is commonly sold as a pet and to zoos throughout Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, it was reported in 2006 as one of the most common mammals found in shops and stalls, found in the hundreds and selling for US$0.85 to US$6.25. In the same year, it was found selling for US$2.50 to US$6.30 at bazaars in China (Mengla County in Yunnan Province) and US$70 in Thailand. The Bengal slow loris is used in traditional medicine in all of these countries, selling for US$15 in Vietnam, and is also eaten in Vietnam. The animal is predominantly used to prepare treatments for women after childbirth, stomach problems, healing wounds and broken bones, and in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Primary users are wealthy to middle-class women in urban areas.

Throughout its geographic range, slow lorises are in serious decline. Their habitat has been seriously degraded, and growing human populations will add increasing pressure. In countries like Bangladesh, only 9% of the original forest cover was still present in 2000. In northeastern Cambodia, forests are being cleared at an increasing rate, with a loss of 6% of the natural forest between 1999 and 2000. Within those same years, Myanmar and Thailand lost 14% and 26% of their natural forest, respectively. In Vietnam, only 30% of the original forest cover remains due to the deforestation caused by the Vietnam War, and only 10% of that includes closed-canopy forests. Habitat destruction remains rampant, and all slow loris populations within its borders are significantly depleted. Populations have been declared locally extinct in southern Quảng Nam Province and parts of the highlands, and the same is expected in Song Thanh and Kon Cha Rang nature reserves.

In India, dense forest canopy has been depleted by as much as 55% in some areas and is rapidly disappearing. As early as 1987, the Indo-China region had reportedly lost 75% of the natural habitat for slow lorises. In 1992, the population size was estimated between 16,000 and 17,000 individuals, based on available habitat; however, recent publications report that few individuals remain due to a reduced geographic range. The Bengal slow loris may be restricted to a few isolated populations and is in serious threat of becoming locally extinct in parts of Assam and Meghalaya. In Arunachal Pradesh, its population is declining and under threat.

Population density has been estimated between 0.03 and 0.33 individuals per km2 in Assam, India, according to a study published in 2006. A survey in 2007 at the Thrisna Wildlife Sanctuary and Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary in Tripura, India, yielded an encounter rate of 0.22 individuals/km, with seven of nine sightings occurring within 1.71 km2 (0.66 sq mi) and most of the animals found at a height of 8–15 m (26–49 ft) and near the interior of wet, deciduous forest. In 2008, the species abundance was measured at 0.18 individuals/km at Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam.

Since the 1990s, China's forests have declined significantly. In Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, primary forests are few and isolated, and secondary forests have been severely degraded. Yunnan has lost 42% of its forests and 2,000 or less slow lorises remain. In Guangxi, the Bengal slow loris is nearly extinct. It has been extirpated in Ningming County and only a few individuals are left in Jingxi, Longzhou, and Pingxiang.

### Literature cited

## InfoBox

| Bengal slow loris | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Strepsirrhini |
| Family: | Lorisidae |
| Genus: | *Nycticebus* |
| Species: | ***N. bengalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nycticebus bengalensis***
(Lacépède, 1800) | |
|
|  | |
| Range of the Bengal slow loris | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lori bengalensis* Lacépède, 1800 * *Nycticebus cinereus* Milne-Edwards, 1867 * *Nycticebus tardigradus typicus* Lydekker, 1905 * *Nycticebus tenasserimensis* Elliot, 1913 * *Nycticebus incanus* Thomas, 1921 | |


title: Richmond Black Widows

abstract: The Richmond Black Widows are a women's American football team playing out of Richmond, Virginia. They are a member of the Women's Football Alliance (WFA). They are the first women's football team in Richmond, and currently the only team in Virginia. They played their inaugural season in April 2016. For the 2022 season, Richmond Black Widows' games are held at Hermitage High School.

text:
# Richmond Black Widows

The **Richmond Black Widows** are a women's American football team playing out of Richmond, Virginia. They are a member of the Women's Football Alliance (WFA). They are the first women's football team in Richmond, and currently the only team in Virginia. They played their inaugural season in April 2016.

For the 2022 season, Richmond Black Widows' games are held at Hermitage High School.

## Staff

As of 2022 the coaching staff include:

* Head coach - Frank Baltimore Sr.
* Offensive Coordinator - Reggie Crosby
* Defensive Coordinator - Paul Nuttall
* Defensive Line Coach - Marlene Davis
* Assistant coach - Anne Dornek
* LB Coach - Larry Jones
* QB/RB/WR Coach - Mike Jones
* DB Coach - Saroun Sam
* Offensive Line Coach - Sarah Schkeeper

## History

### Women's Football in Richmond

The Richmond Black Widows was founded in 2015 by Sarah Schkeeper with the express goal of, not only promoting women's football in the area, but providing young girls and women the opportunity to play a sport they have been denied and growing the confidence of young girls by showing them what can be achieved with drive and determination. At least once, prior to Sarah Schkeeper founding the Richmond Black Widows, a women's football team was attempted in Richmond. It fizzled before it ever started a season. Having played for 5 years for the New York Sharks and competing in 2013 on the US Women's National Team that participated in the IFAF Women's World Championship, Schkeeper moved to Richmond, Virginia and started the journey of bringing women's football to Richmond, Virginia.

As there was no foundation for football in the area, Sarah Schkeeper had to use alternative means to spread the word, creating a MeetUp group. Currently the team has a strong roster of over 40 women and a knowledgeable coaching staff.

## Season-By-Season

Season records
| Season | W | L | T | Finish | Playoff results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Richmond Black Widows (WFA)** | | | | | |
| 2016 | 5 | 3 | 0 | -- | Tier III National Conference Champions |
| Totals | 6 | 3 | 0 | (including playoffs) | |

* = current standing

## Roster

| Richmond Black Widows Roster | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quarterbacks***  * 3 Katelyn Wright  **Running backs**
*  * 9 Dana Lashley (RB/LB) *  * 22 Crystal Harvey (RB/DB) *  * 23 Janella Barbour *  * 29 Melissa Chasteen *  * 35 Sha Maclin (FB/LB) *  * 37 Anne Doornek (FB/LB)  **Receivers**
*  * 5 CJ James (WR/DB) *  * 6 Katy Ley *  * 10 Joyia Thierry (WR/K) *  * 11 Shanice Cole (TE/DE) *  * 12 Nichole Beall (WR/S) *  * 13 Savannah Sargent (WR/DB) *  * 14 April Bryant (WR/S) |  | **Offensive line***  * 55 Brandi Cowans *  * 57 Marlene Davis *  * 59 TeQuila Wynn *  * 69 Sarah Schkeeper *  * 70 Melodie Anderson *  * 72 Sonja Bonds *  * 74 TAirra Belcher *  * 77 Desiree Edmondson *  * 78 Ja'el Humphries *  * 79 Monica Southall  **Defensive line**
*  * 50 Jessica Harris *  * 51 Josey Ramirez *  * 54 Nico Jones *  * 65 Joy Morton *  * 66 Ashley Roye *  * 67 Samantha Ganzer *  * 75 Cynthia Williams *  * 80 Crucita Berrios  **Linebackers**
*  * 2 Bianca Love *  * 18 Jasmine Martinez (LB/P) *  * 39 Tasha Smith *  * 58 Donna Pegram |  | **Defensive backs***  * 21 Mel Rouse *  * 30 Emily Kuhn  **Special teams**
*  * 56 Danni Sparkman (Kicker/Punter)  **Multiple/Unknown positions**
* *Currently vacant* |  | **Injured reserve***  * 25 Brandy McCollum *  * Kara Dunston |
|

## 2016

### Season schedule

| Date | Opponent | Home/Away | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 2 | Tri Cities Thunder | Away | Won 48-12 |
| April 9 | Fayetteville Fierce | Away | Won 28-0 |
| April 16 | Philadelphia Phantomz | Home | Lost 6-42 |
| April 23 | DC Divas | Home | Lost 6-48 |
| April 30 | Fayatteville Fierce | Home | Won 32-8 |
| May 7 | Philadelphia Phantomz | Away | Lost 0-48 |
| May 14 | BYE |
|
|
| May 21 | Keystone Assault | Away | Won 12-0 |
| May 28 | BYE |
|
|
| June 4 | Tri Cities Thunder | Home | Forfeit 2-0 |
| June 25 Playoff | Keystone Assault | Home | Win 14-8 |
| July 22 Championship | Acadiana Zydeco | Home | Lost 18-20 |
|

## InfoBox

Richmond Black Widows
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2015 |
| League | WFA (2016-present) |
| Team history | 2015-Present |
| Based in | Richmond, Virginia |
| Stadium | Hermitage H.S. |
| Colors | Black, Red, White |
| President | Sarah Schkeeper |
| Head coach | Frank Baltimore Sr. |
| Mascot | Betty |


title: Rikacha Tuna

abstract: Rikacha Tuna is a 4,400-metre-high (14,400 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Pachitea Province, Panao District. Rikacha Tuna lies northeast of K'uchu Hanka.

text:
# Rikacha Tuna

**Rikacha Tuna** (Quechua *rikacha* *Arracacia xanthorrhiza*, *tuna* slope, "*rikacha* slope", Hispanicized spelling *Ricachatuna*) is a 4,400-metre-high (14,400 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Pachitea Province, Panao District. Rikacha Tuna lies northeast of K'uchu Hanka.

## InfoBox

| Rikacha Tuna | |
| --- | --- |
| Rikacha TunaPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,400 m (14,400 ft) |
| Coordinates | 10°23′37″S 76°00′53″W / 10.39361°S 76.01472°W / -10.39361; -76.01472 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Huánuco Region |
| Parent range | Andes |


abstract: The Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516 was a conflict in the 16th century between the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U.

text:
# Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516

The **Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516** was a conflict in the 16th century between the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U.

## Background

After the Reconquest of Arakan, the Kingdom of Mrauk U was established as a Bengali protectorate. By the 16th century, Mrauk U challenged Bengali hegemony and declared independence several times. Southeastern Bengal, including the port of Chittagong, often fell under Arakanese rule.

## Conflict

During Alauddin Husain Shah's expeditions to Tripura, the ruler of Arakan helped Dhanya Manikya, the ruler of Tripura and expelled Husain Shah's officers from Chittagong. In 1513, Husain Shah assigned the charge of Arakan expedition to Paragal Khan. Paragal Khan advanced from his base on the Feni River. The expedition of territory to the western bank of Kaladan river was placed under his governorship administration. The hostilities probably ended in 1516, when Mrauk U recognized Bengali sovereignty over Chittagong and northern Arakan. As a result of the conflict, Mrauk U again became a vassal of the Bengal Sultanate.

## Aftermath

After the war, Paragal Khan was appointed the governor of Chittagong region. Paragal Khan with his son, Chhuti Khan, developed a military garrison in Paragalpur. The site was chosen to defend the Bengal Sultanate's borders from pirates from the Kingdom of Mrauk U in the South. It was named Laskarpur (after Laskar soldiers) before being renamed Paragalpur after Paragal Khan. Syed Sultan, noted medieval poet, was from Paragalpur

## InfoBox

| Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War | |
| --- | --- |
| Date 1512–1516  Location Chittagong and Northern Arakan  Result Bengal Sultanate victory  Territorial
changes  Bengali sovereignty over Chittagong and Northern Arakan | |
| Belligerents | |
| Bengal Sultanate | Kingdom of Mrauk U |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Alauddin Husain Shah
Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah
Paragal Khan
Chhuti Khan | Min Raza of Mrauk-U
Gazapati
Min Saw O
Thazata |


title: Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War

abstract: The Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War was a late 15th century conflict between the Kamata Kingdom and the Bengal Sultanate. As a result of the conflict the Khen dynasty was overthrown and the Bengal Sultanate extended its domain up to the Hajo in what is present day western Assam by 1502. Nevertheless, the Sultanate administration was removed in about ten years by the Assamese Bhuyans led by Harup Narayan.

text:
# Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War

The **Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War** was a late 15th century conflict between the Kamata Kingdom and the Bengal Sultanate. As a result of the conflict the Khen dynasty was overthrown and the Bengal Sultanate extended its domain up to the Hajo in what is present day western Assam by 1502. Nevertheless, the Sultanate administration was removed in about ten years by the Assamese Bhuyans led by Harup Narayan.

## Invasion

The conquest was instigated by Sachipatra, a Brahmin whose son was executed by King Nilambar for his promiscuity with the queen. In 1499, Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah dispatched an army under the command of Shah Ismail Ghazi to conquer Kamata. Ghazi's forces besieged the Kamatapur fort and destroyed the city. Hussain Shah imprisoned Nilambar of Kamata and ended the reign of the Khen dynasty. Though Kamatapur fell in 1498, Hussain Shah was able to annex up to Hajo not before 1502.

## Aftermath

The region was brought under the administration of Sultanate governors in Hajo. Hussain Shah minted coins with the proclamation "conqueror of Kāmrū, Kamata, Jajnagar and Urisa". He also publicly inscribed the victory at a stone in Malda. The Sultan appointed his son, Shahzada Danyal, as the governor of the newly conquered region; that reached up to Hajo and intended to expand to Central Assam. Daniyal later fell to the Assamese Bhuyans within Hussein Shah's lifetime and his rule ended.

* Baruah, S L (1986), *A Comprehensive History of Assam*, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
* Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), *The Comprehensive History of Assam*, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 35–48

## InfoBox

| Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War | |
| --- | --- |
| Date 1498  Location North Bengal and Western Assam  Result  Bengal Sultanate victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Bengal Sultanate | Kamata Kingdom |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| **Hussain Shah**
Shah Ismail Ghazi
Shahzada Danyal
Musundar Ghazi | **Nilambar** |
| Strength | |
| 24000 | 20000 - 25000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 400 killed
1700 wounded | 15000 killed
4000 several captured |
| Bengal Sultanate take over the khen Dynasty | |


title: Dixie Grammar School

abstract:
Dixie Grammar School is a private school in Market Bosworth, Leicestershire. The earliest records of the School's existence date from 1320, but the school was re-founded in 1601 under the will of an Elizabethan merchant and Lord Mayor of London, Sir Wolstan Dixie, by his great-nephew Sir Wolstan Dixie of Appleby Magna, who came to live in Market Bosworth in 1608. The most distinguished of the School's former pupils is Thomas Hooker, founder of Hartford, Connecticut, known as the Father of American Democracy. Samuel Johnson, moralist, poet and author of the famous dictionary, taught at the school in the mid-eighteenth century. The main building of today's school was built in 1828 and faces the market square of Market Bosworth. A distinguished headmaster of the school was the Rev. Arthur Benoni Evans from 1829 till his death in 1854. The school ceased to exist as a "grammar school" in 1969, with the establishment of Market Bosworth High School and Bosworth Community College, Desford, as much larger comprehensive schools found favour. The Leicestershire Independent Educational Trust was formed in 1983, and four years later the school was re-opened as a selective, independent, day school for boys and girls of all backgrounds between the ages of 10 and 18. Three years later the Junior School opened, moving in 2001 to its present premises, Temple Hall in Wellsborough. The Dixie Grammar provides education for the following ages of children:
  - The Pippins Nursery School– in Wellsborough
  - The Dixie Grammar Junior School – in Wellsborough
  - The Dixie Grammar School – in Market Bosworth The school has maintained the Independent Schools' Inspectorate top rating of 'Excellent' for Educational Quality unbroken since 2015. The Headmaster, Mr Richard Lynn, has been in post since 2014.

text:
# Dixie Grammar School

**Dixie Grammar School** is a private school in Market Bosworth, Leicestershire.

The earliest records of the School's existence date from 1320, but the school was re-founded in 1601 under the will of an Elizabethan merchant and Lord Mayor of London, Sir Wolstan Dixie, by his great-nephew Sir Wolstan Dixie of Appleby Magna, who came to live in Market Bosworth in 1608.

The most distinguished of the School's former pupils is Thomas Hooker, founder of Hartford, Connecticut, known as the Father of American Democracy. Samuel Johnson, moralist, poet and author of the famous dictionary, taught at the school in the mid-eighteenth century.

The main building of today's school was built in 1828 and faces the market square of Market Bosworth. A distinguished headmaster of the school was the Rev. Arthur Benoni Evans from 1829 till his death in 1854. The school ceased to exist as a "grammar school" in 1969, with the establishment of Market Bosworth High School (11–13 years) and Bosworth Community College, Desford (14–18 years), as much larger comprehensive schools found favour.

The Leicestershire Independent Educational Trust was formed in 1983, and four years later the school was re-opened as a selective, independent, day school for boys and girls of all backgrounds between the ages of 10 and 18. Three years later the Junior School opened, moving in 2001 to its present premises, Temple Hall in Wellsborough.

The Dixie Grammar provides education for the following ages of children:

* The Pippins Nursery School (ages 3–4)– in Wellsborough
* The Dixie Grammar Junior School (ages 5–10) – in Wellsborough
* The Dixie Grammar School (ages 10–18) – in Market Bosworth

The school has maintained the Independent Schools' Inspectorate top rating of 'Excellent' for Educational Quality unbroken since 2015. The Headmaster, Mr Richard Lynn, has been in post since 2014.

## InfoBox

| Dixie Grammar school | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Station Road
Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, CV13 0LE
England | |
| Coordinates | 52°37′29″N 1°24′11″W / 52.62463°N 1.40302°W / 52.62463; -1.40302 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private school |
| Established | 1601 (refounded) |
| Department for Education URN | 120339 Tables |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Age | 3 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 500 |
| Houses | York and Lancaster |
| Colour(s) | Yellow and blue |
| Publication | Snow Leopard |
| Website | www.dixie.org.uk |


title: Raymond H. Thompson

abstract: Raymond H. Thompson is a Canadian scholar of medieval literature specializing in King Arthur and the Matter of Britain, and in the reinterpretation of this material in modern literature. He is a professor emeritus in the Department of English at Acadia University in Canada. Thompson completed his Ph.D. in 1969 at the University of Alberta, with the dissertation Sir Gawain and heroic tradition: a study of the influence of changing heroic ideals upon the reputation of Gawain in the medieval literature of France and Britain. At that time, he already listed his academic affiliation with Acadia University. He was Scholar Guest of Honor at the 20th Annual Mythopoeic Conference in Vancouver, 1989.

text:
# Raymond H. Thompson

**Raymond H. Thompson** is a Canadian scholar of medieval literature specializing in King Arthur and the Matter of Britain, and in the reinterpretation of this material in modern literature. He is a professor emeritus in the Department of English at Acadia University in Canada.

Thompson completed his Ph.D. in 1969 at the University of Alberta, with the dissertation *Sir Gawain and heroic tradition: a study of the influence of changing heroic ideals upon the reputation of Gawain in the medieval literature of France and Britain*. At that time, he already listed his academic affiliation with Acadia University. He was Scholar Guest of Honor at the 20th Annual Mythopoeic Conference in Vancouver, 1989.

## *Pendragon*

Thompson was brought on by Chaosium in 1997 as an editor to select and package their *Pendragon* fiction line. However, Chaosium printed only two books before they lost the rights to the line, which Green Knight Publishing subsequently picked up.

## Books

Thompson's books include:

* *Gordon R. Dickson: A Primary and Secondary Bibliography* (G. K. Hall, 1983)
* *The Return from Avalon: A Study of the Arthurian Legend in Modern Fiction* (Greenwood Press, 1985)
* *The Arthurian Encyclopedia* (with Norris J. Lacy, Geoffrey Ashe, Sandra Ness Ihle, and Marianne E. Kalinke, Garland, 1986)
* *Merlin: A Casebook* (with Peter H. Goodrich, Routledge, 2003)
* *Gawain: A Casebook* (with Keith Busby, Routledge, 2006)


title: Residual gas analyzer

abstract: A residual gas analyzer (RGA) is a small and usually rugged mass spectrometer, typically designed for process control and contamination monitoring in vacuum systems. When constructed as a quadrupole mass analyzer, there exist two implementations, utilizing either an open ion source (OIS) or a closed ion source (CIS). RGAs may be found in high vacuum applications such as research chambers, surface science setups, accelerators, scanning microscopes, etc. RGAs are used in most cases to monitor the quality of the vacuum and easily detect minute traces of impurities in the low-pressure gas environment. These impurities can be measured down to 10 − 14 Torr levels, possessing sub-ppm detectability in the absence of background interferences. RGAs would also be used as sensitive in-situ leak detectors commonly using helium, isopropyl alcohol or other tracer molecules. With vacuum systems pumped down to lower than 10 − 5 Torr—checking of the integrity of the vacuum seals and the quality of the vacuum—air leaks, virtual leaks and other contaminants at low levels may be detected before a process is initiated.

text:
# Residual gas analyzer

A **residual gas analyzer** (**RGA**) is a small and usually rugged mass spectrometer, typically designed for process control and contamination monitoring in vacuum systems. When constructed as a quadrupole mass analyzer, there exist two implementations, utilizing either an open ion source (OIS) or a closed ion source (CIS). RGAs may be found in high vacuum applications such as research chambers, surface science setups, accelerators, scanning microscopes, etc. RGAs are used in most cases to monitor the quality of the vacuum and easily detect minute traces of impurities in the low-pressure gas environment. These impurities can be measured down to $10^{-14}$ Torr levels, possessing sub-ppm detectability in the absence of background interferences.

RGAs would also be used as sensitive in-situ leak detectors commonly using helium, isopropyl alcohol or other tracer molecules. With vacuum systems pumped down to lower than $10^{-5}$ Torr—checking of the integrity of the vacuum seals and the quality of the vacuum—air leaks, virtual leaks and other contaminants at low levels may be detected before a process is initiated.

## Open ion source

OIS is the most widely available type of RGA. Residual Gas Analyzers measure pressure by sensing the weight of each atom as they pass through the quadrupole. Cylindrical and axially symmetrical, this kind of ionizer has been around since the early 1950s. The OIS type is usually mounted directly to the vacuum chamber, exposing the filament wire and anode wire cage to the surrounding vacuum chamber, allowing all molecules in the vacuum chamber to move easily through the ion source. With a maximum operating pressure of $10^{-4}$ Torr and a minimum detectable partial pressure as low as $10^{-14}$ Torr when used in tandem with an electron multiplier.

OIS RGAs measure residual gas levels without affecting the gas composition of their vacuum environment, though there are performance limitations which include:

* Outgassing of water from the chamber, $H\_{2}$ from the OIS electrodes and most varieties of 300-series stainless steel used in the surrounding vacuum chamber due to the high temperatures of the hot-cathode source (\> 1300 °C).
* Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD) is noted by peaks observed at 12, 16, 19 and 35  rather than by electron-impact ionization of gaseous species, with the effects similar to outgassing effects. This is frequently counteracted by gold-plating the ionizer which in turn reduces the adsorption of many gases. Using platinum-clad molybdenum ionizers is an alternative.

## Closed ion source

With applications requiring measurement of pressures between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-3}$ Torr, the problem of ambient and process gases can be significantly reduced by replacing the OIS configuration with a CIS sampling system. Such an ionizer sits on top of the quadrupole mass filter and consists of a short, gas-tight tube with two openings for the entrance of electrons and exit of ions. The ions are formed close to a single extraction plate and exit the ionizer. Electrically insulated alumina rings seal the tube and the biased electrodes from the rest of the quadrupole mass assembly. The ions are produced by electron impact directly at the process pressure. Such design has been applied to gas chromatography mass spectrometry instruments before adaption by quadrupole gas analyzers. Most commercially available CIS systems operate between $10^{-2}$ and $10^{-11}$ Torr and offer ppm level detectability over the entire mass range for process pressures between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-2}$ Torr. The upper limit is set by reduction in mean free path for ion-neutral collisions which takes place at higher pressures, and results in the scattering of ions and reduced sensitivity.

The CIS anode may be viewed as a high conductance tube connected directly to the process chamber. The pressure in the ionization area is virtually the same as the rest of the chamber. Thus the CIS ionizer produces ions by electron impact directly at the process pressure whilst the rest of the mass analyzer is kept under high vacuum. Such direct sampling provides good sensitivity and fast response times.

## InfoBox

Residual gas analyzer
| Residual gas analyzer installed on a laboratory-scale freeze dryer | |
| --- | --- |
| Acronym | RGA |
| Uses | Process gas measurement |
| Manufacturer | INFICON |
| Model | Transpector 200 |


title: Slurpee flavor tie-ins

text:
# Slurpee flavor tie-ins

In the decades since its creation, new varieties of the Slurpee drink have been available as tie-ins to films, video games, and other media. The following is a list of promotional tie-in flavors, along with the dates that they were available. This list does not include themes for Slurpee cups.

| Tie-in with | Title | Dates available | Flavor | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Super Mario Bros. (film) | Fanta Plumber's Passion | May-June 1993 | Wild Cherry |  |
| Super Mario Bros. (film) | Fanta Reptile Raspberry | May-June 1993 | Blue Raspberry |  |
| NHL | Minute Maid Peach Power Play | Winter 1996 | Peach |  |
| Men in Black II | Blackberry | July 2002 | Blackberry |  |
| WWE | Bruisin' Berry | August 2002 | Purple Raspberry |  |
| American Idol | Vanilla Coke | March-April 2003 | Vanilla |  |
| Hulk (film) | Mountain Dew | June-July 2003 | Citrus |  |
| Shrek 2 | Sierra Mist Shrek-A-Licious | May 2004 | Lemon Lime |  |
| Halo 2 | Mountain Dew | November 2004 | Citrus |  |
| The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie | Under the Sea Pineapple | March 2005 | Pineapple |  |
| Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith | Mountain Dew: Darth Dew | May 2005 | Sour Grape |  |
| X-Men: The Last Stand | Sunkist Orange | May 2006 | Orange |  |
| Superman Returns | Mountain Dew Arctic Burst | June 2006 | Blueberry |  |
| Superman Returns | Mountain Dew Kryptonite Ice | June 2006 | Tropical Mango |  |
| Nintendo Wii | StrawberrWii Banana | December 2006 | Strawberry Banana |  |
| Spider-Man 3 | Black Cherry Lemonade | April 2007 | Black Cherry Lemonade |  |
| Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer | Full Throttle | June 2007 | Citrus Berry |  |
| The Simpsons Movie | Woo-Hoo Vanilla Blue 'Squishee' | July 2007 | Vanilla |  |
| Halo 3 | Mountain Dew Game Fuel | September 2007 | Citrus Cherry |  |
| Iron Man | AMP Energy Freeze | April 2008 | Citrus Mixed Berry |  |
| Guitar Hero | Full Throttle Frozen Blast | May 2008 | Citrus Berry |  |
| The Incredible Hulk | Radiation Rush | June 2008 | Pineapple/Strawberry/Citrus |  |
| Nexon | Vanilla Cremé | November 2008 | Vanilla |  |
| X-Men Origins: Wolverine | Mutant Berry | April–May 2009 | Berry |  |
| Terminator Salvation | Apocalyptic Ice | May 2009 | Citrus |  |
| Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen | Bumblebee Blast | June 2009 | Mango Passion Fruit |  |
| G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra | Liquid Ammunition | July 2009 | Strawberry/Pineapple/Lime |  |
| Grand Chase | Mountain Dew Supernova Arme Ice | September 2009 | Citrus Raspberry Lemon | Philippines only |  |
| Grand Chase | Mountain Dew High Voltage Ronan Rush | September 2009 | Citrus Blue Raspberry | Philippines only |  |
| Domo (NHK) | Fuji Frost | October 2009 | Apple |  |
| God of War III | Kratos Fury | February 2010 | Blackberry Lime |  |
| Iron Man 2 | Invincible Orange | April 2010 | Orange Float |  |
| FarmVille | Goji Berry Cherry | June 2010 | Goji Berry Cherry |  |
| SummerSlam (2010) | Barq's Root Beer | August 2010 | Root Beer |  |
| Killzone 3 | KZ3™ Battle Fuel | March 2011 | Orange |  |
| Thor | Blue Lightning Blast | April 2011 | Raspberry Tangerine |  |
| Cowboys & Aliens | Alienade | July 2011 | Strawberry/Raspberry/Lemonade |  |
| SummerSlam (2011) | Fanta's Berry Citrus Slam | August 2011 | Citrus/Raspberry/Orange/Berry |  |
| NCAA | Powerade Mountain Berry Blast | March 2012 | Citrus/ Fruit Punch |  |
| LeBron James | Sprite 6 Mix LeBron James Slurpee | May–June 2014 | Cherry/Orange |  |
| Call of Duty: Black Ops III | Mountain Dew Game Fuel | November–December 2015 | Berry Lime |  |
| Shark Week | Blue Raspberry | May–June 2016 | Blue Raspberry |  |
| Deadpool 2 | Monster: Mutant Super Soda Red Dawn | May–June 2018 | Citrus Cherry |  |
| Pokémon: Detective Pikachu | Mr. Mime Mystery Slurpee | April–May 2019 | Passion Fruit/Orange/Peach |  |
| Ghostbusters | Green Apple Watermelon | May–June 2019 | Green Apple/Watermelon | Canada only |  |
| Pac-Man | Inky's Blueberry Raz | February-April 2023 | Blueberry/Raspberry |  |
| Pac-Man | Blinky's Cherry | February- April 2023 | Cherry |  |
| Lyrical Lemonade | Sprite Lymonade Legacy | June-August 2023 | Lemon/Lime |  |
| Lyrical Lemonade | Hibiscus Lemonade | June-August 2023 | Hibiscus/Lemon |  |
|


title: Deseret Telegraph and Post Office

abstract: The Deseret Telegraph and Post Office building is one of the oldest buildings in Rockville, Utah, United States. It was built in 1864 by Edward Huber. A small wood frame office addition housed a telegraph office and a post office. The main structure is a two-story red sandstone building with a low second floor. The office is a lean-to addition on the right side of the main building. A similar lean-to on the other side, now missing, matched the office, and there is a two-story gabled frame addition to the rear. There are two rooms in the main block downstairs, and one upstairs. The Deseret Telegraph and Post Office was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1972. The house has been restored.

text:
# Deseret Telegraph and Post Office

The **Deseret Telegraph and Post Office** building is one of the oldest buildings in Rockville, Utah, United States. It was built in 1864 by Edward Huber. A small wood frame office addition housed a telegraph office and a post office. The main structure is a two-story red sandstone building with a low second floor. The office is a lean-to addition on the right side of the main building. A similar lean-to on the other side, now missing, matched the office, and there is a two-story gabled frame addition to the rear. There are two rooms in the main block downstairs, and one upstairs.

The Deseret Telegraph and Post Office was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1972. The house has been restored.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Deseret Telegraph and Post Office | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Deseret Telegraph and Post Office in 1940 | |
|  | |
| Location | West Main Street (SR-9)
Rockville, Utah
United States |
| Coordinates | 37°9′39″N 113°2′34″W / 37.16083°N 113.04278°W / 37.16083; -113.04278 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Built | 1864 (1864) |
| Built by | Huber, Edward |
| NRHP reference No. | 72001263 |
| Added to NRHP | February 23, 1972 |


title: Fountain Lake Farm

abstract: Fountain Lake Farm, also known as the Wisconsin Farm Home of John Muir, is a historic farm and National Historic Landmark in rural Montello, Wisconsin, United States. The landmark covers part of the farm that was the home of pioneering conservationist John Muir from 1849 to 1856 and 1860 to 1862. Covering 80 acres (32 ha), the landmarked area is partly private property and partly in John Muir Memorial County Park, a minimally developed public park.

text:
# Fountain Lake Farm

**Fountain Lake Farm**, also known as the **Wisconsin Farm Home of John Muir**, is a historic farm and National Historic Landmark in rural Montello, Wisconsin, United States. The landmark covers part of the farm that was the home of pioneering conservationist John Muir from 1849 to 1856 and 1860 to 1862. Covering 80 acres (32 ha), the landmarked area is partly private property and partly in John Muir Memorial County Park, a minimally developed public park.

## Description and history

John Muir came to the United States in 1849 as an eleven-year-old immigrant with his father, who established a farm in Marquette County, Wisconsin. The 160-acre (65 ha) farm property later expanded to 320 acres (130 ha) in what was essentially undeveloped wilderness, which would play a significant role in developing the young Muir's appreciation of nature and the development of his conservation ethic. Muir explored Fountain Lake, partially on the farm property and the farm's namesake, and the ecosystems that surrounded it. The family farmstead was located on a knoll in the northeastern portion of the acreage 80 acres (32 ha) that makes up the landmark designation.

The landmarked area is a rectangle consisting of those southern 80 acres of the Muir property. It is bounded on the north by Gillette Drive, and includes of a parcel of private land at its northeast corner, as well as the northeastern part of the county's John Muir Memorial Park. The private land, about 18 acres (7.3 ha), includes the area that was the site of the Muir's farmhouse. The southern and western portions of the landmarked area are accessible via a trail that encircles the lake and via a parking area on County Road F. There are no standing structures in the landmarked area that date to the Muir's ownership, although some trees survive from the Muir period.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fountain Lake Farm (Wisconsin Farm Home of John Muir) | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Entrance into Fountain Lake Farm | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Montello, Wisconsin<br>United States |
| Coordinates | 43°41′30″N 89°23′14″W / 43.69167°N 89.38722°W / 43.69167; -89.38722 |
| Area | 80 acres (32 ha) |
| Built | 1864 |
| NRHP reference No. | 90000471 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | 1990-06-21 |
| Designated NHL | 1990-06-21 |


title: Throw (disambiguation)

abstract: Throwing is the launching of a ballistic projectile by hand. Throw, thrown, or throwing may also refer to:

text:
# Throw (disambiguation)

**Throwing** is the launching of a ballistic projectile by hand.

**Throw**, **thrown**, or **throwing** may also refer to:

## Music

### Bands

* Throw (band), a punk band from the Philippines
* Throws, a British indie pop duo formed by Mike Lindsay and Sam Genders, both formerly of Tunng

### Songs

* "Throw", a song by Stabbing Westward from the 1994 album *Ungod*
* "Thrown", a song by Opshop from the 2004 album *You Are Here*

## Science and engineering

## Sports

## Other uses