title: Shantinatha Charitra

abstract: Shantinatha Charitra is a Sanskrit text of the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism that describes the life of 16th tirthankara Shantinatha. It was written by Acharya Ajitprabhasuri in 1397 CE. This text has been registered into Memory of the World Programme by UNESCO.

text:
# Shantinatha Charitra

**Shantinatha Charitra** is a Sanskrit text of the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism that describes the life of 16th *tirthankara* Shantinatha. It was written by Acharya Ajitprabhasuri in 1397 CE. This text has been registered into Memory of the World Programme by UNESCO.

## History

This text was written in 1397 C.E. by Śvetāmbara monk *Acharya* *Ajitprabhasuri* on paper-palm leaves and was inherited by late *Muni Punyavijayji* through his family. He then donated it to Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology in 1961.

## Description

The manuscript talks about peace, non-violence and brotherhood through examples from Shantinatha's previous births and the final birth as a Tirthankara. It is a biographical text that adheres to the beliefs of the Śvetāmbara tradition. and was composed and written in the late 14th century. This is the oldest example of miniature painting. These illustrations are beautifully drawn in multi-colour and are examples of a highly evolved style of painting. It contains 10 images of scenes from the life of Shantinatha in the style of Jain paintings from Gujarat. The text contains miniature paintings drawn in multi-colour. This is the oldest example of Jain miniature painting. The ink used in the manuscript is gum lampblack and white paint made from mineral silver. This heritage document is written in Devanagari script.

### Citation

### Source

* Sinha, Kounteya (June 2013). "Rare Jain text declared world heritage document". *The Times of India*. London. Times News Network (TNN).
* Vishnoi, Anubhuti (2012). "Tughlaq, Jain works vie for roll of honour". *The Indian Express*. New Delhi.
* *Shāntinātha Charitra*, UNESCO
* *INTERNATIONAL MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER - Shāntinātha Charitra* (PDF), UNESCO

## Further reading

Prabhācārya, Ajita (January 1998). Muni Indravijaya (ed.). *Śri Śāntinātha Caritra*. Bibliotheca Indica: A Collection of Oriental Works (in Sanskrit) (New Series, No. 1200 ed.). Asiatic Society of Bengal.

## InfoBox

| Shantinatha Charitra | |
| --- | --- |
| Information | |
| Religion | Jainism (Śvetāmbara sect) |
| Author | Acharya Ajitprabhasuri |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| Period | 1397 C.E. |


title: 1615 in Sweden

abstract: Events from the year 1615 in Sweden

text:
# 1615 in Sweden

Events from the year **1615 in Sweden**

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| **Years in Sweden:** | 1612 1613 1614 **1615** 1616 1617 1618 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 16th century · **17th century** · 18th century |
| **Decades:** | 1580s 1590s 1600s **1610s** 1620s 1630s 1640s |
| **Years:** | 1612 1613 1614 **1615** 1616 1617 1618 |


title: Carabus melancholicus submeridionalis

abstract: Carabus melancholicus submeridionalis is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae that can be found in Portugal and Spain. They are brownish-black coloured.

text:
# Carabus melancholicus submeridionalis

***Carabus melancholicus submeridionalis*** is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae that can be found in Portugal and Spain. They are brownish-black coloured.

## InfoBox

| *Carabus melancholicus submeridionalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Carabus* |
| Species: | *C. melancholicus* |
| Subspecies: | ***C. m. submeridionalis*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Carabus melancholicus submeridionalis***<br>Breuning, 1975 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Carabus melancholicus dehesicola* Garcia-Paris & Paris, 1996 | |


title: D27/28 Beijing–Harbin through train

abstract: The D27/28 Beijing–Harbin through train (Chinese:D27/28次北京到哈尔滨西动车组列车) is Chinese railway running between the capital Beijing to Harbin, capital of Heilongjiang express passenger trains by the Harbin Railway Bureau, Harbin passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Harbin originating on the Beijing train. CRH5 Type Passenger trains running along the Jingha Railway and Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway across Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities, the entire 1241 km. Beijing railway station to Harbin West railway station running 7 hours and 43 minutes, use trips for D27; Harbin West railway station to Beijing railway station to run 7 hours and 53 minutes, use trips for D28.

text:
# D27/28 Beijing–Harbin through train

The **D27/28 Beijing–Harbin through train** (Chinese:D27/28次北京到哈尔滨西动车组列车) is Chinese railway running between the capital Beijing to Harbin, capital of Heilongjiang express passenger trains by the Harbin Railway Bureau, Harbin passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Harbin originating on the Beijing train. CRH5 Type Passenger trains running along the Jingha Railway and Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway across Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities, the entire 1241 km. Beijing railway station to Harbin West railway station running 7 hours and 43 minutes, use trips for D27; Harbin West railway station to Beijing railway station to run 7 hours and 53 minutes, use trips for D28.


title: Saint-Imoges

abstract: Saint-Imoges is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Saint-Imoges

**Saint-Imoges** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿imɔʒ\]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Imoges | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Saint-Imoges | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Imoges | |
| Saint-ImogesSaint-Imoges | |
| Coordinates: 49°06′38″N 3°58′33″E / 49.1106°N 3.9758°E / 49.1106; 3.9758 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Épernay |
| Canton | Épernay-1 |
| Intercommunality | Grande Vallée de la Marne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Caroline Benoit |
| Area**1** | 17.13 km2 (6.61 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 320 |
| Density | 19/km2 (48/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 51488 /51160 |
| Elevation | 275 m (902 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Schackgalerie

abstract: The Schack-galerie is a museum in Munich. It is one of the noted galleries in this city. The museum is under supervision of the Bavarian State Picture Collection.

text:
# Schackgalerie

The **Schack-galerie** is a museum in Munich. It is one of the noted galleries in this city. The museum is under supervision of the Bavarian State Picture Collection.

## Collection

In 1855, Adolf Friedrich von Schack settled in Munich and became a member of the academy of sciences. Here he began to amass a splendid collection of paintings that included masterpieces of Romanticism by painters such as Anselm Feuerbach, Moritz von Schwind, Arnold Böcklin, Franz von Lenbach, Carl Spitzweg, Carl Rottmann, and others. Upon his death in 1894, he bequeathed the collection to the Emperor William II, however it remained in Munich.

## Building

The collection is housed in a building designed by Max Littmann (1907) next to the former diplomatic mission of Prussia in the Prinzregentenstraße as the emperor decided to keep the collection in Munich. The gallery building with its upper-level portico and the adjacent tract of the former Prussian embassy, appear as two independent building complexes, but are unified by a common base and corniceoring the connection. The façades of the buildings are built with bright sandstone. In the tympanium is an imperial coat of arms and a dedication by William II.

48°08′32″N 11°35′36″E / 48.14222°N 11.59333°E / 48.14222; 11.59333


title: Propatylnitrate

abstract: Propatylnitrate is a nitrovasodilator that is used as a medication against angina pectoris.

text:
# Propatylnitrate

**Propatylnitrate** (**propatyl nitrate**) is a nitrovasodilator that is used as a medication against angina pectoris.

## InfoBox

Propatylnitrate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 2,2-bis(nitrooxymethyl)butyl nitrate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.018.970 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H11N3O9/c1-2-6(3-16-7(10)11,4-17-8(12)13)5-18-9(14)15/h2-5H2,1H3 YKey: YZZCJYJBCUJISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| SMILES * CCC(CO\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])(CO\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])CO\[N+\](=O)\[O-\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H11N3O9 |
| Molar mass | 269.17 g/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | C01DA07 (WHO) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: David Silvester

abstract: David James Silvester is a British numerical analyst. He has a Chair in Numerical Analysis and is the Head of Applied Mathematics in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Manchester. Silvester was born in Dumfries, but was educated at Ysgol Ardudwy (Wales) and the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), from which he gained his B.Sc. in Mathematics (1980) and Ph.D. in Numerical Analysis (1983). His Ph.D. thesis was supervised by Ronald Thatcher. He was appointed lecturer in Mathematics at UMIST in 1984, and later promoted to Senior Lecturer and Reader. In 2003 he was promoted to a personal Chair of Numerical Analysis. Silvester held visiting positions in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University in 1991 and in 1999, at the University of Maryland (1994), the University of the Littoral Opal Coast (2009), and the University of Heidelberg (2019). Silvester is best known for his work on finite element methods, fast iterative solvers for fluid dynamics, and uncertainty quantification. He has more than 65 refereed publications on topics such as iterative solution of Stokes and Navier–Stokes systems, preconditioning, and error estimation in finite element methods. Silvester's books include Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers: With Applications in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics and Essential Partial Differential Equations. Silvester has served as the elected President of the UK and Republic of Ireland section of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (2009–2011). He became a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2023. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Scientific Computing.

text:
# David Silvester

**David James Silvester** (born 26 December 1958) is a British numerical analyst. He has a Chair in Numerical Analysis and is the Head of Applied Mathematics in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Manchester.

Silvester was born in Dumfries, but was educated at Ysgol Ardudwy (Wales) and the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), from which he gained his B.Sc. in Mathematics (1980) and Ph.D. in Numerical Analysis (1983). His Ph.D. thesis (*An Analysis of Finite Element Approximation for Swirling Flow*) was supervised by Ronald Thatcher. He was appointed lecturer in Mathematics at UMIST in 1984, and later promoted to Senior Lecturer and Reader. In 2003 he was promoted to a personal Chair of Numerical Analysis. Silvester held visiting positions in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University in 1991 (as a Fulbright Senior Fellow) and in 1999, at the University of Maryland (1994), the University of the Littoral Opal Coast (2009), and the University of Heidelberg (2019).

Silvester is best known for his work on finite element methods, fast iterative solvers for fluid dynamics, and uncertainty quantification. He has more than 65 refereed publications on topics such as iterative solution of Stokes and Navier–Stokes systems, preconditioning, and error estimation in finite element methods. Silvester's books include *Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers: With Applications in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics* and *Essential Partial Differential Equations* (co-authored with David F. Griffiths and John W. Dold).

Silvester has served as the elected President of the UK and Republic of Ireland section of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (2009–2011). He became a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2023. He is on the editorial board of the *Journal of Scientific Computing*.

## InfoBox

| David Silvester | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | David James Silvester
(1958-12-26) 26 December 1958
Dumfries, Scotland |
| Nationality | British |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom |
| Alma mater | University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions | University of Manchester |
| Thesis | *An Analysis of Finite Element Approximation for Swirling Flow*  (1983) |
| Doctoral advisor | Ronald Thatcher |
|  | |
| Website | personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/david.silvester/ |


title: Sheen Magazine

abstract: Sheen Magazine is a bimonthly magazine about African-American entertainment, music, culture, lifestyle and fashion. It was founded by Kimberly M. Chapman in 2006 as an extension of her Chapman Products Company. Its target audience is the African-American community and anyone interested in African American culture and its influence in today's world. Each year, Sheen hosts the Kimmie Awards to honor the women whose work is an inspiration to others. Sheen's covers are frequently referenced on sites like Young Black & Fabulous, Kiwi the Beauty, Bossip and Womanish.

text:
# Sheen Magazine

***Sheen Magazine*** is a bimonthly magazine about African-American entertainment, music, culture, lifestyle and fashion. It was founded by Kimberly M. Chapman in 2006 as an extension of her Chapman Products Company. Its target audience is the African-American community and anyone interested in African American culture and its influence in today's world.

Each year, *Sheen* hosts the Kimmie Awards to honor the women whose work is an inspiration to others. *Sheen*'s covers are frequently referenced on sites like *Young Black & Fabulous*, *Kiwi the Beauty*, *Bossip* and *Womanish*.

## Subjects

In August 2022, *Sheen* featured the Jamaican dancehall recording artist, singer and songwriter Spice.

## InfoBox

*Sheen Magazine*
| Editor | Kristyn Harris |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Lifestyle magazine |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Publisher | William P. Chapman III |
| Founder | Kimberly M. Chapman, William P. Chapman, Jr. |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Fountain Inn, South Carolina |
| Language | English |
| Website | sheenmagazine.com |


title: John Rylands

abstract: John Rylands was an English entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the owner of the largest textile manufacturing concern in the United Kingdom, and Manchester's first multi-millionaire. After having learned to weave, Rylands became a small-scale manufacturer of hand-looms, while also working in the draper's shop which his father had opened in St Helens. He displayed a "precocious shrewdness" for retailing, and in partnership with his two elder brothers expanded into the wholesale trade. So successful were they that, in 1819, Rylands' father merged his retail business with theirs, creating the firm of Rylands & Sons. At its peak, the company employed a workforce of 15,000 in 17 mills and factories, producing 35 long tons of cloth a day.

text:
# John Rylands

**John Rylands** (7 February 1801 – 11 December 1888) was an English entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the owner of the largest textile manufacturing concern in the United Kingdom, and Manchester's first multi-millionaire.

After having learned to weave, Rylands became a small-scale manufacturer of hand-looms, while also working in the draper's shop which his father had opened in St Helens. He displayed a "precocious shrewdness" for retailing, and in partnership with his two elder brothers expanded into the wholesale trade. So successful were they that, in 1819, Rylands' father merged his retail business with theirs, creating the firm of Rylands & Sons. At its peak, the company employed a workforce of 15,000 in 17 mills and factories, producing 35 long tons of cloth a day.

## Biography

Rylands was the third son of Joseph Rylands, a manufacturer of cotton goods, of St Helens, Lancashire, and his wife Elizabeth (née Pilkington). He was educated at St Helens Grammar School.

His aptitude for trade quickly became obvious and manifested itself early and, before the age of eighteen, he entered into partnership with his elder brothers Joseph and Richard. Their father joined them in 1819, when the firm of Rylands & Sons was established, the seat of operations being established in Wigan. Their manufactures for some years consisted of ginghams, checks, ticks, dowlases, calicoes and linens.

John, the youngest partner, occupied himself with travelling over several counties for orders until 1823, when he opened a warehouse for the firm in Manchester. Business increased rapidly, and in the course of a few years extensive properties at Wigan, along with dye works and bleach works, were purchased. Valuable seams of coal were afterwards discovered under these properties, and proved a great source of wealth to the purchasers.

In 1825 the firm became merchants as well as manufacturers, and about the same time they erected a new spinning mill. The Ainsworth mills, near Bolton, and other factories were subsequently acquired.

Joseph and Richard retired around 1839 and the death of their father in July 1847 made John Rylands sole proprietor. The business continued to expand and in 1849 a warehouse was opened in Wood Street, London.

A great fire occurred at the Manchester warehouse in 1854 but the loss, although very large, was speedily repaired. By 1864 the warehouses were seven storeys high and extended all the way along New High Street (now High Street) in Manchester: "they had become the summit of the firm's hierarchical organization, the seat of its central power and the goal of all ambitious employees" (D. A. Farnie, in "John Rylands of Manchester", 1973).

In 1873, Rylands converted his business into a limited company but he retained sole management of it. The extra capital from this move led to the purchase of more mills and the company entered into fresh business in many quarters of the globe. The firm, which had a capital of £2 million, became the largest textile manufacturing concern in the UK. His business made him Manchester's first multi-millionaire. He employed 15,000 people in his 17 mills and factories, which produced 35 long tons (39 short tons) of cloth a day.

From 1857, John Rylands lived at Longford Hall, in Stretford, an Italianate mansion he built on the site of an earlier house. In 2009 the local council placed a "blue plaque" at the site of Longford Hall to commemorate John and Enriqueta Rylands.

He was a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Curriers.

### Public works

Rylands was retired and reserved except in the company of his friends, and always shrank from public office of any kind, although he was not indifferent to public interests. He was politically liberal in his enterprises. When the Manchester Ship Canal was mooted, and there seemed a doubt as to the ways and means for the enterprise, he took up £50,000 worth of shares, increasing his contribution when the project appeared again in danger. Rylands was a Congregationalist, with leanings to the Baptist form of faith. He was of an ecumenical spirit and hoped that sectarian differences would tend to decrease: a number of Union Chapels (including one in Stretford and two in Manchester) were supported by him. His charities were numerous but unobtrusive. Among other benefactions he established and maintained orphanages, homes for aged gentlewomen, a home of rest for ministers of slender means, and he provided a town hall, public baths, library and a coffeehouse in the town of Stretford, where he lived. He also built an institute for the benefit of the villagers of Havenstreet on the Isle of Wight, where Rylands passed some of his later years from 1882, having built a house named Longford there after his mainland estate. His donations to the poor of Rome were so generous as to induce the king to decorate him in 1880 with the Order of the Crown of Italy.

For many years he employed the Rev. F. Bugby, John Gaskin, and other competent scholars to prepare special editions of the Bible and religious works which he printed for free distribution. These included:

1. *The Holy Bible*, arranged in numbered paragraphs, 1863, 4to, 1272 pages, with an excellent index in a separate volume of 277 pages. Two subsequent editions were printed in 1878 and 1886.
2. *Diodati's Italian Testament*, similarly arranged and indexed, printed for distribution in Italy.
3. *Ostervald's French Testament*, arranged on a similar plan.
4. *Hymns of the Church Universal, with Prefaces, Annotations, and Indexes*, Manchester, 1885, pp. 604, royal 8vo; a selection from a collection made by Rylands of sixty thousand hymns.

### Marriages and death

He married three times: first, in 1825, Dinah, daughter of W. Raby of Ardwick, Manchester (by her he had six children, none of whom survived him); secondly in 1848, Martha, widow of Richard Carden; and thirdly in 1875, Enriqueta Augustina, the eldest surviving daughter of Stephen Cattley Tennant.

Rylands's widow erected in Manchester a permanent memorial of her husband in the John Rylands Library, of which the famous Althorp Library, purchased by her from Earl Spencer in 1892, and Lord Crawford's manuscripts, purchased by her in 1901, form part of the contents. The library was inaugurated on 6 October 1899, when Mrs Rylands received the Freedom of the City of Manchester. The first day of opening was 1 January 1900. A posthumous grant of arms to John Rylands was obtained in 1893 in which the arms of Tennant are impaled with those of Rylands.

Rylands died at his home, Longford Hall, on 11 December 1888, at the age of 87. He was buried in the Southern Cemetery, Manchester: a fine tomb was erected over the vault and his widow was buried there in 1908. The tomb was designed by C. H. Heathcote and completed in 1892. The elaborate superstructure of the tomb which included four angels was taken down in 1927 after it was vandalised and the bronze railings were stolen in 1967.

The tomb has several Bible texts inscribed upon it which reflect his deep Christian faith: 1. "Redeemed with the precious blood of Christ." (1 Peter 1:18-19) 2. "They shall be mine saith the Lord of Hosts In that day when I make up my jewels." (Malachi 3:17) 3. "Looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life." (Jude 1:21) 4. "Kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation." (1 Peter 1:5) 5. "The Lord stood with me and strengthened me." (2 Timothy 4:17). 6. "Not slothful in business, fervent in spirit serving the Lord." (Romans 12:11).

His estate, the bulk of which was left to his wife Enriqueta, was valued at £2,574,922 (£362 million as of 2024), greater than that left by any other cotton manufacturer to that time.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Farnie, D. A. (1993). *John Rylands of Manchester*. Manchester: John Rylands University Library of Manchester. ISBN 0-86373-116-3.
* Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000). *Manchester: An Architectural History*. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5606-3.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| John Rylands | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1801-02-07)7 February 1801
Parr, St Helens, Lancashire, England |
| Died | 11 December 1888(1888-12-11) (aged 87)
Stretford, Lancashire, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Spouse(s) | Dinah Raby, Martha Carden, Enriqueta Tennant |
| Parent(s) | Joseph Rylands and Elizabeth (née) Pilkington |


title: Canova, New Mexico

abstract: Canova is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 118 as of the 2010 census. The community is located on the west bank of the Rio Grande. It is named after the extensive irrigation in the area, as it means "sluice" in Spanish.

text:
# Canova, New Mexico

**Canova** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 118 as of the 2010 census. The community is located on the west bank of the Rio Grande. It is named after the extensive irrigation in the area, as it means "sluice" in Spanish.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of 0.864 square miles (2.24 km2); 0.845 square miles (2.19 km2) of its area is land, and 0.019 square miles (0.049 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 102 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Education

It is in Española Public Schools. The comprehensive public high school is Española Valley High School.

## InfoBox

| Canova, New Mexico | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Canova | |
| Coordinates: 36°09′53″N 105°59′08″W / 36.16472°N 105.98556°W / 36.16472; -105.98556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| County | Rio Arriba |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.86 sq mi (2.24 km2) |
| Land | 0.84 sq mi (2.19 km2) |
| Water | 0.02 sq mi (0.05 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,985 ft (1,824 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 102 |
| Density | 120.71/sq mi (46.60/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| Area code | 505 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2584066 |


title: USS McNair

abstract: USS McNair (DD-679) was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy.

text:
# USS McNair

**USS *McNair* (DD-679)** was a *Fletcher*-class destroyer of the United States Navy.

## Namesake

Frederick Valette McNair was born on 13 January 1839 at Abington, Pennsylvania. He was appointed midshipman on 21 December 1853, graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1857. He served on the Atlantic blockade stations and Mississippi River patrols during the American Civil War, rising to the rank of rear admiral in July 1898. He served as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy from 1898 to 1900. Rear Admiral McNair died at Washington, D.C., on 28 November 1900, while awaiting orders.

## Construction and commissioning

*McNair* was laid down 30 June 1943 by the Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Kearny, N.J.; launched 14 November 1943; sponsored by Mrs. F. V. McNair, Jr., daughter-in-law of Rear Admiral McNair; and commissioned on 30 December 1943.

## Service history

### World War II

*McNair* departed New York on 5 March 1944 for the Pacific. By 14 June, as a unit of Destroyer Squadron 54 (DesRon 54), she was in the screen for the battleships that opened their guns against Japanese shore installations on Saipan. For the next 19 days, she provided fire support and carried out antisubmarine patrols. On 3 July, she was detached from TF 52 to escort ships between Eniwetok and Saipan. Rejoining that force on the 25th, she provided fire and screening support for the invasion of Tinian. Detached again 2 August, *McNair* steamed to Guadalcanal to prepare for the next offensive operation, the Palaus. From 6–21 September, she supported the land forces effecting the capture and occupation of the southern Palaus with counterbattery and harassing fire. After the battle of Angaur, she sailed south to Manus Island, the staging area for the Leyte invasion.

Arriving in the Leyte Gulf transport area on 20 October, *McNair* took up antisubmarine patrol duty to protect ships and troops as the latter began to storm the shore at Dulag. In the first hours of the 25th, she remained at her station to cover the entrance to Leyte Gulf as her sister ships of DesRon 54 conducted their much-heralded night torpedo attack on Japanese men-of-war steaming toward the northern end of Surigao Strait and defeat under the guns of Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf’s battleline.

The next day, she got underway for Hollandia where she took up escort work, ensuring the safe arrival of reinforcements at Leyte. Then she sailed back to the Solomons for rehearsals for the assault on Luzon. Clearing Guadalcanal on 25 December, she screened transports to Manus, continuing on to Lingayen Gulf with them on 2 January 1945. She entered the gulf on 11 January. There, until the 14th, she provided close fire support and met the attacks of *kamikazes* with skill. She then joined the fast carriers for strikes in support of the Iwo Jima offensive. By 16 February, she was 72 miles (133 km) off Honshū, screening the carriers as their planes struck at the Tokyo-Yokohama area, thus keeping Japanese planes at home while landings were made on Iwo. The force next moved south to provide air cover over the embattled island. On the 21st, *McNair* helped *Saratoga* fight off *kamikaze* and torpedo planes, splashing two of the latter, and then escorted her to Eniwetok for repairs.

On 18 March, the destroyer was back with the carriers for raids on the Nansei Shoto in preparation for the upcoming Okinawa campaign. On 1 April, they provided close support as troops landed on that enemy bastion. *McNair* remained off Okinawa to aid in fighting off the daily air attacks until 27 April, when she returned to Ulithi for repairs. Returning to Okinawa on 25 May, she conducted further shore bombardment and antiaircraft patrol missions before returning on 13 June to Leyte, the staging area of the fast carriers’ last deployment against Japan.

The force steamed north on 1 July, and for the next month and a half ranged the coasts of the enemy's home islands, raining destruction on industrial and military targets on Honshū, Hokkaidō, and the Kuriles. On 12 August, after her guns had pounded Paramushiro in the Kuriles, *McNair* headed for the Aleutians.

At Adak, Alaska on the 14th, she received news of the Japanese surrender and with that news, new orders to return to Japan for occupation duty in the Aomori-Ominato area. Two months later, on 12 October, she departed for the United States, arriving at San Francisco, Calif. on 4 November. At San Diego on 28 May 1946, she decommissioned and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

### 1951–1963

In 1950, world tension increased as the divided country of Korea became the site of overt hostilities. *McNair* was soon taken out of mothballs, recommissioning 6 July 1951. Before the end of the year she had reported for duty in the Atlantic Fleet. On 6 September 1952, she departed her home port, Newport, R.I., for a world cruise that took her through the Panama Canal to Korea, where she served as gunfire support ship for United Nations troops and as guardian of carriers of the 7th Fleet. After 3 months in the combat area, she transited the Suez Canal en route home, arriving Newport 11 April 1953. In July she headed back across the Atlantic for a midshipman training cruise to northern Europe, followed by her first deployment with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean.

*McNair* remained on the east coast until 18 April 1956, when she sailed on 72 hours notice for the Middle East. There, she cruised the Red Sea and along the northern Egyptian coast until mid-July. On 20 July, she cleared Gibraltar and by the 28th was back at Newport.

Tension in the Middle East remained high, and in May 1957 *McNair* was back in the Mediterranean. Transiting the Suez Canal 22 May with her division, DesDiv 202, she again cruised in the Red Sea area until July. She then returned to the Mediterranean for 6th Fleet operations, departing for Newport 22 August. In June 1958, *McNair* again sailed eastward to help deal with another explosive situation in the politically unstable eastern Mediterranean area. From 23 July to 20 August she patrolled off Lebanon. In mid-September, tension decreased and the destroyer departed for Newport, arriving on the 30th.

*McNair*'s 1959 6th Fleet deployment was followed by assignment to the 4th Naval District as a Naval Reserve training ship, based at Philadelphia, Penn. On 13 August 1961, the Brandenburg Gate between East and West Berlin was closed and construction on the Berlin Wall was begun by East Germany. As tension in the city, and the world, increased, Allied garrisons were reinforced and ships of the Allied navies stood by to await developments. *McNair*'s reserve crew was recalled to active duty and the destroyer again joined the active fleet for operations along the east coast and in the Caribbean. In mid-February, she sailed on her last European deployment, a 5-month cruise to northern European ports. By 7 September, she had resumed her status as a Naval Reserve training ship and had returned her reservist crew to civilian life. In August 1963, she entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard for preinactivation overhaul. Decommissioning there on 30 December, she joined the Philadelphia Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet.

*McNair* was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1974. She was sold on 10 June 1976 and broken up for scrap.

## Awards

*McNair* received eight battle stars for World War II service and two for the Korean War.

## InfoBox

| USS *McNair* underway, circa 1960 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Namesake | Frederick V. McNair, Sr. |
| Builder | Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Kearny, N.J. |
| Laid down | 30 June 1943 |
| Launched | 14 November 1943 |
| Commissioned | 30 December 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 30 December 1963 |
| Stricken | 1 December 1974 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 10 June 1976 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Fletcher*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 2,050 tons |
| Length | 376 ft 6 in (114.7 m) |
| Beam | 39 ft 8 in (12.1 m) |
| Draft | 17 ft 9 in (5.4 m) |
| Propulsion | * 60,000 shp (45 MW) * geared turbines * 2 propellers |
| Speed | 38 knots (70 km/h; 44 mph) |
| Range | 6,500 nautical miles at 15 kn (12,000 km at 28 km/h) |
| Complement | 319 |
| Armament |  |


title: D27 road (Croatia)

abstract: D27 is a state road connecting Gračac in the southern part of Lika, Croatia, to D8 state road via Benkovac. The road is 96.9 kilometres (60.2 mi) long. It also provides an alternative route to the sections of A1 motorway and the D8 state road that cross the Maslenica strait over the two Maslenica bridges, underneath the Velebit. This is especially important when strong wind or storms cause the A1 motorway section between Maslenica Bridge (A1) and Sveti Rok Tunnel to be closed for traffic for safety reasons. The road, like all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.

text:
# D27 road (Croatia)

**D27** is a state road connecting Gračac in the southern part of Lika, Croatia, to D8 state road via Benkovac. The road is 96.9 kilometres (60.2 mi) long. It also provides an alternative route to the sections of A1 motorway and the D8 state road that cross the Maslenica strait over the two Maslenica bridges, underneath the Velebit. This is especially important when strong wind or storms (usually the bora) cause the A1 motorway section between Maslenica Bridge (A1) and Sveti Rok Tunnel to be closed for traffic for safety reasons.

The road, like all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.

## Traffic volume

Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Hrvatske ceste, operator of the road. Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the road connects a number of summer resorts to Croatian motorway network.

| **D27 traffic volume** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Road** | **Counting site** | **AADT** | **ASDT** | **Notes** |
| D27 | 4912 Zaton Obrovački | 1,214 | 2,382 | Between Ž6027 and Ž6028 junctions. |
| D27 | 4914 Kruševo | 1,864 | 2,987 | Adjacent to Ž6025 junction. |
| D27 | 4915 Benkovac | 1,387 | 2,528 | Adjacent to Ž6045 junction. |
| D27 | 5317 Gornje Ceranje | 1,530 | 2,078 | Between Ž6064 and Ž6066 junctions. |
| D27 | 5303 Gaćelezi | 2,118 | 3,585 | Between D59 and Ž6071 junctions. |

## Road junctions and populated areas

| **D27 junctions/populated areas** | |
| --- | --- |
| **Type** | **Slip roads/Notes** |
|  | Gračac
D1 to Knin (to the south) and Korenica (to the north).
The northern terminus of the road. Northbound D27 traffic defaults to northbound D1.
D50 to A1 motorway Sveti Rok interchange. |
|  | Ž6027 to Kaštel Žegarski and Bruška. |
|  | Ž6028 to Muškovci. |
|  | Zaton Obrovački
D54 to Maslenica and D8 state road. |
|  | Obrovac
Ž6025 to Kaštel Žegarski, Ervenik and Kom.
D547 to Sveti Rok |
|  | Ž6024 to Kruševo. |
|  | Gornji Karin |
|  | Donji Karin
D502 to Smilčić, Zemunik Donji and D424 expressway Tromilja interchange. |
|  | Ž6048 to Donji Karin and Popovići. |
|  | Benkovac
Ž6003 within the town.
Ž6278 to Zemunik Donji (to the north) and to Skradin (to the south). |
|  | Šopot
6064 to Miranje, Vrana and Pakoštane. |
|  | Zapužane
D503 to Biograd na Moru. |
|  | A1 Benkovac interchange (via a connector) to Zagreb and Zadar to the north and to Šibenik and Split to the south. |
|  | Miranje
6064 to Šopot (to the north) and Vrana and Pakoštane (to the south). |
|
|  | Gornje Ceranje |
|  | Budak |
|  | Ž6066 to Pristeg. |
|  | Stankovci
Ž6067 to Bila Vlaka and Vukšić
Ž6068 to Kašić Banjevački and Pirovac (D8). |
|  | Crljenik |
|  | D59 to Pirovac (to the west) (D8) and Knin (to the east) (D1). |
|  | Grabovci |
|  | Gaćelezi
Ž6071 to D59 state road (as a connector). |
|  | Ž6086 to Tribunj. |
|  | D8 to Vodice (to the west) and to Šibenik (to the east).
The southern terminus of the road. |

## Maps

1. *Overview map of the D27* (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved July 21, 2014.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| D27 state road | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Length | 96.9 km (60.2 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | D1 in Gračac |
| Major intersections | D50 in Gračac
D54 in Zaton Obrovački
D502 in Donji Karin
D503 in Zapužane
A1 in Benkovac interchange

D59 near Crljenik |
| To | D8 near Šibenik |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Counties | Zadar, Šibenik-Knin |
| Major cities | Benkovac, Obrovac |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Saint-Imier

abstract: Saint-Imier is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura. The Observatoire Astronomique de Mont-Soleil is located above the village.

text:
# Saint-Imier

**Saint-Imier** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿imje\]) is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (*Jura Bernois*).

The Observatoire Astronomique de Mont-Soleil is located above the village.

## History

Saint-Imier is first mentioned in 884 as *cella de sancti Himerii*. The municipality was formerly known by its German name *St. Immer*, however, that name is no longer used. Its name refers to Imerius of Immertal, a 7th-century saint.

According to the legend of St. Imerius, he settled in the valley as a hermit in the late 6th or early 7th century on a piece of land that bishop Marius of Lausanne gave him as a present. In 884 a *cella* (probably a church, farm and monastery) was mentioned on the site. Archeological excavations around the former Church of St. Martin indicate that a village grew up around the *cella* around the same time. Two of the 142 graves from the church have been dated to the Early Middle Ages and the church was rebuilt at least three times before the 14th or early 15th century.

In 884 the *cella* with its outbuildings belonged to Moutier-Grandval Abbey. In 999, the Abbey donated Saint-Imier and a number of surrounding villages to the Prince-Bishop of Basel. In 1264, the Bishop appointed Otto of Arguel (or Erguel) as the vogt over the Saint-Imier valley fief. Otto raised the valley to become a seigniory and parish of the Diocese of Basel. By the end of the 15th century, Saint-Imier included the villages of Villeret, Sonvilier, Renan and La Ferriere.

Even though the physical valley was owned by the Bishop of Basel, religiously it was part of the Diocese of Lausanne. The Saint-Imier parish was probably founded in the 9th or 10th century. A village chapel was first mentioned in 968, with the parish church of St. Martin first appearing in the records in 1228. The church of St. Martin was later rebuilt in the gothic style. Another church, the collegiate church was built in the 11th century, probably under the direction of the Bishop of Basel. In 1530, Biel encouraged Saint-Imier to embrace the Protestant Reformation and convert to the new religion. The collegiate church before the parish church for the new Reformed parish. Over the following centuries, the Church of St. Martin was used less and less until it was demolished in 1828. In 1814 the town and the surrounding valley transferred from Lausanne to the Diocese of Basel. Catholic church services resumed in Saint-Imier in 1857 and in 1866 the neo-gothic Church of St. Martin was built. In 1912 a Christian Catholic church was built in the town.

In 1792 Théodore Frédéric Louis Liomin, the vogt or bailiff of Saint-Imier, threw his support behind the revolutionary movement that was sweeping the region. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Saint-Imier became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Saint-Imier was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

During the 19th century the anti-authoritarian or anarchist movement gained a foothold in the region. In 1872, the Jura Federation, which had strong support in Saint-Imier, organized a congress in Saint-Imier at which the Anti-authoritarian International was founded.

During the 18th century the inhabitants of the valley gradually gave up agriculture in favor of more lucrative jobs in the watch and lace-making industries. The first watch parts workshop opened in the 1720s and the industry continued to expand throughout the 19th century. By 1817 there were about 200 workers employed in either watchmaking workshops or small shops at home. The small scale workshops were replaced by large factory work, when Longines opened a factory in the town in 1867. By the end of the year, 1,600 people were employed in 47 watchmaking companies. Because the town's economy was so dependent on watchmaking, the economic crisis of the 1930s and the 1970s hit Saint-Imier hard. By the beginning of the 21st century, there were about ten watchmaking companies and the economy had diversified to include dental and medical technology and meteorology.

Portions of the town were destroyed by fire in 1839, 1843 and 1856. A hospital opened in Saint-Imier in 1856. In 1874 the town was connected to the Swiss rail network. The town's infrastructure was modernized early, before 1900 it had municipal water, gas and electricity. Saint-Imier has grown into a regional education center. The town's secondary school opened in 1860, followed by a watchmaker's school in 1866. The watch-maker's school was expanded into a machinist's school in 1896 and a technical vocational school in 1961. In 1976 it became a school of engineering and in 2005 it was integrated into the Haute école Arc/Hochschule Arc. A number of other schools opened in the town including the Bernese Jura Music School (1981), a vocational and technical school (1997), and a training center for health professionals (1993).

On 31 December 2009, the district of Courtelary, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, a new district (or *arrondissement administratif*) of Jura bernois was created, which includes all of the former Courtelary District, as well as the former district of La Neuveville and the area around Tavannes.

On 19 July 2023, hundreds of anarchists began arriving in Saint-Imier to participate in an international anarchist gathering, in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the Saint-Imier Congress. The event included lectures, workshops, concerts, film screenings, theatre plays, exhibitions and a book fair. By the second day of the event, thousands of people had arrived in the town, causing logistical issues for the self-managed space. The event also caused some safety problems, as its campsite was located next to train tracks that campers often crossed over in order to get to the event location, despite attempts by the event organisers to stop them. In order to guarantee safety, the Swiss Federal Railways halted all rail traffic between Saint-Imier and La Chaux-de-Fonds over the weekend, organising replacement bus services in order to maintain the public transit network. The event would end up counting 5,000 attendees, mostly people in their early twenties, who were reportedly warmly welcomed by the town's population. Saint-Imier mayor Corentin Jeanneret reported that the event went largely smoothly, with the exception of a few cases of graffiti.

## Geography

Saint-Imier has an area of 20.87 km2 (8.06 sq mi). Of this area, 49% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 40% is forested. Of the rest, 9.3% of the total is buildings or roads, and 0.7%of the total is unproductive.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.2%. Out of the forested land, 34% of the total land area is heavily forested and 6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.7% is used for growing crops and 20% is pastures and 27% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality is located in the Saint-Imier valley along the Suze river and on the Biel/Bienne-La Chaux-de-Fonds road.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Sable two Pales Or and overall on a Bar Argent a Mullet of Five Gules.*

## Demographics

Saint-Imier has a population (as of December 2020) of 5,156. As of 2010, 23.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of 4.2%. Migration accounted for 6.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -2.9%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (4,049 or 84.2%) as their first language, German is the second most common (315 or 6.6%) and Italian is the third (183 or 3.8%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.

As of 2008, the population was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. The population was made up of 1,682 Swiss men (35.3% of the population) and 612 (12.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,947 Swiss women (40.8%) and 530 (11.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 1,486 or about 30.9% were born in Saint-Imier and lived there in 2000. There were 1,072 or 22.3% who were born in the same canton, while 1,040 or 21.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,028 or 21.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

As of 2010, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21.2%.

As of 2000, there were 1,842 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,242 married individuals, 447 widows or widowers and 276 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 916 households that consist of only one person and 86 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 2,190 apartments (78.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 362 apartments (13.0%) were seasonally occupied and 223 apartments (8.0%) were empty. As of 2010, the construction rate of new housing units was 1.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2011, was 4.5%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Heritage sites of national significance

The Collégiale and the Longines Watch factory are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire urban village of Saint-Imier is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

## Politics

In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Social Democratic Party (SP) which received 26.4% of the vote. The next two most popular parties were the Swiss People's Party (SVP) (25.4%), and the FDP.The Liberals (18.2%). In the federal election, a total of 929 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 31.6%.

## Economy

Saint-Imier is the hometown of the Longines watchmaking company. The Breitling watchmaking company was founded in Saint-Imier, but moved to Grenchen, Canton of Solothurn.

As of  2011, Saint-Imier had an unemployment rate of 3.59%. As of 2008, there were a total of 2,483 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 61 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 23 businesses involved in this sector. 1,102 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 57 businesses in this sector. 1,320 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 164 businesses in this sector. There were 183 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 59.0% of the workforce.

In 2008 there were a total of 2,069 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 46, of which 42 were in agriculture and 4 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,024 of which 879 or (85.8%) were in manufacturing and 81 (7.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 999. In the tertiary sector; 184 or 18.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 29 or 2.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 48 or 4.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 40 or 4.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 44 or 4.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 101 or 10.1% were in education and 437 or 43.7% were in health care.

In 2000, there were 1,624 workers who commuted into the municipality and 802 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.0 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 11.3% of the workforce coming into Saint-Imier are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 10.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 53.3% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 1,989 or 41.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 1,642 or 34.2% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 22 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.46% of the population), there were 17 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 386 individuals (or about 8.03% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 161 (or about 3.35% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 617 (or about 12.84% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 156 individuals (or about 3.25% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Saint-Imier about 1,696 or (35.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 438 or (9.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 438 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.5% were Swiss men, 20.5% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 8.0% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 695 students attending classes in Saint-Imier. There were 5 kindergarten classes with a total of 100 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 27.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 33.0% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 21 primary classes and 349 students. Of the primary students, 31.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 19.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 13 lower secondary classes with a total of 246 students. There were 19.1% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 15.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. As of 2000, there were 396 students in Saint-Imier who came from another municipality, while 126 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Saint-Imier is home to 2 libraries, the Haute école Arc – Ingénierie and the *Bibliothèque régionale de St-Imier*. There was a combined total (as of 2008) of 29,145 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 41,777 items were loaned out.

## Transportation

The municipality has a railway station, St-Imier. The station is located on the Biel/Bienne–La Chaux-de-Fonds line and has half-hourly service to Biel/Bienne and La Chaux-de-Fonds.

Mont Soleil can be reached with Funiculaire Saint-Imier-Mont-Soleil.

## Sports

HC Sainti Bats plays in the Première Ligue, the fourth tier of Swiss hockey. Their home arena is the 3,000-seat Erguël Arena.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Saint-Imier | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Imier | |
| Saint-ImierSaint-Imier | |
| Coordinates: 47°9′N 7°0′E / 47.150°N 7.000°E / 47.150; 7.000 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Bern |
| District | Jura bernois |
| Government | |
| Executive | *Conseil municipal*
with 7 members |
| Mayor | Corentin Jeanneret |
| Parliament | *Conseil de Ville*
with 31 members |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.89 km2 (8.07 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 820 m (2,690 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 5,131 |
| Density | 250/km2 (640/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 2610 |
| SFOS number | 0443 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-BE |
| Surrounded by | Sonvilier, Villeret, Muriaux, Le Noirmont, Les Bois, Le Pâquier(NE), Villiers(NE) |
| Website | www.saint-imier.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Schackensleben

abstract: Schackensleben is a village and a former municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the municipality Hohe Börde.

text:
# Schackensleben

**Schackensleben** is a village and a former municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the municipality Hohe Börde.

## InfoBox

| Schackensleben | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Hohe Börde | |
|  | |
| Location of Schackensleben | |
| Schackensleben Schackensleben | |
| Coordinates: 52°12′N 11°25′E / 52.200°N 11.417°E / 52.200; 11.417 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| District | Börde |
| Municipality | Hohe Börde |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.66 km2 (4.50 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 100 m (300 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 715 |
| Density | 61/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 39343 |
| Dialling codes | 039206 |
| Vehicle registration | BK |


title: Propyl group

abstract:
In organic chemistry, a propyl group is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula −CH2CH2CH3 for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of propane. A propyl substituent is often represented in organic chemistry with the symbol Pr. An isomeric form of propyl is obtained by moving the point of attachment from a terminal carbon atom to the central carbon atom, named isopropyl or 1-methylethyl. To maintain four substituents on each carbon atom, one hydrogen atom has to be moved from the middle carbon atom to the carbon atom which served as attachment point in the n-propyl variant, written as −CH(CH3)2. Linear propyl is sometimes termed normal and hence written with a prefix n-, as the absence of the prefix n- does not indicate which attachment point is chosen, i.e. absence of prefix does not automatically exclude the possibility of it being the branched version.
In addition, there is a third, cyclic, form called cyclopropyl, or c-propyl. It is not isomeric with the other two forms, having a different chemical formula, not just a different connectivity of the atoms.

text:
# Propyl group

In organic chemistry, a **propyl group** is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula **−CH2CH2CH3** for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of propane. A propyl substituent is often represented in organic chemistry with the symbol **Pr** (not to be confused with the element praseodymium).

An isomeric form of propyl is obtained by moving the point of attachment from a terminal carbon atom to the central carbon atom, named **isopropyl** or 1-methylethyl. To maintain four substituents on each carbon atom, one hydrogen atom has to be moved from the middle carbon atom to the carbon atom which served as attachment point in the *n*-propyl variant, written as −CH(CH3)2.

Linear propyl is sometimes termed normal and hence written with a prefix *n*\- (i.e., *n-*propyl), as the absence of the prefix *n*\- does not indicate which attachment point is chosen, i.e. absence of prefix does not automatically exclude the possibility of it being the branched version (i.e. *i*-propyl or *isopropyl*). In addition, there is a third, cyclic, form called cyclopropyl, or *c*-propyl. It is not isomeric with the other two forms, having a different chemical formula (−C3H5 vs −C3H7), not just a different connectivity of the atoms.

## Examples

*n*-Propyl acetate is an ester which has the *n*-propyl group attached to the oxygen atom of the acetate group.

### Other examples


title: Catherine M. Cahill

abstract: Catherine Marie Cahill is a Canadian neuropharmacologist who is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research focuses on how chronic pain states modulate reward circuitry and change dopaminergic transmission responsible for motivated behavior.

text:
# Catherine M. Cahill

**Catherine Marie Cahill** is a Canadian neuropharmacologist who is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research focuses on how chronic pain states modulate reward circuitry and change dopaminergic transmission responsible for motivated behavior.

## Life

Cahill received a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from Mount Allison University (1987) and then completed her Masters of Science and PhD in the Department of Pharmacology from Dalhousie University (1996) under Jana Sawynok.

Cahill's research investigates how chronic pain can alter specific brain regions associated with emotion, fear, and motivation, and neural plasticity that occurs due to persistent pain and opioid use. Her research is a part of a National Institutes of Health Funded Center of Excellence on Opioid Research and Drug Addiction (CSORDA). In addition, her research is funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, the National Institute of Aging, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the Department of Defense and the Shirley and Stefan Hatos Foundation.


title: Kurów Mały

abstract: Kurów Mały is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jerzmanowa, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Jerzmanowa, 7 km (4 mi) south of Głogów, and 85 km (53 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Kurów Mały

**Kurów Mały** \[ˈkuruf ˈmawɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jerzmanowa, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Jerzmanowa, 7 km (4 mi) south of Głogów, and 85 km (53 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Kurów Mały | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Kurów Mały | |
| Coordinates: 51°36′00″N 16°05′00″E / 51.60000°N 16.08333°E / 51.60000; 16.08333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| Powiat | Głogów |
| Gmina | Jerzmanowa |
| Population | 80 |


title: John Ryle (manufacturer)

abstract: John Ryle was the Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey from 1869 to 1870. An English-born silk manufacturer, he was best known for being the "father of the United States silk industry". Born in Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England, Ryle started working in the silk mills of his native town at the age of five, where he was a "bobbin boy". His family had been involved in the silk industry for generations, and his two eldest brothers, Reuben and William Ryle, were England's largest manufacturers of silk.

text:
# John Ryle (manufacturer)

**John Ryle** (October 22, 1817 – November 6, 1887) was the Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey from 1869 to 1870. An English-born silk manufacturer, he was best known for being the "father of the United States silk industry".

Born in Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England, Ryle started working in the silk mills of his native town at the age of five, where he was a "bobbin boy". His family had been involved in the silk industry for generations, and his two eldest brothers, Reuben and William Ryle, were England's largest manufacturers of silk.

## Early life

John Ryle was one of seventeen children born to Peter and Sarah (Brunt) Ryle. Only five of the children lived to maturity: Reuben, William, Sarah, John, and Peter Jr.

John Ryle's father died in 1820, when John was three years old, and his mother's death four years later left him and his siblings orphans. Until he came of age, he worked in various silk mills in and about Macclesfield. Ryle sailed to the United States from Liverpool on 1 March 1839, with the intention of staking out business for his two brothers and seeing how the silk industry was progressing in America. He did not intend at first to remain in the country.

When Ryle arrived in 1839, silk was not manufactured to any great extent in the United States. The multicaulis fever was then at its height, and America promised to be the silk-producing country of the world. One of those most largely interested in this multicaulis speculation was Samuel Whitmarsh of Northampton, Massachusetts. This gentleman had a small silk mill, and Ryle went there and obtained employment. His work here, however, was short-lived, for in that same year the multicaulis speculation collapsed, and his employer, Mr. Whitmarsh, was ruined in the crash that followed.

John Ryle then returned to New York and for a short time imported the products of the looms of his brothers in England and carried on the business of importing and selling in a small way at the corner of Maiden Lane and William Streets.

## Silk manufacturing in Paterson

During his first year in the United States, Ryle met George W. Murray, who at that time wanted to work in the silk-manufacturing business.

Murray and Ryle went to Christopher Colt, in Hartford, Connecticut, who had a small plant of silk machinery and had made an unsuccessful attempt at manufacturing in what became known as the Old Gun Mill in Paterson. In 1840, Murray bought the plant and placed it in charge of John Ryle, who three years later was admitted to partnership. The business was then carried out under the name of Murray & Ryle. In 1846, Ryle, with the assistance of his two brothers who remained in Macclesfield, bought out Murray's interest and continued the business alone. The following year he bought the building in which his machinery stood and continued to increase his facilities. In 1850, having thoroughly established his business here and wanting to increase his knowledge of manufacturing methods elsewhere, he went to Europe and visited the principal manufactories of France, Italy, and Switzerland. A fair specimen of Ryle's establishment was the manufacture of a large flag that waved over the Crystal Palace during the World's Fair in New York City in 1855. About that time, he bought the romantic valley and heights surrounding the Passaic Falls and the following year expended large sums of money enhancing their already magnificent beauty. At that time Paterson had no public park, so Ryle purchased a grand park and opened it to the people of Paterson.

The city of Paterson at this time had no water service, so John Ryle, after procuring the necessary legislative authority through a charter granted to the Passaic Water Company, built the reservoir now known as the lower reservoir in the Falls Park grounds. He proceeded to lay the necessary mains through the principal streets of the city. The water for the reservoir which supplied these mains was taken from the Passaic River, behind the Old Gun Mill, and pumped to the reservoir by the means of an old plunger pump. Ryle was the founder of and first president of the Passaic Water Company.

In 1855, Ryle formed a partnership with his nephew, William Ryle of England. After about two years, his nephew withdrew, and John Ryle continued the business alone for a number of years. About 1866, the firm of John Ryle & Co., was formed - John C. Ryle, son of his brother Reuben in England, became a partner, and a large and successful business was carried on by them in the Murray Mill until 1869.

## Mayor of Paterson

John Ryle had by this time gained great popularity throughout the city. Though he had never before allowed himself to be put forward as a candidate for any public office, he succumbed to his friends' urgings and consented in the spring of 1869 to become a candidate for the Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey. He was elected by the largest majority that any candidate had received up to that time.

While John Ryle served as Paterson's mayor, he designed the coat of arms for the city which depicted a young man planting a mulberry bush. According to popular legend, silk worms are fond of mulberry plants, and given Ryle's association with the silk industry, the image was adopted and is still used today.

## The Murray Mill Fire

On 10 May 1869, the Murray Mill, together with a large and costly amount of silk and a complete plant of improved machinery, was burned up in a few hours. The property destroyed in this fire was estimated to have been worth $600,000.00, and there was not a dollar of insurance upon it.

John Ryle's capital was so much impaired by this fire that he found it impossible to resume without financial aid. His friends came to his assistance, and the Ryle Silk Company was organized and rebuilt the mill.

The new Murray Mill was completed in 1870, and Ryle theorized that a one-story mill lighted from the top would possess superior advantages in the way of light. This theory proved correct, and the Murray Mill was admitted to be the best lighted mill in Paterson, and, as the light only comes in from the north, the operatives are not inconvenienced by direct sun rays.

Supposedly, the day after the fire, as John Ryle was looking at the ruins, the late George Jackson walked up to him and said, "Well, John, you've got a hard blow. I guess you'll need some help," and putting his hand in his pocket, Jackson pulled out a huge roll of bills, thrust them in John Ryle's hand, and said, "That will help a little, and you can pay me back when you are able." When Ryle took the money to the bank, the sum was found to be $30,000.00. Later, when George Jackson got into trouble, Ryle did all he could to get him out of the difficulty.

The Ryle Silk Manufacturing Company began manufacturing operations in 1870, but in a few years, John Ryle had become by purchase the sole owner of the stock.

In 1877, he organized the Pioneer Silk Company, the stock of which represented his business and was held by himself and the members of his family. From then on the business continued under this name.

In the spring of 1885, Ryle opened negotiations with some capitalists of Allentown, Pennsylvania, who built a mill upon favorable terms. The throwing department of the Pioneer Silk Company was then relocated there. Weaving was also added to the Allentown plant.

Also, in 1885, Ryle received a medal for the silk flag he wove for the Exhibition Building in New York.

Ryle was also a pioneer in the efforts to secure protection to American industry, and his face and form were familiar in the halls of Congress well before lobbying became as entrenched as it is today.

It was claimed that while others reaped golden harvests from the field in which he labored, John Ryle paved the way for their successes, and more than any other man is entitled to the credit of having been the pioneer in the silk industry in America.

## Marriage and family

In 1841, Ryle married Sarah Morfitt (1825–1867), the daughter of William and Hannah Morfitt of Lancashire, England. Nine children were born to John and Sarah Ryle, namely, Reuben Ryle (1842–1916), William Ryle (1845–1906), Sarah Ryle (1847–1851), Peter Ryle (1851–1893), Annie Ryle (1853–1857), Jemima Ryle (1858–1899), John Ryle Jr. (1860–1886), Thomas M. Ryle (1863–1922), and Charles Storrs Ryle, who died in infancy in 1866.

Reuben Ryle, the eldest son, was the chief operating officer in the Ryle family silk companies. When a branch of the Pioneer Silk Company opened in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 1886, Reuben Ryle went to that city to manage the company. He died in Allentown in 1916.

William Ryle was more interested in banking than in silk manufacturing. He was a collector of art, and financed the career of noted landscape artist Julian Rix from California. William Ryle died of Bright's Disease in 1906, shortly after retiring as President of the Silk City Bank.

Peter Ryle channeled his interests in silk manufacturing and banking also, but also went on to become a corporation attorney and set up a law practice with Eugene Stevenson in Paterson. Peter Ryle later went on to own one of Paterson's original newspapers, the Paterson Morning Call. He died of typhoid in 1893 at the age of 42.

Jemima Ryle went on to marry Augustus Roberts, a successful tobacco manufacturer. She died shortly after their marriage in 1899, aged 41.

John Ryle Jr. worked briefly with his family in the silk industry before being sent out to Allentown to assist his brother Reuben in running the family business. He died in Allentown six months after having arrived there, in 1886, aged 26, of typhoid fever.

Thomas M. Ryle, the last surviving child of John and Sarah Ryle, worked briefly in the silk industry, managed the Pioneer Silk Company, but then turned most of his attention to banking and real estate. He purchased a tract of land in present-day Woodland Park, New Jersey where he built an estate called Ryle Park. Ryle Park later became a popular recreation area around the dawn of the 20th century. He served as a Passaic County Freeholder before ill health forced him to retire at an early age. The last of the original silk family Ryles, Thomas M. Ryle died in 1922 at the age of 59.

## Later life and death

In 1887, John Ryle returned to Macclesfield, Cheshire, England, in the company of his only surviving daughter, Jemima. After several months of revisiting the sites he had not seen since his youth, he took ill at the hotel where he was staying. After recovering from what appeared to be a common cold, on the 6th of November, 1887, John Ryle had a stroke while dressing for Sunday church services and died in the arms of his daughter. He was 70 years old. At the request of his family, John Ryle's body was returned to his adopted home of Paterson, where he was laid to rest in Cedar Lawn Cemetery, Paterson, New Jersey, one of the most beautiful Victorian cemeteries in the United States. A massive obelisk was later erected over his grave on the hilltop and a bronze bust fitted into the monument and positioned in the direction of the city of Paterson.

John Ryle's children later took charge of his extensive real estate holdings in the city of Paterson and formed the John Ryle Real Estate Association, which acted as a holding company for the family's assets. The company was officially dissolved in the 1940s but was later reincorporated and is still owned and operated by the descendants of John Ryle.

* Charles A. Shriner, Four Chapters in Paterson History, (Paterson, NJ, 1919), pg. 81
* Edward B. Haines, comp. "Centennial Edition" Paterson Evening News, (Paterson, NJ, 1892), pg. 69.
* Irving S. Kull, ed. New Jersey, A History (New York: The Americah Historical Society, 1930), pg. 601.
* The 1913 Silk Strike, A Role Play Exercise for Students of Twentieth Century American Industry, (Paterson, N.J.) Passaic County Historical Society, 1990.
* Charles A. Shriner, Random Recollections, (Paterson, NJ, 1941), p. 57
* Haines, op. cit. p. 69
* "HE DIED IN ENGLAND.; CAREER OF JOHN RYLE, THE PATERSON SILK MANUFACTURER". *The New York Times*. 7 November 1887. p. 2.

## InfoBox

| John Ryle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1817-10-22)October 22, 1817
Bollington, Cheshire, England |
| Died | November 6, 1887(1887-11-06) (aged 70)
Macclesfield, Cheshire, England |
| Known for | Silk manufacturing |


title: Sean Fine (journalist)

abstract: Sean Fine is a Canadian journalist. Fine has covered the justice beat at the Globe and Mail for the past decade.

text:
# Sean Fine (journalist)

**Sean Fine** is a Canadian journalist. Fine has covered the justice beat at the *Globe and Mail* for the past decade.

## Career

In May 2015, Fine won the National Newspaper Award for his writing on politics.

In May 2018, Fine won the "beat reporting" award for "an examination of Canada's judicial system after time limits on criminal proceedings were imposed by the Supreme Court."

Fine was part of the team of four writers who won in May 2020 the John Wesley Dafoe Award "for breaking the news that the Prime Minister’s Office had pressured the justice minister to abandon prosecution of SNC-Lavalin, and a series of follow-up reports as the ensuing scandal grew."


title: Radogost (bishop)

abstract: Radogost or Radigost was a Catholic clergyman who served as Bishop of Bosnia in the late 12th century. As his vernacular name suggests, he was a local cleric and was chosen by Bosnians themselves. Radogost was consecrated by Bernard, Archbishop of Ragusa, in 1189. On that occasion, Radogost brought presents for Pope Clement III from Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia. The historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr. dismisses the chronicler Mavro Orbini's date of 1171 because there is no evidence that Kulin was already Ban of Bosnia at that time. At a time when the Papacy insisted on using Latin as the liturgical language, Radogost was noted for not knowing Latin at all, nor any foreign language. Thus, Radogost "swore the oath of faith and obedience to his metropolitan in... the Slavic language". He justified his celebration of mass in Church Slavonic to his metropolitan, claiming that this was a privilege granted to his predecessors by Pope John VIII in 880. Bishop Radogost likely died in 1203; on 10 June, the papal legate John de Casamaris reported the death of the Bishop of Bosnia to Pope Innocent III. It is unknown whether he died before or after the Abjuration of Bilino Polje, whereby Kulin and his closest associates agreed on the future management of the Catholic Church in Bosnia. If he died after 8 April, when the abjuration took place, he was curiously absent from the meeting.

text:
# Radogost (bishop)

**Radogost** or **Radigost** (latinized as *Rhadagastus*; Serbian Cyrillic: Радогост/Радигост) was a Catholic clergyman who served as Bishop of Bosnia in the late 12th century. As his vernacular name suggests, he was a local cleric and was chosen by Bosnians themselves. Radogost was consecrated by Bernard, Archbishop of Ragusa, in 1189. On that occasion, Radogost brought presents for Pope Clement III from Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia. The historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr. dismisses the chronicler Mavro Orbini's date of 1171 because there is no evidence that Kulin was already Ban of Bosnia at that time.

At a time when the Papacy insisted on using Latin as the liturgical language, Radogost was noted for not knowing Latin at all, nor any foreign language. Thus, Radogost "swore the oath of faith and obedience to his metropolitan in ... the Slavic language". He justified his celebration of mass in Church Slavonic to his metropolitan, claiming that this was a privilege granted to his predecessors by Pope John VIII in 880.

Bishop Radogost likely died in 1203; on 10 June, the papal legate John de Casamaris reported the death of the Bishop of Bosnia to Pope Innocent III. It is unknown whether he died before or after the Abjuration of Bilino Polje, whereby Kulin and his closest associates agreed on the future management of the Catholic Church in Bosnia. If he died after 8 April, when the abjuration took place, he was curiously absent from the meeting.


title: Sybra carinata

abstract: Sybra carinata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.

text:
# Sybra carinata

***Sybra carinata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.

## InfoBox

| *Sybra carinata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Sybra* |
| Species: | ***S. carinata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sybra carinata***<br>Breuning, 1939 | |
|


title: Brzeziny, Gmina Rzeczyca

abstract: Brzeziny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczyca, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Rzeczyca, 25 km (16 mi) east of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 65 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Brzeziny, Gmina Rzeczyca

**Brzeziny** \[bʐɛˈʑinɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczyca, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Rzeczyca, 25 km (16 mi) east of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 65 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

51°36′00″N 20°21′00″E / 51.6000°N 20.3500°E / 51.6000; 20.3500

## InfoBox

| Brzeziny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Brzeziny | |
| Coordinates: 51°36′N 20°21′E / 51.600°N 20.350°E / 51.600; 20.350 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Tomaszów Mazowiecki |
| Gmina | Rzeczyca |


title: Schneeferner

abstract: The Schneeferner in the Bavarian Alps is Germany's highest and largest glacier.

text:
# Schneeferner

The **Schneeferner** in the Bavarian Alps is Germany's highest and largest glacier.

## Geography

Schneeferner glacier is located on the *Zugspitzplatt*, a plateau south of the country's highest peak, the Zugspitze, that descends from west to east and forms the head of the Reintal valley. The meltwaters from the glacier seep away into the karstified plateau and surface again in the Reintal, where they feed the River Partnach. The Schneeferner is one of the northernmost glaciers in the Alps.

## History

In the 19th century, towards the end of the Little Ice Age, a large glacier, the *Plattachferner*, covered almost the entire *Zugspitzplatt* between the Jubiläumsgrat arête and the Plattspitzen peaks. It covered an area of about 300 hectares (1.2 sq mi) and left behind large moraines during its subsequent retreat that are still visible today.

From about 1860 until the 1950s the glacier lost roughly 23,000 square metres (5.7 acres) of area each year and by the end of that period had shrunk to about 60 hectares (150 acres). During its retreat, the glacier split into a northern and a southern section towards the end of the 19th century. Later, the so-called Eastern or Little Schneeferner below the summit of the Zugspitze broke away from the northern section and has since totally disappeared.

Thereafter the glacier's retreat was less drastic and the remaining sections of the Northern Schneeferner tended to just shrink in thickness due to their location in a basin. In the 1960s and 1970s, favourable conditions even led to a growth in the thickness of the glacier.

Since 1980 the glaciers on the *Zugspitzplatt* have again been on the retreat. In 2006 the two remaining parts of the glacier still covered an area of 39 hectares (96 acres); in addition there were a couple of smaller firn fields.

Since 1990, global warming has seen consistently above-average summer temperatures recorded on the Zugspitze. Summer snowfalls have become increasingly rare, which damages glaciers, because such snowfalls decrease the energy absorbed by glaciers and interrupt melting processes by increasing their albedo. About 80 centimetres (31 in) of ice melted has melted annually, on average. If this rate of melting continues, the glaciers on the Zugspitze will disappear between 2015 and 2030, although a few small remnants of ice may survive longer.

## Northern Schneeferner

With an area of 31 hectares (77 acres) (as at 2006) the Northern Schneeferner (*Nördlicher Schneeferner*) alone would be the largest glacier in Germany. Its ice sheet is an average of about 17 metres (56 ft) thick and 52 metres (171 ft) at the deepest point. It lies at an average elevation of 2,640 metres (8,660 ft) above sea level and is therefore higher than the other German glaciers: the Höllentalferner, Watzmann Glacier and Blaueis. It flows from west to east with a gentle gradient, especially in its lower reaches. North of the glacier is the arête running from the Zugspitze to the *Zugspitzeck*; in the west it almost reaches the wide *Schneefernerscharte* (Schneeferner wind gap). To the east and south it is open; even the Schneefernerkopf mountain to the southwest offers very little shade.

The glacier is mainly fed by precipitation falling directly onto its surface; it is also supplied with snow from avalanches that sweep down from the rocks of the *Zugspitzeck* and the Schneefernerkopf. The velocity at which the glacier moves is only about 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 in) per year in its central section and there is hardly any movement of glacial mass at lower altitudes. On the steep flanks of the Schneefernerkopf the flow rate can be several metres per year, but here the glacier has all but disappeared in recent years; its remnants are covered by gravel and very little accumulation takes place.

### Exploitation of the glacier

Today, the Northern Schneeferner is a winter sports area. Since 1955, five ski lifts have been built on the ice sheet, making it the only German glacier skiing area. At one time summer skiing was also possible here. In order to better support winter sports, the natural evolution of the glacier has been counteracted by transporting snow from surrounding areas. As a result, since 1990 the ice thickness has occasionally increased.

Since 1993, certain areas of the glacier have been covered with tarpaulins during the summer to protect the winter ice and snow from sunshine and rain. In 2007, 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) covered 2.6% of the glacier compared to 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft) previously. By doing so it is hoped that the exposure of rocks that could hamper winter sports can be delayed as long as possible. Although preference is given to covering the areas in which glacial melting under natural conditions would be the fastest, these measures have had little effect on the life of the glacier to date. The ice obtained only compensates for about 1% of the loss that is expected in the unprotected areas of the glacier. In 2010, an area 50,000 m2 (540,000 sq ft) was covered by the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway Company, primarily to protect the winter sports areas.

### Record summer of 2003

On warm days the ice sheet of the Northern Schneeferner reduces by up to 11 cm (4.3 in). In August 2003 the melting of the glacier produced 35,000 m3 (1,200,000 cu ft) of water daily, roughly one tenth of the average water consumption of the Munich region. Experts describe this melting of ice as *Gletscherrauschen* ("glacier rushing"), which produces meltwater streams.

### Northern Schneeferner in figures

* Area: 30.7 ha (76 acres) (as at 2006)
* Elevation: 2,798–2,558 m (9,180–8,392 ft), average 2,635 m (8,645 ft) (as at 2006)
* Average ice thickness: 16.8 m (55 ft) (as at November 2006)
* Maximum ice thickness: 52 m (171 ft)52 m (as at November 2006)
* Volume: 5,160,000 m3 (182,000,000 cu ft) (as at November 2006)
* Maximum length: 850 m (2,790 ft)
* Average gradient: 14°

## Southern Schneeferner

The Southern Schneeferner (*Südlicher Schneeferner*) once covered the entire southwestern part of the *Zugspitzplatt*. By 2006 only an area of some 8 ha (20 acres) was left and its ice sheet, with an average thickness of less than 5 m (16 ft), was thin. At the end of the 20th century the glacier had split up into a southeastern part below the *Wetterwandeck* and a northwestern area below the Wetterspitzen, which later divided into the last remaining large sheet of ice and several smaller firn fields. These remnants can no longer be described as a glacier and they may melt completely within a few years. In the summer of 2022, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences officially revoked the Southern Schneeferner's classification as a glacier, citing the overall loss of coverage, thickness and movement of ice.

### The Southern Schneeferner in figures

* Area: 1.0 ha (2.5 acres) (as at September 2022)
* Elevation: 2,664–2,520 m (8,740–8,268 ft), average 2,587 m (8,488 ft) (as at 2022)
* Average ice thickness: 2 m (6 ft 7 in) (as at September 2022)
* Maximum ice thickness: 6 m (20 ft) (as at September 2022)

## InfoBox

| Schneeferner | |
| --- | --- |
| The Northern Schneeferner and the remnants of the Southern Schneeferner (left), end July 2006 | |
| SchneefernerSchneefernerSchneefernerSchneeferner | |
| Location | Bavaria top |
| Coordinates | 47°24′50″N 10°58′30″E / 47.41389°N 10.97500°E / 47.41389; 10.97500 |
|  | |


title: Propyl propanoate

abstract: Propyl propanoate (also known as propyl propionate and n-propyl propionate) is the organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O2. It is the ester of propanol and propionic acid. Like most esters, propyl propanoate is a colorless liquid with a fruity odor. The scent of propyl propionate is described as a chemically tinged pineapple or pear. It is used in perfumery and as a solvent. The refractive index at 20 °C is 1.393. Because propyl propanoate is a low-odor, moderately volatile ester solvent that is not a hazardous air pollutant (HAP), with good solvent activity and versatility, it is considered a safer substitute for toluene.

text:
# Propyl propanoate

**Propyl propanoate** (also known as **propyl propionate** and ***n*-propyl propionate**) is the organic compound with the molecular formula 6122. It is the ester of propanol and propionic acid. Like most esters, propyl propanoate is a colorless liquid with a fruity odor. The scent of propyl propionate is described as a chemically tinged pineapple or pear. It is used in perfumery and as a solvent. The refractive index at 20 °C is 1.393.

Because propyl propanoate is a low-odor, moderately volatile ester solvent that is not a hazardous air pollutant (HAP), with good solvent activity and versatility, it is considered a safer substitute for toluene.

## InfoBox

Propyl propanoate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name Propyl propanoate | |
| Other names Propyl propionate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.082 |
| EC Number | * 203-389-7 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H12O2/c1-3-5-8-6(7)4-2/h3-5H2,1-2H3 NKey: MCSINKKTEDDPNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N * InChI=1/C6H12O2/c1-3-5-8-6(7)4-2/h3-5H2,1-2H3Key: MCSINKKTEDDPNK-UHFFFAOYAX | |
| SMILES * CCCOC(=O)CC | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H12O2 |
| Molar mass | 116.160 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 0.833 g/cm3 at 20 °C |
| Melting point | −76 °C (−105 °F; 197 K) |
| Boiling point | 122–124 °C (252–255 °F; 395–397 K) |
| Solubility in water | 1 part per 200 |
| Hazards | |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Eastman MSDS |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Tennis at the Pacific Games

abstract: Tennis at the Pacific Games has been contested since 1963 when it was included as one of ten sports at the First South Pacific Games held in Suva, Fiji. Tennis has also been played at many of the Pacific Mini Games, starting with the first edition held at Honiara in 1981.

text:
# Tennis at the Pacific Games

**Tennis at the Pacific Games** has been contested since 1963 when it was included as one of ten sports at the First South Pacific Games held in Suva, Fiji.

Tennis has also been played at many of the Pacific Mini Games, starting with the first edition held at Honiara in 1981.

## Pacific Games

Flag icons and three letter country code indicate the nationality of the gold medal winner of an event, where this information is known; otherwise an (X) is used. Moving the cursor onto a country code with a dotted underline will reveal the name of the gold medal winner. A dash (–) indicates an event that was not contested.

| Games | Year | Host city | Men's | | | Mixed
Doubles
(or Team) | Women's | | | Total
events | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Singles | Doubles | Team | | Team | Doubles | Singles | | |
|  | 1963 | Suva |  |  |  |
FIJ |  |  |  | **1** |  |
| II | 1966 | Nouméa |  |  |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |  |  | **3** |  |
| III | 1969 | Port Moresby |  |  |
NCL |
NCL |
PNG |  |  | **3** |  |
| IV | 1971 | Papeete |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL | **7** |  |
|  | 1975 | Tumon |
NCL |
PNG |  |
TAH |  |
NCL |
TAH | **5** |  |
| VI | 1979 | Suva |
TAH |
NCL |
TAH |
TAH |
TAH |
TAH |
TAH | **7** |  |
| VII | 1983 | Apia | X | X |
NCL | X |
TAH | X | X | **7** |  |
| VIII | 1987 | Nouméa | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | **7** |  |
| IX | 1991 | Port Moresby | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | **7** |  |
|  | 1995 | Papeete | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | **7** |  |
| XI | 1999 | Santa Rita |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
SAM |
SAM |
SAM | **7** |  |
| XII | 2003 () | Suva |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
SAM |
SAM |
SAM |
NCL | **7** |  |
| XIII | 2007 () | Apia |
SOL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
SAM |
SAM |
NCL | **7** |  |
| XIV | 2011 () | Nouméa |
NCL |
SAM |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
PNG |
NCL | **7** |  |
| XV | 2015 () | Port Moresby |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
PNG |
PNG |
PNG |
PNG | **7** |  |
| XVI | 2019 () | Apia |
NMI |
TON |
NMI |
NMI |
PNG |
PNG |
PNG | **7** |  |
| XVII | 2023 () | Honiara | Currently ongoing | | | | | | | | |
| XVIII | 2027 () | Pirae | Scheduled for 2027 | | | | | | | | |

## Pacific Mini Games

| Games | Year | Host city | Men's | | | Mixed
Doubles | Women's | | | Total
events | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Singles | Doubles | Team | | Team | Doubles | Singles | | |
|  | 1981 | Honiara | X | X |  | X |  | X | X | **5** |  |
| II | 1985 | Rarotonga | X | X |  | X |  | X | X | **5** |  |
| III | 1989 | Nuku'alofa |
NCL |
TAH |  |
TAH |  |
TAH |
GUM | **5** |  |
| IV | 1993 | Port Vila | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | **7** |  |
|  | 1997 | Pago Pago | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | **7** |  |
| VI | 2001 | Kingston | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | **7** |  |
| VII | *Tennis not contested* | | | | | | | | | |  |
| VIII | 2009 () | Rarotonga |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
NCL |
COK |
COK | **7** |  |
| IX | *Tennis not contested* | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | 2017 () | Port Vila |
NCL |
VAN |
VAN |
NCL |
NCL |
SAM |
SAM | **7** |  |
| XI | 2022 () | Saipan | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | **7** |  |

1. "South Pacific Games 1963 - Fiji". Pacific Games Council. 11 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
2. "South Pacific Games results 1963 and 1966". *Pacific Islands Monthly*. **40** (2). Pacific Publications: 31–32. 1969. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2015.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
3. "Program and Day Guide for 1969 3rd South Pacific Games". 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
4. 1969 South Pacific Games Results. *Oceania Sport Information Centre* (Report). pp. 8, 10. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
5. "Obituary: Joan Ainsworth". *The Courier-Mail*. 17 February 2012. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024.
6. "Seven medals for girl swimmer". *The Canberra Times*. 23 August 1969. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
7. "1971 South Pacific Games Results". *Oceania Sport Information Centre*. p. 10. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
8. "South Pacific Games results". *Pacific Islands Monthly*. **46** (9). Pacific Publications: 18. 1975. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2015.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
9. Men's singles and doubles. Pacific Islands Monthly, vol. 50, issue 10, p.138.
10. Men's team. Pacific Islands Monthly, vol. 50, issue 10, p.138.
11. Mixed. Pacific Islands Monthly, vol. 50, issue 10, p.138.
12. Women's singles. Pacific Islands Monthly, vol. 50, issue 10, p.138.
13. Women's doubles. Pacific Islands Monthly, vol. 50, issue 10, p.138.
14. Women's team. Pacific Islands Monthly, vol. 50, issue 10, p.138.
15. 1983 South Pacific Games Results. *Oceania Sport Information Centre* (Report). p. 15. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
16. "Medal Tally by Sport". *XI South Pacific Games*. 1999. Archived from the original on 4 March 2001.
17. Men's singles. OTF 2003.
18. Men's doubles. OTF 2003.
19. Men's team SPG 2003.
20. Women's singles. OTF 2003.
21. Mixed doubles. OTF 2003.
22. Women's doubles. OTF 2003.
23. Women's team. SPG 2003.
24. "Tennis". *Sports Pulse*. XIII South Pacific Games. 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015.
25. Men's Singles Final: Gold 2011
26. Women's Singles Final: Gold 2011
27. Mixed Doubles Final: Gold 2011
28. Men's Doubles Final: Gold 2011
29. Women's Doubles Final: Gold 2011
30. "PNG tennis star bags four golds from four". *Port Moresby 2015*. 17 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
31. "Results". *Inside the Games*. 9 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
32. "Results". *Inside the Games*. 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
33. "Reflections on a mini event". *Pacific Islands Monthly*. Vol. 59, no. 21. 1989. pp. 48–49. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
34. "Pacific Mini Games 2017 - Tennis". *Mygameday*. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.


title: Catherine M. Prelinger

abstract: Catherine "Kitty" Magill Holden Prelinger was an American historian. She was assistant editor of the Benjamin Franklin Papers at Yale University, and president of the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians from 1975 to 1977.

text:
# Catherine M. Prelinger

**Catherine "Kitty" Magill Holden Prelinger** (July 17, 1925 – August 31, 1991) was an American historian. She was assistant editor of the Benjamin Franklin Papers at Yale University, and president of the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians from 1975 to 1977.

## Early life and education

Magill was born in New York City, the daughter of Roswell Magill and Katherine Deborah Biggins Magill. Her father was a tax lawyer and government official; her mother, also trained as a lawyer, was a University of Chicago alumna. Catherine Magill attended the Brearley School, earned her bachelor's degree at Vassar College in 1946, and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. She completed doctoral studies in history at Yale University in 1954, with a dissertation titled "A Decade of Dissent in Germany: An Historical Study of the Society of Protestant Friends and the German Catholic Church, 1840-1848". Her dissertation advisor was Hajo Holborn.

## Career

At Yale, Prelinger was assistant editor of the Benjamin Franklin Papers. She was also a research associate and visiting lecturer at the Harvard Divinity School. She was president of the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians from 1975 to 1977, and co-chair of the Coordinating Council for Women in History from 1980 to 1982. She was on the faculty at Quinnipiac University from 1963 to 1970.

## Publications

* "Benjamin Franklin and the American Prisoners of War in England during the American Revolution" (1975)
* "Religious Dissent, Women's Rights, and the Hamburger Hochschule fuer das weibliche Geschlecht in mid-nineteenth-century Germany" (1976)
* "Women and Religion, Women as Episcopalians: Some Methodological Observations" (1983)
* "Prelude to Consciousness: Amalie Sieveking and the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick" (1984)
* *Charity, Challenge, and Change: Religious Dimensions of the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Women's Movement in Germany* (1987)
* "The *Frauen-Zeitung* (1849–52): Harmony and dissonance in mid-century German feminism" (1989)
* *Episcopal Women: Gender, Spirituality, and Commitment in an American Mainline Denomination (Religion in America)* (1992, editor; published posthumously)

## Personal life

Magill married twice. Her first husband was William Prescott Holden; they married in 1948, and had two daughters. Her second husband was Vienna-born psychotherapist Ernst Prelinger; they married in 1965. Catherine Magill Prelinger died from cancer in 1991, aged 66 years, in New Haven. The CCWH Catherine Prelinger Memorial Award is a postdoctoral scholarship given by the Coordinating Council for Women in History, to "a contemporary scholar whose academic path has not followed the traditional path of uninterrupted study."

## InfoBox

| Catherine M. Prelinger | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Catherine E. Magill
July 17, 1925
New York City |
| Died | August 31, 1991 (aged 66)
New Haven, Connecticut |
| Other names | Catherine Magill Holden |
| Occupation(s) | Historian, editor |
| Spouse(s) | William Prescott Holden, Ernst Prelinger |
| Parent | Roswell Magill |