title: 1974 Newham South by-election

abstract: The Newham South by-election was a by-election held on 23 May 1974 for the British House of Commons constituency of Newham South. It was triggered when Elwyn Jones, the constituency's Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), was appointed as Lord Chancellor and subsequently awarded a life peerage. The by-election occurred soon after the February 1974 general election, and indeed proved to be the only by-election of the Parliament, the next general election being held in October. Given that there was a hung parliament, and at the time of the by-election a general election was thought likely, any changes in the share of the vote between the main parties could have given a guide as to the likely future government. Created for the February general election, the constituency was regarded as a safe Labour seat. Jones had won a majority of more than 50%, and had held the predecessor seat of West Ham South since its creation at the 1950 general election. In February, the Liberal Party and Conservative Party had each shared around one eighth of the vote, while the far right National Front had achieved one of their best results in the country, taking 6.9%. Labour chose Nigel Spearing as its candidate; previously the MP for Acton, he had lost his seat at the February election. The Liberals, Conservatives and National Front all fielded the same candidates who had stood in February, hoping to build on their performance. An "independent Labour" candidate also stood. The election campaign was dominated by the impending general election, and by the threat posed by the National Front.

text:
# 1974 Newham South by-election

The **Newham South by-election** was a by-election held on 23 May 1974 for the British House of Commons constituency of Newham South. It was triggered when Elwyn Jones, the constituency's Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), was appointed as Lord Chancellor and subsequently awarded a life peerage.

The by-election occurred soon after the February 1974 general election, and indeed proved to be the only by-election of the Parliament, the next general election being held in October. Given that there was a hung parliament, and at the time of the by-election a general election was thought likely, any changes in the share of the vote between the main parties could have given a guide as to the likely future government.

Created for the February general election, the constituency was regarded as a safe Labour seat. Jones had won a majority of more than 50%, and had held the predecessor seat of West Ham South since its creation at the 1950 general election. In February, the Liberal Party and Conservative Party had each shared around one eighth of the vote, while the far right National Front had achieved one of their best results in the country, taking 6.9%.

Labour chose Nigel Spearing as its candidate; previously the MP for Acton, he had lost his seat at the February election. The Liberals, Conservatives and National Front all fielded the same candidates who had stood in February, hoping to build on their performance. An "independent Labour" candidate also stood.

The election campaign was dominated by the impending general election, and by the threat posed by the National Front.

## Results

Spearing achieved an easy victory, although his vote dropped slightly from the February election. The Liberal and Conservative votes both dropped slightly, while despite a strong anti-fascist campaign, the National Front picked up votes to finish third, ahead of the Conservatives. The Conservatives had not finished fourth in an English by-election since World War II and did not do so again until Bermondsey in 1983.

At the October general election, Spearing held the seat with an increased majority. The Conservatives and Liberals failed to gain ground, while the National Front began to fall back. Spearing held the seat until it was abolished in 1997.

## Votes

Newham South by-election 1974
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Nigel Spearing** | **9,321** | **62.6** | **−3.5** |
|  | Liberal | Ivor Shipley | 1,862 | 12.5 | −2.3 |
|  | National Front | Michael Lobb | 1,713 | 11.5 | +4.6 |
|  | Conservative | Frank Fox | 1,651 | 11.1 | −1.1 |
|  | Independent Labour | Sydney South | 332 | 2.2 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 7,459 | 50.1 | −1.2 |
| Turnout | | | 12,896 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

General election February 1974: Newham South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Elwyn Jones** | **23,952** | **66.1** |  |
|  | Liberal | Ivor Shipley | 5,369 | 14.8 |  |
|  | Conservative | Frank Fox | 4,422 | 12.2 |  |
|  | National Front | Michael Lobb | 2,511 | 6.9 |  |
| Majority | | | 18,583 | 51.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 36,254 | 63.2 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

Newham South by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  Newham South parliamentary seat | |
| First party Second party Third party   Candidate Nigel Spearing Ivor Shipley Michael Lobb  Party Labour Liberal National Front  Popular vote **9,321** 1,862 1,713  Percentage **62.6%** 12.5% 11.5%  Swing 3.5% 1.3% 4.6%   ---  Fourth party Fifth party   Candidate Frank Fox Sydney South  Party Conservative Independent Labour  Popular vote 1,651 332  Percentage 11.1% 2.2%  Swing 1.1% *New* | |
| ---  **MP before election**
Elwyn Jones
Labour **Subsequent MP**
Nigel Spearing
Labour | |


title: Speed-Dating

abstract: Speed-Dating is a 2010 film written and directed by Joseph A. Elmore Jr. and starring Wesley Jonathan, Chris Elliott, and Holly Robinson Peete.

text:
# Speed-Dating

***Speed-Dating*** is a 2010 film written and directed by Joseph A. Elmore Jr. and starring Wesley Jonathan, Chris Elliott, and Holly Robinson Peete.

## Plot

Best friends Dog (Chico Benymon) and Beaver (Leonard Robinson) have difficulty ever meeting women. No matter what they do, nothing ever goes right for them. That all changes when the best friend Too Cool (Wesley Jonathan) invites them to try out a round of speed dating.

## Cast

## Reception

Jeanette Catsoulis from *The New York Times* disliked the picture:

> A tired mash-up of every men-behaving-badly sitcom ever to grace a third-tier television network, *Speed-Dating* tries to coax laughs from characters so dated even Eddie Murphy would balk.

On the other hand, Nick Pinkerton from *The Village Voice* gave the film a mixed to positive review:

> With characters named Too Cool, Dog, and Beaver, Speed-Dating already won... A homemade vaudeville that’s likable enough to wear you down with its eager-to-please capering.

## InfoBox

| Speed-Dating | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Joseph A. Elmore Jr. |
| Screenplay by | Joseph A. Elmore Jr. |
| Produced by | La Monde Byrd
Mekita Faiye |
| Starring | Wesley Jonathan
Chris Elliott
Holly Robinson Peete |
| Cinematography | David Daniel |
| Edited by | Terry Walters |
| Music by | Evan Scot Hornsby |
| Production
company | Rockstone Releasing |
| Distributed by | Image Entertainment |
| Release date | * June 4, 2010 (2010-06-04) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $6,188 |


title: Record of the Yushu Investigation

abstract: Record of the Yushu Investigation, originally titled Record of the Yushu Tusi Investigation, is a local history and investigation report by Republic of China geographer Zhou Xiwu on the Qinghai Yushu region and Chuanbian.

text:
# Record of the Yushu Investigation

**Record of the Yushu Investigation** (Chinese: 玉树调查记), originally titled **Record of the Yushu Tusi Investigation** (Chinese: 玉树土司调查记), is a local history and investigation report by Republic of China geographer Zhou Xiwu on the Qinghai Yushu region and Chuanbian.

## Formation

In November 1913, during the Simla Conference, the British representative Henry McMahon proposed the division of Inner Tibet and Outer Tibet. The Republic of China's representative, Chen Yifan, under pressure, signed the draft agreement but refused to sign the final treaty. Yin Changheng, the Chuanbian Envoy, took this opportunity to cross the border and plunder, claiming that the Longqing area of Yushu in Qinghai (present-day Nangqian) was "beyond the law" and ordered the Northern Expeditionary Forces to "forcefully demand supplies in the Longqing area, which were barely met by the local tribes," while also reporting to the Beiyang Government that "the twenty-five tribes of Longqing pledged allegiance and were willing to be governed by Sichuan." The Beiyang Government, unaware of the area's dual names, erroneously declared "Longqing belongs to Sichuan, Yushu belongs to Gansu," leading to a border dispute between Sichuan and Gansu.

Officials from various Sichuan counties echoed this and strongly advocated for expanding the Chuanbian territory. As soon as the issue arose, it was met with strong opposition from Ma Qi, the General of Xining, leading to a prolonged border dispute and ethnic conflict. The acting governor of Gansu, Zhang Binghua, supported Chuanbian, further complicating the dispute.

In response, the Beiyang Government appointed Zhou Wuxue, the Border Defense Commissioner of Gansu, and others, including Zhou Xiwu, Principal of Gansu Fourth Middle School, Liang Yaozong, Head of the Suzhou Tax Office, Wang Zhizhong, Clerk at the Border Defense Office, and surveyor Niu Zaikun as members of the investigation team. In August 1914, they set off from Lanzhou to Yushu via Xining. Upon reaching Jiegu in November, they began an intense investigation. Niu Zaikun, despite the cold and snow, traveled extensively among various tribes to map the area, while Zhou Xiwu interviewed elders and referenced maps and records. Zhou Wuxue submitted the "Report on the Yushu Boundary Survey" along with a list of the twenty-five tribes of Yushu to the Beiyang Government.

On May 9, 1915, based on the team's report, the Beiyang Government corrected its previous mistake and decided that Yushu would remain under Gansu's jurisdiction.

Afterwards, Zhou Xiwu compiled all the investigation reports and wrote *Record of the Yushu Investigation*, including *Travel Notes of Ninghai* which describes his observations and historical geography along the way. The book was published in 1920 by the Commercial Press in Shanghai.

## Content

In this work, Zhou Xiwu stated: "It is the first step in the management of Qinghai and serves as a reference for those who are concerned about border affairs." This book, the first of its kind, is richly illustrated and provides valuable reference material for the study of Tibetan history in Qinghai. The book also provides detailed records of the source and surrounding water conditions of the Lancang River, noting "The Lancang River has two sources: the northern Zaqu River and the southern Yemuchu River," leaving precious information for future generations.

In addition to local records, this book also explains the origins, nature, and consequences of the Sichuan-Gansu dispute, comprehensively describing the misconduct of Sichuan troops and the Yushu people's reluctance to be governed by Sichuan, which played a significant role in helping the Beiyang Government reassess and make correct decisions regarding this dispute.

## Evaluation

* Zhang Qiyun: "A very valuable ethnic history and geography record."
* Lin Chuanjia: "Truly a model for the geographic records of Qinghai in the Greater China."
* Satō Nagamichi's book *The Road Between Qinghai and Lhasa in the Qing Dynasty* frequently cites Zhou Xiwu's records, highly praising them.


title: Josh Beckerman

abstract:
Josh Beckerman is a mentalist, magician and comedian. Beckerman has appeared on television talk shows and has been featured in The New York Times, Glamour, The New York Observer, CECI New York, the New York Daily News, Vogue, and Examiner. Beckerman has performed at private parties for Tom Hanks, David Beckham, and Liv Tyler.
He can spin a card in mid air in real life not just on TV.

text:
# Josh Beckerman

**Josh Beckerman** (performs as **The Foodie Magician**) is a mentalist, magician and comedian.

Beckerman has appeared on television talk shows and has been featured in *The New York Times*, *Glamour*, *The New York Observer*, *CECI New York*, the *New York Daily News*, *Vogue*, and *Examiner*.

Beckerman has performed at private parties for Tom Hanks, David Beckham, and Liv Tyler. He can spin a card in mid air in real life not just on TV.

## Early life

Beckerman grew up in Stony Brook, New York. He graduated from Ward Melville High School in 1998, and Bucknell University in 2002.


title: Charles de Tubières de Caylus

abstract: Charles de Tubières de Pastel de Levoy de Grimoire, marquis de Caylus was a French naval officer who was governor-general of the French Windward Islands from 1745 to 1750. He had dissipated a considerable fortune and was deeply in debt when he took office, and used his power in wartime conditions to establish lucrative illegal arrangements to trade with France's enemies the English and the Dutch. A young nobleman arrived in Martinique in 1748, and for several months used revenues from his family estates on the island to give meals and dances for the elite. After he left it was found that he had been an impostor.

text:
# Charles de Tubières de Caylus

**Charles de Tubières de Pastel de Levoy de Grimoire, marquis de Caylus** (1698 – 12 May 1750) was a French naval officer who was governor-general of the French Windward Islands from 1745 to 1750. He had dissipated a considerable fortune and was deeply in debt when he took office, and used his power in wartime conditions to establish lucrative illegal arrangements to trade with France's enemies the English and the Dutch. A young nobleman arrived in Martinique in 1748, and for several months used revenues from his family estates on the island to give meals and dances for the elite. After he left it was found that he had been an impostor.

## Family

Charles de Tubières de Caylus was born in 1698. He was seigneur of Thubières, Lévis, Postels and Grimoard. His parents were Jean Anne de Tubières-Grimoard de Pestels de Lévis, compte de Caylus (c.1665–1704), and Marthe Marguerite Hippolyte Le Valois de Villette (1671–1729). He was the nephew of Daniel-Charles-Gabriel de Caylus, bishop of Auxerre. In 1686 his uncle, the marquis de Caylus, married Marie-Marguerite de Villète, niece of Madame de Maintenon. The famous antiquary Anne-Claude-Philippe de Caylus (1692–1765) was his brother.

Caylus became a knight of the Order of Malta and infantry colonel. In July 1741 Caylus was *capitaine de vaisseau* of the *Borée* (66) and commander of a small French squadron that included the *Aquilon* (46) and the *Flore* (26). They were coming from Martinique. On 25 July 1741 off Cap Spartel they met a British force under Captain Curtis Barnett of the *Dragon* (60) with the *Feversham* (44) and *Folkestone* (44). The British asked to be allowed to board to confirm they were not Spanish, and opened fire when they refused. After the ships on both sides had suffered some damage and loss of men, the British sent a boat to the Borée under a flag of truce and discovered the truth. The French did not know whether France and Britain were still at peace, since there had been a risk of war when they left the West Indies, and demanded that Barnet's lieutenant swear that this was the case.

On 16 December 1744 the chevalier de Caylus led a squadron of six vessels into the harbour of Malta during a festival that the French were holding on that island to celebrate the convalescence of the king.

Caylus had all the vices of a fashionable man and had dissipated a considerable fortune. His money had gone on gambling, women and food, and he had borrowed heavily from a Marseille merchant named Roux and other creditors. To recover his fortunes he requested and obtained the governorship general of the Windward Islands. The minister wrongly complained of his predecessor Jacques-Charles Bochart de Champigny(fr), who perhaps by 1744 no longer had the same energy he had displayed at Saint Lucia against the English when he was only the governor of Martinique, but who was popular with the inhabitants of the islands. Before leaving to take up his governorship Caylus managed to gain a stay in proceedings against him by his creditors due to the state of war.

## Martinique

During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) the marquis de Caylus was made governor and lieutenant-general of the Windward Islands in 1745. He replaced the marquis de Champigny. At the start of 1745 the English attacked Dominica twice, and in the absence of any French naval presence in the Antilles captured all merchant ships. The balance changed when two of the kings frigates, the *Amphytrite* and the *Mégère*, came as escort of a convoy of 10-12 merchant ships. Two days later they were followed by the *Espérance*, *Northumberland*, *Sérieux*, *Trident*, *Diamant* and *Aquilon*, which anchored at Fort-Royal, Martinique. Caylus was on the *Espérance*, and had given passage to a Spanish party including the archbishop of Santo Domingo. Caylus had left Toulon around the start of 1745, touched at Cadiz and anchored at Fort-Royal on 30 April 1745. He was received by de Champigny, who took passage on one of the ship of the squadron.

Caylus was formally recognized as governor general by the troops and the sovereign council in Martinique on 9 and 10 May 1745. Later he was named *chef d'escadre*. Caylus made his home in Saint-Pierre, Martinique. He was there in 1747 when, to everyone's surprise, Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, governor of the French possessions in India, arrived at Fort-Royal on his way back to France.

Once in office, Caylus looked for ways to profit from his ability to define the rules of privateering and foreign trade. He invested in armaments, which he supplied to corsairs who worked for him and scoured the seas around the island for booty. Through secret agents he established relations with the governors of English islands, and arranged for goods imported from these islands to be sold as booty, and for goods bought in Saint-Pierre by his agents to be sold to the English. Through these means, he profited from the scarcity of goods in Martinique. After France declared war on Holland, Caylus established relations with Heliger, governor of Sint Eustatius, and severed ties with the English. The two governors arranged to make huge profits supplying the English, allies of the Dutch, with products supposedly from the Dutch colonies. They also arranged for French ships to sail under Dutch passports. By 1748 the islanders were suffering from an increasingly tight blockade by the English. Supplies could only be obtained from Curacao and Sint Eustatius. Caylus was blamed for the extortionate prices.

In 1748 a small ship arrived in Martinique from La Rochelle, the *Coureur*, carrying a passenger who called himself the "comte de Tarnaud" and put on very distinguished airs. The rumour spread that he was Ercole Rinaldo of Este, hereditary prince of Modena, grandson of the Duke of Orléans and brother of the duchess of Penthièvre. Caylus sent a letter asking him to come to Saint Pierre. The young man refused, proclaimed that he was Hercule-Renaud d'Est, and wrote that if the governor wanted to meet him he should come to Fort Royal. The governor started out then changed his mind and returned to Saint Pierre. Soon after the supposed prince came to Saint Pierre and found accommodation with the Jesuits. Later the young man moved to the Dominicans, where he entertained in style.

The news of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle arrived at this time, and the blockade was lifted. The duke of Penthièvre had considerable property on the island, and his agent was persuaded to supply funds to the young man. He was neither extravagant or miserly, but lived very much as a person of his rank would be expected to live, although the islanders began to tire of the expense. Message were sent to Europe to confirm his identity, but the prince left for Portugal before a reply was received. Shortly after, a courier arrived instructing the governor to arrest the stranger. The impostor was at first accepted when he arrived in Portugal, then in Seville, when orders again came for his arrest. He escaped and disappeared forever.

In August 1749 Caylus was deputy for the nobility for the province of Languedoc. The governor of Martinique, André Martin de Pointesable, who had been in France recovering from an illness, returned in 1750. Caylus died on 12 May 1750 in Saint-Pierre, Martinique, aged about 52. He died alone and unexpectedly in the small house named *Tricolor* he rented on the heights of Saint-Pierre, and was buried with little ceremony. The governor of the island died a few days later.

1. Garric.
2. Dessalles 1847, p. 470.
3. Clowes 1897, p. 270–271.
4. Gazette de France 1766.
5. Dessalles 1847, p. 519.
6. Marcillac 1846, p. 181.
7. Marcillac 1846, pp. 178–179.
8. Dessalles 1847, p. 471.
9. Marcillac 1846, p. 190.
10. Dessalles 1847, p. 520.
11. Chambers Journal 1847, p. 14.
12. Marcillac 1846, p. 193.
13. Marcillac 1846, p. 194.
14. Chambers Journal 1847, p. 15.
15. Chambers Journal 1847, pp. 15–16.
16. Marcillac 1846, p. 205.
17. Marcillac 1846, p. 206.

## Sources

* Chambers Journal (1847), "The Prince", *The Living Age ...*, Living Age Company, Incorporated, retrieved 2018-08-29
* Clowes, William Laird (1897), *The royal navy : a history from the earliest times to the present*, London: S. Low, Marston & co., retrieved 2018-08-29
* Dessalles, Adrien (1847), *Histoire générale des Antilles ...* (in French), Libraire-éditeur, retrieved 2018-08-29
* Garric, Alain, "Charles DE TUBIÉRES DE CAYLUS", *Geneanet* (in French), retrieved 2018-08-29
* Renaudot, Théophraste (1766), *Gazette de France* (in French), retrieved 2018-08-29
* Marcillac, Sidney Daney de (1846), *Histoire de la Martinique: depuis la colonisation jusqu'en 1815* (in French), E. Ruelle, retrieved 2018-08-29

## InfoBox

| Charles de Tubières de Pastel de Levoy de Grimoire, marquis de Caylus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Governor general of the Windward Islands | |
| **In office**
1745  12 May 1750 | |
| Preceded by | Jacques-Charles Bochart de Champigny |
| Succeeded by | Maximin de Bompart |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1698 |
| Died | 12 May 1750
Saint-Pierre, Martinique |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Naval officer |
|  | |


abstract: The Rutland-1-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census. The Rutland-1-1 District includes all of the Rutland County town of Poultney and part of the town of Ira, defined as follows: that part of the town of Ira encompassed within a boundary beginning in the southwest at the intersection of the town boundaries of Ira, Middletown Springs and Poultney, then northerly along the boundary with Poultney and continuing northerly along the boundary with Castleton, then easterly along the boundary with Castleton to the boundary with West Rutland, then southeasterly along the boundary with West Rutland to the ridge line of the mountain range, then southwesterly along the ridge line of the mountain range to the boundary with Middletown Springs, then westerly along the boundary with Middletown Springs to the point of beginning. The rest of Ira is in Rutland-1-2. As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative. The one member Rutland-1-1 District had a population of 3,752 in that same census, 7.56% below the state average.

text:
# Rutland-1-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012

The **Rutland-1-1 Representative District** is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.

The Rutland-1-1 District includes all of the Rutland County town of Poultney and part of the town of Ira, defined as follows:

> that part of the town of Ira encompassed within a boundary beginning in the southwest at the intersection of the town boundaries of Ira, Middletown Springs and Poultney, then northerly along the boundary with Poultney and continuing northerly along the boundary with Castleton, then easterly along the boundary with Castleton to the boundary with West Rutland, then southeasterly along the boundary with West Rutland to the ridge line of the mountain range, then southwesterly along the ridge line of the mountain range to the boundary with Middletown Springs, then westerly along the boundary with Middletown Springs to the point of beginning.
>
> Vermont Statutes, Title 17, Chapter 34, Section 1893a

The rest of Ira is in Rutland-1-2.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Rutland-1-1 District had a population of 3,752 in that same census, 7.56% below the state average.

## District representative

1. "Vermont Statutes Online".

43°31′50″N 73°11′30″W / 43.53056°N 73.19167°W / 43.53056; -73.19167


title: Clan Gayre

abstract: Clan Gayre or Clan Gair purports to be a Highland Scottish clan.

text:
# Clan Gayre

**Clan Gayre** or **Clan Gair** purports to be a Highland Scottish clan.

## Origins of the Clan

Robert Gayre of Gayre and Nigg (original name Robert Gair), the father of the present chief, created the clan after World War II. He is the chief source for most of the information in the Clan's Wikipedia article, which can be found nowhere else; Robert Gayre invented the Clan and its history.

Gayre claimed to be the Chief of "Clan Gayre" and "Clan Gayre and Nigg". In 1947, he wrote a book titled *Gayre's Booke: Being a History of the Family of Gayre* in which he presented an ancestry that supposedly established his claim to be the chieftain of the Clan of Gayre; however no clan or sept by that name is mentioned in any record prior to Gayre's use of it in the second quarter of the 20th century.

*World Orders of Knighthood and Merit* by Guy Stair Sainty (published by Burke's Peerage) refers to "the late Robert Gayre (first Chief of the newly formed Clan Gayre)".

The Glasgow Herald newspaper, on 14 June 1975, wrote, "Robert Gayre, of Gayre and Nigg, is singular among genealogists, dynasts and the like, if only for the reason that, alone among them, he has been able to create a Scottish clan from scratch, providing it with traditions, rituals, precedences and privileges...".

In 2017 the genealogist Anthony J. Camp showed that Gayre did not himself have a male-line descent from earlier families of that surname.

## Clan Chief

The current self-styled chief of the Clan Gayre is Reinold Gayre of Gayre and Nigg.


title: Smokies Life

abstract: Smokies Life is a nonprofit organization that supports Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southeastern United States. It was authorized by Congress in 1953 to support the Park's educational, scientific, and historical programs. Smokies Life supports the National Park Service through sales, labor, donations, and volunteering. Efforts include: distribution and publication of educational books and guides, funding visitor center exhibits and artifact collections, sponsoring free historic demonstrations and festivals, funding the Park's library, and helping to fund the environmental education program at the Institute at Tremont. Since its creation in March 1953, Smokies Life has contributed over $30 million in aid to the Park, including the $3 million in construction costs for the Oconaluftee Visitor Center, opened in April 2011. Smokies Life was previously known as Great Smoky Mountains Association until February 1, 2024.

text:
# Smokies Life

**Smokies Life** is a nonprofit organization that supports Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southeastern United States. It was authorized by Congress in 1953 to support the Park's educational, scientific, and historical programs.

Smokies Life supports the National Park Service through sales, labor, donations, and volunteering. Efforts include: distribution and publication of educational books and guides, funding visitor center exhibits and artifact collections, sponsoring free historic demonstrations and festivals, funding the Park's library, and helping to fund the environmental education program at the Institute at Tremont.

Since its creation in March 1953, Smokies Life has contributed over $30 million in aid to the Park, including the $3 million in construction costs for the Oconaluftee Visitor Center, opened in April 2011.

Smokies Life was previously known as Great Smoky Mountains Association until February 1, 2024.

## InfoBox

Smokies Life
| Formation | 1953 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Nonprofit |
| Tax ID no. | 62-0576032 |
| Legal status | 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | Gatlinburg, Tennessee |
| Board Chair | Geoff Cantrell |
| Chief Executive Officer | Laurel Rematore |
| Board of directors | Geoff Cantrell; Jill Thompson; Lisa Davis; Janet Houston-Hickman; Mitch Crisp; Jerry DeWeese; Laura Jones; Laurie Macnair; Ed McAlister; Janet McCue; Royce Pevy; Brian Railsback |
| Website | https://smokieslife.org/ |


title: Theodore B. Mitchell

abstract: Theodore Bertis Mitchell was an American entomologist. He composed what is still considered the seminal work in the area of eastern North American bee fauna: Bees of the Eastern United States vols I and II. He was a leading expert on the genus Megachile. Mitchell was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 26, 1890. He learned to collect and pin butterflies as well as rear moths and butterflies at an early age. A gymnasium accident at school caused vision and neck problems. He went to Huntington School and in his spare time he played the trumpet and considered a career in music. He attended Massachusetts Agricultural College, from which he graduated with a B.S. degree in 1920 with a major in entomology. During World War I he went to Camp Devens and joined the 302 Infantry Band of the 76th division. He was sent to Liverpool in June 1918 and the band went to France, entertaining the troops with classical concerts on Sundays. On return his band played at a ceremony where General Pershing awarded Alvin York. He graduated in 1924 with an M.S. from North Carolina State University and in 1928 with a Sc.D. from Harvard University. From 1920 to 1925 he worked as a plant nursery inspector for the North Carolina Department of Agriculture. A project to compile a list of the insects of North Carolina was begun by Franklin Sherman and led by C. S. Brimley and Mitchell assisted in this. His inspection work involved monitoring the boll weevil and the Mexican bean beetle. He was also involved in checking for fould brood in honey bee hives but he had little interest in captive bees. He would comment that his “relation to the honey bee is the same as that of a bird watcher to the poultry industry.” In winters he also took classes at Raleigh and completed his master's degree in 1924. Here he met Olivia Gowan whom he married. His advisor was Zeno Metcalf, a specialist on the Auchenorrhyncha. In the departments of zoology and entomology of North Carolina State University, he was an assistant professor from 1925 to 1930. Metcalf suggested that he do a doctorate at Harvard and in 1926 he completed it and he became an associate professor from 1930 to 1938, and a full professor from 1938 until his retirement in 1961 as professor emeritus. During World War II he looked at mosquito control and later supervised John Geary to study resistance of mosquitoes to DDT. He was also concerned about the effects of pesticides on pollinators. He died in Moore County, North Carolina. Mitchell was elected in 1937 a fellow of the Entomological Society of America.

text:
# Theodore B. Mitchell

**Theodore Bertis Mitchell** (October 26, 1890 – February 10, 1983) was an American entomologist. He composed what is still considered the seminal work in the area of eastern North American bee fauna: *Bees of the Eastern United States vols I and II*. He was a leading expert on the genus *Megachile*.

Mitchell was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 26, 1890. He learned to collect and pin butterflies as well as rear moths and butterflies at an early age. A gymnasium accident at school caused vision and neck problems. He went to Huntington School and in his spare time he played the trumpet and considered a career in music. He attended Massachusetts Agricultural College (now called the University of Massachusetts Amherst), from which he graduated with a B.S. degree in 1920 with a major in entomology. During World War I he went to Camp Devens and joined the 302 Infantry Band of the 76th division. He was sent to Liverpool in June 1918 and the band went to France, entertaining the troops with classical concerts on Sundays. On return his band played at a ceremony where General Pershing awarded Alvin York. He graduated in 1924 with an M.S. from North Carolina State University and in 1928 with a Sc.D. from Harvard University. From 1920 to 1925 he worked as a plant nursery inspector for the North Carolina Department of Agriculture. A project to compile a list of the insects of North Carolina was begun by Franklin Sherman and led by C. S. Brimley and Mitchell assisted in this. His inspection work involved monitoring the boll weevil and the Mexican bean beetle. He was also involved in checking for fould brood in honey bee hives but he had little interest in captive bees. He would comment that his “relation to the honey bee is the same as that of a bird watcher to the poultry industry.” In winters he also took classes at Raleigh and completed his master's degree in 1924. Here he met Olivia Gowan whom he married. His advisor was Zeno Metcalf, a specialist on the Auchenorrhyncha. In the departments of zoology and entomology of North Carolina State University, he was an assistant professor from 1925 to 1930. Metcalf suggested that he do a doctorate at Harvard and in 1926 he completed it and he became an associate professor from 1930 to 1938, and a full professor from 1938 until his retirement in 1961 as professor emeritus. During World War II he looked at mosquito control and later supervised John Geary to study resistance of mosquitoes to DDT. He was also concerned about the effects of pesticides on pollinators. He died in Moore County, North Carolina.

Mitchell was elected in 1937 a fellow of the Entomological Society of America.

## InfoBox

| Theodore B. Mitchell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Theodore Bertis Mitchell
(1890-10-26)October 26, 1890
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | February 10, 1983(1983-02-10) (aged 92)
Moore County, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Education | Massachusetts Agricultural College (BS)
North Carolina State University (MS)
Harvard University (ScD) |
| Occupation | Entomologist |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Entomology |
|  | |


title: Colin Bradford

abstract: Colin Bradford is a Jamaican former track and field athlete who specialised in sprinting events. He represented Jamaica at the Olympic Games in 1976 and 1980. Born in Saint Catherine, he gained his first honours at the 1974 CARIFTA Games, where in the under-20s section he claimed bronze medals over 100 metres and 200 metres. He was selected to contest these events at the 1976 Summer Olympics – he reached the 200 m final, coming in seventh, while his teammate Don Quarrie took the gold medal. Bradford also ran in the 4×400 metres relay and came fifth in the final alongside Quarrie, Leighton Priestley and Seymour Newman. He represented Jamaica at the 1978 Commonwealth Games and secured the 200 m bronze medal. Competing for the USC Trojans track and field team, Bradford won the 1979 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships in the 4 × 100 m relay. He competed over 400 metres individually and in the relay at the 1979 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and took gold medals in both events. Bradford was chosen for the 200 m as well as both the 100 and 400 m relays at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but was eliminated in the heats stages of all three events. The following year he won the 100 m title at the 1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and formed part of the Americas 4×400 m relay team for the 1981 IAAF World Cup. His final global competition was the 1983 World Championships in Athletics, where he ran in the heats of the 200 m and anchored a Jamaican team of George Walcott, Ray Stewart and Leroy Reid to seventh place in the 4×100 metres relay final. His personal bests were 10.15 seconds for 100 m, 20.66 over 200 m and a 400 m time of 45.94 seconds.

text:
# Colin Bradford

**Colin Bradford** (born 30 May 1955) is a Jamaican former track and field athlete who specialised in sprinting events. He represented Jamaica at the Olympic Games in 1976 and 1980.

Born in Saint Catherine, he gained his first honours at the 1974 CARIFTA Games, where in the under-20s section he claimed bronze medals over 100 metres and 200 metres. He was selected to contest these events at the 1976 Summer Olympics – he reached the 200 m final, coming in seventh, while his teammate Don Quarrie took the gold medal. Bradford also ran in the 4×400 metres relay and came fifth in the final alongside Quarrie, Leighton Priestley and Seymour Newman. He represented Jamaica at the 1978 Commonwealth Games and secured the 200 m bronze medal.

Competing for the USC Trojans track and field team, Bradford won the 1979 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships in the 4 × 100 m relay.

He competed over 400 metres individually and in the relay at the 1979 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and took gold medals in both events. Bradford was chosen for the 200 m as well as both the 100 and 400 m relays at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but was eliminated in the heats stages of all three events. The following year he won the 100 m title at the 1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and formed part of the Americas 4×400 m relay team for the 1981 IAAF World Cup. His final global competition was the 1983 World Championships in Athletics, where he ran in the heats of the 200 m and anchored a Jamaican team of George Walcott, Ray Stewart and Leroy Reid to seventh place in the 4×100 metres relay final.

His personal bests were 10.15 seconds for 100 m, 20.66 over 200 m and a 400 m time of 45.94 seconds.

## Major competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 | Olympic Games | Montreal, Canada | 7th (q-finals) | 100 m |
| | | | 7th | 200 m |
| | | | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay |
| 1978 | Commonwealth Games | Edmonton, Canada | 3rd | 200 m |
| 1979 | CAC Championships | Guadalajara, Mexico | 1st | 400 m |
| 1980 | Olympic Games | Moscow, Soviet Union | 6th (q-finals) | 200 m |
| | | | 4th (heats) | 4 × 100 m relay |
| | | | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay |
| 1981 | CAC Championships | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 1st | 100 m |
| | World Cup | Rome, Italy | 3rd | 4 × 400 m relay |
| 1983 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 7th (heats) | 200 m |
| | | | 5th (heats) | 4 × 100 m relay |

## InfoBox

Colin Bradford
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's athletics | | |
| Representing  Jamaica | | |
| Commonwealth Games | | |
|  | 1978 Edmonton | 4x400m Relay |
|  | 1978 Edmonton | 200 m |
|  | 1978 Edmonton | 4x100m Relay |
| CAC Championships | | |
|  | 1979 Guadalajara | 400 m |
|  | 1981 Santo Domingo | 100 m |
| CARIFTA Games | | |
|  | 1974 Kingston | 100 m |
|  | 1974 Kingston | 200 m |


title: Follow the Leader (1930 film)

abstract: Follow the Leader is a 1930 American pre-Code musical comedy film co-directed by Norman Taurog and Albert Parker. It stars Ginger Rogers and Ed Wynn in his film debut. The screenplay by Gertrude Purcell and Sid Silvers is based on a play by William K. Wells, George White and Lew Brown, with songs by Buddy DeSylva and Ray Henderson. It was produced and distributed by Paramount Publix Corporation.

text:
# Follow the Leader (1930 film)

***Follow the Leader*** (also released as ***Manhattan Mary***) is a 1930 American pre-Code musical comedy film co-directed by Norman Taurog and Albert Parker. It stars Ginger Rogers and Ed Wynn in his film debut. The screenplay by Gertrude Purcell and Sid Silvers is based on a play by William K. Wells, George White and Lew Brown, with songs by Buddy DeSylva and Ray Henderson. It was produced and distributed by Paramount Publix Corporation.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Follow the Leader | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Norman Taurog
Albert Parker |
| Written by | Gertrude Purcell
Sid Silvers |
| Produced by | Paramount Publix |
| Starring | Ed Wynn
Ginger Rogers |
| Cinematography | Larry Williams |
| Edited by | Barney Rogan |
| Music by | Buddy DeSylva
Ray Henderson |
| Distributed by | Paramount Publix Corporation |
| Release date | * December 6, 1930 (1930-12-06) |
| Running time | 76 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Speuld

abstract: Speuld is a hamlet in the municipality of Ermelo in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. It was first mentioned in 1313 as Arnoldus de Spelde, and means hill with wood similar to the English Speldhurst. The postal authorities have placed it under Ermelo. In 1840, it was home to 83 people.

text:
# Speuld

**Speuld** is a hamlet in the municipality of Ermelo in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands.

It was first mentioned in 1313 as Arnoldus de Spelde, and means hill with wood similar to the English Speldhurst. The postal authorities have placed it under Ermelo. In 1840, it was home to 83 people.

## InfoBox

| Speuld | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Farm in Speuld | |
| SpeuldLocation in the NetherlandsSpeuldSpeuld (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 52°16′12″N 5°42′43″E / 52.2700°N 5.7119°E / 52.2700; 5.7119 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Gelderland |
| Municipality | Ermelo |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.47 km2 (0.95 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 420 |
| Density | 170/km2 (440/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 3852 |
| Dialing code | 0341 |


title: Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Aro

abstract: Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Aro is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. As of June 2022, the chief medical director is Taiwo Adamson.

text:
# Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Aro

**Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Aro** is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. As of June 2022, the chief medical director is Taiwo Adamson.

## History

Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Aro was established in 1944. The hospital was formerly known as an administrative prison/asylum.

## InfoBox

| Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Aro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria |
| Links | |
| Website | portal.neuroaro.gov.ng |
| Lists | Hospitals in Nigeria |


title: Charm School (Bishop Allen album)

abstract: Charm School is the first album by the indie rock group Bishop Allen released in 2003.

text:
# Charm School (Bishop Allen album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Charm School*** is the first album by the indie rock group Bishop Allen released in 2003.

## Track listing

1. "Charm School" – 2:08
2. "Little Black Ache" – 2:47
3. "Busted Heart" – 3:54
4. "Bishop Allen Drive" – 2:56
5. "Eve of Destruction" – 3:36
6. "Things Are What You Make of Them" – 3:57
7. "Ghosts Are Good Company" – 3:01
8. "Empire City" – 2:42
9. "Coupla Easy Things" – 2:22
10. "Penitentiary Bound" – 1:57
11. "Quarter to Three" – 3:21
12. "Another Wasted Night" – 2:32
13. "Things Are What You Make of Them (Reprise)" – 3:36

The track "Eve of Destruction" is partly based on P. F. Sloan's well-known song of the same name.

## InfoBox

| Charm School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bishop Allen | |
| Released | May 6, 2003 |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 38:53 |
| Label | Champagne School |
| Producer | Justin Rice, Christian Rudder |
| Bishop Allen chronology | |
| ***Charm School***
(2003) *The Broken String*
(2007) | |


title: Clarissa Allen

abstract: Clarissa Minnie Thompson Allen was an American educator and author. She wrote fictional stories about wealthy African-American families in the American South.

text:
# Clarissa Allen

**Clarissa Minnie Thompson Allen** (October 1, 1859 – November 23, 1941) was an American educator and author. She wrote fictional stories about wealthy African-American families in the American South.

## Personal life

Clarissa Minnie Thompson was born in Columbia, South Carolina, one of nine children of Eliza Henrietta Montgomery, a socialite, and Samuel Benjamin Thompson, a delegate in the South Carolina Constitutional Convention. She attended Howard Junior High School and a normal school in South Carolina. She worked at three different schools, including Allen University, where she taught subjects like algebra, Latin, physical geology, and history. She moved to Jefferson, Texas, around 1886, where she taught at a public school. She also lived in Ft. Worth, Texas, and worked in the public school system.

## Career

Allen wrote fiction based around true stories about wealthy African-American families in the Southern United States. Her most notable work was *Treading the Winepress*, also called *A Mountain of Misfortune*. The book consisted of 41 stories about two families. The stories took place in "Capitolia," which was based on Columbia, South Carolina. The book includes love triangles and murder, as well as themes of womanhood, charity, and madness. It was a serialized publication and believed to be the first novel by an African-American woman from South Carolina. She also wrote novelettes for Texas-based publications. Her poetry was also published in African American newspapers. Some reviewers believed that her work was anti-religious, specifically towards the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

## Further reading

* Shockley, Ann Allen. "Clarissa Minnie Thompson." *Afro-American Women Writers. 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide.* Boston: G.K. Hall (1988).
* Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly. "Clarissa Minnie Thompson." *Oxford Companion to African American Literature.* New York: Oxford University Press (1997).

## InfoBox

| Clarissa Minnie Thompson Allen | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of educator Clarissa M. Thompson, ca. 1872 | |
| Born | Clarissa Minnie Thompson
October 1, 1859
Columbia, South Carolina, United States |
| Died | November 23, 1941(1941-11-23) (aged 82)
Milam, Texas |
| Occupation | Educator
author |
| Language | English |
| Education | Howard Junior High School |


title: Line 11 (Tianjin Metro)

abstract: Line 11 of Tianjin Metro is a metro line in Tianjin. The east section of Phase 1 (Dongjiangdao–Dongliliujinglu) started operation on 28 December 2023.

text:
# Line 11 (Tianjin Metro)

**Line 11** of Tianjin Metro (Chinese: 天津地铁11号线; pinyin: *Tiānjīn Dìtiě Shí Yī Hào Xiàn*) is a metro line in Tianjin. The east section of Phase 1 (Dongjiangdao–Dongliliujinglu) started operation on 28 December 2023.

## Opening timeline

| Segment | Commencement | Length | Station(s) | Name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dongjiangdao — Dongliliujinglu | 28 December 2023 | 13.68 km (8.50 mi) | 11 | East section of Phase 1 |

## Stations

* OSI: out-of-system interchange

| Station name | | Connections | Distance
km | | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| English | Chinese | | ||
|  | | | | | | |
| Wenjielu | 文洁路 |  |  |  | Xiqing |
| Chengjianglu | 澄江路 |  |  |  | Nankai |
| Yizhongxinyiyuan | 一中心医院 |  |  |  | |
| Shuishanggongyuanxilu | 水上公园西路 |  |  |  | |
| Nankaidaxuebalitai | 南开大学八里台 |  |  |  | |
| Wujiayao | 吴家窑 |  |  |  | Hexi |
| Tonglou | 佟楼 |  |  |  | |
| Yingbinguan | 迎宾馆 |  |  |  | |
| Wenhuazhongxin | 文化中心 |  |  |  | |
| Yidaeryuan | 医大二院 |  |  |  | |
| Lishuidao | 澧水道 |  |  |  | |
| Neijianglu | 内江路 |  |  |  | |
| Chentang | 陈塘 |  |  |  | |
| Dongjiangdao | 东江道 | (OSI via Huashanli) |  |  | |
| Xueyuanbeilu | 学苑北路 |  |  |  | |
| Haihedonglu | 海河东路 |  |  |  | Dongli |
| Huanyudao | 环宇道 |  |  |  | |
| Xueliannanlu | 雪莲南路 |  |  |  | Hedong |
| Zhaoyuanlu | 招远路 |  |  |  | Dongli |
| Dongliwentizhongxin | 东丽文体中心 |  |  |  | |
| Xunhailu | 驯海路 |  |  |  | |
| Dongliyijinglu | 东丽一经路 |  |  |  | |
| Donglisanjinglu | 东丽三经路 |  |  |  | |
| Dongliliujinglu | 东丽六经路 |  |  |  | |
|  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Line 11 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Huanyudao station | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Operational |
| Locale | Tianjin, China |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 11 (operating)
24 (when complete) |
| Service | |
| Type | Rapid transit |
| System | Tianjin Metro |
| Operator(s) | CCCC consortium |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 December 2023 (2023-12-28) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 22.6 km (14.0 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |
| Operating speed | 80 km/h (50 mph) |
| Highest elevation | DC 1500 V with overhead catenary |


title: Theodore Aylward

abstract: Theodore Edward Aylward (Jr.) (1844–1933), was born in Salisbury and later became a pupil of S. S. Wesley and was Organist of St. Matthew's Church, Cheltenham, St. Columba's College, Rathfarnham (1866) and St. Martin's, Salisbury, before succeeding Francis Edward Gladstone at Llandaff Cathedral in 1870. He was recommended to the Dean and Chapter of Chichester Cathedral by Walter Parratt after stringent competition, and was therefore appointed Organist and Master of the Choristers at Chichester Cathedral. In 1886, Aylward left Chichester and was appointed Organist of the Public Hall, and of St. Andrew's Church in Cardiff. He is often confused with his great great uncle, Theodore Aylward Sr., sometime Organist & Master of the Choristers of St. George's Chapel, Windsor.

text:
# Theodore Aylward

**Theodore Edward Aylward (Jr.)** (1844–1933), was born in Salisbury and later became a pupil of S. S. Wesley and was Organist of St. Matthew's Church, Cheltenham, St. Columba's College, Rathfarnham (1866) and St. Martin's, Salisbury, before succeeding Francis Edward Gladstone at Llandaff Cathedral in 1870.

He was recommended to the Dean and Chapter of Chichester Cathedral by Walter Parratt (then Organist of Magdalen College, Oxford) after stringent competition, and was therefore appointed Organist and Master of the Choristers at Chichester Cathedral.

In 1886, Aylward left Chichester and was appointed Organist of the Public Hall, and of St. Andrew's Church in Cardiff. He is often confused with his great great uncle, Theodore Aylward Sr., sometime Organist & Master of the Choristers of St. George's Chapel, Windsor.


title: Coimbatore-South taluk

abstract: Coimbatore (South) taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

text:
# Coimbatore-South taluk

**Coimbatore (South) taluk** is a taluk of Coimbatore city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Coimbatore (South) had a population of 1,605,269 with 802,641 males and 802,628 females. There were 1,000 women for every 1,000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 81.18%. Child population in the age group below 6 years were 73,403 Males and 70,765 Females.

1. "Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011" (PDF). Census Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

## InfoBox

| Coimbatore (South) | |
| --- | --- |
| Taluk | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Coimbatore |


title: Risku

abstract: Risku is a village development committee in Udayapur District in the Sagarmatha Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 11,546 people living in 2083 individual households.

text:
# Risku

**Risku**  is a village development committee in Udayapur District in the Sagarmatha Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 11,546 people living in 2083 individual households.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Retrieved 13 November 2008.

## InfoBox

| Risku रिस्कु | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| RiskuLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 26°57′N 86°27′E / 26.95°N 86.45°E / 26.95; 86.45 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Sagarmatha Zone |
| District | Udayapur District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 11,546 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


abstract: The Anglican Church of St Michael and All Angels in Bawdrip, Somerset, England was built in the late 13th or early 14th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.

text:
# Church of St Michael and All Angels, Bawdrip

The Anglican **Church of St Michael and All Angels** in Bawdrip, Somerset, England was built in the late 13th or early 14th century. It is a Grade II\* listed building.

## History

The church was built in the late 13th to early 14th century, on the site of an early church which had belonged to Athelney Abbey.

It underwent Victorian restoration in 1866.

The parish is part of the benefice of Woolavington with Cossington and Bawdrip which is part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

## Architecture

The Blue Lias church consists of a two-bay nave, two-bay chancel, and north and south transepts. The crossing tower has gargoyles and a parapet. Within the tower are four bells. Two of these are believed to be from 1448 and the others from 1671 and 1745.

In the church is a 14th century effigy depicting Sir Simon de Bradney in his armour.

## InfoBox

| Church of St Michael and All Angels | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Bawdrip, Somerset, England |
| Coordinates | 51°09′06″N 2°56′34″W / 51.1517°N 2.9429°W / 51.1517; -2.9429 |
| Built | 13th or 14th century |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Church of St Michael and All Angels |
| Designated | 29 March 1963 |
| Reference no. | 1060158 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Church of St Michael and All Angels in Somerset | |


title: El Melao

abstract: Cerro El Melao is the highest peak of the Sierra de Velasco in the Sierras Pampeanas range. It is located in the La Rioja Province of Argentina, about 70 km north-west of the provincial capital, La Rioja. El Melao has an elevation of 4,157 metres (13,638 ft) above sea level. Despite its relatively low altitude, with 2,904 metres (9,528 ft) it is one of Argentina's most prominent peaks. Other sources mention an altitude of 4,189 metres (13,743 ft).

text:
# El Melao

**Cerro El Melao** is the highest peak of the *Sierra de Velasco* in the Sierras Pampeanas range. It is located in the La Rioja Province of Argentina, about 70 km north-west of the provincial capital, La Rioja.

El Melao has an elevation of 4,157 metres (13,638 ft) above sea level. Despite its relatively low altitude, with 2,904 metres (9,528 ft) it is one of Argentina's most prominent peaks. Other sources mention an altitude of 4,189 metres (13,743 ft).

## InfoBox

| El Melao | |
| --- | --- |
| El MelaoLocation in Argentina | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,157 m (13,638 ft) |
| Prominence | 2,907 m (9,537 ft)<br>Ranked 108th |
| Listing | Ultra |
| Coordinates | 28°52′03″S 67°07′39″W / 28.86750°S 67.12750°W / -28.86750; -67.12750 |
| Geography | |
| Location | La Rioja, Argentina |
| Parent range | Sierras Pampeanas |


abstract: Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Enugu is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. The current chief medical director is Monday Igwe.

text:
# Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Enugu

**Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Enugu** is a federal government of Nigeria speciality hospital located in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. The current chief medical director is Monday Igwe.

## History

Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Enugu was established on 1962. The hospital was formerly an Outpatient Unit.

## CMD

The current chief medical director is Monday Igwe.

## InfoBox

| Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Enugu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria |
| Links | |
| Website | fnhe.gov.ng |
| Lists | Hospitals in Nigeria |


title: Skotfoss

abstract: Skotfoss is a village in Skien Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located along the river Farelva where lake Norsjø feeds into the Skien watershed. It is located across the river from the village of Åfoss. It is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of the town of Skien. The village has a population of about 1,700 people. Skotfoss Church is located in the village.

text:
# Skotfoss

**Skotfoss** is a village in Skien Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located along the river Farelva where lake Norsjø feeds into the Skien watershed. It is located across the river from the village of Åfoss. It is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of the town of Skien. The village has a population of about 1,700 people.

Skotfoss Church is located in the village.

## History

The village of Skotfoss was built up around the waterfall and its associated industry. Skotfoss was a part of Solum Municipality until the municipalities of Solum and Skien were merged on 1 January 1964. Skottfoss used to be home to one of North Europe's biggest paper factories, Skotfoss Bruk. Paper from the factory was exported around the world, including to New York City where the paper was used by the New York Times. The factory closed in 1986.

The sports association Skotfoss TIF was founded in 1899. The Norwegian soccer player Frode Johnsen, who grew up in the village, has played for the association's soccer team.

## InfoBox

| Skotfoss | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the Skotfoss Church, built in 1900 by workers at Skotfoss Bruk and paid for by the Papermaking Union | |
| SkotfossLocation of the villageSkotfossSkotfoss (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 59°12′54″N 9°31′28″E / 59.21506°N 9.52451°E / 59.21506; 9.52451 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Eastern Norway |
| County | Telemark |
| District | Grenland |
| Municipality | Skien Municipality |
| Elevation | 11 m (36 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 3720 Skien |


title: Ruparam Dudi

abstract: Rupa Ram Dudi was an Indian politician from Nagaur, Rajasthan. He served as member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Deedwana. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. He was elected to Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 1998 for first term and then in 2008 for his second term as MLA.

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# Ruparam Dudi

**Rupa Ram** **Dudi** (11 November 1949 – 10 May 2014) was an Indian politician from Nagaur, Rajasthan. He served as member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Deedwana. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. He was elected to Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 1998 for first term and then in 2008 for his second term as MLA.

## Political career

Dudi’s political career began at the grassroots level in his native village of Mandukara, Didwana, Nagaur, Rajasthan. His journey in public service started as a Sarpanch in 1978, a position he held for two consecutive terms. Recognising his strong connection with the local population, the Indian National Congress (INC) nominated him for the Didwana constituency, leading to his election as an MLA in 1998.

Dudi was known for his dedication to addressing rural issues, particularly the water scarcity in Nagaur district. He played a significant role in bringing the Indira Gandhi Canal water to the region, a feat considered a monumental task akin to the mythological Bhagirathi’s efforts to bring the Ganges to earth. His commitment to education, especially for girls, was evident through his efforts to upgrade schools and promote female literacy.

In the 2008 Rajasthan Assembly elections, Dudi secured a victory against BJP’s Yunus Khan, marking a significant achievement in his political tenure.

In the case of Jeevan Godara’s murder, which had significant repercussions in Didwana, Hanuman Beniwal and Rupa Ram Dudi were prominent figures who persistently sought justice. Both leaders were instrumental in ensuring that the perpetrators were apprehended and convicted. They frequently visited the family of the deceased, showing their support. Rupa Ram Dudi expressed that bringing canal water to Didwana was a priority for him, and he would feel a sense of fulfilment upon achieving this goal. This initiative was widely recognised by the community as a substantial effort akin to the mythological Bhagirathi’s endeavour.

## InfoBox

| Rupa Ram Dudi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1998–2003 | |
| Preceded by | Chena Ram |
| Succeeded by | Yunus Khan |
| Constituency | Deedwana |
| **In office**
2008–2013 | |
| Preceded by | Yunus Khan |
| Succeeded by | Yunus Khan |
| Constituency | Deedwana |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 November 1949
Mandukara, Nagaur, Rajasthan |
| Died | 10 May 2014
Gurgaon |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
|  | |


title: Square (unit)

abstract: The square is an Imperial unit of area that is used in the construction industry in the United States and Canada, and was historically used in Australia. One square is equal to 100 square feet. Examples where the unit is used are roofing shingles, metal roofing, vinyl siding, and fibercement siding products. Some home builders use squares as a unit in floor plans to customers. When used in reference to material that is applied in an overlapped fashion, such as roof shingles or siding, a square refers to the amount of material needed to cover 100 square feet when installed according to a certain lap pattern. For example, for a shingle product designed to be installed so that each course has 5 in (130 mm) of exposure, a square would actually consist of more than 100 square feet of shingles in order to allow for overlapping of courses to yield the proper exposed surface. Construction in Australia no longer uses the square as a unit of measure, and it has been replaced by the square metre. The measurement was often used by estate agents to make the building sound larger as the measure includes the areas outside under the eaves, and so cannot be directly compared to the internal floor area. Residential buildings in the state of Victoria, Australia are sometimes still advertised in squares.

text:
# Square (unit)

The **square** is an Imperial unit of area that is used in the construction industry in the United States and Canada, and was historically used in Australia. One square is equal to 100 square feet. Examples where the unit is used are roofing shingles, metal roofing, vinyl siding, and fibercement siding products. Some home builders use squares as a unit in floor plans to customers.

When used in reference to material that is applied in an overlapped fashion, such as roof shingles or siding, a square refers to the amount of material needed to cover 100 square feet when installed according to a certain lap pattern. For example, for a shingle product designed to be installed so that each course has 5 in (130 mm) of exposure, a square would actually consist of more than 100 square feet of shingles in order to allow for overlapping of courses to yield the proper exposed surface.

Construction in Australia no longer uses the square as a unit of measure, and it has been replaced by the square metre. The measurement was often used by estate agents to make the building sound larger as the measure includes the areas outside under the eaves, and so cannot be directly compared to the internal floor area. Residential buildings in the state of Victoria, Australia are sometimes still advertised in squares.

## Conversions

1 square equals

## InfoBox

| square | |
| --- | --- |
| Unit of | area |
| Symbol | square |
| Conversions | |
| 1 square *in ...* | *... is equal to ...* |
|  | |
| square foot | 100 |
| square metre | 9.29030 |


title: Coimbatore-North taluk

abstract: Coimbatore (North) taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore City of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. On 9 May 2012, Government of Tamil Nadu announced that it will bifurcate Coimbatore North Taluk to create the new Annur Taluk.

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# Coimbatore-North taluk

**Coimbatore (North) taluk** is a taluk of Coimbatore City of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. On 9 May 2012, Government of Tamil Nadu announced that it will bifurcate Coimbatore North Taluk to create the new Annur Taluk.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Coimbatore (North) had a population of 641,021 with 321,922 males and 319,099 females. There were 991 women for every 1,000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 76.37%. Child population in the age group below 6 years were 28,302 Males and 27,219 Females.

## InfoBox

| Coimbatore (North) | |
| --- | --- |
| Taluk | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Coimbatore |


title: Food Matters

abstract: Food Matters is a 2008 film about nutrition. The film presents the thesis that a selective diet can play a key role in treating a range of health conditions such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease and depression, often substituting for medical treatment. Furthermore, it tends to label the medical industry as a "sickness industry", which profits more from treating the symptoms of illness than curing the illness.

text:
# Food Matters

***Food Matters*** is a 2008 film about nutrition. The film presents the thesis that a selective diet can play a key role in treating a range of health conditions such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease and depression, often substituting for medical treatment. Furthermore, it tends to label the medical industry as a "sickness industry", which profits more from treating the symptoms of illness than curing the illness.

## InfoBox

| Food Matters | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | James Colquhoun
Carlo Ledesma |
| Written by | James Colquhoun
Laurentine Ten Bosch |
| Produced by | James Colquhoun
Laurentine Ten Bosch
Enzo Tedeschi |
| Edited by | Enzo Tedeschi |
| Production
company | Permacology Productions |
| Distributed by | Aspect Film |
| Release date | * 30 May 2008 (2008-05-30) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |


title: Sphingobacterium arenae

abstract: Sphingobacterium arenae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from sandy soil in Xinjiang in China.

text:
# Sphingobacterium arenae

***Sphingobacterium arenae*** is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from sandy soil in Xinjiang in China.

## InfoBox

| *Sphingobacterium arenae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Sphingobacteriia |
| Order: | Sphingobacteriales |
| Family: | Sphingobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Sphingobacterium* |
| Species: | ***S. arenae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Sphingobacterium arenae*****<br>Jiang et al. 2014 | |
|


title: Velma (mudflat)

abstract: Velma is a Venetian dialect term derived from "melma" (mud). It is also used by Italian scientists to refer to lagunar mudflats, such as those found in the Lagoon of Venice. They are areas of shallow lagunar bottoms which are normally submerged, but emerge at low tides. They are generally without vegetation. Only associations of Zostera noltii can be found. They originate from sediments carried by sea and stronger currents which are deposited on the lagoon bottom. They often surround the edges of the lagoon's barene. The velme, together with the barene (saltmarshes) and the shallow bottoms, constitute one of the most characteristic but also most fragile environments of the ecosystem of the Lagoon of Venice. They are subject to variations in their extent depending on the amount of materials they lose or acquire. Sediment acquisition leads to the consolidation of the velma's sediment soil and sediment loss leads to erosion of this soil. If the balance between consolidation and erosion fails, the velme and saltmarshes risk disappearing.

text:
# Velma (mudflat)

**Velma** (plural velme) is a Venetian dialect term derived from "melma" (mud). It is also used by Italian scientists to refer to lagunar mudflats (also called tidal flats), such as those found in the Lagoon of Venice. They are areas of shallow lagunar bottoms which are normally submerged, but emerge at low tides. They are generally without vegetation. Only associations of *Zostera noltii* (dwarf eelgrass) can be found. They originate from sediments carried by sea and stronger currents which are deposited on the lagoon bottom. They often surround the edges of the lagoon's barene (a venetian term for saltmarshes).

The velme, together with the barene (saltmarshes) and the shallow bottoms, constitute one of the most characteristic but also most fragile environments of the ecosystem of the Lagoon of Venice. They are subject to variations in their extent depending on the amount of materials (silt, sand and other sediments) they lose or acquire. Sediment acquisition leads to the consolidation of the velma's sediment soil and sediment loss leads to erosion of this soil. If the balance between consolidation and erosion fails, the velme and saltmarshes risk disappearing.

## Erosion and loss of velma areas

The loss of velma areas in the Lagoon of Venice has been occurring for more than two centuries. From the early 19th century the combined saltmarsh area had decreased form 155 km2 to 40 km2. This has also involved a loss of velma areas because many of them surround the saltmarshes.

Velma areas are often under bathymetric (depth) pressure, which makes them less likely to emerge at low tides, leading to loss of stability and potential loss of their ecological function. This has been caused by infrastructural works carried out in the last two centuries. In the 19th century breakwaters were built at the lagoon inlets to stabilise their shape and orientation and to intensify the inflow of sea current in order to create conditions for deepening them and the channels which start from them. This was done to facilitate the transit of larger ships into the lagoon. In the 20th century, an even deeper and wider navigation canal was dug from the Malamocco inlet to the port of Marghera for large container ships and oil tankers to sail to new industrial areas. The depth of the channel form the Lido inlet was also increased to let large modern cruise ships through. These kinds of interventions have led to the displacement of sediments which are lost out of the lagoon and an increase in depth of the lagoon floor form and average of -0.75 m to one of -1.5 m since 1902.

The average loss of sediments is 2.2 million m3 per year. Erosion in the Lido basin was 14 cm in 1930-1970 and 12 cm in 1970–2000; in the Malamocco basin it was 20 cm and 33 cm respectively; in the Chioggia basin it was 8 cm and 20 cm; in the mid lagoon 14 cm and 20 cm.

The average deepening of lagoon floor has also made the wave action created by winds stronger, producing a further erosive effect. In addition to normal strength winds, Venice can also be hit by strong winds caused the Bora from the northeast, especially in the winter, or the Scirocco from the southeast, which can occur from March to November. The latter, when combined a rising tide, can cause the *acqua alta* phenomenon (exceptionally high tides which cause flooding). Another erosive problem is caused by wave action created by passing motorboats.

## Shelter for benthic species

The velme are ecologically important because strong variations in salinity and oxygenation created by submersion and emersion turn them into an environment which is even more selective than that of the saltmarshes. As a result, they form Benthic zones. Their substratum gives shelter to Benthos (lagoon bottom species): *polychaetes* (bristle worms), *Daphnia* (water fleas), molluscs (particularly bivalves) and some small crustaceans, such as caridean shrimps, from the low tide. These, in turn, provide food for some species of water birds, both nesting and migratory.

## Food source for birds

Waders (called shorebirds in North America) are associated with the tidal variations in water level. They are found in mudflats which are exposed at low tide and or just about underwater in very shallow waters, where they search for their Benthos preys in the mud. Their thin, pointed beaks penetrate the mud to catch preys which do not have significant reactions. Their short legs allow them to walk where the water is only a few centimetres deep. Their legs and beaks are often brightly coloured, but their prey cannot see them and flee. During high tides, when their food is underwater, they rest at Roost sites. Some species feed throughout the tidal cycle shifting their feeding between mudflats and saltmarshes in synchrony with the tide rises and falls. The loss of mudflats and saltmarshes and disturbance at feeding and roosting sites poses a considerable threat to these populations. Their dependence on the presence of mudflats is a problem as these are one of the most difficult lagunar areas to restore and maintain. Many species are strongly migratory. They nest in northern Europe and Asia and winter on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Decreased food availability forces migratory species to prolong their flight periods, which results in a decrease in reproductive success and increase mortality.

Common waders in the lagoon are the black-winged stilt (*Himantopus himantopus*), pied avocet (*Recurvirostra avosetta*), Eurasian curlew (*Numenius arquata*), black-tailed godwit (*Limosa limosa*), common redshank (*Tringa totanus*), spotted redshank (*Tringa erythropus*), common greenshank (*Tringa nebularia*) and Eurasian oystercatcher (*Haematopus ostralegus*). The common redshank's nesting colony in the lagoon the largest in the Mediterranean, with 2000 specimens.

## Seagrass of the velma

*Zostera noltii* (dwarf seagrass) and especially its subspecies *Nanozostera noltii*, which is more common in the Lagoon of Venice, are found in velma areas. Like other seagrasses, they are important for stabilising, re-suspending and consolidating sediments. They provide a defence against erosion and reduce wave energy. They also protect the benthic species that live in the velme. An area where it has been planted in a raised artificial velma habitat at Punta vecia Sud had been colonised by 47 benthic taxa. The biomass is seven times higher than that of the areas nearby. *Zostera* is, however, sensitive to being smothered by shifting sediments and has a low capacity to recover when buried. This may be due to its relatively short leaves and its lack of vertical rhizomes.

In addition the mentioned roles, it plays an important part in the winter diet of the whooper and mute swan, the brent goose, wigeon and wildfowl.

## Protection of the velme

In the Lagoon of Venice some velma areas have been undergoing marked degradation due to the inconsistent nature of the bottom sediments or erosion. Consequently, there is degradation of the benthic species in the bottom sediments of the lagoon with pronounced bathymetric (depth) pressure. Projects to recover and regenerate these areas have been undertaken with the creation of new velma structures by creating confined areas and pouring sedimentary materials which include sandy and loamy components into them, using in part or totally materials from the dredging of the lagoon inlets. In areas under bathymetric pressure the bottom of the lagoon was increased in height to make it shallower. Small vivification canals were dug to direct the flow of water, improve sea water turnover and activate the processes of stabilisation of the bottom through an increase of primary production. Since these structures reach their highest physical and environmental value when they are colonised by *Nanozostera noltii*, a seagrass typical of the intertidal flats, these were planted in the intervention areas.

In the twenty-five years up to 2016, 18 artificial velma habitats covering a total of 2 km2 were created. This, together with the creation 11 km2 of saltmarshes, involved the reuse of 20 million m3 of sediments from the dredging of channels and canals. The creation of more velma habitats was in progress and more were planned. There is also a wider programme of planting seagrasses which also involves the planting of *Cymodocea nodosa* (little Neptune grass). It is found mainly near the inlets or in places with medium to high hydrodynamics and where salinity is not variable. It likes sediments with a high sand content. As it is of tropical origin, it starts growing rapidly in late spring, assuming an emerald colour, and does not grow in the winter, assuming a brownish colour. It is planted by the inlets or in canals or channels not far from them at a depth on -1.5 m or in artificial velma habitats in conjunction with *Nanozostera noltii*.


title: Sirsi Assembly constituency

abstract: Sirsi Assembly constituency is one of the 224 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Karnataka in India. It is part of Uttara Kannada district. Bhimanna T. Naik is the current MLA from Sirisi.

text:
# Sirsi Assembly constituency

**Sirsi Assembly constituency** is one of the 224 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Karnataka in India.

It is part of Uttara Kannada district. Bhimanna T. Naik is the current MLA from Sirisi.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

Source:

### Mysore State

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | Ramakrishna Hegde |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1962 | | | |
| 1967 | M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan |  | Praja Socialist Party |
| 1972 | |  | Indian National Congress |

### Karnataka

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1978 | Umakant Borkar |  | Janata Party |
| 1983 | Gopal Mukund Kanade | | |
| 1985 | |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1989 | | |
| 1994 | Jaiwani Premanand Subray |  | Janata Dal |
| 1999 | Vivekananda Vaidya |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2004 | | | |
| 2008 | Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri | | |
| 2013 | | | |
| 2018 | | | |
| 2023 | Bhimanna T. Naik |  | Indian National Congress |

## Election results

### 2023

Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election, 2023: Sirsi
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Bhimanna T. Naik** | **76,887** | **47.89** | **+13.63** |
|  | BJP | Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri | 68,175 | 42.47 | −3.05 |
|  | JD(S) | Upendra Pai | 9,138 | 5.69 | −11.48 |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 1,638 | 1.02 | −0.23 |
| Majority | | | 8,712 | 5.42 | −5.84 |
| Turnout | | | 160,538 | 79.97 | −1.29 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2018

Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election, 2018: Sirsi
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri** | **70,595** | **45.52** |  |
|  | INC | Bhimanna T. Naik | 53,134 | 34.26 |  |
|  | JD(S) | Shashibhushan Hegde | 26,625 | 17.17 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 1,935 | 1.25 |  |
| Majority | | | 17,461 | 11.26 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,55,079 | 81.26 |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

14°37′N 74°50′E / 14.62°N 74.84°E / 14.62; 74.84

## InfoBox

| Sirsi | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 80 for the Karnataka Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | South India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Uttara Kannada |
| LS constituency | Uttara Kannada |
| Established | 1956 |
| Total electors | 200,755 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 16th Karnataka Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Bhimanna Naik** | |
| Party | Indian National Congress |
| Elected year | 2023 |
| Preceded by | Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri |


title: Brachylia

abstract: Brachylia is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

text:
# Brachylia

***Brachylia*** is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

## Species

## Former species

* Clench, H.K., 1959: Notes on African Cossidae. *Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München*, **6**: 3-27. Full article: .
* Yakovlev, R.V., 2011: Catalogue of the family Cossidae of the Old World (Lepidoptera). *Neue Entomologische Nachrichten*, **66**: 1–129.
* Yakovlev, R.V. & Lenz, J., 2013: On the Fauna of Cossidae (Lepidoptera) of Zimbabwe with description of a new species. *Zootaxa*, **3718 (4)**: 387-397. Abstract: .
* Yakovlev, R.V. & R.J. Murphy, 2013: The Cossidae (Lepidoptera) of Malawi with descriptions of two new species. *Zootaxa*, **3709 (4)**: 371-393. Abstract:

## InfoBox

| *Brachylia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Brachylia reussi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Blastobasidae |
| Tribe: | Holcocerini |
| Genus: | *Brachylia*<br>Felder, 1874 |
|


title: Springfield Reapers

abstract: The Springfield Reapers were a minor league baseball team based in Springfield, Ohio. The Reapers played as members of the 1908 and 1911 Class D level Ohio State League, winning the league championship in 1911. The Reapers joined the Class B level Central League, playing as members from 1912 to 1914 and 1916 to 1917. The Reapers played the 1916 and 1917 seasons with Springfield native Joe Dunn serving as manager. Baseball Hall of Fame member Jesse Haines played for the 1916 and 1917 Springfield Reapers teams. The Springfield teams hosted home minor league games at Snyder Field, which was located within today's Snyder Park.

text:
# Springfield Reapers

The **Springfield Reapers** were a minor league baseball team based in Springfield, Ohio.

The Reapers played as members of the 1908 and 1911 Class D level Ohio State League, winning the league championship in 1911. The Reapers joined the Class B level Central League, playing as members from 1912 to 1914 and 1916 to 1917. The Reapers played the 1916 and 1917 seasons with Springfield native Joe Dunn serving as manager.

Baseball Hall of Fame member Jesse Haines played for the 1916 and 1917 Springfield Reapers teams.

The Springfield teams hosted home minor league games at Snyder Field, which was located within today's Snyder Park.

## History

### Ohio State League 1908 & 1911

Minor league baseball play began in Springfield in 1877, when the Springfield "Champion City" team played the season as members of the League Alliance. The 1907 Springfield "Babes" preceded the Reapers in minor league play, with the team ending a three season tenure in the Central League, as the Wheeling Stogies franchise replaced Springfield in the league. Springfield continued minor league play in 1909.

The Springfield use of the "Reapers" nickname corresponds to the Springfield region history and agriculture industry. The Springfield area remains a large crop production region. A "reaper" is a farm implement that revolutionized farming and evolved over time into today's combine harvester.

In 1908, Springfield played in a new league. The Springfield "Reapers" were formed and played a partial season as members of the six-team Class D level Ohio State League before the team relocated during a last place season. The Ohio State League reformed for the first time since 1898 and to begin the season, Springfield joined the Lancaster Lanks, Lima Cigarmakers, Mansfield Pioneers, Marion Diggers and Newark Newks teams in Ohio State League play, when began scheduled games on April 23, 1908.

On June 16, 1908, the Springfield Reapers franchise moved to become the Portsmouth Cobblers. Springfield had a 17–30 record at the time of the move to Portsmouth, Ohio. After compiling a 29–73 record while based in Portsmouth, the Springfield/Portsmouth team ended the season in sixth place in the Ohio State League final standings, with an overall record of 46–103. Ned Ransick and R. Quinn served as managers, as the Cobblers ended the season 46.0 games behind the first place Lancaster Lanks. The Portsmouth Cobblers continued Ohio State League play, while Springfield remained without a franchise in 1909 and 1910.

In 1911, after a two-season hiatus, the Springfield Reapers returned to play and won the league championship. Springfield resumed minor league play, rejoining the Class B level Ohio State League as the league expanded to from six teams to eight teams. The 1911 Ohio State League added Springfield and the Chillicothe Infants as expansion teams. Springfield and Chillicothe joined the returning Hamilton Mechanics, Lancaster Lanks, Lima Cigarmakers, Marion Diggers, Newark Newks and Portsmouth Cobblers teams in beginning the league schedule on April 20, 1911.

Under manager Charley O'Day, the Reapers ended the season with a record of 84–55 and captured the Ohio State League championship. In the final standings, Springfield finished 3.0 games ahead of the second place Marion Diggers and 6.0 games ahead of third place Portsmouth in the eight-team league. No playoffs were held. Pitcher Roy Ashenfelder, who split the season between the last place Hamilton Mechanics and Springfield, won 24 games to lead the Ohio State League.

Despite winning the 1911 league championship, Springfield did not return to the Ohio State and continued play in 1912 in a new league.

### Central League 1912 to 1914

In 1912, the Springfield Reapers continued minor league play, as the team switched leagues and joined a higher-level league. The Reapers became members of the Class B level Central League, as the league expanded from eight teams to twelve. The Akron Tyrites, Akron Rubbermen, Canton Statesmen, Dayton Veterans, Erie Sailors, Fort Wayne Railroaders, Grand Rapids Black Sox, South Bend Benders, Terre Haute Terre-iers, Wheeling Stogies, Youngstown Steelmen and Zanesville Potters teams joined Springfield in beginning Central League play on April 24, 1912.

During the 1912 season, Springfield obtained pitcher Charlie Wheatley off waivers and he improved to make his major league debut that season. Wheatley began the 1912 season with the St. Joseph Drummers of the Class A level Western League. Wheatley was released by St. Joseph in May and signed with the Reapers, pitching well for Springfield. While pitching for Springfield, he was scouted by Bobby Lowe for the Detroit Tigers. Lowe recommended Wheatley to Hughie Jennings, the manager of the Tigers, and the Tigers purchased Wheatley from Springfield for $3,500 and Wheatley made his major league on September 6, 1912.

In their first season of returning to Central League play, the Springfield Reapers placed fourth in the final league standings of the large league. With a record of 72–54, the Reapers were managed by the returning Charley O'Day. Springfield finished 3.5 games behind the first place Fort Wayne Railroaders in the final regular season standings. No playoffs were held in the twelve-team league.

The Springfield Reapers continued play in the 1913 Central League, as the Central League reduced from twelve teams to six teams and remained a Class B level league. Placing third in the final standings of the six-team league, the Reapers had an overall record of 67–71. Springfield finished 24.0 games behind the first place Grand Rapids Bill-eds (92–48) in the final standings. The league held no playoffs, as Springfield was managed by Joe Stanley during the season. Bill Keene of Springfield hit 15 home runs to lead the league, while teammate George Brautigan led the Central League with 99 runs scored.

The Springfield Reapers folded before completing the 1914 Central League season. On August 8, 1914, Springfield folded from the six-team league with a record of 42–67. Joe Stanley returned as the Springfield manager. The Central League continued play to the end of the season with five teams, concluding the season September 7, 1914, with Springfield listed as the sixth-place team. Springfield ended the season 35.5 games behind the first place Dayton Veterans in the final standings.

Springfield did not host a minor league team in 1915 and the Central League continued play as an eight-team league.

### Central League 1916 & 1917

After a one season hiatus, the Springfield Reapers resumed minor league play and advanced to the league finals. Springfield returned to the Class B level Central League in 1916, with a future hall of fame pitcher on the roster and a local former major league catcher as their manager. The Reapers replaced the Youngstown Steelmen in the league. The Reapers manager was Joe Dunn, a Springfield native, who would serve as the Reapers manager for two seasons, before again reviving the Springfield franchise in 1928.

In returning to the league in 1916, Springfield joined the Dayton Veterans, Evansville Evas, Grand Rapids Black Sox, Muskegon Reds, South Bend Benders, Terre Haute Highlanders and Wheeling Stogies teams in the eight-team Central League.

A former major league catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers, manager Joe Dunn returned to his native Springfield in 1916 after serving as player/manager for the 1914 and 1915 Dallas Giants of the Texas League. In a 1915 game against Galveston, Dunn had a fight with an opposing player who reportedly insulted his membership in the Knights of Columbus. Dunn later announced that he would not be returning to manage Dallas. Dunn subsequently agreed to become player/manager for Springfield, where he and helped to develop pitchers Jesse Haines and Lou Lowdermilk in 1916.

The Reapers placed third in the eight–team Central League overall standings, ending the 1916 season with an overall record of 74–58, finishing 3.0 games behind the first place Grand Rapids Black Sox. With the league playing a spilt season schedule, Springfield advanced to the finals. The Dayton Veterans won the first half pennant, and the Springfield Reapers won the second half pennant. In the final, Dayton defeated Springfield 4 games to 2.

Baseball Hall of Fame member Jesse Haines played for the 1916 Springfield Reapers and returned to the team in 1917. Having spent part of 1915 on their major league roster without appearing in a game, Haines was sent by the Detroit Tigers to pitch for Springfield in 1916. At age 22, Haines won 23 gams pitching for Springfield in 1916, with a 1.68 ERA. In 1917, Haines again was sent by Detroit to pitch for Springfield, winning 19 games with a 1.83 ERA. Haines would make his major league debut with the Cincinnati Reds in 1918.

The 1917 Central League again utilized a split season schedule and Springfield had a second-place finish but did not qualify for the playoff. The Reapers ended the season in second place, with an overall record of 74–50, managed again by Joe Dunn. In the overall standings, Springfield finished 6.0 games behind the first place Grand Rapids Black Sox. Grand Rapids defeated the South Bend Benders/Peoria Distillers 4 games to 3 in the final as the two teams won the spilt season pennants. Frank Walker of Springfield won the Central League triple Crown. Walker batting title, hitting .370. Walker also led the league with 10 home runs, and had 169 RBI. His 161 hits and 94 runs scored also led the league. The Central League folded following the 1917 season and Springfield did not return to minor league play for ten seasons.

From 1918 to 1927, Springfield did not host a minor league team. In 1928, the Springfield Buckeyes began play when the Central League reformed, with Joe Dunn becoming the team owner and manager. Dunn had remained in Springfield following the 1917 season after getting married and starting a family while working in local industry.

## The ballpark

The Springfield Reapers teams hosted minor league home games at Snyder Field. Today, the site is still in use as part of Snyder Park, a public park. The Snyder Field ballpark was located on Park Street off Snyder Park Road in Springfield, Ohio.

The land for Snyder Park was donated to the city of Springfield by brothers John and David Snyder in 1895, with the parcel containing over 1,000 acres. After development, the park officially opened on April 22, 1897. The park itself was designed by architect Herman Haerlin.

## Timeline

| Year(s) | \# Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Ballpark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1908, 1911 | 2 | Springfield Reapers | Class D | Ohio State League | Snyder Field |
| 1912–1914 | 3 | | Class B | Central League | |
| 1916–1917 | 2 | | ||
||

## Year-by-year records

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs / Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1908 | 46–103 | 6th | Ed Ranskick / John Quinn | Team (17–30) moved to Portsmouth June 16 |
|  |
| 1911 | 84–55 | 1st | Charley O'Day | **Won league championship**
No playoffs held |
| 1912 | 72–54 | 4th | Charley O'Day | No playoffs held |
| 1913 | 67–61 | 3rd | Joe Stanley | No playoffs held |
| 1914 | 42–67 | 6th | Joe Stanley | Team folded August 8 |
|  |
| 1916 | 74–68 | 3rd | Joe Dunn | **Won 2nd half pennant**
Lost in final |
| 1917 | 77–50 | 2nd | Joe Dunn | Did not qualify |
|

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Springfield Reapers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class D (1908, 1911)
Class B (1912–1914, 1916–1917) |
| League | Ohio State League (1908, 1911)
Central League (1912–1914, 1916–1917) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | None |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (1) | 1911 |
| Conference titles (1) | 1916 |
| Team data | |
| Name | **Springfield Reapers** (1908, 1911–1914, 1916–1917) |
| Ballpark | Snyder Field (1908, 1911–1914, 1916–1917) |


title: Smith Beach, Virginia

abstract: Smith Beach is an unincorporated community in Northampton County, Virginia, United States. The elevation is 20 feet (6 m). Smith Beach appears on the Cheriton U.S. Geological Survey Map. Northampton County is in the Eastern Time Zone.

text:
# Smith Beach, Virginia

**Smith Beach** is an unincorporated community in Northampton County, Virginia, United States. The elevation is 20 feet (6 m). Smith Beach appears on the Cheriton U.S. Geological Survey Map. Northampton County is in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours).

1. "Smith Beach Populated Place Profile / Northampton County, Virginia Data". *virginia.hometownlocator.com*. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Smith Beach | |
| --- | --- |
| Smith BeachSmith Beach | |
| Coordinates: 37°21′45″N 75°59′25″W / 37.36250°N 75.99028°W / 37.36250; -75.99028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | Northampton |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) |


title: The World Before Your Feet

abstract: The World Before Your Feet is a 2018 American documentary film directed by filmmaker Jeremy Workman about Matt Green's mission to walk every street of New York City, a journey of over 8000 miles. The film also marked the producing debut of actor Jesse Eisenberg. First presented at numerous film festivals, The World Before Your Feet was released theatrically on November 21, 2018 through distributor Greenwich Entertainment. Widely praised upon its release, the documentary holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

text:
# The World Before Your Feet

***The World Before Your Feet*** is a 2018 American documentary film directed by filmmaker Jeremy Workman about Matt Green's mission to walk every street of New York City, a journey of over 8000 miles. The film also marked the producing debut of actor Jesse Eisenberg.

First presented at numerous film festivals, *The World Before Your Feet* was released theatrically on November 21, 2018 through distributor Greenwich Entertainment. Widely praised upon its release, the documentary holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

## Release

The documentary premiered in competition at the 2018 South by Southwest Film Festival where it was acquired by distributor Greenwich Entertainment. It was released theatrically on November 21, 2018, screening in over 70 cities across the United States and Canada and playing in theaters for over a year.

Following its theatrical run, the film was subsequently made available on multiple streaming sites, including Amazon Prime and on True Story in the UK. A special edition DVD/Blu-ray has been released through Kino Lorber. The film was also widely released in Germany with distributor Happy Entertainment under the title *New York Die Welt vor deinen Füßen*

## Reception

The film was widely praised upon its release. It has a 100% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 31 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "*The World Before Your Feet* offers a perspective on New York City that might be entrancingly unfamiliar even to residents -- and beckons viewers toward a more attentive way of life." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, indicating "favorable reviews".

The film was a *Critic's Pick* in *The New York Times*, in which critic Ben Kenigsberg stated that "after watching *The World Before Your Feet*, it’s difficult to look at the city the same way." It was a *Critic's Choice* of the *Los Angeles Times*, in which critic Michael Rechtshaffen stated that the film is "inspiring and enlightening... Filmmaker Workman, who's behind \[Green\] every step of the way without ever getting in the way, allows the city and its colorful denizens to take center stage." *Entertainment Weekly* called the film "an eye-opening stroll with a stranger" while The Playlist described it as "an utterly compelling joy." *San Francisco Chronicle*, in a highly positive review, said that "It's hard to see Green in action and not think of traditional pilgrims on holy journeys and, perhaps, hermits or monks or others who have withdrawn from regular life". Rex Reed of *The New York Observer* stated "New York, New York, it's a wonderful town. This movie proves it like none other."

## InfoBox

| The World Before Your Feet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Jeremy Workman |
| Produced by | Jeremy Workman, Jesse Eisenberg |
| Cinematography | Jeremy Workman |
| Edited by | Jeremy Workman |
| Music by | Carly Comando, Max Avery Lichtenstein, Tom Rosenthal, Rhonda Mackert |
| Distributed by | Greenwich Entertainment |
| Release dates | * March 2018 (2018-03) (South by Southwest) * November 21, 2018 (2018-11-21) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Box office | $328,644 |