title: Francoist concentration camps

abstract: In Francoist Spain, at least two to three hundred concentration camps operated from 1936 until 1947, some permanent and many others temporary. The network of camps was an instrument of Franco's repression. People such as Republican ex-combatants of the People's Army, the Air Force and the Navy, to political dissidents and their families, the poor, Moroccan separatists, homosexuals, Romani people and common prisoners ended up in these camps. The Classified Commissions that operated within the camps determined the fate of those interned: those that were declared "recoverable" were released; the "minority disaffected" and without political responsibility were sent to the worker's battalions; and the "seriously disaffected" were sent to prison and were under the order of the War Audit to be prosecuted by military court. Those classified as "common criminals" were also sent to prison. The "non-recoverable" were shot. According to the official numbers of the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps of Prisoners, at the end of the civil war, 177,905 enemy soldiers were imprisoned in the approximately 100 existing camps and were detained pending trial classification. The Inspectorate also reported that until then, 431,251 people had passed through the camps. As in many other concentration camps, the prisoners were ranked so that ordinary violent prisoners were a step higher than most of those who were locked up, working as "guards", over the others. Despite the massive destruction of documentation on the camps, studies claim that some of them were characterized by the labor exploitation of prisoners, organized in worker's battalions. There is consensus among historians to confirm, according to testimonies of survivors, witnesses, and the Franco Reports themselves, that the conditions of internment “were, in general, atrocious”. Added to this is the fact that the rebels did not recognize Republican soldiers as prisoners of war, so that the Geneva Convention of 1929, signed years earlier by King Alfonso XIII on behalf of Spain, did not apply to them. Illegality in the treatment of prisoners materialized in the use of prisoners for military work, widespread preventivity, use of torture to obtain testimonies and denunciations, and absence of judicial guarantees. With regard to the official administration of the camps, widespread corruption, which enabled the enrichment of many military personnel and aggravated the suffering of inmates in their custody, has also been highlighted.

text:
# Francoist concentration camps

In Francoist Spain, at least two to three hundred concentration camps operated from 1936 until 1947, some permanent and many others temporary. The network of camps was an instrument of Franco's repression.

People such as Republican ex-combatants of the People's Army, the Air Force and the Navy, to political dissidents and their families, the poor, Moroccan separatists, homosexuals, Romani people and common prisoners ended up in these camps. The Classified Commissions that operated within the camps determined the fate of those interned: those that were declared "recoverable" were released; the "minority disaffected" and without political responsibility were sent to the worker's battalions; and the "seriously disaffected" were sent to prison and were under the order of the War Audit to be prosecuted by military court. Those classified as "common criminals" were also sent to prison. The "non-recoverable" were shot. According to the official numbers of the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps of Prisoners, at the end of the civil war, 177,905 enemy soldiers were imprisoned in the approximately 100 existing camps and were detained pending trial classification. The Inspectorate also reported that until then, 431,251 people had passed through the camps.

As in many other concentration camps, the prisoners were ranked so that ordinary violent prisoners (thus without political or ideological motivations) were a step higher than most of those who were locked up, working as "guards" (cabos de vara), over the others. Despite the massive destruction of documentation on the camps, studies claim that some of them were characterized by the labor exploitation of prisoners, organized in worker's battalions.

There is consensus among historians to confirm, according to testimonies of survivors, witnesses, and the Franco Reports themselves, that the conditions of internment “were, in general, atrocious”. Added to this is the fact that the rebels did not recognize Republican soldiers as prisoners of war, so that the Geneva Convention of 1929, signed years earlier by King Alfonso XIII on behalf of Spain, did not apply to them. Illegality in the treatment of prisoners materialized in the use of prisoners for military work (explicitly prohibited by the Convention), widespread preventivity (internment without conviction), use of torture to obtain testimonies and denunciations, and absence of judicial guarantees. With regard to the official administration of the camps, widespread corruption, which enabled the enrichment of many military personnel and aggravated the suffering of inmates in their custody, has also been highlighted.

## History

According to Javier Rodrigo, about half a million prisoners passed through the concentration camps between 1936 and 1942. In 2019, Carlos Hernández de Miguel identified about 300 confirmed camps, estimating that between 700,000 and 1 million people would have passed through them. Paul Preston found nearly 200 total camps that more than 400,000 prisoners would have passed through.

The first concentration camp was created by the rebel military on July 19, 1936, hours after the uprising, near Melilla; the next day, *the Rif Telegram* reported the opening of the camp, located in the Alcazaba of Zeluán (an old fortress from the 17th century). Francisco Franco was immediately informed of this, demonstrating enthusiasm and ordered the opening of more camps to harbor the “disturbing elements” and employ them in public jobs. On July 20, the future dictator told Coronel Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga who was in command of the city of Tetuán: “I have been informed that there are several hundred detainees and that the prisons cannot provide for them. In light of the inflow of foreign correspondents, to avoid the outskirts of Tetuán becoming a spectacle of our new shootings, a solution must be sought out which could be concentration camps on the outskirts. (...) In Melilla, they have already opened one in Zeluán with good results”. Thus was born the concentration camp of El Mogote, in a suitable location to hide the harshness of its conditions from abroad (on August 20, 52 prisoners would be killed, with Franco well-informed).

The next region in which the rebels established concentration camps was the Canary Islands in consonance with the control of the Spanish territory of the rebel army. Specifically, it was on the military grounds of the La Isleta peninsula, in Gran Canaria, operating until the end of July 1936. An undetermined number of prisoners from the Canarian camps ended up being thrown into the sea or into volcanic wells. As in North Africa, the nationalist press concealed the harshness and crimes committed in the camps, offering them an idyllic image far removed from reality. Other detention centers opened shortly after the beginning of the war, such as the military prison located in Mount Hacho de Ceuta Castle, have been considered concentration camps, although they have never been officially named.

Some historians have pointed to Nazi officials of the Gestapo as the organizers of the network of Francoist concentration camps, and for the design of the Spaniard camps, they were largely inspired by the concentration camps of Nazi Germany itself. Among those Nazi officers, Paul Winzer, especially stood out as the head of the Gestapo in Spain and the head of the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp for some time. There are authors who go further and even maintain that Winzer was the true author of the entire organization of the Francoist concentration camps. On the other hand, other facilities, such as the Laredo, Castro Urdiales, Santander and El Dueso, were initially enabled and managed by battalions of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie of Fascist Italy.

On July 5, 1937, the General Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps of Prisoners (ICCP) was created with Colonel Luis Martín Pinillos, an Africanist soldier, at helm. Its objective was to centralize the management of all the camps, although it would conflict with the different military chiefs of other parts of the country, especially with General Queipo de Llano, responsible for the Army of the South. The Andalusian camps operated outside the ICCP until mid-1938, and those of the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands or the Protectorate of Morocco retained almost total autonomy until the end of the war.

In 1938, Franco's concentration camps housed more than 170,000 prisoners, large part of them prisoners of war of the Spanish Republican Army. After the end of the war, in 1939 the prison population ranged from 367,000 to 500,000 including soldiers and brigadist of the Spanish Republican Army. Since 1940 the supervisor of all these camps had been General Camilo Alonso Vega. The main function of the camps was to retain as many republican prisoners of war as possible, and all those who were described as “unrecoverable” were automatically executed. Many of those in charge of those in charge of administration in the camps had been victims in the Republican zone, and therefore stood out for demonstrating a will of fury and revenge with the defeated. Nor did high-ranking officials show much opposition to this climate of repression and revenge: The Director-General of Prisoners, Máximo Cuervo Radigales, and the head of the Military Legal Corps, Lorenzo Martínez Fuset, contributed in no small way to this repressive environment.

In 1946, ten years after the start of the Civil War, 137 labor camps and 3 concentration camps, in which 30,000 political prisoners were being held, were still operational. The last concentration camp to close was Miranda de Ebro in 1947.

### Treatment of inmates

Torture and ill-treatment were a normal part of the day in the concentration camps where the inmates – many of them without having been formally charged with any crime– endured deplorable living conditions marked by “shortages, disease, overcrowding, and corruption”. It was not uncommon for those who beat prisoners to be Falangists or relatives of victims, who were allowed into the establishment. The inmates were subjected to brutal punishments by those who guarded them (many of them ex-combatants, ex-captives or relatives of victims of repression during the Republican rearguard) or by the *cabos de vara* that reappeared in the concentration camps and also the prison setting. Concentration camp prisoners described as “disaffected” were also forced to perform forced labor in battalions formed for that purpose.

### Deportation of Spanish exiles and Civil War brigades to Nazi camps

Apart from the concentration camps in Spain, it is alleged that in the exile of Republicans to France around 10,000 Spaniards ended up in Nazi concentration camps, without Franco's foreign minister, Ramón Serrano Súñer, doing anything to save them. There is written documentation by which the Germans asked what to do with the "two thousand Spanish reds of Angouleme". The few who were saved could not return to Spain.

On the other hand, the Franco authorities also collaborated with their Nazi allies by handing over Czech, Belgian, or German prisoners to be shot or held in prisons and concentration camps of the Third Reich, where most of them perished. These deliveries were personally ordered by Franco, against the judgement of his own officials and violating any legal principle. Minister Gómez-Jordana wrote by hand on the highly diplomatic report, ignoring their arguments: "His Excellency, General-in-Chief ordered them to surrender”.

In the San Pedro camp, the international brigade members were also exchanged for prisoners that were held in the hands of the Republican authorities. Although, a small number of these barters of soldiers are known, some soldiers of Nazi Germany and Italian Fascists managed to return to their countries of origin in this way.

## Bibliography

* Beevor, Antony (2006). *The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939*. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143037651.
* Benz, Wolfgang; Graml, Hermman (1986). *Europa después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1945-1982*.
* Casanova, Julián (2015). "La dictadura que salió de la guerra". In Julián Casanova (ed.). *Cuarenta años con Franco*. Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 53–77. ISBN 978-84-9892-791-7.
* De Riquer, Borja (2010). *La dictadura de Franco. Vol. 9 de la Historia de España, dirigida por Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares*. Barcelona: Crítica/Marcial Pons. ISBN 978-84-9892-063-5.
* Egido León, María de los Ángeles (2005). *Los Campos de Concentración Franquistas en el Contexto Europeo*. Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia.
* Graham, Helen (2005). *The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction*. Oxford University Press.
* Gutiérrez Casalá, J. L. (2003). *Colonias penitenciarias militarizadas de Montijo: represión franquista en el partido judicial de Mérida*. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
* Hernández de Miguel, Carlos (2019). *Los campos de concentración de Franco: Sometimiento, torturas y muerte tras las alambradas* (in Spanish). Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-84-666-6478-3.
* Juliá, Santos (2000). "La sociedad". In José Luis García Delgado (ed.). *Franquismo. El juicio de la historia*. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. pp. 57–114. ISBN 84-8460-070-X.
* Lorenzo Rubio, César (2020). "La máquina represiva: la tortura en el franquismo". In Pedro Oliver Olmo (ed.). *La tortura en la España contemporánea*. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata. pp. 131–198. ISBN 978-84-1352-077-3.
* Molinero, C.; Sala, M.; Sobrequés i Callicó, J. (2003). *Una inmensa prisión: los campos de concentración y las prisiones durante la guerra civil y el franquismo*. Crítica contrastes. Barcelona: Crítica.
* Núñez Díaz-Balart, M. (2004). *Los años del terror: la estrategia de dominio y represión del general Franco* (1 ed.). Madrid: Esfera de los Libros.
* Oviedo Silva, Daniel (2020). "Violencia masiva y tortura en la guerra civil". In Pedro Oliver Olmo (ed.). *La tortura en la España contemporánea*. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata. pp. 85–130. ISBN 978-84-1352-077-3.
* Preston, Paul (2006). *The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge*. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0007232071.
* Rodríguez González, Javier; Berzal de la Rosa, Enrique; Pablo Lobo, Carlos de; Sierra Gómez, Carlos de la; Delgado Cruz, Severiano; Vega Sombría, Santiago; Revilla Casado, Javier (2011). *Cárceles y Campos de Concentración en Castilla y León*. León: Fundación 27 de marzo. ISBN 978-84-615-5410-2.
* Rodrigo, Javier (2003). *Los campos de concentración franquistas: entre la historia y la memoria*. Madrid: Siete Mares.
* Rodrigo, J. (2005). *Cautivos: campos de concentración en la España franquista, 1936-1947*. Barcelona: Crítica.
* Rodrigo, J. (2006). "Internamiento y trabajo forzoso: los campos de concentración de franco" (PDF). *Hispania Nova, Revista de historia contemporánea*. 6, Separata.
* Rodrigo, J. (2008). *Hasta la raíz: violencia durante la Guerra Civil y la dictadura franquista*. Alianza Editorial.
* Thomas, Hugh (1993) \[1976\]. *Historia de la Guerra Civil Española*.


title: 1997 Moroccan general election

text:
# 1997 Moroccan general election

Parliamentary elections were held in Morocco on 14 November 1997. The result was a victory for the Socialist Union of Popular Forces, which won 57 of the 319 seats in the Assembly of Representatives. Voter turnout was 58.3%.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Socialist Union of Popular Forces | 884,061 | 13.87 | 57 | +5 |
|  | Istiqlal Party | 840,315 | 13.19 | 32 | –20 |
|  | National Rally of Independents | 705,397 | 11.07 | 46 | +6 |
|  | Popular Movement | 659,331 | 10.35 | 40 | –11 |
|  | Constitutional Union | 647,746 | 10.17 | 50 | –4 |
|  | Democratic and Social Movement | 603,156 | 9.47 | 32 | New |
|  | National Popular Movement | 431,651 | 6.77 | 19 | –6 |
|  | Party of Renewal and Progress | 274,862 | 4.31 | 9 | –1 |
|  | National Democratic Party | 270,425 | 4.24 | 10 | –14 |
|  | Constitutional and Democratic Popular Movement | 264,324 | 4.15 | 9 | New |
|  | Front of Democratic Forces | 243,275 | 3.82 | 9 | New |
|  | Democratic Socialist Party | 188,520 | 2.96 | 5 | New |
|  | Organisation for Democratic and Popular Action | 184,009 | 2.89 | 4 | +2 |
|  | Action Party | 89,614 | 1.41 | 2 | 0 |
|  | Democratic Independence Party | 76,176 | 1.20 | 1 | –8 |
|  | Movement for Democracy | 8,768 | 0.14 | 0 | New |
| Total | | 6,371,630 | 100.00 | 325 | –7 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 6,371,630 | 85.44 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 1,085,366 | 14.56 |  | |
| Total votes | | 7,456,996 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 12,790,631 | 58.30 |  | |
| Source: Nohlen *et al*. | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1997 Moroccan general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  325 seats in the House of Representatives
163 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  USFP Abderrahmane Youssoufi 13.9 57 +5  Istiqlal M'hamed Boucetta 13.8 32 −20  RNI Ahmed Osman 11.1 46 +5  MP Mohand Laenser 10.3 40 −11  UC Maati Bouabid 10.2 50 −4  MDS  9.5 32 New  MNP  6.8 19 −6  PRP Ismaïl Alaoui 4.3 9 −1  PND  4.2 10 −14  CDPM  4.1 9 New  FFD  3.8 9 New  PSD  3.0 5 New  ODPA  2.9 4 +2  Action Party  1.4 2 0  PDI  1.2 1 −8   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.  Prime Minister before Prime Minister after  Abdellatif Filali
Independent Abdellatif Filali
Independent | |


title: Frank Lincoln Stevens

abstract: Frank Lincoln Stevens was an American mycologist and phytopathologist. He gained an international reputation as one of the preeminent mycologists.

text:
# Frank Lincoln Stevens

**Frank Lincoln Stevens** (April 1, 1871, Onondaga County, New York – August 18, 1934, Winnetka, Illinois) was an American mycologist and phytopathologist. He gained an international reputation as one of the preeminent mycologists.

## Biography

Frank Lincoln Stevens grew up on a farm near Syracuse, New York. He received secondary education at Onondaga Academy. In his boyhood and teenage years he read about science, created a homemade laboratory, and made, within Onondaga County, comprehensive collections of ferns and geological specimens. Without any formal instruction in chemistry, he passed examinations in chemistry at the high school level. He graduated in 1891 with a B.L. from Hobart College in Geneva, New York. With advice from David Grandison Fairchild, whom he encountered at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York, Stevens matriculated at Rutgers University to study botany and, especially, plant pathology. From 1891 to 1893 he was a student assistant at Rutgers and the New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station. He graduated from Rutgers with a B.S. in 1893 and an M.S. in 1897. In June 1897 he married Adeline Theodora Chapman (1867–1937). She became the first woman faculty member at North Carolina State when she taught biology there from 1902 to 1903. She was the coauthor, with her husband and with Tait Butler (1862–1939), of *A Practical Arithmetic* (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909).

Frank L. Stevens taught science at Racine College from 1893 to 1894, taught chemistry and botany at Central High School in Columbus, Ohio from 1894 to 1897, and worked as a sanitary analyst for the Chicago Drainage Canal Investigation from 1899 to 1900. During the time that he and his wife spent in Columbus, Ohio, he was allowed to use the laboratories at Ohio University and became interested in the parasitic fungus *Albugo bliti* (which is now renamed *Wilsoniana bliti*). He received, based upon a thesis on this parasitic fungus, a Ph.D. in 1900 from the University of Chicago, after enrolling there as a graduate student and receiving a fellowship in botany from 1898 to 1899. As a postdoc, he received from the University of Chicago a traveling fellowship from 1900 to 1901. The fellowship enabled him to study at the University of Bonn, the University of Halle, and the *Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn*.

At North Carolina State University, Stevens was from 1901 to 1902 an instructor in biology and from 1902 to 1912 a professor of botany and vegetable pathology. For a number of years he was a biologist and the head of the department of plant diseases at the North Caroline Agricultural Experimental Station. During his years in North Carolina he studied Granville wilt and the breeding and selection of various crops having resistance to wilt disease. He coauthored a textbook *Agriculture for Beginners* (Ginn & Company, 1903) for younger students and the important textbook *Diseases of Economic Plants* (Macmillan, 1910). While a professor in North Carolina, he collected with John Galentine Hall (1870–1949).

From 1912 to 1914 Stevens was the dean of agriculture at the University of Puerto Rico. In Puerto Rico, he collected fungi and completed his book *The Fungi Which Cause Plant Disease* (Macmillan, 1913). Prior to 1914 he collected in Trinidad and Tobago, as well as Puerto Rico. In the Caribbean islands his co-collectors were William E. Hess and Nathaniel Lord Britton.

In Puerto Rico, the collection by Stevens from 1912 to 1914 of rusts (fungi in the order Pucciniales, previously known as Uredinales) made a valuable contribution to tropical mycology. In his collection there are 620 numbers of material collected in 1913, 23 collected in 1912, and 7 collected in January 1914. The collection has 18 rust species that were new to science.

At the University of Illinois, Stevens was a professor of plant pathology from 1914 until his death in 1934. During his Illinois professorship he collected in Guyana, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, the Philippines, and Hawaii. He collected Hawaiian fungi from 1920 to 1921 when he was on academic leave absence as a Bishop Museum Fellow appointed by Yale University.

He was elected in 1899 a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was the president of the American Phytopathological Society in 1910.

The standard author abbreviation F.Stevens is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## Selected publications

### Articles

### Books and monographs

1. Tehon, L. R. (1935). "Frank Lincoln Stevens". *Mycologia*. **27**: 1–5. doi:10.1080/00275514.1935.12017058.
2. "Stevens, Frank Lincoln (1871-1934)". *JSTOR Global Plants*.
3. *The International Blue Book*. International Who's Who Publishing Company. 1911. p. 987.
4. "Onondaga Valley Academy". *RootsWeb*.
5. *Who's who in America*. A.N. Marquis. 1919. p. 2585.
6. *Who's who Among North American Authors*. Golden Syndicate Publishing Company. 1921. p. 201.
7. "Celebrating 100 Years of Women at NC State University". *NC State University Libraries*.
8. *The Cumulative Book Index*. H. W. Wilson Company. 1910. p. 638.
9. *A Practical Arithmetic*. C. Scribner's Sons. 1909.
10. Burkett, Charles William; Stevens, Frank Lincoln; Hill, Daniel Harvey (1904). *Agriculture for Beginners*. (1903 1st edition; catalog entry at openlibrary.org; 1914 revised edition)
11. *Maryland Agricultural College Bulletin, December–March 1905*. College Park, Maryland: Maryland Agricultural College. 1896. p. 20.
12. "Hess, William E." *JSTOR Global Plants*.
13. Sastre-D.J., I.; Santiago-Valentín, E. (1996). "Botanical explorations of Puerto Rico by N. L. Britton and E. G. Britton: their significance in plant conservation, horticulture, and education". *Brittonia*. **48** (3): 322–336. Bibcode:1996Britt..48..322S. doi:10.1007/BF02805294. S2CID 31239685.
14. Roure, Luis A (1962). *The rusts of Puerto Rico*. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. pp. 3–5; doctoral dissertation`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
15. "Important Appointment for a Chicago Alumnus". *School Science and Mathematics*. **21** (5): 462. May 1, 1921. doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1921.tb08028.x.
16. "Historic Fellows". *American Association for the Advancement of Science*.
17. International Plant Names Index. *F.Stevens*.
18. Orton, William Allen (21 April 1911). "Review of *Diseases of Economic Plants* by F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall". *Science*. **33** (851): 621–622. doi:10.1126/science.33.851.621. p. 622
19. "Review of *Diseases of Economic Plants* by Prof. F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall". *Nature*. **86**: 376–377. 18 May 1911. doi:10.1038/086376a0. S2CID 12261520.


title: Frank Lilley

abstract: Francis James Patrick Lilley was a British civil engineering company chairman and politician.

text:
# Frank Lilley

**Francis James Patrick Lilley** (24 July 1907 – 21 August 1971) was a British civil engineering company chairman and politician.

## Military service

Lilley was the son of Francis John Charles Lilley (1883-1939), who had founded F. J. C. Lilley Ltd, a Glasgow-based civil engineering company, and his wife, Janet Stirling Watson (1888-1972).

He was educated at Bellahouston Academy, and worked for the family firm before joining the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in 1934. However, he left the regiment in 1940 to return to Glasgow, where he joined the 12th Battalion of the City of Glasgow Home Guard on its establishment in 1941; he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1942.

## Politics

After the war Lilley became Managing Director of F. J. C. Lilley Ltd, who won several contracts of major importance. He was elected to Glasgow Corporation in 1957, and in 1959 was selected as the Conservative-allied Unionist Party candidate to try to win back the Glasgow Kelvingrove constituency which the party had lost at a byelection. He was narrowly successful in the general election of that year.

## Parliament

On 9 November 1959, Lilley was one of four Scottish MPs on a British European Airways Viscount which was involved in a near miss with a Royal Air Force Pembroke transport. William Baxter, one of the others, said that he "got quite a fright". In 1960, he was made Parliamentary Private Secretary to Richard Wood, then the Minister of Power and later Minister of Pensions and National Insurance.

## Later life

Lilley lost his marginal seat at the 1964 general election, and returned to business. He gave up as Managing Director of F. J. C. Lilley Ltd in March 1969 but stayed on as chairman until his death.

1. Grave of F J C Lilley, Craigton Cemetery, Glasgow
* *Who was Who*
* M. Stenton and S. Lees, "Who's Who of British MPs" Vol. IV (Harvester Press, 1981)
* *The Times*, 12 and 17 November 1959

## InfoBox

| Frank Lilley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Glasgow Kelvingrove | |
| **In office**
8 October 1959  25 September 1964 | |
| Preceded by | Mary McAlister |
| Succeeded by | Maurice Miller |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1907-07-24)24 July 1907 |
| Died | 21 August 1971(1971-08-21) (aged 64) |
| Political party | Unionist Party |
|  | |


title: Rosa Parks Circle

abstract: Rosa Parks Circle is a plaza located in the heart of Grand Rapids, Michigan. During the warmer months it is a multipurpose facility, acting as a venue for events like concerts or dances put on by the Grand Rapids Original Swing Society (GROSS). In the winter the Circle is converted to an ice rink. Below the ice there are 166 fiber optic lights designed to represent the sky of Michigan as it appeared at midnight, January 1, 2000. The area was designed by Maya Lin who is famous for her work on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The original name of the circle was Monroe Mall Amphitheater. It is now named in honor of longtime Michigan resident Rosa Parks, of whom there is a statue in the park. On August 7, 2012 Rosa Parks Circle was the location of a Guinness Book world record for the largest number of people swing dancing in unison organized by the Grand Rapids Original Swing Society.

text:
# Rosa Parks Circle

**Rosa Parks Circle** is a plaza located in the heart of Grand Rapids, Michigan. During the warmer months it is a multipurpose facility, acting as a venue for events like concerts or dances put on by the Grand Rapids Original Swing Society (GROSS). In the winter the Circle is converted to an ice rink. Below the ice there are 166 fiber optic lights designed to represent the sky of Michigan as it appeared at midnight, January 1, 2000.

The area was designed by Maya Lin who is famous for her work on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

The original name of the circle was Monroe Mall Amphitheater. It is now named in honor of longtime Michigan resident Rosa Parks, of whom there is a statue in the park.

On August 7, 2012 Rosa Parks Circle was the location of a Guinness Book world record for the largest number of people swing dancing in unison (756 individuals) organized by the Grand Rapids Original Swing Society.

42°57′56″N 85°40′18″W / 42.96562°N 85.67159°W / 42.96562; -85.67159


abstract: Rosa Parks Feminist Movement for Civil Rights is a human rights movement in Cuba. It is named after Rosa Parks. The movement is headed by Iris Tamara Pérez Aguilera, the wife of human rights and democracy advocate Jorge Luis García Pérez.

text:
# Rosa Parks Feminist Movement for Civil Rights

**Rosa Parks Feminist Movement for Civil Rights** is a human rights movement in Cuba. It is named after Rosa Parks. The movement is headed by Iris Tamara Pérez Aguilera, the wife of human rights and democracy advocate Jorge Luis García Pérez.

## Demands

The movement is demanding:

1. An end to the torture and repression of imprisoned opposition activist Mario Alberto Pérez Aguilera and all other Cuban political prisoners.
2. Prompt and just resolutions to the cases of thousands of Cubans without a place to live, renewing the existing "Campaign for Dignified and Decorous Housing for Every Cuban."
3. An end to the repression of peaceful human rights defenders, and that the Castro regime ratify and publish international human rights covenants and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is signatory.


title: Kawasaki GPZ305

abstract: The Kawasaki Gpz305 was a 306 cc (18.7 cu in) twin cylinder air-cooled SOHC four-stroke motorcycle, produced in 1983 to 1994 by Kawasaki in Japan. The model evolved from the earlier ER250 model and used an overbored 61 mm × 52.4 mm version of the 249 cc engine first produced in 1979. Kawasaki gave this model the "Gpz" nomenclature to add to its expanding air-cooled sports bike range, and was marketed as a sports machine. It originally had chain final drive but in 1983 it had a new Kevlar belt final drive first seen on Kawasaki's American styled cruisers. It was available with a 250 cc engine as the Kawasaki Scorpion, but came in a different colour scheme. In Cycle World's "Ten Best Bikes of 1983", the Gpz305 won best "Under 460 cc Street" motorcycle, because it was the "best of the lightweight roadsters", combining small bike advantages of low weight and low cost with the fun of a sport bike. In their review, Cycle World praised the bike's quick handling in comparison with heavier, more powerful motorcycles, saying that the while 1,100 and 750 cc displacement bikes have a much greater engine power advantage, they typically have 60 in (1,500 mm) wheelbases, giving the 55.2 in (1,400 mm) wheelbase Gpz305 an advantage in the ease that it leans into a turn. They also said that while large engines have the advantage of having a wide power band and do not need frequent shifting during casual riding, the Gpz305's lack of power below 7,000 rpm forces the rider to shift frequently to get the most out of the bike, making it more fun to ride. The review said the Gpz305's air-fuel ratio was excessively lean in order to meet EPA emissions requirements, which meant the bike took 10 mi (16 km) of riding to warm up enough to run smoothly without using the choke, and that the bike benefited greatly from re-jetting the carburetor, without losing fuel economy in the process.

text:
# Kawasaki GPZ305

The **Kawasaki Gpz305** was a 306 cc (18.7 cu in) twin cylinder air-cooled SOHC four-stroke motorcycle, produced in 1983 to 1994 by Kawasaki in Japan. The model evolved from the earlier ER250 model and used an overbored 61 mm × 52.4 mm (2.40 in × 2.06 in) version of the 249 cc engine first produced in 1979. Kawasaki gave this model the "Gpz" nomenclature to add to its expanding air-cooled sports bike range, and was marketed as a sports machine. It originally had chain final drive but in 1983 it had a new Kevlar belt final drive first seen on Kawasaki's American styled cruisers.

It was available with a 250 cc engine as the Kawasaki Scorpion, but came in a different colour scheme.

In *Cycle World*'s "Ten Best Bikes of 1983", the Gpz305 won best "Under 460 cc Street" motorcycle, because it was the "best of the lightweight roadsters", combining small bike advantages of low weight and low cost with the fun of a sport bike. In their review, *Cycle World* praised the bike's quick handling in comparison with heavier, more powerful motorcycles, saying that the while 1,100 and 750 cc (67 and 46 cu in) displacement bikes have a much greater engine power advantage, they typically have 60 in (1,500 mm) wheelbases, giving the 55.2 in (1,400 mm) wheelbase Gpz305 an advantage in the ease that it leans into a turn. They also said that while large engines have the advantage of having a wide power band and do not need frequent shifting during casual riding, the Gpz305's lack of power below 7,000 rpm forces the rider to shift frequently to get the most out of the bike, making it more fun to ride. The review said the Gpz305's air-fuel ratio was excessively lean in order to meet EPA emissions requirements, which meant the bike took 10 mi (16 km) of riding to warm up enough to run smoothly without using the choke, and that the bike benefited greatly from re-jetting the carburetor, without losing fuel economy in the process.

## InfoBox

Kawasaki Gpz305
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Kawasaki |
| Production | 1983–1994 |
| Class | Roadster or sport bike |
| Engine | 306 cc (18.7 cu in) SOHC four stroke parallel twin |
| Bore / stroke | 61 mm × 52.4 mm (2.40 in × 2.06 in) |
| Compression ratio | 9.7:1 |
| Top speed | 158 km/h (98 mph) |
| Power | 26 kW (35 bhp) @ 10,000 rpm (claimed) |
| Torque | 25.5 N⋅m (18.8 lb⋅ft) @ 8,500 rpm (claimed) |
| Ignition type | Magneto CDI |
| Transmission | Wet clutch, 6-speed, belt drive |
| Suspension | Front: telescopic fork 150 mm (5.9 in) travel
Rear: swingarm 130 mm (5.1 in) travel |
| Brakes | Front: 260 mm (10.2 in) disc
Rear: 160 mm (6.3 in) drum |
| Tires | Front: 90/90-18 Dunlop F8
Rear: 110/90-18 Dunlop K130 |
| Rake, trail | 26.5°, 94 mm (3.7 in) |
| Wheelbase | 1,355 mm (53.3 in) |
| Dimensions | L: 2,130 mm (84 in)
W: 745 mm (29.3 in)
H: 1,185 mm (46.7 in)
 |
| Seat height | 780 mm (30.8 in) |
| Weight | 160.64 kg (354.15 lb) (wet) |
| Fuel capacity | 16.5 L (3.6 imp gal; 4.4 US gal) |
| Oil capacity | 1,800 ml (1.9 US qt) |
| Fuel consumption | 3.0 L/100 km; 95 mpgimp (79 mpgUS) |


title: Robert C. Miller

abstract: Col. Robert C. Miller, USAF (1920–1998), was an American meteorologist, who pioneered severe convective storms forecasting and applied research, developing an empirical forecasting method, identifying many features associated with severe thunderstorms, a forecast checklist and manuals, and is known for the first official tornado forecast, and it verified, in 1948.

text:
# Robert C. Miller

Col. **Robert C. Miller**, USAF (1920–1998), was an American meteorologist, who pioneered severe convective storms forecasting and applied research, developing an empirical forecasting method, identifying many features associated with severe thunderstorms, a forecast checklist and manuals, and is known for the first official tornado forecast (1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes), and it verified, in 1948.

## InfoBox

| Robert C. Miller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1920 |
| Died | 1998 |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army Air Forces<br>United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1942–1965 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Other work | Meteorologist |
|  | |
| Known for | Tornado and convective storm forecasting |
| Awards | Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Meteorology |
| Institutions | USAAF, USAF, federal civil service, consultant |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the Division of Darebin in Australian federal elections from the division's creation in 1949 until its abolition in 1969.

text:
# Electoral results for the Division of Darebin

This is a list of **electoral results for the Division of Darebin** in Australian federal elections from the division's creation in 1949 until its abolition in 1969.

## Members

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tom Andrews | Labor | 1949–1955 |
|  | | Labor (A-C) | 1955 |
|  | Robert Holt | Labor | 1955–1958 |
|  | Frank Courtnay | Labor | 1958–1969 |

## Election results

### Elections in the 1960s

#### 1966

1966 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay | 25,325 | 49.5 | −5.9 |
|  | Liberal | Noel Stubbs | 15,601 | 30.5 | +4.0 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Tom Andrews | 10,232 | 20.0 | +1.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 51,158 | 96.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 2,073 | 3.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 53,231 | 96.1 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay | 29,258 | 57.2 | +0.1 |
|  | Liberal | Noel Stubbs | 21,900 | 42.8 | −0.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +0.1 |  |

#### 1963

1963 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay | 28,610 | 55.4 | +0.2 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Coupe | 13,688 | 26.5 | +4.6 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Tom Andrews | 9,388 | 18.2 | −4.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 51,686 | 98.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 862 | 1.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 52,548 | 96.7 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay |  | 57.1 | −0.3 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Coupe |  | 42.9 | +42.9 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −0.3 |  |

#### 1961

1961 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay | 28,285 | 55.2 | +4.1 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Tom Andrews | 11,767 | 22.9 | −0.8 |
|  | Liberal | John Wyss | 11,228 | 21.9 | −3.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 51,280 | 97.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,207 | 2.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 52,487 | 95.9 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay |  | 57.4 | +3.0 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Tom Andrews |  | 42.6 | +42.6 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.0 |  |

### Elections in the 1950s

#### 1958

1958 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay | 25,213 | 51.1 | +3.2 |
|  | Liberal | Gordon Duncan | 12,400 | 25.1 | −1.9 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Tom Andrews | 11,710 | 23.7 | −1.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 49,323 | 97.6 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,189 | 2.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 50,512 | 96.5 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Courtnay |  | 54.4 | −4.4 |
|  | Liberal | Gordon Duncan |  | 45.6 | +4.4 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −4.4 |  |

#### 1955

1955 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Robert Holt | 20,323 | 47.9 | −16.1 |
|  | Liberal | Charles White | 11,481 | 27.0 | −9.0 |
|  | Labor (A-C) | Tom Andrews | 10,660 | 25.1 | +25.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 42,464 | 97.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,104 | 2.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 43,568 | 95.4 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Robert Holt | 24,948 | 58.8 | −5.2 |
|  | Liberal | Charles White | 17,516 | 41.2 | +5.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −5.2 |  |

#### 1954

1954 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Tom Andrews | 28,810 | 65.0 | +0.6 |
|  | Liberal | Charles White | 15,534 | 35.0 | −0.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 44,344 | 98.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 598 | 1.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 44,942 | 96.7 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +0.6 |  |

#### 1951

1951 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Tom Andrews | 26,412 | 64.4 | +1.7 |
|  | Liberal | Gordon Savage | 14,572 | 35.6 | −1.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 40,984 | 98.6 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 581 | 1.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 41,565 | 96.9 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +1.7 |  |

### Elections in the 1940s

#### 1949

1949 Australian federal election: Darebin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Tom Andrews | 24,719 | 62.7 | +4.1 |
|  | Liberal | Jack McColl | 14,688 | 37.3 | +5.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 39,407 | 98.4 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 655 | 1.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 40,062 | 97.1 |  |
|  | Labor **notional hold** | | **Swing** | −2.7 |  |


title: Thomas Burke bibliography

abstract: This page is a complete bibliography of the English author Thomas Burke.

text:
# Thomas Burke bibliography

This page is a complete **bibliography** of the English author *Thomas Burke*.

## Fiction

* *Limehouse Nights*. London: Grant Richards, 1916. Reprinted by Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1969.
* *Twinkletoes: a Tale of Limehouse*. New York: Robert M. McBride, 1918.
* *Broken Blossoms: a selection of stories from Limehouse Nights.* London, 1920.
* *Whispering Windows: Tales of the Waterside*. London: Grant Richards, 1921.
* *More Limehouse Nights*. New York: George H. Doran, 1921. (American edition of *Whispering Windows*)
* *The Wind and the Rain: A Book of Confessions*. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1924. New York: Doran, 1924.
* *The Sun in Splendour*. London: Constable, 1927. New York: George H. Doran, 1926.
* *East of Mansion House*. London: Cassell, 1928 New York: Doran, 1926.
* *The Bloomsbury Wonder*. London: Mandrake Press, 1929.
* *The Flower of Life*. Boston: Little, Brown, 1931. Constable, 1929.
* *Go Lovely Rose*. Brooklyn, N. Y.: Sesphra Library, 1931. "This edition consists of 110 copies of which 100 are for sale, and the type has been distributed."
* *The Pleasantries of Old Quong*. London: Constable, 1931. Published in US as *A Tea-Shop in Limehouse*, Boston: Little, Brown, 1931. Reprinted by Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1972 (Short Story Index Reprint Series). *A Tea-Shop in Limehouse* also reprinted in this series, 1969.
* *Night Pieces: Eighteen Tales*. London: Constable, 1935. Reprinted by Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971.
* *Abduction*. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1939.
* *Dark Nights*. London: Herbert Jenkins, \[1944\]. Includes novelette "The Bloomsbury Wonder."
* *The Golden Gong and Other Night-Pieces*. Ed. Jessica Amanda Salmonson. Afterword reminiscence by Grant Richards. Ashcroft: Ash\_Tree Press, 2001. Only 600 copies. Collects 20 tales from Night Pieces and other collections.

## Non-fiction

* *The Charm of England:* An Anthology compiled and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Truslove and Hanson, n.d. \[1914\].
* *Nights in Town: A London Autobiography*. London: Allen & Unwin, 1915.
* *Nights in London*. New York: Henry Holt, 1916.
* *Out and About: A Notebook of London in Wartime*. London: Allen & Unwin, 1919. Includes short story, "The Kid’s Man."
* *The Outer Circle: Rambles in Remote London*. London: Allen and Unwin, 1921.
* *The London Spy: A Book of Town Travels*. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1922.
* *The Wind and the Rain: a book of confessions*. Ed. limited to 100 copies. London: Guernsey Press, 1925.
* "Ye olde Englyshe inne". *The New Yorker*. Vol. 1, no. 17. June 13, 1925. pp. 7–8.
* *The Book of the Inn, being two hundred pictures of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the railway hotel*. Selected and edited by Thomas Burke. New York: George H. Doran, 1927. English edition, Constable, 1927.
* *Essays of Today and Yesterday*. London: George Harrap, 1928.
* *The Ecstasies of Thomas De Quincey*. Chosen by Thomas Burke. London: 1929.
* *The English Inn*. London/New York: Longmans, Green, 1930.
* *The Real East End*. Text by Thomas Burke. Lithographs by Pearl Binder. London: Constable, 1932.
* *The Beauty of England*. London: Harrap, 1933.
* *London In My Time*. London: Rich & Cowan, 1934.
* *Will someone lead me to a pub?: Being a Note upon certain of the Taverns, old and new, of* London*; Presenting something of their Story, their Company, and their Quiddity. Which may entertain Those at Home, and may cause a Spasm of Nostalgia in the Breasts of Englishmen in the Dominions, the Dependencies, and the lonely Out-posts of our Far-Flung etc., where To-day, as in Kipling’s Day, Men sit Swapping Lies about the Purple East, and when they tire of that, talk in the sour-sweet Accents of the Exile, of their Favourite London Bars*. Illustrated by Frederick Carter. London: George Routledge, 1936.
* *Murder at Elstree; or, Mr. Thurtell and his gig*. London/New York: Longmans, Green, 1936.
* *Dinner is served! or, Eating round the world in London, being a brief glance, for the benefit of visitors, at the many ways and means of dining in London; from the fashionable restaurants of great reputation, through the various grill rooms, and the assorted nationalities of Soho, to the old chop houses and the more dainty snack bars. With some observations on the gastronomical customs of past and present; brief sketches of each kind of restaurant; and a note of any special dishes peculiar to this or that restaurant.* London: G. Routledge, 1937.
* *Living in Bloomsbury*. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1939.
* *English Night-Life; from Norman curfew to present black-out*. London: Batsford, 1941.
* *The Streets of London through the centuries*. New York: Scribner’s/London: Batsford, 1940. Also Batsford, 1949. Batsford, 1941.
* *English Inns*. With 8 plates in colour and 24 illustrations in black and white. London: Collins, 1943.
* *The English Townsman as he was and as he is*. London: Batsford, 1946.
* *Introducing Britain*. By K. Johnstone, T. Burke, H. B. Brennan, etc. London, 1938. Revised 2nd ed., 1946.
* *Son of London*. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1946.
* *The English Inn*. With 24 photographs by Will F. Taylor and a pencil sketch by Edmond C. Warre. Introduction by A. P. Herbert. Illustrated edition. London/New York: Longmans, Green, 1931. Re-issue, revised. Country Books. London, 1947.
* *Travel in England: from pilgrim and pack-horse to light car and plane*. London: Batsford, 1942. Also Batsford, 1949.
* *Voices on the Green*. London: Michael Joseph, 1945. Anthology of original fiction, verse, song and art produced as a fund-raising project for the St. Mary’s Hospital for Women and Children. Contains fiction by André Maurois, J. L. Hudson, Burke, James Laver, Frank Swinnerton, John Brophy, Marjorie Bowen etc.

## Poetry

* *Verses.* (1910)
* *The Small People: A Little Book of Verse About Children for Their Elders*. London: Chapman and Hall, c1910. Burke edited this anthology of 140 poems, which includes three of his own.
* *Children in Verse: Fifty Songs of Playful Childhood*. London: Duckworth, 1913. Boston: Little, Brown, 1914. Another anthology of poems from various authors edited by Burke.
* *Kiddie Land*, ed. by Margaret G. Hays and Thomas Burke. London: Dean and Son, ca. 1913.
* *London Lamps: A Book of Songs* (1919)
* *The Song Book of Quong Lee of Limehouse*. London: Allen & Unwin, 1920. New York: Holt, 1920. 66 poems supposedly written by Quong Lee.

## Introductions etc.

* *Jack McLaren, My Odyssey*. With a preface by Thomas Burke. 2nd ed. revised. London, 1928.


title: Bentley Kyle Evans

abstract:
Bentley Kyle Evans is an American television writer, producer, director and actor. He is a native of Oakland, California. Evans made his acting debut in the 1990 film House Party. He is most notable as the show runner on several sitcoms, among them Martin (1992–1997) on FOX, The Jamie Foxx Show (1996–2001) on The WB, and Love That Girl! (2010–2014) on TV One. Evans is also the creator of Love That Girl! and the co-creator of The Jamie Foxx Show.
Outside of television, Evans is the co-screenwriter, with his Martin star Martin Lawrence, of Lawrence's 1996 feature film, A Thin Line Between Love and Hate. Evans created, executive produces and directs the TV series Family Time, which became Bounce TV's first original scripted program. Evans is also the creator of other Bounce TV sitcoms, such as In the Cut and Grown Folks. In addition, Evans executive produced a new Jamie Foxx sitcom, Dad Stop Embarrassing Me!, which debuted on Netflix in 2021. Evans teamed up with famed rapper MC Lyte and together they co-created the series Partners in Rhyme which premiered on the ALLBLK. Evans directed the first and second season. Also on ALLBLK, Evans Executive produces and directs the situation comedy, Millennials. The second season is set to air in the third quarter of 2022. In 2022, Evans co-wrote and co-executive produced Martin: The Reunion on BET+.

text:
# Bentley Kyle Evans

**Bentley Kyle Evans** (born August 10, 1966) is an American television writer, producer, director and actor. He is a native of Oakland, California.

Evans made his acting debut in the 1990 film *House Party*. He is most notable as the show runner on several sitcoms, among them *Martin* (1992–1997) on FOX, *The Jamie Foxx Show* (1996–2001) on The WB, and *Love That Girl!* (2010–2014) on TV One. Evans is also the creator of *Love That Girl!* and the co-creator of *The Jamie Foxx Show*. Outside of television, Evans is the co-screenwriter, with his *Martin* star Martin Lawrence, of Lawrence's 1996 feature film, *A Thin Line Between Love and Hate*.

Evans created, executive produces and directs the TV series *Family Time*, which became Bounce TV's first original scripted program. Evans is also the creator of other Bounce TV sitcoms, such as *In the Cut* and *Grown Folks*. In addition, Evans executive produced a new Jamie Foxx sitcom, *Dad Stop Embarrassing Me!*, which debuted on Netflix in 2021.

Evans teamed up with famed rapper MC Lyte and together they co-created the series *Partners in Rhyme* which premiered on the ALLBLK. Evans directed the first and second season.

Also on ALLBLK, Evans Executive produces and directs the situation comedy, *Millennials*. The second season is set to air in the third quarter of 2022.

In 2022, Evans co-wrote and co-executive produced *Martin: The Reunion* on BET+.

## Personal life

Evans has a son and a daughter. His son, Bentley Kyle Evans Jr., had a main role as Devin Stallworth on the TV series *Family Time*. His daughter, KyLee Evans, is a writer for *The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder* on Disney+.

## Early life

Though Evans was born in the Bay Area, he was raised in the View Park-Windsor Hills area of Los Angeles. He graduated from Westchester high school in 1984. Shortly after, in 1986, he was a Production Assistant on Robert Townsend's "Hollywood Shuffle". He also earned a small speaking role in the film that got him into the Screen Actors Guild (SAG).

## InfoBox

| Bentley Kyle Evans | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1966-08-10) August 10, 1966<br>Oakland, California, US |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, producer, director |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Spouse | Valicia Evans |
| Children | 2 |


abstract: The Solicitor-General of Australian Capital Territory, often referred to as the Solicitor-General, is the territory's Second Law Officer, and the deputy of the Attorney-General. The Solicitor-General can exercise the powers of the Attorney-General in their absence. The Solicitor-General acts alongside the Crown Advocate and Crown Solicitor, and serves as one of the legal and constitutional advisers of the Crown and its government in the Australian Capital Territory. The Solicitor-General is addressed in court as "Mr/Ms Solicitor". Despite the title, the position is currently occupied by a barrister, though any Australian legal practitioner of at least five years experience is eligible for appointment for a term of no more than seven years. The inaugural and current Solicitor-General is Peter Garrison.

text:
# Solicitor-General of the Australian Capital Territory

The **Solicitor-General of Australian Capital Territory,** often referred to as the **Solicitor-General,** is the territory's Second Law Officer, and the deputy of the Attorney-General. The Solicitor-General can exercise the powers of the Attorney-General in their absence. The Solicitor-General acts alongside the Crown Advocate and Crown Solicitor, and serves as one of the legal and constitutional advisers of the Crown and its government in the Australian Capital Territory.

The Solicitor-General is addressed in court as "Mr/Ms Solicitor". Despite the title, the position is currently occupied by a barrister, though any Australian legal practitioner of at least five years experience is eligible for appointment for a term of no more than seven years. The inaugural and current Solicitor-General is Peter Garrison AM SC.

## History and function

The *Law Officers Act 2011* (ACT) (the Act) provides for the office of Solicitor-General. The Act provides for an appointment for a term not exceeding seven years, with the possibility of renewal.

## Office-holders (2011-present)

| Name | Appointed | Concluded | Comments | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Peter Garrison AM SC | August 2011 | Incumbent | Formerly Deputy Chief Solicitor |  |

## InfoBox

| Solicitor-General of Australian Capital Territory | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Peter Garrisson AM SC
 | |
| Justice and Community Safety Directorate | |
| Reports to | Attorney-General of the Australian Capital Territory |
| Appointer | ACT Legislative Assembly |
| Inaugural holder | Peter Garrison AM SC |
| Formation | 2011 |


title: Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr

abstract: Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr (1326–1370), was an English nobleman. He was born on 30 November 1326, son of John la Warre, Knt., and Margaret de Holland. His maternal grandfather was Sir Robert de Holand, 1st Lord Holand. His paternal grandfather was John la Warre, son of John, Baron de la Warre, and Joan de Grelle, daughter of Sir Thomas Grelle.

text:
# Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr

**Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr** (1326–1370), was an English nobleman. He was born on 30 November 1326, son of John la Warre, Knt. (d. 24 June 1331), and Margaret de Holland (d. Aug. 1349). His maternal grandfather was Sir Robert de Holand, 1st Lord Holand. His paternal grandfather was John la Warre (d. 1331), son of John, Baron de la Warre (d. 9 May 1347), and Joan de Grelle, daughter of Sir Thomas Grelle.

## Biography

Roger was the eldest son of John la Warr, Master of Warr and Margaret de Holand. He fought in the Hundred Years' War in France, where he fought at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 and took a share in the capture of King John II of France. Roger was also involved in the siege of Calais in 1346-1347 and the battle of Calais in 1349.

He died in 1370 while in Gascony and was succeeded by his eldest son John.

## Marriage and issue

He married firstly Elizabeth, daughter of Adam de Welles, 3rd Baron Welles and Margaret Bardolf. They had the following known issue:

He married thirdly, before 23 July 1358, Eleanor de Mowbray (d. bef. 18 June 1387), daughter of John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray and Joan of Lancaster. They had the following known issue:

In his will of 1368, he mentions younger sons Edward and John and a daughter Katherine.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr | |
| --- | --- |
| Arms of Roger la Warr: ***Gules, crusily and a lion rampant argent***. | |
| Born | 30 November 1326 |
| Died | 27 August 1370
Gascony |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Welles
Eleanor Mowbray |
| Father | John la Warr |
| Mother | Margaret de Holland |


title: East Alaska Lake

abstract: East Alaska Lake is a lake in central Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, it is the biggest inland lake in the county. The lake is located on a golf course. Fish in the lake include Bluegill, Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, and Muskellunge.

text:
# East Alaska Lake

**East Alaska Lake** is a lake in central Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, it is the biggest inland lake in the county. The lake is located on a golf course. Fish in the lake include Bluegill, Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, and Muskellunge.

## InfoBox

| East Alaska Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| East Alaska LakeEast Alaska Lake | |
| Location | Kewaunee County, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 44°32′42″N 87°30′03″W / 44.544999°N 87.500920°W / 44.544999; -87.500920 |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 53 acres (21 ha) |
| Average depth | 17 ft (5.2 m) |
| Max. depth | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Surface elevation | 696 ft (212 m) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Alaska, Wisconsin |


title: Claudette MacKay-Lassonde

abstract: Claudette MacKay-Lassonde was a Canadian engineer who became the first woman president of the Professional Engineers Ontario.

text:
# Claudette MacKay-Lassonde

**Claudette MacKay-Lassonde** (July 2, 1948 – June 15, 2000) was a Canadian engineer who became the first woman president of the **Professional Engineers Ontario** (**PEO**; known until 1993 as the **Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario**, **APEO**).

## Biography

Claudette MacKay was born 2 July 1948 in Montreal to Thérèse and Raymond MacKay. She married fellow engineer Pierre Lassonde, and they had two children: daughter Julie and son Christian. MacKay-Lassonde attended the École polytechnique de Montréal where she completed her degree in chemical engineering in 1971 before going on to gain a master's degree in nuclear engineering at the University of Utah in 1973. In 1983 she graduated with an MBA from the University of Toronto.

Through her career MacKay-Lassonde worked for a number of companies including Xerox, Hydro Ontario, the Government of Ontario and Northern Telecom. She was on the board of Enghouse Systems Limited, AGF Group of Funds, Abitibi-Price, Clearnet Communications and Aeterna Laboratories. She was a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering.

MacKay-Lassonde was a founder of Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) and spoke at the first conference. In 1986, MacKay-Lassonde became the first woman president of the Professional Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario. During that time she created the Canadian Engineering Memorial Foundation in response to the murder of 14 engineering students at her alma mater in 1989. There is a doctoral award named in her honour. She created the *Women in Engineering Advisory Committee* and also chaired the Canadian Engineering Workforce Office. She was particularly involved in ensuring opportunities for women in the engineering profession. In 1987 MacKay-Lassonde ran in the 1987 general election as a Liberal. She was defeated by Margaret Marland who achieved only 599 votes more in retaining her seat.

The Claudette-MacKay-Lassonde Pavilion at Western University in London, Ontario is so named after a financial gift to fund the construction. There is a chair in Mineral Engineering at the University of Toronto named after her.

In 2021, the Claudette MacKay-Lassonde Scholarship was established at the Pierre Lassonde School of Fine Arts at Mount Allison University. The award is named in honour of MacKay-Lassonde — who beyond being an advocate for opportunities for women in engineering, was also a lover of fine arts and a painter herself.

MacKay-Lassonde died in Toronto of cancer in 2000.

## References and sources

## InfoBox

| Claudette MacKay-Lassonde | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | July 2, 1948
Montreal |
| Died | June 15, 2000(2000-06-15) (aged 51)
Montreal |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Spouse | Pierre Lassonde |
| Children | 2 |


title: Clepsis gelophodes

abstract: Clepsis gelophodes is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Venezuela and Colombia.

text:
# Clepsis gelophodes

***Clepsis gelophodes*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Venezuela and Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Clepsis gelophodes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Clepsis* |
| Species: | ***C. gelophodes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clepsis gelophodes***<br>(Meyrick, 1936) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cacoecia gelophodes* Meyrick, 1936 | |


title: St. Florian High School

abstract: St. Florian High School was a Catholic high school in Hamtramck, Michigan of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. The school opened in 1940 and was located in the same building as St. Florian Elementary School.

text:
# St. Florian High School

**St. Florian High School** was a Catholic high school in Hamtramck, Michigan of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. The school opened in 1940 and was located in the same building as St. Florian Elementary School.

## History

In the 1999-2000 school year 126 students were enrolled at the school. In the 2000-2001 school year this decreased to 110 students. In 2001 the school reduced teaching staff and programs, including American football, and it raised tuition from $3,500 to $4,500. In the 2001-2002 school year, 79 students were enrolled at the high school. In the fall of 2002, St. Florian and Bishop Gallagher High School in Harper Woods merged to form Trinity Catholic High School in Harper Woods. Pat Domagala, the principal of St. Florian, said that schools decided to merge because both were college preparatory schools and therefore had elements in common, and because Bishop Gallagher needed additional students and St. Florian needed additional programs. At that point St. Florian Elementary remained open. After St. Florian Elementary's closing in 2005, no Catholic schools are located within the city limits of Hamtramck. During the same year the archdiocese announced that Trinity would close.

## Notable alumni

Ron Kudla- 1988 Table Tennis Silver Medalist, Seoul Olympics


title: Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary

abstract: The Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary is a nature reserve focused on protecting and restoring habitat for woodland birds. It lies in the state of Victoria in south-eastern Australia, near the small town of Linton, 30 km south-west of the city of Ballarat.

text:
# Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary

The **Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary** is a nature reserve focused on protecting and restoring habitat for woodland birds. It lies in the state of Victoria in south-eastern Australia, near the small town of Linton, 30 km south-west of the city of Ballarat.

## History

The origins of the reserve lie in the 1960s with the efforts of Gordon Clarke, a sheep farmer in the Linton district who was a keen birdwatcher and conservationist. He began removing areas of gorse, an invasive weed in the area, to replant one of his paddocks with a wide range of Australian native (though not necessarily locally indigenous) plants in order to attract and protect birds by providing them with food and shelter. This initial 31-hectare (77-acre) block of land, named the "Bird Paddock’’, had been purchased in 1957 and had never been heavily grazed; it was donated by Clarke to Bird Observation & Conservation Australia (BOCA), then known as the Bird Observers Club, in 1975 when formal reservation of the land took place.

In 1980 a second block of 13 hectares (32 acres) of land, named "Grantiella’’ after the generic name of the painted honeyeater, was also donated to the club. During the 1980s Clarke purchased several additional small blocks of adjacent land which he donated to the Trust for Nature to supplement the existing reserve. Clarke died in 1996 at the age of 89, having established and endowed the Gordon Clarke Trust Fund to secure the future of the sanctuary.

## Description

With adjacent crown land dedicated as a flora and fauna reserve, the sanctuary comprises 535 hectares (1,320 acres), of which the private land titles are covered by conservation covenants. Much of the land used to be farmland, including a commercial orchard and a pine plantation as well as pasture for sheep. but is now subject to a program of environmental rehabilitation involving the restoration of indigenous woodland vegetation. There are some small artificial wetlands on the reserve, which is managed by a BOCA-appointed Committee of Management and a resident ranger. Much maintenance and planting work is carried out by a volunteer group, the Friends of Clarkesdale.

### Vegetation

The remnant native forest in the area is classified as heathy dry forest and has been subject to selective logging and other forms of disturbance for many years. The dominant trees include messmate, candlebark, red stringybark, narrow-leaved peppermint, broad-leaved peppermint, scent–bark and swamp gum forming an open overstorey about 20 m in height. The understorey is a low and sparse shrub layer containing myrtle wattle, black wattle, golden bush-pea, drooping cassinia, heath tea-tree, common heath, small grass-tree, austral bracken and grey tussock-grass.

## Aims and achievements

The original aim of Gordon Clarke was to provide a habitat for birds that was richer in food resources than native forest, and towards that end most of his early plantings were of nectar-producing shrubs and trees, especially from Western Australia. He refused to plant the local stringybarks and scent-barks as they did not fit within that vision. This has resulted in areas of Clarke's plantings benefiting some species of honeyeaters, such as New Holland honeyeaters and red wattlebirds, to the point where they are much more common there than in native forest. On the other hand, birds such as treecreepers have benefited far less and are more common in adjacent native forest.

The current vision for the sanctuary however, as stated in the 1999 management plan, is ‘to optimise, manage and create habitat at Linton as a Sanctuary to increase the diversity and populations of native birds in perpetuity’. The main aim of the management program is to help reverse the decline of the woodland bird community, which is listed as a threatened community under Victoria's Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Clarkesdale was a finalist in Category 6 (Protecting Bush, Land and Waterways) of the 2003 Banksia Awards.

### Notes

### Sources

* Loyn, R.H.; Faragher, J.T.; Coutts, D.C.; Palmer, G.C. (2009). "Bird Responses to Targeted Revegetation: 40 Years of Habitat Enhancement at Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary, Central-Western Victoria". *Australian Field Ornithology*. **26** (3): 53–75.
* "Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary – a brief history". Bird Observation & Conservation Australia. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
* "Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary – an overview". Bird Observation & Conservation Australia. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
* "Clarkesdale Bird Sanctuary – achievements". Bird Observation & Conservation Australia. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

37°42′35″S 143°36′40″E / 37.70972°S 143.61111°E / -37.70972; 143.61111


title: St. John's Church, Lüneburg

abstract: The Church of John the Baptist is the oldest Lutheran church in Lüneburg, Germany. It is located in the city centre. Lüneburg is on the European Route of Brick Gothic and the church is an example of this style. With its 108-meter high spire, it is the second tallest church tower in Lower Saxony – after St. Andrew's in Hildesheim.

text:
# St. John's Church, Lüneburg

The **Church of John the Baptist** (Germ. ***St. Johannis*** or *Johanniskirche*) is the oldest Lutheran church in Lüneburg, Germany. It is located in the city centre. Lüneburg is on the European Route of Brick Gothic and the church is an example of this style. With its 108-meter high spire, it is the second tallest church tower in Lower Saxony – after St. Andrew's in Hildesheim.

## History

The church, dedicated to John the Baptist, is considered an important example of northern German Brick Gothic architecture. The five-naved hall church was erected between 1300 and 1370 and repaired in 1420. In the early 15th century Conrad of Soltau, as Conrad III Prince-Bishop of Verden, failed to make St. John's the new cathedral of his see, since the city council and the Prince of Lüneburg resisted that fearing the political interference of another power. The outer structure was marked by rebuilding in 1765. Particularly striking is the lightly sloping steeple, which at a height of 108 meters is the highest church steeple in Lower Saxony. The stained-glass in the Elisabeth Chapel was made by Charles Crodel in 1969.

The church is one of the attractions of the European Route of Brick Gothic.

## Organ

The church's organ was finished in 1553 by Hendrik Niehoff and Jasper Johansen and rebuilt in 1714 by Arp Schnitger student, Matthias Dropa and in the later 20th century by Rudolf von Beckerath. Among its noted organists were Christian Flor (1676–1697) and Georg Böhm (1698–1733).

As a young man, Johann Sebastian Bach was resident (1700–1702) at a school attached to the nearby Michaeliskirche, where he appears to have been a kind of organ scholar. Documentary evidence suggests, in the opinion of Bach scholar Christoph Wolff, that Böhm gave Bach organ lessons at St. Johannis.

The organ has been featured on BBC television in several programmes of "21st century Bach", a project in which John Scott Whiteley plays historic organs.

## Legend

The 108-meter-high spire of the church looks as though it is sloping from each side: the truss on the upper part is twisted into a corkscrew shape. A legend states that when the master builder noticed the mistake, he fell from an upper window in the church tower; however, he landed on a passing haywagon, so he lived. Feeling that he had been vindicated by God, the master went into a local tavern to celebrate. After a few too many drinks he leaned back in his chair and fell over. As he fell he hit his head on the stone hearth of the fireplace and was killed.

## InfoBox

| St. Johannis | |
| --- | --- |
| St. John's Church | |
| The church with its slightly sloping steeple | |
|  | |
| 53°14′52″N 10°24′46″E / 53.24778°N 10.41278°E / 53.24778; 10.41278 | |
| Location | Lüneburg, Lower Saxony |
| Country | Germany |
| Denomination | Lutheran |
| Previous denomination | Catholic |
| Website | www.sankt-michaelis.de |
| History | |
| Dedication | John the Baptist |
| Consecrated | 1370 (1370) |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Brick Gothic |
| Administration | |
| Synod | Church of Hanover |


title: St Lawrence's Hospital, Bodmin

abstract: St Lawrence's Hospital was a mental hospital in Bodmin, Cornwall, England, UK. Part of the hospital has been converted to residential accommodation and the remainder has been demolished. It is a Grade II* listed building.

text:
# St Lawrence's Hospital, Bodmin

**St Lawrence's Hospital** was a mental hospital in Bodmin, Cornwall, England, UK. Part of the hospital has been converted to residential accommodation and the remainder has been demolished. It is a Grade II\* listed building.

## History

### Origins

St Lawrence's Hospital was originally built as the **Cornwall County Asylum** in 1818 to the design of architect John Foulston in the form of a star-shaped building with a central block and radiating wings. It was designed to deal with the problem of housing the insane poor and inmate conditions were notoriously bad. The humorist, William Robert Hicks, became domestic superintendent in the 1840s.

It was extended in 1844 by the construction of the three-storey "High Building", demolished in 1964, and again in 1849 by the construction of Williams House, which was converted into apartments in 2004. A third extension, built in 1860, was known as the Carew building after the Rt Hon Reginald Pole Carew, a local politician. A fourth extension, built in 1870, was known as the Long Building (later the Kendall Building) and was also demolished after it burned down in 1905. The foundation stone for a new building, constructed at a cost of £12,000, was laid by Sir William Wallace Rhoderic Onslow, Bt on 28 August 1882. The architect was a Mr Hine.

In 1840 William Robert Hicks was appointed domestic superintendent of the Cornwall county lunatic asylum, clerk of the asylum, and clerk to the committee of visitors at Bodmin, and soon after was also named clerk to the highway board. The Earl of Devon afterwards procured for him the additional situation of auditor of the metropolitan district asylums. When Hicks became connected with the Bodmin asylum he found the old system of management prevailing, and in conjunction with the medical superintendent introduced more humane modern methods. One patient who was chained in a dark cell as a dangerous lunatic turned out to be a wit and a philosopher. He was found to be harmless and employed to take care of the pigs and do other useful work. He was—according to the Dictionary of National Biography—a very good man of business. He printed *Statistics respecting the Food supplied to Paupers in the Western Unions of Cornwall*.

### Expansion

A completely new building to stand to the west of the first was designed in 1901 by Silvanus Trevail (1851–1903), one of Cornwall's best-known architects. The building was not completed until 1906, three years after the architect's death. Described by Trevail's biographer as "one of his finest achievements", it was built in the Edwardian Baroque style.

The National Asylum Workers' Union organised a strike of female employees at the hospital in 1918. The whole complex was renamed the St Lawrence's Hospital when it joined the National Health Service in 1948.

### Post war

This was one of the hospitals investigated in 1967 as a result of the publication of Barbara Robb's book *Sans Everything*. Evidence was given by a nursing assistant: "When I was new on my ward, and not been issued with a uniform, one old lady said to me ‘You aren’t a nurse, dear; you can’t be. You don’t hit us or shout at us’. Another said ‘No-one smiles here. We are no good in here; useless, bloody wets’".

After the introduction of Care in the Community in the early 1980s the hospital went into a period of decline and finally closed in 2002. The former hospital's owners, Community First Cornwall, wished to demolish the Foster building to clear the site. Despite local support for its preservation, English Heritage declined a request to list the building on the grounds of insufficient reason. In May 2013 Cornwall Council decided that the demolition of the building did not require an environmental impact assessment, removing one of the last remaining obstacles to its removal. Although the Foster Hall Revival Trust began a campaign aimed at preserving the building and proposing alternatives to demolition, demolition started in September 2013.

## InfoBox

| Bodmin Asylum in the early 20th century | |
| --- | --- |
| St Lawrence's Hospital | |
| Shown in Cornwall | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bodmin, Cornwall, England |
| Coordinates | 50°28′09″N 4°44′18″W / 50.4693°N 4.7382°W / 50.4693; -4.7382 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | NHS |
| Type | Mental health |
| History | |
| Opened | 1818 |
| Closed | 2002 |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in England |
|  | |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Former St Lawrence's Hospital |
| Designated | 8 June 1972 |
| Reference no. | 1195283 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks

abstract: St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502 (1993), was a US labor law case before the United States Supreme Court on the burden of proof and the relevance of intent for race discrimination.

text:
# St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks

***St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks***, 509 U.S. 502 (1993), was a US labor law case before the United States Supreme Court on the burden of proof and the relevance of intent for race discrimination.

## Facts

Hicks, who was a black employee of St. Mary's Honor Center, a halfway house operated by the Missouri department of corrections and human resources, claimed race discrimination when he was demoted and discharged under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 §2000e-2(a)(1). He brought an action, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.

## Judgment

### District Court

The District Court (Stephen N. Limbaugh Sr.), found that (1)(a) the employee had established a prima facie case of racial discrimination, and (b) the reasons that the employer gave for the demotion and discharge were not the real reasons for the demotion and discharge, but that (2) the employee had failed to carry his ultimate burden of proving that his race was the determining factor in the employer's allegedly discriminatory actions.

### Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed and remanded, holding that, once the employee had proved all of the employer's proffered reasons for the adverse employment actions to be pretextual, the employee was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

### Supreme Court

The Supreme Court held, five judges to four, that Hicks's case failed to discharge the burden of proof. For the majority, Justice Scalia held (joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, and Thomas) that even if a plaintiff discredits an employer’s explanation, the employer can still win if the trier of fact concludes there was no discriminatory intent. The District Court's rejection of the employer's asserted reasons for its actions did not mandate a finding for the employee, because

(1) under Rule 301 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, a presumption did not shift the burden of proof; (2) the Supreme Court had repeatedly stated that a Title VII plaintiff at all times bore the ultimate burden of persuasion; (3) the Supreme Court had no authority to impose liability upon an employer for alleged discriminatory employment practices, unless an appropriate factfinder determined, according to proper procedures, that the employer had unlawfully discriminated; (4) a holding that a finding for the employee as a matter of law was not mandated did not give special favor to employers whose evidence rebutting charges of racial discrimination was disbelieved; (5) that an employer's proffered reason was unpersuasive, or even obviously contrived, did not necessarily establish that an employee's proffered reason of race was correct; and (6) courts should not (a) treat discrimination differently from other ultimate questions of fact, or (b) make ultimate factual determinations on the basis of legal rules which were devised to govern the basic allocation of burdens and order of presentation of proof.

Justice Souter dissented (joined by White, Blackmun, and Stevens), arguing an employer would be better off presenting an untruthful explanation of its actions than presenting none at all. He would have held that in Title VII employment discrimination cases, proof of a prima facie case not only raised an inference of discrimination, but also, in the absence of further evidence, created a mandatory presumption in favor of the plaintiff. He said the majority's approach was "inexplicable in forgiving employers who present false evidence in court". He said the following:

> The Court today decides to abandon the settled law that sets out this structure for trying disparate-treatment Title VII cases, only to adopt a scheme that will be unfair to plaintiffs, unworkable in practice, and inexplicable in forgiving employers who present false evidence in court. Under the majority's scheme, once the employer succeeds in meeting its burden of production, "the McDonnell Douglas framework . . . is no longer relevant." Ante, at \____. Whereas we said in *Burdine* that if the employer carries its burden of production, "the factual inquiry proceeds to a new level of specificity," 450 U.S., at 255, 101 S.Ct., at 1095, the Court now holds that the further enquiry is wide open, not limited at all by the scope of the employer's proffered explanation.10 Despite the Court's assiduous effort to reinterpret our precedents, it remains clear that today's decision stems from a flat misreading of *Burdine* and ignores the central purpose of the McDonnell Douglas framework, which is "progressively to sharpen the inquiry into the elusive factual question of intentional discrimination." Id., at 255, n. 8, 101 S.Ct., at 1094, n. 8. We have repeatedly identified the compelling reason for limiting the factual issues in the final stage of a McDonnell Douglas case as "the requirement that the plaintiff be afforded a full and fair opportunity to demonstrate pretext." Id., at 258, 101 S.Ct., at 1096 (internal quotation marks omitted); see id., at 256, 101 S.Ct., at 1095 (the plaintiff "must have the opportunity to demonstrate" pretext); *Aikens*, supra, at 716, n. 5, 103 S.Ct., at 1482; *Furnco*, 438 U.S., at 578, 98 S.Ct., at 2950; *McDonnell Douglas*, 411 U.S., at 805, 93 S.Ct., at 1825-1826. The majority fails to explain how the plaintiff, under its scheme, will ever have a "full and fair opportunity" to demonstrate that reasons not articulated by the employer, but discerned in the record by the factfinder, are also unworthy of credence. The Court thus transforms the employer's burden of production from a device used to provide notice and promote fairness into a misleading and potentially useless ritual.
>
> The majority's scheme greatly disfavors Title VII plaintiffs without the good luck to have direct evidence of discriminatory intent. The Court repeats the truism that the plaintiff has the "ultimate burden" of proving discrimination, see ante, at \____, \____, without ever facing the practical question of how the plaintiff without such direct evidence can meet this burden. *Burdine* provides the answer, telling us that such a plaintiff may succeed in meeting his ultimate burden of proving discrimination "indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence." 450 U.S., at 256, 10 S.Ct., at 1095; see *Aikens*, supra, at 716, 103 S.Ct., at 1482; id., at 717-718, 103 S.Ct., at 1482-1483 (BLACKMUN, J., joined by Brennan, J., concurring). The possibility of some practical procedure for addressing what Burdine calls indirect proof is crucial to the success of most Title VII claims, for the simple reason that employers who discriminate are not likely to announce their discriminatory motive. And yet, under the majority's scheme, a victim of discrimination lacking direct evidence will now be saddled with the tremendous disadvantage of having to confront, not the defined task of proving the employer's stated reasons to be false, but the amorphous requirement of disproving all possible nondiscriminatory reasons that a factfinder might find lurking in the record. In the Court's own words, the plaintiff must "disprove all other reasons suggested, no matter how vaguely, in the record." Ante, at \____ (emphasis in original).
>
> While the Court appears to acknowledge that a plaintiff will have the task of disproving even vaguely suggested reasons, and while it recognizes the need for "\[c\]larity regarding the requisite elements of proof," ante, at \____, it nonetheless gives conflicting signals about the scope of its holding in this case. In one passage, the Court states that although proof of the falsity of the employer's proffered reasons does not "compe\[l\] judgment for the plaintiff," such evidence, without more, "will permit the trier of fact to infer the ultimate fact of intentional discrimination." Ante, at \____ (emphasis omitted). The same view is implicit in the Court's decision to remand this case, ante, at \____, keeping Hicks's chance of winning a judgment alive although he has done no more (in addition to proving his prima facie case) than show that the reasons proffered by St. Mary's are unworthy of credence. But other language in the Court's opinion supports a more extreme conclusion, that proof of the falsity of the employer's articulated reasons will not even be sufficient to sustain judgment for the plaintiff. For example, the Court twice states that the plaintiff must show "both that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason." Ante, at \____; see ante, at \____. In addition, in summing up its reading of our earlier cases, the Court states that "\[i\]t is not enough . . . to disbelieve the employer." Ante, at \____ (emphasis omitted). This "pretext-plus" approach would turn Burdine on its head, see n. 7, supra, and it would result in summary judgment for the employer in the many cases where the plaintiff has no evidence beyond that required to prove a prima facie case and to show that the employer's articulated reasons are unworthy of credence. Cf. Carter v. Duncan-Huggins, Ltd., 234 U.S.App.D.C. 126, 146, 727 F.2d 1225, 1245 (1984) (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("\[I\]n order to get to the jury the plaintiff would . . . have to introduce some evidence . . . that the basis for \[the\] discriminatory treatment was race ") (emphasis in original). See generally Lanctot, The Defendant Lies and the Plaintiff Loses: The Fallacy of the "Pretext-Plus" Rule in Employment Discrimination Cases, 43 Hastings L.J. 57 (1991) (criticizing the "pretext-plus" approach).

## Significance

## InfoBox

| St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued April 20, 1993
Decided June 25, 1993 | |
| Full case name | *St. Mary's Honor Center, et al. v. Melvin Hicks* |
| Citations | 509 U.S. 502 (*more*)113 S. Ct. 2742; 125 L. Ed. 2d 407; 61 U.S.L.W. 4782; 62 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 96; 61 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 42,322; 93 Cal. Daily Op. Service 4747; 93 Daily Journal DAR 8057; 7 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 553 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 970 F.2d 487 (8th Cir. 1992) (reversed and remanded) |
| Holding | |
| In a suit against an employer alleging intentional racial discrimination in violation of Title VII, trier of fact's rejection of employer's asserted reasons for its actions does not compel judgment for plaintiff. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice William Rehnquist  Associate Justices Byron White **·**  Harry Blackmun
John P. Stevens **·**  Sandra Day O'Connor
Antonin Scalia **·**  Anthony Kennedy
David Souter **·**  Clarence Thomas | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Scalia, joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas |
| Dissent | Souter, joined by White, Blackmun, Stevens |
| Laws applied | |
| Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 | |


title: Clayton Vale

abstract: Clayton Vale is an area of green space in Clayton, Manchester, England, through which the River Medlock flows. Redeveloped in 1986, the land has a rich industrial and social history. Today the area is a natural habitat for wildlife and it has been designated a Local Nature Reserve.

text:
# Clayton Vale

**Clayton Vale** is an area of green space in Clayton, Manchester, England, through which the River Medlock flows. Redeveloped in 1986, the land has a rich industrial and social history. Today the area is a natural habitat for wildlife and it has been designated a Local Nature Reserve.

## Natural history

Fossils of plants and insects in the rocks of the area show a very different climate to what we see today. Swamp forests and luxuriant growth were encouraged by the warm moist air. At the start of the Triassic Period, Britain was largely covered by desert. The land sank producing a great salt lake over much of northern Britain, after which the desert conditions returned.

## Clayton Vale pre-1986

The Vale landscape was somewhat different before the late 1970s. The valley was home to many buildings from Bank Bridge Works and Tannery to The Smallpox Hospital.

Bank Bridge Works and Tannery

The chimney behind the Jewish Cemetery of Philips Park is all that remains of the once extensive complex, which was once shown on Johnson's Map of 1820.

The Smallpox Hospital

When the Manchester Ship Canal opened, and the city became an inland port, an isolation hospital was required to nurse sailors with infectious diseases. Originally known as Clayton Infectious Diseases Hospital, it was shown on the Ordnance Survey map of 1909. By 1933, it became known as Clayton Smallpox Hospital.

On the north bank of the River Medlock, opposite the site of the print works, the foundation stone is clearly visible along with brick walling on top of the stonework. To the south of the river stood the nurses home, known as Clayton House. The site also contained other associated buildings.

The Old Print Works

Standing near Clayton Bridge, on the sharp bend of the river on the south bank was Clayton Vale Print Works. This was shown again on Johnson's Map of 1820, but by 1888 the OS map shows the works as being disused and in 1909 the ten buildings of the complex were demolished leaving little to be seen today. However, foundation stone can be seen in the river bed.

Culcheth Dye Works

Shown on the 1893 OS map as a collection of buildings with large reservoirs. Because the more modern dye works made a greater demand on the water supply than could be provided by the river, the industry, known as Failsworth Dyeing and Finishing Works, fell into disuse in the late 1960s. The site has since been landscaped. The works once stood next to the present day Visitors Centre.

River Maintenance and Notable Bridges in the Vale

A bridge, situated where Edge Lane meets Berry Brow, is mentioned as far back as 1696. Today, a stone bridge stands, known as Clayton Bridge. Before this there was a ford, suggesting an ancient river crossing which might have been used since prehistoric times.

In 1872, the River Medlock rose suddenly and tore away part of the printworks complex, as well as washing away between 40 and 50 bodies from Philips Park Cemetery. After this, the river was lined with red bricks to prevent such a disaster from happening again. It is because of the red brick lining that the river is sometimes called 'The Red River'. This type of river engineering can be seen from the bridge nearby.

In recent years, more river engineering has taken place further up the river bank, near the red brick bridge (known as Vale Street Bridge). The river course was changed in the early 1960s as steep stone walls were installed to prevent flooding.

Coates Farm

Coates Farm held a summer gala for local children before the First World War, with races, tea and lemonade. The stone wall next to the river is probably one of the remaining walls of the farmhouse.

Edge Lane, Millstream Lane and Berry Brow is known locally as Pop Brew and the vale was also known locally as "the meddie". Coates farm was cleared by 1960 and a road was made taking Dustbin waste carts to a landfill site along the valley. The pig sty for the farm was demolished during World War Two and in its place stood an ARP Warden hut. a new build visitor centre now stands near the site of the old farm. Manchester Central Library online photo archive is a source, and can be accessed via a link below.

The Bay Horse Inn and Clayton Bridge as a Hamlet

Originally a farm building, it became a pub in the 19th century - known then as The Grey Mare. The inn served the small hamlet of Clayton Bridge which sprang up in the 18th and 19th centuries as a result of the dye and print works. It was home to many dwellings, including Andrews Brew - once a small lane off Berry Brow, it housed thatched roof cottages which were pulled down in the early 1990s. Saint Cuthbert Church was also erected around this time, but has since been demolished.

Other Victorian terraced houses lined the west side of Berry Brow as it rose to the level crossing at Clayton Bridge railway station, the east side still being occupied by fields into the 1950s.

Clayton Bridge Railway Station

Clayton Bridge railway station on the line between Manchester and Stalybridge opened in April 1846 and became a victim of the Beeching Axe, closing in 1968. The station buildings were to the west of Berry Brow, the signal box was on the opposite side on the north of the line and was also used to manually operate the level crossing gates. Nothing remains of the station.

Railway branch line

In 1904, a railway branch line was completed which ran south through Clayton Vale to the Stuart Street Power Station. The line was later extended in 1916, across Ashton New Road into the Clayton Aniline Company works. For many years, waste coal ash from the power station was transported on the line and dumped as landfill into Clayton Vale.

## Clayton Vale post 1986

Before the mid-nineteen eighties, the land was heavily polluted with recent landfills and general neglect, and the buildings of the vale had either been vandalised or demolished. Redevelopment of the land went under way, known as the Medlock Valley Scheme. The area has been described as a shining example of urban country parkland and a haven for wildlife by The Heritage Trail. Trees were planted in the mid-1980s and after two decades stands a semi-mature forest, home to black-and-white blackbirds and squirrels in the taller trees. Silver birch, ash, sycamore, willow and poplars line to the top of the dell.

## Further reading

53°29′29″N 2°10′34″W / 53.49139°N 2.17611°W / 53.49139; -2.17611


abstract: St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research (SVI) is an independent Australian medical research institute located in Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria. The Institute conducts medical research into the cause, prevention and treatment of diseases that are common and have serious effects on health. These include type 1 diabetes, obesity, heart disease and type 2 diabetes, arthritis and osteoporosis, cancer and the spread of cancer, infectious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS and Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. SVI has been directed by endocrinologist Prof. Thomas Kay since 2002. Founded in 1951 by the Sisters of Charity, SVI is affiliated with The University of Melbourne and St Vincent's Hospital, and is a member institution of the Mary Aikenhead Ministries.

text:
# St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research

**St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research (SVI)** is an independent Australian medical research institute located in Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria. The Institute conducts medical research into the cause, prevention and treatment of diseases that are common and have serious effects on health. These include type 1 diabetes, obesity, heart disease and type 2 diabetes, arthritis and osteoporosis, cancer and the spread of cancer, infectious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS and Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders.

SVI has been directed by endocrinologist Prof. Thomas Kay since 2002.

Founded in 1951 by the Sisters of Charity, SVI is affiliated with The University of Melbourne and St Vincent's Hospital, and is a member institution of the Mary Aikenhead Ministries.

Official website

37°48′24″S 144°58′26″E / 37.80668°S 144.97396°E / -37.80668; 144.97396

## InfoBox

St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research
| Founder(s) | Sisters of Charity |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1951 (1951) |
| Chair | Tony Reeves |
| Director | Tom Kay |
| Faculty | University of Melbourne |
| Adjunct faculty | St Vincent's Hospital |
| Budget | A$21 million (2015) |
| Formerly called | St Vincent’s School of Medical Research |
| Location | 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Website | www.svi.edu.au |
|  | |


title: St. Vincent's Seminary (Germantown)

abstract: St. Vincent's Seminary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is a former seminary of the Congregation of the Mission, established to train priests for the Eastern United States.

text:
# St. Vincent's Seminary (Germantown)

**St. Vincent's Seminary** in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is a former seminary of the Congregation of the Mission, established to train priests for the Eastern United States.

## History

The Vincentians arrived in the United States in 1816, among the first groups of Catholic clergy to serve in the then-missionary territory of the United States. Their first foundation was in Baltimore, Maryland.

One goal of the Congregation since its founding has been the training of clergy, both for themselves and for the local diocese, at their own expense when necessary. Thus, after the establishment of an independent Province for the United States in 1835, the growing number of local bishops in the country began to request their help in running seminaries they had founded but did not have the means, either financially or in terms of manpower, to operate. In this way, members of the Congregation arrived in Philadelphia in 1841 at the invitation of Francis Patrick Kenrick, the Bishop of Philadelphia, to run St. Charles Borromeo Seminary. A part of Kenrick's invitation had been the offer to allow a house of formation for the Congregation to be opened in the diocese.

The Vincentians served there until the appointment of the Superior of the school, Thaddeus Amat y Brusi, as the first Bishop of Los Angeles in 1852. At that point, dealing with their own shortage of personnel, and also being dissatisfied with the organization of the school under the bishop, they decided to withdraw from the seminary.

In 1851 the Congregation had acquired land in Germantown Township, then still a rural suburb of Philadelphia, which was to become the center of their operations on the Eastern seaboard, and there opened the Parish of St. Vincent de Paul. In 1868 it was decided to move the formation program for new members of the Congregation from Missouri to Germantown. This included both the novitiate and the scholasticate (the college-level facility), which came to become known as St. Vincent Seminary, which were established adjacent to the parish church. It then operated for over a century at the location.

## Current status

Due to the dwindling numbers of students, the seminary was closed as an educational institution during the late 20th century. The building has been converted to a care facility for the aged members of the Eastern Province of the Congregation, as well as serving as the headquarters of the province.

40°02′32″N 75°10′00″W / 40.04230°N 75.16669°W / 40.04230; -75.16669