abstract: This is a select bibliography of post-World War II English language books and journal articles about the Russia during the First World War, the period leading up to the war, and the immediate aftermath. For works on the Russian Revolution, please see Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War. Book entries may have references to reviews published in English language academic journals or major newspapers when these could be considered helpful. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further reading for several book and chapter length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available select bibliographies from universities. A limited number of English translations of significant primary sources are included along with references to larger archival collections. Inclusion criteria Works included are referenced in the notes or bibliographies of scholarly secondary sources or journals. Included works should either be published by an academic or widely distributed publisher, be authored by a notable subject matter expert as shown by scholarly reviews and have significant scholarly journal reviews about the work. To keep the bibliography length manageable, only items that clearly meet the criteria should be included. Citation style This bibliography uses APA style citations. Entries do not use templates. References to reviews and notes for entries do use citation templates. Where books which are only partially related to Russian history are listed, the titles for chapters or sections should be indicated if possible, meaningful, and not excessive. If a work has been translated into English, the translator should be included and a footnote with appropriate bibliographic information for the original language version should be included. When listing works with titles or names published with alternative English spellings, the form used in the latest published version should be used and the version and relevant bibliographic information noted if it previously was published or reviewed under a different title.

text:
# Bibliography of Russia during World War I

This is a select bibliography of post-World War II English language books (including translations) and journal articles about the Russia during the First World War, the period leading up to the war, and the immediate aftermath. For works on the Russian Revolution, please see Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War. Book entries may have references to reviews published in English language academic journals or major newspapers when these could be considered helpful.

Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further reading for several book and chapter length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available select bibliographies from universities.

A limited number of English translations of significant primary sources are included along with references to larger archival collections.

**Inclusion criteria**

Works included are referenced in the notes or bibliographies of scholarly secondary sources or journals. Included works should either be published by an academic or widely distributed publisher, be authored by a notable subject matter expert as shown by scholarly reviews and have significant scholarly journal reviews about the work. To keep the bibliography length manageable, only items that clearly meet the criteria should be included.

**Citation style**

This bibliography uses APA style citations. Entries do not use templates. References to reviews and notes for entries do use citation templates. Where books which are only partially related to Russian history are listed, the titles for chapters or sections should be indicated if possible, meaningful, and not excessive.

If a work has been translated into English, the translator should be included and a footnote with appropriate bibliographic information for the original language version should be included.

When listing works with titles or names published with alternative English spellings, the form used in the latest published version should be used and the version and relevant bibliographic information noted if it previously was published or reviewed under a different title.

## General history of World War I

* Emmerson, C. (2019). *Crucible: The Long End of the Great War and the Birth of a New World, 1917–1924*. New York: PublicAffairs.
* Hart, P. (2013). The Great War: *A Combat History of the First World War*. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Keegan, J. (2000). *The First World War*. New York: Vintage.
* Leonhard, J. & Camiller, P. (2018). *Pandora's Box: A History of the First World War.* Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* Goldstein, E. (2013). *The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925.* London: Routledge.
* Meyer, G. J. (2006). A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918. Random House.
* Stevenson, D. (2005). *Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy.* New York: Basic Books.

## General history of Russia and World War I

### Background

* Clark, C. M. (2013). *The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914*. New York, NY: Harper.
* Dowler, W. (2010). *Russia in 1913*. DeKalb: DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
* Emmerson, C. (2013). 1913: *In Search of the World Before the Great War*. New York: PublicAffairs.
* Lieven, D. (1983). *Russia and the Origins of the First World War.* London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
* ———. (2016). *The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution.* New York: Penguin Books.
* McMeekin, S. (2013). *The Russian Origins of the First World War.* Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

### Domestic Russian history

### The Russian Empire

* Reynolds, M. A. (2011). *Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918.* Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Smele, J. (2016). *The “Russian” Civil Wars, 1916-1926: Ten Years That Shook the World.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
* Staliūnas, D., & Aoshima, Y., (eds.). (2021). *The Tsar, the Empire, and the Nation: Dilemmas of Nationalization in Russia's Western Borderlands, 1905–1915.* Historical Studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Budapest: Central European University Press.
* Steinberg, J. W. (2014). *Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
* Zygar, M. (2017). *The Empire Must Die: Russia’s Revolutionary Collapse, 1900-1917.* New York, NY: PublicAffairs.

* Buzinkai, D. (1967). The Bolsheviks, the League of Nations and the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. *Soviet Studies*, *19*(2), pp. 257–263.
* Engelstein, L. (2017). *Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
* Heenan, L. E. (1987). *Russian Democracy's Fatal Blunder: The Summer Offensive of 1917.* New York, NY: Praeger.
* Krammer, A. (1983). Soviet Propaganda among German and Austro-Hungarian Prisoners of War in Russia, 1917–1921. In Richardson, S. R. & Pastor, P (Eds.). *Essays on World War I: Origins and Prisoners of War.* (pp. 249–64). New York, NY: Brooklyn College Press, 1983.
* Lieven, D. (2016). *The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution.* New York, NY: Penguin Books.
* Lincoln, W. B. (1986). *Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914-1918.* New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
* Morrison, A., Drieu, C., & Chokobaeva, A. (Eds.). (2020). *The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A Collapsing Empire in the Age of War and Revolution*. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
* Nation, R. C. (2009). *War on War: Lenin, the Zimmerwald Left, and the Origins of Communist Internationalism.* Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
* Read, C. (2013). *War and Revolution in Russia, 1914–22.* London, UK: Macmillan.
* Smith, S. A. (2017). *Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

## Military history

* Buttar, P. (2014). *Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
* ——— (2017). *Germany Ascendant: The Eastern Front 1915*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
* ——— (2017). *Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
* ——— (2019). *The Splintered Empires: The Eastern Front 1917–21*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
* Dowling, T. C. (2009). *The Brusilov Offensive.* Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
* Marshall, A. (2004). Russian Military Intelligence, 1905–1917: The Untold Story behind Tsarist Russia in the First World War. *War in History*, *11*(4), pp. 393–423.
* Neiberg, M. S. & Jordan, D. (2012). *The Eastern Front 1914-1920: From Tannenberg to the Russo-Polish War.* London, UK: Amber Books.
* Sanborn, J. A. (2003). *Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925.* DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press.
* Steinberg, J. W. (2010). *All the Tsar's Men: Russia's General Staff and the Fate of Empire, 1898-1914.* Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Stoff, L. S. (2006). *They Fought for the Motherland: Russia's Women Soldiers in World War I and the Revolution.* Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
* Stone, D. R. (2015). *The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917.* Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
* Stone, N. (1998). *The Eastern Front, 1914–1917.* New York, NY: Penguin Books.
* Wildman, A. K. (1980, 1987). *The End of the Russian Imperial Army (2 vols.).* Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

## Topical

### Industry and labor

### Agriculture and the peasantry

## Other works

* David-Fox, M., Holquist, P., & Martin, A. M. (2012). *Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as entangled histories, 1914-1945.* Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
* Hartley, J. M. (2021). Chapter 13:The Volga in War, Revolution and Civil War. In *The Volga: A History*. New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Pschichholz, C. (Ed.). (2020). *The First World War as a Caesura? Demographic Concepts, Population Policy, and Genocide in the Late Ottoman, Russian, and Habsburg Spheres*. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot.

## Historiography and memory studies

### Notes

### Citations

1. Cory, Herbert Ellsworth (1926). "The Significance of Artistic Form". *The Journal of Philosophy*. **23** (12): 324–328. doi:10.2307/2014113. JSTOR 2014113.
2. Neiberg, Michael S. (2014). "The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. By Christopher Clark.London: Allen Lane, 2012". *The Journal of Modern History*. **86** (3): 654–655. doi:10.1086/676700.
3. Lohr, Eric (2012). "Russia in 1913. By Wayne Dowler. De *Kalb*: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010. Pp. X+351. $38.00". *The Journal of Modern History*. **84** (2): 535–536. doi:10.1086/664691.
4. Gaudin, Corinne (2011). "Reviewed work: Russia in 1913, Wayne Dowler". *Russian Review*. **70** (4): 700–701. JSTOR 41290056.
5. Perrins, Michael (1984). "Reviewed work: Russia and the Origins of the First World War, D. C. B. Lieven". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **62** (4): 608–609. JSTOR 4208997.
6. Farrar, L. L.; Lieven, D. C. B. (1984). "Russia and the Origins of the First World War". *Russian Review*. **43** (3): 311. doi:10.2307/129357. JSTOR 129357.
7. Joshua Sanborn (2016). "Review: Lieven, Dominic. Towards the Flame: Empire, War, and the End of Tsarist Russia". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **94** (4): 752. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0752.
8. von Hagen, M. (2015). "Reviewed Work: The Russian Origins of the First World War by McMeekin, Sean". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **93** (3): 569–571. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.93.3.0569. JSTOR 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.93.3.0569.
9. Slater, Wendy (2001). "Reviewed work: A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I, Peter Gatrell". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **79** (1): 167–168. doi:10.1353/see.2001.0184. JSTOR 4213174. S2CID 247624305.
10. Sanborn, Josh (2001). "A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I. By Peter Gatrell. Indiana‐Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Edited by, Alexander Rabinowitch and William G. Rosenberg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999". *The Journal of Modern History*. **73** (4): 997–000. doi:10.1086/340183.
11. Petrone, Karen (2006). "Reviewed work: Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History, Peter Gatrell". *War in History*. **13** (3): 408–410. doi:10.1177/096834450601300320. JSTOR 26061977. S2CID 161280726.
12. Stockdale, Melissa K. (2006). "Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History. By Peter Gatrell. Harlow, Eng.: Pearson Education, 2005". *Slavic Review*. **65** (4): 826–827. doi:10.2307/4148484. JSTOR 4148484. S2CID 164480358.
13. Saul, Norman E. (2004). "Reviewed work: Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I, Eric Lohr". *The International History Review*. **26** (3): 646–648. JSTOR 40110551.
14. Sanborn, Joshua (2004). "Reviewed work: Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I, Eric Lohr". *The Russian Review*. **63** (1): 169–170. JSTOR 3664718.
15. Mawdsley, Evan (2005). "Reviewed work: Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905-1925, Joshua A. Sanborn". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **83** (2): 347–349. doi:10.1353/see.2005.0136. JSTOR 4214107. S2CID 247624050.
16. Beyrau, Dietrich (2004). "Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925. By Joshua A. Sanborn. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003". *The Journal of Modern History*. **76** (2): 494–496. doi:10.1086/422972.
17. j. a. Grant (2012). "Review: Reynolds, Michael A. Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **90** (3): 558. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.90.3.0558.
18. Meyer, James (2013). "Reviewed work: Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1918, MICHAEL A. REYNOLDS". *Journal of World History*. **24** (1): 242–245. doi:10.1353/jwh.2013.0019. JSTOR 43286271. S2CID 161348756.
19. Lohr, E. (2017). "Book Review: The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years that Shook the World. By Jonathan D. Smele". *Slavic Review*. **74** (4): 1123–1124. doi:10.1017/slr.2017.321. S2CID 165406152.
20. Wade, Rex A. (2016). "Reviewed Work: The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years That Shook the World by Smele, Jonathan D.". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **94** (4): 760–762. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0760. JSTOR 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0760.
21. Kroner, Anthony (2017). "Book Review: The 'Russian' Civil Wars 1916–1926: Ten Years That Shook the World". *Revolutionary Russia*. **30** (1): 142–145. doi:10.1080/09546545.2017.1305540. S2CID 219715426.
22. Weeks, T. R. (2022). "Review of The Tsar, the Empire, and the Nation: Dilemmas of Nationalization in Russia's Western Borderlands, 1905–1915". *The Russian Review*. **81** (3): 566–598. doi:10.1111/russ.12378. S2CID 248954384.
23. Lohr, Eric (2016). "Reviewed work: Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire, Joshua Sanborn". *Journal of Contemporary History*. **51** (2): 439–440. doi:10.1177/0022009416633660. JSTOR 24671852. S2CID 163664512.
24. Grant, J. A. (2015). "Reviewed work: Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire, Joshua Sanborn". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **93** (3): 571. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.93.3.0571.
25. Thompson, J. M. (1999). "Reviewed Work: A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 by Orlando Figes". *The American Historical Review*. **104** (2). Oxford University Press: 681–682. doi:10.2307/2650549. JSTOR 2650549.
26. Orlovsky, D. (2017). "Review Essay: The Russian Revolution at 100". *Slavic Review*. **76** (3): 763–771. doi:10.1017/slr.2017.184.
27. Korobeinikov, A. (2019). "Review: Russia in Flames. War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921". *Europe-Asia Studies*. **71** (9). doi:10.1080/09668136.2019.1674531. S2CID 211342100.
28. Bushnell, John (1989). "Russian Democracy's Fatal Blunder: The Summer Offensive of 1917. By Louise Erwin Heenan. New York; Westport, Conn.; and London: Praeger, 1987". *Slavic Review*. **48** (3): 494–495. doi:10.2307/2499010. JSTOR 2499010.
29. Long, John W. (1989). "Reviewed work: Russian Democracy's Fatal Blunder: The Summer Offensive of 1917, Louise Erwin Heenan". *Russian History*. **16** (1): 85–86. JSTOR 24657674.
30. Sanborn, J. (2016). "Reviewed Work: Towards the Flame: Empire, War, and the End of Tsarist Russia by Lieven, Dominic". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **94** (4): 752–754. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0752. JSTOR 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0752.
31. Legvold, R. (2015). "Reviewed Work: The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution". *Foreign Affairs*. **94** (5): 193. JSTOR 24483773.
32. Häfner, L. (1987). "Reviewed Work: Passage through Armageddon. The Russians in War and Revolution 1914–1918 by Bruce W. Lincoln". *PVS-Literatur*. **28** (1): 74–75. JSTOR 24208542.
33. "Book Reviews". *The Russian Review*. **80** (2): 312–350. 2021. doi:10.1111/russ.12315. S2CID 235409133.
34. Senn, Alfred Erich (1990). "Reviewed work: War on War: Lenin, the Zimmerwald Left, and the Origins of Communist Internationalism, R. Craig Nation". *Russian History*. **17** (2): 228–229. doi:10.1163/187633190X00453. JSTOR 24656439.
35. McDermott, Kevin (1991). "Reviewed work: War on War. Lenin, the Zimmerwald Left, and the Origins of Communist Internationalism, R. Craig Nation". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **69** (3): 560–561. JSTOR 4210711.
36. Raleigh, D. J. (2014). "Reviewed Work: War and Revolution in Russia, 1914–22: The Collapse of Tsarism and the Establishment of Soviet Power by Read, Christopher". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **96** (1): 163–165. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.92.1.0163. JSTOR 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.92.1.0163.
37. Legvold, Robert (2017). "Review: Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928; Caught in the Revolution; Was Revolution Inevitable? Turning Points of the Russian Revolution". *Foreign Affairs* (September/October 2017). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
38. Fedyashin, A. (2017). "Review: S. A. Smith, Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928". *European History Quarterly*. **47** (4): 787–789. doi:10.1177/0265691417729639as. S2CID 148995760.
39. Citino, Robert M. (2009). "Reviewed work: The Brusilov Offensive, Timothy C. Dowling". *Central European History*. **42** (3): 563–565. doi:10.1017/S0008938909990549. JSTOR 40600796. S2CID 143450250.
40. Mawdsley, Evan (2005). "Reviewed work: Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905-1925, Joshua A. Sanborn". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **83** (2): 347–349. doi:10.1353/see.2005.0136. JSTOR 4214107. S2CID 247624050.
41. Beyrau, Dietrich (2004). "Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925. By Joshua A. Sanborn. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003". *The Journal of Modern History*. **76** (2): 494–496. doi:10.1086/422972.
42. Main, Steven J. (2012). "Reviewed work: All the Tsar's Men: Russia's General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898-1914, John W. Steinberg". *Europe-Asia Studies*. **64** (4): 795–797. doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.673253. JSTOR 41478169. S2CID 153725229.
43. Engel, Barbara Alpern (2007). "They Fought for the Motherland: Russia's Women Soldiers in World War I and the Revolution. By Laurie S. Stoff. Modern War Studies. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006". *Slavic Review*. **66** (4): 761–762. doi:10.2307/20060413. JSTOR 20060413. S2CID 164336260.
44. Markwick, Roger D. (2009). "Reviewed work: They Fought for the Motherland: Russia's Women Soldiers in World War I and the Revolution, Laurie S. Stoff". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **87** (1): 142–144. doi:10.1353/see.2009.0134. JSTOR 25479352. S2CID 247624731.
45. Rielage, Dale C.; Stone, David R. (2017). "Reviewed work: The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914–1917, StoneDavid R". *Naval War College Review*. **70** (2): 158–159. JSTOR 26398032.
46. Craig, Gordon A.; Stone, Norman (1977). "The Eastern Front, 1914-1917". *Russian Review*. **36** (4): 503. doi:10.2307/128662. JSTOR 128662.
47. Thompson, John M. (1977). "The Eastern Front, 1914-1917. By Norman Stone. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. 348 pp". *Slavic Review*. **36** (2): 301–302. doi:10.2307/2495052. JSTOR 2495052. S2CID 164804800.
48. Cole, B. D. (1980). "Reviewed work: The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers' Revolt ( March-April 1917), Allan K. Wildman". *Naval War College Review*. **33** (6): 114–115. JSTOR 44642146.
49. Mawdsley, Evan (2013). "Reviewed work: Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as Entangled Histories, 1914-1945, Michael David-Fox, Peter Holquist, Alexander M. Martin". *The Russian Review*. **72** (3): 524–525. JSTOR 43661889.
50. Suny, Ronald Grigor (2013). "Reviewed work: Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as Entangled Histories, 1914-1945, Michael David-Fox, Peter Holquist, Alexander M. Martin". *German Studies Review*. **36** (3): 709–711. doi:10.1353/gsr.2013.0110. JSTOR 43555167. S2CID 161705546.
51. Nicole Eaton (2016). "Reviewed work: Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as Entangled Histories, 1914-1945". *The Slavonic and East European Review*. **94** (4): 754. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0754.
52. "Book reviews". *The Russian Review*. **80** (4): 711–750. 3 September 2021. doi:10.1111/russ.12342. S2CID 239134609.

## Further reading

Many of the above works contain bibliographies. Included below are a selection of works with large bibliographies related to Russian history.

* Engelstein, L. (2017). *Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
* Smele, J. (2016). *The “Russian” Civil Wars, 1916-1926: Ten Years That Shook the World.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press.


title: Joseph Nafaa

abstract: Joseph Nafaa is a clergyman of the Maronite Church and Curial Bishop of the Patriarchate of Antioch.

text:
# Joseph Nafaa

**Joseph Nafaa** (born March 14, 1969, in Andket, near Tripoli, Lebanon) is a clergyman of the Maronite Church and Curial Bishop of the Patriarchate of Antioch.

## Life

Joseph Nafaa received on 14 September 1995 the sacrament of Holy Orders for the Archeparchy of Tripoli.

The Synod of the Maronite Church of Antioch chose him as Curial Bishop to the Patriarchate. Pope Francis confirmed his election on June 17, 2016, and named him Titular Bishop of Aradus.

His episcopal ordination was performed by the patriarch of Antioch, Bechara Boutros al-Rahi, on August 3, 2016, and his co-consecrators were Georges Bou-Jaoudé and Paul Nabil El-Sayah.

On 17 Jun 2017 Nafaa was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Joubbé Lebanon.


title: Sir John Higford

abstract: Sir John Higford (1529-1607) was an English landowner and member of Parliament. He was the son of William Hugford of Dixton Manor, Gloucestershire by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Rudhall, serjeant at law of Brampton Abbotts, Herefordshire. He was descended from an old Shropshire family, who had acquired Dixton through marriage in the mid-fifteenth century. He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford under John Jewel. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Fettiplace of Besselsleigh, Berkshire, by whom he had 2 sons (including his heir John Higford and 4 daughters. His will mentions the graves of two further, unnamed wives. He represented Buckingham in the parliament of 1558. This was presumably through the influence of his wife's family, one of her brothers having represented the same seat in 1554. He was High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1572-3 and 1585–6. He was employed by Giles Brydges, 3rd Baron Chandos in the management of his estate and as deputy to him as Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was knighted in September 1592 during a visit of Elizabeth I to Dixton, where he had rebuilt part of the existing manor house. According to his grandson, he was 'famous for his hospitality'.

text:
# Sir John Higford

**Sir John Higford** (1529-1607) was an English landowner and member of Parliament.

He was the son of William Hugford of Dixton Manor, Gloucestershire by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Rudhall, serjeant at law of Brampton Abbotts, Herefordshire. He was descended from an old Shropshire family, who had acquired Dixton through marriage in the mid-fifteenth century. He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford under John Jewel. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Fettiplace of Besselsleigh, Berkshire, by whom he had 2 sons (including his heir John Higford and 4 daughters. His will mentions the graves of two further, unnamed wives.

He represented Buckingham in the parliament of 1558. This was presumably through the influence of his wife's family, one of her brothers having represented the same seat in 1554. He was High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1572-3 and 1585–6. He was employed by Giles Brydges, 3rd Baron Chandos in the management of his estate and as deputy to him as Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire.

He was knighted in September 1592 during a visit of Elizabeth I to Dixton, where he had rebuilt part of the existing manor house. According to his grandson, he was 'famous for his hospitality'.


title: 1859 Oregon's Magazine

abstract: 1859 Oregon's Magazine is a bi-monthly lifestyle magazine based in Bend, Oregon whose mission is to "Live, Think, Explore". Named for Oregon's year of statehood, the publication was established in Bend, Oregon in the summer of 2009, largely the brainchild of Kevin Max and Heather Johnson.

text:
# 1859 Oregon's Magazine

***1859 Oregon's Magazine*** is a bi-monthly lifestyle magazine based in Bend, Oregon whose mission is to "Live, Think, Explore". Named for Oregon's year of statehood, the publication was established in Bend, Oregon in the summer of 2009, largely the brainchild of Kevin Max and Heather Johnson.

## Publication details

### Launch

*1859 Oregon's Magazine* is run by a small staff in Bend, Oregon. Kevin Max is the chief content officer.

Kevin Max, a New York City financial journalist, relocated to Oregon and founded the magazine. While working as a journalist around the state, Max was inspired by historic buildings dating back to the year of Oregon's statehood, 1859, and by the prominence of the year on the Oregon flag.

Despite the difficult economic situation prevalent at the time of its 2009 launch — a moment at which American magazines were experiencing a 26% decline in ad revenue over previous-year figures — *1859 Oregon's Magazine* experienced initial success powered by its placement in Borders Books, Barnes & Noble, and the grocery chain Whole Foods. The magazine's debut issue saw a total of 30,000 copies produced.

*1859* found its niche covering statewide arts and culture, adventure and exploration, and focussing on Oregon as a whole rather than any single region or city. The magazine grew from a quarterly to a bi-monthly publication in 2012 and in 2017 Max launched a sister publication, *1889 Washington's Magazine*, a journal of statewide culture in Washington state.

Statehood Media continues to expand upon its original mission statement exploring statewide culture and community.

### Content

*1859* relies upon freelance writers and photographers for a majority of its content. Other regular content features are produced by members of the publication's staff.

The magazine covers stories dealing with the length and breadth of the state of Oregon, from the Pacific Coast to high desert of Eastern Oregon. The magazine deals with both geographical and biographical material, including both contemporary and historical content. The publication has been characterized as "a *National Geographic* for the state of Oregon."

The publication touts Oregon for "a wealth of recreational, ecological, historical and entrepreneurial intrigue," including residents who are "pioneers in the sustainable movement, bike geeks and techies, Native Americans and cowboys, financiers and vintners."

### Sustainability philosophy

*1859* has been outspoken in its promotion of the concept of sustainability, making use of soy-based ink, and supporting Oregon wildlife protection by means of a campaign through which half of the magazine's subscription price was targeted to the conservation group Oregon Wild.

### Honors

In April 2011, *1859* was nominated for a Maggie Award in the category "Best New Quarterly Magazine" by the Maggie Awards Committee of the Western Publishing Association in Los Angeles. The nomination, based upon inspection of publication's Autumn 2010 issue, was based upon ten specific editorial aspects involving cover design, layout, typography, and editorial content.

*1859 Oregon's Magazine* won the 68th Annual Maggie Awards Best Consumer Publication and Best State/Regional Publication in 2020. Its sister publication, *1889 Washington's Magazine*, took Best Special Interest Publication 2020.

## InfoBox

*1859 Oregon's Magazine*
| *1859* magazine, Winter 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Kevin Max |
| Categories | Regional magazine |
| Frequency | Bi-monthly |
| Publisher | Kevin Max |
| First issue | Summer 2009 |
| Company | Statehood Media |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Bend, Oregon |
| Language | English |
| Website | 1859magazine.com |
| OCLC | 489252235 |


title: Charlie Dog

abstract: Charlie Dog is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Brothers Looney Tunes series of cartoons. The character was featured in nine cartoons between 1941 and 1958. He is generally characterized as a friendly wise guy.

text:
# Charlie Dog

**Charlie Dog** (also known as **Rover**, **Charlie**, and sometimes **Charles the Dog**) is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Brothers *Looney Tunes* series of cartoons. The character was featured in nine cartoons between 1941 and 1958. He is generally characterized as a friendly wise guy.

## Development

Bob Clampett minted the scenario that Charlie Dog would later inherit in his cartoon short *Porky's Pooch*, first released on 27 December 1941. In that cartoon, a homeless hound pulls out all the stops to get adopted by bachelor Porky Pig. Mel Blanc provided the dog's gruff, Brooklyn-Bugs Bunny-like voice and accent which became Charlie's standard voice.

## History

As he did for other *Looney Tunes* characters, Chuck Jones took Clampett's hound and reworked him, with the help of writer Michael Maltese. Jones first used the dog in *Little Orphan Airedale* (4 October 1947) which saw Clampett's "Rover" renamed "Charlie." The film was a success, and Jones would create two more Charlie Dog/Porky Pig cartoons in 1949: *Awful Orphan* (29 January) and *Often an Orphan* (13 August). Jones also starred Charlie without Porky in a couple of shorts: *Dog Gone South* (26 August 1950) which sees Yankee Charlie searching for a fine gentleman of the Southern United States, and *A Hound for Trouble* (28 April 1951) which sends Charlie to Italy where he searches for a master who speaks English.

In these cartoons, Charlie Dog is defined by one desire: to find himself a master. To this end, Charlie is willing to pull out all the stops, from pulling "the big soulful eyes routine" to boasting of his pedigree ("Fifty percent Collie! Fifty percent setter, Irish Setter! Fifty Percent Boxer! Fifty percent Doberman Pinscher! Fifty percent Pointer—dere it is! Dere it is! Dere it is! But, mostly, I'm all Labrador Retriever!"); when reminded by others that he is not a Labrador retriever, his response would be, "Look, if you doubt my woid, get me a Labrador and I'll retrieve it for you. Dat's fair, isn't it?"  though in reality, he is just a slick-talking mutt who rarely realizes that his own aggressive obnoxiousness is sabotaging his appeal to any potential guardian. He is called "the most obnoxious salesman on four legs". He believes that everybody needs a dog to call their own, and he tackles all sorts of schemes to find a home. Especially in the Porky Pig shorts, the pig would usually try to mail him out of the country, usually accompanied by Porky laughing evilly and maniacally, only to have Charlie return dressed in the costume of that place he was sent, which would make Porky even more determined to get rid of him.

Charlie has a verbal quirk which recurs. If a word contains another word in full, he will say it like that...vege-TABLE. Immi-GRANT.

Charlie makes a brief cameo appearance (via re-used animation from *Often an Orphan*) in the Bob McKimson-directed short *Dog Tales* (1958). Jones shelved the Charlie Dog series of films in the 1950s, along with characters he had himself introduced, such as The Three Bears and Hubie and Bertie. He was turning his efforts to new characters, such as Pepé Le Pew and Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner.

The Frisky Puppy character that Jones paired with Claude Cat in several '50s shorts bears a close physical resemblance to Charlie.

## Later appearances

Recent Warner Brothers merchandising and series and films such as episodes of *Tiny Toon Adventures*, and *Space Jam* (1996) feature Charlie in the crowd scenes, one in which he throws a basketball to Lola Bunny, *The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries* in the episode *Yelp* (here performed by Joe Alaskey), and *Tweety's High-Flying Adventure* (2000) in Italy have brought Charlie back out of retirement. In *Looney Tunes: Back in Action* (2003), he can be spotted playing poker with other Looney Tunes dogs and at the end of the film bringing Bugs a plate of fruit, and in *Space Jam: A New Legacy* (2021), he can be seen briefly in Bugs Bunny's flashback leaving Tune World way in the front row with other Looney Tunes.

Charlie Dog made a cameo in *The Looney Tunes Show* episode "Father Figures." He was seen in a pet store where he was attacked by Henery Hawk (who was looking for a chicken at the time when Porky Pig was being a father figure to him). Charlie Dog appears in *Looney Tunes Cartoons* (voiced by Eric Bauza) in the episode "Adopt Me".

1. "Charlie Dog". *Behind The Voice Actors*. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
2. Lenburg, Jeff (1999). *The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons*. Checkmark Books. p. 64. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
3. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 124. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
4. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 179. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
5. All about Charlie Dog! on ChuckJones.com
6. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 195. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
7. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 201. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
8. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 214. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
9. Beck, Jerry, ed. (2020). *The 100 Greatest Looney Tunes Cartoons*. Insight Editions. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-64722-137-9.
10. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 222. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
11. "Charlie Dog".

All about Charlie Dog on Chuck Jones Official Website.

## InfoBox

| Charlie Dog | |
| --- | --- |
| *Looney Tunes* character | |
| First appearance | Prototype: *Porky's Pooch* (1941)
Official: *Little Orphan Airedale* (1947) |
| Created by | Bob Clampett (prototype)
Chuck Jones (official) |
| Voiced by | Mel Blanc (1941-1947–1958)
Larry Storch (1972)
Frank Welker (1990-1992)
Joe Alaskey (1997)
Eric Bauza (2021–present) |
| In-universe information | |
| Species | Mixed-breed dog |
| Gender | Male |


title: The Tear Garden

abstract: The Tear Garden is a psychedelic/experimental/electronic band, formed by Edward Ka-Spel of The Legendary Pink Dots and cEvin Key of Skinny Puppy in 1985 after Key served as a sound engineer on tour in Canada for Ka-Spel. An EP, The Tear Garden, was released that same year. The pair have since released a number of records with the assistance of various guest musicians. Their most recent release, The Brown Acid Caveat, was released in July 2017.

text:
# The Tear Garden

**The Tear Garden** is a psychedelic/experimental/electronic band, formed by Edward Ka-Spel of The Legendary Pink Dots and cEvin Key of Skinny Puppy in 1985 after Key served as a sound engineer on tour in Canada for Ka-Spel. An EP, *The Tear Garden*, was released that same year. The pair have since released a number of records with the assistance of various guest musicians. Their most recent release, *The Brown Acid Caveat*, was released in July 2017.

## History

The Tear Garden released the album *Tired Eyes Slowly Burning* in 1987. It featured contributions from Skinny Puppy members Dwayne Goettel, Nivek Ogre, and Dave Ogilvie. The record featured a nearly 17 minute long track titled "You and Me and Rainbows", described by AllMusic's Sean Carruthers as "monolithic... but worth every second". A reissue of the album included the groups first EP, *The Tear Garden*, with the rest of the album. Members of the Legendary Pink Dots would henceforth contribute to Tear Garden and in 1992 they released the full-length album *The Last Man to Fly*. Another EP, *Sheila Liked the Rodeo*, much of which was recorded during the same sessions as *The Last Man to Fly*, was released in 1993. Only a few tracks feature Ka-Spel's vocals.

With the collapse of Skinny Puppy in 1995 and cEvin's primary commitment over, he and The Tear Garden released *To Be an Angel Blind, the Crippled Soul Divide* in 1996, followed by *Crystal Mass* in 2000. *Crystal Mass* marked a departure for the group, with more focus seemingly directed toward sound and production than the traditional staple, the lyrics. In 2002 a limited edition compilation of previously unreleased songs, *Eye Spy with My Little Eye* came out on Key's Subconscious Communications label. A best of, *For Those Who Would Walk with the Gods* is also available.

The Tear Garden have never toured, which has limited their commercial potential. The only live performance of Tear Garden material by members of both Skinny Puppy and the Legendary Pink Dots was on April 14, 1988 in Leiden, Holland and May 1, 1988 at Foyer St. Arbogast in Strasbourg France, during Skinny Puppy's Head Trauma tour, for which Edward Ka-Spel was the opening solo act. At the end of Ka-Spel's set cEvin Key joined him on guitar and keyboards for a performance of the song "The Centre Bullet". The Legendary Pink Dots have performed "Isis Veiled" as an almost necessary encore at every show during their last few tours.

In March 2008, after having successfully collaborated in 2007 on *The Secret Experiment*, cEvin Key made mention that Edward Ka-Spel was due to show up in Los Angeles sometime soon and that new material could possibly arise from any presumed meeting of the pair.

Early in 2017, it was announced that the group would celebrate their 30th anniversary with the release of a new album, *The Brown Acid Caveat*. The album would be accompanied with the release of the rarities collection album *Eye Spy Vol.2*.

## Members

* cEvin Key - keyboards, guitar, bass guitar, drums
* Edward Ka-Spel - vocals, keyboards

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Year | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Tired Eyes Slowly Burning* | 1987 | Nettwerk |
| *The Last Man to Fly* | 1992 | Nettwerk |
| *To Be an Angel Blind, the Crippled Soul Divide* | 1996 | Nettwerk/Subconscious |
| *Crystal Mass* | 2000 | Nettwerk/Subconscious |
| *The Secret Experiment* | 2007 | Subconscious |
| *Have a Nice Trip* | 2009 | Subconscious |
| *The Brown Acid Caveat* | 2017 | Subconscious / Metropolis |
|

### EPs

| Title | Year | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Tear Garden* | 1986 | Nettwerk |
| *Sheila Liked the Rodeo* | 1993 | Nettwerk |
|

### Collections

| Title | Year | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Eye Spy with My Little Eye* | 2002 | Subconscious |
| *Eye Spy Vol. 2* | 2017 | Subconscious / Metropolis |
|

### Compilations

| Title | Year | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Bouquet of Black Orchids* | 1993 | Nettwerk Europe |
| *For Those Who Would Walk with the Gods* | 2001 | Brudenia |
|

## InfoBox

| The Tear Garden | |
| --- | --- |
| Edward Ka-Spel, vocalist | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1986present |
|  | |
| Website | Official The Tear Garden webpage |


title: Chris Sanderson

abstract: Chris Sanderson was a lacrosse coach and member of the Canadian team defending their world championship. Sanderson was an assistant coach for the Philadelphia Wings in the National Lacrosse League from 2005 to 2007 season. Sanderson played for parts of five seasons as a goaltender. Chris was a member of the Sanderson family of Orangeville, Ontario. He was the cousin of current NLL players Josh and Phil, as well as former NLL player Nate, and was the nephew of both former Wings GM Lindsay Sanderson and Toronto GM Terry Sanderson. Lastly, but definitely not least, he was the son of multiple Mann Cup championships winner and hall of fame inductee, Bill Gerrie. He played for multiple MSL teams such as Six Nations, and Brampton Excelsiors, as well as the NLL team Buffalo Bandits. Sanderson led the University of Virginia Cavaliers to two NCAA Final Fours. He has played in four world championships with the Canadian National Team, and has coached the U-19 Canadian team to a world championship. He also taught at the Pennington School in Pennington, NJ, and owned a lacrosse company and club team known as True North Lacrosse Company. He was originally diagnosed with a grade IV malignant brain tumor called Glioblastoma Multiforme in December, 2008. The 2006 ILF gold medalist fought back, skipping a month of chemo therapy to miraculously represent Canada at the 2010 FIL World Championships in England, helping the Canadians to a silver medal. Sanderson was named to the All-World Team at the goaltender position in the 2010 FIL WC, becoming the first person in the history of the sport to have been named All-World goalie three times. Sanderson died of brain cancer on June 28, 2012 at the age of 38.

text:
# Chris Sanderson

**Chris Sanderson** was a lacrosse coach and member of the Canadian team defending their world championship. Sanderson was an assistant coach for the Philadelphia Wings in the National Lacrosse League from 2005 to 2007 season. Sanderson played for parts of five seasons as a goaltender.

Chris was a member of the Sanderson family of Orangeville, Ontario. He was the cousin of current NLL players Josh and Phil, as well as former NLL player Nate, and was the nephew of both former Wings GM Lindsay Sanderson and Toronto GM Terry Sanderson. Lastly, but definitely not least, he was the son of multiple Mann Cup championships winner and hall of fame inductee, Bill Gerrie. He played for multiple MSL teams such as Six Nations, and Brampton Excelsiors, as well as the NLL team Buffalo Bandits.

Sanderson led the University of Virginia Cavaliers to two NCAA Final Fours. He has played in four world championships with the Canadian National Team, and has coached the U-19 Canadian team to a world championship. He also taught at the Pennington School in Pennington, NJ, and owned a lacrosse company and club team known as True North Lacrosse Company.

He was originally diagnosed with a grade IV malignant brain tumor called Glioblastoma Multiforme in December, 2008. The 2006 ILF gold medalist fought back, skipping a month of chemo therapy to miraculously represent Canada at the 2010 FIL World Championships in England, helping the Canadians to a silver medal. Sanderson was named to the All-World Team at the goaltender position in the 2010 FIL WC, becoming the first (and only) person in the history of the sport to have been named All-World goalie three times ('98, '06, '10).

Sanderson died of brain cancer on June 28, 2012 at the age of 38.

## Statistics

### NLL

|  | |  | Regular Season | | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | | GP | Min | GA | Sv | GAA | Sv % | | GP | Min | GA | Sv | GAA | Sv % |
| 1999 | Baltimore | | 12 | 663 | 156 | 388 | 14.12 | 71.32% | | 1 | 21 | 8 | 11 | 22.86 | 57.89% |  |
| 2001 | Philadelphia | | 6 | 94 | 28 | 55 | 17.80 | 66.27% | | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2002 | Philadelphia | | 16 | 346 | 92 | 223 | 15.93 | 70.79% | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00% |
| 2003 | New Jersey | | 5 | 44 | 9 | 24 | 12.26 | 72.73% | | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| NLL Totals | | | 39 | 1,148 | 285 | 690 | 14.90 | 70.77% | | 2 | 21 | 8 | 11 | 22.86 | 57.89% |

## InfoBox

Chris Sanderson
| Born | Orangeville, Ontario |
| --- | --- |
| Died | (2012-06-28)June 28, 2012 (aged 38)
Princeton, New Jersey |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Position | Goaltender |
| NLL draft | 4th overall, 1998
Baltimore Thunder |
| NLL teams | New Jersey Storm
Philadelphia Wings
Baltimore Thunder |
| MLL team | Toronto Nationals |
| Pro career | 19992003 |


title: Shioiri Station (Kagawa)

abstract: Shioiri Station is a passenger railway station located in the town of Mannō, Nakatado District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "D16".

text:
# Shioiri Station (Kagawa)

**Shioiri Station** (塩入駅, *Shioiri-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Mannō, Nakatado District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "D16".

## Lines

Shioiri Station is served by JR Shikoku's Dosan Line and is located 17.7 km (11.0 mi) from the beginning of the line at Tadotsu.

## Layout

The station, which is unstaffed, consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. A building adjacent to one platform serves as a passenger waiting room. An overhead foot bridge leads to the other platform but this platform may also be entered from its own access road. Parking and a bike shed are provided.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dosan Line | | | | |
| Kotohira |  | - |  | Kurokawa |

## History

Shioiri Station opened on 21 May 1923 as a through-station operated by Japanese Government Railways (later becoming Japanese National Railways or JNR) when the then Sanuki Line (讃岐線) from Tadotsu to Kotohira was extended to Sanuki-Saida. With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Shikoku.

## Surrounding area

* Mannou Town Nakaminami Branch
* Mannou Municipal Nakaminami Elementary School

## InfoBox

| Shioiri Station
塩入駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Shiori Station in 2015 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Honoyama, Mannō-chō, Nakatado-gun, Kagawa-ken 769-0314
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°09′21″N 133°51′00″E / 34.1558°N 133.8499°E / 34.1558; 133.8499 |
| Operated by | JR Shikoku |
| Line(s) | Dosan Line |
| Distance | 17.7 km (11.0 mi) from Tadotsu |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | Available |
| Bicycle facilities | Bike shed |
| Accessible | Yes - both platforms accessible from their own access roads |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Station code | D16 |
| History | |
| Opened | 21 May 1923 (1923-05-21) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 50 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Shioiri StationLocation within Kagawa PrefectureShioiri StationShioiri Station (Japan) | |


title: Robert B. Nemiroff

abstract: Robert B. Nemiroff was an American theater producer and songwriter, and the husband of Lorraine Hansberry. Nemiroff was a book editor and a music publisher, as well as an award-winning songwriter. With co-writer Burt D’Lugoff, he composed the 1956 hit song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", and "Fifteen", the theme for the movie The World, the Flesh, and the Devil. He married Lorraine Hansberry in 1953, which Hansberry often cited as an important creative factor in the genesis of her play A Raisin in the Sun. Although the couple separated in 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted until Hansberry's death from cancer in January 1965. In 1967, he married Jewell Handy Gresham, a college professor who taught at Tuskegee Institute, New York University, Hofstra University, Nassau Community College, and Vassar College. Nemiroff devoted much of his life to editing and promoting the work of Hansberry, who had named him as her literary executor. He was the executive producer of the 1989 PBS production of A Raisin in the Sun, and produced and co-wrote the 1973 Broadway musical Raisin, based on A Raisin in the Sun.

text:
# Robert B. Nemiroff

**Robert B. Nemiroff** (October 29, 1929, New York City – July 18, 1991) was an American theater producer and songwriter, and the husband of Lorraine Hansberry.

Nemiroff was a book editor and a music publisher, as well as an award-winning songwriter. With co-writer Burt D’Lugoff, he composed the 1956 hit song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", and "Fifteen", the theme for the movie *The World, the Flesh, and the Devil*.

He married Lorraine Hansberry in 1953, which Hansberry often cited as an important creative factor in the genesis of her play *A Raisin in the Sun*. Although the couple separated in 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted until Hansberry's death from cancer in January 1965. In 1967, he married Jewell Handy Gresham, a college professor who taught at Tuskegee Institute, New York University, Hofstra University, Nassau Community College, and Vassar College.

Nemiroff devoted much of his life to editing and promoting the work of Hansberry, who had named him as her literary executor. He was the executive producer of the 1989 PBS production of *A Raisin in the Sun*, and produced and co-wrote the 1973 Broadway musical *Raisin*, based on *A Raisin in the Sun*.

## Awards and honors

Nemiroff won the Tony Award for producing *Raisin*.


# Vehicle registration plates of South Dakota

The U.S. state of South Dakota first required its residents to register their motor vehicles in 1905. Registrants provided their own license plates for display until 1913, when the state began to issue plates.

As of 2024, plates are issued by the South Dakota Department of Revenue through its Motor Vehicle Division. Front and rear plates are required for most classes of vehicles, while only rear plates are required for motorcycles and trailers.

## Passenger baseplates

### Prestate

| Image | Dates issued | Description | Serial format | Serials issued | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1905 to 1912 (prestate) | Riveted metal numbers on black leather plate, "SD" riveted on right | 12345 | 1 to approximately 13500 |

### 1913 to 1975

In 1956, the United States, Canada, and Mexico came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for license plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes. The 1955 (dated 1956) issue was the first South Dakota license plate that complied with these standards.

| Image | Dates issued | Design | Slogan | Serial format | Serials issued | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1913 | Embossed black on white; vertical "SD" at right | *none* | 12345 | 1 to approximately 14100 |  |
|  | 1914 | Embossed white on red; vertical "SD" at right | *none* | 12345 | 1 to approximately 20800 |  |
|  | 1915 | Embossed yellow on black; vertical "SD" at right | *none* | 12345 | 1 to approximately 28700 |  |
|  | 1916 | Embossed light green on black; "SD 1916" at right | *none* | 12345 | 1 to approximately 43000 | First dated plate. |
|  | 1917 | Embossed beige on brown; vertical "SD" and "1917" at left and right respectively | *none* | 12345 | 1 to approximately 67000 |  |
|  | 1918 | Embossed brown on beige; vertical "SD" and "1918" at left and right respectively | *none* | 12345 | 1 to approximately 84000 |  |
|  | 1919 | Embossed silver on olive green with border line; vertical "SD" and "1919" at left and right respectively | *none* | 123456 | 1 to approximately 105000 |  |
|  | 1920 | Embossed maroon on cream with border line; vertical "SD" and "20" at left and right respectively | *none* | 123456 | 30000 to approximately 139000 | Serials below 30000 reserved for motorcycles and trucks. This practice continued through 1923. |
|  | 1921 | Embossed white on green; lines at top and bottom borders; vertical "SD" and "21" at left and right respectively | *none* | 123456 | 30000 to approximately 154000 |  |
|  | 1922 | Embossed white on dark blue; lines at top and bottom borders; vertical "SD" and "22" at left and right respectively | *none* | 123456 | 30000 to approximately 150000 |  |
|  | 1923 | Embossed black on gray with border line; vertical "SD" and "23" at left and right respectively | *none* | 123-456 | 30-000 to approximately 153-000 |  |
|  | 1924 | Embossed silver on black with border line; vertical "SD" and "24" at left and right respectively | *none* | 123-456 | 20-000 to approximately 151-000 | Serials below 20-000 reserved for motorcycles and trucks. |
|  | 1925 | Embossed black on tan with border line; vertical "25" and "SD" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | First use of county codes. |
|  | 1926 | Embossed black on silver with border line; vertical "SD" and "26" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1927 | Embossed black on turquoise with border line; vertical "27" and "SD" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1928 | Embossed white on red with border line; vertical "SD" and "28" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1929 | Embossed white on green with border line; vertical "29" and "SD" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1930 | Embossed black on yellow with border line; vertical "SD" and "30" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1931 | Embossed black on white with border line; vertical "31" and "SD" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1932 | Embossed yellow on black with border line; vertical "SD" and "32" at left and right respectively | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1933 | Embossed black on yellow with border line; "S. DAK. 1933" at bottom | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1934 | Embossed yellow on black with border line; "S. DAK. 1934" at bottom | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1935 | Embossed black on yellow with border line; "S. DAK. 1935" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1936 | Embossed white on brick red with border line; "S. DAK. 1936" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1937 | Embossed red on white with border line; "S. DAK. 1937" at bottom | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1938 | Embossed white on blue with border line; "S. DAK. 1938" at bottom | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1939 | Embossed blue on white; "SD" at bottom left and "39" at bottom right | "RUSHMORE MEMORIAL" at bottom center | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1940 | Embossed black on golden yellow; "SOUTH DAKOTA 1940" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | First use of the full state name. |
|  | 1941 | Embossed golden yellow on black; "SOUTH DAKOTA 1941" at bottom | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1942–44 | Embossed black on golden yellow; "SOUTH DAKOTA 1942" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | Revalidated for 1943 with black tabs, and for 1944 with windshield stickers, due to metal conservation for World War II. |
|  | 1945 | Embossed green on white with border line; "SOUTH DAKOTA 1945" at bottom | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1946 | Embossed white on black with border line; "SOUTH DAKOTA 1946" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1947 | Embossed black on unpainted aluminum with border line; "1947 SOUTH DAKOTA" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1948 | Embossed red on unpainted aluminum with border line; "SOUTH DAKOTA 1948" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1949 | Embossed blue on waffle-textured unpainted aluminum with border line; "1949 SOUTH DAKOTA" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1950 | Embossed black on orange with border line; "SOUTH DAKOTA '50" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*1*-A123
*10*-123
*10*-A12
*10*-1A2
*10*-12A | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1951 | Embossed orange on black with border line; "'51 SOUTH DAKOTA" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*1*-A123
*10*-123
*10*-A12
*10*-1A2
*10*-12A | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1952 | Embossed maroon on beige with border line; "S.DAK", Mount Rushmore decal and "1952" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*1*-A123
*10*-123
*10*-A12
*10*-1A2
*10*-12A | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | First base to feature a graphic of Mount Rushmore in any form. |
|  | 1953 | Embossed beige on maroon with border line; "1953", Mount Rushmore decal and "S.DAK" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*1*-A123
*10*-1234
*10*-A123 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1954 | Embossed black on white with border line; "S.DAK.", Mount Rushmore decal and "1954" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*1*-A123
*10*-1234
*10*-A123 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1955 | Embossed white on green with border line; "1955", Mount Rushmore decal and "S.DAK" at top | *none* | *1*-1234
*1*-A123
*10*-1234
*10*-A123 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1956 | Embossed green on beige with border line; "S.DAK.", Mount Rushmore decal and "1956" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | First 6" x 12" plate. |
|  | 1957–59 | Embossed black on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "57" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | Revalidated for 1958 with maroon tabs, and for 1959 with red tabs. |
|  | 1960 | Embossed black on reflective tan with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "60" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1961 | Embossed green on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "61" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1962 | Embossed black on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "62" at bottom | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1963 | Embossed red on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "63" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1964 | Embossed dark blue on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "64" at bottom | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1965 | Embossed green on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "65" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1966 | Embossed dark blue on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "66" at bottom | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1967 | Embossed maroon on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "67" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1968 | Embossed light blue on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "68" at bottom | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1969 | Embossed orange on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "69" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1970 | Embossed dark blue on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "70" at bottom | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1971 | Embossed green on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "71" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1972 | Embossed black on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "72" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1973 | Embossed red on reflective white with border line; "S.DAK.", stamped Mount Rushmore graphic and "73" at top | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1974 | Embossed blue on reflective white with screened red and black Mount Rushmore graphic at bottom | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | First screened graphic license plate in the United States. Awarded "Plate of the Year" for best new license plate of 1974 by the Automobile License Plate Collectors Association, the first time South Dakota was so honored. |
|  | | Embossed blue on reflective white with stamped Mount Rushmore graphic at bottom | *none* | | | Issued in counties that had exhausted their supplies of screened graphic plates. |
|  | 1975 | Embossed red on reflective white with screened light blue and black Mount Rushmore graphic at bottom | *none* | *1*-12345
*10*-1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |

### 1976 to present

| Image | Dates issued | Design | Slogan | Serial format | Serials issued | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1976–80 | Embossed blue on reflective white with screened blue and white Mount Rushmore graphic and three red stripes at top | *none* | *AB*:1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*AB*) |  |
|  | 1981–86 | Embossed red on reflective white with screened dark blue Mount Rushmore graphic at bottom right; county name on sticker at top | *none* | ABC:123 | AAA:001 to BRP:599; CAB:001 to approximately KAS:888
(see right) | Awarded "Plate of the Year" for best new license plate of 1981 by the Automobile License Plate Collectors Association, the second time South Dakota was so honored. Letter Q not used in serials; all three-letter combinations from 1983 onwards were consonant-vowel-consonant. |
|  | 1987–90 | Embossed red on reflective white with screened blue Mount Rushmore graphic at bottom right | Celebrate the Century (optional) | *1*AB 123
*10*A 123 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | Commemorated South Dakota's 100 years of statehood. Numeric county codes reintroduced. Letters I, O and Q not used in serials; this practice continues today. |
|  | 1990–95 | Embossed green on reflective gradient gold and white with Mount Rushmore graphic at top right | Great Faces. Great Places. | *1*A 1234
*10* A123
*10* AB12 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | 1996 – December 1999 | Embossed green on reflective white with large gold Mount Rushmore graphic in background | Great Faces. Great Places. | *1*A12345
*10*A1234 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | January 2000 – late 2003 | Embossed blue on reflective red, white and blue with blue Mount Rushmore graphic at bottom | *none* | *1*AB 123
*10*A 123
*10*A B12 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | late 2003 – December 2005 | As above, but with serial screened | | | | |
|  | January 2006 – December 2015 | Screened dark blue on reflective full-color Mount Rushmore graphic | Great Faces. Great Places. | *1*AB 123
***1***AB C12
*10*A 123
*10*A B12
*10*A BC1 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | Awarded "Plate of the Year" for best new license plate of 2006 by the Automobile License Plate Collectors Association, the third time South Dakota was so honored. Serials in each county continued from where the 2000 base left off. |
|  | January 2016 – December 2022 | Screened dark blue on reflective beige Mount Rushmore graphic | Great Faces. Great Places. | *1*A1 234
*1*AB 123
*10*A 123
*10*A B12
***44***A BC1 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) |  |
|  | January 2023 – present | Screened black serial on reflective full-color Mount Rushmore graphic and blue sky | Great Faces. Great Places. | *1*A1 234
*1*AB 123
*10*A 123
*10*A B12
***44***A BC1 | Coded by county of issuance (*1* or *10*) | Serials in each county continued from where the 2016 base left off. |

## Non-passenger plates

### 2006 to present

| Image | Type | Design | Slogan | Serial format | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | City Government | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | *none* | **CTY**1234 |  |
|  | Commercial | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | *none* | 12345 A |  |
|  | County Government | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | *none* | **CO** 1234
**CO**12345 |  |
|  | Fire Department | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | *none* | **FD** 1234 |  |
|  | School | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | *none* | **S** 1234 |  |
|  | Oglala Sioux Tribe government | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | *none* | **OST** 123
**OST**1234 |  |
|  | State Government | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | *none* | AB123 | State seal at left, state flag bottom right corner. |

## Optional plates

| Image | Type | Design | Slogan | Serial format | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Veteran | Modified blue Mount Rushmore base. | VETERAN | 1234A | Logo for branch of service at left. |  |
|  | Dignity (statue) | Dignity of Earth & Sky sculpture | Great Faces, Great Places | Y1234 |  |
|  | Firefighter | Maltese Cross, flames | Firefighter | FF 1234 |  |
|  | Organizational | Modified Mount Rushmore base. | Great Faces, Great Places | A1234 AB123 ABC12 ABCD1 | Organizational decal purchased separately. |  |
|  | Tribal | Red on white with tribal logo on left side. |  | A123 | Nine tribes available. |  |
|  | Rear Plate Only | White upper, gray lower. | Rear Plate Only | SI 1234 | Limited to 7500 miles per year. |

## County coding

| County | 1925–55 | 1956–75, 1987–present | 1976–80 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Minnehaha | 1 | 1 | MA, ME, MH, MN, MO, MX, MZ |
| Pennington | 51 | 2 | PA, PB, PE, PG, PN, PX, PY, PZ |
| Brown | 7 | 3 | BN, BR, BW |
| Beadle | 3 | 4 | BD, BE |
| Codington | 15 | 5 | CD, CT |
| Brookings | 6 | 6 | BG, BK |
| Yankton | 63 | 7 | YA, YN |
| Davison | 18 | 8 | DN, DV |
| Lawrence | 41 | 9 | LA, LW |
| Aurora | 2 | 10 | AU |
| Bennett | 4 | 11 | BT |
| Bon Homme | 5 | 12 | BH |
| Brule | 8 | 13 | BL |
| Buffalo | 9 | 14 | BF |
| Butte | 10 | 15 | BU |
| Campbell | 11 | 16 | CA |
| Charles Mix | 12 | 17 | CM |
| Clark | 13 | 18 | CK |
| Clay | 14 | 19 | CL |
| Corson | 16 | 20 | CN |
| Custer | 17 | 21 | CU |
| Day | 19 | 22 | DA |
| Deuel | 20 | 23 | DU |
| Dewey | 21 | 24 | DW |
| Douglas | 22 | 25 | DG |
| Edmunds | 23 | 26 | ED |
| Fall River | 24 | 27 | FR |
| Faulk | 25 | 28 | FA |
| Grant | 26 | 29 | GT |
| Gregory | 27 | 30 | GY |
| Haakon | 28 | 31 | HK |
| Hamlin | 29 | 32 | HN |
| Hand | 30 | 33 | HD |
| Hanson | 31 | 34 | HS |
| Harding | 32 | 35 | HR |
| Hughes | 33 | 36 | HU |
| Hutchinson | 34 | 37 | HT |
| Hyde | 35 | 38 | HY |
| Jackson | 36 | 39 | JA |
| Jerauld | 37 | 40 | JE |
| Jones | 38 | 41 | JN |
| Kingsbury | 39 | 42 | KG |
| Lake | 40 | 43 | LK |
| Lincoln | 42 | 44 | LN |
| Lyman | 43 | 45 | LY |
| McCook | 44 | 46 | MC |
| McPherson | 45 | 47 | MP |
| Marshall | 46 | 48 | ML |
| Meade | 47 | 49 | MD |
| Mellette | 48 | 50 | MT |
| Miner | 49 | 51 | MR |
| Moody | 50 | 52 | MY |
| Perkins | 52 | 53 | PK |
| Potter | 53 | 54 | PT |
| Roberts | 54 | 55 | RB |
| Sanborn | 55 | 56 | SA |
| Spink | 56 | 57 | SP |
| Stanley | 57 | 58 | ST |
| Sully | 58 | 59 | SU |
| Tripp | 59 | 60 | TR |
| Turner | 60 | 61 | TU |
| Union | 61 | 62 | UN |
| Walworth | 62 | 63 | WL |
| Ziebach | 64 | 64 | ZB |
| Shannon /
Oglala Lakota |  | 65 | SN |
| Washabaugh
(until 1983) |  | 66 | WB |
| Todd |  | 67 | TD |

## InfoBox

South Dakota
| Current series | |
| --- | --- |
| Slogan | Great Faces. Great Places. |
| Size | 12 in × 6 in
30 cm × 15 cm |
| Material | Aluminum |
| Serial format | *1*A1 234
*1*AB 123
*10*A 123
*10*A B12
***44***A BC1
(county-coded) |
| Introduced | January 2023 (2023-01) |
| Availability | |
| Issued by | South Dakota Department of Revenue, Motor Vehicle Division |
| History | |
| First issued | July 1, 1913 (1913-07-01)
(pre-state plates from 1905 through June 30, 1913) |
|  | |


title: Sir John Hippisley, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir John Coxe Hippisley, 1st Baronet, was a British diplomat and politician who pursued an 'unflagging, though wholly unsuccessful, quest for office' which led King George III of Great Britain to describe him as 'that busy man' and 'the grand intriguer'.

text:
# Sir John Hippisley, 1st Baronet

**Sir John Coxe Hippisley, 1st Baronet** (c. February 1746 – 3 May 1825), was a British diplomat and politician who pursued an 'unflagging, though wholly unsuccessful, quest for office' which led King George III of Great Britain to describe him as 'that busy man' and 'the grand intriguer'.

## Early life and overseas appointments

Born John Cox Hipsley in Bristol in 1746, he was the son of William Hipsley, a haberdasher, and Ann Webb. His middle name derived from his paternal grandmother, Dorothy Cox. He was educated at Bristol Grammar School and at Hertford College, Oxford, becoming a Doctor of Civil Law in 1776. He became a student at the Inner Temple in 1766 and was called to the bar in 1771. He was Treasurer of the Inner Temple from 19 November 1813 to 17 November 1814 and his monogram can be seen above the doorways of Nos. 10 and 11 King's Bench Walk.

In 1779 Hippisley travelled to Italy where he became the British government's man in Rome. He married his first wife Margaret Stuart in Rome in February 1780. Margaret was the second daughter of Sir John Stuart, third Baronet of Allanbank. They had four children together – Margaret Frances, born 1780; Windhamina Barbara (probably named after Hippisley's friend William Windham), born 1787; John Stuart, born 1790, and Louisa Anne.

In 1781 Hippisley secured an appointment with the East India Company and moved to Madras, eventually becoming paymaster in Tanjore. He resigned from the Company in 1787 and returned to England in 1789. In the following year he was returned as Member of Parliament (MP) for Sudbury. At the general elections of 1796 and 1801 he was not returned to Parliament, but he was successful in 1802 and retained his seat until 1818 when he retired from the House of Commons.

In 1792 Hippisley returned to Italy and remained there until 1795, during which time he served as a semi-official representative of the British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger at the Court of Pope Pius VI. Upon returning to England he was called upon to negotiate the marriage between Prince Frederick of Württemberg (later Frederick I of Württemberg) to Charlotte, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of George III. After bringing the negotiations to a successful conclusion, Hippisley finally received his long-sought baronetcy on 10 May 1796

In 1799 the plight of Henry Benedict Stuart, the last representative in the male line of the Royal House of Stuart, was brought to Hippisley's attention by Dr. Stefano Borgia. Cardinal York was living in France, ill and penniless, and Hippisley persuaded George III to award him an annual pension of £4,000.

## Second marriage and later years

Hippisley's first wife Margaret died on 24 September 1799 in Brompton, London. In 1800 he served as High Sheriff of Berkshire, where he owned Warfield Grove, a red-brick Georgian mansion which he had bought from Admiral Sir George Bowyer. Hippisley sold the house to the Earl of Mountnorris in the early 19th century. In February 1801 he married his second wife, Elizabeth Anne Coxe (née Horner), the widow of Henry Hippisley Coxe (1748-1795) of Ston Easton Park, Somerset, MP for Somerset (1792-5). Despite the similarity of their names, John was not closely related to the Hippisleys of Ston Easton, if at all. He may have changed the spelling of his name around this time to further legitimise his position at Ston Easton.

Hippisley was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a vice-president and supporter of the Literary Fund Society, a benefactor of Downside Abbey, one of the principal promoters of the literary institutions of Bath and Bristol, a member of the government committee of the Turkey Company, vice-president of the West of England Agricultural Society and a member of the Society of Antiquaries. He was however not a popular man with all his contemporaries. The Rev. John Skinner referred to him as 'that great orator' and a 'great ass' in his diary, published as *The Journal of a Somerset Rector*, while in 1810 the wit and politician Joseph Jekyll described how during a speech by Hippisley in parliament 'the house coughed him down five times in vain, and the catarrh lasted two hours'.

Hippisley had no children with Elizabeth. He retired from political life in 1818 and died on 3 May 1825 in Grosvenor Street, London. He was buried in the Inner Temple vault on 12 May 1825. His monument was sculpted by William Grinsell Nicholl. His library was sold at auction in London by Stewart, Wheatley & Adlard on 1 March 1825 (and five following days), though the catalogue did not carry his name, referring to 'a portion of the library of a well known political character'. A copy of the sale catalogue is held at Cambridge University Library (shelfmark Munby.c.151(9)).

His widow Elizabeth died on 25 March 1843 in Grosvenor Square, London, whereupon the Ston Easton estate was inherited by her grandnephew, John Hippisley. Sir John was succeeded as baronet by John Stuart Hippisley, his son by his first wife, but he died unmarried in Mells, Somerset on 20 March 1867, whereupon the baronetcy became extinct.

* *Some Notes on the Hippisley Family*, A. E. Hippisley & I. FitzRoy Jones (Eds), Wessex Press 1952
* *The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press
* *Sir John Coxe Hippisley: That 'Busy Man' in the Cause of Catholic Emancipation*, Susan Mitchell Sommers, Parliamentary History, February 2008

* Caricature of Sir John Coxe Hippisley in the National Portrait Gallery's collection
* Lee, Sidney, ed. (1891). "Hippisley, John Coxe". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 27. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
* Detailed biography of Sir John Coxe Hippisley
* *Hansard* 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Hippisley


title: 1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1859. Opposition Party nominee Charles Smith Olden defeated Democratic nominee Edwin R. V. Wright with 50.76% of the vote.

text:
# 1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election

The **1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election** was held on November 8, 1859. Opposition Party nominee Charles Smith Olden defeated Democratic nominee Edwin R. V. Wright with 50.76% of the vote.

## Democratic nomination

### Candidates

### Convention

The Democratic Party held a convention in Trenton on August 24. Entering the convention, the leading candidates were Edwin R.V. Wright, Charles Skelton, Alexander Wertz, and Garrett Sykes.

At the start of the convention, there were many disputes between delegations over the Lecompton Constitution; Lecomptonites outnumbered opponents four-to-one. A lengthy dispute between rival delegations from Sussex, split over the Lecompton question, resulted in neither delegation being seated.

Names were placed in nomination for Governor, including Wright, Skelton, Wertz, Sykes, joined by Charles Sitgreaves, Joseph Potts, and Thomas H. Herring. Before balloting began, the Party adopted a platform embracing the Buchanan administration and opposing any attempt by Congress to regulate slavery in the territories. The party also denounced any attempt to revive the Atlantic slave trade.

Balloting commenced, with Wright taking a strong plurality on the first ballot and extending his lead on the second. After the Sussex delegates failed to reach an agreement, there was a motion to exclude their votes entirely, causing a lengthy delay as the convention recessed.

After the convention was recalled to order, balloting restarted, Wright maintaining his large plurality. Herring's name was also withdrawn. On the fifth ballot, it became clear Wright had a majority. Many delegations switched their votes to make his nomination unanimous.

| 1859 Democratic Convention | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ballot | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| **Wright** | 193 | 203 | 240 | 290 | 248 | 388 |
| **Skelton** | 82 | 103 | 114 | 124 | 120 | - |
| **Herring** | 54 | 54 | 40 | 28 | 0 | - |
| **Wertz** | 86 | 88 | 76 | 28 | 90 | - |
| **Sykes** | 7 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 11 | - |
| **Potts** | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - |
| **Sitgreaves** | 29 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| **Scattering** | 35 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 19 | - |
| **Total** | **493** | **462** | **489** | **492** | **493** | **388** |

Wright was notified of his victory and appeared at the convention to make an acceptance speech.

## Opposition nomination

### Candidates

#### Withdrew at convention

### Convention

Once again, elements opposed to the incumbent Democratic administration in Washington joined together to present a candidate for Governor. Upon a public call by opposition legislators, they met at Temperance Hall in Trenton on September 7. The plurality of the convention were Know-Nothings, joined by a large number of Republicans and a significant minority of Democrats opposed to the Lecompton Constitution.

Charles Smith Olden, Joseph W. Allen, Joseph W. Porter, Andrew K. Hay, William K. McDonald, Ephraim Marsh, Edward Y. Rogers, and Dudley S. Gregory were nominated. Before balloting began, Allen's name was withdrawn. On the first ballot, Smith led. Gregory's name was withdrawn by his request. After the second ballot, Olden led by a larger margin and Rogers's name was withdrawn. A motion was made to nominate Olden by acclamation, but it was shouted down. On the third ballot, Olden received a majority, and his nomination was made unanimous by acclamation.

Some hesitation ensued after a delegate announced that the American convention, meeting elsewhere in Trenton, had nominated Peter Clarke, thus splitting the opposition. However, word soon came that the Americans had nominated Olden as well, and the convention concluded with speeches made in favor of the candidate.

| 1859 Opposition Convention | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ballot | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| **Olden** | 183 | 241 | 296 |
| **Marsh** | 89 | 112 | 104 |
| **McDonald** | 79 | 91 | 92 |
| **Gregory** | 68 | 0 | 0 |
| **Hay** | 66 | 62 | 53 |
| **Porter** | 64 | 42 | 18 |
| **Rogers** | 47 | 14 | 0 |
| **Total** | **596** | **562** | **563** |

The convention adopted a moderate platform that was nearly silent on the issue of slavery, except that it opposed any effort to revive the Atlantic slave trade. It endorsed a protective tariff and denounced the Buchanan administration as corrupt, extravagant, and oppressive of free speech and thought.

### American Party convention

The American Party met simultaneous to the Opposition convention at the Trenton Atheneum. During the first ballot for Governor, word arrived that the Opposition convention had nominated Olden. On the first ballot, the Americans nominated Olden by 96 votes against 35 for Peter J. Clarke.

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

New Jersey gubernatorial election, 1859
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Opposition** | **Charles Smith Olden** | **53,315** | **50.76%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Edwin R. V. Wright | 51,714 | 49.24% |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | Opposition **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

1. "New Jersey Democratic State Convention". *New York Daily Tribune*. August 24, 1859. p. 5.
2. "THE DEMOCRACY IN NEW JERSEY". *New York Daily Herald*. August 25, 1859. p. 1.
3. "New Jersey Democratic State Convention". *New York Times*. August 26, 1859. p. 1.
4. "NEW JERSEY: Opposition State Convention". *New York Daily Tribune*. September 8, 1859. p. 8.
5. "POLITICS IN NEW JERSEY:The Republican and American State Conventions". *New York Herald*. September 8, 1859. p. 1.
6. "The New York and New Jersey Republican Conventions". *Republican Banner*. September 14, 1859. p. 2.
7. Kalb, Deborah (December 24, 2015). *Guide to U.S. Elections*. ISBN 9781483380353. Retrieved February 17, 2016.

## InfoBox

1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Charles Smith Olden** Edwin R. V. Wright   Party Opposition Democratic  Alliance Know-Nothing   Popular vote **53,315** 51,714  Percentage **50.76%** 49.24% | |
| ---  County Results
**Olden**:      50-60%      60–70%
**Wright**:      50–60% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
William A. Newell
Opposition Party (Northern U.S.) **Elected Governor**
Charles Smith Olden
Opposition Party (Northern U.S.) | |


title: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology

abstract: The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology is a department within the University of Oxford. Its research programme includes the cellular and molecular biology of pathogens, the immune response, cancer and cardiovascular disease. It teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in the medical sciences. The school is named for Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet, of Lakenheath, whose will provided the initial funding. It is located towards the east end of South Parks Road, to the north of the city centre.

text:
# Sir William Dunn School of Pathology

class=notpageimage|Location of Sir William Dunn School of Pathology within central Oxford

The **Sir William Dunn School of Pathology** is a department within the University of Oxford. Its research programme includes the cellular and molecular biology of pathogens, the immune response, cancer and cardiovascular disease. It teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in the medical sciences.

The school is named for Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet, of Lakenheath, whose will provided the initial funding. It is located towards the east end of South Parks Road, to the north of the city centre.

## History

The first course of Pathology teaching in the University of Oxford was given in 1894 by Professor John Burdon Sanderson, Professor of Physiology, (Regius Professor of Medicine from 1895 to 1905), and Dr James Ritchie, who, in 1897, was appointed as the first University Lecturer in Pathology.

The first Department of Pathology was opened in 1901 and functioned until 1927 when it was handed over to Pharmacology on completion of the new purpose-built Sir William Dunn School of Pathology. This had been made possible by a munificent benefaction of £100,000, made in 1922 by the Trustees set up in the will of Sir William Dunn who died in 1912.

The first full Professor of Pathology, Georges Dreyer, a Dane, was appointed in 1907 and remained in post until he died in 1934. He had a mathematical bent and carried out some of the earliest quantitative assays on immunological reactions to infection. His special interest was in the immunology of enteric infections and tuberculosis and he was deeply involved in efforts to produce vaccines for these diseases. He was responsible for the design and manufacture of the earliest oxygen masks worn by pilots in WWI.

He was succeeded in 1935 by Howard Walter Florey an Australian. Florey was a physiologist by training and was dedicated to the application of physiological and chemical methods to pathology. His main interests were in the physiology of the cells in the gut, inflammatory reactions and atherosclerosis. He is, however, best known for the work done under his direction that demonstrated the therapeutic value of penicillin and thus ushered in the age of antibiotics. The purification of penicillin was achieved by Ernst Chain, Norman Heatley and Edward Abraham, with Chain and Abraham eventually developing a theoretical model for its chemical structure, which was later confirmed by Dorothy Hodgkin using X-ray crystallography.

The textbook, General Pathology, based on the preclinical course at the Dunn School, was first published in 1954, and went through four editions. For many years it was the international standard text on the subject.

After penicillin, the work on antibiotics was continued in the Dunn School by Abraham and Guy Newton, who during the 1950s discovered, purified and established the structure of cephalosporin C, the first of the cephalosporin family of antibiotics. This compound and the ring structure on which it was based were patented, and both Newton and Abraham set up trusts out of the royalties that they received. The Edward Penley Abraham Research Fund, the EPA Cephalosporin Fund and the Guy Newton Research Fund are dedicated to the support of medical, biological and chemical research in the Dunn School, Lincoln College and the University of Oxford.

Florey was succeeded as Professor in 1963 by Henry Harris, another expatriate Australian, who had arrived in Oxford in 1952 to do a DPhil under Florey's supervision. Harris's main interest was in cell biology and especially what was later to become the science of somatic cell genetics. With John Watkins he developed the technique of cell fusion for the study of the physiology and genetics of higher cells. They demonstrated that cell fusion provided a general method for the amalgamation of different cell types across the barriers imposed by species differences and by the process of differentiation. This technique was one of the main roots of somatic cell genetics and, in due course, resulted in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

It was also by means of cell fusion that Harris and Goss devised the first systematic method for determining the order of genes along the human chromosome and the distances between them. In 1969 Harris, collaborating with George Klein in Stockholm, showed that when a wide range of malignant tumour cells were fused with normal fibroblasts, the resulting hybrids were not malignant and had the morphological character of fibroblasts. This meant that there were normal genes that had the ability to suppress malignancy. These genes are now known as tumour suppressor genes and work on them has become a world-wide industry. Harris's research was supported mainly by what is now Cancer Research UK, (originally The British Empire Cancer Campaign, BECC, and then The Cancer Research Campaign, CRC.)

In 1977 Gowans, see below, was replaced as Honorary Director of the MRC Cellular Immunology Research Unit by Alan F. Williams, yet another Australian. Williams was mainly concerned with the structural and biochemical aspects of immunological reactions and developed the concept of the immunoglobulin superfamily. In 1992 Williams was elected to succeed Harris as Professor of Pathology but died before he was able to take up the chair.

The former Head of department, Herman Waldmann, was appointed in 1994. Waldmann's principal interest is in the study of immunological tolerance and application of immunology to the clinic. Professor Matthew Freeman, FRS, became Head of Department in January 2013.

In 2007 Howard Florey's Laboratory was proclaimed by the Australian Government as one of the first three sites on the List of Overseas Places of Historic Significance to Australia.

## Scientists

* James Ritchie (1864-1923): first University lecturer in Pathology in Oxford, 1897. Organised the first undergraduate courses in Pathology and Bacteriology. Helped to fund and build first University department of Pathology in Oxford (1901). Edited standard texts in both Bacteriology (with Muir) and Pathology (with Pembrey). Founder member and first Secretary of the Pathological Society of GB and I. Left Oxford to return to Edinburgh in 1906.
* Ernest Ainley-Walker (1871-1955): elected to a fellowship in University College in 1903, the first ‘medical tutor’ in any Oxford College. Published a textbook of Pathology in 1904. Acting Head of Pathology Department when Ritchie left and on several occasions when Dreyer was absent. Also appointed as first Dean of Oxford Medical School from 1922.
* A. Duncan Gardner (1884-1978): invited to Oxford in 1915 to set up MRC Bacteriological Standards laboratory with Dreyer. Remained in Pathology until his retirement in 1958. Regius Professor of Medicine 1948–56.
* Sir Peter Medawar (1915-1987): graduate student with Howard Florey 1936–9; the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960 "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
* Sir John E. Walker (1941-): graduate student with Edward Abraham 1965–9; the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 "for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)". Now Director of the MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit in Cambridge.
* George Brownlee: Professor of Chemical Pathology (1978-2008). Cloned and expressed human clotting factor IX, providing a recombinant source of this protein for Haemophilia B patients who had previously relied on the hazardous blood-derived product. With Peter Palese and co-workers, developed the first "reverse genetics" system for influenza virus, markedly speeding up the process of developing flu vaccines
* James L. Gowans: Gowans came to Oxford in 1948 and after getting a 1st in the Physiological Sciences Honours School he researched for a DPhil on new antibiotics under Florey. But after a period working in the Pasteur Institute in Paris he decided to pursue immunological research. Florey suggested he should investigate the lymphocyte, a cell whose life history was at that time completely obscure. During the 1950s Gowans pioneering work sorted out the life cycle of that cell, He showed that the small lymphocyte continuously recirculated from the blood to the lymph and back again to the blood. He also demonstrated that this cell was at the centre of immunological responses. Shortly after he had been elected to the Henry Dale Professorship of the Royal Society (1962) the Medical Research Council established, in the Dunn School, A Cellular Immunology Research Unit, under the honorary direction of Gowans, and this led to the construction of an additional building, (the Leslie Martin building). Gowans remained the Honorary Director of the Unit until he moved, in 1977, to become the Secretary of the Medical Research Council.
* Alan Williams: Succeeded Gowans as Director of the MRC Cellular Immunology Unit in 1977. With Cesar Milstein in Cambridge, he was the first to use monoclonal antibody technology to analyse molecular composition of the cell surface, and in doing so identified CD4 for the first time.
* Elizabeth Robertson FRS is a British scientist based at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford. She is Professor of Developmental Biology and a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow. She is best known for her pioneering work in developmental genetics, having demonstrated how genetic mutations could be introduced into the mouse germ line through genetically altered embryonic stem cells.
* Samuel Strober (died 2022) was an American physician who was a professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine and co-founder of the biotechnology company Dendreon known for his work on eliminating the need for life long immune suppressive drugs in organ transplant patients.
* Fiona Powrie FRS is currently the head of the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford. Formerly she was the inaugural Sidney Truelove Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Oxford and the head of the Experimental Medicine Division of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine. Powrie is best known for her seminal studies of regulatory T cells and their role in prevention of immune-mediated pathology, particularly in the context of intestinal inflammation.
* Herman Waldmann FRS is a British immunologist, currently Emeritus Professor of Pathology. Waldmann is known for his work on immune tolerance as they relate to grafts and for development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for clinical application.

51°45′34″N 1°15′05″W / 51.7595°N 1.2515°W / 51.7595; -1.2515


title: The Foundation for Young Australians

abstract: The Foundation for Young Australians (FYA) is an Australian non-profit organisation whose purpose is to back young people with the trust, resources, skills, and connections to make change. The organisation's vision is that young people have the power to beat injustice and transform the future.

text:
# The Foundation for Young Australians

**The Foundation for Young Australians** (**FYA**) is an Australian non-profit organisation whose purpose is to back young people with the trust, resources, skills, and connections to make change. The organisation's vision is that young people have the power to beat injustice and transform the future.

## History

The FYA has a history of partnering with individuals, organisations and schools. It was formed in 2000 through a partnership between The Queen's Trust (1977–2000) and the Australian Youth Foundation (1987–2000).

In July 2008 an alliance was formed between the Education Foundation and the FYA. The Education Foundation was founded in 1989 by Ellen Koshland with the aim of developing and delivering education programs, community engagement and research to Australian students. The partnership was to establish the FYA as the primary advocate for young Australians.

FYA has previously published research on the future of work, and the challenges young people facing in transitioning between education and employment. In 2012, the FYA calculated that 30% of student who left high school in Year 9 or below were NEET.

A 2014 report by the FYA found that people under the age of 24 were likely to be worse off than their parents, with a 30% unemployment rate and more university debt and spending most income on housing.

In 2020, under new CEO, Nick Moraitis, FYA released an updated three-year strategy, positioning the organisation as a strategic intermediary backing young people with trust, resources, skills and connections to make change.

## InfoBox

The Foundation for Young Australians
| Formation | 1977 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | NGO |
| Purpose | Backing young people with the trust, resources, skills and connections to make change. |
| Headquarters | Melbourne |
| Region served | Australia |
| Chief Executive Officer (Acting) | Molly Whelan |
| Main organ | Board of Directors |
| Staff | 40 |
| Website | fya.org.au |