title: Sitdown strike

abstract: A sit-down strike is a labour strike and a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at factories or other centralized locations, take unauthorized or illegal possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations. By taking control of their workplaces, workers engaged in a sit-down demonstrate their power, build solidarity among themselves, prevent the deployment of strikebreakers or removal of industrial equipment, and cause cascading effects on the chain of production within and between factories. However, sit-down strikes are illegal in the vast majority of countries, complicating their use. Sitdown strikes played a central role in the unionization of manufacturing in the United States and France. In major strikes in the rubber and automotive industries in the United States, labor organizers with the United Rubber Workers of America and United Automobile Workers adopted the sitdown strike as a means for demanding unionization of factories, achieving major successes at Goodyear Tire (1936), General Motors (1936–37), and Chrysler (1937). Sit-down strikes peaked in the United States in 1937, and rapidly declined as workers began to face criminal prosecution for occupations while the National Labor Relations Board supervised both unionization elections and collective bargaining by between recognized unions and employers. While some sit-down strikes still occur in the United States, they tend to be spontaneous and short-lived. A wave of sit-down strikes in France in May to August 1936 demanded and won union recognition and industry-wide negotiations on wages and benefits, and coincided with state guarantees of limited hours, vacation pay, and other social reforms.

text:
# Sitdown strike

A **sit-down strike** (or simply **sitdown**) is a labour strike and a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at factories or other centralized locations, take unauthorized or illegal possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations. By taking control of their workplaces, workers engaged in a sit-down demonstrate their power, build solidarity among themselves, prevent the deployment of strikebreakers or removal of industrial equipment, and cause cascading effects on the chain of production within and between factories. However, sit-down strikes are illegal in the vast majority of countries, complicating their use.

Sitdown strikes played a central role in the unionization of manufacturing in the United States and France. In major strikes in the rubber and automotive industries in the United States, labor organizers with the United Rubber Workers of America and United Automobile Workers adopted the sitdown strike as a means for demanding unionization of factories, achieving major successes at Goodyear Tire (1936), General Motors (1936–37), and Chrysler (1937). Sit-down strikes peaked in the United States in 1937, and rapidly declined as workers began to face criminal prosecution for occupations while the National Labor Relations Board supervised both unionization elections and collective bargaining by between recognized unions and employers. While some sit-down strikes still occur in the United States, they tend to be spontaneous and short-lived.

A wave of sit-down strikes in France in May to August 1936 demanded and won union recognition and industry-wide negotiations on wages and benefits, and coincided with state guarantees of limited hours, vacation pay, and other social reforms.

## Form and purpose

Writers in the 1930s, 1960s, and early 2000s have all described the same basic forms of sitdown or sit-in strikes. Author Louis Adamic, in his account of the late 1930s wave of sit-down strikes in the United States wrote the following definition in the fall of 1936:

> SITDOWN, n. Act of quitting work in one or a few departments of a delicately organized mass-production factory with the aim of stopping operations in the entire or most of the plant; specif. such an act done by mutual agreement by workers in one or a few departments of such a factory as a means of enforcing compliance with demands made upon their employers; sudden strike workers in one or a few departments of such a factor, decided upon and called by themselves while on the job, usually without the sanction of any recognized labor-union leader or official and, as a rule, of short duration, the strikers and the rest of the workers remaining idle (sitting down) by their machines or belt conveyors pending the compliance with their (the strikers') demands. See STAY-IN and QUICKY.

Ahmed White distinguishes three types of sit-in strikes: "short, '**quickie' strikes**, characterized by brief, on-the-job work stoppages," like those described by Adamic; "the classic '**stay-in' strike**", defined "a work stoppage in which the strikers occupied the workplace to prevent the employer from using it for a considerable period of time"; and "'**skippy' strikes**, characterized by intentionally sloppy performance on the production line." Sit-down strikes also built upon the tactics, used by the Industrial Workers of the World, of the "folded arms strike" and "striking on the job" (which, according to Adamic, "required men to pretend they were working, and to accomplish as little as possible without being discharged").

In factories built around assembly lines, sit-down strikes enabled small numbers of workers to interrupt production across an entire plant. In industries with complex chains of production, such as automobile manufacturing, it likewise projected power outward from a factory on strike: "just as a militant minority could stop production in an entire plant, so if the plant was a key link in an integrated corporate empire, its occupation could paralyze the corporation." Adamic describes the sit-down strike as educating workers about their power as well as providing an opportunity to organize non-union workers:

> "And sitting by their machines, caldrons, boilers, and work benches, they talked. Some realized for the first time how important they were in the process of rubber production. Twelve men had practically stopped the works! … The active \[i.e., pro-union\] rank-and-filers, scattered through the various sections of the plant, took the initiative in saying, 'We've got to stick with 'em!' And they stuck with them, union and non-union men alike."

White describes this process as "an extraordinary forum for cultivating loyalty and solidarity among workers, offering rank-and-file workers a salient symbol of the union's ability to confront the employer, as well as numerous occasions for the actual practice of mutual support."

When feasible, sit-down strikes offered numerous strategic and tactical advantages. Adamic observed in the 1930s that "\[Quickie\] sitdowns are quick, short, and free of violence." The tactic prevents employers from replacing them with strikebreakers or removing equipment to transfer production to other locations. Neal Ascherson has commented that an additional attraction is that it emphasizes the role of workers in providing for the people and allows workers to in effect hold valuable machinery hostage as a bargaining chip. Other advantages listed by Adamic include:

* Sitdown strikes happen inside factories, where workers have the advantage of familiarity and knowledge of the space. This contrasts with the tactical advantages that police and private security have in outdoor picket lines.
* While many workers are morally opposed to sabotage, "The sitdown is the opposite of sabotage… It destroys nothing."
* By stopping work but keeping workers in a single space, the sitdown strike generates a new and enjoyable social space for hundreds or thousands of workers: "The sitdown is a social affair. Sitting workers talk. They get acquainted. And they like that."

Labor strategists who recognized the value of the sit-down strike include Dutch Council Communist Anton Pannekoek, American labor historian Jeremy Brecher, and sociologist Beverly Silver.

## History

In describing the origins of the sitdown strike, scholars, workers, and politicians have pointed to construction strikes at the pyramids of ancient Egypt and medieval European cathedrals. Strikes by crews aboard merchant ships, which peaked in the eighteenth century "were (and remain) like sit-down strikes by their very nature" and spread to the rest of the maritime industry. Early twentieth-century stoppages were recorded in the French, Argentine, and United States rail industry.

In September 1920, the Federation of Italian Metal Workers led a wave of strikes over wages, eventually involving nearly five hundred thousand workers, and featuring numerous factory occupations. During the struggle, workers began operating some factories under their own control and Communist factory workers demanded control of the industry itself by workers' councils. Workers staged strikes that occupied mines in Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Spain, France, England, and Wales from 1934 to 1936. These included a successful strike in Carniola in July 1934. A major sitdown strike occurred on March 22, 1936 at Krakow's Semperit rubber works, during which violence claimed the lives of six people.

Labor historian Michael Torigian argues that the use of sit-down strikes and factory occupations by labor organizers in the United States and France in the 1930s marked an important shift in the role of the sitdown strike. In the United States and France, the sitdown strikes became "an aspect of the evolving labor movement as it pursued union goals within the context of the Fordist-Taylorist factory system", specifically the creation of industry-wide unions like the United Auto Workers. As a tool for industry and even nationwide unionization, Torigian concludes, sit-down strikes "took on a significance, a character, and an effect quite unlike anything that had previously occurred."

### United States

A few sit-down strikes happened in the United States before 1933. Pittsburgh steelworkers occupied a mill in 1842. In 1884, brewery workers in Cincinnati barricaded themselves for three days. New York City laundry workers sat down in 1896 in support of a garment workers’ strike. The Industrial Workers of the World were involved in the most prominent early sit-down in the United States—at the General Electric plant in Schenectady, New York, in 1906. This strike, which lasted 65 hours, was the first over-night "stay-in" in the United States. Adamic describes the 1922 Amoskeag textile strike in Manchester, New Hampshire as "something very close to a stay-in."

During the 1930s, the sit-down strike was reinvented and used by American workers at a scale never seen before or since. Ahmed White attributes its popularity to rising labor militancy combined with new official acceptance of labor rights through the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA, 1933; invalidated by the Supreme Court in 1935) and the National Labor Relations Act (1935). Around six hundred meatpacking workers sat down for three days at the Hormel Packing Corporation in Austin, Minnesota, in November 1933. Minnesota's governor called up the National Guard, but also pressed Hormel to negotiate with the workers rather than retaliate for their actions. A significant number of sit-down strikes were organized in the rubber and automotive industry from 1933 to 1935, most of them "of the quickie variety," according to Sidney Fine.

In Akron, Ohio, rubber workers innovated sitdown strike tactics during the 1930s. Louis Adamic, reporting on the phenomenon had originated outside the factory in a baseball game played between two teams of rubber workers in 1933. During the game, players discovered that a disliked umpire was not a union man and sat down on the field and interrupted their game. Their factory-worker audience joined the protest and "yelled for an umpire who was a union member, cheered the NIRA, and generally raised a merry din, till the non-union umpire withdrew and a union man called the game." Within weeks a factory dispute touched off a sitdown action in one department, which soon idled other departments and shut down the plant, and the dispute was resolved in their favor in less than an hour. Similar strikes proliferated in Akron rubber factories over the following years, sometimes extending into multiple day "stay-in" strikes.

In June–July 1934, 1,100 workers at General Tire conducted a two-day sit-down strike followed by a month-long conventional strike and picket, resulting in victory for the union's demands. While General Tire did not formally recognize the union, it raised wages, promised to disband the company union, rehired fired strikers, instituted a seniority pay system, and agreed to meet union representatives on request. In early 1936, a series of smaller, brief sit-down strikes from at Firestone, Goodyear, and Goodrich from January 28 through February 14 presaged a larger conflict. Management responded to sit-downs at Columbia Chemical Company (February 17–18 in Barberton) and at Goodyear (February 17–22) by physically isolating striking workers to a part of the plant, resulting in stay-in strikes supported by outsiders bringing food. The latter strike evolved into the Great Goodyear Strike of 1936, which was resolved on terms favoring the workers and the United Rubber Workers union on March 21. It was a major victory for the labor movement, established the United Rubber Workers as the dominant union in the rubber industry, and provided a new tactic for future labor struggles.

Buoyed by sit-in strikes at the Atlanta and Kansas City Fisher Body plants (November and December 1936), the United Auto Workers began to demand to represent General Motors workers nationwide, part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations' (CIO) vision for industrial unionism. An initial strike in Cleveland on December 28 was followed by the famous Flint sit-down strike on December 30. In Flint, Michigan, strikers occupied several General Motors plants for more than forty days, and repelled the efforts of the police and National Guard to retake them. that led GM to recognize the autoworkers union. By January 25, strikes and the effects of production shutdowns idled 150,000 workers at fifty General Motors plants from California to New York. On February 11, 1937, General Motors agreed to bargain with the UAW, marking a turning point in American unionism.

A wave of sit-down strikes followed but diminished by the end of the decade as the courts and the National Labor Relations Board held that sit-down strikes were illegal and sit-down strikers could be fired. The Bureau of Labor Statistics counted 583 sit-down strikes from 1936 to 1939, involving the workplaces of 518,099 workers.

#### Legality

The legality of the sit-down strike was in flux during the mid-1930s, the period when the tactic was most used. Labor strikes themselves had sometimes been illegal during the four decades prior to the 1935 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). In the 1936–37 Flint strike, the UAW argued that the sit-down strike, like the conventional picket line, prevented employers from hiring strike-breakers and that the striking worker was "protecting his private property–his right to a job." Other advocates expected the practice to soon be legalized, just as striking had been by the NLRA. The UAW also justified the sit-down strike as a reasonable response to the employer's failure to bargain collectively and refrain from unfair labor practices as directed by the NLRA. General Motors, joined in this opinion by the American Civil Liberties Union, held that the sit-down strike constituted an illegal trespass. Michigan Governor Frank Murphy, whose restraint of law enforcement affected the Flint strike, felt that the sit-down strike was illegal, but could be legitimized in the future. Historian Sidney Fine wrote, "Since the sit-downers were pursuing objectives sanctioned by law but denied them by their employer, their unconventional behavior was tolerated by large sections of the public."

Employers and sought and received court injunctions against the Akron rubber strike and the GM strike, but these and many other sit-down strikes were resolved by union–employer agreements, many of which reinstated any workers fired for participating in sit-downs. The National Labor Relations Board also ordered employers to reinstate workers fired for sit-down striking until this power was removed by the Supreme Court. The 1939 Supreme Court ruling in *NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.* affirmed that sit-down strikes were illegal and held that strikers had no recourse if they were fired in retaliation. In the 1941 case *Southern Steamship Co. v. NLRB*, the Supreme Court held that sailors who went on strike aboard ship were guilty of mutiny and could not claim protection of labor law. Ahmed White argues that these cases "provided a legal foundation on which expanded attacks on the right to strike could be based."

#### Wildcat sit-down strikes

After this period, the sit-down strike was "relegated to the ranks of illegal and illegitimate protest" in the United States, but became "a weapon of the militant rank and file," when they were willing to act outside of official union channels *(See: Little Steel strike)*. Such wildcat strikes, such as two stoppages at Chrysler plants in Detroit in 1973, sometimes won on-the-job changes.

During a 1989 strike of Pittston Coal, ninety-eight members of the United Mine Workers (and one clergyman) occupied a mine for three days in a collective action they called "Operation Flintstone" to honor the 1936–37 UAW strike. Workers vacated the mine after three days and a court order. The strike was won months after the September occupation.

In December 2008, workers at a Republic Windows and Doors warehouse in Chicago responded to their firing amid the company declaring bankruptcy by initiating a sit-down strike occupying the worksite. The workers demanded vacation and severance pay, and to be re-hired by a new owner of the site, winning both demands.

### France

French metal and automotive workers conducted sit-down strikes beginning in 1931 amid the Great Depression. At least 31 strikes occurred in 1931, beginning at the Chenard-et-Walker auto body plant in March. Lengthier strikes affected auto producers Renault, Citroën, and Fiat from 1931 to 1935. In all of these strikes, workers did not remain in the workplaces overnight, though sitdowns often kicked off longer-duration strikes that continued outside the plants.

Coordinated strikes in France led to political changes and industry-wide bargaining agreements in 1936. First, a conventional general strike in February built an alliance among left political forces and trade unions, which led to Popular Front electoral victory in the elections of April and May 1936. Sitdown strikes won concessions from employers in mid-May in Le Havre, Toulouse, and Paris, proving the tactic's effectiveness in French industry. Around 600,000 demonstrators took part in a May 24 march to the Mur des Fédérés commemorating the Paris Commune. On May 26, metal workers mobilized by the Paris Metal Union (affiliated with the CGT) began occupying six factories in this industry. Other factories soon joined, including the automaker Renault. After a brief negotiated end to the occupations, 150,000 metal workers occupied workplaces on June 2. After assuming office on June 4, Prime Minister Léon Blum oversaw negotiations with the CGT and industry, resulting in the June 7 Matignon Agreement: "granting union recognition, a hefty wage hike, a system of shop stewards, as well as the principle of the forty-hour week and the two-week paid vacation." However, strikes and occupations continued to multiply, eventually drawing in 2 million workers. Collective bargaining with industry and new legislation passed by the Popular Front in May resulted in wage increases, a system of industry-wide collective bargaining, vacation pay, and other gains for workers. While the strike wave peaked in June, some workers remained on strike as late as August 1936.

### United Kingdom

In 1973, the workers at the Triumph Motorcycles factory at Meriden, West Midlands, England, locked the new owners, NVT, out following the announcement of their plan to close Meriden. The sit-in lasted over a year until the British government intervened, the result of which was the formation of the Meriden Motorcycle Co-operative which produced Triumphs until their closure in 1983.

### Switzerland

In November 2010, workers at the International Labor Organization, an intergovernmental organization that oversees workers' rights, staged a sit-down strike at its headquarters to protest short-term work contracts for staffers.

## Legacy

The sit-down strike was the inspiration for the sit-in, where an organized group of protesters would occupy an area in which they are not wanted by sitting and refuse to leave until their demands are met. Sidney Fine cites the protest form as being echoed and replicated in both the lunch counter sit-ins of the African American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and in the university occupations of the 1960s.

## Bibliography


title: Castle Quest (1985 video game)

abstract: Castle Quest is action-adventure game for the BBC Micro noted at the time of release as being the best game on the platform in its genre for its problem solving, colourful graphics and smooth scrolling.

text:
# Castle Quest (1985 video game)

***Castle Quest*** is action-adventure game for the BBC Micro noted at the time of release as being the best game on the platform in its genre for its problem solving, colourful graphics and smooth scrolling.

## Gameplay

The game is set in a wizard's castle, the player's task being to find the treasure. It employs "very smooth" side-scrolling (termed 'Scrollerama') and imperfect vertical scrolling. Play includes climbing ladders, which are sufficiently wide to simplify this aspect of gameplay. Various objects can be found and used to solve problems. These include everyday items, furniture, specialist equipment and valuables. Other characters include guards, animals, a witch and the wizard.

Control is via the keyboard, with 13 keys having various uses, for example accessing the inventory of objects carried in the backpack, viewing off-screen to left/right. Play requires both dexterity and lateral thinking. A saved game facility is not provided.

Scores are awarded based on progression through the game. Upon completion, additional rewards are given for remaining lives and a bonus is awarded according to elapsed time. An expert player may complete the game in "around seven minutes".

## Development

The game was reported as being programmer Tony Sothcott's first machine code game. Its colours are achieved using Mode 2, requiring more than half of total available RAM. The map is made up from screens comprising 8 × 7 blocks, there being 13 different types of such block. Two adjacent blocks are stored as a single byte within the map data, which occupies 2 kB in total. This technique was noted for its ingenuity.

### Marketing

The game was marketed as "Probably the most challenging game ever devised for the BBC Micro." The publishers offered small cash prizes to those completing the game within three months of purchase. They also announced a future competition between the four highest scorers, with a prize of computer equipment worth £500. The game's retail price (cassette £12.95, disk £14.95) was noted as being "not cheap" but nevertheless worthy.

Self-styled "marketing expert" Chris Payne (at that time a recent graduate employed by Micro Power as a marketing assistant) recalls his memory of Sothcott's game being "terrific". Micro Power did not commission the marketing from any of their usual agents, instead appointing new agency Kidd's of Leeds. This agency devised a "nicely done logo" on a simple black background.

## Reception

The game was listed as a 'star game' in a 1985 review in *Personal Computer News* (*PCN*) and was featured in an illustrated double-page spread in the June 1985 issue of *Acorn User* (*AU*). *PCN* Reviewer Bryan Skinner noted that the programmer had developed "something really special", with both publications noting the "clever" use of colourful graphics, but little use of sound, possibly due to lack of available RAM. *AU* reviewer Bruce Smith noted the hardware scrolling as being the "best ... yet" on the platform. Skinner was of the opinion that *Castle Quest* was "the best arcade game" on the BBC Micro and would qualify as "the best game" were it not for the existence of *Elite*. He called for readers to join him in demanding that Micro Power convert the game for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum.

The *AU* feature was justified (while acknowledging the earlier March review) by the opinion that the game represented a landmark in game development, both on the BBC Micro and other platforms. Micro Power's software development manager Alan Butcher tested and completed the game before release. Marketing assistant Chris Payne recalled that staff predicted the game to be a bestseller.

## InfoBox

| Castle Quest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Publisher(s) | Micro Power |
| Programmer(s) | Tony Sothcott |
| Platform(s) | BBC Micro |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Action-adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Shib Nath Roy

abstract: Shib Nath Roy is a Bangladeshi civil servant and former Ambassador of Bangladesh to Bhutan. He is a former Inspector General of Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments.

text:
# Shib Nath Roy

**Shib Nath Roy** is a Bangladeshi civil servant and former Ambassador of Bangladesh to Bhutan. He is a former Inspector General of Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments.

## Early life

Roy was born on 1 July 1963 in Gopalganj District, East Pakistan, Pakistan. He did his undergrad and master's in Economics from the University of Dhaka.

## Career

On 20 December 1989, Roy joined the Bangladesh Civil Service as an administration cadre.

Roy was the Assistant Commissioner in the Rajshahi Divisional Commissioner's Office from 20 December 1989 to 31 December 1989. He was the Assistant Commissioner of the Dinajpur District Commissioners Office from January 1990 to October 1992. He was the Assistant Commissioner of Land in Dinajpur District from October 1992 to August 1996. He was the Assistant Commissioner of Land in Natore District from August 1996 to July 1997. He was the Senior Assistant Commissioner of Natore District from July 1997 to June 2001.

Roy was the Upazila Nirbahi Officer of Dighalia Upazila from July 2001 to January 2005. He was the Upazila Nirbahi Officer of Senbagh Upazila from January 2005 to June 2006. He was the deputy director of the National Nutrition Project of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare from June 2006 to December 2006. He was the deputy director of the National Housing Authority at the Ministry of Housing and Public Works from June 2007 to January 2009.

Roy was the private secretary to the State Minister of Youth & Sports Ahad Ali Sarker from January 2009 to July 2013. He was Secretary of the National Sports Council at the Ministry of Youth and Sports from September 2013 to July 2015. He was the Joint Secretary of the Economic Relations Division of the Ministry of Finance from July 2015 to August 2016.

From November 2016 to December 2017, Roy was Director General of Legal Affairs and Coordination Wing at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Roy was the Director General of the Department of Labour of the Ministry of Labour and Employment from December 2017 to March 2019. He was the Inspector General of Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments from March 2019 to November 2020. He was awarded the National Integrity Award.

Roy was the Additional Secretary of the Ministry of Industries from November 2020 to October 2021. From October 2021 to June 2022, Roy was a Director General at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In November 2022, Roy was appointed Ambassador of Bangladesh to Bhutan. He had pushed to import electricity from Bhutan.


title: The Intruder (1981 film)

abstract: The Intruder is a film released in 1981.

text:
# The Intruder (1981 film)

***The Intruder*** is a film released in 1981.

## Plot summary

*The Intruder* is a film in which a stranger with a coffin comes to a small Canadian town to put on a show.

## Reception

Colin Greenland reviewed *The Intruder* for *Imagine* magazine, and stated that "Decorated with soap-opera sex and squabbles, and burdened with dialogue of supernatural stupidity, *The Intruder* fails to thrill."


title: Teletoon+

abstract: Teletoon+ is a Polish television channel owned and operated by the Canal+ Group through Canal+ Polska SA, available on Platforma Canal+. The channel targeted at children, carrying various animated films and television series.

text:
# Teletoon+

**Teletoon+** (stylised as **teleTOON+**; formerly **Minimax** and **ZigZap**) is a Polish television channel owned and operated by the Canal+ Group through Canal+ Polska SA, available on Platforma Canal+. The channel targeted at children, carrying various animated films and television series.

## History

After the original Minimax channel was replaced by Fox Kids in Spain on 15 November 1998, the current Central European iteration of Minimax began on 16 April 1999

When the channel was launched in Poland on Cyfra+. On 16 October 2004, the channel was renamed to ZigZap. However, Minimax continues to be broadcast in Hungary (since 6 December 1999), Romania, Moldova (since 1 June 2001), the Czech Republic, Slovakia (since 1 January 2004) and ex-Yugoslav countries (since 2007).

On 1 October 2011, when all Canal+ channels in Poland were relaunched to bear the „+” suffix in their names, ZigZap was renamed Teletoon+, taking the name from the similarly named channel in France. The French Télétoon was previously operated by Groupe TPS until 2007 when TPS merged with Canal+, and it took the new Télétoon+ name earlier in May 2011.

On 11 November 2011, the channel launched a high definition simulcast feed.

## Programming

### Late night

From 1 August 1999 until 31 August 2001, Minimax aired a late night programming block titled Game One. It took the name from the French television channel of the same name which Canal+ operated until 2001.

On 1 September 2001, the channel launched a new programming block titled Hyper, which carried the programmes about video gaming, and showed animated series from Japan. It was carried over well into the ZigZap era until 11 November 2011, when it was renamed Hyper+. The block ended on 1 July 2014.

Teletoon+ still broadcasts video game shows in the late night slot, but no particular branding is practised on such programmes.

### Other

From 2000 to 2004, Minimax had two programming blocks. MiniKaruzela (*karuzela* means carousel in Polish) premiered on 24 December 2000 and MaxiStrefa (*strefa* means zone) premiered in January 2002. MiniKaruzela was intended for preschool and early school age children, while MaxiStrefa was intended for older viewers over 12 years of age. MiniKaruzela ended on 10 April 2004, after MiniMini (known since 2011 as MiniMini+) was launched on 20 December 2003. All the programmes from the block were moved to that channel. However, MaxiStrefa continued to air until 16 October 2004 when Minimax was replaced by ZigZap.

## Logos

## InfoBox

Teletoon+
| Logo used since 2014 | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Poland |
| Broadcast area | Nationwide |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Polish |
| Picture format | 16:9 576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Canal+ Group |
| Parent | Canal+ Polska SA |
| Sister channels | MiniMini+ |
| History | |
| Launched | 16 April 1999 (1999-04-16) |
| Former names | Minimax (16 April 1999-16 October 2004)
ZigZap (16 October 2004-1 October 2011) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.teletoonplus.pl |


title: Lakota High School (West Chester, Ohio)

abstract: Lakota High School was a high school in the Lakota School District in Butler County, Ohio, United States; it encompasses both West Chester Township and Liberty Township. The Thunderbird was the Lakota mascot, drawing on the Native American name, T-Birds being a common nickname. Much of the district was rural when originally established, especially the more northern Liberty Township, but became predominately suburban with population growth and the expansion of metropolitan Cincinnati, Ohio. The school was built in 1959. It eventually split into two high schools in 1997: Lakota East High School and Lakota West High School. The Lakota High School site, on Tylersville Road in West Chester, Ohio, is now used as both a Freshman School and Early Childhood Center for the Lakota School District.

text:
# Lakota High School (West Chester, Ohio)

**Lakota High School** was a high school in the Lakota School District in Butler County, Ohio, United States; it encompasses both West Chester (formerly Union) Township and Liberty Township. The Thunderbird was the Lakota mascot, drawing on the Native American name, T-Birds being a common nickname.

Much of the district was rural when originally established, especially the more northern Liberty Township, but became predominately suburban with population growth and the expansion of metropolitan Cincinnati, Ohio. The school was built in 1959. It eventually split into two high schools in 1997: Lakota East High School and Lakota West High School.

The Lakota High School site, on Tylersville Road in West Chester, Ohio, is now used as both a Freshman School and Early Childhood Center for the Lakota School District.

## Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships

## Notable alumni

39°21′48″N 84°27′12″W / 39.36333°N 84.45333°W / 39.36333; -84.45333


title: Cambridge Interferometer

abstract: The Cambridge Interferometer was a radio telescope interferometer built by Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish in the early 1950s to the west of Cambridge. The interferometer consisted of an array of 4 fixed elements to survey the sky. It produced the two Cambridge catalogues of radio sources, discovering some of the most interesting astronomical objects known. The telescope was operated by the Radio Astronomy Group of Cambridge University. Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for this and other related work.

text:
# Cambridge Interferometer

The **Cambridge Interferometer** was a radio telescope interferometer built by Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish in the early 1950s to the west of Cambridge (between the Grange Road football ground and the current Cavendish Laboratory). The interferometer consisted of an array of 4 fixed elements to survey the sky. It produced the two Cambridge catalogues of radio sources (the 2C catalogue of radio sources at 81.5 MHz, and the 3C catalogue of radio sources at 159 MHz, building on the work of the Preliminary survey of the radio stars in the Northern Hemisphere at 45 MHz - 214 MHz using the 2-element Long Michelson Interferometer), discovering some of the most interesting astronomical objects known. The telescope was operated by the Radio Astronomy Group of Cambridge University.

Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for this and other related work.

## InfoBox

Cambridge Interferometer
| Location(s) | United Kingdom |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 52°13′N 0°06′E / 52.21°N 0.1°E / 52.21; 0.1 |
| Organization | University of Cambridge |
| Wavelength | 81.5, 159 MHz (3.68, 1.89 m) |
| Telescope style | radio telescope<br>radio interferometer |
| Location of Cambridge Interferometer | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Charlie Mohr

abstract: Charlie Mohr was a middleweight college boxer for the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Mohr, from New York City, died of a brain hemorrhage following an NCAA Tournament bout eight days earlier with Stu Bartell of San Jose State University. Twenty-two days after Mohr's death, the University of Wisconsin–Madison abolished the sport at UW–Madison. The NCAA soon followed Wisconsin's lead, officially ending their support of the national boxing tournament in late 1960 and unofficially terminating the sport.

text:
# Charlie Mohr

**Charlie Mohr** (died April 17, 1960) was a middleweight college boxer for the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Mohr, from New York City, died of a brain hemorrhage following an NCAA Tournament bout eight days earlier with Stu Bartell of San Jose State University. Twenty-two days after Mohr's death, the University of Wisconsin–Madison abolished the sport at UW–Madison. The NCAA soon followed Wisconsin's lead, officially ending their support of the national boxing tournament in late 1960 and unofficially terminating the sport.

1. Moe, Doug (April 8, 2010). "50 years ago, UW athlete's death ended college boxing". *Wisconsin State Journal*. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
2. Gullicksrud, Brandon (April 29, 2004). "Badger boxing's final round". *The Badger Herald*. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

## Further reading

Moe, Doug (2005). *Lords of the Ring*. Madison: University of Wisconsin–Madison Press.


title: Caseolus hartungi

abstract: Caseolus hartungi is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae. This species is endemic to Porto Santo, Portugal.

text:
# Caseolus hartungi

***Caseolus hartungi*** is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae.

This species is endemic to Porto Santo, Portugal.

## InfoBox

| *Caseolus hartungi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Geomitridae |
| Genus: | *Caseolus* |
| Species: | ***C. hartungi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Caseolus hartungi***
(Albers, 1852) | |
|


title: Dimitri Gedevanishvili

abstract: Dimitri "Dima" Gedevanishvili is a Georgian alpine skier. He qualified to represent Georgia at the 2010 Winter Olympics. He attends Carrabassett Valley Academy. He is the brother of Elene Gedevanishvili.

text:
# Dimitri Gedevanishvili

**Dimitri "Dima" Gedevanishvili** (born January 30, 1993) is a Georgian alpine skier. He qualified to represent Georgia at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

He attends Carrabassett Valley Academy. He is the brother of Elene Gedevanishvili.

## InfoBox

Dimitri Gedevanishvili
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Dimitri Gedevanishvili |
| Nickname | Dima Gedevanishvili |
| Born | (1993-01-30) January 30, 1993 |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Sport | Alpine Skiing |
| Event | Giant slalom |


title: Teletigre

abstract: Teletigre, also known as TV-9 TeleBogotá, is Colombia's first private television channel, founded by journalist and politician Consuelo Salgar de Montejo, who won a state bid against Caracol TV, RTI Colombia, and Producciones Punch. It is now operating as a Digital Channel through Youtube and is owned by "La Casa Editorial el Bogotano." Its signal only reached Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Tolima, and part of Huila, and broadcast daily, from 17:30 to 22:30, on Channel 9, hence its alternative name. The channel partnered with U.S. network ABC and relied on imported programming. According to a newspaper ad published on its inaugural day, Teletigre's first week of programming included mostly American shows as I Love Lucy, The Munsters, Flipper, Gunsmoke, 77 Sunset Strip, Route 66, M Squad, Hong Kong, and The Twilight Zone, with a few local shows, such as a kids' show, a women's programme and a newscast, comprising the rest of the programming. Teletigre closed for political reasons. Therefore the government decided not to renew the station broadcast licence to a single party. It would be replaced by Tele 9 Corazón, a local channel in state hands and, in 1972, by the Segunda Cadena, which would become a national network. Colombia would not have broadcast private television channels until July 1998, when Caracol TV and RCN TV, two former programadoras owned by two of the main Colombian conglomerates, started full broadcasts after being granted two new private national concessions the year before; as of 2020, they remain the only national broadcast TV private licensees.

text:
# Teletigre

**Teletigre**, also known as **TV-9 TeleBogotá**, is Colombia's first private television channel, founded by journalist and politician Consuelo Salgar de Montejo, who won a state bid against Caracol TV, RTI Colombia, and Producciones Punch. It is now operating as a Digital Channel through Youtube and is owned by "La Casa Editorial el Bogotano."

Its signal only reached Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Tolima, and part of Huila, and broadcast daily, from 17:30 to 22:30, on Channel 9, hence its alternative name.

The channel partnered with U.S. network ABC (which owned 50% of the stocks) and relied on imported programming. According to a newspaper ad published on its inaugural day, Teletigre's first week of programming included mostly American shows as *I Love Lucy*, *The Munsters*, *Flipper*, *Gunsmoke*, *77 Sunset Strip*, *Route 66*, *M Squad*, *Hong Kong*, and *The Twilight Zone*, with a few local shows, such as a kids' show, a women's programme and a newscast, comprising the rest of the programming.

Teletigre closed for political reasons (allegedly to the fact that the government was concerned of the power that it had handed to one individual, in this case Ms Salgar, in the then new mass media). Therefore the government decided not to renew the station broadcast licence to a single party. It would be replaced by Tele 9 Corazón, a local channel in state hands and, in 1972, by the Segunda Cadena, which would become a national network.

Colombia would not have broadcast private television channels until July 1998, when Caracol TV and RCN TV, two former *programadoras* owned by two of the main Colombian conglomerates, started full broadcasts after being granted two new private national concessions the year before; as of 2020, they remain the only national broadcast TV private licensees.

## InfoBox

Teletigre
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Colombia |
| Broadcast area | Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Tolima, northern Huila |
| History | |
| Launched | 14 January 1966 TV & 11 May 2021 as a Digital Channel |
| Founder | Consuelo Salgar de Montejo |
| Closed | 16 January 1971 TV & Currently Open as a Digital Channel |
| Replaced by | Tele 9 Corazón |
| Links | |
| Website | Teletigre |


title: Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi

abstract: Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi was an Indian politician of Indian National Congress from Bihar. He was born on 1 October 1920 to Yogendra Prasad Shahi and his wife. He had three brothers, Nanki Prasad Shahi, Bhuvneshwar Prasad Shahi and Vijeshwar Prasad Shahi. He has a known grandson named Santoshi Kumar. He was the Member of the Legislative Assembly between 1980 and 1985 from Lalganj, Vaishali, defeating Jai Narain Prasad Nishad. In 1984, he became Member of Parliament from Muzaffarpur and became the Education & Culture Minister in the Indian Government. His son Hemant Kumar Shahi was Member of Legislative Assembly from Vaishali. His daughter-in-law Veena Shahi is a former MLA and co-operative minister of Bihar. Shahi died on 9 June 2018 after a prolonged illness.

text:
# Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi

**Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi** (1 October 1920 – 9 June 2018) was an Indian politician of Indian National Congress from Bihar. He was born on 1 October 1920 to Yogendra Prasad Shahi and his wife. He had three brothers, Nanki Prasad Shahi, Bhuvneshwar Prasad Shahi and Vijeshwar Prasad Shahi. He has a known grandson named Santoshi Kumar. He was the Member of the Legislative Assembly between 1980 and 1985 from Lalganj, Vaishali, defeating Jai Narain Prasad Nishad. In 1984, he became Member of Parliament from Muzaffarpur and became the Education & Culture Minister in the Indian Government. His son Hemant Kumar Shahi was Member of Legislative Assembly from Vaishali. His daughter-in-law Veena Shahi is a former MLA and co-operative minister of Bihar. Shahi died on 9 June 2018 after a prolonged illness.


title: Cambridge Jones

abstract: Cambridge Jones is a British celebrity portrait photographer from Wales. His subjects, in a series of books and exhibitions, include hundreds of well-known actors and musicians.

text:
# Cambridge Jones

**Cambridge Jones** is a British celebrity portrait photographer from Wales. His subjects, in a series of books and exhibitions, include hundreds of well-known actors and musicians.

## Early life and education

Jones was adopted at the age of two. He was obsessed with photography from the age of 14, trying to convince famous people to pose for him.

He attended Christ Church college at Oxford University, from 1985 to 1988, where he earned a degree in politics, philosophy and economics (PPE).

## Early jobs

Cambridge moved to London, starting work in market research. He established his own company whose speciality was TV focus groups. After this he set up two bars in Soho. After 10 years in London he sold up and moved to a Greek village with his family for a while.

## Career

His first exhibition *Face The Music* was held in 2004 at The Proud Galleries in London, featured pictures of 100 celebrities who chose and commented on a favourite piece of music which visitors could listen to on a pair of headphones.

In 2004 he was commissioned to create a body of work published as a book, *Off Stage: 100 Portraits Celebrating the RADA Centenary*, to celebrate 100 years of RADA (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art). The photographs include John Hurt, Alan Rickman, Sheila Hancock, Edward Woodward, Sir Ian Holm, Robert Lindsay, Joan Collins, Tom Courtenay, Warren Mitchell, Imelda Staunton, June Whitfield, Richard Briers, Jane Horrocks, Glenda Jackson, Juliet Stevenson, Jonathan Pryce, Kenneth Branagh, Ioan Gruffud, Susannah York, Timothy Spall, Liza Tarbuck, and Michael Kitchen.

In 2014, for the exhibition *26 Characters at The Story Museum* (at the Story Museum in Oxford), Cambridge photographed 26 authors (one for each letter of the alphabet), including Philip Pullmann, dressed as their favourite book characters. He also interviewed them.

In 2007 The Prince's Trust commissioned a work which was published as *Inspired By Music* in 2009, which was sponsored by Starbucks and on sale in every Starbucks coffee store. It features personal reflections by 36 celebrities as well as four ordinary people helped by The Prince's Trust, about musical lyrics that inspired them. Ozzy Osbourne, Take That members, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Damian Lewis are among those featured in the book. There is a foreword was written by Prince Charles and an introduction by Phil Collins, and it contains over 80 photos by Jones.

In 2008 he photographed a number of children for Barnardo's child adoption agency, in an exhibition called "Home Time", aimed at helping to find homes for hundreds of children waiting for adoption. The exhibition was held at the Getty Images Gallery in London.

In 2010 he was commissioned by then Mayor of London Boris Johnson to create an exhibition of celebrity photographs which were intended to motivate Londoners to participate in a new climate change initiative led by him. Featured in the exhibition were Vivienne Westwood, Richard E Grant, Bear Grylls, Rory Bremner, Laura Bailey, Michael Sheen, Adrian Lester, Mariella Frostrup, Jane Horrocks, Emma Thompson, Rowan Williams, and Alan Titchmarsh.

Other notable commissions include those from Nelson Mandela, and his alma mater Christ Church, Oxford. Other people photographed by Jones include South African anti-apartheid campaigners Bishop Tutu and Helen Suzman.

## Recognition

His work has been likened to that of famous American portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz.

In 2014 he was selected as the BBC's artist in residence and was invited by the BBC to talk on several shows.

## Exhibitions

### *Talking Pictures*

*Talking Pictures* toured the world from 2010. It featured famous people of Welsh descent, including Anthony Hopkins, Matthew Rhys, Michael Sheen, Sian Phillips, Eddie Izzard, Rhys Ifans, Jonathan Pryce, Terry Jones, Damian Lewis, Helen McCrory, Robert Plant, Owen Sheers, Bonnie Tyler, Shirley Bassey, Emma Griffiths, David Gray, and Bryn Terfel. The exhibition locations included the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff; Canary Wharf lobby, London (16 September-1 October 2010); New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in the Lincoln Center (23 September – 27 November 2010); Chateau Marmont (early 2011); and the Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery (March 2011). It was also organised by the Welsh Assembly Government to show at the British Embassy in Washington, DC; in Doha, Qatar; the British Consulate in New York; and at the Contemporary Art Gallery in Chicago. The exhibition was mounted at Canolfan Y Celfyddydau in Aberystwyth from 2 February 2013 to 13 March 2013 by the Welsh Assembly.

### Other exhibitions

His work has been exhibited in galleries around the world, including:

* London - The Proud Galleries (Face The Music, 2004)
* Bologna, Italy – Portraits of Jack White and The White Stripes
* London – The Mall Galleries ‘Face Time’ with The Art Room *2014 (Bill Nighy)*
* London – Mayor of London Buildings *(Environmental Portraits for Boris Johnson)*
* Oxford – *26 Characters at The Story Museum* (2014)
* London – BAFTA portraits *(Portraits from the RADA Centenary Collection used in BAFTA Awards)*
* Moscow – Red Square State Museum (House of Photography) *(Royal Power, Politics & Hollywood by Cambridge Jones)*
* London – Saatchi Gallery *(Katherine Jenkins Portrait for Great Ormond Street)* (Organised by GOSH)
* London – Getty Images Gallery *(The RADA Centenary Portraits)*
* Brighton – Persona at the Theatre Royal *(Persona Portraits)*
* Nashville – Country Music Hall of Fame *(Country Couture Exhibition from The Manuel Series)*
* Nashville – Tinney Contemporary Gallery *(The Image Makers : Manuel & Cambridge)*

## Books

* *Off Stage: 100 Portraits Celebrating the RADA Centenary*, 2005 (ISBN 095468432X) with a foreword by Sir Richard Attenborough
* *Christ Church – A Portrait of The House*, 2007 (ISBN 1903942462)
* *Inspired By Music* (for the Prince's Trust), 2009 (ISBN 1907149015)
* *Face The Music* Printed by The Proud Gallery as a one-off catalogue
* *26 Characters* (ISBN 978-0-9569918-1-2)
* *Super Power Agency* (ISBN 9 781838 256807)
* *Fashion & Style in Photography* Moscow House of Photography 2011 (ISBN 978-5-93977-062-0)

## DVD

* *Cambridge Jones Showreel*
* *A Wider Sky* (2005): Collaboration with composer Adrian Munsey & Cambridge Jones using photography & music

## InfoBox

| Cambridge Jones | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Oxford, U.K. |
| Education | Christ Church, Oxford University |
| Occupation | Photographer |
| Website | cambridgejones.com |


title: 1916 NSWRFL season

abstract: The 1916 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the ninth season of Sydney’s top-level professional rugby league competition, Australia’s first. Eight teams from across the city contested during the season which culminated in a grand final between Balmain and South Sydney.

text:
# 1916 NSWRFL season

The **1916 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership** was the ninth season of Sydney’s top-level professional rugby league competition, Australia’s first. Eight teams from across the city contested during the season which culminated in a grand final between Balmain and South Sydney.

## Season summary

Three teams dominated the season, Balmain, South Sydney and Glebe. With two rounds to go, each of the three teams had a genuine chance of winning the premiership with each separated by half a win. This created an interesting scenario with Balmain (20 points, first) facing South Sydney (18 points, third) and Glebe (19 points, second) facing Eastern Suburbs who were placed fourth at the time. As it turned out, Balmain lost 11–7 to Souths, leaving the competition wide open for Glebe to take the competition lead by one point. However, Glebe ended up losing crucially to Eastern Suburbs 8–5 on the same day. With both Balmain and Souths now equal on 20 points with one game to play, it would have taken a miracle for Glebe to come back given that they were still on 19 points. All three teams won their final games, but it was equal placed Balmain and South Sydney that would play off in a premiership decider.

### Teams

The teams remained unchanged from the previous season.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Annandale**
7th season
Ground: Wentworth Park
Coach:
Captain: Walter Haddock | **Balmain**
9th season
Ground: Birchgrove Oval
Captain-coach: Arthur Halloway | **Eastern Suburbs**
9th season
Ground: Sydney Sports Ground
Coach:
Captain: Jack Watkins | **Glebe**
9th season
Ground: Wentworth Park
Coach:
Captain: Frank Burge |
| **Newtown**
9th season
Ground: Erskineville Oval
Coach:
Captain: Paddy McCue | **North Sydney**
9th season
Ground: North Sydney Oval
Coach: Denis Lutge
Captain: Con Sullivan | **South Sydney**
9th season
Ground: RAS Showground
Coach:
Captain: Roy Almond | **Western Suburbs**
9th season
Ground: St. Lukes Oval
Coach:
Captain: Harold Leddy |

### Ladder

|  | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Balmain | 14 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 181 | 100 | +81 | **22** |
| 2 | South Sydney | 14 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 170 | 117 | +53 | **22** |
| 3 | Glebe | 14 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 217 | 106 | +111 | **21** |
| 4 | Eastern Suburbs | 14 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 170 | 89 | +81 | **16** |
| 5 | North Sydney | 14 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 108 | 189 | -81 | **10** |
| 6 | Newtown | 14 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 134 | 153 | -19 | **9** |
| 7 | Annandale | 14 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 94 | 163 | -69 | **8** |
| 8 | Western Suburbs | 14 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 92 | 249 | -157 | **4** |
|

## Final

| Balmain | Position | South Sydney |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lyall Wall | FB | Wally Dymant |
| Reg Latta | WG | Gordon Vaughan |
| Charles Fraser | CE | C. Phelps |
| Jim Craig | CE | Rex Norman |
| Jack 'Junker' Robinson | WG | Bill Cann |
| Albert "Rick" Johnston | FE | Roy Norman |
| Arthur Halloway (c) | HB | George McGowan |
| Alf Fraser | PR | Roy Almond |
| D. Cranston | HK | John Kerwick |
| Edward Burnicle | PR | Owen McCarthy |
| Bill Schultz | SR | Arthur Oxford |
| D. Stewart | SR | George Moore |
| Robert Craig | LK | Bill Groves |
|

Having won all three grades in 1915 Balmain returned in 1916 to repeat the effort for a second straight season. At the conclusion of the season Balmain and Souths were equal aloft the premiership ladder with 22 points apiece. The League did not expect such a finish and a Final had to be scheduled. This Final was held at the Sydney Cricket Ground where they were to be held for many years to come. The game played on July 26, 1916, in front of just six thousand people, saw the lead change three times in the first half with Balmain ahead 5–3 at the break after a try by Arthur Halloway and a penalty goal by Charles “Chook” Fraser. The second half saw the game played predominantly on Balmain's line, with South Sydney putting on repeated attacks. However, the Balmain defence never gave in and the score didn't change by game's end – a two-point margin securing Balmain's second consecutive title.

**Balmain** 5 (Try: Arthur Halloway. Goal: Charles Fraser)

defeated

**South Sydney** 3 (Try: Gordon Vaughan )

## InfoBox

| 1916 New South Wales Rugby Football League | |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 8 |
| Premiers | Balmain (2nd title) |
| Minor premiers | Balmain (2nd title) |
| Matches played | 57 |
| Points scored | 1174 |
| Top points scorer(s) | Charles Fraser (94) |
| Top try-scorer(s) | Frank Burge (22) |
|


title: Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet (1703–1777), of Rokeby, Yorkshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1734 and was a Governor of Barbados. He was an architect, collector and an extravagant character, whose life was the inspiration for numerous anecdotes.

text:
# Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet

**Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet** (1703–1777), of Rokeby, Yorkshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1734 and was a Governor of Barbados. He was an architect, collector and an extravagant character, whose life was the inspiration for numerous anecdotes.

## Early life

Robinson was eldest son and heir of William Robinson (bapt. Rokeby, Yorkshire, 23 September 1675, d. 24 February 1720), who married, in 1699, Anne, daughter and heiress of Robert Walters of Cundall in Yorkshire; she died on 26 July 1730, aged 53, and was buried in the centre of the south aisle of Merton church, Surrey, where a marble monument was placed to her memory. Sir Thomas, her son, also erected on the old Roman highway, near Rokeby, an obelisk in her honour. Another son was Richard, 1st Baron Rokeby, Church of Ireland Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh.

After finishing his education, Robinson went on the Grand Tour, paying attention to architecture in Greece and Italy, and the school of Palladio. On returning to England he purchased a commission in the army, but resigned it in favour of his brother Septimus.

## Politics and architecture

At the 1727 British general election Robinson was returned as Member of Parliament for Morpeth, through the influence of George Bowes. He was a supporter of the Whig government of Robert Walpole. Seeing no prospect of being returned at Morpeth at the 1734 British general election, he sought a seat in Cornwall, but without success. He made some long speeches in Parliament. They included one which, according to Horace Walpole, he was supposed to have found among the papers of his wife's first husband.

Robinson was created a baronet on 10 March 1731, with remainder to his brothers and to Matthew Robinson, and from November 1735 to February 1742 he was a commissioner of excise. He became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1735.

Robinson's expenditure was extravagant. He rebuilt Rokeby Hall at Rokeby Park, the name of which he changed from Rookby. He enclosed the park with a stone wall (1725–30), and planted many forest trees (1730). These acts were recorded in 1737, in two Latin inscriptions on two marble tables, fixed in the two stone piers at the entrance to the park from Greta Bridge. He practically made the place of which Sir Walter Scott wrote in his poem *Rokeby*, and built the great bridge which spans the River Tees there.

In London, Robinson threw balls aimed at the people in power and in fashion; and ruined himself. Horace Walpole gave an account of his ball for a daughter of the Duke of Richmond in October 1741. There were two hundred guests invited. A second ball was given by him on 2 December 1741, when six hundred persons were invited and two hundred attended.

## In Barbados

The state of Robinson's finances brought about his expatriation. Lord Lincoln coveted his house at Whitehall, and secured for him in January 1742 the post of governor of Barbados. It is not certain whether the Duke coveted the house or the socialite the Lady Townshend who rented one half it.

Arriving in Barbados on 8 August 1742, Robinson had trouble with his assembly, which raised difficulties about voting for his salary. Without consulting the house, he ordered changes in his residence at Pilgrim, and he undertook the construction of an armoury and arsenal. He had to pay most of the charges out of his own pocket.

Another quarrel was over the command of the forces on the island. Eventually, a petition was sent home which resulted in Robinson's recall on 14 April 1747.

## Later life

On his return to the Kingdom of Great Britain, Robinson again gave balls and breakfasts, and among the breakfasts was one to the Princess of Wales. In a note to William Mason's *Epistle to Shebbeare*, he is dubbed "the Petronius of the present age", referencing the *Satyricon*. He became a member of the Royal Society of Arts in 1755, and was active there in recruitment and administration.

Robinson acquired shares in Ranelagh Gardens, and became the director of the entertainments; his knowledge of the fashionable world then proved of use. He built for himself a house called Prospect Place, adjoining the gardens, and gave magnificent feasts. At the coronation of George III, on 22 September 1761, the last occasion on which the dukes of Normandy and Aquitaine were represented by deputies as doing homage to the king of England, Robinson acted as Normandy, walking "in proper mantle" next to the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Robinson was forced in 1769 to dispose of Rokeby Park, which had been in the possession of his family since 1610, to John Sawrey Morritt, the father of John Bacon Sawrey Morritt. Anna Eliza Bray wrote of his fondness for "books, the fine arts, music, and refined society", and mentions the weakness of his eyes. At last, he became blind, and her father used to read to him.

## Death and reputation

Robinson died at his house at Chelsea on 3 March 1777, aged 76, without leaving legitimate issue, and was buried in the southeast corner of the chancel of Merton church, a monument being placed there to his memory. A second monument was erected for him in Westminster Abbey, about 1778, with two portrait busts by John Walsh, commemorating also his first wife.

Robinson's reputation was as a "specious, empty man", with a talent for flattery. He was tall and thin, while his contemporary of the same name Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham was short and fat. "I can't imagine", said the witty Lady Townshend, "why one is preferred to the other. The one is as broad as the other is long".

## Legacy

Robinson designed, for his wife's brother, the west wing of Castle Howard. Later in life he and Welbore Ellis persuaded Sir William Stanhope to "improve" Alexander Pope's garden.

Among Robinson's other works are parts of Ember Court, Surrey, then the residence of the Onslows, the new parish church at Glynde in Sussex, and the Gothic gateway at Bishop Auckland in Durham. He worked also on Claydon House for The 2nd Earl of Verney, a business associate through Ranelagh Gardens.

Robinson left his brother William his title but not his estates. His other brother, Archbishop Lord Rokeby, had his books, including those on architecture and antiquities.

Robinson and Lord Chesterfield maintained a correspondence for fifty years, and he kept all the letters and copies. At his death he left them to an apothecary who had married his natural daughter, with instructions to publish; but Robinson's brother, Archbishop Lord Rokeby, stopped the publication. Sir John Hawkins recorded in his *Life of Johnson* that when Chesterfield wanted to appease Samuel Johnson, he employed Robinson as his mediator.

## Family

On 25 October 1728 Robinson married, at Belfrey's, York, Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle, and widow of Nicholas Lechmere, 1st Baron Lechmere. His first wife died at Bath, Somerset on 10 April 1739, and was buried in the family vault under the new church of Rokeby. He married at Barbados a second wife, whose maiden name was Booth; she was the widow of Samuel Salmon, a rich ironmonger. She declined to follow Robinson back to England.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). "Robinson, Thomas (1700?-1777)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 49. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

## InfoBox

| Sir Thomas RobinsonBt | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Sir Thomas Robinson, by Frans van der Mijn, ca. 1750 | |
|  | |
| Governor of Barbados | |
| **In office**
1742–1747 | |
| Monarch | George II |
| Preceded by | James Dotin (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Henry Grenville |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1703
Rokeby Park, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 3 March 1777
Chelsea, London, Great Britain |
| Political party | Whig |
| Spouse | Lady Elizabeth Howard |
|  | |


title: Caseolus

abstract: Caseolus is a genus of land snails in the family Geomitridae. The name Caseolus is masculine and means "little cheese", based on the shape of the shell of this species.

text:
# Caseolus

***Caseolus*** is a genus of land snails in the family Geomitridae.

The name *Caseolus* is masculine and means "little cheese", based on the shape of the shell of this species.

## Species

Species include:

* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017

## InfoBox

| *Caseolus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Caseolus bowdichianus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Geomitridae |
| Subfamily: | Geomitrinae |
| Tribe: | Geomitrini |
| Genus: | *Caseolus*<br>R. T. Lowe, 1852 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Caseolus (Caseolus)* R. T. Lowe, 1852· accepted, alternate representation * *Caseolus (Helicomela)* R. T. Lowe, 1855· accepted, alternate representation * *Caseolus (Leptostictea)* Mandahl-Barth, 1950· accepted, alternate representation * *Helix (Caseolus)* R. T. Lowe, 1852 * *Helix (Helicomela)* R. T. Lowe, 1855 (basionym) * *Ochthephila (Caseolus)* R. T. Lowe, 1852 | |


title: Shiori Kinoshita

abstract: Shiori Kinoshita is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a defender for WE League club Chifure AS Elfen Saitama.

text:
# Shiori Kinoshita

**Shiori Kinoshita** (born 17 August 1992) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a defender for WE League club Chifure AS Elfen Saitama.

## Club career

Kinoshita made her WE League debut on 12 September 2021.

## InfoBox

Shiori Kinoshita
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1992-08-17) 17 August 1992 | | |
| Place of birth | Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, | | |
| Height | 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Elfen Saitama | | |
| Number | 2 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Elfen Saitama | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: John Joseph Maguire was an American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop and as coadjutor archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York.

text:
# John Maguire (coadjutor archbishop of New York)

**John Joseph Maguire** (December 11, 1904 – July 6, 1989) was an American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop (1959 to 1965) and as coadjutor archbishop (1965 to 1980) of the Archdiocese of New York.

## Biography

### Early life and education

John Maguire was born on December 11, 1904, in New York City to James and Ellen Marie (née Shea) Maguire. He attended Regis High School in Manhattan and Cathedral College in Queens.

Maguire began his studies for the priesthood at St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, New York. Two years later, Cardinal Patrick Hayes sent Maguire to Rome to continue his studies at the Pontifical North American College.

### Priesthood

On December 22, 1928, Maguire was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of New York by Archbishop Giuseppe Palica in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. Upon his return to New York, Maguire's knowledge of Italian led to his first assignment as a curate at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral in Manhattan, which had a large Italian American congregation.

Maguire was appointed assistant chancellor of the archdiocese in 1940, vice-chancellor in 1945 and chancellor in 1947. The Vatican elevated Maguire to the rank of domestic prelate in 1948. In 1953, Archbishop Francis Spellman named Maguire as vicar general of the archdiocese, a post he held until 1980.

### Auxiliary Bishop of New York

On May 16, 1959, Maguire was appointed as an auxiliary bishop of New York and titular bishop of Antiphrae by Pope John XXIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 29 from Spellman, with Bishops Joseph Francis Flannelly and James Griffiths serving as co-consecrators, at St. Patrick's Cathedral. Maguire assumed as his episcopal motto: *Tutam Reclude Semitam* (Latin: "Disclose a way of life free of danger"), taken from the hymn "*Praeclara custos virginum"* (For the Blessed Virgin Mary).

Known as a champion for racial justice, Maguire encouraged New York Catholics to participate in the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, during which Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech. Maguire later joined other religious leaders in an *amicus curiae* brief asking the U.S. Supreme Court to rule racial discrimination in the sale of housing as unconstitutional.

Maguire was also an outspoken supporter of ecumenism and frequently participated in joint services with clergymen from other faiths. He also took a special interest in the Hispanic Catholic community, learning Spanish and often traveling to Puerto Rico.

### Coadjutor Archbishop of New York

On September 15, 1965, Maguire was named coadjutor archbishop of New York and titular archbishop of Tabalta by Pope Paul VI. His appointment placed New York in the unique situation of having two archbishops at the same time. A coadjutor is usually named when the ordinary of an archdiocese or diocese is ill or close to retirement, or when a diocese is particularly large; the 76-year-old Spellman had recently undergone prostate surgery. However, unlike most coadjutor bishops, Maguire did not possess the automatic right of succession.

Following Spellman's death in December 1967, Maguire was elected by the archdiocesan board of consultors to serve as apostolic administrator of New York until the pope named a new archbishop. In the interim, he was mentioned as a top candidate to fill the vacant post, but Paul VI ultimately appointed Auxiliary Bishop Terence Cooke as archbishop in March 1968.

### Later life and death

After reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, Maguire resigned as coadjutor archbishop and vicar general on January 8, 1980. During his retirement, Maguire resided at the rectory at St. Patrick's Cathedral.

Maguire died on July 6, 1989, at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan at age 84. Upon his death, Cardinal John O'Connor said, "For myself, Archbishop Maguire was the linchpin which linked the archdiocese of yesterday with the archdiocese of today." Maguire is interred near the deceased archbishops of New York in the crypt beneath the main altar of St. Patrick's Cathedral.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
John Maguire | |
| --- | --- |
| Coadjutor Archbishop of New York | |
| In office | 1965–1980 |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | December 22, 1928
by Giuseppe Palica |
| Consecration | June 29, 1959
by Francis Spellman |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1904-12-11)December 11, 1904
New York City, US |
| Died | July 6, 1989(1989-07-06) (aged 84)
Manhattan, New York City, US |
| Buried | St. Patrick's Cathedral |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Education | Regis High School |
| Alma mater | Cathedral College |
| Motto | *Tutam Reclude Semitam*
(Disclose a way of life free of danger) |


title: The Hodson Shop

abstract: Walsall Museum Service's nationally significant Hodson Shop Collection comprises the unsold shop stock of a general drapers' shop in the small town of Willenhall in the West Midlands of England. It contains everyday clothing from the mid-twentieth century aimed at ordinary working-class and lower middle-class women and their children. These are garments and accessories that rarely find their way into museum collections, making this an unusual and interesting resource for the study of everyday clothing.

text:
# The Hodson Shop

Walsall Museum Service's nationally significant **Hodson Shop Collection** comprises the unsold shop stock of a general drapers' shop in the small town of Willenhall in the West Midlands of England. It contains everyday clothing from the mid-twentieth century aimed at ordinary working-class and lower middle-class women and their children. These are garments and accessories that rarely find their way into museum collections, making this an unusual and interesting resource for the study of everyday clothing.

## Background

In 1920 Edith Hodson established a small shop in the front room of her family home at 54 New Road, Willenhall. Catering for a local clientele, the shop sold women's and children's clothing, haberdashery and household goods. Edith was joined at the shop by her sister, Flora, in 1927, but business declined in the late 1950s. Edith died in 1966 and Flora, finding it difficult to manage alone, shut up shop in 1971. Rather than getting rid of the stock, she simply closed the door. After her death in 1983 the collection was discovered and transferred into the ownership of Walsall Museum. In 2003, the Black Country Living Museum took over the running of the premises, turning 54 New Road into a museum known as the Locksmith's House.

## The Collection

The collection contains around 3,000 items dating from the 1920s to the 1960s; including outerwear garments and underwear for women and children, plus accessories, dress patterns, magazines, haberdashery, cosmetics and domestic items. There is a small collection of clothing and accessories for men. The clothing is almost entirely machine-sewn, generally inexpensively made, and was purchased from a range of ready-to-wear manufacturers particularly in Birmingham and Leicester.

### Fabrics

The introduction of man-made fabrics facilitated the development of cheap mass-produced clothing from the 1920s onwards, making fashion and a choice of clothing affordable to many women for the first time. There are a large number of artificial silk and rayon garments that date from the 1920s in the Hodson Shop Collection, with nylon, Orlon, Courtelle, Tricel and terylene being used from the 1950s.

### Archive

The archival material relating to the running of the shop includes order books, invoices, a credit or 'club' book, trade catalogues and advertising material. Many of the garments still have their original price tags attached, giving an insight into the purchasing power of consumers at the lower end of the market and the compromises made by working-class people between quality and affordability.

## The Utility Scheme

The Utility Scheme was introduced in the United Kingdom during World War II as a response to the growing shortage of materials in the country. Designers were challenged to create styles using the minimum amounts of fabric, and trimmings were restricted. The general clothing collection of Walsall Museum Service includes a large selection of Utility garments, with 278 items in the Hodson Shop Collection alone.


title: Lalande Prize

abstract: The Lalande Prize was an award for scientific advances in astronomy, given from 1802 until 1970 by the French Academy of Sciences. The prize was endowed by astronomer Jérôme Lalande in 1801, a few years before his death in 1807, to enable the Academy of Sciences to make an annual award "to the person who makes the most unusual observation or writes the most useful paper to further the progress of Astronomy, in France or elsewhere." The awarded amount grew in time: in 1918 the amount awarded was 1000 Francs, and by 1950, it was 10,000 francs. It was combined with the Valz Prize (Prix Valz) in 1970 to create the Lalande-Valz Prize and then with a further 122 foundation prizes in 1997, resulting in the establishment of the Grande Médaille. The Grande Medaille is not limited to the field of astronomy.

text:
# Lalande Prize

The **Lalande Prize** (French: *Prix Lalande* also known as **Lalande Medal**) was an award for scientific advances in astronomy, given from 1802 until 1970 by the French Academy of Sciences.

The prize was endowed by astronomer Jérôme Lalande in 1801, a few years before his death in 1807, to enable the Academy of Sciences to make an annual award "to the person who makes the most unusual observation or writes the most useful paper to further the progress of Astronomy, in France or elsewhere."

The awarded amount grew in time: in 1918 the amount awarded was 1000 Francs, and by 1950, it was 10,000 francs.

It was combined with the Valz Prize *(Prix Valz)* in 1970 to create the Lalande-Valz Prize and then with a further 122 foundation prizes in 1997, resulting in the establishment of the Grande Médaille. The Grande Medaille is not limited to the field of astronomy.

## Winners


title: Camerata Nordica

abstract: Camerata Nordica is a Swedish chamber orchestra. Affiliated with the regional Kalmar Läns Musikstiftelse, the ensemble is administratively based in Oskarshamn, and gives concerts in various cities and venues in Sweden. Founded in 1974 in Kalmar, the orchestra has formerly been known as the Oskarshamn Ensemble, Camerata Roman, and Camerata Sweden. Since 2018, Camerata Nordica's orchestra director and artistic director has been Zéphyrin Rey-Bellet. The orchestra is unusual in that it plays in camerata form, without a conductor and standing in a tight formation, which provides energy and interaction. The orchestra consists of permanent employees and freelance musicians. The musicians are handpicked from ensembles and orchestras all over the world, often winners of international competitions. Some of the leaders with whom the orchestra has played are Norbert Brainin, Levon Chilingirian, Philippe Graffin, Giovanni Guzzo, Frans Helmerson, Barnabás Kelemen, Ernst Kovacic, Pekka Kuusisto, Josef Suk, Terje Tønnesen, Ulf Wallin, and Antje Weithaas. The orchestra has recorded around 15 discs under its own name, including music by Anders Eliasson and Beethoven's late string quartets, arranged for string orchestra. Pianist Per Tengstrand is a soloist with the orchestra on three discs of Mozart's piano concertos. Camerata Nordica has regularly toured abroad, including to England, Poland, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and the USA, which were visited during eight tours. The orchestra has recorded commercially for such labels as BIS and Caprice Records, for which for example they have recorded CDs of works by Britten and Anders Eliasson. Including recordings issued under its previous names, one source suggests that Camerata Nordica has produced some 22 recordings; the Orchestra's website says 'Nearly 30'.

text:
# Camerata Nordica

**Camerata Nordica** is a Swedish chamber orchestra. Affiliated with the regional Kalmar Läns Musikstiftelse, the ensemble is administratively based in Oskarshamn, and gives concerts in various cities and venues in Sweden. Founded in 1974 in Kalmar, the orchestra has formerly been known as the Oskarshamn Ensemble, Camerata Roman (after Johan Helmich Roman), and Camerata Sweden. Since 2018, Camerata Nordica's orchestra director and artistic director has been Zéphyrin Rey-Bellet.

The orchestra is unusual in that it plays in camerata form, without a conductor and standing in a tight formation, which provides energy and interaction. The orchestra consists of permanent employees and freelance musicians. The musicians are handpicked from ensembles and orchestras all over the world, often winners of international competitions. Some of the leaders with whom the orchestra has played are Norbert Brainin, Levon Chilingirian, Philippe Graffin, Giovanni Guzzo, Frans Helmerson, Barnabás Kelemen, Ernst Kovacic, Pekka Kuusisto, Josef Suk, Terje Tønnesen, Ulf Wallin, and Antje Weithaas.

The orchestra has recorded around 15 discs under its own name, including music by Anders Eliasson and Beethoven's late string quartets, arranged for string orchestra. Pianist Per Tengstrand is a soloist with the orchestra on three discs of Mozart's piano concertos. Camerata Nordica has regularly toured abroad, including to England, Poland, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and the USA, which were visited during eight tours.

The orchestra has recorded commercially for such labels as BIS and Caprice Records, for which for example they have recorded CDs of works by Britten and Anders Eliasson. Including recordings issued under its previous names, one source suggests that Camerata Nordica has produced some 22 recordings; the Orchestra's website says 'Nearly 30'.


title: Red dress of Julia Roberts

abstract: Julia Roberts wore a red dress in the 1990 romantic comedy film Pretty Woman. The ensemble was created by costume designer Marilyn Vance, and is worn during a "transformative" scene in the film where Roberts' character accompanies her love interest to a night at the opera. Thirty years after the film's release, Vogue Paris called the off-the-shoulder evening gown as “iconic”, and said that it helped make the romantic comedy "legendary".

text:
# Red dress of Julia Roberts

Julia Roberts wore a red dress in the 1990 romantic comedy film *Pretty Woman*. The ensemble was created by costume designer Marilyn Vance, and is worn during a "transformative" scene in the film where Roberts' character accompanies her love interest to a night at the opera. Thirty years after the film's release, *Vogue Paris* called the off-the-shoulder evening gown as “iconic”, and said that it helped make the romantic comedy "legendary".

## Background and design

*Pretty Woman* (1990) is a film depicting a sex worker who discovers high society while embarking on romance with a millionaire. The ensemble is worn during a "transformative" scene in the film, in which Roberts' character, Vivian Ward, accompanies her love interest to a night at the opera.

The production studio had instructed Vance to make the gown black to prevent clashing with Roberts' red hair. But Vance pursued her concept, designing three dresses of various shades and putting Roberts through multiple screen tests to persuade director Garry Marshall. Marshall was heavily involved with the fashion of the film and collaborated with Vance on the final look's design.

The dress is a scarlet red sculptural column evening gown with a low back, off-the-shoulder detail, a plunging sweetheart neckline, and a drape tied around the hips. The ensemble was accessorized with a complementary ruby diamond necklace and white opera gloves. It exhibited ruffled detailing and voluminous sleeves, in line with 1990s fashion trends.

In *Pretty Woman*, Roberts portrays Vivian Ward, a Hollywood Boulevard prostitute who entertains older businessman Edward Lewis (Richard Gere) and subsequently falls in love with him. Vance used her style portray to character's evolution in the film as her fashion becomes more polished and minimalist, inspired by Edward. The dress was designed to be "diametrically opposite" to her revealing outfits at the beginning of the film. The gown is worn during a "pivotal transformation" sequence which presents \[Vivian\] as a "real lady" before to an evening at the opera. The scene where Roberts wears the gown has been referred to as cinematically significant and an "all-time movie moment", featuring improvisation intended by Gere for the film's gag reel. In the film, Edward surprises Vivian by snapping a necklace case on her fingers, with Roberts letting out a "yelping" and "iconic" laugh. Marshall later referred to it as "the trademark for the movie".

## Reception and legacy

*Harper's Bazaar* and *Grazia Daily* have called the gown as the most famous costume piece in the film. Johanna Cox of *Elle* described the piece as "one of the most famous red dresses in film history". The gown was reproduced for the musical adaption of *Pretty Woman*, with a "more relaxed and less corset-like" design. Los Angeles brand Reformation released a version of the gown in 2014, called 'the Bali dress'. *Marie Claire* framed the gown as one of the most unforgettable pieces in cinema. *Entertainment Weekly* included it in a list describing "20 of pop culture's most show-stopping red dresses", while *Parade* featured the frock as one of the most iconic red dresses in film. It was exhibited at the Victoria & Albert Museum in 2014. Vance was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design in 1990 for her work on *Pretty Woman*.

Floriane Reynaud of *Vogue Paris* wrote that the dress was "eye-catching, incredibly sexy without losing an ounce of elegance… all of the attention is now focused on Vivian, who we now view from a different perspective: one of admiration instead of disdain." Writing for *Harper's Bazaar*, Kerry Pieri expressed that the gown echoed the spirit of Valentino. *People* declared that the dress "she wears when she goes from duckling to swan \[..\] has a wow factor that goes unmatched". *Marie Claire* described the dress as "gorgeously draped" and stated that "when Edward fell in love with \[Vivian\] that night, we did too." In an analysis on red in film fashion, *Refinery29* wrote that Vivian "connotes new — and commanding — elegance in her red ballgown and opera gloves." *Entertainment Weekly'*s Mary Sollosi dubbed the piece as Vivian's "true Cinderella moment."

## InfoBox

Red dress of Julia Roberts
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | Marilyn Vance |
| Year | 1990 |
| Type | Off-the-shoulder evening gown |


title: Restitutio ad integrum

abstract: Restitutio ad integrum, or restitutio in integrum, is a Latin term that means "restoration to original condition". It is one of the primary guiding principles behind the awarding of damages in common law negligence claims. In European patent law, it also refers to a means of redress available to an applicant or patentee who has failed to meet a time limit despite exercising all due care. In ancient Roman law, it was a specific method of praetor intervention in an otherwise-valid legal action that was viewed as especially unjust or harmful.

text:
# Restitutio ad integrum

***Restitutio ad integrum***, or ***restitutio in integrum***, is a Latin term that means "restoration to original condition". It is one of the primary guiding principles behind the awarding of damages in common law negligence claims.

In European patent law, it also refers to a means of redress available to an applicant or patentee who has failed to meet a time limit despite exercising all due care.

In ancient Roman law, it was a specific method of praetor intervention in an otherwise-valid legal action that was viewed as especially unjust or harmful.

## Common law negligence claims

*Restitutio ad integrum* is one of the primary guiding principles behind the awarding of damages in common law negligence claims. The general rule, as the principle implies, is that the amount of compensation awarded should put the successful plaintiff in the position that would have been the case if the tortious action had not been committed. Thus, the plaintiff should clearly be awarded damages for **direct expenses** such as medical bills and property repairs and the loss of **future earnings** attributable to the injury, which often involves difficult speculation on the future career and promotion prospects.

Although monetary compensation cannot be directly equated with physical deprivation, it is generally accepted that compensation should also be awarded for **loss of amenities**, which reflects the decrease in expected standard of living from any injury suffered and **pain and suffering**. Damages awards in those categories are justified by the *restitutio* principle as monetary compensation provides the most practicable way of redressing the deprivation caused by physical injury.

### Cases

* *Graham v. Egan* 15 La. Ann. 97, 98 (1860). In considering whether to give the mortgagor money damages or restore the property itself, the court said in regard to restitution: "He can restore the property itself, and place the \[mortgagor\] in the same condition he would have occupied if he had not been harassed with an unfounded demand. This is precisely what is meant by the restitution in integrum. If there be ground for restitution at all, there is the same ground for a complete restitution, a restitution in integrum".
* *Emile Erlanger v The New Sombrero Phosphate Company* (1877–78) L.R. 3 App. Cas. 1218
* *Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Co* (1880) 5 App Cas 25,39, per Lord Blackburn, compensation should be "that sum of money which will put the party who has been injured in the same position as he would have been if he had not sustained the wrong for which he is now getting his compensation or reparation".

## Patent law

The expression *restitutio in integrum* is also used in patent law, namely in the European Patent Convention (EPC), and refers to a means of redress available to an applicant or patentee who has failed to meet a time limit in spite of exercising "all due care required by the circumstances". If the request for *restitutio in integrum* is accepted, the applicant or patentee is re-established in its rights, as if the time limit had been duly met.

According to decision G 1/86 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office, other parties such as opponents are not barred from the *restitutio in integrum* by principle. For instance, if an opponent fails to file the statement of grounds for appeal in spite of all due care, after having duly filed the notice of appeal, *restitutio* remedies are available to them.

## Ancient Roman law

*Restitutio in integrum* had a distinct meaning in ancient Roman law that differed from its common law counterpart. The core concept of reversing to original condition was preserved, but *restitutio in integrum* was a specific method of praetor intervention in an otherwise-valid legal action that was viewed as especially unjust or harmful. It was an extraordinary measure designed to protect from arbitrary application of law, which Romans viewed very unfavorably (expressed in the Latin maxim *summum ius, summa iniuria* "the greatest law is the greatest injury"). As such, it was an *ultimum remedium* ("ultimate remedy"), which was used only when all other avenues of protection from injustice were expanded. Examples of situations in which *restitutio in integrum* might have been employed were harmful legal actions undertaken by those below 25 years of age because of their inexperience and legal actions undertaken with erroneous assumptions (*error*) or in fear (*metus*) of another's threat (*vis*).


title: Sir Thomas Russell, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Thomas Wallace Russell, 1st Baronet, was an Irish politician and agrarian agitator. Born at Cupar, Fife, Scotland, he moved to County Tyrone at the age of eighteen. He was secretary and parliamentary agent of the Irish temperance movement and became well known as an anti-alcohol campaigner and proprietor of a Temperance Hotel in Dublin.

text:
# Sir Thomas Russell, 1st Baronet

**Sir Thomas Wallace Russell, 1st Baronet** MP PC (Ire) (28 February 1841 – 2 May 1920), was an Irish politician and agrarian agitator. Born at Cupar, Fife, Scotland, he moved to County Tyrone at the age of eighteen. He was secretary and parliamentary agent of the Irish temperance movement and became well known as an anti-alcohol campaigner and proprietor of a Temperance Hotel in Dublin.

## Career

He unsuccessfully contested Preston in 1885 as a Liberal. However, he opposed William Ewart Gladstone's Home Rule policy and was elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as a Liberal Unionist in 1886 for South Tyrone. He served between 1895 and 1900 as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in the Unionist administration of Lord Salisbury.

However, Russell's views on Home Rule underwent a change around the turn of the century and he gradually became a critic of Unionist policies in Ireland. From 1900 put himself at the head of the *Farmers and Labourers Union*, an Ulster tenant-farmer protest movement demanding compulsory land purchase, similar to the land and labour movement in the south. His 1901 book *Ireland and the Empire* was an attack on the Irish agrarian system. From 1902 to 1903 he was a key Ulster farmer representative at the Dublin "Land Conference" which resulted in the passing of the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903. This defused the Protestant tenant farmers' revolt.

Russell continued to represent Tyrone South in Parliament. In 1906, supported by Lindsay Crawford and his Independent Orange Order while at the same acknowledging his debt to Catholic tenant farmers, he was re-elected as an "Independent Unionist", one of several candidates referred to as "Russellite Unionist".

Russell was vice-president of the Irish Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction (DATI), in which capacity he displaced Horace Plunkett as head of the Department in 1907. He disapproved of Plunkett's cooperative Irish Agricultural Organisation Society involving itself in the affairs of farmers, and ended DATI's help for the society.

He rejoined the Liberal Party and stood as a Liberal candidate at the general election in January 1910, when he lost his seat to the Unionist Andrew Horner. Russell does not appear to have contested the December 1910 general election, but in 1911 he won a by-election in Tyrone North, a seat he held until the constituency was abolished in 1918.

Russell was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1908 and created a Baronet, of Olney in the County of Dublin, in 1917. He retired from politics in 1918 and died in Dublin on 2 May 1920, aged 79, when the baronetcy became extinct.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Sir Thomas Russell, 1st Baronet
| NotesGranted 24 August 1917 by George James Burtchaell, Deputy Ulster King of Arms. CrestA demi-goat salient Gules supporting a garb Or. TorseOf the colours. EscutcheonArgent a lion rampant Gules on a chief wavy Vert a bezant between two garbs Or. MottoI Face The Dawn |
| --- |

## InfoBox

| Sir Thomas Russell, BtMP PC (Ire) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Tyrone North | |
| **In office**
6 October 1911  July 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Redmond John Barry |
| Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
| Member of Parliament for Tyrone South | |
| **In office**
July 1886  January 1910 | |
| Preceded by | William O'Brien |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Horner |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 28 February 1841
Cupar, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | 2 May 1920 (aged 79) |
| Political party | Liberal
(1910–1918) |
| Other political
affiliations | Russellite Unionist
(1904–1910)
Liberal Unionist
(1886–1904)
Liberal
(pre-1885) |
|  | |


title: Caseodontidae

abstract: The Caseodontidae is an extinct family of eugeneodont holocephalans known from the late Paleozoic to earliest Mesozoic of Greenland, Canada and the United States. Members of the group are characterized by a reduced or absent palatoquadrate, elongate upper and mandibular rostra, and bulbous, crushing dentition, including a small symphyseal whorl of teeth on the lower jaw and batteries of teeth fused directly to the neurocranium. Several genera are known from partial or complete body fossils. Unlike the distantly related helicoprionids, members of this family crossed the Permian-Triassic boundary and persisted into the Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic, after which they became extinct. It is hypothesized that in life caseodonts fed on hard-shelled prey such as brachiopods due to their crushing tooth batteries, and it has been proposed that the elongated rostra on the upper and lower jaws of some genera was an adaptation for prying prey off of the seabed. Well preserved specimens are known from the Carboniferous of Nebraska and Indiana, deposits in East Greenland, and from the Sulphur Mountain Formation of British Columbia, which is the last known appearance of the group.

text:
# Caseodontidae

The **Caseodontidae** is an extinct family of eugeneodont holocephalans known from the late Paleozoic to earliest Mesozoic of Greenland, Canada and the United States. Members of the group are characterized by a reduced or absent palatoquadrate, elongate upper and mandibular rostra, and bulbous, crushing dentition, including a small symphyseal whorl of teeth on the lower jaw and batteries of teeth fused directly to the neurocranium. Several genera are known from partial or complete body fossils.

Unlike the distantly related helicoprionids, members of this family crossed the Permian-Triassic boundary and persisted into the Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic, after which they became extinct. It is hypothesized that in life caseodonts fed on hard-shelled prey such as brachiopods due to their crushing tooth batteries, and it has been proposed that the elongated rostra on the upper and lower jaws of some genera was an adaptation for prying prey off of the seabed. Well preserved specimens are known from the Carboniferous of Nebraska and Indiana, deposits in East Greenland, and from the Sulphur Mountain Formation of British Columbia, which is the last known appearance of the group.

## InfoBox

| Caseodontidae
Temporal range: Early Carboniferous to Early Triassic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Life restoration of *Caseodus*, the type genus | |
|  | |
| The skull of *Ornithoprion*, an aberrant caseodont | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Holocephali |
| Order: | Eugeneodontida |
| *Clade*: | Caseodontoidea |
| Family: | Caseodontidae
Zangerl, 1981 |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Caseodus*
Zangerl, 1981 | |
| Type species | |
| *Orodus basalis* (=*Caseodus basalis*)
Cope, 1894 | |
| Genera | |
|  | |