title: Cradle-to-cradle design

abstract: Cradle-to-cradle design is a biomimetic approach to the design of products and systems that models human industry on nature's processes, where materials are viewed as nutrients circulating in healthy, safe metabolisms. The term itself is a play on the popular corporate phrase "cradle to grave", implying that the C2C model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations—from the birth, or "cradle", of one generation to the next generation, versus from birth to death, or "grave", within the same generation. C2C suggests that industry must protect and enrich ecosystems and nature's biological metabolism while also maintaining a safe, productive technical metabolism for the high-quality use and circulation of organic and technical nutrients. It is a holistic, economic, industrial and social framework that seeks to create systems that are not only efficient but also essentially waste free. Building off the whole systems approach of John T. Lyle's regenerative design, the model in its broadest sense is not limited to industrial design and manufacturing; it can be applied to many aspects of human civilization such as urban environments, buildings, economics and social systems. The term "Cradle to Cradle" is a registered trademark of McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry (MBDC) consultants. The Cradle to Cradle Certified Products Program began as a proprietary system; however, in 2012 MBDC turned the certification over to an independent non-profit called the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. Independence, openness, and transparency are the Institute's first objectives for the certification protocols. The phrase "cradle to cradle" itself was coined by Walter R. Stahel in the 1970s. The current model is based on a system of "lifecycle development" initiated by Michael Braungart and colleagues at the Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency (EPEA) in the 1990s and explored through the publication A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment. In 2002, Braungart and William McDonough published a book called Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, a manifesto for cradle-to-cradle design that gives specific details of how to achieve the model. The model has been implemented by many companies, organizations and governments around the world. Cradle-to-cradle design has also been the subject of many documentary films such as Waste = Food.

text:
# Cradle-to-cradle design

**Cradle-to-cradle design** (also referred to as **2CC2**, **C2C**, **cradle 2 cradle**, or regenerative design) is a biomimetic approach to the design of products and systems that models human industry on nature's processes, where materials are viewed as nutrients circulating in healthy, safe metabolisms. The term itself is a play on the popular corporate phrase "cradle to grave", implying that the C2C model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations—from the birth, or "cradle", of one generation to the next generation, versus from birth to death, or "grave", within the same generation.

C2C suggests that industry must protect and enrich ecosystems and nature's biological metabolism while also maintaining a safe, productive technical metabolism for the high-quality use and circulation of organic and technical nutrients. It is a holistic, economic, industrial and social framework that seeks to create systems that are not only efficient but also essentially waste free. Building off the whole systems approach of John T. Lyle's regenerative design, the model in its broadest sense is not limited to industrial design and manufacturing; it can be applied to many aspects of human civilization such as urban environments, buildings, economics and social systems.

The term "Cradle to Cradle" is a registered trademark of McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry (MBDC) consultants. The Cradle to Cradle Certified Products Program began as a proprietary system; however, in 2012 MBDC turned the certification over to an independent non-profit called the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. Independence, openness, and transparency are the Institute's first objectives for the certification protocols. The phrase "cradle to cradle" itself was coined by Walter R. Stahel in the 1970s. The current model is based on a system of "lifecycle development" initiated by Michael Braungart and colleagues at the *Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency* (EPEA) in the 1990s and explored through the publication *A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment*.

In 2002, Braungart and William McDonough published a book called *Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things*, a manifesto for cradle-to-cradle design that gives specific details of how to achieve the model. The model has been implemented by many companies, organizations and governments around the world. Cradle-to-cradle design has also been the subject of many documentary films such as *Waste = Food*.

## Introduction

In the cradle-to-cradle model, all materials used in industrial or commercial processes—such as metals, fibers, dyes—fall into one of two categories: "technical" or "biological" nutrients.

1. *Technical nutrients* are strictly limited to non-toxic, non-harmful synthetic materials that have no negative effects on the natural environment; they can be used in continuous cycles as the same product without losing their integrity or quality. In this manner these materials can be used over and over again instead of being "downcycled" into lesser products, ultimately becoming waste.
2. *Biological nutrients* are organic materials that, once used, can be disposed of in any natural environment and decompose into the soil, providing food for small life forms without affecting the natural environment. This is dependent on the ecology of the region; for example, organic material from one country or landmass may be harmful to the ecology of another country or landmass.

The two types of materials each follow their own cycle in the regenerative economy envisioned by Keunen and Huizing.

### Structure

Initially defined by McDonough and Braungart, the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute's five certification criteria are:

* Material health, which involves identifying the chemical composition of the materials that make up the product. Particularly hazardous materials (e.g. heavy metals, pigments, halogen compounds etc.) have to be reported whatever the concentration, and other materials reported where they exceed 100 ppm. For wood, the forest source is required. The risk for each material is assessed against criteria and eventually ranked on a scale with green being materials of low risk, yellow being those with moderate risk but are acceptable to continue to use, red for materials that have high risk and need to be phased out, and grey for materials with incomplete data. The method uses the term 'risk' in the sense of hazard (as opposed to consequence and likelihood).
* Material reutilization, which is about recovery and recycling at the end of product life.
* Assessment of energy required for production, which for the highest level of certification needs to be based on at least 40% renewable energy for all parts and subassemblies.
* Water, particularly usage and discharge quality.
* Social responsibility, which assesses fair labor practices.

### Health

Currently, many human beings come into contact or consume, directly or indirectly, many harmful materials and chemicals daily. In addition, countless other forms of plant and animal life are also exposed. C2C seeks to remove dangerous *technical nutrients* (synthetic materials such as mutagenic materials, heavy metals and other dangerous chemicals) from current life cycles. If the materials we come into contact with and are exposed to on a daily basis are not toxic and do not have long term health effects, then the health of the overall system can be better maintained. For example, a fabric factory can eliminate all harmful *technical nutrients* by carefully reconsidering what chemicals they use in their dyes to achieve the colours they need and attempt to do so with fewer base chemicals.

### Economics

The C2C model shows high potential for reducing the financial cost of industrial systems. For example, in the redesign of the Ford River Rouge Complex, the planting of Sedum (stonecrop) vegetation on assembly plant roofs retains and cleanses rain water. It also moderates the internal temperature of the building in order to save energy. The roof is part of an $18 million rainwater treatment system designed to clean 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m3) of rainwater annually. This saved Ford $30 million that would otherwise have been spent on mechanical treatment facilities. Following C2C design principles, product manufacture can be designed to cost less for the producer and consumer. Theoretically, they can eliminate the need for waste disposal such as landfills.

### Definitions

* *Cradle to cradle* is a play on the phrase "cradle to grave", implying that the C2C model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations.
* *Technical nutrients* are basically inorganic or synthetic materials manufactured by humans—such as plastics and metals—that can be used many times over without any loss in quality, staying in a continuous cycle.
* *Biological nutrients* and materials are organic materials that can decompose into the natural environment, soil, water, etc. without affecting it in a negative way, providing food for bacteria and microbiological life.
* *Materials* are usually referred to as the building blocks of other materials, such as the dyes used in colouring fibers or rubbers used in the sole of a shoe.
* *Downcycling* is the reuse of materials into lesser products. For example, a plastic computer case could be downcycled into a plastic cup, which then becomes a park bench, etc.; this eventually leads to plastic waste. In conventional understanding, this is no different from recycling that produces a supply of the same product or material.
* *Waste = Food* is a basic concept of organic waste materials becoming food for bugs, insects and other small forms of life who can feed on it, decompose it and return it to the natural environment which we then indirectly use for food ourselves.

### Existing synthetic materials

The question of how to deal with the countless existing *technical nutrients* (synthetic materials) that cannot be recycled or reintroduced to the natural environment is dealt with in C2C design. The materials that can be reused and retain their quality can be used within the technical nutrient cycles while other materials are far more difficult to deal with, such as plastics in the Pacific Ocean.

## Hypothetical examples

One potential example is a shoe that is designed and mass-produced using the C2C model. The sole might be made of "biological nutrients" while the upper parts might be made of "technical nutrients". The shoe is mass-produced at a manufacturing plant that utilizes its waste material by putting it back into the cycle, potentially by using off-cuts from the rubber soles to make more soles instead of merely disposing of them; this is dependent on the technical materials not losing their quality as they are reused. Once the shoes have been manufactured, they are distributed to retail outlets where the customer buys the shoe at a reduced price because the customer is only paying for the use of the materials in the shoe for the period of time that they will be wearing them. When they outgrow the shoe or it is damaged, they return it to the manufacturer. When the manufacturer separates the sole from the upper parts (separating the technical and biological nutrients), the biological nutrients are returned to the natural environment while the technical nutrients can be used to create the sole of another shoe.

Another example of C2C design is a disposable cup, bottle, or wrapper made entirely out of biological materials. When the user is finished with the item, it can be disposed of and returned to the natural environment; the cost of disposal of waste such as landfill and recycling is greatly reduced. The user could also potentially return the item for a refund so it can be used again.

## Finished products

## Implementation

The C2C model can be applied to almost any system in modern society: urban environments, buildings, manufacturing, social systems, etc. Five steps are outlined in *Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things*:

1. Get "free of" known culprits
2. Follow informed personal preferences
3. Create "passive positive" lists—lists of materials used categorised according to their safety level
    1. The X list—substances that must be phased out, such as teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic
    2. The gray list—problematic substances that are not so urgently in need of phasing out
    3. The P list—the "positive" list, substances actively defined as safe for use
4. Activate the positive list
5. Reinvent—the redesign of the former system

Products that adhere to all steps may be eligible to receive C2C certification. Other certifications such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) can be used to qualify for certification, and vice versa in the case of BREEAM.

C2C principles were first applied to systems in the early 1990s by Braungart's Hamburger Umweltinstitut (HUI) and The Environmental Institute in Brazil for biomass nutrient recycling of effluent to produce agricultural products and clean water as a byproduct.

In 2007, MBDC and the EPEA formed a strategic partnership with global materials consultancy Material ConneXion to help promote and disseminate C2C design principles by providing greater global access to C2C material information, certification and product development.

As of January 2008, Material ConneXion's Materials Libraries in New York, Milan, Cologne, Bangkok and Daegu, Korea, started to feature C2C assessed and certified materials and, in collaboration with MBDC and EPEA, the company now offers C2C Certification, and C2C product development.

While the C2C model has influenced the construction or redevelopment of smaller sites, several large organizations and governments have also implemented the C2C model and its ideas and concepts:

### Major implementations

* The Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies incorporates holistic & cyclic systems throughout the center. Regenerative design is arguably the foundation for the trademarked C2C.
* The Government of China contributed to the construction of the city of Huangbaiyu based on C2C principles, utilising the rooftops for agriculture. This project is largely criticized as a failure to meet the desires & constraints of the local people.
* The Ford River Rouge Complex redevelopment, cleaning 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m3) of rainwater annually.
* The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) planned to make its laboratory and office complex completely cradle-to-cradle compliant.
* Several private houses and communal buildings in the Netherlands.
* Fashion Positive, an initiative to assist the fashion world in implementing the cradle-to-cradle model in five areas: material health, material reuse, renewable energy, water stewardship and social fairness.

## Coordination with other models

The cradle-to-cradle model can be viewed as a framework that considers systems as a whole or holistically. It can be applied to many aspects of human society, and is related to life-cycle assessment. See for instance the LCA-based model of the eco-costs, which has been designed to cope with analyses of recycle systems. The cradle-to-cradle model in some implementations is closely linked with the car-free movement, such as in the case of large-scale building projects or the construction or redevelopment of urban environments. It is closely linked with passive solar design in the building industry and with permaculture in agriculture within or near urban environments. An earthship is a perfect example where different re-use models are used, including cradle-to-cradle design and permaculture.

## Constraints

A major constraint in the optimal recycling of materials is that at civic amenity sites, products are not disassembled by hand and have each individual part sorted into a bin, but instead have the entire product sorted into a certain bin.

This makes the extraction of rare-earth elements and other materials uneconomical (at recycling sites, products typically get crushed after which the materials are extracted by means of magnets, chemicals, special sorting methods, ...) and thus optimal recycling of, for example metals is impossible (an optimal recycling method for metals would require to sort all similar alloys together rather than mixing plain iron with alloys).

Obviously, disassembling products is not feasible at currently designed civic amenity sites, and a better method would be to send back the broken products to the manufacturer, so that the manufacturer can disassemble the product. These disassembled product can then be used for making new products or at least to have the components sent separately to recycling sites (for proper recycling, by the exact type of material). At present though, few laws are put in place in any country to oblige manufacturers to take back their products for disassembly, nor are there even such obligations for manufacturers of cradle-to-cradle products. One process where this is happening is in the EU with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive. Also, the European Training Network for the Design and Recycling of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators in Hybrid and Full Electric Vehicles (ETN-Demeter) makes designs of electric motors of which the magnets can be easily removed for recycling the rare earth metals.

## Criticism and response

Criticism has been advanced on the fact that McDonough and Braungart previously kept C2C consultancy and certification in their inner circle. Critics argued that this lack of competition prevented the model from fulfilling its potential. Many critics pleaded for a public-private partnership overseeing the C2C concept, thus enabling competition and growth of practical applications and services.

McDonough and Braungart responded to this criticism by giving control of the certification protocol to a non-profit, independent Institute called the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. McDonough said the new institute "will enable our protocol to become a public certification program and global standard". The new Institute announced the creation of a Certification Standards Board in June 2012. The new board, under the auspices of the Institute, will oversee the certification moving forward.

Experts in the field of environment protection have questioned the practicability of the concept. Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, head of the German Wuppertal Institute, called his assertion that the "old" environmental movement had hindered innovation with its pessimist approach "pseudo-psychological humbug". Schmidt-Bleek said of the Cradle-to-Cradle seat cushions Braungart developed for the Airbus 380: "I can feel very nice on Michael's seat covers in the airplane. Nevertheless I am still waiting for a detailed proposal for a design of the other 99.99 percent of the Airbus 380 after his principles."

In 2009 Schmidt-Bleek stated that it is out of the question that the concept can be realized on a bigger scale.

Some claim that C2C certification may not be entirely sufficient in all eco-design approaches. Quantitative methodologies (LCAs) and more adapted tools (regarding the product type which is considered) could be used in tandem. The C2C concept ignores the use phase of a product. According to variants of life-cycle assessment (see: Life-cycle assessment § Variants) the entire life cycle of a product or service has to be evaluated, not only the material itself. For many goods e.g. in transport, the use phase has the most influence on the environmental footprint. For example, the more lightweight a car or a plane the less fuel it consumes and consequently the less impact it has. Braungart fully ignores the use phase.

It is safe to say that every production step or resource-transformation step needs a certain amount of energy.

The C2C concept foresees its own certification of its analysis and therefore is in contradiction to international publishing standards (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044) for life-cycle assessment whereas an independent external review is needed in order to obtain comparative and resilient results.


title: On the Night of the Fire

abstract: On the Night of the Fire, released in the United States as The Fugitive, is a 1939 British thriller film, directed by Brian Desmond Hurst and starring Ralph Richardson and Diana Wynyard. The film is based on the novel of the same name by F. L. Green. It was shot on location in Newcastle upon Tyne and was released shortly after the outbreak of World War II. It is regarded as an early example of British film noir, with the kind of subject matter and filming style which fell completely out of favour during the war years – when British studios felt that cinemagoers would want either light entertainment and escapism or topical patriotic propaganda pieces – and would not be taken up again until the later 1940s. Film critic David Quinlan describes the film as "grim but gripping". Andrew Spicer, in his book European Film Noir, writes: "A riveting psychological study. With its sustained doom-laden atmosphere, Krampf’s expressive cinematography, its adroit mixture of location shooting and Gothic compositions and Richardson’s wonderful performance as a lower middle-class Everyman, On the Night of the Fire clearly shows that an achieved mastery of film noir existed in British cinema".

text:
# On the Night of the Fire

***On the Night of the Fire***, released in the United States as ***The Fugitive***, is a 1939 British thriller film, directed by Brian Desmond Hurst and starring Ralph Richardson and Diana Wynyard. The film is based on the novel of the same name by F. L. Green. It was shot on location in Newcastle upon Tyne and was released shortly after the outbreak of World War II. It is regarded as an early example of British film noir, with the kind of subject matter and filming style which fell completely out of favour during the war years  when British studios felt that cinemagoers would want either light entertainment and escapism or topical patriotic propaganda pieces  and would not be taken up again until the later 1940s.

Film critic David Quinlan describes the film as "grim but gripping". Andrew Spicer, in his book *European Film Noir*, writes: "A riveting psychological study. With its sustained doom-laden atmosphere, Krampf’s expressive cinematography, its adroit mixture of location shooting and Gothic compositions and Richardson’s wonderful performance as a lower middle-class Everyman, *On the Night of the Fire* clearly shows that an achieved mastery of film noir existed in British cinema".

## Plot

Struggling Tyneside barber, Will Kobling (Richardson), is in financial trouble. One evening, opportunistically and on impulse, he steals £100 from a factory where a window has been left open. He hopes the money will represent a new start for him and wife Kit (Wynyard). His hopes are dashed when Kit confesses to being in debt to the local draper, Pilleger (Henry Oscar), who has been pressuring her to settle it. Most of the stolen cash has to go on this.

Pilleger banks the money, only for the police to inform him that the serial numbers of the notes match those stolen from the factory. He professes himself an innocent party, claiming not to know which of his customers they came from, and the police have to let the matter drop. Pilleger blackmails Kobling, promising silence in return for £3 per week. Kobling is horrified at this indefinite burden, but feels obliged to consent.

Some time later, and facing the loss of his business through lack of ready cash, Kobling decides to challenge Pilleger. An opportunity presents itself when a fire breaks out, distracting the police and public. He confronts Pilleger and a fight breaks out, ending in Pilleger's death. The police suspect that Kobling is involved and use psychological tactics to break him down, but he remains grimly silent and sends Kit and their baby to stay with her sister.

Kobling was seen at Pilleger's store on the night of his murder by Lizzie Crane (Mary Clare), a well-known eccentric, who talks about what she saw. The populace shun Kobling and call for justice, but the police do not believe Lizzie's word will stand up as evidence. As they continue to put pressure on him, Kobling approaches breaking point. He finally cracks when he is told that Kit has been killed in a road accident.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| On the Night of the Fire
The Fugitive | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Brian Desmond Hurst |
| Written by | Brian Desmond Hurst
Patrick Kirwan
Terence Young |
| Based on | *On the Night of the Fire* by F. L. Green |
| Produced by | Josef Somlo |
| Starring | Ralph Richardson
Diana Wynyard |
| Cinematography | Günther Krampf |
| Edited by | Terence Fisher |
| Music by | Miklós Rózsa |
| Production
company | Greenspan & Seligman Enterprises |
| Distributed by | General Film Distributors |
| Release dates | * 26 October 1939 (1939-10-26) (UK) * 22 July 1940 (1940-07-22) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Craig Haney

abstract: Craig Haney is an American social psychologist and a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, noted for his work on the study of capital punishment and the psychological impact of imprisonment and prison isolation since the 1970s. He was a researcher on The Stanford Prison Experiment.

text:
# Craig Haney

**Craig Haney** is an American social psychologist and a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, noted for his work on the study of capital punishment and the psychological impact of imprisonment and prison isolation since the 1970s. He was a researcher on The Stanford Prison Experiment.

## Education

Haney obtained his B.A from the University of Pennsylvania and his M.A., Ph.D. in Psychology and J.D. from Stanford Law School.

## Career

In 1971, while at Stanford, Haney collaborated with Philip Zimbardo in conducting what is known today as The Stanford Prison Experiment, for which Haney served as a principal researcher. This experience help to set in course Haney's subsequent career and work with prison systems. It ingrained in Haney that “context matters, prisoners are people, mistreatment has consequences”, and perpetuated his passion about the psychological impact of incarceration, and his advocacy for humanization and reform.

Haney is a Distinguished Professor of Psychology and the UCSC Presidential Chair (for a three-year term which runs from 2015 until 2018) at the University of California Santa Cruz where he has been a member the faculty for some 39 years. He was selected as the university's Distinguished Faculty Research Lecturer in 2014. He has taught Psychology and Law I & II, Social Justice, Society, and Policy, and Graduate Research Methods, and The Social Context. His work with graduate students involves applied research on criminal justice topics including: the effects of imprisonment, criminogenic social histories, the effects of death qualification, and the impact of pretrial publicity on legal decision making. Teaching awards include, in 2015, his second Excellence in Teaching award bestowed by the UC Santa Cruz faculty senate.

## Publications

Haney has published five books, numerous research articles, and entries in law reviews, including:

* *Death By Design: Capital Punishment as a Social Psychological System* (Oxford University Press, 2005), which received the Herbert Jacobs Prize from the Law and Society Association as “the most outstanding book on law and society” published that year.
* *Reforming Punishment: Psychological Limits to the Pains of Imprisonment* (American Psychological Association, 2006), which was nominated for a National Book Award.
* *The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring the Causes and Consequences* (National Academies Press, 2014), for which he was a co-author along with other members of the National Academies charged with studying the causes and consequences of high rates of incarceration in the United States.
* *Prisons Worldwide* (Praeger Publishers, 2016), three volumes co-authored with Lynne Haney.
* *Criminality in Context: The Psychological Foundations of Criminal Justice Reform* (American Psychological Association, 2020).

Haney has also written for the Huffington Post.

## Testimony and media

Haney has served as an expert witness in several influential United States Federal Court cases related to the prison environment and punishment, including: Toussaint v. McCarthy (1984), Madrid v. Gomez (1995), Coleman v. Brown (1995), and Ruiz v. Johnson (1999). Moreover, Haney's work was influential in the United States Supreme Court 5–4 ruling of Brown v. Plata (2011), which upheld a lower court ruling that the California prison population be reduced. Commenting on this last case, Haney stated: "When prisons are unduly painful, they become harmful and the system begins to break down and fail." He noted further, "Prisoners can carry the consequences of that harm back out into the free world once they're released. I was very gratified to see the Supreme Court embrace that concept”.

In 2012, Haney testified before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary at a hearing on “Reassessing Solitary Confinement”.

In 2014, he spoke on the National Public Radio program, Fresh Air with Terry Gross, about the impacts of solitary confinement.

In 2018, Haney was interviewed by Oprah Winfrey on a 60 Minutes segment that addressed the psychological consequences of long-term isolation.


title: Craig Hancock

abstract: Craig Hancock is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. A wing, he played club football for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles and Balmain Tigers. He played one game for New South Wales in the State of Origin.

text:
# Craig Hancock

**Craig Hancock** (born 10 June 1969) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. A wing, he played club football for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles and Balmain Tigers. He played one game for New South Wales in the State of Origin.

## Playing career

### Manly-Warringah

Hancock made his debut for Manly in Round 3 of the 1989 season against the Newcastle Knights at the Knights home ground, Marathon Stadium. For the next 10 years he was a regular player for the Sea Eagles, playing at the end of their backline.

He was selected to represent New South Wales as a winger for game I of the 1995 State of Origin series.

Matthew Ridge, Manly's fullback since 1990, had signed with Super league in 1995 and was off to the Auckland Warriors in 1997. Manly coach Bob Fulton moved Hancock to fullback for the season as a replacement for Ridge until the Round 17 match with Parramatta at Brookvale Oval where Hancock broke his ankle thus ending his season  and causing him to miss the Sea Eagles 3rd Grand Final in succession where they were defeated by Newcastle Knights.

With Grand Final fullback Shannon Nevin moving to Balmain, Hancock was moved back to his preferred wing position in 1998 after the club signed goal-kicking fullback Luke Phillips from the North Queensland Cowboys. In a frustrating season, Manly's form of the previous 3 seasons dropped alarmingly and the club only scrapped into the finals in 10th place before being eliminated by Canberra in the Qualifying Finals with Hancock floating between the wing, fullback, and bench, scoring only 4 tries for the year. Following the 1998 NRL season, Hancock, after 10 seasons, 172 games and 64 tries for Manly, signed to play for the Balmain Tigers in 1999.

### Balmain

Hancock played 20 games for Balmain during 1999, adding a further 7 tries to his career total. Hancock played in Balmain's final game as a stand-alone entity which was against the Canberra Raiders at Bruce Stadium in Round 26 1999. Balmain lost the match 42–14.

Following the end of the 1999 season, Balmain and Western Suburbs entered into a merger to become the Wests Tigers and Hancock, after 192 senior games for Manly and Balmain as well as state of Origin selection for NSW in 1995 and the 1996 premiership, retired from rugby league at the age of 30.

### Highlights

## InfoBox

Craig Hancock
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-06-10) 10 June 1969 |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 91 kg (14 st 5 lb) |
| Position | Wing, Fullback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1989–98 Manly Sea Eagles 172 64 0 0 256  1999 Balmain Tigers 20 6 0 0 24  Total 192 70 0 0 280  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1995 New South Wales 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: RL stats | |


title: One for the Money (disambiguation)

abstract:
One for the Money is an English children's rhyme. "One for the Money" may also refer to:
  - One for the Money (novel), by Janet Evanovich
  - One for the Money (musical), a 1939 musical with Gene Kelly
  - One for the Money (play), by Warren Manzi

text:
# One for the Money (disambiguation)

**One for the Money** is an English children's rhyme.

"One for the Money" may also refer to:

## Film and television

## Music

"One for the Money" (song), the album's title track * "One for the Money", a song by Conway Twitty from the album *I Love You More Today*, 1969
* "One for the Money", a song by Escape the Fate from the album *Ungrateful*, 2013
* "One for the Money", a song by Horace Brown from the album *Horace Brown*, 1996
* "One for the Money", a song by Jesus Jones from the album *Liquidizer*, 1989
* "One for the Money", a song by Status Quo from the album *Ain't Complaining*, 1988
* "One's 4 da Money", a song by Shyheim from the album *AKA the Rugged Child*, 1994


title: OnDeck Capital

abstract: OnDeck Capital is an American small business lending company with offices in Chicago, IL; New York, NY; Denver, CO, and South Jordan, UT. OnDeck provides its loans exclusively online and uses proprietary software to aggregate data about a business’ operations, which is processed by an algorithm that determines loan eligibility.

text:
# OnDeck Capital

**OnDeck Capital** is an American small business lending company with offices in Chicago, IL; New York, NY; Denver, CO, and South Jordan, UT. OnDeck provides its loans exclusively online and uses proprietary software to aggregate data about a business’ operations, which is processed by an algorithm that determines loan eligibility.

## History

Mitch Jacobs founded OnDeck in 2006 and headquartered the company in New York City. Jacobs sought funding from venture capital companies, with early investors including First Round Capital, Khosla Ventures, Village Ventures, Contour Venture Partners, RRE Ventures, SAP Ventures (now Sapphire Ventures), Google Ventures and Tiger Global Management.

In 2007, the company introduced its short-term loan product and made its first loan, and by early 2010, the company had made over $50M in loans to small businesses in the U.S.

Jacobs left OnDeck in 2012, and Noah Breslow became the company's CEO. OnDeck completed its IPO in December 2014 and became listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol ONDK, raising $230 million in the offering. In 2015, the company expanded its operations into Canada and Australia, the latter operating as OnDeck Capital Australia Pty Ltd in partnership with MYOB.

In July 2020, OnDeck was acquired by Chicago consumer lender Enova International.

## Partnerships

In June 2016, JPMorgan Chase made a deal with OnDeck to offer an online lending process to its small business customers. The bank uses OnDeck’s origination and loan servicing technology to supply small businesses with same or next-day funding. JPMorgan Chase and OnDeck announced an extension of their collaboration in August 2017. The JPMorgan Chase partnership ended in July 2019.

OnDeck’s referral partners include Intuit QuickBooks, Angie’s List, Prosper Marketplace, Credit Karma, and WEX Inc.

OnDeck is a founding member of the *Innovative Lending Platform Association* (ILPA), a trade organization representing online lending and service companies that serve small businesses. In 2016, the ILPA, in partnership with the Association for Enterprise Opportunity, launched The SMART Box, a “model small business pricing disclosure...focused on empowering small businesses to better assess and compare finance options.”

OnDeck also partners with SCORE, an American non-profit that provides small businesses with free advice and mentors.

## Criticisms

OnDeck Capital has been criticised for its high interest rates. In 2015, its average loan had an annual 51% interest rate. In 2014, Bloomberg BusinessWeek called OnDeck "payday lending for businesses", relying on brokers who were "less-than-scrupulous."

## Awards

* Crain’s New York Business Fast 50, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
* Forbes’ America’s Most Promising Companies, 2014

## InfoBox

OnDeck Capital, Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Traded as | NYSE: ENVA |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Genre | Financial Technology |
| Founded | 2006 (2006) |
| Founder | Mitch Jacobs |
| Headquarters | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Key people | * David Fisher (CEO) |
| Products | Small Business Loans, including Term Loans and Lines of Credit |
| Revenue | $291.3 million (2016) |
| Parent | Enova International www.enova.com |
| Website | www.ondeck.com |


title: Coxlodge

abstract: Coxlodge is an area situated between Fawdon, Gosforth and Kenton in Newcastle upon Tyne, in the county of Tyne and Wear, England. Until 1974 it was in Northumberland.

text:
# Coxlodge

**Coxlodge** is an area situated between Fawdon, Gosforth and Kenton in Newcastle upon Tyne, in the county of Tyne and Wear, England. Until 1974 it was in Northumberland.

## History

Coxlodge was formerly a township in the parish of Gosforth, in 1866 Coxlodge became a separate civil parish, By order of the Local Government Board on 20 September 1872, the parishes of South Gosforth and Coxlodge were constituted into an urban district, the South Gosforth Local Board. After the 1894 Local Government Act, it became the South Gosforth Urban District Council. A year later, by a Northumberland County Council order dated 14 March 1895, the title was changed again to Gosforth Urban District Council. The parishes of Coxlodge and South Gosforth were amalgamated into the parish of Gosforth on 1 April 1908. In 1901 the parish had a population of 7767. The Gosforth Urban District Council was finally abolished on 1 April 1974 to become part of Newcastle upon Tyne metropolitan borough. It is now in the unparished area of Gosforth.

The development of the colliery caused the population to expand from just 108 in 1801 to 965 in 1831. The Coxlodge Hotel was built in 1868 and later became the Trap Public House; As of 2023 The Trap is slated for demolition. By 1878 the population was 1538, and the creation of housing for miners continued into the 20th century. Additional council housing was built in the aftermath of World War One and after World War Two many of the miners cottages were replaced with additional council housing.

A school and Roman Catholic Church and School was built in 1861. A Methodist Chapel was built in 1817, and then replaced in 1874. In 1877 a Board School was built.

## Mining

Coal mining had been in the area as early as 1757, and Coxlodge Colliery was developed by Matthew Bell and Charles John Brandling in 1809/10. There were three pits in the Coxlodge Colliery, the Bower Pit, the Jubilee Pit, which was on Jubilee Road opposite Jubilee Crescent, and the Regent Pit which is now the Regent Centre business park and St Charles R.C. School next to the current Metro line.

An explosion at the Bower pit on 6 March 1863 resulted in 19 deaths. The colliery closed on 16 June 1894 with the miners being transferred to other local pits. Some of the spoil was later used in the construction of the runway at Newcastle Airport.

## Notable residents

Notable people who were born in Coxlodge include Tommy Glidden, an English footballer.

Coxlodge Hall

A number of wealthy people lived in a large residence called Coxlodge Hall, which was built in 1796 by Job Bulman, a medical man originally from Gateshead who had made his money in India. Bulman lived there until he died in 1818. The hall was sold a number of times and occupants included the soap manufacturer Thomas Hedley and shipbuilders Andrew Leslie and Sir Rowland Hodge. The Hall itself was destroyed by fire in 1877, but was rebuilt two years later. The building was eventually used as a private school until it was demolished in 1939. A lodge on Gosforth High Street and the Coach House or Stables still survive. In 1950 the coach house was eventually turned into offices. The previous owners were Summers-Inman Construction and Property Consultants, who bought the coach house of Coxlodge Hall in 1972 and had since renovated the location.

In 2018 McDougall Dodds unveiled plans to turn the site into 8 residential properties, which then in-turn went on the market in 2020.

## Transport

The nearest Tyne & Wear Metro stations are Fawdon and Wansbeck Road.

There used to be a railway station called Coxlodge station, which was in use between 1905 and 1929, on the Ponteland and Darras Hall Branch of the North Eastern Railway. The architect's plans of 1903 indicate that Coxlodge station was actually to be known as Fawdon, which became the Metro station name decades later. By 1973 the platform and buildings had gone, but the signal box remained until some time later; itself eventually being demolished. The site of this station is now occupied by Fawdon Metro station, which opened in 1981.

## St Nicholas Hospital

In the 1850s Newcastle upon Tyne's hospitals for mentally ill patients were overcrowding; a new asylum was promised in Coxlodge, where a 50-acre (200,000 m2) farmstead had been purchased. It opened as Newcastle upon Tyne Borough Lunatic Asylum in July 1869. In 1882 it changed its name to Newcastle upon Tyne City Lunatic Asylum. In 1948 the National Health Service took over the hospital and changed the name to St Nicholas Hospital.

## InfoBox

| Coxlodge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| CoxlodgeLocation within Tyne and Wear | |
| OS grid reference | NZ230683 |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE |
| Postcode district | NE3 |
| Dialling code | 0191 |
|  | |
| Police | Northumbria |
| Fire | Tyne and Wear |
| Ambulance | North East |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: On a Good Day

abstract: On a Good Day is the second album by the American singer-songwriter Jude Johnstone, released in 2005.

text:
# On a Good Day

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***On a Good Day*** is the second album by the American singer-songwriter Jude Johnstone, released in 2005.

## Track listing

1. "On a Good Day" – 4:07
2. "20 Years" – 3:59
3. "Hard Lessons" – 4:24
4. "Hold On" – 4:32
5. "In This House" – 3:36
6. "Old and Gray" – 3:39
7. "Evelyn" – 5:41
8. "Pen and Paper" – 3:38
9. "Deep Water" – 3:57
10. "Long Way Back" – 4:44
11. "The Hereafter" – 3:31

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| On a Good Day | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jude Johnstone | |
| Released | February 22, 2005 |
| Genre | Country pop, indie rock |
| Label | BoJak Records |
| Producer | Charles Duncan, Jude Johnstone |
| Jude Johnstone chronology | |
| *Coming of Age*
(2002) ***On a Good Day***
(2005) *Blue Light*
(2007) | |


title: On a Day Like Today (song)

abstract: "On a Day Like Today" is a song by Canadian musician Bryan Adams, released on September 22, 1998, as the first single from his eight album, On a Day Like Today (1998). The song reached number one in Canada and number nine in Hungary. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number thirteen on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# On a Day Like Today (song)

"**On a Day Like Today**" is a song by Canadian musician Bryan Adams, released on September 22, 1998, as the first single from his eight album, *On a Day Like Today* (1998). The song reached number one in Canada and number nine in Hungary. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number thirteen on the UK Singles Chart.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick of *Billboard* wrote, "This is the single that Adams supporters at top 40 radio have been waiting for. It shows him deftly straddling the line between the arena rock persona his diehard disciples adore and the softer, more ballad-driven crooner that made tunes like "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" recurrent faves. On the title cut of his forthcoming album, Adams and collaborator Phil Thornalley have meticulously crafted a fine song that gradually builds from an introverted acoustic opening into a full-bodied rock power ballad. The element that makes this track work so well is an oh-so-subtle injection of psychedelic pop harmonies and quasi-symphonic strings. In the end, this is a refreshing release that bodes extremely well for the enduring artist's future at pop radio."

## Track listings

Canadian CD single
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "On a Day Like Today" (LP version) | Bryan Adams, Phil Thornalley | 3:31 |
| 2. | "On a Day Like Today" (Pants Down mix) | Adams, Thornalley | 3:29 |

UK CD1
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "On a Day Like Today" | Adams, Thornalley | 3:30 |
| 2. | "She Believes in Me" | Adams, Eliot Kennedy | 3:19 |
| 3. | "On a Day Like Today" (Pants Down mix) | Adams, Thornalley | 3:29 |

UK CD2
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "On a Day Like Today" | Adams, Thornalley | 3:30 |
| 2. | "Bin There, Done That" | Adams, Kennedy | 3:21 |
| 3. | "The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You" (alternate mix) | Adams, Thornalley | 3:37 |

UK cassette single
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "On a Day Like Today" | Adams, Thornalley | 3:30 |
| 2. | "She Believes in Me" | Adams, Kennedy | 3:19 |

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canada | September 22, 1998 | CD | A&M |  |
| United Kingdom | September 28, 1998 | * CD * cassette |  |  |
| United States | September 29, 1998 | Contemporary hit radio | A&M |  |
| Japan | October 7, 1998 | | CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "On a Day Like Today" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Bryan Adams | |
| from the album  *On a Day Like Today* | |
| B-side | * "She Believes in Me" * "Bin There, Done That" |
| Released | September 22, 1998 (1998-09-22) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 3:32 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Bryan Adams * Phil Thornalley |
| Bryan Adams singles chronology | |
| "I'm Ready"
(1998) "**On a Day Like Today**"
(1998) "When You're Gone"
(1998) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "On a Day Like Today" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Crimes of the Future (album)

abstract: Crimes of the Future is the fourth studio album by SMP, released on April 19, 2004 by Music Ration Entertainment.

text:
# Crimes of the Future (album)

***Crimes of the Future*** is the fourth studio album by SMP, released on April 19, 2004 by Music Ration Entertainment.

## Reception

DJ Arcanus of *Lollipop Magazine* called *Crimes of the Future* the band's greatest achievement, calling it "danceable, aggressive, diverse, and complex" and "nearly every song is an intense and effective punch in the gut."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jason Bazinet

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "This Perfect Day" | 3:52 |
| 2. | "Beautiful" | 3:02 |
| 3. | "Three O'Clock" | 3:36 |
| 4. | "Trip" | 3:26 |
| 5. | "Retro Human" | 4:33 |
| 6. | "X" | 4:49 |
| 7. | "Corporate Culture" | 3:55 |
| 8. | "Slag" | 3:38 |
| 9. | "Bloodstains" | 1:38 |
| 10. | "I'm Tired of Life" | 1:55 |
| 11. | "Food Slot" | 4:29 |
| 12. | "The Cage" | 3:52 |
| 13. | "24 Hours" | 4:13 |
| 14. | "Exit Wound" | 2:13 |
| 15. | "Hacker Like Me" | 3:47 |
| 16. | "Soylent Green" | 3:14 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Crimes of the Future* liner notes.

**SMP**

**Additional performers**

**Production and design**

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 2004 | Music Ration Entertainment | CD | MRE101 |

## InfoBox

| Crimes of the Future | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by SMP | |
| Released | April 19, 2004 (2004-04-19) |
| Recorded | Seattle, WA |
| Genre | Industrial rock |
| Length | 56:14 |
| Label | Music Ration Entertainment |
| SMP chronology | |
| *Hacked*
(2002) ***Crimes of the Future***
(2004) *The Treatment*
(2007) | |


title: Creepy Crawlies

abstract: Creepy Crawlies is a stop motion animation series created by Cosgrove Hall Productions. The series consisted of 52 ten-minute episodes, which were broadcast on Children's ITV between 1987 and 1989. All episodes were written by Peter Reeves and directed by Franc Vose and Brian Little; narration and character voices were provided by Paul Nicholas.

text:
# Creepy Crawlies

***Creepy Crawlies*** is a stop motion animation series created by Cosgrove Hall Productions. The series consisted of 52 ten-minute episodes, which were broadcast on Children's ITV between 1987 and 1989. All episodes were written by Peter Reeves and directed by Franc Vose and Brian Little; narration and character voices were provided by Paul Nicholas.

## Overview

The series was based upon the daily goings-on of a group of common minibeasts (small invertebrate creatures such as arthropods, gastropods and worms) that lived at the bottom of a garden around an old sundial.

## Characters

## Home media

The Video Collection and Thames Video released 2 VHS tapes containing 5 episodes each.

| VHS Title | Release Date | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Creepy Crawlies* (TV9944) | 9 February 1987 | The Cold, Lambeth the Conqueror, Storm in a Tea Cup, The Leaving, The Best Day Ever |
| *Creepy Crawlies - Sundial Stories* (TV9970) | 16 November 1987 | The Red Voice, Pleasurabolosities, The Stone Dream, The Art Noise, When the Garden Lost its Grip |

## InfoBox

| *Creepy Crawlies* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Brian Cosgrove and
Mark Hall |
| Starring | Paul Nicholas |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| No. of episodes | 52 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 10 mins |
| Production company | Cosgrove Hall Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV (CITV) |
| Release | 7 January 1987 (1987-01-07)
8 August 1989 (1989-08-08) |


abstract: Creepy Susie and 13 Other Tragic Tales for Troubled Children is a 1999 collection of illustrated short stories written by Angus Oblong. The stories mostly feature children and adolescents, although one story is about a dog. Several of the characters were eventually adapted for use in the animated television series The Oblongs. Contrary to the title, children are not the book's target audience, as the book contains sexual situations, cannibalism and murder.

text:
# Creepy Susie and 13 Other Tragic Tales for Troubled Children

***Creepy Susie and 13 Other Tragic Tales for Troubled Children*** is a 1999 collection of illustrated short stories written by Angus Oblong. The stories mostly feature children and adolescents, although one story is about a dog. Several of the characters were eventually adapted for use in the animated television series *The Oblongs*. Contrary to the title, children are not the book's target audience, as the book contains sexual situations, cannibalism and murder.

## List of stories

* "The Debbies"
* "Stupid Betsy"
* "Waldo & Bean"
* "Little Scooter"
* "Happy Happy Happy Happy Sammy"
* "Milo's Disorder"
* "Creepy Susie"
* "Emily Amputee"
* "Narcoleptic Scottie"
* "Sibling Rivalry..."
* "Rosie's Crazy Mother"
* "Jenny, Jenny, Jenny and Babette, the Siamese Quadruplets"
* "Dick and Muffy"
* "Mary Had a Little Chainsaw"

## *The Oblongs*

*The Oblongs* is a television series based on the characters from this book. Milo from the book becomes Milo Oblong, the de facto main character in the TV series; Creepy Susie and Helga both appear as his friends, while the Debbies appear as snobbish enemies. (Helga, in the series, is obsessed with them, though out of a desire to join them rather than hurt them; however, she does at one point join them as in the book.) Scottie the dog becomes Milo's pet. Many of the other characters do not appear on the show.


title: Cressier, Neuchâtel

abstract: Cressier is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.

text:
# Cressier, Neuchâtel

**Cressier** is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.

## History

Cressier is first mentioned in 1180 as *Crisciaco*.

## Geography

Cressier has an area, as of 2009, of 8.6 square kilometers (3.3 sq mi). Of this area, 2.4 km2 (0.93 sq mi) or 28.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.67 km2 (1.80 sq mi) or 54.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.37 km2 (0.53 sq mi) or 16.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.1 km2 (25 acres) or 1.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.06 km2 (15 acres) or 0.7% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 7.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 4.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.1%. Out of the forested land, 53.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 14.2% is used for growing crops and 7.6% is pastures, while 6.3% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was located in the Neuchâtel district until the district level was eliminated on 1 January 2018. It is at the foot of the Jura Mountains and near the, flood-prone, Thielle river. It consists of the village of Cressier and the hamlet of Frochaux.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Per fess, Or on a pale Gules three Chevrons Argent and Azure a Letter C Argent.*

## Demographics

Cressier has a population (as of December 2020) of 1,892. As of 2008, 28.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 3.4%. It has changed at a rate of 0.4% due to migration and at a rate of 3.6% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (1,537 or 79.9%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (105 or 5.5%) and German is the third (99 or 5.1%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.

As of 2008, the population was 50.3% male and 49.7% female. The population was made up of 676 Swiss men (35.6% of the population) and 279 (14.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 724 Swiss women (38.1%) and 219 (11.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 489 or about 25.4% were born in Cressier and lived there in 2000. There were 467 or 24.3% who were born in the same canton, while 390 or 20.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 512 or 26.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.8%.

As of 2000, there were 790 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 943 married individuals, 110 widows or widowers and 80 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 699 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 178 households that consist of only one person and 52 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 689 apartments (92.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 38 apartments (5.1%) were seasonally occupied and 22 apartments (2.9%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.12%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Heritage sites of national significance

The Former Church of St-Martin and Jeanjaquet Castle and the collection of neolithic and Roman sites at the Ensemble de la Vieille Thielle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Cressier is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 26.22% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (22.2%), the SVP (17.07%) and the LPS Party (11.86%). In the federal election, a total of 505 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.9%.

## Economy

As of  2010, Cressier had an unemployment rate of 5%. As of 2008, there were 33 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 11 businesses involved in this sector. 750 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 14 businesses in this sector. 303 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 37 businesses in this sector. There were 987 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.6% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 983. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 27, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 704 of which 636 or (90.3%) were in manufacturing and 68 (9.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 252. In the tertiary sector; 99 or 39.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 6 or 2.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 13 or 5.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 6 or 2.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 11 or 4.4% were in education and 100 or 39.7% were in health care.

In 2000, there were 685 workers who commuted into the municipality and 604 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.1 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 10% used public transportation to get to work, and 60.6% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 895 or 46.5% were Roman Catholic, while 501 or 26.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 9 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.47% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 80 individuals (or about 4.16% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 39 (or about 2.03% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 343 (or about 17.84% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 89 individuals (or about 4.63% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Cressier about 659 or (34.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 189 or (9.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 189 who completed tertiary schooling, 55.6% were Swiss men, 24.9% were Swiss women, 12.7% were non-Swiss men and 6.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the canton of Neuchâtel most municipalities provide two years of non-mandatory kindergarten, followed by five years of mandatory primary education. The next four years of mandatory secondary education is provided at thirteen larger secondary schools, which many students travel out of their home municipality to attend. During the 2010-11 school year, there were 2.5 kindergarten classes with a total of 44 students in Cressier. In the same year, there were 7 primary classes with a total of 122 students.

As of 2000, there were 18 students in Cressier who came from another municipality, while 150 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Cressier | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Cressier village | |
|  | |
| Location of Cressier | |
| CressierCressier | |
| Coordinates: 47°3′N 7°2′E / 47.050°N 7.033°E / 47.050; 7.033 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Neuchâtel |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.55 km2 (3.30 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 436 m (1,430 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,886 |
| Density | 220/km2 (570/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 2088 |
| SFOS number | 6452 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-NE |
| Surrounded by | Cornaux, Enges, Gals (BE), Le Landeron, Neuchâtel, Saint-Blaise |
| Twin towns | Fegersheim (France) |
| Website | www.cressier-ne.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Cream, Wisconsin

abstract: Cream is an unincorporated community located in the town of Lincoln, in Buffalo County, Wisconsin. Cream is located on Wisconsin Highway 88 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Cochrane.

text:
# Cream, Wisconsin

**Cream** is an unincorporated community located in the town of Lincoln, in Buffalo County, Wisconsin. Cream is located on Wisconsin Highway 88 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Cochrane.

## InfoBox

| Cream, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
|  | |
| CreamCream | |
| Coordinates: 44°18′58″N 91°46′19″W / 44.31611°N 91.77194°W / 44.31611; -91.77194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Buffalo |
| Town | Lincoln |
| Elevation | 233 m (764 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1563518 |


abstract: Wellington and Bligh was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, named after Wellington County and Bligh County, and including Mudgee. There were also separate electoral districts of Wellington (County), covering part of Wellington County, and Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh, including part of Bligh County. In 1859, it was largely replaced by Mudgee.

text:
# Electoral district of Wellington and Bligh

**Wellington and Bligh** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, named after Wellington County and Bligh County, and including Mudgee. There were also separate electoral districts of Wellington (County), covering part of Wellington County, and Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh, including part of Bligh County. In 1859, it was largely replaced by Mudgee.

## Members for Wellington and Bligh

| Member | | Party | Period |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | George Lord | None | 1856–1859 |

## Election results

### 1856

1856 New South Wales colonial election: Wellington and Bligh
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Lord (elected) | | 28 | 100.0 |
| William Buchanan | | 0 | 0.0 |
| Total formal votes | | 28 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turnout | | 28 | 9.5 |

Polling was conducted on 16 April 1856. Sitting Legislative Councillor for this district Charles Wray Finch did not contest the election.

### 1858

1858 New South Wales colonial election: Wellington and Bligh
10 February
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Lord (re-elected) | | unopposed |  |


title: Brian Dawson (folk singer)

abstract: Brian Dawson was a British folk song collector, musician and singer. He was a member of The Meggies, The Redwings, The Higgeldy Piggeldy Band, The Grimsby Morris Men, The Plowgild Folk Dance Group and The Broadside. He was an expert in Lincolnshire dialect, and the Lincolnshire folk song collecting of the Australian composer Percy Grainger. He was friends with folklorist and collector Ethel Rudkin, who inspired his interests in folk song and collecting. He helped in organising the Cleethorpes Folk Festival.

text:
# Brian Dawson (folk singer)

**Brian Dawson** (16 August 1939 – 22 November 2013) was a British folk song collector, musician and singer.

He was a member of The Meggies (founders of The Grimsby Folk Club in the 1960s), The Redwings, The Higgeldy Piggeldy Band, The Grimsby Morris Men, The Plowgild Folk Dance Group and The Broadside (with whom he recorded a number of albums). He was an expert in Lincolnshire dialect, and the Lincolnshire folk song collecting of the Australian composer Percy Grainger. He was friends with folklorist and collector Ethel Rudkin, who inspired his interests in folk song and collecting. He helped in organising the Cleethorpes Folk Festival.

## Death

During a performance at Howsham Village Hall on 9 November 2013 Dawson collapsed with a heart attack. He died on 22 November 2013, aged 74, at Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire.

## Collected songs

The bulk of Dawson's folk song collection has not yet been published. There are a few references in the Roud Index:

As Collector:

As Performer:

## Publications

* *Late Leaves From Lincolnshire*, co-written with Patrick O'Shaghnessy, Lincolnshire And Humberside Arts (1980), ASIN: B0014AXFM0\]
* "The Herring Song", *A Prospect of Lincolnshire* (eds Naomi Field and Andrew White), Lincoln (1984), p. 126

## Discography

* *Songs from the Stocks*, The Broadside, Guildhall, GHS5 (1970)
* *A Collection of Catchpennies*, The Broadside, MJB, BEVLP1242 (1970)
* *Eastern Approaches, The Residents of the Grimsby Folk Song Club*, Guildhall, GHS8 (1973; the Broadside featured on three tracks)
* *The Moon Shone Bright*, The Broadside, (LP, Album) Topic Records (1973)
* *To Drive The Dark Away*, The Broadside, (LP, Album) Guildhall (2), Boston Sound Hunters (1975)
* *Me 'Umble Lot*, Keith Kendrick (CD, Album) Volume One Recordings (1992)


title: Emuruangogolak

abstract: Emuruangogolak is an active shield volcano straddling the Gregory Rift in Kenya, in Eastern Africa. It has a 3.5-by-5.0-kilometre caldera on its summit. The last known eruption was a trachyte flow which occurred in 1910. Steam vents and fumarolic activity continues from fissures within the caldera and along the flanks of the volcano. Several maar lakes exist in the rift valley adjacent to the volcano. The volcano's summit is at an elevation of 1,285 metres (4,216 ft), and its formation is calculated to have been 38,000 years ago.

text:
# Emuruangogolak

**Emuruangogolak** is an active shield volcano straddling the Gregory Rift in Kenya, in Eastern Africa. It has a 3.5-by-5.0-kilometre (2.2 mi × 3.1 mi) caldera on its summit. The last known eruption was a trachyte flow which occurred in 1910. Steam vents and fumarolic activity continues from fissures within the caldera and along the flanks of the volcano. Several maar lakes exist in the rift valley adjacent to the volcano. The volcano's summit is at an elevation of 1,285 metres (4,216 ft), and its formation is calculated to have been 38,000 years ago.

## InfoBox

| Emuruangogolak | |
| --- | --- |
| EmuruangogolakLocation in Kenya | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,285 m (4,216 ft) |
| Coordinates | 1°30′N 36°20′E / 1.50°N 36.33°E / 1.50; 36.33 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Kenya |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Pleistocene to recent |
| Last eruption | 1910 ± 50 years |


title: Pizmonim

abstract: Pizmonim are traditional Jewish songs and melodies sung with the intention of praising God as well as learning certain aspects of traditional religious teachings. They are sung throughout religious rituals and festivities such as prayers, circumcisions, bar mitzvahs, weddings and other ceremonies. Pizmonim are extra-liturgical, as distinct from piyyutim, which are hymns printed in the prayer-book and forming an integral part of the service. Similar songs sung in the synagogue on the Sabbath morning between midnight and dawn are called baqashot.

text:
# Pizmonim

***Pizmonim*** (Hebrew פזמונים, singular *pizmon*) are traditional Jewish songs and melodies sung with the intention of praising God as well as learning certain aspects of traditional religious teachings. They are sung throughout religious rituals and festivities such as prayers, circumcisions, *bar mitzvahs*, weddings and other ceremonies.

*Pizmonim* are extra-liturgical, as distinct from *piyyutim*, which are hymns printed in the prayer-book and forming an integral part of the service. Similar songs sung in the synagogue on the Sabbath morning between midnight and dawn are called *baqashot* (שירת הבקשות).

## Geographical background

*Pizmonim* are traditionally associated with Sephardi Jews, although they are related to Ashkenazi Jews' *zemirot*. The best known tradition is associated with Jews descended from Aleppo, though similar traditions exist among Iraqi Jews (where the songs are known as *shbaḥoth*, praises) and in North African countries. Jews of Greek, Turkish and Balkan origin have songs of the same kind in Ladino, associated with the festivals: these are known as *coplas*.

## History of texts

The texts of many *pizmonim* date back to before the Middle Ages, while others were composed by poets such as Yehuda Halevi and Israel Najara of Gaza after the Spanish Inquisition. Some melodies are quite old, while others may be based on popular Middle Eastern music, with the words composed specially to fit the tune. A prolific composer of *pizmonim* of this last kind was Hakham Rephael Antebi Tabbush (Aleppo 1830-Cairo 1918), who is regarded as the founder of the tradition in its present form. The tradition has since been exported to Syrian Jewish communities in the Americas by his pupils, principally Hakham Moses Ashear in New York. *Pizmonim* are composed for special occasions such as weddings and *bar mitzvahs* by Cantors in the past, as well as the present, by Ezekiel Hai Albeg, H Ezra Mishaniye, Rabbi Raphael Yair Elnadav, and others. Most *pizmonim* are in Hebrew, though a few are in Judaeo-Aramaic or Judaeo-Arabic.

## *Maqamat* (*maqams*)

All *pizmonim* can be classified under different *maqams* (musical modes), of which there are about ten in common use. *Maqam ajam*, which sounds a little like a Western major scale, is the thematic *maqam* that contains many holiday melodies. *Maqam hijaz*, which corresponds to the Phrygian dominant scale, is the thematic *maqam* that contains many sad melodies. *Maqam sikah* (or *sigah*), containing many three-quarter-tone intervals, is used for the cantillation of the Torah. *Maqam saba* is the *maqam* used for circumcisions.

## Origins of tradition

The origin of the tradition could potentially be explained in the context of certain rulings of the *Geonim* discouraging the use of *piyyutim* in core parts of the prayer service. These rulings were taken seriously by the Kabbalistic school of Isaac Luria, and from the sixteenth century on many hymns were eliminated from the service. As the community did not wish to lose these much-loved hymns, the custom grew up of singing them extra-liturgically. Thus, the original core of the *pizmonim* collection consists of hymns from the old Aleppo ritual (published in Venice in 1560) and hymns from the Sephardic service by Yehuda Halevi, Solomon ibn Gabirol and others. A few hymns were also taken from the liturgy of the Romaniotes.

Further *pizmonim* were composed and added to the collection through the centuries. This practice may have arisen out of a Jewish prohibition of singing songs of the non-Jews (due to the secular character and lyrics of the songs). This was true in the case of Arabic songs, whereby Jews were allowed to listen to the songs, but not allowed to sing them with the text. In order to bypass the problem, many composers, throughout the centuries, wrote new lyrics to the songs with the existing melodies, in order not to violate the tradition of not singing non-Jewish songs.

## Liturgical and non-liturgical use

During typical Shabbat and holiday services in the Syrian tradition, the melodies of *pizmonim* are used as settings for some of the prayers, in a system of rotation to ensure that the maqam suits the mood of the holiday or the Torah reading. Each week there is a different *maqam* assigned to the cantor according to the theme of the given Torah portion of the week. A *pizmon* may also be sung in honour of a person called up to the Torah, immediately before or after the reading: usually this is chosen so as to contain some allusion to the person's name or family.

*Pizmonim*, or any melodies, are generally not applied throughout the week during prayer services.

Another occasion for their use is at the gatherings some individuals would hold in their homes on Shabbat afternoons. A gathering of this kind may take the form of an extended kiddush, and is known as a *sebbet* (from the Syrian Arabic for "Saturday").

## The Red book

In 1959, the Syrian community of Brooklyn, New York, acted on the need of compiling their own pizmonim book based on their ancient traditions from Aleppo. Prior to this, there were many older pizmonim books circulating around the community, but they didn't have Hebrew vowels, and were generally difficult for the masses to utilize.

The book, which was published by the Sephardic Heritage Foundation, was started in 1949 by Gabriel Shrem and was completed in 1964. It aimed to include the ancient (Baqashot and Petihot), the old (Israel Najara, Mordechai Abadi, Raphael Tabbush, Moshe Ashear), and the new material (Raphael Yair Elnadav, Ezra Dweck, Gabriel A Shrem, Ezekiel Hai Albeg, Abraham Cohen Saban, Ezra Mishaniye, and other modern Israeli melodies). The book also has innovative features very useful for a cantor, such as a list of maqams to go with the specific perasha, as well as which pieces of Sabbath prayers fit with the melodies of certain pizmonim. In later editions, more songs were added to the book in their appropriate sections.

The classic red pizmonim book mentioned above serves Syrian Jews of Brooklyn as their official canon of pizmonim.

The book is currently in its ninth edition.

## Sephardic Pizmonim Project

The Sephardic Pizmonim Project, is a website dedicated to the scholarship, restoration and preservation of the ancient music of the Sephardic-Syrian Jewish community. The project, founded by David Matouk Betesh, is dedicated to the memory of his great-grandfather, cantor Gabriel A Shrem, a former instructor at Yeshiva University's Cantorial Institute (Philip and Sarah Belz School of Jewish Music), cantor of B'nai Yosef Synagogue and editor-in-chief of the "Shir uShbaha Hallel veZimrah" pizmonim book. The website is also dedicated in honor of cantor Isaac J. Cabasso of Congregation Beth Torah in Brooklyn, New York.

Preludes to the project began in the late 1970s when Shrem started teaching a course at Yeshiva University. As a demonstration tool, Shrem recorded the bulk of the pizmonim for classroom distribution. The collection resulting from these recordings encompassed roughly 65% of the Sephardic pizmonim liturgy. Since 2004 and over the course of about seven years, Isaac J. Cabasso, on behalf of the Sephardic Pizmonim Project, has provided approximately 200 more recordings of pizmonim not recorded by Shrem.

The Sephardic Pizmonim Project organisation re-released all of Shrem's recordings on a large CD collection in September 2004 selling approximately 7,000 CDs. The organisation launched a website in 2006 with the goal of "preserving all \[Middle Eastern Jewish\] liturgical traditions". In the process, cantors throughout the world have contacted the organisation to provide recordings to further enhance the project. The project's website (www.pizmonim.com) contains recordings of the Biblical taamim and the baqashot, together with pizmonim not included in the CD collection. In January 2012, the website, under web designer Sam Franco, received a major facelift to advance the organization into the next decade.

In 2020, the project announced that it had reached the benchmark of only missing 65 melodies of pizmonim from the 'Shir Ushbaha Hallel VeZimrah' pizmonim book. When the project first began, they were missing over 300 pizmonim. The last 65 pizmonim that are still missing will be more difficult to obtain due to the aging population and the general difficulty of those specific pizmonim. In addition to preserving "Red Book" pizmonim, the project also attempts to preserve pizmonim from "Old Shir Ushbaha" (Cohen, 1905, 1921) as well as melodies whose names appear in the weekly Hazzanut notes of H Moses Ashear (1877–1940).

## Further reading

### Books

* Abud, Chaim Shaul, *Sefer Shire Zimrah*,Jerusalem, 1936.
* Abud, Chaim Shaul, *Sefer Shire Zimrah Hashalem im Sefer le-Baqashot le-Shabbat*, Jerusalem, 1953, repr. 1988.
* Antebi Tabbush, Refael Yiṣḥaq, *Shirah Ḥadashah*, Aleppo, 1888.
* Ashear, Moshe, *Hallel Vezimrah*, Jerusalem, 1928.
* Cohen, Refael Ḥayim ("Parsi"), *Shir Ushbaḥah*, Jerusalem, 1905 and 1921.
* Shrem, Gabriel, *Shir Ushbaḥah Hallel Vezimrah*, Sephardic Heritage Foundation, New York, 1964, 1983.
* *Sefer Shirah Ḥadashah Hashalem* (second edition), Zimrat Ha'Aretz Institute, New York, 2002.
* *Shir Ushbaḥah*, Machon Haketab, Jerusalem, 2005.
* *Sefer Pizmonim Hameforash - Od Yosef Ḥai*, 2006/7.

### Secondary literature

* Langer, Ruth, *To Worship God Properly: Tensions Between Liturgical Custom and Halakhah in Judaism*. Hebrew Union College Press, 1998. ISBN 0-87820-421-0
* Shelemay, Kay Kaufman, *Let Jasmine Rain Down: Song and Remembrance among Syrian Jews*. University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0-226-75211-9
* Sutton, David, *Aleppo - City of Scholars*. ArtScroll Publications, 2005. ISBN 1-57819-056-8
* Sutton, Joseph, *Aleppo Chronicles: the Story of the Unique Sepharadeem of the Ancient Near East – in their Own Words*: Brooklyn 1988
* Sutton, Joseph, *Magic Carpet: Aleppo in Flatbush*: Brooklyn 1979
* Kligman, Mark, *Maqam and Liturgy: Ritual, Music and Aesthetics of Syrian Jews in Brooklyn*, Detroit 2009
* "Pizmonim Book Goes Digital", *Community Magazine*, Aleppian Publication Society, November 2004.

* Piyut (in Hebrew), also contains hymns from other traditions.
* Sephardic Pizmonim Project includes samples of pizmonim from Shir Ushbaִhah Hallel Vezimrah Pizmonim book.


title: Chinese Baseball Association

abstract: The Chinese Baseball Association is a national sports organization representing China in the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) and the Baseball Federation of Asia. Founded in 1979, the CBA is headquartered in Beijing and is responsible for the development and promotion of baseball in China. The CBA organizes and oversees the national baseball leagues and teams, including the China National Baseball League (CNBL). It also selects and trains the national baseball team, which competes in international tournaments.

text:
# Chinese Baseball Association

The **Chinese Baseball Association** (Simplified Chinese:中国棒球协会) is a national sports organization representing China in the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) and the Baseball Federation of Asia. Founded in 1979, the CBA is headquartered in Beijing and is responsible for the development and promotion of baseball in China. The CBA organizes and oversees the national baseball leagues and teams, including the China National Baseball League (CNBL). It also selects and trains the national baseball team, which competes in international tournaments.

## History

The Chinese Baseball Association (CBA) is the national governing body for baseball in China. It was founded in 1979 and joined the International Baseball Federation in 1981 and the Baseball Federation of Asia in 1985. The CBA is responsible for organizing and promoting baseball at all levels in China, including national leagues and championships, as well as sending national teams to international competitions.

The CBA has its headquarters in Beijing and is led by a National Council. The CBA also has special committees for coaches, judges, scientific research, and news.

In 2001, the CBA began promoting the professionalization of baseball in China and encouraged the establishment of professional baseball clubs.

## InfoBox

Chinese Baseball Association
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | **CBA** |
| Formation | 1979 |
| Type | Sport governing body |
| Headquarters | China Baseball Association, No. 5 Gymnasium Road, Beijing |
| Membership | Baseball Federation of Asia,<br>International Baseball Federation |
| Website | http://baseball.sport.org.cn/ |


title: Żylicze

abstract: Żylicze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krynki, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Krynki, 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Sokółka, and 41 km (25 mi) east of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Żylicze

**Żylicze** \[ʐɨˈlit͡ʂɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krynki, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Krynki, 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Sokółka, and 41 km (25 mi) east of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Żylicze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Żylicze | |
| Coordinates: 53°11′13″N 23°45′41″E / 53.18694°N 23.76139°E / 53.18694; 23.76139 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Sokółka |
| Gmina | Krynki |


title: Darline Nsoki

abstract: Darline Nsoki is a French basketball player who plays for club Tarbes of the League feminine de basket, the top league of basketball for women in France.

text:
# Darline Nsoki

**Darline Nsoki** (born 9 November 1989 in Clermont-Ferrand, France) is a French basketball player who plays for club Tarbes of the League feminine de basket, the top league of basketball for women in France.

## Career

After a year in Ligue Féminine de Basketball (Women's Basketball League), she returned to Ligue féminine 2 in Toulouse. However, due to a road accident before the start of the championship, her season (6 points and 3.1 rebounds) is truncated, hence the decision to resume in 2013-2014 in Ligue 2 in Strasbourg.

With 11.1 points and 7.6 rebounds in 2014-2015, she extended another season in Alsace.


title: Darling, Chin State

abstract: Darling or Dawlei is a Mara village in Matupi township of Chin State in western part of Myanmar, earlier known as Burma. Locally, the Mara natives called it Dawlei, and its transliteration in Hakha dialect is Darling.

text:
# Darling, Chin State

**Darling or Dawlei** is a Mara village in Matupi township of Chin State in western part of Myanmar, earlier known as Burma. Locally, the Mara natives called it Dawlei, and its transliteration in Hakha dialect is Darling.

## Population

The population of Darling is 650 in 1997.

## People

It is a Mara village and therefore, the people in this village are ethnic Mara people, who forms a distinct ethnic group inhabiting a contiguous 61 villages around this area.

## Education

Darling has Middle School. Though a small village, Darling is known for producing many educated Maras in Myanmar.

## Religion

With the arrival of pioneer missionaries to Mara people, Rev. & Mrs. R.A. Lorrain to Maraland on September 26, 1907, the people of Darling are 100 percent Christians. Majority of them belong to Mara Evangelical Church in Myanmar, founded by the pioneer missionaries. Christianity plays an important role in shaping their lives and especially in the field education, which is vital to the development of the people.

1. Maraland.net - East Maraland by Dr Ngo Cho Le, Jurist Doctor

## InfoBox

| Darling or Dawlei | |
| --- | --- |
| Darling or DawleiLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 22°20′N 93°12′E / 22.333°N 93.200°E / 22.333; 93.200 | |
| Country | Burma |
| State | Chin State |
| District | Mindat District |
| Township | Matupi Township |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.50 sq mi (9.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 6,128 ft (1,867 m) |
| Population (1997) | |
| Total | 650 |
| Density | 190/sq mi (72/km2) |
| Religions | Christian |
| Time zone | UTC+6:30 (MST) |


title: Tanganyika Law Society

abstract: Tanganyika Law Society is the organisation which is part of the bar association of Tanzania Mainland which was founded in 1954 by an act of parliament-the Tanganyika Law Society Ordinance 1954.

text:
# Tanganyika Law Society

**Tanganyika Law Society**  is the organisation which is part of the bar association of Tanzania Mainland which was founded in 1954 by an act of parliament-the Tanganyika Law Society Ordinance 1954.

## InfoBox

Tanganyika Law Society
| Predecessor | \[\]\] |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Professional association |
| Location |  |
| Official language | English |
| President | Boniface Anyisile Kajunjumele Mwabukusi |
| Website | tls.or.tz |


title: Tanganyika (album)

abstract: Tanganyika is an album by multi-instrumentalist and composer Buddy Collette recorded at sessions in late 1956 and released on Johnny Otis' short-lived Dig label.

text:
# Tanganyika (album)

***Tanganyika*** (subtitled ***Modern Afro-American Jazz***) is an album by multi-instrumentalist and composer Buddy Collette recorded at sessions in late 1956 and released on Johnny Otis' short-lived Dig label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars with the review by Scott Yanow stating "The music is mostly group originals (five by Collette) and is an excellent example of cool jazz".

## Track listing

All compositions by Buddy Collette except where noted.

1. "Green Dream" - 4:28
2. "It's You" - 2:27
3. "A Walk on the Veldt" - 3:23
4. "How Long Has This Been Going On?" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 3:14
5. "The Blindfold Test" (John Anderson) - 6:50
6. "Jungle Pogo Stick" - 2:44
7. "Tanganyika" - 4:57
8. "Wagnervous" (Chico Hamilton, Gerald Wiggins) - 4:42
9. "And So Is Love" (Anderson) - 2:43
10. "Coming Back for More" (Johnny Otis) - 6:28

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Tanganyika | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Buddy Collette | |
| Released | 1956 |
| Recorded | October 11, 1956
Capitol Records Studios, Hollywood, CA |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 41:56 |
| Label | Dig J-101 |
| Producer | Sleepy Stein |
| Buddy Collette chronology | |
| ***Tanganyika***
(1956) *Man of Many Parts*
(1957) | |


title: Darrin Govens

abstract: Anthony Darrin Govens is an American-Hungarian professional basketball player for DEAC of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A, the top division in Hungary.

text:
# Darrin Govens

**Anthony Darrin Govens** (born January 5, 1988) is an American-Hungarian professional basketball player for DEAC of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A, the top division in Hungary.

## Early career

Govens was named the Class 4A Pennsylvania Player of the Year in both 2005 and 2006 was a 2006 All-State 1st Team selection by Associated Press, along with teammate Garrett Williamson in high school.

## College career

During his sophomore year in college, he averaged 9.8 points per game. He scored 1,360 points over his four-year career. His career high came against La Salle University when he scored 26 points. He was not drafted in the 2010 NBA D-League Draft, but made the Reno Bighorns roster.

## Professional career

Govens played for Þór Þorlákshöfn in the Úrvalsdeild karla during the 2011–2012 season. He was named the best player of the first half of the season after averaging 25.0 points and 4.3 assists in the first 11 games and leading Þór to a 7–4 record. He was named to the Icelandic All-Star game in January 2012 where he scored 12 points.

He returned to Þór in January 2015, replacing Vee Sanford.

On September 3, 2019, he has signed with Alba Fehérvár of the Hungarian League. Govens averaged 12.4 points, 2.4 rebounds and 3.3 assists per game. On August 17, 2020, he signed with Szedeák.

On July 26, 2021, he has signed with Cholet Basket of the LNB Pro A.

On July 27, 2022, he has signed with Limoges CSP of the LNB Pro A.

On November 10, 2022, he signed with SLUC Nancy Basket of the French Pro A.

## National team career

In 2017, Govens played with the Hungarian national basketball team.

## InfoBox

Darrin Govens
| No. 40  DEAC | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Point guard |
| League | Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1988-01-05) January 5, 1988<br>Chester, Pennsylvania |
| Nationality | American / Hungarian |
| Listed height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Listed weight | 187 lb (85 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Chester (Chester, Pennsylvania) |
| College | Saint Joseph's (2006–2010) |
| NBA draft | 2010: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2010–present |
| Career history | |
| 2010 | Reno Bighorns |
| 2011–2012 | Þór Þorlákshöfn |
| 2012–2013 | Ironi Kiryat Ata |
| 2013–2014 | Ikaros |
| 2014 | Körmend |
| 2015 | Þór Þorlákshöfn |
| 2015–2016 | ZTE |
| 2016–2018 | Falco Szombathely |
| 2018 | Tsmoki-Minsk |
| 2018 | Nizhny Novgorod |
| 2019 | Falco Szombathely |
| 2019–2020 | Alba Fehérvár |
| 2020–2021 | Szedeák |
| 2021–2022 | Cholet Basket |
| 2022 | Limoges CSP |
| 2022–2023 | SLUC Nancy Basket |
| 2023–present | DEAC |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tawula

abstract: Tawula is an historical tables game once popular in Asia Minor and Egypt. It is sometimes called Turkish backgammon in English, however this is misleading as there are fundamental differences; for example, both players move in the same direction in tawula, whereas in Backgammon they move in opposing directions.

text:
# Tawula

**Tawula** is an historical tables game once popular in Asia Minor and Egypt. It is sometimes called **Turkish backgammon** in English, however this is misleading as there are fundamental differences; for example, both players move in the same direction in tawula, whereas in Backgammon they move in opposing directions.

## History

The game is first described in English sources as Turkish backgammon by Falkener in 1892. He played the game in 1845. Very similar descriptions were posted by Murray in 1951 and Bell in 1988.

## Description

Tables games are an ancient family of games, the best known modern example of which is backgammon.

Tawula is quite different from Western backgammon in a number of respects. First, it is a game of parallel movement in which players both move in the same direction. Also the starting layout is quite different with just two pieces on the board. There is no doubling cube, no double games and a special rule about packing men on a point.

## Rules

The following rules are based on Bell (1988) except where stated:

Tawula is a game for two players using a standard tables board with 4 quadrants, 12 points on each side and a pair of dice. There are 15 pieces per player and the aim is to move them around the board anticlockwise to the home table and then be the first to bear off all one's pieces.

Players start with 2 pieces on their opponent's 1 point (the point in the far right hand corner from where they are sitting). These cannot be moved until the remaining men have been entered onto the board nor may there be more than two men on the starting point.

Players throw for the first move and the one with the highest score plays the numbers on the dice thrown. The players then take turns alternately by throwing the two dice and using the score of each one separately either to enter a piece onto the entry table or to advance a piece already on the board. Doublets count double.

Blots may be hit and must be re-entered before a player moves any other piece. If this happens in a player's entry table, a point must be left free to enable re-entry if the right number is thrown.

Players may not double their pieces within their opponent's tables, except on the left hand corner points – sometimes called the *heads* – and on the original starting points.

Bearing off may not begin until all 15 pieces have entered the home table. The first player to bear off all 15 pieces wins the game. There is no double game, however, if a player bears one man off while the opponent still has one piece to be entered or re-entered and the rest in the entry table, the first player wins *capote* i.e. sevenfold.

## Footnotes

1. Bell (1988), pp.28–29.
2. Falkener (1892), pp. 255–256.
3. Murray (1951), p. 116.
4. *Tawula* at bkgm.com. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

## Literature

* Bell, R.C. (1988). *Discovering Backgammon*, 2nd edn. \[1979\] Haverfordwest: Shire.
* Falkener, Edward (1892). *Games Ancient and Oriental, and How to Play Them.* London: Longmans.
* Murray, H.J.R. (1951) *A History of Board-Games other than Chess*. Oxford: OUP.
* Sheehan, Sean and Yong Jui Lin (2014), *Turkey: Third Edition*. NY: Marshall Cavendish.

## InfoBox

Tawulah
| Other names | Turkish backgammon |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | Board game, race game, tables game |
| Players | 2 |
| Movement | parallel |
| Chance | Medium (dice rolling) |
| Skills | Strategy, tactics, counting, probability |


title: Taşhan, Mut

abstract:
Taşhan is a historical caravanserai in Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated in Mut ilçe (district) of Mersin Province to the south of Mut Castle at 36°38′38″N 33°26′09″E.
The caravanserai was constructed in 1723-1725 by an Ottoman mutasarrıf (governor) named Hacı Sunullah Pasha. It is a rectangular-plan caravanserai. After the period of caravans the caravanserai was used as a local bazaar. But for the last 30 years, it was out of commission.
In 2020 Mersin Metropolitan Municipality and Arslan family decided to open the bazaar as a Producer Women’s market. The opening ceremony was held on 26 September 2020. Mersin metropolitan mayor Vahap Seçer as well as Mut mayor Volkan Şeker and the owner of the building were present in the ceremony. The honoured quest was folk musician Musa Eroğlu.

text:
# Taşhan, Mut

**Taşhan** is a historical caravanserai in Mersin Province, Turkey.

It is situated in Mut ilçe (district) of Mersin Province to the south of Mut Castle at 36°38′38″N 33°26′09″E / 36.64389°N 33.43583°E / 36.64389; 33.43583. The caravanserai was constructed in 1723-1725 by an Ottoman mutasarrıf (governor) named Hacı Sunullah Pasha. It is a rectangular-plan caravanserai. After the period of caravans the caravanserai was used as a local bazaar. But for the last 30 years, it was out of commission. In 2020 Mersin Metropolitan Municipality and Arslan family (the owner of building) decided to open the bazaar as a *Producer Women’s market*. The opening ceremony was held on 26 September 2020. Mersin metropolitan mayor Vahap Seçer as well as Mut mayor Volkan Şeker and the owner of the building were present in the ceremony. The honoured quest was folk musician Musa Eroğlu.

## InfoBox

| Taşhan<br>Producer Women’s Market | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Caravanserai |
| Architectural style | Ottoman architecture |
| Location | Mut, Turkey |
| Address | Doğancı mah. Mut, Mersin |
| Coordinates | 36°38′38″N 33°26′09″E / 36.64389°N 33.43583°E / 36.64389; 33.43583. |
| Construction started | 1723 |
| Completed | 1725 |
| Renovated | 2020 |
| Owner | Arslan family |
| Design and construction | |
| Main contractor | Hacı Sunullah Pasha |


title: Dash-and-dot goatfish

abstract: The dash-and-dot goatfish is a species of goatfish native to the Indian and Pacific oceans.

text:
# Dash-and-dot goatfish

The **dash-and-dot goatfish** (***Parupeneus barberinus***) is a species of goatfish native to the Indian and Pacific oceans.

## Description

The dash-and-dot goatfish has the twin chin barbels typical of goatfishes. The body color is white with a black to dark brown stripe (dash) reaching from the upper lip through the eye and along the body, followed by a black spot (dot) at the base of the caudal fin. Above the stripe, the body has a yellowish tint. Dash-and-dot goatfish from deeper water will usually have red stripes and spots. They can reach a maximum length of 60 cm, making them the largest of the family Mullidae.

## Distribution and habitat

The dash-and-dot goatfish is considered one of the most abundant species of *Parupeneus*, and is found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, the east coast of Africa, and the Gulf of Aden to Micronesia and southern Japan to Australia. It is found off reef flats and lagoons on sandy bottoms up to 100 m deep.

## Diet

Dash-and-dot goatfish spend most of their time moving slowly over the bottom searching for prey with their barbels. Their diet includes worms, small crustaceans, and small fish.

## InfoBox

| Dash-and-dot goatfish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Mullidae |
| Genus: | *Parupeneus* |
| Species: | ***P. barberinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parupeneus barberinus***
(Lacépède, 1801) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mullus barberinus* Lacépède, 1801 * *Pseudupeneus barberinus* (Lacépède, 1801) | |