title: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

abstract: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus and one of the two species that cause paracoccidioidomycosis. The fungus has been affiliated with the family Ajellomycetaceae although a sexual state or teleomorph has not yet been found.

text:
# Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

***Paracoccidioides brasiliensis*** is a dimorphic fungus and one of the two species that cause paracoccidioidomycosis (the other being *Paracoccidioides lutzii).* The fungus has been affiliated with the family Ajellomycetaceae (division Ascomycota) although a sexual state or teleomorph has not yet been found.

## History

*Paracoccidioides brasiliensis* was first discovered by Adolfo Lutz in 1908 in Brazil. Although Lutz did not suggest a name for the disease caused by this fungus, he made note of structures he called "pseudococcidica" together with mycelium in cultures grown at 25 °C. In 1912, Alfonse Splendore proposed the name *Zymonema brasiliense* and described the features of the fungus in culture. Finally in 1930, Floriano de Almeida created the genus *Paracoccidioides* to accommodate the species, noting its distinction from *Coccidioides immitis*.

## Physiology

*Paracoccidioides brasiliensis* is a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote with a rigid cell wall and organelles very similar to those of higher eukaryotes. Being a dimorphic fungus, it has the ability to grow an oval yeast-like form at 37 °C and an elongated mycelial form produced at room temperature. The mycelial and yeast phases differ in their morphology, biochemistry, and ultrastructure. The yeast form contains large amounts of α-(1,3)-linked glucan. The chitin content of the mycelial form is greater than that of the yeast form, but the lipid content of both phases is comparable.

The yeast reproduces by asexual budding, where daughter cells are borne asynchronously at multiple, random positions across the cell surface. Buds begin by layers of cell wall increasing in optical density at a point that eventually gives rise to the daughter cell. Once the bud has expanded, a cleavage plane develops between the nascent cell and the mother cell. Following dehiscence, the bud scar disappears. In tissue, budding occurs inside the granulomatous center of the disease lesion, as visualized by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of histologic sections. Nonbudding cells measure 5–15 μm in diameter, whereas those with multiple spherical buds measure from 10–20 μm in diameter. In electron microscopy, cells with multiple buds have been found to have peripherally located nuclei and cytoplasm surrounding a large central vacuole. In the tissue form of *P. brasiliensis*, yeast cells are larger with thinner walls and a narrower bud base than those of the related dimorphic fungus, *Blastomyces dermatitidis*. The yeast-like form of *P. brasiliensis* contains multiple nuclei, a porous two-layered nuclear membrane, and a thick cell wall rich in fibers, whereas the mycelial phase has thinner cell walls with a thin, electron-dense outer layer.

## Dimorphism

The mycelial form of *P. brasiliensis* can be converted to the yeast form *in vitro* by growth on brain heart infusion agar or blood-glucose-cysteine agar when incubated for 10–20 days at 37 °C. Under these conditions, hyphal cells either die or convert to transitional forms measuring 6–30 μm in diameter, which ultimately detach or remain on the hyphal cells, yielding buds. New buds develop mesosomes and become multinucleated. In contrast, yeast-like cultures can be converted to the mycelial form by reducing the incubation temperature from 37 to 25 °C. Initially, nutritional requirements of both the yeast and mycelial phases of *P. brasiliensis* were thought to be identical; however, later studies demonstrated the yeast form to be auxotrophic, requiring exogenous sulfur-containing amino acids including cysteine and methionine for growth.

## Ecology

Although the habitat of *P. brasiliensis* remains unknown, it is commonly associated with soils in which coffee is cultivated. It has also been associated with the nine-banded armadillo, *Dasypus novemcinctus*. The disease caused by *P. brasiliensis* is mostly geographically restricted to Latin American countries such as Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela, with the greatest number of cases seen in Brazil. The endemic areas are characterized by hot, humid summers, dry temperate winters, average annual temperatures between 17 and 23 °C, and annual rainfall between 500 and 800 mm. However, the precise ecology regularities of the fungus remain elusive, and *P. brasiliensis* has rarely been encountered in nature outside the human host. One such rare example of environmental isolation was reported in 1971 by Maria B.de Albornoz and colleagues who isolated *P. brasiliensis* from samples of rural soil collected in Paracotos in the state of Miranda, Venezuela. In *in vitro* studies, the fungus has been shown to grow when inoculated into soil and sterile horse or cow excrement. The mycelial phase has also been shown to survive longer than the yeast phase in acidic soil. Despite a sexual state not having been documented, molecular investigations suggest the existence of recombining populations of *P. brasiliensis*, potentially by means of an undiscovered sexual state.

The existence of a sexual cycle in *P. brasiliensis*, is supported by both molecular and morphological data. A comparative genome analysis with other well-studied fungi demonstrated the presence of sex-related genes in both the yeast and mycelial phases of *P. brasiliensis*. Also crosses of isolates of different mating types led to the formation of young ascocarps (sexual structures) with constricted coiled hyphae related to the initial stage of mating.

## Epidemiology

*Paracoccidioides brasiliensis* causes a disease known as paracoccidioidomycosis characterized by slow, progressive granulomatous changes in the head mucosa, notably the nose and sinuses or the skin. Uncommonly, the disease affects the lymphatic system, the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract, or the skeletal system. Due to the high proportion of cases affecting the oral mucosa, these tissues were originally thought to be the primary route of entry of fungus. However, strong evidence now indicates the respiratory tract is the chief point of entry and *P. brasiliensis* lung lesions occur in nearly a third of progressive cases. The disease is not contagious. Paracoccidioidomycosis is more frequently seen in adult males than females. The hormone estrogen is thought to inhibit the transformation of the mycelial to the yeast form, as supported by *in vitro* experimental data, and this factor may account for the relative resistance of women to infection.

## Detection and surveillance

A number of serologic tests have been employed for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. Double diffusion in agar gel and complement fixation test, are amongst the most commonly used tests in serodiagnosis. Culture extracts of the yeast or mycelia are exploited to produce effective, quick, and reproducible antigens. A study reported detection of 43 kD antigen in pooled sera of affected individuals, which might provide a basis for the development of a diagnostic test. Tests targeting the presence of serum antibodies to *P. brasiliensis* simultaneously detect both active and historical infections and cannot discriminate active infection. The evaluation of populations in endemic zones has shown roughly equal rates of seroconversion between men and women, suggesting equal rates of exposure, despite the strong male predominance shown by the clinical disease.

## Clinical manifestations

*Paracoccidioides brasiliensis* causes mucous membrane ulceration of the mouth and nose with spread through the lymphatic system. A hypothesized portal of entry for the fungus to the body is through the periodontal membrane. The route of infection is assumed to be inhalation following which the infective propagule gives rise to the distinctive multipolar budding yeast forms in the lung resembling a "ship's wheel" seen in histological sections. Both immunologically normal and compromised people are at risk for infection. The lungs, lymph nodes, and mucous membrane of the mouth are the most frequently infected tissues. The pathological features of paracoccidioidomycosis are similar to those seen in coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis. However, in the former, the lesions first appear in the lymphoid tissue and then extend to mucous membranes, producing localized to diffusive tissue necrosis of the lymph nodes. The typically extensive involvement of lymphoid tissue and the limited occurrence of the gastrointestinal tract, bone and prostate set the clinical picture of paracoccidioidomycosis apart from that of blastomycosis.

## InfoBox

| *Paracoccidioides brasiliensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Onygenales |
| Family: | Ajellomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Paracoccidioides* |
| Species: | ***P. brasiliensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paracoccidioides brasiliensis***
(Splend.) F.P.Almeida (1930) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Zymonema brasiliensis*  Splend. (1912)
*Coccidioides brasiliensis*  F.P.Almeida (1929) | |


title: Paracoccus denitrificans

abstract: Paracoccus denitrificans, is a coccoid bacterium known for its nitrate reducing properties, its ability to replicate under conditions of hypergravity and for being a relative of the eukaryotic mitochondrion.

text:
# Paracoccus denitrificans

***Paracoccus denitrificans***, is a coccoid bacterium known for its nitrate reducing properties, its ability to replicate under conditions of hypergravity and for being a relative of the eukaryotic mitochondrion (endosymbiotic theory).

## Description

*Paracoccus denitrificans*, is a gram-negative, coccus, non-motile, denitrifying (nitrate-reducing) bacterium. It is typically a rod-shaped bacterium but assumes spherical shapes during the stationary phase. Like all gram-negative bacteria, it has a double membrane with a cell wall. Formerly known as *Micrococcus denitrificans*, it was first isolated in 1910 by Martinus Beijerinck, a Dutch microbiologist. The bacterium was reclassified in 1969 to *Paracoccus denitrificans* by D.H. Davis. The genome of *P. denitrificans* was sequenced in 2004.

## Ecology and ecological applications

Metabolically *Paracoccus denitrificans* is very flexible and has been recorded in soil in both aerobic or anaerobic environments. The microbe also has the ability to live in many different kinds of media and environments and is known to be an extremophile. The bacteria are able to obtain energy both from organic compounds, such as methanol and methylamine, and from inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen and sulfur. The ability to metabolise compounds of hydrogen and sulfur, such as thiosulfate has led to the microbe being exploited as a model organism for the study of poorly characterized sulfur compound transformations.

The denitrification properties of *Paracoccus denitrificans* are an important cause for the loss of nitrogen fertilisers in agricultural soil. This is possibly due to the chemical process called "denitrification" in which nitrogen is converted to dinitrogen to produce nitric oxide and nitrous oxide which cause damage to the atmosphere. Although the enzymatic mechanisms of this denitrification process are well characterised, the exact molecular controles are yet to be fully described. As such, *Paracoccus denitrificans* has emerged as an important model organism for the characterisation of the complete denitrification process in order to potentially reduce excessive nitrous oxide release from nitrogen fertilised soils.

Metabolically, *Paracoccus denitrificans* is a known chemolithoautotroph \- several strains of the microbe have been isolated that grow chemolithoautotrophically using carbon disulfide or carbonyl sulfide as energy sources. It is not a known human pathogen.

*Paracoccus* is a biochemically versatile genus, possessing a variety of metabolisms through which a wide range of diverse compounds can be degraded. Accordingly, it has the potential for a wide variety of capabilities and applications in bioremediation.

The denitrifying property of *Paracoccus denitrificans* has been used in creating a bioreactor, in this case, a tubular gel containing two bacteria, for the removal of nitrogen from wastewater. Paracoccus denitrificans reduces nitrite to nitrogen gas while *Nitrosomonas europaea* oxidizes ammonia to nitrite, thus fueling the former metabolism. This system simplifies the process of removing nitrogen from wastewater.

Certain strains of the microbe can utilize thiocyanate as an energy source, a capability which could help clean thiocyanate-contaminated wastewater from coke-oven factories. Other strains have been discovered that can degrade halobenzoates under anaerobic denitrifying conditions, and that can degrade sulfonates under anaerobic growth conditions.

Strains of *Paracoccus denitrificans* have been isolated from activated sludge that degrade a variety of methylated amines under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; another strain is chemolithoautotrophically capable of degrading quaternary carbon compounds such as dimethylmalonate under denitrifying conditions.

Some strains are capable of 'aerobic denitrification', the complete dissimilation of nitrate to dinitrogen (or nitrous oxide) under aerobic growth conditions. The microbe also can oxidize ammonia to nitrite while growth on organic energy sources, a process known as 'heterotrophic nitrification'. Coupled to denitrification, heterotrophic nitrification allows for the complete transformation of ammonia to dinitrogen by a single organism.

## Resemblance to mitochondria

Early research indicated that *Paracoccus denitrificans* especially resembled mitochondria. The bacteria encloses within itself the biochemistry of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. While these features are found randomly distributed in other species of aerobic bacteria, to date all of these are only found in *Paracoccus denitrificans*. In addition, a feasible mechanism for the evolution of a eukaryotic mitochondrion, from the plasma membrane of an ancestral aerobic bacterium resembling *P. denitrificans* to the inner mitochondrial membrane, has been suggested. More recent phylogenetic analysis however puts other bacteria more closely related to mitochondria: see Proto-mitochondrion.

## Growth under hypergravity

Recent research carried out on extremophiles in Japan involved a variety of bacteria including *Paracoccus denitrificans* being subject to conditions of extreme gravity. The bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds corresponding to 403,627 times  (the normal acceleration resulting from gravity at the Earth's surface). *Paracoccus denitrificans* displayed not only survival but also robust cellular growth under these conditions of hyper-acceleration which are usually found only in cosmic environments, such as on very massive stars or in the shock waves of supernovas. Analysis showed that the small size of prokaryotic cells is essential for successful growth under hypergravity. The research has implications on the feasibility of the existence of exobacteria and panspermia.

### Further reading

Wikispecies:Paracoccus denitrificans

## InfoBox

| *Paracoccus denitrificans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Rhodobacterales |
| Family: | Paracoccaceae |
| Genus: | *Paracoccus* |
| Species: | ***P. denitrificans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paracoccus denitrificans***<br>Davis, 1969 | |
|


title: Paracoccidioidomycosis

abstract: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), also known as South American blastomycosis, is a fungal infection that can occur as a mouth and skin type, lymphangitic type, multi-organ involvement type, or mixed type. If there are mouth ulcers or skin lesions, the disease is likely to be widespread. There may be no symptoms, or it may present with fever, sepsis, weight loss, large glands, or a large liver and spleen. The cause is fungi in the genus Paracoccidioides, including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii, acquired by breathing in fungal spores. Diagnosis is by sampling of blood, sputum, or skin. The disease can appear similar to tuberculosis, leukaemia, and lymphoma Treatment is with antifungals; itraconazole. For severe disease, treatment is with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as an alternative. It is endemic to Central and South America, and is considered a type of neglected tropical disease. In Brazil, the disease causes around 200 deaths per year.

text:
# Paracoccidioidomycosis

**Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM)**, also known as **South American blastomycosis**, is a fungal infection that can occur as a mouth and skin type, lymphangitic type, multi-organ involvement type (particularly lungs), or mixed type. If there are mouth ulcers or skin lesions, the disease is likely to be widespread. There may be no symptoms, or it may present with fever, sepsis, weight loss, large glands, or a large liver and spleen.

The cause is fungi in the genus *Paracoccidioides*, including *Paracoccidioides brasiliensis* and *Paracoccidioides lutzii*, acquired by breathing in fungal spores.

Diagnosis is by sampling of blood, sputum, or skin. The disease can appear similar to tuberculosis, leukaemia, and lymphoma Treatment is with antifungals; itraconazole. For severe disease, treatment is with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as an alternative.

It is endemic to Central and South America, and is considered a type of neglected tropical disease. In Brazil, the disease causes around 200 deaths per year.

## Signs and symptoms

Asymptomatic lung infection is common, with fewer than 5% of infected individuals developing clinical disease.

It can occur as a mouth and skin type, lymphangitic type, multi-organ involvement type (particularly lungs), or mixed type. If there are mouth ulcers or skin lesions, the disease is likely to be widespread. There may be no symptoms, or it may present with fever, sepsis, weight loss, large glands, or a large liver and spleen.

Two presentations are known, firstly the acute or subacute form, which predominantly affects children and young adults, and the chronic form, predominantly affecting adult men. Most cases are infected before age 20, although symptoms may present many years later.

### Juvenile (acute/subacute) form

The juvenile, acute form is characterised by symptoms, such as fever, weight loss and feeling unwell together with enlarged lymph nodes and enlargement of the liver and spleen. This form is most often disseminated, with symptoms manifesting depending on the organs involved. Skin and mucous membrane lesions are often present, and bone involvement may occur in severe cases. This acute, severe presentation may mimic tuberculosis, lymphoma or leukaemia.

### Adult (chronic) form

The chronic form presents months to years after the initial infection occurs and most frequently presents with dry cough and shortness of breath. Other symptoms include excess salivation, difficulty swallowing, and difficulties with voice control. Upper respiratory tract mucosal lesions may be present, as well as increased mucus production and coughing up blood. Both pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement is common.

Up to 70% of cases have mucosal involvement, with lesions often found in the mouth, oropharynx, larynx, and palate. Classic lesions are superficial painful granular ulcers, with small spots of bleeding.

## Cause

Paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by two species of fungi that can exist as a mold or yeast depending on temperature, *P. brasiliensis* and *P. lutzii*. In protected soil environments, near water sources, that are disturbed either naturally or by human activity, *P. brasiliensis* has been epidemiologically observed (although not isolated). A known animal carrier is the armadillo. In the natural environment, the fungi are found as filamentous structures, and they develop infectious spores known as conidia.

Human to human transmission has never been proven.

## Mechanism

Primary infection, although poorly understood due to lack of data, is thought to occur through inhalation of the conidia through the respiratory tract, after inhaling fungal conidia produced by the mycelial form of *P. brasiliensis*. This occurs predominantly in childhood and young adulthood, after exposure to agricultural activity. Infection may occur through direct skin inoculation, although this is rare.

After inhalation into the alveoli, there is rapid multiplication of the organism in the lung tissue, sometimes spreading via the venous and lymphatic systems. Approximately 2% of people develop clinical features after the initial asymptomatic infection.

The type of immune response determines the clinical manifestation of the infection, with children and HIV co-infected individuals most commonly developing the acute/subacute disseminated disease. Most of those infected develop a Type 1 T-cell (Th1) mediated immune response, resulting in fibrosing alveolitis and compact granuloma formation that control fungal replication, and latent or asymptomatic infection. It then is thought to remain dormant in residual lung lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes. A deficient Th1 cell response results in the severe forms of the disease. In these individuals, granulomas do not form, and the affected person develops Th2 and Th9 responses, resulting in activation of B lymphocytes, high levels of circulating antibodies, eosinophilia, and hypergammaglobulinemia.

Lung involvement subsequently occurs after a dormant phase, manifesting in upper respiratory tract symptoms, and lung infiltrates on imaging. The commonest, chronic form, is almost certainly a reactivation of the disease, and may develop into progressive scarring of the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis).

It can cause disease in those with normal immune function, although immunosuppression increases the aggressiveness of the fungus. It rarely causes disease in fertile-age women, probably due to a protective effect of estradiol.

## Diagnosis

More than 90% of cases can be diagnoses with direct histological examination of tissue, such as sputum, bronchial lavage fluid, exudates and biopsies. Histopathological study with Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain or hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain revealing large yeast cells with translucent cell walls with multiple buds.

In the juvenile form, lung abnormalities are shown in high-resolution CT scans of the lungs, whereas in the chronic form plain X-rays may show interstitial and alveolar infiltrates in the central and lower lung fields.

Culture of *P. brasiliensis* takes between 20 and 30 days, requiring multiple samples and culture media. Initial culture can occur at room temperature, however after growth is noted, confirmation occurs by incubating at to 36-37 degrees to transform the fungus into yeast cells.

Antibody detection is useful both for acute diagnosis and monitoring. Gel immunodiffusion is commonly used in endemic areas, diagnoses 95% of cases with high specificity. Complement fixation allows for a measure of severity of cases by quantifying the antibody level, and is thus useful for monitoring treatment response. It is however only sensitive for 85% of cases, and cross-reacts with *H. capsulatum.*

### Differential diagnosis

The disease can appear similar to tuberculosis, leukaemia, and lymphoma

## Treatment

Both *P. brasiliensis* and *P. lutzii* are in-vitro susceptible to most antifungal agents, unlike other systemic fungal infections. Mild and moderate forms are treated with itraconazole for 9 to 18 months, as this has been shown to be more effective, has a shorter treatment duration and is more tolerated. Acidic beverages have been shown to reduce absorption of itraconazole. Co-trimoxazole is a second line agent, and is preferred for those with brain involvement, and during pregnancy. For severe cases, intravenous treatment with amphotericin B is indicated, for an average of 2 to 4 weeks.Prednisolone prescribed at the same time may reduce inflammation during treatment. Patients should be treated until stabilisation of symptoms, and increase in body weight. Advice in regards to nutritional support, as well as smoking and alcohol intake should be provided. Adrenal insufficiency, if found, is treated with corticosteroids. Clinical criteria for cure includes the absence or healing of lesions, stabilisation of body weight, negative as well as negative autoantibody tests. There is insufficient data to support the benefits of above drugs to treat the disease.

## Epidemiology

Paracoccidioidomycosis is endemic in rural areas of Latin America, from southern Mexico to Argentina, and is also found in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Paraguay. An epidemic outbreak has never been observed. It has the highest prevalence of all systemic mycoses (fungal infections) in the area. As many as 75% of people in endemic areas have been estimated to be infected with the asymptomatic form (up to 10 million people), with 2% developing clinically significant disease. Morbidity and mortality is strongly associated with patient's socioeconomic background, with most adult patients being male agricultural workers. Other risk factors include smoking, alcohol use, HIV co-infection or other immunosuppression. 80% of reported cases are in Brazil, in the southeast, midwest, and south, spreading in the 1990s to the Amazon area. Most of the remaining infections are in Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela. Most epidemiological reports have focused on *P. brasliensis,* with *P. lutzii* epidemiology poorly understood as of 2015.

Rising cases have been linked to agriculturalization and deforestation in Brazil, urbanisation to peripheral city areas with poor infrastructure, as well as increased soil and air humidity. One Brazilian indigenous tribe, the Surui, after changing from subsistence agriculture to coffee farming showed higher infection rates than surrounding tribes.

There have also been reports in non-endemic areas with the rise of eco-tourism, in the United States, Europe and Japan. All reported cases were returned travellers from endemic regions.

## History

Lutz-Splendore-de Almeida disease is named for the physicians Adolfo Lutz, Alfonso Splendore (1871–1953), an Italo-Brazilian parasitologist and Floriano Paulo de Almeida (1898–1977), a Brazilian pathologist specializing in Pathologic Mycology (Study of Infectious Fungi), who first characterized the disease in Brazil in the early 20th century.

## InfoBox

| Paracoccidioidomycosis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | South American blastomycosis, Brazilian blastomycosis, Lutz-Splendore-de Almeida disease, |
|  | |
| Paracoccidioides histopathology | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Fever, sepsis, weight loss, large glands, large liver and spleen, mouth ulcers, skin lesions. |
| Types | Mucocutaneous, lymphatic, multi-organ |
| Causes | *Paracoccidioides brasiliensis* |
| Diagnostic method | Sampling of blood, sputum, or skin |
| Differential diagnosis | Tuberculosis, leukaemia, lymphoma |
| Treatment | Antifungal medication |
| Medication | Itraconazole, amphotericin B, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole |
| Deaths | 200 deaths per year in Brazil |


title: David Bollard

abstract: David Bollard is an Australian classical pianist and teacher.

text:
# David Bollard

**David Bollard** (born 1942) is an Australian classical pianist and teacher.

## Career

David Bollard studied with Béla Síki in 1962, then moved to London in 1964, studying with Ilona Kabos, Louis Kentner and Julius Katchen. After a successful Wigmore Hall debut, BBC broadcasts and concerts in Europe, he moved to Australia in 1970. He was a founding member of the Australia Ensemble, resident at the University of New South Wales, and performed and recorded with them for 19 years (1980-1998). He also toured with visiting artists such as violinists Wanda Wiłkomirska, Edith Peinemann and Dylana Jenson, and singers Rotraud Hansmann, Robert Gard and Beverley Bergen.

From 2000 to 2006, he toured and recorded as a member of Ménage à Trois (with soprano Jane Edwards and tenor David Hamilton), and as a member of the Esperance Trio, resident at the University of Tasmania (with Rachel Bremner and Christian Wojtowicz).

## Teaching

David Bollard was in 1970 a staff member at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, and from 1970 to 1979 was an Artist-in-Residence at the University of Western Australia, where he collaborated with musicians like Alfredo Campoli, André Tchaikowsky, Jane Manning, Rohan de Saram and the Alberni String Quartet. He was Head of Keyboard Studies at Monash University in 2002, and in 2006 became adjunct professor at the University of Tasmania.

## Discography

His recordings are mostly on the ABC Classics, Festival, Vox Australis, Entracte, Tall Poppies and Move labels. They include:

## Writings

An editorial collaboration with Philippa Paige for Currency Press earned a Sounds Australian award for best publication of the year. He writes regular reviews and articles for Music Forum magazine and other publications in Australia and overseas.

## InfoBox

| David Bollard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1942<br>Wellington, New Zealand |
| Occupation(s) | Classical pianist and academic teacher |


title: Davachi (Shotorban)

abstract: Davachi is an old and historical district in North of Tabriz. Davachi district is limited to Eynali mountain and Sırxab district in North and east, Meydan Chayi in South and Amirkhiz district in west. Davachi used to have several caravansary, old houses and traditional baths, many of which have been destroyed.

text:
# Davachi (Shotorban)

**Davachi** (Azerbaijani: Dəvəçi, Persian: دَوه‌چی, which literally translated into شتربان in Persian) is an old and historical district in North of Tabriz. Davachi district is limited to Eynali mountain and Sırxab district in North and east, Meydan Chayi in South and Amirkhiz district in west. Davachi used to have several caravansary, old houses and traditional baths, many of which have been destroyed.

* ذوقی، فریبرز و نیکنام لاله، ایوب. تبریز در گذر تاریخ. چاپ اول. تبریز: انتشارات یاران، ۱۳۷۴.

38°06′28″N 46°17′38″E / 38.1077°N 46.2940°E / 38.1077; 46.2940


title: Davacaridae

abstract: Davacaridae is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata.

text:
# Davacaridae

**Davacaridae** is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata.

## Species

Davacaridae contains one genus, with one recognized species:

## InfoBox

| Davacaridae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | **Davacaridae**<br>Kethley, 1977 |
|


title: Paragraph 182

abstract: Paragraph 182 is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Ernst Winar and starring Colette Brettel, Gerhard Ritterband and Eva Speyer. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mathieu Oostermann.

text:
# Paragraph 182

***Paragraph 182*** (German:***§ 182 minderjährig***) is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Ernst Winar and starring Colette Brettel, Gerhard Ritterband and Eva Speyer.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Mathieu Oostermann.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Grange, William. *Cultural Chronicle of the Weimar Republic*. Scarecrow Press, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Paragraph 182 | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Ernst Winar |
| Written by | Alexander Bela |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Otto Tober |
| Production
company | Filmproduktion Loew & Co. |
| Release date | * 1 November 1927 (1927-11-01) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: Paragrallator

abstract: Paragrallator is an ichnogenus of dinosaur footprint. Its ichnospecies have been found in China and Lesotho.

text:
# Paragrallator

***Paragrallator*** is an ichnogenus of dinosaur footprint. Its ichnospecies have been found in China and Lesotho.

## InfoBox

| *Paragrallator* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Trace fossil classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Theropoda |
| Ichnofamily: | Grallatoridae |
| Ichnogenus: | *Paragrallator*<br>Li & Zhang, 2000 |
|
| Ichnospecies | |
| * *Paragrallator matsiengensis* (Ellenberger, 1970) * *Paragrallator yangi* Li & Zhang, 2000 | |


title: David J. Sencer CDC Museum

abstract: The David J. Sencer CDC Museum, often referred to as the CDC Museum, is a museum about the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention located in Atlanta, Georgia. The museum is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.

text:
# David J. Sencer CDC Museum

The **David J. Sencer CDC Museum**, often referred to as the **CDC Museum**, is a museum about the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention located in Atlanta, Georgia. The museum is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.

## Mission

> The CDC Museum’s mission is to educate visitors about the value of prevention–based public health, while collecting, preserving, and presenting CDC’s rich heritage and vast accomplishments through engaging museum exhibitions, dynamic educational programming, and web archives.
>
> U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

## History

The museum was founded in 1996 as the **Global Health Odyssey Museum**. This was done during the 50th anniversary of the CDC and coincided with the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. In 2011, the museum was renamed the David J. Sencer CDC Museum. This was done in honor of David Sencer, an American public health official who was the longest serving director of the CDC.

In 2020 and 2021, the museum was temporarily closed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The museum has free admission and is open year-round. The museum receives approximately 90,000 visitors annually.

Exhibitions at the museum include public health topics and the history of the CDC. The museum is a Smithsonian Affiliate Museum.

## Further reading

33°47′57″N 84°19′47″W / 33.79917°N 84.32972°W / 33.79917; -84.32972

## InfoBox

David J. Sencer CDC Museum
| The exterior of the David J. Sencer CDC Museum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former name | Global Health Odyssey Museum |
| Established | 1996 |
| Location | Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Visitors | 90,000 |
| Website | https://www.cdc.gov/museum/ |


title: David Elliot Cohen

abstract: David Elliot Cohen is an American author and editor who has, over a 30-year span, created more than 70 photography books. He is probably best known for the best-selling Day in the Life and America 24/7 series of photography books that he co-created with Rick Smolan. Cohen created four New York Times bestsellers: A Day in the Life of America (1986), A Day in the Life of the Soviet Union (1987), Christmas in America (1988), and America 24/7 (2003). His 2009 book, Obama: The Historic Front Pages was a USA Today and Wall Street Journal bestseller. His 2008 book, What Matters combined photo-reportage about essential issues of our time with essays by prominent commentators including Samantha Power, Jeffrey Sachs and Bill McKibben. The Chicago Tribune called the book, "Powerful and passionate." He also wrote a travelogue, One Year Off (1999), which chronicles a rambling 16-month trip around the world by land, air, and sea with his three children, Kara, William, and Lucas. The San Francisco Chronicle called the book "honest, reflective, and often uproariously funny,". The New York Times was less flattering, calling it, "a book that proves it is also possible to go almost everywhere and learn almost nothing." Cohen wrote a second travelogue in 2016, entitled The Wrong Dog. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said “Despite the adorable puppy portrait on the cover, the book is more than the story of Simba and the cross-country road trip. It’s a beautifully written memoir... funny, sweet, and sad.” In 2018 The Wrong Dog won an International Book Award, a National Indie Excellence Award and an Independent Press Award, all in the animal and pet books category. Cohen was born in Buffalo, New York, grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania. He lived in Manhattan for ten years before moving to Marin County, California. He returned to Manhattan in 2014. He graduated from Yale University in 1977 with a degree in English literature. His honors include a National Jewish Book Award, the American Jewish Committee's humanitarian award, a Catholic Press Association Award and a silver medal from the king of Spain for the promotion of Spanish tourism. He currently serves on the board of the International Center for Journalists.

text:
# David Elliot Cohen

**David Elliot Cohen** is an American author and editor who has, over a 30-year span, created more than 70 photography books. He is probably best known for the best-selling *Day in the Life* and *America 24/7* series of photography books that he co-created with Rick Smolan.

Cohen created four *New York Times* bestsellers: *A Day in the Life of America* (1986), *A Day in the Life of the Soviet Union* (1987), *Christmas in America* (1988), and *America 24/7* (2003). His 2009 book, *Obama: The Historic Front Pages* was a *USA Today* and *Wall Street Journal* bestseller. His 2008 book, *What Matters* combined photo-reportage about essential issues of our time with essays by prominent commentators including Samantha Power, Jeffrey Sachs and Bill McKibben. The *Chicago Tribune* called the book, "Powerful and passionate."

He also wrote a travelogue, *One Year Off* (1999), which chronicles a rambling 16-month trip around the world by land, air, and sea with his three children, Kara, William, and Lucas. The *San Francisco Chronicle* called the book "honest, reflective, and often uproariously funny,". *The New York Times* was less flattering, calling it, "a book that proves it is also possible to go almost everywhere and learn almost nothing."

Cohen wrote a second travelogue in 2016, entitled *The Wrong Dog*. The *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette* said “Despite the adorable puppy portrait on the cover, the book is more than the story of Simba and the cross-country road trip. It’s a beautifully written memoir... funny, sweet, and sad.” In 2018 *The Wrong Dog* won an International Book Award, a National Indie Excellence Award and an Independent Press Award, all in the animal and pet books category.

Cohen was born in Buffalo, New York, grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania. He lived in Manhattan for ten years before moving to Marin County, California. He returned to Manhattan in 2014. He graduated from Yale University in 1977 with a degree in English literature. His honors include a National Jewish Book Award, the American Jewish Committee's humanitarian award, a Catholic Press Association Award and a silver medal from the king of Spain for the promotion of Spanish tourism. He currently serves on the board of the International Center for Journalists.

## Major works

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (1983). *A Day in the Life of Hawaii*. Workman Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89480-760-2.

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (1984). *A Day in the Life of Canada*. Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-217380-3.

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (1985). *A Day in the Life of Japan*. Collins Pub San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-00-217580-7.

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (1986). *A Day in the Life of America*. Collins Pub San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-00-255332-2.

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (1987). *A Day in the Life of The Soviet Union*. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0-00-217969-0.

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (1988). *A Day in the Life of Spain*. Collins Pub San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-00-217967-6.

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (1988). *A Day in the Life of California*. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0-00-215162-7.

Cohen, David Elliot (1988). *Christmas in America*. Collins Pub San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-00-217968-3.

Cohen, David Elliot (1989). *The Jews in America*. HarperAudio. ISBN 978-0-00-215323-2.

Cohen, David Elliot (1989). *A Day in the Life of China*. Collins Pub San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-00-215321-8.

Cohen, David Elliot (1991). *The Circle of Life*. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-250244-5.

Cohen, David Elliot (1992). *America Then and Now*. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0-06-250176-9.

Cohen, David Elliot; Charles M. Collins (1993). *The African Americans*. Viking Studio. ISBN 978-0-14-024918-7.

Cohen, David Elliot; Lee Liberman (1994). *A Day in the Life of Israel*. Diane Books Publishing Company (Originally Collins Pub San Francisco). ISBN 978-0-7881-5162-0.

Cohen, David Elliot; Susan Wels (1995). *A Day in the Life of Thailand*. Collins Pub San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-00-255481-7.

Cohen, David Elliot (1999). *One Year Off*. Travelers' Tales (Originally Simon & Schuster). ISBN 978-1-885211-65-1.

Cohen, David Elliot; Rick Smolan (2003). *America 24/7*. DK ADULT. ISBN 978-0-7894-9975-2.

Cohen, David Elliot (2008). *What Matters: the world's preeminent photojournalists and thinkers depict essential issues of our time*. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-5834-8.

Cohen, David Elliot; Mark Greenberg (2009). *Obama: The Historic Front Pages*. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-6902-3.

Cohen, David Elliot (2009). *Nelson Mandela: A Life in Photographs*. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-7707-3.

Cohen, David Elliot (2012). *The Clintons: Their Story in Photographs*. Sterling. ISBN 978-1402787881.

Cohen, David Elliot (2016). *The Wrong Dog*. Yellow Pear Press. ISBN 978-0997066418.

## Pro bono works

Cohen, David Elliot; Tides Foundation; Doug Menuez; Ron Grant Tussy (1989). *15 Seconds*. Island Press. ISBN 978-0-9718021-0-0.

Cohen, David Elliot (1995). *Requiem for the Heartland*. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0-00-649203-0.

Cohen, David Elliot (2002). *A Day in the Life of Africa*. Tides Foundation. ISBN 978-1-55963-038-2.

## InfoBox

| David Elliot Cohen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1955<br>Buffalo, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Author, editor |
| Notable work | *A Day in the Life* photography book series |


title: Paramatachia

abstract: Paramatachia is a genus of Australian intertidal spiders that was first described by R. de Dalmas in 1918.

text:
# Paramatachia

***Paramatachia*** is a genus of Australian intertidal spiders that was first described by R. de Dalmas in 1918.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains five species:

## InfoBox

| *Paramatachia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Desidae |
| Genus: | *Paramatachia*
Dalmas, 1918 |
|
| Type species | |
| *P. decorata*
Dalmas, 1918 | |
| Species | |
| 5, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neomatachia* Hickman, 1950 | |


title: David Giffin

abstract: David Giffin is a former vice-captain of the Wallabies in rugby union, where he played in the lock position. Queensland-born, he played most of his professional career with the ACT Brumbies in what was then the Super 12. At that level, he earned 81 caps – earning a further 49 at international level. At the height of his game he was considered to be the leading exponent of lineouts in world rugby. Giffin was a member of the Wallabies 1999 Rugby World Cup-winning squad, where he started in the final. He was also a part of the 2003 Rugby World Cup final where the Wallabies finished runner-up. Giffin attended Redeemer Lutheran College during his secondary education in Brisbane and remains close to the rugby union community there, having often spoken to the 1st XV at the outset of their seasons. From school Giffin moved to the Sunnybank Rugby Union Club where he was elevated to A Grade at the end of his second Colts season. After three games with the Queensland Reds he joined the Brumbies for their inaugural season in 1996. He played for the Brumbies between 1996 and 2004, and despite residing in Sydney is considered a Canberra local. He was awarded the keys to the city following scoring the winning try in the 2001 Super 12 final.

text:
# David Giffin

**David Giffin** (born 6 November 1973) is a former vice-captain of the Wallabies in rugby union, where he played in the lock position. Queensland-born, he played most of his professional career with the ACT Brumbies in what was then the Super 12. At that level, he earned 81 caps – earning a further 49 at international level. At the height of his game he was considered to be the leading exponent of lineouts in world rugby. Giffin was a member of the Wallabies 1999 Rugby World Cup-winning squad, where he started in the final. He was also a part of the 2003 Rugby World Cup final where the Wallabies finished runner-up.

Giffin attended Redeemer Lutheran College during his secondary education in Brisbane and remains close to the rugby union community there, having often spoken to the 1st XV at the outset of their seasons. From school Giffin moved to the Sunnybank Rugby Union Club where he was elevated to A Grade at the end of his second Colts season.

After three games with the Queensland Reds he joined the Brumbies for their inaugural season in 1996. He played for the Brumbies between 1996 and 2004, and despite residing in Sydney is considered a Canberra local. He was awarded the keys to the city following scoring the winning try in the 2001 Super 12 final.

## InfoBox

David Giffin
| Date of birth | (1973-11-06) 6 November 1973 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Brisbane, Australia |
| Height | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) |
| Weight | 242 lb (110 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Lock  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  ? Reds  3  ()  1996-2004 Brumbies  81  ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1996-2003 Australia  50  (0) | |


title: David Coates (footballer)

abstract: David Plews Coates is an English former professional footballer who played for Hull City (1956–60), Mansfield Town (1960–64) and Notts County (1964–67) where he moved on to the coaching staff on retirement as a player. He later coached at Aston Villa, Leicester City, Luton Town and Stoke City. He then moved into scouting, becoming chief scout at Oxford United before performing the same role at Stoke, Plymouth Argyle, Sunderland and Bolton Wanderers. He has also assisted with scouting for Preston North End, Leeds United, Portsmouth, Middlesbrough and Newcastle United. Coates is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) in height and played at inside forward or wing half.

text:
# David Coates (footballer)

**David Plews Coates** (born 11 April 1935 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is an English former professional footballer who played for Hull City (1956–60), Mansfield Town (1960–64) and Notts County (1964–67) where he moved on to the coaching staff on retirement as a player. He later coached at Aston Villa, Leicester City, Luton Town and Stoke City. He then moved into scouting, becoming chief scout at Oxford United before performing the same role at Stoke, Plymouth Argyle, Sunderland and Bolton Wanderers. He has also assisted with scouting for Preston North End, Leeds United, Portsmouth, Middlesbrough and Newcastle United.

Coates is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) in height and played at inside forward or wing half.


title: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 257

abstract: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 257 is a fragment of a census return, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It is dated to the year 94-95. The owner of the fragment and the place of its current housing is unknown.

text:
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 257

**Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 257** (**P. Oxy. 257** or **P. Oxy. II 257**) is a fragment of a census return, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It is dated to the year 94-95. The owner of the fragment and the place of its current housing is unknown.

## Description

The document was written by an unknown author to the officials. The measurements of the fragment are 150 by 68 mm. The text is written in an uncial hand.

It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1899.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: B. P. Grenfell; A. S. Hunt (1899). *Oxyrhynchus Papyri II*. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.


title: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 256

abstract: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 256 is a fragment of a census return, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It is dated to the year 34. Currently it is housed in the Union Theological Seminary in New York City.

text:
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 256

**Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 256** (**P. Oxy. 256** or **P. Oxy. II 256**) is a fragment of a census return, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It is dated to the year 34. Currently it is housed in the Union Theological Seminary (Rare Book Library) in New York City.

## Description

The document was written by three women to the strategus.

The date of papyrus is lost, but it is estimated to about 34 AD.

The measurements of the fragment are 150 by 68 mm. The text is written in an uncial hand.

It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1899.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: B. P. Grenfell; A. S. Hunt (1899). *Oxyrhynchus Papyri II*. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.


title: Paralana

abstract: Paralana is a genus of mites in the family Diarthrophallidae.

text:
# Paralana

***Paralana*** is a genus of mites in the family Diarthrophallidae.

## InfoBox

| *Paralana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Diarthrophallidae |
| Genus: | *Paralana*<br>Schuster & Summers, 1978 |
|


title: Paraserixia flava

abstract: Paraserixia flava is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1965. It is known from India.

text:
# Paraserixia flava

***Paraserixia flava*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1965. It is known from India.

## InfoBox

| *Paraserixia flava* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Paraserixia*** |
| Species: | ***P. flava*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paraserixia flava***<br>Breuning, 1965 | |
|


title: Paolo Galluzzi

abstract: Paolo Galluzzi is an Italian historian of science.

text:
# Paolo Galluzzi

**Paolo Galluzzi** (born 1942, Florence, Italy) is an Italian historian of science.

## Biography

He has been director of the Museo Galileo – Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza in Florence, Italy since 1982. He held the chair of History of Science at the University of Siena from 1979 to 1994, then at the University of Florence from 1994 to 2010. He was editor-in-chief of Nuncius, an international journal for the history of science, from 1991 until 2007. He presently sits on the scientific boards of important journals and cultural institutions in Italy and abroad. He was assigned chairman of the International Scientific Committee by the Nobel Foundation to create the Nobel Museum in Stockholm. He currently chairs the Advisory Boards of the National Edition of Leonardo da Vinci’s Manuscripts and Drawings and of the Updates to the National Edition of Galileo Galilei’s Work. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society and the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. His research is focused on the following topics: Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance scientists and engineers, Galileo and his School, European scientific academies, history of scientific instruments, museums and scientific collecting, historiography of science, and the history of scientific research in post-Unification Italy. He has also developed many plans for research organization and dissemination of scientific culture. He conceived a number of historical scientific exhibitions which have been displayed in Italy and abroad, as well as information systems and multimedia on the history of science and technology.

## Works

He is the author of many works on the topics dealt with in his research. Among the most recently published books: *Tra atomi e indivisibili. La materia ambigua di Galileo*, Firenze, Olschki, 2011, ISBN 9788822260888, and *«Libertà di filosofare in naturalibus». I mondi paralleli di Cesi e Galileo*, Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2014, ISBN 9788821810923. He was director of the *Storia della Scienza* published by Einaudi and of the “Biblioteca della Scienza Italiana” series. He also edited the catalogues of the exhibitions he conceived.

## Footnotes

* Museo Galileo \- Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Florence, Italy)


title: Paralepistopsis

abstract: Paralepistopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae.

text:
# Paralepistopsis

***Paralepistopsis*** is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae.

## Taxonomy

The *Paralepistopsis* genus was created in 2012 by the Italian mycologist Alfredo Vizzini to better classify two rare toxic species formerly located in the *Clitocybe* genus.

*Clitocybe amoenolens* found in Morocco and parts of South Europe and C. acromelalga from Asia were noted to have habits more similar to *Paralepista flaccida* (formerly *Lepista flaccida*) than to other *Clitocybe* species. Additionally the pileipellis and microscopic details of these species were distinct from others in the *Clitocybe* genus and related genera. Genetic sequencing placed these species close to *Cleistocybe* and *Catathelasma* genera.

The most important distinction for mushroom hunters however is the presence of toxic acromelic acids in these species which can present dangers when foraging for similar looking edible species in these locations. Acromelic acid A is a potent neurotoxin with a chemical formula of C13H14N2O7 which is associated with causing paralysis and seizures

The type species, *Paralepistopsis amoenolens* was previously classified as *Clitocybe amoenolens* and is commonly known as the **paralysis funnel** due to the harmful effects caused by consuming it.

## Etymology

This genus name is in reference to its resemblance to *Paralepista* species.

## Species

As of July 2022, Index Fungorum accepted 2 species of *Paralepistopsis*.

## InfoBox

| *Paralepistopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Tricholomataceae |
| Genus: | ***Paralepistopsis***
Vizzini (2012) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Paralepistopsis amoenolens*
(Malençon) Vizzini (2012) | |


title: Par stability determinant

abstract: The par stability determinant is a 400 bp locus of the pAD1 plasmid which encodes a type I toxin-antitoxin system in Enterococcus faecalis. It was the first such plasmid addiction module to be found in gram-positive bacteria. The par locus contains two genes: fst which encodes a 33-amino acid toxic protein and a gene for RNAII, the small RNA anti-toxin which inhibits fst translation. The two genes are found on opposite DNA strands and share a 5' region which is where they are thought to have an antisense interaction. Their RNA secondary structures have been predicted computationally, the complementary regions appear to be presented on exposed loops for interaction. par maintains pAD1 by means of post-segregational killing (PSK). If a daughter cell does not inherit the par locus, the unstable RNAII will quickly degrade leaving the long-lived fst toxin to damage or kill the daughter cell.

text:
# Par stability determinant

| Fst Type I toxin-antitoxin system | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | Fst\_toxin |
| Pfam | PF13955 |
| TCDB | 1.C.64 |
| OPM superfamily | 225 |
| OPM protein | 2kv5 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

The ***par* stability determinant** is a 400 bp locus of the pAD1 plasmid which encodes a type I toxin-antitoxin system in *Enterococcus faecalis*. It was the first such plasmid addiction module to be found in gram-positive bacteria.

The *par* locus contains two genes: *fst* which encodes a 33-amino acid toxic protein and a gene for RNAII, the small RNA anti-toxin which inhibits fst translation. The two genes are found on opposite DNA strands and share a 5' region which is where they are thought to have an antisense interaction. Their RNA secondary structures have been predicted computationally, the complementary regions appear to be presented on exposed loops for interaction.

*par* maintains pAD1 by means of post-segregational killing (PSK). If a daughter cell does not inherit the *par* locus, the unstable RNAII will quickly degrade leaving the long-lived fst toxin to damage or kill the daughter cell.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| FstAT | |
| --- | --- |
| Secondary structure of FstAT | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | fstAT |
| Rfam | RF01797 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; antitoxin |
| Domain(s) | *Enterococcus faecalis* |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Par yield

abstract: In finance, par yield is the yield on a fixed income security assuming that its market price is equal to par value. Par yield is used to derive the U.S. Treasury’s daily official “Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates”, which are used by investors to price debt securities traded in public markets, and by lenders to set interest rates on many other types of debt, including bank loans and mortgages.

text:
# Par yield

In finance, **par yield** (or par value yield) is the yield on a fixed income security assuming that its market price is equal to par value (also known as face value or nominal value). Par yield is used to derive the U.S. Treasury’s daily official “Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates”, which are used by investors to price debt securities traded in public markets, and by lenders to set interest rates on many other types of debt, including bank loans and mortgages.

## Compared to yield to maturity

Par yields are used to address a problem known as the "coupon effect." As finance scholars Martellini, Priaulet and Priaulet and others have pointed out, two bonds with the exact same maturity date but different coupon rates will not necessarily have the same yield to maturity. This disparity is due to differing coupon cash flow streams over the life of the two bonds, even when the maturity date and coupon payment dates are exactly the same. Finance scholar Frank J. Fabozzi has stated that because of the coupon effect, a yield-to-maturity yield curve should not be used to value bonds. Par yield analysis is useful because it avoids the coupon effect, since a bond trading at par has a coupon yield equal to its yield to maturity, according to Martinelli et al.

## Calculation of par yield

Par yield is based on the assumption that the security in question has a price equal to par value. When the price is assumed to be par value ($100 in the equation below) and the coupon stream and maturity date are already known, the equation below can be solved for par yield.

$\frac {100c}{1+R(0,1)}+{\frac {100c}{(1+R(0,2))^{2}+\cdots +{\frac {100+100c}{(1+R(0,n))^{n}=100.}}}}$

This can be more succinctly expressed with the prices of zero coupon bonds:

$c={\frac {1-P\_{n}{\sum \_{k=1}^{n}P\_{k}}}}$

Here $R(0,n)$ denotes the yield (on annual interest rate basis) of an $n$-year zero-coupon bond (ZCB), and $P\_{n}$ denotes the price of an $n$-year ZCB.

## U.S. Treasury par yield curve rates

In the United States, the Department of the Treasury publishes official “Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates” on a daily basis. According to Fabozzi, the Treasury yield curve is used by investors to price debt securities traded in public markets, and by lenders to set interest rates on many other types of debt, including bank loans and mortgages.

## Other uses

Par yield is also used to design fixed income securities and interest swaps.


title: Pincolini Hotel

abstract: The Pincolini Hotel, at 214 Lake St. in Reno, Nevada was a historic hotel that was built in 1922 and expanded in 1925 and 1930. Also known as the Mizpah Hotel, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The building was destroyed by a fire on October 31, 2006. Twelve persons perished in the fire, per a historic marker at the site.

text:
# Pincolini Hotel

The **Pincolini Hotel**, at 214 Lake St. in Reno, Nevada was a historic hotel that was built in 1922 and expanded in 1925 and 1930. Also known as the **Mizpah Hotel**, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

The building was destroyed by a fire on October 31, 2006. Twelve persons perished in the fire, per a historic marker at the site.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pincolini Hotel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The hotel c.1984 | |
|  | |
| Location | 214 Lake St., Reno, Nevada |
| Coordinates | 39°32′11″N 119°48′35″W / 39.53639°N 119.80972°W / 39.53639; -119.80972 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1922; 1925; 1930 |
| Built by | Ward Brothers |
| NRHP reference No. | 84000086 |
| Added to NRHP | October 11, 1984 |


title: JsPHP

abstract: JsPHP is a cross-browser JavaScript library designed to make the PHP application programming interface (API) available in JavaScript environments. It was started by Kevin van Zonneveld as php.js and released as an open-source project in 2008. In late 2011 John Elliot forked the php.js project to JsPHP and released a web-based collaborative integrated development environment (IDE) at www.jsphp.com in an effort to rejuvenate and breathe new life into the project, and as an excuse to develop a content management system (CMS) with features for software developers, such as unit testing and benchmarking. JsPHP is free, open source software, dual-licensed under the MIT License or the GNU General Public License, Version 2. JsPHP is designed to provide a familiar and powerful programming interface for JavaScript programmers with a background in, or integrating with, PHP. JsPHP is a useful supplement to other JavaScript libraries and can be used in Ajax applications and dynamic web pages and web applications.

text:
# JsPHP

**JsPHP** is a cross-browser JavaScript library designed to make the PHP application programming interface (API) available in JavaScript environments. It was started by Kevin van Zonneveld as php.js and released as an open-source project in 2008. In late 2011 John Elliot forked the php.js project to JsPHP and released a web-based collaborative integrated development environment (IDE) at www.jsphp.com in an effort to rejuvenate and breathe new life into the project, and as an excuse to develop a content management system (CMS) with features for software developers, such as unit testing and benchmarking.

JsPHP is free, open source software, dual-licensed under the MIT License or the GNU General Public License, Version 2. JsPHP is designed to provide a familiar and powerful programming interface for JavaScript programmers with a background in, or integrating with, PHP. JsPHP is a useful supplement to other JavaScript libraries and can be used in Ajax applications and dynamic web pages and web applications.

## Etymology

The 'js' in JsPHP is short for JavaScript and the 'PHP' stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. As with many software projects the name JsPHP was taken because a domain name, www.jsphp.com, was available; and the name is otherwise concise and descriptive.

## Features

JsPHP has support for the vast majority of the PHP API, including functions for array, math, class/object manipulation, date and time, error handling and logging, filesystem, function handling, JSON, regular expressions, streams, strings, tokenization, URLs and XML.

## Including the library

The JsPHP library is only available in custom packages. This means a software developer selects the functions they need and a JsPHP library file is compiled with the selected functions and their dependencies. Functions are also available for individual download. Downloads can be in one of two classes, either "production code" (which has been specifically flagged as fit for release) and "development code" (which is the latest available code in the repository).

## Developing at www.jsphp.com

The JsPHP library is developed at www.jsphp.com, which provides a CMS and IDE for development and testing of the software. Of particular note are the built-in code editing, unit testing and benchmarking facilities. The unit testing facility is built on the QUnit library, part of the jQuery project.

## InfoBox

JsPHP
|
|  |
| Original author(s) | Kevin van Zonneveld |
| Developer(s) | International community |
| Initial release | December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21) |
| Written in | JavaScript |
| Size | varies |
| Type | JavaScript library |
| License | Dual license:<br>GNU GPL or MIT |
| Website | www.jsphp.com |


title: Fishtail (tool)

abstract: In woodworking, a fishtail is a type of chisel with a flared blade that resembles the tail of a fish. They are used for light wood finishing, lettering, skimming, and modeling. They can be used to reach in tight places where a full-width gouge would not fit. In gardening, a fishtail spade has a flared triangular blade combining the versatility of the Dutch hoe and power of the common round point shovel into a multipurpose tool.

text:
# Fishtail (tool)

In woodworking, a **fishtail** (also **fishtail gouge** or **fishtail spade gouge**) is a type of chisel with a flared blade that resembles the tail of a fish.

They are used for light wood finishing, lettering, skimming, and modeling. They can be used to reach in tight places where a full-width gouge would not fit.

In gardening, a **fishtail spade** has a flared triangular blade combining the versatility of the Dutch hoe and power of the common round point shovel into a multipurpose tool.


title: The Odyssey (UK Roller Coaster)

abstract: The Odyssey is a roller coaster at Fantasy Island in Ingoldmells, England. Built by Vekoma of the Netherlands in 2002, it was named to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. It is Vekoma's tallest example of their Suspended Looping Coaster (SLC) design in the world. Standing at 167 feet (51 m), it is the fourth tallest roller coaster in the UK, after Hyperia the Big One and Stealth. It is tied for the second tallest full circuit inverted roller coaster in the world. It has a top speed of 63 mph and can exert forces up to 4.8 g's.

text:
# The Odyssey (UK Roller Coaster)

**The Odyssey** (formerly **Jubilee Odyssey**) is a roller coaster at Fantasy Island in Ingoldmells, England. Built by Vekoma of the Netherlands in 2002, it was named to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. It is Vekoma's tallest example of their Suspended Looping Coaster (SLC) design in the world. Standing at 167 feet (51 m), it is the fourth tallest roller coaster in the UK, after Hyperia (236 feet) the Big One (213 feet) and Stealth (205 feet). It is tied for the second tallest full circuit inverted roller coaster in the world (alongside Banshee at Kings Island). It has a top speed of 63 mph and can exert forces up to 4.8 's.

## History

### Initial plans

Original plans for the ride showed an SLC ride 265 feet (81 m) in height, which would have made it the tallest inverted roller coaster in the world and seventh tallest overall. The plans were scrapped due to complaints from local residents, limiting the height to a maximum of 180 feet (55 m)

### Opening and Jubilee celebrations

In the year of Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee, 2002, it was opened and ridden by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. It was initially sponsored by the chocolate bar Kit Kat, but this association has now ceased.

On 2 June 2022, it was made free-to-ride for all of Fantasy Island's visitors as a one-off in honour of the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

### Modifications

During the 2003 season the restraint design was modified, due to complaints from several riders of "nipple burn", the restraints were changed at a cost of about £60,000.

In September 2005 the trains were returned to Vekoma factories after a major breakdown in the form of a restraint connector snapping occurred. All the restraints were equipped with toughened steel and, presumably in an attempt to increase the smoothness the wheels were also tightened, this was thought to be the reason for a rollback on the first test run (due to the increased friction), however it is said to be a one-off occurrence.

The ride received a new colour scheme & station in February 2016, with yellow track and grey supports.

## Operation

Odyssey operates with a single train, which seats 20 riders in a 2 across in 10 rows formation. It currently costs £6.00 per ride or can be accessed with the Fantasy Island wristband or I-Card systems.

The ride is frequently affected by high winds and will not operate with winds speeds in excess of 25 to 30 mph in certain directions due to the increased risk of the train stalling.

Its electrical components are powered by a £4 million dung-powered generator, which converts manure into methane gas.

## Rankings

Its reported construction cost of £28 million is the highest of any roller coaster built in the United Kingdom. Its nearest competitor is The Swarm at Thorpe Park, which was completed in 2012 at a cost of £18,000,000.

The Odyssey is the largest SLC (Suspended Looping Coaster) in the world. Its 38-metre vertical loop is the highest in the United Kingdom and the fourth highest in the world. With a maximum height of 51 metres, it is the fourth tallest roller coaster in the United Kingdom and its 43-metre drop is also the fourth highest in the UK. Its top speed of 63 mph makes it the fourth fastest roller coaster in the UK.

It was ranked 209th in Mitch Hawker's Roller Coaster Poll in 2007 and 177th in 2008.

## Incidents and Stalling

A year after the ride's opening, the Cobra Roll and Horseshoe elements were lowered in an attempt to minimise the risk of the train stalling, as it had done numerous times in its opening year. Whilst lowering the track has had a positive impact, it has stalled in both 2015 and 2016 during passenger-less test runs.

## Inversions

Odyssey has five inversions:

1. 124' tall Vertical Loop
2. Cobra Roll (Boomerang) (two inversions)
3. Sidewinder
4. Corkscrew (barrel roll)

## InfoBox

| The Odyssey | |
| --- | --- |
| *Previously known as Jubilee Odyssey (2002-2014)* | |
|  | |
| Fantasy Island (UK amusement park) | |
| Location | Fantasy Island (UK amusement park) |
| Coordinates | 53°11′32″N 0°20′46″E / 53.19222°N 0.34611°E / 53.19222; 0.34611 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opening date | 23 May 2002 |
| Cost | £28 million |
| General statistics | |
| Type | Steel Inverted |
| Manufacturer | Vekoma |
| Model | SLC (Custom) |
| Lift/launch system | Chain Lift Hill |
| Height | 167 ft (51 m) |
| Drop | 141 ft (43 m) |
| Length | 2,924 ft (891 m) |
| Speed | 63 mph (101 km/h) |
| Inversions | 5 |
| Duration | 2:52 |
| Max vertical angle | 75° |
| Capacity | 350 riders per hour |
| G-force | 4.8 |
| Height restriction | 51 in (130 cm) |
| Trains | Single train with 10 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in a single row for a total of 20 riders per train. |
| The Odyssey at RCDB | |


title: Cuckoos Nest railway station

abstract:
Cuckoos Nest railway station is a station/halt on the Minimum Gauge Whistlestop Valley in West Yorkshire, Northern England.
It also serves the village of Scissett.

text:
# Cuckoos Nest railway station

**Cuckoos Nest railway station** is a station/halt on the Minimum Gauge Whistlestop Valley in West Yorkshire, Northern England. It also serves the village of Scissett.

| Preceding station | Heritage railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Skelmanthorpe |  | Whistlestop Valley |  | Clayton West |

53°35′42″N 1°38′02″W / 53.594991°N 1.633917°W / 53.594991; -1.633917


title: Cross of Military Merit (Ukraine)

abstract: The Cross of Military Merit is a state award of Ukraine, a distinction of the President of Ukraine established to recognize servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine for outstanding personal bravery and courage or an outstanding heroic act during a combat mission in conditions of danger to life and direct contact with the enemy; outstanding success in commanding troops (forces) during military (combat) operations. The author of the award design is Oleksandr Liezhniev.

text:
# Cross of Military Merit (Ukraine)

The **Cross of Military Merit** (Ukrainian: Хрест бойових заслуг, *Khrest boiovykh zasluh* – literally: 'Cross of merits in combat') is a state award of Ukraine, a distinction of the President of Ukraine established to recognize servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine for outstanding personal bravery and courage or an outstanding heroic act during a combat mission in conditions of danger to life and direct contact with the enemy; outstanding success in commanding troops (forces) during military (combat) operations.

The author of the award design is Oleksandr Liezhniev.

## Award history

The design of the award is based on the historical Cross of Combat Merit of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council, but the ribbon has the colors of the modern Ukrainian flag, not the UPA flag, and the swords are pointed upwards as a sign of victory. The UPA awards were introduced by the order of the UPA General Staff (part 3/44 of January 27, 1944), but their visualization was not available until April 1950." The award design was developed by UPA artist Nil Khasevych.

The Cross of Military Merit award of the President of Ukraine was established by the Decree of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy on 5 May 2022.

On 6 May 2022, Volodymyr Zelenskyy presented the first military awards of independent Ukraine - the Cross of Military Merit. The first recipient of the Cross of Military Merit was the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, General Valerii Zaluzhnyi, who, since the beginning of Russia's armed aggression, has successfully organized the defense of the state and personally led the Armed Forces' heroic resistance to the invasion.

On 21 December 2022, during a visit to the United States, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, at the request of Ukrainian soldier Pavlo Cherniavskyi, who was awarded the Military Cross, handed over the award attributes of his decoration to US President Joe Biden in gratitude for the invaluable support of Ukraine and the contribution made by the United States to strengthening Ukraine's defense capabilities.

## InfoBox

| Cross of Military Merit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Cross |
| Awarded for | Outstanding personal bravery and courage or an outstanding heroic act while performing a combat mission in conditions of danger to life and direct contact with the enemy; outstanding success in the management of troops (forces) during military (combat) operations |
| Presented by | Ukraine |
| Eligibility | Citizens of Ukraine, foreigners and stateless persons |
| Established | 5 May 2022 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | "Order of the Golden Star" and "Order of the State" the title of Hero of Ukraine |
| Next (lower) | Order of Liberty |


title: Suzanne (1932 film)

abstract: Suzanne is a 1932 French drama film directed by Léo Joannon and Raymond Rouleau and starring Pauline Carton, Louis Florencie and Yves Gladine.

text:
# Suzanne (1932 film)

***Suzanne*** is a 1932 French drama film directed by Léo Joannon and Raymond Rouleau and starring Pauline Carton, Louis Florencie and Yves Gladine.

## Cast

1. Oscherwitz & Higgins p.385

## Bibliography

* Dayna Oscherwitz & MaryEllen Higgins. *The A to Z of French Cinema*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Suzanne | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by | Steve Passeur |
| Produced by | Georges Marret |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Nikolai Toporkoff |
| Edited by | Jean Feyte |
| Music by | Lionel Cazaux |
| Release date | * 1932 (1932) |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP

abstract: Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP is a law firm with offices in Washington, D.C., New York City, St. Louis, and Alexandria. The late Jonathan Cuneo was the lead partner of the firm along with co-partners Pamela Gilbert and Charles LaDuca. The firm represents consumers, businesses, workers and governments through litigation, lobbying and public advocacy.

text:
# Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP

**Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP** is a law firm with offices in Washington, D.C., New York City, St. Louis, and Alexandria. The late Jonathan Cuneo was the lead partner of the firm along with co-partners Pamela Gilbert and Charles LaDuca. The firm represents consumers, businesses, workers and governments through litigation, lobbying and public advocacy.

## Landmark Cases

Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP represents clients in a range of civil and legislative matters.

### Civil and Human Rights

**Strip Search Cases** \- CGL has served as counsel in over twenty cases challenging the blanket strip search practices of such municipalities as Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Antonio, Pittsburgh, Newark, Buffalo, Trenton, and Atlantic City.

Many of these cases reached multimillion-dollar settlements.

**Hungarian Gold Train** \- CGL successfully represented Hungarian Holocaust Survivors seeking restitution and an accounting against the United States government in the Hungarian Gold Train case, which was settled for $25.5 million in 2005 after nearly five years of litigation. The settlement's terms also included an apology from the Bush administration for the conduct of the U.S. Army.

### Consumer Protection

**"Joe Camel" Case** \- CGL's predecessor firm, Cuneo Law Group, PC, served as Washington counsel in the first case to challenge the "Joe Camel" cigarette advertising campaign. The action was filed in California state court in 1991 well before the U.S. Attorney General began tobacco litigation. This litigation led to the release of important documents that revealed R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company had studied under-aged smokers with a view toward selling cigarettes and consequently induced youths to start smoking through targeted advertising.

**Prudential Case –**CGL represented individual claimants against Prudential Insurance Company in post-settlement proceedings after a class action charging that Prudential had abused policyholders through deceptive sales practices. Over a period of eighteen months, the firm oversaw approximately 55,000 arbitration-like proceeding in this $4 billion settlement.

**Kwikset Case** \- CGL partner Jonathan Cuneo successfully tried the “Kwikset, Made in the USA” case in 2001. After a trial victory, the Court of Appeal set the decision aside twice. CGL appealed to the California Supreme Court, and in 2010, Cuneo argued and won a 5 to 2 decision. That landmark decision established the principle that “labels matter” under California's Unfair Competition and False Advertising laws and is now a landmark of American law.

### Product Liability

**Entran II** \- CGL represented homeowners whose Entran II radiant heating systems allegedly contained defective pipe, yielding a $346 million bi-national settlement, one of the largest product liability settlements in history. On November 17, 2004, New Jersey District Court Judge Stanley Chesler gave final approval of this settlement.

### Corporate and Financial Litigation

**Enron** \- CGL served as Washington counsel for defrauded Enron investors from 2002 through 2008. This Enron Securities Litigation recovered over $7 billion, the largest in the history of federal securities litigation. CGL Lawyers assisted the lead counsel in developing the theory of "scheme liability" and facilitated the filing of numerous amici briefs in support of this theory.

### Privacy

**Metromail -** CGL brought a path-breaking class action suit against Metromail for privacy violations surrounding supermarket questionnaires. After a woman in Ohio received a sexually suggestive letter from a maximum security inmate in Texas, it came to light that the company had subcontracted for Texas prisoners to “key” the questionnaire information. The firm settled the case for significant injunctive relief, and a cash pool of $15 million was made available to victims.

### Lobbying

**PSLRA -** On behalf of the National Association of Shareholder and Consumer Attorneys, Jonathan Cuneo, head partner at CGL, led a coalition that successfully prevented the evisceration of private actions under the securities laws. This multi-pronged effort, including lobbying, grassroots organizing, media outreach and paid media, lasted a full year. As a result, since the PSLRA was enacted, investors have been able to make some of the biggest recoveries in history, including Enron, Worldcom and Tyco.

## Marketing

Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP is a major sponsor of the NASCAR Late Model Sports Car driven by professional driver Mike Darne. Darne competes at Old Dominion Speedway in Manassas, VA driving car #21, and at Hickory Motor Speedway in Hickory, NC driving car #99.

## InfoBox

Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C. |
| --- | --- |
| No. of offices | 4 |
| No. of attorneys | 16 |
| Major practice areas | Class Action, Consumer Protection, Human Rights, and Antitrust Litigation |
| Key people | Jonathan Cuneo (Founding Partner), Pamela Gilbert, & Charles LaDuca |
| Date founded | 1986 (as Cuneo Law Group, PC) |
| Founder | Jonathan Cuneo |
| Company type | Limited Liability Partnership |
| Website | www.cuneolaw.com |