title: Dick LeMay

abstract: Richard Paul LeMay was an American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, LeMay appeared in parts of three Major League Baseball seasons (1961–63), but had a long career in minor league baseball. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and graduated from Withrow High School. LeMay attended the University of Michigan, stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg). He signed with the San Francisco Giants in 1958 and was recalled from the minor leagues during the 1961 season, appearing in 27 games for the Giants that season, starting five. He dropped six of nine decisions and recorded an earned run average of 3.56 and one complete game in 83+1⁄3 innings pitched. He had nine-game trials with the 1962 Giants and the 1963 Chicago Cubs, and was winless in two decisions. All told he won three games, lost eight and had a career ERA of 4.17 in 45 Major League games. In 108 innings pitched, he surrendered 100 hits and 49 bases on balls. He struck out 69, and was credited with four saves. In his lone MLB complete game, on June 24, 1961, at Busch Stadium, he defeated the St. Louis Cardinals, 6–1, allowing six hits; future Baseball Hall of Famer Bob Gibson took the loss. After he returned to minor league baseball in 1963, LeMay had a successful career as a starting pitcher at the Triple-A level through 1970, reaching the double digits in wins for six consecutive seasons, including 17- and 16-victory seasons in 1965 and 1968. All told, he won 139 games and lost 124 as a minor league pitcher. LeMay also managed at the Class A level in the Cubs' farm system in 1971–72 and was a scout for the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1970s and the Montréal Expos during the 1980s. LeMay died on March 19, 2018.

text:
# Dick LeMay

**Richard Paul LeMay** (August 28, 1938 – March 19, 2018) was an American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, LeMay appeared in parts of three Major League Baseball seasons (1961–63), but had a long career in minor league baseball. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and graduated from Withrow High School.

LeMay attended the University of Michigan, stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg). He signed with the San Francisco Giants in 1958 and was recalled from the minor leagues during the 1961 season, appearing in 27 games for the Giants that season, starting five. He dropped six of nine decisions and recorded an earned run average of 3.56 and one complete game in 83+13 innings pitched. He had nine-game trials with the 1962 Giants and the 1963 Chicago Cubs, and was winless in two decisions. All told he won three games, lost eight and had a career ERA of 4.17 in 45 Major League games. In 108 innings pitched, he surrendered 100 hits and 49 bases on balls. He struck out 69, and was credited with four saves. In his lone MLB complete game, on June 24, 1961, at Busch Stadium, he defeated the St. Louis Cardinals, 6–1, allowing six hits; future Baseball Hall of Famer Bob Gibson took the loss.

After he returned to minor league baseball in 1963, LeMay had a successful career as a starting pitcher at the Triple-A level through 1970, reaching the double digits in wins for six consecutive seasons, including 17- and 16-victory seasons in 1965 and 1968. All told, he won 139 games and lost 124 as a minor league pitcher. LeMay also managed at the Class A level in the Cubs' farm system in 1971–72 and was a scout for the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1970s and the Montréal Expos during the 1980s.

LeMay died on March 19, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Dick LeMay | |
| --- | --- |
| LeMay with the San Francisco Giants in 1962 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1938-08-28)August 28, 1938
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. | |
| **Died:** March 19, 2018(2018-03-19) (aged 79)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| June 13, 1961, for the San Francisco Giants | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 28, 1963, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 3–8 |
| Earned run average | 4.17 |
| Strikeouts | 69 |
| Innings pitched | 108 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Peoli, Ohio

abstract: Peoli is an unincorporated community in Washington Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United States. It is located along State Route 258.

text:
# Peoli, Ohio

**Peoli** is an unincorporated community in Washington Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United States. It is located along State Route 258.

## Location and history

Situated between Newcomerstown and Freeport, Peoli is made up of approximately ten houses and includes the Peoli Church (1870 – c.1991), and the Peoli Cemetery—the final resting place of baseball legend Cy Young. Young's house still stands outside of Peoli; it is owned by the Amish community and is currently home to their livestock.

Peoli was originally called Newtown, and under the latter name was laid out in 1817. A post office called Peoli was established in 1846, and remained in operation until 1956, the year after Young's death.

## Geography and demographics

Peoli lies in a rural area, the surrounding terrain consisting of many hills, ridges and valleys.

There are many farms between Peoli and Newcomerstown to the west and Birmingham to the south. There are two tin shops in the Peoli area, one on State Route 258 and one located on a county road just south of the Tuscarawas–Guernsey county line.

Peoli has a large number of Amish people. In 2008 there were two districts of Swartzentruber Amish in the Peoli – Port Washington area.

40°13′38″N 81°26′18″W / 40.22722°N 81.43833°W / 40.22722; -81.43833


title: Dharmana Prasada Rao

abstract: Dharmana Prasada Rao is an Indian politician from the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Srikakulam. He was former Minister of Roads and Buildings (R&B) and a former Revenue minister of Andhra Pradesh.

text:
# Dharmana Prasada Rao

**Dharmana Prasada Rao** is an Indian politician from the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Srikakulam. He was former Minister of Roads and Buildings (R&B) and a former Revenue minister of Andhra Pradesh.

## Political career

Dharmana Prasada Rao is a politician and state leader of the YSR Congress Party (YSRCP) from Srikakulam district. Dharmana Prasada Rao won 5 terms as an MLA from Srikakulam Assembly Constituency, including the 2019 election.

He has served as Textiles, Sports, and Water Resource Minister in the cabinet of Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy and Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy. He served as revenue, minister in the cabinet of Y.S. Rajasekhar Reddy. He also served as Roads and Buildings Minister in the cabinet of N Kiran Kumar Reddy. He reached his current position from the position of Village councilor (Sarpanch).

In August 2012, he resigned from the cabinet ministry following a chargesheet by the Central Bureau of Investigation on him alleging corruption in VANPIC project.

He left Congress and joined YSRCP on 9 Feb 2014. He won the 2019 assembly elections to Gunda Lakshmi Devi of Telugu Desam Party.

## VANPIC case

In April 2012, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) questioned Dharmana in relation to the disproportionate assets case, that it was investigating against Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy. CBI questioned the motives behind passing GOs, when he was the revenue minister, allocating land to several projects including VANPIC.

In August 2012, CBI filed a chargesheet naming Dharmana as accused number 5, along with Jagan Mohan Reddy, Nimmagadda Prasad, Mopidevi Venkataramana and others. In the chargesheet it alleged quid pro quo among the accused. Following the chargesheet, Dharmana has resigned from cabinet ministry. But the then Chief Minister Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy has not accepted the resignation. However, Dharmana has since stayed away from the cabinet meetings.

In January 2013, a CBI court has permitted the prosecution of the case.

## InfoBox

| Dharmana Prasada Rao | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister for Revenue, Stamps and Registration
Government of Andhra Pradesh | |
| **In office**
11 April 2022  12 June 2024 | |
| Governor |  |
| Chief Minister | Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy |
| Preceded by | Dharmana Krishna Das |
| Succeeded by | Anagani Satya Prasad |
| Minister of Roads & Buildings
Government of Andhra Pradesh | |
| **In office**
25 May 2009  8 August 2013 | |
| Governor |  |
| Chief Minister |  |
| Preceded by | Galla Aruna Kumari |
| Succeeded by | Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh |
| Revenue, Relief and
Rehabilitation & Urban Land Ceiling
Government of Andhra Pradesh | |
| **In office**
14 May 2004  20 May 2009 | |
| Governor |  |
| Chief Minister | Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy |
| Preceded by | Tammineni Sitaram |
| Succeeded by | Pithani Satyanarayana |
| Member of Legislative Assembly
Andhra Pradesh | |
| **In office**
2019–2024 | |
| Preceded by | Gunda Lakshmi Devi |
| Succeeded by | Gondu Shankar |
| Constituency | Srikakulam |
| **In office**
2004–2014 | |
| Preceded by | Appala Suryanarayana Gunda |
| Succeeded by | Gunda Lakshmi Devi |
| Constituency | Srikakulam |
| **In office**
1999–2004 | |
| Preceded by | Boggu Lakshman Rao |
| Succeeded by | Dharmana Krishna Das |
| Constituency | Narasannapeta |
| **In office**
1989–1994 | |
| Preceded by | Simma Prabhakar Rao |
| Succeeded by | Boggu Lakshman Rao |
| Constituency | Narasannapeta |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | YSR Congress Party (2014–present) |
| Other political
affiliations | Indian National Congress (until 2014) |
|  | |


title: Diasparactus

abstract: Diasparactus is an extinct genus of diadectid reptiliomorphs, a group quite closely related to the amniotes, and paralleling some of their features. Like all advanced diadectids, Diasparactus was a herbivore, though not as large as its more well known relative Diadectes. In Diasparactus, the spines of the dorsal vertebrae are higher than in other genera in the family.

text:
# Diasparactus

***Diasparactus*** is an extinct genus of diadectid reptiliomorphs, a group quite closely related to the amniotes, and paralleling some of their features. Like all advanced diadectids, *Diasparactus* was a herbivore, though not as large as its more well known relative *Diadectes*.

In *Diasparactus*, the spines of the dorsal vertebrae are higher than in other genera in the family.

## History

In 1910, E. C. Case described *Diasparactus zenos* from a few vertebrae found in New Mexico. In 1911, a largely intact skeleton was found in the same area. The vertebrae agreed with the described type species and the new find was considered likely to be the same species. The total length of the animal when restored was 1.35 metres.

## Description

The skull measured 16.7 centimetres. It was in poor condition but was similar to that of *Diadectes lenius* and *Animasatirus carinatus*. The nares and orbits were in similar positions and there were fourteen teeth with possibly a rudimentary fifteenth, a dentition typical of the family. The vertebrae, ribs and limbs were described in detail. The carpals were mostly present and still in position - the best preserved examples for a diadectid then found. The foot was broad and strong with short phalanges. The feet and limbs supported the view that this animal was a marsh-dweller and probably a slow-moving herbivore.

## InfoBox

| *Diasparactus*
Temporal range: Early Permian, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skeleton of *Diasparactus zenos* in the Field Museum of Natural History. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Reptiliomorpha |
| Order: | Diadectomorpha |
| Family: | Diadectidae |
| Genus: | *Diasparactus*
Case, 1910 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Diasparactus zenos***
Case, 1910 | |


title: Diaspidini

abstract: Diaspidini is a tribe of armored scale insects.

text:
# Diaspidini

**Diaspidini** is a tribe of armored scale insects.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Diaspidini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Aulacaspis yasumatsui*<br>the cycad aulacaspis scale | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Diaspididae |
| Subfamily: | Diaspidinae |
| Tribe: | Diaspidini |
|
| Subtribes | |
|  | |


title: Per Kibsgaard-Petersen

abstract: Per Kibsgaard-Petersen is a Norwegian banker and civil servant. He was born in Ålesund and graduated with a siv.øk. degree from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in 1966. He had a career in fisheries and banking in the 1970s and 1980s, as secretary-general of the Norwegian Fishing Vessel Owners Association from 1971 to 1997 and director of Fiskernes Bank from 1978 to 1984. He was then a regional director in Kreditkassen from 1984 to 1989 and chief executive officer of Sunnmørsbanken from 1989 to 1990. He was also the consul for Finland from 1976 to 1977, and has been decorated as a Knight First Class of the Order of the White Rose of Finland. He was the rector of the Norwegian School of Management in Møre og Romsdal from 1993 to 1996. He was then the chief administrative officer in Møre og Romsdal County Municipality from 1996 to 1999, then the director of Ålesund University College from 1999 to 2003. He is the father of Schlumberger CEO Pål Kibsgaard-Petersen.

text:
# Per Kibsgaard-Petersen

**Per Kibsgaard-Petersen** (born 27 March 1941) is a Norwegian banker and civil servant.

He was born in Ålesund and graduated with a siv.øk. degree from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in 1966. He had a career in fisheries and banking in the 1970s and 1980s, as secretary-general of the Norwegian Fishing Vessel Owners Association from 1971 to 1997 and director of Fiskernes Bank from 1978 to 1984. He was then a regional director in Kreditkassen from 1984 to 1989 and chief executive officer of Sunnmørsbanken from 1989 to 1990. He was also the consul for Finland from 1976 to 1977, and has been decorated as a Knight First Class of the Order of the White Rose of Finland.

He was the rector of the Norwegian School of Management in Møre og Romsdal from 1993 to 1996. He was then the chief administrative officer in Møre og Romsdal County Municipality from 1996 to 1999, then the director of Ålesund University College from 1999 to 2003.

He is the father of Schlumberger CEO Pål Kibsgaard-Petersen.


title: Diana Golze

abstract: Diana Hertha Golze is a German politician from Die Linke. She was a Member of the Bundestag from 2005 to 2014.

text:
# Diana Golze

**Diana Hertha Golze** (*née* **Gnorski**; born 18 June 1975) is a German politician from Die Linke. She was a Member of the Bundestag from 2005 to 2014.

## Career

She resigned from the Bundestag on 6 November 2014.

She was Health Minister of Brandenburg until 2018.

## InfoBox

| Diana Golze | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the German Bundestag | |
| **In office**
2005–2014 | |
| Health Minister of Brandenburg | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2018 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Diana Hertha Golze
(1975-06-18) 18 June 1975
Schwedt, Germany |
| Political party | The Left |
| Education | Technische Universität Berlin |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Diana González

abstract: Diana Victoria González Barrera was a Mexican footballer who played as a midfielder. She spent her entire club career with Club América of Liga MX Femenil. She had been a member of the Mexico women's national under-17 team.

text:
# Diana González

**Diana Victoria González Barrera** (10 September 1993 – 1 November 2019) was a Mexican footballer who played as a midfielder. She spent her entire club career with Club América of Liga MX Femenil. She had been a member of the Mexico women's national under-17 team.

## Club career

González made her debut with Club América. At eight years old, she wished that in Mexico there was a professional soccer league for women equal to the manly one.

She debuted in the Liga MX Femenil on 23 July 2018 during a duel Club América vs Deportivo Toluca, being her first season in the 2018 Apertura Tournament (Mexico), in which she played seven games with a total of 526 minutes played. She scored four goals and received a yellow card.

In her second season, she played eleven games with a total of 670 minutes of action, with a single goal scored and received two yellow cards. González suffered knee injury in a match against Pachuca, in which she scored her first goal of the tournament, leaving her unable to play for six months.

She was in 2017 at the Telmex Telcel Championship, and in 2018 she was at the Telmex Telcel University Championship, where her team had won.

After many rumors and expectations in her hometown on 22 September 2017, she was presented by the 2018 opening before the UANL Tigers, however she trained with America looking for a position for a foreigner position in the first team.

## International career

González represented Mexico at the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

## Death

González died on 1 November 2019 due to a decompensation in glucose levels after suffering hypoglycemia, she was 26 years old. She was the first player who had been featured in the Liga MX Femenil to die.

## Honours

Club América

## InfoBox

Diana González
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Diana Victoria González Barrera | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-09-10)10 September 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Toluca, Mexico | | |
| Date of death | 1 November 2019(2019-11-01) (aged 26) | | |
| Place of death | Mexico City, Mexico | | |
| Height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018–2019 | América | 18 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 2010 | Mexico U17 | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21 February 2019<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 1 March 2019 | | | |


title: Diana Golden (actress)

abstract: Diana Goldenberg Jiménez, better known as Diana Golden, is a Mexican actress and playwright of Colombian origin.

text:
# Diana Golden (actress)

**Diana Goldenberg Jiménez** (born August 7, 1965 in Santiago de Cali, Colombia), better known as **Diana Golden**, is a Mexican actress and playwright of Colombian origin.

## Filmography

Film roles
| Year | Title | Roles | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | *Mentiras* |  |  |
| 1989 | *Mi mujer tiene un amante* |  |  |
| 1989 | *Garra de tigre* |  |  |
| 1990 | *Mujer de cabaret* |  |  |
| 1990 | *El Hijo de Lamberto Quintero* |  |  |
| 1990 | *Compadres a la Mexicana* | Leonor |  |
| 1990 | *El Chivo* | Isabel Montano |  |
| 1990 | *Carrera contra el destino* |  |  |
| 1991 | *¡Mátenme porque me muero!* | Maricia |  |
| 1991 | *Martir de Mexicali* | Rita |  |
| 1992 | *Cándido de día, Pérez de noche* | Siempreviva, La Muerte |  |
| 1992 | *El Gato con gatas* | Teresa |  |
| 1993 | *Halcones de la muerte - Espias mortales* | Sonia |  |
| 1993 | *Cuestión de honor* | María |  |
| 1995 | *Santo Enredo* | Otilia y Quebrada del Risco |  |
| 1999 | *El Señor de los cerros* | Isadora |  |
| 2000 | *Suerte negra* | Minerva |  |
| 2000 | *Noches violentas* |  |  |
| 2001 | *Muertes a medianoche* | Hermana Caridad |  |
| 2001 | *Infraterrestre* | Alma Monreal |  |
|

Television roles
| Year | Title | Roles | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989 | *El cristal empanado* | Alicia |  |
| 1989 | *Simplemente María* | Carmen |  |
| 1991 | *La picara soñadora* | Elvira Funes |  |
| 1991 | *Madres egoístas* | Ana Cervantes |  |
| 1992–1993 | *María Mercedes* | Fabiola Mayerling |  |
| 1992 | *Carrusel de las Américas* |  |  |
| 1993 | *Valentina* | Daniela Valdepeñas |  |
| 1995–1996 | *Pobre niña rica* | Beatriz Domínguez |  |
| 1996 | *Para toda la vida* | Silvia |  |
| 1997 | *Sin ti* | Elena |  |
| 1997–1998 | *Perfume de agonía* |  |  |
| 1998–1999 | *Camila* | Silvia Escalante |  |
| 1999–2000 | *Mujeres engañadas* | Mónica Romero |  |
| 2001 | *La intrusa* | Zayra Jiménez |  |
| 2002–2003 | *Las vías del amor* | Constanza Aguirre |  |
| 2004–2005 | *Misión S.O.S* | Doris Ramírez |  |
| 2005 | *Peregrina* | Vicenta |  |
| 2006 | *La fea más bella* | Sonia |  |
| 2006 | *Amor mío* | Mariana Romero |  |
| 2006 | *Amar sin límites* | Inés Menzur |  |
| 2007 | *Amor sin maquillaje* | Diana |  |
| 2008–2009 | *Cuidado con el ángel* | Mercedes |  |
| 2009–2010 | *Hasta que el dinero nos separe* | Isabel Duarte "La Generala" |  |
| 2012 | *Por ella soy Eva* | Assistant |  |
| 2011–2018 | *Como dice el dicho* | Various | 12 episodes |
| 2011–2012 | *Dos hogares* | Paola Díaz | 25 episodes |
| 2012–2013 | *Amores verdaderos* | Gilda Leyva | 75 episodes |
| 2013 | *Gossip Girl: Acapulco* | Paulina De Ruíz De Hinojosa |  |
| 2015 | *Simplemente María* | Thelma | 6 episodes |
| 2017 | *El Bienamado* | Abigail de Morones | 30 episodes |
| 2018 | *La bella y las bestias* | Susana's Aunt | 6 episodes |
| 2019 | *Esta historia me suena* |  | Episode: "Todavía" |
| 2019 | *Un poquito tuyo* | Rebeca's mother | 2 episodes |
| 2019 | *Preso No. 1* | Carolina's mother |  |
| 2019–2020 | *Médicos* | Fátima |  |
| 2020 | *La Doña* | Victoria |  |
| 2020–2021 | *Falsa identidad* | Greta |  |
| 2021–2022 | *Mi fortuna es amarte* | Macorina |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Diana Golden | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Diana Goldenberg Jiménez
(1965-08-07) August 7, 1965
Santiago de Cali, Colombia |
| Nationality | Colombian, Mexican |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, Playwright |


title: Diaphragmatic paradox

abstract: Diaphragmatic paradox or paradoxical diaphragm phenomenon is an abnormal medical sign observed during respiration, in which the diaphragm moves opposite to the normal directions of its movements. The diaphragm normally moves downwards during inspiration and upwards during expiration. But in diaphragmatic paradox, it moves upwards during inspiration and downwards during expiration.

text:
# Diaphragmatic paradox

**Diaphragmatic paradox** or **paradoxical diaphragm phenomenon** is an abnormal medical sign observed during respiration, in which the diaphragm moves opposite to the normal directions of its movements. The diaphragm normally moves downwards during inspiration and upwards during expiration. But in diaphragmatic paradox, it moves upwards during inspiration and downwards during expiration.

## Causes and associated conditions

Diaphragmatic paradox may be caused by weakening of inspiratory muscles due to injury, pyopneumothorax (collection of pus and excess air inside pleural cavity) or hydropneumothorax (collection of watery fluid and excess air inside pleural cavity). Also caused due to phrenic nerve injury caused during cardiac surgery, radiation, trauma, etc. Viral infections like Herpes zoster and poliomyelitis can also cause this. In newborns this condition is seen in spinal muscular atrophy.

## InfoBox

| Diaphragmatic paradox | |
| --- | --- |
| Differential diagnosis | hydropneumothorax |


title: Dichaeta

abstract: Dichaeta is a subgenus of flies belonging to the family Ephydridae.

text:
# Dichaeta

***Dichaeta*** is a subgenus of flies belonging to the family Ephydridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Dichaeta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Dichaeta caudata.jpg | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ephydridae |
| Subfamily: | Hydrelliinae |
| Tribe: | Notiphilini |
| Genus: | *Notiphila* |
| Subgenus: | *Dichaeta*<br>Meigen, 1830 |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Dicey Morris & Collins

abstract: Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws is the leading English law textbook on the conflict of laws (ISBN 978-0-414-02453-3). It has been described as the "gold standard" in terms of academic writing on the subject, and the "foremost authority on private international law".

text:
# Dicey Morris & Collins

***Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws*** (often simply ***Dicey, Morris & Collins***, or even just ***Dicey & Morris***) is the leading English law textbook on the conflict of laws (ISBN 978-0-414-02453-3). It has been described as the "gold standard" in terms of academic writing on the subject, and the "foremost authority on private international law".

## Editors

The textbook has had three principal general editors during its life:

Since 2015, Professor Jonathan Harris QC has been joint general editor with Lord Collins of Mapesbury.

Between 1922 and 1949 A. Berriedale Keith was also a general editor of the text, but has not been honoured with a permanent place in the book's title.

In the most recent edition, the team of editors includes Professor C G J Morse, Professor David McClean, Professor Adrian Briggs, Professor Jonathan Harris, Professor Campbell McLachlan QC, Professor Andrew Dickinson and Professor Peter McEleavy.

## Editions

The first edition was published in 1896 under the title ***A Digest of the Law of England with reference to the Conflict of Laws***. The 16th and most recent edition was published in 2022.

***Dicey, Morris & Collins***
| **Year** | **Edition** | **General Editors** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1896 | First Edition | A.V. Dicey |
| 1908 | Second Edition | A.V. Dicey |
| 1922 | Third Edition | A.V. Dicey and A. Berriedale Keith |
| 1927 | Fourth Edition | A. Berriedale Keith |
| 1932 | Fifth Edition | A. Berriedale Keith |
| 1949 | Sixth Edition | J.H.C. Morris |
| 1958 | Seventh Edition | J.H.C. Morris |
| 1967 | Eighth Edition | J.H.C. Morris |
| 1973 | Ninth Edition | J.H.C. Morris |
| 1980 | Tenth Edition | J.H.C. Morris |
| 1987 | Eleventh Edition | Lawrence Collins |
| 1992 | (Second Impression) | Lawrence Collins |
| 1993 | Twelfth Edition | Lawrence Collins |
| 1994 | (Second Impression) | Lawrence Collins |
| 2000 | Thirteenth Edition | Lawrence Collins |
| 2006 | Fourteenth Edition | Sir Lawrence Collins |
| 2012 | Fifteenth Edition | Lord Collins of Mapesbury |
| 2022 | Sixteenth Edition | Lord Collins of Mapesbury and Professor Jonathan Harris |

## Format

Unusually for an academic textbook, *Dicey, Morris & Collins* is set out in a series of "Rules". The format dates from the time when there was relatively little case law or statute law on the subject, and A.V. Dicey tried to formulate the text from first principles. The format became something of a self-fulfilling prophecy as during the evolution of the subject judges would often cite rules in the textbook as authoritative propositions for their rulings (see for example, *Singularis Holdings Limited v PricewaterhouseCoopers* \[2014\] UKPC 36 at paragraph 12).

## Footnotes


title: Diana Strassmann

abstract: Diana Louise Strassmann is an American economist, currently Carolyn and Fred McManis Distinguished Professor of Humanities at Rice University, and also co-founder of International Association for Feminist Economics and its journal Feminist Economics.

text:
# Diana Strassmann

**Diana Louise Strassmann** is an American economist, currently Carolyn and Fred McManis Distinguished Professor of Humanities at Rice University, and also co-founder of International Association for Feminist Economics and its journal *Feminist Economics*.

## Education

After graduating from East Lansing High School in East Lansing, Michigan in 1973, Strassmann completed her AB in Economics at Princeton University in 1977, her MA from Harvard University in Economics from in 1982 and her PhD from Harvard in 1983.

## Career

Strassman is Director of the Rice University Program on Poverty, Justice, and Human Capabilities, co-founder of International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) and founding editor of the IAFFE journal *Feminist Economics*.

## Publications

In 2011 she co-authored *Feminist economics: feminism, economics, and well-being* a "major three-volume research collection that demonstrates the breadth and significance of feminist scholarship in economics."

## InfoBox

| Diana Strassmann | |
| --- | --- |
| Strassmann in 2015 | |
| Nationality | American |
| Spouse | Jeff Smisek |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Feminist economics |
| Institutions | Rice University and Wiki Education Foundation (Chair) |
| Alma mater | Princeton University (AB)<br>Harvard University (MA, PhD) |
|  | |
| Website | humanities.rice.edu/academics/school-level-faculty/diana-strassmann |
| Notes | |
| **PhD thesis**       *An empirical investigation of dynamic limit pricing and contestable markets in the deregulated airline industry.* (1983) | |


title: Diana Strait

abstract: Diana Strait is a deep strait that separates the islands of Ketoy and Simushir in the Kuril Islands, Russia. It is 16.1 km wide. The flood tidal current in the strait sets northwest, while the ebb flows to the southeast. These currents may reach up to three knots.

text:
# Diana Strait

**Diana Strait** (Russian: *Proliv Diany*; Japanese: *Shimushiru Kaikyo*) is a deep strait that separates the islands of Ketoy and Simushir in the Kuril Islands, Russia. It is 16.1 km (about 10 mi) wide. The flood tidal current in the strait sets northwest, while the ebb flows to the southeast. These currents may reach up to three knots.

## History

American whaleships in the 1840s and 1850s occasionally used the strait to enter and exit the Sea of Okhotsk on their way to and from cruises for bowhead and right whales.

47°14′N 152°21′E / 47.233°N 152.350°E / 47.233; 152.350


title: Dichagyris cataclivis

abstract: Dichagyris cataclivis is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Dichagyris cataclivis is 10870.1.

text:
# Dichagyris cataclivis

***Dichagyris cataclivis*** is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Dichagyris cataclivis* is 10870.1.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Dichagyris cataclivis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Dichagyris* |
| Species: | ***D. cataclivis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dichagyris cataclivis***<br>(Dyar, 1910) | |
|


title: Dichagyris amoena

abstract: Dichagyris amoena is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Turkey and Israel. Adults are on wing in October. There is one generation per year.

text:
# Dichagyris amoena

***Dichagyris amoena*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Turkey and Israel.

Adults are on wing in October. There is one generation per year.

## InfoBox

| *Dichagyris amoena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Dichagyris* |
| Species: | ***D. amoena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dichagyris amoena***<br>Staudinger, 1892 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euxoa amoena* | |


title: Periphanes

abstract: Periphanes is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821. Its only species, Periphanes delphinii, the pease blossom, was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It can be found from Afghanistan and the steppe areas of Central Asia and Anatolia up to the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea and north-western Africa.

text:
# Periphanes

***Periphanes*** is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821. Its only species, ***Periphanes delphinii***, the **pease blossom**, was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of *Systema Naturae*. It can be found from Afghanistan and the steppe areas of Central Asia and Anatolia up to the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea and north-western Africa.

## Description

Pair of spines on tibia stout and more crooked, where the inner very long. Mid and hind tibia spineless. Forewings with more or less acute apex.

## Technical description and variation

*Chariclea delphinii* L. (501). Male forewing purplish pink, paler along outer margin and fringe, deepest in basal area and beyond middle; basal area edged by a pale and pink trilobed line; orbicular stigma ochreous, obscure; reniform large, irregular, edged with brownish purple, attached to the median shade, which with the double postmedian line and space beyond forms an irregular darker band; hindwing dirty ochreous, with fuscous veins and border, the extreme margin pink. Female darker, with a grey suffusion over both wings. — the form *darollesi* Oberth. (50 .) found in Algeria, Armenia, and W. Turkestan is much paler. — Larva violet grey; dorsal line black edged with yellow; sublateral bands broadly yellow; thoracic plate black, anal plate yellow; the whole body studded with black tubercles. The wingspan is 30–36 millimetres (1.2–1.4 in).

## Biology

The moths fly from May to June.

The larvae primarily feed on *Delphinium consolida* and *Aconitum napellus*.

## InfoBox

| *Periphanes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Subfamily: | Heliothinae |
| Genus: | *Periphanes*
Hübner, 1821 |
| Species: | ***P. delphinii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Periphanes delphinii***
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chariclea* | |


title: Dick Ross

abstract: Dick Ross is an American former Negro league outfielder who played in the 1920s. Ross made his Negro leagues debut with the St. Louis Stars in 1925 and played with the Stars again the following season. In 22 recorded games with St. Louis, he batted.318 with one home run.

text:
# Dick Ross

**Dick Ross** is an American former Negro league outfielder who played in the 1920s.

Ross made his Negro leagues debut with the St. Louis Stars in 1925 and played with the Stars again the following season. In 22 recorded games with St. Louis, he batted .318 with one home run.

## InfoBox

| Dick Ross | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| Negro league baseball debut | |
| 1925, for the St. Louis Stars | |
| Last appearance | |
| 1926, for the St. Louis Stars | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Perry (village), New York

abstract: Perry is a village in the towns of Perry and Castile in Wyoming County, New York, United States. The population was 3,673 at the 2010 census. The village is at the junction of state routes 39 and 246.

text:
# Perry (village), New York

**Perry** is a village in the towns of Perry and Castile in Wyoming County, New York, United States. The population was 3,673 at the 2010 census. The village is at the junction of state routes 39 and 246.

## History

The Village of Perry was incorporated in 1830.

The Perry Downtown Historic District, First Methodist Episcopal Church of Perry, Brick Presbyterian Church, Barna C. Roup House, and Epworth Hall are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

On November 27, 2019, Perry signed a Friendship Agreement with the Town of Nailsworth, England.

## Amenities

As of 2021, Perry has seen a resurgence with a gain of 37 net new businesses in the past 18 years in the downtown alone. Perry Farmers' Market, founded in 2002, draws 400-600 people to downtown each Saturday morning from mid-June through September. Signature events include Perry Chalk Art Festival, Tour de Perry, Shake on the Lake, New York State Puppet Festival, Silver Serpent Triathlon and Silver Lake Sea Serpent Arts and Crafts Show. The Village recently renovated its Public Beach, added a Splash Park to its Village Park, completed a Main Street Improvement Project, and a segment of the Silver Lake Trail from the Beach to Main Street. In 2023, Perry was awarded $10 million through New York State's Downtown Revitalization Initiative to support a variety of public and private sector projects including continued expansion of the Trail, renovation of the Assembly Hall, and new or renovated buildings adding over 60 new housing units over the next several years.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870 | 867 |  |  |
| 1880 | 1,115 |  | 28.6% |
| 1890 | 1,528 |  | 37.0% |
| 1900 | 2,763 |  | 80.8% |
| 1910 | 4,388 |  | 58.8% |
| 1920 | 4,717 |  | 7.5% |
| 1930 | 4,231 |  | −10.3% |
| 1940 | 4,468 |  | 5.6% |
| 1950 | 4,533 |  | 1.5% |
| 1960 | 4,629 |  | 2.1% |
| 1970 | 4,538 |  | −2.0% |
| 1980 | 4,198 |  | −7.5% |
| 1990 | 4,219 |  | 0.5% |
| 2000 | 3,945 |  | −6.5% |
| 2010 | 3,673 |  | −6.9% |
| 2020 | 3,536 |  | −3.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,945 people, 1,560 households, and 1,051 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,744.8 inhabitants per square mile (673.7/km2). There were 1,764 housing units at an average density of 780.2 per square mile (301.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.41% White, 0.74% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.46% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population.

There were 1,560 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,596, and the median income for a family was $41,090. Males had a median income of $31,845 versus $21,486 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,794. About 6.5% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.8% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

Perry is governed by a board of trustees composed of a mayor, deputy mayor, and three trustees. The current Board is composed of Mayor Rick Hauser, Deputy Mayor Dariel Draper, and Trustees Arlene Lapiana, Joel Bouchard and Richard Muolo.

## Geography

Perry is located at 42°43′0″N 78°0′16″W / 42.71667°N 78.00444°W / 42.71667; -78.00444 (42.716876, -78.004582).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.1 km2), of which 2.3 square miles (5.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.3 km2) (4.64%) is water.

Perry is at the northeast end of Silver Lake. It is west of Letchworth State Park and northeast of Silver Lake State Park.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Perry, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Main Street, April 2020 | |
| Perry, New YorkLocation within the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 42°43′1″N 78°0′16″W / 42.71694°N 78.00444°W / 42.71694; -78.00444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Wyoming |
| Settled | 1809 (1809) |
| Incorporated | May 17, 1830 (1830-05-17) |
| Named for | Oliver Hazard Perry |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.45 sq mi (6.34 km2) |
| Land | 2.34 sq mi (6.05 km2) |
| Water | 0.11 sq mi (0.29 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,371 ft (418 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,536 |
| Density | 1,513.05/sq mi (584.09/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 14530 |
| Area code | 585 |
| FIPS code | 36-57243 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0960202 |
| Website | www.villageofperry.com |


title: Diego García de Paredes (conquistador)

abstract: Diego García de Paredes y Vargas was a maestre de campo and a Spanish conquistador who participated in, among other things, the Battle of Cajamarca. He also founded Trujillo, Venezuela in 1557.

text:
# Diego García de Paredes (conquistador)

**Diego García de Paredes y Vargas** (1506, Trujillo, Spain – 1563, Catia, Province of Venezuela, Spanish Empire) was a maestre de campo and a Spanish conquistador who participated in, among other things, the Battle of Cajamarca. He also founded Trujillo, Venezuela in 1557.

## Biography

Diego García de Paredes was born in Trujillo and was the son of Diego García de Paredes “the Samson of Extremadura”, who fought in the Italian Wars and the war of Navarre, and Mencía de Vargas.

When he turned 18 he left for the New World and arrived in Nicaragua, where he would help conquer those territories under Gil González Dávila and Hernando de Soto. In 1530 he would move to Panama where he joined the Francisco Pizarro expedition as one of the one hundred and sixty men marching to the heart of the Inca Empire with the firm objective of conquering it. Paredes took part in the Battle of Cajamarca, in which they captured Atahualpa, effectively conquering the whole territory.

In 1534 he returned to Spain and later participated in wars in Flanders, France, Tunisia and Sicily, obtaining the rank of captain. After that, he returned to Trujillo.

Bored of life in Spain, Paredes returns to the New World in 1544 and participates in Francisco de Orellana’s second expedition to the Amazon. The expedition was a failure, losing fifty seven men due to hunger and seventeen because of attacks by the natives. He was one of the few who survived, and went to New Granada after the expedition to conquer those territories.

After that, he moved to Venezuela and in 1550 participates in the founding of Barquisimeto. In 1553 when the town is attacked and threatened by Negro Miguel at the head of a party of blacks cimarrones who had revolted in the Buria gold mines committing some misdeeds, he lends himself for the defense of the city. The settlers led by García Paredes and Diego Hernández de Serpa, together with a reinforcement that arrived from the city of El Tocuyo, led by Diego de Losada and Diego de Ortega, defeated Negro Miguel and his followers were persecuted and again reduced to slavery. According to the testimony of Captain Ortega, it was García Paredes who killed Miguel.

In 1557 Paredes found the city Trujillo in the sacred valley of the cuicas indians. Some time later the foreman Juan Rodríguez Suarez went to Trujillo while running away from Juan de Maldonado after escaping of the prison of Santa Fe. They refused to turn him over, and that action became the first example of political asylum in the Americas. In 1561 Lope de Aguirre led his Maranones Rebellion across Venezuela, and Paredes was sent to fight him. He engaged Aguirre's forces at Barquisimeto, and Aguirre was ultimately killed by his one of his men, Custodio Hernandez. Lope de Aguirre was then judged *post mortem* and found guilty of lèse-majesté.

In 1562, he returned to Spain to ask compensation for the services given to the crown and the king Philip II named him as governor of Popayán. When the ship arrived at the coast of Venezuela Paredes landed with five soldiers to ask about his friend Luis de Narváez, who he didn't know had been killed some time before. While they were dining with the natives suddenly they lifted Narvaez's head and killed García de Paredes and the five soldiers accompanying him. The ones who remained in the boat had to leave them there because there was nothing they could do. According to Pedro Simón, this fact happened in Catia la Mar in January 1563.


title: Peranzanes

abstract: Peranzanes is a village and municipality located in the region of El Bierzo. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 329 inhabitants.

text:
# Peranzanes

**Peranzanes** is a village and municipality located in the region of El Bierzo (province of León, Castile and León, Spain). According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 329 inhabitants.

## Geography

Peranzanes counts the hamlets (*pueblos*) of Cariseda, Chano, Faro, Fresnedelo, Guimara and Trascastro.

42°53′N 6°38′W / 42.883°N 6.633°W / 42.883; -6.633

## InfoBox

| Peranzanes | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
| Rests of the *Castro de Chano* | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | León |
| Comarca | El Bierzo |
| Area | |
| Total | 117 km2 (45 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 317 |
| Density | 2.7/km2 (7.0/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Climate | Csb |


title: Personal mythology

abstract: Personal mythology refers to an individual's fundamental stories for making sense and meaning of the world. According to Dr. David Feinstein and Dr. Stanley Krippner, "A personal myth is a constellation of beliefs, feelings, images, and rules—operating largely outside of conscious awareness—that interprets sensations, constructs new explanations, and directs behavior....Personal myths speak to the broad concerns of identity, direction, and purpose. For an internal system of images, narratives, and emotions to be called a personal myth, it must address at least one of the core concerns of human existence."

text:
# Personal mythology

**Personal mythology** refers to an individual's fundamental stories for making sense and meaning of the world. According to Dr. David Feinstein and Dr. Stanley Krippner, "A personal myth is a constellation of beliefs, feelings, images, and rules—operating largely outside of conscious awareness—that interprets sensations, constructs new explanations, and directs behavior. ...Personal myths speak to the broad concerns of identity (Who am I?), direction (Where am I going?), and purpose (Why am I going there?). For an internal system of images, narratives, and emotions to be called a personal myth, it must address at least one of the core concerns of human existence."

## Origin of the phrase in psychology

The term has its roots in the field of psychology (especially of the Jungian psychoanalytical school). It overlaps in some ways with Eric Berne's (1961) notion of "scripts," Albert Ellis' (1962) description of irrational belief systems, George Kelly's (1963) personal construct theory, Theodore Sarbin's (1986) emphasis on narrative psychology, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's (1979) concept of "life themes."

In 1973, Rollo May remarked that "the underlying function of psychotherapy is the indirect reinterpretation and remolding of the patient's symbols and myths" (p. 342). And in 1975 he added, "The individual must define his or her own values according to personal myths...Authentic values for a given patient emerge out of the personal myth of that patient." According to May (1975), psychotherapy can best be described as the collaboration between therapist and patient in the adventure of exploring the patient's awareness of himself and others. "The person can then cultivate his own awareness of his personal myth, which will yield his values and identity as well as give him some shared basis for interpersonal relationships" (p. 706). McLeester (1976, p. 8) applied the concept to dream interpretation, stating, "In dreams we can discover our "personal myth." the story... underlying our daily lives." Ullman and Zimmerman (1979) applied the personal myth concept to dream interpretation, writing that it is the nature of dreams to expose and puncture dysfunctional myths while illuminating the self-deceptive strategies one uses to avoid initiating a more functional pattern of behavior.

In the early 1950s, Jacques Lacan introduced the notion of the individual myth in his lecture titled "The Neurotic's Individual Myth" which was then distributed in unofficial copy in 1953. The term "personal myth" was first introduced into the psychotherapeutic literature by Ernst Kris in 1956 to describe certain elusive dimensions of the human personality that he felt psychoanalysts need to consider if their attempts to bring about change were to be effective and lasting. Carl Jung (1963) began his autobiography, *Memories, Dreams, Reflections* by writing, "Thus it is that I have now undertaken, in my eighty-third year, to tell my personal myth".

In 1965 Arthur Warmoth wrote about the way certain memorable human experiences may become personal myths, fulfilling on a personal level functions that cultural myths have historically performed for entire societies. Warmoth's colleagues Sall Raspberry and Robert Greenway (1970) spoke of "the personal myths of one's dreams," observing that dreams and myths arise "from the same places... in the human psyche" (pp. 54–55). James Hillman (1971, p. 43) used the term in his psychological commentary on Gopi Krishna's autobiography.

## Popularization

Sam Keen was the first to popularize the concept of personal mythology for a general audience. He has written that "\[t\]o the best of my knowledge, the idea of personal mythology was born on November 4, 1964," the day Keen's father died and his personal quest for a meaningful mythic narrative was initiated. Starting in 1969, Keen gave seminars in the US and Europe on personal mythology. In 1971, he met Joseph Campbell, the comparative mythologist whose work brought national attention to the importance of mythology in contemporary society. Campbell's work, especially *The Hero with a Thousand Faces* and *Creative Mythology*, explored the role of personal myth-making in great depth. From 1971 to 1987, Keen and Campbell did seminars together "combining the methods of recovering personal mythology with reflection on classical mythical themes".

Meanwhile, since the early 1970s, David Feinstein has been operationalizing the "personal mythology" construct, having developed a five stage model for teaching individuals to systematically examine, evaluate, and transform their guiding mythologies (Feinstein, 1979). Expanding on his study of the underlying mythic contents of forty-six systems of psychotherapy and personal growth (conducted at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine), he has been advancing the term "personal mythology" in describing the individual's evolving construction of inner reality. Working with consciousness researcher Dr. Stanley Krippner, Feinstein and Krippner's 1988 book, *Personal Mythology*, guided readers through the program they developed in workshops taught throughout the world. Its 3rd edition was the *U.S. Book News* 2007 Psychology/Mental Health Book of the Year.

In 1990, Stephen Larson published *The Mythic Imagination: The Quest for Meaning through Personal Mythology*, further developing the idea.


title: Dibdibo

abstract: Dibdibo is a reservoir named after the homonymous village, located in the Inticho woreda of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The earthen dam that holds the reservoir was built in 1999 by the Relief Society of Tigray.

text:
# Dibdibo

**Dibdibo** is a reservoir named after the homonymous village, located in the Inticho *woreda* of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The earthen dam that holds the reservoir was built in 1999 by the Relief Society of Tigray.

## Dam characteristics

* Dam height: 17.8 metres
* Dam crest length: 433 metres
* Spillway width: 15 metres

## Capacity

* Original capacity: 1 022 900 m³
* Dead storage: 153 435 m³
* Reservoir area: 17.24 ha

In 2002, the life expectancy of the reservoir (the duration before it is filled with sediment) was estimated at 22 years.

## Irrigation

* Designed irrigated area: 100 ha
* Actual irrigated area in 2002: 70 ha

## Environment

The catchment of the reservoir is 7 km² large. The reservoir suffers from rapid siltation. The lithology of the catchment is Adigrat Sandstone, Enticho Sandstone, tertiary basalt and Precambrian metavolcanics. Part of the water that could be used for irrigation is lost through seepage; the positive side-effect is that this contributes to groundwater recharge.

## InfoBox

| Dibdibo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Dibdibo | |
| Coordinates | 14°15′40″N 39°04′53″E / 14.26107719°N 39.08148865°E / 14.26107719; 39.08148865 |
| Type | Freshwater artificial lake |
| Basin countries | Ethiopia |
|  | |
| Surface area | 0.1724 km2 (0.0666 sq mi) |
| Water volume | 1.0229×10~~^~~6 m3 (829.3 acre⋅ft) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Inticho |


title: Did Jesus Exist? (Wells book)

abstract: Did Jesus Exist? is a 1975 book written by the modern German language teacher and amateur historian George Albert Wells who speculated on the evidence of Jesus Christ. Wells argues there was no historical evidence of Jesus existing. A revised second edition was published in 1986. Wells has since modified his position, and in 2003 stated that he now disagrees with Robert M. Price on the information about Jesus being "all mythical". Wells now believes that the Jesus of the gospels is obtained by attributing the supernatural traits of the Pauline epistles to the human preacher of Q source.

text:
# Did Jesus Exist? (Wells book)

***Did Jesus Exist?*** is a 1975 book written by the modern German language teacher and amateur historian George Albert Wells who speculated on the evidence of Jesus Christ. Wells argues there was no historical evidence of Jesus existing. A revised second edition was published in 1986.

Wells has since modified his position, and in 2003 stated that he now disagrees with Robert M. Price on the information about Jesus being "all mythical". Wells now believes that the Jesus of the gospels is obtained by attributing the supernatural traits of the Pauline epistles to the human preacher of Q source.

## Contents

* Contents
* Preface
* Abbreviations for Books of the New Testament
* Introduction
    1. Jewish and Pagan Testimony to Jesus
    2. Early Christian Epistles
    3. The Origin and Nature of the Gospels
    4. Christologies
    5. The Twelve
    6. Galilee and John the Baptist
    7. Was Jesus a Political Rebel?
    8. The Pagan and Jewish Background
    9. The Debate Continues
* Conclusion
* Numbered List of References
* Index of New Testament References
* General Index

## Reception

Bart Ehrman, in his *Did Jesus Exist?* (2012) stated: "The best-known mythicist of modern times — at least among the NT scholars who know of any mythicists at all — is George A. Wells...He has written many books and articles advocating a mythicist position, none more incisive than his 1975 book, *Did Jesus Exist?*. Wells is certainly one who does the hard legwork to make his case: Although an outsider to NT studies, he speaks the lingo of the field and has read deeply in its scholarship. Although most NT scholars will not (or do not) consider his work either convincing or particularly well argued." (p. 19). Wells, 86, provided an answer to these points in an article in *Free Inquiry*.

## InfoBox

Did Jesus Exist?
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | George Albert Wells |
| Publisher | Prometheus Books |
| Publication date | 1975 |
| Media type | Hardcover/Paper |
| Pages | 256 pages |
| ISBN | 0-87975-395-1 |
| OCLC | 137341896 |


title: Quài Cang

abstract: Quài Cang is a commune (xã) and village of the Tuần Giáo District of Điện Biên Province, northwestern Vietnam.

text:
# Quài Cang

**Quài Cang** is a commune () and village of the Tuần Giáo District of Điện Biên Province, northwestern Vietnam.

21°37′06″N 103°25′48″E / 21.6183°N 103.4300°E / 21.6183; 103.4300

## InfoBox

| Quài Cang | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and village | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | Điện Biên |
| District | Tuần Giáo |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (UTC+7) |


abstract: The Sioux Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of four counties in South Dakota and one county in Minnesota, anchored by the city of Sioux Falls. The metro area is referred to locally as the Sioux Empire. Despite the name, it is considered a part of the larger area known as Siouxland as it is within the Big Sioux River basin. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 276,730.

text:
# Sioux Falls, South Dakota metropolitan area

The **Sioux Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area**, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of four counties in South Dakota and one county in Minnesota, anchored by the city of Sioux Falls. The metro area is referred to locally as the Sioux Empire. Despite the name, it is considered a part of the larger area known as Siouxland as it is within the Big Sioux River basin. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 276,730.

## Counties

## Communities

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 23,926 |  |  |
| 1910 | 29,631 |  | 23.8% |
| 1920 | 42,490 |  | 43.4% |
| 1930 | 50,872 |  | 19.7% |
| 1940 | 57,697 |  | 13.4% |
| 1950 | 70,910 |  | 22.9% |
| 1960 | 118,373 |  | 66.9% |
| 1970 | 139,076 |  | 17.5% |
| 1980 | 139,076 |  | 0.0% |
| 1990 | 153,500 |  | 10.4% |
| 2000 | 187,093 |  | 21.9% |
| 2010 | 228,261 |  | 22.0% |
| 2020 | 276,730 |  | 21.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
 | | | |

### Places with more than 150,000 inhabitants

### Places with 1,000 to 15,000 inhabitants

### Places with 500 to 1,000 inhabitants

### Places with fewer than 500 inhabitants

### Unincorporated places

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 187,093 people, 72,492 households, and 48,282 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 94.07% White, 1.25% African American, 1.56% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.87% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.84% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $40,590, and the median income for a family was $48,191. Males had a median income of $30,994 versus $22,493 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $19,184.

## InfoBox

| Sioux Falls Metropolitan Area | |
| --- | --- |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | |
| Sioux Falls skyline as seen from Falls Park | |
| Interactive Map of Sioux Falls, SD–MN CSA | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota
Minnesota |
| Principal city | Sioux Falls |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |


title: The Art of the State

abstract:
The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management is a book written by Christopher Hood, first published by Oxford University Press in 1998 with a revised edition published in 2000. In November 1998 it was awarded the W. J. M. Mackenzie award of the Political Studies Association. Writing in Public Administration Richard J. Stillman II described the book as "a timely and important book, by one of Europe’s
most respected administrative scholars". In a review in the International Public Management Journal Eugene Bardach wrote that "For intellectual scope and ambition, The Art of the State is almost without peer in the recent public management literature".

text:
# The Art of the State

***The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management*** is a book written by Christopher Hood, first published by Oxford University Press in 1998 with a revised edition published in 2000. In November 1998 it was awarded the W. J. M. Mackenzie award of the Political Studies Association.

Writing in *Public Administration* Richard J. Stillman II described the book as "a timely and important book, by one of Europe’s most respected administrative scholars". In a review in the *International Public Management Journal* Eugene Bardach wrote that "For intellectual scope and ambition, *The Art of the State* is almost without peer in the recent public management literature".

## InfoBox

The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Christopher Hood |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Public administration |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press |
| Publication date | 9 July 1998 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 276 |
| ISBN | 978-0198297659 |


title: 1986 Angolan parliamentary election

text:
# 1986 Angolan parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Angola on 9 December 1986. They had been scheduled for 1983, but were postponed due to the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola's (UNITA) military gains in the civil war. The elections were the second elections conducted in the nation after in got independence from Portugal in 1975 and after the 1980 elections. During the period of 1975 to 1980, a civil war was fought between three parties, namely, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the disturbance continued to the 90s.

At the time, the country was a one-party state, with the MPLA as the sole legal party. As a result, most candidates were members of the party, and two-thirds were re-nominated from 1980 elections. The MPLA won 173 out of the 289 seats, while there were 116 non-party members and one seat remained vacant. The elected assemblies took the oath on 30 January 1987 and José Eduardo dos Santos took the oath as the second elected President of Angola.

## Electoral system

The Unicameral Parliament of Angola was scheduled to be constituted with the 289 elected members (up from 229 in 1980 elections) for a three-year term. All Angolan citizens with 18 years of age were eligible to cast their vote. Citizens who were members of factional groups, had criminal record and who had not rehabilitated were barred from exercising their voting rights. The representatives of the provincial assemblies formed a college and they elected the representatives of the House of Parliament. The candidates were expected to be answerable to the citizens in public meetings, with their candidature approved by a majority in the province where they were getting nominated. A constitutional amendment on 19 August 1980 indicated that the council would be replaced by a national people's assembly and there would be 18 elected assemblies.

## Results

Elections were held on 9 December for all 18 assemblies and members of the electoral college for the legislature. Most candidates were members of the MPLA, and those that were not were vetted to ensure that they were not elected to the colleges. The party invited more candidates from various sections of the society and nominated several women. The party re-nominated close to two-thirds of sitting members from the 1980 elections. The President opened the first session on 30 January 1987 and José Eduardo dos Santos took the oath as the elected President of Angola for a second term.

|  | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Seats |
|  | MPLA | 173 |
|  | Non-party members | 116 |
| Vacant seats | | 1 |
| Total | | 290 |
|  | | |
| Source: IPU | | |


title: Ramped craft logistic

abstract: The ramped craft logistic (RCL) is a type of landing craft operated by 17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC of the Royal Logistic Corps of the British Army. From the early 1980s onwards it was deployed to replace the RPL. One of their first roles was to provide logistical support during the setting up of the garrison in the Falkland Islands immediately after the Falklands War - this role was conducted by the two first of class, Arromanches and Antwerp, later stationed at the military port at Marchwood, near Southampton, RCLs were originally procured for UK, Cyprus and Hong Kong. The two based at the British base at Akrotiri, Cyprus, Andalsnes and Akyab were operated as 417 Troop of 17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC. They were sold in 2014 Ferguson Transport and Shipping bought four members of the class and fitted them with Epsilon hydraulic cranes for commercial work, principally around the west coast of Scotland.

text:
# Ramped craft logistic

The **ramped craft logistic** (RCL) is a type of landing craft operated by 17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC of the Royal Logistic Corps of the British Army. From the early 1980s onwards it was deployed to replace the RPL (ramped powered lighter). One of their first roles was to provide logistical support during the setting up of the garrison in the Falkland Islands immediately after the Falklands War \- this role was conducted by the two first of class, *Arromanches* and *Antwerp*, later stationed at the military port at Marchwood, near Southampton, RCLs were originally procured for UK, Cyprus and Hong Kong. The two based at the British base at Akrotiri, Cyprus, *Andalsnes* and *Akyab* were operated as 417 Troop of 17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC. They were sold in 2014

Ferguson Transport and Shipping bought four members of the class and fitted them with Epsilon hydraulic cranes for commercial work, principally around the west coast of Scotland.

## Fleet list

There were 9 ramped craft logistic brought into service:

| Name | Pennant number | Builder | Ordered | Launched | In service | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Arromanches* | L105 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | 18 March 1980 | 6 January 1981 | 31 July 1981 | Sold Renamed *Jenna J* in 2020. In commercial service for Ferguson Transport & Shipping Ltd. |
| *Antwerp* | L106 | Brooke Marine, Lowestoft | 18 March 1980 | 9 March 1981 | 14 August 1981 | For sale November 1994 |
| *Andalsnes* | L107 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | 31 March 1983 | 16 March 1984 | 22 May 1984 | For sale 2014 |
| *Abbeville* | L108 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | 31 March 1983 | 28 August 1984 | 9 November 1984 | Discarded 1994 |
| *Akyab* | L109 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | 31 March 1983 | 20 November 1984 | 21 December 1984 | Stricken 2010 |
| *Aachen* | L110 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | March 1985 | 25 June 1986 | 26 January 1987 |  |
| *Arezzo* | L111 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | March 1985 | 18 November 1986 | 2 March 1987 | Bought by Ferguson Transport & Shipping. Now operating as fish farm feed vessel under the name *Carly* \- registered in Stornoway |
| *Agheila* | L112 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | March 1985 | 27 April 1987 | 12 June 1987 | For sale November 1994 |
| *Audemer* | L113 | James & Stone, Brightlingsea | March 1985 | 24 June 1987 | 21 August 1987 | Sold 2013. Now in commercial service as *Leslie Anne* with Ferguson Transport & Shipping. |

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

Ramped craft logistic
| RCL L106 *Antwerp* moored in Akrotiri harbour, Cyprus | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders |  |
| Operators |  |
| Built | 1980–1985 |
| Completed | 9 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Landing craft |
| Displacement | 185 GT |
| Length | 27.2 m (89 ft) |
| Beam | 6.6 m (22 ft) |
| Draught | * 1 m (3 ft 3 in) bow * 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) stern |
| Propulsion | 2 x Volvo Penta D9MH |
| Speed | 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) |
| Complement | 6 |


title: Cedar, British Columbia

abstract: Cedar is a small community in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located near the east coast of Vancouver Island — about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south-east of Nanaimo — along the banks of the Nanaimo River. Its geographical coordinates are 49°07′N 123°51′W. The village was so named because of the profusion of Thuja plicata trees in its vicinity, known as the Western Red Cedar. Cedar as a locality existed prior to 1888, as on April 1, that year, a post office was opened. To the north of Cedar, three Snuneymuxw First Nation Indian reserves, Nanaimo River 2, 3, and 4, border the community. Nearby parks include Nanaimo River Regional Park, Morden Colliery Historic Provincial Park, and Hemer Provincial Park.

text:
# Cedar, British Columbia

**Cedar** is a small community in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located near the east coast of Vancouver Island — about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south-east of Nanaimo — along the banks of the Nanaimo River. Its geographical coordinates are 49°07′N 123°51′W / 49.117°N 123.850°W / 49.117; -123.850.

The village was so named because of the profusion of *Thuja plicata* trees in its vicinity, known as the Western Red Cedar. Cedar as a locality existed prior to 1888, as on April 1, that year, a post office was opened.

To the north of Cedar, three Snuneymuxw First Nation Indian reserves, Nanaimo River 2, 3, and 4, border the community.

Nearby parks include Nanaimo River Regional Park, Morden Colliery Historic Provincial Park, and Hemer Provincial Park.

1. Natural Resources Canada
2. "BC Geographical Names Information System". Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2006.


title: Bawomataluo village

abstract: Bawomataluo village is a settlement in the Teluk Dalam province of the South Nias Regency of Indonesia. The village is built on a flat-topped hill, the name Bawomataluo meaning "Sun Hill", and is one of the best-preserved villages built in traditional style. The largest house is that of the chief and is believed to date back to the eighteenth century. Large stone slabs stand in front of the houses and an open space in the centre of the village is used for traditional ceremonies and rituals. In view of the original traditional architectural features of the settlement and its environment representing the megalithic monuments tradition, the site was included on Indonesia's national Tentative List for nomination as a World Heritage Site under Criteria (i), (iv), and (vi) in 2009.

text:
# Bawomataluo village

**Bawomataluo village** is a settlement in the Teluk Dalam province of the South Nias Regency of Indonesia. The village is built on a flat-topped hill, the name Bawomataluo meaning "Sun Hill", and is one of the best-preserved villages built in traditional style. The largest house is that of the chief and is believed to date back to the eighteenth century. Large stone slabs stand in front of the houses and an open space in the centre of the village is used for traditional ceremonies and rituals.

In view of the original traditional architectural features of the settlement and its environment representing the megalithic monuments tradition, the site was included on Indonesia's national Tentative List for nomination as a World Heritage Site under Criteria (i), (iv), and (vi) in 2009.

## Location

The Bawomataluo settlement on the island of Nias is located on a hill on a level ground about 400 metres (1,300 ft) above mean sea level and is accessed by concrete steps. The hill is oriented in the southeast to the northwest direction. It covers an area of about 5 hectares (12 acres). It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the sea coast and is above the height likely to be reached by any tsunami. The settlement is planned to fit the topography of the land and a spring provides adequate supplies of water. It is surrounded by "valleys and deep gorges". The settlement is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away from Teluk Dalam port, a sub-district of the Nias, and public transport facility is available to reach the site.

## History

According to the family history traced to the 18th century settlement at Bawomataluo, the design of houses is credited to King Laowo who established the Kingdom in the region whose antecedence was to the Gomo family. The houses were built by Saonigeho (Siliwu Gere) who belonged to the same Laowo family. As of 2009, the fourth line of descendants of the Laowo family are residing in the settlement.

## Features

The settlement is built around the megalithic monuments positioned in vertical and horizontal directions. These are locally called the *daro-daro* and the *naitaro* respectively. *Daro-daro* represents males and *naitaro* represents females. The funerary site where the stones are found is on a terraced land which is approached by climbing 7 stone steps in the first stage and 70 steps at the second stage (a total of 80 steps is also mentioned). Also located here is a stone feature in the open area which is part of the customary rituals.

Two stone paved roads are aligned on either side of the megalithic stones, each of which runs for about 300 metres (980 ft), terminating at the house of the Chief or King of the community, at the southwestern end of the settlement; the house measures 19 by 30 metres (62 ft × 98 ft) . This house is said to be the "oldest and largest on Nias". The house is built with large sized wooden beams in the interior. There is a drum in the house which is used to signal the start and end of meetings. Another notable feature in the house is of carvings in wood and an array of jaw bones of pigs. A large stone throne at the entry to the house is used by the Chief; by its side there is a depiction of a phallus carved out of stone. Outside the Chief's house there are stone tables where dead bodies used to be kept to rot.

The earliest traditionally built houses for the people of the settlement are located on both sides of the road, facing each other at a space of 4 metres (13 ft). New houses have also been built in between the traditional houses which also face each other, and are in a straight line aligned in the northwest to the northeast direction. In addition, there are houses built at the center of the settlement which are in a row oriented towards the southeast. The entire complex consists of 500 houses, each with a household head, housing a population of 7,000. Apart from the size of the houses *(omo hada)* and a feature at its entrance to denote the status of the family, each house has a symbolic representation of the status of the head of the family. Houses are made of carved wood and reflects the skill of the local people in wood crafting.

Training of people of the village for wars was performed in the past by jumping a stone wall of 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) in height, which was fixed with sharp-edged sticks at the top. However, in the present practice the sharp-edged sticks are removed for ceremonial jumping. This jumping is also performed for financial considerations outside of ceremonial events. The cultural activity at the settlement is in the form of war dances by young men.

## Bibliography

0°37′01″N 97°47′13″E / 0.6170°N 97.7870°E / 0.6170; 97.7870


title: Rhinotus

abstract: Rhinotus is a genus of millipedes in the family Siphonotidae. There are at least 20 described species in Rhinotus.

text:
# Rhinotus

***Rhinotus*** is a genus of millipedes in the family Siphonotidae. There are at least 20 described species in *Rhinotus*.

## Species

These species belong to the genus *Rhinotus*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Rhinotus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rhinotus purpureus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Polyzoniida |
| Family: | Siphonotidae |
| Genus: | *Rhinotus*<br>Cook, 1896 |
|


title: Rhoda Williams Benham

abstract: Rhoda Williams Benham was an American mycologist, taxonomist, and pioneer of the field of medical mycology. Throughout her career, she taught and trained many medical mycologists at Columbia University, while also conducting and publishing fundamental research in the field. Her most renowned works include her publications on the genus Candida, which established her as an authority on the yeast-like fungi pathogenic to man.

text:
# Rhoda Williams Benham

**Rhoda Williams Benham** (December 5, 1894 – January 17, 1957) was an American mycologist, taxonomist, and pioneer of the field of medical mycology. Throughout her career, she taught and trained many medical mycologists at Columbia University, while also conducting and publishing fundamental research in the field. Her most renowned works include her publications on the genus *Candida*, which established her as an authority on the yeast-like fungi pathogenic to man.

## Biography

Benham was born in Cedarhurst, New York on December 5, 1894. Her family, although living for some time in Long Island, had a long New England ancestry and constituted a close-knit group, the warmth and devotion of which had a tremendous influence on Benham's life. Though she maintained an apartment in New York for years, she spent her weekends and vacations in Cedarhurst where she entertained many of her friends and colleagues. Benham was known for her photography, and enjoyed photographing flowers, trees, her family and friends, as well as her fungi at work. Some of her tree photographs received honorable mention in the Medical Center Personnel's yearly art exhibits.

After completing her primary and secondary education in Cedarhurst, Benham attended Barnard College of Columbia University and received a B.A. degree, majoring in Botany, in 1917. From 1918 to 1925 Benham remained affiliated with the Botany Department at Barnard, as a graduate student and teaching assistant, in Botany. During that time, she received the guidance of four prominent botanists in the Columbia faculty: Herbert M. Richards, R. A. Harper, Bernard O. Dodge, and Tracy Hazen, whose influence shaped her selection of a career. In 1919, Benham received her master's degree in Botany at Columbia under Herbert M. Richards, and began work toward the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. She began a study of the metal nutrition of *Aspergillus niger* for her thesis, but stopped after being invited by Joseph Gardner Hopkins to join his staff as an Assistant in Dermatology in the diagnostic laboratory in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (now Columbia Medical School). Here, she began to study pathogenic fungi, and published her renown thesis: "Certain Monilias Parasitic on Man, their Identification by Morphology and by Agglutination," for her Ph.D. in Botany in 1931. This particular work was the first to use immunologic principles as a taxonomic tool in the study of pathogenic fungi, and is today regarded a classic.

In 1935, Benham, in collaboration with Joseph Gardner Hopkins and Bernard O. Dodge, organized the first comprehensive course on medical mycology and directed the first medical mycology research laboratory in the United States. Her Medical Mycology course at Columbia University was the first of its kind, and it prompted the establishment of similar courses at other academic institutions. With the support of a substantial grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and recruiters like Hopkins and Dodge, her laboratory successfully nurtured many young scholars who later became prominent medical mycologists, including: Beatrice M. Kesten, Chester W. Emmons, Mary E. Hopper, Arturo L. Carrion, Edward De Lamater, Otis Jillson, V. Medd Henington, Lucille Georg, Floriante Bocobo, Roland Riddell, Jose Miranda, Milton Huppert, and Edith Schnall. She assisted Elizabeth Lee Hazen in learning mycology.

Benham was a dedicated teacher and academic, with involvement in many scientific societies and organizations, including: The Society of the Sigma Xi, the Harvey Society, the Microbiological Section of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Society of Investigative Dermatology, the Society of American Bacteriologists, the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Mycological Society of America. She also served on the Medical Mycology Committee, charged with preparing nomenclature proposals for the International Botanical Congress in Stockholm in 1950, where her proposal to conserve the generic name *Candida* for the medicinal monilias was adopted. Benham was one of the original editors of the international publication *Mycopathologia*, as well as of the chapter on "Pathogenic Fungi" for the fourth edition of *Diagnostic Procedures and Reagents* of the American Public Health Association. She was also the author of the chapter "Pathogenic Fungi" in *Agents of Disease and Host Resistance* by Gay et al. Though her health began to fail in 1948, she served as a consultant in mycology to Commissioner of Health for the State of New York Herman E. Hilleboe upon his request from 1948 through 1953.

In 1948, Benham had a heart attack which required hospitalization, and subsequently resulted in her absence from her laboratory for nearly a year. She recovered enough to resume active duty for several more years, and completed her work on the genus *Beauveria*, as well as additional work on the *Cryptococci* and dermatophytes, during this time. Her health declined again in the summer of 1955 and she was unable to return to the laboratory, forcing her to retire prematurely as Associate Professor in the Department of Dermatology at Columbia. However, she continued to write, completing the manuscripts for her final two papers. She died on January 17, 1957, after spending one and a half years in her Cedarhurst home. Benham was an Episcopalian, and was buried at her family parish in Hewlett, New York.

## Publications

Benham has published 43 times over her career. She was primarily a taxonomist, and incorporated both morphology and biochemical behavior, including nutrition, antigenic resemblances, and virulence, in her studies and publications. Her thesis work *Certain Monilias Parasitic on Man, their Identification by Morphology and by Agglutination* was first in the application of immunologic principles as a taxonomic tool in the study of pathogenic fungi, and is regarded as a classic. At the time, the numerous species of *Candida*, referred to as "medical monilias", provided a perplexing challenge. Her meticulous analysis of strains labeled *Monilia psilosis*, *Endomyces albicans*, and even *Saccharomyces* and *Blastomyces* revealed that the majority of fermenting yeast-like fungi isolated from human lesions were identical and belonged to a single species, *Candida (Monilia) albicans*. Benham further described characteristics that may be used to distinguish this species from others including: ''C. krusei, C. parapsilosis*, and* C. tropicalis*. For studying their microscopic morphology, she advocated corn meal infusion agar, a culture medium that, when produced according to her method, remains unrivaled for the rapid induction of the diagnostic chlamydospores of* C. albicans\]\]*. She revealed antigenic differences and similarities among the numerous species in this group by developing specific antisera in rabbits.*

Her extensive 1935 investigation of pathogenic yeast recovered from humans proved that clinical isolates described as *Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces*, and *Torula* by Busse, Curtis, and others were all the same species, which she termed *Cryptococcus*. Her subsequent publication in 1950 established *Cryptococcus neoformans* as the formally accepted taxon. Benham’s publications on the genus *Candida*, as well as a comparable treatment of the genus *Cryptococcus*, cemented her authority on human-pathogenic, yeast-like fungi.

Benham’s research, however, was not limited to these two taxa. Her works on *Phoma condiogena, Sporotrichum schenkii, Pityrosporum ovale, Allescheria boydii*, the genus *Beauveria*, and the dermatophytes, demonstrate her wide range of fungal interests and scope of knowledge. Similarly, her publications on dermatophyte nutrition, many of which were co-authored with her students and associates, have considerably increased understanding of this topic, as well as the available information in this field.

Her bibliography is extensive, including contributions on medical mycology subjects to scholarly articles and the proceedings of societies in which she was a member. A comprehensive list of Rhoda Williams Benham’s publications can be seen below.

### List of publications

1. Monilia infections of the hands and feet. New York State Jour. Med. 29: 793-800. 1929. (With J. G. Hopkins.)
2. Asthma due to a fungus, Alternaria. Jour. A. M. A. 94: 6-10. 1930. (With J. G. Hopkins and B. M. Kesten.)
3. Sensitization to saprophytic fungi in a case of eczema. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 27: 342-344. 1930. (With J. G. Hopkins and B. M. Kesten.)
4. Certain monilias parasitic on man; their identification by morphology and by agglutination. Jour. Infect. Dis. 49: 183-215. 1931.
5. Phonma condiogcna, an excitant in asthma: some observations on the development and cultural characteristics. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 58: 203-214. 1931.
6. Monilias, yeasts and cryptococci; their pathogenicity, classification and identification. Am. Jour. Pub. Health 22: 502-504. 1932.
7. Sporotrichosis in New York State. New York State Jour. Med. 32: 595-601. 1932. (With J. G. Hopkins.)
8. Sporotrichosis: its transmission to plants and animals. Jour. Infect. Dis. 50: 437-458. 1932. (With B. M. Kesten.)
9. Fungus infections of the skin and its appendages occurring in Puerto Rico; a clinical and mycologic study. Arch. Derm. Syph. 25: 1046-1057. 1932. (With B. M. Kesten, B. K. Ashford, C. W. Emmons and M. C. Moss.)
10. Vegetable parasites that attack both plant and human life. Jour. New York Bot. Garden 33: 149-153. 1932.
11. Yeast-like fungi found on the skin and in the intestines of normal subjects; a survey of 100 persons. Arch. Derm. Syph. 28: 532-543. 1933. (With A. McH. Hopkins.)
12. The fungi of blastomycosis and coccidioidal granuloma. Arch. Derm. Syph. 30: 385-400. 1934.
13. The terminology of the cryptococci with a note on Cryptococcus mollis. Mycologia 27: 496-502. 1935.
14. Cryptococci-their identification by morphology and by serology. Jour. Infect. Dis. 57: 255-274. 1935.
15. Pathogenic Fungi; Chapter 45 in "Agents of Disease & Host Resistance," Gay et al., Ch. C. Thomas, Springfield. 1935.
16. Experimental studies with the dermatophytes. 1. Primary disease in laboratory animals. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 1: 451-467. 1938. (With E. D. DeLamater.)
17. Experimental studies with the dermatophytes. 2. Immunity and hypersensitivity produced in laboratory animals. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 1: 469-488. 1938. (With E. D. DeLamater.)
18. The fungi causing deep-seated infections: their diagnostic characteristics and classification. Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Congress 5: 863-872. 1939.
19. The cultural characteristics of Pityrosporum ovale-a lipophylic fungus. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 2: 187-203. 1939.
20. Cultural characteristics of Pityrosporum ovalec-a lipophylic fungus. Nutrient and growth requirements. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 46: 176-178. 1941.
21. The nutrient and growth requirements of Pityrosporum ovale-a lipophylic fungus. (Abstract) Torreya 41: 68-69. 1941.
22. Laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of fungus diseases. Proc. New York State Assoc. Pub. Health Labs. 24: 69-82. 1944.
23. Pityrosporum ovalc-a lipophylic fungus. Thiamin and oxaloacetic acid as growth factors. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 58: 199-201. 1945.
24. Biology of Pityrosporum ovalc. Chapter 4 in Nickerson's "Biology of Patho- genic Fungi," Ann. Cryptogam. Pytopathol. VI, Chronica Botanica Pub. Co., Waltham, Mass. 1947.
25. Allescheria boydii, causative agent in a case of meningitis. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 10: 99-110. 1948. (With L. K. Georg.)
26. Effect of nutrition on growth and morphology of the dermatophytes. 1. Devel- opment of macroconidia in Trichophyton rubrum. Mycologia 40: 232-240. 1948.
27. Pigment production in the differentiation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. Mycologia 41: 291-302. 1949. (With F. C. Bocobo.)
28. Cryptococcosis and blastomycosis. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 50: 1299-1314. 1950.
29. The Laboratory of Medical Mycology. The Biopsy 2: 1-2. 1950.
30. Nutritional studies of the dermatophytes with special reference to Trichophyton megnini Blanchard 1896 and Trichophyton gallinae (Megnin 1881), comb. nov. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 18: 453-472. 1952. (With M. Silva.)
31. An unusual finding in Epidermophyton floccosumn. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 19: 315-317. 1952. (With P. McCormack.)
32. Nutritional studies of the dermatophytes-effect on growth and morphology, with special reference to the production of macroconidia. Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 15: 102-106. 1953.
33. Maduromycosis of the central nervous system. Jour. Neuropath. & Exp. Neurol. 12: 158-168. 1953. (With S. M. Aronson and A. Wolf.)
34. The genus Beauveria, morphological and taxonomical studies of several species and of two strains isolated from wharf-piling borers. Mycologia 45: 727- 746. 1953. (With J. L. Miranda.)
35. Chemical analysis of the capsular substance of Cryptococcus neoformans. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 22: 279-283. 1954. (With J. M. Einbinder and C. T. Nelson.)
36. Nutritional studies of the dermatophytes with special reference to the red- pigment producing varieties of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 22: 285-294. 1954. (With M. Silva.)
37. Treatment of onychomyocis due to Trichophyton rubrum. A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. 71: 52-55. 1955. (With B. M. Kesten and M. Silva.)
38. The genus Cryptococcus: the present status and criteria for the identification of species. Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 17: 418-429. 1955.
39. Cryptococcus neoformans: "an ascomycete." Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 89. 243-245. 1955.
40. Trichophyton rubrum infections: a clinical, mycologic and experimental study. Jour. Invest. Dermat. 25: 311-328. 1955. (With M. Silva and B. M. Kesten.)
41. The genus Cryptococcus. Bact. Reviews 20: 189-200. 1956.
42. Species of Candida most frequently isolated from man: methods and criteria for their identification. Jour. Chronic Dis. 5: 460-472. 1957.
43. The chlamydospores of Candida albicans: comparison of three media for their induction. Jour. Lab. & Clin. Med. 1957. (in press-posthumously) (With J. D. Pollack.)

## Awards and honors

Rhoda Williams Benham won numerous awards for her photography. Some of her tree photographs, which were enlarged from black and white negatives, received honorable mention in the Medical Center Personnel's yearly art exhibits. Using her photography, Benham put together excellent exhibits that she and her colleagues presented at several annual conventions of the American Medical Association, as well as one convention each of the American Public Health Association, the Society of American Bacteriologists, and the Ninth International Dermatological Congress in Budapest in 1935. For their excellence, many of these displays received gold medals or certificates of recognition.

In Benham’s honor, the Medical Mycological Society of the Americas rewards exceptional contributions to the field of medical mycology with an annual prize. For her extensive contributions to medical mycology, and science in general, the fungus *Trichophyton benhamiae* was named in her honor.

## Legacy

Benham was able to amass a sizable culture collection throughout the years, which she used not only for her own research and teaching, but also to fulfill the needs of many other researchers at other institutions. Through her photography, she has left behind a legacy of photos illustrating patients, fungal cultures (both gross and microscopic), and histologic sections from infected tissues, exhibiting both deep and superficial mycoses.

Rhoda Williams Benham's many associates, students, and fellow mycologists throughout the world recognize her significant contributions to the study of pathogenic fungi. As a co-founder of the first laboratory for medical mycology research and teaching in the United States with the late Joseph Gardner Hopkins, she is considered a true pioneer in the field.

1. Silva, Margarita; Hazen, Elizabeth L. (July 1957). "Rhoda Williams Benham 1894–1957". *Mycologia*. **49** (4): 596–603. doi:10.1080/00275514.1957.12024672. ISSN 0027-5514.
2. "Rhoda Benham Awardees". *Medical Mycological Society of the Americas*. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
3. "Hazen, Elizabeth Lee and Rachel Fuller Brown | Encyclopedia.com". *www.encyclopedia.com*. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
4. Benham, R. W. (1935-11-01). "Cryptococci--Their Identification by Morphology and by Serology". *Journal of Infectious Diseases*. **57** (3): 255–274. doi:10.1093/infdis/57.3.255. ISSN 0022-1899.
5. Benham, Rhoda W. (September 1950). "Cryptococcosis and Blastomycosis". *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*. **50** (10): 1299–1314. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1950.tb39828.x. PMID 14783320. S2CID 11318773.

## InfoBox

| Rhoda Williams Benham | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | December 5, 1894
Cedarhurst, New York, United States |
| Died | January 17, 1957(1957-01-17) (aged 62) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Barnard College; Columbia University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mycology Botany
Dermatology |
|  | |


title: Rhondda Transport Company

abstract: The Rhondda Tramways Company was established in 1906 as a subsidiary of the National Electric Construction Company. The NECC was acquired, with all its subsidiary businesses, by British Electric Traction Company (BET) in 1928. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the BET was a major operator of tramways in the UK, and later became one of the biggest operators of motor buses in the UK.

text:
# Rhondda Transport Company

The **Rhondda Tramways Company** was established in 1906 as a subsidiary of the National Electric Construction Company. The NECC was acquired, with all its subsidiary businesses, by British Electric Traction Company (BET) in 1928. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the BET was a major operator of tramways in the UK, and later became one of the biggest operators of motor buses in the UK.

## History

The Rhondda Tramways Company was given the franchise under act of parliament to run trams within the boundaries of the Rhondda Urban District Council. The council itself was prohibited from running its own bus service. In the early 1930s, the trams were replaced by diesel buses.

By 1956, Rhondda Transport operated over 200 buses, and shortly afterwards it became the largest bus operator in Wales. In 1971, the company was taken over by Western Welsh. Western Welsh was merged with Red & White to form National Welsh, a component company of the newly created and nationalised National Bus Company (NBC).

## Subsequent developments

NBC was privatised under prime minister Margaret Thatcher's privatisation campaigns in 1986. National Welsh was sold to its management and began a vigorous expansionist drive, taking over smaller local and municipal bus companies in the South Wales valleys. It collapsed in 1992, and the former Rhondda Transport operations were taken over by Rhondda Buses. This company was taken over by the Stagecoach Group in 1997, and the erstwhile RTC now operates as Stagecoach South Wales.