title: Black River (Gogebic County)

abstract: The Black River is a 41.1-mile-long (66.1 km) river on the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan, flowing mostly in Gogebic County into Lake Superior at 46°40′03″N 90°02′57″W. Its source at 46°18′54″N 90°01′15″W is a boreal wetland on the border with Iron County, Wisconsin. The northern section of the river, 14 miles (23 km) within the boundaries of the Ottawa National Forest, was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1992. At the Lake Superior mouth of the Black River is Black River Harbor, a former fishing station where commercial fishermen brought in cargoes of lake trout. The North Country Trail crosses the river here via a suspension footbridge.

text:
# Black River (Gogebic County)

The **Black River** is a 41.1-mile-long (66.1 km) river on the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan, flowing mostly in Gogebic County into Lake Superior at 46°40′03″N 90°02′57″W / 46.66750°N 90.04917°W / 46.66750; -90.04917 (Black River (mouth)). Its source at 46°18′54″N 90°01′15″W / 46.31500°N 90.02083°W / 46.31500; -90.02083 (Black River (source)) is a boreal wetland on the border with Iron County, Wisconsin. The northern section of the river, 14 miles (23 km) within the boundaries of the Ottawa National Forest, was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1992.

At the Lake Superior mouth of the Black River is Black River Harbor, a former fishing station where commercial fishermen brought in cargoes of lake trout. The North Country Trail crosses the river here via a suspension footbridge.

## Waterfalls

The Wild and Scenic River section of the Black River of Gogebic County is known for the many waterfalls produced as the river tumbles down from near Copper Peak to Lake Superior. The river drops more than 200 feet (61 m) over five separate named cataracts beginning two miles (3.2 km) from its mouth.

The first three named falls are smaller, farther apart, and have limited access. Some of these waterfalls are easily accessible from the parallel County Road 513 (Black River Road) north of Bessemer, while other waterfalls require a more strenuous hike to see. Roadside trails provide access to Gorge Falls and Potawatomi Falls. The Black River Road was named a National Forest Scenic Byway in 1992. The trails to two of the Black River waterfalls, Gorge and Potawatomi, have been designated National Recreation Trails due to their unique stairway designs (to provide easier access down the steep slopes) and observation platforms.

### Narrows, Chippewa, and Algonquin Falls

The first three waterfalls on the Black River as it approaches Lake Superior are Narrows Falls, Chippewa Falls, and Algonquin Falls. They are the three smallest named waterfalls on the river. Narrows and Algonquin Falls are technically rapids or cascades. Chippewa Falls drops nearly 10 feet (3.0 m) over boulders and dead tree limbs. These area have limited access and are not often visited.

### Great Conglomerate and Potawatomi Falls

Great Conglomerate Falls is the southernmost (the Black River flows north) of the more publicized falls and the first large waterfall on the river's approach to Lake Superior. The river drops 30 feet (9.1 m) around a large piece of conglomerate rock, boulders and tree trunks into a deep gorge. Potawatomi Falls drops nearly 40 feet (12 m) in two sections around a piece of conglomerate rock, similar to Great Conglomerate Falls.

### Gorge and Sandstone Falls

At Gorge Falls, 46°38′25″N 90°03′01″W / 46.6403°N 90.0502°W / 46.6403; -90.0502, the Black River constricts to about seven feet (2.1 m) across and drops 20 feet (6.1 m) into a steep gorge, creating masses of foam as the water falls against the rocks below. Sandstone Falls drops a total of 25 feet (7.6 m) in two sections, a five-foot (1.5 m) initial drop (pictured) and a 20-foot (6.1 m) second drop. Sandstone Falls is named for the sandstone rocks along the riverbed that the river has cut channels through.

### Rainbow Falls

Rainbow Falls is the northernmost waterfall on the Black River, less than one mile (1.6 km) from Lake Superior. It is also the highest. Here, the water drops 45 feet (14 m) down into a rocky gorge. The waterfall creates much mist, which, on sunny days, creates a constant rainbow. The approach to this waterfall is strenuous: 200 steps are built on staircases and into the side of the hill, creating a very steep approach.

## Tributaries and features

From the mouth:

* Rainbow Falls
* (left) Sagaigan Creek
    + Sagaigan Lake
* Sandstone Falls
* Gorge Falls
* Potawatomi Falls
* Great Conglomerate Falls
* (left) Sand Island Creek
* Algonquin Falls
* (left) Kirby Creek
* Chippewa Falls
* (right) Reed Creek
* (left) Narrows Creek
* (left) Montowibo Creek
* (left) Sapsucker Creek
* (right) Sixmile Creek
* (right) Powder Mill Creek
    + (left) Sellwood Creek
* (right) Kallander Creek
* (left) Abitosse Creek
* (left) Jackson Creek
    + (right) Planter Creek
    + (left) Berranger Creek
    + (left) Connor Creek
    + (left) Bowden Creek
    + (left) Finnegan Creek
    + (left) Alward Creek
    + (right) McVichie Creek
* Gabbro Falls
* Neepikon Falls
* (left) Little Black River
* Ramsay
* (left) Sunset Creek
* Granite Falls
* (left) Hosking Creek
* (left) Devils Creek
* (right) Palms Creek
* (left) McDonald Creek
    + McDonald Lake
        - (left) Bice Creek
        - (left) Mosinee Creek
* (right) Wester Creek
* (left) Underwood Creek
* Black River Lake

## InfoBox

| Black River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Lake Superior |
| elevation | 600 ft (180 m) |
|  | |
| National Wild and Scenic River | |
| Type | Scenic |
| Designated | March 3, 1992 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Dyrithiopsis

abstract: Dyrithiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis from Fuxian Lake in China.

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# Dyrithiopsis

***Dyrithiopsis*** is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis*** from Fuxian Lake in China.

## InfoBox

| *Dyrithiopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Ascomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Amphisphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | ***Dyrithiopsis***
L. Cai, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis***
L. Cai, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde | |


title: Silver Ladders (album)

abstract: Silver Ladders is the fourth studio album by American harpist Mary Lattimore. It was released on October 9, 2020 under the Ghostly International label. Produced by Slowdive's Neil Halstead, it has been described as the album where Lattimore "sets herself apart as a bright innovator who pushes expectation."

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# Silver Ladders (album)

***Silver Ladders*** is the fourth studio album by American harpist Mary Lattimore. It was released on October 9, 2020 under the Ghostly International label. Produced by Slowdive's Neil Halstead, it has been described as the album where Lattimore "sets herself apart as a bright innovator who pushes expectation."

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 85/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | 8/10 |
| *musicOMH* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.7/10 |

*Silver Ladders* was met with favorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 85, based on 10 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".

### Accolades

The album was included in 13 best-albums-of-2020 lists, including those by *The New Yorker*, *Drowned in Sound*, NPR Music, *The Quietus*, *The Wire*, *BrooklynVegan*, Gorilla vs. Bear, *Pitchfork*, AllMusic and *XLR8R*.

## Track listing

*Silver Ladders* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Pine Trees" | 3:20 |
| 2. | "Silver Ladders" | 3:45 |
| 3. | "Til a Mermaid Drags You Under" | 10:26 |
| 4. | "Sometimes He's in My Dreams" | 3:46 |
| 5. | "Chop on the Climbout" | 5:57 |
| 6. | "Don't Look" | 8:03 |
| 7. | "Thirty Tulips" | 4:58 |

## InfoBox

| Silver Ladders | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mary Lattimore | |
| Released | October 9, 2020 (2020-10-09) |
| Length | 40:18 |
| Label | Ghostly International |
| Mary Lattimore chronology | |
| *New Rain Duets*
(2019) ***Silver Ladders***
(2020) *Goodbye, Hotel Arkada*
(2023) | |


abstract: Springfield Public Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Springfield, Missouri, United States. The district encompasses 27 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 1 contributing structure, and 2 contributing objects in Springfield's central business district. The district developed between about 1890 and 1959, and includes representative examples of commercial architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Franklin Springfield Motor Co. Building, Gillioz Theatre, Heer's Department Store, Netter-Ullman Building, and Marx-Hurlburt Building. Other notable resources include the Landers Building (1915), F. W. Woolworth Co. (1954), J. J. Newberry Co. (1951), S. S. Kresge Co. (1953), Springfield Cigar Company, Stancill Drug Store, National Shirt Co, Salvation Army, Public Square, Queen City Bank (1914), Frisco Office Building (1910), and Cantrell Building. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 with a boundary increase in 2010.

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# Springfield Public Square Historic District

**Springfield Public Square Historic District** is a national historic district located at Springfield, Missouri, United States. The district encompasses 27 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 1 contributing structure, and 2 contributing objects in Springfield's central business district. The district developed between about 1890 and 1959, and includes representative examples of commercial architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Franklin Springfield Motor Co. Building, Gillioz Theatre, Heer's Department Store, Netter-Ullman Building, and Marx-Hurlburt Building. Other notable resources include the Landers Building (1915), F. W. Woolworth Co. (1954), J. J. Newberry Co. (1951), S. S. Kresge Co. (1953), Springfield Cigar Company (c. 1890), Stancill Drug Store (c. 1890), National Shirt Co (c. 1952), Salvation Army (c. 1890), Public Square (c. 1835, 1970), Queen City Bank (1914), Frisco Office Building (1910), and Cantrell Building (c. 1927).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 with a boundary increase in 2010.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Springfield Public Square Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 149,138,137,134,127,132,124, and 122 Park Central Sq.,219, 221, South Ave.; also the eastern side of Public Square, part of the 300 block of Park Central E., and the northern side of the 200 block of W. Olive, Springfield, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 37°12′46″N 93°17′35″W / 37.21278°N 93.29306°W / 37.21278; -93.29306 |
| Area | 17.1 acres (6.9 ha) |
| Built by | Johnson Construction Co. |
| Architect | Opal and Torbitt; Larsen, L.P.; Hunt, Frank |
| Architectural style | Early Commercial, two part commercial block |
| MPS | Springfield MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 06000331, 09000281 (Boundary Increase) |
| Added to NRHP | May 5, 2006, January 13, 2010 (Boundary Increase) |


title: Fidel Edwards

abstract: Fidel Henderson Edwards is a Barbadian cricketer, who played all formats of the game. A pace bowler, his round-arm action is "not unlike" that of former fast bowler Jeff Thomson but similar to the bowling action of Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka. He was spotted in the nets by Brian Lara and was called up for his Test debut against Sri Lanka after just one match for Barbados. Edwards was a member of the West Indies team that won the 2012 T20 World Cup. Despite a promising start to his Test career, he has been injury prone and inconsistent. With an average of just under 40 in Test cricket, he has struggled to fulfil his early potential. He is the half brother of Pedro Collins.

text:
# Fidel Edwards

**Fidel Henderson Edwards** (born 6 February 1982) is a Barbadian cricketer, who played all formats of the game. A pace bowler, his round-arm action is "not unlike" that of former fast bowler Jeff Thomson but similar to the bowling action of Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka. He was spotted in the nets by Brian Lara and was called up for his Test debut against Sri Lanka after just one match for Barbados. Edwards was a member of the West Indies team that won the 2012 T20 World Cup.

Despite a promising start to his Test career, he has been injury prone and inconsistent. With an average of just under 40 in Test cricket, he has struggled to fulfil his early potential.

He is the half brother of Pedro Collins.

## Domestic and T20 franchise career

The experienced campaigner who also plays in the Bangladesh Premier League was bought by Rajasthan Royals in players auction for IPL 2013 for US$210,000. On 6 February 2009 the IPL franchise of Deccan Chargers bought Edwards for $150,000. His club team in Barbados is YMPC.

Edwards was bought for $60,000 by Khulna Royal Bengals to play in the newly formed Bangladesh Premier League to be held in February 2012.

Edwards made his first-class debut on 1 February 2002, playing for Barbados against the Windward Islands. In the first innings he opened the bowling with Tino Best; he had to wait until the second to take his only wicket in the match, that of Junior Murray. The Barbados squad had plenty of fast bowlers, with the likes of Best, Pedro Collins, Corey Collymore, Vasbert Drakes, and Ian Bradshaw, who all had international experience by mid-2003.

On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Winnipeg Hawks in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. He was the leading wicket-taker in the tournament for the Winnipeg Hawks, with eleven dismissals in six matches. In July 2020, he was named in the Jamaica Tallawahs squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League.

In April 2021, he was signed by Peshawar Zalmi to play in the rescheduled matches in the 2021 Pakistan Super League.

## International career

### Impressive debuts

Strong competition and injury meant Edwards struggled for selection. However, the selectors had monitored his development and in May that year Edwards impressed batsman Brian Lara while bowling in the nets. On the basis of the potential he showed, Edwards was included for the West Indies Test against Sri Lanka the following month. Edwards made his Test debut against Sri Lanka at Kingston, Jamaica, making 5 not out and returning with bowling figures of 5/36 and 1/54 in a winning West Indian effort. In his second first-class match, he produced the third-best bowling figures by a West Indies player on debut.

In One Day Internationals, his debut was against Zimbabwe on 29 November 2003 at Harare, taking career-best figures of 6/22 off 7 overs. As of January 2015, he is the only player to have taken 6 wickets on their ODI debut and he is only the second player after Tony Dodemaide to have taken 5 wicket hauls in both his test and ODI debuts.

### Injuries

During the subsequent tour of South Africa he picked up an injury to his shins, which Edwards felt badly affected his bowling in South Africa. In four Tests against South Africa, he managed eight wickets while conceding 648 runs.

On 21 December 2008 Edwards picked up a career best 7 for 87 against New Zealand at the McLean Park in Napier. In so doing he claimed his 100th test wicket, a caught and bowled to dismiss top order batsman Tim McIntosh.

In the June 2009 ICC World Twenty20, Edwards suffered a back injury. He suffered a recurrence of the injury when he played for the Deccan Chargers in the Indian Premier League in October of that year. Consequently, his central contract was not renewed and Edwards later underwent back surgery.

### Comeback

In the 2010–11 West Indian cricket season, Edwards made his comeback from injury, taking 22 wickets from 6 matches for Barbados at a cost of 23.77 runs. Having proved his fitness, Edwards was called into the West Indies squad for the first Test against Pakistan in May 2011, almost two years after he was sidelined with a back injury. Though included in the squad, he had to wait until India toured in June before returning to the side. Though he was apprehensive ahead of the first Test, he troubled the Indian batsmen and took four wickets.

During the Windies' 2011 tour of India, Edwards took his 150th test wicket, dismissing Sachin Tendulkar LBW for seven, in the first match of the test series held at Delhi.

In March 2012 the West Indies Cricket Board announced that while Edwards was considered whenever Test and T20I teams were selected, he was overlooked in ODIs to manage his workload; he has not played an ODI since 2009.

Edwards last played a One Day International in 2009, and the West Indies Cricket Board manages his workload to avoid further injuring him. A back injury incurred during the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 prevented Edwards from playing international cricket until 2011.

In February 2021, Edwards made his comeback to West Indies national team after 8 years as he was named in the T20I squad for Sri Lanka series.

## Playing style

Discussing his round-arm bowling action in 2004, Edwards remarked "I never copied anyone, its just natural. People feel it's a very difficult action but its like riding a bicycle. And the main advantage I get bowling in that fashion is I can swing the ball more, especially the old one. Yes, at times the swing is too wide and a few more extras are added, but I am coping with that." His bowling speed is around the late 80s and early 90s mph. His fastest was clocked at 157.7 km/h in 2003.

While his statistics attest to him being a genuine tailender, Edwards has helped save the West Indies in three Test matches during his career, forming frustrating last wicket partnerships. The first instance came against Zimbabwe at Harare in 2003, where he hung in for 33 balls to deny the African nation a rare victory. In 2006, Edwards remained at the crease for 36 balls at the Antigua Recreation Ground, with India unable to claim the final wicket, while in 2009 he prevented England from a win at the same ground by remaining unbeaten on five after 26 deliveries.

## InfoBox

Fidel Edwards
| Fidel Edwards, in Australia (2011) | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Fidel Henderson Edwards |
| Born | (1982-02-06) 6 February 1982<br>St Peter, Barbados |
| Nickname | Castro |
| Height | 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right arm fast |
| Role | Bowler |
| Relations | Pedro Collins (half-brother) |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 253) | 27 June 2003 v Sri Lanka |
| Last Test | 21 November 2012 v Bangladesh |
| ODI debut (cap 119) | 29 November 2003 v Zimbabwe |
| Last ODI | 26 May 2009 v England |
| T20I debut (cap 19) | 11 September 2007 v South Africa |
| Last T20I | 10 July 2021 v Australia |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2001/02–2014/15 | Barbados |
| 2009 | Deccan Chargers |
| 2011/2012 | Sydney Thunder |
| 2011/12 | Dolphins |
| 2013 | Rangpur Riders |
| 2013–2014 | Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel |
| 2015–2019 | Hampshire *(squad no. 20)* |
| 2015 | St Lucia Zouks |
| 2015 | Sylhet Super Stars |
| 2019 | Warwickshire (loan) |
| 2020–2021 | Jamaica Tallawahs |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test ODI T20I FC  Matches 55 50 26 138  Runs scored 394 73 11 789  Batting average 6.56 9.12 5.50 6.80  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 30 13 7 40  Balls bowled 9,602 2,138 438 21,530  Wickets 165 60 20 455  Bowling average 37.87 30.20 30.85 30.22  5 wickets in innings 12 2 0 27  10 wickets in match 0 0 0 2  Best bowling 7/87 6/22 3/23 7/87  Catches/stumpings 10/– 4/– 5/– 26/– | |
|  | |
| Medal record      Men's Cricket  Representing  West Indies  ICC Champions Trophy  **Runner-up** 2006 India   ICC Men's T20 World Cup  **Winner** 2012 Sri Lanka | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 10 July 2021 | |


title: Fairmount Rowing Association

abstract: Fairmount Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club, founded in 1877. The facility, located at #2 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Fairmount originally catered to blue-collar youths living in the Fairmount neighborhood. In 1916, after decades of being rejected, the club was finally allowed to join the Schuylkill Navy. The Club boasts being known as the "premiere club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region" and has produced several world class rowers.

text:
# Fairmount Rowing Association

**Fairmount Rowing Association** is an amateur rowing club, founded in 1877. The facility, located at #**2 Boathouse Row** in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Fairmount originally catered to blue-collar youths living in the Fairmount neighborhood. In 1916, after decades of being rejected, the club was finally allowed to join the Schuylkill Navy. The Club boasts being known as the "premiere club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region" and has produced several world class rowers.

## History of the boathouse

The structure currently known as #2 Boathouse Row is a result of a 1945 expansion project that eliminated #3 Boathouse Row by merging it into Fairmount Rowing Association's building at #2 Boathouse Row.

### Pacific Barge Club

Pacific Barge Club was founded in 1859, but was not a member of the Schuylkill Navy. In 1860, Pacific Barge Club built a stone cottage-style boathouse at the site of #2 Boathouse row. Half of the building was occupied by the Pacific Barge Club while the other half was rented to the Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1881, the Fairmount Rowing Association purchased #2 Boathouse Row and Pacific Barge Club's equipment.

In 1904, Fairmount Rowing demolished the stone building built by Pacific Barge Club. Walter Smedley, a founder of the T-Square Club, designed the Georgian Revival style Flemish bond brick structure that replaced the 1860 stone boathouse and now occupies the southern half of the Fairmount Rowing's boathouse. Smedley, specialized in colonial revival residences, and also designed the Northern National Bank and the West Philadelphia Title and Trust Company.

### Camilla Boat Club and Quaker City Barge Club

Camilla Boat Club was a founding member of the Schuylkill Navy. Camilla was a champion of the Schuylkill, but the Club disband as a result of disagreements between members. In 1858, the remnants of the defunct Camilla Boat Club reorganized to form Quaker City Barge Club.

By 1866, Quaker City Barge Club had purchased #3 Boathouse Row from the Pacific Barge Club. Among various rowing accomplishment, Quaker City raced the first four oared boat with coxswain. The Quaker City Barge Club began to decline in the 1880s and never raced in the Schuylkill Navy Regatta after 1926. In 1932, the Quaker City Barge Club declared itself “inactive” in the Schuylkill Navy and became completely defunct in the 1940s. In 1945, under the leadership of John Carlin, Fairmount Rowing Association bought Quaker City Barge Club's equipment and absorbed its boathouse, which now serves as the northern half of Fairmount Rowing's boathouse.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Fairmount Rowing Association
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | #2 Boathouse Row, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |
| Home water | Schuylkill River |
| Established | 1877 |
| Navy admission | 1916 |
| Key people | * John Krajewski (President) * Pat Rufo (Coach) |
| Colors | Blue   and White |
| Affiliations | La Salle University, Episcopal Academy |
| Website | fairmountrowing.com |
|  | |
|  | |
| Fairmount Rowing Association | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
| Philadelphia Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 39°58′09″N 75°11′09″W / 39.96923°N 75.18593°W / 39.96923; -75.18593 |
| Part of | Boathouse Row (ID87000821) |
| Added to NRHP | February 27, 1987 |
|  | |


title: Shiloh Historic District

abstract: Shiloh Historic District is a historic area of downtown Springdale, Arkansas listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district encompasses eighteen significant buildings within its 32 acres (13 ha), with eight having historic or architectural significance and twelve relating to the early commercial and industrial development of Springdale. Also included within the area are several roads of historic significance to the city. The district covers an area straddling Spring Brook, around which the community developed beginning in the 1830s, and is roughly centered on the 1870 Shiloh Church building, which is the community's oldest surviving building.

text:
# Shiloh Historic District

**Shiloh Historic District** is a historic area of downtown Springdale, Arkansas listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district encompasses eighteen significant buildings within its 32 acres (13 ha), with eight having historic or architectural significance and twelve relating to the early commercial and industrial development of Springdale. Also included within the area are several roads of historic significance to the city. The district covers an area straddling Spring Brook, around which the community developed beginning in the 1830s, and is roughly centered on the 1870 Shiloh Church building, which is the community's oldest surviving building.

## History

## Contributing properties

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Shiloh Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Spring Creek, Shiloh, Johnson, Mill, and Spring Sts., Springdale, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 36°11′19″N 94°7′53″W / 36.18861°N 94.13139°W / 36.18861; -94.13139 |
| Area | 32 acres (13 ha) |
| Architectural style | Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000640 |
| Added to NRHP | August 31, 1978 |


title: Divide Mountain

abstract: Divide Mountain is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Divide Mountain is located south of Saint Mary, Montana on the border of Glacier National Park and the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. Divide Mountain is also notable as the line parent of Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, which is the highest point in the Eastern United States.

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# Divide Mountain

**Divide Mountain** (8,670 feet (2,643 m)) is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Divide Mountain is located south of Saint Mary, Montana on the border of Glacier National Park and the Blackfeet Indian Reservation.

Divide Mountain is also notable as the line parent of Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, which is the highest point in the Eastern United States.

## InfoBox

| Divide Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Divide Mountain and Saint Mary Lake | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 8,670 ft (2,640 m) NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 1,345 ft (410 m) |
| Coordinates | 48°39′55″N 113°24′03″W / 48.66528°N 113.40083°W / 48.66528; -113.40083 |
| Geography | |
| Divide MountainLocation in MontanaDivide MountainLocation in the United States | |
| Location | Glacier County, Montana, U.S. |
| Parent range | Lewis Range |
| Topo map | USGS Saint Mary, MT |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | Unknown |
| Easiest route | Scramble |


title: Cheong Chun Yin

abstract: Cheong Chun Yin is a Malaysian former death row convict who is currently serving a life sentence in Singapore for drug trafficking. Cheong and a female accomplice were both convicted of trafficking of 2,726g of heroin into Singapore from Myanmar in 2008, and sentenced to death by hanging in 2010. Cheong submitted multiple unsuccessful appeals against his sentence; his case, similar to Yong Vui Kong's, received much attention in the media, at a time when activists argued for Singapore to abolish the death penalty. When changes to the law allowed the courts in 2013 to give out life sentences to drug convicts who were only acting as drug mules or suffering from mental illnesses, Cheong applied for re-sentencing. As he was not certified as a drug courier, Cheong initially became ineligible for re-sentencing and tried to fight for certification as a courier, until finally, due to new information received, Cheong's case was reviewed and he was finally acknowledged and certified as a courier, which allowed Cheong's death sentence to be commuted to life imprisonment with 15 strokes of the cane in April 2015. Similarly, Cheong's accomplice, who suffered from depression at the time of the offence, was also re-sentenced to life in prison after her death sentence was set aside by the courts.

text:
# Cheong Chun Yin

**Cheong Chun Yin** (张俊炎 Zhāng Jùnyán; born 7 September 1983) is a Malaysian former death row convict who is currently serving a life sentence in Singapore for drug trafficking. Cheong and a female accomplice were both convicted of trafficking of 2,726g of heroin into Singapore from Myanmar in 2008, and sentenced to death by hanging in 2010. Cheong submitted multiple unsuccessful appeals against his sentence; his case, similar to Yong Vui Kong's, received much attention in the media, at a time when activists argued for Singapore to abolish the death penalty.

When changes to the law allowed the courts in 2013 to give out life sentences to drug convicts who were only acting as drug mules or suffering from mental illnesses, Cheong applied for re-sentencing. As he was not certified as a drug courier, Cheong initially became ineligible for re-sentencing and tried to fight for certification as a courier, until finally, due to new information received, Cheong's case was reviewed and he was finally acknowledged and certified as a courier, which allowed Cheong's death sentence to be commuted to life imprisonment with 15 strokes of the cane in April 2015. Similarly, Cheong's accomplice, who suffered from depression at the time of the offence, was also re-sentenced to life in prison after her death sentence was set aside by the courts.

## Early life

Born on 7 September 1983, Cheong Chun Yin was the eldest child and son out of four children - two sons and two daughters - in his family. He was born in Perak, Malaysia. Cheong and his family moved to Johor Bahru, where Cheong grew up and went to school. Cheong completed his primary and secondary school education, and at age 17, he graduated and thus started working with his father, making a living by selling legitimate and pirated DVDs at a stall. Of all the four children, Cheong was his father’s most favourite child, and the closest to him.

In 2002, Cheong’s father Cheong Kah Pin (张家平 Zhāng Jiāpíng) and his wife divorced, and Cheong and his only brother (the fourth and youngest child) lived with his father while the daughters’ custody rights were given to Cheong’s mother. Eventually, Cheong Chun Yin became the only one out of his four siblings to remain with their father. Since young, Cheong wanted to become a policeman, but it was due to his family’s break-up which led to Cheong unable to fulfill his dream, and this may have also influenced him to trafficking drugs.

## Crime and court proceedings

### Arrest and trial

On 16 June 2008, 24-year-old Cheong Chun Yin was arrested by the Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) at Arab Street in Singapore, after the police received information that he allegedly passed a bag containing heroin to another person. Cheong was thus charged with drug trafficking. Under the Misuse of Drugs Act, should one trafficked at least 15g of heroin, he/she will face the death penalty in Singapore. At the same time, Cheong’s 54-year-old accomplice **Pang Siew Fum** (彭秀芳 Péng Xiùfāng), a Malaysian, was captured in Toa Payoh, after Cheong passed to her a bag which contained around 2.726 kg of diamorphine at Changi Airport after he arrived in Singapore from Myanmar. There were also 5 kg of heroin found packed in two more bags inside Pang's HDB flat at Toa Payoh, where she and her Singaporean husband Chow Yoke Jee lived.

Cheong and Pang were later brought to trial together in the High Court of Singapore before one of its judges Choo Han Teck. Pang was represented by prominent lawyer Subhas Anandan and his two associates Irving Choh and Lim Bee Li, while Cheong was represented by both Ramesh Tiwary and Adrian Chong in his defence.

Cheong stated in his testimony that he, in 2006, first met one of his regular customers named Lau De at his Malaysia’s disc stall. After knowing Lau De for two to three months, Cheong enquired about his line of business and even asked Lau De if there was any quick way to make money. Lau De replied that he was engaged in smuggling gold bars, thereby evading taxes. Cheong said that he did not believe Lau De at that time, thinking it would not be so easy to carry out such illegal activities. Later, after Lau De introduced to him a friend, who was decked in gold accessories, when he patronise his stall in March 2008, Cheong believed that Lau De was a gold smuggler and he thus accepted an offer to smuggle gold from Lau De two months later, which led to him travelling to Myanmar and later to Singapore where he received a bag from a middleman. The bag, Cheong said, was checked by him but he did not find drugs and only felt something hard in its interior sides and thus assumed they were gold. For this, the lawyers of Cheong argued that Cheong had no knowledge of the drugs and thus he should not be held liable to drug trafficking charges based on the presumption that he knew he was carrying drugs.

Pang, who worked as an assistant at her sister’s pork stall in Malaysia and also engaged in illegal booking, gave a similar account, in which she said she thought she was transporting valuables like penchants but not drugs. She said that a man called Teng Mor, whom she owed money since the 1990s, told her to help him deliver some valuables, which consisted of jade, blue sapphire, red ruby, diamonds and also Buddha pendants in a luggage (which she received from a Malay friend of Teng Mor), and she should be paid $5,000 for the job. She made a cursory check but could not find them. Nonetheless, she did not report to Teng Mor that the articles she was told to deliver were not in the suitcases, which happened to contain the heroin she was alleged to have delivered. After this, she was told by Teng Mor to meet up with Cheong, which led to their meeting at the airport and by then, Pang was already under the surveillance of the narcotics officers and this surveillance also contributed to her arrest, as well as Cheong's.

### Sentence and appeals

On 4 February 2010, Justice Choo Han Teck found both Pang and Cheong guilty of drug trafficking. In a short, two-page written verdict, Justice Choo stated that both may argue that they did not know they were carrying drugs and assumed they were carrying valuables, but it was not believable from both Pang and Cheong’s accounts and claims. There was no alarm raised about the possibility of the bags not containing their intended contents when they checked and they could not have not noticed the drugs contained in the baggage if they were really unaware of drugs being present. It was likely that both of them were wilfully blind and told lies about not noticing they were carrying heroin, and thus they should be guilty of drug trafficking. In Cheong’s case, while he did provide details of the man “Lau De”, it was immaterial that the CNB did not make adequate efforts to trace “Lau De” or check on his cell-phones. Upon their conviction for drug trafficking, both Cheong and Pang were sentenced to death. Their appeals to the Court of Appeal of Singapore were later dismissed in November that same year. Cheong's application to reopen his concluded appeal for a re-trial was also rejected in October 2012.

During the time Cheong was undergoing trial and facing the death penalty, Cheong’s family, who were shocked to hear his arrest, tried ways to help plead for mercy on behalf of Cheong. This tragedy ironically brought the separated family and divorced couple back together in their common goal to save Cheong, with Cheong’s father Cheong Kah Pin playing the most prominent role in the efforts to seek reprieve. Cheong’s father was said to be distraught about the guilty verdict of death, and he received the support of activists who also jointly asked for mercy on the lives of Cheong and another high-profile drug trafficker Yong Vui Kong, a 19-year-old Malaysian youth from Sabah who was also sentenced to hang for drug trafficking, due to both of them having been lured into helping do the drug trafficking and their trust exploited. Cheong’s father also sold his house to pay for legal fees and relentlessly asked for signatures from members of the public (including Yong Vui Kong's brothers). After gathering 8,778 signatures, Cheong's parents and siblings all knelt outside the Istana in order to pass a personal letter to the President of Singapore S R Nathan for clemency on Cheong Chun Yin. The clemency appeal was later turned down on the advice of the Cabinet to the president.

In July 2012, the Singapore government began its review of the death penalty laws, and they decided to initiate reforms, which took effect on 1 January 2013. Among the reforms introduced, those who are convicted of drug trafficking would not face execution if they were merely acting as couriers and had substantively assisted the authorities to fight drug related activities, or if they were suffering from mental illnesses at the time of their offences, and they would only face life imprisonment for their criminal conduct. All death row inmates who were found guilty of drug trafficking were given a chance to review their cases for re-sentencing and Cheong Chun Yin was allowed a chance to reopen his case. The reforms allowed Cheong’s fellow Malaysian and drug mule Yong Vui Kong to become the first drug courier to escape the death penalty and received life imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane. While they rejoiced and welcomed the reprieve given to Yong, both the anti-death penalty groups Singapore Anti-Death Penalty Campaign (SADPC) and We Believe In Second Chances (WBSC) continued to advocate against Cheong's death sentence and argued that like Yong, Cheong rightfully deserves life imprisonment instead of death.

However, unlike Yong, Cheong Chun Yin remained on death row as the public prosecutor reviewed his case in November 2013 and found him ineligible for re-sentencing as he did not satisfy the criteria of a drug courier under Singapore’s revised death penalty laws for drug trafficking, given that he did not provide substantive assistance to the prosecution or authorities to tackle drug trafficking. His mental responsibility was not impaired according to psychiatric assessments, which would not make Cheong eligible for life imprisonment either. Hence, through his new lawyer M Ravi (who also represented Yong Vui Kong), Cheong went on to initiate a legal lawsuit to fight for certification as a courier. His lawsuit in June 2014 against the attorney general was later rejected by the High Court, and Ravi also had a complaint filed against him by the prosecution for releasing court documents to the media, which may potentially hinder fairness in the court proceedings. This case spurred the Malaysian government to appeal to Singapore for mercy on Cheong's life. There were also calls to investigate further on the information that Cheong had provided about the alleged mastermind "Lau De" who sent him to deliver drugs.

### Certificate of substantive assistance

In September 2014, due to new information received and breakthroughs in investigation, the attorney general of Singapore decided to give Cheong a chance and reconsider his case. This also gave rise to hope and signalled that Cheong may tangibly receive a potential reprieve once the prosecution became satisfied that he was merely a courier upon the review of his case. Upon receiving this news, M Ravi was reportedly glad and he said that his client was also hopeful, and hence there was a consideration to withdraw their original appeal against the lawsuit's rejection (which was due for hearing on 24 November 2014) and instead launch an appeal for re-sentencing instead. Cheong's family were also glad to hear the news of a possible reprieve for Cheong, who turned 30 on 7 September (the same month of the review). The legal experts, in light of Cheong's initial loss of eligibility before his later eligibility, expressed that there should be more clearer guidelines on the issuance of certificates of substantive assistance for drug couriers, given there may be potential dampening of public confidence if a courier is wrongfully executed before new information was received and if the fresh details themselves were such that they were able to tangibly prove that the executed convict was merely acting as a courier all along.

In February 2015, Cheong was finally issued a certificate of substantive assistance as an eligible drug courier and he would be awaiting his next court appearance for re-sentencing before the original trial judge Choo Han Teck in the High Court. This gave joy and hope to Cheong's family; his father said this good news about his eldest son was the best gift to receive during Chinese New Year. Cheong’s partner-in-crime Pang Siew Fum, who was also applying to reduce her death sentence, would also appear in the same court session before the same judge as Cheong for her re-sentencing verdict as well, since their cases were related to each other. Initially, Cheong’s court appearance date was scheduled on 23 March 2015, but due to the suspension of his lawyer M Ravi as a result of his bipolar disorder relapse, Cheong’s re-sentencing trial was postponed to a month later on 20 April 2015. Cheong's father said in a news report that his son was in good spirits and had gained weight while in prison, and often, he would wake up early in the morning to travel from Johor to Singapore weekly to visit his eldest son in jail. The elderly man also volunteered at a vegetable farm to plant vegetables to sell in order to raise money to pay his son's legal fees, and was extremely grateful to his son's lawyer and the kindness of his friends and the public who heard about Cheong's case.

### Commutation of death sentence

On 20 April 2015, the High Court revoked 31-year-old Cheong Chun Yin's death sentence and re-sentenced him to a mandatory term of life imprisonment with effect from the date of his arrest, although he has to receive the mandatory minimum of 15 strokes of the cane, as required for all drug couriers who were certified and had given substantive assistance. This allowed Cheong to effectively escape the gallows for his crime. Justice Choo Han Teck, in overturning Cheong's death sentence, stated he was satisfied that Cheong indeed acted as a drug runner based on the supporting documents provided by the prosecution to show how he substantively assisted the authorities to tackle drug trafficking activities. Cheong was reportedly the fourth certified drug runner from Singapore's death row whose original death sentence was commuted after Yong Vui Kong, Subashkaran Pragasam and Yip Mun Hei, all of whom also received similar sentences of life and caning under the newly enacted laws.

In the same trial and court, much to the relief of her relatives in court, 60-year-old Pang Siew Fum was also given an approval of her re-sentencing application despite failing to meet the criteria of a courier, as psychiatrists assessed and found Pang to be suffering from major depressive disorder which sufficiently impaired her mental responsibility. After Pang's lawyers presented the medical report to the court, Justice Choo accepted that Pang should not be hanged based on her diminished responsibility. Hence Pang, by gaining eligibility under the alternative re-sentencing criteria, was re-sentenced to life imprisonment from the date of her capture, and no caning was imposed due to her being a female. Even if Pang was a male, she would not face caning as well because firstly, regardless of his or her gender, a mentally ill drug trafficker can serve a mandatory life sentence without caning, and secondly, her age being above fifty and it would not be legal for offenders (often the males) above fifty years old to be caned. Pang was likely the third drug trafficker on death row to have her sentence commuted due to a mental illness after Dinesh Pillai Reja Retnam and Wilkinson Primus in March and October 2014 respectively, and both were also, like Pang, diagnosed with depression at the time they committed their respective crimes.

### Reactions to Cheong's life sentence verdict

Cheong’s re-sentencing and reprieve brought much relief to his family (who all appeared in court), especially his father, as they finally got to witness Cheong escaping the hangman’s noose. Besides, with good behaviour behind bars, and having had his 7-year death row period included into his sentence, Cheong would only need to serve at least 13 more years before he can be reviewed for eligibility of release on parole based on his prison conduct after at least 20 years of his life sentence and he can return to his family in Malaysia after his release; his earliest release date will be sometime in or after June 2028.

Cheong's new lawyer Louis Joseph (who replaced M Ravi in April 2015) stated to reporters that the outcome in Cheong's case might also happen in some other future cases of re-sentencing, as he commented that presently, most of the drug traffickers on death row in Singapore did the crime out of stupidity and desperation and were merely runners for the real kingpins who do not dare to come to Singapore to face execution. As the drug mules caught were more willing to give information about their bosses and confess in view of the increased chance to not face death, there was a speculated likelihood that very few drug traffickers could get the death penalty.

Still, the outcome was quite bittersweet for Cheong’s then 59-year-old father, who feared that given his ailing health (due to diabetes and high blood pressure) and advanced age, he would not live long enough to have a chance to see his son regaining his freedom again, though some of the activists, who were concerned for his welfare, tried to console him. He also felt his son did not deserve to be jailed since he was innocent and was lured into doing the deed. Cheong also wrote letters in Chinese to both the High Court and the Malaysian embassy in Singapore about his feelings of injustice over the fact that he had to be in jail for a long time over a small mistake he committed due to Lau De misleading him into doing so.

Rachel Zeng, one of the anti-death penalty activists, expressed that she and the other activists were in relief that Cheong was finally spared the gallows after the efforts they made to appeal for mercy on his life. However, she said on the side note that on the same day, she also attended the court hearing of two Malaysians Micheal Anak Garing and Tony Anak Imba, who were charged with robbing and murdering an Indian worker, and felt saddened when the High Court judge Choo Han Teck, who was coincidentally the same judge that commuted the death sentences of Cheong and Pang, sentenced one of the defendants, Micheal, to death while sentencing Tony to life imprisonment and 24 strokes of the cane.

## Imprisonment

During his period of incarceration at Changi Prison, Cheong continued to receive weekly visits from his father who regularly traveled across the border from Malaysia to Singapore to see his son, and Cheong himself became devoted to Christianity while in prison, seeking redemption and divine forgiveness for his crime. Cheong even sent a Bible to his father and younger brother, who was married with two sons, and hoped that they and his nephews could read it. He also asked his brother to educate his sons to be good people and do not go astray like him.

On 22 April 2022, Cheong's case was mentioned again when Sebaran Kasih, a non-governmental organisation, appealed for all political and business leaders to bring forward diplomatic measures to intervene in the case of Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam, whose execution was scheduled on 27 April 2022 after losing his final appeal. The group cited the 2010 cases of Cheong and Pang Siew Fum to question why unlike Cheong and Pang, Nagaenthran was found ineligible for life imprisonment since their cases were similar in terms of their circumstances (referring to Cheong being a certified courier and Pang suffering from a mental illness). Despite the efforts of Sebaran Kasih and many other parties (including the United Nations, Amnesty International and European Union), 33-year-old Nagaenthran was hanged at dawn as scheduled at Changi Prison.

On 18 July 2022, it was reported in the Malaysian media that Cheong's father was still making regular prison visits to see his son, except for the two-year period when the borders between Malaysia and Singapore were closed due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and its resulting travel restrictions. It was also reported that based on his conduct in jail, Cheong had at least six more years left to serve out of his life term before he can be released from prison on parole. Cheong's father expressed in an interview that he hoped to continue to live till the moment when he reunite with his son upon his release. He mentioned that Cheong's grandmother (in her nineties), who was close to Cheong since his childhood, had dementia and could not recognize some of her family members but she still remembered and missed her eldest grandson. Cheong's father ended the interview with his hope that Cheong can get to reunite with his grandmother once he got paroled and regained his freedom.

In February 2023, Cheong Chun Yin's father made the news once again when he expressed his hope to seek local lawmakers' help to apply to the Government of Singapore for a further reduction of his son's sentence. He also updated that his son resumed his studies and also did some work while in prison. Cheong's 67-year-old father, who lived alone in a small rented house at Johor, remained working as a farmer and vegetable seller to make ends meet, since he sold his three houses to settle the legal fees and seek mercy for Cheong. According to Cheong's father, Cheong's grandmother died in December 2022; she reportedly had a last wish to see her grandson being released from prison before her death.

Netizens in Singapore were touched to hear about the fatherly love Cheong's father showed to his son, which was the motivation for him to travel regularly to visit his son despite his old age, and expressed their intention to help him, but Cheong's father politely declined. Nevertheless, Cheong's father was grateful to the kindness of the strangers who approached him, including those who came to his vegetable stall to buy his vegetables. Cheong's father expressed that he hoped the Singapore authorities can consider amend some of their life imprisonment laws in their legislation, to allow all inmates and Cheong to have a chance to obtain parole earlier on account of good behaviour in prison. According to Liow Cai Tung, a Malaysian politician and member of Democratic Action Party, Cheong's father came to her office with the money donated to him from members of the public, and he asked Liow to use the donation funds to help those who were less privileged than him.

## InfoBox

| Cheong Chun Yin | |
| --- | --- |
| Police mugshot of Cheong Chun Yin in 2008 | |
| Born | Cheong Chun Yin<br>(1983-09-07) 7 September 1983<br>Perak, Malaysia |
| Nationality | Malaysian |
| Occupation | Disc stall helper (former) |
| Criminal status | Imprisoned at Changi Prison since 16 June 2008 |
| Parent | Cheong Kah Pin (father) |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Drug trafficking (one count) |
| Criminal charge | Trafficking of 2.726kg of heroin |
| Penalty | Death penalty, later commuted to life imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane |
|  | |


title: Chillia District

abstract: Chillia District is one of thirteen districts of the province Pataz in Peru.

text:
# Chillia District

**Chillia District** is one of thirteen districts of the province Pataz in Peru.

## InfoBox

| Chillia | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | La Libertad |
| Province | Pataz |
| Capital | Chillia |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Pio Villanueva Gadea |
| Area | |
| Total | 300.04 km2 (115.85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,118 m (10,230 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 10,341 |
| Density | 34/km2 (89/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 130803 |


title: Dv8

abstract: DV8 is a comic book published by Wildstorm. The series revolves around the lives of a group of Gen-Active people, initially living in New York City under the supervision of Ivana Baiul, who sends them on life-threatening black ops assignments.

text:
# Dv8

***DV8*** is a comic book published by Wildstorm. The series revolves around the lives of a group of Gen-Active people (Called DV8, or referred to as "The Deviants"), initially living in New York City under the supervision of Ivana Baiul, who sends them on life-threatening black ops assignments.

## Publication history

The series lasted 32 issues. The story including most DV8 members continued in the pages of *Gen-Active*, an anthology series featuring various Wildstorm characters. *Gen-Active,* lasted 6 issues.

Writer Micah Ian Wright pitched a relaunch to WildStorm in 2003, but it was not picked up by the publisher. The artist in the book would have been Mark Robinson.

The title returned in June 2010 as an eight-issue limited series called *DV8: Gods and Monsters*, written by Brian Wood with art by Rebekah Isaacs. The project is something Wood had been trying to get commissioned for years:

> "I've pitched DV8 to WildStorm easily a half-dozen times over the last decade, and even this version now wasn't the easiest sell in the world. I like to think it speaks to the quality of my story that it convinced WildStorm to re-launch this book despite not having any previous plans to do so."-Brian Wood

## Fictional team history

## Creative teams

## Characters

* **Ivana Baiul** \- Leader of the antihero group. She is not fully human because cybernetic technology was integrated into certain parts of her body. Generally, she is immoral and very evil. She was the head of International Operations (I.O. until Operation: "Divine Right" occurred.
* **Threshold (Matthew Callahan)** \- Field commander of the Deviants until he betrayed the team and went rogue. He has psionic powers and is very powerful and extremely psychotic. Until going rogue, he was Ivana's romance, then occasionally to Bliss, and later to a sex toy. He is also a half-brother of Sarah Rainmaker.
* **Sublime (Rachel Goldman)** \- Has the ability to alter the density of her body from intangible to rock-hard. Generally, she is tough and does not take crap from anyone.
* **Bliss (Nicole Callahan)** \- Has the ability to stimulate human senses to the point of cardiac arrest and some psychic abilities. Generally, she is immoral and very capable of getting men to give her what she wants. She even was able to seduce her older brother, **Threshold** (Matthew Callahan). She may be very dangerous, though the Deviants are unaware of that.
* **Frostbite (Leon Carver)** \- Has the ability to absorb heat from any source and leave it ice-cold. Generally, he is the least screwed-up member of the Deviants. After Threshold went rogue, Frostbite was appointed to the team leader, but he was banished by Ivana after losing his powers. Later he faked his death to get off Ivana's radar.
* **Powerhaus (Hector Morales)** \- Has the ability to convert emotional energy into raw power, which increases his strength as well. He was killed in "DV8 Slipstream Annual".
* **Copycat (Gem Antonelli)** \- Has the ability to take control of a person's mind and make them do whatever she wants them to do. Due to an earlier incident, she has four split personalities in addition to her normal persona, as evidenced by a change in the word-balloon font. When ex-team-leader **Threshold** betrayed the Deviants, he altered **Gem's** mind and isolated Gem's main personality, preventing the real Gem Antonelli from ever speaking, leaving **Gem's** body to be occupied only by her other split personalities.
    + Soldier (tough)
    + Nihilist (rebellious)
    + Spy (methodical)
    + Little Gemma (cowardly and sweet)
        - At the end of the series, it is revealed that Bliss was the actual cause of Copycat's multiple personalities, and whilst in a feedback loop from Freeway, she emerged without them.
* **Evo (Michael Heller)** \- Has the ability to change into forms similar to a wolf, bat, or amphibian. Generally, he is very insensitive and otherwise dark in demeanor.
* **Freestyle (Jocelyn Davis)** \- Has the ability to affect probability by psionically choosing the most favorable course of action based on a number of timelines. She is also very acrobatic and flexible.She was originally frozen in a cryogenic tube for the first few issues. Generally, she is upbeat and not unstable like the others.
* **Sideways Bob** \- Guardian of the group. He has no powers and is psychotic and dangerous. He's missing an eye and lacks hair, and he carries around a disembodied mannequin head he calls Lucille. He told Sublime that she could be his "special awake friend". She didn't know if that was good or not.

## Collected editions

Some of the issues have been collected into a trade paperback:

* DV8 at the International Catalogue of Superheroes
* DV8 at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)

## InfoBox

| Dv8 | |
| --- | --- |
| Group publication information | |
| Publisher | Wildstorm (DC Comics) |
| First appearance | *Gen13* #6 (November 1995) |
| Created by | J. Scott Campbell
Brandon Choi
Warren Ellis
Humberto Ramos |
| In-story information | |
| Type of organization | Team |
| *DV8* | |
| Series publication information | |
| Schedule | Monthly |
| Format | **(vol. 1)**
Ongoing series
**(DV8 Vs. Black Ops)**
**(Gods and Monsters)**
Limited series |
| Genre |  |
| Publication date | (vol. 1)
August 1996 – November 1999
(Gods and Monsters)
June 2010 – January 2011 |
| Number of issues | **(vol. 1)**
32
**(DV8 Vs. Black Ops)**
3
**(Gods and Monsters)**
8 |
| Main character(s) | Ivana Baiul (director)
Threshold (field leader)
Bliss
Frostbite (field leader)
Copycat
Sublime
Evo
Powerhaus
Freestyle |
| Creative team | |
| Writer(s) | **(vol. 1)**
Warren Ellis (1-8)
Shon Bury (7-8)
Michael Heisler (9-32)
**(Gods and Monsters)**
Brian Wood |
| Penciller(s) | **(vol. 1)**
Humberto Ramos (#1-2, 4-7)
Michael Lopez (#3, 8)
Juvaun Kirby (#8-13)
Tom Raney (#14-16)
Jason Johnson (#11, 17-18)
Al Rio (#19-30)
Trevor Scott (#31-32)
**(Gods and Monsters)**
Rebekah Isaacs |
| Creator(s) | J. Scott Campbell
Brandon Choi
Warren Ellis
Humberto Ramos |
| Collected editions | |
| *Neighborhood Threat* | ISBN 1-56389-927-2 |
| *Gods And Monsters* | ISBN 978-1401229733 |


title: Sila language (Sino-Tibetan)

abstract: Sila is a Loloish language spoken by 2,000 people in Laos and Vietnam. Sila speakers are an officially recognized group in Vietnam, where they are known as the Si La.

text:
# Sila language (Sino-Tibetan)

**Sila** (also called **Sida**) is a Loloish language spoken by 2,000 people in Laos and Vietnam (Bradley 1997). Sila speakers are an officially recognized group in Vietnam, where they are known as the Si La.

## Phonology

Source:

### Consonants

Sila Consonants
|  | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasal | |  |  |  |  |
| Stop | plain |  |  |  |  |
| | aspirated |  |  | tɕʰ |  |
| Fricative | voiceless |  |  |  |  |
| | voiced |  |  |  |  |
| Approximant | voiceless |  |  |  |  |
| | voiced |  |  |  |  |

Unaspirated plosives are usually realised as voiced stops. Phonetically, /l̥/ is realized as \[͡l̥l\]. The palatal nasal is noted as /ɲ/ although the phonetic realisation is closer to \[ȵ\], with the blade of the tongue remaining at a short distance from the palate.

#### Example contrasts

/p/ vs. /pʰ/: /pa33la33/ ‘moon’ vs. /ɐ31pʰa31/ ‘leaf’

/t/ vs. /tʰ/: /ta31/ ‘to look at’ vs. /tʰa33/ ‘PROHIBITIVE’

/tɕ/ vs. /tɕʰ/: /tɕɐ31/ ‘to have, to exist’ vs. /tɕʰɐ31/ ‘to speak’

/k/ vs. /kʰ/: /ki55lɯ55/ ‘green’ vs. /a31kʰi55/ ‘foot’

/f/ vs. /s/: /fɔ31/ ‘to protect vs. /sɔ31/ ‘to study’

/x/ vs. /ɣ/: /xɯ55/ ‘gold’ vs. /ɣɯ55/ ‘good’

/m/ vs. /n/: /ma̰31/ ‘person’ vs. /na̰31/ ‘deep’

/ɲ/ vs. /ŋ/: /ɲa55/ ‘frost’ vs. /ŋa55/ ‘salty’

/w/ vs. /j/: /wa33/ ‘careless’ vs. /ja31/ ‘child’

/l/ vs. /l̥/: /lɐ33wa33/ ‘palm of hand’ vs. /l̥a33/ ‘to fall down’

### Vowels

|  | Front | | Back | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded |
| Close |  |  |  |  |
| Close-mid |  |  |  |  |
| Open-mid |  |  |  |  |
| Open |  |  |  |  |

All vowels can be creaky vowels, which are contrastive.

Sila diphthongs are /ɤi/, /ai/, /ao/, /oa/.

#### Example contrasts

/i/ vs. /e/ vs. /ɛ/: /pi33/ ‘to win’ vs. /pe33/ ‘to divide up’ vs. /pɛ33jo31/ ‘dragon’

/y/ vs. /ø/: /tʰy31/ ‘to spit out/ vs. /tʰø31/ ‘to wrap up’

/ɯ/ vs. /ɤ/: /tɯ31/ ‘to hit’ vs. /tɤ31/ ‘to soak’

/u/ vs. /o/ vs. /ɔ/: /tʰu55/ ‘thick’ vs. /tʰo55/ ‘to open a hole’ vs. /tʰɔ55/ ‘number of times/

/a/ vs. /ɐ/: /tɕa31/ ‘to eat’ vs. /tɕɐ31/ ‘to have, to exist/

### Tones

Sila has three lexical tonemes and two grammatical tonemes.

| Toneme | Class |
| --- | --- |
| 55 | Lexical |
| 35 | Grammatical |
| 53 | Grammatical |
| 33 | Lexical |
| 31 | Lexical |

### Phonotactics

All consonants can occur as onsets, with /m/ able to form a syllabic nasal.

/j/ and /l/ may occur as medials, but /j/ only after bilabial and velar stops and /m/, and /l/ only after bilabial stops and /m/.

Unvoiced stops and nasals can occur as codas, but these are only found in words recently borrowed from Lao

## Distribution

According to Edmondson (2002), the Sila number about 700 people in Vietnam and live in the following 3 villages.

According to the elderly Sila, seven Sila families had emigrated from Mường U and Mường Lá of Phongsaly Province, Laos, 175 years ago. They initially arrived at a location called Mường Tùng, and relocated several times before arriving at their present locations.

In Laos, Sila is spoken in:

## Sources

* Edmondson, Jerold A. 2002. "The Central and Southern Loloish Languages of Vietnam". *Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics* (2002), pp. 1–13.
* Ma Ngọc Dung. 2000. *Văn hóa Si La*. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất ban văn hóa dân tôc.

## InfoBox

| Sila | |
| --- | --- |
| Sida | |
| Native to | Laos, Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Si La people |
| Native speakers | 4,100 (2015 & 2019 censuses) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `slt` |
| *Glottolog* | `sila1247` |
| ELP | Sila |


title: Civilian Marksmanship Program

abstract: The Civilian Marksmanship Program (CMP) is a national organization dedicated to training and educating U.S. citizens in responsible uses of firearms and airguns through gun safety training, marksmanship training, and competitions. The CMP is a federally chartered 501(c)(3) corporation that places a priority on serving youth through gun safety and marksmanship activities that encourage personal growth and build life skills. The federal law creating the Corporation for the Promotion of Rifle Practice and Firearms Safety, Inc. specifically states: In carrying out the Civilian Marksmanship Program, the corporation shall give priority to activities that benefit firearms safety, training, and competition for youth and that reach as many youth participants as possible. Any U.S. citizen not otherwise legally prohibited from owning a firearm may purchase a military surplus rifle from the CMP, provided they are a member of a CMP-affiliated club. The CMP operates through a network of affiliated private organizations, shooting clubs, and state associations across every state in the U.S. which variously offer firearms safety training and marksmanship courses as well as continued practice and competition events. Since its inception, the emphasis of the program has shifted towards specifically youth training. From 1916 until 1996 the CMP was administered by the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice (NBPRP), an advisory board to the Secretary of the Army (SA). Title XVI of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 created the Corporation for the Promotion of Rifle Practice & Firearms Safety (CPRPFS) to replace the NBPRP. The CPRPFS is a tax-exempt non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation chartered by the U.S. Congress, but is not an agency of the U.S. government. Apart from a donation of surplus.22 and.30 caliber rifles in the Army's inventory to the CMP, the CMP receives no federal funding. The CMP maintains three main offices: CMP North at Camp Perry near Port Clinton, Ohio, CMP South in Anniston, Alabama and the CMP Talladega Marksmanship Park in Talladega, Alabama.

text:
# Civilian Marksmanship Program

The **Civilian Marksmanship Program** (**CMP**) is a national organization dedicated to training and educating U.S. citizens in responsible uses of firearms and airguns through gun safety training, marksmanship training, and competitions. The CMP is a federally chartered 501(c)(3) corporation that places a priority on serving youth through gun safety and marksmanship activities that encourage personal growth and build life skills.

The federal law creating the Corporation for the Promotion of Rifle Practice and Firearms Safety, Inc. (CPRPFS, *the formal legal name of the CMP) specifically states: In carrying out the Civilian Marksmanship Program, the corporation shall give priority to activities that benefit firearms safety, training, and competition for youth and that reach as many youth participants as possible.*

Any U.S. citizen not otherwise legally prohibited from owning a firearm may purchase a military surplus rifle from the CMP, provided they are a member of a CMP-affiliated club. The CMP operates through a network of affiliated private organizations, shooting clubs, and state associations across every state in the U.S. which variously offer firearms safety training and marksmanship courses as well as continued practice and competition events.

Since its inception, the emphasis of the program has shifted towards specifically youth training. From 1916 until 1996 the CMP was administered by the *National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice* (NBPRP), an advisory board to the Secretary of the Army (SA). Title XVI of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (Public Law 104-106, 10 February 1996) created the *Corporation for the Promotion of Rifle Practice & Firearms Safety* (CPRPFS) to replace the NBPRP. The CPRPFS is a tax-exempt non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation chartered by the U.S. Congress, but is not an agency of the U.S. government (Title 36, United States Code, Section 40701 *et seq.*). Apart from a donation of surplus .22 and .30 caliber rifles in the Army's inventory to the CMP, the CMP receives no federal funding.

The CMP maintains three main offices: *CMP North* at Camp Perry near Port Clinton, Ohio, *CMP South* in Anniston, Alabama and the CMP Talladega Marksmanship Park in Talladega, Alabama.

## Programs

The Civilian Marksmanship Program (CMP) provides surplus U.S. Army rifles for sale, including the M1 Garand, M1903 and M1903A3 Springfield, M1917 Enfield, M1 Carbine, .22 caliber (surplus and commercial target), and commercial target air rifles to members of affiliated organizations. Additionally, the CMP's online store offers ammunition and other accessories, with the M1911 pistol being included in the inventory since 2018.

The CMP facilitates training programs focused on promoting safety, responsibility, leadership, and competitive excellence in shooting sports. The organization actively supports, sponsors, and hosts various rifle and pistol competitions nationwide, such as the National Matches at Camp Perry. Previously, the CMP hosted the U.S. Olympics Trials for 10-meter air rifle, and it currently hosts the annual Junior Olympic 3-position air rifle matches along with several national junior championships. Throughout the year, the CMP conducts camps and clinics, including a summer camp program featuring activities in standing air rifle, 3-position air rifle, and, more recently, 3-position smallbore.

## Competition Tracker

In July 2003, the CMP launched Competition Tracker, an online results system for the shooting sports. Originally designed specifically for the National Trophy matches, the CMP now uses Competition Tracker as the official results bulletin of every CMP competition. In March 2006, during the JROTC National Championships, the CMP used Competition Tracker, in conjunction with Sius Ascor electronic targets, to provide real-time results on the web. On average, it was 45 seconds from the time a shooter fired a shot to when his or her shot value was seen on the Internet. The CMP is currently researching Visual Image Scoring technology that will allow competitors to score traditional paper targets electronically.

## CMP and the military services

The U.S. armed forces are authorized to wear marksmanship competition badges, by each service's regulations. These badges are awarded based on points earned at CMP-sponsored competitions or high placement at special CMP competitions. The following is a list of marksmanship competition badges authorized for wear on U.S. military service uniforms based on points earned at CMP competitions:

* U.S. Distinguished International Shooter Badge (All services)
* Distinguished Rifleman Badge (Army, Air Force, and U.S. Civilians)
* Distinguished Marksman Badge (Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard)
* Distinguished Pistol Shot Badge (All services)
* President's Hundred Tab/Brassard (Army, Navy, and Coast Guard)
* Army Excellence In Rifle Competition Badge (Silver or Bronze)
* Army Excellence In Pistol Competition Badge (Silver or Bronze)
* Air Force Excellence In Rifle Competition Badge (Silver with Wreath or Bronze with Wreath)
* Air Force Excellence In Pistol Competition Badge (Silver with Wreath or Bronze with Wreath)
* Navy Excellence-in-Competition Rifle Badge (Gold, Silver, or Bronze)
    + National, Navy, and Fleet
* Navy Excellence-in-Competition Pistol Badge (Gold, Silver, or Bronze)
    + National, Navy, and Fleet
* Marine Corps Rifle Competition Badge (Gold, Silver, or Bronze)
    + National, Marine Corps, and Division
* Marine Corps Pistol Competition Badge (Gold, Silver, or Bronze)
    + National, Marine Corps, and Division
* Coast Guard Rifleman Excellence-in-Competition Badge (Silver or Bronze)
    + National and Coast Guard
* Coast Guard Pistol Shot Excellence in Competition Badge (Silver or Bronze)
    + National and Coast Guard

## History

The CMP originated as part of the U.S. Congress 2 March 1903 War Department Appropriations Act for the purpose of providing civilians an opportunity to learn and practice marksmanship skills, should they later be called on to serve in the U.S. military. The Secretary of War considered nothing more important in the way of preparation for war than teaching the young men of the country to shoot straight. The formation was precipitated by the adoption of the M1903 Springfield rifle as the national service rifle with greatly increased range allowing combatants to fire at greater distances from each other, making practice more necessary for good marksmanship. Decline in the use of firearms among civilians meant a majority of young men in the thickly settled parts of the country had never fired a gun, and civilians experienced with popular contemporary lever-action rifles were unfamiliar with modern bolt action rifles like the M1903. Secretary of War Elihu Root recommended teaching civilians how to shoot immediately rather than waiting until hostilities were declared.

A National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice was formed to oversee this training of civilians. Board members were the United States Assistant Secretary of War, two United States Army officers, a United States Navy officer, a United States Marine Corps officer, eight trustees of the National Rifle Association of America, and eight civilians selected from various parts of the country. Following the outbreak of World War I in Europe, the board appointed Colonel S.W. Miller as the first Director of Civilian Marksmanship (DCM) on 9 December 1916. He established the office of the DCM on 13 December 1916 to act as an executive agent of the board.


title: Juan Luis Hernández

abstract: Juan Luis Hernández Fuertes is a Spanish former football manager who last managed Orión.

text:
# Juan Luis Hernández

**Juan Luis Hernández Fuertes** (born 24 June 1949) is a Spanish former football manager who last managed Orión.

## Early life

He was born in 1949 in Madrid, Spain.

## Career

In 1986, he arrived in Costa Rica. He helped Costa Rican side Herediano win the league. After that, he was appointed manager of the Costa Rica national football team. He has managed the most games in the Costa Rican top flight. he has been regarded as a controversial manager.

## Personal life

He has suffered from cancer.

## InfoBox

Juan Luis Hernández
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Juan Luis Hernández Fuertes | | |
| Date of birth | (1949-06-24) 24 June 1949 | | |
| Place of birth | Spain | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 1986–1987 | Ramonense | | |
| 1987–1988 | Cartaginés | | |
| 1993–1994 | Costa Rica | | |
| 1997 | Costa Rica | | |
| 2005 | Cobán Imperial | | |
| 2008–2010 | Cartaginés | | |
| 2011 | Puntarenas | | |
| 2012–2013 | Orión | | |


abstract: The 1916 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.

text:
# 1916 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans

The **1916 College Basketball All-American** team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.

| Player | Team |
| --- | --- |
| Roy Bohler | Washington State |
| Bill Chandler | Wisconsin |
| Cyril Haas | Princeton |
| George Levis | Wisconsin |
| Clyde Littlefield | Texas |
| Edward McNichol | Penn |
| Dick Romney | Utah |
| Adolph Sieberts | Oregon Agricultural |
| Fred Williams | Missouri |
| Ray Woods | Illinois |

## InfoBox

| 1916 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | 1915–16 NCAA men's basketball season |
|


title: Shirley Troutman

abstract: Shirley Troutman is an American lawyer and jurist who has served as an associate judge of the New York Court of Appeals since 2022. She served as an associate justice of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division from 2016 to 2022.

text:
# Shirley Troutman

**Shirley Troutman** (born 1959 or 1960) is an American lawyer and jurist who has served as an associate judge of the New York Court of Appeals since 2022. She served as an associate justice of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division from 2016 to 2022.

## Education

Troutman received her Bachelor of Science from State University of New York at Buffalo in 1982 and her Juris Doctor from Albany Law School of Union University.

## Career

During her legal career, Troutman served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Western District of New York, as an assistant attorney general for the State of New York and an assistant district attorney for Erie County. She has served as an adjunct professor at University at Buffalo Law School and the Buffalo State College.

### Judicial service

Troutman was elected to the Buffalo City Court in 1994. She then served as a judge of the Erie County Court from 2003 to 2009. She later served as a justice of the Supreme Court, 8th Judicial District from 2010 to 2016. In February 2016, Governor Andrew Cuomo appointed Troutman to the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department.

#### New York Court of Appeals service

In April 2021, Troutman was one of seven nominees recommended to Governor Andrew Cuomo to fill the vacancy left by the retirement of Judge Leslie Stein; that seat was eventually filled by Madeline Singas. On November 24, 2021, Governor Kathy Hochul nominated Troutman to the seat on the New York Court of Appeals vacated by Judge Eugene M. Fahey when he retired on December 31, 2021. The Senate confirmed her on January 12, 2022. Her formal investiture ceremony took place on April 5, 2022. Troutman is the second African-American woman to serve on the state court of appeals. On March 24, 2023, Troutman was selected as a finalist under consideration for appointment to the New York Court of Appeals, this time for the position of chief judge following the retirement of Chief Judge Janet DiFiore and the subsequent rejection of Justice Hector LaSalle's nomination to that seat by the New York State Senate.

## InfoBox

| Shirley Troutman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 12, 2022 | |
| Appointed by | Kathy Hochul |
| Preceded by | Eugene M. Fahey |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1959 or 1960 (age 64–65) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | State University of New York, Buffalo (BS)
Union University (JD) |
|  | |


title: The Lost Cause (novel)

abstract: The Lost Cause is a 2023 social fiction novel by Canadian writer Cory Doctorow, published by Tor Books. The novel is set in near-future California, where rising seas, fires, and floods due to climate change have made millions homeless, and has caused a political sea-change in North America and Europe, shifting towards Green New Deal-style eco-socialism. Its story follows Brooks Palazzo and his friends, in conflict with his grandfather.

text:
# The Lost Cause (novel)

***The Lost Cause*** is a 2023 social fiction novel by Canadian writer Cory Doctorow, published by Tor Books.

The novel is set in near-future California, where rising seas, fires, and floods due to climate change have made millions homeless, and has caused a political sea-change in North America and Europe, shifting towards Green New Deal-style eco-socialism. Its story follows Brooks Palazzo and his friends, in conflict with his grandfather.

## Reception

Critical reception for *The Lost Cause* was mixed to positive, with GeekDad stating that "the “everyone will pitch in for the good of mankind” mentality found in *The Lost Cause*, felt pollyannaish" and SFBook stating that "*\[The\] Lost Cause* is not the most fun book that you will read, but it is thought provoking."

## InfoBox

The Lost Cause
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Cory Doctorow |
| Genre | Social science fiction |
| Publication date | November 14, 2023 |
| ISBN | 1-035-90224-9 |
| Website | https://craphound.com/category/lostcause/ |


title: Cheong Fatt Tze

abstract: Cheong Fatt Tze, also known as Tjong Tjen Hsoen, Thio Tiauw Siat or Zhang Bishi was a Chinese industrialist, politician and philanthropist. Spending the majority of his life residing in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, he was a powerful Nanyang business magnate and a first-class Mandarin of China; he was made Consul-General in Singapore and economic advisor. He was once regarded as the richest man in Malaya, with a reputed net worth of 80 million taels worth of silver, which brought him the moniker "the Rockefeller of China". He died in Batavia from pneumonia.

text:
# Cheong Fatt Tze

| Cheong Fatt Tze | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 張弼士 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhāng Bìshì |
| Pha̍k-fa-sṳ | Chông Phi̍t-su |
| Jyutping | Zoeng1 Bat6 Si6 |
| Hokkien POJ | Tiuⁿ Pi̍t-sū |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |

**Cheong Fatt Tze** (born **Chang Chin Hsun**; c. 1840–1916), also known as **Tjong Tjen Hsoen**, **Thio Tiauw Siat** or **Zhang Bishi** was a Chinese industrialist, politician and philanthropist. Spending the majority of his life residing in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, he was a powerful Nanyang business magnate and a first-class Mandarin of China; he was made Consul-General in Singapore and economic advisor. He was once regarded as the richest man in Malaya, with a reputed net worth of 80 million taels worth of silver (equivalent to approximately $2.4 billion today), which brought him the moniker "the Rockefeller of China". He died in Batavia from pneumonia.

## Early life

He was born in 1840 in Dabu, Guangdong, China to a poor Hakka family. Cheong started working at an early age as a cowherd back in his village. At age 16, Cheong had left Guangdong while Cantonese Red Turban rebellion and political purges ravaged much of Guangdong, and in that same year another war had broken out between the Hakkas and the Cantonese locals. The people had experienced starvation hardship and suffering as they fled during the war. As a result, Cheong Fatt Tze migrated to South-East Asia together with other coastal Chinese families to seek their fortune.

## Career

He started as a water-carrier and then became a shopkeeper in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (today Jakarta, Indonesia). After his marriage, he established a trading company with the help of his father-in-law. Gradually, he began to accumulate his wealth through hard work and perseverance. In 1877, he expanded his business from Jakarta to Medan. His business was based on agricultural products such as rubber, coffee and tea but he branched out to the financial sector by acquiring a bank. This move made him a wealthy man.

In 1886, he expanded again to Penang, Malaysia. As his business grew, he owned three ships which plied between Penang and Medan. In the course of his work, he occasionally resided in Penang and owned a mansion in Leith Street, which stands to this day as protected heritage building.

## Political career

In 1890, in recognition of his hard work and contribution, he was appointed the Chinese Consul, based in Penang. This office was shifted to Singapore when that city became established as a well-known trading port in South-East Asia. As the Chinese Consul, he worked tirelessly for the interests of overseas Chinese residents through diplomatic channels with the British Raj authorities.

In 1899, he was summoned to China twice to present a national development plan, which was well received by government officials. As a result, he was promoted to be the Minister for agriculture, industries, roads and mines for the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. Later he was instructed to conduct a study of trade and education in Penang and Singapore. Subsequently, the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce was established. In 1904, he established the first Chinese school in Southeast Asia, the Chung Hwa Confucian School in Penang.

In 1912, the Kuomintang overthrew the Qing and established a republican government. Cheong was appointed as a member of the Legislative Assembly so that he could be actively involved with politics. He was also appointed as the Chairman of the Chinese national Chamber of Commerce, which was well received by all parties.

In 1915, he was sent to the United States to study all aspects of industrialization of that nation. During his journey, when he stopped over in Hong Kong, he was awarded a Ph.D. in Law.

## Death

Cheong Fatt Tze died in Indonesia in 1916. His body was sent back to China to be buried. On its final journey through Penang, Singapore and Hong Kong, the overseas Chinese were greatly saddened by the loss of this great personality. The Chinese government sent a high-ranking official to his funeral and ordered the National Archives to record his life in historical documents so that his contributions would always be remembered. Both the British Raj and the Dutch authorities ordered flags to be flown at half mast to honour the man who was known as *"the Rockefeller of the East"*. He had eight wives and owned many residences throughout his trading empire (mostly Southeast Asia) but made Penang his base, where he raised his six sons.

## Legacy

In 1894, Chung Keng Quee hosted in his own gardens, in the name of Vice Consul Chang Pi Shih (Cheong Fatt Tze), a dinner to welcome Admiral Ting (see Battle of Yalu River (1894) and Battle of Weihaiwei) and the Chinese Imperial Fleet of warships that he commanded.

Cheong Fatt Tze first introduced grape vineyards in China's Shandong province, and later brought in Austrian wine-producing experts to improve the ChangYu vineyard in Yantai, Shandong. Cheong Fatt Tze also gave shelter to Sun Yat Sen and Sun Yat Sen 's fourth wife in Penang, Cheong Fatt Tze also helped Sun Yat Sen with Money to promote a Chinese Nationalist movement in China after 1911.

A street in George Town, Penang, which was formerly named Hong Kong Street, was renamed after him, Jalan Cheong Fatt Tze. His blue mansion, Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion, is a heritage building, located at Leith Street in George Town. It is open for guided tours, and also offers accommodation and has an on-site restaurant. He left another mansion in his birthplace, Dabu, Guangdong Province, China.

## InfoBox

| Cheong Fatt Tze | |
| --- | --- |
| 張弼士 | |
|  | |
| Born | Chang Chin Hsun
c. 1840
Dabu County, Guangdong province, Qing China |
| Died | 1916(1916-00-00) (aged 75–76)
Batavia, Dutch East Indies. |
| Burial place | China |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, politician and philanthropist |
| Spouse | 8 |
| Children | 14 |