title: Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel

abstract: Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel was a Prussian princess, married to Prince Henry of Prussia. Wilhelmina was the daughter of Prince Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel and Friederike Charlotte of Hesse-Darmstadt, and the niece of William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and King Frederick I of Sweden. She was introduced to Henry when he visited Kassel in 1751 and was married to him on 25 June 1752 at Charlottenburg Palace. Henry's eldest brother, King Frederick the Great, insisted that his brother marry, of course equally, just as their father had once arranged Frederick's marriage against his will. He only left him the choice of which of the sisters from the House of Hesse he wanted. Wilhelmina was described as a charming beauty. Wilhelmina and Henry had their own court and lived at Schloss Rheinsberg and Berlin. Wilhelmina had no children with Henry, who was reported to pay more attention to his male friends than to her. At his marriage Henry described the situation to his siblings that he was "changing from the captivity of the king to the captivity of marriage". Although the whole court spied on her behavior, she always managed to appear in a good mood and not to offer court gossip a target thanks to her consistently friendly demeanor. The couple separated in 1766 after an alleged affair on Wilhelmina's side. After the separation, she lived at Prince Henry's Palais in Berlin, on the grand boulevard Unter den Linden, which the king had built for his brother between 1748 and 1753. She occupied one half of the building while her husband lived in the other. She was popular with her husband's family, especially his brothers, while her husband was more distant towards her. Nevertheless, the Duke of Nevers wrote about Henry: "He shows more consideration for his wife than his brother." The Swedish princess Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp described her at the time of her visit in 1798: She was a tall and handsome lady with a well kept figure, though very thin, and you can still see how remarkably beautiful she was in her youth. Her eyes are big and lively though somewhat protruding, and with a restless look. She is witty and literal, but as a consequence of her age, she sometimes talks of several subjects at the same time. Her manners are regal, and she represents perfectly, and was additionally very polite and toward me very pleasant. She was one of the few members of the royal house to remain in Berlin during the French occupation in 1806. While most of the royal family left, reportedly because of the anti-Napoleonic criticisms they had expressed, and the members of the royal court either followed them or left the capital for their country estates, Wilhelmina remained with Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia and his consort Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt because of "their high age" as well as Princess Augusta of Prussia, who was pregnant at the time.

text:
# Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel

**Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel** (25 February 1726 – 8 October 1808) was a Prussian princess, married to Prince Henry of Prussia.

Wilhelmina was the daughter of Prince Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel and Friederike Charlotte of Hesse-Darmstadt, and the niece of William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and King Frederick I of Sweden.

She was introduced to Henry when he visited Kassel in 1751 and was married to him on 25 June 1752 at Charlottenburg Palace. Henry's eldest brother, King Frederick the Great, insisted that his brother marry, of course equally, just as their father had once arranged Frederick's marriage against his will. He only left him the choice of which of the sisters from the House of Hesse he wanted.

Wilhelmina was described as a charming beauty. Wilhelmina and Henry had their own court and lived at Schloss Rheinsberg and Berlin. Wilhelmina had no children with Henry, who was reported to pay more attention to his male friends than to her. At his marriage Henry described the situation to his siblings that he was "changing from the captivity of the king to the captivity of marriage". Although the whole court spied on her behavior, she always managed to appear in a good mood and not to offer court gossip a target thanks to her consistently friendly demeanor.

The couple separated in 1766 after an alleged affair on Wilhelmina's side. After the separation, she lived at Prince Henry's Palais in Berlin, on the grand boulevard Unter den Linden, which the king had built for his brother between 1748 and 1753 (today the main building of the Humboldt University of Berlin). She occupied one half of the building while her husband lived in the other.

She was popular with her husband's family, especially his brothers, while her husband was more distant towards her. Nevertheless, the Duke of Nevers wrote about Henry: "He shows more consideration for his wife than his brother." (What was meant was the behavior of the king to his wife Queen Elisabeth Christine.)

The Swedish princess Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp described her at the time of her visit in 1798:

> She was a tall and handsome lady with a well kept figure, though very thin, and you can still see how remarkably beautiful she was in her youth. Her eyes are big and lively though somewhat protruding, and with a restless look. She is witty and literal, but as a consequence of her age, she sometimes talks of several subjects at the same time. Her manners are regal, and she represents perfectly, and was additionally very polite and toward me very pleasant.

She was one of the few members of the royal house to remain in Berlin during the French occupation in 1806. While most of the royal family left, reportedly because of the anti-Napoleonic criticisms they had expressed, and the members of the royal court either followed them or left the capital for their country estates, Wilhelmina remained with Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia and his consort Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt because of "their high age" as well as Princess Augusta of Prussia, who was pregnant at the time.

## InfoBox

| Princess Wilhelmina | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by Antoine Pesne | |
| Born | (1726-02-25)25 February 1726
Hesse-Kassel, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 8 October 1808(1808-10-08) (aged 82)
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Burial | Berlin Cathedral |
| Spouse | Prince Henry of Prussia  (m. 1752; died 1802) |
| House | Hesse-Kassel |
| Father | Prince Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel |
| Mother | Friederike Charlotte of Hesse-Darmstadt |


title: Port de Lers

abstract: The Port de Lers is a mountain pass in the French Pyrenees in the department of Ariège, between the communities of Aulus-les-Bains (west), Massat (north) and Vicdessos (east).

text:
# Port de Lers

The **Port de Lers** (or **Port de l'Hers** or **Port de Massat**) (elevation 1,517 m (4,977 ft)) is a mountain pass in the French Pyrenees in the department of Ariège, between the communities of Aulus-les-Bains (west), Massat (north) and Vicdessos (east).

## Details of climb

Starting from Vicdessos, the climb is 11.5 km (7.1 mi) long. Over this distance, the climb is 807 m (2,648 ft) (an average of 7.0%), with the steepest section being at 10.9%.

Starting from Massat, the climb is 16.6 km (10.3 mi) long. Over this distance, the climb is 868 m (2,848 ft) (an average of 5.2%), with the steepest sections being at 8.9%. At 3.8 km (2.4 mi) from the summit is the junction with the climb to the Col d'Agnes.

## Appearances in Tour de France

The Port de Lers was first used in the Tour de France in 1995, since when it has featured seven times, most recently in 2024.

| Year | Stage | Category | Start | Finish | Leader at the summit\* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | 16 | 1 | Carcassonne | Foix | Simon Geschke (GER) |
| 2019 | 15 | 1 | Limoux | Foix Prat d'Albis | Romain Bardet (FRA) |
| 2015 | 12 | 1 | Lannemezan | Plateau de Beille | Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) |
| 2012 | 14 | 1 | Limoux | Foix | Sergio Paulinho (POR) |
| 2011 | 14 | 3 | Saint-Gaudens | Plateau de Beille | Gorka Izagirre (ESP) |
| 2004 | 13 | 3 | Lannemezan | Plateau de Beille | Michael Rasmussen (DEN) |
| 1995 | 14 | 2 | Saint-Orens-de-Gameville | Guzet-Neige | Marco Pantani (ITA) |

## InfoBox

| Port de Lers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Elevation | 1,517 m (4,977 ft) |
| Traversed by | D18 |
| Location | Ariège, France |
| Range | Pyrenees |
| Coordinates | 42°48′23″N 1°24′41″E / 42.80639°N 1.41139°E / 42.80639; 1.41139 |
| Port de LersLocation in the Pyrenees | |


title: Port de Sóller

abstract: Port de Sóller is a village and the port of the town of Sóller, in Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Along with the village of Fornalutx and the hamlet of Biniaraix they combine to form Sóller. The combined population is around 12,000. A tramway links the inland town of Sóller to Port de Sóller, running along the beach-side road.

text:
# Port de Sóller

**Port de Sóller** (Catalan pronunciation: \[ˈpɔɾd  ˈsoʎə\]) is a village and the port of the town of Sóller, in Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Along with the village of Fornalutx and the hamlet of Biniaraix they combine to form Sóller. The combined population is around 12,000. A tramway links the inland town of Sóller to Port de Sóller, running along the beach-side road.

## Overview

The resort consists of shops, restaurants and bars but is quiet and away from the major tourist areas such as Magaluf on the south of the island. There are a few large holiday hotels such as Hotel Eden, Hotel Esplendido and Aimia Hotel, located on the road that runs around the bay.

Two lighthouses sit on the headlands on either side of the bay, La Badia de Sóller. Development on the east headland has been prevented by the area being used as a training ground by the Spanish Army.

The beach sand was replaced for the summer of 2009 because, whilst clean, it had become rather muddy and inhospitable.

The bay and the estuary of the river which comes to an end here attract little egrets, Muscovy ducks, huge flocks of herring gulls, greylag geese and mallard ducks. The diversity of breeds in the duck and geese population suggests that most of the original birds had escaped from captivity.

## History

On 16 May 1946 the town was struck by a tornado, rated F1 on the Fujita scale, which injured 100 people. The European Severe Storms Laboratory noted that the rating was based on a written account of the damage by Gayà, M.

## Transport

The tramway connecting the town to Sóller opened in 1913 and is about 5 km long. Some of its original, 1913-built cars are still in service on the line. A bus service links the resort to Palma, the capital of the island.

## InfoBox

| Port de Sóller | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| *Port de Sóller* (in Catalan) <br>*Puerto de Sóller* (in Spanish) | |
| Port de Sóller viewed from hills to the south | |
| Port de SóllerLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 39°47′55″N 2°41′37″E / 39.79861°N 2.69361°E / 39.79861; 2.69361 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Balearic Islands |
| Province | Balearic Islands |
| Island | Majorca |
| Comarca | Serra de Tramuntana |
| Judicial district | Palma de Mallorca |
| Municipality | Sóller |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,909 |
| Demonym(s) | Solleric, Sollerica |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 07100 |
| Official language(s) | Catalan and Spanish |


title: Port of Santos

abstract: The Port of Santos is in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, Brazil. As of 2006, it is the busiest container port in Latin America. In 2016, it was considered the 39th largest port in the world for container handling, and the 35th per ton, according to the AAPA - American Association of Port Authorities ranking, being the busiest in Latin America. It possesses a wide variety of cargo handling terminals—solid and liquid bulk, containers, and general loads. It is Brazil's leading port in container traffic. The terrestrial access system to the port is made up by the Anchieta and Imigrantes highways and by the railroads operated by Ferroban and MRS. It was once considered the "port of death" in the 19th century due to yellow fever, and ships often avoided docking at the wood plank port. The floods in the city's area provoked illnesses. Today it is Latin America's largest port. Its structure is considered Brazil's most modern. In the early 20th century, major overhauling and urbanization created the port's modern structure seen today, eliminating the risk of diseases and providing the port with modern, industrial-age infrastructure. The location of the city of Santos was chosen at a convenient point for crossing the Serra do Mar mountain range, which is the main obstacle to access the interior. The first railway link from the port to the state capital São Paulo City, 79 km away, and the state's interior, was completed in 1864. This allowed for an easier transportation of the vast masses of migrant workers who headed to São Paulo and the state's numerous coffee farms. The main product exported by Santos until World War II was São Paulo state's huge coffee production, Brazil's largest. Today, coffee has become a smaller component of Brazil's exports and cars, machinery, orange juice, soybeans are now some of the port's main exports. Millions of immigrants reached Brazil via the Port of Santos in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, proceeding to the country's interior by railway.

text:
# Port of Santos

The **Port of Santos** (in Portuguese: *Porto de Santos*) is in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, Brazil. As of 2006, it is the busiest container port in Latin America. In 2016, it was considered the 39th largest port in the world for container handling, and the 35th per ton, according to the AAPA - American Association of Port Authorities ranking, being the busiest in Latin America.

It possesses a wide variety of cargo handling terminals—solid and liquid bulk, containers, and general loads. It is Brazil's leading port in container traffic. The terrestrial access system to the port is made up by the Anchieta and Imigrantes highways and by the railroads operated by Ferroban and MRS.

It was once considered the "port of death" in the 19th century due to yellow fever, and ships often avoided docking at the wood plank port. The floods in the city's area provoked illnesses.

Today it is Latin America's largest port. Its structure is considered Brazil's most modern.

In the early 20th century, major overhauling and urbanization created the port's modern structure seen today, eliminating the risk of diseases and providing the port with modern, industrial-age infrastructure.

The location of the city of Santos was chosen at a convenient point for crossing the Serra do Mar mountain range, which is the main obstacle to access the interior. The first railway link from the port to the state capital São Paulo City, 79 km away, and the state's interior, was completed in 1864. This allowed for an easier transportation of the vast masses of migrant workers who headed to São Paulo and the state's numerous coffee farms. The main product exported by Santos until World War II was São Paulo state's huge coffee production, Brazil's largest. Today, coffee has become a smaller component of Brazil's exports and cars, machinery, orange juice, soybeans are now some of the port's main exports.

Millions of immigrants reached Brazil via the Port of Santos in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, proceeding to the country's interior by railway.

## History

The port of Santos was originally founded on Tuesday, 2 February 1892. In 1913, there were about 90,000 inhabitants in the city of Santos and the economically active population was at about 37,000 with 22.7 percent working in the port as longshoremen, stevedores, carters, porters and coffee sackers. During the time after World War II, up to 1960, the port was known as the “Red Port” because of strong influence of communism in the workers unions and city's politics. Lack of investments and high tariffs were factors observed at the time and led the Port of Santos to a rapid decay around 1970. In 1980, the 90-year concession period ceded to Companhia Docas de Santos or CODESP. CODESP was a big player in the ports structure and worker culture. CODESP was in control of most of the port operations, created a new culture of work that created stronger bonds between the workers, and allowed for the creation of institutions to unite different categories of workers. Ever since the late 19th century the CODESP has tried to gain even more control over port operations. This, however, violated the workers’ sense of freedom and independence and caused the uprising of many of the worker institutions through different strikes for worker rights. In 1993, the Brazilian government realized that the singular control over the port that CODESP had was inhibiting the ports ability to be competitive and be more efficient. They then passed a law that de-monopolized the port's operational services.

## Worker Culture

The port is the principal source of jobs for the city of Santos. The fact that the town is mainly dependent on the one industry of the port, a strike in the port would cause considerable losses that could affect the entire city of Santos. Whenever the workers stopped working, the movement of goods would stop flowing, halting businesses, the flow of money, and all internal trade. This meant that when a strike would happen, the whole city joined the side of the workers because the city's population knew that the only way to return to the way of life was to end the strike. In 2016 the port declared that it had insufficient funds to pay for extra benefits and raises causing slowdowns. The workers were constantly unsatisfied and therefore demanded a 10% raise and were complaining about their new shift patterns. The strike halted all activities in the port terminals except for the release of dangerous cargoes, drugs, perishables, live cargo, funeral urns, and shipboard supplies.

The Santos port and the port workers were not separated from the rest of the city. The financial and commercial center of the city was close to the docks, which made for a more heterogeneous society in those areas. The life of port workers was far from insular and was shaped by a strong urban culture, as working class politics invaded spaces previously closed to workers' political expression. In Santos, the neighborhoods of the workers weren't separated by different occupation, as others were at the time. They also all had offices together which expedited the process of creating unified movements.

## Economy

Shaped by urban, economic and demographic development from the maritime industry, the Port of Santos is the largest port in Latin America, and the gateway to most of the goods that circulate Brazil. It drives the economy of the town of Santos and therefore the town is mainly dependent on the port. The people that live in Santos are influenced by the port's day to day actions. The port of Santos is Brazil's largest port providing exports and imports to and from all over the world. The main exports are coffee, sugar, and soy. The port handles 28% of Brazil's total cargo and in 2010, the Port of Santos handled a record of almost 97.2 million tons of cargo.

## Future Plans

Two issues facing the port today are access and distribution within the port. Due to the fact that the port operates 24 hours a day there is a lot of congestion on the roads and railways. There is only a three-lane road with two of those lanes for entry to the port and one for exiting. The port is considering a few possible solutions such as deepening the channels, applying intelligent transportation systems technologies, and better truck storage facilities. These plans for expansion have been planned to be put in place by the year 2024 due to the economic growth of the town. According to CODESP, all of these projects the Port of Santos will be moving three times more cargo, from the current 97.2 million tons to 230 million tons, with the general cargo accounting for 53% of this volume, solid bulk for 30% and liquid bulk for 17%. The ports difficulties of flow in the port areas can be categorized into four different areas: the difficulties of flow in the port areas, the constraints to the rail model, the poor utilization of the capacity of the maritime terminals and the congestion in accesses.

## InfoBox

| Port of Santos | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view of Port of Santos | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Location | Santos, São Paulo |
| Coordinates | 23°58′56.02″S 46°17′33.38″W / 23.9822278°S 46.2926056°W / -23.9822278; -46.2926056 |
| Details | |
| Opened | 2 February 1892 (1892-02-02) |
| Operated by | Santos Port Authority |
| Owned by | Federal government of Brazil |
| Type of harbour | Maritime |
| Size | 7.8 km² (3.01 sq mi) |
| Employees | 1,468 |
| Statistics | |
| Annual cargo tonnage | 147,0 million tonnes (2021) |
| Annual container volume | 2.697 million TEUs |
| Passenger traffic | 1.1 million (2010-2011) |
| Net income | R$ 199.3 million (2012) |
| **Website**<br>Official website | |


title: Postcards in the Sky

abstract: Postcards in the Sky is the sixth studio album by American singer David Archuleta. It was released on October 20, 2017, independently through his own Archie Music label, and is composed of sixteen tracks and is the first album by the singer to feature entirely original material since The Other Side of Down (2010). Its lead single, "Numb", was released on November 3, 2016.

text:
# Postcards in the Sky

***Postcards in the Sky*** is the sixth studio album by American singer David Archuleta. It was released on October 20, 2017, independently through his own Archie Music label, and is composed of sixteen tracks and is the first album by the singer to feature entirely original material since *The Other Side of Down* (2010). Its lead single, "Numb", was released on November 3, 2016.

## Content

Earlier in release year, Archuleta released two extended plays that would build up to this album, *Orion* on May 19, with tracks "Numb", "Invincible", "Say Me", and "Up All Night", and *Leo* on August 25, with tracks "Other Things in Sight", "Someone to Love", "I'm Ready", and "Spotlight Down". The singles from this album were "Numb", "Up All Night", "Invincible", "Seasons", and the title track "Postcards in the Sky".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Postcards in the Sky" | David Archuleta, Jeffrey Trott, Victoria Horn | 3:46 |
| 2. | "Invincible" | Archuleta, Stephanie Mabey, Taylor S. Hartley | 3:56 |
| 3. | "Numb" | Archuleta, Trent Dabbs, Jamie Kenney | 3:42 |
| 4. | "Someone to Love" | Archuleta, Jeremy Bose, Cindy Morgan | 3:11 |
| 5. | "Spotlight Down" | Archuleta, Kimberly Isabeau Miller, Shaun Balin, Camille Nelson | 3:10 |
| 6. | "I'm Ready" | Archuleta, Cason Cooley, Annie Schmidt | 4:02 |
| 7. | "Other Things in Sight" | Archuleta, Bose, Dabbs | 3:09 |
| 8. | "Say Me" | Archuleta, Bose, Dabbs | 3:05 |
| 9. | "Upset With Me" | Archuleta | 4:53 |
| 10. | "Up All Night" | Archuleta, Miller, Balin, Kenney | 4:05 |
| 11. | "Waiting in the Stars" | Archuleta, Horn, Drew Lawrence | 3:54 |
| 12. | "Seasons" (featuring Madilyn Paige) | Archuleta, Mabey, Dustin Christiensen | 4:22 |
| 13. | "Cracks of Heaven" | Archuleta, Kayliann Lowe, Pete Sallis, Robert Douglas Lowe,Jr. | 3:55 |
| 14. | "Shine a Light" | Archuleta, Miller, Balin | 3:41 |
| 15. | "Aiming for Hope" | Archuleta, Mabey, Christiensen | 3:42 |
| 16. | "A Little Goes a Long Way" | Archuleta, Cooley, Katie Herzig | 3:29 |
| Total length: | | | 57:21 |

## Reception

The album debuted at No. 43 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart and peaked at number 40.

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 40 |

## InfoBox

| Postcards in the Sky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by David Archuleta | |
| Released | October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 57:21 |
| Label | Archie Music / Tone tree Music |
| David Archuleta chronology | |
| *No Matter How Far*
(2013) ***Postcards in the Sky***
(2017) *Winter in the Air*
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Postcards in the Sky* | |
| 1. "Numb"
Released: November 3, 2016 2. "Up All Night"
Released: April 21, 2017 3. "Invincible"
Released: October 19, 2017 4. "Seasons (ft. Madilyn Paige)"
Released: January 25, 2018 5. "Postcards in the Sky"
Released: March 22, 2019 | |
|  | |


title: Potamophylax idliri

abstract: Potamophylax idliri is a species of caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It was first described in 2022, and is morphologically closest to Potamophylax coronavirus and Potamophylax juliani. The species is microendemic to the Jastrebac Mountains in Serbia.

text:
# Potamophylax idliri

***Potamophylax idliri*** is a species of caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It was first described in 2022, and is morphologically closest to *Potamophylax coronavirus* and *Potamophylax juliani*. The species is microendemic to the Jastrebac Mountains in Serbia.

## Description

The species is most similar in appearance to *Potamophylax coronavirus* and *Potamophylax juliani.*

## Habitat

The species was discovered at elevations ranging from 891 to 988 meters above sea level in twoseparate locations. Due to its limited range of distribution, much like other members of its species group, it is classified as a microendemic species found exclusively within the Jastrebac Mountains in Serbia.

## InfoBox

| *Potamophylax idliri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Trichoptera |
| Family: | Limnephilidae |
| Genus: | *Potamophylax* |
| Species: | ***P. idliri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potamophylax idliri***<br>Ibrahimi, Bilalli, and Kuini, 2022 | |
|


title: Potamopyrgus

abstract: Potamopyrgus is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Tateidae.

text:
# Potamopyrgus

***Potamopyrgus*** is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Tateidae.

## Description

Stimpson (1865) described the genus as follows: “Shell ovate-conic, imperforate; apex acute; whorls coronated with spines; outer whorl nearly two-thirds the length of the shell; aperture ovate, outer lip acute. Operculum corneous, subspiral. Foot rather short for the length of the shell, broadest in front and strongly auriculated. Tentacles very long, slender, and tapering. Eyes on very prominent tubercles. Rostrum of moderate size.”

## Distribution

This genus is endemic to New Zealand and south eastern Australia.

However, one species within this genus, *P. antipodarum*, has been accidentally introduced in many countries worldwide, especially in Europe and North America, and has become a problematic invasive species.

## Species

Species within the genus *Potamopyrgus* include:

Species brought into synonymy  * Powell A. W. B., *New Zealand Mollusca*, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1

Criscione, F. and W.F. Ponder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of rissooidean and cingulopsoidea families (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66(3):1075-1082.

* Stimson, W. 1865. Diagnoses of newly discovered genera of Gasteropods, belonging to the sub-fam. Hydrobiinae, of the family Rissoidae. American Journal of Conchology 1:52-54.
* Vaught, K.C. (1989). *A classification of the living Mollusca*. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp

Winterbourn, M. 1970. The New Zealand species of Potamopyrgus (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae). Malacalogia 10(2):283-321

## InfoBox

| *Potamopyrgus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Potamopyrgus antipodarum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Tateidae |
| Genus: | *Potamopyrgus*<br>Stimpson, 1865 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Potamopyrgus oscitans

abstract: Potamopyrgus oscitans is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to Australia.

text:
# Potamopyrgus oscitans

***Potamopyrgus oscitans*** is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Potamopyrgus oscitans* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Tateidae |
| Genus: | *Potamopyrgus* |
| Species: | ***P. oscitans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potamopyrgus oscitans***
Iredale, 1944 | |
|


abstract: Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism is a 1991 book by Fredric Jameson, in which the author offers a critique of modernism and postmodernism from a Marxist perspective. The book began as a 1984 article in the New Left Review. It has been presented as his "most wide-ranging and accessible book".

text:
# Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism

***Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism*** is a 1991 book by Fredric Jameson, in which the author offers a critique of modernism and postmodernism from a Marxist perspective. The book began as a 1984 article in the *New Left Review*. It has been presented as his "most wide-ranging and accessible book".

## Overview

Jameson defines postmodernism as the cultural system of a global, financialized stage of capitalist society. Jameson argues that postmodernism is characterized by a "crisis of historicity", a "waning of affect", and a prevalence of pastiche. He traces these characteristics of postmodernism across a variety of fields and media, including film, television, literature, economics, architecture, and philosophy. In one of his most prominent examples, he draws out the differences between modernism and postmodernism by comparing Van Gogh's "Peasant Shoes" with Andy Warhol's "Diamond Dust Shoes". For Jameson, postmodernism, as a form of mass-culture driven by capitalism, pervades every aspect of our daily lives.

### Background and analysis of postmodernism

In 1984, during his tenure as Professor of Literature and History of Consciousness at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Jameson published an article titled "Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism" in the journal *New Left Review*. This controversial article, which Jameson later expanded into a book, was part of a series of analyses of postmodernism from the dialectical perspective Jameson had developed in his earlier work on narrative. Jameson viewed the postmodern "skepticism towards metanarratives" as a "mode of experience" stemming from the conditions of intellectual labor imposed by the late capitalist mode of production.

Postmodernists claimed that the complex differentiation between "spheres" or fields of life (such as the political, the social, the cultural, the commercial), and between distinct social classes and roles within each field, had been overcome by the crisis of foundationalism and the consequent relativization of truth-claims. For example, in *The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge* (1979), which helped establish the term "postmodernism", Jean-François Lyotard described a shaken or failed public trust in the promise of enlightenments, faiths, or governments, with their metanarratives of epistemic or historical progress, leaving individuals to their own experiences. This was sometimes criticized as a metanarrative about the end of metanarratives and therefore considered ironic or paradoxical.

Jameson argued against postmodernists, asserting that these phenomena had or could have been understood successfully within a modernist framework; the postmodern failure to achieve this understanding implied an abrupt break in the dialectical refinement of thought. In his view, postmodernity's merging of all discourse into an undifferentiated whole was the result of the colonization of the cultural sphere, which had retained at least partial autonomy during the prior modernist era, by a newly organized corporate capitalism. Following Adorno and Horkheimer's analysis of the culture industry, Jameson discussed this phenomenon in his critical discussion of architecture, film, narrative, and visual arts, as well as in his strictly philosophical work.

Two of Jameson's best-known claims from *Postmodernism* are that post-modernity is characterized by "pastiche" and a "crisis in historicity". Jameson argues that parody (which implies a moral judgment or a comparison with societal norms) was replaced by pastiche (collage and other forms of juxtaposition without a normative grounding). Jameson recognizes that modernism frequently "quotes" from different cultures and historical periods, but he argues that postmodern cultural texts indiscriminately cannibalize these elements, erasing any sense of critical or historical distance and resulting in pure pastiche. Relatedly, Jameson argues that the postmodern era suffers from a crisis in historicity: "there no longer does seem to be any organic relationship between the American history we learn from schoolbooks and the lived experience of the current, multinational, high-rise, stagflated city of the newspapers and of our own everyday life".

Jameson's analysis of postmodernism attempts to view it as historically grounded; he therefore explicitly rejects any moralistic opposition to postmodernity as a cultural phenomenon, and continued to insist upon a Hegelian immanent critique that would "think the cultural evolution of late capitalism dialectically, as catastrophe and progress all together". His refusal to simply dismiss postmodernism from the onset, however, was misinterpreted by some Marxist intellectuals as an implicit endorsement of postmodern views.

## Table of contents

Contents:

1. The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism: pp. 1–54.
2. Theories of the Postmodern: 55–66.
3. Surrealism Without the Unconscious: 67–96.
4. Spatial Equivalents in the World System: 97–129.
5. Reading and the Division of Labor: 131–153.
6. Utopianism After the End of Utopia: 154–180.
7. Immanence and Nominalism in Postmodern Theoretical Discourse: 181–259.
8. Postmodernism and the Market: 260–278.
9. Nostalgia for the Present: 279–296.
10. Secondary Elaborations: 297–418.

\[Source\]

1. Giri, Meenakshi; Kellner, Douglas M., eds. (2001). "*Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism*". *Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks*. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 550–587. ISBN 9780631220954. OCLC 44650979.
2. Jameson, Fredric (July–August 1984). "Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism". *New Left Review*. **I** (146). New Left Review.
3. "Postmodernism". *Verso*. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
4. Grossberg 2024, "Modernists in search of the postmodern".
5. Grossberg 2024, "Modernists in search of the postmodern"; Sheehan 1998, 85.
6. Sim, Stuart. *Icon Critical Dictionary of Postmodern Thought*. Icon Books. p. 150.
7. Jameson, Fredric (November 21, 2023). "Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism" (PDF). p. 69. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2023.
8. Fredric Jameson, *Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism*, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991, p. 47.
9. Yeghiayan, Eddie. "Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Books by Fredric Jameson)". *www.lib.uci.edu*. University of California at Irvine Libraries.
10. Yeghiayan, Eddie. "Books by Fredric Jameson". *www.lib.uci.edu*. University of California at Irvine Libraries.

## InfoBox

Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Fredric Jameson |
| Language | English |
| Subjects |  |
| Publisher | Duke University Press |
| Publication date | 1991 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback and paperback) |
| Pages | 461 |
| ISBN | 978-0-8223-1090-7 |
| OCLC | 21330492 |
| LC Class | PN98.P67 J3 1991 |


title: Postmodern theology

abstract: Postmodern theology, also known as the continental philosophy of religion, is a philosophical and theological movement that interprets Christian theology in light of postmodernism and various forms of post-Heideggerian thought, including post-structuralism, phenomenology, and deconstruction.

text:
# Postmodern theology

**Postmodern theology**, also known as the **continental philosophy of religion**, is a philosophical and theological movement that interprets Christian theology in light of postmodernism and various forms of post-Heideggerian thought, including post-structuralism, phenomenology, and deconstruction.

## History

Postmodern theology emerged in the 1980s and 1990s when a handful of philosophers who took philosopher Martin Heidegger as a common point of departure began publishing influential books engaging with Christian theology. Some works of the era include Jean-Luc Marion's 1982 book *God Without Being*, Mark C. Taylor's 1984 book *Erring*, Charles Winquist's 1994 book *Desiring Theology*, John D. Caputo's 1997 book *The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida*, and Carl Raschke's 2000 book *The End of Theology*.

There are at least two branches of postmodern theology, each of which has evolved around the ideas of particular post-Heideggerian continental philosophers. Those branches are radical orthodoxy and weak theology.

### Radical orthodoxy

Radical orthodoxy is a branch of postmodern theology that has been influenced by the phenomenology of Jean-Luc Marion, Paul Ricœur, and Michel Henry, among others.

Although radical orthodoxy is informally organized, its proponents often agree on a handful of propositions. First, there is no sharp distinction between reason on the one hand and faith or revelation on the other. In addition, the world is best understood through interactions with God, even though a full understanding of God is never possible. Those interactions include culture, language, history, technology, and theology. Further, God directs people toward truth, which is never fully available to them. In fact, a full appreciation of the physical world is only possible through a belief in transcendence. Finally, salvation is found through interactions with God and others.

Prominent advocates of radical orthodoxy include John Milbank, Catherine Pickstock, and Graham Ward.

### Weak theology

Weak theology is a branch of postmodern theology that has been influenced by the deconstructive thought of Jacques Derrida, including Derrida's description of a moral experience he calls "the weak force." Weak theology rejects the idea that God is an overwhelming physical or metaphysical force. Instead, God is an unconditional claim without any force whatsoever. As a claim without force, the God of weak theology does not intervene in nature. As a result, weak theology emphasizes the responsibility of humans to act in this world here and now. John D. Caputo is a prominent advocate of the movement.

## Leading thinkers

## Further reading


title: Potential Plus UK

abstract: Potential Plus UK, officially the National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC), is a national association based in Milton Keynes in the United Kingdom, that offers support for high learning potential children, their parents and schools. It is a registered charity under English law. The organization aims to support the social, emotional and learning needs of children with high learning potential. This includes children who have been identified as gifted and talented; children who have the potential to achieve through a wide range of abilities in academic subjects, sport, the arts and leadership; those who are dual or multiple exceptional and the profoundly gifted. There is an organization of the same name and acronym (NAGC) in the United States, with a similar remit and scope.

text:
# Potential Plus UK

**Potential Plus UK**, officially the **National Association for Gifted Children** (**NAGC**), is a national association based in Milton Keynes in the United Kingdom, that offers support for high learning potential (gifted and talented) children, their parents and schools. It is a registered charity under English law.

The organization aims to support the social, emotional and learning needs of children with high learning potential. This includes children who have been identified as gifted and talented; children who have the potential to achieve through a wide range of abilities in academic subjects, sport, the arts and leadership; those who are dual or multiple exceptional (giftedness coupled with a disability or learning difficulty, also known as twice exceptional or 2e) and the profoundly gifted.

There is an organization of the same name and acronym (NAGC) in the United States, with a similar remit and scope.

## InfoBox

Potential Plus UK
| Abbreviation | PPUK |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1967 |
| Legal status | Non-profit organisation |
| Purpose | Gifted children in the UK |
| Location |  |
| Region served | UK |
| Website | Potential Plus UK |


title: Poul Volther

abstract: Poul M. Volther was a Danish furniture designer who is remembered above all for his iconic Corona Chair. He succeeded Børge Mogensen as artistic director of FDB Møbler in 1950.

text:
# Poul Volther

**Poul M. Volther** (2 January 1923  23 January 2001) was a Danish furniture designer who is remembered above all for his iconic Corona Chair. He succeeded Børge Mogensen as artistic director of FDB Møbler in 1950.

## Early life

First trained as a cabinetmaker, Volther studied furniture design at the Arts and Crafts School in Copenhagen. A believer in Functionalism, he avoided short-lived aesthetic trends, concentrating on the simple crafting of quality materials. As a teacher at Denmark's Design School, he encouraged hundreds of students to aim for high quality craftsmanship. With the support of designer Hans Wegner, he was employed from 1949 by the cooperative FDB Møbler, working in their design studio under the leadship of Børge Mogensen. Mogensen left FDB in 1950, leaving Volther in charge from 1950-55. He went on to design a series of Windsor chairs, rather simpler in style than Mogensen's own. He also designed a wide variety of armchairs and sofas which can still be seen in homes throughout Denmark and are still in production.

## Developing the Corona Chair

His early chair designs were based on a series of cushions separated by open spaces in order to economize on materials which were difficult to obtain after the Second World War. The first model, the Pyramid Chair from 1953, with foam and cloth elements, was far from successful. But the same basic approach eventually led to his masterpiece, the Corona Chair, first designed in 1961. The original consisted of a wooden skeleton on which a series of oval cushions provided the seat and the rising back. The idea was that it would allow the body to relax in various positions. The following year, as the result of cooperation between Volther and the recently established Erik Jørgensen furniture factory, a new model with a chrome-plated steel frame was marketed in 1964. But it was still far from successful.

Some 20 years later, yet another variant was presented at the furniture fair in Cologne, receiving a good press but not selling too well. Nevertheless, Erik Jørgensen's firm persisted. In 1997, the chair was presented both at the Cologne fair and at the Scandinavian Furniture Fair at the Bella Center in Copenhagen. This time it was a resounding success. The Corona was used at the 2002 EU Summit in Copenhagen, the year after Volther died. Today, with its elliptical, blow-up cushions, it has reached iconic status, becoming Jørgensen's most successful item, with sales of almost 3,000 a year.


abstract: Portrait of the Sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau, the Artist's Husband is a portrait of the Danish sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau painted in 1846 by Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann, the same year they married.

text:
# Portrait of the Sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau, the Artist's Husband

***Portrait of the Sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau, the Artist's Husband*** is a portrait of the Danish sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau painted in 1846 by Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann, the same year they married.

## Artist

Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann was a German-speaking, German-educated female artist. When in 1848, she came to Copenhagen she had a lot to overcome. She was characterized as an outsider and was not well received in Danish culture, which was more concerned with the continuation of the legacy of the Danish Golden Age as expressed by C. W. Eckersberg and N.L. Høyen.

The portrait was painted in 1846, the same year that Baumann and Jerichau married.

## Description

The portrait shows Jerichau sitting and looking slightly off to the side rather than directly at the viewer. The focus is on the sculptor's hands, the creative hands. In the left hand Jerichau carries an engagement ring and in the right hand he holds some material probably from the sculpture in the background, a sketch for a breakthrough work of *Hercules and Hebe* from 1845. The artist shows her husband's mastery of the sculptor tradition.

## Provenance

The painting was given as a gift to the National Gallery of Denmark by brewer JC Jacobsen in 1876 and received after the artist's death in 1881.

## Sources

* Max Bendixen, *Verdensdamen Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann*, ISBN 978-87-7081-031-9
* Nicolaj Bøgh: *Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann*, 1886

## InfoBox

| Portrait of the Sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau, the Artist's Husband | |
| --- | --- |
| Danish: *Billedhuggeren Jens Adolf Jerichau, kunstnerens ægtefælle* | |
|  | |
| Artist | Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann |
| Year | 1846 (1846) |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 142 cm × 95 cm (56 in × 37 in) |
| Location | National Gallery of Denmark |


title: Pouya Air

abstract: Pouya Air, trading as Pouya, is an Iranian airline with its head office at Mehrabad International Airport in Tehran. It operates both passenger and cargo flights to domestic locations in Iran, as well as a few international destinations in the Middle East.

text:
# Pouya Air

**Pouya Air**, trading as *Pouya*, is an Iranian airline with its head office at Mehrabad International Airport in Tehran. It operates both passenger and cargo flights to domestic locations in Iran, as well as a few international destinations in the Middle East.

## History

In late 2012, Yas Air changed its name to Pouya Air, reflecting the third name change for this company since it began operations in 2000 as Qeshm Air. The first name change was to Pars Air in 2006 and later to Yas Air in 2008. Pouya Air is identified today as an alias for designated Iranian airline Yas Air, which was designated in March 2012 pursuant to E.O. 13224 for acting for or on behalf of the IRGC-QF for transporting illicit cargo, including weapons, to Iran's clients in the Levant.

## Destinations

Pouya Air serves the following destinations (as of May 2023):

| Country | City | Airport | Notes | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iran | Abu Musa | Abu Musa Airport |  |  |
| | Ardabil | Ardabil Airport |  |  |
| | Asaluyeh | Persian Gulf Airport |  |  |
| | Bandar Abbas | Bandar Abbas International Airport |  |  |
| | Bushehr | Bushehr Airport |  |  |
| | Chabahar | Chabahar Konarak Airport |  |  |
| | Gorgan | Gorgan Airport |  |  |
| | Greater Tunb | Greater Tunb Airport |  |  |
| | Isfahan | Shahid Beheshti International Airport |  |  |
| | Kish | Kish International Airport |  |  |
| | Lamerd | Lamerd International Airport |  |  |
| | Mashhad | Shahid Hasheminejad International Airport |  |  |
| | Qeshm | Qeshm International Airport |  |  |
| | Rasht | Rasht Airport |  |  |
| | Shiraz | Shahid Dastgheib International Airport |  |  |
| | Sirri Island | Sirri Island Airport |  |  |
| | Tabriz | Shahid Madani International Airport |  |  |
| | Tehran | Mehrabad International Airport | Hub |  |
| | Urmia | Shahid Bakeri International Airport |  |  |
| | Yazd | Shahid Sadooghi Airport |  |  |
| Iraq | Najaf | Al Najaf International Airport |  |  |
|

## Fleet

As of April 2023 the Pouya Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:

**Pouya Air fleet**
| Aircraft | In fleet | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Embraer ERJ 145ER | 6 | Passenger aircraft |
| Antonov An-72 | 3 | Passenger aircraft |
| Ilyushin Il-76 | 2 | Cargo aircraft |
| Bombardier Challenger 600 | 1 | Business jet |
| Bombardier CRJ100/200 | 1 | Business jet |
| Total | 13 |  | | |

Media related to Pouya Air at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Pouya Air
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  PY PYA POUYA | |
| Founded | 2008 |
| Operating bases |  |
| Fleet size | 13 |
| Destinations | 22 |
| Parent company | IRGC |
| Headquarters | Mehrabad International Airport |
| Key people | Mohammad Mohammadi |
| Website | www.pouyaair.com |


title: Povilas Bartušis

abstract: Povilas Bartušis is a Lithuanian male badminton player.

text:
# Povilas Bartušis

**Povilas Bartušis** (born 1 September 1993) is a Lithuanian male badminton player.

## Achievements

### BWF International Challenge/Series

*Men's Doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2015 | Lithuanian International | Alan Plavin | Milosz Bochat
Pawel Pietryja | 17-21, 13-21 | **Runner-up** |
|

BWF International Challenge tournament   BWF International Series tournament   BWF Future Series tournament

## InfoBox

| Povilas Bartušis | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| Born | (1993-09-01) 1 September 1993
Tauragė, Lithuania |
| Height | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 85 kg (187 lb) |
| Handedness | Right |
| Coach | Juozas Spelveris |
| Men's | |
| Highest ranking | 320 (MS) 18 Sep 2014
131 (MD) 23 Apr 2015
141 (XD) 5 May 2016 |
| BWF profile | |


# Pre-election pendulum for the 2023 New South Wales state election

The following is the pre-election pendulum for the 2023 New South Wales state election. It is based on notional margins calculated by the ABC's Antony Green. Members in italics will not contest the election as a candidate for the seat they currently hold or its replacement. However, the current member for Holsworthy Melanie Gibbons will move to contest the seat of Kiama. By-elections were held in some seats during this term of Parliament that changed their margins. See the footnotes for details.

| **Liberal/National seats (46)** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Marginal** | | | |
| East Hills | Wendy Lindsay | LIB | 0.1% |
| Upper Hunter | Dave Layzell | NAT | 0.5% |
| Penrith | Stuart Ayres | LIB | 0.6% |
| Goulburn | Wendy Tuckerman | LIB | 3.1% |
| Tweed | Geoff Provest | NAT | 5.0% |
| Winston Hills | Mark Taylor | LIB | 5.7% |
| **Fairly safe** | | | |
| Holsworthy | *Melanie Gibbons* | LIB | 6.0% |
| Wollondilly | Nathaniel Smith | LIB | 6.0% v IND |
| Riverstone | *Kevin Conolly* | LIB | 6.2% |
| Parramatta | *Geoff Lee* | LIB | 6.5% |
| Oatley | Mark Coure | LIB | 6.8% |
| Camden | Peter Sidgreaves | LIB | 7.3% |
| Ryde | *Victor Dominello* | LIB | 8.9% |
| Myall Lakes | *Stephen Bromhead* | NAT | 9.3% |
| Badgerys Creek | Tanya Davies | LIB | 9.7% |
| **Safe** | | | |
| South Coast | *Shelley Hancock* | LIB | 10.6% |
| Coffs Harbour | Gurmesh Singh | NAT | 10.8% |
| North Shore | Felicity Wilson | LIB | 11.1% v IND |
| Epping | Dominic Perrottet | LIB | 11.3% |
| Monaro | Nichole Overall | NAT | 11.6% |
| Kiama | Gareth Ward (IND) | LIB | 12.0% |
| Terrigal | Adam Crouch | LIB | 12.3% |
| Drummoyne | *John Sidoti* (IND) | LIB | 13.6% |
| Miranda | Eleni Petinos | LIB | 14.4% |
| Clarence | *Chris Gulaptis* | NAT | 14.5% |
| Manly | James Griffin | LIB | 14.6% |
| Lane Cove | Anthony Roberts | LIB | 14.7% |
| Oxley | *Melinda Pavey* | NAT | 15.4% |
| Albury | Justin Clancy | LIB | 15.9% |
| Hawkesbury | Robyn Preston | LIB | 16.6% |
| Hornsby | Matt Kean | LIB | 16.9% |
| Bathurst | Paul Toole | NAT | 17.9% |
| **Very safe** | | | |
| Dubbo | Dugald Saunders | NAT | 18.1% |
| Wahroonga | Alister Henskens | LIB | 19.0% |
| Cronulla | Mark Speakman | LIB | 19.6% |
| Port Macquarie | Leslie Williams (LIB) | NAT | 20.1% |
| Vaucluse | *Gabrielle Upton* | LIB | 20.6% |
| Willoughby | Tim James | LIB | 20.7% |
| Wakehurst | *Brad Hazzard* | LIB | 21.9% |
| Pittwater | *Rob Stokes* | LIB | 22.4% |
| Castle Hill | *David Elliott* | LIB | 22.4% |
| Kellyville | Ray Williams | LIB | 23.1% |
| Davidson | *Jonathan O'Dea* | LIB | 24.8% |
| Cootamundra | Steph Cooke | NAT | 26.6% |
| Tamworth | Kevin Anderson | NAT | 28.0% |
| Northern Tablelands | Adam Marshall | NAT | 33.2% |
|

| **Labor seats (38)** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Marginal** | | | |
| Kogarah | Chris Minns | ALP | 0.1% |
| Leppington | *new seat* | ALP | 1.5% |
| Heathcote | Lee Evans (LIB) | ALP | 1.7% |
| Lismore | Janelle Saffin | ALP | 2.0% |
| Coogee | Marjorie O'Neill | ALP | 2.3% |
| Londonderry | Prue Car | ALP | 3.0% |
| Bega | Michael Holland | ALP | 5.1% |
| Strathfield | Jason Yat-Sen Li | ALP | 5.2% |
| The Entrance | David Mehan | ALP | 5.3% |
| Port Stephens | Kate Washington | ALP | 5.8% |
| **Fairly safe** | | | |
| Gosford | Liesl Tesch | ALP | 7.1% |
| Maroubra | Michael Daley | ALP | 8.3% |
| Prospect | Hugh McDermott | ALP | 8.6% |
| Granville | Julia Finn | ALP | 9.4% |
| **Safe** | | | |
| Rockdale | Steve Kamper | ALP | 10.0% |
| Swansea | Yasmin Catley | ALP | 10.6% |
| Wyong | David Harris | ALP | 12.9% |
| Charlestown | Jodie Harrison | ALP | 13.1% |
| Blue Mountains | Trish Doyle | ALP | 13.6% |
| Auburn | Lynda Voltz | ALP | 13.7% |
| Maitland | Jenny Aitchison | ALP | 14.7% |
| Macquarie Fields | Anoulack Chanthivong | ALP | 14.9% |
| Canterbury | Sophie Cotsis | ALP | 15.3% |
| Heffron | Ron Hoenig | ALP | 15.3% |
| Campbelltown | Greg Warren | ALP | 16.0% |
| Blacktown | Stephen Bali | ALP | 16.7% |
| Fairfield | *Guy Zangari* | ALP | 16.8% |
| Liverpool | *Paul Lynch* | ALP | 17.4% |
| Newcastle | Tim Crakanthorp | ALP | 17.5% |
| **Very safe** | | | |
| Keira | Ryan Park | ALP | 18.2% |
| Shellharbour | Anna Watson | ALP | 18.4% |
| Mount Druitt | Edmond Atalla | ALP | 18.5% |
| Cabramatta | *Nick Lalich* | ALP | 19.3% |
| Cessnock | Clayton Barr | ALP | 19.7% |
| Bankstown | Jihad Dib | ALP | 20.5% |
| Summer Hill | Jo Haylen | ALP | 21.6% |
| Wollongong | Paul Scully | ALP | 22.9% |
| Wallsend | Sonia Hornery | ALP | 25.8% |
| **Crossbench seats (9)** | | | |
| **Marginal** | | | |
| Murray | Helen Dalton (IND) | SFF | 2.8% v NAT |
| Ballina | Tamara Smith | GRN | 4.9% v NAT |
| **Fairly safe** | | | |
| Barwon | Roy Butler (IND) | SFF | 6.6% v NAT |
| **Safe** | | | |
| Balmain | *Jamie Parker* | GRN | 10.0% v ALP |
| Newtown | Jenny Leong | GRN | 11.4% v ALP |
| Sydney | Alex Greenwich | IND | 11.8% v LIB |
| Orange | Philip Donato (IND) | SFF | 15.2% v NAT |
| Wagga Wagga | Joe McGirr | IND | 15.5% v NAT |
| **Very safe** | | | |
| Lake Macquarie | Greg Piper | IND | 23.2% v ALP |
|

1. Green, Antony (2023-01-08). "Electoral Pendulum for the 2023 NSW Election – Antony Green's Election Blog". Retrieved 2023-01-22.
2. Smith, Alexandra; Cormack, Lucy (2023-03-07). "Dumped Liberal MP Gibbons set to take on Ward in shock move". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. Retrieved 2023-03-08.


title: Pouso Redondo

abstract: Pouso Redondo is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.

text:
# Pouso Redondo

**Pouso Redondo** is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Pouso Redondo | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Santa Catarina, Brazil | |
| Pouso RedondoLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 27°15′28″S 49°56′02″W / 27.25778°S 49.93389°W / -27.25778; -49.93389 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | South |
| State | Santa Catarina |
| Mesoregion | Vale do Itajai |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Oscar Gutz |
| Area | |
| Total | 138.698 sq mi (359.225 km2) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 17,712 |
| Density | 130/sq mi (49/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC -3 |
| Website | www.pousoredondo.sc.gov.br |


title: Pouso Alto

abstract: Pouso Alto is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil. The municipality contains 4.39% of the 22,917 hectares Serra do Papagaio State Park, created in 1998.

text:
# Pouso Alto

**Pouso Alto** (translation: High Landing) is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

The municipality contains 4.39% of the 22,917 hectares (56,630 acres) Serra do Papagaio State Park, created in 1998.

22°11′38″S 44°58′22″W / 22.1939°S 44.9728°W / -22.1939; -44.9728

## InfoBox

| Pouso Alto | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 22°11′37″S 44°58′21″W / 22.19361°S 44.97250°W / -22.19361; -44.97250 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Sul/Sudoeste de Minas |
| Elevation | 884 m (2,900 ft) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 5,900 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Portuguese Shooting Federation

abstract: Portuguese Shooting Federation, Portuguese Federação Portuguesa de Tiro is the Portuguese association for shooting sport under the International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC) and the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF).

text:
# Portuguese Shooting Federation

**Portuguese Shooting Federation**, *Portuguese* **Federação Portuguesa de Tiro** is the Portuguese association for shooting sport under the International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC) and the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF).

## InfoBox

Portuguese Shooting Federation
| Federação Portuguesa de Tiro | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Formation | () |
| Parent organization | International Practical Shooting Confederation, International Shooting Sport Federation |
| Website | fptiro.netipscworld.org/por |


abstract: Powerlifting at the 2000 Summer Paralympics consisted of 20 events.

text:
# Powerlifting at the 2000 Summer Paralympics

**Powerlifting** at the **2000 Summer Paralympics** consisted of 20 events.

## Medal summary

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | China (CHN) | 5 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 2 | Nigeria (NGR) | 4 | 1 | 4 | 9 |
| 3 | Egypt (EGY) | 3 | 6 | 3 | 12 |
| 4 | South Korea (KOR) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Great Britain (GBR) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 6 | Iran (IRI) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 7 | United States (USA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 11 | Thailand (THA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 13 | Australia (AUS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 15 | Chinese Taipei (TPE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Libya (LBA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Philippines (PHI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | South Africa (RSA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (19 entries) | | 20 | 20 | 20 | 60 |

### Participating nations

## Events

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| −48 kg
 | Anthony Peddle
Great Britain | Jung Yong Kwak
South Korea | Thongsa Marasri
Thailand |
| −52 kg
 | Keum Jong Jung
South Korea | Osama El Sernegawy
Egypt | Jian Wang
China |
| −56 kg
 | Gomma G. Ahmed
Egypt | Fereydoun Karimipour
Iran | Stephen Davou
Nigeria |
| −60 kg
 | Metwaly Mathana
Egypt | Richard Nicholson
Australia | Taqy Parnian
Netherlands |
| −67.5 kg
 | Monday Emoghavwe
Nigeria | Shaban Ibrahim
Egypt | Allahbakhsh Akbari
Iran |
| −75 kg
 | Hai Dong Zhang
China | Mansour Dimasi
Iran | El Sayed Abd El Aal
Egypt |
| −82.5 kg
 | Jong Chul Park
South Korea | Saeid Bafandeh
Iran | Mostafa Hamed
Egypt |
| −90 kg
 | Bernd Vogel
Germany | Abd Elmonem Farag
Egypt | Ya Dong Wu
China |
| −100 kg
 | Amrollah Dehghani
Iran | Sherif Bakr
Egypt | Nicholas Slater
Great Britain |
| +100 kg
 | Pernell Cooper
United States | Kim Brownfield
United States | Abdelrahim Hamed
Libya |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| −40 kg
 | Bian Jianxin
China | Lidiya Solovyova
Ukraine | Laura Cerero Gabriel
Mexico |
| −44 kg
 | Fatma Omar
Egypt | Lucy Ejike
Nigeria | Li Hua Lu
Chinese Taipei |
| −48 kg
 | Iyabo Ismaila
Nigeria | Abir Ibrahim Aly Nail
Egypt | Xia Zhang
China |
| −52 kg
 | Tamara Popdalnaia
Russia | Amalia Perez
Mexico | Patricia Nnaji
Nigeria |
| −56 kg
 | Taoying Fu
China | Somkhoun Anon
Thailand | Moekie Grobbelaar
South Africa |
| −60 kg
 | Victoria Nneji
Nigeria | Yu Zuo
China | Lyudmyla Osmanova
Ukraine |
| −67.5 kg
 | Patricia Okafor
Nigeria | Mingxia Zhu
China | Nadia Ali
Egypt |
| −75 kg
 | Rui Fang Li
China | Patricia Barcenas
Mexico | Kike Adedeji Ogunbamowo
Nigeria |
| −82.5 kg
 | Emma Brown
Great Britain | Hend Abd Elaty
Egypt | Adeline Dumapong
Philippines |
| +82.5 kg
 | Ping Cao
China | Carine Burgy
France | Faith Igbinehin
Nigeria |

## InfoBox

| Powerlifting
at the XI Paralympic Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Paralympic Powerlifting | |
| Venue | Downes Pavilion |
| Competitors | 258 from 67 nations |
|


title: Praeaulacidae

abstract: Praeaulacidae is an extinct family of Mesozoic parasitic wasps in the suborder Evanioidea. It among the earliest known families of the group and is characterised by more complete wing venation in comparison to other members of the suborder. It has been found that Othniodellithidae is nested within Praeaulacidae via cladistic analysis.

text:
# Praeaulacidae

**Praeaulacidae** is an extinct family of Mesozoic parasitic wasps in the suborder Evanioidea. It among the earliest known families of the group and is characterised by more complete wing venation in comparison to other members of the suborder. It has been found that **Othniodellithidae** is nested within Praeaulacidae via cladistic analysis.

## Genera

Taxonomy according to Jouault et al, 2020

## InfoBox

| Praeaulacidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Apocrita |
| Superfamily: | Evanioidea |
| Family: | Praeaulacidae
Rasnitsyn 1972 |
|
| Subfamilies and genera | |
| See text | |


title: Prelude in D major (Rachmaninoff)

abstract: The Prelude in D major, Op. 23 No. 4 is a 1903 composition by Sergei Rachmaninoff. It is part of Rachmaninoff's Ten Preludes, Op. 23.

text:
# Prelude in D major (Rachmaninoff)

The **Prelude in D major, Op. 23 No. 4** is a 1903 composition by Sergei Rachmaninoff. It is part of Rachmaninoff's Ten Preludes, Op. 23.

## Structure

The prelude is in ternary form. The theme of the main section is introduced in measure 3:

Measure 3

The theme is in the form of a period, composed of two symmetrical phrases, the consequent being a more embellished version of the antecedent, presenting a triplet descant in the treble voice above the main theme in the right-hand alto voice. The right-hand voices are offset against an eighth-note figure in the left-hand:

Measure 19

The middle section presents rhythmic changes and several modulations. Triplets appear in the accompaniment, and shorter phrasing is utilized:

Measures 35 and 36

The piece reaches its climax at measures 50–51, and immediately resolves back into the main section:

Measures 50 and 51

Here, the triplet flow returns to the left-hand bass line, while a high counterpoint is introduced in the main melody. Only the antecedent of the original phrase is recapitulated, lengthened by eight additional measures that provide closure.

Measures 53 and 54

## Recordings


title: Poston, Arizona

abstract: Poston is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in La Paz County, Arizona, United States, in the Parker Valley. The population was 285 at the 2010 census, down from 389 in 2000. During World War II, Poston was the site of the Poston War Relocation Center, one of the United States' largest Japanese-American internment camps, where over 17,000 Japanese-Americans were held over a three-year period. The camp sites are now home to a monument dedicated to those interned there.

text:
# Poston, Arizona

**Poston** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in La Paz County, Arizona, United States, in the Parker Valley. The population was 285 at the 2010 census, down from 389 in 2000.

During World War II, Poston was the site of the Poston War Relocation Center, one of the United States' largest Japanese-American internment camps, where over 17,000 Japanese-Americans were held over a three-year period. The camp sites are now home to a monument dedicated to those interned there.

## Geography

Poston is located in western La Paz County, in the Parker Valley at 33°59′25″N 114°24′4″W / 33.99028°N 114.40111°W / 33.99028; -114.40111 (33.990348, -114.401052). It is 3 miles (5 km) east of the Colorado River, which forms the state border with California. Mohave Road runs through the community, leading north 15 miles (24 km) to Parker and south 28 miles (45 km) to Ehrenberg. The community lies within the boundaries of the Colorado River Indian Reservation.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Poston CDP has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 183 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 389 people, 101 households, and 92 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 279.9 inhabitants per square mile (108.1/km2). There were 110 housing units at an average density of 79.1 per square mile (30.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 31% White, 1% Black or African American, 17% Native American, 48% from other races, and 3% from two or more races. 77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 101 households, out of which 66% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66% were married couples living together, 16% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9% were non-families. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.85 and the average family size was 3.92.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 42% under the age of 18, 11% from 18 to 24, 30% from 25 to 44, 13% from 45 to 64, and 4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $17,625, and the median income for a family was $17,065. Males had a median income of $15,859 versus $13,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,938. About 42% of families and 46% of the population were below the poverty line, including 55% of those under age 18 and 18% of those age 65 or over.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
2. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Poston CDP, Arizona". *American FactFinder*. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
3. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Poston, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location in La Paz County and the state of Arizona | |
| PostonPoston | |
| Coordinates: 33°59′25″N 114°24′4″W / 33.99028°N 114.40111°W / 33.99028; -114.40111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| County | La Paz |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.38 sq mi (3.56 km2) |
| Land | 1.38 sq mi (3.56 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 335 ft (102 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 183 |
| Density | 133.09/sq mi (51.40/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST (no DST)) |
| ZIP code | 85371 |
| Area code | 928 |
| FIPS code | 04-57170 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0009680 |


title: Pratkowice

abstract: Pratkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgomłyny, with in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Wielgomłyny, 30 km (19 mi) east of Radomsko, and 86 km (53 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Pratkowice

**Pratkowice** \[pratkɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgomłyny, with in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Wielgomłyny, 30 km (19 mi) east of Radomsko, and 86 km (53 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Pratkowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pratkowice | |
| Coordinates: 51°3′N 19°52′E / 51.050°N 19.867°E / 51.050; 19.867 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Radomsko |
| Gmina | Wielgomłyny |


title: Pre-Hysterical Hare

abstract: Pre-Hysterical Hare is a 1958 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Robert McKimson and written by Tedd Pierce. The short was released on November 1, 1958, and stars Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. The two are in their usual hunter-and-bunny antics, but set in the Stone Age. This cartoon marks one of the few instances where Elmer Fudd is voiced by somebody other than Arthur Q. Bryan during the latter's lifetime, being voiced by Dave Barry instead. The film contains footage from the 1950 short film Caveman Inki directed by Chuck Jones and animated by Lloyd Vaughan, Ken Harris, Phil Monroe and Ben Washam.

text:
# Pre-Hysterical Hare

***Pre-Hysterical Hare*** is a 1958 Warner Bros. *Looney Tunes* cartoon directed by Robert McKimson and written by Tedd Pierce. The short was released on November 1, 1958, and stars Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. The two are in their usual hunter-and-bunny antics, but set in the Stone Age.

This cartoon marks one of the few instances where Elmer Fudd is voiced by somebody other than Arthur Q. Bryan during the latter's lifetime, being voiced by Dave Barry instead. The film contains footage from the 1950 short film Caveman Inki directed by Chuck Jones and animated by Lloyd Vaughan, Ken Harris, Phil Monroe and Ben Washam.

## Plot

The narrative beings Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd in a contemporary setting, where Elmer persistently fires his gun at Bugs. Bugs momentarily breaks the fourth wall to comment on the perennial chaos of Rabbit Season. He then leaps over a stone dike and unexpectedly falls into what he surmises to be a cave of giant Indigenous Americans, deduced from a colossal powder horn labeled as a time capsule from 10,000 BC to be opened in 1960 AD.

Inside, Bugs discovers a film reel, which he takes back to his hole to view using his film projector. The film depicts various anachronistic prehistoric scenes, including dinosaurs and mammals clashing, before introducing Elmer Fuddstone, a caveman version of Elmer, who declares his intent to hunt a sabre-toothed rabbit, a primitive incarnation of Bugs.

As Fuddstone engages in various slapstick hunting attempts, including a failed vine snare and a mishap with a poisonous berry, Bugs repeatedly outsmarts him. Bugs suggests the future invention of gunpowder and firearms, prompting Fuddstone to experiment with these ideas. His rudimentary gunpowder explodes, leaving him charred but determined.

Bugs then assists in creating a primitive firearm using a hollow stick and a taro root. When Elmer tries to use this makeshift gun, Bugs tricks him by reversing the barrel, causing Elmer to shoot himself in the face.

The film concludes with modern-day Elmer entering Bugs' hole, inadvertently pointing his gun at himself and repeating his ancestor’s mistake. As Elmer accidentally shoots himself, causing Bugs to remark, "That's what I think".

## Background music

This is one of six cartoons (and the only Bugs Bunny cartoon) scored by using stock music by John Seely of Capitol Records from the Hi-Q library because of a musicians' strike in 1958. The others are *Hook, Line and Stinker*, *Weasel While You Work*, *Hip Hip-Hurry!*, *Gopher Broke*, and *A Bird in a Bonnet*.

## InfoBox

| Pre-Hysterical Hare | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card. | |
| Directed by | Robert McKimson |
| Story by | Tedd Pierce |
| Produced by | John Burton, Sr. |
| Starring | Mel Blanc
Dave Barry (uncredited) |
| Music by | John Seely |
| Animation by | **Character animation:**
Ted Bonnicksen
Warren Batchelder
Tom Ray
George Grandpré |
| Layouts by | Robert Gribbroek |
| Backgrounds by | William Butler |
| Color process | Technicolor |
| Production
company | Warner Bros. Cartoons |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release date | * November 1, 1958 (1958-11-01) |
| Running time | 7 minutes |
| Language | English |


title: Pothyne paralaosensis

abstract: Pothyne paralaosensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1968.

text:
# Pothyne paralaosensis

***Pothyne paralaosensis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1968.

## InfoBox

| *Pothyne paralaosensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pothyne* |
| Species: | ***P. paralaosensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pothyne paralaosensis***<br>Breuning, 1968 | |
|


title: Carron/New Quay

abstract: Carron/New Quay is a parish in County Clare, Ireland, and part of the Kilfenora Deanery of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora. It is located in the northern side of The Burren, bordering Galway Bay and County Galway Fr. Colm Clinton, a member of Saint Patrick's Society for the Foreign Missions (SPS) was the parish priest for 17 years until his retirement in 2023. The priest of the neighbouring parish of Ballyvaughan/Fanore now also covers Carron/New Quay in addition to his own parish. The parish is an amalgamation of the former parishes of Abbey, Kilcorney, Noughaval and Oughtmama. The main church of Carron/New Quay parish is the St. Columba Church in Carron, built in 1861 by Fr. James Gleeson. The second church of the parish is the Church of St. Patrick in New Quay. The original church from 1840 was later replaced by a new one that was blessed in 1939. The third church of the parish is the Church of St. Mochua in Noughaval. This was originally a Protestant church in 1860, located in Ballyvaughan, but carefully taken apart and moved to Noughaval. It entered service again in 1943.

text:
# Carron/New Quay

**Carron/New Quay** is a parish in County Clare, Ireland, and part of the Kilfenora Deanery of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora. It is located in the northern side of The Burren, bordering Galway Bay and County Galway

Fr. Colm Clinton, a member of Saint Patrick's Society for the Foreign Missions (SPS) was the parish priest for 17 years until his retirement in 2023. The priest of the neighbouring parish of Ballyvaughan/Fanore now also covers Carron/New Quay in addition to his own parish.

The parish is an amalgamation of the former parishes of Abbey, Kilcorney, Noughaval and Oughtmama.

The main church of Carron/New Quay parish is the St. Columba Church in Carron, built in 1861 by Fr. James Gleeson. The second church of the parish is the Church of St. Patrick in New Quay. The original church from 1840 was later replaced by a new one that was blessed in 1939. The third church of the parish is the Church of St. Mochua in Noughaval. This was originally a Protestant church in 1860, located in Ballyvaughan, but carefully taken apart and moved to Noughaval. It entered service again in 1943.

1. Carron & New Quay - Clergy
2. O'Dowd, Peadar (2010). *The Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora. An Illustrated History*. Booklink. ISBN 978-1-906886-33-2. p. 186
3. O'Dowd, Peadar (2010). *The Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora. An Illustrated History*. Booklink. ISBN 978-1-906886-33-2. p. 187
4. O'Dowd, Peadar (2010). *The Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora. An Illustrated History*. Booklink. ISBN 978-1-906886-33-2. p. 188
5. O'Dowd, Peadar (2010). *The Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora. An Illustrated History*. Booklink. ISBN 978-1-906886-33-2. p. 189

## InfoBox

| Carron/New Quay | |
| --- | --- |
| Roman Catholic parish | |
| Carron/New QuayLocation in Ireland | |
| Coordinates: 53°02′06″N 9°04′35″W / 53.0350°N 9.0763004°W / 53.0350; -9.0763004 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Munster |
| County | County Clare |
| Government | |
| Dáil Éireann | Clare |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) |


title: Democratic Constituent Congress

abstract: The Democratic Constituent Congress was a Constituent Assembly created in Peru after the dissolution of Congress by President Alberto Fujimori in 1992. Its main purpose was to amend the Constitution of 1979.

text:
# Democratic Constituent Congress

The **Democratic Constituent Congress** (Spanish: *Congreso Constituyente Democrático*) was a Constituent Assembly created in Peru after the dissolution of Congress by President Alberto Fujimori in 1992. Its main purpose was to amend the Constitution of 1979.

## President

## Constitutional Commission

### President

### Vice president

### Members of the Commission

## InfoBox

| Democratic Constituent Congress <br>Congreso Constituyente Democrático | |
| --- | --- |
| Republic of Peru | |
| Type | |
| Type | Unicameral |
| History | |
| Established | 20 December 1992 |
| Disbanded | 26 July 1995 |
| Preceded by | Congress of the Republic of Peru |
| Succeeded by | Congress of the Republic of Peru |
| Leadership | |
| President of the Democratic Constituent Congress | Jaime Yoshiyama, Cambio 90-New Majority |
| Seats | 80 |
| Meeting place | |
| Legislative Palace (Peru) | |


title: The Spy's Adventures in Europe

abstract: The Spy's Adventures in Europe is an adventure video game published in 1987 by Polarware.

text:
# The Spy's Adventures in Europe

***The Spy's Adventures in Europe*** is an adventure video game published in 1987 by Polarware.

## Gameplay

*The Spy's Adventures in Europe* is a game in which one to six players are spies who can either work together or against each other.

## Reception

David M. Wilson reviewed the game for *Computer Gaming World*, and stated that "In summary, The Spy's Adventures series is quite enjoyable, not to mention educational. The game is a must for families with children because of its enjoyable methods of teaching geography, if not because it is simply (and simple) fun."

## InfoBox

| The Spy's Adventures in Europe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Polarware |
| Publisher(s) | Polarware |
| Platform(s) | Apple II, MS-DOS |
| Release | 1987 |
| Genre(s) | Adventure |


title: Pleiomorpha homotypa

abstract: Pleiomorpha homotypa is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in South Africa. The larvae feed on Diospyros lycioides. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a small, oblong, transparent, tentiform mine along the mid-rib.

text:
# Pleiomorpha homotypa

***Pleiomorpha homotypa*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in South Africa.

The larvae feed on *Diospyros lycioides*. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a small, oblong, transparent, tentiform mine along the mid-rib.

## InfoBox

| *Pleiomorpha homotypa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Pleiomorpha* |
| Species: | ***P. homotypa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleiomorpha homotypa***<br>Vári, 1961 | |
|


title: Propylaea

abstract: In ancient Greek architecture, a propylaion, propylaeon or, in its Latinized form, propylaeum—often used in the plural forms propylaia or propylaea—is a monumental gateway. It serves as a partition, separating the secular and religious parts of a city. The prototypical Greek example is the propylaea that served as the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens. The Greek Revival Brandenburg Gate of Berlin and the Propylaea in Munich both evoke the central portion of the Athens Propylaea.

text:
# Propylaea

In ancient Greek architecture, a **propylaion**, **propylaeon** or, in its Latinized form, ***propylaeum***—often used in the plural forms **propylaia** or **propylaea** (/prɒpɪˈlə/; Greek: προπύλαια)—is a monumental gateway. It serves as a partition, separating the secular and religious parts of a city. The prototypical Greek example is the propylaea that served as the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens. The Greek Revival Brandenburg Gate of Berlin and the Propylaea in Munich both evoke the central portion of the Athens Propylaea.

## Etymology

The Greek word προπύλαιον, *propylaeon* (*propylaeum* is the Latin version), is the union of the prefix προ-, *pro-*, "before, in front of", plus the plural of πύλη, *pyle*, "gate", meaning literally "that which is before the gates", but the word has come to mean simply "gate building".

## Propylaea of the Athenian Acropolis

The propylaea were the monumental gates to the Acropolis, commissioned by the Athenian leader Pericles in order to rebuild the Acropolis at the conclusion of the Greco-Persian Wars. These propylaea were built wide enough to allow chariots through. The construction was part of Pericles' great rebuilding program for Athens in c.437 BCE. The project of the Propylaea began once the Parthenon was almost done. It was overseen by the Athenian architect Mnesicles. Though the work was suspended due to the Peloponnesian War, the important pieces of Mnesicles' vision were able to come through. The architecture is unique in that the horizontal beams across the roof were supported by marble girders, which were supported by iron bars. The only other known use of metal in Greek architecture for structural purposes is the Temple of Zeus at Agrigento.

## Propylaea outside the Greco-Roman world

The oldest known freestanding *propylaeum* is the one located at the palace area in Pasargadae, an Achaemenid capital.

A covered passage, called "the Propylaeum", used to face the Palace of Darius in Susa.

In the 18th century, the Athenian Propylaea inspired Carl Gotthard Langhans in construction of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.

## Bibliography

* Berve, H.; Gruben, G.; and Hirmer, M. *Greek Temples, Theaters, and Shrines* (New York, 1963). A general look at selected Greek structures.
* Dinsmoor, William Bell (1922), "Structural Iron in Greek Architecture", *American Journal of Archaeology*, XXVI.
* Dinsmoor, W. B., *The Architecture of Ancient Greece* (New York, 1975 – but actually a reprint of the 1950 publication). A general book on Greek architecture; dated in many areas but valuable for the Propylaea.
* Dinsmoor, W. B. Jr., *The Propylaia I: The Predecessors* (Princeton, 1980). A careful study of the predecessors of the Propylaea.
* Eiteljorg, Harrison, II, *The Entrance to the Acropolis Before Mnesicles* (Dubuque, 1993). A careful study of the predecessors of the Propylaea, with very different conclusions from those of Dinsmoor above.
* Lawrence, A. W., *Greek Architecture* (Baltimore, 1973). A general book on Greek architecture.
* Robertson, D.S. *Greek and Roman Architecture'* (Cambridge, 1969). A general book on Greek and Roman architecture. Available in paper, this may be the best place to begin for those with no knowledge of ancient architecture.
* Travlos, J., *Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens* (London, 1971). An encyclopedic approach to the monuments of Athens.
* The Perseus Project. An electronic resource that provides quick information, but some of the information about the Propylaea was incorrect when the site was last checked. Several good photographs of the Propylaea are available through the Perseus project.
* Cartwright, Mark. "Propylaea". *World History Encyclopedia*, Https://Www.worldhistory.org#Organization, 24 July 2022, https://www.worldhistory.org/Propylaea/.

* Propylaea.org – leads to a variety of material, some scholarly, but many photographs as well


title: Tadig Kozh (Placide Guillermic)

abstract: Abbot Placide Guillermic, nicknamed Tadig Kozh,, was a Catholic priest and canon mythologized by Breton beliefs. Little biographical information is known about him, but eyewitness accounts mention the exorcisms this rector of Bégard performed at Méné-Bré in the Saint-Hervé chapel. Anatole Le Braz recounts that Tadig Kozh possessed knowledge of life and death, as well as supernatural powers, enabling him to reincarnate indefinitely, and to command demons and the wind. According to Claude Sterckx, Tadig Kozh is one of the few characters from Breton folklore who can be directly linked to themes from Celtic mythology, in particular Merlin.

text:
# Tadig Kozh (Placide Guillermic)

Abbot **Placide Guillermic**, nicknamed ***Tadig Kozh***, (born January 5, 1788, in Plounez, died April 28, 1873, in Bégard), was a Catholic priest and canon mythologized by Breton beliefs. Little biographical information is known about him, but eyewitness accounts mention the exorcisms this rector of Bégard performed at Méné-Bré in the Saint-Hervé chapel. Anatole Le Braz recounts that *Tadig Kozh* possessed knowledge of life and death, as well as supernatural powers, enabling him to reincarnate indefinitely, and to command demons and the wind. According to Claude Sterckx, *Tadig Kozh* is one of the few characters from Breton folklore who can be directly linked to themes from Celtic mythology, in particular Merlin.

## Etymology

In Breton, *Tadig Kozh* means "old dad", a term of endearment for the elderly. According to Anatole Le Braz's collection, this name was given to the abbot because he used to address his parishioners by saying "*Contet d'in ho stad, va bugel. Me eo ho tad, ho tadic-coz!*" (in Breton), or "Tell me about your state, my child. I'm your father, your old dad!". The nickname stuck.

## Biography

According to the vital record, Placide Marie Guillermic was born in Plounez on January 5, 1788, to Jean Guillermic and Françoise Le Calvez.

An account was collected in 1886 in Penvénan, from a certain Baptiste Geffroy, who described him as "an old priest from the past". Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec and Dominique Besançon point out that many people of the time have fond memories of this abbot, reputed to be a "great thaumaturge". According to the Côtes-du-Nord departmental archives, he was rector of Bégard from 1838 to 1873. In the mid-19th century, *Tadig Kozh*, under the official name of "Monsieur Guillermic", performed impressive exorcism sessions at the summit of Menez Bré in the Saint-Hervé chapel, during which he "climbed barefoot to the summit on full-moon nights, ordering the demons to parade before him", before "sending them back to hell with a spray of holy water". This is known as the *Ann ofern drantel*, or midnight mass. The abbot seems to have been a specialist in these exorcism sessions. He died on April 28, 1873, aged 85.

## Legend

During his lifetime, *Tadig Kozh* undoubtedly embodied the ideal exorcist priest, a person very close to his parishioners. Popular imagination transformed him into a character endowed with supernatural powers: he was said to be able to tame ghosts, lock up evil souls in the body of an animal and save those of the dead. Around 1880, the rector of Plounez wrote that Yves (sic) Placide Marie Guillermic went blind at an early age, but was cured by a miracle. Another legend has it that Placide Guillermic, together with the Lannion priest Cloarec Prat, and a third person "as intelligent as the two of them", were able to stop the wind from blowing.

His canonical age is the source of another part of his legend, as Baptiste Geffroy states that *Tadig Kozh* "had only been known as an old man", ten times dead and ten times resurrected, because God had entrusted this priest with "as many powers as the Pope". He was said to have possessed the secrets of life and death, conversing with the devils of hell by sticking his head through the window well. During a personal investigation, Daniel Giraudon heard the account of a woman born in Tréglamus in 1897, who claimed that *Tadig Kozh* had recognized a devil in a deceased person, which led to a lawsuit by the family of the deceased. During this trial, *Tadig Kozh* enumerated the devils, provoking the arrival of a swarm of crows, which he interrogated by giving each of them a flax seed.

*Tadig Kozh* was thus seen as an omniscient figure with mastery and knowledge of the elements and reincarnations, like Merlin and the Irish druid Fintan. As such, although he was originally a real person, he can be linked to Celtic mythology.

1. In older works, we sometimes find *Tadig Koz* or *Tadic Coz* (spellings of the time).
2. A source in *Annales de Bretagne* claims that he was 92 years old in 1869, which would make him born eleven years earlier, in 1777. But this information appears to be false. See Ollivier, J. (1941). Rennes University. Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines (ed.). "Catalogue bibliographique de la chanson populaire bretonne sur feuilles volantes (suite)". *Annales de Bretagne* (in French). **48**: 145. . The birth in 1788 was confirmed by Daniel Giraudon (see: Giraudon, Daniel (2007). *Traditions populaires de Bretagne: du soleil aux étoiles* (in French). Spézet: Coop Breizh. p. 235. ISBN 978-2-84346-336-5.).
3. A Breton tradition collected by François-Marie Luzel has it that Merlin ended his life on the summit of Menez Bré, see Marquand, Patrice (2006). "Merlin, de la tradition brittonique médiévale à la littérature orale de Basse-Bretagne" (PDF). *Session de formation de la Société de Mythologie Française* (in French)..

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Tadig Kozh*Placide Guillermic | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Placide Marie Guillermic
(1788-01-05)January 5, 1788
Plounez (Côtes-d'Armor, France) |
| Died | April 28, 1873(1873-04-28) (aged 85)
Bégard (Côtes-d'Armor, France) |
| Occupation | Parish Priest in charge of the pastoral care of Bégard |


title: President and Trustees of Colby College

abstract: The President and Trustees of Colby College is an 501(c) organization which is the governing body of Colby College, a private liberal arts college located in Waterville, Maine, United States. As of 2017, the president is David A. Greene, and the chair of Board is Eric S. Rosengren. The organization provides general supervision of the administration and property of the College, including appointment of the President.

text:
# President and Trustees of Colby College

The **President and Trustees of Colby College** is an 501(c) organization which is the governing body of Colby College, a private liberal arts college located in Waterville, Maine, United States. As of 2017, the president is David A. Greene, and the chair of Board is Eric S. Rosengren.

The organization provides general supervision of the administration and property of the College, including appointment of the President.

## Structure

The bylaws of the corporation provide that membership shall consist of the current President, and not fewer than twenty-four nor more than thirty-five other Trustees. Not fewer than six nor more than nine of said Trustees shall be elected by the Colby College Alumni Association. The term of office of each Trustee lasts five years. The corporation meets three times annually. Both the faculty and the student body may elect two members each as representatives to attend meetings of the corporation, but not as voting members.

## Presidents

| Order | Name | Position(s) | Term Began | Term Ended | Alumnus/na? | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin | President | 1822 | 1833 | no |  |
| 2 | Rev. Rufus Babcock | President | 1833 | 1836 | no |  |
| 3 | Robert Everett Pattison | President | 1836 | 1839 | no |  |
| 4 | Eliphaz Fay | President | 1841 | 1843 | no |  |
| 5 | David Newton Sheldon | President | 1843 | 1853 | no |  |
| 6 | Robert Everett Pattison | President | 1854 | 1857 | no |  |
| 7 | James Tift Champlin | President | 1857 | 1873 | no |  |
| 8 | Henry Ephraim Robins | President | 1873 | 1882 | no |  |
| 9 | George Dana Boardman Pepper | President | 1882 | 1889 | no |  |
| 10 | Albion Woodbury Small | President | 1889 | 1892 | 1876 |  |
| 11 | Beniah Longley Whitman | President | 1892 | 1895 | no |  |
| 12 | Nathaniel Butler Jr. | President | 1896 | 1901 | 1873 |  |
| 13 | Charles Lincoln White | President | 1901 | 1908 | no |  |
| 14 | Arthur J. Roberts | President | 1908 | 1927 | 1890 |  |
| 15 | Franklin W. Johnson | President | 1929 | 1942 | 1891 |  |
| 16 | J. Seelye Bixler | President | 1942 | 1960 | no |  |
| 17 | Robert E. L. Strider | President | 1960 | 1979 | no |  |
| 18 | William R. Cotter | President | 1979 | 2000 | no |  |
| 19 | William Drea Adams | President | 2000 | 2014 | no |  |
| 20 | David A. Greene | President | 2014 | present | no |  |

## Trustees

### Chairs of the Board

| Order | Name | Graduated | Elected | Left/Retired | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Abner Coburn | n/a | 1874 | 1885 |  |
| 2 | J. Warren Merrill | n/a | 1885 | 1890 |  |
| 3 | Josiah Hayden Drummond | n/a | 1890 | 1892 |  |
| 4 | Percival Bonney | 1863 | 1902 | 1906 |  |
| 5 | Leslie C. Cornish | 1875 | 1907 | 1926 |  |
| 6 | Herbert Elijah Wadsworth | 1892 | 1926 | 1934 |  |
| 7 | George Otis Smith | 1893 | 1934 | 1944 |  |
| 8 | George Goodwin Averill | 1921 | 1944 | 1946 |  |
| 9 | Neil Leonard | 1921 | 1946 | 1960 |  |
| 10 | Reginald Houghton Sturtevant | 1921 | 1960 | 1965 |  |
| 11 | Ellerton Marcel Jette | n/a | 1965 | 1971 |  |
| 12 | Albert Carlton Palmer | 1930 | 1971 | 1979 |  |
| 13 | Robert N. Anthony | 1938 | 1979 | 1983 |  |
| 14 | H. Ridgely Bullock | 1955 | 1983 | 1991 |  |
| 15 | Lawrence Pugh | 1956 | 1991 | 1999 |  |
| 16 | James Bartlett Crawford | 1964 | 1999 | 2005 |  |
| 17 | Joseph F. Boulos | 1968 | 2005 | 2009 |  |
| 18 | Robert E. Diamond, Jr. | 1973 | 2009 | 2016 |  |
| 19 | Eric S. Rosengren | 1979 | 2016 | 2022 |  |
| 20 | Jane M. Powers | 1986 | 2022 | present |  |

### Other Notable Trustees

| Name | Graduated | Elected | Left/Retired | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mark Langdon Hill | n/a | 1821 | 1826 |  |
| Lucius Bolles | n/a | 1821 | 1842 |  |
| Adoniram Judson | n/a | 1821 | 1823 |  |
| William King | n/a | 1821 | 1848 |  |
| Mark Harris | n/a | 1821 | 1842 |  |
| Albion Parris | n/a | 1823 | 1826 |  |
| Joseph Torrey | n/a | 1829 | 1834 |  |
| Baron Stow | n/a | 1830 | 1852 |  |
| Jeremiah Chaplin | n/a | 1833 | 1840 |  |
| George Evans | n/a | 1837 | 1847 |  |
| Edward Kent | n/a | 1838 | 1847 |  |
| Samuel Francis Smith | n/a | 1840 | 1860 |  |
| Elijah Hamlin | n/a | 1841 | 1847 |  |
| Josiah Pierce | n/a | 1843 | 1858 |  |
| Abner Coburn | n/a | 1845 | 1885 |  |
| Hiram Belcher | n/a | 1847 | 1856 |  |
| Isaac Davis | n/a | 1847 | 1855 |  |
| Edgar Harkness Gray | 1838 | 1849 | 1853 |  |
| John Hubbard | n/a | 1849 | 1862 |  |
| Ebenezer Knowlton | n/a | 1851 | 1858 |  |
| Mark H. Dunnell | 1849 | 1858 | 1867 |  |
| Lot M. Morrill | n/a | 1862 | 1869 |  |
| J. Warren Merrill | n/a | 1862 | 1890 |  |
| Gardner Colby | n/a | 1865 | 1879 |  |
| Henry Sweetser Burrage | n/a | 1881 | 1906 |  |
| George Dana Boardman Pepper | n/a | 1882 | 1892 |  |
| Richard C. Shannon | 1862 | 1889 | 1921 |  |
| Albion Woodbury Small | n/a | 1890 | 1897 |  |
| Beniah Longley Whitman | n/a | 1892 | 1896 |  |
| Eugene Foss | n/a | 1897 | 1915 |  |
| Eugene Hale | n/a | 1897 | 1899 |  |
| George C. Wing Jr. | n/a | 1901 | 1931 |  |
| George Otis Smith | 1893 | 1903 | 1943 |  |
| Asher Hinds | 1883 | 1904 | 1919 |  |
| Forrest Goodwin | 1887 | 1908 | 1913 |  |
| Louise Helen Coburn | 1876 | 1919 | 1930 |  |
| Herbert Lord | 1884 | 1920 | 1925 |  |
| Franklin W. Johnson | 1891 | 1920 | 1955 |  |
| Warren C. Philbrook | n/a | 1923 | 1933 |  |
| Angier Goodwin | 1902 | 1932 | 1934 |  |
| Bainbridge Colby | LL.D. 1933 | 1932 | 1942 |  |
| Marston Morse | 1914 | 1933 | 1947 |  |
| Mary Louise Curtis Bok | n/a | 1936 | 1939 |  |
| Carl Raymond Gray | n/a | 1938 | 1939 |  |
| Guy Gabrielson | n/a | 1941 | 1959 |  |
| Sumner Sewall | n/a | 1945 | 1960 |  |
| Winthrop H. Smith | n/a | 1946 | 1958 |  |
| J. Seelye Bixler | n/a | 1957 | 1985 |  |
| Dwight E. Sargent | 1939 | 1958 |  |  |
| Paul Donnelly Paganucci | n/a | 1975 | 2001 |  |
| Robert E. L. Strider II | Litt.D. 1979 | 1979 | 2010 |  |
| Levin H. Campbell | n/a | 1981 | 1999 |  |
| Robert E. Diamond, Jr. | 1973, LL.D. 2008 | 2007 |  |  |
| Robert S. Gelbard | 1964, LL.D. 2002 | 2008 |  |  |
| William R. Cotter | LL.D. 2000 | 2014 | Life Trustee |  |