title: Tip jar

abstract: A tip jar, also known as a tip cup is a container, commonly a glass jar, into which customers can put a gratuity. A tip jar is usually situated at the point-of-sale at many businesses. Although common in many countries around the world, tip jars in food and drink establishments are ubiquitous in the United States. The tip jar has become a source of controversy. Customers may feel discouraged from patronizing establishments using them. They may also feel that tip jars are inappropriate at certain types of establishments such as movie-theater concession counters, dry cleaners, take-out restaurants, gym locker rooms or grocery bagger's work stations. Many feel social pressure to use them, or that they are paying too high a total price when purchasing a simple item.

text:
# Tip jar

A **tip jar**, also known as a **tip cup** is a container, commonly a glass jar, into which customers can put a gratuity. A tip jar is usually situated at the point-of-sale at many businesses. Although common in many countries around the world, tip jars in food and drink establishments are ubiquitous in the United States.

The tip jar has become a source of controversy. Customers may feel discouraged from patronizing establishments using them. They may also feel that tip jars are inappropriate at certain types of establishments such as movie-theater concession counters, dry cleaners, take-out restaurants, gym locker rooms or grocery bagger's work stations. Many feel social pressure to use them, or that they are paying too high a total price when purchasing a simple item.

## History

The tip jar may have originated hundreds of years ago. A 1946 editorial in *Life* claimed that English taverns used prominently displayed urns for tips that were labelled 'To Insure Promptitude'. However, there is no historical evidence to support this.

## Proceeds

Usually, the accumulated tips are divided among all of the workers during the shift. In one case, a court case resulted when supervisors and assistant managers claimed that they were entitled to a share at a Starbucks coffee outlet in New York.

## At piano bars

A pianist at a piano bar may earn tips from a tip jar to supplementing the normally small salary. This may be a basket, jar, or oversized brandy snifter placed on or near the piano. Tips may be given by customers who have been played a song that was requested by being written on a napkin.

## Digital tip jar

This allows customers to swipe their credit card in a simulated tip jar. The card reader is set to charge a certain amount, normally one dollar. Customer wishing to tip more can swipe the card numerous times.

Payment kiosks operated with software and hardware from companies like Block, Inc. (formerly and still commonly known as Square), also act as a digital tip jar, encouraging people to click a tip button. However, Square has been criticized in the past for encouraging customers to leave gratuity out of guilt. These "tip screens" have also been blamed for accelerating tipflation in the United States.

New kiosk-less methods of digital tipping are making their way into our ever growing cashless society. Rather than use a bulky card reader or a pre-defined tip button, new companies like Tip Buddy are making digital tipping available through the use of QR codes that open an interface on the tippers mobile device. Secure payment options like Apple Pay and Google Pay are making the experience easy and fast for the tipper.


title: Tip of My Tongue (Kenny Chesney song)

abstract: "Tip of My Tongue" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released in July 2019 as the first single from his 2020 album Here and Now. Chesney wrote this song with songwriter Ross Copperman and English singer Ed Sheeran, and co-produced it with Copperman.

text:
# Tip of My Tongue (Kenny Chesney song)

"**Tip of My Tongue**" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released in July 2019 as the first single from his 2020 album *Here and Now*. Chesney wrote this song with songwriter Ross Copperman and English singer Ed Sheeran, and co-produced it with Copperman.

## History and content

Chesney announced the song's release in July 2019, as the lead single to an upcoming nineteenth studio album. He wrote the song with Ross Copperman and Ed Sheeran. Of the co-writing process, he told the blog Nash Country Daily that "You start talking, and words fall out, and anything can happen. When you go in and write on any given day, the chemistry is what it is. When the idea fell out, we all just laughed and went, ‘Well, what can we do with that?’" He later added on to the song writing process by saying, "With all the great songs that have been written in this town, I think you always want to do something a little different, I think there’s this moment when you look at someone and you know they contain everything. You want to know everything, consume everything about them. It’s why we say ‘It’s a long way down,’ because you want to know it all. And the best part: We got a melody that feels like what's going on lyrically. The music matches the words, and you can just drift in it"

## Critical reception

Taste of Country writer Billy Dukes said that the song is a "mid-tempo, progressive-sounding track \[that\] places Chesney's familiar voice in a progressive new setting, creating a very contemporary track that has strong pop influences." Jon Freeman of *Rolling Stone Country* said described the song as "a celebration of sensuality" and said, "Over a dreamy, percussion-free bed of guitar and synthesizer, Chesney sings of his appreciation for the little details — like the dimples in someone’s back — that make him fall a little more in love with someone."

## Commercial performance

As of December 2019, the song has sold 85,000 copies in the United States.

## Charts

## Certifications

Certifications for "Tip of My Tongue"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Tip of My Tongue" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Kenny Chesney | |
| from the album  *Here and Now* | |
| Released | July 12, 2019 (2019-07-12) |
| Genre | Country pop |
| Length | 3:19 |
| Label | Blue Chair/Warner Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Kenny Chesney * Ross Copperman |
| Kenny Chesney singles chronology | |
| "Better Boat"
(2018) "**Tip of My Tongue**"
(2019) "Here and Now"
(2020) | |


title: Time Machines

abstract: Time Machines is a 1998 studio album by English experimental group Coil, originally released under the one-off project alias Time Machines. The album was created under the premise of psychedelic drone pieces named after corresponding hallucinogenic drugs, "tested and retested" during the album's studio sessions for apparent narcotic potency. Main member John Balance also described the album as an attempt to create "temporal slips".

text:
# Time Machines

***Time Machines*** is a 1998 studio album by English experimental group Coil, originally released under the one-off project alias Time Machines. The album was created under the premise of psychedelic drone pieces named after corresponding hallucinogenic drugs, "tested and retested" during the album's studio sessions for apparent narcotic potency. Main member John Balance also described the album as an attempt to create "temporal slips".

## Background and composition

*Time Machines* is composed of four electronic drone pieces created with modular synthesizers, which as hinted at in their track names are an attempt to recreate the chemically derived psychedelic and narcotic potency of telepathine, DOET, DMT and psilocybin mushrooms (telepathine and DMT being primary components of ayahuasca). As well as this, Balance intended the album to cause "temporal slips": he commented that the musical effect was demonstrated when the group "listened to it loud \[and\] lost track of time". Drew McDowall created the original demo for the record, at first inspired by what he saw as a hypnotic state created in Tibetan music, but his final idea with Balance and Christopherson was to use filters and oscillators on the tones of the demo to induce trancelike effects.

In a 1998 interview, given to David Keenan for *The Wire* magazine, Balance explained the album's concept and intent, inspired by trancelike states:

> One of the interesting things with *Time Machines* is that there's a handful of responses which we've had where what happened to the listeners was exactly what we intended to happen. There would be some kind of temporal disruption caused by just listening to the music, just interacting with the music. The drugs thing is actually a hook we hung it on – it originally came out of me and Drew talking that some of the types of music you listen to – sacred musics like Tibetan music or anything with a sacred intent which often is long ceremonial type music which could last for a day or three days or something. There are periods of time in that where you will come out of time. That's the intention of it to go into a trance and achieve an otherness. We thought can we do this sort of electronic punk-primitive? We did demos with a simple mono synth and we managed it. We sat in the room and listened to it loud and we lost track of time – it could be five minutes in or 20 minutes in but you suddenly get this feeling, the hairs on the back of your neck, and you'd realise that you'd had some sort of temporal slip. We fine-tuned, well, filters and oscillators and stuff, to try and maximise this effect. It was that we were after with simple tones – somehow you could slip through.

When *Time Machines* was first released, the group was initially very conscious that it should not be labeled as a Coil album due to how abstract and different it was compared to previous Coil albums. However, the group later tended towards regarding *Time Machines* a part of the Coil catalog; this led the 2000 follow-up live album *Coil Presents Time Machines* to be released as a Coil album.

## Legacy

A five-disc *Time Machines* box set was announced in 1998, but never developed. A two-disc version was announced in January 2006 as a future release, but this was never expanded on either, although an album by Peter Christopherson, called *Time Machines II*, was released posthumously. In retrospect, Drew McDowall has remarked that "\[p\]eople tell me how much of an impact it had on them – which is always pretty surprising."

In 2018, surviving member Drew McDowall collaborated with British visual artist Florence To to perform an updated audio-visual version of the entire album in selected venues and festivals around the world.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Sean Cooper of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars and described it as "\[e\]njoyable, if a mite limited in scope." Record distributor Boomkat praised the album upon its re-release, calling it a "now-classic chemical songbook".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "7-Methoxy-β-Carboline: (Telepathine)" | 23:23 |
| 2. | "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Ethyl-Amphetamine: (DOET/Hecate)" | 13:20 |
| 3. | "5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: (5-MeO-DMT)" | 10:02 |
| 4. | "4-Indolol, 3-\[2-(Dimethylamino)Ethyl\], Phosphate Ester: (Psilocybin)" | 26:46 |
| Total length: | | 73:32 |

## Personnel

According to AllMusic:

## InfoBox

| Time Machines | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Time Machines | |
| Released | 26 January 1998 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 73:32 |
| Label | Eskaton |
| Producer | Coil |
| Time Machines chronology | |
| ***Time Machines***
(1998) *Coil Presents Time Machines*
(2000) | |


title: Siege of Veterani Cave

abstract: The siege of Veternai Cave was a military engagement during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791, which took place in August 1788 during the offensive of the Ottoman army of Yusuf Pasha in Banat. After 20 days of resistance, the Habsburg garrison surrendered to the Ottomans.

text:
# Siege of Veterani Cave

The **siege of Veternai Cave** was a military engagement during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791, which took place in August 1788 during the offensive of the Ottoman army of Yusuf Pasha in Banat. After 20 days of resistance, the Habsburg garrison surrendered to the Ottomans.

## Background

The Veterani Cave lies on the left bank of the Danube River, between the villages of Dubova and Plavischewicza. The name of the cave goes back to General Veterani, who commanded the Imperial armies in Transylvania during the Great Turkish War. He discovered and occupied the position, and he established a garrison there.

After Emperor Joseph II declared war on the Porte, the strategically important Veterani Cave was put into a state of defense in order to prevent the Ottoman army from breaking into Banat. A fortification manned with cannons was built on the plateau, and entrenchments with palisades were erected on the slopes towards Dubova. The Brechainville battalion, under the command of Major Baron von Stein, had taken up position in Dubova itself.

The Ottomans invaded Banat on August 7. The Vanguard, consisting of 7,000 men and 1,000 cavalry, led by Menish Pasha into Dubova, had objectives to clear the Danube from the Imeprials.

## Siege

On August 11, the Ottomans attacked the outer fortifications, and after bloody engagements, the Ottomans routed the Imperials and killed 400 of their troops. Baron had to retreat to the cave and take a position there. The next day, the Ottomans launched an assault but were repelled with artillery fire. The Ottomans began heavily bombarding the cave, which caused the rocks, grenades, and burning wood from the height to fall down.

On August 17, the Ottomans offered a one-day truce, which the Imperials accepted, which gave relief after days of fierce engagements. Meanwhile, they offered the Imperials to surrender in exchange for their lives, which was rejected, leading to another fierce bombardment the next day. From August 28 to 30, the Ottomans launched several assaults, and the Imperials fought with vigorous resistance, during which Lieutenant Voith distinguished himself.

Despite this, the Imperials were in a difficult position, they began running out of ammunition and food supplies, along with exhaustion from fighting, which led to Baron asking to surrender by dropping their weapons in exchange for free passage, to which the Ottomans agreed. On August 31, the Imperials ceded the cave and left unharmed.

## Sources

* József Bánlaky: Military history of the Hungarian nation (MEK-OSZK), 0014/1149. The campaign of 1788.
* Matthew Z Mayer, Joseph II and the campaign of 1788 against the Ottoman Turks.
* Heinz Holzmann and Heinrich Salzer, The Veterani Cave at the Iron Gate (Romania). On the 200th anniversary of its defense against the Turks.

## InfoBox

| Siege of Veterani Cave | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) | |
|
Veterani Cave, where the Habsburg Army took it as a base | |
| Date 11–31 August 1788  Location Dubova, Transylvania, Habsburg monarchy  Result  Ottoman victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Habsburg monarchy | Ottoman Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Baron von Stein
Lieutenant Voith | Menish Pasha |
| Strength | |
| Unknown | 8,000 men |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Heavy | Heavy |


title: June Mountain ski area

abstract: June Mountain ski area is a winter resort in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California, located near June Lake, southeast of Yosemite National Park. June Mountain, like its neighbor and current owner, Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, has traditionally been popular with skiers from Southern California, in part because of its relative ease of automobile access in winter compared to the Lake Tahoe resorts, which are traditionally more accessible to Northern California residents. It is also popular with locals, elementary and high school ski programs, and race teams in the surrounding small towns of Mono County, many of whom depend on the resort for a substantial portion of their winter tourism base. June Mountain hosted the 2006 Ski Mountaineering Race Series and the ski and snowboard portions of the 2006 California Winter Games in March 2006. June Mountain also offers chair lift rides to the chalet throughout the summer and contains hiking trails and other scenic features that are accessible throughout the summer months. On June 21, 2012, Mammoth Mountain and the Starwood Capital Group announced that they would close June Mountain for the summer and winter 2012–2013 season, after 50 years of continuous operation. An active citizen movement arose in response, raising concerns about the prospects for sustaining the local community if the mountain closed. With a new strategy to finally invest in snowmaking, a chairlift, and marketing, June Mountain re-opened for the 2013–2014 season. In 2014, Mammoth Mountain purchased Bear Mountain and Snow Summit for $38 million. In 2017, Mammoth Resorts announced its sale by Starwood to a partnership of Aspen Skiing Company and KSL Capital Partners, later named Alterra Mountain Company.

text:
# June Mountain ski area

**June Mountain ski area** is a winter resort in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California, located near June Lake, southeast of Yosemite National Park.

June Mountain, like its neighbor and current owner, Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, has traditionally been popular with skiers from Southern California, in part because of its relative ease of automobile access in winter compared to the Lake Tahoe resorts, which are traditionally more accessible to Northern California residents. It is also popular with locals, elementary and high school ski programs, and race teams in the surrounding small towns of Mono County, many of whom depend on the resort for a substantial portion of their winter tourism base.

June Mountain hosted the 2006 Ski Mountaineering Race Series and the ski and snowboard portions of the 2006 California Winter Games in March 2006.

June Mountain also offers chair lift rides to the chalet throughout the summer and contains hiking trails and other scenic features that are accessible throughout the summer months.

On June 21, 2012, Mammoth Mountain and the Starwood Capital Group announced that they would close June Mountain for the summer and winter 2012–2013 season, after 50 years of continuous operation. An active citizen movement arose in response, raising concerns about the prospects for sustaining the local community if the mountain closed. With a new strategy to finally invest in snowmaking, a chairlift, and marketing, June Mountain re-opened for the 2013–2014 season.

In 2014, Mammoth Mountain purchased Bear Mountain and Snow Summit for $38 million. In 2017, Mammoth Resorts announced its sale by Starwood to a partnership of Aspen Skiing Company and KSL Capital Partners, later named Alterra Mountain Company.

## Lifts and Trails

June Mountain operates 7 ski lifts: 2 high-speed quads, 4 doubles, and 1 people mover for beginners. Throughout 1996 to 1997, Doppelmayr retrofitted two high-speed quads, introducing new grips and other technological improvements. Most of the double chairlifts were built by Riblet and retrofitted by Lift Engineering (Yan Lifts). Chair J1, a double chair, carries skiers and snowboarders from the lower ticket office up to June Meadows Chalet where most amenities the resort has to offer are located. From the chalet, riders can either head down the challenging front face of the resort back to the base area, or continue to the more intermediate upper mountain. Chair J6, a high speed quad lift, provides direct access to the top of Rainbow Mountain and a variety of intermediate runs. The other lift option from the chalet is chair J2 which leads to Stew Pot Slims, where food and beverages are available, and gives skiers and snowboarders access to the smaller of the two terrain parks on the mountain as well the 22 foot superpipe. From the top of chair J2, chair J4, and chair J7. Chair J4 also leads to the summit of Rainbow Mountain, while chair J7 goes to the summit of June Mountain. J7 provides access to some of the more iconic runs on the mountain, as well as the largest terrain park found in the resort. The total uphill capacity of the lifts at June Mountain is 10,000 rides per hour.

**Main Lifts:**

| Name | Type | Manufacturer | Built | Vertical
(feet) | Length
(feet) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| J1 | Double | Riblet | 1960 | 1045 | 3050 | Riders can load and unload at both terminals, at 100% capacity. |
| J2 | | SLI | 1970 | 567 | 3924 |  |
| J3 | | Riblet | 1964 | 107 | 1130 | Former lift to June Mountain summit, original length was 5030’. This lift used to load in both directions at the bottom of the valley. When J7 was built in 1988, the mid-station became the bottom station. |
| J4 | | SLI | 1970 | 878 | 7471 | Shortened in 1986, similar to J3, the mid-station became the bottom station. |
| J6 | High Speed Quad | Yan / Doppelmayr USA | 1986 | 1312 | 8476 | First Yan detachable lift ever installed in America. Retrofitted by Doppelmayr in 1996. |
| J7 | | | 1987 | 1018 | 3520 | Retrofitted by Doppelmayr in 1997, and the main lift to Rainbow Summit. |
|

**Removed Lifts:**

| Name | Type | Manufacturer | Years of Operation | Vertical
(feet) | Length
(feet) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| J5 | Double | Riblet | 1978-2008 | 350 | 1250 | Formerly used for ski racing and training. Located at lookers left of the J1 lift. |
| QMC | Funitel | Yan | 1986-1996 | 1130 | 3260 | Used as primary transport from the base lodge to June Meadows Chalet. Suffered many mechanical failures and shortcomings, and was discontinued after 10 years of service. |
|

## Mountains

June Mountain ski area consists of two mountains, Rainbow Mountain, with an elevation of 10,040 feet (3,060 m), and June Mountain, with a peak of 10,090 feet (3,075 m). The total vertical rise from the lower ticket office to the summit of June Mountain is 2,545 feet. June Mountain averages 250 inches of snowfall a year along with some snowmaking capabilities and normal season runs from December through April. The ski area covers 1,500 acres and has 35 named trails of which 20% are advanced, 45% are intermediate, and 35% are beginner. June Mountain is also home to two terrain parks and a 22-foot superpipe. Many opportunities exist, however, for riders to explore the trees that cover much of the ski areas total acreage and access fresh snow off piste. June Mountain has also established itself as a favorite spot among locals due to its small crowds and easy access to powder following a storm.

## Backcountry

The lifts at June Mountain Ski Resort also give riders access to multiple backcountry ski locations that would normally require an all day hike to reach. Examples of these backcountry zones are San Joaquin Ridge, the Negatives, Fern Creek, Carson Peak, Devil's Slide, and Four Seasons. Due to the location of the resort, 5,000 foot descents are easily available with only 2,000 feet of ascending by skis. Because of this and the variety of backcountry terrain found in the immediate proximity of the resort, June Mountain is considered to have some of the best lift accessed backcountry in the West.

## Services

Most of the mountain's services are found at June Meadows chalet, at the top of chair J1. Services include a restaurant and a renowned bar. It is also the home of the ski school, a general merchandise shop, and a ski shop, supplying skis, snowboards, and their requirements. Another restaurant on the mountain, "Stew Pots Slim's", located at the base of chair J7, is popular with more advanced skiers, for its location next to the terrain parks and June Mountain's many advanced runs. It serves drinks, sandwiches, soups and chili.

## Other

June Mountain has some snowmaking, but it is rarely used, for the mountain averages about 250 inches (6.4 m) of snowfall per year. It also has a small grooming fleet for the terrain park and trails. June Mountain used to be home to the QMC, or Quad Monocable Tramway, a type of gondola similar to a funitel or funifor. It was built by Yan Lifts (Lift Engineering), but was removed in 1996 due to technical problems. It was bought by Dave McCoy in 1986, owner of Mammoth Mountain. The ski resort is now owned by Mammoth Mountain Ski resort.

## InfoBox

| June Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| June MountainLocation in CaliforniaJune MountainJune Mountain (the United States) | |
| Location | June Mountain
Inyo National Forest |
| Nearest major city | June Lake, California |
| Coordinates | 37°46′06″N 119°05′26″W / 37.7683°N 119.0906°W / 37.7683; -119.0906 |
| Status | Operating |
| Owner | Alterra Mountain Company |
| Vertical | 2,545 ft (776 m) |
| Top elevation | 10,090 ft (3,080 m) |
| Base elevation | 7,545 ft (2,300 m) |
| Skiable area | 1,500 acres (610 ha) |
| Trails | 41 total
15% beginner
40% intermediate
45% advanced |
| Longest run | 2 mi (3.2 km) |
| Lift system | 7: (2 high speed quads, 4 Doubles, 1 carpet lift) |
| Lift capacity | 10,000 passengers/hr |
| Terrain parks | Mambo
Upper Sunrise Jib
Sunrise
Super Pipe |
| Snowfall | 250 in (640 cm) |
| Snowmaking | Yes |
| Night skiing | No |
| Website | www.JuneMountain.com |


title: Bohumil Bydžovský

abstract: Bohumil Bydžovský was a Czech mathematician, specializing in algebraic geometry and algebra.

text:
# Bohumil Bydžovský

**Bohumil Bydžovský** (14 March 1880, in Duchcov – 6 May 1969, in Jindřichův Hradec) was a Czech mathematician, specializing in algebraic geometry and algebra.

## Education and career

Bydzovsky in 1898 completed his Abitur at the Academic Gymnasium in Prague and then studied mathematics (in particular, geometry taught by Eduard Weyr) and physics at the Charles University in Prague. There Bydzovsky received his Ph.D. (promotion) in 1903 with thesis supervised by Karel Petr. Bydzovksy became a teacher at secondary schools, including the *reálce* in Prague-Karlín from 1907 to 1910 (with the title of Professor). In 1909 he received his habilitation in mathematics, then lectured at the Polytechnic in Prague, and then in 1911 received his habilitation in engineering. He became in 1917 professor extraordinarius and in 1920 professor ordinarius at the Charles University in Prague. He was in 1930–1931 dean of the Faculty of Sciences and in 1946 rector of the Charles University in Prague. In 1949 he became the chair of the Czechoslovak National Research Council.

## Contributions

Bydzovsky wrote undergraduate textbooks in analytic geometry, linear algebra, and algebraic geometry. He did research on infinite groups, the theory of matrices and determinants, and geometric configurations. He also published papers on the history of geometry and mathematics education.

## Recognition

He became in 1919 a corresponding member and in 1929 a full member of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts and in 1952 a full member of the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg, in 1924 in Toronto, in 1928 in Bologna, and in 1936 in Oslo.

## Personal

He married and was the father of two sons.


title: Fantasy No. 1 with Fugue (Mozart)

abstract: Fantasy No. 1 with fugue in C major, or: Prelude and Fugue, K. 394 is a piece of music for solo piano composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1782 which he wrote down at the insistence of his wife Constanze. The work was written at a time in Mozart's life when his preoccupation with the polyphonic techniques of the Baroque era had triggered a lasting creative crisis, forcing him to come to terms individually with his great idols Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel. The fantasy begins with an adagio tempo indication. The opening bars feature strong dynamic contrasts.. The opening adagio changes to andante 8 bars later; at this point the right hand starts playing triplet semiquavers, whilst the left hand moves above the right hand for rising quaver arpeggios and then back down to play a descending dotted semiquaver in its normal position alternately. The tempo marking changes again, this time to piu adagio before a final tempo primo 8 bars later. The fantasy ends in G major, the dominant of C major. The Fugue is marked andante maestoso, which changes to adagio for the final 2 bars. The fugue ends in the tonic key, C major.

text:
# Fantasy No. 1 with Fugue (Mozart)

**Fantasy No. 1 with fugue in C major (*Fantasie* in German), or: Prelude and Fugue, K. 394** is a piece of music for solo piano composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1782 which he wrote down at the insistence of his wife Constanze (Mozart usually improvised fugues; the title “Fantasia” is not Mozart's and is misleading in view of the obviously baroque structure of the piece). The work was written at a time in Mozart's life when his preoccupation with the polyphonic techniques of the Baroque era had triggered a lasting creative crisis, forcing him to come to terms individually with his great idols Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel.

The fantasy begins with an *adagio* tempo indication. The opening bars feature strong dynamic contrasts. (*Forte* in bar 1 suddenly changes to *Piano* in bar 2). The opening *adagio* changes to *andante* 8 bars later; at this point the right hand starts playing triplet semiquavers, whilst the left hand moves above the right hand for rising quaver arpeggios and then back down to play a descending dotted semiquaver in its normal position alternately. The tempo marking changes again, this time to *piu adagio* before a final *tempo primo* 8 bars later. The fantasy ends in G major, the dominant of C major.

The Fugue is marked *andante maestoso*, which changes to *adagio* for the final 2 bars. The fugue ends in the tonic key, C major.


title: Christian Kaunert

abstract: Christian Kaunert is a German-Irish-British political scientist and Jean Monnet professor specialised in European security. Kaunert is professor of international security at Dublin City University and professor of policing and security at the University of South Wales, where he holds a Jean Monnet chair of EU counter-terrorism and directs a Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence. He is also the co-ordinator of a research-focused Jean Monnet Network of EU counter-terrorism, which brings together fourteen universities and research centres across Europe and its neighbourhood. Kaunert has published extensively in the field of European security, and also collaborated with major international news outlets as an expert in security, migration and counter-terrorism.

text:
# Christian Kaunert

**Christian Kaunert** is a German-Irish-British political scientist and Jean Monnet professor specialised in European security. Kaunert is professor of international security at Dublin City University and professor of policing and security at the University of South Wales, where he holds a Jean Monnet chair of EU counter-terrorism and directs a Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence. He is also the co-ordinator of a research-focused Jean Monnet Network of EU counter-terrorism, which brings together fourteen universities and research centres across Europe and its neighbourhood. Kaunert has published extensively in the field of European security, and also collaborated with major international news outlets as an expert in security, migration and counter-terrorism.

## Academic career

Kaunert started his academic career as a lecturer in European politics at Aberystwyth University, where he obtained his PhD, with a thesis entitled *The European Commission: an 'engine' in the area of freedom, security and justice?*, in 2006. After a brief spell as a lecturer at the University of Maastricht, he moved to the UK in 2007 as a lecturer and senior lecturer at the University of Salford, where he earned his first Jean Monnet chair in 2012. While at Salford, he was also Marie Curie senior research fellow at the European University Institute in Florence from 2010 to 2012. At the end of 2012 he left for the University of Dundee in Scotland, where he established his first Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence in 2013, and was appointed professor in 2014. Kaunert then moved back to continental Europe in 2016 as professor and academic director of the Institute for European Studies of Vrije Universiteit Brussel, until he returned to the UK as a professor and director of the International Centre for Policing & Security at the University of South Wales in 2018. In 2021, he was appointed Professor of International Security at Dublin City University in Ireland.

## Selected works

* Kaunert, C. (2010). *European internal security: towards supranational governance in the area of freedom, security and justice*. Manchester University Press.
* Kaunert, C. & Zwolski, K. (2013). *The EU as a global security actor–a comprehensive analysis beyond CFSP and JHA*. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Léonard, S., & Kaunert, C. (2019). *Refugees, security and the European Union*. Routledge.
* Ilbiz, E., & Kaunert, C. (2021). EU, Turkey and Counter-Terrorism: Fighting the PKK and ISIS. Edward Elgar

## InfoBox

| Christian Kaunert | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | GER |
| Citizenship | UK |
| Occupation | Political scientist |
| Known for | Jean Monnet professor |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Aberystwyth University |
| Thesis | *The European Commission: an 'engine' in the area of freedom, security and justice?* (2006) |
| Doctoral advisor | Michael Foley |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Security studies |
| Sub-discipline | EU counter-terrorism |
| Institutions | Dublin City University
University of South Wales
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
University of Dundee
University of Salford
Maastricht University |
|  | |


title: Li Xuefeng

abstract: Li Xuefeng was a Chinese Communist politician. He occupied several prominent regional offices prior to the founding of the People's Republic in 1949. In 1960 he became the first political commissar of the Beijing Military Region. He took over the Beijing party organization as its First Secretary after the purge of Peng Zhen in May 1966, and was sent to take the reins of Hebei's Revolutionary Committee between 1968 and 1971. However, his support for Chen Boda during the 1971 Lushan Conference led him to be branded as a supporter of Lin Biao; he was purged and sent into internal exile in Anhui province for eight years. He was politically rehabilitated in 1982, and went on to serve in several advisory positions in the party.

text:
# Li Xuefeng

**Li Xuefeng** (Chinese: 李雪峰; pinyin: *Lǐ Xuěfēng*; Wade–Giles: *Li Hsueh-feng*; 19 January 1907 – 15 March 2003) was a Chinese Communist politician. He occupied several prominent regional offices prior to the founding of the People's Republic in 1949. In 1960 he became the first political commissar of the Beijing Military Region. He took over the Beijing party organization as its First Secretary after the purge of Peng Zhen in May 1966, and was sent to take the reins of Hebei's Revolutionary Committee between 1968 and 1971. However, his support for Chen Boda during the 1971 Lushan Conference led him to be branded as a supporter of Lin Biao; he was purged and sent into internal exile in Anhui province for eight years. He was politically rehabilitated in 1982, and went on to serve in several advisory positions in the party.

## Biography

Li Xuefeng joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1933 and served in several roles, like propaganda chief or organization chief in the Party committees of Shanxi, Beijing, Hebei and Henan. Hebei and Henan were long under the Zhili Province before being split by the Republic of China in 1928.

In 1947, he was appointed deputy secretary of the "Central Plains Bureau" of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, an office responsible for coordinating military efforts around the Yellow River, and concurrently deputy director of the Central Organization Department. In addition, in 1949 he was secretary of the CCP Henan Committee and political commissar of the Henan Military Region.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Li was appointed head of the Organization Department of the Central-South China Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, as well as deputy secretary of the Bureau, and concurrently vice-chairman of the Central-South Administrative Council. In 1954 he was elevated to Deputy General Secretary of the Central Committee directly under Deng Xiaoping, and head of the Transports and Communications Department in 1956. He was also a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1954 to 1963.

He was elected a full member of the CCP Central Committee at the Eight National Congress held in 1956. In 1960 he was transferred to the posts of first secretary of the North China Bureau of the Central Committee and first political commissar of the Beijing Military Region.

With the outburst of the Cultural Revolution, Li Xuefeng was seen as one of its early supporters. After Peng Zhen, Mayor of Beijing, was overthrown for opposing Mao Zedong over the course of the Cultural Revolution in May 1966, Li Xuefeng replaced him as first secretary of the CCP Beijing Committee, and in August he was promoted an alternate member of the CCP Politburo. His first acts as Party chief in Beijing were to dismiss the editorial boards of several local newspapers and the CCP committee in the University of Beijing, provisionally replacing it with a "work team" charged with providing political education to the students and pushing them to join the Cultural Revolution movement.

His perceived low support for the Red Guards and Mao's criticism towards the "work teams", thought to be harmful to the Cultural Revolution and the source of the students' inner fighting, led to Li's rapid downfall. In 1967, as both the Beijing Municipal Government and CCP Municipal Committee were reorganized in a Revolutionary Committee, Li was sent to Tianjin away from limelight. He resurfaced in February 1968, when he was appointed chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Hebei Province; in April 1968, he was confirmed as an alternate member of the Politburo at the Ninth Congress of the CCP.

In 1971, Li's support for Chen Boda during the troublesome Second Plenary Session of the Ninth Central Committee held in Lushan in 1970 led him to be identified as a member of Lin Biao's conspiracy against Mao, who called him one of Lin's "big generals". Thus, he was sent to confinement in Anhui for eight years. The accusation of being part of Chen Boda's "anti-party clique" was confirmed in 1973 at the Party's Tenth Congress.

Li Xuefeng was never expelled from the Party, and, despite his ambivalent attitude during the Cultural Revolution, he was rehabilitated in 1982. In June 1983, he was elected member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a post he had previously held from 1959 to 1965. He was also a member of the Central Advisory Committee.

After having retired from political roles between the late 1980s and early 1990s, Li Xuefeng died in Beijing in 2003, aged 96.

## InfoBox

| Li Xuefeng | |
| --- | --- |
| 李雪峰 | |
| Li on a state visit to Indonesia in 1965 | |
|  | |
| 2nd First Secretary of the CCP Beijing Committee | |
| **In office**
May 1966  April 1967 | |
| Preceded by | Peng Zhen |
| Succeeded by | Xie Fuzhi
(As Head of the Beijing Revolutionary Committee) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1907-01-19)19 January 1907
Yongji County, Shanxi, China |
| Died | 15 March 2003(2003-03-15) (aged 96)
Beijing |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
|  | |


title: The Riverbones

abstract: The Riverbones: Stumbling After Eden in the Jungles of Suriname is a non-fiction book, written by Canadian writer Andrew Westoll, first published in October 2008 by McClelland & Stewart. In the book, the author chronicles civil strife in Suriname. Westoll describes the modern struggles for human rights, ecological preservation, and the economic needs of the Suriname people. The Riverbones is called "a spellbinding tale of survival, heartbreak, mystery and murder".

text:
# The Riverbones

***The Riverbones: Stumbling After Eden in the Jungles of Suriname*** is a non-fiction book, written by Canadian writer Andrew Westoll, first published in October 2008 by McClelland & Stewart. In the book, the author chronicles civil strife in Suriname. Westoll describes the modern struggles for human rights, ecological preservation, and the economic needs of the Suriname people. *The Riverbones* is called "a spellbinding tale of survival, heartbreak, mystery and murder".

## Awards and honours

*The Riverbones* received shortlist recognition for the 2009 "Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction".

## InfoBox

The Riverbones:
Stumbling After Eden in the Jungles of Suriname
| First edition cover of Canadian release | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Andrew Westoll |
| Subject | Civil strife |
| Genre | Non-fiction, book |
| Publisher | McClelland & Stewart |
| Publication date | October 28, 2008 |
| Publication place | Canada |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover & Paperback) |
| Pages | 365 pp. |
| ISBN | 9780771088759 |


title: St John's Academy

abstract: St John's RC Academy is a Catholic, 2-18 all-through school located in Perth, Scotland.

text:
# St John's Academy

**St John's RC Academy** is a Catholic, 2-18 all-through school located in Perth, Scotland.

## History

The academy resulted from a merger of *St John’s Primary School* and *St Columba’s High School*. The secondary part of the school opened in March 2010 and the nursery and primary part in November 2011. John Swinney MSP officially opened the academy in December 2011.

The original *St John’s School* was established in 1864 while *St. Columba’s High School* officially opened in 1967.

## Facilities

The academy is located at the centre of the *North Inch Community Campus*. This campus has a range of facilities open to the community including a library, meeting rooms, drama and music facilities and sports facilities. All of these can be accessed by the students.

## Sports

The academy has formed a sports partnership with Perth Grammar School. This partnership was awarded the first inter-denominational Sports Comprehensive status in Scotland under the banner, 'Everyone Active'. It won the Sunday Mail/Sports Scotland Scottish Sports Award 2011. The winning category was 'School Sports Award'. The partnership organises joint sports teams.

## Awards

The academy received the UNICEF UK Rights Respecting School Gold Award in 2014 and 2019.

## Notable pupils

## InfoBox

| St John’s RC Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| North Inch Community Campus
Perth, Perth and Kinross, PH1 5BF
Scotland | |
| Coordinates | 56°24′36″N 3°26′18″W / 56.4101°N 3.4382°W / 56.4101; -3.4382 |
| Information | |
| Type | All-through school |
| Motto | Seek the good |
| Established | 1864 |
| Headteacher | Marie-Claire Futamata |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Number of students | 398 (Primary); 625 (Secondary) |
| Houses | St. Columba, St. Margaret, St. Andrew |
| Colour(s) |  |
| Feeder schools | St. Dominic's, Crieff; St. Stephen's, Blairgowrie; Our Lady's, Letham, Perth. |
| Website | st-johnsacademy.pkc.sch.uk |


title: Sorencio Juliaans

abstract: Sorencio Juliaans is a Surinamese footballer who currently plays for S.V. Transvaal and the Suriname national football team. At the youth level he played in 2011 CONCACAF U-17 Championship qualifiers at the age of 13, scoring against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. He played in the same event two years later.

text:
# Sorencio Juliaans

**Sorencio Juliaans** (born 4 March 1997) is a Surinamese footballer who currently plays for S.V. Transvaal and the Suriname national football team.

At the youth level he played in 2011 CONCACAF U-17 Championship qualifiers at the age of 13, scoring against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. He played in the same event two years later.

## InfoBox

Sorencio Juliaans
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Sorencio Guilliante Juliaans | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-03-04) 4 March 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Suriname | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | S.V. Transvaal | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2014– | S.V. Transvaal |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2010–2012 | Suriname U17 |  |  |
| 2016– | Suriname | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 30 October 2020 | | | |


title: Fantasy Monsters

abstract: Fantasy Monsters is a set of miniatures published by Grenadier subsidiary Pinnacle Products.

text:
# Fantasy Monsters

***Fantasy Monsters*** is a set of miniatures published by Grenadier subsidiary Pinnacle Products.

## Contents

*Fantasy Monsters* is a boxed set containing eleven scale model metal figures, with water-based paint in eight colors, two plastic storage trays, a paintbrush, and painting instructions.

## Reception

Steve Jackson reviewed *Fantasy Monsters* in *The Space Gamer* No. 62. Jackson commented that "Recommended, especially as a gift for a friend whom you'd like to start in the miniatures hobby."


title: Ronald Ringsrud

abstract: Ronald Ringsrud is an emerald dealer, gemologist, and author of Emeralds, A Passionate Guide.

text:
# Ronald Ringsrud

**Ronald Ringsrud** is an emerald dealer, gemologist, and author of *Emeralds, A Passionate Guide*.

## Gemology

Ringsrud has a background in emerald gemology and the world emerald market. He has given presentations and lectures on the topic since 1986. As the owner of Ronald Ringsrud Company, he was the host and guide in Bogotá, Colombia, for foreign buyers visiting the city's emerald marketplace, as well as guiding groups from the L.A. County Museum of Natural History and the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) on their trips to the Colombian emerald source.

Ringsrud has published three articles in the GIA's journal *Gems and Gemology*. He was a speaker at the GIA's International Gemological Symposium in 1991. In 2006, he presented at the GIA Gemological Research Conference in San Diego, California on the topic of "Subjectivity in Gemology". Ringsrud has sat on the board of directors of the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA).

He is also involved in charitable activities in Colombia aiming to assist people in the mining area.

## *Emeralds, A Passionate Guide*

*Emeralds, A Passionate Guide* is a 2009 non-fiction work published by Ringsrud's Green View Press, billed as an "adventure into the unique world of emeralds". In addition to the textual combination of anecdotes and scientific facts, this guide contains 70 microphotos and over 250 color photos and illustrations. The book includes a foreword written by John Koivula, the Chief Gemologist at the GIA.

Screenwriter Diane Lake described *Emeralds, A Passionate Guide* as "a book \[that\] glistens and gleams—that fairly sparkles with its intensity". The reviewer for pricescope.com stated that: "The subtitle of Ronald Ringsrud's new book *A Passionate Guide, The Emeralds, The People, Their Secrets* has been well selected. The book is not just about an emerald, more specifically a Colombian emerald; it is about a country, its people and one man's love affair with it all". The book has received other positive reviews.

## Works

* Emeralds A Passionate Guide ISBN 978-0-9822627-5-7
* Medellin Colombia and the Prophesies of Joaquim of Fiore ISBN 978-1-7923-5532-5

## InfoBox

| Ronald Ringsrud | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


abstract: South Academy of International Languages, formerly known as E. E. Waddell Language Academy and Smith Academy of International Languages, is a public K-8 magnet school in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School (CMS) District. The school educates 1,257 students in grades K-8. In the 2022–23 school year, 804 students were enrolled in the elementary program (K-5) and 453 in the middle school (6–8). In 2011, the school moved to the former E.E. Waddell High School and changed its name to E.E. Waddell Language Academy. In 2021, the school was moved to 8300 Nations Ford Road, and became South Academy of International Languages.

text:
# South Academy of International Languages

**South Academy of International Languages**, formerly known as **E. E. Waddell Language Academy** and **Smith Academy of International Languages**, is a public K-8 magnet school (elementary and middle language immersion school combined) in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School (CMS) District.

The school educates 1,257 students in grades K-8. In the 2022–23 school year, 804 students were enrolled in the elementary program (K-5) and 453 in the middle school (6–8).

In 2011, the school moved to the former E.E. Waddell High School and changed its name to E.E. Waddell Language Academy. In 2021, the school was moved to 8300 Nations Ford Road, and became South Academy of International Languages.

## Languages

Tracks using Chinese, French, German, or Japanese as the medium of instruction cover kindergarten through eighth grade, while the Spanish immersion track covers grades six through eight. Chinese, which the school began to offer in 2006–07, was the most recently added language. The program, in Mandarin, was first taught in kindergarten and first grade, growing a grade level each year.

Students recite the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag of the United States in both English and their language of instruction. Immersion classes feature cultural lessons in addition to language and subject teaching.

The school has effective relationships with universities in Germany and with the Visiting International Faculty program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This provides the faculty with development opportunities and resources. Overseas teachers also spend time at the school on secondment.

## Achievements

In 2005, 96 percent of fifth-graders scored at grade level on North Carolina's annual testing program, despite being taught in a foreign language.

35°08′24″N 80°53′43″W / 35.140131723608235°N 80.89529547820949°W / 35.140131723608235; -80.89529547820949

## InfoBox

| South Academy of International Languages | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 8300 Nations Ford Road
Charlotte, North Carolina
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public magnet school |
| Motto | Creating Bright Futures in Six Languages |
| Established | 1992 |
| School district | Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools |
| Principal | David Lynn |
| Enrollment | 1300 students |
| Color(s) | white and red |
| Mascot | Phoenix |
| Website | Official website |


title: Variation and Evolution in Plants

abstract: Variation and Evolution in Plants is a book written by G. Ledyard Stebbins, published in 1950. It is one of the key publications embodying the modern synthesis of evolution and genetics, as the first comprehensive publication to discuss the relationship between genetics and natural selection in plants. The book has been described by plant systematist Peter H. Raven as "the most important book on plant evolution of the 20th century" and it remains one of the most cited texts on plant evolution.

text:
# Variation and Evolution in Plants

***Variation and Evolution in Plants*** is a book written by G. Ledyard Stebbins, published in 1950. It is one of the key publications embodying the modern synthesis of evolution and genetics, as the first comprehensive publication to discuss the relationship between genetics and natural selection in plants. The book has been described by plant systematist Peter H. Raven as "the most important book on plant evolution of the 20th century" and it remains one of the most cited texts on plant evolution.

## Origin

The book is based on the Jesup Lectures that Stebbins delivered at Columbia University in October and November 1946 and is a synthesis of his ideas and the then current research on the evolution of seed plants in terms of genetics.

## Contents

The book is written in fourteen parts:

1. Description and analysis of variation patterns
2. Examples of variation patterns within species and genera
3. The basis of individual variation
4. Natural selection and variation in populations
5. Genetic systems as factors in evolution
6. Isolation and the origin of species
7. Hybridization and its effects
8. Polyploidy I: occurrence and nature of polyploid types
9. Polyploidy II: geographic distribution and significance of polyploidy
10. Apomixis in relation to variation and evolution
11. Structural hybridity and the genetic system
12. Evolutionary trends I: the karyotype
13. Evolutionary trends II: External morphology
14. Fossils, modern distribution patterns and rates of evolution

## Significance

The 643-page book cites more than 1,250 references and was the longest of the four books associated with the modern evolutionary synthesis. The other key works of the modern synthesis, whose publication also followed their authors' Jesup lectures, are Theodosius Dobzhansky's *Genetics and the Origin of Species*, Ernst Mayr's *Systematics and the Origin of Species* and George Gaylord Simpson's *Tempo and Mode in Evolution*. The great significance of *Variation and Evolution in Plants* is that it effectively killed any serious belief in alternative mechanisms of evolution for plants, such as Lamarckian evolution or soft inheritance, which were still upheld by some botanists.

## Legacy

Stebbins book *Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level* was published in 1974 and was based on the Prather Lectures which he gave at Harvard. It is considered as an update to *Variation and Evolution*.

In January 2000 a colloquium was held in Irvine, California, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of *Variation and Evolution in Plants.* A 16 chapter book entitled *Variation and evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years After Stebbins* (ISBN 0-309-07099-6) was released to mark the occasion.

1. Raven, P. 1974. "Plant systematics 1947-1972." *Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden* **61**:166-178
2. Smocovitis, V. B. and Ayala, F. J. 2000. George Ledyard Stebbins. *Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences* **85**:290-313
3. Raven, P. H. 2000. "G. Ledyard Stebbins (1906–2000): An appreciation". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **97**:6945-6946


title: Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West

abstract: Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West, No. 2:09-CV-02972, was a court case in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California which, at the time, was believed to be the largest single-plaintiff employment verdict in United States history at $167,720,488. The record has since been surpassed by the verdict in Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc., Case No. 08-CV-00417-WVG at $185,872,719.52.

text:
# Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West

***Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West***, No. 2:09-CV-02972 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 29, 2012), was a court case in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California which, at the time, was believed to be the largest single-plaintiff employment verdict in United States history at $167,720,488. The record has since been surpassed by the verdict in Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc., Case No. 08-CV-00417-WVG (S.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2014) at $185,872,719.52.

## Background and Trial

Ani Chopourian was employed as a Physician Assistant by Catholic Healthcare West (now Dignity Health), Mercy General Hospital in the Cardio Vascular Operating Rooms ("CVOR") from August 2006 to August 2008. A graduate of Yale University School of Medicine Physician Associates Program in 1999, Ms. Chopourian had been nationally certified by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants since initially obtaining her license in 1999. As a Physician Assistant in the CVOR, Ms. Chopourian's job responsibilities included the treatment and care for patients undergoing a variety of open heart surgeries including, but not limited to: Coronary Artery Bypass, Aortic/Mitral Valve Replacement, and Congenital Heart Defect Repair. In furtherance of this work, Ms. Chopourian supported heart surgery procedures by providing a number of important functions, including vein/artery harvesting, retraction of the sternum, and other technical functions to assist the heart surgeon. During her employment, Ms. Chopourian worked with numerous different heart surgeons in four different operating rooms in two separate facilities.

Within months of her employment, in or around October 2006, Ms. Chopourian spoke to her supervisor, Jean Scrafton, about the fact that she was not getting her meal breaks. Ms. Chopourian explained that, as a result of not being able to eat within the first five hours of her shift, she would feel lightheaded and was concerned her performance was being affected. Ms. Chopourian also made a written complaint about this fact in an "Event Report." In addition to her complaints about lunch breaks, Ms. Chopourian submitted at least 18 written complaints to hospital managers concerning the working conditions in the hospital, including failure to provide required meal breaks, unsafe surgical conditions, bullying, mismanaged care during surgery, verbal abuse by one of the heart surgeons, mistreatment by a coworker, as well as other issues. Ms. Chopourian's final complaint was submitted July 31, 2008 (8 days before her termination) and was stamped received by human resources.

According to the schedule for August 2008 given to Plaintiff regarding on-call assignments, there was no indication Ms. Chopourian would be required to provide post-surgical rounds on Sunday, August 3, 2008. On Saturday night, August 2, 2008, according to procedure, Ms. Chopourian called the PM assignment recording to see if she was needed, as she was on call. There was nothing on the outgoing message indicating she was needed on August 3, 2008. On Sunday, August 3, 2008, Ms. Chopourian received a call from the hospital asking why she was not present to provide post-surgical floor coverage. Ms. Chopourian explained that she was not aware floor coverage was required. Ms. Chopourian offered to come in to provide coverage, but was told not to do so, that coverage was already obtained and her presence was no longer required. On August 7, 2008, Catholic Healthcare West terminated Ms. Chopourian for failing to report to work on Sunday, August 3, 2008.

On August 1, 2009, almost a year after her termination from Catholic Healthcare West, Ms. Chopourian secured a position as a Physician Assistant with Radiological Associates of Sacramento Medical Group, Inc. ("RAS"). A condition of employment was that she would obtain privileging at Mercy General Hospital. Ms. Chopourian was originally informed by Mercy that there would be no problem obtaining privileging. She was then informed that she would need national certification to obtain privileging. Ms. Chopourian studied for and took the exam, then renewed her application. In the interim, Ms. Chopourian's first deposition for her pending lawsuit against Catholic Healthcare West was taken on March 15, 2010. During the deposition, Defendant's counsel questioned Ms. Chopourian about documents she recently produced in response to discovery requests and concluded on the record that Ms. Chopourian had violated medical privacy laws. Ms. Chopourian was never investigated for such a violation, assessed civil penalties, or charged with criminal violation. In May 2010, Ms. Chopourian was informed that her credentialing privileges were being held up because of allegations that she violated patient privacy laws. Ms. Chopourian was denied privileges on June 8, 2010, and subsequently lost her job at RAS on June 21, 2010.

## Verdict

The verdict in favor of Plaintiff included $3,720,488 in economic damages, $39,000,000 in non-economic damages, and $125,000,000 in punitive damages. The trial lasted 11 days and the jury deliberated for 3 days before unanimously finding in favor of Plaintiff on her claims of hostile work environment, retaliation for workplace complaints, defamation, and intentional interference with economic advantage.

## Trial Counsel

**Counsel for Plaintiff:**

* Lead Counsel Lawrance Bohm, Bohm Law Group, Sacramento, CA
* Erika M. Gaspar, Law Office of Erika M. Gaspar, Sacramento, CA
* Gregory R. Davenport, Law Offices of Gregory R. Davenport, Stockton, CA

**Counsel for Defense:**

* Lead Counsel Judith "Julie" C. Martin, La Follette, Johnson, De Haas, Fesler & Ames, Sacramento, CA
* Mary E. Greene, La Follette, Johnson, De Haas, Fesler & Ames, Sacramento, CA
* David Ditora, La Follette, Johnson, De Haas, Fesler & Ames, Sacramento, CA.

## InfoBox

| *Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States District Court for the Eastern District of California |
| Full case name | *Ani Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West* |
| Decided | February 29, 2012 |
| Docket nos. | 2:09-cv-02972 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Kimberly J. Mueller |


title: Boddam (1787 EIC ship)

abstract: Boddam was built by William Barnard at Barnard's Thames Yard at Deptford and was launched on 27 December 1787 on the River Thames. She made six voyages as an East Indiaman for the British East India Company (EIC). Her fourth voyage was particularly notable as she participated in an encounter between six Indiamen and six French frigates in which the Indiamen succeeded in bluffing the French into withdrawing. During that voyage she also survived several typhoons. Her owners sold her in 1803 and her subsequent deployment and fate is currently unknown.

text:
# Boddam (1787 EIC ship)

***Boddam*** was built by William Barnard at Barnard's Thames Yard at Deptford and was launched on 27 December 1787 on the River Thames. She made six voyages as an East Indiaman for the British East India Company (EIC). Her fourth voyage (in 1796–1798) was particularly notable as she participated in an encounter between six Indiamen and six French frigates in which the Indiamen succeeded in bluffing the French into withdrawing. During that voyage she also survived several typhoons. Her owners sold her in 1803 and her subsequent deployment and fate is currently unknown.

## Career

**EIC voyage #1 (1788–1789):** Captain Joseph Elliott sailed from Portsmouth on 5 April 1788, bound for Madras and China. *Boddam* reached Madras on 19 July, and arrived at Whampoa Anchorage on 1 October. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 17 December. She reached St Helena on 14 April 1789 and arrived at Long Reach on 12 June.

**EIC voyage #2 (1791–1792):** Captain John Jones sailed from The Downs on 25 February 1791, bound for Madras and China. That day she narrowly escaped being wrecked on the Casket Rocks. *Boddam* reached Madras on 15 June and arrived at Whampoa on 13 September. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 13 November, reached St Helena on 27 February 1792, and arrived at Long Reach on 24 April.

**EIC voyage #3 (1794–1795):** Following the outbreak of war with France in March 1793 Captain John Jones acquired a letter of marque on 26 November 1793.

The British government held her at Portsmouth, together with a number of other Indiamen in anticipation of using them as transports for an attack on Île de France (Mauritius). It gave up the plan and released the vessels in May 1794. It paid 1,479 3 4 for having delayed her departure by 71 days.

Captain Jones sailed from Portsmouth on 2 May 1794, bound for Madras and China. *Boddam* was at Rio de Janeiro on 4 July, and reached Madras on 7 September. She was at Penang on 5 October and Malacca on 15 October, and arrived at Whampoa on 31 January 1795. Homeward bound, *Boddam* crossed the Second Bar on 5 March, and reached Malacca again on 26 April. She was at St Helena on 24 August. On 3 September she sailed from St Helena. She sailed together with *Indian Trader*, *Rockingham*, and *Latona*, and a number of other vessels, all under the escort of HMS *Hector*. *Boddam* arrived back at Long Reach on 28 November.

**EIC voyage #4 (1796–1798):** Captain George Palmer (later MP for South Essex) acquired a letter of marque on 18 March 1796. He sailed from Portsmouth on 17 May 1796, bound for St Helena, Madras, and China. *Boddam* was at St Helena on 21 July and reached Madras on 1 October. From there she sailed to Colombo, which she reached on 30 November. *Alfred* and *Canton* were already there when *Boddam* arrived. They waited until *Ocean*, *Taunton Castle*, and *Woodford* arrived by 9 December.

They then set out together for Canton with Captain James Farquharson, the senior captain, as commodore of the fleet.

On 28 January 1797 the Indiamen had sailed through the Bali Strait in a squall and were off Java when they encountered six French frigates. Farquharson proceeded to organize a bluff. To give the impression that the convoy consisted of the powerful ships of the line that the Indiamen resembled, Farquharson ordered his ships to advance in line of battle. The French retreated, convinced they were facing a superior force. Actually, the French outgunned the East Indiamen both in terms of the number of guns and the weight of shot per gun.

The Indiamen sailed east and then up towards China. On 1 February the Fleet encountered a strong gale with violent squalls and rain. *Boddam* almost wrecked on the Scheidam Rocks; the storm did wreck *Ocean*.

*Boddam* arrived at Whampoa on 8 April 1797. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 11 May.

On 19 June, while *Boddam* and several other vessels were still in the China Sea, a violent typhoon cost her her rudder and everyone of her masts. She turned back to China, which she reached on 29 June, but not before enduring three hurricanes and other dangers. After having been dismasted and having lost her rudder, *Boddam* jury-rigged replacements. As she approached the Pearl River, the pilot saw that another typhoon was approaching and guided her into Tong-Huo Cove, on Tong-Hou Island. There she rode out the weather.

On 24 July *Boddam* was at Macao, and on 28 August she was again at Whampoa. Again homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 16 December and was at Malacca on 17 January 1798. By 18 March she was at the Cape and by 15 April she was at St Helena. After the Fleet left St Helena it succeeded in capturing the Spanish vessel *San Jacinto*. On 25 June *Boddam* was at Cork, and The Downs on 7 July. While she was there, an officer from *Alfred* came on board and pressed 18 seamen. He was courteous enough to leave 18 seamen from *Alfred* on board in their stead until Palmer could recruit replacements to help him bring *Boddam* up the Thames. She arrived at Long Reach on 12 July.

**EIC voyage #5 (1799–1800):** Captain Palmer sailed from Portsmouth on 2 April 1799, bound for Madras and China. *Boddam* reached Madras on 9 August. She was at Penang on 2 September and Malacca on 14 September. On 22 October *Boddam* again encountered a typhoon in the China Sea. Though she herself was unharmed, she was able to assist the country ship *Friendship*, Captain Dawson, to make it into port. Palmer declined any salvage or reward, but *Friendship*'s owner gave him an engraved silver tureen. *Boddam* arrived at Whampoa on 30 October. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 25 December, reached Malacca on 18 January 1800 and St Helena on 11 April, and then arrived at Long Reach on 28 June. Captain Palmer then retired from the sea on doctor's orders.

**EIC voyage #6 (1801–1802):** Captain John Jones acquired a letter of marque on 18 February 1801. He sailed from Portsmouth on 31 March 1801, bound for Madras and China. *Boddam* reached Madras on 26 July. She was at Penang on 28 August and Malacca on 10 September, before arriving at Whampoa on 28 September. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 16 December. She reached St Helena on 13 April, and then arrived at Long Reach on 12 June.

## Fate

When *Boddham* returned from her last voyage the EIC viewed her as worn-out. In 1803 Palmer offered *Boddam* for sale as a hulk. However the British Government took her up as a troopship. Currently there is no readily available information about how long she served in that capacity or her final disposition.

## Citations

1. Carter, Jennifer J.; Carter, Jenny; Pittock, Joan H. (3 January 1987). *Aberdeen and the Enlightenment: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Aberdeen*. Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 9780080345246  via Google Books.
2. Hackman (2001), p. 68.
3. "Letter of Marque, p.53 – accessed 25 July 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
4. British Library: *Boddam*.
5. *Life-Boat*, (July 1853), Vol. 2, #1, pp.29–30.
6. *Lloyd's List* №2759.
7. "Palmer, George (1772-1853), commander of East India Company ship Boddam, businessman and politician". *The National Archives*. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
8. Horsburgh (1805), p. 21.
9. "No. 16728". *The London Gazette*. 11 May 1813. p. 924.
10. House of Commons (1814), p. 81.
* Hackman, Rowan (2001). *Ships of the East India Company*. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.
* Horsburgh, James (1805). *Memoirs: comprising the navigation to and from China, by the China sea, and through the various straits and channels in the Indian archipelago; also the navigation of Bombay harbour*. Vol. 1.
* House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain (1814). *Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping*. H.M. Stationery Office.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | *Boddam* |
| Namesake | Charles Boddam |
| Owner | William Palmer |
| Builder | Barnard, Deptford |
| Launched | 27 December 1787 |
| Fate | Sold 1803 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 1021 (bm) |
| Length | 128 ft 0 in (39.0 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 38 ft 6 in (11.7 m) |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Complement |  |
| Armament | * 1793: 26 × 9&4-pounder guns * 1796:32 × 12&6-pounder guns * 1801:38 × 12&6&4-pounder guns |
| Notes | Three decks |


title: Joseph Andrew Quinn

abstract: Joseph Andrew Quinn was an American lawyer, farmer, and politician. Quinn was born in Lakeville, Dakota County, Minnesota, and graduated from Central High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1907. He graduated from St. Paul College of Law in 1914 and was admitted to the Minnesota Bar. Quinn lived with his wife and family in Menahga, Wadena County, Minnesota. Quinn was also involved in the banking business and was a farmer. He served on the Eveleth School Board in Eveleth, Minnesota, and served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1923 to 1928.

text:
# Joseph Andrew Quinn

**Joseph Andrew Quinn** (June 7, 1886  January 25, 1939) was an American lawyer, farmer, and politician.

Quinn was born in Lakeville, Dakota County, Minnesota, and graduated from Central High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1907. He graduated from St. Paul College of Law in 1914 and was admitted to the Minnesota Bar. Quinn lived with his wife and family in Menahga, Wadena County, Minnesota. Quinn was also involved in the banking business and was a farmer. He served on the Eveleth School Board in Eveleth, Minnesota, and served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1923 to 1928.


title: Boby-Księże

abstract: Boby-Księże is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Urzędów, within Kraśnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Boby-Księże

**Boby-Księże** \[ˈbɔbɨ ˈkɕɛ̃ʐɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Urzędów, within Kraśnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Boby-Księże | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Boby-Księże | |
| Coordinates: 51°2′24″N 22°2′13″E / 51.04000°N 22.03694°E / 51.04000; 22.03694 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Kraśnik |
| Gmina | Urzędów |
| Population | 2,644 |


title: South Africa men's national squash team

abstract: The South Africa men's national squash team represents South Africa in international squash team competitions, and is governed by Squash South Africa. Since 1967, South Africa has won two Bronze medals of the World Squash Team Open.

text:
# South Africa men's national squash team

The **South Africa men's national squash team** represents South Africa in international squash team competitions, and is governed by Squash South Africa.

Since 1967, South Africa has won two Bronze medals of the World Squash Team Open.

## Current team

## Results

### World Team Squash Championships

| Year | Result | Position | W | L |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Melbourne 1967 | Group Stage | **4th** | 2 | 3 |
| Birmingham 1969 | Group Stage | **3rd** | 2 | 3 |
| Palmerston North 1971 | ***Did not present*** | | | |
| Johannesburg 1973 | Group Stage | **3rd** | 2 | 2 |
| Birmingham 1976 | ***Did not present*** | | | |
| Toronto 1977 | |
| Brisbane 1979 | |
| Stockholm 1981 | |
| Auckland 1983 | |
| Cairo 1985 | |
| London 1987 | |
| Singapore 1989 | |
| Helsinki 1991 | |
| Karachi 1993 | Group Stage | 13th | 5 | 0 |
| Cairo 1995 | Quarter Final | 5th | 4 | 2 |
| Petaling Jaya 1997 | Quarter Final | 5th | 5 | 1 |
| Cairo 1999 | Quarter Final | 8th | 3 | 3 |
| Melbourne 2001 | Quarter Final | 6th | 5 | 2 |
| Vienna 2003 | Round of 16 | 10th | 4 | 3 |
| Islamabad 2005 | Round of 16 | 9th | 4 | 2 |
| Chennai 2007 | Round of 16 | 11th | 4 | 3 |
| Odense 2009 | Quarter Final | 6th | 5 | 2 |
| Paderborn 2011 | Round of 16 | 13th | 3 | 4 |
| Mulhouse 2013 | Quarter Final | 6th | 5 | 2 |
| Cairo 2015 | ***Cancelled*** | | | |
| Marseille 2017 | Group Stage | 18th | 2 | 3 |
| Washington, D.C. 2019 | Group Stage | 19th | 2 | 5 |
| **Total** | 16/26 | **0 Title** | 57 | 40 |

## InfoBox

| South Africa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coach | Richard Castle |
| Association | Squash South Africa |
| Colors | Green and Gold |
| World Team Squash Championships | |
| First year | 1967 |
| World Team titles | 0 |
| Runners-up | 0 |
| Best finish | 3rd |
| Number of entries | 16 |


title: Joseph Andrew Lapointe

abstract: Joseph Andrew Lapointe, also known as Andy Lapointe, was a senior research scientist at Domtar Research Centre in Senneville Quebec. He was involved in the development of mechanical processes and equipment at the research level for over 25 years. During his time at Domtar he specialized in the development of chipping technology and has a number of patents and patents pending in his field. He assisted in the development of over 30 sawmills improving the quality of their chips to meet the requirements of specific pulp mills. Prior to joining Domtar, he was with the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (Paprican) where he co-invented the Papriformer and was involved in its development. This wet sheet former has been the subject of numerous papers and is considered one of the major advances in papermaking technology. The Papriformer received the Governor General's award for Engineering Design in 1975. Lapointe has also been responsible for a number of analytical devices which are in use in universities, research centres and technical laboratories.

text:
# Joseph Andrew Lapointe

**Joseph Andrew Lapointe**, also known as **Andy Lapointe**, was a senior research scientist at Domtar Research Centre in Senneville Quebec. He was involved in the development of mechanical processes and equipment at the research level for over 25 years. During his time at Domtar he specialized in the development of chipping technology and has a number of patents and patents pending in his field. He assisted in the development of over 30 sawmills improving the quality of their chips to meet the requirements of specific pulp mills. Prior to joining Domtar, he was with the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (Paprican) where he co-invented the Papriformer and was involved in its development. This wet sheet former has been the subject of numerous papers and is considered one of the major advances in papermaking technology. The Papriformer received the Governor General's award for Engineering Design in 1975. Lapointe has also been responsible for a number of analytical devices (sources coming soon) which are in use in universities, research centres and technical laboratories.

## The Papriformer

The Papriformer was Lapointe's biggest accomplishment as an engineer. American companies sought his invention and he was set to battle the rights in a Court of Law. Surprisingly, Lapointe died of a three-wheeler accident just days prior to his appearance in court.


title: South Dakota Highway 244

abstract: South Dakota Highway 244 (SD 244) is a short state highway located entirely within Pennington County, South Dakota which provides access to Mount Rushmore. Highway 244 runs generally east–west between its eastern terminus at US 16A near Keystone and its western terminus at US 16/US 385 south of Hill City. The entire route is part of the Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway. SD 244 does not connect to its parent route.

text:
# South Dakota Highway 244

**South Dakota Highway 244** (**SD 244**) is a short state highway located entirely within Pennington County, South Dakota which provides access to Mount Rushmore. Highway 244 runs generally eastwest between its eastern terminus at US 16A near Keystone and its western terminus at US 16/US 385 south of Hill City. The entire route is part of the Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway. SD 244 does not connect to its parent route.

## Route description

SD 244 begins in the Black Hills National Forest at an intersection with U.S. Route 16 (US 16) and US 385 south of Hill City. It heads to the east, winding through the forest where it passes Summit Peak. Near Old Baldy Mountain, the route enters the Mount Rushmore National Monument area. It curves around the park and heads back to the north. The route ends at US 16A south of Keystone.

## History

Highway 244 was originally part of South Dakota Highway 87. The switch to Highway 244 occurred in 1975, with the signs being concurrently posted until January 1, 1977.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Pennington County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 16 / US 385 Custer, Hill City, Rapid City, Crazy Horse Mt., Sylvan Lake, Needles Highway, Jewel Cave National Monument, Sheridan Lake | Western terminus |
| Mount Rushmore | 10.457 | 16.829 | US 16A Custer State Park, Keystone | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/South Dakota Highway 244KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Highway 244 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route of SD 244 (in red) | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by SDDOT | |
| Length | 10.457 mi (16.829 km) |
| Existed | 1975–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 16 / US 385 near Hill City |
| East end | US 16A near Keystone |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| Counties | Pennington |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **South Dakota State Trunk Highway System** | |
| SD 240   SD 245 | |


title: Bodzewko Pierwsze

abstract: Bodzewko Pierwsze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piaski, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Piaski, 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Gostyń, and 63 km (39 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Bodzewko Pierwsze

**Bodzewko Pierwsze** \[bɔˈd͡zɛfkɔ ˈpjɛrfʂɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piaski, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Piaski, 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Gostyń, and 63 km (39 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Bodzewko Pierwsze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Bodzewko Pierwsze | |
| Coordinates: 51°50′24″N 17°3′12″E / 51.84000°N 17.05333°E / 51.84000; 17.05333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Gostyń |
| Gmina | Piaski |


title: Tinsel Korey

abstract: Tinsel Korey is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter. She is best known for portraying Emily Young in The Twilight Saga film series.

text:
# Tinsel Korey

**Tinsel Korey** (born March 25, 1980) is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter. She is best known for portraying Emily Young in *The Twilight Saga* film series.

## Life and career

Prior to her move to Vancouver, Korey had already found work through her multiple appearances in commercial advertisements. She then decided in late 2002 to move to Hollywood, but was "stopped at the border because she couldn't prove she was going to come back to Canada. She couldn't go home though so she called her friend and got on a flight to Vancouver and she's been there ever since."

In 2006, Korey was given a small role as a rape victim opposite Callum Keith Rennie in the film *Unnatural & Accidental*, which told the story of a series of murders of mostly First Nations women. The film's director, Carl Bessai, recalled: "It was one of her first gigs and it was harrowing. She was terrified and Callum is so method, so intense. It was one of those moments where you watch a young actor and you think, 'This will either really give them the power to act or it will just alienate them.'"

Korey performed as a singer at the 2008 National Aboriginal Achievement Awards.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *It Waits* | Lark Rainwater |  |
| 2006 | *Divided by Zero* | Ashley | Short |
| | *Unnatural & Accidental* | Blue Girl |  |
| 2007 | *The Lookout* | Maura |  |
| | *Luna: Spirit of the Whale* | Annie | TV movie |
| | *I Know What I Saw* | Alicia | TV movie |
| | *Hybrid* | Lydia | TV movie |
| 2008 | *The Quality of Life* | Anna Navarez | TV movie |
| | *Mothers & Daughters* | Cynthia |  |
| 2009 | *Wyvern* | Vinyl Hampton | TV movie |
| | *The Twilight Saga: New Moon* | Emily Young |  |
| 2010 | *The Twilight Saga: Eclipse* | Emily Young |  |
| | *Stained* | Isabelle Clarke |  |
| 2011 | *The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1* | Emily Young |  |
| 2012 | *Black Box* | Kate |  |
| | *Black Forest* | Karin | TV movie |
| 2014 | *Bullet* | Vanessa |  |
| 2015 | *Fishing Naked* | Jen |  |
| | *The Native and the Shrink* | Rachel | Short |
| | *Single in South Beach* | Sandra |  |
| 2016 | *Guns of Purgatory* | S.S. Abbey | Short |
| 2018 | *SuperGrid* | Eagle |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Tru Calling* | Jen | Episode: "Murder in the Morgue" |
| | *Da Vinci's Inquest* | Sheila | Episode: "A Man When He's Down" |
| 2005 | *Into the West* | Bluebird | Recurring Cast |
| 2006 | *Godiva's* | Chantal | Recurring Cast: Season 2 |
| 2007 | *Tin Man* | Airofday | Recurring Cast |
| | *Intelligence* | Felicia | Recurring Cast: Season 2 |
| 2008 | *Rabbit Fall* | Zoe | Main Cast: Season 2 |
| | *The Guard* | Martine | Recurring Cast: Season 1-2 |
| 2011 | *Sanctuary* | Sioux | Episode: "One Night" |
| 2013 | *Blackstone* | Roberta | Recurring Cast: Season 3 |
| 2014 | *Killer Women* | Diane | Episode: "Demons" |
| 2015-18 | *Z Nation* | Ayalla | Guest Cast: Season 2 & 5 |
| 2016 | *Longmire* | Tina | Episode: "The Stuff Dreams Are Made Of" |
| | *The Young and the Restless* | Evan | Episode: "Episode #1.11036" |
| 2018 | *The Detour* | Megwyn | Recurring Cast: Season 2 |
| 2018-19 | *Yellowstone* | Emily Sessions | Guest Cast: Season 1-2 |
| 2020 | *Curious George* | Kimi (voice) | Episode: "Episode #12.1" |
| 2021 | *Shaman King* | Lilirara (voice) | Episode: "And Hao!" |

## InfoBox

| Tinsel Korey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1980-03-25) March 25, 1980<br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupations | * Actress * Singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Website | tinselkorey.com |


title: Var's 3rd constituency

abstract: The 3rd constituency of the Var is a French legislative constituency in the Var département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.

text:
# Var's 3rd constituency

The 3rd constituency of the Var (French: *Troisième circonscription du Var*) is a French legislative constituency in the Var *département*. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.

## Description

The 3rd constituency of the Var is centred on Hyères to the west of Toulon.

It has been a strongly right leaning constituency for all of its recent history, including the election of the only National Front deputy in 1988. That winner Yann Piat subsequently joined the Union for French Democracy before being assassinated in 1994.

## Assembly Members

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1988 | Yann Piat | FN |
|  | *1988* | | UDF |
| | 1993 | |
|  | *1994* | Philippe de La Lombardière de Canson | RPR |
| | 1997 | Jean-Pierre Giran | |
| | | 2002 | UMP |
| | | 2007 |
| | | 2012 |
| | 2017 | Jean-Louis Masson | LR |
| | *2020* | | Edith Audibert |
|  | 2022 | Stéphane Rambaud | RN |

## Election results

### 2024

Legislative Election 2024: Var's 3rd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | ÉAC | Charles Malot | 1,574 | 2.26 | n/a |
|  | RN | Stéphane Rambaud | **32,343** | **46.51** | +19.48 |
|  | DIV | Alexis Dominiak | 455 | 0.65 | n/a |
|  | DIV | Delphine Rolland | 531 | 0.76 | n/a |
|  | REC | Odile Judice | 1,369 | 1.97 | −6.20 |
|  | PS | Julia Peironet-Bremond | 12,839 | 18.46 | +2.19 |
|  | LR | Julien Savelli | 6,117 | 8.80 | −2.22 |
|  | LO | Pierre Deidon | 259 | 0.37 | n/a |
|  | HOR (Ensemble) | Isabelle Monfort | **14,057** | **20.21** | n/a |
| Turnout | | | 69,544 | 97.94 | +49.02 |
| Registered electors | | | 103,272 |  |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **RN** | **Stéphane Rambaud** | **35,730** | **53.11** | **+2.69** |
|  | HOR | Isabelle Monfort | 31,543 | 46.89 | n/a |
| Turnout | | | 67,273 | 96.10 | +48.63 |
| Registered electors | | | 103,283 |  |  |
|  | RN **hold** | | | | |

### 2022

Legislative Election 2022: Var's 3rd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **LREM (Ensemble)** | **Isabelle Monfort** | **13,877** | **27.78** | **-6.13** |
|  | **RN** | **Stéphane Rambaud** | **13,503** | **27.03** | **+5.51** |
|  | PS (NUPÉS) | Julia Peironet Bremond | 8,127 | 16.27 | +2.46 |
|  | LR (UDC) | Valérie Rialland | 5,503 | 11.02 | −12.18 |
|  | REC | Salomé Benyamin | 4,080 | 8.17 | N/A |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 4,865 | 9.73 |  |
| Turnout | | | 49,955 | 48.92 | +0.59 |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **RN** | **Stéphane Rambaud** | **23,307** | **50.42** | **N/A** |
|  | LREM (Ensemble) | Isabelle Monfort | 22,921 | 49.58 | +0.96 |
| Turnout | | | 46,228 | 47.47 | +9.67 |
|  | RN **gain** from LR | | | | |

### 2017

Legislative Election 2017: Var's 3rd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **LREM** | **Alexandre Zapolsky** | **16,523** | **33.91** |  |
|  | **LR** | **Jean-Louis Masson** | **11,302** | **23.20** |  |
|  | FN | Aline Renck-Guigue | 10,486 | 21.52 |  |
|  | LFI | Danielle Lapierre | 4,267 | 8.76 |  |
|  | EELV | Chantal Mouttet | 1,648 | 3.38 |  |
|  | DLF | Marie Martin | 987 | 2.03 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 3,508 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 48,721 | 48.33 |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **LR** | **Jean-Louis Masson** | **19,570** | **51.38** |  |
|  | LREM | Alexandre Zapolsky | 18,521 | 48.62 |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,091 | 37.80 |  |
|  | LR **hold** | | | | |

### 2012

Legislative Election 2012: Var's 3rd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **UMP** | **Jean-Pierre Giran** | **21,278** | **37.89** |  |
|  | **PRG** | **Joël Canapa** | **16,154** | **28.76** |  |
|  | **FN** | **Bruno Gollinisch** | **13,550** | **24.13** |  |
|  | FG | Gilberte Mandon | 2,395 | 4.26 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 2,786 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 56,163 |  |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **UMP** | **Jean-Pierre Giran** | **24,356** | **43.41** |  |
|  | PRG | Joël Canapa | 19,588 | 34.91 |  |
|  | FN | Bruno Gollinisch | 12,159 | 21.67 |  |
| Turnout | | | 56,103 | 57.40 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | | | |

### 2007

Legislative Election 2007: Var's 3rd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **UMP** | **Jean-Pierre Giran** | **33,320** | **51.40** |  |
|  | PS | Mireille Chabot | 10,222 | 15.77 |  |
|  | MoDem | Josy Chambon | 4,813 | 7.42 |  |
|  | PCF | Joël Canapa | 4,500 | 6.94 |  |
|  | FN | Cécile Antoine | 4,293 | 6.62 |  |
|  | DVD | Marie-Christine Hamel | 1,924 | 2.97 |  |
|  | LV | Chantal Mouttet | 1,736 | 2.68 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 4,016 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 65,861 | 58.94 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | | | |

### 2002

Legislative Election 2002: Var's 3rd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **UMP** | **Jean-Pierre Giran** | **19,128** | **30.35** |  |
|  | **FN** | **Philippe de David-Bauregard** | **13,021** | **20.66** |  |
|  | UDF | Jean-Louis Masson | 10,434 | 16.56 |  |
|  | PRG | Roland Joffre | 7,198 | 11.42 |  |
|  | LV | Jean-Claude Alberigo | 4,451 | 7.06 |  |
|  | PCF | Joel Canapa | 4,103 | 6.51 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 4,680 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 64,281 | 62.14 |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **UMP** | **Jean-Pierre Giran** | **33,453** | **67.90** |  |
|  | FN | Philippe de David-Bauregard | 15,817 | 32.10 |  |
| Turnout | | | 55,400 | 53.56 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | | | |

### 1997

Legislative Election 1997: Var's 3rd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **FN** | **Philippe de David-Bauregard** | **15,593** | **26.37** |  |
|  | **RPR** | **Jean-Pierre Giran** | **13,066** | **22.09** |  |
|  | PRG | Jacques de Lustrac | 7,626 | 12.89 |  |
|  | PCF | Joel Canapa | 6,071 | 10.27 |  |
|  | DVD | Léopold Ritondale | 5,669 | 9.59 |  |
|  | PS | Roland Joffre\* | 4,128 | 6.98 |  |
|  | DVD | Claude Rollandin | 2,007 | 3.39 |  |
|  | GE | Jean-René Cavanna | 1,391 | 2.35 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 3,590 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 61,505 | 65.52 |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **RPR** | **Jean-Pierre Giran** | **35,560** | **64.19** |  |
|  | FN | Philippe de David-Bauregard | 19,834 | 35.81 |  |
| Turnout | | | 62,847 | 66.95 |  |
|  | RPR **hold** | | | | |

* PS dissident

## InfoBox

| 3rd constituency of Var | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constituency of the
National Assembly of France** | |
| Var's 3rd Constituency shown within the Var | |
| Deputy | Stéphane Rambaud
RN |
| Department | Var |
| Cantons | La Crau, La Garde, Hyères Est, Hyères Ouest |
| Registered voters | 100,775 |
|  | |


title: Li Mo'an

abstract: Li Mo'an was a Kuomintang general from Changsha, Hunan.

text:
# Li Mo'an

**Li Mo'an** (Chinese: 李默庵; pinyin: *Lǐ Mò'ān*; 1904–2001) was a Kuomintang general from Changsha, Hunan.

## Military career

Beginning in 1928, he was the commanding officer of the 31st Brigade. He became the Fujian Second Pacification Area commander in 1935. He was the general commanding officer of various forces from 1935 to 1941, including the 10th Division (1935-1937), 15th Army (1937-1938), 33rd Army (1938-1940), and the Hunan-Hubei-Jianxi Border Area army (1940-1941). In 1940-41 he was also deputy commander-in-chief of the 14th, 26th and 38th Army Groups. He became commander-in-chief of the 32nd Army Group (1944), and later the 3rd Front Army (1946). In 1948 he was made commander of the Changsha Seventhen Pacification Area. He retired from the army in 1949.

## Later life

In 1984 Li Mo'an was the co-founder of the Whampoa Military Academy Alumni Association, and he became the association's Director in 1995.