title: Styx discography

abstract: This is the discography of American rock band Styx. Over the years they have released 17 studio albums, 9 live albums, 16 compilation albums, 39 singles, and 3 extended plays. 16 singles have hit the top 40 of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and 8 have hit the top 10.

text:
# Styx discography

This is the discography of American rock band **Styx**. Over the years they have released 17 studio albums, 9 live albums, 16 compilation albums, 39 singles, and 3 extended plays. 16 singles have hit the top 40 of the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 and 8 have hit the top 10.

## Studio albums

| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | | | | Certifications
(sales threshold) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | AUS
 | NZ
 | NO
 | SWE
 | UK
 | |
| 1972 | *Styx* | 207
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1973 | *Styx II** Release date: July 1973 * Label: Wooden Nickel Records | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | *The Serpent Is Rising** Release date: October 1973 * Label: Wooden Nickel Records | 192 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1974 | *Man of Miracles** Release date: October 1974 * Label: Wooden Nickel Records | 154 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1975 | *Equinox* | 58 |  |  |  |  |  | * US: Gold * CAN: Platinum |
| 1976 | *Crystal Ball** Release date: October 1976 * Label: A&M Records | 66 |  |  |  |  |  | * US: Gold * CAN: Gold |
| 1977 | *The Grand Illusion** Release date: July 7, 1977 * Label: A&M Records | 6 | 49 |  |  | 38 |  | * US: 3× Platinum * CAN: Platinum |
| 1978 | *Pieces of Eight** Release date: September 1978 * Label: A&M Records | 6 | 70 |  |  | 30 |  | * US: 3× Platinum * CAN: Platinum |
| 1979 | *Cornerstone** Release date: October 1979 * Label: A&M Records | 2 | 21 | 14 | 25 |  | 36 | * US: 3× Platinum * CAN: Platinum * GER: Gold |
| 1981 | *Paradise Theatre** Release date: January 16, 1981 * Label: A&M Records | 1 | 27 | 30 | 5 | 6 | 8 | * US: 3× Platinum * UK: Silver * CAN: Platinum |
| 1983 | *Kilroy Was Here** Release date: February 22, 1983 * Label: A&M Records | 3 | 45 |  | 3 | 6 | 67 | * US: Platinum * CAN: Platinum |
| 1990 | *Edge of the Century** Release date: October 9, 1990 * Label: A&M Records | 63 |  |  |  |  |  | * US: Gold |
| 1999 | *Brave New World* | 175 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *Cyclorama* | 127 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005 | *Big Bang Theory** Release date: May 10, 2005 * Label: New Door Records | 46 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017 | *The Mission* | 45 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 | *Crash of the Crown* | 114
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | | | | | |

## Live albums

| Year | Title | Peak positions | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | UK
 | |
| 1984 | *Caught in the Act* | 31 | 44 |  |
| 1997 | *Return to Paradise* | 139 |  |  |
| 2000 | *Arch Allies: Live at Riverport* |  |  |  |
| 2001 | *Styx World: Live 2001* |  |  |  |
| 2002 | *At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis* |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *21st Century Live* |  |  |  |
| 2006 | *One with Everything: Styx and the Contemporary Youth Orchestra* |  |  |  |
| 2012 | *The Grand Illusion/Pieces of Eight - Live* |  |  |  |
| 2015 | *Live at the Orleans Arena, Las Vegas* |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | |
|

## Compilation albums

| Year | Title | Peak positions | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | |
| 1977 | *Best of Styx* |  |  |
| 1980 | *Lady* |  |  |
| 1987 | *Styx Classics Volume 15* |  |  |
| 1991 | *Styx Radio-Made Hits 1975–1991* |  |  |
| 1992 | *Greatest Hits* |  | * CAN: Platinum |
| 1995 | *Styx Greatest Hits* | 138 | * US: 2× Platinum |
| 1996 | *Styx Greatest Hits Part 2* |  |  |
| 1997 | *The Best of Times: The Best of Styx* |  |  |
| 1999 | *Best of Styx 1973–1974* |  |  |
| 2000 | *Extended Versions* |  |  |
| 2000 | *Singles Collection* |  |  |
| 2001 | *Styx Yesterday & Today* |  |  |
| 2002 | *20th Century Masters* |  |  |
| 2003 | *Rockers* |  |  |
| 2004 | *Come Sail Away - The Styx Anthology* | 136 |  |
| 2005 | *The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings* |  |  |
| 2010 | *Icon 2* |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | | |
|

## Extended plays

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Regeneration: Volume 1*  * Release date: October 14, 2010 * Label: Eagle Records |
| 2011 | *Regeneration: Volume 2*  * Release date: 2011 * Label: Eagle Records |
| 2021 | *The Same Stardust*  * Release date: June 12, 2021 * Label: UME |

## Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | Certifications
(sales threshold) | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US Main
 | US
AC
 | GER | NL
 | AUS | NZ | JPN
 | UK
 | CAN | | |
| 1972 | "Best Thing" | 82 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Styx* |
| 1973 | "Lady" | 6 |  |  |  |  | 23 | 17 |  |  | 19 |  | *Styx II* |
| 1975 | "You Need Love" | 88 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1976 | "Lorelei" | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | *Equinox* |
| | "Light Up" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Mademoiselle" | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |  | *Crystal Ball* |
| 1977 | "Jennifer" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Crystal Ball" |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Come Sail Away" | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | *The Grand Illusion* |
| 1978 | "Fooling Yourself (The Angry Young Man)" | 29 |  |  |  | 28 | 42 |  |  |  | 20 | |  |
| | "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)" | 21 |  |  |  | 47 | 98 |  |  |  | 9 |  | *Pieces of Eight* |
| | "Sing for the Day" | 41 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  | 27 | |  |
| 1979 | "Renegade" | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | |  |
| | "Babe" | 1 |  | 9 |  | 11 | 3 | 3 |  | 6 | 1 |  | *Cornerstone* |
| 1980 | "Why Me" | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | |  |
| | "Boat on the River" |  |  |  | 5 | 29 |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Borrowed Time" | 64 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 76 | |  |
| | "Lights" |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1981 | "The Best of Times" | 3 | 16 | 26 | 52 |  | 23 | 26 |  | 42 | 1 |  | *Paradise Theatre* |
| | "Too Much Time on My Hands" | 9 | 2 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 4 |  | |
| | "Snowblind" *\[airplay\]* |  | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Nothing Ever Goes as Planned" | 54 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |  | |
| | "Rockin' the Paradise" |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1983 | "Mr. Roboto" | 3 | 3 |  | 8 |  | 40 |  | 29 | 90 | 1 |  | *Kilroy Was Here* |
| | "Don't Let It End" | 6 |  | 13 | 70 |  |  |  |  | 56 | 15 |  | |
| | "High Time" | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1984 | "Music Time" | 40 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Caught in the Act* |
| 1990 | "Love Is the Ritual" | 80 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59 |  | *Edge of the Century* |
| | "Show Me the Way" | 3 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 4 |  | |
| 1991 | "Love at First Sight" | 25 |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18 |  | |
| 1997 | "Paradise" |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Return to Paradise* |
| | "On My Way" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83 |  | |
| 1999 | "Everything Is Cool" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Brave New World* |
| 2003 | "Waiting for Our Time" |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Cyclorama* |
| | "I Am the Walrus" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Big Bang Theory* |
| 2009 | "Can't Stop Rockin'" (featuring REO Speedwagon) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| 2017 | "Gone Gone Gone" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *The Mission* |
| 2021 | "Crash of the Crown" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Crash of the Crown* |
| | "Reveries" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released to that country | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

1. "American certifications – Styx". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
2. "British certifications – Styx". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2012-12-17. *Type* Styx *in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.*
3. "Canadian certifications – Styx". Music Canada. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
4. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Styx)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
5. "Styx Chart History: Billboard 200". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
6. Kent, David (1993). *Australian Chart Book 1970–1992* (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 299. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
7. "Styx" (ASP). *New Zealand Charts*. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
8. "Styx" (ASP). *Norwegian Charts*. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
9. "Styx" (ASP). *Swedish Charts*. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
10. "Artist Chart History: Styx". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
11. "Great Rock Discography". p. 798.
12. Whitburn, Joel (1998). *Bubbling Under Singles & Albums*. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. pp. 193, 381. ISBN 0-89820-128-4.
13. @billboardcharts (June 28, 2021). "Debuts on this week's #Billboard200 (1/2)..." (Tweet). Retrieved June 29, 2021  via Twitter.
14. "Styx Chart History: Hot 100". *Billboard*. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
15. "Styx Chart History: Mainstream Rock Airplay". *Billboard*. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
16. "Styx Chart History: Adult Contemporary". *Billboard*. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
17. "Single Top 100".
18. "Japan #1 IMPORT DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles". Hbr3.sakura.ne.jp. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
19. Roberts, David (2006). *British Hit Singles & Albums* (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 538. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.

## InfoBox

| Styx discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio albums | 17 |
| Live albums | 9 |
| Compilation albums | 16 |
| EPs | 3 |
| Singles | 39 |


title: Styx rule

abstract:
The styx rule, also known as Lipscomb's styx rule, can be used to calculate the structures of boranes. It was developed by William Lipscomb in 1954. The rule defines boranes to have four types of bonds besides the terminal B-H bonds: Where:
  - B-H-B bonds are 3c-2e bonds, taking up three orbitals and two valence electrons.
  - B-B-B bonds are 3c-2e bonds, taking up three orbitals and two valence electrons.
  - B-B bonds are 2c-2e bonds, taking up two orbitals and two valence electrons.
  - The -BH2 group consists of an extra B-H bond formed on the BH units and is thus considered to take up two orbitals and two valence electrons. The bonding structure deduced by the styx rule doesn't reflect the true symmetry of boranes. More modern methods that more accurately reflect the bonding nature of boranes like Wade's rules have been developed.

text:
# Styx rule

The **styx rule**, also known as **Lipscomb's styx rule**, can be used to calculate the structures of boranes. It was developed by William Lipscomb in 1954. The rule defines boranes to have four types of bonds besides the terminal - bonds:

Where:

* B-H-B bonds are 3c-2e bonds, taking up three orbitals and two valence electrons.
* B-B-B bonds are 3c-2e bonds, taking up three orbitals and two valence electrons.
* B-B bonds are 2c-2e bonds, taking up two orbitals and two valence electrons.
* The -BH2 group consists of an extra B-H bond formed on the BH units and is thus considered to take up two orbitals and two valence electrons.

The bonding structure deduced by the styx rule doesn't reflect the true symmetry of boranes. More modern methods that more accurately reflect the bonding nature of boranes like Wade's rules have been developed.

## Calculation

When given the chemical formula of a borane (BmHn), one can deduce its styx numbers by first separating the formula into (BH)mHn-m. Then, one can make use of three equations:

1. s+x=n-m, due to the number of hydrogen atoms
2. 3m+n=2m+2s+2t+2y+2x, due to the number of electrons
3. 4m+n=2(n-m)+3s+3t+2y+2x, due to the number of bonding orbitals

With these, one can come up with several integer combinations of styx. However, some are ruled out because styx are non-negative.


title: Styx World: Live 2001

abstract: StyxWorld Live 2001 is a live album by the band Styx released in 2001. It is drawn from performances at the Kosei Nenken Hall, Tokyo, Japan, February 10–11, 2000, Stadthalle, Offenbach, Germany, October 27, 2000, and the Shaw Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, February 11, 2001.

text:
# Styx World: Live 2001

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Daily Vault* | C− |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***StyxWorld Live 2001*** is a live album by the band Styx released in 2001. It is drawn from performances at the Kosei Nenken Hall, Tokyo, Japan, February 10–11, 2000, Stadthalle, Offenbach, Germany, October 27, 2000, and the Shaw Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, February 11, 2001.

## Track listing

1. "Rockin' the Paradise" (James "J.Y." Young, Tommy Shaw, Dennis DeYoung) - 4:12
2. "High Enough" (T. Shaw, Jack Blades, Ted Nugent) - 2:07
3. "Lorelei" (J. Young, D. DeYoung) - 4:07
4. "A Criminal Mind" (Lawrence Gowan) - 5:59 +
5. "Love Is the Ritual" (Glen Burtnik, Plinky) - 5:31
6. "Boat on the River" (T. Shaw) - 4:25
7. "Half-Penny, Two-Penny" (J. Young, Ray Brandle) - 6:35
8. "Sing for the Day" (T. Shaw) - 4:22
9. "Snowblind" (J. Young, D. DeYoung) - 5:22
10. "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough" (G. Burtnik, Patty Smyth) - 2:45
11. "Crystal Ball" (T. Shaw) - 6:28
12. "Miss America" (J. Young) - 6:19
13. "Come Sail Away" (D. DeYoung) - 10:11

\+ Produced by Lawrence Gowan

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| StyxWorld Live 2001 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Styx | |
| Released | June 5, 2001 |
| Genre | Rock/Pop |
| Length | 68:30 |
| Label | CMC International |
| Producer | James "J.Y." Young
Gary Loizzo |
| Styx compilation chronology | |
| *Arch Allies: Live at Riverport*
(2001) ***StyxWorld Live 2001***
(2001) *At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis*
(2002) | |


title: Sudus

abstract: Sudus is a genus of hidden snout weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There is one described species in Sudus, S. floridanus.

text:
# Sudus

***Sudus*** is a genus of hidden snout weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There is one described species in *Sudus*, *S. floridanus*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Sudus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Subtribe: | Cryptorhynchina |
| Genus: | *Sudus*<br>Kissinger, 1964 |
|


title: Sudwala Caves

abstract: The Sudwala Caves in Mpumalanga, South Africa, are set in Precambrian dolomite rock, which was first laid down about 2800 million years ago. The caves themselves formed about 240 million years ago. They are one of the oldest caves in the world. There are a number of speleothem structures in the cave, known by names such as the "Lowveld Rocket", "Samson's Pillar", and the "Screaming Monster"; some have been dated to 200 million years old. There are also microbial fossils of a cyanobacterium known as collenia in the rock; these formed 2000 million years ago. The caves were used for shelter in prehistoric times, probably due in part to a constant supply of fresh air from an unknown source in the caves.

text:
# Sudwala Caves

The **Sudwala Caves** in Mpumalanga, South Africa, are set in Precambrian dolomite rock, which was first laid down about 2800 million years ago. The caves themselves formed about 240 million years ago. They are one of the oldest caves in the world.

There are a number of speleothem structures in the cave, known by names such as the "Lowveld Rocket", "Samson's Pillar", and the "Screaming Monster"; some have been dated to 200 million years old. There are also microbial fossils of a cyanobacterium known as *collenia* in the rock; these formed 2000 million years ago.

The caves were used for shelter in prehistoric times, probably due in part to a constant supply of fresh air from an unknown source in the caves.

## History

### Creation and early inhabitants

The Sudwala Caves are one of the oldest known caves in the world, and began to form around 240 million years ago. Their formation was caused when natural acid in the groundwater seeped through the faults and joints of the Precambrian dolomite rock. Whilst there are not many signs of life inside the cave, the discovery of primitive stone tools indicate that early humans may have inhabited the cave from as far back as the early Stone Age era (2.5 million years ago), spanning until the late Stone Age era up to a few thousand years B.C.

### Recent history

In the nineteenth century the Sudwala Caves were used by Somquba, the brother of the Swazi heir apparent, as a fortress. In a power struggle for the Swazi throne, many bloody battles were fought at the cave entrance. The story begins as follows: When King Sobhuza I of Swaziland died in 1836, his heir was Mswati II, who was still a minor and too young to ascend the vacant throne. A cousin, Paramount Chief Usutfu, was installed as regent, which proved to be a flawed choice. Usutfu was too weak to prevent Mswati's brother Somquba from making an effective bid for the throne by calling an Incwala, or Festival of the First Fruit. The significance of this is that it is high treason, not to mention sacrilege, for any other person other than the Swazi king to hold an Incwala. After a skirmish with Mswati's army near the Mgwenyana River, 9 km west of Barberton, Somquba and his followers fled the area, with some 500 head of Mswati's cattle. They crossed the Crocodile River and settled near the Mankelexele Mountains, between Elandshoek and Schagen, about 10 km from what are now the Sudwala Caves. Their settlement was known as M’selezie.

Somquba sought and received protection from the newly established Boer settlement of Lydenburg. He made a formal alliance with the (1856–57) Lydenburg Republic.

There was continuous conflict between Mswati's and Somquba's followers in the form of raids and cattle theft. The Boers continued to side with Somquba, in return for labour to dig the first water canal at Lydenburg. Another benefit for the Boers was that Somquba acted as a buffer for them, against Mswati.

During the early 1860s Somquba came to know of the Caves, and subsequently, in times of conflict, he and his followers would take refuge there, with their cattle. They stock-piled food and there was plenty of water, so it made a strong refuge. Somquba maintained observation posts, and always kept the cave entrance clear, so that he could retreat there in a hurry. At that time stage the cave mouth was much smaller, and could barely accommodate the long horns of his small herd of prized Nguni cattle, as they were led in by hand, in single file. The principal guardian of the Caves’ entrance was Sudwala, Somquba's chief inDuna (councillor/captain), whose name is thus commemorated to this day, and whose spirit is legendarily said to linger in the Caves. Today nobody knows how many times Somquba took refuge inside the Caves, but many bloody battles were fought at the site. At one time, the ever-persistent regiments of Mswati built a massive bonfire at the entrance, while Somquba and his followers were inside, in an attempt to suffocate them, but the natural airflow in the Caves foiled this attack. Help was sent for and received from a Lydenburg Boer commando, led by one Abel Erasmus. The commando drove off Mswati's regiments, and freed Somquba. Traces of the fire are still visible to this day. Somquba and his followers used the caves as refuge, until Somquba was killed in an unexpected attack. Survivors stayed on under the leadership of Sudwala, and that is how the caves got their name.

During the Second Boer War, in 1900, the caves were used by the Boers to store ammunition for their 94-pounder Long Tom guns. It was thought that the caves may have been used by President Paul Kruger to store the legendary "Kruger Millions", gold bullion which reputedly disappeared somewhere between Waterval Onder and Nelspruit during Paul Kruger's flight from Pretoria to Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique.

In 1914 a company was formed to excavate huge amounts of bat guano; this was sold as fertilizer to farmers.

## Tourism

The Sudwalaskraal farm that is home to the caves was purchased in 1965 by Philippus Rudolf Owen, and he opened the caves as a tourist attraction. The caves are now administered by the African Heritage Foundation and are open 365 days a year including public holidays.

The "Miriam Makeba Hall" is a large amphitheatre inside the Sudwala Caves. It is 70 metres in diameter and 37 metres high, with a constant temperature of 17 °C. This chamber was used as a concert hall on a number of occasions, including July 1970, when the Russian singer Ivan Rebroff gave a concert. Concerts were stopped due to vandalism in the caves in 2002, but were started again in 2006. Chris Chameleon performed in the caves with the Drakensberg Boys' Choir as part of the InniBos Arts Festival in 2012. The local Stevenson-Hamilton Pipe Band also performed in the caves on 10-03-2013 as part of World Bagpipe Day celebrations. Other artists include Elvis Blue the UJ Choir and a variety of other traditional local musicians.

The Sudwala Caves are a popular tourist attraction in Mpumalanga. One-hour tours of the cave are run during the day, and a monthly five-hour-long *Crystal Tour* takes visitors 2000 metres through the cave, with the tour culminating at a chamber that bears aragonite crystals and the *Sudwala Star*. A documentary film called the "Cave Diaries" was made about the *Crystal Tour*.

## InfoBox

| Sudwala Caves | |
| --- | --- |
| First cavern Sudwala Caves | |
|  | |
| Location | Mpumalanga |
| Coordinates | 25°22′10.98″S 30°42′0.67″E / 25.3697167°S 30.7001861°E / -25.3697167; 30.7001861 |
| Length | 79012 |


title: Craig Frost

abstract: Craig Frost is an American musician who rose to prominence as a member of the rock band Grand Funk Railroad, which he joined in 1973 after working with them the previous year. He plays organ, synthesizers and piano. Frost expanded Grand Funk's "power trio" musical style by adding another aspect to their music. Grand Funk experienced their most success with Frost after he joined the band in 1973, and his recognizable work on their popular hit songs "The Loco-Motion" and "We're an American Band". He also contributed significantly to Grand Funk as a songwriter, in partnership with drummer Don Brewer. After the initial breakup of Grand Funk Railroad in 1977, Frost joined with former bandmates Don Brewer and bassist Mel Schacher to form the short-lived band Flint. After its disbanding, he joined Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band, where he remained for over two decades. In July 2005, Frost "sat in" at a concert in North Branch, Michigan for the first time since 1977 with Grand Funk. He has done so a number of times since, at such locations as Detroit and Las Vegas.

text:
# Craig Frost

**Craig Frost** (born April 20, 1948) is an American musician who rose to prominence as a member of the rock band Grand Funk Railroad, which he joined in 1973 after working with them the previous year. He plays organ, synthesizers and piano.

Frost expanded Grand Funk's "power trio" musical style by adding another aspect to their music. Grand Funk experienced their most success with Frost after he joined the band in 1973, and his recognizable work on their popular hit songs "The Loco-Motion" (Little Eva cover) and "We're an American Band". He also contributed significantly to Grand Funk as a songwriter, in partnership with drummer Don Brewer.

After the initial breakup of Grand Funk Railroad in 1977, Frost joined with former bandmates Don Brewer and bassist Mel Schacher to form the short-lived band Flint. After its disbanding, he joined Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band, where he remained for over two decades. In July 2005, Frost "sat in" at a concert in North Branch, Michigan for the first time since 1977 with Grand Funk. He has done so a number of times since, at such locations as Detroit and Las Vegas.

## InfoBox

| Craig Frost | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1948-04-20) April 20, 1948<br>Flint, Michigan, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Musician * songwriter |
| Instrument | Keyboards |
| Years active | 1960–present |
| Member of | Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band |
| Formerly of | Grand Funk Railroad |


title: Craig Amerkhanian

abstract: Craig Amerkhanian is a Pac-10 college champion oarsman and rowing coach at Stanford University. Amerkhanian also has placed numerous athletes on National, Olympic and "Boat Race" (Oxford/Cambridge) teams. He was an All-Pac-10 oarsman at University of California Berkeley and graduated in 1980 with a degree in History. He received his master's degree in education in 1993. Coach Amerkhanian left Stanford in the spring of 2019, coaching the Cardinal for 19 years on the waters of Redwood Creek. Stanford men’s rowing accomplished unprecedented results: 27 Under 23 USA Stanford National men’s rowing team members, 8 USA Olympians, 1 Canadian Olympian, Back to back San Diego Crew Classic Copley Cup Champions, three Head of the Charles Championship four gold medals, three straight IRA Finals in the Varsity 8- fifth in 2008, third in 2009, second in 2007. Amerkhanian continued to inspire until his last day, quoting Springsteen, the Craig Files, and standing strong as the team embraced the working life that is Stanford Crew.

text:
# Craig Amerkhanian

**Craig Amerkhanian** is a Pac-10 college champion oarsman and rowing coach at Stanford University. Amerkhanian also has placed numerous athletes on National, Olympic and "Boat Race" (Oxford/Cambridge) teams. He was an All-Pac-10 oarsman at University of California Berkeley and graduated in 1980 with a degree in History. He received his master's degree in education in 1993.

Coach Amerkhanian left Stanford in the spring of 2019, coaching the Cardinal for 19 years on the waters of Redwood Creek. Stanford men’s rowing accomplished unprecedented results: 27 Under 23 USA Stanford National men’s rowing team members, 8 USA Olympians, 1 Canadian Olympian, Back to back San Diego Crew Classic Copley Cup Champions, three Head of the Charles Championship four gold medals, three straight IRA Finals in the Varsity 8- fifth in 2008, third in 2009, second in 2007. Amerkhanian continued to inspire until his last day, quoting Springsteen, the Craig Files, and standing strong as the team embraced the working life that is Stanford Crew.

## Career

### Rowing success

After rowing for two years at Orange Coast College, Amerkhanian raced in the Cal varsity eight in 1979 and '80. The '79 team won the Pac-10 championship well as the Opening Day Regatta on the Montlake Cut. The crew traveled to Henley (Cal's first trip since the '48 Olympic crew) and raced in the Grand Challenge Cup. In 1980 the crew was undefeated again throughout the dual racing season.

### Early career

In the fall of 1980, Amerkhanian began a five-year stint with the Oakland Athletics Baseball Co., working with Roy Eisenhardt ('80 Cal frosh coach and A's president). He then worked in the mortgage industry while earning his master's degree in education. Amerkhanian has taught social studies and English in the Oakland and San Ramon school districts.

### At Cal

Amerkhanian's coaching career began at University of California, Berkeley in 1992 when he became the coach of the freshman team, working under his former coach at Cal, Steve Gladstone. The classes of athletes that Amerkhanian recruited during the mid- to late-'90s began a rowing dynasty at Cal. Amerkhanian-coached crews had great success at the IRA national championship regatta, winning gold in '98 and 2000, silver in '99 and '96, and a fourth-place finish in 1997. His freshman crews also won Pac-10 titles in 1994, '95, '96, '98, '99, and 2000.

### At Stanford

After his victorious season with the Cal frosh in 2000, Amerkhanian accepted an offer to become the Director of Stanford's Rowing Program. Amerkhanian takes the lion's share of credit for building a successful rowing program at the University. By 2005, the team included two athletes who had rowed in the 2004 Athens Olympics and another who would go on to compete in Beijing in 2008. Amerkhanian coached four members of the team that competed in the London 2012 Olympics. Coach Amerkhanian was named Pac-10 coach of the year in both 2006 and 2010. Stanford's team under Amerkhanian's leadership has won national titles at the IRA championship regatta in the freshman 4+, varsity 4+, and 2- events, earned silver (2007) and bronze (2009) in the varsity 8+ event, and won the Copley Cup at the San Diego Crew Classic in 2006 and 2007.

## Past athletes coached

Amerkhanian has coached many Olympic athletes, including:


title: Craignish Castle

abstract: Craignish Castle is located on the Craignish peninsula in Argyll, western Scotland and is a category B listed building. The present castle includes a 16th-century tower house, the seat of the Campbell family of Craignish and Jura. In the 19th century it was sold to the Trench-Gascoigne family of Parlington Hall, Yorkshire, who built a large extension to the tower. In the later 20th century the house was restored and parts of the 19th-century extension were demolished. The result of these extensions and styles from various centuries have made the castle a Scottish baronial masterpiece. It has previously been known as Loch Beag.

text:
# Craignish Castle

**Craignish Castle** is located on the Craignish peninsula in Argyll, western Scotland and is a category B listed building. The present castle includes a 16th-century tower house, the seat of the Campbell family of Craignish and Jura (was it the original seat?). In the 19th century it was sold to the Trench-Gascoigne family of Parlington Hall, Yorkshire, who built a large extension to the tower. In the later 20th century the house was restored and parts of the 19th-century extension were demolished. The result of these extensions and styles from various centuries have made the castle a Scottish baronial masterpiece. It has previously been known as Loch Beag.

## History

The Campbells of Craignish claim to descend from Dugal Maul Campbell, the first Laird of Craignish (1156–1190), who was the second son of Sir Archibald Gillespic Campbell, the ancestor of the Dukes of Argyll. The seventh laird left only one daughter, Christine Campbell (b. 1323). Her weakness and imprudence caused the majority of the estate to be resigned to the Knight of Lochow, who took advantage of her. As a result, she was left with only a small portion of the upper part of Craignish under his superiority. The nearest male representative, Ronald Campbell, fought hard to win back his heritage. The then Chief of Clan Campbell was obliged to allow him possession of a considerable portion of the estate, but retaining the superiority, and inserting a condition in the grant that if there was ever no male heir in the direct line the lands were to revert automatically to the Argyll family.

The present castle was built in the 16th century as a tower house, and measures 12.7 by 10.2 metres (42 by 33 ft). It is said to have withstood a siege of six weeks by Colkitto MacDonald. In 1510, Ranald MacCallum was made hereditary keeper of Craignish Castle.

In 1544 the direct line ended, and the rightful heir, a collateral relative by the name of Charles Campbell of Corranmore in Craignish had the misfortune to kill Gillies of Glenmore in a brawl. This compelled him to flee to Perthshire where he settled at Lochtayside under the protection of the Breadalbane family. From this incident, Charles was prevented from claiming the estate and as a result, the castle fell into the hands of the Earls (later Dukes) of Argyll.

Charles' descendants at Killin, Perthshire were later recognised by the Lord Lyon as Chieftains of the Clan Tearlach branch of Clan Campbell and from them descended the Campbells of Inverneill. In the 1980s, a grandson of Duncan Campbell, 8th of Inverneill, owned one of the apartments at Craignish Castle.

The title 'Baron of Craignish' was created for Edmund Kempt Campbell by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1848, and was used by his descendants in Britain, though this was after the sale of Craignish.

In the 19th-century Craignish Castle was purchased by Frederick Trench-Gascoigne and his wife Isabella, heiress of the Gascoigne family of Parlington Hall. By the 1880s, Trench-Gascoigne owned 5,591 acres (2,263 ha) in Argyll. In 1837, the tower house was extended by the architect David Bryce, working to designs by William Burn. The Gascoigne’s commissioned Alexander Ritchie to build the Celtic Room. The room itself is made with inlaid carved oak, created from rubbings that Ritchie took from the tombs of the Kings of Scotland buried on Iona. It is this method and his Celtic craftwork that Ritchie is best known for. The room was completed in 1907.

The castle also has a bottle dungeon, cut out of rock under the kitchen floor, and is one of the few remaining in Scotland today. There is also the original Yett on the side door, with a right-handed spiral staircase.

In 1941 the house was requisitioned for use as a home for children evacuated from Glasgow. In the later 20th century it was restored and divided into privately owned apartments.

56°9′18″N 5°35′23″W / 56.15500°N 5.58972°W / 56.15500; -5.58972


title: Court Boice

abstract: Court Boice is an American Republican politician currently serving the 1st district in the Oregon House of Representatives. This district includes Curry County and parts of Coos and Douglas counties. Boice became state representative on February 9, 2023. The seat had been vacant since January 11, when David Brock Smith, the district's previous representative, took the Oregon State Senate seat for the 1st district after Dallas Heard resigned from the Senate. Prior to his appointment to the state legislature, Boice was a Curry County commissioner.

text:
# Court Boice

**Court Boice** is an American Republican politician currently serving the 1st district in the Oregon House of Representatives. This district includes Curry County and parts of Coos and Douglas counties. Boice became state representative on February 9, 2023. The seat had been vacant since January 11, when David Brock Smith, the district's previous representative, took the Oregon State Senate seat for the 1st district after Dallas Heard resigned from the Senate. Prior to his appointment to the state legislature, Boice was a Curry County commissioner.

## Political Positions

Following the Standoff at Eagle Pass, Boice signed a letter in support of Texas Governor Greg Abbott's decision in the conflict.

## InfoBox

| Court Boice | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Oregon House of Representatives
from the 1st district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
February 9, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | David Brock Smith |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence(s) | Gold Beach, Oregon, U.S. |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Court Charity

abstract: Court Charity is a friendly society of the Foresters Friendly Society. It is located on Burenstraat in the centre of Paramaribo, Suriname. The building is a monument.

text:
# Court Charity

**Court Charity** is a friendly society of the Foresters Friendly Society. It is located on Burenstraat in the centre of Paramaribo, Suriname. The building is a monument.

## History

J.F. Waakhuizen became interested in the Ancient Order of Foresters in neighbouring Georgetown, British Guiana, and wanted to establish a court in Suriname. The English headquarters gave permission on 8 December 1885, and the court was inaugurated on 29 July 1886 as Court Charity no. 7416. A cacao warehouse in Burenstraat was acquired, and on 13 November 1909, the current building was inaugurated. Originally, the court was part of the Guiana United District.

## Building

The style of the building is atypical. There are some Surinamese elements like the galleries, but also two distinct towers and a mansard roof. The meeting room is on the top floor. On the wall there are paintings like Good Samaritan. The ceiling is vault like and depicts a sky with moon and stars. The building was declared a monument in 1994. In 2014, it was renovated with financial aid of the Dutch embassy.

## Society

In 1928, the society started to grow. In 1938, Court Humanitas was founded to allow women in the society. In 1972, the Court Charity of Suriname became an independent organisation. As of 2006, the society has 1,600 members over 17 courts. The members are mainly elderly Afro-Surinamese people, and the society has difficulty attracting younger members.

A notable member was Lou Lichtveld who wrote *Geschiedenis en Ontstaan der Foresterie* (1952) about the history of the society using the pseudonym J.B. Tenoten (Junior Beadle of Court 10010).

1. "Van stad en land". *De Surinamer via Delpher* (in Dutch). 23 November 1909.
2. "Court Charity". *Suriname.nu* (in Dutch). 17 August 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
3. "Monumentenlijst (2014)". *City of Paramaribo* (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 March 2021.
4. Mulder 2006, p. 44.
5. Benjamins, Herman Daniël; Snelleman, Johannes (1917). *Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië* (in Dutch). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 303–305. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
6. "Court Humanitas, Burenstraat 26". *City of Paramaribo* (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 March 2021.
7. "Renovatie gebouw Court Charity hervat". *Dagblad Suriname* (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 March 2021.
8. Mulder 2006, p. 45.
9. Mulder 2006, p. 53.
10. Mulder 2006, p. 42.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Court Charity | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location within Paramaribo | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Paramaribo |
| Country | Suriname |
| Coordinates | 5°49′38″N 55°09′47″W / 5.82719°N 55.16314°W / 5.82719; -55.16314 |
| Completed | 13 November 1909 |
| Client | Foresters Friendly Society |


title: Subdivisions of Senegal

text:
# Subdivisions of Senegal

Senegal is subdivided into four levels of administrative divisions.

## Regions

At the top level are the Regions of Senegal and their elected administrative body. The 14 regions (*régions*, singular - *région*), are administered by a *Conseil Régionaux*, which is elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level.

| Region | Capital | Area
(km2) | Population
(2013 census)
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Dakar** | Dakar | 547 | 3,137,196 |
| **Ziguinchor** | Ziguinchor | 7,352 | 549,151 |
| **Diourbel** | Diourbel | 4,824 | 1,497,455 |
| **Saint-Louis** | Saint-Louis | 19,241 | 908,942 |
| **Tambacounda** | Tambacounda | 42,364 | 681,310 |
| **Kaolack** | Kaolack | 5,357 | 960,875 |
| **Thiès** | Thiès | 6,670 | 1,788,864 |
| **Louga** | Louga | 24,889 | 874,193 |
| **Fatick** | Fatick | 6,849 | 835,352 |
| **Kolda** | Kolda | 13,771 | 714,392 |
| **Matam** | Matam | 29,445 | 562,539 |
| **Kaffrine** | Kaffrine | 11,262 | 566,992 |
| **Kédougou** | Kédougou | 16,800 | 152,357 |
| **Sédhiou** | Sédhiou | 7,341 | 452,944 |

## Departments

Regions are subdivided into Departments, which are strictly administrative entities with no independent political power.

## Arrondissements

Departments are made up of Arrondissements. These are also purely administrative structures, with prefects appointed by the central government.

## Communes

City arrondissements (such as in Dakar and Pikine) are divided into *Communes d'arrondissement*. In the Dakar Region, since 1996, the four Arrondissements have been subdivided into such Communes d'arrondissement, with appointed Sub-Prefects, answerable to their Arrondissement Prefects. Outside the large cities, the built up areas are titled *communes de ville* and the rural arrondissements divided into *communautés rurales* which maintain the same powers: city councils and mayors, directly elected.

Senegal's subdivisions number 14 *régions*, 45 *départements*, 133 *arrondissements*, 46 *communes d'arrondissement*, 113 *communes de ville* and 370 *communautés rurales*.


title: Crambus rossinii

abstract: Crambus rossinii is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Graziano Bassi in 2012. It is found in Zimbabwe.

text:
# Crambus rossinii

***Crambus rossinii*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Graziano Bassi in 2012. It is found in Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Crambus rossinii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Crambus* |
| Species: | ***C. rossinii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crambus rossinii***<br>Bassi, 2012 | |
|


title: Crambus satrapellus

abstract: Crambus satrapellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zincken in 1821. It is found from the United States to Brazil. Adults are on wing from July to September in most of North America, but year-round in Florida.

text:
# Crambus satrapellus

***Crambus satrapellus*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zincken in 1821. It is found from the United States (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, South Carolina and Texas) to Brazil.

Adults are on wing from July to September in most of North America, but year-round in Florida.

## InfoBox

| *Crambus satrapellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Crambus* |
| Species: | ***C. satrapellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crambus satrapellus***<br>(Zincken, 1821) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chilo satrapellus* Zincken, 1821 * *Crambus aculiellus* Hampson, 1896 * *Crambus aculeilellus* Walker, 1863 * *Crambus aureorufus* Hampson, 1919 * *Crambus elegantellus* Walker, 1863 | |


title: Crambus sapidus

abstract: Crambus sapidus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1967. It is found in Suriname.

text:
# Crambus sapidus

***Crambus sapidus*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1967. It is found in Suriname.

## InfoBox

| *Crambus sapidus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Crambus* |
| Species: | ***C. sapidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crambus sapidus***<br>Błeszyński, 1967 | |
|


title: Summi maeroris

abstract:
Summi maeroris is one of several peace encyclicals of Pope Pius XII focusing in particular on the dangers to peace during the Holy Year. It was given at Rome, at St. Peter's on July 19, 1950, the twelfth year of his Pontificate. The Pope portrays a mixed picture of his time: on one hand there are millions of people who come to Rome as pilgrims from all nations of the world. They give testimony of oneness in faith, brotherly unity, and piety. On the other, the present social conditions of the people give reason for high anxiety and concern. The call for hate and class-warfare is not going to solve any problems. They need to be tackled not with violence but by the law of justice. In addition, the spectre of another war is looming:
  - Whatever the genius of man has produced that is beautiful and good and holy, all of this can be practically annihilated. Real peace is only possible on the basis of Christian principles: Such principles and norms, in fact, recall men to truth, justice and charity; they put a restraint on their unruly desires; they force the senses to be obedient to reason; they move the reason to obey God; they produce this effect, "that all men, even those who are rulers of the peoples, may recognize the freedom that is due to religion, which, beyond its primary purpose of leading souls to eternal salvation, has also another, of safeguarding and protecting the very foundations of the State." But, referring to Eastern Europe and China, without mentioning these countries, the Pope continues, in some parts of the world, these principles are trampled upon and the rights of the Church are violated. They forbid her ministers the free exercise of religious worship. They even condemn them to exile and to prison. They impede or directly proscribe and destroy schools and institutes of education which are conducted according to Christian norms and principles. There was always persecution and armed violence against the Church. The Church desires to win over peoples and to educate them to virtue and right social living, not by means of arms but with the truth.

text:
# Summi maeroris

***Summi maeroris*** is one of several peace encyclicals of Pope Pius XII focusing in particular on the dangers to peace during the Holy Year. It was given at Rome, at St. Peter's on July 19, 1950, the twelfth year of his Pontificate.

The Pope portrays a mixed picture of his time: on one hand there are millions of people who come to Rome as pilgrims from all nations of the world. They give testimony of oneness in faith, brotherly unity, and piety. On the other, the present social conditions of the people give reason for high anxiety and concern. The call for hate and class-warfare is not going to solve any problems. They need to be tackled not with violence but by the law of justice. In addition, the spectre of another war is looming:

* Whatever the genius of man has produced that is beautiful and good and holy, all of this can be practically annihilated.

Real peace is only possible on the basis of Christian principles: Such principles and norms, in fact, recall men to truth, justice and charity; they put a restraint on their unruly desires; they force the senses to be obedient to reason; they move the reason to obey God; they produce this effect, "that all men, even those who are rulers of the peoples, may recognize the freedom that is due to religion, which, beyond its primary purpose of leading souls to eternal salvation, has also another, of safeguarding and protecting the very foundations of the State."

But, referring to Eastern Europe and China, without mentioning these countries, the Pope continues, in some parts of the world, these principles are trampled upon and the rights of the Church are violated. They forbid her ministers the free exercise of religious worship. They even condemn them to exile and to prison. They impede or directly proscribe and destroy schools and institutes of education which are conducted according to Christian norms and principles. There was always persecution and armed violence against the Church. The Church desires to win over peoples and to educate them to virtue and right social living, not by means of arms but with the truth.

1. *Summi maeroris*, 3
2. *Summi maeroris*, 6
3. *Summi maeroris*, 9
4. *Summi maeroris*, 9
5. *Summi maeroris*, 12.
6. *Summi maeroris*, 12.

## InfoBox

| *Summi maeroris*<br>Encyclical of Pope Pius XII | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Signature date | 19 July 1950 |
| Number | 17 of the pontificate |
|


title: Sujjan Singh (golfer)

abstract: Sujjan Singh is an Indian professional golfer. He turned professional in 2005 and joined the Professional Golf Tour of India, where he has two wins. In 2011 he joined the Asian Tour, and finished 32nd in the Order of Merit in his debut season to retain his card. Singh was married to Irina Brar, a former Indian number one ladies' golfer. The couple have been separated since 2018. He is a close friend of fellow professional golfer Gurbaaz Mann. The two even formed a band together, in which Singh played drums. Sujjan was educated at Bishop Cotton School (Shimla), a prestigious boarding school. In 1998, he was the School Captain.

text:
# Sujjan Singh (golfer)

**Sujjan Singh** (born 12 September 1980) is an Indian professional golfer.

He turned professional in 2005 and joined the Professional Golf Tour of India, where he has two wins. In 2011 he joined the Asian Tour, and finished 32nd in the Order of Merit in his debut season to retain his card.

Singh was married to Irina Brar, a former Indian number one ladies' golfer. The couple have been separated since 2018. He is a close friend of fellow professional golfer Gurbaaz Mann. The two even formed a band together, in which Singh played drums. Sujjan was educated at Bishop Cotton School (Shimla), a prestigious boarding school. In 1998, he was the School Captain.

## Professional wins (3)

### Asian Development Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of
victory | Runners-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 Jul 2012 | Taman Dayu Championship | −22 (64-63-67-72=266) | 6 strokes | Anthony Choat,  Antonio Lascuña,
Michael Moore |

### Professional Golf Tour of India wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of
victory | Runner-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 Mar 2010 | Aircel PGTI Players Championship (Panchkula) | −7 (72-72-66-71=281) | Playoff | Anura Rohana |
| 2 | 10 Jun 2011 | PGTI Players Championship (Oxford) | −11 (69-72-67-69=277) | 1 stroke | Himmat Rai |

## InfoBox

| Sujjan Singh | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| **Born** | (1980-09-12) 12 September 1980 |
| **Height** | 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) |
| **Sporting nationality** | India |
| **Residence** | Chandigarh, India |
| Career | |
| **Turned professional** | 2005 |
| **Current tour(s)** | Asian Tour |
| **Former tour(s)** | Professional Golf Tour of India |
| **Professional wins** | 3 |


title: Sujjon

abstract: Sujjon is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) away from sub post office Mahil Gailan, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Nawanshahr, 18.6 kilometres (11.6 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 106 kilometres (66 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Sujjon

**Sujjon** is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) away from sub post office Mahil Gailan, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Nawanshahr, 18.6 kilometres (11.6 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 106 kilometres (66 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, Sujjon has a total number of 387 houses and population of 1661 of which 805 include are males while 856 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Sujjon is 81.47% higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 150 which is 9.03% of total population of Sujjon, and child sex ratio is approximately 807 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.

Most of the people are from saini or Shoorsaini caste which is 80% of population. Schedule Caste which constitutes 19.63% of total population in Sujjon. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 484 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Sujjon which includes 400 males and 84 females. According to census survey report 2011, 84.30% workers describe their work as main work and 15.70% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Education

The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary school established in 1995. The school provide mid-day meal per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14.

Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur, KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi). The village is 87 kilometres (54 mi) away from Chandigarh University, 64 kilometres (40 mi) from Indian Institute of Technology and 40 kilometres (25 mi) away from Lovely Professional University.

## Transport

Nawanshahr train station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is 11.8 kilometres (7.3 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 68 kilometres (42 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 149 kilometres (93 mi) away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Sujjon | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SujjonLocation in Punjab, IndiaSujjonSujjon (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°12′51″N 76°04′16″E / 31.2141879°N 76.0710233°E / 31.2141879; 76.0710233 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 251 m (823 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,661 |
|  | Sex ratio 805/856 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144506 |
| Telephone code | 01823 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Post office | Mahil Gailan (S.O) |
| Website | nawanshahr.nic.in |


title: Success at Any Price

abstract: Success at Any Price is a 1934 American pre-Code film starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Genevieve Tobin, Frank Morgan and silent film star Colleen Moore. It is based on the 1932 play Success Story by John Howard Lawson.

text:
# Success at Any Price

***Success at Any Price*** is a 1934 American pre-Code film starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Genevieve Tobin, Frank Morgan and silent film star Colleen Moore. It is based on the 1932 play *Success Story* by John Howard Lawson.

## Plot

Joe, an amoral capitalist and boyfriend of Sarah Griswold, gets a job as a clerk in a New York City advertising agency and starts to work his way to the top. He is fired, but Sarah intervenes on his behalf and he manages to create an ad that earns him a promotion. He meets the mistress of his boss and decides to woo the mistress away. The company is in trouble, but Joe has invested wisely and sells out his boss to his competitor. He abandons Sarah and proposes to the mistress, who marries him. Joe becomes head of his agency, but because he neglects his new wife, she becomes the mistress of another man. He attempts suicide, but Sarah rescues him and nurses him back to health.

## Cast

1. "Success At Any Price: Technical Details". theiapolis.com. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
2. "Success Story". *New York Times*. Retrieved April 9, 2014.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Success at Any Price* | |
| --- | --- |
| Film still of Colleen Moore and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. from *Success at Any Price*. | |
| Directed by | J. Walter Ruben |
| Screenplay by | John Howard Lawson
Howard J. Green |
| Based on | *Success Story*
1932 play
by John Howard Lawson |
| Produced by | Merian C. Cooper (executive producer) |
| Starring | Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
Genevieve Tobin
Frank Morgan
Colleen Moore |
| Cinematography | Henry Gerrard |
| Edited by | Jack Hively |
| Music by | Max Steiner |
| Production
company | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Release date | * May 3, 1934 (1934-05-03) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Coutts Lindsay

abstract: Sir Coutts Lindsay, 2nd Baronet, was a British artist and watercolourist.

text:
# Coutts Lindsay

**Sir Coutts Lindsay, 2nd Baronet** (2 February 1824  7 May 1913 Kingston upon Thames), was a British artist and watercolourist.

## Life

Lindsay was the eldest son of Lieutenant-General Sir James Lindsay, son of the Hon. Robert Lindsay, second son of James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres. His mother was Anne, daughter of Sir Coutts Trotter, 1st Baronet, a principal partner in Coutt's Bank. Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage, was his younger brother. In 1839 he succeeded by special remainder to his maternal grandfather's baronetcy (which became extinct on Lindsay's own death). He then entered the army, commanding the 1st Regiment of the Italian Legion during the Crimean War before retiring from military life to devote himself to art. From 1862 to 1874 he exhibited many pictures, including various successful portraits. In 1879 he and his first wife, Lady Lindsay (of Balcarres), were both elected to membership of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours. His studio at 4-5 Cromwell Place was also used by Archibald Stuart-Wortley.

He and his first wife founded the Grosvenor Gallery in 1877 as an alternative to the Royal Academy. It was devoted to exhibiting works by the Pre-Raphaelites (then held to be too stylistically advanced for the Royal Academy) and becoming the focus of the Aesthetic Movement from then until its closure in 1890. Its inaugural exhibition on 1 May 1877 included James Whistler's *Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket*, leading to the famous libel trial between Whistler and John Ruskin. Coutts was important to the careers of Coutts' friends Whistler and George Frederic Watts in providing a sympathetic venue for the display of their work. However, the gallery declined after Lindsay separated from his first wife, and it closed in 1890. In the 30 years before her death she then lived in London and Venice, gathering a circle of friends including Alma Tadema, GF Watts and Robert Browning and collecting a number of fine paintings (some of which she left to the National Gallery). She also published several volumes of poetry, including *From a Venetian Balcony* (1903) and *Poems of Love and Death* (1907).

## Marriages

He first married in 1864 to the distinguished artist, novelist and poet Caroline Blanche Elizabeth Fitzroy (born 1844, died 10 August 1912, London), daughter of the Rt. Hon. Henry Fitzroy by his wife Hannah Mayer de Rothschild (daughter of Nathan Meyer Rothschild). Her portrait by Joseph Middleton Jopling is at the National Portrait Gallery, London. His daughter Harriet Euphemia Susan Lindsay married Thomas Selby Henrey, who was father of Robert Selby Henry, who was father of Bobby Henrey.

Lindsay's first marriage broke down after his founding of the Grosvenor Gallery, with Lady Lindsay taking control of it. They lived separately until her death in 1912; Lindsay's second marriage, in 1912, was to Kate Harriet Burfield (d. 1937). He is buried at St Andrew's Church, Ham.

## Works

### Plays

## Bibliography

* Walkley, Giles, *Artists' houses in London 17641914*, Aldershot, 1994

Casteras, Susan P., Colleen Denney, *The Grosvenor Gallery: a Palace of Art in Victorian England*, New Haven, 1996 The Annual Register 1913, p. 95

* *Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford, on-line edition (accessed 2004).

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Lindsay, Sir Coutts". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 770.


title: Coutts Trotter (writer)

abstract: Coutts Trotter was a Scottish author. The late Mr. Coutts Trotter was the eldest son of Mr. Archibald Trotter, of Dreghorn, Midlothian, and by his death, the Royal Geographical Society has lost a Fellow of thirty years' standing, and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society one of its earliest and most zealous supporters. He was born in April 1831, in Edinburgh, and was educated at Rugby and Haileybury, being destined for the service of the East India Company. Here he gave evidence of future distinction, and carried off the gold medal for political economy. But, unfortunately, he was constitutionally delicate, and was soon to find that his bad health was sufficient to debar him from any public career of usefulness. Although appointed to a post in Bengal, he got no further than Bombay, and had to return home invalided almost immediately. When sufficiently recovered he made another attempt to join his post, but with equal unsuccess; the climate was too much for him. Then he studied for a short time at Balliol College, Oxford, without any intention of entering a profession. In 1862 he married Harriet, daughter of the Right Hon. Richard Keatinge, one of the judges of the High Court of Justice in Dublin, and some years afterwards settled in Bournemouth for the benefit of his health. Here he began reviewing for the Athenæum, which he continued to do for nearly thirty years, and for the academy till it changed hands. He also contributed to the Quarterly Review and Blackwood's Magazine. In 1882 he settled in Edinburgh, and two years afterwards he helped to found the Geographical Society of Scotland for the purpose of diffusing and popularizing that important branch of knowledge in the northern kingdom. His interest in it never slackened, and he continued to attend committee meetings almost up to the end, when he was so enfeebled that he could not walk without assistance. For the benefit of his health, he was frequently ordered abroad. In 1886 he visited Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Australia, thereby gaining a personal knowledge of that part of the world which made him a competent authority on geographical and other questions connected therewith. He had for some years previously taken a keen interest in such questions, especially in the island of New Guinea, the extension of British influence over which found in him a warm advocate. At the invitation of his friend the Rev. Robertson Smith, then editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica, he contributed to its ninth edition the articles on Fiji and New Guinea. He also read a paper on New Guinea at the meeting of the British Association in 1883, and a more extended account of the existing knowledge of the great island was printed in the R.G.S. Proceedings in 1884. He had carefully studied the history of discovery in this region, and served for several years on the council of the Hakluyt Society.

text:
# Coutts Trotter (writer)

**Coutts Trotter** (April 1831 – 5 February 1906) was a Scottish author.

The late Mr. Coutts Trotter was the eldest son of Mr. Archibald Trotter, of Dreghorn, Midlothian, and by his death, the Royal Geographical Society has lost a Fellow of thirty years' standing, and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society one of its earliest and most zealous supporters. He was born in April 1831, in Edinburgh, and was educated at Rugby and Haileybury, being destined for the service of the East India Company. Here he gave evidence of future distinction, and carried off the gold medal for political economy. But, unfortunately, he was constitutionally delicate, and was soon to find that his bad health was sufficient to debar him from any public career of usefulness. Although appointed to a post in Bengal, he got no further than Bombay, and had to return home invalided almost immediately. When sufficiently recovered he made another attempt to join his post, but with equal unsuccess; the climate was too much for him. Then he studied for a short time at Balliol College, Oxford, without any intention of entering a profession. In 1862 he married Harriet, daughter of the Right Hon. Richard Keatinge, one of the judges of the High Court of Justice in Dublin, and some years afterwards settled in Bournemouth for the benefit of his health. Here he began reviewing for the Athenæum, which he continued to do for nearly thirty years, and for the academy till it changed hands. He also contributed to the Quarterly Review and Blackwood's Magazine. In 1882 he settled in Edinburgh, and two years afterwards he helped to found the Geographical Society of Scotland for the purpose of diffusing and popularizing that important branch of knowledge in the northern kingdom. His interest in it never slackened, and he continued to attend committee meetings almost up to the end, when he was so enfeebled that he could not walk without assistance.

For the benefit of his health, he was frequently ordered abroad. In 1886 he visited Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Australia, thereby gaining a personal knowledge of that part of the world which made him a competent authority on geographical and other questions connected therewith. He had for some years previously taken a keen interest in such questions, especially in the island of New Guinea, the extension of British influence over which found in him a warm advocate. At the invitation of his friend the Rev. Robertson Smith, then editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica, he contributed to its ninth edition the articles on Fiji and New Guinea. He also read a paper on New Guinea at the meeting of the British Association in 1883, and a more extended account of the existing knowledge of the great island was printed in the R.G.S. Proceedings in 1884. He had carefully studied the history of discovery in this region, and served for several years on the council of the Hakluyt Society.

## Family

His daughter Louisa Kathleen Coutts Trotter (1863–1961) married John Scott Haldane and was the mother of J. B. S. Haldane and Naomi Mitchison.

* "Obituary: Coutts Trotter". *The Geographical Journal*. **27**: 512–513. 1906.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.


title: Sue Bruce

abstract: Sue Bruce is a New Zealand former middle-distance runner who competed mainly in cross country running and track. She ran for New Zealand at five straight editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships from 1983 to 1987. She shared in the team silver medal at the 1986 race alongside Christine McMiken, Gail Rear, Mary O'Connor and Wendy Renner, and was a team bronze medallist at the 1984 race with Dianne Rodger, O'Connor, and Christine Hughes. Her best individual finish was eighth place in 1985. Bruce won the 3000 metres title at the New Zealand Athletics Championships in 1985, her sole national title at the competition.

text:
# Sue Bruce

**Sue Bruce** (born 25 July 1964) is a New Zealand former middle-distance runner who competed mainly in cross country running and track. She ran for New Zealand at five straight editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships from 1983 to 1987. She shared in the team silver medal at the 1986 race alongside Christine McMiken, Gail Rear, Mary O'Connor and Wendy Renner, and was a team bronze medallist at the 1984 race with Dianne Rodger, O'Connor, and Christine Hughes. Her best individual finish was eighth place in 1985.

Bruce won the 3000 metres title at the New Zealand Athletics Championships in 1985, her sole national title at the competition.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | World Cross Country Championships | Gateshead, United Kingdom | 27th | Senior race | 14:26 |
| | | | 6th | Team | 122 pts |
| 1984 | World Cross Country Championships | East Rutherford, United States | 31st | Senior race | 16:45 |
| | | | 3rd | Team | 91 pts |
| 1985 | World Cross Country Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 8th | Senior race | 15:42 |
| | | | 7th | Team | 144 pts |
| 1986 | World Cross Country Championships | Colombier, Switzerland | 32nd | Senior race | 15:40.6 |
| | | | 2nd | Team | 67 pts |
| 1987 | World Cross Country Championships | Warsaw, Poland | 82nd | Senior race | 18:13 |
| | | | 11th | Team | 205 pts |

## National titles

## InfoBox

Sue Bruce
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1964-07-23) 23 July 1964 |
| Sport | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | Cross country running, 100 kilometres |
| Medal record      World Cross Country Championships  1986 Colombier Team  1984 East Rutherford Team | |


title: Create

abstract:
To create is to make a new person, place, thing, or phenomenon. The term and its variants may also refer to:
  - Creativity, phenomenon whereby something new and valuable is created
  - Character development in acting

text:
# Create

To **create** is to make a new person, place, thing, or phenomenon. The term and its variants may also refer to:

## Art, entertainment, and media

* Create (TV network), an American public television network consisting of lifestyle and human interest programming from the libraries of PBS and American Public Television
* *Create* (video game), a 2010 video game published by EA

## Brands and enterprises

## Computing and technology

## Organizations and programs

* Create Project, a web-based community focused on communication and sharing between Free and Open Source Creative applications
* Create (charity), a UK creative arts charity
* Create Lithuania, native name Kurk Lietuvai, a Lithuanian government agency.

## Transportation


title: Crave (Cyclefly album)

abstract: Crave is the second album from the band Cyclefly, released on 8 April 2002. The album, originally called Tales from the Fish Bowl, had a vote by fans to decide the album art.

text:
# Crave (Cyclefly album)

***Crave*** is the second album from the band Cyclefly, released on 8 April 2002.

The album, originally called *Tales from the Fish Bowl*, had a vote by fans to decide the album art.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Music Reviewer | 10.0/10 |

Andy Capper wrote an astonishingly scathing one-star review of the album in NME, decrying it as "a turgid, tuneless, completely crass piece of mix and match nu-metal" and describing the vocals as "whiny and useless", while also referring to fans of the nu metal genre as "wankers" and attacking them for being allegedly unintelligent and "easy to swindle".

A far less derisive review came from Harry Guerin, speaking from RTÉ, who highlighted the acoustic content of the record over the heavier material and expressed optimism in the band's future endeavours: "*Crave* is very much a case of a band with a work in progress sign hanging over their heads".

Greg Leos of *Unearthed* gave the album a positive review, stating that it "has enough texture, power and hunger to leave listeners wanting more".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "No Stress" | 3:46 |
| 2. | "Karma Killer" (feat. Chester Bennington) | 2:48 |
| 3. | "Sellophane Fixtures" | 3:13 |
| 4. | "Crave" | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Drive" | 3:48 |
| 6. | "Crowns" | 4:17 |
| 7. | "Lost Opinion" | 3:35 |
| 8. | "King for a Day" | 4:12 |
| 9. | "Fallen Wishes" | 3:26 |
| 10. | "Bulletproof" | 3:07 |
| 11. | "Tales from the Fishbowl" (feat. Sacha Puttnam) | 4:53 |

Bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Weary" | 4:05 |
| 13. | "Accidental Ornaments" | 3:01 |

### Outtakes

* "Five Years" (David Bowie cover) - 6:03 (Blockbuster: A 70's Glitter Glam Rock Experience compilation)
* "Small Idols" - 3:04 (No Stress single)
* "Karma Killer (Bill Appleberry Mix)" - 2:47 (Released on the band's MySpace page)
* "Crave (Sacha Puttnam & Ciaran O'Shea Remix)" - 4:00 (Released on the band's MySpace page)
* "Middle Class" - 4:07 (Unreleased)
* "Sufficate" (Unreleased)
* "World Idiot" (Unreleased)
* "Wormholes" - 3:49 (Unreleased)
* "Angelgrace" (Unreleased)
* "Slaves To The Sunshine" (Unreleased)
* "Revolver" - 3:14 (Unreleased)
* "Tranquillity" (Unreleased)
* "A Perfect Feeling" (Unreleased)

## Personnel

## Release history

| Region | Date |
| --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | April 8, 2002 |
| United States | April 9, 2002 |

## InfoBox

| Crave | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Cyclefly | |
| Released | April 8, 2002 (2002-04-08) |
| Recorded | 2000 at
Parkage Studios
(East Sussex, England)
2001 at
Totally Wired
(Dublin, Ireland) |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Radioactive Records
MCA Records |
| Producer | Bill Appleberry/Tobias Miller
Colin Richardson |
| Cyclefly chronology | |
| *Generation Sap*
(1999) ***Crave***
(2002) | |


title: Cravat (early)

abstract: The cravat is a neckband, the forerunner of the modern tailored necktie and bow tie, originating from a style worn by members of the 17th century military unit known as the Cravats. The modern British "cravat" is called an "ascot" in American English. From the end of the 16th century, the term band applied to any long-strip neckcloth that was not a ruff. The ruff, a starched, pleated white linen strip, originated earlier in the 16th century as a neckcloth, as a bib, or as a napkin. A band could be either a plain, attached shirt collar, or a detachable "falling band" that draped over the doublet collar. It is possible that initially, cravats were worn to hide soil on shirts.

text:
# Cravat (early)

The **cravat** (/krəˈvæt/) is a neckband, the forerunner of the modern tailored necktie and bow tie, originating from a style worn by members of the 17th century military unit known as the Cravats. The modern British "cravat" is called an "ascot" in American English.

From the end of the 16th century, the term *band* applied to any long-strip neckcloth that was not a ruff. The ruff, a starched, pleated white linen strip, originated earlier in the 16th century as a neckcloth (readily changeable, to minimize the soiling of a doublet), as a bib, or as a napkin. A band could be either a plain, attached shirt collar, or a detachable "falling band" that draped over the doublet collar. It is possible that initially, cravats were worn to hide soil on shirts.

## History

According to 1828 encyclopedic *The art of tying the cravat: demonstrated in sixteen lessons*, the Romans were the first to wear knotted kerchiefs around their necks, but the modern version of the cravat (French: *la cravate*) originated in the 1660s. During the reign of Louis XIV of France, Croatian mercenaries were enlisted in 1660 wearing a necktie called a *tour de cou*. The traditional Croat military kit aroused Parisian curiosity about the unusual, picturesque scarves distinctively knotted at the Croats' necks:

*In 1660 a regiment of Croats arrived in France — a part of their singular costume excited the greatest admiration, and was immediately and generally imitated; this was a tour de cou, made (for the private soldiers) of common lace, and of muslin or silk for the officers; the ends were arranged en rosette, or ornamented with a button or tuft, which hung gracefully on the breast. This new arrangement, which confined the throat but very slightly, was at first termed a Croat, since corrupted to Cravat. The Cravats of the officers and people of rank were extremely fine, and the ends were embroidered or trimmed with broad lace; those for the lower classes were subsequently made of cloth or cotton, or at the best of black taffeta, plaited: Which was tied round the neck by two small strings.*

Often the Dubrovnik poet Ivan Gundulić is credited with the invention of the cravat, due to a portrait hanging in the Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik. The scholar depicted in the painting looks very much like the frontispiece to his *Osman* published in 1844. However, considering the hairstyle, this portrait is more probably a later portrait of his namesake Dživo (Ivan) Šiškov Gundulić, also a Dubrovnik poet. In their honor, Croatia celebrates Cravat Day on October 18.

On returning to England from exile in 1660, Charles II imported with him the latest new word in fashion: "A cravatte is another kind of adornment for the neck being nothing else but a long towel put about the Collar, and so tyed before with a Bow Knott; this is the original of all such Wearings; but now by the Art and Inventions of the seamsters, there is so many new ways of making them, that it would be a task to name, much more to describe them".

During the wars of Louis XIV of 1689–1697, except for court, the flowing cravat was replaced with the more current, and equally military, "**Steinkirk**", named after the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692. The Steinkirk was a long, narrow, plain or lightly-trimmed neckcloth worn with military dress, wrapped once about the neck in a loose knot, with the lace of fringed ends twisted together and tucked out of the way into a button-hole, either of the coat or the waistcoat. It was designed to be worn in deliberate disarray. The fashion apparently began after troops at the Battle of Steenkerque had no time to tie their cravats properly before going into action. The steinkirk was popular with men and women until the 1720s. Colley Cibber's play *The Careless Husband* (1704) had a famous Steinkirk Scene.

The maccaronis reintroduced the flowing cravat in the 1770s, and the manner of a man's knotting became indicative of his taste and style, to the extent that after the Battle of Waterloo (1815) the cravat began to be referred to as a "tie".

## Sources


title: Subercase River

abstract: The Subercase River is a tributary of Grasset Lake (watershed of Nottaway River, in the Nord-du-Québec administrative region, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in Canada. The course of the river crosses the townships of Desmazures, Daloigny, La Gauchetière, Saint Hélène, Subercase and Grasset. Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. Recreational tourism activities come second. This hydrographic slope has some forest access roads. The surface of the river is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

text:
# Subercase River

The **Subercase River** is a tributary of Grasset Lake (watershed of Nottaway River, in the Nord-du-Québec administrative region, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in Canada. The course of the river crosses the townships of Desmazures, Daloigny, La Gauchetière, Saint Hélène, Subercase and Grasset.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. Recreational tourism activities (especially hunting and fishing) come second.

This hydrographic slope has some forest access roads. The surface of the river is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

## Geography

The main neighboring hydrographic slopes are:

The "Subercase River" originates from a forest stream located at:

* 27.3 kilometres (17.0 mi) Southeast of the mouth of the Subercase River;
* 160.5 kilometres (99.7 mi) Southeast of the mouth of the Kitchigama River;
* 56.7 kilometres (35.2 mi) Southwest of the mouth of Lake Matagami;
* 35.5 kilometres (22.1 mi) to Southwest of downtown Matagami.

From its source in the township of Desmazures, the Subercase River flows over 83.5 kilometres (51.9 mi), especially in the marsh zone, according to the following segments:

* 11.7 kilometres (7.3 mi) northward in Desmazures township, to the limit of Daloigny township;
* 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi) northerly forming a westerly curve in the township of Daloigny to the western limit of the township of Desmazures;
* 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) North in Desmazures Township to the southern limit of La Gauchetière township;
* 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi) northward in the township of La Gauchetière, to the eastern limit of the township of Saint Hélène;
* 16.4 kilometres (10.2 mi) northwesterly in the township of Saint-Hélène skirting the Saint-Hélène Hills and crossing the southern portion of Long Lake to the southern limit of Township of Subercase;
* 8.1 kilometres (5.0 mi) northeasterly in the Township of Subercase across the northern portion of Long Lake to the western boundary of Grasset Township;
* 0.9 kilometres (0.56 mi) northeasterly in Grasset Township to mouth.

The Subercase River empties onto the South bank of the Nottaway River. This confluence is located at:

## Toponymy

The term "Subercase" is a family name of English origin.

The toponym "Subercase River" was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec, i.e. at the creation of this commission.

## InfoBox

| Subercase | |
| --- | --- |
| Watershed of Nottaway River | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Eeyou Istchee Baie-James (municipality) |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Forested creek |
| location | Eeyou Istchee Baie-James (municipality), Nord-du-Québec, Quebec |
| coordinates | 49°41′11″N 78°05′01″W / 49.68639°N 78.08361°W / 49.68639; -78.08361 |
| elevation | 273 m (896 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Grasset Lake |
| location | Eeyou Istchee Baie-James (municipality), Nord-du-Québec, Quebec |
| coordinates | 49°55′03″N 78°12′25″W / 49.91750°N 78.20694°W / 49.91750; -78.20694 |
| elevation | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Length | 83.5 km (51.9 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | (upstream from the mouth) La Gauchetière crrek, De la Chute creek. |


title: Subependymoma

abstract: A subependymoma is a type of brain tumor; specifically, it is a rare form of ependymal tumor. They are usually in middle aged people. Earlier, they were called subependymal astrocytomas. The prognosis for a subependymoma is better than for most ependymal tumors, and it is considered a grade I tumor in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. They are classically found within the fourth ventricle, typically have a well demarcated interface to normal tissue and do not usually extend into the brain parenchyma, like ependymomas often do.

text:
# Subependymoma

A **subependymoma** is a type of brain tumor; specifically, it is a rare form of ependymal tumor. They are usually in middle aged people. Earlier, they were called subependymal astrocytomas.

The prognosis for a subependymoma is better than for most ependymal tumors, and it is considered a grade I tumor in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.

They are classically found within the fourth ventricle, typically have a well demarcated interface to normal tissue and do not usually extend into the brain parenchyma, like ependymomas often do.

## Symptoms and signs

Patients are often asymptomatic, and are incidentally diagnosed. Larger tumours are often with increased intracranial pressure.

## Pathology

These tumours are small, no more than two centimeters across, coming from the ependyma. The best way to distinguish it from a subependymal giant cell astrocytoma is the size.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on tissue, e.g. a biopsy. Histologically subependymomas consistent of microcystic spaces and bland appearing cells without appreciable nuclear atypia or mitoses. The nuclei tend to form clusters.

On a CT, it often shows a less dense to equally dense mass. If it is big, it may have parts that are cystic or calcific. In 50-60% of cases, the tumor is in the fourth ventricle, while the second most common (30-40% of cases) location is the side ventricles. It is rare for it to be in the third ventricle or the central canal of the spinal cord.

## Treatment

Asymptomatic cases may only need watchful waiting. If symptomatic, it can be surgically removed, and partial removal also carries an excellent prognosis.

## Prognosis

The outlook of a cure is extremely favorable.

## InfoBox

| Subependymoma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Micrograph of a subependymoma showing the characteristic clustering of nuclei. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Neoplasms, Neuro-oncology |


title: Sultan Ali Chaudhry

abstract:
Sultan Ali Chaudhry was a former chairman, board of directors of Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited and a former Pakistan government minister and adviser to Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was also held various positions:
  - President, Chamber of Agriculture, Punjab
  - Member of advisory council of Integrated Rural Development Program
  - Member of Agriculture Pesticide Technical advisory Committee of Pakistan
  - Member, Provincial Council Punjab
  - Member of National Assembly (Pakistan)
  - Minister of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, Pakistan
  - Managing Director, Zimcon (Pvt.) Ltd
  - Managing Director Punjab Farm Machinery Corp. (Pvt.) Ltd In 2002, Chaudhry stood as PML-N candidate for the Faisalabad division in the provincial elections. He is also author of various books concerning agriculture
  - State Of Agriculture In Pakistan, Brite Books, 2006, ISBN 9789698780128
  - Pakistan aur ziraat, Brite Books, 2007, ISBN 9789698780142
  - Lectures & Articles on Agriculture, Caxton Printing Press

text:
# Sultan Ali Chaudhry

**Sultan Ali Chaudhry** was a former chairman, board of directors of Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited and a former Pakistan government minister and adviser to Prime Minister of Pakistan.

He was also held various positions:

* President, Chamber of Agriculture, Punjab
* Member of advisory council of Integrated Rural Development Program
* Member of Agriculture Pesticide Technical advisory Committee of Pakistan
* Member, Provincial Council Punjab
* Member of National Assembly (Pakistan)
* Minister of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, Pakistan
* Managing Director, Zimcon (Pvt.) Ltd
* Managing Director Punjab Farm Machinery Corp. (Pvt.) Ltd

In 2002, Chaudhry stood as PML-N candidate for the Faisalabad division in the provincial elections.

He is also author of various books concerning agriculture

* *State Of Agriculture In Pakistan*, Brite Books, 2006, ISBN 9789698780128
* *Pakistan aur ziraat* (in Urdu), Brite Books, 2007, ISBN 9789698780142
* *Lectures & Articles on Agriculture*, Caxton Printing Press


title: Creational pattern

abstract: In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. The basic form of object creation could result in design problems or in added complexity to the design due to inflexibility in the creation procedures. Creational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation.

text:
# Creational pattern

In software engineering, **creational design patterns** are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. The basic form of object creation could result in design problems or in added complexity to the design due to inflexibility in the creation procedures. Creational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation.

## Overview

Creational design patterns are composed of two dominant ideas. One is encapsulating knowledge about which concrete classes the system uses. Another is hiding how instances of these concrete classes are created and combined.

Creational design patterns are further categorized into object-creational patterns and class-creational patterns, where object-creational patterns deal with object creation and class-creational patterns deal with class-instantiation. In greater details, object-creational patterns defer part of its object creation to another object, while class-creational patterns defer its object creation to subclasses.

Five well-known design patterns that are parts of creational patterns are the

* abstract factory pattern, which provides an interface for creating related or dependent objects without specifying the objects' concrete classes.
* builder pattern, which separates the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations.
* factory method pattern, which allows a class to defer instantiation to subclasses.
* prototype pattern, which specifies the kind of object to create using a prototypical instance, and creates new objects by cloning this prototype.
* singleton pattern, which ensures that a class only has one instance, and provides a global point of access to it.

## Definition

The creational patterns aim to separate a system from how its objects are created, composed, and represented. They increase the system's flexibility in terms of the what, who, how, and when of object creation.

## Usage

As modern software engineering depends more on object composition than class inheritance, emphasis shifts away from hard-coding behaviors toward defining a smaller set of basic behaviors that can be composed into more complex ones. Hard-coding behaviors are inflexible because they require overriding or re-implementing the whole thing in order to change parts of the design. Additionally, hard-coding does not promote reuse and makes it difficult to keep track of errors. For these reasons, creational patterns are more useful than hard-coding behaviors. Creational patterns make design become more flexible. They provide different ways to remove explicit references in the concrete classes from the code that needs to instantiate them. In other words, they create independency for objects and classes.

Consider applying creational patterns when:

* A system should be independent of how its objects and products are created.
* A set of related objects is designed to be used together.
* Hiding the implementations of a class library or product, revealing only their interfaces.
* Constructing different representation of independent complex objects.
* A class wants its subclass to implement the object it creates.
* The class instantiations are specified at run-time.
* There must be a single instance and client can access this instance at all times.
* Instance should be extensible without being modified.

## Structure

Below is a simple class diagram that most creational patterns have in common. Note that different creational patterns require additional and different participated classes.

**Participants**:

* **Creator**: Declares object interface. Returns object.
* **ConcreteCreator**: Implements object's interface.

## Examples

Some examples of creational design patterns include:

* Abstract Factory pattern: a class requests the objects it requires from a factory object instead of creating the objects directly
* Factory method pattern: centralize creation of an object of a specific type choosing one of several implementations
* Builder pattern: separate the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations
* Dependency Injection pattern: a class accepts the objects it requires from an injector instead of creating the objects directly
* Lazy initialization pattern: tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed
* Object pool pattern: avoid expensive acquisition and release of resources by recycling objects that are no longer in use
* Prototype pattern: used when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects
* Singleton pattern: restrict instantiation of a class to one object


title: CrazyVideoCool

abstract: CrazyVideoCool is the second video album from American R&B trio TLC. The collection was released in the US after the release of the video, Diggin' on You in 1995, while in other countries it was released a year later. The compilation includes four complete videos from CrazySexyCool, as well as bonus excerpts from the unreleased versions of Creep, and the uncensored video for Red Light Special. In addition to the video 'Making of's', it also features interviews and live performances. The video peaked #5 in the Billboard Top Music Videos chart.

text:
# CrazyVideoCool

***CrazyVideoCool*** is the second video album from American R&B trio TLC. The collection was released in the US after the release of the video, Diggin' on You in 1995, while in other countries it was released a year later. The compilation includes four complete videos from *CrazySexyCool*, as well as bonus excerpts from the unreleased versions of Creep, and the uncensored video for Red Light Special. In addition to the video 'Making of's', it also features interviews and live performances. The video peaked #5 in the Billboard Top Music Videos chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Director(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "*CrazySexyCool* montage" |  |  |
| 2. | "Excerpts from never-released 'Creep' videos" | Lionel C. Martin (second version) |  |
| 3. | "Interview" |  |  |
| 4. | "Creep" (music video) | Matthew Rolston |  |
| 5. | "Interview" |  |  |
| 6. | "Red Light Special" (music video) | Rolston |  |
| 7. | "Excerpts from sexier versions of 'Red Light Special'" | F. Gary Gray |  |
| 8. | "The making of 'Waterfalls'" |  |  |
| 9. | "Waterfalls" (music video) | Gray |  |
| 10. | "Behind the scenes of 'Diggin' on You'" |  |  |
| 11. | "Diggin' on You" (music video) | Gray |  |
| 12. | "Interview" |  |  |

## Charts

| Chart | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Top Music Videos | 5 |

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 50,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Credits

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *CrazyVideoCool*.

Recording and management Personnel * Bille Woodruff — producer
* Michelle Montgomery — associate producer
* Davett Singletary — executive in charge of production
* Antonio M. Reid — video executive producer
* Kenneth Edmonds — video executive producer
* Jon Marett — audio supervision
* Jon Herron — audio post engineer
* Sandy Lawrence — audio post engineer
* Arnold Turner — photographer
* Matthew Rolston — director

## InfoBox

| CrazyVideoCool | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by TLC | |
| Released | November 7, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1994–95 |
| Length | 29:40 |
| Label |  |
| Director |  |
| Producer |  |
| TLC chronology | |
| *Oooooooohhh... On the Video Tip*
(1993) ***CrazyVideoCool***
(1995) *Now & Forever: The Video Hits*
(2003) | |


title: Crazy 'Bout My Baby

abstract: "Crazy 'Bout My Baby" is a song first written and recorded by musician Robert Mosley in 1963. His third solo single, it failed to chart, leading to it becoming his final single released. Initially an obscure single, it was brought to light by mainstream acts such as The Swinging Blue Jeans and Tages, the latter of which charted in Sweden with it.

text:
# Crazy 'Bout My Baby

"**Crazy 'Bout My Baby**" is a song first written and recorded by musician Robert Mosley in 1963. His third solo single, it failed to chart, leading to it becoming his final single released. Initially an obscure single, it was brought to light by mainstream acts such as The Swinging Blue Jeans and Tages, the latter of which charted in Sweden with it.

## Robert Mosley version

Around this time, Mosley was mostly well-known for his work with other musicians; he had written several chart hits for other artists, including two top-20 Billboard Hot 100 hits; "Big Cold Wind" by Pat Boone and "Sha La La" by the Shirelles, although Manfred Mann made it a chart hit. However, in his solo career, Mosley had barely made an impact on the national charts. He had previously released two solo singles, excluding one he recorded with Mayme Watts in 1961. In 1963, he once again attempted to record a single during a session at Capitol Studios, with musician Bert Keyes producing, something he had not often done before. The single was eventually released on April 22, 1963 through Capitol Records.

His rendition features a string "big band" arrangement along with female backing vocals, of which all was done by Keyes. Although the single initially to chart, it was ranked a three-star single by *Billboard's* May 4, 1963 issue. The reverse side (which was erroneously issued as an A-side) "Goodbye My Lover Goodbye" was covered by the Searchers in 1965, reaching number four in the UK singles chart.

## Tages version

| "Crazy 'Bout My Baby" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tages | |
| from the album  *Tages 2* | |
| B-side | "Go" |
| Released | October 21, 1966 |
| Recorded | May–June 1966 |
| Studio | Europafilm Studios, Stockholm |
| Genre | Flamenco rock |
| Length | 3:02 |
| Label | Platina |
| Songwriter(s) | Mosley |
| Producer(s) | Tages |
| Tages singles chronology | |
| "In My Dreams"
(1966) "**Crazy 'Bout My Baby**"
(1966) "Miss Mac Baren"
(1966) | |

Swedish rock band Tages recorded a rendition of "Crazy 'Bout My Baby" in 1966. Tages had by this point in history achieved several top-10 singles in Sweden, both original compositions along with covers. In 1966, they had released three singles; "So Many Girls", "I'll Be Doggone" and "In My Dreams", the latter of which proved to be Tages biggest hit throughout their career, reaching number 1 on both Kvällstoppen and *Tio i Topp* in August 1966. This was during the peak of their success in Sweden, both commercially, critically and influentially, as they were experimenting with recording their second studio album *Tages 2*, which blends both original compositions and covers. "Crazy 'Bout My Baby" was chosen to be recorded for the album, and the arrangement seems to be heavily inspired by the Swinging Blue Jeans version which was released almost a year prior, as it incorporates a similar song structure during the solo. The group would work on the track between May and June 1966 at Europafilm Studios in Bromma, a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden.

"Crazy 'Bout My Baby" was eventually released on *Tages 2* through Platina Records on 4 August 1966, approximately during the same time "In My Dreams" peaked on the charts. Platina would then demand a follow-up to "In My Dreams" when it dropped off the chart in mid-September, and the group chose "Crazy 'Bout My Baby" as the follow-up. The single was released on October 21, 1966, backed with the group's original composition "Go" by Platina Records. The single first entered Kvällstoppen on November 15, at a position of 19, before going to number 18 the following week. On December 29, the single peaked at number 16 before dropping off the chart completely. It did not even enter *Tio i Topp*, being voted off at a position of number 15.

The single became Tages first major commercial failure, as all their previous singles had charted within the top-5 (par "The One For You" and "I'll Be Doggone", which charted at number 6 and 10 respectively) Ultimately, "Crazy 'Bout My Baby" became lowest charting song they'd ever released, with the exception of singles which failed to chart completely. However, the group followed the slight chart disappointment with "Miss Mac Baren", which peaked at number 1 on Kvällstoppen and number 4 on *Tio i Topp.* The single was the first to feature Tommy Tausis on drums, as Freddie Skantze had left prior to recording it.

### Personnel

### Charts

| Chart (1966) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Kvällstoppen) | 16 |
| Sweden (*Tio i Topp*) | 15 |

## Other covers

## InfoBox

| "Crazy 'Bout My Baby" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Robert Mosley | |
| A-side | "Goodbye My Lover Goodbye" |
| Released | April 22, 1963 |
| Recorded | 1963 |
| Studio | Capitol Studios, New York City |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:57 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Songwriter(s) | Robert Mosley |
| Producer(s) | Bert Keyes |
| Robert Mosley singles chronology | |
| "You Ought To Know"
(1961) "**Crazy 'Bout My Baby**"
(1963) | |