title: Tarsolepis sommeri

abstract:
Tarsolepis sommeri is a moth in the family Notodontidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821. It is found in the oriental region.
The larvae have been recorded on Nephelium lappaceum. Adults have been observed drinking tears (lachryphagy) from mammals.

text:
# Tarsolepis sommeri

***Tarsolepis sommeri*** is a moth in the family Notodontidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821. It is found in the oriental region. The larvae have been recorded on *Nephelium lappaceum*. Adults have been observed drinking tears (lachryphagy) from mammals.

## InfoBox

| *Tarsolepis sommeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Subfamily: | Dudusinae |
| Genus: | *Tarsolepis* |
| Species: | ***T. sommeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tarsolepis sommeri***<br>(Hübner, \[1821\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crino sommeri* Hübner, \[1821\] * *Tarsolepis remicauda* Butler, 1872 | |


title: Eminium spiculatum

abstract: Eminium spiculatum is a species of plant in the family Araceae.

text:
# Eminium spiculatum

***Eminium spiculatum*** is a species of plant in the family Araceae.

## Description

Perennial. Corm thick, globular. Leaves petiolate; petiole sheathing, often purplish. Limbs shorter than petioles, those of the first shoots regular, the others decomposed into secondary limbs issued at the base with one fitting into the other. Spathe with a tube equal to the lamina. The outer part of both has light background with numerous brown veins; the inner part of the lamina blackish brown or purplish, granulated. Appendix black, short.

## Flowering

March–May.

## Habitat

Fields, waste ground, rocks.

## Distribution

Coast, middle mountain, Beqaa Valley of Lebanon.

## Geographic area

Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt.

The corms of this plant are appreciated by Egyptian Bedouins, who eat them like potatoes after boiling. Some eat the seeds in times of scarcity.

* Georges Tohme& Henriette Tohme, Illustrated Flora of Lebanon, National Council For Scientific Research, Second Edition 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Eminium spiculatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | *Eminium* |
| Species: | ***E. spiculatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eminium spiculatum***<br>(Blume) Schott | |
|


title: Psilochilus

abstract:
Psilochilus is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to South America, Central America, Mexico and the West Indies.
  - Psilochilus carinatus Garay - Colombia
  - Psilochilus dusenianus Kraenzl. ex Garay & Dunst. - Venezuela, Brazil
  - Psilochilus macrophyllus (Lindl.) Ames - widespread from central Mexico and the West indies south to Peru
  - Psilochilus maderoi (Schltr.) Schltr.  - Colombia
  - Psilochilus modestus Barb.Rodr. - Venezuela, Brazil
  - Psilochilus mollis Garay - Ecuador
  - Psilochilus physurifolius (Rchb.f.) Løjtnant - Venezuela, Guyana
  - Psilochilus vallecaucanus Kolan. & Szlach. - Colombia

text:
# Psilochilus

***Psilochilus*** is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to South America, Central America, Mexico and the West Indies.

1. *Psilochilus carinatus* Garay \- Colombia
2. *Psilochilus dusenianus* Kraenzl. ex Garay & Dunst. \- Venezuela, Brazil
3. *Psilochilus macrophyllus* (Lindl.) Ames \- widespread from central Mexico and the West indies south to Peru
4. *Psilochilus maderoi* (Schltr.) Schltr. \- Colombia
5. *Psilochilus modestus* Barb.Rodr. \- Venezuela, Brazil
6. *Psilochilus mollis* Garay \- Ecuador
7. *Psilochilus physurifolius* (Rchb.f.) Løjtnant \- Venezuela, Guyana
8. *Psilochilus vallecaucanus* Kolan. & Szlach. \- Colombia

## InfoBox

| *Psilochilus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Psilochilus modestus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Tribe: | Triphoreae |
| Subtribe: | Triphorinae |
| Genus: | *Psilochilus*<br>Barb.Rodr. |
|


title: Bolesław Formela

abstract: Bolesław Formela was an officer of the Polish Army in the rank of Lieutenant (Porucznik), a Kashubian social activist, a deputy to the Sejm (1935-1938), Commander-in-chief of the “Pomeranian Griffin”, a Polish- Kashubian secret military organization from 7 July 1941 to April 1942.

text:
# Bolesław Formela

**Bolesław Formela** (wartime code name, Romiński) (born 1 November 1903, Miłoszewo, died 24 September 1944, Tłuczewo) was an officer of the Polish Army in the rank of Lieutenant (Porucznik), a Kashubian social activist, a deputy to the Sejm (1935-1938), Commander-in-chief of the “Pomeranian Griffin”, a Polish- Kashubian secret military organization from 7 July 1941 to April 1942.

## Early life, military, and political career

Son of Jan Formela and Apolonia Cierocka. He went to primary school in Miłoszewo and later to a public classical gymnasium (high school) in Wejherowo, where he wrote his Matura exam on 8 June 1923.

On 7 October 1924, he was assigned to serve in the 15th Field Artillery Regiment. On 14 October 1925, he entered the military academy in Grudziądz, graduating 15 April 1926. He was promoted to the rank of Podporucznik (second Lieutenant) of the Reserves on 1 January 1929. He was a member of multiple Kashubian social organisations. In 1933, he was elected Sołtys and in 1934 Wójt (both are equivalents of mayor for a small village) in Strzepcz. He was one of the organisers of Kashubian Rural Cooperatives.

He was a deputy to the Polish Sejm from Gdynia, from 1935 to 1938. He restarted active military service on 25 August 1939, and fought in the 1939Invasion of Poland, mainly in the Siege of Modlin, after which he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant (Porucznik). After the capture of Modlin on 29 September, he was captured by the Germans and held in a prison camp in Mołodeczno, near Vilnius. After a month, the prisoners were placed in a train at the local train station, from where he escaped, having obtained knowledge that they were to be sent to Siberia. He went back to Pomerania, to Tłuczewo, where he was arrested in Wejherowo. With the help of his family, he escaped and went into hiding.

## Polish Resistance

In late 1939/ early 1940 he organised an intelligence-sabotage conspiracy group in the rural areas near Gdynia, with which he contacted the Secret Military Organisation “Kashubian Griffin”. On 7 July 1941, he was chosen Commander-in-Chief of the new organisation, the “Pomeranian Griffin” at a meeting in Czarna Dąbrowa. In April 1942, he resigned from that office, due to his tuberculosis, and Juliusz Koszałka was chosen to be his successor.

He returned to his mother’s house in Tłuczewo, and died there from a heart attack on 24 September 1944. His body was buried in the family garden, and reburied with a full Catholic ceremony on 24 September 1945.


title: Chionodes flavipalpella

abstract: Chionodes flavipalpella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Russia.

text:
# Chionodes flavipalpella

***Chionodes flavipalpella*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Chionodes flavipalpella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Chionodes* |
| Species: | ***C. flavipalpella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chionodes flavipalpella***<br>Huemer & Sattler, 1995 | |
|


title: Drumcondra Church

abstract: Drumcondra Church of Ireland is a Church of Ireland church located in Drumcondra, Dublin, previously in the Civil Parish of Clonturk. The church and its churchyard contain memorials to a number of notable historical figures.

text:
# Drumcondra Church

**Drumcondra Church of Ireland** is a Church of Ireland church located in Drumcondra, Dublin, previously in the Civil Parish of Clonturk. The church and its churchyard contain memorials to a number of notable historical figures.

## History

In 1743 the dilapidated old church of the parish of Clonturk was rebuilt by Mary Coghill as a memorial to her brother, who lived in Drumcondra House, Dr. Marmaduke Coghill, who died in 1738. On the northside of the church is the large tomb of Dr. Coghill, born in 1673 in Dublin, who was a judge of the Prerogative Court and Chancellor of the Exchequer, as well as being an MP in the Irish Parliament. On the tomb reclines his effigy in his official robes, with figures of Minerva and Religion below which was sculpted by Peter Scheemakers.

By about 1721, Marmaduke Coghill was in control of the interments. In 1733 Henry Hamilton was succeeded as incumbent by Edward Hudson, followed by Robert Johnson in 1740, in 1748 James Edkins, 1781 Charles O'Neill, 1789 Jacob Cramer, 1816 William Barlow, and in 1826, James Duncan Long.

In 1896 Drumcondra parish was merged with North Strand. Rev. Ernest Lewis-Crosby was rector from 1904–1914, he was succeeded by Rev. David Wilson who later served as Dean of St. Patrick's.

Today, together with the North Strand Church (Waterloo Avenue) it serves the Anglican community as part of the Parish of Drumcondra, North Strand, and St Barnabas. The Parish would be bounded by Clontarf Parish (confusingly also dedicated to St. John the Baptist) to the east, St. Mobhi's Church, Glasnevin, to the West, and St. Pappan's Church, Santry to the North. Since 2016 Drumcondra (and North Strand) also serve the Parish of St. George and St. Thomas, which is to the South of Drumcondra Church.

The church contains a memorial to parishioners who fought in the Great War.

Drumcondra National School, on Church Avenue, is under the patronage of the Church of Ireland and the Rector would visit and minister there. Drumcondra National School was opened in 1906 by Rector Lewis-Crosby, originally in a prefab on the grounds of the Church, it moved to its current location in 1907. The school underwent a major rejuvenations in 2014, when the school moved temporarily to Childvision, in the grounds of St. Joseph's, and was reopened and re-dedicated in 2015 by the Archbishop of Dublin and former pupil Archbishop of Armagh Rev. Dr. Richard Clarke.

Bishop Charles Tyndall served as Rector of Rector of Drumcondra with North Strand and Bishop Robert Warke, served as Rector of Drumcondra with North Strand and St Barnabas (1967–1971). Rev. Canon Roy Byrne was Rector from 2007 until 2016, and was succeeded by present Rector Garth Bunting.

## Notable burials

Notable people buried in the churchyard include:

* James Gandon (1743–1823), architect, designer of the Custom House, Dublin. Gandon was buried by his own request in the grave of his lifelong friend, Francis Grose.
* Francis Grose (1731–1791), antiquary, died in the home of Horace Hone and was buried 18 May 1791 on the south-side of the churchyard in the presence of his nephew Lieutenant Daniel Grose, Horace and Camillus Hone, James Gandon and Christopher Pack the painter. A view of the church and churchyard drawn by Daniel Grose bears the inscription: *To James Gandon and Samuel Walker Esqrs., Mr. Horace Hone and Richd. Edwd. Mercier who attended the funeral of the late Francis Grose Esqr. to the Church of Drumcondra near Dublin, where his Remains were deposited 18th May, 1791*. The figure of Captain Grose in the image is placed on his own grave.
* Thomas Furlong, poet, who translated Carolan's *The Irish Minstrelsy*, died in 1827 aged 33 years and was buried near the monument of Francis Grose. His grave bore the memorial: *To the Memory of Thomas FURLONG, Esq. In whom the purest principles of Patriotism and honour were combined with Superior Poetic Genius This Memorial of Friendship is erected by those who valued and admired his various talents, public integrity and private worth. He died 25th July, 1827 aged 33 years. May he rest in peace!*
* Theophilus Moore, who was buried near Thomas Furlong, settled on the Palmerston estate in Old Rathmines and opened an academy where Thomas Moore the poet, a namesake and kinsman, attended. Shortly after coming to Dublin, Theophilus Moore first published Old Moore's Almanac in 1764.
* George Grierson (c 1678–1753), printer and publisher. In 1720 he was one of the churchwardens. Grierson married three times. His first wife was buried on 19 May 1726. He married secondly in 1726 the talented editor and poet Constantia Crawley, who was buried 4 December 1732 and other Griersons were buried 30 July 1731, 20 March 1732, and 11 March 1739.
* Patrick Heeney (1881–1911), composer of the music of the Irish national anthem "Amhrán na bhFiann" ("The Soldier's Song").
* Two Commonwealth service war graves – a Drummer of the Royal Engineers of World War I and a Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve officer of World War II.

The Birth, Marriage and Death records are held in the Representative Church Body Library in Churchtown, Dublin.

There is a commemorative plaque to members of the parish who died or were missing in the first and second world wars, also listing members of the 7th company of the boys brigade who died. There is also a memorial to the Coghill family which mentions Lieut. Neville Coghill VC who died attempting to save the colours of the 24th Foot at the Battle of Isandlwana in the Zulu War of 1879.

## Refurbishment

A report of 1831 stated that the churchyard was in a deplorable condition – no sooner was a body buried but it was removed by body-snatchers. Over the following two years the church and churchyard were renovated and a cottage was provided for a watchman to watch over the graves at all times.

* *Journal of the Irish Memorial Association*; now incorporating the Dublin Parish Register Society, edited by Thomas Ulick Sadlier
* *Parish Register Society* vol. XI (1920–1925) no.3. Parish Registers. St. John's Dublin, Marriages 1700–1798.

## InfoBox

| Drumcondra Church of Ireland | |
| --- | --- |
| A view of the church and churchyard, by Daniel Grose, c. 1790, from *Antiquities of Ireland*, Vol. II | |
|  | |
| 53°22′16.79″N 6°15′0.73″W / 53.3713306°N 6.2502028°W / 53.3713306; -6.2502028 | |
| Location | Drumcondra, Dublin |
| Country | Ireland |
| Denomination | Church of Ireland |
| History | |
| Founder(s) | Mary Coghill |
| Dedication | St. John the Baptist |
| Administration | |
| Province | Province of Dublin |
| Diocese | Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough |
| Parish | United Parish of Drumcondra, North Strand, and Saint Barnabas |
| Clergy | |
| Rector | Rev. Garth Bunting |


title: John Stiles

abstract: John Stiles was born and raised in the Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia, Canada. He is the author of the poetry collections Scouts are Cancelled and Creamsicle Stick Shivs, as well as the novels The Insolent Boy and Taking the Stairs. Featured on CBC's 'Q', Much Music, and TVO's 'Imprint', Stiles has also written for The Globe and Mail and The Literary Review of Canada. A documentary about Stiles and his poems in Scouts are Cancelled was festival pick in the Hot Docs festival in Toronto 2007 and won best Canadian documentary award in The Atlantic Film Festival in September 2007. Stiles lives with his wife in London, England.

text:
# John Stiles

**John Stiles** was born and raised in the Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia, Canada. He is the author of the poetry collections *Scouts are Cancelled* and *Creamsicle Stick Shivs*, as well as the novels *The Insolent Boy* and *Taking the Stairs*. Featured on CBC's 'Q', Much Music, and TVO's 'Imprint', Stiles has also written for The Globe and Mail and The Literary Review of Canada. A documentary about Stiles and his poems in *Scouts are Cancelled* was festival pick in the Hot Docs festival in Toronto 2007 and won best Canadian documentary award in The Atlantic Film Festival in September 2007. Stiles lives with his wife in London, England.

## Poetry

* *Creamsicle Stick Shivs*, (Insomniac Press, 2006)
* *Scouts are Cancelled*, (Insomniac Press, 2002)

## Novels

* *Taking the Stairs*, (Nightwood Editions, 2008)
* *The Insolent Boy*, (Insomniac Press, 2001)

## Anthologies

* *Poet's Quest for God: 21st Century poems of faith doubt and wonder* (Eyewear, UK, 2016)
* *Outside Voices 2008 Anthology of Younger Poets* (Outside Voices, 2008)
* *Babylon Burning: 9/11 Five Years On* (nthposition UK, 2006)
* *New American Writing* (Oink! Press, USA, 2005)
* *Doom, Desire and Vice*, (Wingate Press, CANADA, 2005)
* *The I.V. Lounge Reader*, (Insomniac Press, CANADA, 2001)

## Film

Scouts are Cancelled

the smalls...er whatever

1. "Network Canada""Network Canada". Archived from the original on 2011-02-04. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
2. A pen dipped in poison, Book Review, Author(s) John Stiles, Globe & Mail (Toronto, Canada) Nov 15, 2003: pD13
3. Not far behind big black dog, Poetry, Author(s):John Stiles. Literary Review of Canada, Vol. 10, No. 5, pg 3- June 2002
4. "Hot Docs Library" http://hotdocslibrary.ca/en/detail.cfm?filmId=10618 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
5. "B-Side: Scouts Are Cancelled "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2010-10-10.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

"Eye Weekly: The Smalls...er whatever"


title: Cosmos de Bafia

abstract: Cosmos Football Academy de Bafia is a Cameroonian football club based in Bafia. They are a member of the Cameroonian Football Federation and Elite One, the topflight football league of Cameroon.

text:
# Cosmos de Bafia

**Cosmos Football Academy de Bafia** is a Cameroonian football club based in Bafia. They are a member of the Cameroonian Football Federation and Elite One, the topflight football league of Cameroon.

## Achievements

## Stadium

Currently the team plays at the Stade de Bafia.

## Performance in CAF competitions

## InfoBox

Cosmos de Bafia
| Full name | Cosmos Football Academy de Bafia |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Stade de Bafia, Bafia |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| League | Elite One |


title: Premcor

abstract: Premcor was a Fortune 500 oil refinery group based in Greenwich, Connecticut. It operated five refineries, which are located in Port Arthur, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee; Lima, Ohio; Hartford, Illinois; and Delaware City, Delaware with a combined crude oil volume processing capacity of approximately 768,120 barrels per day (122,121 m⁳/d). Premcor was acquired by Valero in 2005. Valero would later sell the Lima facility to Husky Energy in July 2007 and close the Delaware City refinery in November 2009.

text:
# Premcor

**Premcor** (formerly NYSE symbol PCO) was a Fortune 500 oil refinery group based in Greenwich, Connecticut. It operated five refineries, which are located in Port Arthur, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee; Lima, Ohio; Hartford, Illinois; and Delaware City, Delaware with a combined crude oil volume processing capacity of approximately 768,120 barrels per day (122,121 m3/d) (July, 2007).

Premcor was acquired by Valero in 2005. Valero would later sell the Lima facility to Husky Energy in July 2007 and close the Delaware City refinery in November 2009.

## InfoBox

Premcor
| Industry | Oil Refining |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct | 2005 (2005) |
| Fate | Acquired by Valero |
| Headquarters | Greenwich, Connecticut, United States |


title: Tarsolepis malayana

abstract: Tarsolepis malayana is a moth in the family Notodontidae. Previously the species was treated as a subspecies of Tarsolepis rufobrunnea.

text:
# Tarsolepis malayana

***Tarsolepis malayana*** is a moth in the family Notodontidae. Previously the species was treated as a subspecies of *Tarsolepis rufobrunnea*.

## Characteristics

The submarginal area, which touches the upper silver spot, is pale orange-brown filled and curved. The ground colour of the wings is fuscous violet-brown. The underside of the thorax displays a prominent red brush.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is found in India, Burma and widely distributed in Sundaland. It prefers lowland rain forests.

## InfoBox

| *Tarsolepis malayana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Borneo, Trusmadi hill forest | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Subfamily: | Dudusinae |
| Genus: | *Tarsolepis* |
| Species: | ***T. malayana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tarsolepis malayana***<br>Nakamura, 1976 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tarsolepis rufobrunnea malayana* Nakamura 1976 | |


title: SRM Jinhaishi

abstract: The SRM Jinhaishi (金海狮) is a midsize MPV produced by Chinese car manufacturer Shineray Group under the SRM marque. SRM used to produce Jinbei minivans, and serves as a joint venture between Brilliance Auto Group and Dongfang Xinyuan (鑫源) Holdings. 80% is owned by Xinyuan Holdings and a subsidiary of Beijing North Industry owns 20% which is no longer part of Brilliance. Currently it produces microvans under the Shineray and SWM brands.

text:
# SRM Jinhaishi

The **SRM Jinhaishi** (金海狮) is a midsize MPV produced by Chinese car manufacturer Shineray Group under the SRM marque.

SRM used to produce Jinbei minivans, and serves as a joint venture between Brilliance Auto Group and Dongfang Xinyuan (鑫源) Holdings (Oriental Shineray Holdings). 80% is owned by Xinyuan Holdings and a subsidiary of Beijing North Industry owns 20% which is no longer part of Brilliance. Currently it produces microvans under the Shineray (now SRM) and SWM brands.

## Overview

Based on a modified platform of the Jinbei Haise X30L, the SRM Jinhaishi features near identical rear end to the Jinbei Haise X30L while featuring a completely redesigned front cabin. The SRM Jinhaishi was released by Brilliance Auto in September, 2021 and offers up to 18 seating configurations, including a 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9 seater models.

Built by Brilliance Xinyuan Chongqing Auto (华晨鑫源), originally the Chongqing branch of Brilliance Auto, the SRM Jinhaishi was offered with a 1.5 liter naturally aspirated engine producing 78kW, a 1.6 liter naturally aspirated engine producing 85kW, and a 2.0liter naturally aspirated engine producing 101kW, all paired with a 5-speed manual transmission.

## InfoBox

| SRM Jinhaishi | |
| --- | --- |
| SRM Jinhaishi front | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Shineray Group |
| Production | 2021–present |
| Model years | 2021–present |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Minivan |
| Body style | 5-door wagon |
| Layout | Mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive |
| Related | Jinbei Haise X30L
SRM Jinhaishi M |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1.3 L DLCG12 I4 (petrol)
1.5 L SWC15M I4 (petrol)
1.5 L DLCG14 I4 (petrol) |
| Transmission | 5-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 3,185 mm (125.4 in) |
| Length | 4,890 mm (192.5 in) |
| Width | 1,700 mm (66.9 in) |
| Height | 1,995 mm (78.5 in) |


title: Brendan Menton Snr

abstract: Brendan Menton was an Irish football administrator and economist. Menton was a founding member of Home Farm F.C. and later served as president of the Football Association of Ireland between 1980 and 1982. He also served on various UEFA committees. Born in Dublin, as a youngster Menton lived at 32 Home Farm Road in the Drumcondra / Whitehall area of Northside Dublin. During the 1920s Menton and his four brothers formed Home Farm Road in order to compete in a street football league organised by Leo Fitzmaurice, the brother of Trans-Atlantic aviator James Fitzmaurice. In 1928 Home Farm Road merged with another team from this league, Richmond Road, to form Home Farm F.C. Members of the Menton family have remained involved with the club ever since and Menton himself served as the club's honorary secretary. His brother Fr. Tom Menton also served as president of Clontarf GAA from 1960 to 1972, another brother Fr. John Menton was parish priest in Whitehall, Dublin. Menton studied economics and worked closely with T.K. Whitaker as an economist in the Department of Finance during the 1950s and 1960s. He was married and fathered four sons and a daughter. One son, Kevin Menton, played Davis Cup tennis for Ireland while another Brendan Menton Jnr also became a football administrator. He was president of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland between 1977 and 1980. He currently works with the Asian Football Confederation in Kuala Lumpur on the Vision Asia football development project.

text:
# Brendan Menton Snr

**Brendan Menton** (1911 – 1 August 2002) was an Irish football administrator and economist. Menton was a founding member of Home Farm F.C. and later served as president of the Football Association of Ireland between 1980 and 1982. He also served on various UEFA committees.

Born in Dublin, as a youngster Menton lived at 32 Home Farm Road in the Drumcondra / Whitehall area of Northside Dublin. During the 1920s Menton and his four brothers formed *Home Farm Road* in order to compete in a street football league organised by Leo Fitzmaurice, the brother of Trans-Atlantic aviator James Fitzmaurice. In 1928 *Home Farm Road* merged with another team from this league, *Richmond Road*, to form Home Farm F.C. Members of the Menton family have remained involved with the club ever since and Menton himself served as the club's honorary secretary. His brother Fr. Tom Menton also served as president of Clontarf GAA from 1960 to 1972, another brother Fr. John Menton was parish priest in Whitehall, Dublin.

Menton studied economics and worked closely with T.K. Whitaker as an economist in the Department of Finance during the 1950s and 1960s. He was married and fathered four sons and a daughter. One son, Kevin Menton, played Davis Cup tennis for Ireland while another Brendan Menton Jnr also became a football administrator. He was president of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland between 1977 and 1980. He currently works with the Asian Football Confederation in Kuala Lumpur on the Vision Asia football development project.


title: SS Phönix (1913)

abstract: Phönix was a cargo ship built in 1913 by Stettiner Oderwerke, Stettin, Germany for Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG, Bremen, Germany. She served with a number of German shipping lines before being requisitioned in 1939 by the Kriegsmarine as VP-106 Phönix, later serving as Sperrbrecher 36 and Sperrbrecher 136. She was scuttled at Saint-Nazaire, Loire-Inférieure, France on 25 August 1944.

text:
# SS Phönix (1913)

***Phönix*** was a cargo ship built in 1913 by Stettiner Oderwerke, Stettin, Germany for Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG, Bremen, Germany. She served with a number of German shipping lines before being requisitioned in 1939 by the Kriegsmarine as **VP-106 *Phönix***, later serving as ***Sperrbrecher 36*** and ***Sperrbrecher 136***. She was scuttled at Saint-Nazaire, Loire-Inférieure, France on 25 August 1944.

## Description

The ship was 71.93 metres (236 ft 0 in) long, with a beam of 9.88 metres (32 ft 5 in) and a depth of 4.14 metres (13 ft 7 in). She was assessed at 999 GRT, 530 NRT. She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 55 centimetres (21+34 in), 91 centimetres (35+45 in) and 144.9 centimetres (57+116 in) diameter by 120 centimetres (48 in) stroke. The engine was built by Stettiner Oderwereke. It was rated at 205nhp and drove a single screw propeller.

## History

*Phönix* was built by Stettiner Oderwerke, Stettin, Germany for Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG, Bremen. She was launched on 28 January 1913. Her port of registry was Bremen and the Code Letters QKGL were allocated.

In 1923, Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG merged with the Roland Line, which was itself absorbed by Norddeutscher Lloyd in 1925/26. *Phönix* was transferred to Argo Reederei AG in 1933, then to Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co. in 1937. Her Code Letters changed to DOBK in 1934.

On 1 October 1939, *Phönix* was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a *Vorpostenboot*. She served with 1 *Vorpostenbootflotille* as VP-106 *Phönix*. She was transferred to 3 *Sperrbrecherflotille* on 1 October 1940 and was designated *Sperrbrecher 36*, beinhg redesignated *Sperrbrecher 136* on 1 August 1941. She was scuttled by her crew at Saint-Nazaire, Loire-Inférieure, France on 25 August 1944.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Phönix* (1913–39) * VP-106 *Phönix* (1939–40) * *Sperrbrecher 36* (1940–41) * *Sperrbrecher 136* (1941–44) |
| Owner | * Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG (1913–23) * Roland Line (1923–25/26) * Norddeutscher Lloyd (1925/25–33) * Argo Reederei AG (1933–37) * Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co. (1937–39) * Kriegsmarine (1939–44) |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | Stettiner Oderwerke |
| Launched | 28 January 1913 |
| Out of service | 25 August 1944 |
| Identification | * Code Letters QKGL (1919–34) *  * Code Letters DOBK (1934–44) *  * Pennant Number VP-106 (1939–40) |
| Fate | Scuttled 25 August 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 999 GRT, 530 NRT |
| Length | 71.93 m (236 ft 0 in) |
| Beam | 9.86 m (32 ft 4 in) |
| Depth | 4.14 m (13 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | Triple expansion steam engine, 205nhp |
| Propulsion | Screw propeller |


title: Bridge No. 5083-Marshall

abstract: Bridge No. 5083-Marshall carries Minnesota State Highway 19 over the Redwood River in Marshall, Minnesota, United States. It was built 1931 and is one of two bridges on the historic register in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. Bridge No. 5083 was completed at a cost of $23,277 in October 1931. This bridge is between a residential neighborhood on the south and the city's main park on the north. The bridge design is two 37-foot (11 m) concrete-girder spans on a concrete substructure. Eight lines of girders support the concrete deck, which accommodates a 40-foot (12 m), bituminous-surfaced roadway and two concrete sidewalks bordered by ornamental, open-balustrade, metal railings with concrete posts. Each railing supports two metal light standards detailed in the Classical Revival Style. Along with the nearby Bridge No. 5151-Marshall, it was nominated for being a rare surviving example of the ornamental urban highway bridges built in Minnesota before World War II.

text:
# Bridge No. 5083-Marshall

**Bridge No. 5083-Marshall** carries Minnesota State Highway 19 over the Redwood River in Marshall, Minnesota, United States. It was built 1931 and is one of two bridges on the historic register in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

Bridge No. 5083 was completed at a cost of $23,277 in October 1931. This bridge is between a residential neighborhood on the south and the city's main park on the north. The bridge design is two 37-foot (11 m) concrete-girder spans on a concrete substructure. Eight lines of girders support the concrete deck, which accommodates a 40-foot (12 m), bituminous-surfaced roadway and two concrete sidewalks bordered by ornamental, open-balustrade, metal railings with concrete posts. Each railing supports two metal light standards detailed in the Classical Revival Style.

Along with the nearby Bridge No. 5151-Marshall, it was nominated for being a rare surviving example of the ornamental urban highway bridges built in Minnesota before World War II.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bridge No. 5083-Marshall, MN | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Bridge No. 5083 from Liberty Park | |
|  | |
| Location | Bridge No. 5083-Marshall, Marshall, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°26′58″N 95°47′07″W / 44.44944°N 95.78528°W / 44.44944; -95.78528 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1931 |
| Architect | Guaranty Construction Co., Minnesota Highway Dept. |
| Architectural style | Bridge; Concrete girder |
| NRHP reference No. | 98000682 |
| Added to NRHP | June 29, 1998 |


title: Bridge No. 63-137-090-Parker

abstract: The Bridge No. 63-137-90 is a historic bridge near Parker in rural Turner County, South Dakota. It was built sometime between 1934 and 1936, and is one of a large number of surviving stone bridges built as part of federal jobs programs in the county. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 as Bridge No. 63-137-090-Parker.

text:
# Bridge No. 63-137-090-Parker

The **Bridge No. 63-137-90** is a historic bridge near Parker in rural Turner County, South Dakota. It was built sometime between 1934 and 1936, and is one of a large number of surviving stone bridges built as part of federal jobs programs in the county. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 as **Bridge No. 63-137-090-Parker**.

## Description and history

Bridge No. 63-137-090 is located in north central Turner County, a rural county in eastern South Dakota. It is located on 277th Street, about 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Parker, between 453rd and 454th Avenues. It is a two-arch stone structure, about 25 feet (7.6 m) long, built out of crudely worked fieldstone, predominantly granite. Each arch is about 10 feet (3.0 m) long, with a rise of 4 feet (1.2 m) above that width. It has flared and sloping wing walls, which rise slightly above the road level to form low parapets.

This bridge is one of 65 stone bridges built in Turner County as part of a New Deal-era federal jobs program. The county administration was able to build stone bridges at a lower cost than then-conventional steel beam bridges because of the availability of experienced stone workers, and the federal subsidy to the wages they were paid. The county was responsible for supervising the work crews and providing the building materials. This bridge was built by a county crew, sometime between 1934 and 1936 (records have not survived for an exact construction date).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bridge No. 63-137-090-Parker | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Parker, South Dakota |
| Coordinates | 43°22′22.3″N 97°7′44.9″W / 43.372861°N 97.129139°W / 43.372861; -97.129139 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1940 (1940) |
| Built by | Turner County Highway Department |
| Architectural style | Stone Arch |
| MPS | Historic Bridges in South Dakota MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 99000951 |
| Added to NRHP | August 5, 1999 |


title: Bridgeport Hungaria

abstract: Bridgeport Hungaria was an American soccer club based in Bridgeport, Pennsylvania that was a member of the American Soccer League. The team was formed to replace the Newark Skeeters who had folded before the merger of the ASL and the Eastern Soccer League. After 10 games, the club moved to Newark, New Jersey but folded after only five more games. On January 26, 1930, Hungaria lost, 4–0, to the New Bedford Whalers in the first round of the National Challenge Cup.

text:
# Bridgeport Hungaria

**Bridgeport Hungaria** was an American soccer club based in Bridgeport, Pennsylvania that was a member of the American Soccer League.

The team was formed to replace the Newark Skeeters who had folded before the merger of the ASL and the Eastern Soccer League. After 10 games, the club moved to Newark, New Jersey but folded after only five more games. On January 26, 1930, Hungaria lost, 4–0, to the New Bedford Whalers in the first round of the National Challenge Cup.

## Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Reg. Season | Playoffs | National Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 1 | ACL (ASL) | 10th (Spring) | *No playoff* | First round |


title: SM U-54

abstract:
SM U-54 was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I.
U-54 was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic.

text:
# SM U-54

**SM *U-54*** was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. *U-54* was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Name | Nationality | Tonnage | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 February 1917 | *Tamara* | Norway | 453 | Sunk |
| 4 February 1917 | *Floridian* | United Kingdom | 4,777 | Sunk |
| 4 February 1917 | *Palmleaf* | United Kingdom | 5,489 | Sunk |
| 5 February 1917 | *Ainsdale* | United Kingdom | 1,825 | Damaged |
| 5 February 1917 | *Azul* | United Kingdom | 3,074 | Sunk |
| 7 February 1917 | *Wallace* | United Kingdom | 3,930 | Damaged |
| 7 February 1917 | *Saxonian* | United Kingdom | 4,855 | Sunk |
| 15 March 1917 | *Eugene Pergeline* | France | 2,203 | Sunk |
| 1 April 1917 | *Consul Persson* | Norway | 1,835 | Sunk |
| 1 April 1917 | *Fjelland* | Norway | 387 | Sunk |
| 2 April 1917 | *Havlyst* | Norway | 532 | Sunk |
| 3 June 1917 | *San Lorenzo* | United Kingdom | 9,607 | Damaged |
| 7 June 1917 | *Jonathan Holt* | United Kingdom | 1,523 | Sunk |
| 13 June 1917 | *Darius* | United Kingdom | 3,426 | Sunk |
| 23 July 1917 | *Ashleigh* | United Kingdom | 6,985 | Sunk |
| 23 July 1917 | *Huelva* | United Kingdom | 4,867 | Sunk |
| 25 July 1917 | *Rustington* | United Kingdom | 3,071 | Sunk |
| 26 July 1917 | *Somerset* | United Kingdom | 7,163 | Sunk |
| 31 July 1917 | *Alcides* | Norway | 2,704 | Sunk |
| 16 September 1917 | *Arabis* | United Kingdom | 3,928 | Sunk |
| 17 September 1917 | *Niemen* | France | 1,888 | Sunk |
| 19 September 1917 | *Marthe Marguerite* | France | 588 | Sunk |
| 24 September 1917 | *Louis Bossert* | Norway | 605 | Sunk |
| 25 September 1917 | *Marceau* | France | 292 | Sunk |
| 30 April 1918 | HMS *Starmount* | Royal Navy | 2,485 | Damaged |
| 8 May 1918 | *Dux* | United Kingdom | 1,349 | Sunk |
| 8 May 1918 | *Princess Dagmar* | United Kingdom | 913 | Sunk |
| 10 May 1918 | *Wileysike* | United Kingdom | 2,501 | Sunk |
| 16 July 1918 | HMS *Anchusa* | Royal Navy | 1,290 | Sunk |
| 27 September 1918 | *En Avant* | France | 86 | Sunk |
| 29 September 1918 | *Libourne* | United Kingdom | 1,219 | Sunk |

### Notes

### Citations

1. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 54". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
2. Gröner 1991, pp. 8–10.
3. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Freiherr Volkhard von Bothmer". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
4. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Kurt Heeseler (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
5. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
6. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U 54". *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 January 2015.

## Bibliography

* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| German Empire | |
| Name | *U-54* |
| Ordered | 23 August 1914 |
| Builder | Germaniawerft, Kiel |
| Yard number | 236 |
| Laid down | 18 March 1915 |
| Launched | 22 February 1916 |
| Commissioned | 25 May 1916 |
| Fate | 24 November 1918 - Surrendered to Italy. Broken up at Taranto in May 1919. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type U 51 submarine |
| Displacement | * 715  (704 long tons) surfaced * 902 t (888 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.44 m (21 ft 2 in) (oa) * 4.18 m (13 ft 9 in) (pressure hull) |
| Height | 7.82 m (25 ft 8 in) |
| Draught | 3.64 m (11 ft 11 in) |
| Installed power | * 2 × 2,400 PS (1,765 kW; 2,367 shp) surfaced * 2 × 1,200 PS (883 kW; 1,184 shp) submerged |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts |
| Speed | * 17.1 knots (31.7 km/h; 19.7 mph) surfaced * 9.1 knots (16.9 km/h; 10.5 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 9,400 nmi (17,400 km; 10,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) surfaced * 55 nmi (102 km; 63 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | 50 m (164 ft 1 in) |
| Complement | 36 |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: | * II Flotilla * 2 July 1916 – 11 November 1918 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Freiherr Volkhard von Bothmer * 16 May 1916 – 19 May 1917 * *Kptlt.* Kurt Heeseler * 20 May 1917 – 22 March 1918 * *Oblt.z.S.* Hellmuth von Ruckteschell * 23 March – 11 November 1918 |
| Operations: | 12 patrols |
| Victories: | * 26 merchant ships sunk
(66,713 GRT) * 1 warship sunk
(1,290 tons) * 3 merchant ships damaged
(15,362 GRT) * 1 auxiliary warship damaged
(2,485 GRT) |


title: SZD-7 Osa

abstract: The SZD-7 Osa was a single-seat developmental glider aircraft that was designed and built in Poland at Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny in Bielsko-Biała in 1950. Only one example was built.

text:
# SZD-7 Osa

The **SZD-7 Osa** was a single-seat developmental glider aircraft that was designed and built in Poland at *Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny* (Glider Experimental Works) in Bielsko-Biała in 1950. Only one example was built.

## Development

The SZD-7 or IS-7 Osa (*Wasp*) was based on the IS-2 Mucha, with a laminar flow aerofoil section developed by Tadeusz Kostia. Little information on laminar flow aerofoils was available but Kostia was able to design the aerofoil for the SZD-7 Osa to achieve laminar flow to at least 18% chord. As well as the laminar flow wings, the Osa introduced the SZD plate-style airbrakes, which were installed aft of the mainspar. The first flight of the Osa took place at Bielsko airfield piloted by Adam Zientek on 16 August 1950. The prototype was registered as SP-1047.

## Specifications (SZD-7 Osa)

*Data from* http://www.piotrp.de/SZYBOWCE/pszd7.htm

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in)
* **Wingspan:** 15 m (49 ft 3 in)
* **Height:** 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
* **Wing area:** 14.1 m2 (152 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 16
* **Airfoil:** Kosti laminar flow
* **Empty weight:** 237 kg (522 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 327 kg (721 lb)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 250 km/h (155 mph, 135 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 56 km/h (35 mph, 30 kn)
* **g limits:** +4.5 / -3
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 26.1 at 81 km/h (50 mph/44 kts)
* **Rate of sink:** 0.80 m/s (157 ft/min) at 73 km/h (45 mph/39 kts)

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

* Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

## InfoBox

| SZD-7 Osa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Glider aircraft |
| National origin | Poland |
| Manufacturer | SZD |
| First flight | 16 August 1950 |
| Number built | 1 |
| Developed from | IS-2 Mucha |


title: SZD-45 Ogar

abstract: The SZD-45 Ogar (Hound) is a T-tailed cantilever high-wing monoplane of wooden, aluminium and fibreglass construction designed and manufactured in Poland.

text:
# SZD-45 Ogar

The **SZD-45 Ogar** (Hound) is a T-tailed cantilever high-wing monoplane of wooden, aluminium and fibreglass construction designed and manufactured in Poland.

## Design and development

Designed bu Dipl.-Ing. Tadeusz Labuc, the 2-seat Ogar is intended for training glider pilots from ab-initio to advanced stages as well as cross-country flying. The first prototype,(reg. no. SP-0001), first flew on 29 May 1973 powered by a 34 kW (45 hp) Stark-Stamo engine. Due to the Stamo engine being unavailable, production SZD-45A Ogars were built with 51 kW (68 hp) Limbach SL1700EC engines and later with Franklin 2A-120 engines as the **SZD-45-2 Ogar F**.

Of pod and boom layout the Ogar has a T-tail on a tubular Aluminium alloy tubular boom extending from the keel of the fuselage pod, which houses the cockpit and engine. A variety of materials are used in construction, with a glass-fibre cockpit shell over two load-bearing wooden frames. The wings are of wooden single-spar construction skinned with plywood and covered with glass-fibre. The engine is mounted at the rear of the fuselage pod, aft of the wing trailing edge at the same level and driving a pusher propeller. The undercarriage consists of a semi-retractable mainwheel fitted with a disc brake, steerable tailwheel and optional outrigger wheels on flexible struts at the wing-tips. Accommodation for two pilots is provided side by side under an aft-hinged upward-opening canopy. The Ogar was certified for simple aerobatics.

Of the 66 production aircraft, 41 were exported;those destined for the United States were powered by dual-ignition, turbocharged, Revmaster/Volkswagen VW 2962 engines.

## Variants

SZD-45 OgarThe prototype powered by a 34 kW (45 hp) Stark-Stamo engine. SZD-45A OgarInitial production variant powered by a 51 kW (68 hp) Limbach SL1700EC engines. SZD-45-2 Ogar FLater production aircraft powered bya 45 kW (60 hp) Franklin 2A-120A (later 2A-120CP) 2-cyl air-cooled horizontally opposed piston engine.

## Specifications (SZD-45A Ogar)

*Data from* Jane's World Sailplanes and Motor Gliders, Gliders & Sailplanes of the World, SZD-45 Ogar Type Certificate

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 7.95 m (26 ft 1 in)
* **Wingspan:** 17.53 m (57 ft 6 in)
* **Height:** 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
* **Wing area:** 19.1 m2 (206 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 16.2
* **Airfoil:** Wortmann FX-61-168/1261
* **Empty weight:** 470 kg (1,036 lb)
* **Max takeoff weight:** 700 kg (1,543 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 22 kg (48.5 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Limbach SL 1700EC 4-cyl. air-cooled horizontally opposed piston engine, 50.7 kW (68.0 hp)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed Hoffmann pusher propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 180 km/h (110 mph, 97 kn) at sea level in straight and level flight
* **Stall speed:** 68 km/h (42 mph, 37 kn)
* **Max Rough air speed:** 165 km/h (103 mph; 89 kn)
* **Never exceed speed:** 225 km/h (140 mph, 121 kn)
* **Range:** 549 km (341 mi, 296 nmi)
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 27.5 at 100 km/h (62 mph; 54 kn)
* **Rate of sink:** 0.96 m/s (189 ft/min) at 73 km/h (45 mph; 39 kn)
* **Wing loading:** 36.6 kg/m2 (7.5 lb/sq ft)

* Hardy, Michael (1982). *Gliders & Sailplanes of the World*. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. p. 173. ISBN 0-7110-1152-4.
* Coates, Andrew (1980). *Jane's World Sailplanes and Motor Gliders*. London: Jane's Publishing Company. p. 133. ISBN 0-7106-0017-8.
* Wille, Rolf (1982). "Motorsegler" \[Motorgliders\]. *Flugfähige vorbildgetreue Nachbauten* \[*Building flying scale models*\] (in German). Berlin: transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen. pp. 110–118. ASIN B002N1X4FW.
* Вилле, Рольф (1986). "Мотопланеры" \[Motorgliders\]. *Постройка летающих моделей-копий* \[*Building flying scale models*\] (in Russian). Translated by Пальянова, В.Н. Москва: ДОСААФ. pp. 131–140.

## InfoBox

| SZD-45 Ogar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | 2-seat Motorglider |
| National origin | Poland |
| Manufacturer | SZD (*Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny*) |
| Designer | Tadeusz Labuc |
| Number built | 66 |
| History | |
| First flight | 29 May 1973 |


title: SS Nikkin Maru

abstract: Nikkin Maru (日錦丸) was a 5,587-ton Japanese troop transport during World War II, which sank on 30 June 1944 with great loss of life. Nikkin Maru was originally built in January 1920 as the West Ivan by the J. F. Duthie & Company in Seattle for the United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation. Renamed Golden West in 1928 and Canadian in 1937, she was confiscated by the Japanese in 1941 and renamed Hokusei Maru and finally Nikkin Maru. Requisitioned by the IJA in early 1943. On 30 June 1944, Nikkin Maru was transporting around 3,200 men of the Japanese 23rd Army from Korea to Japan. The unescorted Nikkin Maru was discovered by the US submarine USS Tang and torpedoed and sunk in the Yellow Sea off Mokpo, Korea, at position 35°05´N, 125°00´E. Probably all 3,400 soldiers and crew members drowned,.

text:
# SS Nikkin Maru

***Nikkin Maru*** (日錦丸) was a 5,587-ton Japanese troop transport during World War II, which sank on 30 June 1944 with great loss of life.

*Nikkin Maru* was originally built in January 1920 as the *West Ivan* by the J. F. Duthie & Company in Seattle for the United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation. Renamed *Golden West* in 1928 and *Canadian* in 1937, she was confiscated by the Japanese in 1941 and renamed *Hokusei Maru* and finally *Nikkin Maru*.

Requisitioned by the IJA in early 1943. On 30 June 1944, *Nikkin Maru* was transporting around 3,200 men of the Japanese 23rd Army from Korea to Japan. The unescorted *Nikkin Maru* was discovered by the US submarine USS *Tang* and torpedoed and sunk in the Yellow Sea off Mokpo, Korea, at position 35°05´N, 125°00´E. Probably all 3,400 soldiers and crew members drowned, .

## InfoBox

*Nikkin Maru*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Japan | |
| Builder | J. F. Duthie & Company, Seattle |
| Launched | 20 December 1919 |
| In service | 1920-1944 |
| Fate | Sunk, 30 June 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Troop transport |
| Tonnage | 5,587 GRT |
| Armament | depth charge launchers |


title: Brisbane Capitals

abstract: Brisbane Capitals is a NBL1 North club based in Brisbane, Queensland. The club fields a team in both the Men's and Women's NBL1 North. The club is a division of Brisbane Basketball Incorporated (BBI), one of the major administrative basketball organisations in the region. The Capitals play their home games at Auchenflower Stadium.

text:
# Brisbane Capitals

**Brisbane Capitals** is a NBL1 North club based in Brisbane, Queensland. The club fields a team in both the Men's and Women's NBL1 North. The club is a division of Brisbane Basketball Incorporated (BBI), one of the major administrative basketball organisations in the region. The Capitals play their home games at Auchenflower Stadium.

## Club history

### Background

In 1962, Brisbane Amateur Basketball Association (BABA) was formed. In 1979, the association entered the Brisbane Bullets into the inaugural National Basketball League (NBL) season. In 1982, the association entered the Brisbane Blazers into the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). In 1984, the organisation was incorporated and became Brisbane Basketball Incorporated. The Bullets were sold in 1991, while the WNBL license was relinquished in 1995.

### NBL1 (formerly QBL)

1986 saw the formation of the Queensland Basketball League (QBL) with both a men's and women's competition. Brisbane, trading as the Brewers, entered a team into both the Men's QBL and Women's QBL. The women's team saw immediate success, winning the inaugural championship before going on to win six titles in the competition's first seven seasons, including winning five in a row between 1988 and 1992. The Brewers women went on to finish as runners-up in 2000, before a name change to the Brisbane Capitals resulted in two more championships in 2001 and 2002. The men's team meanwhile were runners-up in 1991 and 2001 before winning their maiden championship in 2002.

In 2013, the Capitals men played in their first grand final since 2002, where they lost 102–95 to the Rockhampton Rockets. The Capitals returned to the grand final in 2015, losing the best-of-three series 2–1 to the Mackay Meteors. In 2016, the Capitals played in their third grand final in four years, this time losing 2–0 to the Cairns Marlins.

In 2019, the Capitals men made their seventh grand final appearance, where they won their second championship with a 2–0 series victory over the Gold Coast Rollers.

For the 2020 season, the Capitals joined the newly established NBL1 North, which replaced the QBL. The 2020 NBL1 North season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the Queensland State League (QSL) taking its place for a shortened season. The Capitals men led by Jason Cadee and Jarred Bairstow defeated RedCity Roar in the grand final to claim the 2020 QSL championship.

In 2024, the Capitals men reached the NBL1 North grand final series, where they lost 2–0 to the Mackay Meteors.

## InfoBox

| Brisbane Capitals | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leagues | NBL1 North |
| Founded | 1986 |
| History | **Brisbane Brewers**
1986–2000
**Brisbane Capitals**
2001–present |
| Arena | Auchenflower Stadium |
| Capacity | 700 |
| Location | Auchenflower, Queensland |
| Team colors | Blue and yellow |
| President | Tony Cotter |
| Vice-president(s) | Rodney Sengstock |
| General manager | Hamish Cain |
| Head coach | **M:** Greg Vanderjagt
**W:** Jason Chainey |
| Championships | **3** (2002, 2019, 2020\*) (M)
**8** (1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2001, 2002) (W) |
| Website | BrisbaneCapitals.com.au |


title: British telephone socket

abstract: British telephone sockets were introduced in their current plug and socket form on 19 November 1981 by British Telecom to allow subscribers to connect their own telephones. The connectors are specified in British Standard BS 6312. Electrical characteristics of the telephone interface are specified by individual network operators, e.g. in British Telecom's SIN 351. Electrical characteristics required of British telephones used to be specified in BS 6305. They are similar to modular connectors, but have a side-mounted hook, rather than a bottom-mounted one, and are physically incompatible.

text:
# British telephone socket

**British telephone sockets** were introduced in their current plug and socket form on 19 November 1981 by British Telecom to allow subscribers to connect their own telephones. The connectors are specified in British Standard **BS 6312**. Electrical characteristics of the telephone interface are specified by individual network operators, e.g. in British Telecom's SIN 351. Electrical characteristics required of British telephones used to be specified in **BS 6305**.

They are similar to modular connectors (as used in RJ11), but have a side-mounted hook, rather than a bottom-mounted one, and are physically incompatible.

## History

Standard sockets were introduced, as part of the 'New Plan' wiring policy, to allow customers to easily purchase their own telephones, as required by Oftel, the phone regulator. Thus any phone whose plug conformed to BS 6312 and met certain other regulatory standards, such as BABT, could be connected to the network, rather than British Telecom controlling the market. The 'New Plan' was only new to the UK and was based extensively on systems which had been available elsewhere for many years, especially in the US.

The new system replaced the older hard-wired system, which came in many 'flavours' (e.g., Plans 1, 1A, 1B, 1C, 2, 2A, 105, 107 etc.), which could be very complicated and required the attendance at the premises of a GPO telephone-engineer, who needed a complete set of 'N' (wiring) Diagrams, which was very extensive and ran to over 15 volumes of little black ring binders. N diagrams also had their own numbering system (e.g., a Plan 1A had an N diagram of N4502), and were frequently updated.

From the early years of the 1900s, the GPO (subsequently British Telecom) had a plug and socket system available for rent. It was later called a "Plan 4" (N762—first edition), and employed a heavy-duty, four-way jack plug 404 (circular in cross-section), on the end of the standard, plaited, cotton-covered instrument cord. It also had to have a separate bell-set, which was permanently in-circuit to provide ringing if there were no telephones plugged in. This system survived through various models of telephones from the "candlestick" 200 and 300 type Bakelite phones until the introduction of the 700 series in 1959, when a smaller "Plug 420" was introduced. The separate bell-set, with its on-board capacitor and coils, also provided a testing circuit for remote engineers, by providing the mandatory 1000 ohm capacitive loop-back. Rental had to be paid on each telephone and on all the sockets, and hence the system was not that common.

## Sockets

A domestic single British telephone line installation will have a single master socket or line box in the premises, which is provided by BT or another service provider: this socket is the demarcation point between the customer-owned and maintained on-premises wiring, and the telephone network. For installations using the NTE5 line box (NTE for network termination equipment), the demarcation point is actually *within* the socket: the lower half of the front plate and associated wiring is the customer's, while the permanent wiring on the non-removable section behind this, remains the responsibility of the service provider. Customers are not permitted to access the wiring in a master socket without a removable lower section. Plug-in extension kits are available for customers with this type of installation. The two wires from the exchange are denoted the *B* leg at −48 V relative to ground when the line is not in use and the *A* leg which is near ground potential when the line is not in use. The *A* leg goes to pin 5 and the *B* leg to pin 2 in the master socket. (Although all equipment will work with a reversed line, so a reverse wired socket is not strictly a fault.) When current is flowing on the line, the *B* leg voltage collapses to nearer ground and the *A* leg voltage moves nearer to the *B* leg voltage. The exact voltage drop is a function of the distance to the exchange, and the network wiring type. According to SIN 352 the average DC current in the loop and voltage across the phone will be up to 42 mA at 12.5 V (short line), up to 33.5 mA at 10 V, and will be not less than 25 mA at 9 V. (long line limit) Line polarity reverses during calls if caller ID is in use. Once in a call the audio and tone levels superimposed on the DC voltage are expressed as dBm in 600 ohms, although the line impedances are permitted to be some way off 600 ohms (as per SIN351) -9 dBm (275 mV RMS) \[0 dBm = 1 mW ( 0.775V RMS) in 600 ohms.

Until recently, this socket contained an enclosed spark gap, SP1, that could safely flash over internally to provide high voltage surge protection. This component is no longer used due to negative effects on VDSL speeds. The socket includes a 1.8 μF capacitor (bell circuit) to feed the AC ringing and a 470 kΩ resistor (R1, out-of-service resistor) to permit remote testing when no telephones are plugged into any sockets. Additional internal extension (secondary) sockets are wired off the master socket (connected in parallel using the IDC system) but not containing the surge protector, bell circuit capacitor, and the out-of-service resistor.

The 'old style' fixed master socket had only one set of terminals on the back and customers were supposed to use extension kits plugged into the front socket; however, many customers hard-wired their own extensions anyway for neatness and robustness reasons, which was a poor arrangement since it provided no way to isolate the customer's internal extension wiring from BT's wiring.

NTE5 Linebox sockets have for many years been fitted in place of master sockets. The lower part of the front plate can be removed after unscrewing two screws, allowing users access to the terminals required for connecting internal extension sockets. The removable panel also allows the external telephone line to be easily disconnected from the internal wiring, provided the wiring of the premises has been correctly carried out. This leaves a single working master telephone connector; if a telephone connected to this connector works while there had been problems with telephones connected to extensions, faults must be due to the customer's wiring in the building. The terminals on the back part were originally large screw terminals, later replaced in all BT NTE5 sockets by insulation-displacement connectors (IDCs).

As BT no longer has a monopoly of internal wiring, they make a substantial charge if a fault reported to them is found to be in the customer's internal/domestic wiring. It is therefore important for the customer to have the facility to check whether a fault is in their internal wiring/equipment or externally in BT's cabling or systems. Since the NTE5 socket represents the official demarcation point between the internal/domestic wiring (at the removable front of the socket which is the customer's responsibility) and the external telephone line/cabling fixed at the rear (which is BT's responsibility) the physical disconnection of the two sets of wires (made possible by the NTE5's removable front plate) is crucial in identifying faults and allocating responsibility for their rectification.

In 2009 BT Introduced a vDSL service to the UK known as BT Infinity, and at the same time introduced the BT vDSL Interstitial Faceplate, which performs two functions: DSL filter and Bell Wire noise suppression. The vDSL modem now plugs directly into the 6P6C modular socket on the faceplate. The faceplate can be easily fitted by removing the two bottom screws on a NTE5, sliding the bottom section out and fitting this in between. The result is that the entire extension circuit is filtered by the vDSL plate, so that DSL filters are no longer needed on a telephone socket used for DSL. The vDSL Interstitial Faceplate can also be fitted to lines used for ADSL, for which it has been shown to improve connection speeds.

There are several versions of the NTE5 (e.g., NTE5, NTE5a, NTE5c) and of the vDSL Interstitial Faceplate (Mk2, Mk3).

## Plugs

BT631A wiring
| Pin | Pair | Signal | Color |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Reserved | Green/white |
| 2 | 1 | Leg A | Blue/white |
| 3 |  | External Bell wire | Orange/white |
| 4 |  | Reserved | White/orange |
| 5 | 1 | Leg B | White/blue |
| 6 |  | Reserved | White/green |

There are two types of modern British Telecom plugs in common use for connecting telephones, the 431A and 631A.

431A is 4-way and 631A 6-way. There are also plugs with only two contacts commonly seen on modem leads. These are a recent introduction and do not seem to be easily available as separate parts. All fit any right-handed "Type 600" telephone socket.

Type 430A and 630A plugs have the latch on the opposite (left hand) side of the plug, and were used as headset plugs on some switchboards and as handset connectors on some telephones, e.g. Ambassador.

The 631A and 630A plugs are also used for connecting sensors to interfaces for computer-based measurements in educational environments, the former for connecting analogue sensors and the latter for digital sensors. Companies using these plugs include Vernier, TI and Casio, for interfaces connecting to their graphical calculators, and in the Netherlands CMA.

The BS 6312 specification defines the terminal numbering of a socket-outlet in the opposite direction to the pin numbers of the socket. Thus terminal 1 is connected to pin 6, terminal 2 to pin 5 and so on. The pins of the 631A plug are numbered in ascending order from left to right with the contacts facing upwards and the latch on the right-hand side.

## Connector on phone

The connector on the phone is not standardized: the connector at the wall is standardized by regulation, to allow individuals to use their own phones (interconnection), but the wire from the phone to the wall may be hard-wired to the phone, or use various connectors.

Typically it will have a 6P4C or 6P2C modular connector at the telephone end: this latter may be wired as per the RJ11 standard (with pins 3 and 4), or it may be wired with pins 2 and 5, as a straight-through cable from the BT plug (which uses pins 2 and 5 for the line, unlike RJ11, which uses pins 3 and 4). Thus cables are not in general compatible between different phones, as the phone base may have a socket with pins 2 and 5 (requiring a straight-through cable), or have an RJ11 socket (requiring a crossover cable).

## Use in other countries

The BS 6312 jack has been used in New Zealand since the 1980s, replacing a number of other connectors and hard-wired connections, and was subsequently replaced by a "2-wire" version suited to daisy chain wiring that eliminated the 3rd anti-tinkling wire. The "BT Jack" is still the most common phone jack in use, although many installations in business use structured cabling with "RJ45" 8P8C modular connectors for telephone as well as data services. Since 2010 the Telecommunications Carriers Forum Premises Wiring Code of Practice has deprecated BT jacks in favour of "RJ45" modular jacks for all new residential and SOHO phone/data networks, although not yet a mandatory standard in 2016.

It is also used in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Cyprus, Eritrea, Eswatini, the Falkland Islands, Ghana, Gibraltar, Israel (but wired differently from the British Standard), Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lesotho, Malawi, Malta, Myanmar (Burma), Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, the United Arab Emirates, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The jack is still found in Hong Kong, where new installations ceased in 1998, while in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, new installations ceased in 2001, with RJ11 now used instead.

While BS 6312 was not adopted in the Republic of Ireland, Malaysia or Singapore, Irish, Malaysian and Singaporean phone jacks bear some varying levels of similarity to their UK cousins due to GPO influences in the old Irish, Malaysian and Singaporean phone wiring systems. The Malaysian Telecommunications Department (now Telekom Malaysia) and Telecommunication Authority of Singapore (now Singtel) adopted Bell System-style 6P2C plugs and 6P4C "RJ11" sockets in the 1970s, with Ireland's P&T (now Eir) doing so (but with 6P6C instead of 6P4C sockets) slightly later, some time before BS 6312 was rolled out by BT in the UK. Irish, Malaysian and Singaporean phone sockets are normally wired, as per the international standard, with the line carried on the centre pair (pin 3 and 4). However, although rarely connected in practice, Irish phone jacks also contain a ringing capacitor circuit very similar to their UK counterparts. This is carried on pin 5. Or, if wired for two-line service (rare), a second ring wire is carried on pin 2 for line 2, with the outer pair, pins 1 and 6 carrying the second line. This arrangement was introduced for the same reason as the capacitor in BS 6313; to allow backwards compatibility with older GPO style type 3 wire phones that lacked an anti-tinkle circuit, which were common in the 1970s and into the 1980s. Modern Irish jacks also contain screw down lugs to connect extension phone wiring or a hardwired pre 1970s phone. The connection block has an "R" terminal for connecting the ringing wire to the capacitor. Despite the circuitry being available in the jack, UK phones should still be connected with an adapter with its own ringing capacitor, as the "R" wire typically is no longer connected in most homes, unless the wiring was originally used with rotary dial telephones.

## Making the connections

As previously mentioned the actual connections are made using Insulation-displacement connectors (IDC). A punch down tool is required to do this and two sorts are available. One is of plastic construction and only intended for occasional use. The other is a professional tool used by installers, which is a spring loaded push down tool that both inserts the wire and trims it in one action : an example is shown in the photograph. It also comes with a tool for removing wires from sockets. From Q3 2016, Openreach started using a new, "toolless" version of the demarcation socketthe *NTE5C*which does not require an IDC tool to make the connections.

## Cabling arrangements

Shown below are the cabling arrangements for both 4-wire and 6-wire cable. Initially 4-wire was used and many older installations still use it, then the 6-wire became the new standard, but the 4-wire has latterly been reissued to all Openreach technicians as part of cost savings. Modern 4-wire however is the same diameter as 6-wire to allow technicians to retain existing tacking guns and cable clips. Note that the wires in the 6-wire cable are coloured with two colours in a ratio of four to one in length, with the first colour mentioned being the predominant one, e.g. if the indicated colour of the wire is W-B then the wire will be coloured white for 12 mm, then blue for 3 mm and so on. (In other words, it looks like a white wire with blue patches on it.)

Strictly speaking, a textbook installation will only actually use pins 2, 5 (for the voice) and 3 (for the ringer). Having said this, most modern telephones no longer require a ringing capacitor may have 2-wire connections, which means that extension wiring can usually be run with only pins 2 and 5. Often where multi-core cable is used, the remaining cables are used for wiring extensions on additional incoming telephone lines.

## Broadband

In order to use broadband Internet services simultaneously with voice telephony, it is necessary to use a DSL filter. This is a low pass filter in line with the phone outlet. This prevents high frequency data noise from affecting the lower frequency voice bandwidth and it also prevents the low impedance of the connected phone from attenuating or modulating the high speed DSL data Path. Enough bandwidth is retained for voice telephony and the majority is used for high speed data.

All phones (or other voice band devices) must be connected via a filter (either a separate filter for each phone or one filter covering multiple phones) to avoid interference between the phones and the DSL signal. If the data transmission is still audible the use of two DSL filters, daisychained in series, should eliminate the problem. The RJ11 female port provided on the filter case simply connects the DSL router directly to the phone line (most DSL filters have a socket marked DSL or ADSL that just connects the DSL line pair directly through to the incoming phone line pair via the BT plug, without any filtering or processing of any kind). The ringer wire is unnecessary in unfiltered parts of the wiring and its removal can often improve performance and reliability of the broadband service. This is due to the unbalancing effect that the ringer wire (on long extensions) can have on the matched twisted pair. Thus reducing the signal to noise ratio and also the high frequency response of the subscriber line.

When ADSL was first introduced in the UK it was installed by a technician who replaced the front part of the NTE5 (if the property still had an old style master socket it would be replaced with an NTE5) with one containing a filter. Any hardwired phone extensions were disconnected from the original front part and connected to filtered terminals on the back of the filter. The DSL modem (which at the time was also BT supplied) and, if present, a phone or plug-in extension, could then be plugged into the front. If it was desired to locate the DSL modem away from the master socket a plug-in ADSL extension kit could be purchased.

BT also offered "wires-only" ADSL service and promoted the technique of using a separate plug-in filter on every socket. While both technically inferior and far less tidy than the solution BT engineers had used, it was usually adequate and was simple enough for a non-technical householder to understand. The more discerning customer can purchase a variety of hardwired filtering products, including replacement front plates for the NTE5, some of which have unfiltered as well as filtered terminals on the back to avoid the need to plug in the extension wiring that leads to the DSL modem.

In 2008 BT trialled and launched their 'IPlate'; the "I" is for interstitial, as it is fitted between the socket and the front panel. This plate is fitted by the consumer inside the NTE 5 and reduces interference carried by the 3rd (bell) wire. The reduced interference allows faster broadband speeds - BT claim a speed improvement of up to 1.5 Mbit/s with a theoretical 4 Mbit/s. By November 2009 BT were calling the I-plate a "BT Broadband Accelerator".

## Structured cabling

Structured cabling systems are general-purpose communications wires installed in offices and increasingly also homes, which can be used for several different communication technologies (analog phone, ADSL, ISDN, Ethernet, video, etc.). The most common type uses Category 5 cables (four twisted pairs with 100 ohm impedance) between 8P8C (colloquially and incorrectly called RJ45) room sockets and a central patch panel.

The A and B wires of an analogue phone line appear in a structured cabling system usually on the centre pins of the 8P8C connector (pins 4 and 5; the blue/white TIA/EIA-568 pair 1 in Cat5 cables). In most other countries, those two wires are all that is needed to connect an analogue telephone. In the UK, however, many telephone circuits still have an anti-tinkle connection between the master socket and extensions on a third wire. But such a 3-wire interface is not the symmetric interface needed for balanced twisted-pair transmission lines, and therefore prone to electromagnetic interference and crosstalk with nearby other wiring. It is modern practice to remove the bell wire to rebalance the circuit and thus reduce potential interference from office or far field RF interference. The telephone is plugged at the other end into the structured cabling via a *line adapter unit* (LAU) / *Mod-Tap* / Molex that contains the capacitor needed to connect the bell signal. Different types of LAUs are on the market:

* PSTN secondary/slave: for phones that need no bell wire
* PABX master: contains ring capacitor, to provide from the 8P8C 2-wire interface the 3rd bell wire required by UK phones
* PSTN master: implements all the circuitry found in a BT master socket, including surge protection, ring capacitor, test resistor

There exists no well-established standard in which polarity pins 2 and 5 of the phone socket are connected to pins 4 and 5 of the 8P8C connector; both alternatives are common. This polarity is not normally important; BT does specify that the B wire is more negative than the A, though they no longer specify which of the A and B wires are connected to pins 2 and 5 of their master telephone socket, although earlier standards specified that the A wire be connected to 5 and the B wire to 2.


title: British twenty-five pence coin

abstract: The British decimal twenty-five pence (25p) coin was a commemorative denomination of sterling coinage issued in four designs between 1972 and 1981. These coins were a post-decimalisation continuation of the traditional crown, with the same value of a quarter of a pound. Uniquely in British decimal coinage, the coins do not have their value stated on them. This is because previous crowns rarely did so. The British regular issue coin closest to the coin's nominal value is the twenty pence coin. The coins were issued for commemorative purposes and were not intended for circulation, although they remain legal tender and are accepted at Post Offices. The coins weigh 28.28 g (0.909 ozt) and have a diameter of 38.61 mm. Twenty-five pence coin issues were discontinued after 1981 due to the prohibitive cost to the Royal Mint of producing such large coins with such small value. From 1990 the "crown" was revived as the commemorative five pound coin, having the same dimensions and weight but a value twenty times as great. The two can be distinguished because the five pound coin is marked with its value.

text:
# British twenty-five pence coin

The British decimal **twenty-five pence** (**25p**) coin was a commemorative denomination of sterling coinage issued in four designs between 1972 and 1981. These coins were a post-decimalisation continuation of the traditional crown, with the same value of a quarter of a pound. Uniquely in British decimal coinage, the coins do not have their value stated on them. This is because previous crowns rarely did so. The British regular issue coin closest to the coin's nominal value is the twenty pence coin.

The coins were issued for commemorative purposes and were not intended for circulation, although they remain legal tender and are accepted at Post Offices. The coins weigh 28.28 g (0.909 ozt) and have a diameter of 38.61 mm.

Twenty-five pence coin issues were discontinued after 1981 due to the prohibitive cost to the Royal Mint of producing such large coins with such small value. From 1990 the "crown" was revived as the commemorative five pound coin, having the same dimensions and weight but a value twenty times as great. The two can be distinguished because the five pound coin is marked with its value.

## Designs

The following 25p coins were produced:

| *1972 issue* | To celebrate the Silver wedding anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Obverse: The standard portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin with the inscription D·G·REG·F·D· ELIZABETH II.
Reverse: The initials EP crowned and with a floral garland, with a naked figure of Eros at the centre. The inscription reads: ELIZABETH AND PHILIP 20 NOVEMBER 1947 - 1972. This face was also designed by Arnold Machin.
Both faces are encircled by dots. The edge of the coin is milled. There were 7,452,100 cupronickel coins and 100,000 silver coins issued. |
| --- | --- |
| *1977 issue* | To celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. Obverse: A portrait of Queen Elizabeth II riding a horse, in a similar style to the 1953 crown celebrating her coronation. The inscription reads ELIZABETH·II DG·REG FD 1977.
Reverse: A design showing coronation regalia. The Ampulla and Anointing Spoon used in the Queen's coronation are displayed crowned, and encircled by a floral border. These objects date from the 14th and 12th centuries respectively and have remained in continuous use.
Both faces were designed by Arnold Machin. The edge of the coin is milled. There were 37,061,160 cupronickel coins and 377,000 silver coins issued. |
| *1980 issue* | To celebrate the eightieth birthday of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Obverse: The standard portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin with the inscription D·G·REG·F·D· ELIZABETH II.
Reverse: A portrait of the Queen Mother surrounded by a radiating pattern of bows and lions, a pun on her maiden name Bowes-Lyon. The inscription reads: QUEEN ELIZABETH THE QUEEN MOTHER AUGUST 4th 1980. The reverse was designed by Professor Richard Guyatt.
Both faces are encircled by dots. The edge of the coin is milled. There were 9,306,000 cupronickel coins and 83,672 silver coins issued. |
| *1981 issue* | To celebrate the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. Obverse: The standard portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin with the inscription D·G·REG·F·D· ELIZABETH II.
Reverse: A profile portrait of Lady Diana Spencer partially covered by a profile portrait of The Prince of Wales, both facing to the left, with the inscription H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES AND LADY DIANA SPENCER 1981. This face was designed by Philip Nathan.
Both faces are encircled by dots. The edge of the coin is milled. There were 26,773,600 cupronickel coins and 218,000 silver coins issued. |

## InfoBox

Twenty-five pence
| United Kingdom | |
| --- | --- |
| Value | £0.25 |
| Mass | 28.28 g |
| Diameter | 38.61 mm |
| Thickness | 2.5 mm |
| Edge | milled |
| Composition | 75% Cu, 25% Ni |
| Years of minting | 19711981 |
| Obverse | |
| Design | Queen Elizabeth II |
| Designer | Arnold Machin |
| Design date | 1963 |
| Reverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Lady Diana Spencer and Charles, Prince of Wales |
| Designer | Philip Nathan |
| Design date | 1981 |


title: Saas-Fee

abstract: Saas-Fee is the main village in the Saastal, or the Saas Valley, and is a municipality in the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The village is situated on a high mountain plateau at 1,800 meters, surrounded by a total of 13 peaks above 4,000 meters which is the highest concentration in the Alps, giving the village the nickname the Pearl of the Alps. It is a classic ski resort characterised by well-preserved Swiss wood architecture and a car-free city centre. The villages in its neighbourhood are Saas-Almagell, Saas-Grund and Saas-Balen.

text:
# Saas-Fee

**Saas-Fee** (German pronunciation: \[zaːs feː\]) is the main village in the **Saastal**, or the **Saas Valley**, and is a municipality in the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The village is situated on a high mountain plateau at 1,800 meters (5,900 feet), surrounded by a total of 13 peaks above 4,000 meters (13,123 feet) which is the highest concentration in the Alps, giving the village the nickname *the Pearl of the Alps*. It is a classic ski resort characterised by well-preserved Swiss wood architecture and a car-free city centre. The villages in its neighbourhood are Saas-Almagell, Saas-Grund and Saas-Balen.

## Overview

Its location close to the glaciers of the Dom and the Allalinhorn provides winter sport opportunities throughout the year, and neighbouring peaks such as the Weissmies, the Nadelhorn and the Lenzspitze are popular climbs in the summer season. The community is considered to be a very attractive winter sport destination in the Swiss Alps. Typical activities include skiing, snowboarding, snowshoe trekking, canyon climbing and ice climbing.

Saas-Fee offers 22 lifts, including 3 cable cars, 1 funicular railway (Metro Alpin), 5 gondolas (1 dedicated to walkers), 2 chairlifts, the remainder being surface lifts (draglifts). The ski run has a vertical drop of 1,800 m (5,906 ft), a top elevation of 3,600 m (11,811 ft) and covers 150 km (93 mi) (80 km (50 mi) beginner, 45 km (28 mi) intermediate, 25 km (16 mi) advanced). Other activities include paragliding, hang gliding, and tobogganing.

Saas-Fee can be reached by car or bus – postal buses run during much of the day half-hourly from Brig and Visp, though none provides a service beyond the bus terminal through the length of the town during the winter. No cars are allowed to enter the city (they have to be parked in special car parks outside); only small electric vehicles operate on the streets between the hotels and ski area. The decision to exclude most motor vehicles was made by the village at the time of the construction of the road from Saas Grund in 1951 in order to eliminate air pollution.

The resort offers many culture, sports, and off-slope activities, including classical music, a sports and leisure complex, restaurants, and nightclubs. The resort features the highest underground funicular railway in the world up to the skiing area and the highest revolving restaurant in the world at 3,500 m (11,500 ft). The touristic slogan of Saas-Fee is "Die Perle der Alpen" (The Pearl of the Alps) as it is surrounded by a total of 13 peaks above 4,000 metres (13,123 feet), the most in the Alps. The campus of the European Graduate School is located in Saas-Fee.

## History

Saas-Fee is first mentioned in 1304 as *vee*. The municipality was formerly known by its French name *Fée* (\[fe\]); however, that name is no longer used.

## Geography

Saas-Fee has an area, as of 2011, of 40.6 square kilometers (15.7 sq mi). Of this area, 5.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 9.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 83.6% is unproductive land.

The municipality is located in the Visp district, at the foot of Dom Mountain. The village is surrounded by thirteen Four-thousander mountains (mountains that are at least 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) above sea level).

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure, the initials SSF Or between two Mullets \[of Six\] Argent in base Coupeaux Vert.*

## Demographics

Saas-Fee has a population (as of December 2020) of 1,559. As of 2008, 28.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 3.4%. It has changed at a rate of 0.5% due to migration and at a rate of 6.3% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (1,243 or 85.5%) as their first language. The German dialect spoken is called Walser German and is partly unintelligible to speakers of Standard German. Serbo-Croatian is the second most common (98 or 6.7%) and Portuguese is the third (47 or 3.2%). There are 16 people who speak French, 12 people who speak Italian and 2 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality, 745 or about 51.2% were born in Saas-Fee and lived there in 2000. There were 200 or 13.8% who were born in the same canton, while 207 or 14.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 265 or 18.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.8%.

As of 2000, there were 648 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 717 married individuals, 69 widows or widowers and 20 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 625 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household. There were 243 households that consist of only one person and 34 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 604 apartments (39.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 864 apartments (56.4%) were seasonally occupied and 64 apartments (4.2%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 12.2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 3.83%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 64.08% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (23.78%), the SVP (7.06%) and the SP (3.2%). In the federal election, a total of 678 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 67.1%.

In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 703 votes were cast, of which 26 or about 3.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 69.5%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 666 votes were cast, of which 30 or about 4.5% were invalid. The voter participation was 66.3%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%.

## Economy

As of  2010, Saas-Fee had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. As of 2008, there were 5 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 2 businesses involved in this sector. 131 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 19 businesses in this sector. 1,169 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 182 businesses in this sector. There were 883 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.8% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,197. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 2, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 124 of which 34 or (27.4%) were in manufacturing and 87 (70.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,071. In the tertiary sector; 181 or 16.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 125 or 11.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 615 or 57.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 17 or 1.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 32 or 3.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 17 or 1.6% were in education and 12 or 1.1% were in health care.

In 2000, there were 227 workers who commuted into the municipality and 65 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 3.5 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 6.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 4.3% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 1,177 or 80.9% were Roman Catholic, while 101 or 6.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 81 members of an Orthodox church (or about 5.57% of the population), and there was one individual who belongs to another Christian church. There was one individual who was Jewish, and 12 (or about 0.83% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 22 (or about 1.51% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 55 individuals (or about 3.78% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Saas-Fee about 613 or (42.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 113 or (7.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 113 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.5% were Swiss men, 19.5% were Swiss women, 9.7% were non-Swiss men and 5.3% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2010–2011 school year, there were a total of 137 students in the Saas-Fee school system. The education system in the Canton of Valais allows young children to attend one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there 2 kindergarten classes (KG1 or KG2) and 32 kindergarten students. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school. In Saas-Fee, there were a total of 8 classes and 137 students in the primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling (orientation classes), followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All the lower and upper secondary students from Saas-Fee attend their school in a neighboring municipality.

As of 2000, there were 73 students from Saas-Fee who attended schools outside the municipality.

Saas Fee is also the location of the European Graduate School. EGS was established in 1994 as a postgraduate degree-granting school. Founding contributors included eminent philosophers such as Jacques Derrida and Jean-François Lyotard, and many leading thinkers teach there to this day, including Slavoj Žižek, Judith Butler, Alain Badiou, Peter Greenaway, and Geert Lovink.

## Mountains

| Peak | Elevation | First climbed |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ulrichshorn | 3,925 m (12,877 ft) | 1848-08-10 |
| Strahlhorn | 4,190 m (13,750 ft) | 1854-08-15 |
| Fletschhorn | 3,996 m (13,110 ft) | 1854-08-28 |
| Weissmies | 4,023 m (13,199 ft) | 1855 – August |
| Lagginhorn | 4,010 m (13,160 ft) | 1856-08-26 |
| Allalinhorn | 4,027 m (13,212 ft) | 1856-08-28 |
| Latelhorn | 3,198 m (10,492 ft) | 1856-08-28 |
| Dom | 4,545 m (14,911 ft) | 1858-09-11 |
| Nadelhorn | 4,327 m (14,196 ft) | 1858-09-16 |
| Rimpfischhorn | 4,198 m (13,773 ft) | 1859-09-09 |
| Alphubel | 4,206 m (13,799 ft) | 1860-08-09 |
| Täschhorn | 4,490 m (14,730 ft) | 1862-07-30 |
| Balfrin | 3,795 m (12,451 ft) | 1863-07-06 |
| Hohberghorn | 4,219 m (13,842 ft) | 1869 |
| Südlenz | 4,294 m (14,088 ft) | 1870 |
| Portjengrat | 3,653 m (11,985 ft) | 1871-09-07 |
| Sonnighorn | 3,487 m (11,440 ft) | 1879 – August |
| Dürrenhorn | 4,034 m (13,235 ft) | 1879-09-07 |
| Feechopf | 3,888 m (12,756 ft) | 1883-07-28 |
| Stecknadelhorn | 4,242 m (13,917 ft) | 1887-08-08 |

Saas-Fee was the location where the video for Wham!'s hit single "Last Christmas" was filmed in 1984. The cable car that they get into to go up the mountain is labelled with the name "Saas-Fee" in the typical Saas-Fee font. This appears to be an artistic device as the cable car, now replaced by a more modern version, runs between the edge of Saas-Fee and Felskinn which is considerably above the normal height for residential buildings. Saas-Fee is also the setting of the second part of André Gide's novel Les faux-monnayeurs, as well as the setting of various ski chase sequences in the *On Her Majesty's Secret Service* film (1969) in the James Bond series.

## Notable people

Media related to Saas-Fee at Wikimedia Commons Official website

## InfoBox

| Saas-Fee | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Saas-Fee | |
| Saas-FeeSaas-Fee | |
| Coordinates: 46°6.58′N 7°55.75′E / 46.10967°N 7.92917°E / 46.10967; 7.92917 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Valais |
| District | Visp |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Roger Kalbermatten |
| Area | |
| Total | 40.6 km2 (15.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,800 m (5,900 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,563 |
| Density | 38/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 3906 |
| SFOS number | 6290 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-VS |
| Surrounded by | Randa, Saas-Almagell, Saas-Balen, Saas-Grund, Sankt Niklaus, Täsch |
| Twin towns | Steamboat Springs (USA), Rocca di Cambio (Italy) |
| Website | saas-fee.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Brevisomabathynella cooperi

abstract: Brevisomabathynella cooperi is a species of crustacean. It was first found in Western Australia. It stands out within its family by its pygmoid body and its long head. At the same time, its mouthparts show: a very large labrum with a great number of teeth; its incisor process with four main teeth and three very small other teeth, arranged in two groups; and the distal-inner spines of the farthermost endite of its maxillule being longer than its terminal spines. These distinct characters appear to have developed due to its predatory habits, which in turn are evidenced by the presence of an ostracod prey in the gut of B. cunyuensis, its sister species. This genus closely resembles the genus Notobathynella.

text:
# Brevisomabathynella cooperi

**Brevisomabathynella cooperi** is a species of crustacean. It was first found in Western Australia. It stands out within its family by its pygmoid body and its long head. At the same time, its mouthparts show: a very large labrum with a great number (over 30) of teeth; its incisor process with four main teeth and three very small other teeth, arranged in two groups; and the distal-inner spines of the farthermost endite of its maxillule being longer than its terminal spines. These distinct characters appear to have developed due to its predatory habits, which in turn are evidenced by the presence of an ostracod prey in the gut of *B. cunyuensis*, its sister species. This genus closely resembles the genus *Notobathynella*.

## Further reading

* Guzik, M. T., et al. "Phylogeography of the ancient Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Yilgarn region of Western Australia."Invertebrate Systematics 22.2 (2008): 205-216.
* Abrams, Kym M., et al. "Molecular phylogenetic, morphological and biogeographic evidence for a new genus of parabathynellid crustaceans (Syncarida: Bathynellacea) from groundwater in an ancient southern Australian landscape." Invertebrate systematics 27.2 (2013): 146-172.
* Watts, C. H. S., and W. F. Humphreys. "Fourteen new Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) of the genera Limbodessus Guignot, Paroster Sharp, and Exocelina Broun from underground waters in Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 133.1 (2009): 62-107.

## InfoBox

| *Brevisomabathynella cooperi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Bathynellacea |
| Family: | Parabathynellidae |
| Genus: | *Brevisomabathynella* |
| Species: | ***B. cooperi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brevisomabathynella cooperi***<br>Cho et al., 2006 | |
|


title: Brevista

abstract: Brevista zherichini is a fossil species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Brevista.

text:
# Brevista

***Brevista zherichini*** is a fossil species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus ***Brevista***.

## InfoBox

| *Brevista zherichini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Superfamily: | Buprestoidea |
| Family: | Buprestidae |
| Genus: | ***Brevista***
Alexeev, 1995 |
| Species: | ***B. zherichini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brevista zherichini***
Alexeev, 1995 | |
|


title: British Biotech

abstract:
British Biotech was a British-based biotechnology company founded as British Biotechnology Limited in 1986 by former G D Searle managers Keith McCullagh and Brian Richards.
It was the first British biotech company to be publicly listed when it was floated on 1 July 1992.

text:
# British Biotech

**British Biotech** was a British-based biotechnology company founded as **British Biotechnology Limited** in 1986 by former G D Searle managers Keith McCullagh and Brian Richards. It was the first British biotech company to be publicly listed when it was floated on 1 July 1992.

## Controversy

In 1996, despite having no compounds on or near the market, the company was temporarily valued at nearly $2.5 billion, largely on the basis of its two main development drugs: *marimastat* (a novel matrix metalloprotease inhibitor for cancer treatment) and lexipafant (*Zacutex*, for pancreatitis). *Batimastat* (codename BB94) progressed as far as stage 3 in its clinical trial, although not orally bioavailable, there are other methods of administration, including transdermal.

In February 1998, Dr Andrew Millar was dismissed as Head of Clinical Research and went on to make allegations that "the Board were running a business plan consistent only with extreme and unfounded optimism". These events were the subject of an inquiry by the House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology in August 1998 which absolved Dr Millar of any responsibility for the company's problems.

Subsequent investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission, Food and Drug Administration, London Stock Exchange and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency found that British Biotech had wilfully misled the public about the progress of marimastat and that unblinding data before the end of clinical trials does not necessarily invalidate the results. Marimastat underwent Phase III trials in collaboration with Schering-Plough Corporation. Further development of Zacutex was abandoned due to poor clinical trial results.

The corporate politics behind the downfall of British Biotech was later recorded for a BBC2 Series *Blood on the Carpet*.

## Disappearance

In 2003, British Biotech merged with RiboTargets and then into Vernalis Group. The British Biotech company name disappeared after this merger and remaining staff integrated into the new Vernalis plc organisation in Winnersh, Berkshire.

## InfoBox

British Biotech *plc*
(LSE:BBG Nasdaq:BBIOY)
| Industry | Biotechnology |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1986 |
| Defunct | 2003 |
| Fate | Merged |
| Successor | Vernalis plc |
| Headquarters | Oxford, United Kingdom |
| Key people | **CEO**
Keith McCullagh, 1986–1998
Elliot Goldstein, 1998–2002
Tim Edwards, 2002–2003
**Chair**
Brian Richards, 1986–1998
Christopher Hampson, 1998–2002
Peter Fellner, 2002–2003 |
| Number of employees | 500 |