title: Southern Shores Field Service Council

abstract: Southern Shores Field Service Council is a field service council of the Michigan Crossroads Council.

text:
# Southern Shores Field Service Council

**Southern Shores Field Service Council** is a field service council of the Michigan Crossroads Council.

## History

### 2012 Merger

The Scouting program in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan saw a drastic drop in membership beginning in the early 2000s. The decrease in population was due to the economy in Michigan and the resulting out-migration of population, jobs and industry. The Area 2 Project was created in 2010 and studied the impact on Scouting and presented the Crossroads Recommendation, which proposed that the ten councils in Michigan merge into one large council. As a result, in 2012, four field service councils were created consisting of former councils.

The Southern Shores Field Service Council is the result of a merger between the Great Sauk Trail Council and Southwest Michigan Council.

### 2020 Merger

In 2020, the Michigan Crossroads Council made a decision to merge its Field Service Councils to create one central Council.

## Organization

The council is administratively divided into districts:

## Properties

### Operating as of 2020

#### Camp Teetonkah

Located on Wolf Lake in Jackson, MI; Camp Teetonkah claims to be the second oldest scout camp in the United States. It boasts 240 aches of land and currently caters to Cub Scout programs.

### Closed as of 2020

#### Camp Rota-Kiwan

Formerly located in Texas Township south of Kalamazoo, MI; Camp Rota-Kiwan formerly occupied nearly 200 acres of land and was closed by the council in 2019 for financial reasons.

#### Camp Munhacke

Formerly located on Bruin Lake in Gregory, MI, Camp Munhacke was closed by the council on December 31, 2019, for financial reasons.

#### Camp Kanesatake

Formerly located on Washington Lake in Cambridge, MI, Camp Kanesatake was purchased in 1926 and operated for roughly 50 years.

#### Wrights Lake Scout Camp

Formerly located in Evart, MI, Wright's Lake Scout Camp was closed by the council after the 1995 season for financial reasons.

## Order of the Arrow

### Kishahtek Lodge (2012–2020)

Kishahtek Lodge, maintained the lodge number 88, and served as the Field Service Council's Order of the Arrow Lodge. The name is translated as "Northern Lights" in Lenne Lenape, and the totem is the wolverine.

The lodge was formed from merging Manitous Lodge 88 and Nacha-Mawat Lodge 373 after the Great Sauk Trail Council and Southwest Michigan Council merged into the Southern Shores Field Service Council.

Similar to the Field Service Council, the lodge is divided into chapters, which correspond within district boundaries

* **Allohak Chapter** in the Huron Trails District. This name comes from a prior lodge which served the Ann Arbor area.
* **Carcajou Chapter** in the Wabano District. Named after the Carcajou Lodge 373 that served the Southwestern Michigan Council prior to merging with the Fruit Belt Area and Nottawa Trails Councils in 1973. Carcajou Lodge had the Camp Madron Dance Team.
* **Lenape Chapter** in the Lenape District
* **Mandoka Chapter** in the Nottawa Trails District. Named after the Mandoka Lodge 315 that served the Nottawa Trails Council prior to merging with the Southwestern Michigan and Fruit Belt Area Councils in 1973.
* **Munhacke Chapter** in the Three Fires District. This name comes from a prior lodge which served Livingston County
* **Tecumseh Chapter** in the Running Waters District. This name comes from a prior lodge which served Monroe County
* **Teetonkah Chapter** in the Cascades District. This name comes from a prior lodge which served Jackson County
* **Wakazoo Chapter** in the Pathfinder District. Named after the Wakazoo Lodge 203 that served the Fruit Belt Area Council prior to merging with the Southwestern Michigan and Nottawa Trails Councils in 1973.

#### Manitous Lodge (1995–2012)

The Manitous Lodge was formed as a result of the merger of the Land'o'Lakes Council and the Wolverine Council, the merger forced the Allohak and Teetonkah lodges to restructure into the new lodge. The Manitous lodge totem was the medicine wheel. Manitous Lodge was the home lodge of the 1995 National Chief Josh Feigelson

##### Allohak Lodge (1973–1995)

The Allohak lodge was formed when the Wolverine council absorbed the Portage Trails council. The Allohak lodge totem was the Wolverine.

###### Munhacke Lodge (1936–1973)

###### Tecumseh Lodge (1946–1973)

The Tecumseh lodge served the Wolverine council from 1946 until its merger in 1973. The lodge totem was a 4-leaf clover due to the lodge's location in the area locally known as the Irish Hills.

##### Teetonkah Lodge (1941–1995)

#### Nacha-Mawat Lodge (1973–2012)

##### Wakazoo (1941–1973)

##### Mandoka (1945–1973)

##### Carcajou (1948–1973)

## InfoBox

| Southern Shores Field Service Council | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | Boy Scouts of America |
| Country | United States |
| Founded | August 14, 2012 |
| Scout Executive | Melissa Stricherz |
|  | |
| **Website**<br>http://www.michiganscouting.org/ | |
|


abstract: Southern Moreton Bay Islands is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 44 km southeast of Brisbane. It forms part of the Moreton Bay and Pumicestone Passage Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because it supports large numbers of migratory waders, or shorebirds.

text:
# Southern Moreton Bay Islands National Park

**Southern Moreton Bay Islands** is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 44 km southeast of Brisbane. It forms part of the Moreton Bay and Pumicestone Passage Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because it supports large numbers of migratory waders, or shorebirds.

## InfoBox

| Southern Moreton Bay Islands National Park
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Tipplers Passage between Kangaroo Island (left of image) and Woogoompah Island, 2014 | |
| Southern Moreton Bay Islands National Park | |
| Coordinates | 27°43′05″S 153°23′04″E / 27.71806°S 153.38444°E / -27.71806; 153.38444 |
| Area | 15.70 km2 (6.06 sq mi) |
| Managing authorities | Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service |
| See also | Protected areas of Queensland |


title: Chromo–Weibel instability

abstract: The Chromo–Weibel instability is a plasma instability present in homogeneous or nearly homogeneous non-abelian plasmas which possess an anisotropy in momentum space. In the linear limit it is similar to the Weibel instability in electromagnetic plasmas but due to non-linear interactions present in non-abelian plasmas the late development of this instability is characterized by a turbulent cascade of modes. This instability is relevant in the understanding of the early-time dynamics of the quark-gluon plasma as produced in heavy-ion collisions.

text:
# Chromo–Weibel instability

The **Chromo–Weibel instability** is a plasma instability present in homogeneous or nearly homogeneous non-abelian plasmas which possess an anisotropy in momentum space. In the linear limit it is similar to the Weibel instability in electromagnetic plasmas but due to non-linear interactions present in non-abelian plasmas the late development of this instability is characterized by a turbulent cascade of modes. This instability is relevant in the understanding of the early-time dynamics of the quark-gluon plasma as produced in heavy-ion collisions.

* Mrówczyński, Stanisław; Schenke, Björn; Strickland, Michael (2017). "Color instabilities in the quark–gluon plasma". *Physics Reports*. **682**: 1–97. arXiv:1603.08946. Bibcode:2017PhR...682....1M. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2017.03.003. S2CID 119218987.
* Mrówczyński, Stanisław (1994). "Color collective effects at the early stage of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions". *Physical Review C*. **49** (4): 2191–7. Bibcode:1994PhRvC..49.2191M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.49.2191. PMID 9969449.
* Strickland, Michael (2007). "The chromo-weibel instability". *Brazilian Journal of Physics*. **37** (2c): 762–766. arXiv:hep-ph/0611349. Bibcode:2007BrJPh..37..762S. doi:10.1590/S0103-97332007000500021. S2CID 39734577.
* Arnold, Peter; Moore, Guy D (2006). "Turbulent spectrum created by non-Abelian plasma instabilities". *Physical Review D*. **73** (2): 025013. arXiv:hep-ph/0509226. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..73b5013A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.025013. S2CID 32499683.


title: Christopher Palles

abstract: Christopher Palles was an Irish barrister, Solicitor-General, Attorney-General and a judge for over 40 years. His biographer, Vincent Thomas Hyginus Delany, described him as "the greatest of the Irish judges". He served as the last Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer from 1874 until his retirement from the bench in 1916.

text:
# Christopher Palles

**Christopher Palles** (25 December 1831 – 14 February 1920) was an Irish barrister, Solicitor-General, Attorney-General and a judge for over 40 years. His biographer, Vincent Thomas Hyginus Delany, described him as "the greatest of the Irish judges". He served as the last Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer from 1874 until his retirement from the bench in 1916.

## Early life

Palles was born on Christmas Day 1831 on Lower Gardiner Street in Dublin City. He was the third son of Andrew Christopher Palles (1801–1880), a solicitor, and his wife Eleanor Mary Palles née Plunkett) (1801–1877). Another son was Andrew Christopher Palles, who became an architect. Palles's ancestors (the earliest known version of the surname is de Palatio) were of Italian origin, and came to Ireland in the late fifteenth century in the entourage of their relative Ottaviano Spinelli de Palatio, who was Papal Legate, and Archbishop of Armagh from 1478 to 1513.

Palles was educated at Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College Dublin, from where he graduated in 1852, having been a non-Foundation Scholar (Catholics were not allowed to be full 'Scholars of the House') in Mathematics and Physics. He subsequently attended King's Inns and Gray's Inn in London.

## Career as a barrister 1853–1874

Palles was called to the Irish Bar in 1853. He became Doctor of Laws and Queen's Counsel (Q.C.) in 1865. He was Solicitor General from February to November 1872. He was appointed Attorney General in that year and made a member of the Privy Council. He unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary constituency of Londonderry City in 1872: his failure to get elected was a cause of annoyance to the Government, which normally relied on the Irish Attorney General to defend its Irish policies from the floor of the House of Commons. His political positions included support for non-denominational university education.

## Chief Baron, 1874–1916

In 1874 he was appointed to the bench, becoming Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. In 1898 the Exchequer division was merged in the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in Ireland. From that time the Chief Baron sat as one of the judges of the Queen's Bench Division, and also as a judge of appeal. As a result of that merger, he was known as "last of the Chief Barons". During his 40 years on the Bench, he gained a reputation for eminence which has never been equalled by any other Irish judge.

In his lifetime he was considered the greatest Irish judge of his age; and he has been so regarded ever since, though his few critics attacked his tendency to decide cases on technical points rather than on the merits. Although more than 80 men held that office, V.T.H. Delaney in his biography of Palles said: "In Ireland there is only one Chief Baron". Alexander Sullivan, with his long experience of both Irish and English judges, ranked him one of the four greatest judges he had known on either the Irish or the English bench.

Maurice Healy in his memoir *The Old Munster Circuit* paints an affectionate picture of Chief Baron Palles as an awe-inspiring but kindly old judge; describing his manner and reputation as striking terror into young barristers, yet "we were all devoted to him". Despite his stern appearance, he had a sense of humour. Delaney records the story of a nervous Queen's Counsel who blurted out that his junior counsel did not want the judge to see a certain document: Palles, much amused, replied: "Mr O'Brien, you must never do anything of which your junior would not approve". His (judicial) portrait (1903) by Sir Hubert von Herkomer hangs in Trinity College and a copy still hangs in the Bencher's Room in the King's Inns.

In 1897 he heard *French v. West Clare Railway Co*. This was the West Clare Railway Company's unsuccessful appeal against an award of damages in favour of the songwriter Percy French, who sued for loss of earnings after his train arrived at Kilkee more than four hours late, causing him to miss a performance. The case did not raise any important point of law, but is still remembered as the basis for French's celebrated song *Are Ye Right There Michael*, which ridiculed the railway company's poor timekeeping and general inefficiency.

Palles was named in the Irish Universities Act 1908 as one of the founding Commissioners of the National University of Ireland and was chairperson of the Dublin Commissioners established under the Act. In that role, he was involved in making the first appointments of professors and lecturers in the new colleges. He became a founding member of the Governing Body of University College Dublin (UCD) on its establishment in 1909.

## Retirement and death

Chief Baron Palles retired from the bench, owing to age and increasing ill-health, in 1916, by letter to Prime Minister H. H. Asquith who replied that for many years to come the words of "Palles CB" would be cited with approval, a prognostication which proved to be true.

Palles died in Dublin in 1929 and is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.

## Personal life

Palles married Ellen Doyle in a Catholic ceremony in Dublin in 1862 and they had one son, also named Christopher (1863–1953). The family lived in Mountjoy Square in Dublin, then moved out to Mountanville in Clonskeagh to a site subsequently named "Knockrabo", where they cultivated a peach orchard, and to 28 Fitzwilliam Place where a town-brick neo-gothic oratory was added (and can still be seen from Leeson Street). According to his biographer, the founding meeting of the Clongowes Union was held in Palles' house in Fitzwilliam Place, with Palles presiding.

Palles's family life was not altogether happy: his wife's health was never good, and their son, as his father's will shows, needed special care throughout his very long life. Ellen Palles died on 22 June 1885.

His older brother Andrew Palles (1829–1900), who was also educated at Clongowes Wood School and Trinity College, Dublin, was a civil engineer who later became the Chief Baron's Registrar. Andrew's daughter, Elizabeth, moved in with her uncle after Mrs Palles's death and managed the household for the rest of his life.

## Legacy

Palles CB has left a significant and unsurpassed legacy in jurisprudence. As of 2017, over 1,000 judgments over a period of 143 years either consist of or cite his decisions, from his first reported case in *Brew v. Conole* (1874) 9 I.R. C.L. 151 to *Kerins v. McGuinness*.

His judgments are commonly cited to this day; in 1960 Delaney wrote that judges were still regularly asking "what did Palles have to say on the point?" Examples include the following:

* *McGrath v. Bourne* (1876) I.R. 10 C.L. 160 was considered in *Rossiter (A Minor) v. Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council* and *Gough v. Neary*
* *R v. Faullkner* (1877) 13 Cox C.C. 550 was cited in *D.P.P. v. Smith* \[1961\] AC 290 to support an objective test for *mens rea* in murder. The Chief Baron said (at 561) "In my judgment the law imputes to a person who wilfully commits a criminal act an intention to do everything which is the probable consequence of the act constituting the *corpus delicti* which actually ensues."
* *Hegarty v Shine* (1878) 4 LR Ir 288 was cited by the President of the High Court in *Anderson v. Cooke*.
* *Stephenson v. Weir* (1879) 4 LR Ir 369 was referred to in December 2006 in *Motor Insurers Bureau of Ireland v. Hanley*.
* *Dillon v. O'Brien and Davis* (1887) 20 LR Ir 300 was cited in *Braddish v. DPP* and *McGrath v. DPP & Bowes v. DPP*.
* *Bell v. the Great Northern Railway Company of Ireland* (1890) 26 LR Ir 428 was cited in *Fletcher v. Commissioner of Public Works in Ireland* and more recently in *D.J. v. Minister for Health*
* *Herron v. Rathmines and Rathgar Improvement Commissioners* (1890) 27 LR Ir 179 was referred to in *Crilly & Farrington v. Eastern Health Board*.
* *National Bank v. Cullen* \[1894\] 2 I.R. 683, a case in which Palles C.B. was a member of the Irish Court of Appeal, was cited in *Smyth v. Tunney*.
* Palles C.B.'s analysis in *Crowley v O'Sullivan* \[1900\] 2 I.R. 477 of the case law relating to the part performance doctrine under the Statute of Frauds was mentioned in *Dakota Packaging Ltd v. AHP Manufacturing BV Trading As Wyeth Medica Ltd*.
* *Williamson v. Rover Cycle Company* (1901) 2 IR 615 was discussed by the Supreme Court in *O'Mahony v. Tyndale*.
* Palles C.B.'s "\[f\]amous" definition of "public bar" (deriving from *Quinn v. Bourke* \[1906\] 2 I.R. 94 at 97) was cited in *Ampleforth Ltd t/a The Fitzwilliam Hotel v. Cherating Ltd*.
* *Keogh v. Dental Hospital* \[1910\] I.R. at p. 166 was cited in *Byrne & Anor v. Radio Telefís Éireann*.
* *Cox v. Dublin City Distillery (No. 2)* \[1915\] 1 IR 345 was mentioned in *Carroll v. The Law Society of Ireland*.
* On 18 March 2005, two judges of the High Court cited judgments of Palles C.B., in *Mitchell v. Ireland* (*Cox v. Dublin City Distillery (No. 2)* \[1915\] 1 I.R. 345) and *Honniball v. Cunningham* (*McDonagh v. Davis* (1875) I.R. 9 CL 300) respectively.

Palles is mentioned in the novel *Ulysses* by James Joyce.

His papers are held in UCD, a college he helped establish. The Palles Collection was donated to UCD in 1921 and for many years formed the basis of UCD's Law Library.

In November 2018, the Palles Society for Private Law was established, named in honour of Palles CB.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Chief BaronChristopher Palles | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland | |
| **In office**
1874–1916 | |
| Preceded by | David Richard Pigot |
| Succeeded by | None |
| Attorney General for Ireland | |
| **In office**
1872–1873 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Dowse |
| Succeeded by | Hugh Law |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1831-12-25)25 December 1831
Lower Gardiner Street, Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 14 February 1929(1929-02-14) (aged 97)
Dublin, Ireland |
|  | |


title: Chuck Smith (Florida politician)

abstract: Charles R. Smith was an American politician in the state of Florida. Smith was born in Webster, Florida and attended the University of Florida. He was a businessman. He served as a member of the Hernando County commission from 1966 to 1978 and in the Florida House of Representatives for the 61st district from 1978 to 1992, as a Democrat. He was inducted into the Florida Agriculture Hall of Fame.

text:
# Chuck Smith (Florida politician)

**Charles R. Smith** (January 20, 1928 – January 3, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Florida.

Smith was born in Webster, Florida and attended the University of Florida. He was a businessman. He served as a member of the Hernando County commission from 1966 to 1978 and in the Florida House of Representatives for the 61st district from 1978 to 1992, as a Democrat. He was inducted into the Florida Agriculture Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

| Chuck Smith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 47th district | |
| **In office**
1978–1992 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1928-01-20)January 20, 1928
Webster, Florida, U.S. |
| Died | January 3, 2021(2021-01-03) (aged 92)
Brooksville, Florida, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Occupation | businessman |
|  | |


title: Sovetskaya (Samara Metro)

abstract: Sovetskaya is a station of the Samara Metro on First Line which was opened on 31 December 1992.

text:
# Sovetskaya (Samara Metro)

**Sovetskaya** is a station of the Samara Metro on First Line which was opened on 31 December 1992.

## InfoBox

| Sovetskaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Samara Metro station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Samara, Russia |
| Coordinates | 53°12′06″N 50°13′18″E / 53.201767°N 50.221667°E / 53.201767; 50.221667 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 31 December 1992 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Samara Metro Following station  Sportivnayatowards Alabinskaya  First Line  Pobedatowards Yungorodok | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sovetskaya (lake)

abstract: Sovetskaya Lake is a liquid subglacial lake found buried under the Antarctic ice sheet, 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) below Sovetskaya Research Station. It covers about 1,600 square kilometres (620 sq mi).

text:
# Sovetskaya (lake)

**Sovetskaya Lake** is a liquid subglacial lake found buried under the Antarctic ice sheet, 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) below Sovetskaya Research Station. It covers about 1,600 square kilometres (620 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Sovetskaya Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| A satellite greyscale image of 90° East Lake and Sovetskaya Lake | |
| Sovetskaya Lake | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 77°58′S 89°16′E / 77.967°S 89.267°E / -77.967; 89.267 |
| Type | subglacial |
| Basin countries | (Antarctica) |
|  | |
| Surface area | 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) |


title: Soğucak, Savaştepe

abstract: Soğucak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Savaştepe, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 175 (2022).

text:
# Soğucak, Savaştepe

**Soğucak** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Savaştepe, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 175 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Soğucak | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| SoğucakLocation in TurkeySoğucakSoğucak (Marmara) | |
| Coordinates: 39°30′22″N 27°40′26″E / 39.506°N 27.674°E / 39.506; 27.674 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Balıkesir |
| District | Savaştepe |
| Population (2022) | 175 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Soğucak, Alaca

abstract: Soğucak is a village in the Alaca District of Çorum Province in Turkey. Its population is 30 (2022). The village is populated by Kurds.

text:
# Soğucak, Alaca

**Soğucak** is a village in the Alaca District of Çorum Province in Turkey. Its population is 30 (2022). The village is populated by Kurds.

## InfoBox

| Soğucak | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çorum |
| District | Alaca |
| Population (2022) | 30 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Spatial Archive and Interchange Format

abstract: The Spatial Archive and Interchange Format was defined in the early 1990s as a self-describing, extensible format designed to support interoperability and storage of geospatial data.

text:
# Spatial Archive and Interchange Format

The **Spatial Archive and Interchange Format** (**SAIF**, pronounced *safe*) was defined in the early 1990s as a self-describing, extensible format designed to support interoperability and storage of geospatial data.

## SAIF dataset

SAIF has two major components that together define SAIFtalk. The first is the Class Syntax Notation (CSN), a data definition language used to define a dataset's schema. The second is the Object Syntax Notation (OSN), a data language used to represent the object data adhering to the schema. The CSN and OSN are contained in the same physical file, along with a directory at the beginning of the file. The use of ASCII text and a straightforward syntax for both CSN and OSN ensure that they can be parsed easily and understood directly by users and developers. A SAIF dataset, with a .saf or .zip extension, is compressed using the zip archive format.

## Schema definition

SAIF defines 285 classes (including enumerations) in the Class Syntax Notation, covering the definitions of high-level features, geometric types, topological relationships, temporal coordinates and relationships, geodetic coordinate system components and metadata. These can be considered as forming a base schema. Using CSN, a user defines a new schema to describe the features in a given dataset. The classes belonging to the new schema are defined in CSN as subclasses of existing SAIF classes or as new enumerations.

A *ForestStand::MySchema* for example could be defined with attributes including age, species, etc. and with *ForestStand::MySchema* specified as a subclass of *GeographicObject*, a feature defined in the SAIF standard. All user defined classes must belong to a schema, one defined by the user or previously existing. Different schemas can exist in the same dataset and objects defined under one schema can reference those specified in another.

## Inheritance

SAIF supports multiple inheritance, although common usage involved single inheritance only.

## Object referencing

Object referencing can be used as a means of breaking up large monolithic structures. More significantly, it can allow objects to be defined only once and then referenced any number of times. A section of the geometry of the land-water interface could define part of a coastline as well as part of a municipal boundary and part of a marine park boundary. This geometric feature can be defined and given an object reference, which is then used when the geometry of the coastline, municipality and marine park are specified.

## Multimedia

Multimedia objects can also be objects in a SAIF dataset and referenced accordingly. For example, image and sound files associated with a given location could be included.

The primary advantage of SAIF was that it was inherently extensible following object oriented principles. This meant that data transfers from one GIS environment to another did not need to follow the lowest common denominator between the two systems. Instead, data could be extracted from a dataset defined by the first GIS, transformed into an intermediary, i.e., the semantically rich SAIF model, and from there transformed into a model and format applicable to the second GIS.

This notion of model to model transformation was deemed to be realistic only with an object oriented approach. It was recognized that scripts to carry out such transformations could in fact add information content. When Safe Software developed the Feature Manipulation Engine (FME), it was in large measure with the express purpose of supporting such transformations. The FMEBC was a freely available software application that supported a wide range of transformations using SAIF as the hub. The FME was developed as a commercial offering in which the intermediary could be held in memory instead of as a SAIF dataset.

## History

The SAIF project was established as a means of addressing interoperability between different geographic information systems. Exchange formats of particular prominence at the time included DIGEST (Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard) and SDTS (Spatial Data Transfer Specification, later accepted as the Spatial Data Transfer Standard). These were considered as too inflexible and difficult to use. Consequently, the Government of British Columbia decided to develop SAIF and to put it forward as a national standard in Canada.

SAIF became a Canadian national standard in 1993 with the approval of the Canadian General Standards Board. The last version of SAIF, published in January 1995, is designated as CGIS-SAIF Canadian Geomatics Interchange Standard: Spatial Archive and Interchange Format: Formal Definition (Release 3.2), issue CAN/CGSB-171.1-95, catalogue number P29-171-001-1995E.

The work on the SAIF modeling paradigm and the CSN classes was carried out principally by Mark Sondheim, Henry Kucera and Peter Friesen, all with the British Columbia government at the time. Dale Lutz and Don Murray of Safe Software developed the Object Syntax Notation and the Reader and Writer software that became part of the Feature Manipulation Engine.

SAIF was brought to the attention of Michael Stonebraker and Kenn Gardels of the University of California at Berkeley, and then to those working on the initial version of the Open Geospatial Interoperability Specification (OGIS), the first efforts of what became the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). A series of 18 submissions to the ISO SQL Multimedia working group also helped tie SAIF to the original ISO work on geospatial features.

Today SAIF is of historical interest only. It is significant as a precursor to the Geography Markup Language and as the formative element in the development of the widely used Feature Manipulation Engine.

* Sondheim, M., K. Gardels, and K. Buehler, 1999. GIS Interoperability. pp. 347–358. in Geographical Information Systems (Second Edition), Volume 1, edited by Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Magurie and Davide W. Rhind.
* Sondheim, M., P. Friesen, D. Lutz, and D. Murray. 1997. Spatial Archive and Interchange Format (SAIF). in Spatial Database Transfer Standards 2: Characteristics for Assessing Standards and Full Descriptions of the National and International Standards in the World. edited by Moellering H. and Hogan R. Elsevier, Netherlands. ISBN 0-08-042433-3.
* Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch. Spatial Archive and Interchange Format, Release 3.2, Formal Definition. 1995. (also Release 3.1 (1994); 3.0 (1993); 2.0, (1992); 1.0 (1991); and 0.1, (1990)) Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 258p. Also published by the Canadian General Standards Board, CAN/CGSB-171.1-95.


title: Spatial Corp

abstract: Spatial Corporation was founded in 1986, and had one main product: ACIS, the first commercially available 3D modeling kernel. Through subsequent years, Spatial added products to its portfolio that enabled ISVs mostly in the CAD/CAM industries, to build applications. These components included extensions and updates to the ACIS modeler, visualization products, as well as acquisitions in translator technology. Spatial was purchased by Dassault Systèmes in late 2000 and became a subsidiary of Dassault Systèmes.

text:
# Spatial Corp

**Spatial Corporation** was founded in 1986, and had one main product: ACIS, the first commercially available 3D modeling kernel. Through subsequent years, Spatial added products to its portfolio that enabled ISVs mostly in the CAD/CAM industries, to build applications. These components included extensions and updates to the ACIS modeler, visualization products, as well as acquisitions in translator technology.

Spatial was purchased by Dassault Systèmes in late 2000 and became a subsidiary of Dassault Systèmes.

## Flagship products

Among the company's flagship products are the following programs.

* CGM Modeler - the 3D modeling kernel used in Dassault Systèmes’ 3DEXPERIENCE Platform.

* 3D InterOp - CAD data translation framework.

* 3D Visualization - the HOOPS 3D Application Framework enables the development of 3D Visualization applications with advanced 2D and 3D graphics functionality.

* Constraint Design Solver (CDS) - provides variational constraint solver solutions for design and engineering applications.

## InfoBox

Spatial Corp.
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Computer software<br>3D modeler |
| Founded | 1986 |
| Headquarters | Broomfield, Colorado, USA |
| Website | www.spatial.com |


title: Chung Hsin-tsai

abstract: Chung Hsin-tsai is a Taiwanese politician. In April 2001, Chung was indicted on charges of corruption as part of an investigation into waste dumping and incineration practices that had taken place in Meinong, Kaohsiung during his tenure as leader. Later that year, he was appointed to the Legislative Yuan, taking office on 28 December 2001 to replace Lee Chu-feng, who had been elected to the Kinmen County magistracy.

text:
# Chung Hsin-tsai

**Chung Hsin-tsai** (Chinese: 鍾新財; 1955–2007) is a Taiwanese politician.

In April 2001, Chung was indicted on charges of corruption as part of an investigation into waste dumping and incineration practices that had taken place in Meinong, Kaohsiung during his tenure as leader. Later that year, he was appointed to the Legislative Yuan, taking office on 28 December 2001 to replace Lee Chu-feng, who had been elected to the Kinmen County magistracy.


title: Frank Stilwell (economist)

abstract: Franklin "Frank" J.B. Stilwell is an Australian political economist and Professor Emeritus. He is known for establishing, with Evan Jones, Gavan Butler, Margaret Power, Debesh Bhattacharya, Geelum Simpson-Lee and Ted Wheelwright, an independent political economy department at the University of Sydney. His research interests include theories of political economy, inequality, urbanization, and regional development, Australian economic policy and the nature of work. His textbooks on the subject are standard teaching material for all university students in Australia studying the field of Political Economy. Stilwell's contribution to heterodox economics makes him a noteworthy figure of the Australian New Left.

text:
# Frank Stilwell (economist)

**Franklin "Frank" J.B. Stilwell** (born 1944) is an Australian political economist and Professor Emeritus. He is known for establishing, with Evan Jones, Gavan Butler, Margaret Power, Debesh Bhattacharya, Geelum Simpson-Lee and Ted Wheelwright, an independent political economy department at the University of Sydney. His research interests include theories of political economy, inequality, urbanization, and regional development, Australian economic policy and the nature of work. His textbooks on the subject are standard teaching material for all university students in Australia studying the field of Political Economy. Stilwell's contribution to heterodox economics makes him a noteworthy figure of the Australian New Left.

## Early life

Stilwell was born in London, in 1944. His mother was an infant school teacher, and his father was a clerk in HM Customs and Excise. His father enjoyed local politics and later became mayor of Eastleigh, after the family moved to Hampshire to be near to Southampton docks where he was employed. As Stilwell said in an interview with the *Sydney Morning Herald*: "\[My father\] was initially an independent... but he later joined the Conservative Party as a Conservative councillor. That was after the Conservatives threatened to stand a candidate against him ... he was pragmatic until the end." Stilwell completed a bachelor's degree in social sciences at the University of Southampton and a PhD in economics at the University of Reading. He became a lecturer in economics at Reading and taught there for two years before migrating to Australia to become a lecturer in economics at the University of Sydney.

## Disputes within the University of Sydney Economics Department

Stilwell arrived at Sydney University in 1970, to an Economics department that was deeply divided on the teaching of the qualitative and quantitative methods in economics. The roots of the dispute were framed by the rise of the new social movements of the late 1960s and the early 1970s, especially: the anti-conscription campaigns surrounding the Vietnam War, the women's movement, the (later) anti-apartheid anti-Springbok demonstration and the black rights protests. Many students were agitating for progressive social change. In politics, the election to government in 1972 of the Australian Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam opened an alternative future for Australian economic governance. The crisis of stagflation and the provision of free tertiary education in Australia also had significantly impacted the political culture of the period. Dissident academic traditions were also being forged in other places too, including at Paris and Berkeley, challenging academic hierarchies; The New Left emerged to challenge the dominance of Orthodox Marxism. Locally, in Sydney, the Green Bans movement showed the capacity for a range of actors, from community activists and trade unionists to coalitions across them, to challenge the dominant power structures. It was in this context of economic, social and political change that the movement to fundamentally challenge orthodox economics education developed.

The economics syllabus at the University of Sydney during the 1960s had been dominated by a mix of microeconomics, macroeconomics (influenced by John Maynard Keynes), and the study of Australian and international economic institutions. Colin Simkin and Warren Hogan were appointed as professors to the Sydney University economics department in 1968–1969 to 'modernise' the program, making the courses more neoclassical theory-heavy, and mathematical. Both academics had been chosen by the Vice-Chancellor Professor Bruce Williams who had previously been Professor of Economics in the UK at Manchester University. They would become the core figures pushing for a mathematical/neoclassical theory-dominated reform. Resistance came from many students and some of the academic staff. Associate Professor Ted Wheelwright wrote to the Vice-Chancellor in 1970, calling for an official enquiry into the department. Several of the academics hired by Hogan and Simkin subsequently aligned themselves with Wheelwright, including: Debesh Bhattacharya, Gavan Butler, Frank Stilwell and Evan Jones. Students complained that their Economics courses were overly abstract and poorly taught. Their animosity was compounded when Paul Samuelson, arguably the most influential economist of the period, came to Sydney: his public lecture at the university was on a topic in mathematical economics that was met with dismay by most of the students and the lecture theatre was nearly empty by the time he had finished. A Radical Economics conference was organized in 1973 by three students — Steve Keen, Richard Fields and Greg Cough.

Meanwhile, student and staff dissent had also erupted in the University of Sydney's department of Philosophy because the professors had opposed the introduction of courses in feminism and (in the previous year) Marxist philosophy. The students in Economics I (being taught by Stilwell) voted to support the strike that the dissident Philosophy staff and students had initiated. Approximately 200 Economics students attended a 'day of protest' on 25 July 1973, calling for fundamental changes to the Economics courses. Many more demonstrations followed. Meetings of students and dissident staff also decided on the curriculum that they sought, with a pluralist structure combining a range of insights from heterodox economic thought. Professors Hogan and Simpkin predictably rejected it. The Faculty of Economics responded by setting up an official inquiry into the ongoing dispute, chaired by Pat Mills, a Reader in the Department of Accounting.

The Mills committee found that the establishment of a Department of Political Economy would be the best solution, given that the professors in the Economics department were unwilling to accept the changes to course content suggested by staff and students. The Faculty of Economics resolved to endorse the Mills committee findings on 19 April 1974. Law student Malcolm Turnbull emerged in 1975 as a self-appointed 'mediator' of the dispute, seeking to retain a united economics department, to no avail. The Students' Representative Council (SRC) in 1976, with another Law student David Patch as president, supported the proposal for separate political economy course proposals and a new Political Economy department. The university's Professorial Board, seeking an end to the turmoil on campus, officially accepted the new Political Economy course proposals, to start in 1975, but the Vice chancellor, Bruce Williams, declined to create a separate department. This lack of congruence between popular demands and the exercise of executive power would be a recipe for ongoing conflict.

The first and second year undergraduate Political Economy courses proved to be popular. In April 1975, Professor Joan Robinson from Cambridge, UK, visited the University of Sydney and spoke at the Wallace Lecture Theatre, arguing that political economy is a better basis for studying economic issues. The first National Political Economy conference, held at the university in 1976 attracted 1500 people from all over Australia. Many of the attendees had also been angered by the Whitlam dismissal. However, tensions within the Economics department persisted over matters such as academic staff appointments and opposition to further curriculum developments. In 1982/3, the political economists feared that the fledgling political economy courses would be lost because the economics professors and their supporters in the university initiated a 'degree restructuring' process. As a response, the SRC organised a vote on the forced merger, in which eighty per cent of the students in the Economics Faculty voted for the maintenance of separate streams.

The students organised further demonstrations in the winter of 1983. On 8 June some students towed a rented caravan into the university grounds and parked it on the lawn by the main Quadrangle. Adorned with a banner describing it as 'the Faculty of Political Economy' the caravan was used as an information centre for the protest movement. It stayed there for over three weeks, staffed day and night by political economy students such as Stephen Yen, Maria Barac and Paul Porteous. On 15 June, students entered and occupied the clock tower in the University Quadrangle. Damage, estimated by the university authorities at $96, was done to the hands of the clock. Then, on 20 June, student activists blocked the entrance to the Professorial Boardroom, where a meeting was scheduled to consider what the university should do about course restructuring within the Department of Economics. After the students were prevailed upon to withdraw and the meeting began half an hour late, some of the protesters then climbed onto the roof of the cloisters outside, continuing to interrupt proceedings. University authorities initiated disciplinary proceedings against six of the activists: David Re, Adam Rorris, Tony Westmore, Daniel Luscombe, Chris Gration and Anthony Albanese.

The restructuring of the Faculty's degrees created the situation whereby, from 1987 onwards, all students studying economics at the University of Sydney had two possibilities open to them — enrolling for the BEc, with its compulsory mainstream economics and econometrics requirements, or enrolling for the Bec (Social Sciences) with the choice of doing either mainstream economics or political economy within that degree. Propaganda aimed at undermining the legitimacy of the latter degree came from journalists such as P.P. McGuinness, David Clark, and former University of Sydney right-wing student leader Tony Abbott. However, political economy continued to flourish within the new degree arrangements. Stilwell had been appointed as the first Director of the Political Economy program in 1983 and continued in this role until the 1990s. By then, a range of third-year undergraduate options had been introduced and the fourth-year honours program was attracting excellent students. Steps had also been taken towards the development of postgraduate studies, with the introduction of a research-orientated Master of Economics (Social Sciences) degree program in 1990 and, in 1999, a new coursework master's degree that emphasised Australian political economy. But different types of threats to the Political Economy program had begun to emerge.

From 1996 onwards, the Australian government led by John Howard dramatically cut all universities' funding, forcing them to vigorously seek alternative revenue sources. Attracting more international fee-paying students became the main game, and at the University of Sydney's Faculty of Economics was well placed to become a big player. It was changed to become a Faculty of Economics and Business; and new disciplines, such as business information systems and international business, were established. The business studies disciplines became better resourced than the social sciences. The Discipline of Economic History was closed down in 2002. Although Political Economy was given a distinct status as a discipline, organizationally separate for the first time from Economics, it was financially squeezed. A steady stream of good students enrolled in political economy, but the number was lower than for the more directly business-orientated disciplines. There were some particular strong growth areas for political economy, though. The Bachelor of Political Economic and Social Sciences degree program; and the introduction of the Bachelor of International Studies added a further surge because political economy was part of the core curriculum that the students studied for that degree.

Between 2004 and 2007, however, the future of studies in political economy at the university again became more uncertain. June Sinclair, a recently appointed Pro-Vice Chancellor, with responsibilities for both the Faculty of Economics and Business and for the Faculty of Arts, sought to shift the Discipline of Government and international Relations from the former to the latter. Political Economy staff watched the process with interest, knowing that any such relocation would probably have ramifications for them, too. A university committee report in 2007 recommended that a new School of Social Inquiry should be created in the Faculty of Arts; and that the disciplines of Political Economy and Government and International Relations be relocated to it, along with the existing Arts departments of Sociology and Social Policy, Anthropology and the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies. The recommendations were accepted by the university's Academic Board, although the Provost, Don Nutbeam, decided that the new school's name should be changed to Social and Political Sciences to accommodate the preference of the staff in Government and International Relations.

From January 2008, Political Economy became a department in the Faculty of Arts. In 2011, students and staff of political economy successfully prevented a merger with Government and International Relations, retaining their department's independence. Of the original group of activists who had begun the struggle for political economy courses and a separate Department of Political Economy in the early 1970s, Stilwell was the last to officially retire from the university. He became professor emeritus in 2012. The political economy program at the University of Sydney that resulted from these struggles has been described by Reynold Nesiba as "the world's most distinctive undergraduate program in heterodox economics".

## Academic career at the University of Sydney

Stilwell's career has been centred on the teaching of political economy. He also became known for linking political economy with broader concerns in the community, the labour movement, NGOs and the media. He is the author of twelve books, is coordinating editor of the *Journal of Australian Political Economy*, and has been on the editorial boards of *Regional Studies*, *Social Alternatives*, *Australian Options* and *Industry and Innovation*. He was a colleague of Edward Lawrence Wheelwright, who was also a prominent political economist who taught at the University of Sydney until 1986 and with whom he co-edited books on political economy. Stilwell also co-edited books with Kirrily Jordan, Stuart Rees, George Argyrous, Damien Cahill, David Primrose and Tim Thornton. Stilwell's works have been widely used in teaching, particularly in relation to the ongoing contest of political economic ideas and the use of political economy to illuminate and seek to change how the world works

Central to Stilwell's political economy is a broad view of the field. He clarifies his conceptualisation of the field in an interview with David Primrose. According to him:

> Political economy certainly addresses economic issues, but it does so in a more useful way. It emphasizes the social and political context within which economic issues need to be considered. Mainstream economics is notably deficient in this regard...So the challenge for modern political economists is to try to redress this situation. That requires a thoroughgoing critique of mainstream economics. It requires the development of alternative analytical approaches. It requires reintegration of economic inquiry into the broader corpus of social sciences, alongside sociology, politics, geography and history. It requires development of educational approaches that introduce students to more insightful ways of understanding economic phenomena. It also requires vigorous participation in the public arena, so that more progressive public policies and strategies for change can be considered. — Stilwell interview with David Primrose, 2013

Frank Stilwell taught at the University of Sydney for 50 years. He began as a lecturer in 1970. After becoming Senior Lecturer, then associate professor, he became the first Professor of Political Economy at the University of Sydney in 2000. He became emeritus Professor in Political Economy after his official retirement in 2012, but continued some occasional teaching. He ran his last unit of study for honours undergraduate students in Political Economy in 2020.

## Major contributions

### *Understanding Cities and Regions: Spatial Political Economy*

Ecological, ethical, and economic questions intermingle in all of Stilwell's major contributions. Stilwell published 'Understanding Cities and Regions' in 1994, developing the theoretical foundations for spatial political economy, a significant advance over mainstream and orthodox urban economics. Taking inspiration from the work of David Harvey and Manuel Castells, and critically extending schools of thought such as original institutional economics, Stilwell suggests that geography and political economy, together, are capable of explaining processes of urbanisation. Political economy is defined as (but not limited to): (i) the analysis of how production, distribution and exchange are organized; (ii) how economic surplus is generated and the purpose for which is it used; (iii) the source of economic growth and recurrent crisis; (iv) economic inequality and class interests; (v) the role of the state in orchestrating economic activity. Stilwell's contribution is thus to integrate these concerns into broader discussions of space and place related to the 'urban question': ""how and why does the size and structure of cities interact with the functioning of the economy and society?"

### *Reshaping Australia: Urban Problems and Policies*

Throughout the course of this book, Stilwell identifies a range of problems and policy areas within the field of spatial political economy. These include: (i) housing (ii) transport (iii) the environment (iv) inequality (v) gentrification (vi) the state (vii) regional policy (viii) decentralization policy (ix) urban policy (x) urban consolidation (xi) development and monopoly capitalism (xii) urban conflict and protest. Together, these analytical fields, coupled with the theoretical considerations of Understanding Cities and Regions, form the foundations of the distinct epistemology of spatial political economy. They epitomize the need to understand the connectivity of social and economic processes, and particularly, how these issues manifest at the level of policy in the age of neoliberal governance.

### *Changing Track: A New Political Economic Direction for Australia*

Stilwell published 'Changing Track' in 2000, offering alternative to policies in the tradition of Political Economy. The book functions principally as a response to the popularisation of Third Way politics, identified by Boris Frankel as 'economic rationalism with a human face'. In response, Stilwell suggests five more fundamental features of elements are crucial in offering a political economic 'fourth way': (i) the pursuit of equity; (ii) an appeal to planned use of economic resources; (iii) the promotion of institutionalised democracy; (iv) the recognition of common interests to promote cooperation; (v) seeking harmony between the economy and the environment. John E. King, while broadly agreeing with the argument, has suggested that a hypothetical second edition of 'Changing Track' would also include considerations of: "the reform of monetary policy, the consequences of financialization, the case for international economic reform, and the response to global warming."

## Public influence

> We were certainly very conscious of what was going on, not just in Australia, but particularly with Thatcherism and Reaganism as well... So this was the context of the debate, and the great benefit of university education is enlarging your perspective on the world, rather than reinforcing existing views. And Political Economy is certainly in that tradition.

Anthony Albanese on the Political Economy disputes in the 1970s

With a lecturing career at the University of Sydney spanning more than 40 years, many of Frank Stilwell's students have come to occupy prominent positions in Australian public life. In politics and public life more broadly, these include the following: Mark Latham, Anthony Albanese, Greg Combet, Carmel Tebbutt, Michael Costa, Morris Iemma, Peter Kell (ASIC), Many members of parliament (MPs) were also taught by Stilwell. Among this long list of MPs are the following: Pat Conroy, Jenny McAlister, John Graham, Anthony D'Adam, Paul Lynch, Greg Combet and Robert Tickner, and professors Rod O'Donnell, Ann Harding, Steve Keen, Terry Flew, Margaret Gardner, and Clive Hamilton. In Journalism: Stephen Long, Eleanor Hall, Jessica Irvine, Steve Cannane, Peter Martin, Clancy Yeates, and Michael Janda. Stilwell estimated that he had personally taught about 15,000 students by the time of his retirement.

## Bibliography

| Year | Title | Publisher |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | *Handbook of Alternative Theories of Political Economy* (Co-edited with D. Primrose and T. B. Thornton) | Edward Elgar |
|
| 2019 | *The Political Economy of Inequality* | Polity Press |
| 2009 | *Political Economy Now! The Struggle for Alternative Economics at the University of Sydney* (Co-written with Gavan Butler and Evan Jones) | Sydney University Press |
| 2007 | *Who Gets What?: Analysing Economic Inequality in Australia* (Co-written with Kirrily Jordan) | Cambridge University Press |
| 2003 | *Economics as a Social Science: Readings in Political Economy* (Co-edited with G. Argyrous) | Pluto Press |
| 2002 | *Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas* | Oxford University Press |
| 2000 | *Changing Track: A New Political Economic Direction for Australia* | Pluto Press |
| 1993 | *Beyond the Market : Alternatives to Economic Rationalism* (Co-edited with Stuart Reesand Gordon Rodley) | Pluto Press |
| 1993 | *Economic Inequality: Who Gets What in Australia* | Pluto Press |
| 1993 | *Reshaping Australia: Urban Problems and Policies* | Pluto Press |
| 1992 | *Understanding Cities & Regions: Spatial Political Economy* | Pluto Press |
| 1986 | *The Accord and Beyond: The Political Economy of the Labor Government* | Pluto Press |
| 1980 | *Economic Crisis, Cities, and Regions* | Pergamon Press |
| 1975 | *Normative Economics: An Introduction to Microeconomic Theory and Radical Critiques* | Pergamon Press |
| 1974 | *Australian Urban and Regional Development* | Australia and New Zealand Book Company |
| 1972 | *Regional Economic Policy* | Macmillan Press |

## InfoBox

| Frank Stilwell | |
| --- | --- |
| Frank Stilwell (on the right of picture) being greeted by Australian Prime Minister, Anthony Albanese (left of picture), who was one of his former students in Political Economy at the University of Sydney. (In the centre of the picture, smiling, is Dr Patricia Ranald, a Research Associate in the Political Economy department). | |
| Born | 1944 (age 7980)<br>London, England |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation(s) | Professor Emeritus in Political Economy, University of Sydney |
| Awards | University of Sydney, Award for Excellence in Teaching<br>Fellow, Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Southampton (BSc)<br>University of Reading (PhD) |
| Thesis | *Regional Development in South East England: Study of Sub-Regions* |
| Doctoral advisor | John Harry Dunning |
|  | |


abstract: The State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri (formerly Government Engineering College, Nilokheri is a public government engineering institution in Nilokheri. It is one of the five engineering Academic Institute run by the Government of Haryana, the others being Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sirsa, Rao Bijender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari, Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar and State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Panchkula.

text:
# State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri

The **State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri** (formerly Government Engineering College, Nilokheri (Hindi : राजकीय अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, निलोखेड़ी, abbreviated **SIETN**) is a public government engineering institution in Nilokheri. It is one of the five engineering Academic Institute run by the Government of Haryana, the others being Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sirsa, Rao Bijender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari, Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar and State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Panchkula.

## History

The concept of the diploma institute at Nilokheri as an engineering college was first introduced in year 2000. After many initial tries, college was supposed to open in 2010 but due to government and political policy, idea was rejected once again. The institute building was previously used by the students of Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri was granted the status of engineering college in 2016 having named Government Engineering College, Nilokheri which was later changed to State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri. The institute was inaugurated by Manohar Lal Khattar, who was the Chief Minister of Haryana. The Guru BrahmaNand Ji Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri (GBNGPN) formerly known as the Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri (GPN)'s classes of Diploma Ist year were shifted out en bloc to mark the beginning of SIET Nilokheri at its campus in new building. The Guru BrahmaNand Ji Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri (GBNGPN) is thus the mother institution of GEC Nilokheri. The institution have best record in placements of 2021 and 2020 batch. Up to 70% of CSE branch students were placed in multinational corporations like TCS, NIIT, etc. Students of this institution are interested in open source development, competitive programming, data structure and algorithms, machine learning, artificial intelligence, etc.

## Recognition

State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri is affiliated to Kurukshetra University and is approved by All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi (AICTE) and the Department of Technical Education, Govt. of Haryana (DTE).

## Admissions

Admission in B.Tech first year is given to students on the basis of their ranks in Joint Entrance Examination-Main. Admission in second year though B.Tech Lateral Entry scheme is done on basis of B.E./B.Tech Lateral Engineering Entrance Test exam conducted by Haryana State Technical Education Society.

## Departments

* Computer Science & Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Electronics & Communication Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Applied Science

## Academic programs

State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri awards undergraduate B.Tech in various engineering fields in a four-year Engineering programme.

|  | Discipline | Intake | Full Time\Part Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Computer Engineering | 90 | Full Time |
| 2 | Computer Science Engineering (AI & ML) | 30 | Full Time |
| 3 | Electronics and Communication Engineering | 60 | Full Time |
| 4 | Mechanical Engineering | 60 | Full Time |
| 5 | Civil Engineering | 60 | Full Time |
| 6 | Electrical Engineering | 60 | Full Time |
|

Institute began Masters Post-graduate M.Tech from session 2022-23 onwards. As per the Institute website information available, Mtech will be offered by Computer science engineering and Mechanical engineering department respectively.

|  | Discipline | Intake | Full Time\Part Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Robotics and Artificial Intelligence | 18 | Full Time |
| 2 | Advanced Manufacturing Technology | 18 | Full Time |
|

## Student life

### Tech-Kriti Annual Fest

The Institute along with its constituent clubs organizes its annual cultural fest Tech-Kriti-Fest. It is a Two-day-long event held in May every year.

### Ruksat

The Institute along with its constituent clubs organizes its farewell program to bid farewell to its final year students.

### Annual Athletic Meet

Annual Athletic Meet is organized since 2017 in the month of March Every Year.

### Training and Placement Cell

Training and Placement (T&P) Cell, has the primary aim of helping students to find Summer training, industry intraction visits, internships and find campus placement after completion of UG & PG academic Programme.

### National Service Scheme and NCC

This institute also has National Service Scheme for better development of students enriching their overall personality.

NCC has been introduced in the college from 21-22 session onwards.

## Campus

The institute is in Nilokheri, district Karnal, Haryana. It spreads over 360 acres (150 ha). The site has a strategic location in that it is 143 km (89 mi) from National Capital New Delhi and 107 km from state capital Chandigarh on Delhi-Chandighar National Highway (NH-1). It is well connected by road and railway having Nilokheri railway station. The campus is also close to other educational, training and research institutions such as the Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri, Central Tool Room Extension Center, Nilokheri, National Dairy Research Institute, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Govt. Polytechnic, Umri, National Institute of Design, Kurukshetra, National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Kurukshetra and Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College.

## InfoBox

State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri
| राजकीय अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, निलोखेड़ी | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | SIET Nilokheri & GEC NLK |
| Former name | Government engineering College (GEC Nilokheri) |
| Type | Public Government agency |
| Established | 2015 |
| Chairman | Haryana Government; Haryana Technical Education Department |
| Director | Dr K.K Kataria |
| Academic staff | 50+ |
| Students | 900+ |
| Undergraduates | 900+ |
| Postgraduates | 0 |
| Location | Nilokheri (Karnal), Haryana, India<br>29°50′N 76°56′E / 29.83°N 76.93°E / 29.83; 76.93 |
| Campus | Semi-urban |
| Affiliations | UGC, AICTE, NEW DELHI, HSBTE, Haryana |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Black and Scottish

abstract: Black and Scottish is a documentary film directed by Stewart Kyasimire. Released in 2019, the film explores the experiences of prominent black Scots across different generations, aiming to answer the question: What does it mean to be black and Scottish?

text:
# Black and Scottish

**Black and Scottish** is a documentary film directed by Stewart Kyasimire. Released in 2019, the film explores the experiences of prominent black Scots across different generations, aiming to answer the question: *What does it mean to be black and Scottish?*

## Synopsis

The documentary features a diverse range of black Scots from different generations and backgrounds, sharing their experiences of growing up and living in Scotland. Kyasimire, who grew up in Glasgow during the 1980s, was inspired to create the film to explore the identity issues his mixed-race daughter might face.

## Production

It was produced by Tern TV and commissioned by BBC Scotland.

**Key Themes Identity and Belonging**

Interviewees describe the dichotomy of being part of two cultures—black and Scottish—and not feeling fully accepted by either. Ncuti Gatwa, known for his role in Netflix's *Sex Education*, shares his experiences as a Rwandan-Scot, emphasizing the importance of self-identity.

**Representation**

The film highlights the scarcity of black representation in Scotland. According to the 2011 Census, while 13% of Londoners identified as black, the percentage in Scotland was under 1%. Many interviewees express feeling isolated due to the lack of role models who looked like them.

**Generational Perspectives**

Black and Scottish features interviews with individuals from different age groups, providing a comprehensive view of the black community's experiences across time.

**Notable Interviewees**

Ncuti Gatwa: The breakout star from "Sex Education" discusses his journey as a Rwandan-Scot and the challenges he faced growing up.

The Cutkelvins: X Factor semi-finalists who share their perspectives on identity and cultural duality.

Geoff Palmer OBE: Scotland's first black professor, whose achievements and insights contribute to the film's narrative.

## Legacy

Kyasimire dedicates *Black and Scottish* to his 8-year-old daughter, Yasmin, and her generation. By amplifying black voices and experiences, the film aims to foster understanding, representation, and acceptance.


title: Robert B. Moberly

abstract: Robert B. Moberly is Dean Emeritus and Professor of Law at the University of Arkansas School of Law. His scholarship focuses primarily on dispute resolution.

text:
# Robert B. Moberly

**Robert B. Moberly** is Dean Emeritus and Professor of Law at the University of Arkansas School of Law. His scholarship focuses primarily on dispute resolution.

## Education

Moberly received BS and JD degrees from the University of Wisconsin. He previously taught at University of Illinois, Maurer School of Law, University of Louvain, the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the University of Florida Levin College of Law, where he founded the Institute for Dispute Resolution.

## Publications

### Selected articles

* *The New Arkansas Appellate-Mediation Program*, Arkansas Law Review, with Laura E. Levine, (2008)
* *Labor-Management Relations during the Clinton Administration*, Hofstra Labor & Employment Law Journal (2006)
* *Introduction: The Arkansas Law Review Symposium on Alternative Dispute Resolution*, Arkansas Law Review, with Judith Kilpatrick, (2001)
* *Dispute Resolution in the Law School Curriculum: Opportunities and Challenges*, Florida Law Review (1998)
* *Mediator Gag Rules: Is it Ethical for Mediators to Evaluate or Advise?*, South Texas Law Review (1997)

## Awards


title: Touch rugby at the 2015 Pacific Games

text:
# Touch rugby at the 2015 Pacific Games

Touch rugby at the 2015 Pacific Games was held on 3–10 July 2015 at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea defeated Samoa in the finals of both the men's and women's tournament by 8–7 and 6–2, respectively to claim two of the three gold medals for touch rugby. Samoa turned the tables to claim the gold medal in the mixed tournament, defeating Papua New Guinea by 9–7 in the final. The Cook Islands won all three bronze medals.

## Medal summary

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Papua New Guinea | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | Samoa | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | Cook Islands | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Totals (3 entries) | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |

### Results

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men
 | Papua New Guinea Kora David
Harry Kea
Uari Saea
Eugene Eka
Elison Waluka
Paul Kasisie
Kele Lessy
Diallo Luana
Bobby Vavona
William Ken
Marlon Steven
Paul Matuta
Ronald Bibiken
Samuel Vetu | Samoa Tasi Cortdz
David Fong
Laumata Laumata
Samoauatasi Siilata
Gregory Hazelman
Andrew Elisara
Jesse Leituvae
Eteuati Togiatomai
Rapi Vaai
Darren Aofia
Peter Hazelman
Michael Rasmussen
Alex Mikaele III
Sapati Gautasi | Cook Islands Kapi Anguna
Rangi-Te-Au-O-Tepuretu Piri
Cahjun Willis
Harmas Potoru
Teava Terangi
Hugh Henry
Benjamin Heather
Ngatupuna Joseph
Mokopuna Nooroa
Setephano Noovao
Apii Rau
Matamanea Matapakia
Kristopher Williamson
Heimona Potoru |
| Women
 | Papua New Guinea Angelena Watego
Joylyne Tikot
Monica Teite
Nadya Taubuso
Jenny Carol
Pauline Arazi
Patiyoko Bernard
Vavine Yore
Maria Alu
Grace Kouba
Margaret Luke
Marie Tuu
Diane Vetu
Natalie Kuper | Samoa Sabrina Reupena
Lepailetai Faaiuaso
Vai Leota
Eden Yandall
Gabrielle Apelu
Anna Maria Schuster
Celeste Solofa
Rowena Faaiuaso
Mandria Sua
Felicity Pogi
Lerissa Fong
Filoi Eneliko
Alofa Auvaa
Miriama Lima | Cook Islands Julieanne Westrupp
Hemilda Vavia
Edith Nicholas
Rangitauratua Apera
Taromi Urirau
Ngapare Noovao
Sunielia Tom
Rima'ati Moekaa
Teiti-O-Te-Ra Tupuna
Ngapoko Kamana
Dayna Napa
Princess Mary Adams
Matatai Taia
Lou-Ani Marsters |
| Mixed
 | Samoa | Papua New Guinea | Cook Islands |

## InfoBox

| Touch rugby
at the 2019 Pacific Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea |
| Dates | 3–10 July 2015 |
|


title: Thiruchi Loganathan

abstract: Thiruchi Loganathan was an Indian playback singer of the Tamil film industry. He is known for his work in movies such as Manthiri Kumari (1950)and Sarvadhikari'. He was married to Rajalakshmi, daughter of actress C. T. Rajakantham. His sons are, T. L. Maharajan, Deepan Chakravarthy, TL Kamalakannan, and T.L. Thyagarajan, who are also popular playback singers.

text:
# Thiruchi Loganathan

**Thiruchi Loganathan** (24 July 1924 – 17 November 1989) was an Indian playback singer of the Tamil film industry. He is known for his work in movies such as *Manthiri Kumari* (1950)and Sarvadhikari'. He was married to Rajalakshmi, daughter of actress C. T. Rajakantham. His sons are, T. L. Maharajan, Deepan Chakravarthy, TL Kamalakannan, and T.L. Thyagarajan, who are also popular playback singers.

## Career

### Music composers he sang for

### Playback singers he sang with

He sang memorable duets mostly with P. Leela and Jikki. He also sang with many others including, M. L. Vasanthakumari, M. S. Rajeswari, L. R. Eswari, P. A. Periyanayaki, T. V. Rathnam, A. G. Rathnamala, A. P. Komala, N. L. Ganasaraswathi, Radha Jayalakshmi, K. Jamuna Rani, K. Rani, Lakshmi Shankar, P. Susheela, S. Janaki, A. V. Saraswathi, T. S. Bagavathi, Vadivambal, Swarnalatha, K. Swarna and U. R. Chandra.

He also sang duets with male singers, most notably with Seerkazhi Govindarajan and Mariyappa. Other singers that he sang with include S. C. Krishnan, T. M. Soundararajan, G. Ramanathan, A. L. Raghavan, C. R. Subburaman, P. B. Sreenivas, K. R. Chellamuthu, Maadhavan, Shanmugasundharam, V. T. Rajagopalan, G. K. Venkatesh and T. L. Maharajan.

The singing actors he sang with were N. S. Krishnan, U. R. Jeevarathinam and Friend Ramasamy.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Thiruchi Loganathanதிருச்சி லோகநாதன் | |
| --- | --- |
| Thiruchi Loganathan in 1951 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Thiruchi Loganathan |
| Born | (1924-07-24)24 July 1924 |
| Origin | Tiruchirappalli,
Madras Presidency,
British India
(now in Tamil Nadu, India) |
| Died | 17 November 1989(1989-11-17) (aged 65)
Madras (now Chennai),
Tamil Nadu, India |
| Genres | Film music (playback singing), Indian classical music, Tamil patriotic |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 1947–1986 |


title: Bernard Tancred

abstract: Augustus Bernard Tancred was a 19th-century South African Test cricketer. His brothers, Vincent and Louis, also played Test cricket for South Africa.

text:
# Bernard Tancred

**Augustus Bernard Tancred** (20 August 1865 – 23 November 1911) was a 19th-century South African Test cricketer. His brothers, Vincent and Louis, also played Test cricket for South Africa.

## Early life

Born in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, Tancred attended St. Aidan's College, Grahamstown, where he first displayed his cricketing prowess. His contemporaries at school included Percy Fitzpatrick and Charles Coghlan. He attended the Cape University and although there are no records to indicate that he graduated he practised law throughout South Africa, including Kimberley, Pretoria and Johannesburg. He became a prominent member of the Uitlander community. Tancred continued to star in club cricket, gaining a reputation as the best batsman in South Africa, with a strong defence, as well as an outstanding point fielder.

## Career

Tancred was an obvious choice for the first South African cricket side, assembled to play the first touring English cricket team during its two Test tour of South Africa in the 1888–89 South African cricket season. While the South African cricket team lost both Tests, Tancred's 87 runs made him the leading South African run-scorer in the series and he became the first batsman to carry his bat in a Test, when he scored an unbeaten 26 of 47 in the second Test at Newlands Cricket Ground. This innings is still the Test Match record for the lowest score made by a batsman carrying their bat through an innings.

The following season Tancred played for Kimberley against Transvaal in the inaugural Currie Cup, with his second innings 106 the maiden Currie Cup century. He also reinforced his stature in South African cricket and society by founding the Transvaal Cricket Union in 1891 and serving as its foundation chairman. Married in 1893 to Adeline Wainwright, who bore him three daughters, Tancred's increasing work commitments forced his withdrawal from the 1894 South African tour of England.

The increase in tensions in South Africa between the Boers and Uitlanders saw 'Captain' Tancred and others guarding the main Pretoria – Johannesburg road. The following year, Tancred travelled to England possibly to attend a House of Commons inquiry into the Jameson Raid, and, his cricketing fame having preceded him, he was made an honorary member of the Marylebone Cricket Club and turned out for the club against the Derbyshire County Cricket Club. He was also made an honorary member of Surrey County Cricket Club.

Tancred played his final first class match in February 1899 in the 1898–99 South African cricket season, representing Transvaal against Lord Hawke's touring English side but was again unavailable for the Test series due to business concerns.

## Later life

During the Second Boer War, Tancred worked for British intelligence and then as Legal Adviser to the Military Governor in Bloemfontein, necessitating his absence from the 1901 South African tour of England, which it had been thought he would captain. Following the end of the war, Tancred moved to Salisbury to open a law firm in partnership with his fellow St Aidan's alumni (and future Premier of Southern Rhodesia) Sir Charles Coghlan. While in Salisbury in 1911, Tancred became seriously ill and was brought to Cape Town en route to England to receive specialist treatment but, after a deterioration in his condition, underwent emergency surgery and died in Cape Town the day his ship left for England.

Survived by his wife and three daughters (a son died young), Tancred had become known as the "W. G. Grace of South Africa" for his cricketing exploits and *Wisden Cricketers' Almanack* called him "undoubtedly the finest batsman in South Africa".

## Sources

* Hall, BT & Schulze, H (2000) "The Cricketing Brothers Tancred, Part 1", *The Cricket Statistician*, No. 111, Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians, Orpington, Kent. See also No. 112 and 129.
* Murray, B & Vahed, G (2009) *Empire and Cricket: The South African Experience 1884–1914*, chapter 6.
* Schulze, H (1999) *South Africa's Cricketing Lawyers*, chapter 2.

## InfoBox

Bernard Tancred
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Augustus Bernard Tancred |
| Born | (1865-08-20)20 August 1865
Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony |
| Died | 23 November 1911(1911-11-23) (aged 46)
Cape Town, Cape Province, South Africa |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 10) | 12 March 1889 v England |
| Last Test | 25 March 1889 v England |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 2 11  Runs scored 87 708  Batting average 29.00 35.40  100s/50s 0/0 1/5  Top score 29 106  Balls bowled  484  Wickets  8  Bowling average  27.50  5 wickets in innings  0  10 wickets in match  0  Best bowling  3/22  Catches/stumpings 2/– 6/– | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 28 December 2015 | |


title: Rooiberg girdled lizard

abstract: The Rooiberg girdled lizard is a species of small, spiny lizard in the family Cordylidae. The species is endemic to South Africa.

text:
# Rooiberg girdled lizard

The **Rooiberg girdled lizard** (***Cordylus imkeae***) is a species of small, spiny lizard in the family Cordylidae. The species is endemic to South Africa.

## Etymology

The specific name, *imkeae*, is in honor of German biologist Imke Cordes.

## Geographic range

*C. imkeae* is found in Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *C. imkei* is rocky areas of shrubland.

## Description

Adults of *C. imkeae* usually have a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 4.0–6.5 cm (1.6–2.6 in).

## Reproduction

*C. imkei* is ovoviviparous.

## Further reading

* Mouton PLFN, Van Wyk JH (1994). "Taxonomic status of geographical isolates in the *Cordylus minor* complex (Reptilia: Cordylidae): A description of three new species". *Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa* **43**: 6–18. (*Cordylus imkeae*, new species).
* Reissig J (2014). *Girdled Lizards and their Relatives: Natural History, Captive Care and Breeding*. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Edition Chimaira. 249 pp. ISBN 978-3899734379.
* Stanley EL, Bauer AM, Jackmann TR, Branch WR, Mouton PLFN (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdles lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* **58** (1): 53–70.

## InfoBox

| Rooiberg girdled lizard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Cordylidae |
| Genus: | *Cordylus* |
| Species: | ***C. imkeae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cordylus imkeae***
Mouton & Van Wyk, 1994 | |
|


title: Frank Stewart Gospel Hour

abstract: The Frank Stewart Gospel Hour was a radio show heard on BBC Radio WM, BBC CWR and BBC Radio Stoke.

text:
# Frank Stewart Gospel Hour

The ***Frank Stewart Gospel Hour*** was a radio show heard on BBC Radio WM, BBC CWR and BBC Radio Stoke.

## History

Stewart started by appearing on the *Roots Rock and Reggae* show on BBC Radio WM, hosting a five-minute spot on the popular show. Due to the demand, Stewart was given his own air time by the BBC to produce and host his own gospel show on Sunday nights. The *Frank Stewarts Gospel Hour* was Britain's longest-running Gospel, broadcasting to a wide audience, black and white.

### About Frank Stewart

Frank Stewart was part of an acoustic gospel octet called the Singing Stewarts. Their calypso-style music paved the way for funkier forms of gospel when British church music still consisted largely of ancient hymns. The Singing Stewarts are no longer playing together. Stewart was also a writer for the *Caribbean Times* newspaper.

Frank Stewart died on Monday 2 April 2012 in hospital with family members by his side.


title: Chung Hom Kok

abstract: Chung Hom Kok is an area in the southern Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It is a popular site for barbecue and swimming with a beach and lifeguard services available from April to October. West of Stanley, Chung Hom Kok is referred to as the most southern point on a peninsula. The peninsula is also named Chung Hom Kok and the hill Chung Hom Shan (舂坎山) occupies the largest part of the peninsula.

text:
# Chung Hom Kok

**Chung Hom Kok** (Chinese: 舂坎角 or 舂磡角) is an area in the southern Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It is a popular site for barbecue and swimming with a beach and lifeguard services available from April to October. West of Stanley, Chung Hom Kok is referred to as the most southern point on a peninsula. The peninsula is also named Chung Hom Kok and the hill Chung Hom Shan (舂坎山) occupies the largest part of the peninsula.

## History

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Chung Hom Kok was 10.

Government Communications Headquarters established a signals intelligence centre at Chung Hom Kok in the late 1970s and consolidated operations there in 1982; the site closed in 1995.

## Features

Chung Hom Kok Beach (舂坎角泳灘) is located on the western shore Chung Hom Kok in Chung Hom Wan (舂坎灣).

A Home Ownership Scheme estate and a public housing estate is located in the Ma Hang area, to the northeast of Chung Hom Kok.

Chung Hom Kok Battery, located at the southern end of the peninsula, was built around 1938. It is listed as a Grade II historic building.

A narrow cave called Cheung Po Tsai Cave (張保仔洞) is located along the coast below Chung Hom Kok Battery. It is said that the Qing dynasty pirate Cheung Po Tsai used it as a shelter.

Chung Hom Kok is a hub for internet cables and cable landing stations. SUNeVision Holdings, the largest data centre provider in Hong Kong, constructed two carrier-neutral cable landing stations at Chung Hom Kok since 2020.

## Education

Chung Hom Kok is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 18. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and Hong Kong Southern District Government Primary School.

22°13′02″N 114°12′17″E / 22.21728°N 114.20467°E / 22.21728; 114.20467

## InfoBox

| Chung Hom Kok | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 舂坎角 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Chōng Kǎn Jiǎo  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping zung1 ham1 gok3 | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 舂磡角 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Chōng Kàn Jiǎo  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping zung1 ham3 gok3 | |
|  | |


abstract: Dwight D. Eisenhower High School is a public four-year high school located in Blue Island, Illinois, a southern suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. It is part of Community High School District 218 along with sister schools Alan B. Shepard High School and Harold L. Richards High School. Eisenhower is a diverse school with a balanced student body of Caucasian, Hispanic and African American students. Eisenhower serves students from the communities of Blue Island, Calumet Park, Robbins, Alsip, Merrionette Park, Posen, Deer Pointe & Garden Homes. The current enrollment is over 1,800 students.

text:
# Dwight D. Eisenhower High School (Blue Island, Illinois)

**Dwight D. Eisenhower High School** (**Eisenhower,** **EHS, or Ike**) is a public four-year high school located in Blue Island, Illinois, a southern suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. It is part of Community High School District 218 along with sister schools Alan B. Shepard High School and Harold L. Richards High School.

Eisenhower is a diverse school with a balanced student body of Caucasian, Hispanic and African American students. Eisenhower serves students from the communities of Blue Island, Calumet Park, Robbins, Alsip, Merrionette Park, Posen, Deer Pointe & Garden Homes. The current enrollment is over 1,800 students.

## History

The school was founded as Blue Island Community High School in 1897 and as such was the first constituent educational institution that today comprises Community High School District 218, which was established in 1927. Blue Island Community High School was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools (now North Central Association - Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement) in 1899. As president of Columbia University, Dwight D. Eisenhower was the keynote speaker at the dedication of the current facility on Sacramento Ave. in 1951, and the building was renamed in his honor in 1962.

## Athletics

Eisenhower competes in the South Suburban Conference (SSC) and is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA), the association which governs most sports and competitive activities in the state. School colors are Cardinal Red and White. Teams are stylized as the Cardinals.

The school sponsors interscholastic teams for young men and women in basketball, bowling, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball. Young men may compete in baseball, football, wrestling while young women may compete in softball. There is also a coed golf team. The school's athletic department supports the district teams which compete in the Special Olympics.

The following teams have finished in the top four of their respective IHSA sponsored state championship tournaments or meets:

* Tennis (Boys): 3rd place (1952–53); State Champions (1949–50)
* Track & Field (Boys): 4th place (1955–56, 85–86); 3rd place (1944–45); 2nd place (1980–81); State Champions (1954–55)
* Track & Field (Girls): 4th place (1987–88)
* Wrestling: 3rd place (1955–56)
* Softball (Girls): 6th place (2010–11)
* Soccer (Boys): (2010–11)

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Dwight D. Eisenhower High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 12700 S. Sacramento Avenue
Blue Island, Illinois 60406
United States | |
| Coordinates | 41°39′39″N 87°41′50″W / 41.6608°N 87.6971°W / 41.6608; -87.6971 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public secondary |
| Established | 1897 (1897) |
| School district | Community HS 218 |
| Superintendent | Josh Barron |
| Principal | Benjamin Blakeley |
| Teaching staff | 125.40 (FTE) (2019–20) |
| Grades | 12 |
| Gender | Coed |
| Enrollment | 1,733 (2020–21) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.27 (2019–20) |
| Campus type | Suburban |
| Color(s) | * Cardinal Red * White |
| Athletics conference | South Suburban |
| Nickname | Cards |
| Team name | Cardinals |
| Newspaper | *Red & White* |
| Yearbook | *The Crest* |
| Website | eisenhower.chsd218.org |


title: Dwarf Lake Turkana robber

abstract: The dwarf Lake Turkana robber is a species of fish in the family Alestidae. It is endemic to Lake Turkana in Kenya.

text:
# Dwarf Lake Turkana robber

The **dwarf Lake Turkana robber** (***Brycinus minutus***) is a species of fish in the family Alestidae. It is endemic to Lake Turkana in Kenya.

## InfoBox

| Dwarf Lake Turkana robber | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Alestidae |
| Genus: | *Brycinus* |
| Species: | ***B. minutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brycinus minutus***
(A. J. Hopson & J. Hopson, 1982) | |
|


title: This Is Not a Dream

abstract: This Is Not A Dream is an album by New Zealand band Dadamah. It was originally released on vinyl by the Majora label in 1992, and later re-released on CD by Kranky label in 1995. The CD compiles the material they recorded for Majora; the original 6-track LP and two 7"s.

text:
# This Is Not a Dream

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***This Is Not A Dream*** is an album by New Zealand band Dadamah. It was originally released on vinyl by the Majora label in 1992, and later re-released on CD by Kranky label in 1995. The CD compiles the material they recorded for Majora; the original 6-track LP and two 7"s.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Peter Stapleton; all music is composed by Roy Montgomery

Side one
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Limbo Swing" | 6:19 |
| 2. | "Papa Doc" | 3:31 |
| 3. | "Too Hot Too Dry" | 9:23 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Prove" | 4:19 |
| 2. | "Brian's Children" | 5:00 |
| 3. | "High Tension House" | 9:09 |

CD issue
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7. | "Nicotine" (*Nicotine/High Time* 7") | 4:09 |
| 8. | "High Time" (*Nicotine/High Time* 7") | 5:22 |
| 9. | "Scratch Sun" (*Scratch Sun/Radio Brain* 7") | 7:05 |
| 10. | "Radio Brain" (*Scratch Sun/Radio Brain* 7") | 5:52 |
| 11. | "Replicant Emotions" (*I Hear The Devil Calling Me* compilation) | 0:59 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *This Is Not a Dream* liner notes.

Dadamah

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 1992 | Majora | LP | VPAG 5750 |
| | 1995 | Kranky | CD | KRANK 002 |

## InfoBox

| This Is Not a Dream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dadamah | |
| Released | 1992 |
| Genre | Experimental rock |
| Length | 37:44 (vinyl edition)<br>61:05 (CD edition) |
| Label | Majora |


title: Dumplings (film)

abstract: Dumplings is a 2004 Hong Kong horror film, directed by Fruit Chan. It was expanded from a short segment in the horror compilation, Three... Extremes. The film is rated as Category III in Hong Kong. It premiered in Germany during the Berlin International Film Festival, on 4 August 2004, as part of the Panorama section.

text:
# Dumplings (film)

***Dumplings*** (Chinese: 餃子; pinyin: *Jiǎozi*; Jyutping: *Gaau2zi2*) is a 2004 Hong Kong horror film, directed by Fruit Chan. It was expanded from a short segment in the horror compilation, *Three... Extremes*. The film is rated as Category III in Hong Kong. It premiered in Germany during the Berlin International Film Festival, on 4 August 2004, as part of the Panorama section.

## Plot

Mrs. Li, a former actress, is losing her good looks and longs for passion with her wealthy husband, who is having an affair with his much younger masseuse. Mrs. Li seeks the help of Aunt Mei, a local chef. Mei cooks her some special dumplings which she claims to be effective for rejuvenation. She tells Mrs. Li that the secret ingredient for her rejuvenating dumplings is unborn fetuses imported from an abortion clinic in Shenzhen, where she used to work. Mrs. Li is frustrated by the lack of progress and asks Mei to keep finding more potent remedies.

Mei agrees to perform a risky black market abortion on Kate, a girl five months pregnant who has been impregnated by her father, in order to provide the fetus for Ms. Li. Mei prepares dumplings, but after Mrs. Li sneaks a look in the kitchen and sees the fetus, she is disgusted and runs away, but shortly returns and consumes them. She receives a call that her husband has broken his leg and returns home. When she arrives to care for him, he finds her more attractive than before, and they have passionate sex. Kate and her mother are seen riding a bus home after the abortion, with Kate bleeding heavily onto her seat. After getting off, Kate collapses on the pavement and dies in her mother's arms.

Mrs. Li hosts a dinner party for her friends, who compliment her and marvel over her newfound beauty. However, they claim there is a horrid fish-like smell in the air, which turns out to be from Mrs. Li herself. She excuses herself from the table and flees to the bathroom. Furious with Mei, Mrs. Li calls her, demanding to know what she has ingested. Mei claims that a child conceived by way of incest is the most potent and assures Mrs. Li that the results will be worth the embarrassment from the smell, while Mrs. Li cries in the bathtub while watching a rerun of her old series. Mr. Li arrives home and eavesdrops on their conversation.

Mr. Li visits Mei and passes a girl who resembles Kate. They discuss instances of cannibalism in Chinese history while Mei makes him dumplings. He eats them and they have violent sex, during which she reveals she is actually 64 years old. They are interrupted by a call from Mrs. Li, but Mei hangs up on her. Mr. Li leaves, and Mrs. Li arrives to plead with Mei for more dumplings, but Mei continues to ignore her. When Mrs. Li tracks Mei down at a hair salon and leaves her a check, Mei rips it apart.

Police arrive at Kate's apartment and find her father stabbed to death by her mother. Mei flees her apartment, and Mrs. Li sees the apartment being raided by police. Mrs. Li meets with Mr. Li's masseuse, who states she is five months pregnant, and Mrs. Li pays her to immediately abort the fetus. Mrs. Li instructs the doctor to use a method without drugs to perform the abortion. Mei is pictured carrying her belongings through the streets while Mrs. Li makes dumplings from the fetus.

## Differences from the version in *Three... Extremes*

Whereas the extended version retains much of the plot from the short film in *Three... Extremes*, the endings differ. The short film focuses solely on Mrs Li's quest for rejuvenated youth and does not include the masseuse or the subplot involving Mr Li and Mei's affair. Consequently, in place of the masseuse's pregnancy, Mrs Li finds that she herself is two-months pregnant with a child she was told she would never have. After learning she can no longer get dumplings from Mei, she decides to abort her own child and make it into dumplings for her to eat. The final scene is of Mrs Li, close-up to the camera and slowly eating a dumpling, most probably with meat of her own fetus.

## Cast

## Production

Filming locations include Shek Kip Mei Estate, before redevelopment, and Lai Tak Tsuen.

## Reception and interpretation

*Dumplings* received mixed reviews. Keith Hennessey Brown of *Eye For Films* gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars, calling it "a beautifully crafted, thoughtful and thought-provoking piece of cinema that once again confirms Fruit Chan's status as Hong Kong's best filmmaker". Mark Kermode of *The Guardian* praised Miriam Yeung's performance and "Lilian Lee's blacker-than-black screenplay", but criticized that its "socio-political nuances are lost ... amid sploshy scenes of catheters and cookery which flag up the film's grindhouse origins". AmselLuu of *Asian Movie Pulse* called the film "well-shot" and "well-acted with the impressive performance of Bai Ling as Aunt Mei", but was less impressed with Miriam Yeung's performance.

The film has been called "one of the most realistic works of 'fiction'", since it deals with a practice that has been repeatedly reported from China's and Hong Kong's recent past. Indeed Fruit Chan and Lilian Lee believe that they were served fetus soup while researching for the film in a hospital and that Chan repeatedly consumed such soup while recovering after an accident, finding out only afterwards that "he had eaten soup made from a miscarried five-month fetus".

The film has been interpreted as a criticism of China's one-child policy, which caused many parents to have abortions even against their will. It raises the question of who is more to blame: the government whose policy makes sure that the fetuses cannot be born, or those who then exploit their bodies for their own purposes?

## Awards

Bai Ling won the award of Best Supporting Actress at the 24th Hong Kong Film Awards in 2005.

## InfoBox

| Dumplings (Gaau ji) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Fruit Chan |
| Written by | Lilian Lee |
| Produced by | Peter Chan,
Eric Tsang |
| Starring | Miriam Yeung
Tony Leung Ka-fai
Bai Ling
Pauline Lau
Mi Mi Lee
Miki Yeung |
| Cinematography | Christopher Doyle |
| Edited by | Fruit Chan (as Sam-Fat Tin),
Chan Ki-hop |
| Music by | Chan Kwong-wing |
| Production
company | Applause Pictures Ltd. |
| Distributed by | e-m-s the DVD-Company (Germany) |
| Release dates |  |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Languages | Cantonese
Mandarin |