title: Purwokerto railway station

abstract: Purwokerto Station (PWT) is a large type A railway station located in West Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The station is located at an altitude of 75 m. It is the largest station under the management of PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Operation Area V Purwokerto. As a large station, all trains that pass through the Prupuk–Kroya railway line must stop at this station.

text:
# Purwokerto railway station

**Purwokerto Station** (**PWT**) is a large type A railway station located in West Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The station is located at an altitude of 75 m. It is the largest station under the management of PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Operation Area V Purwokerto. As a large station, all trains that pass through the PrupukKroya railway line must stop at this station.

## History

Purwokerto Station was built in 1917-1918 by the Staatsspoorwegen (SS) railway company. The older station in Purwokerto is in the town center, built by Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij in 1893-1896.

The station was built on the CirebonKroya line. In 1923 Purwokerto Station was connected to Purwokerto Timur railway station, allowing travelers from Jakarta to connect to Wonosobo or Purbalingga. But unfortunately in 1978 the line was closed. Now along the former route, a new transportation mode in the form of minibuses has been served since 23 November 2018. Based on the Appendix to Presidential Regulation No. 79 of 2019, this railway line is planned to be reactivated to support infrastructure development in order to increase inter-regional connectivity through the development of easy and fast mass transportation. The line to Purwokerto Timur Station and the station railyard itself was still used for loading and unloading of the Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PUSRI) fertilizer carriages until it was permanently closed in 2008.

## Building and layout

Purwokerto Station originally had six train lines with track 2 being a straight line. Since the operation of the Purwokerto–Patuguran double track segment as of 9 September 2009, the lines increased to seven active lines. Line 2 is the main line / straight line for a single track from / to Kroya–YogyakartaSurabaya and also for the upstream double track (to CirebonJakarta). Line 3 is straight line for downstream double path (from Cirebon–Jakarta), both of which serve as the arrival and departure routes of train. Line 1 is used when line 2 and 3 are carrying a train. Lines 4-6 are usually for locomotive parking and railway circuit. From line 7 three additional lines access the locomotive depot and station located at the northwest of the station. All paths other than the lines connected with the dials are connected directly to the main line.

Next, as of 28 January 2019, with the completion of the Purwokerto–Kroya double track segment, line 2 is fully used as a straight gauge for the Prupuk direction, while line 3 is fully used as a straight line for the Kroya direction. The typical old electrical signaling system from Daop V has been replaced with the latest production by PT Len Industri.

This station is the east end station of the double tracks line crossing south of Java Island which will connect Jakarta–Surabaya. With the double track, the Jakarta–Purwokerto route and vice versa can be reached for an average of five hours only.

## Services

The following is a list of train services at the Purwokerto Station

| Train services | Destination(s) | Class type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Argo Lawu (regular and facultative) | Gambir and Solo Balapan | *Executive class / Luxury* |
| Argo Dwipangga (regular and facultative) | Gambir and Solo Balapan | *Executive / Luxury* |
| Gajayana (regular and additional) | Gambir and Malang | *Executive / Luxury* |
| Bima | Gambir and Surabaya Gubeng | *Executive* |
| Taksaka (regular and additional) | Gambir and Yogyakarta | *Executive* |
| Purwojaya | Gambir and Cilacap via Kroya | *Executive* |
| Purwojaya (additional) | Gambir and Cilacap via Kroya | *Executive/ Business* |
| Ranggajati | Cirebon and Jember via Yogyakarta \- Surabaya Gubeng | *Executive/ Business* |
| Kertanegara | Malang via Yogyakarta | *Executive/ Economy AC plus* |
| Bangunkarta | Pasar Senen and Jombang | *Executive/ Economy AC plus* |
| Sawunggalih | Pasar Senen and Kutoarjo | *Executive/ Economy AC Premium* |
| Senja Utama Solo | Pasar Senen and Solo Balapan | *Executive/ Economy AC Premium* |
| Fajar Utama YK | Pasar Senen and Yogyakarta | *Executive/ Economy AC Premium* |
| Senja Utama YK | Pasar Senen and Yogyakarta | *Executive/ Economy AC Premium* |
| Jaka Tingkir | Pasar Senen and Purwosari | *Executive /* *Economy AC plus* |
| Bogowonto | Pasar Senen and Lempuyangan | *Executive / Economy AC plus* |
| Gajah Wong | Pasar Senen and Lempuyangan | *Executive / Economy AC plus* |
| Singasari | Pasar Senen and Blitar via Yogyakarta \- Kediri | *Executive / Economy AC plus* |
| Kamandaka | Semarang Tawang via Slawi \- Tegal | *Executive / Economy AC plus* |
| Gaya Baru Malam Selatan | Pasar Senen and Surabaya Gubeng | *Executive / Economy AC plus* |
| Kutojaya Utara (regular) | Jakarta Kota and Kutoarjo | *Economy AC Premium* |
| Bengawan | Pasar Senen and Purwosari | *Economy AC* |
| Progo | Pasar Senen and Lempuyangan | *Economy AC* |
| Serayu | Kroya continued Pasar Senen via Kiaracondong | *Economy AC* |
| Kutoarjo Utara (Additional) | Pasar Senen and Kutoarjo | *Economy AC / Business* |
| Logawa | Jember via Lempuyangan \- Surabaya Gubeng | *Economy AC / Business* |

## Supporting transportation

| Public transportation type | Route | Destination | Nearby access from the station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| KAI Operational Area V minibus |  | **Purwokerto Station**–Purbalingga–Banjarnegara–Wonosobo | Station area |
| Trans Jateng | B1 | Bukateja bus terminal–Bulupitu bus terminal | West and east gate |
| Trans Banyumas | 1 | Pasar Pon–Ajibarang bus terminal | West gate |
| | 3 | Kebondalem bus terminal–Bulupitu bus terminal | |

Media related to Purwokerto Station at Wikimedia Commons

| Preceding station |  | Kereta Api Indonesia |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Karanggandul
*towards Prupuk* |  | **Prupuk–Kroya** |  | Notog
*towards Kroya* |
| *Terminus* |  | **Purwokerto–Wonosobo**
(Closed) |  | ~~Purwokerto Timur~~
*towards ~~Wonosobo~~* |

7°25′09″S 109°13′19″E / 7.4192°S 109.2220°E / -7.4192; 109.2220

## InfoBox

| Purwokerto station
*Stasiun Purwokerto* | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance of Purwokerto station in 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | West Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency
Central Java
Indonesia |
| Coordinates | 7°25′09″S 109°13′19″E / 7.4192°S 109.2220°E / -7.4192; 109.2220 |
| Elevation | 75 m (246 ft) |
| Owned by | Kereta Api Indonesia |
| Operated by | Kereta Api Indonesia |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 1 side platform
4 Island platforms |
| Tracks | 7 |
| Connections |  |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground |
| Parking | Available |
| Bicycle facilities | Bicycle parking |
| Accessible | Available |
| Other information | |
| Station code | PWT • 2110 |
| Classification | Large type A |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 July 1916 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Purwokerto stationLocation in Java | |


title: Eccrisis scalabrii

abstract: Eccrisis scalabrii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

text:
# Eccrisis scalabrii

***Eccrisis scalabrii*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

## InfoBox

| *Eccrisis scalabrii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eccrisis* |
| Species: | ***E. scalabrii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eccrisis scalabrii***<br>(Fairmaire, 1896) | |
|


title: Bilney railway station

abstract: Bilney railway station was located on the line between East Winch and Narborough and Pentney. It served the village of West Bilney, and closed in 1866.

text:
# Bilney railway station

**Bilney railway station** was located on the line between East Winch and Narborough and Pentney. It served the village of West Bilney, and closed in 1866.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| East Winch
Line and station closed |  | Great Eastern Railway
Lynn and Dereham Railway |  | Narborough and Pentney
Line and station closed |

## History

The Bill for the Lynn and Dereham Railway (L&DR) received Royal Assent on 21 July 1845. The line and its stations were opened on 27 October 1846 as far as Narborough. Bilney station opened with the line. The L&DR was taken over by the East Anglian Railway on 22 July 1847. Nineteen days later, on 10 August 1847, the line reached Swaffham.

52°42′26″N 0°32′59″E / 52.70724°N 0.54982°E / 52.70724; 0.54982

## InfoBox

| Bilney | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | West Bilney, Norfolk
England |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Lynn and Dereham Railway
East Anglian Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Great Eastern Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 27 Oct 1846 | Opened |
| 1 Aug 1866 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ola Bjørnstad

abstract: Ola Bjørnstad is a Norwegian forester and civil servant. He graduated in forestry from the Norwegian College of Agriculture in 1966. He has spent his career working with forestry and transport. He has worked as a researcher for the Institute of Transport Economics, transport consulent in Landbrukets Sentralforbund, secretary for the Standing Committee on Transport and Communications, transport director in Norske Skog and sub-director in the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. From 1982 to 1990 he was the director of the Directorate of State Forests, and from 1993 to 2006 he was the director of the Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken.

text:
# Ola Bjørnstad

**Ola Bjørnstad** is a Norwegian forester and civil servant.

He graduated in forestry from the Norwegian College of Agriculture in 1966. He has spent his career working with forestry and transport. He has worked as a researcher for the Institute of Transport Economics, transport consulent in *Landbrukets Sentralforbund*, secretary for the Standing Committee on Transport and Communications, transport director in Norske Skog and sub-director in the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. From 1982 to 1990 he was the director of the Directorate of State Forests, and from 1993 to 2006 he was the director of the Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken.


title: Brazilian destroyer Pará (1908)

abstract: Pará was the lead ship of Pará-class destroyers of the Brazilian Navy, serving from 1909 to 1936. She was named after the Brazilian state of Pará.

text:
# Brazilian destroyer Pará (1908)

***Pará*** was the lead ship of *Pará*-class destroyers of the Brazilian Navy, serving from 1909 to 1936. She was named after the Brazilian state of Pará.

## Description and Construction

In 1904 Brazil adopted an ambitious plan to renovate and modernize its Navy. The Naval Renovation Program was negotiated and enacted in December 1904 and envisioned acquisition of large number of vessels, including a dozen destroyers. In 1906 the program was modified reducing the total number of destroyers to ten. These ships became known as *Pará*-class destroyers.

The ship had an overall length of 240 feet (73.2 m), a beam of 23.5 feet (7.2 m) and a draught of 7+56 feet (2.4 m). She was powered by 2 triple expansion reciprocating steam engines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of 7,014 indicated horsepower (5,230 kW) and gave a maximum design speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph). During the trials the contract speed was exceeded, and the vessel was clocked at 27.25 knots (50.47 km/h; 31.36 mph). Steam for the turbines was provided by two double-ended Yarrow boilers. During the trials *Pará* ran 26.337 nautical miles (48.776 km; 30.308 mi) to the ton of coal. The vessel carried a maximum of 140 long tons (140 t) of coal that gave her a range of about 3,692 nautical miles (6,838 km; 4,249 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).

The ship mounted two 4 in (102 mm) guns in single mounts. In addition, four 47 mm (3pdr) cannons in single mounts were deployed at the time of launching.

The official full speed trial for *Pará* took place on September 16, 1908 in the Firth of the Clyde. During a continuous three hour run with a 100 ton load, the ship exceeded her contract speed of 27 knots.

Her first commander was Captain Felinto Perry.

### Incidents during construction

On November 19, 1908, while leaving the Yarrow yard for Greenock *Pará* collided with a hopper barge. The destroyer sustained only minor damage and proceeded to her destination.

## Bibliography

* Gardiner, Robert and Randal Gray, eds. *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. OCLC 12119866.
* "CT Pará - CT 2." *Navios De Guerra Brasileiros*. Accessed 27 August 2017.
* "Pará IV." *Serviço de Documentação da Marinha — Histórico de Navios*. Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha, Departamento de História Marítima. Accessed 19 August 2017.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Brazil | |
| Name | *Pará* |
| Namesake | Pará (Brazilian state) |
| Ordered | June 1907 |
| Builder | Yarrow, Scotstoun |
| Yard number | 1260 |
| Launched | 14 July 1908 |
| Completed | 1908 |
| Commissioned | 31 December 1909 |
| Decommissioned | 1933 |
| Identification | **2** |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | *Pará*-class destroyer |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | 240 ft (73 m) |
| Beam | 23 ft 6 in (7.16 m) |
| Draught | 7 ft 10 in (2.39 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 27 knots (31 mph; 50 km/h) |
| Range | 3,700 nautical miles (6,900 km) at 14 knots (16 mph; 26 km/h) |
| Complement | * 75 officers and men (peacetime) * 130 wartime |
| Armament |  |


title: Dream Come True (Earl Klugh album)

abstract: Dream Come True is the 6th studio album by Earl Klugh released in 1980. The album received a Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Fusion Performance at the 23rd Grammy Awards in 1981.

text:
# Dream Come True (Earl Klugh album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| allmusic.com |  |

***Dream Come True*** is the 6th studio album by Earl Klugh released in 1980. The album received a Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Fusion Performance at the 23rd Grammy Awards in 1981.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Earl Klugh; except where indicated

Side One

1. "If It's in Your Heart (It's in Your Smile)" – 4:04
2. "Doc" – 4:44
3. "Amazon" – 4:02
4. "I Don't Want to Leave You Alone Anymore" (lyrics: Bill Allen, George Porter Martin) – 4:53

Side Two

1. "Spellbound" – 6:13
2. "Sweet Rum and Starlight" – 4:02
3. "Dream Come True" – 3:34
4. "Message to Michael" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 5:54

## Personnel

* Earl Klugh, Reggie Young, Perry Hughes, Greg Phillinganes – guitars
* Lloyd Green – pedal steel guitar
* Mickie Roquemore – keyboards, clavinet
* Greg Phillinganes – keyboards
* Daryl Dybuka – electric piano
* David Briggs – piano
* Hubie Crawford, Mike Leech, Marcus Miller – bass
* Gene Dunlap – drums
* Leonard "Doc" Gibbs – percussion

## Charts

Album – Billboard
| Year | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | Jazz Albums | 4 |
| 1980 | R&B Albums | 22 |
| 1980 | The Billboard 200 | 42 |
|

## InfoBox

| Dream Come True | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Earl Klugh | |
| Released | 1980 (1980) |
| Recorded | September 1979 – January 1980 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Crossover jazz, instrumental pop |
| Length | 37:26 |
| Label | EMI Music Distribution |
| Producer | Earl Klugh |
| Earl Klugh chronology | |
| *One on One*
(1979) ***Dream Come True***
(1980) *Late Night Guitar*
(1980) | |


title: Eglė Balčiūnaitė

abstract: Eglė Balčiūnaitė is a track and field middle-distance runner who competes internationally for Lithuania. She competed in the 2008 Olympics in 800 m distance and finished 22nd. She took part in the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships in Kaunas and placed 6th in the final. She participated in the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships where she achieved her personal best and finished 5th in the indoor 800 m discipline. In January 2023 Balčiūnaitė announced about her retirement from professional sport.

text:
# Eglė Balčiūnaitė

**Eglė Balčiūnaitė** (born October 31, 1988, in Šiauliai) is a track and field middle-distance runner who competes internationally for Lithuania.

She competed in the 2008 Olympics in 800 m distance and finished 22nd. She took part in the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships in Kaunas and placed 6th in the final. She participated in the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships where she achieved her personal best and finished 5th in the indoor 800 m discipline.

In January 2023 Balčiūnaitė announced about her retirement from professional sport.

## Personal records

## InfoBox

Eglė Balčiūnaitė
| Eglė Balčiūnaitė at 2013 IAAF World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Lithuania |
| Born | (1988-10-31) October 31, 1988
Šiauliai, Lithuania |
| Sport | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| Sport | Running |
| Event(s) | 400 m, 800 m |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) | **400 m** (indoor): 53.47 (2010)
**800 m** (indoor): 2:01.37 (2010)

**800 m** (outdoor): 1:59.29 (2010) |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Lithuania  Summer Universiade  2013 Kazan 800 metres  SELL Student Games  2008 Espoo 800 metres  2009 Jelgava 800 metres  Lithuanian Championships  2010 Kaunas 400 metres  2010 Kaunas 800 metres  2009 Kaunas 800 metres | |


title: Purohito Ka Talab

abstract: Purohito Ka Talab, situated in Udaipur city in the Indian state of Rajasthan, is an artificial fresh water lake. Purohito ka Talab is located at a distance of around 12 kilometres from Udaipur city. The Lake is surrounded by green mountains. Purohito ka Taalab is also called as ‘Mini Jaisamand’. It's situated between the Aravalli Range. One can easily reach Purohito Ka Talab by taxi. Purohito Ka Talab is normally less crowded. In order too preserve the forest life in Purohito ka Taalab, it has been declared as a No Fishing Zone.

text:
# Purohito Ka Talab

**Purohito Ka Talab**, situated in Udaipur city in the Indian state of Rajasthan, is an artificial fresh water lake. Purohito ka Talab is located at a distance of around 12 kilometres from Udaipur city. The Lake is surrounded by green mountains. Purohito ka Taalab is also called as ‘Mini Jaisamand’. It's situated between the Aravalli Range. One can easily reach Purohito Ka Talab by taxi. Purohito Ka Talab is normally less crowded. In order too preserve the forest life in Purohito ka Taalab, it has been declared as a No Fishing Zone.

## Entry fee

A very nominal entry fees will be charged at the entrance of the lake.

## Location

It's located at 12 KM from the Udaipur main city and Small settlement is located at near the lake.

## No Fishing Zone

Purohito Ka Talab is a No fishing zone to protect the wild life around the lake because its located at near the forest.

## Pre-wedding destination

Purohito Ka Talab is popular for pre-wedding photoshoot. Nominal fees will be charged for bringing camera inside the lake premises.

5. Latest Article on Purohito ka Talab 24°40′08″N 73°44′57″E / 24.66889°N 73.74917°E / 24.66889; 73.74917


title: TAC (software)

abstract: TAC is an open source instant messaging and chat client program written by AOL which uses the TOC protocol used by the AOL Instant Messenger system. It is written in Tcl, and is a command line client. It is a command line version of the GUI TiK client which is written in Tcl/Tk. Developing of TAC and TiK began in 1998. The software is no longer developed by AOL since 1999. Several independent developers have released some new versions of the software. However, at the time of this writing no new versions had been released for several years.

text:
# TAC (software)

**TAC** is an open source instant messaging and chat client program written by AOL which uses the TOC protocol used by the AOL Instant Messenger system. It is written in Tcl, and is a command line client. It is a command line version of the GUI TiK client which is written in Tcl/Tk. Developing of TAC and TiK began in 1998. The software is no longer developed by AOL since 1999. Several independent developers have released some new versions of the software. However, at the time of this writing no new versions had been released for several years.

## Meaning of acronym

The name TAC is said to stand for "TAC, another client".


abstract: This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea. Eritrea is a country in the North East of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Its size is just under 118,000 km⁲ (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 5 million.

text:
# Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea

This is a survey of the **postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea**.

Eritrea is a country in the North East of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Its size is just under 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 5 million.

## First stamps

The first stamps of Eritrea were overprinted stamps of Italy issued on 1 January 1893. Before that, Egyptian stamps were used at Massawa between 1869 and 1885 and Italian post offices were established.

## Italian Eritrea

The first stamps specifically for Eritrea were stamps inscribed COLONIA ERITREA issued in 1910.

## Italian East Africa

Eritrea, Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland formed Italian East Africa on 1 June 1936. Stamps were issued on 7 February 1938 and until 1941.

## British occupation

After British forces occupied Eritrea and the other Italian colonies during World War II, British postage stamps overprinted **M.E.F.** *(Middle East Forces)* were used. These were replaced by issues overprinted **B.M.A. ERITREA** or later **B.A. ERITREA** to reflect the change from British military to British civil administration. Stamps overprinted in this way were in use from 1942 to 1952.

## 1952–1991

Between 1952 and 1991, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia and used the stamps of Ethiopia.

## Independence

The first stamps of independent Eritrea were those issued to mark the independence referendum in 1993.

## Further reading

* Bianchi, Paolo. *Colonia Eritrea: storia postale (1885–1903)*. Lugano: Edizioni arte e moneta, 1989, 210p.
* Cadioli, Beniamino. *Poste e Comunicazioni della Colonia Eritrea: dall'insediamento in Assab all'occupazione di Massaua (1879–1885)*. Prato: Istituto di studi storici postali, 1995 ISBN 88-85658-12-1, 136p.
* Carobene, Benito and Cesco Giannetto. *Eritrea: interi postali annullamenti e loro valutazione*. Milan: Centro Filatelico Internazionale, 1969, 79p.
* Saraceni, Gioacchino. *Storia e filatelia dei possedimenti italiani del Mar Rosso e della Colonia Eritrea*. Genoa: La Revista Filatelica d'Italia, 1928, 24p.
* Sirotti, Luigi and Nuccio Taroni. *Le Occupazioni Britanniche Delle Colonie Italiane 1941–1950: storia postale = Postal History of the British Occupation of Italian Colonies 1941–1950*. Rome: Sassone S.R.L., 2006, 363p.


title: Bismarck-class corvette

abstract: The Bismarck-class corvettes were a class of six corvettes built for the German Kaiserliche Marine in the 1870s. The six ships were Bismarck, Blücher, Stosch, Moltke, Gneisenau, and Stein. The Bismarck-class corvettes were ordered as part of a major naval construction program in the early 1870s, and they were designed to serve as fleet scouts and on extended tours in Germany's colonial empire. The ships were armed with a battery of between ten and sixteen 15 cm (5.9 in) guns and they had a full ship rig to supplement their steam engine on long cruises abroad. One ship, Blücher, was converted into a torpedo testing and training ship shortly after she was completed, having her guns replaced with a variety of torpedo launchers. Most of the members of the class were sent on extended foreign cruises throughout their careers, frequently to support the expansion of Germany's colonial empire through the 1880s. Moltke supported one of the German expeditions for the International Polar Year in 1882. Bismarck was involved in the seizure of the colony of Kamerun in 1884, and she, Gneisenau, and Stosch were used to secure the protectorate of Wituland in 1885–1886, which later became German East Africa. Members of the class also cruised off South America to protect German interests, particularly during the War of the Pacific. Blücher and Stein served their entire careers as training ships, with the former training most German torpedo crews between the 1880s and 1900s and the latter being used to train naval cadets and apprentice seamen. Gneisenau, Moltke, and Stosch were also used as training ships later in their careers. In this role, they were used for long-range training cruises, primarily to the West Indies and the Mediterranean Sea. Bismarck was the first member of the class to be disposed of, being converted into a barracks ship in 1891. Gneisenau was wrecked off Málaga in a gale. Blücher was badly damaged by a boiler explosion in 1907 and sold thereafter. Stosch was sold for scrap the same year, and in 1908, Stein was also converted into a barracks ship. Moltke continued in service until 1910, when she was decommissioned; the next year, she too was converted into a barracks ship and renamed Acheron. The surviving members of the class were broken up in 1920 after the end of World War I.

text:
# Bismarck-class corvette

The ***Bismarck*-class corvettes** were a class of six corvettes built for the German *Kaiserliche Marine* (Imperial Navy) in the 1870s. The six ships were *Bismarck*, *Blücher*, *Stosch*, *Moltke*, *Gneisenau*, and *Stein*. The *Bismarck*-class corvettes were ordered as part of a major naval construction program in the early 1870s, and they were designed to serve as fleet scouts and on extended tours in Germany's colonial empire. The ships were armed with a battery of between ten and sixteen 15 cm (5.9 in) guns and they had a full ship rig to supplement their steam engine on long cruises abroad. One ship, *Blücher*, was converted into a torpedo testing and training ship shortly after she was completed, having her guns replaced with a variety of torpedo launchers.

Most of the members of the class were sent on extended foreign cruises throughout their careers, frequently to support the expansion of Germany's colonial empire through the 1880s. *Moltke* supported one of the German expeditions for the International Polar Year in 1882. *Bismarck* was involved in the seizure of the colony of Kamerun in 1884, and she, *Gneisenau*, and *Stosch* were used to secure the protectorate of Wituland in 1885–1886, which later became German East Africa. Members of the class also cruised off South America to protect German interests, particularly during the War of the Pacific.

*Blücher* and *Stein* served their entire careers as training ships, with the former training most German torpedo crews between the 1880s and 1900s and the latter being used to train naval cadets and apprentice seamen. *Gneisenau*, *Moltke*, and *Stosch* were also used as training ships later in their careers. In this role, they were used for long-range training cruises, primarily to the West Indies and the Mediterranean Sea. *Bismarck* was the first member of the class to be disposed of, being converted into a barracks ship in 1891. *Gneisenau* was wrecked off Málaga in a gale. *Blücher* was badly damaged by a boiler explosion in 1907 and sold thereafter. *Stosch* was sold for scrap the same year, and in 1908, *Stein* was also converted into a barracks ship. *Moltke* continued in service until 1910, when she was decommissioned; the next year, she too was converted into a barracks ship and renamed *Acheron*. The surviving members of the class were broken up in 1920 after the end of World War I.

## Design

As German commercial interests began to expand to overseas markets in Asia and the Pacific in the 1870s, the need for long-range cruising warships became increasingly severe, particularly as other European powers started to exclude German businesses from activity abroad. By the mid-1870s, the fleet of corvettes available to the German *Kaiserliche Marine* (Imperial Navy) was rapidly ageing, with several vessels already twenty years old. At the time, the world's navies were grappling with the development of steam power, which had already replaced sails in large ironclad warships. Cruising vessels required a much longer radius of action than the ironclads, and steam engines were not yet reliable or efficient enough to rely on them alone, necessitating the retention of traditional sailing rigs.

After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the *Kaiserliche Marine* began an expansion program to strengthen the fleet to meet the demands imposed by Germany's increased economic activities abroad and to prepare it for a potential future conflict with France. The naval command determined that modern screw corvettes were necessary for scouting purposes, as well as overseas cruising duties to protect German interests abroad. The six ships of the *Bismarck* class were ordered in the early 1870s as part of this program to modernize the fleet. The design for the *Bismarck* class was prepared between 1873 and 1875, and it was similar to the *Leipzig* class that preceded it, although the *Bismarck*s were smaller vessels.

### Characteristics

The ships of the *Bismarck* class varied slightly in dimensions. At the waterline, the ships were 72.18 to 72.2 meters (236 ft 10 in to 236 ft 11 in) long, and 82 to 82.5 meters (269 ft 0 in to 270 ft 8 in) long overall. They had a beam of 13.7 m (44 ft 11 in) and a draft of 5.2 to 5.68 m (17 ft 1 in to 18 ft 8 in) forward and 6.18 to 6.3 m (20 ft 3 in to 20 ft 8 in) aft. They displaced 2,756 to 2,856 metric tons (2,712 to 2,811 long tons) normally and up to 2,994 to 3,386 t (2,947 to 3,333 long tons) at full load. The ships' hulls were constructed with transverse iron frames with one layer of wood planks, which were sheathed with zinc to prevent biofouling on extended cruises abroad, where shipyard facilities were not readily available. They had a double bottom below the engine room.

The ship's crew consisted of 18 officers and 386 enlisted men, though this varied widely later in their careers when they were used as training ships. Their typical complement in that role was 20 officers and 449 sailors, of whom 50 were naval cadets and 210 were *Schiffsjungen* (apprentice seamen), though *Gneisenau* typically had 17 officers and 443 sailors, of whom 20 were cadets and 220 were *Schiffsjungen*. *Blücher*, which spent her entire career as a torpedo training ship, varied in crew size between 14 and 34 officers and 287 and 494 sailors. Each ship carried a variety of small boats, including one picket boat, two (later six) cutters, two yawls, and two dinghies. *Blücher* instead had six picket boats, two launches, one pinnace, two yawls, and two dinghies, the last of which were later removed.

### Machinery

The ships were powered by a single 3-cylinder marine steam engine that drove one 2-bladed screw propeller (*Blücher* had a three-bladed screw) and four coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which were ducted into a single, retractable funnel. The ships had a top speed of 12.5 to 13.9 knots (23.2 to 25.7 km/h; 14.4 to 16.0 mph) at 2,334 to 2,989 metric horsepower (2,302 to 2,948 ihp). Coal storage amounted to 270 to 326 t (266 to 321 long tons). They had a cruising radius of 2,380 nautical miles (4,410 km; 2,740 mi) at a speed of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph), though this fell to 1,940 nmi (3,590 km; 2,230 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).

As built, the *Bismarck*-class ships were equipped with a full ship rig to supplement their steam engines on overseas cruising missions, but this was later reduced, and *Blücher* had her rigging removed altogether. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. The vessels were good sea boats, but they made bad leeway in even mild winds and they were difficult to maneuver. They lost a significant amount of speed in a head sea, and they had limited performance under sail.

### Armament

The ships of the *Bismarck* class were armed with a battery of 15 cm (5.9 in) 22-caliber (cal.) breech-loading guns; *Bismarck* carried sixteen of the guns, while *Stosch* and *Moltke* had ten, *Stein* had twelve, *Gneisenau* had fourteen, and *Blücher* carried her main battery guns only briefly before she was converted into a training ship. *Bismarck* carried 1660 shells for her guns, though the allotment for those ships with fewer guns is not known. They also had two 8.8 cm (3.5 in) 30-cal. guns, though *Blücher* had four such guns. They also carried six 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon.

*Blücher* was armed with a variety of torpedo tubes throughout her career, ranging in number from four to seven. These were all 35 cm (14 in) tubes, and they were placed in various positions in the ship, above and below the waterline. *Bismarck* also had two 35 cm (14 in) torpedo tubes in her bow, above the waterline, though the rest of the class had no torpedo tubes.

## Ships

Construction data
| Ship | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Bismarck* | *Norddeutsche Schiffbau AG*, Kiel | November 1875 | 25 July 1877 | 27 August 1878 |
| | *Blücher* | March 1876 | 20 March 1877 | 21 December 1878 |
| *Stosch* | AG Vulcan, Stettin | November 1875 | 8 October 1877 | 10 March 1878 |
| *Moltke* | *Kaiserliche Werft*, Danzig | July 1875 | 18 October 1877 | 16 April 1878 |
| | *Gneisenau* | June 1877 | 4 September 1879 | 3 October 1880 |
| *Stein* | AG Vulcan, Stettin | 1878 | 14 September 1879 | 3 October 1880 |
|

## Service history

### *Bismarck*

*Bismarck* went on two major overseas cruises, the first in late 1878 to late 1880, which saw the ship visit South American ports and patrol the Central Pacific, where Germany had economic interests but no formal colonies at that time. During this cruise, her captain signed a friendship treaty with the ruler of the Society Islands, and she interfered with Samoan internal affairs before being recalled to Germany. Storm damage while on the way back forced her to seek repairs in Australia, and from there she was diverted to South American waters, where she protected German interests in the region during the War of the Pacific between Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. After returning to Germany, she was overhauled and received a new gun battery.

*Bismarck* was reactivated in 1883 as Germany prepared to embark on the scramble for Africa. The second deployment lasted from 1884 to 1888; during this period, Germany began to seize colonies in Africa and the Pacific; *Bismarck* was closely involved in the acquisition of Kamerun in 1884, sending men ashore to suppress revolts against German economic activities in the country. She was also involved in the settlement of borders for German East Africa in 1885 and 1886 and German intervention in the Samoan Civil War in 1887. For the entirety of this tour abroad, *Bismarck* served as the flagship of the German overseas cruiser squadron commanded by Eduard von Knorr and later Karl Eduard Heusner.

After returning to Germany in 1888, the ship was decommissioned and stricken from the naval register in 1891, which historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Hans-Otto Steinmetz interpret as a deliberate insult to the ship's namesake, Otto von Bismarck, with whom Kaiser Wilhelm II had significant personal disagreements. *Bismarck* thereafter saw use as a barracks ship until 1920, when she was broken up.

### *Blücher*

*Blücher*, named for *Generalfeldmarschall* (Field Marshal) Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher of the Napoleonic Wars, served as a torpedo training and testing ship in German waters for the entirety of her active career. This role was focused on two primary responsibilities, training crews in the operation of torpedoes and developing tactical employment of the weapons. To fulfill these tasks, the ship was heavily modified from her original configuration, having most of her guns removed in favor of a variety of torpedo weapons. Between the 1880s and early 1900s, most of the officers and crewmen in the German fleet received their torpedo training aboard the ship. By the early 1890s, the German torpedo-boat force had increased to the size that *Blücher* could no longer fill both roles, and so the task of developing tactics was given to the aviso *Blitz*. She was initially based in Kiel in the Baltic Sea, under the command of Alfred von Tirpitz, who at that time advocated for the use of small, cheap torpedo boats to defend Germany, rather than the expensive battleships he would later champion.

In the early 1900s, *Blücher* was transferred to the new Torpedo School in Flensburg-Mürwik, along with the old ironclad *Württemberg*, which supported her training role. *Blücher* had badly deteriorated by 1906, at which point she was reduced to a stationary training vessel. In 1907, *Blücher* suffered a boiler explosion that badly damaged the ship and killed thirty men, though most of her crew were ashore at the time of the accident. Deemed too old to warrant repairing, *Blücher* was instead sold to a Dutch company that used her as a coal storage hulk in Vigo, Spain; her ultimate fate is unknown.

### *Stosch*

*Stosch* embarked on a major overseas cruise from 1881 to 1885, first as the flagship of the East Asia Squadron and later as the flagship of the East and West Africa Squadrons. Most of this deployment was spent in East Asian waters, where she was involved with mediating disputes over Germany's growing colonial empire in the Pacific Ocean and securing trade agreements with foreign governments. In early 1885, she was transferred to the East Africa Squadron, where she also served as the flagship. While in East African waters, Carl Heinrich Theodor Paschen took *Stosch* to Zanzibar, where he negotiated a settlement with the Sultan of Zanzibar, paving the way for the founding of German East Africa. *Stosch*'s stint lasted just six months, when she was transferred again, briefly, to the West African Squadron. The presence of the squadron proved to be unnecessary, and so the ships were recalled to Germany in December 1885, where the squadron was disbanded.

Beginning in early 1886, *Stosch* underwent an extensive modernization in preparation for her service as a training ship for naval cadets and later *Schiffsjungen*. The ship served in this capacity from 1888 to 1907, during which time her activity consisted primarily of fleet training exercises and overseas training cruises. These cruises frequently went to the West Indies and Mediterranean Sea, though she also made visits to South America and West Africa. *Stosch* also frequently visited foreign ports to show the flag. She also engaged in settling disputes involving foreign governments, including over the murder of a pair of German citizens in Morocco in 1895 and during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903. After being decommissioned in April 1907, she was briefly used as a hulk in Kiel before being sold for scrap in October that year.

### *Moltke*

*Moltke* was the first ship of the class to be laid down, but unlike most of her sisters, *Moltke* was built at one of the government yards, which at that time typically were much slower than private yards, and as a result, she was completed much later. The ship went on one major overseas deployment to South America between 1881 and 1883. She spent the last half of 1881 visiting ports in several South American countries during the War of the Pacific to protect German interests against civil disturbances in the conflict. She carried the German expedition for the International Polar Year to South Georgia Island; the area she landed the expedition in Royal Bay is known as Moltke Harbor in honor of the ship. She returned to the western coast of South America in 1882 and continued her tour of the region before being recalled to Germany in mid-1883.

After returning to Germany in 1885, she became a training ship for naval cadets and later *Schiffsjungen*. The ship served in this capacity from 1885 to 1908, during which time her activity consisted primarily of fleet training exercises and overseas training cruises; like *Stosch*, *Moltke* was used to show the flag and protect German interest on these trips. These cruises frequently went to the West Indies and Mediterranean Sea, but ranged as far north as Iceland and as far south as Argentina. She was stricken from the naval register in October 1910, converted into a barracks ship, and assigned to the U-boat school in Kiel. In October 1911, *Moltke* was renamed *Acheron* and she served in this capacity until 1920, when she was sold to ship breakers in July and subsequently dismantled for scrap.

### *Gneisenau*

*Gneisenau* went abroad on two major foreign deployments in the first decade of her career. The first, in 1882, was to protect German nationals in Egypt during the 'Urabi revolt, though by the time she arrived, British forces had largely defeated the rebels, allowing *Gneisenau* to return home without having to take action in the conflict. The second, lengthier deployment came two years later and lasted from 1884 to 1886. The cruise was primarily focused on German colonial designs on eastern Africa as Germany joined the Scramble for Africa. *Gneisenau* was involved in the establishment of the colony of German East Africa in 1885, particularly as part of a show of force to convince the Sultan of Zanzibar to drop his objection to a German protectorate in Wituland. She also briefly toured German interests in the Pacific Ocean in 1886.

In 1887, *Gneisenau* began her service as a training ship, a role she held for more than a decade. During this period, she was generally occupied with training cruises and individual, squadron, and fleet training. Long-distance cruises frequently alternated between the West Indies and the Mediterranean Sea. During fleet maneuvers in 1895, *Gneisenau* accidentally collided with a Danish schooner, sinking the schooner and killing most of her crew. While on a training cruise, she stopped outside Málaga to conduct gunnery training on 16 December 1900. A strong storm surprised the crew, who, through a communication problem between the commander and engine room crew, raised anchor and tried to get the vessel underway. They were unable to get sufficient steam up in the boilers before she was driven into the mole by heavy winds and destroyed. Most of her crew survived, but 41 officers and men were killed in the sinking, including her commanding officer. Her wreck proved impossible to salvage, and so she was sold for scrap shortly after the accident.

### *Stein*

*Stein* served almost her entire career as a training ship. As such, her career was much more limited than most of her sisters; with the exception of *Blücher*, all of the other *Bismarck*-class corvettes had at least one full deployment abroad. *Stein*'s only non-training task came early in her career when she carried a replacement crew to Chinese waters for her sister *Stosch* in 1883–1884. The rest of her time in service was spent training naval cadets and *Schiffsjungen* and participating in squadron and fleet training exercises. Her training duties frequently involved long-distance overseas cruises, typically either to the Mediterranean Sea or the West Indies and South America. On these cruises, *Stein* and other training ships visited foreign ports and responded to problems that arose involving German nationals abroad. She served in this role from 1885 to 1908; during this period, in 1888 she was modernized and converted into a dedicated training ship. *Stein* frequently served as the flagship of the Training Squadron. In 1908, she was stricken from the naval register and converted into a barracks ship. She continued on in this limited capacity through World War I, before being broken up in 1920.

* Gröner, Erich (1990). *German Warships: 1815–1945*. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
* Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). *Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart* \[*The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present*\] (in German). Vol. 2. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 9783782202107.
* Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). *Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart* \[*The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present*\] (in German). Vol. 3. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 3-7822-0211-2.
* Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). *Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart* \[*The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present*\] (in German). Vol. 6. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 3-7822-0237-6.
* Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). *Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart* \[*The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present*\] (in German). Vol. 7. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 9783782202671.
* Kelly, Patrick J. (2011). *Tirpitz and the Imperial German Navy*. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35593-5.
* Lyon, Hugh (1979). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905*. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
* Sondhaus, Lawrence (1997). *Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7.

## Further reading

* Dodson, Aidan; Nottelmann, Dirk (2021). *The Kaiser's Cruisers 1871–1918*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-68247-745-8.
* Nottelmann, Dirk (2022). Wright, Christopher C. (ed.). "From "Wooden Walls" to "New-Testament Ships": The Development of the German Armored Cruiser 1854–1918, Part II: "The Iron-Cruisers"". *Warship International*. **LIX** (3): 197–241. ISSN 0043-0374.

## InfoBox

| *Stein* at anchor in 1893 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders | AG Vulcan, Kaiserliche Werft Danzig, and Norddeutsche Schiffbau |
| Operators | Imperial German Navy |
| Preceded by | *Leipzig* class |
| Succeeded by | *Carola* class |
| Built | 1875–1880 |
| In commission | 1878–1910 |
| Completed | 6 |
| Lost | 1 |
| Scrapped | 5 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Screw corvette |
| Displacement | Full load: 2,994 to 3,386  (2,947 to 3,333 long tons) |
| Length | 82–82.5 m (269 ft 0 in – 270 ft 8 in) |
| Beam | 13.7 m (44 ft 11 in) |
| Draft | 5.2 to 5.68 m (17 ft 1 in to 18 ft 8 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12.5 to 13.9 knots (23.2 to 25.7 km/h; 14.4 to 16.0 mph) |
| Range | 2,380 nmi (4,410 km; 2,740 mi) at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) |
| Complement | * 18 officers * 386 sailors |
| Armament | * 10–16 × 15 cm (5.9 in) guns * 2 × 88 mm (3.5 in) quick-firing guns * 6 × 37 mm (1.5 in) 5-barreled guns |


title: Oenothera filipes

abstract: Oenothera filipes, the slenderstalk beeblossom, is a flowering plant in the genus Oenothera. It is a perennial dicot. It is native to parts of the southeastern United States as well as Illinois and Indiana. It was previously categorized in the genus Gaura.

text:
# Oenothera filipes

**Oenothera filipes**, the **slenderstalk beeblossom**, is a flowering plant in the genus *Oenothera*. It is a perennial dicot. It is native to parts of the southeastern United States as well as Illinois and Indiana. It was previously categorized in the genus *Gaura*.

## InfoBox

| *Oenothera filipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | *Oenothera* |
| Species: | ***O. filipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenothera filipes***<br>(Spach) W.L.Wagner & Hoch | |
|


title: 1731 in literature

text:
# 1731 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1731.

## Events

## New books

### Prose

* Thomas Bayes*Divine Benevolence*
* Samuel Boyse*Translations and Poems Written on Several Subjects*
* Ralph Cudworth (died 1688) – *A Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality*
* Robert Dodsley
    + *An Epistle from a Footman in London to the Celebrated Stephen Duck*
    + *A Sketch of the Miseries of Poverty*
* Aaron Hill*Advice to the Poets*
* Marie Huber*Le Monde fou préféré au monde sage, en vingt-quatre promenades de trois amis, Criton philosophe, Philon avocat, Eraste négociant (The world unmask'd: or, The philosopher the greatest cheat; in twenty-four dialogues between Crito a philosopher, Philo a lawyer, and Erastus, a merchant)*
* Madame de La Fayette*Memoires de la Cour de France*
* William Law*The Case of Reason*
* Pierre de Marivaux*La Vie de Marianne (The Life of Marianne)*, part one
* William Oldys*A Dissertation Upon Pamphlets*
* Arabella Plantin*Love Led Astray (Or, the Mutual Inconstancy)*
* Alexander Pope*An Epistle to the Right Honourable Richard Earl of Burlington* (also *Epistle to Burlington*, and to contemporaries as *Of False Taste*)
* Abbé Prévost
    + *Manon Lescaut*
    + *Le Philosophe anglais, ou Histoire de Monsieur Cleveland, fils naturel de Cromwell (The Life and Entertaining Adventures of Mr. Cleveland, Natural Son of Oliver Cromwell)*
* Elizabeth Singer Rowe*Letters Moral and Entertaining*
* Jean Terrasson*Life of Sethos*
* Jethro Tull*The New Horse-Houghing Husbandry, or, An essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation wherein is shewn, a method of introducing a sort of vineyard-culture into the corn-fields, to increase their product, and diminish the common expence, by the use of instruments lately invented by Jethro Tull*
* Diego de Torres Villarroel*Barca de Aqueronte*

### Drama

### Poetry

* Nicholas Amhurst (as Caleb D'Anvers) – *A Collection of Poems*
* Jeremy Jingle (pseudonym) – *Spiritual Fornication. A burlesque poem. Wherein the case of Miss Cadiere and Father Girard are merrily display'd*
* Joseph Trapp*The Works of Virgil*

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in literature (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In poetry 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 |
| *+...* |


title: Physical configuration audit

abstract:
In computer engineering, a physical configuration audit (PCA) is the formal examination of the "as-built" configuration of a configuration item (CI) against its technical documentation to establish or verify the CI's product baseline. The PCA is used to examine the actual configuration of the CI that is representative of the product configuration, in order to verify that the related design documentation matches the design of the deliverable CI. It is also used to validate many of the supporting processes that the contractor uses in the production of the CI. This is also used to verify that any elements of the CI that were redesigned after the completion of the functional configuration audit also meet the requirements of the CI's performance specification. Additional PCAs may be accomplished later during CI production if circumstances such as the following apply:
  - The original production line is "shut down" for several years and then production is restarted.
  - The production contract for manufacture of a CI with a fairly complex, or difficult-to-manufacture, design is awarded to a new contractor or vendor. Re-auditing in these circumstances is advisable regardless of whether the contractor or the government controls the detail production design.

text:
# Physical configuration audit

In computer engineering, a **physical configuration audit** (PCA) is the formal examination of the "as-built" configuration of a configuration item (CI) against its technical documentation to establish or verify the CI's product baseline. The PCA is used to examine the actual configuration of the CI that is representative of the product configuration, in order to verify that the related design documentation matches the design of the deliverable CI. It is also used to validate many of the supporting processes that the contractor uses in the production of the CI. This is also used to verify that any elements of the CI that were redesigned after the completion of the functional configuration audit also meet the requirements of the CI's performance specification. Additional PCAs may be accomplished later during CI production if circumstances such as the following apply:

* The original production line is "shut down" for several years and then production is restarted.
* The production contract for manufacture of a CI with a fairly complex, or difficult-to-manufacture, design is awarded to a new contractor or vendor.

Re-auditing in these circumstances is advisable regardless of whether the contractor or the government controls the detail production design.

## Software

PCA is one of the practices used in software configuration management for software configuration auditing. The purpose of the software PCA is to ensure that the design and reference documentation is consistent with the as-built software product.

1. \[https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=142238 MIL- -61A CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENTS GUIDANCE\] Archived 2011-06-22 at the Wayback Machine 7 February 2001


title: Prix de la Salamandre

abstract: The Prix de la Salamandre was a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to two-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It was run at Longchamp over a distance of 1,400 metres, and it was scheduled to take place each year in September.

text:
# Prix de la Salamandre

The **Prix de la Salamandre** was a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to two-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It was run at Longchamp over a distance of 1,400 metres (about 7 furlongs), and it was scheduled to take place each year in September.

## History

The event was established in 1872, and it was originally held at Chantilly. For a period it was staged in October.

The race was transferred to Longchamp in 1907. That year's running was contested over 1,600 metres, and had prize money of 10,000 francs. It was cut to 1,400 metres and increased to 15,000 francs in 1908.

The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Prix de la Salamandre was classed at Group 1 level.

The race was last run in 2000. It was discontinued after France Galop restructured its Group 1 programme for two-year-olds in 2001.

## Records

**Leading jockey since 1970 (8 wins):**

* Freddy Head*Delmora (1974), Princesse Lida (1979), Maximova (1982, dead-heat), Baiser Vole (1985), Miesque (1986), Common Grounds (1987), Machiavellian (1989), Hector Protector (1990)*

---

**Leading trainer since 1970 (12 wins):**

* François Boutin*Zapoteco (1972), Nonoalco (1973), Delmora (1974), Manado (1975), Miswaki (1980), Seattle Song (1983), Miesque (1986), Common Grounds (1987), Machiavellian (1989), Hector Protector (1990), Arazi (1991), Coup de Genie (1993)*

---

**Leading owner since 1970 (6 wins):**

* Stavros Niarchos*Seattle Song (1983), Miesque (1986), Common Grounds (1987), Machiavellian (1989), Hector Protector (1990), Coup de Genie (1993)*

## Winners since 1970

| Year | Winner | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | My Swallow | Lester Piggott | Paul Davey | David Robinson | 1:22.20 |
| 1971 | Our Mirage | Lester Piggott | Barry Hills | Mrs S. Enfield | 1:26.00 |
| 1972 | Zapoteco | Sandy Barclay | François Boutin | María Félix Berger | 1:24.80 |
| 1973 | Nonoalco | Lester Piggott | François Boutin | María Félix Berger | 1:26.80 |
| 1974 | Delmora | Freddy Head | François Boutin | Gerry Oldham | 1:20.70 |
| 1975 | Manado | Philippe Paquet | François Boutin | Souren Vanian |  |
| 1976 | Blushing Groom | Henri Samani | François Mathet | HH Aga Khan IV | 1:24.80 |
| 1977 | John de Coombe | Geoff Baxter | Paul Cole | A. H. Warren | 1:22.50 |
| 1978 | Irish River | Maurice Philipperon | John Cunnington, Jr. | Mrs Raymond Adès | 1:22.30 |
| 1979 | Princesse Lida | Freddy Head | Alec Head | Jacques Wertheimer | 1:21.80 |
| 1980 | Miswaki | Philippe Paquet | François Boutin | Etti Plesch | 1:22.70 |
| 1981 | Green Forest | Alfred Gibert | Mitri Saliba | Mahmoud Fustok | 1:24.30 |
| 1982
*(dh)* | Deep Roots
Maximova | Willie Carson
Freddy Head | Pascal Bary
Criquette Head | Corine Barande-Barbe
Haras d'Etreham | 1:23.20 |
| 1983 | Seattle Song | Cash Asmussen | François Boutin | Stavros Niarchos | 1:24.30 |
| 1984 | Noblequest | Yves Saint-Martin | Robert Collet | Bendar bin M. Al Kabir | 1:29.20 |
| 1985 | Baiser Vole | Freddy Head | Criquette Head | Robert Sangster | 1:22.10 |
| 1986 | Miesque | Freddy Head | François Boutin | Stavros Niarchos | 1:25.50 |
| 1987 | Common Grounds | Freddy Head | François Boutin | Stavros Niarchos | 1:21.80 |
| 1988 | Oczy Czarnie | Gary W. Moore | Jean-Marie Béguigné | Edouard de Rothschild | 1:25.00 |
| 1989 | Machiavellian | Freddy Head | François Boutin | Stavros Niarchos | 1:24.80 |
| 1990 | Hector Protector | Freddy Head | François Boutin | Stavros Niarchos | 1:20.80 |
| 1991 | Arazi | Gérald Mossé | François Boutin | Allen Paulson | 1:20.90 |
| 1992 | Zafonic | Pat Eddery | André Fabre | Khalid Abdullah | 1:23.30 |
| 1993 | Coup de Genie | Cash Asmussen | François Boutin | Stavros Niarchos | 1:23.10 |
| 1994 | Pennekamp | Thierry Jarnet | André Fabre | Sheikh Mohammed | 1:22.90 |
| 1995 | Lord of Men | Frankie Dettori | John Gosden | Sheikh Mohammed | 1:27.00 |
| 1996 | Revoque | John Reid | Peter Chapple-Hyam | Robert Sangster | 1:20.90 |
| 1997 | Xaar | Olivier Peslier | André Fabre | Khalid Abdullah | 1:21.60 |
| 1998 | Aljabr | Frankie Dettori | Saeed bin Suroor | Godolphin | 1:24.00 |
| 1999 | Giant's Causeway | Michael Kinane | Aidan O'Brien | Magnier / Tabor | 1:22.90 |
| 2000 | Tobougg | Craig Williams | Mick Channon | Ahmed Al Maktoum | 1:22.20 |

## Earlier winners

* 1872: Montargis
* 1873: Perla
* 1874: Fille du Ciel
* 1875: Fusion
* 1876: Faisane
* 1877: Mantille
* 1878: Swift
* 1879: La Flandrie
* 1880: Navette
* 1881: Peronne
* 1882: Chitre
* 1883: Fra Diavolo
* 1884: Barberine
* 1885: Alger
* 1886: La Jarretiere
* 1887: Galaor
* 1888: Reine des Pres / Tantale *
* 1889: Alicante
* 1890: Double Six
* 1891: Incitatus
* 1892: Fousi Yama
* 1893: Gospodar
* 1894: Launay
* 1895: Le Basilic
* 1896: Valparaiso
* 1897: Volnay
* 1898: Sesara
* 1899: Cap Martin

* 1900: Clos Vougeot
* 1901: Champagne
* 1902: Laissez Passer
* 1903: Fifre
* 1904: Ladislas
* 1905: Cassandre
* 1906: Pernod
* 1907: Kinkajou
* 1908: Oversight
* 1909: Assouan
* 1910: Nectarine
* 1911: Shannon
* 1912: Sunflower
* 1913: Le Grand Pressigny
* 1919: Pito
* 1920: Ksar
* 1921: Kefalin
* 1922: Guemul
* 1923: Optimist
* 1924: Ravageur
* 1925: Dorina
* 1926: Gerbert / Iberia *
* 1927: Marot
* 1928: Amorina
* 1929: Blue Skies
* 1930: Titus
* 1931: Son Excellence
* 1932: Pantalon

* 1933: Sanaa
* 1934: Finlandaise
* 1935: Remember
* 1936: Mousson
* 1937: Asheratt
* 1938: Blue Moon
* 1941: Blue Tzar
* 1942: Buena Vista
* 1943: Daova
* 1945: Prince Chevalier
* 1946: Catalina
* 1950: Catumbo
* 1953: Falstaff
* 1955: Tenareze
* 1956: Little Pan
* 1957: Anne d'Anjou
* 1958: Lovely Rose / Princillon *
* 1959: Never Too Late
* 1960: Right Royal
* 1961: Prudent
* 1962: Hula Dancer
* 1963: Kirkland Lake
* 1964: Grey Dawn
* 1965: Canadel
* 1966: Blue Tom
* 1967: Batitu
* 1968: Kebah
* 1969: Breton

* The 1888, 1926 and 1958 races were dead-heats and have joint winners.

---

## InfoBox

Prix de la Salamandre
| Group 1 race (discontinued) | |
| --- | --- |
| **Noblequest**, oil on canvas
Painting by Bob Demuyser (1920-2003) | |
| Location | Longchamp Racecourse
Paris, France |
| Inaugurated | 1872 |
| Last run | 16 September 2000 |
| Race type | Flat / Thoroughbred |
| Website | france-galop.com |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1,400 metres (7f) |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Right-handed |
| Qualification | Two-year-olds
excluding geldings |
| Weight | 57 kg
**Allowances**
1½ kg for fillies |
| Purse | 680,000 F *(2000)*
**1st:** 400,000 F |


title: Electrosexual

abstract: Electrosexual is a French electronic musician, composer, performer, record producer and music video director living in Berlin.

text:
# Electrosexual

**Electrosexual** is a French electronic musician, composer, performer, record producer and music video director living in Berlin.

## Career

Electrosexual's passion for early electronic engines and primitive sounds from analog synthesizers inspired his mingling rough bass with an uptempo rhythm. He is the electro-sex (sometimes called sex-tronica) precursor and pioneer in France. He is an advocate of LGBT rights.

Electrosexual created his stage name in reference to surrealistic non "(human) sexuality", considering machines and synthesizers as genitors, following in the footsteps of David Cronenberg, H.R. Giger, Chris & Cosey and Add N to (X).

In the summer of 2005, after a show in Berlin (Sage Club/Plastique party) where he performed for the first time as a solo act, his song "Trapped Inside" was selected to be released on the fifth anniversary compilation of Berlin based record label Das Drehmoment.

The same year, Electrosexual created his own record label, Rock Machine Records (named after the French title of Norman Spinrad's novel *Little Heroes*), as an independent platform for electronic music, parties organizing and performances.

Electrosexual offered production for the American queer hip hop duo Scream Club, mixing electronic dance music with gender and queer politics themed lyrics and club performances. Their first songs, one of which features vocals by Peaches, would be the very first vinyl to be released on Rock Machine in 2006. They collaborated and played live together for the next years and released two more EPs: "Break You nice/ Screaming & Crying" Featuring Shunda K was released in 2010 as a limited edition on white vinyl, including remixes by Hard Ton, Leonard De Leonard and Divider. The video for the single "Break You Nice" was the first directed by Electrosexual and was broadcast on MTV and VH1 for several months.

The same year, Shunda K of Yo Majesty asked Electrosexual to co-produce her first solo single "Here I Am To Save The World" (2010, Fanatic Records).

In March and April 2010, Electrosexual and Scream Club were the support act for Robots in Disguise on their "Wake Up Tour" in the UK. They performed the "Wake Up" Electrosexual & Scream Club Remix as an encore.

Sue Denim of the Robots in Disguise recorded vocals for Electrosexual's EP "Partytime" featuring Scream Club, released as a Digi-EP, with remixes by aMinus and French hip hop artist Flore.

At the end of 2010, Electrosexual released "I Feel Love" that quickly became an underground club hit. The song was referred to as "a disco neo classic" and "best song of the year 2012" by the blogosphere.

Electrosexual has remixed material by other artists, including Billie Ray Martin and Aérea Negrot, David Carretta's "Lovely Toy", Transformer Di Roboter's "Baghdad Disco", I Monster’s "Sucker For Your Sound", Mirah’s "Cold Cold Water", Ssion’s "Ah-Ma", Peaches featuring Scream Club "Fine As Fuck".

He composed the official themes for the 2011 and 2012 "Ecrans Mixtes" LGBTQ movie festivals in Lyons, where he also performed.

Electrosexual performed at events including the Waves festival in Vienna, the Paradiso, at Paris's Le Pigallion and La Machine du Moulin Rouge or in Berlin's Prince Charles and Berghain Kantine, SO36 and presented a sound and video installation at Berghain in 2015.

After a series of single and EPs with various guest vocalists, in 2014, Electrosexual released his debut full LP *Art Support Machine*, a mixture of retro-futuristic analogue electronics and kaleidoscopic synths. The album is influenced by 1980s synth pop, techno and 1990s trance. Only four tracks are instrumental on the LP.

*Art Support Machine* explores the Machine as the supreme vision of the human condition, and is focusing on the concept of the identity of the Machines, their gender, sexuality and soul.

The 2014 single "The way they make you feel" received a special 9/10 mention by *Mixmag* magazine.

## Production and equipment

Electrosexual is currently known for the strong use of analog synthesizers in his music. He stated in an interview with Add N to (X) front woman Ann Shenton for *Zoot Magazine*, that he uses the Korg MS-10/MS-20, Moog Rogue, Yamaha CS 5 and Roland JX-3P. Additional gear includes the Ensoniq DP4+ and multi-effects pedals.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Title | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Art Support Remix* | Digital | Rock Machine Records |
| 2014 | *Art Support Machine* | LP Picture Disc & Digital | Rock Machine Records |
|

### Singles and EPs

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2024 | "We Dance Together, We Fight Together Incl. Mala Ika Remix (Weirdos Records)" |
| 2023 | "Age Of Access feat.Mavin Incl. Lazercat Remix (Rock Machine Records)" |
| 2022 | "Lèvres Roses feat. Nicky Miller (Klub Kid Records)" |
| 2022 | "Divine Lust (Singular Arts Group)" |
| 2021 | "(how to) Change Your Mind" |
| 2021 | "Free Yourself" |
| 2020 | "Watch Me Lakshmi" featuring Karma She |
| 2018 | "Darkroom" |
| 2018 | "The Way They Make You Feel" |
| 2016 | "Hold Me" featuring Hanin Elias |
| 2016 | "I'm Your Machine" featuring Hard Ton |
| 2015 | "Silver Soul" |
| 2015 | "Fetish (A.S.F.R.)" incl. Mondowski Remix |
| 2014 | "Automatic People" featuring Hanin Elias |
| 2014 | "Tempelhof" incl. David Carretta Remix |
| 2013 | "Lay My Eye" |
| 2013 | "Devolution" incl. remixes by Tubbe, Henning Specht and Lois Plugged & Fruckie |
| 2013 | "Demolition" |
| 2012 | "Discolition" |
| 2012 | "Heading for the Moon" |
| 2011 | "Trapped Inside" |
| 2010 | "I Feel Love" |
| 2010 | "Break You Nice" featuring Scream Club |
| 2006 | *I'm Going Crazy/Fine as Fuck EP* featuring Scream Club and Peaches |

### Remixes

* Unconscious Honey - Darkroom Tease (Electrosexual´s extended pleasure remix)
* Karma She – "Why She Dance"(Electrosexual remix) KlubKid Records
* Jørgen Thorvald – "Hypno"(Electrosexual remix) Nu Body Records
* Sherø – "Berlin Moon"(Electrosexual remix) KlubKid Records
* Sky Deep – "I Did It"(Electrosexual remix) Reveller Records
* Millimetric – "Deflection"(Electrosexual remix) Nu Body Records
* Rituel – "Dreams"(Electrosexual remix)
* Plasticzooms – "Quite Cleary"(Electrosexual remix) Vinyl Junkie Records
* Autist – "Chien"(Electrosexual remix)\[unreleased\]
* Plasticzooms – "Veiled Eyes"(Electrosexual remix)
* Billie Ray Martin & Aérea Negrot – "Off The Rails"(Electrosexual remix)
* Billie Ray Martin & Aérea Negrot – "Off The Rails"(Electrosexual dub)
* Ost + Front – "MNSTR" – (Electrosexual remix) Out Of Line Records
* Adan & Ilse – "Like Me" – (Electrosexual remix) Unknown Pleasures Records
* Autist – "Low Passion"(Electrosexual remix)
* Lois Plugged & Fruckie – "Spleen" – (Electrosexual remix) Boxon Records
* aMinus – "Morning After thrill" – (Electrosexual remix)
* Fantôme – "Love" (Electrosexual remix) Cleopatra records/Rough Trade
* Dualesque – "Uncomplicated" (Electrosexual Complicated remix)
* Desireless & Operation of the Sun – "Sertao" (Electrosexual remix)
* Tubbe – "Liebe Fertig" (Electrosexual remix) Audiolith Records
* aMinus Feat Magritte Jaco – "Don't Mind Me now" (Electrosexual remix)
* Hedi Mohr – "Little Red" Feat. Red Noise(Electrosexual remix) Black Mink Rec
* Tkuz – "In The Box" (Electrosexual remix) Black Leather
* Dead Sexy Inc. – "Lonesome Poupée" (Electrosexual remix + Le Bardot remix)
* Equitant – "Body Vehement" (Electrosexual remix) Black Montanas
* The Niallist – "Work It" (Electrosexual remix)
* Steve Morell & Monika Pokorna – "Lady Pheres" (Electrosexual remix) Pale Music International
* Peaches Feat Shunda K. – "Billionaire" (Electrosexual remix)
* Transformer di Roboter – "Baghdad Disco" (Electrosexual remix) Leonizer Records
* Vesto Caino – "Dolce Vita" (Electrosexual remix) Sony/Columbia
* Minor Sailor – "Doctor Said" (Electrosexual remix) Les Boutiques Sonores
* Robots in Disguise – "Wake Up" (Electrosexual remix) President Records
* Fil Ok – "Listen To Me" (Electrosexual remix) OK Music
* I Monster – "Sucker for Your Sound" (Electrosexual remix) Twins of Evil Records
* Ssion – "Ah-Ma" (Electrosexual remix) Sleazetone Records
* Candy Clash – "79" (Electrosexual remix) Sister Records
* Keen K & P Muench – "Connection Flight" (Electrosexual Radionnection) Perfect Stranger Records
* Dusti – "New York Slaves" (Electrosexual Slavery) Rock Machine Records
* Mirah – "Cold Cold Water" (Electrosexual & Abberline remix) K Records
* David Carretta – "Lovely Toy" (Electrosexual remix) Space Factory disques
* Punk Bunny – "Next Caller" & "G-Spot" (Electrosexual remix) Crunch Records
* Lesbians on Ecstasy – "Tell Me Does She Love the Bass" (Electrosexual remix) Alien8 Recordings
* Houston Bernard "Str8 Acting" – (Electrosexual remix) MOFA Schallplatten

### DJ mixes

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 2009 | Electrosexual & Scream Club *BREAK YOU NICE Music Video* | Director/Editor | Shot in Berlin's Wirr Warr art gallery. Cast: The Heartbreaker:Cindy Wonderful, The Foxy Femme:Sarah Adorable, The Hedonist:Sunday The Sadist: Zoe Vermillion, and, Hank Bobbit, Aline & Vaness. |
| September 2009 | *FAX ART* | Director/Editor | Art Film Commissioned by N.Y. Bienale Art 2009 |
| September 2010 | Electrosexual *I Feel Love Music Video* | Director/Editor/Himself | Shot in Berlin on 23 March 17 August and 7 September 2010. Cast: Mz Sunday Luv: The Puppet, Jessie Evans (singer): The Prisoner, Jay Grand: The Filmmaker, Electrosexual: The Magician . |
| November 2010 | Jessie Evans *Ninos Del Espacio Music Video* | Co-Director | Shot in Berlin (Haus Of Ophelia) in November 2010. Cast: Jessie Evans (singer), Rubbish Fairy, Lady Balloon, The Sexy Freaks Of Berlin. |
| April 2011 | Electrosexual & Scream Club Feat Sue Denim *Partytime Music Video* | Director/Editor/Himself | Shot in Berlin in July 2010. Plays performance artist in collaboration with Robots in Disguise's Sue Denim & Scream Club. |
| July 2012 | Electrosexual *Heading for the Moon Music Video* | Director | Shot in Berlin in May 2012. Cast:Electrosexual, Sigrid Elliott. |
| Sept 2014 | Electrosexual *Automatic People" Feat Hanin Elias Music Video* | Director | Shot in Berlin in August 2014. Cast:Hanin Elias, Electrosexual, Jay Stanway. |
| June 2016 | Electrosexual *I'm Your Machine" Feat Hard Ton Music Video* | Director (as Romain Frequency) | Shot in Berlin in June 2016. |
| Dec 2018 | Electrosexual *Darkroom" Music Video* | Director (as Romain Frequency) | Shot in Berlin in Sept 2018 |

## InfoBox

| Electrosexual | |
| --- | --- |
| Electrosexual Dj set in 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Romain Frequency |
| Born | (1975-07-28) 28 July 1975 |
| Origin | Toulouse, France |
| Genres | French house, electro house, alternative dance, synthpop, electronic |
| Occupation(s) | Keyboardist, singer-songwriter, record producer, musician, composer, arranger, producer, music video director |
| Instrument(s) | Keyboards, vocals, guitar, percussion |
| Years active | 2004–present |
| Labels | K Records, Rock Machine Records, Das Drehmoment, Space Factory |
|  | |
| Website | Official Web |


title: Chess Life

abstract: The monthly Chess Life and bi-monthly Chess Life Kids are the official magazines published by the United States Chess Federation. Chess Life is advertised as the "most widely read chess magazine in the world", and reaches more than a quarter of a million readers each month. It focuses on American chess players and tournaments, instruction, human interest, and US Chess governance matters. Chess Life Kids is geared towards those under 14. A subscription to Chess Life and Chess Life Kids is currently one benefit of becoming a US Chess member or affiliate. All members are given access to the online versions of Chess Life and Chess Life Kids. Affiliates and some membership categories also receive printed copies of Chess Life and/or Chess Life Kids.

text:
# Chess Life

The monthly ***Chess Life*** and bi-monthly ***Chess Life Kids*** (formerly ***School Mates*** and ***Chess Life for Kids***) are the official magazines published by the United States Chess Federation (US Chess). *Chess Life* is advertised as the "most widely read chess magazine in the world", and reaches more than a quarter of a million readers each month. It focuses on American chess players and tournaments, instruction, human interest, and US Chess governance matters. *Chess Life Kids* is geared towards those under 14. A subscription to *Chess Life* and *Chess Life Kids* is currently one benefit of becoming a US Chess member or affiliate. All members are given access to the online versions of *Chess Life* and *Chess Life Kids* (including back issues). Affiliates and some membership categories also receive printed copies of *Chess Life* and/or *Chess Life Kids*.

## History

The United States Chess Federation was incorporated on December 27, 1939. In the early years, it had no office and no publication. In 1945 and 1946, USCF Annual books were published. In 1946, publication of *Chess Life* started as a bi-weekly newspaper, usually eight or twelve pages long. In 1961, Frank Brady converted *Chess Life* to a slick-covered magazine. In 1969, *Chess Life* merged with *Chess Review*, the other leading U.S. chess magazine. The magazine was published under the title *Chess Life & Review* starting with the November 1969 issue until 1980 when it returned to the name *Chess Life*.

## Editors of *Chess Life*

* 05/1946–12/1957 Montgomery Major
* 01/1958-12/1960 Fred M. Wren
* 01/1961–12/1961 Frank Brady
* 01/1962–05/1966 J. F. Reinhardt
* 06/1966–11/1966 Ed Edmondson and Bill Goichberg
* 12/1966–––––––– Burt Hochberg and Ed Edmondson
* 01/1967–10/1979 Burt Hochberg
* 11/1979–01/1982 Fairfield W. Hoban
* 02/1982–12/1984 Frank Elley
* 01/1985–03/1988 Larry Parr
* 04/1988–––––––– Fairfield W. Hoban
* 05/1988–07/1989 Don Maddox
* 08/1989–––––––– Boris Baczynskyj
* 09/1989–10/1990 Julie Ann Desch
* 11/1990–10/2000 Glenn Petersen
* 11/2000–10/2003 Peter Kurzdorfer
* 11/2003–12/2003 Glenn Petersen
* 01/2004–03/2005 Kalev Pehme
* 04/2005–02/2006 Glenn Petersen
* 10/2005–02/2006 Gerald Dullea
* 03/2006–05/2018 Daniel Lucas
* 06/2018-05/2020 Melinda Matthews
* 06/2020-present John Hartmann

## Contributors to *Chess Life*

Some of the notable chess authors and players to write for *Chess Life*:

## InfoBox

*Chess Life*
| Cover of the September 2015 issue | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Monthly (*Chess Life*), bi-monthly (*Chess Life Kids*) |
| Founded | 1946 (*Chess Life*) |
| Company | United States Chess Federation |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Crossville, Tennessee |
| Language | English |
| Website | www.uschess.org |
| ISSN | 0197-260X |


title: TPA-023

abstract: TPA-023 (MK-0777) is an anxiolytic drug with a novel chemical structure, which is used in scientific research. It has similar effects to benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic. It is a mixed, subtype-selective ligand of the benzodiazepine site of α1, α2, α3, and α5-containing GABAA receptors, where it acts as a partial agonist at benzodiazepine sites of the α2 and α3-containing subtypes, but as a silent antagonist at α1 and α5-containing subtypes. It has primarily anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects in animal tests, but with no sedative effects even at 50 times the effective anxiolytic dose. In human trials on healthy volunteers, TPA-023 was comparable to lorazepam, but lacked negative effects on cognition, memory, alertness or coordination seen with the latter drug. In Phase II trials, the compound was significantly superior to placebo without inducing sedation. The clinical development was halted due to preclinical toxicity (cataract) in long term dosing studies. TPA-023 is well absorbed following oral administration and extensively metabolised by the liver, with a half-life of 6.7 hours. The main enzyme involved in its metabolism is CYP3A4, with some contribution by CYP3A5.

text:
# TPA-023

**TPA-023** (**MK-0777**) is an anxiolytic drug with a novel chemical structure, which is used in scientific research. It has similar effects to benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic. It is a mixed, subtype-selective ligand of the benzodiazepine site of α1, α2, α3, and α5-containing GABAA receptors, where it acts as a partial agonist at benzodiazepine sites of the α2 and α3-containing subtypes, but as a silent antagonist at α1 and α5-containing subtypes. It has primarily anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects in animal tests, but with no sedative effects even at 50 times the effective anxiolytic dose.

In human trials on healthy volunteers, TPA-023 was comparable to lorazepam, but lacked negative effects on cognition, memory, alertness or coordination seen with the latter drug. In Phase II trials, the compound was significantly superior to placebo without inducing sedation. The clinical development was halted due to preclinical toxicity (cataract) in long term dosing studies. TPA-023 is well absorbed following oral administration and extensively metabolised by the liver, with a half-life of 6.7 hours. The main enzyme involved in its metabolism is CYP3A4, with some contribution by CYP3A5.

## InfoBox

TPA-023
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | MK-0777 |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | liver |
| Elimination half-life | 6.7 hours |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 7-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-6-(2-ethyl-2*H*-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo\[4,3-*b*\]pyridazine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C20H22FN7O |
| Molar mass | 395.442 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CC(C)(C)C2=Cc3nnc(-c1ccccc1F)n3N=C2OCc4ncnn4CC | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H22FN7O/c1-5-27-17(22-12-23-27)11-29-19-14(20(2,3)4)10-16-24-25-18(28(16)26-19)13-8-6-7-9-15(13)21/h6-10,12H,5,11H2,1-4H3 * Key:QKIWQBLNTSQOLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| (verify) | |


title: Eduardo Inda

abstract: Eduardo Inda Arriaga is a Spanish journalist and talk show host. From 2002 to 2007, he was director of the newspaper El Mundo in the Balearic Islands, and from July 2007 to March 2011, he was director of the sports newspaper Marca, returning later to the direction of El Mundo. He is currently director of Okdiario, founded by him, in addition to participating in various radio and television talk shows, such as El chiringuito de Jugones, Es la mañana de Federico, El programa de Ana Rosa, La Sexta Noche, or Al Rojo vivo.

text:
# Eduardo Inda

**Eduardo Inda Arriaga** (15 July 1967) is a Spanish journalist and talk show host. From 2002 to 2007, he was director of the newspaper *El Mundo* in the Balearic Islands, and from July 2007 to March 2011, he was director of the sports newspaper Marca, returning later to the direction of El Mundo. He is currently director of *Okdiario*, founded by him, in addition to participating in various radio and television talk shows, such as *El chiringuito de Jugones*, *Es la mañana de Federico*, *El programa de Ana Rosa*, *La Sexta Noche*, or *Al Rojo vivo*.

## Biography

### Early life and career

Eduardo Inda was born in Pamplona has a degree in Information Sciences from the University of Navarra. He began his work at Antena 3 Radio. From there, he moved to *ABC*newspaper, first as a sports correspondent in Navarra, and then to the newspaper's central newsroom. In 1994, he joined the editorial staff of the newspaper *El Mundo* in Madrid, first covering local news, and then national news as a correspondent at the Palacio de la Moncloa.

### Director of *El Mundo* in the Balearic Islands (2002–2007)

In 2002, he was appointed editor of the Balearic Islands edition of El Mundo. During this period, some media have criticized the newspaper's links with the Partido Popular of the Balearic Islands for the benefit of its president, Jaume Matas, trying to influence his election as president of the Balearic Government, which finally took place in 2003.

### Director of *Marca* (2007–2011)

In 2007, following the purchase of Grupo Recoletos by Unidad Editorial, owner of El Mundo, he was appointed editor of the sports newspaper *Marca*, replacing Alejandro Sopeña. Inda's arrival at *Marca* meant a change in the editorial line of the newspaper, which meant the disagreement of an important part of the editors of the newspaper, such as its deputy director, Santiago Segurola. According to some sources, it was Pedro J. Ramírez himself who prevented Inda from firing Segurola because of these disagreements. Inda himself published a weekly column entitled "Los puntos sobre las es", formally very similar to the articles that his mentor, Pedro J. Ramírez, published every Sunday in El Mundo.

Critics of this marked editorial line accused it of sensationalism and "yellow journalism," which even gave rise to web pages whose sole purpose was to evaluate the newspaper's contents. In January 2009, the newspaper Marca uncovered irregularities in Real Madrid's last general assembly of members and accused the then president, Ramón Calderón, of "stealing the assembly" on its front page. Calderón resigned a few days later, but his disagreements with the newspaper did not stop there. In March 2010, he publicly declared that "the newspaper Marca is run by a psychopath," a clear reference to Inda.

Another of the alleged targets of the newspaper under the direction of Inda was Real Madrid coach Manuel Pellegrini. Marca was attributed to a campaign against Pellegrini, with the aim of forcing his departure from the team. This alleged campaign included headlines such as "Goodbye, Champions. Goodbye, Pellegrini! ", after Real Madrid's elimination from the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League against Olympique de Lyon, and others suggesting possible replacements for the Chilean coach. Following Pellegrini's dismissal at the end of the season, Chile's leading newspaper, *El Mercurio*, directly accused Marca of organizing the campaign that cost the coach his job. The front page announcing that Pellegrini would not continue at Real Madrid was marked with the headline: "You're fired, Manolo."

In November 2010, Libertad Digital reported that a Facebook group calling for Inda's resignation as editor of the newspaper had more than 30,000 internet users. Nevertheless, Marca remained the leader in sales of national print sports newspapers under his leadership, with 284,273 copies sold on average in 2009. During his time at the helm, Eduardo Inda was also a sporadic commentator for the television channel La Sexta, and a talk show host on Radio Marca's *Directo Marca* program. After four years at the helm of Marca, on March 19, 2011, Unidad Editorial appointed him as the new general manager of Veo7, the group's television channel, replacing Ernesto Sáenz de Buruaga, a position he was to occupy in the weeks following the announcement. Some media interpreted that his imminent departure from Marca would have been due to his controversial activities at the head of the newspaper.

### Return to *El Mundo* (2011–2014)

After his return as a reporter at El Mundo, he was charged, together with Esteban Urreiztieta, in November 2012 by a Barcelonacourt, for the crimes of libel and slander, after his newspaper was denounced by Artur Mas, a complaint that was finally dismissed in October 2013 Mas had been accused in El Mundo of diverting funds to current accounts abroad. Since 2013 he has been a regular contributor to the television program *La Sexta Noche.* In December 2014, he left the staff of El Mundo.

### Founder of *OkDiario.com* (2015–present)

After leaving El Mundo, he founded the new digital newspaper *Okdiario.com*. This newspaper has been accused by other media of manipulating the news to create controversy. According to a study by the University of Valencia, in November 2017, it was the worst-rated media outlet in Spain, although it is one of the most widely read.

## InfoBox

| Eduardo Inda | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Eduardo Inda Arriaga
(1967-07-15) 15 July 1967
Pamplona, Spain |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Employers |  |


title: Bismarck (1914 film)

abstract: Bismarck is a 1914 German silent historical film directed by Richard Schott, Gustav Trautschold and William Wauer and starring Franz Ludwig. It portrays the life of the German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck.

text:
# Bismarck (1914 film)

***Bismarck*** is a 1914 German silent historical film directed by Richard Schott, Gustav Trautschold and William Wauer and starring Franz Ludwig. It portrays the life of the German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Warstat, Dieter Helmuth (1982). *Frühes Kino der Kleinstadt*. Berlin: Volker Spiess. ISBN 978-3-88435-076-8.

## InfoBox

| Bismarck | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by | Richard Schott |
| Starring | Franz Ludwig |
| Cinematography | Paul Adler |
| Music by | Ferdinand Hummel |
| Production<br>company | Eiko Film |
| Release date | * 7 February 1914 (1914-02-07) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages |  |


title: Oenothera glaucifolia

abstract: Oenothera glaucifolia, the false gaura, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to the west-central United States, and to Coahuila in Mexico. A probable biennial, it can reach 3 m (10 ft).

text:
# Oenothera glaucifolia

***Oenothera glaucifolia***, the **false gaura**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to the west-central United States, and to Coahuila in Mexico. A probable biennial, it can reach 3 m (10 ft).

## InfoBox

| *Oenothera glaucifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Raceme | |
|  | |
| At the Fort Worth Nature Center and Refuge | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | *Oenothera* |
| Species: | ***O. glaucifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenothera glaucifolia***<br>W.L.Wagner & Hoch | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Antogoeringia linifolia* Kuntze * *Gaura linifolia* Nutt. ex E.James * *Stenosiphon bracteatus* M.E.Jones ex Johans. * *Stenosiphon linifolium* (Nutt. ex E.James) Heynh. * *Stenosiphon virgatum* Spach | |


title: Brazilian destroyer Piauí (1908)

abstract: Piauí was a Pará-class destroyer of the Brazilian Navy, serving from 1909 to 1944. She was named after the Brazilian state of Piauí.

text:
# Brazilian destroyer Piauí (1908)

***Piauí***  was a *Pará*-class destroyer of the Brazilian Navy, serving from 1909 to 1944. She was named after the Brazilian state of Piauí.

## Description and Construction

In 1904 Brazil adopted an ambitious plan to renovate and modernize its Navy. The Naval Renovation Program was negotiated and enacted in December 1904 and envisioned acquisition of large number of vessels, including a dozen destroyers. In 1906 the program was modified reducing the total number of destroyers to ten. These ships became known as *Pará*-class destroyers.

The ship had an overall length of 240 feet (73.2 m), a beam of 23.5 feet (7.2 m) and a draught of 7+56 feet (2.4 m). She was powered by 2 triple expansion reciprocating steam engines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of 6,563 indicated horsepower (4,894 kW) and gave a maximum design speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph). During the trials the contract speed was exceeded, and the vessel was clocked at 27.21 knots (50.39 km/h; 31.31 mph). Steam for the turbines was provided by two double-ended Yarrow boilers. *Piauí* carried a maximum of 140 long tons (140 t) of coal that gave her a range of approximately 3,700 nautical miles (6,900 km; 4,300 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).

The ship mounted two 4 in (102 mm) guns in single mounts. In addition, four 47 mm (3pdr) cannons in single mounts were deployed at the time of launching.

Upon completion of sea trials, *Piauí* was officially delivered to the Brazilian government on December 21, 1908, with Captain Pedro de Frontin serving as her commander. She left Yarrow's yard on December 28, and departed for Brazil on December 31. The destroyer reached Falmouth in the morning of January 2, 1909, spent three days there, leaving for Vigo on January 5 and reaching it two days later. *Piauí* departed Vigo on January 10 for Lisbon where she arrived on the same day. The destroyer left Lisbon on January 23 and reached Las Palmas on January 25. On January 30 she sailed out from Las Palmas for Cabo Verde, arriving in St. Vicente on February 1. After spending four days in port, *Piauí* left St. Vicente on February 5, and successfully arrived in Recife shortly after 11:00 on February 10, 1909. At about 04:00 on February 14, 1909 the ship departed Recife for Bahia where she arrived after a 21 hour journey.

## Bibliography

* Gardiner, Robert and Randal Gray, eds. *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. OCLC 12119866.
* "CT Piauhy - CT 3." *Navios De Guerra Brasileiros*. Accessed 27 August 2017.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Brazil | |
| Name | *Piauí* |
| Namesake | Piauí (Brazilian state) |
| Ordered | June 1907 |
| Builder | Yarrow, Scotstoun |
| Yard number | 1261 |
| Laid down | February 1908 |
| Launched | 7 September 1908 |
| Sponsored by | Senhora Burlamaqui |
| Completed | 21 December 1908 |
| Decommissioned | 1944 |
| Stricken | 1944 |
| Identification | **3** |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | *Pará*-class destroyer |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | 240 ft (73 m) |
| Beam | 23 ft 6 in (7.16 m) |
| Draught | 7 ft 10 in (2.39 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 27 knots (31 mph; 50 km/h) |
| Range | 3,700 nautical miles (6,900 km) at 14 knots (16 mph; 26 km/h) |
| Complement | 130 |
| Armament |  |


title: Ranko Rihtman

abstract: Ranko Rihtman is Bosnian pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor.

text:
# Ranko Rihtman

**Ranko Rihtman** (Sarajevo, 1948 (age 7576)) is Bosnian pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor.

## Education

Ranko Rihtman attended Sarajevo Music Academy, where he graduated at the Department of Ethnomusicology and Conducting, followed by attendance at the Berklee College of Music, in Boston, USA, in 1982 and 1983, where he completed professor Herb Pomeroy's Jazz Composition and Arranging class.

## Career

Since the 1960s, Rihtman played the organ and piano in several pop and rock bands, such as Čičci, Ambasadori, and most notably with Indexi, of whom he was a longtime member.

### Conducting and cooperations

Between 1974 and 1992, Rihtman worked as a conductor of the Radio televizija Sarajevo Dance Orchestra, later Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina, usually conducting the orchestra for the Vaš Šlager Sezone Festival, held annually in Sarajevo. He arranged Eurovision Song Contest entry songs twice for Yugoslavia, both produced by Radio televizija Sarajevo, first in 1973 song *Gori vatra*, composed by Kemal Monteno, and sung by Zdravko Čolić and conducted by Esad Arnautalić, and in 1981, when Yugoslavia returned to the contest after a five-year-absence, he arranged and conducted *Lejla*, sung by Seid Memić Vajta.

From the 1970s, he worked as an arranger and conductor for various artists, such as Elda Viler, Zdravko Čolić, Ismeta Dervoz, Kemal Monteno, in pop music, and in rock music with Goran Bregović's Bijelo Dugme. In jazz he worked as a conductor and arranger with artists such as Duško Gojković, Gianni Basso, Bora Roković, Ladislav Fidri, Stjepko Gut, the Czech Radio Jazz Orchestra, Roberto Cittadini.

He also cooperated with various ensembles of classical, jazz and jazz-rock music, such as Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra, Sarajevo National Theatre and its Opera Orchestra, RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra, Saint Petersburg Glinka Orchestra.

When he moved to Israel in 1992, at the beginning of the Bosnian War, he worked at Israeli Radio and collaborated with a writer and screenwriter Đorđe Lebović on writing *Yugoslavia in Four Movements*, which was performed at the Kfar Blum Festival of Classical Music. In Israel he taught jazz harmony, arranging and piano, served as an academic advisor, and worked as the conductor of a professional Big Band and full-time arranger at the same college where he taught.

### Film music

He has written music for film, TV, and theater. His work include *Miris dunja*, film by Mirza Idrizović in 1991, TV series and the movie *Moj brat Aleksa* in 1997, *The Perfect Circle*, film by Ademir Kenović, *Jasmina*, by Nedžad Begović, theater plays *Woyzek*, *Hamlet*, and other.

### Bosnian anthem

He composed the first Bosnia and Herzegovina anthem as an independent state, *Jedna si jedina*, based on an old Bosnian folk song *S One Strane Plive*, which he arranged it in 1992, and is also the author of arrangements for the official version of the current national anthem, composed by Dušan Šestić in 1998.

### Teaching

From 2016 to 2017 he was a lecturer at the Sarajevo Music Academy teaching a jazz harmony, arranging and piano . Since moving to Poreč, in 2015, he occasionally appeared on the Croatian music scene as an arranger. He held same position at the Hed College of Contemporary Music in Tel Aviv (most recently part of Ono - Academic College), after moving to Israel at the beginning of the Bosnian War in 1992, where he also served as an academic advisor.

## Private life

In 1992, at the beginning of the Bosnian War, Rihtman moved to Israel where he lived and continued his musical work until 2015. In 2015, Rihtman moved to Poreč, Istria, Croatia, where he currently resides.

## InfoBox

| Ranko Rihtman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1948<br>Sarajevo |
| Origin | Sarajevo |
| Occupation(s) | Pianist, composer, arranger and conductor |
| Instrument | Piano |